diff --git a/-2d9XooPwHo.txt b/-2d9XooPwHo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..287e4b37497af133f95211b0b8a847c58f568996 --- /dev/null +++ b/-2d9XooPwHo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4045 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK, I guess +we'll get started. + +Last time, we were talking +about the auditory pathway + +in the brain, the +central auditory pathway, + +starting with the +cochlear nucleus + +and going up through +the various brain + +stem, the thalamic and +cortical auditory areas. + +And then we focused mainly +on the cochlear nucleus, + +which is the very first of those +many auditory central nuclei. + +And we talked +about the diversity + +of cell types or neuron +types in the cochlear nucleus + +and the diversity +of response types + +when you monitor the responses +of single neurons to sound. + +And we did some attempts at +correlation between the two. + +And those are firmly established +in the cochlear nucleus, + +much better than anywhere +else in the auditory + +pathways certainly. + +So any questions from last time? + +So today's lecture is on +hearing loss and implants that + +restore our sense of hearing +if we happen to be deaf. + +And I've written +a little summary + +of what I want to cover +today on the board. + +So we'll start out with the +first 2/3 of the lecture being + +on hearing loss. + +And we've mentioned a little +about the conductive apparatus, + +the eardrum, the three +ossicles in the middle ear, + +conveying the vibrations +to the inner ear. + +And I think we had an example of +one type of conductive hearing + +loss. + +If you have, obviously, an +interruption of that ossicular + +chain, then the +vibrations are going + +to be reduced in the inner +ear in the conduction pah-- + +because the conduction +path is interrupted. + +So those are relatively +straightforward concepts, + +and so consider those covered. + +Today, I want to talk +about the, perhaps, + +more common types +of hearing loss + +that are grouped under +the name sensorineural + +because the sensory cells, or +the nerve fibers themselves, + +are damaged. + +And in that case, it's +not so easy to understand + +how we might correct +them by putting + +in an artificial middle ear +ossicle or something like that. + +This is a bit of a misnomer +in that perhaps 99% of hearing + +loss and deafness of +this type was really + +based on the sensory +cells, so the hair cells + +are the prime culprit in people +who have sensorineural hearing + +loss. + +The most vulnerable, +of the two types + +of hair cells we've +been talking about, + +are the outer hair cells. + +Any of the various causes that +we'll talk about that damage + +our hearing affect +the outer hair + +cells to a much greater degree +than the inner hair cells, + +and the reason for +that is not known. + +For some reason, the outer +hair cells are more vulnerable. + +As we'll see in the very first +slide of today's lecture, + +those hair cells in the +basal turn of the cochlea + +are more vulnerable than those +in more a apical regions. + +Reason for that is +not known either. + +It's a very interesting +phenomenon with no basis + +that we know about. + +We'll talk about permanent +and temporary hearing + +loss, the various +causes of hearing loss, + +and then, at the end, we'll +talk about the various neural + +prostheses, or implants, that +are used to restore hearing. + +And the most famous +of those, of course, + +is the cochlear implant. + +We hope to have a visit +from a subject who's + +deaf, who uses a +cochlear implant, + +and she'll be able to +demonstrate her implant to you + +and answer questions if +you want to ask them of her + +about her cochlear implant. + +We'll also cover a couple +other different types + +of implants that are +used to restore hearing. + +So this first slide talks about +sensorineural hearing loss + +in general. + +And a very common pattern of +sensorineural hearing loss, + +which comes from the basal +turn being most affected. + +This is an audiogram, +if you will, + +a graph of hearing level in +terms of sound pressure level, + +hearing threshold as a function +of sound frequency for, + +in this lower curve, +a normal hearing + +human and, in this upper curve, +a typical pattern for someone + +who has a mild to moderate +sensorineural hearing loss. + +And so as you can +see, this individual + +with the hearing loss has +perfectly normal hearing + +thresholds up to the middle +frequency, 1,000 Hertz, + +but then their +threshold of hearing + +deviates from the normal so +that by about 10,000 Hertz, + +they have a hearing +loss of 60 dB or so. + +This is a very common +pattern of hearing loss that + +arises because, for some +reason, the basal turn is + +more affected. + +The basal turn is where +you have the responses + +to the very highest +sound frequencies. + +This person will come into +the Massachussetts Eye and Ear + +Infirmary, for example, +and complain to the doctors + +and audiologists there when +the hearing loss becomes + +noticeable, when they have a +problem understanding speech. + +Hearing loss is +intimately entwined + +with our perception and +understanding of speech. + +And so when people have +problems understanding speech, + +they often seek medical advice. + +Now, the most important +frequencies for those in speech + +are between about +300 and 4,000 Hertz. + +So you can see this person's +hearing loss is clearly + +getting into the +speech range, and they + +may have problems discerning +the more high frequency + +parts of speech. + +So what are those? + +So typically vowels, which +have the formants that we talk + +about, have very low +frequency, so something + +like ahhh and oooh. + +They are very low frequencies. + +But I think if you could read +this diagram a little better, + +you'd understand that +high-pitched sounds + +like the "sss" sound +of an s, or something + +that has an abrupt +onset, like a "t", + +has a lot of high +frequencies in that sound. + +And so those are going to be +the first types of speech sounds + +that are hard to +understand for the person + +with the impaired graph +on the top slide there. + +Now at first, you +might say, well, + +what we should do is get a +hearing aid that amplifies + +the frequencies that +are in loss area OK. + +So to do that, +you'd have to have + +a pretty sophisticated +hearing aid. + +You'd have to, for +each sound frequency, + +dial in the exact +amount of amplification. + +And hearing aids are +very good these days, + +and there are hearing aids +that can be used on a frequency + +specific manner, that is +don't amplify anything + +at low frequencies and amplify +exactly the amount of loss + +at high frequencies. + +So at first, it sounds +like a good idea, + +but we'll get into the reason +that that doesn't always + +work later on. + +So that simple solution, +just install a hearing aid-- + +a hearing aid, which everybody +has seen one probably in older + +people-- is simply an amplifier. + +It has a microphone. + +It picks up sound. + +It boosts the sound +in whatever frequency + +ranges the audiologist programs. + +And then it has a little +speaker and it speaks or plays + +the boosted sound into the +ear canal of the person. + +So it's just an amplifier. + +So you can have hearing +aids that work very well + +and their frequency tailored. + +And they especially +work very well + +for the type of +hearing loss that's + +called the conductive +hearing loss because, simply, + +the problem is getting the +sound into the inner ear, + +and amplifying the +sound, in a person + +with a conductive hearing +loss, works very well. + +It doesn't work so well +in sensorineural hearing + +loss for reasons we'll +get into in a little bit. + +Now how do these +hearing losses happen? + +There are a variety of causes +that can damage your hearing. + +We all have fun with sounds, +and we tend to have a lot of fun + +when the sounds +are very intense. + +And these are so-- this is an +old transparency obviously. + +But this is a graph of +sound pressure level here. + +Remember the thresholds of +hearing are way down here. + +And these are some +example sounds + +that have very high +level, and most of these + +are damaging, at least if you +listen to them long enough. + +Obviously, gunshots, +firecrackers are very damaging. + +Those sounds are in +excess of 120 dB. + +So a single gunshot, if +it's close to your head, + +can be damaging. + +So we had-- we're going +to have an example of that + +in just a minute. + +Some of these sounds +are more moderate, + +around the region of 100 dB SPL, +for example, a chainsaw, a leaf + +blower, the symphony +orchestra here. + +So everybody goes to +the symphony, right? + +So obviously, +these things depend + +on how close you are +to the object that's + +generating the sound, right? + +So if you go to the +Boston Symphony, + +you're not going to +endure a hearing loss. + +But if you have good +seats and are looking down + +on the symphony, you'll see +that a lot of the woodwind + +players who are sitting +right in front of the brass, + +for example, the +trumpet players, they + +have a little +screen behind them, + +a plexiglass screen that's +pretty invisible unless you're + +looking for it. + +That causes a sound shadow, +and so it protects their ears + +from the blast of the bras. + +And I've also been +in the symphony + +where, sometimes, the woodwind +players would actually + +put in ear plugs when +there's a big brass solo, + +and brass is blowing like crazy. + +And then after that big +solo, they take them out, + +and they play their +own little solo. + +So professional +musicians are obviously + +very worried about +their hearing. + +And it can be, if you're +close to a trumpet or a brass + +instrument, deafening-- or +in front of a big timpani + +or snare drums-- of +course, these things + +depend on how long +you listen to them, + +so the damage is cumulative. + +It may take many years +of exposure at 90 dB + +to produce a hearing +loss even though exposure + +to a really high sound +level, like the 160 dB, + +may give you hearing loss +after just a single exposure. + +So legally, employers +are supposed + +to provide hearing +protection for their workers + +if you send a worker +in to an 85 dB + +sound pressure level +environment, like is + +common in a factory, +you are supposed + +to provide the workers +with hearing protection + +if it's an 8 hour shift. + +If it's only a 4 hour +shift, you don't have to. + +If the sound level is 95 dB, +it's something like 2 hours. + +If it's 100 dB, you can expose +someone to an hour of that + +without hearing protection, +but if it's longer than that, + +you have to provide +hearing protection. + +So here's some example. + +Movie theaters, +Godzilla is 118 dB + +because it's a terrible roar. + +It can be deafening if you are +right near the loudspeaker. + +And if you go to +Godzilla 100 times. + +OK? + +All right. + +So loud sound is one of +the causes of hearing loss, + +so let's just make +a little list here. + +High level sound +is certainly one + +of the causes of +hearing loss, and I + +think we have some +examples here. + +So this is an example +from some research that + +was done by one of +the professors I had + +in graduate school, Joe Hawkins. + +And he studied +temporal bones where + +the cochlear is in humans. + +So he would get temporal bones +after a subject had passed away + +and had donated their +body to science. + +And they were useful if he knew +something about the individual, + +like if they had +their hearing tested + +or if you knew a little +bit about what activities + +they liked. + +These particular +data are from a human + +who is an active hunter, +fired a gun a lot. + +And the specimens shown +in the photomicrographs + +here are looking +down onto the surface + +of the inner ear, or +cochlea, on the left side + +and the right side +of the subject. + +The bone that's on the +snail shell, or cochlea, + +has been thinned away +with a dental drill, + +and you can see very +nicely the basal turn. + +The apical turn, you can't +really see very well from that, + +but you can thin the +apical turn as well. + +Sometimes. + +It's cut off and thinned +in a different dish. + +But anyway, what you're +looking at here-- + +I should get out my pointer, +so I point a little better. + +So this is the very basal end +of the cochlea and spiraling up. + +And the human has about 2 +and 1/2 or 3 complete turns + +of the cochlea. + +And this white structure +here is the organ + +of Corti sitting on +the basilar membrane. + +This specimen is stained with +a stain called osmium, which + +stains lipids and especially +myelinated nerve fibers, + +so you can see a lot of +myelinated nerve fibers. + +They looks like +threads coming out. + +And here's some more +threads up here. + +And I said the organ +of Corti is here, + +but actually, it's completely +gone here on the left side, + +and you can see it +begin right about here + +and go apically here up +into the apical turn. + +You can see a very +little bit of it + +in the extreme basal +part of the cochlea, + +and that's diagrammed +here on this graph. + +This is the length along +the basilar membrane + +from the base over here +on the right to the apex. + +And this y-axis graphs the +percent of the hair cells + +that are remaining. + +And in the basal +turn, they're almost + +zero hair cells remaining. + +They're all gone. + +Maybe a couple little +islands here and there, + +but it's virtually +100% hair cell loss. + +And as you go around +the upper basal turn, + +you have most of the +hair cells remaining + +in the case of the solid line, +which refers to the inner hair + +cells. + +And then you have, in the +dashed lines, the three + +rows of outer hair +cells, and there, maybe + +between 30% and 70% +remaining depending + +exactly where you are. + +But here again, something +has damaged these hair cells, + +completely wiped them out in +the basal half of the cochlea. + +And wiped a lot of +the outer hair cells + +out and not very many of the +inner hair cells are wiped out. + +Here's the subject's +right cochlea. + +And in this case, you +can see-- you don't even + +need the graph-- you can +see that the organ of Corti + +is pretty intact. + +Here is a little island +of loss, and then + +another little island +of loss, but then you + +have an intact organ of Corti +all the way up to the apex, + +and that's reflected in the +counts here where you have, + +except at the very basal +part of the cochlea which + +doesn't appear in +the micrograph, + +you have a pretty normal +complement of inner hair cells. + +Outer hair cells are +not in such good shape, + +but they're present throughout +the cochlea in this right side. + +Now, also on here are +graphs of the nerve fibers. + +Those are these little +thread-like stained elements + +here that appear very +nicely in this osmium stain, + +and they're pretty much +intact through the cochlea. + +Maybe in places here where the +hair cell loss is really bad, + +some of the nerve +fibers are gone, + +and that's indicated by +this interruption here. + +But this is another +example where + +you can have whatever damaged +this fellow's hair cells, left + +the nerve fibers +relatively intact. + +And this offers some +hope to somebody + +who wants to install a +prosthesis like the cochlear + +implant and stimulate the +remaining nerve fiber just + +because they're +going to stick around + +even if a lot of the +hair cells are gone. + +So this subject, as I said, +was an enthusiastic hunter, + +and a he was right-handed. + +And as you can see +right here, this + +is a top view of a +person firing a rifle. + +The left ear of the +subject is pointed + +toward the tip of +the gun, and that's + +where the bullet +emerges, and that's + +where the shock wave of +the rifle, when it fires, + +comes out. + +This is a modern rifle, +not a flintlock rifle + +where you have a lot of smoke +and sound coming out down here. + +Most of the sound comes +at the tip of the gun. + +And this subject's left ear +is pointed right to that + +and has taken the +brunt of the blast + +in terms of the +loss of hair cells. + +The right ear of the +subject is pointed more away + +from the tip of the +gun and is protected + +and has a pretty normal +complement of hair cells. + +Now, that's not saying +that this person didn't + +go to lots of rock +concerts, and didn't + +take lots of drugs that +damage your hearing, + +and isn't an 80-year-old +person, so we're + +going to add a few +things to our list here. + +There are some drugs, for +example aminoglycoside + +antibiotics-- they are +really great antibiotics, + +but they have this side effect +of damaging the hair cells. + +Three, the aging +process damages hearing. + +And in this kind of a study +where you're using a human, + +you cannot control for these +other factors and others that I + +haven't, but what you can do +then is compare left to right. + +Because presumably, +a subject took drugs, + +and they appeared in both the +left and right in your ears. + +And obviously, the +subject had the same aging + +in the left and right side, +so whatever differences there + +are between the +left and the right, + +we attribute then to +the blast from the rifle + +that the subject shot. + +So this cause of +left right difference + +would be attributed to +the high level sound. + +Here are some pictures +from an experiment animal + +that has undergone a high sound +level, or an overexposure. + +This is a normal-- I +think, in this case, + +it's a Guinea pig cochlea. + +And you see the row of +inner hair cells here. + +There is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, about +a dozen inner hair cells. + +That's just one row +of inner hair cells. + +And then there are three rows +of outer hair cells looking down + +onto the tops of +the hair cells where + +you have the stereocilia +sticking up at you. + +And there are 12 or +15 outer hair cells + +in each of rows 1, 2, and 3. + +And it's such a regular pattern, +and they're all perfectly + +there. + +After listening to the +overexposure of sound, + +there are quite a few +inner hair cells lost. + +Those that are +remaining sometimes + +have abnormal stereocilia. + +There are number of outer +hair cells, in this case, + +in row one lost. + +And some that are remaining +are indicated by these arrows + +to have abnormal stereocilia. + +And here's another example +from a different place + +in the cochlea where almost the +entire third row of outer hair + +cells is wiped out by the +overexposure to noise. + +So what happens when +you lose a hair cell? + +Well, the nearby supporting +cells go fill in its space, + +and they take over. + +In mammals, such +damage is permanent. + +Once the hair cell is +killed, it never grows back. + +And there's a lot of +interest in trying + +to coax the nearby +supporting cells + +to, in these damage +cochleas, become hair cells. + +But so far that has +not been possible. + +The field was really +excited about 20 years ago + +when this type of damage +in a bird cochlea, + +if left for a month +or so, you see + +reemerging small hair cells. + +And if you wait long enough, +they become full hair cells. + +In the bird cochlea, the +surrounding supporting cells, + +after damage to the hair cells, +can then divide and become + +new hair cells, in the +chicken cochlea, for example. + +And this was a +serendipitous discovery + +where people were working on +damaging chicken hair cells, + +and they were always waiting a +couple days after the exposure + +to look at the cochleas. + +And there was a holiday vacation +where they exposed the animals + +before, and they +went out of town + +and came back three +weeks later, and they + +found something must have +gone wrong with the exposure + +because the hair cells are here. + +They're fine. + +But they figured out +later that, actually, + +the supporting cells +nearby had grown back. + +So that doesn't seem to help +us in the mammalian pathway. + +There's some sort of +growth factor or growth + +pathway in birds where +these hair cells grow back, + +but not in the +mammal unfortunately. + +So this is an example +from a cochlea that's + +been treated by +an aminoglycoside, + +and this is just to +remind me to tell you + +that, once again, you can count +hair cells along the cochlea. + +This is a plot of +hair cells present + +where lots of black bars +means lots of hair cells. + +And this is a beautiful +example of this particular drug + +treatment, which I +believe is kanamycin, + +and a certain dose doesn't +affect the inner hair cells + +at all. + +But look at the +outer hair cell loss + +in the basal part of the +cochlea, virtually complete + +outer hair cell loss showing +that the outer hair cells are + +more sensitive, they're more +labile to this drug treatment + +than are the inner hair cells. + +And once again, the most +vulnerable part of the cochlea + +is not the apex. + +0% distance from +the apex is up here. + +And the basal region +would be down here, + +and that's again the +most vulnerable part + +of the cochlear for some reason. + +We can speculate +about why this might + +be the case for drug treatment. + +We don't know this, +but maybe the drug + +appears in more in a +higher concentration + +in the basal part +of the cochlea. + +In the cochlea, like +you have in the brain, + +you have a blood-brain barrier. + +You have a +blood-cochlea barrier. + +Obviously, some drug has +gotten into the cochlea, + +but maybe the +blood-cochlea barrier + +is more permeable +down here in the base. + +And in the apex not +as much drug got in. + +That's an idea. + +It hasn't been borne out +by experimental evidence, + +but it's an idea that +people have in mind. + +Or, it could be +that the outer hair + +cells are just, for some reason, +easier to kill in the base. + +That's more suggestive +that all of these things + +affect the hair cells in +the base more than the apex. + +Now, these were some of the +original experiments that + +showed what outer hair cells did +for us in the sense of hearing. + +So earlier in this +course, we had the effect + +of knocking out the +outer hair cells + +by knocking out the +gene for Prestin. + +OK? + +In this case, the +outer hair cells + +are knocked out by +the drug treatment. + +So you've lesioned +the outer hair cells + +in the very basal +part of the cochlea. + +The inner hair +cells are present. + +Let's look at the tuning +curves from auditory nerve + +fibers in that preparation. + +Now let me remind you again +what's happening here. + +So you have the +inner hair cells, + +and you have the +outer hair cells, + +which have been killed +by the drug treatment. + +And then you have most of the +auditory nerve fibers coming + +from the inner hair cells +in the auditory nerve going + +to the brain. + +And the experiment then is to +if you're recording electrodes, + +record from the +auditory nerve fibers, + +get a single nerve fiber, +and take its tuning curve. + +And that's what's shown +on this top graph. + +So tuning curves from the +normal region of the cochlea + +are normal shaped. + +They have sharp tips and +tails, normal sensitivity. + +In the region of the cochlea +when the drug treatment has + +lesioned the outer hair +cells, the tuning curves + +look extremely abnormal. + +There's a tail, whatever tip +there is is a tiny little tip, + +and there's a tremendous loss +of sensitivity, as much as 60 + +or more dB lost. + +Basically, these are +tipless tuning curves. + +And now we know that +the outer hair cells + +have their +electromotility function. + +They are the cochlea amplifier. + +Without the amplifier, you lose +the tip on the tuning curve. + +So that should be a mini review. + +This is the way the outer +hair cells originally + +thought-- or discovered +to be important + +in the sense of +hearing, to provide + +the normal sensitivity +and a sharp tuning. + +You can get all kinds of tuning +curve abnormalities depending + +on whether you, in this case, +lose all the outer hair cells. + +You cause disarray +of the stereocilia. + +You have partial loss +of the outer hair cells. + +All these kinds of things can +be found after noise damage + +depending on the place of +the cochlea you look at, + +the type of noise, the +length of the noise exposure, + +and the animal. + +There's a lot of variability +in noise damage from exposures + +to 10-- 10 different +animals, you + +can have 10 different types +of loss of hair cells. + +Noise damage is +tremendously variable + +from subject to subject. + +Now, we also had-- +this is another review. + +We also had the example of a +psychophycial tuning curve. + +So this is a normal +psychophysical tuning curve. + +Can somebody explain to +me what the paradigm is? + +A psychophysical +tuning curve, it's + +taken from a human +listener, right? + +What's the paradigm? + +We had this in class, so we +should all know what this is. + +A psychophysical tuning +curve, you have a probe tone. + +I think that, in this +case, the probe tone + +is right at the +tip of the arrow. + +And the subject is instructed +to listen to the probe tone + +and say when you +hear the probe tone. + +Give the probe tone. + +Yes, I hear that definitely. + +Give it again. + +Oh, yes, I hear that. + +No problem. + +Then, you add a second tone, +maybe a little bit higher + +in frequency than +the probe tone. + +Probe tone was-- let's say, +in this case, 1 kilohertz. + +The second tone, masker tone +is 1.5 kilohertz, let's say. + +Introduce that. + +Person, yeah, I still +hear the probe tone. + +I hear this other tone too. + +Oh, don't pay attention to that. + +Just listen to the probe tone. + +Sure, I hear that. + +Then, you boost the level +of that second masker tone + +up to, in this case, 90 dB. + +The person says, I can't +hear that probe tone anymore. + +Can you turn it up? + +And you plot that on your graph. + +That's a hit. + +That's a point. + +In that case, the masker has +made inaudible the probe. + +And you go on varying your +frequencies and levels + +until that masker masks +the probe and the person + +says I can't hear +the probe anymore. + +And you get the so-called +psychophysical tuning curve, + +which has this +very nice tip to it + +and a long low frequency tail +from a normal hearing person. + +But a person with a +sensorineural hearing loss + +often has a psychophysical +tuning curve like this. + +This should remind you +of the tuning curves + +that we just saw from +auditory nerve fibers + +in the damaged cochlea, which +is basically a tipless tuning + +curve. + +Perhaps in this case, +the outer hair cells + +have been damaged +by fun with sounds, + +and you have just the +tail of the tuning curve. + +Now, here we come +to the crux of why, + +in this person who has +a sensorineural hearing + +loss-- they still +have hearing, but they + +have a big loss-- why won't +just a hearing aid work? + +You can certainly +install a hearing aid + +into this person's ear canal +and boost their threshold + +from what they used +to here down at 0 + +dB to what they +now here at 60 dB + +You can amplify +the sound at 60 dB. + +OK, fine. + +Then, they'll start to say, +yeah, I here it no problem. + +What happens when this person +goes to a crowded restaurant, + +and there's all this +low frequency DIN? + +Well before, all the low +frequency DIN was here. + +It didn't get into +the response area + +of the sharply +tuned tuning curve. + +Now, you have all +this low frequencies + +that's amplified +by the hearing aid. + +It now gets into the response +area of the nerve fiber. + +That low frequency +signal, which you + +don't want to pay attention +to because you're listening + +at 1 kilohertz, is a +competing, or masking, stimulus + +along with the signal. + +And so now, the person with the +hearing aid and sensorineural + +hearing loss goes into +the crowded restaurant + +and says I hear very well, but +I can't understand the person + +across the table speaking to me. + +All I hear is this big noise. + +And no matter what I-- how +I adjust my hearing aid, + +it just sounds noisy. + +I can't understand anymore. + +I can hear. + +They're certainly not deaf, but +they can't understand anymore + +because before they had +sharply tuned frequency tuning, + +and now they have no +frequency tuning at all. + +It's very broad. + +That's the problem +that a hearing aid + +can't deal with in terms +of restoring normal hearing + +to a person with +sensorineural hearing loss. + +Before I start to +talk about implants, + +let me just remember to say +what other processes affect + +our hearing. + +And we have a list just so +I don't forget anything. + +And one of the important +things is genetic causes. + +So maybe you can't see that +from the back of the room, + +but number four here +is genetic causes. + +There are babies +who are born deaf, + +and in the state of +Massachusetts, in most states, + +it's mandatory to test infant +hearing at birth because you + +want to install a hearing +aid or install a cochlea + +implant at a young age if +the baby has hearing loss. + +And another cause +that we should list + +are certain kinds of infections +and disease processes. + +Number five, cause of hearing +loss is diseases, for example, + +meningitis. + +And one of the MIT +students that I + +used to use for demonstration +of cochlea implant + +is deaf because at age 12, he +got very sick with meningitis. + +And when I asked him, +how did you go deaf? + +He said, well, I got +sick with meningitis. + +And I was so sick that my MD's +treated me with aminoglycosides + +so that they would kill +the meningitis bacteria. + +And he isn't sure whether it's +the meningitis or the side + +effect of the aminoglycosides +that made him deaf. + +But when you woke up, he +was cured, but he was deaf. + +So in some cases you're not +sure which of these agents + +caused the hearing loss. + +So that's a pretty +complete list now. + +Do we have any questions about +what things cause hearing loss? + +And you might imagine +that, during our lifetime, + +some of these things will be +understood in a better way. + +It's clear why loud sound +causes hearing loss. + +I mean the mechanical action. + +These things are moving. + +You could damage the +very sensitive apparatus, + +like the stereocilia. + +Drugs, aminoglycosides +bind to some + +of the membrane +channels in hair cells. + +And maybe a therapy for this +ototoxicity, this hearing loss + +created by these +aminoglycosides, + +could be to install some +competitive binder that + +would occupy the binding +sites while you gave the drug + +therapy. + +We don't know at all what causes +the hearing loss with aging. + +That's a very active +subject in today's research. + +Genetic causes, same +way, usually these + +are some sort of developmental +factor or protein + +that's necessary for normal hair +cell development and it's lost, + +in the case of recessive +genetic problem. + +That's pretty clear +how that arises. + +Meningitis, it's not clear how +those diseases kill hair cells, + +but they certainly do. + +But there's certainly +room to imagine + +that will be worked on quite +actively in the next 10 + +or 20 years. + +It's not known right +now how the hair + +cells are lost in meningitis. + +So let's talk about, now, people +who have complete hearing loss + +and are eligible for +the so-called cochlear + +implants and other types of +implants that restore hearing. + +So this is a nice +slide from, I think, + +the paper that we're +reading for today. + +And actually that reminds +me, besides that paper, which + +is a very short +one, easy to read, + +the textbook reading +that I've assigned + +for today, which +is most of chapter + +8 on auditory +prostheses is excellent. + +It's really up to date. + +It tells you a lot +about cochlear implants + +and coding for speech, +which I probably + +won't have time to get into. + +But this is a really-- I mean +hearing aids past and present, + +that's not so important. + +But it has a lot +of good information + +on cochlear implants, so +I'd encourage you definitely + +to read that textbook +passage today. + +And the research report +by Moore and Shannon + +is a very simple, +easy to read paper. + +It shows you the sites where +these various implants go. + +So the cochlear +implant, obviously, + +is installed into the +cochlea, right here. + +For people who have lost their +hearing because of a problem + +with their auditory nerve, +you put a cochlear implant in, + +and it's not going to do any +good because the messages + +aren't going to be conveyed +by the nerve into the brain. + +And so what's an example +of someone like that? + +Well, a disease process +called neurofibromatosis + +type two, or NF2, is a disease +process where the subjects get + +tumors that grow +on various nerves. + +And a very common type +of tumor in NF2 patients + +is called a +vestibular schwannoma. + +And a schwannoma is a +tumor of the schwann cells + +that normally provide the myelin +covering of peripheral nerves. + +And it grows on the +vestibular branch + +of the eighth cranial nerve. + +Obviously, that's quite +near the auditory branch + +of the eighth cranial nerve. + +And these tumors grow and grow. + +They probably rob the +nerve of the blood supply. + +They probably put +pressure on it, + +and they certainly +infiltrate the tumor cells + +in amongst the fibers. + +And when the surgeon goes in +to remove that type of tumor + +invariably the eighth +cranial nerve is cut. + +So in that case, the subject +has no nerve conveying messages + +from the cochlea into the brain. + +Well, the surgery is right here. + +You're removing a +tumor from here, + +so it's fairly easy to go +ahead and install an implant + +into the cochlear +nucleus of the brain. + +The cochlear nucleus is visible. + +And that's what's called an +auditory brainstem implant. + +It should be called a +cochlear nucleus implant, + +but it's called an ABI. + +And an ABI-- I'm not going +to talk too much about it-- + +but just suffice it to say, it's +an array of surface electrodes. + +There are two +companies making these. + +One has 15, and one has 21 +in a checkerboard pattern. + +And the electrodes go onto +the surface of the cochlear + +nucleus, and their placed +there during the surgery. + +There was an experimental +penetrating electrode array, + +or PABI, but that's +been discontinued + +because of side effects. + +Some of these patients +got trigeminal neuralgia, + +or pain sensations from nearby +nerves, maybe by the fact + +that these electrodes +penetrated into the brain. + +And so that underwent +an FDA trial, + +but that's no longer used. + +But this surface ABI electrode +is used in cases of NF2 + +or in other cases where the +nerve function is compromised. + +Those implants don't +work very well. + +So if you look at +this graph here. + +This is a graph of the +different types of implants, + +especially I'll call your +attention to the cochlear + +implant and the auditory +brain stem implant. + +In the cochlear +implant, you've got + +a lot of people who can-- if you +do in a word recognition test, + +how often they get the +words correct, a lot of them + +are placing at +100% of the words. + +So the task here is you +stand behind the subject, + +or the audiologist stand +behind the subject, + +and they say repeat +after me, baby. + +And the person says baby. + +Sunshine, and the +person says sunshine. + +And the person says, Red Socks. + +And you say, Cardinals. + +And they got one wrong. + +But anyway, you +can do these tests + +without-- it's important +to stand behind the person + +to make sure they're +not lipreading. + +But a lot of cochlear +implant users + +can get 100% on these tests. + +Now, the ABI, auditory +brain stem implants, + +you've got many of the +subject, if not all of them, + +saying the wrong word or not +giving you any response here. + +So what good is the ABI? + +The real success story +of these prostheses + +is that the person +can understand speech. + +If the person can't +understand speech, + +this thing isn't doing +them too much good. + +So that's not to say +that the ABI isn't + +successful in certain ways. + +The ABI is sometimes thought of +as a lipreading assist device. + +So it helps these +subjects read lips better. + +For example, if +you guys are deaf + +and you look at my letters, and +I make two different sounds, + +pa and ba. + +That looks exactly the same if +you're trying to read my lips. + +But it sounds different to you. + +You guys have good +hearing, and it + +may sound a little bit +different to the ABI user, + +and it may give that ABI user +a little bit of a step up + +and help versus someone +who's just using lipreading. + +Now, just for +completeness, I'll talk + +about the auditory +midbrain implant. + +The idea here is to put +the implant higher up + +in the pathway. + +Why would you want to do that? + +Well, some people +think that the ABI + +doesn't work because there's +been this tumor here. + +And surgeon has been hacking on +the tumor to try to get it out, + +yanking and pulling on it. + +If the tumor didn't damage +the cochlear nucleus, + +well, the hacking and +tugging on it did. + +And so maybe you +should put the implant + +further up where +you haven't been + +hacking and everything's normal. + +And so that's the idea behind +the auditory midbrain implant, + +which goes into the +inferior colliculus. + +And there have +been five patients + +who've gone undergone +the auditory midbrain + +implant-- actually six, +five very well documented. + +And the outcomes have been +no better than the ABI, + +but that's because four out +of the five well-documented + +didn't hit the right spot. + +The inferior colliculus +is pretty small, + +and the part that you +really want to go into + +is the tonotopically +organized spot + +so that this needle +electrode y-- + +this is a long electrode +array with about 16 contacts + +on it, in this needle. + +And that's put into the +tonotopic part of the IC, + +and it didn't get into the +right place in most people. + +But even in the one individual, +got it in the right place, + +it wasn't any +better than the ABI. + +But there is going to be another +clinical trial in which they + +implant five more subjects. + +And hopefully, the outcomes +will be better on that. + +So that's the various +types of electrodes. + +And, obviously, the +cochlear implant + +is the real winner here. + +And we have been having +readings-- Hi, Sheila-- we've + +been having readings +in our class, + +and I'll do a reading now +about the cochlear implant. + +This is from-- this is +not made into a book form + +yet because this is from the +esteemed academic publication + +called Yahoo +Finance, on the web. + +And this is dated +September 9, 2013. + +And the subject of this +column is the Lasker Award. + +So the Lasker +Award, does anybody + +know what the Lasker Award is? + +Sometimes, called the +American Nobel Prize, + +so it's a very +prestigious honor. + +It's given in several +different fields, + +mostly in medicine +and biomedical areas, + +and so there are sub-groups. + +And this one was given in +clinical medical research + +award. + +So the 2013 Lasker Clinical +Medical Research Award + +honors Graeme Clark, Ingeborg +Hochmair and Blake Wilson + +for developing the modern +cochlear implant, a device that + +bestows hearing on +profoundly deaf people. + +The apparatus has, +for the first time, + +substantially +restored a human sense + +with a medical intervention. + +Blah, blah, blah. + +Throughout the world today, +there are about 320,000 people + +outfitted with +cochlear implants. + +Most recipients can +talk on their cellphones + +and follow conversations in +relatively quiet environments, + +and an increasing +number of patients + +with severe age-related +hearing loss + +are taking advantage of +this marvelous invention. + +So the three people +here, two of them + +are actually founders of +cochlear implant companies. + +So you can think of Nobel Prizes +and these prize being awarded + +to people who made +big discoveries. + +And certainly, in the third +case, Blake Wilson did. + +But in the first two, it's +really conveying a technology + +to the masses that was +recognized by this award. + +So that's the 2013 Lasker Award. + +So let's look a little bit about +what a cochlear implant is, + +and that's shown in the +next couple of slides. + +So the cochlear implant +has an internal part, which + +is a series of electrodes +that go into the cochlea, + +and the electrode +comes out from here + +and goes into a +so-called internal coil-- + +sorry about that-- and this is +sometimes called the receiver + +because it gets messages +from the external coil, + +or sometimes called the +transmitter, across the skin + +here. + +So there's skin between the +external and internal coils. + +On the outside, you +have a microphone + +which picks up the sound and +sends the microphone messages + +to a so-called speech processor. + +The speech processor +sends transforms + +that sound wave form into a +series of electrical pulses + +that are sent down +the electrodes + +and stimulate the +remaining auditory nerve + +fibers in the cochlea. + +So the cochlear implant has the +electrodes, the internal part, + +the external part, and +the speech processor + +and microphone. + +And I have a demonstration +cochlear implant here. + +And I'm going to pass it around. + +These things are very valuable, +so as demonstration models, + +they strip off the electrodes. + +So the part I'm +passing around is just + +this tube that goes +down here but not + +the electrodes +themselves, and I think + +it has the internal and +external coil, and obviously not + +the microphone or +the speech processor, + +so just to give you +an idea of the size. + +And I think this one, +the tube comes down, + +and it coils around a +little like the electrodes + +do as they coil in the cochlea. + +Now, this next slide +is pretty important + +because it shows the +electrodes coming + +into the cochlea in +a cutaway diagram. + +And so the electrodes come in +the basal turn of the cochlea. + +Remember there's an +area in the bone that + +has a little membrane over +it called the round window. + +Surgeons can go in there and +make a tear in round window + +and put the implant in there. + +Or, they can drill +a hole a little bit + +apical from the round +window and start + +in the base of +the cochlea, which + +is the big part of +the cochlea and then + +thread just by pushing +the electrode array more + +and more apical +into the cochlea. + +Now, the cochlea gets pretty +small as it goes very apically. + +And the electrodes don't fit +into the apical region so far. + +So current cochlear +implants only + +can be pushed in about to cover +the basal half of the cochlea, + +the basal 50%. + +So that seems like +a huge limitation. + +It's a bit of a limitation. + +Fortunately, it's not +an extreme limitation + +because the spiral ganglion +doesn't go all the way + +to the apical part +of the cochlea. + +The ganglion is where the cell +bodies of the auditory nerve + +is. + +And so there is ganglion that +ends about 3/4 of the way out, + +so the last quarter +wouldn't be helpful anyway. + +And here are the +various electrodes + +along the cochlear implant. + +And modern cochlear +implants have 22 electrodes. + +And they are hooked up. + +I'll show you how they're +hooked up in just a minute. + +Actually, I'll show you how +they're hooked up right now. + +The way this works is +the microphone signal + +comes into the speech +processor here, + +and the microphone signal is +split up into various bands. + +The microphone might pick +up only high frequency, + +in which case, this +band would be active, + +or it might pick up middle +frequencies, in which case + +these bands would be active, or +it might pick up low frequency + +or it might pick +up all frequencies. + +It depends on what the sound is. + +The output of those filters +is sent to some processing + +schemes, which eventually result +in little electric pulses, + +and those are shocks +that are sent down + +into the cochlear +implant electrodes. + +And this is supposed +to be-- actually + +something's not happening +here automatically. + +This is supposed to be +electrode number one, which + +is the most apical electrode, +and so on and so forth. + +And this scheme only +ends in electrode 18, + +so this is an old diagram +here because current cochlear + +implants have 22. + +So if you are hearing +very low frequencies, + +you're going to be stimulating +very apical electrodes. + +And if you're hearing +the highest frequencies, + +you're going to stimulate +the most basal electrode. + +And this is a recapitulation +of the place code + +for sound frequency where base +of the cochlear transduces + +in normal hearing, the high +frequencies, and the apex + +transduces the low frequencies. + +So when we said the +cochlear implant doesn't + +go all the way apically, +it can't fit there. + +So what happens? + +Well, the apex isn't +very well-stimulated + +in these designs. + +And so you will +hear descriptions + +of people who have their implant +turned on for the first time, + +and they'll say it +sounds like Donald Duck. + +It sounds really shrill +and very high-pitched. + +Well, a lot of the apex-- not +drawn here-- is not stimulated. + +So what happens? + +So these people, +after a month or two, + +say oh, yeah, it's +sounding better and better. + +And so there's some sort +of learning or plasticity + +that makes things settle +down, and the voices + +sound a little bit more +normal, maybe not normal, + +but more normal. + +And perfectly, as you saw +from the graph before, + +normal word +recognition scores can + +be achieved even though +you're stimulating + +just a portion of the cochlea. + +Now, I have a movie here, +and this gets on my nerves, + +but I want to show it +to you because this + +is what's shown to +patients who are + +about to get a cochlear implant. + +Gets on my nerves because you +see hair cells in here that + +have stereocilia that +are just waving around, + +but the stereocilia +are really rigid. + +But anyway, I thought it +would be interesting just + +to see what someone sees +when they are getting + +this stuff from a +cochlear implant. + +Let's see if this +movie will play. + +[VIDEO PLAYBACK] +In normal hearing, + +the hair in the inner ear-- + +PROFESSOR: I hate this. + +I mean the best +membranes way over here. + +The hair cells-- + +-The hearing nerve still +remains functional, + +but the hair cells have +been lost or damaged. + +In a cochlear implant system, +sound enters a microphone + +and travels to an +external mini computer + +called a sound processor. + +The sound is processed +and converted + +into digital information. + +This digital information is +sent over a transmitter antenna + +to the surgically implanted +part of the system. + +The implant will turn +the sound information + +into electrical signals +that travel down + +to an electrode array inserted +into the tiny inner ear. + +The electrodes directly +stimulate the auditory nerve, + +sending sound +information to the brain. + +Bypassing the damaged inner +ear, the cochlear implant + +provides an entirely new +mechanism for hearing. + +[END VIDEO PLAYBACK] + +PROFESSOR: So that's +what the patient's see. + +And how well does it work? + +So we can ask a demonstrator +that we have today. + +Sheila come on up in +front of the class. + +This is Sheila [? Zu ?], +who is a MIT undergraduate. + +You're a senior now, right? + +What's your major at MIT? + +SHEILA: I'm the only +in this major at MIT. + +I'm in [INAUDIBLE] +technology and [? society ?] + +and [INAUDIBLE] is a joint +major between Humanities + +and [? Chinese. ?] + +PROFESSOR: Are you +an overachiever? + +SHEILA: I don't know. + +Maybe. + +PROFESSOR: So has +anybody in the class + +ever spoken to a cochlear +implant user before? + +SHEILA: I know some of them. + +PROFESSOR: You know +some of these people? + +SHEILA: We're in the same dorm. +[INAUDIBLE] in my sorority. + +OK. + +Great! + +So we can do this +whatever way you want to. + +You can ask Sheila +questions if you've already + +asked them to her. + +I'll ask her questions. + +Does anybody have any questions? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: How old were you +when you got your implant? + +SHEILA: So I was born +deaf, but I got implant + +when I was 3 years old. + +Actually, I got surgery +when I was 2 years old. + +[INAUDIBLE] when +I was 3 years old. + +PROFESSOR: So one +question I often + +get about implants into children +is how young can a child be + +and still be implanted +successfully. + +So the surgeons at +Mass Eye and Ear + +say that the cochlea is +adult size by age 1 and 1/2, + +so typically, that's the age +when a person who is born deaf + +is implanted these +days, age 1 and 1/2. + +The idea to implant early +is so that the subject + +can grow up and enjoy +normal hearing, especially + +during a critical period for +language formation, which + +was maybe starting at +1 and 1/2, 2 years old. + +So if you implant a person +later, in their teens, + +and they haven't +heard sound, they + +have a lot worse chances of +acquiring normal language + +skills than someone like Sheila +who has been implanted early. + +So the trend is to try to +implant as early as possible. + +SHEILA: I want to point out that +I may have been implanted when + +I was 3 years old, +but I didn't start + +speaking until I was +about 5 years old. + +And I didn't start +learning math or learning + +how to read until I was 7 +years old, so I was really + +delayed back then. + +PROFESSOR: Did you +have a question? + +AUDIENCE: So I was +just wondering, are you + +like reading my lips right now? + +SHEILA: Yes, I am. + +So the way it works, I +have to see people's face, + +like how to read their lips, and +I listen too at the same time. + +I could read your lips alone, +but maybe not 100% accurate. + +Or, if I don't look at you +lip, and listen to you, + +maybe not really +understandable, so it's + +like I have to read lips +and listen at the same time + +in order to understand you. + +PROFESSOR: But if you don't +read lips, for example, + +in situations like +talking on the telephone, + +can you understand +someone on the telephone? + +SHEILA: It depends +on the person. + +If I'm familiar with your voice, +like I know my dad's voice. + +I can understand +him pretty well, + +but if I'm talking to a stranger +on the phone, then maybe not. + +And also, don't forget, there's +a lot of background noises, + +so that makes it harder for me +to hear people on the phone. + +PROFESSOR: When I-- let's say +about 10 years ago in my lab, + +I hired a research assistant +who used a cochlear implant, + +and she wanted me to +shave off my mustache. + +It was because she had +a little trouble reading + +my lips with my mustache. + +Now, my wife also has told +me I should shave a mustache, + +but she has normal hearing. + +SHEILA: I actually +had a professor at MIT + +when I was a freshman, +I comment one day I + +had hard time understanding +him because he + +had like a full beard. + +Then, next day, he +shaved off everything. + +So he came up to me, I +was like, who are you? + +[INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: That's very nice. + +Wow, interesting! + +I didn't shave off my mustache, +neither for my assistant, + +nor for my wife. + +SHEILA: [INAUDIBLE] +half is better. + +PROFESSOR: Maybe. + +Yeah. + +So if an audiologist were to +test your speech comprehension, + +do you think you'd +get every word correct + +or do you think you'd miss some? + +SHEILA: I think I +probably miss some words + +or may not pronounce +some words correctly, + +because the way I hear +words may sound differently + +from what you hear. + +And sometimes, in +English language, + +some words don't sound exactly +the way it's written down. + +So I think my speech is +not bad because, based + +on my interaction +with people, they + +seem to understand +me most of the time. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Do you know +any other languages? + +SHEILA: I know another language. + +Yeah. + +I know a couple of languages. + +I know American sign language. + +I use it often to +help, in some cases, + +when cochlear +implant don't work. + +For example, if I'm +in a loud bar or party + +and I can't hear people, +but if I use sign language, + +I understand people. + +I know British +sign language too, + +but that's another +sign language. + +PROFESSOR: So you mentioned +when you're in a party + +and you can't hear people, +does that mean that there's + +a lot of noise that +masks speakers and that's + +a hard situation for you? + +Right. + +SHEILA: So like +the speaker's voice + +will blend into other speakers +voices or background noises, + +so I tend to rely on +lipreading or some other method + +to communicate. + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +So for example, in +cochlear implants, + +a common problem is when +there is an environment where + +there's many, many +frequencies of sound, + +like a crowded +restaurant or a party, + +and there's one speaker that +you're trying to pay attention + +to and the subject +gets overloaded + +on every single electrode. + +And so some kinds of +cochlear implant processors + +try to circumvent that by trying +to pick out in the spectrum + +the important peaks +of the spectrum. + +So if you're listening +to the vowel aa, + +you'd have three formants. + +The processor tries to pick +out those formants and only + +present electrodes +corresponding to those formants + +and turn all the other +electrodes off so that there's + +a huge difference between +where the formant is + +and where the nothing is. + +Really in theory, it's +nothing, but actually, it + +could be a noisy background. + +So that is one kind of +speech processor design. + +It's called the speech +feature extractor, sometimes + +the speak chip. + +It's trying to pick +out formants so + +that it can understand vowels. + +And it's supposed to be less +sensitive to noise masking, + +which is a huge problem +in cochlear implants. + +A cochlear implant user doesn't +have the sharply tuned filter + +of the normal +auditory nerve tuning + +curve that normal +hearing people do. + +What about listening to music? + +Do you listen to music? + +SHEILA: Yeah. + +Like last month, I went +to hear Yo-Yo Ma play. + +Like when-- I can hear +music, but I'm not sure. + +I think I hear music +differently from you guys + +because there's a whole +range of frequencies, + +like you said, but yeah +I can listen to music. + +AUDIENCE: How often do you +go to the doctor for updates? + +SHEILA: How often do I go to-- + +AUDIENCE: You're doctor. + +SHEILA: Oh, you +mean audiologist. + +I see audiologist like +maybe once every year just + +for a checkup and remapping. + +PROFESSOR: So do +you get a remapping + +or do they just bill +your insurance company? + +SHEILA: Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +SHEILA: It's expensive. + +PROFESSOR: But do +they-- do you know + +if they change the mapping +for your electrodes? + +SHEILA: Yeah, they change +it, but they told me + +it's not really +a lot of changes. + +So I think the older +you get, the less change + +is made than when +you were younger. + +PROFESSOR: Perhaps, yeah. + +So that's interesting. + +So how do they do that mapping? + +Do they say here's electrode +1, and then here's electrode 2. + +Which is higher? + +Do they do that? + +SHEILA: Yeah, so I had to go +into a special sound booth. + +So it's like a cell that +is completely soundproof. + +And they will test me +on a bunch of sounds + +like saying stop +if it's too loud, + +or which one is +louder or softer, + +can you repeat words +after me, and so on. + +And they use all of that +input to create a new map. + +PROFESSOR: Interesting. + +So apparently with +cochlear implant users, + +the frequency mapping +of the electrodes + +doesn't change in a big way. + +But in the auditory +brain stem implant, + +they go through yearly checkups +and, evidently, the mapping + +can change a great deal. + +So it's completely different. + +In cochlear implants, usually +the most apical electrode + +evokes the lowest +sensation of pitch + +and more basal electrodes get +higher and higher sensations + +of pitch. + +AUDIENCE: How easy is it +for you to differentiate + +between two voices? + +Like if you didn't see who was +talking and if I said something + +and then Professor +[? Brown ?] said something, + +how different would our +voices sound to you? + +SHEILA: His voice is deeper, +and you're farther away from me. + +So I think I can tell the +difference between you two. + +I can tell difference between +male and female voices. + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +Female voices sound +higher usually. + +SHEILA: Higher pictched. + +Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: Do you +know Mandarin Chinese? + +SHEILA: Yeah, a little bit. + +I can speak some +Chinese, but not + +so good because I haven't +used Chinese for a long time. + +PROFESSOR: It's a +tonal language, right? + +SHEILA: Yeah. + +Oh my God! + +PROFESSOR: Does that give you-- + +SHEILA: It's like I went +to China 4 years ago. + +I stayed in China +for about a month. + +So my grandma, +she couldn't speak + +English, so I had to +speak to her in Chinese. + +But it's interesting how +it's-- when I talk to people, + +like when I speak myself, I have +to remember how use the tones, + +but if I listen to them, I can't +tell the difference between + +tone. + +So what I do is I read +their lips and listen. + +And I use context clues +like so if the sound goes + +with this sound, +so I think those + +sounds form a certain word. + +That's how I did, +but I believe I + +can learn Chinese with +a matter of practice + +and getting used to the sound. + +PROFESSOR: Apparently, +cochlear implant users + +have a lot of problems +with melodic intervals, + +octave matches, and +tonal languages. + +The temporal code +for frequency that + +helps us appreciate +musical intervals + +is not present at all +in any cochlear implant + +scheme that's used now. + +So you only have the place +code for sound frequencies, + +you don't have the timing code +in current generation cochlear + +implant users. + +And so the goal, +remember, is to allow + +the users to understand speech. + +It's not in terms of +recognizing musical intervals. + +Now, if cochlear implant +companies were based in China, + +maybe the goal of +understanding Mandarin Chinese, + +which is total, would be +more important, but so far, + +that hasn't happened. + +AUDIENCE: Are you +more comfortable + +with speaking with people +or are you more comfortable + +with not speaking with people? + +SHEILA: Well, I'm +more comfortable using + +sign language, but I don't mind +going up in front of people + +and speaking. + +PROFESSOR: So one time, +I had a demonstrator + +get asked this question. + +What's the stupidest +thing you've ever + +done with your cochlear implant? + +And he had a +response right away. + +He said when I first got my +implant, I went to the beach. + +And I was 13 years old, and +I was a typical teenager. + +And I saw someone else +with a cochlear implant, + +and that was great +because it was + +the first person +I had ever seen. + +And so I said, let's +swap processors. + +And that was actually +a very stupid thing + +to do because each cochlear +implant user is not + +only programmed for their +coding for frequency, + +but they're coding for how much +shock goes into auditory nerve. + +And some people +who have electrodes + +close to the auditory nerve +don't need much current all, + +but if your electrode is far +away you need a lot of current. + +And this fellow got +a processor that + +had been dialed in +a lot of current, + +and so he got a big +severe shock when + +you turn the other person's +cochlear implant on. + +So that's something they +tell you not to do, right? + +SHEILA: I don't think +anybody told me that. + +But clearly I was like, +OK, total wipe out. + +That's a bad shock. + +PROFESSOR: You did that also? + +SHEILA: Well, we both did. + +We exchange at the same time. + +PROFESSOR: Kids don't usually +listen to adults, right? + +So are there a lot +of students at MIT + +who use a cochlear implant? + +SHEILA: So far, by now, +I think I'm the only one. + +But last year, there were +two of us, but he graduated. + +So this year, I'm the only one. + +But I'm not the +only deaf student. + +There are like two or +three other deaf student, + +but they wear hearing aids. + +PROFESSOR: Question. + +AUDIENCE: How often +do you turn it off-- + +or how often is it off? + +SHEILA: Oh, I turn +it off every night. + +[INAUDIBLE] I go to +bed because there's + +no point when I go +to sleep, right? + +And when I take a +shower or go swimming + +or if I want to have +a [INAUDIBLE] day. + +On campus sometimes, +I would get so tired + +of listening to people, +I would just take it off. + +PROFESSOR: Which classes +do you turn it on + +and which classes +do you turn it off? + +That's OK. + +How long does your battery last? + +SHEILA: My battery last like 3 +or 4 days, disposable battery, + +3 or 4 days, but rechargeable +battery it's like one day. + +PROFESSOR: And do +you have an implant + +on one side only, or both sides? + +SHEILA: In my right +ear, it's just one side. + +PROFESSOR: Are you going +to get it in the other ear? + +SHEILA: I'm not so sure +because it takes time. + +I had to go through a surgery, +to see doctors, and so + +on, so I'm not sure at that +time because I'm so busy at MIT. + +AUDIENCE: What kind of alarm +clock helps you to wake up? + +PROFESSOR: Do you +have an alarm clock? + +SHEILA: Oh, yes. + +I have a special alarm clock. + +So I know you guys +use a typical alarm. + +They make loud noises. + +But for me, I use alarm +clock and a flashing lamp, + +so it just flash light on +me that helps to wake me up. + +But some other people say +it doesn't work for them, + +so what they do, they take +a small vibrator thing + +and tuck it under their +pillow or mattress, + +so it's like that then +shocks them awake. + +PROFESSOR: What other +kinds of problems + +do you have with your +implant besides noise? + +SHEILA: I wish it was really +waterproof because if I + +go swimming with my buddies +who are not deaf, then + +how can I hear them. + +But right now, it's +like a computer, + +so obviously, I can't +just jump into water. + +AUDIENCE: I was going to ask +who taught you sign language. + +SHEILA: Do you know +some sign language? + +AUDIENCE: A little, but +where did you learn? + +SHEILA: [INAUDIBLE] I learned +when I was here at MIT. + +That was about +like two years ago, + +so I took a class at Harvard. + +And then from there, I +met a lot of deaf people + +here at MIT and +outside of MIT, so I + +was able to be comfortable +in sign language. + +I don't know. + +I guess it's not +really hard for me + +to learn sign +language compared to, + +let's say Spanish, because +it's more official. + +You don't need to +listen or speak, + +so it's really like all +hands and [INAUDIBLE]. + +So it was pretty natural +for me to pick it up. + +And I use sign language on a +daily basis with my boyfriend + +or with my friends or whenever +I ASL interpreter for my class. + +PROFESSOR: So you often +have an ASL interpreter? + +SHEILA: Yeah, not all, but +it depends on the class. + +For example, if the class is +math or science lecture based, + +like one hour long lecture, +then I use [INAUDIBLE] + +like real time +closed captioning. + +Someone sit next to me, +and on the computer screen, + +I read whatever professor +saying in real time, + +and that person +type out everything. + +Another class, like more of +a lab or a hands on class + +or more moving around, +then I use ASL interpreter + +because it's just awkward to +carry around a laptop reading + +words on a screen. + +PROFESSOR: What do you want +to do after you graduate? + +SHEILA: Right now, I'm +applying to one Ph.d program + +at Harvard that's a +program he is a part of, + +so he may be my +professor next year even. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +If you graduate. + +What's the program? + +This is a little sales pitch. + +You can tell them about it. + +SHEILA: The program +is part of Harvard, + +but it was a part of MIT before. + +But it's a Ph.d program +called Speech and Hearing + +Bioscience and Technology. + +Right? + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +SHEILA: And it's a program +that focus on hearing, cochlear + +implant, hearing +aids, or anything + +related to hearing and speech. + +So right now, I'm +applying to that program. + +We'll see how it goes. + +PROFESSOR: Good. + +AUDIENCE: This is personal, +but did your boyfriend already + +know sign language? + +SHEILA: Oh, he's deaf himself, +so he knows sign language. + +But he's like me. + +He could speak and sign. + +But difference is +he had cochlear-- + +no wait-- he had hearing +aid, I have cochlear implant. + +AUDIENCE: Do you think that +you've become a faster reader? + +Like do you think you're faster +at reading than most people + +because you rely on it more? + +SHEILA: I would be more what? + +Faster? + +AUDIENCE: Faster at reading. + +SHEILA: Faster at reading lips? + +AUDIENCE: Like reading words +on a screen or reading text. + +SHEILA: That's a good question. + +I never thought of that. + +It's a possibility because +yeah, you're right. + +Have you seen it in person? + +AUDIENCE: I haven't seen it. + +SHEILA: You haven't seen it. + +So it's like on +that comp screen, + +where she type out +words really fast. + +So I have to read fast. + +But after one hour, I +got too tired to read, + +so I just look around the room. + +The good thing is after class, +she send me a transcript, + +so I will go back +and look at it again. + +So I mean, it's really tiring +to look at computer screen, + +for one hour straight, +reading words really quickly. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So the cochlear +implant is sometimes + +called the most successful +neural prosthesis, + +and here we have an example. + +So let's give Sheila a hand. + +Thank you very much for coming. + +And we'll talk next time +about brain stem reflexes. + +So we'll hang around if you +have any other questions. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-DP1i2ZU9gk.txt b/-DP1i2ZU9gk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f37d93e54538b32122e7a695231db2703c96141 --- /dev/null +++ b/-DP1i2ZU9gk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7899 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu +all right everyone let's get + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone let's get + + + align:start position:0% +all right everyone let's get +started so today's lecture and uh + + align:start position:0% +started so today's lecture and uh + + + align:start position:0% +started so today's lecture and uh +Wednesday's lecture we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday's lecture we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday's lecture we're going to talk +about these uh this thing called + + align:start position:0% +about these uh this thing called + + + align:start position:0% +about these uh this thing called +objectoriented programming and if you + + align:start position:0% +objectoriented programming and if you + + + align:start position:0% +objectoriented programming and if you +haven't programmed before I think this + + align:start position:0% +haven't programmed before I think this + + + align:start position:0% +haven't programmed before I think this +is a fairly tough concept to grasp um + + align:start position:0% +is a fairly tough concept to grasp um + + + align:start position:0% +is a fairly tough concept to grasp um +but hopefully with with many uh many + + align:start position:0% +but hopefully with with many uh many + + + align:start position:0% +but hopefully with with many uh many +examples and just by looking at the code + + align:start position:0% +examples and just by looking at the code + + + align:start position:0% +examples and just by looking at the code +from available a u from the lectures um + + align:start position:0% +from available a u from the lectures um + + + align:start position:0% +from available a u from the lectures um +you'll hopefully get the hang of it uh + + align:start position:0% +you'll hopefully get the hang of it uh + + + align:start position:0% +you'll hopefully get the hang of it uh +quickly + + align:start position:0% +quickly + + + align:start position:0% +quickly +so let's let's talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +so let's let's talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +so let's let's talk a little bit about +objects and we've seen objects in Python + + align:start position:0% +objects and we've seen objects in Python + + + align:start position:0% +objects and we've seen objects in Python +so far objects are basically data in + + align:start position:0% +so far objects are basically data in + + + align:start position:0% +so far objects are basically data in +Python so every object that we've seen + + align:start position:0% +Python so every object that we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +Python so every object that we've seen +has a certain type okay that we know + + align:start position:0% +has a certain type okay that we know + + + align:start position:0% +has a certain type okay that we know +behind the scenes though every object + + align:start position:0% +behind the scenes though every object + + + align:start position:0% +behind the scenes though every object +has these two additional things one is + + align:start position:0% +has these two additional things one is + + + align:start position:0% +has these two additional things one is +some data representation so how python + + align:start position:0% +some data representation so how python + + + align:start position:0% +some data representation so how python +represents the object um in just behind + + align:start position:0% +represents the object um in just behind + + + align:start position:0% +represents the object um in just behind +the scenes and what are different ways + + align:start position:0% +the scenes and what are different ways + + + align:start position:0% +the scenes and what are different ways +that you can interact with the object + + align:start position:0% +that you can interact with the object + + + align:start position:0% +that you can interact with the object +okay so for example every one of these + + align:start position:0% +okay so for example every one of these + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for example every one of these +is a different object for example this + + align:start position:0% +is a different object for example this + + + align:start position:0% +is a different object for example this +is the number 1,234 it's a specific + + align:start position:0% +is the number 1,234 it's a specific + + + align:start position:0% +is the number 1,234 it's a specific +object that is of type + + align:start position:0% +object that is of type + + + align:start position:0% +object that is of type +integer the number five is a different + + align:start position:0% +integer the number five is a different + + + align:start position:0% +integer the number five is a different +object that's of type integer and so on + + align:start position:0% +object that's of type integer and so on + + + align:start position:0% +object that's of type integer and so on +we've seen floats we've seen strings + + align:start position:0% +we've seen floats we've seen strings + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen floats we've seen strings +we've seen lists lists and dictionaries + + align:start position:0% +we've seen lists lists and dictionaries + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen lists lists and dictionaries +are more complicated + + align:start position:0% +are more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +are more complicated +objects object types sorry but every + + align:start position:0% +objects object types sorry but every + + + align:start position:0% +objects object types sorry but every +object has a type some sort of way that + + align:start position:0% +object has a type some sort of way that + + + align:start position:0% +object has a type some sort of way that +it's repres + + align:start position:0% +it's repres + + + align:start position:0% +it's repres +presented uh in Python and some ways + + align:start position:0% +presented uh in Python and some ways + + + align:start position:0% +presented uh in Python and some ways +that we can interact with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them okay so the idea behind + + align:start position:0% +them okay so the idea behind + + + align:start position:0% +them okay so the idea behind +object-oriented programming is first of + + align:start position:0% +object-oriented programming is first of + + + align:start position:0% +object-oriented programming is first of +all everything in Python is an object + + align:start position:0% +all everything in Python is an object + + + align:start position:0% +all everything in Python is an object +we've said that before and in this + + align:start position:0% +we've said that before and in this + + + align:start position:0% +we've said that before and in this +lecture I think we'll really get at what + + align:start position:0% +lecture I think we'll really get at what + + + align:start position:0% +lecture I think we'll really get at what +that means so we've seen strings + + align:start position:0% +that means so we've seen strings + + + align:start position:0% +that means so we've seen strings +integers uh dictionaries lists those are + + align:start position:0% +integers uh dictionaries lists those are + + + align:start position:0% +integers uh dictionaries lists those are +all objects when we did functions we saw + + align:start position:0% +all objects when we did functions we saw + + + align:start position:0% +all objects when we did functions we saw +that we could pass as a parameter + + align:start position:0% +that we could pass as a parameter + + + align:start position:0% +that we could pass as a parameter +another function so functions were also + + align:start position:0% +another function so functions were also + + + align:start position:0% +another function so functions were also +objects in Python so literally + + align:start position:0% +objects in Python so literally + + + align:start position:0% +objects in Python so literally +everything in in Python is an + + align:start position:0% +everything in in Python is an + + + align:start position:0% +everything in in Python is an +object so what are the kinds of things + + align:start position:0% +object so what are the kinds of things + + + align:start position:0% +object so what are the kinds of things +we can do with objects well once you + + align:start position:0% +we can do with objects well once you + + + align:start position:0% +we can do with objects well once you +have a type you can create a new object + + align:start position:0% +have a type you can create a new object + + + align:start position:0% +have a type you can create a new object +that is of some type and you can create + + align:start position:0% +that is of some type and you can create + + + align:start position:0% +that is of some type and you can create +as many objects as you'd like of that + + align:start position:0% +as many objects as you'd like of that + + + align:start position:0% +as many objects as you'd like of that +particular type right an integer five an + + align:start position:0% +particular type right an integer five an + + + align:start position:0% +particular type right an integer five an +integer 7 those all work in a in a + + align:start position:0% +integer 7 those all work in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +integer 7 those all work in a in a +program once you have these once you've + + align:start position:0% +program once you have these once you've + + + align:start position:0% +program once you have these once you've +created these new objects you can + + align:start position:0% +created these new objects you can + + + align:start position:0% +created these new objects you can +manipulate them so for a list for + + align:start position:0% +manipulate them so for a list for + + + align:start position:0% +manipulate them so for a list for +example you can append an item to the + + align:start position:0% +example you can append an item to the + + + align:start position:0% +example you can append an item to the +end of the list you can uh delete an + + align:start position:0% +end of the list you can uh delete an + + + align:start position:0% +end of the list you can uh delete an +item remove it it um concatenate two + + align:start position:0% +item remove it it um concatenate two + + + align:start position:0% +item remove it it um concatenate two +lists together so that's ways that you + + align:start position:0% +lists together so that's ways that you + + + align:start position:0% +lists together so that's ways that you +can interact with objects and the last + + align:start position:0% +can interact with objects and the last + + + align:start position:0% +can interact with objects and the last +thing you can do is you can destroy them + + align:start position:0% +thing you can do is you can destroy them + + + align:start position:0% +thing you can do is you can destroy them +so with lists we saw explicitly that you + + align:start position:0% +so with lists we saw explicitly that you + + + align:start position:0% +so with lists we saw explicitly that you +can delete elements from a list or you + + align:start position:0% +can delete elements from a list or you + + + align:start position:0% +can delete elements from a list or you +can just forget about them by sort of + + align:start position:0% +can just forget about them by sort of + + + align:start position:0% +can just forget about them by sort of +reassigning a v a variable uh to another + + align:start position:0% +reassigning a v a variable uh to another + + + align:start position:0% +reassigning a v a variable uh to another +value and then at some point python will + + align:start position:0% +value and then at some point python will + + + align:start position:0% +value and then at some point python will +uh will collect all of these dead + + align:start position:0% +uh will collect all of these dead + + + align:start position:0% +uh will collect all of these dead +objects and reclaim the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +memory + + align:start position:0% +memory + + + align:start position:0% +memory +so let's continue exploring what objects + + align:start position:0% +so let's continue exploring what objects + + + align:start position:0% +so let's continue exploring what objects +are so let's say I have these two + + align:start position:0% +are so let's say I have these two + + + align:start position:0% +are so let's say I have these two +separate objects one is a blue car one + + align:start position:0% +separate objects one is a blue car one + + + align:start position:0% +separate objects one is a blue car one +is a pink car so objects are really data + + align:start position:0% +is a pink car so objects are really data + + + align:start position:0% +is a pink car so objects are really data +abstractions so these two cars can be + + align:start position:0% +abstractions so these two cars can be + + + align:start position:0% +abstractions so these two cars can be +created by the same blueprint okay this + + align:start position:0% +created by the same blueprint okay this + + + align:start position:0% +created by the same blueprint okay this +is a blueprint for a car and if an + + align:start position:0% +is a blueprint for a car and if an + + + align:start position:0% +is a blueprint for a car and if an +object is a data abstraction there's two + + align:start position:0% +object is a data abstraction there's two + + + align:start position:0% +object is a data abstraction there's two +things that this abstraction is going to + + align:start position:0% +things that this abstraction is going to + + + align:start position:0% +things that this abstraction is going to +capture the first is some sort of + + align:start position:0% +capture the first is some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +capture the first is some sort of +representation what is going to + + align:start position:0% +representation what is going to + + + align:start position:0% +representation what is going to +represent the car what data represents a + + align:start position:0% +represent the car what data represents a + + + align:start position:0% +represent the car what data represents a +car object and the second is what what + + align:start position:0% +car object and the second is what what + + + align:start position:0% +car object and the second is what what +are ways that we can interact with the + + align:start position:0% +are ways that we can interact with the + + + align:start position:0% +are ways that we can interact with the +object so if we think about a car + + align:start position:0% +object so if we think about a car + + + align:start position:0% +object so if we think about a car +blueprint some general representation + + align:start position:0% +blueprint some general representation + + + align:start position:0% +blueprint some general representation +for a car could be the number of Wheels + + align:start position:0% +for a car could be the number of Wheels + + + align:start position:0% +for a car could be the number of Wheels +it has the number of doors it has maybe + + align:start position:0% +it has the number of doors it has maybe + + + align:start position:0% +it has the number of doors it has maybe +its length maybe its height so this is + + align:start position:0% +its length maybe its height so this is + + + align:start position:0% +its length maybe its height so this is +these are all this is all part of what + + align:start position:0% +these are all this is all part of what + + + align:start position:0% +these are all this is all part of what +data represents the car okay the + + align:start position:0% +data represents the car okay the + + + align:start position:0% +data represents the car okay the +interface for the car is what are ways + + align:start position:0% +interface for the car is what are ways + + + align:start position:0% +interface for the car is what are ways +that you can interact with it so for + + align:start position:0% +that you can interact with it so for + + + align:start position:0% +that you can interact with it so for +example you could paint a car right so + + align:start position:0% +example you could paint a car right so + + + align:start position:0% +example you could paint a car right so +you could change its color + + align:start position:0% +you could change its color + + + align:start position:0% +you could change its color +you could make you could have the car + + align:start position:0% +you could make you could have the car + + + align:start position:0% +you could make you could have the car +make a noise and different cars might + + align:start position:0% +make a noise and different cars might + + + align:start position:0% +make a noise and different cars might +make different noises or you can drive + + align:start position:0% +make different noises or you can drive + + + align:start position:0% +make different noises or you can drive +the car right so these are all ways that + + align:start position:0% +the car right so these are all ways that + + + align:start position:0% +the car right so these are all ways that +you can interact with a car whereas the + + align:start position:0% +you can interact with a car whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +you can interact with a car whereas the +representation are what makes up the car + + align:start position:0% +representation are what makes up the car + + + align:start position:0% +representation are what makes up the car +what abstraction data abstractions make + + align:start position:0% +what abstraction data abstractions make + + + align:start position:0% +what abstraction data abstractions make +up the + + align:start position:0% +up the + + + align:start position:0% +up the +car let's bring it a little closer to + + align:start position:0% +car let's bring it a little closer to + + + align:start position:0% +car let's bring it a little closer to +home by looking at a + + align:start position:0% +home by looking at a + + + align:start position:0% +home by looking at a +list so we have this data type of list + + align:start position:0% +list so we have this data type of list + + + align:start position:0% +list so we have this data type of list +right we've worked with lists before + + align:start position:0% +right we've worked with lists before + + + align:start position:0% +right we've worked with lists before +the list with elements 1 two 3 and four + + align:start position:0% +the list with elements 1 two 3 and four + + + align:start position:0% +the list with elements 1 two 3 and four +is a very specific object that is of + + align:start position:0% +is a very specific object that is of + + + align:start position:0% +is a very specific object that is of +type list okay again we think about it + + align:start position:0% +type list okay again we think about it + + + align:start position:0% +type list okay again we think about it +in terms of two things one is how what + + align:start position:0% +in terms of two things one is how what + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of two things one is how what +is the data representation of a list so + + align:start position:0% +is the data representation of a list so + + + align:start position:0% +is the data representation of a list so +how does behind the scenes how does + + align:start position:0% +how does behind the scenes how does + + + align:start position:0% +how does behind the scenes how does +python see lists and the second is how + + align:start position:0% +python see lists and the second is how + + + align:start position:0% +python see lists and the second is how +do you interact with lists so what are + + align:start position:0% +do you interact with lists so what are + + + align:start position:0% +do you interact with lists so what are +ways that you can manipulate a list + + align:start position:0% +ways that you can manipulate a list + + + align:start position:0% +ways that you can manipulate a list +object once it's + + align:start position:0% +object once it's + + + align:start position:0% +object once it's +created so behind the scenes you have a + + align:start position:0% +created so behind the scenes you have a + + + align:start position:0% +created so behind the scenes you have a +list L which is going to be made up of + + align:start position:0% +list L which is going to be made up of + + + align:start position:0% +list L which is going to be made up of +essentially two things one is going + + align:start position:0% +essentially two things one is going + + + align:start position:0% +essentially two things one is going +going to be the value at specific + + align:start position:0% +going to be the value at specific + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the value at specific +index okay so at index zero it has the + + align:start position:0% +index okay so at index zero it has the + + + align:start position:0% +index okay so at index zero it has the +value one right because it's the first + + align:start position:0% +value one right because it's the first + + + align:start position:0% +value one right because it's the first +element in the list and the second thing + + align:start position:0% +element in the list and the second thing + + + align:start position:0% +element in the list and the second thing +that represents an A List is going to be + + align:start position:0% +that represents an A List is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that represents an A List is going to be +this second part which is a + + align:start position:0% +this second part which is a + + + align:start position:0% +this second part which is a +pointer and internally this pointer is + + align:start position:0% +pointer and internally this pointer is + + + align:start position:0% +pointer and internally this pointer is +going to tell python where is the memory + + align:start position:0% +going to tell python where is the memory + + + align:start position:0% +going to tell python where is the memory +location uh in the computer where you + + align:start position:0% +location uh in the computer where you + + + align:start position:0% +location uh in the computer where you +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +access the element index one so that's + + align:start position:0% +access the element index one so that's + + + align:start position:0% +access the element index one so that's +it's it's just essentially going to be a + + align:start position:0% +it's it's just essentially going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's just essentially going to be a +chain going from one index to the other + + align:start position:0% +chain going from one index to the other + + + align:start position:0% +chain going from one index to the other +and at the next memory location you have + + align:start position:0% +and at the next memory location you have + + + align:start position:0% +and at the next memory location you have +the value at index one and then you have + + align:start position:0% +the value at index one and then you have + + + align:start position:0% +the value at index one and then you have +another pointer that takes you to the + + align:start position:0% +another pointer that takes you to the + + + align:start position:0% +another pointer that takes you to the +location memory where the index uh two + + align:start position:0% +location memory where the index uh two + + + align:start position:0% +location memory where the index uh two +is located and in index two you have the + + align:start position:0% +is located and in index two you have the + + + align:start position:0% +is located and in index two you have the +value and then the next pointer and so + + align:start position:0% +value and then the next pointer and so + + + align:start position:0% +value and then the next pointer and so +on and so on so this is how python + + align:start position:0% +on and so on so this is how python + + + align:start position:0% +on and so on so this is how python +internally internally represents a + + align:start position:0% +internally internally represents a + + + align:start position:0% +internally internally represents a +list + + align:start position:0% +list + + + align:start position:0% +list +okay how you manipulate list we've done + + align:start position:0% +okay how you manipulate list we've done + + + align:start position:0% +okay how you manipulate list we've done +this a lot right you can get you can + + align:start position:0% +this a lot right you can get you can + + + align:start position:0% +this a lot right you can get you can +index into a list you can + + align:start position:0% +index into a list you can + + + align:start position:0% +index into a list you can +um uh add two lists together you can get + + align:start position:0% +um uh add two lists together you can get + + + align:start position:0% +um uh add two lists together you can get +the length you can append to the end of + + align:start position:0% +the length you can append to the end of + + + align:start position:0% +the length you can append to the end of +a list you can sort a list reverse a + + align:start position:0% +a list you can sort a list reverse a + + + align:start position:0% +a list you can sort a list reverse a +list and so many other things right so + + align:start position:0% +list and so many other things right so + + + align:start position:0% +list and so many other things right so +these are all ways that you can interact + + align:start position:0% +these are all ways that you can interact + + + align:start position:0% +these are all ways that you can interact +with the list object as soon as you've + + align:start position:0% +with the list object as soon as you've + + + align:start position:0% +with the list object as soon as you've +created it so notice both of these the + + align:start position:0% +created it so notice both of these the + + + align:start position:0% +created it so notice both of these the +internal representation and how you + + align:start position:0% +internal representation and how you + + + align:start position:0% +internal representation and how you +manipulate lists you don't actually know + + align:start position:0% +manipulate lists you don't actually know + + + align:start position:0% +manipulate lists you don't actually know +internally how these are represented + + align:start position:0% +internally how these are represented + + + align:start position:0% +internally how these are represented +right how how did how did whoever wrote + + align:start position:0% +right how how did how did whoever wrote + + + align:start position:0% +right how how did how did whoever wrote +the list class decide to implement a + + align:start position:0% +the list class decide to implement a + + + align:start position:0% +the list class decide to implement a +sort we don't know + + align:start position:0% +sort we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +sort we don't know +okay you also weren't aware of how these + + align:start position:0% +okay you also weren't aware of how these + + + align:start position:0% +okay you also weren't aware of how these +lists were uh represented internally and + + align:start position:0% +lists were uh represented internally and + + + align:start position:0% +lists were uh represented internally and +you didn't need to know that that's the + + align:start position:0% +you didn't need to know that that's the + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't need to know that that's the +beauty of object-oriented programming + + align:start position:0% +beauty of object-oriented programming + + + align:start position:0% +beauty of object-oriented programming +and having these data + + align:start position:0% +and having these data + + + align:start position:0% +and having these data +abstractions the representations are + + align:start position:0% +abstractions the representations are + + + align:start position:0% +abstractions the representations are +private of these objects and they're + + align:start position:0% +private of these objects and they're + + + align:start position:0% +private of these objects and they're +only known by what you can find out H + + align:start position:0% +only known by what you can find out H + + + align:start position:0% +only known by what you can find out H +how it's done but they only should be + + align:start position:0% +how it's done but they only should be + + + align:start position:0% +how it's done but they only should be +known by whoever implemented them right + + align:start position:0% +known by whoever implemented them right + + + align:start position:0% +known by whoever implemented them right +you as someone who uses this class + + align:start position:0% +you as someone who uses this class + + + align:start position:0% +you as someone who uses this class +doesn't really need to know how a list + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really need to know how a list + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really need to know how a list +is represented internally in order to be + + align:start position:0% +is represented internally in order to be + + + align:start position:0% +is represented internally in order to be +able to use it and to write cool + + align:start position:0% +able to use it and to write cool + + + align:start position:0% +able to use it and to write cool +programs with them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so just final motivation here + + align:start position:0% +okay so so just final motivation here + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so just final motivation here +before we start writing our own types of + + align:start position:0% +before we start writing our own types of + + + align:start position:0% +before we start writing our own types of +objects is the advantages of + + align:start position:0% +objects is the advantages of + + + align:start position:0% +objects is the advantages of +objectoriented programming is really + + align:start position:0% +objectoriented programming is really + + + align:start position:0% +objectoriented programming is really +that you're able to bundle this data + + align:start position:0% +that you're able to bundle this data + + + align:start position:0% +that you're able to bundle this data +bundle some internal representation and + + align:start position:0% +bundle some internal representation and + + + align:start position:0% +bundle some internal representation and +some ways to interact with a program + + align:start position:0% +some ways to interact with a program + + + align:start position:0% +some ways to interact with a program +into these packages and these packages + + align:start position:0% +into these packages and these packages + + + align:start position:0% +into these packages and these packages +with these packages you can create + + align:start position:0% +with these packages you can create + + + align:start position:0% +with these packages you can create +objects and all of these objects are + + align:start position:0% +objects and all of these objects are + + + align:start position:0% +objects and all of these objects are +going to behave the exact same way + + align:start position:0% +going to behave the exact same way + + + align:start position:0% +going to behave the exact same way +they're going to have the same internal + + align:start position:0% +they're going to have the same internal + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to have the same internal +representation a and the same way that + + align:start position:0% +representation a and the same way that + + + align:start position:0% +representation a and the same way that +you can interact with them okay and + + align:start position:0% +you can interact with them okay and + + + align:start position:0% +you can interact with them okay and +ultimately this is going to um + + align:start position:0% +ultimately this is going to um + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately this is going to um +contribute to the uh decomposition and + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the uh decomposition and + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the uh decomposition and +abstraction ideas that we C that we um + + align:start position:0% +abstraction ideas that we C that we um + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction ideas that we C that we um +talked about when we talked about + + align:start position:0% +talked about when we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +talked about when we talked about +functions and that means that you're + + align:start position:0% +functions and that means that you're + + + align:start position:0% +functions and that means that you're +going to be able to write code that's a + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to write code that's a + + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to write code that's a +lot more + + align:start position:0% +lot more + + + align:start position:0% +lot more +reusable and uh a lot easier to read in + + align:start position:0% +reusable and uh a lot easier to read in + + + align:start position:0% +reusable and uh a lot easier to read in +the future + + align:start position:0% +the future + + + align:start position:0% +the future +okay so just like when we talked about + + align:start position:0% +okay so just like when we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +okay so just like when we talked about +functions we're going to sort of + + align:start position:0% +functions we're going to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +functions we're going to sort of +separate uh the code that we talk about + + align:start position:0% +separate uh the code that we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +separate uh the code that we talk about +today into code where you + + align:start position:0% +today into code where you + + + align:start position:0% +today into code where you +implement um you implement a data type + + align:start position:0% +implement um you implement a data type + + + align:start position:0% +implement um you implement a data type +and code where you use uh use an object + + align:start position:0% +and code where you use uh use an object + + + align:start position:0% +and code where you use uh use an object +that you create okay so remember when we + + align:start position:0% +that you create okay so remember when we + + + align:start position:0% +that you create okay so remember when we +talked about functions you had you had + + align:start position:0% +talked about functions you had you had + + + align:start position:0% +talked about functions you had you had +you were thinking about it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +you were thinking about it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +you were thinking about it in terms of +writing a function so you had to worry + + align:start position:0% +writing a function so you had to worry + + + align:start position:0% +writing a function so you had to worry +about the details of how you implement a + + align:start position:0% +about the details of how you implement a + + + align:start position:0% +about the details of how you implement a +function and then you had to worry about + + align:start position:0% +function and then you had to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +function and then you had to worry about +just how to use a function right so it's + + align:start position:0% +just how to use a function right so it's + + + align:start position:0% +just how to use a function right so it's +sort of the same idea + + align:start position:0% +sort of the same idea + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the same idea +today so when you're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +today so when you're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +today so when you're thinking about +implementing + + align:start position:0% +implementing + + + align:start position:0% +implementing +uh your own data + + align:start position:0% +uh your own data + + + align:start position:0% +uh your own data +type you do that with this thing called + + align:start position:0% +type you do that with this thing called + + + align:start position:0% +type you do that with this thing called +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +class + + align:start position:0% +class + + + align:start position:0% +class +okay and when you create a class you're + + align:start position:0% +okay and when you create a class you're + + + align:start position:0% +okay and when you create a class you're +basically going to figure out what name + + align:start position:0% +basically going to figure out what name + + + align:start position:0% +basically going to figure out what name +you want to give your class and you're + + align:start position:0% +you want to give your class and you're + + + align:start position:0% +you want to give your class and you're +going to Define some attributes and the + + align:start position:0% +going to Define some attributes and the + + + align:start position:0% +going to Define some attributes and the +attributes are going to be the data + + align:start position:0% +attributes are going to be the data + + + align:start position:0% +attributes are going to be the data +representation and ways that you can + + align:start position:0% +representation and ways that you can + + + align:start position:0% +representation and ways that you can +interact with your object so you as the + + align:start position:0% +interact with your object so you as the + + + align:start position:0% +interact with your object so you as the +programmer of this class are going to + + align:start position:0% +programmer of this class are going to + + + align:start position:0% +programmer of this class are going to +decide how you want people to interact + + align:start position:0% +decide how you want people to interact + + + align:start position:0% +decide how you want people to interact +with your object and what this object + + align:start position:0% +with your object and what this object + + + align:start position:0% +with your object and what this object +what what this object is going to take + + align:start position:0% +what what this object is going to take + + + align:start position:0% +what what this object is going to take +have so for example someone wrote code + + align:start position:0% +have so for example someone wrote code + + + align:start position:0% +have so for example someone wrote code +that implements a list class right and + + align:start position:0% +that implements a list class right and + + + align:start position:0% +that implements a list class right and +we don't actually know how that was done + + align:start position:0% +we don't actually know how that was done + + + align:start position:0% +we don't actually know how that was done +but we can find + + align:start position:0% +but we can find + + + align:start position:0% +but we can find +out so creating the class is is is + + align:start position:0% +out so creating the class is is is + + + align:start position:0% +out so creating the class is is is +implementing implementing the class and + + align:start position:0% +implementing implementing the class and + + + align:start position:0% +implementing implementing the class and +figuring out data representation and + + align:start position:0% +figuring out data representation and + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out data representation and +ways to interact with the + + align:start position:0% +ways to interact with the + + + align:start position:0% +ways to interact with the +class once that's done you can then use + + align:start position:0% +class once that's done you can then use + + + align:start position:0% +class once that's done you can then use +your class and you use the class by + + align:start position:0% +your class and you use the class by + + + align:start position:0% +your class and you use the class by +creating new instances of um of the + + align:start position:0% +creating new instances of um of the + + + align:start position:0% +creating new instances of um of the +class so when you create a new instance + + align:start position:0% +class so when you create a new instance + + + align:start position:0% +class so when you create a new instance +you essentially create a new object that + + align:start position:0% +you essentially create a new object that + + + align:start position:0% +you essentially create a new object that +has the type the name of your class and + + align:start position:0% +has the type the name of your class and + + + align:start position:0% +has the type the name of your class and +you can create as many objects as you'd + + align:start position:0% +you can create as many objects as you'd + + + align:start position:0% +you can create as many objects as you'd +like you can do all the operations um + + align:start position:0% +like you can do all the operations um + + + align:start position:0% +like you can do all the operations um +that you've defined on the + + align:start position:0% +that you've defined on the + + + align:start position:0% +that you've defined on the +class so for example someone wrote the + + align:start position:0% +class so for example someone wrote the + + + align:start position:0% +class so for example someone wrote the +code Implement list class and then you + + align:start position:0% +code Implement list class and then you + + + align:start position:0% +code Implement list class and then you +can just use the list class like this so + + align:start position:0% +can just use the list class like this so + + + align:start position:0% +can just use the list class like this so +you create can create a new list you can + + align:start position:0% +you create can create a new list you can + + + align:start position:0% +you create can create a new list you can +get the length of the list you can + + align:start position:0% +get the length of the list you can + + + align:start position:0% +get the length of the list you can +append to the end of the list and so on + + align:start position:0% +append to the end of the list and so on + + + align:start position:0% +append to the end of the list and so on +and so on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's start defining our own + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's start defining our own + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's start defining our own +types okay so now you're going to Define + + align:start position:0% +types okay so now you're going to Define + + + align:start position:0% +types okay so now you're going to Define +classes you're going to write classes + + align:start position:0% +classes you're going to write classes + + + align:start position:0% +classes you're going to write classes +which are going to Define your own types + + align:start position:0% +which are going to Define your own types + + + align:start position:0% +which are going to Define your own types +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +objects so for today's lecture we're + + align:start position:0% +objects so for today's lecture we're + + + align:start position:0% +objects so for today's lecture we're +going to Define we're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +going to Define we're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +going to Define we're going to look at +code that's going to be in the context + + align:start position:0% +code that's going to be in the context + + + align:start position:0% +code that's going to be in the context +of a coordinate object okay and a + + align:start position:0% +of a coordinate object okay and a + + + align:start position:0% +of a coordinate object okay and a +coordinate object is essentially going + + align:start position:0% +coordinate object is essentially going + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate object is essentially going +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +um an object that's going + + align:start position:0% +um an object that's going + + + align:start position:0% +um an object that's going +to define a point in an XY plane okay so + + align:start position:0% +to define a point in an XY plane okay so + + + align:start position:0% +to define a point in an XY plane okay so +X comma Y is going to be a coordinate in + + align:start position:0% +X comma Y is going to be a coordinate in + + + align:start position:0% +X comma Y is going to be a coordinate in +a 2d plane so we're going to write code + + align:start position:0% +a 2d plane so we're going to write code + + + align:start position:0% +a 2d plane so we're going to write code +that's going to allow us to Define that + + align:start position:0% +that's going to allow us to Define that + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to allow us to Define that +kind of + + align:start position:0% +kind of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of +object so the way we do that + + align:start position:0% +object so the way we do that + + + align:start position:0% +object so the way we do that +is we have to define a class so we have + + align:start position:0% +is we have to define a class so we have + + + align:start position:0% +is we have to define a class so we have +to tell python hey I'm defining my own + + align:start position:0% +to tell python hey I'm defining my own + + + align:start position:0% +to tell python hey I'm defining my own +object type so you do that with this + + align:start position:0% +object type so you do that with this + + + align:start position:0% +object type so you do that with this +class keyword so you say class + + align:start position:0% +class keyword so you say class + + + align:start position:0% +class keyword so you say class +then you say the name of your type in + + align:start position:0% +then you say the name of your type in + + + align:start position:0% +then you say the name of your type in +this case we're creating a type called + + align:start position:0% +this case we're creating a type called + + + align:start position:0% +this case we're creating a type called +coordinate just like we had type list + + align:start position:0% +coordinate just like we had type list + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate just like we had type list +type string and so on this is going to + + align:start position:0% +type string and so on this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +type string and so on this is going to +be a type called + + align:start position:0% +be a type called + + + align:start position:0% +be a type called +coordinate and then in parenthesis here + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and then in parenthesis here + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and then in parenthesis here +you put what the parents of the class + + align:start position:0% +you put what the parents of the class + + + align:start position:0% +you put what the parents of the class +are for today's lecture the parent of + + align:start position:0% +are for today's lecture the parent of + + + align:start position:0% +are for today's lecture the parent of +the classes are going to be this thing + + align:start position:0% +the classes are going to be this thing + + + align:start position:0% +the classes are going to be this thing +called object and object is the very + + align:start position:0% +called object and object is the very + + + align:start position:0% +called object and object is the very +basic type in Python it is the most + + align:start position:0% +basic type in Python it is the most + + + align:start position:0% +basic type in Python it is the most +basic type in Python and it it + + align:start position:0% +basic type in Python and it it + + + align:start position:0% +basic type in Python and it it +implements things like being able to + + align:start position:0% +implements things like being able to + + + align:start position:0% +implements things like being able to +assign variables so really really basic + + align:start position:0% +assign variables so really really basic + + + align:start position:0% +assign variables so really really basic +operations that you can do with objects + + align:start position:0% +operations that you can do with objects + + + align:start position:0% +operations that you can do with objects +okay so your coordinate is therefore + + align:start position:0% +okay so your coordinate is therefore + + + align:start position:0% +okay so your coordinate is therefore +going to be an object in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Python all right so we've told python we + + align:start position:0% +Python all right so we've told python we + + + align:start position:0% +Python all right so we've told python we +want to Define an + + align:start position:0% +want to Define an + + + align:start position:0% +want to Define an +object so inside the class definition + + align:start position:0% +object so inside the class definition + + + align:start position:0% +object so inside the class definition +we're going to put attributes so what + + align:start position:0% +we're going to put attributes so what + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to put attributes so what +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +attributes attributes are going to be + + align:start position:0% +attributes attributes are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +attributes attributes are going to be +data and procedures that belong to the + + align:start position:0% +data and procedures that belong to the + + + align:start position:0% +data and procedures that belong to the +class okay data are going to be the data + + align:start position:0% +class okay data are going to be the data + + + align:start position:0% +class okay data are going to be the data +representations and procedures are going + + align:start position:0% +representations and procedures are going + + + align:start position:0% +representations and procedures are going +to be ways that we can interact with the + + align:start position:0% +to be ways that we can interact with the + + + align:start position:0% +to be ways that we can interact with the +object okay the fact that they belong to + + align:start position:0% +object okay the fact that they belong to + + + align:start position:0% +object okay the fact that they belong to +the class means that the data and the + + align:start position:0% +the class means that the data and the + + + align:start position:0% +the class means that the data and the +procedures that we write are only going + + align:start position:0% +procedures that we write are only going + + + align:start position:0% +procedures that we write are only going +to work with an object of this type okay + + align:start position:0% +to work with an object of this type okay + + + align:start position:0% +to work with an object of this type okay +if you try to use any of the data or the + + align:start position:0% +if you try to use any of the data or the + + + align:start position:0% +if you try to use any of the data or the +procedures with an object of a different + + align:start position:0% +procedures with an object of a different + + + align:start position:0% +procedures with an object of a different +type you're going to get an air because + + align:start position:0% +type you're going to get an air because + + + align:start position:0% +type you're going to get an air because +these objects uh these this data and + + align:start position:0% +these objects uh these this data and + + + align:start position:0% +these objects uh these this data and +these um uh these attributes sorry will + + align:start position:0% +these um uh these attributes sorry will + + + align:start position:0% +these um uh these attributes sorry will +will belong to this particular class + + align:start position:0% +will belong to this particular class + + + align:start position:0% +will belong to this particular class +okay so the data + + align:start position:0% +okay so the data + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the data +attributes is what is the object right + + align:start position:0% +attributes is what is the object right + + + align:start position:0% +attributes is what is the object right +what is the data that makes up the + + align:start position:0% +what is the data that makes up the + + + align:start position:0% +what is the data that makes up the +object so for our coordinate example + + align:start position:0% +object so for our coordinate example + + + align:start position:0% +object so for our coordinate example +it's going to be the X and Y values for + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be the X and Y values for + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be the X and Y values for +a coordinate we can decide they can be + + align:start position:0% +a coordinate we can decide they can be + + + align:start position:0% +a coordinate we can decide they can be +ins we can decide that we can let them + + align:start position:0% +ins we can decide that we can let them + + + align:start position:0% +ins we can decide that we can let them +be floats but it's going to have one one + + align:start position:0% +be floats but it's going to have one one + + + align:start position:0% +be floats but it's going to have one one +value for for the x coordinate and one + + align:start position:0% +value for for the x coordinate and one + + + align:start position:0% +value for for the x coordinate and one +value for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +y-coordinate So Pro so those are data + + align:start position:0% +y-coordinate So Pro so those are data + + + align:start position:0% +y-coordinate So Pro so those are data +attributes and procedural attributes are + + align:start position:0% +attributes and procedural attributes are + + + align:start position:0% +attributes and procedural attributes are +better known as methods + + align:start position:0% +better known as methods + + + align:start position:0% +better known as methods +and you can think of a method as a + + align:start position:0% +and you can think of a method as a + + + align:start position:0% +and you can think of a method as a +function except that it's a function + + align:start position:0% +function except that it's a function + + + align:start position:0% +function except that it's a function +that only works with this particular + + align:start position:0% +that only works with this particular + + + align:start position:0% +that only works with this particular +type of object so with a coordinate + + align:start position:0% +type of object so with a coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +type of object so with a coordinate +object in this case Okay so the methods + + align:start position:0% +object in this case Okay so the methods + + + align:start position:0% +object in this case Okay so the methods +are going to Define how you can interact + + align:start position:0% +are going to Define how you can interact + + + align:start position:0% +are going to Define how you can interact +with the object so in a list for example + + align:start position:0% +with the object so in a list for example + + + align:start position:0% +with the object so in a list for example +we've said that you can append an item + + align:start position:0% +we've said that you can append an item + + + align:start position:0% +we've said that you can append an item +to the end of the list we can sort a + + align:start position:0% +to the end of the list we can sort a + + + align:start position:0% +to the end of the list we can sort a +list things like that so when you when + + align:start position:0% +list things like that so when you when + + + align:start position:0% +list things like that so when you when +you're defining methods you're defining + + align:start position:0% +you're defining methods you're defining + + + align:start position:0% +you're defining methods you're defining +ways that people can interact with your + + align:start position:0% +ways that people can interact with your + + + align:start position:0% +ways that people can interact with your +object so for example for a coordinate + + align:start position:0% +object so for example for a coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +object so for example for a coordinate +object we can say that we can take the + + align:start position:0% +object we can say that we can take the + + + align:start position:0% +object we can say that we can take the +distance between two coordinate points + + align:start position:0% +distance between two coordinate points + + + align:start position:0% +distance between two coordinate points +okay and that's going to be a way that + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's going to be a way that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's going to be a way that +you can interact with two coordinate + + align:start position:0% +you can interact with two coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +you can interact with two coordinate +points and we and just just to be clear + + align:start position:0% +points and we and just just to be clear + + + align:start position:0% +points and we and just just to be clear +these are going to belong to this class + + align:start position:0% +these are going to belong to this class + + + align:start position:0% +these are going to belong to this class +which means that if you try to use this + + align:start position:0% +which means that if you try to use this + + + align:start position:0% +which means that if you try to use this +distance method on two lists for example + + align:start position:0% +distance method on two lists for example + + + align:start position:0% +distance method on two lists for example +you're going to get an error because + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get an error because + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get an error because +this distance method was only defined to + + align:start position:0% +this distance method was only defined to + + + align:start position:0% +this distance method was only defined to +work with two coordinate type + + align:start position:0% +work with two coordinate type + + + align:start position:0% +work with two coordinate type +objects all right so let's carry on and + + align:start position:0% +objects all right so let's carry on and + + + align:start position:0% +objects all right so let's carry on and +uh continue implementing our class so + + align:start position:0% +uh continue implementing our class so + + + align:start position:0% +uh continue implementing our class so +we've written this first line so far + + align:start position:0% +we've written this first line so far + + + align:start position:0% +we've written this first line so far +class coordinate object so now let's + + align:start position:0% +class coordinate object so now let's + + + align:start position:0% +class coordinate object so now let's +define + + align:start position:0% +define + + + align:start position:0% +define +attributes first thing we're going to + + align:start position:0% +attributes first thing we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +attributes first thing we're going to +Define are data + + align:start position:0% +Define are data + + + align:start position:0% +Define are data +attributes generally you define data + + align:start position:0% +attributes generally you define data + + + align:start position:0% +attributes generally you define data +attributes inside this + + align:start position:0% +attributes inside this + + + align:start position:0% +attributes inside this +init and this is underscore underscore + + align:start position:0% +init and this is underscore underscore + + + align:start position:0% +init and this is underscore underscore +init underscore underscore and it's a + + align:start position:0% +init underscore underscore and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +init underscore underscore and it's a +special method or function in a + + align:start position:0% +special method or function in a + + + align:start position:0% +special method or function in a +class and the special method tells + + align:start position:0% +class and the special method tells + + + align:start position:0% +class and the special method tells +python when you when you implement the + + align:start position:0% +python when you when you implement the + + + align:start position:0% +python when you when you implement the +special method it tells python when you + + align:start position:0% +special method it tells python when you + + + align:start position:0% +special method it tells python when you +first first create an object of this + + align:start position:0% +first first create an object of this + + + align:start position:0% +first first create an object of this +type call this method or call this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function so how do we do that so let's + + align:start position:0% +function so how do we do that so let's + + + align:start position:0% +function so how do we do that so let's +implement it so you say def because DF + + align:start position:0% +implement it so you say def because DF + + + align:start position:0% +implement it so you say def because DF +because it's just a function the name is + + align:start position:0% +because it's just a function the name is + + + align:start position:0% +because it's just a function the name is +the special name in + + align:start position:0% +the special name in + + + align:start position:0% +the special name in +it and we give it some parameters right + + align:start position:0% +it and we give it some parameters right + + + align:start position:0% +it and we give it some parameters right +just like any other + + align:start position:0% +just like any other + + + align:start position:0% +just like any other +function these last two + + align:start position:0% +function these last two + + + align:start position:0% +function these last two +parameters are X and Y which are going + + align:start position:0% +parameters are X and Y which are going + + + align:start position:0% +parameters are X and Y which are going +to represent the X it's is going to + + align:start position:0% +to represent the X it's is going to + + + align:start position:0% +to represent the X it's is going to +represent how you create a coordinate + + align:start position:0% +represent how you create a coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +represent how you create a coordinate +object so you give it a value for the x + + align:start position:0% +object so you give it a value for the x + + + align:start position:0% +object so you give it a value for the x +coordinate and you give it a value for + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and you give it a value for + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and you give it a value for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +y-coordinate the self however is a + + align:start position:0% +y-coordinate the self however is a + + + align:start position:0% +y-coordinate the self however is a +little bit + + align:start position:0% +little bit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit +trickier so the self is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +trickier so the self is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +trickier so the self is going to be a +parameter when you define this class + + align:start position:0% +parameter when you define this class + + + align:start position:0% +parameter when you define this class +that represents a particular instance of + + align:start position:0% +that represents a particular instance of + + + align:start position:0% +that represents a particular instance of +of the class okay so we're defining this + + align:start position:0% +of the class okay so we're defining this + + + align:start position:0% +of the class okay so we're defining this +coordinate object in sort of a general + + align:start position:0% +coordinate object in sort of a general + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate object in sort of a general +way right we don't have a specific + + align:start position:0% +way right we don't have a specific + + + align:start position:0% +way right we don't have a specific +instance yet because we haven't created + + align:start position:0% +instance yet because we haven't created + + + align:start position:0% +instance yet because we haven't created +an object yet yet but this self is going + + align:start position:0% +an object yet yet but this self is going + + + align:start position:0% +an object yet yet but this self is going +to be sort of a placeholder for any sort + + align:start position:0% +to be sort of a placeholder for any sort + + + align:start position:0% +to be sort of a placeholder for any sort +of instance when you create the + + align:start position:0% +of instance when you create the + + + align:start position:0% +of instance when you create the +object so in the definition of the class + + align:start position:0% +object so in the definition of the class + + + align:start position:0% +object so in the definition of the class +whenever you want to refer to attributes + + align:start position:0% +whenever you want to refer to attributes + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you want to refer to attributes +that belong to an instance you have to + + align:start position:0% +that belong to an instance you have to + + + align:start position:0% +that belong to an instance you have to +use self dot so this dot notation and + + align:start position:0% +use self dot so this dot notation and + + + align:start position:0% +use self dot so this dot notation and +the dot is going to say look for a value + + align:start position:0% +the dot is going to say look for a value + + + align:start position:0% +the dot is going to say look for a value +X sorry look for a data attribute X that + + align:start position:0% +X sorry look for a data attribute X that + + + align:start position:0% +X sorry look for a data attribute X that +belongs to this class + + align:start position:0% +belongs to this class + + + align:start position:0% +belongs to this class +okay so for methods that belong to the + + align:start position:0% +okay so for methods that belong to the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for methods that belong to the +class the + + align:start position:0% +class the + + + align:start position:0% +class the +first parameter is always going to be + + align:start position:0% +first parameter is always going to be + + + align:start position:0% +first parameter is always going to be +self it could be named anything you want + + align:start position:0% +self it could be named anything you want + + + align:start position:0% +self it could be named anything you want +but really by convention it's always + + align:start position:0% +but really by convention it's always + + + align:start position:0% +but really by convention it's always +named self so try to stick to that and + + align:start position:0% +named self so try to stick to that and + + + align:start position:0% +named self so try to stick to that and +then any other parameters Beyond it are + + align:start position:0% +then any other parameters Beyond it are + + + align:start position:0% +then any other parameters Beyond it are +going to be just parameters as you would + + align:start position:0% +going to be just parameters as you would + + + align:start position:0% +going to be just parameters as you would +uh put in a normal + + align:start position:0% +uh put in a normal + + + align:start position:0% +uh put in a normal +function okay in this particular case + + align:start position:0% +function okay in this particular case + + + align:start position:0% +function okay in this particular case +we're going to choose to initialize a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to choose to initialize a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to choose to initialize a +data uh a coordinate object by two + + align:start position:0% +data uh a coordinate object by two + + + align:start position:0% +data uh a coordinate object by two +values one for the X and one for the + + align:start position:0% +values one for the X and one for the + + + align:start position:0% +values one for the X and one for the +Y and inside this init method we're + + align:start position:0% +Y and inside this init method we're + + + align:start position:0% +Y and inside this init method we're +whoops we're going to have two + + align:start position:0% +whoops we're going to have two + + + align:start position:0% +whoops we're going to have two +assignments the first one says the X + + align:start position:0% +assignments the first one says the X + + + align:start position:0% +assignments the first one says the X +data attribute of a coordinate object + + align:start position:0% +data attribute of a coordinate object + + + align:start position:0% +data attribute of a coordinate object +I'm going to I'm going to assign it to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to I'm going to assign it to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to I'm going to assign it to +whatever was passed in and the Y data + + align:start position:0% +whatever was passed in and the Y data + + + align:start position:0% +whatever was passed in and the Y data +attribute for a particular object is + + align:start position:0% +attribute for a particular object is + + + align:start position:0% +attribute for a particular object is +going to be assigned whatever y was + + align:start position:0% +going to be assigned whatever y was + + + align:start position:0% +going to be assigned whatever y was +passed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +question so far about how to write this + + align:start position:0% +question so far about how to write this + + + align:start position:0% +question so far about how to write this +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +it yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question how do you make sure that X and + + align:start position:0% +question how do you make sure that X and + + + align:start position:0% +question how do you make sure that X and +Y are ins or floats so this is something + + align:start position:0% +Y are ins or floats so this is something + + + align:start position:0% +Y are ins or floats so this is something +that you could write in the + + align:start position:0% +that you could write in the + + + align:start position:0% +that you could write in the +specification so the dock string with + + align:start position:0% +specification so the dock string with + + + align:start position:0% +specification so the dock string with +the triple quotes So whoever uses the + + align:start position:0% +the triple quotes So whoever uses the + + + align:start position:0% +the triple quotes So whoever uses the +function uses the class would then know + + align:start position:0% +function uses the class would then know + + + align:start position:0% +function uses the class would then know +that if they do something outside the + + align:start position:0% +that if they do something outside the + + + align:start position:0% +that if they do something outside the +specification the code might not work as + + align:start position:0% +specification the code might not work as + + + align:start position:0% +specification the code might not work as +expected or you could put an assert + + align:start position:0% +expected or you could put an assert + + + align:start position:0% +expected or you could put an assert +statement inside the the definition of + + align:start position:0% +statement inside the the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +statement inside the the definition of +the init just to sort of force that um + + align:start position:0% +the init just to sort of force that um + + + align:start position:0% +the init just to sort of force that um +force that to to be true great question + + align:start position:0% +force that to to be true great question + + + align:start position:0% +force that to to be true great question +Yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question does The X does this self X and + + align:start position:0% +question does The X does this self X and + + + align:start position:0% +question does The X does this self X and +this X have to be the same name the + + align:start position:0% +this X have to be the same name the + + + align:start position:0% +this X have to be the same name the +answer is no and uh we're going to see + + align:start position:0% +answer is no and uh we're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +answer is no and uh we're going to see +in the class exercise that you can have + + align:start position:0% +in the class exercise that you can have + + + align:start position:0% +in the class exercise that you can have +it to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different okay great so this defines our + + align:start position:0% +different okay great so this defines our + + + align:start position:0% +different okay great so this defines our +the way that we create an + + align:start position:0% +the way that we create an + + + align:start position:0% +the way that we create an +object so now let's now we have sort of + + align:start position:0% +object so now let's now we have sort of + + + align:start position:0% +object so now let's now we have sort of +a a nice nice class it's very simple but + + align:start position:0% +a a nice nice class it's very simple but + + + align:start position:0% +a a nice nice class it's very simple but +we can start actually creating + + align:start position:0% +we can start actually creating + + + align:start position:0% +we can start actually creating +coordinate objects okay so when you + + align:start position:0% +coordinate objects okay so when you + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate objects okay so when you +create coordinate objects you're + + align:start position:0% +create coordinate objects you're + + + align:start position:0% +create coordinate objects you're +creating instances of the + + align:start position:0% +creating instances of the + + + align:start position:0% +creating instances of the +class so this line here C is equal to + + align:start position:0% +class so this line here C is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +class so this line here C is equal to +coordinate 34 is going to call the init + + align:start position:0% +coordinate 34 is going to call the init + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate 34 is going to call the init +method it's going to call the init + + align:start position:0% +method it's going to call the init + + + align:start position:0% +method it's going to call the init +method with X is equal to 3 and Y is + + align:start position:0% +method with X is equal to 3 and Y is + + + align:start position:0% +method with X is equal to 3 and Y is +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +4 I'm just going to go over + + align:start position:0% +4 I'm just going to go over + + + align:start position:0% +4 I'm just going to go over +here and I wrote this previously + + align:start position:0% +here and I wrote this previously + + + align:start position:0% +here and I wrote this previously +because notice when we're calling this + + align:start position:0% +because notice when we're calling this + + + align:start position:0% +because notice when we're calling this +meth when when we're creating an object + + align:start position:0% +meth when when we're creating an object + + + align:start position:0% +meth when when we're creating an object +here we're only giving it two + + align:start position:0% +here we're only giving it two + + + align:start position:0% +here we're only giving it two +parameters but in the init method we + + align:start position:0% +parameters but in the init method we + + + align:start position:0% +parameters but in the init method we +have actually three parameters right we + + align:start position:0% +have actually three parameters right we + + + align:start position:0% +have actually three parameters right we +have these three parameters here but + + align:start position:0% +have these three parameters here but + + + align:start position:0% +have these three parameters here but +when we're creating an object we only + + align:start position:0% +when we're creating an object we only + + + align:start position:0% +when we're creating an object we only +give it two parameters and that's okay + + align:start position:0% +give it two parameters and that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +give it two parameters and that's okay +because implicitly Python's going to say + + align:start position:0% +because implicitly Python's going to say + + + align:start position:0% +because implicitly Python's going to say +self is going to be this object C so + + align:start position:0% +self is going to be this object C so + + + align:start position:0% +self is going to be this object C so +just by default okay so when you're + + align:start position:0% +just by default okay so when you're + + + align:start position:0% +just by default okay so when you're +creating a coordinate object you're you + + align:start position:0% +creating a coordinate object you're you + + + align:start position:0% +creating a coordinate object you're you +you're passing it the Vari all the + + align:start position:0% +you're passing it the Vari all the + + + align:start position:0% +you're passing it the Vari all the +variables except for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +self so this line here is going to call + + align:start position:0% +self so this line here is going to call + + + align:start position:0% +self so this line here is going to call +the init and it's going to do every line + + align:start position:0% +the init and it's going to do every line + + + align:start position:0% +the init and it's going to do every line +inside the init so it's going to create + + align:start position:0% +inside the init so it's going to create + + + align:start position:0% +inside the init so it's going to create +an X data attribute for c a y data + + align:start position:0% +an X data attribute for c a y data + + + align:start position:0% +an X data attribute for c a y data +attribute for C and it's going to sign + + align:start position:0% +attribute for C and it's going to sign + + + align:start position:0% +attribute for C and it's going to sign +three and four to those uh + + align:start position:0% +three and four to those uh + + + align:start position:0% +three and four to those uh +respectively this next line here is + + align:start position:0% +respectively this next line here is + + + align:start position:0% +respectively this next line here is +origin equals coordinate 0 0 creates + + align:start position:0% +origin equals coordinate 0 0 creates + + + align:start position:0% +origin equals coordinate 0 0 creates +another object okay it's another + + align:start position:0% +another object okay it's another + + + align:start position:0% +another object okay it's another +coordinate object whose value of for X + + align:start position:0% +coordinate object whose value of for X + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate object whose value of for X +is zero and whose value for y is zero + + align:start position:0% +is zero and whose value for y is zero + + + align:start position:0% +is zero and whose value for y is zero +okay so now we have two coordinate + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we have two coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we have two coordinate +objects we can access the data + + align:start position:0% +objects we can access the data + + + align:start position:0% +objects we can access the data +attributes using this do notation and + + align:start position:0% +attributes using this do notation and + + + align:start position:0% +attributes using this do notation and +we've seen that before right when we've + + align:start position:0% +we've seen that before right when we've + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen that before right when we've +worked with lists we'd say something + + align:start position:0% +worked with lists we'd say something + + + align:start position:0% +worked with lists we'd say something +like L do aend right when we create a + + align:start position:0% +like L do aend right when we create a + + + align:start position:0% +like L do aend right when we create a +list so the same do notation can be used + + align:start position:0% +list so the same do notation can be used + + + align:start position:0% +list so the same do notation can be used +with your own objects in order to access + + align:start position:0% +with your own objects in order to access + + + align:start position:0% +with your own objects in order to access +data attributes so here this is going to + + align:start position:0% +data attributes so here this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +data attributes so here this is going to +print three because the x value for um + + align:start position:0% +print three because the x value for um + + + align:start position:0% +print three because the x value for um +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +object C is three and the next line + + align:start position:0% +object C is three and the next line + + + align:start position:0% +object C is three and the next line +print origin X is going to print zero + + align:start position:0% +print origin X is going to print zero + + + align:start position:0% +print origin X is going to print zero +because the x value for the object + + align:start position:0% +because the x value for the object + + + align:start position:0% +because the x value for the object +origin is + + align:start position:0% +origin is + + + align:start position:0% +origin is +zero Okay so we've created uh We've + + align:start position:0% +zero Okay so we've created uh We've + + + align:start position:0% +zero Okay so we've created uh We've +created a coordinate object we've + + align:start position:0% +created a coordinate object we've + + + align:start position:0% +created a coordinate object we've +defined the init method so we have a way + + align:start position:0% +defined the init method so we have a way + + + align:start position:0% +defined the init method so we have a way +to create objects when we use the class + + align:start position:0% +to create objects when we use the class + + + align:start position:0% +to create objects when we use the class +and then we can access the data + + align:start position:0% +and then we can access the data + + + align:start position:0% +and then we can access the data +attributes but that's kind of lame right + + align:start position:0% +attributes but that's kind of lame right + + + align:start position:0% +attributes but that's kind of lame right +because there isn't anything cool we can + + align:start position:0% +because there isn't anything cool we can + + + align:start position:0% +because there isn't anything cool we can +do with it there isn't ways to interact + + align:start position:0% +do with it there isn't ways to interact + + + align:start position:0% +do with it there isn't ways to interact +with this object so let's add some + + align:start position:0% +with this object so let's add some + + + align:start position:0% +with this object so let's add some +methods okay remember methods are going + + align:start position:0% +methods okay remember methods are going + + + align:start position:0% +methods okay remember methods are going +to be are going to be procedural + + align:start position:0% +to be are going to be procedural + + + align:start position:0% +to be are going to be procedural +attributes that allow us to interact + + align:start position:0% +attributes that allow us to interact + + + align:start position:0% +attributes that allow us to interact +with our object okay methods are like + + align:start position:0% +with our object okay methods are like + + + align:start position:0% +with our object okay methods are like +functions except that there's a couple + + align:start position:0% +functions except that there's a couple + + + align:start position:0% +functions except that there's a couple +differences which you'll see in a + + align:start position:0% +differences which you'll see in a + + + align:start position:0% +differences which you'll see in a +moment and when you're when you're + + align:start position:0% +moment and when you're when you're + + + align:start position:0% +moment and when you're when you're +calling methods you're using the dot um + + align:start position:0% +calling methods you're using the dot um + + + align:start position:0% +calling methods you're using the dot um +the dot operator like l. aen for example + + align:start position:0% +the dot operator like l. aen for example + + + align:start position:0% +the dot operator like l. aen for example +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lists so let's define now let's go back + + align:start position:0% +lists so let's define now let's go back + + + align:start position:0% +lists so let's define now let's go back +to defining our coordinate class and + + align:start position:0% +to defining our coordinate class and + + + align:start position:0% +to defining our coordinate class and +let's define a method for it so so far + + align:start position:0% +let's define a method for it so so far + + + align:start position:0% +let's define a method for it so so far +we've defined that part there class + + align:start position:0% +we've defined that part there class + + + align:start position:0% +we've defined that part there class +coordinate and an init so we have that + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and an init so we have that + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and an init so we have that +so in this slide we're going to add this + + align:start position:0% +so in this slide we're going to add this + + + align:start position:0% +so in this slide we're going to add this +method + + align:start position:0% +method + + + align:start position:0% +method +here so this method here is going to say + + align:start position:0% +here so this method here is going to say + + + align:start position:0% +here so this method here is going to say +I'm going to define a method called + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to define a method called + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to define a method called +distance and I'm going to pass in two + + align:start position:0% +distance and I'm going to pass in two + + + align:start position:0% +distance and I'm going to pass in two +parameters remember self the first + + align:start position:0% +parameters remember self the first + + + align:start position:0% +parameters remember self the first +parameter is always going to be the the + + align:start position:0% +parameter is always going to be the the + + + align:start position:0% +parameter is always going to be the the +instance of an object that you're going + + align:start position:0% +instance of an object that you're going + + + align:start position:0% +instance of an object that you're going +to perform the operation + + align:start position:0% +to perform the operation + + + align:start position:0% +to perform the operation +on so always pretty much um by + + align:start position:0% +on so always pretty much um by + + + align:start position:0% +on so always pretty much um by +convention it's always named + + align:start position:0% +convention it's always named + + + align:start position:0% +convention it's always named +self okay and in this and then for this + + align:start position:0% +self okay and in this and then for this + + + align:start position:0% +self okay and in this and then for this +particular method I'm going to give it + + align:start position:0% +particular method I'm going to give it + + + align:start position:0% +particular method I'm going to give it +another parameter and I can name this + + align:start position:0% +another parameter and I can name this + + + align:start position:0% +another parameter and I can name this +whatever I want I'm naming it other and + + align:start position:0% +whatever I want I'm naming it other and + + + align:start position:0% +whatever I want I'm naming it other and +this is going to represent the other + + align:start position:0% +this is going to represent the other + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to represent the other +coordinate object for which I want to + + align:start position:0% +coordinate object for which I want to + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate object for which I want to +find the distance from myself okay so + + align:start position:0% +find the distance from myself okay so + + + align:start position:0% +find the distance from myself okay so +here I'm going to just implement the + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to just implement the + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to just implement the +ukian distance formula which is X you + + align:start position:0% +ukian distance formula which is X you + + + align:start position:0% +ukian distance formula which is X you +know X1 minus X2 + + align:start position:0% +know X1 minus X2 + + + align:start position:0% +know X1 minus X2 +2ar plus y1 - Y 2^ squ and square root + + align:start position:0% +2ar plus y1 - Y 2^ squ and square root + + + align:start position:0% +2ar plus y1 - Y 2^ squ and square root +of all + + align:start position:0% +of all + + + align:start position:0% +of all +that so that's what I'm doing inside + + align:start position:0% +that so that's what I'm doing inside + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's what I'm doing inside +here okay self and other are coordinate + + align:start position:0% +here okay self and other are coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +here okay self and other are coordinate +objects + + align:start position:0% +objects + + + align:start position:0% +objects +inside this method I have to refer to + + align:start position:0% +inside this method I have to refer to + + + align:start position:0% +inside this method I have to refer to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +X data attributes of each object if I + + align:start position:0% +X data attributes of each object if I + + + align:start position:0% +X data attributes of each object if I +want to find the difference between uh + + align:start position:0% +want to find the difference between uh + + + align:start position:0% +want to find the difference between uh +the two x values from them so that's why + + align:start position:0% +the two x values from them so that's why + + + align:start position:0% +the two x values from them so that's why +I'm doing self.x here right if I just + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing self.x here right if I just + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing self.x here right if I just +did X I would be accessing just some + + align:start position:0% +did X I would be accessing just some + + + align:start position:0% +did X I would be accessing just some +variable named X in in a program which + + align:start position:0% +variable named X in in a program which + + + align:start position:0% +variable named X in in a program which +actually isn't even defined right so you + + align:start position:0% +actually isn't even defined right so you + + + align:start position:0% +actually isn't even defined right so you +always have to refer when you're talking + + align:start position:0% +always have to refer when you're talking + + + align:start position:0% +always have to refer when you're talking +about when when you're when you're as + + align:start position:0% +about when when you're when you're as + + + align:start position:0% +about when when you're when you're as +we're thinking about classes you always + + align:start position:0% +we're thinking about classes you always + + + align:start position:0% +we're thinking about classes you always +have to refer to whose data attribute do + + align:start position:0% +have to refer to whose data attribute do + + + align:start position:0% +have to refer to whose data attribute do +you want to access okay in this case I + + align:start position:0% +you want to access okay in this case I + + + align:start position:0% +you want to access okay in this case I +want to access the X data attribute of + + align:start position:0% +want to access the X data attribute of + + + align:start position:0% +want to access the X data attribute of +myself and I want to sub subtract the X + + align:start position:0% +myself and I want to sub subtract the X + + + align:start position:0% +myself and I want to sub subtract the X +data attribute of this other coordinate + + align:start position:0% +data attribute of this other coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +data attribute of this other coordinate +square that same for y square that and + + align:start position:0% +square that same for y square that and + + + align:start position:0% +square that same for y square that and +then add those and take the square root + + align:start position:0% +then add those and take the square root + + + align:start position:0% +then add those and take the square root +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +that so notice this method is pretty + + align:start position:0% +that so notice this method is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +that so notice this method is pretty +much like a function right you have DF + + align:start position:0% +much like a function right you have DF + + + align:start position:0% +much like a function right you have DF +some name it takes in + + align:start position:0% +some name it takes in + + + align:start position:0% +some name it takes in +parameters it does some stuff and then + + align:start position:0% +parameters it does some stuff and then + + + align:start position:0% +parameters it does some stuff and then +it returns a value the only difference + + align:start position:0% +it returns a value the only difference + + + align:start position:0% +it returns a value the only difference +is the fact that you have a self here as + + align:start position:0% +is the fact that you have a self here as + + + align:start position:0% +is the fact that you have a self here as +the first thing and the fact that you + + align:start position:0% +the first thing and the fact that you + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing and the fact that you +always have to be conscious about whose + + align:start position:0% +always have to be conscious about whose + + + align:start position:0% +always have to be conscious about whose +data attributes you're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +accessing okay so you have to use the + + align:start position:0% +accessing okay so you have to use the + + + align:start position:0% +accessing okay so you have to use the +the dot notation in order to decide + + align:start position:0% +the dot notation in order to decide + + + align:start position:0% +the dot notation in order to decide +whose data attributes you want to + + align:start position:0% +whose data attributes you want to + + + align:start position:0% +whose data attributes you want to +access so we've defined the method here + + align:start position:0% +access so we've defined the method here + + + align:start position:0% +access so we've defined the method here +distance okay so this is in the class + + align:start position:0% +distance okay so this is in the class + + + align:start position:0% +distance okay so this is in the class +definition now how do we use + + align:start position:0% +definition now how do we use + + + align:start position:0% +definition now how do we use +it so let's assume that the uh the + + align:start position:0% +it so let's assume that the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +it so let's assume that the uh the +definition of distance is up here I + + align:start position:0% +definition of distance is up here I + + + align:start position:0% +definition of distance is up here I +didn't include the + + align:start position:0% +didn't include the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't include the +code but really all you need to know is + + align:start position:0% +code but really all you need to know is + + + align:start position:0% +code but really all you need to know is +what it takes it takes a and an + + align:start position:0% +what it takes it takes a and an + + + align:start position:0% +what it takes it takes a and an +other so when you want to use this + + align:start position:0% +other so when you want to use this + + + align:start position:0% +other so when you want to use this +method to figure out a distance between + + align:start position:0% +method to figure out a distance between + + + align:start position:0% +method to figure out a distance between +two coordinate objects this is how you + + align:start position:0% +two coordinate objects this is how you + + + align:start position:0% +two coordinate objects this is how you +do it so the first line I create one + + align:start position:0% +do it so the first line I create one + + + align:start position:0% +do it so the first line I create one +coordinate + + align:start position:0% +coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate +object second line I create another + + align:start position:0% +object second line I create another + + + align:start position:0% +object second line I create another +coordinate object right first one is + + align:start position:0% +coordinate object right first one is + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate object right first one is +named C the second one is named Zero + + align:start position:0% +named C the second one is named Zero + + + align:start position:0% +named C the second one is named Zero +these are two separate + + align:start position:0% +these are two separate + + + align:start position:0% +these are two separate +objects and I'm going to find find the + + align:start position:0% +objects and I'm going to find find the + + + align:start position:0% +objects and I'm going to find find the +distance and I want to First call it on + + align:start position:0% +distance and I want to First call it on + + + align:start position:0% +distance and I want to First call it on +one object so I'm going to say C dot so + + align:start position:0% +one object so I'm going to say C dot so + + + align:start position:0% +one object so I'm going to say C dot so +I'm using the dot notation to call the + + align:start position:0% +I'm using the dot notation to call the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm using the dot notation to call the +method + + align:start position:0% +method + + + align:start position:0% +method +distance + + align:start position:0% +distance + + + align:start position:0% +distance +on object + + align:start position:0% +on object + + + align:start position:0% +on object +C so python says this object C is of + + align:start position:0% +C so python says this object C is of + + + align:start position:0% +C so python says this object C is of +type coordinate it's going to look up at + + align:start position:0% +type coordinate it's going to look up at + + + align:start position:0% +type coordinate it's going to look up at +the class coordinate that you defined + + align:start position:0% +the class coordinate that you defined + + + align:start position:0% +the class coordinate that you defined +it's going to find this method called + + align:start position:0% +it's going to find this method called + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to find this method called +distance and then it's going to say what + + align:start position:0% +distance and then it's going to say what + + + align:start position:0% +distance and then it's going to say what +parameters does it take so it takes + + align:start position:0% +parameters does it take so it takes + + + align:start position:0% +parameters does it take so it takes +another parameter right for the other + + align:start position:0% +another parameter right for the other + + + align:start position:0% +another parameter right for the other +and then in the parentheses I just have + + align:start position:0% +and then in the parentheses I just have + + + align:start position:0% +and then in the parentheses I just have +to give it this other + + align:start position:0% +to give it this other + + + align:start position:0% +to give it this other +parameter an easier way to see what + + align:start position:0% +parameter an easier way to see what + + + align:start position:0% +parameter an easier way to see what +happens + + align:start position:0% +happens + + + align:start position:0% +happens +is by looking at what this line here is + + align:start position:0% +is by looking at what this line here is + + + align:start position:0% +is by looking at what this line here is +equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to +okay so this the third line here print + + align:start position:0% +okay so this the third line here print + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this the third line here print +c. distance zero is equivalent to this + + align:start position:0% +c. distance zero is equivalent to this + + + align:start position:0% +c. distance zero is equivalent to this +one on the right and this one on the + + align:start position:0% +one on the right and this one on the + + + align:start position:0% +one on the right and this one on the +right essentially says what's the name + + align:start position:0% +right essentially says what's the name + + + align:start position:0% +right essentially says what's the name +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +class dot do notation what's the method + + align:start position:0% +class dot do notation what's the method + + + align:start position:0% +class dot do notation what's the method +you want to call and then in parentheses + + align:start position:0% +you want to call and then in parentheses + + + align:start position:0% +you want to call and then in parentheses +you give it all of the variables + + align:start position:0% +you give it all of the variables + + + align:start position:0% +you give it all of the variables +including self okay so in this case + + align:start position:0% +including self okay so in this case + + + align:start position:0% +including self okay so in this case +you're explicitly telling python + + align:start position:0% +you're explicitly telling python + + + align:start position:0% +you're explicitly telling python +that self is C and other is zero right + + align:start position:0% +that self is C and other is zero right + + + align:start position:0% +that self is C and other is zero right +so this is a little bit easier to + + align:start position:0% +so this is a little bit easier to + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a little bit easier to +understand like + + align:start position:0% +understand like + + + align:start position:0% +understand like +that but it's a little + + align:start position:0% +that but it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +that but it's a little +cumbersome because you always have to + + align:start position:0% +cumbersome because you always have to + + + align:start position:0% +cumbersome because you always have to +write coordinate dot coordinate dot + + align:start position:0% +write coordinate dot coordinate dot + + + align:start position:0% +write coordinate dot coordinate dot +coordinate for every data attribute you + + align:start position:0% +coordinate for every data attribute you + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate for every data attribute you +might want to access for every + + align:start position:0% +might want to access for every + + + align:start position:0% +might want to access for every +procedural attribute you want might want + + align:start position:0% +procedural attribute you want might want + + + align:start position:0% +procedural attribute you want might want +to access so it's a really so by + + align:start position:0% +to access so it's a really so by + + + align:start position:0% +to access so it's a really so by +convention it's a lot easier to do the + + align:start position:0% +convention it's a lot easier to do the + + + align:start position:0% +convention it's a lot easier to do the +one on the + + align:start position:0% +one on the + + + align:start position:0% +one on the +left and as I mentioned python + + align:start position:0% +left and as I mentioned python + + + align:start position:0% +left and as I mentioned python +implicitly says if you're doing the one + + align:start position:0% +implicitly says if you're doing the one + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly says if you're doing the one +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +left you can call this method on a + + align:start position:0% +left you can call this method on a + + + align:start position:0% +left you can call this method on a +particular object and it's going to look + + align:start position:0% +particular object and it's going to look + + + align:start position:0% +particular object and it's going to look +up the type of the object and it's going + + align:start position:0% +up the type of the object and it's going + + + align:start position:0% +up the type of the object and it's going +to essentially convert this on the left + + align:start position:0% +to essentially convert this on the left + + + align:start position:0% +to essentially convert this on the left +to the one on the right okay and this is + + align:start position:0% +to the one on the right okay and this is + + + align:start position:0% +to the one on the right okay and this is +what you've been using so far so when + + align:start position:0% +what you've been using so far so when + + + align:start position:0% +what you've been using so far so when +you create a list you say say l is equal + + align:start position:0% +you create a list you say say l is equal + + + align:start position:0% +you create a list you say say l is equal +to one two and then you say l. append + + align:start position:0% +to one two and then you say l. append + + + align:start position:0% +to one two and then you say l. append +you know three or + + align:start position:0% +you know three or + + + align:start position:0% +you know three or +whatever so we've we've been using um + + align:start position:0% +whatever so we've we've been using um + + + align:start position:0% +whatever so we've we've been using um +this notation on the left pretty much + + align:start position:0% +this notation on the left pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +this notation on the left pretty much +from from the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +from from the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +from from the beginning of +class so we have a coordinate class we + + align:start position:0% +class so we have a coordinate class we + + + align:start position:0% +class so we have a coordinate class we +can create a coordinate object we can + + align:start position:0% +can create a coordinate object we can + + + align:start position:0% +can create a coordinate object we can +get the distance between two + + align:start position:0% +get the distance between two + + + align:start position:0% +get the distance between two +objects as you're using the class if you + + align:start position:0% +objects as you're using the class if you + + + align:start position:0% +objects as you're using the class if you +wanted to use this coordinate class uh + + align:start position:0% +wanted to use this coordinate class uh + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to use this coordinate class uh +and you were maybe debugging at some + + align:start position:0% +and you were maybe debugging at some + + + align:start position:0% +and you were maybe debugging at some +point you know a lot of you probably use + + align:start position:0% +point you know a lot of you probably use + + + align:start position:0% +point you know a lot of you probably use +print as a debug statement right and + + align:start position:0% +print as a debug statement right and + + + align:start position:0% +print as a debug statement right and +maybe you want to print the value of uh + + align:start position:0% +maybe you want to print the value of uh + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you want to print the value of uh +of a coordinate + + align:start position:0% +of a coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +of a coordinate +object so if you create a coordinate + + align:start position:0% +object so if you create a coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +object so if you create a coordinate +object C is equal to coordinate 34 right + + align:start position:0% +object C is equal to coordinate 34 right + + + align:start position:0% +object C is equal to coordinate 34 right +that's what we've done so far if you + + align:start position:0% +that's what we've done so far if you + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we've done so far if you +print C you get this sorry you get this + + align:start position:0% +print C you get this sorry you get this + + + align:start position:0% +print C you get this sorry you get this +funny message very uninformative right + + align:start position:0% +funny message very uninformative right + + + align:start position:0% +funny message very uninformative right +it basically says well C is an object of + + align:start position:0% +it basically says well C is an object of + + + align:start position:0% +it basically says well C is an object of +type coordinate at this memory location + + align:start position:0% +type coordinate at this memory location + + + align:start position:0% +type coordinate at this memory location +in uh + + align:start position:0% +in uh + + + align:start position:0% +in uh +in in the computer which is not what you + + align:start position:0% +in in the computer which is not what you + + + align:start position:0% +in in the computer which is not what you +wanted at all right maybe you wanted to + + align:start position:0% +wanted at all right maybe you wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted at all right maybe you wanted to +know what the values for X and Y were + + align:start position:0% +know what the values for X and Y were + + + align:start position:0% +know what the values for X and Y were +that would be a lot more informative + + align:start position:0% +that would be a lot more informative + + + align:start position:0% +that would be a lot more informative +okay so so by default when you create an + + align:start position:0% +okay so so by default when you create an + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so by default when you create an +an um your own type when you print the + + align:start position:0% +an um your own type when you print the + + + align:start position:0% +an um your own type when you print the +type when you print the object of that + + align:start position:0% +type when you print the object of that + + + align:start position:0% +type when you print the object of that +type python tells you this sort of + + align:start position:0% +type python tells you this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +type python tells you this sort of +information which is not what you want + + align:start position:0% +information which is not what you want + + + align:start position:0% +information which is not what you want +so what you need to do is you need to + + align:start position:0% +so what you need to do is you need to + + + align:start position:0% +so what you need to do is you need to +Define your own + + align:start position:0% +Define your own + + + align:start position:0% +Define your own +method that tells python what to do when + + align:start position:0% +method that tells python what to do when + + + align:start position:0% +method that tells python what to do when +you call print on an object of this type + + align:start position:0% +you call print on an object of this type + + + align:start position:0% +you call print on an object of this type +okay so this is going to be a special + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is going to be a special + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is going to be a special +method just like in it is because it + + align:start position:0% +method just like in it is because it + + + align:start position:0% +method just like in it is because it +starts and ends with double + + align:start position:0% +starts and ends with double + + + align:start position:0% +starts and ends with double +underscores and the the name of the + + align:start position:0% +underscores and the the name of the + + + align:start position:0% +underscores and the the name of the +method is underscore uncore store uncore + + align:start position:0% +method is underscore uncore store uncore + + + align:start position:0% +method is underscore uncore store uncore +and if you define this method in your + + align:start position:0% +and if you define this method in your + + + align:start position:0% +and if you define this method in your +class that tells python hey when you see + + align:start position:0% +class that tells python hey when you see + + + align:start position:0% +class that tells python hey when you see +a print statement that's on an object of + + align:start position:0% +a print statement that's on an object of + + + align:start position:0% +a print statement that's on an object of +type coordinate call this method look + + align:start position:0% +type coordinate call this method look + + + align:start position:0% +type coordinate call this method look +what it does and do everything that's + + align:start position:0% +what it does and do everything that's + + + align:start position:0% +what it does and do everything that's +inside it okay and you can choose + + align:start position:0% +inside it okay and you can choose + + + align:start position:0% +inside it okay and you can choose +whatever you you can choose to make it + + align:start position:0% +whatever you you can choose to make it + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you you can choose to make it +do whatever you want inside your uh your + + align:start position:0% +do whatever you want inside your uh your + + + align:start position:0% +do whatever you want inside your uh your +definition of Str + + align:start position:0% +definition of Str + + + align:start position:0% +definition of Str +Str in this case let's say when we print + + align:start position:0% +Str in this case let's say when we print + + + align:start position:0% +Str in this case let's say when we print +a coordinate object we're going to print + + align:start position:0% +a coordinate object we're going to print + + + align:start position:0% +a coordinate object we're going to print +its X and Y values surrounded by angle + + align:start position:0% +its X and Y values surrounded by angle + + + align:start position:0% +its X and Y values surrounded by angle +brackets that seems reasonable right so + + align:start position:0% +brackets that seems reasonable right so + + + align:start position:0% +brackets that seems reasonable right so +then from now on when you um when you + + align:start position:0% +then from now on when you um when you + + + align:start position:0% +then from now on when you um when you +print coordinate objects you're going to + + align:start position:0% +print coordinate objects you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +print coordinate objects you're going to +see things like this which is a lot more + + align:start position:0% +see things like this which is a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +see things like this which is a lot more +informative all right so how do we + + align:start position:0% +informative all right so how do we + + + align:start position:0% +informative all right so how do we +Define this so so far we've defined all + + align:start position:0% +Define this so so far we've defined all + + + align:start position:0% +Define this so so far we've defined all +that and the last part's going to be new + + align:start position:0% +that and the last part's going to be new + + + align:start position:0% +that and the last part's going to be new +okay so we defined theit and the + + align:start position:0% +okay so we defined theit and the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we defined theit and the +distance and let's define this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Str so underscore uncore Str strr + + align:start position:0% +Str so underscore uncore Str strr + + + align:start position:0% +Str so underscore uncore Str strr +underscore underscore is a + + align:start position:0% +underscore underscore is a + + + align:start position:0% +underscore underscore is a +method it's only going to T take self + + align:start position:0% +method it's only going to T take self + + + align:start position:0% +method it's only going to T take self +because you're just calling print on on + + align:start position:0% +because you're just calling print on on + + + align:start position:0% +because you're just calling print on on +the object itself okay there's no other + + align:start position:0% +the object itself okay there's no other + + + align:start position:0% +the object itself okay there's no other +AR there's no other parameters to it Str + + align:start position:0% +AR there's no other parameters to it Str + + + align:start position:0% +AR there's no other parameters to it Str +Str has to return a + + align:start position:0% +Str has to return a + + + align:start position:0% +Str has to return a +string and in this particular case we're + + align:start position:0% +string and in this particular case we're + + + align:start position:0% +string and in this particular case we're +going to return the string that's the + + align:start position:0% +going to return the string that's the + + + align:start position:0% +going to return the string that's the +angle brackets concatenated with the x + + align:start position:0% +angle brackets concatenated with the x + + + align:start position:0% +angle brackets concatenated with the x +value of the object + + align:start position:0% +value of the object + + + align:start position:0% +value of the object +self.x concatenated with a comma + + align:start position:0% +self.x concatenated with a comma + + + align:start position:0% +self.x concatenated with a comma +concatenated with the Y value of this + + align:start position:0% +concatenated with the Y value of this + + + align:start position:0% +concatenated with the Y value of this +particular instance of an object self.y + + align:start position:0% +particular instance of an object self.y + + + align:start position:0% +particular instance of an object self.y +and then concatenated with the angle + + align:start position:0% +and then concatenated with the angle + + + align:start position:0% +and then concatenated with the angle +brackets okay so now anytime you have + + align:start position:0% +brackets okay so now anytime you have + + + align:start position:0% +brackets okay so now anytime you have +print on an object of type coordinate + + align:start position:0% +print on an object of type coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +print on an object of type coordinate +you're going to call this special method + + align:start position:0% +you're going to call this special method + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to call this special method +Str Str if it's implemented in your uh + + align:start position:0% +Str Str if it's implemented in your uh + + + align:start position:0% +Str Str if it's implemented in your uh +in your code any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's try to wrap our hand + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's try to wrap our hand + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's try to wrap our hand +around types and classes because we've + + align:start position:0% +around types and classes because we've + + + align:start position:0% +around types and classes because we've +seen a lot today + + align:start position:0% +seen a lot today + + + align:start position:0% +seen a lot today +okay let's create a + + align:start position:0% +okay let's create a + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's create a +coordinate object assign it 34 as we + + align:start position:0% +coordinate object assign it 34 as we + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate object assign it 34 as we +have been and and assign it to variable + + align:start position:0% +have been and and assign it to variable + + + align:start position:0% +have been and and assign it to variable +C we've implemented the Str Str method + + align:start position:0% +C we've implemented the Str Str method + + + align:start position:0% +C we've implemented the Str Str method +so when we print C it's going to print + + align:start position:0% +so when we print C it's going to print + + + align:start position:0% +so when we print C it's going to print +out this nice three comma four in angle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +brackets if we print the type of C this + + align:start position:0% +brackets if we print the type of C this + + + align:start position:0% +brackets if we print the type of C this +is actually going to give us class main + + align:start position:0% +is actually going to give us class main + + + align:start position:0% +is actually going to give us class main +coordinate which tells us that c is + + align:start position:0% +coordinate which tells us that c is + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate which tells us that c is +going to be an + + align:start position:0% +going to be an + + + align:start position:0% +going to be an +object that's of that that's that is + + align:start position:0% +object that's of that that's that is + + + align:start position:0% +object that's of that that's that is +sorry C is going to be an object that is + + align:start position:0% +sorry C is going to be an object that is + + + align:start position:0% +sorry C is going to be an object that is +of type class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinate if we look at coordinate as a + + align:start position:0% +coordinate if we look at coordinate as a + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate if we look at coordinate as a +class if we print what coordinate is + + align:start position:0% +class if we print what coordinate is + + + align:start position:0% +class if we print what coordinate is +coordinate is a class right so this is + + align:start position:0% +coordinate is a class right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate is a class right so this is +what python tells us if we print + + align:start position:0% +what python tells us if we print + + + align:start position:0% +what python tells us if we print +coordinate it's a class named + + align:start position:0% +coordinate it's a class named + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate it's a class named +coordinate and if we print the type of a + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and if we print the type of a + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and if we print the type of a +coordinate well that's just going to be + + align:start position:0% +coordinate well that's just going to be + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate well that's just going to be +a type so class is going to be a type so + + align:start position:0% +a type so class is going to be a type so + + + align:start position:0% +a type so class is going to be a type so +you're defining the type of an + + align:start position:0% +you're defining the type of an + + + align:start position:0% +you're defining the type of an +object + + align:start position:0% +object + + + align:start position:0% +object +okay if you'd like to to figure out the + + align:start position:0% +okay if you'd like to to figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +okay if you'd like to to figure out the +type the if you'd like to figure out + + align:start position:0% +type the if you'd like to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +type the if you'd like to figure out +whether a particular object is an + + align:start position:0% +whether a particular object is an + + + align:start position:0% +whether a particular object is an +instance of a particular class you use + + align:start position:0% +instance of a particular class you use + + + align:start position:0% +instance of a particular class you use +this special function called is instance + + align:start position:0% +this special function called is instance + + + align:start position:0% +this special function called is instance +so if you print is instance C comma + + align:start position:0% +so if you print is instance C comma + + + align:start position:0% +so if you print is instance C comma +coordinate this is going to print true + + align:start position:0% +coordinate this is going to print true + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate this is going to print true +because C is an object that is of type + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinate + + align:start position:0% +coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate +okay couple more words on these special + + align:start position:0% +okay couple more words on these special + + + align:start position:0% +okay couple more words on these special +operators so these special operators + + align:start position:0% +operators so these special operators + + + align:start position:0% +operators so these special operators +allow you to customize your classes + + align:start position:0% +allow you to customize your classes + + + align:start position:0% +allow you to customize your classes +which can add some cool functionality to + + align:start position:0% +which can add some cool functionality to + + + align:start position:0% +which can add some cool functionality to +them so these special + + align:start position:0% +them so these special + + + align:start position:0% +them so these special +operators are going to be things like + + align:start position:0% +operators are going to be things like + + + align:start position:0% +operators are going to be things like +addition subtraction using the equal + + align:start position:0% +addition subtraction using the equal + + + align:start position:0% +addition subtraction using the equal +equal sign greater than less than length + + align:start position:0% +equal sign greater than less than length + + + align:start position:0% +equal sign greater than less than length +and so on and so + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so +on so just like Str Str if you implement + + align:start position:0% +on so just like Str Str if you implement + + + align:start position:0% +on so just like Str Str if you implement +any of these in your classes this is + + align:start position:0% +any of these in your classes this is + + + align:start position:0% +any of these in your classes this is +going to tell python so for example if + + align:start position:0% +going to tell python so for example if + + + align:start position:0% +going to tell python so for example if +we've imp if we've implemented this + + align:start position:0% +we've imp if we've implemented this + + + align:start position:0% +we've imp if we've implemented this +underscore underscore ad underscore + + align:start position:0% +underscore underscore ad underscore + + + align:start position:0% +underscore underscore ad underscore +underscore in our in our class this is + + align:start position:0% +underscore in our in our class this is + + + align:start position:0% +underscore in our in our class this is +going to tell python when you use this + + align:start position:0% +going to tell python when you use this + + + align:start position:0% +going to tell python when you use this +plus operator between two objects of + + align:start position:0% +plus operator between two objects of + + + align:start position:0% +plus operator between two objects of +type coordinate to call this + + align:start position:0% +type coordinate to call this + + + align:start position:0% +type coordinate to call this +method if you have not implemented this + + align:start position:0% +method if you have not implemented this + + + align:start position:0% +method if you have not implemented this +method and you try to add two objects of + + align:start position:0% +method and you try to add two objects of + + + align:start position:0% +method and you try to add two objects of +type coordinate you're going to get an + + align:start position:0% +type coordinate you're going to get an + + + align:start position:0% +type coordinate you're going to get an +error because python doesn't actually + + align:start position:0% +error because python doesn't actually + + + align:start position:0% +error because python doesn't actually +know right off the bat how to add two + + align:start position:0% +know right off the bat how to add two + + + align:start position:0% +know right off the bat how to add two +coordinate objects right you have to + + align:start position:0% +coordinate objects right you have to + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate objects right you have to +tell it how to do that and you tell it + + align:start position:0% +tell it how to do that and you tell it + + + align:start position:0% +tell it how to do that and you tell it +how to do that by implementing this uh + + align:start position:0% +how to do that by implementing this uh + + + align:start position:0% +how to do that by implementing this uh +special um the special method same with + + align:start position:0% +special um the special method same with + + + align:start position:0% +special um the special method same with +subtraction same with um equal so if you + + align:start position:0% +subtraction same with um equal so if you + + + align:start position:0% +subtraction same with um equal so if you +want to figure out whether two objects + + align:start position:0% +want to figure out whether two objects + + + align:start position:0% +want to figure out whether two objects +are equal and when you implement these + + align:start position:0% +are equal and when you implement these + + + align:start position:0% +are equal and when you implement these +methods in your in your own class you + + align:start position:0% +methods in your in your own class you + + + align:start position:0% +methods in your in your own class you +can decide exactly what you want to + + align:start position:0% +can decide exactly what you want to + + + align:start position:0% +can decide exactly what you want to +do so what happens when you add two + + align:start position:0% +do so what happens when you add two + + + align:start position:0% +do so what happens when you add two +coordinate objects do you just add the X + + align:start position:0% +coordinate objects do you just add the X + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate objects do you just add the X +values do you just add the Y values do + + align:start position:0% +values do you just add the Y values do + + + align:start position:0% +values do you just add the Y values do +you add them both together do you do + + align:start position:0% +you add them both together do you do + + + align:start position:0% +you add them both together do you do +whatever you'd like to do and then you + + align:start position:0% +whatever you'd like to do and then you + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you'd like to do and then you +document what you've + + align:start position:0% +document what you've + + + align:start position:0% +document what you've +decided so let's create a fraction + + align:start position:0% +decided so let's create a fraction + + + align:start position:0% +decided so let's create a fraction +object Okay so we've looked at a + + align:start position:0% +object Okay so we've looked at a + + + align:start position:0% +object Okay so we've looked at a +coordinate we've saw sort of a higher + + align:start position:0% +coordinate we've saw sort of a higher + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate we've saw sort of a higher +level car object let's look at a + + align:start position:0% +level car object let's look at a + + + align:start position:0% +level car object let's look at a +fraction + + align:start position:0% +fraction + + + align:start position:0% +fraction +object fraction object is going to be uh + + align:start position:0% +object fraction object is going to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +object fraction object is going to be uh +is going to represent a number that's + + align:start position:0% +is going to represent a number that's + + + align:start position:0% +is going to represent a number that's +going to be a numerator uh Slash a + + align:start position:0% +going to be a numerator uh Slash a + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a numerator uh Slash a +denominator okay so that's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +denominator okay so that's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +denominator okay so that's going to be a +fraction object so the way I've decided + + align:start position:0% +fraction object so the way I've decided + + + align:start position:0% +fraction object so the way I've decided +to internally represent a fraction + + align:start position:0% +to internally represent a fraction + + + align:start position:0% +to internally represent a fraction +object is with two + + align:start position:0% +object is with two + + + align:start position:0% +object is with two +numbers and I've decided that I will not + + align:start position:0% +numbers and I've decided that I will not + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and I've decided that I will not +let them be floats they have to be + + align:start position:0% +let them be floats they have to be + + + align:start position:0% +let them be floats they have to be +integers hence the assert over + + align:start position:0% +integers hence the assert over + + + align:start position:0% +integers hence the assert over +here so inside the init I've decided I'm + + align:start position:0% +here so inside the init I've decided I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here so inside the init I've decided I'm +going to represent the two numbers with + + align:start position:0% +going to represent the two numbers with + + + align:start position:0% +going to represent the two numbers with +sorry I'm going to represent my fraction + + align:start position:0% +sorry I'm going to represent my fraction + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I'm going to represent my fraction +with two numbers one for the numerator + + align:start position:0% +with two numbers one for the numerator + + + align:start position:0% +with two numbers one for the numerator +and one for the + + align:start position:0% +and one for the + + + align:start position:0% +and one for the +denominator so when I create a fraction + + align:start position:0% +denominator so when I create a fraction + + + align:start position:0% +denominator so when I create a fraction +object I'm going to pass in a numerator + + align:start position:0% +object I'm going to pass in a numerator + + + align:start position:0% +object I'm going to pass in a numerator +and a + + align:start position:0% +and a + + + align:start position:0% +and a +denominator and a particular instance is + + align:start position:0% +denominator and a particular instance is + + + align:start position:0% +denominator and a particular instance is +going to have self. numerator and self. + + align:start position:0% +going to have self. numerator and self. + + + align:start position:0% +going to have self. numerator and self. +denominator as its data attributes and + + align:start position:0% +denominator as its data attributes and + + + align:start position:0% +denominator as its data attributes and +I'm assigning those to be uh whatever is + + align:start position:0% +I'm assigning those to be uh whatever is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm assigning those to be uh whatever is +passed into my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +init since I plan on debugging this this + + align:start position:0% +init since I plan on debugging this this + + + align:start position:0% +init since I plan on debugging this this +code maybe possibly sometime in the + + align:start position:0% +code maybe possibly sometime in the + + + align:start position:0% +code maybe possibly sometime in the +future I'm also including an Str Str + + align:start position:0% +future I'm also including an Str Str + + + align:start position:0% +future I'm also including an Str Str +method and the Str Str method is going + + align:start position:0% +method and the Str Str method is going + + + align:start position:0% +method and the Str Str method is going +to print a nice uh you know a nice + + align:start position:0% +to print a nice uh you know a nice + + + align:start position:0% +to print a nice uh you know a nice +looking uh + + align:start position:0% +looking uh + + + align:start position:0% +looking uh +string that's going to represent the + + align:start position:0% +string that's going to represent the + + + align:start position:0% +string that's going to represent the +numerator and then a + + align:start position:0% +numerator and then a + + + align:start position:0% +numerator and then a +slash and then the denominator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then I've also implemented some + + align:start position:0% +and then I've also implemented some + + + align:start position:0% +and then I've also implemented some +other special methods how do I add two + + align:start position:0% +other special methods how do I add two + + + align:start position:0% +other special methods how do I add two +fractions how do I subtract two FL + + align:start position:0% +fractions how do I subtract two FL + + + align:start position:0% +fractions how do I subtract two FL +fractions and how do I convert a + + align:start position:0% +fractions and how do I convert a + + + align:start position:0% +fractions and how do I convert a +fraction to a float okay the add and + + align:start position:0% +fraction to a float okay the add and + + + align:start position:0% +fraction to a float okay the add and +subtract are almost the same so let's + + align:start position:0% +subtract are almost the same so let's + + + align:start position:0% +subtract are almost the same so let's +look at the add for the + + align:start position:0% +look at the add for the + + + align:start position:0% +look at the add for the +moment how do we add two fractions right + + align:start position:0% +moment how do we add two fractions right + + + align:start position:0% +moment how do we add two fractions right +uh we're going to + + align:start position:0% +uh we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're going to +take self which is the + + align:start position:0% +take self which is the + + + align:start position:0% +take self which is the +um which is the instance of an object + + align:start position:0% +um which is the instance of an object + + + align:start position:0% +um which is the instance of an object +that I want to do the add operation on + + align:start position:0% +that I want to do the add operation on + + + align:start position:0% +that I want to do the add operation on +and we're going to take other which is + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to take other which is + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to take other which is +the other instance of an object that I + + align:start position:0% +the other instance of an object that I + + + align:start position:0% +the other instance of an object that I +want to do the operation on so the + + align:start position:0% +want to do the operation on so the + + + align:start position:0% +want to do the operation on so the +addition and I'm going to figure out the + + align:start position:0% +addition and I'm going to figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +addition and I'm going to figure out the +new top so the new top of the of the + + align:start position:0% +new top so the new top of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +new top so the new top of the of the +resulting fraction so it's the um it's + + align:start position:0% +resulting fraction so it's the um it's + + + align:start position:0% +resulting fraction so it's the um it's +my numerator multiplied by the other + + align:start position:0% +my numerator multiplied by the other + + + align:start position:0% +my numerator multiplied by the other +denominator plus my denominator + + align:start position:0% +denominator plus my denominator + + + align:start position:0% +denominator plus my denominator +multiplied by the other numerator and + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the other numerator and + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the other numerator and +then divided by the multiplication of + + align:start position:0% +then divided by the multiplication of + + + align:start position:0% +then divided by the multiplication of +the two denominator + + align:start position:0% +the two denominator + + + align:start position:0% +the two denominator +so the top is going to be that the + + align:start position:0% +so the top is going to be that the + + + align:start position:0% +so the top is going to be that the +bottom is going to be that notice that + + align:start position:0% +bottom is going to be that notice that + + + align:start position:0% +bottom is going to be that notice that +we're using self dot right once again + + align:start position:0% +we're using self dot right once again + + + align:start position:0% +we're using self dot right once again +we're trying to access the data + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to access the data + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to access the data +attributes of each different instance + + align:start position:0% +attributes of each different instance + + + align:start position:0% +attributes of each different instance +right of myself and the other object + + align:start position:0% +right of myself and the other object + + + align:start position:0% +right of myself and the other object +that I'm working with so that's why I + + align:start position:0% +that I'm working with so that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm working with so that's why I +have to do self dot + + align:start position:0% +have to do self dot + + + align:start position:0% +have to do self dot +here once I figure out the top and the + + align:start position:0% +here once I figure out the top and the + + + align:start position:0% +here once I figure out the top and the +bottom of the addition I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +bottom of the addition I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +bottom of the addition I'm going to +return and here notice I'm returning a + + align:start position:0% +return and here notice I'm returning a + + + align:start position:0% +return and here notice I'm returning a +fraction object + + align:start position:0% +fraction object + + + align:start position:0% +fraction object +okay it's not a number it's not a float + + align:start position:0% +okay it's not a number it's not a float + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's not a number it's not a float +it's not an integer it's a new object + + align:start position:0% +it's not an integer it's a new object + + + align:start position:0% +it's not an integer it's a new object +that is of the exact same type as the + + align:start position:0% +that is of the exact same type as the + + + align:start position:0% +that is of the exact same type as the +class that I'm + + align:start position:0% +class that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +class that I'm +implementing okay so as as it's the same + + align:start position:0% +implementing okay so as as it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +implementing okay so as as it's the same +type of object then on the return value + + align:start position:0% +type of object then on the return value + + + align:start position:0% +type of object then on the return value +I can do all of the exact same + + align:start position:0% +I can do all of the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +I can do all of the exact same +operations that I can do on a regular + + align:start position:0% +operations that I can do on a regular + + + align:start position:0% +operations that I can do on a regular +fraction object + + align:start position:0% +fraction object + + + align:start position:0% +fraction object +okay sub is going to be the same I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay sub is going to be the same I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay sub is going to be the same I'm +returning a fraction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +object + + align:start position:0% +object + + + align:start position:0% +object +float is just going to do the division + + align:start position:0% +float is just going to do the division + + + align:start position:0% +float is just going to do the division +for me so it's going to take the + + align:start position:0% +for me so it's going to take the + + + align:start position:0% +for me so it's going to take the +numerator and then divide it by the + + align:start position:0% +numerator and then divide it by the + + + align:start position:0% +numerator and then divide it by the +denominator just just divide the + + align:start position:0% +denominator just just divide the + + + align:start position:0% +denominator just just divide the +numbers and then I'm Divi defining here + + align:start position:0% +numbers and then I'm Divi defining here + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and then I'm Divi defining here +my own function my own method called + + align:start position:0% +my own function my own method called + + + align:start position:0% +my own function my own method called +inverse and this is just going to take + + align:start position:0% +inverse and this is just going to take + + + align:start position:0% +inverse and this is just going to take +the inverse of the instance I'm calling + + align:start position:0% +the inverse of the instance I'm calling + + + align:start position:0% +the inverse of the instance I'm calling +this method on and so it's going to also + + align:start position:0% +this method on and so it's going to also + + + align:start position:0% +this method on and so it's going to also +return a new fraction object that just + + align:start position:0% +return a new fraction object that just + + + align:start position:0% +return a new fraction object that just +has the denominator as the top part and + + align:start position:0% +has the denominator as the top part and + + + align:start position:0% +has the denominator as the top part and +the numerator as the bottom part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so then we have some code here so that's + + align:start position:0% +so then we have some code here so that's + + + align:start position:0% +so then we have some code here so that's +how that's how I Implement my fraction + + align:start position:0% +how that's how I Implement my fraction + + + align:start position:0% +how that's how I Implement my fraction +object so now let's use it and see what + + align:start position:0% +object so now let's use it and see what + + + align:start position:0% +object so now let's use it and see what +it gives us a is equal to fraction + + align:start position:0% +it gives us a is equal to fraction + + + align:start position:0% +it gives us a is equal to fraction +14 this is going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um this is going to be 1 over + + align:start position:0% +um this is going to be 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +um this is going to be 1 over +4 for a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and B is going to be 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over4 when I do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +c notice I'm using the plus operator + + align:start position:0% +c notice I'm using the plus operator + + + align:start position:0% +c notice I'm using the plus operator +between two fraction objects right A and + + align:start position:0% +between two fraction objects right A and + + + align:start position:0% +between two fraction objects right A and +B are fraction objects so Python's going + + align:start position:0% +B are fraction objects so Python's going + + + align:start position:0% +B are fraction objects so Python's going +to say okay is there an underscore + + align:start position:0% +to say okay is there an underscore + + + align:start position:0% +to say okay is there an underscore +underscore add underscore underscore + + align:start position:0% +underscore add underscore underscore + + + align:start position:0% +underscore add underscore underscore +method implemented it is and it's just + + align:start position:0% +method implemented it is and it's just + + + align:start position:0% +method implemented it is and it's just +going to do whatever is inside here so + + align:start position:0% +going to do whatever is inside here so + + + align:start position:0% +going to do whatever is inside here so +it's going to say self. numerator Plus + + align:start position:0% +it's going to say self. numerator Plus + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to say self. numerator Plus +plus other do denominator it's going to + + align:start position:0% +plus other do denominator it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +plus other do denominator it's going to +calculate the top and the bottom it's + + align:start position:0% +calculate the top and the bottom it's + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the top and the bottom it's +going to turn a new fraction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +object so this is going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um 4 + 4 / + + align:start position:0% +um 4 + 4 / + + + align:start position:0% +um 4 + 4 / +by I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry 4 + 12 / 16 okay and 16 over 16 + + align:start position:0% +sorry 4 + 12 / 16 okay and 16 over 16 + + + align:start position:0% +sorry 4 + 12 / 16 okay and 16 over 16 +so c as a fraction object is going to be + + align:start position:0% +so c as a fraction object is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +so c as a fraction object is going to be +16 for the numerator and 16 for the + + align:start position:0% +16 for the numerator and 16 for the + + + align:start position:0% +16 for the numerator and 16 for the +denominator right because it's a + + align:start position:0% +denominator right because it's a + + + align:start position:0% +denominator right because it's a +fraction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +object if I print C it should print 16 + + align:start position:0% +object if I print C it should print 16 + + + align:start position:0% +object if I print C it should print 16 +over 16 so we can even run it so it + + align:start position:0% +over 16 so we can even run it so it + + + align:start position:0% +over 16 so we can even run it so it +prints 16 over + + align:start position:0% +prints 16 over + + + align:start position:0% +prints 16 over +16 if I print float C so this special + + align:start position:0% +16 if I print float C so this special + + + align:start position:0% +16 if I print float C so this special +method float here is going to say is + + align:start position:0% +method float here is going to say is + + + align:start position:0% +method float here is going to say is +there a method that converts + + align:start position:0% +there a method that converts + + + align:start position:0% +there a method that converts +um a fraction to a float and there is + + align:start position:0% +um a fraction to a float and there is + + + align:start position:0% +um a fraction to a float and there is +it's this one implemented right here so + + align:start position:0% +it's this one implemented right here so + + + align:start position:0% +it's this one implemented right here so +it's just going to divide the two + + align:start position:0% +it's just going to divide the two + + + align:start position:0% +it's just going to divide the two +numbers top and bottom which gives me + + align:start position:0% +numbers top and bottom which gives me + + + align:start position:0% +numbers top and bottom which gives me +one so it's this one + + align:start position:0% +one so it's this one + + + align:start position:0% +one so it's this one +here and here notice I'm calling I'm + + align:start position:0% +here and here notice I'm calling I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here and here notice I'm calling I'm +doing the exact same method call except + + align:start position:0% +doing the exact same method call except + + + align:start position:0% +doing the exact same method call except +I'm doing it the other way where you + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing it the other way where you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing it the other way where you +type in the name of the meth the name of + + align:start position:0% +type in the name of the meth the name of + + + align:start position:0% +type in the name of the meth the name of +the class name of the method and then + + align:start position:0% +the class name of the method and then + + + align:start position:0% +the class name of the method and then +what you're calling it on and this gives + + align:start position:0% +what you're calling it on and this gives + + + align:start position:0% +what you're calling it on and this gives +the exact same value here + + align:start position:0% +the exact same value here + + + align:start position:0% +the exact same value here +1.0 + + align:start position:0% +1.0 + + + align:start position:0% +1.0 +and then here I'm calling the method + + align:start position:0% +and then here I'm calling the method + + + align:start position:0% +and then here I'm calling the method +inverse on object B which is going to + + align:start position:0% +inverse on object B which is going to + + + align:start position:0% +inverse on object B which is going to +invert 3 over4 to be 4 + + align:start position:0% +invert 3 over4 to be 4 + + + align:start position:0% +invert 3 over4 to be 4 +over3 and then I'm converting it to a + + align:start position:0% +over3 and then I'm converting it to a + + + align:start position:0% +over3 and then I'm converting it to a +float and then I'm printing the value so + + align:start position:0% +float and then I'm printing the value so + + + align:start position:0% +float and then I'm printing the value so +it gives me + + align:start position:0% +it gives me + + + align:start position:0% +it gives me +1.33 so take a look + + align:start position:0% +1.33 so take a look + + + align:start position:0% +1.33 so take a look +at this + + align:start position:0% +at this + + + align:start position:0% +at this +um take a look at this code in more + + align:start position:0% +um take a look at this code in more + + + align:start position:0% +um take a look at this code in more +detail and and and see if you can trace + + align:start position:0% +detail and and and see if you can trace + + + align:start position:0% +detail and and and see if you can trace +through all of those different things + + align:start position:0% +through all of those different things + + + align:start position:0% +through all of those different things +and see if you can also write your own + + align:start position:0% +and see if you can also write your own + + + align:start position:0% +and see if you can also write your own +new fraction objects okay so last Slide + + align:start position:0% +new fraction objects okay so last Slide + + + align:start position:0% +new fraction objects okay so last Slide +the power of object oriented programming + + align:start position:0% +the power of object oriented programming + + + align:start position:0% +the power of object oriented programming +is that you can bundle together objects + + align:start position:0% +is that you can bundle together objects + + + align:start position:0% +is that you can bundle together objects +that are of the exact same type and all + + align:start position:0% +that are of the exact same type and all + + + align:start position:0% +that are of the exact same type and all +of these objects you know are going to + + align:start position:0% +of these objects you know are going to + + + align:start position:0% +of these objects you know are going to +have the same data representation and + + align:start position:0% +have the same data representation and + + + align:start position:0% +have the same data representation and +the same methods that you can do on + + align:start position:0% +the same methods that you can do on + + + align:start position:0% +the same methods that you can do on +them and ultimately you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +them and ultimately you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +them and ultimately you're going to be +building these layers of abstraction so + + align:start position:0% +building these layers of abstraction so + + + align:start position:0% +building these layers of abstraction so +you're going to be building on a basic + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be building on a basic + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be building on a basic +object type in Python you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +object type in Python you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +object type in Python you're going to be +um you're going to have integer objects + + align:start position:0% +um you're going to have integer objects + + + align:start position:0% +um you're going to have integer objects +float objects + + align:start position:0% +float objects + + + align:start position:0% +float objects +on top of those you can create lists + + align:start position:0% +on top of those you can create lists + + + align:start position:0% +on top of those you can create lists +dictionaries and on top of those you can + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries and on top of those you can + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries and on top of those you can +even create your own object types as we + + align:start position:0% +even create your own object types as we + + + align:start position:0% +even create your own object types as we +saw in your um in this lecture from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-FElVPKykgw.txt b/-FElVPKykgw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..249954a114ffb5a0f144df75e967782aefa51332 --- /dev/null +++ b/-FElVPKykgw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2589 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: All right. + +So I brought a few problems. + +They're obviously not the quiz +problems, though some of them + +are supposed to be similar. + +What I have here +might not be what + +you have on the quiz because +we might drop quiz problems + +or because some of them +are just meant to make + +you think and not to give away +the solutions to the quiz. + +Now, before we get +started on this, + +do you guys have any burning +questions or any concepts + +that you want covered? + +Based on that, I'll select +which problems we do. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: This actually relates +not too much to the Pset. + +If you're looking at +the time complexity + +to maybe transfer something +from one table to another, + +it takes a lot +more time, I would + +assume, to move the actual +item to the new table + +than it does just to look +at your point and be like, + +oh, there's nothing there. + +So if you were +just going to look + +through an empty +table of size m, + +the time to look through that +empty table, I'm assuming, + +is much less than the time +to actually move an item. + +PROFESSOR: So you're saying +we have m things here. + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +PROFESSOR: Some might +be nil, and some + +might have stuff +in them, and you're + +going to resize that to +presumably 2 times m, + +and the way you +do that is you're + +going to move the elements, +presumably by rehashing them, + +right? + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +PROFESSOR: So these elements, +at least when we use Python, + +we don't really store +big elements anywhere. + +If you have a big +object, we always + +work with references +to that object. + +So you remember +the address where + +that object lies in memory, +and since the memory is + +finite and small, addresses are +all from 0 to a small number, + +so they're constant. + +So what you have here +is not a big object. + +It's the address +of the big object, + +so moving is always +constant time. + +AUDIENCE: What I'm +saying is let's + +say that the table +is completely full + +versus completely empty table. + +It would take more time +to move everything out + +of the full table +than it does just + +to look the empty table, right? + +PROFESSOR: Let's see. + +So writing something here +is order 1 time, right? + +So moving is order 1 time. + +Moving one element +is order 1 time. + +What's accessing an element +in a table in a list? + +You have a Python list. + +What's the cost of +doing an index access? + +AUDIENCE: It's also +order 1, right? + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So order 1, index. + +Order 1, move. + +Suppose you have an empty table. + +How many indices do you do? + +How many times the index? + +AUDIENCE: You look +at each one, so it's + +order 1 times the +length of the table. + +PROFESSOR: m. + +So if the table is empty, +you have order m indices + +and 0 moves. + +Total running time, order m. + +If you have a full +table, how many times + +do you index in the table? + +AUDIENCE: Still order m. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +How many times do +you move stuff? + +AUDIENCE: Order m. + +PROFESSOR: Total running time? + +AUDIENCE: It's order +2m, which is order m. + +PROFESSOR: So it doesn't +matter whether the table's + +full or empty. + +AUDIENCE: OK. + +Just wanted to confirm that. + +PROFESSOR: And this +is how you do that. + +Cool. + +Thanks. + +Any other questions? + +Then we will go over problems in +the order in which I like them, + +which is easiest to +hardest so that I + +don't have to explain +the hard ones. + +Warm up problem one. + +So you have this recursion +and you have to solve it, + +and you get a hint that n +to the power of 1 over log n + +is 2, which is theta 1. + +So based on the +hint, you can see + +that it's going to +involve some math. + +It's going to get a bit ugly. + +So how do we solve recursions? + +Two methods. + +What are they? + +AUDIENCE: Expand. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Substitution formally, +but basically, we + +expand this guy +over and over again. + +And? + +AUDIENCE: Trees. + +PROFESSOR: Recursion trees. + +Which one do guys +want to do first? + +If you only have +one t here, anything + +works because you can keep +expanding it and that works, + +so we can do either method. + +Which one do you +guys want to go over? + +Trees. + +OK. + +So we start with the first node. + +The size of the problem is n. + +What's the cost inside here? + +AUDIENCE: 1. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So this creates one sub-problem. + +What's the size? + +AUDIENCE: n to the 1/2. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Square root of n +equals n to the 1/2. + +You solved it already. + +What's the cost? + +AUDIENCE: 1. + +PROFESSOR: Do people +remember this? + +Is anyone confused about +what's going on here? + +OK. + +So two terms, something +involving t and something + +not involving t. + +The thing involving t is +what we want to get rid of. + +When we do our recursion +tree, whatever is in here + +goes inside here, +and this tells me + +how this number +relates to this number. + +So when I go from one +level to the next level, + +this is the transformation. + +n and becomes square root of +n, so the transformation here + +is the same as the +transformation here. + +What's next? + +AUDIENCE: n to the 1/4. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Cost? + +AUDIENCE: 1. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Do we need to do one more or +do people see the pattern? + +Silence means one more. + +If you guys don't speak, +we're going to go slow. + +What's here? + +AUDIENCE: n to the 1/8. + +PROFESSOR: What's here? + +AUDIENCE: 1. + +PROFESSOR: Let's hope +everyone saw the pattern, + +and suppose we've done +this for l levels, + +so we're at the bottom. + +What should the cost +be at the bottom? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Sorry. + +We don't start with the cost. + +What should the size of the +problem be at the bottom? + +AUDIENCE: n to the +1 over 2 to the i. + +PROFESSOR: Let's +say that this is + +level h, where h is +the height of the tree. + +AUDIENCE: Don't you want to +do something like n to the 1 + +over n? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +OK, so we want something +that looks like that? + +AUDIENCE: If the recursion +tree is height i, + +it is n to the 1 over 2 +to the i, but 2 to the i + +should equal n, or +approximately n. + +PROFESSOR: Why? + +I like that, but why? + +AUDIENCE: Because +you need to go down + +until you're only +looking at one element, + +and that would be one +nth of the problem. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So we want this guy +to look like what? + +In fact, it doesn't exactly +have to look like 1, but what's + +the advantage if we manage to +get this guy to look like 1? + +We have a recursion. + +We don't have a base +case here, right? + +A reasonable base case +is T of 1 is theta 1. + +Whatever function that is, +if you evaluate it at 1, + +you're going to get a +constant, so you can say that. + +Now, at the same time I can +say that for any constant, + +c, T of c is theta 1. + +So if I take this constant +here, which happens to be 2, + +but that's not to +worry about that. + +If I take this guy here, +I can put it in here. + +And I know that this guy +here equals this guy here. + +So if I can make this guy +here look like this guy here, + +then I'm done. + +Make sense? + +If it makes sense, +everyone should nod so + +that I know and I can go +forward, or smile or something. + +So this should look like 1. + +This is order 1 if not 1. + +Let's make it order 1, +because it's 2 in this case. + +What's the cost here? + +AUDIENCE: 1. + +PROFESSOR: 1. + +Everything inside the +bubbles is order of already, + +so I don't need to +write an order of. + +What do we do next? + +AUDIENCE: Solve the +[INAUDIBLE] equation. + +2 to the [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: You're +skipping one step. + +That's exactly what you do +when you have the substitution + +method. + +You're going to get +to something and you + +need to solve the equation. + +But for the tree, +there are two steps. + +So we need to add up +all the costs here + +and that's the total cost here. + +In order to do that, first, +we sum up over each level. + +And in this case, +it's really simple + +because there's only +one node per level, + +but if you have multiple +nodes per level, + +you have to sum +up for each level, + +and then you have +to do a big sum. + +What's the sum for this level? + +1. + +Come on, guys. + +You're scaring me. + +AUDIENCE: 1. + +AUDIENCE: 1. + +AUDIENCE: It's all 1. + +PROFESSOR: Excellent. + +So the only thing +that I'm missing + +is to know how many levels I +have, because the sum is going + +to be order h, whatever h is. + +How do we do that? + +n to the 1 over 2 +to the power of h + +has to equal this guy, right? + +AUDIENCE: Why would +it equal that guy? + +We know it's less +than that guy, but we + +don't know it's +equal to that guy. + +PROFESSOR: We have to make +it equal because we can only + +stop when we get +to the base case. + +So we have to expand +the recursion tree + +until we get to a base +case, and then we stop, + +and this is our base +case because this + +is what the problem says +should be our base case. + +AUDIENCE: Right, but n +to the 1 over 2 to the h + +is not equal to n +to the 1 over log n. + +PROFESSOR: Well, we can set +h to be whatever we want. + +h is the height of the tree, +so we don't know what it is. + +We have to find out what it is. + +AUDIENCE: So let's +say 2 to the h + +is equal to log n if you want +to make it look like that. + +PROFESSOR: Let me +write down the equation + +to make sure you're right. + +You're probably right because +you're thinking faster than me, + +but let me not embarrass myself +and do this the right way. + +So you said 2 to the +h is log n, right? + +Looks about right. + +So what's h? + +AUDIENCE: Log base 2. + +PROFESSOR: All right. + +Log log n. + +So T of n is order h. + +We got this from here. + +T of n is order h is +order of log log n. + +Math people drowning, right? + +Any questions about this? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: The first +line on the right-- + +PROFESSOR: This? + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +Is that your base case? + +What is that? + +PROFESSOR: We got a hint +with the problem that said, + +n to the power of 1 over log +n is 2, which is order 1. + +So for the base case, we always +want them to look like this. + +If we don't get a base case, +we write our own base case, + +which is if you +plug in a constant, + +you're going to get a constant. + +And since we're told that +this guy is a constant, + +that's a pretty good hint +that we want to get to it. + +Let's see how we're +doing on time. + +Good. + +Ready to move on to +the next problem? + +Let's do a fun one. + +Some people might remember +it from elementary school, + +but this time, we're going to +look at it with our 6.006 eyes. + +So suppose you have +m coins, gold coins. + +One of them is face. + +The fake one is super light +because it's not real gold. + +It's something that +looks like gold. + +And we have a scale, and +the scale is super accurate. + +It can weigh any +coins on either side + +and tell us which +side is heavier. + +Perfect accuracy, no need +to worry about errors. + +I want to find out which +coin is the bad coin. + +What is the minimum number +of experiments I have to do? + +So there is a strategy, and +we can worry about that later, + +but using 6.006, what is the +minimum number of experiments + +I have to do? + +AUDIENCE: Log N times. + +PROFESSOR: Not quite. + +So this is what you +think is, and you + +can do log n with +binary search, right? + +The problem with binary search +is if I put half of my coins + +on the left, half of +my coins on the right, + +one side is going to +be heavier, right? + +So the answers are going +to be this or this, + +but I never get this. + +I only get one +bit of information + +instead of getting one trit. + +A trit is a base three digit. + +How many bits of +information in a trit? + +AUDIENCE: One and a half. + +PROFESSOR: Roughly. + +AUDIENCE: Log 3. + +PROFESSOR: Log 3. + +And we know that it's +base 2 because that's + +what we use in CS. + +So we're discarding a +fractional bit of information + +if we're not allowing +for this to happen. + +Anyone want to try +something else? + +We have to prove +this, by the way. + +We have to prove the minimum +that we come up with. + +AUDIENCE: You could +just do it coin by coin, + +but that would take forever. + +PROFESSOR: That's +N. That's worse. + +AUDIENCE: How about log base +4 N or something like that? + +AUDIENCE: Can you explain +to me why we can't just + +do binary search? + +PROFESSOR: We can. + +It's definitely going to +give us the correct answer, + +but it's not the minimum +number of weighings + +because we're discarding +a possible answer. + +So if you do binary +search, you will never + +get that the two +sides are equal. + +AUDIENCE: Log base 3. + +PROFESSOR: Log base +3 would be better + +because we have three +choices all the time. + +Let's prove that. + +So the right answer happens to +be log base 3 of N. Let's see + +how we would get it +aside from guessing. + +AUDIENCE: So you +divide it into thirds + +and compare one third and one +third, and if they're equal, + +then the light one is +in the other third. + +And if they're not, +[INAUDIBLE] light one. + +Then you just keep +dividing by 3. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So that's the strategy. + +What if I don't +know the strategy? + +How do I do this without +knowing the strategy? + +AUDIENCE: What if the number +of coins isn't divisible by 3? + +PROFESSOR: Math people. + +AUDIENCE: Yeah, but then +how do you-- OK, never mind. + +AUDIENCE: Just take the two +extra coins and toss them out. + +PROFESSOR: If it's +not divisible by 3, + +you add fake coins +that are good. + +I mean, you use good coins. + +But we're not worried +about the strategy. + +I want us to think +of a lower bound. + +This is a lower bound +for an algorithm, right? + +You cannot do better +than log 3 N experiments. + +Does the word "lower +bound" ring any bells? + +Is there any lecture where +we talked about lower bounds? + +So if you sort and you're +using a comparison model, + +what's the best you can do? + +AUDIENCE: N log N. + +PROFESSOR: N log N. Good. + +So sorting using CMP, the +comparison model, is N log N. + +How did we prove that? + +One word. + +Well, two words. + +Decision trees. + +Does anyone remember +what decision trees are? + +One person. + +AUDIENCE: It's just a +comparison thing, right? + +You're like, is it +greater, is it less than, + +or is there some +sort of question + +you're asking about each key. + +PROFESSOR: Cool. + +Let's go over that a little bit. + +No matter what +your algorithm is, + +it's going to weigh +some coins and it's + +going to get an +answer from the scale. + +And then based on that, it's +going to weigh some other coins + +and get some answer +from the scale. + +And it will do some +experiments and then + +it will give you an answer. + +So if you draw a decision +tree, it would look like this. + +First, we start +with 0 information. + +We weigh some coins. + +Based on that, we have +three possible answers-- + +smaller, equal, greater. + +Now, if we're here, we're +going to do another experiment. + +Three possible answers. + +If we're here, another +experiment, three possible + +answers. + +If we're here, another +experiment, three possible + +answers. + +Say we do a third experiment. + +One, two, three, one, two, +three, one, two, three, one, + +two, three, one, two, three, +one, two, three, one, two, + +three, one, two, +three, one, two, three. + +And then suppose we stop. + +If we stop, we have +to give an answer. + +So this is an answer, +this is an answer, + +this is an answer, answer, +answer, answer, answer, answer. + +So how many answers do +I have at the bottom + +if I have three levels? + +Here I have three +experiments, so three levels + +in the decision tree. + +How many answers? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: 3 to the third +because I start three + +at the first level, nine at +the second, 27 at the third. + +Each time, I multiply by 3. + +So if I do three weighings, I +can give at most 27 answers. + +If I have more than 27 +coins, I can't possibly + +decide which one is bad +because say if I have 30 coins, + +then I need to be able +to give out 30 answers. + +My algorithm has to +have a place where + +it says the bad coin is coin +one, coin two, coin three, all + +the way to coin 30. + +Here I only have 27 +possible answers, + +so this isn't going to +cut it for 30 coins. + +I need to do one more comparison +so that I have a deeper tree. + +So suppose I have h +comparisons instead. + +How many leaves? + +How many possible answers? + +AUDIENCE: h to the third. + +PROFESSOR: Almost. + +AUDIENCE: 3 to the h. + +PROFESSOR: 3 to the h. + +So 3 multiplied by 3 multiplied +by 3 multiplied by 3 h times, + +so 3 to the h. + +It's no longer equal to 27. + +3 to the h is the number +of possible answers. + +This has to be bigger or +equal to N. Otherwise, + +the algorithm is incorrect. + +So what can we say about h? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: We did all +this without even thinking + +of what an algorithm +would look like. + +This works for any algorithm. + +No matter how smart you are, no +matter how much math you know, + +your algorithm is going +to be bound by this. + +So the fact that the +answer looks like this + +gives you some intuition for +how to solve the problem. + +If you want to solve the +problem now and figure out + +the strategy, you know +that you have a 3 here. + +So if you divide +into 2 every time, + +you're not going to +get to the right limit. + +So first you do this, +you get a lower bound, + +and then you use your +intuition to figure out + +what the lower bound means. + +In this case, it would mean the +strategy that we heard earlier. + +You have to divide +into 3 every time + +and then figure out what you +do based on the comparison. + +So your answer works +perfectly once we have this. + +And also, once we +have this, you know + +that your answer is correct +because it's optimal. + +You can't do better than that. + +Any questions on decision trees? + +So lower bounds are a +boring topic in general. + +They tell you what you can't do. + +They don't tell you anything +useful about what you can do. + +In some cases, being able to +reason about a lower bound + +gives you a hint +of the solution. + +New problem. + +Suppose we have a 2D map. + +There's a hill, and you take +a satellite picture of it + +at night, and you get a picture +with bright pixels and not + +bright pixels. + +There are numbers showing +how bright your pixels are. + +1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 0, 0. + +I'm going to draw out an example +so we can use our intuition. + +0, 0, 1. + +So suppose this is our map. + +It's W times H-- W +of what these are, + +I think they're columns, +and H of the other ones. + +And you want to find a +certain picture inside it. + +You want to see how many times +does a certain pattern show up. + +Say the pattern is +small w times small h, + +and it looks like this. + +But this will be the +input to your problem, + +so the pattern +might be different. + +You can't hard code this in. + +And this is useful. + +This problem is called +a bunker hill problem. + +This is a hill, and +this is a bunker. + +You take a picture of the hill. + +You want to know +where the bunkers are + +so you can bomb them at night so +then you can attack the place. + +AUDIENCE: That's awful. + +PROFESSOR: Thank you. + +I'll take that as a compliment +So a nice way of solving this? + +AUDIENCE: You could just +go through each row, + +and then look for a match +for the first row, and then-- + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +Is this a match? + +That's what you're saying. + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +We can see that's a match. + +PROFESSOR: Is this a match? + +Is this a match? + +By the way, this is a match. + +This is not a match, this is not +a match, this is not a match, + +this is not a match. + +Now we go down here. + +This is not a match, +this is not a match, + +this is not a match, +so on and so forth. + +AUDIENCE: That wasn't +what I was suggesting, + +but that's a good idea. + +PROFESSOR: Maybe you're +suggesting something smarter, + +and I don't want to +let you do something + +smarter so that we look at the +brute force approach first. + +AUDIENCE: I mean, +I was just saying + +take the first row +of your bunker, + +and then compare +it to other rows, + +and once you hit that, then +check and see if the rest of-- + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, +that's a bit smarter, + +so that's harder +to reason about. + +Let's take this one and figure +out the running time of it. + +AUDIENCE: Does that mean even +if you know it's not a match, + +you keep checking +all nine of them? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +Say at the worst case, +you only find out + +it's not a match all +the way at the end. + +AUDIENCE: Are you trying to look +for all matches or just one? + +PROFESSOR: All matches. + +AUDIENCE: You're limited to n +squared time almost no matter + +what, right? + +If you have a small +bunker in a large field, + +you have to hit the +small bunker every time. + +PROFESSOR: Are you going to +solve the problem for me? + +AUDIENCE: Are we trying +to find the [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: No. + +We're trying to +find out the running + +time for the dumb +algorithm first. + +Humor me and let's +solve this first, + +and then let's get to the +efficient algorithm, OK? + +AUDIENCE: Big W minus +small w plus 1 times big H + +minus small h plus 1. + +AUDIENCE: Where'd +you get plus 1 from? + +AUDIENCE: So it's WH? + +AUDIENCE: Yeah. + +PROFESSOR: Well, there's +something missing here. + +This is how many positions I +have that I have to look at. + +How much time does it take +to compare the small images? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: This is smaller than +wh, which is the input size, + +so it's scary if you have an +algorithm that runs faster + +than the input size +because it means + +you're not looking +at all the input. + +So this is definitely +bigger than the input size + +once we add the w times h here. + +Don't forget this guy. + +This is the naive algorithm, and +if we discard the small order + +factors, we get that +this is order of WHwh. + +How can you do better? + +You have the answer, right? + +Let's let everyone else +think for a minute, + +and then you can give me +the answer if you want, + +or someone else can +give me the answer. + +I guess you should because +you thought of it first. + +Any ideas? + +So you're thinking about +the input size, right? + +Someone was thinking +about the input size. + +So the input size +is W times H, right? + +So if I have an algorithm +that's W times H, + +that's optimal because it +has to look at all the input. + +Well, we're going to +have an algorithm that's + +W times H, so with +that out of the way, + +does that inspire anyone +as to what the solution is? + +AUDIENCE: Do that thing +that I was saying, + +just take the first row, but +then you still have a W term. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +So let's make it better. + +It is the correct intuition. + +Now try to use a trick we +learned in lecture to make that + +faster. + +AUDIENCE: Just use +the top left corner + +instead of the whole row. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So we could use the +top left corner, + +and if the top left +corner doesn't match, + +then we don't have +to check for matches. + +So this works for +reasonably random data. + +As long as we don't have +a lot of false positives, + +we're going to run fast. + +Now, the top corner of +this one, if the map + +has a lot of 1's and then some +2's sprinkled all over it, + +most of the time, we'll have +to go through the whole image + +so we're going to have a +lot of false positives. + +How do we make our false +positive rate go down? + +AUDIENCE: Looks kind of +like a rolling hash problem. + +PROFESSOR: Looks like a +rolling hash problem, exactly. + +Let's see if we can +use rolling hashes. + +AUDIENCE: But then you +still have that lowercase w + +term, though. + +PROFESSOR: How do +we get rid of it? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: Wouldn't it be w? + +I mean the running time if we +were just going through one row + +would be big W minus +little w, times-- + +PROFESSOR: So where's +your rolling hash? + +AUDIENCE: I guess you can use +the entire thing as a hash, + +too. + +That would kind of work. + +PROFESSOR: So we want a +hash for the whole thing. + +Instead of using this as the +hash, we want a smarter hash. + +AUDIENCE: It's the +entire thing, and then + +as you move to the right, you +can add those and subtract, + +and compare that with the hash. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So we'd have a rolling hash +that has everything in here, + +and then as I move to the +right, I add these guys + +and I remove these guys. + +This is big W times big +H, roughly, times small h + +because every time +I move to the right, + +I have to do order h work. + +So I'm down from this +thing to order of WHh, + +So it's better. + +It's one step forward. + +Now, let's make +this even faster. + +What if I could do this in +order 1 instead of order h? + +How would I do this in order 1? + +AUDIENCE: You'd have to +compress all the rows, + +and then take the +hash of each column. + +PROFESSOR: How would +we compress them? + +AUDIENCE: Take the +hash of the column. + +PROFESSOR: You want +to compress the rows? + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +You divide it-- + +PROFESSOR: Let's not +compress the rows. + +AUDIENCE: You could +take just your bunker, + +and then figure out the +hashes of the three columns, + +and just run through like that. + +You'd still have to access +each of those items. + +I don't really see +how it's faster. + +I guess it's less, though. + +It's less. + +Maybe it's only 1. + +AUDIENCE: So do you want to hash +each little column [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: So we're going +to hash all these guys, + +and then we're going to +have hashes for them, + +and we're going to do +the regular Rabin-Karp + +for the hashes. + +Now, what happens +when I go down? + +PROFESSOR: You have to +recompute everything. + +PROFESSOR: Let's do better +than recompute everything. + +AUDIENCE: Do you want +to [INAUDIBLE] downward + +on each column? + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +Rolling hash. + +I want to make this faster, +so I have big W hashes. + +They're all little h inside. + +Here, I have to compute +them brute force. + +I can't do anything better. + +But when I go from +here to here, there's + +only one element going out +and one element going in. + +Same for all these guys. + +Let's not make the picture +uglier than it needs to be. + +So I have big W rolling hashes. + +They're vertical rolling hashes. + +And then the rolling hashes +hash columns, so my the sliding + +window that I have is +little w rolling hashes. + +Each rolling hash is little h in +size, so it's a hash of hashes. + +It's nested hashes. + +And then when I go +down, I only have + +to roll down each of +the rolling hashes by 1, + +so that's constant time. + +So to go from here to here, to +the slide the window one down, + +I have to roll this hash +down, roll this one, + +this one, this one, this one, +this one, and all of them + +roll down in constant time. + +So when I'm adding a column +to the hash, say I'm here + +and I want to go here, +I roll down this hash + +and I have the answer. + +It's order 1. + +I'm adding it in order 1. + +Does this make sense? + +AUDIENCE: It's tricky. + +PROFESSOR: But it's +not too bad, right? + +AUDIENCE: You just need to do +the vertical roll first, right? + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +To have the simplest +possible code, + +you start with big W rolling +hashes, do 1D Rabin-Karp, + +you roll everything +down, 1D Rabin-Karp, + +and keep doing that. + +OK What's the running +time for this? + +AUDIENCE: WH. + +PROFESSOR: WH. + +AUDIENCE: Does this one have a +space complexity about W, then, + +because [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +So my memory requirement +went up to 4W. + +Is everyone happy with this? + +It's one of the few cases where +an approach for solving a 1D + +problem generalizes to 2D. + +In most problems, you have to +rethink the whole situation. + +Let's do a hard problem. + +Enough with the easy ones. + +Two lists, roughly size N, +and they're both sorted. + +Let me fill them out +with random numbers. + +5, 13, 22, 43, 56, 62, 81, +86, 87, 2, 3, 7, 9, 15, 19, + +24, 28, 32. + +So I have these lists. + +Let's be generous and say that +all the numbers are different. + +They're sorted. + +I want to find the nth number, +so the number with rank n, + +out of both lists +as fast as possible. + +AUDIENCE: Wouldn't +it just be index? + +PROFESSOR: So the thing is +if, for example, n is 1, + +then it's this. + +This is the second number. + +This is the third. + +So if you take the lists +and you combine them, + +then I want the +result out of that. + +AUDIENCE: Let's do merge +sort and the combined + +[INAUDIBLE] index, right? + +PROFESSOR: Full +merge sort, N log N? + +No. + +AUDIENCE: It's already +sorted, though. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So what do we do? + +AUDIENCE: We just do merge. + +That's just order N. + +PROFESSOR: So merge. + +AUDIENCE: Merge [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So merge and then index +is the first approach, + +which is order N. Then you +said run the merge algorithm, + +but stop when you get to +the little nth element, + +so that's a little bit +better and we don't have + +to produce an array so the space +complexity is down to order 1, + +right? + +Now let's do-- + +AUDIENCE: Logarighmic times n. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, exactly. + +This is linear. + +We have to get to logarithms. + +How do we get to logarithms? + +AUDIENCE: Do a +modified binary search. + +AUDIENCE: What if you +first looked at-- actually, + +I don't know what +I'm going to say. + +PROFESSOR: Anyone else? + +So modified binary search. + +Do you know the full +answer, or do you + +want to start looking +at the solution? + +AUDIENCE: I have an +idea [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Let's see +how it would work. + +AUDIENCE: So if we take +the n over second element + +on each row, the +one that is lower, + +that's at least the n +over second element, + +and the one that's higher-- + +PROFESSOR: So let's say +this is our N1 and N2, + +and they're both +order N initially. + +So this is N2 over 2 +if this is smaller. + +AUDIENCE: The lower +one is at least + +the N over second +element since everything + +before it is less than +N. Does that make sense? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +So this is N over 2 +are greater, right? + +This guy. + +AUDIENCE: We also know +that the element above it + +is at most the nth element +because it's greater than-- + +PROFESSOR: So it's +at most N1 plus N2 + +because that's how +many you have in total, + +and the one on the top, you +know that these ones are + +bigger than h, right? + +But you don't know +anything about these ones, + +so it's minus N1 over 2. + +So it's at most N1 over 2 +plus N2, the top element. + +AUDIENCE: So then we can take +the element three quarters + +of the way through N2 and +one quarter of the way + +through N1 to do +more [INAUDIBLE]. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +PROFESSOR: Let's see what +happens in each case. + +So if little n is +here, then you divide. + +So if n is smaller than this, +then you chop them up here + +and you've divided +the problem into half. + +You're good. + +If it's bigger than +this other number here, + +you've chopped the problem +up and you're here. + +You're good. + +Now, the hard case seems +to be when it's in between. + +So what do we do then? + +AUDIENCE: Aren't those +two numbers the same? + +AUDIENCE: If it's between, +take the upper half + +of the bottom one and the lower +half of the upper one, right? + +If it's between 15 and 43, +then you take everything + +in the upper half of N2 and +you take the lower half of N1. + +AUDIENCE: Yeah, +you should always + +be taking the upper half +of one and the lower + +half of the other in this case. + +PROFESSOR: Really? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +N2, 15 is at least + +the nth over 2 element. + +I think we're using three +n's at the same time. + +AUDIENCE: Are you using +the little n or the big N? + +AUDIENCE: Sorry. + +[INAUDIBLE] is element +and the lists are called N + +and this is confusing. + +Can we rename the nth +element to something + +like m or some +other useful number? + +The kth element, OK. + +So the 15 at least the +kth over 2 element, + +so it can't be anything +on the left half of the-- + +PROFESSOR: k over 2? + +Why k over 2? + +This list is size N. + +AUDIENCE: Sorry. + +I didn't pick the +elements at N over 2. + +I picked the +elements at k over 2. + +PROFESSOR: Why would I do that? + +If N1 is greater than k, then +I chop off the end of the list, + +right? + +If N2 is bigger than k, then +I chop off the end of the list + +completely. + +If this list is sorted and +I want the third element, + +I know that these +are not the answer. + +No matter what's down here, +these are not the answer. + +So I know for sure that k is +going to be bigger than N1, N2. + +So instead of going there, +let's go at k over 2. + +And here, let's go for k over 2. + +Now this one looks +a bit nastier. + +N1 plus N2 stays +what it was before. + +AUDIENCE: On the list where you +got the element that was lower, + +you know that everything to +the left of it is less than k + +over 2. + +The element number is +lower than k over 2, + +so we're not using anything +to the left of the 15. + +You can kill that +section for us. + +PROFESSOR: OK, so we can kill +it, but then what's the rank? + +When I recurse, how +am I going to know + +the rank that I'm looking for? + +AUDIENCE: k minus +what you killed. + +AUDIENCE: You can +save the branches. + +PROFESSOR: So you want +to kill this guy, right? + +So you want to +kill these numbers. + +But here I have +k over 2 numbers, + +and here I have +k over 2 numbers. + +How do I know that it's +not somewhere here? + +AUDIENCE: How do you know that +what's not somewhere there? + +AUDIENCE: You compare +15 and 43, right? + +And then you see +that 43 is bigger, + +and you see 15 is smaller, so +then you would go to, I guess, + +k over 4 index in N1, +and 3k over 4 in N2. + +AUDIENCE: When you +recurse, you said + +that you've killed +k over 2 elements. + +AUDIENCE: But you can also kill +everything to the right of 43. + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +You can kill everything +to the right of 43 + +since it can't be any +of those elements, + +and you can kill everything +to the left of 15. + +And then you repeat the +algorithm again with the lists + +you didn't kill, except you +also put in a term of we've + +already covered k +over 2 elements. + +PROFESSOR: So we want the +element with the rank k over 4 + +over these lists. + +So I know for sure that what +I have is either k over 2 + +or less than k over 2, right? + +So this is less than +k over 2, and then I'm + +looking for a rank of k over 4. + +That seems to work. + +How does the running time look? + +AUDIENCE: It should +be O of log k. + +AUDIENCE: I think +it's log [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: So log +k, log N1 plus N2. + +Are these different? + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +AUDIENCE: If k is +1, the algorithm + +should only recurse once, +even if N is 20 million. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +AUDIENCE: But if k is 20 +million and the list lengths are + +two million long, it'll take +approximately those lengths + +to run. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +So what gets reduced, aside from +the list size, k gets reduced. + +k seems to define the input +size for the next iteration + +because I'll have at least +k over 2 elements in one + +of these buckets. + +So it sounds like +it should be log k. + +k is bigger than N1, N2, but +it should hopefully be smaller + +than the sum because otherwise, +why am I doing the problem? + +So this is definitely +order of N1 plus N2. + +So this is a bound. + +This is a slightly +tighter bound. + +We have a different +solution to the problem. + +All the possible solutions +are hard to argue. + +They all come down to +something like this. + +The one that we have +requires you to use-- you + +have two indices, and you know +that the sum of the indices + +is k, and you do binary +search on the top + +and adjust the +index on the bottom + +to keep the constraint that the +sum of the two indices in N. + +And you can look at that in the +notes that we're going to post. + +Are you guys tired? + +Do you want to look at one +more thing, or are we done? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Let's look at +something reasonably easy. + +You guys can read +this on your own. + +I'm not going to +bore you with that. + +So suppose we have +some functions, + +and we want to +order them according + +to their asymptotic growth rate. + +Do people remember how +to do this from Pset one? + +So the idea is that you take +each function, you simplify it, + +and then you sort them. + +So let's have a couple of simple +ones and then some hard ones, + +and we're going to +stop in five minutes. + +What's this? + +AUDIENCE: n to the fourth. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Let's see. + +n choose 3. + +What is this? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK, very good. + +Why? + +AUDIENCE: Something about choose +is n times n minus 1 times + +n minus 2. + +AUDIENCE: It's n factorial +over n minus 2 factorial. + +PROFESSOR: This comes out +to be roughly n cubed. + +Cool. + +How about n plus log +to the fourth of n? + +AUDIENCE: N. + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +So even if I have a +polynomial in a logarithm, + +it's still dominated by pure n. + +Now, suppose we want to +order these guys together + +with-- which one doesn't +look boring at all? + +n to the log n and 2 to the n. + +Let's sort them. + +Which one's the smallest? + +Which one's the biggest? + +AUDIENCE: 2 to the n is bigger. + +PROFESSOR: Let's start +with the smallest ones, + +because I think +that will be easy. + +So which one's the absolute +smallest out of all these guys? + +AUDIENCE: n. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Then? + +AUDIENCE: n to the third. + +PROFESSOR: Cubed and fourth. + +So we have to +compare these guys. + +How do we compare them? + +n to the power of log n +and 2 to the n something. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Take the logs. + +So when we have something +confusing with exponentials, + +take the logs and +see what we get. + +Logs are monotonic, so +if you take the logs, + +you'll have the same +relationship afterwards. + +So log of this is log of +n to the power of log n, + +so it's log n times +log n, so it's log 2 n. + +Log of 2 to the n is n. + +Which one's bigger? + +AUDIENCE: n. + +PROFESSOR: All right. + +And we're not going +to solve this, + +but how would you go +about solving this guy? + +What do you do to it? + +AUDIENCE: Sterling. + +PROFESSOR: Sterling, yep. + +You do Sterling, you +go through the numbers, + +and you figure out the answer. + +And then if you have +to do logarithms, + +you use logarithms +to figure out where + +it belongs among these guys. + +AUDIENCE: What's Sterling? + +AUDIENCE: Sterling's formula. + +It's that gross thing +that was on the board + +before we came in here. + +PROFESSOR: So Sterling says +that n factorial is ugly. + +2 pi n here times n over +e to the power of n. + +So what's this binomial? + +What's the formula for it? + +OK, formula for n choose k. + +Anyone? + +AUDIENCE: It's n times 1 +over 2 factorial times n + +minus k factorial. + +PROFESSOR: In this +case, it's n factorial + +over n over 2 factorial raised +to the power of 2, right? + +And then we chug through the +math and get to some answer. + +All right? \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-Fd6JJ1Xkt4.txt b/-Fd6JJ1Xkt4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ad5a0d53a69a051b840324b1cabd09cb64f6a4c --- /dev/null +++ b/-Fd6JJ1Xkt4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12459 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license +your support will help MIT + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT + + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + + 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align:start position:0% +three-person studio 2 of us in Hampshire + + + align:start position:0% +three-person studio 2 of us in Hampshire +one of one of us is and I'm drinking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Kenzie Cameron and he's one of the + + align:start position:0% +Kenzie Cameron and he's one of the + + + align:start position:0% +Kenzie Cameron and he's one of the +co-organizers from the became + + align:start position:0% +co-organizers from the became + + + align:start position:0% +co-organizers from the became +Bakersville a local meetup at the + + align:start position:0% +Bakersville a local meetup at the + + + align:start position:0% +Bakersville a local meetup at the +various places around campus or the + + align:start position:0% +various places around campus or the + + + align:start position:0% +various places around campus or the +Cambridge area people who are interested + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge area people who are interested + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge area people who are interested +in developing working into card games so + + align:start position:0% +in developing working into card games so + + + align:start position:0% +in developing working into card games so +you're gonna go talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna go talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna go talk a little bit about +what to do sure um so I just I make + + align:start position:0% +what to do sure um so I just I make + + + align:start position:0% +what to do sure um so I just I make +games make board games and make card + + align:start position:0% +games make board games and make card + + + align:start position:0% +games make board games and make card +games and I try and never stop doing + + align:start position:0% +games and I try and never stop doing + + + align:start position:0% +games and I try and never stop doing +them I don't have a particular like + + align:start position:0% +them I don't have a particular like + + + align:start position:0% +them I don't have a particular like +anything that I could play that I could + + align:start position:0% +anything that I could play that I could + + + align:start position:0% +anything that I could play that I could +make happen I'll do it + + align:start position:0% +make happen I'll do it + + + align:start position:0% +make happen I'll do it +you know like we do party games so like + + align:start position:0% +you know like we do party games so like + + + align:start position:0% +you know like we do party games so like +I just got 2500 copies of my first party + + align:start position:0% +I just got 2500 copies of my first party + + + align:start position:0% +I just got 2500 copies of my first party +game delivered to my house like three + + align:start position:0% +game delivered to my house like three + + + align:start position:0% +game delivered to my house like three +hours ago which is interesting + + align:start position:0% +hours ago which is interesting + + + align:start position:0% +hours ago which is interesting +myself and then getting here but I also + + align:start position:0% +myself and then getting here but I also + + + align:start position:0% +myself and then getting here but I also +am developing a gigantic stupid board + + align:start position:0% +am developing a gigantic stupid board + + + align:start position:0% +am developing a gigantic stupid board +game that's just called a big dumb war + + align:start position:0% +game that's just called a big dumb war + + + align:start position:0% +game that's just called a big dumb war +game which is like I'm you guys really + + align:start position:0% +game which is like I'm you guys really + + + align:start position:0% +game which is like I'm you guys really +like Axis and Allies or any of those old + + align:start position:0% +like Axis and Allies or any of those old + + + align:start position:0% +like Axis and Allies or any of those old +so I need to play that when I was in + + align:start position:0% +so I need to play that when I was in + + + align:start position:0% +so I need to play that when I was in +high school because I liked being lonely + + align:start position:0% +high school because I liked being lonely + + + align:start position:0% +high school because I liked being lonely +and then I decided I want to make a + + align:start position:0% +and then I decided I want to make a + + + align:start position:0% +and then I decided I want to make a +version of that that's actually fun + + align:start position:0% +version of that that's actually fun + + + align:start position:0% +version of that that's actually fun +we're also working on a game called pack + + align:start position:0% +we're also working on a game called pack + + + align:start position:0% +we're also working on a game called pack +the pack which is a you guys know cards + + align:start position:0% +the pack which is a you guys know cards + + + align:start position:0% +the pack which is a you guys know cards +against humanity' okay so they're + + align:start position:0% +against humanity' okay so they're + + + align:start position:0% +against humanity' okay so they're +running this contest called the cards + + align:start position:0% +running this contest called the cards + + + align:start position:0% +running this contest called the cards +against humanity' tabletop deathmatch + + align:start position:0% +against humanity' tabletop deathmatch + + + align:start position:0% +against humanity' tabletop deathmatch +and it's they got indie developers from + + align:start position:0% +and it's they got indie developers from + + + align:start position:0% +and it's they got indie developers from +all over the country to submit stuff and + + align:start position:0% +all over the country to submit stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +all over the country to submit stuff and +so one of our games is in that which + + align:start position:0% +so one of our games is in that which + + + align:start position:0% +so one of our games is in that which +will be it's like a river played old + + align:start position:0% +will be it's like a river played old + + + align:start position:0% +will be it's like a river played old +Diablo remember when you would collect + + align:start position:0% +Diablo remember when you would collect + + + align:start position:0% +Diablo remember when you would collect +loot and you'd have to fit it in your + + align:start position:0% +loot and you'd have to fit it in your + + + align:start position:0% +loot and you'd have to fit it in your +bag and it was all weird shaped so it's + + align:start position:0% +bag and it was all weird shaped so it's + + + align:start position:0% +bag and it was all weird shaped so it's +an inventory Tetris game where everyone + + align:start position:0% +an inventory Tetris game where everyone + + + align:start position:0% +an inventory Tetris game where everyone +is pulling tiles which are effectively + + align:start position:0% +is pulling tiles which are effectively + + + align:start position:0% +is pulling tiles which are effectively +dominoes with different images on them + + align:start position:0% +dominoes with different images on them + + + align:start position:0% +dominoes with different images on them +and then you're you're aligning them to + + align:start position:0% +and then you're you're aligning them to + + + align:start position:0% +and then you're you're aligning them to +make gems so it's like an analog version + + align:start position:0% +make gems so it's like an analog version + + + align:start position:0% +make gems so it's like an analog version +of super puzzle fighter and the way but + + align:start position:0% +of super puzzle fighter and the way but + + + align:start position:0% +of super puzzle fighter and the way but +this is more to the point like + + align:start position:0% +this is more to the point like + + + align:start position:0% +this is more to the point like +everything I've just described to you + + align:start position:0% +everything I've just described to you + + + align:start position:0% +everything I've just described to you +doesn't tell you anything about the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't tell you anything about the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't tell you anything about the +games except in reference to other games + + align:start position:0% +games except in reference to other games + + + align:start position:0% +games except in reference to other games +that I about but um that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +that I about but um that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that I about but um that's kind of +how I do design I look at I look at + + align:start position:0% +how I do design I look at I look at + + + align:start position:0% +how I do design I look at I look at +games that I like and then I threw the + + align:start position:0% +games that I like and then I threw the + + + align:start position:0% +games that I like and then I threw the +sec them and take the parts that I want + + align:start position:0% +sec them and take the parts that I want + + + align:start position:0% +sec them and take the parts that I want +and and then put them back together with + + align:start position:0% +and and then put them back together with + + + align:start position:0% +and and then put them back together with +other parts and see if there's a but + + align:start position:0% +other parts and see if there's a but + + + align:start position:0% +other parts and see if there's a but +yeah also I did printing and publishing + + align:start position:0% +yeah also I did printing and publishing + + + align:start position:0% +yeah also I did printing and publishing +for ten years and then that drove me + + align:start position:0% +for ten years and then that drove me + + + align:start position:0% +for ten years and then that drove me +madder than normal so I left that to do + + align:start position:0% +madder than normal so I left that to do + + + align:start position:0% +madder than normal so I left that to do +this so I very very rapidly me and my + + align:start position:0% +this so I very very rapidly me and my + + + align:start position:0% +this so I very very rapidly me and my +team very rapidly designed games we + + align:start position:0% +team very rapidly designed games we + + + align:start position:0% +team very rapidly designed games we +bring a design all the way to a + + align:start position:0% +bring a design all the way to a + + + align:start position:0% +bring a design all the way to a +publishing level in about a month from + + align:start position:0% +publishing level in about a month from + + + align:start position:0% +publishing level in about a month from +conception to execution + + align:start position:0% +conception to execution + + + align:start position:0% +conception to execution +they're not these huge endeavors but + + align:start position:0% +they're not these huge endeavors but + + + align:start position:0% +they're not these huge endeavors but +it's good to kind of stay really busy + + align:start position:0% +it's good to kind of stay really busy + + + align:start position:0% +it's good to kind of stay really busy +with it an exercise with it and realize + + align:start position:0% +with it an exercise with it and realize + + + align:start position:0% +with it an exercise with it and realize +that sometimes the project is going to + + align:start position:0% +that sometimes the project is going to + + + align:start position:0% +that sometimes the project is going to +fail and you can back away from it and + + align:start position:0% +fail and you can back away from it and + + + align:start position:0% +fail and you can back away from it and +go Apple that month is kind of a bust + + align:start position:0% +go Apple that month is kind of a bust + + + align:start position:0% +go Apple that month is kind of a bust +and so we're actually also exploring + + align:start position:0% +and so we're actually also exploring + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're actually also exploring +different kind of business models for + + align:start position:0% +different kind of business models for + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of business models for +board games because this isn't really a + + align:start position:0% +board games because this isn't really a + + + align:start position:0% +board games because this isn't really a +huge lady + + align:start position:0% +huge lady + + + align:start position:0% +huge lady +there are very few people who are going + + align:start position:0% +there are very few people who are going + + + align:start position:0% +there are very few people who are going +to be very wealthy on it or even do good + + align:start position:0% +to be very wealthy on it or even do good + + + align:start position:0% +to be very wealthy on it or even do good +on it yeah seriously so like maybe you + + align:start position:0% +on it yeah seriously so like maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +on it yeah seriously so like maybe you +make the next Settlers of Catan and and + + align:start position:0% +make the next Settlers of Catan and and + + + align:start position:0% +make the next Settlers of Catan and and +then you're selling a SETI like 5,000 + + align:start position:0% +then you're selling a SETI like 5,000 + + + align:start position:0% +then you're selling a SETI like 5,000 +copies a year it's not that many think + + align:start position:0% +copies a year it's not that many think + + + align:start position:0% +copies a year it's not that many think +of it depending on the way your business + + align:start position:0% +of it depending on the way your business + + + align:start position:0% +of it depending on the way your business +is set up you may see a fraction of that + + align:start position:0% +is set up you may see a fraction of that + + + align:start position:0% +is set up you may see a fraction of that +money so like that's why a lot of very + + align:start position:0% +money so like that's why a lot of very + + + align:start position:0% +money so like that's why a lot of very +very good designers like I'm a big fan + + align:start position:0% +very good designers like I'm a big fan + + + align:start position:0% +very good designers like I'm a big fan +of Brunetta duty who just came out with + + align:start position:0% +of Brunetta duty who just came out with + + + align:start position:0% +of Brunetta duty who just came out with +masquerade which is like a yeah so he + + align:start position:0% +masquerade which is like a yeah so he + + + align:start position:0% +masquerade which is like a yeah so he +he'll turn out not turn out he'll put + + align:start position:0% +he'll turn out not turn out he'll put + + + align:start position:0% +he'll turn out not turn out he'll put +out a couple games and then it just gets + + align:start position:0% +out a couple games and then it just gets + + + align:start position:0% +out a couple games and then it just gets +kind of a capture major um but we + + align:start position:0% +kind of a capture major um but we + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a capture major um but we +directly using short-run printing we + + align:start position:0% +directly using short-run printing we + + + align:start position:0% +directly using short-run printing we +directly manufacturer kind of our + + align:start position:0% +directly manufacturer kind of our + + + align:start position:0% +directly manufacturer kind of our +monthly games and then people are people + + align:start position:0% +monthly games and then people are people + + + align:start position:0% +monthly games and then people are people +subscribed to us through stuff like + + align:start position:0% +subscribed to us through stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +subscribed to us through stuff like +patreon and then we just we send them + + align:start position:0% +patreon and then we just we send them + + + align:start position:0% +patreon and then we just we send them +physical copies of the games that we + + align:start position:0% +physical copies of the games that we + + + align:start position:0% +physical copies of the games that we +make and I broke up like nine different + + align:start position:0% +make and I broke up like nine different + + + align:start position:0% +make and I broke up like nine different +games I made in the past six months yeah + + align:start position:0% +games I made in the past six months yeah + + + align:start position:0% +games I made in the past six months yeah +well you can borrow some of mine because + + align:start position:0% +well you can borrow some of mine because + + + align:start position:0% +well you can borrow some of mine because +they're there and then the you could + + align:start position:0% +they're there and then the you could + + + align:start position:0% +they're there and then the you could +borrow the back ones and then also we go + + align:start position:0% +borrow the back ones and then also we go + + + align:start position:0% +borrow the back ones and then also we go +to a Kickstarter for larger games ones + + align:start position:0% +to a Kickstarter for larger games ones + + + align:start position:0% +to a Kickstarter for larger games ones +where we want to make like multi + + align:start position:0% +where we want to make like multi + + + align:start position:0% +where we want to make like multi +thousand copies of it but the board yeah + + align:start position:0% +thousand copies of it but the board yeah + + + align:start position:0% +thousand copies of it but the board yeah +I will never stop talking okay cool yeah + + align:start position:0% +I will never stop talking okay cool yeah + + + align:start position:0% +I will never stop talking okay cool yeah +for board games really awesome I think + + align:start position:0% +for board games really awesome I think + + + align:start position:0% +for board games really awesome I think +that you + + align:start position:0% +that you + + + align:start position:0% +that you +know that and they're more awesome now + + align:start position:0% +know that and they're more awesome now + + + align:start position:0% +know that and they're more awesome now +than they used to be not just because + + align:start position:0% +than they used to be not just because + + + align:start position:0% +than they used to be not just because +they're more complicated right because + + align:start position:0% +they're more complicated right because + + + align:start position:0% +they're more complicated right because +complexity isn't what makes a game + + align:start position:0% +complexity isn't what makes a game + + + align:start position:0% +complexity isn't what makes a game +really good in fact usually a really + + align:start position:0% +really good in fact usually a really + + + align:start position:0% +really good in fact usually a really +complex game is really bad because it's + + align:start position:0% +complex game is really bad because it's + + + align:start position:0% +complex game is really bad because it's +a sign that there was a huge problem and + + align:start position:0% +a sign that there was a huge problem and + + + align:start position:0% +a sign that there was a huge problem and +that the designer said oh I know how to + + align:start position:0% +that the designer said oh I know how to + + + align:start position:0% +that the designer said oh I know how to +fix this I'll add another page to the + + align:start position:0% +fix this I'll add another page to the + + + align:start position:0% +fix this I'll add another page to the +rulebook that's that's but um but games + + align:start position:0% +rulebook that's that's but um but games + + + align:start position:0% +rulebook that's that's but um but games +are better now because people want them + + align:start position:0% +are better now because people want them + + + align:start position:0% +are better now because people want them +more and the reason I mean what I think + + align:start position:0% +more and the reason I mean what I think + + + align:start position:0% +more and the reason I mean what I think +the reason people want them more is + + align:start position:0% +the reason people want them more is + + + align:start position:0% +the reason people want them more is +because we crave physical analog time + + align:start position:0% +because we crave physical analog time + + + align:start position:0% +because we crave physical analog time +with other people now more so than more + + align:start position:0% +with other people now more so than more + + + align:start position:0% +with other people now more so than more +so than when I was a kid because we're + + align:start position:0% +so than when I was a kid because we're + + + align:start position:0% +so than when I was a kid because we're +super interconnected you know + + align:start position:0% +super interconnected you know + + + align:start position:0% +super interconnected you know +smartphones and all that stuff that we + + align:start position:0% +smartphones and all that stuff that we + + + align:start position:0% +smartphones and all that stuff that we +can't live our life without look I'm + + align:start position:0% +can't live our life without look I'm + + + align:start position:0% +can't live our life without look I'm +twittering all the way down here doing + + align:start position:0% +twittering all the way down here doing + + + align:start position:0% +twittering all the way down here doing +80 on the highway cuz I'm a bad person + + align:start position:0% +80 on the highway cuz I'm a bad person + + + align:start position:0% +80 on the highway cuz I'm a bad person +but the ability to say okay I've been + + align:start position:0% +but the ability to say okay I've been + + + align:start position:0% +but the ability to say okay I've been +staring at these screens all day long + + align:start position:0% +staring at these screens all day long + + + align:start position:0% +staring at these screens all day long +and my entire life is scheduled I need + + align:start position:0% +and my entire life is scheduled I need + + + align:start position:0% +and my entire life is scheduled I need +to have some I need to schedule my + + align:start position:0% +to have some I need to schedule my + + + align:start position:0% +to have some I need to schedule my +relaxing time and it needs to not be me + + align:start position:0% +relaxing time and it needs to not be me + + + align:start position:0% +relaxing time and it needs to not be me +staring at a screen so I think there's + + align:start position:0% +staring at a screen so I think there's + + + align:start position:0% +staring at a screen so I think there's +something in the zeitgeist of that + + align:start position:0% +something in the zeitgeist of that + + + align:start position:0% +something in the zeitgeist of that +personal feeling that that people had + + align:start position:0% +personal feeling that that people had + + + align:start position:0% +personal feeling that that people had +that that has caused a resurgence in in + + align:start position:0% +that that has caused a resurgence in in + + + align:start position:0% +that that has caused a resurgence in in +face-to-face gaming yeah cuz they may + + align:start position:0% +face-to-face gaming yeah cuz they may + + + align:start position:0% +face-to-face gaming yeah cuz they may +even like like apps and stuff I will + + align:start position:0% +even like like apps and stuff I will + + + align:start position:0% +even like like apps and stuff I will +straight up just hands-down beat anyone + + align:start position:0% +straight up just hands-down beat anyone + + + align:start position:0% +straight up just hands-down beat anyone +that plays the race for the galaxy app + + align:start position:0% +that plays the race for the galaxy app + + + align:start position:0% +that plays the race for the galaxy app +if I'm playing them face to face because + + align:start position:0% +if I'm playing them face to face because + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm playing them face to face because +the the skills that you need are + + align:start position:0% +the the skills that you need are + + + align:start position:0% +the the skills that you need are +completely different things that for + + align:start position:0% +completely different things that for + + + align:start position:0% +completely different things that for +games do really well that you don't find + + align:start position:0% +games do really well that you don't find + + + align:start position:0% +games do really well that you don't find +in other mediums so like I play a ton of + + align:start position:0% +in other mediums so like I play a ton of + + + align:start position:0% +in other mediums so like I play a ton of +neck Runner which is a really awesome + + align:start position:0% +neck Runner which is a really awesome + + + align:start position:0% +neck Runner which is a really awesome +game or book on that's awful the rule + + align:start position:0% +game or book on that's awful the rule + + + align:start position:0% +game or book on that's awful the rule +book is the worst but but some people + + align:start position:0% +book is the worst but but some people + + + align:start position:0% +book is the worst but but some people +have hacked together there's a program + + align:start position:0% +have hacked together there's a program + + + align:start position:0% +have hacked together there's a program +called octagon which is like a virtual + + align:start position:0% +called octagon which is like a virtual + + + align:start position:0% +called octagon which is like a virtual +tabletop where you can basically + + align:start position:0% +tabletop where you can basically + + + align:start position:0% +tabletop where you can basically +simulate any game that's been made what + + align:start position:0% +simulate any game that's been made what + + + align:start position:0% +simulate any game that's been made what +I mean is a whole interesting other + + align:start position:0% +I mean is a whole interesting other + + + align:start position:0% +I mean is a whole interesting other +discussion of how do you do internet + + align:start position:0% +discussion of how do you do internet + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of how do you do internet +piracy of board games anyway so octagons + + align:start position:0% +piracy of board games anyway so octagons + + + align:start position:0% +piracy of board games anyway so octagons +really neat except one of the things + + align:start position:0% +really neat except one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +really neat except one of the things +about netrunner + + align:start position:0% +about netrunner + + + align:start position:0% +about netrunner +if you've played it richer raise your + + align:start position:0% +if you've played it richer raise your + + + align:start position:0% +if you've played it richer raise your +hand so I know okay yeah sure although + + align:start position:0% +hand so I know okay yeah sure although + + + align:start position:0% +hand so I know okay yeah sure although +the new version is better you should + + align:start position:0% +the new version is better you should + + + align:start position:0% +the new version is better you should +totally get back into the new version + + align:start position:0% +totally get back into the new version + + + align:start position:0% +totally get back into the new version +that's amazing so it has some it's by + + align:start position:0% +that's amazing so it has some it's by + + + align:start position:0% +that's amazing so it has some it's by +the same guy who designed Magic the + + align:start position:0% +the same guy who designed Magic the + + + align:start position:0% +the same guy who designed Magic the +Gathering and it has some similarities + + align:start position:0% +Gathering and it has some similarities + + + align:start position:0% +Gathering and it has some similarities +to that but what makes it really neat is + + align:start position:0% +to that but what makes it really neat is + + + align:start position:0% +to that but what makes it really neat is +that it's kind of an asymmetrical game + + align:start position:0% +that it's kind of an asymmetrical game + + + align:start position:0% +that it's kind of an asymmetrical game +like I'll be an evil corporation for + + align:start position:0% +like I'll be an evil corporation for + + + align:start position:0% +like I'll be an evil corporation for +instance and you might be a scrappy + + align:start position:0% +instance and you might be a scrappy + + + align:start position:0% +instance and you might be a scrappy +computer hacker and you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +computer hacker and you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +computer hacker and you're trying to +infiltrate my servers which are + + align:start position:0% +infiltrate my servers which are + + + align:start position:0% +infiltrate my servers which are +represented by my deck of cards my hand + + align:start position:0% +represented by my deck of cards my hand + + + align:start position:0% +represented by my deck of cards my hand +of cards my discard pile of cards or + + align:start position:0% +of cards my discard pile of cards or + + + align:start position:0% +of cards my discard pile of cards or +like other things that I've installed + + align:start position:0% +like other things that I've installed + + + align:start position:0% +like other things that I've installed +and find what - various plans are right + + align:start position:0% +and find what - various plans are right + + + align:start position:0% +and find what - various plans are right +you get all these crazy programs that + + align:start position:0% +you get all these crazy programs that + + + align:start position:0% +you get all these crazy programs that +allow you to circumnavigate my defenses + + align:start position:0% +allow you to circumnavigate my defenses + + + align:start position:0% +allow you to circumnavigate my defenses +and I get all these programs that allow + + align:start position:0% +and I get all these programs that allow + + + align:start position:0% +and I get all these programs that allow +me to put down the fences or maybe I get + + align:start position:0% +me to put down the fences or maybe I get + + + align:start position:0% +me to put down the fences or maybe I get +a card that says I or really Bombardier + + align:start position:0% +a card that says I or really Bombardier + + + align:start position:0% +a card that says I or really Bombardier +your apartment building which is always + + align:start position:0% +your apartment building which is always + + + align:start position:0% +your apartment building which is always +fun but a huge part of that game + + align:start position:0% +fun but a huge part of that game + + + align:start position:0% +fun but a huge part of that game +although you can play it on octagon a + + align:start position:0% +although you can play it on octagon a + + + align:start position:0% +although you can play it on octagon a +tremendous part of that game is is + + align:start position:0% +tremendous part of that game is is + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous part of that game is is +bluffing because it's it's what makes + + align:start position:0% +bluffing because it's it's what makes + + + align:start position:0% +bluffing because it's it's what makes +the game really rich as the hidden in + + align:start position:0% +the game really rich as the hidden in + + + align:start position:0% +the game really rich as the hidden in +for not just that it's asymmetrical but + + align:start position:0% +for not just that it's asymmetrical but + + + align:start position:0% +for not just that it's asymmetrical but +there's a huge component of hitting + + align:start position:0% +there's a huge component of hitting + + + align:start position:0% +there's a huge component of hitting +information like as a corporation in + + align:start position:0% +information like as a corporation in + + + align:start position:0% +information like as a corporation in +that game everything I do I do by + + align:start position:0% +that game everything I do I do by + + + align:start position:0% +that game everything I do I do by +placing my cards facedown so I know what + + align:start position:0% +placing my cards facedown so I know what + + + align:start position:0% +placing my cards facedown so I know what +they are but you don't and you have to + + align:start position:0% +they are but you don't and you have to + + + align:start position:0% +they are but you don't and you have to +like you know start to count cards a + + align:start position:0% +like you know start to count cards a + + + align:start position:0% +like you know start to count cards a +little bit or like start to make + + align:start position:0% +little bit or like start to make + + + align:start position:0% +little bit or like start to make +educated guesses about what you can you + + align:start position:0% +educated guesses about what you can you + + + align:start position:0% +educated guesses about what you can you +know can I run into can I can I can I + + align:start position:0% +know can I run into can I can I can I + + + align:start position:0% +know can I run into can I can I can I +attack his hand even though I have no + + align:start position:0% +attack his hand even though I have no + + + align:start position:0% +attack his hand even though I have no +offensive capabilities here is that + + align:start position:0% +offensive capabilities here is that + + + align:start position:0% +offensive capabilities here is that +going to mean that he explodes like a + + align:start position:0% +going to mean that he explodes like a + + + align:start position:0% +going to mean that he explodes like a +thing in my brain and my my computer + + align:start position:0% +thing in my brain and my my computer + + + align:start position:0% +thing in my brain and my my computer +hacker dies or you know there's there + + align:start position:0% +hacker dies or you know there's there + + + align:start position:0% +hacker dies or you know there's there +there's all that so a lot of that game + + align:start position:0% +there's all that so a lot of that game + + + align:start position:0% +there's all that so a lot of that game +is call is about managing what's called + + align:start position:0% +is call is about managing what's called + + + align:start position:0% +is call is about managing what's called +tilt which is um something you get in + + align:start position:0% +tilt which is um something you get in + + + align:start position:0% +tilt which is um something you get in +poker when you start if you play poker + + align:start position:0% +poker when you start if you play poker + + + align:start position:0% +poker when you start if you play poker +when you start losing poker if you + + align:start position:0% +when you start losing poker if you + + + align:start position:0% +when you start losing poker if you +forget that pokers is kind of a long + + align:start position:0% +forget that pokers is kind of a long + + + align:start position:0% +forget that pokers is kind of a long +game and that you should really be + + align:start position:0% +game and that you should really be + + + align:start position:0% +game and that you should really be +playing it with an eye on what the rest + + align:start position:0% +playing it with an eye on what the rest + + + align:start position:0% +playing it with an eye on what the rest +of your week looks like as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +of your week looks like as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +of your week looks like as opposed to +this hand you'll start to play worse + + align:start position:0% +this hand you'll start to play worse + + + align:start position:0% +this hand you'll start to play worse +because you're doing worse and you'll + + align:start position:0% +because you're doing worse and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +because you're doing worse and you'll +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +and so it's kind of like a towel but + + align:start position:0% +and so it's kind of like a towel but + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's kind of like a towel but +it's it's almost it's more than just + + align:start position:0% +it's it's almost it's more than just + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's almost it's more than just +saying like I've got a bad card in my + + align:start position:0% +saying like I've got a bad card in my + + + align:start position:0% +saying like I've got a bad card in my +hand it's going I'm losing so I need to + + align:start position:0% +hand it's going I'm losing so I need to + + + align:start position:0% +hand it's going I'm losing so I need to +play harder which would be great if it + + align:start position:0% +play harder which would be great if it + + + align:start position:0% +play harder which would be great if it +was handball or something but in a card + + align:start position:0% +was handball or something but in a card + + + align:start position:0% +was handball or something but in a card +game that's really like that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +game that's really like that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +game that's really like that doesn't +work because really what you want to do + + align:start position:0% +work because really what you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +work because really what you want to do +is establish a regularity and what + + align:start position:0% +is establish a regularity and what + + + align:start position:0% +is establish a regularity and what +you're doing especially a game that + + align:start position:0% +you're doing especially a game that + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing especially a game that +that's that kind of mathematically + + align:start position:0% +that's that kind of mathematically + + + align:start position:0% +that's that kind of mathematically +perfect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so my name's Mackenzie Cameron I'm event + + align:start position:0% +so my name's Mackenzie Cameron I'm event + + + align:start position:0% +so my name's Mackenzie Cameron I'm event +coordinator for the game makers guild so + + align:start position:0% +coordinator for the game makers guild so + + + align:start position:0% +coordinator for the game makers guild so +we host a lot of events which you guys + + align:start position:0% +we host a lot of events which you guys + + + align:start position:0% +we host a lot of events which you guys +if you have any games in any level + + align:start position:0% +if you have any games in any level + + + align:start position:0% +if you have any games in any level +prototype whether it's nearly finished + + align:start position:0% +prototype whether it's nearly finished + + + align:start position:0% +prototype whether it's nearly finished +or you just you know scrape down + + align:start position:0% +or you just you know scrape down + + + align:start position:0% +or you just you know scrape down +something on an Afghan and you're like + + align:start position:0% +something on an Afghan and you're like + + + align:start position:0% +something on an Afghan and you're like +it might play you go grab some dice or + + align:start position:0% +it might play you go grab some dice or + + + align:start position:0% +it might play you go grab some dice or +whatever we accept that which you'll + + align:start position:0% +whatever we accept that which you'll + + + align:start position:0% +whatever we accept that which you'll +check out our site let's meet up slash + + align:start position:0% +check out our site let's meet up slash + + + align:start position:0% +check out our site let's meet up slash +game makers go oh actually we just + + align:start position:0% +game makers go oh actually we just + + + align:start position:0% +game makers go oh actually we just +recently got the game makers guild calm + + align:start position:0% +recently got the game makers guild calm + + + align:start position:0% +recently got the game makers guild calm +so you can go to that website that's a + + align:start position:0% +so you can go to that website that's a + + + align:start position:0% +so you can go to that website that's a +coup which I'm just enjoying exactly you + + align:start position:0% +coup which I'm just enjoying exactly you + + + align:start position:0% +coup which I'm just enjoying exactly you +know sweet I'm slowly trying to make + + align:start position:0% +know sweet I'm slowly trying to make + + + align:start position:0% +know sweet I'm slowly trying to make +sure that rebuild copy for that as an + + align:start position:0% +sure that rebuild copy for that as an + + + align:start position:0% +sure that rebuild copy for that as an +option so it just gave me a little more + + align:start position:0% +option so it just gave me a little more + + + align:start position:0% +option so it just gave me a little more +game makers deal calm + + align:start position:0% +game makers deal calm + + + align:start position:0% +game makers deal calm +awesome I don't know how we managed to + + align:start position:0% +awesome I don't know how we managed to + + + align:start position:0% +awesome I don't know how we managed to +get that without it somebody else + + align:start position:0% +get that without it somebody else + + + align:start position:0% +get that without it somebody else +already having it but I know most a lot + + align:start position:0% +already having it but I know most a lot + + + align:start position:0% +already having it but I know most a lot +of the other events that we hope to be + + align:start position:0% +of the other events that we hope to be + + + align:start position:0% +of the other events that we hope to be +like just the standard play testing but + + align:start position:0% +like just the standard play testing but + + + align:start position:0% +like just the standard play testing but +we also do like indie board game that + + align:start position:0% +we also do like indie board game that + + + align:start position:0% +we also do like indie board game that +showcases actually I posted that and + + align:start position:0% +showcases actually I posted that and + + + align:start position:0% +showcases actually I posted that and +brookline three times now where we just + + align:start position:0% +brookline three times now where we just + + + align:start position:0% +brookline three times now where we just +did anyone that has like a cool design + + align:start position:0% +did anyone that has like a cool design + + + align:start position:0% +did anyone that has like a cool design +submit your designs and then we try and + + align:start position:0% +submit your designs and then we try and + + + align:start position:0% +submit your designs and then we try and +bring it out to the public and then + + align:start position:0% +bring it out to the public and then + + + align:start position:0% +bring it out to the public and then +let's see other stuff that I do I tried + + align:start position:0% +let's see other stuff that I do I tried + + + align:start position:0% +let's see other stuff that I do I tried +to get my hand in everything or dim + + align:start position:0% +to get my hand in everything or dim + + + align:start position:0% +to get my hand in everything or dim +related in Boston I helped out at night + + align:start position:0% +related in Boston I helped out at night + + + align:start position:0% +related in Boston I helped out at night +moves the board game cafe + + align:start position:0% +moves the board game cafe + + + align:start position:0% +moves the board game cafe +which is a lot of fun okay so don't know + + align:start position:0% +which is a lot of fun okay so don't know + + + align:start position:0% +which is a lot of fun okay so don't know +about it it's a you pay ten bucks to get + + align:start position:0% +about it it's a you pay ten bucks to get + + + align:start position:0% +about it it's a you pay ten bucks to get +in they having a library of something + + align:start position:0% +in they having a library of something + + + align:start position:0% +in they having a library of something +like 700 games and you can play it for + + align:start position:0% +like 700 games and you can play it for + + + align:start position:0% +like 700 games and you can play it for +as long as you like with anybody that's + + align:start position:0% +as long as you like with anybody that's + + + align:start position:0% +as long as you like with anybody that's +around I also do a board games themed + + align:start position:0% +around I also do a board games themed + + + align:start position:0% +around I also do a board games themed +webcomic overboard + + align:start position:0% +webcomic overboard + + + align:start position:0% +webcomic overboard +- comic calm oh I'm gonna be doing a + + align:start position:0% +- comic calm oh I'm gonna be doing a + + + align:start position:0% +- comic calm oh I'm gonna be doing a +panel offense this year me and five + + align:start position:0% +panel offense this year me and five + + + align:start position:0% +panel offense this year me and five +other folks are we talking about board + + align:start position:0% +other folks are we talking about board + + + align:start position:0% +other folks are we talking about board +game language but should be pretty + + align:start position:0% +game language but should be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +game language but should be pretty +interesting it's a talk like a board + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's a talk like a board + + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's a talk like a board +game geek if anyone's going to pax who's + + align:start position:0% +game geek if anyone's going to pax who's + + + align:start position:0% +game geek if anyone's going to pax who's +going to pax many of you you should + + align:start position:0% +going to pax many of you you should + + + align:start position:0% +going to pax many of you you should +totally go it's like the best thing the + + align:start position:0% +totally go it's like the best thing the + + + align:start position:0% +totally go it's like the best thing the +reason I moved to Boston and then in + + align:start position:0% +reason I moved to Boston and then in + + + align:start position:0% +reason I moved to Boston and then in +this sort of distant future I've got a + + align:start position:0% +this sort of distant future I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of distant future I've got a +plans for my sort of maiden voyage into + + align:start position:0% +plans for my sort of maiden voyage into + + + align:start position:0% +plans for my sort of maiden voyage into +Kickstarter called killer broke a which + + align:start position:0% +Kickstarter called killer broke a which + + + align:start position:0% +Kickstarter called killer broke a which +is a croquet based murder simulator + + align:start position:0% +is a croquet based murder simulator + + + align:start position:0% +is a croquet based murder simulator +that'll be a board game and it's amazing + + align:start position:0% +that'll be a board game and it's amazing + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be a board game and it's amazing +and I'm kind of on nemesis it up now + + align:start position:0% +and I'm kind of on nemesis it up now + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm kind of on nemesis it up now +just say that the line is wrong about + + align:start position:0% +just say that the line is wrong about + + + align:start position:0% +just say that the line is wrong about +anything but I'm doing sort of one idea + + align:start position:0% +anything but I'm doing sort of one idea + + + align:start position:0% +anything but I'm doing sort of one idea +build it up do the Kickstarter sort of + + align:start position:0% +build it up do the Kickstarter sort of + + + align:start position:0% +build it up do the Kickstarter sort of +thing the rapid iteration is yeah really + + align:start position:0% +thing the rapid iteration is yeah really + + + align:start position:0% +thing the rapid iteration is yeah really +important but there's definitely lots of + + align:start position:0% +important but there's definitely lots of + + + align:start position:0% +important but there's definitely lots of +different paths towards making a board + + align:start position:0% +different paths towards making a board + + + align:start position:0% +different paths towards making a board +game and having it be successful I think + + align:start position:0% +game and having it be successful I think + + + align:start position:0% +game and having it be successful I think +the main difference is that he has + + align:start position:0% +the main difference is that he has + + + align:start position:0% +the main difference is that he has +another job + + align:start position:0% +another job + + + align:start position:0% +another job +oh yeah and I don't that's right for no + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah and I don't that's right for no + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah and I don't that's right for no +money at all yeah I did this for no + + align:start position:0% +money at all yeah I did this for no + + + align:start position:0% +money at all yeah I did this for no +money - except that's a problem so rapid + + align:start position:0% +money - except that's a problem so rapid + + + align:start position:0% +money - except that's a problem so rapid +iteration but you know I do want to talk + + align:start position:0% +iteration but you know I do want to talk + + + align:start position:0% +iteration but you know I do want to talk +about like how you how you went from + + align:start position:0% +about like how you how you went from + + + align:start position:0% +about like how you how you went from +game idea to like the prototype sure I + + align:start position:0% +game idea to like the prototype sure I + + + align:start position:0% +game idea to like the prototype sure I +mean do they do me one of them ask + + align:start position:0% +mean do they do me one of them ask + + + align:start position:0% +mean do they do me one of them ask +questions okay + + align:start position:0% +questions okay + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay +so it's the process - definitely I mean + + align:start position:0% +so it's the process - definitely I mean + + + align:start position:0% +so it's the process - definitely I mean +rapid iteration but I just kind of + + align:start position:0% +rapid iteration but I just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +rapid iteration but I just kind of +finally settled on one idea that I + + align:start position:0% +finally settled on one idea that I + + + align:start position:0% +finally settled on one idea that I +actually want to push forward rather + + align:start position:0% +actually want to push forward rather + + + align:start position:0% +actually want to push forward rather +than try and extrusion fun lots of small + + align:start position:0% +than try and extrusion fun lots of small + + + align:start position:0% +than try and extrusion fun lots of small +ideas get the one big one I think the + + align:start position:0% +ideas get the one big one I think the + + + align:start position:0% +ideas get the one big one I think the +main difference is that is that I'm + + align:start position:0% +main difference is that is that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +main difference is that is that I'm +hoping that with that one idea I'll be + + align:start position:0% +hoping that with that one idea I'll be + + + align:start position:0% +hoping that with that one idea I'll be +able to Ken + + align:start position:0% +able to Ken + + + align:start position:0% +able to Ken +he's momentum to generally generate more + + align:start position:0% +he's momentum to generally generate more + + + align:start position:0% +he's momentum to generally generate more +funding for a general brand name of my + + align:start position:0% +funding for a general brand name of my + + + align:start position:0% +funding for a general brand name of my +design studio but the coming up of that + + align:start position:0% +design studio but the coming up of that + + + align:start position:0% +design studio but the coming up of that +ad is definitely a rapid iteration + + align:start position:0% +ad is definitely a rapid iteration + + + align:start position:0% +ad is definitely a rapid iteration +process where you come up with the very + + align:start position:0% +process where you come up with the very + + + align:start position:0% +process where you come up with the very +like sketchy idea some players some + + align:start position:0% +like sketchy idea some players some + + + align:start position:0% +like sketchy idea some players some +designers start with a mechanic so + + align:start position:0% +designers start with a mechanic so + + + align:start position:0% +designers start with a mechanic so +they're like I want to do something with + + align:start position:0% +they're like I want to do something with + + + align:start position:0% +they're like I want to do something with +deck building where build decks over the + + align:start position:0% +deck building where build decks over the + + + align:start position:0% +deck building where build decks over the +course of the game which makes an engine + + align:start position:0% +course of the game which makes an engine + + + align:start position:0% +course of the game which makes an engine +that you then draw to then do other cool + + align:start position:0% +that you then draw to then do other cool + + + align:start position:0% +that you then draw to then do other cool +things and then other players other + + align:start position:0% +things and then other players other + + + align:start position:0% +things and then other players other +designers myself I'm usually like this + + align:start position:0% +designers myself I'm usually like this + + + align:start position:0% +designers myself I'm usually like this +start with some sort of system or some + + align:start position:0% +start with some sort of system or some + + + align:start position:0% +start with some sort of system or some +sort of theme in my case croquet and see + + align:start position:0% +sort of theme in my case croquet and see + + + align:start position:0% +sort of theme in my case croquet and see +if you can turn that into a board game + + align:start position:0% +if you can turn that into a board game + + + align:start position:0% +if you can turn that into a board game +by adding different mechanics and seeing + + align:start position:0% +by adding different mechanics and seeing + + + align:start position:0% +by adding different mechanics and seeing +what works and what doesn't + + align:start position:0% +what works and what doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +what works and what doesn't +which the game makers field is pretty + + align:start position:0% +which the game makers field is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +which the game makers field is pretty +fantastic for that when you get a game + + align:start position:0% +fantastic for that when you get a game + + + align:start position:0% +fantastic for that when you get a game +you design it and not your first like + + align:start position:0% +you design it and not your first like + + + align:start position:0% +you design it and not your first like +first place where you look at your name + + align:start position:0% +first place where you look at your name + + + align:start position:0% +first place where you look at your name +you feel like this is amazing this it'll + + align:start position:0% +you feel like this is amazing this it'll + + + align:start position:0% +you feel like this is amazing this it'll +work and you're trying to tell something + + align:start position:0% +work and you're trying to tell something + + + align:start position:0% +work and you're trying to tell something +about it and you try and have them play + + align:start position:0% +about it and you try and have them play + + + align:start position:0% +about it and you try and have them play +it and that doesn't always work so well + + align:start position:0% +it and that doesn't always work so well + + + align:start position:0% +it and that doesn't always work so well +no words it never works actually the + + align:start position:0% +no words it never works actually the + + + align:start position:0% +no words it never works actually the +first time you put your thing down on + + align:start position:0% +first time you put your thing down on + + + align:start position:0% +first time you put your thing down on +the table it's maybe burst into flames + + align:start position:0% +the table it's maybe burst into flames + + + align:start position:0% +the table it's maybe burst into flames +yeah a best-case scenario is it a burst + + align:start position:0% +yeah a best-case scenario is it a burst + + + align:start position:0% +yeah a best-case scenario is it a burst +of the flames in the music you've made + + align:start position:0% +of the flames in the music you've made + + + align:start position:0% +of the flames in the music you've made +some mistakes and it basically + + align:start position:0% +some mistakes and it basically + + + align:start position:0% +some mistakes and it basically +unplayable because you know you need + + align:start position:0% +unplayable because you know you need + + + align:start position:0% +unplayable because you know you need +dice and you realize that when you roll + + align:start position:0% +dice and you realize that when you roll + + + align:start position:0% +dice and you realize that when you roll +the dice the numbers always add up tis + + align:start position:0% +the dice the numbers always add up tis + + + align:start position:0% +the dice the numbers always add up tis +some combination of factors that when + + align:start position:0% +some combination of factors that when + + + align:start position:0% +some combination of factors that when +you apply that to the systems like oh + + align:start position:0% +you apply that to the systems like oh + + + align:start position:0% +you apply that to the systems like oh +well you're supposed to only move one + + align:start position:0% +well you're supposed to only move one + + + align:start position:0% +well you're supposed to only move one +space but every time you do this you + + align:start position:0% +space but every time you do this you + + + align:start position:0% +space but every time you do this you +actually just die immediately yeah so + + align:start position:0% +actually just die immediately yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +actually just die immediately yeah so +people can like like break break it + + align:start position:0% +people can like like break break it + + + align:start position:0% +people can like like break break it +again they actually he got like a table + + align:start position:0% +again they actually he got like a table + + + align:start position:0% +again they actually he got like a table +to find a tautology element and it just + + align:start position:0% +to find a tautology element and it just + + + align:start position:0% +to find a tautology element and it just +repeatedly but the worst one of them + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly but the worst one of them + + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly but the worst one of them +like the worst things you can do at a + + align:start position:0% +like the worst things you can do at a + + + align:start position:0% +like the worst things you can do at a +game that is developing for awhile I + + align:start position:0% +game that is developing for awhile I + + + align:start position:0% +game that is developing for awhile I +pitched it to you game salute and it was + + align:start position:0% +pitched it to you game salute and it was + + + align:start position:0% +pitched it to you game salute and it was +a semi cooperative game so the idea was + + align:start position:0% +a semi cooperative game so the idea was + + + align:start position:0% +a semi cooperative game so the idea was +that all players I have to work together + + align:start position:0% +that all players I have to work together + + + align:start position:0% +that all players I have to work together +so that everybody doesn't lose but then + + align:start position:0% +so that everybody doesn't lose but then + + + align:start position:0% +so that everybody doesn't lose but then +once you're going to reach a certain + + align:start position:0% +once you're going to reach a certain + + + align:start position:0% +once you're going to reach a certain +threshold only one player can win and + + align:start position:0% +threshold only one player can win and + + + align:start position:0% +threshold only one player can win and +kind of a difficult concept to really + + align:start position:0% +kind of a difficult concept to really + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a difficult concept to really +balance well but I managed + + align:start position:0% +balance well but I managed + + + align:start position:0% +balance well but I managed +really finagle it and get it working and + + align:start position:0% +really finagle it and get it working and + + + align:start position:0% +really finagle it and get it working and +a bunch of my play testers played it and + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of my play testers played it and + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of my play testers played it and +it worked out exactly the way I wanted + + align:start position:0% +it worked out exactly the way I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +it worked out exactly the way I wanted +to they play it to a certain point and + + align:start position:0% +to they play it to a certain point and + + + align:start position:0% +to they play it to a certain point and +then they turn on each other then + + align:start position:0% +then they turn on each other then + + + align:start position:0% +then they turn on each other then +there's a sort of big climactic battle + + align:start position:0% +there's a sort of big climactic battle + + + align:start position:0% +there's a sort of big climactic battle +and it was fantastic + + align:start position:0% +and it was fantastic + + + align:start position:0% +and it was fantastic +watching them just the mechanically of + + align:start position:0% +watching them just the mechanically of + + + align:start position:0% +watching them just the mechanically of +how it works and then I asked them you + + align:start position:0% +how it works and then I asked them you + + + align:start position:0% +how it works and then I asked them you +know alright it seemed it seemed to work + + align:start position:0% +know alright it seemed it seemed to work + + + align:start position:0% +know alright it seemed it seemed to work +out really well that you guys enjoy it I + + align:start position:0% +out really well that you guys enjoy it I + + + align:start position:0% +out really well that you guys enjoy it I +said it was awful I said but it worked + + align:start position:0% +said it was awful I said but it worked + + + align:start position:0% +said it was awful I said but it worked +like you guys functioned in the way that + + align:start position:0% +like you guys functioned in the way that + + + align:start position:0% +like you guys functioned in the way that +was very functional is good you know but + + align:start position:0% +was very functional is good you know but + + + align:start position:0% +was very functional is good you know but +it wasn't fun which is something they + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't fun which is something they + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't fun which is something they +you know you realize as a designer + + align:start position:0% +you know you realize as a designer + + + align:start position:0% +you know you realize as a designer +you're putting stuff together that the + + align:start position:0% +you're putting stuff together that the + + + align:start position:0% +you're putting stuff together that the +things that you necessarily think are + + align:start position:0% +things that you necessarily think are + + + align:start position:0% +things that you necessarily think are +very interesting or even if they're + + align:start position:0% +very interesting or even if they're + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting or even if they're +working don't necessarily come across as + + align:start position:0% +working don't necessarily come across as + + + align:start position:0% +working don't necessarily come across as +fun + + align:start position:0% +fun + + + align:start position:0% +fun +sounds like really interesting they + + align:start position:0% +sounds like really interesting they + + + align:start position:0% +sounds like really interesting they +finish the game yes usually like if + + align:start position:0% +finish the game yes usually like if + + + align:start position:0% +finish the game yes usually like if +you're especially if it's in a dedicated + + align:start position:0% +you're especially if it's in a dedicated + + + align:start position:0% +you're especially if it's in a dedicated +play dozen group and especially in the + + align:start position:0% +play dozen group and especially in the + + + align:start position:0% +play dozen group and especially in the +game makers Guild words primarily + + align:start position:0% +game makers Guild words primarily + + + align:start position:0% +game makers Guild words primarily +designers right that has its own + + align:start position:0% +designers right that has its own + + + align:start position:0% +designers right that has its own +downsides to it but yeah they'll see it + + align:start position:0% +downsides to it but yeah they'll see it + + + align:start position:0% +downsides to it but yeah they'll see it +through I mean they'll go Sisyphus on it + + align:start position:0% +through I mean they'll go Sisyphus on it + + + align:start position:0% +through I mean they'll go Sisyphus on it +push that Boulder all the way up just to + + align:start position:0% +push that Boulder all the way up just to + + + align:start position:0% +push that Boulder all the way up just to +see you know I mean even when we found + + align:start position:0% +see you know I mean even when we found + + + align:start position:0% +see you know I mean even when we found +stuff that that is completely broken in + + align:start position:0% +stuff that that is completely broken in + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that that is completely broken in +a game like I was playing a game where + + align:start position:0% +a game like I was playing a game where + + + align:start position:0% +a game like I was playing a game where +it was about like robots rising up + + align:start position:0% +it was about like robots rising up + + + align:start position:0% +it was about like robots rising up +against humans or something and there's + + align:start position:0% +against humans or something and there's + + + align:start position:0% +against humans or something and there's +this whole propaganda element and then + + align:start position:0% +this whole propaganda element and then + + + align:start position:0% +this whole propaganda element and then +in the first few turns we had identified + + align:start position:0% +in the first few turns we had identified + + + align:start position:0% +in the first few turns we had identified +that if you just went to this one space + + align:start position:0% +that if you just went to this one space + + + align:start position:0% +that if you just went to this one space +on the board and continued to by + + align:start position:0% +on the board and continued to by + + + align:start position:0% +on the board and continued to by +propaganda posters you could shut every + + align:start position:0% +propaganda posters you could shut every + + + align:start position:0% +propaganda posters you could shut every +other player educate and so it was just + + align:start position:0% +other player educate and so it was just + + + align:start position:0% +other player educate and so it was just +I'm gonna go there I'm not gonna move + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna go there I'm not gonna move + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna go there I'm not gonna move +I'm just gonna keep doing this for the + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna keep doing this for the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna keep doing this for the +entire game until I win and at that + + align:start position:0% +entire game until I win and at that + + + align:start position:0% +entire game until I win and at that +point you could be like okay I don't + + align:start position:0% +point you could be like okay I don't + + + align:start position:0% +point you could be like okay I don't +want to put this game anymore this is + + align:start position:0% +want to put this game anymore this is + + + align:start position:0% +want to put this game anymore this is +dumb but we did it for a half hour as + + align:start position:0% +dumb but we did it for a half hour as + + + align:start position:0% +dumb but we did it for a half hour as +different people tried different things + + align:start position:0% +different people tried different things + + + align:start position:0% +different people tried different things +using the ruleset to unseat that bad + + align:start position:0% +using the ruleset to unseat that bad + + + align:start position:0% +using the ruleset to unseat that bad +decision so sometimes even when you + + align:start position:0% +decision so sometimes even when you + + + align:start position:0% +decision so sometimes even when you +identify something that's broken it just + + align:start position:0% +identify something that's broken it just + + + align:start position:0% +identify something that's broken it just +gives you a new wound to start poking at + + align:start position:0% +gives you a new wound to start poking at + + + align:start position:0% +gives you a new wound to start poking at +to see like what does this hurt doctor + + align:start position:0% +to see like what does this hurt doctor + + + align:start position:0% +to see like what does this hurt doctor +that's how doctors work + + align:start position:0% +that's how doctors work + + + align:start position:0% +that's how doctors work +stab you well it's funny cos eat up that + + align:start position:0% +stab you well it's funny cos eat up that + + + align:start position:0% +stab you well it's funny cos eat up that +doctor's game and we go this dr. skip + + align:start position:0% +doctor's game and we go this dr. skip + + + align:start position:0% +doctor's game and we go this dr. skip +yeah but sobbing cell phones that's + + align:start position:0% +yeah but sobbing cell phones that's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but sobbing cell phones that's +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +encouraging playtesters to kind of + + align:start position:0% +encouraging playtesters to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +encouraging playtesters to kind of +finish a game can be an art in and of + + align:start position:0% +finish a game can be an art in and of + + + align:start position:0% +finish a game can be an art in and of +itself oftentimes when you get in + + align:start position:0% +itself oftentimes when you get in + + + align:start position:0% +itself oftentimes when you get in +designers that think that they can fix + + align:start position:0% +designers that think that they can fix + + + align:start position:0% +designers that think that they can fix +your game for you it'll be hard-pressed + + align:start position:0% +your game for you it'll be hard-pressed + + + align:start position:0% +your game for you it'll be hard-pressed +to get them to finish his game because + + align:start position:0% +to get them to finish his game because + + + align:start position:0% +to get them to finish his game because +they're like no no this doesn't where + + align:start position:0% +they're like no no this doesn't where + + + align:start position:0% +they're like no no this doesn't where +you should do it like this but trying to + + align:start position:0% +you should do it like this but trying to + + + align:start position:0% +you should do it like this but trying to +urge your play testers we actually had + + align:start position:0% +urge your play testers we actually had + + + align:start position:0% +urge your play testers we actually had +an event where we brought some the end + + align:start position:0% +an event where we brought some the end + + + align:start position:0% +an event where we brought some the end +was an expert on generating play test + + align:start position:0% +was an expert on generating play test + + + align:start position:0% +was an expert on generating play test +feedback actually for video games but + + align:start position:0% +feedback actually for video games but + + + align:start position:0% +feedback actually for video games but +you don't lot of paper prototyping so it + + align:start position:0% +you don't lot of paper prototyping so it + + + align:start position:0% +you don't lot of paper prototyping so it +carried it over how oftentimes is just + + align:start position:0% +carried it over how oftentimes is just + + + align:start position:0% +carried it over how oftentimes is just +trying to encourage players to go all + + align:start position:0% +trying to encourage players to go all + + + align:start position:0% +trying to encourage players to go all +the way through because sometimes even + + align:start position:0% +the way through because sometimes even + + + align:start position:0% +the way through because sometimes even +as players even with published games + + align:start position:0% +as players even with published games + + + align:start position:0% +as players even with published games +you'll play a game like in the first + + align:start position:0% +you'll play a game like in the first + + + align:start position:0% +you'll play a game like in the first +playthrough you feel like oh this this + + align:start position:0% +playthrough you feel like oh this this + + + align:start position:0% +playthrough you feel like oh this this +one strategy is completely broken I + + align:start position:0% +one strategy is completely broken I + + + align:start position:0% +one strategy is completely broken I +don't know if anyone's familiar with the + + align:start position:0% +don't know if anyone's familiar with the + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if anyone's familiar with the +card game race for the galaxy maybe a + + align:start position:0% +card game race for the galaxy maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +card game race for the galaxy maybe a +couple but there's one particular + + align:start position:0% +couple but there's one particular + + + align:start position:0% +couple but there's one particular +strategy in it where the first time you + + align:start position:0% +strategy in it where the first time you + + + align:start position:0% +strategy in it where the first time you +play through there's the military + + align:start position:0% +play through there's the military + + + align:start position:0% +play through there's the military +strategy where if you have a certain + + align:start position:0% +strategy where if you have a certain + + + align:start position:0% +strategy where if you have a certain +level of military play a lot of cards + + align:start position:0% +level of military play a lot of cards + + + align:start position:0% +level of military play a lot of cards +roughly for free which is based on the + + align:start position:0% +roughly for free which is based on the + + + align:start position:0% +roughly for free which is based on the +mechanics and almost everybody that + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and almost everybody that + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and almost everybody that +plays the game for the first time + + align:start position:0% +plays the game for the first time + + + align:start position:0% +plays the game for the first time +realizes like oh man military is such a + + align:start position:0% +realizes like oh man military is such a + + + align:start position:0% +realizes like oh man military is such a +great strategy like how did they like + + align:start position:0% +great strategy like how did they like + + + align:start position:0% +great strategy like how did they like +make this game and then the second time + + align:start position:0% +make this game and then the second time + + + align:start position:0% +make this game and then the second time +you play through two players try and use + + align:start position:0% +you play through two players try and use + + + align:start position:0% +you play through two players try and use +that strategy and a third player does a + + align:start position:0% +that strategy and a third player does a + + + align:start position:0% +that strategy and a third player does a +different strategy and all of a sudden + + align:start position:0% +different strategy and all of a sudden + + + align:start position:0% +different strategy and all of a sudden +that's the strategy that's overpowered + + align:start position:0% +that's the strategy that's overpowered + + + align:start position:0% +that's the strategy that's overpowered +and often times because the game doesn't + + align:start position:0% +and often times because the game doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +and often times because the game doesn't +completely lay itself out in front of + + align:start position:0% +completely lay itself out in front of + + + align:start position:0% +completely lay itself out in front of +all the players and the first play test + + align:start position:0% +all the players and the first play test + + + align:start position:0% +all the players and the first play test +that the perception that it's broken is + + align:start position:0% +that the perception that it's broken is + + + align:start position:0% +that the perception that it's broken is +not always necessarily trillion and you + + align:start position:0% +not always necessarily trillion and you + + + align:start position:0% +not always necessarily trillion and you +can't find that kind of stuff until you + + align:start position:0% +can't find that kind of stuff until you + + + align:start position:0% +can't find that kind of stuff until you +play tested in a really long time + + align:start position:0% +play tested in a really long time + + + align:start position:0% +play tested in a really long time +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +or I think the very example that is + + align:start position:0% +or I think the very example that is + + + align:start position:0% +or I think the very example that is +we're coming gamble goes except like oh + + align:start position:0% +we're coming gamble goes except like oh + + + align:start position:0% +we're coming gamble goes except like oh +man this tragedy set over powered like + + align:start position:0% +man this tragedy set over powered like + + + align:start position:0% +man this tragedy set over powered like +this person's form like 70 points with + + align:start position:0% +this person's form like 70 points with + + + align:start position:0% +this person's form like 70 points with +it and none of us were above like 40 or + + align:start position:0% +it and none of us were above like 40 or + + + align:start position:0% +it and none of us were above like 40 or +so yeah and then give us unlike on Sonya + + align:start position:0% +so yeah and then give us unlike on Sonya + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah and then give us unlike on Sonya +try 180 points yeah well there's no + + align:start position:0% +try 180 points yeah well there's no + + + align:start position:0% +try 180 points yeah well there's no +stuff like that I think that's another + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that I think that's another + + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that I think that's another +that that eliminates another interesting + + align:start position:0% +that that eliminates another interesting + + + align:start position:0% +that that eliminates another interesting +thing about playtesting the the group + + align:start position:0% +thing about playtesting the the group + + + align:start position:0% +thing about playtesting the the group +that you're playtesting with really can + + align:start position:0% +that you're playtesting with really can + + + align:start position:0% +that you're playtesting with really can +make a huge different not just is this + + align:start position:0% +make a huge different not just is this + + + align:start position:0% +make a huge different not just is this +person or designer is this person matter + + align:start position:0% +person or designer is this person matter + + + align:start position:0% +person or designer is this person matter +designer but but how deeply they want to + + align:start position:0% +designer but but how deeply they want to + + + align:start position:0% +designer but but how deeply they want to +get into mastering that that system or + + align:start position:0% +get into mastering that that system or + + + align:start position:0% +get into mastering that that system or +how much they care about mastering that + + align:start position:0% +how much they care about mastering that + + + align:start position:0% +how much they care about mastering that +system because we offer i mean multiple + + align:start position:0% +system because we offer i mean multiple + + + align:start position:0% +system because we offer i mean multiple +tiers of play testing if the game makers + + align:start position:0% +tiers of play testing if the game makers + + + align:start position:0% +tiers of play testing if the game makers +go we have like just the standard we + + align:start position:0% +go we have like just the standard we + + + align:start position:0% +go we have like just the standard we +come in you play with a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +come in you play with a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +come in you play with a bunch of +designers and they tell you it's crap + + align:start position:0% +designers and they tell you it's crap + + + align:start position:0% +designers and they tell you it's crap +and you go home and you cry and then + + align:start position:0% +and you go home and you cry and then + + + align:start position:0% +and you go home and you cry and then +you'd make a little bit better and get a + + align:start position:0% +you'd make a little bit better and get a + + + align:start position:0% +you'd make a little bit better and get a +little better but then there's also we + + align:start position:0% +little better but then there's also we + + + align:start position:0% +little better but then there's also we +have intensive play testing which is + + align:start position:0% +have intensive play testing which is + + + align:start position:0% +have intensive play testing which is +sort of phase two after you get a + + align:start position:0% +sort of phase two after you get a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of phase two after you get a +certain number have a nomination and + + align:start position:0% +certain number have a nomination and + + + align:start position:0% +certain number have a nomination and +curation system we're trying to set up a + + align:start position:0% +curation system we're trying to set up a + + + align:start position:0% +curation system we're trying to set up a +seal of a makers seal of approval so we + + align:start position:0% +seal of a makers seal of approval so we + + + align:start position:0% +seal of a makers seal of approval so we +can hopefully better pitch the our games + + align:start position:0% +can hopefully better pitch the our games + + + align:start position:0% +can hopefully better pitch the our games +to designers and the general public + + align:start position:0% +to designers and the general public + + + align:start position:0% +to designers and the general public +look at phase two intensive is the + + align:start position:0% +look at phase two intensive is the + + + align:start position:0% +look at phase two intensive is the +chance for union get the same roof + + align:start position:0% +chance for union get the same roof + + + align:start position:0% +chance for union get the same roof +people together and play your game a + + align:start position:0% +people together and play your game a + + + align:start position:0% +people together and play your game a +bunch of times and kind of I mean again + + align:start position:0% +bunch of times and kind of I mean again + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of times and kind of I mean again +part of the fun of that for play testers + + align:start position:0% +part of the fun of that for play testers + + + align:start position:0% +part of the fun of that for play testers +for a designer like it helps to iterate + + align:start position:0% +for a designer like it helps to iterate + + + align:start position:0% +for a designer like it helps to iterate +that even if the game is broken so that + + align:start position:0% +that even if the game is broken so that + + + align:start position:0% +that even if the game is broken so that +you can find all the little bits and + + align:start position:0% +you can find all the little bits and + + + align:start position:0% +you can find all the little bits and +pieces where the game's completely falls + + align:start position:0% +pieces where the game's completely falls + + + align:start position:0% +pieces where the game's completely falls +apart but the plays fester it can be + + align:start position:0% +apart but the plays fester it can be + + + align:start position:0% +apart but the plays fester it can be +kind of fun to just find like I mean + + align:start position:0% +kind of fun to just find like I mean + + + align:start position:0% +kind of fun to just find like I mean +it's like when you play a video game and + + align:start position:0% +it's like when you play a video game and + + + align:start position:0% +it's like when you play a video game and +you find like find something like + + align:start position:0% +you find like find something like + + + align:start position:0% +you find like find something like +element of the game where the graphics + + align:start position:0% +element of the game where the graphics + + + align:start position:0% +element of the game where the graphics +are screwed up or altering the world or + + align:start position:0% +are screwed up or altering the world or + + + align:start position:0% +are screwed up or altering the world or +almost adjust the exploration of that I + + align:start position:0% +almost adjust the exploration of that I + + + align:start position:0% +almost adjust the exploration of that I +don't have a lot of play testers like + + align:start position:0% +don't have a lot of play testers like + + + align:start position:0% +don't have a lot of play testers like +they enjoy like finding the the chinks + + align:start position:0% +they enjoy like finding the the chinks + + + align:start position:0% +they enjoy like finding the the chinks +in the armor + + align:start position:0% +in the armor + + + align:start position:0% +in the armor +well I think the other thing about about + + align:start position:0% +well I think the other thing about about + + + align:start position:0% +well I think the other thing about about +doing repeated play tests especially if + + align:start position:0% +doing repeated play tests especially if + + + align:start position:0% +doing repeated play tests especially if +it's the same group has anybody played + + align:start position:0% +it's the same group has anybody played + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same group has anybody played +the blend beer game Luke rousers that + + align:start position:0% +the blend beer game Luke rousers that + + + align:start position:0% +the blend beer game Luke rousers that +just came out like a so it's great you + + align:start position:0% +just came out like a so it's great you + + + align:start position:0% +just came out like a so it's great you +should play it totally worth the money + + align:start position:0% +should play it totally worth the money + + + align:start position:0% +should play it totally worth the money +it's a it's kind of like a lunar lander + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's kind of like a lunar lander + + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's kind of like a lunar lander +meets asteroids game right let's see so + + align:start position:0% +meets asteroids game right let's see so + + + align:start position:0% +meets asteroids game right let's see so +you're like kind of drifting and but you + + align:start position:0% +you're like kind of drifting and but you + + + align:start position:0% +you're like kind of drifting and but you +you can cut + + align:start position:0% +you can cut + + + align:start position:0% +you can cut +some eyes your air your airplane with + + align:start position:0% +some eyes your air your airplane with + + + align:start position:0% +some eyes your air your airplane with +like different engines and different + + align:start position:0% +like different engines and different + + + align:start position:0% +like different engines and different +bodies and different weapons and they + + align:start position:0% +bodies and different weapons and they + + + align:start position:0% +bodies and different weapons and they +all make the gameplay they all screw the + + align:start position:0% +all make the gameplay they all screw the + + + align:start position:0% +all make the gameplay they all screw the +physics of the game in different ways + + align:start position:0% +physics of the game in different ways + + + align:start position:0% +physics of the game in different ways +well unless you put like three or four + + align:start position:0% +well unless you put like three or four + + + align:start position:0% +well unless you put like three or four +hours into playing that game which is a + + align:start position:0% +hours into playing that game which is a + + + align:start position:0% +hours into playing that game which is a +lot of time for a very Arkady style game + + align:start position:0% +lot of time for a very Arkady style game + + + align:start position:0% +lot of time for a very Arkady style game +you don't you won't really know like how + + align:start position:0% +you don't you won't really know like how + + + align:start position:0% +you don't you won't really know like how +do I get past a certain threshold of + + align:start position:0% +do I get past a certain threshold of + + + align:start position:0% +do I get past a certain threshold of +points and and what is my sweet spot in + + align:start position:0% +points and and what is my sweet spot in + + + align:start position:0% +points and and what is my sweet spot in +controlling this airplane that I can + + align:start position:0% +controlling this airplane that I can + + + align:start position:0% +controlling this airplane that I can +maximize like how how powerful I am with + + align:start position:0% +maximize like how how powerful I am with + + + align:start position:0% +maximize like how how powerful I am with +it it's the same thing in in board games + + align:start position:0% +it it's the same thing in in board games + + + align:start position:0% +it it's the same thing in in board games +often it doesn't happen in that in that + + align:start position:0% +often it doesn't happen in that in that + + + align:start position:0% +often it doesn't happen in that in that +timeframe but um like for instance with + + align:start position:0% +timeframe but um like for instance with + + + align:start position:0% +timeframe but um like for instance with +netrunner or magic or whatever you play + + align:start position:0% +netrunner or magic or whatever you play + + + align:start position:0% +netrunner or magic or whatever you play +and play and play and play and you start + + align:start position:0% +and play and play and play and you start + + + align:start position:0% +and play and play and play and you start +to realize that some of the things in + + align:start position:0% +to realize that some of the things in + + + align:start position:0% +to realize that some of the things in +this game are just red herrings they're + + align:start position:0% +this game are just red herrings they're + + + align:start position:0% +this game are just red herrings they're +just they're just included to dilute the + + align:start position:0% +just they're just included to dilute the + + + align:start position:0% +just they're just included to dilute the +power of other things or they're they're + + align:start position:0% +power of other things or they're they're + + + align:start position:0% +power of other things or they're they're +included to to counterbalance very + + align:start position:0% +included to to counterbalance very + + + align:start position:0% +included to to counterbalance very +specific scenarios and things that seem + + align:start position:0% +specific scenarios and things that seem + + + align:start position:0% +specific scenarios and things that seem +like total weights are actually really + + align:start position:0% +like total weights are actually really + + + align:start position:0% +like total weights are actually really +important later on in the game and you + + align:start position:0% +important later on in the game and you + + + align:start position:0% +important later on in the game and you +just can't get that upfront just real + + align:start position:0% +just can't get that upfront just real + + + align:start position:0% +just can't get that upfront just real +quick and going back to so keen really + + align:start position:0% +quick and going back to so keen really + + + align:start position:0% +quick and going back to so keen really +quick is that there is a certain + + align:start position:0% +quick is that there is a certain + + + align:start position:0% +quick is that there is a certain +difficulty with length of games so if + + align:start position:0% +difficulty with length of games so if + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty with length of games so if +you have the game that you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +you have the game that you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +you have the game that you're trying to +play test it and you hit 30 minutes and + + align:start position:0% +play test it and you hit 30 minutes and + + + align:start position:0% +play test it and you hit 30 minutes and +it's not fun and then you totally your + + align:start position:0% +it's not fun and then you totally your + + + align:start position:0% +it's not fun and then you totally your +players don't worry just two and a half + + align:start position:0% +players don't worry just two and a half + + + align:start position:0% +players don't worry just two and a half +hours warheads okay we'll get it figured + + align:start position:0% +hours warheads okay we'll get it figured + + + align:start position:0% +hours warheads okay we'll get it figured +out you've got a much harder row to toe + + align:start position:0% +out you've got a much harder row to toe + + + align:start position:0% +out you've got a much harder row to toe +on that which is actually you'll find + + align:start position:0% +on that which is actually you'll find + + + align:start position:0% +on that which is actually you'll find +interest I think in part you'll see a + + align:start position:0% +interest I think in part you'll see a + + + align:start position:0% +interest I think in part you'll see a +lot more games that are designed for the + + align:start position:0% +lot more games that are designed for the + + + align:start position:0% +lot more games that are designed for the +45 minute mark because that's usually I + + align:start position:0% +45 minute mark because that's usually I + + + align:start position:0% +45 minute mark because that's usually I +mean that's the easiest way to iterate a + + align:start position:0% +mean that's the easiest way to iterate a + + + align:start position:0% +mean that's the easiest way to iterate a +game that's about the time I mean think + + align:start position:0% +game that's about the time I mean think + + + align:start position:0% +game that's about the time I mean think +about the amount of free time you really + + align:start position:0% +about the amount of free time you really + + + align:start position:0% +about the amount of free time you really +have in your life well they certainly + + align:start position:0% +have in your life well they certainly + + + align:start position:0% +have in your life well they certainly +have a lot of different our students but + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of different our students but + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of different our students but +even that I mean there's kegs to stand + + align:start position:0% +even that I mean there's kegs to stand + + + align:start position:0% +even that I mean there's kegs to stand +on and although chess or I don't know + + align:start position:0% +on and although chess or I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +on and although chess or I don't know +what they do at MIT + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +giant robot yeah if you build a robot + + align:start position:0% +giant robot yeah if you build a robot + + + align:start position:0% +giant robot yeah if you build a robot +cake um sorry I have a dime in my tie + + align:start position:0% +cake um sorry I have a dime in my tie + + + align:start position:0% +cake um sorry I have a dime in my tie +cuz I'm a professional it's just trying + + align:start position:0% +cuz I'm a professional it's just trying + + + align:start position:0% +cuz I'm a professional it's just trying +to do that oh there's another important + + align:start position:0% +to do that oh there's another important + + + align:start position:0% +to do that oh there's another important +thing about being a designer develop a + + align:start position:0% +thing about being a designer develop a + + + align:start position:0% +thing about being a designer develop a +mental disorder that'll really really + + align:start position:0% +mental disorder that'll really really + + + align:start position:0% +mental disorder that'll really really +help you get the tiny problems like + + align:start position:0% +help you get the tiny problems like + + + align:start position:0% +help you get the tiny problems like +dimes in your tire so yeah so half hour + + align:start position:0% +dimes in your tire so yeah so half hour + + + align:start position:0% +dimes in your tire so yeah so half hour +45 minute games are kind of becoming the + + align:start position:0% +45 minute games are kind of becoming the + + + align:start position:0% +45 minute games are kind of becoming the +thing as board games become more and + + align:start position:0% +thing as board games become more and + + + align:start position:0% +thing as board games become more and +more popular in America because they + + align:start position:0% +more popular in America because they + + + align:start position:0% +more popular in America because they +were always well for the past 25 30 + + align:start position:0% +were always well for the past 25 30 + + + align:start position:0% +were always well for the past 25 30 +years they were very popular in Europe + + align:start position:0% +years they were very popular in Europe + + + align:start position:0% +years they were very popular in Europe +and when we're talking about board games + + align:start position:0% +and when we're talking about board games + + + align:start position:0% +and when we're talking about board games +I think we're not talking about like + + align:start position:0% +I think we're not talking about like + + + align:start position:0% +I think we're not talking about like +traditional games like monopoly Scrabble + + align:start position:0% +traditional games like monopoly Scrabble + + + align:start position:0% +traditional games like monopoly Scrabble +you know that kind of early American + + align:start position:0% +you know that kind of early American + + + align:start position:0% +you know that kind of early American +family board game nice and funny too + + align:start position:0% +family board game nice and funny too + + + align:start position:0% +family board game nice and funny too +because there's so struggle creaking + + align:start position:0% +because there's so struggle creaking + + + align:start position:0% +because there's so struggle creaking +there's there's so much like when we + + align:start position:0% +there's there's so much like when we + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's so much like when we +talk about board games we're talking + + align:start position:0% +talk about board games we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +talk about board games we're talking +about they're roughly this big we've got + + align:start position:0% +about they're roughly this big we've got + + + align:start position:0% +about they're roughly this big we've got +the designers name on the box they take + + align:start position:0% +the designers name on the box they take + + + align:start position:0% +the designers name on the box they take +between like forty five to three hours + + align:start position:0% +between like forty five to three hours + + + align:start position:0% +between like forty five to three hours +but it excludes things like Warhammer + + align:start position:0% +but it excludes things like Warhammer + + + align:start position:0% +but it excludes things like Warhammer +yeah different war games there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +yeah different war games there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +yeah different war games there's a whole +whole other cultures out there which I'm + + align:start position:0% +whole other cultures out there which I'm + + + align:start position:0% +whole other cultures out there which I'm +really cool but like when we say board + + align:start position:0% +really cool but like when we say board + + + align:start position:0% +really cool but like when we say board +games we're talking about that and again + + align:start position:0% +games we're talking about that and again + + + align:start position:0% +games we're talking about that and again +like and that's the difference from say + + align:start position:0% +like and that's the difference from say + + + align:start position:0% +like and that's the difference from say +like I like to use the term tabletop + + align:start position:0% +like I like to use the term tabletop + + + align:start position:0% +like I like to use the term tabletop +games + + align:start position:0% +games + + + align:start position:0% +games +but I'll expand that that really far I + + align:start position:0% +but I'll expand that that really far I + + + align:start position:0% +but I'll expand that that really far I +do the tabletop producing for the Boston + + align:start position:0% +do the tabletop producing for the Boston + + + align:start position:0% +do the tabletop producing for the Boston +Festival indie games which is coming up + + align:start position:0% +Festival indie games which is coming up + + + align:start position:0% +Festival indie games which is coming up +in September + + align:start position:0% +in September + + + align:start position:0% +in September +that's she talked about that skating + + align:start position:0% +that's she talked about that skating + + + align:start position:0% +that's she talked about that skating +like a hockey rink and where I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +like a hockey rink and where I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +like a hockey rink and where I'm gonna +fill it up with indie games I don't know + + align:start position:0% +fill it up with indie games I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +fill it up with indie games I don't know +much more than that we just open yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well one of the thing one of the + + align:start position:0% +well one of the thing one of the + + + align:start position:0% +well one of the thing one of the +differences from last year that that + + align:start position:0% +differences from last year that that + + + align:start position:0% +differences from last year that that +when I came on board this is my first + + align:start position:0% +when I came on board this is my first + + + align:start position:0% +when I came on board this is my first +year doing it I really wanted the stress + + align:start position:0% +year doing it I really wanted the stress + + + align:start position:0% +year doing it I really wanted the stress +was that the tabletop game or an analog + + align:start position:0% +was that the tabletop game or an analog + + + align:start position:0% +was that the tabletop game or an analog +game is is something is a different term + + align:start position:0% +game is is something is a different term + + + align:start position:0% +game is is something is a different term +than a than a board game right a board + + align:start position:0% +than a than a board game right a board + + + align:start position:0% +than a than a board game right a board +game is very literally something with a + + align:start position:0% +game is very literally something with a + + + align:start position:0% +game is very literally something with a +board but a tabletop game I'll stretch + + align:start position:0% +board but a tabletop game I'll stretch + + + align:start position:0% +board but a tabletop game I'll stretch +that and say you know card games or + + align:start position:0% +that and say you know card games or + + + align:start position:0% +that and say you know card games or +tabletop games role-playing games or + + align:start position:0% +tabletop games role-playing games or + + + align:start position:0% +tabletop games role-playing games or +tabletop games like you could be playing + + align:start position:0% +tabletop games like you could be playing + + + align:start position:0% +tabletop games like you could be playing +the crunchiest most globnar D&D crack + + align:start position:0% +the crunchiest most globnar D&D crack + + + align:start position:0% +the crunchiest most globnar D&D crack +nerds a term for + + align:start position:0% +nerds a term for + + + align:start position:0% +nerds a term for +it's a French term for curmudgeonly old + + align:start position:0% +it's a French term for curmudgeonly old + + + align:start position:0% +it's a French term for curmudgeonly old +guys that's basically I think it + + align:start position:0% +guys that's basically I think it + + + align:start position:0% +guys that's basically I think it +actually is about generals or something + + align:start position:0% +actually is about generals or something + + + align:start position:0% +actually is about generals or something +they're the worst so so like apples to + + align:start position:0% +they're the worst so so like apples to + + + align:start position:0% +they're the worst so so like apples to +apples is a tabletop game what's the + + align:start position:0% +apples is a tabletop game what's the + + + align:start position:0% +apples is a tabletop game what's the +game where you're pulling out the sticks + + align:start position:0% +game where you're pulling out the sticks + + + align:start position:0% +game where you're pulling out the sticks +and the marvels fall down oh kerplunk + + align:start position:0% +and the marvels fall down oh kerplunk + + + align:start position:0% +and the marvels fall down oh kerplunk +god I love that game kerplunk is a + + align:start position:0% +god I love that game kerplunk is a + + + align:start position:0% +god I love that game kerplunk is a +tabletop game Domino's is a tabletop + + align:start position:0% +tabletop game Domino's is a tabletop + + + align:start position:0% +tabletop game Domino's is a tabletop +game bocce ball is not a tabletop game + + align:start position:0% +game bocce ball is not a tabletop game + + + align:start position:0% +game bocce ball is not a tabletop game +but it's great but also like you know if + + align:start position:0% +but it's great but also like you know if + + + align:start position:0% +but it's great but also like you know if +role-playing games are tabletop games as + + align:start position:0% +role-playing games are tabletop games as + + + align:start position:0% +role-playing games are tabletop games as +I've been a LARP is a tabletop game + + align:start position:0% +I've been a LARP is a tabletop game + + + align:start position:0% +I've been a LARP is a tabletop game +because a LARP is just a role-playing + + align:start position:0% +because a LARP is just a role-playing + + + align:start position:0% +because a LARP is just a role-playing +game without dice and if larcs are + + align:start position:0% +game without dice and if larcs are + + + align:start position:0% +game without dice and if larcs are +tabletop games then how about a + + align:start position:0% +tabletop games then how about a + + + align:start position:0% +tabletop games then how about a +technically dexterity games well if + + align:start position:0% +technically dexterity games well if + + + align:start position:0% +technically dexterity games well if +you're doing popper alarm but if you're + + align:start position:0% +you're doing popper alarm but if you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing popper alarm but if you're +doing something like Nordic LARP which + + align:start position:0% +doing something like Nordic LARP which + + + align:start position:0% +doing something like Nordic LARP which +is a brand of live-action role-playing + + align:start position:0% +is a brand of live-action role-playing + + + align:start position:0% +is a brand of live-action role-playing +from Norway Sweden and Finland I was at + + align:start position:0% +from Norway Sweden and Finland I was at + + + align:start position:0% +from Norway Sweden and Finland I was at +a convention with those people I see + + align:start position:0% +a convention with those people I see + + + align:start position:0% +a convention with those people I see +last week and they are hilarious the + + align:start position:0% +last week and they are hilarious the + + + align:start position:0% +last week and they are hilarious the +ones the only one that I know is that + + align:start position:0% +ones the only one that I know is that + + + align:start position:0% +ones the only one that I know is that +they do there's a Battlestar Galactica + + align:start position:0% +they do there's a Battlestar Galactica + + + align:start position:0% +they do there's a Battlestar Galactica +where they actually they rent out and + + align:start position:0% +where they actually they rent out and + + + align:start position:0% +where they actually they rent out and +old like battleship your battleship for + + align:start position:0% +old like battleship your battleship for + + + align:start position:0% +old like battleship your battleship for +the woody cabinet for a weekend and yeah + + align:start position:0% +the woody cabinet for a weekend and yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the woody cabinet for a weekend and yeah +they just they go and they clear this + + align:start position:0% +they just they go and they clear this + + + align:start position:0% +they just they go and they clear this +game on like out on frigid waters and + + align:start position:0% +game on like out on frigid waters and + + + align:start position:0% +game on like out on frigid waters and +military bunkers playing a Battlestar + + align:start position:0% +military bunkers playing a Battlestar + + + align:start position:0% +military bunkers playing a Battlestar +Galactica themed yeah live-action role + + align:start position:0% +Galactica themed yeah live-action role + + + align:start position:0% +Galactica themed yeah live-action role +so it is a role-playing game but it's + + align:start position:0% +so it is a role-playing game but it's + + + align:start position:0% +so it is a role-playing game but it's +also kind of like a interactive theatre + + align:start position:0% +also kind of like a interactive theatre + + + align:start position:0% +also kind of like a interactive theatre +performance that game was crazy + + align:start position:0% +performance that game was crazy + + + align:start position:0% +performance that game was crazy +apparently because they did die so there + + align:start position:0% +apparently because they did die so there + + + align:start position:0% +apparently because they did die so there +is every familiar Battlestar Galactica + + align:start position:0% +is every familiar Battlestar Galactica + + + align:start position:0% +is every familiar Battlestar Galactica +okay so there's robots and they look + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's robots and they look + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's robots and they look +like people so they had it was the + + align:start position:0% +like people so they had it was the + + + align:start position:0% +like people so they had it was the +Battlestar Galactica and then they had + + align:start position:0% +Battlestar Galactica and then they had + + + align:start position:0% +Battlestar Galactica and then they had +people who were Cylons who were agents + + align:start position:0% +people who were Cylons who were agents + + + align:start position:0% +people who were Cylons who were agents +and then anyone who was wearing red was + + align:start position:0% +and then anyone who was wearing red was + + + align:start position:0% +and then anyone who was wearing red was +a hallucination and could only be seen + + align:start position:0% +a hallucination and could only be seen + + + align:start position:0% +a hallucination and could only be seen +by specific characters so on the second + + align:start position:0% +by specific characters so on the second + + + align:start position:0% +by specific characters so on the second +day of the LARP and this is like a three + + align:start position:0% +day of the LARP and this is like a three + + + align:start position:0% +day of the LARP and this is like a three +day thing you freaking sleep on this + + align:start position:0% +day thing you freaking sleep on this + + + align:start position:0% +day thing you freaking sleep on this +battleship and everybody's in character + + align:start position:0% +battleship and everybody's in character + + + align:start position:0% +battleship and everybody's in character +the whole time on the second day of the + + align:start position:0% +the whole time on the second day of the + + + align:start position:0% +the whole time on the second day of the +LARP one of the guys who was in red who + + align:start position:0% +LARP one of the guys who was in red who + + + align:start position:0% +LARP one of the guys who was in red who +is part of the plot as a hallucination + + align:start position:0% +is part of the plot as a hallucination + + + align:start position:0% +is part of the plot as a hallucination +they brought his twin brother in nobody + + align:start position:0% +they brought his twin brother in nobody + + + align:start position:0% +they brought his twin brother in nobody +else knew + + align:start position:0% +else knew + + + align:start position:0% +else knew +that you had a twin brother so all of a + + align:start position:0% +that you had a twin brother so all of a + + + align:start position:0% +that you had a twin brother so all of a +sudden there's two identical + + align:start position:0% +sudden there's two identical + + + align:start position:0% +sudden there's two identical +hallucinations wanderer on the ship and + + align:start position:0% +hallucinations wanderer on the ship and + + + align:start position:0% +hallucinations wanderer on the ship and +everything flipping their words + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I guess I'm thinking that if we could + + align:start position:0% +so I guess I'm thinking that if we could + + + align:start position:0% +so I guess I'm thinking that if we could +rent a battleship for Boston but like + + align:start position:0% +rent a battleship for Boston but like + + + align:start position:0% +rent a battleship for Boston but like +that's you know and then like games like + + align:start position:0% +that's you know and then like games like + + + align:start position:0% +that's you know and then like games like +johann sebastian jealous which is a + + align:start position:0% +johann sebastian jealous which is a + + + align:start position:0% +johann sebastian jealous which is a +digital game but is it really a digital + + align:start position:0% +digital game but is it really a digital + + + align:start position:0% +digital game but is it really a digital +game it's really kind of like tau i + + align:start position:0% +game it's really kind of like tau i + + + align:start position:0% +game it's really kind of like tau i +didn't say was it space team team and + + align:start position:0% +didn't say was it space team team and + + + align:start position:0% +didn't say was it space team team and +all iOS game you played by basically + + align:start position:0% +all iOS game you played by basically + + + align:start position:0% +all iOS game you played by basically +even user interface you have to press + + align:start position:0% +even user interface you have to press + + + align:start position:0% +even user interface you have to press +buttons before it runs out unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +buttons before it runs out unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +buttons before it runs out unfortunately +what buttons you have to press it's not + + align:start position:0% +what buttons you have to press it's not + + + align:start position:0% +what buttons you have to press it's not +on your screen but on someone else's + + align:start position:0% +on your screen but on someone else's + + + align:start position:0% +on your screen but on someone else's +screen so they'll tell you to flash the + + align:start position:0% +screen so they'll tell you to flash the + + + align:start position:0% +screen so they'll tell you to flash the +paper screw and you'll look understand + + align:start position:0% +paper screw and you'll look understand + + + align:start position:0% +paper screw and you'll look understand +you're like do I have this paper screen + + align:start position:0% +you're like do I have this paper screen + + + align:start position:0% +you're like do I have this paper screen +of flash but at the same time is that a + + align:start position:0% +of flash but at the same time is that a + + + align:start position:0% +of flash but at the same time is that a +game because there's not really much to + + align:start position:0% +game because there's not really much to + + + align:start position:0% +game because there's not really much to +it in terms of the digital aspect so + + align:start position:0% +it in terms of the digital aspect so + + + align:start position:0% +it in terms of the digital aspect so +much is that it's a timer and you have + + align:start position:0% +much is that it's a timer and you have + + + align:start position:0% +much is that it's a timer and you have +to press buttons at the right time like + + align:start position:0% +to press buttons at the right time like + + + align:start position:0% +to press buttons at the right time like +you make it analog you could make a long + + align:start position:0% +you make it analog you could make a long + + + align:start position:0% +you make it analog you could make a long +version of that all these different + + align:start position:0% +version of that all these different + + + align:start position:0% +version of that all these different +categories all these different markets + + align:start position:0% +categories all these different markets + + + align:start position:0% +categories all these different markets +you think of how are you exploring that + + align:start position:0% +you think of how are you exploring that + + + align:start position:0% +you think of how are you exploring that +are you marketing your games like what + + align:start position:0% +are you marketing your games like what + + + align:start position:0% +are you marketing your games like what +are you marketing your game times what + + align:start position:0% +are you marketing your game times what + + + align:start position:0% +are you marketing your game times what +are you certainly when we say kind of + + align:start position:0% +are you certainly when we say kind of + + + align:start position:0% +are you certainly when we say kind of +organs you mean like against the box + + align:start position:0% +organs you mean like against the box + + + align:start position:0% +organs you mean like against the box +about JPEG which is in this in this + + align:start position:0% +about JPEG which is in this in this + + + align:start position:0% +about JPEG which is in this in this +instance I call it the hobby industry + + align:start position:0% +instance I call it the hobby industry + + + align:start position:0% +instance I call it the hobby industry +though there's a lot of very nebulous + + align:start position:0% +though there's a lot of very nebulous + + + align:start position:0% +though there's a lot of very nebulous +terms of what that falls under but the + + align:start position:0% +terms of what that falls under but the + + + align:start position:0% +terms of what that falls under but the +hobby industry would but what is + + align:start position:0% +hobby industry would but what is + + + align:start position:0% +hobby industry would but what is +separate from the toy industry which I + + align:start position:0% +separate from the toy industry which I + + + align:start position:0% +separate from the toy industry which I +was actually at Toy Fair yeah in New + + align:start position:0% +was actually at Toy Fair yeah in New + + + align:start position:0% +was actually at Toy Fair yeah in New +York grass most mostly I actually just + + align:start position:0% +York grass most mostly I actually just + + + align:start position:0% +York grass most mostly I actually just +wrote an article on my blog about there + + align:start position:0% +wrote an article on my blog about there + + + align:start position:0% +wrote an article on my blog about there +is between a game inventor a game + + align:start position:0% +is between a game inventor a game + + + align:start position:0% +is between a game inventor a game +designer and a game writer and how it + + align:start position:0% +designer and a game writer and how it + + + align:start position:0% +designer and a game writer and how it +separates out the different industries + + align:start position:0% +separates out the different industries + + + align:start position:0% +separates out the different industries +that are out there but for myself + + align:start position:0% +that are out there but for myself + + + align:start position:0% +that are out there but for myself +personally our our kind of industry and + + align:start position:0% +personally our our kind of industry and + + + align:start position:0% +personally our our kind of industry and +where we're hoping that we're seeing the + + align:start position:0% +where we're hoping that we're seeing the + + + align:start position:0% +where we're hoping that we're seeing the +most + + align:start position:0% +most + + + align:start position:0% +most +growth is appealing to people that are + + align:start position:0% +growth is appealing to people that are + + + align:start position:0% +growth is appealing to people that are +mostly on social media a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +mostly on social media a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +mostly on social media a lot of people +that are really into Kickstarter and + + align:start position:0% +that are really into Kickstarter and + + + align:start position:0% +that are really into Kickstarter and +very independent somatic games that are + + align:start position:0% +very independent somatic games that are + + + align:start position:0% +very independent somatic games that are +both themselves somatically interesting + + align:start position:0% +both themselves somatically interesting + + + align:start position:0% +both themselves somatically interesting +as well as the systems that are within + + align:start position:0% +as well as the systems that are within + + + align:start position:0% +as well as the systems that are within +them are fair and balanced and are + + align:start position:0% +them are fair and balanced and are + + + align:start position:0% +them are fair and balanced and are +worthwhile to do so my strategy is + + align:start position:0% +worthwhile to do so my strategy is + + + align:start position:0% +worthwhile to do so my strategy is +actually to initiate my kicks arse in + + align:start position:0% +actually to initiate my kicks arse in + + + align:start position:0% +actually to initiate my kicks arse in +about six months and in that time I'm + + align:start position:0% +about six months and in that time I'm + + + align:start position:0% +about six months and in that time I'm +going to be creating a transmedia + + align:start position:0% +going to be creating a transmedia + + + align:start position:0% +going to be creating a transmedia +storytelling ad campaign that will take + + align:start position:0% +storytelling ad campaign that will take + + + align:start position:0% +storytelling ad campaign that will take +the theme of the game turn it into sort + + align:start position:0% +the theme of the game turn it into sort + + + align:start position:0% +the theme of the game turn it into sort +of a story and then promote that as well + + align:start position:0% +of a story and then promote that as well + + + align:start position:0% +of a story and then promote that as well +as talking about the general design as a + + align:start position:0% +as talking about the general design as a + + + align:start position:0% +as talking about the general design as a +results hoping to engage social media + + align:start position:0% +results hoping to engage social media + + + align:start position:0% +results hoping to engage social media +networks that will then generate the add + + align:start position:0% +networks that will then generate the add + + + align:start position:0% +networks that will then generate the add +the needed buzz or when the Kickstarter + + align:start position:0% +the needed buzz or when the Kickstarter + + + align:start position:0% +the needed buzz or when the Kickstarter +campaign actually watches a lot of a lot + + align:start position:0% +campaign actually watches a lot of a lot + + + align:start position:0% +campaign actually watches a lot of a lot +of fundraising has less to do with what + + align:start position:0% +of fundraising has less to do with what + + + align:start position:0% +of fundraising has less to do with what +you're making and more to do with what + + align:start position:0% +you're making and more to do with what + + + align:start position:0% +you're making and more to do with what +you can conceivably accomplish in + + align:start position:0% +you can conceivably accomplish in + + + align:start position:0% +you can conceivably accomplish in +marketing right so so if you have no + + align:start position:0% +marketing right so so if you have no + + + align:start position:0% +marketing right so so if you have no +budget you have to rely on certain + + align:start position:0% +budget you have to rely on certain + + + align:start position:0% +budget you have to rely on certain +marketing techniques as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +marketing techniques as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +marketing techniques as opposed to +others it's not a lot of people who have + + align:start position:0% +others it's not a lot of people who have + + + align:start position:0% +others it's not a lot of people who have +no budget like to think that like a + + align:start position:0% +no budget like to think that like a + + + align:start position:0% +no budget like to think that like a +commercials don't work that's stupid no + + align:start position:0% +commercials don't work that's stupid no + + + align:start position:0% +commercials don't work that's stupid no +why would anybody do that as a way of + + align:start position:0% +why would anybody do that as a way of + + + align:start position:0% +why would anybody do that as a way of +kind of convincing themselves that + + align:start position:0% +kind of convincing themselves that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of convincing themselves that +they've made like a noble choice tonight + + align:start position:0% +they've made like a noble choice tonight + + + align:start position:0% +they've made like a noble choice tonight +they just didn't have the money + + align:start position:0% +they just didn't have the money + + + align:start position:0% +they just didn't have the money +sometimes commercials really work like + + align:start position:0% +sometimes commercials really work like + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes commercials really work like +for instance as I was tutoring on my way + + align:start position:0% +for instance as I was tutoring on my way + + + align:start position:0% +for instance as I was tutoring on my way +down here I relaunched a Google AdWords + + align:start position:0% +down here I relaunched a Google AdWords + + + align:start position:0% +down here I relaunched a Google AdWords +campaign for our game slash because now + + align:start position:0% +campaign for our game slash because now + + + align:start position:0% +campaign for our game slash because now +I can fulfill orders for it using + + align:start position:0% +I can fulfill orders for it using + + + align:start position:0% +I can fulfill orders for it using +multiple marketing vectors in order to + + align:start position:0% +multiple marketing vectors in order to + + + align:start position:0% +multiple marketing vectors in order to +get people interested in your project is + + align:start position:0% +get people interested in your project is + + + align:start position:0% +get people interested in your project is +really really important especially + + align:start position:0% +really really important especially + + + align:start position:0% +really really important especially +because the means it's a very + + align:start position:0% +because the means it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +because the means it's a very +competitive space it is an industry that + + align:start position:0% +competitive space it is an industry that + + + align:start position:0% +competitive space it is an industry that +it's like a hobby and toy industry was + + align:start position:0% +it's like a hobby and toy industry was + + + align:start position:0% +it's like a hobby and toy industry was +like six point 1 billion dollars last + + align:start position:0% +like six point 1 billion dollars last + + + align:start position:0% +like six point 1 billion dollars last +year this is not insignificant pittance + + align:start position:0% +year this is not insignificant pittance + + + align:start position:0% +year this is not insignificant pittance +video games but unlike video games it is + + align:start position:0% +video games but unlike video games it is + + + align:start position:0% +video games but unlike video games it is +an industry that has grown 11% on + + align:start position:0% +an industry that has grown 11% on + + + align:start position:0% +an industry that has grown 11% on +average for the year over year for the + + align:start position:0% +average for the year over year for the + + + align:start position:0% +average for the year over year for the +past five years and then + + align:start position:0% +past five years and then + + + align:start position:0% +past five years and then +before that it was even there was even + + align:start position:0% +before that it was even there was even + + + align:start position:0% +before that it was even there was even +growing more so than that no no is that + + align:start position:0% +growing more so than that no no is that + + + align:start position:0% +growing more so than that no no is that +it's actually gone up but it's predicted + + align:start position:0% +it's actually gone up but it's predicted + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually gone up but it's predicted +in 2018 - I just got you know I take it + + align:start position:0% +in 2018 - I just got you know I take it + + + align:start position:0% +in 2018 - I just got you know I take it +real serious so it's a very fast growing + + align:start position:0% +real serious so it's a very fast growing + + + align:start position:0% +real serious so it's a very fast growing +industry because there's space in + + align:start position:0% +industry because there's space in + + + align:start position:0% +industry because there's space in +America for it it's not as fast growing + + align:start position:0% +America for it it's not as fast growing + + + align:start position:0% +America for it it's not as fast growing +in Europe because that's already a + + align:start position:0% +in Europe because that's already a + + + align:start position:0% +in Europe because that's already a +supersaturated market but stuff like + + align:start position:0% +supersaturated market but stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +supersaturated market but stuff like +Kickstarter patreon and IndieGoGo even + + align:start position:0% +Kickstarter patreon and IndieGoGo even + + + align:start position:0% +Kickstarter patreon and IndieGoGo even +just going to shows and selling your + + align:start position:0% +just going to shows and selling your + + + align:start position:0% +just going to shows and selling your +wares which is actually really the best + + align:start position:0% +wares which is actually really the best + + + align:start position:0% +wares which is actually really the best +way to do it the way that you get people + + align:start position:0% +way to do it the way that you get people + + + align:start position:0% +way to do it the way that you get people +to come to them is to find the + + align:start position:0% +to come to them is to find the + + + align:start position:0% +to come to them is to find the +audience's that are that are already + + align:start position:0% +audience's that are that are already + + + align:start position:0% +audience's that are that are already +keyed into that they like the idea of + + align:start position:0% +keyed into that they like the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +keyed into that they like the idea of +I'm helping a person make a thing you + + align:start position:0% +I'm helping a person make a thing you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm helping a person make a thing you +know I'm I'm not investing but I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +know I'm I'm not investing but I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm I'm not investing but I'm I'm +kind of like pre-ordering this thing so + + align:start position:0% +kind of like pre-ordering this thing so + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like pre-ordering this thing so +you gotta identify what those markets + + align:start position:0% +you gotta identify what those markets + + + align:start position:0% +you gotta identify what those markets +are and find the best ways to get to + + align:start position:0% +are and find the best ways to get to + + + align:start position:0% +are and find the best ways to get to +them and convince them to throw money + + align:start position:0% +them and convince them to throw money + + + align:start position:0% +them and convince them to throw money +down a hole called Kickstarter because + + align:start position:0% +down a hole called Kickstarter because + + + align:start position:0% +down a hole called Kickstarter because +not everything that Kickstarter gets + + align:start position:0% +not everything that Kickstarter gets + + + align:start position:0% +not everything that Kickstarter gets +funded and not everything that gets + + align:start position:0% +funded and not everything that gets + + + align:start position:0% +funded and not everything that gets +funded on Kickstarter gets done and then + + align:start position:0% +funded on Kickstarter gets done and then + + + align:start position:0% +funded on Kickstarter gets done and then +there's many of the things that get + + align:start position:0% +there's many of the things that get + + + align:start position:0% +there's many of the things that get +funded and get done are crap because + + align:start position:0% +funded and get done are crap because + + + align:start position:0% +funded and get done are crap because +unfortunately to report that a little + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately to report that a little + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately to report that a little +bit like you said like it's a growing + + align:start position:0% +bit like you said like it's a growing + + + align:start position:0% +bit like you said like it's a growing +growing industry so like to get into + + align:start position:0% +growing industry so like to get into + + + align:start position:0% +growing industry so like to get into +so the Hobby games is a growing industry + + align:start position:0% +so the Hobby games is a growing industry + + + align:start position:0% +so the Hobby games is a growing industry +as opposed to the toy industry so if + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to the toy industry so if + + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to the toy industry so if +you're trying to get your games - like + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to get your games - like + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to get your games - like +Hasbro or I can say Parker Brothers but + + align:start position:0% +Hasbro or I can say Parker Brothers but + + + align:start position:0% +Hasbro or I can say Parker Brothers but +anything else doesn't ultimately leads + + align:start position:0% +anything else doesn't ultimately leads + + + align:start position:0% +anything else doesn't ultimately leads +back to Hasbro yeah cuz has groans whaat + + align:start position:0% +back to Hasbro yeah cuz has groans whaat + + + align:start position:0% +back to Hasbro yeah cuz has groans whaat +see yeah but anything you want to get + + align:start position:0% +see yeah but anything you want to get + + + align:start position:0% +see yeah but anything you want to get +like you came into Toys R Us is that at + + align:start position:0% +like you came into Toys R Us is that at + + + align:start position:0% +like you came into Toys R Us is that at +that point that industry is pretty + + align:start position:0% +that point that industry is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +that point that industry is pretty +static yeah so as a result it's very + + align:start position:0% +static yeah so as a result it's very + + + align:start position:0% +static yeah so as a result it's very +hard to get like known or mentioned or + + align:start position:0% +hard to get like known or mentioned or + + + align:start position:0% +hard to get like known or mentioned or +and at all in that but because the Hobby + + align:start position:0% +and at all in that but because the Hobby + + + align:start position:0% +and at all in that but because the Hobby +games industry is growing there's more + + align:start position:0% +games industry is growing there's more + + + align:start position:0% +games industry is growing there's more +and more people that are kind of looking + + align:start position:0% +and more people that are kind of looking + + + align:start position:0% +and more people that are kind of looking +for the ground floor yeah and as a + + align:start position:0% +for the ground floor yeah and as a + + + align:start position:0% +for the ground floor yeah and as a +result if you can kind of get your foot + + align:start position:0% +result if you can kind of get your foot + + + align:start position:0% +result if you can kind of get your foot +in make a little brand for yours + + align:start position:0% +in make a little brand for yours + + + align:start position:0% +in make a little brand for yours +get your name out there then when you + + align:start position:0% +get your name out there then when you + + + align:start position:0% +get your name out there then when you +actually do start making games people + + align:start position:0% +actually do start making games people + + + align:start position:0% +actually do start making games people +who are recognizing and you'll be able + + align:start position:0% +who are recognizing and you'll be able + + + align:start position:0% +who are recognizing and you'll be able +to kind of market yourself as a brand + + align:start position:0% +to kind of market yourself as a brand + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of market yourself as a brand +again that's probably one of the most + + align:start position:0% +again that's probably one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +again that's probably one of the most +important things that and the only + + align:start position:0% +important things that and the only + + + align:start position:0% +important things that and the only +reason this is possible is because game + + align:start position:0% +reason this is possible is because game + + + align:start position:0% +reason this is possible is because game +designers started putting their names on + + align:start position:0% +designers started putting their names on + + + align:start position:0% +designers started putting their names on +the box we talk about designers so let's + + align:start position:0% +the box we talk about designers so let's + + + align:start position:0% +the box we talk about designers so let's +talk about like rain or knizia one of + + align:start position:0% +talk about like rain or knizia one of + + + align:start position:0% +talk about like rain or knizia one of +the most prolific game designers not all + + align:start position:0% +the most prolific game designers not all + + + align:start position:0% +the most prolific game designers not all +the great work great but his name is + + align:start position:0% +the great work great but his name is + + + align:start position:0% +the great work great but his name is +kind of known in the Hobby game industry + + align:start position:0% +kind of known in the Hobby game industry + + + align:start position:0% +kind of known in the Hobby game industry +because dudes designed like 300 games + + align:start position:0% +because dudes designed like 300 games + + + align:start position:0% +because dudes designed like 300 games +and actually had them all published and + + align:start position:0% +and actually had them all published and + + + align:start position:0% +and actually had them all published and +as a result like when you see rain or + + align:start position:0% +as a result like when you see rain or + + + align:start position:0% +as a result like when you see rain or +newzeas name on a box you're gonna start + + align:start position:0% +newzeas name on a box you're gonna start + + + align:start position:0% +newzeas name on a box you're gonna start +to kind of recognize that a little bit + + align:start position:0% +to kind of recognize that a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of recognize that a little bit +when you're able to generate but they're + + align:start position:0% +when you're able to generate but they're + + + align:start position:0% +when you're able to generate but they're +not all good + + align:start position:0% +not all good + + + align:start position:0% +not all good +no they're all good but you're gonna did + + align:start position:0% +no they're all good but you're gonna did + + + align:start position:0% +no they're all good but you're gonna did +that reading is a great initiative I + + align:start position:0% +that reading is a great initiative I + + + align:start position:0% +that reading is a great initiative I +mean he created a brand for himself just + + align:start position:0% +mean he created a brand for himself just + + + align:start position:0% +mean he created a brand for himself just +like um you know video game companies do + + align:start position:0% +like um you know video game companies do + + + align:start position:0% +like um you know video game companies do +or or labels in music music industry you + + align:start position:0% +or or labels in music music industry you + + + align:start position:0% +or or labels in music music industry you +guys we're used to exist yeah so I think + + align:start position:0% +guys we're used to exist yeah so I think + + + align:start position:0% +guys we're used to exist yeah so I think +the the interesting thing about the the + + align:start position:0% +the the interesting thing about the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the interesting thing about the the +market and being able to have that have + + align:start position:0% +market and being able to have that have + + + align:start position:0% +market and being able to have that have +that personal brand as a designer is + + align:start position:0% +that personal brand as a designer is + + + align:start position:0% +that personal brand as a designer is +really important because the the people + + align:start position:0% +really important because the the people + + + align:start position:0% +really important because the the people +who are playing board games right now + + align:start position:0% +who are playing board games right now + + + align:start position:0% +who are playing board games right now +and the growing market are I guess + + align:start position:0% +and the growing market are I guess + + + align:start position:0% +and the growing market are I guess +they're iconoclastic people they're you + + align:start position:0% +they're iconoclastic people they're you + + + align:start position:0% +they're iconoclastic people they're you +know they're hey we're all individual + + align:start position:0% +know they're hey we're all individual + + + align:start position:0% +know they're hey we're all individual +types but you know they're all we're + + align:start position:0% +types but you know they're all we're + + + align:start position:0% +types but you know they're all we're +really big in a geek culture and then + + align:start position:0% +really big in a geek culture and then + + + align:start position:0% +really big in a geek culture and then +they you know geek culture is bringing + + align:start position:0% +they you know geek culture is bringing + + + align:start position:0% +they you know geek culture is bringing +seventy five thousand people here this + + align:start position:0% +seventy five thousand people here this + + + align:start position:0% +seventy five thousand people here this +weekend so maybe it's not as marginal as + + align:start position:0% +weekend so maybe it's not as marginal as + + + align:start position:0% +weekend so maybe it's not as marginal as +we like to think that it is but it is a + + align:start position:0% +we like to think that it is but it is a + + + align:start position:0% +we like to think that it is but it is a +it is a market that values individuality + + align:start position:0% +it is a market that values individuality + + + align:start position:0% +it is a market that values individuality +and individual productivity so finding + + align:start position:0% +and individual productivity so finding + + + align:start position:0% +and individual productivity so finding +the ways to market to those people + + align:start position:0% +the ways to market to those people + + + align:start position:0% +the ways to market to those people +directly can often be really rewarding + + align:start position:0% +directly can often be really rewarding + + + align:start position:0% +directly can often be really rewarding +especially if you're putting your face + + align:start position:0% +especially if you're putting your face + + + align:start position:0% +especially if you're putting your face +on what you're doing another another + + align:start position:0% +on what you're doing another another + + + align:start position:0% +on what you're doing another another +example is a Daniel soleus + + align:start position:0% +example is a Daniel soleus + + + align:start position:0% +example is a Daniel soleus +down in North Carolina North Carolina + + align:start position:0% +down in North Carolina North Carolina + + + align:start position:0% +down in North Carolina North Carolina +for the longest time I mean he was a + + align:start position:0% +for the longest time I mean he was a + + + align:start position:0% +for the longest time I mean he was a +graphic graphic designer but he started + + align:start position:0% +graphic graphic designer but he started + + + align:start position:0% +graphic graphic designer but he started +sort of a board game long that he just + + align:start position:0% +sort of a board game long that he just + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a board game long that he just +talked about sort of an expertise in + + align:start position:0% +talked about sort of an expertise in + + + align:start position:0% +talked about sort of an expertise in +designing the one game is Egypt he's a + + align:start position:0% +designing the one game is Egypt he's a + + + align:start position:0% +designing the one game is Egypt he's a +very prolific guy and he does a lot of + + align:start position:0% +very prolific guy and he does a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +very prolific guy and he does a lot of +stuff that's just completely open-source + + align:start position:0% +stuff that's just completely open-source + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that's just completely open-source +great we play games but as he actually I + + align:start position:0% +great we play games but as he actually I + + + align:start position:0% +great we play games but as he actually I +I so he works out of this house like I + + align:start position:0% +I so he works out of this house like I + + + align:start position:0% +I so he works out of this house like I +do and we actually do any conference + + align:start position:0% +do and we actually do any conference + + + align:start position:0% +do and we actually do any conference +call every morning with a number of + + align:start position:0% +call every morning with a number of + + + align:start position:0% +call every morning with a number of +other designers I was wondering how do + + align:start position:0% +other designers I was wondering how do + + + align:start position:0% +other designers I was wondering how do +you do yeah and he just released you + + align:start position:0% +you do yeah and he just released you + + + align:start position:0% +you do yeah and he just released you +guys are on fire flooding that's yeah so + + align:start position:0% +guys are on fire flooding that's yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +guys are on fire flooding that's yeah so +he just did the layout for like his + + align:start position:0% +he just did the layout for like his + + + align:start position:0% +he just did the layout for like his +normal job is doing graphic design of + + align:start position:0% +normal job is doing graphic design of + + + align:start position:0% +normal job is doing graphic design of +the lamp or something so he just laid + + align:start position:0% +the lamp or something so he just laid + + + align:start position:0% +the lamp or something so he just laid +out the Firefly RPG which is available + + align:start position:0% +out the Firefly RPG which is available + + + align:start position:0% +out the Firefly RPG which is available +for download now as PDF but that's so he + + align:start position:0% +for download now as PDF but that's so he + + + align:start position:0% +for download now as PDF but that's so he +does that and then he has this whole I'm + + align:start position:0% +does that and then he has this whole I'm + + + align:start position:0% +does that and then he has this whole I'm +gonna make games a lot and put them up + + align:start position:0% +gonna make games a lot and put them up + + + align:start position:0% +gonna make games a lot and put them up +on drive through cards which is an + + align:start position:0% +on drive through cards which is an + + + align:start position:0% +on drive through cards which is an +online service that allows you to do + + align:start position:0% +online service that allows you to do + + + align:start position:0% +online service that allows you to do +print on demand which is another one of + + align:start position:0% +print on demand which is another one of + + + align:start position:0% +print on demand which is another one of +the things that in the past year has + + align:start position:0% +the things that in the past year has + + + align:start position:0% +the things that in the past year has +kind of really shaken up the the board + + align:start position:0% +kind of really shaken up the the board + + + align:start position:0% +kind of really shaken up the the board +gaming industry and there used to not be + + align:start position:0% +gaming industry and there used to not be + + + align:start position:0% +gaming industry and there used to not be +able to get anything done those you're + + align:start position:0% +able to get anything done those you're + + + align:start position:0% +able to get anything done those you're +going to be 3,000 copies of it but now I + + align:start position:0% +going to be 3,000 copies of it but now I + + + align:start position:0% +going to be 3,000 copies of it but now I +can make a game put it up on drive your + + align:start position:0% +can make a game put it up on drive your + + + align:start position:0% +can make a game put it up on drive your +cards and then you can go spend ten + + align:start position:0% +cards and then you can go spend ten + + + align:start position:0% +cards and then you can go spend ten +bucks and download it or you they would + + align:start position:0% +bucks and download it or you they would + + + align:start position:0% +bucks and download it or you they would +actually send it you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +actually send it you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +actually send it you're looking at +individual or anything but again some of + + align:start position:0% +individual or anything but again some of + + + align:start position:0% +individual or anything but again some of +the some of the clever bit is though so + + align:start position:0% +the some of the clever bit is though so + + + align:start position:0% +the some of the clever bit is though so +Ganga Souls he's doing all this sort of + + align:start position:0% +Ganga Souls he's doing all this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Ganga Souls he's doing all this sort of +stuff I'm just sort of i presenting + + align:start position:0% +stuff I'm just sort of i presenting + + + align:start position:0% +stuff I'm just sort of i presenting +himself as an expert created a brand of + + align:start position:0% +himself as an expert created a brand of + + + align:start position:0% +himself as an expert created a brand of +himself actually I brought them up two + + align:start position:0% +himself actually I brought them up two + + + align:start position:0% +himself actually I brought them up two +packs last year as an as an expert + + align:start position:0% +packs last year as an as an expert + + + align:start position:0% +packs last year as an as an expert +about six months ago ran a Kickstarter + + align:start position:0% +about six months ago ran a Kickstarter + + + align:start position:0% +about six months ago ran a Kickstarter +for belle of the ball and he leveraged + + align:start position:0% +for belle of the ball and he leveraged + + + align:start position:0% +for belle of the ball and he leveraged +some of his connections and the game + + align:start position:0% +some of his connections and the game + + + align:start position:0% +some of his connections and the game +itself is very good but the Kickstarter + + align:start position:0% +itself is very good but the Kickstarter + + + align:start position:0% +itself is very good but the Kickstarter +was wildly successful I think he got + + align:start position:0% +was wildly successful I think he got + + + align:start position:0% +was wildly successful I think he got +something like three times what he asked + + align:start position:0% +something like three times what he asked + + + align:start position:0% +something like three times what he asked +for just in terms of kick starting the + + align:start position:0% +for just in terms of kick starting the + + + align:start position:0% +for just in terms of kick starting the +game and as a result of belief a lot of + + align:start position:0% +game and as a result of belief a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +game and as a result of belief a lot of +his connections and leveraging his brand + + align:start position:0% +his connections and leveraging his brand + + + align:start position:0% +his connections and leveraging his brand +as an expert I think at some point in + + align:start position:0% +as an expert I think at some point in + + + align:start position:0% +as an expert I think at some point in +said I think five thousand Twitter + + align:start position:0% +said I think five thousand Twitter + + + align:start position:0% +said I think five thousand Twitter +followers a decent blog presence and as + + align:start position:0% +followers a decent blog presence and as + + + align:start position:0% +followers a decent blog presence and as +a result having that before he launched + + align:start position:0% +a result having that before he launched + + + align:start position:0% +a result having that before he launched +as a Kickstarter or sort of starts to + + align:start position:0% +as a Kickstarter or sort of starts to + + + align:start position:0% +as a Kickstarter or sort of starts to +generate pre-sales for a board game that + + align:start position:0% +generate pre-sales for a board game that + + + align:start position:0% +generate pre-sales for a board game that +he's going to do much better and the + + align:start position:0% +he's going to do much better and the + + + align:start position:0% +he's going to do much better and the +effort that he puts into it is really + + align:start position:0% +effort that he puts into it is really + + + align:start position:0% +effort that he puts into it is really +just talking about board games putting + + align:start position:0% +just talking about board games putting + + + align:start position:0% +just talking about board games putting +information for free online and + + align:start position:0% +information for free online and + + + align:start position:0% +information for free online and +establishing yourself as an expert so + + align:start position:0% +establishing yourself as an expert so + + + align:start position:0% +establishing yourself as an expert so +all these crowdfunding models like there + + align:start position:0% +all these crowdfunding models like there + + + align:start position:0% +all these crowdfunding models like there +is a little bit of precedent in a + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit of precedent in a + + + align:start position:0% +is a little bit of precedent in a +publisher but Europe in who's like GMT + + align:start position:0% +publisher but Europe in who's like GMT + + + align:start position:0% +publisher but Europe in who's like GMT +but for the most part a fairly recent + + align:start position:0% +but for the most part a fairly recent + + + align:start position:0% +but for the most part a fairly recent +development because we'll be waiting to + + align:start position:0% +development because we'll be waiting to + + + align:start position:0% +development because we'll be waiting to +give + + align:start position:0% +give + + + align:start position:0% +give +like I'm assuming that your interaction + + align:start position:0% +like I'm assuming that your interaction + + + align:start position:0% +like I'm assuming that your interaction +that mostly with the end buyer the + + align:start position:0% +that mostly with the end buyer the + + + align:start position:0% +that mostly with the end buyer the +president actually end up playing the + + align:start position:0% +president actually end up playing the + + + align:start position:0% +president actually end up playing the +game + + align:start position:0% +game + + + align:start position:0% +game +what is this leaves a role stores they + + align:start position:0% +what is this leaves a role stores they + + + align:start position:0% +what is this leaves a role stores they +especially help me do this stores hey if + + align:start position:0% +especially help me do this stores hey if + + + align:start position:0% +especially help me do this stores hey if +you also work at a games against or + + align:start position:0% +you also work at a games against or + + + align:start position:0% +you also work at a games against or +Eureka puzzles and down in Brookline and + + align:start position:0% +Eureka puzzles and down in Brookline and + + + align:start position:0% +Eureka puzzles and down in Brookline and +that's that's an interesting function as + + align:start position:0% +that's that's an interesting function as + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's an interesting function as +well if you do a little bit of Reese + + align:start position:0% +well if you do a little bit of Reese + + + align:start position:0% +well if you do a little bit of Reese +research in general retail stores not + + align:start position:0% +research in general retail stores not + + + align:start position:0% +research in general retail stores not +just more game sorts but anywhere that + + align:start position:0% +just more game sorts but anywhere that + + + align:start position:0% +just more game sorts but anywhere that +sells things is sort of taking a + + align:start position:0% +sells things is sort of taking a + + + align:start position:0% +sells things is sort of taking a +nosedive as an industry which is kind of + + align:start position:0% +nosedive as an industry which is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +nosedive as an industry which is kind of +hard to imagine just stores selling + + align:start position:0% +hard to imagine just stores selling + + + align:start position:0% +hard to imagine just stores selling +things as a industry but it is that with + + align:start position:0% +things as a industry but it is that with + + + align:start position:0% +things as a industry but it is that with +the internet and particularly with like + + align:start position:0% +the internet and particularly with like + + + align:start position:0% +the internet and particularly with like +Amazon Prime oftentimes you can find the + + align:start position:0% +Amazon Prime oftentimes you can find the + + + align:start position:0% +Amazon Prime oftentimes you can find the +same product online and even with + + align:start position:0% +same product online and even with + + + align:start position:0% +same product online and even with +shipping they can beat the price of any + + align:start position:0% +shipping they can beat the price of any + + + align:start position:0% +shipping they can beat the price of any +retail store which is board games board + + align:start position:0% +retail store which is board games board + + + align:start position:0% +retail store which is board games board +game and retail outlets pretty hard + + align:start position:0% +game and retail outlets pretty hard + + + align:start position:0% +game and retail outlets pretty hard +because you can go hell I work at Eureka + + align:start position:0% +because you can go hell I work at Eureka + + + align:start position:0% +because you can go hell I work at Eureka +puzzles I get an employee discount and + + align:start position:0% +puzzles I get an employee discount and + + + align:start position:0% +puzzles I get an employee discount and +it's still cheaper for me to go on fun + + align:start position:0% +it's still cheaper for me to go on fun + + + align:start position:0% +it's still cheaper for me to go on fun +again games and buy a game on that and + + align:start position:0% +again games and buy a game on that and + + + align:start position:0% +again games and buy a game on that and +with shipping it's still cheaper than + + align:start position:0% +with shipping it's still cheaper than + + + align:start position:0% +with shipping it's still cheaper than +what I paid at Eureka puzzles for board + + align:start position:0% +what I paid at Eureka puzzles for board + + + align:start position:0% +what I paid at Eureka puzzles for board +games yeah as a result a lot of retail + + align:start position:0% +games yeah as a result a lot of retail + + + align:start position:0% +games yeah as a result a lot of retail +outlets are starting to realize that if + + align:start position:0% +outlets are starting to realize that if + + + align:start position:0% +outlets are starting to realize that if +they're going to survive they can't do + + align:start position:0% +they're going to survive they can't do + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to survive they can't do +it by trying to be price with online + + align:start position:0% +it by trying to be price with online + + + align:start position:0% +it by trying to be price with online +stores turnip n as a result they're + + align:start position:0% +stores turnip n as a result they're + + + align:start position:0% +stores turnip n as a result they're +realizing that their strength is that + + align:start position:0% +realizing that their strength is that + + + align:start position:0% +realizing that their strength is that +they have a physical presence so there + + align:start position:0% +they have a physical presence so there + + + align:start position:0% +they have a physical presence so there +it is that if they're going to charge + + align:start position:0% +it is that if they're going to charge + + + align:start position:0% +it is that if they're going to charge +more for board games than you can get + + align:start position:0% +more for board games than you can get + + + align:start position:0% +more for board games than you can get +online that they need to add value to + + align:start position:0% +online that they need to add value to + + + align:start position:0% +online that they need to add value to +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +that's way to see stuff like the my + + align:start position:0% +that's way to see stuff like the my + + + align:start position:0% +that's way to see stuff like the my +boobs cafe exact where they're taking + + align:start position:0% +boobs cafe exact where they're taking + + + align:start position:0% +boobs cafe exact where they're taking +that so the the interesting thing about + + align:start position:0% +that so the the interesting thing about + + + align:start position:0% +that so the the interesting thing about +this well I love one of the interesting + + align:start position:0% +this well I love one of the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +this well I love one of the interesting +things about this is a comic books right + + align:start position:0% +things about this is a comic books right + + + align:start position:0% +things about this is a comic books right +so comic books in the 90s were huge and + + align:start position:0% +so comic books in the 90s were huge and + + + align:start position:0% +so comic books in the 90s were huge and +then they went through this bust and the + + align:start position:0% +then they went through this bust and the + + + align:start position:0% +then they went through this bust and the +people who own comic book stores started + + align:start position:0% +people who own comic book stores started + + + align:start position:0% +people who own comic book stores started +to see the margins on their products get + + align:start position:0% +to see the margins on their products get + + + align:start position:0% +to see the margins on their products get +shorter and turn and turn + + align:start position:0% +shorter and turn and turn + + + align:start position:0% +shorter and turn and turn +less and less and less people buying + + align:start position:0% +less and less and less people buying + + + align:start position:0% +less and less and less people buying +comics right so it's a really dire + + align:start position:0% +comics right so it's a really dire + + + align:start position:0% +comics right so it's a really dire +situation and in the past ten years it's + + align:start position:0% +situation and in the past ten years it's + + + align:start position:0% +situation and in the past ten years it's +become really easy to pirate comics + + align:start position:0% +become really easy to pirate comics + + + align:start position:0% +become really easy to pirate comics +online but more so than that there are + + align:start position:0% +online but more so than that there are + + + align:start position:0% +online but more so than that there are +apps for your phone or your iPad like + + align:start position:0% +apps for your phone or your iPad like + + + align:start position:0% +apps for your phone or your iPad like +comixology or the Marvel app that + + align:start position:0% +comixology or the Marvel app that + + + align:start position:0% +comixology or the Marvel app that +actually is true a really really good + + align:start position:0% +actually is true a really really good + + + align:start position:0% +actually is true a really really good +job of presenting comics to you like my + + align:start position:0% +job of presenting comics to you like my + + + align:start position:0% +job of presenting comics to you like my +wife wouldn't read comics at all before + + align:start position:0% +wife wouldn't read comics at all before + + + align:start position:0% +wife wouldn't read comics at all before +just because sometimes people who don't + + align:start position:0% +just because sometimes people who don't + + + align:start position:0% +just because sometimes people who don't +really know how to do layout end up + + align:start position:0% +really know how to do layout end up + + + align:start position:0% +really know how to do layout end up +doing layout for comics and so it can be + + align:start position:0% +doing layout for comics and so it can be + + + align:start position:0% +doing layout for comics and so it can be +literally it can be confusing to read + + align:start position:0% +literally it can be confusing to read + + + align:start position:0% +literally it can be confusing to read +just because they don't have artistic + + align:start position:0% +just because they don't have artistic + + + align:start position:0% +just because they don't have artistic +mastery of how to make someone's eye + + align:start position:0% +mastery of how to make someone's eye + + + align:start position:0% +mastery of how to make someone's eye +flow across the page one of the things + + align:start position:0% +flow across the page one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +flow across the page one of the things +that like comixology app does is that + + align:start position:0% +that like comixology app does is that + + + align:start position:0% +that like comixology app does is that +you can just zoom in panel the panel to + + align:start position:0% +you can just zoom in panel the panel to + + + align:start position:0% +you can just zoom in panel the panel to +panel the panel depend on the panel and + + align:start position:0% +panel the panel depend on the panel and + + + align:start position:0% +panel the panel depend on the panel and +it's a surprising shift in the way the + + align:start position:0% +it's a surprising shift in the way the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a surprising shift in the way the +anyway the important thing is that + + align:start position:0% +anyway the important thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +anyway the important thing is that +comics chairs were getting a lot less + + align:start position:0% +comics chairs were getting a lot less + + + align:start position:0% +comics chairs were getting a lot less +money and so what they did is they took + + align:start position:0% +money and so what they did is they took + + + align:start position:0% +money and so what they did is they took +all their floor space and started to + + align:start position:0% +all their floor space and started to + + + align:start position:0% +all their floor space and started to +dive heavier into the parts of their + + align:start position:0% +dive heavier into the parts of their + + + align:start position:0% +dive heavier into the parts of their +business that were generating the money + + align:start position:0% +business that were generating the money + + + align:start position:0% +business that were generating the money +which was board games and hobby games + + align:start position:0% +which was board games and hobby games + + + align:start position:0% +which was board games and hobby games +and they the ones that survived because + + align:start position:0% +and they the ones that survived because + + + align:start position:0% +and they the ones that survived because +a lot of them have gone out of business + + align:start position:0% +a lot of them have gone out of business + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of them have gone out of business +the ones that survived tend to be really + + align:start position:0% +the ones that survived tend to be really + + + align:start position:0% +the ones that survived tend to be really +really good and the reason that they've + + align:start position:0% +really good and the reason that they've + + + align:start position:0% +really good and the reason that they've +really really good is because they + + align:start position:0% +really really good is because they + + + align:start position:0% +really really good is because they +realized that they're not in the + + align:start position:0% +realized that they're not in the + + + align:start position:0% +realized that they're not in the +business of selling you comics they're + + align:start position:0% +business of selling you comics they're + + + align:start position:0% +business of selling you comics they're +in the business of creating a community + + align:start position:0% +in the business of creating a community + + + align:start position:0% +in the business of creating a community +right and you go and buy like I Drive an + + align:start position:0% +right and you go and buy like I Drive an + + + align:start position:0% +right and you go and buy like I Drive an +hour to my comic store because I'm an + + align:start position:0% +hour to my comic store because I'm an + + + align:start position:0% +hour to my comic store because I'm an +idiot I die and I could just be buying + + align:start position:0% +idiot I die and I could just be buying + + + align:start position:0% +idiot I die and I could just be buying +them online + + align:start position:0% +them online + + + align:start position:0% +them online +I Drive an hour because my comic store + + align:start position:0% +I Drive an hour because my comic store + + + align:start position:0% +I Drive an hour because my comic store +because they have their good operators + + align:start position:0% +because they have their good operators + + + align:start position:0% +because they have their good operators +creating a good community for people to + + align:start position:0% +creating a good community for people to + + + align:start position:0% +creating a good community for people to +come together and you know talk about + + align:start position:0% +come together and you know talk about + + + align:start position:0% +come together and you know talk about +different projects there are always like + + align:start position:0% +different projects there are always like + + + align:start position:0% +different projects there are always like +running events like this it's barely a + + align:start position:0% +running events like this it's barely a + + + align:start position:0% +running events like this it's barely a +store it's like a little mini convention + + align:start position:0% +store it's like a little mini convention + + + align:start position:0% +store it's like a little mini convention +that's always kind of slightly happening + + align:start position:0% +that's always kind of slightly happening + + + align:start position:0% +that's always kind of slightly happening +and so a large part that is realizing + + align:start position:0% +and so a large part that is realizing + + + align:start position:0% +and so a large part that is realizing +you know we can get people in this store + + align:start position:0% +you know we can get people in this store + + + align:start position:0% +you know we can get people in this store +for a longer period of time if we're all + + align:start position:0% +for a longer period of time if we're all + + + align:start position:0% +for a longer period of time if we're all +playing games together if we're running + + align:start position:0% +playing games together if we're running + + + align:start position:0% +playing games together if we're running +card game tournaments and I'm going the + + align:start position:0% +card game tournaments and I'm going the + + + align:start position:0% +card game tournaments and I'm going the +employment comes back + + align:start position:0% +employment comes back + + + align:start position:0% +employment comes back +the interesting part is how we as + + align:start position:0% +the interesting part is how we as + + + align:start position:0% +the interesting part is how we as +designers take that what's their what's + + align:start position:0% +designers take that what's their what's + + + align:start position:0% +designers take that what's their what's +their role to us and it's I mean before + + align:start position:0% +their role to us and it's I mean before + + + align:start position:0% +their role to us and it's I mean before +was definitely you could if you get your + + align:start position:0% +was definitely you could if you get your + + + align:start position:0% +was definitely you could if you get your +game picked up by a distributors to a + + align:start position:0% +game picked up by a distributors to a + + + align:start position:0% +game picked up by a distributors to a +publisher and the publisher gets picked + + align:start position:0% +publisher and the publisher gets picked + + + align:start position:0% +publisher and the publisher gets picked +up by the distributor and all of a + + align:start position:0% +up by the distributor and all of a + + + align:start position:0% +up by the distributor and all of a +sudden you're not selling to a direct + + align:start position:0% +sudden you're not selling to a direct + + + align:start position:0% +sudden you're not selling to a direct +audience online you're Senate you're + + align:start position:0% +audience online you're Senate you're + + + align:start position:0% +audience online you're Senate you're +selling to hundreds of thousands of + + align:start position:0% +selling to hundreds of thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +selling to hundreds of thousands of +little mom-and-pop stores across the + + align:start position:0% +little mom-and-pop stores across the + + + align:start position:0% +little mom-and-pop stores across the +nation your numbers are huge but now + + align:start position:0% +nation your numbers are huge but now + + + align:start position:0% +nation your numbers are huge but now +okay so you could still wind up making a + + align:start position:0% +okay so you could still wind up making a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you could still wind up making a +lot less true because your margins are + + align:start position:0% +lot less true because your margins are + + + align:start position:0% +lot less true because your margins are +going to be your market works but the + + align:start position:0% +going to be your market works but the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be your market works but the +part of the thing you can do now is that + + align:start position:0% +part of the thing you can do now is that + + + align:start position:0% +part of the thing you can do now is that +or game stores can really help with the + + align:start position:0% +or game stores can really help with the + + + align:start position:0% +or game stores can really help with the +promotion of your game I know like + + align:start position:0% +promotion of your game I know like + + + align:start position:0% +promotion of your game I know like +Eureka puzzles + + align:start position:0% +Eureka puzzles + + + align:start position:0% +Eureka puzzles +Night Moves are huge on like if you've + + align:start position:0% +Night Moves are huge on like if you've + + + align:start position:0% +Night Moves are huge on like if you've +got a game that you want to show people + + align:start position:0% +got a game that you want to show people + + + align:start position:0% +got a game that you want to show people +that you come in and teach it to a bunch + + align:start position:0% +that you come in and teach it to a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +that you come in and teach it to a bunch +of people at their store they happy to + + align:start position:0% +of people at their store they happy to + + + align:start position:0% +of people at their store they happy to +do that because on the one hand you're + + align:start position:0% +do that because on the one hand you're + + + align:start position:0% +do that because on the one hand you're +adding value to their store which they + + align:start position:0% +adding value to their store which they + + + align:start position:0% +adding value to their store which they +love and need so that people will like + + align:start position:0% +love and need so that people will like + + + align:start position:0% +love and need so that people will like +oh you're good puzzles they had one guy + + align:start position:0% +oh you're good puzzles they had one guy + + + align:start position:0% +oh you're good puzzles they had one guy +come in and that was really cool I + + align:start position:0% +come in and that was really cool I + + + align:start position:0% +come in and that was really cool I +learned how he made this game but then + + align:start position:0% +learned how he made this game but then + + + align:start position:0% +learned how he made this game but then +you're getting value out of that then + + align:start position:0% +you're getting value out of that then + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting value out of that then +now people know about your game and then + + align:start position:0% +now people know about your game and then + + + align:start position:0% +now people know about your game and then +when a sore by his games from you you + + align:start position:0% +when a sore by his games from you you + + + align:start position:0% +when a sore by his games from you you +still get the sort of maybe not + + align:start position:0% +still get the sort of maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +still get the sort of maybe not +necessarily the margins you need but you + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the margins you need but you + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily the margins you need but you +know it's still a lot better um so like + + align:start position:0% +know it's still a lot better um so like + + + align:start position:0% +know it's still a lot better um so like +normally it in traditional publishing if + + align:start position:0% +normally it in traditional publishing if + + + align:start position:0% +normally it in traditional publishing if +I was gonna put out a board game 20 + + align:start position:0% +I was gonna put out a board game 20 + + + align:start position:0% +I was gonna put out a board game 20 +years ago 15 years ago I would have to + + align:start position:0% +years ago 15 years ago I would have to + + + align:start position:0% +years ago 15 years ago I would have to +find a distributor like Alliance or + + align:start position:0% +find a distributor like Alliance or + + + align:start position:0% +find a distributor like Alliance or +diamond or something and then I would + + align:start position:0% +diamond or something and then I would + + + align:start position:0% +diamond or something and then I would +sell my game to them for 20% of the MSRP + + align:start position:0% +sell my game to them for 20% of the MSRP + + + align:start position:0% +sell my game to them for 20% of the MSRP +which is the manufacturer's suggested + + align:start position:0% +which is the manufacturer's suggested + + + align:start position:0% +which is the manufacturer's suggested +retail price so if I had a game that was + + align:start position:0% +retail price so if I had a game that was + + + align:start position:0% +retail price so if I had a game that was +$25 I would sell it to the distributor + + align:start position:0% +$25 I would sell it to the distributor + + + align:start position:0% +$25 I would sell it to the distributor +for I would sell it to the tribute er + + align:start position:0% +for I would sell it to the tribute er + + + align:start position:0% +for I would sell it to the tribute er +for $5 and then he would turn around and + + align:start position:0% +for $5 and then he would turn around and + + + align:start position:0% +for $5 and then he would turn around and +sell it to a store for somewhere in + + align:start position:0% +sell it to a store for somewhere in + + + align:start position:0% +sell it to a store for somewhere in +between that $5 and half the MSRP and + + align:start position:0% +between that $5 and half the MSRP and + + + align:start position:0% +between that $5 and half the MSRP and +that's his cut and in between there's + + align:start position:0% +that's his cut and in between there's + + + align:start position:0% +that's his cut and in between there's +all these other people who are taking + + align:start position:0% +all these other people who are taking + + + align:start position:0% +all these other people who are taking +their cut and taken they're coming + + align:start position:0% +their cut and taken they're coming + + + align:start position:0% +their cut and taken they're coming +together and the reason that I have made + + align:start position:0% +together and the reason that I have made + + + align:start position:0% +together and the reason that I have made +jokes about the music industry model + + align:start position:0% +jokes about the music industry model + + + align:start position:0% +jokes about the music industry model +from the nineties is because it's the + + align:start position:0% +from the nineties is because it's the + + + align:start position:0% +from the nineties is because it's the +same model it's the same thing + + align:start position:0% +same model it's the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +same model it's the same thing +it's that there are people who are + + align:start position:0% +it's that there are people who are + + + align:start position:0% +it's that there are people who are +creating stuff but because there is no + + align:start position:0% +creating stuff but because there is no + + + align:start position:0% +creating stuff but because there is no +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +awesome way for them to get it directly + + align:start position:0% +awesome way for them to get it directly + + + align:start position:0% +awesome way for them to get it directly +to the people who care about it they + + align:start position:0% +to the people who care about it they + + + align:start position:0% +to the people who care about it they +have to go through all these weird side + + align:start position:0% +have to go through all these weird side + + + align:start position:0% +have to go through all these weird side +projects side industries or middlemen + + align:start position:0% +projects side industries or middlemen + + + align:start position:0% +projects side industries or middlemen +industries they only a few people who + + align:start position:0% +industries they only a few people who + + + align:start position:0% +industries they only a few people who +are tapped by very very powerful + + align:start position:0% +are tapped by very very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +are tapped by very very powerful +companies got to be famous in the 90s + + align:start position:0% +companies got to be famous in the 90s + + + align:start position:0% +companies got to be famous in the 90s +and then you know the internet came and + + align:start position:0% +and then you know the internet came and + + + align:start position:0% +and then you know the internet came and +destroyed all of music even though + + align:start position:0% +destroyed all of music even though + + + align:start position:0% +destroyed all of music even though +musics making more than it ever has and + + align:start position:0% +musics making more than it ever has and + + + align:start position:0% +musics making more than it ever has and +all these other things but what was + + align:start position:0% +all these other things but what was + + + align:start position:0% +all these other things but what was +rediscovered in that shift and this is + + align:start position:0% +rediscovered in that shift and this is + + + align:start position:0% +rediscovered in that shift and this is +something that's happening in more games + + align:start position:0% +something that's happening in more games + + + align:start position:0% +something that's happening in more games +right now is that people want the direct + + align:start position:0% +right now is that people want the direct + + + align:start position:0% +right now is that people want the direct +audience to create our connection you + + align:start position:0% +audience to create our connection you + + + align:start position:0% +audience to create our connection you +know like if you if you could spend $20 + + align:start position:0% +know like if you if you could spend $20 + + + align:start position:0% +know like if you if you could spend $20 +on a CD because they used to be $20 or + + align:start position:0% +on a CD because they used to be $20 or + + + align:start position:0% +on a CD because they used to be $20 or +$20 on a ticket to go see a show even + + align:start position:0% +$20 on a ticket to go see a show even + + + align:start position:0% +$20 on a ticket to go see a show even +though you're not of like a band that + + align:start position:0% +though you're not of like a band that + + + align:start position:0% +though you're not of like a band that +you enjoy even though you don't get to + + align:start position:0% +you enjoy even though you don't get to + + + align:start position:0% +you enjoy even though you don't get to +keep that show forever that's come on + + align:start position:0% +keep that show forever that's come on + + + align:start position:0% +keep that show forever that's come on +that's so much more enjoyable because + + align:start position:0% +that's so much more enjoyable because + + + align:start position:0% +that's so much more enjoyable because +you could get that CD in a million + + align:start position:0% +you could get that CD in a million + + + align:start position:0% +you could get that CD in a million +different ways four million different + + align:start position:0% +different ways four million different + + + align:start position:0% +different ways four million different +locations or like it's really easy but + + align:start position:0% +locations or like it's really easy but + + + align:start position:0% +locations or like it's really easy but +you're getting an experience with what + + align:start position:0% +you're getting an experience with what + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting an experience with what +the other thing and you're getting to + + align:start position:0% +the other thing and you're getting to + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing and you're getting to +know that you're directly supporting the + + align:start position:0% +know that you're directly supporting the + + + align:start position:0% +know that you're directly supporting the +creator which is something that a lot of + + align:start position:0% +creator which is something that a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +creator which is something that a lot of +audience members are really invested in + + align:start position:0% +audience members are really invested in + + + align:start position:0% +audience members are really invested in +and as someone who is a creator I'm very + + align:start position:0% +and as someone who is a creator I'm very + + + align:start position:0% +and as someone who is a creator I'm very +invested in that but also it's + + align:start position:0% +invested in that but also it's + + + align:start position:0% +invested in that but also it's +financially beneficial so like for me + + align:start position:0% +financially beneficial so like for me + + + align:start position:0% +financially beneficial so like for me +for instance I can make a short-run + + align:start position:0% +for instance I can make a short-run + + + align:start position:0% +for instance I can make a short-run +print product for like three dollars and + + align:start position:0% +print product for like three dollars and + + + align:start position:0% +print product for like three dollars and +sell it for twenty bucks and then you + + align:start position:0% +sell it for twenty bucks and then you + + + align:start position:0% +sell it for twenty bucks and then you +know cook the mailing price into that + + align:start position:0% +know cook the mailing price into that + + + align:start position:0% +know cook the mailing price into that +and get someone I've actually made a + + align:start position:0% +and get someone I've actually made a + + + align:start position:0% +and get someone I've actually made a +reasonably good profit on it but if I + + align:start position:0% +reasonably good profit on it but if I + + + align:start position:0% +reasonably good profit on it but if I +make it for three bucks and want to sell + + align:start position:0% +make it for three bucks and want to sell + + + align:start position:0% +make it for three bucks and want to sell +it for 20 bucks I kind of end up having + + align:start position:0% +it for 20 bucks I kind of end up having + + + align:start position:0% +it for 20 bucks I kind of end up having +to sell it to a distributor still for + + align:start position:0% +to sell it to a distributor still for + + + align:start position:0% +to sell it to a distributor still for +like four or five bucks and then in + + align:start position:0% +like four or five bucks and then in + + + align:start position:0% +like four or five bucks and then in +order for it to be worth my time I + + align:start position:0% +order for it to be worth my time I + + + align:start position:0% +order for it to be worth my time I +really need to make a whole lot of them + + align:start position:0% +really need to make a whole lot of them + + + align:start position:0% +really need to make a whole lot of them +and the distributor's probably only want + + align:start position:0% +and the distributor's probably only want + + + align:start position:0% +and the distributor's probably only want +wanted if I can make a whole lot of them + + align:start position:0% +wanted if I can make a whole lot of them + + + align:start position:0% +wanted if I can make a whole lot of them +so now I'm gonna find a way to make a + + align:start position:0% +so now I'm gonna find a way to make a + + + align:start position:0% +so now I'm gonna find a way to make a +thousand of this thing which in + + align:start position:0% +thousand of this thing which in + + + align:start position:0% +thousand of this thing which in +boardgames is a ridiculous number of a + + align:start position:0% +boardgames is a ridiculous number of a + + + align:start position:0% +boardgames is a ridiculous number of a +game to have like unbelievable + + align:start position:0% +game to have like unbelievable + + + align:start position:0% +game to have like unbelievable +unbelievably large number but + + align:start position:0% +unbelievably large number but + + + align:start position:0% +unbelievably large number but +unfortunately you can't get it + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately you can't get it + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately you can't get it +affordable unless it's above + + align:start position:0% +affordable unless it's above + + + align:start position:0% +affordable unless it's above +alright and that's the part of the funny + + align:start position:0% +alright and that's the part of the funny + + + align:start position:0% +alright and that's the part of the funny +thing to you like you think I like + + align:start position:0% +thing to you like you think I like + + + align:start position:0% +thing to you like you think I like +self-publishing and stuff alright like + + align:start position:0% +self-publishing and stuff alright like + + + align:start position:0% +self-publishing and stuff alright like +okay make it only make a thousand copies + + align:start position:0% +okay make it only make a thousand copies + + + align:start position:0% +okay make it only make a thousand copies +and you if you have like a decent budget + + align:start position:0% +and you if you have like a decent budget + + + align:start position:0% +and you if you have like a decent budget +and half degree that's fine do you think + + align:start position:0% +and half degree that's fine do you think + + + align:start position:0% +and half degree that's fine do you think +like okay I'm just gonna keep this in my + + align:start position:0% +like okay I'm just gonna keep this in my + + + align:start position:0% +like okay I'm just gonna keep this in my +house until I sell them all you don't + + align:start position:0% +house until I sell them all you don't + + + align:start position:0% +house until I sell them all you don't +realize how many like how much space a + + align:start position:0% +realize how many like how much space a + + + align:start position:0% +realize how many like how much space a +thousand board games takes up until you + + align:start position:0% +thousand board games takes up until you + + + align:start position:0% +thousand board games takes up until you +see it + + align:start position:0% +see it + + + align:start position:0% +see it +Oh actually I have a video because I + + align:start position:0% +Oh actually I have a video because I + + + align:start position:0% +Oh actually I have a video because I +have 2500 oh I have 2500 in my garage + + align:start position:0% +have 2500 oh I have 2500 in my garage + + + align:start position:0% +have 2500 oh I have 2500 in my garage +right now and it takes up exactly a cars + + align:start position:0% +right now and it takes up exactly a cars + + + align:start position:0% +right now and it takes up exactly a cars +worth 2500 copies at 25000 it's a card + + align:start position:0% +worth 2500 copies at 25000 it's a card + + + align:start position:0% +worth 2500 copies at 25000 it's a card +game + + align:start position:0% +game + + + align:start position:0% +game +it is this card game and I got 2,500 of + + align:start position:0% +it is this card game and I got 2,500 of + + + align:start position:0% +it is this card game and I got 2,500 of +them in my garage and then some more of + + align:start position:0% +them in my garage and then some more of + + + align:start position:0% +them in my garage and then some more of +them down at the port for sure we should + + align:start position:0% +them down at the port for sure we should + + + align:start position:0% +them down at the port for sure we should +bring up there there I don't think you'd + + align:start position:0% +bring up there there I don't think you'd + + + align:start position:0% +bring up there there I don't think you'd +ever say this there is some benefit to + + align:start position:0% +ever say this there is some benefit to + + + align:start position:0% +ever say this there is some benefit to +going through traditional publishing and + + align:start position:0% +going through traditional publishing and + + + align:start position:0% +going through traditional publishing and +yeah it's right for some people it's not + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's right for some people it's not + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's right for some people it's not +right for and I mean the reason that I + + align:start position:0% +right for and I mean the reason that I + + + align:start position:0% +right for and I mean the reason that I +would suggest that is that if you've got + + align:start position:0% +would suggest that is that if you've got + + + align:start position:0% +would suggest that is that if you've got +a really good game idea and you pitch it + + align:start position:0% +a really good game idea and you pitch it + + + align:start position:0% +a really good game idea and you pitch it +to a publisher and they really like + + align:start position:0% +to a publisher and they really like + + + align:start position:0% +to a publisher and they really like +English it's there's so much more to to + + align:start position:0% +English it's there's so much more to to + + + align:start position:0% +English it's there's so much more to to +that than just being like take this game + + align:start position:0% +that than just being like take this game + + + align:start position:0% +that than just being like take this game +they're like we love your game with it + + align:start position:0% +they're like we love your game with it + + + align:start position:0% +they're like we love your game with it +we'll take it and here's money if you + + align:start position:0% +we'll take it and here's money if you + + + align:start position:0% +we'll take it and here's money if you +create an idea and you sell it to a + + align:start position:0% +create an idea and you sell it to a + + + align:start position:0% +create an idea and you sell it to a +publisher you're done and it's not your + + align:start position:0% +publisher you're done and it's not your + + + align:start position:0% +publisher you're done and it's not your +and it's not your idea and that's not a + + align:start position:0% +and it's not your idea and that's not a + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not your idea and that's not a +great day anymore but the all of a + + align:start position:0% +great day anymore but the all of a + + + align:start position:0% +great day anymore but the all of a +sudden with the self-publishing it + + align:start position:0% +sudden with the self-publishing it + + + align:start position:0% +sudden with the self-publishing it +becomes like I mean the amount of effort + + align:start position:0% +becomes like I mean the amount of effort + + + align:start position:0% +becomes like I mean the amount of effort +to make a game fly is huge its massive + + align:start position:0% +to make a game fly is huge its massive + + + align:start position:0% +to make a game fly is huge its massive +especially if you're doing it on your + + align:start position:0% +especially if you're doing it on your + + + align:start position:0% +especially if you're doing it on your +own but if you sell it to a publisher + + align:start position:0% +own but if you sell it to a publisher + + + align:start position:0% +own but if you sell it to a publisher +you're not gonna make as much money but + + align:start position:0% +you're not gonna make as much money but + + + align:start position:0% +you're not gonna make as much money but +and there comes a point where you're not + + align:start position:0% +and there comes a point where you're not + + + align:start position:0% +and there comes a point where you're not +doing anything and you're still getting + + align:start position:0% +doing anything and you're still getting + + + align:start position:0% +doing anything and you're still getting +paid yeah that's a 100 percent of a + + align:start position:0% +paid yeah that's a 100 percent of a + + + align:start position:0% +paid yeah that's a 100 percent of a +small number or five percent of a big + + align:start position:0% +small number or five percent of a big + + + align:start position:0% +small number or five percent of a big +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +yeah and it's a question of + + align:start position:0% +yeah and it's a question of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and it's a question of +what are you in in for right and and + + align:start position:0% +what are you in in for right and and + + + align:start position:0% +what are you in in for right and and +what is your what does your time look + + align:start position:0% +what is your what does your time look + + + align:start position:0% +what is your what does your time look +like um like for me I make games and I + + align:start position:0% +like um like for me I make games and I + + + align:start position:0% +like um like for me I make games and I +chose to leave a life that was not + + align:start position:0% +chose to leave a life that was not + + + align:start position:0% +chose to leave a life that was not +making me happy but was making me lots + + align:start position:0% +making me happy but was making me lots + + + align:start position:0% +making me happy but was making me lots +of money for a life that is making me + + align:start position:0% +of money for a life that is making me + + + align:start position:0% +of money for a life that is making me +significantly less money but I still + + align:start position:0% +significantly less money but I still + + + align:start position:0% +significantly less money but I still +make is making me really happy because I + + align:start position:0% +make is making me really happy because I + + + align:start position:0% +make is making me really happy because I +get to create things and they're fun and + + align:start position:0% +get to create things and they're fun and + + + align:start position:0% +get to create things and they're fun and +I get to see like a really happy person + + align:start position:0% +I get to see like a really happy person + + + align:start position:0% +I get to see like a really happy person +it's the medication also if you know I'm + + align:start position:0% +it's the medication also if you know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's the medication also if you know I'm +not I don't work in an office so well so + + align:start position:0% +not I don't work in an office so well so + + + align:start position:0% +not I don't work in an office so well so +it fulfills that kind that that artistic + + align:start position:0% +it fulfills that kind that that artistic + + + align:start position:0% +it fulfills that kind that that artistic +or productive drive and that's not + + align:start position:0% +or productive drive and that's not + + + align:start position:0% +or productive drive and that's not +something to be ignored totally lost my + + align:start position:0% +something to be ignored totally lost my + + + align:start position:0% +something to be ignored totally lost my +train of thought + + align:start position:0% +train of thought + + + align:start position:0% +train of thought +yeah that's our you know like the major + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's our you know like the major + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's our you know like the major +the major point is that if you want to + + align:start position:0% +the major point is that if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +the major point is that if you want to +make your career making Kings doing + + align:start position:0% +make your career making Kings doing + + + align:start position:0% +make your career making Kings doing +yourself can be really big if you want + + align:start position:0% +yourself can be really big if you want + + + align:start position:0% +yourself can be really big if you want +to like put a few games out there and do + + align:start position:0% +to like put a few games out there and do + + + align:start position:0% +to like put a few games out there and do +a lot of other things with your life + + align:start position:0% +a lot of other things with your life + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of other things with your life +like just like once a month sending out + + align:start position:0% +like just like once a month sending out + + + align:start position:0% +like just like once a month sending out +all of your games to every publisher + + align:start position:0% +all of your games to every publisher + + + align:start position:0% +all of your games to every publisher +you've got the email or now you can just + + align:start position:0% +you've got the email or now you can just + + + align:start position:0% +you've got the email or now you can just +kind of you don't have to make it your + + align:start position:0% +kind of you don't have to make it your + + + align:start position:0% +kind of you don't have to make it your +life yeah it's like it's like if you're + + align:start position:0% +life yeah it's like it's like if you're + + + align:start position:0% +life yeah it's like it's like if you're +gonna start a band is the band your life + + align:start position:0% +gonna start a band is the band your life + + + align:start position:0% +gonna start a band is the band your life +or is it what you do you know for fun + + align:start position:0% +or is it what you do you know for fun + + + align:start position:0% +or is it what you do you know for fun +with some of your friends neither + + align:start position:0% +with some of your friends neither + + + align:start position:0% +with some of your friends neither +neither is an illegitimate way of doing + + align:start position:0% +neither is an illegitimate way of doing + + + align:start position:0% +neither is an illegitimate way of doing +they're just right for different people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I can do that self-publishing is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contacts and get the money ever since + + align:start position:0% +contacts and get the money ever since + + + align:start position:0% +contacts and get the money ever since +and you guys have your finger on the + + align:start position:0% +and you guys have your finger on the + + + align:start position:0% +and you guys have your finger on the +pulse of the community and you know a + + align:start position:0% +pulse of the community and you know a + + + align:start position:0% +pulse of the community and you know a +lot of designers that + + align:start position:0% +lot of designers that + + + align:start position:0% +lot of designers that +skill set have you considered polishing + + align:start position:0% +skill set have you considered polishing + + + align:start position:0% +skill set have you considered polishing +other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I have I have considered it and I've + + align:start position:0% +I have I have considered it and I've + + + align:start position:0% +I have I have considered it and I've +been approached to do it but I've said + + align:start position:0% +been approached to do it but I've said + + + align:start position:0% +been approached to do it but I've said +and no because I don't I worked in + + align:start position:0% +and no because I don't I worked in + + + align:start position:0% +and no because I don't I worked in +publishing for a long time and I am + + align:start position:0% +publishing for a long time and I am + + + align:start position:0% +publishing for a long time and I am +ideologically opposed to that model that + + align:start position:0% +ideologically opposed to that model that + + + align:start position:0% +ideologically opposed to that model that +being said one of the things that I do I + + align:start position:0% +being said one of the things that I do I + + + align:start position:0% +being said one of the things that I do I +do this on a consulting basis and I also + + align:start position:0% +do this on a consulting basis and I also + + + align:start position:0% +do this on a consulting basis and I also +do this just through my my you know our + + align:start position:0% +do this just through my my you know our + + + align:start position:0% +do this just through my my you know our +website and kind of the fact that all of + + align:start position:0% +website and kind of the fact that all of + + + align:start position:0% +website and kind of the fact that all of +our games are Creative Commons license + + align:start position:0% +our games are Creative Commons license + + + align:start position:0% +our games are Creative Commons license +and the whole process and Frank and turn + + align:start position:0% +and the whole process and Frank and turn + + + align:start position:0% +and the whole process and Frank and turn +that down + + align:start position:0% +that down + + + align:start position:0% +that down +is um teach people how to do it because + + align:start position:0% +is um teach people how to do it because + + + align:start position:0% +is um teach people how to do it because +it isn't undertaking but there's nowhere + + align:start position:0% +it isn't undertaking but there's nowhere + + + align:start position:0% +it isn't undertaking but there's nowhere +near as hard as you would think you just + + align:start position:0% +near as hard as you would think you just + + + align:start position:0% +near as hard as you would think you just +you know just the kind of effort you + + align:start position:0% +you know just the kind of effort you + + + align:start position:0% +you know just the kind of effort you +would put into studying for a class is + + align:start position:0% +would put into studying for a class is + + + align:start position:0% +would put into studying for a class is +the kind of effort you need to put in to + + align:start position:0% +the kind of effort you need to put in to + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of effort you need to put in to +figure out how to deal with Amazon you + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to deal with Amazon you + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to deal with Amazon you +know fulfillment services or what does + + align:start position:0% +know fulfillment services or what does + + + align:start position:0% +know fulfillment services or what does +it take to Oh God + + align:start position:0% +it take to Oh God + + + align:start position:0% +it take to Oh God +figuring out shipping if you ever start + + align:start position:0% +figuring out shipping if you ever start + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out shipping if you ever start +a Kickstarter for anything figure out + + align:start position:0% +a Kickstarter for anything figure out + + + align:start position:0% +a Kickstarter for anything figure out +the damn shipping that will kill you I + + align:start position:0% +the damn shipping that will kill you I + + + align:start position:0% +the damn shipping that will kill you I +had a friend of mine who made this + + align:start position:0% +had a friend of mine who made this + + + align:start position:0% +had a friend of mine who made this +really cool game called um mobile + + align:start position:0% +really cool game called um mobile + + + align:start position:0% +really cool game called um mobile +friends zero rapid attack which is a + + align:start position:0% +friends zero rapid attack which is a + + + align:start position:0% +friends zero rapid attack which is a +which is a robot fighting game where you + + align:start position:0% +which is a robot fighting game where you + + + align:start position:0% +which is a robot fighting game where you +make all the Lego you make Lego robots + + align:start position:0% +make all the Lego you make Lego robots + + + align:start position:0% +make all the Lego you make Lego robots +and yeah so they're doing in this demo + + align:start position:0% +and yeah so they're doing in this demo + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah so they're doing in this demo +his new him this weekend which is like + + align:start position:0% +his new him this weekend which is like + + + align:start position:0% +his new him this weekend which is like +rockets and space or something anyway so + + align:start position:0% +rockets and space or something anyway so + + + align:start position:0% +rockets and space or something anyway so +he he raised like eighty five thousand + + align:start position:0% +he he raised like eighty five thousand + + + align:start position:0% +he he raised like eighty five thousand +dollars on Kickstarter to publish what + + align:start position:0% +dollars on Kickstarter to publish what + + + align:start position:0% +dollars on Kickstarter to publish what +was just a book and mail it to people + + align:start position:0% +was just a book and mail it to people + + + align:start position:0% +was just a book and mail it to people +but because he had not and he's a smart + + align:start position:0% +but because he had not and he's a smart + + + align:start position:0% +but because he had not and he's a smart +person because he had not figured out + + align:start position:0% +person because he had not figured out + + + align:start position:0% +person because he had not figured out +the shipping cost he ended up 25 grand + + align:start position:0% +the shipping cost he ended up 25 grand + + + align:start position:0% +the shipping cost he ended up 25 grand +in the hole yeah yeah cuz United States + + align:start position:0% +in the hole yeah yeah cuz United States + + + align:start position:0% +in the hole yeah yeah cuz United States +Postal Service and go what are the rates + + align:start position:0% +Postal Service and go what are the rates + + + align:start position:0% +Postal Service and go what are the rates +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +5,000 and it cost him roughly a hundred + + align:start position:0% +5,000 and it cost him roughly a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +5,000 and it cost him roughly a hundred +yeah so like it's not like if that's + + align:start position:0% +yeah so like it's not like if that's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so like it's not like if that's +that is what a publisher does for you + + align:start position:0% +that is what a publisher does for you + + + align:start position:0% +that is what a publisher does for you +they bigger don't even freaking worry + + align:start position:0% +they bigger don't even freaking worry + + + align:start position:0% +they bigger don't even freaking worry +about it + + align:start position:0% +about it + + + align:start position:0% +about it +we're taking 90% of whatever this game + + align:start position:0% +we're taking 90% of whatever this game + + + align:start position:0% +we're taking 90% of whatever this game +makes 95% of whatever this game makes + + align:start position:0% +makes 95% of whatever this game makes + + + align:start position:0% +makes 95% of whatever this game makes +well you know if they're worried about a + + align:start position:0% +well you know if they're worried about a + + + align:start position:0% +well you know if they're worried about a +that crap and so for some people that's + + align:start position:0% +that crap and so for some people that's + + + align:start position:0% +that crap and so for some people that's +really what you're actually finding a + + align:start position:0% +really what you're actually finding a + + + align:start position:0% +really what you're actually finding a +lot of is that there's tons of small + + align:start position:0% +lot of is that there's tons of small + + + align:start position:0% +lot of is that there's tons of small +publishers and these are actually + + align:start position:0% +publishers and these are actually + + + align:start position:0% +publishers and these are actually +starting I mean game Sloot is one made a + + align:start position:0% +starting I mean game Sloot is one made a + + + align:start position:0% +starting I mean game Sloot is one made a +game yeah maybe a page which you might + + align:start position:0% +game yeah maybe a page which you might + + + align:start position:0% +game yeah maybe a page which you might +have seen on tabletop yeah that's Dave + + align:start position:0% +have seen on tabletop yeah that's Dave + + + align:start position:0% +have seen on tabletop yeah that's Dave +chalker yeah yeah he's a really good guy + + align:start position:0% +chalker yeah yeah he's a really good guy + + + align:start position:0% +chalker yeah yeah he's a really good guy +but lots of small companies that they it + + align:start position:0% +but lots of small companies that they it + + + align:start position:0% +but lots of small companies that they it +was a designer he had one game he's like + + align:start position:0% +was a designer he had one game he's like + + + align:start position:0% +was a designer he had one game he's like +I'm gonna do it myself and try and make + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna do it myself and try and make + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna do it myself and try and make +this work tasty minstrels another one + + align:start position:0% +this work tasty minstrels another one + + + align:start position:0% +this work tasty minstrels another one +there's a lot of these little dice ain't + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of these little dice ain't + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of these little dice ain't +big games just started like that yeah + + align:start position:0% +big games just started like that yeah + + + align:start position:0% +big games just started like that yeah +now that whatever conventions are there + + align:start position:0% +now that whatever conventions are there + + + align:start position:0% +now that whatever conventions are there +they serve the idea they do it + + align:start position:0% +they serve the idea they do it + + + align:start position:0% +they serve the idea they do it +themselves and hey it works out and then + + align:start position:0% +themselves and hey it works out and then + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and hey it works out and then +from there they realize hey we should do + + align:start position:0% +from there they realize hey we should do + + + align:start position:0% +from there they realize hey we should do +a lot more of these because that was + + align:start position:0% +a lot more of these because that was + + + align:start position:0% +a lot more of these because that was +successful and if we're successful + + align:start position:0% +successful and if we're successful + + + align:start position:0% +successful and if we're successful +whether we can make it work and after + + align:start position:0% +whether we can make it work and after + + + align:start position:0% +whether we can make it work and after +the one designer kind of takes some + + align:start position:0% +the one designer kind of takes some + + + align:start position:0% +the one designer kind of takes some +bills a company comes three or four + + align:start position:0% +bills a company comes three or four + + + align:start position:0% +bills a company comes three or four +people and it becomes mildly successful + + align:start position:0% +people and it becomes mildly successful + + + align:start position:0% +people and it becomes mildly successful +and then pushed out all the games that + + align:start position:0% +and then pushed out all the games that + + + align:start position:0% +and then pushed out all the games that +they thought like man you know I've made + + align:start position:0% +they thought like man you know I've made + + + align:start position:0% +they thought like man you know I've made +all the games that I wanted to setting + + align:start position:0% +all the games that I wanted to setting + + + align:start position:0% +all the games that I wanted to setting +out or they've used all their hours in + + align:start position:0% +out or they've used all their hours in + + + align:start position:0% +out or they've used all their hours in +the day and they just can't do anymore + + align:start position:0% +the day and they just can't do anymore + + + align:start position:0% +the day and they just can't do anymore +well then then they they then once that + + align:start position:0% +well then then they they then once that + + + align:start position:0% +well then then they they then once that +happens a lot of publishers will then + + align:start position:0% +happens a lot of publishers will then + + + align:start position:0% +happens a lot of publishers will then +start to look for other designers and + + align:start position:0% +start to look for other designers and + + + align:start position:0% +start to look for other designers and +publish their games because after you + + align:start position:0% +publish their games because after you + + + align:start position:0% +publish their games because after you +know you know your your design your name + + align:start position:0% +know you know your your design your name + + + align:start position:0% +know you know your your design your name +together you're like you're a idea + + align:start position:0% +together you're like you're a idea + + + align:start position:0% +together you're like you're a idea +you're being in your CID and you're like + + align:start position:0% +you're being in your CID and you're like + + + align:start position:0% +you're being in your CID and you're like +these are all great and once you've + + align:start position:0% +these are all great and once you've + + + align:start position:0% +these are all great and once you've +published all of those you start to + + align:start position:0% +published all of those you start to + + + align:start position:0% +published all of those you start to +realize maybe those other ideas that you + + align:start position:0% +realize maybe those other ideas that you + + + align:start position:0% +realize maybe those other ideas that you +have are good but maybe be better more + + align:start position:0% +have are good but maybe be better more + + + align:start position:0% +have are good but maybe be better more +successful if you could pick out some + + align:start position:0% +successful if you could pick out some + + + align:start position:0% +successful if you could pick out some +other ideas that other people would + + align:start position:0% +other ideas that other people would + + + align:start position:0% +other ideas that other people would +submitted to you really that's actually + + align:start position:0% +submitted to you really that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +submitted to you really that's actually +better than what I would do myself or + + align:start position:0% +better than what I would do myself or + + + align:start position:0% +better than what I would do myself or +maybe a lot of times what will happen is + + align:start position:0% +maybe a lot of times what will happen is + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a lot of times what will happen is +is as a designer you did you have a lot + + align:start position:0% +is as a designer you did you have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +is as a designer you did you have a lot +of ideas and and if you're a smart one + + align:start position:0% +of ideas and and if you're a smart one + + + align:start position:0% +of ideas and and if you're a smart one +you realize that most of them are + + align:start position:0% +you realize that most of them are + + + align:start position:0% +you realize that most of them are +probably not good but that's fine that's + + align:start position:0% +probably not good but that's fine that's + + + align:start position:0% +probably not good but that's fine that's +absolutely fine that's the nation + + align:start position:0% +absolutely fine that's the nation + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely fine that's the nation +nothing springs forth from someone's + + align:start position:0% +nothing springs forth from someone's + + + align:start position:0% +nothing springs forth from someone's +head like Athena perfectly formed it + + align:start position:0% +head like Athena perfectly formed it + + + align:start position:0% +head like Athena perfectly formed it +just that is not how things are made + + align:start position:0% +just that is not how things are made + + + align:start position:0% +just that is not how things are made +right you just + + align:start position:0% +right you just + + + align:start position:0% +right you just +all your favorite musicians practiced + + align:start position:0% +all your favorite musicians practiced + + + align:start position:0% +all your favorite musicians practiced +forever to get really good it's just the + + align:start position:0% +forever to get really good it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +forever to get really good it's just the +way it is and in game designs the same + + align:start position:0% +way it is and in game designs the same + + + align:start position:0% +way it is and in game designs the same +we have to make a lot of really crap + + align:start position:0% +we have to make a lot of really crap + + + align:start position:0% +we have to make a lot of really crap +there's a really good phrase about + + align:start position:0% +there's a really good phrase about + + + align:start position:0% +there's a really good phrase about +writing which is that every writer has + + align:start position:0% +writing which is that every writer has + + + align:start position:0% +writing which is that every writer has +2,000 bad pages in them and the good + + align:start position:0% +2,000 bad pages in them and the good + + + align:start position:0% +2,000 bad pages in them and the good +writers are the ones who've got the two + + align:start position:0% +writers are the ones who've got the two + + + align:start position:0% +writers are the ones who've got the two +thousand out somewhere else so um you + + align:start position:0% +thousand out somewhere else so um you + + + align:start position:0% +thousand out somewhere else so um you +know you got to keep that in mind but I + + align:start position:0% +know you got to keep that in mind but I + + + align:start position:0% +know you got to keep that in mind but I +think that the the ability to find + + align:start position:0% +think that the the ability to find + + + align:start position:0% +think that the the ability to find +publishers is is not diminishing but the + + align:start position:0% +publishers is is not diminishing but the + + + align:start position:0% +publishers is is not diminishing but the +ability to self publish is rising + + align:start position:0% +ability to self publish is rising + + + align:start position:0% +ability to self publish is rising +especially although we have great + + align:start position:0% +especially although we have great + + + align:start position:0% +especially although we have great +self-publishing tools now and the + + align:start position:0% +self-publishing tools now and the + + + align:start position:0% +self-publishing tools now and the +Internet's really good for sharing + + align:start position:0% +Internet's really good for sharing + + + align:start position:0% +Internet's really good for sharing +things the biggest thing that's happened + + align:start position:0% +things the biggest thing that's happened + + + align:start position:0% +things the biggest thing that's happened +in the past year and during this year is + + align:start position:0% +in the past year and during this year is + + + align:start position:0% +in the past year and during this year is +um 3d printing so while we well we've + + align:start position:0% +um 3d printing so while we well we've + + + align:start position:0% +um 3d printing so while we well we've +kind of hit the end of what + + align:start position:0% +kind of hit the end of what + + + align:start position:0% +kind of hit the end of what +self-publishing is we're just beginning + + align:start position:0% +self-publishing is we're just beginning + + + align:start position:0% +self-publishing is we're just beginning +to see what desktop manufacturing is + + align:start position:0% +to see what desktop manufacturing is + + + align:start position:0% +to see what desktop manufacturing is +like people who are just running their + + align:start position:0% +like people who are just running their + + + align:start position:0% +like people who are just running their +own little factories in their houses + + align:start position:0% +own little factories in their houses + + + align:start position:0% +own little factories in their houses +which is super cool actually doing that + + align:start position:0% +which is super cool actually doing that + + + align:start position:0% +which is super cool actually doing that +for my yeah that's oh cool I really want + + align:start position:0% +for my yeah that's oh cool I really want + + + align:start position:0% +for my yeah that's oh cool I really want +to do that so much it depends on the + + align:start position:0% +to do that so much it depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +to do that so much it depends on the +depends on the scale yes this was + + align:start position:0% +depends on the scale yes this was + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the scale yes this was +printed in China and like I said just + + align:start position:0% +printed in China and like I said just + + + align:start position:0% +printed in China and like I said just +got off the boat so I worked with a + + align:start position:0% +got off the boat so I worked with a + + + align:start position:0% +got off the boat so I worked with a +printer on this and you know like + + align:start position:0% +printer on this and you know like + + + align:start position:0% +printer on this and you know like +because I've been doing printing and + + align:start position:0% +because I've been doing printing and + + + align:start position:0% +because I've been doing printing and +publishing for for so long like I know + + align:start position:0% +publishing for for so long like I know + + + align:start position:0% +publishing for for so long like I know +the jargon and know the lingo again + + align:start position:0% +the jargon and know the lingo again + + + align:start position:0% +the jargon and know the lingo again +another thing that a publisher can be + + align:start position:0% +another thing that a publisher can be + + + align:start position:0% +another thing that a publisher can be +really good for is that you you don't + + align:start position:0% +really good for is that you you don't + + + align:start position:0% +really good for is that you you don't +need to study to figure out all the + + align:start position:0% +need to study to figure out all the + + + align:start position:0% +need to study to figure out all the +things right like they maybe have made + + align:start position:0% +things right like they maybe have made + + + align:start position:0% +things right like they maybe have made +all those mistakes in the past for you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah if you've got the expertise or you + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you've got the expertise or you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah if you've got the expertise or you +can organize the expertise amongst the + + align:start position:0% +can organize the expertise amongst the + + + align:start position:0% +can organize the expertise amongst the +people you know you can get past a lot + + align:start position:0% +people you know you can get past a lot + + + align:start position:0% +people you know you can get past a lot +of it but but these think about like + + align:start position:0% +of it but but these think about like + + + align:start position:0% +of it but but these think about like +everyone who's printing stuff or making + + align:start position:0% +everyone who's printing stuff or making + + + align:start position:0% +everyone who's printing stuff or making +things they want you to use their + + align:start position:0% +things they want you to use their + + + align:start position:0% +things they want you to use their +services right because they're a service + + align:start position:0% +services right because they're a service + + + align:start position:0% +services right because they're a service +industry they're gonna make it as easy + + align:start position:0% +industry they're gonna make it as easy + + + align:start position:0% +industry they're gonna make it as easy +as possible and if they don't make it + + align:start position:0% +as possible and if they don't make it + + + align:start position:0% +as possible and if they don't make it +easy there's someone + + align:start position:0% +easy there's someone + + + align:start position:0% +easy there's someone +like four blocks down that is probably + + align:start position:0% +like four blocks down that is probably + + + align:start position:0% +like four blocks down that is probably +going to do it because that yeah you + + align:start position:0% +going to do it because that yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it because that yeah you +capitalism there is you know there's God + + align:start position:0% +capitalism there is you know there's God + + + align:start position:0% +capitalism there is you know there's God +I think one massage no it is it's + + align:start position:0% +I think one massage no it is it's + + + align:start position:0% +I think one massage no it is it's +actually a huge expense to buy a printer + + align:start position:0% +actually a huge expense to buy a printer + + + align:start position:0% +actually a huge expense to buy a printer +the problem with printers is that + + align:start position:0% +the problem with printers is that + + + align:start position:0% +the problem with printers is that +they're super expensive to have and not + + align:start position:0% +they're super expensive to have and not + + + align:start position:0% +they're super expensive to have and not +use so people are yeah yeah you want + + align:start position:0% +use so people are yeah yeah you want + + + align:start position:0% +use so people are yeah yeah you want +that machine running losing money + + align:start position:0% +that machine running losing money + + + align:start position:0% +that machine running losing money +because you'll lose less money than if + + align:start position:0% +because you'll lose less money than if + + + align:start position:0% +because you'll lose less money than if +it wasn't running at all so there are + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't running at all so there are + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't running at all so there are +there are a decent number of American + + align:start position:0% +there are a decent number of American + + + align:start position:0% +there are a decent number of American +manufacturers certainly for like + + align:start position:0% +manufacturers certainly for like + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturers certainly for like +prototype level materials and in + + align:start position:0% +prototype level materials and in + + + align:start position:0% +prototype level materials and in +Massachusetts right like yeah doesn't + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts right like yeah doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts right like yeah doesn't +Massachusetts specifically Massachusetts + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts specifically Massachusetts + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts specifically Massachusetts +there there's a lot of stuff I would I + + align:start position:0% +there there's a lot of stuff I would I + + + align:start position:0% +there there's a lot of stuff I would I +would say is from whatever + + align:start position:0% +would say is from whatever + + + align:start position:0% +would say is from whatever +nothing will be China in terms of cost + + align:start position:0% +nothing will be China in terms of cost + + + align:start position:0% +nothing will be China in terms of cost +it depends on the it depends on the + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the it depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the it depends on the +exact scope of your project and the + + align:start position:0% +exact scope of your project and the + + + align:start position:0% +exact scope of your project and the +number of units that you're doing so if + + align:start position:0% +number of units that you're doing so if + + + align:start position:0% +number of units that you're doing so if +you're doing a few units of a very + + align:start position:0% +you're doing a few units of a very + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing a few units of a very +complicated thing you can actually + + align:start position:0% +complicated thing you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +complicated thing you can actually +probably get good prices in America if + + align:start position:0% +probably get good prices in America if + + + align:start position:0% +probably get good prices in America if +you're doing a lot of units of something + + align:start position:0% +you're doing a lot of units of something + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing a lot of units of something +relatively simple you you're right you + + align:start position:0% +relatively simple you you're right you + + + align:start position:0% +relatively simple you you're right you +can't get it right and then there's + + align:start position:0% +can't get it right and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +can't get it right and then there's +oftentimes like some people will do + + align:start position:0% +oftentimes like some people will do + + + align:start position:0% +oftentimes like some people will do +piecemeal so they'll go to some printers + + align:start position:0% +piecemeal so they'll go to some printers + + + align:start position:0% +piecemeal so they'll go to some printers +for something you like the boxes the + + align:start position:0% +for something you like the boxes the + + + align:start position:0% +for something you like the boxes the +rule books and you kind of pull that + + align:start position:0% +rule books and you kind of pull that + + + align:start position:0% +rule books and you kind of pull that +together and that can be a nightmare it + + align:start position:0% +together and that can be a nightmare it + + + align:start position:0% +together and that can be a nightmare it +can be and but there are specifically + + align:start position:0% +can be and but there are specifically + + + align:start position:0% +can be and but there are specifically +services that you can hire they're + + align:start position:0% +services that you can hire they're + + + align:start position:0% +services that you can hire they're +called like pick and pack warehouses + + align:start position:0% +called like pick and pack warehouses + + + align:start position:0% +called like pick and pack warehouses +where let's say I had a board game and + + align:start position:0% +where let's say I had a board game and + + + align:start position:0% +where let's say I had a board game and +it had components coming from the four + + align:start position:0% +it had components coming from the four + + + align:start position:0% +it had components coming from the four +corners of the earth I could get them + + align:start position:0% +corners of the earth I could get them + + + align:start position:0% +corners of the earth I could get them +all shipped to one place and then pay a + + align:start position:0% +all shipped to one place and then pay a + + + align:start position:0% +all shipped to one place and then pay a +person a quarter per unit to pack it all + + align:start position:0% +person a quarter per unit to pack it all + + + align:start position:0% +person a quarter per unit to pack it all +together and whatever and if I had + + align:start position:0% +together and whatever and if I had + + + align:start position:0% +together and whatever and if I had +filled out my spreadsheet correctly I + + align:start position:0% +filled out my spreadsheet correctly I + + + align:start position:0% +filled out my spreadsheet correctly I +will realize whether that is a + + align:start position:0% +will realize whether that is a + + + align:start position:0% +will realize whether that is a +financially viable thing or not in the + + align:start position:0% +financially viable thing or not in the + + + align:start position:0% +financially viable thing or not in the +case of this where I had some one of the + + align:start position:0% +case of this where I had some one of the + + + align:start position:0% +case of this where I had some one of the +things I like about self manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +things I like about self manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +things I like about self manufacturing +is that I can figure that stuff out as + + align:start position:0% +is that I can figure that stuff out as + + + align:start position:0% +is that I can figure that stuff out as +I'm doing it so for instance on early + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing it so for instance on early + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing it so for instance on early +prototypes of slash I was printing all + + align:start position:0% +prototypes of slash I was printing all + + + align:start position:0% +prototypes of slash I was printing all +the cards and cutting all the cards and + + align:start position:0% +the cards and cutting all the cards and + + + align:start position:0% +the cards and cutting all the cards and +and killing myself because it's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and killing myself because it's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and killing myself because it's a lot of +cards to cut and so it kind of bakes + + align:start position:0% +cards to cut and so it kind of bakes + + + align:start position:0% +cards to cut and so it kind of bakes +back into the design like okay well if I + + align:start position:0% +back into the design like okay well if I + + + align:start position:0% +back into the design like okay well if I +change the size of the cards I can use + + align:start position:0% +change the size of the cards I can use + + + align:start position:0% +change the size of the cards I can use +this machine + + align:start position:0% +this machine + + + align:start position:0% +this machine +cut it and it's gonna save me like a + + align:start position:0% +cut it and it's gonna save me like a + + + align:start position:0% +cut it and it's gonna save me like a +half-hour + + align:start position:0% +half-hour + + + align:start position:0% +half-hour +I never similar you met and then that's + + align:start position:0% +I never similar you met and then that's + + + align:start position:0% +I never similar you met and then that's +a whole nother thing it's design around + + align:start position:0% +a whole nother thing it's design around + + + align:start position:0% +a whole nother thing it's design around +like your physical capabilities which is + + align:start position:0% +like your physical capabilities which is + + + align:start position:0% +like your physical capabilities which is +what you'll actually see the rise of + + align:start position:0% +what you'll actually see the rise of + + + align:start position:0% +what you'll actually see the rise of +like super small games like my car game + + align:start position:0% +like super small games like my car game + + + align:start position:0% +like super small games like my car game +micro game because they take a lot less + + align:start position:0% +micro game because they take a lot less + + + align:start position:0% +micro game because they take a lot less +- yeah the biggest game you can create + + align:start position:0% +- yeah the biggest game you can create + + + align:start position:0% +- yeah the biggest game you can create +using ten wooden ships and a miniature + + align:start position:0% +using ten wooden ships and a miniature + + + align:start position:0% +using ten wooden ships and a miniature +dice and weave it into a package about + + align:start position:0% +dice and weave it into a package about + + + align:start position:0% +dice and weave it into a package about +this big yeah so there's that that like + + align:start position:0% +this big yeah so there's that that like + + + align:start position:0% +this big yeah so there's that that like +threshold but so so one of the things I + + align:start position:0% +threshold but so so one of the things I + + + align:start position:0% +threshold but so so one of the things I +have with this is that I'm when you do + + align:start position:0% +have with this is that I'm when you do + + + align:start position:0% +have with this is that I'm when you do +printing you you usually have like one + + align:start position:0% +printing you you usually have like one + + + align:start position:0% +printing you you usually have like one +big let's say four cards one big piece + + align:start position:0% +big let's say four cards one big piece + + + align:start position:0% +big let's say four cards one big piece +of paper with a bunch of different cards + + align:start position:0% +of paper with a bunch of different cards + + + align:start position:0% +of paper with a bunch of different cards +on it then you cut it all out now if I'm + + align:start position:0% +on it then you cut it all out now if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +on it then you cut it all out now if I'm +making 24 copies of the game it just so + + align:start position:0% +making 24 copies of the game it just so + + + align:start position:0% +making 24 copies of the game it just so +happens that I can fit 24 cards on one + + align:start position:0% +happens that I can fit 24 cards on one + + + align:start position:0% +happens that I can fit 24 cards on one +sheet of paper which means instead of + + align:start position:0% +sheet of paper which means instead of + + + align:start position:0% +sheet of paper which means instead of +printing card + + align:start position:0% +printing card + + + align:start position:0% +printing card +ABCD efg hijk LMNOP qrs whatever on that + + align:start position:0% +ABCD efg hijk LMNOP qrs whatever on that + + + align:start position:0% +ABCD efg hijk LMNOP qrs whatever on that +one page and then cutting it out and + + align:start position:0% +one page and then cutting it out and + + + align:start position:0% +one page and then cutting it out and +then sorting it I can print a 24 x and + + align:start position:0% +then sorting it I can print a 24 x and + + + align:start position:0% +then sorting it I can print a 24 x and +then do that 400 times in a row stack + + align:start position:0% +then do that 400 times in a row stack + + + align:start position:0% +then do that 400 times in a row stack +them all together chop it chop a choppa + + align:start position:0% +them all together chop it chop a choppa + + + align:start position:0% +them all together chop it chop a choppa +choppa choppa choppa chop it and I don't + + align:start position:0% +choppa choppa choppa chop it and I don't + + + align:start position:0% +choppa choppa choppa chop it and I don't +have to sort anything anymore + + align:start position:0% +have to sort anything anymore + + + align:start position:0% +have to sort anything anymore +I just like I have caught hours off of + + align:start position:0% +I just like I have caught hours off of + + + align:start position:0% +I just like I have caught hours off of +that picking back time and now multiply + + align:start position:0% +that picking back time and now multiply + + + align:start position:0% +that picking back time and now multiply +it by the number that I just got out of + + align:start position:0% +it by the number that I just got out of + + + align:start position:0% +it by the number that I just got out of +it instead of making one game every half + + align:start position:0% +it instead of making one game every half + + + align:start position:0% +it instead of making one game every half +hour I'm making 12 games every 15 + + align:start position:0% +hour I'm making 12 games every 15 + + + align:start position:0% +hour I'm making 12 games every 15 +minutes or something and this I just go + + align:start position:0% +minutes or something and this I just go + + + align:start position:0% +minutes or something and this I just go +back again to China versus the states as + + align:start position:0% +back again to China versus the states as + + + align:start position:0% +back again to China versus the states as +well as the I'm finding a lot of + + align:start position:0% +well as the I'm finding a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +well as the I'm finding a lot of +Kickstarter's realize that the margins + + align:start position:0% +Kickstarter's realize that the margins + + + align:start position:0% +Kickstarter's realize that the margins +that they need for like small amounts + + align:start position:0% +that they need for like small amounts + + + align:start position:0% +that they need for like small amounts +like they have to go to Chinese are + + align:start position:0% +like they have to go to Chinese are + + + align:start position:0% +like they have to go to Chinese are +going to make like if they're gonna even + + align:start position:0% +going to make like if they're gonna even + + + align:start position:0% +going to make like if they're gonna even +break even but that is they exceed goals + + align:start position:0% +break even but that is they exceed goals + + + align:start position:0% +break even but that is they exceed goals +or go much higher and they can do larger + + align:start position:0% +or go much higher and they can do larger + + + align:start position:0% +or go much higher and they can do larger +quantities produced in this States and + + align:start position:0% +quantities produced in this States and + + + align:start position:0% +quantities produced in this States and +thinking with the same Martinez so a lot + + align:start position:0% +thinking with the same Martinez so a lot + + + align:start position:0% +thinking with the same Martinez so a lot +of people will if they can get a game + + align:start position:0% +of people will if they can get a game + + + align:start position:0% +of people will if they can get a game +big enough we'll try and as sort of a + + align:start position:0% +big enough we'll try and as sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +big enough we'll try and as sort of a +stretch goal bring games to the + + align:start position:0% +stretch goal bring games to the + + + align:start position:0% +stretch goal bring games to the +States if they can sell enough of them + + align:start position:0% +States if they can sell enough of them + + + align:start position:0% +States if they can sell enough of them +those are the this is a challenge that + + align:start position:0% +those are the this is a challenge that + + + align:start position:0% +those are the this is a challenge that +is unique to analog games obviously you + + align:start position:0% +is unique to analog games obviously you + + + align:start position:0% +is unique to analog games obviously you +don't need to worry about where you're + + align:start position:0% +don't need to worry about where you're + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to worry about where you're +getting your cards cut fur I guess + + align:start position:0% +getting your cards cut fur I guess + + + align:start position:0% +getting your cards cut fur I guess +unless you're making like some kind of + + align:start position:0% +unless you're making like some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +unless you're making like some kind of +Pokemon AR game do they actually like + + align:start position:0% +Pokemon AR game do they actually like + + + align:start position:0% +Pokemon AR game do they actually like +interact with each other they should + + align:start position:0% +interact with each other they should + + + align:start position:0% +interact with each other they should +because I last year they did a + + align:start position:0% +because I last year they did a + + + align:start position:0% +because I last year they did a +Kickstarter for Gollum Arcana which is + + align:start position:0% +Kickstarter for Gollum Arcana which is + + + align:start position:0% +Kickstarter for Gollum Arcana which is +like an app and a miniatures war game + + align:start position:0% +like an app and a miniatures war game + + + align:start position:0% +like an app and a miniatures war game +we're like your your dude has a QR code + + align:start position:0% +we're like your your dude has a QR code + + + align:start position:0% +we're like your your dude has a QR code +on it and then like two hours of class + + align:start position:0% +on it and then like two hours of class + + + align:start position:0% +on it and then like two hours of class +well first we're gonna take a break and + + align:start position:0% +well first we're gonna take a break and + + + align:start position:0% +well first we're gonna take a break and +then we're going to be playing but I + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to be playing but I + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to be playing but I +think eight different games that I've + + align:start position:0% +think eight different games that I've + + + align:start position:0% +think eight different games that I've +made + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +my business comes up here as I kind of + + align:start position:0% +my business comes up here as I kind of + + + align:start position:0% +my business comes up here as I kind of +go through the process my game I'm + + align:start position:0% +go through the process my game I'm + + + align:start position:0% +go through the process my game I'm +basically gonna be posting my + + align:start position:0% +basically gonna be posting my + + + align:start position:0% +basically gonna be posting my +experiences every step of the way + + align:start position:0% +experiences every step of the way + + + align:start position:0% +experiences every step of the way +from design to manufacture so if you + + align:start position:0% +from design to manufacture so if you + + + align:start position:0% +from design to manufacture so if you +want to watch sometimes struggle + + align:start position:0% +want to watch sometimes struggle + + + align:start position:0% +want to watch sometimes struggle +immensely for the process and watch the + + align:start position:0% +immensely for the process and watch the + + + align:start position:0% +immensely for the process and watch the +mistakes that I make and laugh immensely + + align:start position:0% +mistakes that I make and laugh immensely + + + align:start position:0% +mistakes that I make and laugh immensely +it's gonna be hilarious + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be hilarious + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be hilarious +whatever de Graaff business card if + + align:start position:0% +whatever de Graaff business card if + + + align:start position:0% +whatever de Graaff business card if +you're interested in playing croquet and + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in playing croquet and + + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in playing croquet and +also murdering each other this is + + align:start position:0% +also murdering each other this is + + + align:start position:0% +also murdering each other this is +definitely the game for that and so just + + align:start position:0% +definitely the game for that and so just + + + align:start position:0% +definitely the game for that and so just +to show you guys these are the three + + align:start position:0% +to show you guys these are the three + + + align:start position:0% +to show you guys these are the three +phases of prototypes oh this is these + + align:start position:0% +phases of prototypes oh this is these + + + align:start position:0% +phases of prototypes oh this is these +are the two phases of prototypes that I + + align:start position:0% +are the two phases of prototypes that I + + + align:start position:0% +are the two phases of prototypes that I +went through yeah and so here's the + + align:start position:0% +went through yeah and so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +went through yeah and so here's the +string the reason that it's in a VHS + + align:start position:0% +string the reason that it's in a VHS + + + align:start position:0% +string the reason that it's in a VHS +cassette is um because this will fit + + align:start position:0% +cassette is um because this will fit + + + align:start position:0% +cassette is um because this will fit +into the smallest flat rate priority + + align:start position:0% +into the smallest flat rate priority + + + align:start position:0% +into the smallest flat rate priority +mailer really I can get any game that + + align:start position:0% +mailer really I can get any game that + + + align:start position:0% +mailer really I can get any game that +fits in this size anywhere in America + + align:start position:0% +fits in this size anywhere in America + + + align:start position:0% +fits in this size anywhere in America +for five bucks in two days + + align:start position:0% +for five bucks in two days + + + align:start position:0% +for five bucks in two days +you just and you can't beat that and so + + align:start position:0% +you just and you can't beat that and so + + + align:start position:0% +you just and you can't beat that and so +if I wanted to get a lot of these games + + align:start position:0% +if I wanted to get a lot of these games + + + align:start position:0% +if I wanted to get a lot of these games +out and not get a second mortgage on my + + align:start position:0% +out and not get a second mortgage on my + + + align:start position:0% +out and not get a second mortgage on my +house cousin not an idiot um I designed + + align:start position:0% +house cousin not an idiot um I designed + + + align:start position:0% +house cousin not an idiot um I designed +that so I actually put that with all my + + align:start position:0% +that so I actually put that with all my + + + align:start position:0% +that so I actually put that with all my +monthly games keys they're dirt cheap + + align:start position:0% +monthly games keys they're dirt cheap + + + align:start position:0% +monthly games keys they're dirt cheap +they're like eight cents each yeah + + align:start position:0% +they're like eight cents each yeah + + + align:start position:0% +they're like eight cents each yeah +no one needs up yeah so I found a place + + align:start position:0% +no one needs up yeah so I found a place + + + align:start position:0% +no one needs up yeah so I found a place +that is still selling them so you know + + align:start position:0% +that is still selling them so you know + + + align:start position:0% +that is still selling them so you know +supply chain stuff + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no I did not because the I know it may + + align:start position:0% +no I did not because the I know it may + + + align:start position:0% +no I did not because the I know it may +be my artist is is supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +be my artist is is supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +be my artist is is supposed to be +getting it to me today okay you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thanks for coming guys + + align:start position:0% +thanks for coming guys + + + align:start position:0% +thanks for coming guys +oh thanks great help + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-jjUoTiaSHw.txt b/-jjUoTiaSHw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95a017bf826a7ee651c6235360995ad92c61a93d --- /dev/null +++ b/-jjUoTiaSHw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,491 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so the question is we have + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so the question is we have + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so the question is we have +the string s is the string 600 is 61 and + + align:start position:0% +the string s is the string 600 is 61 and + + + align:start position:0% +the string s is the string 600 is 61 and +62 so we're going to create this string + + align:start position:0% +62 so we're going to create this string + + + align:start position:0% +62 so we're going to create this string +here right it's initially an empty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string uh I want to mention + + align:start position:0% +string uh I want to mention + + + align:start position:0% +string uh I want to mention +that the plus + + align:start position:0% +that the plus + + + align:start position:0% +that the plus +equals for example if I say a plus + + align:start position:0% +equals for example if I say a plus + + + align:start position:0% +equals for example if I say a plus +equals 1 this is equivalent to a is + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 this is equivalent to a is + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 this is equivalent to a is +equal to a + 1 okay we've seen this a + + align:start position:0% +equal to a + 1 okay we've seen this a + + + align:start position:0% +equal to a + 1 okay we've seen this a +couple times before last lecture in the + + align:start position:0% +couple times before last lecture in the + + + align:start position:0% +couple times before last lecture in the +lecture before that so all this means + + align:start position:0% +lecture before that so all this means + + + align:start position:0% +lecture before that so all this means +here this line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here is we're going to take the previous + + align:start position:0% +here is we're going to take the previous + + + align:start position:0% +here is we're going to take the previous +string that we have and we're just going + + align:start position:0% +string that we have and we're just going + + + align:start position:0% +string that we have and we're just going +to add it to itself plus the last letter + + align:start position:0% +to add it to itself plus the last letter + + + align:start position:0% +to add it to itself plus the last letter +so the first thing we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +so the first thing we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +so the first thing we're going to have +is going to be newcore St is equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 then this line here is going to say + + align:start position:0% +2 then this line here is going to say + + + align:start position:0% +2 then this line here is going to say +now I'm going to add to the to the two + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to add to the to the two + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to add to the to the two +that I already + + align:start position:0% +that I already + + + align:start position:0% +that I already +have the element at position zer which + + align:start position:0% +have the element at position zer which + + + align:start position:0% +have the element at position zer which +is a six so I'm going to have + + align:start position:0% +is a six so I'm going to have + + + align:start position:0% +is a six so I'm going to have +six then I'm going to add to + + align:start position:0% +six then I'm going to add to + + + align:start position:0% +six then I'm going to add to +that the element at position at index + + align:start position:0% +that the element at position at index + + + align:start position:0% +that the element at position at index +four so I'm starting to count from zero + + align:start position:0% +four so I'm starting to count from zero + + + align:start position:0% +four so I'm starting to count from zero +so this is zero 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +so this is zero 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +so this is zero 1 2 +34 right so that's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space and I'm going to go notice I have + + align:start position:0% +space and I'm going to go notice I have + + + align:start position:0% +space and I'm going to go notice I have +four and then nothing in the middle so + + align:start position:0% +four and then nothing in the middle so + + + align:start position:0% +four and then nothing in the middle so +my stop is going to be length s by + + align:start position:0% +my stop is going to be length s by + + + align:start position:0% +my stop is going to be length s by +default and I'm going to take every 30 + + align:start position:0% +default and I'm going to take every 30 + + + align:start position:0% +default and I'm going to take every 30 +characters now every 30 is longer than + + align:start position:0% +characters now every 30 is longer than + + + align:start position:0% +characters now every 30 is longer than +the actual string I have right so we're + + align:start position:0% +the actual string I have right so we're + + + align:start position:0% +the actual string I have right so we're +just going to end + + align:start position:0% +just going to end + + + align:start position:0% +just going to end +at the end of the string so this the + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the string so this the + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the string so this the +next thing that we're going to add is a + + align:start position:0% +next thing that we're going to add is a + + + align:start position:0% +next thing that we're going to add is a +space okay and then the last thing we're + + align:start position:0% +space okay and then the last thing we're + + + align:start position:0% +space okay and then the last thing we're +doing here is we're starting at 13 so + + align:start position:0% +doing here is we're starting at 13 so + + + align:start position:0% +doing here is we're starting at 13 so +now I'm going to have to count 13 0 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to have to count 13 0 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to have to count 13 0 1 2 +3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 + + align:start position:0% +3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 + + + align:start position:0% +3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 +13 that's the one + + align:start position:0% +13 that's the one + + + align:start position:0% +13 that's the one +I'm going to go backward because of this + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to go backward because of this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to go backward because of this +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +one and I'm going to go backward until + + align:start position:0% +one and I'm going to go backward until + + + align:start position:0% +one and I'm going to go backward until +10 but right before 10 okay so one less + + align:start position:0% +10 but right before 10 okay so one less + + + align:start position:0% +10 but right before 10 okay so one less +than 10 so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +than 10 so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +than 10 so I'm going to +do 100 so this one this zero and then + + align:start position:0% +do 100 so this one this zero and then + + + align:start position:0% +do 100 so this one this zero and then +this zero okay and then I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +this zero okay and then I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +this zero okay and then I'm going to +print this new + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +string I think this is right if you + + align:start position:0% +string I think this is right if you + + + align:start position:0% +string I think this is right if you +paste it into spider it should give you + + align:start position:0% +paste it into spider it should give you + + + align:start position:0% +paste it into spider it should give you +26 space 100 so I think most of the + + align:start position:0% +26 space 100 so I think most of the + + + align:start position:0% +26 space 100 so I think most of the +class got it right + + align:start position:0% +class got it right + + + align:start position:0% +class got it right +I think yes perfect \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-kD4LUyVmQ0.txt b/-kD4LUyVmQ0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..912aa9751e6cc1793f6a72379b2f5341d061612c --- /dev/null +++ b/-kD4LUyVmQ0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,587 @@ +align:start position:0% + +measurement of the BH characteristic of + + align:start position:0% +measurement of the BH characteristic of + + + align:start position:0% +measurement of the BH characteristic of +a magnetizable core provides the + + align:start position:0% +a magnetizable core provides the + + + align:start position:0% +a magnetizable core provides the +constitutive law that relates to + + align:start position:0% +constitutive law that relates to + + + align:start position:0% +constitutive law that relates to +magnetization density M or equivalently + + align:start position:0% +magnetization density M or equivalently + + + align:start position:0% +magnetization density M or equivalently +the magnetic flux density B to the + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic flux density B to the + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic flux density B to the +macroscopic magnetic field intensity H + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic magnetic field intensity H + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic magnetic field intensity H +within a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +material here is the experiment the + + align:start position:0% +material here is the experiment the + + + align:start position:0% +material here is the experiment the +magnetizable material is in this + + align:start position:0% +magnetizable material is in this + + + align:start position:0% +magnetizable material is in this +donut-shaped + + align:start position:0% +donut-shaped + + + align:start position:0% +donut-shaped +toid the exitation or primary coil + + align:start position:0% +toid the exitation or primary coil + + + align:start position:0% +toid the exitation or primary coil +connected to these terminals is driven + + align:start position:0% +connected to these terminals is driven + + + align:start position:0% +connected to these terminals is driven +by the current at 60 Herz from this + + align:start position:0% +by the current at 60 Herz from this + + + align:start position:0% +by the current at 60 Herz from this +variac the voltage across this series 1 + + align:start position:0% +variac the voltage across this series 1 + + + align:start position:0% +variac the voltage across this series 1 +ohm + + align:start position:0% +ohm + + + align:start position:0% +ohm +resistance then gives a horizontal + + align:start position:0% +resistance then gives a horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +resistance then gives a horizontal +deflection of the oscilloscope + + align:start position:0% +deflection of the oscilloscope + + + align:start position:0% +deflection of the oscilloscope +proportional to I and thus + + align:start position:0% +proportional to I and thus + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to I and thus +H the terminals of the sensing coil are + + align:start position:0% +H the terminals of the sensing coil are + + + align:start position:0% +H the terminals of the sensing coil are +connected through the integrating + + align:start position:0% +connected through the integrating + + + align:start position:0% +connected through the integrating +network with resistance 100 K ohms and + + align:start position:0% +network with resistance 100 K ohms and + + + align:start position:0% +network with resistance 100 K ohms and +capacitance 1 microfarad to the vertical + + align:start position:0% +capacitance 1 microfarad to the vertical + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance 1 microfarad to the vertical +deflection terminals of the + + align:start position:0% +deflection terminals of the + + + align:start position:0% +deflection terminals of the +oscilloscope thus the vertical + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope thus the vertical + + + align:start position:0% +oscilloscope thus the vertical +deflection is proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +deflection is proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +deflection is proportional to the +integral of the terminal vage the to + + align:start position:0% +integral of the terminal vage the to + + + align:start position:0% +integral of the terminal vage the to +flux Lambda and hence to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B we turn up the varc + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +current the scope shows the BH + + align:start position:0% +current the scope shows the BH + + + align:start position:0% +current the scope shows the BH +hysteresis Loop typical of a + + align:start position:0% +hysteresis Loop typical of a + + + align:start position:0% +hysteresis Loop typical of a +magnetically soft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +material poly crystallin ferromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +material poly crystallin ferromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +material poly crystallin ferromagnetic +material at the Domain level has + + align:start position:0% +material at the Domain level has + + + align:start position:0% +material at the Domain level has +randomly oriented magnetic moments that + + align:start position:0% +randomly oriented magnetic moments that + + + align:start position:0% +randomly oriented magnetic moments that +tend to cancel in the absence of an + + align:start position:0% +tend to cancel in the absence of an + + + align:start position:0% +tend to cancel in the absence of an +applied field as a magnetic field is + + align:start position:0% +applied field as a magnetic field is + + + align:start position:0% +applied field as a magnetic field is +applied the domain walls shift those + + align:start position:0% +applied the domain walls shift those + + + align:start position:0% +applied the domain walls shift those +domains with magnetic dipole moments + + align:start position:0% +domains with magnetic dipole moments + + + align:start position:0% +domains with magnetic dipole moments +aligned with the applied field grow at + + align:start position:0% +aligned with the applied field grow at + + + align:start position:0% +aligned with the applied field grow at +the expense of domains having oppositely + + align:start position:0% +the expense of domains having oppositely + + + align:start position:0% +the expense of domains having oppositely +directed magnetic dipole moments the + + align:start position:0% +directed magnetic dipole moments the + + + align:start position:0% +directed magnetic dipole moments the +result is a net magnetization that tends + + align:start position:0% +result is a net magnetization that tends + + + align:start position:0% +result is a net magnetization that tends +to be in the direction of AG in ideal + + align:start position:0% +to be in the direction of AG in ideal + + + align:start position:0% +to be in the direction of AG in ideal +materials at high magnetic fields + + align:start position:0% +materials at high magnetic fields + + + align:start position:0% +materials at high magnetic fields +saturation results when all of the + + align:start position:0% +saturation results when all of the + + + align:start position:0% +saturation results when all of the +domains combine into one in real + + align:start position:0% +domains combine into one in real + + + align:start position:0% +domains combine into one in real +materials used for Transformers + + align:start position:0% +materials used for Transformers + + + align:start position:0% +materials used for Transformers +imperfections and boundaries result in + + align:start position:0% +imperfections and boundaries result in + + + align:start position:0% +imperfections and boundaries result in +the domain walls encountering a + + align:start position:0% +the domain walls encountering a + + + align:start position:0% +the domain walls encountering a +resistance to motion a phase leg then + + align:start position:0% +resistance to motion a phase leg then + + + align:start position:0% +resistance to motion a phase leg then +develops between the magnetization and + + align:start position:0% +develops between the magnetization and + + + align:start position:0% +develops between the magnetization and +the magnetic field intensity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H the BH trajectory makes this evident + + align:start position:0% +H the BH trajectory makes this evident + + + align:start position:0% +H the BH trajectory makes this evident +it shows that even when the applied + + align:start position:0% +it shows that even when the applied + + + align:start position:0% +it shows that even when the applied +field H is instantaneously zero there + + align:start position:0% +field H is instantaneously zero there + + + align:start position:0% +field H is instantaneously zero there +remains a Remnant flux density B subr + + align:start position:0% +remains a Remnant flux density B subr + + + align:start position:0% +remains a Remnant flux density B subr +and the field must be reversed to minus + + align:start position:0% +and the field must be reversed to minus + + + align:start position:0% +and the field must be reversed to minus +H Sub C the coercive field intensity to + + align:start position:0% +H Sub C the coercive field intensity to + + + align:start position:0% +H Sub C the coercive field intensity to +reduce the flux density to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero hysteresis can be both useful and + + align:start position:0% +zero hysteresis can be both useful and + + + align:start position:0% +zero hysteresis can be both useful and +hard ful permanent magnetization at the + + align:start position:0% +hard ful permanent magnetization at the + + + align:start position:0% +hard ful permanent magnetization at the +remnants point is the basis for + + align:start position:0% +remnants point is the basis for + + + align:start position:0% +remnants point is the basis for +permanent magnets and for the storage of + + align:start position:0% +permanent magnets and for the storage of + + + align:start position:0% +permanent magnets and for the storage of +information on magnetic tapes and discs + + align:start position:0% +information on magnetic tapes and discs + + + align:start position:0% +information on magnetic tapes and discs +however periodic exitation of a + + align:start position:0% +however periodic exitation of a + + + align:start position:0% +however periodic exitation of a +hysteretic material such as in a + + align:start position:0% +hysteretic material such as in a + + + align:start position:0% +hysteretic material such as in a +Transformer or rotating machine + + align:start position:0% +Transformer or rotating machine + + + align:start position:0% +Transformer or rotating machine +dissipates energy and generates heat the + + align:start position:0% +dissipates energy and generates heat the + + + align:start position:0% +dissipates energy and generates heat the +area enclosed within the BH hysteresis + + align:start position:0% +area enclosed within the BH hysteresis + + + align:start position:0% +area enclosed within the BH hysteresis +Loop is the energy per unit volume + + align:start position:0% +Loop is the energy per unit volume + + + align:start position:0% +Loop is the energy per unit volume +dissipated in one cycle the dissipation + + align:start position:0% +dissipated in one cycle the dissipation + + + align:start position:0% +dissipated in one cycle the dissipation +arises from the resistance to + + align:start position:0% +arises from the resistance to + + + align:start position:0% +arises from the resistance to +propagation of the domain + + align:start position:0% +propagation of the domain + + + align:start position:0% +propagation of the domain +walls \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-yIKKST-_Mw.txt b/-yIKKST-_Mw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5405eaf5c09fe1f8a964cf35127718eafacc4071 --- /dev/null +++ b/-yIKKST-_Mw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3482 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +In that case let's get going. + +In today's lecture, +we're going to be + +sort of splitting the +lecture of things, + +if the timing goes as I plan. + +We're going to +start by finishing + +talking about the +geodesic equation. + +And then if all +goes well, we will + +start talking about the +energy of radiation-- + +completely changing +topics altogether. + +I want to begin, as usual, +by reviewing quickly + +what we talked about last time, +just to remind us where we are. + +Last time, we at first, at +the beginning of lecture, + +talked about how to add time +into the Robertson-Walker + +Metric. + +And this is the formula that +we claimed was the correct one. + +For a spacetime +metric, ds squared, + +the meaning is closely +analogous to the meaning + +that it would have in +special relativity. + +The main difference being +that in special relativity + +we always talk about +what is observed + +by inertial frames of reference +and inertial observers. + +In general relativity, the +concept of an inertial observer + +is not so clear +cut, but we can talk + +about observers for whom there +is no forces acting on them + +other than possibly +gravitational forces. + +And whether or not there +are gravitational forces + +is always, itself, a +framed dependent question. + +So it does not have +a definite answer. + +So observers for which there +is no forces acting on them + +other than +gravitational forces are + +called free-falling observers. + +And they play the role +of inertial observers + +that the inertial observers +play in special relativity. + +So if ds squared +is positive, it's + +the square of the spatial +separation measured + +by a local free-falling +observer, for whom the two + +events happen at the same time. + +Last time, I think, +I did not really + +mention or emphasize +the word local. + +But the point is that +in general relativity + +we expect in any +small region one + +can construct an accelerating +coordinate system in which + +the effects of gravity +are canceled out, + +as the equivalence principle +tells us we can do. + +And then you essentially see the +effects of special relativity. + +But it's only a small +region, in principle, + +on an infinitesimal region. + +So these measurements +that correspond + +to special relativity +measurements + +are always made locally +by an observer who + +is, in principle, arbitrarily +close to the events being + +measured. + +If ds squared is negative, +then it's equal to minus c + +squared times the square +of the time separation + +that would be measured by a +local free-falling observer + +for whom the two events +happen at the same location. + +I should point out that +a special case of this + +is an observer looking +at his own wristwatch. + +His own wristwatch is +always at the same location + +relevant to him, so it's a +special case of this statement. + +So it says that ds squared is +equal to minus c squared times + +the time that a +free-falling observer would + +read on his own wrist watch. + +And If ds squared is 0, it +means that the two events + +can be joined by a light pulse +going from one to the other. + +Having said this, we can +go back to this formula + +and understand why the +formula is what it is. + +The spatial part is +what it is because + +any homogeneous and +isotropic spatial metric can + +be written in this form. + +And we are assuming that the +universe we're describing + +is homogeneous and isotropic. + +The dc squared piece is really +dictated by item two here. + +We want the t that we +write in this metric + +to be the cosmic time variable +that we've been speaking about. + +And that means that it is +the time variable measured + +on the watches of +observers who are + +at rest in this +coordinate system. + +And that means that +it has to be simply + +minus c squared dt squared. + +Or else dt would not have +the right relationship + +to a ds squared to be +consistent with what + +the s squared is supposed to be. + +And then we also +talked about why + +there are no dt dr terms, +or dt d theta, or dt d phi. + +We said that any such term +would violate isotropy. + +If you had a dt dr +term, for example, + +it would make the +positive dr direction + +different from the +negative dr direction. + +And that can't be +something that happens + +in an isotropic universe. + +That then is our +metric for cosmology, + +the Roberrtson-Walker Metric. + +And another important thing +is what is it good for, now + +that we decided that's +the right metric? + +What use is to us? + +And what we haven't done +yet, but it's actually + +on the homework, we need +the full spacetime metric + +to be able to find +geodesics, to be + +able to learn the +paths of particles + +moving through this +model universe. + +So we will be making important +use of this Roberrtson-Walker + +Metric with its +spacetime contributions. + +OK. + +Any questions about that? + +Now I'm ready to change +gears to some extent. + +Yes, Ani? + +AUDIANCE: So in general, the +spatial part of the metric, + +we can get from the geometry? + +And in general, can +you just add a minus + +c squared dt square +for the temporal part? + +PROFESSOR: It's +not quite general. + +Remember we used an argument +based on isotropy here. + +So I think it's safe to +say that any metric you'll + +find in this class +is likely to have + +the time entering, and nothing +more complicated than minus + +c squared dt squared. + +But it's not a general statement +about general relativity. + +Any other questions? + +Yes. + +AUDIANCE: [INAUDIBLE], + +PROFESSOR: OK, the question is, +what would be a circumstance + +where we would have to deal +with something more complicated? + +The answer would +be, I think, all + +you need is to add to this model +universe perturbations that + +break the uniformity. + +If we tried to describe +the real universe instead + +of this ideal universe, where +our ideal universe is perfectly + +isotropic and +homogeneous, if it said + +we wanted to describe the lumps +and bumps of the real universe, + +then it would become +more complicated. + +And we would probably +need a dt, dr term. + +OK, next we went on to talking +about the geodesic equation. + +According to General Relativity, +the trajectories of particles + +that have no forces acting +on them other than gravity, + +these free-falling +observers, are geodesics + +in the spacetime.. + +So that means we want to learn +how to calculate geodesics, + +which means paths whose +length is stationary + +under small variations. + +So we considered first +just simple geodesics + +in the spatial metric, because +that's easier to think about. + +What is the shortest +distance between two points + +in a space that's described +by some arbitrary metric? + +So first we talked about +how we describe the metric. + +And we introduced two features +in this first formula here. + +One is that instead of +calling the coordinates XYZ + +or something like that. + +We called them x1, x2, x3, so +that we could talk about them + +all together in one formula +without writing separate pieces + +for the different coordinates. + +So i and j represent +1, 2, and 3, or just 1, + +and 2, which is the labeling +of the spatial coordinates. + +And the other important +piece of notation + +that is introduced +in that formula + +is the Einstein +summation convention. + +Whenever there's an +index, like i and j here, + +which are repeated +with one index lower + +and one index upper, +they're automatically + +summed over all of the values +that the coordinates take, + +without writing summation sign. + +It saves a lot of writing. + +And it turns out that one always +sums under those circumstances, + +so there's no need to write the +sums with the summation sign. + +Next we want to +ask ourselves, how + +are we going to +describe the path? + +Before we can find +the minimum path, + +we need at least a language +to talk about paths. + +And we could describe a +path going from some point A + +to some point B, by giving a +function x supra i of lambda. + +Well, lambda is an +arbitrary parameter, + +that parametrizes the path. + +x supra i are a +set of coordinates. + +i runs over the values +of all the coordinates + +of whatever system +you're dealing with. + +And you construct such +a function where xi of 0 + +is the starting point, which are +the coordinates of the point A. + +And xi of some value lambda f, +where f just stands for final, + +will be the end of the path. + +And it's supposed +to end at point + +B. So the final +coordinates of the path + +should be x supra i sub b, the +coordinates of the point B. + +Then we want to use this +description of the path + +to figure out what the length +is of a segment of the path. + +And then the full length will +be the sum of the segments. + +So for each segment, we +just apply the metric + +to the change in coordinates. + +The change in coordinates, +as lambda is varied, + +is just the derivative of +xi with respect to lambda + +times the change in lambda. + +And putting that in +for both dxi and dxj + +one gets this +formula, relating ds + +squared, the square +of the length + +of an infinitesimal segment +to d lambda squared, + +the square of the parameter +that describes that length. + +Then the full length is gotten +by, first of all, taking + +the square root of +this equation to get + +the infinitesimal length, ds. + +And then taking the integral +of that over the path + +from beginning to end. + +And that, then, gives us +the full length of the path, + +thinking of it as the +sum of the length of each + +of infinitesimal segment. + +OK? + +Fair enough? + +Now that we have this +formula for the length, now + +we have the next +challenge, which + +is to figure out how to +calculate the path which + +minimizes that length. + +And I didn't use +the word last time, + +but that what is called +the calculus of variations. + +And I looked up a little bit of +the history in the Wikipedia. + +The calculus of variations +dates back to 1696, + +when Johann Bernoulli +invented it, + +applied it to the +brachistochrone problem, + +which is the problem of finding +a path for which a frictionless + +object will slide and get to +its destination in the least + +possible time. + +And it turns out +to be a cycloid, + +just like the cycloid that +describes our closed universes, + +closed matter +dominating the universe. + +And the problem was also +solved by-- Johann Bernoulli + +then announced this +problem to the world + +and challenged other +mathematicians to solve it. + +There's a famous story that +Newton noticed this question + +in his mail when he +got home at 4:00 AM, + +or something like that, from +the mint-- he was apparently + +a hardworking guy-- +but nonetheless when + +he seen this problem +he couldn't go to bed. + +He went ahead and +solved it by morning, + +which is a good MIT student +kind of thing to do. + +So the technique is to consider +a small variation from whatever + +path you're hoping +to be the minimum. + +And we're going to +calculate the first order + +change in the +length of the path, + +starting from our original +path, x of lambda, + +to some new path, +x tilde of lambda. + +And we parametrize the +new path by writing it + +as the old path, +plus a correction. + +And I've introduced +a factor, alpha, + +multiplying the correction, +because it makes it easier + +to talk about derivatives. + +And wi of lambda is just +some arbitrary deviation + +from the original path. + +But we want to always go +through the same starting point + +to the same endpoint, +because there's never + +going to be a minimum if we're +allowed to move the endpoints. + +So the endpoints are fixed. + +And that means that +this path deviation, + +w super i in my notation, has +to vanish at the two endpoints. + +So we impose these two +equations on the variation wi. + +Then what do I do is take +the derivative of the path + +length of the varied path, x +tilde with respect to alpha, + +and if we had a minimum +length to start with, + +the derivative +should always vanish. + +That is, the minimum +should always + +occur when alpha equals +0, if the original path + +of the true path, the +true minimum path. + +And if alpha equals +0 is the minimum, + +the derivative should always +vanish at alpha equals 0. + +And vice versa. + +If we know that this happens +for every variation wi, + +then we know that our path +is at least an extremum, + +and, presumably, a minimum. + +And the path itself is just +written by the same formulas + +we had before, except for x +tilde instead of x itself. + +And I've introduced an axillary +quantity, a of lambda alpha, + +which is just what appears +inside the square root. + +That just saves some +writing, because it + +has to be written +a number of times + +in the course of +the manipulations. + +So our goal now is to +carry out this derivative. + +And the derivative acts +only on the integrand, + +because the limits +of integration + +do not depend on alpha. + +So just carry the derivative +into the integrand + +and differentiate +this square root + +of a of lambda, which is, +itself, a product of factors + +that we have to use-- +product rule and chain + +rule and various manipulations. + +And after we carry out +those manipulations, + +we end up with this expression +in a straightforward + +way involving a few steps, +which I won't show again. + +And the complication is +that what we want to do + +is to figure out for what +paths that expression + +will vanish for all wi. + +We want it to vanish for +all possible variations + +of the path. + +And what's complicated +is that wi appears here + +as a multiplicative +factor in the first term, + +but as a differentiated +factor in the second term. + +And that makes it very +hard to know, initially, + +when those two terms might +cancel each other to give you + +0, which is what +we're looking for. + +But the brilliant +trick that, I guess, + +Newton invented, along +with Bernoulli and others, + +is to integrate by parts. + +Integration by parts, I'm sure, +was not a well-known procedure + +at that time. + +But if we integrate the +second term by parts, + +we could remove the +derivative acting on w, + +and arrange for w to be +a multiplicative factor + +in both terms. + +And a crucial thing that +makes the whole thing useful + +is that when you do +integrate by parts, + +you discover that you don't +get any endpoint contributions, + +because the endpoint +contributions would + +be proportional to +wi at the endpoints. + +And remember, wi has to +vanish at the endpoints, + +because that's the +condition that we're not + +changing the points +A and B. We're always + +talking about paths that +have the same starting point + +and the same ending point. + +So integrating by parts, +we get this expression, + +where now wi multiplies +everything, as just + +simply a multiplicative factor. + +To write it in +this form, you had + +to do a little bit of +juggling of indices. + +The other important trick +in these manipulations + +is to juggle indices, which +I'll not show you explicitly. + +But the thing to remember +is that these indices that + +are being summed over +can be called anything + +and it's still the same sum. + +So when you want to get +terms to cancel each other, + +you may have to change +the names of indices + +to get them to just +cancel identically. + +But that's straightforward. + +So we get this expression. + +And now we want this +expression to vanish + +for every possible wi of lambda. + +And we argued that +the only way it + +could vanish for every +possible wi of lambda + +is if the expression in curly +brackets, itself, vanishes. + +Yeah, if we only know the +values for some particular wi + +of lambda, then there +are lots of ways + +it could vanish, +because it could + +be positive in some places +and negative in others. + +But the only way it +could vanish for all wi + +is for the quantity in +curly brackets to vanish. + +So that gives us our +final, or at least, + +almost final expression +of the geodesic equation. + +And that's where we left off +last time, with that equation. + +So note that this is +just an equation that + +would either be obeyed or not +obeyed by the function x super + +i of lambda. + +It's just a +differential equation + +involving x super i of +lambda and the metric, which + +we assume is given. + +OK. + +So are there any +questions about that? + +Everybody happy? + +Great. + +OK, now we'll continue +on on the blackboard. + +OK, the first thing +I want to do is + +to simplify the equation a bit. + +This equation is +fairly complicated, + +because of those square roots +of A's in the denominators. + +The square root of A is a +pretty complicated thing + +to start with, and +the square root of A + +here is even +differentiated, because it's + +got the lambda making +an incredible mess, + +if you understand all that. + +So it would be nice +to simplify that. + +And we do have one trick +which we can still do, + +which we haven't done yet. + +We originally constructed +our path, xi of lambda, + +as a function of some +arbitrary parameter, lambda. + +Lambda just measures arbitrary +points along the path. + +There are many, many +ways to do that, + +an infinite number of +ways that you can do that. + +And this formula will +work for all of them, + +it's completely general. + +The formula, when +we derived it, we + +didn't make any assumptions +about how lambda was chosen. + +But we can simplify the formula +by making a particular choice + +for lambda. + +And the choice that +simplifies things + +is to choose lambda to +be the arc length itself. + +Lambda should be the +distance along the path. + +And then we're +trying to express xi + +as a function of how +far you've already gone. + +And that has the effect, if +we go back to what Ai was, + +A of lambda really is just +the path length per lambda. + +So if lambda is the path length +itself, A is just equal to 1. + +I'm trying to get a formula +that shows that more clearly. + +Here. + +If we remember that +this quantity is A, + +this tells us that ds +squared is equal to A times d + +lambda squared. + +So if ds is the +same as d lambda, + +as you've chosen your parameter +to be the path length, + +this formula makes +it clear that that's + +equivalent to A equal to 1. + +So going back to the +formula, if A is 1, + +we would just drop it from +both sides of the equation. + +And all that really matters, I +should point out here, maybe, + +because we'll be using it +later, is that A is a constant. + +As long as A is a constant, +it will not be differentiated, + +and then it will cancel on the +left side and the right side. + +So we don't necessarily +care that it is 1, + +but we do care that +it's a constant. + +And then it just disappears +from the formula. + +And then we get the +simpler formula. + +And now we'll continue +on the blackboard. + +The simpler formula is +just dds of gij dxj ds + +is equal to 1/2 times the +derivative of gjk, with respect + +to xi, times dxj +ds dxk ds, where + +s is equal to the path length. + +So I've replaced +lambda by s, because we + +set lambda equal to s. + +And s has a more specific +meaning than lambda did. + +Lambda was a completely +arbitrary parametrization + +of the path. + +So this one deserves a +big box, because it really + +is the final formula +for geodesics. + +Once we write it in terms +of different letters, + +we will later, but this +actually is the formula. + +Now I should +mention just largely + +for the sake of your +knowing what's going on, + +if you ever look at some other +general relativity books, + +this is not the formula that +the geodesic equation is usually + +written in. + +Frankly, it is the best form. + +If you want to +find the geodesic, + +usually this form of writing +the equation is the easiest. + +But most general +relativity books + +prefer instead to +just give a formula + +for the second derivative, here. + +Which involves just +expanding this term, + +and then when we +shuffle things, to try + +to simplify the expressions. + +So one can write, to +start, d ds of gij dxj ds. + +We're just going to expand it. + +Now we're going to be making +use of all the rules of calculus + +that we've learn. + +Every rule you've ever +learned will probably + +get used in this calculation. + +So it will be +using product rule, + +of course, because we have a +product of two things here. + +But we also have +the complication + +that gij is not explicitly +a function of s. + +But gij is a +function of position. + +And the position that one is +that for any given value of s + +depends on s, because we're +moving along the path, + +x super i of s. + +So the gij here, is +evaluated at x super i of s. + +I should give this a new letter. + +x super k of s. + +So it depends on s, through +the argument of its argument. + +So that's a chain +rule situation. + +And what we get here is, +from just differentiating + +the second factor, that's easy. + +We get gij DC d +squared xj ds squared. + +And then, from the derivative +of the derivative chain rule + +piece, we get the partial of +gij, with respect to xk times + +the dxj ds times dxk ds. + +And then to continue, this +piece gets brought over + +to the other side, because we're +trying to get an equation just + +for the second +derivative of the path. + +So then we get g sub ij d +squared x super j ds squared is + +equal to 1/2 di-- I'll define +that in a second-- g sub jk + +minus 2 dk gij dxi ds dxj ds. + +where this partial +derivative with the subscript + +is just an abbreviation for +the derivative with respect + +to the coordinate +with that index. + +So that's just an abbreviation. + +Now you could think of this +as a matrix times a vector + +is equal to an expression. + +What we like to do is just get +an expression for this vector. + +So if we think of it as +a matrix times a vector, + +all we have to do +is invert the matrix + +to be able to get an expression +for the vector itself. + +Yes! + +AUDIANCE: Should that +closing parenthesis + +be more [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Oh, Yeah, +I think you're right, + +it doesn't look right. + +Yeah. + +Thank you This has to +multiply everything. + +Oops! + +OK, OK. + +Given enough chances +I'll get it right. + +OK, now everybody +happy this time? + +Thank you very much for +getting it straight. + +OK, So as I was saying, +we want to isolate + +this second derivative. + +We're hoping to get +just an expression + +for the second derivative. + +And this can be interpreted +as a matrix times a vector + +equals something. + +We want to just +invert that matrix. + +Yes? + +AUDIANCE: Isn't the ds and +[? the idx ?] [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Oh, do I have +that wrong too, perhaps? + +I think we want j and +k there, that don't we? + +OK, attempt number four, or +did I lose count as well? + +j and k are the +indices and the i + +matches the free i on the left. + +And all the other +indices are sound. + +I think, probably, I finally +achieved the right formula. + +Thanks for all the help. + +So inverting a +matrix, the principal + +is a straightforward +mathematical operation. + +In general relativity, we give +a name to the inverse metric, + +and it's the same +letter g with indices, + +with superscripts +instead of subscripts. + +And that's defined to +be the matrix inverse. + +So g super ij is defined to be +the matrix inverse of g sub ij. + +And to put that +into an equation, + +we could say that if we +take g with upper indices-- + +and I'll write those +upper indices as i and l-- + +and multiply it by a g +with lower indices l and j, + +when you sum over adjacent +indices in this index + +notation, that's +exactly what corresponds + +to the definition of +matrix multiplication. + +So this is just the matrix +g with upper indices times + +the matrix g with lower indices, +and it's the i j'th element + +of that matrix. + +And we're saying it should +be the identity matrix, + +and that means that the i j'th +element should be 0 if it's off + +diagonal, and 1 if it's +diagonal, if i equals j. + +And that's exactly +the definition + +of a chronic or a delta. + +So this is equal to delta ij. + +We remember that delta ij is +0 if i is not equal to j, 1 + +if i is equal to j. + +That's the definition. + +And it corresponds to +that identity matrix + +in matrix language. + +So this is the relationship that +actually defines g super il. + +And it is just the statement +that g with upper indices + +is the matrix inverse +of g with lower indices. + +Using this, we can bring +this g to the other side + +essentially by +multiplying by g inverse. + +And I will save a little +time by not writing that out + +in gory detail, but rather +I'll just write the result. + +And the result is written in +terms of a new symbol that + +gets defined, which +is an absolutely + +standard symbol in +General Relativity. + +The formula is d +squared x i, ds squared + +is equal to-- we know it's +going to be equal to stuff + +times the product +of two derivatives. + +And the stuff that +appears is just + +given a name, capital gamma, +which has an upper index + +i, which matches the left +hand side of the equation. + +And two lower indices, which +I'm calling j and k, which + +will get summed with the +derivatives that follow, + +d x j ds, dx k, ds. + +And this quantity, +gamma super i sub jk + +are just the terms +that would appear + +when we do these manipulations. + +And I'll write what they are. + +Gamma super i sub jk is +equal to 1/2 g super il + +times the derivative +with respect + +to j of g sub lk, +plus the derivative + +with respect to k of g sub lj. + +And then minus the derivative +with respect to l of g sub jk. + +And this quantity has +several different names. + +Everybody agrees how to +define it up to the sign. + +There are different +sign conventions + +that are used in +different books. + +And there are also +different names for it. + +It's often called the +affine connection. + +If you look, for example +in Steve Weinberg's General + +Relativity book, he calls +it the affine connection. + +It's also very often called +the Christofel connection, + +or the Christofel symbol. + +And frankly those are +the only names for it + +that I've seen, personally. + +But there's a book +about [INAUDIBLE] + +by Sean Carroll which +is a very good book. + +And he claims that it's +sometimes also called + +the Riemann connection And +it's also sometimes called + +the Levi-Civita connection. + +So it's got lots of names, which +I guess means lots of people's + +independently invented it. + +But in any case, +that's the answer. + +And it's just a way of rewriting +the formula we have up there. + +And for solving +problems, the formula, + +the way we wrote up +there, is almost always + +the best way to do it. + +So this is really just +window dressing, largely + +for the purpose of making +contact with other books + +that you might come across. + +OK, so that finishes +the derivation + +of the geodesic equation. + +Now I'd like to give +an example of its use. + +But before I do +that, let me just + +pause to ask if there are any +questions about the derivation? + +OK. + +So on your homework, +you will, in fact, + +be applying this formalism to +the Robertson-Walker metric. + +And you'll learn how +moving particles slow down + +as they move through +an expanding universe, + +completely in an analogy to +the way photons, which we've + +already learned, +lose energy as they + +travel through an +expanding universe. + +So particles with +mass also lose energy + +in a well-defined +way, which you'll + +be calculating on the homework. + +For example, though, I'll +do something different. + +A fun metric to talk about +is the Schwarzschild metric, + +which describes, among +other things, black holes. + +It in principle, +describes anything + +which is spherically symmetric +and has a gravitational field. + +But black holes are the +most interesting example, + +because it's where the +most surprises lie. + +So the Schwarzschild +metric has the form + +ds squared is equal to minus +c squared d tau squared, which + +is equal to-- this is just a +definition, it defines d tau-- + +but in terms of the +coordinates, it's + +minus 1 minus 2 G, +Newton's constant, M, + +the mass of the object +we're discussing-- + +the mass of the black hole, if +it is a black hole-- divided + +by r times c squared, r +is the radial coordinate, + +times c squared dt squared, +plus 1 minus 2 GM over rc + +squared times dr squared +plus r squared times d theta + +squared plus sine squared +theta d phi squared. + +Now here, theta and phi +are the usual polar angles. + +We're using a polar +coordinate system. + +So as usual, theta +lies between 0 and pi. + +0, what we might call +the North Pole, and pi + +what we might call +the South Pole. + +And phi is what is often +called an azimuthal angle, + +it goes around. + +And the way one +describes coordinates + +on the surface of +the Earth, phi would + +be the longitude variable. + +So 0 is less than or +equal to phi is less than + +or equal to 2 pi +where phi equals + +2 pi is identified +with phi equals 0. + +And you can go around and come +back to where you started. + +Now notice that if we set +capital M, the mass of this + +object equal to 0, the metric +becomes the trivial metric + +of Special Relativity written +in spherical polar coordinates. + +So all complications go +away if there's no mass. + +The object disappears. + +But as long as the +mass is non-zero + +there are factors that +multiply the dr squared term + +and the c squared +dt squared term. + +Notice that the factors that +do that multiplying-- now one + +of these should be inverted. + +Important inverse, it's a +minus 1 power for that factor. + +Notice that r can +be small enough so + +that these factors will vanish. + +And the place where that happens +is called the Schwarzschild + +radius after the same person +who invented the metric. + +So r sub Schwarzschild is equal +to 2 GM divided by c squared. + +When little r is equal to that, +this quantity in parentheses + +vanishes, which means +we get infinity here, + +because it's inverted, +and we get a 0 there. + +Now when a term in the metric +is either 0 or infinite, + +one calls that a singularity. + +In this case, it's a +removable singularity. + +That is, the +Schwarzschild singularity + +is only there +because Schwarzschild + +chose to use these +particular coordinates. + +These are simpler than +other coordinates. + +He wasn't foolish to use them. + +But the appearance +of that singularity + +is really caused solely by +the choice of coordinates. + +There really is no singularity +at the Schwarzschild horizon. + +And that was shown +some years later + +by other people constructing +other coordinate systems. + +The coordinate system +is best known today + +that avoids the +Schwarzschild singularity is + +a coordinate system called +the Kruskal coordinate system. + +But we will not be looking +at the Kruskal coordinate + +system in this class. + +Leave that for the GR class +that you'll take some time. + +OK, now the masses +sum parameter, + +notice that the +metric is completely + +determined by the mass. + +And that's the same situation as +we found in Newtonian gravity. + +The metric outside of the +spherically symmetric object, + +by the gravitational field +in Newtonian Physics outside + +of a spherical symmetric +object, depends only + +on the total mass, +which does not + +depend, at all, on +how it's distributed + +as long as it's +spherically symmetric. + +And the same thing here. + +As long as an object is +spherically symmetric, + +the gravitational field +outside of the object + +will always look +like that formula. + +Now there are still +two cases-- outside + +of the object could be +larger than or smaller + +than this Schwarzschild radius. + +So for an object like the +sun, the Schwarzschild radius, + +we could calculate it-- +and it's calculated + +in the notes-- it's about +two or three kilometers. + +Hold on and I'll tell +you more accurately. + +It's 2.95 kilometers, +the Schwarzschild radius + +of the sun. + +But the sun, of course, +is much bigger than that. + +And that means that the sun +doesn't have a Schwarzschild + +horizon. + +That is, at 2.95 kilometers +from the center of the sun + +there's still sun. + +It's not outside the sun. + +This metric only holds outside +the spherically symmetric + +object. + +So it does not hold +inside the sun. + +The place where this has +the apparent singularity + +the metric is not valid at all. + +So there is nothing +that even comes + +close to anything +worth talking about, + +as far as the +Schwarzschild singularity + +for an object like the sun. + +But if the sun were compressed +to a size smaller than 2.95 + +kilometers with the same +mass, then these factors + +would be relevant at the +places where they vanish. + +And whatever consequences they +have, we would be dealing with. + +Even though r equals r +Schwarzschild is not a singular + +point, it is still +a special point. + +What you can show-- we won't-- +but what we can show is that + +that is the horizon. + +Meaning that if an object +falls inside this Schwarzschild + +radius, there is no trajectory +that will ever get it out. + +Yes? + +AUDIANCE: Say a star is just +incredibly dense at its core. + +Is it possible to +have suppression + +of some fractional life of +a star that's from that mass + +that it's contained? + +Or like a fusion +reaction that is going on + +with the net radius? + +PROFESSOR: OK, could there be +a horizon inside of a star? + +I think is what you're +asking, basically. + +AUDIANCE: One that +actually affects the-- + +PROFESSOR: One that +really is a horizon. + +AUDIANCE: That's outside. + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +If this were the sun +you were describing, + +this formula would just +not be valid inside. + +There would be no +horizon inside. + +But you're asking a +real valid question. + +If a star had, for some +reason, a very dense spot + +in the middle, could +it actually form + +a horizon inside the material? + +And the answer +is, yes, it could. + +It would not be stable. + +The material would ultimately +fall in, but it could happen. + +Yes? + +AUDIANCE: So like our galaxy +has a super massive black hole + +in the center. + +PROFESSOR: That's right. + +Our galaxy does have a +super massive black hole + +in the center. + +AUDIANCE: Yeah. + +So you can consider +that as like a larger + +mass that has black hole, area? + +PROFESSOR: Right! + +Right! + +That's right. + +The comment is that +if we go from a star + +to something bigger +than a star we + +have perfectly good +example in our own galaxy, + +where there is a black +hole in the center, + +but there is still mass that +continues outside of that. + +And the black hole is +accreting, more matter + +does keep falling in, +it's not really stable. + +But it certainly does +exist, and can exist. + +Any other questions? + +Well, our goal now is +to calculate a geodesic. + +And I will just +calculate one geodesic. + +I will calculate what happens if +an object starts at some fixed + +radius at rest and is released +and falls into this black hole. + +I first want to just rewrite +the geodesic equation in terms + +of variables that are more +appropriate for this case. + +When I wrote that, I had a mind +just calculating the geodesics + +in space, looking +for the shortest + +path between two points. + +The geodesic that we're +talking about when + +we're talking about an +object in general relativity + +moving along the +geodesic is a geodesic + +that's a time-like geodesic. + +That is, any increment +along the geodesic + +is a time-like interval, +or following a particle. + +Particles travel on time-like +trajectories in relativity. + +So the usual notation for +time is something like tau + +rather than s, which is +why I wrote it this way. + +ds squared is just defined to be +minus c squared d tau squared. + +So d tau squared has no +more or less information + +than ds squared, but it has the +opposite sign and a difference + +by a factor of c +squared, as well. + +And another change in notation +which is a rather universal + +convention is that, when we talk +about space alone we use Latin + +indices, ijk.. + +When we talk about spacetime, +where one of the indices + +might be 0 referring +to the time direction, + +then we usually use Greek +indices, mu, nu, lambda. + +So I'm going to rewrite the +geodesic equation using tau + +as my parameter instead +of s, since we're + +talking about proper time +along the trajectory instead + +of distances. + +And using Greek letters instead +of Latin letters, because we're + +talking about spacetime +rather than just space. + +So otherwise what +I'm going to write + +is just identical to that. + +So really is nothing more +than a change in notation. + +d d tau of g mu nu, +dx super nu d tau. + +And it is equal to 1/2 times +the partial of g lambda + +sigma with respect to x nu dx +lambda d tau dx sigma d tau. + +Now you might want to go +through the calculation + +and make sure of the +fact that now we're + +dealing with a metric +which is not positive, + +definite, doesn't +make any difference. + +But it doesn't. + +It does mean that +now we certainly + +have possibilities of getting +maxima and stationary points as + +well as minima, because +of the variety of signs + +that appear in the metric. + +But otherwise, the calculations +of the geodesic equation + +goes through exactly +as we calculated it. + +And the only thing +I'm doing here, + +relative to what we +have there, is just + +changing the notation a bit +to conform to the notaion that + +is usually used for talking +about spacetime trajectories. + +Since we're talking +about radio trajectories, + +we're just going to +release a particle at rest + +and then it will fall +straight towards the center + +of our spherical object, +we know by symmetry + +that it's not going +to be deflected + +in the positive theta +or the negative theta, + +or the positive phi or +negative phi directions, + +because that would +violate isotropy. + +It would violate the +rotational symmetry + +that we know as +part of this metric. + +This Is just the metric of +the surface of the sphere. + +So theta and phi will just +stay whatever values they have + +when you drop this object. + +So we will not even talk +about theta and phi. + +We will only talk +about r and t, how + +particle falls in as +a function of time. + +And then it turns out to be +useful to just first write down + +what the metric itself tells us. + +And we'll divide by d tau. + +So we could talk about +derivatives with respect + +to tau. + +So changing an overall +sign, since everything's + +going to be negative +and we'd rather + +have everything be +positive, we can just + +rewrite the metric +equation as saying, + +that c squared is equal +to 1 minus 2 GM over rc + +squared, times c +squared times dt + +d tau squared minus 1 minus 2 +GM over rc squared inverse times + +dr d tau squared. + +So this is nothing more +than rewriting this equation + +saying d theta is equal +to 0 and d phi will be 0. + +Written this way, +though, it tells us + +that we can find dt d tau, for +example, if we know dr d tau. + +And we also know where we +are, you know, little r. + +And we'll be using +that, shortly. + +To continue a little +further, we're + +going to introduce some +abbreviations just so we're + +don't have to write so much. + +I'm going to define +little h of r + +as just one minus r +Schwarzschild over r. + +And this is also 1 minus +2 GM over rc squared. + +That's a factor +that keeps recurring + +in our expression +for the metric. + +Yes? + +AUDIANCE: The second +to last equation + +is supposed to be a c squared +in between the two parenthesis? + +PROFESSOR: Probably. + +Yes, thank you. + +G squared, right? + +Thanks a lot. + +In terms of h of +r, we can rewrite + +that equation +slightly more simply. + +I'm going to bring +things to the other side + +and write it as c +squared times dt + +d tau squared is equal to c +squared h inverse of r plus h + +to the minus 2 of r +times dr d tau squared. + +This is just a rewriting +of the above equation, + +making use of the new notation +that we've introduced. + +And this is the form +we will be using. + +It explicitly tells +us how to find + +dt d tau in terms +of other things. + +So dt d tau is not independent. + +Since we know dt d tau +in terms of dr d tau. + +If We get an expression for dr +d tau we're sort of finished. + +We could find everything +we want to know about t + +from the equation we just wrote. + +So it turns out that +all we need to do + +to calculate this +radial trajectory + +is to look at the +component of the metric + +where that free index, mu, mu +is the index that's not summed, + +we're going to +set mu equal to r. + +Remember mu is a number that +corresponds to a coordinate. + +And we're going to set +mu equal to the value + +that corresponds to +the r coordinate. + +And that will be sufficient +to get us our answer. + +When we do that, the equation +becomes d d tau of g sub r. + +Now the second index, nu +in the original expression, + +is summed from 0 to 3 +for the gr case, where + +we have four coordinates, +one time and three + +spatial coordinates, +but we only need + +to write the terms where +gr nu variable is non-zero. + +And the metric +itself is diagonal. + +So if one index is a +little r, the other index + +has to also be r, +or else it vanishes. + +So the only value of nu +that contributes to the sum + +is when nu is also equal +to the r coordinate. + +So we get g sub rr d +xr-- which, in fact I'll + +write it as just dr. x super r +is just the r coordinate, which + +we also just call r times +d tau is equal to 1/2 dr. + +And now, on the +right-hand side, we're + +summing over lambda and sigma. + +And lambda and sigma have to +have the property that g sub + +lambda sigma depends on r, +or else the first factor + +will vanish. + +And furthermore, +g sub lambda sigma + +has be non-zero, for the +values of lambda and sigma + +that you want, which means that +lambda and sigma for this case + +has to be equal to +each other, because we + +have no off-diagonal +terms to our metric. + +So the only contributions we get +are from g sub rr and g sub tt. + +So you get the derivative with +respect to r of g sub rr times + +dr d tau squared. + +This become squared, because +lambda is equal to sigma. + +And then plus 1/2 drg sub +tt times dt d tau squared. + +And note that buried in +here is, if we expand this, + +the second derivative +of r with respect + +to time-- respect to tau. + +So we can extract +that and solve for it. + +And things like dt d tau +will appear in our answer, + +initially, because +it's here already. + +But we could replace dt d +tau by this top equation + +and eliminate it +from our results. + +And I'm going to skip +the algebra, which + +is straightforward, +although tedious. + +I urge you to go +through it in the notes. + +But the end result ends up +being remarkably simple, + +after a number of cancellations +that look like surprises. + +And what you find in +the end-- and it's just + +the simplification of this +formula, nothing more-- you + +find that d squared +r d tau squared is + +just equal to minus Newton's +constant times the mass + +divided by r squared. + +Now this is rather shocking, +and even looks exactly + +like Newtonian mechanics. + +However, even though it looks +like Newtonian mechanics, + +it's not really the same +as Newtonian mechanics, + +because the variables don't +mean quite the same thing. + +First of all, even +r does not really + +mean radius in the same sense +as radius is defined by Newton. + +In Newtonian +mechanics, radius is + +the distance from the origin. + +If we wanted to know the +distance from the origin, + +we would have to +integrate this metric. + +And in fact, there isn't +even an actual origin here, + +because you would have to +go through the singularity + +before you get there. + +And you really can't. + +That integral is not +really even defined. + +Although, of course, if we +had something like the sun, + +where the metric was +different from this small r, + +then we could integrate +from r equals 0, + +and that would define +the true radius, + +distance from the center. + +But it would not be r. + +It would be what you got by +integrating with the metric. + +So r has a different +interpretation + +than it does for +Newtonian physics. + +I might add, it still has +a simple interpretation. + +If you look at this metric, the +tangential part, the angular + +part, is exactly what you +have for Euclidean geometry. + +It's just r squared times the +same combination of d theta + +and d phi as appears on +the surface of a sphere. + +So little r is sometimes called +the circumferential radius, + +because it really does give you +the circumference of circles + +at that radial coordinate. + +If we went around in +a circle at a fixed r, + +the circle would involve +varying phi, for example, + +over a range of 2 +pi, we really would + +see a total circumference +of 2 pi little r. + +So r is related +to circumferences + +in exactly the way as it +is in Euclidean geometry. + +But it's not related +to the distance + +from the origin in the same way +as it is in Euclidean geometry. + +In addition, tau, here, +is not the universal time + +that Newton imagined. + +But rather, tau is measured +along the geodesic. + +It is just ds +squared, but remember, + +ds squared is being measured +along the geodesic, which + +means that it is, in +fact, the proper time + +as it would be measured +by the person falling + +with the object +towards the black hole. + +So tau is proper time as +measured by the falling object. + +And that follows +from what we know + +about the meaning of +the metric itself. + +OK, that said we would +now like to just study + +this equation more carefully. + +And since the +equation itself still + +has the same form as what +you get from Newton, if you + +remember what you would +have done if this was 801, + +you can, in fact, do +exactly the same thing here. + +And what you probably would +have done, if this was 801, + +would be to recognize that this +equation can be integrated. + +We can write the equation +as d d tau of 1/2 + +dr d tau squared +minus GM/r equals 0. + +I you carry out +these derivatives + +you would get that equation. + +And this is just +the conservation + +of energy version of +the force equation. + +And that tells us that this +quantity is a constant. + +If we drop the object from +some initial position, r sub 0, + +and we drop it with +no initial velocity, + +we just let go of it at +r sub 0, that tells us + +what this quantity +is when we drop it. + +It's minus GM over r sub 0. + +This piece vanishes if there +is no initial velocity. + +And that means it will +always have that value. + +And knowing that, we +can write dr d tau + +is equal to-- just +solving for that-- + +minus the square root of 2GM +times r0 minus r over r r0 + +I've collected two terms and put +them over a common denominator + +and added them. + +So this is not quite as +obvious as it might be. + +But this is just the +statement that that quantity + +has the same value as +it did when you started. + +Now this can be +further integrated. + +We can write it as +dr over-- bringing + +all this to the other +side-- is equal to d tau. + +And then integrate both sides. + +Notice when I bring +this to the other side + +and bring the d tau to +the right., everything + +on the left-hand side +now only depends on r. + +So this is just an explicit +integral over r that we can do. + +And I will just tell you that +when the integral is done + +we get a formula for +tau as a function of r. + +And it's equal to +the square root + +of r sub 0 over +2GM times r0 times + +the inverse tangent of +the square root of r0 + +minus r over r plus the square +root of r times r0 minus r. + +So when r equals r0, this gives +us 0, and that's what we want. + +When we start we're at r0, +or time 0, or proper time 0. + +And then as r gets smaller, +as it falls in, time grows. + +And this gives us the +time as a function of r. + +We might prefer to have +r as a function of time, + +but that formula can't really +be inverted analytically. + +So that's the best we can do. + +Now one thing that +you notice from this + +is that nothing +special happens as r + +decreases all the way to 0. + +Even when you plug +in r equals 0 here, + +you just get some finite number. + +So in a finite amount +of time, the observer + +would find himself falling +through the Schwarzchild + +horizon and all the +way to r equals 0. + +I didn't mention it but r +equals 0 is a true singularity. + +Our metric is also +singular when r equals 0. + +These quantities +all become infinite. + +And physically what +would happen is + +that, as the object falling +in approaches r equals 0, + +the tidal forces, +that is the difference + +in the gravitational force on +one part of the object verses + +another, will get +stronger and stronger. + +And objects will +just be ripped apart. + +And the ripping apart occurs as +being spaghetti-ized, that is, + +the force on the front +gets to be very strong + +compared to the +force on the back. + +So I'll just get stretched out +along the direction of motion. + +Now the curious +thing is what this + +looks like if we think +of it not as a function + +of the proper time +measured by the wrist + +watch of the object +falling in but rather, + +we could try to describe it +in terms of our external time + +variable. + +The variable t that appears +in the Schwarzchild metric. + +And to do that, to +make the conversion, + +we want to calculate what the +dr dt is, instead of dr d tau. + +Like maybe an analogous +formula, in terms of t. + +And to get that, we use +simply chain rule here. + +dr dt is equal to dr d +tau-- which we've already + +calculated-- times d tau dt. + +And d tau dt is 1 over dt d tau. + +If you just have two variables +that depend on each other. + +The derivatives are just +the inverse of each other. + +So this could be written +as dr d tau-- which + +we've calculated-- +divided by dt d tau. + +And dt d tau we've really +already calculated as well, + +because it's just given +by this formula here. + +So we could write out what +that is and figure out + +how it's going to behave +as the object approaches + +the Schwarzchild radius. + +So it becomes dr dt +is equal to, I'll + +just write the numerator as dr +d tau given by that expression. + +But what's behaving +in a more peculiar way + +is the denominator, which +is h inverse of r plus c + +to the minus 2, h to the minus +2 of r times dr d tau squared. + +So now we want to look at +this function h inverse of r. + +And this just means 1/h of r. + +It doesn't mean +functional inverse. + +That is just equal to r +over r minus r Schwarzchild. + +And we're going to +be interested in what + +happens when r gets to be +very near r Schwarzchild, + +because that's where the +interesting things happen, + +as you're approaching +the Schwarzchild horizon. + +And that means that the +behavior of the numerator + +won't be important. + +The denominator +will be going up, + +and that's what will +control everything. + +So we can approximate +this as just + +r Schwarzchild over r +minus r Schwarzchild. + +And this is for r +near r Schwarzchild. + +We've replaced the +numerator by a constant. + +And then if we look +at this formula, + +this is going to blow up +as we approach the horizon. + +This is the square +of that quantity. + +It will blow up faster than the +first power of that quantity. + +And therefore, +this will dominate, + +the denominator +of the expression. + +We can ignore this. + +When this dominates, the +dr d tau pieces cancel. + +So that's nice. + +We don't even need to think +about what the dr d tau is. + +And what we get near +the horizon is simply + +a factor of c times r +minus r Schwarzchild over r + +Schwarzchild. + +It's basically just h. + +This becomes upstairs +with a plus sign. + +And the square root turns it +into h instead of h squared. + +So this is the inverse of that. + +OK, now if we try to +play the same game here + +as we did here, to determine +what our time variable behaves + +as a function of r, instead +of the proper time variable + +tau, what we find is that t +of r-- this is for r near r + +Schwarzchild-- is +about equal to minus + +r sub s over c times +the integral up to r + +of dr prime over +r prime minus rs. + +This is dr dt. + +Yeah, this was dr dt +from the beginning. + +I forgot to write the r somehow. + +AUDIANCE: Doesn't +that [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, I didn't write +the lower limit of integration. + +I was about to comment on that. + +The integrand that we're writing +is only a good approximation + +whenever we're near r. + +So whatever happens near the +lower limit of integration, + +we just haven't done accurately. + +So I'm going to just not write +a lower limit of integration + +here, meaning that +we're interested only + +in what happens as the +upper limit of integration r + +becomes very near +r Schwarzchild. + +And everything will +be dominated by what + +happens near the upper +limit of integration. + +AUDIANCE: So would you +just integrate over + +on [INAUDIBLE] for that? + +PROFESSOR: That's +right, that's right. + +We just integrated over a small +region near, r Schwarzchild. + +Nu r, which is also about +equal to r Schwarzchild. + +And the point is, that this +diverges logarithmically + +as r approaches r Schwarzchild. + +So it behaves approximately +as minus r Schwarzchild + +over c times the logarithm +of r minus r Schwarzchild. + +So as r approaches +r Schwarzchild, + +this quantity that's the +argument of the logarithm + +gets closer and closer to 0. + +It gets smaller and +smaller approaching 0. + +But the logarithm of +a very small number + +is a negative number, a +large negative number. + +And then there's +a minus sign here. + +You get a large positive +number and it diverges. + +As r approaches r +Schwarzchild the time variable + +approaches infinity. + +And that means that +at no finite time + +does the object ever reach +the Schwarzchild horizon. + +But as seen from the outside, +it takes an infinite amount + +of time for the object to +reach the Schwarzchild horizon. + +As time gets larger and larger, +the object gets and closer + +to the Schwarzchild horizon, +asymptotically approaching it + +but never reaching it. + +So this, of course, +is very peculiar, + +because from the point +of view of the person + +falling into the +black hole, all this + +just happens in a finite amount +of time and is over with. + +From the outside, +it looks like it + +takes an infinite +amount of time. + +And weird things like this can +happen because of the fact that + +in general relativity time is +a locally measured variable. + +You measure your time, +I measure my time. + +They don't have to agree. + +And in this case, they can +disagree by an infinite amount, + +which is rather bizarre, +but that's what happens. + +So according to classical +general relativity, + +when an object falls +into a black hole, + +from the point of view +of the object nothing + +special would happen as that +object crossed the Schwarzchild + +horizon. + +Everybody believed that +that was really the case + +until maybe a couple years ago. + +Now it's controversial, +actually. + +At the classical +level, everybody + +believes that's still true. + +I mean, classical +general relativity + +says that an object can fall +through the Schwarzchild + +horizon and then +nothing happens. + +It's not really a singularity. + +But the issue is that when +one incorporates, or attempts + +to incorporate, the effects of +quantum theory, which nobody + +really knows how to do in +a totally reliable way, + +then there are +indications that there's + +something dramatic happening +at the Schwarzchild horizon. + +The phrase that's often +used for what people think + +might be happening at the +horizon is the word firewall. + +So whether or not there is +a firewall at the horizon, + +is not settled at this point. + +Certainly, though, +classical general relativity + +does not predict the firewall. + +If it exists, all the arguments +that say it might exist + +are based on the quantum +physics of black holes, + +and black hole evaporation, +and things like that. + +As you know quantum +mechanically, + +the black holes are +not stable, either, + +if they evaporate-- +as was derived + +by Stephen Hawking +in, I think, 1974. + +But that's strictly +a quantum effect. + +It would go to 0 as h bar +goes to 0, and, at the moment, + +we're only talking about +classical general relativity. + +So the black hole that we're +describing is perfectly stable. + +And nothing happens if you +fall through the horizon. + +Except from the +outside, it looks + +like it would take an +infinite amount of time just + +to reach the horizon. + +So we'll stop there. + +I guess I'm not +going to get to talk + +about the energy +associated with radiation. + +But we'll get to +that on Thursday. + +So see you folks on Thursday. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/0MtwqhIwdrI.txt b/0MtwqhIwdrI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2719517d1c0675ddd5117209ff881a6ecbb15dd --- /dev/null +++ b/0MtwqhIwdrI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6123 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +here's the last lecture in the chapter + + align:start position:0% +here's the last lecture in the chapter + + + align:start position:0% +here's the last lecture in the chapter +on orthogonality so we met orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +on orthogonality so we met orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +on orthogonality so we met orthogonal +vectors to vectors we met orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +vectors to vectors we met orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +vectors to vectors we met orthogonal +subspaces like the row space and null + + align:start position:0% +subspaces like the row space and null + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces like the row space and null +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +now today we meet an orthogonal basis + + align:start position:0% +now today we meet an orthogonal basis + + + align:start position:0% +now today we meet an orthogonal basis +and an orthogonal matrix so we really + + align:start position:0% +and an orthogonal matrix so we really + + + align:start position:0% +and an orthogonal matrix so we really +this is this chapter cleans up + + align:start position:0% +this is this chapter cleans up + + + align:start position:0% +this is this chapter cleans up +orthogonality and really I want us I + + align:start position:0% +orthogonality and really I want us I + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonality and really I want us I +should use the word orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +should use the word orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +should use the word orthonormal +orthonormal things not just any vectors + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal things not just any vectors + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal things not just any vectors +but orthogonal ones so what does that + + align:start position:0% +but orthogonal ones so what does that + + + align:start position:0% +but orthogonal ones so what does that +mean that means that every Q is + + align:start position:0% +mean that means that every Q is + + + align:start position:0% +mean that means that every Q is +orthogonal to every other Q it's a + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to every other Q it's a + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal to every other Q it's a +natural idea to have a basis that's got + + align:start position:0% +natural idea to have a basis that's got + + + align:start position:0% +natural idea to have a basis that's got +that's headed off at 90 degree angles + + align:start position:0% +that's headed off at 90 degree angles + + + align:start position:0% +that's headed off at 90 degree angles +the inner products are all 0 of course + + align:start position:0% +the inner products are all 0 of course + + + align:start position:0% +the inner products are all 0 of course +if Q is certainly Q I is not orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +if Q is certainly Q I is not orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +if Q is certainly Q I is not orthogonal +to itself but there will make the best + + align:start position:0% +to itself but there will make the best + + + align:start position:0% +to itself but there will make the best +choice again make it a unit vector then + + align:start position:0% +choice again make it a unit vector then + + + align:start position:0% +choice again make it a unit vector then +Qi transpose Qi is 1 for a unit vector + + align:start position:0% +Qi transpose Qi is 1 for a unit vector + + + align:start position:0% +Qi transpose Qi is 1 for a unit vector +the length squared is 1 and that's what + + align:start position:0% +the length squared is 1 and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +the length squared is 1 and that's what +I would use the word normal so or so for + + align:start position:0% +I would use the word normal so or so for + + + align:start position:0% +I would use the word normal so or so for +this part + + align:start position:0% +this part + + + align:start position:0% +this part +normal normalized unit length for this + + align:start position:0% +normal normalized unit length for this + + + align:start position:0% +normal normalized unit length for this +part okay + + align:start position:0% +part okay + + + align:start position:0% +part okay +so first part of the lecture is how does + + align:start position:0% +so first part of the lecture is how does + + + align:start position:0% +so first part of the lecture is how does +having an orthonormal basis make things + + align:start position:0% +having an orthonormal basis make things + + + align:start position:0% +having an orthonormal basis make things +nice it certainly does it makes all the + + align:start position:0% +nice it certainly does it makes all the + + + align:start position:0% +nice it certainly does it makes all the +calculations better a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +calculations better a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +calculations better a whole lot of +numerical linear algebra is built around + + align:start position:0% +numerical linear algebra is built around + + + align:start position:0% +numerical linear algebra is built around +working with orthonormal vectors because + + align:start position:0% +working with orthonormal vectors because + + + align:start position:0% +working with orthonormal vectors because +they never get out of hand they never + + align:start position:0% +they never get out of hand they never + + + align:start position:0% +they never get out of hand they never +overflow + + align:start position:0% +overflow + + + align:start position:0% +overflow +underflow and I'll put them into a + + align:start position:0% +underflow and I'll put them into a + + + align:start position:0% +underflow and I'll put them into a +matrix q and then the second part of the + + align:start position:0% +matrix q and then the second part of the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix q and then the second part of the +lecture will be supposed my bassist Mike + + align:start position:0% +lecture will be supposed my bassist Mike + + + align:start position:0% +lecture will be supposed my bassist Mike +my columns of a are not orthonormal how + + align:start position:0% +my columns of a are not orthonormal how + + + align:start position:0% +my columns of a are not orthonormal how +do I make them sell and the two names + + align:start position:0% +do I make them sell and the two names + + + align:start position:0% +do I make them sell and the two names +associated with that simple idea our + + align:start position:0% +associated with that simple idea our + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that simple idea our +Graham and Schmidt so the first part is + + align:start position:0% +Graham and Schmidt so the first part is + + + align:start position:0% +Graham and Schmidt so the first part is +we've got a basis like this let's put + + align:start position:0% +we've got a basis like this let's put + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a basis like this let's put +those let's put those into the columns + + align:start position:0% +those let's put those into the columns + + + align:start position:0% +those let's put those into the columns +of a matrix so and so so a matrix Q that + + align:start position:0% +of a matrix so and so so a matrix Q that + + + align:start position:0% +of a matrix so and so so a matrix Q that +has or I'll put these orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +has or I'll put these orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +has or I'll put these orthonormal +vectors Q 1 will be the first column Q n + + align:start position:0% +vectors Q 1 will be the first column Q n + + + align:start position:0% +vectors Q 1 will be the first column Q n +will be the length column and I want to + + align:start position:0% +will be the length column and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +will be the length column and I want to +say I want to write this property Qi + + align:start position:0% +say I want to write this property Qi + + + align:start position:0% +say I want to write this property Qi +transpose Q J being 0 I want to put that + + align:start position:0% +transpose Q J being 0 I want to put that + + + align:start position:0% +transpose Q J being 0 I want to put that +in a matrix form and just the right + + align:start position:0% +in a matrix form and just the right + + + align:start position:0% +in a matrix form and just the right +thing is to look at Q transpose Q so + + align:start position:0% +thing is to look at Q transpose Q so + + + align:start position:0% +thing is to look at Q transpose Q so +this chapter has been looking at a + + align:start position:0% +this chapter has been looking at a + + + align:start position:0% +this chapter has been looking at a +transpose a so it's natural to look at Q + + align:start position:0% +transpose a so it's natural to look at Q + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a so it's natural to look at Q +transpose Q and the beauty is it comes + + align:start position:0% +transpose Q and the beauty is it comes + + + align:start position:0% +transpose Q and the beauty is it comes +out perfectly because Q transpose has + + align:start position:0% +out perfectly because Q transpose has + + + align:start position:0% +out perfectly because Q transpose has +these vectors in its rows the first row + + align:start position:0% +these vectors in its rows the first row + + + align:start position:0% +these vectors in its rows the first row +is Q 1 transpose the N throw is QN + + align:start position:0% +is Q 1 transpose the N throw is QN + + + align:start position:0% +is Q 1 transpose the N throw is QN +transpose so that's Q transpose and now + + align:start position:0% +transpose so that's Q transpose and now + + + align:start position:0% +transpose so that's Q transpose and now +I want to multiply by Q that has Q 1 + + align:start position:0% +I want to multiply by Q that has Q 1 + + + align:start position:0% +I want to multiply by Q that has Q 1 +along to QN in the columns that's Q and + + align:start position:0% +along to QN in the columns that's Q and + + + align:start position:0% +along to QN in the columns that's Q and +what do I get you really this is the + + align:start position:0% +what do I get you really this is the + + + align:start position:0% +what do I get you really this is the +first simplest most basic fact that how + + align:start position:0% +first simplest most basic fact that how + + + align:start position:0% +first simplest most basic fact that how +do orthonormal vectors orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +do orthonormal vectors orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +do orthonormal vectors orthonormal +columns in a matrix what happens if I + + align:start position:0% +columns in a matrix what happens if I + + + align:start position:0% +columns in a matrix what happens if I +compute Q transpose Q do you see it if I + + align:start position:0% +compute Q transpose Q do you see it if I + + + align:start position:0% +compute Q transpose Q do you see it if I +take the first row times the first + + align:start position:0% +take the first row times the first + + + align:start position:0% +take the first row times the first +column what do I get a 1 if I take the + + align:start position:0% +column what do I get a 1 if I take the + + + align:start position:0% +column what do I get a 1 if I take the +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +Rho times the second column what do I + + align:start position:0% +Rho times the second column what do I + + + align:start position:0% +Rho times the second column what do I +get zero + + align:start position:0% +get zero + + + align:start position:0% +get zero +that's the orthogonality the first row + + align:start position:0% +that's the orthogonality the first row + + + align:start position:0% +that's the orthogonality the first row +times the last column is zero and so I'm + + align:start position:0% +times the last column is zero and so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +times the last column is zero and so I'm +getting ones on the diagonal and I'm + + align:start position:0% +getting ones on the diagonal and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +getting ones on the diagonal and I'm +getting zeros everywhere else I'm + + align:start position:0% +getting zeros everywhere else I'm + + + align:start position:0% +getting zeros everywhere else I'm +getting the identity matrix you see how + + align:start position:0% +getting the identity matrix you see how + + + align:start position:0% +getting the identity matrix you see how +that's it's just like the right + + align:start position:0% +that's it's just like the right + + + align:start position:0% +that's it's just like the right +calculation to do if you have ortho noir + + align:start position:0% +calculation to do if you have ortho noir + + + align:start position:0% +calculation to do if you have ortho noir +so normal columns and the matrix doesn't + + align:start position:0% +so normal columns and the matrix doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +so normal columns and the matrix doesn't +have to be square here we might have + + align:start position:0% +have to be square here we might have + + + align:start position:0% +have to be square here we might have +just two columns and they might have for + + align:start position:0% +just two columns and they might have for + + + align:start position:0% +just two columns and they might have for +lots of components so but they're + + align:start position:0% +lots of components so but they're + + + align:start position:0% +lots of components so but they're +orthonormal and when we do Q transpose + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal and when we do Q transpose + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal and when we do Q transpose +times Q that Q transpose times Q or a + + align:start position:0% +times Q that Q transpose times Q or a + + + align:start position:0% +times Q that Q transpose times Q or a +transpose a just asks for all those dot + + align:start position:0% +transpose a just asks for all those dot + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a just asks for all those dot +products rows times columns and in this + + align:start position:0% +products rows times columns and in this + + + align:start position:0% +products rows times columns and in this +ortho normal case we get the best + + align:start position:0% +ortho normal case we get the best + + + align:start position:0% +ortho normal case we get the best +possible answer the identity okay so + + align:start position:0% +possible answer the identity okay so + + + align:start position:0% +possible answer the identity okay so +this is this is like so I mean now we + + align:start position:0% +this is this is like so I mean now we + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is like so I mean now we +have a new bunch of important matrices + + align:start position:0% +have a new bunch of important matrices + + + align:start position:0% +have a new bunch of important matrices +what have we seen previously we've seen + + align:start position:0% +what have we seen previously we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +what have we seen previously we've seen +in the in the distant past we had + + align:start position:0% +in the in the distant past we had + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the distant past we had +triangular matrices diagonal matrices + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrices diagonal matrices + + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrices diagonal matrices +permutation matrices that was early + + align:start position:0% +permutation matrices that was early + + + align:start position:0% +permutation matrices that was early +chapters then we had row echelon form x' + + align:start position:0% +chapters then we had row echelon form x' + + + align:start position:0% +chapters then we had row echelon form x' +then in this chapter we've already seen + + align:start position:0% +then in this chapter we've already seen + + + align:start position:0% +then in this chapter we've already seen +projection matrices and now we're seeing + + align:start position:0% +projection matrices and now we're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +projection matrices and now we're seeing +this new class of matrices with + + align:start position:0% +this new class of matrices with + + + align:start position:0% +this new class of matrices with +orthonormal columns that's a very long + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal columns that's a very long + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal columns that's a very long +expression I am sorry that I can't just + + align:start position:0% +expression I am sorry that I can't just + + + align:start position:0% +expression I am sorry that I can't just +call them orthogonal matrices but that + + align:start position:0% +call them orthogonal matrices but that + + + align:start position:0% +call them orthogonal matrices but that +word orthogonal matrices or maybe I + + align:start position:0% +word orthogonal matrices or maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +word orthogonal matrices or maybe I +should be able to call it worth of + + align:start position:0% +should be able to call it worth of + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to call it worth of +normal matrices why don't we call it + + align:start position:0% +normal matrices why don't we call it + + + align:start position:0% +normal matrices why don't we call it +orthonormal matrices but I mean it would + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal matrices but I mean it would + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal matrices but I mean it would +be absolutely perfect name for Q call it + + align:start position:0% +be absolutely perfect name for Q call it + + + align:start position:0% +be absolutely perfect name for Q call it +an orthonormal matrix because its + + align:start position:0% +an orthonormal matrix because its + + + align:start position:0% +an orthonormal matrix because its +columns are orthonormal okay but the + + align:start position:0% +columns are orthonormal okay but the + + + align:start position:0% +columns are orthonormal okay but the +convention is that we only use + + align:start position:0% +convention is that we only use + + + align:start position:0% +convention is that we only use +that name orthogonal matrix we only use + + align:start position:0% +that name orthogonal matrix we only use + + + align:start position:0% +that name orthogonal matrix we only use +this this word orthogonal we don't even + + align:start position:0% +this this word orthogonal we don't even + + + align:start position:0% +this this word orthogonal we don't even +say orthonormal for some unknown reason + + align:start position:0% +say orthonormal for some unknown reason + + + align:start position:0% +say orthonormal for some unknown reason +matrix when it's square so in this in + + align:start position:0% +matrix when it's square so in this in + + + align:start position:0% +matrix when it's square so in this in +the case when this is a square matrix + + align:start position:0% +the case when this is a square matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the case when this is a square matrix +that's the case we call it an orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +that's the case we call it an orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +that's the case we call it an orthogonal +matrix and what's what's special about + + align:start position:0% +matrix and what's what's special about + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and what's what's special about +the case when it's square when it's a + + align:start position:0% +the case when it's square when it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the case when it's square when it's a +square matrix we've got its inverse so + + align:start position:0% +square matrix we've got its inverse so + + + align:start position:0% +square matrix we've got its inverse so +so in the case if Q is square then Q + + align:start position:0% +so in the case if Q is square then Q + + + align:start position:0% +so in the case if Q is square then Q +transpose Q equals I tells us let me + + align:start position:0% +transpose Q equals I tells us let me + + + align:start position:0% +transpose Q equals I tells us let me +write that underneath tells us that Q + + align:start position:0% +write that underneath tells us that Q + + + align:start position:0% +write that underneath tells us that Q +transpose is Q inverse there we have the + + align:start position:0% +transpose is Q inverse there we have the + + + align:start position:0% +transpose is Q inverse there we have the +easy-to-remember property for a square + + align:start position:0% +easy-to-remember property for a square + + + align:start position:0% +easy-to-remember property for a square +matrix with orthonormal columns that I + + align:start position:0% +matrix with orthonormal columns that I + + + align:start position:0% +matrix with orthonormal columns that I +need to write some examples down let's + + align:start position:0% +need to write some examples down let's + + + align:start position:0% +need to write some examples down let's +see some examples like if I take any + + align:start position:0% +see some examples like if I take any + + + align:start position:0% +see some examples like if I take any +permutation examples let's do some + + align:start position:0% +permutation examples let's do some + + + align:start position:0% +permutation examples let's do some +examples any permutation matrix let me + + align:start position:0% +examples any permutation matrix let me + + + align:start position:0% +examples any permutation matrix let me +take just some random permutation matrix + + align:start position:0% +take just some random permutation matrix + + + align:start position:0% +take just some random permutation matrix +permutation q equals let's say Oh make + + align:start position:0% +permutation q equals let's say Oh make + + + align:start position:0% +permutation q equals let's say Oh make +it 3x3 say 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 ok + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that certainly has unit vectors in its + + align:start position:0% +that certainly has unit vectors in its + + + align:start position:0% +that certainly has unit vectors in its +columns those vectors are certainly + + align:start position:0% +columns those vectors are certainly + + + align:start position:0% +columns those vectors are certainly +perpendicular to each other and if I + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to each other and if I + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to each other and if I +figure that's it + + align:start position:0% +figure that's it + + + align:start position:0% +figure that's it +that makes it a Q and if I multiple if I + + align:start position:0% +that makes it a Q and if I multiple if I + + + align:start position:0% +that makes it a Q and if I multiple if I +took its transpose if I multiplied by Q + + align:start position:0% +took its transpose if I multiplied by Q + + + align:start position:0% +took its transpose if I multiplied by Q +transpose so I do that let me stick in Q + + align:start position:0% +transpose so I do that let me stick in Q + + + align:start position:0% +transpose so I do that let me stick in Q +transpose here + + align:start position:0% +transpose here + + + align:start position:0% +transpose here +just to do that multiplication once more + + align:start position:0% +just to do that multiplication once more + + + align:start position:0% +just to do that multiplication once more +transpose it will put though put make + + align:start position:0% +transpose it will put though put make + + + align:start position:0% +transpose it will put though put make +that into a column make that into a + + align:start position:0% +that into a column make that into a + + + align:start position:0% +that into a column make that into a +column make that into a column and the + + align:start position:0% +column make that into a column and the + + + align:start position:0% +column make that into a column and the +transpose is also another Q another + + align:start position:0% +transpose is also another Q another + + + align:start position:0% +transpose is also another Q another +orthonormal matrix and when I multiply + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal matrix and when I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal matrix and when I multiply +that product I get I okay so there's an + + align:start position:0% +that product I get I okay so there's an + + + align:start position:0% +that product I get I okay so there's an +example and actually there's a second + + align:start position:0% +example and actually there's a second + + + align:start position:0% +example and actually there's a second +example but those are real easy examples + + align:start position:0% +example but those are real easy examples + + + align:start position:0% +example but those are real easy examples +right I mean to get orthogonal matrices + + align:start position:0% +right I mean to get orthogonal matrices + + + align:start position:0% +right I mean to get orthogonal matrices +or thuggin or columns by just putting + + align:start position:0% +or thuggin or columns by just putting + + + align:start position:0% +or thuggin or columns by just putting +ones in different places is like too + + align:start position:0% +ones in different places is like too + + + align:start position:0% +ones in different places is like too +easy so let me keep going with examples + + align:start position:0% +easy so let me keep going with examples + + + align:start position:0% +easy so let me keep going with examples +so here's another simple example cos + + align:start position:0% +so here's another simple example cos + + + align:start position:0% +so here's another simple example cos +theta sine theta there is a unit vector + + align:start position:0% +theta sine theta there is a unit vector + + + align:start position:0% +theta sine theta there is a unit vector +oh let me even take it well yeah cos + + align:start position:0% +oh let me even take it well yeah cos + + + align:start position:0% +oh let me even take it well yeah cos +theta sine theta and now the other way I + + align:start position:0% +theta sine theta and now the other way I + + + align:start position:0% +theta sine theta and now the other way I +want sine theta cos theta but I want the + + align:start position:0% +want sine theta cos theta but I want the + + + align:start position:0% +want sine theta cos theta but I want the +inner product to be 0 and if I put a + + align:start position:0% +inner product to be 0 and if I put a + + + align:start position:0% +inner product to be 0 and if I put a +minus there it'll do it so the that's a + + align:start position:0% +minus there it'll do it so the that's a + + + align:start position:0% +minus there it'll do it so the that's a +unit vector that's a unit vector and if + + align:start position:0% +unit vector that's a unit vector and if + + + align:start position:0% +unit vector that's a unit vector and if +I take the dot product I get minus plus + + align:start position:0% +I take the dot product I get minus plus + + + align:start position:0% +I take the dot product I get minus plus +0 okay for Excel for example Q equals + + align:start position:0% +0 okay for Excel for example Q equals + + + align:start position:0% +0 okay for Excel for example Q equals +say 1 1 1 minus 1 is that an orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +say 1 1 1 minus 1 is that an orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +say 1 1 1 minus 1 is that an orthogonal +matrix + + align:start position:0% +matrix + + + align:start position:0% +matrix +I've got orthogonal columns there but + + align:start position:0% +I've got orthogonal columns there but + + + align:start position:0% +I've got orthogonal columns there but +it's not quite an orthogonal matrix how + + align:start position:0% +it's not quite an orthogonal matrix how + + + align:start position:0% +it's not quite an orthogonal matrix how +shall I fix it to be an orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +shall I fix it to be an orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +shall I fix it to be an orthogonal +matrix well what's the length of those + + align:start position:0% +matrix well what's the length of those + + + align:start position:0% +matrix well what's the length of those +column vectors the dot product with + + align:start position:0% +column vectors the dot product with + + + align:start position:0% +column vectors the dot product with +themselves is right now it's + + align:start position:0% +themselves is right now it's + + + align:start position:0% +themselves is right now it's +to write the the length squared the + + align:start position:0% +to write the the length squared the + + + align:start position:0% +to write the the length squared the +length squared would be 1 plus 1 would + + align:start position:0% +length squared would be 1 plus 1 would + + + align:start position:0% +length squared would be 1 plus 1 would +be 2 the length would be square root of + + align:start position:0% +be 2 the length would be square root of + + + align:start position:0% +be 2 the length would be square root of +2 so I better divide by square root of 2 + + align:start position:0% +2 so I better divide by square root of 2 + + + align:start position:0% +2 so I better divide by square root of 2 +okay so there's a there at now I have + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's a there at now I have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's a there at now I have +got an orthogonal matrix in fact it's + + align:start position:0% +got an orthogonal matrix in fact it's + + + align:start position:0% +got an orthogonal matrix in fact it's +this one when when theta is PI over 4 + + align:start position:0% +this one when when theta is PI over 4 + + + align:start position:0% +this one when when theta is PI over 4 +the cosines inside well almost + + align:start position:0% +the cosines inside well almost + + + align:start position:0% +the cosines inside well almost +I guess the minus sign is down there so + + align:start position:0% +I guess the minus sign is down there so + + + align:start position:0% +I guess the minus sign is down there so +maybe I don't know maybe minus PI over 4 + + align:start position:0% +maybe I don't know maybe minus PI over 4 + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I don't know maybe minus PI over 4 +or something okay + + align:start position:0% +or something okay + + + align:start position:0% +or something okay +oh let me do one final example just to + + align:start position:0% +oh let me do one final example just to + + + align:start position:0% +oh let me do one final example just to +show that you can get bigger ones q + + align:start position:0% +show that you can get bigger ones q + + + align:start position:0% +show that you can get bigger ones q +equals let me take that matrix up in the + + align:start position:0% +equals let me take that matrix up in the + + + align:start position:0% +equals let me take that matrix up in the +corner and I'll sort of repeat that + + align:start position:0% +corner and I'll sort of repeat that + + + align:start position:0% +corner and I'll sort of repeat that +pattern repeat it again and then minus + + align:start position:0% +pattern repeat it again and then minus + + + align:start position:0% +pattern repeat it again and then minus +it down here that's so one of the + + align:start position:0% +it down here that's so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +it down here that's so one of the +world's favorite orthogonal matrices I + + align:start position:0% +world's favorite orthogonal matrices I + + + align:start position:0% +world's favorite orthogonal matrices I +hope I got it right is it can you see + + align:start position:0% +hope I got it right is it can you see + + + align:start position:0% +hope I got it right is it can you see +whether if I take the inner product of + + align:start position:0% +whether if I take the inner product of + + + align:start position:0% +whether if I take the inner product of +one column with another one let's see if + + align:start position:0% +one column with another one let's see if + + + align:start position:0% +one column with another one let's see if +I take the inner product of that column + + align:start position:0% +I take the inner product of that column + + + align:start position:0% +I take the inner product of that column +with that I have two minuses and two + + align:start position:0% +with that I have two minuses and two + + + align:start position:0% +with that I have two minuses and two +pluses that's good when I take the inner + + align:start position:0% +pluses that's good when I take the inner + + + align:start position:0% +pluses that's good when I take the inner +product of that with that I have a plus + + align:start position:0% +product of that with that I have a plus + + + align:start position:0% +product of that with that I have a plus +and a minus a minus and a plus good I + + align:start position:0% +and a minus a minus and a plus good I + + + align:start position:0% +and a minus a minus and a plus good I +think it all works out and what do I + + align:start position:0% +think it all works out and what do I + + + align:start position:0% +think it all works out and what do I +have to divide by now to make those into + + align:start position:0% +have to divide by now to make those into + + + align:start position:0% +have to divide by now to make those into +unit vectors right now those those the + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors right now those those the + + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors right now those those the +vector 1 1 1 1 has length 2 square root + + align:start position:0% +vector 1 1 1 1 has length 2 square root + + + align:start position:0% +vector 1 1 1 1 has length 2 square root +of 4 so I have to divide by 2 to make it + + align:start position:0% +of 4 so I have to divide by 2 to make it + + + align:start position:0% +of 4 so I have to divide by 2 to make it +unit vector so there's another that's my + + align:start position:0% +unit vector so there's another that's my + + + align:start position:0% +unit vector so there's another that's my +entire array of simple examples this + + align:start position:0% +entire array of simple examples this + + + align:start position:0% +entire array of simple examples this +this this construction is named after a + + align:start position:0% +this this construction is named after a + + + align:start position:0% +this this construction is named after a +guy called @mr and we know how to do it + + align:start position:0% +guy called @mr and we know how to do it + + + align:start position:0% +guy called @mr and we know how to do it +4 4 2 4 16 64 + + align:start position:0% +4 4 2 4 16 64 + + + align:start position:0% +4 4 2 4 16 64 +so on but we nobody knows well wait + + align:start position:0% +so on but we nobody knows well wait + + + align:start position:0% +so on but we nobody knows well wait +exactly which size matrices have which + + align:start position:0% +exactly which size matrices have which + + + align:start position:0% +exactly which size matrices have which +size which size allow orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +size which size allow orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +size which size allow orthogonal +matrices of ones and minus ones so Adam + + align:start position:0% +matrices of ones and minus ones so Adam + + + align:start position:0% +matrices of ones and minus ones so Adam +our matrix is an orthogonal matrix + + align:start position:0% +our matrix is an orthogonal matrix + + + align:start position:0% +our matrix is an orthogonal matrix +that's got ones and minus ones and a lot + + align:start position:0% +that's got ones and minus ones and a lot + + + align:start position:0% +that's got ones and minus ones and a lot +of ones some we know some other sizes + + align:start position:0% +of ones some we know some other sizes + + + align:start position:0% +of ones some we know some other sizes +there couldn't be a 5x5 I think + + align:start position:0% +there couldn't be a 5x5 I think + + + align:start position:0% +there couldn't be a 5x5 I think +but there are some sizes that nobody yet + + align:start position:0% +but there are some sizes that nobody yet + + + align:start position:0% +but there are some sizes that nobody yet +knows whether there could be or can't be + + align:start position:0% +knows whether there could be or can't be + + + align:start position:0% +knows whether there could be or can't be +a matrix like that okay + + align:start position:0% +a matrix like that okay + + + align:start position:0% +a matrix like that okay +you see those orthogonal matrices now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me ask what why is it good to have + + align:start position:0% +let me ask what why is it good to have + + + align:start position:0% +let me ask what why is it good to have +orthogonal matrices what calculation is + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal matrices what calculation is + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal matrices what calculation is +made easy + + align:start position:0% +made easy + + + align:start position:0% +made easy +if I have an orthogonal matrix and let + + align:start position:0% +if I have an orthogonal matrix and let + + + align:start position:0% +if I have an orthogonal matrix and let +me let me remember that the matrix could + + align:start position:0% +me let me remember that the matrix could + + + align:start position:0% +me let me remember that the matrix could +be rectangular shall I put down a ring I + + align:start position:0% +be rectangular shall I put down a ring I + + + align:start position:0% +be rectangular shall I put down a ring I +better put a rectangular example down so + + align:start position:0% +better put a rectangular example down so + + + align:start position:0% +better put a rectangular example down so +these were all square examples can I put + + align:start position:0% +these were all square examples can I put + + + align:start position:0% +these were all square examples can I put +down just a rectangular one just to be + + align:start position:0% +down just a rectangular one just to be + + + align:start position:0% +down just a rectangular one just to be +sure that we realize that this is + + align:start position:0% +sure that we realize that this is + + + align:start position:0% +sure that we realize that this is +possible let's help me out let's see if + + align:start position:0% +possible let's help me out let's see if + + + align:start position:0% +possible let's help me out let's see if +I put like a 1 to 2 and minus 2 minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +I put like a 1 to 2 and minus 2 minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +I put like a 1 to 2 and minus 2 minus 1 +2 that's an order + + align:start position:0% +2 that's an order + + + align:start position:0% +2 that's an order +that's an order that's a matrix oh it's + + align:start position:0% +that's an order that's a matrix oh it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's an order that's a matrix oh it's +columns aren't normalized yet I always + + align:start position:0% +columns aren't normalized yet I always + + + align:start position:0% +columns aren't normalized yet I always +have to remember to do that I always do + + align:start position:0% +have to remember to do that I always do + + + align:start position:0% +have to remember to do that I always do +that last because it's easy to do what's + + align:start position:0% +that last because it's easy to do what's + + + align:start position:0% +that last because it's easy to do what's +the length of those columns so if I + + align:start position:0% +the length of those columns so if I + + + align:start position:0% +the length of those columns so if I +wanted them if I wanted them to be + + align:start position:0% +wanted them if I wanted them to be + + + align:start position:0% +wanted them if I wanted them to be +length one I should divide by their + + align:start position:0% +length one I should divide by their + + + align:start position:0% +length one I should divide by their +length which is so I'd look at 1 squared + + align:start position:0% +length which is so I'd look at 1 squared + + + align:start position:0% +length which is so I'd look at 1 squared +plus 2 squared plus 2 squared that's 1 + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 squared plus 2 squared that's 1 + + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 squared plus 2 squared that's 1 +in 4 and 4 is 9 so I take the square + + align:start position:0% +in 4 and 4 is 9 so I take the square + + + align:start position:0% +in 4 and 4 is 9 so I take the square +root and I need to divide by 3 okay so + + align:start position:0% +root and I need to divide by 3 okay so + + + align:start position:0% +root and I need to divide by 3 okay so +there is well without that I've got 1 + + align:start position:0% +there is well without that I've got 1 + + + align:start position:0% +there is well without that I've got 1 +orthonormal vector I mean just one unit + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal vector I mean just one unit + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal vector I mean just one unit +vector now put that guy in now I have a + + align:start position:0% +vector now put that guy in now I have a + + + align:start position:0% +vector now put that guy in now I have a +basis for the column space for a + + align:start position:0% +basis for the column space for a + + + align:start position:0% +basis for the column space for a +two-dimensional space an orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional space an orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional space an orthonormal +basis right these two columns are + + align:start position:0% +basis right these two columns are + + + align:start position:0% +basis right these two columns are +orthonormal they would be an orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal they would be an orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal they would be an orthonormal +basis for this two-dimensional space + + align:start position:0% +basis for this two-dimensional space + + + align:start position:0% +basis for this two-dimensional space +that they span orthonormal beta vectors + + align:start position:0% +that they span orthonormal beta vectors + + + align:start position:0% +that they span orthonormal beta vectors +by the way have got to be independent + + align:start position:0% +by the way have got to be independent + + + align:start position:0% +by the way have got to be independent +it's easy to show that orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +it's easy to show that orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +it's easy to show that orthonormal +vectors since they're headed off at all + + align:start position:0% +vectors since they're headed off at all + + + align:start position:0% +vectors since they're headed off at all +at 90 degrees there's no combination + + align:start position:0% +at 90 degrees there's no combination + + + align:start position:0% +at 90 degrees there's no combination +that gives zero now if I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +that gives zero now if I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +that gives zero now if I wanted to +create now a third one I could either + + align:start position:0% +create now a third one I could either + + + align:start position:0% +create now a third one I could either +just put in some third vector that was + + align:start position:0% +just put in some third vector that was + + + align:start position:0% +just put in some third vector that was +independent and go to this gram-schmidt + + align:start position:0% +independent and go to this gram-schmidt + + + align:start position:0% +independent and go to this gram-schmidt +calculation that I'm going to explain or + + align:start position:0% +calculation that I'm going to explain or + + + align:start position:0% +calculation that I'm going to explain or +I could it be inspired and say look that + + align:start position:0% +I could it be inspired and say look that + + + align:start position:0% +I could it be inspired and say look that +with that pattern why not put a 1 in + + align:start position:0% +with that pattern why not put a 1 in + + + align:start position:0% +with that pattern why not put a 1 in +there and a 2 in there and a 2 in there + + align:start position:0% +there and a 2 in there and a 2 in there + + + align:start position:0% +there and a 2 in there and a 2 in there +and try to fix up the signs so that they + + align:start position:0% +and try to fix up the signs so that they + + + align:start position:0% +and try to fix up the signs so that they +worked hmm I don't I don't know if I've + + align:start position:0% +worked hmm I don't I don't know if I've + + + align:start position:0% +worked hmm I don't I don't know if I've +done this too brilliantly let's see what + + align:start position:0% +done this too brilliantly let's see what + + + align:start position:0% +done this too brilliantly let's see what +signs that's - maybe I didn't like a + + align:start position:0% +signs that's - maybe I didn't like a + + + align:start position:0% +signs that's - maybe I didn't like a +minus sign there how would that be yeah + + align:start position:0% +minus sign there how would that be yeah + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign there how would that be yeah +maybe that works I think that those + + align:start position:0% +maybe that works I think that those + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that works I think that those +three columns are orthonormal and they + + align:start position:0% +three columns are orthonormal and they + + + align:start position:0% +three columns are orthonormal and they +the beauty of this this is the last + + align:start position:0% +the beauty of this this is the last + + + align:start position:0% +the beauty of this this is the last +example I'll probably find where there + + align:start position:0% +example I'll probably find where there + + + align:start position:0% +example I'll probably find where there +is no square root the the punishing + + align:start position:0% +is no square root the the punishing + + + align:start position:0% +is no square root the the punishing +thing in gram-schmidt maybe we better + + align:start position:0% +thing in gram-schmidt maybe we better + + + align:start position:0% +thing in gram-schmidt maybe we better +know that in advance is that because I + + align:start position:0% +know that in advance is that because I + + + align:start position:0% +know that in advance is that because I +want these vectors to be unit vectors + + align:start position:0% +want these vectors to be unit vectors + + + align:start position:0% +want these vectors to be unit vectors +I'm always running into square roots I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm always running into square roots I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm always running into square roots I'm +always dividing by lengths and those + + align:start position:0% +always dividing by lengths and those + + + align:start position:0% +always dividing by lengths and those +lengths are square roots so you'll see + + align:start position:0% +lengths are square roots so you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +lengths are square roots so you'll see +as soon as I do a gram-schmidt example + + align:start position:0% +as soon as I do a gram-schmidt example + + + align:start position:0% +as soon as I do a gram-schmidt example +square roots are going to show + + align:start position:0% +square roots are going to show + + + align:start position:0% +square roots are going to show +but here are some examples where we did + + align:start position:0% +but here are some examples where we did + + + align:start position:0% +but here are some examples where we did +it without any square root okay okay so + + align:start position:0% +it without any square root okay okay so + + + align:start position:0% +it without any square root okay okay so +so great now next question is what's the + + align:start position:0% +so great now next question is what's the + + + align:start position:0% +so great now next question is what's the +what's the good of having a queue what + + align:start position:0% +what's the good of having a queue what + + + align:start position:0% +what's the good of having a queue what +what form what formulas become easier + + align:start position:0% +what form what formulas become easier + + + align:start position:0% +what form what formulas become easier +suppose I want to project so suppose Q + + align:start position:0% +suppose I want to project so suppose Q + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I want to project so suppose Q +suppose Q has orthonormal columns I'm + + align:start position:0% +suppose Q has orthonormal columns I'm + + + align:start position:0% +suppose Q has orthonormal columns I'm +using the letter Q to mean this I'll + + align:start position:0% +using the letter Q to mean this I'll + + + align:start position:0% +using the letter Q to mean this I'll +write at this this one more time but but + + align:start position:0% +write at this this one more time but but + + + align:start position:0% +write at this this one more time but but +I always mean when I write a Q I always + + align:start position:0% +I always mean when I write a Q I always + + + align:start position:0% +I always mean when I write a Q I always +mean that it has orthonormal columns so + + align:start position:0% +mean that it has orthonormal columns so + + + align:start position:0% +mean that it has orthonormal columns so +suppose I want to project on to its + + align:start position:0% +suppose I want to project on to its + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I want to project on to its +column space so what's the projection + + align:start position:0% +column space so what's the projection + + + align:start position:0% +column space so what's the projection +matrix what's the projection matrix if I + + align:start position:0% +matrix what's the projection matrix if I + + + align:start position:0% +matrix what's the projection matrix if I +project onto a column space okay that + + align:start position:0% +project onto a column space okay that + + + align:start position:0% +project onto a column space okay that +gives me a chance to review the + + align:start position:0% +gives me a chance to review the + + + align:start position:0% +gives me a chance to review the +projection section including that big + + align:start position:0% +projection section including that big + + + align:start position:0% +projection section including that big +formula which used to be have those four + + align:start position:0% +formula which used to be have those four + + + align:start position:0% +formula which used to be have those four +A's in a row but now it's got Q's + + align:start position:0% +A's in a row but now it's got Q's + + + align:start position:0% +A's in a row but now it's got Q's +because I'm projecting onto the column + + align:start position:0% +because I'm projecting onto the column + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm projecting onto the column +space of Q so do you remember what it + + align:start position:0% +space of Q so do you remember what it + + + align:start position:0% +space of Q so do you remember what it +was it's Q Q transpose Q inverse Q + + align:start position:0% +was it's Q Q transpose Q inverse Q + + + align:start position:0% +was it's Q Q transpose Q inverse Q +transpose that's my 4 Q's in a row but + + align:start position:0% +transpose that's my 4 Q's in a row but + + + align:start position:0% +transpose that's my 4 Q's in a row but +what's good here what what makes this + + align:start position:0% +what's good here what what makes this + + + align:start position:0% +what's good here what what makes this +formula nice if I'm projecting onto a + + align:start position:0% +formula nice if I'm projecting onto a + + + align:start position:0% +formula nice if I'm projecting onto a +column onto a column space when I have + + align:start position:0% +column onto a column space when I have + + + align:start position:0% +column onto a column space when I have +orthonormal basis for that space what + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal basis for that space what + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal basis for that space what +makes it nice is this is the identity I + + align:start position:0% +makes it nice is this is the identity I + + + align:start position:0% +makes it nice is this is the identity I +don't have to do any inversion I just + + align:start position:0% +don't have to do any inversion I just + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to do any inversion I just +get QQ transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so QQ transpose is a projection matrix + + align:start position:0% +so QQ transpose is a projection matrix + + + align:start position:0% +so QQ transpose is a projection matrix +oh I can't help I can't resist just + + align:start position:0% +oh I can't help I can't resist just + + + align:start position:0% +oh I can't help I can't resist just +checking the properties what what are + + align:start position:0% +checking the properties what what are + + + align:start position:0% +checking the properties what what are +the properties of a projection matrix + + align:start position:0% +the properties of a projection matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the properties of a projection matrix +there are two properties to know for for + + align:start position:0% +there are two properties to know for for + + + align:start position:0% +there are two properties to know for for +any projection matrix and I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +any projection matrix and I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +any projection matrix and I'm saying +that this is the right projection matrix + + align:start position:0% +that this is the right projection matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that this is the right projection matrix +when we've got this orthonormal basis in + + align:start position:0% +when we've got this orthonormal basis in + + + align:start position:0% +when we've got this orthonormal basis in +the columns okay so there is the + + align:start position:0% +the columns okay so there is the + + + align:start position:0% +the columns okay so there is the +projection matrix suppose the matrix is + + align:start position:0% +projection matrix suppose the matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +projection matrix suppose the matrix is +square first just tell me first this + + align:start position:0% +square first just tell me first this + + + align:start position:0% +square first just tell me first this +extreme case if if my matrix is square + + align:start position:0% +extreme case if if my matrix is square + + + align:start position:0% +extreme case if if my matrix is square +and it's got these orthonormal columns + + align:start position:0% +and it's got these orthonormal columns + + + align:start position:0% +and it's got these orthonormal columns +then what's the column space if I have a + + align:start position:0% +then what's the column space if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +then what's the column space if I have a +square matrix and I have independent + + align:start position:0% +square matrix and I have independent + + + align:start position:0% +square matrix and I have independent +columns and even orthonormal columns + + align:start position:0% +columns and even orthonormal columns + + + align:start position:0% +columns and even orthonormal columns +then the column space is the whole space + + align:start position:0% +then the column space is the whole space + + + align:start position:0% +then the column space is the whole space +right and what's the projection matrix + + align:start position:0% +right and what's the projection matrix + + + align:start position:0% +right and what's the projection matrix +onto the whole space the identity matrix + + align:start position:0% +onto the whole space the identity matrix + + + align:start position:0% +onto the whole space the identity matrix +if I'm projecting in the whole space + + align:start position:0% +if I'm projecting in the whole space + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm projecting in the whole space +every every vector B is a right where + + align:start position:0% +every every vector B is a right where + + + align:start position:0% +every every vector B is a right where +it's supposed to be and I don't have to + + align:start position:0% +it's supposed to be and I don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +it's supposed to be and I don't have to +move it by a projection so this would be + + align:start position:0% +move it by a projection so this would be + + + align:start position:0% +move it by a projection so this would be +this will be I this is this is I'll put + + align:start position:0% +this will be I this is this is I'll put + + + align:start position:0% +this will be I this is this is I'll put +in parenthesis this is I if Q is square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well that we we said that already if Q + + align:start position:0% +well that we we said that already if Q + + + align:start position:0% +well that we we said that already if Q +if Q is square that's the case where Q + + align:start position:0% +if Q is square that's the case where Q + + + align:start position:0% +if Q is square that's the case where Q +transpose is Q inverse we can put it on + + align:start position:0% +transpose is Q inverse we can put it on + + + align:start position:0% +transpose is Q inverse we can put it on +the right we can put it on the left we + + align:start position:0% +the right we can put it on the left we + + + align:start position:0% +the right we can put it on the left we +always get the identity matrix if it's + + align:start position:0% +always get the identity matrix if it's + + + align:start position:0% +always get the identity matrix if it's +square but if it's not a square matrix + + align:start position:0% +square but if it's not a square matrix + + + align:start position:0% +square but if it's not a square matrix +then it's not we don't get the identity + + align:start position:0% +then it's not we don't get the identity + + + align:start position:0% +then it's not we don't get the identity +matrix we this we have QQ QQ transpose + + align:start position:0% +matrix we this we have QQ QQ transpose + + + align:start position:0% +matrix we this we have QQ QQ transpose +and just again what are those two + + align:start position:0% +and just again what are those two + + + align:start position:0% +and just again what are those two +properties of a projection matrix first + + align:start position:0% +properties of a projection matrix first + + + align:start position:0% +properties of a projection matrix first +of all it's symmetric okay no problem + + align:start position:0% +of all it's symmetric okay no problem + + + align:start position:0% +of all it's symmetric okay no problem +that's for certainly a symmetric matrix + + align:start position:0% +that's for certainly a symmetric matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that's for certainly a symmetric matrix +so what's that second property of a + + align:start position:0% +so what's that second property of a + + + align:start position:0% +so what's that second property of a +projection that if you project and + + align:start position:0% +projection that if you project and + + + align:start position:0% +projection that if you project and +again you don't move the second time so + + align:start position:0% +again you don't move the second time so + + + align:start position:0% +again you don't move the second time so +the other property of a projection + + align:start position:0% +the other property of a projection + + + align:start position:0% +the other property of a projection +matrix should be that QQ transpose twice + + align:start position:0% +matrix should be that QQ transpose twice + + + align:start position:0% +matrix should be that QQ transpose twice +should be the same as QQ transpose once + + align:start position:0% +should be the same as QQ transpose once + + + align:start position:0% +should be the same as QQ transpose once +that's projection matrices and that + + align:start position:0% +that's projection matrices and that + + + align:start position:0% +that's projection matrices and that +property better fall out right away + + align:start position:0% +property better fall out right away + + + align:start position:0% +property better fall out right away +because from from the from the fact we + + align:start position:0% +because from from the from the fact we + + + align:start position:0% +because from from the from the fact we +know about orthonormal matrices Q + + align:start position:0% +know about orthonormal matrices Q + + + align:start position:0% +know about orthonormal matrices Q +transpose Q is I okay you see it in the + + align:start position:0% +transpose Q is I okay you see it in the + + + align:start position:0% +transpose Q is I okay you see it in the +middle here is sitting QQ transpose Q + + align:start position:0% +middle here is sitting QQ transpose Q + + + align:start position:0% +middle here is sitting QQ transpose Q +sorry that's what I meant to say Q + + align:start position:0% +sorry that's what I meant to say Q + + + align:start position:0% +sorry that's what I meant to say Q +transpose Q is I so that's sitting right + + align:start position:0% +transpose Q is I so that's sitting right + + + align:start position:0% +transpose Q is I so that's sitting right +in the middle that cancels out to give + + align:start position:0% +in the middle that cancels out to give + + + align:start position:0% +in the middle that cancels out to give +the identity we're left with 1q q + + align:start position:0% +the identity we're left with 1q q + + + align:start position:0% +the identity we're left with 1q q +transpose and we're all set okay so this + + align:start position:0% +transpose and we're all set okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and we're all set okay so this +is the projection matrix all that all + + align:start position:0% +is the projection matrix all that all + + + align:start position:0% +is the projection matrix all that all +the equation all the messy equations of + + align:start position:0% +the equation all the messy equations of + + + align:start position:0% +the equation all the messy equations of +this chapter become trivial when our + + align:start position:0% +this chapter become trivial when our + + + align:start position:0% +this chapter become trivial when our +matrix when we have this orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +matrix when we have this orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +matrix when we have this orthonormal +basis I mean what do I mean by all the + + align:start position:0% +basis I mean what do I mean by all the + + + align:start position:0% +basis I mean what do I mean by all the +equations well the most important + + align:start position:0% +equations well the most important + + + align:start position:0% +equations well the most important +equation was the normal equation you + + align:start position:0% +equation was the normal equation you + + + align:start position:0% +equation was the normal equation you +remember old a transpose a X hat equals + + align:start position:0% +remember old a transpose a X hat equals + + + align:start position:0% +remember old a transpose a X hat equals +a transpose B but now now a is Q now I'm + + align:start position:0% +a transpose B but now now a is Q now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a transpose B but now now a is Q now I'm +thinking I have Q transpose Q X hat + + align:start position:0% +thinking I have Q transpose Q X hat + + + align:start position:0% +thinking I have Q transpose Q X hat +equals Q transpose B and what's good + + align:start position:0% +equals Q transpose B and what's good + + + align:start position:0% +equals Q transpose B and what's good +about that what's good is that matrix on + + align:start position:0% +about that what's good is that matrix on + + + align:start position:0% +about that what's good is that matrix on +the left side is the identity the matrix + + align:start position:0% +the left side is the identity the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the left side is the identity the matrix +on the left is the identity Q transpose + + align:start position:0% +on the left is the identity Q transpose + + + align:start position:0% +on the left is the identity Q transpose +Q normally it isn't normally it's that + + align:start position:0% +Q normally it isn't normally it's that + + + align:start position:0% +Q normally it isn't normally it's that +matrix of inner products and you've got + + align:start position:0% +matrix of inner products and you've got + + + align:start position:0% +matrix of inner products and you've got +to compute all those dopey inner + + align:start position:0% +to compute all those dopey inner + + + align:start position:0% +to compute all those dopey inner +products and and and solve the system + + align:start position:0% +products and and and solve the system + + + align:start position:0% +products and and and solve the system +here the inner products are all 1 or 0 + + align:start position:0% +here the inner products are all 1 or 0 + + + align:start position:0% +here the inner products are all 1 or 0 +this is the identity matrix it's gone + + align:start position:0% +this is the identity matrix it's gone + + + align:start position:0% +this is the identity matrix it's gone +and there is the answer + + align:start position:0% +and there is the answer + + + align:start position:0% +and there is the answer +there's no inversion involved each + + align:start position:0% +there's no inversion involved each + + + align:start position:0% +there's no inversion involved each +component of X is a Q times B what what + + align:start position:0% +component of X is a Q times B what what + + + align:start position:0% +component of X is a Q times B what what +that what that equation is saying is + + align:start position:0% +that what that equation is saying is + + + align:start position:0% +that what that equation is saying is +that the ice component is the ice basis + + align:start position:0% +that the ice component is the ice basis + + + align:start position:0% +that the ice component is the ice basis +vector times B that's the that's the + + align:start position:0% +vector times B that's the that's the + + + align:start position:0% +vector times B that's the that's the +simple that's probably the most + + align:start position:0% +simple that's probably the most + + + align:start position:0% +simple that's probably the most +important formula in some major parts of + + align:start position:0% +important formula in some major parts of + + + align:start position:0% +important formula in some major parts of +mathematics that if we have orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +mathematics that if we have orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics that if we have orthonormal +basis then the component in the in the + + align:start position:0% +basis then the component in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +basis then the component in the in the +ice along the ice the projection on the + + align:start position:0% +ice along the ice the projection on the + + + align:start position:0% +ice along the ice the projection on the +ice basis vector is just Qi transpose B + + align:start position:0% +ice basis vector is just Qi transpose B + + + align:start position:0% +ice basis vector is just Qi transpose B +that is that that that number X that we + + align:start position:0% +that is that that that number X that we + + + align:start position:0% +that is that that that number X that we +look for is is just a dot product okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so I'm ready now for the sort of + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm ready now for the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm ready now for the sort of +like second half of the lecture where we + + align:start position:0% +like second half of the lecture where we + + + align:start position:0% +like second half of the lecture where we +don't start with an orthogonal matrix + + align:start position:0% +don't start with an orthogonal matrix + + + align:start position:0% +don't start with an orthogonal matrix +ortho ortho normal vectors we just start + + align:start position:0% +ortho ortho normal vectors we just start + + + align:start position:0% +ortho ortho normal vectors we just start +with independent vectors and we want to + + align:start position:0% +with independent vectors and we want to + + + align:start position:0% +with independent vectors and we want to +make them orthonormal so I'm gonna can I + + align:start position:0% +make them orthonormal so I'm gonna can I + + + align:start position:0% +make them orthonormal so I'm gonna can I +do that now + + align:start position:0% +do that now + + + align:start position:0% +do that now +now here comes gram-schmidt so so + + align:start position:0% +now here comes gram-schmidt so so + + + align:start position:0% +now here comes gram-schmidt so so +gram-schmidt + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is a calculation I won't say I + + align:start position:0% +so this is a calculation I won't say I + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a calculation I won't say I +can't quite say it's like elimination + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because it's it's different or our goal + + align:start position:0% +because it's it's different or our goal + + + align:start position:0% +because it's it's different or our goal +isn't triangular anymore with + + align:start position:0% +isn't triangular anymore with + + + align:start position:0% +isn't triangular anymore with +elimination our goal was make the matrix + + align:start position:0% +elimination our goal was make the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +elimination our goal was make the matrix +triangular now our goal is make the + + align:start position:0% +triangular now our goal is make the + + + align:start position:0% +triangular now our goal is make the +matrix orthogonal make those columns + + align:start position:0% +matrix orthogonal make those columns + + + align:start position:0% +matrix orthogonal make those columns +orthonormal so let me start with two + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal so let me start with two + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal so let me start with two +columns so I start with vectors a and B + + align:start position:0% +columns so I start with vectors a and B + + + align:start position:0% +columns so I start with vectors a and B +and they're just like here let me draw + + align:start position:0% +and they're just like here let me draw + + + align:start position:0% +and they're just like here let me draw +them here's a here's B for for example a + + align:start position:0% +them here's a here's B for for example a + + + align:start position:0% +them here's a here's B for for example a +isn't especially horizontal wasn't meant + + align:start position:0% +isn't especially horizontal wasn't meant + + + align:start position:0% +isn't especially horizontal wasn't meant +to be just a is 1 vector B is another I + + align:start position:0% +to be just a is 1 vector B is another I + + + align:start position:0% +to be just a is 1 vector B is another I +want to produce those two vectors they + + align:start position:0% +want to produce those two vectors they + + + align:start position:0% +want to produce those two vectors they +might be in 12 dimensional space or they + + align:start position:0% +might be in 12 dimensional space or they + + + align:start position:0% +might be in 12 dimensional space or they +might be in two dimensional space + + align:start position:0% +might be in two dimensional space + + + align:start position:0% +might be in two dimensional space +they're independent anyway so I better + + align:start position:0% +they're independent anyway so I better + + + align:start position:0% +they're independent anyway so I better +be sure I say that I started with + + align:start position:0% +be sure I say that I started with + + + align:start position:0% +be sure I say that I started with +independent vectors and I want to + + align:start position:0% +independent vectors and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +independent vectors and I want to +produce out of that q1 and q2 I want to + + align:start position:0% +produce out of that q1 and q2 I want to + + + align:start position:0% +produce out of that q1 and q2 I want to +produce orthonormal vectors and Graham + + align:start position:0% +produce orthonormal vectors and Graham + + + align:start position:0% +produce orthonormal vectors and Graham +and Schmitt tell me how okay well + + align:start position:0% +and Schmitt tell me how okay well + + + align:start position:0% +and Schmitt tell me how okay well +actually you could tell me how we don't + + align:start position:0% +actually you could tell me how we don't + + + align:start position:0% +actually you could tell me how we don't +need frankly I don't know there's only + + align:start position:0% +need frankly I don't know there's only + + + align:start position:0% +need frankly I don't know there's only +one idea here if the Graham had the idea + + align:start position:0% +one idea here if the Graham had the idea + + + align:start position:0% +one idea here if the Graham had the idea +I don't know what Schmidt yeah but okay + + align:start position:0% +I don't know what Schmidt yeah but okay + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know what Schmidt yeah but okay +let's so you'll see it you know we don't + + align:start position:0% +let's so you'll see it you know we don't + + + align:start position:0% +let's so you'll see it you know we don't +need either of them actually okay + + align:start position:0% +need either of them actually okay + + + align:start position:0% +need either of them actually okay +so what am I gonna do I'll take that + + align:start position:0% +so what am I gonna do I'll take that + + + align:start position:0% +so what am I gonna do I'll take that +this first guy okay well he's fine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that direction is fine except you know + + align:start position:0% +that direction is fine except you know + + + align:start position:0% +that direction is fine except you know +I'll say okay I'll settle for that + + align:start position:0% +I'll say okay I'll settle for that + + + align:start position:0% +I'll say okay I'll settle for that +direction so I I'm gonna I'm gonna get + + align:start position:0% +direction so I I'm gonna I'm gonna get + + + align:start position:0% +direction so I I'm gonna I'm gonna get +so what am I gonna my goal is I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +so what am I gonna my goal is I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +so what am I gonna my goal is I'm gonna +get orthogonal vectors and I'll call + + align:start position:0% +get orthogonal vectors and I'll call + + + align:start position:0% +get orthogonal vectors and I'll call +those capital a and B so that's the key + + align:start position:0% +those capital a and B so that's the key + + + align:start position:0% +those capital a and B so that's the key +step is to get from any two vectors to + + align:start position:0% +step is to get from any two vectors to + + + align:start position:0% +step is to get from any two vectors to +two orthogonal vectors and then at the + + align:start position:0% +two orthogonal vectors and then at the + + + align:start position:0% +two orthogonal vectors and then at the +end no problem I'll get orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +end no problem I'll get orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +end no problem I'll get orthonormal +vectors how will what will though those + + align:start position:0% +vectors how will what will though those + + + align:start position:0% +vectors how will what will though those +will be my Q's q1 and q2 and what will + + align:start position:0% +will be my Q's q1 and q2 and what will + + + align:start position:0% +will be my Q's q1 and q2 and what will +they be once I've got a and B orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +they be once I've got a and B orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +they be once I've got a and B orthogonal +well look it's no big deal + + align:start position:0% +well look it's no big deal + + + align:start position:0% +well look it's no big deal +maybe that's what Schmidt did he + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's what Schmidt did he + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's what Schmidt did he +brilliant Schmidt thought okay divide by + + align:start position:0% +brilliant Schmidt thought okay divide by + + + align:start position:0% +brilliant Schmidt thought okay divide by +the length all right that's Smith's + + align:start position:0% +the length all right that's Smith's + + + align:start position:0% +the length all right that's Smith's +contribution + + align:start position:0% +contribution + + + align:start position:0% +contribution +okay but Graham had a little more + + align:start position:0% +okay but Graham had a little more + + + align:start position:0% +okay but Graham had a little more +thinking to do right we haven't done + + align:start position:0% +thinking to do right we haven't done + + + align:start position:0% +thinking to do right we haven't done +Graham's part this part except okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +Graham's part this part except okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Graham's part this part except okay I'm +happy with a a can be a that first + + align:start position:0% +happy with a a can be a that first + + + align:start position:0% +happy with a a can be a that first +Direction is fine + + align:start position:0% +Direction is fine + + + align:start position:0% +Direction is fine +why should no complained about that the + + align:start position:0% +why should no complained about that the + + + align:start position:0% +why should no complained about that the +trouble is the second Direction is not + + align:start position:0% +trouble is the second Direction is not + + + align:start position:0% +trouble is the second Direction is not +fine because it's not orthogonal to the + + align:start position:0% +fine because it's not orthogonal to the + + + align:start position:0% +fine because it's not orthogonal to the +first I'm looking for a vector that + + align:start position:0% +first I'm looking for a vector that + + + align:start position:0% +first I'm looking for a vector that +starts with B but makes it orthogonal to + + align:start position:0% +starts with B but makes it orthogonal to + + + align:start position:0% +starts with B but makes it orthogonal to +a what's the vector how do I do that how + + align:start position:0% +a what's the vector how do I do that how + + + align:start position:0% +a what's the vector how do I do that how +do I produce from this vector a piece + + align:start position:0% +do I produce from this vector a piece + + + align:start position:0% +do I produce from this vector a piece +that's orthogonal to this one and you + + align:start position:0% +that's orthogonal to this one and you + + + align:start position:0% +that's orthogonal to this one and you +remember these vectors might be in two + + align:start position:0% +remember these vectors might be in two + + + align:start position:0% +remember these vectors might be in two +dimensions or they might be in twelve + + align:start position:0% +dimensions or they might be in twelve + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions or they might be in twelve +dimensions I'm just looking for the idea + + align:start position:0% +dimensions I'm just looking for the idea + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions I'm just looking for the idea +so what's the idea + + align:start position:0% +so what's the idea + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the idea +I where did we have orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +I where did we have orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +I where did we have orthogonal +a vector showing up that was orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +a vector showing up that was orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +a vector showing up that was orthogonal +to this guy well that was the first + + align:start position:0% +to this guy well that was the first + + + align:start position:0% +to this guy well that was the first +basic calculation of the whole chapter + + align:start position:0% +basic calculation of the whole chapter + + + align:start position:0% +basic calculation of the whole chapter +we we did a projection and the + + align:start position:0% +we we did a projection and the + + + align:start position:0% +we we did a projection and the +projection gave us this part which was + + align:start position:0% +projection gave us this part which was + + + align:start position:0% +projection gave us this part which was +the part in the a direction now the part + + align:start position:0% +the part in the a direction now the part + + + align:start position:0% +the part in the a direction now the part +we want is the other part the e part + + align:start position:0% +we want is the other part the e part + + + align:start position:0% +we want is the other part the e part +that this part this is going to be our + + align:start position:0% +that this part this is going to be our + + + align:start position:0% +that this part this is going to be our +this is this is that guy is that guy + + align:start position:0% +this is this is that guy is that guy + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is that guy is that guy +this is our vector B that's that gives + + align:start position:0% +this is our vector B that's that gives + + + align:start position:0% +this is our vector B that's that gives +us that 90-degree angle so B is you + + align:start position:0% +us that 90-degree angle so B is you + + + align:start position:0% +us that 90-degree angle so B is you +could say B is really what we previously + + align:start position:0% +could say B is really what we previously + + + align:start position:0% +could say B is really what we previously +called e the the error vector and and so + + align:start position:0% +called e the the error vector and and so + + + align:start position:0% +called e the the error vector and and so +and what is it I mean what do i what is + + align:start position:0% +and what is it I mean what do i what is + + + align:start position:0% +and what is it I mean what do i what is +B here a a is a no problem B is okay + + align:start position:0% +B here a a is a no problem B is okay + + + align:start position:0% +B here a a is a no problem B is okay +what's this what's this error piece do + + align:start position:0% +what's this what's this error piece do + + + align:start position:0% +what's this what's this error piece do +you remember it's it's I start with the + + align:start position:0% +you remember it's it's I start with the + + + align:start position:0% +you remember it's it's I start with the +original B and I take away what its + + align:start position:0% +original B and I take away what its + + + align:start position:0% +original B and I take away what its +projection this P this the the vector B + + align:start position:0% +projection this P this the the vector B + + + align:start position:0% +projection this P this the the vector B +this error vector is the original vector + + align:start position:0% +this error vector is the original vector + + + align:start position:0% +this error vector is the original vector +removing the projection so instead of + + align:start position:0% +removing the projection so instead of + + + align:start position:0% +removing the projection so instead of +wanting the projection now that's what I + + align:start position:0% +wanting the projection now that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +wanting the projection now that's what I +want to throw away I want to get the I + + align:start position:0% +want to throw away I want to get the I + + + align:start position:0% +want to throw away I want to get the I +want to get the part that's + + align:start position:0% +want to get the part that's + + + align:start position:0% +want to get the part that's +perpendicular and there will be a + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular and there will be a + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular and there will be a +perpendicular part it won't be 0 because + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular part it won't be 0 because + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular part it won't be 0 because +these vectors were independent so so B + + align:start position:0% +these vectors were independent so so B + + + align:start position:0% +these vectors were independent so so B +what if B was along the direction of a + + align:start position:0% +what if B was along the direction of a + + + align:start position:0% +what if B was along the direction of a +then if the original BNA were in the + + align:start position:0% +then if the original BNA were in the + + + align:start position:0% +then if the original BNA were in the +same direction then I'm I've only got + + align:start position:0% +same direction then I'm I've only got + + + align:start position:0% +same direction then I'm I've only got +one direction but here they're in two + + align:start position:0% +one direction but here they're in two + + + align:start position:0% +one direction but here they're in two +independent directions and all I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +independent directions and all I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +independent directions and all I'm doing +is getting that guy so what's its + + align:start position:0% +is getting that guy so what's its + + + align:start position:0% +is getting that guy so what's its +formula what's the formula for that if I + + align:start position:0% +formula what's the formula for that if I + + + align:start position:0% +formula what's the formula for that if I +if I'm subtract the projection so do you + + align:start position:0% +if I'm subtract the projection so do you + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm subtract the projection so do you +remember the projection it's some + + align:start position:0% +remember the projection it's some + + + align:start position:0% +remember the projection it's some +multiple of a and what's that multiple + + align:start position:0% +multiple of a and what's that multiple + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of a and what's that multiple +it's it's that thing we called X in the + + align:start position:0% +it's it's that thing we called X in the + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's that thing we called X in the +very very first lecture on this chapter + + align:start position:0% +very very first lecture on this chapter + + + align:start position:0% +very very first lecture on this chapter +there's an a transpose a in the bottom + + align:start position:0% +there's an a transpose a in the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +there's an a transpose a in the bottom +and there's an a transpose B isn't that + + align:start position:0% +and there's an a transpose B isn't that + + + align:start position:0% +and there's an a transpose B isn't that +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +I think that's Graham's formula or + + align:start position:0% +I think that's Graham's formula or + + + align:start position:0% +I think that's Graham's formula or +gram-schmidt no that's gram-schmidt has + + align:start position:0% +gram-schmidt no that's gram-schmidt has + + + align:start position:0% +gram-schmidt no that's gram-schmidt has +got to divide the whole thing by the + + align:start position:0% +got to divide the whole thing by the + + + align:start position:0% +got to divide the whole thing by the +length so he's his formula makes a mess + + align:start position:0% +length so he's his formula makes a mess + + + align:start position:0% +length so he's his formula makes a mess +which I'm not willing to write down so + + align:start position:0% +which I'm not willing to write down so + + + align:start position:0% +which I'm not willing to write down so +let's just see that well what am I + + align:start position:0% +let's just see that well what am I + + + align:start position:0% +let's just see that well what am I +saying here I'm saying that this vector + + align:start position:0% +saying here I'm saying that this vector + + + align:start position:0% +saying here I'm saying that this vector +B is perpendicular to a that these are + + align:start position:0% +B is perpendicular to a that these are + + + align:start position:0% +B is perpendicular to a that these are +orthogonal a is perpendicular to B can + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal a is perpendicular to B can + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal a is perpendicular to B can +you check that how do you see that yes + + align:start position:0% +you check that how do you see that yes + + + align:start position:0% +you check that how do you see that yes +of course we our picture is telling us + + align:start position:0% +of course we our picture is telling us + + + align:start position:0% +of course we our picture is telling us +yes we did it right how would I check + + align:start position:0% +yes we did it right how would I check + + + align:start position:0% +yes we did it right how would I check +that this matrix is perpendicular to a I + + align:start position:0% +that this matrix is perpendicular to a I + + + align:start position:0% +that this matrix is perpendicular to a I +would multiply by a transpose and I + + align:start position:0% +would multiply by a transpose and I + + + align:start position:0% +would multiply by a transpose and I +better get zero right I should check + + align:start position:0% +better get zero right I should check + + + align:start position:0% +better get zero right I should check +that a transpose B should come out zero + + align:start position:0% +that a transpose B should come out zero + + + align:start position:0% +that a transpose B should come out zero +so this is a transpose times now what + + align:start position:0% +so this is a transpose times now what + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a transpose times now what +did we say B was we start with the + + align:start position:0% +did we say B was we start with the + + + align:start position:0% +did we say B was we start with the +original B and we take away this + + align:start position:0% +original B and we take away this + + + align:start position:0% +original B and we take away this +projection and that should come out zero + + align:start position:0% +projection and that should come out zero + + + align:start position:0% +projection and that should come out zero +well here we get an a transpose B minus + + align:start position:0% +well here we get an a transpose B minus + + + align:start position:0% +well here we get an a transpose B minus +and here is another a transpose B and + + align:start position:0% +and here is another a transpose B and + + + align:start position:0% +and here is another a transpose B and +the and it's an a transpose a over a + + align:start position:0% +the and it's an a transpose a over a + + + align:start position:0% +the and it's an a transpose a over a +transpose a a 1 those cancel and we do + + align:start position:0% +transpose a a 1 those cancel and we do + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a a 1 those cancel and we do +get 0 right now I guess I can do numbers + + align:start position:0% +get 0 right now I guess I can do numbers + + + align:start position:0% +get 0 right now I guess I can do numbers +in there but I have to take a third + + align:start position:0% +in there but I have to take a third + + + align:start position:0% +in there but I have to take a third +vector to be sure we've got this system + + align:start position:0% +vector to be sure we've got this system + + + align:start position:0% +vector to be sure we've got this system +down so now I have to say if I have + + align:start position:0% +down so now I have to say if I have + + + align:start position:0% +down so now I have to say if I have +independent vectors a B and C I'm + + align:start position:0% +independent vectors a B and C I'm + + + align:start position:0% +independent vectors a B and C I'm +looking for orthogonal vectors a + + align:start position:0% +looking for orthogonal vectors a + + + align:start position:0% +looking for orthogonal vectors a +B and capital C and then of course the + + align:start position:0% +B and capital C and then of course the + + + align:start position:0% +B and capital C and then of course the +third guy will just be C over its length + + align:start position:0% +third guy will just be C over its length + + + align:start position:0% +third guy will just be C over its length +the unit vector so this is now the + + align:start position:0% +the unit vector so this is now the + + + align:start position:0% +the unit vector so this is now the +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +III got B here I get a very easily and + + align:start position:0% +III got B here I get a very easily and + + + align:start position:0% +III got B here I get a very easily and +now if you see the idea we could figure + + align:start position:0% +now if you see the idea we could figure + + + align:start position:0% +now if you see the idea we could figure +out a formula force for C so we so now + + align:start position:0% +out a formula force for C so we so now + + + align:start position:0% +out a formula force for C so we so now +that so this is like a typical homework + + align:start position:0% +that so this is like a typical homework + + + align:start position:0% +that so this is like a typical homework +quiz problem I give you two vectors you + + align:start position:0% +quiz problem I give you two vectors you + + + align:start position:0% +quiz problem I give you two vectors you +do this I give you three vectors and you + + align:start position:0% +do this I give you three vectors and you + + + align:start position:0% +do this I give you three vectors and you +have to make them orthonormal so you do + + align:start position:0% +have to make them orthonormal so you do + + + align:start position:0% +have to make them orthonormal so you do +this again the first vector is fine the + + align:start position:0% +this again the first vector is fine the + + + align:start position:0% +this again the first vector is fine the +second vector is perpendicular to the + + align:start position:0% +second vector is perpendicular to the + + + align:start position:0% +second vector is perpendicular to the +first and now I need a third vector + + align:start position:0% +first and now I need a third vector + + + align:start position:0% +first and now I need a third vector +that's perpendicular the first one and + + align:start position:0% +that's perpendicular the first one and + + + align:start position:0% +that's perpendicular the first one and +the second one right that's that's this + + align:start position:0% +the second one right that's that's this + + + align:start position:0% +the second one right that's that's this +is the end of the lecture is to find + + align:start position:0% +is the end of the lecture is to find + + + align:start position:0% +is the end of the lecture is to find +this guy find this vector this vector C + + align:start position:0% +this guy find this vector this vector C + + + align:start position:0% +this guy find this vector this vector C +that's perpendicular we at this point we + + align:start position:0% +that's perpendicular we at this point we + + + align:start position:0% +that's perpendicular we at this point we +know a and B but see the little C that + + align:start position:0% +know a and B but see the little C that + + + align:start position:0% +know a and B but see the little C that +we're given is often some it's come it's + + align:start position:0% +we're given is often some it's come it's + + + align:start position:0% +we're given is often some it's come it's +got to come out of the blackboard to be + + align:start position:0% +got to come out of the blackboard to be + + + align:start position:0% +got to come out of the blackboard to be +independent so so can I sort of draw off + + align:start position:0% +independent so so can I sort of draw off + + + align:start position:0% +independent so so can I sort of draw off +off comes a C somewhere I don't where am + + align:start position:0% +off comes a C somewhere I don't where am + + + align:start position:0% +off comes a C somewhere I don't where am +I gonna put the darn thing maybe I'll + + align:start position:0% +I gonna put the darn thing maybe I'll + + + align:start position:0% +I gonna put the darn thing maybe I'll +put it off I don't like that somehow C + + align:start position:0% +put it off I don't like that somehow C + + + align:start position:0% +put it off I don't like that somehow C +little C and I already know that + + align:start position:0% +little C and I already know that + + + align:start position:0% +little C and I already know that +perpendicular direction that one in that + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular direction that one in that + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular direction that one in that +one so now what's the idea give me the + + align:start position:0% +one so now what's the idea give me the + + + align:start position:0% +one so now what's the idea give me the +gram-schmidt formula for see what is + + align:start position:0% +gram-schmidt formula for see what is + + + align:start position:0% +gram-schmidt formula for see what is +this C here equals what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what am I gonna do I'll start with the + + align:start position:0% +what am I gonna do I'll start with the + + + align:start position:0% +what am I gonna do I'll start with the +given one as before right I started with + + align:start position:0% +given one as before right I started with + + + align:start position:0% +given one as before right I started with +the vector I'm given and what do I do + + align:start position:0% +the vector I'm given and what do I do + + + align:start position:0% +the vector I'm given and what do I do +with it + + align:start position:0% +with it + + + align:start position:0% +with it +I want to remove out of it I want to + + align:start position:0% +I want to remove out of it I want to + + + align:start position:0% +I want to remove out of it I want to +subtract off so I'll put a minus sign in + + align:start position:0% +subtract off so I'll put a minus sign in + + + align:start position:0% +subtract off so I'll put a minus sign in +I want to subtract off its components in + + align:start position:0% +I want to subtract off its components in + + + align:start position:0% +I want to subtract off its components in +that a capital A and capital B + + align:start position:0% +that a capital A and capital B + + + align:start position:0% +that a capital A and capital B +directions I just want to get those out + + align:start position:0% +directions I just want to get those out + + + align:start position:0% +directions I just want to get those out +of there well I know how to do that I + + align:start position:0% +of there well I know how to do that I + + + align:start position:0% +of there well I know how to do that I +did it with B so I'll just so let me let + + align:start position:0% +did it with B so I'll just so let me let + + + align:start position:0% +did it with B so I'll just so let me let +me take away what if I do this what have + + align:start position:0% +me take away what if I do this what have + + + align:start position:0% +me take away what if I do this what have +I done I've got little C and what have I + + align:start position:0% +I done I've got little C and what have I + + + align:start position:0% +I done I've got little C and what have I +subtracted from it its component its + + align:start position:0% +subtracted from it its component its + + + align:start position:0% +subtracted from it its component its +projection if you like in the a + + align:start position:0% +projection if you like in the a + + + align:start position:0% +projection if you like in the a +direction and now I've got to subtract + + align:start position:0% +direction and now I've got to subtract + + + align:start position:0% +direction and now I've got to subtract +off its component B transpose C over B + + align:start position:0% +off its component B transpose C over B + + + align:start position:0% +off its component B transpose C over B +transpose B that multiple of B is its + + align:start position:0% +transpose B that multiple of B is its + + + align:start position:0% +transpose B that multiple of B is its +component in the B direction and that + + align:start position:0% +component in the B direction and that + + + align:start position:0% +component in the B direction and that +gives me the vector capital C that if if + + align:start position:0% +gives me the vector capital C that if if + + + align:start position:0% +gives me the vector capital C that if if +anything is if there's any justice this + + align:start position:0% +anything is if there's any justice this + + + align:start position:0% +anything is if there's any justice this +C should be perpendicular to a and it + + align:start position:0% +C should be perpendicular to a and it + + + align:start position:0% +C should be perpendicular to a and it +should be perpendicular to B and the + + align:start position:0% +should be perpendicular to B and the + + + align:start position:0% +should be perpendicular to B and the +only thing it hasn't got is unit vector + + align:start position:0% +only thing it hasn't got is unit vector + + + align:start position:0% +only thing it hasn't got is unit vector +so we divide by its length to get that + + align:start position:0% +so we divide by its length to get that + + + align:start position:0% +so we divide by its length to get that +to okay let me do an example can I let + + align:start position:0% +to okay let me do an example can I let + + + align:start position:0% +to okay let me do an example can I let +me I'll make my life easy I'll just take + + align:start position:0% +me I'll make my life easy I'll just take + + + align:start position:0% +me I'll make my life easy I'll just take +two vectors so let me do a numerical + + align:start position:0% +two vectors so let me do a numerical + + + align:start position:0% +two vectors so let me do a numerical +example if I'll give you two vectors you + + align:start position:0% +example if I'll give you two vectors you + + + align:start position:0% +example if I'll give you two vectors you +give me back the gram-schmidt + + align:start position:0% +give me back the gram-schmidt + + + align:start position:0% +give me back the gram-schmidt +orthonormalization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let me give you the two vectors + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me give you the two vectors + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me give you the two vectors +so so I'll take the vector a equals + + align:start position:0% +so so I'll take the vector a equals + + + align:start position:0% +so so I'll take the vector a equals +let's say one one one why not and B + + align:start position:0% +let's say one one one why not and B + + + align:start position:0% +let's say one one one why not and B +equals let's say 1 0 2 okay I just I + + align:start position:0% +equals let's say 1 0 2 okay I just I + + + align:start position:0% +equals let's say 1 0 2 okay I just I +didn't want to cheat and make them + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to cheat and make them + + + align:start position:0% +didn't want to cheat and make them +orthogonal in the first place because + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal in the first place because + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal in the first place because +then gram-schmidt wouldn't be needed + + align:start position:0% +then gram-schmidt wouldn't be needed + + + align:start position:0% +then gram-schmidt wouldn't be needed +okay so those are not orthogonal so what + + align:start position:0% +okay so those are not orthogonal so what + + + align:start position:0% +okay so those are not orthogonal so what +is capital a well that that's the same + + align:start position:0% +is capital a well that that's the same + + + align:start position:0% +is capital a well that that's the same +as bigoted that was fine what's B so B + + align:start position:0% +as bigoted that was fine what's B so B + + + align:start position:0% +as bigoted that was fine what's B so B +is this is the original B and then I + + align:start position:0% +is this is the original B and then I + + + align:start position:0% +is this is the original B and then I +subtract off some multiple of the a and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's the multiple what goes in here B + + align:start position:0% +what's the multiple what goes in here B + + + align:start position:0% +what's the multiple what goes in here B +here's that here's the a this is the + + align:start position:0% +here's that here's the a this is the + + + align:start position:0% +here's that here's the a this is the +this is the little B this is the big a + + align:start position:0% +this is the little B this is the big a + + + align:start position:0% +this is the little B this is the big a +also the little a and I want to multiply + + align:start position:0% +also the little a and I want to multiply + + + align:start position:0% +also the little a and I want to multiply +it by that right that right ratio which + + align:start position:0% +it by that right that right ratio which + + + align:start position:0% +it by that right that right ratio which +has a transpose a oh here's my ratio I'm + + align:start position:0% +has a transpose a oh here's my ratio I'm + + + align:start position:0% +has a transpose a oh here's my ratio I'm +just doing this so it's a transpose B + + align:start position:0% +just doing this so it's a transpose B + + + align:start position:0% +just doing this so it's a transpose B +what is a transpose B it looks like + + align:start position:0% +what is a transpose B it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +what is a transpose B it looks like +three and what is a Oh Mike what's a + + align:start position:0% +three and what is a Oh Mike what's a + + + align:start position:0% +three and what is a Oh Mike what's a +transpose a 3 I'm sorry I didn't know + + align:start position:0% +transpose a 3 I'm sorry I didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +transpose a 3 I'm sorry I didn't know +that what's gonna happen okay what had + + align:start position:0% +that what's gonna happen okay what had + + + align:start position:0% +that what's gonna happen okay what had +happened why should we knock it ok so so + + align:start position:0% +happened why should we knock it ok so so + + + align:start position:0% +happened why should we knock it ok so so +do you see it alright that's a transpose + + align:start position:0% +do you see it alright that's a transpose + + + align:start position:0% +do you see it alright that's a transpose +B there's a transpose a that's the + + align:start position:0% +B there's a transpose a that's the + + + align:start position:0% +B there's a transpose a that's the +fraction so so I take this away and I + + align:start position:0% +fraction so so I take this away and I + + + align:start position:0% +fraction so so I take this away and I +get one take away one is a zero zero + + align:start position:0% +get one take away one is a zero zero + + + align:start position:0% +get one take away one is a zero zero +minus this one is a minus one and two + + align:start position:0% +minus this one is a minus one and two + + + align:start position:0% +minus this one is a minus one and two +minus the 1 is a one okay and what's + + align:start position:0% +minus the 1 is a one okay and what's + + + align:start position:0% +minus the 1 is a one okay and what's +this vector that we finally found this + + align:start position:0% +this vector that we finally found this + + + align:start position:0% +this vector that we finally found this +is B and how do I know it's right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how do I know I've got a vector I want I + + align:start position:0% +how do I know I've got a vector I want I + + + align:start position:0% +how do I know I've got a vector I want I +check that B is perpendicular to that a + + align:start position:0% +check that B is perpendicular to that a + + + align:start position:0% +check that B is perpendicular to that a +and B are perpendicular that a is + + align:start position:0% +and B are perpendicular that a is + + + align:start position:0% +and B are perpendicular that a is +perpendicular to B just look at that + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to B just look at that + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to B just look at that +that one the dot product of that with + + align:start position:0% +that one the dot product of that with + + + align:start position:0% +that one the dot product of that with +that is zero okay so now what is my q1 + + align:start position:0% +that is zero okay so now what is my q1 + + + align:start position:0% +that is zero okay so now what is my q1 +and q2 why don't I put them in a matrix + + align:start position:0% +and q2 why don't I put them in a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +and q2 why don't I put them in a matrix +of course since I'm always putting these + + align:start position:0% +of course since I'm always putting these + + + align:start position:0% +of course since I'm always putting these +so the Q I'll put the q1 and the q2 and + + align:start position:0% +so the Q I'll put the q1 and the q2 and + + + align:start position:0% +so the Q I'll put the q1 and the q2 and +a matrix and what are they now what I'm + + align:start position:0% +a matrix and what are they now what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a matrix and what are they now what I'm +writing Q's I've I'm supposed to make + + align:start position:0% +writing Q's I've I'm supposed to make + + + align:start position:0% +writing Q's I've I'm supposed to make +things normalized I'm supposed to make + + align:start position:0% +things normalized I'm supposed to make + + + align:start position:0% +things normalized I'm supposed to make +things unit vectors so I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +things unit vectors so I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +things unit vectors so I'm going to take +that a but I'm going to divide it by + + align:start position:0% +that a but I'm going to divide it by + + + align:start position:0% +that a but I'm going to divide it by +square root of 3 and I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +square root of 3 and I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +square root of 3 and I'm going to take +this B but I'm going to divide it by + + align:start position:0% +this B but I'm going to divide it by + + + align:start position:0% +this B but I'm going to divide it by +square root of 2 to make it a unit + + align:start position:0% +square root of 2 to make it a unit + + + align:start position:0% +square root of 2 to make it a unit +vector and there is my matrix that's my + + align:start position:0% +vector and there is my matrix that's my + + + align:start position:0% +vector and there is my matrix that's my +matrix with orthonormal columns coming + + align:start position:0% +matrix with orthonormal columns coming + + + align:start position:0% +matrix with orthonormal columns coming +from gram-schmidt and it can sort of it + + align:start position:0% +from gram-schmidt and it can sort of it + + + align:start position:0% +from gram-schmidt and it can sort of it +came from the original 1 1 1 1 0 2 right + + align:start position:0% +came from the original 1 1 1 1 0 2 right + + + align:start position:0% +came from the original 1 1 1 1 0 2 right +that was my original guys these were the + + align:start position:0% +that was my original guys these were the + + + align:start position:0% +that was my original guys these were the +two I started with these are the two + + align:start position:0% +two I started with these are the two + + + align:start position:0% +two I started with these are the two +that I'm happy to end with because those + + align:start position:0% +that I'm happy to end with because those + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm happy to end with because those +are orthonormal so that's what + + align:start position:0% +are orthonormal so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +are orthonormal so that's what +gram-schmidt did it pretty and well tell + + align:start position:0% +gram-schmidt did it pretty and well tell + + + align:start position:0% +gram-schmidt did it pretty and well tell +me about the column spaces of these + + align:start position:0% +me about the column spaces of these + + + align:start position:0% +me about the column spaces of these +matrices how is the column space of Q + + align:start position:0% +matrices how is the column space of Q + + + align:start position:0% +matrices how is the column space of Q +related to the column space of a so I'm + + align:start position:0% +related to the column space of a so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +related to the column space of a so I'm +always asking you things like this and + + align:start position:0% +always asking you things like this and + + + align:start position:0% +always asking you things like this and +that makes you think okay the column + + align:start position:0% +that makes you think okay the column + + + align:start position:0% +that makes you think okay the column +space is all combinations of the columns + + align:start position:0% +space is all combinations of the columns + + + align:start position:0% +space is all combinations of the columns +it's that plain right I've got two + + align:start position:0% +it's that plain right I've got two + + + align:start position:0% +it's that plain right I've got two +vectors in three-dimensional space their + + align:start position:0% +vectors in three-dimensional space their + + + align:start position:0% +vectors in three-dimensional space their +column space is a plane the column space + + align:start position:0% +column space is a plane the column space + + + align:start position:0% +column space is a plane the column space +of this matrix is a ply + + align:start position:0% +of this matrix is a ply + + + align:start position:0% +of this matrix is a ply +what's the relation between the plains + + align:start position:0% +what's the relation between the plains + + + align:start position:0% +what's the relation between the plains +between the two column spaces they're + + align:start position:0% +between the two column spaces they're + + + align:start position:0% +between the two column spaces they're +one in the same right it's the same + + align:start position:0% +one in the same right it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +one in the same right it's the same +column space + + align:start position:0% +column space + + + align:start position:0% +column space +I did all I'm taking is here this B + + align:start position:0% +I did all I'm taking is here this B + + + align:start position:0% +I did all I'm taking is here this B +thing that I computed this B thing that + + align:start position:0% +thing that I computed this B thing that + + + align:start position:0% +thing that I computed this B thing that +I computed is a combination of B and a + + align:start position:0% +I computed is a combination of B and a + + + align:start position:0% +I computed is a combination of B and a +and a was little a so I'm always working + + align:start position:0% +and a was little a so I'm always working + + + align:start position:0% +and a was little a so I'm always working +here with this in the same space I'm + + align:start position:0% +here with this in the same space I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here with this in the same space I'm +just like getting 90-degree angles in + + align:start position:0% +just like getting 90-degree angles in + + + align:start position:0% +just like getting 90-degree angles in +there where my original column space had + + align:start position:0% +there where my original column space had + + + align:start position:0% +there where my original column space had +a perfectly good basis but it wasn't as + + align:start position:0% +a perfectly good basis but it wasn't as + + + align:start position:0% +a perfectly good basis but it wasn't as +good as this basis because it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +good as this basis because it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +good as this basis because it wasn't +orthonormal now this one is orthonormal + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal now this one is orthonormal + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal now this one is orthonormal +and I have a basis then that for + + align:start position:0% +and I have a basis then that for + + + align:start position:0% +and I have a basis then that for +so now projections all the calculations + + align:start position:0% +so now projections all the calculations + + + align:start position:0% +so now projections all the calculations +I would ever want to do are a cinch with + + align:start position:0% +I would ever want to do are a cinch with + + + align:start position:0% +I would ever want to do are a cinch with +this orthonormal basis one final point + + align:start position:0% +this orthonormal basis one final point + + + align:start position:0% +this orthonormal basis one final point +one final point in this chapter and it's + + align:start position:0% +one final point in this chapter and it's + + + align:start position:0% +one final point in this chapter and it's +the is it's just like elimination we + + align:start position:0% +the is it's just like elimination we + + + align:start position:0% +the is it's just like elimination we +learn how to do elimination we know all + + align:start position:0% +learn how to do elimination we know all + + + align:start position:0% +learn how to do elimination we know all +the steps we can do it but then I came + + align:start position:0% +the steps we can do it but then I came + + + align:start position:0% +the steps we can do it but then I came +back to it and said look at it as a + + align:start position:0% +back to it and said look at it as a + + + align:start position:0% +back to it and said look at it as a +matrix in matrix language an elimination + + align:start position:0% +matrix in matrix language an elimination + + + align:start position:0% +matrix in matrix language an elimination +gave me what was elimination in matrix + + align:start position:0% +gave me what was elimination in matrix + + + align:start position:0% +gave me what was elimination in matrix +language I'll just put it up there a was + + align:start position:0% +language I'll just put it up there a was + + + align:start position:0% +language I'll just put it up there a was +Lu that was matrix that was elimination + + align:start position:0% +Lu that was matrix that was elimination + + + align:start position:0% +Lu that was matrix that was elimination +now I want to do the same for + + align:start position:0% +now I want to do the same for + + + align:start position:0% +now I want to do the same for +gram-schmidt everybody who works in + + align:start position:0% +gram-schmidt everybody who works in + + + align:start position:0% +gram-schmidt everybody who works in +linear algebra isn't going to write out + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra isn't going to write out + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra isn't going to write out +the columns are orthogonal or + + align:start position:0% +the columns are orthogonal or + + + align:start position:0% +the columns are orthogonal or +orthonormal and isn't going to write out + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal and isn't going to write out + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal and isn't going to write out +these formulas they're going to write + + align:start position:0% +these formulas they're going to write + + + align:start position:0% +these formulas they're going to write +out the connection between the matrix a + + align:start position:0% +out the connection between the matrix a + + + align:start position:0% +out the connection between the matrix a +and the matrix Q and the two matrices + + align:start position:0% +and the matrix Q and the two matrices + + + align:start position:0% +and the matrix Q and the two matrices +have the same column space but there's + + align:start position:0% +have the same column space but there's + + + align:start position:0% +have the same column space but there's +some those some matrix is taking + + align:start position:0% +some those some matrix is taking + + + align:start position:0% +some those some matrix is taking +I'm gonna call it our so a equals QR is + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna call it our so a equals QR is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna call it our so a equals QR is +the magic formula here it's the + + align:start position:0% +the magic formula here it's the + + + align:start position:0% +the magic formula here it's the +expression of gram-schmidt and let me + + align:start position:0% +expression of gram-schmidt and let me + + + align:start position:0% +expression of gram-schmidt and let me +just let me just capture that so that's + + align:start position:0% +just let me just capture that so that's + + + align:start position:0% +just let me just capture that so that's +the my final step in is a equal QR maybe + + align:start position:0% +the my final step in is a equal QR maybe + + + align:start position:0% +the my final step in is a equal QR maybe +I can squeeze it in here so a has + + align:start position:0% +I can squeeze it in here so a has + + + align:start position:0% +I can squeeze it in here so a has +columns let's say a 1 and a 2 let me + + align:start position:0% +columns let's say a 1 and a 2 let me + + + align:start position:0% +columns let's say a 1 and a 2 let me +suppose n is 2 just two vectors okay + + align:start position:0% +suppose n is 2 just two vectors okay + + + align:start position:0% +suppose n is 2 just two vectors okay +so that's some combination of Q 1 and Q + + align:start position:0% +so that's some combination of Q 1 and Q + + + align:start position:0% +so that's some combination of Q 1 and Q +2 and times some matrix R they have the + + align:start position:0% +2 and times some matrix R they have the + + + align:start position:0% +2 and times some matrix R they have the +same column space this is just this + + align:start position:0% +same column space this is just this + + + align:start position:0% +same column space this is just this +matrix just includes in it whatever at + + align:start position:0% +matrix just includes in it whatever at + + + align:start position:0% +matrix just includes in it whatever at +least numbers like 3 over 3 and 1 over + + align:start position:0% +least numbers like 3 over 3 and 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +least numbers like 3 over 3 and 1 over +square root of 3 and 1 over square root + + align:start position:0% +square root of 3 and 1 over square root + + + align:start position:0% +square root of 3 and 1 over square root +of 2 probably that's probably that's + + align:start position:0% +of 2 probably that's probably that's + + + align:start position:0% +of 2 probably that's probably that's +what it's got 1 over square root of 3 1 + + align:start position:0% +what it's got 1 over square root of 3 1 + + + align:start position:0% +what it's got 1 over square root of 3 1 +over square root of 2 something there + + align:start position:0% +over square root of 2 something there + + + align:start position:0% +over square root of 2 something there +but actually it's got a 0 there so the + + align:start position:0% +but actually it's got a 0 there so the + + + align:start position:0% +but actually it's got a 0 there so the +the the main point about this equal QR + + align:start position:0% +the the main point about this equal QR + + + align:start position:0% +the the main point about this equal QR +is this this R turns out to be upper + + align:start position:0% +is this this R turns out to be upper + + + align:start position:0% +is this this R turns out to be upper +triangular it turns out that this 0 is + + align:start position:0% +triangular it turns out that this 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +triangular it turns out that this 0 is +upper triangle I could we could see why + + align:start position:0% +upper triangle I could we could see why + + + align:start position:0% +upper triangle I could we could see why +let me see I can put in general formulas + + align:start position:0% +let me see I can put in general formulas + + + align:start position:0% +let me see I can put in general formulas +for what these are this I think in here + + align:start position:0% +for what these are this I think in here + + + align:start position:0% +for what these are this I think in here +should be the inner product of a 1 with + + align:start position:0% +should be the inner product of a 1 with + + + align:start position:0% +should be the inner product of a 1 with +Q 1 and this one should be hmm be the + + align:start position:0% +Q 1 and this one should be hmm be the + + + align:start position:0% +Q 1 and this one should be hmm be the +inner product of a 1 with Q 2 and that's + + align:start position:0% +inner product of a 1 with Q 2 and that's + + + align:start position:0% +inner product of a 1 with Q 2 and that's +what I believe is 0 this will be + + align:start position:0% +what I believe is 0 this will be + + + align:start position:0% +what I believe is 0 this will be +something here and this will be + + align:start position:0% +something here and this will be + + + align:start position:0% +something here and this will be +something here with a 1 transpose Q 2 + + align:start position:0% +something here with a 1 transpose Q 2 + + + align:start position:0% +something here with a 1 transpose Q 2 +sorry 8 + + align:start position:0% +sorry 8 + + + align:start position:0% +sorry 8 +transpose q 1 and a 2 transpose Q 2 but + + align:start position:0% +transpose q 1 and a 2 transpose Q 2 but + + + align:start position:0% +transpose q 1 and a 2 transpose Q 2 but +why is that guy 0 why is a 1 q 2 0 + + align:start position:0% +why is that guy 0 why is a 1 q 2 0 + + + align:start position:0% +why is that guy 0 why is a 1 q 2 0 +that's the that's the key to this being + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the key to this being + + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the key to this being +this R here being upper triangular you + + align:start position:0% +this R here being upper triangular you + + + align:start position:0% +this R here being upper triangular you +know why a 1 q 2 is 0 because a 1 that + + align:start position:0% +know why a 1 q 2 is 0 because a 1 that + + + align:start position:0% +know why a 1 q 2 is 0 because a 1 that +was my this was this was really a and B + + align:start position:0% +was my this was this was really a and B + + + align:start position:0% +was my this was this was really a and B +here this was really a and B so this is + + align:start position:0% +here this was really a and B so this is + + + align:start position:0% +here this was really a and B so this is +a transpose Q 2 and the whole point of + + align:start position:0% +a transpose Q 2 and the whole point of + + + align:start position:0% +a transpose Q 2 and the whole point of +gram-schmidt was that we constructed + + align:start position:0% +gram-schmidt was that we constructed + + + align:start position:0% +gram-schmidt was that we constructed +these later Q's to be perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +these later Q's to be perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +these later Q's to be perpendicular to +the earlier vectors to the earlier all + + align:start position:0% +the earlier vectors to the earlier all + + + align:start position:0% +the earlier vectors to the earlier all +the earlier vectors so that's why we get + + align:start position:0% +the earlier vectors so that's why we get + + + align:start position:0% +the earlier vectors so that's why we get +a triangular matrix the the so that it's + + align:start position:0% +a triangular matrix the the so that it's + + + align:start position:0% +a triangular matrix the the so that it's +the result is extremely satisfactory + + align:start position:0% +the result is extremely satisfactory + + + align:start position:0% +the result is extremely satisfactory +that or thought that if I have a matrix + + align:start position:0% +that or thought that if I have a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that or thought that if I have a matrix +with independent columns the + + align:start position:0% +with independent columns the + + + align:start position:0% +with independent columns the +gram-schmidt produces a matrix with + + align:start position:0% +gram-schmidt produces a matrix with + + + align:start position:0% +gram-schmidt produces a matrix with +orthonormal columns and the connection + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal columns and the connection + + + align:start position:0% +orthonormal columns and the connection +between those is a triangular matrix + + align:start position:0% +between those is a triangular matrix + + + align:start position:0% +between those is a triangular matrix +that last point that the connection is a + + align:start position:0% +that last point that the connection is a + + + align:start position:0% +that last point that the connection is a +triangular matrix please look in the + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrix please look in the + + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrix please look in the +book you have to see that one more time + + align:start position:0% +book you have to see that one more time + + + align:start position:0% +book you have to see that one more time +okay thanks that's great \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/0tQP4Qh0jjI.txt b/0tQP4Qh0jjI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a691dd54c39801537395c1fd209b7c53a62d186f --- /dev/null +++ b/0tQP4Qh0jjI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1203 @@ +align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +is something some of you may have seen + + align:start position:0% +is something some of you may have seen + + + align:start position:0% +is something some of you may have seen +the data here + + align:start position:0% +the data here + + + align:start position:0% +the data here +from the 50s is from the mauna loa + + align:start position:0% +from the 50s is from the mauna loa + + + align:start position:0% +from the 50s is from the mauna loa +measurements the top of the volcano + + align:start position:0% +measurements the top of the volcano + + + align:start position:0% +measurements the top of the volcano +and uh and and this is co2 concentration + + align:start position:0% +and uh and and this is co2 concentration + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and and this is co2 concentration +parts per million in the atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +parts per million in the atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +parts per million in the atmosphere +and but if you dig into the ice + + align:start position:0% +and but if you dig into the ice + + + align:start position:0% +and but if you dig into the ice +you know we're going to be doing a lot + + align:start position:0% +you know we're going to be doing a lot + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're going to be doing a lot +of that here in boston over the next + + align:start position:0% +of that here in boston over the next + + + align:start position:0% +of that here in boston over the next +three months + + align:start position:0% +three months + + + align:start position:0% +three months +but if you dig deeper into the ice in + + align:start position:0% +but if you dig deeper into the ice in + + + align:start position:0% +but if you dig deeper into the ice in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +cores you go back in time + + align:start position:0% +cores you go back in time + + + align:start position:0% +cores you go back in time +it's a beautiful thing the ice as you go + + align:start position:0% +it's a beautiful thing the ice as you go + + + align:start position:0% +it's a beautiful thing the ice as you go +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +is ancient atmosphere that's cool + + align:start position:0% +is ancient atmosphere that's cool + + + align:start position:0% +is ancient atmosphere that's cool +because there's little bubbles remember + + align:start position:0% +because there's little bubbles remember + + + align:start position:0% +because there's little bubbles remember +like like you know the + + align:start position:0% +like like you know the + + + align:start position:0% +like like you know the +remember we talked about like the + + align:start position:0% +remember we talked about like the + + + align:start position:0% +remember we talked about like the +half-life of carbon 14 + + align:start position:0% +half-life of carbon 14 + + + align:start position:0% +half-life of carbon 14 +that's trapped from say a living thing + + align:start position:0% +that's trapped from say a living thing + + + align:start position:0% +that's trapped from say a living thing +breathing it in right well you can trap + + align:start position:0% +breathing it in right well you can trap + + + align:start position:0% +breathing it in right well you can trap +directly + + align:start position:0% +directly + + + align:start position:0% +directly +the little bubbles of atmosphere in the + + align:start position:0% +the little bubbles of atmosphere in the + + + align:start position:0% +the little bubbles of atmosphere in the +ice and that's what happens and that's + + align:start position:0% +ice and that's what happens and that's + + + align:start position:0% +ice and that's what happens and that's +why we + + align:start position:0% +why we + + + align:start position:0% +why we +know what co2 levels we're going back a + + align:start position:0% +know what co2 levels we're going back a + + + align:start position:0% +know what co2 levels we're going back a +million almost a million years here it's + + align:start position:0% +million almost a million years here it's + + + align:start position:0% +million almost a million years here it's +800 000 years of data + + align:start position:0% +800 000 years of data + + + align:start position:0% +800 000 years of data +and uh this is a graph that i think many + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is a graph that i think many + + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is a graph that i think many +of you see if we can't you know + + align:start position:0% +of you see if we can't you know + + + align:start position:0% +of you see if we can't you know +so so okay it's going up a lot right + + align:start position:0% +so so okay it's going up a lot right + + + align:start position:0% +so so okay it's going up a lot right +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +uh and here it is now this is just + + align:start position:0% +uh and here it is now this is just + + + align:start position:0% +uh and here it is now this is just +zooming in on the last + + align:start position:0% +zooming in on the last + + + align:start position:0% +zooming in on the last +uh uh 50 or so this is just the data the + + align:start position:0% +uh uh 50 or so this is just the data the + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh 50 or so this is just the data the +monolith + + align:start position:0% +monolith + + + align:start position:0% +monolith +load data uh and and the reason is + + align:start position:0% +load data uh and and the reason is + + + align:start position:0% +load data uh and and the reason is +because here we also have another kind + + align:start position:0% +because here we also have another kind + + + align:start position:0% +because here we also have another kind +of data so there's a lot of attention + + align:start position:0% +of data so there's a lot of attention + + + align:start position:0% +of data so there's a lot of attention +paid + + align:start position:0% +paid + + + align:start position:0% +paid +on co2 and there should be there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +on co2 and there should be there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +on co2 and there should be there's a lot +less attention paid to what that is + + align:start position:0% +less attention paid to what that is + + + align:start position:0% +less attention paid to what that is +doing to our oceans + + align:start position:0% +doing to our oceans + + + align:start position:0% +doing to our oceans +and this is a reaction that we will talk + + align:start position:0% +and this is a reaction that we will talk + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a reaction that we will talk +about more when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +about more when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +about more when we talk about +acidification so when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +acidification so when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +acidification so when we talk about +acids and bases which is coming up later + + align:start position:0% +acids and bases which is coming up later + + + align:start position:0% +acids and bases which is coming up later +later being wednesday and next week + + align:start position:0% +later being wednesday and next week + + + align:start position:0% +later being wednesday and next week +we'll talk more about this but i just + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk more about this but i just + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk more about this but i just +want to tell you that when when you have + + align:start position:0% +want to tell you that when when you have + + + align:start position:0% +want to tell you that when when you have +co2 in the atmosphere going up + + align:start position:0% +co2 in the atmosphere going up + + + align:start position:0% +co2 in the atmosphere going up +then you also have co2 in the ocean + + align:start position:0% +then you also have co2 in the ocean + + + align:start position:0% +then you also have co2 in the ocean +going up so the co2 in the ocean co2 in + + align:start position:0% +going up so the co2 in the ocean co2 in + + + align:start position:0% +going up so the co2 in the ocean co2 in +the atmosphere is getting + + align:start position:0% +the atmosphere is getting + + + align:start position:0% +the atmosphere is getting +absorbed by the ocean + + align:start position:0% +absorbed by the ocean + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed by the ocean +okay so what no it's it's a lot + + align:start position:0% +okay so what no it's it's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what no it's it's a lot +of what because what happens is + + align:start position:0% +of what because what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +of what because what happens is +the co2 in the ocean the more co2 in the + + align:start position:0% +the co2 in the ocean the more co2 in the + + + align:start position:0% +the co2 in the ocean the more co2 in the +ocean + + align:start position:0% +ocean + + + align:start position:0% +ocean +is making the ocean more acidic + + align:start position:0% +is making the ocean more acidic + + + align:start position:0% +is making the ocean more acidic +so so if you if you just write this + + align:start position:0% +so so if you if you just write this + + + align:start position:0% +so so if you if you just write this +number down because it's so + + align:start position:0% +number down because it's so + + + align:start position:0% +number down because it's so +astonishing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay past + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +past 200 years + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the ocean has become + + align:start position:0% +the ocean has become + + + align:start position:0% +the ocean has become +30 percent more acidic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now that is the faster fastest + + align:start position:0% +now that is the faster fastest + + + align:start position:0% +now that is the faster fastest +fastest known change + + align:start position:0% +fastest known change + + + align:start position:0% +fastest known change +fastest known change in the ocean + + align:start position:0% +fastest known change in the ocean + + + align:start position:0% +fastest known change in the ocean +chemistry in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +50 million years + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a big and very sudden change + + align:start position:0% +that's a big and very sudden change + + + align:start position:0% +that's a big and very sudden change +so the ocean is is absorbing about 22 + + align:start position:0% +so the ocean is is absorbing about 22 + + + align:start position:0% +so the ocean is is absorbing about 22 +million tons per day + + align:start position:0% +million tons per day + + + align:start position:0% +million tons per day +of co2 and that number is going to say + + align:start position:0% +of co2 and that number is going to say + + + align:start position:0% +of co2 and that number is going to say +well okay why does that matter + + align:start position:0% +well okay why does that matter + + + align:start position:0% +well okay why does that matter +isn't it again maybe it'll do the oceans + + align:start position:0% +isn't it again maybe it'll do the oceans + + + align:start position:0% +isn't it again maybe it'll do the oceans +what it's doing to the atmosphere making + + align:start position:0% +what it's doing to the atmosphere making + + + align:start position:0% +what it's doing to the atmosphere making +things a little more + + align:start position:0% +things a little more + + + align:start position:0% +things a little more +no it's doing more because when it + + align:start position:0% +no it's doing more because when it + + + align:start position:0% +no it's doing more because when it +acidifies + + align:start position:0% +acidifies + + + align:start position:0% +acidifies +then it has a direct impact on things + + align:start position:0% +then it has a direct impact on things + + + align:start position:0% +then it has a direct impact on things +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +which is a a pteropod and this is one of + + align:start position:0% +which is a a pteropod and this is one of + + + align:start position:0% +which is a a pteropod and this is one of +you look at the the food chain of the + + align:start position:0% +you look at the the food chain of the + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the the food chain of the +ocean there's like three things at the + + align:start position:0% +ocean there's like three things at the + + + align:start position:0% +ocean there's like three things at the +bottom + + align:start position:0% +bottom + + + align:start position:0% +bottom +that's one of them i mean there's plants + + align:start position:0% +that's one of them i mean there's plants + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of them i mean there's plants +right there's there's + + align:start position:0% +right there's there's + + + align:start position:0% +right there's there's +photosynthesis and then there's the + + align:start position:0% +photosynthesis and then there's the + + + align:start position:0% +photosynthesis and then there's the +bottom of the food chain + + align:start position:0% +bottom of the food chain + + + align:start position:0% +bottom of the food chain +now you know what what's gonna happen + + align:start position:0% +now you know what what's gonna happen + + + align:start position:0% +now you know what what's gonna happen +when the bottom of the food chain + + align:start position:0% +when the bottom of the food chain + + + align:start position:0% +when the bottom of the food chain +uh right this is one of + + align:start position:0% +uh right this is one of + + + align:start position:0% +uh right this is one of +one of the main kinds of animals that + + align:start position:0% +one of the main kinds of animals that + + + align:start position:0% +one of the main kinds of animals that +lives at the bottom of which is they've + + align:start position:0% +lives at the bottom of which is they've + + + align:start position:0% +lives at the bottom of which is they've +got these very small calcium carbonate + + align:start position:0% +got these very small calcium carbonate + + + align:start position:0% +got these very small calcium carbonate +shells + + align:start position:0% +shells + + + align:start position:0% +shells +if you make the ocean just a little more + + align:start position:0% +if you make the ocean just a little more + + + align:start position:0% +if you make the ocean just a little more +acidic + + align:start position:0% +acidic + + + align:start position:0% +acidic +like we're doing those shells don't + + align:start position:0% +like we're doing those shells don't + + + align:start position:0% +like we're doing those shells don't +survive + + align:start position:0% +survive + + + align:start position:0% +survive +and those animals don't survive right + + align:start position:0% +and those animals don't survive right + + + align:start position:0% +and those animals don't survive right +so that's what happens to a pteropod + + align:start position:0% +so that's what happens to a pteropod + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what happens to a pteropod +at the rate we're going in like decades + + align:start position:0% +at the rate we're going in like decades + + + align:start position:0% +at the rate we're going in like decades +of time from now that's what happens + + align:start position:0% +of time from now that's what happens + + + align:start position:0% +of time from now that's what happens +right 45 days + + align:start position:0% +right 45 days + + + align:start position:0% +right 45 days +so what you have in your goody bag + + align:start position:0% +so what you have in your goody bag + + + align:start position:0% +so what you have in your goody bag +is a way to see this a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +is a way to see this a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +is a way to see this a little bit more +accelerated + + align:start position:0% +accelerated + + + align:start position:0% +accelerated +right so so here's your goodie bag okay + + align:start position:0% +right so so here's your goodie bag okay + + + align:start position:0% +right so so here's your goodie bag okay +so i wanted you to + + align:start position:0% +so i wanted you to + + + align:start position:0% +so i wanted you to +i wanted you to see what's happening in + + align:start position:0% +i wanted you to see what's happening in + + + align:start position:0% +i wanted you to see what's happening in +the ocean + + align:start position:0% +the ocean + + + align:start position:0% +the ocean +and you have now the tools to do that so + + align:start position:0% +and you have now the tools to do that so + + + align:start position:0% +and you have now the tools to do that so +in your goody bag you've got + + align:start position:0% +in your goody bag you've got + + + align:start position:0% +in your goody bag you've got +citric powder imagine you take a lot of + + align:start position:0% +citric powder imagine you take a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +citric powder imagine you take a lot of +limes and you squeeze them and then you + + align:start position:0% +limes and you squeeze them and then you + + + align:start position:0% +limes and you squeeze them and then you +dry it all out and that's what you got + + align:start position:0% +dry it all out and that's what you got + + + align:start position:0% +dry it all out and that's what you got +right citric acid okay so now you're + + align:start position:0% +right citric acid okay so now you're + + + align:start position:0% +right citric acid okay so now you're +gonna mix that + + align:start position:0% +gonna mix that + + + align:start position:0% +gonna mix that +with water to change the ph and that's + + align:start position:0% +with water to change the ph and that's + + + align:start position:0% +with water to change the ph and that's +gonna so you're gonna dissolve this + + align:start position:0% +gonna so you're gonna dissolve this + + + align:start position:0% +gonna so you're gonna dissolve this +powder + + align:start position:0% +powder + + + align:start position:0% +powder +that's the topic of today's lecture it's + + align:start position:0% +that's the topic of today's lecture it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the topic of today's lecture it's +dissolution right in equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +dissolution right in equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +dissolution right in equilibrium +so you're going to mix that into water + + align:start position:0% +so you're going to mix that into water + + + align:start position:0% +so you're going to mix that into water +and you've got a scale + + align:start position:0% +and you've got a scale + + + align:start position:0% +and you've got a scale +from a previous goody bag + + align:start position:0% +from a previous goody bag + + + align:start position:0% +from a previous goody bag +so my hope is that you've been using + + align:start position:0% +so my hope is that you've been using + + + align:start position:0% +so my hope is that you've been using +that on a daily basis you take it with + + align:start position:0% +that on a daily basis you take it with + + + align:start position:0% +that on a daily basis you take it with +you places + + align:start position:0% +you places + + + align:start position:0% +you places +and you can use that again here and + + align:start position:0% +and you can use that again here and + + + align:start position:0% +and you can use that again here and +you'll need that because i want you to + + align:start position:0% +you'll need that because i want you to + + + align:start position:0% +you'll need that because i want you to +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +how these shells dissolve and if you + + align:start position:0% +how these shells dissolve and if you + + + align:start position:0% +how these shells dissolve and if you +lower the acidity + + align:start position:0% +lower the acidity + + + align:start position:0% +lower the acidity +more you know you we we don't want to + + align:start position:0% +more you know you we we don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +more you know you we we don't want to +wait 40 well you can't wait 45 days but + + align:start position:0% +wait 40 well you can't wait 45 days but + + + align:start position:0% +wait 40 well you can't wait 45 days but +i want to i want you to be able to do + + align:start position:0% +i want to i want you to be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +i want to i want you to be able to do +these experiments in minutes + + align:start position:0% +these experiments in minutes + + + align:start position:0% +these experiments in minutes +so we're going to go a little lower in + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to go a little lower in + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to go a little lower in +acidity in ph + + align:start position:0% +acidity in ph + + + align:start position:0% +acidity in ph +right but you're going to get the same + + align:start position:0% +right but you're going to get the same + + + align:start position:0% +right but you're going to get the same +result you're going to dissolve these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shells + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/0teK9aXB0GI.txt b/0teK9aXB0GI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eca6a7c1a67fff0c3cb5856d6a3e5b9caf01abf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/0teK9aXB0GI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12744 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay so couple really quick + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so couple really quick + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so couple really quick +um announcements + + align:start position:0% +um announcements + + + align:start position:0% +um announcements +um on Monday I mention a number of other + + align:start position:0% +um on Monday I mention a number of other + + + align:start position:0% +um on Monday I mention a number of other +classes that are offered in the spring + + align:start position:0% +classes that are offered in the spring + + + align:start position:0% +classes that are offered in the spring +if you're interested in game development + + align:start position:0% +if you're interested in game development + + + align:start position:0% +if you're interested in game development +here at MIT I I forgot this one uh this + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT I I forgot this one uh this + + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT I I forgot this one uh this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +11127 it's also cross-listed as cms. 590 + + align:start position:0% +11127 it's also cross-listed as cms. 590 + + + align:start position:0% +11127 it's also cross-listed as cms. 590 +it's taught by Eric kloer and Scott + + align:start position:0% +it's taught by Eric kloer and Scott + + + align:start position:0% +it's taught by Eric kloer and Scott +auster um Scott should be in our class + + align:start position:0% +auster um Scott should be in our class + + + align:start position:0% +auster um Scott should be in our class +next Monday I I believe to talk to us + + align:start position:0% +next Monday I I believe to talk to us + + + align:start position:0% +next Monday I I believe to talk to us +about um learning games but if you if + + align:start position:0% +about um learning games but if you if + + + align:start position:0% +about um learning games but if you if +you end up being interested in games for + + align:start position:0% +you end up being interested in games for + + + align:start position:0% +you end up being interested in games for +learning games for education um this is + + align:start position:0% +learning games for education um this is + + + align:start position:0% +learning games for education um this is +a great class to take and it's offered + + align:start position:0% +a great class to take and it's offered + + + align:start position:0% +a great class to take and it's offered +in the spring um we also have a class + + align:start position:0% +in the spring um we also have a class + + + align:start position:0% +in the spring um we also have a class +cms. + + align:start position:0% +cms. + + + align:start position:0% +cms. +615 games for social change it's being + + align:start position:0% +615 games for social change it's being + + + align:start position:0% +615 games for social change it's being +taught this fall so if you're interest + + align:start position:0% +taught this fall so if you're interest + + + align:start position:0% +taught this fall so if you're interest +if you're if the topics of the games + + align:start position:0% +if you're if the topics of the games + + + align:start position:0% +if you're if the topics of the games +that we're working on for project 4 are + + align:start position:0% +that we're working on for project 4 are + + + align:start position:0% +that we're working on for project 4 are +something that you just find yourself + + align:start position:0% +something that you just find yourself + + + align:start position:0% +something that you just find yourself +really interested in in the next couple + + align:start position:0% +really interested in in the next couple + + + align:start position:0% +really interested in in the next couple +years those are two classes you can take + + align:start position:0% +years those are two classes you can take + + + align:start position:0% +years those are two classes you can take +to to explore that + + align:start position:0% +to to explore that + + + align:start position:0% +to to explore that +further uh all right so so I guess I for + + align:start position:0% +further uh all right so so I guess I for + + + align:start position:0% +further uh all right so so I guess I for +me it's talking for an hour and then + + align:start position:0% +me it's talking for an hour and then + + + align:start position:0% +me it's talking for an hour and then +after that teamwork right absolutely + + align:start position:0% +after that teamwork right absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +after that teamwork right absolutely +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so today what we're going to do is talk + + align:start position:0% +so today what we're going to do is talk + + + align:start position:0% +so today what we're going to do is talk +a little bit about Aesthetics about uh + + align:start position:0% +a little bit about Aesthetics about uh + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit about Aesthetics about uh +what we mean when we say we want your + + align:start position:0% +what we mean when we say we want your + + + align:start position:0% +what we mean when we say we want your +game to have a cohesive aesthetic we do + + align:start position:0% +game to have a cohesive aesthetic we do + + + align:start position:0% +game to have a cohesive aesthetic we do +realize that the games that we're asking + + align:start position:0% +realize that the games that we're asking + + + align:start position:0% +realize that the games that we're asking +you to make are extremely time + + align:start position:0% +you to make are extremely time + + + align:start position:0% +you to make are extremely time +constrained right you know we've been + + align:start position:0% +constrained right you know we've been + + + align:start position:0% +constrained right you know we've been +asking you not to go beyond terribly + + align:start position:0% +asking you not to go beyond terribly + + + align:start position:0% +asking you not to go beyond terribly +much beyond the scope of what you've + + align:start position:0% +much beyond the scope of what you've + + + align:start position:0% +much beyond the scope of what you've +done before but what we want to see in + + align:start position:0% +done before but what we want to see in + + + align:start position:0% +done before but what we want to see in +your game is a really really cohesive + + align:start position:0% +your game is a really really cohesive + + + align:start position:0% +your game is a really really cohesive +aesthetic um we used to tell students + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic um we used to tell students + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic um we used to tell students +that we wanted them to put out polished + + align:start position:0% +that we wanted them to put out polished + + + align:start position:0% +that we wanted them to put out polished +games but there was a really like + + align:start position:0% +games but there was a really like + + + align:start position:0% +games but there was a really like +unclear definition uh when we used to do + + align:start position:0% +unclear definition uh when we used to do + + + align:start position:0% +unclear definition uh when we used to do +this about what a polished game would be + + align:start position:0% +this about what a polished game would be + + + align:start position:0% +this about what a polished game would be +and we also realize that you know for + + align:start position:0% +and we also realize that you know for + + + align:start position:0% +and we also realize that you know for +some of for some students for a lot of + + align:start position:0% +some of for some students for a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +some of for some students for a lot of +of you you've seen games that are really + + align:start position:0% +of you you've seen games that are really + + + align:start position:0% +of you you've seen games that are really +really really + + align:start position:0% +really really + + + align:start position:0% +really really +polished when I say A Polished game can + + align:start position:0% +polished when I say A Polished game can + + + align:start position:0% +polished when I say A Polished game can +you tell me can you come up with some + + align:start position:0% +you tell me can you come up with some + + + align:start position:0% +you tell me can you come up with some +examples of things that immediately come + + align:start position:0% +examples of things that immediately come + + + align:start position:0% +examples of things that immediately come +to mind limbo limbo yeah that's the + + align:start position:0% +to mind limbo limbo yeah that's the + + + align:start position:0% +to mind limbo limbo yeah that's the +black and white side scrolling + + align:start position:0% +black and white side scrolling + + + align:start position:0% +black and white side scrolling +platformer really really spooky + + align:start position:0% +platformer really really spooky + + + align:start position:0% +platformer really really spooky +gorgeous uh uh visuals and sound design + + align:start position:0% +gorgeous uh uh visuals and sound design + + + align:start position:0% +gorgeous uh uh visuals and sound design +what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else yeah all of the Final Fantasy games + + align:start position:0% +else yeah all of the Final Fantasy games + + + align:start position:0% +else yeah all of the Final Fantasy games +have really pretty much yeah every + + align:start position:0% +have really pretty much yeah every + + + align:start position:0% +have really pretty much yeah every +single Final Fantasy game for its era is + + align:start position:0% +single Final Fantasy game for its era is + + + align:start position:0% +single Final Fantasy game for its era is +probably like the high watermark for + + align:start position:0% +probably like the high watermark for + + + align:start position:0% +probably like the high watermark for +production values right you know U not + + align:start position:0% +production values right you know U not + + + align:start position:0% +production values right you know U not +just the UI but you're right in saying + + align:start position:0% +just the UI but you're right in saying + + + align:start position:0% +just the UI but you're right in saying +like the UI is alive you know whenever + + align:start position:0% +like the UI is alive you know whenever + + + align:start position:0% +like the UI is alive you know whenever +you even like switch to a different menu + + align:start position:0% +you even like switch to a different menu + + + align:start position:0% +you even like switch to a different menu +option it does this little like like + + align:start position:0% +option it does this little like like + + + align:start position:0% +option it does this little like like +animation one of the only that has like + + align:start position:0% +animation one of the only that has like + + + align:start position:0% +animation one of the only that has like +a really good UI design looked at a + + align:start position:0% +a really good UI design looked at a + + + align:start position:0% +a really good UI design looked at a +bunch of them and it's like final way + + align:start position:0% +bunch of them and it's like final way + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of them and it's like final way +better than of thems to which is amazing + + align:start position:0% +better than of thems to which is amazing + + + align:start position:0% +better than of thems to which is amazing +because they change it so much every um + + align:start position:0% +because they change it so much every um + + + align:start position:0% +because they change it so much every um +every game unlike a lot of other + + align:start position:0% +every game unlike a lot of other + + + align:start position:0% +every game unlike a lot of other +franchises they changed the formula a + + align:start position:0% +franchises they changed the formula a + + + align:start position:0% +franchises they changed the formula a +lot but also of course other things like + + align:start position:0% +lot but also of course other things like + + + align:start position:0% +lot but also of course other things like +the animation quality and the music and + + align:start position:0% +the animation quality and the music and + + + align:start position:0% +the animation quality and the music and +the voice act maybe not the voice acting + + align:start position:0% +the voice act maybe not the voice acting + + + align:start position:0% +the voice act maybe not the voice acting +but you know it's + + align:start position:0% +but you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +but you know it's +like Meat Boy uh Super Meat Boy yeah yep + + align:start position:0% +like Meat Boy uh Super Meat Boy yeah yep + + + align:start position:0% +like Meat Boy uh Super Meat Boy yeah yep +so so phics yeah it's it's it's um for + + align:start position:0% +so so phics yeah it's it's it's um for + + + align:start position:0% +so so phics yeah it's it's it's um for +folks who haven't played this game it's + + align:start position:0% +folks who haven't played this game it's + + + align:start position:0% +folks who haven't played this game it's +really punishing game but it makes it + + align:start position:0% +really punishing game but it makes it + + + align:start position:0% +really punishing game but it makes it +super easy for you to try again in fact + + align:start position:0% +super easy for you to try again in fact + + + align:start position:0% +super easy for you to try again in fact +there's no that's like a single frame + + align:start position:0% +there's no that's like a single frame + + + align:start position:0% +there's no that's like a single frame +between you dying and you starting uh + + align:start position:0% +between you dying and you starting uh + + + align:start position:0% +between you dying and you starting uh +the the the game again and it goes and + + align:start position:0% +the the the game again and it goes and + + + align:start position:0% +the the the game again and it goes and +goes right right off a game built by two + + align:start position:0% +goes right right off a game built by two + + + align:start position:0% +goes right right off a game built by two +people by the way um it's an indie game + + align:start position:0% +people by the way um it's an indie game + + + align:start position:0% +people by the way um it's an indie game +and you you can see it in in in + + align:start position:0% +and you you can see it in in in + + + align:start position:0% +and you you can see it in in in +documentaries like indie game the movie + + align:start position:0% +documentaries like indie game the movie + + + align:start position:0% +documentaries like indie game the movie +and you can see you know even though + + align:start position:0% +and you can see you know even though + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see you know even though +that they're working on their own and + + align:start position:0% +that they're working on their own and + + + align:start position:0% +that they're working on their own and +they just spend a considerable amount of + + align:start position:0% +they just spend a considerable amount of + + + align:start position:0% +they just spend a considerable amount of +time on it extremely visually polished + + align:start position:0% +time on it extremely visually polished + + + align:start position:0% +time on it extremely visually polished +and and musically amazing game as well + + align:start position:0% +and and musically amazing game as well + + + align:start position:0% +and and musically amazing game as well +Monument valy Monument Valley for the + + align:start position:0% +Monument valy Monument Valley for the + + + align:start position:0% +Monument valy Monument Valley for the +iOS yeah I can't remember it has it come + + align:start position:0% +iOS yeah I can't remember it has it come + + + align:start position:0% +iOS yeah I can't remember it has it come +out on Android yet but it's definitely + + align:start position:0% +out on Android yet but it's definitely + + + align:start position:0% +out on Android yet but it's definitely +iOS right right now but what what what + + align:start position:0% +iOS right right now but what what what + + + align:start position:0% +iOS right right now but what what what +what strikes you as polish um the + + align:start position:0% +what strikes you as polish um the + + + align:start position:0% +what strikes you as polish um the +graphics and the gaml is just very mhm + + align:start position:0% +graphics and the gaml is just very mhm + + + align:start position:0% +graphics and the gaml is just very mhm +and the game's kind of like flat-shaded + + align:start position:0% +and the game's kind of like flat-shaded + + + align:start position:0% +and the game's kind of like flat-shaded +isometric game um you know if you're + + align:start position:0% +isometric game um you know if you're + + + align:start position:0% +isometric game um you know if you're +familiar with that 3D concept you know + + align:start position:0% +familiar with that 3D concept you know + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with that 3D concept you know +it means that things that are far away + + align:start position:0% +it means that things that are far away + + + align:start position:0% +it means that things that are far away +are the same size as things that are + + align:start position:0% +are the same size as things that are + + + align:start position:0% +are the same size as things that are +close to you isometric uh uh orthog + + align:start position:0% +close to you isometric uh uh orthog + + + align:start position:0% +close to you isometric uh uh orthog +projection your camera is kind of + + align:start position:0% +projection your camera is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +projection your camera is kind of +looking at the world at a 45° angle up + + align:start position:0% +looking at the world at a 45° angle up + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the world at a 45° angle up +and and sideways um but everything's + + align:start position:0% +and and sideways um but everything's + + + align:start position:0% +and and sideways um but everything's +flat shaded but it's got incredible art + + align:start position:0% +flat shaded but it's got incredible art + + + align:start position:0% +flat shaded but it's got incredible art +design it's got art Direction I would + + align:start position:0% +design it's got art Direction I would + + + align:start position:0% +design it's got art Direction I would +say the the just um how all of the + + align:start position:0% +say the the just um how all of the + + + align:start position:0% +say the the just um how all of the +characters even though they basically + + align:start position:0% +characters even though they basically + + + align:start position:0% +characters even though they basically +all have one color maybe black and white + + align:start position:0% +all have one color maybe black and white + + + align:start position:0% +all have one color maybe black and white +um move with a lot of expressiveness you + + align:start position:0% +um move with a lot of expressiveness you + + + align:start position:0% +um move with a lot of expressiveness you +know the S of iconic characters and you + + align:start position:0% +know the S of iconic characters and you + + + align:start position:0% +know the S of iconic characters and you +immediately sort of recognize what each + + align:start position:0% +immediately sort of recognize what each + + + align:start position:0% +immediately sort of recognize what each +character is supposed to be even though + + align:start position:0% +character is supposed to be even though + + + align:start position:0% +character is supposed to be even though +the game is pretty much made out of + + align:start position:0% +the game is pretty much made out of + + + align:start position:0% +the game is pretty much made out of +geometric shapes um I I call out + + align:start position:0% +geometric shapes um I I call out + + + align:start position:0% +geometric shapes um I I call out +Hearthstone anyone playing that yeah you + + align:start position:0% +Hearthstone anyone playing that yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +Hearthstone anyone playing that yeah you +know it's like just every little bit of + + align:start position:0% +know it's like just every little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +know it's like just every little bit of +movement that the screen does as soon as + + align:start position:0% +movement that the screen does as soon as + + + align:start position:0% +movement that the screen does as soon as +your finger touches that screen is + + align:start position:0% +your finger touches that screen is + + + align:start position:0% +your finger touches that screen is +amazing um even little like silly things + + align:start position:0% +amazing um even little like silly things + + + align:start position:0% +amazing um even little like silly things +like when you are looking for a match + + align:start position:0% +like when you are looking for a match + + + align:start position:0% +like when you are looking for a match +and you see like all the other people + + align:start position:0% +and you see like all the other people + + + align:start position:0% +and you see like all the other people +who you could have been matched against + + align:start position:0% +who you could have been matched against + + + align:start position:0% +who you could have been matched against +and then course always selects the + + align:start position:0% +and then course always selects the + + + align:start position:0% +and then course always selects the +perfect match for you it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +perfect match for you it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +perfect match for you it's it's a +ridiculous little UI thing but it s of + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous little UI thing but it s of + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous little UI thing but it s of +gets you in the mood and of course + + align:start position:0% +gets you in the mood and of course + + + align:start position:0% +gets you in the mood and of course +that's like music and stuff for what's + + align:start position:0% +that's like music and stuff for what's + + + align:start position:0% +that's like music and stuff for what's +really you know a card game collectible + + align:start position:0% +really you know a card game collectible + + + align:start position:0% +really you know a card game collectible +card game right um so uh what I'd like + + align:start position:0% +card game right um so uh what I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +card game right um so uh what I'd like +to do right now is play through a game + + align:start position:0% +to do right now is play through a game + + + align:start position:0% +to do right now is play through a game +that I feel has a coherent aesthetic but + + align:start position:0% +that I feel has a coherent aesthetic but + + + align:start position:0% +that I feel has a coherent aesthetic but +maybe you wouldn't necessarily call it + + align:start position:0% +maybe you wouldn't necessarily call it + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you wouldn't necessarily call it +polished but it gives you a little bit + + align:start position:0% +polished but it gives you a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +polished but it gives you a little bit +closer to what we're looking at because + + align:start position:0% +closer to what we're looking at because + + + align:start position:0% +closer to what we're looking at because +it might be a little bit more feasible + + align:start position:0% +it might be a little bit more feasible + + + align:start position:0% +it might be a little bit more feasible +for this class so who hasn't played C's + + align:start position:0% +for this class so who hasn't played C's + + + align:start position:0% +for this class so who hasn't played C's +magical ponent cor Adventure + + align:start position:0% +magical ponent cor Adventure + + + align:start position:0% +magical ponent cor Adventure +yet who would like to actually + + align:start position:0% +yet who would like to actually + + + align:start position:0% +yet who would like to actually +all all the hands + + align:start position:0% +all all the hands + + + align:start position:0% +all all the hands +but come down yeah you + + align:start position:0% +but come down yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +but come down yeah you +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +okay is that too loud is that okay + + align:start position:0% +okay is that too loud is that okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay is that too loud is that okay +yeah my name isy and I Pon best the p + + align:start position:0% +yeah my name isy and I Pon best the p + + + align:start position:0% +yeah my name isy and I Pon best the p +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +unicorn PN I don't have any + + align:start position:0% +unicorn PN I don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +unicorn PN I don't have any +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Pon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Iain new + + align:start position:0% +Iain new + + + align:start position:0% +Iain new +places that's not + + align:start position:0% +places that's not + + + align:start position:0% +places that's not +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +hi my name isy + + align:start position:0% +hi my name isy + + + align:start position:0% +hi my name isy +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Pony is EMP for holding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Pony + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Iain I'm an evil + + align:start position:0% +Iain I'm an evil + + + align:start position:0% +Iain I'm an evil +lemon now put lemon juice in your ey and + + align:start position:0% +lemon now put lemon juice in your ey and + + + align:start position:0% +lemon now put lemon juice in your ey and +that s oh + + align:start position:0% +that s oh + + + align:start position:0% +that s oh +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no stay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +awayes a little girl need you to go get + + align:start position:0% +awayes a little girl need you to go get + + + align:start position:0% +awayes a little girl need you to go get +a coconut + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I am atiger and I'm going to eat no I am + + align:start position:0% +I am atiger and I'm going to eat no I am + + + align:start position:0% +I am atiger and I'm going to eat no I am +not yes I am no I am not yes I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +am I'm going to eat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this I got a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coconut + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +coconut oh no my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +face + + align:start position:0% +face + + + align:start position:0% +face +oh I think you might have broken the + + align:start position:0% +oh I think you might have broken the + + + align:start position:0% +oh I think you might have broken the +game but that's cool a jar oh jar yeah + + align:start position:0% +game but that's cool a jar oh jar yeah + + + align:start position:0% +game but that's cool a jar oh jar yeah +try + + align:start position:0% +try + + + align:start position:0% +try +tryy a green Pony I put it in the JW + + align:start position:0% +tryy a green Pony I put it in the JW + + + align:start position:0% +tryy a green Pony I put it in the JW +okay all right so I think everyone gets + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so I think everyone gets + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so I think everyone gets +the idea of the game thank you so much + + align:start position:0% +the idea of the game thank you so much + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of the game thank you so much +hey thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you so let let me actually switch to uh + + align:start position:0% +you so let let me actually switch to uh + + + align:start position:0% +you so let let me actually switch to uh +my + + align:start position:0% +my + + + align:start position:0% +my +presentation + + align:start position:0% +presentation + + + align:start position:0% +presentation +uh there we go I'm going to talk a + + align:start position:0% +uh there we go I'm going to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +uh there we go I'm going to talk a +little bit about Aesthetics um now you + + align:start position:0% +little bit about Aesthetics um now you + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about Aesthetics um now you +know what about that game + + align:start position:0% +know what about that game + + + align:start position:0% +know what about that game +seemed seemed off let's let let let's + + align:start position:0% +seemed seemed off let's let let let's + + + align:start position:0% +seemed seemed off let's let let let's +start with what what what in game seems + + align:start position:0% +start with what what what in game seems + + + align:start position:0% +start with what what what in game seems +out of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +place the artwork I guess the artwork + + align:start position:0% +place the artwork I guess the artwork + + + align:start position:0% +place the artwork I guess the artwork +seems out of + + align:start position:0% +seems out of + + + align:start position:0% +seems out of +place comp out of place compared to + + align:start position:0% +place comp out of place compared to + + + align:start position:0% +place comp out of place compared to +the it is a bit of a trick question um I + + align:start position:0% +the it is a bit of a trick question um I + + + align:start position:0% +the it is a bit of a trick question um I +I having trouble I have trouble figuring + + align:start position:0% +I having trouble I have trouble figuring + + + align:start position:0% +I having trouble I have trouble figuring +out what's out out place I think maybe + + align:start position:0% +out what's out out place I think maybe + + + align:start position:0% +out what's out out place I think maybe +the cursor hand actually you know looks + + align:start position:0% +the cursor hand actually you know looks + + + align:start position:0% +the cursor hand actually you know looks +like this like default kind of um + + align:start position:0% +like this like default kind of um + + + align:start position:0% +like this like default kind of um +browser cursor hand is the one thing + + align:start position:0% +browser cursor hand is the one thing + + + align:start position:0% +browser cursor hand is the one thing +that that that that that I that I feel + + align:start position:0% +that that that that that I that I feel + + + align:start position:0% +that that that that that I that I feel +is not really cohesive with everything + + align:start position:0% +is not really cohesive with everything + + + align:start position:0% +is not really cohesive with everything +else the artwork kind of um sets the + + align:start position:0% +else the artwork kind of um sets the + + + align:start position:0% +else the artwork kind of um sets the +tone is pretty much the first thing that + + align:start position:0% +tone is pretty much the first thing that + + + align:start position:0% +tone is pretty much the first thing that +you see even before you start playing + + align:start position:0% +you see even before you start playing + + + align:start position:0% +you see even before you start playing +the game you see the artwork in the uh + + align:start position:0% +the game you see the artwork in the uh + + + align:start position:0% +the game you see the artwork in the uh +in in in in the website um and then of + + align:start position:0% +in in in in the website um and then of + + + align:start position:0% +in in in in the website um and then of +course when the music comes on you + + align:start position:0% +course when the music comes on you + + + align:start position:0% +course when the music comes on you +actually hear pretty much um the girls + + align:start position:0% +actually hear pretty much um the girls + + + align:start position:0% +actually hear pretty much um the girls +voice for the uh for for most of the + + align:start position:0% +voice for the uh for for most of the + + + align:start position:0% +voice for the uh for for most of the +game you don't get to you you get to + + align:start position:0% +game you don't get to you you get to + + + align:start position:0% +game you don't get to you you get to +about halfway through through the game + + align:start position:0% +about halfway through through the game + + + align:start position:0% +about halfway through through the game +before you hear the dad's voice playing + + align:start position:0% +before you hear the dad's voice playing + + + align:start position:0% +before you hear the dad's voice playing +you know the lemon and uh orange boy I + + align:start position:0% +you know the lemon and uh orange boy I + + + align:start position:0% +you know the lemon and uh orange boy I +guess + + align:start position:0% +guess + + + align:start position:0% +guess +um did anyone notice the user + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interface it's not obvious at isn't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +M what were there any visual cues that + + align:start position:0% +M what were there any visual cues that + + + align:start position:0% +M what were there any visual cues that +you were working off to figure fure out + + align:start position:0% +you were working off to figure fure out + + + align:start position:0% +you were working off to figure fure out +what to click on + + align:start position:0% +what to click on + + + align:start position:0% +what to click on +like would be drawn on different pieces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ofer in general like clicking on + + align:start position:0% +ofer in general like clicking on + + + align:start position:0% +ofer in general like clicking on +everything is just what I do normally + + align:start position:0% +everything is just what I do normally + + + align:start position:0% +everything is just what I do normally +games it is it is a click everything in + + align:start position:0% +games it is it is a click everything in + + + align:start position:0% +games it is it is a click everything in +the game kind of kind of game so so that + + align:start position:0% +the game kind of kind of game so so that + + + align:start position:0% +the game kind of kind of game so so that +makes sense there is actually a slight + + align:start position:0% +makes sense there is actually a slight + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense there is actually a slight +little um bit of drop shadow behind uh + + align:start position:0% +little um bit of drop shadow behind uh + + + align:start position:0% +little um bit of drop shadow behind uh +everything that you can click and some + + align:start position:0% +everything that you can click and some + + + align:start position:0% +everything that you can click and some +things that you can click but don't do + + align:start position:0% +things that you can click but don't do + + + align:start position:0% +things that you can click but don't do +don't do anything thing like the goat on + + align:start position:0% +don't do anything thing like the goat on + + + align:start position:0% +don't do anything thing like the goat on +the steak for instance uh I thought I + + align:start position:0% +the steak for instance uh I thought I + + + align:start position:0% +the steak for instance uh I thought I +saw another hand over here about the + + align:start position:0% +saw another hand over here about the + + + align:start position:0% +saw another hand over here about the +user + + align:start position:0% +user + + + align:start position:0% +user +interface + + align:start position:0% +interface + + + align:start position:0% +interface +any yeah okay the drop Shadows yeah um + + align:start position:0% +any yeah okay the drop Shadows yeah um + + + align:start position:0% +any yeah okay the drop Shadows yeah um +every + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yepop + + align:start position:0% +yepop + + + align:start position:0% +yepop +yeah any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +indication I forget does the cactus do + + align:start position:0% +indication I forget does the cactus do + + + align:start position:0% +indication I forget does the cactus do +anything + + align:start position:0% +anything + + + align:start position:0% +anything +uh so I think there is a big difference + + align:start position:0% +uh so I think there is a big difference + + + align:start position:0% +uh so I think there is a big difference +though yeah uh everything that's like + + align:start position:0% +though yeah uh everything that's like + + + align:start position:0% +though yeah uh everything that's like +crucial to advance in the game I noce uh + + align:start position:0% +crucial to advance in the game I noce uh + + + align:start position:0% +crucial to advance in the game I noce uh +has a drop shadow um but but yeah there + + align:start position:0% +has a drop shadow um but but yeah there + + + align:start position:0% +has a drop shadow um but but yeah there +if you click everywhere in the world if + + align:start position:0% +if you click everywhere in the world if + + + align:start position:0% +if you click everywhere in the world if +it looks like something that might stand + + align:start position:0% +it looks like something that might stand + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like something that might stand +out from the blank sheet of paper it it + + align:start position:0% +out from the blank sheet of paper it it + + + align:start position:0% +out from the blank sheet of paper it it +should respond right so even though the + + align:start position:0% +should respond right so even though the + + + align:start position:0% +should respond right so even though the +cactus is not sort of a crucial piece of + + align:start position:0% +cactus is not sort of a crucial piece of + + + align:start position:0% +cactus is not sort of a crucial piece of +of uh the plot such as it is um it is + + align:start position:0% +of uh the plot such as it is um it is + + + align:start position:0% +of uh the plot such as it is um it is +something that a player might Reon + + align:start position:0% +something that a player might Reon + + + align:start position:0% +something that a player might Reon +expect to be able to click on and do + + align:start position:0% +expect to be able to click on and do + + + align:start position:0% +expect to be able to click on and do +something and yeah you get pricked by by + + align:start position:0% +something and yeah you get pricked by by + + + align:start position:0% +something and yeah you get pricked by by +it she says ow there's some voice and + + align:start position:0% +it she says ow there's some voice and + + + align:start position:0% +it she says ow there's some voice and +and and there's a little bit of payoff + + align:start position:0% +and and there's a little bit of payoff + + + align:start position:0% +and and there's a little bit of payoff +on that every time he clicks there a + + align:start position:0% +on that every time he clicks there a + + + align:start position:0% +on that every time he clicks there a +little blue blue crayon Circle that sort + + align:start position:0% +little blue blue crayon Circle that sort + + + align:start position:0% +little blue blue crayon Circle that sort +of uh I emanates from where you're + + align:start position:0% +of uh I emanates from where you're + + + align:start position:0% +of uh I emanates from where you're +clicking so there's another little like + + align:start position:0% +clicking so there's another little like + + + align:start position:0% +clicking so there's another little like +typical UI feedback of like all right + + align:start position:0% +typical UI feedback of like all right + + + align:start position:0% +typical UI feedback of like all right +you clicked on this thing and we're + + align:start position:0% +you clicked on this thing and we're + + + align:start position:0% +you clicked on this thing and we're +acknowledging your mouse click but we're + + align:start position:0% +acknowledging your mouse click but we're + + + align:start position:0% +acknowledging your mouse click but we're +going to do it in a way that sort of + + align:start position:0% +going to do it in a way that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it in a way that sort of +works with the rest of the art style um + + align:start position:0% +works with the rest of the art style um + + + align:start position:0% +works with the rest of the art style um +I think something else that also stands + + align:start position:0% +I think something else that also stands + + + align:start position:0% +I think something else that also stands +out a little bit is like um let me see + + align:start position:0% +out a little bit is like um let me see + + + align:start position:0% +out a little bit is like um let me see +if I go back to the game oh I closed it + + align:start position:0% +if I go back to the game oh I closed it + + + align:start position:0% +if I go back to the game oh I closed it +didn't I okay all right does anyone + + align:start position:0% +didn't I okay all right does anyone + + + align:start position:0% +didn't I okay all right does anyone +remember if the uh the border between + + align:start position:0% +remember if the uh the border between + + + align:start position:0% +remember if the uh the border between +the game Space and the inventory was + + align:start position:0% +the game Space and the inventory was + + + align:start position:0% +the game Space and the inventory was +that like a straight line or was that + + align:start position:0% +that like a straight line or was that + + + align:start position:0% +that like a straight line or was that +like kind of raggedy + + align:start position:0% +like kind of raggedy + + + align:start position:0% +like kind of raggedy +thing I think it's pure straight line + + align:start position:0% +thing I think it's pure straight line + + + align:start position:0% +thing I think it's pure straight line +right yeah so so that's another like + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so so that's another like + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so so that's another like +weird thing you know it's like this is a + + align:start position:0% +weird thing you know it's like this is a + + + align:start position:0% +weird thing you know it's like this is a +this is a game that's made out of like + + align:start position:0% +this is a game that's made out of like + + + align:start position:0% +this is a game that's made out of like +ripped sheets of paper and all of a + + align:start position:0% +ripped sheets of paper and all of a + + + align:start position:0% +ripped sheets of paper and all of a +sudden there this like hard white line + + align:start position:0% +sudden there this like hard white line + + + align:start position:0% +sudden there this like hard white line +right across + + align:start position:0% +right across + + + align:start position:0% +right across +what what works in this game why would + + align:start position:0% +what what works in this game why would + + + align:start position:0% +what what works in this game why would +someone want to play this to the end + + align:start position:0% +someone want to play this to the end + + + align:start position:0% +someone want to play this to the end +which it takes about five minutes it's + + align:start position:0% +which it takes about five minutes it's + + + align:start position:0% +which it takes about five minutes it's +not terribly long + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but yeah it's a father uh daughter um + + align:start position:0% +but yeah it's a father uh daughter um + + + align:start position:0% +but yeah it's a father uh daughter um +but the daughter led the project + + align:start position:0% +but the daughter led the project + + + align:start position:0% +but the daughter led the project +basically determined how everything was + + align:start position:0% +basically determined how everything was + + + align:start position:0% +basically determined how everything was +going to work the dad just did the + + align:start position:0% +going to work the dad just did the + + + align:start position:0% +going to work the dad just did the +coding and some voices of course + + align:start position:0% +coding and some voices of course + + + align:start position:0% +coding and some voices of course +scanning and things like that but uh the + + align:start position:0% +scanning and things like that but uh the + + + align:start position:0% +scanning and things like that but uh the +very quickly you introduced like things + + align:start position:0% +very quickly you introduced like things + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly you introduced like things +like the go and the steak very very + + align:start position:0% +like the go and the steak very very + + + align:start position:0% +like the go and the steak very very +quickly it just establishes that you're + + align:start position:0% +quickly it just establishes that you're + + + align:start position:0% +quickly it just establishes that you're +just playing in five-year-old logic + + align:start position:0% +just playing in five-year-old logic + + + align:start position:0% +just playing in five-year-old logic +right now right and this whole world is + + align:start position:0% +right now right and this whole world is + + + align:start position:0% +right now right and this whole world is +going to work that + + align:start position:0% +going to work that + + + align:start position:0% +going to work that +way um you know the fact that is + + align:start position:0% +way um you know the fact that is + + + align:start position:0% +way um you know the fact that is +narrated largely by by by this character + + align:start position:0% +narrated largely by by by this character + + + align:start position:0% +narrated largely by by by this character +who has a opening cut scene actually is + + align:start position:0% +who has a opening cut scene actually is + + + align:start position:0% +who has a opening cut scene actually is +just like you know I'm I'm and I + + align:start position:0% +just like you know I'm I'm and I + + + align:start position:0% +just like you know I'm I'm and I +freaking love Pony cons um and then + + align:start position:0% +freaking love Pony cons um and then + + + align:start position:0% +freaking love Pony cons um and then +explains what a pony conon is and then + + align:start position:0% +explains what a pony conon is and then + + + align:start position:0% +explains what a pony conon is and then +and and and and you know you don't + + align:start position:0% +and and and and you know you don't + + + align:start position:0% +and and and and you know you don't +actually get to see one until pretty far + + align:start position:0% +actually get to see one until pretty far + + + align:start position:0% +actually get to see one until pretty far +into the game uh but as soon as you told + + align:start position:0% +into the game uh but as soon as you told + + + align:start position:0% +into the game uh but as soon as you told +yes that lump of green is a pony corn + + align:start position:0% +yes that lump of green is a pony corn + + + align:start position:0% +yes that lump of green is a pony corn +you know it's a pony with a unicorn horn + + align:start position:0% +you know it's a pony with a unicorn horn + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's a pony with a unicorn horn +and okay all right that's a that's a + + align:start position:0% +and okay all right that's a that's a + + + align:start position:0% +and okay all right that's a that's a +pony corn that's something I want and + + align:start position:0% +pony corn that's something I want and + + + align:start position:0% +pony corn that's something I want and +you already at that point of time you + + align:start position:0% +you already at that point of time you + + + align:start position:0% +you already at that point of time you +already know you're supposed to put them + + align:start position:0% +already know you're supposed to put them + + + align:start position:0% +already know you're supposed to put them +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +jars + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +so that's that that that starts to talk + + align:start position:0% +so that's that that that starts to talk + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that that that starts to talk +about something that we've already been + + align:start position:0% +about something that we've already been + + + align:start position:0% +about something that we've already been +exploring a lot in this class it's kind + + align:start position:0% +exploring a lot in this class it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +exploring a lot in this class it's kind +of like the systemic aesthetic the how a + + align:start position:0% +of like the systemic aesthetic the how a + + + align:start position:0% +of like the systemic aesthetic the how a +person feels when they're playing + + align:start position:0% +person feels when they're playing + + + align:start position:0% +person feels when they're playing +through a set of rules in ciss magical + + align:start position:0% +through a set of rules in ciss magical + + + align:start position:0% +through a set of rules in ciss magical +pony con Adventure it's the set of rules + + align:start position:0% +pony con Adventure it's the set of rules + + + align:start position:0% +pony con Adventure it's the set of rules +as devised by a 5-year-old but they're + + align:start position:0% +as devised by a 5-year-old but they're + + + align:start position:0% +as devised by a 5-year-old but they're +actually all internally consistent uh + + align:start position:0% +actually all internally consistent uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually all internally consistent uh +when you play through the whole game you + + align:start position:0% +when you play through the whole game you + + + align:start position:0% +when you play through the whole game you +start to figure out yeah you know + + align:start position:0% +start to figure out yeah you know + + + align:start position:0% +start to figure out yeah you know +clicking everywhere is a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +clicking everywhere is a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +clicking everywhere is a perfectly +reasonable strategy because nothing's + + align:start position:0% +reasonable strategy because nothing's + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable strategy because nothing's +really going to hurt you in this game + + align:start position:0% +really going to hurt you in this game + + + align:start position:0% +really going to hurt you in this game +you you you you may get scared you may + + align:start position:0% +you you you you may get scared you may + + + align:start position:0% +you you you you may get scared you may +get pricked by a cactus but nothing's + + align:start position:0% +get pricked by a cactus but nothing's + + + align:start position:0% +get pricked by a cactus but nothing's +really going to hurt you B so it's okay + + align:start position:0% +really going to hurt you B so it's okay + + + align:start position:0% +really going to hurt you B so it's okay +to click on everything um and the kinds + + align:start position:0% +to click on everything um and the kinds + + + align:start position:0% +to click on everything um and the kinds +of decisions that you get to make are + + align:start position:0% +of decisions that you get to make are + + + align:start position:0% +of decisions that you get to make are +more like you know is now the right time + + align:start position:0% +more like you know is now the right time + + + align:start position:0% +more like you know is now the right time +to use the jar on the pony corn or do I + + align:start position:0% +to use the jar on the pony corn or do I + + + align:start position:0% +to use the jar on the pony corn or do I +need to do something first to get past + + align:start position:0% +need to do something first to get past + + + align:start position:0% +need to do something first to get past +the lemon or the other bad uh bad folks + + align:start position:0% +the lemon or the other bad uh bad folks + + + align:start position:0% +the lemon or the other bad uh bad folks +who get in your way um the kind of of + + align:start position:0% +who get in your way um the kind of of + + + align:start position:0% +who get in your way um the kind of of +rules and the strategies that that that + + align:start position:0% +rules and the strategies that that that + + + align:start position:0% +rules and the strategies that that that +that you have to devise to be able to + + align:start position:0% +that you have to devise to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +that you have to devise to be able to +navigate through your space gives you a + + align:start position:0% +navigate through your space gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +navigate through your space gives you a +certain kind of systemic aesthetic and + + align:start position:0% +certain kind of systemic aesthetic and + + + align:start position:0% +certain kind of systemic aesthetic and +you've been working with that since the + + align:start position:0% +you've been working with that since the + + + align:start position:0% +you've been working with that since the +beginning of the semester prototyping + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the semester prototyping + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the semester prototyping +you know has some of you have made games + + align:start position:0% +you know has some of you have made games + + + align:start position:0% +you know has some of you have made games +that make you feel very tense some of + + align:start position:0% +that make you feel very tense some of + + + align:start position:0% +that make you feel very tense some of +these game some some some of the games + + align:start position:0% +these game some some some of the games + + + align:start position:0% +these game some some some of the games +are more like Zen like some games are + + align:start position:0% +are more like Zen like some games are + + + align:start position:0% +are more like Zen like some games are +more you know strategic and really think + + align:start position:0% +more you know strategic and really think + + + align:start position:0% +more you know strategic and really think +carefully about your next decision and + + align:start position:0% +carefully about your next decision and + + + align:start position:0% +carefully about your next decision and +some of them are kind of frantic um and + + align:start position:0% +some of them are kind of frantic um and + + + align:start position:0% +some of them are kind of frantic um and +those have all come out from the rules + + align:start position:0% +those have all come out from the rules + + + align:start position:0% +those have all come out from the rules +that you devis first on your prototypes + + align:start position:0% +that you devis first on your prototypes + + + align:start position:0% +that you devis first on your prototypes +and then you move them over to your + + align:start position:0% +and then you move them over to your + + + align:start position:0% +and then you move them over to your +digital versions and that's one form of + + align:start position:0% +digital versions and that's one form of + + + align:start position:0% +digital versions and that's one form of +aesthetic but then there's also the + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic but then there's also the + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic but then there's also the +other kind of aesthetic that we've been + + align:start position:0% +other kind of aesthetic that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +other kind of aesthetic that we've been +talking a little bit when we talked + + align:start position:0% +talking a little bit when we talked + + + align:start position:0% +talking a little bit when we talked +about polish right the art Direction the + + align:start position:0% +about polish right the art Direction the + + + align:start position:0% +about polish right the art Direction the +music the render how how a a 3D object + + align:start position:0% +music the render how how a a 3D object + + + align:start position:0% +music the render how how a a 3D object +is rendered or even how a 2d graphic is + + align:start position:0% +is rendered or even how a 2d graphic is + + + align:start position:0% +is rendered or even how a 2d graphic is +represented is it drawn in crayon or is + + align:start position:0% +represented is it drawn in crayon or is + + + align:start position:0% +represented is it drawn in crayon or is +it you know high quality line art or is + + align:start position:0% +it you know high quality line art or is + + + align:start position:0% +it you know high quality line art or is +it um you know something running in the + + align:start position:0% +it um you know something running in the + + + align:start position:0% +it um you know something running in the +citech engine and it's you and you've + + align:start position:0% +citech engine and it's you and you've + + + align:start position:0% +citech engine and it's you and you've +got uh you normal mapping and specular + + align:start position:0% +got uh you normal mapping and specular + + + align:start position:0% +got uh you normal mapping and specular +lighting and things look like fire and + + align:start position:0% +lighting and things look like fire and + + + align:start position:0% +lighting and things look like fire and +glass and and concrete you know do the + + align:start position:0% +glass and and concrete you know do the + + + align:start position:0% +glass and and concrete you know do the +sound effects sound like they're coming + + align:start position:0% +sound effects sound like they're coming + + + align:start position:0% +sound effects sound like they're coming +from a place in the world do they sound + + align:start position:0% +from a place in the world do they sound + + + align:start position:0% +from a place in the world do they sound +like the thing that supposed to sound + + align:start position:0% +like the thing that supposed to sound + + + align:start position:0% +like the thing that supposed to sound +like do they sound otherworldly or you + + align:start position:0% +like do they sound otherworldly or you + + + align:start position:0% +like do they sound otherworldly or you +know U little meaty notes uh in the sort + + align:start position:0% +know U little meaty notes uh in the sort + + + align:start position:0% +know U little meaty notes uh in the sort +of thing that you would expect from um + + align:start position:0% +of thing that you would expect from um + + + align:start position:0% +of thing that you would expect from um +from a Nintendo game for from an old + + align:start position:0% +from a Nintendo game for from an old + + + align:start position:0% +from a Nintendo game for from an old +school Nintendo game + + align:start position:0% +school Nintendo game + + + align:start position:0% +school Nintendo game +um and then + + align:start position:0% +um and then + + + align:start position:0% +um and then +there's the things that we will normally + + align:start position:0% +there's the things that we will normally + + + align:start position:0% +there's the things that we will normally +refer to as sort of the story of the + + align:start position:0% +refer to as sort of the story of the + + + align:start position:0% +refer to as sort of the story of the +game you know that's the plot of what + + align:start position:0% +game you know that's the plot of what + + + align:start position:0% +game you know that's the plot of what +happens to characters as they navigate + + align:start position:0% +happens to characters as they navigate + + + align:start position:0% +happens to characters as they navigate +through the world and who are these + + align:start position:0% +through the world and who are these + + + align:start position:0% +through the world and who are these +characters who are they uh really and + + align:start position:0% +characters who are they uh really and + + + align:start position:0% +characters who are they uh really and +what sort of um uh emotional development + + align:start position:0% +what sort of um uh emotional development + + + align:start position:0% +what sort of um uh emotional development +they're going to go through um what's + + align:start position:0% +they're going to go through um what's + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to go through um what's +the theme of the game you know is it a + + align:start position:0% +the theme of the game you know is it a + + + align:start position:0% +the theme of the game you know is it a +game about you know + + align:start position:0% +game about you know + + + align:start position:0% +game about you know +uh about + + align:start position:0% +uh about + + + align:start position:0% +uh about +isolate about being being being isolated + + align:start position:0% +isolate about being being being isolated + + + align:start position:0% +isolate about being being being isolated +from everybody else is it a game about + + align:start position:0% +from everybody else is it a game about + + + align:start position:0% +from everybody else is it a game about +uh us mil military strength um I think + + align:start position:0% +uh us mil military strength um I think + + + align:start position:0% +uh us mil military strength um I think +the theme of Call of Duty is actually + + align:start position:0% +the theme of Call of Duty is actually + + + align:start position:0% +the theme of Call of Duty is actually +actually America starts Wars England + + align:start position:0% +actually America starts Wars England + + + align:start position:0% +actually America starts Wars England +finishes them um which is kind of weird + + align:start position:0% +finishes them um which is kind of weird + + + align:start position:0% +finishes them um which is kind of weird +if you look if if you look at history + + align:start position:0% +if you look if if you look at history + + + align:start position:0% +if you look if if you look at history +and um what's and where is this game set + + align:start position:0% +and um what's and where is this game set + + + align:start position:0% +and um what's and where is this game set +when is this game + + align:start position:0% +when is this game + + + align:start position:0% +when is this game +set and what hopefully that's clear + + align:start position:0% +set and what hopefully that's clear + + + align:start position:0% +set and what hopefully that's clear +enough and I think uh one of the things + + align:start position:0% +enough and I think uh one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +enough and I think uh one of the things +that that that that can help is just a + + align:start position:0% +that that that that can help is just a + + + align:start position:0% +that that that that can help is just a +little bit of vocabulary so that when + + align:start position:0% +little bit of vocabulary so that when + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of vocabulary so that when +you're talking in your team in your team + + align:start position:0% +you're talking in your team in your team + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking in your team in your team +about how what's working in your + + align:start position:0% +about how what's working in your + + + align:start position:0% +about how what's working in your +aesthetic it helps to be able to put + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic it helps to be able to put + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic it helps to be able to put +words to it so that people can + + align:start position:0% +words to it so that people can + + + align:start position:0% +words to it so that people can +understand what part of the aesthetic + + align:start position:0% +understand what part of the aesthetic + + + align:start position:0% +understand what part of the aesthetic +that you're talking about are you + + align:start position:0% +that you're talking about are you + + + align:start position:0% +that you're talking about are you +talking about the things that have to do + + align:start position:0% +talking about the things that have to do + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the things that have to do +with your game system right your rules + + align:start position:0% +with your game system right your rules + + + align:start position:0% +with your game system right your rules +and and and the logic of your game and + + align:start position:0% +and and and the logic of your game and + + + align:start position:0% +and and and the logic of your game and +how people are how that how is that + + align:start position:0% +how people are how that how is that + + + align:start position:0% +how people are how that how is that +going to make someone feel while they're + + align:start position:0% +going to make someone feel while they're + + + align:start position:0% +going to make someone feel while they're +playing your game are you are you + + align:start position:0% +playing your game are you are you + + + align:start position:0% +playing your game are you are you +talking about the style the musical and + + align:start position:0% +talking about the style the musical and + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the style the musical and +the visual style of your game and how + + align:start position:0% +the visual style of your game and how + + + align:start position:0% +the visual style of your game and how +things move you know how things animate + + align:start position:0% +things move you know how things animate + + + align:start position:0% +things move you know how things animate +um and and how things you uh uh how + + align:start position:0% +um and and how things you uh uh how + + + align:start position:0% +um and and how things you uh uh how +about the things you hear and or are you + + align:start position:0% +about the things you hear and or are you + + + align:start position:0% +about the things you hear and or are you +talking more about the fictional + + align:start position:0% +talking more about the fictional + + + align:start position:0% +talking more about the fictional +elements what's going going on you know + + align:start position:0% +elements what's going going on you know + + + align:start position:0% +elements what's going going on you know +in this sort of story line all these + + align:start position:0% +in this sort of story line all these + + + align:start position:0% +in this sort of story line all these +three things are going to work together + + align:start position:0% +three things are going to work together + + + align:start position:0% +three things are going to work together +to create the aesthetic of your game and + + align:start position:0% +to create the aesthetic of your game and + + + align:start position:0% +to create the aesthetic of your game and +all these things need to work together + + align:start position:0% +all these things need to work together + + + align:start position:0% +all these things need to work together +for your final project so I want you to + + align:start position:0% +for your final project so I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +for your final project so I want you to +be thinking very very hard about what's + + align:start position:0% +be thinking very very hard about what's + + + align:start position:0% +be thinking very very hard about what's +the fiction of the games that you're + + align:start position:0% +the fiction of the games that you're + + + align:start position:0% +the fiction of the games that you're +that that you're creating is it is it + + align:start position:0% +that that you're creating is it is it + + + align:start position:0% +that that you're creating is it is it +being set in a you know real world + + align:start position:0% +being set in a you know real world + + + align:start position:0% +being set in a you know real world +actual city named an actual named city + + align:start position:0% +actual city named an actual named city + + + align:start position:0% +actual city named an actual named city +is it kind of like an abstraction of of + + align:start position:0% +is it kind of like an abstraction of of + + + align:start position:0% +is it kind of like an abstraction of of +of of a city in a certain part of the + + align:start position:0% +of of a city in a certain part of the + + + align:start position:0% +of of a city in a certain part of the +world is it not a city at all maybe + + align:start position:0% +world is it not a city at all maybe + + + align:start position:0% +world is it not a city at all maybe +you're playing as a whole world maybe + + align:start position:0% +you're playing as a whole world maybe + + + align:start position:0% +you're playing as a whole world maybe +you're playing as a completely different + + align:start position:0% +you're playing as a completely different + + + align:start position:0% +you're playing as a completely different +planet you know and and and you're + + align:start position:0% +planet you know and and and you're + + + align:start position:0% +planet you know and and and you're +trying to get through your your your + + align:start position:0% +trying to get through your your your + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get through your your your +learning that way um is it about a + + align:start position:0% +learning that way um is it about a + + + align:start position:0% +learning that way um is it about a +family is it about an individual is it + + align:start position:0% +family is it about an individual is it + + + align:start position:0% +family is it about an individual is it +about an entire Town Council or + + align:start position:0% +about an entire Town Council or + + + align:start position:0% +about an entire Town Council or +something like that um style is + + align:start position:0% +something like that um style is + + + align:start position:0% +something like that um style is +something that you uh have to leverage + + align:start position:0% +something that you uh have to leverage + + + align:start position:0% +something that you uh have to leverage +in order to take advantage of whatever + + align:start position:0% +in order to take advantage of whatever + + + align:start position:0% +in order to take advantage of whatever +strengths you happen to have in your + + align:start position:0% +strengths you happen to have in your + + + align:start position:0% +strengths you happen to have in your +team if you have really good artists and + + align:start position:0% +team if you have really good artists and + + + align:start position:0% +team if you have really good artists and +or really good musician you going take + + align:start position:0% +or really good musician you going take + + + align:start position:0% +or really good musician you going take +advantage of that but you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that but you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that but you don't want to +do anything that's going to sort of show + + align:start position:0% +do anything that's going to sort of show + + + align:start position:0% +do anything that's going to sort of show +the assets that you don't have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the assets that you don't have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the assets that you don't have a lot of +control over as being as being poor you + + align:start position:0% +control over as being as being poor you + + + align:start position:0% +control over as being as being poor you +want everything to be kind of like um + + align:start position:0% +want everything to be kind of like um + + + align:start position:0% +want everything to be kind of like um +sort of uh a matching even standard so + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh a matching even standard so + + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh a matching even standard so +for instance if you if you did a game + + align:start position:0% +for instance if you if you did a game + + + align:start position:0% +for instance if you if you did a game +that has mostly that that has mostly + + align:start position:0% +that has mostly that that has mostly + + + align:start position:0% +that has mostly that that has mostly +pixelated 8 bit style graphics and all + + align:start position:0% +pixelated 8 bit style graphics and all + + + align:start position:0% +pixelated 8 bit style graphics and all +of a sudden this like vector + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden this like vector + + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden this like vector +ve Vector art shape comes in you better + + align:start position:0% +ve Vector art shape comes in you better + + + align:start position:0% +ve Vector art shape comes in you better +have a really good reason for that thing + + align:start position:0% +have a really good reason for that thing + + + align:start position:0% +have a really good reason for that thing +to be or photograph like shows up in + + align:start position:0% +to be or photograph like shows up in + + + align:start position:0% +to be or photograph like shows up in +your game or something like that you + + align:start position:0% +your game or something like that you + + + align:start position:0% +your game or something like that you +better have a really good re reason why + + align:start position:0% +better have a really good re reason why + + + align:start position:0% +better have a really good re reason why +you're throwing in two very very very + + align:start position:0% +you're throwing in two very very very + + + align:start position:0% +you're throwing in two very very very +different uh V visual Styles uh in there + + align:start position:0% +different uh V visual Styles uh in there + + + align:start position:0% +different uh V visual Styles uh in there +you can make it work but you you need to + + align:start position:0% +you can make it work but you you need to + + + align:start position:0% +you can make it work but you you need to +be able to think very very hard about + + align:start position:0% +be able to think very very hard about + + + align:start position:0% +be able to think very very hard about +how you're going to make that work even + + align:start position:0% +how you're going to make that work even + + + align:start position:0% +how you're going to make that work even +things like what your curse is going to + + align:start position:0% +things like what your curse is going to + + + align:start position:0% +things like what your curse is going to +be and of course how is that going to + + align:start position:0% +be and of course how is that going to + + + align:start position:0% +be and of course how is that going to +work with your system right if your game + + align:start position:0% +work with your system right if your game + + + align:start position:0% +work with your system right if your game +is about a dire + + align:start position:0% +is about a dire + + + align:start position:0% +is about a dire +situation you know floods are coming in + + align:start position:0% +situation you know floods are coming in + + + align:start position:0% +situation you know floods are coming in +or something like that there's epidemic + + align:start position:0% +or something like that there's epidemic + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that there's epidemic +um and you put everything in kind of + + align:start position:0% +um and you put everything in kind of + + + align:start position:0% +um and you put everything in kind of +like nice sunny tropical everyone's at + + align:start position:0% +like nice sunny tropical everyone's at + + + align:start position:0% +like nice sunny tropical everyone's at +the beach kind of a a setting well you + + align:start position:0% +the beach kind of a a setting well you + + + align:start position:0% +the beach kind of a a setting well you +can sort of do this like weird + + align:start position:0% +can sort of do this like weird + + + align:start position:0% +can sort of do this like weird +subversive thing but then you have to be + + align:start position:0% +subversive thing but then you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +subversive thing but then you have to be +very very conscious uh it might be a + + align:start position:0% +very very conscious uh it might be a + + + align:start position:0% +very very conscious uh it might be a +little bit easier for you to just use a + + align:start position:0% +little bit easier for you to just use a + + + align:start position:0% +little bit easier for you to just use a +visual that actually supports the kind + + align:start position:0% +visual that actually supports the kind + + + align:start position:0% +visual that actually supports the kind +of gameplay that your game actually has + + align:start position:0% +of gameplay that your game actually has + + + align:start position:0% +of gameplay that your game actually has +if you want if the game's about being + + align:start position:0% +if you want if the game's about being + + + align:start position:0% +if you want if the game's about being +feeling tense use visual that also + + align:start position:0% +feeling tense use visual that also + + + align:start position:0% +feeling tense use visual that also +communicate this sense of feeling tense + + align:start position:0% +communicate this sense of feeling tense + + + align:start position:0% +communicate this sense of feeling tense +um you know there are games like how + + align:start position:0% +um you know there are games like how + + + align:start position:0% +um you know there are games like how +many of you played + + align:start position:0% +many of you played + + + align:start position:0% +many of you played +tropical a couple of hands out there how + + align:start position:0% +tropical a couple of hands out there how + + + align:start position:0% +tropical a couple of hands out there how +how about Sim City who's played Sim City + + align:start position:0% +how about Sim City who's played Sim City + + + align:start position:0% +how about Sim City who's played Sim City +okay a few more hands so what's the + + align:start position:0% +okay a few more hands so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +okay a few more hands so what's the +difference between tropical and Sim City + + align:start position:0% +difference between tropical and Sim City + + + align:start position:0% +difference between tropical and Sim City +from someone who's played + + align:start position:0% +from someone who's played + + + align:start position:0% +from someone who's played +tropical yeah + + align:start position:0% +tropical yeah + + + align:start position:0% +tropical yeah +complely the the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a tropical sort of uh e + + align:start position:0% +there's a tropical sort of uh e + + + align:start position:0% +there's a tropical sort of uh e +equatorial setting uh in as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +equatorial setting uh in as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +equatorial setting uh in as opposed to +Sim City which is this like very very + + align:start position:0% +Sim City which is this like very very + + + align:start position:0% +Sim City which is this like very very +Urban you know probably temperate uh uh + + align:start position:0% +Urban you know probably temperate uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +Urban you know probably temperate uh uh +uh uh climate in in one game you're the + + align:start position:0% +uh uh climate in in one game you're the + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh climate in in one game you're the +mayor in another game you're set up as a + + align:start position:0% +mayor in another game you're set up as a + + + align:start position:0% +mayor in another game you're set up as a +dictator you know and the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +dictator you know and the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +dictator you know and the kinds of +things that you do in tropical are you + + align:start position:0% +things that you do in tropical are you + + + align:start position:0% +things that you do in tropical are you +know supposedly very things are very + + align:start position:0% +know supposedly very things are very + + + align:start position:0% +know supposedly very things are very +similar to Sim City like building and + + align:start position:0% +similar to Sim City like building and + + + align:start position:0% +similar to Sim City like building and +zoning and and and and constructing up + + align:start position:0% +zoning and and and and constructing up + + + align:start position:0% +zoning and and and and constructing up +your your little island but then at the + + align:start position:0% +your your little island but then at the + + + align:start position:0% +your your little island but then at the +same time you also you know have to do + + align:start position:0% +same time you also you know have to do + + + align:start position:0% +same time you also you know have to do +do sort of dictatorial you know quashing + + align:start position:0% +do sort of dictatorial you know quashing + + + align:start position:0% +do sort of dictatorial you know quashing +your resistance kind of things which you + + align:start position:0% +your resistance kind of things which you + + + align:start position:0% +your resistance kind of things which you +don't usually do in Sim City um but it's + + align:start position:0% +don't usually do in Sim City um but it's + + + align:start position:0% +don't usually do in Sim City um but it's +set in this kind of like very idyllic + + align:start position:0% +set in this kind of like very idyllic + + + align:start position:0% +set in this kind of like very idyllic +tropical Sunny environment uh and + + align:start position:0% +tropical Sunny environment uh and + + + align:start position:0% +tropical Sunny environment uh and +they're usually they're usually the the + + align:start position:0% +they're usually they're usually the the + + + align:start position:0% +they're usually they're usually the the +developers of that game are usually + + align:start position:0% +developers of that game are usually + + + align:start position:0% +developers of that game are usually +trying to play that for Laughs right you + + align:start position:0% +trying to play that for Laughs right you + + + align:start position:0% +trying to play that for Laughs right you +know it's like yeah you're a dictator + + align:start position:0% +know it's like yeah you're a dictator + + + align:start position:0% +know it's like yeah you're a dictator +but you're not really that evil compared + + align:start position:0% +but you're not really that evil compared + + + align:start position:0% +but you're not really that evil compared +to some of the real atrocities that + + align:start position:0% +to some of the real atrocities that + + + align:start position:0% +to some of the real atrocities that +you've seen in in in in in in in + + align:start position:0% +you've seen in in in in in in in + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen in in in in in in in +tropical dictatorships in in in the real + + align:start position:0% +tropical dictatorships in in in the real + + + align:start position:0% +tropical dictatorships in in in the real +world and so they're trying to use the + + align:start position:0% +world and so they're trying to use the + + + align:start position:0% +world and so they're trying to use the +visuals to get across that you're kind + + align:start position:0% +visuals to get across that you're kind + + + align:start position:0% +visuals to get across that you're kind +of this comic dictator + + align:start position:0% +of this comic dictator + + + align:start position:0% +of this comic dictator +um you I can certainly imagine a g + + align:start position:0% +um you I can certainly imagine a g + + + align:start position:0% +um you I can certainly imagine a g +that's a lot more about you know uh real + + align:start position:0% +that's a lot more about you know uh real + + + align:start position:0% +that's a lot more about you know uh real +real uh uh dictators of small island + + align:start position:0% +real uh uh dictators of small island + + + align:start position:0% +real uh uh dictators of small island +nations uh and that will probably be a + + align:start position:0% +nations uh and that will probably be a + + + align:start position:0% +nations uh and that will probably be a +lot more uh the visuals will probably + + align:start position:0% +lot more uh the visuals will probably + + + align:start position:0% +lot more uh the visuals will probably +not be quite so cheery even though it + + align:start position:0% +not be quite so cheery even though it + + + align:start position:0% +not be quite so cheery even though it +might be sunny it will probably be a + + align:start position:0% +might be sunny it will probably be a + + + align:start position:0% +might be sunny it will probably be a +little bit uh show a little bit more of + + align:start position:0% +little bit uh show a little bit more of + + + align:start position:0% +little bit uh show a little bit more of +the grit of the you know of what what + + align:start position:0% +the grit of the you know of what what + + + align:start position:0% +the grit of the you know of what what +it's like to live in a very humid and + + align:start position:0% +it's like to live in a very humid and + + + align:start position:0% +it's like to live in a very humid and +very muggy and rainy place right and try + + align:start position:0% +very muggy and rainy place right and try + + + align:start position:0% +very muggy and rainy place right and try +to like play that up so that that + + align:start position:0% +to like play that up so that that + + + align:start position:0% +to like play that up so that that +aesthetic works with how the gameplay + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic works with how the gameplay + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic works with how the gameplay +actually is going to + + align:start position:0% +actually is going to + + + align:start position:0% +actually is going to +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +oh I I I should expand on that so we we + + align:start position:0% +oh I I I should expand on that so we we + + + align:start position:0% +oh I I I should expand on that so we we +talked a little bit about uh about about + + align:start position:0% +talked a little bit about uh about about + + + align:start position:0% +talked a little bit about uh about about +how these things work um on their own + + align:start position:0% +how these things work um on their own + + + align:start position:0% +how these things work um on their own +fiction system and uh style but in + + align:start position:0% +fiction system and uh style but in + + + align:start position:0% +fiction system and uh style but in +between there are sort of these like + + align:start position:0% +between there are sort of these like + + + align:start position:0% +between there are sort of these like +domains of game development which are + + align:start position:0% +domains of game development which are + + + align:start position:0% +domains of game development which are +going to draw from both of them right + + align:start position:0% +going to draw from both of them right + + + align:start position:0% +going to draw from both of them right +the way how your how a player interacts + + align:start position:0% +the way how your how a player interacts + + + align:start position:0% +the way how your how a player interacts +with the system and the visual feedback + + align:start position:0% +with the system and the visual feedback + + + align:start position:0% +with the system and the visual feedback +they going to get from that in the user + + align:start position:0% +they going to get from that in the user + + + align:start position:0% +they going to get from that in the user +interface is going to also affect how + + align:start position:0% +interface is going to also affect how + + + align:start position:0% +interface is going to also affect how +they feel about your game it was going + + align:start position:0% +they feel about your game it was going + + + align:start position:0% +they feel about your game it was going +to affect that aesthetic um the way how + + align:start position:0% +to affect that aesthetic um the way how + + + align:start position:0% +to affect that aesthetic um the way how +you know a certain character has a theme + + align:start position:0% +you know a certain character has a theme + + + align:start position:0% +you know a certain character has a theme +song for instance you know this this one + + align:start position:0% +song for instance you know this this one + + + align:start position:0% +song for instance you know this this one +one uh character who's been lurking in + + align:start position:0% +one uh character who's been lurking in + + + align:start position:0% +one uh character who's been lurking in +the background and you've always heard + + align:start position:0% +the background and you've always heard + + + align:start position:0% +the background and you've always heard +the theme kind of in the background then + + align:start position:0% +the theme kind of in the background then + + + align:start position:0% +the theme kind of in the background then +they show up in front and then suddenly + + align:start position:0% +they show up in front and then suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +they show up in front and then suddenly +them there's a full full orchestration + + align:start position:0% +them there's a full full orchestration + + + align:start position:0% +them there's a full full orchestration +of their song things like that how style + + align:start position:0% +of their song things like that how style + + + align:start position:0% +of their song things like that how style +and fiction work together right you know + + align:start position:0% +and fiction work together right you know + + + align:start position:0% +and fiction work together right you know +this this this this is this particular + + align:start position:0% +this this this this is this particular + + + align:start position:0% +this this this this is this particular +character's theme whether it's like + + align:start position:0% +character's theme whether it's like + + + align:start position:0% +character's theme whether it's like +golum or uh uh you know the theme of one + + align:start position:0% +golum or uh uh you know the theme of one + + + align:start position:0% +golum or uh uh you know the theme of one +of the big cities in lot of the Rings or + + align:start position:0% +of the big cities in lot of the Rings or + + + align:start position:0% +of the big cities in lot of the Rings or +something like that and um and of course + + align:start position:0% +something like that and um and of course + + + align:start position:0% +something like that and um and of course +the level design of of your game itself + + align:start position:0% +the level design of of your game itself + + + align:start position:0% +the level design of of your game itself +both has play and both both have game + + align:start position:0% +both has play and both both have game + + + align:start position:0% +both has play and both both have game +gaml implications and sort of fictional + + align:start position:0% +gaml implications and sort of fictional + + + align:start position:0% +gaml implications and sort of fictional +implications when you a post-apocalypse + + align:start position:0% +implications when you a post-apocalypse + + + align:start position:0% +implications when you a post-apocalypse +racing game looks very very different + + align:start position:0% +racing game looks very very different + + + align:start position:0% +racing game looks very very different +from say a Formula 1 modern day racing + + align:start position:0% +from say a Formula 1 modern day racing + + + align:start position:0% +from say a Formula 1 modern day racing +game or a horse racing game uh the the + + align:start position:0% +game or a horse racing game uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +game or a horse racing game uh the the +and that's going to not only change the + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to not only change the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to not only change the +way how the game looks it's also going + + align:start position:0% +way how the game looks it's also going + + + align:start position:0% +way how the game looks it's also going +to change the way how the game plays you + + align:start position:0% +to change the way how the game plays you + + + align:start position:0% +to change the way how the game plays you +know it's that debris on the track you + + align:start position:0% +know it's that debris on the track you + + + align:start position:0% +know it's that debris on the track you +know it's is everything very dusty uh is + + align:start position:0% +know it's is everything very dusty uh is + + + align:start position:0% +know it's is everything very dusty uh is +everything you know like highly polished + + align:start position:0% +everything you know like highly polished + + + align:start position:0% +everything you know like highly polished +and very clinical for instance so and of + + align:start position:0% +and very clinical for instance so and of + + + align:start position:0% +and very clinical for instance so and of +course what your characters can do in an + + align:start position:0% +course what your characters can do in an + + + align:start position:0% +course what your characters can do in an +environment you if if you say someone's + + align:start position:0% +environment you if if you say someone's + + + align:start position:0% +environment you if if you say someone's +a ninja then I expect this character has + + align:start position:0% +a ninja then I expect this character has + + + align:start position:0% +a ninja then I expect this character has +ninja likee abilities you know it's say + + align:start position:0% +ninja likee abilities you know it's say + + + align:start position:0% +ninja likee abilities you know it's say +oh you're a ninja and + + align:start position:0% +oh you're a ninja and + + + align:start position:0% +oh you're a ninja and +you um kind of uh punch people people in + + align:start position:0% +you um kind of uh punch people people in + + + align:start position:0% +you um kind of uh punch people people in +the face in you know sort of oneon-one + + align:start position:0% +the face in you know sort of oneon-one + + + align:start position:0% +the face in you know sort of oneon-one +fistic cffs and it's like that's not a + + align:start position:0% +fistic cffs and it's like that's not a + + + align:start position:0% +fistic cffs and it's like that's not a +ninja they're thinking of something else + + align:start position:0% +ninja they're thinking of something else + + + align:start position:0% +ninja they're thinking of something else +there uh maybe you should call that + + align:start position:0% +there uh maybe you should call that + + + align:start position:0% +there uh maybe you should call that +person a + + align:start position:0% +person a + + + align:start position:0% +person a +ninja so we've looked a little bit at + + align:start position:0% +ninja so we've looked a little bit at + + + align:start position:0% +ninja so we've looked a little bit at +sissies uh I want to show a couple of + + align:start position:0% +sissies uh I want to show a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +sissies uh I want to show a couple of +other games that I feel do really really + + align:start position:0% +other games that I feel do really really + + + align:start position:0% +other games that I feel do really really +nail con a cohesive aesthetic on a very + + align:start position:0% +nail con a cohesive aesthetic on a very + + + align:start position:0% +nail con a cohesive aesthetic on a very +low budget um and uh just for the sake + + align:start position:0% +low budget um and uh just for the sake + + + align:start position:0% +low budget um and uh just for the sake +of time I think I'm just going to bring + + align:start position:0% +of time I think I'm just going to bring + + + align:start position:0% +of time I think I'm just going to bring +them up without asking people to come + + align:start position:0% +them up without asking people to come + + + align:start position:0% +them up without asking people to come +down and play but um how many people + + align:start position:0% +down and play but um how many people + + + align:start position:0% +down and play but um how many people +played Thomas Was Alone + + align:start position:0% +played Thomas Was Alone + + + align:start position:0% +played Thomas Was Alone +yeah just again oh about five people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay oh there we go okay we're just + + align:start position:0% +okay oh there we go okay we're just + + + align:start position:0% +okay oh there we go okay we're just +loading up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool so this is a game that's mostly + + align:start position:0% +cool so this is a game that's mostly + + + align:start position:0% +cool so this is a game that's mostly +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rectangles here we + + align:start position:0% +rectangles here we + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles here we +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +something to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water not good to be + + align:start position:0% +water not good to be + + + align:start position:0% +water not good to be +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +avoided + + align:start position:0% +avoided + + + align:start position:0% +avoided +I'm glad I'm not making you play this + + align:start position:0% +I'm glad I'm not making you play this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm glad I'm not making you play this +because this is really giving me a crick + + align:start position:0% +because this is really giving me a crick + + + align:start position:0% +because this is really giving me a crick +on in in my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +neck okay I'd like to show you a little + + align:start position:0% +neck okay I'd like to show you a little + + + align:start position:0% +neck okay I'd like to show you a little +bit more but I find the the contrast on + + align:start position:0% +bit more but I find the the contrast on + + + align:start position:0% +bit more but I find the the contrast on +that screen is a little bit too low to + + align:start position:0% +that screen is a little bit too low to + + + align:start position:0% +that screen is a little bit too low to +actually see what the level is like but + + align:start position:0% +actually see what the level is like but + + + align:start position:0% +actually see what the level is like but +it's pretty much all geometric objects + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty much all geometric objects + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty much all geometric objects +they're not all at right angles not + + align:start position:0% +they're not all at right angles not + + + align:start position:0% +they're not all at right angles not +every not everything in the game is is + + align:start position:0% +every not everything in the game is is + + + align:start position:0% +every not everything in the game is is +is a rectangle and you saw some of the + + align:start position:0% +is a rectangle and you saw some of the + + + align:start position:0% +is a rectangle and you saw some of the +water was you know kind of uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +water was you know kind of uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +water was you know kind of uh kind of +had some text texture to it but it's + + align:start position:0% +had some text texture to it but it's + + + align:start position:0% +had some text texture to it but it's +pretty much all flat shaded polygons the + + align:start position:0% +pretty much all flat shaded polygons the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much all flat shaded polygons the +majority of the game is all flat shaded + + align:start position:0% +majority of the game is all flat shaded + + + align:start position:0% +majority of the game is all flat shaded +polygons um what is what what what in + + align:start position:0% +polygons um what is what what what in + + + align:start position:0% +polygons um what is what what what in +that very brief clip that you + + align:start position:0% +that very brief clip that you + + + align:start position:0% +that very brief clip that you +saw um sort of uh G gives you a sense of + + align:start position:0% +saw um sort of uh G gives you a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +saw um sort of uh G gives you a sense of +what the developer of the game wanted + + align:start position:0% +what the developer of the game wanted + + + align:start position:0% +what the developer of the game wanted +you to feel about the + + align:start position:0% +you to feel about the + + + align:start position:0% +you to feel about the +game what were some of the elements what + + align:start position:0% +game what were some of the elements what + + + align:start position:0% +game what were some of the elements what +were some of things that were working in + + align:start position:0% +were some of things that were working in + + + align:start position:0% +were some of things that were working in +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah you're very very small in the + + align:start position:0% +yeah you're very very small in the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you're very very small in the +screen and compared to the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +screen and compared to the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +screen and compared to the rest of the +screen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mity Lev + + align:start position:0% +mity Lev + + + align:start position:0% +mity Lev + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +presuma not Al mhm yes Thomas Was Alone + + align:start position:0% +presuma not Al mhm yes Thomas Was Alone + + + align:start position:0% +presuma not Al mhm yes Thomas Was Alone +not Thomas is alone + + align:start position:0% +not Thomas is alone + + + align:start position:0% +not Thomas is alone +yeah no this this is you are you are + + align:start position:0% +yeah no this this is you are you are + + + align:start position:0% +yeah no this this is you are you are +making some very logical assumptions + + align:start position:0% +making some very logical assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +making some very logical assumptions +about this game which are actually + + align:start position:0% +about this game which are actually + + + align:start position:0% +about this game which are actually +entirely true about this this game + + align:start position:0% +entirely true about this this game + + + align:start position:0% +entirely true about this this game +eventually you find other other cubes + + align:start position:0% +eventually you find other other cubes + + + align:start position:0% +eventually you find other other cubes +rectangles actually um all right and so + + align:start position:0% +rectangles actually um all right and so + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles actually um all right and so +that's the way how the Music Works to + + align:start position:0% +that's the way how the Music Works to + + + align:start position:0% +that's the way how the Music Works to +sort of set the tone of yeah it's kind + + align:start position:0% +sort of set the tone of yeah it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +sort of set the tone of yeah it's kind +of melancholy but not completely + + align:start position:0% +of melancholy but not completely + + + align:start position:0% +of melancholy but not completely +depressing uh you you've got a bit of a + + align:start position:0% +depressing uh you you've got a bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +depressing uh you you've got a bit of a +Beat + + align:start position:0% +Beat + + + align:start position:0% +Beat +what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else can't remember if you mentioned the + + align:start position:0% +else can't remember if you mentioned the + + + align:start position:0% +else can't remember if you mentioned the +the voice acting but what's what what's + + align:start position:0% +the voice acting but what's what what's + + + align:start position:0% +the voice acting but what's what what's +that doing to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +game f first of all who's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +speaking is it the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cube some some external narrator yeah so + + align:start position:0% +cube some some external narrator yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +cube some some external narrator yeah so +so that's this and and what does that + + align:start position:0% +so that's this and and what does that + + + align:start position:0% +so that's this and and what does that +imply what what does that tell you + + align:start position:0% +imply what what does that tell you + + + align:start position:0% +imply what what does that tell you +about about what this game is trying to + + align:start position:0% +about about what this game is trying to + + + align:start position:0% +about about what this game is trying to +get you to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +feel just what what comes to + + align:start position:0% +feel just what what comes to + + + align:start position:0% +feel just what what comes to +mind + + align:start position:0% +mind + + + align:start position:0% +mind +H say what a story that it is a story + + align:start position:0% +H say what a story that it is a story + + + align:start position:0% +H say what a story that it is a story +that is this is this is actually more of + + align:start position:0% +that is this is this is actually more of + + + align:start position:0% +that is this is this is actually more of +a narrative based Game + + align:start position:0% +a narrative based Game + + + align:start position:0% +a narrative based Game +Y isolated being spoken to something + + align:start position:0% +Y isolated being spoken to something + + + align:start position:0% +Y isolated being spoken to something +away almost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nonexistent so um I think there is a + + align:start position:0% +nonexistent so um I think there is a + + + align:start position:0% +nonexistent so um I think there is a +little bit of the game that you're kind + + align:start position:0% +little bit of the game that you're kind + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of the game that you're kind +of being observed by by this third party + + align:start position:0% +of being observed by by this third party + + + align:start position:0% +of being observed by by this third party +that's not actually part of the story + + align:start position:0% +that's not actually part of the story + + + align:start position:0% +that's not actually part of the story +but it's relating the story of this + + align:start position:0% +but it's relating the story of this + + + align:start position:0% +but it's relating the story of this +rectangle so so you're alone but not + + align:start position:0% +rectangle so so you're alone but not + + + align:start position:0% +rectangle so so you're alone but not +exactly right you know there is this + + align:start position:0% +exactly right you know there is this + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right you know there is this +third party there which is there to tell + + align:start position:0% +third party there which is there to tell + + + align:start position:0% +third party there which is there to tell +your story and somehow this story is + + align:start position:0% +your story and somehow this story is + + + align:start position:0% +your story and somehow this story is +going to go places as as suggested by + + align:start position:0% +going to go places as as suggested by + + + align:start position:0% +going to go places as as suggested by +the music but also as suggested by some + + align:start position:0% +the music but also as suggested by some + + + align:start position:0% +the music but also as suggested by some +one of the things that he says that you + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that he says that you + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that he says that you +know he makes mental nodes for for the + + align:start position:0% +know he makes mental nodes for for the + + + align:start position:0% +know he makes mental nodes for for the +future that you know even though the the + + align:start position:0% +future that you know even though the the + + + align:start position:0% +future that you know even though the the +mental no is kind of a silly one that + + align:start position:0% +mental no is kind of a silly one that + + + align:start position:0% +mental no is kind of a silly one that +implies there is a future right uh y + + align:start position:0% +implies there is a future right uh y + + + align:start position:0% +implies there is a future right uh y +makes you feel empathy for the character + + align:start position:0% +makes you feel empathy for the character + + + align:start position:0% +makes you feel empathy for the character +even though just a rectangle mhm yeah + + align:start position:0% +even though just a rectangle mhm yeah + + + align:start position:0% +even though just a rectangle mhm yeah +actually let's let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +actually let's let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +actually let's let's talk about the +rectangle you know um what does the + + align:start position:0% +rectangle you know um what does the + + + align:start position:0% +rectangle you know um what does the +rectangle do when it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +jumps + + align:start position:0% +jumps + + + align:start position:0% +jumps +h + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +th yeah I guess no squash and stretch + + align:start position:0% +th yeah I guess no squash and stretch + + + align:start position:0% +th yeah I guess no squash and stretch +animation there right you know it's like + + align:start position:0% +animation there right you know it's like + + + align:start position:0% +animation there right you know it's like +for something that's really just for + + align:start position:0% +for something that's really just for + + + align:start position:0% +for something that's really just for +right angles it's actually remarkably + + align:start position:0% +right angles it's actually remarkably + + + align:start position:0% +right angles it's actually remarkably +expressive when it actually does a + + align:start position:0% +expressive when it actually does a + + + align:start position:0% +expressive when it actually does a +single jump so it gives you this sense + + align:start position:0% +single jump so it gives you this sense + + + align:start position:0% +single jump so it gives you this sense +that this thing is not an inanimate + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is not an inanimate + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is not an inanimate +geometric object this thing's alive um + + align:start position:0% +geometric object this thing's alive um + + + align:start position:0% +geometric object this thing's alive um +you know this is organic square or + + align:start position:0% +you know this is organic square or + + + align:start position:0% +you know this is organic square or +rectangle okay so so so we we've gone + + align:start position:0% +rectangle okay so so so we we've gone + + + align:start position:0% +rectangle okay so so so we we've gone +through a couple of ways how this game + + align:start position:0% +through a couple of ways how this game + + + align:start position:0% +through a couple of ways how this game +achieves its sort of aesthetic quality + + align:start position:0% +achieves its sort of aesthetic quality + + + align:start position:0% +achieves its sort of aesthetic quality +let let let me see what my next slide + + align:start position:0% +let let let me see what my next slide + + + align:start position:0% +let let let me see what my next slide +was going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right oops ah darn it there we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm hitting the space bar when uh + + align:start position:0% +I'm hitting the space bar when uh + + + align:start position:0% +I'm hitting the space bar when uh +whenever you see like a big circle + + align:start position:0% +whenever you see like a big circle + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you see like a big circle +radiate that's me hitting the space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what does that even say oh jeez + + align:start position:0% +what does that even say oh jeez + + + align:start position:0% +what does that even say oh jeez +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so I'm going to quit that game so + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to quit that game so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to quit that game so +let's talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +let's talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk a little bit about +that uh what's First + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Impressions oldan you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like MH so there like some of vertical + + align:start position:0% +like MH so there like some of vertical + + + align:start position:0% +like MH so there like some of vertical +hole jittering going on and actually + + align:start position:0% +hole jittering going on and actually + + + align:start position:0% +hole jittering going on and actually +it's kind of um doesn't look like it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of um doesn't look like it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of um doesn't look like it's a +flat screen right it looks kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a yeah little tube tube shape to it yep + + align:start position:0% +a yeah little tube tube shape to it yep + + + align:start position:0% +a yeah little tube tube shape to it yep +that's a good one what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else that's developed by one guy by the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +the whole + + align:start position:0% +the whole + + + align:start position:0% +the whole +time so you feel like phobic like you're + + align:start position:0% +time so you feel like phobic like you're + + + align:start position:0% +time so you feel like phobic like you're +in a small + + align:start position:0% +in a small + + + align:start position:0% +in a small +space at this mhm mhm yep so so the fact + + align:start position:0% +space at this mhm mhm yep so so the fact + + + align:start position:0% +space at this mhm mhm yep so so the fact +that you can hear your own breath sort + + align:start position:0% +that you can hear your own breath sort + + + align:start position:0% +that you can hear your own breath sort +of gives you an impression of the space + + align:start position:0% +of gives you an impression of the space + + + align:start position:0% +of gives you an impression of the space +around you which is simultaneously + + align:start position:0% +around you which is simultaneously + + + align:start position:0% +around you which is simultaneously +really really small and really really + + align:start position:0% +really really small and really really + + + align:start position:0% +really really small and really really +large at the same time you know you in + + align:start position:0% +large at the same time you know you in + + + align:start position:0% +large at the same time you know you in +this tiny little thing but there there + + align:start position:0% +this tiny little thing but there there + + + align:start position:0% +this tiny little thing but there there +huge World outside of + + align:start position:0% +huge World outside of + + + align:start position:0% +huge World outside of +there what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else + + align:start position:0% +else + + + align:start position:0% +else +is there any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +music yeah so that's let let let's say + + align:start position:0% +music yeah so that's let let let's say + + + align:start position:0% +music yeah so that's let let let's say +Okay air is important and and there's a + + align:start position:0% +Okay air is important and and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Okay air is important and and there's a +lot of things that remind you of that + + align:start position:0% +lot of things that remind you of that + + + align:start position:0% +lot of things that remind you of that +right you have you have the breathing + + align:start position:0% +right you have you have the breathing + + + align:start position:0% +right you have you have the breathing +sounds you have the things in the world + + align:start position:0% +sounds you have the things in the world + + + align:start position:0% +sounds you have the things in the world +that are sort of parking that that that + + align:start position:0% +that are sort of parking that that that + + + align:start position:0% +that are sort of parking that that that +you can pick up uh there's a little + + align:start position:0% +you can pick up uh there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +you can pick up uh there's a little +oxygen meter if I'm not so sure if all + + align:start position:0% +oxygen meter if I'm not so sure if all + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen meter if I'm not so sure if all +of you saw that there's a little oxygen + + align:start position:0% +of you saw that there's a little oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +of you saw that there's a little oxygen +meter that's constantly running down and + + align:start position:0% +meter that's constantly running down and + + + align:start position:0% +meter that's constantly running down and +what and the sound of that bre of your + + align:start position:0% +what and the sound of that bre of your + + + align:start position:0% +what and the sound of that bre of your +of your breathing changes depending on + + align:start position:0% +of your breathing changes depending on + + + align:start position:0% +of your breathing changes depending on +how much oxygen you've got or if you + + align:start position:0% +how much oxygen you've got or if you + + + align:start position:0% +how much oxygen you've got or if you +pick up an air pocket and then you can + + align:start position:0% +pick up an air pocket and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +pick up an air pocket and then you can +breathe um what else okay so you said + + align:start position:0% +breathe um what else okay so you said + + + align:start position:0% +breathe um what else okay so you said +spaceship what and a few people said + + align:start position:0% +spaceship what and a few people said + + + align:start position:0% +spaceship what and a few people said +spaceship what what gives you what what + + align:start position:0% +spaceship what what gives you what what + + + align:start position:0% +spaceship what what gives you what what +else gives you the impression this might + + align:start position:0% +else gives you the impression this might + + + align:start position:0% +else gives you the impression this might +be a + + align:start position:0% +be a + + + align:start position:0% +be a +spaceship cuz the game never tells you + + align:start position:0% +spaceship cuz the game never tells you + + + align:start position:0% +spaceship cuz the game never tells you +that that you're in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spaceship H I actually thought it was + + align:start position:0% +spaceship H I actually thought it was + + + align:start position:0% +spaceship H I actually thought it was +under it could be underwater so so + + align:start position:0% +under it could be underwater so so + + + align:start position:0% +under it could be underwater so so +what's the evidence for + + align:start position:0% +what's the evidence for + + + align:start position:0% +what's the evidence for +each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +rad mhm it's kind of like a Sona ping + + align:start position:0% +rad mhm it's kind of like a Sona ping + + + align:start position:0% +rad mhm it's kind of like a Sona ping +yeah which is something that you expect + + align:start position:0% +yeah which is something that you expect + + + align:start position:0% +yeah which is something that you expect +to do on + + align:start position:0% +to do on + + + align:start position:0% +to do on +water but what what are the things that + + align:start position:0% +water but what what are the things that + + + align:start position:0% +water but what what are the things that +remind you of space in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +game I would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +argue they look like constellations + + align:start position:0% +argue they look like constellations + + + align:start position:0% +argue they look like constellations +right issue when + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +around MH yeah there there there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +around MH yeah there there there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +around MH yeah there there there's a lot +of inertia in in in changing your + + align:start position:0% +of inertia in in in changing your + + + align:start position:0% +of inertia in in in changing your +direction yeah um apparently there is an + + align:start position:0% +direction yeah um apparently there is an + + + align:start position:0% +direction yeah um apparently there is an +answer on whether it's space or underwat + + align:start position:0% +answer on whether it's space or underwat + + + align:start position:0% +answer on whether it's space or underwat +I don't actually know the answer to that + + align:start position:0% +I don't actually know the answer to that + + + align:start position:0% +I don't actually know the answer to that +one uh but but they're both + + align:start position:0% +one uh but but they're both + + + align:start position:0% +one uh but but they're both +plausible um conclusions from actually + + align:start position:0% +plausible um conclusions from actually + + + align:start position:0% +plausible um conclusions from actually +nothing that the game explicitly tells + + align:start position:0% +nothing that the game explicitly tells + + + align:start position:0% +nothing that the game explicitly tells +you all of that you derive from hints + + align:start position:0% +you all of that you derive from hints + + + align:start position:0% +you all of that you derive from hints +from the aesthetic but because the game + + align:start position:0% +from the aesthetic but because the game + + + align:start position:0% +from the aesthetic but because the game +kind of works together really really + + align:start position:0% +kind of works together really really + + + align:start position:0% +kind of works together really really +well on the game mechanics of running + + align:start position:0% +well on the game mechanics of running + + + align:start position:0% +well on the game mechanics of running +out of air and the visual representation + + align:start position:0% +out of air and the visual representation + + + align:start position:0% +out of air and the visual representation +of having this old school monitor as + + align:start position:0% +of having this old school monitor as + + + align:start position:0% +of having this old school monitor as +well as you know the the the sound of + + align:start position:0% +well as you know the the the sound of + + + align:start position:0% +well as you know the the the sound of +you breathing and um and and everything + + align:start position:0% +you breathing and um and and everything + + + align:start position:0% +you breathing and um and and everything +that you kind of like know about about + + align:start position:0% +that you kind of like know about about + + + align:start position:0% +that you kind of like know about about +what it's like to be in a situation + + align:start position:0% +what it's like to be in a situation + + + align:start position:0% +what it's like to be in a situation +where air is important which implies + + align:start position:0% +where air is important which implies + + + align:start position:0% +where air is important which implies +you're certainly not walking around on + + align:start position:0% +you're certainly not walking around on + + + align:start position:0% +you're certainly not walking around on +the ground somewhere right you know or + + align:start position:0% +the ground somewhere right you know or + + + align:start position:0% +the ground somewhere right you know or +if you + + align:start position:0% +if you + + + align:start position:0% +if you +are you might be on a different planet + + align:start position:0% +are you might be on a different planet + + + align:start position:0% +are you might be on a different planet +or something um and what you know about + + align:start position:0% +or something um and what you know about + + + align:start position:0% +or something um and what you know about +inertia uh + + align:start position:0% +inertia uh + + + align:start position:0% +inertia uh +can gives you this impression this very + + align:start position:0% +can gives you this impression this very + + + align:start position:0% +can gives you this impression this very +very deep kind of world that you can + + align:start position:0% +very deep kind of world that you can + + + align:start position:0% +very deep kind of world that you can +sort of like make theories about and + + align:start position:0% +sort of like make theories about and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like make theories about and +imagine where you might be without the + + align:start position:0% +imagine where you might be without the + + + align:start position:0% +imagine where you might be without the +game actually having to tell you any of + + align:start position:0% +game actually having to tell you any of + + + align:start position:0% +game actually having to tell you any of +that so so that's a game where I feel is + + align:start position:0% +that so so that's a game where I feel is + + + align:start position:0% +that so so that's a game where I feel is +really really successful in getting that + + align:start position:0% +really really successful in getting that + + + align:start position:0% +really really successful in getting that +across um this next one I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +across um this next one I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +across um this next one I'm just going +to play a demo uh this is + + align:start position:0% +to play a demo uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +to play a demo uh this is +Defcon it's kind of like a realtime + + align:start position:0% +Defcon it's kind of like a realtime + + + align:start position:0% +Defcon it's kind of like a realtime +strategy game uh only on a sort of like + + align:start position:0% +strategy game uh only on a sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +strategy game uh only on a sort of like +global thermonuclear War kind of scale + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oops uh screen here we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go is this 1280 by + + align:start position:0% +go is this 1280 by + + + align:start position:0% +go is this 1280 by +800 I think my screen resolution change + + align:start position:0% +800 I think my screen resolution change + + + align:start position:0% +800 I think my screen resolution change +on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me yeah when I uh when I I tried to fix + + align:start position:0% +me yeah when I uh when I I tried to fix + + + align:start position:0% +me yeah when I uh when I I tried to fix +that problem earlier the screen + + align:start position:0% +that problem earlier the screen + + + align:start position:0% +that problem earlier the screen +resolution changed on on on on me uh + + align:start position:0% +resolution changed on on on on me uh + + + align:start position:0% +resolution changed on on on on me uh +that doesn't matter I'll I'll + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh switch it to something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else we'll say this is + + align:start position:0% +else we'll say this is + + + align:start position:0% +else we'll say this is +fine so so I'm just going to play a demo + + align:start position:0% +fine so so I'm just going to play a demo + + + align:start position:0% +fine so so I'm just going to play a demo +this is just the game that you see uh + + align:start position:0% +this is just the game that you see uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is just the game that you see uh +that this this is as if the game is just + + align:start position:0% +that this this is as if the game is just + + + align:start position:0% +that this this is as if the game is just +playing against itself AI versus AI if + + align:start position:0% +playing against itself AI versus AI if + + + align:start position:0% +playing against itself AI versus AI if +anyone have seen how many have you seen + + align:start position:0% +anyone have seen how many have you seen + + + align:start position:0% +anyone have seen how many have you seen +war + + align:start position:0% +war + + + align:start position:0% +war +games okay wow okay that's this is is + + align:start position:0% +games okay wow okay that's this is is + + + align:start position:0% +games okay wow okay that's this is is +Matthew brck is that right uh and uh + + align:start position:0% +Matthew brck is that right uh and uh + + + align:start position:0% +Matthew brck is that right uh and uh +this is very much inspired by that and + + align:start position:0% +this is very much inspired by that and + + + align:start position:0% +this is very much inspired by that and +um the idea of course oh actually I'm + + align:start position:0% +um the idea of course oh actually I'm + + + align:start position:0% +um the idea of course oh actually I'm +not going to tell you that uh uh beyond + + align:start position:0% +not going to tell you that uh uh beyond + + + align:start position:0% +not going to tell you that uh uh beyond +what I just just said I want you to + + align:start position:0% +what I just just said I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +what I just just said I want you to +start calling out things that sort of + + align:start position:0% +start calling out things that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +start calling out things that sort of +think work aesthetically about this + + align:start position:0% +think work aesthetically about this + + + align:start position:0% +think work aesthetically about this +game I'm going to move the camera around + + align:start position:0% +game I'm going to move the camera around + + + align:start position:0% +game I'm going to move the camera around +too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is an actual game that you're + + align:start position:0% +this is an actual game that you're + + + align:start position:0% +this is an actual game that you're +watching right now being played uh with + + align:start position:0% +watching right now being played uh with + + + align:start position:0% +watching right now being played uh with +the AI playing against + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +itself you just call out + + align:start position:0% +itself you just call out + + + align:start position:0% +itself you just call out +stuff that strikes you about this + + align:start position:0% +stuff that strikes you about this + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that strikes you about this +game the tight face is like very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I don't really know how to explain feels + + align:start position:0% +I don't really know how to explain feels + + + align:start position:0% +I don't really know how to explain feels +it it it's it's Stark if if nothing else + + align:start position:0% +it it it's it's Stark if if nothing else + + + align:start position:0% +it it it's it's Stark if if nothing else +there's a certain amount of brutishness + + align:start position:0% +there's a certain amount of brutishness + + + align:start position:0% +there's a certain amount of brutishness +about it but also very + + align:start position:0% +about it but also very + + + align:start position:0% +about it but also very +technological it's not just like you + + align:start position:0% +technological it's not just like you + + + align:start position:0% +technological it's not just like you +know uh H out of rock it's not that kind + + align:start position:0% +know uh H out of rock it's not that kind + + + align:start position:0% +know uh H out of rock it's not that kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +brish + + align:start position:0% +brish + + + align:start position:0% +brish +te old mhm radar yeah not necessarily 20 + + align:start position:0% +te old mhm radar yeah not necessarily 20 + + + align:start position:0% +te old mhm radar yeah not necessarily 20 +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +know not not necessarily even year two + + align:start position:0% +know not not necessarily even year two + + + align:start position:0% +know not not necessarily even year two +2000 right you know this this seems like + + align:start position:0% +2000 right you know this this seems like + + + align:start position:0% +2000 right you know this this seems like +a much older + + align:start position:0% +a much older + + + align:start position:0% +a much older +aesthetic something from the80s maybe + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic something from the80s maybe + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic something from the80s maybe +Cold + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +War scroll over to something a little + + align:start position:0% +War scroll over to something a little + + + align:start position:0% +War scroll over to something a little +bit + + align:start position:0% +bit + + + align:start position:0% +bit +closer no moment's in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +America this is Continental + + align:start position:0% +America this is Continental + + + align:start position:0% +America this is Continental +War what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else which song is this anyone recognize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +music does anybody hear anything other + + align:start position:0% +music does anybody hear anything other + + + align:start position:0% +music does anybody hear anything other +than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +music + + align:start position:0% +music + + + align:start position:0% +music +thunder thunder is it + + align:start position:0% +thunder thunder is it + + + align:start position:0% +thunder thunder is it +thunder + + align:start position:0% +thunder + + + align:start position:0% +thunder +expion where where do you + + align:start position:0% +expion where where do you + + + align:start position:0% +expion where where do you +think this little plexon really + + align:start position:0% +think this little plexon really + + + align:start position:0% +think this little plexon really +soft where are you when who where are + + align:start position:0% +soft where are you when who where are + + + align:start position:0% +soft where are you when who where are +you supposed to be while you're playing + + align:start position:0% +you supposed to be while you're playing + + + align:start position:0% +you supposed to be while you're playing +this game War in a war room underground + + align:start position:0% +this game War in a war room underground + + + align:start position:0% +this game War in a war room underground +several miles underr + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Maybe + + align:start position:0% +Maybe + + + align:start position:0% +Maybe +it's a disturbing + + align:start position:0% +it's a disturbing + + + align:start position:0% +it's a disturbing +game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the music uh I believe they're all + + align:start position:0% +um the music uh I believe they're all + + + align:start position:0% +um the music uh I believe they're all +like it's all like classical music but + + align:start position:0% +like it's all like classical music but + + + align:start position:0% +like it's all like classical music but +it's heavily filtered through a lot of + + align:start position:0% +it's heavily filtered through a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +it's heavily filtered through a lot of +sort of audio filters uh you know giving + + align:start position:0% +sort of audio filters uh you know giving + + + align:start position:0% +sort of audio filters uh you know giving +it a sort of a a a Reverb effect in a in + + align:start position:0% +it a sort of a a a Reverb effect in a in + + + align:start position:0% +it a sort of a a a Reverb effect in a in +a s sense that you might be hearing this + + align:start position:0% +a s sense that you might be hearing this + + + align:start position:0% +a s sense that you might be hearing this +inside you know a small enclosed space + + align:start position:0% +inside you know a small enclosed space + + + align:start position:0% +inside you know a small enclosed space +you know there's a little uh cassette + + align:start position:0% +you know there's a little uh cassette + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's a little uh cassette +player inside your bunker go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somewhere what about so besides the font + + align:start position:0% +somewhere what about so besides the font + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere what about so besides the font +what about the UI what what what about + + align:start position:0% +what about the UI what what what about + + + align:start position:0% +what about the UI what what what about +the UI seems to be you know the way how + + align:start position:0% +the UI seems to be you know the way how + + + align:start position:0% +the UI seems to be you know the way how +the units are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +represented like those ships are those + + align:start position:0% +represented like those ships are those + + + align:start position:0% +represented like those ships are those +ships life + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size they're not right you know they're + + align:start position:0% +size they're not right you know they're + + + align:start position:0% +size they're not right you know they're +not they're not the size of several + + align:start position:0% +not they're not the size of several + + + align:start position:0% +not they're not the size of several +cities put together these these are + + align:start position:0% +cities put together these these are + + + align:start position:0% +cities put together these these are +these are sort abstract representations + + align:start position:0% +these are sort abstract representations + + + align:start position:0% +these are sort abstract representations +these are sort of army pieces that + + align:start position:0% +these are sort of army pieces that + + + align:start position:0% +these are sort of army pieces that +you're moving on a board only is a + + align:start position:0% +you're moving on a board only is a + + + align:start position:0% +you're moving on a board only is a +digital board that represent armies that + + align:start position:0% +digital board that represent armies that + + + align:start position:0% +digital board that represent armies that +are out there in the water or flying + + align:start position:0% +are out there in the water or flying + + + align:start position:0% +are out there in the water or flying +through the air you know um squadrons + + align:start position:0% +through the air you know um squadrons + + + align:start position:0% +through the air you know um squadrons +that are flying through the + + align:start position:0% +that are flying through the + + + align:start position:0% +that are flying through the +air + + align:start position:0% +air + + + align:start position:0% +air +somehow + + align:start position:0% +somehow + + + align:start position:0% +somehow +so I'm going to quit + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to quit + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to quit +now um so so Defcon is um again a very + + align:start position:0% +now um so so Defcon is um again a very + + + align:start position:0% +now um so so Defcon is um again a very +small team I think less than five people + + align:start position:0% +small team I think less than five people + + + align:start position:0% +small team I think less than five people +at least when they were less than five + + align:start position:0% +at least when they were less than five + + + align:start position:0% +at least when they were less than five +people when they made Devcon now they're + + align:start position:0% +people when they made Devcon now they're + + + align:start position:0% +people when they made Devcon now they're +making other games um it was one of the + + align:start position:0% +making other games um it was one of the + + + align:start position:0% +making other games um it was one of the +first successful games by introversion + + align:start position:0% +first successful games by introversion + + + align:start position:0% +first successful games by introversion +which is the name of the Indie developer + + align:start position:0% +which is the name of the Indie developer + + + align:start position:0% +which is the name of the Indie developer +that did this and yeah they they they + + align:start position:0% +that did this and yeah they they they + + + align:start position:0% +that did this and yeah they they they +explicitly stated that this is very much + + align:start position:0% +explicitly stated that this is very much + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly stated that this is very much +inspired by War Games the movie uh where + + align:start position:0% +inspired by War Games the movie uh where + + + align:start position:0% +inspired by War Games the movie uh where +it's about global Thal nuclear war it + + align:start position:0% +it's about global Thal nuclear war it + + + align:start position:0% +it's about global Thal nuclear war it +it's it's about um specifically it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's it's about um specifically it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's about um specifically it's a +movie that was done in the 80s so it's + + align:start position:0% +movie that was done in the 80s so it's + + + align:start position:0% +movie that was done in the 80s so it's +very much about uh what what what Global + + align:start position:0% +very much about uh what what what Global + + + align:start position:0% +very much about uh what what what Global +thermal nuclear world would have made + + align:start position:0% +thermal nuclear world would have made + + + align:start position:0% +thermal nuclear world would have made +made sense in the 80s obviously I mean + + align:start position:0% +made sense in the 80s obviously I mean + + + align:start position:0% +made sense in the 80s obviously I mean +the graphic representation of what you + + align:start position:0% +the graphic representation of what you + + + align:start position:0% +the graphic representation of what you +see in that game is a little bit higher + + align:start position:0% +see in that game is a little bit higher + + + align:start position:0% +see in that game is a little bit higher +end than what you would normally have + + align:start position:0% +end than what you would normally have + + + align:start position:0% +end than what you would normally have +had in the 80s but they're trying to + + align:start position:0% +had in the 80s but they're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +had in the 80s but they're trying to +sort of not necessarily represent things + + align:start position:0% +sort of not necessarily represent things + + + align:start position:0% +sort of not necessarily represent things +realistically but sort of how things as + + align:start position:0% +realistically but sort of how things as + + + align:start position:0% +realistically but sort of how things as +Hollywood might have seen it + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood might have seen it + + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood might have seen it +um and uh even the marketing of the game + + align:start position:0% +um and uh even the marketing of the game + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh even the marketing of the game +says um I believe it's every is + + align:start position:0% +says um I believe it's every is + + + align:start position:0% +says um I believe it's every is +everybody dies or something like that or + + align:start position:0% +everybody dies or something like that or + + + align:start position:0% +everybody dies or something like that or +um and and it's and you can't really win + + align:start position:0% +um and and it's and you can't really win + + + align:start position:0% +um and and it's and you can't really win +that game right you know this is this is + + align:start position:0% +that game right you know this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +that game right you know this is this is +what this is this is what the the the + + align:start position:0% +what this is this is what the the the + + + align:start position:0% +what this is this is what the the the +the packaging of this game looks like I + + align:start position:0% +the packaging of this game looks like I + + + align:start position:0% +the packaging of this game looks like I +think if you go to steam this is what it + + align:start position:0% +think if you go to steam this is what it + + + align:start position:0% +think if you go to steam this is what it +looks like + + align:start position:0% +looks like + + + align:start position:0% +looks like +now up Uplink is another game by them + + align:start position:0% +now up Uplink is another game by them + + + align:start position:0% +now up Uplink is another game by them +it's worth checking out it was a game + + align:start position:0% +it's worth checking out it was a game + + + align:start position:0% +it's worth checking out it was a game +it's it's a game about hacking uh and if + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a game about hacking uh and if + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a game about hacking uh and if +you look at that you will see all the + + align:start position:0% +you look at that you will see all the + + + align:start position:0% +you look at that you will see all the +same sort of 80s influences but it's not + + align:start position:0% +same sort of 80s influences but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +same sort of 80s influences but it's not +about launching at each other it's about + + align:start position:0% +about launching at each other it's about + + + align:start position:0% +about launching at each other it's about +breaking into bank accounts and uh + + align:start position:0% +breaking into bank accounts and uh + + + align:start position:0% +breaking into bank accounts and uh +changing your school grades and things + + align:start position:0% +changing your school grades and things + + + align:start position:0% +changing your school grades and things +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that um finally this is a game I + + align:start position:0% +that um finally this is a game I + + + align:start position:0% +that um finally this is a game I +actually do want people to play so who + + align:start position:0% +actually do want people to play so who + + + align:start position:0% +actually do want people to play so who +hasn't played + + align:start position:0% +hasn't played + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't played +ah all right I I I want to volunteer + + align:start position:0% +ah all right I I I want to volunteer + + + align:start position:0% +ah all right I I I want to volunteer +come down and play this game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hold this is from Boston by the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way go for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +it what can you stage I don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +y oh hit hit hit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unlock oh oh + + align:start position:0% +unlock oh oh + + + align:start position:0% +unlock oh oh +fine TR try try + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay oh that one try yeah okay yeah that + + align:start position:0% +okay oh that one try yeah okay yeah that + + + align:start position:0% +okay oh that one try yeah okay yeah that +one you can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +play okay so the basic idea of this game + + align:start position:0% +play okay so the basic idea of this game + + + align:start position:0% +play okay so the basic idea of this game +is a base jumping simulator so use W ASD + + align:start position:0% +is a base jumping simulator so use W ASD + + + align:start position:0% +is a base jumping simulator so use W ASD +to like jump off the side of a building + + align:start position:0% +to like jump off the side of a building + + + align:start position:0% +to like jump off the side of a building +and then just + + align:start position:0% +and then just + + + align:start position:0% +and then just +fall try not to hit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + but try to get as close to things + + align:start position:0% + but try to get as close to things + + + align:start position:0% + but try to get as close to things +as possible I have to because that's + + align:start position:0% +as possible I have to because that's + + + align:start position:0% +as possible I have to because that's +that that's how you get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +points oh something happed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sound no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +OU is this a endless mode uh I don't + + align:start position:0% +OU is this a endless mode uh I don't + + + align:start position:0% +OU is this a endless mode uh I don't +know yeah this this seems Seems like it + + align:start position:0% +know yeah this this seems Seems like it + + + align:start position:0% +know yeah this this seems Seems like it +is no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Che all right + + align:start position:0% +Che all right + + + align:start position:0% +Che all right +control try hitting space bar oh wa no + + align:start position:0% +control try hitting space bar oh wa no + + + align:start position:0% +control try hitting space bar oh wa no +no no no not yet wait oh no it's co + + align:start position:0% +no no no not yet wait oh no it's co + + + align:start position:0% +no no no not yet wait oh no it's co +that's it's fine all right now try to + + align:start position:0% +that's it's fine all right now try to + + + align:start position:0% +that's it's fine all right now try to +land in that little circle yeah little + + align:start position:0% +land in that little circle yeah little + + + align:start position:0% +land in that little circle yeah little +red circle behind that building + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah try land in there you did + + align:start position:0% +yeah try land in there you did + + + align:start position:0% +yeah try land in there you did +it okay thank you thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you okay I'm turn turn the volume down + + align:start position:0% +you okay I'm turn turn the volume down + + + align:start position:0% +you okay I'm turn turn the volume down +uh what What's working for this game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +aesthetic did I see your + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic did I see your + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic did I see your +hand y we're all really + + align:start position:0% +hand y we're all really + + + align:start position:0% +hand y we're all really +GES + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinates yeah it's this is a game + + align:start position:0% +coordinates yeah it's this is a game + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates yeah it's this is a game +that uses sort of WD first- person + + align:start position:0% +that uses sort of WD first- person + + + align:start position:0% +that uses sort of WD first- person +controls only you're not you know first + + align:start position:0% +controls only you're not you know first + + + align:start position:0% +controls only you're not you know first +of all you're not carrying a gun and + + align:start position:0% +of all you're not carrying a gun and + + + align:start position:0% +of all you're not carrying a gun and +looking around like that you're pretty + + align:start position:0% +looking around like that you're pretty + + + align:start position:0% +looking around like that you're pretty +much doing this for the entire game so + + align:start position:0% +much doing this for the entire game so + + + align:start position:0% +much doing this for the entire game so +so you're always kind of like rotating + + align:start position:0% +so you're always kind of like rotating + + + align:start position:0% +so you're always kind of like rotating +around your Center + + align:start position:0% +around your Center + + + align:start position:0% +around your Center +what so that's a systemic uh uh decision + + align:start position:0% +what so that's a systemic uh uh decision + + + align:start position:0% +what so that's a systemic uh uh decision +of how the controls work checkpoint + + align:start position:0% +of how the controls work checkpoint + + + align:start position:0% +of how the controls work checkpoint +restart moving really fast M when you + + align:start position:0% +restart moving really fast M when you + + + align:start position:0% +restart moving really fast M when you +screwed up yeah yeah yeah so so it's + + align:start position:0% +screwed up yeah yeah yeah so so it's + + + align:start position:0% +screwed up yeah yeah yeah so so it's +like you know survive to this point get + + align:start position:0% +like you know survive to this point get + + + align:start position:0% +like you know survive to this point get +get get to the next checkpoint and uh + + align:start position:0% +get get to the next checkpoint and uh + + + align:start position:0% +get get to the next checkpoint and uh +and things are actually flying past you + + align:start position:0% +and things are actually flying past you + + + align:start position:0% +and things are actually flying past you +at a pretty high rate as + + align:start position:0% +at a pretty high rate as + + + align:start position:0% +at a pretty high rate as +well what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else music + + align:start position:0% +else music + + + align:start position:0% +else music +art story line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think the music does it start the + + align:start position:0% +I think the music does it start the + + + align:start position:0% +I think the music does it start the +moment your your foot leaves the first + + align:start position:0% +moment your your foot leaves the first + + + align:start position:0% +moment your your foot leaves the first +building I think it there is a there are + + align:start position:0% +building I think it there is a there are + + + align:start position:0% +building I think it there is a there are +some levels where it does that where the + + align:start position:0% +some levels where it does that where the + + + align:start position:0% +some levels where it does that where the +music only starts the moment you jump + + align:start position:0% +music only starts the moment you jump + + + align:start position:0% +music only starts the moment you jump +off the building it's like you can stay + + align:start position:0% +off the building it's like you can stay + + + align:start position:0% +off the building it's like you can stay +on top of the building as long as you + + align:start position:0% +on top of the building as long as you + + + align:start position:0% +on top of the building as long as you +want but nothing happens and then as + + align:start position:0% +want but nothing happens and then as + + + align:start position:0% +want but nothing happens and then as +soon as you jump off the music starts + + align:start position:0% +soon as you jump off the music starts + + + align:start position:0% +soon as you jump off the music starts +sort of like get so it's like all right + + align:start position:0% +sort of like get so it's like all right + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like get so it's like all right +now you're doing some something that you + + align:start position:0% +now you're doing some something that you + + + align:start position:0% +now you're doing some something that you +should feel exciting so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +should feel exciting so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +should feel exciting so we're going to +play excited about so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +play excited about so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +play excited about so we're going to +play this exciting music at you + + align:start position:0% +play this exciting music at you + + + align:start position:0% +play this exciting music at you +um as you're falling yeah there a there + + align:start position:0% +um as you're falling yeah there a there + + + align:start position:0% +um as you're falling yeah there a there +this very strong sort of rushing sound + + align:start position:0% +this very strong sort of rushing sound + + + align:start position:0% +this very strong sort of rushing sound +and uh you're getting other UI sounds as + + align:start position:0% +and uh you're getting other UI sounds as + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you're getting other UI sounds as +well U those are the things that + + align:start position:0% +well U those are the things that + + + align:start position:0% +well U those are the things that +actually giving you those are things + + align:start position:0% +actually giving you those are things + + + align:start position:0% +actually giving you those are things +that actually giving you points uh + + align:start position:0% +that actually giving you points uh + + + align:start position:0% +that actually giving you points uh +getting close to other buildings and so + + align:start position:0% +getting close to other buildings and so + + + align:start position:0% +getting close to other buildings and so +that's that's some visual + + align:start position:0% +that's that's some visual + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's some visual +feedback before start really confusing + + align:start position:0% +feedback before start really confusing + + + align:start position:0% +feedback before start really confusing +there was just way too much I don't + + align:start position:0% +there was just way too much I don't + + + align:start position:0% +there was just way too much I don't +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +that yeah uh the thing is I played a bit + + align:start position:0% +that yeah uh the thing is I played a bit + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah uh the thing is I played a bit +of this game so it's it's it's not um + + align:start position:0% +of this game so it's it's it's not um + + + align:start position:0% +of this game so it's it's it's not um +it's it normally like directs you to the + + align:start position:0% +it's it normally like directs you to the + + + align:start position:0% +it's it normally like directs you to the +first thing that you can click really + + align:start position:0% +first thing that you can click really + + + align:start position:0% +first thing that you can click really +clearly and then at some point of time + + align:start position:0% +clearly and then at some point of time + + + align:start position:0% +clearly and then at some point of time +it stops saying um now it stops it stops + + align:start position:0% +it stops saying um now it stops it stops + + + align:start position:0% +it stops saying um now it stops it stops +leading you to a linear path so you've + + align:start position:0% +leading you to a linear path so you've + + + align:start position:0% +leading you to a linear path so you've +got this whole grid of different things + + align:start position:0% +got this whole grid of different things + + + align:start position:0% +got this whole grid of different things +that you can do just choose one so + + align:start position:0% +that you can do just choose one so + + + align:start position:0% +that you can do just choose one so +admittedly the game UI the game UI may + + align:start position:0% +admittedly the game UI the game UI may + + + align:start position:0% +admittedly the game UI the game UI may +not achieve what it's trying to do but + + align:start position:0% +not achieve what it's trying to do but + + + align:start position:0% +not achieve what it's trying to do but +what do you think it's trying to + + align:start position:0% +what do you think it's trying to + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think it's trying to +do even if it fails at + + align:start position:0% +do even if it fails at + + + align:start position:0% +do even if it fails at +it you so like here's the like + + align:start position:0% +it you so like here's the like + + + align:start position:0% +it you so like here's the like +ridiculous grid of all of these + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous grid of all of these + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculous grid of all of these +different things that you can + + align:start position:0% +different things that you can + + + align:start position:0% +different things that you can +do but maybe some of them are unlocked + + align:start position:0% +do but maybe some of them are unlocked + + + align:start position:0% +do but maybe some of them are unlocked +some some of them are still locked and + + align:start position:0% +some some of them are still locked and + + + align:start position:0% +some some of them are still locked and +some things are still locked + + align:start position:0% +some things are still locked + + + align:start position:0% +some things are still locked +out what's what's what's the point of + + align:start position:0% +out what's what's what's the point of + + + align:start position:0% +out what's what's what's the point of +showing you all these things that you + + align:start position:0% +showing you all these things that you + + + align:start position:0% +showing you all these things that you +can't + + align:start position:0% +can't + + + align:start position:0% +can't +do try to motivate you to + + align:start position:0% +do try to motivate you to + + + align:start position:0% +do try to motivate you to +unlock right this is this this whole + + align:start position:0% +unlock right this is this this whole + + + align:start position:0% +unlock right this is this this whole +idea is that what it's the same idea of + + align:start position:0% +idea is that what it's the same idea of + + + align:start position:0% +idea is that what it's the same idea of +you know in Zelda sometimes you see this + + align:start position:0% +you know in Zelda sometimes you see this + + + align:start position:0% +you know in Zelda sometimes you see this +heart in a location which you know that + + align:start position:0% +heart in a location which you know that + + + align:start position:0% +heart in a location which you know that +you can't actually get to yet you know + + align:start position:0% +you can't actually get to yet you know + + + align:start position:0% +you can't actually get to yet you know +but whole point of that is is to make + + align:start position:0% +but whole point of that is is to make + + + align:start position:0% +but whole point of that is is to make +you want to get there um and that's what + + align:start position:0% +you want to get there um and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +you want to get there um and that's what +the the unlock system in this game I + + align:start position:0% +the the unlock system in this game I + + + align:start position:0% +the the unlock system in this game I +believe is trying to do is one it wants + + align:start position:0% +believe is trying to do is one it wants + + + align:start position:0% +believe is trying to do is one it wants +you to it wants to give you an incentive + + align:start position:0% +you to it wants to give you an incentive + + + align:start position:0% +you to it wants to give you an incentive +to keep playing because there's all this + + align:start position:0% +to keep playing because there's all this + + + align:start position:0% +to keep playing because there's all this +other content that you haven't seen yet + + align:start position:0% +other content that you haven't seen yet + + + align:start position:0% +other content that you haven't seen yet +but you kind of have a clue that it's + + align:start position:0% +but you kind of have a clue that it's + + + align:start position:0% +but you kind of have a clue that it's +out there at the beginning of the game + + align:start position:0% +out there at the beginning of the game + + + align:start position:0% +out there at the beginning of the game +there's a little narration actually that + + align:start position:0% +there's a little narration actually that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little narration actually that +you may not have caught it says like the + + align:start position:0% +you may not have caught it says like the + + + align:start position:0% +you may not have caught it says like the +city of Boston has outlawed base jumping + + align:start position:0% +city of Boston has outlawed base jumping + + + align:start position:0% +city of Boston has outlawed base jumping +um you know so this whole idea that what + + align:start position:0% +um you know so this whole idea that what + + + align:start position:0% +um you know so this whole idea that what +you're doing isn't actually sanctioned + + align:start position:0% +you're doing isn't actually sanctioned + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing isn't actually sanctioned +by the authorities and eventually that + + align:start position:0% +by the authorities and eventually that + + + align:start position:0% +by the authorities and eventually that +you you get these commands later where + + align:start position:0% +you you get these commands later where + + + align:start position:0% +you you get these commands later where +you can like flip off people while you + + align:start position:0% +you can like flip off people while you + + + align:start position:0% +you can like flip off people while you +fly while you jump off um unless they + + align:start position:0% +fly while you jump off um unless they + + + align:start position:0% +fly while you jump off um unless they +happen to be your fans and then you give + + align:start position:0% +happen to be your fans and then you give + + + align:start position:0% +happen to be your fans and then you give +them a thumbs up and then + + align:start position:0% +them a thumbs up and then + + + align:start position:0% +them a thumbs up and then +yeah so you know that's a sense that + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you know that's a sense that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you know that's a sense that +what you're doing + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +what you're doing +isn't advisable you know the um this is + + align:start position:0% +isn't advisable you know the um this is + + + align:start position:0% +isn't advisable you know the um this is +not supposed to be just how the future + + align:start position:0% +not supposed to be just how the future + + + align:start position:0% +not supposed to be just how the future +looks like this is like even in this + + align:start position:0% +looks like this is like even in this + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this is like even in this +like weird future where you have these + + align:start position:0% +like weird future where you have these + + + align:start position:0% +like weird future where you have these +Mega skyscrapers that go all the way + + align:start position:0% +Mega skyscrapers that go all the way + + + align:start position:0% +Mega skyscrapers that go all the way +into space uh this is still not a good + + align:start position:0% +into space uh this is still not a good + + + align:start position:0% +into space uh this is still not a good +idea but you're going to do it anyway + + align:start position:0% +idea but you're going to do it anyway + + + align:start position:0% +idea but you're going to do it anyway +right that's what this game's + + align:start position:0% +right that's what this game's + + + align:start position:0% +right that's what this game's +about so um you know it's it's a 3D game + + align:start position:0% +about so um you know it's it's a 3D game + + + align:start position:0% +about so um you know it's it's a 3D game +this this one was done in unity actually + + align:start position:0% +this this one was done in unity actually + + + align:start position:0% +this this one was done in unity actually +although it was a part from a game that + + align:start position:0% +although it was a part from a game that + + + align:start position:0% +although it was a part from a game that +wasn't originally developed in unity so + + align:start position:0% +wasn't originally developed in unity so + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't originally developed in unity so +you can think of the very first version + + align:start position:0% +you can think of the very first version + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of the very first version +which is just called + + align:start position:0% +which is just called + + + align:start position:0% +which is just called +ah um a reckless disregard for gravity + + align:start position:0% +ah um a reckless disregard for gravity + + + align:start position:0% +ah um a reckless disregard for gravity +is that right yeah that that that that + + align:start position:0% +is that right yeah that that that that + + + align:start position:0% +is that right yeah that that that that +game only runs on Windows and then all + + align:start position:0% +game only runs on Windows and then all + + + align:start position:0% +game only runs on Windows and then all +the versions that have come since then + + align:start position:0% +the versions that have come since then + + + align:start position:0% +the versions that have come since then +all run on multiple platforms because + + align:start position:0% +all run on multiple platforms because + + + align:start position:0% +all run on multiple platforms because +would develop on Unity including Oculus + + align:start position:0% +would develop on Unity including Oculus + + + align:start position:0% +would develop on Unity including Oculus +Rift including Oculus Rift there Oculus + + align:start position:0% +Rift including Oculus Rift there Oculus + + + align:start position:0% +Rift including Oculus Rift there Oculus +Rift version of that game um you can + + align:start position:0% +Rift version of that game um you can + + + align:start position:0% +Rift version of that game um you can +imagine how that would work anyway um so + + align:start position:0% +imagine how that would work anyway um so + + + align:start position:0% +imagine how that would work anyway um so +something that I want to end on today + + align:start position:0% +something that I want to end on today + + + align:start position:0% +something that I want to end on today +and just a second presentation very + + align:start position:0% +and just a second presentation very + + + align:start position:0% +and just a second presentation very +quickly actually you know what I've been + + align:start position:0% +quickly actually you know what I've been + + + align:start position:0% +quickly actually you know what I've been +talking for an hour let's let's do a + + align:start position:0% +talking for an hour let's let's do a + + + align:start position:0% +talking for an hour let's let's do a +quick break yeah yeah and uh we'll come + + align:start position:0% +quick break yeah yeah and uh we'll come + + + align:start position:0% +quick break yeah yeah and uh we'll come +back in + + align:start position:0% +back in + + + align:start position:0% +back in +2:15 10 minutes yep all right uh let me + + align:start position:0% +2:15 10 minutes yep all right uh let me + + + align:start position:0% +2:15 10 minutes yep all right uh let me +see am I mute okay so what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +see am I mute okay so what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +see am I mute okay so what I'm going to +do now is I'm going to have your groups + + align:start position:0% +do now is I'm going to have your groups + + + align:start position:0% +do now is I'm going to have your groups +actually have a discussion about what + + align:start position:0% +actually have a discussion about what + + + align:start position:0% +actually have a discussion about what +you want your game mechanics to do and + + align:start position:0% +you want your game mechanics to do and + + + align:start position:0% +you want your game mechanics to do and +the reason for this is because I feel + + align:start position:0% +the reason for this is because I feel + + + align:start position:0% +the reason for this is because I feel +that a lot of you probably are decently + + align:start position:0% +that a lot of you probably are decently + + + align:start position:0% +that a lot of you probably are decently +equipped to talk about what you want + + align:start position:0% +equipped to talk about what you want + + + align:start position:0% +equipped to talk about what you want +your story lines and your characters or + + align:start position:0% +your story lines and your characters or + + + align:start position:0% +your story lines and your characters or +your art style or your sound design to + + align:start position:0% +your art style or your sound design to + + + align:start position:0% +your art style or your sound design to +achieve in your game and the reason for + + align:start position:0% +achieve in your game and the reason for + + + align:start position:0% +achieve in your game and the reason for +that is we've seen a lot of movies we + + align:start position:0% +that is we've seen a lot of movies we + + + align:start position:0% +that is we've seen a lot of movies we +know how you know how we react to music + + align:start position:0% +know how you know how we react to music + + + align:start position:0% +know how you know how we react to music +we realize what visuals have on sort of + + align:start position:0% +we realize what visuals have on sort of + + + align:start position:0% +we realize what visuals have on sort of +human emotion but I'm not sure if you've + + align:start position:0% +human emotion but I'm not sure if you've + + + align:start position:0% +human emotion but I'm not sure if you've +had this discussion yet in your team + + align:start position:0% +had this discussion yet in your team + + + align:start position:0% +had this discussion yet in your team +about what you want your mechanics to do + + align:start position:0% +about what you want your mechanics to do + + + align:start position:0% +about what you want your mechanics to do +aesthetically what kind of like um + + align:start position:0% +aesthetically what kind of like um + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetically what kind of like um +experience you want to generate for the + + align:start position:0% +experience you want to generate for the + + + align:start position:0% +experience you want to generate for the +player so really is what what you want + + align:start position:0% +player so really is what what you want + + + align:start position:0% +player so really is what what you want +everything in your game to do but right + + align:start position:0% +everything in your game to do but right + + + align:start position:0% +everything in your game to do but right +now I'm asking you to do a discussion + + align:start position:0% +now I'm asking you to do a discussion + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm asking you to do a discussion +about what you specifically want your + + align:start position:0% +about what you specifically want your + + + align:start position:0% +about what you specifically want your +games to do um I'm going to throw some + + align:start position:0% +games to do um I'm going to throw some + + + align:start position:0% +games to do um I'm going to throw some +words at you to help you be able to + + align:start position:0% +words at you to help you be able to + + + align:start position:0% +words at you to help you be able to +frame these ideas inside your team you + + align:start position:0% +frame these ideas inside your team you + + + align:start position:0% +frame these ideas inside your team you +know the first is that you know is this + + align:start position:0% +know the first is that you know is this + + + align:start position:0% +know the first is that you know is this +a game how many of you feel like you're + + align:start position:0% +a game how many of you feel like you're + + + align:start position:0% +a game how many of you feel like you're +making a game that's kind of about + + align:start position:0% +making a game that's kind of about + + + align:start position:0% +making a game that's kind of about +strategically outwitting the the the + + align:start position:0% +strategically outwitting the the the + + + align:start position:0% +strategically outwitting the the the +game system like being smarter than the + + align:start position:0% +game system like being smarter than the + + + align:start position:0% +game system like being smarter than the +computer basically or being smarter than + + align:start position:0% +computer basically or being smarter than + + + align:start position:0% +computer basically or being smarter than +the game + + align:start position:0% +the game + + + align:start position:0% +the game +designer that's that's how you win the + + align:start position:0% +designer that's that's how you win the + + + align:start position:0% +designer that's that's how you win the +game + + align:start position:0% +game + + + align:start position:0% +game +no how many of you are feel that your + + align:start position:0% +no how many of you are feel that your + + + align:start position:0% +no how many of you are feel that your +game is really about some random thing + + align:start position:0% +game is really about some random thing + + + align:start position:0% +game is really about some random thing +happens and now you have to deal with + + align:start position:0% +happens and now you have to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +happens and now you have to deal with +it okay let's see a couple a few hands + + align:start position:0% +it okay let's see a couple a few hands + + + align:start position:0% +it okay let's see a couple a few hands +out there maybe and some of you don't + + align:start position:0% +out there maybe and some of you don't + + + align:start position:0% +out there maybe and some of you don't +know where your game from Falls in that + + align:start position:0% +know where your game from Falls in that + + + align:start position:0% +know where your game from Falls in that +you know uh in that that spectrum of + + align:start position:0% +you know uh in that that spectrum of + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh in that that spectrum of +course it could be a bit of both both + + align:start position:0% +course it could be a bit of both both + + + align:start position:0% +course it could be a bit of both both +right um a French writer named Roger + + align:start position:0% +right um a French writer named Roger + + + align:start position:0% +right um a French writer named Roger +kalawa came up with a categorization of + + align:start position:0% +kalawa came up with a categorization of + + + align:start position:0% +kalawa came up with a categorization of +what these different kinds of gamep play + + align:start position:0% +what these different kinds of gamep play + + + align:start position:0% +what these different kinds of gamep play +uh could be termed and he came up with + + align:start position:0% +uh could be termed and he came up with + + + align:start position:0% +uh could be termed and he came up with +with agon and Aliyah Aliyah some of you + + align:start position:0% +with agon and Aliyah Aliyah some of you + + + align:start position:0% +with agon and Aliyah Aliyah some of you +if you've ever studied Latin or Roman + + align:start position:0% +if you've ever studied Latin or Roman + + + align:start position:0% +if you've ever studied Latin or Roman +history or anything might recognize it + + align:start position:0% +history or anything might recognize it + + + align:start position:0% +history or anything might recognize it +from aliia yakta EST which is you know + + align:start position:0% +from aliia yakta EST which is you know + + + align:start position:0% +from aliia yakta EST which is you know +the DI is cast so that word comes from + + align:start position:0% +the DI is cast so that word comes from + + + align:start position:0% +the DI is cast so that word comes from +Dice and it sort of represents games of + + align:start position:0% +Dice and it sort of represents games of + + + align:start position:0% +Dice and it sort of represents games of +chance as Aron is a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +chance as Aron is a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +chance as Aron is a little bit more +about conflict it's about you know + + align:start position:0% +about conflict it's about you know + + + align:start position:0% +about conflict it's about you know +usually you know person versus person + + align:start position:0% +usually you know person versus person + + + align:start position:0% +usually you know person versus person +conflict but in case of games it's just + + align:start position:0% +conflict but in case of games it's just + + + align:start position:0% +conflict but in case of games it's just +kind of like + + align:start position:0% +kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like +competitive um uh contest of skill + + align:start position:0% +competitive um uh contest of skill + + + align:start position:0% +competitive um uh contest of skill +basically how how well can you deal with + + align:start position:0% +basically how how well can you deal with + + + align:start position:0% +basically how how well can you deal with +this uh challenge that's put in front of + + align:start position:0% +this uh challenge that's put in front of + + + align:start position:0% +this uh challenge that's put in front of +you um Kwa goes on and describes this as + + align:start position:0% +you um Kwa goes on and describes this as + + + align:start position:0% +you um Kwa goes on and describes this as +this is sort of Ludas this is the ludic + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of Ludas this is the ludic + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of Ludas this is the ludic +kind of play where you're sort of + + align:start position:0% +kind of play where you're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of play where you're sort of +playing uh the very specific to what + + align:start position:0% +playing uh the very specific to what + + + align:start position:0% +playing uh the very specific to what +games are all about you can other forms + + align:start position:0% +games are all about you can other forms + + + align:start position:0% +games are all about you can other forms +of play out there in the world that + + align:start position:0% +of play out there in the world that + + + align:start position:0% +of play out there in the world that +don't have any that don't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +don't have any that don't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +don't have any that don't necessarily +have anything to do with games so don't + + align:start position:0% +have anything to do with games so don't + + + align:start position:0% +have anything to do with games so don't +need a game isn't required to have one + + align:start position:0% +need a game isn't required to have one + + + align:start position:0% +need a game isn't required to have one +of these things but for the most part uh + + align:start position:0% +of these things but for the most part uh + + + align:start position:0% +of these things but for the most part uh +what kalwa claims is that this is this + + align:start position:0% +what kalwa claims is that this is this + + + align:start position:0% +what kalwa claims is that this is this +is the thing these kinds of actions are + + align:start position:0% +is the thing these kinds of actions are + + + align:start position:0% +is the thing these kinds of actions are +the things that really really sort of + + align:start position:0% +the things that really really sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the things that really really sort of +set games apart from other kinds of play + + align:start position:0% +set games apart from other kinds of play + + + align:start position:0% +set games apart from other kinds of play +this agon and and + + align:start position:0% +this agon and and + + + align:start position:0% +this agon and and +alah but then there what else is there + + align:start position:0% +alah but then there what else is there + + + align:start position:0% +alah but then there what else is there +in play that's Pia and illing which uh + + align:start position:0% +in play that's Pia and illing which uh + + + align:start position:0% +in play that's Pia and illing which uh +which again words that I don't + + align:start position:0% +which again words that I don't + + + align:start position:0% +which again words that I don't +necessarily expect you to remember but + + align:start position:0% +necessarily expect you to remember but + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily expect you to remember but +here are words that might be a little + + align:start position:0% +here are words that might be a little + + + align:start position:0% +here are words that might be a little +bit easier to to recollect the sense of + + align:start position:0% +bit easier to to recollect the sense of + + + align:start position:0% +bit easier to to recollect the sense of +um being someone that you are not M + + align:start position:0% +um being someone that you are not M + + + align:start position:0% +um being someone that you are not M +mimicking something that that that that + + align:start position:0% +mimicking something that that that that + + + align:start position:0% +mimicking something that that that that +that you might fantasize of being or + + align:start position:0% +that you might fantasize of being or + + + align:start position:0% +that you might fantasize of being or +that you're being asked to perform you + + align:start position:0% +that you're being asked to perform you + + + align:start position:0% +that you're being asked to perform you +know are you a person on run of from the + + align:start position:0% +know are you a person on run of from the + + + align:start position:0% +know are you a person on run of from the +zombies are you a military Soldier are + + align:start position:0% +zombies are you a military Soldier are + + + align:start position:0% +zombies are you a military Soldier are +you you know a a a a detective Are you a + + align:start position:0% +you you know a a a a detective Are you a + + + align:start position:0% +you you know a a a a detective Are you a +you know an assassin a scoundrel that + + align:start position:0% +you know an assassin a scoundrel that + + + align:start position:0% +you know an assassin a scoundrel that +sort of thing you know you're being + + align:start position:0% +sort of thing you know you're being + + + align:start position:0% +sort of thing you know you're being +asked to play that part are you a town a + + align:start position:0% +asked to play that part are you a town a + + + align:start position:0% +asked to play that part are you a town a +town hall mayor um whereas vertigo it's + + align:start position:0% +town hall mayor um whereas vertigo it's + + + align:start position:0% +town hall mayor um whereas vertigo it's +about the sort of like the physical + + align:start position:0% +about the sort of like the physical + + + align:start position:0% +about the sort of like the physical +sensation of playing the game and when + + align:start position:0% +sensation of playing the game and when + + + align:start position:0% +sensation of playing the game and when +it comes to digital games usually that's + + align:start position:0% +it comes to digital games usually that's + + + align:start position:0% +it comes to digital games usually that's +where that that's one of the things that + + align:start position:0% +where that that's one of the things that + + + align:start position:0% +where that that's one of the things that +digital games have like the biggest + + align:start position:0% +digital games have like the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +digital games have like the biggest +problem unless you're doing something + + align:start position:0% +problem unless you're doing something + + + align:start position:0% +problem unless you're doing something +like you know Dan Revolution where you + + align:start position:0% +like you know Dan Revolution where you + + + align:start position:0% +like you know Dan Revolution where you +actually having to play the game as a + + align:start position:0% +actually having to play the game as a + + + align:start position:0% +actually having to play the game as a +full body or a connect thing but even + + align:start position:0% +full body or a connect thing but even + + + align:start position:0% +full body or a connect thing but even +games like ah you know we were + + align:start position:0% +games like ah you know we were + + + align:start position:0% +games like ah you know we were +describing a game that's very much + + align:start position:0% +describing a game that's very much + + + align:start position:0% +describing a game that's very much +trying to give you this sense of + + align:start position:0% +trying to give you this sense of + + + align:start position:0% +trying to give you this sense of +physical motion right so they're trying + + align:start position:0% +physical motion right so they're trying + + + align:start position:0% +physical motion right so they're trying +to sort of conjure up this uh this this + + align:start position:0% +to sort of conjure up this uh this this + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of conjure up this uh this this +sort of uh bodily Freedom you know even + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh bodily Freedom you know even + + + align:start position:0% +sort of uh bodily Freedom you know even +if that freedom May necessarily mean a + + align:start position:0% +if that freedom May necessarily mean a + + + align:start position:0% +if that freedom May necessarily mean a +loss of control uh to to sort of give + + align:start position:0% +loss of control uh to to sort of give + + + align:start position:0% +loss of control uh to to sort of give +you a pleasurable uh experience and you + + align:start position:0% +you a pleasurable uh experience and you + + + align:start position:0% +you a pleasurable uh experience and you +get that in other kinds of uh play how + + align:start position:0% +get that in other kinds of uh play how + + + align:start position:0% +get that in other kinds of uh play how +many you play that game where you go + + align:start position:0% +many you play that game where you go + + + align:start position:0% +many you play that game where you go +around a baseball bat with a head down + + align:start position:0% +around a baseball bat with a head down + + + align:start position:0% +around a baseball bat with a head down +and then you have to + + align:start position:0% +and then you have to + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have to +walk no one does does this that's my + + align:start position:0% +walk no one does does this that's my + + + align:start position:0% +walk no one does does this that's my +favorite game okay yeah yeah you get + + align:start position:0% +favorite game okay yeah yeah you get + + + align:start position:0% +favorite game okay yeah yeah you get +yourself as dizzy as you can some + + align:start position:0% +yourself as dizzy as you can some + + + align:start position:0% +yourself as dizzy as you can some +sometimes you look up and you spin + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you look up and you spin + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you look up and you spin +sometimes you look down and you spin and + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you look down and you spin and + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you look down and you spin and +then you try to make it make your way + + align:start position:0% +then you try to make it make your way + + + align:start position:0% +then you try to make it make your way +across to to to the other side of the + + align:start position:0% +across to to to the other side of the + + + align:start position:0% +across to to to the other side of the +Finishing Line and you know that's + + align:start position:0% +Finishing Line and you know that's + + + align:start position:0% +Finishing Line and you know that's +that's that's that's like literal + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's like literal + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's like literal +vertigal + + align:start position:0% +vertigal + + + align:start position:0% +vertigal +right so so we've got like these + + align:start position:0% +right so so we've got like these + + + align:start position:0% +right so so we've got like these +different kinds of Sensations that that + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of Sensations that that + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of Sensations that that +that this one theorist has already + + align:start position:0% +that this one theorist has already + + + align:start position:0% +that this one theorist has already +described they probably not everything + + align:start position:0% +described they probably not everything + + + align:start position:0% +described they probably not everything +that games that can can possibly do uh + + align:start position:0% +that games that can can possibly do uh + + + align:start position:0% +that games that can can possibly do uh +but they kind of in one way of + + align:start position:0% +but they kind of in one way of + + + align:start position:0% +but they kind of in one way of +describing it kinds of fun you know + + align:start position:0% +describing it kinds of fun you know + + + align:start position:0% +describing it kinds of fun you know +there is the of competitive skill uh + + align:start position:0% +there is the of competitive skill uh + + + align:start position:0% +there is the of competitive skill uh +test of skill there is the um you know + + align:start position:0% +test of skill there is the um you know + + + align:start position:0% +test of skill there is the um you know +that's that's Fortune favor you today + + align:start position:0% +that's that's Fortune favor you today + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's Fortune favor you today +you know are you + + align:start position:0% +you know are you + + + align:start position:0% +you know are you +feeling lucky right now do you want to + + align:start position:0% +feeling lucky right now do you want to + + + align:start position:0% +feeling lucky right now do you want to +Press Your Luck um you do you get to be + + align:start position:0% +Press Your Luck um you do you get to be + + + align:start position:0% +Press Your Luck um you do you get to be +somebody else uh that um and and live + + align:start position:0% +somebody else uh that um and and live + + + align:start position:0% +somebody else uh that um and and live +through the experience or you just get + + align:start position:0% +through the experience or you just get + + + align:start position:0% +through the experience or you just get +to be in a sort of physical situation + + align:start position:0% +to be in a sort of physical situation + + + align:start position:0% +to be in a sort of physical situation +that you that that that you haven't been + + align:start position:0% +that you that that that you haven't been + + + align:start position:0% +that you that that that you haven't been +these are all different things that your + + align:start position:0% +these are all different things that your + + + align:start position:0% +these are all different things that your +game mechanics can + + align:start position:0% +game mechanics can + + + align:start position:0% +game mechanics can +achieve what I'd like to describe is + + align:start position:0% +achieve what I'd like to describe is + + + align:start position:0% +achieve what I'd like to describe is +like the stuff on the right is like the + + align:start position:0% +like the stuff on the right is like the + + + align:start position:0% +like the stuff on the right is like the +stuff that sort of puts you into the + + align:start position:0% +stuff that sort of puts you into the + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that sort of puts you into the +moment this is the like spontaneously uh + + align:start position:0% +moment this is the like spontaneously uh + + + align:start position:0% +moment this is the like spontaneously uh +where where you're being asked to + + align:start position:0% +where where you're being asked to + + + align:start position:0% +where where you're being asked to +spontaneously react you know can you + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously react you know can you + + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously react you know can you +think like a like a mayor of a city or + + align:start position:0% +think like a like a mayor of a city or + + + align:start position:0% +think like a like a mayor of a city or +president or Monarch you know can you + + align:start position:0% +president or Monarch you know can you + + + align:start position:0% +president or Monarch you know can you +you know react in a way as as if + + align:start position:0% +you know react in a way as as if + + + align:start position:0% +you know react in a way as as if +buildings were flying towards you in you + + align:start position:0% +buildings were flying towards you in you + + + align:start position:0% +buildings were flying towards you in you +know 200 miles hour um whereas + + align:start position:0% +know 200 miles hour um whereas + + + align:start position:0% +know 200 miles hour um whereas +everything on the on the right is what + + align:start position:0% +everything on the on the right is what + + + align:start position:0% +everything on the on the right is what +we typically described as the structure + + align:start position:0% +we typically described as the structure + + + align:start position:0% +we typically described as the structure +of your games we you've been + + align:start position:0% +of your games we you've been + + + align:start position:0% +of your games we you've been +experimenting with this and your + + align:start position:0% +experimenting with this and your + + + align:start position:0% +experimenting with this and your +prototypes since day + + align:start position:0% +prototypes since day + + + align:start position:0% +prototypes since day +one but there's also kind of like the + + align:start position:0% +one but there's also kind of like the + + + align:start position:0% +one but there's also kind of like the +differences between the decisions that + + align:start position:0% +differences between the decisions that + + + align:start position:0% +differences between the decisions that +you get to make and the things that kind + + align:start position:0% +you get to make and the things that kind + + + align:start position:0% +you get to make and the things that kind +of just happen to you and you get to + + align:start position:0% +of just happen to you and you get to + + + align:start position:0% +of just happen to you and you get to +react so you know I I like to describe + + align:start position:0% +react so you know I I like to describe + + + align:start position:0% +react so you know I I like to describe +the stuff at the bottom as kind of fate + + align:start position:0% +the stuff at the bottom as kind of fate + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff at the bottom as kind of fate +right this is the Fate that that that + + align:start position:0% +right this is the Fate that that that + + + align:start position:0% +right this is the Fate that that that +that that you have buildings are going + + align:start position:0% +that that you have buildings are going + + + align:start position:0% +that that you have buildings are going +to fly into your face and you know and + + align:start position:0% +to fly into your face and you know and + + + align:start position:0% +to fly into your face and you know and +you kind of you know need to be able to + + align:start position:0% +you kind of you know need to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +you kind of you know need to be able to +then make decisions to be able to just + + align:start position:0% +then make decisions to be able to just + + + align:start position:0% +then make decisions to be able to just +deal with that reality or fate being you + + align:start position:0% +deal with that reality or fate being you + + + align:start position:0% +deal with that reality or fate being you +know well the dice is going to show what + + align:start position:0% +know well the dice is going to show what + + + align:start position:0% +know well the dice is going to show what +what what what what it does but the test + + align:start position:0% +what what what what it does but the test + + + align:start position:0% +what what what what it does but the test +of skill is the part where you get to + + align:start position:0% +of skill is the part where you get to + + + align:start position:0% +of skill is the part where you get to +decide what you're going to do given + + align:start position:0% +decide what you're going to do given + + + align:start position:0% +decide what you're going to do given +that you know the odds and that you know + + align:start position:0% +that you know the odds and that you know + + + align:start position:0% +that you know the odds and that you know +uh uh what and you know what kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh uh what and you know what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh what and you know what kind of +actions that you can take so right now + + align:start position:0% +actions that you can take so right now + + + align:start position:0% +actions that you can take so right now +in your teams what I'd like you to do is + + align:start position:0% +in your teams what I'd like you to do is + + + align:start position:0% +in your teams what I'd like you to do is +actually um have a discussion about + + align:start position:0% +actually um have a discussion about + + + align:start position:0% +actually um have a discussion about +given your prototypes that you've that + + align:start position:0% +given your prototypes that you've that + + + align:start position:0% +given your prototypes that you've that +that you've developed so far I don't + + align:start position:0% +that you've developed so far I don't + + + align:start position:0% +that you've developed so far I don't +think we're not doing a test today we're + + align:start position:0% +think we're not doing a test today we're + + + align:start position:0% +think we're not doing a test today we're +doing test on Monday right so what do + + align:start position:0% +doing test on Monday right so what do + + + align:start position:0% +doing test on Monday right so what do +you want your prototype on Monday to try + + align:start position:0% +you want your prototype on Monday to try + + + align:start position:0% +you want your prototype on Monday to try +to achieve it could be any combination + + align:start position:0% +to achieve it could be any combination + + + align:start position:0% +to achieve it could be any combination +of this it could be all of it um but I + + align:start position:0% +of this it could be all of it um but I + + + align:start position:0% +of this it could be all of it um but I +would like you to have that discussion + + align:start position:0% +would like you to have that discussion + + + align:start position:0% +would like you to have that discussion +in your team just maybe 15 minutes yeah + + align:start position:0% +in your team just maybe 15 minutes yeah + + + align:start position:0% +in your team just maybe 15 minutes yeah +that's that that's plenty of time um and + + align:start position:0% +that's that that's plenty of time um and + + + align:start position:0% +that's that that's plenty of time um and +then and then what we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +then and then what we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +then and then what we're going to do is +just do a very quick report back about + + align:start position:0% +just do a very quick report back about + + + align:start position:0% +just do a very quick report back about +where you think your team you know just + + align:start position:0% +where you think your team you know just + + + align:start position:0% +where you think your team you know just +one person from from each team will come + + align:start position:0% +one person from from each team will come + + + align:start position:0% +one person from from each team will come +down and tell us what are the things + + align:start position:0% +down and tell us what are the things + + + align:start position:0% +down and tell us what are the things +that you think you want your game + + align:start position:0% +that you think you want your game + + + align:start position:0% +that you think you want your game +mechanics to achieve in your prototype + + align:start position:0% +mechanics to achieve in your prototype + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics to achieve in your prototype +on Monday + + align:start position:0% +on Monday + + + align:start position:0% +on Monday +okay 15 minutes that gets that will get + + align:start position:0% +okay 15 minutes that gets that will get + + + align:start position:0% +okay 15 minutes that gets that will get +us to basically + + align:start position:0% +us to basically + + + align:start position:0% +us to basically +two uh about 240 + + align:start position:0% +two uh about 240 + + + align:start position:0% +two uh about 240 +all right so go right + + align:start position:0% +all right so go right + + + align:start position:0% +all right so go right +ahead I'll just leave that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up uh so our game as it is right now + + align:start position:0% +up uh so our game as it is right now + + + align:start position:0% +up uh so our game as it is right now +you're basically playing like a child or + + align:start position:0% +you're basically playing like a child or + + + align:start position:0% +you're basically playing like a child or +an animal we haven't decided um and + + align:start position:0% +an animal we haven't decided um and + + + align:start position:0% +an animal we haven't decided um and +you're basically going to go around town + + align:start position:0% +you're basically going to go around town + + + align:start position:0% +you're basically going to go around town +like figuring out this um mystery so + + align:start position:0% +like figuring out this um mystery so + + + align:start position:0% +like figuring out this um mystery so +you're kind of playing like a like a + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of playing like a like a + + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of playing like a like a +detective type story um So based on the + + align:start position:0% +detective type story um So based on the + + + align:start position:0% +detective type story um So based on the +on the slide ours is more like structure + + align:start position:0% +on the slide ours is more like structure + + + align:start position:0% +on the slide ours is more like structure +and decision um so it's going to be sort + + align:start position:0% +and decision um so it's going to be sort + + + align:start position:0% +and decision um so it's going to be sort +of competition against the computer um + + align:start position:0% +of competition against the computer um + + + align:start position:0% +of competition against the computer um +where you're trying to figure out this + + align:start position:0% +where you're trying to figure out this + + + align:start position:0% +where you're trying to figure out this +like mystery of what's causing Chala or + + align:start position:0% +like mystery of what's causing Chala or + + + align:start position:0% +like mystery of what's causing Chala or +what's causing people to be sick + + align:start position:0% +what's causing people to be sick + + + align:start position:0% +what's causing people to be sick +actually you won't know that it's Chala + + align:start position:0% +actually you won't know that it's Chala + + + align:start position:0% +actually you won't know that it's Chala +um so yeah that's basically where our + + align:start position:0% +um so yeah that's basically where our + + + align:start position:0% +um so yeah that's basically where our +game stands okay all right cool thank + + align:start position:0% +game stands okay all right cool thank + + + align:start position:0% +game stands okay all right cool thank +you very analytical detective game that + + align:start position:0% +you very analytical detective game that + + + align:start position:0% +you very analytical detective game that +that you're working towards and that's + + align:start position:0% +that you're working towards and that's + + + align:start position:0% +that you're working towards and that's +what the Prototype and test uh uh on + + align:start position:0% +what the Prototype and test uh uh on + + + align:start position:0% +what the Prototype and test uh uh on +Monday who's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next hi we're snap so we're planning on + + align:start position:0% +next hi we're snap so we're planning on + + + align:start position:0% +next hi we're snap so we're planning on +making a very competition heavy game + + align:start position:0% +making a very competition heavy game + + + align:start position:0% +making a very competition heavy game +because you're going to be playing with + + align:start position:0% +because you're going to be playing with + + + align:start position:0% +because you're going to be playing with +a bunch of other people + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of other people + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of other people +um so for Monday we want to have that + + align:start position:0% +um so for Monday we want to have that + + + align:start position:0% +um so for Monday we want to have that +competition structure in place so that + + align:start position:0% +competition structure in place so that + + + align:start position:0% +competition structure in place so that +we can see how it works uh we're also + + align:start position:0% +we can see how it works uh we're also + + + align:start position:0% +we can see how it works uh we're also +adding a little bit more fiction to snap + + align:start position:0% +adding a little bit more fiction to snap + + + align:start position:0% +adding a little bit more fiction to snap +which was very abstract um and so we're + + align:start position:0% +which was very abstract um and so we're + + + align:start position:0% +which was very abstract um and so we're +going to later on test how that works + + align:start position:0% +going to later on test how that works + + + align:start position:0% +going to later on test how that works +out but for now it's just really going + + align:start position:0% +out but for now it's just really going + + + align:start position:0% +out but for now it's just really going +to be the basic competition of the game + + align:start position:0% +to be the basic competition of the game + + + align:start position:0% +to be the basic competition of the game +that you played okay all right thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for Heatwave we're mainly going to + + align:start position:0% +so for Heatwave we're mainly going to + + + align:start position:0% +so for Heatwave we're mainly going to +focus on originally decision deciding + + align:start position:0% +focus on originally decision deciding + + + align:start position:0% +focus on originally decision deciding +who you're going to help and how long + + align:start position:0% +who you're going to help and how long + + + align:start position:0% +who you're going to help and how long +you're going to try and convince them to + + align:start position:0% +you're going to try and convince them to + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to try and convince them to +drink some water or go inside and + + align:start position:0% +drink some water or go inside and + + + align:start position:0% +drink some water or go inside and +there's also going to be a small aspect + + align:start position:0% +there's also going to be a small aspect + + + align:start position:0% +there's also going to be a small aspect +of Fate because you can spend 10 turns + + align:start position:0% +of Fate because you can spend 10 turns + + + align:start position:0% +of Fate because you can spend 10 turns +trying to convince a person to go inside + + align:start position:0% +trying to convince a person to go inside + + + align:start position:0% +trying to convince a person to go inside +and at the end of the 10 turns they say + + align:start position:0% +and at the end of the 10 turns they say + + + align:start position:0% +and at the end of the 10 turns they say +no I don't want to talk to you anymore + + align:start position:0% +no I don't want to talk to you anymore + + + align:start position:0% +no I don't want to talk to you anymore +I'm not going inside so decision and + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going inside so decision and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going inside so decision and +fate okay Co thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you our team is working on forecast + + align:start position:0% +you our team is working on forecast + + + align:start position:0% +you our team is working on forecast +based financing so because we're about + + align:start position:0% +based financing so because we're about + + + align:start position:0% +based financing so because we're about +planning for disasters our game is + + align:start position:0% +planning for disasters our game is + + + align:start position:0% +planning for disasters our game is +pretty heavy on chance but what we want + + align:start position:0% +pretty heavy on chance but what we want + + + align:start position:0% +pretty heavy on chance but what we want +to teach the players to do is to use + + align:start position:0% +to teach the players to do is to use + + + align:start position:0% +to teach the players to do is to use +planning and forecasting in order to + + align:start position:0% +planning and forecasting in order to + + + align:start position:0% +planning and forecasting in order to +reduce the effects of that chance and + + align:start position:0% +reduce the effects of that chance and + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the effects of that chance and +sort of gain valuable skills in in uh + + align:start position:0% +sort of gain valuable skills in in uh + + + align:start position:0% +sort of gain valuable skills in in uh +mitigating that + + align:start position:0% +mitigating that + + + align:start position:0% +mitigating that +right so it's very much on the right on + + align:start position:0% +right so it's very much on the right on + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's very much on the right on +the right side of this screen yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay hi so we're the other call group + + align:start position:0% +okay hi so we're the other call group + + + align:start position:0% +okay hi so we're the other call group +and we decided to uh create a simulation + + align:start position:0% +and we decided to uh create a simulation + + + align:start position:0% +and we decided to uh create a simulation +based game where there are many + + align:start position:0% +based game where there are many + + + align:start position:0% +based game where there are many +villagers and they have their own sort + + align:start position:0% +villagers and they have their own sort + + + align:start position:0% +villagers and they have their own sort +of water source and we have col as sort + + align:start position:0% +of water source and we have col as sort + + + align:start position:0% +of water source and we have col as sort +of like a some sort of like entity that + + align:start position:0% +of like a some sort of like entity that + + + align:start position:0% +of like a some sort of like entity that +can sort of spread from Village to water + + align:start position:0% +can sort of spread from Village to water + + + align:start position:0% +can sort of spread from Village to water +to other Villages and pretty much every + + align:start position:0% +to other Villages and pretty much every + + + align:start position:0% +to other Villages and pretty much every +village has their own population uh they + + align:start position:0% +village has their own population uh they + + + align:start position:0% +village has their own population uh they +have their own infection rate and what + + align:start position:0% +have their own infection rate and what + + + align:start position:0% +have their own infection rate and what +you are you are pretty much a some sort + + align:start position:0% +you are you are pretty much a some sort + + + align:start position:0% +you are you are pretty much a some sort +of person who really like has a lot of + + align:start position:0% +of person who really like has a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +of person who really like has a lot of +power and wants to fix this col outbreak + + align:start position:0% +power and wants to fix this col outbreak + + + align:start position:0% +power and wants to fix this col outbreak +so this game focuses a lot on decision- + + align:start position:0% +so this game focuses a lot on decision- + + + align:start position:0% +so this game focuses a lot on decision- +making because you have many different + + align:start position:0% +making because you have many different + + + align:start position:0% +making because you have many different +um ways to try to fix this problem + + align:start position:0% +um ways to try to fix this problem + + + align:start position:0% +um ways to try to fix this problem +either a shortterm uh using like simple + + align:start position:0% +either a shortterm uh using like simple + + + align:start position:0% +either a shortterm uh using like simple +purification systems to Launch like + + align:start position:0% +purification systems to Launch like + + + align:start position:0% +purification systems to Launch like +waste management but this game will also + + align:start position:0% +waste management but this game will also + + + align:start position:0% +waste management but this game will also +have a lot of chance because obviously + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of chance because obviously + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of chance because obviously +these things aren't 100% you know like + + align:start position:0% +these things aren't 100% you know like + + + align:start position:0% +these things aren't 100% you know like +efficient there's going to be some + + align:start position:0% +efficient there's going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +efficient there's going to be some +failure races be some breakdowns what we + + align:start position:0% +failure races be some breakdowns what we + + + align:start position:0% +failure races be some breakdowns what we +want to focus on right now is to make + + align:start position:0% +want to focus on right now is to make + + + align:start position:0% +want to focus on right now is to make +sure that we can get our villages to + + align:start position:0% +sure that we can get our villages to + + + align:start position:0% +sure that we can get our villages to +have their own sort of like parameters + + align:start position:0% +have their own sort of like parameters + + + align:start position:0% +have their own sort of like parameters +make sure that the C like we have some + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the C like we have some + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the C like we have some +way of um representing C and how they + + align:start position:0% +way of um representing C and how they + + + align:start position:0% +way of um representing C and how they +spread to like all the other + + align:start position:0% +spread to like all the other + + + align:start position:0% +spread to like all the other +Villages cool thank you was that all the + + align:start position:0% +Villages cool thank you was that all the + + + align:start position:0% +Villages cool thank you was that all the +teams or was there one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more that's pretty much it okay just + + align:start position:0% +more that's pretty much it okay just + + + align:start position:0% +more that's pretty much it okay just +just just a quick thing so a couple of + + align:start position:0% +just just a quick thing so a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +just just a quick thing so a couple of +thoughts um one thing that that that + + align:start position:0% +thoughts um one thing that that that + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts um one thing that that that +that uh you should be trying to figure + + align:start position:0% +that uh you should be trying to figure + + + align:start position:0% +that uh you should be trying to figure +out uh as you work on your prototypes is + + align:start position:0% +out uh as you work on your prototypes is + + + align:start position:0% +out uh as you work on your prototypes is +uh to what extent is the decision- + + align:start position:0% +uh to what extent is the decision- + + + align:start position:0% +uh to what extent is the decision- +making which came up with a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +making which came up with a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +making which came up with a lot of the +different groups going to be reacting to + + align:start position:0% +different groups going to be reacting to + + + align:start position:0% +different groups going to be reacting to +things that you hadn't anticipated + + align:start position:0% +things that you hadn't anticipated + + + align:start position:0% +things that you hadn't anticipated +versus crafting a long-term plan right + + align:start position:0% +versus crafting a long-term plan right + + + align:start position:0% +versus crafting a long-term plan right +um the stuff that you that you deal with + + align:start position:0% +um the stuff that you that you deal with + + + align:start position:0% +um the stuff that you that you deal with +on the short term is going to go very + + align:start position:0% +on the short term is going to go very + + + align:start position:0% +on the short term is going to go very +heavy on this side and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +heavy on this side and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +heavy on this side and it's going to +play a very big part in making someone + + align:start position:0% +play a very big part in making someone + + + align:start position:0% +play a very big part in making someone +feel like the kind of person that you + + align:start position:0% +feel like the kind of person that you + + + align:start position:0% +feel like the kind of person that you +want to feel whether you're a big + + align:start position:0% +want to feel whether you're a big + + + align:start position:0% +want to feel whether you're a big +decision maker or an individual on the + + align:start position:0% +decision maker or an individual on the + + + align:start position:0% +decision maker or an individual on the +ground um the long-term plan part of it + + align:start position:0% +ground um the long-term plan part of it + + + align:start position:0% +ground um the long-term plan part of it +is really more gamey you're really + + align:start position:0% +is really more gamey you're really + + + align:start position:0% +is really more gamey you're really +thinking more as someone who's playing + + align:start position:0% +thinking more as someone who's playing + + + align:start position:0% +thinking more as someone who's playing +the game rather than someone who's + + align:start position:0% +the game rather than someone who's + + + align:start position:0% +the game rather than someone who's +actually living the game uh and uh you + + align:start position:0% +actually living the game uh and uh you + + + align:start position:0% +actually living the game uh and uh you +can also decide that's more the that's + + align:start position:0% +can also decide that's more the that's + + + align:start position:0% +can also decide that's more the that's +more what you want people to be going + + align:start position:0% +more what you want people to be going + + + align:start position:0% +more what you want people to be going +for especially games that have to deal a + + align:start position:0% +for especially games that have to deal a + + + align:start position:0% +for especially games that have to deal a +lot with planning for chance now just + + align:start position:0% +lot with planning for chance now just + + + align:start position:0% +lot with planning for chance now just +because you have random numbers in your + + align:start position:0% +because you have random numbers in your + + + align:start position:0% +because you have random numbers in your +game and you know probability rates and + + align:start position:0% +game and you know probability rates and + + + align:start position:0% +game and you know probability rates and +everything doesn't necessarily mean that + + align:start position:0% +everything doesn't necessarily mean that + + + align:start position:0% +everything doesn't necessarily mean that +you have uh that your game is all about + + align:start position:0% +you have uh that your game is all about + + + align:start position:0% +you have uh that your game is all about +chance even though you have the the + + align:start position:0% +chance even though you have the the + + + align:start position:0% +chance even though you have the the +these things in in your system because + + align:start position:0% +these things in in your system because + + + align:start position:0% +these things in in your system because +if if what chance in your game really + + align:start position:0% +if if what chance in your game really + + + align:start position:0% +if if what chance in your game really +means is that there is a certain rate at + + align:start position:0% +means is that there is a certain rate at + + + align:start position:0% +means is that there is a certain rate at +which certain things are going to happen + + align:start position:0% +which certain things are going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +which certain things are going to happen +then really that's just a rate that's + + align:start position:0% +then really that's just a rate that's + + + align:start position:0% +then really that's just a rate that's +something that you can plan for you can + + align:start position:0% +something that you can plan for you can + + + align:start position:0% +something that you can plan for you can +just expect you know every 10 turns you + + align:start position:0% +just expect you know every 10 turns you + + + align:start position:0% +just expect you know every 10 turns you +know you're going to get three outbreaks + + align:start position:0% +know you're going to get three outbreaks + + + align:start position:0% +know you're going to get three outbreaks +you know that's that's that's how the + + align:start position:0% +you know that's that's that's how the + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's that's that's how the +number is going to break down even + + align:start position:0% +number is going to break down even + + + align:start position:0% +number is going to break down even +though you don't know exactly when those + + align:start position:0% +though you don't know exactly when those + + + align:start position:0% +though you don't know exactly when those +outbreaks are going to be um and if your + + align:start position:0% +outbreaks are going to be um and if your + + + align:start position:0% +outbreaks are going to be um and if your +if if your game is where every single + + align:start position:0% +if if your game is where every single + + + align:start position:0% +if if your game is where every single +one of those times where chance hits is + + align:start position:0% +one of those times where chance hits is + + + align:start position:0% +one of those times where chance hits is +really catastrophic or really really + + align:start position:0% +really catastrophic or really really + + + align:start position:0% +really catastrophic or really really +beneficial then you've got a g more of a + + align:start position:0% +beneficial then you've got a g more of a + + + align:start position:0% +beneficial then you've got a g more of a +game of chance it it's the sort of thing + + align:start position:0% +game of chance it it's the sort of thing + + + align:start position:0% +game of chance it it's the sort of thing +like a certain number of these things + + align:start position:0% +like a certain number of these things + + + align:start position:0% +like a certain number of these things +are going to happen at a given rate and + + align:start position:0% +are going to happen at a given rate and + + + align:start position:0% +are going to happen at a given rate and +you just have to plan for that rate that + + align:start position:0% +you just have to plan for that rate that + + + align:start position:0% +you just have to plan for that rate that +is really not really chance anymore it's + + align:start position:0% +is really not really chance anymore it's + + + align:start position:0% +is really not really chance anymore it's +more about that that skill-based based + + align:start position:0% +more about that that skill-based based + + + align:start position:0% +more about that that skill-based based +uh uh a test of whether you can plan + + align:start position:0% +uh uh a test of whether you can plan + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh a test of whether you can plan +well so um so again always keep in mind + + align:start position:0% +well so um so again always keep in mind + + + align:start position:0% +well so um so again always keep in mind +what do you want your game to feel like + + align:start position:0% +what do you want your game to feel like + + + align:start position:0% +what do you want your game to feel like +while you are trying to figure out you + + align:start position:0% +while you are trying to figure out you + + + align:start position:0% +while you are trying to figure out you +know whether your simulation is right + + align:start position:0% +know whether your simulation is right + + + align:start position:0% +know whether your simulation is right +whether your facts are right whether + + align:start position:0% +whether your facts are right whether + + + align:start position:0% +whether your facts are right whether +this is actually what happens with the + + align:start position:0% +this is actually what happens with the + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually what happens with the +diseases or the uh or the catastrophes + + align:start position:0% +diseases or the uh or the catastrophes + + + align:start position:0% +diseases or the uh or the catastrophes +that you're dealing with also keep in + + align:start position:0% +that you're dealing with also keep in + + + align:start position:0% +that you're dealing with also keep in +mind this is what you want your game to + + align:start position:0% +mind this is what you want your game to + + + align:start position:0% +mind this is what you want your game to +feel like and make sure that's also + + align:start position:0% +feel like and make sure that's also + + + align:start position:0% +feel like and make sure that's also +informing how you're designing your game + + align:start position:0% +informing how you're designing your game + + + align:start position:0% +informing how you're designing your game +mechanics and your art style and your + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and your art style and your + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics and your art style and your +storyline and your characters and so + + align:start position:0% +storyline and your characters and so + + + align:start position:0% +storyline and your characters and so +forth that's what I got to say um so + + align:start position:0% +forth that's what I got to say um so + + + align:start position:0% +forth that's what I got to say um so +administratively for Monday um we have a + + align:start position:0% +administratively for Monday um we have a + + + align:start position:0% +administratively for Monday um we have a +lecture in the morning um about games + + align:start position:0% +lecture in the morning um about games + + + align:start position:0% +lecture in the morning um about games +for learning um then we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +for learning um then we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +for learning um then we're going to do +play tests and then at the end of play + + align:start position:0% +play tests and then at the end of play + + + align:start position:0% +play tests and then at the end of play +test we're going to do those two-minute + + align:start position:0% +test we're going to do those two-minute + + + align:start position:0% +test we're going to do those two-minute +presentations so that when you're play + + align:start position:0% +presentations so that when you're play + + + align:start position:0% +presentations so that when you're play +testing even though we heard a little + + align:start position:0% +testing even though we heard a little + + + align:start position:0% +testing even though we heard a little +bit about what your games are we're not + + align:start position:0% +bit about what your games are we're not + + + align:start position:0% +bit about what your games are we're not +completely like we're still we'll still + + align:start position:0% +completely like we're still we'll still + + + align:start position:0% +completely like we're still we'll still +be a little naive when you're playing + + align:start position:0% +be a little naive when you're playing + + + align:start position:0% +be a little naive when you're playing +your games we'll know exactly what's + + align:start position:0% +your games we'll know exactly what's + + + align:start position:0% +your games we'll know exactly what's +going on within the games um in that + + align:start position:0% +going on within the games um in that + + + align:start position:0% +going on within the games um in that +two-minute present ation we we want to + + align:start position:0% +two-minute present ation we we want to + + + align:start position:0% +two-minute present ation we we want to +know a lot about process so let us know + + align:start position:0% +know a lot about process so let us know + + + align:start position:0% +know a lot about process so let us know +how you got to the point where you are + + align:start position:0% +how you got to the point where you are + + + align:start position:0% +how you got to the point where you are +now and where you think you're going um + + align:start position:0% +now and where you think you're going um + + + align:start position:0% +now and where you think you're going um +I believe product backlogs are do at + + align:start position:0% +I believe product backlogs are do at + + + align:start position:0% +I believe product backlogs are do at +that at that point too so you so use + + align:start position:0% +that at that point too so you so use + + + align:start position:0% +that at that point too so you so use +your product backlog as part of your + + align:start position:0% +your product backlog as part of your + + + align:start position:0% +your product backlog as part of your +telling us what you're planning on doing + + align:start position:0% +telling us what you're planning on doing + + + align:start position:0% +telling us what you're planning on doing +on your projects um I know a few of you + + align:start position:0% +on your projects um I know a few of you + + + align:start position:0% +on your projects um I know a few of you +have come to me and asked me about + + align:start position:0% +have come to me and asked me about + + + align:start position:0% +have come to me and asked me about +certain aspects of your projects that + + align:start position:0% +certain aspects of your projects that + + + align:start position:0% +certain aspects of your projects that +might not be answered by the resource + + align:start position:0% +might not be answered by the resource + + + align:start position:0% +might not be answered by the resource +materials that would be given you so + + align:start position:0% +materials that would be given you so + + + align:start position:0% +materials that would be given you so +hopefully you you've read through the + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you you've read through the + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you you've read through the +the resources and you're finding some of + + align:start position:0% +the resources and you're finding some of + + + align:start position:0% +the resources and you're finding some of +your answers there if there's any answer + + align:start position:0% +your answers there if there's any answer + + + align:start position:0% +your answers there if there's any answer +any questions you have that are not + + align:start position:0% +any questions you have that are not + + + align:start position:0% +any questions you have that are not +being answered by your research um email + + align:start position:0% +being answered by your research um email + + + align:start position:0% +being answered by your research um email +that to video game- bosses and we'll + + align:start position:0% +that to video game- bosses and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +that to video game- bosses and we'll +forward that along to the clients um I'm + + align:start position:0% +forward that along to the clients um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +forward that along to the clients um I'm +working to get them to have to I'm + + align:start position:0% +working to get them to have to I'm + + + align:start position:0% +working to get them to have to I'm +working to get them to allow me to just + + align:start position:0% +working to get them to allow me to just + + + align:start position:0% +working to get them to allow me to just +give you their email address so you can + + align:start position:0% +give you their email address so you can + + + align:start position:0% +give you their email address so you can +contact them directly I'm still figuring + + align:start position:0% +contact them directly I'm still figuring + + + align:start position:0% +contact them directly I'm still figuring +out who exactly for each of those + + align:start position:0% +out who exactly for each of those + + + align:start position:0% +out who exactly for each of those +projects that's going to be but that + + align:start position:0% +projects that's going to be but that + + + align:start position:0% +projects that's going to be but that +should be um solidified by Monday um but + + align:start position:0% +should be um solidified by Monday um but + + + align:start position:0% +should be um solidified by Monday um but +yeah but things to work to look out for + + align:start position:0% +yeah but things to work to look out for + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but things to work to look out for +that might not be answered in your in + + align:start position:0% +that might not be answered in your in + + + align:start position:0% +that might not be answered in your in +your resources are cultural sensitivity + + align:start position:0% +your resources are cultural sensitivity + + + align:start position:0% +your resources are cultural sensitivity +um particularly to um because of who + + align:start position:0% +um particularly to um because of who + + + align:start position:0% +um particularly to um because of who +your target audience might be so if + + align:start position:0% +your target audience might be so if + + + align:start position:0% +your target audience might be so if +you're doing anything if you're doing + + align:start position:0% +you're doing anything if you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing anything if you're doing +anything graphical if you're doing + + align:start position:0% +anything graphical if you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +anything graphical if you're doing +anything representational really think + + align:start position:0% +anything representational really think + + + align:start position:0% +anything representational really think +hard about who it is is playing the game + + align:start position:0% +hard about who it is is playing the game + + + align:start position:0% +hard about who it is is playing the game +what kind of cultural background they + + align:start position:0% +what kind of cultural background they + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of cultural background they +have um and how are you representing it + + align:start position:0% +have um and how are you representing it + + + align:start position:0% +have um and how are you representing it +to them um are you doing it both + + align:start position:0% +to them um are you doing it both + + + align:start position:0% +to them um are you doing it both +authentically and also um not + + align:start position:0% +authentically and also um not + + + align:start position:0% +authentically and also um not +patronizing um them it's it's going to + + align:start position:0% +patronizing um them it's it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +patronizing um them it's it's going to +be a really hard challenge for you we + + align:start position:0% +be a really hard challenge for you we + + + align:start position:0% +be a really hard challenge for you we +don't expect you actually solve it this + + align:start position:0% +don't expect you actually solve it this + + + align:start position:0% +don't expect you actually solve it this +semester we we expect you to have some + + align:start position:0% +semester we we expect you to have some + + + align:start position:0% +semester we we expect you to have some +to come up with some ways to figure out + + align:start position:0% +to come up with some ways to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +to come up with some ways to figure out +how you you might solve it in the future + + align:start position:0% +how you you might solve it in the future + + + align:start position:0% +how you you might solve it in the future +and that's kind of what we want to hear + + align:start position:0% +and that's kind of what we want to hear + + + align:start position:0% +and that's kind of what we want to hear +about in some of these presentations or + + align:start position:0% +about in some of these presentations or + + + align:start position:0% +about in some of these presentations or +or how are you solving these those kind + + align:start position:0% +or how are you solving these those kind + + + align:start position:0% +or how are you solving these those kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +problems any questions before we let you + + align:start position:0% +problems any questions before we let you + + + align:start position:0% +problems any questions before we let you +go and let you work in your + + align:start position:0% +go and let you work in your + + + align:start position:0% +go and let you work in your +teams so can you give us an idea of how + + align:start position:0% +teams so can you give us an idea of how + + + align:start position:0% +teams so can you give us an idea of how +much time we'll have in class to work + + align:start position:0% +much time we'll have in class to work + + + align:start position:0% +much time we'll have in class to work +with our teams so we can better plan + + align:start position:0% +with our teams so we can better plan + + + align:start position:0% +with our teams so we can better plan +hour and a half um today is a little we + + align:start position:0% +hour and a half um today is a little we + + + align:start position:0% +hour and a half um today is a little we +went a little bit long today about 20 + + align:start position:0% +went a little bit long today about 20 + + + align:start position:0% +went a little bit long today about 20 +minutes long my sorry blame him um but + + align:start position:0% +minutes long my sorry blame him um but + + + align:start position:0% +minutes long my sorry blame him um but +but hour and a half basically um any if + + align:start position:0% +but hour and a half basically um any if + + + align:start position:0% +but hour and a half basically um any if +there's a guest lecture those are tend + + align:start position:0% +there's a guest lecture those are tend + + + align:start position:0% +there's a guest lecture those are tend +to be an hour long and then that would + + align:start position:0% +to be an hour long and then that would + + + align:start position:0% +to be an hour long and then that would +be two hours long if it's not a guest + + align:start position:0% +be two hours long if it's not a guest + + + align:start position:0% +be two hours long if it's not a guest +lecture we tend to ramble so hour and a + + align:start position:0% +lecture we tend to ramble so hour and a + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we tend to ramble so hour and a +half um also part of that is because we + + align:start position:0% +half um also part of that is because we + + + align:start position:0% +half um also part of that is because we +start class at 110 that kills some of + + align:start position:0% +start class at 110 that kills some of + + + align:start position:0% +start class at 110 that kills some of +the time so if you want to come into + + align:start position:0% +the time so if you want to come into + + + align:start position:0% +the time so if you want to come into +class at one and be in your teams and + + align:start position:0% +class at one and be in your teams and + + + align:start position:0% +class at one and be in your teams and +work on your teams and then we yell at + + align:start position:0% +work on your teams and then we yell at + + + align:start position:0% +work on your teams and then we yell at +you to to shut up that's fine that's + + align:start position:0% +you to to shut up that's fine that's + + + align:start position:0% +you to to shut up that's fine that's +actually good you're using your time + + align:start position:0% +actually good you're using your time + + + align:start position:0% +actually good you're using your time +well scrub + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and any other + + align:start position:0% +and any other + + + align:start position:0% +and any other +questions all right so I'm putting this + + align:start position:0% +questions all right so I'm putting this + + + align:start position:0% +questions all right so I'm putting this +these materials up here and also a + + align:start position:0% +these materials up here and also a + + + align:start position:0% +these materials up here and also a +reminder the play test if we weren't + + align:start position:0% +reminder the play test if we weren't + + + align:start position:0% +reminder the play test if we weren't +really specific about it um we are + + align:start position:0% +really specific about it um we are + + + align:start position:0% +really specific about it um we are +expecting low Fidelity prototypes but it + + align:start position:0% +expecting low Fidelity prototypes but it + + + align:start position:0% +expecting low Fidelity prototypes but it +could be digital or paper it's really + + align:start position:0% +could be digital or paper it's really + + + align:start position:0% +could be digital or paper it's really +whatever whatever is useful for you + + align:start position:0% +whatever whatever is useful for you + + + align:start position:0% +whatever whatever is useful for you +that's what we want to see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tested + + align:start position:0% +tested + + + align:start position:0% +tested +so all that says is she + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lives \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1XiS4VlEFt8.txt b/1XiS4VlEFt8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9c74d493aa8396292660910930b13bfa3bc7867 --- /dev/null +++ b/1XiS4VlEFt8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,891 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hi there as OCW celebrates its 18th + + align:start position:0% +hi there as OCW celebrates its 18th + + + align:start position:0% +hi there as OCW celebrates its 18th +birthday I am pleased to share with you + + align:start position:0% +birthday I am pleased to share with you + + + align:start position:0% +birthday I am pleased to share with you +an update on this thriving teenager a + + align:start position:0% +an update on this thriving teenager a + + + align:start position:0% +an update on this thriving teenager a +teenager that is astounding for its + + align:start position:0% +teenager that is astounding for its + + + align:start position:0% +teenager that is astounding for its +reach and impact I'm also going to look + + align:start position:0% +reach and impact I'm also going to look + + + align:start position:0% +reach and impact I'm also going to look +ahead to what's next in no CW's future + + align:start position:0% +ahead to what's next in no CW's future + + + align:start position:0% +ahead to what's next in no CW's future +we now have more than two thousand four + + align:start position:0% +we now have more than two thousand four + + + align:start position:0% +we now have more than two thousand four +hundred and fifty courses on the OCW + + align:start position:0% +hundred and fifty courses on the OCW + + + align:start position:0% +hundred and fifty courses on the OCW +site + + align:start position:0% +site + + + align:start position:0% +site +more than 300 million learners from all + + align:start position:0% +more than 300 million learners from all + + + align:start position:0% +more than 300 million learners from all +around the world have visited OCW + + align:start position:0% +around the world have visited OCW + + + align:start position:0% +around the world have visited OCW +spending countless hours learning from + + align:start position:0% +spending countless hours learning from + + + align:start position:0% +spending countless hours learning from +the same course materials by which MIT + + align:start position:0% +the same course materials by which MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the same course materials by which MIT +students learn from MIT faculty on our + + align:start position:0% +students learn from MIT faculty on our + + + align:start position:0% +students learn from MIT faculty on our +campus for MIT educators like me who may + + align:start position:0% +campus for MIT educators like me who may + + + align:start position:0% +campus for MIT educators like me who may +only be able to teach a few thousand + + align:start position:0% +only be able to teach a few thousand + + + align:start position:0% +only be able to teach a few thousand +students in our careers having our + + align:start position:0% +students in our careers having our + + + align:start position:0% +students in our careers having our +courses on OCW used by many thousands of + + align:start position:0% +courses on OCW used by many thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +courses on OCW used by many thousands of +learners every year is a wonderful and + + align:start position:0% +learners every year is a wonderful and + + + align:start position:0% +learners every year is a wonderful and +humbling experience and there are myriad + + align:start position:0% +humbling experience and there are myriad + + + align:start position:0% +humbling experience and there are myriad +educators around the world out there + + align:start position:0% +educators around the world out there + + + align:start position:0% +educators around the world out there +using our course materials taking + + align:start position:0% +using our course materials taking + + + align:start position:0% +using our course materials taking +insights from educators here and then + + align:start position:0% +insights from educators here and then + + + align:start position:0% +insights from educators here and then +adding perspective and experience of + + align:start position:0% +adding perspective and experience of + + + align:start position:0% +adding perspective and experience of +their own and using OCW in this way to + + align:start position:0% +their own and using OCW in this way to + + + align:start position:0% +their own and using OCW in this way to +help support and shape the education of + + align:start position:0% +help support and shape the education of + + + align:start position:0% +help support and shape the education of +their students these educators out there + + align:start position:0% +their students these educators out there + + + align:start position:0% +their students these educators out there +around the world are OCW multipliers our + + align:start position:0% +around the world are OCW multipliers our + + + align:start position:0% +around the world are OCW multipliers our +goal is to make our content available + + align:start position:0% +goal is to make our content available + + + align:start position:0% +goal is to make our content available +wherever people are trying to learn so + + align:start position:0% +wherever people are trying to learn so + + + align:start position:0% +wherever people are trying to learn so +you'll find all of our videos on YouTube + + align:start position:0% +you'll find all of our videos on YouTube + + + align:start position:0% +you'll find all of our videos on YouTube +we are delighted to be the number one + + align:start position:0% +we are delighted to be the number one + + + align:start position:0% +we are delighted to be the number one +dot edu YouTube channel and are closing + + align:start position:0% +dot edu YouTube channel and are closing + + + align:start position:0% +dot edu YouTube channel and are closing +in on two million subscribers at this + + align:start position:0% +in on two million subscribers at this + + + align:start position:0% +in on two million subscribers at this +point of course OCW is much more than + + align:start position:0% +point of course OCW is much more than + + + align:start position:0% +point of course OCW is much more than +just videos with our extensive course + + align:start position:0% +just videos with our extensive course + + + align:start position:0% +just videos with our extensive course +notes problem sets projects tests + + align:start position:0% +notes problem sets projects tests + + + align:start position:0% +notes problem sets projects tests +syllabi reading lists and so much more + + align:start position:0% +syllabi reading lists and so much more + + + align:start position:0% +syllabi reading lists and so much more +a powerful side benefit of our + + align:start position:0% +a powerful side benefit of our + + + align:start position:0% +a powerful side benefit of our +successful YouTube channel + + align:start position:0% +successful YouTube channel + + + align:start position:0% +successful YouTube channel +is that it has led millions of new + + align:start position:0% +is that it has led millions of new + + + align:start position:0% +is that it has led millions of new +learners to discover the extensive + + align:start position:0% +learners to discover the extensive + + + align:start position:0% +learners to discover the extensive +educational riches on the OCW website + + align:start position:0% +educational riches on the OCW website + + + align:start position:0% +educational riches on the OCW website +itself + + align:start position:0% +itself + + + align:start position:0% +itself +we are also attracting learners who + + align:start position:0% +we are also attracting learners who + + + align:start position:0% +we are also attracting learners who +follow us on Facebook and Twitter + + align:start position:0% +follow us on Facebook and Twitter + + + align:start position:0% +follow us on Facebook and Twitter +today more than six hundred and eighty + + align:start position:0% +today more than six hundred and eighty + + + align:start position:0% +today more than six hundred and eighty +thousand people actively hear about our + + align:start position:0% +thousand people actively hear about our + + + align:start position:0% +thousand people actively hear about our +content on these social media channels + + align:start position:0% +content on these social media channels + + + align:start position:0% +content on these social media channels +and from their engage with MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +and from their engage with MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +and from their engage with MIT courses +on OCW itself we're grateful to + + align:start position:0% +on OCW itself we're grateful to + + + align:start position:0% +on OCW itself we're grateful to +encourage that exploration and that + + align:start position:0% +encourage that exploration and that + + + align:start position:0% +encourage that exploration and that +interest so what's next there is no + + align:start position:0% +interest so what's next there is no + + + align:start position:0% +interest so what's next there is no +other open educational resource that + + align:start position:0% +other open educational resource that + + + align:start position:0% +other open educational resource that +covers the breadth and depth of higher + + align:start position:0% +covers the breadth and depth of higher + + + align:start position:0% +covers the breadth and depth of higher +education the way OCW does we take great + + align:start position:0% +education the way OCW does we take great + + + align:start position:0% +education the way OCW does we take great +pride in the way that the MIT faculty + + align:start position:0% +pride in the way that the MIT faculty + + + align:start position:0% +pride in the way that the MIT faculty +have shared materials from such a + + align:start position:0% +have shared materials from such a + + + align:start position:0% +have shared materials from such a +substantial fraction of the courses that + + align:start position:0% +substantial fraction of the courses that + + + align:start position:0% +substantial fraction of the courses that +we teach at MIT but at the same time we + + align:start position:0% +we teach at MIT but at the same time we + + + align:start position:0% +we teach at MIT but at the same time we +recognize that there are significant + + align:start position:0% +recognize that there are significant + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that there are significant +opportunities to improve OCW to keep it + + align:start position:0% +opportunities to improve OCW to keep it + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities to improve OCW to keep it +a vibrant representation of the teaching + + align:start position:0% +a vibrant representation of the teaching + + + align:start position:0% +a vibrant representation of the teaching +and learning that happened at MIT today + + align:start position:0% +and learning that happened at MIT today + + + align:start position:0% +and learning that happened at MIT today +and to make it even more accessible to + + align:start position:0% +and to make it even more accessible to + + + align:start position:0% +and to make it even more accessible to +ensure that it possibly impacts even + + align:start position:0% +ensure that it possibly impacts even + + + align:start position:0% +ensure that it possibly impacts even +more learners around the world in the + + align:start position:0% +more learners around the world in the + + + align:start position:0% +more learners around the world in the +coming decades the mission of OCW will + + align:start position:0% +coming decades the mission of OCW will + + + align:start position:0% +coming decades the mission of OCW will +not change we will continue publishing + + align:start position:0% +not change we will continue publishing + + + align:start position:0% +not change we will continue publishing +materials from MIT courses open ly and + + align:start position:0% +materials from MIT courses open ly and + + + align:start position:0% +materials from MIT courses open ly and +freely and promoting the broad and deep + + align:start position:0% +freely and promoting the broad and deep + + + align:start position:0% +freely and promoting the broad and deep +open educational resource that results + + align:start position:0% +open educational resource that results + + + align:start position:0% +open educational resource that results +so that others can use these materials + + align:start position:0% +so that others can use these materials + + + align:start position:0% +so that others can use these materials +in their own ways for themselves and for + + align:start position:0% +in their own ways for themselves and for + + + align:start position:0% +in their own ways for themselves and for +their students + + align:start position:0% +their students + + + align:start position:0% +their students +helping to grow the community of + + align:start position:0% +helping to grow the community of + + + align:start position:0% +helping to grow the community of +creators and learners around the globe + + align:start position:0% +creators and learners around the globe + + + align:start position:0% +creators and learners around the globe +however we're at a critical crossroads + + align:start position:0% +however we're at a critical crossroads + + + align:start position:0% +however we're at a critical crossroads +in being able to keep up with the + + align:start position:0% +in being able to keep up with the + + + align:start position:0% +in being able to keep up with the +technological demands of our learners + + align:start position:0% +technological demands of our learners + + + align:start position:0% +technological demands of our learners +and the pedagogical innovations from MIT + + align:start position:0% +and the pedagogical innovations from MIT + + + align:start position:0% +and the pedagogical innovations from MIT +faculty when OCW was created eighteen + + align:start position:0% +faculty when OCW was created eighteen + + + align:start position:0% +faculty when OCW was created eighteen +years ago + + align:start position:0% +years ago + + + align:start position:0% +years ago +nothing like it existed and so we built + + align:start position:0% +nothing like it existed and so we built + + + align:start position:0% +nothing like it existed and so we built +the infrastructure from scratch now fast + + align:start position:0% +the infrastructure from scratch now fast + + + align:start position:0% +the infrastructure from scratch now fast +forward to today and we see the need to + + align:start position:0% +forward to today and we see the need to + + + align:start position:0% +forward to today and we see the need to +support a more dynamic user experience + + align:start position:0% +support a more dynamic user experience + + + align:start position:0% +support a more dynamic user experience +enhance content discoverability and use + + align:start position:0% +enhance content discoverability and use + + + align:start position:0% +enhance content discoverability and use +and make our website and content mobile + + align:start position:0% +and make our website and content mobile + + + align:start position:0% +and make our website and content mobile +responsive in all these ways we will be + + align:start position:0% +responsive in all these ways we will be + + + align:start position:0% +responsive in all these ways we will be +making opportunities to learn from OCW + + align:start position:0% +making opportunities to learn from OCW + + + align:start position:0% +making opportunities to learn from OCW +even more accessible + + align:start position:0% +even more accessible + + + align:start position:0% +even more accessible +meanwhile mi t--'s innovative faculty + + align:start position:0% +meanwhile mi t--'s innovative faculty + + + align:start position:0% +meanwhile mi t--'s innovative faculty +members keep updating their pedagogical + + align:start position:0% +members keep updating their pedagogical + + + align:start position:0% +members keep updating their pedagogical +approaches and their teaching materials + + align:start position:0% +approaches and their teaching materials + + + align:start position:0% +approaches and their teaching materials +and of course we keep updating what we + + align:start position:0% +and of course we keep updating what we + + + align:start position:0% +and of course we keep updating what we +teach at the cutting edge of our + + align:start position:0% +teach at the cutting edge of our + + + align:start position:0% +teach at the cutting edge of our +disciplines that means that here at + + align:start position:0% +disciplines that means that here at + + + align:start position:0% +disciplines that means that here at 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what happens when we have have + + align:start position:0% +at what happens when we have have + + + align:start position:0% +at what happens when we have have +non-independent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variables so I have a + + align:start position:0% +variables so I have a + + + align:start position:0% +variables so I have a +hereon I'm afraid we don't take + + align:start position:0% +hereon I'm afraid we don't take + + + align:start position:0% +hereon I'm afraid we don't take +deliveries during class time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry okay please take a seat thanks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh no + + align:start position:0% +oh no + + + align:start position:0% +oh no +thanks + + align:start position:0% +thanks + + + align:start position:0% +thanks +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so Jason you please claim your + + align:start position:0% +okay so Jason you please claim your + + + align:start position:0% +okay so Jason you please claim your +package at the end of + + align:start position:0% +package at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +package at the end of +lecture um okay so last time we saw how + + align:start position:0% +lecture um okay so last time we saw how + + + align:start position:0% +lecture um okay so last time we saw how +to use lrange multipliers to find the + + align:start position:0% +to use lrange multipliers to find the + + + align:start position:0% +to use lrange multipliers to find the +minimum or maximum of a function of + + align:start position:0% +minimum or maximum of a function of + + + align:start position:0% +minimum or maximum of a function of +several variables when the variables are + + align:start position:0% +several variables when the variables are + + + align:start position:0% +several variables when the variables are +not independent and today we are going + + align:start position:0% +not independent and today we are going + + + align:start position:0% +not independent and today we are going +to try to figure out more about + + align:start position:0% +to try to figure out more about + + + align:start position:0% +to try to figure out more about +relations between variables and how to + + align:start position:0% +relations between variables and how to + + + align:start position:0% +relations between variables and how to +handle functions that depend on several + + align:start position:0% +handle functions that depend on several + + + align:start position:0% +handle functions that depend on several +variables when they're related + + align:start position:0% +variables when they're related + + + align:start position:0% +variables when they're related +so just to give you an example in + + align:start position:0% +so just to give you an example in + + + align:start position:0% +so just to give you an example in +physics very of very often you have + + align:start position:0% +physics very of very often you have + + + align:start position:0% +physics very of very often you have +functions that depend on pressure volume + + align:start position:0% +functions that depend on pressure volume + + + align:start position:0% +functions that depend on pressure volume +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +where pressure volume and temperature + + align:start position:0% +where pressure volume and temperature + + + align:start position:0% +where pressure volume and temperature +are actually not independent but they're + + align:start position:0% +are actually not independent but they're + + + align:start position:0% +are actually not independent but they're +related Say by PV equals + + align:start position:0% +related Say by PV equals + + + align:start position:0% +related Say by PV equals +nrt so of course then you can substitute + + align:start position:0% +nrt so of course then you can substitute + + + align:start position:0% +nrt so of course then you can substitute +and express the function in terms of two + + align:start position:0% +and express the function in terms of two + + + align:start position:0% +and express the function in terms of two +of them only but very often it's + + align:start position:0% +of them only but very often it's + + + align:start position:0% +of them only but very often it's +convenient to keep all three but then we + + align:start position:0% +convenient to keep all three but then we + + + align:start position:0% +convenient to keep all three but then we +have to figure out what are the rates of + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out what are the rates of + + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out what are the rates of +change of p and v with respect to T with + + align:start position:0% +change of p and v with respect to T with + + + align:start position:0% +change of p and v with respect to T with +respect to each other the rate of change + + align:start position:0% +respect to each other the rate of change + + + align:start position:0% +respect to each other the rate of change +of f with respect to these variables and + + align:start position:0% +of f with respect to these variables and + + + align:start position:0% +of f with respect to these variables and +so on so we have to figure out what we + + align:start position:0% +so on so we have to figure out what we + + + align:start position:0% +so on so we have to figure out what we +mean by partial derivatives + + align:start position:0% +mean by partial derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +mean by partial derivatives +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +so okay I mean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +marginar let's say just for the sake of + + align:start position:0% +marginar let's say just for the sake of + + + align:start position:0% +marginar let's say just for the sake of +notation I'm going to think of a + + align:start position:0% +notation I'm going to think of a + + + align:start position:0% +notation I'm going to think of a +function of three variables + + align:start position:0% +function of three variables + + + align:start position:0% +function of three variables +XYZ where the variables are related by + + align:start position:0% +XYZ where the variables are related by + + + align:start position:0% +XYZ where the variables are related by +some equation that I will put of the + + align:start position:0% +some equation that I will put of the + + + align:start position:0% +some equation that I will put of the +form in the form G of XYZ equals some + + align:start position:0% +form in the form G of XYZ equals some + + + align:start position:0% +form in the form G of XYZ equals some +constant okay so that's the kind of same + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so that's the kind of same + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so that's the kind of same +kind of setup as we had last time um + + align:start position:0% +kind of setup as we had last time um + + + align:start position:0% +kind of setup as we had last time um +except now we're not just looking for + + align:start position:0% +except now we're not just looking for + + + align:start position:0% +except now we're not just looking for +Minima and Maxima we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +Minima and Maxima we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +Minima and Maxima we're trying to +understand partial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivatives so the first observation is + + align:start position:0% +derivatives so the first observation is + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives so the first observation is +that you know + + align:start position:0% +that you know + + + align:start position:0% +that you know +if x y and z are related then that means + + align:start position:0% +if x y and z are related then that means + + + align:start position:0% +if x y and z are related then that means +in principle we could solve for one of + + align:start position:0% +in principle we could solve for one of + + + align:start position:0% +in principle we could solve for one of +them and express it as a function of the + + align:start position:0% +them and express it as a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +them and express it as a function of the +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +others so in particular can we + + align:start position:0% +others so in particular can we + + + align:start position:0% +others so in particular can we +understand even without solving maybe we + + align:start position:0% +understand even without solving maybe we + + + align:start position:0% +understand even without solving maybe we +cannot solve can we understand how the + + align:start position:0% +cannot solve can we understand how the + + + align:start position:0% +cannot solve can we understand how the +variables are related to each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other so if for example Z you can think + + align:start position:0% +other so if for example Z you can think + + + align:start position:0% +other so if for example Z you can think +of Z as a function of X and Y so we can + + align:start position:0% +of Z as a function of X and Y so we can + + + align:start position:0% +of Z as a function of X and Y so we can +ask + + align:start position:0% +ask + + + align:start position:0% +ask +ourselves what are the rate of change of + + align:start position:0% +ourselves what are the rate of change of + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves what are the rate of change of +Z with respect to X keeping y constant + + align:start position:0% +Z with respect to X keeping y constant + + + align:start position:0% +Z with respect to X keeping y constant +or with respect to Y keeping x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant and of course if we can solve + + align:start position:0% +constant and of course if we can solve + + + align:start position:0% +constant and of course if we can solve +then we know a formula for this and then + + align:start position:0% +then we know a formula for this and then + + + align:start position:0% +then we know a formula for this and then +we can compute these guys but what if we + + align:start position:0% +we can compute these guys but what if we + + + align:start position:0% +we can compute these guys but what if we +can't + + align:start position:0% +can't + + + align:start position:0% +can't +solve so how do we find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these things without + + align:start position:0% +these things without + + + align:start position:0% +these things without +solving + + align:start position:0% +solving + + + align:start position:0% +solving +well so let's do an + + align:start position:0% +well so let's do an + + + align:start position:0% +well so let's do an +example let's say that my relation is + + align:start position:0% +example let's say that my relation is + + + align:start position:0% +example let's say that my relation is +x^2 + YZ plus Z Cub = + + align:start position:0% +x^2 + YZ plus Z Cub = + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 + YZ plus Z Cub = +8 and let's say that I'm looking near + + align:start position:0% +8 and let's say that I'm looking near + + + align:start position:0% +8 and let's say that I'm looking near +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +point XYZ equals 2 3 1 so let me check + + align:start position:0% +point XYZ equals 2 3 1 so let me check + + + align:start position:0% +point XYZ equals 2 3 1 so let me check +2^ 2 + 3 * 1 + 1 cubed is indeed 8 okay + + align:start position:0% +2^ 2 + 3 * 1 + 1 cubed is indeed 8 okay + + + align:start position:0% +2^ 2 + 3 * 1 + 1 cubed is indeed 8 okay +but now if I change X and Y A little bit + + align:start position:0% +but now if I change X and Y A little bit + + + align:start position:0% +but now if I change X and Y A little bit +how does Z + + align:start position:0% +how does Z + + + align:start position:0% +how does Z +change well of course I could solve for + + align:start position:0% +change well of course I could solve for + + + align:start position:0% +change well of course I could solve for +Z in here it's a cubic equation there is + + align:start position:0% +Z in here it's a cubic equation there is + + + align:start position:0% +Z in here it's a cubic equation there is +actually a formula but that formula is + + align:start position:0% +actually a formula but that formula is + + + align:start position:0% +actually a formula but that formula is +quite complicated we actually don't want + + align:start position:0% +quite complicated we actually don't want + + + align:start position:0% +quite complicated we actually don't want +to do that that's an easier + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +so how can we do it well let's let's + + align:start position:0% +so how can we do it well let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +so how can we do it well let's let's +look at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differential of this constraint quantity + + align:start position:0% +differential of this constraint quantity + + + align:start position:0% +differential of this constraint quantity +okay so if we call this G let's look at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DG + + align:start position:0% +DG + + + align:start position:0% +DG +so well what's the differential of this + + align:start position:0% +so well what's the differential of this + + + align:start position:0% +so well what's the differential of this +so differential of x s is 2x + + align:start position:0% +so differential of x s is 2x + + + align:start position:0% +so differential of x s is 2x +DX + + align:start position:0% +DX + + + align:start position:0% +DX +plus I think that 's a + + align:start position:0% +plus I think that 's a + + + align:start position:0% +plus I think that 's a +zdy there's a ydz and there's also a 3z + + align:start position:0% +zdy there's a ydz and there's also a 3z + + + align:start position:0% +zdy there's a ydz and there's also a 3z +s DZ okay you can get this either by + + align:start position:0% +s DZ okay you can get this either by + + + align:start position:0% +s DZ okay you can get this either by +implicit differentiation and the product + + align:start position:0% +implicit differentiation and the product + + + align:start position:0% +implicit differentiation and the product +rule or you can get this just by putting + + align:start position:0% +rule or you can get this just by putting + + + align:start position:0% +rule or you can get this just by putting +here here and here the partial + + align:start position:0% +here here and here the partial + + + align:start position:0% +here here and here the partial +derivatives of this with respect to X Y + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of this with respect to X Y + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of this with respect to X Y +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +Z + + align:start position:0% +Z + + + align:start position:0% +Z +okay any questions about how I got + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions about how I got + + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions about how I got +this no Okay so + + align:start position:0% +this no Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +this no Okay so +so now what do I do with this well this + + align:start position:0% +so now what do I do with this well this + + + align:start position:0% +so now what do I do with this well this +represents somehow variations of + + align:start position:0% +represents somehow variations of + + + align:start position:0% +represents somehow variations of +G but well I've set this thing equal to + + align:start position:0% +G but well I've set this thing equal to + + + align:start position:0% +G but well I've set this thing equal to +eight and eight is a constant so it + + align:start position:0% +eight and eight is a constant so it + + + align:start position:0% +eight and eight is a constant so it +doesn't + + align:start position:0% +doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't +change so in + + align:start position:0% +change so in + + + align:start position:0% +change so in +fact well we can set this to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +uh well if they call this + + align:start position:0% +uh well if they call this + + + align:start position:0% +uh well if they call this +G then gal 8 is constant that means we + + align:start position:0% +G then gal 8 is constant that means we + + + align:start position:0% +G then gal 8 is constant that means we +set DG equal to + + align:start position:0% +set DG equal to + + + align:start position:0% +set DG equal to +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +okay so now let's just plug in some + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's just plug in some + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's just plug in some +values at this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point that tells us well so if xals 2 + + align:start position:0% +point that tells us well so if xals 2 + + + align:start position:0% +point that tells us well so if xals 2 +that's 4 + + align:start position:0% +that's 4 + + + align:start position:0% +that's 4 +DX Plus Z is 1 so + + align:start position:0% +DX Plus Z is 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +DX Plus Z is 1 so +Dy plus y + 3 z s should be 6 DZ equal + + align:start position:0% +Dy plus y + 3 z s should be 6 DZ equal + + + align:start position:0% +Dy plus y + 3 z s should be 6 DZ equal +Z and now this equation here tells us + + align:start position:0% +Z and now this equation here tells us + + + align:start position:0% +Z and now this equation here tells us +about a relation between the changes in + + align:start position:0% +about a relation between the changes in + + + align:start position:0% +about a relation between the changes in +X Y and Z near that point it tells us + + align:start position:0% +X Y and Z near that point it tells us + + + align:start position:0% +X Y and Z near that point it tells us +how if you change X and Y well how Z + + align:start position:0% +how if you change X and Y well how Z + + + align:start position:0% +how if you change X and Y well how Z +will change or it tells you actually + + align:start position:0% +will change or it tells you actually + + + align:start position:0% +will change or it tells you actually +anything you might want to know about + + align:start position:0% +anything you might want to know about + + + align:start position:0% +anything you might want to know about +the relations between these variables so + + align:start position:0% +the relations between these variables so + + + align:start position:0% +the relations between these variables so +for example you can you know move DZ to + + align:start position:0% +for example you can you know move DZ to + + + align:start position:0% +for example you can you know move DZ to +that side and then Express DZ in terms + + align:start position:0% +that side and then Express DZ in terms + + + align:start position:0% +that side and then Express DZ in terms +of DX and Dy or you can move Dy to that + + align:start position:0% +of DX and Dy or you can move Dy to that + + + align:start position:0% +of DX and Dy or you can move Dy to that +side and express Dy in terms of DX and + + align:start position:0% +side and express Dy in terms of DX and + + + align:start position:0% +side and express Dy in terms of DX and +DZ and so on it tells you at the level + + align:start position:0% +DZ and so on it tells you at the level + + + align:start position:0% +DZ and so on it tells you at the level +of the derivatives how each of the + + align:start position:0% +of the derivatives how each of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the derivatives how each of the +variables depends on the two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ofs okay so just to clarify + + align:start position:0% +ofs okay so just to clarify + + + align:start position:0% +ofs okay so just to clarify +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +if we want to view Z as a function of X + + align:start position:0% +if we want to view Z as a function of X + + + align:start position:0% +if we want to view Z as a function of X +and Y + + align:start position:0% +and Y + + + align:start position:0% +and Y +then what we will do is we'll just move + + align:start position:0% +then what we will do is we'll just move + + + align:start position:0% +then what we will do is we'll just move +the DZ to the other side and it will + + align:start position:0% +the DZ to the other side and it will + + + align:start position:0% +the DZ to the other side and it will +tell us DZ equal - 1 / 6 * 4 DX + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Dy and so that should tell you that + + align:start position:0% +Dy and so that should tell you that + + + align:start position:0% +Dy and so that should tell you that +partial Z of partial X is - 4/ 6 well + + align:start position:0% +partial Z of partial X is - 4/ 6 well + + + align:start position:0% +partial Z of partial X is - 4/ 6 well +that's Min - + + align:start position:0% +that's Min - + + + align:start position:0% +that's Min - +2/3 and partial Z over partial + + align:start position:0% +2/3 and partial Z over partial + + + align:start position:0% +2/3 and partial Z over partial +Y is going to be minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +6 okay another way to think about this + + align:start position:0% +6 okay another way to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +6 okay another way to think about this +when we compute partial Z over partial X + + align:start position:0% +when we compute partial Z over partial X + + + align:start position:0% +when we compute partial Z over partial X +that means that actually we keep y + + align:start position:0% +that means that actually we keep y + + + align:start position:0% +that means that actually we keep y +constant okay let me actually add some + + align:start position:0% +constant okay let me actually add some + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay let me actually add some +subtitles here so here that means we + + align:start position:0% +subtitles here so here that means we + + + align:start position:0% +subtitles here so here that means we +keep y + + align:start position:0% +keep y + + + align:start position:0% +keep y +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +and so if we keep y constant another way + + align:start position:0% +and so if we keep y constant another way + + + align:start position:0% +and so if we keep y constant another way +to think about it is we set + + align:start position:0% +to think about it is we set + + + align:start position:0% +to think about it is we set +Dy to zero we set Dy equals z so if we + + align:start position:0% +Dy to zero we set Dy equals z so if we + + + align:start position:0% +Dy to zero we set Dy equals z so if we +do that we get DX equal -46 DX and that + + align:start position:0% +do that we get DX equal -46 DX and that + + + align:start position:0% +do that we get DX equal -46 DX and that +tells us the rate of change of Z with + + align:start position:0% +tells us the rate of change of Z with + + + align:start position:0% +tells us the rate of change of Z with +respect to + + align:start position:0% +respect to + + + align:start position:0% +respect to +X here we set x + + align:start position:0% +X here we set x + + + align:start position:0% +X here we set x +constant so that means we set DX equal + + align:start position:0% +constant so that means we set DX equal + + + align:start position:0% +constant so that means we set DX equal +to zero and if we set DX equal to Z then + + align:start position:0% +to zero and if we set DX equal to Z then + + + align:start position:0% +to zero and if we set DX equal to Z then +we have DZ equals -6 of Dy that tells us + + align:start position:0% +we have DZ equals -6 of Dy that tells us + + + align:start position:0% +we have DZ equals -6 of Dy that tells us +the rate of change of Z with respect to + + align:start position:0% +the rate of change of Z with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of change of Z with respect to +Y okay any questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +no what + + align:start position:0% +no what + + + align:start position:0% +no what +yes can you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +explain yes okay let me explain that + + align:start position:0% +explain yes okay let me explain that + + + align:start position:0% +explain yes okay let me explain that +again so we found an expression for DZ + + align:start position:0% +again so we found an expression for DZ + + + align:start position:0% +again so we found an expression for DZ +in terms of DX and Dy that means that + + align:start position:0% +in terms of DX and Dy that means that + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of DX and Dy that means that +this thing is the differential is the + + align:start position:0% +this thing is the differential is the + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is the differential is the +total differential of Z viewed as a + + align:start position:0% +total differential of Z viewed as a + + + align:start position:0% +total differential of Z viewed as a +function of X and + + align:start position:0% +function of X and + + + align:start position:0% +function of X and +Y okay and so the coefficients of DX and + + align:start position:0% +Y okay and so the coefficients of DX and + + + align:start position:0% +Y okay and so the coefficients of DX and +Dy are the + + align:start position:0% +Dy are the + + + align:start position:0% +Dy are the +partials or another way to think about + + align:start position:0% +partials or another way to think about + + + align:start position:0% +partials or another way to think about +it if you want to know partial Z partial + + align:start position:0% +it if you want to know partial Z partial + + + align:start position:0% +it if you want to know partial Z partial +X it means you set y to be constant + + align:start position:0% +X it means you set y to be constant + + + align:start position:0% +X it means you set y to be constant +setting y to be constant means that you + + align:start position:0% +setting y to be constant means that you + + + align:start position:0% +setting y to be constant means that you +will put zero in the place of Dy so + + align:start position:0% +will put zero in the place of Dy so + + + align:start position:0% +will put zero in the place of Dy so +you'll be left with DZ equal - 46 DX and + + align:start position:0% +you'll be left with DZ equal - 46 DX and + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be left with DZ equal - 46 DX and +that will give you the rate of change of + + align:start position:0% +that will give you the rate of change of + + + align:start position:0% +that will give you the rate of change of +Z with respect to X when you keep y + + align:start position:0% +Z with respect to X when you keep y + + + align:start position:0% +Z with respect to X when you keep y +constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so various ways to think about this + + align:start position:0% +okay so various ways to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so various ways to think about this +but hopefully it makes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +okay so how do we think about this in + + align:start position:0% +okay so how do we think about this in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how do we think about this in +general + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well if we know that g of + + align:start position:0% +well if we know that g of + + + align:start position:0% +well if we know that g of +XYZ equals constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then DG which is G subx + + align:start position:0% +then DG which is G subx + + + align:start position:0% +then DG which is G subx +DX plus G suby + + align:start position:0% +DX plus G suby + + + align:start position:0% +DX plus G suby +Dy plus G subz + + align:start position:0% +Dy plus G subz + + + align:start position:0% +Dy plus G subz +DZ should be set equal to + + align:start position:0% +DZ should be set equal to + + + align:start position:0% +DZ should be set equal to +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +okay and now we can solve for whichever + + align:start position:0% +okay and now we can solve for whichever + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now we can solve for whichever +variable we want to express in terms of + + align:start position:0% +variable we want to express in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +variable we want to express in terms of +vs so for example if we care about Z as + + align:start position:0% +vs so for example if we care about Z as + + + align:start position:0% +vs so for example if we care about Z as +a function of X and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Y we'll get that DZ is netive G subx of + + align:start position:0% +Y we'll get that DZ is netive G subx of + + + align:start position:0% +Y we'll get that DZ is netive G subx of +G subz + + align:start position:0% +G subz + + + align:start position:0% +G subz +DX sorry + + align:start position:0% +DX sorry + + + align:start position:0% +DX sorry +minus G sub y g subz d + + align:start position:0% +minus G sub y g subz d + + + align:start position:0% +minus G sub y g subz d +y and so if we want partial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z of a partial + + align:start position:0% +Z of a partial + + + align:start position:0% +Z of a partial +X well so one way is just to say that's + + align:start position:0% +X well so one way is just to say that's + + + align:start position:0% +X well so one way is just to say that's +going to be the coefficient of DX in + + align:start position:0% +going to be the coefficient of DX in + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the coefficient of DX in +here or just to write down the other way + + align:start position:0% +here or just to write down the other way + + + align:start position:0% +here or just to write down the other way +we setting y equals + + align:start position:0% +we setting y equals + + + align:start position:0% +we setting y equals +constant so that means we set Dy equal + + align:start position:0% +constant so that means we set Dy equal + + + align:start position:0% +constant so that means we set Dy equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +Z okay and then we get DZ + + align:start position:0% +Z okay and then we get DZ + + + align:start position:0% +Z okay and then we get DZ +equals g subx over G subz DX so that + + align:start position:0% +equals g subx over G subz DX so that + + + align:start position:0% +equals g subx over G subz DX so that +means partial Z over partial X is minus + + align:start position:0% +means partial Z over partial X is minus + + + align:start position:0% +means partial Z over partial X is minus +GX over + + align:start position:0% +GX over + + + align:start position:0% +GX over +gz and see that's a very + + align:start position:0% +gz and see that's a very + + + align:start position:0% +gz and see that's a very +counterintuitive formula because because + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive formula because because + + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive formula because because +you have this minus sign that you + + align:start position:0% +you have this minus sign that you + + + align:start position:0% +you have this minus sign that you +somehow probably couldn't have seen come + + align:start position:0% +somehow probably couldn't have seen come + + + align:start position:0% +somehow probably couldn't have seen come +you know if you hadn't actually derived + + align:start position:0% +you know if you hadn't actually derived + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you hadn't actually derived +things this way I mean + + align:start position:0% +things this way I mean + + + align:start position:0% +things this way I mean +it's it's pretty surprising to see that + + align:start position:0% +it's it's pretty surprising to see that + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's pretty surprising to see that +minus sign come come out of nowhere the + + align:start position:0% +minus sign come come out of nowhere the + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign come come out of nowhere the +first time you see it but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay so now we know how to find the + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we know how to find the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we know how to find the +rates of change of constrainted + + align:start position:0% +rates of change of constrainted + + + align:start position:0% +rates of change of constrainted +variables with respect to each + + align:start position:0% +variables with respect to each + + + align:start position:0% +variables with respect to each +other you can apply the same to find you + + align:start position:0% +other you can apply the same to find you + + + align:start position:0% +other you can apply the same to find you +know if you want partial X partial y or + + align:start position:0% +know if you want partial X partial y or + + + align:start position:0% +know if you want partial X partial y or +any of them you can do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it any questions so + + align:start position:0% +it any questions so + + + align:start position:0% +it any questions so +far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +okay so before we proceed further I + + align:start position:0% +okay so before we proceed further I + + + align:start position:0% +okay so before we proceed further I +should + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probably expose some problem with the + + align:start position:0% +probably expose some problem with the + + + align:start position:0% +probably expose some problem with the +notations that we have so far so so let + + align:start position:0% +notations that we have so far so so let + + + align:start position:0% +notations that we have so far so so let +me try to get you a bit + + align:start position:0% +me try to get you a bit + + + align:start position:0% +me try to get you a bit +confused + + align:start position:0% +confused + + + align:start position:0% +confused +okay so let's take a very simple example + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's take a very simple example + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's take a very simple example +let's say I have a function f of x y + + align:start position:0% +let's say I have a function f of x y + + + align:start position:0% +let's say I have a function f of x y +equals x + y okay so far doesn't sound + + align:start position:0% +equals x + y okay so far doesn't sound + + + align:start position:0% +equals x + y okay so far doesn't sound +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +confusing + + align:start position:0% +confusing + + + align:start position:0% +confusing +and then I can write partial F of a + + align:start position:0% +and then I can write partial F of a + + + align:start position:0% +and then I can write partial F of a +partial X and I think you all know how + + align:start position:0% +partial X and I think you all know how + + + align:start position:0% +partial X and I think you all know how +to compute it it's going to be just one + + align:start position:0% +to compute it it's going to be just one + + + align:start position:0% +to compute it it's going to be just one +okay so far we + + align:start position:0% +okay so far we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so far we +pretty + + align:start position:0% +pretty + + + align:start position:0% +pretty +happy + + align:start position:0% +happy + + + align:start position:0% +happy +now let's do a change of variables let's + + align:start position:0% +now let's do a change of variables let's + + + align:start position:0% +now let's do a change of variables let's +set X = U and Y = U + V okay it's not a + + align:start position:0% +set X = U and Y = U + V okay it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +set X = U and Y = U + V okay it's not a +very complicated change of variables but + + align:start position:0% +very complicated change of variables but + + + align:start position:0% +very complicated change of variables but +let's do + + align:start position:0% +let's do + + + align:start position:0% +let's do +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +then F in terms of u and + + align:start position:0% +then F in terms of u and + + + align:start position:0% +then F in terms of u and +v well so F remember was x + y + + align:start position:0% +v well so F remember was x + y + + + align:start position:0% +v well so F remember was x + y +becomes U + U + V that's twice U + + + align:start position:0% +becomes U + U + V that's twice U + + + + align:start position:0% +becomes U + U + V that's twice U + +V what's partial F over partial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U it's two so X and U are the same + + align:start position:0% +U it's two so X and U are the same + + + align:start position:0% +U it's two so X and U are the same +thing partial F of partial X and partial + + align:start position:0% +thing partial F of partial X and partial + + + align:start position:0% +thing partial F of partial X and partial +F of partial U well unless you believe + + align:start position:0% +F of partial U well unless you believe + + + align:start position:0% +F of partial U well unless you believe +that 1 equals two they're really not the + + align:start position:0% +that 1 equals two they're really not the + + + align:start position:0% +that 1 equals two they're really not the +same thing okay + + align:start position:0% +same thing okay + + + align:start position:0% +same thing okay +so that's an interesting slightly + + align:start position:0% +so that's an interesting slightly + + + align:start position:0% +so that's an interesting slightly +strange + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phenomenon xals U but partial F partial + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon xals U but partial F partial + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon xals U but partial F partial +X is not the same as partial F partial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U so how do we get rid of this + + align:start position:0% +U so how do we get rid of this + + + align:start position:0% +U so how do we get rid of this +contradiction + + align:start position:0% +contradiction + + + align:start position:0% +contradiction +well we have to think a bit more about + + align:start position:0% +well we have to think a bit more about + + + align:start position:0% +well we have to think a bit more about +what these notations mean okay so when + + align:start position:0% +what these notations mean okay so when + + + align:start position:0% +what these notations mean okay so when +we write partial F of a partial X it + + align:start position:0% +we write partial F of a partial X it + + + align:start position:0% +we write partial F of a partial X it +means that we are varying X keeping y + + align:start position:0% +means that we are varying X keeping y + + + align:start position:0% +means that we are varying X keeping y +constant when we write partial F of + + align:start position:0% +constant when we write partial F of + + + align:start position:0% +constant when we write partial F of +partial U it means we're varying U + + align:start position:0% +partial U it means we're varying U + + + align:start position:0% +partial U it means we're varying U +keeping V constant so varying U or + + align:start position:0% +keeping V constant so varying U or + + + align:start position:0% +keeping V constant so varying U or +varying X is the same thing but keeping + + align:start position:0% +varying X is the same thing but keeping + + + align:start position:0% +varying X is the same thing but keeping +V constant or keeping y constant are not + + align:start position:0% +V constant or keeping y constant are not + + + align:start position:0% +V constant or keeping y constant are not +the same thing if I keep y constant then + + align:start position:0% +the same thing if I keep y constant then + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing if I keep y constant then +when I change + + align:start position:0% +when I change + + + align:start position:0% +when I change +X so when I change U then V will also + + align:start position:0% +X so when I change U then V will also + + + align:start position:0% +X so when I change U then V will also +have to change so that their sum stays + + align:start position:0% +have to change so that their sum stays + + + align:start position:0% +have to change so that their sum stays +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +or if you prefer the other way around + + align:start position:0% +or if you prefer the other way around + + + align:start position:0% +or if you prefer the other way around +when I do this one I keep V constant if + + align:start position:0% +when I do this one I keep V constant if + + + align:start position:0% +when I do this one I keep V constant if +I keep V constant and I change U then y + + align:start position:0% +I keep V constant and I change U then y + + + align:start position:0% +I keep V constant and I change U then y +will change it won't be + + align:start position:0% +will change it won't be + + + align:start position:0% +will change it won't be +constant so that means well life looked + + align:start position:0% +constant so that means well life looked + + + align:start position:0% +constant so that means well life looked +quite nice and easy with his notations + + align:start position:0% +quite nice and easy with his notations + + + align:start position:0% +quite nice and easy with his notations +but what's dangerous about them is + + align:start position:0% +but what's dangerous about them is + + + align:start position:0% +but what's dangerous about them is +they're not making explicit what it is + + align:start position:0% +they're not making explicit what it is + + + align:start position:0% +they're not making explicit what it is +exactly that we're keeping + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant Okay so + + align:start position:0% +constant Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +constant Okay so +so just to write + + align:start position:0% +so just to write + + + align:start position:0% +so just to write +things so here we change U and x to the + + align:start position:0% +things so here we change U and x to the + + + align:start position:0% +things so here we change U and x to the +same thing but we keep y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant while here we change U which is + + align:start position:0% +constant while here we change U which is + + + align:start position:0% +constant while here we change U which is +still the same thing as + + align:start position:0% +still the same thing as + + + align:start position:0% +still the same thing as +X but what we keep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant is V or in terms of X and Y + + align:start position:0% +constant is V or in terms of X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +constant is V or in terms of X and Y +that's y - x constant + + align:start position:0% +that's y - x constant + + + align:start position:0% +that's y - x constant +and that's why they're not the + + align:start position:0% +and that's why they're not the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why they're not the +same so whenever there's any risk of + + align:start position:0% +same so whenever there's any risk of + + + align:start position:0% +same so whenever there's any risk of +confusion okay so not in the cases that + + align:start position:0% +confusion okay so not in the cases that + + + align:start position:0% +confusion okay so not in the cases that +we had before because you know in what + + align:start position:0% +we had before because you know in what + + + align:start position:0% +we had before because you know in what +we've done until now we didn't really + + align:start position:0% +we've done until now we didn't really + + + align:start position:0% +we've done until now we didn't really +have any problem but in the situation + + align:start position:0% +have any problem but in the situation + + + align:start position:0% +have any problem but in the situation +like this to clarify things will + + align:start position:0% +like this to clarify things will + + + align:start position:0% +like this to clarify things will +actually say + + align:start position:0% +actually say + + + align:start position:0% +actually say +explicitly what it is that we want to + + align:start position:0% +explicitly what it is that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly what it is that we want to +keep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what's going to be our new + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's going to be our new + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what's going to be our new +notation well + + align:start position:0% +notation well + + + align:start position:0% +notation well +so it's not + + align:start position:0% +so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not +particularly Pleasant because it uses + + align:start position:0% +particularly Pleasant because it uses + + + align:start position:0% +particularly Pleasant because it uses +now a subscript not to indicate what + + align:start position:0% +now a subscript not to indicate what + + + align:start position:0% +now a subscript not to indicate what +you're differentiating but rather what + + align:start position:0% +you're differentiating but rather what + + + align:start position:0% +you're differentiating but rather what +you're holding constant so that's quite + + align:start position:0% +you're holding constant so that's quite + + + align:start position:0% +you're holding constant so that's quite +a conflict of notation with what we had + + align:start position:0% +a conflict of notation with what we had + + + align:start position:0% +a conflict of notation with what we had +before um I think I can safely blame it + + align:start position:0% +before um I think I can safely blame it + + + align:start position:0% +before um I think I can safely blame it +on physicists or chemists so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this one means we keep y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +and partial F of a partial U with veld + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +similarly okay so now what happens is we + + align:start position:0% +similarly okay so now what happens is we + + + align:start position:0% +similarly okay so now what happens is we +no longer have any contradiction we have + + align:start position:0% +no longer have any contradiction we have + + + align:start position:0% +no longer have any contradiction we have +partial F over partial x with + + align:start position:0% +partial F over partial x with + + + align:start position:0% +partial F over partial x with +y constant is different from partial F + + align:start position:0% +y constant is different from partial F + + + align:start position:0% +y constant is different from partial F +over partial x with v constant which is + + align:start position:0% +over partial x with v constant which is + + + align:start position:0% +over partial x with v constant which is +the same as partial F over partial U + + align:start position:0% +the same as partial F over partial U + + + align:start position:0% +the same as partial F over partial U +with v + + align:start position:0% +with v + + + align:start position:0% +with v +constant okay so this guy is one and + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so this guy is one and + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so this guy is one and +this guys are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two so now we can safely use the fact + + align:start position:0% +two so now we can safely use the fact + + + align:start position:0% +two so now we can safely use the fact +that xals U if we are keeping track of + + align:start position:0% +that xals U if we are keeping track of + + + align:start position:0% +that xals U if we are keeping track of +what is actually held + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant okay so now that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so now that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so now that's going to be +particularly important when we have + + align:start position:0% +particularly important when we have + + + align:start position:0% +particularly important when we have +variables that are related because let's + + align:start position:0% +variables that are related because let's + + + align:start position:0% +variables that are related because let's +say now that I have a function that + + align:start position:0% +say now that I have a function that + + + align:start position:0% +say now that I have a function that +depends on X Y and Z but x y and z are + + align:start position:0% +depends on X Y and Z but x y and z are + + + align:start position:0% +depends on X Y and Z but x y and z are +related then it means that you know if I + + align:start position:0% +related then it means that you know if I + + + align:start position:0% +related then it means that you know if I +look at say X and Y as my independent + + align:start position:0% +look at say X and Y as my independent + + + align:start position:0% +look at say X and Y as my independent +variables and Z as a function of X and Y + + align:start position:0% +variables and Z as a function of X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +variables and Z as a function of X and Y +then it means that when I do partial say + + align:start position:0% +then it means that when I do partial say + + + align:start position:0% +then it means that when I do partial say +with respect to X I will hold y constant + + align:start position:0% +with respect to X I will hold y constant + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to X I will hold y constant +but I will let Z vary as a function of X + + align:start position:0% +but I will let Z vary as a function of X + + + align:start position:0% +but I will let Z vary as a function of X +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +Y or I could do it the other way around + + align:start position:0% +Y or I could do it the other way around + + + align:start position:0% +Y or I could do it the other way around +I could vary X keep Z constant and let y + + align:start position:0% +I could vary X keep Z constant and let y + + + align:start position:0% +I could vary X keep Z constant and let y +be a function of x and z and so I will + + align:start position:0% +be a function of x and z and so I will + + + align:start position:0% +be a function of x and z and so I will +need to use this kind of notation to + + align:start position:0% +need to use this kind of notation to + + + align:start position:0% +need to use this kind of notation to +indicate which one I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean okay + + align:start position:0% +mean okay + + + align:start position:0% +mean okay +any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +no all right so let's try to do an + + align:start position:0% +no all right so let's try to do an + + + align:start position:0% +no all right so let's try to do an +example where we have a function that + + align:start position:0% +example where we have a function that + + + align:start position:0% +example where we have a function that +depends on variables that are + + align:start position:0% +depends on variables that are + + + align:start position:0% +depends on variables that are +related okay + + align:start position:0% +related okay + + + align:start position:0% +related okay +so I don't want to do one with PV equals + + align:start position:0% +so I don't want to do one with PV equals + + + align:start position:0% +so I don't want to do one with PV equals +nrt because probably I mean if you've + + align:start position:0% +nrt because probably I mean if you've + + + align:start position:0% +nrt because probably I mean if you've +seen it then you've seen too much of it + + align:start position:0% +seen it then you've seen too much of it + + + align:start position:0% +seen it then you've seen too much of it +and if you haven't seen it then maybe + + align:start position:0% +and if you haven't seen it then maybe + + + align:start position:0% +and if you haven't seen it then maybe +it's not the best example so let's do a + + align:start position:0% +it's not the best example so let's do a + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the best example so let's do a +geometric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example okay so let's look at the area + + align:start position:0% +example okay so let's look at the area + + + align:start position:0% +example okay so let's look at the area +of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +triangle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's say I have a triangle and my + + align:start position:0% +so let's say I have a triangle and my + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say I have a triangle and my +variables will be the sides A and B and + + align:start position:0% +variables will be the sides A and B and + + + align:start position:0% +variables will be the sides A and B and +the angle here + + align:start position:0% +the angle here + + + align:start position:0% +the angle here +Theta okay so what's the area of this + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay so what's the area of this + + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay so what's the area of this +Triangle Well it's base time height over + + align:start position:0% +Triangle Well it's base time height over + + + align:start position:0% +Triangle Well it's base time height over +two so it's 12 of the base is a and the + + align:start position:0% +two so it's 12 of the base is a and the + + + align:start position:0% +two so it's 12 of the base is a and the +height is B sin + + align:start position:0% +height is B sin + + + align:start position:0% +height is B sin +Theta okay so that's a function of a b + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay so that's a function of a b + + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay so that's a function of a b +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +Theta now let's say actually there's a + + align:start position:0% +Theta now let's say actually there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Theta now let's say actually there's a +relation between ab and Theta that I + + align:start position:0% +relation between ab and Theta that I + + + align:start position:0% +relation between ab and Theta that I +didn't tell you about namely actually I + + align:start position:0% +didn't tell you about namely actually I + + + align:start position:0% +didn't tell you about namely actually I +want to assume that it's a right + + align:start position:0% +want to assume that it's a right + + + align:start position:0% +want to assume that it's a right +triangle okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's now assume it's a right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +triangle with let's say the hypotenuse + + align:start position:0% +triangle with let's say the hypotenuse + + + align:start position:0% +triangle with let's say the hypotenuse +is B + + align:start position:0% +is B + + + align:start position:0% +is B +so we have a right angle here + + align:start position:0% +so we have a right angle here + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a right angle here +actually so a is here B is herea is here + + align:start position:0% +actually so a is here B is herea is here + + + align:start position:0% +actually so a is here B is herea is here +so saying that it's a right triangle is + + align:start position:0% +so saying that it's a right triangle is + + + align:start position:0% +so saying that it's a right triangle is +the same thing as saying that a equals B + + align:start position:0% +the same thing as saying that a equals B + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing as saying that a equals B +cos + + align:start position:0% +cos + + + align:start position:0% +cos +Theta okay so that's our + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay so that's our + + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay so that's our +constraint that's the relation between a + + align:start position:0% +constraint that's the relation between a + + + align:start position:0% +constraint that's the relation between a +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +thet and this is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function of a b and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta and let's say that we want to + + align:start position:0% +Theta and let's say that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and let's say that we want to +understand how the area depends on + + align:start position:0% +understand how the area depends on + + + align:start position:0% +understand how the area depends on +Theta okay what's the rate of change of + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay what's the rate of change of + + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay what's the rate of change of +the area of this triangle with respect + + align:start position:0% +the area of this triangle with respect + + + align:start position:0% +the area of this triangle with respect +to Theta so I claim there's various + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +answers I can think of at least three + + align:start position:0% +answers I can think of at least three + + + align:start position:0% +answers I can think of at least three +possible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +answers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what can we possibly mean by the rate + + align:start position:0% +so what can we possibly mean by the rate + + + align:start position:0% +so what can we possibly mean by the rate +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +change of a with respect to + + align:start position:0% +change of a with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +change of a with respect to +Theta so these are all things that we + + align:start position:0% +Theta so these are all things that we + + + align:start position:0% +Theta so these are all things that we +might want to call partial a partial + + align:start position:0% +might want to call partial a partial + + + align:start position:0% +might want to call partial a partial +Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta +but of course we'll have to actually use + + align:start position:0% +but of course we'll have to actually use + + + align:start position:0% +but of course we'll have to actually use +different notations to you know + + align:start position:0% +different notations to you know + + + align:start position:0% +different notations to you know +distinguish + + align:start position:0% +distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +so the first way that we actually + + align:start position:0% +so the first way that we actually + + + align:start position:0% +so the first way that we actually +already know about is if we just forget + + align:start position:0% +already know about is if we just forget + + + align:start position:0% +already know about is if we just forget +about the fact that the variables are + + align:start position:0% +about the fact that the variables are + + + align:start position:0% +about the fact that the variables are +related okay so if we just think of + + align:start position:0% +related okay so if we just think of + + + align:start position:0% +related okay so if we just think of +little a b and Theta as independent + + align:start position:0% +little a b and Theta as independent + + + align:start position:0% +little a b and Theta as independent +variables and we just change feta + + align:start position:0% +variables and we just change feta + + + align:start position:0% +variables and we just change feta +keeping A and B + + align:start position:0% +keeping A and B + + + align:start position:0% +keeping A and B +constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's exactly what we meant by + + align:start position:0% +so that's exactly what we meant by + + + align:start position:0% +so that's exactly what we meant by +partial a partial Theta right we are not + + align:start position:0% +partial a partial Theta right we are not + + + align:start position:0% +partial a partial Theta right we are not +putting any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constraint so just to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use some new notation that would be the + + align:start position:0% +use some new notation that would be the + + + align:start position:0% +use some new notation that would be the +rate of change of a with respect to + + align:start position:0% +rate of change of a with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +rate of change of a with respect to +Theta keeping A and B fixed at the same + + align:start position:0% +Theta keeping A and B fixed at the same + + + align:start position:0% +Theta keeping A and B fixed at the same +time of course if we are keeping A and B + + align:start position:0% +time of course if we are keeping A and B + + + align:start position:0% +time of course if we are keeping A and B +fixed and we're changing Theta it means + + align:start position:0% +fixed and we're changing Theta it means + + + align:start position:0% +fixed and we're changing Theta it means +we completely ignore this property of + + align:start position:0% +we completely ignore this property of + + + align:start position:0% +we completely ignore this property of +being a right triangle so in fact it + + align:start position:0% +being a right triangle so in fact it + + + align:start position:0% +being a right triangle so in fact it +corresponds to changing the area by + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to changing the area by + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to changing the area by +changing the angle keeping these lengths + + align:start position:0% +changing the angle keeping these lengths + + + align:start position:0% +changing the angle keeping these lengths +fixed and of course we lose the right + + align:start position:0% +fixed and of course we lose the right + + + align:start position:0% +fixed and of course we lose the right +angle when we + + align:start position:0% +angle when we + + + align:start position:0% +angle when we +rotate this side here here then the + + align:start position:0% +rotate this side here here then the + + + align:start position:0% +rotate this side here here then the +angle doesn't stay right angle and + + align:start position:0% +angle doesn't stay right angle and + + + align:start position:0% +angle doesn't stay right angle and +that's when we know how to + + align:start position:0% +that's when we know how to + + + align:start position:0% +that's when we know how to +compute right because it's the one we've + + align:start position:0% +compute right because it's the one we've + + + align:start position:0% +compute right because it's the one we've +been Computing all + + align:start position:0% +been Computing all + + + align:start position:0% +been Computing all +along so that means we keep A and B + + align:start position:0% +along so that means we keep A and B + + + align:start position:0% +along so that means we keep A and B +fixed and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then so let's see what's the derivative + + align:start position:0% +then so let's see what's the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +then so let's see what's the derivative +of a with respect to Theta I guess + + align:start position:0% +of a with respect to Theta I guess + + + align:start position:0% +of a with respect to Theta I guess +it's 12 AB cosine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay that when we + + align:start position:0% +okay that when we + + + align:start position:0% +okay that when we +know any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions no okay the two other guys + + align:start position:0% +questions no okay the two other guys + + + align:start position:0% +questions no okay the two other guys +will be more interesting um so far I'm + + align:start position:0% +will be more interesting um so far I'm + + + align:start position:0% +will be more interesting um so far I'm +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +really doing anything with my constraint + + align:start position:0% +really doing anything with my constraint + + + align:start position:0% +really doing anything with my constraint +let's say that actually I do want to + + align:start position:0% +let's say that actually I do want to + + + align:start position:0% +let's say that actually I do want to +keep a right + + align:start position:0% +keep a right + + + align:start position:0% +keep a right +angle then when I change Theta there's + + align:start position:0% +angle then when I change Theta there's + + + align:start position:0% +angle then when I change Theta there's +two options one is I keep a constant and + + align:start position:0% +two options one is I keep a constant and + + + align:start position:0% +two options one is I keep a constant and +then of course B will have to change + + align:start position:0% +then of course B will have to change + + + align:start position:0% +then of course B will have to change +because if this width stays the same but + + align:start position:0% +because if this width stays the same but + + + align:start position:0% +because if this width stays the same but +when I change Theta the height increase + + align:start position:0% +when I change Theta the height increase + + + align:start position:0% +when I change Theta the height increase +and then this side length + + align:start position:0% +and then this side length + + + align:start position:0% +and then this side length +increases the other option is I change + + align:start position:0% +increases the other option is I change + + + align:start position:0% +increases the other option is I change +the angle keeping B constant so actually + + align:start position:0% +the angle keeping B constant so actually + + + align:start position:0% +the angle keeping B constant so actually +this side stays the same length but then + + align:start position:0% +this side stays the same length but then + + + align:start position:0% +this side stays the same length but then +a has to become a bit + + align:start position:0% +a has to become a bit + + + align:start position:0% +a has to become a bit +shorter and of course the area will + + align:start position:0% +shorter and of course the area will + + + align:start position:0% +shorter and of course the area will +change in different ways depending on + + align:start position:0% +change in different ways depending on + + + align:start position:0% +change in different ways depending on +what I do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's why I said we have three + + align:start position:0% +so that's why I said we have three + + + align:start position:0% +so that's why I said we have three +different answers so the next one + + align:start position:0% +different answers so the next one + + + align:start position:0% +different answers so the next one +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +keep I forgot which one I say first + + align:start position:0% +keep I forgot which one I say first + + + align:start position:0% +keep I forgot which one I say first +let's say keep a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +and that means that b will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +change B is going to be some function of + + align:start position:0% +change B is going to be some function of + + + align:start position:0% +change B is going to be some function of +a and Theta well in fact here we know + + align:start position:0% +a and Theta well in fact here we know + + + align:start position:0% +a and Theta well in fact here we know +what the function is uh because we can + + align:start position:0% +what the function is uh because we can + + + align:start position:0% +what the function is uh because we can +solve the constraint namely B is a over + + align:start position:0% +solve the constraint namely B is a over + + + align:start position:0% +solve the constraint namely B is a over +coine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta but we don't actually need to know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so + + align:start position:0% +that so + + + align:start position:0% +that so +that the + + align:start position:0% +that the + + + align:start position:0% +that the +triangle so that the right + + align:start position:0% +triangle so that the right + + + align:start position:0% +triangle so that the right +angle + + align:start position:0% +angle + + + align:start position:0% +angle +whatever so that we keep a right + + align:start position:0% +whatever so that we keep a right + + + align:start position:0% +whatever so that we keep a right +angle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so the name we will have for this is + + align:start position:0% +and so the name we will have for this is + + + align:start position:0% +and so the name we will have for this is +partial a over partial Theta with a held + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant okay and the fact that I'm not + + align:start position:0% +constant okay and the fact that I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay and the fact that I'm not +putting B in my subscript there means + + align:start position:0% +putting B in my subscript there means + + + align:start position:0% +putting B in my subscript there means +that actually B will be a dependent + + align:start position:0% +that actually B will be a dependent + + + align:start position:0% +that actually B will be a dependent +variable it changes in whatever way it + + align:start position:0% +variable it changes in whatever way it + + + align:start position:0% +variable it changes in whatever way it +has to change so that when Theta + + align:start position:0% +has to change so that when Theta + + + align:start position:0% +has to change so that when Theta +changes a stays the same well B changes + + align:start position:0% +changes a stays the same well B changes + + + align:start position:0% +changes a stays the same well B changes +so that we keep a right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +triangle and the third + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guy is the one where we actually keep B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant and now + + align:start position:0% +constant and now + + + align:start position:0% +constant and now +a we think of a as a function of B and + + align:start position:0% +a we think of a as a function of B and + + + align:start position:0% +a we think of a as a function of B and +Theta and it changes so that we keep a + + align:start position:0% +Theta and it changes so that we keep a + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and it changes so that we keep a +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +angle Okay so actually as a function of + + align:start position:0% +angle Okay so actually as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +angle Okay so actually as a function of +B and Theta it's given over it's given + + align:start position:0% +B and Theta it's given over it's given + + + align:start position:0% +B and Theta it's given over it's given +over there a equals B cosine + + align:start position:0% +over there a equals B cosine + + + align:start position:0% +over there a equals B cosine +Theta and so this guy is called partial + + align:start position:0% +Theta and so this guy is called partial + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and so this guy is called partial +a over partial + + align:start position:0% +a over partial + + + align:start position:0% +a over partial +Theta with B held + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant Okay so we've just defined them + + align:start position:0% +constant Okay so we've just defined them + + + align:start position:0% +constant Okay so we've just defined them +we don't know yet how to compute these + + align:start position:0% +we don't know yet how to compute these + + + align:start position:0% +we don't know yet how to compute these +things that's what we're going to do now + + align:start position:0% +things that's what we're going to do now + + + align:start position:0% +things that's what we're going to do now +but is the definition and what these + + align:start position:0% +but is the definition and what these + + + align:start position:0% +but is the definition and what these +things mean is that clear to + + align:start position:0% +things mean is that clear to + + + align:start position:0% +things mean is that clear to +everyone + + align:start position:0% +everyone + + + align:start position:0% +everyone +yes yes + + align:start position:0% +yes yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes yes +okay uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes okay so the second answer again so + + align:start position:0% +yes okay so the second answer again so + + + align:start position:0% +yes okay so the second answer again so +one way to ask ourselves how does the + + align:start position:0% +one way to ask ourselves how does the + + + align:start position:0% +one way to ask ourselves how does the +area depend on Theta is to say well + + align:start position:0% +area depend on Theta is to say well + + + align:start position:0% +area depend on Theta is to say well +we'll + + align:start position:0% +we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we'll +actually look at the area of a right + + align:start position:0% +actually look at the area of a right + + + align:start position:0% +actually look at the area of a right +triangle as a function of a and Theta + + align:start position:0% +triangle as a function of a and Theta + + + align:start position:0% +triangle as a function of a and Theta +only by solving for B and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +only by solving for B and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +only by solving for B and then we'll +change Theta keep a constant and ask how + + align:start position:0% +change Theta keep a constant and ask how + + + align:start position:0% +change Theta keep a constant and ask how +does the area + + align:start position:0% +does the area + + + align:start position:0% +does the area +change so when we do that when we change + + align:start position:0% +change so when we do that when we change + + + align:start position:0% +change so when we do that when we change +Theta and keep a the same then B has to + + align:start position:0% +Theta and keep a the same then B has to + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and keep a the same then B has to +change so that it stays a right triangle + + align:start position:0% +change so that it stays a right triangle + + + align:start position:0% +change so that it stays a right triangle +right so that this relation still holds + + align:start position:0% +right so that this relation still holds + + + align:start position:0% +right so that this relation still holds +that requires us to change + + align:start position:0% +that requires us to change + + + align:start position:0% +that requires us to change +B so when we write partial a over + + align:start position:0% +B so when we write partial a over + + + align:start position:0% +B so when we write partial a over +partial Theta with a constant it means + + align:start position:0% +partial Theta with a constant it means + + + align:start position:0% +partial Theta with a constant it means +that actually B will be the dependent + + align:start position:0% +that actually B will be the dependent + + + align:start position:0% +that actually B will be the dependent +variable it depends on a and Theta and + + align:start position:0% +variable it depends on a and Theta and + + + align:start position:0% +variable it depends on a and Theta and +so the area depends on Theta not only + + align:start position:0% +so the area depends on Theta not only + + + align:start position:0% +so the area depends on Theta not only +because Theta is in the formula but also + + align:start position:0% +because Theta is in the formula but also + + + align:start position:0% +because Theta is in the formula but also +because B changes and B is in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formula uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes uh no no we don't keep Theta + + align:start position:0% +yes uh no no we don't keep Theta + + + align:start position:0% +yes uh no no we don't keep Theta +constant we vary Theta right the goal is + + align:start position:0% +constant we vary Theta right the goal is + + + align:start position:0% +constant we vary Theta right the goal is +to see how things change when I change + + align:start position:0% +to see how things change when I change + + + align:start position:0% +to see how things change when I change +Theta by a little bit + + align:start position:0% +Theta by a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +Theta by a little bit +okay so if I change feta a little bit in + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I change feta a little bit in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I change feta a little bit in +this one if I change feta a little bit + + align:start position:0% +this one if I change feta a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +this one if I change feta a little bit +and I keep a the same then B has to + + align:start position:0% +and I keep a the same then B has to + + + align:start position:0% +and I keep a the same then B has to +change also in some way so that it stays + + align:start position:0% +change also in some way so that it stays + + + align:start position:0% +change also in some way so that it stays +a right triangle and then + + align:start position:0% +a right triangle and then + + + align:start position:0% +a right triangle and then +because Theta and B change that causes + + align:start position:0% +because Theta and B change that causes + + + align:start position:0% +because Theta and B change that causes +the area to + + align:start position:0% +the area to + + + align:start position:0% +the area to +change okay so maybe I should explain + + align:start position:0% +change okay so maybe I should explain + + + align:start position:0% +change okay so maybe I should explain +that again so Theta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +changes a is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant but we we have the constraint + + align:start position:0% +constant but we we have the constraint + + + align:start position:0% +constant but we we have the constraint +AAL B cosine Theta that means that b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +changes and then the question is how + + align:start position:0% +changes and then the question is how + + + align:start position:0% +changes and then the question is how +does a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +change well it will change in part + + align:start position:0% +change well it will change in part + + + align:start position:0% +change well it will change in part +because Theta changes and in part + + align:start position:0% +because Theta changes and in part + + + align:start position:0% +because Theta changes and in part +because B changes but we want to know + + align:start position:0% +because B changes but we want to know + + + align:start position:0% +because B changes but we want to know +how it depends on Theta in this + + align:start position:0% +how it depends on Theta in this + + + align:start position:0% +how it depends on Theta in this +situation yes why isn't there a + + align:start position:0% +situation yes why isn't there a + + + align:start position:0% +situation yes why isn't there a +situation + + align:start position:0% +situation + + + align:start position:0% +situation +b and a are not Conant but triang still + + align:start position:0% +b and a are not Conant but triang still + + + align:start position:0% +b and a are not Conant but triang still +Ah that's a very good question so what + + align:start position:0% +Ah that's a very good question so what + + + align:start position:0% +Ah that's a very good question so what +about I don't keep A and B constant well + + align:start position:0% +about I don't keep A and B constant well + + + align:start position:0% +about I don't keep A and B constant well +then there's too many choices so I have + + align:start position:0% +then there's too many choices so I have + + + align:start position:0% +then there's too many choices so I have +to decide actually how how I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +to decide actually how how I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +to decide actually how how I'm going to +change things see if I just say I have + + align:start position:0% +change things see if I just say I have + + + align:start position:0% +change things see if I just say I have +this relation that means I have two + + align:start position:0% +this relation that means I have two + + + align:start position:0% +this relation that means I have two +independent variables left whichever two + + align:start position:0% +independent variables left whichever two + + + align:start position:0% +independent variables left whichever two +of the three I want but I still have to + + align:start position:0% +of the three I want but I still have to + + + align:start position:0% +of the three I want but I still have to +specify two of them to say exactly which + + align:start position:0% +specify two of them to say exactly which + + + align:start position:0% +specify two of them to say exactly which +triangle I + + align:start position:0% +triangle I + + + align:start position:0% +triangle I +mean so + + align:start position:0% +mean so + + + align:start position:0% +mean so +I cannot ask myself just how will it + + align:start position:0% +I cannot ask myself just how will it + + + align:start position:0% +I cannot ask myself just how will it +change if I change Theta and do random + + align:start position:0% +change if I change Theta and do random + + + align:start position:0% +change if I change Theta and do random +things with A and B it depends what I do + + align:start position:0% +things with A and B it depends what I do + + + align:start position:0% +things with A and B it depends what I do +with a and b of course I could choose to + + align:start position:0% +with a and b of course I could choose to + + + align:start position:0% +with a and b of course I could choose to +change them simultaneously but then I + + align:start position:0% +change them simultaneously but then I + + + align:start position:0% +change them simultaneously but then I +have to specify how exactly I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +have to specify how exactly I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +have to specify how exactly I'm going to +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that side ah yes if you wanted to indeed + + align:start position:0% +that side ah yes if you wanted to indeed + + + align:start position:0% +that side ah yes if you wanted to indeed +we could also change things in such a + + align:start position:0% +we could also change things in such a + + + align:start position:0% +we could also change things in such a +way that the third side remains + + align:start position:0% +way that the third side remains + + + align:start position:0% +way that the third side remains +constant and that would be yet a + + align:start position:0% +constant and that would be yet a + + + align:start position:0% +constant and that would be yet a +different way to attack the problem I + + align:start position:0% +different way to attack the problem I + + + align:start position:0% +different way to attack the problem I +mean we don't have a good notation for + + align:start position:0% +mean we don't have a good notation for + + + align:start position:0% +mean we don't have a good notation for +this here because we didn't give it a + + align:start position:0% +this here because we didn't give it a + + + align:start position:0% +this here because we didn't give it a +name but yeah I mean we could you know + + align:start position:0% +name but yeah I mean we could you know + + + align:start position:0% +name but yeah I mean we could you know +we could call this guy C and then we'd + + align:start position:0% +we could call this guy C and then we'd + + + align:start position:0% +we could call this guy C and then we'd +have a different formula and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on so I mean I'm not looking at it for + + align:start position:0% +on so I mean I'm not looking at it for + + + align:start position:0% +on so I mean I'm not looking at it for +Simplicity but you could have many + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more I mean in general you will want you + + align:start position:0% +more I mean in general you will want you + + + align:start position:0% +more I mean in general you will want you +know once you have a set of nice natural + + align:start position:0% +know once you have a set of nice natural + + + align:start position:0% +know once you have a set of nice natural +variables for you will want to look + + align:start position:0% +variables for you will want to look + + + align:start position:0% +variables for you will want to look +mostly at situations where one of the + + align:start position:0% +mostly at situations where one of the + + + align:start position:0% +mostly at situations where one of the +variable changes some of them are held + + align:start position:0% +variable changes some of them are held + + + align:start position:0% +variable changes some of them are held +fixed and and then some dependent + + align:start position:0% +fixed and and then some dependent + + + align:start position:0% +fixed and and then some dependent +variable does whatever it must so that + + align:start position:0% +variable does whatever it must so that + + + align:start position:0% +variable does whatever it must so that +the constraint keeps keeps + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +holding okay so let's try to compute one + + align:start position:0% +holding okay so let's try to compute one + + + align:start position:0% +holding okay so let's try to compute one +of them let's say uh I decide that we'll + + align:start position:0% +of them let's say uh I decide that we'll + + + align:start position:0% +of them let's say uh I decide that we'll +compute this one okay let's see how we + + align:start position:0% +compute this one okay let's see how we + + + align:start position:0% +compute this one okay let's see how we +can compute partial a partial Theta with + + align:start position:0% +can compute partial a partial Theta with + + + align:start position:0% +can compute partial a partial Theta with +a held + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fixed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so let's try to + + align:start position:0% +so let's try to + + + align:start position:0% +so let's try to +compute + + align:start position:0% +compute + + + align:start position:0% +compute +partial a partial Theta with a held + + align:start position:0% +partial a partial Theta with a held + + + align:start position:0% +partial a partial Theta with a held +constant so let's see three different + + align:start position:0% +constant so let's see three different + + + align:start position:0% +constant so let's see three different +ways of doing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that so let me start + + align:start position:0% +that so let me start + + + align:start position:0% +that so let me start +with method + + align:start position:0% +with method + + + align:start position:0% +with method +zero okay uh it's not a real method + + align:start position:0% +zero okay uh it's not a real method + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay uh it's not a real method +that's why I'm not giving it a positive + + align:start position:0% +that's why I'm not giving it a positive + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I'm not giving it a positive +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +so that one is just we solve for b and + + align:start position:0% +so that one is just we solve for b and + + + align:start position:0% +so that one is just we solve for b and +we plug we remove B from the + + align:start position:0% +we plug we remove B from the + + + align:start position:0% +we plug we remove B from the +formulas okay so here it works well + + align:start position:0% +formulas okay so here it works well + + + align:start position:0% +formulas okay so here it works well +because we know how to solve for b um + + align:start position:0% +because we know how to solve for b um + + + align:start position:0% +because we know how to solve for b um +but I'm not considering this to be a + + align:start position:0% +but I'm not considering this to be a + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm not considering this to be a +real method because in general we don't + + align:start position:0% +real method because in general we don't + + + align:start position:0% +real method because in general we don't +know how to do that I mean if we use you + + align:start position:0% +know how to do that I mean if we use you + + + align:start position:0% +know how to do that I mean if we use you +know at the beginning I had this + + align:start position:0% +know at the beginning I had this + + + align:start position:0% +know at the beginning I had this +relation that was an equation of degree + + align:start position:0% +relation that was an equation of degree + + + align:start position:0% +relation that was an equation of degree +three you don't really want to solve + + align:start position:0% +three you don't really want to solve + + + align:start position:0% +three you don't really want to solve +your equation for the dependent variable + + align:start position:0% +your equation for the dependent variable + + + align:start position:0% +your equation for the dependent variable +usually here we can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so solve for b and substitute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how do we do that well the constraint + + align:start position:0% +so how do we do that well the constraint + + + align:start position:0% +so how do we do that well the constraint +is AAL B cosine + + align:start position:0% +is AAL B cosine + + + align:start position:0% +is AAL B cosine +Theta that means B is a over cosine + + align:start position:0% +Theta that means B is a over cosine + + + align:start position:0% +Theta that means B is a over cosine +Theta some of you know that as a sec + + align:start position:0% +Theta some of you know that as a sec + + + align:start position:0% +Theta some of you know that as a sec +Theta that's the + + align:start position:0% +Theta that's the + + + align:start position:0% +Theta that's the +same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and now if we express the area in + + align:start position:0% +um and now if we express the area in + + + align:start position:0% +um and now if we express the area in +terms of a and Theta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +only a is 12 of ab cosine sorry AB sin + + align:start position:0% +only a is 12 of ab cosine sorry AB sin + + + align:start position:0% +only a is 12 of ab cosine sorry AB sin +Theta is now 12 of a^ 2 sin + + align:start position:0% +Theta is now 12 of a^ 2 sin + + + align:start position:0% +Theta is now 12 of a^ 2 sin +Theta over cosine Theta or if you + + align:start position:0% +Theta over cosine Theta or if you + + + align:start position:0% +Theta over cosine Theta or if you +prefer 12 of a s tangent + + align:start position:0% +prefer 12 of a s tangent + + + align:start position:0% +prefer 12 of a s tangent +Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta +well now that it's only a function of a + + align:start position:0% +well now that it's only a function of a + + + align:start position:0% +well now that it's only a function of a +and Theta I know what it means to take + + align:start position:0% +and Theta I know what it means to take + + + align:start position:0% +and Theta I know what it means to take +the partial derivative with respect to + + align:start position:0% +the partial derivative with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +the partial derivative with respect to +Theta keeping a constant I know how to + + align:start position:0% +Theta keeping a constant I know how to + + + align:start position:0% +Theta keeping a constant I know how to +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it so partial a over partial Theta with + + align:start position:0% +it so partial a over partial Theta with + + + align:start position:0% +it so partial a over partial Theta with +a held + + align:start position:0% +a held + + + align:start position:0% +a held +constant well if a is a constant then I + + align:start position:0% +constant well if a is a constant then I + + + align:start position:0% +constant well if a is a constant then I +get this 12 a s coming + + align:start position:0% +get this 12 a s coming + + + align:start position:0% +get this 12 a s coming +out what's the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +out what's the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +out what's the derivative of +tangent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squ very + + align:start position:0% +squ very + + + align:start position:0% +squ very +good if you're European and you've never + + align:start position:0% +good if you're European and you've never + + + align:start position:0% +good if you're European and you've never +heard of secant that's one of cosine and + + align:start position:0% +heard of secant that's one of cosine and + + + align:start position:0% +heard of secant that's one of cosine and +uh if you know the derivative as 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +uh if you know the derivative as 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you know the derivative as 1 plus +tangent squar that's the same thing and + + align:start position:0% +tangent squar that's the same thing and + + + align:start position:0% +tangent squar that's the same thing and +it's also + + align:start position:0% +it's also + + + align:start position:0% +it's also +correct okay so that's one way of doing + + align:start position:0% +correct okay so that's one way of doing + + + align:start position:0% +correct okay so that's one way of doing +it but as I've already said it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +it but as I've already said it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +it but as I've already said it doesn't +get us veryify are if we don't know how + + align:start position:0% +get us veryify are if we don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +get us veryify are if we don't know how +to solve for b i mean we really use the + + align:start position:0% +to solve for b i mean we really use the + + + align:start position:0% +to solve for b i mean we really use the +fact that we can solve for b and get rid + + align:start position:0% +fact that we can solve for b and get rid + + + align:start position:0% +fact that we can solve for b and get rid +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +so there's two systematic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +methods + + align:start position:0% +methods + + + align:start position:0% +methods +and let's say the basic rule is that you + + align:start position:0% +and let's say the basic rule is that you + + + align:start position:0% +and let's say the basic rule is that you +should give both of them a chance you + + align:start position:0% +should give both of them a chance you + + + align:start position:0% +should give both of them a chance you +should see which one you prefer and you + + align:start position:0% +should see which one you prefer and you + + + align:start position:0% +should see which one you prefer and you +should be able to use one of one of the + + align:start position:0% +should be able to use one of one of the + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to use one of one of the +other on the exam okay most likely you + + align:start position:0% +other on the exam okay most likely you + + + align:start position:0% +other on the exam okay most likely you +will actually have a choice between one + + align:start position:0% +will actually have a choice between one + + + align:start position:0% +will actually have a choice between one +or the other um it will be up to you to + + align:start position:0% +or the other um it will be up to you to + + + align:start position:0% +or the other um it will be up to you to +decide which one you want to use but you + + align:start position:0% +decide which one you want to use but you + + + align:start position:0% +decide which one you want to use but you +cannot use solving and substitution + + align:start position:0% +cannot use solving and substitution + + + align:start position:0% +cannot use solving and substitution +that's not + + align:start position:0% +that's not + + + align:start position:0% +that's not +fair okay so the first + + align:start position:0% +fair okay so the first + + + align:start position:0% +fair okay so the first +one is to use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differentials by the way um in the notes + + align:start position:0% +differentials by the way um in the notes + + + align:start position:0% +differentials by the way um in the notes +they're called also method one and + + align:start position:0% +they're called also method one and + + + align:start position:0% +they're called also method one and +Method two I'm not promising that I have + + align:start position:0% +Method two I'm not promising that I have + + + align:start position:0% +Method two I'm not promising that I have +the same one I I might have you know one + + align:start position:0% +the same one I I might have you know one + + + align:start position:0% +the same one I I might have you know one +and two switched it doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +and two switched it doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +and two switched it doesn't really +matter so how do we do things using + + align:start position:0% +matter so how do we do things using + + + align:start position:0% +matter so how do we do things using +differentials well first we know that we + + align:start position:0% +differentials well first we know that we + + + align:start position:0% +differentials well first we know that we +want to keep a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fixed and that + + align:start position:0% +fixed and that + + + align:start position:0% +fixed and that +means that we'll set da equal to + + align:start position:0% +means that we'll set da equal to + + + align:start position:0% +means that we'll set da equal to +zero okay the second thing that we want + + align:start position:0% +zero okay the second thing that we want + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay the second thing that we want +to to do is we we want to look at the + + align:start position:0% +to to do is we we want to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +to to do is we we want to look at the +constraint the constraint is + + align:start position:0% +constraint the constraint is + + + align:start position:0% +constraint the constraint is +AAL B cosine Theta and we want to + + align:start position:0% +AAL B cosine Theta and we want to + + + align:start position:0% +AAL B cosine Theta and we want to +differentiate + + align:start position:0% +differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate +that well differentiate the left hand + + align:start position:0% +that well differentiate the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +that well differentiate the left hand +side you get + + align:start position:0% +side you get + + + align:start position:0% +side you get +da and differentiate the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +da and differentiate the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +da and differentiate the right hand side +as a function of B and Theta you should + + align:start position:0% +as a function of B and Theta you should + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of B and Theta you should +get well how many DBS well that's rate + + align:start position:0% +get well how many DBS well that's rate + + + align:start position:0% +get well how many DBS well that's rate +of change with respect to B that's + + align:start position:0% +of change with respect to B that's + + + align:start position:0% +of change with respect to B that's +cosine Theta + + align:start position:0% +cosine Theta + + + align:start position:0% +cosine Theta +DB minus B sin Theta D + + align:start position:0% +DB minus B sin Theta D + + + align:start position:0% +DB minus B sin Theta D +Theta that's the product rule applied to + + align:start position:0% +Theta that's the product rule applied to + + + align:start position:0% +Theta that's the product rule applied to +B * cosine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so well now if we have a constraint + + align:start position:0% +so well now if we have a constraint + + + align:start position:0% +so well now if we have a constraint +that's relating da DB and D Theta okay + + align:start position:0% +that's relating da DB and D Theta okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's relating da DB and D Theta okay +so that's actually what we did right + + align:start position:0% +so that's actually what we did right + + + align:start position:0% +so that's actually what we did right +that's the same same sort of thing as + + align:start position:0% +that's the same same sort of thing as + + + align:start position:0% +that's the same same sort of thing as +what we did at the beginning when we + + align:start position:0% +what we did at the beginning when we + + + align:start position:0% +what we did at the beginning when we +related DX Dy and DZ that's really the + + align:start position:0% +related DX Dy and DZ that's really the + + + align:start position:0% +related DX Dy and DZ that's really the +same thing except now our variables are + + align:start position:0% +same thing except now our variables are + + + align:start position:0% +same thing except now our variables are +a b and Theta now we know that also + + align:start position:0% +a b and Theta now we know that also + + + align:start position:0% +a b and Theta now we know that also +we're keeping a fixed so actually we set + + align:start position:0% +we're keeping a fixed so actually we set + + + align:start position:0% +we're keeping a fixed so actually we set +this equal to + + align:start position:0% +this equal to + + + align:start position:0% +this equal to +zero so we have 0 equals D equals cosine + + align:start position:0% +zero so we have 0 equals D equals cosine + + + align:start position:0% +zero so we have 0 equals D equals cosine +Theta DB minus B sin Theta D + + align:start position:0% +Theta DB minus B sin Theta D + + + align:start position:0% +Theta DB minus B sin Theta D +Theta that means that actually we know + + align:start position:0% +Theta that means that actually we know + + + align:start position:0% +Theta that means that actually we know +how to solve for + + align:start position:0% +how to solve for + + + align:start position:0% +how to solve for +DB Okay so + + align:start position:0% +DB Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +DB Okay so +cosine Theta + + align:start position:0% +cosine Theta + + + align:start position:0% +cosine Theta +DB equals B sin Theta D Theta + + align:start position:0% +DB equals B sin Theta D Theta + + + align:start position:0% +DB equals B sin Theta D Theta +or DB is B tangent Theta D + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theta okay so in fact what we found if + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay so in fact what we found if + + + align:start position:0% +Theta okay so in fact what we found if +you want is the rate of change of B with + + align:start position:0% +you want is the rate of change of B with + + + align:start position:0% +you want is the rate of change of B with +respect to + + align:start position:0% +respect to + + + align:start position:0% +respect to +Theta why do we care well we care + + align:start position:0% +Theta why do we care well we care + + + align:start position:0% +Theta why do we care well we care +because let's look now at + + align:start position:0% +because let's look now at + + + align:start position:0% +because let's look now at +da the function that we want to look at + + align:start position:0% +da the function that we want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +da the function that we want to look at +okay so the + + align:start position:0% +okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the +function is a = 12 AB sin + + align:start position:0% +function is a = 12 AB sin + + + align:start position:0% +function is a = 12 AB sin +Theta well then + + align:start position:0% +Theta well then + + + align:start position:0% +Theta well then +da so we have to use the product rule + + align:start position:0% +da so we have to use the product rule + + + align:start position:0% +da so we have to use the product rule +carefully or we use the partials so the + + align:start position:0% +carefully or we use the partials so the + + + align:start position:0% +carefully or we use the partials so the +coefficient of D little a will be parti + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of D little a will be parti + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of D little a will be parti +respect to little a that's 12 B sin + + align:start position:0% +respect to little a that's 12 B sin + + + align:start position:0% +respect to little a that's 12 B sin +Theta d a + + align:start position:0% +Theta d a + + + align:start position:0% +Theta d a +plus coefficient of DB will be 12 a sin + + align:start position:0% +plus coefficient of DB will be 12 a sin + + + align:start position:0% +plus coefficient of DB will be 12 a sin +Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta +DB plus coefficient of D Theta will be + + align:start position:0% +DB plus coefficient of D Theta will be + + + align:start position:0% +DB plus coefficient of D Theta will be +12 AB cosine Theta D + + align:start position:0% +12 AB cosine Theta D + + + align:start position:0% +12 AB cosine Theta D +Theta + + align:start position:0% +Theta + + + align:start position:0% +Theta +okay but now what do I do with that well + + align:start position:0% +okay but now what do I do with that well + + + align:start position:0% +okay but now what do I do with that well +first I said a is constant so da is + + align:start position:0% +first I said a is constant so da is + + + align:start position:0% +first I said a is constant so da is +zero second well we actually we don't + + align:start position:0% +zero second well we actually we don't + + + align:start position:0% +zero second well we actually we don't +like B at all right we want to view a as + + align:start position:0% +like B at all right we want to view a as + + + align:start position:0% +like B at all right we want to view a as +a function of theta + + align:start position:0% +a function of theta + + + align:start position:0% +a function of theta +so well maybe we actually want to use + + align:start position:0% +so well maybe we actually want to use + + + align:start position:0% +so well maybe we actually want to use +this formula for DB that we found in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay and then we'll be left only + + align:start position:0% +here okay and then we'll be left only + + + align:start position:0% +here okay and then we'll be left only +with d thetas which is what we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if we plug this one into that one we + + align:start position:0% +so if we plug this one into that one we + + + align:start position:0% +so if we plug this one into that one we +get da + + align:start position:0% +get da + + + align:start position:0% +get da +equal 12 a sin Theta + + align:start position:0% +equal 12 a sin Theta + + + align:start position:0% +equal 12 a sin Theta +times B tangent + + align:start position:0% +times B tangent + + + align:start position:0% +times B tangent +Theta D + + align:start position:0% +Theta D + + + align:start position:0% +Theta D +theta plus 12 AB cosine + + align:start position:0% +theta plus 12 AB cosine + + + align:start position:0% +theta plus 12 AB cosine +Theta D + + align:start position:0% +Theta D + + + align:start position:0% +Theta D +Theta and if we collect these things + + align:start position:0% +Theta and if we collect these things + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and if we collect these things +together we get 12 of ab + + align:start position:0% +together we get 12 of ab + + + align:start position:0% +together we get 12 of ab +times sin Theta time tangent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theta plus cosine + + align:start position:0% +theta plus cosine + + + align:start position:0% +theta plus cosine +Theta D Theta and if you know your trig + + align:start position:0% +Theta D Theta and if you know your trig + + + align:start position:0% +Theta D Theta and if you know your trig +then you will see that this is sin + + align:start position:0% +then you will see that this is sin + + + align:start position:0% +then you will see that this is sin +Square cosine plus cosine Square cosine + + align:start position:0% +Square cosine plus cosine Square cosine + + + align:start position:0% +Square cosine plus cosine Square cosine +that's the same as + + align:start position:0% +that's the same as + + + align:start position:0% +that's the same as +Theta so now you have expressed da as + + align:start position:0% +Theta so now you have expressed da as + + + align:start position:0% +Theta so now you have expressed da as +something time D + + align:start position:0% +something time D + + + align:start position:0% +something time D +Theta well that coefficient is the rate + + align:start position:0% +Theta well that coefficient is the rate + + + align:start position:0% +Theta well that coefficient is the rate +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +change of a with respect to + + align:start position:0% +change of a with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +change of a with respect to +Theta with the understanding that we are + + align:start position:0% +Theta with the understanding that we are + + + align:start position:0% +Theta with the understanding that we are +keeping a fixed and letting B vary as a + + align:start position:0% +keeping a fixed and letting B vary as a + + + align:start position:0% +keeping a fixed and letting B vary as a +dependent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variable not enough space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry okay in case it's clear for you + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay in case it's clear for you + + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay in case it's clear for you +let's think about it backwards so we + + align:start position:0% +let's think about it backwards so we + + + align:start position:0% +let's think about it backwards so we +wanted to find how a + + align:start position:0% +wanted to find how a + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to find how a +changes to find how a changes we write + + align:start position:0% +changes to find how a changes we write + + + align:start position:0% +changes to find how a changes we write +da but now this tells us how a depends + + align:start position:0% +da but now this tells us how a depends + + + align:start position:0% +da but now this tells us how a depends +on little a little B and + + align:start position:0% +on little a little B and + + + align:start position:0% +on little a little B and +Theta well we know actually we want to + + align:start position:0% +Theta well we know actually we want to + + + align:start position:0% +Theta well we know actually we want to +keep little a constant so we set this to + + align:start position:0% +keep little a constant so we set this to + + + align:start position:0% +keep little a constant so we set this to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +zero Theta well we're very happy because + + align:start position:0% +zero Theta well we're very happy because + + + align:start position:0% +zero Theta well we're very happy because +we want to express things in terms of + + align:start position:0% +we want to express things in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +we want to express things in terms of +theta DB we want to get rid of how do we + + align:start position:0% +theta DB we want to get rid of how do we + + + align:start position:0% +theta DB we want to get rid of how do we +get rid of DB + + align:start position:0% +get rid of DB + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of DB +well we do that by figuring out how B + + align:start position:0% +well we do that by figuring out how B + + + align:start position:0% +well we do that by figuring out how B +depends on Theta when a is fixed and we + + align:start position:0% +depends on Theta when a is fixed and we + + + align:start position:0% +depends on Theta when a is fixed and we +do that by differentiating the + + align:start position:0% +do that by differentiating the + + + align:start position:0% +do that by differentiating the +constraint equation and setting da equal + + align:start position:0% +constraint equation and setting da equal + + + align:start position:0% +constraint equation and setting da equal +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +zero okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we I guess to summarize the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method + + align:start position:0% +method + + + align:start position:0% +method +we wrote da in + + align:start position:0% +we wrote da in + + + align:start position:0% +we wrote da in +terms of Da DB D + + align:start position:0% +terms of Da DB D + + + align:start position:0% +terms of Da DB D +Theta then we say that a is constant + + align:start position:0% +Theta then we say that a is constant + + + align:start position:0% +Theta then we say that a is constant +means we set da equals z and the third + + align:start position:0% +means we set da equals z and the third + + + align:start position:0% +means we set da equals z and the third +thing is + + align:start position:0% +thing is + + + align:start position:0% +thing is +that because well we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differentiate the constraint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we can solve for + + align:start position:0% +and we can solve for + + + align:start position:0% +and we can solve for +DB in + + align:start position:0% +DB in + + + align:start position:0% +DB in +terms of D + + align:start position:0% +terms of D + + + align:start position:0% +terms of D +Theta and then we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plug into + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +da and we get the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +answer okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oops so here's another + + align:start position:0% +oops so here's another + + + align:start position:0% +oops so here's another +method to do the same + + align:start position:0% +method to do the same + + + align:start position:0% +method to do the same +thing differently it's to use the chain + + align:start position:0% +thing differently it's to use the chain + + + align:start position:0% +thing differently it's to use the chain +rule so we can use the chain rule with + + align:start position:0% +rule so we can use the chain rule with + + + align:start position:0% +rule so we can use the chain rule with +dependent + + align:start position:0% +dependent + + + align:start position:0% +dependent +variables okay so what does the chain + + align:start position:0% +variables okay so what does the chain + + + align:start position:0% +variables okay so what does the chain +rule tell us the chain rule tells us so + + align:start position:0% +rule tell us the chain rule tells us so + + + align:start position:0% +rule tell us the chain rule tells us so +we will want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differentiate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the formula for a with respect to Theta + + align:start position:0% +the formula for a with respect to Theta + + + align:start position:0% +the formula for a with respect to Theta +holding a + + align:start position:0% +holding a + + + align:start position:0% +holding a +constant so I + + align:start position:0% +constant so I + + + align:start position:0% +constant so I +claim well what does the chain rule tell + + align:start position:0% +claim well what does the chain rule tell + + + align:start position:0% +claim well what does the chain rule tell +us it tells us that well when we change + + align:start position:0% +us it tells us that well when we change + + + align:start position:0% +us it tells us that well when we change +things a changes because of the changes + + align:start position:0% +things a changes because of the changes + + + align:start position:0% +things a changes because of the changes +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +variables + + align:start position:0% +variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables +so part of it is that a depends on Theta + + align:start position:0% +so part of it is that a depends on Theta + + + align:start position:0% +so part of it is that a depends on Theta +and Theta changes how how fast does + + align:start position:0% +and Theta changes how how fast does + + + align:start position:0% +and Theta changes how how fast does +Theta change + + align:start position:0% +Theta change + + + align:start position:0% +Theta change +well you could call that the rate of + + align:start position:0% +well you could call that the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +well you could call that the rate of +change of theta with TOA with a constant + + align:start position:0% +change of theta with TOA with a constant + + + align:start position:0% +change of theta with TOA with a constant +but of course how fast do theta depend + + align:start position:0% +but of course how fast do theta depend + + + align:start position:0% +but of course how fast do theta depend +on itself the answer is + + align:start position:0% +on itself the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +on itself the answer is +one so that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +one so that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +one so that's pretty +easy plus then we have this the partial + + align:start position:0% +easy plus then we have this the partial + + + align:start position:0% +easy plus then we have this the partial +derivative the formal partial derivative + + align:start position:0% +derivative the formal partial derivative + + + align:start position:0% +derivative the formal partial derivative +of a with respect to little a times the + + align:start position:0% +of a with respect to little a times the + + + align:start position:0% +of a with respect to little a times the +rate of change of a in our + + align:start position:0% +rate of change of a in our + + + align:start position:0% +rate of change of a in our +situation well how does little a change + + align:start position:0% +situation well how does little a change + + + align:start position:0% +situation well how does little a change +if a is constant well it doesn't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +change and then there's a sub little + + align:start position:0% +change and then there's a sub little + + + align:start position:0% +change and then there's a sub little +B the formal partial + + align:start position:0% +B the formal partial + + + align:start position:0% +B the formal partial +derivative times sorry the rate of + + align:start position:0% +derivative times sorry the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative times sorry the rate of +change of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B okay and how do we find this one well + + align:start position:0% +B okay and how do we find this one well + + + align:start position:0% +B okay and how do we find this one well +here we have to use the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constraint okay and we can find this one + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay and we can find this one + + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay and we can find this one +from the constraint as we've seen at the + + align:start position:0% +from the constraint as we've seen at the + + + align:start position:0% +from the constraint as we've seen at the +beginning either by differentiating the + + align:start position:0% +beginning either by differentiating the + + + align:start position:0% +beginning either by differentiating the +constraint or by using the chain rule on + + align:start position:0% +constraint or by using the chain rule on + + + align:start position:0% +constraint or by using the chain rule on +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +constraint so of course the calculations + + align:start position:0% +constraint so of course the calculations + + + align:start position:0% +constraint so of course the calculations +are exactly the same see this is the + + align:start position:0% +are exactly the same see this is the + + + align:start position:0% +are exactly the same see this is the +same formula as the one over there just + + align:start position:0% +same formula as the one over there just + + + align:start position:0% +same formula as the one over there just +dividing everything by partial Theta and + + align:start position:0% +dividing everything by partial Theta and + + + align:start position:0% +dividing everything by partial Theta and +with subscript little + + align:start position:0% +with subscript little + + + align:start position:0% +with subscript little +a but if you you know if it's easier for + + align:start position:0% +a but if you you know if it's easier for + + + align:start position:0% +a but if you you know if it's easier for +you to think about it this way + + align:start position:0% +you to think about it this way + + + align:start position:0% +you to think about it this way +then that's also valid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so tomorrow we're going to review for + + align:start position:0% +so tomorrow we're going to review for + + + align:start position:0% +so tomorrow we're going to review for +the test so I'm going to tell you a bit + + align:start position:0% +the test so I'm going to tell you a bit + + + align:start position:0% +the test so I'm going to tell you a bit +more about this also as we go over one + + align:start position:0% +more about this also as we go over one + + + align:start position:0% +more about this also as we go over one +practice problem on + + align:start position:0% +practice problem on + + + align:start position:0% +practice problem on +that \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2IdtqGM6KWU.txt b/2IdtqGM6KWU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d35e99fcf39a5598b5cf58a615c4aca569f57f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/2IdtqGM6KWU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6677 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay this + + align:start position:0% +okay this + + + align:start position:0% +okay this +is linear algebra lecture + + align:start position:0% +is linear algebra lecture + + + align:start position:0% +is linear algebra lecture +11 and at the end of lecture + + align:start position:0% +11 and at the end of lecture + + + align:start position:0% +11 and at the end of lecture +10 I was talking about some Vector + + align:start position:0% +10 I was talking about some Vector + + + align:start position:0% +10 I was talking about some Vector +spaces but there the the things in those + + align:start position:0% +spaces but there the the things in those + + + align:start position:0% +spaces but there the the things in those +Vector spaces were not what we usually + + align:start position:0% +Vector spaces were not what we usually + + + align:start position:0% +Vector spaces were not what we usually +call + + align:start position:0% +call + + + align:start position:0% +call +vectors nevertheless you could add them + + align:start position:0% +vectors nevertheless you could add them + + + align:start position:0% +vectors nevertheless you could add them +and you could multiply by numbers so we + + align:start position:0% +and you could multiply by numbers so we + + + align:start position:0% +and you could multiply by numbers so we +can call them vectors I think the + + align:start position:0% +can call them vectors I think the + + + align:start position:0% +can call them vectors I think the +example I was working with they were + + align:start position:0% +example I was working with they were + + + align:start position:0% +example I was working with they were +matrices so the m so we had like a + + align:start position:0% +matrices so the m so we had like a + + + align:start position:0% +matrices so the m so we had like a +matrix space the space of all 3x3 + + align:start position:0% +matrix space the space of all 3x3 + + + align:start position:0% +matrix space the space of all 3x3 +matrices and I'd like to just pick up on + + align:start position:0% +matrices and I'd like to just pick up on + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and I'd like to just pick up on +that because uh we've been so specific + + align:start position:0% +that because uh we've been so specific + + + align:start position:0% +that because uh we've been so specific +about n dimensional space here here and + + align:start position:0% +about n dimensional space here here and + + + align:start position:0% +about n dimensional space here here and +you really want to see that the same + + align:start position:0% +you really want to see that the same + + + align:start position:0% +you really want to see that the same +ideas work as long as you can add and + + align:start position:0% +ideas work as long as you can add and + + + align:start position:0% +ideas work as long as you can add and +multiply by scalers so these + + align:start position:0% +multiply by scalers so these + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by scalers so these +new new Vector + + align:start position:0% +new new Vector + + + align:start position:0% +new new Vector +spaces the example I took was the space + + align:start position:0% +spaces the example I took was the space + + + align:start position:0% +spaces the example I took was the space +m of all + + align:start position:0% +m of all + + + align:start position:0% +m of all +3x3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matrices + + align:start position:0% +matrices + + + align:start position:0% +matrices +okay I can add the I can multiply by + + align:start position:0% +okay I can add the I can multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +okay I can add the I can multiply by +scalers I can multiply two of them + + align:start position:0% +scalers I can multiply two of them + + + align:start position:0% +scalers I can multiply two of them +together but I don't do that that's not + + align:start position:0% +together but I don't do that that's not + + + align:start position:0% +together but I don't do that that's not +part of the vector space picture the + + align:start position:0% +part of the vector space picture the + + + align:start position:0% +part of the vector space picture the +vector space part is just adding the + + align:start position:0% +vector space part is just adding the + + + align:start position:0% +vector space part is just adding the +matrices and multiplying by numbers and + + align:start position:0% +matrices and multiplying by numbers and + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and multiplying by numbers and +that's fine we all we stay within this + + align:start position:0% +that's fine we all we stay within this + + + align:start position:0% +that's fine we all we stay within this +space of 3x3 matrices and I had some + + align:start position:0% +space of 3x3 matrices and I had some + + + align:start position:0% +space of 3x3 matrices and I had some +subspaces that were interesting like the + + align:start position:0% +subspaces that were interesting like the + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces that were interesting like the +symmetric the Subspace of symmetric + + align:start position:0% +symmetric the Subspace of symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric the Subspace of symmetric +matrices symmetric + + align:start position:0% +matrices symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +matrices symmetric +3x3 or the Subspace of upper + + align:start position:0% +3x3 or the Subspace of upper + + + align:start position:0% +3x3 or the Subspace of upper +triangular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3x3 now + + align:start position:0% +3x3 now + + + align:start position:0% +3x3 now +I I use the word + + align:start position:0% +I I use the word + + + align:start position:0% +I I use the word +Subspace because it follows the rule + + align:start position:0% +Subspace because it follows the rule + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace because it follows the rule +that if I add two symmetric matrices I'm + + align:start position:0% +that if I add two symmetric matrices I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that if I add two symmetric matrices I'm +still symmetric If I multiply two + + align:start position:0% +still symmetric If I multiply two + + + align:start position:0% +still symmetric If I multiply two +symmetric matrices is the product + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrices is the product + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrices is the product +automatically symmetric + + align:start position:0% +automatically symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +automatically symmetric +no but I'm not multiplying matrices I'm + + align:start position:0% +no but I'm not multiplying matrices I'm + + + align:start position:0% +no but I'm not multiplying matrices I'm +just adding so I'm fine these this is a + + align:start position:0% +just adding so I'm fine these this is a + + + align:start position:0% +just adding so I'm fine these this is a +Subspace similarly if I add two upper + + align:start position:0% +Subspace similarly if I add two upper + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace similarly if I add two upper +triangular matrices I'm still upper + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrices I'm still upper + + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrices I'm still upper +triangular and uh that's a Subspace now + + align:start position:0% +triangular and uh that's a Subspace now + + + align:start position:0% +triangular and uh that's a Subspace now +I just want to take these as examples + + align:start position:0% +I just want to take these as examples + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to take these as examples +and ask well what's the basis for that + + align:start position:0% +and ask well what's the basis for that + + + align:start position:0% +and ask well what's the basis for that +Subspace what's the dimension of that + + align:start position:0% +Subspace what's the dimension of that + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace what's the dimension of that +Subspace and what's the dimension of the + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and what's the dimension of the + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and what's the dimension of the +whole Space + + align:start position:0% +whole Space + + + align:start position:0% +whole Space +so uh there's a natural basis for all + + align:start position:0% +so uh there's a natural basis for all + + + align:start position:0% +so uh there's a natural basis for all +3x3 + + align:start position:0% +3x3 + + + align:start position:0% +3x3 +matrices and why don't we just write it + + align:start position:0% +matrices and why don't we just write it + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and why don't we just write it +down so so M A + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basis for + + align:start position:0% +basis for + + + align:start position:0% +basis for +M again all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3x3 + + align:start position:0% +3x3 + + + align:start position:0% +3x3 +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then I'll just count how many + + align:start position:0% +and then I'll just count how many + + + align:start position:0% +and then I'll just count how many +members are in that basis and I'll know + + align:start position:0% +members are in that basis and I'll know + + + align:start position:0% +members are in that basis and I'll know +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +dimension and okay it's going to take me + + align:start position:0% +dimension and okay it's going to take me + + + align:start position:0% +dimension and okay it's going to take me +a little + + align:start position:0% +a little + + + align:start position:0% +a little +time in fact what is the dimension what + + align:start position:0% +time in fact what is the dimension what + + + align:start position:0% +time in fact what is the dimension what +any idea of what I'm what I'm coming up + + align:start position:0% +any idea of what I'm what I'm coming up + + + align:start position:0% +any idea of what I'm what I'm coming up +with next how many numbers does it take + + align:start position:0% +with next how many numbers does it take + + + align:start position:0% +with next how many numbers does it take +to specify that 3x3 + + align:start position:0% +to specify that 3x3 + + + align:start position:0% +to specify that 3x3 +Matrix nine nine is the is the dimension + + align:start position:0% +Matrix nine nine is the is the dimension + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix nine nine is the is the dimension +I'm going to find and the most obvious + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to find and the most obvious + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to find and the most obvious +basis would be the Matrix that's that + + align:start position:0% +basis would be the Matrix that's that + + + align:start position:0% +basis would be the Matrix that's that +Matrix and then this Matrix with a one + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and then this Matrix with a one + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and then this Matrix with a one +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +and that's two of them so I put in the + + align:start position:0% +and that's two of them so I put in the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's two of them so I put in the +third + + align:start position:0% +third + + + align:start position:0% +third +one and then + + align:start position:0% +one and then + + + align:start position:0% +one and then +onwards and the last one maybe would end + + align:start position:0% +onwards and the last one maybe would end + + + align:start position:0% +onwards and the last one maybe would end +with the one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay that's like the standard basis in + + align:start position:0% +okay that's like the standard basis in + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's like the standard basis in +fact our space is + + align:start position:0% +fact our space is + + + align:start position:0% +fact our space is +practically the same as nine-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +practically the same as nine-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +practically the same as nine-dimensional +space it's just the nine numbers are + + align:start position:0% +space it's just the nine numbers are + + + align:start position:0% +space it's just the nine numbers are +written in a square instead of in a + + align:start position:0% +written in a square instead of in a + + + align:start position:0% +written in a square instead of in a +column but somehow it's different and + + align:start position:0% +column but somehow it's different and + + + align:start position:0% +column but somehow it's different and +and ought to be thought of + + align:start position:0% +and ought to be thought of + + + align:start position:0% +and ought to be thought of +as uh in sort of natural for itself + + align:start position:0% +as uh in sort of natural for itself + + + align:start position:0% +as uh in sort of natural for itself +because now what about the symmetric + + align:start position:0% +because now what about the symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +because now what about the symmetric +3x3 so that's a + + align:start position:0% +3x3 so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +3x3 so that's a +Subspace just let's just think what's + + align:start position:0% +Subspace just let's just think what's + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace just let's just think what's +the dimension of that Subspace and + + align:start position:0% +the dimension of that Subspace and + + + align:start position:0% +the dimension of that Subspace and +what's a basis for that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Subspace + + align:start position:0% +Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace +okay and I guess this question occurs to + + align:start position:0% +okay and I guess this question occurs to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I guess this question occurs to +me if I look at this Subspace of + + align:start position:0% +me if I look at this Subspace of + + + align:start position:0% +me if I look at this Subspace of +symmetric + + align:start position:0% +symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric +3x3 + + align:start position:0% +3x3 + + + align:start position:0% +3x3 +well how many of these original basis + + align:start position:0% +well how many of these original basis + + + align:start position:0% +well how many of these original basis +members belong to the + + align:start position:0% +members belong to the + + + align:start position:0% +members belong to the +Subspace I think only three of them do + + align:start position:0% +Subspace I think only three of them do + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace I think only three of them do +that this one is + + align:start position:0% +that this one is + + + align:start position:0% +that this one is +symmetric this last one is symmetric and + + align:start position:0% +symmetric this last one is symmetric and + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric this last one is symmetric and +the one in the Middle with a with a one + + align:start position:0% +the one in the Middle with a with a one + + + align:start position:0% +the one in the Middle with a with a one +in that position in the 2 two position + + align:start position:0% +in that position in the 2 two position + + + align:start position:0% +in that position in the 2 two position +would be symmetric but so I've got three + + align:start position:0% +would be symmetric but so I've got three + + + align:start position:0% +would be symmetric but so I've got three +of these original nine are symmetric + + align:start position:0% +of these original nine are symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +of these original nine are symmetric +but uh so this is an example + + align:start position:0% +but uh so this is an example + + + align:start position:0% +but uh so this is an example +where but that's that's not all right + + align:start position:0% +where but that's that's not all right + + + align:start position:0% +where but that's that's not all right +what's the dimension let's put the + + align:start position:0% +what's the dimension let's put the + + + align:start position:0% +what's the dimension let's put the +dimensions down dimension of the of m + + align:start position:0% +dimensions down dimension of the of m + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions down dimension of the of m +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +nine what's the dimension of should we + + align:start position:0% +nine what's the dimension of should we + + + align:start position:0% +nine what's the dimension of should we +call this + + align:start position:0% +call this + + + align:start position:0% +call this +s is what what what's the dimension of + + align:start position:0% +s is what what what's the dimension of + + + align:start position:0% +s is what what what's the dimension of +this I'm I'm sort of taking simple + + align:start position:0% +this I'm I'm sort of taking simple + + + align:start position:0% +this I'm I'm sort of taking simple +examples where we can we can uh spot the + + align:start position:0% +examples where we can we can uh spot the + + + align:start position:0% +examples where we can we can uh spot the +answer to these questions + + align:start position:0% +answer to these questions + + + align:start position:0% +answer to these questions +so how many if I have a symmetric think + + align:start position:0% +so how many if I have a symmetric think + + + align:start position:0% +so how many if I have a symmetric think +of all symmetric matrices as a + + align:start position:0% +of all symmetric matrices as a + + + align:start position:0% +of all symmetric matrices as a +Subspace how many parameters do I choose + + align:start position:0% +Subspace how many parameters do I choose + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace how many parameters do I choose +in 3x3 symmetric + + align:start position:0% +in 3x3 symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +in 3x3 symmetric +matrices six right if I choose the + + align:start position:0% +matrices six right if I choose the + + + align:start position:0% +matrices six right if I choose the +diagonal that's three + + align:start position:0% +diagonal that's three + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal that's three +and the three entries above the diagonal + + align:start position:0% +and the three entries above the diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +and the three entries above the diagonal +then I know what the three entri is + + align:start position:0% +then I know what the three entri is + + + align:start position:0% +then I know what the three entri is +below so the dimension is + + align:start position:0% +below so the dimension is + + + align:start position:0% +below so the dimension is +six I guess what's the dimension of this + + align:start position:0% +six I guess what's the dimension of this + + + align:start position:0% +six I guess what's the dimension of this +here let's call this space u for upper + + align:start position:0% +here let's call this space u for upper + + + align:start position:0% +here let's call this space u for upper +triangular so what's the dimension of + + align:start position:0% +triangular so what's the dimension of + + + align:start position:0% +triangular so what's the dimension of +that space of all upper triangular + + align:start position:0% +that space of all upper triangular + + + align:start position:0% +that space of all upper triangular +3x3 again + + align:start position:0% +3x3 again + + + align:start position:0% +3x3 again +six again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +six and + + align:start position:0% +six and + + + align:start position:0% +six and +uh but we haven't got a we haven't seen + + align:start position:0% +uh but we haven't got a we haven't seen + + + align:start position:0% +uh but we haven't got a we haven't seen +a b well actually maybe we have got a + + align:start position:0% +a b well actually maybe we have got a + + + align:start position:0% +a b well actually maybe we have got a +basis here for uh the upper triangulars + + align:start position:0% +basis here for uh the upper triangulars + + + align:start position:0% +basis here for uh the upper triangulars +I guess six of these guys one two three + + align:start position:0% +I guess six of these guys one two three + + + align:start position:0% +I guess six of these guys one two three +four and and a couple more would be + + align:start position:0% +four and and a couple more would be + + + align:start position:0% +four and and a couple more would be +upper triangular so there's an + + align:start position:0% +upper triangular so there's an + + + align:start position:0% +upper triangular so there's an +accidental case where the big basis + + align:start position:0% +accidental case where the big basis + + + align:start position:0% +accidental case where the big basis +contains in it a basis for the Subspace + + align:start position:0% +contains in it a basis for the Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +contains in it a basis for the Subspace +but with the symmetric guy it didn't + + align:start position:0% +but with the symmetric guy it didn't + + + align:start position:0% +but with the symmetric guy it didn't +happen the symmetric guy the the basis + + align:start position:0% +happen the symmetric guy the the basis + + + align:start position:0% +happen the symmetric guy the the basis +so you see what a basis is the basis for + + align:start position:0% +so you see what a basis is the basis for + + + align:start position:0% +so you see what a basis is the basis for +the big space we generally need to think + + align:start position:0% +the big space we generally need to think + + + align:start position:0% +the big space we generally need to think +it all over again to get a basis for the + + align:start position:0% +it all over again to get a basis for the + + + align:start position:0% +it all over again to get a basis for the +Subspace and then how do I get other + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and then how do I get other + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and then how do I get other +subspaces well uh we spoke before + + align:start position:0% +subspaces well uh we spoke before + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces well uh we spoke before +about uh the Subspace the symmetric + + align:start position:0% +about uh the Subspace the symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +about uh the Subspace the symmetric +matrices and the upper triangle this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +symmetric + + align:start position:0% +symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric +and upper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +triangular okay + + align:start position:0% +triangular okay + + + align:start position:0% +triangular okay +what's the + + align:start position:0% +what's the + + + align:start position:0% +what's the +uh what's the dimension of that space + + align:start position:0% +uh what's the dimension of that space + + + align:start position:0% +uh what's the dimension of that space +what's in that space so what's a m if a + + align:start position:0% +what's in that space so what's a m if a + + + align:start position:0% +what's in that space so what's a m if a +matrix is symmetric and also upper + + align:start position:0% +matrix is symmetric and also upper + + + align:start position:0% +matrix is symmetric and also upper +triangular that makes + + align:start position:0% +triangular that makes + + + align:start position:0% +triangular that makes +it diagonal so this is the same as the + + align:start position:0% +it diagonal so this is the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +it diagonal so this is the same as the +diagonal + + align:start position:0% +diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal +matrices diagonal + + align:start position:0% +matrices diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +matrices diagonal +3x3 and the dimension of + + align:start position:0% +3x3 and the dimension of + + + align:start position:0% +3x3 and the dimension of +this of s + + align:start position:0% +this of s + + + align:start position:0% +this of s +intersect U right you're okay with that + + align:start position:0% +intersect U right you're okay with that + + + align:start position:0% +intersect U right you're okay with that +symbol that's that's the vectors that + + align:start position:0% +symbol that's that's the vectors that + + + align:start position:0% +symbol that's that's the vectors that +are in both s and + + align:start position:0% +are in both s and + + + align:start position:0% +are in both s and +U and that's D so s intersect U is the + + align:start position:0% +U and that's D so s intersect U is the + + + align:start position:0% +U and that's D so s intersect U is the +diagonals and the dimension of the + + align:start position:0% +diagonals and the dimension of the + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals and the dimension of the +diagonal matrices is + + align:start position:0% +diagonal matrices is + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal matrices is +three and we've got a basis no + + align:start position:0% +three and we've got a basis no + + + align:start position:0% +three and we've got a basis no +problem okay as I write that I think + + align:start position:0% +problem okay as I write that I think + + + align:start position:0% +problem okay as I write that I think +okay what about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +putting get so this is like this + + align:start position:0% +putting get so this is like this + + + align:start position:0% +putting get so this is like this +intersection is taking all the vectors + + align:start position:0% +intersection is taking all the vectors + + + align:start position:0% +intersection is taking all the vectors +that are in both that are that are + + align:start position:0% +that are in both that are that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are in both that are that are +symmetric and also upper triangular now + + align:start position:0% +symmetric and also upper triangular now + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric and also upper triangular now +we looked at the union suppose I take + + align:start position:0% +we looked at the union suppose I take + + + align:start position:0% +we looked at the union suppose I take +the matrices that are + + align:start position:0% +the matrices that are + + + align:start position:0% +the matrices that are +symmetric or upper + + align:start position:0% +symmetric or upper + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric or upper +triangular what why was that no good so + + align:start position:0% +triangular what why was that no good so + + + align:start position:0% +triangular what why was that no good so +why is why is it no why is why am I not + + align:start position:0% +why is why is it no why is why am I not + + + align:start position:0% +why is why is it no why is why am I not +interested in the + + align:start position:0% +interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the +union putting together those two + + align:start position:0% +union putting together those two + + + align:start position:0% +union putting together those two +subspaces so this these are matrices + + align:start position:0% +subspaces so this these are matrices + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces so this these are matrices +that are in s or in U or possibly both + + align:start position:0% +that are in s or in U or possibly both + + + align:start position:0% +that are in s or in U or possibly both +so they the diagonals included but + + align:start position:0% +so they the diagonals included but + + + align:start position:0% +so they the diagonals included but +what's bad about + + align:start position:0% +what's bad about + + + align:start position:0% +what's bad about +this it's it's not a Subspace it's like + + align:start position:0% +this it's it's not a Subspace it's like + + + align:start position:0% +this it's it's not a Subspace it's like +having taking + + align:start position:0% +having taking + + + align:start position:0% +having taking +you know a couple of lines in the + + align:start position:0% +you know a couple of lines in the + + + align:start position:0% +you know a couple of lines in the +plane and stopping + + align:start position:0% +plane and stopping + + + align:start position:0% +plane and stopping +there a line this is so there's a + + align:start position:0% +there a line this is so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there a line this is so there's a +three-dimensional Subspace of a + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional Subspace of a + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional Subspace of a +nine-dimensional space there's oh sorry + + align:start position:0% +nine-dimensional space there's oh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +nine-dimensional space there's oh sorry +six there's a six-dimensional Subspace + + align:start position:0% +six there's a six-dimensional Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +six there's a six-dimensional Subspace +of a nine-dimensional space there's + + align:start position:0% +of a nine-dimensional space there's + + + align:start position:0% +of a nine-dimensional space there's +another one but they they're headed in + + align:start position:0% +another one but they they're headed in + + + align:start position:0% +another one but they they're headed in +different directions so it we can't just + + align:start position:0% +different directions so it we can't just + + + align:start position:0% +different directions so it we can't just +put them together we have to fill in so + + align:start position:0% +put them together we have to fill in so + + + align:start position:0% +put them together we have to fill in so +that's what we do to get get this bigger + + align:start position:0% +that's what we do to get get this bigger + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we do to get get this bigger +space that I'll write with a plus + + align:start position:0% +space that I'll write with a plus + + + align:start position:0% +space that I'll write with a plus +sign this is + + align:start position:0% +sign this is + + + align:start position:0% +sign this is +combinations of things in s and things + + align:start position:0% +combinations of things in s and things + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of things in s and things +in U okay so that's that's the final + + align:start position:0% +in U okay so that's that's the final + + + align:start position:0% +in U okay so that's that's the final +space I'm going to introduce I have a a + + align:start position:0% +space I'm going to introduce I have a a + + + align:start position:0% +space I'm going to introduce I have a a +couple of subspaces I can take their + + align:start position:0% +couple of subspaces I can take their + + + align:start position:0% +couple of subspaces I can take their +intersection and now I'm interested in + + align:start position:0% +intersection and now I'm interested in + + + align:start position:0% +intersection and now I'm interested in +not their Union but their sums so this + + align:start position:0% +not their Union but their sums so this + + + align:start position:0% +not their Union but their sums so this +would be the this is the + + align:start position:0% +would be the this is the + + + align:start position:0% +would be the this is the +intersection and this will be their + + align:start position:0% +intersection and this will be their + + + align:start position:0% +intersection and this will be their +sum so what's what do I need for a for a + + align:start position:0% +sum so what's what do I need for a for a + + + align:start position:0% +sum so what's what do I need for a for a +Subspace + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here I take anything in S Plus anything + + align:start position:0% +here I take anything in S Plus anything + + + align:start position:0% +here I take anything in S Plus anything +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +U I don't just take things that are in s + + align:start position:0% +U I don't just take things that are in s + + + align:start position:0% +U I don't just take things that are in s +and pop in also separately things that + + align:start position:0% +and pop in also separately things that + + + align:start position:0% +and pop in also separately things that +are in youu this is the sum of + + align:start position:0% +are in youu this is the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +are in youu this is the sum of +any + + align:start position:0% +any + + + align:start position:0% +any +element of + + align:start position:0% +element of + + + align:start position:0% +element of +s that is any symmetric Matrix + + align:start position:0% +s that is any symmetric Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +s that is any symmetric Matrix +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +any in U any + + align:start position:0% +any in U any + + + align:start position:0% +any in U any +element of + + align:start position:0% +element of + + + align:start position:0% +element of +U okay now as long as we've got an + + align:start position:0% +U okay now as long as we've got an + + + align:start position:0% +U okay now as long as we've got an +example here tell me what we + + align:start position:0% +example here tell me what we + + + align:start position:0% +example here tell me what we +get if I take every symmetric Matrix + + align:start position:0% +get if I take every symmetric Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +get if I take every symmetric Matrix +take all symmetric matrices and add them + + align:start position:0% +take all symmetric matrices and add them + + + align:start position:0% +take all symmetric matrices and add them +to all upper triangular + + align:start position:0% +to all upper triangular + + + align:start position:0% +to all upper triangular +matrices then I've got a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +matrices then I've got a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +matrices then I've got a whole lot of +matrices and it is a + + align:start position:0% +matrices and it is a + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and it is a +Subspace and what's it or it's a vector + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and what's it or it's a vector + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace and what's it or it's a vector +space and what Vector space would I then + + align:start position:0% +space and what Vector space would I then + + + align:start position:0% +space and what Vector space would I then +have any idea what what matrices can I + + align:start position:0% +have any idea what what matrices can I + + + align:start position:0% +have any idea what what matrices can I +get out of a symmetric plus an upper + + align:start position:0% +get out of a symmetric plus an upper + + + align:start position:0% +get out of a symmetric plus an upper +triangular I can get anything I get all + + align:start position:0% +triangular I can get anything I get all + + + align:start position:0% +triangular I can get anything I get all +matricies I get + + align:start position:0% +matricies I get + + + align:start position:0% +matricies I get +all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3x3 it's worth thinking about that it's + + align:start position:0% +3x3 it's worth thinking about that it's + + + align:start position:0% +3x3 it's worth thinking about that it's +just like stretch your mind a little + + align:start position:0% +just like stretch your mind a little + + + align:start position:0% +just like stretch your mind a little +just a little to + + align:start position:0% +just a little to + + + align:start position:0% +just a little to +to think of these + + align:start position:0% +to think of these + + + align:start position:0% +to think of these +subspaces and what their intersection is + + align:start position:0% +subspaces and what their intersection is + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces and what their intersection is +and what their sum is and now can I give + + align:start position:0% +and what their sum is and now can I give + + + align:start position:0% +and what their sum is and now can I give +you a little oh let's figure out the + + align:start position:0% +you a little oh let's figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +you a little oh let's figure out the +dimension so what's the + + align:start position:0% +dimension so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +dimension so what's the +dimension of S Plus u in this example + + align:start position:0% +dimension of S Plus u in this example + + + align:start position:0% +dimension of S Plus u in this example +is nine cuz we got all three + + align:start position:0% +is nine cuz we got all three + + + align:start position:0% +is nine cuz we got all three +by3 + + align:start position:0% +by3 + + + align:start position:0% +by3 +so the original spaces had the original + + align:start position:0% +so the original spaces had the original + + + align:start position:0% +so the original spaces had the original +symmetric space had Dimension six and + + align:start position:0% +symmetric space had Dimension six and + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric space had Dimension six and +the original upper triangular space had + + align:start position:0% +the original upper triangular space had + + + align:start position:0% +the original upper triangular space had +Dimension six and + + align:start position:0% +Dimension six and + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension six and +actually I'm seeing here a nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formula that the dimension of + + align:start position:0% +formula that the dimension of + + + align:start position:0% +formula that the dimension of +S Plus the dimension of U if I have two + + align:start position:0% +S Plus the dimension of U if I have two + + + align:start position:0% +S Plus the dimension of U if I have two +subspaces the dimension of one plus the + + align:start position:0% +subspaces the dimension of one plus the + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces the dimension of one plus the +dimension of the other other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equals the dimension of their + + align:start position:0% +equals the dimension of their + + + align:start position:0% +equals the dimension of their +intersection plus the dimension of their + + align:start position:0% +intersection plus the dimension of their + + + align:start position:0% +intersection plus the dimension of their +sum 6 + + + align:start position:0% +sum 6 + + + + align:start position:0% +sum 6 + +6 is 3 + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +9 it's kind of satisfying that these + + align:start position:0% +9 it's kind of satisfying that these + + + align:start position:0% +9 it's kind of satisfying that these +natural operations and we these this is + + align:start position:0% +natural operations and we these this is + + + align:start position:0% +natural operations and we these this is +it actually this is the this is the the + + align:start position:0% +it actually this is the this is the the + + + align:start position:0% +it actually this is the this is the the +the set of natural things to do with + + align:start position:0% +the set of natural things to do with + + + align:start position:0% +the set of natural things to do with +with subspaces + + align:start position:0% +with subspaces + + + align:start position:0% +with subspaces +that uh the dimensions come + + align:start position:0% +that uh the dimensions come + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the dimensions come +out in a good way okay maybe I'll take + + align:start position:0% +out in a good way okay maybe I'll take + + + align:start position:0% +out in a good way okay maybe I'll take +just one more example of a vector space + + align:start position:0% +just one more example of a vector space + + + align:start position:0% +just one more example of a vector space +that doesn't have vectors in + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't have vectors in + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't have vectors in +it it's it say take come from + + align:start position:0% +it it's it say take come from + + + align:start position:0% +it it's it say take come from +differential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations so this is a one more new + + align:start position:0% +equations so this is a one more new + + + align:start position:0% +equations so this is a one more new +Vector space that we'll give just a few + + align:start position:0% +Vector space that we'll give just a few + + + align:start position:0% +Vector space that we'll give just a few +minutes to suppose I have a differential + + align:start position:0% +minutes to suppose I have a differential + + + align:start position:0% +minutes to suppose I have a differential +equation like DC y + + align:start position:0% +equation like DC y + + + align:start position:0% +equation like DC y +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +dx2 + y = + + align:start position:0% +dx2 + y = + + + align:start position:0% +dx2 + y = + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +okay I look at the solutions to that + + align:start position:0% +okay I look at the solutions to that + + + align:start position:0% +okay I look at the solutions to that +equation so what are the solutions to + + align:start position:0% +equation so what are the solutions to + + + align:start position:0% +equation so what are the solutions to +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +equation y + + align:start position:0% +equation y + + + align:start position:0% +equation y +equal cos x is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution y = sinx is a + + align:start position:0% +solution y = sinx is a + + + align:start position:0% +solution y = sinx is a +solution y = well e to the IX is a + + align:start position:0% +solution y = well e to the IX is a + + + align:start position:0% +solution y = well e to the IX is a +solution if you want if you allow me to + + align:start position:0% +solution if you want if you allow me to + + + align:start position:0% +solution if you want if you allow me to +put that + + align:start position:0% +put that + + + align:start position:0% +put that +in oh but why should I put that in it's + + align:start position:0% +in oh but why should I put that in it's + + + align:start position:0% +in oh but why should I put that in it's +already + + align:start position:0% +already + + + align:start position:0% +already +there I'm you see I'm really looking at + + align:start position:0% +there I'm you see I'm really looking at + + + align:start position:0% +there I'm you see I'm really looking at +a null space here I'm looking at the + + align:start position:0% +a null space here I'm looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +a null space here I'm looking at the +null space of a differential + + align:start position:0% +null space of a differential + + + align:start position:0% +null space of a differential +equation that's the solution + + align:start position:0% +equation that's the solution + + + align:start position:0% +equation that's the solution +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +and describe the solution space all + + align:start position:0% +and describe the solution space all + + + align:start position:0% +and describe the solution space all +solutions to this differential equation + + align:start position:0% +solutions to this differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +solutions to this differential equation +so the equation is y Prime + y = + + align:start position:0% +so the equation is y Prime + y = + + + align:start position:0% +so the equation is y Prime + y = +0 cosine cosine is a solution s is a + + align:start position:0% +0 cosine cosine is a solution s is a + + + align:start position:0% +0 cosine cosine is a solution s is a +solution now tell me all the + + align:start position:0% +solution now tell me all the + + + align:start position:0% +solution now tell me all the +solutions there're so I don't need e to + + align:start position:0% +solutions there're so I don't need e to + + + align:start position:0% +solutions there're so I don't need e to +the iix forget that what are all the + + align:start position:0% +the iix forget that what are all the + + + align:start position:0% +the iix forget that what are all the +what are all the complete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +what a combination of these the complete + + align:start position:0% +what a combination of these the complete + + + align:start position:0% +what a combination of these the complete +solution is y = + + align:start position:0% +solution is y = + + + align:start position:0% +solution is y = +Su multiple of the cosine plus Su + + align:start position:0% +Su multiple of the cosine plus Su + + + align:start position:0% +Su multiple of the cosine plus Su +multiple of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sign that's a vector + + align:start position:0% +sign that's a vector + + + align:start position:0% +sign that's a vector +space that's a vector space what's the + + align:start position:0% +space that's a vector space what's the + + + align:start position:0% +space that's a vector space what's the +dimension of that space what's the basis + + align:start position:0% +dimension of that space what's the basis + + + align:start position:0% +dimension of that space what's the basis +for that + + align:start position:0% +for that + + + align:start position:0% +for that +space okay let me ask you a basis first + + align:start position:0% +space okay let me ask you a basis first + + + align:start position:0% +space okay let me ask you a basis first +if I take the set of solutions to that + + align:start position:0% +if I take the set of solutions to that + + + align:start position:0% +if I take the set of solutions to that +second order differential + + align:start position:0% +second order differential + + + align:start position:0% +second order differential +equation there it is those are the + + align:start position:0% +equation there it is those are the + + + align:start position:0% +equation there it is those are the +solutions what's a basis for that + + align:start position:0% +solutions what's a basis for that + + + align:start position:0% +solutions what's a basis for that +space now remember what's the what + + align:start position:0% +space now remember what's the what + + + align:start position:0% +space now remember what's the what +question am I asking because if you know + + align:start position:0% +question am I asking because if you know + + + align:start position:0% +question am I asking because if you know +the question I'm asking you'll see the + + align:start position:0% +the question I'm asking you'll see the + + + align:start position:0% +the question I'm asking you'll see the +answer a basis means all the guys in the + + align:start position:0% +answer a basis means all the guys in the + + + align:start position:0% +answer a basis means all the guys in the +space are combinations of these basis + + align:start position:0% +space are combinations of these basis + + + align:start position:0% +space are combinations of these basis +vectors + + align:start position:0% +vectors + + + align:start position:0% +vectors +well this is a basis sinx cos x there is + + align:start position:0% +well this is a basis sinx cos x there is + + + align:start position:0% +well this is a basis sinx cos x there is +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basis those + + align:start position:0% +basis those + + + align:start position:0% +basis those +two you they're like the special + + align:start position:0% +two you they're like the special + + + align:start position:0% +two you they're like the special +Solutions right we had special solutions + + align:start position:0% +Solutions right we had special solutions + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions right we had special solutions +to axal B now we've got special + + align:start position:0% +to axal B now we've got special + + + align:start position:0% +to axal B now we've got special +solutions to differential + + align:start position:0% +solutions to differential + + + align:start position:0% +solutions to differential +equations sorry we had special solutions + + align:start position:0% +equations sorry we had special solutions + + + align:start position:0% +equations sorry we had special solutions +to ax equals z I misspoke + + align:start position:0% +to ax equals z I misspoke + + + align:start position:0% +to ax equals z I misspoke +the special Solutions were for the null + + align:start position:0% +the special Solutions were for the null + + + align:start position:0% +the special Solutions were for the null +space just as here we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +space just as here we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +space just as here we're talking about +the null space do you see that here is a + + align:start position:0% +the null space do you see that here is a + + + align:start position:0% +the null space do you see that here is a +those two and what's the + + align:start position:0% +those two and what's the + + + align:start position:0% +those two and what's the +dimension of the solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is how many vectors in this basis + + align:start position:0% +is how many vectors in this basis + + + align:start position:0% +is how many vectors in this basis +two the sign and + + align:start position:0% +two the sign and + + + align:start position:0% +two the sign and +cosine are those the only + + align:start position:0% +cosine are those the only + + + align:start position:0% +cosine are those the only +basis for the space by no means e to + + align:start position:0% +basis for the space by no means e to + + + align:start position:0% +basis for the space by no means e to +theix and e to the minus I would be + + align:start position:0% +theix and e to the minus I would be + + + align:start position:0% +theix and e to the minus I would be +another basis lots of bases but you see + + align:start position:0% +another basis lots of bases but you see + + + align:start position:0% +another basis lots of bases but you see +that really what a course in + + align:start position:0% +that really what a course in + + + align:start position:0% +that really what a course in +differential in linear differential + + align:start position:0% +differential in linear differential + + + align:start position:0% +differential in linear differential +equations is about + + align:start position:0% +equations is about + + + align:start position:0% +equations is about +is finding a basis for the solution + + align:start position:0% +is finding a basis for the solution + + + align:start position:0% +is finding a basis for the solution +space the dimension of the solution + + align:start position:0% +space the dimension of the solution + + + align:start position:0% +space the dimension of the solution +space will always be will be two because + + align:start position:0% +space will always be will be two because + + + align:start position:0% +space will always be will be two because +we have a second order equation so + + align:start position:0% +we have a second order equation so + + + align:start position:0% +we have a second order equation so +that's like there's 1803 in 5 minutes of + + align:start position:0% +that's like there's 1803 in 5 minutes of + + + align:start position:0% +that's like there's 1803 in 5 minutes of +1806 is enough to take care of + + align:start position:0% +1806 is enough to take care of + + + align:start position:0% +1806 is enough to take care of +1803 okay so there's a that's one more + + align:start position:0% +1803 okay so there's a that's one more + + + align:start position:0% +1803 okay so there's a that's one more +example and of course the point of the + + align:start position:0% +example and of course the point of the + + + align:start position:0% +example and of course the point of the +example is these + + align:start position:0% +example is these + + + align:start position:0% +example is these +things don't look like + + align:start position:0% +things don't look like + + + align:start position:0% +things don't look like +vectors they look like + + align:start position:0% +vectors they look like + + + align:start position:0% +vectors they look like +functions but we can call them vectors + + align:start position:0% +functions but we can call them vectors + + + align:start position:0% +functions but we can call them vectors +because we can add + + align:start position:0% +because we can add + + + align:start position:0% +because we can add +them and we can multiply by constants so + + align:start position:0% +them and we can multiply by constants so + + + align:start position:0% +them and we can multiply by constants so +we can take linear combinations that's + + align:start position:0% +we can take linear combinations that's + + + align:start position:0% +we can take linear combinations that's +all we have to be allowed to + + align:start position:0% +all we have to be allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +all we have to be allowed to +do so that's really why this idea of + + align:start position:0% +do so that's really why this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +do so that's really why this idea of +linear algebra and basis and dimension + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra and basis and dimension + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra and basis and dimension +and so on plays a wider role + + align:start position:0% +and so on plays a wider role + + + align:start position:0% +and so on plays a wider role +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +than than our constant discussions of n + + align:start position:0% +than than our constant discussions of n + + + align:start position:0% +than than our constant discussions of n +byn + + align:start position:0% +byn + + + align:start position:0% +byn +matrices okay that's what I wanted + + align:start position:0% +matrices okay that's what I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +matrices okay that's what I wanted +wanted to say about that topic + + align:start position:0% +wanted to say about that topic + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to say about that topic +now of course the + + align:start position:0% +now of course the + + + align:start position:0% +now of course the +key uh number associated with matrices + + align:start position:0% +key uh number associated with matrices + + + align:start position:0% +key uh number associated with matrices +to go back to that number is the + + align:start position:0% +to go back to that number is the + + + align:start position:0% +to go back to that number is the +rank and the + + align:start position:0% +rank and the + + + align:start position:0% +rank and the +rank what do we know about the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rank well we know it's not bigger than M + + align:start position:0% +rank well we know it's not bigger than M + + + align:start position:0% +rank well we know it's not bigger than M +and it's not bigger than n so but I'd + + align:start position:0% +and it's not bigger than n so but I'd + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not bigger than n so but I'd +like to have a little discussion on the + + align:start position:0% +like to have a little discussion on the + + + align:start position:0% +like to have a little discussion on the +rank maybe I'll put that here so I'm + + align:start position:0% +rank maybe I'll put that here so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +rank maybe I'll put that here so I'm +picking up this topic of rank one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matrices + + align:start position:0% +matrices + + + align:start position:0% +matrices +and the reason I'm interested in rank + + align:start position:0% +and the reason I'm interested in rank + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason I'm interested in rank +one matrices is that they ought to be + + align:start position:0% +one matrices is that they ought to be + + + align:start position:0% +one matrices is that they ought to be +simple if the rank is only one The + + align:start position:0% +simple if the rank is only one The + + + align:start position:0% +simple if the rank is only one The +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +can't get away from us so for example + + align:start position:0% +can't get away from us so for example + + + align:start position:0% +can't get away from us so for example +let me take let me create a rank one + + align:start position:0% +let me take let me create a rank one + + + align:start position:0% +let me take let me create a rank one +Matrix okay suppose it's 3 suppose it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2x3 and let me give you the + + align:start position:0% +2x3 and let me give you the + + + align:start position:0% +2x3 and let me give you the +first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +row what's what can the second row be + + align:start position:0% +row what's what can the second row be + + + align:start position:0% +row what's what can the second row be +what tell me a possible second row here + + align:start position:0% +what tell me a possible second row here + + + align:start position:0% +what tell me a possible second row here +for for this Matrix to have rank + + align:start position:0% +for for this Matrix to have rank + + + align:start position:0% +for for this Matrix to have rank +one a possible second row is + + align:start position:0% +one a possible second row is + + + align:start position:0% +one a possible second row is +2810 the second row + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a multiple of the first + + align:start position:0% +is a multiple of the first + + + align:start position:0% +is a multiple of the first +row it's not independent so tell me a + + align:start position:0% +row it's not independent so tell me a + + + align:start position:0% +row it's not independent so tell me a +basis for the oh yeah sorry to keep + + align:start position:0% +basis for the oh yeah sorry to keep + + + align:start position:0% +basis for the oh yeah sorry to keep +bringing up these same + + align:start position:0% +bringing up these same + + + align:start position:0% +bringing up these same +questions after the quiz I'll stop but + + align:start position:0% +questions after the quiz I'll stop but + + + align:start position:0% +questions after the quiz I'll stop but +for now tell me a basis for the row + + align:start position:0% +for now tell me a basis for the row + + + align:start position:0% +for now tell me a basis for the row +space a basis for the row space of that + + align:start position:0% +space a basis for the row space of that + + + align:start position:0% +space a basis for the row space of that +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +is the first row right the first row + + align:start position:0% +is the first row right the first row + + + align:start position:0% +is the first row right the first row +145 a basis for the column space of this + + align:start position:0% +145 a basis for the column space of this + + + align:start position:0% +145 a basis for the column space of this +Matrix is what's the dimension of the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is what's the dimension of the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is what's the dimension of the +column + + align:start position:0% +column + + + align:start position:0% +column +space the dimension of the column space + + align:start position:0% +space the dimension of the column space + + + align:start position:0% +space the dimension of the column space +is also one right because it's also the + + align:start position:0% +is also one right because it's also the + + + align:start position:0% +is also one right because it's also the +rank the dimension you remember the + + align:start position:0% +rank the dimension you remember the + + + align:start position:0% +rank the dimension you remember the +dimension of the column space equals the + + align:start position:0% +dimension of the column space equals the + + + align:start position:0% +dimension of the column space equals the +rank + + align:start position:0% +rank + + + align:start position:0% +rank +equals the dimension of the column space + + align:start position:0% +equals the dimension of the column space + + + align:start position:0% +equals the dimension of the column space +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +transpose which is the row space of a + + align:start position:0% +transpose which is the row space of a + + + align:start position:0% +transpose which is the row space of a +okay and in this case it's one R is + + align:start position:0% +okay and in this case it's one R is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and in this case it's one R is +one and sure enough all the columns are + + align:start position:0% +one and sure enough all the columns are + + + align:start position:0% +one and sure enough all the columns are +all the other columns are multiples of + + align:start position:0% +all the other columns are multiples of + + + align:start position:0% +all the other columns are multiples of +that column now there's there ought to + + align:start position:0% +that column now there's there ought to + + + align:start position:0% +that column now there's there ought to +be a nice way to see + + align:start position:0% +be a nice way to see + + + align:start position:0% +be a nice way to see +that and here it is + + align:start position:0% +that and here it is + + + align:start position:0% +that and here it is +is I can write that Matrix as it's pivot + + align:start position:0% +is I can write that Matrix as it's pivot + + + align:start position:0% +is I can write that Matrix as it's pivot +column 1 + + align:start position:0% +column 1 + + + align:start position:0% +column 1 +2 times + + align:start position:0% +2 times + + + align:start position:0% +2 times +it's time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +145 a column time a row one column time + + align:start position:0% +145 a column time a row one column time + + + align:start position:0% +145 a column time a row one column time +one row gives me a matrix right if I + + align:start position:0% +one row gives me a matrix right if I + + + align:start position:0% +one row gives me a matrix right if I +multiply a column by a + + align:start position:0% +multiply a column by a + + + align:start position:0% +multiply a column by a +row that that's 2x one Matrix times a + + align:start position:0% +row that that's 2x one Matrix times a + + + align:start position:0% +row that that's 2x one Matrix times a +1x3 matrix and the result of the + + align:start position:0% +1x3 matrix and the result of the + + + align:start position:0% +1x3 matrix and the result of the +multiplication is + + align:start position:0% +multiplication is + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication is +2x3 and it comes out right so what I + + align:start position:0% +2x3 and it comes out right so what I + + + align:start position:0% +2x3 and it comes out right so what I +want to my my point is that rank + + align:start position:0% +want to my my point is that rank + + + align:start position:0% +want to my my point is that rank +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +matrices that every rank one Matrix has + + align:start position:0% +matrices that every rank one Matrix has + + + align:start position:0% +matrices that every rank one Matrix has +the form sum column times sum + + align:start position:0% +the form sum column times sum + + + align:start position:0% +the form sum column times sum +row so U is a column vector v is a + + align:start position:0% +row so U is a column vector v is a + + + align:start position:0% +row so U is a column vector v is a +column Vector but I make it into a row + + align:start position:0% +column Vector but I make it into a row + + + align:start position:0% +column Vector but I make it into a row +by putting in V transpose so that's the + + align:start position:0% +by putting in V transpose so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +by putting in V transpose so that's the +that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the +uh that's the complete picture of rank + + align:start position:0% +uh that's the complete picture of rank + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's the complete picture of rank +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +matrices we'll be interested in rank one + + align:start position:0% +matrices we'll be interested in rank one + + + align:start position:0% +matrices we'll be interested in rank one +matrices later we'll find oh their + + align:start position:0% +matrices later we'll find oh their + + + align:start position:0% +matrices later we'll find oh their +determinant that'll be easy their igen + + align:start position:0% +determinant that'll be easy their igen + + + align:start position:0% +determinant that'll be easy their igen +values that'll be interesting uh rank + + align:start position:0% +values that'll be interesting uh rank + + + align:start position:0% +values that'll be interesting uh rank +one matrices are like the building + + align:start position:0% +one matrices are like the building + + + align:start position:0% +one matrices are like the building +blocks for all matrices + + align:start position:0% +blocks for all matrices + + + align:start position:0% +blocks for all matrices +and actually maybe you can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guess + + align:start position:0% +guess + + + align:start position:0% +guess +and if I took any + + align:start position:0% +and if I took any + + + align:start position:0% +and if I took any +Matrix a 5 by 17 Matrix of rank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four then it seems pretty likely and + + align:start position:0% +four then it seems pretty likely and + + + align:start position:0% +four then it seems pretty likely and +it's true that I could break that 5x 17 + + align:start position:0% +it's true that I could break that 5x 17 + + + align:start position:0% +it's true that I could break that 5x 17 +Matrix down as a combination of rank one + + align:start position:0% +Matrix down as a combination of rank one + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix down as a combination of rank one +matrices and probably how many of those + + align:start position:0% +matrices and probably how many of those + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and probably how many of those +would I + + align:start position:0% +would I + + + align:start position:0% +would I +need if I have a 5x 17 Matrix of rank + + align:start position:0% +need if I have a 5x 17 Matrix of rank + + + align:start position:0% +need if I have a 5x 17 Matrix of rank +four I'll need four of + + align:start position:0% +four I'll need four of + + + align:start position:0% +four I'll need four of +them four rank one matrices so the rank + + align:start position:0% +them four rank one matrices so the rank + + + align:start position:0% +them four rank one matrices so the rank +one matrices are the are the building + + align:start position:0% +one matrices are the are the building + + + align:start position:0% +one matrices are the are the building +blocks and out I can produce every I can + + align:start position:0% +blocks and out I can produce every I can + + + align:start position:0% +blocks and out I can produce every I can +produce every five every rank four + + align:start position:0% +produce every five every rank four + + + align:start position:0% +produce every five every rank four +Matrix out of four rank one matrices + + align:start position:0% +Matrix out of four rank one matrices + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix out of four rank one matrices +okay that brings me to a question of + + align:start position:0% +okay that brings me to a question of + + + align:start position:0% +okay that brings me to a question of +course would the rank four matrices form + + align:start position:0% +course would the rank four matrices form + + + align:start position:0% +course would the rank four matrices form +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +Subspace let me take all 5 by 17 + + align:start position:0% +Subspace let me take all 5 by 17 + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace let me take all 5 by 17 +matrices and think about rank four M the + + align:start position:0% +matrices and think about rank four M the + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and think about rank four M the +the subset of rank four matrices let me + + align:start position:0% +the subset of rank four matrices let me + + + align:start position:0% +the subset of rank four matrices let me +I'll write this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down you see I'm I'm reviewing for the + + align:start position:0% +down you see I'm I'm reviewing for the + + + align:start position:0% +down you see I'm I'm reviewing for the +quiz because because I'm asking the kind + + align:start position:0% +quiz because because I'm asking the kind + + + align:start position:0% +quiz because because I'm asking the kind +of questions that are short enough but + + align:start position:0% +of questions that are short enough but + + + align:start position:0% +of questions that are short enough but +that bring out do you know what these + + align:start position:0% +that bring out do you know what these + + + align:start position:0% +that bring out do you know what these +words mean so I take my Matrix bace n + + align:start position:0% +words mean so I take my Matrix bace n + + + align:start position:0% +words mean so I take my Matrix bace n +now is all 5 5 17 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix and now the sub the the question + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and now the sub the the question + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and now the sub the the question +I ask is the + + align:start position:0% +I ask is the + + + align:start position:0% +I ask is the +subset + + align:start position:0% +subset + + + align:start position:0% +subset +of of rank four mates + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that a + + align:start position:0% +is that a + + + align:start position:0% +is that a +Subspace if I add a matrix of so if I + + align:start position:0% +Subspace if I add a matrix of so if I + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace if I add a matrix of so if I +multiply a matrix of rank four by of + + align:start position:0% +multiply a matrix of rank four by of + + + align:start position:0% +multiply a matrix of rank four by of +rank four or less let's + + align:start position:0% +rank four or less let's + + + align:start position:0% +rank four or less let's +say because I have to let the zero + + align:start position:0% +say because I have to let the zero + + + align:start position:0% +say because I have to let the zero +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +in if it's if it's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +in if it's if it's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +in if it's if it's going to be a +Subspace but that doesn't just because + + align:start position:0% +Subspace but that doesn't just because + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace but that doesn't just because +the zero Matrix got in there doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the zero Matrix got in there doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the zero Matrix got in there doesn't +mean I have a + + align:start position:0% +mean I have a + + + align:start position:0% +mean I have a +Subspace so if I so the the question + + align:start position:0% +Subspace so if I so the the question + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace so if I so the the question +really comes down to if I add two rank + + align:start position:0% +really comes down to if I add two rank + + + align:start position:0% +really comes down to if I add two rank +four + + align:start position:0% +four + + + align:start position:0% +four +matrices is the sum rank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four what do you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think no not usually not usually if I + + align:start position:0% +think no not usually not usually if I + + + align:start position:0% +think no not usually not usually if I +add two rank four matrices the sum is + + align:start position:0% +add two rank four matrices the sum is + + + align:start position:0% +add two rank four matrices the sum is +probably what could I say about the sum + + align:start position:0% +probably what could I say about the sum + + + align:start position:0% +probably what could I say about the sum +well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually well the rank could be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if it's a general fact actually that the + + align:start position:0% +if it's a general fact actually that the + + + align:start position:0% +if it's a general fact actually that the +rank of a plus b can't be more than rank + + align:start position:0% +rank of a plus b can't be more than rank + + + align:start position:0% +rank of a plus b can't be more than rank +of a plus the rank of + + align:start position:0% +of a plus the rank of + + + align:start position:0% +of a plus the rank of +B so this would say if I added two of + + align:start position:0% +B so this would say if I added two of + + + align:start position:0% +B so this would say if I added two of +those the rank couldn't be larger than + + align:start position:0% +those the rank couldn't be larger than + + + align:start position:0% +those the rank couldn't be larger than +eight but I know actually the rank + + align:start position:0% +eight but I know actually the rank + + + align:start position:0% +eight but I know actually the rank +couldn't be as large as eight anyway + + align:start position:0% +couldn't be as large as eight anyway + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't be as large as eight anyway +what how big could the rank be for the + + align:start position:0% +what how big could the rank be for the + + + align:start position:0% +what how big could the rank be for the +rank of a matrix in M could be as large + + align:start position:0% +rank of a matrix in M could be as large + + + align:start position:0% +rank of a matrix in M could be as large +as right right so they're all sort of + + align:start position:0% +as right right so they're all sort of + + + align:start position:0% +as right right so they're all sort of +natural ideas so rank four matrices or + + align:start position:0% +natural ideas so rank four matrices or + + + align:start position:0% +natural ideas so rank four matrices or +rank one + + align:start position:0% +rank one + + + align:start position:0% +rank one +matrices let me let me change that to + + align:start position:0% +matrices let me let me change that to + + + align:start position:0% +matrices let me let me change that to +rank + + align:start position:0% +rank + + + align:start position:0% +rank +one let me take the subset of rank one + + align:start position:0% +one let me take the subset of rank one + + + align:start position:0% +one let me take the subset of rank one +matrices is that a vector + + align:start position:0% +matrices is that a vector + + + align:start position:0% +matrices is that a vector +space if I add a rank one Matrix to a + + align:start position:0% +space if I add a rank one Matrix to a + + + align:start position:0% +space if I add a rank one Matrix to a +rank one + + align:start position:0% +rank one + + + align:start position:0% +rank one +Matrix no it's most likely going to have + + align:start position:0% +Matrix no it's most likely going to have + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix no it's most likely going to have +rank two so this is so I'll just make + + align:start position:0% +rank two so this is so I'll just make + + + align:start position:0% +rank two so this is so I'll just make +that point not a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Subspace + + align:start position:0% +Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace +okay okay those are topics that I wanted + + align:start position:0% +okay okay those are topics that I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay those are topics that I wanted +to uh just fill out the the previous + + align:start position:0% +to uh just fill out the the previous + + + align:start position:0% +to uh just fill out the the previous +lectures I'll ask one more Subspace + + align:start position:0% +lectures I'll ask one more Subspace + + + align:start position:0% +lectures I'll ask one more Subspace +question a more a more uh likely example + + align:start position:0% +question a more a more uh likely example + + + align:start position:0% +question a more a more uh likely example +suppose I'm in let me put put this + + align:start position:0% +suppose I'm in let me put put this + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I'm in let me put put this +example on a new + + align:start position:0% +example on a new + + + align:start position:0% +example on a new +board suppose I'm in our in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R4 so my typical my my typical Vector in + + align:start position:0% +R4 so my typical my my typical Vector in + + + align:start position:0% +R4 so my typical my my typical Vector in +R4 has four components V1 V2 V3 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V4 suppose I take the + + align:start position:0% +V4 suppose I take the + + + align:start position:0% +V4 suppose I take the +Subspace of + + align:start position:0% +Subspace of + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace of +vectors whose components add to zero so + + align:start position:0% +vectors whose components add to zero so + + + align:start position:0% +vectors whose components add to zero so +I let + + align:start position:0% +I let + + + align:start position:0% +I let +s be all V all vectors V in four + + align:start position:0% +s be all V all vectors V in four + + + align:start position:0% +s be all V all vectors V in four +dimensional + + align:start position:0% +dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +with V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 = + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z so I just want to consider that bunch + + align:start position:0% +Z so I just want to consider that bunch + + + align:start position:0% +Z so I just want to consider that bunch +of vectors is it a Subspace first of + + align:start position:0% +of vectors is it a Subspace first of + + + align:start position:0% +of vectors is it a Subspace first of +all it is a + + align:start position:0% +all it is a + + + align:start position:0% +all it is a +Subspace it is a sub space what's how do + + align:start position:0% +Subspace it is a sub space what's how do + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace it is a sub space what's how do +we see + + align:start position:0% +we see + + + align:start position:0% +we see +that it is a + + align:start position:0% +that it is a + + + align:start position:0% +that it is a +Subspace I formally I should check if I + + align:start position:0% +Subspace I formally I should check if I + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace I formally I should check if I +have one vector that with whose + + align:start position:0% +have one vector that with whose + + + align:start position:0% +have one vector that with whose +components add to zero and I multiply + + align:start position:0% +components add to zero and I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +components add to zero and I multiply +that vector by six the components still + + align:start position:0% +that vector by six the components still + + + align:start position:0% +that vector by six the components still +add a zero just six * 6 * + + align:start position:0% +add a zero just six * 6 * + + + align:start position:0% +add a zero just six * 6 * +Z if I have a couple of V and a w and I + + align:start position:0% +Z if I have a couple of V and a w and I + + + align:start position:0% +Z if I have a couple of V and a w and I +add them the components still add to + + align:start position:0% +add them the components still add to + + + align:start position:0% +add them the components still add to +zero okay it's a + + align:start position:0% +zero okay it's a + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay it's a +Subspace what's the dimension of that + + align:start position:0% +Subspace what's the dimension of that + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace what's the dimension of that +space and what's the basis for that + + align:start position:0% +space and what's the basis for that + + + align:start position:0% +space and what's the basis for that +space so you see how I can just describe + + align:start position:0% +space so you see how I can just describe + + + align:start position:0% +space so you see how I can just describe +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +space and we we can ask for the + + align:start position:0% +space and we we can ask for the + + + align:start position:0% +space and we we can ask for the +dimension as for the basis first and the + + align:start position:0% +dimension as for the basis first and the + + + align:start position:0% +dimension as for the basis first and the +dimension course the dimension is the + + align:start position:0% +dimension course the dimension is the + + + align:start position:0% +dimension course the dimension is the +one that's easy to tell me in a single + + align:start position:0% +one that's easy to tell me in a single + + + align:start position:0% +one that's easy to tell me in a single +word what's the dimension of our + + align:start position:0% +word what's the dimension of our + + + align:start position:0% +word what's the dimension of our +Subspace s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and a basis tell me a tell me some + + align:start position:0% +here and a basis tell me a tell me some + + + align:start position:0% +here and a basis tell me a tell me some +vectors in + + align:start position:0% +vectors in + + + align:start position:0% +vectors in +it well I'm going to make you ask you + + align:start position:0% +it well I'm going to make you ask you + + + align:start position:0% +it well I'm going to make you ask you +again to guess the + + align:start position:0% +again to guess the + + + align:start position:0% +again to guess the +dimension again I think I heard it three + + align:start position:0% +dimension again I think I heard it three + + + align:start position:0% +dimension again I think I heard it three +the dimension is + + align:start position:0% +the dimension is + + + align:start position:0% +the dimension is +three how does this connect to + + align:start position:0% +three how does this connect to + + + align:start position:0% +three how does this connect to +our axal Z is this the n space of + + align:start position:0% +our axal Z is this the n space of + + + align:start position:0% +our axal Z is this the n space of +something is that the null space of a + + align:start position:0% +something is that the null space of a + + + align:start position:0% +something is that the null space of a +matrix and then we can look at the + + align:start position:0% +matrix and then we can look at the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and then we can look at the +Matrix and and we know everything about + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and and we know everything about + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and and we know everything about +those subspaces this is the null + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space of what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix what's the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what's the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what's the +Matrix where the null space is then AV = + + align:start position:0% +Matrix where the null space is then AV = + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix where the null space is then AV = +0 so I want this equation to be a = + + align:start position:0% +0 so I want this equation to be a = + + + align:start position:0% +0 so I want this equation to be a = +z v is now the + + align:start position:0% +z v is now the + + + align:start position:0% +z v is now the +vector and what's the Matrix that that + + align:start position:0% +vector and what's the Matrix that that + + + align:start position:0% +vector and what's the Matrix that that +we're seeing + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing +there it's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +41 do you see that that's that if I look + + align:start position:0% +41 do you see that that's that if I look + + + align:start position:0% +41 do you see that that's that if I look +at AAL Z for this Matrix a I multiply by + + align:start position:0% +at AAL Z for this Matrix a I multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +at AAL Z for this Matrix a I multiply by +B and I + + align:start position:0% +B and I + + + align:start position:0% +B and I +get this requirement that the components + + align:start position:0% +get this requirement that the components + + + align:start position:0% +get this requirement that the components +add to zero so I'm really at when I + + align:start position:0% +add to zero so I'm really at when I + + + align:start position:0% +add to zero so I'm really at when I +speak about + + align:start position:0% +speak about + + + align:start position:0% +speak about +s I'm speaking about the no space of + + align:start position:0% +s I'm speaking about the no space of + + + align:start position:0% +s I'm speaking about the no space of +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +Matrix okay let's just say we've got a + + align:start position:0% +Matrix okay let's just say we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix okay let's just say we've got a +matrix now we want it null + + align:start position:0% +matrix now we want it null + + + align:start position:0% +matrix now we want it null +space well wait tell me it's rank first + + align:start position:0% +space well wait tell me it's rank first + + + align:start position:0% +space well wait tell me it's rank first +the rank of that Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is one thanks so R is one what's the + + align:start position:0% +is one thanks so R is one what's the + + + align:start position:0% +is one thanks so R is one what's the +general formula for the dimension of the + + align:start position:0% +general formula for the dimension of the + + + align:start position:0% +general formula for the dimension of the +null space the + + align:start position:0% +null space the + + + align:start position:0% +null space the +dimension of the null space of a matrix + + align:start position:0% +dimension of the null space of a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +dimension of the null space of a matrix +is in general an M byn Matrix of rank + + align:start position:0% +is in general an M byn Matrix of rank + + + align:start position:0% +is in general an M byn Matrix of rank +R how + + align:start position:0% +R how + + + align:start position:0% +R how +many independent guys in the null + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space n- r + + align:start position:0% +space n- r + + + align:start position:0% +space n- r +right N - R in this case is + + align:start position:0% +right N - R in this case is + + + align:start position:0% +right N - R in this case is +four four columns the rank is one so the + + align:start position:0% +four four columns the rank is one so the + + + align:start position:0% +four four columns the rank is one so the +no space is three dimensional so of + + align:start position:0% +no space is three dimensional so of + + + align:start position:0% +no space is three dimensional so of +course you could see it in this case but + + align:start position:0% +course you could see it in this case but + + + align:start position:0% +course you could see it in this case but +you can also see it here in our + + align:start position:0% +you can also see it here in our + + + align:start position:0% +you can also see it here in our +systematic way of dealing with the four + + align:start position:0% +systematic way of dealing with the four + + + align:start position:0% +systematic way of dealing with the four +fundamental subspaces of a + + align:start position:0% +fundamental subspaces of a + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental subspaces of a +matrix so what actually what what are + + align:start position:0% +matrix so what actually what what are + + + align:start position:0% +matrix so what actually what what are +all four subspaces then the RO row space + + align:start position:0% +all four subspaces then the RO row space + + + align:start position:0% +all four subspaces then the RO row space +is clear the row space is in + + align:start position:0% +is clear the row space is in + + + align:start position:0% +is clear the row space is in +R4 yeah can can can we take the four + + align:start position:0% +R4 yeah can can can we take the four + + + align:start position:0% +R4 yeah can can can we take the four +fundamental subspaces of this Matrix + + align:start position:0% +fundamental subspaces of this Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental subspaces of this Matrix +this's just kill this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example the row space is onedimensional + + align:start position:0% +example the row space is onedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +example the row space is onedimensional +it's it's all multiples of that of that + + align:start position:0% +it's it's all multiples of that of that + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's all multiples of that of that +Row the null space is threedimensional + + align:start position:0% +Row the null space is threedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +Row the null space is threedimensional +oh you better give me a basis for the + + align:start position:0% +oh you better give me a basis for the + + + align:start position:0% +oh you better give me a basis for the +null space so what the basis is for the + + align:start position:0% +null space so what the basis is for the + + + align:start position:0% +null space so what the basis is for the +n space the special + + align:start position:0% +n space the special + + + align:start position:0% +n space the special +solutions to find the special Solutions + + align:start position:0% +solutions to find the special Solutions + + + align:start position:0% +solutions to find the special Solutions +I look for the free variables the free + + align:start position:0% +I look for the free variables the free + + + align:start position:0% +I look for the free variables the free +variables here are there's the + + align:start position:0% +variables here are there's the + + + align:start position:0% +variables here are there's the +pivot the free variables are 2 three and + + align:start position:0% +pivot the free variables are 2 three and + + + align:start position:0% +pivot the free variables are 2 three and +four so the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basis basis for + + align:start position:0% +basis basis for + + + align:start position:0% +basis basis for +S for S will be I'm expecting three + + align:start position:0% +S for S will be I'm expecting three + + + align:start position:0% +S for S will be I'm expecting three +vectors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Three Special Solutions I give the value + + align:start position:0% +Three Special Solutions I give the value + + + align:start position:0% +Three Special Solutions I give the value +one to that three + + align:start position:0% +one to that three + + + align:start position:0% +one to that three +variable and what's the pivot variable + + align:start position:0% +variable and what's the pivot variable + + + align:start position:0% +variable and what's the pivot variable +if the this is going to be a vector in + + align:start position:0% +if the this is going to be a vector in + + + align:start position:0% +if the this is going to be a vector in +s minus one now the rows add to Z the + + align:start position:0% +s minus one now the rows add to Z the + + + align:start position:0% +s minus one now the rows add to Z the +the entries add to zero the second + + align:start position:0% +the entries add to zero the second + + + align:start position:0% +the entries add to zero the second +special solution has a one in the second + + align:start position:0% +special solution has a one in the second + + + align:start position:0% +special solution has a one in the second +free variable and again a minus1 makes + + align:start position:0% +free variable and again a minus1 makes + + + align:start position:0% +free variable and again a minus1 makes +it right the third one has a one in the + + align:start position:0% +it right the third one has a one in the + + + align:start position:0% +it right the third one has a one in the +third free variable and again A minus + + align:start position:0% +third free variable and again A minus + + + align:start position:0% +third free variable and again A minus +one makes it + + align:start position:0% +one makes it + + + align:start position:0% +one makes it +right that's my answer that's the answer + + align:start position:0% +right that's my answer that's the answer + + + align:start position:0% +right that's my answer that's the answer +I would be looking + + align:start position:0% +I would be looking + + + align:start position:0% +I would be looking +for the a basis for the Subspace s you + + align:start position:0% +for the a basis for the Subspace s you + + + align:start position:0% +for the a basis for the Subspace s you +would just list three vectors and those + + align:start position:0% +would just list three vectors and those + + + align:start position:0% +would just list three vectors and those +would be the natural three to list not + + align:start position:0% +would be the natural three to list not + + + align:start position:0% +would be the natural three to list not +the only possible three but the the + + align:start position:0% +the only possible three but the the + + + align:start position:0% +the only possible three but the the +those are the special three okay tell me + + align:start position:0% +those are the special three okay tell me + + + align:start position:0% +those are the special three okay tell me +about the column + + align:start position:0% +about the column + + + align:start position:0% +about the column +space what's the column space of this + + align:start position:0% +space what's the column space of this + + + align:start position:0% +space what's the column space of this +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a so the column space is a Subspace of + + align:start position:0% +a so the column space is a Subspace of + + + align:start position:0% +a so the column space is a Subspace of +r + + align:start position:0% +r + + + align:start position:0% +r +one because m is only one The Columns + + align:start position:0% +one because m is only one The Columns + + + align:start position:0% +one because m is only one The Columns +only have one component so the column + + align:start position:0% +only have one component so the column + + + align:start position:0% +only have one component so the column +space of s the column space of a is + + align:start position:0% +space of s the column space of a is + + + align:start position:0% +space of s the column space of a is +somewhere in the space R1 because we + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in the space R1 because we + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in the space R1 because we +only have these col colums are + + align:start position:0% +only have these col colums are + + + align:start position:0% +only have these col colums are +short and what is the column space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually I just it's just talking with + + align:start position:0% +actually I just it's just talking with + + + align:start position:0% +actually I just it's just talking with +these words is what I'm + + align:start position:0% +these words is what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +these words is what I'm +doing the column space for that Matrix + + align:start position:0% +doing the column space for that Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +doing the column space for that Matrix +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +R1 the column space for that + + align:start position:0% +R1 the column space for that + + + align:start position:0% +R1 the column space for that +Matrix is all multiples of + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is all multiples of + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is all multiples of +that column there + + align:start position:0% +that column there + + + align:start position:0% +that column there +there's and all multiples give you all + + align:start position:0% +there's and all multiples give you all + + + align:start position:0% +there's and all multiples give you all +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R1 and what's the the remaining fourth + + align:start position:0% +R1 and what's the the remaining fourth + + + align:start position:0% +R1 and what's the the remaining fourth +space the null space of a + + align:start position:0% +space the null space of a + + + align:start position:0% +space the null space of a +transpose is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what so we transpose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a we look for combinations of the of of + + align:start position:0% +a we look for combinations of the of of + + + align:start position:0% +a we look for combinations of the of of +the of the columns now that gives zero + + align:start position:0% +the of the columns now that gives zero + + + align:start position:0% +the of the columns now that gives zero +for for a + + align:start position:0% +for for a + + + align:start position:0% +for for a +transpose and there aren't any the only + + align:start position:0% +transpose and there aren't any the only + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and there aren't any the only +thing the only combination of these rows + + align:start position:0% +thing the only combination of these rows + + + align:start position:0% +thing the only combination of these rows +to give the zero row is the zero + + align:start position:0% +to give the zero row is the zero + + + align:start position:0% +to give the zero row is the zero +combination okay so let's just check + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Dimensions the null space has Dimension + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions the null space has Dimension + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions the null space has Dimension +three the row space has Dimension 1 3 + + + align:start position:0% +three the row space has Dimension 1 3 + + + + align:start position:0% +three the row space has Dimension 1 3 + +1 is + + align:start position:0% +1 is + + + align:start position:0% +1 is + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +the column space has Dimension One and + + align:start position:0% +the column space has Dimension One and + + + align:start position:0% +the column space has Dimension One and +what's the dimension of this like + + align:start position:0% +what's the dimension of this like + + + align:start position:0% +what's the dimension of this like +smallest possible space what's the + + align:start position:0% +smallest possible space what's the + + + align:start position:0% +smallest possible space what's the +dimension of the zero space it's a it's + + align:start position:0% +dimension of the zero space it's a it's + + + align:start position:0% +dimension of the zero space it's a it's +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Subspace zero what else could it be I + + align:start position:0% +Subspace zero what else could it be I + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace zero what else could it be I +mean let's we have to take a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +mean let's we have to take a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +mean let's we have to take a reasonable +answer and the only reasonable answer is + + align:start position:0% +answer and the only reasonable answer is + + + align:start position:0% +answer and the only reasonable answer is +zero so one plus 0 gives this was + + align:start position:0% +zero so one plus 0 gives this was + + + align:start position:0% +zero so one plus 0 gives this was +n the number of columns and this is M + + align:start position:0% +n the number of columns and this is M + + + align:start position:0% +n the number of columns and this is M +the number of + + align:start position:0% +the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the number of +rows and let's just let me just say + + align:start position:0% +rows and let's just let me just say + + + align:start position:0% +rows and let's just let me just say +again then the the the Subspace that has + + align:start position:0% +again then the the the Subspace that has + + + align:start position:0% +again then the the the Subspace that has +only that one point that point is Zero + + align:start position:0% +only that one point that point is Zero + + + align:start position:0% +only that one point that point is Zero +Dimensional of + + align:start position:0% +Dimensional of + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensional of +course and the basis is empty because if + + align:start position:0% +course and the basis is empty because if + + + align:start position:0% +course and the basis is empty because if +if the dimension is zero there shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +if the dimension is zero there shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +if the dimension is zero there shouldn't +be anybody in the basis so the basis of + + align:start position:0% +be anybody in the basis so the basis of + + + align:start position:0% +be anybody in the basis so the basis of +that smallest Subspace is the empty set + + align:start position:0% +that smallest Subspace is the empty set + + + align:start position:0% +that smallest Subspace is the empty set +and the the number of members in the + + align:start position:0% +and the the number of members in the + + + align:start position:0% +and the the number of members in the +empty set is zero so that's the + + align:start position:0% +empty set is zero so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +empty set is zero so that's the +dimension + + align:start position:0% +dimension + + + align:start position:0% +dimension +okay good now I have just five minutes + + align:start position:0% +okay good now I have just five minutes + + + align:start position:0% +okay good now I have just five minutes +to to tell you + + align:start position:0% +to to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +to to tell you +about well actually about some + + align:start position:0% +about well actually about some + + + align:start position:0% +about well actually about some +some some this is now this last topic of + + align:start position:0% +some some this is now this last topic of + + + align:start position:0% +some some this is now this last topic of +small world graphs and leads + + align:start position:0% +small world graphs and leads + + + align:start position:0% +small world graphs and leads +into uh a lecture about graphs and + + align:start position:0% +into uh a lecture about graphs and + + + align:start position:0% +into uh a lecture about graphs and +linear algebra + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra +but let me tell you + + align:start position:0% +but let me tell you + + + align:start position:0% +but let me tell you +the in these last minutes the graph that + + align:start position:0% +the in these last minutes the graph that + + + align:start position:0% +the in these last minutes the graph that +I'm interested + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in uh it's the graph where so what is a + + align:start position:0% +in uh it's the graph where so what is a + + + align:start position:0% +in uh it's the graph where so what is a +graph better tell you that first okay + + align:start position:0% +graph better tell you that first okay + + + align:start position:0% +graph better tell you that first okay +what's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph okay this isn't calculus we're not + + align:start position:0% +graph okay this isn't calculus we're not + + + align:start position:0% +graph okay this isn't calculus we're not +I'm not thinking of like some sign + + align:start position:0% +I'm not thinking of like some sign + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not thinking of like some sign +curve the word graph is used in a + + align:start position:0% +curve the word graph is used in a + + + align:start position:0% +curve the word graph is used in a +complete different way it's a set of a + + align:start position:0% +complete different way it's a set of a + + + align:start position:0% +complete different way it's a set of a +bunch of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nodes and + + align:start position:0% +nodes and + + + align:start position:0% +nodes and +edges edges connecting the nodes so I + + align:start position:0% +edges edges connecting the nodes so I + + + align:start position:0% +edges edges connecting the nodes so I +have nodes + + align:start position:0% +have nodes + + + align:start position:0% +have nodes +like five + + align:start position:0% +like five + + + align:start position:0% +like five +nodes and edges I'll put in some edges I + + align:start position:0% +nodes and edges I'll put in some edges I + + + align:start position:0% +nodes and edges I'll put in some edges I +could could include them + + align:start position:0% +could could include them + + + align:start position:0% +could could include them +all there's well let me put in a couple + + align:start position:0% +all there's well let me put in a couple + + + align:start position:0% +all there's well let me put in a couple +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +there's a graph with five nodes and 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +there's a graph with five nodes and 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +there's a graph with five nodes and 1 2 +3 4 five six + + align:start position:0% +3 4 five six + + + align:start position:0% +3 4 five six +edges and some 5x6 Matrix is going to + + align:start position:0% +edges and some 5x6 Matrix is going to + + + align:start position:0% +edges and some 5x6 Matrix is going to +tell us everything about that graph let + + align:start position:0% +tell us everything about that graph let + + + align:start position:0% +tell us everything about that graph let +me leave that Matrix the next time and + + align:start position:0% +me leave that Matrix the next time and + + + align:start position:0% +me leave that Matrix the next time and +tell you about the question I'm + + align:start position:0% +tell you about the question I'm + + + align:start position:0% +tell you about the question I'm +interested in + + align:start position:0% +interested in + + + align:start position:0% +interested in +suppose suppose the + + align:start position:0% +suppose suppose the + + + align:start position:0% +suppose suppose the +graph isn't just just doesn't have just + + align:start position:0% +graph isn't just just doesn't have just + + + align:start position:0% +graph isn't just just doesn't have just +five nodes but suppose every suppose + + align:start position:0% +five nodes but suppose every suppose + + + align:start position:0% +five nodes but suppose every suppose +every person in this room is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +node and suppose there's an edge between + + align:start position:0% +node and suppose there's an edge between + + + align:start position:0% +node and suppose there's an edge between +two nodes if those two people are + + align:start position:0% +two nodes if those two people are + + + align:start position:0% +two nodes if those two people are +friends so have I described a graph it's + + align:start position:0% +friends so have I described a graph it's + + + align:start position:0% +friends so have I described a graph it's +a pretty big graph 100 hundred + + align:start position:0% +a pretty big graph 100 hundred + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty big graph 100 hundred +nodes and I don't know how many edges + + align:start position:0% +nodes and I don't know how many edges + + + align:start position:0% +nodes and I don't know how many edges +are in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there there's an edge if you're friend + + align:start position:0% +there there's an edge if you're friend + + + align:start position:0% +there there's an edge if you're friend +I so that's the graph for this + + align:start position:0% +I so that's the graph for this + + + align:start position:0% +I so that's the graph for this +class a similar graph you could take for + + align:start position:0% +class a similar graph you could take for + + + align:start position:0% +class a similar graph you could take for +the whole country so 260 million + + align:start position:0% +the whole country so 260 million + + + align:start position:0% +the whole country so 260 million +nodes and edges between + + align:start position:0% +nodes and edges between + + + align:start position:0% +nodes and edges between +friends and the question for that graph + + align:start position:0% +friends and the question for that graph + + + align:start position:0% +friends and the question for that graph +is how many steps does it take to get + + align:start position:0% +is how many steps does it take to get + + + align:start position:0% +is how many steps does it take to get +from anybody to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody what's what two people are + + align:start position:0% +anybody what's what two people are + + + align:start position:0% +anybody what's what two people are +furthest apart in this friendship graph + + align:start position:0% +furthest apart in this friendship graph + + + align:start position:0% +furthest apart in this friendship graph +say for the US by furthest apart I mean + + align:start position:0% +say for the US by furthest apart I mean + + + align:start position:0% +say for the US by furthest apart I mean +the distance + + align:start position:0% +the distance + + + align:start position:0% +the distance +from well I'll tell you my distance to + + align:start position:0% +from well I'll tell you my distance to + + + align:start position:0% +from well I'll tell you my distance to +Clinton it's two I happen to go to + + align:start position:0% +Clinton it's two I happen to go to + + + align:start position:0% +Clinton it's two I happen to go to +college with somebody who knows Clinton + + align:start position:0% +college with somebody who knows Clinton + + + align:start position:0% +college with somebody who knows Clinton +I don't know so my distance to Clinton + + align:start position:0% +I don't know so my distance to Clinton + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know so my distance to Clinton +is not one cuz I + + align:start position:0% +is not one cuz I + + + align:start position:0% +is not one cuz I +don't happily or not don't know him + + align:start position:0% +don't happily or not don't know him + + + align:start position:0% +don't happily or not don't know him +but I know somebody who does he's a + + align:start position:0% +but I know somebody who does he's a + + + align:start position:0% +but I know somebody who does he's a +senator and so I presume he knows it + + align:start position:0% +senator and so I presume he knows it + + + align:start position:0% +senator and so I presume he knows it +okay I don't know what your well what's + + align:start position:0% +okay I don't know what your well what's + + + align:start position:0% +okay I don't know what your well what's +your distance to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Clinton well not more than three right + + align:start position:0% +Clinton well not more than three right + + + align:start position:0% +Clinton well not more than three right +actually true you know me I take credit + + align:start position:0% +actually true you know me I take credit + + + align:start position:0% +actually true you know me I take credit +for reducing your Clinton + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distance uh what's your distance to + + align:start position:0% +distance uh what's your distance to + + + align:start position:0% +distance uh what's your distance to +Monica uh not + + align:start position:0% +Monica uh not + + + align:start position:0% +Monica uh not +um anybody below below four is in + + align:start position:0% +um anybody below below four is in + + + align:start position:0% +um anybody below below four is in +trouble here uh or maybe three but uh + + align:start position:0% +trouble here uh or maybe three but uh + + + align:start position:0% +trouble here uh or maybe three but uh +right so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh what's Hillary's distance to mon I + + align:start position:0% +uh what's Hillary's distance to mon I + + + align:start position:0% +uh what's Hillary's distance to mon I +don't think we better put that on the + + align:start position:0% +don't think we better put that on the + + + align:start position:0% +don't think we better put that on the +tape + + align:start position:0% +tape + + + align:start position:0% +tape +here one or two I + + align:start position:0% +here one or two I + + + align:start position:0% +here one or two I +guess is that right I don't well we + + align:start position:0% +guess is that right I don't well we + + + align:start position:0% +guess is that right I don't well we +won't + + align:start position:0% +won't + + + align:start position:0% +won't +think more about that so + + align:start position:0% +think more about that so + + + align:start position:0% +think more about that so +actually the the real question + + align:start position:0% +actually the the real question + + + align:start position:0% +actually the the real question +is what's what are big large distances + + align:start position:0% +is what's what are big large distances + + + align:start position:0% +is what's what are big large distances +who how how far apart could people be + + align:start position:0% +who how how far apart could people be + + + align:start position:0% +who how how far apart could people be +separated and roughly this number six + + align:start position:0% +separated and roughly this number six + + + align:start position:0% +separated and roughly this number six +degrees of separation has kind of + + align:start position:0% +degrees of separation has kind of + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of separation has kind of +appeared it's a movie title it's a book + + align:start position:0% +appeared it's a movie title it's a book + + + align:start position:0% +appeared it's a movie title it's a book +title and it's with this meaning that + + align:start position:0% +title and it's with this meaning that + + + align:start position:0% +title and it's with this meaning that +that roughly + + align:start position:0% +that roughly + + + align:start position:0% +that roughly +speaking uh six might be a fairly not + + align:start position:0% +speaking uh six might be a fairly not + + + align:start position:0% +speaking uh six might be a fairly not +too many + + align:start position:0% +too many + + + align:start position:0% +too many +people if you sit next to somebody on an + + align:start position:0% +people if you sit next to somebody on an + + + align:start position:0% +people if you sit next to somebody on an +airplane you get talking to them you + + align:start position:0% +airplane you get talking to them you + + + align:start position:0% +airplane you get talking to them you +begin to discuss mutual friends to sort + + align:start position:0% +begin to discuss mutual friends to sort + + + align:start position:0% +begin to discuss mutual friends to sort +of find out okay what connections do you + + align:start position:0% +of find out okay what connections do you + + + align:start position:0% +of find out okay what connections do you +have and very often you'll find you're + + align:start position:0% +have and very often you'll find you're + + + align:start position:0% +have and very often you'll find you're +connected in like two or three or four + + align:start position:0% +connected in like two or three or four + + + align:start position:0% +connected in like two or three or four +steps and you remark It's a small world + + align:start position:0% +steps and you remark It's a small world + + + align:start position:0% +steps and you remark It's a small world +and that's how this expression small + + align:start position:0% +and that's how this expression small + + + align:start position:0% +and that's how this expression small +world came up uh but six I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +world came up uh but six I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +world came up uh but six I don't know if +you could find if it took six I don't + + align:start position:0% +you could find if it took six I don't + + + align:start position:0% +you could find if it took six I don't +know if you would successfully discover + + align:start position:0% +know if you would successfully discover + + + align:start position:0% +know if you would successfully discover +those six in a in an airplane + + align:start position:0% +those six in a in an airplane + + + align:start position:0% +those six in a in an airplane +conversation but here's the math + + align:start position:0% +conversation but here's the math + + + align:start position:0% +conversation but here's the math +question and I'll leave it for next for + + align:start position:0% +question and I'll leave it for next for + + + align:start position:0% +question and I'll leave it for next for +lecture 12 and do a lot of linear + + align:start position:0% +lecture 12 and do a lot of linear + + + align:start position:0% +lecture 12 and do a lot of linear +algebra in lecture 12 but the qu the the + + align:start position:0% +algebra in lecture 12 but the qu the the + + + align:start position:0% +algebra in lecture 12 but the qu the the +interesting point is that with a few + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shortcuts the distances come down + + align:start position:0% +shortcuts the distances come down + + + align:start position:0% +shortcuts the distances come down +dramatically that that uh I mean all + + align:start position:0% +dramatically that that uh I mean all + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically that that uh I mean all +your distances to Clinton immediately + + align:start position:0% +your distances to Clinton immediately + + + align:start position:0% +your distances to Clinton immediately +drop to three by taking linear Al that's + + align:start position:0% +drop to three by taking linear Al that's + + + align:start position:0% +drop to three by taking linear Al that's +like extra bonus for taking linear Al uh + + align:start position:0% +like extra bonus for taking linear Al uh + + + align:start position:0% +like extra bonus for taking linear Al uh +and to understand mathematically what it + + align:start position:0% +and to understand mathematically what it + + + align:start position:0% +and to understand mathematically what it +is about these graphs or like the graphs + + align:start position:0% +is about these graphs or like the graphs + + + align:start position:0% +is about these graphs or like the graphs +of the worldwide web there's a fantastic + + align:start position:0% +of the worldwide web there's a fantastic + + + align:start position:0% +of the worldwide web there's a fantastic +graph so many people would like to + + align:start position:0% +graph so many people would like to + + + align:start position:0% +graph so many people would like to +understand and model + + align:start position:0% +understand and model + + + align:start position:0% +understand and model +the web what are the con where the edges + + align:start position:0% +the web what are the con where the edges + + + align:start position:0% +the web what are the con where the edges +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +links and the nodes are are sites + + align:start position:0% +links and the nodes are are sites + + + align:start position:0% +links and the nodes are are sites +websites uh I'll leave you with that + + align:start position:0% +websites uh I'll leave you with that + + + align:start position:0% +websites uh I'll leave you with that +grab and I'll see you have a good + + align:start position:0% +grab and I'll see you have a good + + + align:start position:0% +grab and I'll see you have a good +weekend and see you on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Monday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2Q_fna3TTbs.txt b/2Q_fna3TTbs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e44d0ff514d145ab084c74b6d8fbd09568f42a50 --- /dev/null +++ b/2Q_fna3TTbs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1950 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high-quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +Let's go to the lesson. + +So the last day we studied +VSEPR, which allowed us to + +infer the shapes of molecules, +covalent molecules. + +Today I want to talk about +the state of aggregation. + +What do I mean by state +of aggregation? + +Is something a solid, a liquid +or a gas at a particular + +temperature? + +So 3.091 is introduction to +solid state chemistry. + +One of the things we need to +know is, under what conditions + +is the solid state stable? + +And the state of aggregation, +when it applies to covalent + +molecules, is going to lead +us to a discussion + +of secondary bonding. + +So today's lecture is +state of aggregation + +or secondary bonding. + +Now let's just reflect +upon what we've + +learned up until now. + +We studied ironic bonding and +we knew that ionic bonding + +necessarily leads to crystal +formation because we have + +unsaturated bonds. + +And that leads to an ion array +of unlimited size until you + +run out of reagent. + +And something honking big made +of ions is going to be a solid + +at room temperature. + +Last day we appreciated +with covalent + +bonding we have two options. + +We can either make discrete +molecules such as HCl. + +And HCl as a discrete molecule, +depending on a + +number of factors that I'm going +to show you today, could + +be a solid, liquid or gas. + +And we're going to understand +more deeply how to sort out + +between the three of them. + +Or, I showed you at the end of +the last lecture, you can make + +a three-dimensional network and +diamond was one example. + +If it's a three-dimensional +network that is a large array + +of solid then that means that +you're going to end up with a + +formation of a crystal, which is +going to give you a solid. + +Diamond is solid at room +temperature, graphite is solid + +at room temperature. + +So let's now go to the one case +that we haven't dealt + +with, and that's the formation +of discrete molecules. + +So let's look at discrete +molecules. + +And what we want to understand +is whether they're going to be + +solid, liquid or gas at room +temperature and what's the + +relevant physics here in order +to make that determination? + +The relevant physics +is the following. + +We're going to compare +two forces. + +We're going to compare the +cohesive force between + +molecules versus the +disruptive force. + +And the disruptive +force in 3.091 is + +always going to be thermal. + +It's thermal energy. + +We know this. + +As we heat things they go from +solid to liquid to vapor as + +temperature increases. + +So thermal energy plays the role +of the destructive force + +whereas the bonding is +something that is + +the cohesive force. + +So let's go back to HCL. + +Last day we looked at HCl. + +So here's one HCl molecule. + +We have a covalent bond. + +It's a covalent bond within +the molecule. + +We know this is a polar covalent +molecule, with the + +chlorine having greater +electronegativity and pulling + +the electrons towards its end. + +And furthermore, this bond I +want to categorize as within + +the molecule so I'm going to +call it intramolecular. + +Intramolecular. + +Now if I want to answer the +question, is hydrogen chloride + +going to be a solid, liquid or +gas at room temperature, I + +don't have the information +on the board. + +The only way I can answer that +question is to put another + +hydrogen chloride. + +This simply forms the bond +between hydrogen and chlorine. + +To determine whether hydrogen +chloride is a solid, liquid or + +gas, I need to look at how one +hydrogen chloride molecule + +bonds to another hydrogen +chloride molecule. + +So now this end is the delta +plus this end is delta minus. + +And we have again an +intramolecular bond. + +So the question is, how does one +hydrogen chloride bond to + +another hydrogen chloride? + +This is the intermolecular +bond. + +Intermolecular bond. + +So intermolecular bonds govern +the state of aggregation. + +And I'm going to show you +the different types of + +intermolecular bonds. + +This intermolecular bond +isn't the primary bond. + +The primary bond is here +inside the molecule. + +So the intermolecular bond is +known as a secondary bond. + +And there three types +of secondary bonds. + +We're going to look +at them in turn. + +So the first one is depicted +here on the board. + +And it's called dipole-dipole +interactions. + +And these obviously occur only +between polar molecules. + +Operative and polar molecules. + +Not in. + +Between. + +Take out in. + +Operative between +polar molecules. + +So we've made something covalent +and now how does one + +stick to the other? + +Alright and I think I've got a +cartoon here that shows this. + +There we go. + +That's taken from an old +book that I had. + +So you see the H and the Cl and +we have a dipole moment + +and the negative end of one +dipole attracted to the + +positive end of another +dipole. + +So we have a net dipole moment +here and we can measure the + +distance between the center +of the dipole-- + +center to center spacing +and call it r. + +Center to center +dipole spacing. + +And say that the energy in +dipole-dipole interaction-- + +I don't expect you to know this +by heart and do anything + +with it, but I just want +you to realize + +that it's a weak force. + +This is very weak. + +It's proportional +to the magnitude + +of the dipole moment. + +You'd expect that. + +Weak dipole moment, +weak energy. + +Strong dipole moment, +strong energy. + +Turns out it goes as +the fourth order + +of the dipole moment. + +And it's inversely proportional +to the + +separation. + +Only it's not coulombic, it +goes as 1 over r cubed. + +And there's a temperature +factor. + +1 over t. + +As temperature goes up, +this energy goes down. + +And these are very weak forces +on the order of about 5 + +kilojoules per mole. + +You remember what the +crystallization energy of + +sodium chloride was? + +787 kilojoules per mole. + +So this is very, very weak. + +It's operative at, between, +at low temperatures. + +At very low temperatures. + +So for example, hydrogen +chloride, in the case of + +hydrogen chloride, the melting +point of hydrogen chloride is + +minus 115 degrees C and +the boiling point is + +minus 85 degrees C. + +You can see at very low +temperatures we already have + +enough thermal energy +to disrupt. + +So if we have solid hydrogen +chloride, the forces between + +the hydrogen chloride molecules +in the solid are + +these very weak dipole-dipole +interactions. + +And I think there's a couple +more cartoons here. + +This is taken from your text. + +So there we go. + +There it is. + +That's the soup that might +be HCl liquid. + +OK so that's the first type +of secondary bond. + +Dipole-dipole interaction. + +Let's look at the second one. + +The second one is called induced +dipole-induced dipole. + +And it's operative in +non-polar species. + +Dominant in non-polar species. + +Why am I using the +word, species? + +I'm trying to be a pedant +and use fancy words? + +No. + +Because I'm going to +make it generic. + +I'm going to show it works in +atoms and in compounds. + +So as examples, what are +some non-polar species? + +Well how about something +like argon? + +Argon if you look on the +periodic table it'll show you + +that it has a melting point of +84 kelvin and a boiling point + +of 87 kelvin. + +So if I cool argon to below 84 +kelvin, I get argon ice. + +So what are the bonds between +one argon atom and another + +argon atom? + +It can't be this. + +There's no net charge. + +It can't be ionic. + +It doesn't form a covalent +network the way diamond does. + +How do you justify the existence +of solid argon? + +It's just so cold that it just +sits there and freezes? + +I mean, how does it bond? + +There needs to be some +kind of bonding. + +And other non-polar species. + +So for example, the +molecule iodine. + +Iodine melting point is above +room temperature. + +It's a solid crystal at +room temperature. + +Well there's a strong covalent +bond inside iodine. + +But how does one iodine bond to +another and to another and + +to another? + +And we can even go +to polyatomic + +species, such as methane. + +You know there was data from +the Cassini Probe. + +Look at this. + +This is an image from +the Cassini Probe. + +This is an island group. + +The yellow is an island group. + +The blue is a methane sea. + +A sea of liquid methane on the +moon of Saturn, Titan. + +So there's liquid methane. + +How does liquid methane form? + +What causes one methane to bond +with another methane? + +That's the question that +we're wrestling with. + +So let's look at it first +in a simpler context. + +Let's look at it with argon. + +So I put argon here. + +It's a spherical atom. + +And the question we had before +says, how does one argon bond + +to another argon, as has to be +the case in the solid or + +liquid argon. + +So we know that this has a lot +of electrons and the atom is + +net neutral. + +But the electrons +are in motion. + +If I had an attosecond camera +and I went in here and I went, + +snap, I could catch a freeze +frame where the electrons + +aren't symmetrically + +distributed around the nucleus. + +This nucleus, the atom is +in constant fluctuation. + +But net neutral. + +Time average it's symmetrical. + +So at some moment I might have +a preponderance of electrons + +over here at around +three o'clock. + +So this end of the argon is +a little bit delta minus. + +Which means the other +end is delta plus. + +Now what happens if this +is delta minus, + +this is delta plus? + +Can you see that the positive +end of this argon atom will + +then pull on the electron +distribution of the adjacent + +argon atom rendering it delta +minus at three o'clock and + +delta plus? + +So this is the dipole in one, +induces a dipole in another. + +And why does it occur +in the first place? + +It occurs because the electrons +are in motion. + +Electrons in motion lead to +time fluctuating dipoles. + +They're time fluctuating. + +Time average, there's no +net dipole moment. + +I'm not going back on +what I said before. + +There's no net dipole moment +here, but this is time + +fluctuating dipole. + +Time fluctuating dipole. + +So who was the first +to explain this? + +The first to explain this was +Fritz London in 1930. + +In 1930 Fritz London gave us the +explanation because this + +troubled people for +a long time. + +And he did so in a quantitative +manner. + +And the mathematics of the +treatment are identical to the + +mathematics for the dispersion +of light under certain + +conditions. + +This has nothing to do with +the dispersion of light. + +The mathematical formulation +imitates the formulation of + +the dispersion of light and +hence the force here is known + +as the London Dispersion +Force. + +So people will say that solid +argon is held together by + +London Dispersion Forces. + +Or the bond is known by the +name van der Waals. + +We either call them van der +Waals bonds or London + +Dispersion Forces. + +Van der Waals was Dutch. + +I know how to spell +the word wall. + +This is the dutch spelling. + +W A A L S. + +Van der Waals. + +So in this system here, the +London Dispersion Force or the + +van der Waals bond is in fact +not the secondary bond. + +It's the primary +bond, isn't it? + +It's the only bond. + +So by definition it must +be the primary bond. + +But can you see that in every +compound, including diamond, + +we have time fluctuating dipoles +in all of the atoms? + +It's not just argon that has +time fluctuating dipoles. + +Every atom in you and me has +time fluctuating dipoles. + +But we're held together by +much greater forces. + +So that's why I say that +in this case this is + +the dominant force. + +But it's operative +in everything. + +Because wherever we have +electrons, they're in motion. + +So this is the dominant one. + +Alright so we can look at it +in a few other instances. + +So for example we can look at +it in the case of iodine. + +We can look at it in the +case of methane. + +All the same. + +Time fluctuating dipoles. + +And this is a very, +very weak force. + +So the energy in London +Dispersion Forces, or van der + +Waals bonds, is proportional +to a quantity called the + +polarizability. + +The polarizability is-- + +and this was defined +by London-- + +polarizability is the measure +of how easy it is to induce + +this dipole. + +A measure of the ease +of electron + +displacement within an atom. + +And it depends on, it's +influenced by the size and + +it's influenced by the number +of electrons in the atom. + +So what do I mean by that? + +Well let's take two systems. +Suppose I've got argon and + +I'll go up two members +in the same series + +and I've got helium. + +So what are the forces that +hold helium together? + +Same thing. + +But the boiling point +here is 87 kelvin. + +The boiling point here +is 4.2 kelvin. + +Why does this have such +a low boiling point? + +Well, polarizability. + +Size-- + +helium is smaller. + +So the degree, the corral in +which the electrons can roam + +is smaller. + +So the extent of electron +displacement is smaller. + +And secondly there are +only two electrons. + +And they're in 1s, so they're +tightly held. + +And so the delta minus delta +plus capable of being created + +in helium is tiny compared to +the delta minus delta plus + +that can be created in argon. + +So the energy goes as +polarizability squared and + +divided by r to the sixth, where +this is the separation. + +Not the radius but this +is separation. + +Dipole separation. + +And this is a font issue. + +This is proportional to alpha. + +So you can tell the +difference. + +This is a proportional +that's to alpha. + +Of course you can't tell +the difference. + +This is contextual. + +If I just wrote this by +itself, you don't + +know what it is. + +My goodness you're nervous. + +So nervous. + +All right let's take +a look at-- + +here's the cartoons. + +Induced dipole. + +And here's London's paper. + +Here's London's paper as it +first appeared in 1930. + +Theory and System of +Molecular Forces. + +And here's some cartoons +from your book. + +This is helium, showing +helium. + +It's kind of funny how +the artist shows. + +Like there's these two helium +atoms and they're absolutely + +immobile and all of a sudden one +of the helium atom starts + +jiggling and then it induces +a dipole moment + +in the other one. + +That's not how it happens, +but anyway. + +Alright this is hydrogen. + +Same thing as iodine. + +All right so there's delta +plus, delta minus. + +Because the electrons are moving +even though there's a + +strong covalent bond inside. + +So let me just make the point, I +want to make sure people are + +very clear about primary versus +secondary bonding. + +So if I look at iodine. + +I2. + +This is a covalent bond. + +It's homonuclear. + +This covalent bond, there's +no net dipole moment. + +Here's another iodine. + +But then we have time +fluctuating dipoles. + +So this delta minus isn't +because this is the bond here. + +This is the primary bond. + +This is the primary bond +and it's covalent. + +And this is the secondary +bond. + +And the secondary bond is London +Dispersion Force or van + +der Waals bond because this +is induced dipole. + +So now let's look at-- oh +here's another one. + +This one gets on my nerves. + +Oh actually this is good. + +This is this the bad one. + +All right so I'm going to +show you polarizability. + +So here's a series of sp3 +hybridized chains. + +Propane, octane, icosane. + +They're all the same. + +They look like this. + +Ch is sp3 hybridized. + +And so you just have-- + +so what is that, C 3 H H. + +So it's just-- + +so you have 1, 2, 3 4. so +there's hydrogen, hydrogen, + +hydrogen, and on the fourth one +I'm going to make it flat + +instead of trying to +make a tetrahedron. + +So 1, 2, 3 hydrogens. + +The fourth one is carbon. + +1, 2 hydrogens, carbon carbon. + +1, 2 3 hydrogens. + +So this is C3H8. + +And compare that to +the longer one. + +Which is octane, +which is C8H18. + +So it's 1, 2, 3, +4, 5, 6, 7, 8. + +And all you have got to do is, +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. + +You put four sticks off +of every carbon. + +You can't go wrong. + +You count them up. + +You got C8H18. + +Look at the structures. + +They are the same. + +So how come propane is a gas +at room temperature? + +Whereas octane, which is the +principal constituent of + +gasoline, is a liquid +at room temperature? + +It all comes down to +polarizability. + +This one's got a +longer corral. + +So if you like the delta minus +versus the delta plus, it's + +basically the same here except +that separation is bigger. + +All right, so that's +pretty good. + +This is the one that +gets on my nerves. + +You see this? + +It's exactly what I +just showed you. + +So here's methane. + +And there's the propane. + +Here's butane and somewhere +between butane and pentane we + +cross the the line at +room temperature. + +So pentane is liquid, +butane is gas. + +And you keep going up, up, up, +and finally if you get to C20 + +you go from liquid to solid +because now the van der Waals + +forces are strong enough that +even at room temperature you + +make a solid. + +It looks like paraffin. + +That's why you can melt +paraffin, because it's got + +weak van der Waals forces. + +So temperature disrupts and it +reforms. If you try to break a + +covalent bond, you pyrolyze +the thing and you + +don't get it back. + +Secondary bonds allow for +ready processing. + +Here's what bothers +me about this. + +Instead of talking about +polarizability, which is a + +physical quantity that +means something. + +They say molecular weight. + +Well it's true that these +scales, these are heavier and + +it's monotonic. + +But to me what's the relevant +physics between the ability to + +form van der Waals bonds +and the mass. + +It's just a dumb thing. + +It's not a gravitational +effect. + +So that's why this +thing is stupid. + +And you see it all over +in chemistry books. + +And it's just dumb. + +And if you put that on my +exam you're not going to + +get points for it. + +Because that's dumb. + +OK let's go to the next one. + +There's a third type +of bonding. + +There are certain things I feel +strongly about and that's + +one of them. + +OK so let's look at the third +type of secondary bonding. + +The third type of secondary +bonding is + +called hydrogen bonding. + +Hydrogen bonding. + +It's a type of secondary +bonding. + +And it occurs between hydrogen +and the most electronegative + +elements, fluorine, +oxygen, nitrogen. + +Why these? + +Because they have very, +very high average + +valance electron energy. + +So the average valance electron +energy I'm quoting in + +that second column, not +megajoules per mole, but in + +sensible units like +electron volts. + +And so you can see, when you get +up around 18, 19 electron + +volts you cross a threshold. + +And that's the electronegativity +as + +represented by average valance +electron energy. + +So you can see that as the +electronegativity gets beyond + +some threshold value, roughly +3, then you can + +form hydrogen bonds. + +So this is owing to high average +valance electron + +energy, or if you like +electronegativity. + +Which means very strong polarity +in the covalent bond. + +So you say, well there's polar +and there's even more polar. + +So let's see what happens. + +So I'm going to use a +prototypical value here. + +I'm going to look at HF. + +So if I look at HF let's go +through the Lewis structure. + +There's H with it's +1 electron. + +And F with the 7. + +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. + +And so we have a covalent +bond here. + +We know fluorine is the most +electronegative so we have a + +dipole moment here. + +Now the dipole moment +is very strong here. + +This is an accounting procedure +to put the two + +electrons, but it no way +represents the physical + +position of these electrons. + +They're brought in very +close to the fluorine. + +So it's not some symmetrically +disposed between H and the F. + +So I can't tell anything +about whether HF is a + +solid, liquid or gas. + +Why? + +Because there's only +one sitting here. + +I have got to put at +least one more. + +Because this is a +primary bond. + +And it tells me how +H bonds to F. + +It doesn't tell me how one +HF bonds to another HF. + +So I'm going to put another +HF over here. + +So here's another HF. + +And it's also dipole. + +But there's something +special about that. + +Already there's a dipole-dipole +interaction. + +But the hydrogen bond +is much stronger. + +It's much stronger. + +And why is it stronger? + +The electron in this hydrogen on +the right is pulled towards + +the fluorine to such an extent +that this hydrogen is so + +denuded of its electrons that +it's acting as proton-like. + +It's proton-like. + +Now don't tell people that +Professor Sadoway said that + +hydrogen inside an +HF is a proton. + +It's not a proton but it's +starting to get more nearly + +like a proton. + +Now what do we know +about a proton? + +Positive charge. + +Tiny high-charge density. + +So this hydrogen's looking +forlornly over at its electron + +that's being hogged by the +fluorine to a right. + +And what do we know +about these? + +Oh it's time for +colored chalk. + +It's time for colored chalk! + +What color are those? + +They're red because they're +non-bonding. + +And the bonding are the +blue in-between. + +And what do we know about +the volume occupied by a + +non-bonding pair versus +a bonding pair? + +It's larger. + +Because they're not +constrained. + +So not only do we have +a non-bonding pair, + +they're not just here. + +They're sort of flopping +around. + +Hanging way out and there's this +thing here that's almost + +denuded of its electrons, so +it starts looking over here + +saying, if I can't get +any action over + +here, what about here? + +So that proton starts +establishing contact with the + +non-bonding pair of electrons +on the adjacent fluorine And + +this is the hydrogen bond. + +The hydrogen bond is here. + +The hydrogen bond is not here. + +If you write this I +will give you a 0. + +I'll give you a 0 with +a circle around it. + +It's called the doughnut. + +That's what you get when you +write something so stupid. + +This is not the hydrogen bond. + +This is the hydrogen bond. + +OK? + +So it works. + +It works. + +Now let's see the +effect of it. + +Let's see the effect. + +Alright so here's a cartoon +showing that in water the + +hydrogen-oxygen spacing +is about 1 angstrom. + +And the hydrogen-oxygen spacing +in adjacent water + +molecules can be less than +2 angstroms. So there's + +certainly a difference. + +I mean it can't be the same. + +If it were the same it would +be a covalent primary bond. + +You'd have a network. + +Now this is interesting here +because this shows the values + +that are given on your periodic +table, which were + +obtained without the +use the average + +valance electron energies. + +These trends are correct. + +But look at this one. + +They've got chlorine +up at 3.16. + +And all of these have +been revised. + +Now on a test, just use what +you've been given on the + +periodic table. + +But I want you to understand how +this is rationalized with + +better data coming from +photoelectron spectroscopy. + +So now I want to show you the + +implications of hydrogen bonding. + +The implications. + +So I've got 4 homologous +series. + +So they're all element +plus hydrogen. + +So let's start with +the group 14. + +That's shown here in purple. + +And what do we have? + +All of these, we'll start +with methane. + +CH4, so that's a central atom. + +1, 2, 3 4. + +They're all tetrahedral. + +Hydrogens at the corners. + +Non-polar. + +And no hydrogen bonding +capability. + +So one methane bonds to another +methane by weak van + +der Waals forces. + +That's how it does it. + +It doesn't matter if I +substitute the carbon with + +silicon or germanium or tin. + +I can put SnH4. + +And how does SnH4 bond +to another SnH4? + +It's just by London +Dispersion Forces. + +That's all that's +operative here. + +And so we have, what makes +sense here, is that the + +heavier, more massive-- + +no, the ones that have greater +polarizability have a higher + +boiling point. + +Because their van der Waals +forces are stronger. + +That means you have to go to a +higher temperature to achieve + +disruption. + +Same temperature, weak van +der Waals force: gas. + +Same temperature, strong +van der Waals + +force: liquid or solid. + +And you see the boiling +point here. + +Monotonic from the lightest to +the heaviest. Now let's go to + +the next one. + +Let's go to the green +line, group 15. + +Well group 15, what's +that look like? + +Let's look at the structure +of group 15. + +Group 15 is-- + +ammonia is one of them. + +So we can look at the structure +of ammonia. + +And if we use VSEPR we'll +end up with something + +that looks like this. + +I'll go through the +whole thing. + +You're going to end up with +three bonds like this. + +It's a tetrahedral skeleton +with a lone pair. + +Ah, colored chalk. + +So now, what happens? + +I can't say anything +about this. + +Why can't I say anything about +whether this is a solid, + +liquid or a gas? + +It's the only one there. + +I have got to put another one. + +So put another one up here. + +N. + +H. + +H. + +H. + +Same gambit with the +hydrogen fluoride. + +This hydrogen sees this lone +pair and establishes a + +hydrogen bond. + +And that adds to what otherwise +would have been a + +dipole-dipole. + +This has a net dipole along +moment, agreed? + +There's a dipole-dipole +moment here. + +But this bond is +even stronger. + +The hydrogen bond is even +stronger than dipole-dipole + +interactions. + +So now let's look at +the graph up here. + +So what about in +phosphene, PH3? + +No phosphorous isn't +electronegative enough. + +So in phosphene, in arsine and +in stibine we don't have + +hydrogen bonding. + +So you see this series +in the group 4 here? + +It goes monotonic from the +heaviest element down to the + +lightest element. + +But here, heaviest, less heavy, +less heavy, and the + +lightest element that should +be down here is up here. + +Why is the lightest compound +not down here? + +Because of the addition +of hydrogen bond. + +So ammonia is off the line. + +This line shows the trend +based on dipole-dipole + +interactions only. + +And you can see the +difference. + +See if you have van der Waals +forces alone, versus + +dipole-dipole, dipole-dipole +are stronger. + +So SnH4 has a lower boiling +point than SbH3. + +I can't predict this but I could +ask you, if I gave you + +this data, I'd say, can you +explain this to me? + +Let's keep going. + +Let's go to group 16. + +So, telluride, selenide, +suphide, + +the oxide, H2O, water. + +It should have a boiling point +of minus 100 centigrade were + +it not for hydrogen bonding. + +How does water work? + +Again, SP3 hybridization. + +Oxygen, 1, 2, 3, 4. + +Two lone pairs. + +1, 2, H, H. + +And now what happens? + +I bring another water +molecule over here + +and hydrogen bonding. + +And that hydrogen bond raises +the temperature, raises the + +requirement for thermal +disruption and moves the + +boiling point of water up +to 100 degrees celsius. + +It it weren't for this +we wouldn't have this + +conversation. + +Because we wouldn't have evolved +as a species capable + +of conducting business at room +temperature if water boiled at + +minus 100 celsius. + +Hydrogen bonding is critical. + +It's absolutely critical. + +So now you know. + +And this isn't just +some little bit of + +pedantry for a professor. + +This is very important. + +Because we're going to learn +later that, when it comes to + +biochemistry, we will +appreciate that most + +biochemicals are made +of carbon, oxygen, + +nitrogen and hydrogen. + +And that means you can have +hydrogen bonds here. + +And you can have hydrogen +bonds here. + +Hydrogen bonding is +critical to life. + +So this is a very important +thing to know about. + +OK we have a minute or two. + +So you can see polarizability +increases here but hydrogen + +bonding operative here. + +That's explains the mystery. + +All right we're going to +jump over this because + +we are out of time. + +And so I will simply show +you a few pictures. + +Pictures! + +So this is a conference in +Copenhagen in June of 1936. + +And there's Fritz London. + +But look at who else is +at the conference. + +Niels Bohr, Wolfgang Pauli, +Werner Heisenberg, Max Born. + +Remember the Born Exponent? + +You better remember +it for Wednesday. + +This is Lise Meitner, you +haven't met her yet. + +We'll get to her. + +This is Walter Stern. + +Stern-Gerlach. + +And this is James Franck. + +That's just the first +two rows! + +That's quite a conference. + +Here's a picture of Fritz London +sitting on a bench in + +Berlin with Erwin Schrodinger. + +Schrodinger is brooding; +he's thinking. + +Fritz London is smiling. + +You know why? + +Because he's figured it out. + +He's figured out. + +It's time-fluctuating dipole, +but he's not going to tell + +Schrodinger. + +He's going to say, you have +to read about it. + +But you have to go +to the library. + +Because if you don't read the +primary sources, if you go to + +Wikipedia, you won't +find this. + +Because this is not going to +be in Wikipedia in 1913. + +OK, last thing-- hold on, hold +on, hey wait a minute! + +Where are you going? + +We're not done yet. + +Did the professor say +class is dismissed? + +No. + +So here's a biography of Fritz +London, which I would + +recommend if you have +a few minutes and + +you'd like to unwind. + +Go out, sit in the sun and +read something like this. + +It tells the story of how he +came up with these ideas. + +The rise of fascism +in the '30s. + +He comes to the United States, +takes a teaching position at + +Duke University. + +All of the people that +he met along the way. + +All these people that we study, +all this stuff, it's + +all there from his +perspective. + +And the perspective +of his biographer. + +Plus the pictures. + +So anyway, primary sources. + +Go read the primary sources. + +All right, class dismissed. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2QgZVYI3tDs.txt b/2QgZVYI3tDs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10921735dc68cb4834e30c2a25aee5a9e15b090b --- /dev/null +++ b/2QgZVYI3tDs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3285 @@ +[MUSIC PLAYING] + +PROFESSOR: Well, last time we +talked about compound data, + +and there were two main points +to that business. + +First of all, there was +a methodology of data + +abstraction, and the point of +that was that you could + +isolate the way that data +objects are used from the way + +that they're represented: this +idea that there's this guy, + +George, and you go out make a +contract with him; and it's + +his business to represent the +data objects; and at the + +moment you are using them, +you don't think + +about George's problem. + +And then secondly, there was +this particular way that Lisp + +has of gluing together things to +form objects called pairs, + +and that's done with cons, car +and cdr. And the way that + +cons, car and cdr are +implemented is basically + +irrelevant. + +That's sort of George's +problem of how + +to build those things. + +It could be done +as primitives. + +It could be done using +procedures in some weird way, + +but we're not going to +worry about that. + +And as an example, we looked at +rational number arithmetic. + +We looked at vectors, +and here's + +just a review of vectors. + +Here's an operation that takes +the sum of of two vectors, so + +we want to add this vector, v1, +and this vector, v2, and + +we get the sum. + +And the sum is the vector whose +coordinates are the sum + +of the coordinates of the +pieces you're adding. + +So I can say, to define +make-vect, right, to add two + +vectors I make a vector, whose x +coordinate is the sum of the + +two x coordinates, and whose y +coordinate is the sum of the + +two y coordinates. + +And then similarly, we could +have an operation that scales + +vectors, so here's a procedure +scale that multiplies a + +vector, v, by some number, s. + +So here's v, v goes from there +to there and I scale v, and I + +get a vector in the same +direction that's longer. + +And again, to scale a vector, +I multiply the successive + +coordinates. + +So I make a vector, whose x +coordinate is the scale factor + +times the x coordinate and +whose y coordinate is the + +scale factor times +the y coordinate. + +So those are two operations that +are implemented using the + +representation of vectors. + +And the representation of +vectors, for instance, is + +something that we can build +in terms of pairs. + +So George has gone out and +implemented for us make-vector + +and x coordinate and y +coordinate, and this could be + +done, for instance, using cons, +car and cdr; and notice + +here, I wrote this in a slightly +different way. + +The procedures we've seen +before, I've said something + +like say, make-vector of x +and y: cons of x and y. + +And here I just wrote +make-vector cons. + +And that means something +slightly different. + +Previously we'd say, define +make-vector to be a procedure + +that takes two arguments, +x and y, and does + +cons of x and y. + +And here I am saying define +make-vector to be the thing + +that cons is, and that's almost +the same as the other + +way we've been writing things. + +And I just want you to get +used to the idea that + +procedures can be objects, and +that you can name them. + +OK, well there's vector +representation, and again, if + +that was all there was +to it, this would + +all be pretty boring. + +And the point is, remember, that +you can use cons to glue + +together not just numbers to +form pairs, but to glue + +together arbitrary things. + +So for instance, if we'd like +to represent a line segment, + +say the line segment that goes +from a certain vector: say, + +the segment from the vector 2,3 +to the point represented + +by the vector 5,1. + +If we want to represent that +line segment, then we can + +build that as a pair of pairs. + +So again, we can represent +line segments. + +We can make a constructor that +makes a segment using cons, + +selects out the start of a +segment, selects out the end + +point of the segment; and then +if we actually look at that, + +if we peel away the abstraction +layers, and say + +what's that really is a pair +of pairs, we'd say + +well that's a pair. + +Here's the segment. + +It's car, right, it's car +pointer is a pair, and it's + +cdr is also a pair, and then +what the car is-- here's the + +car, that itself is +a pair of 2 and 3. + +And similarly the cdr is +a pair of 2 and 3. + +And let me remind you again, +that a lot of people have some + +idea that if I'd taken this +arrow and somehow written it + +to point down, that would +mean something else. + +That's irrelevant. + +It's only how these are +connected and not whether this + +arrow happens to go vertically +or horizontally. + +And again just to remind +you, there was + +this notion of closure. + +See, closure was the thing +that allowed us to start + +building up complexity, that +didn't trap us in pairs. + +Particularly what I mean is +the things that we make, + +having combined things using +cons to get a pair, those + +things themselves can be +combined using cons to make + +more complicated things. + +Or as a mathematician might say, +the set of data objects + +in List is closed under the +operation of forming pairs. + +That's the thing that allows +us to build complexity. + +And that seems obvious, but +remember, a lot of the things + +in the computer languages that +people use are not closed. + +So for example, forming arrays +in basic and Fortran is not a + +closed operation, because you +can make an array of numbers + +or character strings or +something, but you can't make + +an array of arrays. + +And when you look at means of +combination, you should be + +should be asking yourself +whether things are closed + +under that means +of combination. + +Well in any case, because we +can form pairs of pairs, we + +can start using pairs to glue +things together in all sorts + +of different ways. + +So for instance if I'd like to +glue together the four things, + +1, 2, 3 and 4, there are a +lot of ways I can do it. + +I could, for example, like we +did with that line segment, I + +could make a pair that +had a 1 and a 2 and + +a 3 and a 4, right? + +Or if I liked, I could do +something like this. + +I could make a pair, whose first +thing is a pair, whose + +car is 1, and his cdr is itself +a pair that has the 2 + +and the 3, and then I could +put the 4 up here. + +So you see, there are a lot of +different ways that I can + +start using pairs to glue things +together, and so it'll + +be a good idea to establish +some kind of conventions, + +right, that allow us to deal +with this thing in some + +conventional way, so we're +not constantly + +making an ad hoc choice. + +And List has a particular +convention for representing a + +sequence of things as, +essentially, a chain of pairs, + +and that's called a List. + +And what a List is is +essentially just a convention + +for representing a sequence. + +I would represent the sequence +1, 2, 3 and 4 by + +a sequence of pairs. + +I'd put 1 here and then the +cdr of this would point to + +another pair whose car was the +next thing in the sequence, + +and the cdr would point to +another pair whose car was the + +next thing in the sequence-- +so there's 3-- + +and then another one. + +So for each item in the +sequence, I'll get a pair. + +And now there are no more, so +I put a special marker that + +means there's nothing more in +the List. OK, so that's a + +conventional way to glue things +together if you want to + +represent a sequence, right. + +And what it is is a bunch of +pairs, the successive cars of + +each pair are the items that you +want to glue together, and + +the cdr pointer points +to the next pair. + +Now if I actually wanted to +construct that, what I would + +type into List is this: I'd +actually construct that as + +saying, well this thing is the +cons of 1 onto the cons of 2 + +onto the cons of 3 onto +the cons of 4 onto, + +well, this thing nil. + +And what nil is is a name for +the end of List marker. + +It's a special name, which means +this is the end of the + +List. OK, so that's how I would +actually construct that. + +Of course, it's a terrible drag +to constantly have to + +write something like the cons +of 1 onto the cons of 2 onto + +the cons of 3, whenever you +want to make this thing. + +So List has an operation that's +called List, and List + +is just an abbreviation for +this nest of conses. + +So I could say, I could +construct that by saying that + +is the List of 1, 2, 3 and 4. + +And all this is is another +way, a piece of syntactic + +sugar, a more convenient +way for writing + +that chain of conses-- + +cons of cons of cons of cons +of cons of cons onto nil. + +So for example, I could build +this thing and say, I'll + +define 1-TO-4 to be the +List of 1, 2, 3 and 4. + +OK, well notice some of the +consequences of using this + +convention. + +First of all if I have this +List, this 1, 2, 3 and 4, the + +car of the whole thing +is the first element + +in the List, right. + +How do I get 2? + +Well, 2 would be the car of the +cdr of this thing 1-TO-4, + +it would be 2, right. + +I take this thing, I take the +cdr of it, which is this much, + +and the car of that is 2, and +then similarly, the car of the + +cdr of the cdr of 1-TO-4, +cdr, cdr, car-- + +would give me 3, and so on. + +Let's take a look at that +on the computer + +screen for a second. + +I could come up to List, and I +could type define 1-TO-4 to be + +the List of 1, 2, +3 and 4, right. + +And I'll tell that to List, and +it says, fine, that's the + +definition of 1-TO-4. + +And I could say, for instance, +what's the car of the cdr of + +the cdr of 1-TO-4, close +paren, close paren. + +Right, so the car of the cdr +of the cdr would be 3. + +Right, or I could say, +what's 1-TO-4 itself. + +And you see what List typed out +is 1, 2, 3, 4, enclosed in + +parentheses, and this notation, +typing the elements + +of the List enclosed in +parentheses is List's + +conventional way for printing +back this chain of pairs that + +represents a sequence. + +So for example, if I said, +what's the cdr of 1-TO-4, + +that's going to be the rest of +the List. That's the thing + +pointed to by the first pair, +which is, again, a sequence + +that starts off with 2. + +Or for example, I go off and +say, what's the cdr of the cdr + +of 1-TO-4; then that's 3,4. + +Or if I say, what's the cdr of +the cdr of the cdr of the cdr + +of 1-TO-4, and I'm down there +looking at the end of List + +pointer itself, and List prints +that as just open + +paren, close paren. + +You can think of that as a List +with nothing in there. + +All right, see at the end what +I did there was I looked at + +the cdr of the cdr of the cdr +of 1-TO-4, and I'm just left + +with the end of List +pointer itself. + +And that gets printed +as open close. + +All right, well that's a +conventional way you can see + +for working down a +List by taking + +successive cdrs of things. + +It's called cdring down a +List. And of course it's + +pretty much of a drag to type +all those cdrs by hand. + +You don't do that. + +You write procedures +that do that. + +And in fact one very, very +common thing to do in List is + +to write procedures that, sort +of, take a List of things and + +do something to every element in +List, and return you a List + +of the results. + +So what I mean for example, is +I might write a procedure + +called Scale-List, and +Scale-List I might say I want + +to scale by 10 the entire List +1-TO-4, and that would return + +for me the List 10, +20, 30, 40. + +[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] + +Right, it returns List, and well +you can see that there's + +going to be some kind +of recursive + +strategy for doing it. + +How would I actually write +that procedure? + +The idea would be, well if you'd +like to build up a List + +where you've multiplied every +element by 10, what you'd say + +is well you imagine that you'd +taken the rest of the List-- + +right, the thing represented +by the cdr of the List, and + +suppose I'd already built a List +where each of these was + +multiplied by 10-- + +that would be Scale-List of the +cdr of the List. And then + +all I have to do is multiply the +car of the List by 10, and + +then cons that onto the rest, +and I'll get a List. + +Right and then similarly, to +have scaled the cdr of the + +List, I'll scale the cdr of +that and cons onto that 2 + +multiplied by 10. + +And finally when I get all the +way down to the end, and I + +only have this end +of List pointer. + +All right, this thing whose +name is nil-- well I just + +returned an end of +List pointer. + +So there's a recursive strategy +for doing that. + +Here's the actual procedure +that does that. + +Right, this is an example of +the general strategy of + +cdr-ing down a List and +so called cons-ing + +up the result, right. + +So to Scale a List l by some +scale factor s, what do I do? + +Well there's a test, and List +has the predicate called null. + +Null means is this thing the +end of List pointer, or + +another way to think of that is +are there any elements in + +this List, right. + +But in any case if I'm looking +at the end of List pointer, + +then I just return the +end of List pointer. + +I just return nil, otherwise I +cons together the result of + +doing what I'm going to do to +the first element in the List, + +namely taking the car of l and +multiplying it by s, and I + +cons that onto recursively +scaling the rest of the List. + +OK, so again, the general idea +is that you recursively do + +something to the rest of the +List, to the cdr of the List, + +and then you cons that onto +actually doing something to + +the first element of the List. +When you get down to the end + +here, you return the end of +List pointer, and that's a + +general pattern for doing +something to a List. Well of + +course you should know by now +that the very fact that + +there's a general pattern there +means I shouldn't be + +writing this procedure at all. + +What I should do is write a +procedure that's the general + +pattern itself that says, do +something to everything in the + +List and define this thing +in terms of that. + +Right, make some higher order +procedure, and here's the + +higher order procedure +that does that. + +It's called MAP, and what MAP +does is it takes a List, takes + +a List l, and it takes a +procedure p, and it returns + +the List of the elements gotten +by applying p to each + +successive element in the List. +All right, so p to v1, p + +to v2, p of en. + +Right, so I think of taking this +List and transforming it + +by applying p to each element. + +And you see all this procedure +is is exactly the general + +strategy I said. + +Instead of multiply by 10, +it's do the procedure. + +If the List is empty, +return nil. + +Otherwise, apply p to the first +element of the List. + +Right, apply p to car of l, and +cons that onto the result + +of applying p to everything in +the cdr of the List, so that's + +a general procedure +called MAP. + +And I could define Scale-List +in terms of MAP. + +Let me show you that first. + +But I could say Scale-List is +another way to define it is + +just MAP along the List by the +procedure, which takes an item + +and multiplies it by s. + +Right, so this is really the +way I should think about + +scaling the List, build that +actual recursion into the + +general strategy, not to every +particular procedure I write. + +And of course, one of the values +of doing this is that + +you start to see commonality. + +Right, again you're capturing +general patterns of usage. + +For instance, if I said MAP, +the square procedure, down + +this List 1-TO-4, then I'd end +up with 1, 4, 9 and 16. + +Right, or if I said MAP down +this List, lambda of x plus + +x10, if I MAP that down 1-TO-4, +then I'd get the List + +where everything had 10 added +to it: right, so I'd get 11, + +12, 13, 14. + +And you can see that's going +to be a very, very common + +idea: doing something to every +element in the List. + +One thing you might think about +is writing MAP in an + +iterative style. + +The one I wrote happens to +evolve a recursive process, + +but we could just as easily have +made one that evolves an + +iterative process. + +But see the interesting thing +about it is that once you + +start thinking in +terms of MAP-- + +see, once you say scale is just +MAP, you stop thinking + +about whether it's iterative +or recursive, and you just + +say, well there's this +aggregate, there's this List, + +and what I do is transform every +item in the List, and I + +stop thinking about the +particular control + +structure in order. + +That's a very, very important +idea, and it, I guess it + +really comes out of APL. + +It's, sort of, the really +important idea in APL that you + +stop thinking about control +structures, and you start + +thinking about operations on +aggregates, and then about + +halfway through this course, +we'll see when we talk about + +something called stream +processing, how that view of + +the world really comes +into its glory. + +This is just us a, sort +of, cute idea. + +But we'll see much more +applications of that later on. + +Well let me mention that there's +something that's very + +similar to MAP that's also a +useful idea, and that's-- + +see, MAP says I take a List, I +apply something to each item, + +and I return a List of the +successive values. + +There's another thing I might +do, which is very, very + +similar, which is take a List +and some action you want to do + +and then do it to each item +in the List in sequence. + +Don't make a List of the +values, just do this + +particular action, and that's +something that's + +very much like MAP. + +It's called for-each, and +for-each takes a procedure and + +a List, and what it's going to +do is do something to every + +item in the List. So basically +what it does: it says if the + +List is not empty, right, if +the List is not null, then + +what I do is, I apply my +procedure to the first item in + +the List, and then I do this +thing to the rest of the List. + +I apply for-each to the +cdr of the List. + +All right, so I do it to the +first of the List, do it to + +the rest of the List, and of +course, when I call it + +recursively, that's going to do +it to the rest of the rest + +of the List and so on. + +And finally, when I get done, I +have to just do something to + +say I'm done, so we'll return +the message "done." So that's + +very, very similar to MAP. + +It's mostly different +in what it returns. + +And so for example, if I had +some procedure that printed + +things on the screen, if I +wanted to print everything in + +the List, I could say for-each, +print this List. Or + +if I had a List of figures, and +I wanted to draw them on + +the display, I could say +for-each, display on the + +screen this figure. + +Let's take questions. + +AUDIENCE: Does it create a new +copy with something done to + +it, unless you explicitly +tell it to do that? + +Is that correct? + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +Yeah, that's right. + +For-each does not create +a List. It just + +sort of does something. + +So if you have a bunch of things +you want to do and + +you're not worried about +values like printing + +something, or drawing something +on the screen, or + +ringing the bell on the +terminal, or for something, + +you can say for-each, you know, +do this for-each of + +those things in the List, +whereas MAP actually builds + +you this new collection +of values that you + +might want to use. + +It's just a subtle difference +between them. + +AUDIENCE: Could you write MAP +using for-each, so that you + +did some sort of cons or +something to build + +the List back up? + +PROFESSOR: Well, sort of. + +I mean, I probably could. + +I can't think of how to do it +right offhand, but yeah, I + +could arrange something. + +AUDIENCE: The vital difference +between MAP and for-each is + +one is recursive and the other +is not in the sense you + +defined early yesterday, +I believe. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, about MAP and +for-each and recursion. + +Yeah, that's a good point. + +For the MAP procedure I +wrote, that happens to + +be a recursive process. + +And the reason for that is that +when you've done this + +thing to the rest of the List, +you're waiting for that value + +so that you can stick it on to +the beginning of the List, + +whereas for-each doesn't +really have any + +values to wait for. + +So that turns out to be +an iterative process. + +That's not fundamental. + +I could have defined MAP so +that it's evolved by an + +iterative process. + +I just didn't happen to. + +AUDIENCE: If you were to cons +for each with a List that had + +embedded Lists, I imagine +it would work, right? + +It would give you the internal +elements of each of those + +internal Lists? + +PROFESSOR: OK, the question +is if I [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +for each or MAP, for that +matter, with a List that had + +Lists in it-- + +although we haven't really +looked at that yet-- + +would that work. + +The answer is yes in the sense +I mean work and no in the + +sense that you mean work, +because all that-- + +see if I give you a List, where +hanging off here is, you + +know, is something that's not +a number, maybe another List + +or you know, another cons or +something, for-each just says + +do something to each item in +this List. It goes down + +successively looking +at the cdrs. + +AUDIENCE: OK. + +PROFESSOR: And as far as it's +concerned, the first item in + +this List is whatever +is hanging off here. + +AUDIENCE: Mhm. + +PROFESSOR: That might or might +not be the right thing. + +AUDIENCE: So it wouldn't +go down into the-- + +PROFESSOR: Absolutely not. + +I could certainly write +something else. + +There's another, what you're +looking for is a common + +pattern of usage called tree +recursion, where you take a + +List, and you actually go all +the way down to the what's + +called the leaves of the tree. + +And you could write such a +thing, but that's not for-each + +and it's not MAP. + +Remember, these things +are really + +being very simple minded. + +OK, no more questions? + +All right, let's break. + +[MUSIC PLAYING] + +PROFESSOR: What I'd like to do +now is spend the rest of this + +time talking about one example, +and this example, I + +think, pretty much summarizes +everything that we've done up + +until now: all right, and that's +List structure and + +issues of abstraction, and +representation and capturing + +commonality with higher order +procedures, and also is going + +to introduce something we +haven't really talked about a + +lot yet-- what I said is the +major third theme in this + +course: meta-linguistic +abstraction, which is the idea + +that one of the ways of +tackling complexity in + +engineering design is to build +a suitable powerful language. + +You might recall what I said was +pretty much the very most + +important thing that we're +going to tell you in this + +course is that when you think +about a language, you think + +about it in terms of what are +the primitives; what are the + +means of combination-- + +right, what are the things that +allow you to build bigger + +things; and then what are the +means of abstraction. + +How do you take those bigger +things that you've built and + +put black boxes around them and +use them as elements in + +making something even +more complicated? + +Now the particular language I'm +going to talk about is an + +example that was made up +by a friend of ours + +called Peter Henderson. + +Peter Henderson is +at the University + +of Stirling in Scotland. + +And what this language is about +is making figures that + +sort of look like this. + +This is this is a woodcut by +Escher called "Square Limit." + +You, sort of, see it has this +complicated, kind of, + +recursive, sort of, recursive +kind of figure, where there's + +this fish pattern in the middle +and things sort of + +bleed out smaller and smaller +in self similar ways. + +Anyway, Peter Henderson's +language was for describing + +figures that look like that and +designing new ones that + +look like that and drawing +them on a display screen. + +There's another theme that we'll +see illustrated by this + +example, and that's the issue +of what Gerry and I have + +already mentioned a lot: that +there's no real difference, in + +some sense, between procedures +and data. + +And anyway I hope by the end of +this morning, if you're not + +already, you will be completely +confused about what + +the difference between +procedures and data are, if + +you're not confused about +that already. + +Well in any case, let's start +describing Peter's language. + +I should start by telling you +what the primitives are. + +This language is very +simple because + +there's only one primitive. + +A primitive is not quite +what you think it is. + +There's only one primitive +called a picture, and a + +picture is not quite what +you think it is. + +Here's an example. + +This is a picture of George. + +The idea is that a picture in +this language is going to be + +something that draws a figure +scaled to fit a rectangle that + +you specify. + +So here you see in [? Saint ?] + +[? Lawrence's ?] + +outline of a rectangle, that's +not really part of the + +picture, but the picture-- + +you'll give it a rectangle, and +it will draw this figure + +scaled to fit the rectangle. + +So for example, there's +George, and here, + +this is also George. + +It's the same picture, +right, just scaled to + +fit a different rectangle. + +Here's George as a fat kid. + +That's the same George. + +It's all the same figure. + +All of these three things +are the same + +picture in this language. + +I'm just giving it different +rectangles to scale itself in. + +OK, those are the primitives. + +That is the primitive. + +Now let's start talking about +the means of combination and + +the operations. + +There is, for example, an +operation called Rotate. + +And what Rotate does is, if I +have a picture, say a picture + +that draws an "A" in some +rectangle that I give it, the + +Rotate of that-- + +say the Rotate by 90 degrees +would, if I give it a + +rectangle, draw the same image, +but again, scaled to + +fit that rectangle. + +So that's Rotate +by 90 degrees. + +There's another operation called +Flip that can flip + +something, either horizontally +or vertically. + +All right, so those are, sort +of, operations, or you can + +think of those as means of +combination of one element. + +I can put things together. + +There's a means of combination +called Beside, and what Beside + +does: it'll take two pictures, +let's say A and B-- + +and by picture I mean something +that's going to draw + +an image in a specified +rectangle-- + +and what Beside will do-- + +I have to say, Beside of A and +B, the side of two pictures + +and some number, s. + +And s will be a number +between zero and one. + +And Beside will draw a picture +that looks like this. + +It will take the rectangle +you give it and + +scale its base by s. + +Say s is 0.5. + +And then over here +it will draw-- + +it'll put the first picture, +and over here it'll put the + +second picture. + +Or for instance if I gave it a +different value of s, if I + +said Beside with a 0.25, it +would do the same thing, + +except the A would +be much skinnier. + +So it would draw something +like that. + +So there's a means of +combination Beside, and + +similarly there's an Above, +which does the same thing + +except it puts them vertically +instead of horizontally. + +Well let's look at that. + +All right, there's George and +his kid brother, which is, + +right, constructed by taking +George and putting him Beside + +the Above-- + +taking the empty picture, and +there's a thing called the + +empty picture, which does +the obvious thing-- + +putting the empty picture above +a copy of George, and + +then putting that whole +thing Beside George. + +Here's something called P which +is, again, George Beside + +Flipping George, I think, +horizontally in this case, and + +then Rotating the whole result +180 degrees and putting them + +Beside one another with the +basic rectangle divided at + +0.5, right, and I can call that +P. And then I can take P, + +and put it above the Flipped +copy of itself, and I can call + +that Q. + +Notice how rapidly that we've +built up complexity, just in, + +you know, 15 seconds, you've +gotten from George to that + +thing Q. Why is that? + +How are how we able to +do that so fast? + +The answer is the closure +property. + +See, it's the fact that when +I take a picture and put it + +Beside another picture, that's +then, again, a picture that I + +can go and Rotate and Flip or +put Above something else. + +Right, and when I take that +element P, which is the Beside + +or the Flip or the Rotate +of something, + +that's, again, a picture. + +Right, the world of pictures is +closed under those means of + +combination. + +So whenever I have something, +I can turn right around and + +use that as an element +in something else. + +So maybe better than List and +segments, that just gives you + +an image for how fast you can +build up complexity, because + +operations are closed. + +OK, well before we go on with +building more things, let's + +talk about how this language +is actually implemented. + +The basic element that sits +under the table here is a + +thing called a rectangle, and +what a rectangle is going to + +be, it's a thing that specified +by an origin that's + +going to be some vector +that says where + +the rectangle starts. + +And then there's going to be +some other vector that I'm + +going to call the horizontal +part of the rectangle, and + +another picture called the + +vertical part of the rectangle. + +And those three pieces are the +elements: where the lower + +vertex is, how you get to the +next vertex over here, and how + +you get to the vertex +over there. + +The three vectors specify +a rectangle. + +Now to actually build +rectangles, what I'll assume + +is that we have a constructor +called "make rectangle," or + +"make-rect," and selectors for +horiz and vert and origin that + +get out the pieces of +that rectangle. + +And well, you know a lot of +ways you can do this now. + +You can do it by using pairs in +some way or other standard + +List or not. + +But in any case, the +implementation of these + +things, that's George's +problem. + +It's just a data representation +problem. + +So let's assume we have these +rectangles to work with. + +OK. + +Now the idea of this, remember +what's got to happen. + +Somehow we have to worry about +taking the figure and scaling + +it to fit some rectangle that +you give it, that's the basic + +thing you have to arrange, that +these pictures can do. + +How do we think about that? + +Well, one way to think about +that is that any time I give + +you a rectangle, that defines, +in some sense, a + +transformation from +the standard + +square into that rectangle. + +Let me say what I mean. + +By the standard square, I'll +mean something, which is a + +square whose coordinates are +0,0, and 1,0, and 0,1 and 1,1. + +And there's some sort of +the obvious scaling + +transformation, which maps this +to that and this to that, + +and sort of, stretches +everything uniformly. + +So we take a line segment like +this and end up mapping it to + +a line segment like that, so +some point xy goes to some + +other point up there. + +And although it's not important, +with a little + +vector algebra, you could +write that formula. + +The thing that xy goes to, the +point that xy goes to is + +gotten by taking the origin of +the rectangle and then adding + +that as a vector to-- + +well, take x, the x coordinate, +which is something + +between zero and one, multiply +that by the horizontal vector + +of the rectangle; and take the +y coordinate, which is also + +something between zero and one +and multiply that by the + +vertical vector of +the rectangle. + +That's just a little +linear algebra. + +Anyway, that's the formula, +which is the right obvious + +transformation that takes things +into the unit square, + +into the interior of +that rectangle. + +OK well, let's actually look +at that as a procedure. + +So what we want is the thing +which tells us that particular + +transformation that a +rectangle defines. + +So here's the procedure. + +I'll call it coordinate-map. + +Coordinate-map is the thing that +takes as its argument a + +rectangle and returns for you +a procedure on points. + +Right, so for each rectangle you +get a way of transforming + +a point xy into that +rectangle. + +And how do you get it? + +Well I just-- + +writing in List what I wrote +there on the blackboard-- + +I add to the origin +of the rectangle + +the result of adding-- + +I take the horizontal part of +the rectangle; I scale that by + +the x coordinate of the point. + +I take the vertical vector +of the rectangle. + +I scale that by the y coordinate +of the point, and + +then add all those +three things up. + +That's the procedure. + +That is the procedure that I'm +going to apply to a point. + +And this whole thing is +generated for each rectangle. + +So any rectangle defines a +coordinate MAP, which is a + +procedure on points. + +OK. + +All right, so for example, +George here, my original + +George, might have been +something that I specified by + +segments in the unit square, and +then for each rectangle I + +give this thing, I'm going to +draw those segments inside + +that rectangle. + +How actually do I do that? + +Well I take each segment in my +original reference George that + +was specified, and to each of +the end points of those + +segments, I applied the +coordinate MAP of the + +particular rectangle I +want to draw it in. + +So for example, this lower +rectangle, this George as a + +fat kid rectangle, has +its coordinate MAP. + +And if I want to draw this +image, what I do is for each + +segment here, say for this +segment, I transformed that + +point by the coordinate MAP, +transform that point by the + +coordinate MAP. + +That will give me this point +and that point and draw the + +segment between them. + +Right, that's the idea. + +Right, and if I give it a +different rectangle like this + +one, that's a different +coordinate MAP, so I get a + +different image of those +line segments. + +Well how do we actually get +a picture to start with? + +I can build a picture to start +with out of a List of line + +segments initially. + +Here's a procedure that builds +what I'll call a primitive + +picture, meaning one I, sort of, +got that didn't come out + +of Beside or Rotate +or something. + +It starts with a List of +line segments, and now + +it does what I said. + +What's a picture have to be? + +First of all it's a procedure +that's defined on rectangles. + +What does it do? + +It says for each-- + +this is going to be a List +of line segments-- + +for each segment, for each s, +which is a segment in this + +List of segments, well +it draws a line. + +What line does it draw? + +It gets the start point of that +segment, transforms that + +by the coordinate MAP +of the rectangle. + +That's the first new point +it wants to do. + +Then it takes the endpoint of +the segment, transforms that + +by the coordinate MAP of the +rectangle, and then draws a + +line between. + +Let's assume drawline is some +primitive that's built into + +the system that actually draws +a line on the display. + +All right, so it transforms +the endpoints by the + +coordinate MAP of the rectangle, +draws a line + +between them, does that +for each s in + +this List of segments. + +And now remember again, a +picture is a procedure that + +takes a rectangle as argument. + +So when you hand it a rectangle, +this is what it + +does: draws those lines. + +All right, so there's-- + +how would I actually +use this thing? + +Let's make it a little +bit more concrete. + +Right, I would say for instance, +define R to be + +make-rectangle of some stuff, +and I'd have to specify some + +vectors here using +make-vector. + +And then I could say, define +say, G to be make-picture, and + +then some stuff. + +And what I'd have to specify +here is a List of line + +segments, right, using +make segment. + +Make-segment might be made out +of vectors, and vectors might + +be made out of points. + +And then if I actually wanted to +see the image of G inside a + +rectangle, well a picture is +a procedure that takes a + +rectangle as argument. + +So if I then called G with an +input of R, that would cause + +whatever image G is worrying +about to be drawn inside the + +rectangle R. Right, so that's +how you'd use that. + +[MUSIC PLAYING] + +PROFESSOR: Well why is it that +I say this example is nice? + +You probably don't +think it's nice. + +You probably think it's +more weird than nice. + +Right, representing these +pictures as procedures, which + +do complicated things +with rectangles. + +So why is it nice? + +The reason it's nice is that +once you've implemented the + +primitives in this way, the +means of combination just fall + +out by implementing +procedures. + +Let me show you what I mean. + +Suppose we want to +implement Beside. + +So I'd like to-- + +suppose I've got a picture. + +Let's call it P1. + +P1 is going to be-- and +now remember what a + +picture really is. + +It's a thing that if you can +hand it some rectangle, it + +will cause an image to be drawn +in whatever rectangle + +you hand it. + +And suppose P2 two is some other +picture, and you hand + +that a rectangle. + +And whatever rectangle +you hand it, + +it draws some picture. + +And now if I'd like to implement +Beside of P1 and P2 + +with a scale factor A, well +what does that have to be? + +That's got to be picture. + +It's got to be a thing that you +hand it a rectangle, and + +it draws something in +that rectangle. + +So if hand Beside +this rectangle-- + +let's hand it a rectangle. + +Well what's it going to do? + +it's going to take this +rectangle and split it into + +two at a ratio of A and one +minus A. And it will say, oh + +sure, now I've got +two rectangles. + +And now it goes off to P1 and +says P1, well draw yourself in + +this rectangle, and goes off +to P2, and says, P2, fine, + +draw yourself in +this rectangle. + +The only computation it has to +do is figure out what these + +rectangles are. + +Remember a rectangle is +specified by an origin and a + +horizontal vector and a vertical +vector, so it's got + +to figure out what +these things are. + +So for this first rectangle, the +origin turns out to be the + +origin of the original +rectangle, and the vertical + +vector is the same as the +vertical vector of the + +original rectangle. + +The horizontal vector is the +horizontal vector of the + +original rectangle +scaled by A. And + +that's the first rectangle. + +The second rectangle, the origin +is the original origin + +plus that horizontal vector +scaled by A. The horizontal + +vector of the second rectangle +is the rest of the horizontal + +vector of the first one, which +is 1 minus A times the + +original H, and the vertical +vector is still v. But + +basically it goes and +constructs these two + +rectangles, and the important +point is having constructed + +the rectangles, it says OK, +p1, you draw yourself in + +there, and p2, you draw yourself +in there, and that's + +all Beside has to do. + +All right, let's look at +that piece of code. + +Beside of a picture and another +picture with some + +scaling ratio is first of all, +since it's a picture, a + +procedure that's going to take +a rectangle as argument. + +What's it going to do? + +It says, p1 draw yourself in +some rectangle and p2 draw + +yourself in some other +rectangle. + +And now what are those +rectangles? + +Well here's the computation. + +It makes a rectangle, and this +is the algebra I just did on + +the board: the origin, +something; the horizontal + +vector, something; and the +vertical vector, something. + +And for p2, the rectangle it +wants has some other origin + +and horizontal vector +and vertical vector. + +But the important point is that +all it's saying is, p1, + +go do your thing in one +rectangle, and p2, go do your + +thing in another rectangle. + +That's all the Beside +has to do. + +OK, similarly Rotate-- + +see if I have this picture A, +and I want to look at say + +rotating A by 90 degrees, what +that should mean is, well take + +this rectangle, which is origin +and horizontal vector + +and vertical vector, and now +pretend that it's really the + +rectangle that looks like this, +which has an origin and + +a horizontal vector up here, and +a vertical vector there, + +and now draw yourself with +respect to that rectangle. + +Let me show you that +as a procedure. + +All right, so we'll Rotate 90 of +the picture, because again, + +a procedure for rectangle, which +says, OK picture, draw + +yourself in some rectangle; and +then this algebra is the + +transformation on +the rectangle. + +It's the one which makes it +look like the rectangle is + +sideways, the origin is +someplace else and the + +vertical vector is someplace +else, and the horizontal + +vector is someplace else, +and vertical vector + +is someplace else. + +OK? + +OK. + +OK, again notice, the crucial +thing that's going on here is + +you're using the representation +of pictures as + +procedures to automatically +get the closure property, + +because what happens is, Beside +just has this thing p1. + +Beside doesn't care if that's +a primitive picture or it's + +line segments or if p1 is, +itself, the result of doing + +Aboves or Besides or Rotates. + +All Beside has to know about, +say, p1 is that if you hand p1 + +a rectangle, it will cause +something to be drawn. + +And above that level, Beside +just doesn't-- + +it's none of its business how p1 +accomplishes that drawing. + +All right, so you're using the +procedural representation to + +ensure this closure. + +OK. + +So implementing pictures as +procedures makes these means + +of combination, you know, both +pretty simple and also, I + +think, elegant. + +But that's not the +real punchline. + +The real punchline comes when +you look at the means of + +abstraction in this language. + +Because what have we done? + +We've implemented the means of +combination themselves as + +procedures. + +And what that means is that when +we go to abstract in this + +language, everything that List +supplies us for manipulating + +procedures is automatically +available to do things in this + +picture language. + +The technical term I want to +say is not only is this + +language implemented in List, +obviously it is, but the + +language is nicely embedded +in List. What I mean is by + +embedding the language in this +way, all the power of List is + +automatically available +as an extension to + +whatever you want to do. + +And what do I mean by that? + +Example: say, suppose I want +to make a thing that takes + +four pictures A, B, C and D, and +makes a configuration that + +looks like this. + +Well you might call that, you +know, four pictures or + +something, four-pict +configuration. + +How do I do that? + +Well I can obviously do that. + +I just write a procedure that +takes B above D and A above C + +and puts those things +beside each other. + +So I automatically have List's +ability to do procedure + +composition. + +And I didn't have to make +that specifically + +in the picture language. + +It's automatic from the fact +that the means of combination + +are themselves procedures. + +Or suppose I wanted to do +something a little bit more + +complicated. + +I wanted to put in a parameter +so that for each of these, I + +could independently specify +a rotation by 90 degrees. + +That's just putting a parameter +in the procedure. + +It's automatically there. + +Right, it automatically comes +from the embedding. + +Or even more, suppose I wanted +to, you know, use recursion. + +Let's look at a recursive +means of + +combination on pictures. + +I could say define-- + +let's see if you can figure out +what this one is-- suppose + +I say define what it means +to right-push a picture, + +right-push a picture and some +integer N and some scale + +factor A. I'll define this to +say if N equals 0, then the + +answer is the picture. + +Otherwise I'm going to put-- + +oops, name change: P. Otherwise, +I'm going to take P + +and put it beside the results of +recursively right-pushing P + +with N minus 1 and A and use a +scale factor of A. OK, so if + +N0 , it's P. Otherwise I put P +with a scale factor of A-- + +I'm sorry I didn't align +this right-- + +recursively beside the result of +right-pushing P, N minus 1 + +times with a scale +factor of A. + +There's a recursive means +of combination. + +What's that look like? + +Well, here's what +it looks like. + +There's George right-pushed +against himself twice with a + +scale factor of 0.75. + +OK. + +Where'd that come from? + +How did I get all this +fancy recursion? + +And the answer is just + +automatic, absolutely automatic. + +Since these are procedures, the +embedding says, well sure, + +I can define recursive +procedures. + +I didn't have to arrange that. + +And of course, we can +do more complicated + +things of the same sort. + +I could make something +that does an up-push. + +Right, that sort of goes like +this, by recursively putting + +something above. + +Or I could make something +that, sort + +of, was this scheme. + +I might start out with a picture +and then, sort of, + +recursively both push it aside +and above, and that might put + +something there. + +And then up here I put the same +recursive thing, and I + +might end up with something +like this. + +Right, so there's a procedure +that's a little bit more + +complicated than right-push +but not much. + +I just do an Above +and a Beside, + +rather than just a Beside. + +Now if I take that and apply +that with the idea of putting + +four pictures together, which I +can surely do; and I go and + +I apply that to Q, which we +defined before, right, what I + +end up with this is this thing, +which is, sort of, the + +square limit of Q, done twice. + +Right, and then we can compare +that with Escher's "Square + +Limit." And you see, it's +sort of the same idea. + +Escher's is, of course, +much, much prettier. + +If we go back and look at +George, right, if we go look + +at George here-- + +see, I started with a fairly +arbitrary design, this picture + +of George and did +things with it. + +Right, whereas if we go look at +the Escher picture, right, + +the Escher picture is not +an arbitrary design. + +It's this very, very clever +thing, so that when you take + +this fish body and Rotate it and +shrink it down, it bleeds + +into the next one +really nicely. + +And of course with George, +I didn't really do + +anything like that. + +So if we look at George, right, +there's a little bit of + +match up, but not very nice, +and it's pretty arbitrary. + +One very nice project, by the +way, would be to write a + +procedure that could take some +basic figure like this George + +thing and start moving the ends +of the lines around, so + +you got a really nice one when +you went and did that "Square + +Limit" process. + +That'd be a really nice +thing to think about. + +Well so, we can combine +things. + +We can recursive procedures. + +We can do all kinds of things, +and that's all automatic. + +Right, the important point, the +difference between merely + +implementing something in +a language and embedding + +something in the language, so +that you don't lose the + +original power of the language, +and what List is + +great at, see List is a lousy +language for doing any + +particular problem. + +What it's good for is figuring +out the right language that + +you want and embedding that in +List. That's the real power of + +this approach to design. + +Of course, we can go further. + +See, you saw the other thing +that we can do in List is + +capture general methods of doing +things as higher order + +procedures. + +And you probably just from me +drawing it got the idea that + +right-push and the analogous +thing where you push something + +up and up and up and up and this +corner push thing are all + +generalizations of a common +kind of idea. + +So just to illustrate and give +you practice in looking at a + +fairly convoluted use of higher +order procedures, let + +me show you the general idea +of pushing some means of + +combination to recursively +repeat it. + +So here's a good one +to puzzle out. + +We'll define it what it means +to push using a means of + +combination. + +Comb is going to be something +like the Beside or Above. + +Well what's that going to be. + +That's going to be a procedure, +remember what + +Beside actually was, right. + +It took a picture, took two +pictures and a scale factor. + +Using that I produced something +that took a level + +number and a picture and a scale +factor, that I called + +right-push. + +So this is going to be something +that takes a + +picture, a level number and +a scale factor, and + +it's going to say-- + +I'm going to do some +repeated operation. + +I'm going to repeatedly apply +the procedure which takes a + +picture and applies the means of +combination to the picture + +and the original picture and the +one I took in here and the + +scale factor, and I do the +thing which repeats this + +procedure N times, and I apply +that whole thing to my + +original picture. + +Repeated here, in case you +haven't seen it, is another + +higher order procedure that +takes a procedure and a number + +and returns for you another +procedure that applies this + +procedure N times. + +And I think some of you have +already written repeated as an + +exercise, but if you haven't, +it's a very good exercise in + +thinking about higher +order procedures. + +But in any case, the result of +this repeated is what I apply + +to picture. + +And having done that, that's +going to capture-- + +that is the thing, the way I got +from the idea of Beside to + +the idea of right-push So having +done that, I could say + +define right-push to +be push of Beside. + +Or if I say, define up-push to +be push of Beside, I'd get the + +analogous thing or define +corner-push to be push of some + +appropriate thing that did both +the Beside and Above, or + +I could push anything. + +Anyway this is, if you're having +trouble with lambdas, + +this is an excellent exercise +in figuring + +out what this means. + +OK, well there's a lot to +learn from this example. + +The main point I've been +dwelling on is the notion of + +nicely embedding a language +inside another language. + +Right, so that all the power of +this language like List of + +the surrounding language is +still accessible to you and + +appears as a natural +extension of the + +language that you built. + +That's one thing that this +example shows very well. + +OK. + +Another thing is, if you go +back and think about that, + +what's procedures +and what's data. + +You know, by the time we +get up to here, my God, + +what's going on. + +I mean, this is some procedure, +and it takes a + +picture and an argument, +and what's a picture. + +Well, a picture itself, as you +remember, was a procedure, and + +that took a rectangle. + +And a rectangle is +some abstraction. + +And I hope now that by now +you're completely lost as to + +the question of what +in the system is + +procedure and what's data. + +You see, there isn't +any difference. + +There really isn't. + +And you might think of a +picture sometimes as a + +procedure and sometimes as data, +but that's just, sort + +of, you know, making you +feel comfortable. + +It's really both in some sense +or neither in some sense. + +OK, there's a more general point +about the structure of + +the system as creating a +language, viewing the + +engineering design process as +one of creating language or + +rather one of creating +a sort of sequence + +of layers of language. + +You see, there's this +methodology, or maybe I should + +say mythology, that's, sort +of, charitably called + +software, quote, engineering. + +All right, and what does it say, +it's says well, you go + +and you figure out your task, +and you figure out exactly + +what you want to do. + +And once you figure out exactly +what you want to do, + +you find out that it breaks out +into three sub-tasks, and + +you go and you start working +on-- and you work on this + +sub-task, and you figure out +exactly what that is. + +And you find out that that +breaks down into three + +sub-tasks, and you specify them +completely, and you go + +and you work on those two, and +you work on this sub-one, and + +you specify that exactly. + +And then finally when you're +done, you come back way up + +here, and you work on your +second sub-task, and specify + +that out and work it out. + +And then you end up with-- + +you end up at the end with +this beautiful edifice. + +Right, you end up with a +marvelous tree, where you've + +broken your task into sub-tasks +and broken each of + +these into sub-tasks +and broken those + +into sub-tasks, right. + +And each of these nodes is +exactly and precisely defined + +to do the wonderful, beautiful +task to make it fit into the + +whole edifice, right. + +That's this mythology. + +See only a computer scientist +could possibly believe that + +you build a complex system +like that, right. + +Contrast that with this +Henderson example. + +It didn't work like that. + +What happened was that +there was a sequence + +of layers of language. + +What happened? + +There was a layer of a thing +that allowed us to build + +primitive pictures. + +There's primitive pictures +and that was a language. + +I didn't say much about it. + +We talked about how to construct +George, but that was + +a language where you talked +about vectors and line + +segments and points and where +they sat in the unit square. + +And then on top of that, +right, on top of that-- + +so this is the language +of primitive pictures. + +Right, talking about line +segments in particular + +pictures in the unit square. + +On top of that was +a whole language. + +There was a language of +geometric combinators, a + +language of geometric positions, +which talks about + +things like Above and Beside +and right-push and Rotate. + +And those things, sort of, +happened with reference to the + +things that are talked about +in this language. + +And then if we like, we saw that +above that there was sort + +of a language of schemes +of combination. + +For example, push, which talked +about repeatedly doing + +something over with +a scale factor. + +And the things that were being +discussed in that language + +were, sort of, the things +that happened down here. + +So what you have is, at each +level, the objects that are + +being talked about are the +things that were erected at + +the previous level. + +What's the difference between +this thing and this thing? + +The answer is that over here in +the tree, each node, and in + +fact, each decomposition down +here, is being designed to do + +a specific task, whereas in +the other scheme, what you + +have is a full range +of linguistic + +power at each level. + +See what's happening there, at +any level, it's not being set + +up to do a particular task. + +It's being set up to talk about +a whole range of things. + +The consequence of that for +design is that something + +that's designed in that method +is likely to be more robust, + +where by robust, I mean that if +you go and make some change + +in your description, it's more +likely to be captured by a + +corresponding change, in the +way that the language is + +implemented at the next level +up, right, because you've made + +these levels full. + +So you're not talking about a +particular thing like Beside. + +You've given yourself a whole +vocabulary to express things + +of that sort, so if you go and +change your specifications a + +little bit, it's more likely +that your methodology will + +able to adapt to capture that +change, whereas a design like + +this is not going to be robust, +because if I go and + +change something that's in here, +that might affect the + +entire way that I decomposed +everything down, + +further down the tree. + +Right, so very big difference +in outlook in decomposition, + +levels of language +rather than, sort + +of, a strict hierarchy. + +Not only that, but when you have +levels of language you've + +given yourself a different +vocabularies for talking about + +the design at different +levels. + +So if we go back and look at +George one last time, if I + +wanted to change this picture +George, see suddenly I have a + +whole different ways of +describing the change. + +Like for example, I may want to +go to the basic primitive + +design and move the endpoint +of some vector. + +That's a change that I would +discuss at the lowest level. + +I would say the endpoint +is somewhere else. + +Or I might come up and say, well +the next thing I wanted + +to do, this little replicated +element, I might want to do by + +something else. + +I might want to put a scale +factor in that Beside. + +That's a change that I would +discuss at the next level of + +design, the level +of combinators. + +Or I might want to say, I might +want to change the basic + +way that I took this pattern +and made some recursive + +decomposition, maybe not +bleeding out toward the + +corners or something else. + +That would be a change +that I would discuss + +at the highest level. + +And because I've structured the +system to be this way, I + +have all these vocabularies for +talking about change in + +different ways and a lot of +flexibility to decide which + +one's appropriate. + +OK, well that's sort of a big +point about the difference in + +software methodology that comes +out from List, and it + +all comes, again, out of the +notion that really, the design + +process is not so much +implementing programs as + +implementing languages. + +And that's really the powerful +of List. OK, thank you. + +Let's take a break. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2XxGplWqXVQ.txt b/2XxGplWqXVQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96f7c8632e8f890e7945e0ac12140cf23ac89ccf --- /dev/null +++ b/2XxGplWqXVQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14677 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let's get started everybody so last + + align:start position:0% +let's get started everybody so last + + + align:start position:0% +let's get started everybody so last +lecture we began talking about this + + align:start position:0% +lecture we began talking about this + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we began talking about this +topic of + + align:start position:0% +topic of + + + align:start position:0% +topic of +recursion and um it hopefully solidified + + align:start position:0% +recursion and um it hopefully solidified + + + align:start position:0% +recursion and um it hopefully solidified +a few sort of really fundamental ideas + + align:start position:0% +a few sort of really fundamental ideas + + + align:start position:0% +a few sort of really fundamental ideas +about recursion + + align:start position:0% +about recursion + + + align:start position:0% +about recursion +that we're going to use in today's + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to use in today's + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to use in today's +lecture um today's lecture the first uh + + align:start position:0% +lecture um today's lecture the first uh + + + align:start position:0% +lecture um today's lecture the first uh +half of it is we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +half of it is we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +half of it is we're going to talk about +um recursion just kind of to review on + + align:start position:0% +um recursion just kind of to review on + + + align:start position:0% +um recursion just kind of to review on +some actual numerical examples but then + + align:start position:0% +some actual numerical examples but then + + + align:start position:0% +some actual numerical examples but then +the second half just the main event for + + align:start position:0% +the second half just the main event for + + + align:start position:0% +the second half just the main event for +today is going to be recursion on non-n + + align:start position:0% +today is going to be recursion on non-n + + + align:start position:0% +today is going to be recursion on non-n +numerics so specifically recursion on + + align:start position:0% +numerics so specifically recursion on + + + align:start position:0% +numerics so specifically recursion on +lists but the techniques we'll see on + + align:start position:0% +lists but the techniques we'll see on + + + align:start position:0% +lists but the techniques we'll see on +lists can be applied to other things + + align:start position:0% +lists can be applied to other things + + + align:start position:0% +lists can be applied to other things +that are non-numeric as well like tupal + + align:start position:0% +that are non-numeric as well like tupal + + + align:start position:0% +that are non-numeric as well like tupal +or strings or things like that so so + + align:start position:0% +or strings or things like that so so + + + align:start position:0% +or strings or things like that so so +let's do let's start the review of uh or + + align:start position:0% +let's do let's start the review of uh or + + + align:start position:0% +let's do let's start the review of uh or +a little bit of a review of what we + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a review of what we + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a review of what we +talked about last time and some of the + + align:start position:0% +talked about last time and some of the + + + align:start position:0% +talked about last time and some of the +Big Ideas by looking at this example so + + align:start position:0% +Big Ideas by looking at this example so + + + align:start position:0% +Big Ideas by looking at this example so +we're going to uh write a recursive + + align:start position:0% +we're going to uh write a recursive + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to uh write a recursive +function for the Fibonacci sequence and + + align:start position:0% +function for the Fibonacci sequence and + + + align:start position:0% +function for the Fibonacci sequence and +the Fibonacci sequence exists in nature + + align:start position:0% +the Fibonacci sequence exists in nature + + + align:start position:0% +the Fibonacci sequence exists in nature +in a lot of places um one specific place + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of places um one specific place + + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of places um one specific place +is you can model uh mating of rabbits + + align:start position:0% +is you can model uh mating of rabbits + + + align:start position:0% +is you can model uh mating of rabbits +using Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +using Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +using Fibonacci +Sequence um but we won't be studying + + align:start position:0% +Sequence um but we won't be studying + + + align:start position:0% +Sequence um but we won't be studying +that in depth today we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +that in depth today we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +that in depth today we're just going to +be looking at the sequence itself so + + align:start position:0% +be looking at the sequence itself so + + + align:start position:0% +be looking at the sequence itself so +just to remind you the idea behind + + align:start position:0% +just to remind you the idea behind + + + align:start position:0% +just to remind you the idea behind +Fibonacci is we start out with two sort + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci is we start out with two sort + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci is we start out with two sort +of basic values Fibonacci of one is one + + align:start position:0% +of basic values Fibonacci of one is one + + + align:start position:0% +of basic values Fibonacci of one is one +and Fibonacci of two is one so in my + + align:start position:0% +and Fibonacci of two is one so in my + + + align:start position:0% +and Fibonacci of two is one so in my +table here I've got these two starting + + align:start position:0% +table here I've got these two starting + + + align:start position:0% +table here I've got these two starting +values and we can fill in the remainder + + align:start position:0% +values and we can fill in the remainder + + + align:start position:0% +values and we can fill in the remainder +of the table by basically saying + + align:start position:0% +of the table by basically saying + + + align:start position:0% +of the table by basically saying +Fibonacci of n is Fibonacci of n minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of n is Fibonacci of n minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of n is Fibonacci of n minus 1 +plus Fibonacci of n minus 2 so Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +plus Fibonacci of n minus 2 so Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +plus Fibonacci of n minus 2 so Fibonacci +of 3 will be 1 + 1 Fibonacci of four + + align:start position:0% +of 3 will be 1 + 1 Fibonacci of four + + + align:start position:0% +of 3 will be 1 + 1 Fibonacci of four +will be 2 + 1 Fibonacci of 5 is 3 + 2 + + align:start position:0% +will be 2 + 1 Fibonacci of 5 is 3 + 2 + + + align:start position:0% +will be 2 + 1 Fibonacci of 5 is 3 + 2 +Fibonacci of 6 is 5 + 3 and Fibonacci of + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of 6 is 5 + 3 and Fibonacci of + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of 6 is 5 + 3 and Fibonacci of +7 is 8 + 5 right that's the sequence we + + align:start position:0% +7 is 8 + 5 right that's the sequence we + + + align:start position:0% +7 is 8 + 5 right that's the sequence we +all know and + + align:start position:0% +all know and + + + align:start position:0% +all know and +love okay so our two base cases if we're + + align:start position:0% +love okay so our two base cases if we're + + + align:start position:0% +love okay so our two base cases if we're +going to put this in sort of + + align:start position:0% +going to put this in sort of + + + align:start position:0% +going to put this in sort of +mathematical terms are Fibonacci of one + + align:start position:0% +mathematical terms are Fibonacci of one + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical terms are Fibonacci of one +is one Fibonacci of two is one and our + + align:start position:0% +is one Fibonacci of two is one and our + + + align:start position:0% +is one Fibonacci of two is one and our +recursive step right in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +recursive step right in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +recursive step right in terms of the +math and SL programming uh uh lingo is + + align:start position:0% +math and SL programming uh uh lingo is + + + align:start position:0% +math and SL programming uh uh lingo is +going to be the Fibonacci of n is equal + + align:start position:0% +going to be the Fibonacci of n is equal + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the Fibonacci of n is equal +to Fibonacci of nus1 plus Fibonacci of n + + align:start position:0% +to Fibonacci of nus1 plus Fibonacci of n + + + align:start position:0% +to Fibonacci of nus1 plus Fibonacci of n +minus 2 so we put that in our function + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 so we put that in our function + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 so we put that in our function +so we slap a definition around that that + + align:start position:0% +so we slap a definition around that that + + + align:start position:0% +so we slap a definition around that that +code and turn it into a nice function + + align:start position:0% +code and turn it into a nice function + + + align:start position:0% +code and turn it into a nice function +that we can run if x is one or X is two + + align:start position:0% +that we can run if x is one or X is two + + + align:start position:0% +that we can run if x is one or X is two +those are our two base cases we just + + align:start position:0% +those are our two base cases we just + + + align:start position:0% +those are our two base cases we just +return one right off the bat right + + align:start position:0% +return one right off the bat right + + + align:start position:0% +return one right off the bat right +nothing to call no functions to call + + align:start position:0% +nothing to call no functions to call + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to call no functions to call +there are base cases but otherwise we + + align:start position:0% +there are base cases but otherwise we + + + align:start position:0% +there are base cases but otherwise we +have uh we're going to return a value + + align:start position:0% +have uh we're going to return a value + + + align:start position:0% +have uh we're going to return a value +and the thing we're going to return is a + + align:start position:0% +and the thing we're going to return is a + + + align:start position:0% +and the thing we're going to return is a +call to Fibonacci of n minus one plus + + align:start position:0% +call to Fibonacci of n minus one plus + + + align:start position:0% +call to Fibonacci of n minus one plus +Fibonacci of n minus 2 just like the + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of n minus 2 just like the + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of n minus 2 just like the +mathema mathematical definition said to + + align:start position:0% +mathema mathematical definition said to + + + align:start position:0% +mathema mathematical definition said to +do okay so this is different than what + + align:start position:0% +do okay so this is different than what + + + align:start position:0% +do okay so this is different than what +we saw last lecture last lecture in our + + align:start position:0% +we saw last lecture last lecture in our + + + align:start position:0% +we saw last lecture last lecture in our +recursive step we had basically just one + + align:start position:0% +recursive step we had basically just one + + + align:start position:0% +recursive step we had basically just one +function called to ourselves right so + + align:start position:0% +function called to ourselves right so + + + align:start position:0% +function called to ourselves right so +whatever function we had defined up here + + align:start position:0% +whatever function we had defined up here + + + align:start position:0% +whatever function we had defined up here +we only had return you know some + + align:start position:0% +we only had return you know some + + + align:start position:0% +we only had return you know some +variation of that function down here + + align:start position:0% +variation of that function down here + + + align:start position:0% +variation of that function down here +with some you know something else tacked + + align:start position:0% +with some you know something else tacked + + + align:start position:0% +with some you know something else tacked +onto it like an addition of some value + + align:start position:0% +onto it like an addition of some value + + + align:start position:0% +onto it like an addition of some value +or something else in this case we + + align:start position:0% +or something else in this case we + + + align:start position:0% +or something else in this case we +actually have the function being called + + align:start position:0% +actually have the function being called + + + align:start position:0% +actually have the function being called +twice okay so we're going to see what + + align:start position:0% +twice okay so we're going to see what + + + align:start position:0% +twice okay so we're going to see what +implications this + + align:start position:0% +implications this + + + align:start position:0% +implications this +has as we Trace through the code and so + + align:start position:0% +has as we Trace through the code and so + + + align:start position:0% +has as we Trace through the code and so +as I trace through the code I'll remind + + align:start position:0% +as I trace through the code I'll remind + + + align:start position:0% +as I trace through the code I'll remind +you of some of the big ideas that we + + align:start position:0% +you of some of the big ideas that we + + + align:start position:0% +you of some of the big ideas that we +learned last last lecture so let's say + + align:start position:0% +learned last last lecture so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +learned last last lecture so let's say +that we wanted to calculate Fibonacci of + + align:start position:0% +that we wanted to calculate Fibonacci of + + + align:start position:0% +that we wanted to calculate Fibonacci of +six and so I'm going to illustrate a + + align:start position:0% +six and so I'm going to illustrate a + + + align:start position:0% +six and so I'm going to illustrate a +function called just by you know this + + align:start position:0% +function called just by you know this + + + align:start position:0% +function called just by you know this +the name of the function with the + + align:start position:0% +the name of the function with the + + + align:start position:0% +the name of the function with the +parameter that I'm calling so one of the + + align:start position:0% +parameter that I'm calling so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +parameter that I'm calling so one of the +big ideas from last lecture was that + + align:start position:0% +big ideas from last lecture was that + + + align:start position:0% +big ideas from last lecture was that +when you make a function call that to a + + align:start position:0% +when you make a function call that to a + + + align:start position:0% +when you make a function call that to a +function that's + + align:start position:0% +function that's + + + align:start position:0% +function that's +recursive you're going to you know Trace + + align:start position:0% +recursive you're going to you know Trace + + + align:start position:0% +recursive you're going to you know Trace +through that function call and the + + align:start position:0% +through that function call and the + + + align:start position:0% +through that function call and the +environment for that function just as + + align:start position:0% +environment for that function just as + + + align:start position:0% +environment for that function just as +you normally would but as soon as you + + align:start position:0% +you normally would but as soon as you + + + align:start position:0% +you normally would but as soon as you +see another function call so in this + + align:start position:0% +see another function call so in this + + + align:start position:0% +see another function call so in this +case Fibonacci of six doesn't enter the + + align:start position:0% +case Fibonacci of six doesn't enter the + + + align:start position:0% +case Fibonacci of six doesn't enter the +base cases it goes up into the recursive + + align:start position:0% +base cases it goes up into the recursive + + + align:start position:0% +base cases it goes up into the recursive +step and it says I'm going to calculate + + align:start position:0% +step and it says I'm going to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +step and it says I'm going to calculate +Fibonacci of xus one plus Fibonacci of + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of xus one plus Fibonacci of + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of xus one plus Fibonacci of +xus two so for this uh Fibonacci of six + + align:start position:0% +xus two so for this uh Fibonacci of six + + + align:start position:0% +xus two so for this uh Fibonacci of six +function call let's follow along and say + + align:start position:0% +function call let's follow along and say + + + align:start position:0% +function call let's follow along and say +well Fibonacci of 6 will say I want to + + align:start position:0% +well Fibonacci of 6 will say I want to + + + align:start position:0% +well Fibonacci of 6 will say I want to +calculate Fibonacci of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five is it this is my question to you is + + align:start position:0% +five is it this is my question to you is + + + align:start position:0% +five is it this is my question to you is +it going to now calculate Fibonacci of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four no very good because Fibonacci of + + align:start position:0% +four no very good because Fibonacci of + + + align:start position:0% +four no very good because Fibonacci of +five is a function call right we need to + + align:start position:0% +five is a function call right we need to + + + align:start position:0% +five is a function call right we need to +explore what this function will return + + align:start position:0% +explore what this function will return + + + align:start position:0% +explore what this function will return +before Fibonacci of six can add the + + align:start position:0% +before Fibonacci of six can add the + + + align:start position:0% +before Fibonacci of six can add the +result of this the return of this to + + align:start position:0% +result of this the return of this to + + + align:start position:0% +result of this the return of this to +Fibonacci of four right so that means + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of four right so that means + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of four right so that means +then this new FIB five is an entirely + + align:start position:0% +then this new FIB five is an entirely + + + align:start position:0% +then this new FIB five is an entirely +new environment calling Fibonacci with n + + align:start position:0% +new environment calling Fibonacci with n + + + align:start position:0% +new environment calling Fibonacci with n +is equal to 5 completely separate than + + align:start position:0% +is equal to 5 completely separate than + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to 5 completely separate than +our original Fibonacci of six call so + + align:start position:0% +our original Fibonacci of six call so + + + align:start position:0% +our original Fibonacci of six call so +let's explore what Fibonacci 5 is going + + align:start position:0% +let's explore what Fibonacci 5 is going + + + align:start position:0% +let's explore what Fibonacci 5 is going +to do well in its function call it's + + align:start position:0% +to do well in its function call it's + + + align:start position:0% +to do well in its function call it's +going to again go in the recursive step + + align:start position:0% +going to again go in the recursive step + + + align:start position:0% +going to again go in the recursive step +it's going to figure out Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +it's going to figure out Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to figure out Fibonacci +4 and then it's going to pause there + + align:start position:0% +4 and then it's going to pause there + + + align:start position:0% +4 and then it's going to pause there +right because it needs to figure out + + align:start position:0% +right because it needs to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +right because it needs to figure out +what Fibonacci of four is before it + + align:start position:0% +what Fibonacci of four is before it + + + align:start position:0% +what Fibonacci of four is before it +finishes its other half right to do + + align:start position:0% +finishes its other half right to do + + + align:start position:0% +finishes its other half right to do +Fibonacci of + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of +three so Fibonacci 4 will now create a + + align:start position:0% +three so Fibonacci 4 will now create a + + + align:start position:0% +three so Fibonacci 4 will now create a +new environment and now it has to + + align:start position:0% +new environment and now it has to + + + align:start position:0% +new environment and now it has to +explore its results a return so it + + align:start position:0% +explore its results a return so it + + + align:start position:0% +explore its results a return so it +figures out Fibonacci of 4 is again + + align:start position:0% +figures out Fibonacci of 4 is again + + + align:start position:0% +figures out Fibonacci of 4 is again +going into the recursive step to + + align:start position:0% +going into the recursive step to + + + align:start position:0% +going into the recursive step to +calculate Fibonacci of 3 plus something + + align:start position:0% +calculate Fibonacci of 3 plus something + + + align:start position:0% +calculate Fibonacci of 3 plus something +but we don't know what that something is + + align:start position:0% +but we don't know what that something is + + + align:start position:0% +but we don't know what that something is +yet because we have to explore what + + align:start position:0% +yet because we have to explore what + + + align:start position:0% +yet because we have to explore what +Fibonacci of three is right so already + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of three is right so already + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of three is right so already +where four function calls deep and we + + align:start position:0% +where four function calls deep and we + + + align:start position:0% +where four function calls deep and we +haven't really done any work any any + + align:start position:0% +haven't really done any work any any + + + align:start position:0% +haven't really done any work any any +work that we can see the result of right + + align:start position:0% +work that we can see the result of right + + + align:start position:0% +work that we can see the result of right +there's no values being passed back all + + align:start position:0% +there's no values being passed back all + + + align:start position:0% +there's no values being passed back all +we're doing is exploring this path down + + align:start position:0% +we're doing is exploring this path down + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing is exploring this path down +until we get to some sort of base case + + align:start position:0% +until we get to some sort of base case + + + align:start position:0% +until we get to some sort of base case +that will kick off our um uh our uh our + + align:start position:0% +that will kick off our um uh our uh our + + + align:start position:0% +that will kick off our um uh our uh our +sort of conquer step where we pass + + align:start position:0% +sort of conquer step where we pass + + + align:start position:0% +sort of conquer step where we pass +values back up the + + align:start position:0% +values back up the + + + align:start position:0% +values back up the +chain so Fibonacci of three again is + + align:start position:0% +chain so Fibonacci of three again is + + + align:start position:0% +chain so Fibonacci of three again is +going to look at Fibonacci of two and + + align:start position:0% +going to look at Fibonacci of two and + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at Fibonacci of two and +finally we've reached a base case so + + align:start position:0% +finally we've reached a base case so + + + align:start position:0% +finally we've reached a base case so +Fibonacci of two will immediately return + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of two will immediately return + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of two will immediately return +right it doesn't make another function + + align:start position:0% +right it doesn't make another function + + + align:start position:0% +right it doesn't make another function +call so Fibonacci of two will return a + + align:start position:0% +call so Fibonacci of two will return a + + + align:start position:0% +call so Fibonacci of two will return a +value and then Fibonacci of + + align:start position:0% +value and then Fibonacci of + + + align:start position:0% +value and then Fibonacci of +three in its function call has the + + align:start position:0% +three in its function call has the + + + align:start position:0% +three in its function call has the +result for Fibonacci of two and then + + align:start position:0% +result for Fibonacci of two and then + + + align:start position:0% +result for Fibonacci of two and then +it's going to do plus + + align:start position:0% +it's going to do plus + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to do plus +that Value Plus Fibonacci of one right 3 + + align:start position:0% +that Value Plus Fibonacci of one right 3 + + + align:start position:0% +that Value Plus Fibonacci of one right 3 +minus two so that's this one here it can + + align:start position:0% +minus two so that's this one here it can + + + align:start position:0% +minus two so that's this one here it can +easily grab the the the do that addition + + align:start position:0% +easily grab the the the do that addition + + + align:start position:0% +easily grab the the the do that addition +and return the value back up uh to + + align:start position:0% +and return the value back up uh to + + + align:start position:0% +and return the value back up uh to +Fibonacci of three so + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of three so + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of three so +now Fibonacci of three has its first + + align:start position:0% +now Fibonacci of three has its first + + + align:start position:0% +now Fibonacci of three has its first +half ready right so Fibonacci of four + + align:start position:0% +half ready right so Fibonacci of four + + + align:start position:0% +half ready right so Fibonacci of four +sorry so Fibonacci of four has its first + + align:start position:0% +sorry so Fibonacci of four has its first + + + align:start position:0% +sorry so Fibonacci of four has its first +half ready Fibonacci of three so + + align:start position:0% +half ready Fibonacci of three so + + + align:start position:0% +half ready Fibonacci of three so +Fibonacci of four was trying to figure + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of four was trying to figure + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of four was trying to figure +out what FIB three was and it did right + + align:start position:0% +out what FIB three was and it did right + + + align:start position:0% +out what FIB three was and it did right +it was FIB two plus FIB 1 two so now it + + align:start position:0% +it was FIB two plus FIB 1 two so now it + + + align:start position:0% +it was FIB two plus FIB 1 two so now it +has a value for its first half here and + + align:start position:0% +has a value for its first half here and + + + align:start position:0% +has a value for its first half here and +it needs to add that value to Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +it needs to add that value to Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +it needs to add that value to Fibonacci +of two four minus + + align:start position:0% +of two four minus + + + align:start position:0% +of two four minus +2 so it will explore that path that's a + + align:start position:0% +2 so it will explore that path that's a + + + align:start position:0% +2 so it will explore that path that's a +base case so all it does is return the + + align:start position:0% +base case so all it does is return the + + + align:start position:0% +base case so all it does is return the +value immediately and now Fibonacci 4 + + align:start position:0% +value immediately and now Fibonacci 4 + + + align:start position:0% +value immediately and now Fibonacci 4 +has its value whatever FIB three was + + align:start position:0% +has its value whatever FIB three was + + + align:start position:0% +has its value whatever FIB three was +that we figured out plus FIB + + align:start position:0% +that we figured out plus FIB + + + align:start position:0% +that we figured out plus FIB +2 okay now FIB four we have a value for + + align:start position:0% +2 okay now FIB four we have a value for + + + align:start position:0% +2 okay now FIB four we have a value for +it when we called FIB five so FIB five + + align:start position:0% +it when we called FIB five so FIB five + + + align:start position:0% +it when we called FIB five so FIB five +is now halfway happy because it knows + + align:start position:0% +is now halfway happy because it knows + + + align:start position:0% +is now halfway happy because it knows +what FIB four is but it needs to add + + align:start position:0% +what FIB four is but it needs to add + + + align:start position:0% +what FIB four is but it needs to add +that to FIB three so FIB five is still + + align:start position:0% +that to FIB three so FIB five is still + + + align:start position:0% +that to FIB three so FIB five is still +halted right it can't return anything + + align:start position:0% +halted right it can't return anything + + + align:start position:0% +halted right it can't return anything +but because it now it needs to explore + + align:start position:0% +but because it now it needs to explore + + + align:start position:0% +but because it now it needs to explore +what FIB three is well FIB three is + + align:start position:0% +what FIB three is well FIB three is + + + align:start position:0% +what FIB three is well FIB three is +going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be have uh do another function call + + align:start position:0% +be have uh do another function call + + + align:start position:0% +be have uh do another function call +right so it's going to call FIB 2 and + + align:start position:0% +right so it's going to call FIB 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's going to call FIB 2 and +FIB one which are two base cases which + + align:start position:0% +FIB one which are two base cases which + + + align:start position:0% +FIB one which are two base cases which +easily return the value back up to FIB + + align:start position:0% +easily return the value back up to FIB + + + align:start position:0% +easily return the value back up to FIB +three and now FIB five is happy because + + align:start position:0% +three and now FIB five is happy because + + + align:start position:0% +three and now FIB five is happy because +it knows this value and now it knows + + align:start position:0% +it knows this value and now it knows + + + align:start position:0% +it knows this value and now it knows +this value it can add them together and + + align:start position:0% +this value it can add them together and + + + align:start position:0% +this value it can add them together and +FIB five now has a value that it it can + + align:start position:0% +FIB five now has a value that it it can + + + align:start position:0% +FIB five now has a value that it it can +keep track of and now finally FIB six + + align:start position:0% +keep track of and now finally FIB six + + + align:start position:0% +keep track of and now finally FIB six +we're not even close to being done you + + align:start position:0% +we're not even close to being done you + + + align:start position:0% +we're not even close to being done you +guys FIB six has a fib five value so it + + align:start position:0% +guys FIB six has a fib five value so it + + + align:start position:0% +guys FIB six has a fib five value so it +has half of the things it needs to + + align:start position:0% +has half of the things it needs to + + + align:start position:0% +has half of the things it needs to +figure out what FIB 6 is because now it + + align:start position:0% +figure out what FIB 6 is because now it + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what FIB 6 is because now it +has to figure out what FIB four is and + + align:start position:0% +has to figure out what FIB four is and + + + align:start position:0% +has to figure out what FIB four is and +already you can tell what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +already you can tell what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +already you can tell what we're going to +do next we're going to start exploring + + align:start position:0% +do next we're going to start exploring + + + align:start position:0% +do next we're going to start exploring +the exact same way like we did before + + align:start position:0% +the exact same way like we did before + + + align:start position:0% +the exact same way like we did before +FIB four needs to calculate FIB three it + + align:start position:0% +FIB four needs to calculate FIB three it + + + align:start position:0% +FIB four needs to calculate FIB three it +can't do FIB two yet because FIB 3 needs + + align:start position:0% +can't do FIB two yet because FIB 3 needs + + + align:start position:0% +can't do FIB two yet because FIB 3 needs +to calculate FIB two and FIB one right + + align:start position:0% +to calculate FIB two and FIB one right + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate FIB two and FIB one right +pass back up the value FIB four can now + + align:start position:0% +pass back up the value FIB four can now + + + align:start position:0% +pass back up the value FIB four can now +finish its job by calculating FIB three + + align:start position:0% +finish its job by calculating FIB three + + + align:start position:0% +finish its job by calculating FIB three +and FIB two pass up the value and now + + align:start position:0% +and FIB two pass up the value and now + + + align:start position:0% +and FIB two pass up the value and now +finally FIB six has its two halves here + + align:start position:0% +finally FIB six has its two halves here + + + align:start position:0% +finally FIB six has its two halves here +FIB five and FIB four and it can add + + align:start position:0% +FIB five and FIB four and it can add + + + align:start position:0% +FIB five and FIB four and it can add +them together and return the value okay + + align:start position:0% +them together and return the value okay + + + align:start position:0% +them together and return the value okay +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +a super inefficient algorithm because + + align:start position:0% +a super inefficient algorithm because + + + align:start position:0% +a super inefficient algorithm because +there's a lot of sort of stuff going on + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of sort of stuff going on + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of sort of stuff going on +but not much work being done until the + + align:start position:0% +but not much work being done until the + + + align:start position:0% +but not much work being done until the +end right we've got a bunch of Base + + align:start position:0% +end right we've got a bunch of Base + + + align:start position:0% +end right we've got a bunch of Base +cases we get to and then we can start + + align:start position:0% +cases we get to and then we can start + + + align:start position:0% +cases we get to and then we can start +building back up our + + align:start position:0% +building back up our + + + align:start position:0% +building back up our +result and the reason why I say it's + + align:start position:0% +result and the reason why I say it's + + + align:start position:0% +result and the reason why I say it's +inefficient is because well we're + + align:start position:0% +inefficient is because well we're + + + align:start position:0% +inefficient is because well we're +exploring these paths and as we go along + + align:start position:0% +exploring these paths and as we go along + + + align:start position:0% +exploring these paths and as we go along +the way right we figure out what FIB 3 + + align:start position:0% +the way right we figure out what FIB 3 + + + align:start position:0% +the way right we figure out what FIB 3 +is and what FIB four is right but then + + align:start position:0% +is and what FIB four is right but then + + + align:start position:0% +is and what FIB four is right but then +when we explore this the right half of + + align:start position:0% +when we explore this the right half of + + + align:start position:0% +when we explore this the right half of +FIB six over here we're actually + + align:start position:0% +FIB six over here we're actually + + + align:start position:0% +FIB six over here we're actually +recalculating these values all over + + align:start position:0% +recalculating these values all over + + + align:start position:0% +recalculating these values all over +again that's why I said we're not even + + align:start position:0% +again that's why I said we're not even + + + align:start position:0% +again that's why I said we're not even +halfway done because when we got FIB + + align:start position:0% +halfway done because when we got FIB + + + align:start position:0% +halfway done because when we got FIB +five we had to explore FIB four and FIB + + align:start position:0% +five we had to explore FIB four and FIB + + + align:start position:0% +five we had to explore FIB four and FIB +four this this Branch down here is + + align:start position:0% +four this this Branch down here is + + + align:start position:0% +four this this Branch down here is +basically a copy of this one down here + + align:start position:0% +basically a copy of this one down here + + + align:start position:0% +basically a copy of this one down here +okay so there's a lot of work being done + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's a lot of work being done + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's a lot of work being done +here where you just do the same thing + + align:start position:0% +here where you just do the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +here where you just do the same thing +over and over again and so that leads me + + align:start position:0% +over and over again and so that leads me + + + align:start position:0% +over and over again and so that leads me +to say well what if we didn't have to do + + align:start position:0% +to say well what if we didn't have to do + + + align:start position:0% +to say well what if we didn't have to do +all this work all over again right if + + align:start position:0% +all this work all over again right if + + + align:start position:0% +all this work all over again right if +only there was some sort of data + + align:start position:0% +only there was some sort of data + + + align:start position:0% +only there was some sort of data +structure that we could use to keep + + align:start position:0% +structure that we could use to keep + + + align:start position:0% +structure that we could use to keep +track of things as we calculate them + + align:start position:0% +track of things as we calculate them + + + align:start position:0% +track of things as we calculate them +right right to basically map one thing + + align:start position:0% +right right to basically map one thing + + + align:start position:0% +right right to basically map one thing +to another so if we already calculated + + align:start position:0% +to another so if we already calculated + + + align:start position:0% +to another so if we already calculated +FIB 4 to be some value why don't we just + + align:start position:0% +FIB 4 to be some value why don't we just + + + align:start position:0% +FIB 4 to be some value why don't we just +look it up so anytime we use things like + + align:start position:0% +look it up so anytime we use things like + + + align:start position:0% +look it up so anytime we use things like +you know keeping track of and looking + + align:start position:0% +you know keeping track of and looking + + + align:start position:0% +you know keeping track of and looking +things up that should you know ring ring + + align:start position:0% +things up that should you know ring ring + + + align:start position:0% +things up that should you know ring ring +a little bell that says dictionaries can + + align:start position:0% +a little bell that says dictionaries can + + + align:start position:0% +a little bell that says dictionaries can +help us do that and so what we can do is + + align:start position:0% +help us do that and so what we can do is + + + align:start position:0% +help us do that and so what we can do is +actually write a more efficient + + align:start position:0% +actually write a more efficient + + + align:start position:0% +actually write a more efficient +Fibonacci recursive Fibonacci function + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci recursive Fibonacci function + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci recursive Fibonacci function +that uses um it's it's still recursive + + align:start position:0% +that uses um it's it's still recursive + + + align:start position:0% +that uses um it's it's still recursive +but it uses Diaries to keep track of + + align:start position:0% +but it uses Diaries to keep track of + + + align:start position:0% +but it uses Diaries to keep track of +values as we calculate them okay and so + + align:start position:0% +values as we calculate them okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +values as we calculate them okay and so +uh this is this is the Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +uh this is this is the Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is this is the Fibonacci +efficient function so my name is fib + + align:start position:0% +efficient function so my name is fib + + + align:start position:0% +efficient function so my name is fib +efficient notice we're still calculating + + align:start position:0% +efficient notice we're still calculating + + + align:start position:0% +efficient notice we're still calculating +Fibonacci of some n but we're going to + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of some n but we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of some n but we're going to +pass in another parameter a dictionary + + align:start position:0% +pass in another parameter a dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +pass in another parameter a dictionary +and this dictionary will keep track of + + align:start position:0% +and this dictionary will keep track of + + + align:start position:0% +and this dictionary will keep track of +the Fibonacci values as we calculate + + align:start position:0% +the Fibonacci values as we calculate + + + align:start position:0% +the Fibonacci values as we calculate +calculate them so the key will be the n + + align:start position:0% +calculate them so the key will be the n + + + align:start position:0% +calculate them so the key will be the n +and the value will be FIB of that n okay + + align:start position:0% +and the value will be FIB of that n okay + + + align:start position:0% +and the value will be FIB of that n okay +and so down here you can see we're going + + align:start position:0% +and so down here you can see we're going + + + align:start position:0% +and so down here you can see we're going +to initialize a dictionary that has FIB + + align:start position:0% +to initialize a dictionary that has FIB + + + align:start position:0% +to initialize a dictionary that has FIB +of one maps to one and FIB of two maps + + align:start position:0% +of one maps to one and FIB of two maps + + + align:start position:0% +of one maps to one and FIB of two maps +to one right those are our B our base + + align:start position:0% +to one right those are our B our base + + + align:start position:0% +to one right those are our B our base +cases so let's take a look at our uh + + align:start position:0% +cases so let's take a look at our uh + + + align:start position:0% +cases so let's take a look at our uh +Fibonacci uh recursive function now that + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci uh recursive function now that + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci uh recursive function now that +uses dictionaries no longer do we need + + align:start position:0% +uses dictionaries no longer do we need + + + align:start position:0% +uses dictionaries no longer do we need +to think about the base cases as you + + align:start position:0% +to think about the base cases as you + + + align:start position:0% +to think about the base cases as you +know Fibonacci of one is this and + + align:start position:0% +know Fibonacci of one is this and + + + align:start position:0% +know Fibonacci of one is this and +Fibonacci of two is this now all we need + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of two is this now all we need + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of two is this now all we need +to do is say well let's look up the + + align:start position:0% +to do is say well let's look up the + + + align:start position:0% +to do is say well let's look up the +value in our dictionary that's that's + + align:start position:0% +value in our dictionary that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +value in our dictionary that's that's +what our base case will be and we don't + + align:start position:0% +what our base case will be and we don't + + + align:start position:0% +what our base case will be and we don't +need to make a call to ourselves if the + + align:start position:0% +need to make a call to ourselves if the + + + align:start position:0% +need to make a call to ourselves if the +item is already in the dictionary right + + align:start position:0% +item is already in the dictionary right + + + align:start position:0% +item is already in the dictionary right +so we can just + + align:start position:0% +so we can just + + + align:start position:0% +so we can just +return the value associated with n in + + align:start position:0% +return the value associated with n in + + + align:start position:0% +return the value associated with n in +Dictionary d if that n is already in the + + align:start position:0% +Dictionary d if that n is already in the + + + align:start position:0% +Dictionary d if that n is already in the +dictionary right so our two base cases + + align:start position:0% +dictionary right so our two base cases + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary right so our two base cases +down here will initially be in our + + align:start position:0% +down here will initially be in our + + + align:start position:0% +down here will initially be in our +dictionary and as we we figure out the + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and as we we figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and as we we figure out the +values of Fibonacci we'll add them to + + align:start position:0% +values of Fibonacci we'll add them to + + + align:start position:0% +values of Fibonacci we'll add them to +our dictionary and that's exactly what + + align:start position:0% +our dictionary and that's exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +our dictionary and that's exactly what +the recursive step will do so else the + + align:start position:0% +the recursive step will do so else the + + + align:start position:0% +the recursive step will do so else the +values not in our dictionary so + + align:start position:0% +values not in our dictionary so + + + align:start position:0% +values not in our dictionary so +unfortunately we have to calculate it + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately we have to calculate it + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately we have to calculate it +right which is fine we'll basically do + + align:start position:0% +right which is fine we'll basically do + + + align:start position:0% +right which is fine we'll basically do +that the first time through that sort of + + align:start position:0% +that the first time through that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that the first time through that sort of +exploring the left half of our uh of our + + align:start position:0% +exploring the left half of our uh of our + + + align:start position:0% +exploring the left half of our uh of our +path but that's pretty much the only + + align:start position:0% +path but that's pretty much the only + + + align:start position:0% +path but that's pretty much the only +times that we're going to calculate it + + align:start position:0% +times that we're going to calculate it + + + align:start position:0% +times that we're going to calculate it +all the other times we'll just look it + + align:start position:0% +all the other times we'll just look it + + + align:start position:0% +all the other times we'll just look it +up so this is going to be a little + + align:start position:0% +up so this is going to be a little + + + align:start position:0% +up so this is going to be a little +different than what we've seen before + + align:start position:0% +different than what we've seen before + + + align:start position:0% +different than what we've seen before +because I'm not um right off the bat + + align:start position:0% +because I'm not um right off the bat + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm not um right off the bat +returning uh FIB n minus1 plus FIB n + + align:start position:0% +returning uh FIB n minus1 plus FIB n + + + align:start position:0% +returning uh FIB n minus1 plus FIB n +minus 2 I'm actually still running the + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 I'm actually still running the + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 I'm actually still running the +same you know the same recursive step + + align:start position:0% +same you know the same recursive step + + + align:start position:0% +same you know the same recursive step +FIB n minus1 plus FIB n minus 2 but I'm + + align:start position:0% +FIB n minus1 plus FIB n minus 2 but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +FIB n minus1 plus FIB n minus 2 but I'm +saving it in a variable and that's + + align:start position:0% +saving it in a variable and that's + + + align:start position:0% +saving it in a variable and that's +totally fine to do okay and then before + + align:start position:0% +totally fine to do okay and then before + + + align:start position:0% +totally fine to do okay and then before +I actually return this value let me add + + align:start position:0% +I actually return this value let me add + + + align:start position:0% +I actually return this value let me add +it to my dictionary so this is simply + + align:start position:0% +it to my dictionary so this is simply + + + align:start position:0% +it to my dictionary so this is simply +just you know saying this dictionary at + + align:start position:0% +just you know saying this dictionary at + + + align:start position:0% +just you know saying this dictionary at +this particular n for this particular + + align:start position:0% +this particular n for this particular + + + align:start position:0% +this particular n for this particular +function is equal to this thing that I + + align:start position:0% +function is equal to this thing that I + + + align:start position:0% +function is equal to this thing that I +just calculated just a straight up you + + align:start position:0% +just calculated just a straight up you + + + align:start position:0% +just calculated just a straight up you +know dictionary addition adding this + + align:start position:0% +know dictionary addition adding this + + + align:start position:0% +know dictionary addition adding this +item to the + + align:start position:0% +item to the + + + align:start position:0% +item to the +dictionary and then after I've added it + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and then after I've added it + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and then after I've added it +to my dictionary I can return the answer + + align:start position:0% +to my dictionary I can return the answer + + + align:start position:0% +to my dictionary I can return the answer +or return that that value so still + + align:start position:0% +or return that that value so still + + + align:start position:0% +or return that that value so still +passing it back up the chain of function + + align:start position:0% +passing it back up the chain of function + + + align:start position:0% +passing it back up the chain of function +calls but we'll save it + + align:start position:0% +calls but we'll save it + + + align:start position:0% +calls but we'll save it +first everyone okay with this + + align:start position:0% +first everyone okay with this + + + align:start position:0% +first everyone okay with this +code okay so then um this is the + + align:start position:0% +code okay so then um this is the + + + align:start position:0% +code okay so then um this is the +dictionary I mentioned uh uh where we + + align:start position:0% +dictionary I mentioned uh uh where we + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary I mentioned uh uh where we +initialize our two base cases and then + + align:start position:0% +initialize our two base cases and then + + + align:start position:0% +initialize our two base cases and then +we can you know print the function so + + align:start position:0% +we can you know print the function so + + + align:start position:0% +we can you know print the function so +let's Trace through the code um to see + + align:start position:0% +let's Trace through the code um to see + + + align:start position:0% +let's Trace through the code um to see +what exactly happens with these function + + align:start position:0% +what exactly happens with these function + + + align:start position:0% +what exactly happens with these function +calls now so we're initializing our + + align:start position:0% +calls now so we're initializing our + + + align:start position:0% +calls now so we're initializing our +dictionary where we have N1 Fibonacci of + + align:start position:0% +dictionary where we have N1 Fibonacci of + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary where we have N1 Fibonacci of +one is one and N2 Fibonacci of two is + + align:start position:0% +one is one and N2 Fibonacci of two is + + + align:start position:0% +one is one and N2 Fibonacci of two is +one right our base + + align:start position:0% +one right our base + + + align:start position:0% +one right our base +cases Fibonacci of six again we're doing + + align:start position:0% +cases Fibonacci of six again we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +cases Fibonacci of six again we're doing +the same function calls right so that + + align:start position:0% +the same function calls right so that + + + align:start position:0% +the same function calls right so that +means there's nothing uh stored for FIB + + align:start position:0% +means there's nothing uh stored for FIB + + + align:start position:0% +means there's nothing uh stored for FIB +five so we still have to explore what it + + align:start position:0% +five so we still have to explore what it + + + align:start position:0% +five so we still have to explore what it +what value it it will be nothing stored + + align:start position:0% +what value it it will be nothing stored + + + align:start position:0% +what value it it will be nothing stored +for FIB four we're still exploring + + align:start position:0% +for FIB four we're still exploring + + + align:start position:0% +for FIB four we're still exploring +nothing stored for FIB 3 we're still + + align:start position:0% +nothing stored for FIB 3 we're still + + + align:start position:0% +nothing stored for FIB 3 we're still +exploring we've reached a base case so + + align:start position:0% +exploring we've reached a base case so + + + align:start position:0% +exploring we've reached a base case so +so now we you know the first thing we do + + align:start position:0% +so now we you know the first thing we do + + + align:start position:0% +so now we you know the first thing we do +is check if it's in the dictionary it is + + align:start position:0% +is check if it's in the dictionary it is + + + align:start position:0% +is check if it's in the dictionary it is +so we just return the one directly check + + align:start position:0% +so we just return the one directly check + + + align:start position:0% +so we just return the one directly check +if the other half is in the dictionary + + align:start position:0% +if the other half is in the dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +if the other half is in the dictionary +return the one directly and now we've + + align:start position:0% +return the one directly and now we've + + + align:start position:0% +return the one directly and now we've +got a value for FIB three before + + align:start position:0% +got a value for FIB three before + + + align:start position:0% +got a value for FIB three before +returning it let's store it in our + + align:start position:0% +returning it let's store it in our + + + align:start position:0% +returning it let's store it in our +dictionary so I just calculated what FIB + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so I just calculated what FIB + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so I just calculated what FIB +3 was let's put it in the key is three + + align:start position:0% +3 was let's put it in the key is three + + + align:start position:0% +3 was let's put it in the key is three +and FIB three is + + align:start position:0% +and FIB three is + + + align:start position:0% +and FIB three is +two okay so far so good it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +two okay so far so good it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +two okay so far so good it's pretty +similar to what we've done before except + + align:start position:0% +similar to what we've done before except + + + align:start position:0% +similar to what we've done before except +that we're you know storing this value + + align:start position:0% +that we're you know storing this value + + + align:start position:0% +that we're you know storing this value +in the dictionary so now we explore the + + align:start position:0% +in the dictionary so now we explore the + + + align:start position:0% +in the dictionary so now we explore the +right half of this FIB 4 right FIB 3 + + align:start position:0% +right half of this FIB 4 right FIB 3 + + + align:start position:0% +right half of this FIB 4 right FIB 3 +plus FIB FIB two it it's already in the + + align:start position:0% +plus FIB FIB two it it's already in the + + + align:start position:0% +plus FIB FIB two it it's already in the +dictionary so it immediately returns + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so it immediately returns + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so it immediately returns +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +addition now we know what FIB four is so + + align:start position:0% +addition now we know what FIB four is so + + + align:start position:0% +addition now we know what FIB four is so +we add it to our dictionary FIB four is + + align:start position:0% +we add it to our dictionary FIB four is + + + align:start position:0% +we add it to our dictionary FIB four is +three explore the right part of FIB five + + align:start position:0% +three explore the right part of FIB five + + + align:start position:0% +three explore the right part of FIB five +right so FIB four plus FIB three do we + + align:start position:0% +right so FIB four plus FIB three do we + + + align:start position:0% +right so FIB four plus FIB three do we +go further now right in the previous + + align:start position:0% +go further now right in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +go further now right in the previous +case we explored two and one in this + + align:start position:0% +case we explored two and one in this + + + align:start position:0% +case we explored two and one in this +case do we keep exploring no exactly + + align:start position:0% +case do we keep exploring no exactly + + + align:start position:0% +case do we keep exploring no exactly +because our base case says if it if + + align:start position:0% +because our base case says if it if + + + align:start position:0% +because our base case says if it if +three is already in the dictionary + + align:start position:0% +three is already in the dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +three is already in the dictionary +simply return the value associated with + + align:start position:0% +simply return the value associated with + + + align:start position:0% +simply return the value associated with +it so yep there it is right there we + + align:start position:0% +it so yep there it is right there we + + + align:start position:0% +it so yep there it is right there we +added a while ago we just return the two + + align:start position:0% +added a while ago we just return the two + + + align:start position:0% +added a while ago we just return the two +immediately no need to go down this path + + align:start position:0% +immediately no need to go down this path + + + align:start position:0% +immediately no need to go down this path +okay so now FIB five is done pretty + + align:start position:0% +okay so now FIB five is done pretty + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now FIB five is done pretty +quickly so the right half uh so that + + align:start position:0% +quickly so the right half uh so that + + + align:start position:0% +quickly so the right half uh so that +means we have the value for FIB five and + + align:start position:0% +means we have the value for FIB five and + + + align:start position:0% +means we have the value for FIB five and +we add it to a dictionary we explore the + + align:start position:0% +we add it to a dictionary we explore the + + + align:start position:0% +we add it to a dictionary we explore the +right half of FIB six remember + + align:start position:0% +right half of FIB six remember + + + align:start position:0% +right half of FIB six remember +beforehand I said we were not done we + + align:start position:0% +beforehand I said we were not done we + + + align:start position:0% +beforehand I said we were not done we +don't need to we don't need to explore + + align:start position:0% +don't need to we don't need to explore + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to we don't need to explore +this FIB four anymore because we added + + align:start position:0% +this FIB four anymore because we added + + + align:start position:0% +this FIB four anymore because we added +it to our dictionary long ago so now all + + align:start position:0% +it to our dictionary long ago so now all + + + align:start position:0% +it to our dictionary long ago so now all +we need to do is look up the value + + align:start position:0% +we need to do is look up the value + + + align:start position:0% +we need to do is look up the value +associated with four from our dictionary + + align:start position:0% +associated with four from our dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +associated with four from our dictionary +okay so boom there it is and then we can + + align:start position:0% +okay so boom there it is and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +okay so boom there it is and then we can +just add FIB five and FIB four together + + align:start position:0% +just add FIB five and FIB four together + + + align:start position:0% +just add FIB five and FIB four together +and get the value for FIB six stored in + + align:start position:0% +and get the value for FIB six stored in + + + align:start position:0% +and get the value for FIB six stored in +the dictionary and you know this case + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary and you know this case + + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary and you know this case +it's it's the end we don't need to do + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the end we don't need to do + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the end we don't need to do +anything else with this value passing it + + align:start position:0% +anything else with this value passing it + + + align:start position:0% +anything else with this value passing it +back or anything like that + + align:start position:0% +back or anything like that + + + align:start position:0% +back or anything like that +okay so we're not recalculating any + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're not recalculating any + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're not recalculating any +anything else right we're just checking + + align:start position:0% +anything else right we're just checking + + + align:start position:0% +anything else right we're just checking +the dictionary and if need be we + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary and if need be we + + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary and if need be we +calculated so it's an improvement but + + align:start position:0% +calculated so it's an improvement but + + + align:start position:0% +calculated so it's an improvement but +how much of an improvement is it + + align:start position:0% +how much of an improvement is it + + + align:start position:0% +how much of an improvement is it +actually so if we run this function and + + align:start position:0% +actually so if we run this function and + + + align:start position:0% +actually so if we run this function and +it's in the python code you can play + + align:start position:0% +it's in the python code you can play + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the python code you can play +around with it yourself if you run the + + align:start position:0% +around with it yourself if you run the + + + align:start position:0% +around with it yourself if you run the +function that we originally wrote FIB + + align:start position:0% +function that we originally wrote FIB + + + align:start position:0% +function that we originally wrote FIB +the one where we don't store anything in + + align:start position:0% +the one where we don't store anything in + + + align:start position:0% +the one where we don't store anything in +dictionary if we try to calculate + + align:start position:0% +dictionary if we try to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary if we try to calculate +Fibonacci of + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci of +34 it results in 11 and a half million + + align:start position:0% +34 it results in 11 and a half million + + + align:start position:0% +34 it results in 11 and a half million +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +calls that's a lot of function calls + + align:start position:0% +calls that's a lot of function calls + + + align:start position:0% +calls that's a lot of function calls +because right even FIB six had FIB three + + align:start position:0% +because right even FIB six had FIB three + + + align:start position:0% +because right even FIB six had FIB three +being called twice right FIB four being + + align:start position:0% +being called twice right FIB four being + + + align:start position:0% +being called twice right FIB four being +called or FIB three being called three + + align:start position:0% +called or FIB three being called three + + + align:start position:0% +called or FIB three being called three +times FIB four being called twice things + + align:start position:0% +times FIB four being called twice things + + + align:start position:0% +times FIB four being called twice things +like that so can you imagine how many + + align:start position:0% +like that so can you imagine how many + + + align:start position:0% +like that so can you imagine how many +times you know FIB three will be called + + align:start position:0% +times you know FIB three will be called + + + align:start position:0% +times you know FIB three will be called +when we are trying to calculate FIB 34 + + align:start position:0% +when we are trying to calculate FIB 34 + + + align:start position:0% +when we are trying to calculate FIB 34 +probably thousands if not more right so + + align:start position:0% +probably thousands if not more right so + + + align:start position:0% +probably thousands if not more right so +overall the number of function calls + + align:start position:0% +overall the number of function calls + + + align:start position:0% +overall the number of function calls +we're making is 11 and a half million + + align:start position:0% +we're making is 11 and a half million + + + align:start position:0% +we're making is 11 and a half million +with our original code but the efficient + + align:start position:0% +with our original code but the efficient + + + align:start position:0% +with our original code but the efficient +version only makes 6 + + align:start position:0% +version only makes 6 + + + align:start position:0% +version only makes 6 +five it's not like we went from 11 and a + + align:start position:0% +five it's not like we went from 11 and a + + + align:start position:0% +five it's not like we went from 11 and a +half million to like two million right + + align:start position:0% +half million to like two million right + + + align:start position:0% +half million to like two million right +we went from the order of millions to + + align:start position:0% +we went from the order of millions to + + + align:start position:0% +we went from the order of millions to +tens which is really really impressive + + align:start position:0% +tens which is really really impressive + + + align:start position:0% +tens which is really really impressive +in terms of speed so if you try to run + + align:start position:0% +in terms of speed so if you try to run + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of speed so if you try to run +this program it'll you know take a + + align:start position:0% +this program it'll you know take a + + + align:start position:0% +this program it'll you know take a +couple seconds for F34 but the efficient + + align:start position:0% +couple seconds for F34 but the efficient + + + align:start position:0% +couple seconds for F34 but the efficient +one will be instant and all of these uh + + align:start position:0% +one will be instant and all of these uh + + + align:start position:0% +one will be instant and all of these uh +function calls have some overhead right + + align:start position:0% +function calls have some overhead right + + + align:start position:0% +function calls have some overhead right +you need to create an environment in + + align:start position:0% +you need to create an environment in + + + align:start position:0% +you need to create an environment in +Python it need to pass these parameters + + align:start position:0% +Python it need to pass these parameters + + + align:start position:0% +Python it need to pass these parameters +so all of these function calls take a + + align:start position:0% +so all of these function calls take a + + + align:start position:0% +so all of these function calls take a +lot of time whereas a Dictionary lookup + + align:start position:0% +lot of time whereas a Dictionary lookup + + + align:start position:0% +lot of time whereas a Dictionary lookup +is basically instantaneous right so in + + align:start position:0% +is basically instantaneous right so in + + + align:start position:0% +is basically instantaneous right so in +this particular case we've given up some + + align:start position:0% +this particular case we've given up some + + + align:start position:0% +this particular case we've given up some +of our memory to store values right the + + align:start position:0% +of our memory to store values right the + + + align:start position:0% +of our memory to store values right the +dictionary is storing 34 entries which + + align:start position:0% +dictionary is storing 34 entries which + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary is storing 34 entries which +is not much but there are applications + + align:start position:0% +is not much but there are applications + + + align:start position:0% +is not much but there are applications +where you can't spare 34 entries right + + align:start position:0% +where you can't spare 34 entries right + + + align:start position:0% +where you can't spare 34 entries right +in your memory um in which case you + + align:start position:0% +in your memory um in which case you + + + align:start position:0% +in your memory um in which case you +might you know spare some time to to to + + align:start position:0% +might you know spare some time to to to + + + align:start position:0% +might you know spare some time to to to +continue calculating without taking up + + align:start position:0% +continue calculating without taking up + + + align:start position:0% +continue calculating without taking up +some memory so there's a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +some memory so there's a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +some memory so there's a little bit of +trade-off between these two programs + + align:start position:0% +trade-off between these two programs + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off between these two programs +right one of them doesn't store anything + + align:start position:0% +right one of them doesn't store anything + + + align:start position:0% +right one of them doesn't store anything +but is slow the other one stores things + + align:start position:0% +but is slow the other one stores things + + + align:start position:0% +but is slow the other one stores things +but is + + align:start position:0% +but is + + + align:start position:0% +but is +fast okay let's look at one more example + + align:start position:0% +fast okay let's look at one more example + + + align:start position:0% +fast okay let's look at one more example +where we do um Fibonacci on numerics and + + align:start position:0% +where we do um Fibonacci on numerics and + + + align:start position:0% +where we do um Fibonacci on numerics and +this uh I don't know when you'd use + + align:start position:0% +this uh I don't know when you'd use + + + align:start position:0% +this uh I don't know when you'd use +Fibonacci in your real world you know + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci in your real world you know + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci in your real world you know +real life but knowing all the possible + + align:start position:0% +real life but knowing all the possible + + + align:start position:0% +real life but knowing all the possible +ways you can make a score of X in + + align:start position:0% +ways you can make a score of X in + + + align:start position:0% +ways you can make a score of X in +basketball is a little bit more useful + + align:start position:0% +basketball is a little bit more useful + + + align:start position:0% +basketball is a little bit more useful +so let's think about this problem + + align:start position:0% +so let's think about this problem + + + align:start position:0% +so let's think about this problem +recursively certainly we could do it + + align:start position:0% +recursively certainly we could do it + + + align:start position:0% +recursively certainly we could do it +iteratively and Brute Force our way + + align:start position:0% +iteratively and Brute Force our way + + + align:start position:0% +iteratively and Brute Force our way +through all the possible combinations of + + align:start position:0% +through all the possible combinations of + + + align:start position:0% +through all the possible combinations of +scores right so in basketball you can + + align:start position:0% +scores right so in basketball you can + + + align:start position:0% +scores right so in basketball you can +make a basket that's worth one point two + + align:start position:0% +make a basket that's worth one point two + + + align:start position:0% +make a basket that's worth one point two +points or three points so you can think + + align:start position:0% +points or three points so you can think + + + align:start position:0% +points or three points so you can think +about all the possible combinations you + + align:start position:0% +about all the possible combinations you + + + align:start position:0% +about all the possible combinations you +can make um to give you some score of + + align:start position:0% +can make um to give you some score of + + + align:start position:0% +can make um to give you some score of +X um we're going to think about this + + align:start position:0% +X um we're going to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +X um we're going to think about this +problem recursively right so let's start + + align:start position:0% +problem recursively right so let's start + + + align:start position:0% +problem recursively right so let's start +with our base cases okay base cases + + align:start position:0% +with our base cases okay base cases + + + align:start position:0% +with our base cases okay base cases +we've got three of them so if we think + + align:start position:0% +we've got three of them so if we think + + + align:start position:0% +we've got three of them so if we think +about a score of one so if x is equal to + + align:start position:0% +about a score of one so if x is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +about a score of one so if x is equal to +one so that means if we have a score of + + align:start position:0% +one so that means if we have a score of + + + align:start position:0% +one so that means if we have a score of +one in basketball what are all the + + align:start position:0% +one in basketball what are all the + + + align:start position:0% +one in basketball what are all the +possible ways we could have made a one + + align:start position:0% +possible ways we could have made a one + + + align:start position:0% +possible ways we could have made a one +well you could just score one point and + + align:start position:0% +well you could just score one point and + + + align:start position:0% +well you could just score one point and +then that's it right I just did 1 plus Z + + align:start position:0% +then that's it right I just did 1 plus Z + + + align:start position:0% +then that's it right I just did 1 plus Z +just emphasize that we're just scoring + + align:start position:0% +just emphasize that we're just scoring + + + align:start position:0% +just emphasize that we're just scoring +one and + + align:start position:0% +one and + + + align:start position:0% +one and +nothing if we make a basket that's worth + + align:start position:0% +nothing if we make a basket that's worth + + + align:start position:0% +nothing if we make a basket that's worth +two point or if we have two points in + + align:start position:0% +two point or if we have two points in + + + align:start position:0% +two point or if we have two points in +basketball what are all the possible + + align:start position:0% +basketball what are all the possible + + + align:start position:0% +basketball what are all the possible +ways we could have made two well we + + align:start position:0% +ways we could have made two well we + + + align:start position:0% +ways we could have made two well we +could have scored a one and a one or we + + align:start position:0% +could have scored a one and a one or we + + + align:start position:0% +could have scored a one and a one or we +could have just scored two right off the + + align:start position:0% +could have just scored two right off the + + + align:start position:0% +could have just scored two right off the +bat so that's two possible ways to make + + align:start position:0% +bat so that's two possible ways to make + + + align:start position:0% +bat so that's two possible ways to make +a score of two right and similarly to + + align:start position:0% +a score of two right and similarly to + + + align:start position:0% +a score of two right and similarly to +make a score of three what are all the + + align:start position:0% +make a score of three what are all the + + + align:start position:0% +make a score of three what are all the +possible ways well we could have scored + + align:start position:0% +possible ways well we could have scored + + + align:start position:0% +possible ways well we could have scored +a one then a one then a one we could + + align:start position:0% +a one then a one then a one we could + + + align:start position:0% +a one then a one then a one we could +have scored a two and a one or we could + + align:start position:0% +have scored a two and a one or we could + + + align:start position:0% +have scored a two and a one or we could +have scored a three right off the bat so + + align:start position:0% +have scored a three right off the bat so + + + align:start position:0% +have scored a three right off the bat so +that's three different ways you can make + + align:start position:0% +that's three different ways you can make + + + align:start position:0% +that's three different ways you can make +a score of three in basketball + + align:start position:0% +a score of three in basketball + + + align:start position:0% +a score of three in basketball +okay all right everyone with me so far + + align:start position:0% +okay all right everyone with me so far + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right everyone with me so far +these are our base cases + + align:start position:0% +these are our base cases + + + align:start position:0% +these are our base cases +okay because the recursive step will be + + align:start position:0% +okay because the recursive step will be + + + align:start position:0% +okay because the recursive step will be +very will blow your minds it's so simple + + align:start position:0% +very will blow your minds it's so simple + + + align:start position:0% +very will blow your minds it's so simple +okay so the recursive step looks like + + align:start position:0% +okay so the recursive step looks like + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the recursive step looks like +this okay now somebody giv give me um + + align:start position:0% +this okay now somebody giv give me um + + + align:start position:0% +this okay now somebody giv give me um +what's a reasonable basketball score + + align:start position:0% +what's a reasonable basketball score + + + align:start position:0% +what's a reasonable basketball score +like for a team 87 87 okay it's been + + align:start position:0% +like for a team 87 87 okay it's been + + + align:start position:0% +like for a team 87 87 okay it's been +probably 25 years since I've played pro + + align:start position:0% +probably 25 years since I've played pro + + + align:start position:0% +probably 25 years since I've played pro +basketball in grade five you guys so I + + align:start position:0% +basketball in grade five you guys so I + + + align:start position:0% +basketball in grade five you guys so I +forgot what's a reasonable score all + + align:start position:0% +forgot what's a reasonable score all + + + align:start position:0% +forgot what's a reasonable score all +right so 87 so let's say now we're not + + align:start position:0% +right so 87 so let's say now we're not + + + align:start position:0% +right so 87 so let's say now we're not +dealing with our base case we're dealing + + align:start position:0% +dealing with our base case we're dealing + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with our base case we're dealing +with some number that's bigger than one + + align:start position:0% +with some number that's bigger than one + + + align:start position:0% +with some number that's bigger than one +of these based cases how do we think + + align:start position:0% +of these based cases how do we think + + + align:start position:0% +of these based cases how do we think +about this problem + + align:start position:0% +about this problem + + + align:start position:0% +about this problem +recursively well there's three + + align:start position:0% +recursively well there's three + + + align:start position:0% +recursively well there's three +possibilities right if I have a final + + align:start position:0% +possibilities right if I have a final + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities right if I have a final +score of + + align:start position:0% +score of + + + align:start position:0% +score of +87 let's say + + align:start position:0% +87 let's say + + + align:start position:0% +87 let's say +that um I think about the score of + + align:start position:0% +that um I think about the score of + + + align:start position:0% +that um I think about the score of +86 right if I know all the possible ways + + align:start position:0% +86 right if I know all the possible ways + + + align:start position:0% +86 right if I know all the possible ways +I can make a score of + + align:start position:0% +I can make a score of + + + align:start position:0% +I can make a score of +86 all I need to do is add one to that + + align:start position:0% +86 all I need to do is add one to that + + + align:start position:0% +86 all I need to do is add one to that +score right it'll give me + + align:start position:0% +score right it'll give me + + + align:start position:0% +score right it'll give me +87 right so that's one possibility here + + align:start position:0% +87 right so that's one possibility here + + + align:start position:0% +87 right so that's one possibility here +but that's not the only possibility + + align:start position:0% +but that's not the only possibility + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not the only possibility +right because I could have a score of + + align:start position:0% +right because I could have a score of + + + align:start position:0% +right because I could have a score of +85 and if I add two to that + + align:start position:0% +85 and if I add two to that + + + align:start position:0% +85 and if I add two to that +85 not two counts right just the score + + align:start position:0% +85 not two counts right just the score + + + align:start position:0% +85 not two counts right just the score +if I have an original score of 85 if I + + align:start position:0% +if I have an original score of 85 if I + + + align:start position:0% +if I have an original score of 85 if I +just add two to that score it gives me + + align:start position:0% +just add two to that score it gives me + + + align:start position:0% +just add two to that score it gives me +my desired score of 87 so if I know the + + align:start position:0% +my desired score of 87 so if I know the + + + align:start position:0% +my desired score of 87 so if I know the +possible combinations to make + + align:start position:0% +possible combinations to make + + + align:start position:0% +possible combinations to make +85 then I know that all I need to do is + + align:start position:0% +85 then I know that all I need to do is + + + align:start position:0% +85 then I know that all I need to do is +you know attitude to my score and + + align:start position:0% +you know attitude to my score and + + + align:start position:0% +you know attitude to my score and +that'll give me 87 and then the last + + align:start position:0% +that'll give me 87 and then the last + + + align:start position:0% +that'll give me 87 and then the last +possibility is + + align:start position:0% +possibility is + + + align:start position:0% +possibility is +is to score is to know all the possible + + align:start position:0% +is to score is to know all the possible + + + align:start position:0% +is to score is to know all the possible +ways to make 84 a score of 84 because + + align:start position:0% +ways to make 84 a score of 84 because + + + align:start position:0% +ways to make 84 a score of 84 because +then I would just add a score I would + + align:start position:0% +then I would just add a score I would + + + align:start position:0% +then I would just add a score I would +take that score and add a three to it to + + align:start position:0% +take that score and add a three to it to + + + align:start position:0% +take that score and add a three to it to +give me 87 right so I'm sort of using my + + align:start position:0% +give me 87 right so I'm sort of using my + + + align:start position:0% +give me 87 right so I'm sort of using my +base cases to guide uh my recursive step + + align:start position:0% +base cases to guide uh my recursive step + + + align:start position:0% +base cases to guide uh my recursive step +so the number of ways I can make a score + + align:start position:0% +so the number of ways I can make a score + + + align:start position:0% +so the number of ways I can make a score +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +87 is the sum of all the possible ways I + + align:start position:0% +87 is the sum of all the possible ways I + + + align:start position:0% +87 is the sum of all the possible ways I +can make 86 or 85 or + + align:start position:0% +can make 86 or 85 or + + + align:start position:0% +can make 86 or 85 or +84 right + + align:start position:0% +84 right + + + align:start position:0% +84 right +because if I've made 886 I would just + + align:start position:0% +because if I've made 886 I would just + + + align:start position:0% +because if I've made 886 I would just +add one to it if I made 85 I add two to + + align:start position:0% +add one to it if I made 85 I add two to + + + align:start position:0% +add one to it if I made 85 I add two to +it and if I made 84 i' add three to the + + align:start position:0% +it and if I made 84 i' add three to the + + + align:start position:0% +it and if I made 84 i' add three to the +score so this so that's essentially what + + align:start position:0% +score so this so that's essentially what + + + align:start position:0% +score so this so that's essentially what +this recursive step is doing right I've + + align:start position:0% +this recursive step is doing right I've + + + align:start position:0% +this recursive step is doing right I've +got these are all the possible ways I + + align:start position:0% +got these are all the possible ways I + + + align:start position:0% +got these are all the possible ways I +can make a score of 80 you know x minus + + align:start position:0% +can make a score of 80 you know x minus + + + align:start position:0% +can make a score of 80 you know x minus +one right so 87 + + align:start position:0% +one right so 87 + + + align:start position:0% +one right so 87 +86 and that's just me calling my + + align:start position:0% +86 and that's just me calling my + + + align:start position:0% +86 and that's just me calling my +function right so score count x - one + + align:start position:0% +function right so score count x - one + + + align:start position:0% +function right so score count x - one +score count X plus all the possible ways + + align:start position:0% +score count X plus all the possible ways + + + align:start position:0% +score count X plus all the possible ways +to make a score of x - 2 + + align:start position:0% +to make a score of x - 2 + + + align:start position:0% +to make a score of x - 2 +plus all the possible ways to make a + + align:start position:0% +plus all the possible ways to make a + + + align:start position:0% +plus all the possible ways to make a +score of xus 3 so if I add all these + + align:start position:0% +score of xus 3 so if I add all these + + + align:start position:0% +score of xus 3 so if I add all these +three ways together I would get all the + + align:start position:0% +three ways together I would get all the + + + align:start position:0% +three ways together I would get all the +possible ways I can make a score of + + align:start position:0% +possible ways I can make a score of + + + align:start position:0% +possible ways I can make a score of +X does that make + + align:start position:0% +X does that make + + + align:start position:0% +X does that make +sense okay so that's it right it's + + align:start position:0% +sense okay so that's it right it's + + + align:start position:0% +sense okay so that's it right it's +pretty clean code it looks really nice + + align:start position:0% +pretty clean code it looks really nice + + + align:start position:0% +pretty clean code it looks really nice +um if we were to write this iteratively + + align:start position:0% +um if we were to write this iteratively + + + align:start position:0% +um if we were to write this iteratively +it would be a mess because we'd probably + + align:start position:0% +it would be a mess because we'd probably + + + align:start position:0% +it would be a mess because we'd probably +have a whole bunch of nested Loops to + + align:start position:0% +have a whole bunch of nested Loops to + + + align:start position:0% +have a whole bunch of nested Loops to +try to Brute Force off the possible + + align:start position:0% +try to Brute Force off the possible + + + align:start position:0% +try to Brute Force off the possible +combinations of scores that we can make + + align:start position:0% +combinations of scores that we can make + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of scores that we can make +um and it wouldn't look very very nice + + align:start position:0% +um and it wouldn't look very very nice + + + align:start position:0% +um and it wouldn't look very very nice +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +pythonic + + align:start position:0% +pythonic + + + align:start position:0% +pythonic +okay um so let's do a trace of this code + + align:start position:0% +okay um so let's do a trace of this code + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so let's do a trace of this code +just to you know to to to bring it all + + align:start position:0% +just to you know to to to bring it all + + + align:start position:0% +just to you know to to to bring it all +together the trace will be very similar + + align:start position:0% +together the trace will be very similar + + + align:start position:0% +together the trace will be very similar +to the Fibonacci Trace except that now + + align:start position:0% +to the Fibonacci Trace except that now + + + align:start position:0% +to the Fibonacci Trace except that now +we have three paths to explore before + + align:start position:0% +we have three paths to explore before + + + align:start position:0% +we have three paths to explore before +having a return value right so for a + + align:start position:0% +having a return value right so for a + + + align:start position:0% +having a return value right so for a +score of six I would explore how can I + + align:start position:0% +score of six I would explore how can I + + + align:start position:0% +score of six I would explore how can I +make a score of five and of course I + + align:start position:0% +make a score of five and of course I + + + align:start position:0% +make a score of five and of course I +will explore how can I make a score of + + align:start position:0% +will explore how can I make a score of + + + align:start position:0% +will explore how can I make a score of +four and three but I'm not there yet + + align:start position:0% +four and three but I'm not there yet + + + align:start position:0% +four and three but I'm not there yet +right first I need to explore how to + + align:start position:0% +right first I need to explore how to + + + align:start position:0% +right first I need to explore how to +make a score of five which is a function + + align:start position:0% +make a score of five which is a function + + + align:start position:0% +make a score of five which is a function +call this one we'll explore how to make + + align:start position:0% +call this one we'll explore how to make + + + align:start position:0% +call this one we'll explore how to make +a score of four and of course a three + + align:start position:0% +a score of four and of course a three + + + align:start position:0% +a score of four and of course a three +and a two but not just yet a score of + + align:start position:0% +and a two but not just yet a score of + + + align:start position:0% +and a two but not just yet a score of +four is our will will lead us to our + + align:start position:0% +four is our will will lead us to our + + + align:start position:0% +four is our will will lead us to our +base cases it's just how to make a score + + align:start position:0% +base cases it's just how to make a score + + + align:start position:0% +base cases it's just how to make a score +of three and a two and a one these are + + align:start position:0% +of three and a two and a one these are + + + align:start position:0% +of three and a two and a one these are +base cases they immediately return and + + align:start position:0% +base cases they immediately return and + + + align:start position:0% +base cases they immediately return and +we know how to make a score of four a + + align:start position:0% +we know how to make a score of four a + + + align:start position:0% +we know how to make a score of four a +score of three is also a base case and a + + align:start position:0% +score of three is also a base case and a + + + align:start position:0% +score of three is also a base case and a +score of two is also a base case so + + align:start position:0% +score of two is also a base case so + + + align:start position:0% +score of two is also a base case so +these ones will immediately return to + + align:start position:0% +these ones will immediately return to + + + align:start position:0% +these ones will immediately return to +give us the score of + + align:start position:0% +give us the score of + + + align:start position:0% +give us the score of +five so now we know how to make a score + + align:start position:0% +five so now we know how to make a score + + + align:start position:0% +five so now we know how to make a score +of five we need to follow uh through how + + align:start position:0% +of five we need to follow uh through how + + + align:start position:0% +of five we need to follow uh through how +to make a score of four which is just + + align:start position:0% +to make a score of four which is just + + + align:start position:0% +to make a score of four which is just +three and two and one oops I should + + align:start position:0% +three and two and one oops I should + + + align:start position:0% +three and two and one oops I should +changed that to be a one um and then how + + align:start position:0% +changed that to be a one um and then how + + + align:start position:0% +changed that to be a one um and then how +how to make a score of three and that's + + align:start position:0% +how to make a score of three and that's + + + align:start position:0% +how to make a score of three and that's +just a base case so very similar Trace + + align:start position:0% +just a base case so very similar Trace + + + align:start position:0% +just a base case so very similar Trace +as the Fibonacci + + align:start position:0% +as the Fibonacci + + + align:start position:0% +as the Fibonacci +code okay all right questions about + + align:start position:0% +code okay all right questions about + + + align:start position:0% +code okay all right questions about +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +examples are they okay do they make + + align:start position:0% +examples are they okay do they make + + + align:start position:0% +examples are they okay do they make +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +Okay cool so uh there is one exercise in + + align:start position:0% +Okay cool so uh there is one exercise in + + + align:start position:0% +Okay cool so uh there is one exercise in +the python uh file it's it's for the for + + align:start position:0% +the python uh file it's it's for the for + + + align:start position:0% +the python uh file it's it's for the for +at home um I I would like you to try to + + align:start position:0% +at home um I I would like you to try to + + + align:start position:0% +at home um I I would like you to try to +memorize this code so memorize means + + align:start position:0% +memorize this code so memorize means + + + align:start position:0% +memorize this code so memorize means +basically try to use a memo a a + + align:start position:0% +basically try to use a memo a a + + + align:start position:0% +basically try to use a memo a a +dictionary to store values as you + + align:start position:0% +dictionary to store values as you + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary to store values as you +calculate them because you see that it's + + align:start position:0% +calculate them because you see that it's + + + align:start position:0% +calculate them because you see that it's +going to be just as inefficient as the + + align:start position:0% +going to be just as inefficient as the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be just as inefficient as the +Fibonacci code right so here we're + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci code right so here we're + + + align:start position:0% +Fibonacci code right so here we're +calculating score of four again where we + + align:start position:0% +calculating score of four again where we + + + align:start position:0% +calculating score of four again where we +had calculated it way back here right + + align:start position:0% +had calculated it way back here right + + + align:start position:0% +had calculated it way back here right +and so try your hand at at um adding a + + align:start position:0% +and so try your hand at at um adding a + + + align:start position:0% +and so try your hand at at um adding a +dictionary to this code to try to um try + + align:start position:0% +dictionary to this code to try to um try + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary to this code to try to um try +to speed it + + align:start position:0% +to speed it + + + align:start position:0% +to speed it +up okay so the next the second half of + + align:start position:0% +up okay so the next the second half of + + + align:start position:0% +up okay so the next the second half of +this lecture we're now going to talk + + align:start position:0% +this lecture we're now going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture we're now going to talk +move away from recursion on numbers and + + align:start position:0% +move away from recursion on numbers and + + + align:start position:0% +move away from recursion on numbers and +sort of you know having these nice + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know having these nice + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know having these nice +mathematical operations that we can just + + align:start position:0% +mathematical operations that we can just + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical operations that we can just +translate to code um easily and start + + align:start position:0% +translate to code um easily and start + + + align:start position:0% +translate to code um easily and start +looking at recursion on non-numerical + + align:start position:0% +looking at recursion on non-numerical + + + align:start position:0% +looking at recursion on non-numerical +things and we're just going to look at + + align:start position:0% +things and we're just going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +things and we're just going to look at +lists but again as I said you can apply + + align:start position:0% +lists but again as I said you can apply + + + align:start position:0% +lists but again as I said you can apply +these very similar codes to um uh any + + align:start position:0% +these very similar codes to um uh any + + + align:start position:0% +these very similar codes to um uh any +sequences of values tupal or strings or + + align:start position:0% +sequences of values tupal or strings or + + + align:start position:0% +sequences of values tupal or strings or +things like + + align:start position:0% +things like + + + align:start position:0% +things like +that so the reason why we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +that so the reason why we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +that so the reason why we're looking at +lists is because lists are naturally + + align:start position:0% +lists is because lists are naturally + + + align:start position:0% +lists is because lists are naturally +recursive so one of the motivations uh I + + align:start position:0% +recursive so one of the motivations uh I + + + align:start position:0% +recursive so one of the motivations uh I +gave at the end of last lecture is that + + align:start position:0% +gave at the end of last lecture is that + + + align:start position:0% +gave at the end of last lecture is that +we have um lists that can have elements + + align:start position:0% +we have um lists that can have elements + + + align:start position:0% +we have um lists that can have elements +that are other lists that can have + + align:start position:0% +that are other lists that can have + + + align:start position:0% +that are other lists that can have +elements that are other lists that can + + align:start position:0% +elements that are other lists that can + + + align:start position:0% +elements that are other lists that can +have elements as other lists so without + + align:start position:0% +have elements as other lists so without + + + align:start position:0% +have elements as other lists so without +knowing sort of how deep these lists + + align:start position:0% +knowing sort of how deep these lists + + + align:start position:0% +knowing sort of how deep these lists +within lists within lists go so um it's + + align:start position:0% +within lists within lists go so um it's + + + align:start position:0% +within lists within lists go so um it's +going to be really hard to write + + align:start position:0% +going to be really hard to write + + + align:start position:0% +going to be really hard to write +iterative code it's possible but it's + + align:start position:0% +iterative code it's possible but it's + + + align:start position:0% +iterative code it's possible but it's +going to be really hard and instead + + align:start position:0% +going to be really hard and instead + + + align:start position:0% +going to be really hard and instead +we're going to see that the recursive + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see that the recursive + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to see that the recursive +version of this code is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +version of this code is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +version of this code is going to be a +lot more intuitive in the long run maybe + + align:start position:0% +lot more intuitive in the long run maybe + + + align:start position:0% +lot more intuitive in the long run maybe +not in you know maybe not right off the + + align:start position:0% +not in you know maybe not right off the + + + align:start position:0% +not in you know maybe not right off the +bat but definitely it's a lot easier to + + align:start position:0% +bat but definitely it's a lot easier to + + + align:start position:0% +bat but definitely it's a lot easier to +write uh to write and to + + align:start position:0% +write uh to write and to + + + align:start position:0% +write uh to write and to +read so let's think about lists in a + + align:start position:0% +read so let's think about lists in a + + + align:start position:0% +read so let's think about lists in a +recursive way okay so if we were doing + + align:start position:0% +recursive way okay so if we were doing + + + align:start position:0% +recursive way okay so if we were doing +iteratively what we'd say is we're going + + align:start position:0% +iteratively what we'd say is we're going + + + align:start position:0% +iteratively what we'd say is we're going +to Loop through each element and do + + align:start position:0% +to Loop through each element and do + + + align:start position:0% +to Loop through each element and do +something the problem we're going to + + align:start position:0% +something the problem we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +something the problem we're going to +solve is figuring out the sum of all the + + align:start position:0% +solve is figuring out the sum of all the + + + align:start position:0% +solve is figuring out the sum of all the +elements in a list to begin with so + + align:start position:0% +elements in a list to begin with so + + + align:start position:0% +elements in a list to begin with so +iteratively we just said right we Loop + + align:start position:0% +iteratively we just said right we Loop + + + align:start position:0% +iteratively we just said right we Loop +over each element in the list and keep + + align:start position:0% +over each element in the list and keep + + + align:start position:0% +over each element in the list and keep +it uh in our result so I've got these + + align:start position:0% +it uh in our result so I've got these + + + align:start position:0% +it uh in our result so I've got these +State variables I talked about last time + + align:start position:0% +State variables I talked about last time + + + align:start position:0% +State variables I talked about last time +right result and E that keep track of + + align:start position:0% +right result and E that keep track of + + + align:start position:0% +right result and E that keep track of +which element we're at and what the + + align:start position:0% +which element we're at and what the + + + align:start position:0% +which element we're at and what the +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +recursively remember we're going to make + + align:start position:0% +recursively remember we're going to make + + + align:start position:0% +recursively remember we're going to make +all these function calls into until we + + align:start position:0% +all these function calls into until we + + + align:start position:0% +all these function calls into until we +get to a base case at which point we're + + align:start position:0% +get to a base case at which point we're + + + align:start position:0% +get to a base case at which point we're +going to start to build up our + + align:start position:0% +going to start to build up our + + + align:start position:0% +going to start to build up our +result so how can we think about this uh + + align:start position:0% +result so how can we think about this uh + + + align:start position:0% +result so how can we think about this uh +this list recursively well let's say + + align:start position:0% +this list recursively well let's say + + + align:start position:0% +this list recursively well let's say +that we have a list and we want to find + + align:start position:0% +that we have a list and we want to find + + + align:start position:0% +that we have a list and we want to find +the sum of all its elements that's our + + align:start position:0% +the sum of all its elements that's our + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of all its elements that's our +original problem okay now let's say that + + align:start position:0% +original problem okay now let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +original problem okay now let's say that +we take the first + + align:start position:0% +we take the first + + + align:start position:0% +we take the first +element and we just extract it out right + + align:start position:0% +element and we just extract it out right + + + align:start position:0% +element and we just extract it out right +we know we have this list with a bunch + + align:start position:0% +we know we have this list with a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +we know we have this list with a bunch +of elements let's take the first one we + + align:start position:0% +of elements let's take the first one we + + + align:start position:0% +of elements let's take the first one we +know it's a + + align:start position:0% +know it's a + + + align:start position:0% +know it's a +10 and then let's consider the remaining + + align:start position:0% +10 and then let's consider the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +10 and then let's consider the remaining +elements so the 20 + + align:start position:0% +elements so the 20 + + + align:start position:0% +elements so the 20 +onward + + align:start position:0% +onward + + + align:start position:0% +onward +if I take my + + align:start position:0% +if I take my + + + align:start position:0% +if I take my +10 and I know the answer to the sum of + + align:start position:0% +10 and I know the answer to the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +10 and I know the answer to the sum of +all the elements in 20 + + align:start position:0% +all the elements in 20 + + + align:start position:0% +all the elements in 20 +onward right then all I need to do to + + align:start position:0% +onward right then all I need to do to + + + align:start position:0% +onward right then all I need to do to +figure out the sum of my original list + + align:start position:0% +figure out the sum of my original list + + + align:start position:0% +figure out the sum of my original list +right this one here is to say it's the + + align:start position:0% +right this one here is to say it's the + + + align:start position:0% +right this one here is to say it's the +10 plus the sum of whatever the the sum + + align:start position:0% +10 plus the sum of whatever the the sum + + + align:start position:0% +10 plus the sum of whatever the the sum +of the 20 onward is okay now the sum for + + align:start position:0% +of the 20 onward is okay now the sum for + + + align:start position:0% +of the 20 onward is okay now the sum for +elements 20 onward is the same problem + + align:start position:0% +elements 20 onward is the same problem + + + align:start position:0% +elements 20 onward is the same problem +again right it's the problem of finding + + align:start position:0% +again right it's the problem of finding + + + align:start position:0% +again right it's the problem of finding +the sum of all the elements in a list it + + align:start position:0% +the sum of all the elements in a list it + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of all the elements in a list it +just so happens that our list is now our + + align:start position:0% +just so happens that our list is now our + + + align:start position:0% +just so happens that our list is now our +original list without that first element + + align:start position:0% +original list without that first element + + + align:start position:0% +original list without that first element +in it does everyone understand that + + align:start position:0% +in it does everyone understand that + + + align:start position:0% +in it does everyone understand that +right we've got our original problem and + + align:start position:0% +right we've got our original problem and + + + align:start position:0% +right we've got our original problem and +we've just made the same problem again + + align:start position:0% +we've just made the same problem again + + + align:start position:0% +we've just made the same problem again +just a slightly different version of it + + align:start position:0% +just a slightly different version of it + + + align:start position:0% +just a slightly different version of it +all the list except for that first + + align:start position:0% +all the list except for that first + + + align:start position:0% +all the list except for that first +element so now we do the same thing + + align:start position:0% +element so now we do the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +element so now we do the same thing +right let's say this is our new list we + + align:start position:0% +right let's say this is our new list we + + + align:start position:0% +right let's say this is our new list we +extract the first element from it and we + + align:start position:0% +extract the first element from it and we + + + align:start position:0% +extract the first element from it and we +consider the elements except for that + + align:start position:0% +consider the elements except for that + + + align:start position:0% +consider the elements except for that +first one as a new list and again if I + + align:start position:0% +first one as a new list and again if I + + + align:start position:0% +first one as a new list and again if I +knew what the sum of 30 all the way on + + align:start position:0% +knew what the sum of 30 all the way on + + + align:start position:0% +knew what the sum of 30 all the way on +to 60 was all I need to do is add it to + + align:start position:0% +to 60 was all I need to do is add it to + + + align:start position:0% +to 60 was all I need to do is add it to +the 20 that I extracted and I would know + + align:start position:0% +the 20 that I extracted and I would know + + + align:start position:0% +the 20 that I extracted and I would know +the sum of this list so we keep doing + + align:start position:0% +the sum of this list so we keep doing + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of this list so we keep doing +that right we take our list extract the + + align:start position:0% +that right we take our list extract the + + + align:start position:0% +that right we take our list extract the +30 and consider the remaining elements + + align:start position:0% +30 and consider the remaining elements + + + align:start position:0% +30 and consider the remaining elements +as a as a list same deal if I knew what + + align:start position:0% +as a as a list same deal if I knew what + + + align:start position:0% +as a as a list same deal if I knew what +40 plus 50 plus 60 was right the sum of + + align:start position:0% +40 plus 50 plus 60 was right the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +40 plus 50 plus 60 was right the sum of +all the elements in this list I'd just + + align:start position:0% +all the elements in this list I'd just + + + align:start position:0% +all the elements in this list I'd just +add it to the 30 and I have the answer + + align:start position:0% +add it to the 30 and I have the answer + + + align:start position:0% +add it to the 30 and I have the answer +to that problem and we keep doing this + + align:start position:0% +to that problem and we keep doing this + + + align:start position:0% +to that problem and we keep doing this +extracting an element and considering + + align:start position:0% +extracting an element and considering + + + align:start position:0% +extracting an element and considering +the remaining lists all the way down to + + align:start position:0% +the remaining lists all the way down to + + + align:start position:0% +the remaining lists all the way down to +when we have a list with just one + + align:start position:0% +when we have a list with just one + + + align:start position:0% +when we have a list with just one +element in it well this is a pretty + + align:start position:0% +element in it well this is a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +element in it well this is a pretty +simple problem to solve if I have a list + + align:start position:0% +simple problem to solve if I have a list + + + align:start position:0% +simple problem to solve if I have a list +with one element in it the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +with one element in it the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +with one element in it the sum of the +elements within that list is just the + + align:start position:0% +elements within that list is just the + + + align:start position:0% +elements within that list is just the +value of that element right it's just 60 + + align:start position:0% +value of that element right it's just 60 + + + align:start position:0% +value of that element right it's just 60 +so very simple problem no need to keep + + align:start position:0% +so very simple problem no need to keep + + + align:start position:0% +so very simple problem no need to keep +sort of going further dividing this + + align:start position:0% +sort of going further dividing this + + + align:start position:0% +sort of going further dividing this +problem into smaller pieces I already + + align:start position:0% +problem into smaller pieces I already + + + align:start position:0% +problem into smaller pieces I already +know the answer to this one it's very + + align:start position:0% +know the answer to this one it's very + + + align:start position:0% +know the answer to this one it's very +simple so this is our base case and we + + align:start position:0% +simple so this is our base case and we + + + align:start position:0% +simple so this is our base case and we +know the sum of the elements of in a + + align:start position:0% +know the sum of the elements of in a + + + align:start position:0% +know the sum of the elements of in a +list with length one is that + + align:start position:0% +list with length one is that + + + align:start position:0% +list with length one is that +element so once we reached the base case + + align:start position:0% +element so once we reached the base case + + + align:start position:0% +element so once we reached the base case +we build back up our result right we + + align:start position:0% +we build back up our result right we + + + align:start position:0% +we build back up our result right we +take the 60 and we had extracted the 50 + + align:start position:0% +take the 60 and we had extracted the 50 + + + align:start position:0% +take the 60 and we had extracted the 50 +originally so we're going to pass the + + align:start position:0% +originally so we're going to pass the + + + align:start position:0% +originally so we're going to pass the +sum back up to whoever called it which + + align:start position:0% +sum back up to whoever called it which + + + align:start position:0% +sum back up to whoever called it which +was the function that extracted the 50 + + align:start position:0% +was the function that extracted the 50 + + + align:start position:0% +was the function that extracted the 50 +so now the 50 plus the 60 is 110 now + + align:start position:0% +so now the 50 plus the 60 is 110 now + + + align:start position:0% +so now the 50 plus the 60 is 110 now +this 110 gets passed back up the chain + + align:start position:0% +this 110 gets passed back up the chain + + + align:start position:0% +this 110 gets passed back up the chain +when we extracted the 40 we said well + + align:start position:0% +when we extracted the 40 we said well + + + align:start position:0% +when we extracted the 40 we said well +I'm going to add the 40 to the sum of + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to add the 40 to the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to add the 40 to the sum of +the 50 and the 60 110 which is 150 pass + + align:start position:0% +the 50 and the 60 110 which is 150 pass + + + align:start position:0% +the 50 and the 60 110 which is 150 pass +that answer back up the chain when I + + align:start position:0% +that answer back up the chain when I + + + align:start position:0% +that answer back up the chain when I +extracted the 30 I said I was just going + + align:start position:0% +extracted the 30 I said I was just going + + + align:start position:0% +extracted the 30 I said I was just going +to add the 30 with the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +to add the 30 with the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +to add the 30 with the sum of the +remaining things which I figured out is + + align:start position:0% +remaining things which I figured out is + + + align:start position:0% +remaining things which I figured out is +150 the 20 right I had extracted it + + align:start position:0% +150 the 20 right I had extracted it + + + align:start position:0% +150 the 20 right I had extracted it +becomes 20 plus the sum of everybody + + align:start position:0% +becomes 20 plus the sum of everybody + + + align:start position:0% +becomes 20 plus the sum of everybody +else which is 180 right so the sum is + + align:start position:0% +else which is 180 right so the sum is + + + align:start position:0% +else which is 180 right so the sum is +200 and then finally my original + + align:start position:0% +200 and then finally my original + + + align:start position:0% +200 and then finally my original +question was to take extract the 10 add + + align:start position:0% +question was to take extract the 10 add + + + align:start position:0% +question was to take extract the 10 add +it to everything else which is the 200 + + align:start position:0% +it to everything else which is the 200 + + + align:start position:0% +it to everything else which is the 200 +that we figured out so the full sum is + + align:start position:0% +that we figured out so the full sum is + + + align:start position:0% +that we figured out so the full sum is +210 uh does that make sense this this + + align:start position:0% +210 uh does that make sense this this + + + align:start position:0% +210 uh does that make sense this this +animation Okay so we've got the division + + align:start position:0% +animation Okay so we've got the division + + + align:start position:0% +animation Okay so we've got the division +all the way down to the base case and + + align:start position:0% +all the way down to the base case and + + + align:start position:0% +all the way down to the base case and +building back up the result so let's try + + align:start position:0% +building back up the result so let's try + + + align:start position:0% +building back up the result so let's try +to write it so we're going to write it + + align:start position:0% +to write it so we're going to write it + + + align:start position:0% +to write it so we're going to write it +in in pieces so the function is called + + align:start position:0% +in in pieces so the function is called + + + align:start position:0% +in in pieces so the function is called +total recur it takes in a list L we're + + align:start position:0% +total recur it takes in a list L we're + + + align:start position:0% +total recur it takes in a list L we're +going to recursively figure out the sum + + align:start position:0% +going to recursively figure out the sum + + + align:start position:0% +going to recursively figure out the sum +of all the elements in this list + + align:start position:0% +of all the elements in this list + + + align:start position:0% +of all the elements in this list +so we can have a base case when the list + + align:start position:0% +so we can have a base case when the list + + + align:start position:0% +so we can have a base case when the list +is empty we can return zero up to you um + + align:start position:0% +is empty we can return zero up to you um + + + align:start position:0% +is empty we can return zero up to you um +another base case which is the one that + + align:start position:0% +another base case which is the one that + + + align:start position:0% +another base case which is the one that +I Illustrated on the previous slide is + + align:start position:0% +I Illustrated on the previous slide is + + + align:start position:0% +I Illustrated on the previous slide is +when the length of the list is + + align:start position:0% +when the length of the list is + + + align:start position:0% +when the length of the list is +one okay so when the length of the list + + align:start position:0% +one okay so when the length of the list + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so when the length of the list +is one what's the sum going to be no + + align:start position:0% +is one what's the sum going to be no + + + align:start position:0% +is one what's the sum going to be no +need for recursion it's just that + + align:start position:0% +need for recursion it's just that + + + align:start position:0% +need for recursion it's just that +element and so in these slides what I've + + align:start position:0% +element and so in these slides what I've + + + align:start position:0% +element and so in these slides what I've +also included right in addition to the + + align:start position:0% +also included right in addition to the + + + align:start position:0% +also included right in addition to the +code is a little example so it helps you + + align:start position:0% +code is a little example so it helps you + + + align:start position:0% +code is a little example so it helps you +think about what the function returns + + align:start position:0% +think about what the function returns + + + align:start position:0% +think about what the function returns +right so in this base case when the + + align:start position:0% +right so in this base case when the + + + align:start position:0% +right so in this base case when the +length of the list is one the list would + + align:start position:0% +length of the list is one the list would + + + align:start position:0% +length of the list is one the list would +look something like this and all I'd + + align:start position:0% +look something like this and all I'd + + + align:start position:0% +look something like this and all I'd +need to do is return L at index zero so + + align:start position:0% +need to do is return L at index zero so + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is return L at index zero so +the 50 and that's my sum okay and that's + + align:start position:0% +the 50 and that's my sum okay and that's + + + align:start position:0% +the 50 and that's my sum okay and that's +what I'm doing here returning L at index + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing here returning L at index + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm doing here returning L at index +zero cool now the recursive step + + align:start position:0% +zero cool now the recursive step + + + align:start position:0% +zero cool now the recursive step +remember in the recursive step I + + align:start position:0% +remember in the recursive step I + + + align:start position:0% +remember in the recursive step I +extracted the first element and I said + + align:start position:0% +extracted the first element and I said + + + align:start position:0% +extracted the first element and I said +let me save this first element so here + + align:start position:0% +let me save this first element so here + + + align:start position:0% +let me save this first element so here +it is being saved as L at + + align:start position:0% +it is being saved as L at + + + align:start position:0% +it is being saved as L at +index0 and I'm going to add it to + + align:start position:0% +index0 and I'm going to add it to + + + align:start position:0% +index0 and I'm going to add it to +something right so in this example here + + align:start position:0% +something right so in this example here + + + align:start position:0% +something right so in this example here +I've got this list that's longer than + + align:start position:0% +I've got this list that's longer than + + + align:start position:0% +I've got this list that's longer than +one I'm extracting the 30 Ln index zero + + align:start position:0% +one I'm extracting the 30 Ln index zero + + + align:start position:0% +one I'm extracting the 30 Ln index zero +and I'm going to add it to + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to add it to + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to add it to +something well that something based on + + align:start position:0% +something well that something based on + + + align:start position:0% +something well that something based on +the uh slides uh the previous uh uh + + align:start position:0% +the uh slides uh the previous uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +the uh slides uh the previous uh uh +slide right where I did the animation is + + align:start position:0% +slide right where I did the animation is + + + align:start position:0% +slide right where I did the animation is +going to be us putting our trust in the + + align:start position:0% +going to be us putting our trust in the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be us putting our trust in the +fact that we write this function + + align:start position:0% +fact that we write this function + + + align:start position:0% +fact that we write this function +correctly right that something is going + + align:start position:0% +correctly right that something is going + + + align:start position:0% +correctly right that something is going +to be us figuring out what the sum is of + + align:start position:0% +to be us figuring out what the sum is of + + + align:start position:0% +to be us figuring out what the sum is of +40 and 50 right it's the same problem + + align:start position:0% +40 and 50 right it's the same problem + + + align:start position:0% +40 and 50 right it's the same problem +we're trying to solve right now the sum + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to solve right now the sum + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to solve right now the sum +of 30 40 50 except that now I'm just + + align:start position:0% +of 30 40 50 except that now I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +of 30 40 50 except that now I'm just +going to take the sum of just the 40 and + + align:start position:0% +going to take the sum of just the 40 and + + + align:start position:0% +going to take the sum of just the 40 and +the 50 okay so that's something becomes + + align:start position:0% +the 50 okay so that's something becomes + + + align:start position:0% +the 50 okay so that's something becomes +the same function we're writing right + + align:start position:0% +the same function we're writing right + + + align:start position:0% +the same function we're writing right +now total + + align:start position:0% +now total + + + align:start position:0% +now total +recur except that I'm not calling it on + + align:start position:0% +recur except that I'm not calling it on + + + align:start position:0% +recur except that I'm not calling it on +L not the whole thing all over again + + align:start position:0% +L not the whole thing all over again + + + align:start position:0% +L not the whole thing all over again +that would be bad but I'm going to call + + align:start position:0% +that would be bad but I'm going to call + + + align:start position:0% +that would be bad but I'm going to call +it on L from index one onward so + + align:start position:0% +it on L from index one onward so + + + align:start position:0% +it on L from index one onward so +essentially removing that first + + align:start position:0% +essentially removing that first + + + align:start position:0% +essentially removing that first +element is everyone okay with + + align:start position:0% +element is everyone okay with + + + align:start position:0% +element is everyone okay with +that okay + + align:start position:0% +that okay + + + align:start position:0% +that okay +so that's it that's the function nothing + + align:start position:0% +so that's it that's the function nothing + + + align:start position:0% +so that's it that's the function nothing +else to write right no Loop we've + + align:start position:0% +else to write right no Loop we've + + + align:start position:0% +else to write right no Loop we've +basically written a function assuming + + align:start position:0% +basically written a function assuming + + + align:start position:0% +basically written a function assuming +that we wrote the function correctly + + align:start position:0% +that we wrote the function correctly + + + align:start position:0% +that we wrote the function correctly +right which is a very strange way to + + align:start position:0% +right which is a very strange way to + + + align:start position:0% +right which is a very strange way to +think about recursion but that's + + align:start position:0% +think about recursion but that's + + + align:start position:0% +think about recursion but that's +essentially what it is you're trusting + + align:start position:0% +essentially what it is you're trusting + + + align:start position:0% +essentially what it is you're trusting +yourself to write this function + + align:start position:0% +yourself to write this function + + + align:start position:0% +yourself to write this function +correctly such that your recursive step + + align:start position:0% +correctly such that your recursive step + + + align:start position:0% +correctly such that your recursive step +leads you to the base case so that you + + align:start position:0% +leads you to the base case so that you + + + align:start position:0% +leads you to the base case so that you +can build back up the result correctly + + align:start position:0% +can build back up the result correctly + + + align:start position:0% +can build back up the result correctly +so there's a lot of trust involved in + + align:start position:0% +so there's a lot of trust involved in + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a lot of trust involved in +writing these functions + + align:start position:0% +writing these functions + + + align:start position:0% +writing these functions +recursively + + align:start position:0% +recursively + + + align:start position:0% +recursively +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um okay so I'm not going to go through + + align:start position:0% +um okay so I'm not going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so I'm not going to go through +the python tutor but you should + + align:start position:0% +the python tutor but you should + + + align:start position:0% +the python tutor but you should +definitely go through it on your own um + + align:start position:0% +definitely go through it on your own um + + + align:start position:0% +definitely go through it on your own um +you know as a practice for the quiz + + align:start position:0% +you know as a practice for the quiz + + + align:start position:0% +you know as a practice for the quiz +things like that um let's have you write + + align:start position:0% +things like that um let's have you write + + + align:start position:0% +things like that um let's have you write +this then okay so it's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +this then okay so it's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +this then okay so it's going to be a +slight modification to the code we just + + align:start position:0% +slight modification to the code we just + + + align:start position:0% +slight modification to the code we just +wrote so it's going to take in a list as + + align:start position:0% +wrote so it's going to take in a list as + + + align:start position:0% +wrote so it's going to take in a list as +its parameter and instead of summing the + + align:start position:0% +its parameter and instead of summing the + + + align:start position:0% +its parameter and instead of summing the +elements in the list right like we did + + align:start position:0% +elements in the list right like we did + + + align:start position:0% +elements in the list right like we did +you know 10 plus 20 plus 30 whatever I + + align:start position:0% +you know 10 plus 20 plus 30 whatever I + + + align:start position:0% +you know 10 plus 20 plus 30 whatever I +would like you to sum the lengths of of + + align:start position:0% +would like you to sum the lengths of of + + + align:start position:0% +would like you to sum the lengths of of +the elements in the list right so if I + + align:start position:0% +the elements in the list right so if I + + + align:start position:0% +the elements in the list right so if I +pass it in this function it's going to + + align:start position:0% +pass it in this function it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +pass it in this function it's going to +sum the length of this two plus the + + align:start position:0% +sum the length of this two plus the + + + align:start position:0% +sum the length of this two plus the +length of this one plus the length of + + align:start position:0% +length of this one plus the length of + + + align:start position:0% +length of this one plus the length of +this five 2 plus 1 plus 5 so it'll be a + + align:start position:0% +this five 2 plus 1 plus 5 so it'll be a + + + align:start position:0% +this five 2 plus 1 plus 5 so it'll be a +very slight modification to the code + + align:start position:0% +very slight modification to the code + + + align:start position:0% +very slight modification to the code +that we just looked at and here it is + + align:start position:0% +that we just looked at and here it is + + + align:start position:0% +that we just looked at and here it is +online + + align:start position:0% +online + + + align:start position:0% +online +70ish um so think about the base case + + align:start position:0% +70ish um so think about the base case + + + align:start position:0% +70ish um so think about the base case +right if you have a list with one + + align:start position:0% +right if you have a list with one + + + align:start position:0% +right if you have a list with one +element in it what do you return and if + + align:start position:0% +element in it what do you return and if + + + align:start position:0% +element in it what do you return and if +you have a list with many elements how + + align:start position:0% +you have a list with many elements how + + + align:start position:0% +you have a list with many elements how +can you put your trust in something that + + align:start position:0% +can you put your trust in something that + + + align:start position:0% +can you put your trust in something that +you just wrote to help you get uh uh get + + align:start position:0% +you just wrote to help you get uh uh get + + + align:start position:0% +you just wrote to help you get uh uh get +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +answer all right what do you guys have + + align:start position:0% +answer all right what do you guys have + + + align:start position:0% +answer all right what do you guys have +for me so let's start with the base case + + align:start position:0% +for me so let's start with the base case + + + align:start position:0% +for me so let's start with the base case +and if you're having trouble I encourage + + align:start position:0% +and if you're having trouble I encourage + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're having trouble I encourage +you to just in a little comment just + + align:start position:0% +you to just in a little comment just + + + align:start position:0% +you to just in a little comment just +write down sort of what that base case + + align:start position:0% +write down sort of what that base case + + + align:start position:0% +write down sort of what that base case +looks like right like I did in the + + align:start position:0% +looks like right like I did in the + + + align:start position:0% +looks like right like I did in the +slides it looks like this right so what + + align:start position:0% +slides it looks like this right so what + + + align:start position:0% +slides it looks like this right so what +would I return if I have a list with one + + align:start position:0% +would I return if I have a list with one + + + align:start position:0% +would I return if I have a list with one +element in it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yep exactly so we would return the + + align:start position:0% +yeah yep exactly so we would return the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yep exactly so we would return the +length of that element right so the + + align:start position:0% +length of that element right so the + + + align:start position:0% +length of that element right so the +length of whatever this is AB whatever + + align:start position:0% +length of whatever this is AB whatever + + + align:start position:0% +length of whatever this is AB whatever +awesome how do we do the recursive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +step + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yes exactly + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes exactly + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes exactly +total Len recur with what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +list yep so we're going to extract that + + align:start position:0% +list yep so we're going to extract that + + + align:start position:0% +list yep so we're going to extract that +first one so this will give us the the + + align:start position:0% +first one so this will give us the the + + + align:start position:0% +first one so this will give us the the +sum of the links of everybody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else exactly so we also need to add it + + align:start position:0% +else exactly so we also need to add it + + + align:start position:0% +else exactly so we also need to add it +to yeah L at zero right so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +to yeah L at zero right so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +to yeah L at zero right so it's it's +it's fine to do it even before or after + + align:start position:0% +it's fine to do it even before or after + + + align:start position:0% +it's fine to do it even before or after +because we're just summing these two + + align:start position:0% +because we're just summing these two + + + align:start position:0% +because we're just summing these two +values so it doesn't matter if you're + + align:start position:0% +values so it doesn't matter if you're + + + align:start position:0% +values so it doesn't matter if you're +you know the order that you're summing + + align:start position:0% +you know the order that you're summing + + + align:start position:0% +you know the order that you're summing +them um so that that that's perfect any + + align:start position:0% +them um so that that that's perfect any + + + align:start position:0% +them um so that that that's perfect any +questions about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +code yes sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +than doing the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what so in terms of efficiency um recurs + + align:start position:0% +what so in terms of efficiency um recurs + + + align:start position:0% +what so in terms of efficiency um recurs +this Rec this function will + + align:start position:0% +this Rec this function will + + + align:start position:0% +this Rec this function will +be slightly less efficient I would say + + align:start position:0% +be slightly less efficient I would say + + + align:start position:0% +be slightly less efficient I would say +yeah because it there's a little + + align:start position:0% +yeah because it there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +yeah because it there's a little +overhead in actually making a function + + align:start position:0% +overhead in actually making a function + + + align:start position:0% +overhead in actually making a function +call um + + align:start position:0% +call um + + + align:start position:0% +call um +whereas if you use a built-in operator + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you use a built-in operator + + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you use a built-in operator +it's been optimized to work pretty fast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah not doing in the backg no when it's + + align:start position:0% +yeah not doing in the backg no when it's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah not doing in the backg no when it's +doing plus equals it's definitely not + + align:start position:0% +doing plus equals it's definitely not + + + align:start position:0% +doing plus equals it's definitely not +doing this in the background exactly y + + align:start position:0% +doing this in the background exactly y + + + align:start position:0% +doing this in the background exactly y +but this is just I mean we we're I I'm + + align:start position:0% +but this is just I mean we we're I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +but this is just I mean we we're I I'm +trying to uh show you recursion on + + align:start position:0% +trying to uh show you recursion on + + + align:start position:0% +trying to uh show you recursion on +something that you know you wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +something that you know you wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +something that you know you wouldn't +typically use recursion on just to help + + align:start position:0% +typically use recursion on just to help + + + align:start position:0% +typically use recursion on just to help +illustrate the idea of recursion um + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the idea of recursion um + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the idea of recursion um +certainly you can use an iterative + + align:start position:0% +certainly you can use an iterative + + + align:start position:0% +certainly you can use an iterative +algorithm obviously to calculate the sum + + align:start position:0% +algorithm obviously to calculate the sum + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm obviously to calculate the sum +of these these elements and it's more + + align:start position:0% +of these these elements and it's more + + + align:start position:0% +of these these elements and it's more +intuitive more in line with what we've + + align:start position:0% +intuitive more in line with what we've + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive more in line with what we've +been learning so far + + align:start position:0% +been learning so far + + + align:start position:0% +been learning so far +right yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um excellent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now let's look at a slightly + + align:start position:0% +so now let's look at a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's look at a slightly +different problem so instead of finding + + align:start position:0% +different problem so instead of finding + + + align:start position:0% +different problem so instead of finding +the sum of all the elements in a list + + align:start position:0% +the sum of all the elements in a list + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of all the elements in a list +let's tackle the problem of looking for + + align:start position:0% +let's tackle the problem of looking for + + + align:start position:0% +let's tackle the problem of looking for +an element in a list right completely + + align:start position:0% +an element in a list right completely + + + align:start position:0% +an element in a list right completely +different but we're still doing some + + align:start position:0% +different but we're still doing some + + + align:start position:0% +different but we're still doing some +sort of list + + align:start position:0% +sort of list + + + align:start position:0% +sort of list +operations um we're going to start with + + align:start position:0% +operations um we're going to start with + + + align:start position:0% +operations um we're going to start with +an implementation that's not quite right + + align:start position:0% +an implementation that's not quite right + + + align:start position:0% +an implementation that's not quite right +and you'll see why in a little bit so + + align:start position:0% +and you'll see why in a little bit so + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll see why in a little bit so +let's follow the same sort of pattern + + align:start position:0% +let's follow the same sort of pattern + + + align:start position:0% +let's follow the same sort of pattern +that we've seen in the previous one so + + align:start position:0% +that we've seen in the previous one so + + + align:start position:0% +that we've seen in the previous one so +let's consider a list of length + + align:start position:0% +let's consider a list of length + + + align:start position:0% +let's consider a list of length +one in this particular case if I have a + + align:start position:0% +one in this particular case if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +one in this particular case if I have a +list with only one element in it how do + + align:start position:0% +list with only one element in it how do + + + align:start position:0% +list with only one element in it how do +I know if that element is the one I'm + + align:start position:0% +I know if that element is the one I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I know if that element is the one I'm +looking for well I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +looking for well I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +looking for well I'm just going to +return this Boolean right whether L at + + align:start position:0% +return this Boolean right whether L at + + + align:start position:0% +return this Boolean right whether L at +index zero that element is the one one + + align:start position:0% +index zero that element is the one one + + + align:start position:0% +index zero that element is the one one +I'm looking for the E so notice this en + + align:start position:0% +I'm looking for the E so notice this en + + + align:start position:0% +I'm looking for the E so notice this en +list is passing in a list uh the list + + align:start position:0% +list is passing in a list uh the list + + + align:start position:0% +list is passing in a list uh the list +itself and the element I'm looking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for um I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +okay so then let's look at the recursive + + align:start position:0% +okay so then let's look at the recursive + + + align:start position:0% +okay so then let's look at the recursive +step the recursive step in this + + align:start position:0% +step the recursive step in this + + + align:start position:0% +step the recursive step in this +particular case let's say it says well + + align:start position:0% +particular case let's say it says well + + + align:start position:0% +particular case let's say it says well +else right we might think to say well if + + align:start position:0% +else right we might think to say well if + + + align:start position:0% +else right we might think to say well if +it's not the one I'm looking for then + + align:start position:0% +it's not the one I'm looking for then + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the one I'm looking for then +let's look in the remainder of the list + + align:start position:0% +let's look in the remainder of the list + + + align:start position:0% +let's look in the remainder of the list +so like we did in the previous case + + align:start position:0% +so like we did in the previous case + + + align:start position:0% +so like we did in the previous case +let's apply the same function we're + + align:start position:0% +let's apply the same function we're + + + align:start position:0% +let's apply the same function we're +writing right now to all the elements + + align:start position:0% +writing right now to all the elements + + + align:start position:0% +writing right now to all the elements +except for the first one right and we're + + align:start position:0% +except for the first one right and we're + + + align:start position:0% +except for the first one right and we're +still looking for Element e in that + + align:start position:0% +still looking for Element e in that + + + align:start position:0% +still looking for Element e in that +remaining uh those remaining + + align:start position:0% +remaining uh those remaining + + + align:start position:0% +remaining uh those remaining +elements okay so we can test it out and + + align:start position:0% +elements okay so we can test it out and + + + align:start position:0% +elements okay so we can test it out and +if we actually run it again please I + + align:start position:0% +if we actually run it again please I + + + align:start position:0% +if we actually run it again please I +encourage you to do python tutor on your + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to do python tutor on your + + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to do python tutor on your +own but we can test it out and + + align:start position:0% +own but we can test it out and + + + align:start position:0% +own but we can test it out and +say uh if in this particular case two + + align:start position:0% +say uh if in this particular case two + + + align:start position:0% +say uh if in this particular case two +2581 if I actually run this code it will + + align:start position:0% +2581 if I actually run this code it will + + + align:start position:0% +2581 if I actually run this code it will +give me true so it found the one inside + + align:start position:0% +give me true so it found the one inside + + + align:start position:0% +give me true so it found the one inside +the list + + align:start position:0% +the list + + + align:start position:0% +the list +2581 which is good right it's exactly + + align:start position:0% +2581 which is good right it's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +2581 which is good right it's exactly +what we + + align:start position:0% +what we + + + align:start position:0% +what we +wanted but if I change my input list + + align:start position:0% +wanted but if I change my input list + + + align:start position:0% +wanted but if I change my input list +slightly right and I've got + + align:start position:0% +slightly right and I've got + + + align:start position:0% +slightly right and I've got +2158 the element I'm looking for is here + + align:start position:0% +2158 the element I'm looking for is here + + + align:start position:0% +2158 the element I'm looking for is here +the code will actually give me false the + + align:start position:0% +the code will actually give me false the + + + align:start position:0% +the code will actually give me false the +one that I just wrote which is not okay + + align:start position:0% +one that I just wrote which is not okay + + + align:start position:0% +one that I just wrote which is not okay +right I see the one is right over + + align:start position:0% +right I see the one is right over + + + align:start position:0% +right I see the one is right over +there and so what exactly is going on so + + align:start position:0% +there and so what exactly is going on so + + + align:start position:0% +there and so what exactly is going on so +we can run uh the + + align:start position:0% +we can run uh the + + + align:start position:0% +we can run uh the +code um here so this is this code + + align:start position:0% +code um here so this is this code + + + align:start position:0% +code um here so this is this code +here if you see that it gives you the + + align:start position:0% +here if you see that it gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +here if you see that it gives you the +incorrect value one thing you could do + + align:start position:0% +incorrect value one thing you could do + + + align:start position:0% +incorrect value one thing you could do +when you're doing recursion is to put a + + align:start position:0% +when you're doing recursion is to put a + + + align:start position:0% +when you're doing recursion is to put a +print statement within um within the + + align:start position:0% +print statement within um within the + + + align:start position:0% +print statement within um within the +function itself right so we can print + + align:start position:0% +function itself right so we can print + + + align:start position:0% +function itself right so we can print +maybe the list we're currently at and + + align:start position:0% +maybe the list we're currently at and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the list we're currently at and +the element we're looking for and see + + align:start position:0% +the element we're looking for and see + + + align:start position:0% +the element we're looking for and see +exactly what's going on so if I run it + + align:start position:0% +exactly what's going on so if I run it + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what's going on so if I run it +it will say well first time through the + + align:start position:0% +it will say well first time through the + + + align:start position:0% +it will say well first time through the +uh through the function call I'm looking + + align:start position:0% +uh through the function call I'm looking + + + align:start position:0% +uh through the function call I'm looking +for the number one in this list the next + + align:start position:0% +for the number one in this list the next + + + align:start position:0% +for the number one in this list the next +time I'm looking for the one in this + + align:start position:0% +time I'm looking for the one in this + + + align:start position:0% +time I'm looking for the one in this +list the next time I'm looking for the + + align:start position:0% +list the next time I'm looking for the + + + align:start position:0% +list the next time I'm looking for the +one in this list and the last time uh + + align:start position:0% +one in this list and the last time uh + + + align:start position:0% +one in this list and the last time uh +for my function call I'm looking for the + + align:start position:0% +for my function call I'm looking for the + + + align:start position:0% +for my function call I'm looking for the +one in this + + align:start position:0% +one in this + + + align:start position:0% +one in this +list right and already we see something + + align:start position:0% +list right and already we see something + + + align:start position:0% +list right and already we see something +went wrong because as I was looking + + align:start position:0% +went wrong because as I was looking + + + align:start position:0% +went wrong because as I was looking +through these + + align:start position:0% +through these + + + align:start position:0% +through these +lists right I'm basically skipping over + + align:start position:0% +lists right I'm basically skipping over + + + align:start position:0% +lists right I'm basically skipping over +important elements right what this code + + align:start position:0% +important elements right what this code + + + align:start position:0% +important elements right what this code +is actually doing is only checking if + + align:start position:0% +is actually doing is only checking if + + + align:start position:0% +is actually doing is only checking if +the last element is the one you're + + align:start position:0% +the last element is the one you're + + + align:start position:0% +the last element is the one you're +looking for right because it basically + + align:start position:0% +looking for right because it basically + + + align:start position:0% +looking for right because it basically +ignores that first element in the code + + align:start position:0% +ignores that first element in the code + + + align:start position:0% +ignores that first element in the code +right the code here yes it extracts that + + align:start position:0% +right the code here yes it extracts that + + + align:start position:0% +right the code here yes it extracts that +first element but it doesn't do anything + + align:start position:0% +first element but it doesn't do anything + + + align:start position:0% +first element but it doesn't do anything +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it so that's our problem okay what we + + align:start position:0% +it so that's our problem okay what we + + + align:start position:0% +it so that's our problem okay what we +want to do is still look at further + + align:start position:0% +want to do is still look at further + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is still look at further +elements in the list so that part of the + + align:start position:0% +elements in the list so that part of the + + + align:start position:0% +elements in the list so that part of the +code is correct but we we only want to + + align:start position:0% +code is correct but we we only want to + + + align:start position:0% +code is correct but we we only want to +do it in a certain situation and that + + align:start position:0% +do it in a certain situation and that + + + align:start position:0% +do it in a certain situation and that +situation is when the element that we + + align:start position:0% +situation is when the element that we + + + align:start position:0% +situation is when the element that we +just extracted L at index + + align:start position:0% +just extracted L at index + + + align:start position:0% +just extracted L at index +zero is not the one we're looking for + + align:start position:0% +zero is not the one we're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +zero is not the one we're looking for +right that little else + + align:start position:0% +right that little else + + + align:start position:0% +right that little else +case right so we still want to extract + + align:start position:0% +case right so we still want to extract + + + align:start position:0% +case right so we still want to extract +the first element if we have a list with + + align:start position:0% +the first element if we have a list with + + + align:start position:0% +the first element if we have a list with +more than one element in it but as we've + + align:start position:0% +more than one element in it but as we've + + + align:start position:0% +more than one element in it but as we've +extracted it check if it's the one we're + + align:start position:0% +extracted it check if it's the one we're + + + align:start position:0% +extracted it check if it's the one we're +looking for if it is returned true no + + align:start position:0% +looking for if it is returned true no + + + align:start position:0% +looking for if it is returned true no +need to keep searching the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +need to keep searching the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +need to keep searching the rest of the +elements in the list + + align:start position:0% +elements in the list + + + align:start position:0% +elements in the list +if it's not the one we're looking for + + align:start position:0% +if it's not the one we're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +if it's not the one we're looking for +this else here then we can look at the + + align:start position:0% +this else here then we can look at the + + + align:start position:0% +this else here then we can look at the +remaining elements in the list and run + + align:start position:0% +remaining elements in the list and run + + + align:start position:0% +remaining elements in the list and run +the exact same function we're writing + + align:start position:0% +the exact same function we're writing + + + align:start position:0% +the exact same function we're writing +right to check if the element is in the + + align:start position:0% +right to check if the element is in the + + + align:start position:0% +right to check if the element is in the +remaining + + align:start position:0% +remaining + + + align:start position:0% +remaining +list does this code make sense is it all + + align:start position:0% +list does this code make sense is it all + + + align:start position:0% +list does this code make sense is it all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +okay so the way I wrote this code is + + align:start position:0% +okay so the way I wrote this code is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the way I wrote this code is +sort of how I uh I I personally think + + align:start position:0% +sort of how I uh I I personally think + + + align:start position:0% +sort of how I uh I I personally think +about the problem um and right and if we + + align:start position:0% +about the problem um and right and if we + + + align:start position:0% +about the problem um and right and if we +run the code again it'll give me the + + align:start position:0% +run the code again it'll give me the + + + align:start position:0% +run the code again it'll give me the +correct answers each time but I wanted + + align:start position:0% +correct answers each time but I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +correct answers each time but I wanted +to mention that we can actually clean up + + align:start position:0% +to mention that we can actually clean up + + + align:start position:0% +to mention that we can actually clean up +the code a little bit and write it a + + align:start position:0% +the code a little bit and write it a + + + align:start position:0% +the code a little bit and write it a +little bit more uh + + align:start position:0% +little bit more uh + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more uh +pythonic um so it's you know it's a + + align:start position:0% +pythonic um so it's you know it's a + + + align:start position:0% +pythonic um so it's you know it's a +little bit nicer to read it's it's more + + align:start position:0% +little bit nicer to read it's it's more + + + align:start position:0% +little bit nicer to read it's it's more +cleaned up but one of the things that + + align:start position:0% +cleaned up but one of the things that + + + align:start position:0% +cleaned up but one of the things that +was um confusing for me when I first + + align:start position:0% +was um confusing for me when I first + + + align:start position:0% +was um confusing for me when I first +started learning recursion is that I + + align:start position:0% +started learning recursion is that I + + + align:start position:0% +started learning recursion is that I +would always see these beautiful cleaned + + align:start position:0% +would always see these beautiful cleaned + + + align:start position:0% +would always see these beautiful cleaned +up versions of code that do the + + align:start position:0% +up versions of code that do the + + + align:start position:0% +up versions of code that do the +recursion and that's not sort of how we + + align:start position:0% +recursion and that's not sort of how we + + + align:start position:0% +recursion and that's not sort of how we +approach thinking about the problem + + align:start position:0% +approach thinking about the problem + + + align:start position:0% +approach thinking about the problem +right I I can't can't come up with this + + align:start position:0% +right I I can't can't come up with this + + + align:start position:0% +right I I can't can't come up with this +nice form right off the bat and this is + + align:start position:0% +nice form right off the bat and this is + + + align:start position:0% +nice form right off the bat and this is +one example but there are certainly + + align:start position:0% +one example but there are certainly + + + align:start position:0% +one example but there are certainly +other examples of more complicated code + + align:start position:0% +other examples of more complicated code + + + align:start position:0% +other examples of more complicated code +where you see it and it's just it looks + + align:start position:0% +where you see it and it's just it looks + + + align:start position:0% +where you see it and it's just it looks +beautiful and yes if I look at it I can + + align:start position:0% +beautiful and yes if I look at it I can + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful and yes if I look at it I can +figure it out and I say okay yeah that + + align:start position:0% +figure it out and I say okay yeah that + + + align:start position:0% +figure it out and I say okay yeah that +makes sense but I personally could never + + align:start position:0% +makes sense but I personally could never + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense but I personally could never +come up with it on my own um so I was I + + align:start position:0% +come up with it on my own um so I was I + + + align:start position:0% +come up with it on my own um so I was I +was writing these lectures I thought + + align:start position:0% +was writing these lectures I thought + + + align:start position:0% +was writing these lectures I thought +well how do I actually think about the + + align:start position:0% +well how do I actually think about the + + + align:start position:0% +well how do I actually think about the +problem so I just went back one slide + + align:start position:0% +problem so I just went back one slide + + + align:start position:0% +problem so I just went back one slide +and the way I think about the problem is + + align:start position:0% +and the way I think about the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +and the way I think about the problem is +to kind of separate it into these + + align:start position:0% +to kind of separate it into these + + + align:start position:0% +to kind of separate it into these +smaller the a bunch of different base + + align:start position:0% +smaller the a bunch of different base + + + align:start position:0% +smaller the a bunch of different base +case right or a bunch of different cases + + align:start position:0% +case right or a bunch of different cases + + + align:start position:0% +case right or a bunch of different cases +and so that's what I've been trying to + + align:start position:0% +and so that's what I've been trying to + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's what I've been trying to +do in this particular lecture to help + + align:start position:0% +do in this particular lecture to help + + + align:start position:0% +do in this particular lecture to help +you guys understand recursion it's you + + align:start position:0% +you guys understand recursion it's you + + + align:start position:0% +you guys understand recursion it's you +know think about the case when we have a + + align:start position:0% +know think about the case when we have a + + + align:start position:0% +know think about the case when we have a +list with one element in it right how + + align:start position:0% +list with one element in it right how + + + align:start position:0% +list with one element in it right how +would you solve that problem and then + + align:start position:0% +would you solve that problem and then + + + align:start position:0% +would you solve that problem and then +think about the case when you have a + + align:start position:0% +think about the case when you have a + + + align:start position:0% +think about the case when you have a +list with many elements in it how would + + align:start position:0% +list with many elements in it how would + + + align:start position:0% +list with many elements in it how would +you solve that + + align:start position:0% +you solve that + + + align:start position:0% +you solve that +problem yes it's true there are some + + align:start position:0% +problem yes it's true there are some + + + align:start position:0% +problem yes it's true there are some +pieces here that are that are repeating + + align:start position:0% +pieces here that are that are repeating + + + align:start position:0% +pieces here that are that are repeating +right so we've got L at Z equal e is in + + align:start position:0% +right so we've got L at Z equal e is in + + + align:start position:0% +right so we've got L at Z equal e is in +a couple places but you can do that + + align:start position:0% +a couple places but you can do that + + + align:start position:0% +a couple places but you can do that +clean up later right so here I've got + + align:start position:0% +clean up later right so here I've got + + + align:start position:0% +clean up later right so here I've got +two test cases that return uh two cases + + align:start position:0% +two test cases that return uh two cases + + + align:start position:0% +two test cases that return uh two cases +that return L at zero so we can pop them + + align:start position:0% +that return L at zero so we can pop them + + + align:start position:0% +that return L at zero so we can pop them +into the same test case here and then we + + align:start position:0% +into the same test case here and then we + + + align:start position:0% +into the same test case here and then we +can check if the length of the list is + + align:start position:0% +can check if the length of the list is + + + align:start position:0% +can check if the length of the list is +zero we can add that test case and else + + align:start position:0% +zero we can add that test case and else + + + align:start position:0% +zero we can add that test case and else +we check the remainder of the list right + + align:start position:0% +we check the remainder of the list right + + + align:start position:0% +we check the remainder of the list right +that's totally fine and if it helps you + + align:start position:0% +that's totally fine and if it helps you + + + align:start position:0% +that's totally fine and if it helps you +think about the problem this way that's + + align:start position:0% +think about the problem this way that's + + + align:start position:0% +think about the problem this way that's +okay too but personally for me it was a + + align:start position:0% +okay too but personally for me it was a + + + align:start position:0% +okay too but personally for me it was a +lot easier to think about the problem in + + align:start position:0% +lot easier to think about the problem in + + + align:start position:0% +lot easier to think about the problem in +terms of a list with one element in it + + align:start position:0% +terms of a list with one element in it + + + align:start position:0% +terms of a list with one element in it +and then a list with many elements in it + + align:start position:0% +and then a list with many elements in it + + + align:start position:0% +and then a list with many elements in it +and you know that it's it's totally fine + + align:start position:0% +and you know that it's it's totally fine + + + align:start position:0% +and you know that it's it's totally fine +to have to write you know a little bit + + align:start position:0% +to have to write you know a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +to have to write you know a little bit +qu unquote inefficient looking code um + + align:start position:0% +qu unquote inefficient looking code um + + + align:start position:0% +qu unquote inefficient looking code um +to begin with certainly don't hard code + + align:start position:0% +to begin with certainly don't hard code + + + align:start position:0% +to begin with certainly don't hard code +all the base cases right if length is + + align:start position:0% +all the base cases right if length is + + + align:start position:0% +all the base cases right if length is +zero do this if length is one do this if + + align:start position:0% +zero do this if length is one do this if + + + align:start position:0% +zero do this if length is one do this if +length is two do this right but some + + align:start position:0% +length is two do this right but some + + + align:start position:0% +length is two do this right but some +reasonable base cases are okay to do so + + align:start position:0% +reasonable base cases are okay to do so + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable base cases are okay to do so +this is just uh showing the simplified + + align:start position:0% +this is just uh showing the simplified + + + align:start position:0% +this is just uh showing the simplified +code um one thing that I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +code um one thing that I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +code um one thing that I wanted to +mention and hopefully you've uh noticed + + align:start position:0% +mention and hopefully you've uh noticed + + + align:start position:0% +mention and hopefully you've uh noticed +this already is the function that you're + + align:start position:0% +this already is the function that you're + + + align:start position:0% +this already is the function that you're +writing all of the return returns from + + align:start position:0% +writing all of the return returns from + + + align:start position:0% +writing all of the return returns from +this function need to have the same type + + align:start position:0% +this function need to have the same type + + + align:start position:0% +this function need to have the same type +right when we wrote I'll go back a + + align:start position:0% +right when we wrote I'll go back a + + + align:start position:0% +right when we wrote I'll go back a +couple slides when we wrote the function + + align:start position:0% +couple slides when we wrote the function + + + align:start position:0% +couple slides when we wrote the function +that calculated the sum of all the + + align:start position:0% +that calculated the sum of all the + + + align:start position:0% +that calculated the sum of all the +elements in the list so that's this one + + align:start position:0% +elements in the list so that's this one + + + align:start position:0% +elements in the list so that's this one +here what were we returning here we were + + align:start position:0% +here what were we returning here we were + + + align:start position:0% +here what were we returning here we were +returning an actual number and then here + + align:start position:0% +returning an actual number and then here + + + align:start position:0% +returning an actual number and then here +we were assuming that this function + + align:start position:0% +we were assuming that this function + + + align:start position:0% +we were assuming that this function +returned an actual number that we can + + align:start position:0% +returned an actual number that we can + + + align:start position:0% +returned an actual number that we can +add to this actual number right so every + + align:start position:0% +add to this actual number right so every + + + align:start position:0% +add to this actual number right so every +single return statement needs to return + + align:start position:0% +single return statement needs to return + + + align:start position:0% +single return statement needs to return +the same type of object because if you + + align:start position:0% +the same type of object because if you + + + align:start position:0% +the same type of object because if you +don't if you're assuming that the base + + align:start position:0% +don't if you're assuming that the base + + + align:start position:0% +don't if you're assuming that the base +case returns a list but then at some + + align:start position:0% +case returns a list but then at some + + + align:start position:0% +case returns a list but then at some +point in the code you're going to be uh + + align:start position:0% +point in the code you're going to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +point in the code you're going to be uh +you know working with a with a number or + + align:start position:0% +you know working with a with a number or + + + align:start position:0% +you know working with a with a number or +a Boolean then python as soon as it gets + + align:start position:0% +a Boolean then python as soon as it gets + + + align:start position:0% +a Boolean then python as soon as it gets +that base case is going to say hey + + align:start position:0% +that base case is going to say hey + + + align:start position:0% +that base case is going to say hey +you're trying to add a Boolean to a list + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to add a Boolean to a list + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to add a Boolean to a list +what's up right and so in the summing of + + align:start position:0% +what's up right and so in the summing of + + + align:start position:0% +what's up right and so in the summing of +the list elements all the test cases + + align:start position:0% +the list elements all the test cases + + + align:start position:0% +the list elements all the test cases +returned a a a number and in this uh + + align:start position:0% +returned a a a number and in this uh + + + align:start position:0% +returned a a a number and in this uh +case where we are trying to return the + + align:start position:0% +case where we are trying to return the + + + align:start position:0% +case where we are trying to return the +whether the element is in the list or + + align:start position:0% +whether the element is in the list or + + + align:start position:0% +whether the element is in the list or +not notice every single one of my + + align:start position:0% +not notice every single one of my + + + align:start position:0% +not notice every single one of my +returns is going to turn a Boolean so + + align:start position:0% +returns is going to turn a Boolean so + + + align:start position:0% +returns is going to turn a Boolean so +here Boolean here a Boolean and here in + + align:start position:0% +here Boolean here a Boolean and here in + + + align:start position:0% +here Boolean here a Boolean and here in +the recursive step I'm assuming that I'm + + align:start position:0% +the recursive step I'm assuming that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the recursive step I'm assuming that I'm +just passing this Boolean back up the + + align:start position:0% +just passing this Boolean back up the + + + align:start position:0% +just passing this Boolean back up the +chain of command Okay so very very + + align:start position:0% +chain of command Okay so very very + + + align:start position:0% +chain of command Okay so very very +important thing again something I that + + align:start position:0% +important thing again something I that + + + align:start position:0% +important thing again something I that +was not made clear to me when I first + + align:start position:0% +was not made clear to me when I first + + + align:start position:0% +was not made clear to me when I first +started recursion but you know once I + + align:start position:0% +started recursion but you know once I + + + align:start position:0% +started recursion but you know once I +knew this it was it just made so much + + align:start position:0% +knew this it was it just made so much + + + align:start position:0% +knew this it was it just made so much +more sense and it helped me write my + + align:start position:0% +more sense and it helped me write my + + + align:start position:0% +more sense and it helped me write my +code um you know better more perfectly + + align:start position:0% +code um you know better more perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +code um you know better more perfectly +right off the + + align:start position:0% +right off the + + + align:start position:0% +right off the +bat let's look at a slightly a different + + align:start position:0% +bat let's look at a slightly a different + + + align:start position:0% +bat let's look at a slightly a different +example now so we've looked at taking + + align:start position:0% +example now so we've looked at taking + + + align:start position:0% +example now so we've looked at taking +the sum of all all the elements in a + + align:start position:0% +the sum of all all the elements in a + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of all all the elements in a +list we've looked at figuring out + + align:start position:0% +list we've looked at figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +list we've looked at figuring out +whether an element is in a list let's do + + align:start position:0% +whether an element is in a list let's do + + + align:start position:0% +whether an element is in a list let's do +something completely + + align:start position:0% +something completely + + + align:start position:0% +something completely +different still working with lists let's + + align:start position:0% +different still working with lists let's + + + align:start position:0% +different still working with lists let's +say that we now have an input list that + + align:start position:0% +say that we now have an input list that + + + align:start position:0% +say that we now have an input list that +looks like this so we've got a list + + align:start position:0% +looks like this so we've got a list + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this so we've got a list +we've this is my list um beginning and + + align:start position:0% +we've this is my list um beginning and + + + align:start position:0% +we've this is my list um beginning and +end and this list only has list elements + + align:start position:0% +end and this list only has list elements + + + align:start position:0% +end and this list only has list elements +within it so no integers but its + + align:start position:0% +within it so no integers but its + + + align:start position:0% +within it so no integers but its +elements are lists so here's one list + + align:start position:0% +elements are lists so here's one list + + + align:start position:0% +elements are lists so here's one list +element here's another list element and + + align:start position:0% +element here's another list element and + + + align:start position:0% +element here's another list element and +here's another list element right so in + + align:start position:0% +here's another list element right so in + + + align:start position:0% +here's another list element right so in +this example I've got a list with three + + align:start position:0% +this example I've got a list with three + + + align:start position:0% +this example I've got a list with three +list + + align:start position:0% +list + + + align:start position:0% +list +elements what I'd like to do is to + + align:start position:0% +elements what I'd like to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +elements what I'd like to do is to +flatten this list which means that I + + align:start position:0% +flatten this list which means that I + + + align:start position:0% +flatten this list which means that I +want to remove any semblance of subl + + align:start position:0% +want to remove any semblance of subl + + + align:start position:0% +want to remove any semblance of subl +lists and take just all the elements of + + align:start position:0% +lists and take just all the elements of + + + align:start position:0% +lists and take just all the elements of +these Su lists and put them top + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +level does this task make + + align:start position:0% +level does this task make + + + align:start position:0% +level does this task make +sense okay so I'm not assuming I got + + align:start position:0% +sense okay so I'm not assuming I got + + + align:start position:0% +sense okay so I'm not assuming I got +lists within lists within lists I'm just + + align:start position:0% +lists within lists within lists I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +lists within lists within lists I'm just +assuming I've got lists with list + + align:start position:0% +assuming I've got lists with list + + + align:start position:0% +assuming I've got lists with list +elements that have integers or whatever + + align:start position:0% +elements that have integers or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +elements that have integers or whatever +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +them okay so again let's think about the + + align:start position:0% +them okay so again let's think about the + + + align:start position:0% +them okay so again let's think about the +base case let's think about the case + + align:start position:0% +base case let's think about the case + + + align:start position:0% +base case let's think about the case +when we have a list with one element in + + align:start position:0% +when we have a list with one element in + + + align:start position:0% +when we have a list with one element in +it and then we can figure out the + + align:start position:0% +it and then we can figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +it and then we can figure out the +recursive step so if I have a list with + + align:start position:0% +recursive step so if I have a list with + + + align:start position:0% +recursive step so if I have a list with +one element in it again I've got an + + align:start position:0% +one element in it again I've got an + + + align:start position:0% +one element in it again I've got an +example here on the right hand side it's + + align:start position:0% +example here on the right hand side it's + + + align:start position:0% +example here on the right hand side it's +a list right with one list element in it + + align:start position:0% +a list right with one list element in it + + + align:start position:0% +a list right with one list element in it +that's why I've got the double square + + align:start position:0% +that's why I've got the double square + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I've got the double square +brackets + + align:start position:0% +brackets + + + align:start position:0% +brackets +if I wanted to flatten this what could I + + align:start position:0% +if I wanted to flatten this what could I + + + align:start position:0% +if I wanted to flatten this what could I +do I could just grab the element at + + align:start position:0% +do I could just grab the element at + + + align:start position:0% +do I could just grab the element at +index zero right because the element at + + align:start position:0% +index zero right because the element at + + + align:start position:0% +index zero right because the element at +index zero is this inner list and it is + + align:start position:0% +index zero is this inner list and it is + + + align:start position:0% +index zero is this inner list and it is +a flattened version of my + + align:start position:0% +a flattened version of my + + + align:start position:0% +a flattened version of my +list + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay else what am I going to do well + + align:start position:0% +okay else what am I going to do well + + + align:start position:0% +okay else what am I going to do well +let's do the same pattern it seems to + + align:start position:0% +let's do the same pattern it seems to + + + align:start position:0% +let's do the same pattern it seems to +have worked so far for us let's do the + + align:start position:0% +have worked so far for us let's do the + + + align:start position:0% +have worked so far for us let's do the +pattern of extracting that first element + + align:start position:0% +pattern of extracting that first element + + + align:start position:0% +pattern of extracting that first element +so grab element at index zero so here we + + align:start position:0% +so grab element at index zero so here we + + + align:start position:0% +so grab element at index zero so here we +would grab something like square + + align:start position:0% +would grab something like square + + + align:start position:0% +would grab something like square +brackets 1 comma + + align:start position:0% +brackets 1 comma + + + align:start position:0% +brackets 1 comma +2 and concatenate it with + + align:start position:0% +2 and concatenate it with + + + align:start position:0% +2 and concatenate it with +something okay remember when we + + align:start position:0% +something okay remember when we + + + align:start position:0% +something okay remember when we +concatenate a list with another list it + + align:start position:0% +concatenate a list with another list it + + + align:start position:0% +concatenate a list with another list it +gives us a big list with all the + + align:start position:0% +gives us a big list with all the + + + align:start position:0% +gives us a big list with all the +elements in it exactly what we're + + align:start position:0% +elements in it exactly what we're + + + align:start position:0% +elements in it exactly what we're +looking for right when we want to + + align:start position:0% +looking for right when we want to + + + align:start position:0% +looking for right when we want to +flatten a list so the something we're + + align:start position:0% +flatten a list so the something we're + + + align:start position:0% +flatten a list so the something we're +going to add this uh L at index zero + + align:start position:0% +going to add this uh L at index zero + + + align:start position:0% +going to add this uh L at index zero +with is is just us flattening the + + align:start position:0% +with is is just us flattening the + + + align:start position:0% +with is is just us flattening the +remainder of our list again same pattern + + align:start position:0% +remainder of our list again same pattern + + + align:start position:0% +remainder of our list again same pattern +we've been seeing already right so if I + + align:start position:0% +we've been seeing already right so if I + + + align:start position:0% +we've been seeing already right so if I +extract in this example here the one + + align:start position:0% +extract in this example here the one + + + align:start position:0% +extract in this example here the one +comma 2 as a list I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +comma 2 as a list I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +comma 2 as a list I'm going to +concatenate it with the assumption that + + align:start position:0% +concatenate it with the assumption that + + + align:start position:0% +concatenate it with the assumption that +the function I'm writing will work + + align:start position:0% +the function I'm writing will work + + + align:start position:0% +the function I'm writing will work +correctly to flatten 3 comma 4 and 9 + + align:start position:0% +correctly to flatten 3 comma 4 and 9 + + + align:start position:0% +correctly to flatten 3 comma 4 and 9 +comma 8 comma 7 right so if I flatten + + align:start position:0% +comma 8 comma 7 right so if I flatten + + + align:start position:0% +comma 8 comma 7 right so if I flatten +that um this will give me just a list + + align:start position:0% +that um this will give me just a list + + + align:start position:0% +that um this will give me just a list +with 3 4 987 alt in it okay and if I + + align:start position:0% +with 3 4 987 alt in it okay and if I + + + align:start position:0% +with 3 4 987 alt in it okay and if I +canate one comma 2 with three 3 4987 + + align:start position:0% +canate one comma 2 with three 3 4987 + + + align:start position:0% +canate one comma 2 with three 3 4987 +that just gives me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +34987 everyone with me is that all right + + align:start position:0% +34987 everyone with me is that all right + + + align:start position:0% +34987 everyone with me is that all right +okay good I see some nods so that's + + align:start position:0% +okay good I see some nods so that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay good I see some nods so that's +actually pretty good sign + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty good sign + + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty good sign +okay okay you are with me right because + + align:start position:0% +okay okay you are with me right because + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay you are with me right because +now it is your turn + + align:start position:0% +now it is your turn + + + align:start position:0% +now it is your turn +so we're g to write a variation of + + align:start position:0% +so we're g to write a variation of + + + align:start position:0% +so we're g to write a variation of +whether an element is in a + + align:start position:0% +whether an element is in a + + + align:start position:0% +whether an element is in a +list so I'm going to give you a very + + align:start position:0% +list so I'm going to give you a very + + + align:start position:0% +list so I'm going to give you a very +similar scenario to this flatten one so + + align:start position:0% +similar scenario to this flatten one so + + + align:start position:0% +similar scenario to this flatten one so +I'm going to give you a list that + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you a list that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you a list that +contains list elements so here's my list + + align:start position:0% +contains list elements so here's my list + + + align:start position:0% +contains list elements so here's my list +that contains list elements in it and + + align:start position:0% +that contains list elements in it and + + + align:start position:0% +that contains list elements in it and +what I'd like you to do is write a + + align:start position:0% +what I'd like you to do is write a + + + align:start position:0% +what I'd like you to do is write a +recursive function that checks whether + + align:start position:0% +recursive function that checks whether + + + align:start position:0% +recursive function that checks whether +this element whatever the second + + align:start position:0% +this element whatever the second + + + align:start position:0% +this element whatever the second +parameter of the function call in my + + align:start position:0% +parameter of the function call in my + + + align:start position:0% +parameter of the function call in my +function call is in these list elements + + align:start position:0% +function call is in these list elements + + + align:start position:0% +function call is in these list elements +so not at the top level like we wrote + + align:start position:0% +so not at the top level like we wrote + + + align:start position:0% +so not at the top level like we wrote +last the last code to check if an + + align:start position:0% +last the last code to check if an + + + align:start position:0% +last the last code to check if an +element is in the list right but in + + align:start position:0% +element is in the list right but in + + + align:start position:0% +element is in the list right but in +these subl lists right + + align:start position:0% +these subl lists right + + + align:start position:0% +these subl lists right +so just to show you kind of the + + align:start position:0% +so just to show you kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +so just to show you kind of the +difference if I check whether three is + + align:start position:0% +difference if I check whether three is + + + align:start position:0% +difference if I check whether three is +in 1 comma 2 comma 3 that will be true + + align:start position:0% +in 1 comma 2 comma 3 that will be true + + + align:start position:0% +in 1 comma 2 comma 3 that will be true +but if I check whether three is in you + + align:start position:0% +but if I check whether three is in you + + + align:start position:0% +but if I check whether three is in you +know the list containing the list one + + align:start position:0% +know the list containing the list one + + + align:start position:0% +know the list containing the list one +comma 2 comma 3 that's false because + + align:start position:0% +comma 2 comma 3 that's false because + + + align:start position:0% +comma 2 comma 3 that's false because +it's checking whether the three is equal + + align:start position:0% +it's checking whether the three is equal + + + align:start position:0% +it's checking whether the three is equal +to this list right it's just doing a top + + align:start position:0% +to this list right it's just doing a top + + + align:start position:0% +to this list right it's just doing a top +level equality + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +so uh let's have you write this code + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's have you write this code + + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's have you write this code +down online + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +166 um you may use the in operator right + + align:start position:0% +166 um you may use the in operator right + + + align:start position:0% +166 um you may use the in operator right +to check if an element is in a list + + align:start position:0% +to check if an element is in a list + + + align:start position:0% +to check if an element is in a list +itself but obviously you won't be able + + align:start position:0% +itself but obviously you won't be able + + + align:start position:0% +itself but obviously you won't be able +to use the in operator nor should you + + align:start position:0% +to use the in operator nor should you + + + align:start position:0% +to use the in operator nor should you +because then we're not writing a + + align:start position:0% +because then we're not writing a + + + align:start position:0% +because then we're not writing a +recursive function to check if the + + align:start position:0% +recursive function to check if the + + + align:start position:0% +recursive function to check if the +element is within a list uh list element + + align:start position:0% +element is within a list uh list element + + + align:start position:0% +element is within a list uh list element +right so um have you work on it for a + + align:start position:0% +right so um have you work on it for a + + + align:start position:0% +right so um have you work on it for a +couple minutes and and then we can write + + align:start position:0% +couple minutes and and then we can write + + + align:start position:0% +couple minutes and and then we can write +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +together all right does anyone have a + + align:start position:0% +together all right does anyone have a + + + align:start position:0% +together all right does anyone have a +start so so let's look at the case where + + align:start position:0% +start so so let's look at the case where + + + align:start position:0% +start so so let's look at the case where +we have one element in it how do + + align:start position:0% +we have one element in it how do + + + align:start position:0% +we have one element in it how do +you um check whether that element is + + align:start position:0% +you um check whether that element is + + + align:start position:0% +you um check whether that element is +within within the the list + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inside so + + align:start position:0% +inside so + + + align:start position:0% +inside so +if right this is our our case with one + + align:start position:0% +if right this is our our case with one + + + align:start position:0% +if right this is our our case with one +element in it the length of + + align:start position:0% +element in it the length of + + + align:start position:0% +element in it the length of +L um equ equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah exactly e and e and l is is is the + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly e and e and l is is is the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly e and e and l is is is the +correct um thing to do L at index zero + + align:start position:0% +correct um thing to do L at index zero + + + align:start position:0% +correct um thing to do L at index zero +right so if if this is our L that's why + + align:start position:0% +right so if if this is our L that's why + + + align:start position:0% +right so if if this is our L that's why +I added this little example here so it + + align:start position:0% +I added this little example here so it + + + align:start position:0% +I added this little example here so it +can help us so L at index zero is this + + align:start position:0% +can help us so L at index zero is this + + + align:start position:0% +can help us so L at index zero is this +guy here and all I need to do is check + + align:start position:0% +guy here and all I need to do is check + + + align:start position:0% +guy here and all I need to do is check +if e is in L at index zero right and I + + align:start position:0% +if e is in L at index zero right and I + + + align:start position:0% +if e is in L at index zero right and I +can just return that right off the + + align:start position:0% +can just return that right off the + + + align:start position:0% +can just return that right off the +bat right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I could do if e in l0 return true else + + align:start position:0% +I could do if e in l0 return true else + + + align:start position:0% +I could do if e in l0 return true else +return false but e in l0 is already a + + align:start position:0% +return false but e in l0 is already a + + + align:start position:0% +return false but e in l0 is already a +Boolean so I can just return that + + align:start position:0% +Boolean so I can just return that + + + align:start position:0% +Boolean so I can just return that +directly okay else we have a list uh + + align:start position:0% +directly okay else we have a list uh + + + align:start position:0% +directly okay else we have a list uh +with more than one element in it + + align:start position:0% +with more than one element in it + + + align:start position:0% +with more than one element in it +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so what do we do here remember extract + + align:start position:0% +so what do we do here remember extract + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we do here remember extract +the first element and then you know do + + align:start position:0% +the first element and then you know do + + + align:start position:0% +the first element and then you know do +the rest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's say this let's say the first + + align:start position:0% +so let's say this let's say the first + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say this let's say the first +element is L at index zero right that'll + + align:start position:0% +element is L at index zero right that'll + + + align:start position:0% +element is L at index zero right that'll +help us think about it a little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bit so before looking at the remainder + + align:start position:0% +bit so before looking at the remainder + + + align:start position:0% +bit so before looking at the remainder +of the list right and calling our + + align:start position:0% +of the list right and calling our + + + align:start position:0% +of the list right and calling our +recursive function what did we do when + + align:start position:0% +recursive function what did we do when + + + align:start position:0% +recursive function what did we do when +we checked if an element was in a list + + align:start position:0% +we checked if an element was in a list + + + align:start position:0% +we checked if an element was in a list +when we just had a plain + + align:start position:0% +when we just had a plain + + + align:start position:0% +when we just had a plain +list we just said if you + + align:start position:0% +list we just said if you + + + align:start position:0% +list we just said if you +know um e is in + + align:start position:0% +know um e is in + + + align:start position:0% +know um e is in +first return true else return + + align:start position:0% +first return true else return + + + align:start position:0% +first return true else return +false + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right but we don't want to do else + + align:start position:0% +right but we don't want to do else + + + align:start position:0% +right but we don't want to do else +return + + align:start position:0% +return + + + align:start position:0% +return +false because that's not quite true + + align:start position:0% +false because that's not quite true + + + align:start position:0% +false because that's not quite true +else we want to look at the remainder of + + align:start position:0% +else we want to look at the remainder of + + + align:start position:0% +else we want to look at the remainder of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +list right we want to see if the ele + + align:start position:0% +list right we want to see if the ele + + + align:start position:0% +list right we want to see if the ele +obviously if the element is not in the + + align:start position:0% +obviously if the element is not in the + + + align:start position:0% +obviously if the element is not in the +first thing that I just extracted right + + align:start position:0% +first thing that I just extracted right + + + align:start position:0% +first thing that I just extracted right +this list + + align:start position:0% +this list + + + align:start position:0% +this list +here then I would like to say is it in + + align:start position:0% +here then I would like to say is it in + + + align:start position:0% +here then I would like to say is it in +the rest of this list right which is US + + align:start position:0% +the rest of this list right which is US + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of this list right which is US +calling the function that we're just + + align:start position:0% +calling the function that we're just + + + align:start position:0% +calling the function that we're just +writing all over again so we can return + + align:start position:0% +writing all over again so we can return + + + align:start position:0% +writing all over again so we can return +uh the name of this function in + + align:start position:0% +uh the name of this function in + + + align:start position:0% +uh the name of this function in +lists of what did I call it lists of + + align:start position:0% +lists of what did I call it lists of + + + align:start position:0% +lists of what did I call it lists of +lists and then L from one onward with + + align:start position:0% +lists and then L from one onward with + + + align:start position:0% +lists and then L from one onward with +the same element we're trying trying to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +find and of course we can simplify this + + align:start position:0% +find and of course we can simplify this + + + align:start position:0% +find and of course we can simplify this +just like we could simplify the previous + + align:start position:0% +just like we could simplify the previous + + + align:start position:0% +just like we could simplify the previous +one but it helps to think about it in + + align:start position:0% +one but it helps to think about it in + + + align:start position:0% +one but it helps to think about it in +these two cases a list with one element + + align:start position:0% +these two cases a list with one element + + + align:start position:0% +these two cases a list with one element +and a list with many + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +elements + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay any questions about + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions about +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh this one this one we're considering a + + align:start position:0% +uh this one this one we're considering a + + + align:start position:0% +uh this one this one we're considering a +list with one list inside + + align:start position:0% +list with one list inside + + + align:start position:0% +list with one list inside +it um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah we could include another base case + + align:start position:0% +yeah we could include another base case + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we could include another base case +I suppose if the length of L is zero + + align:start position:0% +I suppose if the length of L is zero + + + align:start position:0% +I suppose if the length of L is zero +return false that would also work + + align:start position:0% +return false that would also work + + + align:start position:0% +return false that would also work +because obviously if the list is empty + + align:start position:0% +because obviously if the list is empty + + + align:start position:0% +because obviously if the list is empty +then there's it's not in + + align:start position:0% +then there's it's not in + + + align:start position:0% +then there's it's not in +there okay so when do we use recursion + + align:start position:0% +there okay so when do we use recursion + + + align:start position:0% +there okay so when do we use recursion +obviously a lot of the examples we've + + align:start position:0% +obviously a lot of the examples we've + + + align:start position:0% +obviously a lot of the examples we've +seen here we they're very intuitive to + + align:start position:0% +seen here we they're very intuitive to + + + align:start position:0% +seen here we they're very intuitive to +write iteratively right but I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +write iteratively right but I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +write iteratively right but I mentioned +a couple examples last time where uh + + align:start position:0% +a couple examples last time where uh + + + align:start position:0% +a couple examples last time where uh +it's more uh intuitive to use recursion + + align:start position:0% +it's more uh intuitive to use recursion + + + align:start position:0% +it's more uh intuitive to use recursion +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +specifically um I wanted to draw a + + align:start position:0% +specifically um I wanted to draw a + + + align:start position:0% +specifically um I wanted to draw a +little bit of a parallel to this thing + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a parallel to this thing + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a parallel to this thing +when we learned about while Loops right + + align:start position:0% +when we learned about while Loops right + + + align:start position:0% +when we learned about while Loops right +we said well what if we tried to code a + + align:start position:0% +we said well what if we tried to code a + + + align:start position:0% +we said well what if we tried to code a +little game that just used if and El's + + align:start position:0% +little game that just used if and El's + + + align:start position:0% +little game that just used if and El's +um I said that we would have a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +um I said that we would have a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +um I said that we would have a bunch of +nested if else statements right without + + align:start position:0% +nested if else statements right without + + + align:start position:0% +nested if else statements right without +a while loop because we don't know how + + align:start position:0% +a while loop because we don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +a while loop because we don't know how +deep to make these if L if else you know + + align:start position:0% +deep to make these if L if else you know + + + align:start position:0% +deep to make these if L if else you know +if statements and so a very similar idea + + align:start position:0% +if statements and so a very similar idea + + + align:start position:0% +if statements and so a very similar idea +exists with um recursion and when to use + + align:start position:0% +exists with um recursion and when to use + + + align:start position:0% +exists with um recursion and when to use +recursion so if I had a list with a + + align:start position:0% +recursion so if I had a list with a + + + align:start position:0% +recursion so if I had a list with a +whole bunch of lists in it and those + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of lists in it and those + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of lists in it and those +lists could have lists within it and so + + align:start position:0% +lists could have lists within it and so + + + align:start position:0% +lists could have lists within it and so +on and so on I don't know how long I + + align:start position:0% +on and so on I don't know how long I + + + align:start position:0% +on and so on I don't know how long I +need to how deep I need to make my code + + align:start position:0% +need to how deep I need to make my code + + + align:start position:0% +need to how deep I need to make my code +go right so an example using a for Loop + + align:start position:0% +go right so an example using a for Loop + + + align:start position:0% +go right so an example using a for Loop +would be to say for each element in L + + align:start position:0% +would be to say for each element in L + + + align:start position:0% +would be to say for each element in L +right I'm going to say I'm going to look + + align:start position:0% +right I'm going to say I'm going to look + + + align:start position:0% +right I'm going to say I'm going to look +at each element I'm going to say well if + + align:start position:0% +at each element I'm going to say well if + + + align:start position:0% +at each element I'm going to say well if +you're not a list then I can deal with + + align:start position:0% +you're not a list then I can deal with + + + align:start position:0% +you're not a list then I can deal with +you directly but if you are a list then + + align:start position:0% +you directly but if you are a list then + + + align:start position:0% +you directly but if you are a list then +I need to iterate over you and so I've + + align:start position:0% +I need to iterate over you and so I've + + + align:start position:0% +I need to iterate over you and so I've +got this other iteration here for each J + + align:start position:0% +got this other iteration here for each J + + + align:start position:0% +got this other iteration here for each J +and I right for one of those + + align:start position:0% +and I right for one of those + + + align:start position:0% +and I right for one of those +lists again I would say are you a list + + align:start position:0% +lists again I would say are you a list + + + align:start position:0% +lists again I would say are you a list +if not I'll deal with you directly else + + align:start position:0% +if not I'll deal with you directly else + + + align:start position:0% +if not I'll deal with you directly else +you are a list so I do need to iterate + + align:start position:0% +you are a list so I do need to iterate + + + align:start position:0% +you are a list so I do need to iterate +over you okay and you can see this + + align:start position:0% +over you okay and you can see this + + + align:start position:0% +over you okay and you can see this +nested idea now comes into play here and + + align:start position:0% +nested idea now comes into play here and + + + align:start position:0% +nested idea now comes into play here and +of course we could try to use a while + + align:start position:0% +of course we could try to use a while + + + align:start position:0% +of course we could try to use a while +loop to to optimize the code a little + + align:start position:0% +loop to to optimize the code a little + + + align:start position:0% +loop to to optimize the code a little +bit say you know while this element type + + align:start position:0% +bit say you know while this element type + + + align:start position:0% +bit say you know while this element type +is not a list do this you know things + + align:start position:0% +is not a list do this you know things + + + align:start position:0% +is not a list do this you know things +like that but it leads to some really + + align:start position:0% +like that but it leads to some really + + + align:start position:0% +like that but it leads to some really +verbose and uh uh verbose code okay and + + align:start position:0% +verbose and uh uh verbose code okay and + + + align:start position:0% +verbose and uh uh verbose code okay and +so recursion is a way for us to deal + + align:start position:0% +so recursion is a way for us to deal + + + align:start position:0% +so recursion is a way for us to deal +with these lists within lists within + + align:start position:0% +with these lists within lists within + + + align:start position:0% +with these lists within lists within +lists and of course when you have data + + align:start position:0% +lists and of course when you have data + + + align:start position:0% +lists and of course when you have data +structures that you don't know how long + + align:start position:0% +structures that you don't know how long + + + align:start position:0% +structures that you don't know how long +or how H how deep they go so I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +or how H how deep they go so I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +or how H how deep they go so I mentioned +file systems and a set of operations + + align:start position:0% +file systems and a set of operations + + + align:start position:0% +file systems and a set of operations +last lecture has really nice places to + + align:start position:0% +last lecture has really nice places to + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture has really nice places to +use recursion Scooby-Doo gang looking + + align:start position:0% +use recursion Scooby-Doo gang looking + + + align:start position:0% +use recursion Scooby-Doo gang looking +for um you know their their culprit uh + + align:start position:0% +for um you know their their culprit uh + + + align:start position:0% +for um you know their their culprit uh +you know rooms that have doors that lead + + align:start position:0% +you know rooms that have doors that lead + + + align:start position:0% +you know rooms that have doors that lead +to other rooms that have doors lead to + + align:start position:0% +to other rooms that have doors lead to + + + align:start position:0% +to other rooms that have doors lead to +other rooms they don't know how many + + align:start position:0% +other rooms they don't know how many + + + align:start position:0% +other rooms they don't know how many +doors they need to go through to get to + + align:start position:0% +doors they need to go through to get to + + + align:start position:0% +doors they need to go through to get to +a room without doors obviously recursion + + align:start position:0% +a room without doors obviously recursion + + + align:start position:0% +a room without doors obviously recursion +they should use um and then a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +they should use um and then a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +they should use um and then a bunch of +other fun examples of places to use + + align:start position:0% +other fun examples of places to use + + + align:start position:0% +other fun examples of places to use +recursion so the last bit of class I + + align:start position:0% +recursion so the last bit of class I + + + align:start position:0% +recursion so the last bit of class I +would like to um work through this + + align:start position:0% +would like to um work through this + + + align:start position:0% +would like to um work through this +example where we're going to see the + + align:start position:0% +example where we're going to see the + + + align:start position:0% +example where we're going to see the +code to solve lists within lists within + + align:start position:0% +code to solve lists within lists within + + + align:start position:0% +code to solve lists within lists within +lists within lists okay but before we do + + align:start position:0% +lists within lists okay but before we do + + + align:start position:0% +lists within lists okay but before we do +that we're going to talk about so we're + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to talk about so we're + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to talk about so we're +going to do that example in the context + + align:start position:0% +going to do that example in the context + + + align:start position:0% +going to do that example in the context +of reversing a list but before we look + + align:start position:0% +of reversing a list but before we look + + + align:start position:0% +of reversing a list but before we look +at a list that has all these different + + align:start position:0% +at a list that has all these different + + + align:start position:0% +at a list that has all these different +Su lists within it let's look at a list + + align:start position:0% +Su lists within it let's look at a list + + + align:start position:0% +Su lists within it let's look at a list +that has just integers how would we + + align:start position:0% +that has just integers how would we + + + align:start position:0% +that has just integers how would we +think about this problem recursively to + + align:start position:0% +think about this problem recursively to + + + align:start position:0% +think about this problem recursively to +reverse all the elements in this + + align:start position:0% +reverse all the elements in this + + + align:start position:0% +reverse all the elements in this +list okay so again we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +list okay so again we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +list okay so again we're going to use +the very same pattern we've been using + + align:start position:0% +the very same pattern we've been using + + + align:start position:0% +the very same pattern we've been using +all throughout today when we've been + + align:start position:0% +all throughout today when we've been + + + align:start position:0% +all throughout today when we've been +dealing with lists we're going to take + + align:start position:0% +dealing with lists we're going to take + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with lists we're going to take +out the first element extract it and + + align:start position:0% +out the first element extract it and + + + align:start position:0% +out the first element extract it and +we're going to deal with the remainder + + align:start position:0% +we're going to deal with the remainder + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to deal with the remainder +of the list basically by writing the uh + + align:start position:0% +of the list basically by writing the uh + + + align:start position:0% +of the list basically by writing the uh +running the same function we're writing + + align:start position:0% +running the same function we're writing + + + align:start position:0% +running the same function we're writing +on the remainder of the list so let's + + align:start position:0% +on the remainder of the list so let's + + + align:start position:0% +on the remainder of the list so let's +say I have my original list and I look + + align:start position:0% +say I have my original list and I look + + + align:start position:0% +say I have my original list and I look +at my first element just like before I'm + + align:start position:0% +at my first element just like before I'm + + + align:start position:0% +at my first element just like before I'm +going to extract it out if I take this + + align:start position:0% +going to extract it out if I take this + + + align:start position:0% +going to extract it out if I take this +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +element and I pop it at the + + align:start position:0% +element and I pop it at the + + + align:start position:0% +element and I pop it at the +end and then I consider the remainder + + align:start position:0% +end and then I consider the remainder + + + align:start position:0% +end and then I consider the remainder +list right everything except for that + + align:start position:0% +list right everything except for that + + + align:start position:0% +list right everything except for that +first element that I put at the end I + + align:start position:0% +first element that I put at the end I + + + align:start position:0% +first element that I put at the end I +can just call the same function I'm + + align:start position:0% +can just call the same function I'm + + + align:start position:0% +can just call the same function I'm +writing right now + + align:start position:0% +writing right now + + + align:start position:0% +writing right now +to reverse the remaining + + align:start position:0% +to reverse the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +to reverse the remaining +list okay which means that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +list okay which means that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +list okay which means that I'm going to +take this remaining list grab the first + + align:start position:0% +take this remaining list grab the first + + + align:start position:0% +take this remaining list grab the first +element pop it at the end and deal with + + align:start position:0% +element pop it at the end and deal with + + + align:start position:0% +element pop it at the end and deal with +the remaining + + align:start position:0% +the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +the remaining +list again take the first element pop it + + align:start position:0% +list again take the first element pop it + + + align:start position:0% +list again take the first element pop it +at the end deal with the remaining list + + align:start position:0% +at the end deal with the remaining list + + + align:start position:0% +at the end deal with the remaining list +until I have a list with length one how + + align:start position:0% +until I have a list with length one how + + + align:start position:0% +until I have a list with length one how +do I reverse a list that only has one + + align:start position:0% +do I reverse a list that only has one + + + align:start position:0% +do I reverse a list that only has one +element in it it's just that list right + + align:start position:0% +element in it it's just that list right + + + align:start position:0% +element in it it's just that list right +I just you know reversing a list L is + + align:start position:0% +I just you know reversing a list L is + + + align:start position:0% +I just you know reversing a list L is +just l + + align:start position:0% +just l + + + align:start position:0% +just l +right okay good so that's the + + align:start position:0% +right okay good so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +right okay good so that's the +idea and notice that when we're building + + align:start position:0% +idea and notice that when we're building + + + align:start position:0% +idea and notice that when we're building +back up the result we took that first + + align:start position:0% +back up the result we took that first + + + align:start position:0% +back up the result we took that first +element and we tacked it onto the end so + + align:start position:0% +element and we tacked it onto the end so + + + align:start position:0% +element and we tacked it onto the end so +we're going to do another list + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do another list + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do another list +concatenation kind of deal except that + + align:start position:0% +concatenation kind of deal except that + + + align:start position:0% +concatenation kind of deal except that +the thing that I'm concatenating now the + + align:start position:0% +the thing that I'm concatenating now the + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that I'm concatenating now the +first element will be at the end right + + align:start position:0% +first element will be at the end right + + + align:start position:0% +first element will be at the end right +it'll be the second part of my plus okay + + align:start position:0% +it'll be the second part of my plus okay + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be the second part of my plus okay +so I'm just giving you a heads up that's + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just giving you a heads up that's + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just giving you a heads up that's +what it will look like + + align:start position:0% +what it will look like + + + align:start position:0% +what it will look like +so let's write the code if the length of + + align:start position:0% +so let's write the code if the length of + + + align:start position:0% +so let's write the code if the length of +the list is one right if I'm reversing a + + align:start position:0% +the list is one right if I'm reversing a + + + align:start position:0% +the list is one right if I'm reversing a +list with one element in + + align:start position:0% +list with one element in + + + align:start position:0% +list with one element in +it just return that list easy peasy + + align:start position:0% +it just return that list easy peasy + + + align:start position:0% +it just return that list easy peasy +right it's just the list itself okay + + align:start position:0% +right it's just the list itself okay + + + align:start position:0% +right it's just the list itself okay +else and this is where the fun comes in + + align:start position:0% +else and this is where the fun comes in + + + align:start position:0% +else and this is where the fun comes in +right I've got something so I'm gonna do + + align:start position:0% +right I've got something so I'm gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +right I've got something so I'm gonna do +something concatenated with something + + align:start position:0% +something concatenated with something + + + align:start position:0% +something concatenated with something +else so I'm extracting the first element + + align:start position:0% +else so I'm extracting the first element + + + align:start position:0% +else so I'm extracting the first element +there it is that index zero but it's + + align:start position:0% +there it is that index zero but it's + + + align:start position:0% +there it is that index zero but it's +sitting somewhere funny that we haven't + + align:start position:0% +sitting somewhere funny that we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +sitting somewhere funny that we haven't +seen it sit before it's sitting on the + + align:start position:0% +seen it sit before it's sitting on the + + + align:start position:0% +seen it sit before it's sitting on the +second you know to the right of the + + align:start position:0% +second you know to the right of the + + + align:start position:0% +second you know to the right of the +concatenation and that's fine because + + align:start position:0% +concatenation and that's fine because + + + align:start position:0% +concatenation and that's fine because +what we want to do is take the element + + align:start position:0% +what we want to do is take the element + + + align:start position:0% +what we want to do is take the element +from the first the beginning of the list + + align:start position:0% +from the first the beginning of the list + + + align:start position:0% +from the first the beginning of the list +and Tack it onto the end right and + + align:start position:0% +and Tack it onto the end right and + + + align:start position:0% +and Tack it onto the end right and +there's something else that's funny + + align:start position:0% +there's something else that's funny + + + align:start position:0% +there's something else that's funny +about it I've put it in square + + align:start position:0% +about it I've put it in square + + + align:start position:0% +about it I've put it in square +brackets okay now I've again I'm + + align:start position:0% +brackets okay now I've again I'm + + + align:start position:0% +brackets okay now I've again I'm +including this example to help us think + + align:start position:0% +including this example to help us think + + + align:start position:0% +including this example to help us think +about it why are those square brackets + + align:start position:0% +about it why are those square brackets + + + align:start position:0% +about it why are those square brackets +there think about + + align:start position:0% +there think about + + + align:start position:0% +there think about +what we want this function to return is + + align:start position:0% +what we want this function to return is + + + align:start position:0% +what we want this function to return is +it returning a number no is it returning + + align:start position:0% +it returning a number no is it returning + + + align:start position:0% +it returning a number no is it returning +a Boolean no it's returning a list right + + align:start position:0% +a Boolean no it's returning a list right + + + align:start position:0% +a Boolean no it's returning a list right +this function I want to take in a list + + align:start position:0% +this function I want to take in a list + + + align:start position:0% +this function I want to take in a list +and give me back a list but where my + + align:start position:0% +and give me back a list but where my + + + align:start position:0% +and give me back a list but where my +elements are in reversed order so what I + + align:start position:0% +elements are in reversed order so what I + + + align:start position:0% +elements are in reversed order so what I +want to do right you can already see + + align:start position:0% +want to do right you can already see + + + align:start position:0% +want to do right you can already see +this return over here is returning a + + align:start position:0% +this return over here is returning a + + + align:start position:0% +this return over here is returning a +list right so it'll be square brackets + + align:start position:0% +list right so it'll be square brackets + + + align:start position:0% +list right so it'll be square brackets +10 or + + align:start position:0% +10 or + + + align:start position:0% +10 or +whatever in my uh recursive step + + align:start position:0% +whatever in my uh recursive step + + + align:start position:0% +whatever in my uh recursive step +if I'm + + align:start position:0% +if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +if I'm +concatenating I want to concatenate this + + align:start position:0% +concatenating I want to concatenate this + + + align:start position:0% +concatenating I want to concatenate this +thing here which I'll tell you about in + + align:start position:0% +thing here which I'll tell you about in + + + align:start position:0% +thing here which I'll tell you about in +the next slide but I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +the next slide but I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +the next slide but I'm going to +concatenate it with it's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +concatenate it with it's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +concatenate it with it's going to be a +list with some other list right if I + + align:start position:0% +list with some other list right if I + + + align:start position:0% +list with some other list right if I +concatenate a list with a number that L + + align:start position:0% +concatenate a list with a number that L + + + align:start position:0% +concatenate a list with a number that L +at zero is L at zero is a 10 right so if + + align:start position:0% +at zero is L at zero is a 10 right so if + + + align:start position:0% +at zero is L at zero is a 10 right so if +I can catenate a list with a number + + align:start position:0% +I can catenate a list with a number + + + align:start position:0% +I can catenate a list with a number +python will yell at me okay so what I + + align:start position:0% +python will yell at me okay so what I + + + align:start position:0% +python will yell at me okay so what I +need to do is make that number that I + + align:start position:0% +need to do is make that number that I + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is make that number that I +just extracted L at zero be a list so + + align:start position:0% +just extracted L at zero be a list so + + + align:start position:0% +just extracted L at zero be a list so +I'm just going to slap a square bracket + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to slap a square bracket + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to slap a square bracket +around it and say hey python this is a + + align:start position:0% +around it and say hey python this is a + + + align:start position:0% +around it and say hey python this is a +list with one element in + + align:start position:0% +list with one element in + + + align:start position:0% +list with one element in +it does that make sense cool so then + + align:start position:0% +it does that make sense cool so then + + + align:start position:0% +it does that make sense cool so then +what that means is I've got this 10 that + + align:start position:0% +what that means is I've got this 10 that + + + align:start position:0% +what that means is I've got this 10 that +I extracted I'm going to concatenate + + align:start position:0% +I extracted I'm going to concatenate + + + align:start position:0% +I extracted I'm going to concatenate +something with that 10 and that + + align:start position:0% +something with that 10 and that + + + align:start position:0% +something with that 10 and that +something is me putting my trust into + + align:start position:0% +something is me putting my trust into + + + align:start position:0% +something is me putting my trust into +the function I'm writing to say that + + align:start position:0% +the function I'm writing to say that + + + align:start position:0% +the function I'm writing to say that +something is going to be the 20 30 40 + + align:start position:0% +something is going to be the 20 30 40 + + + align:start position:0% +something is going to be the 20 30 40 +successfully reversed right 40 30 20 if + + align:start position:0% +successfully reversed right 40 30 20 if + + + align:start position:0% +successfully reversed right 40 30 20 if +I can do that 40 30 20 and I concatenate + + align:start position:0% +I can do that 40 30 20 and I concatenate + + + align:start position:0% +I can do that 40 30 20 and I concatenate +it with a 10 my job is done I've + + align:start position:0% +it with a 10 my job is done I've + + + align:start position:0% +it with a 10 my job is done I've +successfully reversed 10 20 30 40 to be + + align:start position:0% +successfully reversed 10 20 30 40 to be + + + align:start position:0% +successfully reversed 10 20 30 40 to be +40 30 20 10 okay and so let's just do + + align:start position:0% +40 30 20 10 okay and so let's just do + + + align:start position:0% +40 30 20 10 okay and so let's just do +that um that's me putting my trust in + + align:start position:0% +that um that's me putting my trust in + + + align:start position:0% +that um that's me putting my trust in +this function I'm writing I'm calling + + align:start position:0% +this function I'm writing I'm calling + + + align:start position:0% +this function I'm writing I'm calling +the same function again saying hey I + + align:start position:0% +the same function again saying hey I + + + align:start position:0% +the same function again saying hey I +would like to reverse the remainder of + + align:start position:0% +would like to reverse the remainder of + + + align:start position:0% +would like to reverse the remainder of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +list exactly as we have been in the past + + align:start position:0% +list exactly as we have been in the past + + + align:start position:0% +list exactly as we have been in the past +right super weird to think about still + + align:start position:0% +right super weird to think about still + + + align:start position:0% +right super weird to think about still +because we're trusting something that + + align:start position:0% +because we're trusting something that + + + align:start position:0% +because we're trusting something that +we're writing + + align:start position:0% +we're writing + + + align:start position:0% +we're writing +right cool so then let's test it out + + align:start position:0% +right cool so then let's test it out + + + align:start position:0% +right cool so then let's test it out +let's run it so if I run it with list + + align:start position:0% +let's run it so if I run it with list + + + align:start position:0% +let's run it so if I run it with list +one 2 + + align:start position:0% +one 2 + + + align:start position:0% +one 2 +ABC python will reverse my list right so + + align:start position:0% +ABC python will reverse my list right so + + + align:start position:0% +ABC python will reverse my list right so +it will print ABC then the two then the + + align:start position:0% +it will print ABC then the two then the + + + align:start position:0% +it will print ABC then the two then the +one let's say I run it now with + + align:start position:0% +one let's say I run it now with + + + align:start position:0% +one let's say I run it now with +something slightly different so I run it + + align:start position:0% +something slightly different so I run it + + + align:start position:0% +something slightly different so I run it +with this list here how many elements + + align:start position:0% +with this list here how many elements + + + align:start position:0% +with this list here how many elements +does this list have + + align:start position:0% +does this list have + + + align:start position:0% +does this list have +test you guys tell me three exactly the + + align:start position:0% +test you guys tell me three exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +test you guys tell me three exactly the +first one is an integer the second one + + align:start position:0% +first one is an integer the second one + + + align:start position:0% +first one is an integer the second one +is a list and the last one is a list + + align:start position:0% +is a list and the last one is a list + + + align:start position:0% +is a list and the last one is a list +that's got a bunch of garbage in it but + + align:start position:0% +that's got a bunch of garbage in it but + + + align:start position:0% +that's got a bunch of garbage in it but +as test I don't care because I just care + + align:start position:0% +as test I don't care because I just care + + + align:start position:0% +as test I don't care because I just care +that I have three elements inside and so + + align:start position:0% +that I have three elements inside and so + + + align:start position:0% +that I have three elements inside and so +when I run this function on test it will + + align:start position:0% +when I run this function on test it will + + + align:start position:0% +when I run this function on test it will +reverse just the top level because + + align:start position:0% +reverse just the top level because + + + align:start position:0% +reverse just the top level because +that's what this is doing right nowhere + + align:start position:0% +that's what this is doing right nowhere + + + align:start position:0% +that's what this is doing right nowhere +in here did I say I want to reverse + + align:start position:0% +in here did I say I want to reverse + + + align:start position:0% +in here did I say I want to reverse +lists within lists right I didn't say if + + align:start position:0% +lists within lists right I didn't say if + + + align:start position:0% +lists within lists right I didn't say if +you're a list also reverse yourself I + + align:start position:0% +you're a list also reverse yourself I + + + align:start position:0% +you're a list also reverse yourself I +just said top level take this element + + align:start position:0% +just said top level take this element + + + align:start position:0% +just said top level take this element +put it at the end so when I reverse test + + align:start position:0% +put it at the end so when I reverse test + + + align:start position:0% +put it at the end so when I reverse test +this funky looking test over here it'll + + align:start position:0% +this funky looking test over here it'll + + + align:start position:0% +this funky looking test over here it'll +take that first element put it at the + + align:start position:0% +take that first element put it at the + + + align:start position:0% +take that first element put it at the +end the middle element stays where it is + + align:start position:0% +end the middle element stays where it is + + + align:start position:0% +end the middle element stays where it is +um and the last element comes + + align:start position:0% +um and the last element comes + + + align:start position:0% +um and the last element comes +first is everyone okay so far I'm + + align:start position:0% +first is everyone okay so far I'm + + + align:start position:0% +first is everyone okay so far I'm +worried there aren't many more questions + + align:start position:0% +worried there aren't many more questions + + + align:start position:0% +worried there aren't many more questions +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so that's good but this + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so that's good but this + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so that's good but this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +now not really what I'd like right what + + align:start position:0% +now not really what I'd like right what + + + align:start position:0% +now not really what I'd like right what +I'd like is if I have lists within lists + + align:start position:0% +I'd like is if I have lists within lists + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like is if I have lists within lists +within lists within lists and those + + align:start position:0% +within lists within lists and those + + + align:start position:0% +within lists within lists and those +lists have some sort of elements within + + align:start position:0% +lists have some sort of elements within + + + align:start position:0% +lists have some sort of elements within +them right at the at the lowest level + + align:start position:0% +them right at the at the lowest level + + + align:start position:0% +them right at the at the lowest level +I've got a list that's going to have + + align:start position:0% +I've got a list that's going to have + + + align:start position:0% +I've got a list that's going to have +some you know integer string or whatever + + align:start position:0% +some you know integer string or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +some you know integer string or whatever +in it what I would like to do is to + + align:start position:0% +in it what I would like to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +in it what I would like to do is to +reverse those elements as well so really + + align:start position:0% +reverse those elements as well so really + + + align:start position:0% +reverse those elements as well so really +what I would have liked to have if I + + align:start position:0% +what I would have liked to have if I + + + align:start position:0% +what I would have liked to have if I +passed in this function here uh this uh + + align:start position:0% +passed in this function here uh this uh + + + align:start position:0% +passed in this function here uh this uh +list here is to say well why don't + + align:start position:0% +list here is to say well why don't + + + align:start position:0% +list here is to say well why don't +reverse why don't you reverse everything + + align:start position:0% +reverse why don't you reverse everything + + + align:start position:0% +reverse why don't you reverse everything +so I would like to have had you know G f + + align:start position:0% +so I would like to have had you know G f + + + align:start position:0% +so I would like to have had you know G f +as a list and then the E and then the D + + align:start position:0% +as a list and then the E and then the D + + + align:start position:0% +as a list and then the E and then the D +and then the + + align:start position:0% +and then the + + + align:start position:0% +and then the +one and so this is where uh we're going + + align:start position:0% +one and so this is where uh we're going + + + align:start position:0% +one and so this is where uh we're going +to do that okay so let's say I now have + + align:start position:0% +to do that okay so let's say I now have + + + align:start position:0% +to do that okay so let's say I now have +a list so uh each one of these blue + + align:start position:0% +a list so uh each one of these blue + + + align:start position:0% +a list so uh each one of these blue +squares is my list uh are my list + + align:start position:0% +squares is my list uh are my list + + + align:start position:0% +squares is my list uh are my list +elements and my top level and they + + align:start position:0% +elements and my top level and they + + + align:start position:0% +elements and my top level and they +happen to have some sort of list within + + align:start position:0% +happen to have some sort of list within + + + align:start position:0% +happen to have some sort of list within +them okay how do I do this well now that + + align:start position:0% +them okay how do I do this well now that + + + align:start position:0% +them okay how do I do this well now that +I have potential list elements I need to + + align:start position:0% +I have potential list elements I need to + + + align:start position:0% +I have potential list elements I need to +have my recursive function test whether + + align:start position:0% +have my recursive function test whether + + + align:start position:0% +have my recursive function test whether +the element I'm currently considering is + + align:start position:0% +the element I'm currently considering is + + + align:start position:0% +the element I'm currently considering is +a list or + + align:start position:0% +a list or + + + align:start position:0% +a list or +not if it's not like the three and the + + align:start position:0% +not if it's not like the three and the + + + align:start position:0% +not if it's not like the three and the +four I can treat them in the exact same + + align:start position:0% +four I can treat them in the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +four I can treat them in the exact same +way that we treated them in this + + align:start position:0% +way that we treated them in this + + + align:start position:0% +way that we treated them in this +case but if it is a list as this one is + + align:start position:0% +case but if it is a list as this one is + + + align:start position:0% +case but if it is a list as this one is +right this is a list element and this is + + align:start position:0% +right this is a list element and this is + + + align:start position:0% +right this is a list element and this is +also a list element that has list + + align:start position:0% +also a list element that has list + + + align:start position:0% +also a list element that has list +elements within it so that's even + + align:start position:0% +elements within it so that's even + + + align:start position:0% +elements within it so that's even +funkier then we need to consider them + + align:start position:0% +funkier then we need to consider them + + + align:start position:0% +funkier then we need to consider them +separately so let's take the code that + + align:start position:0% +separately so let's take the code that + + + align:start position:0% +separately so let's take the code that +we wrote in the previous slide because + + align:start position:0% +we wrote in the previous slide because + + + align:start position:0% +we wrote in the previous slide because +it's a good start extract the first + + align:start position:0% +it's a good start extract the first + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good start extract the first +element right put it at the end that's + + align:start position:0% +element right put it at the end that's + + + align:start position:0% +element right put it at the end that's +what we did + + align:start position:0% +what we did + + + align:start position:0% +what we did +before but before + + align:start position:0% +before but before + + + align:start position:0% +before but before +leaving let's say if you are a list + + align:start position:0% +leaving let's say if you are a list + + + align:start position:0% +leaving let's say if you are a list +right if you are a list then also + + align:start position:0% +right if you are a list then also + + + align:start position:0% +right if you are a list then also +reverse + + align:start position:0% +reverse + + + align:start position:0% +reverse +yourself so not only do I want top level + + align:start position:0% +yourself so not only do I want top level + + + align:start position:0% +yourself so not only do I want top level +that list to you know that element to go + + align:start position:0% +that list to you know that element to go + + + align:start position:0% +that list to you know that element to go +to the end I also want to consider what + + align:start position:0% +to the end I also want to consider what + + + align:start position:0% +to the end I also want to consider what +you are right I don't want the this last + + align:start position:0% +you are right I don't want the this last + + + align:start position:0% +you are right I don't want the this last +element to be one comma two I want to + + align:start position:0% +element to be one comma two I want to + + + align:start position:0% +element to be one comma two I want to +reverse its elements too to be 2 comma 1 + + align:start position:0% +reverse its elements too to be 2 comma 1 + + + align:start position:0% +reverse its elements too to be 2 comma 1 +so in the end what I want this to give + + align:start position:0% +so in the end what I want this to give + + + align:start position:0% +so in the end what I want this to give +me is 876 54 3 2 1 okay all right so + + align:start position:0% +me is 876 54 3 2 1 okay all right so + + + align:start position:0% +me is 876 54 3 2 1 okay all right so +that deals with that first element being + + align:start position:0% +that deals with that first element being + + + align:start position:0% +that deals with that first element being +being popped at the end + + align:start position:0% +being popped at the end + + + align:start position:0% +being popped at the end +there now I consider my new list and + + align:start position:0% +there now I consider my new list and + + + align:start position:0% +there now I consider my new list and +again this is going to be the recursive + + align:start position:0% +again this is going to be the recursive + + + align:start position:0% +again this is going to be the recursive +step the uh the element at the front + + align:start position:0% +step the uh the element at the front + + + align:start position:0% +step the uh the element at the front +again I extract it it's just a number + + align:start position:0% +again I extract it it's just a number + + + align:start position:0% +again I extract it it's just a number +right nothing special here so you just + + align:start position:0% +right nothing special here so you just + + + align:start position:0% +right nothing special here so you just +go to the end right just like four + + align:start position:0% +go to the end right just like four + + + align:start position:0% +go to the end right just like four +nothing to consider nothing to reverse + + align:start position:0% +nothing to consider nothing to reverse + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to consider nothing to reverse +in for that three again the four just + + align:start position:0% +in for that three again the four just + + + align:start position:0% +in for that three again the four just +like before it goes to the + + align:start position:0% +like before it goes to the + + + align:start position:0% +like before it goes to the +end and now what about this list with + + align:start position:0% +end and now what about this list with + + + align:start position:0% +end and now what about this list with +lists within it and so on well we've + + align:start position:0% +lists within it and so on well we've + + + align:start position:0% +lists within it and so on well we've +reached sort of this quote unquote based + + align:start position:0% +reached sort of this quote unquote based + + + align:start position:0% +reached sort of this quote unquote based +case so there's nothing to put at the + + align:start position:0% +case so there's nothing to put at the + + + align:start position:0% +case so there's nothing to put at the +end but you can imagine being put at the + + align:start position:0% +end but you can imagine being put at the + + + align:start position:0% +end but you can imagine being put at the +end if it was if there were other + + align:start position:0% +end if it was if there were other + + + align:start position:0% +end if it was if there were other +elements within it so this one is going + + align:start position:0% +elements within it so this one is going + + + align:start position:0% +elements within it so this one is going +to stay as is sorry about that this one + + align:start position:0% +to stay as is sorry about that this one + + + align:start position:0% +to stay as is sorry about that this one +is going to stay as is but what we're + + align:start position:0% +is going to stay as is but what we're + + + align:start position:0% +is going to stay as is but what we're +going to do is going to say say well you + + align:start position:0% +going to do is going to say say well you + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is going to say say well you +are a list just like this one was a list + + align:start position:0% +are a list just like this one was a list + + + align:start position:0% +are a list just like this one was a list +right it was a list with two numbers in + + align:start position:0% +right it was a list with two numbers in + + + align:start position:0% +right it was a list with two numbers in +it so you are also a list with two + + align:start position:0% +it so you are also a list with two + + + align:start position:0% +it so you are also a list with two +elements in it so the first step I would + + align:start position:0% +elements in it so the first step I would + + + align:start position:0% +elements in it so the first step I would +like you to do is reverse yourself so + + align:start position:0% +like you to do is reverse yourself so + + + align:start position:0% +like you to do is reverse yourself so +the 78 will come to the front and the 56 + + align:start position:0% +the 78 will come to the front and the 56 + + + align:start position:0% +the 78 will come to the front and the 56 +will go after + + align:start position:0% +will go after + + + align:start position:0% +will go after +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +but its elements also are lists so not + + align:start position:0% +but its elements also are lists so not + + + align:start position:0% +but its elements also are lists so not +only do I want to reverse you but I want + + align:start position:0% +only do I want to reverse you but I want + + + align:start position:0% +only do I want to reverse you but I want +you to tell all your elements to reverse + + align:start position:0% +you to tell all your elements to reverse + + + align:start position:0% +you to tell all your elements to reverse +themselves so the six the 56 should + + align:start position:0% +themselves so the six the 56 should + + + align:start position:0% +themselves so the six the 56 should +reverse to become a 65 and the 78 should + + align:start position:0% +reverse to become a 65 and the 78 should + + + align:start position:0% +reverse to become a 65 and the 78 should +reverse itself to become a + + align:start position:0% +reverse itself to become a + + + align:start position:0% +reverse itself to become a + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +okay okay does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay does that make sense +conceptually I think I think we got it + + align:start position:0% +conceptually I think I think we got it + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually I think I think we got it +okay so we want to reverse uh as far + + align:start position:0% +okay so we want to reverse uh as far + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we want to reverse uh as far +deep as we can until we get to some some + + align:start position:0% +deep as we can until we get to some some + + + align:start position:0% +deep as we can until we get to some some +numbers + + align:start position:0% +numbers + + + align:start position:0% +numbers +okay okay so let's write write the code + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so let's write write the code + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so let's write write the code +okay we're going to do a very similar + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to do a very similar + + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to do a very similar +thing to what we've done in the past + + align:start position:0% +thing to what we've done in the past + + + align:start position:0% +thing to what we've done in the past +right all of these examples following + + align:start position:0% +right all of these examples following + + + align:start position:0% +right all of these examples following +the exact same pattern consider a list + + align:start position:0% +the exact same pattern consider a list + + + align:start position:0% +the exact same pattern consider a list +with one element in it and then consider + + align:start position:0% +with one element in it and then consider + + + align:start position:0% +with one element in it and then consider +a list with many elements in + + align:start position:0% +a list with many elements in + + + align:start position:0% +a list with many elements in +it if I have a list with one element in + + align:start position:0% +it if I have a list with one element in + + + align:start position:0% +it if I have a list with one element in +it so here here's a list right it's + + align:start position:0% +it so here here's a list right it's + + + align:start position:0% +it so here here's a list right it's +going to have only one element in + + align:start position:0% +going to have only one element in + + + align:start position:0% +going to have only one element in +it if the list is a + + align:start position:0% +it if the list is a + + + align:start position:0% +it if the list is a +uh if that element within that list is a + + align:start position:0% +uh if that element within that list is a + + + align:start position:0% +uh if that element within that list is a +number I'm going to do something + + align:start position:0% +number I'm going to do something + + + align:start position:0% +number I'm going to do something +different than if the element within + + align:start position:0% +different than if the element within + + + align:start position:0% +different than if the element within +this list is a list right so what I + + align:start position:0% +this list is a list right so what I + + + align:start position:0% +this list is a list right so what I +actually want to do inside this if Len L + + align:start position:0% +actually want to do inside this if Len L + + + align:start position:0% +actually want to do inside this if Len L +is equal to one is have two subp parts + + align:start position:0% +is equal to one is have two subp parts + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to one is have two subp parts +right depending on whether it's a list + + align:start position:0% +right depending on whether it's a list + + + align:start position:0% +right depending on whether it's a list +or not because if it's just a + + align:start position:0% +or not because if it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +or not because if it's just a +number I'm happy to just leave it as is + + align:start position:0% +number I'm happy to just leave it as is + + + align:start position:0% +number I'm happy to just leave it as is +right like this number is already in + + align:start position:0% +right like this number is already in + + + align:start position:0% +right like this number is already in +place place right it's already + + align:start position:0% +place place right it's already + + + align:start position:0% +place place right it's already +reversed but if the element within it + + align:start position:0% +reversed but if the element within it + + + align:start position:0% +reversed but if the element within it +is um is a + + align:start position:0% +is um is a + + + align:start position:0% +is um is a +list right this element is one Element + + align:start position:0% +list right this element is one Element + + + align:start position:0% +list right this element is one Element +inside my list is also a list I want it + + align:start position:0% +inside my list is also a list I want it + + + align:start position:0% +inside my list is also a list I want it +to reverse + + align:start position:0% +to reverse + + + align:start position:0% +to reverse +itself so if the length so if the length + + align:start position:0% +itself so if the length so if the length + + + align:start position:0% +itself so if the length so if the length +of the list is one I now check the + + align:start position:0% +of the list is one I now check the + + + align:start position:0% +of the list is one I now check the +type if it's not a list I do exactly the + + align:start position:0% +type if it's not a list I do exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +type if it's not a list I do exactly the +same thing as I did before if it's not a + + align:start position:0% +same thing as I did before if it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +same thing as I did before if it's not a +list you are already reversed no need to + + align:start position:0% +list you are already reversed no need to + + + align:start position:0% +list you are already reversed no need to +reverse anything else yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question yeah so uh we're just dividing + + align:start position:0% +question yeah so uh we're just dividing + + + align:start position:0% +question yeah so uh we're just dividing +it into one element or two or or more + + align:start position:0% +it into one element or two or or more + + + align:start position:0% +it into one element or two or or more +than one so in the case where we have + + align:start position:0% +than one so in the case where we have + + + align:start position:0% +than one so in the case where we have +one element right this is my list and + + align:start position:0% +one element right this is my list and + + + align:start position:0% +one element right this is my list and +this is the one + + align:start position:0% +this is the one + + + align:start position:0% +this is the one +element and if I have an element that's + + align:start position:0% +element and if I have an element that's + + + align:start position:0% +element and if I have an element that's +a list itself then this is still one + + align:start position:0% +a list itself then this is still one + + + align:start position:0% +a list itself then this is still one +element yep let's you ra the to + + align:start position:0% +element yep let's you ra the to + + + align:start position:0% +element yep let's you ra the to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +Yep this is now a list with two elements + + align:start position:0% +Yep this is now a list with two elements + + + align:start position:0% +Yep this is now a list with two elements +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +it yep yeah exactly but I am considering + + align:start position:0% +it yep yeah exactly but I am considering + + + align:start position:0% +it yep yeah exactly but I am considering +the case where I have a list with one + + align:start position:0% +the case where I have a list with one + + + align:start position:0% +the case where I have a list with one +element it happens to be another list + + align:start position:0% +element it happens to be another list + + + align:start position:0% +element it happens to be another list +and what's inside it I I don't currently + + align:start position:0% +and what's inside it I I don't currently + + + align:start position:0% +and what's inside it I I don't currently +care because yeah so if it's not a list + + align:start position:0% +care because yeah so if it's not a list + + + align:start position:0% +care because yeah so if it's not a list +it's already reversed + + align:start position:0% +it's already reversed + + + align:start position:0% +it's already reversed +otherwise what do we do well we want to + + align:start position:0% +otherwise what do we do well we want to + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise what do we do well we want to +ask it to reverse itself and that's the + + align:start position:0% +ask it to reverse itself and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +ask it to reverse itself and that's the +function we're currently + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +writing + + align:start position:0% +writing + + + align:start position:0% +writing +okay is that cool I guess okay um again + + align:start position:0% +okay is that cool I guess okay um again + + + align:start position:0% +okay is that cool I guess okay um again +a lot of trust going on here you guys so + + align:start position:0% +a lot of trust going on here you guys so + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of trust going on here you guys so +we're calling deep reverse this function + + align:start position:0% +we're calling deep reverse this function + + + align:start position:0% +we're calling deep reverse this function +we are currently writing on this list + + align:start position:0% +we are currently writing on this list + + + align:start position:0% +we are currently writing on this list +element L at index zero right it's our + + align:start position:0% +element L at index zero right it's our + + + align:start position:0% +element L at index zero right it's our +only ele our only + + align:start position:0% +only ele our only + + + align:start position:0% +only ele our only +element + + align:start position:0% +element + + + align:start position:0% +element +okay and not notice + + align:start position:0% +okay and not notice + + + align:start position:0% +okay and not notice +again I've got these square brackets + + align:start position:0% +again I've got these square brackets + + + align:start position:0% +again I've got these square brackets +around here + + align:start position:0% +around here + + + align:start position:0% +around here +because um this uh this function is + + align:start position:0% +because um this uh this function is + + + align:start position:0% +because um this uh this function is +supposed to return a list + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so just like in the previous case + + align:start position:0% +right so just like in the previous case + + + align:start position:0% +right so just like in the previous case +where I slapped on some square brackets + + align:start position:0% +where I slapped on some square brackets + + + align:start position:0% +where I slapped on some square brackets +or on the number I have to do it here as + + align:start position:0% +or on the number I have to do it here as + + + align:start position:0% +or on the number I have to do it here as +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +okay everyone okay with this case + + align:start position:0% +okay everyone okay with this case + + + align:start position:0% +okay everyone okay with this case +because the recursive step is going to + + align:start position:0% +because the recursive step is going to + + + align:start position:0% +because the recursive step is going to +be even crazier okay okay else we have a + + align:start position:0% +be even crazier okay okay else we have a + + + align:start position:0% +be even crazier okay okay else we have a +list with more than one element in it + + align:start position:0% +list with more than one element in it + + + align:start position:0% +list with more than one element in it +okay so we have a list with you know + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have a list with you know + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have a list with you know +some stuff here and then I have you know + + align:start position:0% +some stuff here and then I have you know + + + align:start position:0% +some stuff here and then I have you know +potentially another list and a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +potentially another list and a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +potentially another list and a bunch of +other stuff here right this whatever it + + align:start position:0% +other stuff here right this whatever it + + + align:start position:0% +other stuff here right this whatever it +is um so then what I would like to do is + + align:start position:0% +is um so then what I would like to do is + + + align:start position:0% +is um so then what I would like to do is +again according to + + align:start position:0% +again according to + + + align:start position:0% +again according to +our um sort of pattern that we've been + + align:start position:0% +our um sort of pattern that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +our um sort of pattern that we've been +looking at is to say I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +looking at is to say I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +looking at is to say I'm going to +extract the first element in the list + + align:start position:0% +extract the first element in the list + + + align:start position:0% +extract the first element in the list +right so if I have a list with many + + align:start position:0% +right so if I have a list with many + + + align:start position:0% +right so if I have a list with many +elements let's extract the first one and + + align:start position:0% +elements let's extract the first one and + + + align:start position:0% +elements let's extract the first one and +deal with + + align:start position:0% +deal with + + + align:start position:0% +deal with +it but again I need to take care because + + align:start position:0% +it but again I need to take care because + + + align:start position:0% +it but again I need to take care because +that first element may be a number or + + align:start position:0% +that first element may be a number or + + + align:start position:0% +that first element may be a number or +string or whatever or it may be a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +list okay and I deal with these two + + align:start position:0% +list okay and I deal with these two + + + align:start position:0% +list okay and I deal with these two +cases + + align:start position:0% +cases + + + align:start position:0% +cases +separately if it's just a number so + + align:start position:0% +separately if it's just a number so + + + align:start position:0% +separately if it's just a number so +that's this if Case here so if the type + + align:start position:0% +that's this if Case here so if the type + + + align:start position:0% +that's this if Case here so if the type +of L at zero the thing that I've + + align:start position:0% +of L at zero the thing that I've + + + align:start position:0% +of L at zero the thing that I've +extracted is a list then what I need to + + align:start position:0% +extracted is a list then what I need to + + + align:start position:0% +extracted is a list then what I need to +do is what I had in the pr previous + + align:start position:0% +do is what I had in the pr previous + + + align:start position:0% +do is what I had in the pr previous +example I grab that first element slap + + align:start position:0% +example I grab that first element slap + + + align:start position:0% +example I grab that first element slap +square brackets around it and + + align:start position:0% +square brackets around it and + + + align:start position:0% +square brackets around it and +concatenate it with deep reverse of the + + align:start position:0% +concatenate it with deep reverse of the + + + align:start position:0% +concatenate it with deep reverse of the +rest of it exactly the same as the + + align:start position:0% +rest of it exactly the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +rest of it exactly the same as the +previous case right because it's just a + + align:start position:0% +previous case right because it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +previous case right because it's just a +number I do what I did before plop it to + + align:start position:0% +number I do what I did before plop it to + + + align:start position:0% +number I do what I did before plop it to +the end and we're + + align:start position:0% +the end and we're + + + align:start position:0% +the end and we're +done and again I'm making function call + + align:start position:0% +done and again I'm making function call + + + align:start position:0% +done and again I'm making function call +here to + + align:start position:0% +here to + + + align:start position:0% +here to +myself else okay this thing here this L + + align:start position:0% +myself else okay this thing here this L + + + align:start position:0% +myself else okay this thing here this L +index zero that I've extracted is a + + align:start position:0% +index zero that I've extracted is a + + + align:start position:0% +index zero that I've extracted is a +list right so not not only do I have to + + align:start position:0% +list right so not not only do I have to + + + align:start position:0% +list right so not not only do I have to +call Deep reverse on these guys here but + + align:start position:0% +call Deep reverse on these guys here but + + + align:start position:0% +call Deep reverse on these guys here but +everybody together we have to call Deep + + align:start position:0% +everybody together we have to call Deep + + + align:start position:0% +everybody together we have to call Deep +reverse on the first element as well + + align:start position:0% +reverse on the first element as well + + + align:start position:0% +reverse on the first element as well +right because it's a list I can't just + + align:start position:0% +right because it's a list I can't just + + + align:start position:0% +right because it's a list I can't just +put it to the end I want to reverse it + + align:start position:0% +put it to the end I want to reverse it + + + align:start position:0% +put it to the end I want to reverse it +to reverse all of its + + align:start position:0% +to reverse all of its + + + align:start position:0% +to reverse all of its +elements okay so this is the code to do + + align:start position:0% +elements okay so this is the code to do + + + align:start position:0% +elements okay so this is the code to do +that right this bit here deep reverse L1 + + align:start position:0% +that right this bit here deep reverse L1 + + + align:start position:0% +that right this bit here deep reverse L1 +colon tells the remaining of the list of + + align:start position:0% +colon tells the remaining of the list of + + + align:start position:0% +colon tells the remaining of the list of +the list to reverse itself exactly like + + align:start position:0% +the list to reverse itself exactly like + + + align:start position:0% +the list to reverse itself exactly like +we did in the integer case all it's the + + align:start position:0% +we did in the integer case all it's the + + + align:start position:0% +we did in the integer case all it's the +same but we concatenate that again by + + align:start position:0% +same but we concatenate that again by + + + align:start position:0% +same but we concatenate that again by +putting square brackets around it + + align:start position:0% +putting square brackets around it + + + align:start position:0% +putting square brackets around it +because we want to concatenate with the + + align:start position:0% +because we want to concatenate with the + + + align:start position:0% +because we want to concatenate with the +list we concatenate that with deep + + align:start position:0% +list we concatenate that with deep + + + align:start position:0% +list we concatenate that with deep +reversing our element at index zero + + align:start position:0% +reversing our element at index zero + + + align:start position:0% +reversing our element at index zero +right so not only do we put this at the + + align:start position:0% +right so not only do we put this at the + + + align:start position:0% +right so not only do we put this at the +end to reverse it but we need it to + + align:start position:0% +end to reverse it but we need it to + + + align:start position:0% +end to reverse it but we need it to +reverse all of its elements as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well okay there are no more lines to + + align:start position:0% +well okay there are no more lines to + + + align:start position:0% +well okay there are no more lines to +this code but + + align:start position:0% +this code but + + + align:start position:0% +this code but +what are your + + align:start position:0% +what are your + + + align:start position:0% +what are your +thoughts I know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so yeah so we put square brackets + + align:start position:0% +yeah so yeah so we put square brackets + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so yeah so we put square brackets +because we want to maintain the same + + align:start position:0% +because we want to maintain the same + + + align:start position:0% +because we want to maintain the same +structure of what the original list was + + align:start position:0% +structure of what the original list was + + + align:start position:0% +structure of what the original list was +so if it's an integer is I guess the + + align:start position:0% +so if it's an integer is I guess the + + + align:start position:0% +so if it's an integer is I guess the +simplest B the simplest case to explain + + align:start position:0% +simplest B the simplest case to explain + + + align:start position:0% +simplest B the simplest case to explain +it so if it's an integer you can't + + align:start position:0% +it so if it's an integer you can't + + + align:start position:0% +it so if it's an integer you can't +concatenate the list with the integer + + align:start position:0% +concatenate the list with the integer + + + align:start position:0% +concatenate the list with the integer +right it's it'll be a problem so you + + align:start position:0% +right it's it'll be a problem so you + + + align:start position:0% +right it's it'll be a problem so you +want to concatenate the list with the + + align:start position:0% +want to concatenate the list with the + + + align:start position:0% +want to concatenate the list with the +integer inside a list as as a single + + align:start position:0% +integer inside a list as as a single + + + align:start position:0% +integer inside a list as as a single +element + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what we can do is we can simplify the + + align:start position:0% +so what we can do is we can simplify the + + + align:start position:0% +so what we can do is we can simplify the +code again I personally think of this as + + align:start position:0% +code again I personally think of this as + + + align:start position:0% +code again I personally think of this as +a bit easier to think about just as I'm + + align:start position:0% +a bit easier to think about just as I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a bit easier to think about just as I'm +extracting out the um the the case where + + align:start position:0% +extracting out the um the the case where + + + align:start position:0% +extracting out the um the the case where +I have one a list with one thing and a + + align:start position:0% +I have one a list with one thing and a + + + align:start position:0% +I have one a list with one thing and a +list with many things but you can + + align:start position:0% +list with many things but you can + + + align:start position:0% +list with many things but you can +certainly you know uh uh think of it + + align:start position:0% +certainly you know uh uh think of it + + + align:start position:0% +certainly you know uh uh think of it +like this so if I have an empty list + + align:start position:0% +like this so if I have an empty list + + + align:start position:0% +like this so if I have an empty list +just return an empty list else I've got + + align:start position:0% +just return an empty list else I've got + + + align:start position:0% +just return an empty list else I've got +I'm extracting the element index zero + + align:start position:0% +I'm extracting the element index zero + + + align:start position:0% +I'm extracting the element index zero +directly and I deep reverse that um the + + align:start position:0% +directly and I deep reverse that um the + + + align:start position:0% +directly and I deep reverse that um the +rest of the list concatenated with that + + align:start position:0% +rest of the list concatenated with that + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the list concatenated with that +element at the end again oops noting + + align:start position:0% +element at the end again oops noting + + + align:start position:0% +element at the end again oops noting +that we are putting uh this element as a + + align:start position:0% +that we are putting uh this element as a + + + align:start position:0% +that we are putting uh this element as a +list and else we can deep + + align:start position:0% +list and else we can deep + + + align:start position:0% +list and else we can deep +reverse uh the rest of the list + + align:start position:0% +reverse uh the rest of the list + + + align:start position:0% +reverse uh the rest of the list +concatenated with deep reversing this + + align:start position:0% +concatenated with deep reversing this + + + align:start position:0% +concatenated with deep reversing this +guy here right so not only do we put it + + align:start position:0% +guy here right so not only do we put it + + + align:start position:0% +guy here right so not only do we put it +at the end but we also reverse all of + + align:start position:0% +at the end but we also reverse all of + + + align:start position:0% +at the end but we also reverse all of +its elements so this is the simplified + + align:start position:0% +its elements so this is the simplified + + + align:start position:0% +its elements so this is the simplified +version uh a simplified + + align:start position:0% +version uh a simplified + + + align:start position:0% +version uh a simplified +code okay so this recursion that we saw + + align:start position:0% +code okay so this recursion that we saw + + + align:start position:0% +code okay so this recursion that we saw +all these examples here that we applied + + align:start position:0% +all these examples here that we applied + + + align:start position:0% +all these examples here that we applied +to list can actually be apply applied to + + align:start position:0% +to list can actually be apply applied to + + + align:start position:0% +to list can actually be apply applied to +any indexable ordered sequences right + + align:start position:0% +any indexable ordered sequences right + + + align:start position:0% +any indexable ordered sequences right +the same code will work for tupal the + + align:start position:0% +the same code will work for tupal the + + + align:start position:0% +the same code will work for tupal the +same code will work for um strings + + align:start position:0% +same code will work for um strings + + + align:start position:0% +same code will work for um strings +except for the one where because you + + align:start position:0% +except for the one where because you + + + align:start position:0% +except for the one where because you +can't have strings within strings within + + align:start position:0% +can't have strings within strings within + + + align:start position:0% +can't have strings within strings within +strings but certainly you know summing + + align:start position:0% +strings but certainly you know summing + + + align:start position:0% +strings but certainly you know summing +the elements in a list and checking + + align:start position:0% +the elements in a list and checking + + + align:start position:0% +the elements in a list and checking +whether an element is in a list uh will + + align:start position:0% +whether an element is in a list uh will + + + align:start position:0% +whether an element is in a list uh will +work for tuples as well and you know + + align:start position:0% +work for tuples as well and you know + + + align:start position:0% +work for tuples as well and you know +some of these will work for Strings as + + align:start position:0% +some of these will work for Strings as + + + align:start position:0% +some of these will work for Strings as +long as you can do that operation on the + + align:start position:0% +long as you can do that operation on the + + + align:start position:0% +long as you can do that operation on the +strings right because these are all + + align:start position:0% +strings right because these are all + + + align:start position:0% +strings right because these are all +indexable sequences right so it's it + + align:start position:0% +indexable sequences right so it's it + + + align:start position:0% +indexable sequences right so it's it +shouldn't be a + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be a + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be a +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +um so lots of takeaways here with + + align:start position:0% +um so lots of takeaways here with + + + align:start position:0% +um so lots of takeaways here with +recursion + + align:start position:0% +recursion + + + align:start position:0% +recursion +um uh this last example namely is it + + align:start position:0% +um uh this last example namely is it + + + align:start position:0% +um uh this last example namely is it +looks really nice in the cleaned up form + + align:start position:0% +looks really nice in the cleaned up form + + + align:start position:0% +looks really nice in the cleaned up form +and it's you what like five lines of + + align:start position:0% +and it's you what like five lines of + + + align:start position:0% +and it's you what like five lines of +code to solve this really kind of hard + + align:start position:0% +code to solve this really kind of hard + + + align:start position:0% +code to solve this really kind of hard +problem that you would otherwise have to + + align:start position:0% +problem that you would otherwise have to + + + align:start position:0% +problem that you would otherwise have to +solve using Y loops and for loops and + + align:start position:0% +solve using Y loops and for loops and + + + align:start position:0% +solve using Y loops and for loops and +things like that um so I I I definitely + + align:start position:0% +things like that um so I I I definitely + + + align:start position:0% +things like that um so I I I definitely +encourage you to take a look through the + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to take a look through the + + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to take a look through the +python tutor links that I've I've put in + + align:start position:0% +python tutor links that I've I've put in + + + align:start position:0% +python tutor links that I've I've put in +my two tips so the two big takeaways on + + align:start position:0% +my two tips so the two big takeaways on + + + align:start position:0% +my two tips so the two big takeaways on +recursion is this thing about based Cas + + align:start position:0% +recursion is this thing about based Cas + + + align:start position:0% +recursion is this thing about based Cas +or cases right + + align:start position:0% +or cases right + + + align:start position:0% +or cases right +anytime you have a return statement and + + align:start position:0% +anytime you have a return statement and + + + align:start position:0% +anytime you have a return statement and +you're writing a recursive function make + + align:start position:0% +you're writing a recursive function make + + + align:start position:0% +you're writing a recursive function make +sure that every single return statement + + align:start position:0% +sure that every single return statement + + + align:start position:0% +sure that every single return statement +is returning something that is of that + + align:start position:0% +is returning something that is of that + + + align:start position:0% +is returning something that is of that +same type otherwise you'll have type + + align:start position:0% +same type otherwise you'll have type + + + align:start position:0% +same type otherwise you'll have type +mismatches all over the place okay and + + align:start position:0% +mismatches all over the place okay and + + + align:start position:0% +mismatches all over the place okay and +then the recursive step um takes + + align:start position:0% +then the recursive step um takes + + + align:start position:0% +then the recursive step um takes +advantage of the fact that you are + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the fact that you are + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the fact that you are +returning these kinds of types right so + + align:start position:0% +returning these kinds of types right so + + + align:start position:0% +returning these kinds of types right so +then those operations in the recursive + + align:start position:0% +then those operations in the recursive + + + align:start position:0% +then those operations in the recursive +step will work with those types and the + + align:start position:0% +step will work with those types and the + + + align:start position:0% +step will work with those types and the +second is the function doesn't have to + + align:start position:0% +second is the function doesn't have to + + + align:start position:0% +second is the function doesn't have to +be efficient on the first pass right so + + align:start position:0% +be efficient on the first pass right so + + + align:start position:0% +be efficient on the first pass right so +the way we thought about the problem by + + align:start position:0% +the way we thought about the problem by + + + align:start position:0% +the way we thought about the problem by +separating it and list with one element + + align:start position:0% +separating it and list with one element + + + align:start position:0% +separating it and list with one element +and many is easier for me to think about + + align:start position:0% +and many is easier for me to think about + + + align:start position:0% +and many is easier for me to think about +because I can wrap my head around the + + align:start position:0% +because I can wrap my head around the + + + align:start position:0% +because I can wrap my head around the +problem um and you know you don't have + + align:start position:0% +problem um and you know you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +problem um and you know you don't have +to write the most efficient code right + + align:start position:0% +to write the most efficient code right + + + align:start position:0% +to write the most efficient code right +off the bat for recursion certainly no + + align:start position:0% +off the bat for recursion certainly no + + + align:start position:0% +off the bat for recursion certainly no +need to do that but you can definitely + + align:start position:0% +need to do that but you can definitely + + + align:start position:0% +need to do that but you can definitely +clean it up after you have something + + align:start position:0% +clean it up after you have something + + + align:start position:0% +clean it up after you have something +that works many practice problems on the + + align:start position:0% +that works many practice problems on the + + + align:start position:0% +that works many practice problems on the +python Co on the python file for today + + align:start position:0% +python Co on the python file for today + + + align:start position:0% +python Co on the python file for today +many many practice problems memorizing + + align:start position:0% +many many practice problems memorizing + + + align:start position:0% +many many practice problems memorizing +the basketball obviously I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +the basketball obviously I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +the basketball obviously I mentioned +that uh an example a little practice + + align:start position:0% +that uh an example a little practice + + + align:start position:0% +that uh an example a little practice +with uh no lists within lists an example + + align:start position:0% +with uh no lists within lists an example + + + align:start position:0% +with uh no lists within lists an example +or a practice with lists within list + + align:start position:0% +or a practice with lists within list + + + align:start position:0% +or a practice with lists within list +within lists and then I included three + + align:start position:0% +within lists and then I included three + + + align:start position:0% +within lists and then I included three +buggy recursion implementations for you + + align:start position:0% +buggy recursion implementations for you + + + align:start position:0% +buggy recursion implementations for you +to try to fix so a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +to try to fix so a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +to try to fix so a little bit of +debugging practice plus recursion + + align:start position:0% +debugging practice plus recursion + + + align:start position:0% +debugging practice plus recursion +practice all + + align:start position:0% +practice all + + + align:start position:0% +practice all +right thanks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2Y__Z_PgAxQ.txt b/2Y__Z_PgAxQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a06784efeb56e73c96c9ce9726bf4e9729ebb8c --- /dev/null +++ b/2Y__Z_PgAxQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so welcome to our massive open online + + align:start position:0% +so welcome to our massive open online + + + align:start position:0% +so welcome to our massive open online +course + + align:start position:0% +course + + + align:start position:0% +course +10s95x physics of covid19 transmission + + align:start position:0% +10s95x physics of covid19 transmission + + + align:start position:0% +10s95x physics of covid19 transmission +the course is organized into five + + align:start position:0% +the course is organized into five + + + align:start position:0% +the course is organized into five +chapters first + + align:start position:0% +chapters first + + + align:start position:0% +chapters first +transfer respiratory pathogens where we + + align:start position:0% +transfer respiratory pathogens where we + + + align:start position:0% +transfer respiratory pathogens where we +will learn about + + align:start position:0% +will learn about + + + align:start position:0% +will learn about +how viral and bacterial diseases are + + align:start position:0% +how viral and bacterial diseases are + + + align:start position:0% +how viral and bacterial diseases are +transmitted + + align:start position:0% +transmitted + + + align:start position:0% +transmitted +through the air through aerosol and + + align:start position:0% +through the air through aerosol and + + + align:start position:0% +through the air through aerosol and +other types of droplets + + align:start position:0% +other types of droplets + + + align:start position:0% +other types of droplets +in the next chapter part two we will + + align:start position:0% +in the next chapter part two we will + + + align:start position:0% +in the next chapter part two we will +study + + align:start position:0% +study + + + align:start position:0% +study +airborne transmission in a well-mixed + + align:start position:0% +airborne transmission in a well-mixed + + + align:start position:0% +airborne transmission in a well-mixed +room we'll analyze + + align:start position:0% +room we'll analyze + + + align:start position:0% +room we'll analyze +the fluid mechanics of droplet transfer + + align:start position:0% +the fluid mechanics of droplet transfer + + + align:start position:0% +the fluid mechanics of droplet transfer +between individuals breathing the same + + align:start position:0% +between individuals breathing the same + + + align:start position:0% +between individuals breathing the same +air in a room + + align:start position:0% +air in a room + + + align:start position:0% +air in a room +and then in the next chapter we will + + align:start position:0% +and then in the next chapter we will + + + align:start position:0% +and then in the next chapter we will +describe + + align:start position:0% +describe + + + align:start position:0% +describe +basic models in the field of + + align:start position:0% +basic models in the field of + + + align:start position:0% +basic models in the field of +epidemiology to describe the spread and + + align:start position:0% +epidemiology to describe the spread and + + + align:start position:0% +epidemiology to describe the spread and +transfer of disease + + align:start position:0% +transfer of disease + + + align:start position:0% +transfer of disease +and the next chapter four we'll + + align:start position:0% +and the next chapter four we'll + + + align:start position:0% +and the next chapter four we'll +integrate + + align:start position:0% +integrate + + + align:start position:0% +integrate +the disease modeling with airborne + + align:start position:0% +the disease modeling with airborne + + + align:start position:0% +the disease modeling with airborne +transmission to arrive at a safety + + align:start position:0% +transmission to arrive at a safety + + + align:start position:0% +transmission to arrive at a safety +guideline + + align:start position:0% +guideline + + + align:start position:0% +guideline +to limit the indoor airborne + + align:start position:0% +to limit the indoor airborne + + + align:start position:0% +to limit the indoor airborne +transmission of covid19 + + align:start position:0% +transmission of covid19 + + + align:start position:0% +transmission of covid19 +and we will apply it to kovat19 through + + align:start position:0% +and we will apply it to kovat19 through + + + align:start position:0% +and we will apply it to kovat19 through +analysis of various spreading events + + align:start position:0% +analysis of various spreading events + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of various spreading events +and then finally in chapter 5 we will go + + align:start position:0% +and then finally in chapter 5 we will go + + + align:start position:0% +and then finally in chapter 5 we will go +beyond the wellmix room to discuss the + + align:start position:0% +beyond the wellmix room to discuss the + + + align:start position:0% +beyond the wellmix room to discuss the +fluid mechanics + + align:start position:0% +fluid mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +fluid mechanics +of ventilation and thermal flows + + align:start position:0% +of ventilation and thermal flows + + + align:start position:0% +of ventilation and thermal flows +and respiratory flows and understand the + + align:start position:0% +and respiratory flows and understand the + + + align:start position:0% +and respiratory flows and understand the +limitations and extensions + + align:start position:0% +limitations and extensions + + + align:start position:0% +limitations and extensions +of the analysis leading to the safety + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guideline \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2uDvRUowBzg.txt b/2uDvRUowBzg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27a9c512568cfdd377a54d490df0e14164114514 --- /dev/null +++ b/2uDvRUowBzg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hi everyone today we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +hi everyone today we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +hi everyone today we're going to talk +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +so we've seen linear transformations + + align:start position:0% +so we've seen linear transformations + + + align:start position:0% +so we've seen linear transformations +incognito all the time until now we've + + align:start position:0% +incognito all the time until now we've + + + align:start position:0% +incognito all the time until now we've +played around with matrices matrices + + align:start position:0% +played around with matrices matrices + + + align:start position:0% +played around with matrices matrices +multiplying vectors say in our n and + + align:start position:0% +multiplying vectors say in our n and + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying vectors say in our n and +producing vectors in RM so really the + + align:start position:0% +producing vectors in RM so really the + + + align:start position:0% +producing vectors in RM so really the +language of linear transformations only + + align:start position:0% +language of linear transformations only + + + align:start position:0% +language of linear transformations only +provides a nicer framework when we want + + align:start position:0% +provides a nicer framework when we want + + + align:start position:0% +provides a nicer framework when we want +to analyze linear linear operations on + + align:start position:0% +to analyze linear linear operations on + + + align:start position:0% +to analyze linear linear operations on +more abstract vector spaces like the one + + align:start position:0% +more abstract vector spaces like the one + + + align:start position:0% +more abstract vector spaces like the one +we have in this problem here we're going + + align:start position:0% +we have in this problem here we're going + + + align:start position:0% +we have in this problem here we're going +to work with the space of two by two + + align:start position:0% +to work with the space of two by two + + + align:start position:0% +to work with the space of two by two +matrices and we're going to analyze the + + align:start position:0% +matrices and we're going to analyze the + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and we're going to analyze the +operation have the matrix a and we + + align:start position:0% +operation have the matrix a and we + + + align:start position:0% +operation have the matrix a and we +produce its transform its transpose okay + + align:start position:0% +produce its transform its transpose okay + + + align:start position:0% +produce its transform its transpose okay +so please take a few minutes to try the + + align:start position:0% +so please take a few minutes to try the + + + align:start position:0% +so please take a few minutes to try the +problem on your own and come back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi again okay so the first question we + + align:start position:0% +hi again okay so the first question we + + + align:start position:0% +hi again okay so the first question we +need to ask ourselves is indeed why ste + + align:start position:0% +need to ask ourselves is indeed why ste + + + align:start position:0% +need to ask ourselves is indeed why ste +a linear operator so what are the + + align:start position:0% +a linear operator so what are the + + + align:start position:0% +a linear operator so what are the +abstract properties that a linear + + align:start position:0% +abstract properties that a linear + + + align:start position:0% +abstract properties that a linear +operator satisfies well what happens + + align:start position:0% +operator satisfies well what happens + + + align:start position:0% +operator satisfies well what happens +when T acts on the sum of two matrices a + + align:start position:0% +when T acts on the sum of two matrices a + + + align:start position:0% +when T acts on the sum of two matrices a +and B so it produce this is the matrix + + align:start position:0% +and B so it produce this is the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +and B so it produce this is the matrix +the transpose of a plus B but we know + + align:start position:0% +the transpose of a plus B but we know + + + align:start position:0% +the transpose of a plus B but we know +that this is a transpose B transpose and + + align:start position:0% +that this is a transpose B transpose and + + + align:start position:0% +that this is a transpose B transpose and +so this is exactly G a G B okay so the + + align:start position:0% +so this is exactly G a G B okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is exactly G a G B okay so the +transport of the transformation that + + align:start position:0% +transport of the transformation that + + + align:start position:0% +transport of the transformation that +we're analyzing it takes like the sum of + + align:start position:0% +we're analyzing it takes like the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +we're analyzing it takes like the sum of +two matrices into the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +two matrices into the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +two matrices into the sum of the +transformation of their transformations + + align:start position:0% +transformation of their transformations + + + align:start position:0% +transformation of their transformations +okay similarly it takes a multiple of a + + align:start position:0% +okay similarly it takes a multiple of a + + + align:start position:0% +okay similarly it takes a multiple of a +transformation into the multiple of the + + align:start position:0% +transformation into the multiple of the + + + align:start position:0% +transformation into the multiple of the +transformations of yeah the the so it + + align:start position:0% +transformations of yeah the the so it + + + align:start position:0% +transformations of yeah the the so it +takes yeah the matrix C times A to C + + align:start position:0% +takes yeah the matrix C times A to C + + + align:start position:0% +takes yeah the matrix C times A to C +times a transpose which is C okay okay + + align:start position:0% +times a transpose which is C okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +times a transpose which is C okay okay +so it is a linear operator now can we + + align:start position:0% +so it is a linear operator now can we + + + align:start position:0% +so it is a linear operator now can we +figure out what its inverse is well what + + align:start position:0% +figure out what its inverse is well what + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what its inverse is well what +what does the transpose do it takes a + + align:start position:0% +what does the transpose do it takes a + + + align:start position:0% +what does the transpose do it takes a +column right and flips it into a row so + + align:start position:0% +column right and flips it into a row so + + + align:start position:0% +column right and flips it into a row so +what happens if we apply the operation + + align:start position:0% +what happens if we apply the operation + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if we apply the operation +once again well it's gonna take the row + + align:start position:0% +once again well it's gonna take the row + + + align:start position:0% +once again well it's gonna take the row +and turn it back down to the column so + + align:start position:0% +and turn it back down to the column so + + + align:start position:0% +and turn it back down to the column so +applying the track that transformation + + align:start position:0% +applying the track that transformation + + + align:start position:0% +applying the track that transformation +twice we come back to the original + + align:start position:0% +twice we come back to the original + + + align:start position:0% +twice we come back to the original +situation + + align:start position:0% +situation + + + align:start position:0% +situation +so therefore T squared is the + + align:start position:0% +so therefore T squared is the + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore T squared is the +identity and from this we infer that the + + align:start position:0% +identity and from this we infer that the + + + align:start position:0% +identity and from this we infer that the +inverse is the transformation itself + + align:start position:0% +inverse is the transformation itself + + + align:start position:0% +inverse is the transformation itself +okay now this was part 1 part 2 will + + align:start position:0% +okay now this was part 1 part 2 will + + + align:start position:0% +okay now this was part 1 part 2 will +compute the matrix of the linear + + align:start position:0% +compute the matrix of the linear + + + align:start position:0% +compute the matrix of the linear +transformation in the following two + + align:start position:0% +transformation in the following two + + + align:start position:0% +transformation in the following two +bases so the first basis basis is in + + align:start position:0% +bases so the first basis basis is in + + + align:start position:0% +bases so the first basis basis is in +fact I mean it is the standard basis for + + align:start position:0% +fact I mean it is the standard basis for + + + align:start position:0% +fact I mean it is the standard basis for +the space of two by two matrices and the + + align:start position:0% +the space of two by two matrices and the + + + align:start position:0% +the space of two by two matrices and the +way we compute the matrix we first + + align:start position:0% +way we compute the matrix we first + + + align:start position:0% +way we compute the matrix we first +compute what T does to each of the basis + + align:start position:0% +compute what T does to each of the basis + + + align:start position:0% +compute what T does to each of the basis +elements okay + + align:start position:0% +elements okay + + + align:start position:0% +elements okay +so T the V one let's go back so it here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so T takes the tenth transpose of this + + align:start position:0% +so T takes the tenth transpose of this + + + align:start position:0% +so T takes the tenth transpose of this +matrix and but we see that the transpose + + align:start position:0% +matrix and but we see that the transpose + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and but we see that the transpose +of 1 0 0 0 is 1 0 0 0 so it's a + + align:start position:0% +of 1 0 0 0 is 1 0 0 0 so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +of 1 0 0 0 is 1 0 0 0 so it's a +symmetric matrix so T of e 1 is V 1 + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrix so T of e 1 is V 1 + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrix so T of e 1 is V 1 +what about T is V 2 yeah come back here + + align:start position:0% +what about T is V 2 yeah come back here + + + align:start position:0% +what about T is V 2 yeah come back here +so this one comes here 0 comes here and + + align:start position:0% +so this one comes here 0 comes here and + + + align:start position:0% +so this one comes here 0 comes here and +so we actually get V 3 all right + + align:start position:0% +so we actually get V 3 all right + + + align:start position:0% +so we actually get V 3 all right +so T of V 2 is V 3 similarly T of V 3 is + + align:start position:0% +so T of V 2 is V 3 similarly T of V 3 is + + + align:start position:0% +so T of V 2 is V 3 similarly T of V 3 is +V 2 and finally tier V 4 well V 4 is a + + align:start position:0% +V 2 and finally tier V 4 well V 4 is a + + + align:start position:0% +V 2 and finally tier V 4 well V 4 is a +symmetric matrix as well so the + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrix as well so the + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrix as well so the +transpose doesn't change it okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what we are now we right we encode + + align:start position:0% +so what we are now we right we encode + + + align:start position:0% +so what we are now we right we encode +this into a matrix in the following way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +essentially yeah the first column will + + align:start position:0% +essentially yeah the first column will + + + align:start position:0% +essentially yeah the first column will +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +the first column will tell us how tier V + + align:start position:0% +the first column will tell us how tier V + + + align:start position:0% +the first column will tell us how tier V +1 is expressed as a linear combination + + align:start position:0% +1 is expressed as a linear combination + + + align:start position:0% +1 is expressed as a linear combination +of the basis elements well in this case + + align:start position:0% +of the basis elements well in this case + + + align:start position:0% +of the basis elements well in this case +it's just V 1 so it's going to be 1 + + align:start position:0% +it's just V 1 so it's going to be 1 + + + align:start position:0% +it's just V 1 so it's going to be 1 +times v1 plus 0 v2 plus zero V 3 plus 0 + + align:start position:0% +times v1 plus 0 v2 plus zero V 3 plus 0 + + + align:start position:0% +times v1 plus 0 v2 plus zero V 3 plus 0 +V 4 T of V 2 is V 3 so we have 0 0 1 0 T + + align:start position:0% +V 4 T of V 2 is V 3 so we have 0 0 1 0 T + + + align:start position:0% +V 4 T of V 2 is V 3 so we have 0 0 1 0 T +of V 3 is 0 V 1 1 V 2 0 V 3 0 V 4 and T + + align:start position:0% +of V 3 is 0 V 1 1 V 2 0 V 3 0 V 4 and T + + + align:start position:0% +of V 3 is 0 V 1 1 V 2 0 V 3 0 V 4 and T +of V 4 is 0 1 V 1 0 V 2 0 V 3 plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +of V 4 is 0 1 V 1 0 V 2 0 V 3 plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +of V 4 is 0 1 V 1 0 V 2 0 V 3 plus 1 +before okay so we written down the + + align:start position:0% +before okay so we written down the + + + align:start position:0% +before okay so we written down the +matrix of the linear transformation T in + + align:start position:0% +matrix of the linear transformation T in + + + align:start position:0% +matrix of the linear transformation T in +the standard basis and you can check + + align:start position:0% +the standard basis and you can check + + + align:start position:0% +the standard basis and you can check +that this is exactly what we want say we + + align:start position:0% +that this is exactly what we want say we + + + align:start position:0% +that this is exactly what we want say we +can yeah let's let's see what's this + + align:start position:0% +can yeah let's let's see what's this + + + align:start position:0% +can yeah let's let's see what's this +so yeah let's see what the represented a + + align:start position:0% +so yeah let's see what the represented a + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah let's see what the represented a +representation of the matrix of some + + align:start position:0% +representation of the matrix of some + + + align:start position:0% +representation of the matrix of some +matrix a 1 2 3 4 in this standard basis + + align:start position:0% +matrix a 1 2 3 4 in this standard basis + + + align:start position:0% +matrix a 1 2 3 4 in this standard basis +this it's the vector 1 2 3 4 T takes + + align:start position:0% +this it's the vector 1 2 3 4 T takes + + + align:start position:0% +this it's the vector 1 2 3 4 T takes +this to its transpose 1 3 to 4 so this + + align:start position:0% +this to its transpose 1 3 to 4 so this + + + align:start position:0% +this to its transpose 1 3 to 4 so this +in the basis is represented as 1 3 to 4 + + align:start position:0% +in the basis is represented as 1 3 to 4 + + + align:start position:0% +in the basis is represented as 1 3 to 4 +right and it's not hard to see that + + align:start position:0% +right and it's not hard to see that + + + align:start position:0% +right and it's not hard to see that +Mt my multiplies went empty multiplies + + align:start position:0% +Mt my multiplies went empty multiplies + + + align:start position:0% +Mt my multiplies went empty multiplies +this vector we get exactly this vector + + align:start position:0% +this vector we get exactly this vector + + + align:start position:0% +this vector we get exactly this vector +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so we'll pause for a bit so that I erase + + align:start position:0% +so we'll pause for a bit so that I erase + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll pause for a bit so that I erase +the board and we're going to return with + + align:start position:0% +the board and we're going to return with + + + align:start position:0% +the board and we're going to return with +the representation of T in the basis of + + align:start position:0% +the representation of T in the basis of + + + align:start position:0% +the representation of T in the basis of +w1 w2 w3 and w-4 okay so let's now + + align:start position:0% +w1 w2 w3 and w-4 okay so let's now + + + align:start position:0% +w1 w2 w3 and w-4 okay so let's now +compute the matrix of T in the basis W 1 + + align:start position:0% +compute the matrix of T in the basis W 1 + + + align:start position:0% +compute the matrix of T in the basis W 1 +W 2 W 3 and W 4 we play the same game we + + align:start position:0% +W 2 W 3 and W 4 we play the same game we + + + align:start position:0% +W 2 W 3 and W 4 we play the same game we +look at how T acts on each of the basis + + align:start position:0% +look at how T acts on each of the basis + + + align:start position:0% +look at how T acts on each of the basis +vectors so T of W 1 well W 1 is a + + align:start position:0% +vectors so T of W 1 well W 1 is a + + + align:start position:0% +vectors so T of W 1 well W 1 is a +symmetric matrix so T of W 1 is W 1 + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrix so T of W 1 is W 1 + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric matrix so T of W 1 is W 1 +similarly with W 2 and W 3 they're all + + align:start position:0% +similarly with W 2 and W 3 they're all + + + align:start position:0% +similarly with W 2 and W 3 they're all +symmetric what about W 4 well we see + + align:start position:0% +symmetric what about W 4 well we see + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric what about W 4 well we see +that like the one comes down here the + + align:start position:0% +that like the one comes down here the + + + align:start position:0% +that like the one comes down here the +negative one comes up here and in the + + align:start position:0% +negative one comes up here and in the + + + align:start position:0% +negative one comes up here and in the +end we just get the negative of W 4 so + + align:start position:0% +end we just get the negative of W 4 so + + + align:start position:0% +end we just get the negative of W 4 so +let me let me just write this out we had + + align:start position:0% +let me let me just write this out we had + + + align:start position:0% +let me let me just write this out we had +t LW 1 W 1 here W 2 W 2 W 3 w 3 and TF w + + align:start position:0% +t LW 1 W 1 here W 2 W 2 W 3 w 3 and TF w + + + align:start position:0% +t LW 1 W 1 here W 2 W 2 W 3 w 3 and TF w +4 it was negative W 4 + + align:start position:0% +4 it was negative W 4 + + + align:start position:0% +4 it was negative W 4 +so therefore the matrix of the linear + + align:start position:0% +so therefore the matrix of the linear + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore the matrix of the linear +transformation G in this basis I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +transformation G in this basis I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +transformation G in this basis I'm gonna +call the matrix M prime T is apparently + + align:start position:0% +call the matrix M prime T is apparently + + + align:start position:0% +call the matrix M prime T is apparently +it has a fairly simple expression is + + align:start position:0% +it has a fairly simple expression is + + + align:start position:0% +it has a fairly simple expression is +just it it the only nonzero entries are + + align:start position:0% +just it it the only nonzero entries are + + + align:start position:0% +just it it the only nonzero entries are +on the diagonal and they're precisely 1 + + align:start position:0% +on the diagonal and they're precisely 1 + + + align:start position:0% +on the diagonal and they're precisely 1 +1 1 and negative 1 okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and finally let's let's tackle the + + align:start position:0% +and finally let's let's tackle the + + + align:start position:0% +and finally let's let's tackle the +eigenvalues /i ghen vectors issue well + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues /i ghen vectors issue well + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalues /i ghen vectors issue well +we we we've you've seen what an + + align:start position:0% +we we we've you've seen what an + + + align:start position:0% +we we we've you've seen what an +eigenvector for a matrix is and the idea + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector for a matrix is and the idea + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvector for a matrix is and the idea +for an eigenvalue eigenvector for a + + align:start position:0% +for an eigenvalue eigenvector for a + + + align:start position:0% +for an eigenvalue eigenvector for a +linear transformation is virtually the + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation is virtually the + + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation is virtually the +same and we're looking for the vectors V + + align:start position:0% +same and we're looking for the vectors V + + + align:start position:0% +same and we're looking for the vectors V +and scalars lambda such that T of V is + + align:start position:0% +and scalars lambda such that T of V is + + + align:start position:0% +and scalars lambda such that T of V is +lambda IVI + + align:start position:0% +lambda IVI + + + align:start position:0% +lambda IVI +but if you guys look but look back to + + align:start position:0% +but if you guys look but look back to + + + align:start position:0% +but if you guys look but look back to +what we just did with W 1 W 2 W 3 and W + + align:start position:0% +what we just did with W 1 W 2 W 3 and W + + + align:start position:0% +what we just did with W 1 W 2 W 3 and W +4 you'll see precisely that's W 1 W 2 + + align:start position:0% +4 you'll see precisely that's W 1 W 2 + + + align:start position:0% +4 you'll see precisely that's W 1 W 2 +and W 3 are eigen vectors for T with + + align:start position:0% +and W 3 are eigen vectors for T with + + + align:start position:0% +and W 3 are eigen vectors for T with +eigenvalue 1 and W 4 is an eigenvector + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue 1 and W 4 is an eigenvector + + + align:start position:0% +eigenvalue 1 and W 4 is an eigenvector +for T with eigen value negative 1 so + + align:start position:0% +for T with eigen value negative 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +for T with eigen value negative 1 so +yeah we essentially have have solved the + + align:start position:0% +yeah we essentially have have solved the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we essentially have have solved the +problem knowing a very very nice basis + + align:start position:0% +problem knowing a very very nice basis + + + align:start position:0% +problem knowing a very very nice basis +in which we can we compute it the linear + + align:start position:0% +in which we can we compute it the linear + + + align:start position:0% +in which we can we compute it the linear +transformation T so I'll leave it at + + align:start position:0% +transformation T so I'll leave it at + + + align:start position:0% +transformation T so I'll leave it at +that \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/31XMdkFxAxw.txt b/31XMdkFxAxw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cbf5eba3d7b635490cf3f7c27d64a1db215e8c6e --- /dev/null +++ b/31XMdkFxAxw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10099 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT opencourseware continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT opencourseware continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT opencourseware continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free to make a donation or to view + + align:start position:0% +for free to make a donation or to view + + + align:start position:0% +for free to make a donation or to view +additional materials from hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +additional materials from hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +additional materials from hundreds of +MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at + + align:start position:0% +MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at + + + align:start position:0% +MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so first I need to know what you know if + + align:start position:0% +so first I need to know what you know if + + + align:start position:0% +so first I need to know what you know if +I say no really it's not a big deal if I + + align:start position:0% +I say no really it's not a big deal if I + + + align:start position:0% +I say no really it's not a big deal if I +say Disney Gillespie does that mean + + align:start position:0% +say Disney Gillespie does that mean + + + align:start position:0% +say Disney Gillespie does that mean +anything + + align:start position:0% +anything + + + align:start position:0% +anything +who is he what do you think of when I + + align:start position:0% +who is he what do you think of when I + + + align:start position:0% +who is he what do you think of when I +say Disney gospel + + align:start position:0% +say Disney gospel + + + align:start position:0% +say Disney gospel +your upcoming player family here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everybody's on that page let me back up + + align:start position:0% +everybody's on that page let me back up + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's on that page let me back up +a little time out here make a meta + + align:start position:0% +a little time out here make a meta + + + align:start position:0% +a little time out here make a meta +comment the question I'm about to ask + + align:start position:0% +comment the question I'm about to ask + + + align:start position:0% +comment the question I'm about to ask +are not a test who's not going to give + + align:start position:0% +are not a test who's not going to give + + + align:start position:0% +are not a test who's not going to give +you points I really just need to know so + + align:start position:0% +you points I really just need to know so + + + align:start position:0% +you points I really just need to know so +that I mean there's a zillion things I + + align:start position:0% +that I mean there's a zillion things I + + + align:start position:0% +that I mean there's a zillion things I +could do and so I'm just trying to get a + + align:start position:0% +could do and so I'm just trying to get a + + + align:start position:0% +could do and so I'm just trying to get a +sense of what's going to be the most + + align:start position:0% +sense of what's going to be the most + + + align:start position:0% +sense of what's going to be the most +useful of the time we're here so I just + + align:start position:0% +useful of the time we're here so I just + + + align:start position:0% +useful of the time we're here so I just +need to know what reference people have + + align:start position:0% +need to know what reference people have + + + align:start position:0% +need to know what reference people have +so if I say afro Cuba what does that + + align:start position:0% +so if I say afro Cuba what does that + + + align:start position:0% +so if I say afro Cuba what does that +mean to you afro-cuban + + align:start position:0% +mean to you afro-cuban + + + align:start position:0% +mean to you afro-cuban +thing what is that about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in confusion with Fusion always implies + + align:start position:0% +in confusion with Fusion always implies + + + align:start position:0% +in confusion with Fusion always implies +something in something and something so + + align:start position:0% +something in something and something so + + + align:start position:0% +something in something and something so +what's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +help him out man on everybody leave them + + align:start position:0% +help him out man on everybody leave them + + + align:start position:0% +help him out man on everybody leave them +hanging come on now that's nice they got + + align:start position:0% +hanging come on now that's nice they got + + + align:start position:0% +hanging come on now that's nice they got +a lot of congas I think a lot of congas + + align:start position:0% +a lot of congas I think a lot of congas + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of congas I think a lot of congas +okay yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay that's what I was getting those are + + align:start position:0% +okay that's what I was getting those are + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's what I was getting those are +the terms which kind of get used it's + + align:start position:0% +the terms which kind of get used it's + + + align:start position:0% +the terms which kind of get used it's +just this afro-cuban thing there's this + + align:start position:0% +just this afro-cuban thing there's this + + + align:start position:0% +just this afro-cuban thing there's this +Latin thing there's this Bebop thing + + align:start position:0% +Latin thing there's this Bebop thing + + + align:start position:0% +Latin thing there's this Bebop thing +because that's really what I want to + + align:start position:0% +because that's really what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +because that's really what I want to +help us with today + + align:start position:0% +help us with today + + + align:start position:0% +help us with today +um these terms are useful these terms as + + align:start position:0% +um these terms are useful these terms as + + + align:start position:0% +um these terms are useful these terms as +all terms are misleading + + align:start position:0% +all terms are misleading + + + align:start position:0% +all terms are misleading +and they're used all the time and that's + + align:start position:0% +and they're used all the time and that's + + + align:start position:0% +and they're used all the time and that's +okay I'm not here to to challenge the + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm not here to to challenge the + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm not here to to challenge the +terms at all although I've done that for + + align:start position:0% +terms at all although I've done that for + + + align:start position:0% +terms at all although I've done that for +example one of my uh one of my mentors + + align:start position:0% +example one of my uh one of my mentors + + + align:start position:0% +example one of my uh one of my mentors +and teachers and I could in fact call + + align:start position:0% +and teachers and I could in fact call + + + align:start position:0% +and teachers and I could in fact call +him a friend Max Roach + + align:start position:0% +him a friend Max Roach + + + align:start position:0% +him a friend Max Roach +um max told me okay Bill you're all + + align:start position:0% +um max told me okay Bill you're all + + + align:start position:0% +um max told me okay Bill you're all +right but if you call me a jazz bebop + + align:start position:0% +right but if you call me a jazz bebop + + + align:start position:0% +right but if you call me a jazz bebop +drummer I'm gonna kick your ass + + align:start position:0% +drummer I'm gonna kick your ass + + + align:start position:0% +drummer I'm gonna kick your ass +and uh even then I knew not to yes sir + + align:start position:0% +and uh even then I knew not to yes sir + + + align:start position:0% +and uh even then I knew not to yes sir +Mr roach sir + + align:start position:0% +Mr roach sir + + + align:start position:0% +Mr roach sir +never call and + + align:start position:0% +never call and + + + align:start position:0% +never call and +because Mac there's a reason for that + + align:start position:0% +because Mac there's a reason for that + + + align:start position:0% +because Mac there's a reason for that +that had to do with who Max felt he was + + align:start position:0% +that had to do with who Max felt he was + + + align:start position:0% +that had to do with who Max felt he was +and who Max and what Max felt that those + + align:start position:0% +and who Max and what Max felt that those + + + align:start position:0% +and who Max and what Max felt that those +terms meant because terms aren't just + + align:start position:0% +terms meant because terms aren't just + + + align:start position:0% +terms meant because terms aren't just +terms you know that because you're smart + + align:start position:0% +terms you know that because you're smart + + + align:start position:0% +terms you know that because you're smart +you go to MIT so you know the terms + + align:start position:0% +you go to MIT so you know the terms + + + align:start position:0% +you go to MIT so you know the terms +aren't just words aren't just out there + + align:start position:0% +aren't just words aren't just out there + + + align:start position:0% +aren't just words aren't just out there +I mean they reflect a lot of things + + align:start position:0% +I mean they reflect a lot of things + + + align:start position:0% +I mean they reflect a lot of things +so I'm going to stay with the max the + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to stay with the max the + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to stay with the max the +max example for a minute Max he really + + align:start position:0% +max example for a minute Max he really + + + align:start position:0% +max example for a minute Max he really +would I mean in public I've seen him go + + align:start position:0% +would I mean in public I've seen him go + + + align:start position:0% +would I mean in public I've seen him go +after people who call themselves critics + + align:start position:0% +after people who call themselves critics + + + align:start position:0% +after people who call themselves critics +we're calling him a jazz bebop drummer + + align:start position:0% +we're calling him a jazz bebop drummer + + + align:start position:0% +we're calling him a jazz bebop drummer +even when they were saying he is the + + align:start position:0% +even when they were saying he is the + + + align:start position:0% +even when they were saying he is the +inventor of jazz Bebop company he wanted + + align:start position:0% +inventor of jazz Bebop company he wanted + + + align:start position:0% +inventor of jazz Bebop company he wanted +to go up and do some Bebop upside the + + align:start position:0% +to go up and do some Bebop upside the + + + align:start position:0% +to go up and do some Bebop upside the +head at the same time in other + + align:start position:0% +head at the same time in other + + + align:start position:0% +head at the same time in other +circumstances in other circumstances + + align:start position:0% +circumstances in other circumstances + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances in other circumstances +when Max is that was at the drum set and + + align:start position:0% +when Max is that was at the drum set and + + + align:start position:0% +when Max is that was at the drum set and +he was playing a suite a big Fusion kind + + align:start position:0% +he was playing a suite a big Fusion kind + + + align:start position:0% +he was playing a suite a big Fusion kind +of Suite of Orchestra and so-called Jazz + + align:start position:0% +of Suite of Orchestra and so-called Jazz + + + align:start position:0% +of Suite of Orchestra and so-called Jazz +Bebop band and so forth Max was an + + align:start position:0% +Bebop band and so forth Max was an + + + align:start position:0% +Bebop band and so forth Max was an +incredible percussionist if he wanted + + align:start position:0% +incredible percussionist if he wanted + + + align:start position:0% +incredible percussionist if he wanted +Max to play + + align:start position:0% +Max to play + + + align:start position:0% +Max to play +timpani and Tiffany you to death + + align:start position:0% +timpani and Tiffany you to death + + + align:start position:0% +timpani and Tiffany you to death +so he'd have the tempany and he'd have + + align:start position:0% +so he'd have the tempany and he'd have + + + align:start position:0% +so he'd have the tempany and he'd have +his drum set so on his chart it said you + + align:start position:0% +his drum set so on his chart it said you + + + align:start position:0% +his drum set so on his chart it said you +know letter G Bebop he didn't get up and + + align:start position:0% +know letter G Bebop he didn't get up and + + + align:start position:0% +know letter G Bebop he didn't get up and +and punch the copious out he played + + align:start position:0% +and punch the copious out he played + + + align:start position:0% +and punch the copious out he played +Bebop + + align:start position:0% +Bebop + + + align:start position:0% +Bebop +okay so the words have a meaning + + align:start position:0% +okay so the words have a meaning + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the words have a meaning +and the words also have a connotation so + + align:start position:0% +and the words also have a connotation so + + + align:start position:0% +and the words also have a connotation so +so I'm belaboring that because what + + align:start position:0% +so I'm belaboring that because what + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm belaboring that because what +we're going to talk about today is + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about today is + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about today is +really about that + + align:start position:0% +really about that + + + align:start position:0% +really about that +it's really about what dizzy means or + + align:start position:0% +it's really about what dizzy means or + + + align:start position:0% +it's really about what dizzy means or +meant by afro-cuban and what it meant to + + align:start position:0% +meant by afro-cuban and what it meant to + + + align:start position:0% +meant by afro-cuban and what it meant to +him and kind of what it means to me I I + + align:start position:0% +him and kind of what it means to me I I + + + align:start position:0% +him and kind of what it means to me I I +really thought about this a long time + + align:start position:0% +really thought about this a long time + + + align:start position:0% +really thought about this a long time +because Mark and I are all friends and + + align:start position:0% +because Mark and I are all friends and + + + align:start position:0% +because Mark and I are all friends and +I'm really uh and we're also + + align:start position:0% +I'm really uh and we're also + + + align:start position:0% +I'm really uh and we're also +professional colleagues so I'm really + + align:start position:0% +professional colleagues so I'm really + + + align:start position:0% +professional colleagues so I'm really +interested in the work that you guys are + + align:start position:0% +interested in the work that you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the work that you guys are +doing I think it's very important work I + + align:start position:0% +doing I think it's very important work I + + + align:start position:0% +doing I think it's very important work I +really do and I work with a lot of + + align:start position:0% +really do and I work with a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +really do and I work with a lot of +different people a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +different people a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +different people a lot of different +musicians I also work with a group + + align:start position:0% +musicians I also work with a group + + + align:start position:0% +musicians I also work with a group +down in New York called the center for + + align:start position:0% +down in New York called the center for + + + align:start position:0% +down in New York called the center for +jazz studies see this way you know I'm a + + align:start position:0% +jazz studies see this way you know I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +jazz studies see this way you know I'm a +professor because I could use the chalk + + align:start position:0% +professor because I could use the chalk + + + align:start position:0% +professor because I could use the chalk +see up until now you just thought I was + + align:start position:0% +see up until now you just thought I was + + + align:start position:0% +see up until now you just thought I was +a dumb ball guy who couldn't press + + align:start position:0% +a dumb ball guy who couldn't press + + + align:start position:0% +a dumb ball guy who couldn't press +buttons but now + + align:start position:0% +buttons but now + + + align:start position:0% +buttons but now +when you pay the money you pay to come + + align:start position:0% +when you pay the money you pay to come + + + align:start position:0% +when you pay the money you pay to come +to MIT you don't want to be Talk Back by + + align:start position:0% +to MIT you don't want to be Talk Back by + + + align:start position:0% +to MIT you don't want to be Talk Back by +just anybody you want a professor right + + align:start position:0% +just anybody you want a professor right + + + align:start position:0% +just anybody you want a professor right +I mean that's + + align:start position:0% +I mean that's + + + align:start position:0% +I mean that's +hi how you doing what's up + + align:start position:0% +hi how you doing what's up + + + align:start position:0% +hi how you doing what's up +you got it Sarah + + align:start position:0% +you got it Sarah + + + align:start position:0% +you got it Sarah +that's right so the center for jazz + + align:start position:0% +that's right so the center for jazz + + + align:start position:0% +that's right so the center for jazz +studies um + + align:start position:0% +studies um + + + align:start position:0% +studies um +is a group of people in New York sort of + + align:start position:0% +is a group of people in New York sort of + + + align:start position:0% +is a group of people in New York sort of +gathered around + + align:start position:0% +gathered around + + + align:start position:0% +gathered around +it's a set of ideas and gathered around + + align:start position:0% +it's a set of ideas and gathered around + + + align:start position:0% +it's a set of ideas and gathered around +a person called Robert o'meally who just + + align:start position:0% +a person called Robert o'meally who just + + + align:start position:0% +a person called Robert o'meally who just +stepped down as the Director the center + + align:start position:0% +stepped down as the Director the center + + + align:start position:0% +stepped down as the Director the center +was in place for about 15 years the new + + align:start position:0% +was in place for about 15 years the new + + + align:start position:0% +was in place for about 15 years the new +director is a trombonist called George + + align:start position:0% +director is a trombonist called George + + + align:start position:0% +director is a trombonist called George +Lewis + + align:start position:0% +Lewis + + + align:start position:0% +Lewis +and a composer and MacArthur fellow so + + align:start position:0% +and a composer and MacArthur fellow so + + + align:start position:0% +and a composer and MacArthur fellow so +when I go down New York to hang out at + + align:start position:0% +when I go down New York to hang out at + + + align:start position:0% +when I go down New York to hang out at +the Columbia Center for jazz studies and + + align:start position:0% +the Columbia Center for jazz studies and + + + align:start position:0% +the Columbia Center for jazz studies and +George is my friend I knew George before + + align:start position:0% +George is my friend I knew George before + + + align:start position:0% +George is my friend I knew George before +he was in MacArthur but now that George + + align:start position:0% +he was in MacArthur but now that George + + + align:start position:0% +he was in MacArthur but now that George +is a MacArthur I I love to go out to eat + + align:start position:0% +is a MacArthur I I love to go out to eat + + + align:start position:0% +is a MacArthur I I love to go out to eat +with me because I never pay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +George you're the MacArthur you pay + + align:start position:0% +George you're the MacArthur you pay + + + align:start position:0% +George you're the MacArthur you pay +and I'm blaming this because I I want + + align:start position:0% +and I'm blaming this because I I want + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm blaming this because I I want +you to check it out the center for jazz + + align:start position:0% +you to check it out the center for jazz + + + align:start position:0% +you to check it out the center for jazz +studies is is most of the people who are + + align:start position:0% +studies is is most of the people who are + + + align:start position:0% +studies is is most of the people who are +in the center are quote Scholars rather + + align:start position:0% +in the center are quote Scholars rather + + + align:start position:0% +in the center are quote Scholars rather +than musicians + + align:start position:0% +than musicians + + + align:start position:0% +than musicians +and it's this whole notion of it's what + + align:start position:0% +and it's this whole notion of it's what + + + align:start position:0% +and it's this whole notion of it's what +some of us call + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the new Jazz studies + + align:start position:0% +the new Jazz studies + + + align:start position:0% +the new Jazz studies +many of you didn't know there was an old + + align:start position:0% +many of you didn't know there was an old + + + align:start position:0% +many of you didn't know there was an old +Jazz studies well as things tend to + + align:start position:0% +Jazz studies well as things tend to + + + align:start position:0% +Jazz studies well as things tend to +progress in intellectual circles + + align:start position:0% +progress in intellectual circles + + + align:start position:0% +progress in intellectual circles +this group and I guess I'm part of this + + align:start position:0% +this group and I guess I'm part of this + + + align:start position:0% +this group and I guess I'm part of this +group is part of this thing called the + + align:start position:0% +group is part of this thing called the + + + align:start position:0% +group is part of this thing called the +new Jazz studies the old Jazz studies + + align:start position:0% +new Jazz studies the old Jazz studies + + + align:start position:0% +new Jazz studies the old Jazz studies +was about there's a stuff called Jazz + + align:start position:0% +was about there's a stuff called Jazz + + + align:start position:0% +was about there's a stuff called Jazz +and these musicians make it + + align:start position:0% +and these musicians make it + + + align:start position:0% +and these musicians make it +and the people doing the studying with + + align:start position:0% +and the people doing the studying with + + + align:start position:0% +and the people doing the studying with +intellectuals aren't the musicians but + + align:start position:0% +intellectuals aren't the musicians but + + + align:start position:0% +intellectuals aren't the musicians but +since musicians don't know how to talk + + align:start position:0% +since musicians don't know how to talk + + + align:start position:0% +since musicians don't know how to talk +um than these critics and and so forth + + align:start position:0% +um than these critics and and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +um than these critics and and so forth +will have to do it for them and inform + + align:start position:0% +will have to do it for them and inform + + + align:start position:0% +will have to do it for them and inform +the people just what jazz is about + + align:start position:0% +the people just what jazz is about + + + align:start position:0% +the people just what jazz is about +okay the new Jazz study said well wait a + + align:start position:0% +okay the new Jazz study said well wait a + + + align:start position:0% +okay the new Jazz study said well wait a +minute you + + align:start position:0% +minute you + + + align:start position:0% +minute you +know uh some of these musicians do seem + + align:start position:0% +know uh some of these musicians do seem + + + align:start position:0% +know uh some of these musicians do seem +to be able to run their mouths and + + align:start position:0% +to be able to run their mouths and + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to run their mouths and +actually can put a couple sentences + + align:start position:0% +actually can put a couple sentences + + + align:start position:0% +actually can put a couple sentences +together and and so forth but also in + + align:start position:0% +together and and so forth but also in + + + align:start position:0% +together and and so forth but also in +the old Jazz studies the the notion + + align:start position:0% +the old Jazz studies the the notion + + + align:start position:0% +the old Jazz studies the the notion +tended to be about even when it was when + + align:start position:0% +tended to be about even when it was when + + + align:start position:0% +tended to be about even when it was when +it was good stuff not the negative stuff + + align:start position:0% +it was good stuff not the negative stuff + + + align:start position:0% +it was good stuff not the negative stuff +that I presented but even when you know + + align:start position:0% +that I presented but even when you know + + + align:start position:0% +that I presented but even when you know +folks do good work it tended to be about + + align:start position:0% +folks do good work it tended to be about + + + align:start position:0% +folks do good work it tended to be about +recognizing the jazz is something that + + align:start position:0% +recognizing the jazz is something that + + + align:start position:0% +recognizing the jazz is something that +exists in a culture in a world culture + + align:start position:0% +exists in a culture in a world culture + + + align:start position:0% +exists in a culture in a world culture +and talk about the various + + align:start position:0% +and talk about the various + + + align:start position:0% +and talk about the various +um effects and affects the various + + align:start position:0% +um effects and affects the various + + + align:start position:0% +um effects and affects the various +things that impinge and help to create + + align:start position:0% +things that impinge and help to create + + + align:start position:0% +things that impinge and help to create +the stuff called Jazz like jazz and + + align:start position:0% +the stuff called Jazz like jazz and + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff called Jazz like jazz and +stuff over here and in the world in + + align:start position:0% +stuff over here and in the world in + + + align:start position:0% +stuff over here and in the world in +pinches and the sociological aspects and + + align:start position:0% +pinches and the sociological aspects and + + + align:start position:0% +pinches and the sociological aspects and +the racial aspects and economic and all + + align:start position:0% +the racial aspects and economic and all + + + align:start position:0% +the racial aspects and economic and all +those things and that makes sense + + align:start position:0% +those things and that makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +those things and that makes sense +the new job studies though comes in sort + + align:start position:0% +the new job studies though comes in sort + + + align:start position:0% +the new job studies though comes in sort +of the next + + align:start position:0% +of the next + + + align:start position:0% +of the next +I think now it's sort of the next little + + align:start position:0% +I think now it's sort of the next little + + + align:start position:0% +I think now it's sort of the next little +step in a very long conversation + + align:start position:0% +step in a very long conversation + + + align:start position:0% +step in a very long conversation +which recognizes that it works both ways + + align:start position:0% +which recognizes that it works both ways + + + align:start position:0% +which recognizes that it works both ways +that there are perhaps ways in which + + align:start position:0% +that there are perhaps ways in which + + + align:start position:0% +that there are perhaps ways in which +jazz in fact affects + + align:start position:0% +jazz in fact affects + + + align:start position:0% +jazz in fact affects +all these other things + + align:start position:0% +all these other things + + + align:start position:0% +all these other things +so one of the Publications the first + + align:start position:0% +so one of the Publications the first + + + align:start position:0% +so one of the Publications the first +publication out of this group I mean it + + align:start position:0% +publication out of this group I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +publication out of this group I mean it +is it is an intellectual group at + + align:start position:0% +is it is an intellectual group at + + + align:start position:0% +is it is an intellectual group at +Columbia University so the bottom line + + align:start position:0% +Columbia University so the bottom line + + + align:start position:0% +Columbia University so the bottom line +they want to do papers and books and + + align:start position:0% +they want to do papers and books and + + + align:start position:0% +they want to do papers and books and +have conferences and stuff right so we + + align:start position:0% +have conferences and stuff right so we + + + align:start position:0% +have conferences and stuff right so we +kind of say okay uh the first + + align:start position:0% +kind of say okay uh the first + + + align:start position:0% +kind of say okay uh the first +publication is a book that I strongly + + align:start position:0% +publication is a book that I strongly + + + align:start position:0% +publication is a book that I strongly +recommend to you it's called The Jazz + + align:start position:0% +recommend to you it's called The Jazz + + + align:start position:0% +recommend to you it's called The Jazz +Cadence of American culture the Jazz + + align:start position:0% +Cadence of American culture the Jazz + + + align:start position:0% +Cadence of American culture the Jazz +Cadence of American culture + + align:start position:0% +Cadence of American culture + + + align:start position:0% +Cadence of American culture +it's a great title actually I like it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +jazz came through American culture and + + align:start position:0% +jazz came through American culture and + + + align:start position:0% +jazz came through American culture and +the person who gets all the credit for + + align:start position:0% +the person who gets all the credit for + + + align:start position:0% +the person who gets all the credit for +the book + + align:start position:0% +the book + + + align:start position:0% +the book +is my friend and probably big problem + + align:start position:0% +is my friend and probably big problem + + + align:start position:0% +is my friend and probably big problem +Neil Hurston professor of + + align:start position:0% +Neil Hurston professor of + + + align:start position:0% +Neil Hurston professor of +English literature at Columbia + + align:start position:0% +English literature at Columbia + + + align:start position:0% +English literature at Columbia +University Rob is not a musician + + align:start position:0% +University Rob is not a musician + + + align:start position:0% +University Rob is not a musician +although Bob + + align:start position:0% +although Bob + + + align:start position:0% +although Bob +I'm always going to stop and didn't tell + + align:start position:0% +I'm always going to stop and didn't tell + + + align:start position:0% +I'm always going to stop and didn't tell +you stories because the stories really + + align:start position:0% +you stories because the stories really + + + align:start position:0% +you stories because the stories really +tell you more than the theory Bob Bob + + align:start position:0% +tell you more than the theory Bob Bob + + + align:start position:0% +tell you more than the theory Bob Bob +really is a good friend I know Bob for + + align:start position:0% +really is a good friend I know Bob for + + + align:start position:0% +really is a good friend I know Bob for +years we talked together at Wesleyan + + align:start position:0% +years we talked together at Wesleyan + + + align:start position:0% +years we talked together at Wesleyan +University before long before he went to + + align:start position:0% +University before long before he went to + + + align:start position:0% +University before long before he went to +Columbia and Bob grew up in Washington + + align:start position:0% +Columbia and Bob grew up in Washington + + + align:start position:0% +Columbia and Bob grew up in Washington +DC + + align:start position:0% +DC + + + align:start position:0% +DC +and Bob loves the music he's an English + + align:start position:0% +and Bob loves the music he's an English + + + align:start position:0% +and Bob loves the music he's an English +Professor he's a Critic he's written + + align:start position:0% +Professor he's a Critic he's written + + + align:start position:0% +Professor he's a Critic he's written +several books on Ralph Ellison and a + + align:start position:0% +several books on Ralph Ellison and a + + + align:start position:0% +several books on Ralph Ellison and a +couple books on Billie Holiday and you + + align:start position:0% +couple books on Billie Holiday and you + + + align:start position:0% +couple books on Billie Holiday and you +know all that kind of stuff + + align:start position:0% +know all that kind of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +know all that kind of stuff +um but Bob has a alto saxophone in a + + align:start position:0% +um but Bob has a alto saxophone in a + + + align:start position:0% +um but Bob has a alto saxophone in a +case now I've always seen the case I've + + align:start position:0% +case now I've always seen the case I've + + + align:start position:0% +case now I've always seen the case I've +never seen the after effect + + align:start position:0% +never seen the after effect + + + align:start position:0% +never seen the after effect +and Bob will come through again and with + + align:start position:0% +and Bob will come through again and with + + + align:start position:0% +and Bob will come through again and with +his case + + align:start position:0% +his case + + + align:start position:0% +his case +and he said Bill I'm ready and I'll say + + align:start position:0% +and he said Bill I'm ready and I'll say + + + align:start position:0% +and he said Bill I'm ready and I'll say +I'll let you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then when the gig said oh man I + + align:start position:0% +and then when the gig said oh man I + + + align:start position:0% +and then when the gig said oh man I +forgot you were there I'm sorry you know + + align:start position:0% +forgot you were there I'm sorry you know + + + align:start position:0% +forgot you were there I'm sorry you know +that's a that's a little joke but Bob + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a little joke but Bob + + + align:start position:0% +that's a that's a little joke but Bob +exactly is a very brilliant man and a + + align:start position:0% +exactly is a very brilliant man and a + + + align:start position:0% +exactly is a very brilliant man and a +good a good person so Bob's the editor + + align:start position:0% +good a good person so Bob's the editor + + + align:start position:0% +good a good person so Bob's the editor +of this this text all right I really do + + align:start position:0% +of this this text all right I really do + + + align:start position:0% +of this this text all right I really do +suggest it to you the jazz came to the + + align:start position:0% +suggest it to you the jazz came to the + + + align:start position:0% +suggest it to you the jazz came to the +American culture + + align:start position:0% +American culture + + + align:start position:0% +American culture +and its collection of essays by a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and its collection of essays by a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and its collection of essays by a lot of +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people +a lot of people and that was the first + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people and that was the first + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people and that was the first +one that came out about 15 years ago 10 + + align:start position:0% +one that came out about 15 years ago 10 + + + align:start position:0% +one that came out about 15 years ago 10 +years ago + + align:start position:0% +years ago + + + align:start position:0% +years ago +there are three the second one which is + + align:start position:0% +there are three the second one which is + + + align:start position:0% +there are three the second one which is +the one I'm going to talk about today is + + align:start position:0% +the one I'm going to talk about today is + + + align:start position:0% +the one I'm going to talk about today is +um I'm sorry the third one is called + + align:start position:0% +um I'm sorry the third one is called + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm sorry the third one is called +Uptown conversations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uptown conversations is also accredited + + align:start position:0% +Uptown conversations is also accredited + + + align:start position:0% +Uptown conversations is also accredited +to Bob but then two other people Farah + + align:start position:0% +to Bob but then two other people Farah + + + align:start position:0% +to Bob but then two other people Farah +Griffin + + align:start position:0% +Griffin + + + align:start position:0% +Griffin +um and one other person I hope he was in + + align:start position:0% +um and one other person I hope he was in + + + align:start position:0% +um and one other person I hope he was in +a minute the point is that where this + + align:start position:0% +a minute the point is that where this + + + align:start position:0% +a minute the point is that where this +this collection sort of represented the + + align:start position:0% +this collection sort of represented the + + + align:start position:0% +this collection sort of represented the +old Jazz studies all the good stuff a + + align:start position:0% +old Jazz studies all the good stuff a + + + align:start position:0% +old Jazz studies all the good stuff a +lot of good stuff Ralph Ellison's in + + align:start position:0% +lot of good stuff Ralph Ellison's in + + + align:start position:0% +lot of good stuff Ralph Ellison's in +there and just a lot of good stuff check + + align:start position:0% +there and just a lot of good stuff check + + + align:start position:0% +there and just a lot of good stuff check +it out Uptown conversations is sort of + + align:start position:0% +it out Uptown conversations is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +it out Uptown conversations is sort of +like a Manifesto um + + align:start position:0% +like a Manifesto um + + + align:start position:0% +like a Manifesto um +of the new Jazz studies and George Lewis + + align:start position:0% +of the new Jazz studies and George Lewis + + + align:start position:0% +of the new Jazz studies and George Lewis +is there with a long article + + align:start position:0% +is there with a long article + + + align:start position:0% +is there with a long article +called ACM in New York + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now bring all that to say that George + + align:start position:0% +now bring all that to say that George + + + align:start position:0% +now bring all that to say that George +has a book his George himself his newest + + align:start position:0% +has a book his George himself his newest + + + align:start position:0% +has a book his George himself his newest +book is is this huge thick it's thick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you have roaches it's a great book + + align:start position:0% +if you have roaches it's a great book + + + align:start position:0% +if you have roaches it's a great book +you just + + align:start position:0% +you just + + + align:start position:0% +you just +drop it on the road so she's dead yeah + + align:start position:0% +drop it on the road so she's dead yeah + + + align:start position:0% +drop it on the road so she's dead yeah +it's incredible + + align:start position:0% +it's incredible + + + align:start position:0% +it's incredible +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +he has a book on on the Asin which again + + align:start position:0% +he has a book on on the Asin which again + + + align:start position:0% +he has a book on on the Asin which again +I strongly recommend now why am I saying + + align:start position:0% +I strongly recommend now why am I saying + + + align:start position:0% +I strongly recommend now why am I saying +all this I'm saying all this and I'm + + align:start position:0% +all this I'm saying all this and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +all this I'm saying all this and I'm +waiting for my registration to go + + align:start position:0% +waiting for my registration to go + + + align:start position:0% +waiting for my registration to go +through but also on the real side + + align:start position:0% +through but also on the real side + + + align:start position:0% +through but also on the real side +because one of the tenets of the new + + align:start position:0% +because one of the tenets of the new + + + align:start position:0% +because one of the tenets of the new +Jazz criticism the new Jazz studies is + + align:start position:0% +Jazz criticism the new Jazz studies is + + + align:start position:0% +Jazz criticism the new Jazz studies is +this notion that since we recognize that + + align:start position:0% +this notion that since we recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +this notion that since we recognize that +there are folks like + + align:start position:0% +there are folks like + + + align:start position:0% +there are folks like +Celine Washington and Bill Lowe in this + + align:start position:0% +Celine Washington and Bill Lowe in this + + + align:start position:0% +Celine Washington and Bill Lowe in this +group people who allege to be + + align:start position:0% +group people who allege to be + + + align:start position:0% +group people who allege to be +intellectuals and also alleged to be + + align:start position:0% +intellectuals and also alleged to be + + + align:start position:0% +intellectuals and also alleged to be +musicians + + align:start position:0% +musicians + + + align:start position:0% +musicians +how can a musician talk about the stuff + + align:start position:0% +how can a musician talk about the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +how can a musician talk about the stuff +how do we talk about our stuff + + align:start position:0% +how do we talk about our stuff + + + align:start position:0% +how do we talk about our stuff +right and there's a way in which you + + align:start position:0% +right and there's a way in which you + + + align:start position:0% +right and there's a way in which you +know you want to be scholarly right + + align:start position:0% +know you want to be scholarly right + + + align:start position:0% +know you want to be scholarly right +remember I came up with my talk so you + + align:start position:0% +remember I came up with my talk so you + + + align:start position:0% +remember I came up with my talk so you +guys would know I'm a real a real + + align:start position:0% +guys would know I'm a real a real + + + align:start position:0% +guys would know I'm a real a real +Professor but we also there's strategies + + align:start position:0% +Professor but we also there's strategies + + + align:start position:0% +Professor but we also there's strategies +you have to develop + + align:start position:0% +you have to develop + + + align:start position:0% +you have to develop +how much of what I have to say about + + align:start position:0% +how much of what I have to say about + + + align:start position:0% +how much of what I have to say about +Dizzy Gillespie should be + + align:start position:0% +Dizzy Gillespie should be + + + align:start position:0% +Dizzy Gillespie should be +you know objective + + align:start position:0% +you know objective + + + align:start position:0% +you know objective +intellectual work and how much should be + + align:start position:0% +intellectual work and how much should be + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual work and how much should be +subjective + + align:start position:0% +subjective + + + align:start position:0% +subjective +since my subjectivity about dizzy is + + align:start position:0% +since my subjectivity about dizzy is + + + align:start position:0% +since my subjectivity about dizzy is +really personal and I would think that + + align:start position:0% +really personal and I would think that + + + align:start position:0% +really personal and I would think that +it's useful to you guys because among + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to you guys because among + + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to you guys because among +other things I've been I have a blessed + + align:start position:0% +other things I've been I have a blessed + + + align:start position:0% +other things I've been I have a blessed +life I don't always feel like that I + + align:start position:0% +life I don't always feel like that I + + + align:start position:0% +life I don't always feel like that I +feel blessed today because my man won + + align:start position:0% +feel blessed today because my man won + + + align:start position:0% +feel blessed today because my man won +the election + + align:start position:0% +the election + + + align:start position:0% +the election +and that makes me think about all the + + align:start position:0% +and that makes me think about all the + + + align:start position:0% +and that makes me think about all the +good things that uh that I have and I'm + + align:start position:0% +good things that uh that I have and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +good things that uh that I have and I'm +blessed because my musical experiences + + align:start position:0% +blessed because my musical experiences + + + align:start position:0% +blessed because my musical experiences +have really been wonderful you know over + + align:start position:0% +have really been wonderful you know over + + + align:start position:0% +have really been wonderful you know over +the years I'm just a trombone player + + align:start position:0% +the years I'm just a trombone player + + + align:start position:0% +the years I'm just a trombone player +over the years I've Had The Good Fortune + + align:start position:0% +over the years I've Had The Good Fortune + + + align:start position:0% +over the years I've Had The Good Fortune +of working with + + align:start position:0% +of working with + + + align:start position:0% +of working with +you know working with my gods I'm going + + align:start position:0% +you know working with my gods I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +you know working with my gods I'm going +to stack that in any other way of saying + + align:start position:0% +to stack that in any other way of saying + + + align:start position:0% +to stack that in any other way of saying +it so I worked with dizzy I played in + + align:start position:0% +it so I worked with dizzy I played in + + + align:start position:0% +it so I worked with dizzy I played in +Disney's fan it was you know one week I + + align:start position:0% +Disney's fan it was you know one week I + + + align:start position:0% +Disney's fan it was you know one week I +did a week with Dizzy uh at a place + + align:start position:0% +did a week with Dizzy uh at a place + + + align:start position:0% +did a week with Dizzy uh at a place +called The Buddy Rich jazz club Buddy + + align:start position:0% +called The Buddy Rich jazz club Buddy + + + align:start position:0% +called The Buddy Rich jazz club Buddy +Rich had a jazz club for half a hot + + align:start position:0% +Rich had a jazz club for half a hot + + + align:start position:0% +Rich had a jazz club for half a hot +minute in New York uh in the 70s and + + align:start position:0% +minute in New York uh in the 70s and + + + align:start position:0% +minute in New York uh in the 70s and +Disney was one of the first people in + + align:start position:0% +Disney was one of the first people in + + + align:start position:0% +Disney was one of the first people in +the his big band was was booked right at + + align:start position:0% +the his big band was was booked right at + + + align:start position:0% +the his big band was was booked right at +the same time uh it's the um the George + + align:start position:0% +the same time uh it's the um the George + + + align:start position:0% +the same time uh it's the um the George +Wayne's Newport Jazz Festival + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there's a story about the remind me + + align:start position:0% +and there's a story about the remind me + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a story about the remind me +in case I forget and how it all has to + + align:start position:0% +in case I forget and how it all has to + + + align:start position:0% +in case I forget and how it all has to +do with tuxedos + + align:start position:0% +do with tuxedos + + + align:start position:0% +do with tuxedos +so if I don't tell you about tuxedo + + align:start position:0% +so if I don't tell you about tuxedo + + + align:start position:0% +so if I don't tell you about tuxedo +remind me to tell you about tuxedo but + + align:start position:0% +remind me to tell you about tuxedo but + + + align:start position:0% +remind me to tell you about tuxedo but +the point is I work with this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I was in his band and the generation + + align:start position:0% +I was in his band and the generation + + + align:start position:0% +I was in his band and the generation +that I'm my cohort so that let you know + + align:start position:0% +that I'm my cohort so that let you know + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm my cohort so that let you know +intellectual I can say words like cohort + + align:start position:0% +intellectual I can say words like cohort + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual I can say words like cohort +uh my cohort of musicians you know we + + align:start position:0% +uh my cohort of musicians you know we + + + align:start position:0% +uh my cohort of musicians you know we +grew up in the 60s and the 70s very + + align:start position:0% +grew up in the 60s and the 70s very + + + align:start position:0% +grew up in the 60s and the 70s very +important time to to be learning the + + align:start position:0% +important time to to be learning the + + + align:start position:0% +important time to to be learning the +music because it wasn't it's + + align:start position:0% +music because it wasn't it's + + + align:start position:0% +music because it wasn't it's +if we use that term Bebop for us + + align:start position:0% +if we use that term Bebop for us + + + align:start position:0% +if we use that term Bebop for us +Bebop was already there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Bebop existed + + align:start position:0% +Bebop existed + + + align:start position:0% +Bebop existed +when I was growing up Bebop was a thing + + align:start position:0% +when I was growing up Bebop was a thing + + + align:start position:0% +when I was growing up Bebop was a thing +it wasn't something new it was something + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't something new it was something + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't something new it was something +that was in place and in fact there were + + align:start position:0% +that was in place and in fact there were + + + align:start position:0% +that was in place and in fact there were +a lot of challenges to be about from + + align:start position:0% +a lot of challenges to be about from + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of challenges to be about from +people closer to my age + + align:start position:0% +people closer to my age + + + align:start position:0% +people closer to my age +in terms of you know what's the way to + + align:start position:0% +in terms of you know what's the way to + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of you know what's the way to +go with the music + + align:start position:0% +go with the music + + + align:start position:0% +go with the music +so I remember you know I remember at the + + align:start position:0% +so I remember you know I remember at the + + + align:start position:0% +so I remember you know I remember at the +age of 21 trying to figure out well + + align:start position:0% +age of 21 trying to figure out well + + + align:start position:0% +age of 21 trying to figure out well +should I learn + + align:start position:0% +should I learn + + + align:start position:0% +should I learn +my craft following JJ Johnson and and + + align:start position:0% +my craft following JJ Johnson and and + + + align:start position:0% +my craft following JJ Johnson and and +dizzying them or can I skip over that + + align:start position:0% +dizzying them or can I skip over that + + + align:start position:0% +dizzying them or can I skip over that +and Jump Right In with Archie Shep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now that may seem like a trivial because + + align:start position:0% +now that may seem like a trivial because + + + align:start position:0% +now that may seem like a trivial because +I wasn't trivial at all because in the + + align:start position:0% +I wasn't trivial at all because in the + + + align:start position:0% +I wasn't trivial at all because in the +1970s that wasn't even trivial your life + + align:start position:0% +1970s that wasn't even trivial your life + + + align:start position:0% +1970s that wasn't even trivial your life +depended very often on how you answered + + align:start position:0% +depended very often on how you answered + + + align:start position:0% +depended very often on how you answered +that in terms of your your survival your + + align:start position:0% +that in terms of your your survival your + + + align:start position:0% +that in terms of your your survival your +Musical and economic survival in New + + align:start position:0% +Musical and economic survival in New + + + align:start position:0% +Musical and economic survival in New +York which which way were you going + + align:start position:0% +York which which way were you going + + + align:start position:0% +York which which way were you going +okay uh I grew up at a time when Bebop + + align:start position:0% +okay uh I grew up at a time when Bebop + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh I grew up at a time when Bebop +was considered the standard + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now it wasn't that many years before + + align:start position:0% +now it wasn't that many years before + + + align:start position:0% +now it wasn't that many years before +that Bebop was this new radical thing + + align:start position:0% +that Bebop was this new radical thing + + + align:start position:0% +that Bebop was this new radical thing +that folks like dizzy were considered + + align:start position:0% +that folks like dizzy were considered + + + align:start position:0% +that folks like dizzy were considered +crazy and weird and outside and messing + + align:start position:0% +crazy and weird and outside and messing + + + align:start position:0% +crazy and weird and outside and messing +up Jazz by doing it + + align:start position:0% +up Jazz by doing it + + + align:start position:0% +up Jazz by doing it +so I grew up in a time where oh and also + + align:start position:0% +so I grew up in a time where oh and also + + + align:start position:0% +so I grew up in a time where oh and also +Disney was still around and he wasn't it + + align:start position:0% +Disney was still around and he wasn't it + + + align:start position:0% +Disney was still around and he wasn't it +wasn't like you know like if you're in + + align:start position:0% +wasn't like you know like if you're in + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't like you know like if you're in +Western classical music and you're + + align:start position:0% +Western classical music and you're + + + align:start position:0% +Western classical music and you're +deciding whether you know you're going + + align:start position:0% +deciding whether you know you're going + + + align:start position:0% +deciding whether you know you're going +to be a beethovenist + + align:start position:0% +to be a beethovenist + + + align:start position:0% +to be a beethovenist +uh or a um you know what they told when + + align:start position:0% +uh or a um you know what they told when + + + align:start position:0% +uh or a um you know what they told when +you're gonna go with prom unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna go with prom unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna go with prom unfortunately +they're both dead + + align:start position:0% +they're both dead + + + align:start position:0% +they're both dead +you know so you can just make up what + + align:start position:0% +you know so you can just make up what + + + align:start position:0% +you know so you can just make up what +you think they're about and and go ahead + + align:start position:0% +you think they're about and and go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +you think they're about and and go ahead +and do that and you pick it up and I'm a + + align:start position:0% +and do that and you pick it up and I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +and do that and you pick it up and I'm a +big companies + + align:start position:0% +big companies + + + align:start position:0% +big companies +do your thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you could decide to be a bee boppist and + + align:start position:0% +you could decide to be a bee boppist and + + + align:start position:0% +you could decide to be a bee boppist and +then go down and as I didn't have to sit + + align:start position:0% +then go down and as I didn't have to sit + + + align:start position:0% +then go down and as I didn't have to sit +in and play the third trombone shot in + + align:start position:0% +in and play the third trombone shot in + + + align:start position:0% +in and play the third trombone shot in +Disney's Big Band by the richest place + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's that's + + align:start position:0% +that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's +busy now whatever I may have thought + + align:start position:0% +busy now whatever I may have thought + + + align:start position:0% +busy now whatever I may have thought +about did it turns out it was fine for + + align:start position:0% +about did it turns out it was fine for + + + align:start position:0% +about did it turns out it was fine for +me because I love Disney I didn't have + + align:start position:0% +me because I love Disney I didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +me because I love Disney I didn't have +any problems that Disney was + + align:start position:0% +any problems that Disney was + + + align:start position:0% +any problems that Disney was +old-fashioned any of that + + align:start position:0% +old-fashioned any of that + + + align:start position:0% +old-fashioned any of that +but even if I did have that notion + + align:start position:0% +but even if I did have that notion + + + align:start position:0% +but even if I did have that notion +that's dizzy I recognize who he is if + + align:start position:0% +that's dizzy I recognize who he is if + + + align:start position:0% +that's dizzy I recognize who he is if +I'm going in another Direction that's + + align:start position:0% +I'm going in another Direction that's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going in another Direction that's +still dizzy I want to learn from him + + align:start position:0% +still dizzy I want to learn from him + + + align:start position:0% +still dizzy I want to learn from him +so you want to give what all the you + + align:start position:0% +so you want to give what all the you + + + align:start position:0% +so you want to give what all the you +know I can give you know I can bow down + + align:start position:0% +know I can give you know I can bow down + + + align:start position:0% +know I can give you know I can bow down +and kiss ass and all that but the real + + align:start position:0% +and kiss ass and all that but the real + + + align:start position:0% +and kiss ass and all that but the real +give if you're making music the real + + align:start position:0% +give if you're making music the real + + + align:start position:0% +give if you're making music the real +give is what what's the real thing you + + align:start position:0% +give is what what's the real thing you + + + align:start position:0% +give is what what's the real thing you +give + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what what what what's the what can you + + align:start position:0% +what what what what's the what can you + + + align:start position:0% +what what what what's the what can you +really give to mark if you like him what + + align:start position:0% +really give to mark if you like him what + + + align:start position:0% +really give to mark if you like him what +do you what can you really give to him + + align:start position:0% +do you what can you really give to him + + + align:start position:0% +do you what can you really give to him +what's the most valuable thing that you + + align:start position:0% +what's the most valuable thing that you + + + align:start position:0% +what's the most valuable thing that you +have that you can share with with him + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not even a different perspective what + + align:start position:0% +not even a different perspective what + + + align:start position:0% +not even a different perspective what +what what what what's the what's the + + align:start position:0% +what what what what's the what's the + + + align:start position:0% +what what what what's the what's the +coin of the realm what's the real coin + + align:start position:0% +coin of the realm what's the real coin + + + align:start position:0% +coin of the realm what's the real coin +of the realm in here what are you guys + + align:start position:0% +of the realm in here what are you guys + + + align:start position:0% +of the realm in here what are you guys +doing I mean are you you're making + + align:start position:0% +doing I mean are you you're making + + + align:start position:0% +doing I mean are you you're making +nuclear weapons are you making poison + + align:start position:0% +nuclear weapons are you making poison + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear weapons are you making poison +gas what what it's MIT you know that's + + align:start position:0% +gas what what it's MIT you know that's + + + align:start position:0% +gas what what it's MIT you know that's +impossible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what are you doing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're listening music + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't even worry about new just music if + + align:start position:0% +don't even worry about new just music if + + + align:start position:0% +don't even worry about new just music if +you love music the most you can give to + + align:start position:0% +you love music the most you can give to + + + align:start position:0% +you love music the most you can give to +Mark is your sense of music not just + + align:start position:0% +Mark is your sense of music not just + + + align:start position:0% +Mark is your sense of music not just +into New or Old music + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if I'm somebody calls me on the phone + + align:start position:0% +so if I'm somebody calls me on the phone + + + align:start position:0% +so if I'm somebody calls me on the phone +and says for x amount of dollars you + + align:start position:0% +and says for x amount of dollars you + + + align:start position:0% +and says for x amount of dollars you +show up dressed properly and that's what + + align:start position:0% +show up dressed properly and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +show up dressed properly and that's what +the tuxedo story is about you show up + + align:start position:0% +the tuxedo story is about you show up + + + align:start position:0% +the tuxedo story is about you show up +dressed properly with your trombone in + + align:start position:0% +dressed properly with your trombone in + + + align:start position:0% +dressed properly with your trombone in +working order + + align:start position:0% +working order + + + align:start position:0% +working order +they don't say all that + + align:start position:0% +they don't say all that + + + align:start position:0% +they don't say all that +they just say + + align:start position:0% +they just say + + + align:start position:0% +they just say +Disney needs a third trombone player and + + align:start position:0% +Disney needs a third trombone player and + + + align:start position:0% +Disney needs a third trombone player and +I got your name can you come and do it + + align:start position:0% +I got your name can you come and do it + + + align:start position:0% +I got your name can you come and do it +now when I get there the most valuable + + align:start position:0% +now when I get there the most valuable + + + align:start position:0% +now when I get there the most valuable +thing the way I can show dizzy that I + + align:start position:0% +thing the way I can show dizzy that I + + + align:start position:0% +thing the way I can show dizzy that I +love him the most is to play the + + align:start position:0% +love him the most is to play the + + + align:start position:0% +love him the most is to play the +out of the trombone + + align:start position:0% +out of the trombone + + + align:start position:0% +out of the trombone +in whatever manner he asked me to do + + align:start position:0% +in whatever manner he asked me to do + + + align:start position:0% +in whatever manner he asked me to do +because that's the real coin of the + + align:start position:0% +because that's the real coin of the + + + align:start position:0% +because that's the real coin of the +realm + + align:start position:0% +realm + + + align:start position:0% +realm +okay for the folks in my generation at + + align:start position:0% +okay for the folks in my generation at + + + align:start position:0% +okay for the folks in my generation at +least most of them that I talk to the + + align:start position:0% +least most of them that I talk to the + + + align:start position:0% +least most of them that I talk to the +question becomes how do you do that + + align:start position:0% +question becomes how do you do that + + + align:start position:0% +question becomes how do you do that +what's the mechanism what's what's the + + align:start position:0% +what's the mechanism what's what's the + + + align:start position:0% +what's the mechanism what's what's the +what's the exchange what's the + + align:start position:0% +what's the exchange what's the + + + align:start position:0% +what's the exchange what's the +conversation + + align:start position:0% +conversation + + + align:start position:0% +conversation +I could sit up under dizzy and some have + + align:start position:0% +I could sit up under dizzy and some have + + + align:start position:0% +I could sit up under dizzy and some have +one of my good buddies has done did that + + align:start position:0% +one of my good buddies has done did that + + + align:start position:0% +one of my good buddies has done did that +John fattis John set up under on the + + align:start position:0% +John fattis John set up under on the + + + align:start position:0% +John fattis John set up under on the +Disney and there was some Disney I've + + align:start position:0% +Disney and there was some Disney I've + + + align:start position:0% +Disney and there was some Disney I've +heard Disney say sometimes dizzy + + align:start position:0% +heard Disney say sometimes dizzy + + + align:start position:0% +heard Disney say sometimes dizzy +couldn't tell the difference between + + align:start position:0% +couldn't tell the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't tell the difference between +Disney and John fattis + + align:start position:0% +Disney and John fattis + + + align:start position:0% +Disney and John fattis +sometimes dizzy couldn't tell and for a + + align:start position:0% +sometimes dizzy couldn't tell and for a + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes dizzy couldn't tell and for a +while you know that you know you don't + + align:start position:0% +while you know that you know you don't + + + align:start position:0% +while you know that you know you don't +follow this damn John and John's got the + + align:start position:0% +follow this damn John and John's got the + + + align:start position:0% +follow this damn John and John's got the +chops to do that + + align:start position:0% +chops to do that + + + align:start position:0% +chops to do that +there was a point in John's life though + + align:start position:0% +there was a point in John's life though + + + align:start position:0% +there was a point in John's life though +when it while he's sitting up and and + + align:start position:0% +when it while he's sitting up and and + + + align:start position:0% +when it while he's sitting up and and +John contrary to what happened uh John + + align:start position:0% +John contrary to what happened uh John + + + align:start position:0% +John contrary to what happened uh John +was the chosen one not Mr Marcellus John + + align:start position:0% +was the chosen one not Mr Marcellus John + + + align:start position:0% +was the chosen one not Mr Marcellus John +was chosen one by Dizzy to be the next + + align:start position:0% +was chosen one by Dizzy to be the next + + + align:start position:0% +was chosen one by Dizzy to be the next +guy John was the chosen one + + align:start position:0% +guy John was the chosen one + + + align:start position:0% +guy John was the chosen one +John has almost the same sense of humor + + align:start position:0% +John has almost the same sense of humor + + + align:start position:0% +John has almost the same sense of humor +very crazy as dizzy I mean John was + + align:start position:0% +very crazy as dizzy I mean John was + + + align:start position:0% +very crazy as dizzy I mean John was +right there but there was a point in + + align:start position:0% +right there but there was a point in + + + align:start position:0% +right there but there was a point in +John's life where John said wait a + + align:start position:0% +John's life where John said wait a + + + align:start position:0% +John's life where John said wait a +minute the essence of this music is I + + align:start position:0% +minute the essence of this music is I + + + align:start position:0% +minute the essence of this music is I +got to find my own voice + + align:start position:0% +got to find my own voice + + + align:start position:0% +got to find my own voice +this already did this I got to find one + + align:start position:0% +this already did this I got to find one + + + align:start position:0% +this already did this I got to find one +and and he did I mean he he got out from + + align:start position:0% +and and he did I mean he he got out from + + + align:start position:0% +and and he did I mean he he got out from +under that and and he still loved it and + + align:start position:0% +under that and and he still loved it and + + + align:start position:0% +under that and and he still loved it and +he still + + align:start position:0% +he still + + + align:start position:0% +he still +Jesus but even he so one way is you get + + align:start position:0% +Jesus but even he so one way is you get + + + align:start position:0% +Jesus but even he so one way is you get +up under somebody and learn that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I also have aspirations I guess to be a + + align:start position:0% +I also have aspirations I guess to be a + + + align:start position:0% +I also have aspirations I guess to be a +composer so what do you do with that do + + align:start position:0% +composer so what do you do with that do + + + align:start position:0% +composer so what do you do with that do +you do I always want to write like the + + align:start position:0% +you do I always want to write like the + + + align:start position:0% +you do I always want to write like the +people I like + + align:start position:0% +people I like + + + align:start position:0% +people I like +or do I want to use that to find my own + + align:start position:0% +or do I want to use that to find my own + + + align:start position:0% +or do I want to use that to find my own +voice + + align:start position:0% +voice + + + align:start position:0% +voice +okay so that uh does that + + align:start position:0% +okay so that uh does that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that uh does that +those questions make sense to you ask + + align:start position:0% +those questions make sense to you ask + + + align:start position:0% +those questions make sense to you ask +questions and if you can imagine you + + align:start position:0% +questions and if you can imagine you + + + align:start position:0% +questions and if you can imagine you +know they're not just questions that you + + align:start position:0% +know they're not just questions that you + + + align:start position:0% +know they're not just questions that you +have you know in a class + + align:start position:0% +have you know in a class + + + align:start position:0% +have you know in a class +nothing wrong with having questions in + + align:start position:0% +nothing wrong with having questions in + + + align:start position:0% +nothing wrong with having questions in +the class fact it's a good thing to do + + align:start position:0% +the class fact it's a good thing to do + + + align:start position:0% +the class fact it's a good thing to do +but these are questions that have to do + + align:start position:0% +but these are questions that have to do + + + align:start position:0% +but these are questions that have to do +with with making music for a good bit of + + align:start position:0% +with with making music for a good bit of + + + align:start position:0% +with with making music for a good bit of +the time so + + align:start position:0% +the time so + + + align:start position:0% +the time so +that's the that's where I want us to be + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's where I want us to be + + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's where I want us to be +that was the point of all of it + + align:start position:0% +that was the point of all of it + + + align:start position:0% +that was the point of all of it +how do we use the stuff that comes + + align:start position:0% +how do we use the stuff that comes + + + align:start position:0% +how do we use the stuff that comes +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +one of the ways that we use the stuff + + align:start position:0% +one of the ways that we use the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +one of the ways that we use the stuff +that comes before is to Define + + align:start position:0% +that comes before is to Define + + + align:start position:0% +that comes before is to Define +stuff that comes before + + align:start position:0% +stuff that comes before + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that comes before +you see the the nature of this music is + + align:start position:0% +you see the the nature of this music is + + + align:start position:0% +you see the the nature of this music is +that even very often the definitions are + + align:start position:0% +that even very often the definitions are + + + align:start position:0% +that even very often the definitions are +kind of loose and whatnot so if we're + + align:start position:0% +kind of loose and whatnot so if we're + + + align:start position:0% +kind of loose and whatnot so if we're +going to have something pulled afro + + align:start position:0% +going to have something pulled afro + + + align:start position:0% +going to have something pulled afro +Cuban + + align:start position:0% +Cuban + + + align:start position:0% +Cuban +jazz + + align:start position:0% +jazz + + + align:start position:0% +jazz +Afro Cuban and gas three very + + align:start position:0% +Afro Cuban and gas three very + + + align:start position:0% +Afro Cuban and gas three very +very complicated terms + + align:start position:0% +very complicated terms + + + align:start position:0% +very complicated terms +okay now let's see I can do this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stupid afro-cuban what does Cuban refer + + align:start position:0% +stupid afro-cuban what does Cuban refer + + + align:start position:0% +stupid afro-cuban what does Cuban refer +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +what does the word human effort yeah I + + align:start position:0% +what does the word human effort yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +what does the word human effort yeah I +think it's certain like + + align:start position:0% +think it's certain like + + + align:start position:0% +think it's certain like +I guess you know full rhythms and + + align:start position:0% +I guess you know full rhythms and + + + align:start position:0% +I guess you know full rhythms and +instrumentation from + + align:start position:0% +instrumentation from + + + align:start position:0% +instrumentation from +Cuba Okay okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something from Cuba + + align:start position:0% +something from Cuba + + + align:start position:0% +something from Cuba +I contend that in the second half of the + + align:start position:0% +I contend that in the second half of the + + + align:start position:0% +I contend that in the second half of the +20th century + + align:start position:0% +20th century + + + align:start position:0% +20th century +indeed I'll contained for the last 300 + + align:start position:0% +indeed I'll contained for the last 300 + + + align:start position:0% +indeed I'll contained for the last 300 +years we're saying for the second half + + align:start position:0% +years we're saying for the second half + + + align:start position:0% +years we're saying for the second half +of the 20th century if you are an + + align:start position:0% +of the 20th century if you are an + + + align:start position:0% +of the 20th century if you are an +American person + + align:start position:0% +American person + + + align:start position:0% +American person +then the notion of Cuba is not just the + + align:start position:0% +then the notion of Cuba is not just the + + + align:start position:0% +then the notion of Cuba is not just the +name of an island in the Caribbean + + align:start position:0% +name of an island in the Caribbean + + + align:start position:0% +name of an island in the Caribbean +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +although it is the name of an island + + align:start position:0% +although it is the name of an island + + + align:start position:0% +although it is the name of an island +but it's a little bit more than that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's right that's why we need those + + align:start position:0% +that's right that's why we need those + + + align:start position:0% +that's right that's why we need those +critics + + align:start position:0% +critics + + + align:start position:0% +critics +but check it out I mean that was funny + + align:start position:0% +but check it out I mean that was funny + + + align:start position:0% +but check it out I mean that was funny +and that's very dizzy that's very dizzy + + align:start position:0% +and that's very dizzy that's very dizzy + + + align:start position:0% +and that's very dizzy that's very dizzy +in the old Jazz studies + + align:start position:0% +in the old Jazz studies + + + align:start position:0% +in the old Jazz studies +Pantheon + + align:start position:0% +Pantheon + + + align:start position:0% +Pantheon +when we talk about Bebop there's Charlie + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about Bebop there's Charlie + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about Bebop there's Charlie +Parker and this dizzy and very often + + align:start position:0% +Parker and this dizzy and very often + + + align:start position:0% +Parker and this dizzy and very often +what's talked about is that Charlie + + align:start position:0% +what's talked about is that Charlie + + + align:start position:0% +what's talked about is that Charlie +Parker was the musician was the + + align:start position:0% +Parker was the musician was the + + + align:start position:0% +Parker was the musician was the +consummate artist + + align:start position:0% +consummate artist + + + align:start position:0% +consummate artist +and anything dizzy could play but that + + align:start position:0% +and anything dizzy could play but that + + + align:start position:0% +and anything dizzy could play but that +dizzy was more Showbiz oriented + + align:start position:0% +dizzy was more Showbiz oriented + + + align:start position:0% +dizzy was more Showbiz oriented +it was more about + + align:start position:0% +it was more about + + + align:start position:0% +it was more about +doing just what you just saw + + align:start position:0% +doing just what you just saw + + + align:start position:0% +doing just what you just saw +connecting with the audience + + align:start position:0% +connecting with the audience + + + align:start position:0% +connecting with the audience +and as we all know you can't be Showbiz + + align:start position:0% +and as we all know you can't be Showbiz + + + align:start position:0% +and as we all know you can't be Showbiz +oriented and talk about Theory + + align:start position:0% +oriented and talk about Theory + + + align:start position:0% +oriented and talk about Theory +Kenya + + align:start position:0% +Kenya + + + align:start position:0% +Kenya +what the new Jazz studies requires of me + + align:start position:0% +what the new Jazz studies requires of me + + + align:start position:0% +what the new Jazz studies requires of me +or what I required of it actually is a + + align:start position:0% +or what I required of it actually is a + + + align:start position:0% +or what I required of it actually is a +way to put into perspective here's what + + align:start position:0% +way to put into perspective here's what + + + align:start position:0% +way to put into perspective here's what +I know what dizzy just said that story + + align:start position:0% +I know what dizzy just said that story + + + align:start position:0% +I know what dizzy just said that story +that Disney just told which he made you + + align:start position:0% +that Disney just told which he made you + + + align:start position:0% +that Disney just told which he made you +know that you get the the power to play + + align:start position:0% +know that you get the the power to play + + + align:start position:0% +know that you get the the power to play +the trumpet from your I mean the + + align:start position:0% +the trumpet from your I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +the trumpet from your I mean the +important thing about that story is that + + align:start position:0% +important thing about that story is that + + + align:start position:0% +important thing about that story is that +he told it + + align:start position:0% +he told it + + + align:start position:0% +he told it +he told the story and he the when he was + + align:start position:0% +he told the story and he the when he was + + + align:start position:0% +he told the story and he the when he was +explaining that to this woman it was on + + align:start position:0% +explaining that to this woman it was on + + + align:start position:0% +explaining that to this woman it was on +television it was on national television + + align:start position:0% +television it was on national television + + + align:start position:0% +television it was on national television +it was on NBC it was on national + + align:start position:0% +it was on NBC it was on national + + + align:start position:0% +it was on NBC it was on national +television and I don't know if they had + + align:start position:0% +television and I don't know if they had + + + align:start position:0% +television and I don't know if they had +time to bleep him out or not and and his + + align:start position:0% +time to bleep him out or not and and his + + + align:start position:0% +time to bleep him out or not and and his +wife heard it there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +wife heard it there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +wife heard it there's a lot of +information packed in that little story + + align:start position:0% +information packed in that little story + + + align:start position:0% +information packed in that little story +a lot of information that for me is + + align:start position:0% +a lot of information that for me is + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of information that for me is +important about that generation that + + align:start position:0% +important about that generation that + + + align:start position:0% +important about that generation that +preceded me generation of + + align:start position:0% +preceded me generation of + + + align:start position:0% +preceded me generation of +African-American men mostly but some + + align:start position:0% +African-American men mostly but some + + + align:start position:0% +African-American men mostly but some +women + + align:start position:0% +women + + + align:start position:0% +women +who were in the so-called Jazz world who + + align:start position:0% +who were in the so-called Jazz world who + + + align:start position:0% +who were in the so-called Jazz world who +had to walk a very interesting and + + align:start position:0% +had to walk a very interesting and + + + align:start position:0% +had to walk a very interesting and +difficult + + align:start position:0% +difficult + + + align:start position:0% +difficult +a very difficult path between Show + + align:start position:0% +a very difficult path between Show + + + align:start position:0% +a very difficult path between Show +Business + + align:start position:0% +Business + + + align:start position:0% +Business +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +and so-called art + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +between survival + + align:start position:0% +between survival + + + align:start position:0% +between survival +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +versus + + align:start position:0% +versus + + + align:start position:0% +versus +physical survival versus aesthetic + + align:start position:0% +physical survival versus aesthetic + + + align:start position:0% +physical survival versus aesthetic +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +integrity + + align:start position:0% +integrity + + + align:start position:0% +integrity +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +and it's this this balance and it is a + + align:start position:0% +and it's this this balance and it is a + + + align:start position:0% +and it's this this balance and it is a +balance and it's very complicated and + + align:start position:0% +balance and it's very complicated and + + + align:start position:0% +balance and it's very complicated and +it's very tricky and you have to be very + + align:start position:0% +it's very tricky and you have to be very + + + align:start position:0% +it's very tricky and you have to be very +skilled and the paint the ones that + + align:start position:0% +skilled and the paint the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +skilled and the paint the ones that +lasted like dizzy now notice wait to + + align:start position:0% +lasted like dizzy now notice wait to + + + align:start position:0% +lasted like dizzy now notice wait to +hear the people I'm going to put in that + + align:start position:0% +hear the people I'm going to put in that + + + align:start position:0% +hear the people I'm going to put in that +category dizzy miles talking him so + + align:start position:0% +category dizzy miles talking him so + + + align:start position:0% +category dizzy miles talking him so +Parker didn't quite survive + + align:start position:0% +Parker didn't quite survive + + + align:start position:0% +Parker didn't quite survive +Parker played the game though + + align:start position:0% +Parker played the game though + + + align:start position:0% +Parker played the game though +Parker did play the game there's a game + + align:start position:0% +Parker did play the game there's a game + + + align:start position:0% +Parker did play the game there's a game +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +this engagementship and somewhere now + + align:start position:0% +this engagementship and somewhere now + + + align:start position:0% +this engagementship and somewhere now +for those of us who come afterwards if + + align:start position:0% +for those of us who come afterwards if + + + align:start position:0% +for those of us who come afterwards if +you weren't around when dizzy and and + + align:start position:0% +you weren't around when dizzy and and + + + align:start position:0% +you weren't around when dizzy and and +and and + + align:start position:0% +and and + + + align:start position:0% +and and +um Charlie Parker were so-called + + align:start position:0% +um Charlie Parker were so-called + + + align:start position:0% +um Charlie Parker were so-called +creating Bebop + + align:start position:0% +creating Bebop + + + align:start position:0% +creating Bebop +you can still know about it because you + + align:start position:0% +you can still know about it because you + + + align:start position:0% +you can still know about it because you +get the recordings right + + align:start position:0% +get the recordings right + + + align:start position:0% +get the recordings right +how much of your study is based on + + align:start position:0% +how much of your study is based on + + + align:start position:0% +how much of your study is based on +Marco's put 17 chord changes on the + + align:start position:0% +Marco's put 17 chord changes on the + + + align:start position:0% +Marco's put 17 chord changes on the +board and tell you that do it then he + + align:start position:0% +board and tell you that do it then he + + + align:start position:0% +board and tell you that do it then he +said go listen to the recording so you + + align:start position:0% +said go listen to the recording so you + + + align:start position:0% +said go listen to the recording so you +get it in your ear + + align:start position:0% +get it in your ear + + + align:start position:0% +get it in your ear +the fact that there's a recording means + + align:start position:0% +the fact that there's a recording means + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that there's a recording means +that some of these people played this + + align:start position:0% +that some of these people played this + + + align:start position:0% +that some of these people played this +game successfully + + align:start position:0% +game successfully + + + align:start position:0% +game successfully +that's not trivial + + align:start position:0% +that's not trivial + + + align:start position:0% +that's not trivial +that's not trivial the fact that there + + align:start position:0% +that's not trivial the fact that there + + + align:start position:0% +that's not trivial the fact that there +are all those recordings of miles and + + align:start position:0% +are all those recordings of miles and + + + align:start position:0% +are all those recordings of miles and +Dizz and and Monk and and and + + align:start position:0% +Dizz and and Monk and and and + + + align:start position:0% +Dizz and and Monk and and and +um Charlie Parker is because they were + + align:start position:0% +um Charlie Parker is because they were + + + align:start position:0% +um Charlie Parker is because they were +able to play this game in a particular + + align:start position:0% +able to play this game in a particular + + + align:start position:0% +able to play this game in a particular +way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important if your garden from whatever + + align:start position:0% +important if your garden from whatever + + + align:start position:0% +important if your garden from whatever +age I was in the 70s dealing with trying + + align:start position:0% +age I was in the 70s dealing with trying + + + align:start position:0% +age I was in the 70s dealing with trying +to find my voice not just my voice as a + + align:start position:0% +to find my voice not just my voice as a + + + align:start position:0% +to find my voice not just my voice as a +musician + + align:start position:0% +musician + + + align:start position:0% +musician +it's not just my voices you know what + + align:start position:0% +it's not just my voices you know what + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just my voices you know what +what notes will I play what am I going + + align:start position:0% +what notes will I play what am I going + + + align:start position:0% +what notes will I play what am I going +to be afro-cubus am I going to be free + + align:start position:0% +to be afro-cubus am I going to be free + + + align:start position:0% +to be afro-cubus am I going to be free +player am I gonna play anything what am + + align:start position:0% +player am I gonna play anything what am + + + align:start position:0% +player am I gonna play anything what am +I going to do it's not just that though + + align:start position:0% +I going to do it's not just that though + + + align:start position:0% +I going to do it's not just that though +it's how how do you conduct yourself + + align:start position:0% +it's how how do you conduct yourself + + + align:start position:0% +it's how how do you conduct yourself +because so much of in the the people + + align:start position:0% +because so much of in the the people + + + align:start position:0% +because so much of in the the people +dizzy and Max what I learned from those + + align:start position:0% +dizzy and Max what I learned from those + + + align:start position:0% +dizzy and Max what I learned from those +guys Bill Barron where I learned from + + align:start position:0% +guys Bill Barron where I learned from + + + align:start position:0% +guys Bill Barron where I learned from +those guys is that how you + + align:start position:0% +those guys is that how you + + + align:start position:0% +those guys is that how you +presented yourself was as much a part of + + align:start position:0% +presented yourself was as much a part of + + + align:start position:0% +presented yourself was as much a part of +your musical identity as the notes you + + align:start position:0% +your musical identity as the notes you + + + align:start position:0% +your musical identity as the notes you +chose + + align:start position:0% +chose + + + align:start position:0% +chose +how you look how you Carriage yourself + + align:start position:0% +how you look how you Carriage yourself + + + align:start position:0% +how you look how you Carriage yourself +how you dealt with Cam drivers + + align:start position:0% +how you dealt with Cam drivers + + + align:start position:0% +how you dealt with Cam drivers +you know how you dealt with who your + + align:start position:0% +you know how you dealt with who your + + + align:start position:0% +you know how you dealt with who your +women were who your people were that was + + align:start position:0% +women were who your people were that was + + + align:start position:0% +women were who your people were that was +as much about your it was much I was as + + align:start position:0% +as much about your it was much I was as + + + align:start position:0% +as much about your it was much I was as +much about your music as the note you + + align:start position:0% +much about your music as the note you + + + align:start position:0% +much about your music as the note you +played + + align:start position:0% +played + + + align:start position:0% +played +now when I was coming up there was a + + align:start position:0% +now when I was coming up there was a + + + align:start position:0% +now when I was coming up there was a +resistance to that + + align:start position:0% +resistance to that + + + align:start position:0% +resistance to that +so one of the biggest arguments in a lot + + align:start position:0% +so one of the biggest arguments in a lot + + + align:start position:0% +so one of the biggest arguments in a lot +of the bands that I played in the 70s in + + align:start position:0% +of the bands that I played in the 70s in + + + align:start position:0% +of the bands that I played in the 70s in +New York was dress + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're going to play down at the such and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to play down at the such and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to play down at the such and +such well what's the address + + align:start position:0% +such well what's the address + + + align:start position:0% +such well what's the address +these three people want to wear dashikis + + align:start position:0% +these three people want to wear dashikis + + + align:start position:0% +these three people want to wear dashikis +these three people over here want to + + align:start position:0% +these three people over here want to + + + align:start position:0% +these three people over here want to +have on tuxedos these four people over + + align:start position:0% +have on tuxedos these four people over + + + align:start position:0% +have on tuxedos these four people over +here want to have on a shirt and tie and + + align:start position:0% +here want to have on a shirt and tie and + + + align:start position:0% +here want to have on a shirt and tie and +these seven people who are younger want + + align:start position:0% +these seven people who are younger want + + + align:start position:0% +these seven people who are younger want +to have um jeans with holes in them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because the issue is + + align:start position:0% +because the issue is + + + align:start position:0% +because the issue is +how seriously + + align:start position:0% +how seriously + + + align:start position:0% +how seriously +will the music be received + + align:start position:0% +will the music be received + + + align:start position:0% +will the music be received +and very often rightfully or wrongfully + + align:start position:0% +and very often rightfully or wrongfully + + + align:start position:0% +and very often rightfully or wrongfully +that's based on how the people look + + align:start position:0% +that's based on how the people look + + + align:start position:0% +that's based on how the people look +seems kind of silly but + + align:start position:0% +seems kind of silly but + + + align:start position:0% +seems kind of silly but +we wouldn't have all these recordings if + + align:start position:0% +we wouldn't have all these recordings if + + + align:start position:0% +we wouldn't have all these recordings if +this and bird and Miles didn't play the + + align:start position:0% +this and bird and Miles didn't play the + + + align:start position:0% +this and bird and Miles didn't play the +game in a particular way + + align:start position:0% +game in a particular way + + + align:start position:0% +game in a particular way +miles come miles was great miles come + + align:start position:0% +miles come miles was great miles come + + + align:start position:0% +miles come miles was great miles come +out of his house with the wrong colored + + align:start position:0% +out of his house with the wrong colored + + + align:start position:0% +out of his house with the wrong colored +pants on and not have time to go change + + align:start position:0% +pants on and not have time to go change + + + align:start position:0% +pants on and not have time to go change +by the time that happened he was so much + + align:start position:0% +by the time that happened he was so much + + + align:start position:0% +by the time that happened he was so much +the fashion guy that became the new + + align:start position:0% +the fashion guy that became the new + + + align:start position:0% +the fashion guy that became the new +fashion miles come up looking raggedy as + + align:start position:0% +fashion miles come up looking raggedy as + + + align:start position:0% +fashion miles come up looking raggedy as +hell because he made the wrong choice + + align:start position:0% +hell because he made the wrong choice + + + align:start position:0% +hell because he made the wrong choice +but because miles had it on oh + + align:start position:0% +but because miles had it on oh + + + align:start position:0% +but because miles had it on oh +that's what we got to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +miles was seen on the street wearing his + + align:start position:0% +miles was seen on the street wearing his + + + align:start position:0% +miles was seen on the street wearing his +bedroom slippers everybody in New York + + align:start position:0% +bedroom slippers everybody in New York + + + align:start position:0% +bedroom slippers everybody in New York +was walking the bedroom it was + + align:start position:0% +was walking the bedroom it was + + + align:start position:0% +was walking the bedroom it was +incredible it's incredible that's the + + align:start position:0% +incredible it's incredible that's the + + + align:start position:0% +incredible it's incredible that's the +game that you played but that was part + + align:start position:0% +game that you played but that was part + + + align:start position:0% +game that you played but that was part +of his power as a musician as well + + align:start position:0% +of his power as a musician as well + + + align:start position:0% +of his power as a musician as well +now is that jive is that silly is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how much you know all that time you + + align:start position:0% +how much you know all that time you + + + align:start position:0% +how much you know all that time you +spent figuring out what pants to put on + + align:start position:0% +spent figuring out what pants to put on + + + align:start position:0% +spent figuring out what pants to put on +you should have been practicing the + + align:start position:0% +you should have been practicing the + + + align:start position:0% +you should have been practicing the +trumpet oh really + + align:start position:0% +trumpet oh really + + + align:start position:0% +trumpet oh really +a story + + align:start position:0% +a story + + + align:start position:0% +a story +uh Wes Brown if you I'm drunk watch + + align:start position:0% +uh Wes Brown if you I'm drunk watch + + + align:start position:0% +uh Wes Brown if you I'm drunk watch +Watch How I say but I'm just I'm + + align:start position:0% +Watch How I say but I'm just I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Watch How I say but I'm just I'm +masterful I'm sorry West Branch thank + + align:start position:0% +masterful I'm sorry West Branch thank + + + align:start position:0% +masterful I'm sorry West Branch thank +you thank you I'm coming today Russ + + align:start position:0% +you thank you I'm coming today Russ + + + align:start position:0% +you thank you I'm coming today Russ +Brown who knows West Brown + + align:start position:0% +Brown who knows West Brown + + + align:start position:0% +Brown who knows West Brown +West Brown is very fine bass player and + + align:start position:0% +West Brown is very fine bass player and + + + align:start position:0% +West Brown is very fine bass player and +I've known for many years uh West lives + + align:start position:0% +I've known for many years uh West lives + + + align:start position:0% +I've known for many years uh West lives +out in the western part of the state + + align:start position:0% +out in the western part of the state + + + align:start position:0% +out in the western part of the state +that's not why it's called West but you + + align:start position:0% +that's not why it's called West but you + + + align:start position:0% +that's not why it's called West but you +just happened to live out in the west + + align:start position:0% +just happened to live out in the west + + + align:start position:0% +just happened to live out in the west +part of the State uh and Wes young well + + align:start position:0% +part of the State uh and Wes young well + + + align:start position:0% +part of the State uh and Wes young well +not so young anymore but when I first + + align:start position:0% +not so young anymore but when I first + + + align:start position:0% +not so young anymore but when I first +knew him and where the story come from + + align:start position:0% +knew him and where the story come from + + + align:start position:0% +knew him and where the story come from +he was relatively young about the age of + + align:start position:0% +he was relatively young about the age of + + + align:start position:0% +he was relatively young about the age of +most of you guys need + + align:start position:0% +most of you guys need + + + align:start position:0% +most of you guys need +uh very bright very talented + + align:start position:0% +uh very bright very talented + + + align:start position:0% +uh very bright very talented +African-American man who played a mess + + align:start position:0% +African-American man who played a mess + + + align:start position:0% +African-American man who played a mess +off the bass and you know was on the + + align:start position:0% +off the bass and you know was on the + + + align:start position:0% +off the bass and you know was on the +scene with us in Middletown in New Haven + + align:start position:0% +scene with us in Middletown in New Haven + + + align:start position:0% +scene with us in Middletown in New Haven +Connecticut + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and he got a gig with William Smith to + + align:start position:0% +and he got a gig with William Smith to + + + align:start position:0% +and he got a gig with William Smith to +play bass + + align:start position:0% +play bass + + + align:start position:0% +play bass +you know and it's real thing out in Las + + align:start position:0% +you know and it's real thing out in Las + + + align:start position:0% +you know and it's real thing out in Las +Vegas + + align:start position:0% +Vegas + + + align:start position:0% +Vegas +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so the thing I didn't tell you about + + align:start position:0% +so the thing I didn't tell you about + + + align:start position:0% +so the thing I didn't tell you about +westbound Is that West Brown doesn't + + align:start position:0% +westbound Is that West Brown doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +westbound Is that West Brown doesn't +like to wear shoes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's the thing Wes you know less + + align:start position:0% +so that's the thing Wes you know less + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the thing Wes you know less +even now he's gotten a little more + + align:start position:0% +even now he's gotten a little more + + + align:start position:0% +even now he's gotten a little more +mature but West doesn't like to wear + + align:start position:0% +mature but West doesn't like to wear + + + align:start position:0% +mature but West doesn't like to wear +shoes and that's just the rest his thing + + align:start position:0% +shoes and that's just the rest his thing + + + align:start position:0% +shoes and that's just the rest his thing +so let's we'll walk around the winter + + align:start position:0% +so let's we'll walk around the winter + + + align:start position:0% +so let's we'll walk around the winter +time with + + align:start position:0% +time with + + + align:start position:0% +time with +just in his bare feet well if it was + + align:start position:0% +just in his bare feet well if it was + + + align:start position:0% +just in his bare feet well if it was +cold in Middletown Connecticut so if + + align:start position:0% +cold in Middletown Connecticut so if + + + align:start position:0% +cold in Middletown Connecticut so if +it's cold he might put on some socks but + + align:start position:0% +it's cold he might put on some socks but + + + align:start position:0% +it's cold he might put on some socks but +he never worship so yes this gets this + + align:start position:0% +he never worship so yes this gets this + + + align:start position:0% +he never worship so yes this gets this +gig with the line okay + + align:start position:0% +gig with the line okay + + + align:start position:0% +gig with the line okay +so they go to Las Vegas and you know the + + align:start position:0% +so they go to Las Vegas and you know the + + + align:start position:0% +so they go to Las Vegas and you know the +way the business Works they didn't + + align:start position:0% +way the business Works they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +way the business Works they didn't +really rehearse his base place was + + align:start position:0% +really rehearse his base place was + + + align:start position:0% +really rehearse his base place was +another tune he's gonna make it or not + + align:start position:0% +another tune he's gonna make it or not + + + align:start position:0% +another tune he's gonna make it or not +on the gig + + align:start position:0% +on the gig + + + align:start position:0% +on the gig +so it shows up on the gig in Las Vegas + + align:start position:0% +so it shows up on the gig in Las Vegas + + + align:start position:0% +so it shows up on the gig in Las Vegas +he was dressed he had on just the right + + align:start position:0% +he was dressed he had on just the right + + + align:start position:0% +he was dressed he had on just the right +clothes and they were well from here to + + align:start position:0% +clothes and they were well from here to + + + align:start position:0% +clothes and they were well from here to +here he had on the right suit and + + align:start position:0% +here he had on the right suit and + + + align:start position:0% +here he had on the right suit and +everything looked good clean + + align:start position:0% +everything looked good clean + + + align:start position:0% +everything looked good clean +and his aftershave smelling good he + + align:start position:0% +and his aftershave smelling good he + + + align:start position:0% +and his aftershave smelling good he +wasn't dirty now just didn't have his + + align:start position:0% +wasn't dirty now just didn't have his + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't dirty now just didn't have his +shoes on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we had on black socks + + align:start position:0% +we had on black socks + + + align:start position:0% +we had on black socks +so he plays the game mine tonight that's + + align:start position:0% +so he plays the game mine tonight that's + + + align:start position:0% +so he plays the game mine tonight that's +good man playing today is fine + + align:start position:0% +good man playing today is fine + + + align:start position:0% +good man playing today is fine +gig's over + + align:start position:0% +gig's over + + + align:start position:0% +gig's over +yeah baby you sound good but come with + + align:start position:0% +yeah baby you sound good but come with + + + align:start position:0% +yeah baby you sound good but come with +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +took him upstairs to his I just there on + + align:start position:0% +took him upstairs to his I just there on + + + align:start position:0% +took him upstairs to his I just there on +the road mind you took him upstairs to + + align:start position:0% +the road mind you took him upstairs to + + + align:start position:0% +the road mind you took him upstairs to +his room opens the closet and it rested + + align:start position:0% +his room opens the closet and it rested + + + align:start position:0% +his room opens the closet and it rested +of like 10 pairs of shoes on the floor + + align:start position:0% +of like 10 pairs of shoes on the floor + + + align:start position:0% +of like 10 pairs of shoes on the floor +in this closet 10 pairs at all times + + align:start position:0% +in this closet 10 pairs at all times + + + align:start position:0% +in this closet 10 pairs at all times +there hip shoes 10 pairs of shoes just + + align:start position:0% +there hip shoes 10 pairs of shoes just + + + align:start position:0% +there hip shoes 10 pairs of shoes just +shoes look like a shoe store + + align:start position:0% +shoes look like a shoe store + + + align:start position:0% +shoes look like a shoe store +and he said baby one of those is yours + + align:start position:0% +and he said baby one of those is yours + + + align:start position:0% +and he said baby one of those is yours +you can take anyone you want take two + + align:start position:0% +you can take anyone you want take two + + + align:start position:0% +you can take anyone you want take two +pairs if you want but you don't come on + + align:start position:0% +pairs if you want but you don't come on + + + align:start position:0% +pairs if you want but you don't come on +my stage with no shoes on + + align:start position:0% +my stage with no shoes on + + + align:start position:0% +my stage with no shoes on +and went out the room so I played the + + align:start position:0% +and went out the room so I played the + + + align:start position:0% +and went out the room so I played the +gate with some very nice shoes + + align:start position:0% +gate with some very nice shoes + + + align:start position:0% +gate with some very nice shoes +but he was serious about that + + align:start position:0% +but he was serious about that + + + align:start position:0% +but he was serious about that +make any cracks about now if Wes hadn't + + align:start position:0% +make any cracks about now if Wes hadn't + + + align:start position:0% +make any cracks about now if Wes hadn't +played the base correctly he would have + + align:start position:0% +played the base correctly he would have + + + align:start position:0% +played the base correctly he would have +fired him and he wouldn't have gotten + + align:start position:0% +fired him and he wouldn't have gotten + + + align:start position:0% +fired him and he wouldn't have gotten +any shoes so it wasn't like base playing + + align:start position:0% +any shoes so it wasn't like base playing + + + align:start position:0% +any shoes so it wasn't like base playing +didn't matter it's that it was the total + + align:start position:0% +didn't matter it's that it was the total + + + align:start position:0% +didn't matter it's that it was the total +the total picture case I forget let me + + align:start position:0% +the total picture case I forget let me + + + align:start position:0% +the total picture case I forget let me +just tell you the tuxedo store and then + + align:start position:0% +just tell you the tuxedo store and then + + + align:start position:0% +just tell you the tuxedo store and then +I'll get on and let's hear some more + + align:start position:0% +I'll get on and let's hear some more + + + align:start position:0% +I'll get on and let's hear some more +music + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +my time with dizzy as I told you that + + align:start position:0% +my time with dizzy as I told you that + + + align:start position:0% +my time with dizzy as I told you that +you know that's the way it was it was + + align:start position:0% +you know that's the way it was it was + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's the way it was it was +1970 something probably 75 or 76 or + + align:start position:0% +1970 something probably 75 or 76 or + + + align:start position:0% +1970 something probably 75 or 76 or +somewhere in there 75 or 76. get the + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in there 75 or 76. get the + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in there 75 or 76. get the +call + + align:start position:0% +call + + + align:start position:0% +call +go down you're going to play first and + + align:start position:0% +go down you're going to play first and + + + align:start position:0% +go down you're going to play first and +play a week with Dizzy No Time for the + + align:start position:0% +play a week with Dizzy No Time for the + + + align:start position:0% +play a week with Dizzy No Time for the +rehearsal so-and-so couldn't make it + + align:start position:0% +rehearsal so-and-so couldn't make it + + + align:start position:0% +rehearsal so-and-so couldn't make it +you're the one come on down + + align:start position:0% +you're the one come on down + + + align:start position:0% +you're the one come on down +it starts at whatever was 9 30. okay + + align:start position:0% +it starts at whatever was 9 30. okay + + + align:start position:0% +it starts at whatever was 9 30. okay +sure play with this now the big Festival + + align:start position:0% +sure play with this now the big Festival + + + align:start position:0% +sure play with this now the big Festival +was in town + + align:start position:0% +was in town + + + align:start position:0% +was in town +the Newport Jazz Festival George week's + + align:start position:0% +the Newport Jazz Festival George week's + + + align:start position:0% +the Newport Jazz Festival George week's +Festival as it happened I had a gig + + align:start position:0% +Festival as it happened I had a gig + + + align:start position:0% +Festival as it happened I had a gig +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +I had a gig at Lincoln Center + + align:start position:0% +I had a gig at Lincoln Center + + + align:start position:0% +I had a gig at Lincoln Center +uh with Marion mccartland actually her + + align:start position:0% +uh with Marion mccartland actually her + + + align:start position:0% +uh with Marion mccartland actually her +event she put a band together now for + + align:start position:0% +event she put a band together now for + + + align:start position:0% +event she put a band together now for +that gig you had to wear a tuxedo + + align:start position:0% +that gig you had to wear a tuxedo + + + align:start position:0% +that gig you had to wear a tuxedo +for the gig at Lincoln Center now I went + + align:start position:0% +for the gig at Lincoln Center now I went + + + align:start position:0% +for the gig at Lincoln Center now I went +at that time in my life I was a young + + align:start position:0% +at that time in my life I was a young + + + align:start position:0% +at that time in my life I was a young +whippersnapper + + align:start position:0% +whippersnapper + + + align:start position:0% +whippersnapper +for the new generation I didn't own the + + align:start position:0% +for the new generation I didn't own the + + + align:start position:0% +for the new generation I didn't own the +tux I figured that was you know that was + + align:start position:0% +tux I figured that was you know that was + + + align:start position:0% +tux I figured that was you know that was +I don't know what I thought but I had + + align:start position:0% +I don't know what I thought but I had + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know what I thought but I had +habitux so I had to go rent every time I + + align:start position:0% +habitux so I had to go rent every time I + + + align:start position:0% +habitux so I had to go rent every time I +got to get ready to go rent a tux + + align:start position:0% +got to get ready to go rent a tux + + + align:start position:0% +got to get ready to go rent a tux +and I wait until the last minute oh + + align:start position:0% +and I wait until the last minute oh + + + align:start position:0% +and I wait until the last minute oh +I gotta run my touch so literally just + + align:start position:0% +I gotta run my touch so literally just + + + align:start position:0% +I gotta run my touch so literally just +before the gig I run down I lived in + + align:start position:0% +before the gig I run down I lived in + + + align:start position:0% +before the gig I run down I lived in +Brooklyn I run down + + align:start position:0% +Brooklyn I run down + + + align:start position:0% +Brooklyn I run down +downtown Brooklyn I went I need a tux I + + align:start position:0% +downtown Brooklyn I went I need a tux I + + + align:start position:0% +downtown Brooklyn I went I need a tux I +you know I couldn't so they had one tux + + align:start position:0% +you know I couldn't so they had one tux + + + align:start position:0% +you know I couldn't so they had one tux +One Touch left to fit me and it was one + + align:start position:0% +One Touch left to fit me and it was one + + + align:start position:0% +One Touch left to fit me and it was one +of the most you know to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +of the most you know to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +of the most you know to talk about the +shirts this is one of the most elaborate + + align:start position:0% +shirts this is one of the most elaborate + + + align:start position:0% +shirts this is one of the most elaborate +shirts I have ever seen + + align:start position:0% +shirts I have ever seen + + + align:start position:0% +shirts I have ever seen +and the trucks was just a tux but you + + align:start position:0% +and the trucks was just a tux but you + + + align:start position:0% +and the trucks was just a tux but you +know it was nice nice text but the shirt + + align:start position:0% +know it was nice nice text but the shirt + + + align:start position:0% +know it was nice nice text but the shirt +had all these Ruffles and piping on the + + align:start position:0% +had all these Ruffles and piping on the + + + align:start position:0% +had all these Ruffles and piping on the +side I mean just + + align:start position:0% +side I mean just + + + align:start position:0% +side I mean just +now I thought that was funny because + + align:start position:0% +now I thought that was funny because + + + align:start position:0% +now I thought that was funny because +when the American that would fit right + + align:start position:0% +when the American that would fit right + + + align:start position:0% +when the American that would fit right +in you know I said nobody said a word I + + align:start position:0% +in you know I said nobody said a word I + + + align:start position:0% +in you know I said nobody said a word I +went out I played my jig now because I + + align:start position:0% +went out I played my jig now because I + + + align:start position:0% +went out I played my jig now because I +had the idea was I'm gonna go change + + align:start position:0% +had the idea was I'm gonna go change + + + align:start position:0% +had the idea was I'm gonna go change +because I knew there's a dress for + + align:start position:0% +because I knew there's a dress for + + + align:start position:0% +because I knew there's a dress for +Dizzy's gig was a certain time and I had + + align:start position:0% +Dizzy's gig was a certain time and I had + + + align:start position:0% +Dizzy's gig was a certain time and I had +my suit in my bag you know so when I'm + + align:start position:0% +my suit in my bag you know so when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +my suit in my bag you know so when I'm +done at Lincoln Center I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +done at Lincoln Center I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +done at Lincoln Center I'm going to +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +or you know jump in the cab + + align:start position:0% +or you know jump in the cab + + + align:start position:0% +or you know jump in the cab +go down meet the kid well in all the + + align:start position:0% +go down meet the kid well in all the + + + align:start position:0% +go down meet the kid well in all the +running I forgot my suit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when when I'm done with Mary now I + + align:start position:0% +so when when I'm done with Mary now I + + + align:start position:0% +so when when I'm done with Mary now I +gotta go + + align:start position:0% +gotta go + + + align:start position:0% +gotta go +um I got to go downtown to the club and + + align:start position:0% +um I got to go downtown to the club and + + + align:start position:0% +um I got to go downtown to the club and +I'm dressed a little overdressed I got + + align:start position:0% +I'm dressed a little overdressed I got + + + align:start position:0% +I'm dressed a little overdressed I got +on this + + align:start position:0% +on this + + + align:start position:0% +on this +super tux + + align:start position:0% +super tux + + + align:start position:0% +super tux +so I get that you know some of the + + align:start position:0% +so I get that you know some of the + + + align:start position:0% +so I get that you know some of the +people demand I know Jimmy he's there I + + align:start position:0% +people demand I know Jimmy he's there I + + + align:start position:0% +people demand I know Jimmy he's there I +know Jim Anderson the cafe bill they + + align:start position:0% +know Jim Anderson the cafe bill they + + + align:start position:0% +know Jim Anderson the cafe bill they +start looking they start laughing okay + + align:start position:0% +start looking they start laughing okay + + + align:start position:0% +start looking they start laughing okay +guys I'm here I made a mistake + + align:start position:0% +guys I'm here I made a mistake + + + align:start position:0% +guys I'm here I made a mistake +let's just get on it so I'm sitting down + + align:start position:0% +let's just get on it so I'm sitting down + + + align:start position:0% +let's just get on it so I'm sitting down +right now ladies and gentlemen because + + align:start position:0% +right now ladies and gentlemen because + + + align:start position:0% +right now ladies and gentlemen because +it's all about Showbiz that's the point + + align:start position:0% +it's all about Showbiz that's the point + + + align:start position:0% +it's all about Showbiz that's the point +now ladies and gentlemen this says it + + align:start position:0% +now ladies and gentlemen this says it + + + align:start position:0% +now ladies and gentlemen this says it +will last for now here's the band we're + + align:start position:0% +will last for now here's the band we're + + + align:start position:0% +will last for now here's the band we're +up there warming up we're sitting there + + align:start position:0% +up there warming up we're sitting there + + + align:start position:0% +up there warming up we're sitting there +Dizzy Gillespie + + align:start position:0% +Dizzy Gillespie + + + align:start position:0% +Dizzy Gillespie +so Burks comes out + + align:start position:0% +so Burks comes out + + + align:start position:0% +so Burks comes out +it's kind of what it looks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he says in the mic damn + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Jimmy who's the sub damn + + align:start position:0% +Jimmy who's the sub damn + + + align:start position:0% +Jimmy who's the sub damn +and he went on for 10 minutes he went on + + align:start position:0% +and he went on for 10 minutes he went on + + + align:start position:0% +and he went on for 10 minutes he went on +for 10. it's probably fine but he felt + + align:start position:0% +for 10. it's probably fine but he felt + + + align:start position:0% +for 10. it's probably fine but he felt +like three hours he went damn stand up + + align:start position:0% +like three hours he went damn stand up + + + align:start position:0% +like three hours he went damn stand up +brother I mean he just went on and on + + align:start position:0% +brother I mean he just went on and on + + + align:start position:0% +brother I mean he just went on and on +and on + + align:start position:0% +and on + + + align:start position:0% +and on +Jimmy these new cats there don't they + + align:start position:0% +Jimmy these new cats there don't they + + + align:start position:0% +Jimmy these new cats there don't they +know they're not supposed to look better + + align:start position:0% +know they're not supposed to look better + + + align:start position:0% +know they're not supposed to look better +than the leader damn + + align:start position:0% +than the leader damn + + + align:start position:0% +than the leader damn +I mean he just went on and on I thought + + align:start position:0% +I mean he just went on and on I thought + + + align:start position:0% +I mean he just went on and on I thought +about that small + + align:start position:0% +about that small + + + align:start position:0% +about that small +that's this don't come on my set looking + + align:start position:0% +that's this don't come on my set looking + + + align:start position:0% +that's this don't come on my set looking +like a fool and it was all funny it was + + align:start position:0% +like a fool and it was all funny it was + + + align:start position:0% +like a fool and it was all funny it was +all you know it was all fun and games + + align:start position:0% +all you know it was all fun and games + + + align:start position:0% +all you know it was all fun and games +and all of that and everybody was + + align:start position:0% +and all of that and everybody was + + + align:start position:0% +and all of that and everybody was +laughing and the first set I messed and + + align:start position:0% +laughing and the first set I messed and + + + align:start position:0% +laughing and the first set I messed and +the tunes that I Knew by heart + + align:start position:0% +the tunes that I Knew by heart + + + align:start position:0% +the tunes that I Knew by heart +and I messed up because I was just so + + align:start position:0% +and I messed up because I was just so + + + align:start position:0% +and I messed up because I was just so +rattled by that whole what about a + + align:start position:0% +rattled by that whole what about a + + + align:start position:0% +rattled by that whole what about a +second set a guy at the end it was fine + + align:start position:0% +second set a guy at the end it was fine + + + align:start position:0% +second set a guy at the end it was fine +the point is though + + align:start position:0% +the point is though + + + align:start position:0% +the point is though +I helped that was one something I gave + + align:start position:0% +I helped that was one something I gave + + + align:start position:0% +I helped that was one something I gave +to the night because dizzy used me to + + align:start position:0% +to the night because dizzy used me to + + + align:start position:0% +to the night because dizzy used me to +make it is to make his comedic entrance + + align:start position:0% +make it is to make his comedic entrance + + + align:start position:0% +make it is to make his comedic entrance +for the day if dizzy didn't do that we + + align:start position:0% +for the day if dizzy didn't do that we + + + align:start position:0% +for the day if dizzy didn't do that we +wouldn't be there playing for those + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be there playing for those + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be there playing for those +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +I just run that out okay there he is + + align:start position:0% +I just run that out okay there he is + + + align:start position:0% +I just run that out okay there he is +now I want to do this next thing I hope + + align:start position:0% +now I want to do this next thing I hope + + + align:start position:0% +now I want to do this next thing I hope +this works + + align:start position:0% +this works + + + align:start position:0% +this works +let's see now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the RGB + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +see I have my tux on again + + align:start position:0% +see I have my tux on again + + + align:start position:0% +see I have my tux on again +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's me and that's on my trip to Cuba + + align:start position:0% +that's me and that's on my trip to Cuba + + + align:start position:0% +that's me and that's on my trip to Cuba +Disney's first trip to Cuba was in 1987 + + align:start position:0% +Disney's first trip to Cuba was in 1987 + + + align:start position:0% +Disney's first trip to Cuba was in 1987 +or 88 or so + + align:start position:0% +or 88 or so + + + align:start position:0% +or 88 or so +left umbrella + + align:start position:0% +left umbrella + + + align:start position:0% +left umbrella +nope + + align:start position:0% +nope + + + align:start position:0% +nope +nope I don't think so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you just wanted to come in and see what + + align:start position:0% +you just wanted to come in and see what + + + align:start position:0% +you just wanted to come in and see what +the music was I mean live by this + + align:start position:0% +the music was I mean live by this + + + align:start position:0% +the music was I mean live by this +umbrella + + align:start position:0% +umbrella + + + align:start position:0% +umbrella +this was my light dizzy I had always + + align:start position:0% +this was my light dizzy I had always + + + align:start position:0% +this was my light dizzy I had always +wanted to go to Cuba + + align:start position:0% +wanted to go to Cuba + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to go to Cuba +and I still I've I've been now six times + + align:start position:0% +and I still I've I've been now six times + + + align:start position:0% +and I still I've I've been now six times +and like dizzy I live in a country I + + align:start position:0% +and like dizzy I live in a country I + + + align:start position:0% +and like dizzy I live in a country I +have a passport + + align:start position:0% +have a passport + + + align:start position:0% +have a passport +that says me and Cuba there's some + + align:start position:0% +that says me and Cuba there's some + + + align:start position:0% +that says me and Cuba there's some +problematic stuff going on and the + + align:start position:0% +problematic stuff going on and the + + + align:start position:0% +problematic stuff going on and the +problematics don't come from the Cuban + + align:start position:0% +problematics don't come from the Cuban + + + align:start position:0% +problematics don't come from the Cuban +people Cubans have the Cuban government + + align:start position:0% +people Cubans have the Cuban government + + + align:start position:0% +people Cubans have the Cuban government +has no problem letting Americans come in + + align:start position:0% +has no problem letting Americans come in + + + align:start position:0% +has no problem letting Americans come in +to Cuba it's the other way around the + + align:start position:0% +to Cuba it's the other way around the + + + align:start position:0% +to Cuba it's the other way around the +American government there's a ban + + align:start position:0% +American government there's a ban + + + align:start position:0% +American government there's a ban +there's a um there's an embargo + + align:start position:0% +there's a um there's an embargo + + + align:start position:0% +there's a um there's an embargo +and Americans traveling to Cuba there's + + align:start position:0% +and Americans traveling to Cuba there's + + + align:start position:0% +and Americans traveling to Cuba there's +a very limited very limited license you + + align:start position:0% +a very limited very limited license you + + + align:start position:0% +a very limited very limited license you +can get from the treasury Department you + + align:start position:0% +can get from the treasury Department you + + + align:start position:0% +can get from the treasury Department you +think about the state department turns + + align:start position:0% +think about the state department turns + + + align:start position:0% +think about the state department turns +out from the treasury Department + + align:start position:0% +out from the treasury Department + + + align:start position:0% +out from the treasury Department +and you can get their license if you're + + align:start position:0% +and you can get their license if you're + + + align:start position:0% +and you can get their license if you're +going to do scholarly work or if you're + + align:start position:0% +going to do scholarly work or if you're + + + align:start position:0% +going to do scholarly work or if you're +a journalist + + align:start position:0% +a journalist + + + align:start position:0% +a journalist +or some or if you're gonna I don't know + + align:start position:0% +or some or if you're gonna I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +or some or if you're gonna I don't know +something to do with money + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I've been several times this was my + + align:start position:0% +I've been several times this was my + + + align:start position:0% +I've been several times this was my +first time that time I went very legally + + align:start position:0% +first time that time I went very legally + + + align:start position:0% +first time that time I went very legally +I got the + + align:start position:0% +I got the + + + align:start position:0% +I got the +proper credentials and through the + + align:start position:0% +proper credentials and through the + + + align:start position:0% +proper credentials and through the +treasury Department took forever I was + + align:start position:0% +treasury Department took forever I was + + + align:start position:0% +treasury Department took forever I was +traveling with a group + + align:start position:0% +traveling with a group + + + align:start position:0% +traveling with a group +I found with a group of Scholars who + + align:start position:0% +I found with a group of Scholars who + + + align:start position:0% +I found with a group of Scholars who +went to Cuba to study various afro-cuban + + align:start position:0% +went to Cuba to study various afro-cuban + + + align:start position:0% +went to Cuba to study various afro-cuban +religious practices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +afro-cuban religious practices I was a + + align:start position:0% +afro-cuban religious practices I was a + + + align:start position:0% +afro-cuban religious practices I was a +part of that group + + align:start position:0% +part of that group + + + align:start position:0% +part of that group +that I had on my scholarly hat but I'm + + align:start position:0% +that I had on my scholarly hat but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that I had on my scholarly hat but I'm +no fool I took my trombone with me I'm + + align:start position:0% +no fool I took my trombone with me I'm + + + align:start position:0% +no fool I took my trombone with me I'm +going to Cuba I'm not going to just go + + align:start position:0% +going to Cuba I'm not going to just go + + + align:start position:0% +going to Cuba I'm not going to just go +with a pencil and paper please + + align:start position:0% +with a pencil and paper please + + + align:start position:0% +with a pencil and paper please +these two just act as the camera person + + align:start position:0% +these two just act as the camera person + + + align:start position:0% +these two just act as the camera person +is being she wants to show me there's + + align:start position:0% +is being she wants to show me there's + + + align:start position:0% +is being she wants to show me there's +another guy over here there's three + + align:start position:0% +another guy over here there's three + + + align:start position:0% +another guy over here there's three +three drummers these are Bata drums + + align:start position:0% +three drummers these are Bata drums + + + align:start position:0% +three drummers these are Bata drums +these are now these same guys earlier in + + align:start position:0% +these are now these same guys earlier in + + + align:start position:0% +these are now these same guys earlier in +the day we're in Hogan hogene is is a + + align:start position:0% +the day we're in Hogan hogene is is a + + + align:start position:0% +the day we're in Hogan hogene is is a +city on the coast in the western part of + + align:start position:0% +city on the coast in the western part of + + + align:start position:0% +city on the coast in the western part of +um I'm sorry the eastern part the actor + + align:start position:0% +um I'm sorry the eastern part the actor + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm sorry the eastern part the actor +in the middle sort of middle of Cuba on + + align:start position:0% +in the middle sort of middle of Cuba on + + + align:start position:0% +in the middle sort of middle of Cuba on +top and the Atlantic Oceanside + + align:start position:0% +top and the Atlantic Oceanside + + + align:start position:0% +top and the Atlantic Oceanside +and it was not too far from the + + align:start position:0% +and it was not too far from the + + + align:start position:0% +and it was not too far from the +headquarters of + + align:start position:0% +headquarters of + + + align:start position:0% +headquarters of +um United Fruit back in the day but + + align:start position:0% +um United Fruit back in the day but + + + align:start position:0% +um United Fruit back in the day but +that's another story anyway we were + + align:start position:0% +that's another story anyway we were + + + align:start position:0% +that's another story anyway we were +there for various reasons and earlier in + + align:start position:0% +there for various reasons and earlier in + + + align:start position:0% +there for various reasons and earlier in +the day these guys had drums that looked + + align:start position:0% +the day these guys had drums that looked + + + align:start position:0% +the day these guys had drums that looked +like conga drums they were cougar drums + + align:start position:0% +like conga drums they were cougar drums + + + align:start position:0% +like conga drums they were cougar drums +and they were playing and they performed + + align:start position:0% +and they were playing and they performed + + + align:start position:0% +and they were playing and they performed +with the dancers you're going to see + + align:start position:0% +with the dancers you're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +with the dancers you're going to see +some of that later these these folkloric + + align:start position:0% +some of that later these these folkloric + + + align:start position:0% +some of that later these these folkloric +ritual dances that the Cubans still do + + align:start position:0% +ritual dances that the Cubans still do + + + align:start position:0% +ritual dances that the Cubans still do +for tourists + + align:start position:0% +for tourists + + + align:start position:0% +for tourists +you got to go see one of these that's + + align:start position:0% +you got to go see one of these that's + + + align:start position:0% +you got to go see one of these that's +great it's just wonderful to see but + + align:start position:0% +great it's just wonderful to see but + + + align:start position:0% +great it's just wonderful to see but +this was at night + + align:start position:0% +this was at night + + + align:start position:0% +this was at night +and we'd all shared Mojitos Etc and uh + + align:start position:0% +and we'd all shared Mojitos Etc and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and we'd all shared Mojitos Etc and uh +it's a dangerous drink + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +my angels are very dangerous I mean the + + align:start position:0% +my angels are very dangerous I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +my angels are very dangerous I mean the +real ones + + align:start position:0% +real ones + + + align:start position:0% +real ones +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a friend Leonard Brown had been the year + + align:start position:0% +a friend Leonard Brown had been the year + + + align:start position:0% +a friend Leonard Brown had been the year +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +and these guys knew knew of me and this + + align:start position:0% +and these guys knew knew of me and this + + + align:start position:0% +and these guys knew knew of me and this +was a test + + align:start position:0% +was a test + + + align:start position:0% +was a test +these guys are part of the the the + + align:start position:0% +these guys are part of the the the + + + align:start position:0% +these guys are part of the the the +recall that Americans call it Voodoo or + + align:start position:0% +recall that Americans call it Voodoo or + + + align:start position:0% +recall that Americans call it Voodoo or +Santeria + + align:start position:0% +Santeria + + + align:start position:0% +Santeria +they call it something else uh they're + + align:start position:0% +they call it something else uh they're + + + align:start position:0% +they call it something else uh they're +part of the group that provides the + + align:start position:0% +part of the group that provides the + + + align:start position:0% +part of the group that provides the +music and the dance for the religious + + align:start position:0% +music and the dance for the religious + + + align:start position:0% +music and the dance for the religious +rituals and there's a whole secret + + align:start position:0% +rituals and there's a whole secret + + + align:start position:0% +rituals and there's a whole secret +society aspect of it this is the same + + align:start position:0% +society aspect of it this is the same + + + align:start position:0% +society aspect of it this is the same +demographic that channel Pozo came from + + align:start position:0% +demographic that channel Pozo came from + + + align:start position:0% +demographic that channel Pozo came from +that's the point of this this is the + + align:start position:0% +that's the point of this this is the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the point of this this is the +same Democrat these are the same set of + + align:start position:0% +same Democrat these are the same set of + + + align:start position:0% +same Democrat these are the same set of +folks that China opposal came from + + align:start position:0% +folks that China opposal came from + + + align:start position:0% +folks that China opposal came from +not that these guys knew China they're + + align:start position:0% +not that these guys knew China they're + + + align:start position:0% +not that these guys knew China they're +too young but Orlando I'm not + + align:start position:0% +too young but Orlando I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +too young but Orlando I'm not +proclaiming that they're you know + + align:start position:0% +proclaiming that they're you know + + + align:start position:0% +proclaiming that they're you know +channels grandchildren coming in I never + + align:start position:0% +channels grandchildren coming in I never + + + align:start position:0% +channels grandchildren coming in I never +asked them about Channel poster but in + + align:start position:0% +asked them about Channel poster but in + + + align:start position:0% +asked them about Channel poster but in +terms of their place in the human + + align:start position:0% +terms of their place in the human + + + align:start position:0% +terms of their place in the human +society this this is channel Pozo people + + align:start position:0% +society this this is channel Pozo people + + + align:start position:0% +society this this is channel Pozo people +and the deal was you know we met and + + align:start position:0% +and the deal was you know we met and + + + align:start position:0% +and the deal was you know we met and +hung out in a day and you're all right + + align:start position:0% +hung out in a day and you're all right + + + align:start position:0% +hung out in a day and you're all right +you know but the real deal are you all + + align:start position:0% +you know but the real deal are you all + + + align:start position:0% +you know but the real deal are you all +right can you play they say you're a + + align:start position:0% +right can you play they say you're a + + + align:start position:0% +right can you play they say you're a +musician can you play + + align:start position:0% +musician can you play + + + align:start position:0% +musician can you play +remember dizzy said earlier told Stan + + align:start position:0% +remember dizzy said earlier told Stan + + + align:start position:0% +remember dizzy said earlier told Stan +get Stan what we need to do when we get + + align:start position:0% +get Stan what we need to do when we get + + + align:start position:0% +get Stan what we need to do when we get +down there we take out our horns because + + align:start position:0% +down there we take out our horns because + + + align:start position:0% +down there we take out our horns because +they're gonna play it us we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +they're gonna play it us we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +they're gonna play it us we're gonna +play it then this whole notion of music + + align:start position:0% +play it then this whole notion of music + + + align:start position:0% +play it then this whole notion of music +as a form of Exchange + + align:start position:0% +as a form of Exchange + + + align:start position:0% +as a form of Exchange +of cultural exchange of spiritual + + align:start position:0% +of cultural exchange of spiritual + + + align:start position:0% +of cultural exchange of spiritual +Exchange + + align:start position:0% +Exchange + + + align:start position:0% +Exchange +all right so it's not about I'm going + + align:start position:0% +all right so it's not about I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +all right so it's not about I'm going +down to look at you or you coming to + + align:start position:0% +down to look at you or you coming to + + + align:start position:0% +down to look at you or you coming to +look at me + + align:start position:0% +look at me + + + align:start position:0% +look at me +so that whole + + align:start position:0% +so that whole + + + align:start position:0% +so that whole +objective Observer business gets messed + + align:start position:0% +objective Observer business gets messed + + + align:start position:0% +objective Observer business gets messed +with if you're a musician you're + + align:start position:0% +with if you're a musician you're + + + align:start position:0% +with if you're a musician you're +supposed to share music you ain't no + + align:start position:0% +supposed to share music you ain't no + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to share music you ain't no +damn ethnographer come down here can you + + align:start position:0% +damn ethnographer come down here can you + + + align:start position:0% +damn ethnographer come down here can you +play or can't you so they have been + + align:start position:0% +play or can't you so they have been + + + align:start position:0% +play or can't you so they have been +teasing me and I didn't think you know + + align:start position:0% +teasing me and I didn't think you know + + + align:start position:0% +teasing me and I didn't think you know +I I had my horn because it was there but + + align:start position:0% +I I had my horn because it was there but + + + align:start position:0% +I I had my horn because it was there but +you can see the woman you don't know me + + align:start position:0% +you can see the woman you don't know me + + + align:start position:0% +you can see the woman you don't know me +but I'm not ready to play if you see me + + align:start position:0% +but I'm not ready to play if you see me + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm not ready to play if you see me +in shorts and sandals I'm not ready to + + align:start position:0% +in shorts and sandals I'm not ready to + + + align:start position:0% +in shorts and sandals I'm not ready to +play anything + + align:start position:0% +play anything + + + align:start position:0% +play anything +I'm ready to drink some Mojitos because + + align:start position:0% +I'm ready to drink some Mojitos because + + + align:start position:0% +I'm ready to drink some Mojitos because +it was hot beautiful hot I'm ready to + + align:start position:0% +it was hot beautiful hot I'm ready to + + + align:start position:0% +it was hot beautiful hot I'm ready to +drink some Mojitos and + + align:start position:0% +drink some Mojitos and + + + align:start position:0% +drink some Mojitos and +look at all the pretty women but I'm not + + align:start position:0% +look at all the pretty women but I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +look at all the pretty women but I'm not +ready to play the trombones I'm not + + align:start position:0% +ready to play the trombones I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +ready to play the trombones I'm not +ready to perform + + align:start position:0% +ready to perform + + + align:start position:0% +ready to perform +but this wasn't a performance you see + + align:start position:0% +but this wasn't a performance you see + + + align:start position:0% +but this wasn't a performance you see +these guys they were playing for + + align:start position:0% +these guys they were playing for + + + align:start position:0% +these guys they were playing for +everybody was digging it because they + + align:start position:0% +everybody was digging it because they + + + align:start position:0% +everybody was digging it because they +they got down and they were good during + + align:start position:0% +they got down and they were good during + + + align:start position:0% +they got down and they were good during +the day but that's not they got their + + align:start position:0% +the day but that's not they got their + + + align:start position:0% +the day but that's not they got their +old drums these are ritual drums some + + align:start position:0% +old drums these are ritual drums some + + + align:start position:0% +old drums these are ritual drums some +priests and Priestess had blessed these + + align:start position:0% +priests and Priestess had blessed these + + + align:start position:0% +priests and Priestess had blessed these +drums + + align:start position:0% +drums + + + align:start position:0% +drums +this is the real if you touch one of + + align:start position:0% +this is the real if you touch one of + + + align:start position:0% +this is the real if you touch one of +those drums without asking you might + + align:start position:0% +those drums without asking you might + + + align:start position:0% +those drums without asking you might +lose your hand seriously + + align:start position:0% +lose your hand seriously + + + align:start position:0% +lose your hand seriously +and these guys are not fooling around + + align:start position:0% +and these guys are not fooling around + + + align:start position:0% +and these guys are not fooling around +that's that's the stuff that's power + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the stuff that's power + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the stuff that's power +that's not just some drums all right and + + align:start position:0% +that's not just some drums all right and + + + align:start position:0% +that's not just some drums all right and +so they were playing and then all of a + + align:start position:0% +so they were playing and then all of a + + + align:start position:0% +so they were playing and then all of a +sudden the the Rhythm went somewhere + + align:start position:0% +sudden the the Rhythm went somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +sudden the the Rhythm went somewhere +else you talk about the afro-cubic + + align:start position:0% +else you talk about the afro-cubic + + + align:start position:0% +else you talk about the afro-cubic +rhythms The rhythms went somewhere else + + align:start position:0% +rhythms The rhythms went somewhere else + + + align:start position:0% +rhythms The rhythms went somewhere else +I'm digging it and all of a sudden they + + align:start position:0% +I'm digging it and all of a sudden they + + + align:start position:0% +I'm digging it and all of a sudden they +have Toca Toca bill poker oh + + align:start position:0% +have Toca Toca bill poker oh + + + align:start position:0% +have Toca Toca bill poker oh +so I'm not gonna show you the very + + align:start position:0% +so I'm not gonna show you the very + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm not gonna show you the very +beginning I went up knelt down hoping + + align:start position:0% +beginning I went up knelt down hoping + + + align:start position:0% +beginning I went up knelt down hoping +that they'd not ask me no they kept + + align:start position:0% +that they'd not ask me no they kept + + + align:start position:0% +that they'd not ask me no they kept +playing and they said play now here I am + + align:start position:0% +playing and they said play now here I am + + + align:start position:0% +playing and they said play now here I am +what am I gonna do + + align:start position:0% +what am I gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +what am I gonna do +I'm where I want to be I'm with the + + align:start position:0% +I'm where I want to be I'm with the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm where I want to be I'm with the +music that I want to hear and nobody + + align:start position:0% +music that I want to hear and nobody + + + align:start position:0% +music that I want to hear and nobody +passed out a chart we're not playing + + align:start position:0% +passed out a chart we're not playing + + + align:start position:0% +passed out a chart we're not playing +Knight in Tunisia + + align:start position:0% +Knight in Tunisia + + + align:start position:0% +Knight in Tunisia +we're not playing 1010 Dayo + + align:start position:0% +we're not playing 1010 Dayo + + + align:start position:0% +we're not playing 1010 Dayo +we're not even playing Guantanamera + + align:start position:0% +we're not even playing Guantanamera + + + align:start position:0% +we're not even playing Guantanamera +they're just they're playing the root + + align:start position:0% +they're just they're playing the root + + + align:start position:0% +they're just they're playing the root +stuff they're playing the rhythmic stuff + + align:start position:0% +stuff they're playing the rhythmic stuff + + + align:start position:0% +stuff they're playing the rhythmic stuff +they're calling on the gods and the + + align:start position:0% +they're calling on the gods and the + + + align:start position:0% +they're calling on the gods and the +goddesses they're calling on the orishas + + align:start position:0% +goddesses they're calling on the orishas + + + align:start position:0% +goddesses they're calling on the orishas +what am I going to do and what I decided + + align:start position:0% +what am I going to do and what I decided + + + align:start position:0% +what am I going to do and what I decided +I I always remember this decision I + + align:start position:0% +I I always remember this decision I + + + align:start position:0% +I I always remember this decision I +still don't know if it was the right + + align:start position:0% +still don't know if it was the right + + + align:start position:0% +still don't know if it was the right +decision what I decided was that + + align:start position:0% +decision what I decided was that + + + align:start position:0% +decision what I decided was that +I had to I needed to look for + + align:start position:0% +I had to I needed to look for + + + align:start position:0% +I had to I needed to look for +not build the beef off or not build the + + align:start position:0% +not build the beef off or not build the + + + align:start position:0% +not build the beef off or not build the +afro-latin not build the sauce + + align:start position:0% +afro-latin not build the sauce + + + align:start position:0% +afro-latin not build the sauce +the trombone player + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surrounded by all these rhythms what + + align:start position:0% +surrounded by all these rhythms what + + + align:start position:0% +surrounded by all these rhythms what +you're going to do + + align:start position:0% +you're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to do +and I made a conscious decision not to + + align:start position:0% +and I made a conscious decision not to + + + align:start position:0% +and I made a conscious decision not to +try to play some tune + + align:start position:0% +try to play some tune + + + align:start position:0% +try to play some tune +no the day before and during that day + + align:start position:0% +no the day before and during that day + + + align:start position:0% +no the day before and during that day +and the next day you know I hung out + + align:start position:0% +and the next day you know I hung out + + + align:start position:0% +and the next day you know I hung out +with the musicians and we did we played + + align:start position:0% +with the musicians and we did we played + + + align:start position:0% +with the musicians and we did we played +I got that on the tape too I may or may + + align:start position:0% +I got that on the tape too I may or may + + + align:start position:0% +I got that on the tape too I may or may +not show you I play Mac Tunisian all + + align:start position:0% +not show you I play Mac Tunisian all + + + align:start position:0% +not show you I play Mac Tunisian all +that stuff because that's what you do + + align:start position:0% +that stuff because that's what you do + + + align:start position:0% +that stuff because that's what you do +saw Davis was down there with us you + + align:start position:0% +saw Davis was down there with us you + + + align:start position:0% +saw Davis was down there with us you +know we had a great time but this was + + align:start position:0% +know we had a great time but this was + + + align:start position:0% +know we had a great time but this was +something different when on top of this + + align:start position:0% +something different when on top of this + + + align:start position:0% +something different when on top of this +is the top of the building + + align:start position:0% +is the top of the building + + + align:start position:0% +is the top of the building +it's at the roof of a building + + align:start position:0% +it's at the roof of a building + + + align:start position:0% +it's at the roof of a building +there are no lights except here + + align:start position:0% +there are no lights except here + + + align:start position:0% +there are no lights except here +this little town There's no lights it's + + align:start position:0% +this little town There's no lights it's + + + align:start position:0% +this little town There's no lights it's +dark it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +dark it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +dark it's pretty +Mojitos and these guys are talking about + + align:start position:0% +Mojitos and these guys are talking about + + + align:start position:0% +Mojitos and these guys are talking about +Toca + + align:start position:0% +Toca + + + align:start position:0% +Toca +so what do you do well this is what you + + align:start position:0% +so what do you do well this is what you + + + align:start position:0% +so what do you do well this is what you +this is what I did + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +come on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now is that afro-cuban + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that afro-cuban Bebop + + align:start position:0% +is that afro-cuban Bebop + + + align:start position:0% +is that afro-cuban Bebop +that's a real question + + align:start position:0% +that's a real question + + + align:start position:0% +that's a real question +is that free jazz + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that a six foot one + + align:start position:0% +is that a six foot one + + + align:start position:0% +is that a six foot one +person about to in his pants what + + align:start position:0% +person about to in his pants what + + + align:start position:0% +person about to in his pants what +is it + + align:start position:0% +is it + + + align:start position:0% +is it +what is it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it goes on for a while but there's + + align:start position:0% +and it goes on for a while but there's + + + align:start position:0% +and it goes on for a while but there's +some other things I wanted to show you + + align:start position:0% +some other things I wanted to show you + + + align:start position:0% +some other things I wanted to show you +before we um the point here is so what + + align:start position:0% +before we um the point here is so what + + + align:start position:0% +before we um the point here is so what +is it it's what it really oh I love + + align:start position:0% +is it it's what it really oh I love + + + align:start position:0% +is it it's what it really oh I love +that's a great shot there I like that I + + align:start position:0% +that's a great shot there I like that I + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great shot there I like that I +did I knew that I + + align:start position:0% +did I knew that I + + + align:start position:0% +did I knew that I +like that one + + align:start position:0% +like that one + + + align:start position:0% +like that one +the punchline is when we're all done I + + align:start position:0% +the punchline is when we're all done I + + + align:start position:0% +the punchline is when we're all done I +was I was they said I was okay and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bought me some more drinks and we were + + align:start position:0% +bought me some more drinks and we were + + + align:start position:0% +bought me some more drinks and we were +fine uh but the point is that I will + + align:start position:0% +fine uh but the point is that I will + + + align:start position:0% +fine uh but the point is that I will +always remember how I felt then + + align:start position:0% +always remember how I felt then + + + align:start position:0% +always remember how I felt then +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +I was not analytical I wasn't trying to + + align:start position:0% +I was not analytical I wasn't trying to + + + align:start position:0% +I was not analytical I wasn't trying to +figure out I didn't even try to figure + + align:start position:0% +figure out I didn't even try to figure + + + align:start position:0% +figure out I didn't even try to figure +out where the cloudway was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the question I think that imposes for + + align:start position:0% +the question I think that imposes for + + + align:start position:0% +the question I think that imposes for +you guys if you're going to be in music + + align:start position:0% +you guys if you're going to be in music + + + align:start position:0% +you guys if you're going to be in music +that you know about + + align:start position:0% +that you know about + + + align:start position:0% +that you know about +second or third hand + + align:start position:0% +second or third hand + + + align:start position:0% +second or third hand +and then you find yourself in it + + align:start position:0% +and then you find yourself in it + + + align:start position:0% +and then you find yourself in it +firsthand what do you do what remember I + + align:start position:0% +firsthand what do you do what remember I + + + align:start position:0% +firsthand what do you do what remember I +ask you the first thing I asked you what + + align:start position:0% +ask you the first thing I asked you what + + + align:start position:0% +ask you the first thing I asked you what +do you give back + + align:start position:0% +do you give back + + + align:start position:0% +do you give back +you got to find in yourself what you + + align:start position:0% +you got to find in yourself what you + + + align:start position:0% +you got to find in yourself what you +want to give back + + align:start position:0% +want to give back + + + align:start position:0% +want to give back +because that's your best shot if you try + + align:start position:0% +because that's your best shot if you try + + + align:start position:0% +because that's your best shot if you try +to be cute you're going up + + align:start position:0% +to be cute you're going up + + + align:start position:0% +to be cute you're going up +I'm telling you if you're in if you're + + align:start position:0% +I'm telling you if you're in if you're + + + align:start position:0% +I'm telling you if you're in if you're +in the if you're in the vicinity of the + + align:start position:0% +in the if you're in the vicinity of the + + + align:start position:0% +in the if you're in the vicinity of the +real cats + + align:start position:0% +real cats + + + align:start position:0% +real cats +if you've never seen any of these guys + + align:start position:0% +if you've never seen any of these guys + + + align:start position:0% +if you've never seen any of these guys +if you're in the vicinity of of Disney + + align:start position:0% +if you're in the vicinity of of Disney + + + align:start position:0% +if you're in the vicinity of of Disney +if you're in the presence of people that + + align:start position:0% +if you're in the presence of people that + + + align:start position:0% +if you're in the presence of people that +are really doing it if you try to be + + align:start position:0% +are really doing it if you try to be + + + align:start position:0% +are really doing it if you try to be +cute you're going to mess up + + align:start position:0% +cute you're going to mess up + + + align:start position:0% +cute you're going to mess up +because you haven't been at it long + + align:start position:0% +because you haven't been at it long + + + align:start position:0% +because you haven't been at it long +enough + + align:start position:0% +enough + + + align:start position:0% +enough +that you can get over being cute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +you got to figure out where you are and + + align:start position:0% +you got to figure out where you are and + + + align:start position:0% +you got to figure out where you are and +bring that to the moment + + align:start position:0% +bring that to the moment + + + align:start position:0% +bring that to the moment +whatever that moment is whether it's you + + align:start position:0% +whatever that moment is whether it's you + + + align:start position:0% +whatever that moment is whether it's you +know writing out four bars whatever it + + align:start position:0% +know writing out four bars whatever it + + + align:start position:0% +know writing out four bars whatever it +is find out where you are and use that + + align:start position:0% +is find out where you are and use that + + + align:start position:0% +is find out where you are and use that +to give back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that makes sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's Harry Belafonte is the narrator + + align:start position:0% +that's Harry Belafonte is the narrator + + + align:start position:0% +that's Harry Belafonte is the narrator +is actually to this to this video real + + align:start position:0% +is actually to this to this video real + + + align:start position:0% +is actually to this to this video real +quick though + + align:start position:0% +quick though + + + align:start position:0% +quick though +the separations that we think of as + + align:start position:0% +the separations that we think of as + + + align:start position:0% +the separations that we think of as +separations you know there's a + + align:start position:0% +separations you know there's a + + + align:start position:0% +separations you know there's a +separation that we make between people + + align:start position:0% +separation that we make between people + + + align:start position:0% +separation that we make between people +who are musicians particularly Jazz + + align:start position:0% +who are musicians particularly Jazz + + + align:start position:0% +who are musicians particularly Jazz +musicians people with intellectuals + + align:start position:0% +musicians people with intellectuals + + + align:start position:0% +musicians people with intellectuals +Dizzy just gave in that little funny + + align:start position:0% +Dizzy just gave in that little funny + + + align:start position:0% +Dizzy just gave in that little funny +story + + align:start position:0% +story + + + align:start position:0% +story +about him and and chano being able to + + align:start position:0% +about him and and chano being able to + + + align:start position:0% +about him and and chano being able to +talk to each other in the 1940s + + align:start position:0% +talk to each other in the 1940s + + + align:start position:0% +talk to each other in the 1940s +is about a clear exposition of World + + align:start position:0% +is about a clear exposition of World + + + align:start position:0% +is about a clear exposition of World +International African diasporin concept + + align:start position:0% +International African diasporin concept + + + align:start position:0% +International African diasporin concept +that you could possibly have + + align:start position:0% +that you could possibly have + + + align:start position:0% +that you could possibly have +you know it wasn't it wasn't done in in + + align:start position:0% +you know it wasn't it wasn't done in in + + + align:start position:0% +you know it wasn't it wasn't done in in +an institution it wasn't the result of + + align:start position:0% +an institution it wasn't the result of + + + align:start position:0% +an institution it wasn't the result of +of years you know it was these two guys + + align:start position:0% +of years you know it was these two guys + + + align:start position:0% +of years you know it was these two guys +on the street + + align:start position:0% +on the street + + + align:start position:0% +on the street +talking niggitude + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saying and China was the one who brought + + align:start position:0% +saying and China was the one who brought + + + align:start position:0% +saying and China was the one who brought +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +the crazy drummer from Cuba brings that + + align:start position:0% +the crazy drummer from Cuba brings that + + + align:start position:0% +the crazy drummer from Cuba brings that +and at the time by 1948 in Harlem the + + align:start position:0% +and at the time by 1948 in Harlem the + + + align:start position:0% +and at the time by 1948 in Harlem the +going back and forth between musicians + + align:start position:0% +going back and forth between musicians + + + align:start position:0% +going back and forth between musicians +and Poets and dancers between Harlem and + + align:start position:0% +and Poets and dancers between Harlem and + + + align:start position:0% +and Poets and dancers between Harlem and +Cuba have been going on for years + + align:start position:0% +Cuba have been going on for years + + + align:start position:0% +Cuba have been going on for years +Langston Hughes was a frequent traveler + + align:start position:0% +Langston Hughes was a frequent traveler + + + align:start position:0% +Langston Hughes was a frequent traveler +to to Cuba and some of the Cuban + + align:start position:0% +to to Cuba and some of the Cuban + + + align:start position:0% +to to Cuba and some of the Cuban +nicholasquez in particular a very + + align:start position:0% +nicholasquez in particular a very + + + align:start position:0% +nicholasquez in particular a very +important Cuban poet he and Langston are + + align:start position:0% +important Cuban poet he and Langston are + + + align:start position:0% +important Cuban poet he and Langston are +literally like that in more ways than + + align:start position:0% +literally like that in more ways than + + + align:start position:0% +literally like that in more ways than +one we're literally like that and + + align:start position:0% +one we're literally like that and + + + align:start position:0% +one we're literally like that and +Langston translated a lot of his a lot + + align:start position:0% +Langston translated a lot of his a lot + + + align:start position:0% +Langston translated a lot of his a lot +of his his poetry + + align:start position:0% +of his his poetry + + + align:start position:0% +of his his poetry +that connection and that was long before + + align:start position:0% +that connection and that was long before + + + align:start position:0% +that connection and that was long before +the Castro Revolution that was long + + align:start position:0% +the Castro Revolution that was long + + + align:start position:0% +the Castro Revolution that was long +before back in the 30s and the 40s + + align:start position:0% +before back in the 30s and the 40s + + + align:start position:0% +before back in the 30s and the 40s +people in America the ruling classes in + + align:start position:0% +people in America the ruling classes in + + + align:start position:0% +people in America the ruling classes in +America thought of Cuba as their + + align:start position:0% +America thought of Cuba as their + + + align:start position:0% +America thought of Cuba as their +personal private brothel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there was a lot of travel back and + + align:start position:0% +and there was a lot of travel back and + + + align:start position:0% +and there was a lot of travel back and +forth + + align:start position:0% +forth + + + align:start position:0% +forth +between Harlem and Havana between Harlem + + align:start position:0% +between Harlem and Havana between Harlem + + + align:start position:0% +between Harlem and Havana between Harlem +and Santiago of musicians poets dancers + + align:start position:0% +and Santiago of musicians poets dancers + + + align:start position:0% +and Santiago of musicians poets dancers +this is the same time when Catherine + + align:start position:0% +this is the same time when Catherine + + + align:start position:0% +this is the same time when Catherine +Dunham travels to Cuba and in Jamaica to + + align:start position:0% +Dunham travels to Cuba and in Jamaica to + + + align:start position:0% +Dunham travels to Cuba and in Jamaica to +find a way to make her dance technique + + align:start position:0% +find a way to make her dance technique + + + align:start position:0% +find a way to make her dance technique +her African diasporin ballet dance + + align:start position:0% +her African diasporin ballet dance + + + align:start position:0% +her African diasporin ballet dance +technique so there's no there's a + + align:start position:0% +technique so there's no there's a + + + align:start position:0% +technique so there's no there's a +tendency to think of these new Jazz + + align:start position:0% +tendency to think of these new Jazz + + + align:start position:0% +tendency to think of these new Jazz +studies things as these 21st century + + align:start position:0% +studies things as these 21st century + + + align:start position:0% +studies things as these 21st century +items + + align:start position:0% +items + + + align:start position:0% +items +devised by people who are designated + + align:start position:0% +devised by people who are designated + + + align:start position:0% +devised by people who are designated +intellectuals if you call Disney on + + align:start position:0% +intellectuals if you call Disney on + + + align:start position:0% +intellectuals if you call Disney on +intellectual he will point you out we're + + align:start position:0% +intellectual he will point you out we're + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual he will point you out we're +actually just laugh at you + + align:start position:0% +actually just laugh at you + + + align:start position:0% +actually just laugh at you +he was very happy to be who he was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I just throw that out that the + + align:start position:0% +so I just throw that out that the + + + align:start position:0% +so I just throw that out that the +categories the names mean something but + + align:start position:0% +categories the names mean something but + + + align:start position:0% +categories the names mean something but +the divisions aren't as clear as the + + align:start position:0% +the divisions aren't as clear as the + + + align:start position:0% +the divisions aren't as clear as the +names imply + + align:start position:0% +names imply + + + align:start position:0% +names imply +the very fact that Disney could ask his + + align:start position:0% +the very fact that Disney could ask his + + + align:start position:0% +the very fact that Disney could ask his +friend Mario to get him a drummer and + + align:start position:0% +friend Mario to get him a drummer and + + + align:start position:0% +friend Mario to get him a drummer and +the rest literally is cultural history + + align:start position:0% +the rest literally is cultural history + + + align:start position:0% +the rest literally is cultural history +of significant + + align:start position:0% +of significant + + + align:start position:0% +of significant +the result one result of that + + align:start position:0% +the result one result of that + + + align:start position:0% +the result one result of that +conversation is that Max Roach stopped + + align:start position:0% +conversation is that Max Roach stopped + + + align:start position:0% +conversation is that Max Roach stopped +playing drums for five years + + align:start position:0% +playing drums for five years + + + align:start position:0% +playing drums for five years +Max hurry John I said I can't + + align:start position:0% +Max hurry John I said I can't + + + align:start position:0% +Max hurry John I said I can't +handle that what was that and Max Lilly + + align:start position:0% +handle that what was that and Max Lilly + + + align:start position:0% +handle that what was that and Max Lilly +Max stopped + + align:start position:0% +Max stopped + + + align:start position:0% +Max stopped +and and got a wire recorder and went up + + align:start position:0% +and and got a wire recorder and went up + + + align:start position:0% +and and got a wire recorder and went up +into the hills of Haiti for two years + + align:start position:0% +into the hills of Haiti for two years + + + align:start position:0% +into the hills of Haiti for two years +doing what we call ethnomusicographical + + align:start position:0% +doing what we call ethnomusicographical + + + align:start position:0% +doing what we call ethnomusicographical +uh Discovery because China what channel + + align:start position:0% +uh Discovery because China what channel + + + align:start position:0% +uh Discovery because China what channel +put into the + + align:start position:0% +put into the + + + align:start position:0% +put into the +to what they were doing was just he + + align:start position:0% +to what they were doing was just he + + + align:start position:0% +to what they were doing was just he +needed to go Max need to go somewhere + + align:start position:0% +needed to go Max need to go somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +needed to go Max need to go somewhere +else to figure it out but what you got + + align:start position:0% +else to figure it out but what you got + + + align:start position:0% +else to figure it out but what you got +to understand China have been playing + + align:start position:0% +to understand China have been playing + + + align:start position:0% +to understand China have been playing +with jazz bands in Cuba because it went + + align:start position:0% +with jazz bands in Cuba because it went + + + align:start position:0% +with jazz bands in Cuba because it went +both ways it's not just + + align:start position:0% +both ways it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +both ways it's not just +the one what do I have two minutes now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh now if you want to hear the rest of + + align:start position:0% +oh now if you want to hear the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +oh now if you want to hear the rest of +that uh as it turns out on the reason + + align:start position:0% +that uh as it turns out on the reason + + + align:start position:0% +that uh as it turns out on the reason +why I mentioned West Brown + + align:start position:0% +why I mentioned West Brown + + + align:start position:0% +why I mentioned West Brown +West Brown is going to be the best + + align:start position:0% +West Brown is going to be the best + + + align:start position:0% +West Brown is going to be the best +player or he's the best player in the + + align:start position:0% +player or he's the best player in the + + + align:start position:0% +player or he's the best player in the +group that I'm bringing to Bunker Hill + + align:start position:0% +group that I'm bringing to Bunker Hill + + + align:start position:0% +group that I'm bringing to Bunker Hill +Community College on Thursday the 13th + + align:start position:0% +Community College on Thursday the 13th + + + align:start position:0% +Community College on Thursday the 13th +of November that's a week from today + + align:start position:0% +of November that's a week from today + + + align:start position:0% +of November that's a week from today +oh Lord I gotta go finish my ring uh + + align:start position:0% +oh Lord I gotta go finish my ring uh + + + align:start position:0% +oh Lord I gotta go finish my ring uh +anyway the 13th uh at one o'clock from 1 + + align:start position:0% +anyway the 13th uh at one o'clock from 1 + + + align:start position:0% +anyway the 13th uh at one o'clock from 1 +until 2 15. we're doing a tribute to + + align:start position:0% +until 2 15. we're doing a tribute to + + + align:start position:0% +until 2 15. we're doing a tribute to +Disney Gillespie and the band is being + + align:start position:0% +Disney Gillespie and the band is being + + + align:start position:0% +Disney Gillespie and the band is being +billed is Bill Lowe Bill Lowe's afro + + align:start position:0% +billed is Bill Lowe Bill Lowe's afro + + + align:start position:0% +billed is Bill Lowe Bill Lowe's afro +afro-cuban Jazz tent + + align:start position:0% +afro-cuban Jazz tent + + + align:start position:0% +afro-cuban Jazz tent +but here's something a little different + + align:start position:0% +but here's something a little different + + + align:start position:0% +but here's something a little different +that I'm doing with it the core of this + + align:start position:0% +that I'm doing with it the core of this + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm doing with it the core of this +the center of this the drumming Center I + + align:start position:0% +the center of this the drumming Center I + + + align:start position:0% +the center of this the drumming Center I +have on traps + + align:start position:0% +have on traps + + + align:start position:0% +have on traps +um Tomah Toma fujimara is playing trap + + align:start position:0% +um Tomah Toma fujimara is playing trap + + + align:start position:0% +um Tomah Toma fujimara is playing trap +drums and the African percussion is not + + align:start position:0% +drums and the African percussion is not + + + align:start position:0% +drums and the African percussion is not +saw Davis but in fact it's um Mr obing + + align:start position:0% +saw Davis but in fact it's um Mr obing + + + align:start position:0% +saw Davis but in fact it's um Mr obing +who was a Ghanaian Master musician + + align:start position:0% +who was a Ghanaian Master musician + + + align:start position:0% +who was a Ghanaian Master musician +who I've worked with many years used to + + align:start position:0% +who I've worked with many years used to + + + align:start position:0% +who I've worked with many years used to +be a Wesleyan and Martin o'bane and he + + align:start position:0% +be a Wesleyan and Martin o'bane and he + + + align:start position:0% +be a Wesleyan and Martin o'bane and he +literally is a Ghanaian drum master and + + align:start position:0% +literally is a Ghanaian drum master and + + + align:start position:0% +literally is a Ghanaian drum master and +he comes with all of his Canadian stuff + + align:start position:0% +he comes with all of his Canadian stuff + + + align:start position:0% +he comes with all of his Canadian stuff +and the talking drums and so we're going + + align:start position:0% +and the talking drums and so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +and the talking drums and so we're going +to do afro-afro Cuban + + align:start position:0% +to do afro-afro Cuban + + + align:start position:0% +to do afro-afro Cuban +and Frank Wilkins is in the band and + + align:start position:0% +and Frank Wilkins is in the band and + + + align:start position:0% +and Frank Wilkins is in the band and +Fred Woodard and Taylor Bynum + + align:start position:0% +Fred Woodard and Taylor Bynum + + + align:start position:0% +Fred Woodard and Taylor Bynum +a lot of people so we should come out + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people so we should come out + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of people so we should come out +one o'clock it's a free concert and + + align:start position:0% +one o'clock it's a free concert and + + + align:start position:0% +one o'clock it's a free concert and +remember I said at the beginning what do + + align:start position:0% +remember I said at the beginning what do + + + align:start position:0% +remember I said at the beginning what do +I do with this stuff so what I decided + + align:start position:0% +I do with this stuff so what I decided + + + align:start position:0% +I do with this stuff so what I decided +to do for this is I've put together a + + align:start position:0% +to do for this is I've put together a + + + align:start position:0% +to do for this is I've put together a +suite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four or five of Disney's tunes and the + + align:start position:0% +four or five of Disney's tunes and the + + + align:start position:0% +four or five of Disney's tunes and the +rhythm's going to start + + align:start position:0% +rhythm's going to start + + + align:start position:0% +rhythm's going to start +and approximately 110 and then at 2 15 + + align:start position:0% +and approximately 110 and then at 2 15 + + + align:start position:0% +and approximately 110 and then at 2 15 +it's going to stop and in between we're + + align:start position:0% +it's going to stop and in between we're + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to stop and in between we're +going to play all of these two just one + + align:start position:0% +going to play all of these two just one + + + align:start position:0% +going to play all of these two just one +sweet see if the music that's going + + align:start position:0% +sweet see if the music that's going + + + align:start position:0% +sweet see if the music that's going +before you has gone before you then you + + align:start position:0% +before you has gone before you then you + + + align:start position:0% +before you has gone before you then you +use that to make your next thing + + align:start position:0% +use that to make your next thing + + + align:start position:0% +use that to make your next thing +I don't have any problem with that you + + align:start position:0% +I don't have any problem with that you + + + align:start position:0% +I don't have any problem with that you +may have and maybe it may suck once you + + align:start position:0% +may have and maybe it may suck once you + + + align:start position:0% +may have and maybe it may suck once you +hear it but + + align:start position:0% +hear it but + + + align:start position:0% +hear it but +the intent is this is what went before + + align:start position:0% +the intent is this is what went before + + + align:start position:0% +the intent is this is what went before +and I'm playing with it I got a Ghanaian + + align:start position:0% +and I'm playing with it I got a Ghanaian + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm playing with it I got a Ghanaian +guy doing the core of course not Channel + + align:start position:0% +guy doing the core of course not Channel + + + align:start position:0% +guy doing the core of course not Channel +Pozo it's not even saw Davis it's Martin + + align:start position:0% +Pozo it's not even saw Davis it's Martin + + + align:start position:0% +Pozo it's not even saw Davis it's Martin +o'bing and it's time oh my goodness + + align:start position:0% +o'bing and it's time oh my goodness + + + align:start position:0% +o'bing and it's time oh my goodness +don't be sorry it's time to leave thank + + align:start position:0% +don't be sorry it's time to leave thank + + + align:start position:0% +don't be sorry it's time to leave thank +you all very much + + align:start position:0% +you all very much + + + align:start position:0% +you all very much +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3DizXXZ5qN8.txt b/3DizXXZ5qN8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27277c4e1e893f2a50fb17772b14abc3cb250ee3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3DizXXZ5qN8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,227 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in this class the rap instructors don't + + align:start position:0% +in this class the rap instructors don't + + + align:start position:0% +in this class the rap instructors don't +participate directly in the grading of + + align:start position:0% +participate directly in the grading of + + + align:start position:0% +participate directly in the grading of +those presentations we serve more as + + align:start position:0% +those presentations we serve more as + + + align:start position:0% +those presentations we serve more as +coaches and that can be sort of helpful + + align:start position:0% +coaches and that can be sort of helpful + + + align:start position:0% +coaches and that can be sort of helpful +for the students because they come to us + + align:start position:0% +for the students because they come to us + + + align:start position:0% +for the students because they come to us +and we're completely on their team you + + align:start position:0% +and we're completely on their team you + + + align:start position:0% +and we're completely on their team you +know we are there to not to sort of you + + align:start position:0% +know we are there to not to sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +know we are there to not to sort of you +know tell them what they did wrong but + + align:start position:0% +know tell them what they did wrong but + + + align:start position:0% +know tell them what they did wrong but +to help them make it better so I + + align:start position:0% +to help them make it better so I + + + align:start position:0% +to help them make it better so I +mentioned that we don't participate in + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that we don't participate in + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that we don't participate in +the grading of the of the actual + + align:start position:0% +the grading of the of the actual + + + align:start position:0% +the grading of the of the actual +presentations the meetings that they + + align:start position:0% +presentations the meetings that they + + + align:start position:0% +presentations the meetings that they +have with us are factored into their + + align:start position:0% +have with us are factored into their + + + align:start position:0% +have with us are factored into their +grade to a degree they get a certain + + align:start position:0% +grade to a degree they get a certain + + + align:start position:0% +grade to a degree they get a certain +number of participation points for + + align:start position:0% +number of participation points for + + + align:start position:0% +number of participation points for +coming and actively participating in the + + align:start position:0% +coming and actively participating in the + + + align:start position:0% +coming and actively participating in the +meetings with us one nice thing about + + align:start position:0% +meetings with us one nice thing about + + + align:start position:0% +meetings with us one nice thing about +the way that the class is administered + + align:start position:0% +the way that the class is administered + + + align:start position:0% +the way that the class is administered +is that the rap instructors are present + + align:start position:0% +is that the rap instructors are present + + + align:start position:0% +is that the rap instructors are present +at the final grading meetings and we do + + align:start position:0% +at the final grading meetings and we do + + + align:start position:0% +at the final grading meetings and we do +give input into how we see the the + + align:start position:0% +give input into how we see the the + + + align:start position:0% +give input into how we see the the +progress that the individual students + + align:start position:0% +progress that the individual students + + + align:start position:0% +progress that the individual students +have made and so sometimes we can really + + align:start position:0% +have made and so sometimes we can really + + + align:start position:0% +have made and so sometimes we can really +speak to the you know the particular + + align:start position:0% +speak to the you know the particular + + + align:start position:0% +speak to the you know the particular +talents that the students have overcome + + align:start position:0% +talents that the students have overcome + + + align:start position:0% +talents that the students have overcome +the way in which that they have really + + align:start position:0% +the way in which that they have really + + + align:start position:0% +the way in which that they have really +applied themselves to to do better and + + align:start position:0% +applied themselves to to do better and + + + align:start position:0% +applied themselves to to do better and +that can be you know a not insignificant + + align:start position:0% +that can be you know a not insignificant + + + align:start position:0% +that can be you know a not insignificant +part of the conversation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3FumIu7Qito.txt b/3FumIu7Qito.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2bb30876bcfa4d4bf6bbbb323e622b87cdd72d2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3FumIu7Qito.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14483 @@ +align:start position:0% + +um temperature finite temperature + + align:start position:0% +um temperature finite temperature + + + align:start position:0% +um temperature finite temperature +methods of which you did M Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +methods of which you did M Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +methods of which you did M Dynamics +already with Professor marzari so what + + align:start position:0% +already with Professor marzari so what + + + align:start position:0% +already with Professor marzari so what +we're going to do is sort of continue + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is sort of continue + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is sort of continue +that for a bit um showing you Monte + + align:start position:0% +that for a bit um showing you Monte + + + align:start position:0% +that for a bit um showing you Monte +Carlo simulations and how you can + + align:start position:0% +Carlo simulations and how you can + + + align:start position:0% +Carlo simulations and how you can +essentially use it and after that is + + align:start position:0% +essentially use it and after that is + + + align:start position:0% +essentially use it and after that is +kind of a series of Fairly random topics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um in some cases clearly we don't even + + align:start position:0% +um in some cases clearly we don't even + + + align:start position:0% +um in some cases clearly we don't even +know what they are you know when it says + + align:start position:0% +know what they are you know when it says + + + align:start position:0% +know what they are you know when it says +case studies that really means that the + + align:start position:0% +case studies that really means that the + + + align:start position:0% +case studies that really means that the +instructors don't have a clue yet um + + align:start position:0% +instructors don't have a clue yet um + + + align:start position:0% +instructors don't have a clue yet um +what they're going to be teaching + + align:start position:0% +what they're going to be teaching + + + align:start position:0% +what they're going to be teaching +about somebody's listening in I think + + align:start position:0% +about somebody's listening in I think + + + align:start position:0% +about somebody's listening in I think +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um I want to have a bit of a + + align:start position:0% +so um I want to have a bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +so um I want to have a bit of a +discussion on how you calculate certain + + align:start position:0% +discussion on how you calculate certain + + + align:start position:0% +discussion on how you calculate certain +properties um because it's a good way to + + align:start position:0% +properties um because it's a good way to + + + align:start position:0% +properties um because it's a good way to +see the difference between molecular + + align:start position:0% +see the difference between molecular + + + align:start position:0% +see the difference between molecular +Dynamic simulation and Monte Carlo so in + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic simulation and Monte Carlo so in + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic simulation and Monte Carlo so in +a molecular Dynamic simulation uh one + + align:start position:0% +a molecular Dynamic simulation uh one + + + align:start position:0% +a molecular Dynamic simulation uh one +way you calculate certain properties is + + align:start position:0% +way you calculate certain properties is + + + align:start position:0% +way you calculate certain properties is +by tracking them over time + + align:start position:0% +by tracking them over time + + + align:start position:0% +by tracking them over time +so if you can calculate a certain + + align:start position:0% +so if you can calculate a certain + + + align:start position:0% +so if you can calculate a certain +property for a given microscopic State + + align:start position:0% +property for a given microscopic State + + + align:start position:0% +property for a given microscopic State +okay for a given configuration uh say + + align:start position:0% +okay for a given configuration uh say + + + align:start position:0% +okay for a given configuration uh say +you know the energy let's take some + + align:start position:0% +you know the energy let's take some + + + align:start position:0% +you know the energy let's take some +simple ones the energy or the volume you + + align:start position:0% +simple ones the energy or the volume you + + + align:start position:0% +simple ones the energy or the volume you +calculate their macroscopic averages + + align:start position:0% +calculate their macroscopic averages + + + align:start position:0% +calculate their macroscopic averages +which are their their thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +which are their their thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +which are their their thermodynamic +quantities um larly as an integral over + + align:start position:0% +quantities um larly as an integral over + + + align:start position:0% +quantities um larly as an integral over +time um so there's sort of two issues + + align:start position:0% +time um so there's sort of two issues + + + align:start position:0% +time um so there's sort of two issues +with that that obviously uh in that + + align:start position:0% +with that that obviously uh in that + + + align:start position:0% +with that that obviously uh in that +average you will only include include uh + + align:start position:0% +average you will only include include uh + + + align:start position:0% +average you will only include include uh +states that you can reach with the molec + + align:start position:0% +states that you can reach with the molec + + + align:start position:0% +states that you can reach with the molec +dynamic simulation and so since you + + align:start position:0% +dynamic simulation and so since you + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic simulation and so since you +simulate over a finite time if there are + + align:start position:0% +simulate over a finite time if there are + + + align:start position:0% +simulate over a finite time if there are +excitations say which can determine the + + align:start position:0% +excitations say which can determine the + + + align:start position:0% +excitations say which can determine the +average energy in reality that occur + + align:start position:0% +average energy in reality that occur + + + align:start position:0% +average energy in reality that occur +over a longer time scale you will not + + align:start position:0% +over a longer time scale you will not + + + align:start position:0% +over a longer time scale you will not +sample them in that average um the + + align:start position:0% +sample them in that average um the + + + align:start position:0% +sample them in that average um the +second thing is that + + align:start position:0% +second thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +second thing is that +um if all you care about are the + + align:start position:0% +um if all you care about are the + + + align:start position:0% +um if all you care about are the +averaged properties um but not the + + align:start position:0% +averaged properties um but not the + + + align:start position:0% +averaged properties um but not the +Dynamics of how you go between them then + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics of how you go between them then + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics of how you go between them then +sometimes you can do simpler techniques + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you can do simpler techniques + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you can do simpler techniques +uh than molecular Dynamics or things + + align:start position:0% +uh than molecular Dynamics or things + + + align:start position:0% +uh than molecular Dynamics or things +that are less computing intensive you + + align:start position:0% +that are less computing intensive you + + + align:start position:0% +that are less computing intensive you +can really just go and Sample those + + align:start position:0% +can really just go and Sample those + + + align:start position:0% +can really just go and Sample those +averages and so that's basically what + + align:start position:0% +averages and so that's basically what + + + align:start position:0% +averages and so that's basically what +we're going to talk about this lecture + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about this lecture +and the next lecture talk about how you + + align:start position:0% +and the next lecture talk about how you + + + align:start position:0% +and the next lecture talk about how you +do that sampling so if you only care + + align:start position:0% +do that sampling so if you only care + + + align:start position:0% +do that sampling so if you only care +about the averages but not the Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +about the averages but not the Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +about the averages but not the Dynamics +um itself you'll see that for some + + align:start position:0% +um itself you'll see that for some + + + align:start position:0% +um itself you'll see that for some +models of materials you'll actually need + + align:start position:0% +models of materials you'll actually need + + + align:start position:0% +models of materials you'll actually need +to do that because you won't know the + + align:start position:0% +to do that because you won't know the + + + align:start position:0% +to do that because you won't know the +Dynamics remember that in molecular + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics remember that in molecular + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics remember that in molecular +Dynamics you basically assume that U the + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics you basically assume that U the + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics you basically assume that U the +atoms move with Newton's equation of + + align:start position:0% +atoms move with Newton's equation of + + + align:start position:0% +atoms move with Newton's equation of +motion so you know the Dynamics uh there + + align:start position:0% +motion so you know the Dynamics uh there + + + align:start position:0% +motion so you know the Dynamics uh there +will be certain models um for which you + + align:start position:0% +will be certain models um for which you + + + align:start position:0% +will be certain models um for which you +have no idea about the Dynamics I'll + + align:start position:0% +have no idea about the Dynamics I'll + + + align:start position:0% +have no idea about the Dynamics I'll +give you an example you know we'll study + + align:start position:0% +give you an example you know we'll study + + + align:start position:0% +give you an example you know we'll study +an easing model which is a spin model of + + align:start position:0% +an easing model which is a spin model of + + + align:start position:0% +an easing model which is a spin model of +magnetic moments sort of being uh you + + align:start position:0% +magnetic moments sort of being uh you + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic moments sort of being uh you +know oriented in space uh in many cases + + align:start position:0% +know oriented in space uh in many cases + + + align:start position:0% +know oriented in space uh in many cases +you don't know the spin Dynamics it's a + + align:start position:0% +you don't know the spin Dynamics it's a + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know the spin Dynamics it's a +fairly complicated problem so all if all + + align:start position:0% +fairly complicated problem so all if all + + + align:start position:0% +fairly complicated problem so all if all +you want to know is the average Magnetic + + align:start position:0% +you want to know is the average Magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +you want to know is the average Magnetic +Moment there's no way of doing Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +Moment there's no way of doing Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +Moment there's no way of doing Dynamics +on the spins you'll actually have to + + align:start position:0% +on the spins you'll actually have to + + + align:start position:0% +on the spins you'll actually have to +sample + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +so uh you know I want to give you one + + align:start position:0% +so uh you know I want to give you one + + + align:start position:0% +so uh you know I want to give you one +quick example of a time scale problem uh + + align:start position:0% +quick example of a time scale problem uh + + + align:start position:0% +quick example of a time scale problem uh +because I'm going to use this example + + align:start position:0% +because I'm going to use this example + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm going to use this example +throughout uh the lecture to illustrate + + align:start position:0% +throughout uh the lecture to illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +throughout uh the lecture to illustrate +uh how we use Monte Carlo um you know + + align:start position:0% +uh how we use Monte Carlo um you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh how we use Monte Carlo um you know +here's a a binary mixture sort of green + + align:start position:0% +here's a a binary mixture sort of green + + + align:start position:0% +here's a a binary mixture sort of green +and blue atoms um you may want to know + + align:start position:0% +and blue atoms um you may want to know + + + align:start position:0% +and blue atoms um you may want to know +the average energy of that system so in + + align:start position:0% +the average energy of that system so in + + + align:start position:0% +the average energy of that system so in +you know in any given configuration + + align:start position:0% +you know in any given configuration + + + align:start position:0% +you know in any given configuration +let's say you have an energy method to + + align:start position:0% +let's say you have an energy method to + + + align:start position:0% +let's say you have an energy method to +calculate the energy of that system so + + align:start position:0% +calculate the energy of that system so + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the energy of that system so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know at at high temperature the + + align:start position:0% +you know at at high temperature the + + + align:start position:0% +you know at at high temperature the +atoms will simply sort of hop around and + + align:start position:0% +atoms will simply sort of hop around and + + + align:start position:0% +atoms will simply sort of hop around and +give you some average energy so I want + + align:start position:0% +give you some average energy so I want + + + align:start position:0% +give you some average energy so I want +to give you an idea of sort of what you + + align:start position:0% +to give you an idea of sort of what you + + + align:start position:0% +to give you an idea of sort of what you +need to get you mind just passing the + + align:start position:0% +need to get you mind just passing the + + + align:start position:0% +need to get you mind just passing the +around thank you um thank you yo um of + + align:start position:0% +around thank you um thank you yo um of + + + align:start position:0% +around thank you um thank you yo um of +what kind of time scale you need to get + + align:start position:0% +what kind of time scale you need to get + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of time scale you need to get +that average right + + align:start position:0% +that average right + + + align:start position:0% +that average right +thanks + + align:start position:0% +thanks + + + align:start position:0% +thanks +um and you you saw from Professor Mar's + + align:start position:0% +um and you you saw from Professor Mar's + + + align:start position:0% +um and you you saw from Professor Mar's +last lecture uh the relation between the + + align:start position:0% +last lecture uh the relation between the + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture uh the relation between the +diffusion constant and the root mean + + align:start position:0% +diffusion constant and the root mean + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion constant and the root mean +Square displacement + + align:start position:0% +Square displacement + + + align:start position:0% +Square displacement +essentially the the the root mean Square + + align:start position:0% +essentially the the the root mean Square + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the the the root mean Square +displacement is linear scales linear + + align:start position:0% +displacement is linear scales linear + + + align:start position:0% +displacement is linear scales linear +with the diffusion constant where D is + + align:start position:0% +with the diffusion constant where D is + + + align:start position:0% +with the diffusion constant where D is +the dimensionality of the system so in + + align:start position:0% +the dimensionality of the system so in + + + align:start position:0% +the dimensionality of the system so in +this case two and so D is the diffusion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant okay um to get an idea of the + + align:start position:0% +constant okay um to get an idea of the + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay um to get an idea of the +kind of hopping rate you need um you can + + align:start position:0% +kind of hopping rate you need um you can + + + align:start position:0% +kind of hopping rate you need um you can +if you you can assume for a second that + + align:start position:0% +if you you can assume for a second that + + + align:start position:0% +if you you can assume for a second that +the that the atoms do a random walk if + + align:start position:0% +the that the atoms do a random walk if + + + align:start position:0% +the that the atoms do a random walk if +you do a random walk then the root mean + + align:start position:0% +you do a random walk then the root mean + + + align:start position:0% +you do a random walk then the root mean +Square displacement you take is the + + align:start position:0% +Square displacement you take is the + + + align:start position:0% +Square displacement you take is the +number of jumps you take n times the + + align:start position:0% +number of jumps you take n times the + + + align:start position:0% +number of jumps you take n times the +jump distance squared okay that's you + + align:start position:0% +jump distance squared okay that's you + + + align:start position:0% +jump distance squared okay that's you +may remember that for a random walk so + + align:start position:0% +may remember that for a random walk so + + + align:start position:0% +may remember that for a random walk so +that means that now we know we can + + align:start position:0% +that means that now we know we can + + + align:start position:0% +that means that now we know we can +relate the jump rate DN + + align:start position:0% +relate the jump rate DN + + + align:start position:0% +relate the jump rate DN +DT to the diffusion constant okay and + + align:start position:0% +DT to the diffusion constant okay and + + + align:start position:0% +DT to the diffusion constant okay and +I'll call the NDT which is the jump rate + + align:start position:0% +I'll call the NDT which is the jump rate + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call the NDT which is the jump rate +I call that gamma so um + + align:start position:0% +I call that gamma so um + + + align:start position:0% +I call that gamma so um +if you know how long your simulation can + + align:start position:0% +if you know how long your simulation can + + + align:start position:0% +if you know how long your simulation can +last you sort of know what jump rate you + + align:start position:0% +last you sort of know what jump rate you + + + align:start position:0% +last you sort of know what jump rate you +need to see atoms jump in that + + align:start position:0% +need to see atoms jump in that + + + align:start position:0% +need to see atoms jump in that +simulation so you can relate that to + + align:start position:0% +simulation so you can relate that to + + + align:start position:0% +simulation so you can relate that to +excuse me the diffusivity you need and + + align:start position:0% +excuse me the diffusivity you need and + + + align:start position:0% +excuse me the diffusivity you need and +let me sort of do that on the next page + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay + + align:start position:0% +um okay + + + align:start position:0% +um okay +um we know that the jump + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rate is some vibrational frequency times + + align:start position:0% +rate is some vibrational frequency times + + + align:start position:0% +rate is some vibrational frequency times +a success factor okay you know when + + align:start position:0% +a success factor okay you know when + + + align:start position:0% +a success factor okay you know when +atoms have to jump over a barrier + + align:start position:0% +atoms have to jump over a barrier + + + align:start position:0% +atoms have to jump over a barrier +um if EA is the activation barrier they + + align:start position:0% +um if EA is the activation barrier they + + + align:start position:0% +um if EA is the activation barrier they +we essentially assume that they attempt + + align:start position:0% +we essentially assume that they attempt + + + align:start position:0% +we essentially assume that they attempt +with some vibrational frequency which is + + align:start position:0% +with some vibrational frequency which is + + + align:start position:0% +with some vibrational frequency which is +you could say is the frequency with + + align:start position:0% +you could say is the frequency with + + + align:start position:0% +you could say is the frequency with +which they sort of try to go up the hill + + align:start position:0% +which they sort of try to go up the hill + + + align:start position:0% +which they sort of try to go up the hill +times the success rate and the success + + align:start position:0% +times the success rate and the success + + + align:start position:0% +times the success rate and the success +rate is that boltzman factor the + + align:start position:0% +rate is that boltzman factor the + + + align:start position:0% +rate is that boltzman factor the +exponential of minus EA over KT um if if + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus EA over KT um if if + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus EA over KT um if if +you assume that a vibrational + + align:start position:0% +you assume that a vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +you assume that a vibrational +frequencies of the are of 10 to the 13 + + align:start position:0% +frequencies of the are of 10 to the 13 + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies of the are of 10 to the 13 +Hertz which is s typically we are + + align:start position:0% +Hertz which is s typically we are + + + align:start position:0% +Hertz which is s typically we are +anywhere from 10 to the 12 to 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +anywhere from 10 to the 12 to 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere from 10 to the 12 to 10 to the +14th uh let's say you want to get a jump + + align:start position:0% +14th uh let's say you want to get a jump + + + align:start position:0% +14th uh let's say you want to get a jump +rate of 10 to the 10th Herz you know why + + align:start position:0% +rate of 10 to the 10th Herz you know why + + + align:start position:0% +rate of 10 to the 10th Herz you know why +would we want 10 to the 10th well so 10 + + align:start position:0% +would we want 10 to the 10th well so 10 + + + align:start position:0% +would we want 10 to the 10th well so 10 +to the 10 that's uh one jump per 100 + + align:start position:0% +to the 10 that's uh one jump per 100 + + + align:start position:0% +to the 10 that's uh one jump per 100 +picle seconds all right yeah point one + + align:start position:0% +picle seconds all right yeah point one + + + align:start position:0% +picle seconds all right yeah point one +jump per 0.1 nond so if you did a 10 + + align:start position:0% +jump per 0.1 nond so if you did a 10 + + + align:start position:0% +jump per 0.1 nond so if you did a 10 +nond simulation you'd have about 100 + + align:start position:0% +nond simulation you'd have about 100 + + + align:start position:0% +nond simulation you'd have about 100 +jumps per atom which would be reasonable + + align:start position:0% +jumps per atom which would be reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +jumps per atom which would be reasonable +for some collaboration but in many cases + + align:start position:0% +for some collaboration but in many cases + + + align:start position:0% +for some collaboration but in many cases +still not enough okay this of a + + align:start position:0% +still not enough okay this of a + + + align:start position:0% +still not enough okay this of a +reasonable jump rate to expect um that + + align:start position:0% +reasonable jump rate to expect um that + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable jump rate to expect um that +means that your success rate your + + align:start position:0% +means that your success rate your + + + align:start position:0% +means that your success rate your +boltzman Factor has to be greater than + + align:start position:0% +boltzman Factor has to be greater than + + + align:start position:0% +boltzman Factor has to be greater than +10us 3 so one out of a thousand times + + align:start position:0% +10us 3 so one out of a thousand times + + + align:start position:0% +10us 3 so one out of a thousand times +the atom has to jump across the barrier + + align:start position:0% +the atom has to jump across the barrier + + + align:start position:0% +the atom has to jump across the barrier +so you can deduce from that what the + + align:start position:0% +so you can deduce from that what the + + + align:start position:0% +so you can deduce from that what the +activation energy should be essentially + + align:start position:0% +activation energy should be essentially + + + align:start position:0% +activation energy should be essentially +the activation energy should be about + + align:start position:0% +the activation energy should be about + + + align:start position:0% +the activation energy should be about +less than 7 KT okay and then you'll see + + align:start position:0% +less than 7 KT okay and then you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +less than 7 KT okay and then you'll see +jumps of the order of once per 100 P + + align:start position:0% +jumps of the order of once per 100 P + + + align:start position:0% +jumps of the order of once per 100 P +seconds um and just to put these numbers + + align:start position:0% +seconds um and just to put these numbers + + + align:start position:0% +seconds um and just to put these numbers +in your head because they're sort of + + align:start position:0% +in your head because they're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +in your head because they're sort of +important to remember um at 300K you + + align:start position:0% +important to remember um at 300K you + + + align:start position:0% +important to remember um at 300K you +know 7 KT is 180 M electron volt that's + + align:start position:0% +know 7 KT is 180 M electron volt that's + + + align:start position:0% +know 7 KT is 180 M electron volt that's +a low barrier um if you simulate at + + align:start position:0% +a low barrier um if you simulate at + + + align:start position:0% +a low barrier um if you simulate at +1,000 degrees you can do much higher + + align:start position:0% +1,000 degrees you can do much higher + + + align:start position:0% +1,000 degrees you can do much higher +barriers um now 7 KT is about 600 M + + align:start position:0% +barriers um now 7 KT is about 600 M + + + align:start position:0% +barriers um now 7 KT is about 600 M +electron volt now you're starting to be + + align:start position:0% +electron volt now you're starting to be + + + align:start position:0% +electron volt now you're starting to be +in the range + + align:start position:0% +in the range + + + align:start position:0% +in the range +of typical to low barriers in solids of + + align:start position:0% +of typical to low barriers in solids of + + + align:start position:0% +of typical to low barriers in solids of +course in liquids you'll have much much + + align:start position:0% +course in liquids you'll have much much + + + align:start position:0% +course in liquids you'll have much much +faster transport so in liquids you'll + + align:start position:0% +faster transport so in liquids you'll + + + align:start position:0% +faster transport so in liquids you'll +have no problem if you do the liquid at + + align:start position:0% +have no problem if you do the liquid at + + + align:start position:0% +have no problem if you do the liquid at +1,000° you'll have tremendous amount man + + align:start position:0% +1,000° you'll have tremendous amount man + + + align:start position:0% +1,000° you'll have tremendous amount man +of hopping in a solid barriers are + + align:start position:0% +of hopping in a solid barriers are + + + align:start position:0% +of hopping in a solid barriers are +anywhere typically from 0.5 to two + + align:start position:0% +anywhere typically from 0.5 to two + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere typically from 0.5 to two +electron volt okay so to put it it's + + align:start position:0% +electron volt okay so to put it it's + + + align:start position:0% +electron volt okay so to put it it's +kind of important I think that you kind + + align:start position:0% +kind of important I think that you kind + + + align:start position:0% +kind of important I think that you kind +of that you get an idea of these scales + + align:start position:0% +of that you get an idea of these scales + + + align:start position:0% +of that you get an idea of these scales +that you + + align:start position:0% +that you + + + align:start position:0% +that you +need and so like I said in the beginning + + align:start position:0% +need and so like I said in the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +need and so like I said in the beginning +um if the averages is all you care about + + align:start position:0% +um if the averages is all you care about + + + align:start position:0% +um if the averages is all you care about +um it may be better to Simply do a + + align:start position:0% +um it may be better to Simply do a + + + align:start position:0% +um it may be better to Simply do a +sampling technique and that's + + align:start position:0% +sampling technique and that's + + + align:start position:0% +sampling technique and that's +essentially what mon Carlo is mon Carlo + + align:start position:0% +essentially what mon Carlo is mon Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +essentially what mon Carlo is mon Carlo +is often mistaken for um uh another form + + align:start position:0% +is often mistaken for um uh another form + + + align:start position:0% +is often mistaken for um uh another form +of Dynamics but it is really nothing + + align:start position:0% +of Dynamics but it is really nothing + + + align:start position:0% +of Dynamics but it is really nothing +more um than a sampling uh method so now + + align:start position:0% +more um than a sampling uh method so now + + + align:start position:0% +more um than a sampling uh method so now +remember what the issue is so um if you + + align:start position:0% +remember what the issue is so um if you + + + align:start position:0% +remember what the issue is so um if you +want to get a sample this is in any + + align:start position:0% +want to get a sample this is in any + + + align:start position:0% +want to get a sample this is in any +statistical method there are two things + + align:start position:0% +statistical method there are two things + + + align:start position:0% +statistical method there are two things +you have to decide uh which population + + align:start position:0% +you have to decide uh which population + + + align:start position:0% +you have to decide uh which population +you sample from how do you set + + align:start position:0% +you sample from how do you set + + + align:start position:0% +you sample from how do you set +constraints on you know the population + + align:start position:0% +constraints on you know the population + + + align:start position:0% +constraints on you know the population +of states that you sample from and with + + align:start position:0% +of states that you sample from and with + + + align:start position:0% +of states that you sample from and with +what probability do you sample them or + + align:start position:0% +what probability do you sample them or + + + align:start position:0% +what probability do you sample them or +should you sample them unbiased for + + align:start position:0% +should you sample them unbiased for + + + align:start position:0% +should you sample them unbiased for +example so there are two issues that + + align:start position:0% +example so there are two issues that + + + align:start position:0% +example so there are two issues that +always come up with sampling the the + + align:start position:0% +always come up with sampling the the + + + align:start position:0% +always come up with sampling the the +probability or the rate with which you + + align:start position:0% +probability or the rate with which you + + + align:start position:0% +probability or the rate with which you +sample a particular State and the group + + align:start position:0% +sample a particular State and the group + + + align:start position:0% +sample a particular State and the group +of states the constraints on the states + + align:start position:0% +of states the constraints on the states + + + align:start position:0% +of states the constraints on the states +over which you + + align:start position:0% +over which you + + + align:start position:0% +over which you +sample so before I get into that I I + + align:start position:0% +sample so before I get into that I I + + + align:start position:0% +sample so before I get into that I I +um I want to briefly review this is + + align:start position:0% +um I want to briefly review this is + + + align:start position:0% +um I want to briefly review this is +statistical mechanics and thermodynamics + + align:start position:0% +statistical mechanics and thermodynamics + + + align:start position:0% +statistical mechanics and thermodynamics +all together in 15 minutes I know a lot + + align:start position:0% +all together in 15 minutes I know a lot + + + align:start position:0% +all together in 15 minutes I know a lot +of you have seen that some of you have + + align:start position:0% +of you have seen that some of you have + + + align:start position:0% +of you have seen that some of you have +not seen that so much I sort of want to + + align:start position:0% +not seen that so much I sort of want to + + + align:start position:0% +not seen that so much I sort of want to +try to put us all on the same page um + + align:start position:0% +try to put us all on the same page um + + + align:start position:0% +try to put us all on the same page um +you know I find when I see Mont Carlo + + align:start position:0% +you know I find when I see Mont Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +you know I find when I see Mont Carlo +simulation that people do um the biggest + + align:start position:0% +simulation that people do um the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +simulation that people do um the biggest +mistake people always make is at the + + align:start position:0% +mistake people always make is at the + + + align:start position:0% +mistake people always make is at the +outset it has nothing to do with the + + align:start position:0% +outset it has nothing to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +outset it has nothing to do with the +technical implications of Monte Cara + + align:start position:0% +technical implications of Monte Cara + + + align:start position:0% +technical implications of Monte Cara +it's with defining the boundary + + align:start position:0% +it's with defining the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +it's with defining the boundary +conditions which is essentially defining + + align:start position:0% +conditions which is essentially defining + + + align:start position:0% +conditions which is essentially defining +the constraints on the States you sample + + align:start position:0% +the constraints on the States you sample + + + align:start position:0% +the constraints on the States you sample +those constraints come from the + + align:start position:0% +those constraints come from the + + + align:start position:0% +those constraints come from the +thermodynamic boundary conditions uh you + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic boundary conditions uh you + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic boundary conditions uh you +impose on your system um you know I I + + align:start position:0% +impose on your system um you know I I + + + align:start position:0% +impose on your system um you know I I +have sometimes really funny stories that + + align:start position:0% +have sometimes really funny stories that + + + align:start position:0% +have sometimes really funny stories that +I I've seen discussions at meetings + + align:start position:0% +I I've seen discussions at meetings + + + align:start position:0% +I I've seen discussions at meetings +which um you know where people argue L + + align:start position:0% +which um you know where people argue L + + + align:start position:0% +which um you know where people argue L +back and forth about problems and all it + + align:start position:0% +back and forth about problems and all it + + + align:start position:0% +back and forth about problems and all it +is is a misin of their thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +is is a misin of their thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +is is a misin of their thermodynamic +boundary conditions um about two years + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions um about two years + + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions um about two years +ago I was a meeting where people had + + align:start position:0% +ago I was a meeting where people had + + + align:start position:0% +ago I was a meeting where people had +enormous discussions about where + + align:start position:0% +enormous discussions about where + + + align:start position:0% +enormous discussions about where +hydrogen sits on Palladium you know + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen sits on Palladium you know + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen sits on Palladium you know +padium is a pretty good hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +padium is a pretty good hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +padium is a pretty good hydrogen +absorber and you know people would argue + + align:start position:0% +absorber and you know people would argue + + + align:start position:0% +absorber and you know people would argue +back and forth you know it sits on the + + align:start position:0% +back and forth you know it sits on the + + + align:start position:0% +back and forth you know it sits on the +surface and somebody says no it sits + + align:start position:0% +surface and somebody says no it sits + + + align:start position:0% +surface and somebody says no it sits +subsurface you know the layer subsurface + + align:start position:0% +subsurface you know the layer subsurface + + + align:start position:0% +subsurface you know the layer subsurface +all that is it actually can sit bolt + + align:start position:0% +all that is it actually can sit bolt + + + align:start position:0% +all that is it actually can sit bolt +it's just a matter of thermodynamics you + + align:start position:0% +it's just a matter of thermodynamics you + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a matter of thermodynamics you +know if your hydrogen chemical potential + + align:start position:0% +know if your hydrogen chemical potential + + + align:start position:0% +know if your hydrogen chemical potential +your external field is high enough it's + + align:start position:0% +your external field is high enough it's + + + align:start position:0% +your external field is high enough it's +it's everywhere period um and so + + align:start position:0% +it's everywhere period um and so + + + align:start position:0% +it's everywhere period um and so +thinking about your thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +thinking about your thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about your thermodynamic +boundary conditions before you make any + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions before you make any + + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions before you make any +conclusions um is quite important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for those of you let me just remind + + align:start position:0% +so for those of you let me just remind + + + align:start position:0% +so for those of you let me just remind +you of the relation between the + + align:start position:0% +you of the relation between the + + + align:start position:0% +you of the relation between the +thermodynamic boundary conditions and + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic boundary conditions and + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic boundary conditions and +the statistical Ensemble the statistical + + align:start position:0% +the statistical Ensemble the statistical + + + align:start position:0% +the statistical Ensemble the statistical +Ensemble is essentially the group of + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble is essentially the group of + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble is essentially the group of +states over which you sample so um we're + + align:start position:0% +states over which you sample so um we're + + + align:start position:0% +states over which you sample so um we're +always going to make the relation + + align:start position:0% +always going to make the relation + + + align:start position:0% +always going to make the relation +between a microscopic amp sble so this + + align:start position:0% +between a microscopic amp sble so this + + + align:start position:0% +between a microscopic amp sble so this +is the group of states over which you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sample you could think of it it's the + + align:start position:0% +sample you could think of it it's the + + + align:start position:0% +sample you could think of it it's the +the boundary conditions on the states + + align:start position:0% +the boundary conditions on the states + + + align:start position:0% +the boundary conditions on the states +over which you sample you know could you + + align:start position:0% +over which you sample you know could you + + + align:start position:0% +over which you sample you know could you +samp should you sample any configuration + + align:start position:0% +samp should you sample any configuration + + + align:start position:0% +samp should you sample any configuration +should you constrain them um and the and + + align:start position:0% +should you constrain them um and the and + + + align:start position:0% +should you constrain them um and the and +the macroscopic thermodynamics uh and + + align:start position:0% +the macroscopic thermodynamics uh and + + + align:start position:0% +the macroscopic thermodynamics uh and +the relation here is made between + + align:start position:0% +the relation here is made between + + + align:start position:0% +the relation here is made between +statistical mechanics um in the end it's + + align:start position:0% +statistical mechanics um in the end it's + + + align:start position:0% +statistical mechanics um in the end it's +very easy any fixed thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +very easy any fixed thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +very easy any fixed thermodynamic +variable I'll come to that in a second + + align:start position:0% +variable I'll come to that in a second + + + align:start position:0% +variable I'll come to that in a second +what they are sets a constraint on how + + align:start position:0% +what they are sets a constraint on how + + + align:start position:0% +what they are sets a constraint on how +you can sample okay and more + + align:start position:0% +you can sample okay and more + + + align:start position:0% +you can sample okay and more +particularly the constraints come from + + align:start position:0% +particularly the constraints come from + + + align:start position:0% +particularly the constraints come from +what are called the extensive + + align:start position:0% +what are called the extensive + + + align:start position:0% +what are called the extensive +thermodynamic variables so remember + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic variables so remember + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic variables so remember +extensive teric variables are things + + align:start position:0% +extensive teric variables are things + + + align:start position:0% +extensive teric variables are things +that scale with size things like + + align:start position:0% +that scale with size things like + + + align:start position:0% +that scale with size things like +volume um number of atoms of a given + + align:start position:0% +volume um number of atoms of a given + + + align:start position:0% +volume um number of atoms of a given +type and intensive variables are the + + align:start position:0% +type and intensive variables are the + + + align:start position:0% +type and intensive variables are the +conjugates of those are the ones that + + align:start position:0% +conjugates of those are the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +conjugates of those are the ones that +don't scale with size you know + + align:start position:0% +don't scale with size you know + + + align:start position:0% +don't scale with size you know +temperature pressure chemical potential + + align:start position:0% +temperature pressure chemical potential + + + align:start position:0% +temperature pressure chemical potential +okay um you'll see in a second that the + + align:start position:0% +okay um you'll see in a second that the + + + align:start position:0% +okay um you'll see in a second that the +probability with which you sample + + align:start position:0% +probability with which you sample + + + align:start position:0% +probability with which you sample +depends on the relevant hamiltonian and + + align:start position:0% +depends on the relevant hamiltonian and + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the relevant hamiltonian and +in the MC on the macroscopic counterpart + + align:start position:0% +in the MC on the macroscopic counterpart + + + align:start position:0% +in the MC on the macroscopic counterpart +to that is a free energy function so a + + align:start position:0% +to that is a free energy function so a + + + align:start position:0% +to that is a free energy function so a +hamiltonian in microscopic space will + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian in microscopic space will + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian in microscopic space will +correspond to a free energy function um + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a free energy function um + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a free energy function um +in macroscopic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space okay so here's all I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +space okay so here's all I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +space okay so here's all I'm going to +say about thermal is sort of one slide + + align:start position:0% +say about thermal is sort of one slide + + + align:start position:0% +say about thermal is sort of one slide +that I think represents pretty much all + + align:start position:0% +that I think represents pretty much all + + + align:start position:0% +that I think represents pretty much all +you need to know for doing sampling um + + align:start position:0% +you need to know for doing sampling um + + + align:start position:0% +you need to know for doing sampling um +in thermodynamics variables appear in + + align:start position:0% +in thermodynamics variables appear in + + + align:start position:0% +in thermodynamics variables appear in +groups what we call conjugate Pairs and + + align:start position:0% +groups what we call conjugate Pairs and + + + align:start position:0% +groups what we call conjugate Pairs and +one way you can see how they belong it's + + align:start position:0% +one way you can see how they belong it's + + + align:start position:0% +one way you can see how they belong it's +the um the couples that appear together + + align:start position:0% +the um the couples that appear together + + + align:start position:0% +the um the couples that appear together +in the first law first law tells you + + align:start position:0% +in the first law first law tells you + + + align:start position:0% +in the first law first law tells you +essentially that the change of internal + + align:start position:0% +essentially that the change of internal + + + align:start position:0% +essentially that the change of internal +energy of a system is the net energy + + align:start position:0% +energy of a system is the net energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy of a system is the net energy +flow in or out of that system and you + + align:start position:0% +flow in or out of that system and you + + + align:start position:0% +flow in or out of that system and you +can write that from different + + align:start position:0% +can write that from different + + + align:start position:0% +can write that from different +contributions you know TDS you could + + align:start position:0% +contributions you know TDS you could + + + align:start position:0% +contributions you know TDS you could +think of as the heat flow pdv as the + + align:start position:0% +think of as the heat flow pdv as the + + + align:start position:0% +think of as the heat flow pdv as the +mechanical or volume work done mu DN as + + align:start position:0% +mechanical or volume work done mu DN as + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical or volume work done mu DN as +the chemical work so mu is the chemical + + align:start position:0% +the chemical work so mu is the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical work so mu is the chemical +potential n is the number of atoms uh of + + align:start position:0% +potential n is the number of atoms uh of + + + align:start position:0% +potential n is the number of atoms uh of +a given type so remember these are + + align:start position:0% +a given type so remember these are + + + align:start position:0% +a given type so remember these are +conjugate pairs s is an extensive T is + + align:start position:0% +conjugate pairs s is an extensive T is + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate pairs s is an extensive T is +an intensive V is an extensive p is an + + align:start position:0% +an intensive V is an extensive p is an + + + align:start position:0% +an intensive V is an extensive p is an +intensive n is an extensive mu is an + + align:start position:0% +intensive n is an extensive mu is an + + + align:start position:0% +intensive n is an extensive mu is an +intensive um essentially the rule is + + align:start position:0% +intensive um essentially the rule is + + + align:start position:0% +intensive um essentially the rule is +very simple to Define your boundary + + align:start position:0% +very simple to Define your boundary + + + align:start position:0% +very simple to Define your boundary +conditions you always need to specify + + align:start position:0% +conditions you always need to specify + + + align:start position:0% +conditions you always need to specify +one out of each pair so you need to say + + align:start position:0% +one out of each pair so you need to say + + + align:start position:0% +one out of each pair so you need to say +whether you're at constant entropy or + + align:start position:0% +whether you're at constant entropy or + + + align:start position:0% +whether you're at constant entropy or +constant temperature whether you're at + + align:start position:0% +constant temperature whether you're at + + + align:start position:0% +constant temperature whether you're at +constant pressure or constant volume + + align:start position:0% +constant pressure or constant volume + + + align:start position:0% +constant pressure or constant volume +where you're at constant chemical + + align:start position:0% +where you're at constant chemical + + + align:start position:0% +where you're at constant chemical +potential or constant number of + + align:start position:0% +potential or constant number of + + + align:start position:0% +potential or constant number of +particles uh you can't you know you + + align:start position:0% +particles uh you can't you know you + + + align:start position:0% +particles uh you can't you know you +cannot leave one unspecified if you do + + align:start position:0% +cannot leave one unspecified if you do + + + align:start position:0% +cannot leave one unspecified if you do +that you're actually always making an + + align:start position:0% +that you're actually always making an + + + align:start position:0% +that you're actually always making an +implicit assumption okay you know if you + + align:start position:0% +implicit assumption okay you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +implicit assumption okay you know if you +have a closed box and nothing can go in + + align:start position:0% +have a closed box and nothing can go in + + + align:start position:0% +have a closed box and nothing can go in +and out you're obviously under constant + + align:start position:0% +and out you're obviously under constant + + + align:start position:0% +and out you're obviously under constant +number of particles okay um a really + + align:start position:0% +number of particles okay um a really + + + align:start position:0% +number of particles okay um a really +classic mistake is simulating under + + align:start position:0% +classic mistake is simulating under + + + align:start position:0% +classic mistake is simulating under +constant number of particles when you're + + align:start position:0% +constant number of particles when you're + + + align:start position:0% +constant number of particles when you're +really in reality under constant + + align:start position:0% +really in reality under constant + + + align:start position:0% +really in reality under constant +chemical field you know surfaces are a + + align:start position:0% +chemical field you know surfaces are a + + + align:start position:0% +chemical field you know surfaces are a +really good example of that if you study + + align:start position:0% +really good example of that if you study + + + align:start position:0% +really good example of that if you study +a surface um you will many often study + + align:start position:0% +a surface um you will many often study + + + align:start position:0% +a surface um you will many often study +it under in simulation under constant + + align:start position:0% +it under in simulation under constant + + + align:start position:0% +it under in simulation under constant +number of particles it's sort of the + + align:start position:0% +number of particles it's sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +number of particles it's sort of the +obvious thing to do but real surfaces + + align:start position:0% +obvious thing to do but real surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +obvious thing to do but real surfaces +are actually equilibrated with their + + align:start position:0% +are actually equilibrated with their + + + align:start position:0% +are actually equilibrated with their +environment so they're you know they're + + align:start position:0% +environment so they're you know they're + + + align:start position:0% +environment so they're you know they're +under constant chemical potential field + + align:start position:0% +under constant chemical potential field + + + align:start position:0% +under constant chemical potential field +of the environment or under constant + + align:start position:0% +of the environment or under constant + + + align:start position:0% +of the environment or under constant +chemical potential from their + + align:start position:0% +chemical potential from their + + + align:start position:0% +chemical potential from their +bulk okay and in many in some cases that + + align:start position:0% +bulk okay and in many in some cases that + + + align:start position:0% +bulk okay and in many in some cases that +doesn't matter but in in other cases + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter but in in other cases + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter but in in other cases +that actually will so the number of + + align:start position:0% +that actually will so the number of + + + align:start position:0% +that actually will so the number of +atoms on a Surface can + + align:start position:0% +atoms on a Surface can + + + align:start position:0% +atoms on a Surface can +change um + + align:start position:0% +change um + + + align:start position:0% +change um +in statistical mechanics we tend to not + + align:start position:0% +in statistical mechanics we tend to not + + + align:start position:0% +in statistical mechanics we tend to not +use this formulation of the first law + + align:start position:0% +use this formulation of the first law + + + align:start position:0% +use this formulation of the first law +but we we tend to change interchange the + + align:start position:0% +but we we tend to change interchange the + + + align:start position:0% +but we we tend to change interchange the +role of the internal energy and the + + align:start position:0% +role of the internal energy and the + + + align:start position:0% +role of the internal energy and the +entropy literally by moving this to the + + align:start position:0% +entropy literally by moving this to the + + + align:start position:0% +entropy literally by moving this to the +left hand side and dividing by T So + + align:start position:0% +left hand side and dividing by T So + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side and dividing by T So +writing the differential of the entropy + + align:start position:0% +writing the differential of the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +writing the differential of the entropy +instead and you'll see in a second that + + align:start position:0% +instead and you'll see in a second that + + + align:start position:0% +instead and you'll see in a second that +that's a much more useful thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +that's a much more useful thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +that's a much more useful thermodynamic +notation to correlate to statistical + + align:start position:0% +notation to correlate to statistical + + + align:start position:0% +notation to correlate to statistical +mechanics um so this is called the + + align:start position:0% +mechanics um so this is called the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics um so this is called the +entropy formulation and in the entropy + + align:start position:0% +entropy formulation and in the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +entropy formulation and in the entropy +formulation uh U and 1 / T are conjugate + + align:start position:0% +formulation uh U and 1 / T are conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +formulation uh U and 1 / T are conjugate +variabl U is the extensive 1 / T is the + + align:start position:0% +variabl U is the extensive 1 / T is the + + + align:start position:0% +variabl U is the extensive 1 / T is the +Intensive V is the extensive p/ T is the + + align:start position:0% +Intensive V is the extensive p/ T is the + + + align:start position:0% +Intensive V is the extensive p/ T is the +extensive okay I hope you can see this + + align:start position:0% +extensive okay I hope you can see this + + + align:start position:0% +extensive okay I hope you can see this +is just a rewrite of the standard first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +law + + align:start position:0% +law + + + align:start position:0% +law +okay um so how do the thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +okay um so how do the thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so how do the thermodynamic +boundary conditions relate to the + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions relate to the + + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions relate to the +ensembles over which you average um the + + align:start position:0% +ensembles over which you average um the + + + align:start position:0% +ensembles over which you average um the +ensembles are determined by the the + + align:start position:0% +ensembles are determined by the the + + + align:start position:0% +ensembles are determined by the the +extensive variables you keep constant so + + align:start position:0% +extensive variables you keep constant so + + + align:start position:0% +extensive variables you keep constant so +if you think about if you go back for a + + align:start position:0% +if you think about if you go back for a + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about if you go back for a +second to the previous slide uh the + + align:start position:0% +second to the previous slide uh the + + + align:start position:0% +second to the previous slide uh the +simplest is that you keep the energy the + + align:start position:0% +simplest is that you keep the energy the + + + align:start position:0% +simplest is that you keep the energy the +volume the number of particles constant + + align:start position:0% +volume the number of particles constant + + + align:start position:0% +volume the number of particles constant +that's all the extensive + + align:start position:0% +that's all the extensive + + + align:start position:0% +that's all the extensive +variables okay all the extensive + + align:start position:0% +variables okay all the extensive + + + align:start position:0% +variables okay all the extensive +variables That's The Ensemble at + + align:start position:0% +variables That's The Ensemble at + + + align:start position:0% +variables That's The Ensemble at +constant energy volume number of + + align:start position:0% +constant energy volume number of + + + align:start position:0% +constant energy volume number of +particles that's what's called The + + align:start position:0% +particles that's what's called The + + + align:start position:0% +particles that's what's called The +microcononical + + align:start position:0% +microcononical + + + align:start position:0% +microcononical +Ensemble a realization of that would be + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble a realization of that would be + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble a realization of that would be +if you did you know a system in a box + + align:start position:0% +if you did you know a system in a box + + + align:start position:0% +if you did you know a system in a box +Newtonian + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian + + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian +Dynamics okay if it's in a closed box + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics okay if it's in a closed box + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics okay if it's in a closed box +the number of particles can change the + + align:start position:0% +the number of particles can change the + + + align:start position:0% +the number of particles can change the +volume is fixed and if you do noonian + + align:start position:0% +volume is fixed and if you do noonian + + + align:start position:0% +volume is fixed and if you do noonian +Dynamics the energy is fixed okay so + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics the energy is fixed okay so + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics the energy is fixed okay so +some form of the basic form of molecular + + align:start position:0% +some form of the basic form of molecular + + + align:start position:0% +some form of the basic form of molecular +Dynamics you could say goes through a + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics you could say goes through a + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics you could say goes through a +microcononical + + align:start position:0% +microcononical + + + align:start position:0% +microcononical +Ensemble if you start thermostating your + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble if you start thermostating your + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble if you start thermostating your +energy to fix the temperature then you + + align:start position:0% +energy to fix the temperature then you + + + align:start position:0% +energy to fix the temperature then you +go out of The microcononical + + align:start position:0% +go out of The microcononical + + + align:start position:0% +go out of The microcononical +Ensemble okay + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble okay + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble okay +so if you release the + + align:start position:0% +so if you release the + + + align:start position:0% +so if you release the +constraint of fixed energy then you have + + align:start position:0% +constraint of fixed energy then you have + + + align:start position:0% +constraint of fixed energy then you have +to control the average energy and you do + + align:start position:0% +to control the average energy and you do + + + align:start position:0% +to control the average energy and you do +that with the temperature then you end + + align:start position:0% +that with the temperature then you end + + + align:start position:0% +that with the temperature then you end +up in What's called the canonical + + align:start position:0% +up in What's called the canonical + + + align:start position:0% +up in What's called the canonical +Ensemble okay if you release the + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble okay if you release the + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble okay if you release the +constraint of fixed number of particles + + align:start position:0% +constraint of fixed number of particles + + + align:start position:0% +constraint of fixed number of particles +again then you then you have to take + + align:start position:0% +again then you then you have to take + + + align:start position:0% +again then you then you have to take +into account the field that sets your + + align:start position:0% +into account the field that sets your + + + align:start position:0% +into account the field that sets your +average number of particles so then you + + align:start position:0% +average number of particles so then you + + + align:start position:0% +average number of particles so then you +have a an an ensemble with TV and mu + + align:start position:0% +have a an an ensemble with TV and mu + + + align:start position:0% +have a an an ensemble with TV and mu +that's called a grand can iCal Ensemble + + align:start position:0% +that's called a grand can iCal Ensemble + + + align:start position:0% +that's called a grand can iCal Ensemble +um you can keep on making other + + align:start position:0% +um you can keep on making other + + + align:start position:0% +um you can keep on making other +ensembles uh by switching in intensive + + align:start position:0% +ensembles uh by switching in intensive + + + align:start position:0% +ensembles uh by switching in intensive +variables for extensive U it's just that + + align:start position:0% +variables for extensive U it's just that + + + align:start position:0% +variables for extensive U it's just that +we run out of names these are three + + align:start position:0% +we run out of names these are three + + + align:start position:0% +we run out of names these are three +classic names micronic canonical and + + align:start position:0% +classic names micronic canonical and + + + align:start position:0% +classic names micronic canonical and +Grand canonical after that we sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +Grand canonical after that we sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +Grand canonical after that we sort of uh +have no names for them anymore but they + + align:start position:0% +have no names for them anymore but they + + + align:start position:0% +have no names for them anymore but they +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exist + + align:start position:0% +exist + + + align:start position:0% +exist +okay so that defines the States from + + align:start position:0% +okay so that defines the States from + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that defines the States from +which you should sample the question + + align:start position:0% +which you should sample the question + + + align:start position:0% +which you should sample the question +question is now how do you sample okay + + align:start position:0% +question is now how do you sample okay + + + align:start position:0% +question is now how do you sample okay +well first I'm going to tell you how you + + align:start position:0% +well first I'm going to tell you how you + + + align:start position:0% +well first I'm going to tell you how you +should sample and then I'll tell you how + + align:start position:0% +should sample and then I'll tell you how + + + align:start position:0% +should sample and then I'll tell you how +you really sample in in practice um you + + align:start position:0% +you really sample in in practice um you + + + align:start position:0% +you really sample in in practice um you +should sample with the correct + + align:start position:0% +should sample with the correct + + + align:start position:0% +should sample with the correct +probability and the probability of a + + align:start position:0% +probability and the probability of a + + + align:start position:0% +probability and the probability of a +state in an ensemble is proportional to + + align:start position:0% +state in an ensemble is proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +state in an ensemble is proportional to +the exponential of minus beta the + + align:start position:0% +the exponential of minus beta the + + + align:start position:0% +the exponential of minus beta the +hamiltonian okay and remember beta is 1/ + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian okay and remember beta is 1/ + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian okay and remember beta is 1/ +KT and then normalized by the sum of + + align:start position:0% +KT and then normalized by the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +KT and then normalized by the sum of +that over all the states which is called + + align:start position:0% +that over all the states which is called + + + align:start position:0% +that over all the states which is called +the partition function Q or + + align:start position:0% +the partition function Q or + + + align:start position:0% +the partition function Q or +Z + + align:start position:0% +Z + + + align:start position:0% +Z +okay um and the free energy is the log + + align:start position:0% +okay um and the free energy is the log + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and the free energy is the log +of essentially the log of that partition + + align:start position:0% +of essentially the log of that partition + + + align:start position:0% +of essentially the log of that partition +function now what should that + + align:start position:0% +function now what should that + + + align:start position:0% +function now what should that +hamiltonian be you've probably seen this + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian be you've probably seen this + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian be you've probably seen this +kind of probability function a lot + + align:start position:0% +kind of probability function a lot + + + align:start position:0% +kind of probability function a lot +already uh when you substitute in the + + align:start position:0% +already uh when you substitute in the + + + align:start position:0% +already uh when you substitute in the +energy in more general terms that should + + align:start position:0% +energy in more general terms that should + + + align:start position:0% +energy in more general terms that should +be the relevant microscopic + + align:start position:0% +be the relevant microscopic + + + align:start position:0% +be the relevant microscopic +hamiltonian um and it should include all + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian um and it should include all + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian um and it should include all +the things that can fluctuate in your + + align:start position:0% +the things that can fluctuate in your + + + align:start position:0% +the things that can fluctuate in your +system um typically the way I I sort of + + align:start position:0% +system um typically the way I I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +system um typically the way I I sort of +remember what goes in the hamiltonian um + + align:start position:0% +remember what goes in the hamiltonian um + + + align:start position:0% +remember what goes in the hamiltonian um +you think of your thermodynamic boundary + + align:start position:0% +you think of your thermodynamic boundary + + + align:start position:0% +you think of your thermodynamic boundary +conditions you take the relevant leand + + align:start position:0% +conditions you take the relevant leand + + + align:start position:0% +conditions you take the relevant leand +transform of your entropy and it's + + align:start position:0% +transform of your entropy and it's + + + align:start position:0% +transform of your entropy and it's +essentially those pieces that go in your + + align:start position:0% +essentially those pieces that go in your + + + align:start position:0% +essentially those pieces that go in your +hiltonium for example if you work at + + align:start position:0% +hiltonium for example if you work at + + + align:start position:0% +hiltonium for example if you work at +fixed n v and T okay the relevant free + + align:start position:0% +fixed n v and T okay the relevant free + + + align:start position:0% +fixed n v and T okay the relevant free +energy is the hel mold free energy which + + align:start position:0% +energy is the hel mold free energy which + + + align:start position:0% +energy is the hel mold free energy which +is s minus E over T okay this is the + + align:start position:0% +is s minus E over T okay this is the + + + align:start position:0% +is s minus E over T okay this is the +part that goes into your hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +part that goes into your hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +part that goes into your hamiltonian +okay it's whatever is the whatever is + + align:start position:0% +okay it's whatever is the whatever is + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's whatever is the whatever is +the leand transform part part of the + + align:start position:0% +the leand transform part part of the + + + align:start position:0% +the leand transform part part of the +entropy that's what you see in a s in a + + align:start position:0% +entropy that's what you see in a s in a + + + align:start position:0% +entropy that's what you see in a s in a +very in a canonical Ensemble you way + + align:start position:0% +very in a canonical Ensemble you way + + + align:start position:0% +very in a canonical Ensemble you way +states with the exponential of minus + + align:start position:0% +states with the exponential of minus + + + align:start position:0% +states with the exponential of minus +beta the energy okay that's the one + + align:start position:0% +beta the energy okay that's the one + + + align:start position:0% +beta the energy okay that's the one +you're used to but let's say you go + + align:start position:0% +you're used to but let's say you go + + + align:start position:0% +you're used to but let's say you go +to a grand canonical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ensemble so now you're at fixed chemical + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble so now you're at fixed chemical + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble so now you're at fixed chemical +potential so the number of states can + + align:start position:0% +potential so the number of states can + + + align:start position:0% +potential so the number of states can +fluctuate so now the relevant + + align:start position:0% +fluctuate so now the relevant + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuate so now the relevant +thermodynamic potential the relevant + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic potential the relevant + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic potential the relevant +Leon transform of the entropy has a + + align:start position:0% +Leon transform of the entropy has a + + + align:start position:0% +Leon transform of the entropy has a +minus E over T and A Plus mu over t in + + align:start position:0% +minus E over T and A Plus mu over t in + + + align:start position:0% +minus E over T and A Plus mu over t in +it so that's essentially the part that + + align:start position:0% +it so that's essentially the part that + + + align:start position:0% +it so that's essentially the part that +appears in your + + align:start position:0% +appears in your + + + align:start position:0% +appears in your +hamiltonian okay so now you weigh with + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian okay so now you weigh with + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian okay so now you weigh with +minus beta time the energy minus mu n + + align:start position:0% +minus beta time the energy minus mu n + + + align:start position:0% +minus beta time the energy minus mu n +okay you sort of think of that as a + + align:start position:0% +okay you sort of think of that as a + + + align:start position:0% +okay you sort of think of that as a +Leander transform Honan + + align:start position:0% +Leander transform Honan + + + align:start position:0% +Leander transform Honan +almost and you know if you were to + + align:start position:0% +almost and you know if you were to + + + align:start position:0% +almost and you know if you were to +simulate at constant pressure you would + + align:start position:0% +simulate at constant pressure you would + + + align:start position:0% +simulate at constant pressure you would +have a PT p over T * V term in your + + align:start position:0% +have a PT p over T * V term in your + + + align:start position:0% +have a PT p over T * V term in your +Hamilton you know if you sort of think + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton you know if you sort of think + + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton you know if you sort of think +about it makes sense that you H you need + + align:start position:0% +about it makes sense that you H you need + + + align:start position:0% +about it makes sense that you H you need +these terms in your hamiltonian because + + align:start position:0% +these terms in your hamiltonian because + + + align:start position:0% +these terms in your hamiltonian because +they don't appear in your hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +they don't appear in your hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +they don't appear in your hamiltonian +you have no no way of controlling the + + align:start position:0% +you have no no way of controlling the + + + align:start position:0% +you have no no way of controlling the +number of + + align:start position:0% +number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of +particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay just sort of going backwards + + align:start position:0% +okay just sort of going backwards + + + align:start position:0% +okay just sort of going backwards +okay so this is here sort of the summary + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is here sort of the summary + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is here sort of the summary +um the macroscopic boundary conditions + + align:start position:0% +um the macroscopic boundary conditions + + + align:start position:0% +um the macroscopic boundary conditions +are set by the constant extensive + + align:start position:0% +are set by the constant extensive + + + align:start position:0% +are set by the constant extensive +thermodynamic variables okay that in + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic variables okay that in + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic variables okay that in +turn defines the relevant + + align:start position:0% +turn defines the relevant + + + align:start position:0% +turn defines the relevant +Ensemble and the probability which would + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble and the probability which would + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble and the probability which would +you sample over that Ensemble okay and + + align:start position:0% +you sample over that Ensemble okay and + + + align:start position:0% +you sample over that Ensemble okay and +when you do that all correctly you can + + align:start position:0% +when you do that all correctly you can + + + align:start position:0% +when you do that all correctly you can +get the averages of properties such as + + align:start position:0% +get the averages of properties such as + + + align:start position:0% +get the averages of properties such as +the energy and the volume + + align:start position:0% +the energy and the volume + + + align:start position:0% +the energy and the volume +um with those + + align:start position:0% +um with those + + + align:start position:0% +um with those +probabilities okay + + align:start position:0% +probabilities okay + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities okay +um just one brief aside there's an + + align:start position:0% +um just one brief aside there's an + + + align:start position:0% +um just one brief aside there's an +implicit assumption you make in here + + align:start position:0% +implicit assumption you make in here + + + align:start position:0% +implicit assumption you make in here +uh which is common to statistical + + align:start position:0% +uh which is common to statistical + + + align:start position:0% +uh which is common to statistical +mechanics um we we've essentially said + + align:start position:0% +mechanics um we we've essentially said + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics um we we've essentially said +that following a system in time will + + align:start position:0% +that following a system in time will + + + align:start position:0% +that following a system in time will +give the same averages than sampling + + align:start position:0% +give the same averages than sampling + + + align:start position:0% +give the same averages than sampling +over its + + align:start position:0% +over its + + + align:start position:0% +over its +Ensemble okay the Assumption in there is + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble okay the Assumption in there is + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble okay the Assumption in there is +that when you follow a system in time it + + align:start position:0% +that when you follow a system in time it + + + align:start position:0% +that when you follow a system in time it +will reach essentially all the states in + + align:start position:0% +will reach essentially all the states in + + + align:start position:0% +will reach essentially all the states in +its + + align:start position:0% +its + + + align:start position:0% +its +Ensemble or maybe simpler said it will + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble or maybe simpler said it will + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble or maybe simpler said it will +reach all the states it can it will + + align:start position:0% +reach all the states it can it will + + + align:start position:0% +reach all the states it can it will +reach all the states that that are + + align:start position:0% +reach all the states that that are + + + align:start position:0% +reach all the states that that are +within the boundary conditions okay so + + align:start position:0% +within the boundary conditions okay so + + + align:start position:0% +within the boundary conditions okay so +if you put think about this what you're + + align:start position:0% +if you put think about this what you're + + + align:start position:0% +if you put think about this what you're +really saying is if you put a system in + + align:start position:0% +really saying is if you put a system in + + + align:start position:0% +really saying is if you put a system in +a box fixed number of particles say you + + align:start position:0% +a box fixed number of particles say you + + + align:start position:0% +a box fixed number of particles say you +know at constant temperature not + + align:start position:0% +know at constant temperature not + + + align:start position:0% +know at constant temperature not +constant energy you're essentially + + align:start position:0% +constant energy you're essentially + + + align:start position:0% +constant energy you're essentially +saying that that system will if you wait + + align:start position:0% +saying that that system will if you wait + + + align:start position:0% +saying that that system will if you wait +long enough reach any possible + + align:start position:0% +long enough reach any possible + + + align:start position:0% +long enough reach any possible +configuration of atoms because that's + + align:start position:0% +configuration of atoms because that's + + + align:start position:0% +configuration of atoms because that's +the one that will be allowed in your + + align:start position:0% +the one that will be allowed in your + + + align:start position:0% +the one that will be allowed in your +Ensemble okay and that's called the + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble okay and that's called the + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble okay and that's called the +ergodicity principle ergodicity + + align:start position:0% +ergodicity principle ergodicity + + + align:start position:0% +ergodicity principle ergodicity +principle says that if you wait long + + align:start position:0% +principle says that if you wait long + + + align:start position:0% +principle says that if you wait long +enough the system will reach all its + + align:start position:0% +enough the system will reach all its + + + align:start position:0% +enough the system will reach all its +finally all its States because if you + + align:start position:0% +finally all its States because if you + + + align:start position:0% +finally all its States because if you +know that it's going to reach all its + + align:start position:0% +know that it's going to reach all its + + + align:start position:0% +know that it's going to reach all its +states and you know the probability of + + align:start position:0% +states and you know the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +states and you know the probability of +them then you can just sum over them and + + align:start position:0% +them then you can just sum over them and + + + align:start position:0% +them then you can just sum over them and +that's what you do in statistical + + align:start position:0% +that's what you do in statistical + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you do in statistical +mechanics rather than doing the full + + align:start position:0% +mechanics rather than doing the full + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics rather than doing the full +Dynamics um this is where we usually + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics um this is where we usually + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics um this is where we usually +have to give you the caveat the lawyer + + align:start position:0% +have to give you the caveat the lawyer + + + align:start position:0% +have to give you the caveat the lawyer +caveat that not all systems are arotic + + align:start position:0% +caveat that not all systems are arotic + + + align:start position:0% +caveat that not all systems are arotic +most practical ones are the examples + + align:start position:0% +most practical ones are the examples + + + align:start position:0% +most practical ones are the examples +that are often given as non-erotic + + align:start position:0% +that are often given as non-erotic + + + align:start position:0% +that are often given as non-erotic +system are are a bit fake and and one if + + align:start position:0% +system are are a bit fake and and one if + + + align:start position:0% +system are are a bit fake and and one if +one that I like to bring up is the + + align:start position:0% +one that I like to bring up is the + + + align:start position:0% +one that I like to bring up is the +harmonic + + align:start position:0% +harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic +oscillator um if you think of a harmonic + + align:start position:0% +oscillator um if you think of a harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator um if you think of a harmonic +oscillator so you know think of + + align:start position:0% +oscillator so you know think of + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator so you know think of +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +um uh a mass um that that uh is in + + align:start position:0% +um uh a mass um that that uh is in + + + align:start position:0% +um uh a mass um that that uh is in +contact with a rigid object through a + + align:start position:0% +contact with a rigid object through a + + + align:start position:0% +contact with a rigid object through a +spring okay if you think that the two + + align:start position:0% +spring okay if you think that the two + + + align:start position:0% +spring okay if you think that the two +coordinates what are the two coordinates + + align:start position:0% +coordinates what are the two coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates what are the two coordinates +of this this system well there's a + + align:start position:0% +of this this system well there's a + + + align:start position:0% +of this this system well there's a +position coordinate you know where this + + align:start position:0% +position coordinate you know where this + + + align:start position:0% +position coordinate you know where this +mass is and there's a velocity + + align:start position:0% +mass is and there's a velocity + + + align:start position:0% +mass is and there's a velocity +coordinate well because it's a harmonic + + align:start position:0% +coordinate well because it's a harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate well because it's a harmonic +oscillation ler the two are actually + + align:start position:0% +oscillation ler the two are actually + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation ler the two are actually +correlated so if you think of the face + + align:start position:0% +correlated so if you think of the face + + + align:start position:0% +correlated so if you think of the face +space of the system as a so here's the + + align:start position:0% +space of the system as a so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +space of the system as a so here's the +spatial + + align:start position:0% +spatial + + + align:start position:0% +spatial +coordinate here's the velocity + + align:start position:0% +coordinate here's the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate here's the velocity +coordinate um this system actually goes + + align:start position:0% +coordinate um this system actually goes + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate um this system actually goes +through an ellipse it actually never + + align:start position:0% +through an ellipse it actually never + + + align:start position:0% +through an ellipse it actually never +goes to States like this and this and + + align:start position:0% +goes to States like this and this and + + + align:start position:0% +goes to States like this and this and +this okay so people say the harmonic + + align:start position:0% +this okay so people say the harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so people say the harmonic +oscillator is not + + align:start position:0% +oscillator is not + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator is not +arotic I'd say it's not arotic because + + align:start position:0% +arotic I'd say it's not arotic because + + + align:start position:0% +arotic I'd say it's not arotic because +you took a stupid face + + align:start position:0% +you took a stupid face + + + align:start position:0% +you took a stupid face +space okay it's because you essentially + + align:start position:0% +space okay it's because you essentially + + + align:start position:0% +space okay it's because you essentially +said that the system if you you said + + align:start position:0% +said that the system if you you said + + + align:start position:0% +said that the system if you you said +that the system has two + + align:start position:0% +that the system has two + + + align:start position:0% +that the system has two +coordinates it's so in a in a + + align:start position:0% +coordinates it's so in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates it's so in a in a +two-dimensional space it's not erotic in + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional space it's not erotic in + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional space it's not erotic in +a onedimensional space it is erotic you + + align:start position:0% +a onedimensional space it is erotic you + + + align:start position:0% +a onedimensional space it is erotic you +know this system has only one coordinate + + align:start position:0% +know this system has only one coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +know this system has only one coordinate +that's its normal + + align:start position:0% +that's its normal + + + align:start position:0% +that's its normal +mode okay so if you write it in the + + align:start position:0% +mode okay so if you write it in the + + + align:start position:0% +mode okay so if you write it in the +normal mode it is erotic in in one + + align:start position:0% +normal mode it is erotic in in one + + + align:start position:0% +normal mode it is erotic in in one +dimension it is arot so along that + + align:start position:0% +dimension it is arot so along that + + + align:start position:0% +dimension it is arot so along that +trajectory if you say that's your face + + align:start position:0% +trajectory if you say that's your face + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory if you say that's your face +space the system is + + align:start position:0% +space the system is + + + align:start position:0% +space the system is +arot so it's a bit of a matter of + + align:start position:0% +arot so it's a bit of a matter of + + + align:start position:0% +arot so it's a bit of a matter of +definition in the obvious coordinate + + align:start position:0% +definition in the obvious coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +definition in the obvious coordinate +space this one is not + + align:start position:0% +space this one is not + + + align:start position:0% +space this one is not +arotic um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you + + align:start position:0% +and you + + + align:start position:0% +and you +know um then there are systems that for + + align:start position:0% +know um then there are systems that for + + + align:start position:0% +know um then there are systems that for +practical reasons are essentially not + + align:start position:0% +practical reasons are essentially not + + + align:start position:0% +practical reasons are essentially not +arotic they just you know they just + + align:start position:0% +arotic they just you know they just + + + align:start position:0% +arotic they just you know they just +never get there going through all their + + align:start position:0% +never get there going through all their + + + align:start position:0% +never get there going through all their +face face + + align:start position:0% +face face + + + align:start position:0% +face face +glasses um glasses are really difficult + + align:start position:0% +glasses um glasses are really difficult + + + align:start position:0% +glasses um glasses are really difficult +to do thermodynamics on to integrate + + align:start position:0% +to do thermodynamics on to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +to do thermodynamics on to integrate +face space over because you really don't + + align:start position:0% +face space over because you really don't + + + align:start position:0% +face space over because you really don't +know over what region to integrate if I + + align:start position:0% +know over what region to integrate if I + + + align:start position:0% +know over what region to integrate if I +put you know if I give you atom + + align:start position:0% +put you know if I give you atom + + + align:start position:0% +put you know if I give you atom +sort of if I still give me the free + + align:start position:0% +sort of if I still give me the free + + + align:start position:0% +sort of if I still give me the free +energy of a glass so really when you + + align:start position:0% +energy of a glass so really when you + + + align:start position:0% +energy of a glass so really when you +think about it you really don't know + + align:start position:0% +think about it you really don't know + + + align:start position:0% +think about it you really don't know +what Ensemble to integrate over because + + align:start position:0% +what Ensemble to integrate over because + + + align:start position:0% +what Ensemble to integrate over because +if you say well what is a glass well + + align:start position:0% +if you say well what is a glass well + + + align:start position:0% +if you say well what is a glass well +it's sort of Random so can I um can I + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of Random so can I um can I + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of Random so can I um can I +just average over all the possible + + align:start position:0% +just average over all the possible + + + align:start position:0% +just average over all the possible +positions in in the box then I'm + + align:start position:0% +positions in in the box then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +positions in in the box then I'm +actually getting the free energy of a + + align:start position:0% +actually getting the free energy of a + + + align:start position:0% +actually getting the free energy of a +liquid okay the glass actually never + + align:start position:0% +liquid okay the glass actually never + + + align:start position:0% +liquid okay the glass actually never +samples all the possible positions so + + align:start position:0% +samples all the possible positions so + + + align:start position:0% +samples all the possible positions so +you could argue that it's a liquid + + align:start position:0% +you could argue that it's a liquid + + + align:start position:0% +you could argue that it's a liquid +that's not + + align:start position:0% +that's not + + + align:start position:0% +that's not +arotic and sort of think of it it's a + + align:start position:0% +arotic and sort of think of it it's a + + + align:start position:0% +arotic and sort of think of it it's a +liquid that's frozen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in okay so finally we're going to get to + + align:start position:0% +in okay so finally we're going to get to + + + align:start position:0% +in okay so finally we're going to get to +Monte Carlo simulation before that I + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo simulation before that I + + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo simulation before that I +want to introduce one toy model and + + align:start position:0% +want to introduce one toy model and + + + align:start position:0% +want to introduce one toy model and +you'll see the relation with the mixing + + align:start position:0% +you'll see the relation with the mixing + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see the relation with the mixing +prom um and that's the easing + + align:start position:0% +prom um and that's the easing + + + align:start position:0% +prom um and that's the easing +model uh which is essentially a spin + + align:start position:0% +model uh which is essentially a spin + + + align:start position:0% +model uh which is essentially a spin +model um so we have a latus of sides at + + align:start position:0% +model um so we have a latus of sides at + + + align:start position:0% +model um so we have a latus of sides at +every side we can have an up spin or a + + align:start position:0% +every side we can have an up spin or a + + + align:start position:0% +every side we can have an up spin or a +down spin so there's only a binary + + align:start position:0% +down spin so there's only a binary + + + align:start position:0% +down spin so there's only a binary +variable at every side + + align:start position:0% +variable at every side + + + align:start position:0% +variable at every side +uh will Mark that with a plus one or + + align:start position:0% +uh will Mark that with a plus one or + + + align:start position:0% +uh will Mark that with a plus one or +minus one say plus one for up and minus + + align:start position:0% +minus one say plus one for up and minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus one say plus one for up and minus +one for down and so the simplest + + align:start position:0% +one for down and so the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +one for down and so the simplest +hamiltonian or energy function you can + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian or energy function you can + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian or energy function you can +write for this system is one that counts + + align:start position:0% +write for this system is one that counts + + + align:start position:0% +write for this system is one that counts +the nearest neighbor + + align:start position:0% +the nearest neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +the nearest neighbor +bonds and Associate some interaction + + align:start position:0% +bonds and Associate some interaction + + + align:start position:0% +bonds and Associate some interaction +with them okay so um Sig I and J are + + align:start position:0% +with them okay so um Sig I and J are + + + align:start position:0% +with them okay so um Sig I and J are +only nearest Neighbors in this model so + + align:start position:0% +only nearest Neighbors in this model so + + + align:start position:0% +only nearest Neighbors in this model so +let's say if uh J is + + align:start position:0% +let's say if uh J is + + + align:start position:0% +let's say if uh J is +positive okay then you will want to make + + align:start position:0% +positive okay then you will want to make + + + align:start position:0% +positive okay then you will want to make +since there's a minus sign here you will + + align:start position:0% +since there's a minus sign here you will + + + align:start position:0% +since there's a minus sign here you will +want to make this positive so you'll get + + align:start position:0% +want to make this positive so you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +want to make this positive so you'll get +a Ferro magnet that means if you have a + + align:start position:0% +a Ferro magnet that means if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +a Ferro magnet that means if you have a +plus one somewhere you'll want a plus + + align:start position:0% +plus one somewhere you'll want a plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus one somewhere you'll want a plus +one next to it to get low energy okay if + + align:start position:0% +one next to it to get low energy okay if + + + align:start position:0% +one next to it to get low energy okay if +J is + + align:start position:0% +J is + + + align:start position:0% +J is +negative you will want the spin product + + align:start position:0% +negative you will want the spin product + + + align:start position:0% +negative you will want the spin product +Sigma I Sigma J to be negative that + + align:start position:0% +Sigma I Sigma J to be negative that + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma I Sigma J to be negative that +means if you want if you have a plus + + align:start position:0% +means if you want if you have a plus + + + align:start position:0% +means if you want if you have a plus +spin you want a neg negative spin next + + align:start position:0% +spin you want a neg negative spin next + + + align:start position:0% +spin you want a neg negative spin next +to it so you have an antiarom magnet so + + align:start position:0% +to it so you have an antiarom magnet so + + + align:start position:0% +to it so you have an antiarom magnet so +it's the simplest possible um magnetic + + align:start position:0% +it's the simplest possible um magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +it's the simplest possible um magnetic +model you can make and that was easing + + align:start position:0% +model you can make and that was easing + + + align:start position:0% +model you can make and that was easing +speed Z thesis and it is advisor really + + align:start position:0% +speed Z thesis and it is advisor really + + + align:start position:0% +speed Z thesis and it is advisor really +hated it his his adviser was so mad at + + align:start position:0% +hated it his his adviser was so mad at + + + align:start position:0% +hated it his his adviser was so mad at +him for that phdc that eing left science + + align:start position:0% +him for that phdc that eing left science + + + align:start position:0% +him for that phdc that eing left science +and he became a + + align:start position:0% +and he became a + + + align:start position:0% +and he became a +businessman so he he never knew he + + align:start position:0% +businessman so he he never knew he + + + align:start position:0% +businessman so he he never knew he +became famous later on + + align:start position:0% +became famous later on + + + align:start position:0% +became famous later on +um but what you're going to see is that + + align:start position:0% +um but what you're going to see is that + + + align:start position:0% +um but what you're going to see is that +the easing model is sort of a conduit + + align:start position:0% +the easing model is sort of a conduit + + + align:start position:0% +the easing model is sort of a conduit +it's a model that will use for any + + align:start position:0% +it's a model that will use for any + + + align:start position:0% +it's a model that will use for any +two-state system so anytime you have a + + align:start position:0% +two-state system so anytime you have a + + + align:start position:0% +two-state system so anytime you have a +model where there's sort of two + + align:start position:0% +model where there's sort of two + + + align:start position:0% +model where there's sort of two +possibilities on the lat side we'll use + + align:start position:0% +possibilities on the lat side we'll use + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities on the lat side we'll use +this model because you know I call it + + align:start position:0% +this model because you know I call it + + + align:start position:0% +this model because you know I call it +the magnetic spin I mean I mean you know + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic spin I mean I mean you know + + + align:start position:0% +the magnetic spin I mean I mean you know +you could call it low fat high fat + + align:start position:0% +you could call it low fat high fat + + + align:start position:0% +you could call it low fat high fat +cheese I don't know whatever anytime you + + align:start position:0% +cheese I don't know whatever anytime you + + + align:start position:0% +cheese I don't know whatever anytime you +have two states so we're going to use it + + align:start position:0% +have two states so we're going to use it + + + align:start position:0% +have two states so we're going to use it +for binary allies for example if we have + + align:start position:0% +for binary allies for example if we have + + + align:start position:0% +for binary allies for example if we have +a mixture of A and B on a lattice you + + align:start position:0% +a mixture of A and B on a lattice you + + + align:start position:0% +a mixture of A and B on a lattice you +could say you know the plus one is a the + + align:start position:0% +could say you know the plus one is a the + + + align:start position:0% +could say you know the plus one is a the +minus one is B okay so that's why it + + align:start position:0% +minus one is B okay so that's why it + + + align:start position:0% +minus one is B okay so that's why it +become is such a useful model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay so how would you sample a model + + align:start position:0% +okay so how would you sample a model + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how would you sample a model +like that well let me first tell you a + + align:start position:0% +like that well let me first tell you a + + + align:start position:0% +like that well let me first tell you a +little bit about um where the ideas of + + align:start position:0% +little bit about um where the ideas of + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about um where the ideas of +sampling and Monte Carlo sampling um + + align:start position:0% +sampling and Monte Carlo sampling um + + + align:start position:0% +sampling and Monte Carlo sampling um +came from um it's typically credited to + + align:start position:0% +came from um it's typically credited to + + + align:start position:0% +came from um it's typically credited to +the people at Los Alamos Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +the people at Los Alamos Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +the people at Los Alamos Monte Carlo +sames who built um the NEC computer + + align:start position:0% +sames who built um the NEC computer + + + align:start position:0% +sames who built um the NEC computer +which is essentially I think the first + + align:start position:0% +which is essentially I think the first + + + align:start position:0% +which is essentially I think the first +computer or one of the first computers + + align:start position:0% +computer or one of the first computers + + + align:start position:0% +computer or one of the first computers +that was built you know one of these + + align:start position:0% +that was built you know one of these + + + align:start position:0% +that was built you know one of these +things with vacuum tubes and you could + + align:start position:0% +things with vacuum tubes and you could + + + align:start position:0% +things with vacuum tubes and you could +like calculate for 10 seconds and then + + align:start position:0% +like calculate for 10 seconds and then + + + align:start position:0% +like calculate for 10 seconds and then +one of the tubes would break then you'd + + align:start position:0% +one of the tubes would break then you'd + + + align:start position:0% +one of the tubes would break then you'd +replace tube and calculate another 10 + + align:start position:0% +replace tube and calculate another 10 + + + align:start position:0% +replace tube and calculate another 10 +seconds um but uh I believe it really + + align:start position:0% +seconds um but uh I believe it really + + + align:start position:0% +seconds um but uh I believe it really +goes back the idea of Monte Carlos H + + align:start position:0% +goes back the idea of Monte Carlos H + + + align:start position:0% +goes back the idea of Monte Carlos H +really goes back to firmy um people + + align:start position:0% +really goes back to firmy um people + + + align:start position:0% +really goes back to firmy um people +before that sort of had sampling ideas + + align:start position:0% +before that sort of had sampling ideas + + + align:start position:0% +before that sort of had sampling ideas +already they sort of knew how to use + + align:start position:0% +already they sort of knew how to use + + + align:start position:0% +already they sort of knew how to use +sampling for things that were difficult + + align:start position:0% +sampling for things that were difficult + + + align:start position:0% +sampling for things that were difficult +to to integrate and um the first example + + align:start position:0% +to to integrate and um the first example + + + align:start position:0% +to to integrate and um the first example +that I thought is known is by the comp + + align:start position:0% +that I thought is known is by the comp + + + align:start position:0% +that I thought is known is by the comp +the Buon which I think is a beautiful + + align:start position:0% +the Buon which I think is a beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +the Buon which I think is a beautiful +name bu like um who who thought of this + + align:start position:0% +name bu like um who who thought of this + + + align:start position:0% +name bu like um who who thought of this +as a method for integrating functions + + align:start position:0% +as a method for integrating functions + + + align:start position:0% +as a method for integrating functions +and the idea is very simple that you + + align:start position:0% +and the idea is very simple that you + + + align:start position:0% +and the idea is very simple that you +know if you have this say function that + + align:start position:0% +know if you have this say function that + + + align:start position:0% +know if you have this say function that +you can't integrate or maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +you can't integrate or maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +you can't integrate or maybe it's +numerical + + align:start position:0% +numerical + + + align:start position:0% +numerical +defined a really simple way to integrate + + align:start position:0% +defined a really simple way to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +defined a really simple way to integrate +is to draw a + + align:start position:0% +is to draw a + + + align:start position:0% +is to draw a +box and throw darts in that box randomly + + align:start position:0% +box and throw darts in that box randomly + + + align:start position:0% +box and throw darts in that box randomly +take points in that box you know and + + align:start position:0% +take points in that box you know and + + + align:start position:0% +take points in that box you know and +you'll hit here once in a while and here + + align:start position:0% +you'll hit here once in a while and here + + + align:start position:0% +you'll hit here once in a while and here +and here and here and if you think about + + align:start position:0% +and here and here and if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +and here and here and if you think about +it if you track the number of times that + + align:start position:0% +it if you track the number of times that + + + align:start position:0% +it if you track the number of times that +you're below the curve that's telling + + align:start position:0% +you're below the curve that's telling + + + align:start position:0% +you're below the curve that's telling +you something about that integral under + + align:start position:0% +you something about that integral under + + + align:start position:0% +you something about that integral under +the curve okay because the number of + + align:start position:0% +the curve okay because the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the curve okay because the number of +times number of times + + align:start position:0% +times number of times + + + align:start position:0% +times number of times +below the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +curve is you know is the integral + + align:start position:0% +curve is you know is the integral + + + align:start position:0% +curve is you know is the integral +divided by the total + + align:start position:0% +divided by the total + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the total +area so the area of the square is the + + align:start position:0% +area so the area of the square is the + + + align:start position:0% +area so the area of the square is the +you know is the total area and the in + + align:start position:0% +you know is the total area and the in + + + align:start position:0% +you know is the total area and the in +you know the integral is a fraction of + + align:start position:0% +you know the integral is a fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +you know the integral is a fraction of +that and so that fraction is the + + align:start position:0% +that and so that fraction is the + + + align:start position:0% +that and so that fraction is the +probability that you hit below the curve + + align:start position:0% +probability that you hit below the curve + + + align:start position:0% +probability that you hit below the curve +so by just knowing how many times you're + + align:start position:0% +so by just knowing how many times you're + + + align:start position:0% +so by just knowing how many times you're +below the curve you you have a + + align:start position:0% +below the curve you you have a + + + align:start position:0% +below the curve you you have a +reasonable estimate of the inter inte + + align:start position:0% +reasonable estimate of the inter inte + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable estimate of the inter inte +and if you do this with a lot of points + + align:start position:0% +and if you do this with a lot of points + + + align:start position:0% +and if you do this with a lot of points +you'll get a good approximation to the + + align:start position:0% +you'll get a good approximation to the + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get a good approximation to the +integral uh you know this is how kids in + + align:start position:0% +integral uh you know this is how kids in + + + align:start position:0% +integral uh you know this is how kids in +school learn to integrate you know my + + align:start position:0% +school learn to integrate you know my + + + align:start position:0% +school learn to integrate you know my +door is in third grade and the way they + + align:start position:0% +door is in third grade and the way they + + + align:start position:0% +door is in third grade and the way they +learn to integrate this U by putting + + align:start position:0% +learn to integrate this U by putting + + + align:start position:0% +learn to integrate this U by putting +grids on this and Counting how many grid + + align:start position:0% +grids on this and Counting how many grid + + + align:start position:0% +grids on this and Counting how many grid +points are below the curve which you + + align:start position:0% +points are below the curve which you + + + align:start position:0% +points are below the curve which you +could say is a a sampling method it's + + align:start position:0% +could say is a a sampling method it's + + + align:start position:0% +could say is a a sampling method it's +just not a non-random sampling method + + align:start position:0% +just not a non-random sampling method + + + align:start position:0% +just not a non-random sampling method +you you you you sample with a fixed grid + + align:start position:0% +you you you you sample with a fixed grid + + + align:start position:0% +you you you you sample with a fixed grid +rather than with a random grid + + align:start position:0% +rather than with a random grid + + + align:start position:0% +rather than with a random grid +um so I was going to give you an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assignment this is one of these + + align:start position:0% +assignment this is one of these + + + align:start position:0% +assignment this is one of these +assignments for um when you're sitting + + align:start position:0% +assignments for um when you're sitting + + + align:start position:0% +assignments for um when you're sitting +in a boring lecture which is not this + + align:start position:0% +in a boring lecture which is not this + + + align:start position:0% +in a boring lecture which is not this +one but another boring lecture or you're + + align:start position:0% +one but another boring lecture or you're + + + align:start position:0% +one but another boring lecture or you're +sitting on an airplane you know and they + + align:start position:0% +sitting on an airplane you know and they + + + align:start position:0% +sitting on an airplane you know and they +they hold you for two hours on the + + align:start position:0% +they hold you for two hours on the + + + align:start position:0% +they hold you for two hours on the +tarmac with nowhere to go and no food um + + align:start position:0% +tarmac with nowhere to go and no food um + + + align:start position:0% +tarmac with nowhere to go and no food um +you should try to determine + + align:start position:0% +you should try to determine + + + align:start position:0% +you should try to determine +Pi um and here's a way of determining Pi + + align:start position:0% +Pi um and here's a way of determining Pi + + + align:start position:0% +Pi um and here's a way of determining Pi +you know that Pi essentially relates to + + align:start position:0% +you know that Pi essentially relates to + + + align:start position:0% +you know that Pi essentially relates to +the ratio of the area of of a + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the area of of a + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the area of of a +circle divided by the area of the square + + align:start position:0% +circle divided by the area of the square + + + align:start position:0% +circle divided by the area of the square +that circumscribes it okay because this + + align:start position:0% +that circumscribes it okay because this + + + align:start position:0% +that circumscribes it okay because this +area here you know if you just take say + + align:start position:0% +area here you know if you just take say + + + align:start position:0% +area here you know if you just take say +a quadrant of this this area here is 1 + + align:start position:0% +a quadrant of this this area here is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +a quadrant of this this area here is 1 +over 4 pi r + + align:start position:0% +over 4 pi r + + + align:start position:0% +over 4 pi r +2 okay and the area of the square is r s + + align:start position:0% +2 okay and the area of the square is r s + + + align:start position:0% +2 okay and the area of the square is r s +so the ratio of those two is 1/4 * + + align:start position:0% +so the ratio of those two is 1/4 * + + + align:start position:0% +so the ratio of those two is 1/4 * +pi so if you throw darts randomly at + + align:start position:0% +pi so if you throw darts randomly at + + + align:start position:0% +pi so if you throw darts randomly at +this thing + + align:start position:0% +this thing + + + align:start position:0% +this thing +okay if you count the fraction of the + + align:start position:0% +okay if you count the fraction of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay if you count the fraction of the +times you're within the circle divided + + align:start position:0% +times you're within the circle divided + + + align:start position:0% +times you're within the circle divided +by the total number of points you'll get + + align:start position:0% +by the total number of points you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +by the total number of points you'll get +an estimate for + + align:start position:0% +an estimate for + + + align:start position:0% +an estimate for +pi now you so you should try this you + + align:start position:0% +pi now you so you should try this you + + + align:start position:0% +pi now you so you should try this you +know like throw darts you can't bring + + align:start position:0% +know like throw darts you can't bring + + + align:start position:0% +know like throw darts you can't bring +darts anymore in an airplane + + align:start position:0% +darts anymore in an airplane + + + align:start position:0% +darts anymore in an airplane +unfortunately so you'll have to kind of + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately so you'll have to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately so you'll have to kind of +like hold your pen randomly and you + + align:start position:0% +like hold your pen randomly and you + + + align:start position:0% +like hold your pen randomly and you +should see once how like quickly or + + align:start position:0% +should see once how like quickly or + + + align:start position:0% +should see once how like quickly or +slowly you actually approach Pi you get + + align:start position:0% +slowly you actually approach Pi you get + + + align:start position:0% +slowly you actually approach Pi you get +the first few digits pretty quickly + + align:start position:0% +the first few digits pretty quickly + + + align:start position:0% +the first few digits pretty quickly +actually not so bad but then after that + + align:start position:0% +actually not so bad but then after that + + + align:start position:0% +actually not so bad but then after that +of course it goes really slowly because + + align:start position:0% +of course it goes really slowly because + + + align:start position:0% +of course it goes really slowly because +you know potentially to get like the + + align:start position:0% +you know potentially to get like the + + + align:start position:0% +you know potentially to get like the +third digits you're going to have to + + align:start position:0% +third digits you're going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +third digits you're going to have to +like almost do a th000 + + align:start position:0% +like almost do a th000 + + + align:start position:0% +like almost do a th000 +points but you know when you're bored + + align:start position:0% +points but you know when you're bored + + + align:start position:0% +points but you know when you're bored +it's not a bad thing to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so let's talk more about sampling um + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk more about sampling um + + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk more about sampling um +there essentially you know there are + + align:start position:0% +there essentially you know there are + + + align:start position:0% +there essentially you know there are +many ways of sampling but I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +many ways of sampling but I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +many ways of sampling but I'm going to +give you two extremes uh one is called + + align:start position:0% +give you two extremes uh one is called + + + align:start position:0% +give you two extremes uh one is called +Simple sampling one is called important + + align:start position:0% +Simple sampling one is called important + + + align:start position:0% +Simple sampling one is called important +sampling um later in one of the later + + align:start position:0% +sampling um later in one of the later + + + align:start position:0% +sampling um later in one of the later +lectures I sort of show you that you + + align:start position:0% +lectures I sort of show you that you + + + align:start position:0% +lectures I sort of show you that you +could kind of do anything in between as + + align:start position:0% +could kind of do anything in between as + + + align:start position:0% +could kind of do anything in between as +well um so what is simple sampling uh + + align:start position:0% +well um so what is simple sampling uh + + + align:start position:0% +well um so what is simple sampling uh +it's kind of what these previous methods + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of what these previous methods + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of what these previous methods +were you would randomly pick points in + + align:start position:0% +were you would randomly pick points in + + + align:start position:0% +were you would randomly pick points in +your face space okay so if you randomly + + align:start position:0% +your face space okay so if you randomly + + + align:start position:0% +your face space okay so if you randomly +pick points that means now states of + + align:start position:0% +pick points that means now states of + + + align:start position:0% +pick points that means now states of +atoms or whatever the states of your + + align:start position:0% +atoms or whatever the states of your + + + align:start position:0% +atoms or whatever the states of your +system are you have to weigh them with + + align:start position:0% +system are you have to weigh them with + + + align:start position:0% +system are you have to weigh them with +the correct + + align:start position:0% +the correct + + + align:start position:0% +the correct +probability but you could do that so you + + align:start position:0% +probability but you could do that so you + + + align:start position:0% +probability but you could do that so you +could randomly pick States let's say + + align:start position:0% +could randomly pick States let's say + + + align:start position:0% +could randomly pick States let's say +they have some the state is New here the + + align:start position:0% +they have some the state is New here the + + + align:start position:0% +they have some the state is New here the +property in the state is a so the way + + align:start position:0% +property in the state is a so the way + + + align:start position:0% +property in the state is a so the way +you get the average of a is by weighing + + align:start position:0% +you get the average of a is by weighing + + + align:start position:0% +you get the average of a is by weighing +that a with the probability of that + + align:start position:0% +that a with the probability of that + + + align:start position:0% +that a with the probability of that +state and we know how to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +state and we know how to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +state and we know how to calculate the +probability probability we know is + + align:start position:0% +probability probability we know is + + + align:start position:0% +probability probability we know is +proportional to that exponential of + + align:start position:0% +proportional to that exponential of + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to that exponential of +minus beta the + + align:start position:0% +minus beta the + + + align:start position:0% +minus beta the +hamiltonian what I don't know is the + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian what I don't know is the + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian what I don't know is the +partition function that I have to + + align:start position:0% +partition function that I have to + + + align:start position:0% +partition function that I have to +normalize with but what I can do is + + align:start position:0% +normalize with but what I can do is + + + align:start position:0% +normalize with but what I can do is +after I sampled a bunch of States I can + + align:start position:0% +after I sampled a bunch of States I can + + + align:start position:0% +after I sampled a bunch of States I can +literally Define an approximation to my + + align:start position:0% +literally Define an approximation to my + + + align:start position:0% +literally Define an approximation to my +partition function as the sum of that + + align:start position:0% +partition function as the sum of that + + + align:start position:0% +partition function as the sum of that +exponential over all these states that + + align:start position:0% +exponential over all these states that + + + align:start position:0% +exponential over all these states that +are sampled M okay and I need that + + align:start position:0% +are sampled M okay and I need that + + + align:start position:0% +are sampled M okay and I need that +because I need to normalize my + + align:start position:0% +because I need to normalize my + + + align:start position:0% +because I need to normalize my +probabilities to one okay um you know + + align:start position:0% +probabilities to one okay um you know + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities to one okay um you know +simple sampling um it's called Simple + + align:start position:0% +simple sampling um it's called Simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple sampling um it's called Simple +because as I said econ economists use it + + align:start position:0% +because as I said econ economists use it + + + align:start position:0% +because as I said econ economists use it +um but um that was a joke but anyway um + + align:start position:0% +um but um that was a joke but anyway um + + + align:start position:0% +um but um that was a joke but anyway um +you know it works for small spaces small + + align:start position:0% +you know it works for small spaces small + + + align:start position:0% +you know it works for small spaces small +space space it does not work at all for + + align:start position:0% +space space it does not work at all for + + + align:start position:0% +space space it does not work at all for +materials for a reason I'll tell you in + + align:start position:0% +materials for a reason I'll tell you in + + + align:start position:0% +materials for a reason I'll tell you in +a second um and you you you you think + + align:start position:0% +a second um and you you you you think + + + align:start position:0% +a second um and you you you you think +that's obvious did you think that was + + align:start position:0% +that's obvious did you think that was + + + align:start position:0% +that's obvious did you think that was +obvious that simple sampling does not + + align:start position:0% +obvious that simple sampling does not + + + align:start position:0% +obvious that simple sampling does not +work for + + align:start position:0% +work for + + + align:start position:0% +work for +materials who thought that was + + align:start position:0% +materials who thought that was + + + align:start position:0% +materials who thought that was +obvious nobody okay so it's not obvious + + align:start position:0% +obvious nobody okay so it's not obvious + + + align:start position:0% +obvious nobody okay so it's not obvious +good um because otherwise it was a trick + + align:start position:0% +good um because otherwise it was a trick + + + align:start position:0% +good um because otherwise it was a trick +question I'll show you the second that + + align:start position:0% +question I'll show you the second that + + + align:start position:0% +question I'll show you the second that +it's not + + align:start position:0% +it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it's not +obvious but why does it not + + align:start position:0% +obvious but why does it not + + + align:start position:0% +obvious but why does it not +work okay + + align:start position:0% +work okay + + + align:start position:0% +work okay +um you essentially with simple sampling + + align:start position:0% +um you essentially with simple sampling + + + align:start position:0% +um you essentially with simple sampling +pick States um + + align:start position:0% +pick States um + + + align:start position:0% +pick States um +in proportion to their + + align:start position:0% +in proportion to their + + + align:start position:0% +in proportion to their +degeneracy so if you think say of your + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy so if you think say of your + + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy so if you think say of your +spin + + align:start position:0% +spin + + + align:start position:0% +spin +model okay let's say you're in a low + + align:start position:0% +model okay let's say you're in a low + + + align:start position:0% +model okay let's say you're in a low +you're you're studying at at low + + align:start position:0% +you're you're studying at at low + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're studying at at low +temperature where this thing wants to be + + align:start position:0% +temperature where this thing wants to be + + + align:start position:0% +temperature where this thing wants to be +a pherom magnet with all the spins + + align:start position:0% +a pherom magnet with all the spins + + + align:start position:0% +a pherom magnet with all the spins +aligned how would you pick spins well if + + align:start position:0% +aligned how would you pick spins well if + + + align:start position:0% +aligned how would you pick spins well if +you pick them randomly you would never + + align:start position:0% +you pick them randomly you would never + + + align:start position:0% +you pick them randomly you would never +end up with a ferromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +end up with a ferromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +end up with a ferromagnetic +configuration because you pick the spin + + align:start position:0% +configuration because you pick the spin + + + align:start position:0% +configuration because you pick the spin +here up here down here up here down so + + align:start position:0% +here up here down here up here down so + + + align:start position:0% +here up here down here up here down so +you would sample a lot of states in the + + align:start position:0% +you would sample a lot of states in the + + + align:start position:0% +you would sample a lot of states in the +face space but never the Rel + + align:start position:0% +face space but never the Rel + + + align:start position:0% +face space but never the Rel +one okay and typically you you um you + + align:start position:0% +one okay and typically you you um you + + + align:start position:0% +one okay and typically you you um you +pick states with higher entropy and you + + align:start position:0% +pick states with higher entropy and you + + + align:start position:0% +pick states with higher entropy and you +know that because the entropy is + + align:start position:0% +know that because the entropy is + + + align:start position:0% +know that because the entropy is +essentially the log of the multiplicity + + align:start position:0% +essentially the log of the multiplicity + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the log of the multiplicity +it's the laog the entropy at a given + + align:start position:0% +it's the laog the entropy at a given + + + align:start position:0% +it's the laog the entropy at a given +energy is the log of the number of + + align:start position:0% +energy is the log of the number of + + + align:start position:0% +energy is the log of the number of +states at the + + align:start position:0% +states at the + + + align:start position:0% +states at the +energy so remember if you do simple + + align:start position:0% +energy so remember if you do simple + + + align:start position:0% +energy so remember if you do simple +sampling you're going to pick States + + align:start position:0% +sampling you're going to pick States + + + align:start position:0% +sampling you're going to pick States +proportional to + + align:start position:0% +proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to +Omega so you're always going to pick + + align:start position:0% +Omega so you're always going to pick + + + align:start position:0% +Omega so you're always going to pick +states with high energy because we know + + align:start position:0% +states with high energy because we know + + + align:start position:0% +states with high energy because we know +that the log de is 1/ KT is a positive + + align:start position:0% +that the log de is 1/ KT is a positive + + + align:start position:0% +that the log de is 1/ KT is a positive +number so it + + align:start position:0% +number so it + + + align:start position:0% +number so it +means the number of states with a given + + align:start position:0% +means the number of states with a given + + + align:start position:0% +means the number of states with a given +energy is an increasing function of + + align:start position:0% +energy is an increasing function of + + + align:start position:0% +energy is an increasing function of +energy okay so that means that you know + + align:start position:0% +energy okay so that means that you know + + + align:start position:0% +energy okay so that means that you know +if you simple sample you're almost never + + align:start position:0% +if you simple sample you're almost never + + + align:start position:0% +if you simple sample you're almost never +going to pick down here because there + + align:start position:0% +going to pick down here because there + + + align:start position:0% +going to pick down here because there +are almost no States you're always going + + align:start position:0% +are almost no States you're always going + + + align:start position:0% +are almost no States you're always going +to pick up here because there are a lot + + align:start position:0% +to pick up here because there are a lot + + + align:start position:0% +to pick up here because there are a lot +of states there see the parallel with + + align:start position:0% +of states there see the parallel with + + + align:start position:0% +of states there see the parallel with +your spin model is say these are the + + align:start position:0% +your spin model is say these are the + + + align:start position:0% +your spin model is say these are the +ferromagnetic States you know you have + + align:start position:0% +ferromagnetic States you know you have + + + align:start position:0% +ferromagnetic States you know you have +low energy everything is nicely lined up + + align:start position:0% +low energy everything is nicely lined up + + + align:start position:0% +low energy everything is nicely lined up +these are all the random States the + + align:start position:0% +these are all the random States the + + + align:start position:0% +these are all the random States the +paramagnetic states in reality your + + align:start position:0% +paramagnetic states in reality your + + + align:start position:0% +paramagnetic states in reality your +system lives somewhere in + + align:start position:0% +system lives somewhere in + + + align:start position:0% +system lives somewhere in +between okay it lives you know it'll + + align:start position:0% +between okay it lives you know it'll + + + align:start position:0% +between okay it lives you know it'll +have at some temperature it has some + + align:start position:0% +have at some temperature it has some + + + align:start position:0% +have at some temperature it has some +average energy and then it has a + + align:start position:0% +average energy and then it has a + + + align:start position:0% +average energy and then it has a +fluctuation of energy around it okay so + + align:start position:0% +fluctuation of energy around it okay so + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuation of energy around it okay so +in your real system kind of samples + + align:start position:0% +in your real system kind of samples + + + align:start position:0% +in your real system kind of samples +these states and you're always hanging + + align:start position:0% +these states and you're always hanging + + + align:start position:0% +these states and you're always hanging +out here okay you're always sampling the + + align:start position:0% +out here okay you're always sampling the + + + align:start position:0% +out here okay you're always sampling the +wrong + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing see if you had said that this was + + align:start position:0% +thing see if you had said that this was + + + align:start position:0% +thing see if you had said that this was +obvious that it wouldn't work I would + + align:start position:0% +obvious that it wouldn't work I would + + + align:start position:0% +obvious that it wouldn't work I would +have thrown this at you um here's a + + align:start position:0% +have thrown this at you um here's a + + + align:start position:0% +have thrown this at you um here's a +paper from a famous physicist that I + + align:start position:0% +paper from a famous physicist that I + + + align:start position:0% +paper from a famous physicist that I +respect very well but he was so wrong um + + align:start position:0% +respect very well but he was so wrong um + + + align:start position:0% +respect very well but he was so wrong um +um this was somebody who you know who's + + align:start position:0% +um this was somebody who you know who's + + + align:start position:0% +um this was somebody who you know who's +been great in density functional theory + + align:start position:0% +been great in density functional theory + + + align:start position:0% +been great in density functional theory +has done beautiful work in it and at + + align:start position:0% +has done beautiful work in it and at + + + align:start position:0% +has done beautiful work in it and at +some point tried to do a phase diagram + + align:start position:0% +some point tried to do a phase diagram + + + align:start position:0% +some point tried to do a phase diagram +and realized of course I blanked out the + + align:start position:0% +and realized of course I blanked out the + + + align:start position:0% +and realized of course I blanked out the +name out of respect so but of course you + + align:start position:0% +name out of respect so but of course you + + + align:start position:0% +name out of respect so but of course you +could find + + align:start position:0% +could find + + + align:start position:0% +could find +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know they were really good at doing + + align:start position:0% +you know they were really good at doing + + + align:start position:0% +you know they were really good at doing +quantum mechanics and getting energies + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics and getting energies + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics and getting energies +of states and they wanted to get free + + align:start position:0% +of states and they wanted to get free + + + align:start position:0% +of states and they wanted to get free +energies now at finite temperature this + + align:start position:0% +energies now at finite temperature this + + + align:start position:0% +energies now at finite temperature this +was on the aluminum lithium system you + + align:start position:0% +was on the aluminum lithium system you + + + align:start position:0% +was on the aluminum lithium system you +know I mean this is 1988 this was like + + align:start position:0% +know I mean this is 1988 this was like + + + align:start position:0% +know I mean this is 1988 this was like +if there was any Heyday ever of aluminum + + align:start position:0% +if there was any Heyday ever of aluminum + + + align:start position:0% +if there was any Heyday ever of aluminum +lithium this was it you know everybody + + align:start position:0% +lithium this was it you know everybody + + + align:start position:0% +lithium this was it you know everybody +was working on aluminum lithium because + + align:start position:0% +was working on aluminum lithium because + + + align:start position:0% +was working on aluminum lithium because +everybody thought that was the alloy of + + align:start position:0% +everybody thought that was the alloy of + + + align:start position:0% +everybody thought that was the alloy of +the future because lithium is the + + align:start position:0% +the future because lithium is the + + + align:start position:0% +the future because lithium is the +lightest metal it's the lightest solid + + align:start position:0% +lightest metal it's the lightest solid + + + align:start position:0% +lightest metal it's the lightest solid +in the periodic table so any atom you + + align:start position:0% +in the periodic table so any atom you + + + align:start position:0% +in the periodic table so any atom you +can replace by lithium will make your + + align:start position:0% +can replace by lithium will make your + + + align:start position:0% +can replace by lithium will make your +Alloys lighter so that was a big dream + + align:start position:0% +Alloys lighter so that was a big dream + + + align:start position:0% +Alloys lighter so that was a big dream +you know you could make really light + + align:start position:0% +you know you could make really light + + + align:start position:0% +you know you could make really light +airplanes and whatever you know and or + + align:start position:0% +airplanes and whatever you know and or + + + align:start position:0% +airplanes and whatever you know and or +COA built enormous capacity for making + + align:start position:0% +COA built enormous capacity for making + + + align:start position:0% +COA built enormous capacity for making +aluminum lithium Alloys Etc and it never + + align:start position:0% +aluminum lithium Alloys Etc and it never + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum lithium Alloys Etc and it never +panned out turn out you couldn't weld + + align:start position:0% +panned out turn out you couldn't weld + + + align:start position:0% +panned out turn out you couldn't weld +them very well and they have really bad + + align:start position:0% +them very well and they have really bad + + + align:start position:0% +them very well and they have really bad +fatigue resistance so you really don't + + align:start position:0% +fatigue resistance so you really don't + + + align:start position:0% +fatigue resistance so you really don't +want to make an airplane out of them + + align:start position:0% +want to make an airplane out of them + + + align:start position:0% +want to make an airplane out of them +ironically they make the doors of + + align:start position:0% +ironically they make the doors of + + + align:start position:0% +ironically they make the doors of +airplanes out of them I I never know how + + align:start position:0% +airplanes out of them I I never know how + + + align:start position:0% +airplanes out of them I I never know how +they figure that one out and um the seat + + align:start position:0% +they figure that one out and um the seat + + + align:start position:0% +they figure that one out and um the seat +frames you know you know there's + + align:start position:0% +frames you know you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +frames you know you know there's +aluminum what the seat is supported on + + align:start position:0% +aluminum what the seat is supported on + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum what the seat is supported on +is out of aluminum lithium but the doors + + align:start position:0% +is out of aluminum lithium but the doors + + + align:start position:0% +is out of aluminum lithium but the doors +always scares me I sit by the door and I + + align:start position:0% +always scares me I sit by the door and I + + + align:start position:0% +always scares me I sit by the door and I +know this is aluminum lithium which has + + align:start position:0% +know this is aluminum lithium which has + + + align:start position:0% +know this is aluminum lithium which has +poor fatigue resistance and very poor + + align:start position:0% +poor fatigue resistance and very poor + + + align:start position:0% +poor fatigue resistance and very poor +welding characteristics but anyway so + + align:start position:0% +welding characteristics but anyway so + + + align:start position:0% +welding characteristics but anyway so +everybody worked on aluminum + + align:start position:0% +everybody worked on aluminum + + + align:start position:0% +everybody worked on aluminum +lithium um and so these guys were good + + align:start position:0% +lithium um and so these guys were good + + + align:start position:0% +lithium um and so these guys were good +at doing quantum mechanics so how did + + align:start position:0% +at doing quantum mechanics so how did + + + align:start position:0% +at doing quantum mechanics so how did +they get the phas diagram they they + + align:start position:0% +they get the phas diagram they they + + + align:start position:0% +they get the phas diagram they they +actually took a + + align:start position:0% +actually took a + + + align:start position:0% +actually took a +box of atoms and randomly made up + + align:start position:0% +box of atoms and randomly made up + + + align:start position:0% +box of atoms and randomly made up +configurations and then calculated the + + align:start position:0% +configurations and then calculated the + + + align:start position:0% +configurations and then calculated the +energy with Quant mechanic so this was + + align:start position:0% +energy with Quant mechanic so this was + + + align:start position:0% +energy with Quant mechanic so this was +essentially simple sampling and you know + + align:start position:0% +essentially simple sampling and you know + + + align:start position:0% +essentially simple sampling and you know +then they sum that and got the partition + + align:start position:0% +then they sum that and got the partition + + + align:start position:0% +then they sum that and got the partition +function if you have the partition + + align:start position:0% +function if you have the partition + + + align:start position:0% +function if you have the partition +function of the free energy and this was + + align:start position:0% +function of the free energy and this was + + + align:start position:0% +function of the free energy and this was +the phase diagram that came out to the + + align:start position:0% +the phase diagram that came out to the + + + align:start position:0% +the phase diagram that came out to the +right um it sort of violates all kinds + + align:start position:0% +right um it sort of violates all kinds + + + align:start position:0% +right um it sort of violates all kinds +of phase rules and it's completely + + align:start position:0% +of phase rules and it's completely + + + align:start position:0% +of phase rules and it's completely +wrong and so it's not that obvious that + + align:start position:0% +wrong and so it's not that obvious that + + + align:start position:0% +wrong and so it's not that obvious that +simple sampling doesn't work because + + align:start position:0% +simple sampling doesn't work because + + + align:start position:0% +simple sampling doesn't work because +even the best people have done + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it I like this example this comes out of + + align:start position:0% +it I like this example this comes out of + + + align:start position:0% +it I like this example this comes out of +a great book this is the book by + + align:start position:0% +a great book this is the book by + + + align:start position:0% +a great book this is the book by +Franklin Smith and I'll show you a a + + align:start position:0% +Franklin Smith and I'll show you a a + + + align:start position:0% +Franklin Smith and I'll show you a a +list of reference at the end it's a + + align:start position:0% +list of reference at the end it's a + + + align:start position:0% +list of reference at the end it's a +great book on Mont Carlo if you want to + + align:start position:0% +great book on Mont Carlo if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +great book on Mont Carlo if you want to +delve deeper into it um they have this + + align:start position:0% +delve deeper into it um they have this + + + align:start position:0% +delve deeper into it um they have this +great analogy of simple Sample versus + + align:start position:0% +great analogy of simple Sample versus + + + align:start position:0% +great analogy of simple Sample versus +important sampling um the question is um + + align:start position:0% +important sampling um the question is um + + + align:start position:0% +important sampling um the question is um +how do you measure the average depth of + + align:start position:0% +how do you measure the average depth of + + + align:start position:0% +how do you measure the average depth of +the Nile + + align:start position:0% +the Nile + + + align:start position:0% +the Nile +River and simple sampling is essentially + + align:start position:0% +River and simple sampling is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +River and simple sampling is essentially +well you know the Nile is in Africa so + + align:start position:0% +well you know the Nile is in Africa so + + + align:start position:0% +well you know the Nile is in Africa so +you you just walk around Africa with a a + + align:start position:0% +you you just walk around Africa with a a + + + align:start position:0% +you you just walk around Africa with a a +dipstick and you sort of measure how + + align:start position:0% +dipstick and you sort of measure how + + + align:start position:0% +dipstick and you sort of measure how +deep the Nile is um so of course most + + align:start position:0% +deep the Nile is um so of course most + + + align:start position:0% +deep the Nile is um so of course most +most of the time you're not in the Nile + + align:start position:0% +most of the time you're not in the Nile + + + align:start position:0% +most of the time you're not in the Nile +so you get a lot of zeros okay so what's + + align:start position:0% +so you get a lot of zeros okay so what's + + + align:start position:0% +so you get a lot of zeros okay so what's +the smarter way to do it the smarter way + + align:start position:0% +the smarter way to do it the smarter way + + + align:start position:0% +the smarter way to do it the smarter way +is to First find the + + align:start position:0% +is to First find the + + + align:start position:0% +is to First find the +Nile okay that's putting a bias on your + + align:start position:0% +Nile okay that's putting a bias on your + + + align:start position:0% +Nile okay that's putting a bias on your +sample you really want to get to the + + align:start position:0% +sample you really want to get to the + + + align:start position:0% +sample you really want to get to the +Nile okay and then once you're in the + + align:start position:0% +Nile okay and then once you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +Nile okay and then once you're in the +Nile you want to stay in the Nile so + + align:start position:0% +Nile you want to stay in the Nile so + + + align:start position:0% +Nile you want to stay in the Nile so +that means you still want to have kind + + align:start position:0% +that means you still want to have kind + + + align:start position:0% +that means you still want to have kind +of some amount of Randomness to walk + + align:start position:0% +of some amount of Randomness to walk + + + align:start position:0% +of some amount of Randomness to walk +around in the Nile otherwise you're not + + align:start position:0% +around in the Nile otherwise you're not + + + align:start position:0% +around in the Nile otherwise you're not +getting the average depth of denial but + + align:start position:0% +getting the average depth of denial but + + + align:start position:0% +getting the average depth of denial but +you want to be biased so you stay in it + + align:start position:0% +you want to be biased so you stay in it + + + align:start position:0% +you want to be biased so you stay in it +okay and that's the idea idea of + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's the idea idea of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's the idea idea of +important sampling remember what what is + + align:start position:0% +important sampling remember what what is + + + align:start position:0% +important sampling remember what what is +important sampling you want to sample + + align:start position:0% +important sampling you want to sample + + + align:start position:0% +important sampling you want to sample +the important States those are the ones + + align:start position:0% +the important States those are the ones + + + align:start position:0% +the important States those are the ones +with low energy if you're if you want to + + align:start position:0% +with low energy if you're if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +with low energy if you're if you want to +set up a you know a thermically relevant + + align:start position:0% +set up a you know a thermically relevant + + + align:start position:0% +set up a you know a thermically relevant +Ensemble obviously you know that your + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble obviously you know that your + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble obviously you know that your +system spends most of its time in the + + align:start position:0% +system spends most of its time in the + + + align:start position:0% +system spends most of its time in the +states with low energy and then + + align:start position:0% +states with low energy and then + + + align:start position:0% +states with low energy and then +fluctuates around it so you want to get + + align:start position:0% +fluctuates around it so you want to get + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuates around it so you want to get +to the low energy and stay around it + + align:start position:0% +to the low energy and stay around it + + + align:start position:0% +to the low energy and stay around it +okay so you want to sample with bias and + + align:start position:0% +okay so you want to sample with bias and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you want to sample with bias and +then correct your probabilities for that + + align:start position:0% +then correct your probabilities for that + + + align:start position:0% +then correct your probabilities for that +bias that's the whole + + align:start position:0% +bias that's the whole + + + align:start position:0% +bias that's the whole +idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so uh here's the idea of important + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh here's the idea of important + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh here's the idea of important +sampling U remember in a random sample + + align:start position:0% +sampling U remember in a random sample + + + align:start position:0% +sampling U remember in a random sample +you pick randomly and to average a + + align:start position:0% +you pick randomly and to average a + + + align:start position:0% +you pick randomly and to average a +property you multip you weigh the + + align:start position:0% +property you multip you weigh the + + + align:start position:0% +property you multip you weigh the +property in each state with the correct + + align:start position:0% +property in each state with the correct + + + align:start position:0% +property in each state with the correct +probability now if you think about it + + align:start position:0% +probability now if you think about it + + + align:start position:0% +probability now if you think about it +maybe what the best sample we could make + + align:start position:0% +maybe what the best sample we could make + + + align:start position:0% +maybe what the best sample we could make +is couldn't we sample right away with + + align:start position:0% +is couldn't we sample right away with + + + align:start position:0% +is couldn't we sample right away with +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +probability so could we sample with a + + align:start position:0% +probability so could we sample with a + + + align:start position:0% +probability so could we sample with a +probability that's directly proportional + + align:start position:0% +probability that's directly proportional + + + align:start position:0% +probability that's directly proportional +to the real probability the state should + + align:start position:0% +to the real probability the state should + + + align:start position:0% +to the real probability the state should +have in The Ensemble so if you do that + + align:start position:0% +have in The Ensemble so if you do that + + + align:start position:0% +have in The Ensemble so if you do that +if you could sample these states with + + align:start position:0% +if you could sample these states with + + + align:start position:0% +if you could sample these states with +the prob probability then the the their + + align:start position:0% +the prob probability then the the their + + + align:start position:0% +the prob probability then the the their +average is just determined by by summing + + align:start position:0% +average is just determined by by summing + + + align:start position:0% +average is just determined by by summing +them by a trivial average okay so does + + align:start position:0% +them by a trivial average okay so does + + + align:start position:0% +them by a trivial average okay so does +every see the difference in simple + + align:start position:0% +every see the difference in simple + + + align:start position:0% +every see the difference in simple +sampling you randomly pick things in + + align:start position:0% +sampling you randomly pick things in + + + align:start position:0% +sampling you randomly pick things in +important sampling you right away try to + + align:start position:0% +important sampling you right away try to + + + align:start position:0% +important sampling you right away try to +shoot for getting them with the proper + + align:start position:0% +shoot for getting them with the proper + + + align:start position:0% +shoot for getting them with the proper +probability so the low energy states a + + align:start position:0% +probability so the low energy states a + + + align:start position:0% +probability so the low energy states a +lot more than the high energy states + + align:start position:0% +lot more than the high energy states + + + align:start position:0% +lot more than the high energy states +keep that in mind there will be + + align:start position:0% +keep that in mind there will be + + + align:start position:0% +keep that in mind there will be +properties where you need the high + + align:start position:0% +properties where you need the high + + + align:start position:0% +properties where you need the high +energy states and then you're going to + + align:start position:0% +energy states and then you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +energy states and then you're going to +have to adjust your Mont Carlo sampling + + align:start position:0% +have to adjust your Mont Carlo sampling + + + align:start position:0% +have to adjust your Mont Carlo sampling +algorithm to go there okay because you + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to go there okay because you + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm to go there okay because you +know in some cases maybe some properties + + align:start position:0% +know in some cases maybe some properties + + + align:start position:0% +know in some cases maybe some properties +are determines by extrema in your + + align:start position:0% +are determines by extrema in your + + + align:start position:0% +are determines by extrema in your +distribution maybe it's when it gets to + + align:start position:0% +distribution maybe it's when it gets to + + + align:start position:0% +distribution maybe it's when it gets to +a certain energy your system does + + align:start position:0% +a certain energy your system does + + + align:start position:0% +a certain energy your system does +something weird if if you want to see + + align:start position:0% +something weird if if you want to see + + + align:start position:0% +something weird if if you want to see +that then you should bias your system + + align:start position:0% +that then you should bias your system + + + align:start position:0% +that then you should bias your system +towards there okay but if we're + + align:start position:0% +towards there okay but if we're + + + align:start position:0% +towards there okay but if we're +interested in just thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +interested in just thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +interested in just thermodynamic +Behavior we want to sample around the + + align:start position:0% +Behavior we want to sample around the + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior we want to sample around the +energy minimum okay so um how there are + + align:start position:0% +energy minimum okay so um how there are + + + align:start position:0% +energy minimum okay so um how there are +various ways that you can construct the + + align:start position:0% +various ways that you can construct the + + + align:start position:0% +various ways that you can construct the +probability weighted sample okay uh a + + align:start position:0% +probability weighted sample okay uh a + + + align:start position:0% +probability weighted sample okay uh a +common way is What's called the + + align:start position:0% +common way is What's called the + + + align:start position:0% +common way is What's called the +Metropolis algorithm and this is um the + + align:start position:0% +Metropolis algorithm and this is um the + + + align:start position:0% +Metropolis algorithm and this is um the +one we'll use pretty much exclusively in + + align:start position:0% +one we'll use pretty much exclusively in + + + align:start position:0% +one we'll use pretty much exclusively in +the chord um and the idea is that you + + align:start position:0% +the chord um and the idea is that you + + + align:start position:0% +the chord um and the idea is that you +know you construct what's called a mark + + align:start position:0% +know you construct what's called a mark + + + align:start position:0% +know you construct what's called a mark +of chain which is really just a a + + align:start position:0% +of chain which is really just a a + + + align:start position:0% +of chain which is really just a a +sequence of + + align:start position:0% +sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of +States um where over a long time if you + + align:start position:0% +States um where over a long time if you + + + align:start position:0% +States um where over a long time if you +do it long enough you visit each state + + align:start position:0% +do it long enough you visit each state + + + align:start position:0% +do it long enough you visit each state +with a proper + + align:start position:0% +with a proper + + + align:start position:0% +with a proper +probability um so I'm going to Define + + align:start position:0% +probability um so I'm going to Define + + + align:start position:0% +probability um so I'm going to Define +two quantities and then I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +two quantities and then I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +two quantities and then I'm going to +sort of tell you what what rules they + + align:start position:0% +sort of tell you what what rules they + + + align:start position:0% +sort of tell you what what rules they +should obey um so obviously you have to + + align:start position:0% +should obey um so obviously you have to + + + align:start position:0% +should obey um so obviously you have to +start with some State well in a + + align:start position:0% +start with some State well in a + + + align:start position:0% +start with some State well in a +metropolis you can pick that state + + align:start position:0% +metropolis you can pick that state + + + align:start position:0% +metropolis you can pick that state +randomly so I'll call that state I um + + align:start position:0% +randomly so I'll call that state I um + + + align:start position:0% +randomly so I'll call that state I um +then you have to pick a new state called + + align:start position:0% +then you have to pick a new state called + + + align:start position:0% +then you have to pick a new state called +A J from I and the the rate at which we + + align:start position:0% +A J from I and the the rate at which we + + + align:start position:0% +A J from I and the the rate at which we +pick that state I call Omega not I to J + + align:start position:0% +pick that state I call Omega not I to J + + + align:start position:0% +pick that state I call Omega not I to J +okay um but you don't always accept that + + align:start position:0% +okay um but you don't always accept that + + + align:start position:0% +okay um but you don't always accept that +state you accept that with some + + align:start position:0% +state you accept that with some + + + align:start position:0% +state you accept that with some +probability Pi I going to J so the total + + align:start position:0% +probability Pi I going to J so the total + + + align:start position:0% +probability Pi I going to J so the total +transfer rate how many times do you pick + + align:start position:0% +transfer rate how many times do you pick + + + align:start position:0% +transfer rate how many times do you pick +J from I and put it in the mark of chain + + align:start position:0% +J from I and put it in the mark of chain + + + align:start position:0% +J from I and put it in the mark of chain +is determined by the product of these + + align:start position:0% +is determined by the product of these + + + align:start position:0% +is determined by the product of these +two okay it's times you actually pick it + + align:start position:0% +two okay it's times you actually pick it + + + align:start position:0% +two okay it's times you actually pick it +as a possible transfer State times the + + align:start position:0% +as a possible transfer State times the + + + align:start position:0% +as a possible transfer State times the +success rate in getting there and that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +p + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the two conditions that a + + align:start position:0% +okay the two conditions that a + + + align:start position:0% +okay the two conditions that a +metropolis algorithm has to + + align:start position:0% +metropolis algorithm has to + + + align:start position:0% +metropolis algorithm has to +satisfy are typically these two the + + align:start position:0% +satisfy are typically these two the + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy are typically these two the +first one isn't actually a real + + align:start position:0% +first one isn't actually a real + + + align:start position:0% +first one isn't actually a real +Condition it's just sort of a practical + + align:start position:0% +Condition it's just sort of a practical + + + align:start position:0% +Condition it's just sort of a practical +one to work with um usually people look + + align:start position:0% +one to work with um usually people look + + + align:start position:0% +one to work with um usually people look +for what's called equal a priority + + align:start position:0% +for what's called equal a priority + + + align:start position:0% +for what's called equal a priority +probabilities um what that means is that + + align:start position:0% +probabilities um what that means is that + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities um what that means is that +the rate at which you pick J from I + + align:start position:0% +the rate at which you pick J from I + + + align:start position:0% +the rate at which you pick J from I +should be the same as the rate at which + + align:start position:0% +should be the same as the rate at which + + + align:start position:0% +should be the same as the rate at which +you pick I from J + + align:start position:0% +you pick I from J + + + align:start position:0% +you pick I from J +that's actually not absolutely necessary + + align:start position:0% +that's actually not absolutely necessary + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually not absolutely necessary +but if you don't satisfy this you have + + align:start position:0% +but if you don't satisfy this you have + + + align:start position:0% +but if you don't satisfy this you have +you have to correct later on and we'll + + align:start position:0% +you have to correct later on and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +you have to correct later on and we'll +do that two lectures from now we'll give + + align:start position:0% +do that two lectures from now we'll give + + + align:start position:0% +do that two lectures from now we'll give +you an example of that but it's easiest + + align:start position:0% +you an example of that but it's easiest + + + align:start position:0% +you an example of that but it's easiest +to work with equal priority + + align:start position:0% +to work with equal priority + + + align:start position:0% +to work with equal priority +probabilities um in most this is a + + align:start position:0% +probabilities um in most this is a + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities um in most this is a +condition that's amazingly easily + + align:start position:0% +condition that's amazingly easily + + + align:start position:0% +condition that's amazingly easily +satisfied you'll see that uh next + + align:start position:0% +satisfied you'll see that uh next + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied you'll see that uh next +lecture we'll do some examples of comple + + align:start position:0% +lecture we'll do some examples of comple + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we'll do some examples of comple +complicated Monte Carlo moves and it's + + align:start position:0% +complicated Monte Carlo moves and it's + + + align:start position:0% +complicated Monte Carlo moves and it's +hard to violate this one actually you + + align:start position:0% +hard to violate this one actually you + + + align:start position:0% +hard to violate this one actually you +have to work on it but it does happen U + + align:start position:0% +have to work on it but it does happen U + + + align:start position:0% +have to work on it but it does happen U +the more important one is what what's + + align:start position:0% +the more important one is what what's + + + align:start position:0% +the more important one is what what's +called detailed balance uh detailed + + align:start position:0% +called detailed balance uh detailed + + + align:start position:0% +called detailed balance uh detailed +balance is that uh the rate at which you + + align:start position:0% +balance is that uh the rate at which you + + + align:start position:0% +balance is that uh the rate at which you +actually transfer from I to J and the + + align:start position:0% +actually transfer from I to J and the + + + align:start position:0% +actually transfer from I to J and the +rate at which you transfer from J to I + + align:start position:0% +rate at which you transfer from J to I + + + align:start position:0% +rate at which you transfer from J to I +has to be inverse inversely proportional + + align:start position:0% +has to be inverse inversely proportional + + + align:start position:0% +has to be inverse inversely proportional +to the probability that you're in the + + align:start position:0% +to the probability that you're in the + + + align:start position:0% +to the probability that you're in the +initial state so essentially you know + + align:start position:0% +initial state so essentially you know + + + align:start position:0% +initial state so essentially you know +the rate at which you go from I to J + + align:start position:0% +the rate at which you go from I to J + + + align:start position:0% +the rate at which you go from I to J +over the rate at which you go from J to + + align:start position:0% +over the rate at which you go from J to + + + align:start position:0% +over the rate at which you go from J to +I has to equal um PJ over Pi I where + + align:start position:0% +I has to equal um PJ over Pi I where + + + align:start position:0% +I has to equal um PJ over Pi I where +these are the probabilities that you are + + align:start position:0% +these are the probabilities that you are + + + align:start position:0% +these are the probabilities that you are +in that state um it's actually fairly + + align:start position:0% +in that state um it's actually fairly + + + align:start position:0% +in that state um it's actually fairly +easy to convince yourself that if that's + + align:start position:0% +easy to convince yourself that if that's + + + align:start position:0% +easy to convince yourself that if that's +true you're going to get a correct end + + align:start position:0% +true you're going to get a correct end + + + align:start position:0% +true you're going to get a correct end +up with a correct probability + + align:start position:0% +up with a correct probability + + + align:start position:0% +up with a correct probability +distribution I mean think about it if + + align:start position:0% +distribution I mean think about it if + + + align:start position:0% +distribution I mean think about it if +you look at this + + align:start position:0% +you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +you look at this +carefully what is this really saying + + align:start position:0% +carefully what is this really saying + + + align:start position:0% +carefully what is this really saying +that if you were doing a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that if you were doing a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that if you were doing a lot of +samplings like in + + align:start position:0% +samplings like in + + + align:start position:0% +samplings like in +parallel um this gives you a steady + + align:start position:0% +parallel um this gives you a steady + + + align:start position:0% +parallel um this gives you a steady +state distribution of States because if + + align:start position:0% +state distribution of States because if + + + align:start position:0% +state distribution of States because if +you look at the left hand side of the + + align:start position:0% +you look at the left hand side of the + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the left hand side of the +green box that's the number of times + + align:start position:0% +green box that's the number of times + + + align:start position:0% +green box that's the number of times +you're going out of eye into + + align:start position:0% +you're going out of eye into + + + align:start position:0% +you're going out of eye into +J okay because it's the probability that + + align:start position:0% +J okay because it's the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +J okay because it's the probability that +you're in I times the rate at which you + + align:start position:0% +you're in I times the rate at which you + + + align:start position:0% +you're in I times the rate at which you +transfer to + + align:start position:0% +transfer to + + + align:start position:0% +transfer to +J and the right hand side is the + + align:start position:0% +J and the right hand side is the + + + align:start position:0% +J and the right hand side is the +probability at the rate at which you go + + align:start position:0% +probability at the rate at which you go + + + align:start position:0% +probability at the rate at which you go +from J to I which is first of all you + + align:start position:0% +from J to I which is first of all you + + + align:start position:0% +from J to I which is first of all you +have to be in J otherwise you can't go + + align:start position:0% +have to be in J otherwise you can't go + + + align:start position:0% +have to be in J otherwise you can't go +from J to I times the rate W ji the rate + + align:start position:0% +from J to I times the rate W ji the rate + + + align:start position:0% +from J to I times the rate W ji the rate +at which you go from J to I okay so when + + align:start position:0% +at which you go from J to I okay so when + + + align:start position:0% +at which you go from J to I okay so when +these two are equal you sort of have a + + align:start position:0% +these two are equal you sort of have a + + + align:start position:0% +these two are equal you sort of have a +an a net zero flow of probability + + align:start position:0% +an a net zero flow of probability + + + align:start position:0% +an a net zero flow of probability +density so you have a steady state + + align:start position:0% +density so you have a steady state + + + align:start position:0% +density so you have a steady state +distribution if this holds for all pair + + align:start position:0% +distribution if this holds for all pair + + + align:start position:0% +distribution if this holds for all pair +of States i j your probability + + align:start position:0% +of States i j your probability + + + align:start position:0% +of States i j your probability +distribution isn't changing anymore so + + align:start position:0% +distribution isn't changing anymore so + + + align:start position:0% +distribution isn't changing anymore so +you end up with a steady state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um you can be fairly creative about how + + align:start position:0% +um you can be fairly creative about how + + + align:start position:0% +um you can be fairly creative about how +you make Metropolis + + align:start position:0% +you make Metropolis + + + align:start position:0% +you make Metropolis +algorithms um but here's a very simple + + align:start position:0% +algorithms um but here's a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms um but here's a very simple +one uh which you'll often see in a lot + + align:start position:0% +one uh which you'll often see in a lot + + + align:start position:0% +one uh which you'll often see in a lot +of mon Carlo codes um so you first have + + align:start position:0% +of mon Carlo codes um so you first have + + + align:start position:0% +of mon Carlo codes um so you first have +to design + + align:start position:0% +to design + + + align:start position:0% +to design +some call it some pick rate some rate at + + align:start position:0% +some call it some pick rate some rate at + + + align:start position:0% +some call it some pick rate some rate at +which you choose new States from I so + + align:start position:0% +which you choose new States from I so + + + align:start position:0% +which you choose new States from I so +that's that's Omega not okay so you have + + align:start position:0% +that's that's Omega not okay so you have + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's Omega not okay so you have +to have some mechanism for picking + + align:start position:0% +to have some mechanism for picking + + + align:start position:0% +to have some mechanism for picking +potential uh + + align:start position:0% +potential uh + + + align:start position:0% +potential uh +moves so Omega not I to + + align:start position:0% +moves so Omega not I to + + + align:start position:0% +moves so Omega not I to +J and then you have to have an + + align:start position:0% +J and then you have to have an + + + align:start position:0% +J and then you have to have an +acceptance criteria and a typical + + align:start position:0% +acceptance criteria and a typical + + + align:start position:0% +acceptance criteria and a typical +acceptance criteria is that um you + + align:start position:0% +acceptance criteria is that um you + + + align:start position:0% +acceptance criteria is that um you +accept so the probability from I to J is + + align:start position:0% +accept so the probability from I to J is + + + align:start position:0% +accept so the probability from I to J is +one that means you definitely accept + + align:start position:0% +one that means you definitely accept + + + align:start position:0% +one that means you definitely accept +when the energy goes down so when the + + align:start position:0% +when the energy goes down so when the + + + align:start position:0% +when the energy goes down so when the +new state has lower energy than I than + + align:start position:0% +new state has lower energy than I than + + + align:start position:0% +new state has lower energy than I than +the previous state and if the new + + align:start position:0% +the previous state and if the new + + + align:start position:0% +the previous state and if the new +state has higher energy than the initial + + align:start position:0% +state has higher energy than the initial + + + align:start position:0% +state has higher energy than the initial +State then you accept with a bolman + + align:start position:0% +State then you accept with a bolman + + + align:start position:0% +State then you accept with a bolman +factor okay so then you accept with a + + align:start position:0% +factor okay so then you accept with a + + + align:start position:0% +factor okay so then you accept with a +certain + + align:start position:0% +certain + + + align:start position:0% +certain +probability um you can easily show that + + align:start position:0% +probability um you can easily show that + + + align:start position:0% +probability um you can easily show that +this satisfies detailed balance because + + align:start position:0% +this satisfies detailed balance because + + + align:start position:0% +this satisfies detailed balance because +if you let's see if I can squeeze this + + align:start position:0% +if you let's see if I can squeeze this + + + align:start position:0% +if you let's see if I can squeeze this +in here detailed balance says that + + align:start position:0% +in here detailed balance says that + + + align:start position:0% +in here detailed balance says that +essentially p i p i to J has to equal + + align:start position:0% +essentially p i p i to J has to equal + + + align:start position:0% +essentially p i p i to J has to equal +PJ PJ to + + align:start position:0% +PJ PJ to + + + align:start position:0% +PJ PJ to +I okay well + + align:start position:0% +I okay well + + + align:start position:0% +I okay well +Pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um is um the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exponential of minus beta + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus beta + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus beta +I over the partition function Pi I to J + + align:start position:0% +I over the partition function Pi I to J + + + align:start position:0% +I over the partition function Pi I to J +let's assume that I is the state with + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that I is the state with + + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that I is the state with +lower energy is + + align:start position:0% +lower energy is + + + align:start position:0% +lower energy is +one that has to + + align:start position:0% +one that has to + + + align:start position:0% +one that has to +equal PJ which is the exponential sorry + + align:start position:0% +equal PJ which is the exponential sorry + + + align:start position:0% +equal PJ which is the exponential sorry +for my poor writing here this pen is U + + align:start position:0% +for my poor writing here this pen is U + + + align:start position:0% +for my poor writing here this pen is U +displaced from where I see + + align:start position:0% +displaced from where I see + + + align:start position:0% +displaced from where I see +it this is exponential minus beta + + align:start position:0% +it this is exponential minus beta + + + align:start position:0% +it this is exponential minus beta +EJ over Z time P J which is the + + align:start position:0% +EJ over Z time P J which is the + + + align:start position:0% +EJ over Z time P J which is the +exponential you know I'm going to write + + align:start position:0% +exponential you know I'm going to write + + + align:start position:0% +exponential you know I'm going to write +below here the + + align:start position:0% +below here the + + + align:start position:0% +below here the +exponential of minus + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus +beta e i minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +EJ okay this EJ cancels with this + + align:start position:0% +EJ okay this EJ cancels with this + + + align:start position:0% +EJ okay this EJ cancels with this +one and so you get the the exponential + + align:start position:0% +one and so you get the the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +one and so you get the the exponential +of minus beta EI equals the exponential + + align:start position:0% +of minus beta EI equals the exponential + + + align:start position:0% +of minus beta EI equals the exponential +of minus beta EI so this this set of + + align:start position:0% +of minus beta EI so this this set of + + + align:start position:0% +of minus beta EI so this this set of +transfer rates satisfies detail balance + + align:start position:0% +transfer rates satisfies detail balance + + + align:start position:0% +transfer rates satisfies detail balance +okay in a in an almost trivial + + align:start position:0% +okay in a in an almost trivial + + + align:start position:0% +okay in a in an almost trivial +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +okay so how would you practically + + align:start position:0% +okay so how would you practically + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how would you practically +Implement a metropolis algorithm for + + align:start position:0% +Implement a metropolis algorithm for + + + align:start position:0% +Implement a metropolis algorithm for +sampling face space you know you would + + align:start position:0% +sampling face space you know you would + + + align:start position:0% +sampling face space you know you would +start with some + + align:start position:0% +start with some + + + align:start position:0% +start with some +configuration you would choose a + + align:start position:0% +configuration you would choose a + + + align:start position:0% +configuration you would choose a +perturbation of the system so that's + + align:start position:0% +perturbation of the system so that's + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation of the system so that's +essentially determine your mechanism for + + align:start position:0% +essentially determine your mechanism for + + + align:start position:0% +essentially determine your mechanism for +picking Omega not IJ you compute the + + align:start position:0% +picking Omega not IJ you compute the + + + align:start position:0% +picking Omega not IJ you compute the +energy for that + + align:start position:0% +energy for that + + + align:start position:0% +energy for that +perturbation if it's if the change is + + align:start position:0% +perturbation if it's if the change is + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation if it's if the change is +negative you accept the + + align:start position:0% +negative you accept the + + + align:start position:0% +negative you accept the +perturbation if it's positive you accept + + align:start position:0% +perturbation if it's positive you accept + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation if it's positive you accept +it with some + + align:start position:0% +it with some + + + align:start position:0% +it with some +probability okay and then you go on and + + align:start position:0% +probability okay and then you go on and + + + align:start position:0% +probability okay and then you go on and +you choose the next perturb + + align:start position:0% +you choose the next perturb + + + align:start position:0% +you choose the next perturb +and so you essentially cycle this so you + + align:start position:0% +and so you essentially cycle this so you + + + align:start position:0% +and so you essentially cycle this so you +build up a sequence of States this is + + align:start position:0% +build up a sequence of States this is + + + align:start position:0% +build up a sequence of States this is +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +sample + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay this must be a penum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +286 it's checking the equations + + align:start position:0% +286 it's checking the equations + + + align:start position:0% +286 it's checking the equations +that's okay um so what you will get then + + align:start position:0% +that's okay um so what you will get then + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay um so what you will get then +is some property as a function of sample + + align:start position:0% +is some property as a function of sample + + + align:start position:0% +is some property as a function of sample +size or sampling which is often called + + align:start position:0% +size or sampling which is often called + + + align:start position:0% +size or sampling which is often called +Mal Carlo time which is very confusing + + align:start position:0% +Mal Carlo time which is very confusing + + + align:start position:0% +Mal Carlo time which is very confusing +because this is not a dynamical + + align:start position:0% +because this is not a dynamical + + + align:start position:0% +because this is not a dynamical +trajectory you're it's you could think + + align:start position:0% +trajectory you're it's you could think + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory you're it's you could think +think of it as a trajectory through + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a trajectory through + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as a trajectory through +phase space but there's nothing here + + align:start position:0% +phase space but there's nothing here + + + align:start position:0% +phase space but there's nothing here +that says that it's a dynamical + + align:start position:0% +that says that it's a dynamical + + + align:start position:0% +that says that it's a dynamical +trajectory I'm going to later confuse + + align:start position:0% +trajectory I'm going to later confuse + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory I'm going to later confuse +you even more and talk about what's + + align:start position:0% +you even more and talk about what's + + + align:start position:0% +you even more and talk about what's +called kinetic Monte Carlo which is a + + align:start position:0% +called kinetic Monte Carlo which is a + + + align:start position:0% +called kinetic Monte Carlo which is a +way of like mimicking Dynamics with + + align:start position:0% +way of like mimicking Dynamics with + + + align:start position:0% +way of like mimicking Dynamics with +Monte Carlo but standard Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo but standard Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo but standard Monte Carlo +sampling has nothing to do with kinetics + + align:start position:0% +sampling has nothing to do with kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +sampling has nothing to do with kinetics +okay it's an efficient way to sample + + align:start position:0% +okay it's an efficient way to sample + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's an efficient way to sample +face space so you know you'll you'll go + + align:start position:0% +face space so you know you'll you'll go + + + align:start position:0% +face space so you know you'll you'll go +through some property um and then you + + align:start position:0% +through some property um and then you + + + align:start position:0% +through some property um and then you +just essentially track the average uh + + align:start position:0% +just essentially track the average uh + + + align:start position:0% +just essentially track the average uh +typically what people do is they often + + align:start position:0% +typically what people do is they often + + + align:start position:0% +typically what people do is they often +uh just for practical consideration cut + + align:start position:0% +uh just for practical consideration cut + + + align:start position:0% +uh just for practical consideration cut +off the first part and remove it because + + align:start position:0% +off the first part and remove it because + + + align:start position:0% +off the first part and remove it because +remember you started with a random + + align:start position:0% +remember you started with a random + + + align:start position:0% +remember you started with a random +State um you may be very far away from + + align:start position:0% +State um you may be very far away from + + + align:start position:0% +State um you may be very far away from +the low energy State and so by cutting + + align:start position:0% +the low energy State and so by cutting + + + align:start position:0% +the low energy State and so by cutting +that off the the first part you often + + align:start position:0% +that off the the first part you often + + + align:start position:0% +that off the the first part you often +get a much faster um relaxation of the + + align:start position:0% +get a much faster um relaxation of the + + + align:start position:0% +get a much faster um relaxation of the +average because the the the initial + + align:start position:0% +average because the the the initial + + + align:start position:0% +average because the the the initial +state may have really very high energy + + align:start position:0% +state may have really very high energy + + + align:start position:0% +state may have really very high energy +and thereby some weird property and so + + align:start position:0% +and thereby some weird property and so + + + align:start position:0% +and thereby some weird property and so +uh you only start sampling after the + + align:start position:0% +uh you only start sampling after the + + + align:start position:0% +uh you only start sampling after the +system has relaxed towards the minimum + + align:start position:0% +system has relaxed towards the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +system has relaxed towards the minimum +um so you'll often talk about in Monte + + align:start position:0% +um so you'll often talk about in Monte + + + align:start position:0% +um so you'll often talk about in Monte +Carlo you know people using a certain + + align:start position:0% +Carlo you know people using a certain + + + align:start position:0% +Carlo you know people using a certain +amount of equilibration passes and after + + align:start position:0% +amount of equilibration passes and after + + + align:start position:0% +amount of equilibration passes and after +that a certain amount of sampling passes + + align:start position:0% +that a certain amount of sampling passes + + + align:start position:0% +that a certain amount of sampling passes +and you only average over the sampling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +passes okay so let's go through this for + + align:start position:0% +passes okay so let's go through this for + + + align:start position:0% +passes okay so let's go through this for +a very simple magnetic model how would + + align:start position:0% +a very simple magnetic model how would + + + align:start position:0% +a very simple magnetic model how would +you do it in a magnetic model in the + + align:start position:0% +you do it in a magnetic model in the + + + align:start position:0% +you do it in a magnetic model in the +simple eating model well you know you + + align:start position:0% +simple eating model well you know you + + + align:start position:0% +simple eating model well you know you +could randomly initialize the spin say + + align:start position:0% +could randomly initialize the spin say + + + align:start position:0% +could randomly initialize the spin say +you could start with that you could also + + align:start position:0% +you could start with that you could also + + + align:start position:0% +you could start with that you could also +start with the paramagnetic + + align:start position:0% +start with the paramagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +start with the paramagnetic +configuration the closer you start to + + align:start position:0% +configuration the closer you start to + + + align:start position:0% +configuration the closer you start to +your equilibrium State the faster this + + align:start position:0% +your equilibrium State the faster this + + + align:start position:0% +your equilibrium State the faster this +is going to go um an obvious + + align:start position:0% +is going to go um an obvious + + + align:start position:0% +is going to go um an obvious +perturbation is you pick a spin and you + + align:start position:0% +perturbation is you pick a spin and you + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation is you pick a spin and you +say flip it over so if it was up you + + align:start position:0% +say flip it over so if it was up you + + + align:start position:0% +say flip it over so if it was up you +make it down if it was down you make it + + align:start position:0% +make it down if it was down you make it + + + align:start position:0% +make it down if it was down you make it +up calculate the energy for perturbation + + align:start position:0% +up calculate the energy for perturbation + + + align:start position:0% +up calculate the energy for perturbation +if it goes down you accept it if it + + align:start position:0% +if it goes down you accept it if it + + + align:start position:0% +if it goes down you accept it if it +doesn't you accept it with a certain + + align:start position:0% +doesn't you accept it with a certain + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't you accept it with a certain +Bolton probability and you go back and + + align:start position:0% +Bolton probability and you go back and + + + align:start position:0% +Bolton probability and you go back and +as you can see you can do this very fast + + align:start position:0% +as you can see you can do this very fast + + + align:start position:0% +as you can see you can do this very fast +if you think of like you know think + + align:start position:0% +if you think of like you know think + + + align:start position:0% +if you think of like you know think +computer code now how you write this + + align:start position:0% +computer code now how you write this + + + align:start position:0% +computer code now how you write this +these are operations you know you have + + align:start position:0% +these are operations you know you have + + + align:start position:0% +these are operations you know you have +to calculate a random number to randomly + + align:start position:0% +to calculate a random number to randomly + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate a random number to randomly +pick a spin in the lce or two if it's a + + align:start position:0% +pick a spin in the lce or two if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +pick a spin in the lce or two if it's a +two dimensional you have to compute the + + align:start position:0% +two dimensional you have to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +two dimensional you have to compute the +energy but your Hamilton is just like J + + align:start position:0% +energy but your Hamilton is just like J + + + align:start position:0% +energy but your Hamilton is just like J +Sigma I Sigma J that goes really fast + + align:start position:0% +Sigma I Sigma J that goes really fast + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma I Sigma J that goes really fast +it's like multiplying a few + + align:start position:0% +it's like multiplying a few + + + align:start position:0% +it's like multiplying a few +numbers and then you have to compute + + align:start position:0% +numbers and then you have to compute + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and then you have to compute +that exponential also so you can cycle + + align:start position:0% +that exponential also so you can cycle + + + align:start position:0% +that exponential also so you can cycle +this through literally millions of times + + align:start position:0% +this through literally millions of times + + + align:start position:0% +this through literally millions of times +per second on a modern computer um you + + align:start position:0% +per second on a modern computer um you + + + align:start position:0% +per second on a modern computer um you +know on a even on a very basic computer + + align:start position:0% +know on a even on a very basic computer + + + align:start position:0% +know on a even on a very basic computer +if you did just this two-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +if you did just this two-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +if you did just this two-dimensional +icing MO it well you could do probably + + align:start position:0% +icing MO it well you could do probably + + + align:start position:0% +icing MO it well you could do probably +50 million of these per second okay so + + align:start position:0% +50 million of these per second okay so + + + align:start position:0% +50 million of these per second okay so +that's how fast you can sample through + + align:start position:0% +that's how fast you can sample through + + + align:start position:0% +that's how fast you can sample through +your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ensemble so here's what comes out here's + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble so here's what comes out here's + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble so here's what comes out here's +like real output um so this is the 2D + + align:start position:0% +like real output um so this is the 2D + + + align:start position:0% +like real output um so this is the 2D +Square lce model I showed you uh the + + align:start position:0% +Square lce model I showed you uh the + + + align:start position:0% +Square lce model I showed you uh the +temperature is in units of J over K so + + align:start position:0% +temperature is in units of J over K so + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is in units of J over K so +the interaction Conant over the bolman + + align:start position:0% +the interaction Conant over the bolman + + + align:start position:0% +the interaction Conant over the bolman +constant so KT over JAL 2 that's + + align:start position:0% +constant so KT over JAL 2 that's + + + align:start position:0% +constant so KT over JAL 2 that's +actually below the cury temperature of + + align:start position:0% +actually below the cury temperature of + + + align:start position:0% +actually below the cury temperature of +this model so this is a ferromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +this model so this is a ferromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +this model so this is a ferromagnetic +model and so if you heat it up it would + + align:start position:0% +model and so if you heat it up it would + + + align:start position:0% +model and so if you heat it up it would +go paramagnetic at some point this is + + align:start position:0% +go paramagnetic at some point this is + + + align:start position:0% +go paramagnetic at some point this is +still below that temperature but it's + + align:start position:0% +still below that temperature but it's + + + align:start position:0% +still below that temperature but it's +not far the the transition temperature + + align:start position:0% +not far the the transition temperature + + + align:start position:0% +not far the the transition temperature +would be about 2.23 or something like + + align:start position:0% +would be about 2.23 or something like + + + align:start position:0% +would be about 2.23 or something like +that 2.24 in this model so you're below + + align:start position:0% +that 2.24 in this model so you're below + + + align:start position:0% +that 2.24 in this model so you're below +the paramagnetic transition temperature + + align:start position:0% +the paramagnetic transition temperature + + + align:start position:0% +the paramagnetic transition temperature +but not much so I started it up randomly + + align:start position:0% +but not much so I started it up randomly + + + align:start position:0% +but not much so I started it up randomly +I think um and so you know the energy is + + align:start position:0% +I think um and so you know the energy is + + + align:start position:0% +I think um and so you know the energy is +sort of high it kind of fluctuates for a + + align:start position:0% +sort of high it kind of fluctuates for a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of high it kind of fluctuates for a +while and then starts going down + + align:start position:0% +while and then starts going down + + + align:start position:0% +while and then starts going down +and here it seems to relax fairly well + + align:start position:0% +and here it seems to relax fairly well + + + align:start position:0% +and here it seems to relax fairly well +and then it just kind of fluctuates + + align:start position:0% +and then it just kind of fluctuates + + + align:start position:0% +and then it just kind of fluctuates +around the average okay and um you know + + align:start position:0% +around the average okay and um you know + + + align:start position:0% +around the average okay and um you know +you average this and youd get the energy + + align:start position:0% +you average this and youd get the energy + + + align:start position:0% +you average this and youd get the energy +if you want to know the + + align:start position:0% +if you want to know the + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to know the +magnetization well you would keep track + + align:start position:0% +magnetization well you would keep track + + + align:start position:0% +magnetization well you would keep track +of the magnetization which is sort of + + align:start position:0% +of the magnetization which is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of the magnetization which is sort of +the difference between how much up spin + + align:start position:0% +the difference between how much up spin + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between how much up spin +do I have and how much down spin do I + + align:start position:0% +do I have and how much down spin do I + + + align:start position:0% +do I have and how much down spin do I +have you track that and this is that + + align:start position:0% +have you track that and this is that + + + align:start position:0% +have you track that and this is that +that quantity as a function of + + align:start position:0% +that quantity as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +that quantity as a function of +temperature and see it's clearly pherom + + align:start position:0% +temperature and see it's clearly pherom + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and see it's clearly pherom +magnetic you have preferred up spin + + align:start position:0% +magnetic you have preferred up spin + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic you have preferred up spin +slowly goes down with temperature and + + align:start position:0% +slowly goes down with temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +slowly goes down with temperature and +then this is the transition temperature + + align:start position:0% +then this is the transition temperature + + + align:start position:0% +then this is the transition temperature +it's the paramagnetic transition + + align:start position:0% +it's the paramagnetic transition + + + align:start position:0% +it's the paramagnetic transition +temperature beautiful second order + + align:start position:0% +temperature beautiful second order + + + align:start position:0% +temperature beautiful second order +transition okay so just to give an idea + + align:start position:0% +transition okay so just to give an idea + + + align:start position:0% +transition okay so just to give an idea +doing this with mon Carlo is a onepage + + align:start position:0% +doing this with mon Carlo is a onepage + + + align:start position:0% +doing this with mon Carlo is a onepage +code I mean you know without the bells + + align:start position:0% +code I mean you know without the bells + + + align:start position:0% +code I mean you know without the bells +and whistles and and you know it runs + + align:start position:0% +and whistles and and you know it runs + + + align:start position:0% +and whistles and and you know it runs +before you blink I mean it's so fast + + align:start position:0% +before you blink I mean it's so fast + + + align:start position:0% +before you blink I mean it's so fast +that you would sample + + align:start position:0% +that you would sample + + + align:start position:0% +that you would sample +this okay um how do you detect phase + + align:start position:0% +this okay um how do you detect phase + + + align:start position:0% +this okay um how do you detect phase +transitions um it's sort of a critical + + align:start position:0% +transitions um it's sort of a critical + + + align:start position:0% +transitions um it's sort of a critical +issue in you know in any simulation + + align:start position:0% +issue in you know in any simulation + + + align:start position:0% +issue in you know in any simulation +method to be honest um where you do mon + + align:start position:0% +method to be honest um where you do mon + + + align:start position:0% +method to be honest um where you do mon +Carlo all mirac Dynamics It's s one + + align:start position:0% +Carlo all mirac Dynamics It's s one + + + align:start position:0% +Carlo all mirac Dynamics It's s one +thing to look at the atoms and it's + + align:start position:0% +thing to look at the atoms and it's + + + align:start position:0% +thing to look at the atoms and it's +another thing to figure out exactly what + + align:start position:0% +another thing to figure out exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +another thing to figure out exactly what +they're doing um you may have even seen + + align:start position:0% +they're doing um you may have even seen + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing um you may have even seen +that uh if you try to do things like + + align:start position:0% +that uh if you try to do things like + + + align:start position:0% +that uh if you try to do things like +melting with M Dynamics it's not trivial + + align:start position:0% +melting with M Dynamics it's not trivial + + + align:start position:0% +melting with M Dynamics it's not trivial +to exactly find where the atoms melt + + align:start position:0% +to exactly find where the atoms melt + + + align:start position:0% +to exactly find where the atoms melt +because what you do you just stare at + + align:start position:0% +because what you do you just stare at + + + align:start position:0% +because what you do you just stare at +them uh but it seems kind of a fairly + + align:start position:0% +them uh but it seems kind of a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +them uh but it seems kind of a fairly +random decision about you know let's say + + align:start position:0% +random decision about you know let's say + + + align:start position:0% +random decision about you know let's say +I gave you this lce model um and I asked + + align:start position:0% +I gave you this lce model um and I asked + + + align:start position:0% +I gave you this lce model um and I asked +you you know where does it become + + align:start position:0% +you you know where does it become + + + align:start position:0% +you you know where does it become +disordered where is the paramagnetic + + align:start position:0% +disordered where is the paramagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +disordered where is the paramagnetic +transition temperature um you could just + + align:start position:0% +transition temperature um you could just + + + align:start position:0% +transition temperature um you could just +stare at spins and but you know I'll + + align:start position:0% +stare at spins and but you know I'll + + + align:start position:0% +stare at spins and but you know I'll +tell you when you're close to that + + align:start position:0% +tell you when you're close to that + + + align:start position:0% +tell you when you're close to that +transition just below and just above it + + align:start position:0% +transition just below and just above it + + + align:start position:0% +transition just below and just above it +looks pretty similar and one is still + + align:start position:0% +looks pretty similar and one is still + + + align:start position:0% +looks pretty similar and one is still +the ferromagnetic phase the other one's + + align:start position:0% +the ferromagnetic phase the other one's + + + align:start position:0% +the ferromagnetic phase the other one's +the antiferromagnetic phas so you need a + + align:start position:0% +the antiferromagnetic phas so you need a + + + align:start position:0% +the antiferromagnetic phas so you need a +more systematic way of looking at phas + + align:start position:0% +more systematic way of looking at phas + + + align:start position:0% +more systematic way of looking at phas +Transitions and the beauty is you can do + + align:start position:0% +Transitions and the beauty is you can do + + + align:start position:0% +Transitions and the beauty is you can do +that through the thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +that through the thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +that through the thermodynamic +quantities you sample uh if you sample + + align:start position:0% +quantities you sample uh if you sample + + + align:start position:0% +quantities you sample uh if you sample +the energy + + align:start position:0% +the energy + + + align:start position:0% +the energy +you typically use the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +you typically use the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +you typically use the fact that the +energy is discontinuous at first order + + align:start position:0% +energy is discontinuous at first order + + + align:start position:0% +energy is discontinuous at first order +transitions uh it's not so at second + + align:start position:0% +transitions uh it's not so at second + + + align:start position:0% +transitions uh it's not so at second +order transitions uh if you work at + + align:start position:0% +order transitions uh if you work at + + + align:start position:0% +order transitions uh if you work at +constant chemical potential and I'll + + align:start position:0% +constant chemical potential and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +constant chemical potential and I'll +come to that later is often a useful + + align:start position:0% +come to that later is often a useful + + + align:start position:0% +come to that later is often a useful +thing to do in Monte Carlo it tends to + + align:start position:0% +thing to do in Monte Carlo it tends to + + + align:start position:0% +thing to do in Monte Carlo it tends to +equilibrate faster uh you will have + + align:start position:0% +equilibrate faster uh you will have + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrate faster uh you will have +concentration discontinuities at first + + align:start position:0% +concentration discontinuities at first + + + align:start position:0% +concentration discontinuities at first +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +transition + + align:start position:0% +transition + + + align:start position:0% +transition +um another thing to usually track is the + + align:start position:0% +um another thing to usually track is the + + + align:start position:0% +um another thing to usually track is the +heat capacity of the system uh the heat + + align:start position:0% +heat capacity of the system uh the heat + + + align:start position:0% +heat capacity of the system uh the heat +capacity is the fluctuation of the + + align:start position:0% +capacity is the fluctuation of the + + + align:start position:0% +capacity is the fluctuation of the +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +um if you go back let's see can I go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back okay the heat capacity is + + align:start position:0% +back okay the heat capacity is + + + align:start position:0% +back okay the heat capacity is +essentially a measure of how much you + + align:start position:0% +essentially a measure of how much you + + + align:start position:0% +essentially a measure of how much you +fluctuate around the + + align:start position:0% +fluctuate around the + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuate around the +average it's your Sigma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squar okay so the heat capacity defined + + align:start position:0% +squar okay so the heat capacity defined + + + align:start position:0% +squar okay so the heat capacity defined +as the fluctuation of the energy so e^2 + + align:start position:0% +as the fluctuation of the energy so e^2 + + + align:start position:0% +as the fluctuation of the energy so e^2 +average minus E average squ um that + + align:start position:0% +average minus E average squ um that + + + align:start position:0% +average minus E average squ um that +tends to show singularities at second + + align:start position:0% +tends to show singularities at second + + + align:start position:0% +tends to show singularities at second +order transitions but it's even useful + + align:start position:0% +order transitions but it's even useful + + + align:start position:0% +order transitions but it's even useful +often to spot first order transitions + + align:start position:0% +often to spot first order transitions + + + align:start position:0% +often to spot first order transitions +even though it's a little harder to I'll + + align:start position:0% +even though it's a little harder to I'll + + + align:start position:0% +even though it's a little harder to I'll +show you a lot of sort of case studies + + align:start position:0% +show you a lot of sort of case studies + + + align:start position:0% +show you a lot of sort of case studies +and examples on more complicated systems + + align:start position:0% +and examples on more complicated systems + + + align:start position:0% +and examples on more complicated systems +later on but for example here's the heat + + align:start position:0% +later on but for example here's the heat + + + align:start position:0% +later on but for example here's the heat +capacity of that 2D model as a function + + align:start position:0% +capacity of that 2D model as a function + + + align:start position:0% +capacity of that 2D model as a function +of normalized temperature um so notice + + align:start position:0% +of normalized temperature um so notice + + + align:start position:0% +of normalized temperature um so notice +how the heat capacity forms the + + align:start position:0% +how the heat capacity forms the + + + align:start position:0% +how the heat capacity forms the +transition is here of course about 2.24 + + align:start position:0% +transition is here of course about 2.24 + + + align:start position:0% +transition is here of course about 2.24 +or so de has a beautiful Singularity a + + align:start position:0% +or so de has a beautiful Singularity a + + + align:start position:0% +or so de has a beautiful Singularity a +log this is actually a logarithmic + + align:start position:0% +log this is actually a logarithmic + + + align:start position:0% +log this is actually a logarithmic +Divergence to Infinity so you can't miss + + align:start position:0% +Divergence to Infinity so you can't miss + + + align:start position:0% +Divergence to Infinity so you can't miss +this um transition even if you tried you + + align:start position:0% +this um transition even if you tried you + + + align:start position:0% +this um transition even if you tried you +wouldn't miss it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um there's a great Java program on the + + align:start position:0% +um there's a great Java program on the + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a great Java program on the +web that does two-dimensional ltis mods + + align:start position:0% +web that does two-dimensional ltis mods + + + align:start position:0% +web that does two-dimensional ltis mods +if you're on a play with it and you can + + align:start position:0% +if you're on a play with it and you can + + + align:start position:0% +if you're on a play with it and you can +literally like type in temperatures and + + align:start position:0% +literally like type in temperatures and + + + align:start position:0% +literally like type in temperatures and +interaction strengths and it just + + align:start position:0% +interaction strengths and it just + + + align:start position:0% +interaction strengths and it just +simulates on the screen for you and + + align:start position:0% +simulates on the screen for you and + + + align:start position:0% +simulates on the screen for you and +plots like uh thermodynamic quantities + + align:start position:0% +plots like uh thermodynamic quantities + + + align:start position:0% +plots like uh thermodynamic quantities +so pretty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool okay um so in the last bit of time + + align:start position:0% +cool okay um so in the last bit of time + + + align:start position:0% +cool okay um so in the last bit of time +I want to + + align:start position:0% +I want to + + + align:start position:0% +I want to +um go through some variants of this + + align:start position:0% +um go through some variants of this + + + align:start position:0% +um go through some variants of this +latus model how we use it for other + + align:start position:0% +latus model how we use it for other + + + align:start position:0% +latus model how we use it for other +fields and then in the next lecture I'll + + align:start position:0% +fields and then in the next lecture I'll + + + align:start position:0% +fields and then in the next lecture I'll +I'll I'll pick up on that + + align:start position:0% +I'll I'll pick up on that + + + align:start position:0% +I'll I'll pick up on that +um like I said before you can use this + + align:start position:0% +um like I said before you can use this + + + align:start position:0% +um like I said before you can use this +for any that has essentially two states + + align:start position:0% +for any that has essentially two states + + + align:start position:0% +for any that has essentially two states +on a fixed + + align:start position:0% +on a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +on a fixed +topology um so like I said you could use + + align:start position:0% +topology um so like I said you could use + + + align:start position:0% +topology um so like I said you could use +it for a and b happens on a lce it's + + align:start position:0% +it for a and b happens on a lce it's + + + align:start position:0% +it for a and b happens on a lce it's +very often used for surface absorption + + align:start position:0% +very often used for surface absorption + + + align:start position:0% +very often used for surface absorption +as well if you think if you say you have + + align:start position:0% +as well if you think if you say you have + + + align:start position:0% +as well if you think if you say you have +a surface let's say this is a you know a + + align:start position:0% +a surface let's say this is a you know a + + + align:start position:0% +a surface let's say this is a you know a +triangular latus so that could be the + + align:start position:0% +triangular latus so that could be the + + + align:start position:0% +triangular latus so that could be the +surface sides on a 111 FCC metal like + + align:start position:0% +surface sides on a 111 FCC metal like + + + align:start position:0% +surface sides on a 111 FCC metal like +you know platinum or padium um if you + + align:start position:0% +you know platinum or padium um if you + + + align:start position:0% +you know platinum or padium um if you +want to sort of if stuff can + + align:start position:0% +want to sort of if stuff can + + + align:start position:0% +want to sort of if stuff can +absorb on the lce sides and now you can + + align:start position:0% +absorb on the lce sides and now you can + + + align:start position:0% +absorb on the lce sides and now you can +really see that my pen is + + align:start position:0% +really see that my pen is + + + align:start position:0% +really see that my pen is +miscalibrated I'm drawing on the lce + + align:start position:0% +miscalibrated I'm drawing on the lce + + + align:start position:0% +miscalibrated I'm drawing on the lce +points um so if you want to know if + + align:start position:0% +points um so if you want to know if + + + align:start position:0% +points um so if you want to know if +stuff absorbs well you see that becomes + + align:start position:0% +stuff absorbs well you see that becomes + + + align:start position:0% +stuff absorbs well you see that becomes +a binary problem at each you want to + + align:start position:0% +a binary problem at each you want to + + + align:start position:0% +a binary problem at each you want to +know is there an absorbent there or not + + align:start position:0% +know is there an absorbent there or not + + + align:start position:0% +know is there an absorbent there or not +so you can define a binary variable and + + align:start position:0% +so you can define a binary variable and + + + align:start position:0% +so you can define a binary variable and +it's plus or minus one doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +it's plus or minus one doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +it's plus or minus one doesn't matter +people often + + align:start position:0% +people often + + + align:start position:0% +people often +write uh things in not spin variables + + align:start position:0% +write uh things in not spin variables + + + align:start position:0% +write uh things in not spin variables +but occupation + + align:start position:0% +but occupation + + + align:start position:0% +but occupation +variables uh which are maybe a little + + align:start position:0% +variables uh which are maybe a little + + + align:start position:0% +variables uh which are maybe a little +more natural they're mathematically less + + align:start position:0% +more natural they're mathematically less + + + align:start position:0% +more natural they're mathematically less +elegant but you could say the occupation + + align:start position:0% +elegant but you could say the occupation + + + align:start position:0% +elegant but you could say the occupation +variable is one when the side is + + align:start position:0% +variable is one when the side is + + + align:start position:0% +variable is one when the side is +occupied and is zero when the side is + + align:start position:0% +occupied and is zero when the side is + + + align:start position:0% +occupied and is zero when the side is +not the advantage of that is that you + + align:start position:0% +not the advantage of that is that you + + + align:start position:0% +not the advantage of that is that you +only get + + align:start position:0% +only get + + + align:start position:0% +only get +interaction when two things are occupied + + align:start position:0% +interaction when two things are occupied + + + align:start position:0% +interaction when two things are occupied +so one occupied side with one occupied + + align:start position:0% +so one occupied side with one occupied + + + align:start position:0% +so one occupied side with one occupied +side gives you no contribution to the + + align:start position:0% +side gives you no contribution to the + + + align:start position:0% +side gives you no contribution to the +hamiltonian because one of the p is zero + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian because one of the p is zero + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian because one of the p is zero +whereas if you use spins then this is + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you use spins then this is + + + align:start position:0% +whereas if you use spins then this is +say plus plus one and this is minus one + + align:start position:0% +say plus plus one and this is minus one + + + align:start position:0% +say plus plus one and this is minus one +so it gives you a contribution to the + + align:start position:0% +so it gives you a contribution to the + + + align:start position:0% +so it gives you a contribution to the +hamiltonian mathematically it all works + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian mathematically it all works + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian mathematically it all works +out but it's a little more + + align:start position:0% +out but it's a little more + + + align:start position:0% +out but it's a little more +confusing + + align:start position:0% +confusing + + + align:start position:0% +confusing +um so you can even write that out for a + + align:start position:0% +um so you can even write that out for a + + + align:start position:0% +um so you can even write that out for a +binary alloy you can sum over the + + align:start position:0% +binary alloy you can sum over the + + + align:start position:0% +binary alloy you can sum over the +probability that you have a B Bonds on + + align:start position:0% +probability that you have a B Bonds on + + + align:start position:0% +probability that you have a B Bonds on +IG and multiply with the ab interaction + + align:start position:0% +IG and multiply with the ab interaction + + + align:start position:0% +IG and multiply with the ab interaction +you can multip you can get the + + align:start position:0% +you can multip you can get the + + + align:start position:0% +you can multip you can get the +probability that it's AA and multiply + + align:start position:0% +probability that it's AA and multiply + + + align:start position:0% +probability that it's AA and multiply +with the AA interaction and you get the + + align:start position:0% +with the AA interaction and you get the + + + align:start position:0% +with the AA interaction and you get the +probability that it's VB and multiply + + align:start position:0% +probability that it's VB and multiply + + + align:start position:0% +probability that it's VB and multiply +with the VB + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interaction okay + + align:start position:0% +interaction okay + + + align:start position:0% +interaction okay +um the really I think the coolest thing + + align:start position:0% +um the really I think the coolest thing + + + align:start position:0% +um the really I think the coolest thing +about Monte Carlo is that you have + + align:start position:0% +about Monte Carlo is that you have + + + align:start position:0% +about Monte Carlo is that you have +enormous degrees of free them about the + + align:start position:0% +enormous degrees of free them about the + + + align:start position:0% +enormous degrees of free them about the +moves you do these are essentially the + + align:start position:0% +moves you do these are essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +moves you do these are essentially the +perturbations you attempt to get to the + + align:start position:0% +perturbations you attempt to get to the + + + align:start position:0% +perturbations you attempt to get to the +next state in the Markov chain um and + + align:start position:0% +next state in the Markov chain um and + + + align:start position:0% +next state in the Markov chain um and +the one thing you should never do is let + + align:start position:0% +the one thing you should never do is let + + + align:start position:0% +the one thing you should never do is let +yourself be guided there or constrained + + align:start position:0% +yourself be guided there or constrained + + + align:start position:0% +yourself be guided there or constrained +by physical principles people often do + + align:start position:0% +by physical principles people often do + + + align:start position:0% +by physical principles people often do +moves that they think are physical but + + align:start position:0% +moves that they think are physical but + + + align:start position:0% +moves that they think are physical but +remember it's not the point to do a + + align:start position:0% +remember it's not the point to do a + + + align:start position:0% +remember it's not the point to do a +physical move the point is to + + align:start position:0% +physical move the point is to + + + align:start position:0% +physical move the point is to +efficiently sample face + + align:start position:0% +efficiently sample face + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently sample face +space and so on the spin model while you + + align:start position:0% +space and so on the spin model while you + + + align:start position:0% +space and so on the spin model while you +think you know the spin going from up to + + align:start position:0% +think you know the spin going from up to + + + align:start position:0% +think you know the spin going from up to +down or vice versa is a physical move + + align:start position:0% +down or vice versa is a physical move + + + align:start position:0% +down or vice versa is a physical move +spins flip up and down all the time but + + align:start position:0% +spins flip up and down all the time but + + + align:start position:0% +spins flip up and down all the time but +in some cases for example it's much more + + align:start position:0% +in some cases for example it's much more + + + align:start position:0% +in some cases for example it's much more +efficient to flip over whole patches of + + align:start position:0% +efficient to flip over whole patches of + + + align:start position:0% +efficient to flip over whole patches of +spin when you're near a second or + + align:start position:0% +spin when you're near a second or + + + align:start position:0% +spin when you're near a second or +transition in the material um the + + align:start position:0% +transition in the material um the + + + align:start position:0% +transition in the material um the +fluctuations in the system are very long + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in the system are very long + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in the system are very long +range so it's sort of like the wind + + align:start position:0% +range so it's sort of like the wind + + + align:start position:0% +range so it's sort of like the wind +blowing to a you know a wheat field or + + align:start position:0% +blowing to a you know a wheat field or + + + align:start position:0% +blowing to a you know a wheat field or +something there are whole patches of + + align:start position:0% +something there are whole patches of + + + align:start position:0% +something there are whole patches of +spins that move together so you'll get + + align:start position:0% +spins that move together so you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +spins that move together so you'll get +much better convergence there if you + + align:start position:0% +much better convergence there if you + + + align:start position:0% +much better convergence there if you +flip whole patches of spin so rather + + align:start position:0% +flip whole patches of spin so rather + + + align:start position:0% +flip whole patches of spin so rather +than attempt in one at a time you could + + align:start position:0% +than attempt in one at a time you could + + + align:start position:0% +than attempt in one at a time you could +say I'm going to attempt 10 at a time + + align:start position:0% +say I'm going to attempt 10 at a time + + + align:start position:0% +say I'm going to attempt 10 at a time +okay close to each other um so you can + + align:start position:0% +okay close to each other um so you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay close to each other um so you can +always pick your Dynamic so I I'll I've + + align:start position:0% +always pick your Dynamic so I I'll I've + + + align:start position:0% +always pick your Dynamic so I I'll I've +given you an examp here's an example of + + align:start position:0% +given you an examp here's an example of + + + align:start position:0% +given you an examp here's an example of +two types of Dynamics let's say you have + + align:start position:0% +two types of Dynamics let's say you have + + + align:start position:0% +two types of Dynamics let's say you have +a and b atoms on a lace okay + + align:start position:0% +a and b atoms on a lace okay + + + align:start position:0% +a and b atoms on a lace okay +um so if you want to equilibrate that + + align:start position:0% +um so if you want to equilibrate that + + + align:start position:0% +um so if you want to equilibrate that +you could pick the obvious Dynamics you + + align:start position:0% +you could pick the obvious Dynamics you + + + align:start position:0% +you could pick the obvious Dynamics you +could um interchange A and + + align:start position:0% +could um interchange A and + + + align:start position:0% +could um interchange A and +B so if you have a lce and you have a + + align:start position:0% +B so if you have a lce and you have a + + + align:start position:0% +B so if you have a lce and you have a +here and B + + align:start position:0% +here and B + + + align:start position:0% +here and B +here you could interchange them that + + align:start position:0% +here you could interchange them that + + + align:start position:0% +here you could interchange them that +could be a possible move okay and it's + + align:start position:0% +could be a possible move okay and it's + + + align:start position:0% +could be a possible move okay and it's +sort of an obvious move because it sort + + align:start position:0% +sort of an obvious move because it sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort of an obvious move because it sort +of mimics diffusion atoms interchange + + align:start position:0% +of mimics diffusion atoms interchange + + + align:start position:0% +of mimics diffusion atoms interchange +and equilibrate like that um that's + + align:start position:0% +and equilibrate like that um that's + + + align:start position:0% +and equilibrate like that um that's +called globber Dynamics on the latus + + align:start position:0% +called globber Dynamics on the latus + + + align:start position:0% +called globber Dynamics on the latus +model um you know turns out that that's + + align:start position:0% +model um you know turns out that that's + + + align:start position:0% +model um you know turns out that that's +useful um but a much faster move to + + align:start position:0% +useful um but a much faster move to + + + align:start position:0% +useful um but a much faster move to +equilibrate is actually exchanging the + + align:start position:0% +equilibrate is actually exchanging the + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrate is actually exchanging the +identity of the atoms so rather than + + align:start position:0% +identity of the atoms so rather than + + + align:start position:0% +identity of the atoms so rather than +interchanging a and b at different + + align:start position:0% +interchanging a and b at different + + + align:start position:0% +interchanging a and b at different +positions you take an atom and if it's a + + align:start position:0% +positions you take an atom and if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +positions you take an atom and if it's a +you try to turn it into B + + align:start position:0% +you try to turn it into B + + + align:start position:0% +you try to turn it into B +and if it's B you try to turn it into a + + align:start position:0% +and if it's B you try to turn it into a + + + align:start position:0% +and if it's B you try to turn it into a +okay that's called kawazaki + + align:start position:0% +okay that's called kawazaki + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's called kawazaki +Dynamics um now you see that if you do + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics um now you see that if you do + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics um now you see that if you do +kawazaki Dynamics you will need some + + align:start position:0% +kawazaki Dynamics you will need some + + + align:start position:0% +kawazaki Dynamics you will need some +kind of chemical potential because in + + align:start position:0% +kind of chemical potential because in + + + align:start position:0% +kind of chemical potential because in +globber Dynamics you can strain the + + align:start position:0% +globber Dynamics you can strain the + + + align:start position:0% +globber Dynamics you can strain the +composition is fixed okay you you just + + align:start position:0% +composition is fixed okay you you just + + + align:start position:0% +composition is fixed okay you you just +interchange the positions of the A and B + + align:start position:0% +interchange the positions of the A and B + + + align:start position:0% +interchange the positions of the A and B +but you're not changing the number of A + + align:start position:0% +but you're not changing the number of A + + + align:start position:0% +but you're not changing the number of A +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +B okay you can serve the concentration + + align:start position:0% +B okay you can serve the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +B okay you can serve the concentration +in kawazaki Dynamics you don't change + + align:start position:0% +in kawazaki Dynamics you don't change + + + align:start position:0% +in kawazaki Dynamics you don't change +the number of parts particles but you do + + align:start position:0% +the number of parts particles but you do + + + align:start position:0% +the number of parts particles but you do +change the concentration of the A and + + align:start position:0% +change the concentration of the A and + + + align:start position:0% +change the concentration of the A and +the B species because whenever I flip a + + align:start position:0% +the B species because whenever I flip a + + + align:start position:0% +the B species because whenever I flip a +to B I'm changing the concentration so + + align:start position:0% +to B I'm changing the concentration so + + + align:start position:0% +to B I'm changing the concentration so +you will need some kind of chemical + + align:start position:0% +you will need some kind of chemical + + + align:start position:0% +you will need some kind of chemical +potential term in your hamiltonian and + + align:start position:0% +potential term in your hamiltonian and + + + align:start position:0% +potential term in your hamiltonian and +that chemical potential term is the + + align:start position:0% +that chemical potential term is the + + + align:start position:0% +that chemical potential term is the +difference in chemical potentials of A + + align:start position:0% +difference in chemical potentials of A + + + align:start position:0% +difference in chemical potentials of A +and B okay so that difference will drive + + align:start position:0% +and B okay so that difference will drive + + + align:start position:0% +and B okay so that difference will drive +the concentration so it's essentially + + align:start position:0% +the concentration so it's essentially + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration so it's essentially +multiplied with the this is essentially + + align:start position:0% +multiplied with the this is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied with the this is essentially +the concentration it's the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +the concentration it's the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration it's the sum of the +probability that you have a on each side + + align:start position:0% +probability that you have a on each side + + + align:start position:0% +probability that you have a on each side +that's essentially the + + align:start position:0% +that's essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +that's essentially the +concentration okay um you find that you + + align:start position:0% +concentration okay um you find that you + + + align:start position:0% +concentration okay um you find that you +know kawazaki Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +know kawazaki Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +know kawazaki Dynamics +equilibrates 100 times faster easily in + + align:start position:0% +equilibrates 100 times faster easily in + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrates 100 times faster easily in +many cases um the reason is that um you + + align:start position:0% +many cases um the reason is that um you + + + align:start position:0% +many cases um the reason is that um you +know if you think about if you started + + align:start position:0% +know if you think about if you started + + + align:start position:0% +know if you think about if you started +with a situation where like you had too + + align:start position:0% +with a situation where like you had too + + + align:start position:0% +with a situation where like you had too +much a in one area and too much B in + + align:start position:0% +much a in one area and too much B in + + + align:start position:0% +much a in one area and too much B in +another if you do globber Dynamics you + + align:start position:0% +another if you do globber Dynamics you + + + align:start position:0% +another if you do globber Dynamics you +can really only equilibrate that system + + align:start position:0% +can really only equilibrate that system + + + align:start position:0% +can really only equilibrate that system +by slowly diffusing these a has to go + + align:start position:0% +by slowly diffusing these a has to go + + + align:start position:0% +by slowly diffusing these a has to go +this way B has to go that way in + + align:start position:0% +this way B has to go that way in + + + align:start position:0% +this way B has to go that way in +kawazaki + + align:start position:0% +kawazaki + + + align:start position:0% +kawazaki +Dynamics you know the a here feels like + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics you know the a here feels like + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics you know the a here feels like +right away that there's too much of it + + align:start position:0% +right away that there's too much of it + + + align:start position:0% +right away that there's too much of it +and it starts turning to B the B here + + align:start position:0% +and it starts turning to B the B here + + + align:start position:0% +and it starts turning to B the B here +starts turning to a and you're done so + + align:start position:0% +starts turning to a and you're done so + + + align:start position:0% +starts turning to a and you're done so +it tends to be a much more efficient way + + align:start position:0% +it tends to be a much more efficient way + + + align:start position:0% +it tends to be a much more efficient way +um this is sort of a generic thing open + + align:start position:0% +um this is sort of a generic thing open + + + align:start position:0% +um this is sort of a generic thing open +systems tend to equilibrate faster than + + align:start position:0% +systems tend to equilibrate faster than + + + align:start position:0% +systems tend to equilibrate faster than +closed + + align:start position:0% +closed + + + align:start position:0% +closed +systems okay so if you can at all make + + align:start position:0% +systems okay so if you can at all make + + + align:start position:0% +systems okay so if you can at all make +your system open and end up with the + + align:start position:0% +your system open and end up with the + + + align:start position:0% +your system open and end up with the +same end result it'll go much faster and + + align:start position:0% +same end result it'll go much faster and + + + align:start position:0% +same end result it'll go much faster and +it's essentially because you give open + + align:start position:0% +it's essentially because you give open + + + align:start position:0% +it's essentially because you give open +systems more degrees of + + align:start position:0% +systems more degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +systems more degrees of +freedom okay you can change the + + align:start position:0% +freedom okay you can change the + + + align:start position:0% +freedom okay you can change the +chemistry of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes not in the thermodynamic limit I + + align:start position:0% +yes not in the thermodynamic limit I + + + align:start position:0% +yes not in the thermodynamic limit I +mean that's sort of a an idea of + + align:start position:0% +mean that's sort of a an idea of + + + align:start position:0% +mean that's sort of a an idea of +statistic mechanics that you get the + + align:start position:0% +statistic mechanics that you get the + + + align:start position:0% +statistic mechanics that you get the +same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +averages you can but but you still so + + align:start position:0% +averages you can but but you still so + + + align:start position:0% +averages you can but but you still so +that'll definitely make it go faster if + + align:start position:0% +that'll definitely make it go faster if + + + align:start position:0% +that'll definitely make it go faster if +you do random exchanges um + + align:start position:0% +you do random exchanges um + + + align:start position:0% +you do random exchanges um +but you still lose efficiency I'll tell + + align:start position:0% +but you still lose efficiency I'll tell + + + align:start position:0% +but you still lose efficiency I'll tell +you why first of all you have to pick um + + align:start position:0% +you why first of all you have to pick um + + + align:start position:0% +you why first of all you have to pick um +a dissimilar pair so if you think about + + align:start position:0% +a dissimilar pair so if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +a dissimilar pair so if you think about +it most of the or half of the time you + + align:start position:0% +it most of the or half of the time you + + + align:start position:0% +it most of the or half of the time you +will pick a similar pair so you will + + align:start position:0% +will pick a similar pair so you will + + + align:start position:0% +will pick a similar pair so you will +pick a here and a here and so you have + + align:start position:0% +pick a here and a here and so you have + + + align:start position:0% +pick a here and a here and so you have +to give up on that move because it's not + + align:start position:0% +to give up on that move because it's not + + + align:start position:0% +to give up on that move because it's not +going to do anything so that's one thing + + align:start position:0% +going to do anything so that's one thing + + + align:start position:0% +going to do anything so that's one thing +that's an an not a a major thing but the + + align:start position:0% +that's an an not a a major thing but the + + + align:start position:0% +that's an an not a a major thing but the +fact that you can fluctuate the + + align:start position:0% +fact that you can fluctuate the + + + align:start position:0% +fact that you can fluctuate the +concentration of your system will in + + align:start position:0% +concentration of your system will in + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of your system will in +many cases still allow you to + + align:start position:0% +many cases still allow you to + + + align:start position:0% +many cases still allow you to +equilibrate faster + + align:start position:0% +equilibrate faster + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrate faster +okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and +usually you know this is not something + + align:start position:0% +usually you know this is not something + + + align:start position:0% +usually you know this is not something +it's a good thing you point out because + + align:start position:0% +it's a good thing you point out because + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good thing you point out because +I haven't talked about it + + align:start position:0% +I haven't talked about it + + + align:start position:0% +I haven't talked about it +um the choice of The Ensemble should not + + align:start position:0% +um the choice of The Ensemble should not + + + align:start position:0% +um the choice of The Ensemble should not +matter for thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +matter for thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +matter for thermodynamic +properties um so anytime you're doing + + align:start position:0% +properties um so anytime you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +properties um so anytime you're doing +something with periodic boundary + + align:start position:0% +something with periodic boundary + + + align:start position:0% +something with periodic boundary +conditions and your objective is to + + align:start position:0% +conditions and your objective is to + + + align:start position:0% +conditions and your objective is to +study the bulk of something you're okay + + align:start position:0% +study the bulk of something you're okay + + + align:start position:0% +study the bulk of something you're okay +when you go to finite systems you know + + align:start position:0% +when you go to finite systems you know + + + align:start position:0% +when you go to finite systems you know +you're studying I don't know the + + align:start position:0% +you're studying I don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +you're studying I don't know the +thermics of nanop particles then The + + align:start position:0% +thermics of nanop particles then The + + + align:start position:0% +thermics of nanop particles then The +Ensemble do + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble do + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble do +matter um the problem is that you run + + align:start position:0% +matter um the problem is that you run + + + align:start position:0% +matter um the problem is that you run +into there is that it's not obvious what + + align:start position:0% +into there is that it's not obvious what + + + align:start position:0% +into there is that it's not obvious what +the right Ensemble is like if you study + + align:start position:0% +the right Ensemble is like if you study + + + align:start position:0% +the right Ensemble is like if you study +a nanop particle now you have to um you + + align:start position:0% +a nanop particle now you have to um you + + + align:start position:0% +a nanop particle now you have to um you +know there is essentially no + + align:start position:0% +know there is essentially no + + + align:start position:0% +know there is essentially no +thermodynamic limit of a nanoparticle + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic limit of a nanoparticle + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic limit of a nanoparticle +it's a finite system by definition and + + align:start position:0% +it's a finite system by definition and + + + align:start position:0% +it's a finite system by definition and +and you just have to sort of figure out + + align:start position:0% +and you just have to sort of figure out + + + align:start position:0% +and you just have to sort of figure out +can it exchange things with it + + align:start position:0% +can it exchange things with it + + + align:start position:0% +can it exchange things with it +environment or not um but in general the + + align:start position:0% +environment or not um but in general the + + + align:start position:0% +environment or not um but in general the +choice of The Ensemble doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +choice of The Ensemble doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +choice of The Ensemble doesn't matter +okay let me sort of skip + + align:start position:0% +okay let me sort of skip + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me sort of skip +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +um you know I've given you examples on a + + align:start position:0% +um you know I've given you examples on a + + + align:start position:0% +um you know I've given you examples on a +latus model right now um but you can of + + align:start position:0% +latus model right now um but you can of + + + align:start position:0% +latus model right now um but you can of +course do off latus mon Carlo um you + + align:start position:0% +course do off latus mon Carlo um you + + + align:start position:0% +course do off latus mon Carlo um you +know for example this is the example of + + align:start position:0% +know for example this is the example of + + + align:start position:0% +know for example this is the example of +a liquid let's say a liquid is a bunch + + align:start position:0% +a liquid let's say a liquid is a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +a liquid let's say a liquid is a bunch +of atoms in a box um and again you could + + align:start position:0% +of atoms in a box um and again you could + + + align:start position:0% +of atoms in a box um and again you could +study them with Mo Dynamics and track + + align:start position:0% +study them with Mo Dynamics and track + + + align:start position:0% +study them with Mo Dynamics and track +them you could also get their + + align:start position:0% +them you could also get their + + + align:start position:0% +them you could also get their +thermodynamic averages just by sampling + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic averages just by sampling + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic averages just by sampling +all the possible positions of the atoms + + align:start position:0% +all the possible positions of the atoms + + + align:start position:0% +all the possible positions of the atoms +okay um so which perturbations would you + + align:start position:0% +okay um so which perturbations would you + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so which perturbations would you +pick again you know anything that's + + align:start position:0% +pick again you know anything that's + + + align:start position:0% +pick again you know anything that's +consistent with the degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the degrees of freedom +of your Ensemble is fine so here an + + align:start position:0% +of your Ensemble is fine so here an + + + align:start position:0% +of your Ensemble is fine so here an +obvious way to do this would be you know + + align:start position:0% +obvious way to do this would be you know + + + align:start position:0% +obvious way to do this would be you know +you pick an + + align:start position:0% +you pick an + + + align:start position:0% +you pick an +atom and you then pick a random + + align:start position:0% +atom and you then pick a random + + + align:start position:0% +atom and you then pick a random +displacement Vector okay so you say you + + align:start position:0% +displacement Vector okay so you say you + + + align:start position:0% +displacement Vector okay so you say you +know I'm going to pick a random + + align:start position:0% +know I'm going to pick a random + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm going to pick a random +displacement vector and that's my + + align:start position:0% +displacement vector and that's my + + + align:start position:0% +displacement vector and that's my +perturbation I calculate the energy it + + align:start position:0% +perturbation I calculate the energy it + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation I calculate the energy it +goes down I accept if it doesn't um I + + align:start position:0% +goes down I accept if it doesn't um I + + + align:start position:0% +goes down I accept if it doesn't um I +don't accept okay um the question is + + align:start position:0% +don't accept okay um the question is + + + align:start position:0% +don't accept okay um the question is +like you know do you truly pick this + + align:start position:0% +like you know do you truly pick this + + + align:start position:0% +like you know do you truly pick this +displacement Vector random but what + + align:start position:0% +displacement Vector random but what + + + align:start position:0% +displacement Vector random but what +about its + + align:start position:0% +about its + + + align:start position:0% +about its +magnitude um You probably pick its + + align:start position:0% +magnitude um You probably pick its + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude um You probably pick its +orientation random but what about its + + align:start position:0% +orientation random but what about its + + + align:start position:0% +orientation random but what about its +magnitude um do you pick it out of the + + align:start position:0% +magnitude um do you pick it out of the + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude um do you pick it out of the +whole box link do you pick it out of a + + align:start position:0% +whole box link do you pick it out of a + + + align:start position:0% +whole box link do you pick it out of a +very small link so typically you you'll + + align:start position:0% +very small link so typically you you'll + + + align:start position:0% +very small link so typically you you'll +do it somehow like you'll pick um a + + align:start position:0% +do it somehow like you'll pick um a + + + align:start position:0% +do it somehow like you'll pick um a +Delta x coordinate out of a range call + + align:start position:0% +Delta x coordinate out of a range call + + + align:start position:0% +Delta x coordinate out of a range call +it um you know - + + align:start position:0% +it um you know - + + + align:start position:0% +it um you know - +a/2 to plus + + align:start position:0% +a/2 to plus + + + align:start position:0% +a/2 to plus +a/2 and then the same for a Delta Y and + + align:start position:0% +a/2 and then the same for a Delta Y and + + + align:start position:0% +a/2 and then the same for a Delta Y and +a Delta Z and then you randomly pick a + + align:start position:0% +a Delta Z and then you randomly pick a + + + align:start position:0% +a Delta Z and then you randomly pick a +coordinate in that range for y for X Y + + align:start position:0% +coordinate in that range for y for X Y + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate in that range for y for X Y +and Z but the question is what do you + + align:start position:0% +and Z but the question is what do you + + + align:start position:0% +and Z but the question is what do you +take + + align:start position:0% +take + + + align:start position:0% +take +a see if you take a really big you're + + align:start position:0% +a see if you take a really big you're + + + align:start position:0% +a see if you take a really big you're +not going to accept a lot of your + + align:start position:0% +not going to accept a lot of your + + + align:start position:0% +not going to accept a lot of your +perturbations because if you take a of + + align:start position:0% +perturbations because if you take a of + + + align:start position:0% +perturbations because if you take a of +the order of the Box length then you + + align:start position:0% +the order of the Box length then you + + + align:start position:0% +the order of the Box length then you +know many times if this is a dense + + align:start position:0% +know many times if this is a dense + + + align:start position:0% +know many times if this is a dense +liquid your atom is going to end up + + align:start position:0% +liquid your atom is going to end up + + + align:start position:0% +liquid your atom is going to end up +very much on top of something else me + + align:start position:0% +very much on top of something else me + + + align:start position:0% +very much on top of something else me +know the density of liquids is what in + + align:start position:0% +know the density of liquids is what in + + + align:start position:0% +know the density of liquids is what in +many cases 10% less than a solid at best + + align:start position:0% +many cases 10% less than a solid at best + + + align:start position:0% +many cases 10% less than a solid at best +they're still dense so most space is + + align:start position:0% +they're still dense so most space is + + + align:start position:0% +they're still dense so most space is +filled by + + align:start position:0% +filled by + + + align:start position:0% +filled by +atoms um so if you take a very big + + align:start position:0% +atoms um so if you take a very big + + + align:start position:0% +atoms um so if you take a very big +you're going to sort of equilibrate in + + align:start position:0% +you're going to sort of equilibrate in + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to sort of equilibrate in +principle the composition easily I mean + + align:start position:0% +principle the composition easily I mean + + + align:start position:0% +principle the composition easily I mean +the density but you're not going to + + align:start position:0% +the density but you're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +the density but you're not going to +accept a lot of your + + align:start position:0% +accept a lot of your + + + align:start position:0% +accept a lot of your +moves so you say well then the solution + + align:start position:0% +moves so you say well then the solution + + + align:start position:0% +moves so you say well then the solution +is I pick a small + + align:start position:0% +is I pick a small + + + align:start position:0% +is I pick a small +but if you pick a too small well then + + align:start position:0% +but if you pick a too small well then + + + align:start position:0% +but if you pick a too small well then +you're probably going to you have a high + + align:start position:0% +you're probably going to you have a high + + + align:start position:0% +you're probably going to you have a high +acceptance rate so if you just displace + + align:start position:0% +acceptance rate so if you just displace + + + align:start position:0% +acceptance rate so if you just displace +a you know if a is like a 100 of an + + align:start position:0% +a you know if a is like a 100 of an + + + align:start position:0% +a you know if a is like a 100 of an +angstrom so then your atom is just + + align:start position:0% +angstrom so then your atom is just + + + align:start position:0% +angstrom so then your atom is just +moving a very little bit so most of the + + align:start position:0% +moving a very little bit so most of the + + + align:start position:0% +moving a very little bit so most of the +time you're going to accept it but + + align:start position:0% +time you're going to accept it but + + + align:start position:0% +time you're going to accept it but +what's the problem now you have high + + align:start position:0% +what's the problem now you have high + + + align:start position:0% +what's the problem now you have high +degree of correlation in your average + + align:start position:0% +degree of correlation in your average + + + align:start position:0% +degree of correlation in your average +essentially all the states you put in + + align:start position:0% +essentially all the states you put in + + + align:start position:0% +essentially all the states you put in +your mark of chain look all the + + align:start position:0% +your mark of chain look all the + + + align:start position:0% +your mark of chain look all the +same I mean if you barely displace your + + align:start position:0% +same I mean if you barely displace your + + + align:start position:0% +same I mean if you barely displace your +atom they're all look the same so it's + + align:start position:0% +atom they're all look the same so it's + + + align:start position:0% +atom they're all look the same so it's +going to take you a really long time to + + align:start position:0% +going to take you a really long time to + + + align:start position:0% +going to take you a really long time to +get good average + + align:start position:0% +get good average + + + align:start position:0% +get good average +I mean actually you could almost think + + align:start position:0% +I mean actually you could almost think + + + align:start position:0% +I mean actually you could almost think +of um mon car with very small + + align:start position:0% +of um mon car with very small + + + align:start position:0% +of um mon car with very small +perturbations on this system is almost + + align:start position:0% +perturbations on this system is almost + + + align:start position:0% +perturbations on this system is almost +like molecular Dynamics it's like the + + align:start position:0% +like molecular Dynamics it's like the + + + align:start position:0% +like molecular Dynamics it's like the +atoms sort of move slowly with a kind of + + align:start position:0% +atoms sort of move slowly with a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +atoms sort of move slowly with a kind of +random Force but they still move slowly + + align:start position:0% +random Force but they still move slowly + + + align:start position:0% +random Force but they still move slowly +along trajectories and not real + + align:start position:0% +along trajectories and not real + + + align:start position:0% +along trajectories and not real +trajectories but um but they don't + + align:start position:0% +trajectories but um but they don't + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories but um but they don't +wildly go through face space um the nice + + align:start position:0% +wildly go through face space um the nice + + + align:start position:0% +wildly go through face space um the nice +thing about models like this is that you + + align:start position:0% +thing about models like this is that you + + + align:start position:0% +thing about models like this is that you +can actually during the simulation + + align:start position:0% +can actually during the simulation + + + align:start position:0% +can actually during the simulation +adjust a and this is often What's Done + + align:start position:0% +adjust a and this is often What's Done + + + align:start position:0% +adjust a and this is often What's Done +often people will adjust it so that they + + align:start position:0% +often people will adjust it so that they + + + align:start position:0% +often people will adjust it so that they +get a reasonable acceptance rate you + + align:start position:0% +get a reasonable acceptance rate you + + + align:start position:0% +get a reasonable acceptance rate you +know if you set a too + + align:start position:0% +know if you set a too + + + align:start position:0% +know if you set a too +big then you'll get a low acceptance + + align:start position:0% +big then you'll get a low acceptance + + + align:start position:0% +big then you'll get a low acceptance +rate if you said a too small you get a + + align:start position:0% +rate if you said a too small you get a + + + align:start position:0% +rate if you said a too small you get a +high acceptance rate people typically + + align:start position:0% +high acceptance rate people typically + + + align:start position:0% +high acceptance rate people typically +shoot for anywhere from say. 3 to 0.5 + + align:start position:0% +shoot for anywhere from say. 3 to 0.5 + + + align:start position:0% +shoot for anywhere from say. 3 to 0.5 +acceptance rate so you want to be + + align:start position:0% +acceptance rate so you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +acceptance rate so you want to be +somewhere aware of the order of you know + + align:start position:0% +somewhere aware of the order of you know + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere aware of the order of you know +a third to half of the moves you try are + + align:start position:0% +a third to half of the moves you try are + + + align:start position:0% +a third to half of the moves you try are +accepted because if they don't get + + align:start position:0% +accepted because if they don't get + + + align:start position:0% +accepted because if they don't get +accepted you're wasting all your effort + + align:start position:0% +accepted you're wasting all your effort + + + align:start position:0% +accepted you're wasting all your effort +calculating energies and this depends a + + align:start position:0% +calculating energies and this depends a + + + align:start position:0% +calculating energies and this depends a +little bit on the cost of your energy + + align:start position:0% +little bit on the cost of your energy + + + align:start position:0% +little bit on the cost of your energy +function you know if you're doing this + + align:start position:0% +function you know if you're doing this + + + align:start position:0% +function you know if you're doing this +with quantum + + align:start position:0% +with quantum + + + align:start position:0% +with quantum +mechanics then you really want to + + align:start position:0% +mechanics then you really want to + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics then you really want to +optimize your mon Carlo moves because + + align:start position:0% +optimize your mon Carlo moves because + + + align:start position:0% +optimize your mon Carlo moves because +any energy evaluation costs you a lot of + + align:start position:0% +any energy evaluation costs you a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +any energy evaluation costs you a lot of +time if you're doing this with you know + + align:start position:0% +time if you're doing this with you know + + + align:start position:0% +time if you're doing this with you know +maybe some simple heart sparm M or + + align:start position:0% +maybe some simple heart sparm M or + + + align:start position:0% +maybe some simple heart sparm M or +something you can afford um to have a + + align:start position:0% +something you can afford um to have a + + + align:start position:0% +something you can afford um to have a +lot of moves calculate a lot of energies + + align:start position:0% +lot of moves calculate a lot of energies + + + align:start position:0% +lot of moves calculate a lot of energies +on which you don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +execute okay so the last thing I want to + + align:start position:0% +execute okay so the last thing I want to + + + align:start position:0% +execute okay so the last thing I want to +say is uh how do you pick random numbers + + align:start position:0% +say is uh how do you pick random numbers + + + align:start position:0% +say is uh how do you pick random numbers +uh how do you how do you implement + + align:start position:0% +uh how do you how do you implement + + + align:start position:0% +uh how do you how do you implement +probabilities because it's sort of not + + align:start position:0% +probabilities because it's sort of not + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities because it's sort of not +obvious in a computer computers are not + + align:start position:0% +obvious in a computer computers are not + + + align:start position:0% +obvious in a computer computers are not +are not probabilistic and that's done by + + align:start position:0% +are not probabilistic and that's done by + + + align:start position:0% +are not probabilistic and that's done by +random number Generation Um sort of may + + align:start position:0% +random number Generation Um sort of may + + + align:start position:0% +random number Generation Um sort of may +be obvious but I want to show it anyway + + align:start position:0% +be obvious but I want to show it anyway + + + align:start position:0% +be obvious but I want to show it anyway +um so remember what you want to do is + + align:start position:0% +um so remember what you want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +um so remember what you want to do is +you want to + + align:start position:0% +you want to + + + align:start position:0% +you want to +implement uh a move with a given + + align:start position:0% +implement uh a move with a given + + + align:start position:0% +implement uh a move with a given +probability with this boltzman Factor + + align:start position:0% +probability with this boltzman Factor + + + align:start position:0% +probability with this boltzman Factor +remember if Delta e is positive that + + align:start position:0% +remember if Delta e is positive that + + + align:start position:0% +remember if Delta e is positive that +boltman factor is between 0 and one okay + + align:start position:0% +boltman factor is between 0 and one okay + + + align:start position:0% +boltman factor is between 0 and one okay +so let's say this is the value well what + + align:start position:0% +so let's say this is the value well what + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say this is the value well what +you do is you pick random numbers + + align:start position:0% +you do is you pick random numbers + + + align:start position:0% +you do is you pick random numbers +between zero and + + align:start position:0% +between zero and + + + align:start position:0% +between zero and +one okay and what's the probability that + + align:start position:0% +one okay and what's the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +one okay and what's the probability that +the random number is less than this + + align:start position:0% +the random number is less than this + + + align:start position:0% +the random number is less than this +exponential well that probability is + + align:start position:0% +exponential well that probability is + + + align:start position:0% +exponential well that probability is +that exponential of minus beta EI we + + align:start position:0% +that exponential of minus beta EI we + + + align:start position:0% +that exponential of minus beta EI we +call this Pi if you take a random number + + align:start position:0% +call this Pi if you take a random number + + + align:start position:0% +call this Pi if you take a random number +and you the probability that that random + + align:start position:0% +and you the probability that that random + + + align:start position:0% +and you the probability that that random +number is below pi + + align:start position:0% +number is below pi + + + align:start position:0% +number is below pi +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +pi + + align:start position:0% +pi + + + align:start position:0% +pi +so you pick the random number if it's + + align:start position:0% +so you pick the random number if it's + + + align:start position:0% +so you pick the random number if it's +below that exponential you execute if + + align:start position:0% +below that exponential you execute if + + + align:start position:0% +below that exponential you execute if +it's above that exponential you don't + + align:start position:0% +it's above that exponential you don't + + + align:start position:0% +it's above that exponential you don't +execute so you execute now with the + + align:start position:0% +execute so you execute now with the + + + align:start position:0% +execute so you execute now with the +correct probability so random numbers + + align:start position:0% +correct probability so random numbers + + + align:start position:0% +correct probability so random numbers +give you a way of + + align:start position:0% +give you a way of + + + align:start position:0% +give you a way of +implementing um + + align:start position:0% +implementing um + + + align:start position:0% +implementing um +probabilities there's a few caveats um a + + align:start position:0% +probabilities there's a few caveats um a + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities there's a few caveats um a +lot of cheap random number generators + + align:start position:0% +lot of cheap random number generators + + + align:start position:0% +lot of cheap random number generators +are not at all random I used to not + + align:start position:0% +are not at all random I used to not + + + align:start position:0% +are not at all random I used to not +believe this until I tried it um I + + align:start position:0% +believe this until I tried it um I + + + align:start position:0% +believe this until I tried it um I +always thought that was kind of like you + + align:start position:0% +always thought that was kind of like you + + + align:start position:0% +always thought that was kind of like you +know people write books and they just + + align:start position:0% +know people write books and they just + + + align:start position:0% +know people write books and they just +talk about it because it's kind of cool + + align:start position:0% +talk about it because it's kind of cool + + + align:start position:0% +talk about it because it's kind of cool +to say h non-random they actually are + + align:start position:0% +to say h non-random they actually are + + + align:start position:0% +to say h non-random they actually are +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +non-random um if you um you will often + + align:start position:0% +non-random um if you um you will often + + + align:start position:0% +non-random um if you um you will often +find that if you plot the density of + + align:start position:0% +find that if you plot the density of + + + align:start position:0% +find that if you plot the density of +random numbers you generate that there + + align:start position:0% +random numbers you generate that there + + + align:start position:0% +random numbers you generate that there +are discrete + + align:start position:0% +are discrete + + + align:start position:0% +are discrete +holes where you have very low coverage + + align:start position:0% +holes where you have very low coverage + + + align:start position:0% +holes where you have very low coverage +and it's because of the sort of + + align:start position:0% +and it's because of the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and it's because of the sort of +fractional algorithms by which they work + + align:start position:0% +fractional algorithms by which they work + + + align:start position:0% +fractional algorithms by which they work +um in many cases that really doesn't + + align:start position:0% +um in many cases that really doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +um in many cases that really doesn't +matter you know for a lot of practical + + align:start position:0% +matter you know for a lot of practical + + + align:start position:0% +matter you know for a lot of practical +things that doesn't matter I'll tell you + + align:start position:0% +things that doesn't matter I'll tell you + + + align:start position:0% +things that doesn't matter I'll tell you +where where I've seen it matter um it + + align:start position:0% +where where I've seen it matter um it + + + align:start position:0% +where where I've seen it matter um it +matters when you're in this regime here + + align:start position:0% +matters when you're in this regime here + + + align:start position:0% +matters when you're in this regime here +really close to zero because essentially + + align:start position:0% +really close to zero because essentially + + + align:start position:0% +really close to zero because essentially +you know you know a random number + + align:start position:0% +you know you know a random number + + + align:start position:0% +you know you know a random number +generat the way it generates random + + align:start position:0% +generat the way it generates random + + + align:start position:0% +generat the way it generates random +numbers between Z and one is it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +numbers between Z and one is it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +numbers between Z and one is it doesn't +do it between 0 and one it generates + + align:start position:0% +do it between 0 and one it generates + + + align:start position:0% +do it between 0 and one it generates +between zero or is between zero or one + + align:start position:0% +between zero or is between zero or one + + + align:start position:0% +between zero or is between zero or one +no between one and some integer no sorry + + align:start position:0% +no between one and some integer no sorry + + + align:start position:0% +no between one and some integer no sorry +between zero and some Maximum integer + + align:start position:0% +between zero and some Maximum integer + + + align:start position:0% +between zero and some Maximum integer +like 2 to the 16 or something like that + + align:start position:0% +like 2 to the 16 or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +like 2 to the 16 or something like that +and then it divides by you know 2 to the + + align:start position:0% +and then it divides by you know 2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +and then it divides by you know 2 to the +16th and that's how you get it between + + align:start position:0% +16th and that's how you get it between + + + align:start position:0% +16th and that's how you get it between +zero and one but that means your set is + + align:start position:0% +zero and one but that means your set is + + + align:start position:0% +zero and one but that means your set is +discretized okay so the the often what's + + align:start position:0% +discretized okay so the the often what's + + + align:start position:0% +discretized okay so the the often what's +important is the spacing between zero + + align:start position:0% +important is the spacing between zero + + + align:start position:0% +important is the spacing between zero +and the smallest random number okay uh + + align:start position:0% +and the smallest random number okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +and the smallest random number okay uh +because if you work with very high + + align:start position:0% +because if you work with very high + + + align:start position:0% +because if you work with very high +energy barriers things that very high + + align:start position:0% +energy barriers things that very high + + + align:start position:0% +energy barriers things that very high +energy excitations they fall in that + + align:start position:0% +energy excitations they fall in that + + + align:start position:0% +energy excitations they fall in that +first Gap and so you have a a completely + + align:start position:0% +first Gap and so you have a a completely + + + align:start position:0% +first Gap and so you have a a completely +discretized probability there okay and + + align:start position:0% +discretized probability there okay and + + + align:start position:0% +discretized probability there okay and +there are problems + + align:start position:0% +there are problems + + + align:start position:0% +there are problems +you know it's the the kind of thing I + + align:start position:0% +you know it's the the kind of thing I + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's the the kind of thing I +thought I'd never run into and i' + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd never run into and i' + + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd never run into and i' +actually run into several times with in + + align:start position:0% +actually run into several times with in + + + align:start position:0% +actually run into several times with in +that problem in our research it what it + + align:start position:0% +that problem in our research it what it + + + align:start position:0% +that problem in our research it what it +tends to do is it tends to um if your + + align:start position:0% +tends to do is it tends to um if your + + + align:start position:0% +tends to do is it tends to um if your +system is stuck and it doesn't have a + + align:start position:0% +system is stuck and it doesn't have a + + + align:start position:0% +system is stuck and it doesn't have a +lot of low energy excitations left it + + align:start position:0% +lot of low energy excitations left it + + + align:start position:0% +lot of low energy excitations left it +tends to execute high energy excitations + + align:start position:0% +tends to execute high energy excitations + + + align:start position:0% +tends to execute high energy excitations +with a way too higher + + align:start position:0% +with a way too higher + + + align:start position:0% +with a way too higher +probability because think about it if + + align:start position:0% +probability because think about it if + + + align:start position:0% +probability because think about it if +the biggest number is 2 to the + + align:start position:0% +the biggest number is 2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +the biggest number is 2 to the +16th your random number hits + + align:start position:0% +16th your random number hits + + + align:start position:0% +16th your random number hits +zero with a probability of 1 over 2 to + + align:start position:0% +zero with a probability of 1 over 2 to + + + align:start position:0% +zero with a probability of 1 over 2 to +the 16 + + align:start position:0% +the 16 + + + align:start position:0% +the 16 +that's way too high it should be one + + align:start position:0% +that's way too high it should be one + + + align:start position:0% +that's way too high it should be one +over infinity you should hit zero with a + + align:start position:0% +over infinity you should hit zero with a + + + align:start position:0% +over infinity you should hit zero with a +rate of one over + + align:start position:0% +rate of one over + + + align:start position:0% +rate of one over +infinity okay if you had a perfect + + align:start position:0% +infinity okay if you had a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +infinity okay if you had a perfect +Continuum of random numbers but you hit + + align:start position:0% +Continuum of random numbers but you hit + + + align:start position:0% +Continuum of random numbers but you hit +zero with a rate 1 over 2 to the + + align:start position:0% +zero with a rate 1 over 2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +zero with a rate 1 over 2 to the +16th that means if you hit that random + + align:start position:0% +16th that means if you hit that random + + + align:start position:0% +16th that means if you hit that random +number you execute any move even if it's + + align:start position:0% +number you execute any move even if it's + + + align:start position:0% +number you execute any move even if it's +100 electron volt above the ground state + + align:start position:0% +100 electron volt above the ground state + + + align:start position:0% +100 electron volt above the ground state +okay because that exponential is not + + align:start position:0% +okay because that exponential is not + + + align:start position:0% +okay because that exponential is not +zero it's small but it's not zero so you + + align:start position:0% +zero it's small but it's not zero so you + + + align:start position:0% +zero it's small but it's not zero so you +will execute and you'd be surprised how + + align:start position:0% +will execute and you'd be surprised how + + + align:start position:0% +will execute and you'd be surprised how +often this is a problem especially if + + align:start position:0% +often this is a problem especially if + + + align:start position:0% +often this is a problem especially if +you have a wild face space in which you + + align:start position:0% +you have a wild face space in which you + + + align:start position:0% +you have a wild face space in which you +can go you know so how do you solve this + + align:start position:0% +can go you know so how do you solve this + + + align:start position:0% +can go you know so how do you solve this +um we solve it in a trivial way we add a + + align:start position:0% +um we solve it in a trivial way we add a + + + align:start position:0% +um we solve it in a trivial way we add a +small Epsilon to a random + + align:start position:0% +small Epsilon to a random + + + align:start position:0% +small Epsilon to a random +number which is sort of trivial but you + + align:start position:0% +number which is sort of trivial but you + + + align:start position:0% +number which is sort of trivial but you +you have to know it I sort of never seen + + align:start position:0% +you have to know it I sort of never seen + + + align:start position:0% +you have to know it I sort of never seen +this in books actually um but see you + + align:start position:0% +this in books actually um but see you + + + align:start position:0% +this in books actually um but see you +should not hit + + align:start position:0% +should not hit + + + align:start position:0% +should not hit +zero because when you hit zero you + + align:start position:0% +zero because when you hit zero you + + + align:start position:0% +zero because when you hit zero you +execute + + align:start position:0% +execute + + + align:start position:0% +execute +everything + + align:start position:0% +everything + + + align:start position:0% +everything +okay okay so I'm going to stop here and + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so I'm going to stop here and + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so I'm going to stop here and +uh let's today's Thursday so yeah I'll + + align:start position:0% +uh let's today's Thursday so yeah I'll + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's today's Thursday so yeah I'll +see you on Tuesday for the rest of mon + + align:start position:0% +see you on Tuesday for the rest of mon + + + align:start position:0% +see you on Tuesday for the rest of mon +Carlo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3GC721pNRLE.txt b/3GC721pNRLE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c43849b7caa36b3e414af4ed0bee6e1a80b25623 --- /dev/null +++ b/3GC721pNRLE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11755 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay good morning + + align:start position:0% +okay good morning + + + align:start position:0% +okay good morning +okay so today we are going to continue + + align:start position:0% +okay so today we are going to continue + + + align:start position:0% +okay so today we are going to continue +the process of building our equivalent + + align:start position:0% +the process of building our equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +the process of building our equivalent +circuit model of a neuron this this + + align:start position:0% +circuit model of a neuron this this + + + align:start position:0% +circuit model of a neuron this this +model was was actually developed in the + + align:start position:0% +model was was actually developed in the + + + align:start position:0% +model was was actually developed in the +late 40s and early 50s by Alan Hodgkin + + align:start position:0% +late 40s and early 50s by Alan Hodgkin + + + align:start position:0% +late 40s and early 50s by Alan Hodgkin +and Andrew Huxley who who started + + align:start position:0% +and Andrew Huxley who who started + + + align:start position:0% +and Andrew Huxley who who started +working on the problem of understanding + + align:start position:0% +working on the problem of understanding + + + align:start position:0% +working on the problem of understanding +how neurons make action potentials and + + align:start position:0% +how neurons make action potentials and + + + align:start position:0% +how neurons make action potentials and +so they studied the squid giant axon + + align:start position:0% +so they studied the squid giant axon + + + align:start position:0% +so they studied the squid giant axon +which is actually a very cool + + align:start position:0% +which is actually a very cool + + + align:start position:0% +which is actually a very cool +preparation because the axon is actually + + align:start position:0% +preparation because the axon is actually + + + align:start position:0% +preparation because the axon is actually +about a millimeter across and so you can + + align:start position:0% +about a millimeter across and so you can + + + align:start position:0% +about a millimeter across and so you can +stick wires inside of it and they did a + + align:start position:0% +stick wires inside of it and they did a + + + align:start position:0% +stick wires inside of it and they did a +bunch of very cool experiments to figure + + align:start position:0% +bunch of very cool experiments to figure + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of very cool experiments to figure +out how these different ionic + + align:start position:0% +out how these different ionic + + + align:start position:0% +out how these different ionic +conductances and how these different + + align:start position:0% +conductances and how these different + + + align:start position:0% +conductances and how these different +components of the circuit work together + + align:start position:0% +components of the circuit work together + + + align:start position:0% +components of the circuit work together +to to make to make an action potential + + align:start position:0% +to to make to make an action potential + + + align:start position:0% +to to make to make an action potential +so that's that's what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's what we're going to +continue doing we're going to + + align:start position:0% +continue doing we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +continue doing we're going to +essentially continue describing and and + + align:start position:0% +essentially continue describing and and + + + align:start position:0% +essentially continue describing and and +motivating the different components of + + align:start position:0% +motivating the different components of + + + align:start position:0% +motivating the different components of +this circuit so today we are going to + + align:start position:0% +this circuit so today we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +this circuit so today we are going to +get through the process of introducing a + + align:start position:0% +get through the process of introducing a + + + align:start position:0% +get through the process of introducing a +voltage measuring device a current + + align:start position:0% +voltage measuring device a current + + + align:start position:0% +voltage measuring device a current +source a capacitor conductance and we're + + align:start position:0% +source a capacitor conductance and we're + + + align:start position:0% +source a capacitor conductance and we're +gonna start introducing a battery okay + + align:start position:0% +gonna start introducing a battery okay + + + align:start position:0% +gonna start introducing a battery okay +okay so here's what we what we want to + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's what we what we want to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's what we what we want to +accomplish today so we want to + + align:start position:0% +accomplish today so we want to + + + align:start position:0% +accomplish today so we want to +understand how kind of at the simplest + + align:start position:0% +understand how kind of at the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +understand how kind of at the simplest +level how neurons respond to injected + + align:start position:0% +level how neurons respond to injected + + + align:start position:0% +level how neurons respond to injected +currents we want to understand how + + align:start position:0% +currents we want to understand how + + + align:start position:0% +currents we want to understand how +membrane capacitance and membrane + + align:start position:0% +membrane capacitance and membrane + + + align:start position:0% +membrane capacitance and membrane +resistance allows neurons to integrate + + align:start position:0% +resistance allows neurons to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +resistance allows neurons to integrate +their inputs over time and to filter + + align:start position:0% +their inputs over time and to filter + + + align:start position:0% +their inputs over time and to filter +their inputs or smooth their inputs over + + align:start position:0% +their inputs or smooth their inputs over + + + align:start position:0% +their inputs or smooth their inputs over +time and that particular model is called + + align:start position:0% +time and that particular model is called + + + align:start position:0% +time and that particular model is called +a resistor capacitor model or an RC + + align:start position:0% +a resistor capacitor model or an RC + + + align:start position:0% +a resistor capacitor model or an RC +model of a neuron we're gonna go through + + align:start position:0% +model of a neuron we're gonna go through + + + align:start position:0% +model of a neuron we're gonna go through +how to derive the differential equations + + align:start position:0% +how to derive the differential equations + + + align:start position:0% +how to derive the differential equations +that describe that model it's actually + + align:start position:0% +that describe that model it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +that describe that model it's actually +quite simple but some of you may not + + align:start position:0% +quite simple but some of you may not + + + align:start position:0% +quite simple but some of you may not +have been through that before so I want + + align:start position:0% +have been through that before so I want + + + align:start position:0% +have been through that before so I want +to go through it step by step so we can + + align:start position:0% +to go through it step by step so we can + + + align:start position:0% +to go through it step by step so we can +really understand where that comes from + + align:start position:0% +really understand where that comes from + + + align:start position:0% +really understand where that comes from +and we're going to learn to basically + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to learn to basically + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to learn to basically +look at a current a pattern of current + + align:start position:0% +look at a current a pattern of current + + + align:start position:0% +look at a current a pattern of current +injection and we should be able to + + align:start position:0% +injection and we should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +injection and we should be able to +intuitively see how how the voltage of + + align:start position:0% +intuitively see how how the voltage of + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively see how how the voltage of +that neuron responds and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that neuron responds and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that neuron responds and we're going to +start working on where the batteries of + + align:start position:0% +start working on where the batteries of + + + align:start position:0% +start working on where the batteries of +a neuron actually come from okay + + align:start position:0% +a neuron actually come from okay + + + align:start position:0% +a neuron actually come from okay +okay so all right so all right so we're + + align:start position:0% +okay so all right so all right so we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay so all right so all right so we're +going to basically talk about the + + align:start position:0% +going to basically talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +going to basically talk about the +following sort of thought experiment + + align:start position:0% +following sort of thought experiment + + + align:start position:0% +following sort of thought experiment +okay the following conceptual idea we're + + align:start position:0% +okay the following conceptual idea we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay the following conceptual idea we're +gonna take a neuron and we're gonna put + + align:start position:0% +gonna take a neuron and we're gonna put + + + align:start position:0% +gonna take a neuron and we're gonna put +it in a in a bath of saline okay a salt + + align:start position:0% +it in a in a bath of saline okay a salt + + + align:start position:0% +it in a in a bath of saline okay a salt +water solution that represents the + + align:start position:0% +water solution that represents the + + + align:start position:0% +water solution that represents the +extracellular solution that neurons + + align:start position:0% +extracellular solution that neurons + + + align:start position:0% +extracellular solution that neurons +you know extracellular solution in the + + align:start position:0% +you know extracellular solution in the + + + align:start position:0% +you know extracellular solution in the +brain and we're going to put an + + align:start position:0% +brain and we're going to put an + + + align:start position:0% +brain and we're going to put an +electrode into that neuron so that we + + align:start position:0% +electrode into that neuron so that we + + + align:start position:0% +electrode into that neuron so that we +can inject current and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +can inject current and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +can inject current and we're going to +put another electrode into the neuron so + + align:start position:0% +put another electrode into the neuron so + + + align:start position:0% +put another electrode into the neuron so +that we can measure the voltage and + + align:start position:0% +that we can measure the voltage and + + + align:start position:0% +that we can measure the voltage and +we're going to study how this neuron + + align:start position:0% +we're going to study how this neuron + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to study how this neuron +responds how the voltage of the neuron + + align:start position:0% +responds how the voltage of the neuron + + + align:start position:0% +responds how the voltage of the neuron +responds to current injections okay + + align:start position:0% +responds to current injections okay + + + align:start position:0% +responds to current injections okay +now why is it that we want to actually + + align:start position:0% +now why is it that we want to actually + + + align:start position:0% +now why is it that we want to actually +do that why is that an interesting or + + align:start position:0% +do that why is that an interesting or + + + align:start position:0% +do that why is that an interesting or +important experiment to do anybody have + + align:start position:0% +important experiment to do anybody have + + + align:start position:0% +important experiment to do anybody have +any idea why we would want to actually + + align:start position:0% +any idea why we would want to actually + + + align:start position:0% +any idea why we would want to actually +measure voltage and current for a neuron + + align:start position:0% +measure voltage and current for a neuron + + + align:start position:0% +measure voltage and current for a neuron +in the brain yes okay but it's it's it's + + align:start position:0% +in the brain yes okay but it's it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +in the brain yes okay but it's it's it's +more than just so that we can describe + + align:start position:0% +more than just so that we can describe + + + align:start position:0% +more than just so that we can describe +it mathematically right it's because + + align:start position:0% +it mathematically right it's because + + + align:start position:0% +it mathematically right it's because +these things something about voltage and + + align:start position:0% +these things something about voltage and + + + align:start position:0% +these things something about voltage and +current are actually relevant to how a + + align:start position:0% +current are actually relevant to how a + + + align:start position:0% +current are actually relevant to how a +neuron functions yes yeah so that's an + + align:start position:0% +neuron functions yes yeah so that's an + + + align:start position:0% +neuron functions yes yeah so that's an +important quantity but we're looking for + + align:start position:0% +important quantity but we're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +important quantity but we're looking for +something more fundamental like why is + + align:start position:0% +something more fundamental like why is + + + align:start position:0% +something more fundamental like why is +it actually important that we understand + + align:start position:0% +it actually important that we understand + + + align:start position:0% +it actually important that we understand +how voltage changes when a neuron has + + align:start position:0% +how voltage changes when a neuron has + + + align:start position:0% +how voltage changes when a neuron has +current injected into it + + align:start position:0% +current injected into it + + + align:start position:0% +current injected into it +habiba + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly so ion channels are sensitive to + + align:start position:0% +exactly so ion channels are sensitive to + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so ion channels are sensitive to +voltage and the way they function + + align:start position:0% +voltage and the way they function + + + align:start position:0% +voltage and the way they function +depends very critically on voltage so + + align:start position:0% +depends very critically on voltage so + + + align:start position:0% +depends very critically on voltage so +many if not most ion channels are + + align:start position:0% +many if not most ion channels are + + + align:start position:0% +many if not most ion channels are +voltage sensitive and are controlled by + + align:start position:0% +voltage sensitive and are controlled by + + + align:start position:0% +voltage sensitive and are controlled by +voltage okay and that's exactly why so + + align:start position:0% +voltage okay and that's exactly why so + + + align:start position:0% +voltage okay and that's exactly why so +nearly every aspect of what neurons do + + align:start position:0% +nearly every aspect of what neurons do + + + align:start position:0% +nearly every aspect of what neurons do +in the brain as you're walking around + + align:start position:0% +in the brain as you're walking around + + + align:start position:0% +in the brain as you're walking around +looking at things in doing things is + + align:start position:0% +looking at things in doing things is + + + align:start position:0% +looking at things in doing things is +controlled by voltage and that goes + + align:start position:0% +controlled by voltage and that goes + + + align:start position:0% +controlled by voltage and that goes +through the voltage sensitivity of ion + + align:start position:0% +through the voltage sensitivity of ion + + + align:start position:0% +through the voltage sensitivity of ion +channels okay but what is it that + + align:start position:0% +channels okay but what is it that + + + align:start position:0% +channels okay but what is it that +changes the voltage in a neuron yes + + align:start position:0% +changes the voltage in a neuron yes + + + align:start position:0% +changes the voltage in a neuron yes +that's on the output side yes good + + align:start position:0% +that's on the output side yes good + + + align:start position:0% +that's on the output side yes good +that's that's correct I'm looking for + + align:start position:0% +that's that's correct I'm looking for + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's correct I'm looking for +something a little bit different yeah + + align:start position:0% +something a little bit different yeah + + + align:start position:0% +something a little bit different yeah +those are all good answers not quite + + align:start position:0% +those are all good answers not quite + + + align:start position:0% +those are all good answers not quite +what I'm looking for yes so the answer + + align:start position:0% +what I'm looking for yes so the answer + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm looking for yes so the answer +is that the voltage of a neuron changes + + align:start position:0% +is that the voltage of a neuron changes + + + align:start position:0% +is that the voltage of a neuron changes +because the the reason current is + + align:start position:0% +because the the reason current is + + + align:start position:0% +because the the reason current is +important is because the reason voltage + + align:start position:0% +important is because the reason voltage + + + align:start position:0% +important is because the reason voltage +changes in a neuron is because other + + align:start position:0% +changes in a neuron is because other + + + align:start position:0% +changes in a neuron is because other +cells are injecting current into our + + align:start position:0% +cells are injecting current into our + + + align:start position:0% +cells are injecting current into our +neuron sensory inputs are injecting + + align:start position:0% +neuron sensory inputs are injecting + + + align:start position:0% +neuron sensory inputs are injecting +current into our neuron okay everything + + align:start position:0% +current into our neuron okay everything + + + align:start position:0% +current into our neuron okay everything +that a neuron receives all the + + align:start position:0% +that a neuron receives all the + + + align:start position:0% +that a neuron receives all the +information that a neuron receives from + + align:start position:0% +information that a neuron receives from + + + align:start position:0% +information that a neuron receives from +other neurons in the network and from + + align:start position:0% +other neurons in the network and from + + + align:start position:0% +other neurons in the network and from +the outside world comes from currents + + align:start position:0% +the outside world comes from currents + + + align:start position:0% +the outside world comes from currents +being injected into that neuron okay and + + align:start position:0% +being injected into that neuron okay and + + + align:start position:0% +being injected into that neuron okay and +so it's really important that we + + align:start position:0% +so it's really important that we + + + align:start position:0% +so it's really important that we +understand how the neuron transforms + + align:start position:0% +understand how the neuron transforms + + + align:start position:0% +understand how the neuron transforms +that current input from other cells and + + align:start position:0% +that current input from other cells and + + + align:start position:0% +that current input from other cells and +from the sensory periphery into voltage + + align:start position:0% +from the sensory periphery into voltage + + + align:start position:0% +from the sensory periphery into voltage +changes that then change the behavior of + + align:start position:0% +changes that then change the behavior of + + + align:start position:0% +changes that then change the behavior of +ion channels is that clear that link of + + align:start position:0% +ion channels is that clear that link of + + + align:start position:0% +ion channels is that clear that link of +current inputs to voltage output is + + align:start position:0% +current inputs to voltage output is + + + align:start position:0% +current inputs to voltage output is +really crucial and that's why we're + + align:start position:0% +really crucial and that's why we're + + + align:start position:0% +really crucial and that's why we're +doing this + + align:start position:0% +doing this + + + align:start position:0% +doing this +okay okay and that's this point right + + align:start position:0% +okay okay and that's this point right + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay and that's this point right +here okay so one of the first things + + align:start position:0% +here okay so one of the first things + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so one of the first things +we're gonna see when we go through this + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna see when we go through this + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna see when we go through this +analysis is that neurons can perform + + align:start position:0% +analysis is that neurons can perform + + + align:start position:0% +analysis is that neurons can perform +analog integration they can perform + + align:start position:0% +analog integration they can perform + + + align:start position:0% +analog integration they can perform +numerical integration over time okay + + align:start position:0% +numerical integration over time okay + + + align:start position:0% +numerical integration over time okay +that's pretty cool voltage is integral + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool voltage is integral + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty cool voltage is integral +over time of the injected current to + + align:start position:0% +over time of the injected current to + + + align:start position:0% +over time of the injected current to +first order the simplest behavior of a + + align:start position:0% +first order the simplest behavior of a + + + align:start position:0% +first order the simplest behavior of a +nerve so if you measure the voltage of a + + align:start position:0% +nerve so if you measure the voltage of a + + + align:start position:0% +nerve so if you measure the voltage of a +neuron and you turn on current and you + + align:start position:0% +neuron and you turn on current and you + + + align:start position:0% +neuron and you turn on current and you +turn the current on the voltage of a + + align:start position:0% +turn the current on the voltage of a + + + align:start position:0% +turn the current on the voltage of a +neuron will ramp up integrating that + + align:start position:0% +neuron will ramp up integrating that + + + align:start position:0% +neuron will ramp up integrating that +input over time okay pretty cool + + align:start position:0% +input over time okay pretty cool + + + align:start position:0% +input over time okay pretty cool +so we're gonna see how that happens why + + align:start position:0% +so we're gonna see how that happens why + + + align:start position:0% +so we're gonna see how that happens why +that happens biophysically okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +that happens biophysically okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +that happens biophysically okay so let's +come back to our neuron in the dish let + + align:start position:0% +come back to our neuron in the dish let + + + align:start position:0% +come back to our neuron in the dish let +me just explain a little bit how you + + align:start position:0% +me just explain a little bit how you + + + align:start position:0% +me just explain a little bit how you +would actually do this experiment so + + align:start position:0% +would actually do this experiment so + + + align:start position:0% +would actually do this experiment so +these electrodes are little pieces of + + align:start position:0% +these electrodes are little pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +these electrodes are little pieces of +glass tubing so you take a fine glass + + align:start position:0% +glass tubing so you take a fine glass + + + align:start position:0% +glass tubing so you take a fine glass +tube about a millimeter across you heat + + align:start position:0% +tube about a millimeter across you heat + + + align:start position:0% +tube about a millimeter across you heat +it up in the middle over a flame and you + + align:start position:0% +it up in the middle over a flame and you + + + align:start position:0% +it up in the middle over a flame and you +pull it apart when it melts in the + + align:start position:0% +pull it apart when it melts in the + + + align:start position:0% +pull it apart when it melts in the +middle that makes a very sharp point you + + align:start position:0% +middle that makes a very sharp point you + + + align:start position:0% +middle that makes a very sharp point you +break off the fine little thread of + + align:start position:0% +break off the fine little thread of + + + align:start position:0% +break off the fine little thread of +glass that's left and you have a tube + + align:start position:0% +glass that's left and you have a tube + + + align:start position:0% +glass that's left and you have a tube +that narrows down to a very sharp point + + align:start position:0% +that narrows down to a very sharp point + + + align:start position:0% +that narrows down to a very sharp point +but it's still a tube and you can + + align:start position:0% +but it's still a tube and you can + + + align:start position:0% +but it's still a tube and you can +literally just there are some cells like + + align:start position:0% +literally just there are some cells like + + + align:start position:0% +literally just there are some cells like +in the old days people studied large + + align:start position:0% +in the old days people studied large + + + align:start position:0% +in the old days people studied large +neurons in in snails where the cells are + + align:start position:0% +neurons in in snails where the cells are + + + align:start position:0% +neurons in in snails where the cells are +a millimeter across you can take an + + align:start position:0% +a millimeter across you can take an + + + align:start position:0% +a millimeter across you can take an +electrode and literally just by hand + + align:start position:0% +electrode and literally just by hand + + + align:start position:0% +electrode and literally just by hand +poke it into the cell and then you fill + + align:start position:0% +poke it into the cell and then you fill + + + align:start position:0% +poke it into the cell and then you fill +that you fill that electrode with a salt + + align:start position:0% +that you fill that electrode with a salt + + + align:start position:0% +that you fill that electrode with a salt +solution and then you put a wire in the + + align:start position:0% +solution and then you put a wire in the + + + align:start position:0% +solution and then you put a wire in the +back of that electrode and you hook it + + align:start position:0% +back of that electrode and you hook it + + + align:start position:0% +back of that electrode and you hook it +up to an amplifier now we want to + + align:start position:0% +up to an amplifier now we want to + + + align:start position:0% +up to an amplifier now we want to +measure the voltage in the cell + + align:start position:0% +measure the voltage in the cell + + + align:start position:0% +measure the voltage in the cell +remember voltage is always voltage + + align:start position:0% +remember voltage is always voltage + + + align:start position:0% +remember voltage is always voltage +difference we're always measuring the + + align:start position:0% +difference we're always measuring the + + + align:start position:0% +difference we're always measuring the +difference between the voltage in one + + align:start position:0% +difference between the voltage in one + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the voltage in one +place and the voltage somewhere else so + + align:start position:0% +place and the voltage somewhere else so + + + align:start position:0% +place and the voltage somewhere else so +this amplifier has two inputs it's + + align:start position:0% +this amplifier has two inputs it's + + + align:start position:0% +this amplifier has two inputs it's +called a differential amplifier and + + align:start position:0% +called a differential amplifier and + + + align:start position:0% +called a differential amplifier and +we're going to hook the electrode that's + + align:start position:0% +we're going to hook the electrode that's + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to hook the electrode that's +in the cell to the plus terminal we're + + align:start position:0% +in the cell to the plus terminal we're + + + align:start position:0% +in the cell to the plus terminal we're +going to put a wire in the bath hook it + + align:start position:0% +going to put a wire in the bath hook it + + + align:start position:0% +going to put a wire in the bath hook it +to the minus terminal and this amplifier + + align:start position:0% +to the minus terminal and this amplifier + + + align:start position:0% +to the minus terminal and this amplifier +is measuring the difference between the + + align:start position:0% +is measuring the difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +is measuring the difference between the +voltage inside the cell and the voltage + + align:start position:0% +voltage inside the cell and the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +voltage inside the cell and the voltage +outside the cell okay + + align:start position:0% +outside the cell okay + + + align:start position:0% +outside the cell okay +any questions about that + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that +so we're gonna take the other other half + + align:start position:0% +so we're gonna take the other other half + + + align:start position:0% +so we're gonna take the other other half +of that piece of glass that we pulled + + align:start position:0% +of that piece of glass that we pulled + + + align:start position:0% +of that piece of glass that we pulled +fill it with salt solution stick it in + + align:start position:0% +fill it with salt solution stick it in + + + align:start position:0% +fill it with salt solution stick it in +the cell and we're going to hook it up + + align:start position:0% +the cell and we're going to hook it up + + + align:start position:0% +the cell and we're going to hook it up +to a current source now a current source + + align:start position:0% +to a current source now a current source + + + align:start position:0% +to a current source now a current source +is basically just a battery okay but + + align:start position:0% +is basically just a battery okay but + + + align:start position:0% +is basically just a battery okay but +it's got some fancy electronics such + + align:start position:0% +it's got some fancy electronics such + + + align:start position:0% +it's got some fancy electronics such +that the current that flows is equal to + + align:start position:0% +that the current that flows is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +that the current that flows is equal to +whatever value you set okay and of + + align:start position:0% +whatever value you set okay and of + + + align:start position:0% +whatever value you set okay and of +course remember that voltage is in units + + align:start position:0% +course remember that voltage is in units + + + align:start position:0% +course remember that voltage is in units +of volts and current is charged per + + align:start position:0% +of volts and current is charged per + + + align:start position:0% +of volts and current is charged per +second charge is coulombs + + align:start position:0% +second charge is coulombs + + + align:start position:0% +second charge is coulombs +so coulombs per second and that's equal + + align:start position:0% +so coulombs per second and that's equal + + + align:start position:0% +so coulombs per second and that's equal +to the unit of current which is amperes + + align:start position:0% +to the unit of current which is amperes + + + align:start position:0% +to the unit of current which is amperes +all right now let's take a closer look + + align:start position:0% +all right now let's take a closer look + + + align:start position:0% +all right now let's take a closer look +at our little spherical neuron our + + align:start position:0% +at our little spherical neuron our + + + align:start position:0% +at our little spherical neuron our +little neuron we've chopped all the + + align:start position:0% +little neuron we've chopped all the + + + align:start position:0% +little neuron we've chopped all the +dendrites and axons off so it's just a + + align:start position:0% +dendrites and axons off so it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +dendrites and axons off so it's just a +little sphere and you can basically + + align:start position:0% +little sphere and you can basically + + + align:start position:0% +little sphere and you can basically +model a neuron just like any other cell + + align:start position:0% +model a neuron just like any other cell + + + align:start position:0% +model a neuron just like any other cell +as a spherical shell of insulating + + align:start position:0% +as a spherical shell of insulating + + + align:start position:0% +as a spherical shell of insulating +material okay in this case a lipid + + align:start position:0% +material okay in this case a lipid + + + align:start position:0% +material okay in this case a lipid +bilayer this is a phospholipid bilayer + + align:start position:0% +bilayer this is a phospholipid bilayer + + + align:start position:0% +bilayer this is a phospholipid bilayer +phospholipids are just little fat + + align:start position:0% +phospholipids are just little fat + + + align:start position:0% +phospholipids are just little fat +molecules that have a polar head on one + + align:start position:0% +molecules that have a polar head on one + + + align:start position:0% +molecules that have a polar head on one +side that means they're soluble and + + align:start position:0% +side that means they're soluble and + + + align:start position:0% +side that means they're soluble and +water on this side and they have a + + align:start position:0% +water on this side and they have a + + + align:start position:0% +water on this side and they have a +non-polar tail so they don't like to be + + align:start position:0% +non-polar tail so they don't like to be + + + align:start position:0% +non-polar tail so they don't like to be +in contact with water and the two polar + + align:start position:0% +in contact with water and the two polar + + + align:start position:0% +in contact with water and the two polar +tails go end-to-end + + align:start position:0% +tails go end-to-end + + + align:start position:0% +tails go end-to-end +sorry the nonpolar tails go end-to-end + + align:start position:0% +sorry the nonpolar tails go end-to-end + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the nonpolar tails go end-to-end +the polar heads face out into the water + + align:start position:0% +the polar heads face out into the water + + + align:start position:0% +the polar heads face out into the water +that makes sense and they are very + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense and they are very + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense and they are very +closely packed together so that ions + + align:start position:0% +closely packed together so that ions + + + align:start position:0% +closely packed together so that ions +can't pass through that membrane so it's + + align:start position:0% +can't pass through that membrane so it's + + + align:start position:0% +can't pass through that membrane so it's +insulating it's very thin it's only + + align:start position:0% +insulating it's very thin it's only + + + align:start position:0% +insulating it's very thin it's only +about 23 angstroms across okay an + + align:start position:0% +about 23 angstroms across okay an + + + align:start position:0% +about 23 angstroms across okay an +angstrom is about the size of a hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +angstrom is about the size of a hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +angstrom is about the size of a hydrogen +atom they're very thin okay okay + + align:start position:0% +atom they're very thin okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +atom they're very thin okay okay +we have saline inside what is saline + + align:start position:0% +we have saline inside what is saline + + + align:start position:0% +we have saline inside what is saline +what is what is it in our model remember + + align:start position:0% +what is what is it in our model remember + + + align:start position:0% +what is what is it in our model remember +on Tuesday what good it's a wire and we + + align:start position:0% +on Tuesday what good it's a wire and we + + + align:start position:0% +on Tuesday what good it's a wire and we +have saline outside which is also a wire + + align:start position:0% +have saline outside which is also a wire + + + align:start position:0% +have saline outside which is also a wire +so we have two wires separated by an + + align:start position:0% +so we have two wires separated by an + + + align:start position:0% +so we have two wires separated by an +insulator what is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good that's a capacitor because it's two + + align:start position:0% +good that's a capacitor because it's two + + + align:start position:0% +good that's a capacitor because it's two +conductors separated by an insulator + + align:start position:0% +conductors separated by an insulator + + + align:start position:0% +conductors separated by an insulator +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so in an electrical component that + + align:start position:0% +so in an electrical component that + + + align:start position:0% +so in an electrical component that +behaves like a capacitor like if you + + align:start position:0% +behaves like a capacitor like if you + + + align:start position:0% +behaves like a capacitor like if you +were to build one of those you would + + align:start position:0% +were to build one of those you would + + + align:start position:0% +were to build one of those you would +take like a piece of aluminum foil put a + + align:start position:0% +take like a piece of aluminum foil put a + + + align:start position:0% +take like a piece of aluminum foil put a +piece of paper on it put another piece + + align:start position:0% +piece of paper on it put another piece + + + align:start position:0% +piece of paper on it put another piece +of aluminum foil next to it and attach + + align:start position:0% +of aluminum foil next to it and attach + + + align:start position:0% +of aluminum foil next to it and attach +wires to that and you would kind of + + align:start position:0% +wires to that and you would kind of + + + align:start position:0% +wires to that and you would kind of +squeeze the stack of aluminum foil paper + + align:start position:0% +squeeze the stack of aluminum foil paper + + + align:start position:0% +squeeze the stack of aluminum foil paper +and aluminum foil together and that + + align:start position:0% +and aluminum foil together and that + + + align:start position:0% +and aluminum foil together and that +becomes a capacitor okay and it has a + + align:start position:0% +becomes a capacitor okay and it has a + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a capacitor okay and it has a +symbol that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +symbol that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +symbol that looks like this +electrically so this is now our + + align:start position:0% +electrically so this is now our + + + align:start position:0% +electrically so this is now our +equivalent circuit of this model neuron + + align:start position:0% +equivalent circuit of this model neuron + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent circuit of this model neuron +okay it's very simple it's a capacitor + + align:start position:0% +okay it's very simple it's a capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's very simple it's a capacitor +with one wire here that represents the + + align:start position:0% +with one wire here that represents the + + + align:start position:0% +with one wire here that represents the +inside of the cell another wire that + + align:start position:0% +inside of the cell another wire that + + + align:start position:0% +inside of the cell another wire that +represents the outside of the cell we + + align:start position:0% +represents the outside of the cell we + + + align:start position:0% +represents the outside of the cell we +have a current source that connects the + + align:start position:0% +have a current source that connects the + + + align:start position:0% +have a current source that connects the +outside of the cell to the inside of the + + align:start position:0% +outside of the cell to the inside of the + + + align:start position:0% +outside of the cell to the inside of the +cell when we turn on the current source + + align:start position:0% +cell when we turn on the current source + + + align:start position:0% +cell when we turn on the current source +it takes charges from inside of here and + + align:start position:0% +it takes charges from inside of here and + + + align:start position:0% +it takes charges from inside of here and +sticks them through the electrode and + + align:start position:0% +sticks them through the electrode and + + + align:start position:0% +sticks them through the electrode and +pumps them into the cell does that make + + align:start position:0% +pumps them into the cell does that make + + + align:start position:0% +pumps them into the cell does that make +sense this is our this is sort of a + + align:start position:0% +sense this is our this is sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +sense this is our this is sort of a +simplified symbol for a voltage + + align:start position:0% +simplified symbol for a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +simplified symbol for a voltage +measuring device the voltage difference + + align:start position:0% +measuring device the voltage difference + + + align:start position:0% +measuring device the voltage difference +between the inside of the cell and the + + align:start position:0% +between the inside of the cell and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the inside of the cell and the +outside of the cell is what we're + + align:start position:0% +outside of the cell is what we're + + + align:start position:0% +outside of the cell is what we're +measuring here and that difference is + + align:start position:0% +measuring here and that difference is + + + align:start position:0% +measuring here and that difference is +called the membrane potential + + align:start position:0% +called the membrane potential + + + align:start position:0% +called the membrane potential +it's the voltage difference between the + + align:start position:0% +it's the voltage difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the voltage difference between the +inside and the outside of the membrane + + align:start position:0% +inside and the outside of the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +inside and the outside of the membrane +all right any questions about that yes + + align:start position:0% +all right any questions about that yes + + + align:start position:0% +all right any questions about that yes +what's that + + align:start position:0% +what's that + + + align:start position:0% +what's that +yes but we're gonna do it one piece at a + + align:start position:0% +yes but we're gonna do it one piece at a + + + align:start position:0% +yes but we're gonna do it one piece at a +time so we're going to start with a + + align:start position:0% +time so we're going to start with a + + + align:start position:0% +time so we're going to start with a +capacitor the resistor will come in a + + align:start position:0% +capacitor the resistor will come in a + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor the resistor will come in a +few slides yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly so we've simplified our neurons + + align:start position:0% +exactly so we've simplified our neurons + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so we've simplified our neurons +so that it's just an insulating shell + + align:start position:0% +so that it's just an insulating shell + + + align:start position:0% +so that it's just an insulating shell +okay no ion channels no currents + + align:start position:0% +okay no ion channels no currents + + + align:start position:0% +okay no ion channels no currents +anywhere else if we want to inject + + align:start position:0% +anywhere else if we want to inject + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere else if we want to inject +current into this simple model neuron we + + align:start position:0% +current into this simple model neuron we + + + align:start position:0% +current into this simple model neuron we +have to inject it through this electrode + + align:start position:0% +have to inject it through this electrode + + + align:start position:0% +have to inject it through this electrode +here okay so we're we're just going down + + align:start position:0% +here okay so we're we're just going down + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so we're we're just going down +to the very simplest case because this + + align:start position:0% +to the very simplest case because this + + + align:start position:0% +to the very simplest case because this +is already kind of interesting enough to + + align:start position:0% +is already kind of interesting enough to + + + align:start position:0% +is already kind of interesting enough to +understand just by itself yes the energy + + align:start position:0% +understand just by itself yes the energy + + + align:start position:0% +understand just by itself yes the energy +is stored in the electric field that + + align:start position:0% +is stored in the electric field that + + + align:start position:0% +is stored in the electric field that +crosses the bilayer and I'll get to that + + align:start position:0% +crosses the bilayer and I'll get to that + + + align:start position:0% +crosses the bilayer and I'll get to that +in a second any other questions okay + + align:start position:0% +in a second any other questions okay + + + align:start position:0% +in a second any other questions okay +great questions all right so what + + align:start position:0% +great questions all right so what + + + align:start position:0% +great questions all right so what +happens when we inject current into our + + align:start position:0% +happens when we inject current into our + + + align:start position:0% +happens when we inject current into our +neuron as I said that current source is + + align:start position:0% +neuron as I said that current source is + + + align:start position:0% +neuron as I said that current source is +pulling charges as charges from the + + align:start position:0% +pulling charges as charges from the + + + align:start position:0% +pulling charges as charges from the +outside and pumping them into the inside + + align:start position:0% +outside and pumping them into the inside + + + align:start position:0% +outside and pumping them into the inside +all right so what what happens when when + + align:start position:0% +all right so what what happens when when + + + align:start position:0% +all right so what what happens when when +what happens when that goes on so what + + align:start position:0% +what happens when that goes on so what + + + align:start position:0% +what happens when that goes on so what +we're doing is we are injecting current + + align:start position:0% +we're doing is we are injecting current + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing is we are injecting current +let's say this is our capacitor there + + align:start position:0% +let's say this is our capacitor there + + + align:start position:0% +let's say this is our capacitor there +are charges there are ions on the inside + + align:start position:0% +are charges there are ions on the inside + + + align:start position:0% +are charges there are ions on the inside +that are just up against the inside of + + align:start position:0% +that are just up against the inside of + + + align:start position:0% +that are just up against the inside of +the cell membrane there are charges on + + align:start position:0% +the cell membrane there are charges on + + + align:start position:0% +the cell membrane there are charges on +the outside okay and when we inject a + + align:start position:0% +the outside okay and when we inject a + + + align:start position:0% +the outside okay and when we inject a +charge from the outside to the inside + + align:start position:0% +charge from the outside to the inside + + + align:start position:0% +charge from the outside to the inside +let's put one of those charges right + + align:start position:0% +let's put one of those charges right + + + align:start position:0% +let's put one of those charges right +here and we're going to push it into the + + align:start position:0% +here and we're going to push it into the + + + align:start position:0% +here and we're going to push it into the +cell when you inject a charge you get an + + align:start position:0% +cell when you inject a charge you get an + + + align:start position:0% +cell when you inject a charge you get an +excess of charge on the inside of the + + align:start position:0% +excess of charge on the inside of the + + + align:start position:0% +excess of charge on the inside of the +cell membrane okay and what does that do + + align:start position:0% +cell membrane okay and what does that do + + + align:start position:0% +cell membrane okay and what does that do +you now have more positive charges + + align:start position:0% +you now have more positive charges + + + align:start position:0% +you now have more positive charges +inside than outside like charges repel + + align:start position:0% +inside than outside like charges repel + + + align:start position:0% +inside than outside like charges repel +so it pushes one of those charges away + + align:start position:0% +so it pushes one of those charges away + + + align:start position:0% +so it pushes one of those charges away +from the outside of the membrane does + + align:start position:0% +from the outside of the membrane does + + + align:start position:0% +from the outside of the membrane does +that make sense okay that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +that make sense okay that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense okay that's kind of +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +we took a charge we pushed it in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and a charge comes out right we have a + + align:start position:0% +and a charge comes out right we have a + + + align:start position:0% +and a charge comes out right we have a +current flowing we have charges coming + + align:start position:0% +current flowing we have charges coming + + + align:start position:0% +current flowing we have charges coming +in and charges leaving we have a current + + align:start position:0% +in and charges leaving we have a current + + + align:start position:0% +in and charges leaving we have a current +flowing through an insulator how is that + + align:start position:0% +flowing through an insulator how is that + + + align:start position:0% +flowing through an insulator how is that +possible + + align:start position:0% +possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible +it's a capacitive current okay no + + align:start position:0% +it's a capacitive current okay no + + + align:start position:0% +it's a capacitive current okay no +charges are actually passing through the + + align:start position:0% +charges are actually passing through the + + + align:start position:0% +charges are actually passing through the +insulator but it looks like you have a + + align:start position:0% +insulator but it looks like you have a + + + align:start position:0% +insulator but it looks like you have a +current flowing + + align:start position:0% +current flowing + + + align:start position:0% +current flowing +that's called a capacitive current and + + align:start position:0% +that's called a capacitive current and + + + align:start position:0% +that's called a capacitive current and +we represent that in our diagram by a + + align:start position:0% +we represent that in our diagram by a + + + align:start position:0% +we represent that in our diagram by a +current I sub C capacitive current that + + align:start position:0% +current I sub C capacitive current that + + + align:start position:0% +current I sub C capacitive current that +flows through the capacitor pretty cool + + align:start position:0% +flows through the capacitor pretty cool + + + align:start position:0% +flows through the capacitor pretty cool +right you have a current flowing through + + align:start position:0% +right you have a current flowing through + + + align:start position:0% +right you have a current flowing through +an insulator that's what a capacitor is + + align:start position:0% +an insulator that's what a capacitor is + + + align:start position:0% +an insulator that's what a capacitor is +okay now notice that you have a charge + + align:start position:0% +okay now notice that you have a charge + + + align:start position:0% +okay now notice that you have a charge +imbalance you have three positive + + align:start position:0% +imbalance you have three positive + + + align:start position:0% +imbalance you have three positive +charges here and only one positive + + align:start position:0% +charges here and only one positive + + + align:start position:0% +charges here and only one positive +charge here so there's an excess of two + + align:start position:0% +charge here so there's an excess of two + + + align:start position:0% +charge here so there's an excess of two +positive charges on the inside that's + + align:start position:0% +positive charges on the inside that's + + + align:start position:0% +positive charges on the inside that's +because we added a positive charge to + + align:start position:0% +because we added a positive charge to + + + align:start position:0% +because we added a positive charge to +the inside and took away a positive + + align:start position:0% +the inside and took away a positive + + + align:start position:0% +the inside and took away a positive +charge from the outside so that leaves a + + align:start position:0% +charge from the outside so that leaves a + + + align:start position:0% +charge from the outside so that leaves a +charge imbalance of two okay + + align:start position:0% +charge imbalance of two okay + + + align:start position:0% +charge imbalance of two okay +what what do you get between positive + + align:start position:0% +what what do you get between positive + + + align:start position:0% +what what do you get between positive +charge and a negative charge if you hold + + align:start position:0% +charge and a negative charge if you hold + + + align:start position:0% +charge and a negative charge if you hold +them next to each other what what is + + align:start position:0% +them next to each other what what is + + + align:start position:0% +them next to each other what what is +there in between good its attraction but + + align:start position:0% +there in between good its attraction but + + + align:start position:0% +there in between good its attraction but +what is it that causes that attraction + + align:start position:0% +what is it that causes that attraction + + + align:start position:0% +what is it that causes that attraction +remember yesterday we talked about + + align:start position:0% +remember yesterday we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +remember yesterday we talked about +something on a charge produces a force + + align:start position:0% +something on a charge produces a force + + + align:start position:0% +something on a charge produces a force +what is it good so there's an electric + + align:start position:0% +what is it good so there's an electric + + + align:start position:0% +what is it good so there's an electric +field between the positive the excess + + align:start position:0% +field between the positive the excess + + + align:start position:0% +field between the positive the excess +positive charges here and the excess + + align:start position:0% +positive charges here and the excess + + + align:start position:0% +positive charges here and the excess +negative charges here okay that's an + + align:start position:0% +negative charges here okay that's an + + + align:start position:0% +negative charges here okay that's an +electric field alright and that electric + + align:start position:0% +electric field alright and that electric + + + align:start position:0% +electric field alright and that electric +field stores energy how do you know + + align:start position:0% +field stores energy how do you know + + + align:start position:0% +field stores energy how do you know +there's energy in this system now what + + align:start position:0% +there's energy in this system now what + + + align:start position:0% +there's energy in this system now what +could you do to demonstrate that there's + + align:start position:0% +could you do to demonstrate that there's + + + align:start position:0% +could you do to demonstrate that there's +energy stored in that system the idea is + + align:start position:0% +energy stored in that system the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +energy stored in that system the idea is +you have two plates two metal plates + + align:start position:0% +you have two plates two metal plates + + + align:start position:0% +you have two plates two metal plates +let's say in the metal version of this + + align:start position:0% +let's say in the metal version of this + + + align:start position:0% +let's say in the metal version of this +separated by an insulator what would + + align:start position:0% +separated by an insulator what would + + + align:start position:0% +separated by an insulator what would +happen if you pulled away the insulator + + align:start position:0% +happen if you pulled away the insulator + + + align:start position:0% +happen if you pulled away the insulator +those two things would do that again by + + align:start position:0% +those two things would do that again by + + + align:start position:0% +those two things would do that again by +ladder boom what does that take to make + + align:start position:0% +ladder boom what does that take to make + + + align:start position:0% +ladder boom what does that take to make +that sound energy okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so there's energy stored in that + + align:start position:0% +so there's energy stored in that + + + align:start position:0% +so there's energy stored in that +electric field so there's a charge + + align:start position:0% +electric field so there's a charge + + + align:start position:0% +electric field so there's a charge +imbalance there's an electric field what + + align:start position:0% +imbalance there's an electric field what + + + align:start position:0% +imbalance there's an electric field what +does an electric field over some + + align:start position:0% +does an electric field over some + + + align:start position:0% +does an electric field over some +distance correspond to a voltage + + align:start position:0% +distance correspond to a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +distance correspond to a voltage +difference okay now there's a charge + + align:start position:0% +difference okay now there's a charge + + + align:start position:0% +difference okay now there's a charge +imbalance and a voltage difference and + + align:start position:0% +imbalance and a voltage difference and + + + align:start position:0% +imbalance and a voltage difference and +they're proportional to each other so + + align:start position:0% +they're proportional to each other so + + + align:start position:0% +they're proportional to each other so +there's a proportionality constant + + align:start position:0% +there's a proportionality constant + + + align:start position:0% +there's a proportionality constant +that's called the capacitance all right + + align:start position:0% +that's called the capacitance all right + + + align:start position:0% +that's called the capacitance all right +if you can put a lot of charge and have + + align:start position:0% +if you can put a lot of charge and have + + + align:start position:0% +if you can put a lot of charge and have +a small voltage difference that's a big + + align:start position:0% +a small voltage difference that's a big + + + align:start position:0% +a small voltage difference that's a big +capacitor you can get a big capacitor + + align:start position:0% +capacitor you can get a big capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor you can get a big capacitor +just by having a big area you can see + + align:start position:0% +just by having a big area you can see + + + align:start position:0% +just by having a big area you can see +you can have a lot of charges with a + + align:start position:0% +you can have a lot of charges with a + + + align:start position:0% +you can have a lot of charges with a +small voltage difference if you have big + + align:start position:0% +small voltage difference if you have big + + + align:start position:0% +small voltage difference if you have big +plates on your capacitor okay so that + + align:start position:0% +plates on your capacitor okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +plates on your capacitor okay so that +capacitance is actually proportional to + + align:start position:0% +capacitance is actually proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance is actually proportional to +the area of the plates and it's + + align:start position:0% +the area of the plates and it's + + + align:start position:0% +the area of the plates and it's +inversely proportional to the distance + + align:start position:0% +inversely proportional to the distance + + + align:start position:0% +inversely proportional to the distance +between them it's a very thin membrane + + align:start position:0% +between them it's a very thin membrane + + + align:start position:0% +between them it's a very thin membrane +which means you can get a lot of + + align:start position:0% +which means you can get a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +which means you can get a lot of +capacitance in a tiny area okay that's + + align:start position:0% +capacitance in a tiny area okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance in a tiny area okay that's +pretty cool all right any questions so + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool all right any questions so + + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool all right any questions so +charge is coulombs and there are six + + align:start position:0% +charge is coulombs and there are six + + + align:start position:0% +charge is coulombs and there are six +times 10 to the 18 charges in a Coulomb + + align:start position:0% +times 10 to the 18 charges in a Coulomb + + + align:start position:0% +times 10 to the 18 charges in a Coulomb +the elemental charges electron or mono + + align:start position:0% +the elemental charges electron or mono + + + align:start position:0% +the elemental charges electron or mono +valent + + align:start position:0% +valent + + + align:start position:0% +valent +ion charges voltages in units of volts + + align:start position:0% +ion charges voltages in units of volts + + + align:start position:0% +ion charges voltages in units of volts +and the capacitance is in units of + + align:start position:0% +and the capacitance is in units of + + + align:start position:0% +and the capacitance is in units of +farad's any questions all right so we + + align:start position:0% +farad's any questions all right so we + + + align:start position:0% +farad's any questions all right so we +have our relation between voltage + + align:start position:0% +have our relation between voltage + + + align:start position:0% +have our relation between voltage +difference and charge difference and + + align:start position:0% +difference and charge difference and + + + align:start position:0% +difference and charge difference and +what we're going to do is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is we're going to +calculate this capacitive current how do + + align:start position:0% +calculate this capacitive current how do + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this capacitive current how do +you think we would calculate the + + align:start position:0% +you think we would calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +you think we would calculate the +capacitive current well the capacitive + + align:start position:0% +capacitive current well the capacitive + + + align:start position:0% +capacitive current well the capacitive +current is just the rate at which the + + align:start position:0% +current is just the rate at which the + + + align:start position:0% +current is just the rate at which the +charge imbalance is changing right + + align:start position:0% +charge imbalance is changing right + + + align:start position:0% +charge imbalance is changing right +current is just charge per unit time + + align:start position:0% +current is just charge per unit time + + + align:start position:0% +current is just charge per unit time +okay so we're gonna calculate the + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're gonna calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're gonna calculate the +capacitive current as the time rate of + + align:start position:0% +capacitive current as the time rate of + + + align:start position:0% +capacitive current as the time rate of +change of the charge and I've dropped + + align:start position:0% +change of the charge and I've dropped + + + align:start position:0% +change of the charge and I've dropped +the deltas here so capacity + + align:start position:0% +the deltas here so capacity + + + align:start position:0% +the deltas here so capacity +current is dq/dt and remember that Q is + + align:start position:0% +current is dq/dt and remember that Q is + + + align:start position:0% +current is dq/dt and remember that Q is +just C V so the capacitive current is + + align:start position:0% +just C V so the capacitive current is + + + align:start position:0% +just C V so the capacitive current is +just C DV DT and the VM here represents + + align:start position:0% +just C DV DT and the VM here represents + + + align:start position:0% +just C DV DT and the VM here represents +the membrane potential okay so the + + align:start position:0% +the membrane potential okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +the membrane potential okay so the +capacitive current through a membrane is + + align:start position:0% +capacitive current through a membrane is + + + align:start position:0% +capacitive current through a membrane is +just the capacitance times the time rate + + align:start position:0% +just the capacitance times the time rate + + + align:start position:0% +just the capacitance times the time rate +of change of the membrane potential any + + align:start position:0% +of change of the membrane potential any + + + align:start position:0% +of change of the membrane potential any +questions okay pretty straightforward + + align:start position:0% +questions okay pretty straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay pretty straightforward +now what we're going to do now is we're + + align:start position:0% +now what we're going to do now is we're + + + align:start position:0% +now what we're going to do now is we're +going to relate the injected charge to + + align:start position:0% +going to relate the injected charge to + + + align:start position:0% +going to relate the injected charge to +the sorry the injected current to the + + align:start position:0% +the sorry the injected current to the + + + align:start position:0% +the sorry the injected current to the +capacitor and what does Kirchhoff's + + align:start position:0% +capacitor and what does Kirchhoff's + + + align:start position:0% +capacitor and what does Kirchhoff's +current law tell us it tells us that the + + align:start position:0% +current law tell us it tells us that the + + + align:start position:0% +current law tell us it tells us that the +amount of current going into this wire + + align:start position:0% +amount of current going into this wire + + + align:start position:0% +amount of current going into this wire +has to be equal to the amount of current + + align:start position:0% +has to be equal to the amount of current + + + align:start position:0% +has to be equal to the amount of current +leaving that wire okay so we can write + + align:start position:0% +leaving that wire okay so we can write + + + align:start position:0% +leaving that wire okay so we can write +that down as follows + + align:start position:0% +that down as follows + + + align:start position:0% +that down as follows +the difference in sign here is because + + align:start position:0% +the difference in sign here is because + + + align:start position:0% +the difference in sign here is because +the electrode current is defined as + + align:start position:0% +the electrode current is defined as + + + align:start position:0% +the electrode current is defined as +positive in word the capacitive current + + align:start position:0% +positive in word the capacitive current + + + align:start position:0% +positive in word the capacitive current +is defined as positive outward + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so you can see that we just + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can see that we just + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can see that we just +calculated the capacitive current it's c + + align:start position:0% +calculated the capacitive current it's c + + + align:start position:0% +calculated the capacitive current it's c +dv/dt so we can just plug that in here + + align:start position:0% +dv/dt so we can just plug that in here + + + align:start position:0% +dv/dt so we can just plug that in here +and now we see this very simple relation + + align:start position:0% +and now we see this very simple relation + + + align:start position:0% +and now we see this very simple relation +between the injected current and the + + align:start position:0% +between the injected current and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the injected current and the +voltage and again the current has unit + + align:start position:0% +voltage and again the current has unit + + + align:start position:0% +voltage and again the current has unit +of amperes which is coulombs per second + + align:start position:0% +of amperes which is coulombs per second + + + align:start position:0% +of amperes which is coulombs per second +okay so have that now we have a + + align:start position:0% +okay so have that now we have a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so have that now we have a +differential equation that describes the + + align:start position:0% +differential equation that describes the + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation that describes the +relation between current and voltage we + + align:start position:0% +relation between current and voltage we + + + align:start position:0% +relation between current and voltage we +can just integrate it to get the + + align:start position:0% +can just integrate it to get the + + + align:start position:0% +can just integrate it to get the +solution so that membrane potential will + + align:start position:0% +solution so that membrane potential will + + + align:start position:0% +solution so that membrane potential will +just be some initial membrane potential + + align:start position:0% +just be some initial membrane potential + + + align:start position:0% +just be some initial membrane potential +at time 0 plus 1 over C integral over + + align:start position:0% +at time 0 plus 1 over C integral over + + + align:start position:0% +at time 0 plus 1 over C integral over +time of the injected current just + + align:start position:0% +time of the injected current just + + + align:start position:0% +time of the injected current just +integrate both sides you get B here you + + align:start position:0% +integrate both sides you get B here you + + + align:start position:0% +integrate both sides you get B here you +get integral of I there and divide both + + align:start position:0% +get integral of I there and divide both + + + align:start position:0% +get integral of I there and divide both +sides by C any questions it's either + + align:start position:0% +sides by C any questions it's either + + + align:start position:0% +sides by C any questions it's either +really confusing or really obvious yeah + + align:start position:0% +really confusing or really obvious yeah + + + align:start position:0% +really confusing or really obvious yeah +everybody okay all right good + + align:start position:0% +everybody okay all right good + + + align:start position:0% +everybody okay all right good +now what is this what is the integral of + + align:start position:0% +now what is this what is the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +now what is this what is the integral of +current over time good it's the amount + + align:start position:0% +current over time good it's the amount + + + align:start position:0% +current over time good it's the amount +of charge you injected between time 0 + + align:start position:0% +of charge you injected between time 0 + + + align:start position:0% +of charge you injected between time 0 +and time T right and what is the what is + + align:start position:0% +and time T right and what is the what is + + + align:start position:0% +and time T right and what is the what is +the amount of charge you inject if I + + align:start position:0% +the amount of charge you inject if I + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of charge you inject if I +tell you that I injected an amount of + + align:start position:0% +tell you that I injected an amount of + + + align:start position:0% +tell you that I injected an amount of +charge Delta Q how much did I change the + + align:start position:0% +charge Delta Q how much did I change the + + + align:start position:0% +charge Delta Q how much did I change the +voltage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Delta V is Delta Q over C and that's + + align:start position:0% +Delta V is Delta Q over C and that's + + + align:start position:0% +Delta V is Delta Q over C and that's +exactly so so the voltage is just the + + align:start position:0% +exactly so so the voltage is just the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so so the voltage is just the +starting voltage plus Delta voltage that + + align:start position:0% +starting voltage plus Delta voltage that + + + align:start position:0% +starting voltage plus Delta voltage that +makes sense this integral here is just + + align:start position:0% +makes sense this integral here is just + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense this integral here is just +that part is just the amount of charge + + align:start position:0% +that part is just the amount of charge + + + align:start position:0% +that part is just the amount of charge +you injected divided by C gives you the + + align:start position:0% +you injected divided by C gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +you injected divided by C gives you the +change in the voltage so the voltage is + + align:start position:0% +change in the voltage so the voltage is + + + align:start position:0% +change in the voltage so the voltage is +just the starting voltage plus Delta V + + align:start position:0% +just the starting voltage plus Delta V + + + align:start position:0% +just the starting voltage plus Delta V +okay yes what's that oh because this + + align:start position:0% +okay yes what's that oh because this + + + align:start position:0% +okay yes what's that oh because this +equation here just came from here that + + align:start position:0% +equation here just came from here that + + + align:start position:0% +equation here just came from here that +was our charge are related between + + align:start position:0% +was our charge are related between + + + align:start position:0% +was our charge are related between +charge and balance and voltage + + align:start position:0% +charge and balance and voltage + + + align:start position:0% +charge and balance and voltage +difference yeah if it's not cleared just + + align:start position:0% +difference yeah if it's not cleared just + + + align:start position:0% +difference yeah if it's not cleared just +please ask thank you okay there we go + + align:start position:0% +please ask thank you okay there we go + + + align:start position:0% +please ask thank you okay there we go +so what is the inter constant it's just + + align:start position:0% +so what is the inter constant it's just + + + align:start position:0% +so what is the inter constant it's just +some constant times time right so our + + align:start position:0% +some constant times time right so our + + + align:start position:0% +some constant times time right so our +voltage is just some initial voltage + + align:start position:0% +voltage is just some initial voltage + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is just some initial voltage +plus the injected current over C times + + align:start position:0% +plus the injected current over C times + + + align:start position:0% +plus the injected current over C times +time and so you can see where this comes + + align:start position:0% +time and so you can see where this comes + + + align:start position:0% +time and so you can see where this comes +from right when you turn the card on the + + align:start position:0% +from right when you turn the card on the + + + align:start position:0% +from right when you turn the card on the +voltage just increases linearly over + + align:start position:0% +voltage just increases linearly over + + + align:start position:0% +voltage just increases linearly over +time with a slope that's given by the + + align:start position:0% +time with a slope that's given by the + + + align:start position:0% +time with a slope that's given by the +current divided by the capacitance okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right any questions you guys are + + align:start position:0% +all right any questions you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +all right any questions you guys are +being very quiet this is the point where + + align:start position:0% +being very quiet this is the point where + + + align:start position:0% +being very quiet this is the point where +I start feeling nervous I went too fast + + align:start position:0% +I start feeling nervous I went too fast + + + align:start position:0% +I start feeling nervous I went too fast +yes yes it does and it breaks at about a + + align:start position:0% +yes yes it does and it breaks at about a + + + align:start position:0% +yes yes it does and it breaks at about a +volt or so because the electric field + + align:start position:0% +volt or so because the electric field + + + align:start position:0% +volt or so because the electric field +gets so strong it literally just rips + + align:start position:0% +gets so strong it literally just rips + + + align:start position:0% +gets so strong it literally just rips +the atoms apart in the molecules of the + + align:start position:0% +the atoms apart in the molecules of the + + + align:start position:0% +the atoms apart in the molecules of the +lipid bilayer yes sorry I shouldn't say + + align:start position:0% +lipid bilayer yes sorry I shouldn't say + + + align:start position:0% +lipid bilayer yes sorry I shouldn't say +it doesn't rip the atoms apart at rips + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't rip the atoms apart at rips + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't rip the atoms apart at rips +the molecules apart you need much higher + + align:start position:0% +the molecules apart you need much higher + + + align:start position:0% +the molecules apart you need much higher +electric fields to do that yes oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because we're integrating from time 0 to + + align:start position:0% +because we're integrating from time 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +because we're integrating from time 0 to +time T we're measuring we want to know + + align:start position:0% +time T we're measuring we want to know + + + align:start position:0% +time T we're measuring we want to know +the voltage at time T okay we're + + align:start position:0% +the voltage at time T okay we're + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage at time T okay we're +starting at zero we're integrating the + + align:start position:0% +starting at zero we're integrating the + + + align:start position:0% +starting at zero we're integrating the +current from time 0 to time T which is + + align:start position:0% +current from time 0 to time T which is + + + align:start position:0% +current from time 0 to time T which is +where we're wanting to know the voltage + + align:start position:0% +where we're wanting to know the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +where we're wanting to know the voltage +right so you have to integrate the + + align:start position:0% +right so you have to integrate the + + + align:start position:0% +right so you have to integrate the +current from zero to T so you can't use + + align:start position:0% +current from zero to T so you can't use + + + align:start position:0% +current from zero to T so you can't use +T in here T is T is the end point yeah + + align:start position:0% +T in here T is T is the end point yeah + + + align:start position:0% +T in here T is T is the end point yeah +that makes sense + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense +good question thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay everybody all right I'm gonna stand + + align:start position:0% +okay everybody all right I'm gonna stand + + + align:start position:0% +okay everybody all right I'm gonna stand +here until I hear one more question yes + + align:start position:0% +here until I hear one more question yes + + + align:start position:0% +here until I hear one more question yes +oh here because its current of value I + + align:start position:0% +oh here because its current of value I + + + align:start position:0% +oh here because its current of value I +not great question yes yes that's right + + align:start position:0% +not great question yes yes that's right + + + align:start position:0% +not great question yes yes that's right +this okay I should have maybe been more + + align:start position:0% +this okay I should have maybe been more + + + align:start position:0% +this okay I should have maybe been more +clear this current source has a knob on + + align:start position:0% +clear this current source has a knob on + + + align:start position:0% +clear this current source has a knob on +it but I get to set I get to I get to + + align:start position:0% +it but I get to set I get to I get to + + + align:start position:0% +it but I get to set I get to I get to +like that you guys see there would be an + + align:start position:0% +like that you guys see there would be an + + + align:start position:0% +like that you guys see there would be an +app now and I pull out my my current + + align:start position:0% +app now and I pull out my my current + + + align:start position:0% +app now and I pull out my my current +source app and I type in ten milliamps + + align:start position:0% +source app and I type in ten milliamps + + + align:start position:0% +source app and I type in ten milliamps +boom + + align:start position:0% +boom + + + align:start position:0% +boom +and this thing's there's a Bluetooth + + align:start position:0% +and this thing's there's a Bluetooth + + + align:start position:0% +and this thing's there's a Bluetooth +connection to this thing and it like + + align:start position:0% +connection to this thing and it like + + + align:start position:0% +connection to this thing and it like +sets this thing to ten milliamps and it + + align:start position:0% +sets this thing to ten milliamps and it + + + align:start position:0% +sets this thing to ten milliamps and it +just keeps pumping ten milliamps until + + align:start position:0% +just keeps pumping ten milliamps until + + + align:start position:0% +just keeps pumping ten milliamps until +you tell it to do something else okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes okay sure + + align:start position:0% +yes okay sure + + + align:start position:0% +yes okay sure +yeah what would that be actually if you + + align:start position:0% +yeah what would that be actually if you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah what would that be actually if you +put in a linear ramp and current would + + align:start position:0% +put in a linear ramp and current would + + + align:start position:0% +put in a linear ramp and current would +be a parabolic voltage profile very good + + align:start position:0% +be a parabolic voltage profile very good + + + align:start position:0% +be a parabolic voltage profile very good +it's exactly it + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly it + + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly it +this current profile that you this + + align:start position:0% +this current profile that you this + + + align:start position:0% +this current profile that you this +voltage profile is literally just the + + align:start position:0% +voltage profile is literally just the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage profile is literally just the +numerical integral of this function so + + align:start position:0% +numerical integral of this function so + + + align:start position:0% +numerical integral of this function so +all you have to do is look at this and + + align:start position:0% +all you have to do is look at this and + + + align:start position:0% +all you have to do is look at this and +integrate it in your head and you can + + align:start position:0% +integrate it in your head and you can + + + align:start position:0% +integrate it in your head and you can +see what the voltage does okay great + + align:start position:0% +see what the voltage does okay great + + + align:start position:0% +see what the voltage does okay great +that's exactly right so let's do another + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly right so let's do another + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly right so let's do another +example let's put it in a vault current + + align:start position:0% +example let's put it in a vault current + + + align:start position:0% +example let's put it in a vault current +pulse so we start at zero current we + + align:start position:0% +pulse so we start at zero current we + + + align:start position:0% +pulse so we start at zero current we +step it up to I naught we hold it there + + align:start position:0% +step it up to I naught we hold it there + + + align:start position:0% +step it up to I naught we hold it there +for tau and then we turn the current off + + align:start position:0% +for tau and then we turn the current off + + + align:start position:0% +for tau and then we turn the current off +so let's start our neuron right here + + align:start position:0% +so let's start our neuron right here + + + align:start position:0% +so let's start our neuron right here +what's gonna happen what's what's your + + align:start position:0% +what's gonna happen what's what's your + + + align:start position:0% +what's gonna happen what's what's your +name I'm gonna ask you to do this + + align:start position:0% +name I'm gonna ask you to do this + + + align:start position:0% +name I'm gonna ask you to do this +problem but yeah Sammy what's this + + align:start position:0% +problem but yeah Sammy what's this + + + align:start position:0% +problem but yeah Sammy what's this +voltage going to do good cuz it's zero + + align:start position:0% +voltage going to do good cuz it's zero + + + align:start position:0% +voltage going to do good cuz it's zero +current then what's going to happen good + + align:start position:0% +current then what's going to happen good + + + align:start position:0% +current then what's going to happen good +good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +awesome that's it it's that simple okay + + align:start position:0% +awesome that's it it's that simple okay + + + align:start position:0% +awesome that's it it's that simple okay +good all right now somebody brought up + + align:start position:0% +good all right now somebody brought up + + + align:start position:0% +good all right now somebody brought up +resistors who brought up ion + + align:start position:0% +resistors who brought up ion + + + align:start position:0% +resistors who brought up ion +conductances somebody somebody mentioned + + align:start position:0% +conductances somebody somebody mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +conductances somebody somebody mentioned +that so that's the next thing we're + + align:start position:0% +that so that's the next thing we're + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's the next thing we're +going to add this is sort of the zero + + align:start position:0% +going to add this is sort of the zero + + + align:start position:0% +going to add this is sort of the zero +order model of a neuron okay that's the + + align:start position:0% +order model of a neuron okay that's the + + + align:start position:0% +order model of a neuron okay that's the +simplest view and it's often not so bad + + align:start position:0% +simplest view and it's often not so bad + + + align:start position:0% +simplest view and it's often not so bad +okay for short periods of time but + + align:start position:0% +okay for short periods of time but + + + align:start position:0% +okay for short periods of time but +Norlin to actually have ion channels all + + align:start position:0% +Norlin to actually have ion channels all + + + align:start position:0% +Norlin to actually have ion channels all +right that allow current to flow through + + align:start position:0% +right that allow current to flow through + + + align:start position:0% +right that allow current to flow through +the membrane so we're gonna start today + + align:start position:0% +the membrane so we're gonna start today + + + align:start position:0% +the membrane so we're gonna start today +by analyzing the case of the simplest + + align:start position:0% +by analyzing the case of the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +by analyzing the case of the simplest +kind of ion channel which is the kind of + + align:start position:0% +kind of ion channel which is the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of ion channel which is the kind of +ion channel when you take a needle and + + align:start position:0% +ion channel when you take a needle and + + + align:start position:0% +ion channel when you take a needle and +you poke a hole in the membrane okay + + align:start position:0% +you poke a hole in the membrane okay + + + align:start position:0% +you poke a hole in the membrane okay +it's called the leak or a hole alright + + align:start position:0% +it's called the leak or a hole alright + + + align:start position:0% +it's called the leak or a hole alright +and and we're gonna analyze what our + + align:start position:0% +and and we're gonna analyze what our + + + align:start position:0% +and and we're gonna analyze what our +neuron does when you do that so what + + align:start position:0% +neuron does when you do that so what + + + align:start position:0% +neuron does when you do that so what +we're gonna find is that the ion channel + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna find is that the ion channel + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna find is that the ion channel +the leak conductance it can be + + align:start position:0% +the leak conductance it can be + + + align:start position:0% +the leak conductance it can be +represented in our model simply by a + + align:start position:0% +represented in our model simply by a + + + align:start position:0% +represented in our model simply by a +resistor okay and we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +resistor okay and we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +resistor okay and we're going to have +our capacitive current membrane + + align:start position:0% +our capacitive current membrane + + + align:start position:0% +our capacitive current membrane +capacitive current and a membrane ionic + + align:start position:0% +capacitive current and a membrane ionic + + + align:start position:0% +capacitive current and a membrane ionic +current that's due to ions flowing + + align:start position:0% +current that's due to ions flowing + + + align:start position:0% +current that's due to ions flowing +through ion channels in the membrane + + align:start position:0% +through ion channels in the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +through ion channels in the membrane +okay and that current will be we're + + align:start position:0% +okay and that current will be we're + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that current will be we're +going to call that our leak resistance + + align:start position:0% +going to call that our leak resistance + + + align:start position:0% +going to call that our leak resistance +and that current will be our leak + + align:start position:0% +and that current will be our leak + + + align:start position:0% +and that current will be our leak +current okay so now kirchoff's current + + align:start position:0% +current okay so now kirchoff's current + + + align:start position:0% +current okay so now kirchoff's current +law tells us what that the leak current + + align:start position:0% +law tells us what that the leak current + + + align:start position:0% +law tells us what that the leak current +plus the capacitive current has to call + + align:start position:0% +plus the capacitive current has to call + + + align:start position:0% +plus the capacitive current has to call +the injected current right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we know the capacitive current is just c + + align:start position:0% +we know the capacitive current is just c + + + align:start position:0% +we know the capacitive current is just c +dv/dt so we just plug that in now we + + align:start position:0% +dv/dt so we just plug that in now we + + + align:start position:0% +dv/dt so we just plug that in now we +have I leek plus C DV DT equals the + + align:start position:0% +have I leek plus C DV DT equals the + + + align:start position:0% +have I leek plus C DV DT equals the +injected electrode current that is + + align:start position:0% +injected electrode current that is + + + align:start position:0% +injected electrode current that is +called membrane ionic current that is + + align:start position:0% +called membrane ionic current that is + + + align:start position:0% +called membrane ionic current that is +called membrane capacitive current and + + align:start position:0% +called membrane capacitive current and + + + align:start position:0% +called membrane capacitive current and +that is our electric current there's a + + align:start position:0% +that is our electric current there's a + + + align:start position:0% +that is our electric current there's a +sign convention in neuroscience which is + + align:start position:0% +sign convention in neuroscience which is + + + align:start position:0% +sign convention in neuroscience which is +that membrane ionic currents that are + + align:start position:0% +that membrane ionic currents that are + + + align:start position:0% +that membrane ionic currents that are +outward from the inside of the cell to + + align:start position:0% +outward from the inside of the cell to + + + align:start position:0% +outward from the inside of the cell to +the outside of the cell membrane are + + align:start position:0% +the outside of the cell membrane are + + + align:start position:0% +the outside of the cell membrane are +positive inside positive charges leaving + + align:start position:0% +positive inside positive charges leaving + + + align:start position:0% +positive inside positive charges leaving +the cell have a positive sign it's just + + align:start position:0% +the cell have a positive sign it's just + + + align:start position:0% +the cell have a positive sign it's just +convention could have been the other way + + align:start position:0% +convention could have been the other way + + + align:start position:0% +convention could have been the other way +but you have to choose something so + + align:start position:0% +but you have to choose something so + + + align:start position:0% +but you have to choose something so +that's what I think it was hodgkin and + + align:start position:0% +that's what I think it was hodgkin and + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I think it was hodgkin and +huxley actually who determined decided + + align:start position:0% +huxley actually who determined decided + + + align:start position:0% +huxley actually who determined decided +that inward currents positive charges + + align:start position:0% +that inward currents positive charges + + + align:start position:0% +that inward currents positive charges +entering the cell through the membrane + + align:start position:0% +entering the cell through the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +entering the cell through the membrane +going this way from extracellular to + + align:start position:0% +going this way from extracellular to + + + align:start position:0% +going this way from extracellular to +intracellular are defined as negative + + align:start position:0% +intracellular are defined as negative + + + align:start position:0% +intracellular are defined as negative +electrode currents the other way + + align:start position:0% +electrode currents the other way + + + align:start position:0% +electrode currents the other way +electric current inward current is pop + + align:start position:0% +electric current inward current is pop + + + align:start position:0% +electric current inward current is pop +into the cell is positive okay so we're + + align:start position:0% +into the cell is positive okay so we're + + + align:start position:0% +into the cell is positive okay so we're +gonna poke off our membrane and we're + + align:start position:0% +gonna poke off our membrane and we're + + + align:start position:0% +gonna poke off our membrane and we're +going to model that ion channel using + + align:start position:0% +going to model that ion channel using + + + align:start position:0% +going to model that ion channel using +Ohm's law + + align:start position:0% +Ohm's law + + + align:start position:0% +Ohm's law +so the leak current is just membrane + + align:start position:0% +so the leak current is just membrane + + + align:start position:0% +so the leak current is just membrane +potential divided by resistance leak + + align:start position:0% +potential divided by resistance leak + + + align:start position:0% +potential divided by resistance leak +resistance so what do we get if we plug + + align:start position:0% +resistance so what do we get if we plug + + + align:start position:0% +resistance so what do we get if we plug +this into our I leak + + align:start position:0% +this into our I leak + + + align:start position:0% +this into our I leak +plus I capacitance capacitive equals + + align:start position:0% +plus I capacitance capacitive equals + + + align:start position:0% +plus I capacitance capacitive equals +injected current we get the membrane + + align:start position:0% +injected current we get the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +injected current we get the membrane +potential VM over RL plus C DV DT equals + + align:start position:0% +potential VM over RL plus C DV DT equals + + + align:start position:0% +potential VM over RL plus C DV DT equals +injected current okay we've multiplied + + align:start position:0% +injected current okay we've multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +injected current okay we've multiplied +both sides by resistance we get V plus + + align:start position:0% +both sides by resistance we get V plus + + + align:start position:0% +both sides by resistance we get V plus +RC that's why it's called an RC model DV + + align:start position:0% +RC that's why it's called an RC model DV + + + align:start position:0% +RC that's why it's called an RC model DV +DT equals leak resistance times the + + align:start position:0% +DT equals leak resistance times the + + + align:start position:0% +DT equals leak resistance times the +injected current all right now that's + + align:start position:0% +injected current all right now that's + + + align:start position:0% +injected current all right now that's +looking a little complicated but we're + + align:start position:0% +looking a little complicated but we're + + + align:start position:0% +looking a little complicated but we're +gonna simplify things now + + align:start position:0% +gonna simplify things now + + + align:start position:0% +gonna simplify things now +Tao I'm sorry RC is resistance times + + align:start position:0% +Tao I'm sorry RC is resistance times + + + align:start position:0% +Tao I'm sorry RC is resistance times +capacitance and it turns out that has + + align:start position:0% +capacitance and it turns out that has + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance and it turns out that has +units of time and so we're going to call + + align:start position:0% +units of time and so we're going to call + + + align:start position:0% +units of time and so we're going to call +that towel got a little ahead of myself + + align:start position:0% +that towel got a little ahead of myself + + + align:start position:0% +that towel got a little ahead of myself +that's called tau we're gonna make that + + align:start position:0% +that's called tau we're gonna make that + + + align:start position:0% +that's called tau we're gonna make that +substitution in a minute + + align:start position:0% +substitution in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +substitution in a minute +but first we're gonna calculate the + + align:start position:0% +but first we're gonna calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +but first we're gonna calculate the +steady-state solution to that equation + + align:start position:0% +steady-state solution to that equation + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state solution to that equation +okay so bear with me hang on it's all + + align:start position:0% +okay so bear with me hang on it's all + + + align:start position:0% +okay so bear with me hang on it's all +gonna make sense in a minute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does anyone know how to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +does anyone know how to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +does anyone know how to calculate the +steady-state solution of a differential + + align:start position:0% +steady-state solution of a differential + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state solution of a differential +equation yes + + align:start position:0% +equation yes + + + align:start position:0% +equation yes +good what's your name Rebecca so you set + + align:start position:0% +good what's your name Rebecca so you set + + + align:start position:0% +good what's your name Rebecca so you set +the derivative well so let's do that + + align:start position:0% +the derivative well so let's do that + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative well so let's do that +set dv/dt equal to zero and what do you + + align:start position:0% +set dv/dt equal to zero and what do you + + + align:start position:0% +set dv/dt equal to zero and what do you +find sorry we flash the answer up there + + align:start position:0% +find sorry we flash the answer up there + + + align:start position:0% +find sorry we flash the answer up there +what do you get if you said DV DT equals + + align:start position:0% +what do you get if you said DV DT equals + + + align:start position:0% +what do you get if you said DV DT equals +zero good + + align:start position:0% +zero good + + + align:start position:0% +zero good +so you inject some current we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +so you inject some current we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +so you inject some current we're gonna +hold the current constant let's say hey + + align:start position:0% +hold the current constant let's say hey + + + align:start position:0% +hold the current constant let's say hey +we've put some current in and we hold it + + align:start position:0% +we've put some current in and we hold it + + + align:start position:0% +we've put some current in and we hold it +constant the voltage will change and + + align:start position:0% +constant the voltage will change and + + + align:start position:0% +constant the voltage will change and +eventually things will settle down and + + align:start position:0% +eventually things will settle down and + + + align:start position:0% +eventually things will settle down and +the DV DT will go to zero at that point + + align:start position:0% +the DV DT will go to zero at that point + + + align:start position:0% +the DV DT will go to zero at that point +we know the voltage it's just our L + + align:start position:0% +we know the voltage it's just our L + + + align:start position:0% +we know the voltage it's just our L +times ie what is the voltage equals + + align:start position:0% +times ie what is the voltage equals + + + align:start position:0% +times ie what is the voltage equals +resistance times current what is that + + align:start position:0% +resistance times current what is that + + + align:start position:0% +resistance times current what is that +Ohm's law + + align:start position:0% +Ohm's law + + + align:start position:0% +Ohm's law +it's just when we inject current bunch + + align:start position:0% +it's just when we inject current bunch + + + align:start position:0% +it's just when we inject current bunch +of stuff happens and when the dust + + align:start position:0% +of stuff happens and when the dust + + + align:start position:0% +of stuff happens and when the dust +settles the voltage difference is just + + align:start position:0% +settles the voltage difference is just + + + align:start position:0% +settles the voltage difference is just +the injected current divided resistance + + align:start position:0% +the injected current divided resistance + + + align:start position:0% +the injected current divided resistance +that makes sense + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well right now we just took a needle and + + align:start position:0% +well right now we just took a needle and + + + align:start position:0% +well right now we just took a needle and +poked a hole in our cell so yeah exactly + + align:start position:0% +poked a hole in our cell so yeah exactly + + + align:start position:0% +poked a hole in our cell so yeah exactly +it's how big the hole is now cells real + + align:start position:0% +it's how big the hole is now cells real + + + align:start position:0% +it's how big the hole is now cells real +cells do have leak channels they're + + align:start position:0% +cells do have leak channels they're + + + align:start position:0% +cells do have leak channels they're +actually ion channels that leak kind of + + align:start position:0% +actually ion channels that leak kind of + + + align:start position:0% +actually ion channels that leak kind of +any ion that's in there it's it's not + + align:start position:0% +any ion that's in there it's it's not + + + align:start position:0% +any ion that's in there it's it's not +very common and you'll see why in a + + align:start position:0% +very common and you'll see why in a + + + align:start position:0% +very common and you'll see why in a +minute actually it's not quite true + + align:start position:0% +minute actually it's not quite true + + + align:start position:0% +minute actually it's not quite true +there are ion channels that that look + + align:start position:0% +there are ion channels that that look + + + align:start position:0% +there are ion channels that that look +essentially like leaks and it turns out + + align:start position:0% +essentially like leaks and it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +essentially like leaks and it turns out +that the ion channels that many + + align:start position:0% +that the ion channels that many + + + align:start position:0% +that the ion channels that many +neurotransmitter receptors like + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptors like + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter receptors like +glutamate and acetylcholine the ion + + align:start position:0% +glutamate and acetylcholine the ion + + + align:start position:0% +glutamate and acetylcholine the ion +channels actually look like little leaks + + align:start position:0% +channels actually look like little leaks + + + align:start position:0% +channels actually look like little leaks +they pass multiple ions that makes them + + align:start position:0% +they pass multiple ions that makes them + + + align:start position:0% +they pass multiple ions that makes them +look like leaks okay so in steady state + + align:start position:0% +look like leaks okay so in steady state + + + align:start position:0% +look like leaks okay so in steady state +the membrane potential goes to RL times + + align:start position:0% +the membrane potential goes to RL times + + + align:start position:0% +the membrane potential goes to RL times +ie and we call that voltage something + + align:start position:0% +ie and we call that voltage something + + + align:start position:0% +ie and we call that voltage something +special V infinity because it's the + + align:start position:0% +special V infinity because it's the + + + align:start position:0% +special V infinity because it's the +voltage that the system reaches at time + + align:start position:0% +voltage that the system reaches at time + + + align:start position:0% +voltage that the system reaches at time +equals infinity okay any questions about + + align:start position:0% +equals infinity okay any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +equals infinity okay any questions about +that okay so we're gonna just rewrite + + align:start position:0% +that okay so we're gonna just rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so we're gonna just rewrite +this equation as VM plus tau DV DT + + align:start position:0% +this equation as VM plus tau DV DT + + + align:start position:0% +this equation as VM plus tau DV DT +equals V infinity and that equation we + + align:start position:0% +equals V infinity and that equation we + + + align:start position:0% +equals V infinity and that equation we +are gonna see over and over and over + + align:start position:0% +are gonna see over and over and over + + + align:start position:0% +are gonna see over and over and over +again in this class in many different + + align:start position:0% +again in this class in many different + + + align:start position:0% +again in this class in many different +contexts all right it's a first-order + + align:start position:0% +contexts all right it's a first-order + + + align:start position:0% +contexts all right it's a first-order +linear differential equation and it's + + align:start position:0% +linear differential equation and it's + + + align:start position:0% +linear differential equation and it's +very powerful okay so I want you to get + + align:start position:0% +very powerful okay so I want you to get + + + align:start position:0% +very powerful okay so I want you to get +used to it so what what does this mean + + align:start position:0% +used to it so what what does this mean + + + align:start position:0% +used to it so what what does this mean +so let's rewrite this equation a little + + align:start position:0% +so let's rewrite this equation a little + + + align:start position:0% +so let's rewrite this equation a little +bit let's move this term to the other + + align:start position:0% +bit let's move this term to the other + + + align:start position:0% +bit let's move this term to the other +side and divide both sides by tau and + + align:start position:0% +side and divide both sides by tau and + + + align:start position:0% +side and divide both sides by tau and +here's what you get DV DT equals minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +here's what you get DV DT equals minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +here's what you get DV DT equals minus 1 +over tau V minus V in times V minus V + + align:start position:0% +over tau V minus V in times V minus V + + + align:start position:0% +over tau V minus V in times V minus V +infinity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now let's take a look at what the + + align:start position:0% +okay now let's take a look at what the + + + align:start position:0% +okay now let's take a look at what the +derivative DV DT looks like as a + + align:start position:0% +derivative DV DT looks like as a + + + align:start position:0% +derivative DV DT looks like as a +function of voltage yes V infinity is + + align:start position:0% +function of voltage yes V infinity is + + + align:start position:0% +function of voltage yes V infinity is +defined RL times ie it's a definition + + align:start position:0% +defined RL times ie it's a definition + + + align:start position:0% +defined RL times ie it's a definition +sorry I should have put like three three + + align:start position:0% +sorry I should have put like three three + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I should have put like three three +lines there to indicate that it's the + + align:start position:0% +lines there to indicate that it's the + + + align:start position:0% +lines there to indicate that it's the +definition yeah + + align:start position:0% +definition yeah + + + align:start position:0% +definition yeah +sorry that that's a very important + + align:start position:0% +sorry that that's a very important + + + align:start position:0% +sorry that that's a very important +question what's your name + + align:start position:0% +question what's your name + + + align:start position:0% +question what's your name +Rishi okay I'm going to make an attempt + + align:start position:0% +Rishi okay I'm going to make an attempt + + + align:start position:0% +Rishi okay I'm going to make an attempt +to remember names so is everyone clear + + align:start position:0% +to remember names so is everyone clear + + + align:start position:0% +to remember names so is everyone clear +about that the Infinity is defined as + + align:start position:0% +about that the Infinity is defined as + + + align:start position:0% +about that the Infinity is defined as +the resistance times this injected + + align:start position:0% +the resistance times this injected + + + align:start position:0% +the resistance times this injected +current so the injected current when we + + align:start position:0% +current so the injected current when we + + + align:start position:0% +current so the injected current when we +inject current into our neuron you're + + align:start position:0% +inject current into our neuron you're + + + align:start position:0% +inject current into our neuron you're +changing the Infinity okay you're + + align:start position:0% +changing the Infinity okay you're + + + align:start position:0% +changing the Infinity okay you're +controlling it that makes sense okay so + + align:start position:0% +controlling it that makes sense okay so + + + align:start position:0% +controlling it that makes sense okay so +let's look at how the derivative changes + + align:start position:0% +let's look at how the derivative changes + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at how the derivative changes +as a function of voltage it's very + + align:start position:0% +as a function of voltage it's very + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of voltage it's very +sympathy all of this is going to + + align:start position:0% +sympathy all of this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +sympathy all of this is going to +crystallize in your mind in one + + align:start position:0% +crystallize in your mind in one + + + align:start position:0% +crystallize in your mind in one +beautiful construct very shortly yes yep + + align:start position:0% +beautiful construct very shortly yes yep + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful construct very shortly yes yep +resistance times capacitance has units + + align:start position:0% +resistance times capacitance has units + + + align:start position:0% +resistance times capacitance has units +time okay and so we call it tau tau is + + align:start position:0% +time okay and so we call it tau tau is + + + align:start position:0% +time okay and so we call it tau tau is +just a constant okay so hang on bear + + align:start position:0% +just a constant okay so hang on bear + + + align:start position:0% +just a constant okay so hang on bear +with me the derivative is a function of + + align:start position:0% +with me the derivative is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +with me the derivative is a function of +ol tidge and at V equals V infinity the + + align:start position:0% +ol tidge and at V equals V infinity the + + + align:start position:0% +ol tidge and at V equals V infinity the +derivative is zero right that's the + + align:start position:0% +derivative is zero right that's the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is zero right that's the +definition of the Infinity it's the + + align:start position:0% +definition of the Infinity it's the + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the Infinity it's the +voltage at which the derivative is zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the voltage is less than V infinity the + + align:start position:0% +the voltage is less than V infinity the + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage is less than V infinity the +derivative is is positive right when the + + align:start position:0% +derivative is is positive right when the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is is positive right when the +voltage is below V infinity the + + align:start position:0% +voltage is below V infinity the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is below V infinity the +derivative of voltage is positive so + + align:start position:0% +derivative of voltage is positive so + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of voltage is positive so +what is what what is the voltage doing + + align:start position:0% +what is what what is the voltage doing + + + align:start position:0% +what is what what is the voltage doing +it's approaching V infinity if the + + align:start position:0% +it's approaching V infinity if the + + + align:start position:0% +it's approaching V infinity if the +voltage is above the Infinity voltage + + align:start position:0% +voltage is above the Infinity voltage + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is above the Infinity voltage +greater than V infinity the derivative + + align:start position:0% +greater than V infinity the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +greater than V infinity the derivative +is negative so voltage does what yes but + + align:start position:0% +is negative so voltage does what yes but + + + align:start position:0% +is negative so voltage does what yes but +it's it approaches the Infinity so no + + align:start position:0% +it's it approaches the Infinity so no + + + align:start position:0% +it's it approaches the Infinity so no +matter where voltage is it's always + + align:start position:0% +matter where voltage is it's always + + + align:start position:0% +matter where voltage is it's always +approaching V infinity if it's below V + + align:start position:0% +approaching V infinity if it's below V + + + align:start position:0% +approaching V infinity if it's below V +and the slope is positive and it + + align:start position:0% +and the slope is positive and it + + + align:start position:0% +and the slope is positive and it +approaches the Infinity if it's above + + align:start position:0% +approaches the Infinity if it's above + + + align:start position:0% +approaches the Infinity if it's above +the Infinity the slope is negative and + + align:start position:0% +the Infinity the slope is negative and + + + align:start position:0% +the Infinity the slope is negative and +it approaches the Infinity from above + + align:start position:0% +it approaches the Infinity from above + + + align:start position:0% +it approaches the Infinity from above +pretty cool right + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool right + + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool right +so V is always just relaxing toward V + + align:start position:0% +so V is always just relaxing toward V + + + align:start position:0% +so V is always just relaxing toward V +infinity and how does it get there does + + align:start position:0% +infinity and how does it get there does + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and how does it get there does +it go linearly well you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +it go linearly well you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +it go linearly well you can see that the +slope the rate at which it approaches V + + align:start position:0% +slope the rate at which it approaches V + + + align:start position:0% +slope the rate at which it approaches V +infinity is proportional to how far away + + align:start position:0% +infinity is proportional to how far away + + + align:start position:0% +infinity is proportional to how far away +it is from the Infinity and so it + + align:start position:0% +it is from the Infinity and so it + + + align:start position:0% +it is from the Infinity and so it +doesn't just go boom boom crash into the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't just go boom boom crash into the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't just go boom boom crash into the +Infinity it kind of slowly approaches + + align:start position:0% +Infinity it kind of slowly approaches + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity it kind of slowly approaches +the Infinity okay and they know what + + align:start position:0% +the Infinity okay and they know what + + + align:start position:0% +the Infinity okay and they know what +that function is called it's an + + align:start position:0% +that function is called it's an + + + align:start position:0% +that function is called it's an +exponential good and it has a it it + + align:start position:0% +exponential good and it has a it it + + + align:start position:0% +exponential good and it has a it it +approaches with a time scale of tau so + + align:start position:0% +approaches with a time scale of tau so + + + align:start position:0% +approaches with a time scale of tau so +if tau is small it approaches quickly if + + align:start position:0% +if tau is small it approaches quickly if + + + align:start position:0% +if tau is small it approaches quickly if +tau is long it approaches slow and see + + align:start position:0% +tau is long it approaches slow and see + + + align:start position:0% +tau is long it approaches slow and see +that if tau is big the derivatives are + + align:start position:0% +that if tau is big the derivatives are + + + align:start position:0% +that if tau is big the derivatives are +small if tau is small the derivatives + + align:start position:0% +small if tau is small the derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +small if tau is small the derivatives +are bigger right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions about that yes sorry say + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that yes sorry say + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that yes sorry say +it again yes at time tau that at time + + align:start position:0% +it again yes at time tau that at time + + + align:start position:0% +it again yes at time tau that at time +tau at time zero the difference between + + align:start position:0% +tau at time zero the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +tau at time zero the difference between +the Infinity SR V and V infinity is V + + align:start position:0% +the Infinity SR V and V infinity is V + + + align:start position:0% +the Infinity SR V and V infinity is V +naught minus V infinity at time tau that + + align:start position:0% +naught minus V infinity at time tau that + + + align:start position:0% +naught minus V infinity at time tau that +initial difference drops by about a + + align:start position:0% +initial difference drops by about a + + + align:start position:0% +initial difference drops by about a +third + + align:start position:0% +third + + + align:start position:0% +third +about 1 over e which i think is 2.7 + + align:start position:0% +about 1 over e which i think is 2.7 + + + align:start position:0% +about 1 over e which i think is 2.7 +something okay so in 1 tau this voltage + + align:start position:0% +something okay so in 1 tau this voltage + + + align:start position:0% +something okay so in 1 tau this voltage +difference Falls by about it drops by + + align:start position:0% +difference Falls by about it drops by + + + align:start position:0% +difference Falls by about it drops by +about a third and in another towel it + + align:start position:0% +about a third and in another towel it + + + align:start position:0% +about a third and in another towel it +drops by another keeps going okay all + + align:start position:0% +drops by another keeps going okay all + + + align:start position:0% +drops by another keeps going okay all +right so let's let's just write down the + + align:start position:0% +right so let's let's just write down the + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's let's just write down the +general solution the general solution + + align:start position:0% +general solution the general solution + + + align:start position:0% +general solution the general solution +for the case where you have constant + + align:start position:0% +for the case where you have constant + + + align:start position:0% +for the case where you have constant +current that voltage difference from the + + align:start position:0% +current that voltage difference from the + + + align:start position:0% +current that voltage difference from the +voltage at time T to be infinity is just + + align:start position:0% +voltage at time T to be infinity is just + + + align:start position:0% +voltage at time T to be infinity is just +equal to the initial voltage difference + + align:start position:0% +equal to the initial voltage difference + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the initial voltage difference +times e to the minus T over tau okay so + + align:start position:0% +times e to the minus T over tau okay so + + + align:start position:0% +times e to the minus T over tau okay so +if taht if T is equal to tau then this + + align:start position:0% +if taht if T is equal to tau then this + + + align:start position:0% +if taht if T is equal to tau then this +is e to the minus 1 so the voltage + + align:start position:0% +is e to the minus 1 so the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +is e to the minus 1 so the voltage +difference will be one third of the + + align:start position:0% +difference will be one third of the + + + align:start position:0% +difference will be one third of the +original voltage difference that clear + + align:start position:0% +original voltage difference that clear + + + align:start position:0% +original voltage difference that clear +ok so now let's see what this looks like + + align:start position:0% +ok so now let's see what this looks like + + + align:start position:0% +ok so now let's see what this looks like +in our neuron we have our we have our + + align:start position:0% +in our neuron we have our we have our + + + align:start position:0% +in our neuron we have our we have our +neuron we have a current pulse we we + + align:start position:0% +neuron we have a current pulse we we + + + align:start position:0% +neuron we have a current pulse we we +have zero current we turn the current on + + align:start position:0% +have zero current we turn the current on + + + align:start position:0% +have zero current we turn the current on +to I naught at this time we hold the + + align:start position:0% +to I naught at this time we hold the + + + align:start position:0% +to I naught at this time we hold the +current constant and we turn the tert + + align:start position:0% +current constant and we turn the tert + + + align:start position:0% +current constant and we turn the tert +current off at this time right here okay + + align:start position:0% +current off at this time right here okay + + + align:start position:0% +current off at this time right here okay +so what what does the voltage do let's + + align:start position:0% +so what what does the voltage do let's + + + align:start position:0% +so what what does the voltage do let's +go step by step the first thing is that + + align:start position:0% +go step by step the first thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +go step by step the first thing is that +voltage sorry the current controls what + + align:start position:0% +voltage sorry the current controls what + + + align:start position:0% +voltage sorry the current controls what +in that equation current controls V V + + align:start position:0% +in that equation current controls V V + + + align:start position:0% +in that equation current controls V V +infinity + + align:start position:0% +infinity + + + align:start position:0% +infinity +so we can plot the infinity immediately + + align:start position:0% +so we can plot the infinity immediately + + + align:start position:0% +so we can plot the infinity immediately +because the infinity is just the + + align:start position:0% +because the infinity is just the + + + align:start position:0% +because the infinity is just the +resistance times the injected current so + + align:start position:0% +resistance times the injected current so + + + align:start position:0% +resistance times the injected current so +what does the infinity look like it's + + align:start position:0% +what does the infinity look like it's + + + align:start position:0% +what does the infinity look like it's +constant here and then what happens to + + align:start position:0% +constant here and then what happens to + + + align:start position:0% +constant here and then what happens to +be infinity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it increases that's correct but good it + + align:start position:0% +it increases that's correct but good it + + + align:start position:0% +it increases that's correct but good it +will just be the resistance times the + + align:start position:0% +will just be the resistance times the + + + align:start position:0% +will just be the resistance times the +current resistance is a constant so V + + align:start position:0% +current resistance is a constant so V + + + align:start position:0% +current resistance is a constant so V +infinity will just go up here right good + + align:start position:0% +infinity will just go up here right good + + + align:start position:0% +infinity will just go up here right good +go up and then it stays constant at R + + align:start position:0% +go up and then it stays constant at R + + + align:start position:0% +go up and then it stays constant at R +times I and then at this point the + + align:start position:0% +times I and then at this point the + + + align:start position:0% +times I and then at this point the +current goes back to zero so V infinity + + align:start position:0% +current goes back to zero so V infinity + + + align:start position:0% +current goes back to zero so V infinity +is resistance times 0 so V infinity + + align:start position:0% +is resistance times 0 so V infinity + + + align:start position:0% +is resistance times 0 so V infinity +drops back to 0 that makes sense that's + + align:start position:0% +drops back to 0 that makes sense that's + + + align:start position:0% +drops back to 0 that makes sense that's +the infinity that's not the voltage of + + align:start position:0% +the infinity that's not the voltage of + + + align:start position:0% +the infinity that's not the voltage of +the cell that's the steady state voltage + + align:start position:0% +the cell that's the steady state voltage + + + align:start position:0% +the cell that's the steady state voltage +of the cell so now what does voltage of + + align:start position:0% +of the cell so now what does voltage of + + + align:start position:0% +of the cell so now what does voltage of +the cell actually do so let's start our + + align:start position:0% +the cell actually do so let's start our + + + align:start position:0% +the cell actually do so let's start our +voltage here at zero what happens good + + align:start position:0% +voltage here at zero what happens good + + + align:start position:0% +voltage here at zero what happens good +what is it doing good it approaches so V + + align:start position:0% +what is it doing good it approaches so V + + + align:start position:0% +what is it doing good it approaches so V +at every point is relaxing toward the + + align:start position:0% +at every point is relaxing toward the + + + align:start position:0% +at every point is relaxing toward the +Infinity exponentially right and that + + align:start position:0% +Infinity exponentially right and that + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity exponentially right and that +looks like that with some time constant + + align:start position:0% +looks like that with some time constant + + + align:start position:0% +looks like that with some time constant +and that looks like this all right now + + align:start position:0% +and that looks like this all right now + + + align:start position:0% +and that looks like this all right now +what happens here good because the + + align:start position:0% +what happens here good because the + + + align:start position:0% +what happens here good because the +Infinity suddenly changed to 0 and so V + + align:start position:0% +Infinity suddenly changed to 0 and so V + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity suddenly changed to 0 and so V +relaxes toward rien finiti exponentially + + align:start position:0% +relaxes toward rien finiti exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +relaxes toward rien finiti exponentially +with some time constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now this that is our RC model neuron + + align:start position:0% +now this that is our RC model neuron + + + align:start position:0% +now this that is our RC model neuron +okay resistance times capacitor got a + + align:start position:0% +okay resistance times capacitor got a + + + align:start position:0% +okay resistance times capacitor got a +resistor and a capacitor it is the + + align:start position:0% +resistor and a capacitor it is the + + + align:start position:0% +resistor and a capacitor it is the +solutions are just exponential decays + + align:start position:0% +solutions are just exponential decays + + + align:start position:0% +solutions are just exponential decays +toward some steady state solution now it + + align:start position:0% +toward some steady state solution now it + + + align:start position:0% +toward some steady state solution now it +turns out that an RC system a + + align:start position:0% +turns out that an RC system a + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that an RC system a +first-order linear system acts like a + + align:start position:0% +first-order linear system acts like a + + + align:start position:0% +first-order linear system acts like a +filter okay so remember our neuron that + + align:start position:0% +filter okay so remember our neuron that + + + align:start position:0% +filter okay so remember our neuron that +just has a capacitor is an integrator + + align:start position:0% +just has a capacitor is an integrator + + + align:start position:0% +just has a capacitor is an integrator +integrates over time when you add a + + align:start position:0% +integrates over time when you add a + + + align:start position:0% +integrates over time when you add a +resistor this thing is it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +resistor this thing is it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +resistor this thing is it's kind of +integrating here but then it gets tired + + align:start position:0% +integrating here but then it gets tired + + + align:start position:0% +integrating here but then it gets tired +and stops integrating it relaxes to some + + align:start position:0% +and stops integrating it relaxes to some + + + align:start position:0% +and stops integrating it relaxes to some +steady state so this actually looks like + + align:start position:0% +steady state so this actually looks like + + + align:start position:0% +steady state so this actually looks like +a filter it takes time to respond to + + align:start position:0% +a filter it takes time to respond to + + + align:start position:0% +a filter it takes time to respond to +something so that system responds well + + align:start position:0% +something so that system responds well + + + align:start position:0% +something so that system responds well +to things that are changing slowly in + + align:start position:0% +to things that are changing slowly in + + + align:start position:0% +to things that are changing slowly in +time and it responds very weakly to + + align:start position:0% +time and it responds very weakly to + + + align:start position:0% +time and it responds very weakly to +things that are changing rapidly in time + + align:start position:0% +things that are changing rapidly in time + + + align:start position:0% +things that are changing rapidly in time +so here's an example put together this + + align:start position:0% +so here's an example put together this + + + align:start position:0% +so here's an example put together this +this demonstration there in red is the + + align:start position:0% +this demonstration there in red is the + + + align:start position:0% +this demonstration there in red is the +injected current so if you have long + + align:start position:0% +injected current so if you have long + + + align:start position:0% +injected current so if you have long +pulses of injected current the time + + align:start position:0% +pulses of injected current the time + + + align:start position:0% +pulses of injected current the time +constant of this neuron is about 10 + + align:start position:0% +constant of this neuron is about 10 + + + align:start position:0% +constant of this neuron is about 10 +milliseconds I think this is probably a + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds I think this is probably a + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds I think this is probably a +what is that of 50 or 100 millisecond + + align:start position:0% +what is that of 50 or 100 millisecond + + + align:start position:0% +what is that of 50 or 100 millisecond +pulse 80 yeah you can see that in blue + + align:start position:0% +pulse 80 yeah you can see that in blue + + + align:start position:0% +pulse 80 yeah you can see that in blue +is the voltage it relaxes toward V + + align:start position:0% +is the voltage it relaxes toward V + + + align:start position:0% +is the voltage it relaxes toward V +infinity and then the current goes off + + align:start position:0% +infinity and then the current goes off + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and then the current goes off +it relaxes back and you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +it relaxes back and you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +it relaxes back and you can see that the +voltage is responding very well to the + + align:start position:0% +voltage is responding very well to the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is responding very well to the +current injection but now let's make + + align:start position:0% +current injection but now let's make + + + align:start position:0% +current injection but now let's make +really short pulses that are much + + align:start position:0% +really short pulses that are much + + + align:start position:0% +really short pulses that are much +shorter than tau you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +shorter than tau you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +shorter than tau you can see that the +that the voltage starts relaxing toward + + align:start position:0% +that the voltage starts relaxing toward + + + align:start position:0% +that the voltage starts relaxing toward +V infinity but it doesn't get very far + + align:start position:0% +V infinity but it doesn't get very far + + + align:start position:0% +V infinity but it doesn't get very far +and all of a sudden the currents turned + + align:start position:0% +and all of a sudden the currents turned + + + align:start position:0% +and all of a sudden the currents turned +off and it relaxes back and so you can + + align:start position:0% +off and it relaxes back and so you can + + + align:start position:0% +off and it relaxes back and so you can +plot the peak voltage response as a + + align:start position:0% +plot the peak voltage response as a + + + align:start position:0% +plot the peak voltage response as a +function of the width of these pulses + + align:start position:0% +function of the width of these pulses + + + align:start position:0% +function of the width of these pulses +and you can see that for long pulses it + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that for long pulses it + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that for long pulses it +responds very well but for short pulses + + align:start position:0% +responds very well but for short pulses + + + align:start position:0% +responds very well but for short pulses +they response at all + + align:start position:0% +they response at all + + + align:start position:0% +they response at all +and that's called a low-pass filter okay + + align:start position:0% +and that's called a low-pass filter okay + + + align:start position:0% +and that's called a low-pass filter okay +it responds well to slowly changing + + align:start position:0% +it responds well to slowly changing + + + align:start position:0% +it responds well to slowly changing +things but barely responds to rapidly + + align:start position:0% +things but barely responds to rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +things but barely responds to rapidly +changing things so it's passing low + + align:start position:0% +changing things so it's passing low + + + align:start position:0% +changing things so it's passing low +frequencies low-pass filter okay alright + + align:start position:0% +frequencies low-pass filter okay alright + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies low-pass filter okay alright +any questions that was a lot of stuff + + align:start position:0% +any questions that was a lot of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +any questions that was a lot of stuff +all at once yes okay it's 10 nano + + align:start position:0% +all at once yes okay it's 10 nano + + + align:start position:0% +all at once yes okay it's 10 nano +farad's per 1 micro farad per square + + align:start position:0% +farad's per 1 micro farad per square + + + align:start position:0% +farad's per 1 micro farad per square +centimeter 10 nano fares per cube per + + align:start position:0% +centimeter 10 nano fares per cube per + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter 10 nano fares per cube per +square bill okay we're gonna get to that + + align:start position:0% +square bill okay we're gonna get to that + + + align:start position:0% +square bill okay we're gonna get to that +in a second that's a great question + + align:start position:0% +in a second that's a great question + + + align:start position:0% +in a second that's a great question +we're gonna get to what the actual + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna get to what the actual + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna get to what the actual +numbers look like for real neurons okay + + align:start position:0% +numbers look like for real neurons okay + + + align:start position:0% +numbers look like for real neurons okay +I think you had a question sorry I say + + align:start position:0% +I think you had a question sorry I say + + + align:start position:0% +I think you had a question sorry I say +it again what happens is it reacts to it + + align:start position:0% +it again what happens is it reacts to it + + + align:start position:0% +it again what happens is it reacts to it +but because it's changing kind of + + align:start position:0% +but because it's changing kind of + + + align:start position:0% +but because it's changing kind of +linearly at these short times it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +linearly at these short times it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +linearly at these short times it doesn't +get very far if the current stays on for + + align:start position:0% +get very far if the current stays on for + + + align:start position:0% +get very far if the current stays on for +a long time you can see it has exactly + + align:start position:0% +a long time you can see it has exactly + + + align:start position:0% +a long time you can see it has exactly +the same profile here but it just has + + align:start position:0% +the same profile here but it just has + + + align:start position:0% +the same profile here but it just has +time to reach the infinity here it + + align:start position:0% +time to reach the infinity here it + + + align:start position:0% +time to reach the infinity here it +doesn't have time to reach the infinity + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have time to reach the infinity + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have time to reach the infinity +it just gets a little bit away from zero + + align:start position:0% +it just gets a little bit away from zero + + + align:start position:0% +it just gets a little bit away from zero +and then it decays back yes you can + + align:start position:0% +and then it decays back yes you can + + + align:start position:0% +and then it decays back yes you can +build different kinds of filters from + + align:start position:0% +build different kinds of filters from + + + align:start position:0% +build different kinds of filters from +circuits of neurons but neurons + + align:start position:0% +circuits of neurons but neurons + + + align:start position:0% +circuits of neurons but neurons +themselves tend to be high pass you can + + align:start position:0% +themselves tend to be high pass you can + + + align:start position:0% +themselves tend to be high pass you can +sorry low pass filters you can make so + + align:start position:0% +sorry low pass filters you can make so + + + align:start position:0% +sorry low pass filters you can make so +you can put in different kinds of ion + + align:start position:0% +you can put in different kinds of ion + + + align:start position:0% +you can put in different kinds of ion +channels that that change the properties + + align:start position:0% +channels that that change the properties + + + align:start position:0% +channels that that change the properties +of neurons but sort of to first order + + align:start position:0% +of neurons but sort of to first order + + + align:start position:0% +of neurons but sort of to first order +you should think of neurons as low-pass + + align:start position:0% +you should think of neurons as low-pass + + + align:start position:0% +you should think of neurons as low-pass +filters + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I wrote it like this you can write as V + + align:start position:0% +I wrote it like this you can write as V + + + align:start position:0% +I wrote it like this you can write as V +equals V infinity plus this other stuff + + align:start position:0% +equals V infinity plus this other stuff + + + align:start position:0% +equals V infinity plus this other stuff +but I wrote it like this because what + + align:start position:0% +but I wrote it like this because what + + + align:start position:0% +but I wrote it like this because what +you should really be seeing here is that + + align:start position:0% +you should really be seeing here is that + + + align:start position:0% +you should really be seeing here is that +the voltage difference from time between + + align:start position:0% +the voltage difference from time between + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage difference from time between +the voltage and and V infinity + + align:start position:0% +the voltage and and V infinity + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage and and V infinity +decays exponentially so the distance you + + align:start position:0% +decays exponentially so the distance you + + + align:start position:0% +decays exponentially so the distance you +are from V infinity decays exponentially + + align:start position:0% +are from V infinity decays exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +are from V infinity decays exponentially +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +it's it's makes it more obvious that + + align:start position:0% +it's it's makes it more obvious that + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's makes it more obvious that +you're decaying toward V infinity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes not not really not simply you can + + align:start position:0% +yes not not really not simply you can + + + align:start position:0% +yes not not really not simply you can +you can put in certain ion channels that + + align:start position:0% +you can put in certain ion channels that + + + align:start position:0% +you can put in certain ion channels that +that could make a neuron less responsive + + align:start position:0% +that could make a neuron less responsive + + + align:start position:0% +that could make a neuron less responsive +at low frequencies okay so you can make + + align:start position:0% +at low frequencies okay so you can make + + + align:start position:0% +at low frequencies okay so you can make +them kind of responsive to some middle + + align:start position:0% +them kind of responsive to some middle + + + align:start position:0% +them kind of responsive to some middle +range of frequencies there won't respond + + align:start position:0% +range of frequencies there won't respond + + + align:start position:0% +range of frequencies there won't respond +to very high frequencies and they won't + + align:start position:0% +to very high frequencies and they won't + + + align:start position:0% +to very high frequencies and they won't +respond much too low very low + + align:start position:0% +respond much too low very low + + + align:start position:0% +respond much too low very low +frequencies but but for the most part + + align:start position:0% +frequencies but but for the most part + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies but but for the most part +again just you should at this point + + align:start position:0% +again just you should at this point + + + align:start position:0% +again just you should at this point +let's just think of them as as low-pass + + align:start position:0% +let's just think of them as as low-pass + + + align:start position:0% +let's just think of them as as low-pass +filters we're gonna start adding fancy + + align:start position:0% +filters we're gonna start adding fancy + + + align:start position:0% +filters we're gonna start adding fancy +stuff to our neuron it's going to make + + align:start position:0% +stuff to our neuron it's going to make + + + align:start position:0% +stuff to our neuron it's going to make +it more complicated so don't get too + + align:start position:0% +it more complicated so don't get too + + + align:start position:0% +it more complicated so don't get too +hung up on this alright let me just make + + align:start position:0% +hung up on this alright let me just make + + + align:start position:0% +hung up on this alright let me just make +this point this right here V equals tau + + align:start position:0% +this point this right here V equals tau + + + align:start position:0% +this point this right here V equals tau +V Plus tau DV DT equals B infinity is + + align:start position:0% +V Plus tau DV DT equals B infinity is + + + align:start position:0% +V Plus tau DV DT equals B infinity is +appears everywhere its ubiquitous in + + align:start position:0% +appears everywhere its ubiquitous in + + + align:start position:0% +appears everywhere its ubiquitous in +physics chemistry biology will be using + + align:start position:0% +physics chemistry biology will be using + + + align:start position:0% +physics chemistry biology will be using +it in multiple different contexts in + + align:start position:0% +it in multiple different contexts in + + + align:start position:0% +it in multiple different contexts in +different parts of the class and in all + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the class and in all + + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the class and in all +computation okay and + + align:start position:0% +computation okay and + + + align:start position:0% +computation okay and +even slightly more complicated versions + + align:start position:0% +even slightly more complicated versions + + + align:start position:0% +even slightly more complicated versions +of this like the Michaelis Menten + + align:start position:0% +of this like the Michaelis Menten + + + align:start position:0% +of this like the Michaelis Menten +equations in in chemistry you know you + + align:start position:0% +equations in in chemistry you know you + + + align:start position:0% +equations in in chemistry you know you +can kind of understand them in simple + + align:start position:0% +can kind of understand them in simple + + + align:start position:0% +can kind of understand them in simple +terms if you like have a handle on this + + align:start position:0% +terms if you like have a handle on this + + + align:start position:0% +terms if you like have a handle on this +other slightly more complicated things + + align:start position:0% +other slightly more complicated things + + + align:start position:0% +other slightly more complicated things +become much more intuitive okay all + + align:start position:0% +become much more intuitive okay all + + + align:start position:0% +become much more intuitive okay all +right so try to try to really make sure + + align:start position:0% +right so try to try to really make sure + + + align:start position:0% +right so try to try to really make sure +that you understand this this equation + + align:start position:0% +that you understand this this equation + + + align:start position:0% +that you understand this this equation +and how we derived it okay okay + + align:start position:0% +and how we derived it okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +and how we derived it okay okay +let's talk about the origin of this the + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about the origin of this the + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about the origin of this the +time scale of a neuron so that tau of a + + align:start position:0% +time scale of a neuron so that tau of a + + + align:start position:0% +time scale of a neuron so that tau of a +neuron of most neurons is about a + + align:start position:0% +neuron of most neurons is about a + + + align:start position:0% +neuron of most neurons is about a +hundred milliseconds to sorry ten + + align:start position:0% +hundred milliseconds to sorry ten + + + align:start position:0% +hundred milliseconds to sorry ten +milliseconds to a hundred milliseconds + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds to a hundred milliseconds + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds to a hundred milliseconds +kind of in that range and it comes from + + align:start position:0% +kind of in that range and it comes from + + + align:start position:0% +kind of in that range and it comes from +the values of resistance and capacitance + + align:start position:0% +the values of resistance and capacitance + + + align:start position:0% +the values of resistance and capacitance +of a neuron so a resistor the resistance + + align:start position:0% +of a neuron so a resistor the resistance + + + align:start position:0% +of a neuron so a resistor the resistance +of a neuron range of a hundred million + + align:start position:0% +of a neuron range of a hundred million + + + align:start position:0% +of a neuron range of a hundred million +ohms okay and the capacitance is about + + align:start position:0% +ohms okay and the capacitance is about + + + align:start position:0% +ohms okay and the capacitance is about +ten to the minus ten ohms or about a + + align:start position:0% +ten to the minus ten ohms or about a + + + align:start position:0% +ten to the minus ten ohms or about a +hundred Pico farad's you multiply those + + align:start position:0% +hundred Pico farad's you multiply those + + + align:start position:0% +hundred Pico farad's you multiply those +two things together and you get a time + + align:start position:0% +two things together and you get a time + + + align:start position:0% +two things together and you get a time +constant of about about ten milliseconds + + align:start position:0% +constant of about about ten milliseconds + + + align:start position:0% +constant of about about ten milliseconds +okay so what that means is if you inject + + align:start position:0% +okay so what that means is if you inject + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what that means is if you inject +current into a neuron it takes about 10 + + align:start position:0% +current into a neuron it takes about 10 + + + align:start position:0% +current into a neuron it takes about 10 +to 100 milliseconds for it to fully + + align:start position:0% +to 100 milliseconds for it to fully + + + align:start position:0% +to 100 milliseconds for it to fully +respond to that step of current the + + align:start position:0% +respond to that step of current the + + + align:start position:0% +respond to that step of current the +voltage will jump up and relax to the + + align:start position:0% +voltage will jump up and relax to the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage will jump up and relax to the +new V infinity in about 10 to 100 + + align:start position:0% +new V infinity in about 10 to 100 + + + align:start position:0% +new V infinity in about 10 to 100 +milliseconds okay so let's take a little + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds okay so let's take a little + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds okay so let's take a little +bit closer look at the resistance what + + align:start position:0% +bit closer look at the resistance what + + + align:start position:0% +bit closer look at the resistance what +this resistance and capacitance looks + + align:start position:0% +this resistance and capacitance looks + + + align:start position:0% +this resistance and capacitance looks +like in a neuron so we've described the + + align:start position:0% +like in a neuron so we've described the + + + align:start position:0% +like in a neuron so we've described the +relation between leak current and + + align:start position:0% +relation between leak current and + + + align:start position:0% +relation between leak current and +voltage as a current equals voltage over + + align:start position:0% +voltage as a current equals voltage over + + + align:start position:0% +voltage as a current equals voltage over +resistance but rather than using + + align:start position:0% +resistance but rather than using + + + align:start position:0% +resistance but rather than using +resistance to think about currents + + align:start position:0% +resistance to think about currents + + + align:start position:0% +resistance to think about currents +flowing through a membrane it's much + + align:start position:0% +flowing through a membrane it's much + + + align:start position:0% +flowing through a membrane it's much +more useful usually to think about + + align:start position:0% +more useful usually to think about + + + align:start position:0% +more useful usually to think about +something called conductance and + + align:start position:0% +something called conductance and + + + align:start position:0% +something called conductance and +conductance is just one over resistance + + align:start position:0% +conductance is just one over resistance + + + align:start position:0% +conductance is just one over resistance +okay so conductance G + + align:start position:0% +okay so conductance G + + + align:start position:0% +okay so conductance G +we use the simple G for conductance it's + + align:start position:0% +we use the simple G for conductance it's + + + align:start position:0% +we use the simple G for conductance it's +equal to one over resistance so now we + + align:start position:0% +equal to one over resistance so now we + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one over resistance so now we +can write Ohm's law as I equals G times + + align:start position:0% +can write Ohm's law as I equals G times + + + align:start position:0% +can write Ohm's law as I equals G times +B resistance has units of ohms G kin + + align:start position:0% +B resistance has units of ohms G kin + + + align:start position:0% +B resistance has units of ohms G kin +conductance has units of inverse ohms or + + align:start position:0% +conductance has units of inverse ohms or + + + align:start position:0% +conductance has units of inverse ohms or +Siemens is the SI unit for conductance + + align:start position:0% +Siemens is the SI unit for conductance + + + align:start position:0% +Siemens is the SI unit for conductance +so if we have two kinases if we have two + + align:start position:0% +so if we have two kinases if we have two + + + align:start position:0% +so if we have two kinases if we have two +let's say two ion channels in the + + align:start position:0% +let's say two ion channels in the + + + align:start position:0% +let's say two ion channels in the +membrane they they operate in parallel + + align:start position:0% +membrane they they operate in parallel + + + align:start position:0% +membrane they they operate in parallel +current flows through them separately + + align:start position:0% +current flows through them separately + + + align:start position:0% +current flows through them separately +right they're not in series like it + + align:start position:0% +right they're not in series like it + + + align:start position:0% +right they're not in series like it +flows through one and then flows through + + align:start position:0% +flows through one and then flows through + + + align:start position:0% +flows through one and then flows through +the other right they they are in + + align:start position:0% +the other right they they are in + + + align:start position:0% +the other right they they are in +parallel if current can flow through + + align:start position:0% +parallel if current can flow through + + + align:start position:0% +parallel if current can flow through +both like this up in parallel and we can + + align:start position:0% +both like this up in parallel and we can + + + align:start position:0% +both like this up in parallel and we can +write down the current using kirchoff's + + align:start position:0% +write down the current using kirchoff's + + + align:start position:0% +write down the current using kirchoff's +law the total current is just the sum of + + align:start position:0% +law the total current is just the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +law the total current is just the sum of +the current through those two separate + + align:start position:0% +the current through those two separate + + + align:start position:0% +the current through those two separate +conductances right now the total current + + align:start position:0% +conductances right now the total current + + + align:start position:0% +conductances right now the total current +is we can just expand this in terms of + + align:start position:0% +is we can just expand this in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +is we can just expand this in terms of +the conductance of each one of those so + + align:start position:0% +the conductance of each one of those so + + + align:start position:0% +the conductance of each one of those so +the total current is g1 times the + + align:start position:0% +the total current is g1 times the + + + align:start position:0% +the total current is g1 times the +voltage times the voltage difference + + align:start position:0% +voltage times the voltage difference + + + align:start position:0% +voltage times the voltage difference +plus g2 times the voltage difference for + + align:start position:0% +plus g2 times the voltage difference for + + + align:start position:0% +plus g2 times the voltage difference for +this conductance so the total current is + + align:start position:0% +this conductance so the total current is + + + align:start position:0% +this conductance so the total current is +just we factor out the V the total + + align:start position:0% +just we factor out the V the total + + + align:start position:0% +just we factor out the V the total +current is just g1 plus g2 so we can + + align:start position:0% +current is just g1 plus g2 so we can + + + align:start position:0% +current is just g1 plus g2 so we can +write down the total conductance is just + + align:start position:0% +write down the total conductance is just + + + align:start position:0% +write down the total conductance is just +g1 plus g2 does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +g1 plus g2 does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +g1 plus g2 does that make sense +so conductances in parallel add together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if we have a piece of membrane that's + + align:start position:0% +so if we have a piece of membrane that's + + + align:start position:0% +so if we have a piece of membrane that's +got some ion channels in it or holes and + + align:start position:0% +got some ion channels in it or holes and + + + align:start position:0% +got some ion channels in it or holes and +we add another piece of membrane that + + align:start position:0% +we add another piece of membrane that + + + align:start position:0% +we add another piece of membrane that +kind of has the same density of ion + + align:start position:0% +kind of has the same density of ion + + + align:start position:0% +kind of has the same density of ion +channels you have twice the holes twice + + align:start position:0% +channels you have twice the holes twice + + + align:start position:0% +channels you have twice the holes twice +the current and twice the conductance so + + align:start position:0% +the current and twice the conductance so + + + align:start position:0% +the current and twice the conductance so +we can write the current as conductance + + align:start position:0% +we can write the current as conductance + + + align:start position:0% +we can write the current as conductance +times membrane potential but we can + + align:start position:0% +times membrane potential but we can + + + align:start position:0% +times membrane potential but we can +rewrite that conductance as the area + + align:start position:0% +rewrite that conductance as the area + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite that conductance as the area +times the conductance per unit area and + + align:start position:0% +times the conductance per unit area and + + + align:start position:0% +times the conductance per unit area and +that's called specific membrane + + align:start position:0% +that's called specific membrane + + + align:start position:0% +that's called specific membrane +conductance in this case it's a leak so + + align:start position:0% +conductance in this case it's a leak so + + + align:start position:0% +conductance in this case it's a leak so +we call it specifically conductance and + + align:start position:0% +we call it specifically conductance and + + + align:start position:0% +we call it specifically conductance and +it has units of conductance per area + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we multiply that by the area and we get + + align:start position:0% +we multiply that by the area and we get + + + align:start position:0% +we multiply that by the area and we get +that total conductance any questions + + align:start position:0% +that total conductance any questions + + + align:start position:0% +that total conductance any questions +about this No so you can see that we can + + align:start position:0% +about this No so you can see that we can + + + align:start position:0% +about this No so you can see that we can +now plot the current through the + + align:start position:0% +now plot the current through the + + + align:start position:0% +now plot the current through the +membrane as a function of voltage this + + align:start position:0% +membrane as a function of voltage this + + + align:start position:0% +membrane as a function of voltage this +is called that IV current plotted as a + + align:start position:0% +is called that IV current plotted as a + + + align:start position:0% +is called that IV current plotted as a +function of voltage you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +function of voltage you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +function of voltage you can see that the +current is linear as a function of + + align:start position:0% +current is linear as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +current is linear as a function of +voltage right that's just Ohm's law and + + align:start position:0% +voltage right that's just Ohm's law and + + + align:start position:0% +voltage right that's just Ohm's law and +you can see that for a low conductance G + + align:start position:0% +you can see that for a low conductance G + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that for a low conductance G +is small so the slope is small for high + + align:start position:0% +is small so the slope is small for high + + + align:start position:0% +is small so the slope is small for high +conductance you get a lot of current for + + align:start position:0% +conductance you get a lot of current for + + + align:start position:0% +conductance you get a lot of current for +a little bit of voltage and so the + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of voltage and so the + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of voltage and so the +deeper okay so if you plot current + + align:start position:0% +deeper okay so if you plot current + + + align:start position:0% +deeper okay so if you plot current +versus voltage you get a curve and the + + align:start position:0% +versus voltage you get a curve and the + + + align:start position:0% +versus voltage you get a curve and the +slope of that curve is just equal to the + + align:start position:0% +slope of that curve is just equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +slope of that curve is just equal to the +conductance all right + + align:start position:0% +conductance all right + + + align:start position:0% +conductance all right +okay now let's locate capacitance the + + align:start position:0% +okay now let's locate capacitance the + + + align:start position:0% +okay now let's locate capacitance the +total current through these two + + align:start position:0% +total current through these two + + + align:start position:0% +total current through these two +capacitors in parallel is just the + + align:start position:0% +capacitors in parallel is just the + + + align:start position:0% +capacitors in parallel is just the +current through one capacitor plus the + + align:start position:0% +current through one capacitor plus the + + + align:start position:0% +current through one capacitor plus the +current through the other we can write + + align:start position:0% +current through the other we can write + + + align:start position:0% +current through the other we can write +the current through each capacitor + + align:start position:0% +the current through each capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +the current through each capacitor +separately I total equals c1 DV DT plus + + align:start position:0% +separately I total equals c1 DV DT plus + + + align:start position:0% +separately I total equals c1 DV DT plus +c2 DV DT factor out the DV DT and you + + align:start position:0% +c2 DV DT factor out the DV DT and you + + + align:start position:0% +c2 DV DT factor out the DV DT and you +get that the total current is just C 1 + + align:start position:0% +get that the total current is just C 1 + + + align:start position:0% +get that the total current is just C 1 +plus C 2 DV DT so the total capacitance + + align:start position:0% +plus C 2 DV DT so the total capacitance + + + align:start position:0% +plus C 2 DV DT so the total capacitance +the sum of the capacitances so if you + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the capacitances so if you + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the capacitances so if you +have a patch of membrane you measure the + + align:start position:0% +have a patch of membrane you measure the + + + align:start position:0% +have a patch of membrane you measure the +capacitance if you put another one next + + align:start position:0% +capacitance if you put another one next + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance if you put another one next +to it you'll get the sum of those two + + align:start position:0% +to it you'll get the sum of those two + + + align:start position:0% +to it you'll get the sum of those two +capacitance so as the capacitance also + + align:start position:0% +capacitance so as the capacitance also + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance so as the capacitance also +scales with area so we can write down + + align:start position:0% +scales with area so we can write down + + + align:start position:0% +scales with area so we can write down +the total membrane capacitance as + + align:start position:0% +the total membrane capacitance as + + + align:start position:0% +the total membrane capacitance as +capacitance per unit area times the area + + align:start position:0% +capacitance per unit area times the area + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance per unit area times the area +of the cell right in the area of a cell + + align:start position:0% +of the cell right in the area of a cell + + + align:start position:0% +of the cell right in the area of a cell +is you know like the if it's a sphere is + + align:start position:0% +is you know like the if it's a sphere is + + + align:start position:0% +is you know like the if it's a sphere is +4 PI R squared where R is the radius + + align:start position:0% +4 PI R squared where R is the radius + + + align:start position:0% +4 PI R squared where R is the radius +okay all right and here's that this C + + align:start position:0% +okay all right and here's that this C + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right and here's that this C +sub M is called this specific membrane + + align:start position:0% +sub M is called this specific membrane + + + align:start position:0% +sub M is called this specific membrane +capacitance and + + align:start position:0% +capacitance and + + + align:start position:0% +capacitance and +10 nano farad's per square millimeter + + align:start position:0% +10 nano farad's per square millimeter + + + align:start position:0% +10 nano farad's per square millimeter +alright ok now I want to show you + + align:start position:0% +alright ok now I want to show you + + + align:start position:0% +alright ok now I want to show you +something really cool we have a cell it + + align:start position:0% +something really cool we have a cell it + + + align:start position:0% +something really cool we have a cell it +has a membrane with some that has this + + align:start position:0% +has a membrane with some that has this + + + align:start position:0% +has a membrane with some that has this +cell has some time constant remember 10 + + align:start position:0% +cell has some time constant remember 10 + + + align:start position:0% +cell has some time constant remember 10 +milliseconds now you might think Oh the + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds now you might think Oh the + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds now you might think Oh the +that capacitance of the cell depends on + + align:start position:0% +that capacitance of the cell depends on + + + align:start position:0% +that capacitance of the cell depends on +how big it is right and so the time + + align:start position:0% +how big it is right and so the time + + + align:start position:0% +how big it is right and so the time +constant will change depending on how + + align:start position:0% +constant will change depending on how + + + align:start position:0% +constant will change depending on how +big the cell is you might think but + + align:start position:0% +big the cell is you might think but + + + align:start position:0% +big the cell is you might think but +let's actually calculate the time + + align:start position:0% +let's actually calculate the time + + + align:start position:0% +let's actually calculate the time +constant from this capacitance and this + + align:start position:0% +constant from this capacitance and this + + + align:start position:0% +constant from this capacitance and this +conductance okay + + align:start position:0% +conductance okay + + + align:start position:0% +conductance okay +so here we go time constant C R is just + + align:start position:0% +so here we go time constant C R is just + + + align:start position:0% +so here we go time constant C R is just +1 over the conductance right so the time + + align:start position:0% +1 over the conductance right so the time + + + align:start position:0% +1 over the conductance right so the time +constant is capacitance divided by + + align:start position:0% +constant is capacitance divided by + + + align:start position:0% +constant is capacitance divided by +conductance total capacitance divided by + + align:start position:0% +conductance total capacitance divided by + + + align:start position:0% +conductance total capacitance divided by +total conductance but you can rewrite + + align:start position:0% +total conductance but you can rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +total conductance but you can rewrite +this capacitance as capacitance per unit + + align:start position:0% +this capacitance as capacitance per unit + + + align:start position:0% +this capacitance as capacitance per unit +area times area you can rewrite that + + align:start position:0% +area times area you can rewrite that + + + align:start position:0% +area times area you can rewrite that +conductances as conductance per unit + + align:start position:0% +conductances as conductance per unit + + + align:start position:0% +conductances as conductance per unit +area times the area of the cell and the + + align:start position:0% +area times the area of the cell and the + + + align:start position:0% +area times the area of the cell and the +area's cancel and so that remember the + + align:start position:0% +area's cancel and so that remember the + + + align:start position:0% +area's cancel and so that remember the +time constant is just that capacitance + + align:start position:0% +time constant is just that capacitance + + + align:start position:0% +time constant is just that capacitance +per unit area of the membrane divided by + + align:start position:0% +per unit area of the membrane divided by + + + align:start position:0% +per unit area of the membrane divided by +the conductance per unit area of the + + align:start position:0% +the conductance per unit area of the + + + align:start position:0% +the conductance per unit area of the +membrane and what that means is that the + + align:start position:0% +membrane and what that means is that the + + + align:start position:0% +membrane and what that means is that the +time constant of a cell nothing to do + + align:start position:0% +time constant of a cell nothing to do + + + align:start position:0% +time constant of a cell nothing to do +with the cell the time constant is the + + align:start position:0% +with the cell the time constant is the + + + align:start position:0% +with the cell the time constant is the +membrane time constant and it's a + + align:start position:0% +membrane time constant and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +membrane time constant and it's a +property only of the membrane that's + + align:start position:0% +property only of the membrane that's + + + align:start position:0% +property only of the membrane that's +pretty cool right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now in a more complicated neuron where + + align:start position:0% +now in a more complicated neuron where + + + align:start position:0% +now in a more complicated neuron where +you have a soma and dendrites and axons + + align:start position:0% +you have a soma and dendrites and axons + + + align:start position:0% +you have a soma and dendrites and axons +different parts of the cell can have + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the cell can have + + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the cell can have +different conductance per unit area like + + align:start position:0% +different conductance per unit area like + + + align:start position:0% +different conductance per unit area like +more ion channels out here on the + + align:start position:0% +more ion channels out here on the + + + align:start position:0% +more ion channels out here on the +dendrite and maybe fewer on the soma and + + align:start position:0% +dendrite and maybe fewer on the soma and + + + align:start position:0% +dendrite and maybe fewer on the soma and +so one part of a cell can have a + + align:start position:0% +so one part of a cell can have a + + + align:start position:0% +so one part of a cell can have a +different membrane time constant than + + align:start position:0% +different membrane time constant than + + + align:start position:0% +different membrane time constant than +some other part of the cell okay but + + align:start position:0% +some other part of the cell okay but + + + align:start position:0% +some other part of the cell okay but +again it's a property of the membrane + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions about that yes you sure do + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that yes you sure do + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that yes you sure do +absolutely that's one of the interesting + + align:start position:0% +absolutely that's one of the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely that's one of the interesting +things about you know when cells have + + align:start position:0% +things about you know when cells have + + + align:start position:0% +things about you know when cells have +multiple difference they have different + + align:start position:0% +multiple difference they have different + + + align:start position:0% +multiple difference they have different +properties you have current flowing + + align:start position:0% +properties you have current flowing + + + align:start position:0% +properties you have current flowing +between them but you have to understand + + align:start position:0% +between them but you have to understand + + + align:start position:0% +between them but you have to understand +this kind of basic stuff before you even + + align:start position:0% +this kind of basic stuff before you even + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of basic stuff before you even +get anywhere close to understanding a + + align:start position:0% +get anywhere close to understanding a + + + align:start position:0% +get anywhere close to understanding a +more complicated neuron right okay so + + align:start position:0% +more complicated neuron right okay so + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated neuron right okay so +we're gonna add a new component to our + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna add a new component to our + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna add a new component to our +model it's a battery and it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +model it's a battery and it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +model it's a battery and it's gonna +solve one really fatal problem with this + + align:start position:0% +solve one really fatal problem with this + + + align:start position:0% +solve one really fatal problem with this +model what what's the problem with this + + align:start position:0% +model what what's the problem with this + + + align:start position:0% +model what what's the problem with this +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +can anyone see I'm kind of showing it + + align:start position:0% +can anyone see I'm kind of showing it + + + align:start position:0% +can anyone see I'm kind of showing it +right here what happens to this neuron + + align:start position:0% +right here what happens to this neuron + + + align:start position:0% +right here what happens to this neuron +if I turn the current off it goes back + + align:start position:0% +if I turn the current off it goes back + + + align:start position:0% +if I turn the current off it goes back +to zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in order to get the voltage to go + + align:start position:0% +and in order to get the voltage to go + + + align:start position:0% +and in order to get the voltage to go +different from zero I have to inject + + align:start position:0% +different from zero I have to inject + + + align:start position:0% +different from zero I have to inject +current through my current source + + align:start position:0% +current through my current source + + + align:start position:0% +current through my current source +without me the experimenter with an + + align:start position:0% +without me the experimenter with an + + + align:start position:0% +without me the experimenter with an +electrode in it injecting current this + + align:start position:0% +electrode in it injecting current this + + + align:start position:0% +electrode in it injecting current this +Norlin literally just sits at zero and + + align:start position:0% +Norlin literally just sits at zero and + + + align:start position:0% +Norlin literally just sits at zero and +stays there right it's actually a good + + align:start position:0% +stays there right it's actually a good + + + align:start position:0% +stays there right it's actually a good +model of a dead neuron okay so in order + + align:start position:0% +model of a dead neuron okay so in order + + + align:start position:0% +model of a dead neuron okay so in order +to change that we need to add a battery + + align:start position:0% +to change that we need to add a battery + + + align:start position:0% +to change that we need to add a battery +okay and that battery is going to power + + align:start position:0% +okay and that battery is going to power + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that battery is going to power +this thing up so now it can change its + + align:start position:0% +this thing up so now it can change its + + + align:start position:0% +this thing up so now it can change its +own voltage and then things start + + align:start position:0% +own voltage and then things start + + + align:start position:0% +own voltage and then things start +getting really interesting so how can + + align:start position:0% +getting really interesting so how can + + + align:start position:0% +getting really interesting so how can +these batteries allow an Iran to change + + align:start position:0% +these batteries allow an Iran to change + + + align:start position:0% +these batteries allow an Iran to change +its own voltage + + align:start position:0% +its own voltage + + + align:start position:0% +its own voltage +well the way in Iran controls its own + + align:start position:0% +well the way in Iran controls its own + + + align:start position:0% +well the way in Iran controls its own +voltage is it has ion channels + + align:start position:0% +voltage is it has ion channels + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is it has ion channels +conductances that have little knobs on + + align:start position:0% +conductances that have little knobs on + + + align:start position:0% +conductances that have little knobs on +them that the cell can control called + + align:start position:0% +them that the cell can control called + + + align:start position:0% +them that the cell can control called +voltage so these conductances are + + align:start position:0% +voltage so these conductances are + + + align:start position:0% +voltage so these conductances are +voltage dependent and now the cell + + align:start position:0% +voltage dependent and now the cell + + + align:start position:0% +voltage dependent and now the cell +connect these batteries - it's inside + + align:start position:0% +connect these batteries - it's inside + + + align:start position:0% +connect these batteries - it's inside +wire at different times in different + + align:start position:0% +wire at different times in different + + + align:start position:0% +wire at different times in different +ways so let's say we want to make an + + align:start position:0% +ways so let's say we want to make an + + + align:start position:0% +ways so let's say we want to make an +action potential so we have a battery + + align:start position:0% +action potential so we have a battery + + + align:start position:0% +action potential so we have a battery +that's got a positive voltage we have a + + align:start position:0% +that's got a positive voltage we have a + + + align:start position:0% +that's got a positive voltage we have a +battery that's got a negative voltage + + align:start position:0% +battery that's got a negative voltage + + + align:start position:0% +battery that's got a negative voltage +and we make an action potential by + + align:start position:0% +and we make an action potential by + + + align:start position:0% +and we make an action potential by +connecting the bat to the inside of the + + align:start position:0% +connecting the bat to the inside of the + + + align:start position:0% +connecting the bat to the inside of the +cell by turning on this conductance and + + align:start position:0% +cell by turning on this conductance and + + + align:start position:0% +cell by turning on this conductance and +then we're going to connect the battery + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to connect the battery + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to connect the battery +with a negative voltage to our cell and + + align:start position:0% +with a negative voltage to our cell and + + + align:start position:0% +with a negative voltage to our cell and +we're gonna do that one after the other + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do that one after the other + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do that one after the other +so watch this we're gonna connect the + + align:start position:0% +so watch this we're gonna connect the + + + align:start position:0% +so watch this we're gonna connect the +positive battery and the voltage is + + align:start position:0% +positive battery and the voltage is + + + align:start position:0% +positive battery and the voltage is +going to go up we're going to turn off + + align:start position:0% +going to go up we're going to turn off + + + align:start position:0% +going to go up we're going to turn off +the positive battery connect the + + align:start position:0% +the positive battery connect the + + + align:start position:0% +the positive battery connect the +negative battery the voltage goes down + + align:start position:0% +negative battery the voltage goes down + + + align:start position:0% +negative battery the voltage goes down +and then we're gonna turn off both + + align:start position:0% +and then we're gonna turn off both + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're gonna turn off both +batteries and the voltage just relaxes + + align:start position:0% +batteries and the voltage just relaxes + + + align:start position:0% +batteries and the voltage just relaxes +okay cool right so now the neuron can + + align:start position:0% +okay cool right so now the neuron can + + + align:start position:0% +okay cool right so now the neuron can +control it can control its own voltage + + align:start position:0% +control it can control its own voltage + + + align:start position:0% +control it can control its own voltage +but before we do that we need to put + + align:start position:0% +but before we do that we need to put + + + align:start position:0% +but before we do that we need to put +batteries in our neuron + + align:start position:0% +batteries in our neuron + + + align:start position:0% +batteries in our neuron +okay all right so anybody know what the + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so anybody know what the + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so anybody know what the +best good we're gonna get to that + + align:start position:0% +best good we're gonna get to that + + + align:start position:0% +best good we're gonna get to that +that was back next question what what + + align:start position:0% +that was back next question what what + + + align:start position:0% +that was back next question what what +what is it that makes a battery in a + + align:start position:0% +what is it that makes a battery in a + + + align:start position:0% +what is it that makes a battery in a +neuron good good you give the rest of + + align:start position:0% +neuron good good you give the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +neuron good good you give the rest of +the lecture that's exactly right + + align:start position:0% +the lecture that's exactly right + + + align:start position:0% +the lecture that's exactly right +okay well concentration gradients + + align:start position:0% +okay well concentration gradients + + + align:start position:0% +okay well concentration gradients +there's one more thing we need + + align:start position:0% +there's one more thing we need + + + align:start position:0% +there's one more thing we need +concentration gradients by themselves + + align:start position:0% +concentration gradients by themselves + + + align:start position:0% +concentration gradients by themselves +don't do it we need iron channels that + + align:start position:0% +don't do it we need iron channels that + + + align:start position:0% +don't do it we need iron channels that +are permeable only to certain ions okay + + align:start position:0% +are permeable only to certain ions okay + + + align:start position:0% +are permeable only to certain ions okay +and that's what we're gonna do now so + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we're gonna do now so + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we're gonna do now so +you need concentration gradients and + + align:start position:0% +you need concentration gradients and + + + align:start position:0% +you need concentration gradients and +selective permeability okay so we're + + align:start position:0% +selective permeability okay so we're + + + align:start position:0% +selective permeability okay so we're +gonna go through that so let's take a + + align:start position:0% +gonna go through that so let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go through that so let's take a +beaker fill it with water have a + + align:start position:0% +beaker fill it with water have a + + + align:start position:0% +beaker fill it with water have a +membrane dividing it into two we're + + align:start position:0% +membrane dividing it into two we're + + + align:start position:0% +membrane dividing it into two we're +gonna have an electrode on one side we + + align:start position:0% +gonna have an electrode on one side we + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have an electrode on one side we +measure the voltage difference sorry we + + align:start position:0% +measure the voltage difference sorry we + + + align:start position:0% +measure the voltage difference sorry we +have an electron on both sides we hook + + align:start position:0% +have an electron on both sides we hook + + + align:start position:0% +have an electron on both sides we hook +it up to our differential amplifier and + + align:start position:0% +it up to our differential amplifier and + + + align:start position:0% +it up to our differential amplifier and +measure the bowl prints on the two sides + + align:start position:0% +measure the bowl prints on the two sides + + + align:start position:0% +measure the bowl prints on the two sides +okay then we're going to put we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +okay then we're going to put we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +okay then we're going to put we're gonna +take up we're gonna buy some potassium + + align:start position:0% +take up we're gonna buy some potassium + + + align:start position:0% +take up we're gonna buy some potassium +chloride from Sigma we're gonna take a + + align:start position:0% +chloride from Sigma we're gonna take a + + + align:start position:0% +chloride from Sigma we're gonna take a +spoonful of it and dump it into this + + align:start position:0% +spoonful of it and dump it into this + + + align:start position:0% +spoonful of it and dump it into this +side of the beaker stir it up and now + + align:start position:0% +side of the beaker stir it up and now + + + align:start position:0% +side of the beaker stir it up and now +you're going to have lots of potassium + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have lots of potassium + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have lots of potassium +ions and chloride ions on this side of + + align:start position:0% +ions and chloride ions on this side of + + + align:start position:0% +ions and chloride ions on this side of +the beaker right now we're going to take + + align:start position:0% +the beaker right now we're going to take + + + align:start position:0% +the beaker right now we're going to take +a needle and poke a hole in that + + align:start position:0% +a needle and poke a hole in that + + + align:start position:0% +a needle and poke a hole in that +membrane that becomes a leak a leak + + align:start position:0% +membrane that becomes a leak a leak + + + align:start position:0% +membrane that becomes a leak a leak +channel a knot it's a nonspecific a + + align:start position:0% +channel a knot it's a nonspecific a + + + align:start position:0% +channel a knot it's a nonspecific a +non-selective pore that passes any ion + + align:start position:0% +non-selective pore that passes any ion + + + align:start position:0% +non-selective pore that passes any ion +okay so what's going to happen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good the ions are gonna diffuse from + + align:start position:0% +good the ions are gonna diffuse from + + + align:start position:0% +good the ions are gonna diffuse from +where to where somebody else to the + + align:start position:0% +where to where somebody else to the + + + align:start position:0% +where to where somebody else to the +lower concentration good so some of + + align:start position:0% +lower concentration good so some of + + + align:start position:0% +lower concentration good so some of +those ions are gonna diffuse from here + + align:start position:0% +those ions are gonna diffuse from here + + + align:start position:0% +those ions are gonna diffuse from here +to here and we can plot the the + + align:start position:0% +to here and we can plot the the + + + align:start position:0% +to here and we can plot the the +potassium let's focus on potassium now + + align:start position:0% +potassium let's focus on potassium now + + + align:start position:0% +potassium let's focus on potassium now +we're gonna plot we can plot the + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna plot we can plot the + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna plot we can plot the +potassium concentration on this side + + align:start position:0% +potassium concentration on this side + + + align:start position:0% +potassium concentration on this side +over time and on this side over time by + + align:start position:0% +over time and on this side over time by + + + align:start position:0% +over time and on this side over time by +the way this side of the beaker is going + + align:start position:0% +the way this side of the beaker is going + + + align:start position:0% +the way this side of the beaker is going +to represent the intron which has lots + + align:start position:0% +to represent the intron which has lots + + + align:start position:0% +to represent the intron which has lots +of potassium and this is going to + + align:start position:0% +of potassium and this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +of potassium and this is going to +represent the outside of our neuron + + align:start position:0% +represent the outside of our neuron + + + align:start position:0% +represent the outside of our neuron +which has very little potassium okay so + + align:start position:0% +which has very little potassium okay so + + + align:start position:0% +which has very little potassium okay so +if we plot that the potassium + + align:start position:0% +if we plot that the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +if we plot that the potassium +concentration on this side it's going to + + align:start position:0% +concentration on this side it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +concentration on this side it's going to +increase over time it's going to take a + + align:start position:0% +increase over time it's going to take a + + + align:start position:0% +increase over time it's going to take a +long end and the concentration here will + + align:start position:0% +long end and the concentration here will + + + align:start position:0% +long end and the concentration here will +decrease and eventually they'll meet in + + align:start position:0% +decrease and eventually they'll meet in + + + align:start position:0% +decrease and eventually they'll meet in +the middle somewhere + + align:start position:0% +the middle somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +the middle somewhere +so they'll become equal and that's going + + align:start position:0% +so they'll become equal and that's going + + + align:start position:0% +so they'll become equal and that's going +to take a really long time right because + + align:start position:0% +to take a really long time right because + + + align:start position:0% +to take a really long time right because +it takes a long time for this you know + + align:start position:0% +it takes a long time for this you know + + + align:start position:0% +it takes a long time for this you know +half of this spoonful of potassium + + align:start position:0% +half of this spoonful of potassium + + + align:start position:0% +half of this spoonful of potassium +chloride to diffuse to the other side + + align:start position:0% +chloride to diffuse to the other side + + + align:start position:0% +chloride to diffuse to the other side +yeah okay now let's get a different kind + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay now let's get a different kind + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay now let's get a different kind +of needle a very special needle that's + + align:start position:0% +of needle a very special needle that's + + + align:start position:0% +of needle a very special needle that's +really small and poke a hole in the + + align:start position:0% +really small and poke a hole in the + + + align:start position:0% +really small and poke a hole in the +membrane that is only big enough to pass + + align:start position:0% +membrane that is only big enough to pass + + + align:start position:0% +membrane that is only big enough to pass +potassium ions but not chloride ions so + + align:start position:0% +potassium ions but not chloride ions so + + + align:start position:0% +potassium ions but not chloride ions so +what's going to happen now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know somebody yes good good so + + align:start position:0% +you know somebody yes good good so + + + align:start position:0% +you know somebody yes good good so +potassium some potassium ions are going + + align:start position:0% +potassium some potassium ions are going + + + align:start position:0% +potassium some potassium ions are going +to diffuse through this pore and go to + + align:start position:0% +to diffuse through this pore and go to + + + align:start position:0% +to diffuse through this pore and go to +the other side and what's going to + + align:start position:0% +the other side and what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +the other side and what's going to +happen is if we plot the potassium + + align:start position:0% +happen is if we plot the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +happen is if we plot the potassium +concentration here it will decrease + + align:start position:0% +concentration here it will decrease + + + align:start position:0% +concentration here it will decrease +sorry over here it will increase a + + align:start position:0% +sorry over here it will increase a + + + align:start position:0% +sorry over here it will increase a +little bit and the potassium + + align:start position:0% +little bit and the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +little bit and the potassium +concentration on this side will decrease + + align:start position:0% +concentration on this side will decrease + + + align:start position:0% +concentration on this side will decrease +a little bit but then it will stop + + align:start position:0% +a little bit but then it will stop + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit but then it will stop +changing and it will never come to + + align:start position:0% +changing and it will never come to + + + align:start position:0% +changing and it will never come to +equilibrium it will also take a very + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium it will also take a very + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium it will also take a very +short time for that equilibrium to + + align:start position:0% +short time for that equilibrium to + + + align:start position:0% +short time for that equilibrium to +happen because just a few potassium ions + + align:start position:0% +happen because just a few potassium ions + + + align:start position:0% +happen because just a few potassium ions +need to go to the other side before it + + align:start position:0% +need to go to the other side before it + + + align:start position:0% +need to go to the other side before it +stops so why does the concentration stop + + align:start position:0% +stops so why does the concentration stop + + + align:start position:0% +stops so why does the concentration stop +changing here well it's because the + + align:start position:0% +changing here well it's because the + + + align:start position:0% +changing here well it's because the +potassium current from this side to this + + align:start position:0% +potassium current from this side to this + + + align:start position:0% +potassium current from this side to this +side goes to zero and it goes to zero + + align:start position:0% +side goes to zero and it goes to zero + + + align:start position:0% +side goes to zero and it goes to zero +very quickly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so why is that well one hint to the + + align:start position:0% +so why is that well one hint to the + + + align:start position:0% +so why is that well one hint to the +answer to that question comes if we look + + align:start position:0% +answer to that question comes if we look + + + align:start position:0% +answer to that question comes if we look +at the voltage difference between the + + align:start position:0% +at the voltage difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +at the voltage difference between the +two sides what you see is that the + + align:start position:0% +two sides what you see is that the + + + align:start position:0% +two sides what you see is that the +voltage difference started at zero and + + align:start position:0% +voltage difference started at zero and + + + align:start position:0% +voltage difference started at zero and +when we poked that hole all of a sudden + + align:start position:0% +when we poked that hole all of a sudden + + + align:start position:0% +when we poked that hole all of a sudden +there was a rapidly developing voltage + + align:start position:0% +there was a rapidly developing voltage + + + align:start position:0% +there was a rapidly developing voltage +difference across the two sides okay why + + align:start position:0% +difference across the two sides okay why + + + align:start position:0% +difference across the two sides okay why +why does that voltage go negative + + align:start position:0% +why does that voltage go negative + + + align:start position:0% +why does that voltage go negative +anybody what happened when these + + align:start position:0% +anybody what happened when these + + + align:start position:0% +anybody what happened when these +positive charges started diffusing from + + align:start position:0% +positive charges started diffusing from + + + align:start position:0% +positive charges started diffusing from +this side to this side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basically this is like a capacitor right + + align:start position:0% +basically this is like a capacitor right + + + align:start position:0% +basically this is like a capacitor right +and we some charges diffused from here + + align:start position:0% +and we some charges diffused from here + + + align:start position:0% +and we some charges diffused from here +to here some positive charges diffused + + align:start position:0% +to here some positive charges diffused + + + align:start position:0% +to here some positive charges diffused +from here to here that charges up this + + align:start position:0% +from here to here that charges up this + + + align:start position:0% +from here to here that charges up this +side and so the voltage is positive we + + align:start position:0% +side and so the voltage is positive we + + + align:start position:0% +side and so the voltage is positive we +put positive chart more positive charges + + align:start position:0% +put positive chart more positive charges + + + align:start position:0% +put positive chart more positive charges +here the voltage here goes up okay so if + + align:start position:0% +here the voltage here goes up okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +here the voltage here goes up okay so if +the voltage here is higher than voltage + + align:start position:0% +the voltage here is higher than voltage + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage here is higher than voltage +here we're plotting v1 minus v2 the + + align:start position:0% +here we're plotting v1 minus v2 the + + + align:start position:0% +here we're plotting v1 minus v2 the +voltage here is lower than the voltage + + align:start position:0% +voltage here is lower than the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +voltage here is lower than the voltage +here and so this is going negative okay + + align:start position:0% +here and so this is going negative okay + + + align:start position:0% +here and so this is going negative okay +and that voltage difference that + + align:start position:0% +and that voltage difference that + + + align:start position:0% +and that voltage difference that +negative voltage here positive voltage + + align:start position:0% +negative voltage here positive voltage + + + align:start position:0% +negative voltage here positive voltage +here what does that do it repels it + + align:start position:0% +here what does that do it repels it + + + align:start position:0% +here what does that do it repels it +makes the positive side starts repelling + + align:start position:0% +makes the positive side starts repelling + + + align:start position:0% +makes the positive side starts repelling +which ions pelling positive ions so it + + align:start position:0% +which ions pelling positive ions so it + + + align:start position:0% +which ions pelling positive ions so it +keeps more potassium ions from diffusing + + align:start position:0% +keeps more potassium ions from diffusing + + + align:start position:0% +keeps more potassium ions from diffusing +through the hole does that make sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see like blank stares are we okay + + align:start position:0% +see like blank stares are we okay + + + align:start position:0% +see like blank stares are we okay +okay good and it continues to drop until + + align:start position:0% +okay good and it continues to drop until + + + align:start position:0% +okay good and it continues to drop until +it equal reaches a constant voltage and + + align:start position:0% +it equal reaches a constant voltage and + + + align:start position:0% +it equal reaches a constant voltage and +that's called the equilibrium potential + + align:start position:0% +that's called the equilibrium potential + + + align:start position:0% +that's called the equilibrium potential +okay the voltage changes until it comes + + align:start position:0% +okay the voltage changes until it comes + + + align:start position:0% +okay the voltage changes until it comes +to equilibrium and that voltage + + align:start position:0% +to equilibrium and that voltage + + + align:start position:0% +to equilibrium and that voltage +difference is called the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +difference is called the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +difference is called the equilibrium +potential and that voltage difference is + + align:start position:0% +potential and that voltage difference is + + + align:start position:0% +potential and that voltage difference is +a battery okay and I'm gonna we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +a battery okay and I'm gonna we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +a battery okay and I'm gonna we're gonna +explain a little bit I think it's in the + + align:start position:0% +explain a little bit I think it's in the + + + align:start position:0% +explain a little bit I think it's in the +next lecture the the one that's on tape + + align:start position:0% +next lecture the the one that's on tape + + + align:start position:0% +next lecture the the one that's on tape +that explains how you actually can + + align:start position:0% +that explains how you actually can + + + align:start position:0% +that explains how you actually can +justify representing that as a battery + + align:start position:0% +justify representing that as a battery + + + align:start position:0% +justify representing that as a battery +but right oh I'm going to show you how + + align:start position:0% +but right oh I'm going to show you how + + + align:start position:0% +but right oh I'm going to show you how +to calculate what that voltage + + align:start position:0% +to calculate what that voltage + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate what that voltage +difference actually is what's the size + + align:start position:0% +difference actually is what's the size + + + align:start position:0% +difference actually is what's the size +of the battery how big is the battery + + align:start position:0% +of the battery how big is the battery + + + align:start position:0% +of the battery how big is the battery +okay so you can see that when ions + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can see that when ions + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can see that when ions +positive ions diffused to this side this + + align:start position:0% +positive ions diffused to this side this + + + align:start position:0% +positive ions diffused to this side this +voltage goes up you have a voltage + + align:start position:0% +voltage goes up you have a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +voltage goes up you have a voltage +gradient that corresponds to a field 20 + + align:start position:0% +gradient that corresponds to a field 20 + + + align:start position:0% +gradient that corresponds to a field 20 +in this direction and that electric + + align:start position:0% +in this direction and that electric + + + align:start position:0% +in this direction and that electric +field pushes against the ions remember + + align:start position:0% +field pushes against the ions remember + + + align:start position:0% +field pushes against the ions remember +we talked about drift in an electric + + align:start position:0% +we talked about drift in an electric + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about drift in an electric +field so when those ions are trying to + + align:start position:0% +field so when those ions are trying to + + + align:start position:0% +field so when those ions are trying to +diffuse across that electric field is + + align:start position:0% +diffuse across that electric field is + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse across that electric field is +literally dragging them back to this + + align:start position:0% +literally dragging them back to this + + + align:start position:0% +literally dragging them back to this +side right so we have a we have a + + align:start position:0% +side right so we have a we have a + + + align:start position:0% +side right so we have a we have a +current flowing this way from diffusion + + align:start position:0% +current flowing this way from diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +current flowing this way from diffusion +and we have a current flowing that way + + align:start position:0% +and we have a current flowing that way + + + align:start position:0% +and we have a current flowing that way +from being dragged in the electric field + + align:start position:0% +from being dragged in the electric field + + + align:start position:0% +from being dragged in the electric field +and so we can calculate the voltage + + align:start position:0% +and so we can calculate the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +and so we can calculate the voltage +difference because at equilibrium the + + align:start position:0% +difference because at equilibrium the + + + align:start position:0% +difference because at equilibrium the +current flowing this way from diffusion + + align:start position:0% +current flowing this way from diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +current flowing this way from diffusion +has to equal the current flowing that + + align:start position:0% +has to equal the current flowing that + + + align:start position:0% +has to equal the current flowing that +way from drift in an electric field okay + + align:start position:0% +way from drift in an electric field okay + + + align:start position:0% +way from drift in an electric field okay +so one way to calculate this is we're + + align:start position:0% +so one way to calculate this is we're + + + align:start position:0% +so one way to calculate this is we're +going to calculate the current due to + + align:start position:0% +going to calculate the current due to + + + align:start position:0% +going to calculate the current due to +drift current due to diffusion add those + + align:start position:0% +drift current due to diffusion add those + + + align:start position:0% +drift current due to diffusion add those +up and that's equal to the total and at + + align:start position:0% +up and that's equal to the total and at + + + align:start position:0% +up and that's equal to the total and at +equilibrium that has to equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium that has to equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium that has to equal to zero +right so you could so I'm what I'm + + align:start position:0% +right so you could so I'm what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right so you could so I'm what I'm +showing you now is just sort of the + + align:start position:0% +showing you now is just sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +showing you now is just sort of the +framework for how you would calculate + + align:start position:0% +framework for how you would calculate + + + align:start position:0% +framework for how you would calculate +this using this + + align:start position:0% +this using this + + + align:start position:0% +this using this +drift and diffusion equation so we have + + align:start position:0% +drift and diffusion equation so we have + + + align:start position:0% +drift and diffusion equation so we have +Ohm's law that tells us how the voltage + + align:start position:0% +Ohm's law that tells us how the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +Ohm's law that tells us how the voltage +difference produces a current due to + + align:start position:0% +difference produces a current due to + + + align:start position:0% +difference produces a current due to +drift and we have ficks law that tells + + align:start position:0% +drift and we have ficks law that tells + + + align:start position:0% +drift and we have ficks law that tells +us how to how much current is due to + + align:start position:0% +us how to how much current is due to + + + align:start position:0% +us how to how much current is due to +diffusion and you can set the sum of + + align:start position:0% +diffusion and you can set the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion and you can set the sum of +those two things to equal zero all right + + align:start position:0% +those two things to equal zero all right + + + align:start position:0% +those two things to equal zero all right +and so this is the way it would look I + + align:start position:0% +and so this is the way it would look I + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is the way it would look I +don't expect you to follow anything on + + align:start position:0% +don't expect you to follow anything on + + + align:start position:0% +don't expect you to follow anything on +this slide just except to see that it + + align:start position:0% +this slide just except to see that it + + + align:start position:0% +this slide just except to see that it +can be done this way okay so you don't + + align:start position:0% +can be done this way okay so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +can be done this way okay so you don't +even have to write this down okay so the + + align:start position:0% +even have to write this down okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +even have to write this down okay so the +drift current is proportionate some + + align:start position:0% +drift current is proportionate some + + + align:start position:0% +drift current is proportionate some +constant times voltage ficks law is some + + align:start position:0% +constant times voltage ficks law is some + + + align:start position:0% +constant times voltage ficks law is some +constant times that concentration + + align:start position:0% +constant times that concentration + + + align:start position:0% +constant times that concentration +gradient remember that we just set those + + align:start position:0% +gradient remember that we just set those + + + align:start position:0% +gradient remember that we just set those +two things equal and solve for Delta V + + align:start position:0% +two things equal and solve for Delta V + + + align:start position:0% +two things equal and solve for Delta V +and that's what you find what you find + + align:start position:0% +and that's what you find what you find + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what you find what you find +is that Delta V is just some constant + + align:start position:0% +is that Delta V is just some constant + + + align:start position:0% +is that Delta V is just some constant +times the log of the difference in + + align:start position:0% +times the log of the difference in + + + align:start position:0% +times the log of the difference in +concentrations on the inside and outside + + align:start position:0% +concentrations on the inside and outside + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations on the inside and outside +okay it turns out there's a way of + + align:start position:0% +okay it turns out there's a way of + + + align:start position:0% +okay it turns out there's a way of +calculating this that's much simpler and + + align:start position:0% +calculating this that's much simpler and + + + align:start position:0% +calculating this that's much simpler and +more elegant and I'm going to show you + + align:start position:0% +more elegant and I'm going to show you + + + align:start position:0% +more elegant and I'm going to show you +that calculation okay yes yes at the + + align:start position:0% +that calculation okay yes yes at the + + + align:start position:0% +that calculation okay yes yes at the +beginning and the answer is that the + + align:start position:0% +beginning and the answer is that the + + + align:start position:0% +beginning and the answer is that the +concentrations don't change very much + + align:start position:0% +concentrations don't change very much + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations don't change very much +through this process so you can even + + align:start position:0% +through this process so you can even + + + align:start position:0% +through this process so you can even +ignore that change okay all right + + align:start position:0% +ignore that change okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +ignore that change okay all right +everybody got this alright so here's how + + align:start position:0% +everybody got this alright so here's how + + + align:start position:0% +everybody got this alright so here's how +we're gonna calculate an alternative way + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna calculate an alternative way + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna calculate an alternative way +of calculating this voltage difference + + align:start position:0% +of calculating this voltage difference + + + align:start position:0% +of calculating this voltage difference +just really beautiful + + align:start position:0% +just really beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +just really beautiful +we're gonna use the Boltzmann equation + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna use the Boltzmann equation + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna use the Boltzmann equation +the Boltzmann equation tells us the + + align:start position:0% +the Boltzmann equation tells us the + + + align:start position:0% +the Boltzmann equation tells us the +probability of a particle being in two + + align:start position:0% +probability of a particle being in two + + + align:start position:0% +probability of a particle being in two +states as a function of the energy + + align:start position:0% +states as a function of the energy + + + align:start position:0% +states as a function of the energy +difference between those two states and + + align:start position:0% +difference between those two states and + + + align:start position:0% +difference between those two states and +one of those states is going to + + align:start position:0% +one of those states is going to + + + align:start position:0% +one of those states is going to +correspond to a particle being on the + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a particle being on the + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to a particle being on the +left side of the beaker or inside of our + + align:start position:0% +left side of the beaker or inside of our + + + align:start position:0% +left side of the beaker or inside of our +cell and that particle being outside of + + align:start position:0% +cell and that particle being outside of + + + align:start position:0% +cell and that particle being outside of +our cell or on the other side of the + + align:start position:0% +our cell or on the other side of the + + + align:start position:0% +our cell or on the other side of the +beaker and those two left side and right + + align:start position:0% +beaker and those two left side and right + + + align:start position:0% +beaker and those two left side and right +side have different energies + + align:start position:0% +side have different energies + + + align:start position:0% +side have different energies +so our system has two states a high + + align:start position:0% +so our system has two states a high + + + align:start position:0% +so our system has two states a high +energy state and a low energy State + + align:start position:0% +energy state and a low energy State + + + align:start position:0% +energy state and a low energy State +Boltzmann equation just says the + + align:start position:0% +Boltzmann equation just says the + + + align:start position:0% +Boltzmann equation just says the +probability of being in state one + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in state one + + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in state one +divided by the probability of being in + + align:start position:0% +divided by the probability of being in + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the probability of being in +state two is just e to the minus energy + + align:start position:0% +state two is just e to the minus energy + + + align:start position:0% +state two is just e to the minus energy +difference divided by Katie K is the + + align:start position:0% +difference divided by Katie K is the + + + align:start position:0% +difference divided by Katie K is the +Boltzmann constant T is temperature the + + align:start position:0% +Boltzmann constant T is temperature the + + + align:start position:0% +Boltzmann constant T is temperature the +same KT that we talked about in the last + + align:start position:0% +same KT that we talked about in the last + + + align:start position:0% +same KT that we talked about in the last +lecture now you can see if the + + align:start position:0% +lecture now you can see if the + + + align:start position:0% +lecture now you can see if the +temperature is very low all those + + align:start position:0% +temperature is very low all those + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is very low all those +particles are if the temperature is zero + + align:start position:0% +particles are if the temperature is zero + + + align:start position:0% +particles are if the temperature is zero +they're not being jostled they're just + + align:start position:0% +they're not being jostled they're just + + + align:start position:0% +they're not being jostled they're just +sitting there quietly they can't move it + + align:start position:0% +sitting there quietly they can't move it + + + align:start position:0% +sitting there quietly they can't move it +can't get into state one they just sit + + align:start position:0% +can't get into state one they just sit + + + align:start position:0% +can't get into state one they just sit +in state two okay + + align:start position:0% +in state two okay + + + align:start position:0% +in state two okay +so the probability of being in state one + + align:start position:0% +so the probability of being in state one + + + align:start position:0% +so the probability of being in state one +divided by the probability of being in + + align:start position:0% +divided by the probability of being in + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the probability of being in +state two is zero okay if KT is zero + + align:start position:0% +state two is zero okay if KT is zero + + + align:start position:0% +state two is zero okay if KT is zero +this is a very big number e to the minus + + align:start position:0% +this is a very big number e to the minus + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very big number e to the minus +big number is zero now let's say that we + + align:start position:0% +big number is zero now let's say that we + + + align:start position:0% +big number is zero now let's say that we +heat things up a bit so that now Katie + + align:start position:0% +heat things up a bit so that now Katie + + + align:start position:0% +heat things up a bit so that now Katie +gets big + + align:start position:0% +gets big + + + align:start position:0% +gets big +so that Katie actually gets + + align:start position:0% +so that Katie actually gets + + + align:start position:0% +so that Katie actually gets +approximately the same size as the + + align:start position:0% +approximately the same size as the + + + align:start position:0% +approximately the same size as the +energy difference between our two states + + align:start position:0% +energy difference between our two states + + + align:start position:0% +energy difference between our two states +so now some of those particles can get + + align:start position:0% +so now some of those particles can get + + + align:start position:0% +so now some of those particles can get +jostled over into state one and we can + + align:start position:0% +jostled over into state one and we can + + + align:start position:0% +jostled over into state one and we can +write down we could just calculate you + + align:start position:0% +write down we could just calculate you + + + align:start position:0% +write down we could just calculate you +can see now that the probability of + + align:start position:0% +can see now that the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +can see now that the probability of +being in state one is divided by the + + align:start position:0% +being in state one is divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +being in state one is divided by the +probability of being in state two is + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in state two is + + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in state two is +bigger than zero now you can actually + + align:start position:0% +bigger than zero now you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than zero now you can actually +just calculate it if the energy + + align:start position:0% +just calculate it if the energy + + + align:start position:0% +just calculate it if the energy +difference is just twice KT then energy + + align:start position:0% +difference is just twice KT then energy + + + align:start position:0% +difference is just twice KT then energy +difference do KT divided by Katie the + + align:start position:0% +difference do KT divided by Katie the + + + align:start position:0% +difference do KT divided by Katie the +problem that racial probabilities is + + align:start position:0% +problem that racial probabilities is + + + align:start position:0% +problem that racial probabilities is +just e to the minus two okay if the + + align:start position:0% +just e to the minus two okay if the + + + align:start position:0% +just e to the minus two okay if the +energy difference is bigger then you can + + align:start position:0% +energy difference is bigger then you can + + + align:start position:0% +energy difference is bigger then you can +see the probability ratio is smaller the + + align:start position:0% +see the probability ratio is smaller the + + + align:start position:0% +see the probability ratio is smaller the +probability of being in state one goes + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in state one goes + + + align:start position:0% +probability of being in state one goes +to zero if you increase that energy if + + align:start position:0% +to zero if you increase that energy if + + + align:start position:0% +to zero if you increase that energy if +you make that energy difference very + + align:start position:0% +you make that energy difference very + + + align:start position:0% +you make that energy difference very +small at temperature KT you see that if + + align:start position:0% +small at temperature KT you see that if + + + align:start position:0% +small at temperature KT you see that if +the energy difference is about the same + + align:start position:0% +the energy difference is about the same + + + align:start position:0% +the energy difference is about the same +as KT then the probability of being in + + align:start position:0% +as KT then the probability of being in + + + align:start position:0% +as KT then the probability of being in +state one is equal to the probability + + align:start position:0% +state one is equal to the probability + + + align:start position:0% +state one is equal to the probability +and state to those those particles just + + align:start position:0% +and state to those those particles just + + + align:start position:0% +and state to those those particles just +jostle back and forth between the two + + align:start position:0% +jostle back and forth between the two + + + align:start position:0% +jostle back and forth between the two +states + + align:start position:0% +states + + + align:start position:0% +states +okay so we're ready to do this ratio + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're ready to do this ratio + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're ready to do this ratio +probabilities is e to the minus energy + + align:start position:0% +probabilities is e to the minus energy + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities is e to the minus energy +difference over KT what's the energy of + + align:start position:0% +difference over KT what's the energy of + + + align:start position:0% +difference over KT what's the energy of +a particle here versus here well that's + + align:start position:0% +a particle here versus here well that's + + + align:start position:0% +a particle here versus here well that's +a charged particle the energy difference + + align:start position:0% +a charged particle the energy difference + + + align:start position:0% +a charged particle the energy difference +is just given by the voltage difference + + align:start position:0% +is just given by the voltage difference + + + align:start position:0% +is just given by the voltage difference +so energy is charge times voltage where + + align:start position:0% +so energy is charge times voltage where + + + align:start position:0% +so energy is charge times voltage where +Q is the charge of an ion ratio of + + align:start position:0% +Q is the charge of an ion ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +Q is the charge of an ion ratio of +probabilities is e to the Q times + + align:start position:0% +probabilities is e to the Q times + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities is e to the Q times +voltage difference over KT take the log + + align:start position:0% +voltage difference over KT take the log + + + align:start position:0% +voltage difference over KT take the log +of both sides solve for the voltage + + align:start position:0% +of both sides solve for the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +of both sides solve for the voltage +difference VN minus V out equals minus + + align:start position:0% +difference VN minus V out equals minus + + + align:start position:0% +difference VN minus V out equals minus +KT over Q times the log of the + + align:start position:0% +KT over Q times the log of the + + + align:start position:0% +KT over Q times the log of the +probability ratio but the probability is + + align:start position:0% +probability ratio but the probability is + + + align:start position:0% +probability ratio but the probability is +just this concentration and so we can + + align:start position:0% +just this concentration and so we can + + + align:start position:0% +just this concentration and so we can +write this as Delta V the voltage + + align:start position:0% +write this as Delta V the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +write this as Delta V the voltage +difference is equal to KT over Q which + + align:start position:0% +difference is equal to KT over Q which + + + align:start position:0% +difference is equal to KT over Q which +is 25 millivolts times the log of the + + align:start position:0% +is 25 millivolts times the log of the + + + align:start position:0% +is 25 millivolts times the log of the +ratio of potassium concentration outside + + align:start position:0% +ratio of potassium concentration outside + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of potassium concentration outside +to potassium concentration inside and + + align:start position:0% +to potassium concentration inside and + + + align:start position:0% +to potassium concentration inside and +that's exactly the same equation that we + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly the same equation that we + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly the same equation that we +get if you do that much more complicated + + align:start position:0% +get if you do that much more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +get if you do that much more complicated +derivation based on ficks law and Ohm's + + align:start position:0% +derivation based on ficks law and Ohm's + + + align:start position:0% +derivation based on ficks law and Ohm's +law balancing ficks law in Ohm's law + + align:start position:0% +law balancing ficks law in Ohm's law + + + align:start position:0% +law balancing ficks law in Ohm's law +okay and this is equilibrium potential + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is equilibrium potential + + + align:start position:0% +okay and this is equilibrium potential +here not electric field okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +here not electric field okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +here not electric field okay so let's +take a look at potassium concentrations + + align:start position:0% +take a look at potassium concentrations + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at potassium concentrations +in a real cell this is actually from + + align:start position:0% +in a real cell this is actually from + + + align:start position:0% +in a real cell this is actually from +squid giant axon 400 millimolar inside + + align:start position:0% +squid giant axon 400 millimolar inside + + + align:start position:0% +squid giant axon 400 millimolar inside +sol 20 millimolar outside so there's a + + align:start position:0% +sol 20 millimolar outside so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +sol 20 millimolar outside so there's a +lot of potassium inside of a cell not + + align:start position:0% +lot of potassium inside of a cell not + + + align:start position:0% +lot of potassium inside of a cell not +very much outside plug those into our + + align:start position:0% +very much outside plug those into our + + + align:start position:0% +very much outside plug those into our +equation KT over Q is 25mm per ature at + + align:start position:0% +equation KT over Q is 25mm per ature at + + + align:start position:0% +equation KT over Q is 25mm per ature at +room temperature the log of that + + align:start position:0% +room temperature the log of that + + + align:start position:0% +room temperature the log of that +concentration ratio is minus 3 so EK is + + align:start position:0% +concentration ratio is minus 3 so EK is + + + align:start position:0% +concentration ratio is minus 3 so EK is +minus 75 millivolts that means if we + + align:start position:0% +minus 75 millivolts that means if we + + + align:start position:0% +minus 75 millivolts that means if we +start with a lot of potassium inside of + + align:start position:0% +start with a lot of potassium inside of + + + align:start position:0% +start with a lot of potassium inside of +our cell open up a potassium selective + + align:start position:0% +our cell open up a potassium selective + + + align:start position:0% +our cell open up a potassium selective +channel what happens potassium diffuses + + align:start position:0% +channel what happens potassium diffuses + + + align:start position:0% +channel what happens potassium diffuses +out through that channel and the voltage + + align:start position:0% +out through that channel and the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +out through that channel and the voltage +goes to minus 75 millivolts how do you + + align:start position:0% +goes to minus 75 millivolts how do you + + + align:start position:0% +goes to minus 75 millivolts how do you +know it's negative + + align:start position:0% +know it's negative + + + align:start position:0% +know it's negative +like I always can't remember whether + + align:start position:0% +like I always can't remember whether + + + align:start position:0% +like I always can't remember whether +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +concentration inside / outside outside / + + align:start position:0% +concentration inside / outside outside / + + + align:start position:0% +concentration inside / outside outside / +inside I don't know but the point is you + + align:start position:0% +inside I don't know but the point is you + + + align:start position:0% +inside I don't know but the point is you +don't actually have to know because you + + align:start position:0% +don't actually have to know because you + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually have to know because you +can just look at it and see the answer + + align:start position:0% +can just look at it and see the answer + + + align:start position:0% +can just look at it and see the answer +what sign it is if you have positive + + align:start position:0% +what sign it is if you have positive + + + align:start position:0% +what sign it is if you have positive +ions high concentration of positive ions + + align:start position:0% +ions high concentration of positive ions + + + align:start position:0% +ions high concentration of positive ions +inside they diffuse out the voltage + + align:start position:0% +inside they diffuse out the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +inside they diffuse out the voltage +inside of the cell when positive ions + + align:start position:0% +inside of the cell when positive ions + + + align:start position:0% +inside of the cell when positive ions +leave is going to do what its going to + + align:start position:0% +leave is going to do what its going to + + + align:start position:0% +leave is going to do what its going to +go down so that's why it's - okay so a + + align:start position:0% +go down so that's why it's - okay so a + + + align:start position:0% +go down so that's why it's - okay so a +battery and in those video modules that + + align:start position:0% +battery and in those video modules that + + + align:start position:0% +battery and in those video modules that +I recorded for you it's going to explain + + align:start position:0% +I recorded for you it's going to explain + + + align:start position:0% +I recorded for you it's going to explain +how you actually incorporate that into a + + align:start position:0% +how you actually incorporate that into a + + + align:start position:0% +how you actually incorporate that into a +battery in our circuit model and so + + align:start position:0% +battery in our circuit model and so + + + align:start position:0% +battery in our circuit model and so +we've done all these things we've looked + + align:start position:0% +we've done all these things we've looked + + + align:start position:0% +we've done all these things we've looked +at how membrane capacitance and + + align:start position:0% +at how membrane capacitance and + + + align:start position:0% +at how membrane capacitance and +resistance allows neurons to integrate + + align:start position:0% +resistance allows neurons to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +resistance allows neurons to integrate +over time we've learned how to write + + align:start position:0% +over time we've learned how to write + + + align:start position:0% +over time we've learned how to write +down the differential equations we're + + align:start position:0% +down the differential equations we're + + + align:start position:0% +down the differential equations we're +now able to just look at a current input + + align:start position:0% +now able to just look at a current input + + + align:start position:0% +now able to just look at a current input +and figure out the voltage change and we + + align:start position:0% +and figure out the voltage change and we + + + align:start position:0% +and figure out the voltage change and we +now understand where the batteries in a + + align:start position:0% +now understand where the batteries in a + + + align:start position:0% +now understand where the batteries in a +neuron come from \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3HnHQXWIFd4.txt b/3HnHQXWIFd4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f8ff0f2ee216ed7b6822916713539f98ed7a797 --- /dev/null +++ b/3HnHQXWIFd4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5211 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so this is Josh and John + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so this is Josh and John + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so this is Josh and John +they're both from planet nutshell Josh + + align:start position:0% +they're both from planet nutshell Josh + + + align:start position:0% +they're both from planet nutshell Josh +is the founder and John is an animator + + align:start position:0% +is the founder and John is an animator + + + align:start position:0% +is the founder and John is an animator +yes um and they're going to talk today + + align:start position:0% +yes um and they're going to talk today + + + align:start position:0% +yes um and they're going to talk today +about storyboarding and continuing our + + align:start position:0% +about storyboarding and continuing our + + + align:start position:0% +about storyboarding and continuing our +discussion on visual storytelling um I'm + + align:start position:0% +discussion on visual storytelling um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +discussion on visual storytelling um I'm +super excited about today's session it's + + align:start position:0% +super excited about today's session it's + + + align:start position:0% +super excited about today's session it's +going to be a lot of not only lecture + + align:start position:0% +going to be a lot of not only lecture + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a lot of not only lecture +but workshopping some of the scripts and + + align:start position:0% +but workshopping some of the scripts and + + + align:start position:0% +but workshopping some of the scripts and +ideas that you guys have been thinking + + align:start position:0% +ideas that you guys have been thinking + + + align:start position:0% +ideas that you guys have been thinking +about so far + + align:start position:0% +about so far + + + align:start position:0% +about so far +um anything else oh Josh's background is + + align:start position:0% +um anything else oh Josh's background is + + + align:start position:0% +um anything else oh Josh's background is +in creative writing so you can also get + + align:start position:0% +in creative writing so you can also get + + + align:start position:0% +in creative writing so you can also get +feedback from him on your scripts and + + align:start position:0% +feedback from him on your scripts and + + + align:start position:0% +feedback from him on your scripts and +they make short expl ER videos that + + align:start position:0% +they make short expl ER videos that + + + align:start position:0% +they make short expl ER videos that +engage people not only in disseminating + + align:start position:0% +engage people not only in disseminating + + + align:start position:0% +engage people not only in disseminating +information but entertaining them as + + align:start position:0% +information but entertaining them as + + + align:start position:0% +information but entertaining them as +well yeah so we and in a lot of ways do + + align:start position:0% +well yeah so we and in a lot of ways do + + + align:start position:0% +well yeah so we and in a lot of ways do +um many of the things that I mean I + + align:start position:0% +um many of the things that I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +um many of the things that I mean I +guess directly that you guys are working + + align:start position:0% +guess directly that you guys are working + + + align:start position:0% +guess directly that you guys are working +on so this is a good fit for us to be + + align:start position:0% +on so this is a good fit for us to be + + + align:start position:0% +on so this is a good fit for us to be +talking to you + + align:start position:0% +talking to you + + + align:start position:0% +talking to you +um so yeah so um my job is to sort of + + align:start position:0% +um so yeah so um my job is to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um so yeah so um my job is to sort of +uh uh rally all of the people who work + + align:start position:0% +uh uh rally all of the people who work + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh rally all of the people who work +at Planet nutshell um in interesting + + align:start position:0% +at Planet nutshell um in interesting + + + align:start position:0% +at Planet nutshell um in interesting +creative directions um and um John is a + + align:start position:0% +creative directions um and um John is a + + + align:start position:0% +creative directions um and um John is a +really talented um illustrator and + + align:start position:0% +really talented um illustrator and + + + align:start position:0% +really talented um illustrator and +animator and he also does our storyboard + + align:start position:0% +animator and he also does our storyboard + + + align:start position:0% +animator and he also does our storyboard +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +artwork um so today um after I give a + + align:start position:0% +artwork um so today um after I give a + + + align:start position:0% +artwork um so today um after I give a +little brief little talk about uh + + align:start position:0% +little brief little talk about uh + + + align:start position:0% +little brief little talk about uh +animation and + + align:start position:0% +animation and + + + align:start position:0% +animation and +storyboarding um we're just i' really + + align:start position:0% +storyboarding um we're just i' really + + + align:start position:0% +storyboarding um we're just i' really +like to just open things up and um share + + align:start position:0% +like to just open things up and um share + + + align:start position:0% +like to just open things up and um share +with you a script that we produced a + + align:start position:0% +with you a script that we produced a + + + align:start position:0% +with you a script that we produced a +while ago and we'll all storyboard it + + align:start position:0% +while ago and we'll all storyboard it + + + align:start position:0% +while ago and we'll all storyboard it +together and I would love to see what we + + align:start position:0% +together and I would love to see what we + + + align:start position:0% +together and I would love to see what we +come up with + + align:start position:0% +come up with + + + align:start position:0% +come up with +um we've produced this script but what's + + align:start position:0% +um we've produced this script but what's + + + align:start position:0% +um we've produced this script but what's +really great about what we do is there's + + align:start position:0% +really great about what we do is there's + + + align:start position:0% +really great about what we do is there's +no one right way to do it so what will + + align:start position:0% +no one right way to do it so what will + + + align:start position:0% +no one right way to do it so what will +be interesting is to see what we come up + + align:start position:0% +be interesting is to see what we come up + + + align:start position:0% +be interesting is to see what we come up +with collectively here um as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +with collectively here um as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +with collectively here um as opposed to +what we + + align:start position:0% +what we + + + align:start position:0% +what we +produced um and I have looked at your + + align:start position:0% +produced um and I have looked at your + + + align:start position:0% +produced um and I have looked at your +scripts the things that you're working + + align:start position:0% +scripts the things that you're working + + + align:start position:0% +scripts the things that you're working +on they're all really + + align:start position:0% +on they're all really + + + align:start position:0% +on they're all really +interesting um so um I would like to + + align:start position:0% +interesting um so um I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +interesting um so um I would like to +open things up to any questions you have + + align:start position:0% +open things up to any questions you have + + + align:start position:0% +open things up to any questions you have +about what you're working on uh a little + + align:start position:0% +about what you're working on uh a little + + + align:start position:0% +about what you're working on uh a little +later um and uh yet I write a lot of + + align:start position:0% +later um and uh yet I write a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +later um and uh yet I write a lot of +scripts so if you need help with that um + + align:start position:0% +scripts so if you need help with that um + + + align:start position:0% +scripts so if you need help with that um +I'm uh very willing to give you any + + align:start position:0% +I'm uh very willing to give you any + + + align:start position:0% +I'm uh very willing to give you any +guidance I can um so I'll get started + + align:start position:0% +guidance I can um so I'll get started + + + align:start position:0% +guidance I can um so I'll get started +with the this short lecture portion um + + align:start position:0% +with the this short lecture portion um + + + align:start position:0% +with the this short lecture portion um +and John I think oh or somebody made + + align:start position:0% +and John I think oh or somebody made + + + align:start position:0% +and John I think oh or somebody made +this spinning thing for you guys today + + align:start position:0% +this spinning thing for you guys today + + + align:start position:0% +this spinning thing for you guys today +we thought that would be a nice touch + + align:start position:0% +we thought that would be a nice touch + + + align:start position:0% +we thought that would be a nice touch +ding all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um let's see yeah so we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +um let's see yeah so we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +um let's see yeah so we're going to talk +about animation and + + align:start position:0% +about animation and + + + align:start position:0% +about animation and +storyboarding + + align:start position:0% +storyboarding + + + align:start position:0% +storyboarding +um and specifically animation in the + + align:start position:0% +um and specifically animation in the + + + align:start position:0% +um and specifically animation in the +context of what you guys were doing I + + align:start position:0% +context of what you guys were doing I + + + align:start position:0% +context of what you guys were doing I +mean animation is a huge topic and I'm + + align:start position:0% +mean animation is a huge topic and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +mean animation is a huge topic and I'm +not going to go I'm not going to talk + + align:start position:0% +not going to go I'm not going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +not going to go I'm not going to talk +about you know techniques or um or + + align:start position:0% +about you know techniques or um or + + + align:start position:0% +about you know techniques or um or +Theory or any of that kind of stuff + + align:start position:0% +Theory or any of that kind of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +Theory or any of that kind of stuff +um but I do want to talk about um when + + align:start position:0% +um but I do want to talk about um when + + + align:start position:0% +um but I do want to talk about um when +it's a good idea to use it uh maybe in + + align:start position:0% +it's a good idea to use it uh maybe in + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good idea to use it uh maybe in +your own work um and there may be more + + align:start position:0% +your own work um and there may be more + + + align:start position:0% +your own work um and there may be more +reasons why it might be good but these + + align:start position:0% +reasons why it might be good but these + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why it might be good but these +are the ones that I came up with uh for + + align:start position:0% +are the ones that I came up with uh for + + + align:start position:0% +are the ones that I came up with uh for +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +um so uh animation is good when + + align:start position:0% +um so uh animation is good when + + + align:start position:0% +um so uh animation is good when +synthesizing reinforcing or recapping + + align:start position:0% +synthesizing reinforcing or recapping + + + align:start position:0% +synthesizing reinforcing or recapping +information in a simple visual way cows + + align:start position:0% +information in a simple visual way cows + + + align:start position:0% +information in a simple visual way cows +plus farts equals global warming so um + + align:start position:0% +plus farts equals global warming so um + + + align:start position:0% +plus farts equals global warming so um +taking abstract ideas or or summarizing + + align:start position:0% +taking abstract ideas or or summarizing + + + align:start position:0% +taking abstract ideas or or summarizing +information um um and presenting it very + + align:start position:0% +information um um and presenting it very + + + align:start position:0% +information um um and presenting it very +simply is something that animation is + + align:start position:0% +simply is something that animation is + + + align:start position:0% +simply is something that animation is +really good at um so when thinking about + + align:start position:0% +really good at um so when thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +really good at um so when thinking about +developing your own scripts you can + + align:start position:0% +developing your own scripts you can + + + align:start position:0% +developing your own scripts you can +think about moments um + + align:start position:0% +think about moments um + + + align:start position:0% +think about moments um +where um the visual story could be + + align:start position:0% +where um the visual story could be + + + align:start position:0% +where um the visual story could be +augmented with some sort of + + align:start position:0% +augmented with some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +augmented with some sort of +encapsulation or summary that um that is + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation or summary that um that is + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation or summary that um that is +uh is worthy of + + align:start position:0% +uh is worthy of + + + align:start position:0% +uh is worthy of +Animation um and here's a here's one + + align:start position:0% +Animation um and here's a here's one + + + align:start position:0% +Animation um and here's a here's one +that's pretty obvious uh the subject + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty obvious uh the subject + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty obvious uh the subject +cannot be seen it's microscopic Cosmic + + align:start position:0% +cannot be seen it's microscopic Cosmic + + + align:start position:0% +cannot be seen it's microscopic Cosmic +or theoretical abstract so those are + + align:start position:0% +or theoretical abstract so those are + + + align:start position:0% +or theoretical abstract so those are +often good times to think about uh + + align:start position:0% +often good times to think about uh + + + align:start position:0% +often good times to think about uh +animation um and we have some examples + + align:start position:0% +animation um and we have some examples + + + align:start position:0% +animation um and we have some examples +of where this sort of thing is employed + + align:start position:0% +of where this sort of thing is employed + + + align:start position:0% +of where this sort of thing is employed +later um John came out with this one uh + + align:start position:0% +later um John came out with this one uh + + + align:start position:0% +later um John came out with this one uh +actually John helped with all these + + align:start position:0% +actually John helped with all these + + + align:start position:0% +actually John helped with all these +because I was really busy this week but + + align:start position:0% +because I was really busy this week but + + + align:start position:0% +because I was really busy this week but +um so I really appreciate it uh footage + + align:start position:0% +um so I really appreciate it uh footage + + + align:start position:0% +um so I really appreciate it uh footage +is not easily + + align:start position:0% +is not easily + + + align:start position:0% +is not easily +attainable um so say you want to do a + + align:start position:0% +attainable um so say you want to do a + + + align:start position:0% +attainable um so say you want to do a +video about um well in your case you + + align:start position:0% +video about um well in your case you + + + align:start position:0% +video about um well in your case you +know you're doing Naval uh Naval + + align:start position:0% +know you're doing Naval uh Naval + + + align:start position:0% +know you're doing Naval uh Naval +engineering maybe you want to shoot you + + align:start position:0% +engineering maybe you want to shoot you + + + align:start position:0% +engineering maybe you want to shoot you +know something about like the bottom of + + align:start position:0% +know something about like the bottom of + + + align:start position:0% +know something about like the bottom of +the ship you know or or you know um + + align:start position:0% +the ship you know or or you know um + + + align:start position:0% +the ship you know or or you know um +something that is going to be real + + align:start position:0% +something that is going to be real + + + align:start position:0% +something that is going to be real +you're going to have to hire a team of + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have to hire a team of + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have to hire a team of +scuba divers to get down there and shoot + + align:start position:0% +scuba divers to get down there and shoot + + + align:start position:0% +scuba divers to get down there and shoot +the the hull of this ship so um that + + align:start position:0% +the the hull of this ship so um that + + + align:start position:0% +the the hull of this ship so um that +might be a nice um a nice opportunity + + align:start position:0% +might be a nice um a nice opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +might be a nice um a nice opportunity +for visualization that can't be attained + + align:start position:0% +for visualization that can't be attained + + + align:start position:0% +for visualization that can't be attained +through lab action um and this kind of + + align:start position:0% +through lab action um and this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +through lab action um and this kind of +the catchall category is that animation + + align:start position:0% +the catchall category is that animation + + + align:start position:0% +the catchall category is that animation +um adds visual engagement the story is + + align:start position:0% +um adds visual engagement the story is + + + align:start position:0% +um adds visual engagement the story is +somehow made better by using it um and + + align:start position:0% +somehow made better by using it um and + + + align:start position:0% +somehow made better by using it um and +that that's sort of an abstract sort of + + align:start position:0% +that that's sort of an abstract sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that that's sort of an abstract sort of +subjective thing to say but I think the + + align:start position:0% +subjective thing to say but I think the + + + align:start position:0% +subjective thing to say but I think the +best way to demonstrate that is just to + + align:start position:0% +best way to demonstrate that is just to + + + align:start position:0% +best way to demonstrate that is just to +show + + align:start position:0% +show + + + align:start position:0% +show +examples um which I'll do in a + + align:start position:0% +examples um which I'll do in a + + + align:start position:0% +examples um which I'll do in a +bit um so animation is sort of silly or + + align:start position:0% +bit um so animation is sort of silly or + + + align:start position:0% +bit um so animation is sort of silly or +not a great choice when it's and I and I + + align:start position:0% +not a great choice when it's and I and I + + + align:start position:0% +not a great choice when it's and I and I +we use this term a lot like is this eye + + align:start position:0% +we use this term a lot like is this eye + + + align:start position:0% +we use this term a lot like is this eye +candy or is this really a functional + + align:start position:0% +candy or is this really a functional + + + align:start position:0% +candy or is this really a functional +part of the story you know um and um + + align:start position:0% +part of the story you know um and um + + + align:start position:0% +part of the story you know um and um +again is it eye candy or is the story + + align:start position:0% +again is it eye candy or is the story + + + align:start position:0% +again is it eye candy or is the story +made + + align:start position:0% +made + + + align:start position:0% +made +better um so just using animation + + align:start position:0% +better um so just using animation + + + align:start position:0% +better um so just using animation +because it's cool or it's neat um can + + align:start position:0% +because it's cool or it's neat um can + + + align:start position:0% +because it's cool or it's neat um can +actually distance the viewer from and + + align:start position:0% +actually distance the viewer from and + + + align:start position:0% +actually distance the viewer from and +disengage them from the experience + + align:start position:0% +disengage them from the experience + + + align:start position:0% +disengage them from the experience +because I don't know if you guys watch + + align:start position:0% +because I don't know if you guys watch + + + align:start position:0% +because I don't know if you guys watch +you know you seen a movie like the + + align:start position:0% +you know you seen a movie like the + + + align:start position:0% +you know you seen a movie like the +Transformers or uh God what are some of + + align:start position:0% +Transformers or uh God what are some of + + + align:start position:0% +Transformers or uh God what are some of +these ridiculously visually opulent + + align:start position:0% +these ridiculously visually opulent + + + align:start position:0% +these ridiculously visually opulent +movies you know um and a lot of times + + align:start position:0% +movies you know um and a lot of times + + + align:start position:0% +movies you know um and a lot of times +when I watch those sorts of things I + + align:start position:0% +when I watch those sorts of things I + + + align:start position:0% +when I watch those sorts of things I +begin to + + align:start position:0% +begin to + + + align:start position:0% +begin to +emotionally um disengage from them + + align:start position:0% +emotionally um disengage from them + + + align:start position:0% +emotionally um disengage from them +because all I'm doing is being bombarded + + align:start position:0% +because all I'm doing is being bombarded + + + align:start position:0% +because all I'm doing is being bombarded +by visual information there's no story + + align:start position:0% +by visual information there's no story + + + align:start position:0% +by visual information there's no story +that's really compelling or engaging me + + align:start position:0% +that's really compelling or engaging me + + + align:start position:0% +that's really compelling or engaging me +so that's something to think + + align:start position:0% +so that's something to think + + + align:start position:0% +so that's something to think +about um live action is really great at + + align:start position:0% +about um live action is really great at + + + align:start position:0% +about um live action is really great at +at a number of things and these are some + + align:start position:0% +at a number of things and these are some + + + align:start position:0% +at a number of things and these are some +of the things I came up with + + align:start position:0% +of the things I came up with + + + align:start position:0% +of the things I came up with +um uh the the notion of personality the + + align:start position:0% +um uh the the notion of personality the + + + align:start position:0% +um uh the the notion of personality the +the human face The Human Experience um + + align:start position:0% +the human face The Human Experience um + + + align:start position:0% +the human face The Human Experience um +the host as as Elizabeth talked about on + + align:start position:0% +the host as as Elizabeth talked about on + + + align:start position:0% +the host as as Elizabeth talked about on +Monday um uh location creating you know + + align:start position:0% +Monday um uh location creating you know + + + align:start position:0% +Monday um uh location creating you know +there's it's animation can create a lot + + align:start position:0% +there's it's animation can create a lot + + + align:start position:0% +there's it's animation can create a lot +of interesting + + align:start position:0% +of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +of interesting +locations um but you know there why + + align:start position:0% +locations um but you know there why + + + align:start position:0% +locations um but you know there why +would you draw the MIT campus when you + + align:start position:0% +would you draw the MIT campus when you + + + align:start position:0% +would you draw the MIT campus when you +when you're when you have it right in + + align:start position:0% +when you're when you have it right in + + + align:start position:0% +when you're when you have it right in +front of you for instance um and again + + align:start position:0% +front of you for instance um and again + + + align:start position:0% +front of you for instance um and again +the the notion of human + + align:start position:0% +the the notion of human + + + align:start position:0% +the the notion of human +interaction um you know humans talking + + align:start position:0% +interaction um you know humans talking + + + align:start position:0% +interaction um you know humans talking +to each other and engaging with each + + align:start position:0% +to each other and engaging with each + + + align:start position:0% +to each other and engaging with each +other is a really um is is something + + align:start position:0% +other is a really um is is something + + + align:start position:0% +other is a really um is is something +that uh live action is really good at um + + align:start position:0% +that uh live action is really good at um + + + align:start position:0% +that uh live action is really good at um +or in the final catchall category is you + + align:start position:0% +or in the final catchall category is you + + + align:start position:0% +or in the final catchall category is you +just can't think of anything better to + + align:start position:0% +just can't think of anything better to + + + align:start position:0% +just can't think of anything better to +do so oh I'm just going to animate that + + align:start position:0% +do so oh I'm just going to animate that + + + align:start position:0% +do so oh I'm just going to animate that +part I I haven't I don't really want to + + align:start position:0% +part I I haven't I don't really want to + + + align:start position:0% +part I I haven't I don't really want to +think about how I'm going to present + + align:start position:0% +think about how I'm going to present + + + align:start position:0% +think about how I'm going to present +this so I'm just going to do some + + align:start position:0% +this so I'm just going to do some + + + align:start position:0% +this so I'm just going to do some +animation um and that's not the best + + align:start position:0% +animation um and that's not the best + + + align:start position:0% +animation um and that's not the best +choice you should be making choices + + align:start position:0% +choice you should be making choices + + + align:start position:0% +choice you should be making choices +based on what the strengths of Animation + + align:start position:0% +based on what the strengths of Animation + + + align:start position:0% +based on what the strengths of Animation +are and the strength of live + + align:start position:0% +are and the strength of live + + + align:start position:0% +are and the strength of live +action um and just to add to that that's + + align:start position:0% +action um and just to add to that that's + + + align:start position:0% +action um and just to add to that that's +also the easiest choice to make and the + + align:start position:0% +also the easiest choice to make and the + + + align:start position:0% +also the easiest choice to make and the +one that happens most often um or the + + align:start position:0% +one that happens most often um or the + + + align:start position:0% +one that happens most often um or the +one that happened most often when we + + align:start position:0% +one that happened most often when we + + + align:start position:0% +one that happened most often when we +were making seasons one and two is that + + align:start position:0% +were making seasons one and two is that + + + align:start position:0% +were making seasons one and two is that +we'd hit a point in the script that + + align:start position:0% +we'd hit a point in the script that + + + align:start position:0% +we'd hit a point in the script that +looked a little bit complex um in terms + + align:start position:0% +looked a little bit complex um in terms + + + align:start position:0% +looked a little bit complex um in terms +of visual execution and we'd say well + + align:start position:0% +of visual execution and we'd say well + + + align:start position:0% +of visual execution and we'd say well +what are you going to do here and the + + align:start position:0% +what are you going to do here and the + + + align:start position:0% +what are you going to do here and the +host or the the cast would say oh well + + align:start position:0% +host or the the cast would say oh well + + + align:start position:0% +host or the the cast would say oh well +we're just we're just going to animate + + align:start position:0% +we're just we're just going to animate + + + align:start position:0% +we're just we're just going to animate +it um and as if like that was going to + + align:start position:0% +it um and as if like that was going to + + + align:start position:0% +it um and as if like that was going to +solve all the problems and I think that + + align:start position:0% +solve all the problems and I think that + + + align:start position:0% +solve all the problems and I think that +these points may sound um like sound + + align:start position:0% +these points may sound um like sound + + + align:start position:0% +these points may sound um like sound +pretty reasonable and obvious but it's + + align:start position:0% +pretty reasonable and obvious but it's + + + align:start position:0% +pretty reasonable and obvious but it's +very very hard to um thoughtfully + + align:start position:0% +very very hard to um thoughtfully + + + align:start position:0% +very very hard to um thoughtfully +integrate that into your visual script + + align:start position:0% +integrate that into your visual script + + + align:start position:0% +integrate that into your visual script +so I really encourage you guys to think + + align:start position:0% +so I really encourage you guys to think + + + align:start position:0% +so I really encourage you guys to think +about especially the third Point not + + align:start position:0% +about especially the third Point not + + + align:start position:0% +about especially the third Point not +defaulting to animation because you + + align:start position:0% +defaulting to animation because you + + + align:start position:0% +defaulting to animation because you +don't want to figure out how to visually + + align:start position:0% +don't want to figure out how to visually + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to figure out how to visually +integrate your script into the video + + align:start position:0% +integrate your script into the video + + + align:start position:0% +integrate your script into the video +yeah um okay so here are some examples + + align:start position:0% +yeah um okay so here are some examples + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um okay so here are some examples +um of videos that integrate both + + align:start position:0% +um of videos that integrate both + + + align:start position:0% +um of videos that integrate both +liveaction um and + + align:start position:0% +liveaction um and + + + align:start position:0% +liveaction um and +animation um there are many examples I + + align:start position:0% +animation um there are many examples I + + + align:start position:0% +animation um there are many examples I +thought these were especially strong + + align:start position:0% +thought these were especially strong + + + align:start position:0% +thought these were especially strong +ones um you'll not that the + + align:start position:0% +ones um you'll not that the + + + align:start position:0% +ones um you'll not that the +composition um I don't know what you + + align:start position:0% +composition um I don't know what you + + + align:start position:0% +composition um I don't know what you +guys you can talk you're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +guys you can talk you're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +guys you can talk you're going to talk +more about how you made this one but the + + align:start position:0% +more about how you made this one but the + + + align:start position:0% +more about how you made this one but the +composition of this one works is was + + align:start position:0% +composition of this one works is was + + + align:start position:0% +composition of this one works is was +obviously designed around um position + + align:start position:0% +obviously designed around um position + + + align:start position:0% +obviously designed around um position +you know position of the liveaction + + align:start position:0% +you know position of the liveaction + + + align:start position:0% +you know position of the liveaction +character and the animated elements have + + align:start position:0% +character and the animated elements have + + + align:start position:0% +character and the animated elements have +who who has seen this story of stuff + + align:start position:0% +who who has seen this story of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +who who has seen this story of stuff +series it's quite interesting you want + + align:start position:0% +series it's quite interesting you want + + + align:start position:0% +series it's quite interesting you want +to play this a little yeah I'll play a + + align:start position:0% +to play this a little yeah I'll play a + + + align:start position:0% +to play this a little yeah I'll play a +little bit of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it so next the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Mater + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do have one of these I got a little + + align:start position:0% +do have one of these I got a little + + + align:start position:0% +do have one of these I got a little +obsessed with mine in fact I got a + + align:start position:0% +obsessed with mine in fact I got a + + + align:start position:0% +obsessed with mine in fact I got a +little obsessed with all my stuff Have + + align:start position:0% +little obsessed with all my stuff Have + + + align:start position:0% +little obsessed with all my stuff Have +you ever wondered where all the stuff we + + align:start position:0% +you ever wondered where all the stuff we + + + align:start position:0% +you ever wondered where all the stuff we +buy comes from and where it goes when we + + align:start position:0% +buy comes from and where it goes when we + + + align:start position:0% +buy comes from and where it goes when we +throw it out I couldn't stop wondering + + align:start position:0% +throw it out I couldn't stop wondering + + + align:start position:0% +throw it out I couldn't stop wondering +about that so I looked it up and what + + align:start position:0% +about that so I looked it up and what + + + align:start position:0% +about that so I looked it up and what +the textbook said is that stuff moves + + align:start position:0% +the textbook said is that stuff moves + + + align:start position:0% +the textbook said is that stuff moves +through a system from extraction to + + align:start position:0% +through a system from extraction to + + + align:start position:0% +through a system from extraction to +production to distribution to + + align:start position:0% +production to distribution to + + + align:start position:0% +production to distribution to +consumption to disposal all together + + align:start position:0% +consumption to disposal all together + + + align:start position:0% +consumption to disposal all together +it's called the materials economy well I + + align:start position:0% +it's called the materials economy well I + + + align:start position:0% +it's called the materials economy well I +looked into it a little bit more in fact + + align:start position:0% +looked into it a little bit more in fact + + + align:start position:0% +looked into it a little bit more in fact +I spent 10 years traveling the world + + align:start position:0% +I spent 10 years traveling the world + + + align:start position:0% +I spent 10 years traveling the world +tracking where our stuff comes from and + + align:start position:0% +tracking where our stuff comes from and + + + align:start position:0% +tracking where our stuff comes from and +where it goes and you know what I found + + align:start position:0% +where it goes and you know what I found + + + align:start position:0% +where it goes and you know what I found +out that is not the whole story there is + + align:start position:0% +out that is not the whole story there is + + + align:start position:0% +out that is not the whole story there is +a lot missing from this explanation for + + align:start position:0% +a lot missing from this explanation for + + + align:start position:0% +a lot missing from this explanation for +one thing this system looks like it's + + align:start position:0% +one thing this system looks like it's + + + align:start position:0% +one thing this system looks like it's +fine no problem but the truth is it's a + + align:start position:0% +fine no problem but the truth is it's a + + + align:start position:0% +fine no problem but the truth is it's a +system in crisis just a storytelling + + align:start position:0% +system in crisis just a storytelling + + + align:start position:0% +system in crisis just a storytelling +component there that I really like is + + align:start position:0% +component there that I really like is + + + align:start position:0% +component there that I really like is +you may already sort of know is we + + align:start position:0% +you may already sort of know is we + + + align:start position:0% +you may already sort of know is we +talked about it on Monday like here + + align:start position:0% +talked about it on Monday like here + + + align:start position:0% +talked about it on Monday like here +here's a paradigm or here's a situation + + align:start position:0% +here's a paradigm or here's a situation + + + align:start position:0% +here's a paradigm or here's a situation +that you probably already understand but + + align:start position:0% +that you probably already understand but + + + align:start position:0% +that you probably already understand but +hang on there's a problem there's more + + align:start position:0% +hang on there's a problem there's more + + + align:start position:0% +hang on there's a problem there's more +complexity here than you ever could have + + align:start position:0% +complexity here than you ever could have + + + align:start position:0% +complexity here than you ever could have +imagined and I'm going to tell you about + + align:start position:0% +imagined and I'm going to tell you about + + + align:start position:0% +imagined and I'm going to tell you about +it and that is like a a really cool + + align:start position:0% +it and that is like a a really cool + + + align:start position:0% +it and that is like a a really cool +storytelling component um on top of the + + align:start position:0% +storytelling component um on top of the + + + align:start position:0% +storytelling component um on top of the +integration of animation and live action + + align:start position:0% +integration of animation and live action + + + align:start position:0% +integration of animation and live action +and the reason it's a system in crisis + + align:start position:0% +and the reason it's a system in crisis + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason it's a system in crisis +is it's a linear system and we live on a + + align:start position:0% +is it's a linear system and we live on a + + + align:start position:0% +is it's a linear system and we live on a +finite planet and you cannot run a + + align:start position:0% +finite planet and you cannot run a + + + align:start position:0% +finite planet and you cannot run a +linear system on a finite Planet + + align:start position:0% +linear system on a finite Planet + + + align:start position:0% +linear system on a finite Planet +indefinitely every step along the way + + align:start position:0% +indefinitely every step along the way + + + align:start position:0% +indefinitely every step along the way +this system is interacting with the real + + align:start position:0% +this system is interacting with the real + + + align:start position:0% +this system is interacting with the real +world in real life it's not happening on + + align:start position:0% +world in real life it's not happening on + + + align:start position:0% +world in real life it's not happening on +a blank white page it's interacting with + + align:start position:0% +a blank white page it's interacting with + + + align:start position:0% +a blank white page it's interacting with +societies cultures economies the + + align:start position:0% +societies cultures economies the + + + align:start position:0% +societies cultures economies the +environment and all along the way it's + + align:start position:0% +environment and all along the way it's + + + align:start position:0% +environment and all along the way it's +bumping up against limits limits we + + align:start position:0% +bumping up against limits limits we + + + align:start position:0% +bumping up against limits limits we +don't see here because the diagram is + + align:start position:0% +don't see here because the diagram is + + + align:start position:0% +don't see here because the diagram is +incomplete so let's go back through + + align:start position:0% +incomplete so let's go back through + + + align:start position:0% +incomplete so let's go back through +let's fill in some of the blanks and see + + align:start position:0% +let's fill in some of the blanks and see + + + align:start position:0% +let's fill in some of the blanks and see +what's missing well one of the most + + align:start position:0% +what's missing well one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +what's missing well one of the most +important things that's missing is + + align:start position:0% +important things that's missing is + + + align:start position:0% +important things that's missing is +people yes people people live and work + + align:start position:0% +people yes people people live and work + + + align:start position:0% +people yes people people live and work +all along this system and some people in + + align:start position:0% +all along this system and some people in + + + align:start position:0% +all along this system and some people in +this system matter a little more than + + align:start position:0% +this system matter a little more than + + + align:start position:0% +this system matter a little more than +others some have a little more say okay + + align:start position:0% +others some have a little more say okay + + + align:start position:0% +others some have a little more say okay +so you get the idea I mean it's a long + + align:start position:0% +so you get the idea I mean it's a long + + + align:start position:0% +so you get the idea I mean it's a long +long video but it it I think it retains + + align:start position:0% +long video but it it I think it retains + + + align:start position:0% +long video but it it I think it retains +engagement because of the the the + + align:start position:0% +engagement because of the the the + + + align:start position:0% +engagement because of the the the +quality of the writing um and because of + + align:start position:0% +quality of the writing um and because of + + + align:start position:0% +quality of the writing um and because of +the interest uh that's created from the + + align:start position:0% +the interest uh that's created from the + + + align:start position:0% +the interest uh that's created from the +artwork um I encourage you to watch the + + align:start position:0% +artwork um I encourage you to watch the + + + align:start position:0% +artwork um I encourage you to watch the +whole thing if you get a + + align:start position:0% +whole thing if you get a + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing if you get a +chance + + align:start position:0% +chance + + + align:start position:0% +chance +um let's see all the + + align:start position:0% +um let's see all the + + + align:start position:0% +um let's see all the +videos there on Theus oh okay + + align:start position:0% +videos there on Theus oh okay + + + align:start position:0% +videos there on Theus oh okay +cool um this is a sign you mind if I + + align:start position:0% +cool um this is a sign you mind if I + + + align:start position:0% +cool um this is a sign you mind if I +play some of this or have you guys + + align:start position:0% +play some of this or have you guys + + + align:start position:0% +play some of this or have you guys +already seen this video or I've got a + + align:start position:0% +already seen this video or I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +already seen this video or I've got a +little clip of the portion that I'm + + align:start position:0% +little clip of the portion that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +little clip of the portion that I'm +going to talk about but you can play + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about but you can play + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about but you can play +okay I'll just play the beginning and um + + align:start position:0% +okay I'll just play the beginning and um + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'll just play the beginning and um +this has George in it who I assume you + + align:start position:0% +this has George in it who I assume you + + + align:start position:0% +this has George in it who I assume you +saw + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yesterday you know what's more like life + + align:start position:0% +yesterday you know what's more like life + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday you know what's more like life +than a box of chocolates farts you + + align:start position:0% +than a box of chocolates farts you + + + align:start position:0% +than a box of chocolates farts you +really never know what you're going to + + align:start position:0% +really never know what you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +really never know what you're going to +get skunk rotten eggs garbage dumpster + + align:start position:0% +get skunk rotten eggs garbage dumpster + + + align:start position:0% +get skunk rotten eggs garbage dumpster +the possibilities are unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +the possibilities are unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +the possibilities are unfortunately +endless but why do we fart and how does + + align:start position:0% +endless but why do we fart and how does + + + align:start position:0% +endless but why do we fart and how does +your body make so many different smells + + align:start position:0% +your body make so many different smells + + + align:start position:0% +your body make so many different smells +the answer is fermentation + + align:start position:0% +the answer is fermentation + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is fermentation +this is a giant bioreactor it's also + + align:start position:0% +this is a giant bioreactor it's also + + + align:start position:0% +this is a giant bioreactor it's also +called a fermentor and in here a fungus + + align:start position:0% +called a fermentor and in here a fungus + + + align:start position:0% +called a fermentor and in here a fungus +known as brewer's yeast is transforming + + align:start position:0% +known as brewer's yeast is transforming + + + align:start position:0% +known as brewer's yeast is transforming +water and dead plants into + + align:start position:0% +water and dead plants into + + + align:start position:0% +water and dead plants into +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beer so you know that thing where you + + align:start position:0% +beer so you know that thing where you + + + align:start position:0% +beer so you know that thing where you +eat food and breathe in oxygen to get + + align:start position:0% +eat food and breathe in oxygen to get + + + align:start position:0% +eat food and breathe in oxygen to get +your energy that's called respiration + + align:start position:0% +your energy that's called respiration + + + align:start position:0% +your energy that's called respiration +yeast also need to get energy from food + + align:start position:0% +yeast also need to get energy from food + + + align:start position:0% +yeast also need to get energy from food +but there's no Oxygen in those tanks so + + align:start position:0% +but there's no Oxygen in those tanks so + + + align:start position:0% +but there's no Oxygen in those tanks so +they have to use a different process + + align:start position:0% +they have to use a different process + + + align:start position:0% +they have to use a different process +called fermentation now both your cells + + align:start position:0% +called fermentation now both your cells + + + align:start position:0% +called fermentation now both your cells +and yeast cells break food down to get + + align:start position:0% +and yeast cells break food down to get + + + align:start position:0% +and yeast cells break food down to get +energy but your main byproducts are + + align:start position:0% +energy but your main byproducts are + + + align:start position:0% +energy but your main byproducts are +carbon dioxide and water and yeast's + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide and water and yeast's + + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide and water and yeast's +Main byproducts are carbon dioxide and + + align:start position:0% +Main byproducts are carbon dioxide and + + + align:start position:0% +Main byproducts are carbon dioxide and +alcohol that's how this stuff gets to be + + align:start position:0% +alcohol that's how this stuff gets to be + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol that's how this stuff gets to be +beer okay I think that similar concept + + align:start position:0% +beer okay I think that similar concept + + + align:start position:0% +beer okay I think that similar concept +integration of of animation and + + align:start position:0% +integration of of animation and + + + align:start position:0% +integration of of animation and +liveaction and the way that uh the + + align:start position:0% +liveaction and the way that uh the + + + align:start position:0% +liveaction and the way that uh the +animation somehow augments or improves + + align:start position:0% +animation somehow augments or improves + + + align:start position:0% +animation somehow augments or improves +your understanding of what he's talking + + align:start position:0% +your understanding of what he's talking + + + align:start position:0% +your understanding of what he's talking +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um uh let's see so let's switch back + + align:start position:0% +um uh let's see so let's switch back + + + align:start position:0% +um uh let's see so let's switch back +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +um so that's a very brief overview of of + + align:start position:0% +um so that's a very brief overview of of + + + align:start position:0% +um so that's a very brief overview of of +how you can use animation in your own + + align:start position:0% +how you can use animation in your own + + + align:start position:0% +how you can use animation in your own +work um how to do it um technically and + + align:start position:0% +work um how to do it um technically and + + + align:start position:0% +work um how to do it um technically and +and artistically is another matter I'm + + align:start position:0% +and artistically is another matter I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and artistically is another matter I'm +happy to talk about that you know + + align:start position:0% +happy to talk about that you know + + + align:start position:0% +happy to talk about that you know +separately um uh I don't know how much + + align:start position:0% +separately um uh I don't know how much + + + align:start position:0% +separately um uh I don't know how much +training is going in in this course uh + + align:start position:0% +training is going in in this course uh + + + align:start position:0% +training is going in in this course uh +for animation but uh we do have the + + align:start position:0% +for animation but uh we do have the + + + align:start position:0% +for animation but uh we do have the +equipment if you want to learn more like + + align:start position:0% +equipment if you want to learn more like + + + align:start position:0% +equipment if you want to learn more like +we have about 10 of these similar + + align:start position:0% +we have about 10 of these similar + + + align:start position:0% +we have about 10 of these similar +tablets if you guys are interested in in + + align:start position:0% +tablets if you guys are interested in in + + + align:start position:0% +tablets if you guys are interested in in +learning about this but we're not going + + align:start position:0% +learning about this but we're not going + + + align:start position:0% +learning about this but we're not going +to go super in depth in the yeah this + + align:start position:0% +to go super in depth in the yeah this + + + align:start position:0% +to go super in depth in the yeah this +might be an opportunity for you to talk + + align:start position:0% +might be an opportunity for you to talk + + + align:start position:0% +might be an opportunity for you to talk +about that segment that you did and and + + align:start position:0% +about that segment that you did and and + + + align:start position:0% +about that segment that you did and and +from what I understand your um the + + align:start position:0% +from what I understand your um the + + + align:start position:0% +from what I understand your um the +animation that you do is fairly + + align:start position:0% +animation that you do is fairly + + + align:start position:0% +animation that you do is fairly +rudimentary and and very effective and + + align:start position:0% +rudimentary and and very effective and + + + align:start position:0% +rudimentary and and very effective and +it might be something that these guys + + align:start position:0% +it might be something that these guys + + + align:start position:0% +it might be something that these guys +could pull + + align:start position:0% +could pull + + + align:start position:0% +could pull +off all right so I'm goingon to talk a + + align:start position:0% +off all right so I'm goingon to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +off all right so I'm goingon to talk a +little bit about one of the scenes from + + align:start position:0% +little bit about one of the scenes from + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about one of the scenes from +the farts video + + align:start position:0% +the farts video + + + align:start position:0% +the farts video +um this was actually something that + + align:start position:0% +um this was actually something that + + + align:start position:0% +um this was actually something that +George was GNA talk about yesterday in + + align:start position:0% +George was GNA talk about yesterday in + + + align:start position:0% +George was GNA talk about yesterday in +his script writing Workshop um so this + + align:start position:0% +his script writing Workshop um so this + + + align:start position:0% +his script writing Workshop um so this +will tie in pretty nicely if I can get + + align:start position:0% +will tie in pretty nicely if I can get + + + align:start position:0% +will tie in pretty nicely if I can get +this to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work all right so um take a second to + + align:start position:0% +work all right so um take a second to + + + align:start position:0% +work all right so um take a second to +read this + + align:start position:0% +read this + + + align:start position:0% +read this +passage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um when we were writing the farts + + align:start position:0% +so um when we were writing the farts + + + align:start position:0% +so um when we were writing the farts +script this was a piece of information + + align:start position:0% +script this was a piece of information + + + align:start position:0% +script this was a piece of information +that George had come across um which he + + align:start position:0% +that George had come across um which he + + + align:start position:0% +that George had come across um which he +found very fascinating it was one of the + + align:start position:0% +found very fascinating it was one of the + + + align:start position:0% +found very fascinating it was one of the +sort of sharable facts that he latched + + align:start position:0% +sort of sharable facts that he latched + + + align:start position:0% +sort of sharable facts that he latched +on to the fact that um the microbial + + align:start position:0% +on to the fact that um the microbial + + + align:start position:0% +on to the fact that um the microbial +population in your gut is about 10 times + + align:start position:0% +population in your gut is about 10 times + + + align:start position:0% +population in your gut is about 10 times +greater than all the sematic germ cells + + align:start position:0% +greater than all the sematic germ cells + + + align:start position:0% +greater than all the sematic germ cells +in your body now if you had said this + + align:start position:0% +in your body now if you had said this + + + align:start position:0% +in your body now if you had said this +line in the video it would have been a + + align:start position:0% +line in the video it would have been a + + + align:start position:0% +line in the video it would have been a +disaster right but what is this passage + + align:start position:0% +disaster right but what is this passage + + + align:start position:0% +disaster right but what is this passage +essentially saying does anyone want to + + align:start position:0% +essentially saying does anyone want to + + + align:start position:0% +essentially saying does anyone want to +take a guess a lot more inside of + + align:start position:0% +take a guess a lot more inside of + + + align:start position:0% +take a guess a lot more inside of +you uh not just that so sematic and germ + + align:start position:0% +you uh not just that so sematic and germ + + + align:start position:0% +you uh not just that so sematic and germ +cells basically refers to all of your + + align:start position:0% +cells basically refers to all of your + + + align:start position:0% +cells basically refers to all of your +human + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cells that's there's more stuff that's + + align:start position:0% +cells that's there's more stuff that's + + + align:start position:0% +cells that's there's more stuff that's +not you in you there is is you yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +not you in you there is is you yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +not you in you there is is you yeah yeah +basically um on right right so the way + + align:start position:0% +basically um on right right so the way + + + align:start position:0% +basically um on right right so the way +George decided to distill this down is + + align:start position:0% +George decided to distill this down is + + + align:start position:0% +George decided to distill this down is +that there are 10 times as many microbes + + align:start position:0% +that there are 10 times as many microbes + + + align:start position:0% +that there are 10 times as many microbes +living in your gut as there are human + + align:start position:0% +living in your gut as there are human + + + align:start position:0% +living in your gut as there are human +cells in your body I mean that's + + align:start position:0% +cells in your body I mean that's + + + align:start position:0% +cells in your body I mean that's +basically what this entire passage + + align:start position:0% +basically what this entire passage + + + align:start position:0% +basically what this entire passage +taking from taken from a journal article + + align:start position:0% +taking from taken from a journal article + + + align:start position:0% +taking from taken from a journal article +is saying but the problem with saying + + align:start position:0% +is saying but the problem with saying + + + align:start position:0% +is saying but the problem with saying +just this is that um at least for me and + + align:start position:0% +just this is that um at least for me and + + + align:start position:0% +just this is that um at least for me and +for George one of the questions that we + + align:start position:0% +for George one of the questions that we + + + align:start position:0% +for George one of the questions that we +thought of as an audience member was + + align:start position:0% +thought of as an audience member was + + + align:start position:0% +thought of as an audience member was +well how does that exactly work like how + + align:start position:0% +well how does that exactly work like how + + + align:start position:0% +well how does that exactly work like how +can you fit 10 times as many bacteria in + + align:start position:0% +can you fit 10 times as many bacteria in + + + align:start position:0% +can you fit 10 times as many bacteria in +you yet you're not walking around just + + align:start position:0% +you yet you're not walking around just + + + align:start position:0% +you yet you're not walking around just +like oozing bacterial cells like + + align:start position:0% +like oozing bacterial cells like + + + align:start position:0% +like oozing bacterial cells like +completely outside of your body CU um I + + align:start position:0% +completely outside of your body CU um I + + + align:start position:0% +completely outside of your body CU um I +think a misconception that people often + + align:start position:0% +think a misconception that people often + + + align:start position:0% +think a misconception that people often +have is that they're the same size right + + align:start position:0% +have is that they're the same size right + + + align:start position:0% +have is that they're the same size right +so it was kind of this Paradox um that + + align:start position:0% +so it was kind of this Paradox um that + + + align:start position:0% +so it was kind of this Paradox um that +wasn't essential to the story of the + + align:start position:0% +wasn't essential to the story of the + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't essential to the story of the +video to explain yet was a potential + + align:start position:0% +video to explain yet was a potential + + + align:start position:0% +video to explain yet was a potential +point of confusion so this was a reason + + align:start position:0% +point of confusion so this was a reason + + + align:start position:0% +point of confusion so this was a reason +why we decided to use an animation in + + align:start position:0% +why we decided to use an animation in + + + align:start position:0% +why we decided to use an animation in +this particular spot because um as Josh + + align:start position:0% +this particular spot because um as Josh + + + align:start position:0% +this particular spot because um as Josh +was saying earlier we felt like the + + align:start position:0% +was saying earlier we felt like the + + + align:start position:0% +was saying earlier we felt like the +story needed to be clarified we felt + + align:start position:0% +story needed to be clarified we felt + + + align:start position:0% +story needed to be clarified we felt +like the story needed to be Advanced a + + align:start position:0% +like the story needed to be Advanced a + + + align:start position:0% +like the story needed to be Advanced a +little bit but um we also felt like if + + align:start position:0% +little bit but um we also felt like if + + + align:start position:0% +little bit but um we also felt like if +we took the time to say um there are 10 + + align:start position:0% +we took the time to say um there are 10 + + + align:start position:0% +we took the time to say um there are 10 +times as many microbes in your gut as + + align:start position:0% +times as many microbes in your gut as + + + align:start position:0% +times as many microbes in your gut as +there are human cells in your body uh + + align:start position:0% +there are human cells in your body uh + + + align:start position:0% +there are human cells in your body uh +which doesn't make sense because you + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't make sense because you + + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't make sense because you +would think that you'd be oozing out + + align:start position:0% +would think that you'd be oozing out + + + align:start position:0% +would think that you'd be oozing out +bacteria but it actually is fine because + + align:start position:0% +bacteria but it actually is fine because + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria but it actually is fine because +bacteria are a lot smaller than human + + align:start position:0% +bacteria are a lot smaller than human + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria are a lot smaller than human +cells right that actually is like two or + + align:start position:0% +cells right that actually is like two or + + + align:start position:0% +cells right that actually is like two or +3 seconds of very very precious time + + align:start position:0% +3 seconds of very very precious time + + + align:start position:0% +3 seconds of very very precious time +wasted um and sort of loses the momentum + + align:start position:0% +wasted um and sort of loses the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +wasted um and sort of loses the momentum +of the video so so we decided to do an + + align:start position:0% +of the video so so we decided to do an + + + align:start position:0% +of the video so so we decided to do an +animation to explain all of that instead + + align:start position:0% +animation to explain all of that instead + + + align:start position:0% +animation to explain all of that instead +um so what we did was we had shot + + align:start position:0% +um so what we did was we had shot + + + align:start position:0% +um so what we did was we had shot +everything uh without the animations and + + align:start position:0% +everything uh without the animations and + + + align:start position:0% +everything uh without the animations and +our storyboarding process is incredibly + + align:start position:0% +our storyboarding process is incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +our storyboarding process is incredibly +janky but it um essentially works and + + align:start position:0% +janky but it um essentially works and + + + align:start position:0% +janky but it um essentially works and +hopefully after today your story boards + + align:start position:0% +hopefully after today your story boards + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully after today your story boards +will be a lot better than the one we + + align:start position:0% +will be a lot better than the one we + + + align:start position:0% +will be a lot better than the one we +used but what I literally did was I got + + align:start position:0% +used but what I literally did was I got + + + align:start position:0% +used but what I literally did was I got +the rough cut of the video and I got all + + align:start position:0% +the rough cut of the video and I got all + + + align:start position:0% +the rough cut of the video and I got all +the footage and I specifically was + + align:start position:0% +the footage and I specifically was + + + align:start position:0% +the footage and I specifically was +looking at this portion + + align:start position:0% +looking at this portion + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this portion +of the video where this animation would + + align:start position:0% +of the video where this animation would + + + align:start position:0% +of the video where this animation would +need to go and I took screenshots of the + + align:start position:0% +need to go and I took screenshots of the + + + align:start position:0% +need to go and I took screenshots of the +video um at various time points where I + + align:start position:0% +video um at various time points where I + + + align:start position:0% +video um at various time points where I +knew the animation needed to go so um + + align:start position:0% +knew the animation needed to go so um + + + align:start position:0% +knew the animation needed to go so um +this is setting the line in context of + + align:start position:0% +this is setting the line in context of + + + align:start position:0% +this is setting the line in context of +of the section that he was delivering so + + align:start position:0% +of the section that he was delivering so + + + align:start position:0% +of the section that he was delivering so +the first line was turns out we carry a + + align:start position:0% +the first line was turns out we carry a + + + align:start position:0% +the first line was turns out we carry a +fermentor right here with us in our gut + + align:start position:0% +fermentor right here with us in our gut + + + align:start position:0% +fermentor right here with us in our gut +um and this was the still that he had + + align:start position:0% +um and this was the still that he had + + + align:start position:0% +um and this was the still that he had +said that so I was telling the editor at + + align:start position:0% +said that so I was telling the editor at + + + align:start position:0% +said that so I was telling the editor at +this point I want um a fermentor to show + + align:start position:0% +this point I want um a fermentor to show + + + align:start position:0% +this point I want um a fermentor to show +up uh and he actually motions during + + align:start position:0% +up uh and he actually motions during + + + align:start position:0% +up uh and he actually motions during +during the uh the scene um and then + + align:start position:0% +during the uh the scene um and then + + + align:start position:0% +during the uh the scene um and then +there was the second line except instead + + align:start position:0% +there was the second line except instead + + + align:start position:0% +there was the second line except instead +of yeast my gut uses gut bacteria so I + + align:start position:0% +of yeast my gut uses gut bacteria so I + + + align:start position:0% +of yeast my gut uses gut bacteria so I +was trying to convey to the editor to + + align:start position:0% +was trying to convey to the editor to + + + align:start position:0% +was trying to convey to the editor to +take my drawing of the yeast and swap it + + align:start position:0% +take my drawing of the yeast and swap it + + + align:start position:0% +take my drawing of the yeast and swap it +out for a drawing of a bacteria again + + align:start position:0% +out for a drawing of a bacteria again + + + align:start position:0% +out for a drawing of a bacteria again +this is like incredibly rudimentary you + + align:start position:0% +this is like incredibly rudimentary you + + + align:start position:0% +this is like incredibly rudimentary you +don't have to be an amazing artist to + + align:start position:0% +don't have to be an amazing artist to + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to be an amazing artist to +pull off the clarity that you need for a + + align:start position:0% +pull off the clarity that you need for a + + + align:start position:0% +pull off the clarity that you need for a +storyboard um then he says a lot of them + + align:start position:0% +storyboard um then he says a lot of them + + + align:start position:0% +storyboard um then he says a lot of them +and I wanted a ton of bacteria to show + + align:start position:0% +and I wanted a ton of bacteria to show + + + align:start position:0% +and I wanted a ton of bacteria to show +up and then we get to the line there are + + align:start position:0% +up and then we get to the line there are + + + align:start position:0% +up and then we get to the line there are +10 times as many gut bacteria as there + + align:start position:0% +10 times as many gut bacteria as there + + + align:start position:0% +10 times as many gut bacteria as there +are humans cells in your body um at + + align:start position:0% +are humans cells in your body um at + + + align:start position:0% +are humans cells in your body um at +which point I wanted lots of bacteria to + + align:start position:0% +which point I wanted lots of bacteria to + + + align:start position:0% +which point I wanted lots of bacteria to +show up and then show it in comparison + + align:start position:0% +show up and then show it in comparison + + + align:start position:0% +show up and then show it in comparison +to the human cell this was going to be + + align:start position:0% +to the human cell this was going to be + + + align:start position:0% +to the human cell this was going to be +the key frame to explain the concept of + + align:start position:0% +the key frame to explain the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +the key frame to explain the concept of +how you can have so many bacteria um + + align:start position:0% +how you can have so many bacteria um + + + align:start position:0% +how you can have so many bacteria um +without oozing it outside of your body + + align:start position:0% +without oozing it outside of your body + + + align:start position:0% +without oozing it outside of your body +so um essentially we're we were + + align:start position:0% +so um essentially we're we were + + + align:start position:0% +so um essentially we're we were +explaining the whole difference in scale + + align:start position:0% +explaining the whole difference in scale + + + align:start position:0% +explaining the whole difference in scale +through one + + align:start position:0% +through one + + + align:start position:0% +through one +frame this reminds me a bit of um the + + align:start position:0% +frame this reminds me a bit of um the + + + align:start position:0% +frame this reminds me a bit of um the +you the the flipping cat video we saw on + + align:start position:0% +you the the flipping cat video we saw on + + + align:start position:0% +you the the flipping cat video we saw on +Monday and there's a segment in that + + align:start position:0% +Monday and there's a segment in that + + + align:start position:0% +Monday and there's a segment in that +video that I think is kind of weak where + + align:start position:0% +video that I think is kind of weak where + + + align:start position:0% +video that I think is kind of weak where +he is explaining a lot of technical + + align:start position:0% +he is explaining a lot of technical + + + align:start position:0% +he is explaining a lot of technical +information and you and your M you're + + align:start position:0% +information and you and your M you're + + + align:start position:0% +information and you and your M you're +just not I just didn't absorb it I I I + + align:start position:0% +just not I just didn't absorb it I I I + + + align:start position:0% +just not I just didn't absorb it I I I +couldn't follow it and I was thinking + + align:start position:0% +couldn't follow it and I was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't follow it and I was thinking +you know this would have been a lot + + align:start position:0% +you know this would have been a lot + + + align:start position:0% +you know this would have been a lot +better if he if he' maybe done some + + align:start position:0% +better if he if he' maybe done some + + + align:start position:0% +better if he if he' maybe done some +better script writing but also maybe + + align:start position:0% +better script writing but also maybe + + + align:start position:0% +better script writing but also maybe +some animation you know I think + + align:start position:0% +some animation you know I think + + + align:start position:0% +some animation you know I think +animation can be really good at moments + + align:start position:0% +animation can be really good at moments + + + align:start position:0% +animation can be really good at moments +like these when when you've got this + + align:start position:0% +like these when when you've got this + + + align:start position:0% +like these when when you've got this +sophisticated or complex information and + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated or complex information and + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated or complex information and +you need you need to make it you need to + + align:start position:0% +you need you need to make it you need to + + + align:start position:0% +you need you need to make it you need to +maintain engagement with the viewer um + + align:start position:0% +maintain engagement with the viewer um + + + align:start position:0% +maintain engagement with the viewer um +but also encapsulate it you know so um + + align:start position:0% +but also encapsulate it you know so um + + + align:start position:0% +but also encapsulate it you know so um +yeah anyway sorry to hijack no that's a + + align:start position:0% +yeah anyway sorry to hijack no that's a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah anyway sorry to hijack no that's a +point thank you yeah um and then the the + + align:start position:0% +point thank you yeah um and then the the + + + align:start position:0% +point thank you yeah um and then the the +whole reason why we the whole way we + + align:start position:0% +whole reason why we the whole way we + + + align:start position:0% +whole reason why we the whole way we +wrap up that scene is he explains that + + align:start position:0% +wrap up that scene is he explains that + + + align:start position:0% +wrap up that scene is he explains that +instead of just one species of yeast + + align:start position:0% +instead of just one species of yeast + + + align:start position:0% +instead of just one species of yeast +like they use um when you brew beer + + align:start position:0% +like they use um when you brew beer + + + align:start position:0% +like they use um when you brew beer +that's the whole reason why we were at + + align:start position:0% +that's the whole reason why we were at + + + align:start position:0% +that's the whole reason why we were at +the brewery my gut uses hundreds um and + + align:start position:0% +the brewery my gut uses hundreds um and + + + align:start position:0% +the brewery my gut uses hundreds um and +if we just had that text I think that it + + align:start position:0% +if we just had that text I think that it + + + align:start position:0% +if we just had that text I think that it +would bring up a lot of questions or + + align:start position:0% +would bring up a lot of questions or + + + align:start position:0% +would bring up a lot of questions or +maybe points of clarification for the + + align:start position:0% +maybe points of clarification for the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe points of clarification for the +viewer that again we just didn't have + + align:start position:0% +viewer that again we just didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +viewer that again we just didn't have +the time to explain in the script um + + align:start position:0% +the time to explain in the script um + + + align:start position:0% +the time to explain in the script um +which is why we relied on the animation + + align:start position:0% +which is why we relied on the animation + + + align:start position:0% +which is why we relied on the animation +to do it for us um so there John's going + + align:start position:0% +to do it for us um so there John's going + + + align:start position:0% +to do it for us um so there John's going +to show you some animations that are + + align:start position:0% +to show you some animations that are + + + align:start position:0% +to show you some animations that are +awesome and very artistic uh for our + + align:start position:0% +awesome and very artistic uh for our + + + align:start position:0% +awesome and very artistic uh for our +animations I literally just take a + + align:start position:0% +animations I literally just take a + + + align:start position:0% +animations I literally just take a +sharpie and a piece of paper and I draw + + align:start position:0% +sharpie and a piece of paper and I draw + + + align:start position:0% +sharpie and a piece of paper and I draw +out the Doodles nice thank you um but + + align:start position:0% +out the Doodles nice thank you um but + + + align:start position:0% +out the Doodles nice thank you um but +it's not it's nothing crazy um and I + + align:start position:0% +it's not it's nothing crazy um and I + + + align:start position:0% +it's not it's nothing crazy um and I +basically scanned them in to our editor + + align:start position:0% +basically scanned them in to our editor + + + align:start position:0% +basically scanned them in to our editor +and had named each picture and then in + + align:start position:0% +and had named each picture and then in + + + align:start position:0% +and had named each picture and then in +the storyboard I had explained okay + + align:start position:0% +the storyboard I had explained okay + + + align:start position:0% +the storyboard I had explained okay +here's my drawing at the fermentor um + + align:start position:0% +here's my drawing at the fermentor um + + + align:start position:0% +here's my drawing at the fermentor um +please refer to fermentor jpeg for the + + align:start position:0% +please refer to fermentor jpeg for the + + + align:start position:0% +please refer to fermentor jpeg for the +image I want you to use um and then he + + align:start position:0% +image I want you to use um and then he + + + align:start position:0% +image I want you to use um and then he +went into after effects and inverted all + + align:start position:0% +went into after effects and inverted all + + + align:start position:0% +went into after effects and inverted all +of the drawings and move them around and + + align:start position:0% +of the drawings and move them around and + + + align:start position:0% +of the drawings and move them around and +I think you're going to talk about after + + align:start position:0% +I think you're going to talk about after + + + align:start position:0% +I think you're going to talk about after +effects just a little bit we can talk + + align:start position:0% +effects just a little bit we can talk + + + align:start position:0% +effects just a little bit we can talk +about after effects okay sure um and + + align:start position:0% +about after effects okay sure um and + + + align:start position:0% +about after effects okay sure um and +again if you want to play with any of + + align:start position:0% +again if you want to play with any of + + + align:start position:0% +again if you want to play with any of +this on your own there are really good + + align:start position:0% +this on your own there are really good + + + align:start position:0% +this on your own there are really good +tutorials on + + align:start position:0% +tutorials on + + + align:start position:0% +tutorials on +linda.com um and as MIT students you + + align:start position:0% +linda.com um and as MIT students you + + + align:start position:0% +linda.com um and as MIT students you +guys have free access to the entire + + align:start position:0% +guys have free access to the entire + + + align:start position:0% +guys have free access to the entire +Library so if you want a tutorial on how + + align:start position:0% +Library so if you want a tutorial on how + + + align:start position:0% +Library so if you want a tutorial on how +to use After Effects which you all have + + align:start position:0% +to use After Effects which you all have + + + align:start position:0% +to use After Effects which you all have +access to as well uh if you're + + align:start position:0% +access to as well uh if you're + + + align:start position:0% +access to as well uh if you're +interested you can just come talk to me + + align:start position:0% +interested you can just come talk to me + + + align:start position:0% +interested you can just come talk to me +during class um so we we storyboarded + + align:start position:0% +during class um so we we storyboarded + + + align:start position:0% +during class um so we we storyboarded +everything out um and then I do the + + align:start position:0% +everything out um and then I do the + + + align:start position:0% +everything out um and then I do the +Doodles and the key frame here uh was + + align:start position:0% +Doodles and the key frame here uh was + + + align:start position:0% +Doodles and the key frame here uh was +this picture that sort of explains the + + align:start position:0% +this picture that sort of explains the + + + align:start position:0% +this picture that sort of explains the +whole concept of how so many bacteria + + align:start position:0% +whole concept of how so many bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +whole concept of how so many bacteria +can fit inside of you um but it just + + align:start position:0% +can fit inside of you um but it just + + + align:start position:0% +can fit inside of you um but it just +takes one picture instead of 10 words um + + align:start position:0% +takes one picture instead of 10 words um + + + align:start position:0% +takes one picture instead of 10 words um +so this is what the that scene ended up + + align:start position:0% +so this is what the that scene ended up + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what the that scene ended up +looking + + align:start position:0% +looking + + + align:start position:0% +looking +like weird turns out we all carry a + + align:start position:0% +like weird turns out we all carry a + + + align:start position:0% +like weird turns out we all carry a +fermentor with us right here in our gut + + align:start position:0% +fermentor with us right here in our gut + + + align:start position:0% +fermentor with us right here in our gut +except instead of yeast my gut uses + + align:start position:0% +except instead of yeast my gut uses + + + align:start position:0% +except instead of yeast my gut uses +bacteria and a lot of them there are 10 + + align:start position:0% +bacteria and a lot of them there are 10 + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria and a lot of them there are 10 +times as many bacteria in my intestine + + align:start position:0% +times as many bacteria in my intestine + + + align:start position:0% +times as many bacteria in my intestine +as there are human cells in my entire + + align:start position:0% +as there are human cells in my entire + + + align:start position:0% +as there are human cells in my entire +body and instead of just one species my + + align:start position:0% +body and instead of just one species my + + + align:start position:0% +body and instead of just one species my +gut + + align:start position:0% +gut + + + align:start position:0% +gut +uses my gut uses hundreds sorry I got + + align:start position:0% +uses my gut uses hundreds sorry I got + + + align:start position:0% +uses my gut uses hundreds sorry I got +cut off um so I mean there are many ways + + align:start position:0% +cut off um so I mean there are many ways + + + align:start position:0% +cut off um so I mean there are many ways +that we could have done that like Josh + + align:start position:0% +that we could have done that like Josh + + + align:start position:0% +that we could have done that like Josh +was saying there's no right way when it + + align:start position:0% +was saying there's no right way when it + + + align:start position:0% +was saying there's no right way when it +comes to animations when it comes to + + align:start position:0% +comes to animations when it comes to + + + align:start position:0% +comes to animations when it comes to +video in general um but this was sort of + + align:start position:0% +video in general um but this was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +video in general um but this was sort of +our way of working around the problem of + + align:start position:0% +our way of working around the problem of + + + align:start position:0% +our way of working around the problem of +not having access to the footage of real + + align:start position:0% +not having access to the footage of real + + + align:start position:0% +not having access to the footage of real +bacteria necessarily um it was just a + + align:start position:0% +bacteria necessarily um it was just a + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria necessarily um it was just a +world that we couldn't access or didn't + + align:start position:0% +world that we couldn't access or didn't + + + align:start position:0% +world that we couldn't access or didn't +have time to access or would have been + + align:start position:0% +have time to access or would have been + + + align:start position:0% +have time to access or would have been +too distracting to access in this video + + align:start position:0% +too distracting to access in this video + + + align:start position:0% +too distracting to access in this video +um the other thing I wanted to mention + + align:start position:0% +um the other thing I wanted to mention + + + align:start position:0% +um the other thing I wanted to mention +really quickly before Josh continues is + + align:start position:0% +really quickly before Josh continues is + + + align:start position:0% +really quickly before Josh continues is +when we shot we shot knowing that we + + align:start position:0% +when we shot we shot knowing that we + + + align:start position:0% +when we shot we shot knowing that we +were going to do the animation overlay + + align:start position:0% +were going to do the animation overlay + + + align:start position:0% +were going to do the animation overlay +in mind um you may not know that ahead + + align:start position:0% +in mind um you may not know that ahead + + + align:start position:0% +in mind um you may not know that ahead +of time so what I would suggest if + + align:start position:0% +of time so what I would suggest if + + + align:start position:0% +of time so what I would suggest if +you're interested in doing something + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in doing something + + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in doing something +like this is to shoot thinking that + + align:start position:0% +like this is to shoot thinking that + + + align:start position:0% +like this is to shoot thinking that +you're not going to do an animation + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to do an animation + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to do an animation +overlay and then just do another take + + align:start position:0% +overlay and then just do another take + + + align:start position:0% +overlay and then just do another take +just in case you want to do something + + align:start position:0% +just in case you want to do something + + + align:start position:0% +just in case you want to do something +like this so um the way we framed the + + align:start position:0% +like this so um the way we framed the + + + align:start position:0% +like this so um the way we framed the +shot we tried to make sure that the + + align:start position:0% +shot we tried to make sure that the + + + align:start position:0% +shot we tried to make sure that the +background was dark enough to where the + + align:start position:0% +background was dark enough to where the + + + align:start position:0% +background was dark enough to where the +animations could appear this is not an + + align:start position:0% +animations could appear this is not an + + + align:start position:0% +animations could appear this is not an +ideal Framing and not an ideal + + align:start position:0% +ideal Framing and not an ideal + + + align:start position:0% +ideal Framing and not an ideal +background um so I'm sorry to use this + + align:start position:0% +background um so I'm sorry to use this + + + align:start position:0% +background um so I'm sorry to use this +as an example this is probably one that + + align:start position:0% +as an example this is probably one that + + + align:start position:0% +as an example this is probably one that +we could have improved um but I'll show + + align:start position:0% +we could have improved um but I'll show + + + align:start position:0% +we could have improved um but I'll show +you another + + align:start position:0% +you another + + + align:start position:0% +you another +one these small molecules are called + + align:start position:0% +one these small molecules are called + + + align:start position:0% +one these small molecules are called +metabolites just like how all of the DNA + + align:start position:0% +metabolites just like how all of the DNA + + + align:start position:0% +metabolites just like how all of the DNA +in organism forms the genome all of the + + align:start position:0% +in organism forms the genome all of the + + + align:start position:0% +in organism forms the genome all of the +metabolites form the metabolome even + + align:start position:0% +metabolites form the metabolome even + + + align:start position:0% +metabolites form the metabolome even +though each metabolic can be made from + + align:start position:0% +though each metabolic can be made from + + + align:start position:0% +though each metabolic can be made from +only six elements there are so many + + align:start position:0% +only six elements there are so many + + + align:start position:0% +only six elements there are so many +possibilities that it would take + + align:start position:0% +possibilities that it would take + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities that it would take +scientists thousands of years to make + + align:start position:0% +scientists thousands of years to make + + + align:start position:0% +scientists thousands of years to make +each one and figure out and figure out + + align:start position:0% +each one and figure out and figure out + + + align:start position:0% +each one and figure out and figure out +its usefulness so we had the exact same + + align:start position:0% +its usefulness so we had the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +its usefulness so we had the exact same +storyboarding process to create this but + + align:start position:0% +storyboarding process to create this but + + + align:start position:0% +storyboarding process to create this but +when we shot Anastasia that day um I + + align:start position:0% +when we shot Anastasia that day um I + + + align:start position:0% +when we shot Anastasia that day um I +knew that this is what I wanted to do + + align:start position:0% +knew that this is what I wanted to do + + + align:start position:0% +knew that this is what I wanted to do +for that scene so we told her to go like + + align:start position:0% +for that scene so we told her to go like + + + align:start position:0% +for that scene so we told her to go like +this with her hand um and we were like + + align:start position:0% +this with her hand um and we were like + + + align:start position:0% +this with her hand um and we were like +we're going to put stuff there don't + + align:start position:0% +we're going to put stuff there don't + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to put stuff there don't +worry and we framed her wide enough we + + align:start position:0% +worry and we framed her wide enough we + + + align:start position:0% +worry and we framed her wide enough we +gave her enough grass space outside of + + align:start position:0% +gave her enough grass space outside of + + + align:start position:0% +gave her enough grass space outside of +her that we could fit some of these + + align:start position:0% +her that we could fit some of these + + + align:start position:0% +her that we could fit some of these +animations in so just anticipating that + + align:start position:0% +animations in so just anticipating that + + + align:start position:0% +animations in so just anticipating that +um and I can talk more about this + + align:start position:0% +um and I can talk more about this + + + align:start position:0% +um and I can talk more about this +tomorrow when I talk about producing um + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow when I talk about producing um + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow when I talk about producing um +is a good thing to do if you want to do + + align:start position:0% +is a good thing to do if you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +is a good thing to do if you want to do +animations and I'll show you one last + + align:start position:0% +animations and I'll show you one last + + + align:start position:0% +animations and I'll show you one last +those animals get eaten by slightly + + align:start position:0% +those animals get eaten by slightly + + + align:start position:0% +those animals get eaten by slightly +bigger animals which get eaten by + + align:start position:0% +bigger animals which get eaten by + + + align:start position:0% +bigger animals which get eaten by +slightly bigger animals which get eaten + + align:start position:0% +slightly bigger animals which get eaten + + + align:start position:0% +slightly bigger animals which get eaten +by animals at the top of the food chain + + align:start position:0% +by animals at the top of the food chain + + + align:start position:0% +by animals at the top of the food chain +animals like us so that's the raw + + align:start position:0% +animals like us so that's the raw + + + align:start position:0% +animals like us so that's the raw +footage from um our video on engineering + + align:start position:0% +footage from um our video on engineering + + + align:start position:0% +footage from um our video on engineering +River cleanups and again this was a spot + + align:start position:0% +River cleanups and again this was a spot + + + align:start position:0% +River cleanups and again this was a spot +that we knew we wanted to do an + + align:start position:0% +that we knew we wanted to do an + + + align:start position:0% +that we knew we wanted to do an +animation there so we framed her in such + + align:start position:0% +animation there so we framed her in such + + + align:start position:0% +animation there so we framed her in such +a way that there was enough background + + align:start position:0% +a way that there was enough background + + + align:start position:0% +a way that there was enough background +space to accommodate for the animation + + align:start position:0% +space to accommodate for the animation + + + align:start position:0% +space to accommodate for the animation +and we actually told her okay we're + + align:start position:0% +and we actually told her okay we're + + + align:start position:0% +and we actually told her okay we're +going to put fish along here in post so + + align:start position:0% +going to put fish along here in post so + + + align:start position:0% +going to put fish along here in post so +pretend like you're looking at stuff + + align:start position:0% +pretend like you're looking at stuff + + + align:start position:0% +pretend like you're looking at stuff +point to them um as if they're going to + + align:start position:0% +point to them um as if they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +point to them um as if they're going to +be fish there eventually I think we also + + align:start position:0% +be fish there eventually I think we also + + + align:start position:0% +be fish there eventually I think we also +did a take where we just had her + + align:start position:0% +did a take where we just had her + + + align:start position:0% +did a take where we just had her +delivering it normally so we had her + + align:start position:0% +delivering it normally so we had her + + + align:start position:0% +delivering it normally so we had her +framed um with not as much extra space + + align:start position:0% +framed um with not as much extra space + + + align:start position:0% +framed um with not as much extra space +behind her just in case we weren't going + + align:start position:0% +behind her just in case we weren't going + + + align:start position:0% +behind her just in case we weren't going +to use that animation but again sort of + + align:start position:0% +to use that animation but again sort of + + + align:start position:0% +to use that animation but again sort of +anticipating um using that if you need + + align:start position:0% +anticipating um using that if you need + + + align:start position:0% +anticipating um using that if you need +it so this is what the final scene + + align:start position:0% +it so this is what the final scene + + + align:start position:0% +it so this is what the final scene +looked like those animals get eaten by + + align:start position:0% +looked like those animals get eaten by + + + align:start position:0% +looked like those animals get eaten by +slightly bigger animals anal which get + + align:start position:0% +slightly bigger animals anal which get + + + align:start position:0% +slightly bigger animals anal which get +eaten by slightly bigger animals which + + align:start position:0% +eaten by slightly bigger animals which + + + align:start position:0% +eaten by slightly bigger animals which +get eaten by animals at the top of the + + align:start position:0% +get eaten by animals at the top of the + + + align:start position:0% +get eaten by animals at the top of the +food chain animals like + + align:start position:0% +food chain animals like + + + align:start position:0% +food chain animals like +us so again it wasn't incredibly vital + + align:start position:0% +us so again it wasn't incredibly vital + + + align:start position:0% +us so again it wasn't incredibly vital +to have these animations one of the + + align:start position:0% +to have these animations one of the + + + align:start position:0% +to have these animations one of the +reasons why we did use it is that in the + + align:start position:0% +reasons why we did use it is that in the + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why we did use it is that in the +context of the video which I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +context of the video which I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +context of the video which I'm going to +show tomorrow we felt like um the visual + + align:start position:0% +show tomorrow we felt like um the visual + + + align:start position:0% +show tomorrow we felt like um the visual +interest was getting a little bit static + + align:start position:0% +interest was getting a little bit static + + + align:start position:0% +interest was getting a little bit static +so we used animation to move the story + + align:start position:0% +so we used animation to move the story + + + align:start position:0% +so we used animation to move the story +forward and that um we felt like it was + + align:start position:0% +forward and that um we felt like it was + + + align:start position:0% +forward and that um we felt like it was +getting a little visually monotonous by + + align:start position:0% +getting a little visually monotonous by + + + align:start position:0% +getting a little visually monotonous by +the time this hit um and the other thing + + align:start position:0% +the time this hit um and the other thing + + + align:start position:0% +the time this hit um and the other thing +is the food web stuff is okay to explain + + align:start position:0% +is the food web stuff is okay to explain + + + align:start position:0% +is the food web stuff is okay to explain +I think that if you didn't have the + + align:start position:0% +I think that if you didn't have the + + + align:start position:0% +I think that if you didn't have the +animation it'd still be okay um but it + + align:start position:0% +animation it'd still be okay um but it + + + align:start position:0% +animation it'd still be okay um but it +just added I guess a little moment of + + align:start position:0% +just added I guess a little moment of + + + align:start position:0% +just added I guess a little moment of +Whimsy to it and so that was sort of our + + align:start position:0% +Whimsy to it and so that was sort of our + + + align:start position:0% +Whimsy to it and so that was sort of our +justification of putting it there um so + + align:start position:0% +justification of putting it there um so + + + align:start position:0% +justification of putting it there um so +I just wanted to show you guys those + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to show you guys those + + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to show you guys those +examples and Josh you can continue on + + align:start position:0% +examples and Josh you can continue on + + + align:start position:0% +examples and Josh you can continue on +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um like the switch here + + align:start position:0% +um like the switch here + + + align:start position:0% +um like the switch here +yeah um John when when John is doing + + align:start position:0% +yeah um John when when John is doing + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um John when when John is doing +some um is helping out us out with the + + align:start position:0% +some um is helping out us out with the + + + align:start position:0% +some um is helping out us out with the +uh workshopping portion we can he can + + align:start position:0% +uh workshopping portion we can he can + + + align:start position:0% +uh workshopping portion we can he can +show you some projects in After Effects + + align:start position:0% +show you some projects in After Effects + + + align:start position:0% +show you some projects in After Effects +um I I don't think after effects is + + align:start position:0% +um I I don't think after effects is + + + align:start position:0% +um I I don't think after effects is +uh it's very C it's it's a complex + + align:start position:0% +uh it's very C it's it's a complex + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's very C it's it's a complex +program with a lot of capability but I + + align:start position:0% +program with a lot of capability but I + + + align:start position:0% +program with a lot of capability but I +think some basic compositing like this + + align:start position:0% +think some basic compositing like this + + + align:start position:0% +think some basic compositing like this +is would be quite easy in it um so um + + align:start position:0% +is would be quite easy in it um so um + + + align:start position:0% +is would be quite easy in it um so um +and we can we can show you some of the + + align:start position:0% +and we can we can show you some of the + + + align:start position:0% +and we can we can show you some of the +those just some basics about after + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effects \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3zuEzPzbNPg.txt b/3zuEzPzbNPg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69648687a18cea3dd2643b0fa137ce17bd515df5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3zuEzPzbNPg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3504 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +we're gonna learn about um ohm's law + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna learn about um ohm's law + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna learn about um ohm's law +i'm curious how many of you have heard + + align:start position:0% +i'm curious how many of you have heard + + + align:start position:0% +i'm curious how many of you have heard +of or know about ohm's law + + align:start position:0% +of or know about ohm's law + + + align:start position:0% +of or know about ohm's law +i know i do + + align:start position:0% +i know i do + + + align:start position:0% +i know i do +oh yeah yeah yeah i've heard about it + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah yeah yeah i've heard about it + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah yeah yeah i've heard about it +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +so the simplest way it is represented is + + align:start position:0% +so the simplest way it is represented is + + + align:start position:0% +so the simplest way it is represented is +uh v equals ir + + align:start position:0% +uh v equals ir + + + align:start position:0% +uh v equals ir +that is um the voltage drop or the + + align:start position:0% +that is um the voltage drop or the + + + align:start position:0% +that is um the voltage drop or the +potential drop across + + align:start position:0% +potential drop across + + + align:start position:0% +potential drop across +a resistor in this case is just the + + align:start position:0% +a resistor in this case is just the + + + align:start position:0% +a resistor in this case is just the +current + + align:start position:0% +current + + + align:start position:0% +current +um that passes through the resistor + + align:start position:0% +um that passes through the resistor + + + align:start position:0% +um that passes through the resistor +times its current so + + align:start position:0% +times its current so + + + align:start position:0% +times its current so +if we were to draw a resistor right here + + align:start position:0% +if we were to draw a resistor right here + + + align:start position:0% +if we were to draw a resistor right here +with a value + + align:start position:0% +with a value + + + align:start position:0% +with a value +r and this is the current then the + + align:start position:0% +r and this is the current then the + + + align:start position:0% +r and this is the current then the +voltage drop + + align:start position:0% +voltage drop + + + align:start position:0% +voltage drop +across um this resistor + + align:start position:0% +across um this resistor + + + align:start position:0% +across um this resistor +this v is equal to the current times + + align:start position:0% +this v is equal to the current times + + + align:start position:0% +this v is equal to the current times +that resistor value that + + align:start position:0% +that resistor value that + + + align:start position:0% +that resistor value that +the resistor has so the resistance value + + align:start position:0% +the resistor has so the resistance value + + + align:start position:0% +the resistor has so the resistance value +of the resistor and the current pass + + align:start position:0% +of the resistor and the current pass + + + align:start position:0% +of the resistor and the current pass +that passes through it + + align:start position:0% +that passes through it + + + align:start position:0% +that passes through it +current is the flow of electrons and v + + align:start position:0% +current is the flow of electrons and v + + + align:start position:0% +current is the flow of electrons and v +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +the potential so think of it as a + + align:start position:0% +the potential so think of it as a + + + align:start position:0% +the potential so think of it as a +um a force essentially + + align:start position:0% +um a force essentially + + + align:start position:0% +um a force essentially +that allows or enables these electrons + + align:start position:0% +that allows or enables these electrons + + + align:start position:0% +that allows or enables these electrons +to move from + + align:start position:0% +to move from + + + align:start position:0% +to move from +um an area of higher potential to a low + + align:start position:0% +um an area of higher potential to a low + + + align:start position:0% +um an area of higher potential to a low +lower potential + + align:start position:0% +lower potential + + + align:start position:0% +lower potential +so if you guys have drunk boba before + + align:start position:0% +so if you guys have drunk boba before + + + align:start position:0% +so if you guys have drunk boba before +what happens is in the cup you guys have + + align:start position:0% +what happens is in the cup you guys have + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is in the cup you guys have +these bobas at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +these bobas at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +these bobas at the bottom +and when you try to at the end once + + align:start position:0% +and when you try to at the end once + + + align:start position:0% +and when you try to at the end once +you're done with your drink you're + + align:start position:0% +you're done with your drink you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're done with your drink you're +trying to + + align:start position:0% +trying to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to +um suck these bobas up uh + + align:start position:0% +um suck these bobas up uh + + + align:start position:0% +um suck these bobas up uh +the when you're um + + align:start position:0% +the when you're um + + + align:start position:0% +the when you're um +trying to suck these uh bubbles out of + + align:start position:0% +trying to suck these uh bubbles out of + + + align:start position:0% +trying to suck these uh bubbles out of +this straw + + align:start position:0% +this straw + + + align:start position:0% +this straw +the pressure that you're putting on to + + align:start position:0% +the pressure that you're putting on to + + + align:start position:0% +the pressure that you're putting on to +it is essentially analogous to this + + align:start position:0% +it is essentially analogous to this + + + align:start position:0% +it is essentially analogous to this +voltage + + align:start position:0% +voltage + + + align:start position:0% +voltage +and the flow of these bubbles in this + + align:start position:0% +and the flow of these bubbles in this + + + align:start position:0% +and the flow of these bubbles in this +straw is essentially like the current + + align:start position:0% +straw is essentially like the current + + + align:start position:0% +straw is essentially like the current +and the resistance is essentially the + + align:start position:0% +and the resistance is essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +and the resistance is essentially the +friction of these bubbles with this + + align:start position:0% +friction of these bubbles with this + + + align:start position:0% +friction of these bubbles with this +straw and that is the pressure you would + + align:start position:0% +straw and that is the pressure you would + + + align:start position:0% +straw and that is the pressure you would +need to overcome + + align:start position:0% +need to overcome + + + align:start position:0% +need to overcome +the flow of these bubbles in this straw + + align:start position:0% +the flow of these bubbles in this straw + + + align:start position:0% +the flow of these bubbles in this straw +against this friction to to get it this + + align:start position:0% +against this friction to to get it this + + + align:start position:0% +against this friction to to get it this +is essentially analogous to that + + align:start position:0% +is essentially analogous to that + + + align:start position:0% +is essentially analogous to that +so what we are doing is essentially this + + align:start position:0% +so what we are doing is essentially this + + + align:start position:0% +so what we are doing is essentially this +oh sorry about that this concept is + + align:start position:0% +oh sorry about that this concept is + + + align:start position:0% +oh sorry about that this concept is +pretty much + + align:start position:0% +pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much +um uh described in almost + + align:start position:0% +um uh described in almost + + + align:start position:0% +um uh described in almost +every high school and high school + + align:start position:0% +every high school and high school + + + align:start position:0% +every high school and high school +physics and + + align:start position:0% +physics and + + + align:start position:0% +physics and +early college physics but a lot of + + align:start position:0% +early college physics but a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +early college physics but a lot of +people have a hard time + + align:start position:0% +people have a hard time + + + align:start position:0% +people have a hard time +using this in real life so one of the + + align:start position:0% +using this in real life so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +using this in real life so one of the +ways we can use it + + align:start position:0% +ways we can use it + + + align:start position:0% +ways we can use it +is if we have a simple circuit + + align:start position:0% +is if we have a simple circuit + + + align:start position:0% +is if we have a simple circuit +so if we have a simple circuit and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have an led here + + align:start position:0% +we have an led here + + + align:start position:0% +we have an led here +so essentially these are little light + + align:start position:0% +so essentially these are little light + + + align:start position:0% +so essentially these are little light +bulb + + align:start position:0% +bulb + + + align:start position:0% +bulb +looking things that emit light + + align:start position:0% +looking things that emit light + + + align:start position:0% +looking things that emit light +when you drive a current through them so + + align:start position:0% +when you drive a current through them so + + + align:start position:0% +when you drive a current through them so +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +light up so in a circuit like this + + align:start position:0% +light up so in a circuit like this + + + align:start position:0% +light up so in a circuit like this +um what happens is we have a potential + + align:start position:0% +um what happens is we have a potential + + + align:start position:0% +um what happens is we have a potential +drop or a voltage source + + align:start position:0% +drop or a voltage source + + + align:start position:0% +drop or a voltage source +right here let's say it is 2 volts + + align:start position:0% +right here let's say it is 2 volts + + + align:start position:0% +right here let's say it is 2 volts +and there is a resistor right here and + + align:start position:0% +and there is a resistor right here and + + + align:start position:0% +and there is a resistor right here and +we need a current to flow through this + + align:start position:0% +we need a current to flow through this + + + align:start position:0% +we need a current to flow through this +led to light it up + + align:start position:0% +led to light it up + + + align:start position:0% +led to light it up +so right here i have a red led that i'll + + align:start position:0% +so right here i have a red led that i'll + + + align:start position:0% +so right here i have a red led that i'll +show you guys in a minute + + align:start position:0% +show you guys in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +show you guys in a minute +but red leds have a current + + align:start position:0% +but red leds have a current + + + align:start position:0% +but red leds have a current +rating of 20 milliamps + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in order to make a circuit where we + + align:start position:0% +and in order to make a circuit where we + + + align:start position:0% +and in order to make a circuit where we +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +light up this red led we need to know + + align:start position:0% +light up this red led we need to know + + + align:start position:0% +light up this red led we need to know +what should be this resistor value + + align:start position:0% +what should be this resistor value + + + align:start position:0% +what should be this resistor value +for the current in the circuit to be + + align:start position:0% +for the current in the circuit to be + + + align:start position:0% +for the current in the circuit to be +exactly this current + + align:start position:0% +exactly this current + + + align:start position:0% +exactly this current +that this led needs to turn on + + align:start position:0% +that this led needs to turn on + + + align:start position:0% +that this led needs to turn on +okay so we will be finding this + + align:start position:0% +okay so we will be finding this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we will be finding this +resistor value to do this and + + align:start position:0% +resistor value to do this and + + + align:start position:0% +resistor value to do this and +this is a real life application for + + align:start position:0% +this is a real life application for + + + align:start position:0% +this is a real life application for +example if you want to turn on this led + + align:start position:0% +example if you want to turn on this led + + + align:start position:0% +example if you want to turn on this led +so we will need to use ohm's law right + + align:start position:0% +so we will need to use ohm's law right + + + align:start position:0% +so we will need to use ohm's law right +here v equals ir + + align:start position:0% +here v equals ir + + + align:start position:0% +here v equals ir +to to do this and we know the voltage + + align:start position:0% +to to do this and we know the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +to to do this and we know the voltage +2 volts and we know the current that is + + align:start position:0% +2 volts and we know the current that is + + + align:start position:0% +2 volts and we know the current that is +20 milliamps + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if the current is 20 milliamps + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what would the resistor value be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +100 exactly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now we will use this in a circuit and + + align:start position:0% +so now we will use this in a circuit and + + + align:start position:0% +so now we will use this in a circuit and +see if our led turns on + + align:start position:0% +see if our led turns on + + + align:start position:0% +see if our led turns on +um so i'll share my + + align:start position:0% +um so i'll share my + + + align:start position:0% +um so i'll share my +camera with you guys and + + align:start position:0% +camera with you guys and + + + align:start position:0% +camera with you guys and +see if this works can you guys see me + + align:start position:0% +see if this works can you guys see me + + + align:start position:0% +see if this works can you guys see me +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +yes uh-huh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now + + align:start position:0% +so now + + + align:start position:0% +so now +okay so now what we have is + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what we have is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what we have is +a circuit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can you guys see the circuit yeah we + + align:start position:0% +can you guys see the circuit yeah we + + + align:start position:0% +can you guys see the circuit yeah we +will be + + align:start position:0% +will be + + + align:start position:0% +will be +not worrying about this part of the + + align:start position:0% +not worrying about this part of the + + + align:start position:0% +not worrying about this part of the +circuit for now so the only thing we + + align:start position:0% +circuit for now so the only thing we + + + align:start position:0% +circuit for now so the only thing we +worry that + + align:start position:0% +worry that + + + align:start position:0% +worry that +we worry about is um so there is a two + + align:start position:0% +we worry about is um so there is a two + + + align:start position:0% +we worry about is um so there is a two +volts + + align:start position:0% +volts + + + align:start position:0% +volts +input right here in this port + + align:start position:0% +input right here in this port + + + align:start position:0% +input right here in this port +and we found out a resistor value of 100 + + align:start position:0% +and we found out a resistor value of 100 + + + align:start position:0% +and we found out a resistor value of 100 +ohms will do the job so this is a 100 + + align:start position:0% +ohms will do the job so this is a 100 + + + align:start position:0% +ohms will do the job so this is a 100 +ohms resistor + + align:start position:0% +ohms resistor + + + align:start position:0% +ohms resistor +and we will plug this in from a 2 volt + + align:start position:0% +and we will plug this in from a 2 volt + + + align:start position:0% +and we will plug this in from a 2 volt +source + + align:start position:0% +source + + + align:start position:0% +source +in this breadboard so this is a + + align:start position:0% +in this breadboard so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +in this breadboard so this is a +breadboard if you guys have + + align:start position:0% +breadboard if you guys have + + + align:start position:0% +breadboard if you guys have +dealt with prototyping electronics you + + align:start position:0% +dealt with prototyping electronics you + + + align:start position:0% +dealt with prototyping electronics you +might have used this + + align:start position:0% +might have used this + + + align:start position:0% +might have used this +um it's just a bunch of holes that are + + align:start position:0% +um it's just a bunch of holes that are + + + align:start position:0% +um it's just a bunch of holes that are +connected to each other so all these + + align:start position:0% +connected to each other so all these + + + align:start position:0% +connected to each other so all these +five holes in a row + + align:start position:0% +five holes in a row + + + align:start position:0% +five holes in a row +are connected to each other and the + + align:start position:0% +are connected to each other and the + + + align:start position:0% +are connected to each other and the +columns are not connected so you can use + + align:start position:0% +columns are not connected so you can use + + + align:start position:0% +columns are not connected so you can use +them to essentially make your circuit + + align:start position:0% +them to essentially make your circuit + + + align:start position:0% +them to essentially make your circuit +so we will be connecting that there and + + align:start position:0% +so we will be connecting that there and + + + align:start position:0% +so we will be connecting that there and +we will be using a red led + + align:start position:0% +we will be using a red led + + + align:start position:0% +we will be using a red led +this is an led and this one is a red one + + align:start position:0% +this is an led and this one is a red one + + + align:start position:0% +this is an led and this one is a red one +and um leds have + + align:start position:0% +and um leds have + + + align:start position:0% +and um leds have +two legs essentially the longer one is + + align:start position:0% +two legs essentially the longer one is + + + align:start position:0% +two legs essentially the longer one is +the positive one + + align:start position:0% +the positive one + + + align:start position:0% +the positive one +because they're directional and if you + + align:start position:0% +because they're directional and if you + + + align:start position:0% +because they're directional and if you +connect them the opposite way they don't + + align:start position:0% +connect them the opposite way they don't + + + align:start position:0% +connect them the opposite way they don't +turn on + + align:start position:0% +turn on + + + align:start position:0% +turn on +so the longer leg will go to positive + + align:start position:0% +so the longer leg will go to positive + + + align:start position:0% +so the longer leg will go to positive +which is connected to the resistor + + align:start position:0% +which is connected to the resistor + + + align:start position:0% +which is connected to the resistor +essentially and then the negative one + + align:start position:0% +essentially and then the negative one + + + align:start position:0% +essentially and then the negative one +will go to ground + + align:start position:0% +will go to ground + + + align:start position:0% +will go to ground +so we will connect this right here + + align:start position:0% +so we will connect this right here + + + align:start position:0% +so we will connect this right here +and we will connect the other leg + + align:start position:0% +and we will connect the other leg + + + align:start position:0% +and we will connect the other leg +to i can't see it oh + + align:start position:0% +to i can't see it oh + + + align:start position:0% +to i can't see it oh +sorry yeah so we will connect the other + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah so we will connect the other + + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah so we will connect the other +leg to + + align:start position:0% +leg to + + + align:start position:0% +leg to +ground over here so + + align:start position:0% +ground over here so + + + align:start position:0% +ground over here so +yeah so ground right here + + align:start position:0% +yeah so ground right here + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so ground right here +so uh in this breadboard i've set up + + align:start position:0% +so uh in this breadboard i've set up + + + align:start position:0% +so uh in this breadboard i've set up +this rail at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +this rail at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +this rail at the bottom +so this negative the blue rail is uh + + align:start position:0% +so this negative the blue rail is uh + + + align:start position:0% +so this negative the blue rail is uh +ground + + align:start position:0% +ground + + + align:start position:0% +ground +and the positive rail is the positive + + align:start position:0% +and the positive rail is the positive + + + align:start position:0% +and the positive rail is the positive +volt that i'll connect the battery to + + align:start position:0% +volt that i'll connect the battery to + + + align:start position:0% +volt that i'll connect the battery to +and i have a voltage divider setup right + + align:start position:0% +and i have a voltage divider setup right + + + align:start position:0% +and i have a voltage divider setup right +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +that i will explain in a minute but this + + align:start position:0% +that i will explain in a minute but this + + + align:start position:0% +that i will explain in a minute but this +essentially + + align:start position:0% +essentially + + + align:start position:0% +essentially +takes my battery which is nine volts + + align:start position:0% +takes my battery which is nine volts + + + align:start position:0% +takes my battery which is nine volts +this is a nine volt battery and divides + + align:start position:0% +this is a nine volt battery and divides + + + align:start position:0% +this is a nine volt battery and divides +this into + + align:start position:0% +this into + + + align:start position:0% +this into +essentially the required voltage that i + + align:start position:0% +essentially the required voltage that i + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the required voltage that i +need and that is two volts right here + + align:start position:0% +need and that is two volts right here + + + align:start position:0% +need and that is two volts right here +that will go into the resistor + + align:start position:0% +that will go into the resistor + + + align:start position:0% +that will go into the resistor +so we will connect this battery now and + + align:start position:0% +so we will connect this battery now and + + + align:start position:0% +so we will connect this battery now and +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +if it works + + align:start position:0% +if it works + + + align:start position:0% +if it works +can you guys see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there we go so we will have a closer + + align:start position:0% +there we go so we will have a closer + + + align:start position:0% +there we go so we will have a closer +i will connect the battery + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +connected battery pin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do you see that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes the red led turns on so + + align:start position:0% +yes the red led turns on so + + + align:start position:0% +yes the red led turns on so +um this is a real life application of + + align:start position:0% +um this is a real life application of + + + align:start position:0% +um this is a real life application of +this so + + align:start position:0% +this so + + + align:start position:0% +this so +uh of ohm's law we can use it to turn on + + align:start position:0% +uh of ohm's law we can use it to turn on + + + align:start position:0% +uh of ohm's law we can use it to turn on +leds you can use it for your personal + + align:start position:0% +leds you can use it for your personal + + + align:start position:0% +leds you can use it for your personal +projects + + align:start position:0% +projects + + + align:start position:0% +projects +or anything like that you can buy leds + + align:start position:0% +or anything like that you can buy leds + + + align:start position:0% +or anything like that you can buy leds +they're very cheap + + align:start position:0% +they're very cheap + + + align:start position:0% +they're very cheap +and you can set up the circuitry on your + + align:start position:0% +and you can set up the circuitry on your + + + align:start position:0% +and you can set up the circuitry on your +own + + align:start position:0% +own + + + align:start position:0% +own +and make an led turn on and do a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and make an led turn on and do a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and make an led turn on and do a lot of +other cool things with it + + align:start position:0% +other cool things with it + + + align:start position:0% +other cool things with it +now leds have any questions so far + + align:start position:0% +now leds have any questions so far + + + align:start position:0% +now leds have any questions so far +no okay so now leds have + + align:start position:0% +no okay so now leds have + + + align:start position:0% +no okay so now leds have +um different current rating essentially + + align:start position:0% +um different current rating essentially + + + align:start position:0% +um different current rating essentially +if you're turning on a red one you need + + align:start position:0% +if you're turning on a red one you need + + + align:start position:0% +if you're turning on a red one you need +a different current to go through it and + + align:start position:0% +a different current to go through it and + + + align:start position:0% +a different current to go through it and +if you are turning on a blue one + + align:start position:0% +if you are turning on a blue one + + + align:start position:0% +if you are turning on a blue one +you would need a different current to go + + align:start position:0% +you would need a different current to go + + + align:start position:0% +you would need a different current to go +through it + + align:start position:0% +through it + + + align:start position:0% +through it +so um a blue one so this one needs + + align:start position:0% +so um a blue one so this one needs + + + align:start position:0% +so um a blue one so this one needs +uh 20 milliamps to go through it to turn + + align:start position:0% +uh 20 milliamps to go through it to turn + + + align:start position:0% +uh 20 milliamps to go through it to turn +on a blue one will need 30 milliamps to + + align:start position:0% +on a blue one will need 30 milliamps to + + + align:start position:0% +on a blue one will need 30 milliamps to +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +through it to turn on do you guys think + + align:start position:0% +through it to turn on do you guys think + + + align:start position:0% +through it to turn on do you guys think +if i switch + + align:start position:0% +if i switch + + + align:start position:0% +if i switch +this red led with a blue one would it + + align:start position:0% +this red led with a blue one would it + + + align:start position:0% +this red led with a blue one would it +turn on right now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh probably not exactly it will not turn + + align:start position:0% +uh probably not exactly it will not turn + + + align:start position:0% +uh probably not exactly it will not turn +on because + + align:start position:0% +on because + + + align:start position:0% +on because +uh because we set up the circuit for a + + align:start position:0% +uh because we set up the circuit for a + + + align:start position:0% +uh because we set up the circuit for a + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +milliamp current which is lower than the + + align:start position:0% +milliamp current which is lower than the + + + align:start position:0% +milliamp current which is lower than the +30 milliamp + + align:start position:0% +30 milliamp + + + align:start position:0% +30 milliamp +current and that's why the blue one will + + align:start position:0% +current and that's why the blue one will + + + align:start position:0% +current and that's why the blue one will +not turn on we can uh + + align:start position:0% +not turn on we can uh + + + align:start position:0% +not turn on we can uh +test this and here i have a blue led + + align:start position:0% +test this and here i have a blue led + + + align:start position:0% +test this and here i have a blue led +i mean we can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we can plug in the blue led + + align:start position:0% +okay we can plug in the blue led + + + align:start position:0% +okay we can plug in the blue led +okay now i can plug in the battery and + + align:start position:0% +okay now i can plug in the battery and + + + align:start position:0% +okay now i can plug in the battery and +see if it works + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh battery is connected but the blue led + + align:start position:0% +oh battery is connected but the blue led + + + align:start position:0% +oh battery is connected but the blue led +does not turn on + + align:start position:0% +does not turn on + + + align:start position:0% +does not turn on +where it's very dim yeah i don't think + + align:start position:0% +where it's very dim yeah i don't think + + + align:start position:0% +where it's very dim yeah i don't think +it's on at all + + align:start position:0% +it's on at all + + + align:start position:0% +it's on at all +so in order to do this to make the blue + + align:start position:0% +so in order to do this to make the blue + + + align:start position:0% +so in order to do this to make the blue +led turn on what do you guys think the + + align:start position:0% +led turn on what do you guys think the + + + align:start position:0% +led turn on what do you guys think the +resistor value should be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we know the voltage is 2 volts we know + + align:start position:0% +we know the voltage is 2 volts we know + + + align:start position:0% +we know the voltage is 2 volts we know +the current to be 30 milliamps + + align:start position:0% +the current to be 30 milliamps + + + align:start position:0% +the current to be 30 milliamps +what should the resistor value be + + align:start position:0% +what should the resistor value be + + + align:start position:0% +what should the resistor value be +although versus this one by two thirds + + align:start position:0% +although versus this one by two thirds + + + align:start position:0% +although versus this one by two thirds +exactly something like 67 ohms + + align:start position:0% +exactly something like 67 ohms + + + align:start position:0% +exactly something like 67 ohms +um so if you plug in that we + + align:start position:0% +um so if you plug in that we + + + align:start position:0% +um so if you plug in that we +can turn on the blue led + + align:start position:0% +can turn on the blue led + + + align:start position:0% +can turn on the blue led +so now i will um go on to the concept of + + align:start position:0% +so now i will um go on to the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +so now i will um go on to the concept of +the voltage divider which essentially is + + align:start position:0% +the voltage divider which essentially is + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage divider which essentially is +the reason we can take the + + align:start position:0% +the reason we can take the + + + align:start position:0% +the reason we can take the +9 volt battery and connect it to it + + align:start position:0% +9 volt battery and connect it to it + + + align:start position:0% +9 volt battery and connect it to it +without burning anything down + + align:start position:0% +without burning anything down + + + align:start position:0% +without burning anything down +and that is essentially when resistors + + align:start position:0% +and that is essentially when resistors + + + align:start position:0% +and that is essentially when resistors +are in series that is they're connected + + align:start position:0% +are in series that is they're connected + + + align:start position:0% +are in series that is they're connected +to each other + + align:start position:0% +to each other + + + align:start position:0% +to each other +they divide the voltage that goes + + align:start position:0% +they divide the voltage that goes + + + align:start position:0% +they divide the voltage that goes +through them + + align:start position:0% +through them + + + align:start position:0% +through them +think of it as having two bubbles in + + align:start position:0% +think of it as having two bubbles in + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as having two bubbles in +your straw + + align:start position:0% +your straw + + + align:start position:0% +your straw +when you are trying to pull out the + + align:start position:0% +when you are trying to pull out the + + + align:start position:0% +when you are trying to pull out the +bubbles at the bottom of your boba drink + + align:start position:0% +bubbles at the bottom of your boba drink + + + align:start position:0% +bubbles at the bottom of your boba drink +if you have two bubbles and destroy you + + align:start position:0% +if you have two bubbles and destroy you + + + align:start position:0% +if you have two bubbles and destroy you +need to suck on it + + align:start position:0% +need to suck on it + + + align:start position:0% +need to suck on it +a little harder or essentially the + + align:start position:0% +a little harder or essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +a little harder or essentially the +pressure drop across the pipe needs to + + align:start position:0% +pressure drop across the pipe needs to + + + align:start position:0% +pressure drop across the pipe needs to +be higher + + align:start position:0% +be higher + + + align:start position:0% +be higher +for both of those bubbles to come up and + + align:start position:0% +for both of those bubbles to come up and + + + align:start position:0% +for both of those bubbles to come up and +that is essentially what happens here so + + align:start position:0% +that is essentially what happens here so + + + align:start position:0% +that is essentially what happens here so +two resistors in series divide + + align:start position:0% +two resistors in series divide + + + align:start position:0% +two resistors in series divide +the voltage across them + + align:start position:0% +the voltage across them + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage across them +depending on the resistor value they + + align:start position:0% +depending on the resistor value they + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the resistor value they +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +so without going to my screen i can just + + align:start position:0% +so without going to my screen i can just + + + align:start position:0% +so without going to my screen i can just +use paper here + + align:start position:0% +use paper here + + + align:start position:0% +use paper here +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +so that is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can you guys see this yes oh yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so if we have + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we have +one resistor in series with other + + align:start position:0% +one resistor in series with other + + + align:start position:0% +one resistor in series with other +resistor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if they are so the sum of them + + align:start position:0% +and if they are so the sum of them + + + align:start position:0% +and if they are so the sum of them +the voltage drop across one of them so + + align:start position:0% +the voltage drop across one of them so + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage drop across one of them so +say there is a voltage drop across the + + align:start position:0% +say there is a voltage drop across the + + + align:start position:0% +say there is a voltage drop across the +whole thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this goes the opposite direction okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the voltage drop across one of them this + + align:start position:0% +the voltage drop across one of them this + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage drop across one of them this +is r1 + + align:start position:0% +is r1 + + + align:start position:0% +is r1 +this is r2 will be + + align:start position:0% +this is r2 will be + + + align:start position:0% +this is r2 will be +the resistor value of 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over the sum of both of them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times the voltage here + + align:start position:0% +times the voltage here + + + align:start position:0% +times the voltage here +so essentially the voltage drop across + + align:start position:0% +so essentially the voltage drop across + + + align:start position:0% +so essentially the voltage drop across +one of them + + align:start position:0% +one of them + + + align:start position:0% +one of them +will be the resistance of that one over + + align:start position:0% +will be the resistance of that one over + + + align:start position:0% +will be the resistance of that one over +the sum of both of them + + align:start position:0% +the sum of both of them + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of both of them +times the total voltage so + + align:start position:0% +times the total voltage so + + + align:start position:0% +times the total voltage so +that is essentially what we are using + + align:start position:0% +that is essentially what we are using + + + align:start position:0% +that is essentially what we are using +here um + + align:start position:0% +here um + + + align:start position:0% +here um +to do this so in order to + + align:start position:0% +to do this so in order to + + + align:start position:0% +to do this so in order to +get two volts out of this what + + align:start position:0% +get two volts out of this what + + + align:start position:0% +get two volts out of this what +what do you guys think um the ratio + + align:start position:0% +what do you guys think um the ratio + + + align:start position:0% +what do you guys think um the ratio +of these resistors supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +of these resistors supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +of these resistors supposed to be +essentially + + align:start position:0% +essentially + + + align:start position:0% +essentially +this one resistor over the sum of + + align:start position:0% +this one resistor over the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +this one resistor over the sum of +resistances + + align:start position:0% +resistances + + + align:start position:0% +resistances +times nine should give us two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that way we can find two divided by + + align:start position:0% +and that way we can find two divided by + + + align:start position:0% +and that way we can find two divided by +nine should be the + + align:start position:0% +nine should be the + + + align:start position:0% +nine should be the +ratio of these resistors and that is + + align:start position:0% +ratio of these resistors and that is + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of these resistors and that is +essentially the resistor value that i + + align:start position:0% +essentially the resistor value that i + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the resistor value that i +picked + + align:start position:0% +picked + + + align:start position:0% +picked +it's random so you can pick many + + align:start position:0% +it's random so you can pick many + + + align:start position:0% +it's random so you can pick many +different combinations that gives you + + align:start position:0% +different combinations that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +different combinations that gives you +that ratio + + align:start position:0% +that ratio + + + align:start position:0% +that ratio +which is i think 0.2 + + align:start position:0% +which is i think 0.2 + + + align:start position:0% +which is i think 0.2 +0.22 so to get that i chose 1.6 + + align:start position:0% +0.22 so to get that i chose 1.6 + + + align:start position:0% +0.22 so to get that i chose 1.6 +um kilo ohms resistor and a 5.6 kilo ohm + + align:start position:0% +um kilo ohms resistor and a 5.6 kilo ohm + + + align:start position:0% +um kilo ohms resistor and a 5.6 kilo ohm +resistor + + align:start position:0% +resistor + + + align:start position:0% +resistor +and as you guys can do the math 1.6 + + align:start position:0% +and as you guys can do the math 1.6 + + + align:start position:0% +and as you guys can do the math 1.6 +over the sum of both which is 7.2 + + align:start position:0% +over the sum of both which is 7.2 + + + align:start position:0% +over the sum of both which is 7.2 +will be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's a little odd ratio but it will be + + align:start position:0% +it's a little odd ratio but it will be + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little odd ratio but it will be +0.22 so that times 9 gives us the 2 + + align:start position:0% +0.22 so that times 9 gives us the 2 + + + align:start position:0% +0.22 so that times 9 gives us the 2 +volts + + align:start position:0% +volts + + + align:start position:0% +volts +that we need and that is essentially + + align:start position:0% +that we need and that is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +that we need and that is essentially +what i'm doing in the circuit right here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep so you guys can see the two yellow + + align:start position:0% +yep so you guys can see the two yellow + + + align:start position:0% +yep so you guys can see the two yellow +resistors + + align:start position:0% +resistors + + + align:start position:0% +resistors +those two yellow resistors one of them + + align:start position:0% +those two yellow resistors one of them + + + align:start position:0% +those two yellow resistors one of them +is 1.6 + + align:start position:0% +is 1.6 + + + align:start position:0% +is 1.6 +the one that is horizontal is 1.6 + + align:start position:0% +the one that is horizontal is 1.6 + + + align:start position:0% +the one that is horizontal is 1.6 +and the other one is 5.6 + + align:start position:0% +and the other one is 5.6 + + + align:start position:0% +and the other one is 5.6 +and 1.6 over the sum of both of them + + align:start position:0% +and 1.6 over the sum of both of them + + + align:start position:0% +and 1.6 over the sum of both of them +gives us the ratio and that connected to + + align:start position:0% +gives us the ratio and that connected to + + + align:start position:0% +gives us the ratio and that connected to +the battery which is the blue + + align:start position:0% +the battery which is the blue + + + align:start position:0% +the battery which is the blue +and red rail at the bottom right here + + align:start position:0% +and red rail at the bottom right here + + + align:start position:0% +and red rail at the bottom right here +this rail is 9 volts and that divides it + + align:start position:0% +this rail is 9 volts and that divides it + + + align:start position:0% +this rail is 9 volts and that divides it +and makes it 2 volts + + align:start position:0% +and makes it 2 volts + + + align:start position:0% +and makes it 2 volts +and that's how we find the 2 volt from 9 + + align:start position:0% +and that's how we find the 2 volt from 9 + + + align:start position:0% +and that's how we find the 2 volt from 9 +volt battery + + align:start position:0% +volt battery + + + align:start position:0% +volt battery +okay any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um yeah i have a question + + align:start position:0% +um yeah i have a question + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah i have a question +yeah like when we + + align:start position:0% +yeah like when we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah like when we +connect something so in + + align:start position:0% +connect something so in + + + align:start position:0% +connect something so in +uh in the voltage divider we can + + align:start position:0% +uh in the voltage divider we can + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the voltage divider we can +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +connect something that has like fine + + align:start position:0% +connect something that has like fine + + + align:start position:0% +connect something that has like fine +resistance + + align:start position:0% +resistance + + + align:start position:0% +resistance +so we change effective resistance of one + + align:start position:0% +so we change effective resistance of one + + + align:start position:0% +so we change effective resistance of one +of the resistors + + align:start position:0% +of the resistors + + + align:start position:0% +of the resistors +uh in voltage divider how like + + align:start position:0% +uh in voltage divider how like + + + align:start position:0% +uh in voltage divider how like +how can how do we need to pick + + align:start position:0% +how can how do we need to pick + + + align:start position:0% +how can how do we need to pick +uh resistances of voltage divided + + align:start position:0% +uh resistances of voltage divided + + + align:start position:0% +uh resistances of voltage divided +divided resistance + + align:start position:0% +divided resistance + + + align:start position:0% +divided resistance +to make this effect lower + + align:start position:0% +to make this effect lower + + + align:start position:0% +to make this effect lower +um which effect lower so you are you + + align:start position:0% +um which effect lower so you are you + + + align:start position:0% +um which effect lower so you are you +talking about the two volts that at the + + align:start position:0% +talking about the two volts that at the + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the two volts that at the +end we are getting you want to make that + + align:start position:0% +end we are getting you want to make that + + + align:start position:0% +end we are getting you want to make that +lower + + align:start position:0% +lower + + + align:start position:0% +lower +uh no i mean if i + + align:start position:0% +uh no i mean if i + + + align:start position:0% +uh no i mean if i +like uh there are two volts + + align:start position:0% +like uh there are two volts + + + align:start position:0% +like uh there are two volts +in the volt voltage divider if you don't + + align:start position:0% +in the volt voltage divider if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +in the volt voltage divider if you don't +connect + + align:start position:0% +connect + + + align:start position:0% +connect +anything to it but if we connect + + align:start position:0% +anything to it but if we connect + + + align:start position:0% +anything to it but if we connect +something the + + align:start position:0% +something the + + + align:start position:0% +something the +effective resistance of something we + + align:start position:0% +effective resistance of something we + + + align:start position:0% +effective resistance of something we +connect and resist and + + align:start position:0% +connect and resist and + + + align:start position:0% +connect and resist and +this resistor to which we connected the + + align:start position:0% +this resistor to which we connected the + + + align:start position:0% +this resistor to which we connected the +scheme in parallel changes + + align:start position:0% +scheme in parallel changes + + + align:start position:0% +scheme in parallel changes +and we once have two walls exactly two + + align:start position:0% +and we once have two walls exactly two + + + align:start position:0% +and we once have two walls exactly two +walls + + align:start position:0% +walls + + + align:start position:0% +walls +that is that is correct that is correct + + align:start position:0% +that is that is correct that is correct + + + align:start position:0% +that is that is correct that is correct +if you + + align:start position:0% +if you + + + align:start position:0% +if you +connect it in series it changes the + + align:start position:0% +connect it in series it changes the + + + align:start position:0% +connect it in series it changes the +effective voltage drop or the effective + + align:start position:0% +effective voltage drop or the effective + + + align:start position:0% +effective voltage drop or the effective +resistance and therefore the effective + + align:start position:0% +resistance and therefore the effective + + + align:start position:0% +resistance and therefore the effective +voltage drop across one resistor + + align:start position:0% +voltage drop across one resistor + + + align:start position:0% +voltage drop across one resistor +but so the way it is connected to this + + align:start position:0% +but so the way it is connected to this + + + align:start position:0% +but so the way it is connected to this +circuit + + align:start position:0% +circuit + + + align:start position:0% +circuit +in this diagram or in any other + + align:start position:0% +in this diagram or in any other + + + align:start position:0% +in this diagram or in any other +situation when you're connecting + + align:start position:0% +situation when you're connecting + + + align:start position:0% +situation when you're connecting +something you're usually connected in + + align:start position:0% +something you're usually connected in + + + align:start position:0% +something you're usually connected in +parallel + + align:start position:0% +parallel + + + align:start position:0% +parallel +so in parallel the voltage drop stays + + align:start position:0% +so in parallel the voltage drop stays + + + align:start position:0% +so in parallel the voltage drop stays +the same across both of those parallel + + align:start position:0% +the same across both of those parallel + + + align:start position:0% +the same across both of those parallel +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +ideally that would be the ideal scenario + + align:start position:0% +ideally that would be the ideal scenario + + + align:start position:0% +ideally that would be the ideal scenario +but in real life + + align:start position:0% +but in real life + + + align:start position:0% +but in real life +there is a slight drop across the + + align:start position:0% +there is a slight drop across the + + + align:start position:0% +there is a slight drop across the +parallel um setup because of the losses + + align:start position:0% +parallel um setup because of the losses + + + align:start position:0% +parallel um setup because of the losses +in the circuitry and all the other + + align:start position:0% +in the circuitry and all the other + + + align:start position:0% +in the circuitry and all the other +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +but in in theory when you connect things + + align:start position:0% +but in in theory when you connect things + + + align:start position:0% +but in in theory when you connect things +in parallel the voltage drop across both + + align:start position:0% +in parallel the voltage drop across both + + + align:start position:0% +in parallel the voltage drop across both +of them will stay the same + + align:start position:0% +of them will stay the same + + + align:start position:0% +of them will stay the same +and um that's why + + align:start position:0% +and um that's why + + + align:start position:0% +and um that's why +the led circuit is connected in parallel + + align:start position:0% +the led circuit is connected in parallel + + + align:start position:0% +the led circuit is connected in parallel +to the 1.6 volts + + align:start position:0% +to the 1.6 volts + + + align:start position:0% +to the 1.6 volts +or 1.6 kilo ohm resistor and therefore + + align:start position:0% +or 1.6 kilo ohm resistor and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +or 1.6 kilo ohm resistor and therefore +the voltage drop across that resistor + + align:start position:0% +the voltage drop across that resistor + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage drop across that resistor +stays two volts only + + align:start position:0% +stays two volts only + + + align:start position:0% +stays two volts only +uh what would happen if too much current + + align:start position:0% +uh what would happen if too much current + + + align:start position:0% +uh what would happen if too much current +runs do + + align:start position:0% +runs do + + + align:start position:0% +runs do +yeah led so the led + + align:start position:0% +yeah led so the led + + + align:start position:0% +yeah led so the led +is essentially a piece of material that + + align:start position:0% +is essentially a piece of material that + + + align:start position:0% +is essentially a piece of material that +has electrons at certain transition + + align:start position:0% +has electrons at certain transition + + + align:start position:0% +has electrons at certain transition +states + + align:start position:0% +states + + + align:start position:0% +states +so the way it emits emit light or emits + + align:start position:0% +so the way it emits emit light or emits + + + align:start position:0% +so the way it emits emit light or emits +light + + align:start position:0% +light + + + align:start position:0% +light +is essentially activation of those + + align:start position:0% +is essentially activation of those + + + align:start position:0% +is essentially activation of those +electrons and that's how it emits light + + align:start position:0% +electrons and that's how it emits light + + + align:start position:0% +electrons and that's how it emits light +and it requires certain energy level + + align:start position:0% +and it requires certain energy level + + + align:start position:0% +and it requires certain energy level +to cause the activation to happen if + + align:start position:0% +to cause the activation to happen if + + + align:start position:0% +to cause the activation to happen if +there's too much + + align:start position:0% +there's too much + + + align:start position:0% +there's too much +energy and most of the commercial ones + + align:start position:0% +energy and most of the commercial ones + + + align:start position:0% +energy and most of the commercial ones +they just break so the led just breaks + + align:start position:0% +they just break so the led just breaks + + + align:start position:0% +they just break so the led just breaks +and if you put too much current through + + align:start position:0% +and if you put too much current through + + + align:start position:0% +and if you put too much current through +it it just breaks and it will not work + + align:start position:0% +it it just breaks and it will not work + + + align:start position:0% +it it just breaks and it will not work +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +which essentially means that the + + align:start position:0% +which essentially means that the + + + align:start position:0% +which essentially means that the +material whatever they are using in + + align:start position:0% +material whatever they are using in + + + align:start position:0% +material whatever they are using in +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +um just melts down or the energy for it + + align:start position:0% +um just melts down or the energy for it + + + align:start position:0% +um just melts down or the energy for it +is too much + + align:start position:0% +is too much + + + align:start position:0% +is too much +and some of the other cases um + + align:start position:0% +and some of the other cases um + + + align:start position:0% +and some of the other cases um +if you put too much current um through a + + align:start position:0% +if you put too much current um through a + + + align:start position:0% +if you put too much current um through a +thin wire um especially when it's + + align:start position:0% +thin wire um especially when it's + + + align:start position:0% +thin wire um especially when it's +it doesn't have a heat sink in any other + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have a heat sink in any other + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have a heat sink in any other +way it will just melt down + + align:start position:0% +way it will just melt down + + + align:start position:0% +way it will just melt down +so in short answer led just breaks and + + align:start position:0% +so in short answer led just breaks and + + + align:start position:0% +so in short answer led just breaks and +you will not be able to use it again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah um i hope that was clear + + align:start position:0% +yeah um i hope that was clear + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um i hope that was clear +you can use it in your own projects one + + align:start position:0% +you can use it in your own projects one + + + align:start position:0% +you can use it in your own projects one +of the projects i actually made was + + align:start position:0% +of the projects i actually made was + + + align:start position:0% +of the projects i actually made was +a um a clock i made a + + align:start position:0% +a um a clock i made a + + + align:start position:0% +a um a clock i made a +clock for my room i don't have it here + + align:start position:0% +clock for my room i don't have it here + + + align:start position:0% +clock for my room i don't have it here +right now but it was + + align:start position:0% +right now but it was + + + align:start position:0% +right now but it was +a clock that was controlled by by an + + align:start position:0% +a clock that was controlled by by an + + + align:start position:0% +a clock that was controlled by by an +arduino which is just a microprocessor + + align:start position:0% +arduino which is just a microprocessor + + + align:start position:0% +arduino which is just a microprocessor +and each of the 12 numbers on the clock + + align:start position:0% +and each of the 12 numbers on the clock + + + align:start position:0% +and each of the 12 numbers on the clock +were leds + + align:start position:0% +were leds + + + align:start position:0% +were leds +and it would turn on depending on the + + align:start position:0% +and it would turn on depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +and it would turn on depending on the +hour and the minute of the day + + align:start position:0% +hour and the minute of the day + + + align:start position:0% +hour and the minute of the day +it was so you can use um a simple + + align:start position:0% +it was so you can use um a simple + + + align:start position:0% +it was so you can use um a simple +calculations like this like + + align:start position:0% +calculations like this like + + + align:start position:0% +calculations like this like +ohm's law in practice to find the + + align:start position:0% +ohm's law in practice to find the + + + align:start position:0% +ohm's law in practice to find the +resistor values for the + + align:start position:0% +resistor values for the + + + align:start position:0% +resistor values for the +different leds that you will be using in + + align:start position:0% +different leds that you will be using in + + + align:start position:0% +different leds that you will be using in +that case the clock for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4DElQ-__XJY.txt b/4DElQ-__XJY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1dff3e474872180309cc1b903be505725e16cbb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/4DElQ-__XJY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15741 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so bounded rationality so you know we + + align:start position:0% +so bounded rationality so you know we + + + align:start position:0% +so bounded rationality so you know we +start that you + + align:start position:0% +start that you + + + align:start position:0% +start that you +know there's really if you go back and + + align:start position:0% +know there's really if you go back and + + + align:start position:0% +know there's really if you go back and +look through the io literature there's + + align:start position:0% +look through the io literature there's + + + align:start position:0% +look through the io literature there's +this very very long history of studying + + align:start position:0% +this very very long history of studying + + + align:start position:0% +this very very long history of studying +bounded rationality and you know it + + align:start position:0% +bounded rationality and you know it + + + align:start position:0% +bounded rationality and you know it +starts um you some sense it it starts at + + align:start position:0% +starts um you some sense it it starts at + + + align:start position:0% +starts um you some sense it it starts at +the same time that sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +the same time that sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +the same time that sort of you know +Samuelson was having this sort of + + align:start position:0% +Samuelson was having this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Samuelson was having this sort of +Revolution and going towards rational + + align:start position:0% +Revolution and going towards rational + + + align:start position:0% +Revolution and going towards rational +economics the entire time there was sort + + align:start position:0% +economics the entire time there was sort + + + align:start position:0% +economics the entire time there was sort +of active debate about whether we should + + align:start position:0% +of active debate about whether we should + + + align:start position:0% +of active debate about whether we should +be modeling things rationally or not and + + align:start position:0% +be modeling things rationally or not and + + + align:start position:0% +be modeling things rationally or not and +if you look at the early iio with + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the early iio with + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the early iio with +bounded rationality actually the sort of + + align:start position:0% +bounded rationality actually the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +bounded rationality actually the sort of +difference from today is there's an + + align:start position:0% +difference from today is there's an + + + align:start position:0% +difference from today is there's an +awful lot of IO with bounded rationality + + align:start position:0% +awful lot of IO with bounded rationality + + + align:start position:0% +awful lot of IO with bounded rationality +on the firm side and there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +on the firm side and there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +on the firm side and there's a lot of +skepticism of this idea of firms as + + align:start position:0% +skepticism of this idea of firms as + + + align:start position:0% +skepticism of this idea of firms as +sophisticated profit maximizing entities + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated profit maximizing entities + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated profit maximizing entities +that just always do what's best and so + + align:start position:0% +that just always do what's best and so + + + align:start position:0% +that just always do what's best and so +you know in the um you know 1940s there + + align:start position:0% +you know in the um you know 1940s there + + + align:start position:0% +you know in the um you know 1940s there +was this debate of do we should we think + + align:start position:0% +was this debate of do we should we think + + + align:start position:0% +was this debate of do we should we think +of firms as maximizing profits or should + + align:start position:0% +of firms as maximizing profits or should + + + align:start position:0% +of firms as maximizing profits or should +we think of firms as like trying to get + + align:start position:0% +we think of firms as like trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +we think of firms as like trying to get +a pretty good profit that's secure and + + align:start position:0% +a pretty good profit that's secure and + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty good profit that's secure and +and not trying to maximize profits + + align:start position:0% +and not trying to maximize profits + + + align:start position:0% +and not trying to maximize profits +um there was also a lot of literature + + align:start position:0% +um there was also a lot of literature + + + align:start position:0% +um there was also a lot of literature +about sort of this sort of Team Theory + + align:start position:0% +about sort of this sort of Team Theory + + + align:start position:0% +about sort of this sort of Team Theory +or Simon about um you know firms have to + + align:start position:0% +or Simon about um you know firms have to + + + align:start position:0% +or Simon about um you know firms have to +process information it's really + + align:start position:0% +process information it's really + + + align:start position:0% +process information it's really +complicated just like firms have to + + align:start position:0% +complicated just like firms have to + + + align:start position:0% +complicated just like firms have to +manufactur Goods firms have to deal with + + align:start position:0% +manufactur Goods firms have to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +manufactur Goods firms have to deal with +information they have bounded + + align:start position:0% +information they have bounded + + + align:start position:0% +information they have bounded +information processing capabilities they + + align:start position:0% +information processing capabilities they + + + align:start position:0% +information processing capabilities they +organize themselves to do this and there + + align:start position:0% +organize themselves to do this and there + + + align:start position:0% +organize themselves to do this and there +are costs of trying to set the right + + align:start position:0% +are costs of trying to set the right + + + align:start position:0% +are costs of trying to set the right +price or costs of you know just like + + align:start position:0% +price or costs of you know just like + + + align:start position:0% +price or costs of you know just like +there are costs of trying to produce + + align:start position:0% +there are costs of trying to produce + + + align:start position:0% +there are costs of trying to produce +goods and and we should take that those + + align:start position:0% +goods and and we should take that those + + + align:start position:0% +goods and and we should take that those +cost into account um I I'm actually + + align:start position:0% +cost into account um I I'm actually + + + align:start position:0% +cost into account um I I'm actually +going to talk a little bit more about + + align:start position:0% +going to talk a little bit more about + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk a little bit more about +Smallwood and con Lisk on Wednesday but + + align:start position:0% +Smallwood and con Lisk on Wednesday but + + + align:start position:0% +Smallwood and con Lisk on Wednesday but +you know Smallwood and con Lisk were + + align:start position:0% +you know Smallwood and con Lisk were + + + align:start position:0% +you know Smallwood and con Lisk were +very clear arguing when when first sort + + align:start position:0% +very clear arguing when when first sort + + + align:start position:0% +very clear arguing when when first sort +of rational consumers were coming in + + align:start position:0% +of rational consumers were coming in + + + align:start position:0% +of rational consumers were coming in +that they felt consumers were much less + + align:start position:0% +that they felt consumers were much less + + + align:start position:0% +that they felt consumers were much less +plausible than irrational consumers and + + align:start position:0% +plausible than irrational consumers and + + + align:start position:0% +plausible than irrational consumers and +we shouldn't go all the way to sort of + + align:start position:0% +we shouldn't go all the way to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +we shouldn't go all the way to sort of +assuming that consumers are these sort + + align:start position:0% +assuming that consumers are these sort + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that consumers are these sort +of hypers sophisticated rational + + align:start position:0% +of hypers sophisticated rational + + + align:start position:0% +of hypers sophisticated rational +people um you know more recent + + align:start position:0% +people um you know more recent + + + align:start position:0% +people um you know more recent +literature is really over the LA last + + align:start position:0% +literature is really over the LA last + + + align:start position:0% +literature is really over the LA last +decades has focused on abandon the + + align:start position:0% +decades has focused on abandon the + + + align:start position:0% +decades has focused on abandon the +irrational firms and gone with Hyper + + align:start position:0% +irrational firms and gone with Hyper + + + align:start position:0% +irrational firms and gone with Hyper +sophisticated firms but firms exploiting + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated firms but firms exploiting + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated firms but firms exploiting +uh boundedly rational customers and you + + align:start position:0% +uh boundedly rational customers and you + + + align:start position:0% +uh boundedly rational customers and you +know that's a big literature and you + + align:start position:0% +know that's a big literature and you + + + align:start position:0% +know that's a big literature and you +know there's a sort of thought of like + + align:start position:0% +know there's a sort of thought of like + + + align:start position:0% +know there's a sort of thought of like +you know this is why we want to have a + + align:start position:0% +you know this is why we want to have a + + + align:start position:0% +you know this is why we want to have a +consumer financial Protection Bureau or + + align:start position:0% +consumer financial Protection Bureau or + + + align:start position:0% +consumer financial Protection Bureau or +other agencies because firms are going + + align:start position:0% +other agencies because firms are going + + + align:start position:0% +other agencies because firms are going +to try to exploit irrational consumers + + align:start position:0% +to try to exploit irrational consumers + + + align:start position:0% +to try to exploit irrational consumers +and that creates + + align:start position:0% +and that creates + + + align:start position:0% +and that creates +inefficiencies um and and you know these + + align:start position:0% +inefficiencies um and and you know these + + + align:start position:0% +inefficiencies um and and you know these +inefficiencies can be large because you + + align:start position:0% +inefficiencies can be large because you + + + align:start position:0% +inefficiencies can be large because you +know like normal inefficiencies or + + align:start position:0% +know like normal inefficiencies or + + + align:start position:0% +know like normal inefficiencies or +triangles of of price are too high so + + align:start position:0% +triangles of of price are too high so + + + align:start position:0% +triangles of of price are too high so +the consumers who have a value a bit + + align:start position:0% +the consumers who have a value a bit + + + align:start position:0% +the consumers who have a value a bit +above cost who don't get to purchase + + align:start position:0% +above cost who don't get to purchase + + + align:start position:0% +above cost who don't get to purchase +things if you put in boundedly rational + + align:start position:0% +things if you put in boundedly rational + + + align:start position:0% +things if you put in boundedly rational +consumers and consumers are buying + + align:start position:0% +consumers and consumers are buying + + + align:start position:0% +consumers and consumers are buying +things they don't want or paying much + + align:start position:0% +things they don't want or paying much + + + align:start position:0% +things they don't want or paying much +more than something is worth to them you + + align:start position:0% +more than something is worth to them you + + + align:start position:0% +more than something is worth to them you +can get bigger inefficiencies um and I + + align:start position:0% +can get bigger inefficiencies um and I + + + align:start position:0% +can get bigger inefficiencies um and I +would say there's sort of three + + align:start position:0% +would say there's sort of three + + + align:start position:0% +would say there's sort of three +different approaches here that you see + + align:start position:0% +different approaches here that you see + + + align:start position:0% +different approaches here that you see +Tak + + align:start position:0% +Tak + + + align:start position:0% +Tak +um one is sort of the rule of thumb + + align:start position:0% +um one is sort of the rule of thumb + + + align:start position:0% +um one is sort of the rule of thumb +approach um following small one and + + align:start position:0% +approach um following small one and + + + align:start position:0% +approach um following small one and +conis which just sort of says rather + + align:start position:0% +conis which just sort of says rather + + + align:start position:0% +conis which just sort of says rather +than modeling consumers is rational + + align:start position:0% +than modeling consumers is rational + + + align:start position:0% +than modeling consumers is rational +let's just say what we think is a r a + + align:start position:0% +let's just say what we think is a r a + + + align:start position:0% +let's just say what we think is a r a +reasonable model for what consumers + + align:start position:0% +reasonable model for what consumers + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable model for what consumers +would actually do in a situation like + + align:start position:0% +would actually do in a situation like + + + align:start position:0% +would actually do in a situation like +you know consumer walks into a + + align:start position:0% +you know consumer walks into a + + + align:start position:0% +you know consumer walks into a +restaurant they really have a utility + + align:start position:0% +restaurant they really have a utility + + + align:start position:0% +restaurant they really have a utility +for every different thing on the menu + + align:start position:0% +for every different thing on the menu + + + align:start position:0% +for every different thing on the menu +and have beliefs about how much they're + + align:start position:0% +and have beliefs about how much they're + + + align:start position:0% +and have beliefs about how much they're +going to like everything they don't have + + align:start position:0% +going to like everything they don't have + + + align:start position:0% +going to like everything they don't have +and rationally maximize or do people + + align:start position:0% +and rationally maximize or do people + + + align:start position:0% +and rationally maximize or do people +just look at it quickly pick out + + align:start position:0% +just look at it quickly pick out + + + align:start position:0% +just look at it quickly pick out +something they think they like and buy + + align:start position:0% +something they think they like and buy + + + align:start position:0% +something they think they like and buy +it or whatever um the explicit bounded + + align:start position:0% +it or whatever um the explicit bounded + + + align:start position:0% +it or whatever um the explicit bounded +rationality in some sense search theory + + align:start position:0% +rationality in some sense search theory + + + align:start position:0% +rationality in some sense search theory +is a model of explicit bounded + + align:start position:0% +is a model of explicit bounded + + + align:start position:0% +is a model of explicit bounded +rationality that consumers are may be + + align:start position:0% +rationality that consumers are may be + + + align:start position:0% +rationality that consumers are may be +rational but have computational or other + + align:start position:0% +rational but have computational or other + + + align:start position:0% +rational but have computational or other +informational costs and they sort of do + + align:start position:0% +informational costs and they sort of do + + + align:start position:0% +informational costs and they sort of do +this combination of doing the best thing + + align:start position:0% +this combination of doing the best thing + + + align:start position:0% +this combination of doing the best thing +they can given their computational costs + + align:start position:0% +they can given their computational costs + + + align:start position:0% +they can given their computational costs +and sort of search is one example but + + align:start position:0% +and sort of search is one example but + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of search is one example but +there are many others uh and then the + + align:start position:0% +there are many others uh and then the + + + align:start position:0% +there are many others uh and then the +third branch is a sort of psychology and + + align:start position:0% +third branch is a sort of psychology and + + + align:start position:0% +third branch is a sort of psychology and +economics Branch where this is building + + align:start position:0% +economics Branch where this is building + + + align:start position:0% +economics Branch where this is building +off the kinds of things you would see in + + align:start position:0% +off the kinds of things you would see in + + + align:start position:0% +off the kinds of things you would see in +a in a behavioral economics class and + + align:start position:0% +a in a behavioral economics class and + + + align:start position:0% +a in a behavioral economics class and +modeling consumers as being having + + align:start position:0% +modeling consumers as being having + + + align:start position:0% +modeling consumers as being having +behavioral biases and think about how + + align:start position:0% +behavioral biases and think about how + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral biases and think about how +firms exploit those um you know this has + + align:start position:0% +firms exploit those um you know this has + + + align:start position:0% +firms exploit those um you know this has +been the most active branch in in recent + + align:start position:0% +been the most active branch in in recent + + + align:start position:0% +been the most active branch in in recent +years and so today's lecture I'm pretty + + align:start position:0% +years and so today's lecture I'm pretty + + + align:start position:0% +years and so today's lecture I'm pretty +much unless I get to the paper at the + + align:start position:0% +much unless I get to the paper at the + + + align:start position:0% +much unless I get to the paper at the +end I think I won't have time for uh + + align:start position:0% +end I think I won't have time for uh + + + align:start position:0% +end I think I won't have time for uh +today's pretty much going to be about + + align:start position:0% +today's pretty much going to be about + + + align:start position:0% +today's pretty much going to be about +this sort of psychology and economics + + align:start position:0% +this sort of psychology and economics + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of psychology and economics +papers so what goes on what goes on if + + align:start position:0% +papers so what goes on what goes on if + + + align:start position:0% +papers so what goes on what goes on if +you take a behavioral economics class um + + align:start position:0% +you take a behavioral economics class um + + + align:start position:0% +you take a behavioral economics class um +you know you know so over the last 25 + + align:start position:0% +you know you know so over the last 25 + + + align:start position:0% +you know you know so over the last 25 +years there's been this sort of + + align:start position:0% +years there's been this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +years there's been this sort of +explosion of work in behavioral + + align:start position:0% +explosion of work in behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +explosion of work in behavioral +economics and the way behavioral + + align:start position:0% +economics and the way behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +economics and the way behavioral +economics classes normally go is you + + align:start position:0% +economics classes normally go is you + + + align:start position:0% +economics classes normally go is you +sort of talk about and read + + align:start position:0% +sort of talk about and read + + + align:start position:0% +sort of talk about and read +psychological studies that talk about + + align:start position:0% +psychological studies that talk about + + + align:start position:0% +psychological studies that talk about +how consumers do things that are not + + align:start position:0% +how consumers do things that are not + + + align:start position:0% +how consumers do things that are not +rational uh and then you discuss sort of + + align:start position:0% +rational uh and then you discuss sort of + + + align:start position:0% +rational uh and then you discuss sort of +models that people have written to Model + + align:start position:0% +models that people have written to Model + + + align:start position:0% +models that people have written to Model +Behavior that's kind of close to + + align:start position:0% +Behavior that's kind of close to + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior that's kind of close to +rational but not quite rational in a way + + align:start position:0% +rational but not quite rational in a way + + + align:start position:0% +rational but not quite rational in a way +that would explain the psychological + + align:start position:0% +that would explain the psychological + + + align:start position:0% +that would explain the psychological +bias I mean I guess Drew does a little + + align:start position:0% +bias I mean I guess Drew does a little + + + align:start position:0% +bias I mean I guess Drew does a little +bit of this in 123 um but it it sort of + + align:start position:0% +bit of this in 123 um but it it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +bit of this in 123 um but it it sort of +you take a model that you know take a + + align:start position:0% +you take a model that you know take a + + + align:start position:0% +you take a model that you know take a +standard model and then you make some + + align:start position:0% +standard model and then you make some + + + align:start position:0% +standard model and then you make some +small tweak to it that would allow + + align:start position:0% +small tweak to it that would allow + + + align:start position:0% +small tweak to it that would allow +consumers to behave in some different + + align:start position:0% +consumers to behave in some different + + + align:start position:0% +consumers to behave in some different +way and + + align:start position:0% +way and + + + align:start position:0% +way and +then get a utility like model that may + + align:start position:0% +then get a utility like model that may + + + align:start position:0% +then get a utility like model that may +have one or two free extra free + + align:start position:0% +have one or two free extra free + + + align:start position:0% +have one or two free extra free +parameters that could sort of display + + align:start position:0% +parameters that could sort of display + + + align:start position:0% +parameters that could sort of display +this is nearly rational but with these + + align:start position:0% +this is nearly rational but with these + + + align:start position:0% +this is nearly rational but with these +two extra parameters describing their + + align:start position:0% +two extra parameters describing their + + + align:start position:0% +two extra parameters describing their +behavior instead of Behaving fully + + align:start position:0% +behavior instead of Behaving fully + + + align:start position:0% +behavior instead of Behaving fully +rationally + + align:start position:0% +rationally + + + align:start position:0% +rationally +okay and there are many many ways in the + + align:start position:0% +okay and there are many many ways in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and there are many many ways in the +behal economics literature in which + + align:start position:0% +behal economics literature in which + + + align:start position:0% +behal economics literature in which +consumers are are shown behave not + + align:start position:0% +consumers are are shown behave not + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are are shown behave not +rationally and there are rational like + + align:start position:0% +rationally and there are rational like + + + align:start position:0% +rationally and there are rational like +models for most of them so why don't I + + align:start position:0% +models for most of them so why don't I + + + align:start position:0% +models for most of them so why don't I +um uh and and you know the idea of this + + align:start position:0% +um uh and and you know the idea of this + + + align:start position:0% +um uh and and you know the idea of this +you know how this behavioral economics + + align:start position:0% +you know how this behavioral economics + + + align:start position:0% +you know how this behavioral economics +literature could have an influence is + + align:start position:0% +literature could have an influence is + + + align:start position:0% +literature could have an influence is +you write down a nearly rational model + + align:start position:0% +you write down a nearly rational model + + + align:start position:0% +you write down a nearly rational model +and then any model that you could solve + + align:start position:0% +and then any model that you could solve + + + align:start position:0% +and then any model that you could solve +with rational consumers you can solve + + align:start position:0% +with rational consumers you can solve + + + align:start position:0% +with rational consumers you can solve +with these nearly rational consumers + + align:start position:0% +with these nearly rational consumers + + + align:start position:0% +with these nearly rational consumers +because you have a well specified thing + + align:start position:0% +because you have a well specified thing + + + align:start position:0% +because you have a well specified thing +for them their behavior which isn't just + + align:start position:0% +for them their behavior which isn't just + + + align:start position:0% +for them their behavior which isn't just +maximizing utility function um so for + + align:start position:0% +maximizing utility function um so for + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing utility function um so for +instance um loss aversion + + align:start position:0% +instance um loss aversion + + + align:start position:0% +instance um loss aversion +you know in financial problems what a + + align:start position:0% +you know in financial problems what a + + + align:start position:0% +you know in financial problems what a +consumers do um they're sort of taking + + align:start position:0% +consumers do um they're sort of taking + + + align:start position:0% +consumers do um they're sort of taking +some action + + align:start position:0% +some action + + + align:start position:0% +some action +a and in the rational model they if they + + align:start position:0% +a and in the rational model they if they + + + align:start position:0% +a and in the rational model they if they +take an action a they'll have some + + align:start position:0% +take an action a they'll have some + + + align:start position:0% +take an action a they'll have some +wealth W of a which is a random variable + + align:start position:0% +wealth W of a which is a random variable + + + align:start position:0% +wealth W of a which is a random variable +and then they have a utility that's a + + align:start position:0% +and then they have a utility that's a + + + align:start position:0% +and then they have a utility that's a +function of that wealth and then they + + align:start position:0% +function of that wealth and then they + + + align:start position:0% +function of that wealth and then they +maximize the expected utility of the + + align:start position:0% +maximize the expected utility of the + + + align:start position:0% +maximize the expected utility of the +wealth after taking the action um in + + align:start position:0% +wealth after taking the action um in + + + align:start position:0% +wealth after taking the action um in +levere problems what it's assumed is + + align:start position:0% +levere problems what it's assumed is + + + align:start position:0% +levere problems what it's assumed is +that consumers have like a reference + + align:start position:0% +that consumers have like a reference + + + align:start position:0% +that consumers have like a reference +point w0 which would be their current + + align:start position:0% +point w0 which would be their current + + + align:start position:0% +point w0 which would be their current +wealth and they try to maximize the + + align:start position:0% +wealth and they try to maximize the + + + align:start position:0% +wealth and they try to maximize the +expected some expected function of w of + + align:start position:0% +expected some expected function of w of + + + align:start position:0% +expected some expected function of w of +a minus W of no so you have utility not + + align:start position:0% +a minus W of no so you have utility not + + + align:start position:0% +a minus W of no so you have utility not +for wealth but for changes in wealth and + + align:start position:0% +for wealth but for changes in wealth and + + + align:start position:0% +for wealth but for changes in wealth and +zero is like a somehow Point that's + + align:start position:0% +zero is like a somehow Point that's + + + align:start position:0% +zero is like a somehow Point that's +special um and the you know the simplest + + align:start position:0% +special um and the you know the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +special um and the you know the simplest +version of this is that you have utility + + align:start position:0% +version of this is that you have utility + + + align:start position:0% +version of this is that you have utility +function that looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this where you care much more about + + align:start position:0% +this where you care much more about + + + align:start position:0% +this where you care much more about +losing money than you care about making + + align:start position:0% +losing money than you care about making + + + align:start position:0% +losing money than you care about making +money and somehow losing money is + + align:start position:0% +money and somehow losing money is + + + align:start position:0% +money and somehow losing money is +painful to you you know because if you + + align:start position:0% +painful to you you know because if you + + + align:start position:0% +painful to you you know because if you +ask you know like they're all these + + align:start position:0% +ask you know like they're all these + + + align:start position:0% +ask you know like they're all these +experiments like if you ask um students + + align:start position:0% +experiments like if you ask um students + + + align:start position:0% +experiments like if you ask um students +which you know like would you like a + + align:start position:0% +which you know like would you like a + + + align:start position:0% +which you know like would you like a +50-50 coin flip win $101 lose + + align:start position:0% +50-50 coin flip win $101 lose + + + align:start position:0% +50-50 coin flip win $101 lose +$100 and you know almost everyone says + + align:start position:0% +$100 and you know almost everyone says + + + align:start position:0% +$100 and you know almost everyone says +no I don't want to do the 50-50 coin + + align:start position:0% +no I don't want to do the 50-50 coin + + + align:start position:0% +no I don't want to do the 50-50 coin +flip win 101 lose 100 or something like + + align:start position:0% +flip win 101 lose 100 or something like + + + align:start position:0% +flip win 101 lose 100 or something like +that it's not enough of a gain to make + + align:start position:0% +that it's not enough of a gain to make + + + align:start position:0% +that it's not enough of a gain to make +it worth losing $100 and then there's + + align:start position:0% +it worth losing $100 and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +it worth losing $100 and then there's +sort of you know Matt Ren has this very + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know Matt Ren has this very + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know Matt Ren has this very +beautiful paper on calibrating preferen + + align:start position:0% +beautiful paper on calibrating preferen + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful paper on calibrating preferen +it says it's just completely + + align:start position:0% +it says it's just completely + + + align:start position:0% +it says it's just completely +inconceivable for a rational consumer to + + align:start position:0% +inconceivable for a rational consumer to + + + align:start position:0% +inconceivable for a rational consumer to +say no to a 50/50 101 100 gamble because + + align:start position:0% +say no to a 50/50 101 100 gamble because + + + align:start position:0% +say no to a 50/50 101 100 gamble because +if you're going to turn down a 50-50 101 + + align:start position:0% +if you're going to turn down a 50-50 101 + + + align:start position:0% +if you're going to turn down a 50-50 101 +100 gamble you would also turn down a + + align:start position:0% +100 gamble you would also turn down a + + + align:start position:0% +100 gamble you would also turn down a +lose you know 5,000 win a trillion + + align:start position:0% +lose you know 5,000 win a trillion + + + align:start position:0% +lose you know 5,000 win a trillion +gamble um because in some sense it to + + align:start position:0% +gamble um because in some sense it to + + + align:start position:0% +gamble um because in some sense it to +turn down that gamble you got to have a + + align:start position:0% +turn down that gamble you got to have a + + + align:start position:0% +turn down that gamble you got to have a +very you know very concave utility + + align:start position:0% +very you know very concave utility + + + align:start position:0% +very you know very concave utility +function and it's got to just keep + + align:start position:0% +function and it's got to just keep + + + align:start position:0% +function and it's got to just keep +getting concave and if you don't like + + align:start position:0% +getting concave and if you don't like + + + align:start position:0% +getting concave and if you don't like +small gambles you can't you know and and + + align:start position:0% +small gambles you can't you know and and + + + align:start position:0% +small gambles you can't you know and and +you know obvously You all take million + + align:start position:0% +you know obvously You all take million + + + align:start position:0% +you know obvously You all take million +dooll gambl with your lives like when + + align:start position:0% +dooll gambl with your lives like when + + + align:start position:0% +dooll gambl with your lives like when +you choose your careers or whatever and + + align:start position:0% +you choose your careers or whatever and + + + align:start position:0% +you choose your careers or whatever and +somehow people like treat big Stakes + + align:start position:0% +somehow people like treat big Stakes + + + align:start position:0% +somehow people like treat big Stakes +gambl very different from small stake + + align:start position:0% +gambl very different from small stake + + + align:start position:0% +gambl very different from small stake +gambles this loss aversion is sort of + + align:start position:0% +gambles this loss aversion is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +gambles this loss aversion is sort of +one way to explain why people might do + + align:start position:0% +one way to explain why people might do + + + align:start position:0% +one way to explain why people might do +that um you know people often I guess + + align:start position:0% +that um you know people often I guess + + + align:start position:0% +that um you know people often I guess +more sophisticated models do something + + align:start position:0% +more sophisticated models do something + + + align:start position:0% +more sophisticated models do something +more like this as a utility function um + + align:start position:0% +more like this as a utility function um + + + align:start position:0% +more like this as a utility function um +but the whole point is that it it does + + align:start position:0% +but the whole point is that it it does + + + align:start position:0% +but the whole point is that it it does +have a kink here where the slope to the + + align:start position:0% +have a kink here where the slope to the + + + align:start position:0% +have a kink here where the slope to the +left and the slope to the right + + align:start position:0% +left and the slope to the right + + + align:start position:0% +left and the slope to the right +differ um you know when you have + + align:start position:0% +differ um you know when you have + + + align:start position:0% +differ um you know when you have +multiple Goods you have to sort of + + align:start position:0% +multiple Goods you have to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +multiple Goods you have to sort of +assume like how do we deal with like + + align:start position:0% +assume like how do we deal with like + + + align:start position:0% +assume like how do we deal with like +okay this is utility of wealth how would + + align:start position:0% +okay this is utility of wealth how would + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is utility of wealth how would +we deal with multiple goods and like you + + align:start position:0% +we deal with multiple goods and like you + + + align:start position:0% +we deal with multiple goods and like you +know there are these again these classic + + align:start position:0% +know there are these again these classic + + + align:start position:0% +know there are these again these classic +experiments like um you bring people + + align:start position:0% +experiments like um you bring people + + + align:start position:0% +experiments like um you bring people +into a lab and you have them play some + + align:start position:0% +into a lab and you have them play some + + + align:start position:0% +into a lab and you have them play some +game and you say as a reward for doing + + align:start position:0% +game and you say as a reward for doing + + + align:start position:0% +game and you say as a reward for doing +this you get an MIT Department of + + align:start position:0% +this you get an MIT Department of + + + align:start position:0% +this you get an MIT Department of +Economics uh water + + align:start position:0% +Economics uh water + + + align:start position:0% +Economics uh water +bottle and then you let them have the + + align:start position:0% +bottle and then you let them have the + + + align:start position:0% +bottle and then you let them have the +MIT economics water bottle for a few + + align:start position:0% +MIT economics water bottle for a few + + + align:start position:0% +MIT economics water bottle for a few +minutes and then say Oh you know + + align:start position:0% +minutes and then say Oh you know + + + align:start position:0% +minutes and then say Oh you know +actually I also have these uh you know + + align:start position:0% +actually I also have these uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +actually I also have these uh you know +uh I also have these lint chocolate bars + + align:start position:0% +uh I also have these lint chocolate bars + + + align:start position:0% +uh I also have these lint chocolate bars +you could have the lint chocolate bar + + align:start position:0% +you could have the lint chocolate bar + + + align:start position:0% +you could have the lint chocolate bar +instead of the water bottle uh you know + + align:start position:0% +instead of the water bottle uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +instead of the water bottle uh you know +if you want to trade or whatever and and + + align:start position:0% +if you want to trade or whatever and and + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to trade or whatever and and +then everyone says no no I'll keep the + + align:start position:0% +then everyone says no no I'll keep the + + + align:start position:0% +then everyone says no no I'll keep the +water bottle and then you run the + + align:start position:0% +water bottle and then you run the + + + align:start position:0% +water bottle and then you run the +experiment the opposite way you give + + align:start position:0% +experiment the opposite way you give + + + align:start position:0% +experiment the opposite way you give +them the lint choco bar and say oh we + + align:start position:0% +them the lint choco bar and say oh we + + + align:start position:0% +them the lint choco bar and say oh we +also have this + + align:start position:0% +also have this + + + align:start position:0% +also have this +MIT water bottle you could have whatever + + align:start position:0% +MIT water bottle you could have whatever + + + align:start position:0% +MIT water bottle you could have whatever +nobody trades a chocolate bar for the + + align:start position:0% +nobody trades a chocolate bar for the + + + align:start position:0% +nobody trades a chocolate bar for the +water bottle and so you know the idea + + align:start position:0% +water bottle and so you know the idea + + + align:start position:0% +water bottle and so you know the idea +there is that how do we explain that + + align:start position:0% +there is that how do we explain that + + + align:start position:0% +there is that how do we explain that +people just you know get attached to + + align:start position:0% +people just you know get attached to + + + align:start position:0% +people just you know get attached to +things that they have the loss of verion + + align:start position:0% +things that they have the loss of verion + + + align:start position:0% +things that they have the loss of verion +wave is you have sort of two different + + align:start position:0% +wave is you have sort of two different + + + align:start position:0% +wave is you have sort of two different +uh functions like this I have my + + align:start position:0% +uh functions like this I have my + + + align:start position:0% +uh functions like this I have my +uh water bottle utility function and my + + align:start position:0% +uh water bottle utility function and my + + + align:start position:0% +uh water bottle utility function and my +chocolate bar utility function and once + + align:start position:0% +chocolate bar utility function and once + + + align:start position:0% +chocolate bar utility function and once +you've given me the chocolate bar and + + align:start position:0% +you've given me the chocolate bar and + + + align:start position:0% +you've given me the chocolate bar and +I've had it for a few minutes then it + + align:start position:0% +I've had it for a few minutes then it + + + align:start position:0% +I've had it for a few minutes then it +feels like a loss to give up the + + align:start position:0% +feels like a loss to give up the + + + align:start position:0% +feels like a loss to give up the +chocolate bar and and it would be a win + + align:start position:0% +chocolate bar and and it would be a win + + + align:start position:0% +chocolate bar and and it would be a win +to get a water bottle but you know a + + align:start position:0% +to get a water bottle but you know a + + + align:start position:0% +to get a water bottle but you know a +loss of a chocolate bar and a wind to a + + align:start position:0% +loss of a chocolate bar and a wind to a + + + align:start position:0% +loss of a chocolate bar and a wind to a +water bottle that you wouldn't do and + + align:start position:0% +water bottle that you wouldn't do and + + + align:start position:0% +water bottle that you wouldn't do and +the same vice versa once you've changed + + align:start position:0% +the same vice versa once you've changed + + + align:start position:0% +the same vice versa once you've changed +the endowments + + align:start position:0% +the endowments + + + align:start position:0% +the endowments +um and you know I think this is you know + + align:start position:0% +um and you know I think this is you know + + + align:start position:0% +um and you know I think this is you know +people do think that this is how you + + align:start position:0% +people do think that this is how you + + + align:start position:0% +people do think that this is how you +think about uh in some sense like this + + align:start position:0% +think about uh in some sense like this + + + align:start position:0% +think about uh in some sense like this +is one explanation for sort of like how + + align:start position:0% +is one explanation for sort of like how + + + align:start position:0% +is one explanation for sort of like how +stores try to sort of lure people in + + align:start position:0% +stores try to sort of lure people in + + + align:start position:0% +stores try to sort of lure people in +with and then sort of have high last + + align:start position:0% +with and then sort of have high last + + + align:start position:0% +with and then sort of have high last +minute charges or hidden charges that + + align:start position:0% +minute charges or hidden charges that + + + align:start position:0% +minute charges or hidden charges that +like once you've gotten used to the fact + + align:start position:0% +like once you've gotten used to the fact + + + align:start position:0% +like once you've gotten used to the fact +that I'm going to own this TV it's then + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to own this TV it's then + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to own this TV it's then +hard to walk away from the + + align:start position:0% +hard to walk away from the + + + align:start position:0% +hard to walk away from the +TV because it's now a loss of one in the + + align:start position:0% +TV because it's now a loss of one in the + + + align:start position:0% +TV because it's now a loss of one in the +TV Dimension because for the half an + + align:start position:0% +TV Dimension because for the half an + + + align:start position:0% +TV Dimension because for the half an +hour you've thought you had that nice TV + + align:start position:0% +hour you've thought you had that nice TV + + + align:start position:0% +hour you've thought you had that nice TV +or something um okay um fairness + + align:start position:0% +or something um okay um fairness + + + align:start position:0% +or something um okay um fairness +preferences so you know obviously + + align:start position:0% +preferences so you know obviously + + + align:start position:0% +preferences so you know obviously +there's nothing in utility function that + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing in utility function that + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing in utility function that +says that utility is only based on your + + align:start position:0% +says that utility is only based on your + + + align:start position:0% +says that utility is only based on your +own wealth not on everybody else's + + align:start position:0% +own wealth not on everybody else's + + + align:start position:0% +own wealth not on everybody else's +wealth in the entire world and people + + align:start position:0% +wealth in the entire world and people + + + align:start position:0% +wealth in the entire world and people +can be + + align:start position:0% +can be + + + align:start position:0% +can be +altruistic um but you know I think when + + align:start position:0% +altruistic um but you know I think when + + + align:start position:0% +altruistic um but you know I think when +we're + + align:start position:0% +we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're +doing normal normally when we're doing + + align:start position:0% +doing normal normally when we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +doing normal normally when we're doing +most topics we do stick with you know + + align:start position:0% +most topics we do stick with you know + + + align:start position:0% +most topics we do stick with you know +preferences that are that are + + align:start position:0% +preferences that are that are + + + align:start position:0% +preferences that are that are +non-altruistic and just everyone's + + align:start position:0% +non-altruistic and just everyone's + + + align:start position:0% +non-altruistic and just everyone's +preferences are based on their own + + align:start position:0% +preferences are based on their own + + + align:start position:0% +preferences are based on their own +consumption um there's a number of + + align:start position:0% +consumption um there's a number of + + + align:start position:0% +consumption um there's a number of +different models out there of uh + + align:start position:0% +different models out there of uh + + + align:start position:0% +different models out there of uh +preferences that do have like some other + + align:start position:0% +preferences that do have like some other + + + align:start position:0% +preferences that do have like some other +regarding nature to them so for instance + + align:start position:0% +regarding nature to them so for instance + + + align:start position:0% +regarding nature to them so for instance +you know Fair Schmid is the most popular + + align:start position:0% +you know Fair Schmid is the most popular + + + align:start position:0% +you know Fair Schmid is the most popular +model of fairness in the behavioral + + align:start position:0% +model of fairness in the behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +model of fairness in the behavioral +literature what consumers do in a fair + + align:start position:0% +literature what consumers do in a fair + + + align:start position:0% +literature what consumers do in a fair +Schmid model is they're trying to + + align:start position:0% +Schmid model is they're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +Schmid model is they're trying to +maximize they are trying to maximize + + align:start position:0% +maximize they are trying to maximize + + + align:start position:0% +maximize they are trying to maximize +their own payoff so I'm going to write + + align:start position:0% +their own payoff so I'm going to write + + + align:start position:0% +their own payoff so I'm going to write +Pi here for the payoff rather than the + + align:start position:0% +Pi here for the payoff rather than the + + + align:start position:0% +Pi here for the payoff rather than the +utility they're trying to maximize their + + align:start position:0% +utility they're trying to maximize their + + + align:start position:0% +utility they're trying to maximize their +own + + align:start position:0% +own + + + align:start position:0% +own +payoff but they dis like when other + + align:start position:0% +payoff but they dis like when other + + + align:start position:0% +payoff but they dis like when other +people are getting more than them in a + + align:start position:0% +people are getting more than them in a + + + align:start position:0% +people are getting more than them in a +game uh and so we subtract Alpha + + align:start position:0% +game uh and so we subtract Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +game uh and so we subtract Alpha +times uh the fact that extent to which + + align:start position:0% +times uh the fact that extent to which + + + align:start position:0% +times uh the fact that extent to which +other people's payoffs exceed your + + align:start position:0% +other people's payoffs exceed your + + + align:start position:0% +other people's payoffs exceed your +payoff um + + align:start position:0% +payoff um + + + align:start position:0% +payoff um +Fair Schmid also assume that consumers + + align:start position:0% +Fair Schmid also assume that consumers + + + align:start position:0% +Fair Schmid also assume that consumers +dislike when when other people earn less + + align:start position:0% +dislike when when other people earn less + + + align:start position:0% +dislike when when other people earn less +than them they are sort of other + + align:start position:0% +than them they are sort of other + + + align:start position:0% +than them they are sort of other +regarding um and so they put weight beta + + align:start position:0% +regarding um and so they put weight beta + + + align:start position:0% +regarding um and so they put weight beta +on getting more money than the other + + align:start position:0% +on getting more money than the other + + + align:start position:0% +on getting more money than the other +person other people in the game are + + align:start position:0% +person other people in the game are + + + align:start position:0% +person other people in the game are +getting um but fmid assumed that you + + align:start position:0% +getting um but fmid assumed that you + + + align:start position:0% +getting um but fmid assumed that you +know most people have a sense of + + align:start position:0% +know most people have a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +know most people have a sense of +fairness but the fairness is more acute + + align:start position:0% +fairness but the fairness is more acute + + + align:start position:0% +fairness but the fairness is more acute +when they're the ones being treated + + align:start position:0% +when they're the ones being treated + + + align:start position:0% +when they're the ones being treated +unfairly and so Alpha is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +unfairly and so Alpha is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +unfairly and so Alpha is bigger than +beta that you sort of put more weight on + + align:start position:0% +beta that you sort of put more weight on + + + align:start position:0% +beta that you sort of put more weight on +me getting the bat small share than on + + align:start position:0% +me getting the bat small share than on + + + align:start position:0% +me getting the bat small share than on +other people getting small share + + align:start position:0% +other people getting small share + + + align:start position:0% +other people getting small share +although I don't like that either um and + + align:start position:0% +although I don't like that either um and + + + align:start position:0% +although I don't like that either um and +then you know exam again you sort of + + align:start position:0% +then you know exam again you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +then you know exam again you sort of +start with any utility model and then + + align:start position:0% +start with any utility model and then + + + align:start position:0% +start with any utility model and then +you could do the fair Schmid model with + + align:start position:0% +you could do the fair Schmid model with + + + align:start position:0% +you could do the fair Schmid model with +two extra parameters Alpha and beta and + + align:start position:0% +two extra parameters Alpha and beta and + + + align:start position:0% +two extra parameters Alpha and beta and +then you can think about what happens in + + align:start position:0% +then you can think about what happens in + + + align:start position:0% +then you can think about what happens in +that model as a function of Alpha and + + align:start position:0% +that model as a function of Alpha and + + + align:start position:0% +that model as a function of Alpha and +beta so some sense it becomes just sort + + align:start position:0% +beta so some sense it becomes just sort + + + align:start position:0% +beta so some sense it becomes just sort +of a plug andplay thing take a standard + + align:start position:0% +of a plug andplay thing take a standard + + + align:start position:0% +of a plug andplay thing take a standard +model put in the sort of uh Alpha and + + align:start position:0% +model put in the sort of uh Alpha and + + + align:start position:0% +model put in the sort of uh Alpha and +beta preference Alpha Beta preferences + + align:start position:0% +beta preference Alpha Beta preferences + + + align:start position:0% +beta preference Alpha Beta preferences +and then you can sort of resolve the + + align:start position:0% +and then you can sort of resolve the + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can sort of resolve the +model and see what happens a function of + + align:start position:0% +model and see what happens a function of + + + align:start position:0% +model and see what happens a function of +Alpha and beta and you know you can + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and beta and you know you can + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and beta and you know you can +Alpha and beta to what's in the data + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and beta to what's in the data + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and beta to what's in the data +um uh most of the examples I picked out + + align:start position:0% +um uh most of the examples I picked out + + + align:start position:0% +um uh most of the examples I picked out +to do today in IO I'm doing uh I'm going + + align:start position:0% +to do today in IO I'm doing uh I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +to do today in IO I'm doing uh I'm going +what called quasi hyperbolic preferences + + align:start position:0% +what called quasi hyperbolic preferences + + + align:start position:0% +what called quasi hyperbolic preferences +so in preferences with quasi hyperbolic + + align:start position:0% +so in preferences with quasi hyperbolic + + + align:start position:0% +so in preferences with quasi hyperbolic +discounting consumers are + + align:start position:0% +discounting consumers are + + + align:start position:0% +discounting consumers are +maximizing at each point in time the + + align:start position:0% +maximizing at each point in time the + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing at each point in time the +utility of the consumption they get + + align:start position:0% +utility of the consumption they get + + + align:start position:0% +utility of the consumption they get +today plus beta times a discounted sum + + align:start position:0% +today plus beta times a discounted sum + + + align:start position:0% +today plus beta times a discounted sum +of future preferences so everyone always + + align:start position:0% +of future preferences so everyone always + + + align:start position:0% +of future preferences so everyone always +cares about today more than they care + + align:start position:0% +cares about today more than they care + + + align:start position:0% +cares about today more than they care +about all future periods and so you know + + align:start position:0% +about all future periods and so you know + + + align:start position:0% +about all future periods and so you know +you're trade-off between you know you + + align:start position:0% +you're trade-off between you know you + + + align:start position:0% +you're trade-off between you know you +know should I clean up my apartment 11 + + align:start position:0% +know should I clean up my apartment 11 + + + align:start position:0% +know should I clean up my apartment 11 +days from now or 12 days from now you're + + align:start position:0% +days from now or 12 days from now you're + + + align:start position:0% +days from now or 12 days from now you're +sort of completely indifferent between + + align:start position:0% +sort of completely indifferent between + + + align:start position:0% +sort of completely indifferent between +whe you spend a day cleaning up 11 days + + align:start position:0% +whe you spend a day cleaning up 11 days + + + align:start position:0% +whe you spend a day cleaning up 11 days +from now or 12 days from now but should + + align:start position:0% +from now or 12 days from now but should + + + align:start position:0% +from now or 12 days from now but should +I do it today versus tomorrow you really + + align:start position:0% +I do it today versus tomorrow you really + + + align:start position:0% +I do it today versus tomorrow you really +want to put it off to tomorrow so + + align:start position:0% +want to put it off to tomorrow so + + + align:start position:0% +want to put it off to tomorrow so +there's sort of some much bigger + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of some much bigger + + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of some much bigger +emphasis discounting between today and + + align:start position:0% +emphasis discounting between today and + + + align:start position:0% +emphasis discounting between today and +all future times than there is between o + + align:start position:0% +all future times than there is between o + + + align:start position:0% +all future times than there is between o +future times that come later and that's + + align:start position:0% +future times that come later and that's + + + align:start position:0% +future times that come later and that's +why you know so so the dis the sort of + + align:start position:0% +why you know so so the dis the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +why you know so so the dis the sort of +discounting between any two future + + align:start position:0% +discounting between any two future + + + align:start position:0% +discounting between any two future +periods is Delta but between the current + + align:start position:0% +periods is Delta but between the current + + + align:start position:0% +periods is Delta but between the current +period and you know so like right the + + align:start position:0% +period and you know so like right the + + + align:start position:0% +period and you know so like right the +you put weight one on today beta Delta + + align:start position:0% +you put weight one on today beta Delta + + + align:start position:0% +you put weight one on today beta Delta +on tomorrow beta Delta squared on the + + align:start position:0% +on tomorrow beta Delta squared on the + + + align:start position:0% +on tomorrow beta Delta squared on the +next day so that the ratio is beta Delta + + align:start position:0% +next day so that the ratio is beta Delta + + + align:start position:0% +next day so that the ratio is beta Delta +here and only Delta here you know again + + align:start position:0% +here and only Delta here you know again + + + align:start position:0% +here and only Delta here you know again +so right you people have preferences + + align:start position:0% +so right you people have preferences + + + align:start position:0% +so right you people have preferences +like I would like to go on a diet but I + + align:start position:0% +like I would like to go on a diet but I + + + align:start position:0% +like I would like to go on a diet but I +would like to go on a diet starting + + align:start position:0% +would like to go on a diet starting + + + align:start position:0% +would like to go on a diet starting +tomorrow or I would like to save more + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow or I would like to save more + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow or I would like to save more +money but I'd like to save more money + + align:start position:0% +money but I'd like to save more money + + + align:start position:0% +money but I'd like to save more money +after buy this one TV I really like and + + align:start position:0% +after buy this one TV I really like and + + + align:start position:0% +after buy this one TV I really like and +then I'm going to start saving my money + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to start saving my money + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm going to start saving my money +or something like that um and then there + + align:start position:0% +or something like that um and then there + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that um and then there +are variants of this model um you know + + align:start position:0% +are variants of this model um you know + + + align:start position:0% +are variants of this model um you know +sophisticated consumers recognize + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated consumers recognize + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated consumers recognize +sophisticated hyperb consumers recognize + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated hyperb consumers recognize + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated hyperb consumers recognize +that they have these uh preferences and + + align:start position:0% +that they have these uh preferences and + + + align:start position:0% +that they have these uh preferences and +they want to do things to commit + + align:start position:0% +they want to do things to commit + + + align:start position:0% +they want to do things to commit +themselves to not behave in a hyperbolic + + align:start position:0% +themselves to not behave in a hyperbolic + + + align:start position:0% +themselves to not behave in a hyperbolic +way or they they they know that they + + align:start position:0% +way or they they they know that they + + + align:start position:0% +way or they they they know that they +need to commit their future selves to + + align:start position:0% +need to commit their future selves to + + + align:start position:0% +need to commit their future selves to +things so their future will actually do + + align:start position:0% +things so their future will actually do + + + align:start position:0% +things so their future will actually do +what they want their future selves to do + + align:start position:0% +what they want their future selves to do + + + align:start position:0% +what they want their future selves to do +like you know so it's like I am going to + + align:start position:0% +like you know so it's like I am going to + + + align:start position:0% +like you know so it's like I am going to +put something out my phone that sort of + + align:start position:0% +put something out my phone that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +put something out my phone that sort of +shuts me off of social media for some + + align:start position:0% +shuts me off of social media for some + + + align:start position:0% +shuts me off of social media for some +number of hours to commit that future + + align:start position:0% +number of hours to commit that future + + + align:start position:0% +number of hours to commit that future +lazy self of mind to sort of actually + + align:start position:0% +lazy self of mind to sort of actually + + + align:start position:0% +lazy self of mind to sort of actually +get work done and not spend time uh + + align:start position:0% +get work done and not spend time uh + + + align:start position:0% +get work done and not spend time uh +scrolling through social media um the + + align:start position:0% +scrolling through social media um the + + + align:start position:0% +scrolling through social media um the +other ones are sort of other models sort + + align:start position:0% +other ones are sort of other models sort + + + align:start position:0% +other ones are sort of other models sort +of naive model the naive model you're + + align:start position:0% +of naive model the naive model you're + + + align:start position:0% +of naive model the naive model you're +hyperbolic and you don't recognize that + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic and you don't recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic and you don't recognize that +your future selves are hyperbolic and + + align:start position:0% +your future selves are hyperbolic and + + + align:start position:0% +your future selves are hyperbolic and +you just think I I have willower my I + + align:start position:0% +you just think I I have willower my I + + + align:start position:0% +you just think I I have willower my I +you know these are my preferences it's + + align:start position:0% +you know these are my preferences it's + + + align:start position:0% +you know these are my preferences it's +perfectly reasonable for me to say I'm + + align:start position:0% +perfectly reasonable for me to say I'm + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly reasonable for me to say I'm +going to sit here and scroll through + + align:start position:0% +going to sit here and scroll through + + + align:start position:0% +going to sit here and scroll through +social media and then tomorrow my future + + align:start position:0% +social media and then tomorrow my future + + + align:start position:0% +social media and then tomorrow my future +self will not scroll I'll just make the + + align:start position:0% +self will not scroll I'll just make the + + + align:start position:0% +self will not scroll I'll just make the +plan that this week I get six hours of + + align:start position:0% +plan that this week I get six hours of + + + align:start position:0% +plan that this week I get six hours of +social media I'll use it all up this + + align:start position:0% +social media I'll use it all up this + + + align:start position:0% +social media I'll use it all up this +afternoon and then my future self will + + align:start position:0% +afternoon and then my future self will + + + align:start position:0% +afternoon and then my future self will +not do any social media tomorrow and + + align:start position:0% +not do any social media tomorrow and + + + align:start position:0% +not do any social media tomorrow and +that's my plan for this week um and then + + align:start position:0% +that's my plan for this week um and then + + + align:start position:0% +that's my plan for this week um and then +their you know partially naive model um + + align:start position:0% +their you know partially naive model um + + + align:start position:0% +their you know partially naive model um +an extension to go from a three par two + + align:start position:0% +an extension to go from a three par two + + + align:start position:0% +an extension to go from a three par two +parameter to a three parameter + + align:start position:0% +parameter to a three parameter + + + align:start position:0% +parameter to a three parameter +hyperbolic you know extension is I am a + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic you know extension is I am a + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic you know extension is I am a +beta Delta consumer + + align:start position:0% +beta Delta consumer + + + align:start position:0% +beta Delta consumer +I recognize that my future self is also + + align:start position:0% +I recognize that my future self is also + + + align:start position:0% +I recognize that my future self is also +hyperbolic but I think my future self is + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic but I think my future self is + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic but I think my future self is +like a beta hat Delta consumer with beta + + align:start position:0% +like a beta hat Delta consumer with beta + + + align:start position:0% +like a beta hat Delta consumer with beta +hat greater than beta so I just + + align:start position:0% +hat greater than beta so I just + + + align:start position:0% +hat greater than beta so I just +underestimate I I don't I recognize that + + align:start position:0% +underestimate I I don't I recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +underestimate I I don't I recognize that +I'm I'm hyperbolic but I don't I + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm hyperbolic but I don't I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm hyperbolic but I don't I +underestimate the degree to which My + + align:start position:0% +underestimate the degree to which My + + + align:start position:0% +underestimate the degree to which My +Future Self is hyper + + align:start position:0% +Future Self is hyper + + + align:start position:0% +Future Self is hyper +hyperbolic okay and again if you think + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic okay and again if you think + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic okay and again if you think +about the Delta as already being a + + align:start position:0% +about the Delta as already being a + + + align:start position:0% +about the Delta as already being a +parameter we already have again this is + + align:start position:0% +parameter we already have again this is + + + align:start position:0% +parameter we already have again this is +a you know maybe just beta beta hat or + + align:start position:0% +a you know maybe just beta beta hat or + + + align:start position:0% +a you know maybe just beta beta hat or +two two parameters you add to the + + align:start position:0% +two two parameters you add to the + + + align:start position:0% +two two parameters you add to the +standard rational model + + align:start position:0% +standard rational model + + + align:start position:0% +standard rational model +um other common examples I I won't talk + + align:start position:0% +um other common examples I I won't talk + + + align:start position:0% +um other common examples I I won't talk +about iio example today with them uh + + align:start position:0% +about iio example today with them uh + + + align:start position:0% +about iio example today with them uh +imperfect basan + + align:start position:0% +imperfect basan + + + align:start position:0% +imperfect basan +updating you know eer and Raven proposed + + align:start position:0% +updating you know eer and Raven proposed + + + align:start position:0% +updating you know eer and Raven proposed +this model there's a lot of evidence + + align:start position:0% +this model there's a lot of evidence + + + align:start position:0% +this model there's a lot of evidence +that people are not so good at ban + + align:start position:0% +that people are not so good at ban + + + align:start position:0% +that people are not so good at ban +updating they propos this model of + + align:start position:0% +updating they propos this model of + + + align:start position:0% +updating they propos this model of +imperfect ban updating that's just the + + align:start position:0% +imperfect ban updating that's just the + + + align:start position:0% +imperfect ban updating that's just the +simplest one in the world um your + + align:start position:0% +simplest one in the world um your + + + align:start position:0% +simplest one in the world um your +posterior on Theta after observing some + + align:start position:0% +posterior on Theta after observing some + + + align:start position:0% +posterior on Theta after observing some +signal X is some constant times your + + align:start position:0% +signal X is some constant times your + + + align:start position:0% +signal X is some constant times your +prior plus one minus Kai times what the + + align:start position:0% +prior plus one minus Kai times what the + + + align:start position:0% +prior plus one minus Kai times what the +correct uh preference is correct basion + + align:start position:0% +correct uh preference is correct basion + + + align:start position:0% +correct uh preference is correct basion +updating is so people just under update + + align:start position:0% +updating is so people just under update + + + align:start position:0% +updating is so people just under update +when they get when they get new + + align:start position:0% +when they get when they get new + + + align:start position:0% +when they get when they get new +information they tend to be o overly + + align:start position:0% +information they tend to be o overly + + + align:start position:0% +information they tend to be o overly +conf you know stick with their priors + + align:start position:0% +conf you know stick with their priors + + + align:start position:0% +conf you know stick with their priors +um overconfidence bias uh overconfidence + + align:start position:0% +um overconfidence bias uh overconfidence + + + align:start position:0% +um overconfidence bias uh overconfidence +bias is you know people think they are + + align:start position:0% +bias is you know people think they are + + + align:start position:0% +bias is you know people think they are +better than they are at many many things + + align:start position:0% +better than they are at many many things + + + align:start position:0% +better than they are at many many things +so like you know a classic example is + + align:start position:0% +so like you know a classic example is + + + align:start position:0% +so like you know a classic example is +you know ask a class how many miles is + + align:start position:0% +you know ask a class how many miles is + + + align:start position:0% +you know ask a class how many miles is +it from Boston to buos Iris and write + + align:start position:0% +it from Boston to buos Iris and write + + + align:start position:0% +it from Boston to buos Iris and write +down your best guess for Boston de buos + + align:start position:0% +down your best guess for Boston de buos + + + align:start position:0% +down your best guess for Boston de buos +ciris and now write down a 50% + + align:start position:0% +ciris and now write down a 50% + + + align:start position:0% +ciris and now write down a 50% +confidence interval or a 90% confidence + + align:start position:0% +confidence interval or a 90% confidence + + + align:start position:0% +confidence interval or a 90% confidence +interval I want you know like there's a + + align:start position:0% +interval I want you know like there's a + + + align:start position:0% +interval I want you know like there's a +50 I I I don't you know you admit you + + align:start position:0% +50 I I I don't you know you admit you + + + align:start position:0% +50 I I I don't you know you admit you +don't know how far it is to BU Osiris + + align:start position:0% +don't know how far it is to BU Osiris + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how far it is to BU Osiris +but there's a write down write down an + + align:start position:0% +but there's a write down write down an + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a write down write down an +interval you think there's a 50% chance + + align:start position:0% +interval you think there's a 50% chance + + + align:start position:0% +interval you think there's a 50% chance +that the distance from Boston bu Osiris + + align:start position:0% +that the distance from Boston bu Osiris + + + align:start position:0% +that the distance from Boston bu Osiris +is within the interval you write down + + align:start position:0% +is within the interval you write down + + + align:start position:0% +is within the interval you write down +and overwhelmingly you know I don't know + + align:start position:0% +and overwhelmingly you know I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +and overwhelmingly you know I don't know +is it like 50% of people you know like + + align:start position:0% +is it like 50% of people you know like + + + align:start position:0% +is it like 50% of people you know like +if you ask for 90% confidence interval + + align:start position:0% +if you ask for 90% confidence interval + + + align:start position:0% +if you ask for 90% confidence interval +50% of the correct answers are within + + align:start position:0% +50% of the correct answers are within + + + align:start position:0% +50% of the correct answers are within +the 90% the 50% of the time the answer + + align:start position:0% +the 90% the 50% of the time the answer + + + align:start position:0% +the 90% the 50% of the time the answer +is the 90% confidence interval contains + + align:start position:0% +is the 90% confidence interval contains + + + align:start position:0% +is the 90% confidence interval contains +the answer and 30% of time the 50% + + align:start position:0% +the answer and 30% of time the 50% + + + align:start position:0% +the answer and 30% of time the 50% +confidence interval contains the correct + + align:start position:0% +confidence interval contains the correct + + + align:start position:0% +confidence interval contains the correct +answer um that just people think they + + align:start position:0% +answer um that just people think they + + + align:start position:0% +answer um that just people think they +are better at many things than they are + + align:start position:0% +are better at many things than they are + + + align:start position:0% +are better at many things than they are +um uh self-serving bias this is idea + + align:start position:0% +um uh self-serving bias this is idea + + + align:start position:0% +um uh self-serving bias this is idea +that we all like to think you know this + + align:start position:0% +that we all like to think you know this + + + align:start position:0% +that we all like to think you know this +is that we all think we're good at + + align:start position:0% +is that we all think we're good at + + + align:start position:0% +is that we all think we're good at +things self deserving biases we all like + + align:start position:0% +things self deserving biases we all like + + + align:start position:0% +things self deserving biases we all like +to think we're good at things so you + + align:start position:0% +to think we're good at things so you + + + align:start position:0% +to think we're good at things so you +make a decision decision and then when + + align:start position:0% +make a decision decision and then when + + + align:start position:0% +make a decision decision and then when +you're called on to make a second + + align:start position:0% +you're called on to make a second + + + align:start position:0% +you're called on to make a second +decision you make a second decision in a + + align:start position:0% +decision you make a second decision in a + + + align:start position:0% +decision you make a second decision in a +way that makes your first + + align:start position:0% +way that makes your first + + + align:start position:0% +way that makes your first +decision correct that is like so instead + + align:start position:0% +decision correct that is like so instead + + + align:start position:0% +decision correct that is like so instead +of like admitting you + + align:start position:0% +of like admitting you + + + align:start position:0% +of like admitting you +know you know you know you make some + + align:start position:0% +know you know you know you make some + + + align:start position:0% +know you know you know you make some +plan you're going to go somewhere and + + align:start position:0% +plan you're going to go somewhere and + + + align:start position:0% +plan you're going to go somewhere and +then you get there and realize + + align:start position:0% +then you get there and realize + + + align:start position:0% +then you get there and realize +wow you know I spent half an hour in the + + align:start position:0% +wow you know I spent half an hour in the + + + align:start position:0% +wow you know I spent half an hour in the +train to get to this place this + + align:start position:0% +train to get to this place this + + + align:start position:0% +train to get to this place this +restaurant looks way more expensive than + + align:start position:0% +restaurant looks way more expensive than + + + align:start position:0% +restaurant looks way more expensive than +I wanted or I don't want to be here it + + align:start position:0% +I wanted or I don't want to be here it + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted or I don't want to be here it +look food looks bad but CE you're there + + align:start position:0% +look food looks bad but CE you're there + + + align:start position:0% +look food looks bad but CE you're there +you sort of go ahead and eat there + + align:start position:0% +you sort of go ahead and eat there + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of go ahead and eat there +anyway because you know like if + + align:start position:0% +anyway because you know like if + + + align:start position:0% +anyway because you know like if +you don't eat there you're sort of + + align:start position:0% +you don't eat there you're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you don't eat there you're sort of +admitting that I made a bad decision and + + align:start position:0% +admitting that I made a bad decision and + + + align:start position:0% +admitting that I made a bad decision and +in deciding to pick out this restaurant + + align:start position:0% +in deciding to pick out this restaurant + + + align:start position:0% +in deciding to pick out this restaurant +and come here for half an hour and then + + align:start position:0% +and come here for half an hour and then + + + align:start position:0% +and come here for half an hour and then +you want to make my first decision + + align:start position:0% +you want to make my first decision + + + align:start position:0% +you want to make my first decision +correct the only way my first decision + + align:start position:0% +correct the only way my first decision + + + align:start position:0% +correct the only way my first decision +correct can be correct is if I then + + align:start position:0% +correct can be correct is if I then + + + align:start position:0% +correct can be correct is if I then +carry out my second decision to go ahead + + align:start position:0% +carry out my second decision to go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +carry out my second decision to go ahead +and eat there and then maybe you know + + align:start position:0% +and eat there and then maybe you know + + + align:start position:0% +and eat there and then maybe you know +then maybe you don't like the food and + + align:start position:0% +then maybe you don't like the food and + + + align:start position:0% +then maybe you don't like the food and +you're like oh wow that was unknowable + + align:start position:0% +you're like oh wow that was unknowable + + + align:start position:0% +you're like oh wow that was unknowable +so I just had a bad draw or whatever but + + align:start position:0% +so I just had a bad draw or whatever but + + + align:start position:0% +so I just had a bad draw or whatever but +it it wasn't an accan bad decision but + + align:start position:0% +it it wasn't an accan bad decision but + + + align:start position:0% +it it wasn't an accan bad decision but +the idea of selfing is we always sort of + + align:start position:0% +the idea of selfing is we always sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of selfing is we always sort of +like we we follow the paths in life + + align:start position:0% +like we we follow the paths in life + + + align:start position:0% +like we we follow the paths in life +where we just keep taking decisions and + + align:start position:0% +where we just keep taking decisions and + + + align:start position:0% +where we just keep taking decisions and +each step we sort of you know take a + + align:start position:0% +each step we sort of you know take a + + + align:start position:0% +each step we sort of you know take a +Next Step that makes us that's + + align:start position:0% +Next Step that makes us that's + + + align:start position:0% +Next Step that makes us that's +consistent with the earlier steps being + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the earlier steps being + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with the earlier steps being +right rather than admitting your first + + align:start position:0% +right rather than admitting your first + + + align:start position:0% +right rather than admitting your first +step was wrong and I should have just + + align:start position:0% +step was wrong and I should have just + + + align:start position:0% +step was wrong and I should have just +you know admitted my first step was + + align:start position:0% +you know admitted my first step was + + + align:start position:0% +you know admitted my first step was +wrong and said yeah I made a bad + + align:start position:0% +wrong and said yeah I made a bad + + + align:start position:0% +wrong and said yeah I made a bad +decision there and gone back and start + + align:start position:0% +decision there and gone back and start + + + align:start position:0% +decision there and gone back and start +over or something um okay anyway so um + + align:start position:0% +over or something um okay anyway so um + + + align:start position:0% +over or something um okay anyway so um +many many things and in some ways you + + align:start position:0% +many many things and in some ways you + + + align:start position:0% +many many things and in some ways you +know I think this is a you know it's + + align:start position:0% +know I think this is a you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +know I think this is a you know it's +field has expanded enough in the last + + align:start position:0% +field has expanded enough in the last + + + align:start position:0% +field has expanded enough in the last +decade that it's no longer as true but + + align:start position:0% +decade that it's no longer as true but + + + align:start position:0% +decade that it's no longer as true but +but in some ways you know once you have + + align:start position:0% +but in some ways you know once you have + + + align:start position:0% +but in some ways you know once you have +this view of and and this is s in some + + align:start position:0% +this view of and and this is s in some + + + align:start position:0% +this view of and and this is s in some +sense why behavioral economics does so + + align:start position:0% +sense why behavioral economics does so + + + align:start position:0% +sense why behavioral economics does so +well in every field of Economics because + + align:start position:0% +well in every field of Economics because + + + align:start position:0% +well in every field of Economics because +you know if you think about before + + align:start position:0% +you know if you think about before + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you think about before +Behavior came into fashion like what had + + align:start position:0% +Behavior came into fashion like what had + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior came into fashion like what had +terroll done in his textbook he sort of + + align:start position:0% +terroll done in his textbook he sort of + + + align:start position:0% +terroll done in his textbook he sort of +worked out with rational consumers what + + align:start position:0% +worked out with rational consumers what + + + align:start position:0% +worked out with rational consumers what +happens with Monopoly pricing and price + + align:start position:0% +happens with Monopoly pricing and price + + + align:start position:0% +happens with Monopoly pricing and price +discrimination and selling durable goods + + align:start position:0% +discrimination and selling durable goods + + + align:start position:0% +discrimination and selling durable goods +and horizontal differentiation vertical + + align:start position:0% +and horizontal differentiation vertical + + + align:start position:0% +and horizontal differentiation vertical +differentiation and search costs and so + + align:start position:0% +differentiation and search costs and so + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation and search costs and so +on you basically take the entire + + align:start position:0% +on you basically take the entire + + + align:start position:0% +on you basically take the entire +syllabus of this course and it's all + + align:start position:0% +syllabus of this course and it's all + + + align:start position:0% +syllabus of this course and it's all +rational consumers and firms dealing + + align:start position:0% +rational consumers and firms dealing + + + align:start position:0% +rational consumers and firms dealing +with this + + align:start position:0% +with this + + + align:start position:0% +with this +situation and then if you think about + + align:start position:0% +situation and then if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +situation and then if you think about +from the behavioral perspective well + + align:start position:0% +from the behavioral perspective well + + + align:start position:0% +from the behavioral perspective well +rationality is just one incorrect model + + align:start position:0% +rationality is just one incorrect model + + + align:start position:0% +rationality is just one incorrect model +of consumers and there are you know + + align:start position:0% +of consumers and there are you know + + + align:start position:0% +of consumers and there are you know +actually this many or more other models + + align:start position:0% +actually this many or more other models + + + align:start position:0% +actually this many or more other models +of consumers that would be better models + + align:start position:0% +of consumers that would be better models + + + align:start position:0% +of consumers that would be better models +of consumers in some sense what we need + + align:start position:0% +of consumers in some sense what we need + + + align:start position:0% +of consumers in some sense what we need +to do is take the entire field of IO as + + align:start position:0% +to do is take the entire field of IO as + + + align:start position:0% +to do is take the entire field of IO as +that existed in the Year 2005 and + + align:start position:0% +that existed in the Year 2005 and + + + align:start position:0% +that existed in the Year 2005 and +multiply it out into a matrix what + + align:start position:0% +multiply it out into a matrix what + + + align:start position:0% +multiply it out into a matrix what +happens in every one of these models + + align:start position:0% +happens in every one of these models + + + align:start position:0% +happens in every one of these models +with quasi hyperbolic disc consumers + + align:start position:0% +with quasi hyperbolic disc consumers + + + align:start position:0% +with quasi hyperbolic disc consumers +with berse + + align:start position:0% +with berse + + + align:start position:0% +with berse +consumers with consumers who care about + + align:start position:0% +consumers with consumers who care about + + + align:start position:0% +consumers with consumers who care about +fairness with overconfident consumers + + align:start position:0% +fairness with overconfident consumers + + + align:start position:0% +fairness with overconfident consumers +and so on and it just you know somebody + + align:start position:0% +and so on and it just you know somebody + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and it just you know somebody +like like where what how can I think of + + align:start position:0% +like like where what how can I think of + + + align:start position:0% +like like where what how can I think of +a paper to write but well in some sense + + align:start position:0% +a paper to write but well in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +a paper to write but well in some sense +you can take every paper that exists in + + align:start position:0% +you can take every paper that exists in + + + align:start position:0% +you can take every paper that exists in +the literature and write 14 new papers + + align:start position:0% +the literature and write 14 new papers + + + align:start position:0% +the literature and write 14 new papers +about it uh and so it just opens up this + + align:start position:0% +about it uh and so it just opens up this + + + align:start position:0% +about it uh and so it just opens up this +massive field and you know again is um + + align:start position:0% +massive field and you know again is um + + + align:start position:0% +massive field and you know again is um +what do I have here um yeah so you know + + align:start position:0% +what do I have here um yeah so you know + + + align:start position:0% +what do I have here um yeah so you know +are all of those good papers to write + + align:start position:0% +are all of those good papers to write + + + align:start position:0% +are all of those good papers to write +you know probably not it maybe + + align:start position:0% +you know probably not it maybe + + + align:start position:0% +you know probably not it maybe +that you know maybe you try to do + + align:start position:0% +that you know maybe you try to do + + + align:start position:0% +that you know maybe you try to do +horizontal differentiation you put in + + align:start position:0% +horizontal differentiation you put in + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal differentiation you put in +quasi hyperbolic this consumers then you + + align:start position:0% +quasi hyperbolic this consumers then you + + + align:start position:0% +quasi hyperbolic this consumers then you +realize wait the hoteling model is a + + align:start position:0% +realize wait the hoteling model is a + + + align:start position:0% +realize wait the hoteling model is a +static model it's all in one period + + align:start position:0% +static model it's all in one period + + + align:start position:0% +static model it's all in one period +therefore hyperbolic has nothing to do + + align:start position:0% +therefore hyperbolic has nothing to do + + + align:start position:0% +therefore hyperbolic has nothing to do +with it but you know certainly loss of + + align:start position:0% +with it but you know certainly loss of + + + align:start position:0% +with it but you know certainly loss of +verse consumers in a horizontal + + align:start position:0% +verse consumers in a horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +verse consumers in a horizontal +differentiation model matter and + + align:start position:0% +differentiation model matter and + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation model matter and +consumers could care about fairness and + + align:start position:0% +consumers could care about fairness and + + + align:start position:0% +consumers could care about fairness and +consumers could be overconfident in + + align:start position:0% +consumers could be overconfident in + + + align:start position:0% +consumers could be overconfident in +their AB thinks about their own thoughts + + align:start position:0% +their AB thinks about their own thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +their AB thinks about their own thoughts +about their own preferences or whatever + + align:start position:0% +about their own preferences or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +about their own preferences or whatever +um but it's always you know there are + + align:start position:0% +um but it's always you know there are + + + align:start position:0% +um but it's always you know there are +many many of these boxes that have + + align:start position:0% +many many of these boxes that have + + + align:start position:0% +many many of these boxes that have +something there and you know in some + + align:start position:0% +something there and you know in some + + + align:start position:0% +something there and you know in some +ways what I think what you wanted you + + align:start position:0% +ways what I think what you wanted you + + + align:start position:0% +ways what I think what you wanted you +know some there's this opportunity to + + align:start position:0% +know some there's this opportunity to + + + align:start position:0% +know some there's this opportunity to +sort of explore them and think about + + align:start position:0% +sort of explore them and think about + + + align:start position:0% +sort of explore them and think about +which of these preferences might be + + align:start position:0% +which of these preferences might be + + + align:start position:0% +which of these preferences might be +relevant to which of these models we + + align:start position:0% +relevant to which of these models we + + + align:start position:0% +relevant to which of these models we +looked at and think about what is they + + align:start position:0% +looked at and think about what is they + + + align:start position:0% +looked at and think about what is they +interesting to say and I think you know + + align:start position:0% +interesting to say and I think you know + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to say and I think you know +what a lot of what people are interested + + align:start position:0% +what a lot of what people are interested + + + align:start position:0% +what a lot of what people are interested +in is if you can sort of tell stories + + align:start position:0% +in is if you can sort of tell stories + + + align:start position:0% +in is if you can sort of tell stories +where I make some small change to the + + align:start position:0% +where I make some small change to the + + + align:start position:0% +where I make some small change to the +existing model and then I get a big + + align:start position:0% +existing model and then I get a big + + + align:start position:0% +existing model and then I get a big +change in the outcomes so like I don't + + align:start position:0% +change in the outcomes so like I don't + + + align:start position:0% +change in the outcomes so like I don't +need an enormous irrationality like in + + align:start position:0% +need an enormous irrationality like in + + + align:start position:0% +need an enormous irrationality like in +some sense the original model you + + align:start position:0% +some sense the original model you + + + align:start position:0% +some sense the original model you +started with was very sensitive to + + align:start position:0% +started with was very sensitive to + + + align:start position:0% +started with was very sensitive to +rationality you put in a small change it + + align:start position:0% +rationality you put in a small change it + + + align:start position:0% +rationality you put in a small change it +makes a big difference uh and you could + + align:start position:0% +makes a big difference uh and you could + + + align:start position:0% +makes a big difference uh and you could +certainly imagine many of these things + + align:start position:0% +certainly imagine many of these things + + + align:start position:0% +certainly imagine many of these things +like it could make a big difference in + + align:start position:0% +like it could make a big difference in + + + align:start position:0% +like it could make a big difference in +durable goods models if we had qu quasi + + align:start position:0% +durable goods models if we had qu quasi + + + align:start position:0% +durable goods models if we had qu quasi +hyperbolic + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic +preferences I let's take an example I + + align:start position:0% +preferences I let's take an example I + + + align:start position:0% +preferences I let's take an example I +guess you probably didn't get there but + + align:start position:0% +guess you probably didn't get there but + + + align:start position:0% +guess you probably didn't get there but +like when I talked about my add-on + + align:start position:0% +like when I talked about my add-on + + + align:start position:0% +like when I talked about my add-on +pricing paper about + + align:start position:0% +pricing paper about + + + align:start position:0% +pricing paper about +uh you know do fir you know are do firms + + align:start position:0% +uh you know do fir you know are do firms + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know do fir you know are do firms +want to sort of AD post an unadvertised + + align:start position:0% +want to sort of AD post an unadvertised + + + align:start position:0% +want to sort of AD post an unadvertised +post advertised price that doesn't cons + + align:start position:0% +post advertised price that doesn't cons + + + align:start position:0% +post advertised price that doesn't cons +doesn't include some add-on and then + + align:start position:0% +doesn't include some add-on and then + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't include some add-on and then +hold up consumers for the full Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +hold up consumers for the full Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +hold up consumers for the full Monopoly +price of the add-on after consumer show + + align:start position:0% +price of the add-on after consumer show + + + align:start position:0% +price of the add-on after consumer show +up at the firm you know back in the back + + align:start position:0% +up at the firm you know back in the back + + + align:start position:0% +up at the firm you know back in the back +half of that paper there's a section + + align:start position:0% +half of that paper there's a section + + + align:start position:0% +half of that paper there's a section +that says in a game where the two firms + + align:start position:0% +that says in a game where the two firms + + + align:start position:0% +that says in a game where the two firms +are simultaneously deciding whether to + + align:start position:0% +are simultaneously deciding whether to + + + align:start position:0% +are simultaneously deciding whether to +advertise the base good only or the base + + align:start position:0% +advertise the base good only or the base + + + align:start position:0% +advertise the base good only or the base +good and an add-on which would they do + + align:start position:0% +good and an add-on which would they do + + + align:start position:0% +good and an add-on which would they do +and the answer is the firms don't want + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is the firms don't want + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is the firms don't want +it's not individually rational in that + + align:start position:0% +it's not individually rational in that + + + align:start position:0% +it's not individually rational in that +model for the firms to do add-on pricing + + align:start position:0% +model for the firms to do add-on pricing + + + align:start position:0% +model for the firms to do add-on pricing +um however if you add a small number of + + align:start position:0% +um however if you add a small number of + + + align:start position:0% +um however if you add a small number of +Behavioral consumers who don't realize + + align:start position:0% +Behavioral consumers who don't realize + + + align:start position:0% +Behavioral consumers who don't realize +how expensive the add-on is going to be + + align:start position:0% +how expensive the add-on is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +how expensive the add-on is going to be +until they get to the point of sale then + + align:start position:0% +until they get to the point of sale then + + + align:start position:0% +until they get to the point of sale then +it can make sense and so it's just an + + align:start position:0% +it can make sense and so it's just an + + + align:start position:0% +it can make sense and so it's just an +example where you have a small change to + + align:start position:0% +example where you have a small change to + + + align:start position:0% +example where you have a small change to +the model like a small fraction of your + + align:start position:0% +the model like a small fraction of your + + + align:start position:0% +the model like a small fraction of your +rational consumers can change have a big + + align:start position:0% +rational consumers can change have a big + + + align:start position:0% +rational consumers can change have a big +change on on the model okay um so I'm + + align:start position:0% +change on on the model okay um so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +change on on the model okay um so I'm +going to start with just uh you + + align:start position:0% +going to start with just uh you + + + align:start position:0% +going to start with just uh you +know very early paper uh bringing out + + align:start position:0% +know very early paper uh bringing out + + + align:start position:0% +know very early paper uh bringing out +some basic ideas so this is um Delia and + + align:start position:0% +some basic ideas so this is um Delia and + + + align:start position:0% +some basic ideas so this is um Delia and +M Deer uh thinking about how a + + align:start position:0% +M Deer uh thinking about how a + + + align:start position:0% +M Deer uh thinking about how a +monopolist would design products or + + align:start position:0% +monopolist would design products or + + + align:start position:0% +monopolist would design products or +sales mechanisms to exploit hyperbolic + + align:start position:0% +sales mechanisms to exploit hyperbolic + + + align:start position:0% +sales mechanisms to exploit hyperbolic +consumers uh and this is a multi-stage + + align:start position:0% +consumers uh and this is a multi-stage + + + align:start position:0% +consumers uh and this is a multi-stage +game motivated by health clubs where the + + align:start position:0% +game motivated by health clubs where the + + + align:start position:0% +game motivated by health clubs where the +idea is that you know everybody wishes + + align:start position:0% +idea is that you know everybody wishes + + + align:start position:0% +idea is that you know everybody wishes +they went to the gym more than they + + align:start position:0% +they went to the gym more than they + + + align:start position:0% +they went to the gym more than they +actually do um okay uh and so here's + + align:start position:0% +actually do um okay uh and so here's + + + align:start position:0% +actually do um okay uh and so here's +their model so firms offer consumers a + + align:start position:0% +their model so firms offer consumers a + + + align:start position:0% +their model so firms offer consumers a +two-part tariff you pay L which is a + + align:start position:0% +two-part tariff you pay L which is a + + + align:start position:0% +two-part tariff you pay L which is a +signup fee to join the gym and then if + + align:start position:0% +signup fee to join the gym and then if + + + align:start position:0% +signup fee to join the gym and then if +you visit x times you pay P times x so + + align:start position:0% +you visit x times you pay P times x so + + + align:start position:0% +you visit x times you pay P times x so +every time you come to the gym you pay P + + align:start position:0% +every time you come to the gym you pay P + + + align:start position:0% +every time you come to the gym you pay P +to go + + align:start position:0% +to go + + + align:start position:0% +to go +there consumers have these beta Delta + + align:start position:0% +there consumers have these beta Delta + + + align:start position:0% +there consumers have these beta Delta +hyperbolic preferences and they say yes + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic preferences and they say yes + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic preferences and they say yes +or no I will pay my upfront fee L to + + align:start position:0% +or no I will pay my upfront fee L to + + + align:start position:0% +or no I will pay my upfront fee L to +join the + + align:start position:0% +join the + + + align:start position:0% +join the +gym and then in their model there's + + align:start position:0% +gym and then in their model there's + + + align:start position:0% +gym and then in their model there's +uncertainty you you know you should join + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty you you know you should join + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty you you know you should join +the gym and that it's good for you and + + align:start position:0% +the gym and that it's good for you and + + + align:start position:0% +the gym and that it's good for you and +you don't remember how unpleasant it is + + align:start position:0% +you don't remember how unpleasant it is + + + align:start position:0% +you don't remember how unpleasant it is +to go to the gym like how long does it + + align:start position:0% +to go to the gym like how long does it + + + align:start position:0% +to go to the gym like how long does it +take to actually get there how + + align:start position:0% +take to actually get there how + + + align:start position:0% +take to actually get there how +unpleasant is the exercising there you + + align:start position:0% +unpleasant is the exercising there you + + + align:start position:0% +unpleasant is the exercising there you +know you know + + align:start position:0% +know you know + + + align:start position:0% +know you know +how how gross is the showers at the gym + + align:start position:0% +how how gross is the showers at the gym + + + align:start position:0% +how how gross is the showers at the gym +and whatever how much you're going to + + align:start position:0% +and whatever how much you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and whatever how much you're going to +dislike exercising once you get there + + align:start position:0% +dislike exercising once you get there + + + align:start position:0% +dislike exercising once you get there +and so after you go to the gym you learn + + align:start position:0% +and so after you go to the gym you learn + + + align:start position:0% +and so after you go to the gym you learn +your disutility d uh that you incur + + align:start position:0% +your disutility d uh that you incur + + + align:start position:0% +your disutility d uh that you incur +every time you go to the + + align:start position:0% +every time you go to the + + + align:start position:0% +every time you go to the +gym and then you then choose how many + + align:start position:0% +gym and then you then choose how many + + + align:start position:0% +gym and then you then choose how many +times am I going to go to the gym this + + align:start position:0% +times am I going to go to the gym this + + + align:start position:0% +times am I going to go to the gym this +month to simplify the algebra they do + + align:start position:0% +month to simplify the algebra they do + + + align:start position:0% +month to simplify the algebra they do +either zero or one but obviously it's it + + align:start position:0% +either zero or one but obviously it's it + + + align:start position:0% +either zero or one but obviously it's it +you know we're thinking of one as being + + align:start position:0% +you know we're thinking of one as being + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're thinking of one as being +go to the gym every day and go zero is + + align:start position:0% +go to the gym every day and go zero is + + + align:start position:0% +go to the gym every day and go zero is +never go to the gym or something like + + align:start position:0% +never go to the gym or something like + + + align:start position:0% +never go to the gym or something like +that and then you incur disutility D + + align:start position:0% +that and then you incur disutility D + + + align:start position:0% +that and then you incur disutility D +plus P * X when you go to the + + align:start position:0% +plus P * X when you go to the + + + align:start position:0% +plus P * X when you go to the +gym and then you get a delayed health + + align:start position:0% +gym and then you get a delayed health + + + align:start position:0% +gym and then you get a delayed health +benefit uh x x b so you do feel better + + align:start position:0% +benefit uh x x b so you do feel better + + + align:start position:0% +benefit uh x x b so you do feel better +after you've been to the gym you're + + align:start position:0% +after you've been to the gym you're + + + align:start position:0% +after you've been to the gym you're +happy that you went yesterday and that's + + align:start position:0% +happy that you went yesterday and that's + + + align:start position:0% +happy that you went yesterday and that's +x x b okay and so the you know the + + align:start position:0% +x x b okay and so the you know the + + + align:start position:0% +x x b okay and so the you know the +hyperbolic preferences come in here + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic preferences come in here + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic preferences come in here +where you know the consumer at at T + + align:start position:0% +where you know the consumer at at T + + + align:start position:0% +where you know the consumer at at T +equals 1 who's hyperbolic wants his + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 who's hyperbolic wants his + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 who's hyperbolic wants his +future self to go to the gym because he + + align:start position:0% +future self to go to the gym because he + + + align:start position:0% +future self to go to the gym because he +doesn't he he sort of treats the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't he he sort of treats the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't he he sort of treats the +disutility and the benefit as both + + align:start position:0% +disutility and the benefit as both + + + align:start position:0% +disutility and the benefit as both +having sort of roughly equal weight + + align:start position:0% +having sort of roughly equal weight + + + align:start position:0% +having sort of roughly equal weight +because they're just both future things + + align:start position:0% +because they're just both future things + + + align:start position:0% +because they're just both future things +and he thinks the future benefit is + + align:start position:0% +and he thinks the future benefit is + + + align:start position:0% +and he thinks the future benefit is +worth the future disutility probably um + + align:start position:0% +worth the future disutility probably um + + + align:start position:0% +worth the future disutility probably um +but then the consumer who's actually + + align:start position:0% +but then the consumer who's actually + + + align:start position:0% +but then the consumer who's actually +here making the do I go to the gym today + + align:start position:0% +here making the do I go to the gym today + + + align:start position:0% +here making the do I go to the gym today +or not decision that consumer is sort of + + align:start position:0% +or not decision that consumer is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +or not decision that consumer is sort of +treating the disutility and the money + + align:start position:0% +treating the disutility and the money + + + align:start position:0% +treating the disutility and the money +paid as a present thing and the health + + align:start position:0% +paid as a present thing and the health + + + align:start position:0% +paid as a present thing and the health +benefit of a future thing so that's that + + align:start position:0% +benefit of a future thing so that's that + + + align:start position:0% +benefit of a future thing so that's that +lazy future self is tempted to not go + + align:start position:0% +lazy future self is tempted to not go + + + align:start position:0% +lazy future self is tempted to not go +today and sort of say okay the tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +today and sort of say okay the tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +today and sort of say okay the tomorrow +self will be the one to go to the gym + + align:start position:0% +self will be the one to go to the gym + + + align:start position:0% +self will be the one to go to the gym +not not the today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +self um so what are some of the um + + align:start position:0% +self um so what are some of the um + + + align:start position:0% +self um so what are some of the um +observations um first you know Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +observations um first you know Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +observations um first you know Monopoly +observation is that in this model we get + + align:start position:0% +observation is that in this model we get + + + align:start position:0% +observation is that in this model we get +distorted + + align:start position:0% +distorted + + + align:start position:0% +distorted +pricing uh + + align:start position:0% +pricing uh + + + align:start position:0% +pricing uh +where uh p is distorted down so they in + + align:start position:0% +where uh p is distorted down so they in + + + align:start position:0% +where uh p is distorted down so they in +their paper they have sort of a costs + + align:start position:0% +their paper they have sort of a costs + + + align:start position:0% +their paper they have sort of a costs +marginal cost C * X of having people go + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost C * X of having people go + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost C * X of having people go +to the gym I mean you know C May small + + align:start position:0% +to the gym I mean you know C May small + + + align:start position:0% +to the gym I mean you know C May small +but the gym does they have to wash your + + align:start position:0% +but the gym does they have to wash your + + + align:start position:0% +but the gym does they have to wash your +towel they may wipe down the equipment + + align:start position:0% +towel they may wipe down the equipment + + + align:start position:0% +towel they may wipe down the equipment +they have some capacity level so they + + align:start position:0% +they have some capacity level so they + + + align:start position:0% +they have some capacity level so they +encourage some small cost see when you + + align:start position:0% +encourage some small cost see when you + + + align:start position:0% +encourage some small cost see when you +come but so + + align:start position:0% +come but so + + + align:start position:0% +come but so +the main Distortion we get is we get you + + align:start position:0% +the main Distortion we get is we get you + + + align:start position:0% +the main Distortion we get is we get you +know P less than C this can be going to + + align:start position:0% +know P less than C this can be going to + + + align:start position:0% +know P less than C this can be going to +the gym is free you don't pay when you + + align:start position:0% +the gym is free you don't pay when you + + + align:start position:0% +the gym is free you don't pay when you +show up on your gym membership or it + + align:start position:0% +show up on your gym membership or it + + + align:start position:0% +show up on your gym membership or it +could be that P is even negative that + + align:start position:0% +could be that P is even negative that + + + align:start position:0% +could be that P is even negative that +like you don't pay and they give you a + + align:start position:0% +like you don't pay and they give you a + + + align:start position:0% +like you don't pay and they give you a +free juice or they give you some other + + align:start position:0% +free juice or they give you some other + + + align:start position:0% +free juice or they give you some other +things for free that they don't charge + + align:start position:0% +things for free that they don't charge + + + align:start position:0% +things for free that they don't charge +you for uh when you're at the gym + + align:start position:0% +you for uh when you're at the gym + + + align:start position:0% +you for uh when you're at the gym +okay and why why do they distort P down + + align:start position:0% +okay and why why do they distort P down + + + align:start position:0% +okay and why why do they distort P down +there are two reasons first is let's + + align:start position:0% +there are two reasons first is let's + + + align:start position:0% +there are two reasons first is let's +think about the sophisticated hyperbolic + + align:start position:0% +think about the sophisticated hyperbolic + + + align:start position:0% +think about the sophisticated hyperbolic +model where this consumer knows that his + + align:start position:0% +model where this consumer knows that his + + + align:start position:0% +model where this consumer knows that his +future self is going to be lazy okay so + + align:start position:0% +future self is going to be lazy okay so + + + align:start position:0% +future self is going to be lazy okay so +that means he knows there's going to be + + align:start position:0% +that means he knows there's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that means he knows there's going to be +a problem of I sign up for the gym + + align:start position:0% +a problem of I sign up for the gym + + + align:start position:0% +a problem of I sign up for the gym +membership this guy's not going to go uh + + align:start position:0% +membership this guy's not going to go uh + + + align:start position:0% +membership this guy's not going to go uh +and therefore I'm not going to get the + + align:start position:0% +and therefore I'm not going to get the + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore I'm not going to get the +health benefit so what happens is the + + align:start position:0% +health benefit so what happens is the + + + align:start position:0% +health benefit so what happens is the +sophisticated consumer wants to commit + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated consumer wants to commit + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated consumer wants to commit +his future self to actually go to the + + align:start position:0% +his future self to actually go to the + + + align:start position:0% +his future self to actually go to the +gym and how does he commit his future + + align:start position:0% +gym and how does he commit his future + + + align:start position:0% +gym and how does he commit his future +self to go to the gym he makes the price + + align:start position:0% +self to go to the gym he makes the price + + + align:start position:0% +self to go to the gym he makes the price +you know if you sell if you if if the if + + align:start position:0% +you know if you sell if you if if the if + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you sell if you if if the if +you offer a contract where the p is + + align:start position:0% +you offer a contract where the p is + + + align:start position:0% +you offer a contract where the p is +negative there's all kinds of free stuff + + align:start position:0% +negative there's all kinds of free stuff + + + align:start position:0% +negative there's all kinds of free stuff +offered at the gym and they don't charge + + align:start position:0% +offered at the gym and they don't charge + + + align:start position:0% +offered at the gym and they don't charge +you any money then you're thinking that + + align:start position:0% +you any money then you're thinking that + + + align:start position:0% +you any money then you're thinking that +lazy future self of mine is going to go + + align:start position:0% +lazy future self of mine is going to go + + + align:start position:0% +lazy future self of mine is going to go +to the gym because he's going to want to + + align:start position:0% +to the gym because he's going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +to the gym because he's going to want to +get the negative + + align:start position:0% +get the negative + + + align:start position:0% +get the negative +$10 fee for going to the gym and then + + align:start position:0% +$10 fee for going to the gym and then + + + align:start position:0% +$10 fee for going to the gym and then +that's going to make him willing to + + align:start position:0% +that's going to make him willing to + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to make him willing to +incur the disutility to get the benefit + + align:start position:0% +incur the disutility to get the benefit + + + align:start position:0% +incur the disutility to get the benefit +and so the sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +and so the sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +and so the sophisticated +consumers want to have a contra and and + + align:start position:0% +consumers want to have a contra and and + + + align:start position:0% +consumers want to have a contra and and +they're willing to pay a lot of money up + + align:start position:0% +they're willing to pay a lot of money up + + + align:start position:0% +they're willing to pay a lot of money up +front to get the contract with the low P + + align:start position:0% +front to get the contract with the low P + + + align:start position:0% +front to get the contract with the low P +that's going to force their future self + + align:start position:0% +that's going to force their future self + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to force their future self +to go to the + + align:start position:0% +to go to the + + + align:start position:0% +to go to the +gym so that's the sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +gym so that's the sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +gym so that's the sophisticated +argument um if consumers are naive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +misestimate how often they go to the gym + + align:start position:0% +misestimate how often they go to the gym + + + align:start position:0% +misestimate how often they go to the gym +they say okay you know I know B is + + align:start position:0% +they say okay you know I know B is + + + align:start position:0% +they say okay you know I know B is +bigger than D therefore if B is bigger + + align:start position:0% +bigger than D therefore if B is bigger + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than D therefore if B is bigger +if if I know B is bigger than D um and + + align:start position:0% +if if I know B is bigger than D um and + + + align:start position:0% +if if I know B is bigger than D um and +the price is zero My Future Self is + + align:start position:0% +the price is zero My Future Self is + + + align:start position:0% +the price is zero My Future Self is +going to go to the gym every single day + + align:start position:0% +going to go to the gym every single day + + + align:start position:0% +going to go to the gym every single day +and then what you can say like so if you + + align:start position:0% +and then what you can say like so if you + + + align:start position:0% +and then what you can say like so if you +have this person who sort of thinks + + align:start position:0% +have this person who sort of thinks + + + align:start position:0% +have this person who sort of thinks +they're going to go every like so + + align:start position:0% +they're going to go every like so + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to go every like so +suppose that we have um you know the + + align:start position:0% +suppose that we have um you know the + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that we have um you know the +benefit B is bigger than um the + + align:start position:0% +benefit B is bigger than um the + + + align:start position:0% +benefit B is bigger than um the +disutility D but the benefit B is less + + align:start position:0% +disutility D but the benefit B is less + + + align:start position:0% +disutility D but the benefit B is less +than beta time Delta + + align:start position:0% +than beta time Delta + + + align:start position:0% +than beta time Delta +okay so this is the case where the + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the case where the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the case where the +future self + + align:start position:0% +future self + + + align:start position:0% +future self +um you want the future the future self + + align:start position:0% +um you want the future the future self + + + align:start position:0% +um you want the future the future self +thinks they're going to go to the + + align:start position:0% +thinks they're going to go to the + + + align:start position:0% +thinks they're going to go to the +uh sorry this is D not + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry this is D not + + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry this is D not +Delta um the future self thinks they're + + align:start position:0% +Delta um the future self thinks they're + + + align:start position:0% +Delta um the future self thinks they're +going to go to the gym but they're not + + align:start position:0% +going to go to the gym but they're not + + + align:start position:0% +going to go to the gym but they're not +actually going to go to the gym because + + align:start position:0% +actually going to go to the gym because + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to go to the gym because +you know you you think that they're + + align:start position:0% +you know you you think that they're + + + align:start position:0% +you know you you think that they're +going to be rational and tradeoff + + align:start position:0% +going to be rational and tradeoff + + + align:start position:0% +going to be rational and tradeoff +benefit versus + + align:start position:0% +benefit versus + + + align:start position:0% +benefit versus +disutility but they're actually going to + + align:start position:0% +disutility but they're actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +disutility but they're actually going to +trade off disutility versus beta times + + align:start position:0% +trade off disutility versus beta times + + + align:start position:0% +trade off disutility versus beta times +benefit + + align:start position:0% +benefit + + + align:start position:0% +benefit +so this is + + align:start position:0% +so this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is +oops um so beta time B is less than the + + align:start position:0% +oops um so beta time B is less than the + + + align:start position:0% +oops um so beta time B is less than the +this utility okay well so here's what + + align:start position:0% +this utility okay well so here's what + + + align:start position:0% +this utility okay well so here's what +you can do you can tell that consumer + + align:start position:0% +you can do you can tell that consumer + + + align:start position:0% +you can do you can tell that consumer +okay look + + align:start position:0% +okay look + + + align:start position:0% +okay look +um what we're going to do is go to the + + align:start position:0% +um what we're going to do is go to the + + + align:start position:0% +um what we're going to do is go to the +gym and instead of charging you cost + + align:start position:0% +gym and instead of charging you cost + + + align:start position:0% +gym and instead of charging you cost +every time you go I'm going to give you + + align:start position:0% +every time you go I'm going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +every time you go I'm going to give you +like $10 less than cost every time you + + align:start position:0% +like $10 less than cost every time you + + + align:start position:0% +like $10 less than cost every time you +go uh and so you're going to save you + + align:start position:0% +go uh and so you're going to save you + + + align:start position:0% +go uh and so you're going to save you +know you're going to earn $300 in these + + align:start position:0% +know you're going to earn $300 in these + + + align:start position:0% +know you're going to earn $300 in these +sort of bonus payments for going to the + + align:start position:0% +sort of bonus payments for going to the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of bonus payments for going to the +gym every day and so for that I'm going + + align:start position:0% +gym every day and so for that I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +gym every day and so for that I'm going +to for the low low price of $299 a month + + align:start position:0% +to for the low low price of $299 a month + + + align:start position:0% +to for the low low price of $299 a month +I'm going to give you that $10 every day + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you that $10 every day + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to give you that $10 every day +and the naive hyperbolic consumer is + + align:start position:0% +and the naive hyperbolic consumer is + + + align:start position:0% +and the naive hyperbolic consumer is +like wow that's an awesome deal I have a + + align:start position:0% +like wow that's an awesome deal I have a + + + align:start position:0% +like wow that's an awesome deal I have a +negative gym membership I only pay $299 + + align:start position:0% +negative gym membership I only pay $299 + + + align:start position:0% +negative gym membership I only pay $299 +up front and I get $300 back but then + + align:start position:0% +up front and I get $300 back but then + + + align:start position:0% +up front and I get $300 back but then +obviously you + + align:start position:0% +obviously you + + + align:start position:0% +obviously you +know you're never going to actually you + + align:start position:0% +know you're never going to actually you + + + align:start position:0% +know you're never going to actually you +know like if the negative 10 is not + + align:start position:0% +know like if the negative 10 is not + + + align:start position:0% +know like if the negative 10 is not +enough to get you to go you're never + + align:start position:0% +enough to get you to go you're never + + + align:start position:0% +enough to get you to go you're never +actually going to get to go you've paid + + align:start position:0% +actually going to get to go you've paid + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to get to go you've paid +$299 UPF front for something that was + + align:start position:0% +$299 UPF front for something that was + + + align:start position:0% +$299 UPF front for something that was +worth zero to you and because you know + + align:start position:0% +worth zero to you and because you know + + + align:start position:0% +worth zero to you and because you know +you're going to overestimate your gym + + align:start position:0% +you're going to overestimate your gym + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to overestimate your gym +usage you then you then end up uh you + + align:start position:0% +usage you then you then end up uh you + + + align:start position:0% +usage you then you then end up uh you +want to charge in that with that kind of + + align:start position:0% +want to charge in that with that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +want to charge in that with that kind of +uh scheme + + align:start position:0% +uh scheme + + + align:start position:0% +uh scheme +okay okay um third observation here is + + align:start position:0% +okay okay um third observation here is + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay um third observation here is +in this sophisticated model the p is + + align:start position:0% +in this sophisticated model the p is + + + align:start position:0% +in this sophisticated model the p is +socially efficient uh there isn't + + align:start position:0% +socially efficient uh there isn't + + + align:start position:0% +socially efficient uh there isn't +actually Distortion you're charging them + + align:start position:0% +actually Distortion you're charging them + + + align:start position:0% +actually Distortion you're charging them +less than cost but the price that you + + align:start position:0% +less than cost but the price that you + + + align:start position:0% +less than cost but the price that you +charge them it's even though p is less + + align:start position:0% +charge them it's even though p is less + + + align:start position:0% +charge them it's even though p is less +we normally think of P equals c as what + + align:start position:0% +we normally think of P equals c as what + + + align:start position:0% +we normally think of P equals c as what +gives us full social efficiency here + + align:start position:0% +gives us full social efficiency here + + + align:start position:0% +gives us full social efficiency here +it's actually P less than C that gives + + align:start position:0% +it's actually P less than C that gives + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually P less than C that gives +us full social efficiency + + align:start position:0% +us full social efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +us full social efficiency +do I have that on here um yeah why is + + align:start position:0% +do I have that on here um yeah why is + + + align:start position:0% +do I have that on here um yeah why is +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um you know it in some ways this is like + + align:start position:0% +um you know it in some ways this is like + + + align:start position:0% +um you know it in some ways this is like +back to lecture one of this class if you + + align:start position:0% +back to lecture one of this class if you + + + align:start position:0% +back to lecture one of this class if you +remember in lecture one of this class I + + align:start position:0% +remember in lecture one of this class I + + + align:start position:0% +remember in lecture one of this class I +had if you have a firm choosing product + + align:start position:0% +had if you have a firm choosing product + + + align:start position:0% +had if you have a firm choosing product +quality they choose the optimal quality + + align:start position:0% +quality they choose the optimal quality + + + align:start position:0% +quality they choose the optimal quality +for the marginal + + align:start position:0% +for the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +for the marginal +consumer um in the delum M your paper + + align:start position:0% +consumer um in the delum M your paper + + + align:start position:0% +consumer um in the delum M your paper +all the consumers are xan the identical + + align:start position:0% +all the consumers are xan the identical + + + align:start position:0% +all the consumers are xan the identical +so the marginal consumer is the average + + align:start position:0% +so the marginal consumer is the average + + + align:start position:0% +so the marginal consumer is the average +consumer therefore what you do is you + + align:start position:0% +consumer therefore what you do is you + + + align:start position:0% +consumer therefore what you do is you +always choose the optimal product + + align:start position:0% +always choose the optimal product + + + align:start position:0% +always choose the optimal product +quality and just extract all of that + + align:start position:0% +quality and just extract all of that + + + align:start position:0% +quality and just extract all of that +with a fixed fee that that's what this + + align:start position:0% +with a fixed fee that that's what this + + + align:start position:0% +with a fixed fee that that's what this +model is here it's like P is just a + + align:start position:0% +model is here it's like P is just a + + + align:start position:0% +model is here it's like P is just a +dimension of quality a a a lower P gym + + align:start position:0% +dimension of quality a a a lower P gym + + + align:start position:0% +dimension of quality a a a lower P gym +contract a lower perv visit contract is + + align:start position:0% +contract a lower perv visit contract is + + + align:start position:0% +contract a lower perv visit contract is +a contract that has sort of a higher + + align:start position:0% +a contract that has sort of a higher + + + align:start position:0% +a contract that has sort of a higher +quality and therefore you know you just + + align:start position:0% +quality and therefore you know you just + + + align:start position:0% +quality and therefore you know you just +choose the optimal quality for the + + align:start position:0% +choose the optimal quality for the + + + align:start position:0% +choose the optimal quality for the +consumers then you sort of extract all + + align:start position:0% +consumers then you sort of extract all + + + align:start position:0% +consumers then you sort of extract all +the fixed fee it's fully efficient from + + align:start position:0% +the fixed fee it's fully efficient from + + + align:start position:0% +the fixed fee it's fully efficient from +the point of view of the sophist iated + + align:start position:0% +the point of view of the sophist iated + + + align:start position:0% +the point of view of the sophist iated +hyperbolic consumer who's the one buying + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic consumer who's the one buying + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic consumer who's the one buying +it okay and you sort of more + + align:start position:0% +it okay and you sort of more + + + align:start position:0% +it okay and you sort of more +generally you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know you know that theorem from the + + align:start position:0% +know you know that theorem from the + + + align:start position:0% +know you know that theorem from the +first class was that you know it's + + align:start position:0% +first class was that you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +first class was that you know it's +efficient in terms of maximizing the sum + + align:start position:0% +efficient in terms of maximizing the sum + + + align:start position:0% +efficient in terms of maximizing the sum +of of it's socially efficient in terms + + align:start position:0% +of of it's socially efficient in terms + + + align:start position:0% +of of it's socially efficient in terms +of maximizing the sum of profits of the + + align:start position:0% +of maximizing the sum of profits of the + + + align:start position:0% +of maximizing the sum of profits of the +firm and the sort of uh utility of the + + align:start position:0% +firm and the sort of uh utility of the + + + align:start position:0% +firm and the sort of uh utility of the +cons and the utility of the consumer but + + align:start position:0% +cons and the utility of the consumer but + + + align:start position:0% +cons and the utility of the consumer but +it wasn't really the utility of the + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't really the utility of the + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't really the utility of the +consumer that mattered it was the + + align:start position:0% +consumer that mattered it was the + + + align:start position:0% +consumer that mattered it was the +willingness to pay of the consumer and + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay of the consumer and + + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay of the consumer and +so if you make the willingness to pay + + align:start position:0% +so if you make the willingness to pay + + + align:start position:0% +so if you make the willingness to pay +different from the utility then a + + align:start position:0% +different from the utility then a + + + align:start position:0% +different from the utility then a +monopolis serving a homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +monopolis serving a homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +monopolis serving a homogeneous +population is going to choose the + + align:start position:0% +population is going to choose the + + + align:start position:0% +population is going to choose the +quality that maximizes the uh sum of + + align:start position:0% +quality that maximizes the uh sum of + + + align:start position:0% +quality that maximizes the uh sum of +profits and willingness to pay and so + + align:start position:0% +profits and willingness to pay and so + + + align:start position:0% +profits and willingness to pay and so +it's going to be efficient in that sense + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be efficient in that sense + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be efficient in that sense +of willingness to pay as utility and so + + align:start position:0% +of willingness to pay as utility and so + + + align:start position:0% +of willingness to pay as utility and so +that's what we have in a sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +that's what we have in a sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we have in a sophisticated +hyperbolic consumer you're always going + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic consumer you're always going + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic consumer you're always going +to maximize uh the utility that you get + + align:start position:0% +to maximize uh the utility that you get + + + align:start position:0% +to maximize uh the utility that you get +um and you know this is going to in some + + align:start position:0% +um and you know this is going to in some + + + align:start position:0% +um and you know this is going to in some +ways it General lesson here is that it's + + align:start position:0% +ways it General lesson here is that it's + + + align:start position:0% +ways it General lesson here is that it's +it's not like competition would force + + align:start position:0% +it's not like competition would force + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like competition would force +you to eliminate these distort + + align:start position:0% +you to eliminate these distort + + + align:start position:0% +you to eliminate these distort +distorting consumers like competition + + align:start position:0% +distorting consumers like competition + + + align:start position:0% +distorting consumers like competition +forces you to exploit behavioral + + align:start position:0% +forces you to exploit behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +forces you to exploit behavioral +consumers because competition forces you + + align:start position:0% +consumers because competition forces you + + + align:start position:0% +consumers because competition forces you +to design a product quality or a + + align:start position:0% +to design a product quality or a + + + align:start position:0% +to design a product quality or a +contract that maximizes willingness to + + align:start position:0% +contract that maximizes willingness to + + + align:start position:0% +contract that maximizes willingness to +pay and then give all the rents back to + + align:start position:0% +pay and then give all the rents back to + + + align:start position:0% +pay and then give all the rents back to +the consumers so whether it's Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +the consumers so whether it's Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +the consumers so whether it's Monopoly +or perfect competition firms always + + align:start position:0% +or perfect competition firms always + + + align:start position:0% +or perfect competition firms always +exploit behavioral consumers because + + align:start position:0% +exploit behavioral consumers because + + + align:start position:0% +exploit behavioral consumers because +they're just always trying to maximize + + align:start position:0% +they're just always trying to maximize + + + align:start position:0% +they're just always trying to maximize +willingness to pay and it doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay and it doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay and it doesn't matter +that willingness to pay is utility + + align:start position:0% +that willingness to pay is utility + + + align:start position:0% +that willingness to pay is utility +you're just trying to maximize + + align:start position:0% +you're just trying to maximize + + + align:start position:0% +you're just trying to maximize +willingness to pay if willingness to pay + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay if willingness to pay + + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay if willingness to pay +and utility are different you maximize + + align:start position:0% +and utility are different you maximize + + + align:start position:0% +and utility are different you maximize +willingness to pay which is exploiting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people okay so they have uh you know one + + align:start position:0% +people okay so they have uh you know one + + + align:start position:0% +people okay so they have uh you know one +of first behavioral empirical papers um + + align:start position:0% +of first behavioral empirical papers um + + + align:start position:0% +of first behavioral empirical papers um +trying to analyze this idea in a um data + + align:start position:0% +trying to analyze this idea in a um data + + + align:start position:0% +trying to analyze this idea in a um data +set on health CB memberships in the + + align:start position:0% +set on health CB memberships in the + + + align:start position:0% +set on health CB memberships in the +Boston area uh and the idea is you know + + align:start position:0% +Boston area uh and the idea is you know + + + align:start position:0% +Boston area uh and the idea is you know +it's it's a reduced one of these sort of + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a reduced one of these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a reduced one of these sort of +reduced form papers we try to sort of + + align:start position:0% +reduced form papers we try to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +reduced form papers we try to sort of +say what are predictions of the rational + + align:start position:0% +say what are predictions of the rational + + + align:start position:0% +say what are predictions of the rational +model what would be you know not + + align:start position:0% +model what would be you know not + + + align:start position:0% +model what would be you know not +necessarily predictions of of the + + align:start position:0% +necessarily predictions of of the + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily predictions of of the +hyperbolic model but directions in which + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic model but directions in which + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic model but directions in which +we think hyperbolic pricing with + + align:start position:0% +we think hyperbolic pricing with + + + align:start position:0% +we think hyperbolic pricing with +hyperbolic consumers would differ from + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic consumers would differ from + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic consumers would differ from +pricing with rational consumers and what + + align:start position:0% +pricing with rational consumers and what + + + align:start position:0% +pricing with rational consumers and what +they're trying to do is reject the + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to do is reject the + + + align:start position:0% +they're trying to do is reject the +rational model of Health Club consumers + + align:start position:0% +rational model of Health Club consumers + + + align:start position:0% +rational model of Health Club consumers +and show that sort of some kind of + + align:start position:0% +and show that sort of some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and show that sort of some kind of +hyperbolic Mo it's departing from that + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic Mo it's departing from that + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic Mo it's departing from that +hyperbolic Direction um so anyway the + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic Direction um so anyway the + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic Direction um so anyway the +data set has um 7,000 members at three + + align:start position:0% +data set has um 7,000 members at three + + + align:start position:0% +data set has um 7,000 members at three +Boston area health clubs a lot of what + + align:start position:0% +Boston area health clubs a lot of what + + + align:start position:0% +Boston area health clubs a lot of what +they have is just a data set on the + + align:start position:0% +they have is just a data set on the + + + align:start position:0% +they have is just a data set on the +usage of these health clubs and they do + + align:start position:0% +usage of these health clubs and they do + + + align:start position:0% +usage of these health clubs and they do +also have a survey data where they stood + + align:start position:0% +also have a survey data where they stood + + + align:start position:0% +also have a survey data where they stood +outside the health clubs and just asked + + align:start position:0% +outside the health clubs and just asked + + + align:start position:0% +outside the health clubs and just asked +people survey questions about how much + + align:start position:0% +people survey questions about how much + + + align:start position:0% +people survey questions about how much +they they use the gym and stuff um so + + align:start position:0% +they they use the gym and stuff um so + + + align:start position:0% +they they use the gym and stuff um so +first inconsistent with the ful rational + + align:start position:0% +first inconsistent with the ful rational + + + align:start position:0% +first inconsistent with the ful rational +model um customers who sign up for the + + align:start position:0% +model um customers who sign up for the + + + align:start position:0% +model um customers who sign up for the +gym just pay too much um so one of the + + align:start position:0% +gym just pay too much um so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +gym just pay too much um so one of the +plans there uh one of their um plans + + align:start position:0% +plans there uh one of their um plans + + + align:start position:0% +plans there uh one of their um plans +their health club offered was a $70 a + + align:start position:0% +their health club offered was a $70 a + + + align:start position:0% +their health club offered was a $70 a +month unlimited uh gym pass just pay $70 + + align:start position:0% +month unlimited uh gym pass just pay $70 + + + align:start position:0% +month unlimited uh gym pass just pay $70 +you can go to the gym as many times as + + align:start position:0% +you can go to the gym as many times as + + + align:start position:0% +you can go to the gym as many times as +you like uh those who sign up for the + + align:start position:0% +you like uh those who sign up for the + + + align:start position:0% +you like uh those who sign up for the +$70 a month plan average visiting 4.3 + + align:start position:0% +$70 a month plan average visiting 4.3 + + + align:start position:0% +$70 a month plan average visiting 4.3 +times a month and so they were paying + + align:start position:0% +times a month and so they were paying + + + align:start position:0% +times a month and so they were paying +like you know $17 every time they went + + align:start position:0% +like you know $17 every time they went + + + align:start position:0% +like you know $17 every time they went +to the gym the health club also had a + + align:start position:0% +to the gym the health club also had a + + + align:start position:0% +to the gym the health club also had a +plan where you could just get a coupon + + align:start position:0% +plan where you could just get a coupon + + + align:start position:0% +plan where you could just get a coupon +book which which was you know uh 10 + + align:start position:0% +book which which was you know uh 10 + + + align:start position:0% +book which which was you know uh 10 +coupons for $100 you just pay $10 on a + + align:start position:0% +coupons for $100 you just pay $10 on a + + + align:start position:0% +coupons for $100 you just pay $10 on a +per visit basis clearly it's not R fully + + align:start position:0% +per visit basis clearly it's not R fully + + + align:start position:0% +per visit basis clearly it's not R fully +rational model you should not be paying + + align:start position:0% +rational model you should not be paying + + + align:start position:0% +rational model you should not be paying +$70 a month a gym you're going to go to + + align:start position:0% +$70 a month a gym you're going to go to + + + align:start position:0% +$70 a month a gym you're going to go to +four times you should just buy the book + + align:start position:0% +four times you should just buy the book + + + align:start position:0% +four times you should just buy the book +that gives you the 10 visits for you + + align:start position:0% +that gives you the 10 visits for you + + + align:start position:0% +that gives you the 10 visits for you +know and just use those coupons + + align:start position:0% +know and just use those coupons + + + align:start position:0% +know and just use those coupons +um you know so either the consumers are + + align:start position:0% +um you know so either the consumers are + + + align:start position:0% +um you know so either the consumers are +misestimating how well from they're + + align:start position:0% +misestimating how well from they're + + + align:start position:0% +misestimating how well from they're +going or the consumers you know value + + align:start position:0% +going or the consumers you know value + + + align:start position:0% +going or the consumers you know value +the commitment and are sort of buying + + align:start position:0% +the commitment and are sort of buying + + + align:start position:0% +the commitment and are sort of buying +the gym membership because if they + + align:start position:0% +the gym membership because if they + + + align:start position:0% +the gym membership because if they +didn't buy the gym membership they would + + align:start position:0% +didn't buy the gym membership they would + + + align:start position:0% +didn't buy the gym membership they would +go zero times instead of four times if + + align:start position:0% +go zero times instead of four times if + + + align:start position:0% +go zero times instead of four times if +they were actually going to pay 10 times + + align:start position:0% +they were actually going to pay 10 times + + + align:start position:0% +they were actually going to pay 10 times +every $10 every time they went so we + + align:start position:0% +every $10 every time they went so we + + + align:start position:0% +every $10 every time they went so we +don't know which of those but you know + + align:start position:0% +don't know which of those but you know + + + align:start position:0% +don't know which of those but you know +both of those naive and sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +both of those naive and sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +both of those naive and sophisticated +hyperbolic models pred ICT that + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic models pred ICT that + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic models pred ICT that +consumers should be in this situation + + align:start position:0% +consumers should be in this situation + + + align:start position:0% +consumers should be in this situation +where they're paying too much expost for + + align:start position:0% +where they're paying too much expost for + + + align:start position:0% +where they're paying too much expost for +the gym visits uh second uh thing of of + + align:start position:0% +the gym visits uh second uh thing of of + + + align:start position:0% +the gym visits uh second uh thing of of +cons showing that consumers are not + + align:start position:0% +cons showing that consumers are not + + + align:start position:0% +cons showing that consumers are not +fully rational is um this this company + + align:start position:0% +fully rational is um this this company + + + align:start position:0% +fully rational is um this this company +had two types of plans they had uh + + align:start position:0% +had two types of plans they had uh + + + align:start position:0% +had two types of plans they had uh +besides the daily the per visit pass + + align:start position:0% +besides the daily the per visit pass + + + align:start position:0% +besides the daily the per visit pass +they had a monthly pass and they had an + + align:start position:0% +they had a monthly pass and they had an + + + align:start position:0% +they had a monthly pass and they had an +annual pass um so like right the monthly + + align:start position:0% +annual pass um so like right the monthly + + + align:start position:0% +annual pass um so like right the monthly +pass might have been like you know I + + align:start position:0% +pass might have been like you know I + + + align:start position:0% +pass might have been like you know I +forget the numbers you know $70 a month + + align:start position:0% +forget the numbers you know $70 a month + + + align:start position:0% +forget the numbers you know $70 a month +but then you also may have had a choice + + align:start position:0% +but then you also may have had a choice + + + align:start position:0% +but then you also may have had a choice +of like you could also pay uh upfront + + align:start position:0% +of like you could also pay uh upfront + + + align:start position:0% +of like you could also pay uh upfront +$700 and get a full year membership uh + + align:start position:0% +$700 and get a full year membership uh + + + align:start position:0% +$700 and get a full year membership uh +paying less per month if you're sort + + align:start position:0% +paying less per month if you're sort + + + align:start position:0% +paying less per month if you're sort +of you know gung-ho off on the gym that + + align:start position:0% +of you know gung-ho off on the gym that + + + align:start position:0% +of you know gung-ho off on the gym that +you would pay the $700 fee um and they + + align:start position:0% +you would pay the $700 fee um and they + + + align:start position:0% +you would pay the $700 fee um and they +note that people who pay the $700 fee up + + align:start position:0% +note that people who pay the $700 fee up + + + align:start position:0% +note that people who pay the $700 fee up +front do go to the gym more than the + + align:start position:0% +front do go to the gym more than the + + + align:start position:0% +front do go to the gym more than the +people who pay the $70 a month so it's + + align:start position:0% +people who pay the $70 a month so it's + + + align:start position:0% +people who pay the $70 a month so it's +as if the people who buy the annual pass + + align:start position:0% +as if the people who buy the annual pass + + + align:start position:0% +as if the people who buy the annual pass +know that they are people who go to the + + align:start position:0% +know that they are people who go to the + + + align:start position:0% +know that they are people who go to the +gym and they're willing to sort of pay + + align:start position:0% +gym and they're willing to sort of pay + + + align:start position:0% +gym and they're willing to sort of pay +right the $700 check back up front to + + align:start position:0% +right the $700 check back up front to + + + align:start position:0% +right the $700 check back up front to +get the annual membership but then one + + align:start position:0% +get the annual membership but then one + + + align:start position:0% +get the annual membership but then one +of the interesting observations is that + + align:start position:0% +of the interesting observations is that + + + align:start position:0% +of the interesting observations is that +the monthly plan just they charged your + + align:start position:0% +the monthly plan just they charged your + + + align:start position:0% +the monthly plan just they charged your +credit card every month until you do + + align:start position:0% +credit card every month until you do + + + align:start position:0% +credit card every month until you do +something to get them to stop the $700 + + align:start position:0% +something to get them to stop the $700 + + + align:start position:0% +something to get them to stop the $700 +plan you actually have to it didn't like + + align:start position:0% +plan you actually have to it didn't like + + + align:start position:0% +plan you actually have to it didn't like +charge $700 to your credit card a year + + align:start position:0% +charge $700 to your credit card a year + + + align:start position:0% +charge $700 to your credit card a year +from now you had to actually go in and + + align:start position:0% +from now you had to actually go in and + + + align:start position:0% +from now you had to actually go in and +sign up for another annual membership + + align:start position:0% +sign up for another annual membership + + + align:start position:0% +sign up for another annual membership +and what they find is if you look 13 + + align:start position:0% +and what they find is if you look 13 + + + align:start position:0% +and what they find is if you look 13 +months later people who sign up for the + + align:start position:0% +months later people who sign up for the + + + align:start position:0% +months later people who sign up for the +$70 plan are more likely to be in the + + align:start position:0% +$70 plan are more likely to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +$70 plan are more likely to be in the +gym than the people who sign up for the + + align:start position:0% +gym than the people who sign up for the + + + align:start position:0% +gym than the people who sign up for the +$700 plan + + align:start position:0% +$700 plan + + + align:start position:0% +$700 plan +uh and it's because these people just + + align:start position:0% +uh and it's because these people just + + + align:start position:0% +uh and it's because these people just +got Auto renewed if they didn't do + + align:start position:0% +got Auto renewed if they didn't do + + + align:start position:0% +got Auto renewed if they didn't do +anything whereas these people had to go + + align:start position:0% +anything whereas these people had to go + + + align:start position:0% +anything whereas these people had to go +in and actually decide yes affirmatively + + align:start position:0% +in and actually decide yes affirmatively + + + align:start position:0% +in and actually decide yes affirmatively +I do want to still be signed up for the + + align:start position:0% +I do want to still be signed up for the + + + align:start position:0% +I do want to still be signed up for the +gym uh and so it's some sh since these + + align:start position:0% +gym uh and so it's some sh since these + + + align:start position:0% +gym uh and so it's some sh since these +people aren't paying attention another + + align:start position:0% +people aren't paying attention another + + + align:start position:0% +people aren't paying attention another +statistic about this was that on average + + align:start position:0% +statistic about this was that on average + + + align:start position:0% +statistic about this was that on average +their consumers spend + + align:start position:0% +their consumers spend + + + align:start position:0% +their consumers spend +$187 after the very last time they ever + + align:start position:0% +$187 after the very last time they ever + + + align:start position:0% +$187 after the very last time they ever +went to the gym so if you look at people + + align:start position:0% +went to the gym so if you look at people + + + align:start position:0% +went to the gym so if you look at people +who quit the gym they've paid $187 since + + align:start position:0% +who quit the gym they've paid $187 since + + + align:start position:0% +who quit the gym they've paid $187 since +the very last time that they visited and + + align:start position:0% +the very last time that they visited and + + + align:start position:0% +the very last time that they visited and +you know this is sort of saying that + + align:start position:0% +you know this is sort of saying that + + + align:start position:0% +you know this is sort of saying that +people aren't paying + + align:start position:0% +people aren't paying + + + align:start position:0% +people aren't paying +attention um aren't aren't fully paying + + align:start position:0% +attention um aren't aren't fully paying + + + align:start position:0% +attention um aren't aren't fully paying +attention in the gym is sort of + + align:start position:0% +attention in the gym is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +attention in the gym is sort of +Designing a payment scheme with the auto + + align:start position:0% +Designing a payment scheme with the auto + + + align:start position:0% +Designing a payment scheme with the auto +renewal on your credit card to exploit + + align:start position:0% +renewal on your credit card to exploit + + + align:start position:0% +renewal on your credit card to exploit +that okay um other observations that + + align:start position:0% +that okay um other observations that + + + align:start position:0% +that okay um other observations that +suggest that sort of partially naive + + align:start position:0% +suggest that sort of partially naive + + + align:start position:0% +suggest that sort of partially naive +model may be better than the fully + + align:start position:0% +model may be better than the fully + + + align:start position:0% +model may be better than the fully +rational explanation for this um in you + + align:start position:0% +rational explanation for this um in you + + + align:start position:0% +rational explanation for this um in you +know you ask people in surveys how often + + align:start position:0% +know you ask people in surveys how often + + + align:start position:0% +know you ask people in surveys how often +how often will you go to the gym uh and + + align:start position:0% +how often will you go to the gym uh and + + + align:start position:0% +how often will you go to the gym uh and +people say that they're going to go to + + align:start position:0% +people say that they're going to go to + + + align:start position:0% +people say that they're going to go to +the gym more than twice as much as they + + align:start position:0% +the gym more than twice as much as they + + + align:start position:0% +the gym more than twice as much as they +actually go so you you know you ask the + + align:start position:0% +actually go so you you know you ask the + + + align:start position:0% +actually go so you you know you ask the +people who have you ask people who have + + align:start position:0% +people who have you ask people who have + + + align:start position:0% +people who have you ask people who have +signed up for the plans how many times + + align:start position:0% +signed up for the plans how many times + + + align:start position:0% +signed up for the plans how many times +you think you're going to go and they + + align:start position:0% +you think you're going to go and they + + + align:start position:0% +you think you're going to go and they +get that wrong um and then also + + align:start position:0% +get that wrong um and then also + + + align:start position:0% +get that wrong um and then also +um there's a correlation between lower + + align:start position:0% +um there's a correlation between lower + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a correlation between lower +usage of the gym and taking a longer + + align:start position:0% +usage of the gym and taking a longer + + + align:start position:0% +usage of the gym and taking a longer +time to cancel after you stop going to + + align:start position:0% +time to cancel after you stop going to + + + align:start position:0% +time to cancel after you stop going to +the gym and so this is a sense that + + align:start position:0% +the gym and so this is a sense that + + + align:start position:0% +the gym and so this is a sense that +there are seem to be some people who are + + align:start position:0% +there are seem to be some people who are + + + align:start position:0% +there are seem to be some people who are +more rational and some people who are + + align:start position:0% +more rational and some people who are + + + align:start position:0% +more rational and some people who are +less rational and then the less rational + + align:start position:0% +less rational and then the less rational + + + align:start position:0% +less rational and then the less rational +people do multiple things that seem + + align:start position:0% +people do multiple things that seem + + + align:start position:0% +people do multiple things that seem +irrational together like the not + + align:start position:0% +irrational together like the not + + + align:start position:0% +irrational together like the not +cancelling and not going so much you + + align:start position:0% +cancelling and not going so much you + + + align:start position:0% +cancelling and not going so much you +know again it's not a + + align:start position:0% +know again it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +know again it's not a +um they don't have estimate a specific + + align:start position:0% +um they don't have estimate a specific + + + align:start position:0% +um they don't have estimate a specific +behavioral model and show that specific + + align:start position:0% +behavioral model and show that specific + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral model and show that specific +behavioral model can rationalize all the + + align:start position:0% +behavioral model can rationalize all the + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral model can rationalize all the +things but it's sort of saying that the + + align:start position:0% +things but it's sort of saying that the + + + align:start position:0% +things but it's sort of saying that the +rational model just doesn't work um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so I thought next thing I + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so I thought next thing I + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so I thought next thing I +would do is cover in more detail one uh + + align:start position:0% +would do is cover in more detail one uh + + + align:start position:0% +would do is cover in more detail one uh +theoretical paper to just give you more + + align:start position:0% +theoretical paper to just give you more + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical paper to just give you more +of a sense of how these ones papers work + + align:start position:0% +of a sense of how these ones papers work + + + align:start position:0% +of a sense of how these ones papers work +um so this is a paper by hu and cegi + + align:start position:0% +um so this is a paper by hu and cegi + + + align:start position:0% +um so this is a paper by hu and cegi +about uh credit markets uh and and I + + align:start position:0% +about uh credit markets uh and and I + + + align:start position:0% +about uh credit markets uh and and I +think there's a + + align:start position:0% +think there's a + + + align:start position:0% +think there's a +feeling that you know many people have + + align:start position:0% +feeling that you know many people have + + + align:start position:0% +feeling that you know many people have +too much debt in the last financial + + align:start position:0% +too much debt in the last financial + + + align:start position:0% +too much debt in the last financial +crisis there was a few that people have + + align:start position:0% +crisis there was a few that people have + + + align:start position:0% +crisis there was a few that people have +too much debt it's also an observation + + align:start position:0% +too much debt it's also an observation + + + align:start position:0% +too much debt it's also an observation +that many firms offered credit card + + align:start position:0% +that many firms offered credit card + + + align:start position:0% +that many firms offered credit card +deals that look like things like sign up + + align:start position:0% +deals that look like things like sign up + + + align:start position:0% +deals that look like things like sign up +for our credit card pay 0.9 interest for + + align:start position:0% +for our credit card pay 0.9 interest for + + + align:start position:0% +for our credit card pay 0.9 interest for +the first six months and to pay off your + + align:start position:0% +the first six months and to pay off your + + + align:start position:0% +the first six months and to pay off your +other debts and then it goes up to + + align:start position:0% +other debts and then it goes up to + + + align:start position:0% +other debts and then it goes up to +19.8% and this sort of there's this use + + align:start position:0% +19.8% and this sort of there's this use + + + align:start position:0% +19.8% and this sort of there's this use +of these teaser rates and then people + + align:start position:0% +of these teaser rates and then people + + + align:start position:0% +of these teaser rates and then people +think that you know are those teaser + + align:start position:0% +think that you know are those teaser + + + align:start position:0% +think that you know are those teaser +rates designed to get people to take on + + align:start position:0% +rates designed to get people to take on + + + align:start position:0% +rates designed to get people to take on +more debt than they should take on or + + align:start position:0% +more debt than they should take on or + + + align:start position:0% +more debt than they should take on or +more debt than they want to take on uh + + align:start position:0% +more debt than they want to take on uh + + + align:start position:0% +more debt than they want to take on uh +and so that's the idea of the hus cegi + + align:start position:0% +and so that's the idea of the hus cegi + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's the idea of the hus cegi +papers to sort of think + + align:start position:0% +papers to sort of think + + + align:start position:0% +papers to sort of think +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +would quasi hyperbolic + + align:start position:0% +would quasi hyperbolic + + + align:start position:0% +would quasi hyperbolic +consumers would the market sort of + + align:start position:0% +consumers would the market sort of + + + align:start position:0% +consumers would the market sort of +exploit quasi hyperbolic consumers in a + + align:start position:0% +exploit quasi hyperbolic consumers in a + + + align:start position:0% +exploit quasi hyperbolic consumers in a +way that creates them taking on too much + + align:start position:0% +way that creates them taking on too much + + + align:start position:0% +way that creates them taking on too much +debt or and would it explain why it is + + align:start position:0% +debt or and would it explain why it is + + + align:start position:0% +debt or and would it explain why it is +we see that the these contracts that + + align:start position:0% +we see that the these contracts that + + + align:start position:0% +we see that the these contracts that +have sort of initial initial upfront + + align:start position:0% +have sort of initial initial upfront + + + align:start position:0% +have sort of initial initial upfront +teaser rates followed by higher rates + + align:start position:0% +teaser rates followed by higher rates + + + align:start position:0% +teaser rates followed by higher rates +later on + + align:start position:0% +later on + + + align:start position:0% +later on +okay so in their model uh and it you + + align:start position:0% +okay so in their model uh and it you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in their model uh and it you +know this becomes it's a nice paper in + + align:start position:0% +know this becomes it's a nice paper in + + + align:start position:0% +know this becomes it's a nice paper in +that sort of it it's uh it's a paper + + align:start position:0% +that sort of it it's uh it's a paper + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of it it's uh it's a paper +that sort of shows there's this very + + align:start position:0% +that sort of shows there's this very + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of shows there's this very +very sharp + + align:start position:0% +very sharp + + + align:start position:0% +very sharp +discontinuity where with um fully + + align:start position:0% +discontinuity where with um fully + + + align:start position:0% +discontinuity where with um fully +sophisticated quasi hyperbolic disc + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated quasi hyperbolic disc + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated quasi hyperbolic disc +consumers one thing happens and then you + + align:start position:0% +consumers one thing happens and then you + + + align:start position:0% +consumers one thing happens and then you +make even an Epsilon difference between + + align:start position:0% +make even an Epsilon difference between + + + align:start position:0% +make even an Epsilon difference between +their their self-recognition and full + + align:start position:0% +their their self-recognition and full + + + align:start position:0% +their their self-recognition and full +self-recognition you get a big discret + + align:start position:0% +self-recognition you get a big discret + + + align:start position:0% +self-recognition you get a big discret +jump in Behavior with a a Epsilon change + + align:start position:0% +jump in Behavior with a a Epsilon change + + + align:start position:0% +jump in Behavior with a a Epsilon change +in in the behavioral + + align:start position:0% +in in the behavioral + + + align:start position:0% +in in the behavioral +assumption so anyway we have this agent + + align:start position:0% +assumption so anyway we have this agent + + + align:start position:0% +assumption so anyway we have this agent +they have the beta beta hat one + + align:start position:0% +they have the beta beta hat one + + + align:start position:0% +they have the beta beta hat one +preferences so just we're eliminating + + align:start position:0% +preferences so just we're eliminating + + + align:start position:0% +preferences so just we're eliminating +discounting because T equals three um so + + align:start position:0% +discounting because T equals three um so + + + align:start position:0% +discounting because T equals three um so +the consumer is going to borrow some + + align:start position:0% +the consumer is going to borrow some + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer is going to borrow some +money at T equals z uh you know think of + + align:start position:0% +money at T equals z uh you know think of + + + align:start position:0% +money at T equals z uh you know think of +this as taking out a car loan so I'm + + align:start position:0% +this as taking out a car loan so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this as taking out a car loan so I'm +buying some I'm borrowing some money C + + align:start position:0% +buying some I'm borrowing some money C + + + align:start position:0% +buying some I'm borrowing some money C +to buy a car and then I buy a durable + + align:start position:0% +to buy a car and then I buy a durable + + + align:start position:0% +to buy a car and then I buy a durable +good and I get utility from the + + align:start position:0% +good and I get utility from the + + + align:start position:0% +good and I get utility from the +good uh at tals 1 so there's you know + + align:start position:0% +good uh at tals 1 so there's you know + + + align:start position:0% +good uh at tals 1 so there's you know +some sense there's a Time Zero where I + + align:start position:0% +some sense there's a Time Zero where I + + + align:start position:0% +some sense there's a Time Zero where I +pay the money and then at time one where + + align:start position:0% +pay the money and then at time one where + + + align:start position:0% +pay the money and then at time one where +I enjoy the durable good and then time + + align:start position:0% +I enjoy the durable good and then time + + + align:start position:0% +I enjoy the durable good and then time +two I could still be enjoying the + + align:start position:0% +two I could still be enjoying the + + + align:start position:0% +two I could still be enjoying the +durable good they they do it the durable + + align:start position:0% +durable good they they do it the durable + + + align:start position:0% +durable good they they do it the durable +good is already worn out and I still + + align:start position:0% +good is already worn out and I still + + + align:start position:0% +good is already worn out and I still +just have my debt for my car after I've + + align:start position:0% +just have my debt for my car after I've + + + align:start position:0% +just have my debt for my car after I've +already sold my car but anyway there's a + + align:start position:0% +already sold my car but anyway there's a + + + align:start position:0% +already sold my car but anyway there's a +I borrow money I get the utility tals + + align:start position:0% +I borrow money I get the utility tals + + + align:start position:0% +I borrow money I get the utility tals +one from my durable good at T equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +one from my durable good at T equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +one from my durable good at T equals 1 +I'm making my car payments and then at T + + align:start position:0% +I'm making my car payments and then at T + + + align:start position:0% +I'm making my car payments and then at T +equals 2 I'm still making an additional + + align:start position:0% +equals 2 I'm still making an additional + + + align:start position:0% +equals 2 I'm still making an additional +car + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +payment and then so they have this + + align:start position:0% +payment and then so they have this + + + align:start position:0% +payment and then so they have this +conflict of interest between how the + + align:start position:0% +conflict of interest between how the + + + align:start position:0% +conflict of interest between how the +different selves will view the car + + align:start position:0% +different selves will view the car + + + align:start position:0% +different selves will view the car +payments uh and versus the enjoying the + + align:start position:0% +payments uh and versus the enjoying the + + + align:start position:0% +payments uh and versus the enjoying the +car so from the point of view of the + + align:start position:0% +car so from the point of view of the + + + align:start position:0% +car so from the point of view of the +time zero self which is before he even + + align:start position:0% +time zero self which is before he even + + + align:start position:0% +time zero self which is before he even +gets before he's going to enjoy the car + + align:start position:0% +gets before he's going to enjoy the car + + + align:start position:0% +gets before he's going to enjoy the car +and before he's going to make the + + align:start position:0% +and before he's going to make the + + + align:start position:0% +and before he's going to make the +repayments time zero self preferences + + align:start position:0% +repayments time zero self preferences + + + align:start position:0% +repayments time zero self preferences +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +C minus K of Q minus K of R so there's + + align:start position:0% +C minus K of Q minus K of R so there's + + + align:start position:0% +C minus K of Q minus K of R so there's +this convex convex + + align:start position:0% +this convex convex + + + align:start position:0% +this convex convex +function you know about your + + align:start position:0% +function you know about your + + + align:start position:0% +function you know about your +repayment you have this convex + + align:start position:0% +repayment you have this convex + + + align:start position:0% +repayment you have this convex +disutility of a repayment because you + + align:start position:0% +disutility of a repayment because you + + + align:start position:0% +disutility of a repayment because you +know the more you have to repay in your + + align:start position:0% +know the more you have to repay in your + + + align:start position:0% +know the more you have to repay in your +monthly car payment the more you're + + align:start position:0% +monthly car payment the more you're + + + align:start position:0% +monthly car payment the more you're +cutting back on other things and the + + align:start position:0% +cutting back on other things and the + + + align:start position:0% +cutting back on other things and the +more things you cut back on increasing + + align:start position:0% +more things you cut back on increasing + + + align:start position:0% +more things you cut back on increasing +dis utility you're cutting back on food + + align:start position:0% +dis utility you're cutting back on food + + + align:start position:0% +dis utility you're cutting back on food +as you're cutting back more and more + + align:start position:0% +as you're cutting back more and more + + + align:start position:0% +as you're cutting back more and more +okay and so the time zero s utility is C + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the time zero s utility is C + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the time zero s utility is C +is the enjoyment of the car minus you + + align:start position:0% +is the enjoyment of the car minus you + + + align:start position:0% +is the enjoyment of the car minus you +all these things would be multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +all these things would be multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +all these things would be multiplied by +Beta because they're all in the future + + align:start position:0% +Beta because they're all in the future + + + align:start position:0% +Beta because they're all in the future +but so we ignore that fact because + + align:start position:0% +but so we ignore that fact because + + + align:start position:0% +but so we ignore that fact because +they're all in the future so from the + + align:start position:0% +they're all in the future so from the + + + align:start position:0% +they're all in the future so from the +time zero s these things are all + + align:start position:0% +time zero s these things are all + + + align:start position:0% +time zero s these things are all +comparable and it's C minus K of Q minus + + align:start position:0% +comparable and it's C minus K of Q minus + + + align:start position:0% +comparable and it's C minus K of Q minus +K of + + align:start position:0% +K of + + + align:start position:0% +K of +R um from the time one's perspective + + align:start position:0% +R um from the time one's perspective + + + align:start position:0% +R um from the time one's perspective +self time one cares about the car and + + align:start position:0% +self time one cares about the car and + + + align:start position:0% +self time one cares about the car and +the um repayment made at T equals 1 but + + align:start position:0% +the um repayment made at T equals 1 but + + + align:start position:0% +the um repayment made at T equals 1 but +the time one self discounts the the dis + + align:start position:0% +the time one self discounts the the dis + + + align:start position:0% +the time one self discounts the the dis +the pain he's going to suffer repaying + + align:start position:0% +the pain he's going to suffer repaying + + + align:start position:0% +the pain he's going to suffer repaying +at T equals 2 because that's a future + + align:start position:0% +at T equals 2 because that's a future + + + align:start position:0% +at T equals 2 because that's a future +thing and then by the time it gets to + + align:start position:0% +thing and then by the time it gets to + + + align:start position:0% +thing and then by the time it gets to +the time two self the time two self + + align:start position:0% +the time two self the time two self + + + align:start position:0% +the time two self the time two self +dislikes the repayment that the time two + + align:start position:0% +dislikes the repayment that the time two + + + align:start position:0% +dislikes the repayment that the time two +self is being forced to make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um we're going to assume the credit + + align:start position:0% +okay um we're going to assume the credit + + + align:start position:0% +okay um we're going to assume the credit +Market is perfectly competitive it has + + align:start position:0% +Market is perfectly competitive it has + + + align:start position:0% +Market is perfectly competitive it has +zero interest rates and firms can offer + + align:start position:0% +zero interest rates and firms can offer + + + align:start position:0% +zero interest rates and firms can offer +these option contracts where you pay you + + align:start position:0% +these option contracts where you pay you + + + align:start position:0% +these option contracts where you pay you +get some amount of C as given to you up + + align:start position:0% +get some amount of C as given to you up + + + align:start position:0% +get some amount of C as given to you up +front and then you have these sort of + + align:start position:0% +front and then you have these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +front and then you have these sort of +repayment plans you can choose among uh + + align:start position:0% +repayment plans you can choose among uh + + + align:start position:0% +repayment plans you can choose among uh +Q Subs R subs and at T equals one you + + align:start position:0% +Q Subs R subs and at T equals one you + + + align:start position:0% +Q Subs R subs and at T equals one you +choose how you're go how you want to + + align:start position:0% +choose how you're go how you want to + + + align:start position:0% +choose how you're go how you want to +repay do you want to make the immediate + + align:start position:0% +repay do you want to make the immediate + + + align:start position:0% +repay do you want to make the immediate +repayment at T equals one do you want to + + align:start position:0% +repayment at T equals one do you want to + + + align:start position:0% +repayment at T equals one do you want to +delay your payment and spread it out + + align:start position:0% +delay your payment and spread it out + + + align:start position:0% +delay your payment and spread it out +over tals 1 and T equals 2 or maybe they + + align:start position:0% +over tals 1 and T equals 2 or maybe they + + + align:start position:0% +over tals 1 and T equals 2 or maybe they +have many many different possible + + align:start position:0% +have many many different possible + + + align:start position:0% +have many many different possible +plans um so first thing about you know + + align:start position:0% +plans um so first thing about you know + + + align:start position:0% +plans um so first thing about you know +suppose we have a rational consumer what + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have a rational consumer what + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we have a rational consumer what +does a rational consumer do well the + + align:start position:0% +does a rational consumer do well the + + + align:start position:0% +does a rational consumer do well the +rational consumer you're just maximizing + + align:start position:0% +rational consumer you're just maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +rational consumer you're just maximizing +this and there's going to be a a break + + align:start position:0% +this and there's going to be a a break + + + align:start position:0% +this and there's going to be a a break +even constraint in the comp competitive + + align:start position:0% +even constraint in the comp competitive + + + align:start position:0% +even constraint in the comp competitive +market that is going to have to be Cals + + align:start position:0% +market that is going to have to be Cals + + + align:start position:0% +market that is going to have to be Cals +Q Plus R right the competitive interest + + align:start position:0% +Q Plus R right the competitive interest + + + align:start position:0% +Q Plus R right the competitive interest +lenders are going to sort of always + + align:start position:0% +lenders are going to sort of always + + + align:start position:0% +lenders are going to sort of always +offer you the full amount of the + + align:start position:0% +offer you the full amount of the + + + align:start position:0% +offer you the full amount of the +repayments as your upfront price of the + + align:start position:0% +repayments as your upfront price of the + + + align:start position:0% +repayments as your upfront price of the +loan so we're just trying to maximize + + align:start position:0% +loan so we're just trying to maximize + + + align:start position:0% +loan so we're just trying to maximize +this you know so we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +this you know so we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +this you know so we're trying to +maximize uh C minus K of Q minus K of R + + align:start position:0% +maximize uh C minus K of Q minus K of R + + + align:start position:0% +maximize uh C minus K of Q minus K of R +subject to the zero profit + + align:start position:0% +subject to the zero profit + + + align:start position:0% +subject to the zero profit +constraint okay uh what's the solution + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay uh what's the solution + + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay uh what's the solution +to that you know you + + align:start position:0% +to that you know you + + + align:start position:0% +to that you know you +just L Grans are all ones you + + align:start position:0% +just L Grans are all ones you + + + align:start position:0% +just L Grans are all ones you +differentiate with respect to q and the + + align:start position:0% +differentiate with respect to q and the + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate with respect to q and the +repayments are going to have to satisfy + + align:start position:0% +repayments are going to have to satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +repayments are going to have to satisfy +you know the marginal disutility of + + align:start position:0% +you know the marginal disutility of + + + align:start position:0% +you know the marginal disutility of +repaying a money a dollar when you're um + + align:start position:0% +repaying a money a dollar when you're um + + + align:start position:0% +repaying a money a dollar when you're um +have a payment of Q is equal to one and + + align:start position:0% +have a payment of Q is equal to one and + + + align:start position:0% +have a payment of Q is equal to one and +the marginal value of having a repaying + + align:start position:0% +the marginal value of having a repaying + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal value of having a repaying +a dollar when + + align:start position:0% +a dollar when + + + align:start position:0% +a dollar when +you're uh dis when you're paying R is + + align:start position:0% +you're uh dis when you're paying R is + + + align:start position:0% +you're uh dis when you're paying R is +equal to one and so you repay evenly you + + align:start position:0% +equal to one and so you repay evenly you + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one and so you repay evenly you +know setting these repayment rate so + + align:start position:0% +know setting these repayment rate so + + + align:start position:0% +know setting these repayment rate so +that the disutility of paying that + + align:start position:0% +that the disutility of paying that + + + align:start position:0% +that the disutility of paying that +dollar is one and then you set c equal + + align:start position:0% +dollar is one and then you set c equal + + + align:start position:0% +dollar is one and then you set c equal +to Q Plus r + + align:start position:0% +to Q Plus r + + + align:start position:0% +to Q Plus r +so it's a you know anyway the the K + + align:start position:0% +so it's a you know anyway the the K + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a you know anyway the the K +Prime at Q equals 1 pins down how big + + align:start position:0% +Prime at Q equals 1 pins down how big + + + align:start position:0% +Prime at Q equals 1 pins down how big +the loan should be and then you just + + align:start position:0% +the loan should be and then you just + + + align:start position:0% +the loan should be and then you just +repay evenly over the two periods uh and + + align:start position:0% +repay evenly over the two periods uh and + + + align:start position:0% +repay evenly over the two periods uh and +the rational loan contract doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +the rational loan contract doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +the rational loan contract doesn't have +to be some complicated thing the + + align:start position:0% +to be some complicated thing the + + + align:start position:0% +to be some complicated thing the +rational loan contract just says you + + align:start position:0% +rational loan contract just says you + + + align:start position:0% +rational loan contract just says you +know here you go you get no choices you + + align:start position:0% +know here you go you get no choices you + + + align:start position:0% +know here you go you get no choices you +get C first best and then you make those + + align:start position:0% +get C first best and then you make those + + + align:start position:0% +get C first best and then you make those +payments Q first + + align:start position:0% +payments Q first + + + align:start position:0% +payments Q first +best our first best there's just there's + + align:start position:0% +best our first best there's just there's + + + align:start position:0% +best our first best there's just there's +exactly one repayment option that's what + + align:start position:0% +exactly one repayment option that's what + + + align:start position:0% +exactly one repayment option that's what +you have to do um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay you know imagine that the + + align:start position:0% +okay okay you know imagine that the + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay you know imagine that the +consumers uh are + + align:start position:0% +consumers uh are + + + align:start position:0% +consumers uh are +sophisticated so you have sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated so you have sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated so you have sophisticated +hyperbolic so the consumers are + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic so the consumers are + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic so the consumers are +hyperbolic but they're sophisticated so + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic but they're sophisticated so + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic but they're sophisticated so +that they have beta Delta preferences + + align:start position:0% +that they have beta Delta preferences + + + align:start position:0% +that they have beta Delta preferences +but they recognize their future self as + + align:start position:0% +but they recognize their future self as + + + align:start position:0% +but they recognize their future self as +beta Delta preference then the time zero + + align:start position:0% +beta Delta preference then the time zero + + + align:start position:0% +beta Delta preference then the time zero +consumer though hyperbolic the time zero + + align:start position:0% +consumer though hyperbolic the time zero + + + align:start position:0% +consumer though hyperbolic the time zero +consumer here is not getting the benefit + + align:start position:0% +consumer here is not getting the benefit + + + align:start position:0% +consumer here is not getting the benefit +it's the time one and two consumers who + + align:start position:0% +it's the time one and two consumers who + + + align:start position:0% +it's the time one and two consumers who +get the benefit of the car so the time + + align:start position:0% +get the benefit of the car so the time + + + align:start position:0% +get the benefit of the car so the time +zero consumer has + + align:start position:0% +zero consumer has + + + align:start position:0% +zero consumer has +essentially rational preferences over + + align:start position:0% +essentially rational preferences over + + + align:start position:0% +essentially rational preferences over +what he wants the future selves to do so + + align:start position:0% +what he wants the future selves to do so + + + align:start position:0% +what he wants the future selves to do so +in a sophisticated hyperbolic Model A + + align:start position:0% +in a sophisticated hyperbolic Model A + + + align:start position:0% +in a sophisticated hyperbolic Model A +sophisticated hyperbolic model the + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated hyperbolic model the + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated hyperbolic model the +monopolist is still going to offer the + + align:start position:0% +monopolist is still going to offer the + + + align:start position:0% +monopolist is still going to offer the +rational + + align:start position:0% +rational + + + align:start position:0% +rational +contract uh and so you're going to + + align:start position:0% +contract uh and so you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +contract uh and so you're going to +commit your future self to make those + + align:start position:0% +commit your future self to make those + + + align:start position:0% +commit your future self to make those +two even payments because that's what is + + align:start position:0% +two even payments because that's what is + + + align:start position:0% +two even payments because that's what is +best for the future s to do from the + + align:start position:0% +best for the future s to do from the + + + align:start position:0% +best for the future s to do from the +point of view of the time zero purchaser + + align:start position:0% +point of view of the time zero purchaser + + + align:start position:0% +point of view of the time zero purchaser +so in some sense the the + + align:start position:0% +so in some sense the the + + + align:start position:0% +so in some sense the the +the uh lending Market sells commitment + + align:start position:0% +the uh lending Market sells commitment + + + align:start position:0% +the uh lending Market sells commitment +to the time zero consumers who want + + align:start position:0% +to the time zero consumers who want + + + align:start position:0% +to the time zero consumers who want +commitment and lets them overcome their + + align:start position:0% +commitment and lets them overcome their + + + align:start position:0% +commitment and lets them overcome their +hyperbolic preferences and they get + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic preferences and they get + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbolic preferences and they get +their again they get their their sort + + align:start position:0% +their again they get their their sort + + + align:start position:0% +their again they get their their sort +first best okay so the we get the first + + align:start position:0% +first best okay so the we get the first + + + align:start position:0% +first best okay so the we get the first +best by just committed to the contract + + align:start position:0% +best by just committed to the contract + + + align:start position:0% +best by just committed to the contract +is the first best that's the only option + + align:start position:0% +is the first best that's the only option + + + align:start position:0% +is the first best that's the only option +um then the sort of interesting theorem + + align:start position:0% +um then the sort of interesting theorem + + + align:start position:0% +um then the sort of interesting theorem +is what happens when beta hat is + + align:start position:0% +is what happens when beta hat is + + + align:start position:0% +is what happens when beta hat is +different from beta and the idea the + + align:start position:0% +different from beta and the idea the + + + align:start position:0% +different from beta and the idea the +result is that when beta hat is greater + + align:start position:0% +result is that when beta hat is greater + + + align:start position:0% +result is that when beta hat is greater +than beta you think you're even Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +than beta you think you're even Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +than beta you think you're even Epsilon +less hyperbolic than you are there's a + + align:start position:0% +less hyperbolic than you are there's a + + + align:start position:0% +less hyperbolic than you are there's a +discontinuity in the contract and + + align:start position:0% +discontinuity in the contract and + + + align:start position:0% +discontinuity in the contract and +instead of offering just this + + align:start position:0% +instead of offering just this + + + align:start position:0% +instead of offering just this +straightforward no option contract firms + + align:start position:0% +straightforward no option contract firms + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward no option contract firms +now offer an option contract um the + + align:start position:0% +now offer an option contract um the + + + align:start position:0% +now offer an option contract um the +option the contract looks like you get + + align:start position:0% +option the contract looks like you get + + + align:start position:0% +option the contract looks like you get +some amount C up front and then you have + + align:start position:0% +some amount C up front and then you have + + + align:start position:0% +some amount C up front and then you have +two repayment options one is to repay + + align:start position:0% +two repayment options one is to repay + + + align:start position:0% +two repayment options one is to repay +everything at T equals 1 and get a very + + align:start position:0% +everything at T equals 1 and get a very + + + align:start position:0% +everything at T equals 1 and get a very +good deal repaying everything at T + + align:start position:0% +good deal repaying everything at T + + + align:start position:0% +good deal repaying everything at T +equals 1 and then the other one is to + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 and then the other one is to + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 and then the other one is to +spread your repayments out over tals 1 + + align:start position:0% +spread your repayments out over tals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +spread your repayments out over tals 1 +and tals 2 and make it even larger + + align:start position:0% +and tals 2 and make it even larger + + + align:start position:0% +and tals 2 and make it even larger +repayment at T equals 2 than you make at + + align:start position:0% +repayment at T equals 2 than you make at + + + align:start position:0% +repayment at T equals 2 than you make at +T equals + + align:start position:0% +T equals + + + align:start position:0% +T equals +1 okay so you can think of it as like + + align:start position:0% +1 okay so you can think of it as like + + + align:start position:0% +1 okay so you can think of it as like +you have these sort of um you know they + + align:start position:0% +you have these sort of um you know they + + + align:start position:0% +you have these sort of um you know they +give you money up + + align:start position:0% +give you money up + + + align:start position:0% +give you money up +front and then you know they let's + + align:start position:0% +front and then you know they let's + + + align:start position:0% +front and then you know they let's +suppose they give you uh $30,000 up + + align:start position:0% +suppose they give you uh $30,000 up + + + align:start position:0% +suppose they give you uh $30,000 up +front and then they have these two + + align:start position:0% +front and then they have these two + + + align:start position:0% +front and then they have these two +options for repayments one is to repay + + align:start position:0% +options for repayments one is to repay + + + align:start position:0% +options for repayments one is to repay +$25,000 at tals 1 and zero at T equals 2 + + align:start position:0% +$25,000 at tals 1 and zero at T equals 2 + + + align:start position:0% +$25,000 at tals 1 and zero at T equals 2 +and the other is to repay 15,000 at T + + align:start position:0% +and the other is to repay 15,000 at T + + + align:start position:0% +and the other is to repay 15,000 at T +equals 1 and uh you know 25,000 or + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 and uh you know 25,000 or + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 and uh you know 25,000 or +20,000 at equals + + align:start position:0% +20,000 at equals + + + align:start position:0% +20,000 at equals +2 okay so right the first best in my + + align:start position:0% +2 okay so right the first best in my + + + align:start position:0% +2 okay so right the first best in my +simple example would be they loan you + + align:start position:0% +simple example would be they loan you + + + align:start position:0% +simple example would be they loan you +30,000 and you repay + + align:start position:0% +30,000 and you repay + + + align:start position:0% +30,000 and you repay +15,000 in each of the two future periods + + align:start position:0% +15,000 in each of the two future periods + + + align:start position:0% +15,000 in each of the two future periods +that's what would the first efficient + + align:start position:0% +that's what would the first efficient + + + align:start position:0% +that's what would the first efficient +thing would be in this model but instead + + align:start position:0% +thing would be in this model but instead + + + align:start position:0% +thing would be in this model but instead +what they do is they actually loan you + + align:start position:0% +what they do is they actually loan you + + + align:start position:0% +what they do is they actually loan you +actually they do following um they loan + + align:start position:0% +actually they do following um they loan + + + align:start position:0% +actually they do following um they loan +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +35,000 and they give you two options + + align:start position:0% +35,000 and they give you two options + + + align:start position:0% +35,000 and they give you two options +either repay 25,000 at T equals 1 and + + align:start position:0% +either repay 25,000 at T equals 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +either repay 25,000 at T equals 1 and +nothing at T equals two or repay 15,000 + + align:start position:0% +nothing at T equals two or repay 15,000 + + + align:start position:0% +nothing at T equals two or repay 15,000 +at equals 1 and 25,000 at equals 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so this this sort of contract has + + align:start position:0% +and so this this sort of contract has + + + align:start position:0% +and so this this sort of contract has +two different + + align:start position:0% +two different + + + align:start position:0% +two different +distortions uh one Distortion is that + + align:start position:0% +distortions uh one Distortion is that + + + align:start position:0% +distortions uh one Distortion is that +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +consumers end up taking on more debt + + align:start position:0% +consumers end up taking on more debt + + + align:start position:0% +consumers end up taking on more debt +than they + + align:start position:0% +than they + + + align:start position:0% +than they +want and take on more debt than they + + align:start position:0% +want and take on more debt than they + + + align:start position:0% +want and take on more debt than they +want more debt than they should in a + + align:start position:0% +want more debt than they should in a + + + align:start position:0% +want more debt than they should in a +rational contract and get a bigger loan + + align:start position:0% +rational contract and get a bigger loan + + + align:start position:0% +rational contract and get a bigger loan +and buy a more expensive + + align:start position:0% +and buy a more expensive + + + align:start position:0% +and buy a more expensive +car and then the second Distortion is + + align:start position:0% +car and then the second Distortion is + + + align:start position:0% +car and then the second Distortion is +that they end up choosing the wrong + + align:start position:0% +that they end up choosing the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +that they end up choosing the wrong +repayment option where you give them + + align:start position:0% +repayment option where you give them + + + align:start position:0% +repayment option where you give them +this option they think they're going to + + align:start position:0% +this option they think they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +this option they think they're going to +choose this wow that's a great deal if I + + align:start position:0% +choose this wow that's a great deal if I + + + align:start position:0% +choose this wow that's a great deal if I +just pay everything back next period I'm + + align:start position:0% +just pay everything back next period I'm + + + align:start position:0% +just pay everything back next period I'm +getting an awesome deal repaying my car + + align:start position:0% +getting an awesome deal repaying my car + + + align:start position:0% +getting an awesome deal repaying my car +loan but then in fact once it gets the + + align:start position:0% +loan but then in fact once it gets the + + + align:start position:0% +loan but then in fact once it gets the +next period and trying to come up with + + align:start position:0% +next period and trying to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +next period and trying to come up with +25,000 all in one year is too painful + + align:start position:0% +25,000 all in one year is too painful + + + align:start position:0% +25,000 all in one year is too painful +you end up sort of spreading it out and + + align:start position:0% +you end up sort of spreading it out and + + + align:start position:0% +you end up sort of spreading it out and +saying okay I'll pay 15,000 today and + + align:start position:0% +saying okay I'll pay 15,000 today and + + + align:start position:0% +saying okay I'll pay 15,000 today and +then 25,000 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tomorrow so we get these sort of two + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow so we get these sort of two + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow so we get these sort of two +different distortions the Distortion of + + align:start position:0% +different distortions the Distortion of + + + align:start position:0% +different distortions the Distortion of +loans that are too big and loan payments + + align:start position:0% +loans that are too big and loan payments + + + align:start position:0% +loans that are too big and loan payments +that are distorted with a balloon + + align:start position:0% +that are distorted with a balloon + + + align:start position:0% +that are distorted with a balloon +payment at the end that's larger than + + align:start position:0% +payment at the end that's larger than + + + align:start position:0% +payment at the end that's larger than +the payment in the beginning whereas + + align:start position:0% +the payment in the beginning whereas + + + align:start position:0% +the payment in the beginning whereas +sort of spreading the payments evenly is + + align:start position:0% +sort of spreading the payments evenly is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of spreading the payments evenly is +what would minimize the customer's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +disutility okay and you know this is a + + align:start position:0% +disutility okay and you know this is a + + + align:start position:0% +disutility okay and you know this is a +it's a model with perfect competition so + + align:start position:0% +it's a model with perfect competition so + + + align:start position:0% +it's a model with perfect competition so +with perfect competition the lenders + + align:start position:0% +with perfect competition the lenders + + + align:start position:0% +with perfect competition the lenders +actually so I I should have done this + + align:start position:0% +actually so I I should have done this + + + align:start position:0% +actually so I I should have done this +with 20 um in this model the lenders + + align:start position:0% +with 20 um in this model the lenders + + + align:start position:0% +with 20 um in this model the lenders +zero profits you get zero profits for + + align:start position:0% +zero profits you get zero profits for + + + align:start position:0% +zero profits you get zero profits for +the lenders so the amount that they + + align:start position:0% +the lenders so the amount that they + + + align:start position:0% +the lenders so the amount that they +borrow is exactly equal to the repayment + + align:start position:0% +borrow is exactly equal to the repayment + + + align:start position:0% +borrow is exactly equal to the repayment +so it's not like lenders make any extra + + align:start position:0% +so it's not like lenders make any extra + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not like lenders make any extra +lenders don't make any money it's just + + align:start position:0% +lenders don't make any money it's just + + + align:start position:0% +lenders don't make any money it's just +utility is being destroyed by having + + align:start position:0% +utility is being destroyed by having + + + align:start position:0% +utility is being destroyed by having +consumers get a larger loan than is + + align:start position:0% +consumers get a larger loan than is + + + align:start position:0% +consumers get a larger loan than is +rational for them to get and pay the + + align:start position:0% +rational for them to get and pay the + + + align:start position:0% +rational for them to get and pay the +money out uh pay the money back unevenly + + align:start position:0% +money out uh pay the money back unevenly + + + align:start position:0% +money out uh pay the money back unevenly +in a way that makes them suffer more + + align:start position:0% +in a way that makes them suffer more + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that makes them suffer more +disutility from the unequal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +payments okay so questions on the + + align:start position:0% +payments okay so questions on the + + + align:start position:0% +payments okay so questions on the +finding of of what they're what they're + + align:start position:0% +finding of of what they're what they're + + + align:start position:0% +finding of of what they're what they're +trying to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +show okay so I thought I would do is I'd + + align:start position:0% +show okay so I thought I would do is I'd + + + align:start position:0% +show okay so I thought I would do is I'd +actually just sort of go through the + + align:start position:0% +actually just sort of go through the + + + align:start position:0% +actually just sort of go through the +it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a +standard uh standard type of sort of + + align:start position:0% +standard uh standard type of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +standard uh standard type of sort of +mechanism design argument it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +mechanism design argument it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism design argument it's pretty +simple so I thought I would do that so + + align:start position:0% +simple so I thought I would do that so + + + align:start position:0% +simple so I thought I would do that so +first way to think about analyzing a + + align:start position:0% +first way to think about analyzing a + + + align:start position:0% +first way to think about analyzing a +model like this + + align:start position:0% +model like this + + + align:start position:0% +model like this +is um we can restrict ourselves to to + + align:start position:0% +is um we can restrict ourselves to to + + + align:start position:0% +is um we can restrict ourselves to to +contracts that have just two options + + align:start position:0% +contracts that have just two options + + + align:start position:0% +contracts that have just two options +because all that really matters is what + + align:start position:0% +because all that really matters is what + + + align:start position:0% +because all that really matters is what +does the consumer think they're going to + + align:start position:0% +does the consumer think they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +does the consumer think they're going to +rep pay when they sign the contract and + + align:start position:0% +rep pay when they sign the contract and + + + align:start position:0% +rep pay when they sign the contract and +what do they actually repay so there's + + align:start position:0% +what do they actually repay so there's + + + align:start position:0% +what do they actually repay so there's +like one option that needs to be there + + align:start position:0% +like one option that needs to be there + + + align:start position:0% +like one option that needs to be there +which is what they think they're going + + align:start position:0% +which is what they think they're going + + + align:start position:0% +which is what they think they're going +to pay there's another one what do they + + align:start position:0% +to pay there's another one what do they + + + align:start position:0% +to pay there's another one what do they +actually going to pay you can put 10 + + align:start position:0% +actually going to pay you can put 10 + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to pay you can put 10 +different options in there the other + + align:start position:0% +different options in there the other + + + align:start position:0% +different options in there the other +eight don't + + align:start position:0% +eight don't + + + align:start position:0% +eight don't +matter okay so we can think of a general + + align:start position:0% +matter okay so we can think of a general + + + align:start position:0% +matter okay so we can think of a general +class of contracts as being how much + + align:start position:0% +class of contracts as being how much + + + align:start position:0% +class of contracts as being how much +money does the lenders give them upfront + + align:start position:0% +money does the lenders give them upfront + + + align:start position:0% +money does the lenders give them upfront +what's the repayment option that they + + align:start position:0% +what's the repayment option that they + + + align:start position:0% +what's the repayment option that they +think they're going to take when they + + align:start position:0% +think they're going to take when they + + + align:start position:0% +think they're going to take when they +sign the contract and then what's the + + align:start position:0% +sign the contract and then what's the + + + align:start position:0% +sign the contract and then what's the +repayment option that they're actually + + align:start position:0% +repayment option that they're actually + + + align:start position:0% +repayment option that they're actually +going to take + + align:start position:0% +going to take + + + align:start position:0% +going to take +Okay um you know the firms are comp the + + align:start position:0% +Okay um you know the firms are comp the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay um you know the firms are comp the +lenders are competing to make the most + + align:start position:0% +lenders are competing to make the most + + + align:start position:0% +lenders are competing to make the most +attractive offers which means it must be + + align:start position:0% +attractive offers which means it must be + + + align:start position:0% +attractive offers which means it must be +that the offer that gets accept made and + + align:start position:0% +that the offer that gets accept made and + + + align:start position:0% +that the offer that gets accept made and +accepted an equilibrium solves this + + align:start position:0% +accepted an equilibrium solves this + + + align:start position:0% +accepted an equilibrium solves this +problem we're maximizing the utility + + align:start position:0% +problem we're maximizing the utility + + + align:start position:0% +problem we're maximizing the utility +that consumers think you're giving + + align:start position:0% +that consumers think you're giving + + + align:start position:0% +that consumers think you're giving +them subject to three constraints the + + align:start position:0% +them subject to three constraints the + + + align:start position:0% +them subject to three constraints the +first is the individual rationality + + align:start position:0% +first is the individual rationality + + + align:start position:0% +first is the individual rationality +constraint of the lenders which is the + + align:start position:0% +constraint of the lenders which is the + + + align:start position:0% +constraint of the lenders which is the +lenders have to earn zero profits so the + + align:start position:0% +lenders have to earn zero profits so the + + + align:start position:0% +lenders have to earn zero profits so the +amount that they give the consumer + + align:start position:0% +amount that they give the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +amount that they give the consumer +upfront can't be any bigger than the + + align:start position:0% +upfront can't be any bigger than the + + + align:start position:0% +upfront can't be any bigger than the +repayment that they're going to get in + + align:start position:0% +repayment that they're going to get in + + + align:start position:0% +repayment that they're going to get in +equilibri which is q and + + align:start position:0% +equilibri which is q and + + + align:start position:0% +equilibri which is q and +R uh there's the IC constraint for the + + align:start position:0% +R uh there's the IC constraint for the + + + align:start position:0% +R uh there's the IC constraint for the +time zero self the one making the + + align:start position:0% +time zero self the one making the + + + align:start position:0% +time zero self the one making the +purchase the time zero self has to think + + align:start position:0% +purchase the time zero self has to think + + + align:start position:0% +purchase the time zero self has to think +that they're going to repay Q hat R hat + + align:start position:0% +that they're going to repay Q hat R hat + + + align:start position:0% +that they're going to repay Q hat R hat +and so it must be that the + + align:start position:0% +and so it must be that the + + + align:start position:0% +and so it must be that the +um disutility that you get from paying Q + + align:start position:0% +um disutility that you get from paying Q + + + align:start position:0% +um disutility that you get from paying Q +hat R hat which is K of Q hat plus beta + + align:start position:0% +hat R hat which is K of Q hat plus beta + + + align:start position:0% +hat R hat which is K of Q hat plus beta +hat K of R hat this how you think your + + align:start position:0% +hat K of R hat this how you think your + + + align:start position:0% +hat K of R hat this how you think your +future self is going to be hyperbolic + + align:start position:0% +future self is going to be hyperbolic + + + align:start position:0% +future self is going to be hyperbolic +that has to be less than K of Q Plus + + align:start position:0% +that has to be less than K of Q Plus + + + align:start position:0% +that has to be less than K of Q Plus +beta hat K of RS you think wow that you + + align:start position:0% +beta hat K of RS you think wow that you + + + align:start position:0% +beta hat K of RS you think wow that you +know this one is such a bad ic0 says + + align:start position:0% +know this one is such a bad ic0 says + + + align:start position:0% +know this one is such a bad ic0 says +this is such a bad deal relative to this + + align:start position:0% +this is such a bad deal relative to this + + + align:start position:0% +this is such a bad deal relative to this +one that my future self will pay this + + align:start position:0% +one that my future self will pay this + + + align:start position:0% +one that my future self will pay this +one and then it must also be that when + + align:start position:0% +one and then it must also be that when + + + align:start position:0% +one and then it must also be that when +we get to T equals 1 from the tals one + + align:start position:0% +we get to T equals 1 from the tals one + + + align:start position:0% +we get to T equals 1 from the tals one +self when the T equals one self is + + align:start position:0% +self when the T equals one self is + + + align:start position:0% +self when the T equals one self is +comparing these the T equals one self + + align:start position:0% +comparing these the T equals one self + + + align:start position:0% +comparing these the T equals one self +says wow this is painful I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +says wow this is painful I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +says wow this is painful I'm going to +choose this one instead so those are the + + align:start position:0% +choose this one instead so those are the + + + align:start position:0% +choose this one instead so those are the +two IC constraints the T equals one self + + align:start position:0% +two IC constraints the T equals one self + + + align:start position:0% +two IC constraints the T equals one self +the T equals zero self has to say I + + align:start position:0% +the T equals zero self has to say I + + + align:start position:0% +the T equals zero self has to say I +think I'm going to take the Q hat R hat + + align:start position:0% +think I'm going to take the Q hat R hat + + + align:start position:0% +think I'm going to take the Q hat R hat +option and then then tals 1 self has to + + align:start position:0% +option and then then tals 1 self has to + + + align:start position:0% +option and then then tals 1 self has to +say that Q hat R hat option is painful + + align:start position:0% +say that Q hat R hat option is painful + + + align:start position:0% +say that Q hat R hat option is painful +I'm going to take the QR option + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instead okay so we have this you know + + align:start position:0% +instead okay so we have this you know + + + align:start position:0% +instead okay so we have this you know +fairly simple um problem that initially + + align:start position:0% +fairly simple um problem that initially + + + align:start position:0% +fairly simple um problem that initially +has five unknown C + + align:start position:0% +has five unknown C + + + align:start position:0% +has five unknown C +QR Q hat R + + align:start position:0% +QR Q hat R + + + align:start position:0% +QR Q hat R +hat and you know as you often do in + + align:start position:0% +hat and you know as you often do in + + + align:start position:0% +hat and you know as you often do in +mechanism design problems the way to + + align:start position:0% +mechanism design problems the way to + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism design problems the way to +solve these things is to start by + + align:start position:0% +solve these things is to start by + + + align:start position:0% +solve these things is to start by +eliminating as many of the constraints + + align:start position:0% +eliminating as many of the constraints + + + align:start position:0% +eliminating as many of the constraints +as you can or turning the constraint + + align:start position:0% +as you can or turning the constraint + + + align:start position:0% +as you can or turning the constraint +inequality constraints into equality + + align:start position:0% +inequality constraints into equality + + + align:start position:0% +inequality constraints into equality +constraints and eliminating variables um + + align:start position:0% +constraints and eliminating variables um + + + align:start position:0% +constraints and eliminating variables um +the first variable I'm going to note is + + align:start position:0% +the first variable I'm going to note is + + + align:start position:0% +the first variable I'm going to note is +the IR constraint is always going to be + + align:start position:0% +the IR constraint is always going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the IR constraint is always going to be +binding you're always going to set C + + align:start position:0% +binding you're always going to set C + + + align:start position:0% +binding you're always going to set C +equals q+r you're going to set C equals + + align:start position:0% +equals q+r you're going to set C equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals q+r you're going to set C equals +Q Plus R because giving the consumer + + align:start position:0% +Q Plus R because giving the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +Q Plus R because giving the consumer +more money up front uh makes the + + align:start position:0% +more money up front uh makes the + + + align:start position:0% +more money up front uh makes the +consumer happier and this is the only + + align:start position:0% +consumer happier and this is the only + + + align:start position:0% +consumer happier and this is the only +constraint where C appears so clearly + + align:start position:0% +constraint where C appears so clearly + + + align:start position:0% +constraint where C appears so clearly +you know we can sort of really drop that + + align:start position:0% +you know we can sort of really drop that + + + align:start position:0% +you know we can sort of really drop that +out and just say whatever Q and R we + + align:start position:0% +out and just say whatever Q and R we + + + align:start position:0% +out and just say whatever Q and R we +choose C is going to be Q + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +r okay second observation is that um + + align:start position:0% +r okay second observation is that um + + + align:start position:0% +r okay second observation is that um +this one also has to hold with equality + + align:start position:0% +this one also has to hold with equality + + + align:start position:0% +this one also has to hold with equality +if this constraint was + + align:start position:0% +if this constraint was + + + align:start position:0% +if this constraint was +non-binding um I can make q and R bigger + + align:start position:0% +non-binding um I can make q and R bigger + + + align:start position:0% +non-binding um I can make q and R bigger +and if I make Q andr bigger this + + align:start position:0% +and if I make Q andr bigger this + + + align:start position:0% +and if I make Q andr bigger this +constraint if this was non-binding I'd + + align:start position:0% +constraint if this was non-binding I'd + + + align:start position:0% +constraint if this was non-binding I'd +make Q andr bigger this would still be + + align:start position:0% +make Q andr bigger this would still be + + + align:start position:0% +make Q andr bigger this would still be +satisfied this would would be satisfied + + align:start position:0% +satisfied this would would be satisfied + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied this would would be satisfied +this is satisfied this doesn't involve Q + + align:start position:0% +this is satisfied this doesn't involve Q + + + align:start position:0% +this is satisfied this doesn't involve Q +andr so I'm always going to want to make + + align:start position:0% +andr so I'm always going to want to make + + + align:start position:0% +andr so I'm always going to want to make +Q andr as big as I can until this + + align:start position:0% +Q andr as big as I can until this + + + align:start position:0% +Q andr as big as I can until this +constraint gets satisfied so what limits + + align:start position:0% +constraint gets satisfied so what limits + + + align:start position:0% +constraint gets satisfied so what limits +these repayments is that the consumer at + + align:start position:0% +these repayments is that the consumer at + + + align:start position:0% +these repayments is that the consumer at +tals one has to actually be willing to + + align:start position:0% +tals one has to actually be willing to + + + align:start position:0% +tals one has to actually be willing to +make them so anyway so this one holds + + align:start position:0% +make them so anyway so this one holds + + + align:start position:0% +make them so anyway so this one holds +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +equality + + align:start position:0% +equality + + + align:start position:0% +equality +um so once you know that this one has an + + align:start position:0% +um so once you know that this one has an + + + align:start position:0% +um so once you know that this one has an +equal sign in it uh think about what is + + align:start position:0% +equal sign in it uh think about what is + + + align:start position:0% +equal sign in it uh think about what is +this constraint equ equ equalent to when + + align:start position:0% +this constraint equ equ equalent to when + + + align:start position:0% +this constraint equ equ equalent to when +this one holds with equality well if + + align:start position:0% +this one holds with equality well if + + + align:start position:0% +this one holds with equality well if +this one holds with equality I can just + + align:start position:0% +this one holds with equality I can just + + + align:start position:0% +this one holds with equality I can just +subtract the two left side the left side + + align:start position:0% +subtract the two left side the left side + + + align:start position:0% +subtract the two left side the left side +here from this subtract the right side + + align:start position:0% +here from this subtract the right side + + + align:start position:0% +here from this subtract the right side +here from this and both things are still + + align:start position:0% +here from this and both things are still + + + align:start position:0% +here from this and both things are still +true and so the the top inequality still + + align:start position:0% +true and so the the top inequality still + + + align:start position:0% +true and so the the top inequality still +holds and these things cancel and these + + align:start position:0% +holds and these things cancel and these + + + align:start position:0% +holds and these things cancel and these +things cancel and so what I find is that + + align:start position:0% +things cancel and so what I find is that + + + align:start position:0% +things cancel and so what I find is that +it must be true that um beta hat minus + + align:start position:0% +it must be true that um beta hat minus + + + align:start position:0% +it must be true that um beta hat minus +beta K of r the right side this minus + + align:start position:0% +beta K of r the right side this minus + + + align:start position:0% +beta K of r the right side this minus +this is bigger than beta hat minus beta + + align:start position:0% +this is bigger than beta hat minus beta + + + align:start position:0% +this is bigger than beta hat minus beta +time K of R hat + + align:start position:0% +time K of R hat + + + align:start position:0% +time K of R hat +so the IC constraint you know so once + + align:start position:0% +so the IC constraint you know so once + + + align:start position:0% +so the IC constraint you know so once +this holds with equality this constraint + + align:start position:0% +this holds with equality this constraint + + + align:start position:0% +this holds with equality this constraint +is simply equivalent to R hat being less + + align:start position:0% +is simply equivalent to R hat being less + + + align:start position:0% +is simply equivalent to R hat being less +than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R okay so ic0 is just you know this + + align:start position:0% +R okay so ic0 is just you know this + + + align:start position:0% +R okay so ic0 is just you know this +holds with the quality this holds with + + align:start position:0% +holds with the quality this holds with + + + align:start position:0% +holds with the quality this holds with +equality this is equivalent to R hat + + align:start position:0% +equality this is equivalent to R hat + + + align:start position:0% +equality this is equivalent to R hat +less than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R so what's my simplified + + align:start position:0% +R so what's my simplified + + + align:start position:0% +R so what's my simplified +problem um I'm maximizing C = Q + r + + align:start position:0% +problem um I'm maximizing C = Q + r + + + align:start position:0% +problem um I'm maximizing C = Q + r +minus K of q hatus k of R + + align:start position:0% +minus K of q hatus k of R + + + align:start position:0% +minus K of q hatus k of R +hat and my two constraints are that R + + align:start position:0% +hat and my two constraints are that R + + + align:start position:0% +hat and my two constraints are that R +hat has to be less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +hat has to be less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +hat has to be less than or equal to +R um and this bottom one the ic1 holds + + align:start position:0% +R um and this bottom one the ic1 holds + + + align:start position:0% +R um and this bottom one the ic1 holds +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equality so again to simplify this + + align:start position:0% +equality so again to simplify this + + + align:start position:0% +equality so again to simplify this +problem um I now take this expression + + align:start position:0% +problem um I now take this expression + + + align:start position:0% +problem um I now take this expression +for what uh K of Q hat is and I plug + + align:start position:0% +for what uh K of Q hat is and I plug + + + align:start position:0% +for what uh K of Q hat is and I plug +this in here so this is K of Q hat + + align:start position:0% +this in here so this is K of Q hat + + + align:start position:0% +this in here so this is K of Q hat +equals this plus this minus this and so + + align:start position:0% +equals this plus this minus this and so + + + align:start position:0% +equals this plus this minus this and so +when I do that the equation + + align:start position:0% +when I do that the equation + + + align:start position:0% +when I do that the equation +becomes um Q + + + align:start position:0% +becomes um Q + + + + align:start position:0% +becomes um Q + +r minus this so minus K of Q minus beta + + align:start position:0% +r minus this so minus K of Q minus beta + + + align:start position:0% +r minus this so minus K of Q minus beta +K of R and then I get a minus one minus + + align:start position:0% +K of R and then I get a minus one minus + + + align:start position:0% +K of R and then I get a minus one minus +beta K of R hat so I'm maximizing that + + align:start position:0% +beta K of R hat so I'm maximizing that + + + align:start position:0% +beta K of R hat so I'm maximizing that +subject to the constraint that R hat is + + align:start position:0% +subject to the constraint that R hat is + + + align:start position:0% +subject to the constraint that R hat is +less than or equal to R + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to R + + + align:start position:0% +less than or equal to R +uh I again look at this expression and I + + align:start position:0% +uh I again look at this expression and I + + + align:start position:0% +uh I again look at this expression and I +recognize that the r hat only appears + + align:start position:0% +recognize that the r hat only appears + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that the r hat only appears +one way one place and the r hat has got + + align:start position:0% +one way one place and the r hat has got + + + align:start position:0% +one way one place and the r hat has got +a con positive constant times an + + align:start position:0% +a con positive constant times an + + + align:start position:0% +a con positive constant times an +increasing function of r hat so if my + + align:start position:0% +increasing function of r hat so if my + + + align:start position:0% +increasing function of r hat so if my +only constraint is that R hat equals r i + + align:start position:0% +only constraint is that R hat equals r i + + + align:start position:0% +only constraint is that R hat equals r i +want to set R equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +z so that's where this zero comes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from and then you know I'm left with a a + + align:start position:0% +from and then you know I'm left with a a + + + align:start position:0% +from and then you know I'm left with a a +very simple problem which is just I'm + + align:start position:0% +very simple problem which is just I'm + + + align:start position:0% +very simple problem which is just I'm +trying to Max maximize what's + + align:start position:0% +trying to Max maximize what's + + + align:start position:0% +trying to Max maximize what's +left I'm trying to maximize Q + r + + align:start position:0% +left I'm trying to maximize Q + r + + + align:start position:0% +left I'm trying to maximize Q + r +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +uh K of Q + + align:start position:0% +uh K of Q + + + align:start position:0% +uh K of Q +minus uh beta K of + + align:start position:0% +minus uh beta K of + + + align:start position:0% +minus uh beta K of +R and so then just the first order + + align:start position:0% +R and so then just the first order + + + align:start position:0% +R and so then just the first order +condition say you set K Prime at Q equal + + align:start position:0% +condition say you set K Prime at Q equal + + + align:start position:0% +condition say you set K Prime at Q equal +to 1 and you set K Prime at R equals to + + align:start position:0% +to 1 and you set K Prime at R equals to + + + align:start position:0% +to 1 and you set K Prime at R equals to +one over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beta okay and so it's the K Prime at Q + + align:start position:0% +beta okay and so it's the K Prime at Q + + + align:start position:0% +beta okay and so it's the K Prime at Q +equals 1 that makes Q the efficient + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 that makes Q the efficient + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 that makes Q the efficient +level uh good so I did get that right so + + align:start position:0% +level uh good so I did get that right so + + + align:start position:0% +level uh good so I did get that right so +this is the if the efficient level is + + align:start position:0% +this is the if the efficient level is + + + align:start position:0% +this is the if the efficient level is +15,000 you ask for the efficient + + align:start position:0% +15,000 you ask for the efficient + + + align:start position:0% +15,000 you ask for the efficient +level uh at that period but then K Prime + + align:start position:0% +level uh at that period but then K Prime + + + align:start position:0% +level uh at that period but then K Prime +and R is one over beta so you ask for + + align:start position:0% +and R is one over beta so you ask for + + + align:start position:0% +and R is one over beta so you ask for +more money discretly more money in this + + align:start position:0% +more money discretly more money in this + + + align:start position:0% +more money discretly more money in this +PR preference okay and so the you know + + align:start position:0% +PR preference okay and so the you know + + + align:start position:0% +PR preference okay and so the you know +the model was it like right the sort of + + align:start position:0% +the model was it like right the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the model was it like right the sort of +with the beta Delta hyperbolic consumers + + align:start position:0% +with the beta Delta hyperbolic consumers + + + align:start position:0% +with the beta Delta hyperbolic consumers +you didn't do any distorting but now + + align:start position:0% +you didn't do any distorting but now + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't do any distorting but now +with beta beta hat Delta with beta hat + + align:start position:0% +with beta beta hat Delta with beta hat + + + align:start position:0% +with beta beta hat Delta with beta hat +arbitrarily close to Beta you get this + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily close to Beta you get this + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily close to Beta you get this +discret jump reflecting the the one over + + align:start position:0% +discret jump reflecting the the one over + + + align:start position:0% +discret jump reflecting the the one over +beta discounting versus the beta + + align:start position:0% +beta discounting versus the beta + + + align:start position:0% +beta discounting versus the beta +discounting and you know there's just no + + align:start position:0% +discounting and you know there's just no + + + align:start position:0% +discounting and you know there's just no +way that you can come in as a lender and + + align:start position:0% +way that you can come in as a lender and + + + align:start position:0% +way that you can come in as a lender and +compete in this market and not exploit + + align:start position:0% +compete in this market and not exploit + + + align:start position:0% +compete in this market and not exploit +the consumers because you know this is + + align:start position:0% +the consumers because you know this is + + + align:start position:0% +the consumers because you know this is +what the consumers are seeing the + + align:start position:0% +what the consumers are seeing the + + + align:start position:0% +what the consumers are seeing the +consumers are seeing this borrow 35,000 + + align:start position:0% +consumers are seeing this borrow 35,000 + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are seeing this borrow 35,000 +repay 25,000 contract they think that's + + align:start position:0% +repay 25,000 contract they think that's + + + align:start position:0% +repay 25,000 contract they think that's +what they're going to do I can't come in + + align:start position:0% +what they're going to do I can't come in + + + align:start position:0% +what they're going to do I can't come in +and say no look take a reasonable size + + align:start position:0% +and say no look take a reasonable size + + + align:start position:0% +and say no look take a reasonable size +loan pay it out evenly because they're + + align:start position:0% +loan pay it out evenly because they're + + + align:start position:0% +loan pay it out evenly because they're +going to be like no I don't I would like + + align:start position:0% +going to be like no I don't I would like + + + align:start position:0% +going to be like no I don't I would like +to get the nicer car and I'm it's a huge + + align:start position:0% +to get the nicer car and I'm it's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +to get the nicer car and I'm it's a huge +financial win for me to take this teaser + + align:start position:0% +financial win for me to take this teaser + + + align:start position:0% +financial win for me to take this teaser +deal therefore you can't compete with + + align:start position:0% +deal therefore you can't compete with + + + align:start position:0% +deal therefore you can't compete with +that teaser deal with a regular deal + + align:start position:0% +that teaser deal with a regular deal + + + align:start position:0% +that teaser deal with a regular deal +because if you're not exploiting the + + align:start position:0% +because if you're not exploiting the + + + align:start position:0% +because if you're not exploiting the +consumers you can't make them that + + align:start position:0% +consumers you can't make them that + + + align:start position:0% +consumers you can't make them that +outlandish promise if you're going to + + align:start position:0% +outlandish promise if you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +outlandish promise if you're going to +get all this money and repay this little + + align:start position:0% +get all this money and repay this little + + + align:start position:0% +get all this money and repay this little +amount next paper I want to do I guess I + + align:start position:0% +amount next paper I want to do I guess I + + + align:start position:0% +amount next paper I want to do I guess I +won't get through all of these today but + + align:start position:0% +won't get through all of these today but + + + align:start position:0% +won't get through all of these today but +um uh you know so uh this is a paper by + + align:start position:0% +um uh you know so uh this is a paper by + + + align:start position:0% +um uh you know so uh this is a paper by +Michael grub selling to overconfident + + align:start position:0% +Michael grub selling to overconfident + + + align:start position:0% +Michael grub selling to overconfident +consumers which has a it it's it's it's + + align:start position:0% +consumers which has a it it's it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +consumers which has a it it's it's it's +based on an overconfidence bias um + + align:start position:0% +based on an overconfidence bias um + + + align:start position:0% +based on an overconfidence bias um +people sort of think they know more + + align:start position:0% +people sort of think they know more + + + align:start position:0% +people sort of think they know more +about their future self than they do um + + align:start position:0% +about their future self than they do um + + + align:start position:0% +about their future self than they do um +and what he's trying to explain is you + + align:start position:0% +and what he's trying to explain is you + + + align:start position:0% +and what he's trying to explain is you +know one of the things I did early on in + + align:start position:0% +know one of the things I did early on in + + + align:start position:0% +know one of the things I did early on in +Monopoly pricing is two-part tariffs + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly pricing is two-part tariffs + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly pricing is two-part tariffs +like at Disneyland you pay $100 to get + + align:start position:0% +like at Disneyland you pay $100 to get + + + align:start position:0% +like at Disneyland you pay $100 to get +into the park and then every ride is + + align:start position:0% +into the park and then every ride is + + + align:start position:0% +into the park and then every ride is +free uh or you have you know some + + align:start position:0% +free uh or you have you know some + + + align:start position:0% +free uh or you have you know some +something where you pay sort of some up + + align:start position:0% +something where you pay sort of some up + + + align:start position:0% +something where you pay sort of some up +front cost and then you pay a low cost + + align:start position:0% +front cost and then you pay a low cost + + + align:start position:0% +front cost and then you pay a low cost +per unit and they extract all your + + align:start position:0% +per unit and they extract all your + + + align:start position:0% +per unit and they extract all your +Surplus you're getting from Price equals + + align:start position:0% +Surplus you're getting from Price equals + + + align:start position:0% +Surplus you're getting from Price equals +cost in a fixed fee + + align:start position:0% +cost in a fixed fee + + + align:start position:0% +cost in a fixed fee +upfront uh what grub notice is that + + align:start position:0% +upfront uh what grub notice is that + + + align:start position:0% +upfront uh what grub notice is that +there are actually a lot of applications + + align:start position:0% +there are actually a lot of applications + + + align:start position:0% +there are actually a lot of applications +where we seem to see is not two-part + + align:start position:0% +where we seem to see is not two-part + + + align:start position:0% +where we seem to see is not two-part +tariffs but three-part tariffs um so the + + align:start position:0% +tariffs but three-part tariffs um so the + + + align:start position:0% +tariffs but three-part tariffs um so the +three-part tariff is this payment scheme + + align:start position:0% +three-part tariff is this payment scheme + + + align:start position:0% +three-part tariff is this payment scheme +where you have an upfront payment for + + align:start position:0% +where you have an upfront payment for + + + align:start position:0% +where you have an upfront payment for +the good and then some number of units + + align:start position:0% +the good and then some number of units + + + align:start position:0% +the good and then some number of units +of the good sold at below cost and then + + align:start position:0% +of the good sold at below cost and then + + + align:start position:0% +of the good sold at below cost and then +some and then additional units beyond + + align:start position:0% +some and then additional units beyond + + + align:start position:0% +some and then additional units beyond +that sold at an above cost price and + + align:start position:0% +that sold at an above cost price and + + + align:start position:0% +that sold at an above cost price and +often a very very high price so you know + + align:start position:0% +often a very very high price so you know + + + align:start position:0% +often a very very high price so you know +examples he give you know some of them + + align:start position:0% +examples he give you know some of them + + + align:start position:0% +examples he give you know some of them +like the credit card example you pay + + align:start position:0% +like the credit card example you pay + + + align:start position:0% +like the credit card example you pay +some upfront fee to transfer your money + + align:start position:0% +some upfront fee to transfer your money + + + align:start position:0% +some upfront fee to transfer your money +to the new credit + + align:start position:0% +to the new credit + + + align:start position:0% +to the new credit +card they'll give you six months + + align:start position:0% +card they'll give you six months + + + align:start position:0% +card they'll give you six months +interest free and then after the six + + align:start position:0% +interest free and then after the six + + + align:start position:0% +interest free and then after the six +months are over they're going to start + + align:start position:0% +months are over they're going to start + + + align:start position:0% +months are over they're going to start +charging you + + align:start position:0% +charging you + + + align:start position:0% +charging you +19.8% uh or you lease a car + + align:start position:0% +19.8% uh or you lease a car + + + align:start position:0% +19.8% uh or you lease a car +you pay $122,000 for the three-year car + + align:start position:0% +you pay $122,000 for the three-year car + + + align:start position:0% +you pay $122,000 for the three-year car +lease um car leases I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +lease um car leases I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +lease um car leases I don't know if +you've done these car leases do have + + align:start position:0% +you've done these car leases do have + + + align:start position:0% +you've done these car leases do have +mileage limits on them like you see you + + align:start position:0% +mileage limits on them like you see you + + + align:start position:0% +mileage limits on them like you see you +get at leas the car for 3 years you get + + align:start position:0% +get at leas the car for 3 years you get + + + align:start position:0% +get at leas the car for 3 years you get +36,000 miles included free they don't + + align:start position:0% +36,000 miles included free they don't + + + align:start position:0% +36,000 miles included free they don't +charge you for the wear and tear on the + + align:start position:0% +charge you for the wear and tear on the + + + align:start position:0% +charge you for the wear and tear on the +car but then if you drive the car more + + align:start position:0% +car but then if you drive the car more + + + align:start position:0% +car but then if you drive the car more +than 36,000 miles um you get an pay an + + align:start position:0% +than 36,000 miles um you get an pay an + + + align:start position:0% +than 36,000 miles um you get an pay an +extra 29 cents a mile actually maybe for + + align:start position:0% +extra 29 cents a mile actually maybe for + + + align:start position:0% +extra 29 cents a mile actually maybe for +you guys renting U-Haul trucks works + + align:start position:0% +you guys renting U-Haul trucks works + + + align:start position:0% +you guys renting U-Haul trucks works +this way I don't know if you've ever + + align:start position:0% +this way I don't know if you've ever + + + align:start position:0% +this way I don't know if you've ever +rented a U-Haul truck where it's like + + align:start position:0% +rented a U-Haul truck where it's like + + + align:start position:0% +rented a U-Haul truck where it's like +you know you rent the truck and it's + + align:start position:0% +you know you rent the truck and it's + + + align:start position:0% +you know you rent the truck and it's +$99.99 for the car the truck up to 150 + + align:start position:0% +$99.99 for the car the truck up to 150 + + + align:start position:0% +$99.99 for the car the truck up to 150 +Mi of use of the truck is free if you go + + align:start position:0% +Mi of use of the truck is free if you go + + + align:start position:0% +Mi of use of the truck is free if you go +over the + + align:start position:0% +over the + + + align:start position:0% +over the +150 uh miles on on the truck it's like + + align:start position:0% +150 uh miles on on the truck it's like + + + align:start position:0% +150 uh miles on on the truck it's like +79 cents a mile or something for every + + align:start position:0% +79 cents a mile or something for every + + + align:start position:0% +79 cents a mile or something for every +mile that you charge and you run up this + + align:start position:0% +mile that you charge and you run up this + + + align:start position:0% +mile that you charge and you run up this +enormous overage charge on the U-Haul + + align:start position:0% +enormous overage charge on the U-Haul + + + align:start position:0% +enormous overage charge on the U-Haul +trucks um you know cell phones back in + + align:start position:0% +trucks um you know cell phones back in + + + align:start position:0% +trucks um you know cell phones back in +the day um you know you paid $39.99 a + + align:start position:0% +the day um you know you paid $39.99 a + + + align:start position:0% +the day um you know you paid $39.99 a +month you would have 2 gigabytes of data + + align:start position:0% +month you would have 2 gigabytes of data + + + align:start position:0% +month you would have 2 gigabytes of data +free once you used up your 2 gabes usage + + align:start position:0% +free once you used up your 2 gabes usage + + + align:start position:0% +free once you used up your 2 gabes usage +they start sort of charging you some + + align:start position:0% +they start sort of charging you some + + + align:start position:0% +they start sort of charging you some +extra amount of money per megabyte that + + align:start position:0% +extra amount of money per megabyte that + + + align:start position:0% +extra amount of money per megabyte that +doesn't sound so big but then it becomes + + align:start position:0% +doesn't sound so big but then it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't sound so big but then it becomes +an enormous charge for the overage on + + align:start position:0% +an enormous charge for the overage on + + + align:start position:0% +an enormous charge for the overage on +your your data overage + + align:start position:0% +your your data overage + + + align:start position:0% +your your data overage +um and you know grub suggests that why + + align:start position:0% +um and you know grub suggests that why + + + align:start position:0% +um and you know grub suggests that why +do we see these sort of you know we know + + align:start position:0% +do we see these sort of you know we know + + + align:start position:0% +do we see these sort of you know we know +why we'd see a two-part tariff because + + align:start position:0% +why we'd see a two-part tariff because + + + align:start position:0% +why we'd see a two-part tariff because +it's efficient to pricings at Cost why + + align:start position:0% +it's efficient to pricings at Cost why + + + align:start position:0% +it's efficient to pricings at Cost why +would we see a three-part tariff and you + + align:start position:0% +would we see a three-part tariff and you + + + align:start position:0% +would we see a three-part tariff and you +know Grub's argument is that we see + + align:start position:0% +know Grub's argument is that we see + + + align:start position:0% +know Grub's argument is that we see +three-part tariffs uh because it's sort + + align:start position:0% +three-part tariffs uh because it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +three-part tariffs uh because it's sort +of an exploitation of consumers who + + align:start position:0% +of an exploitation of consumers who + + + align:start position:0% +of an exploitation of consumers who +think they're better than they are at + + align:start position:0% +think they're better than they are at + + + align:start position:0% +think they're better than they are at +predicting their future consumption just + + align:start position:0% +predicting their future consumption just + + + align:start position:0% +predicting their future consumption just +like you think you're better than you + + align:start position:0% +like you think you're better than you + + + align:start position:0% +like you think you're better than you +are at predicting how how far buen + + align:start position:0% +are at predicting how how far buen + + + align:start position:0% +are at predicting how how far buen +Osiris is you think you're better than + + align:start position:0% +Osiris is you think you're better than + + + align:start position:0% +Osiris is you think you're better than +you are at predicting how many gigabytes + + align:start position:0% +you are at predicting how many gigabytes + + + align:start position:0% +you are at predicting how many gigabytes +of data or how many miles am I going to + + align:start position:0% +of data or how many miles am I going to + + + align:start position:0% +of data or how many miles am I going to +drive the U-Haul truck or something like + + align:start position:0% +drive the U-Haul truck or something like + + + align:start position:0% +drive the U-Haul truck or something like +that okay um so he gives this sort of + + align:start position:0% +that okay um so he gives this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that okay um so he gives this sort of +simple example about where the + + align:start position:0% +simple example about where the + + + align:start position:0% +simple example about where the +three-part tff would come from which is + + align:start position:0% +three-part tff would come from which is + + + align:start position:0% +three-part tff would come from which is +this uh you know straightforward + + align:start position:0% +this uh you know straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +this uh you know straightforward +numerical thing so suppose firms have + + align:start position:0% +numerical thing so suppose firms have + + + align:start position:0% +numerical thing so suppose firms have +fixed costs of um 50 + + align:start position:0% +fixed costs of um 50 + + + align:start position:0% +fixed costs of um 50 +of serving the consumer and then they + + align:start position:0% +of serving the consumer and then they + + + align:start position:0% +of serving the consumer and then they +have marginal costs of five cents uh 5 + + align:start position:0% +have marginal costs of five cents uh 5 + + + align:start position:0% +have marginal costs of five cents uh 5 +cents per unit of serving the consumer + + align:start position:0% +cents per unit of serving the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +cents per unit of serving the consumer +so this could be you know Prov price of + + align:start position:0% +so this could be you know Prov price of + + + align:start position:0% +so this could be you know Prov price of +the cost of providing you with a cell + + align:start position:0% +the cost of providing you with a cell + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of providing you with a cell +phone and then marginal cost per + + align:start position:0% +phone and then marginal cost per + + + align:start position:0% +phone and then marginal cost per +megabyte or cost of renting you the car + + align:start position:0% +megabyte or cost of renting you the car + + + align:start position:0% +megabyte or cost of renting you the car +and then cost per mile of having you + + align:start position:0% +and then cost per mile of having you + + + align:start position:0% +and then cost per mile of having you +drive the + + align:start position:0% +drive the + + + align:start position:0% +drive the +car and assume that the firm can offer a + + align:start position:0% +car and assume that the firm can offer a + + + align:start position:0% +car and assume that the firm can offer a +nonlinear tariff T + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear tariff T + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear tariff T +ofx assume that consumers get benefits + + align:start position:0% +ofx assume that consumers get benefits + + + align:start position:0% +ofx assume that consumers get benefits +of 45 cents per unit for Theta units + + align:start position:0% +of 45 cents per unit for Theta units + + + align:start position:0% +of 45 cents per unit for Theta units +where data is either 100 400 or 700 and + + align:start position:0% +where data is either 100 400 or 700 and + + + align:start position:0% +where data is either 100 400 or 700 and +all three are equally likely so you sort + + align:start position:0% +all three are equally likely so you sort + + + align:start position:0% +all three are equally likely so you sort +of you know I either I I I I get my + + align:start position:0% +of you know I either I I I I get my + + + align:start position:0% +of you know I either I I I I get my +phone and then I'm going to have some + + align:start position:0% +phone and then I'm going to have some + + + align:start position:0% +phone and then I'm going to have some +number of of megabytes of data I want to + + align:start position:0% +number of of megabytes of data I want to + + + align:start position:0% +number of of megabytes of data I want to +use and I don't know which those three + + align:start position:0% +use and I don't know which those three + + + align:start position:0% +use and I don't know which those three +it's going to be but whatever it is I'm + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be but whatever it is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be but whatever it is I'm +going to have just some inherent need + + align:start position:0% +going to have just some inherent need + + + align:start position:0% +going to have just some inherent need +for the good that I want to use those + + align:start position:0% +for the good that I want to use those + + + align:start position:0% +for the good that I want to use those +I'm going to get 45 cents per unit using + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get 45 cents per unit using + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get 45 cents per unit using +Theta units and then I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +Theta units and then I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +Theta units and then I'm not going to +want more than Theta units same with or + + align:start position:0% +want more than Theta units same with or + + + align:start position:0% +want more than Theta units same with or +the U-Haul rental truck I'm either going + + align:start position:0% +the U-Haul rental truck I'm either going + + + align:start position:0% +the U-Haul rental truck I'm either going +to want to drive it 100 miles 400 miles + + align:start position:0% +to want to drive it 100 miles 400 miles + + + align:start position:0% +to want to drive it 100 miles 400 miles +or 700 miles I don't know which of those + + align:start position:0% +or 700 miles I don't know which of those + + + align:start position:0% +or 700 miles I don't know which of those +three it's going to be however many I + + align:start position:0% +three it's going to be however many I + + + align:start position:0% +three it's going to be however many I +get I get this high value for using it + + align:start position:0% +get I get this high value for using it + + + align:start position:0% +get I get this high value for using it +for those miles and then no value for + + align:start position:0% +for those miles and then no value for + + + align:start position:0% +for those miles and then no value for +using it beyond that okay um so anyway + + align:start position:0% +using it beyond that okay um so anyway + + + align:start position:0% +using it beyond that okay um so anyway +all three are considered equally likely + + align:start position:0% +all three are considered equally likely + + + align:start position:0% +all three are considered equally likely +by the consumer when they purchase and + + align:start position:0% +by the consumer when they purchase and + + + align:start position:0% +by the consumer when they purchase and +then after they purchase they learn + + align:start position:0% +then after they purchase they learn + + + align:start position:0% +then after they purchase they learn +Theta and then they choose how much to + + align:start position:0% +Theta and then they choose how much to + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and then they choose how much to +actually use the thing that they've + + align:start position:0% +actually use the thing that they've + + + align:start position:0% +actually use the thing that they've +purchased okay what would happen with + + align:start position:0% +purchased okay what would happen with + + + align:start position:0% +purchased okay what would happen with +rational consumers um with rational + + align:start position:0% +rational consumers um with rational + + + align:start position:0% +rational consumers um with rational +consumers we do a two-part tariff + + align:start position:0% +consumers we do a two-part tariff + + + align:start position:0% +consumers we do a two-part tariff +right the cost of providing the units to + + align:start position:0% +right the cost of providing the units to + + + align:start position:0% +right the cost of providing the units to +the seller is 5 cents so you charge + + align:start position:0% +the seller is 5 cents so you charge + + + align:start position:0% +the seller is 5 cents so you charge +consumers 5 cents a unit and then you + + align:start position:0% +consumers 5 cents a unit and then you + + + align:start position:0% +consumers 5 cents a unit and then you +extract all the EX Ane Surplus through a + + align:start position:0% +extract all the EX Ane Surplus through a + + + align:start position:0% +extract all the EX Ane Surplus through a +fixed fee and if consumers are going to + + align:start position:0% +fixed fee and if consumers are going to + + + align:start position:0% +fixed fee and if consumers are going to +on average use 40 400 units uh 400 units + + align:start position:0% +on average use 40 400 units uh 400 units + + + align:start position:0% +on average use 40 400 units uh 400 units +and they're getting 40 cents uh per unit + + align:start position:0% +and they're getting 40 cents uh per unit + + + align:start position:0% +and they're getting 40 cents uh per unit +of surplus 400 time 40 cents is + + align:start position:0% +of surplus 400 time 40 cents is + + + align:start position:0% +of surplus 400 time 40 cents is +$160 so the rational consumer plan you + + align:start position:0% +$160 so the rational consumer plan you + + + align:start position:0% +$160 so the rational consumer plan you +would do 160 plus 5 cents um you know + + align:start position:0% +would do 160 plus 5 cents um you know + + + align:start position:0% +would do 160 plus 5 cents um you know +with perfectly competitive firms you'd + + align:start position:0% +with perfectly competitive firms you'd + + + align:start position:0% +with perfectly competitive firms you'd +again use the 5cent fee and you'd just + + align:start position:0% +again use the 5cent fee and you'd just + + + align:start position:0% +again use the 5cent fee and you'd just +be charging the 50 UPF front to charge + + align:start position:0% +be charging the 50 UPF front to charge + + + align:start position:0% +be charging the 50 UPF front to charge +cost uh and you know these this is + + align:start position:0% +cost uh and you know these this is + + + align:start position:0% +cost uh and you know these this is +socially efficient + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pricing uh what happens with a + + align:start position:0% +pricing uh what happens with a + + + align:start position:0% +pricing uh what happens with a +monopolist + + align:start position:0% +monopolist + + + align:start position:0% +monopolist +um Grub's observation on what what + + align:start position:0% +um Grub's observation on what what + + + align:start position:0% +um Grub's observation on what what +happened with the monopolist is a + + align:start position:0% +happened with the monopolist is a + + + align:start position:0% +happened with the monopolist is a +monopolist in this problem would use a + + align:start position:0% +monopolist in this problem would use a + + + align:start position:0% +monopolist in this problem would use a +three-part tariff they would charge you + + align:start position:0% +three-part tariff they would charge you + + + align:start position:0% +three-part tariff they would charge you +100 instead of 160 plus 5 cents a minute + + align:start position:0% +100 instead of 160 plus 5 cents a minute + + + align:start position:0% +100 instead of 160 plus 5 cents a minute +they charge you 180 UPF + + align:start position:0% +they charge you 180 UPF + + + align:start position:0% +they charge you 180 UPF +front the first 400 units would be free + + align:start position:0% +front the first 400 units would be free + + + align:start position:0% +front the first 400 units would be free +and then units Beyond 400 they would + + align:start position:0% +and then units Beyond 400 they would + + + align:start position:0% +and then units Beyond 400 they would +charge you 45 cents so we just get this + + align:start position:0% +charge you 45 cents so we just get this + + + align:start position:0% +charge you 45 cents so we just get this +very high steep two three-part tariff we + + align:start position:0% +very high steep two three-part tariff we + + + align:start position:0% +very high steep two three-part tariff we +start high fixed fee no cost for 400 + + align:start position:0% +start high fixed fee no cost for 400 + + + align:start position:0% +start high fixed fee no cost for 400 +units and then steeply increasing price + + align:start position:0% +units and then steeply increasing price + + + align:start position:0% +units and then steeply increasing price +Beyond + + align:start position:0% +Beyond + + + align:start position:0% +Beyond + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +okay why do we do this + + align:start position:0% +okay why do we do this + + + align:start position:0% +okay why do we do this +um first you know why do you charge + + align:start position:0% +um first you know why do you charge + + + align:start position:0% +um first you know why do you charge +nothing for the first 400 units so oh + + align:start position:0% +nothing for the first 400 units so oh + + + align:start position:0% +nothing for the first 400 units so oh +sorry I didn't say this he's going to + + align:start position:0% +sorry I didn't say this he's going to + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I didn't say this he's going to +analyze this model you have + + align:start position:0% +analyze this model you have + + + align:start position:0% +analyze this model you have +overconfident consumers the starkest + + align:start position:0% +overconfident consumers the starkest + + + align:start position:0% +overconfident consumers the starkest +model of overconfidence is the consumers + + align:start position:0% +model of overconfidence is the consumers + + + align:start position:0% +model of overconfidence is the consumers +think they're going to need 400 units + + align:start position:0% +think they're going to need 400 units + + + align:start position:0% +think they're going to need 400 units +with probability one so they don't + + align:start position:0% +with probability one so they don't + + + align:start position:0% +with probability one so they don't +realize that they might only need 100 or + + align:start position:0% +realize that they might only need 100 or + + + align:start position:0% +realize that they might only need 100 or +they might need 700 so they think + + align:start position:0% +they might need 700 so they think + + + align:start position:0% +they might need 700 so they think +they're going to use 400 with + + align:start position:0% +they're going to use 400 with + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to use 400 with +probability one okay why do I charge + + align:start position:0% +probability one okay why do I charge + + + align:start position:0% +probability one okay why do I charge +zero for the first 400 units why do I do + + align:start position:0% +zero for the first 400 units why do I do + + + align:start position:0% +zero for the first 400 units why do I do +180 and then zero for the first 400 + + align:start position:0% +180 and then zero for the first 400 + + + align:start position:0% +180 and then zero for the first 400 +units why don't I do five why don't I do + + align:start position:0% +units why don't I do five why don't I do + + + align:start position:0% +units why don't I do five why don't I do +160 up front and 5 cents for the first + + align:start position:0% +160 up front and 5 cents for the first + + + align:start position:0% +160 up front and 5 cents for the first +um 400 units so you pay 180 if you use + + align:start position:0% +um 400 units so you pay 180 if you use + + + align:start position:0% +um 400 units so you pay 180 if you use +400 but it last if you don't well the + + align:start position:0% +400 but it last if you don't well the + + + align:start position:0% +400 but it last if you don't well the +point is if I'm going to charge you a + + align:start position:0% +point is if I'm going to charge you a + + + align:start position:0% +point is if I'm going to charge you a +positive amount like 5 cents for the + + align:start position:0% +positive amount like 5 cents for the + + + align:start position:0% +positive amount like 5 cents for the +first 400 + + align:start position:0% +first 400 + + + align:start position:0% +first 400 +units uh I'm only going to charge you + + align:start position:0% +units uh I'm only going to charge you + + + align:start position:0% +units uh I'm only going to charge you +160 up front instead of 180 up front and + + align:start position:0% +160 up front instead of 180 up front and + + + align:start position:0% +160 up front instead of 180 up front and +then when you actually use 100 units + + align:start position:0% +then when you actually use 100 units + + + align:start position:0% +then when you actually use 100 units +you're going to end up paying + + align:start position:0% +you're going to end up paying + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to end up paying +less so right have you might use 100 you + + align:start position:0% +less so right have you might use 100 you + + + align:start position:0% +less so right have you might use 100 you +might use 400 you might use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +700 so if I used a plan where I I + + align:start position:0% +700 so if I used a plan where I I + + + align:start position:0% +700 so if I used a plan where I I +charged you a per unit fee for the first + + align:start position:0% +charged you a per unit fee for the first + + + align:start position:0% +charged you a per unit fee for the first + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +units I have to sort of give you the + + align:start position:0% +units I have to sort of give you the + + + align:start position:0% +units I have to sort of give you the +full discount of you know I have to give + + align:start position:0% +full discount of you know I have to give + + + align:start position:0% +full discount of you know I have to give +you sort of 400 Delta P back in the + + align:start position:0% +you sort of 400 Delta P back in the + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of 400 Delta P back in the +fixed + + align:start position:0% +fixed + + + align:start position:0% +fixed +fee and then I give you 400 Delta P back + + align:start position:0% +fee and then I give you 400 Delta P back + + + align:start position:0% +fee and then I give you 400 Delta P back +in the fixed fee but then I only get + + align:start position:0% +in the fixed fee but then I only get + + + align:start position:0% +in the fixed fee but then I only get +300p in extra Revenue + + align:start position:0% +300p in extra Revenue + + + align:start position:0% +300p in extra Revenue +because sometimes you get a better deal + + align:start position:0% +because sometimes you get a better deal + + + align:start position:0% +because sometimes you get a better deal +than you're expecting and you're since + + align:start position:0% +than you're expecting and you're since + + + align:start position:0% +than you're expecting and you're since +you don't expect that that deal you're + + align:start position:0% +you don't expect that that deal you're + + + align:start position:0% +you don't expect that that deal you're +not going to you know pay me Upfront for + + align:start position:0% +not going to you know pay me Upfront for + + + align:start position:0% +not going to you know pay me Upfront for +that that option of oh there's some + + align:start position:0% +that that option of oh there's some + + + align:start position:0% +that that option of oh there's some +chance I get to save uh and only pay you + + align:start position:0% +chance I get to save uh and only pay you + + + align:start position:0% +chance I get to save uh and only pay you +for 100 instead of 400 and so because + + align:start position:0% +for 100 instead of 400 and so because + + + align:start position:0% +for 100 instead of 400 and so because +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +consumers aren't willing to pay you it + + align:start position:0% +consumers aren't willing to pay you it + + + align:start position:0% +consumers aren't willing to pay you it +it's always better to sort of charge + + align:start position:0% +it's always better to sort of charge + + + align:start position:0% +it's always better to sort of charge +them the full price even for the units + + align:start position:0% +them the full price even for the units + + + align:start position:0% +them the full price even for the units +they're not going you know this is like + + align:start position:0% +they're not going you know this is like + + + align:start position:0% +they're not going you know this is like +exploting the consumers who think + + align:start position:0% +exploting the consumers who think + + + align:start position:0% +exploting the consumers who think +they're going to go to the gym every + + align:start position:0% +they're going to go to the gym every + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to go to the gym every +single day you always want to charge + + align:start position:0% +single day you always want to charge + + + align:start position:0% +single day you always want to charge +them that amount up front and then and + + align:start position:0% +them that amount up front and then and + + + align:start position:0% +them that amount up front and then and +then sort of say okay I'm giving you + + align:start position:0% +then sort of say okay I'm giving you + + + align:start position:0% +then sort of say okay I'm giving you +this great deal where you get the 400 + + align:start position:0% +this great deal where you get the 400 + + + align:start position:0% +this great deal where you get the 400 +units for free and then you're going to + + align:start position:0% +units for free and then you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +units for free and then you're going to +pay me in advance for all those 400 + + align:start position:0% +pay me in advance for all those 400 + + + align:start position:0% +pay me in advance for all those 400 +units that you're getting for + + align:start position:0% +units that you're getting for + + + align:start position:0% +units that you're getting for +free + + align:start position:0% +free + + + align:start position:0% +free +okay and then you know why the firms + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you know why the firms + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then you know why the firms +charge for 45 cents for units Beyond 400 + + align:start position:0% +charge for 45 cents for units Beyond 400 + + + align:start position:0% +charge for 45 cents for units Beyond 400 +well the consumers are sure they're + + align:start position:0% +well the consumers are sure they're + + + align:start position:0% +well the consumers are sure they're +never going to use any units Beyond 400 + + align:start position:0% +never going to use any units Beyond 400 + + + align:start position:0% +never going to use any units Beyond 400 +so if you offer them a discount you're + + align:start position:0% +so if you offer them a discount you're + + + align:start position:0% +so if you offer them a discount you're +going have units Beyond 400 for 40 + + align:start position:0% +going have units Beyond 400 for 40 + + + align:start position:0% +going have units Beyond 400 for 40 +they're going to pay you nothing up + + align:start position:0% +they're going to pay you nothing up + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to pay you nothing up +front for that discount because they + + align:start position:0% +front for that discount because they + + + align:start position:0% +front for that discount because they +think they're not going to use the extra + + align:start position:0% +think they're not going to use the extra + + + align:start position:0% +think they're not going to use the extra +units and so if they think they're not + + align:start position:0% +units and so if they think they're not + + + align:start position:0% +units and so if they think they're not +going to use the extra units they won't + + align:start position:0% +going to use the extra units they won't + + + align:start position:0% +going to use the extra units they won't +pay for the ex anything for the lower + + align:start position:0% +pay for the ex anything for the lower + + + align:start position:0% +pay for the ex anything for the lower +price in the extra units so you might as + + align:start position:0% +price in the extra units so you might as + + + align:start position:0% +price in the extra units so you might as +well keep raising the price in the extra + + align:start position:0% +well keep raising the price in the extra + + + align:start position:0% +well keep raising the price in the extra +units until they get to 45 cents you + + align:start position:0% +units until they get to 45 cents you + + + align:start position:0% +units until they get to 45 cents you +don't go beyond 45 because then exp + + align:start position:0% +don't go beyond 45 because then exp + + + align:start position:0% +don't go beyond 45 because then exp +poost they're not even going to buy them + + align:start position:0% +poost they're not even going to buy them + + + align:start position:0% +poost they're not even going to buy them +and they're just going to not drive the + + align:start position:0% +and they're just going to not drive the + + + align:start position:0% +and they're just going to not drive the +rental truck for the extra miles they + + align:start position:0% +rental truck for the extra miles they + + + align:start position:0% +rental truck for the extra miles they +need + + align:start position:0% +need + + + align:start position:0% +need +um so what we get is you know this + + align:start position:0% +um so what we get is you know this + + + align:start position:0% +um so what we get is you know this +threep part tariff and if you had + + align:start position:0% +threep part tariff and if you had + + + align:start position:0% +threep part tariff and if you had +perfectly competitive firms perfectly + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive firms perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly competitive firms perfectly +competitive firms would again they're + + align:start position:0% +competitive firms would again they're + + + align:start position:0% +competitive firms would again they're +they're forced to exploit the consumers + + align:start position:0% +they're forced to exploit the consumers + + + align:start position:0% +they're forced to exploit the consumers +and so they would do something like that + + align:start position:0% +and so they would do something like that + + + align:start position:0% +and so they would do something like that +so you would give all the Surplus back + + align:start position:0% +so you would give all the Surplus back + + + align:start position:0% +so you would give all the Surplus back +to the consumers with a really low fixed + + align:start position:0% +to the consumers with a really low fixed + + + align:start position:0% +to the consumers with a really low fixed +fee but still what makes it most + + align:start position:0% +fee but still what makes it most + + + align:start position:0% +fee but still what makes it most +attractive to Consumers is to design the + + align:start position:0% +attractive to Consumers is to design the + + + align:start position:0% +attractive to Consumers is to design the +package so that they think they're going + + align:start position:0% +package so that they think they're going + + + align:start position:0% +package so that they think they're going +to pay the least which is give them the + + align:start position:0% +to pay the least which is give them the + + + align:start position:0% +to pay the least which is give them the +big discount up front tell them the 400 + + align:start position:0% +big discount up front tell them the 400 + + + align:start position:0% +big discount up front tell them the 400 +are included and tell them we are going + + align:start position:0% +are included and tell them we are going + + + align:start position:0% +are included and tell them we are going +to charge you this overly over these + + align:start position:0% +to charge you this overly over these + + + align:start position:0% +to charge you this overly over these +high overage charges but you think + + align:start position:0% +high overage charges but you think + + + align:start position:0% +high overage charges but you think +you're not going to pay them they don't + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to pay them they don't + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to pay them they don't +care about that and so this is what lets + + align:start position:0% +care about that and so this is what lets + + + align:start position:0% +care about that and so this is what lets +the competitive sellers offer the best + + align:start position:0% +the competitive sellers offer the best + + + align:start position:0% +the competitive sellers offer the best +possible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +package yeah how would you tell this + + align:start position:0% +package yeah how would you tell this + + + align:start position:0% +package yeah how would you tell this +sort of behavior out from something like + + align:start position:0% +sort of behavior out from something like + + + align:start position:0% +sort of behavior out from something like +a sort of increasing C structure yeah um + + align:start position:0% +a sort of increasing C structure yeah um + + + align:start position:0% +a sort of increasing C structure yeah um +you know obviously I I think in some of + + align:start position:0% +you know obviously I I think in some of + + + align:start position:0% +you know obviously I I think in some of +these examples like um some examples + + align:start position:0% +these examples like um some examples + + + align:start position:0% +these examples like um some examples +that he gives are better than others on + + align:start position:0% +that he gives are better than others on + + + align:start position:0% +that he gives are better than others on +that so like for instance the um uh the + + align:start position:0% +that so like for instance the um uh the + + + align:start position:0% +that so like for instance the um uh the +cell phone minute + + align:start position:0% +cell phone minute + + + align:start position:0% +cell phone minute +plan the megabytes are systemwide not + + align:start position:0% +plan the megabytes are systemwide not + + + align:start position:0% +plan the megabytes are systemwide not +custom not customer wide so it can't be + + align:start position:0% +custom not customer wide so it can't be + + + align:start position:0% +custom not customer wide so it can't be +that you using more + + align:start position:0% +that you using more + + + align:start position:0% +that you using more +Megabytes Beyond some like there you + + align:start position:0% +Megabytes Beyond some like there you + + + align:start position:0% +Megabytes Beyond some like there you +know that like their cost per megabyte + + align:start position:0% +know that like their cost per megabyte + + + align:start position:0% +know that like their cost per megabyte +is is got to be linear because it's + + align:start position:0% +is is got to be linear because it's + + + align:start position:0% +is is got to be linear because it's +averaged across all consumers it's a + + align:start position:0% +averaged across all consumers it's a + + + align:start position:0% +averaged across all consumers it's a +network capacity constraint um for ones + + align:start position:0% +network capacity constraint um for ones + + + align:start position:0% +network capacity constraint um for ones +like the car lease you know you could + + align:start position:0% +like the car lease you know you could + + + align:start position:0% +like the car lease you know you could +sort of say is there something about the + + align:start position:0% +sort of say is there something about the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of say is there something about the +the wear and tear on the car that + + align:start position:0% +the wear and tear on the car that + + + align:start position:0% +the wear and tear on the car that +increases as the car has driven more + + align:start position:0% +increases as the car has driven more + + + align:start position:0% +increases as the car has driven more +miles in you know like there is there + + align:start position:0% +miles in you know like there is there + + + align:start position:0% +miles in you know like there is there +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +increasing wear and tear on the car or + + align:start position:0% +increasing wear and tear on the car or + + + align:start position:0% +increasing wear and tear on the car or +the rental truck because it goes more + + align:start position:0% +the rental truck because it goes more + + + align:start position:0% +the rental truck because it goes more +miles uh yeah that one you would have to + + align:start position:0% +miles uh yeah that one you would have to + + + align:start position:0% +miles uh yeah that one you would have to +have something to tell apart again I + + align:start position:0% +have something to tell apart again I + + + align:start position:0% +have something to tell apart again I +think the uh credit card one it's going + + align:start position:0% +think the uh credit card one it's going + + + align:start position:0% +think the uh credit card one it's going +to be harder for a discontinuity in + + align:start position:0% +to be harder for a discontinuity in + + + align:start position:0% +to be harder for a discontinuity in +months or whatever um you know what what + + align:start position:0% +months or whatever um you know what what + + + align:start position:0% +months or whatever um you know what what +grub does have in his paper is + + align:start position:0% +grub does have in his paper is + + + align:start position:0% +grub does have in his paper is +um uh you know he has an empirical + + align:start position:0% +um uh you know he has an empirical + + + align:start position:0% +um uh you know he has an empirical +section let me say you know sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +section let me say you know sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +section let me say you know sort of uh +yeah what did grub do to get this paper + + align:start position:0% +yeah what did grub do to get this paper + + + align:start position:0% +yeah what did grub do to get this paper +you know like obviously the story I told + + align:start position:0% +you know like obviously the story I told + + + align:start position:0% +you know like obviously the story I told +you is fairly simple uh how do you turn + + align:start position:0% +you is fairly simple uh how do you turn + + + align:start position:0% +you is fairly simple uh how do you turn +this into an a paper this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +this into an a paper this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this into an a paper this is sort of +like your idea you come to me with and + + align:start position:0% +like your idea you come to me with and + + + align:start position:0% +like your idea you come to me with and +like you sort of explain it and it's + + align:start position:0% +like you sort of explain it and it's + + + align:start position:0% +like you sort of explain it and it's +like okay that's a nice cute example + + align:start position:0% +like okay that's a nice cute example + + + align:start position:0% +like okay that's a nice cute example +that that's not a paper in the AER um he + + align:start position:0% +that that's not a paper in the AER um he + + + align:start position:0% +that that's not a paper in the AER um he +has this sort of much more General model + + align:start position:0% +has this sort of much more General model + + + align:start position:0% +has this sort of much more General model +where he has sort of you have a Theta + + align:start position:0% +where he has sort of you have a Theta + + + align:start position:0% +where he has sort of you have a Theta +the Theta has some + + align:start position:0% +the Theta has some + + + align:start position:0% +the Theta has some +distribution um your consumer have some + + align:start position:0% +distribution um your consumer have some + + + align:start position:0% +distribution um your consumer have some +belief about Theta F star you know when + + align:start position:0% +belief about Theta F star you know when + + + align:start position:0% +belief about Theta F star you know when +F star differs from F it's it's um you + + align:start position:0% +F star differs from F it's it's um you + + + align:start position:0% +F star differs from F it's it's um you +know like kind of mean preserving spread + + align:start position:0% +know like kind of mean preserving spread + + + align:start position:0% +know like kind of mean preserving spread +or single Crossing condition um what + + align:start position:0% +or single Crossing condition um what + + + align:start position:0% +or single Crossing condition um what +happens he sort of goes out and solves + + align:start position:0% +happens he sort of goes out and solves + + + align:start position:0% +happens he sort of goes out and solves +the model and says okay you know the + + align:start position:0% +the model and says okay you know the + + + align:start position:0% +the model and says okay you know the +sort of this simple model I had had this + + align:start position:0% +sort of this simple model I had had this + + + align:start position:0% +sort of this simple model I had had this +three-part tariff but I do this General + + align:start position:0% +three-part tariff but I do this General + + + align:start position:0% +three-part tariff but I do this General +model and I what I show is that the + + align:start position:0% +model and I what I show is that the + + + align:start position:0% +model and I what I show is that the +optimal solution is not like a + + align:start position:0% +optimal solution is not like a + + + align:start position:0% +optimal solution is not like a +three-part not exactly a three-part + + align:start position:0% +three-part not exactly a three-part + + + align:start position:0% +three-part not exactly a three-part +tariff but it is something that looks + + align:start position:0% +tariff but it is something that looks + + + align:start position:0% +tariff but it is something that looks +kind of like a three-part tariff but + + align:start position:0% +kind of like a three-part tariff but + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like a three-part tariff but +then the second thing he does is he has + + align:start position:0% +then the second thing he does is he has + + + align:start position:0% +then the second thing he does is he has +this sort of data set on cell phone + + align:start position:0% +this sort of data set on cell phone + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of data set on cell phone +users + + align:start position:0% +users + + + align:start position:0% +users +um and this was uh you know I don't + + align:start position:0% +um and this was uh you know I don't + + + align:start position:0% +um and this was uh you know I don't +think he says in the paper but I think + + align:start position:0% +think he says in the paper but I think + + + align:start position:0% +think he says in the paper but I think +this was like there was a time when cell + + align:start position:0% +this was like there was a time when cell + + + align:start position:0% +this was like there was a time when cell +phones were new when universities + + align:start position:0% +phones were new when universities + + + align:start position:0% +phones were new when universities +provided cell phone plans to their + + align:start position:0% +provided cell phone plans to their + + + align:start position:0% +provided cell phone plans to their +students uh and like you could get your + + align:start position:0% +students uh and like you could get your + + + align:start position:0% +students uh and like you could get your +cell phone not through Verizon but + + align:start position:0% +cell phone not through Verizon but + + + align:start position:0% +cell phone not through Verizon but +through MIT and you'd get an MIT cell + + align:start position:0% +through MIT and you'd get an MIT cell + + + align:start position:0% +through MIT and you'd get an MIT cell +phone and MIT would negotiate a deal + + align:start position:0% +phone and MIT would negotiate a deal + + + align:start position:0% +phone and MIT would negotiate a deal +with Verizon to offer discounted cell + + align:start position:0% +with Verizon to offer discounted cell + + + align:start position:0% +with Verizon to offer discounted cell +phone service for students um I take it + + align:start position:0% +phone service for students um I take it + + + align:start position:0% +phone service for students um I take it +that these were probably Stanford + + align:start position:0% +that these were probably Stanford + + + align:start position:0% +that these were probably Stanford +doesn't say in the paper I take these + + align:start position:0% +doesn't say in the paper I take these + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't say in the paper I take these +are probably Stanford student cell phone + + align:start position:0% +are probably Stanford student cell phone + + + align:start position:0% +are probably Stanford student cell phone +plans uh but they had four cell phone + + align:start position:0% +plans uh but they had four cell phone + + + align:start position:0% +plans uh but they had four cell phone +plans one where you get uh this amount + + align:start position:0% +plans one where you get uh this amount + + + align:start position:0% +plans one where you get uh this amount +just a flat fee per minute you know + + align:start position:0% +just a flat fee per minute you know + + + align:start position:0% +just a flat fee per minute you know +small upfront charge and then a flat fee + + align:start position:0% +small upfront charge and then a flat fee + + + align:start position:0% +small upfront charge and then a flat fee +per minute used and then you had plans + + align:start position:0% +per minute used and then you had plans + + + align:start position:0% +per minute used and then you had plans +that had different numbers of included + + align:start position:0% +that had different numbers of included + + + align:start position:0% +that had different numbers of included +usage times like you know at that time + + align:start position:0% +usage times like you know at that time + + + align:start position:0% +usage times like you know at that time +it might have been 100 minutes of usage + + align:start position:0% +it might have been 100 minutes of usage + + + align:start position:0% +it might have been 100 minutes of usage +or 400 minutes of usage or 700 minutes + + align:start position:0% +or 400 minutes of usage or 700 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +or 400 minutes of usage or 700 minutes +of usage um and so each of these plans + + align:start position:0% +of usage um and so each of these plans + + + align:start position:0% +of usage um and so each of these plans +had was a three-part tariff we paid some + + align:start position:0% +had was a three-part tariff we paid some + + + align:start position:0% +had was a three-part tariff we paid some +higher upfront fee you got the 100 + + align:start position:0% +higher upfront fee you got the 100 + + + align:start position:0% +higher upfront fee you got the 100 +minutes and then beyond that you started + + align:start position:0% +minutes and then beyond that you started + + + align:start position:0% +minutes and then beyond that you started +to pay these overage charges so anyway + + align:start position:0% +to pay these overage charges so anyway + + + align:start position:0% +to pay these overage charges so anyway +this un unnamed University offering for + + align:start position:0% +this un unnamed University offering for + + + align:start position:0% +this un unnamed University offering for +plans had a structure like that uh and + + align:start position:0% +plans had a structure like that uh and + + + align:start position:0% +plans had a structure like that uh and +you know he got data on what plans + + align:start position:0% +you know he got data on what plans + + + align:start position:0% +you know he got data on what plans +people signed up for and what how much + + align:start position:0% +people signed up for and what how much + + + align:start position:0% +people signed up for and what how much +usage they actually + + align:start position:0% +usage they actually + + + align:start position:0% +usage they actually +made uh so what are some of results so + + align:start position:0% +made uh so what are some of results so + + + align:start position:0% +made uh so what are some of results so +um plan one customers let's suppose that + + align:start position:0% +um plan one customers let's suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +um plan one customers let's suppose that +this is plan one one of the most popular + + align:start position:0% +this is plan one one of the most popular + + + align:start position:0% +this is plan one one of the most popular +plans what he finds is that customers on + + align:start position:0% +plans what he finds is that customers on + + + align:start position:0% +plans what he finds is that customers on +that plan um 56% of the time they + + align:start position:0% +that plan um 56% of the time they + + + align:start position:0% +that plan um 56% of the time they +underutilize their + + align:start position:0% +underutilize their + + + align:start position:0% +underutilize their +plan uh and use fewer minutes so few + + align:start position:0% +plan uh and use fewer minutes so few + + + align:start position:0% +plan uh and use fewer minutes so few +minutes that they would have been better + + align:start position:0% +minutes that they would have been better + + + align:start position:0% +minutes that they would have been better +off on the per minute + + align:start position:0% +off on the per minute + + + align:start position:0% +off on the per minute +plan uh 16% of the time they ran up + + align:start position:0% +plan uh 16% of the time they ran up + + + align:start position:0% +plan uh 16% of the time they ran up +overages and were on this part of the + + align:start position:0% +overages and were on this part of the + + + align:start position:0% +overages and were on this part of the +Tariff uh and only 28% of the time we're + + align:start position:0% +Tariff uh and only 28% of the time we're + + + align:start position:0% +Tariff uh and only 28% of the time we're +in this sort of sweet spot where plan + + align:start position:0% +in this sort of sweet spot where plan + + + align:start position:0% +in this sort of sweet spot where plan +one is actually better than a regular + + align:start position:0% +one is actually better than a regular + + + align:start position:0% +one is actually better than a regular +monthly + + align:start position:0% +monthly + + + align:start position:0% +monthly +plan and so when he estimates + + align:start position:0% +plan and so when he estimates + + + align:start position:0% +plan and so when he estimates +what the consumers would have paid had + + align:start position:0% +what the consumers would have paid had + + + align:start position:0% +what the consumers would have paid had +they just all bought the linear plan uh + + align:start position:0% +they just all bought the linear plan uh + + + align:start position:0% +they just all bought the linear plan uh +he finds that the on average the saving + + align:start position:0% +he finds that the on average the saving + + + align:start position:0% +he finds that the on average the saving +was 42% now that doesn't mean that any + + align:start position:0% +was 42% now that doesn't mean that any + + + align:start position:0% +was 42% now that doesn't mean that any +individual consumer made a mistake + + align:start position:0% +individual consumer made a mistake + + + align:start position:0% +individual consumer made a mistake +because each individual consumer you + + align:start position:0% +because each individual consumer you + + + align:start position:0% +because each individual consumer you +don't know what their belief was but + + align:start position:0% +don't know what their belief was but + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what their belief was but +certainly if on average all the + + align:start position:0% +certainly if on average all the + + + align:start position:0% +certainly if on average all the +consumers would have saved 40% by just + + align:start position:0% +consumers would have saved 40% by just + + + align:start position:0% +consumers would have saved 40% by just +the flat rate plan uh then you know in + + align:start position:0% +the flat rate plan uh then you know in + + + align:start position:0% +the flat rate plan uh then you know in +some consumers must be irrational buying + + align:start position:0% +some consumers must be irrational buying + + + align:start position:0% +some consumers must be irrational buying +these plans and must be getting + + align:start position:0% +these plans and must be getting + + + align:start position:0% +these plans and must be getting +exploited by them and then similar + + align:start position:0% +exploited by them and then similar + + + align:start position:0% +exploited by them and then similar +calculation for the plan two customers + + align:start position:0% +calculation for the plan two customers + + + align:start position:0% +calculation for the plan two customers +again there even more of them didn't hit + + align:start position:0% +again there even more of them didn't hit + + + align:start position:0% +again there even more of them didn't hit +this point um again there's a small + + align:start position:0% +this point um again there's a small + + + align:start position:0% +this point um again there's a small +percentage who hit the overage range but + + align:start position:0% +percentage who hit the overage range but + + + align:start position:0% +percentage who hit the overage range but +the overage range they pay so much more + + align:start position:0% +the overage range they pay so much more + + + align:start position:0% +the overage range they pay so much more +that they account for you know they're + + align:start position:0% +that they account for you know they're + + + align:start position:0% +that they account for you know they're +paying like two and a half times as much + + align:start position:0% +paying like two and a half times as much + + + align:start position:0% +paying like two and a half times as much +as they would pay had they gotten the + + align:start position:0% +as they would pay had they gotten the + + + align:start position:0% +as they would pay had they gotten the +linear plan so the overage customers are + + align:start position:0% +linear plan so the overage customers are + + + align:start position:0% +linear plan so the overage customers are +sort of way up here um and the overages + + align:start position:0% +sort of way up here um and the overages + + + align:start position:0% +sort of way up here um and the overages +account for uh uh 23% of seller + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +revenues and then with the you know the + + align:start position:0% +revenues and then with the you know the + + + align:start position:0% +revenues and then with the you know the +uh it's got something in the paper sort + + align:start position:0% +uh it's got something in the paper sort + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's got something in the paper sort +of arguing could this be due to um uh + + align:start position:0% +of arguing could this be due to um uh + + + align:start position:0% +of arguing could this be due to um uh +could this be due to uh price + + align:start position:0% +could this be due to uh price + + + align:start position:0% +could this be due to uh price +discrimination rather than to exploiting + + align:start position:0% +discrimination rather than to exploiting + + + align:start position:0% +discrimination rather than to exploiting +Consumers then he has sort of some + + align:start position:0% +Consumers then he has sort of some + + + align:start position:0% +Consumers then he has sort of some +conditions on the distributions that + + align:start position:0% +conditions on the distributions that + + + align:start position:0% +conditions on the distributions that +would need for this to be price + + align:start position:0% +would need for this to be price + + + align:start position:0% +would need for this to be price +discrimination and not exploiting + + align:start position:0% +discrimination and not exploiting + + + align:start position:0% +discrimination and not exploiting +irrational consumers and he argu goes no + + align:start position:0% +irrational consumers and he argu goes no + + + align:start position:0% +irrational consumers and he argu goes no +this is exploiting irrational + + align:start position:0% +this is exploiting irrational + + + align:start position:0% +this is exploiting irrational +consumers uh okay I guess I'm out of + + align:start position:0% +consumers uh okay I guess I'm out of + + + align:start position:0% +consumers uh okay I guess I'm out of +time for today so anyway I have um uh + + align:start position:0% +time for today so anyway I have um uh + + + align:start position:0% +time for today so anyway I have um uh +slides on here on a couple other papers + + align:start position:0% +slides on here on a couple other papers + + + align:start position:0% +slides on here on a couple other papers +um you know one I think is is very cute + + align:start position:0% +um you know one I think is is very cute + + + align:start position:0% +um you know one I think is is very cute +is this is just sort of another version + + align:start position:0% +is this is just sort of another version + + + align:start position:0% +is this is just sort of another version +of the um uh exploiting the hyperbolic + + align:start position:0% +of the um uh exploiting the hyperbolic + + + align:start position:0% +of the um uh exploiting the hyperbolic +consumers noting that another real + + align:start position:0% +consumers noting that another real + + + align:start position:0% +consumers noting that another real +constraint you get hyperbolic consumers + + align:start position:0% +constraint you get hyperbolic consumers + + + align:start position:0% +constraint you get hyperbolic consumers +is that you can exploit them even more + + align:start position:0% +is that you can exploit them even more + + + align:start position:0% +is that you can exploit them even more +if they think they're going to switch + + align:start position:0% +if they think they're going to switch + + + align:start position:0% +if they think they're going to switch +tomorrow and so you know constraint that + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow and so you know constraint that + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow and so you know constraint that +hyperball consumers have is not just + + align:start position:0% +hyperball consumers have is not just + + + align:start position:0% +hyperball consumers have is not just +that I you know I think I'm going to go + + align:start position:0% +that I you know I think I'm going to go + + + align:start position:0% +that I you know I think I'm going to go +to the gym more than I am but I think + + align:start position:0% +to the gym more than I am but I think + + + align:start position:0% +to the gym more than I am but I think +I'm going to cancel like as long as I + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to cancel like as long as I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to cancel like as long as I +have the option to cancel my gym + + align:start position:0% +have the option to cancel my gym + + + align:start position:0% +have the option to cancel my gym +membership tomorrow if I determine I + + align:start position:0% +membership tomorrow if I determine I + + + align:start position:0% +membership tomorrow if I determine I +don't like the gym I can always just + + align:start position:0% +don't like the gym I can always just + + + align:start position:0% +don't like the gym I can always just +cancel it tomorrow so I might as well + + align:start position:0% +cancel it tomorrow so I might as well + + + align:start position:0% +cancel it tomorrow so I might as well +stay signed up today and noting that the + + align:start position:0% +stay signed up today and noting that the + + + align:start position:0% +stay signed up today and noting that the +sort of friendly option of letting + + align:start position:0% +sort of friendly option of letting + + + align:start position:0% +sort of friendly option of letting +consumers cancel at any time uh can be a + + align:start position:0% +consumers cancel at any time uh can be a + + + align:start position:0% +consumers cancel at any time uh can be a +very effective way to get them to pay + + align:start position:0% +very effective way to get them to pay + + + align:start position:0% +very effective way to get them to pay +much more than they would pay if you + + align:start position:0% +much more than they would pay if you + + + align:start position:0% +much more than they would pay if you +didn't have that extra option in there + + align:start position:0% +didn't have that extra option in there + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have that extra option in there +okay uh and then uh yeah I think that's + + align:start position:0% +okay uh and then uh yeah I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh and then uh yeah I think that's +it that's I all I will talk about for + + align:start position:0% +it that's I all I will talk about for + + + align:start position:0% +it that's I all I will talk about for +today \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4gJLEYc3p5w.txt b/4gJLEYc3p5w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe2e266023b7f49ffb13178eb52f4ee53925819d --- /dev/null +++ b/4gJLEYc3p5w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome back in this session we're going + + align:start position:0% +welcome back in this session we're going + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back in this session we're going +to tackle initial value problem y dot + + align:start position:0% +to tackle initial value problem y dot + + + align:start position:0% +to tackle initial value problem y dot +plus t y equals to T and this initial + + align:start position:0% +plus t y equals to T and this initial + + + align:start position:0% +plus t y equals to T and this initial +value problem is going to be subject to + + align:start position:0% +value problem is going to be subject to + + + align:start position:0% +value problem is going to be subject to +the initial condition y of 0al to 3 we + + align:start position:0% +the initial condition y of 0al to 3 we + + + align:start position:0% +the initial condition y of 0al to 3 we +are going to uh use the method + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of integration + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Factor and what I want you to use is + + align:start position:0% +Factor and what I want you to use is + + + align:start position:0% +Factor and what I want you to use is +both definite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integrals and indefinite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integrals so why don't you take a few + + align:start position:0% +integrals so why don't you take a few + + + align:start position:0% +integrals so why don't you take a few +minutes to think about the problem and + + align:start position:0% +minutes to think about the problem and + + + align:start position:0% +minutes to think about the problem and +we will be right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +okay welcome back so I hope that you uh + + align:start position:0% +okay welcome back so I hope that you uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay welcome back so I hope that you uh +worked out the first part of the problem + + align:start position:0% +worked out the first part of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +worked out the first part of the problem +so what are we going to do to solve + + align:start position:0% +so what are we going to do to solve + + + align:start position:0% +so what are we going to do to solve +these OD first we need to review what + + align:start position:0% +these OD first we need to review what + + + align:start position:0% +these OD first we need to review what +what is the method of integrating Factor + + align:start position:0% +what is the method of integrating Factor + + + align:start position:0% +what is the method of integrating Factor +so uh when we use the integrating Factor + + align:start position:0% +so uh when we use the integrating Factor + + + align:start position:0% +so uh when we use the integrating Factor +basically we're trying to write + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down our OD in a different form by + + align:start position:0% +down our OD in a different form by + + + align:start position:0% +down our OD in a different form by +introducing a function U and the goal is + + align:start position:0% +introducing a function U and the goal is + + + align:start position:0% +introducing a function U and the goal is +to find a function U such that we can + + align:start position:0% +to find a function U such that we can + + + align:start position:0% +to find a function U such that we can +rewrite this left hand + + align:start position:0% +rewrite this left hand + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite this left hand +side as the derivative of the product y + + align:start position:0% +side as the derivative of the product y + + + align:start position:0% +side as the derivative of the product y +do U so in this case if we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +do U so in this case if we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +do U so in this case if we're looking at +identifying the function U that would + + align:start position:0% +identifying the function U that would + + + align:start position:0% +identifying the function U that would +give us this form y u dot we need to + + align:start position:0% +give us this form y u dot we need to + + + align:start position:0% +give us this form y u dot we need to +just basically identify that this is U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Dot and from previous sessions we saw + + align:start position:0% +Dot and from previous sessions we saw + + + align:start position:0% +Dot and from previous sessions we saw +that this would give us + + align:start position:0% +that this would give us + + + align:start position:0% +that this would give us +classical uh classical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution that involves an exponential of + + align:start position:0% +solution that involves an exponential of + + + align:start position:0% +solution that involves an exponential of +the integral of the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +the integral of the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +the integral of the right hand side +after dividing by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U which gives us + + align:start position:0% +U which gives us + + + align:start position:0% +U which gives us +exponential of t^2 / 2 so integrating + + align:start position:0% +exponential of t^2 / 2 so integrating + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of t^2 / 2 so integrating +factor is just using a trick so that we + + align:start position:0% +factor is just using a trick so that we + + + align:start position:0% +factor is just using a trick so that we +simplify our left hand side and write it + + align:start position:0% +simplify our left hand side and write it + + + align:start position:0% +simplify our left hand side and write it +in the form of the derivative of a + + align:start position:0% +in the form of the derivative of a + + + align:start position:0% +in the form of the derivative of a +product y u so now we ident IFI our + + align:start position:0% +product y u so now we ident IFI our + + + align:start position:0% +product y u so now we ident IFI our +integration factor it's U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equals exponential of t^2 / 2 now we can + + align:start position:0% +equals exponential of t^2 / 2 now we can + + + align:start position:0% +equals exponential of t^2 / 2 now we can +go back to our equation and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +go back to our equation and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +go back to our equation and I'm going to +just label it with a star here so now + + align:start position:0% +just label it with a star here so now + + + align:start position:0% +just label it with a star here so now +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +equation is written in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form T and the integral of just + + align:start position:0% +form T and the integral of just + + + align:start position:0% +form T and the integral of just +basically derivative is itself so if we + + align:start position:0% +basically derivative is itself so if we + + + align:start position:0% +basically derivative is itself so if we +use First the approach of definite + + align:start position:0% +use First the approach of definite + + + align:start position:0% +use First the approach of definite +integrals actually we're going to switch + + align:start position:0% +integrals actually we're going to switch + + + align:start position:0% +integrals actually we're going to switch +the order and I'm going to start with + + align:start position:0% +the order and I'm going to start with + + + align:start position:0% +the order and I'm going to start with +indefinite integrals first so using + + align:start position:0% +indefinite integrals first so using + + + align:start position:0% +indefinite integrals first so using +indefinite integrals we'll be + + align:start position:0% +indefinite integrals we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +indefinite integrals we'll be +integrating both + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sides and on the left hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side we would just be left with y u + + align:start position:0% +side we would just be left with y u + + + align:start position:0% +side we would just be left with y u +remembering that U is just exponential + + align:start position:0% +remembering that U is just exponential + + + align:start position:0% +remembering that U is just exponential +of t^ S2 on the right hand side we're + + align:start position:0% +of t^ S2 on the right hand side we're + + + align:start position:0% +of t^ S2 on the right hand side we're +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +integrating T exponential of t^ s/ 2 and + + align:start position:0% +integrating T exponential of t^ s/ 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +integrating T exponential of t^ s/ 2 and +here you can recognize that the + + align:start position:0% +here you can recognize that the + + + align:start position:0% +here you can recognize that the +derivative of exponential of T sare + + align:start position:0% +derivative of exponential of T sare + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of exponential of T sare +over2 would have a t in front of it so + + align:start position:0% +over2 would have a t in front of it so + + + align:start position:0% +over2 would have a t in front of it so +this is actually very simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integration but we are in the case of a + + align:start position:0% +integration but we are in the case of a + + + align:start position:0% +integration but we are in the case of a +differential equation where we need a + + align:start position:0% +differential equation where we need a + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation where we need a +constant of integration and again here + + align:start position:0% +constant of integration and again here + + + align:start position:0% +constant of integration and again here +we would end up with two constants of + + align:start position:0% +we would end up with two constants of + + + align:start position:0% +we would end up with two constants of +integration on both sides but given that + + align:start position:0% +integration on both sides but given that + + + align:start position:0% +integration on both sides but given that +we're dealing with a first order + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with a first order + + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with a first order +differential equation we can regroup + + align:start position:0% +differential equation we can regroup + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation we can regroup +that in one one constant and then we can + + align:start position:0% +that in one one constant and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +that in one one constant and then we can +just find our Solution by dividing this + + align:start position:0% +just find our Solution by dividing this + + + align:start position:0% +just find our Solution by dividing this +equation by U and U if you remember is + + align:start position:0% +equation by U and U if you remember is + + + align:start position:0% +equation by U and U if you remember is +this exponential of t^2 over2 so it's + + align:start position:0% +this exponential of t^2 over2 so it's + + + align:start position:0% +this exponential of t^2 over2 so it's +equivalent to multiplying both sides by + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to multiplying both sides by + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to multiplying both sides by +exponential of minus t^ sare over 2 so + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus t^ sare over 2 so + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus t^ sare over 2 so +I'm just going to write it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down which then just gives us + + align:start position:0% +down which then just gives us + + + align:start position:0% +down which then just gives us +exponential minus t^ s/ 2 ultip + + align:start position:0% +exponential minus t^ s/ 2 ultip + + + align:start position:0% +exponential minus t^ s/ 2 ultip +exponential T2 is + + align:start position:0% +exponential T2 is + + + align:start position:0% +exponential T2 is +one and C + + align:start position:0% +one and C + + + align:start position:0% +one and C +exponential of minus t^2 over 2 so + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus t^2 over 2 so + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus t^2 over 2 so +that's our + + align:start position:0% +that's our + + + align:start position:0% +that's our +solution but remember that we're trying + + align:start position:0% +solution but remember that we're trying + + + align:start position:0% +solution but remember that we're trying +to solve an initial value problem that + + align:start position:0% +to solve an initial value problem that + + + align:start position:0% +to solve an initial value problem that +subject to an initial condition and our + + align:start position:0% +subject to an initial condition and our + + + align:start position:0% +subject to an initial condition and our +initial condition is y of + + align:start position:0% +initial condition is y of + + + align:start position:0% +initial condition is y of +0 equals to 3 which means that here y of + + align:start position:0% +0 equals to 3 which means that here y of + + + align:start position:0% +0 equals to 3 which means that here y of +0 would give us exponential to zero + + align:start position:0% +0 would give us exponential to zero + + + align:start position:0% +0 would give us exponential to zero +which is just a constant so we end up + + align:start position:0% +which is just a constant so we end up + + + align:start position:0% +which is just a constant so we end up +with 3 = to 1 plus C + + align:start position:0% +with 3 = to 1 plus C + + + align:start position:0% +with 3 = to 1 plus C +therefore C is equal to 2 and the final + + align:start position:0% +therefore C is equal to 2 and the final + + + align:start position:0% +therefore C is equal to 2 and the final +form of the solution would just be 1 + 2 + + align:start position:0% +form of the solution would just be 1 + 2 + + + align:start position:0% +form of the solution would just be 1 + 2 +exponential ofus t^2 / 2 so we started + + align:start position:0% +exponential ofus t^2 / 2 so we started + + + align:start position:0% +exponential ofus t^2 / 2 so we started +with the indefinite integral so what if + + align:start position:0% +with the indefinite integral so what if + + + align:start position:0% +with the indefinite integral so what if +we would do this using definite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integrals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we don't need to start from the + + align:start position:0% +so we don't need to start from the + + + align:start position:0% +so we don't need to start from the +beginning we just need to take the + + align:start position:0% +beginning we just need to take the + + + align:start position:0% +beginning we just need to take the +problem a few steps before when we + + align:start position:0% +problem a few steps before when we + + + align:start position:0% +problem a few steps before when we +integrated both sides of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation and here specify the bounds of + + align:start position:0% +equation and here specify the bounds of + + + align:start position:0% +equation and here specify the bounds of +the integral so how do we want to + + align:start position:0% +the integral so how do we want to + + + align:start position:0% +the integral so how do we want to +specify the bounds of the integral we're + + align:start position:0% +specify the bounds of the integral we're + + + align:start position:0% +specify the bounds of the integral we're +given an initial condition that is at T + + align:start position:0% +given an initial condition that is at T + + + align:start position:0% +given an initial condition that is at T +equals to zero so that's what we want + + align:start position:0% +equals to zero so that's what we want + + + align:start position:0% +equals to zero so that's what we want +here and we're integrating to the + + align:start position:0% +here and we're integrating to the + + + align:start position:0% +here and we're integrating to the +variable T but one thing is important + + align:start position:0% +variable T but one thing is important + + + align:start position:0% +variable T but one thing is important +when you do that is that you have the + + align:start position:0% +when you do that is that you have the + + + align:start position:0% +when you do that is that you have the +variable T that is in the bounds of the + + align:start position:0% +variable T that is in the bounds of the + + + align:start position:0% +variable T that is in the bounds of the +integral so we want the integrand to not + + align:start position:0% +integral so we want the integrand to not + + + align:start position:0% +integral so we want the integrand to not +be written in terms of the variable of + + align:start position:0% +be written in terms of the variable of + + + align:start position:0% +be written in terms of the variable of +integration and so it is very important + + align:start position:0% +integration and so it is very important + + + align:start position:0% +integration and so it is very important +to change the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +label of your variables in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integrand and that's how you proceed for + + align:start position:0% +integrand and that's how you proceed for + + + align:start position:0% +integrand and that's how you proceed for +different integrals so in this case + + align:start position:0% +different integrals so in this case + + + align:start position:0% +different integrals so in this case +then we end up with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +similar so U of y u doy evaluated at T + + align:start position:0% +similar so U of y u doy evaluated at T + + + align:start position:0% +similar so U of y u doy evaluated at T +minus u.y evaluated at zero and from our + + align:start position:0% +minus u.y evaluated at zero and from our + + + align:start position:0% +minus u.y evaluated at zero and from our +initial conditions in the form of U we + + align:start position:0% +initial conditions in the form of U we + + + align:start position:0% +initial conditions in the form of U we +know the value of this of this side of + + align:start position:0% +know the value of this of this side of + + + align:start position:0% +know the value of this of this side of +this term in the equation and here we're + + align:start position:0% +this term in the equation and here we're + + + align:start position:0% +this term in the equation and here we're +just again recognizing that this is just + + align:start position:0% +just again recognizing that this is just + + + align:start position:0% +just again recognizing that this is just +the derivative of exponential to S + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of exponential to S + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of exponential to S +Square over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two evaluated between zero and T okay so + + align:start position:0% +two evaluated between zero and T okay so + + + align:start position:0% +two evaluated between zero and T okay so +here if I just carry on with the right + + align:start position:0% +here if I just carry on with the right + + + align:start position:0% +here if I just carry on with the right +hand side and then go back to left hand + + align:start position:0% +hand side and then go back to left hand + + + align:start position:0% +hand side and then go back to left hand +side in the next step we would end up + + align:start position:0% +side in the next step we would end up + + + align:start position:0% +side in the next step we would end up +here with Just t^ 2/ 2 minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +here with Just t^ 2/ 2 minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +here with Just t^ 2/ 2 minus 1 +exponential of zero is one and now let's + + align:start position:0% +exponential of zero is one and now let's + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of zero is one and now let's +deal with this left hand side so + + align:start position:0% +deal with this left hand side so + + + align:start position:0% +deal with this left hand side so +again we end + + align:start position:0% +again we end + + + align:start position:0% +again we end +up with uy minus u.y evaluated at zero + + align:start position:0% +up with uy minus u.y evaluated at zero + + + align:start position:0% +up with uy minus u.y evaluated at zero +however U of zero is just the function + + align:start position:0% +however U of zero is just the function + + + align:start position:0% +however U of zero is just the function +exponential to T sare 2 evaluated at Z + + align:start position:0% +exponential to T sare 2 evaluated at Z + + + align:start position:0% +exponential to T sare 2 evaluated at Z +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +one and Y of 0 we have it because that + + align:start position:0% +one and Y of 0 we have it because that + + + align:start position:0% +one and Y of 0 we have it because that +was our initial condition and this is + + align:start position:0% +was our initial condition and this is + + + align:start position:0% +was our initial condition and this is +only + + align:start position:0% +only + + + align:start position:0% +only +three so we have uy minus 1 do3 which is + + align:start position:0% +three so we have uy minus 1 do3 which is + + + align:start position:0% +three so we have uy minus 1 do3 which is +just basically minus 3 and on the right + + align:start position:0% +just basically minus 3 and on the right + + + align:start position:0% +just basically minus 3 and on the right +hand side we have exponential of t^ s/ 2 + + align:start position:0% +hand side we have exponential of t^ s/ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +hand side we have exponential of t^ s/ 2 +minus 1 which gives + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +us exponential of t² 2 minus one now + + align:start position:0% +us exponential of t² 2 minus one now + + + align:start position:0% +us exponential of t² 2 minus one now +bringing this minus three on the other + + align:start position:0% +bringing this minus three on the other + + + align:start position:0% +bringing this minus three on the other +side you're going to have a plus three + + align:start position:0% +side you're going to have a plus three + + + align:start position:0% +side you're going to have a plus three +all of this multiplied by 1 / U which + + align:start position:0% +all of this multiplied by 1 / U which + + + align:start position:0% +all of this multiplied by 1 / U which +was our + + align:start position:0% +was our + + + align:start position:0% +was our +exponential of minus t^2 / + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus t^2 / + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of minus t^2 / +2 and therefore we end up with the + + align:start position:0% +2 and therefore we end up with the + + + align:start position:0% +2 and therefore we end up with the +similar uh solution that we had for the + + align:start position:0% +similar uh solution that we had for the + + + align:start position:0% +similar uh solution that we had for the +different integral 3 minus 1 is just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two so we have + + align:start position:0% +two so we have + + + align:start position:0% +two so we have +minus t^2 / + + align:start position:0% +minus t^2 / + + + align:start position:0% +minus t^2 / +2 plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one so using both the definite integrals + + align:start position:0% +one so using both the definite integrals + + + align:start position:0% +one so using both the definite integrals +approach and indefinite integrals we + + align:start position:0% +approach and indefinite integrals we + + + align:start position:0% +approach and indefinite integrals we +recover the same results and the main + + align:start position:0% +recover the same results and the main + + + align:start position:0% +recover the same results and the main +point of this problem was really to + + align:start position:0% +point of this problem was really to + + + align:start position:0% +point of this problem was really to +practice using the integration factor + + align:start position:0% +practice using the integration factor + + + align:start position:0% +practice using the integration factor +and practice using both approaches with + + align:start position:0% +and practice using both approaches with + + + align:start position:0% +and practice using both approaches with +the definite and indefinite integrals so + + align:start position:0% +the definite and indefinite integrals so + + + align:start position:0% +the definite and indefinite integrals so +uh this ends the problem and I'll see + + align:start position:0% +uh this ends the problem and I'll see + + + align:start position:0% +uh this ends the problem and I'll see +you next + + align:start position:0% +you next + + + align:start position:0% +you next +time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/4xRS6bdFsVM.txt b/4xRS6bdFsVM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0550468c8368a80e7aedbb06333fa6e9d4617e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/4xRS6bdFsVM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1550 @@ +The following content is +provided by MIT OpenCourseWare + +under a Creative Commons +license. + +Additional information about +our license and MIT + +OpenCourseWare in general is +available at ocw.mit.edu. + +Continuing our discussion of +acid-base theory, + +I have just drawn here on the +board for you the structure of a + +popular indicator molecule. +Indicator molecules are used + +for titrations. +And titrations will be of focus + +of today's lecture. +This is the indicator molecule, + +phenolphthalein. +It is easier to draw this + +molecular structure than it is +to spell phenolphthalein, + +but you should know how to do +both of these things, + +or at least recognize them. +Now, how do indicator molecules + +work? +Well, during a titration, + +you are mixing chemicals in a +way that leads to a changing pH + +throughout the experiment. +And an indicator molecule like + +phenolphthalein is, +in fact, a Bronsted acid. + +And, if you inspect the +structure that I have drawn here + +for phenolphthalein, +you should be able to begin to + +understand just how it is that a +molecule like this can serve as + +a Bronsted acid. +If I write out the formula, + +you will see that we have quite +a number of carbons and + +hydrogens in the molecule. +And we have oxygens as well. + +Those are the three elements +present in a phenolphthalein + +molecule. +And two of the hydrogens in + +this molecule possess Bronsted +acidity that makes them valuable + +for the function of this system +as an indicator molecule. + +And what happens is when you +have this in solution at low pH, + +it is in this form. +It is neutral. + +And then, as you begin to raise +the pH, at some point a base + +that has a lone pair of +electrons comes along and takes + +one of these two protons in a +molecule, either this one or + +this one. +Those two protons are + +equivalent. +And what I am now going to draw + +is a sequence of arrows +representing the electronic flow + +in the phenolphthalein molecule +that occurs when H plus + +is transferred over to the base +with its lone pair of electrons. + +So, I am starting these arrows +at pairs of electrons and I am + +showing the flow of how they +move. + +And this is a pretty +interesting rearrangement + +because it is complicated. +It is an electronic + +rearrangement that is +transmitted through this + +molecule such that here in the +center, this four coordinate or + +sp three hybridized +carbon, which is bonded to this + +oxygen, has a pair of electrons +that migrates to it. + +And, if I draw now the product +of this reaction, + +what you should be able to see +quite clearly -- + +And I am not always explicitly +drawing out the lone pairs of + +electrons on each of the +electronegative oxygen atoms in + +the molecule, +but the sequence of double + +bonds and single bonds in the +molecule has been altered in a + +profound manner because of the +base coming along and removing a + +proton from one of these +peripheral oxygens, + +namely, that one here. +So, we have now a singly + +negatively charged system. +And that charge is balanced, + +over here, by the base that has +the proton attached to it. + +That is the structure-function +relationship that is typical of + +indicator molecules. +And indicator molecules can + +either be naturally occurring, +as they are in some plants. + +Or, alternatively, +they can be molecules that are + +synthesized to respond to +factors like pH in a given way + +that might be desired. +And, in the case of + +phenolphthalein, +this change takes place between + +8.2 to 10.0 pH units. +And the color change associated + +with this is colorless to pink. + +Looking at the structure of the +anionic form of the + +phenolphthalein molecule that +results from its deprotonation, + +what you can see is that this +sp three hybridized + +carbon atom at the center of the +molecule, which in the neutral + +form is acting as an insulator, +preventing the pi-systems of + +the three six-member rings from +communicating, + +is converted into a +three-coordinate sp two + +hybridized carbon atom here at +the center, -- + +and provides a conduit for a +communication between the + +pi-systems of the three +six-membered substituted benzene + +rings that are in this molecule. +And that change in electronic + +structure is what leads to the +production of this pink + +Chromaphor in the anionic +deprotonated form of a + +phenolphthalein molecule that is +important at high pH. + +All you have to do, +in fact, is to change the + +substituents on this molecule in +order to get a response at a + +different pH value. +Bromothymol blue is an + +indicator with a structure +similar to that of + +phenolphthalein, +but with a sulfur here in place + +of this carbon. +And in bromothymol blue, + +we also have some isopropyl and +bromine substituents on the + +aromatic rings. +And that modifies its + +properties such that it goes +from yellow to blue as the pH + +rises above 6.0 to about a value +of 7.6. + +So, if you go to a textbook and +look in a table of indicator + +molecules, you will be able to +select an indicator that is + +appropriate for a particular +type of titration. + +And just to give you a very +simple schematic of a classic + +type of titration, +I am going to show you here -- + +-- the type of system that you +may need to think about in + +connection with this next +problem set. + +And it is a system like this, +where we have a flask down here + +at the bottom that contains, +initially, some volume of a + +weak acid. + +And that weak acid might be, +for example, + +acetic acid, +as we talked about last time. + +And we will say, +for example, + +that this could be 0.1 molar CH +three COOH. + +That is acetic acid. +And the calculation that we + +left off with at the end of last +hour is one that we will get to + +solving today that had to do +with what is the pH of a tenth + +molar acetic acid solution in +water? + +Or, in other words, +what is the pH of this solution + +down here containing the acetic +acid at the beginning of this + +titration that we are going to +carry out. + +We might have a weak acid down +here. + +We might also have our +indicator present, + +so that we will see a color +change when we pass through a + +particular pH. +And we are going to make the pH + +rise by putting into this +burette here, + +which will allow us to control +a dropwise addition of a strong + +base solution that we are going +to add in and slowly neutralize + +our acetic acid that is down +here at the bottom. + +So, this is strong base. +And, for example, + +that might be tenth molar +sodium hydroxide. + +So, there is a typical +titration. + +And, if you think about it, +because we are adding one + +solution to another, +we are going to have a + +constantly changing volume in +this bottom solution throughout + +the experiment. +And so ultimately what we are + +going to be interested in, +in our questions such as the + +following, as the volume +increases -- + +And we will give the volume, +for the purposes of today's + +lecture, the symbol the lower +case letter m -- As the volume + +increases, what happens to the +pH? + +We know that we are using a +strong base to neutralize an + +acid, so the pH is going to +start out low and somehow is + +going to rise. +But what if we wanted to + +predict the mathematical form of +the rise in pH as a function of + +this increasing volume of the +solution? + +Then we would have to have some +equations that would be useful + +for describing this physical +property as a function of this + +increasing volume. +This is what we often want to + +be able to do in chemistry. +We want to be able to describe + +properties that change either as +a function of time or as a + +function of some other variable, +here volume, + +in a titration. +And we want to be able to see + +if we can come up with a set of +equations that would predict + +that change as a function of +this variable that is changing. + +And, in order to do that, +here, I am going to first point + +out that we can put together +some titration equations. + +And, ultimately, +we are going to want to + +generate a mathematical model +for this titration. + +And then, if you are +experimentalist, + +you want to go ahead and take +that mathematical model and + +compare it to actual +experimental data. + +But let's work on getting a +model generated, + +here. +First we are going to have a + +set of chemical equations. +These correspond to the acid + +HA, which is acetic acid in our +example, in water reacting to + +give some concentration of H +three O plus plus the + +anion A minus, +which is acetate ion, + +in this particular case. +We have a strong base, + +which is sodium hydroxide. +And when you put sodium + +hydroxide in water, +because it is a strong base, + +it ionizes completely. +And I am signifying that with a + +single forward arrow rather than +with an equilibrium arrow. + +This going into water is going +to be Na plus and + +hydroxide, OH minus. +Now, at certain points in a + +titration curve, +you would not need to + +necessarily go much further than +this in order to have enough + +information to start solving for +the pH at a particular value of + +a volume m. +But at some points along that + +titration curve, +that is not enough information. + +And that is because water +itself can sometimes get into + +the equation. +Here is an interesting + +equation, which is H two O plus +H two O going to H three O plus + +plus O minus. + +That is a conceivable reaction +that could be occurring even in + +pure water, but the value of the +equilibrium constant for that + +reaction is very small. +And I will draw that as an + +equilibrium to distinguish it +from the irreversible ionization + +of sodium hydroxide in aqueous +solution. + +I have a pair of equilibria +that I have written. + +I have one forward reaction. +And I want to point out, + +too, that this third equation I +have written here has a special + +name, which is autoprotolysis. + +I will tell you more about the +equilibrium constant associated + +with autoprotolysis in a moment. +But because this equilibrium + +constant is very small, +meaning that there is very + +little H three O plus +and OH minus present in + +pure water, because of that pure +water itself is not a very good + +electrolyte. +Meaning pure water itself is + +not a very good conductor of +electricity, because the + +autoprotolysis reaction lies +mostly over here to the left in + +pure water. +But at certain points along a + +titration curve, +such as the one we are going to + +want to develop on this panel +here, we are going to need to + +include autoprotolysis in order +to get the right answer because + +it is there, it can occur. +Let's continue. + +Another type of equation that +we can use to put this into some + +kind of a mathematical footing +is the balance of charge in a + +solution like the one that we +are talking about in that beaker + +to which we are adding sodium +hydroxide solution. + +And the charge balance +consideration tells us that the + +concentration of hydronium ion +plus the concentration of sodium + +ion must be equal to the +concentration of hydroxide plus + +the concentration of acetate +ion, A minus. + +Because what I have done here +in the charge balance + +consideration is I have said +okay, what are all the possible + +charged species in solution? +I can make a list of them. + +It is those four things. +And I know that the number of + +positive charges must equal the +number of negative charges + +because this is overall a +neutral beaker in which we are + +putting things. +But everything that you put in + +is charge neutral, +so the positives have to equal + +the negatives. +That is a very nice limiting + +equation that helps us +understand how the different + +competing chemical reactions and +equilibria will all settle down + +and arrive at the physical +result, which will be our + +observable. +And then, in addition to that, + +we have a mass balance +consideration. + +And in this mass balance +consideration, + +we will be able to write that +our HA initial value -- + +-- that is square brackets, +once again, denoting + +concentration -- will be, +at any point in time, + +equal to the actual value of HA +plus the concentration of A + +minus. +And that just says that when + +you have acetic acid and you put +it into water, + +it ionizes partly to hydronium +ion and acetate ion. + +And that which does not ionize +is unionized HA. + +And so, the ionized A minus +concentration plus the + +unionized HA concentration is +equal to the sum total of the + +acetic acid that is present in +solution. + +And, similarly, +we have another mass balance + +equation, which is just that the +sodium hydroxide initial is + +equal to our sodium ion +concentration because all of it + +is ionized. +That is a little simpler than + +the situation with the acetic +acid. + +And then, in addition to those +equations, we have our + +equilibrium equations. + +And we are going to have two of +these because there are two + +equilibria that I wrote over +there under titration equations. + +The first of these is going to +have the equilibrium constant + +Ka, and that is going to be H +three O plus times A + +minus, +which is acetate in the case of + +acetic acid, all over HA. +That is the expression for the + +equilibrium of acetic acid +ionization in dilute aqueous + +solution. +And I will give you a value for + +this in a moment. +I won't write it right here. + +Well, why don't I just do that. +It is 1.8x10^-5 for this + +specific example of acetic acid. +And then, if you were working + +with some other weak acid, +you would be able to go to a + +table and look up the Ka value +for it, if it has been measured + +and reported and tabulated. +And then, we have Kw. + +And this is the equilibrium +expression for the + +autoprotolysis reaction that I +mentioned over there, + +the other equilibrium, +which is H three O plus times + +OH minus. +And that is equal to 1x10^-14, + +so a very small equilibrium +constant. + +And some of you may be +wondering why water is not + +appearing in an expression like +this one or like this one. + +And the reason for this is that +in the expressions that I am + +deriving here, +we are using concentrations in + +place of activities for these +species. + +In the derivation of the +equilibrium constants, + +the activity of pure water at +very high concentration is + +approximated as one. +And so, this is simplified as + +shown here. +And having put all these + +equations together, +what we are going to want to do + +is take the following approach. +We are looking at the + +expression for +electro-neutrality here, + +the equal number of positively +and negatively charged species + +in solution. +And I want to get this + +expression rewritten in terms of +things that I know at any point + +along the titration curve, +with the exception of the one + +thing that I want to know, +the pH. + +And the pH we can calculate +easily if we know the H three O + +plus concentration. +So, I am going to be seeking to + +get Na plus, +OH minus, + +and A minus rewritten +in terms of H three O plus + +and constants using +the equations that I have up + +here on the board. + +First, let's attempt to do that +for A minus using this + +Ka expression. +And I am going to rearrange it. + +And it is going to be equal to +Ka times HA divided by H three O + +plus. +But I still have a problem with + +this expression for A minus +because I am going to + +need to replace HA with +something that will allow me to + +get everything in terms of just +H three O plus and + +constants. +And so, if I look over here at + +the mass balance equation, +I can use this one and replace + +HA with HA initial minus +A minus. + +Now I have A minus +written in terms of an initial + +concentration of HA itself and +constants. + +I need to rearrange this a +little bit. + +I am going to multiply through +by H three O plus so + +that I can write A minus times H +three O plus is equal to Ka + +times HA initial minus Ka times +A minus. + +And hopefully I have done that + +right. +And, if so, I will be able to + +say that A minus is going to be +equal to Ka times HA initial all + +over H three O plus. + +Does that look good? +Plus Ka, thank you. + +H3O+ plus Ka. + +And let's bring +that down here. + +Because now, +I would like to go ahead and + +make this substitution for the +charge. + +We have our A minus. +The other ones are a little + +easier. +We now have this equation H + +three O plus. +And we were going to replace Na + +plus by NaOH initial. + +And we are going to recognize +that we can use the equation for + +autoprotolysis to replace +hydroxide with Kw divided by H + +three O plus. +And then now we have the A + +minus being replaced +by Ka HA initial all over H + +three O plus plus Ka. + +And at this point, +you have actually done a really + +nice thing, because you have +generated a general titration + +equation for the titration of +interest in this particular + +case. +You can see that at any point + +along that curve for a given +volume m, we can now stop and + +walk along in one milliliter +increments. + +And, in each spot along that +curve, we could go ahead and + +solve this equation to get the +value of H three O plus. + +And then we would just have to + +take the negative log of that, +and we would have the pH at + +that position. +And we are interested if this + +type of a model for the +mathematical form of the + +titration curve bears any +resemblance to what one sees in + +reality. +And, if so, one could then be, + +at least for the time being, +until your theory no longer + +fits, satisfied that you have +accounted for the various + +equilibria that could be present +in a system such as the one we + +are describing here. +This happens to be a cubic + +equation, and it has, +therefore, three roots. + +And when we solve it at each of +these points along the titration + +equation, because of the +physically realistic quantities + +that we are going to be +interested in, + +only one of the roots is +positive. + +We are talking about H three O +plus concentration. + +It cannot be a negative +concentration. + +The positive root is the one we +want, and then we can convert + +that to pH and can see what kind +of result we get. + +And so, I will show you how we +can do that using a tool + +available on Athena. + +First of all, +let me tell you that for the + +purposes of doing this, +I am going to replace these + +various quantities by some +simpler symbols, + +here. +I am going to go x plus a, + +a is our NaOH initial, +is equal to (b over x) plus (c + +times d) over (x plus d). + +So, I am going to use those +simpler symbols for this + +equation. +I could rearrange it and show + +you how it is a cubic equation, +you set it equal to zero, + +and then you solve, +and you get the roots. + +Just like a quadratic equation +but with another term. + +And, instead of doing that, +we are just going to leave it + +in this form, +which is simpler to look at. + +And we are just going to use +that. + +And so, let's go ahead and +define A. + +That is the initial +concentration of sodium + +hydroxide. +We are going to go 0.1. + +And remember I need to get this +in terms of the quantity m here, + +which is the volume. +And so, I am going to take m, + +minus 20 over m. +And the reason I am doing is + +this is I am saying that we have +an 0.1 molar solution of sodium + +hydroxide that we are adding. +But there is a dilution factor + +that you have to take care of. +So, at every value m we are + +saying that we are starting with +a volume of 20 in the acetic + +acid flask at the bottom there +at the beginning. + +And then we are starting to add +volume units of sodium + +hydroxide. +And so the volume, + +m, is increasing. +That is how I take care of + +that, there. +And then our value of b is Kw, + +so that is 1 E minus 14. + +That is for autoprotolysis. +And then we have c, + +that is our initial +concentration of acetic acid. + +And we happen to have a +dilution factor here, + +too, but it is simpler, +just 20 divided by m. + +And there is that. +And then d, what did I say that + +d was? +d is our equilibrium constant + +for HA, 1.8 E minus 5. + +There is our acidity constant +for acetic acids. + +Now I have the four things in +there that I need, + +and those are four things that +I know because of the initial + +conditions that I am defining +for this problem. + +And then I am going to define +my equation as being equal to x + +plus a is equal to (b over x) +plus (c times d) all over (x + +plus d). +There is my equation. + +And this nice calculator, +all I have to do, + +in principle, +is tell it what the value of m + +is. +And then it is going to solve + +that cubic equation, +give me back the three roots. + +I take the positive one and I +take the negative log of it, + +and then I know the pH at that +value of m. + +I can develop a whole titration +curve based on the equations + +that we have been discussing. +And so let's choose a value of + +m here to start with, +and I am going to choose 30. + +We are starting at 20. +At the very beginning of the + +titration, we are at 20. +Let's see what happens at 30 + +given the particular value of m. +Here is what I do. + +There may be other ways to do +this. + +I am defining this thing called +the solution set. + +Because the solving of that +equation is going to give us + +three values. +And then I want to be able to + +pick the one that I want. +We would use sol-set is equal + +to, we are going to solve that +equation, and we want x, + +which is our H three O plus +concentration. + +And sometimes it chokes. +Let's see what happens. + +Sometimes it is a little slow. +But it takes a lot longer if + +you actually try to work it all +out by hand. + +I have a picture of an image of +this that I grabbed. + +I can show you if this fails on +me. + +Don't fail on me. +There we go. + +You can see it got the answer. +And so here is a positive root, + +and then there are two negative +roots to this cubic equation in + +x. +And I want to find out the pH. + +When we are up to 30 volume +units, m equals 30. + +And so, I will define p here as +equal to the negative log base + +10 of the first of the answers +in my solution set, + +sol-set one, +which is the positive x value. + +And, bingo, there is the pH, +4.745 whatever dot, + +dot, dot. +That is now the pH at a volume + +of 30. +Now, you figure I am starting + +with 20 volume units of 0.1 +molar acetic acid. + +And by the time m equals 30 +volume units, + +that means I have added ten +volume units of strong base, + +enough to quench half of my +acetic acid. + +And what if I had just only +quenched none of it? + +I can change m now. +Once you have this in here, + +you don't have to retype these +things. + +I can go back here and say let +m be 20. + +And, if I do that, +now I am actually at the zero + +point, before I add any strong +base. + +And there is the pH now, +2.87. + +The answer to the expression +that we had at the very end of + +class last time that was going +to tell us what is the pH of + +tenth molar acetic acid, +there is the answer, + +2.87, because that is what we +have when we start. + +Now you can see that you could +just go through and use that to + +get the pH at any value of m +along this titration curve. + +And when you do that, +let's show you what the result + +is, now what you see here is a +set of data. + +I start at 20. +And I'm going up in single + +volume units, +21, 22, 23, and 24, + +I am showing what the pH is at +each of those choices of m. + +And I have gone all the way +from 20 to 60. + +And you take that data set -- + +And then you can take a file, +like the one I just showed you, + +which just had values of m and +corresponding values of pH. + +And you can go ahead and just +plot that thing. + +And, when you do that, +you get the form of the + +titration curve here, +which is the classic form of a + +titration curve for titrating a +weak acid with a strong base. + +And you see that here, +m was 20, and we let it + +increment through all the way up +to 60. + +And what you see initially, +and you are going to need to + +study this one and the other +cases of titration curves that + +are in that chapter of your +book, is how the little subtle + +features differ from one case to +another. + +They do differ. +A much simpler titration curve + +than this one is obtained if you +titrate a strong acid with a + +strong base. +This is titration of a weak + +acid with a strong base. +And you see that initially, + +we have that 2.87 initial pH +value, that it kind of shoots up + +quickly here at the beginning. +There is a steep rise, + +initially. +And then it kind of levels off. + +And in this region here, +the pH is not changing very + +rapidly at all as you are adding +more sodium hydroxide. + +Until you get out here, +and the pH just shoots up. + +And you will notice that it is +around where we get to 40. + +Because we started with 20 mLs +of tenth molar acetic acid. + +And, when we get out to m +equals 40, we have added 20 mLs + +of tenth molar sodium hydroxide. +At that point the pH just + +shoots up. +And then over here it turns + +over and just goes kind of +slowly for a minute. + +And it just approaches an +asymptotic limiting value over + +here on the high pH side of the +scale. + +One thing you will notice here +is that at this point where we + +have added the same number of +equivalence of sodium hydroxide + +molecules as we had acetic acid +molecules to start with, + +this occurs over here at +greater than 8.0 pH units rather + +than at the neutral value of +7.0. + +And I would like you to think +about why that might be. + +And that will be something that +will be covered in recitation, + +but it is important. +If we had derived here today + +the expression for the titration +of a strong acid with a strong + +base, then at 40 we would be +right at 7.0, + +but when we were using this +weak acid, acetic acid, + +it comes up here over 8.0 pH +units. + +This point where we have added +as many strong base molecules as + +we started with, +weak acid molecules, + +is called the equivalence or +the stoichiometric point in the + +titration. +Moreover, where would your + +indicator molecule change color? +At what point, + +at what value of m, +for example? + +It would be close to there. +It would be because, + +in the case of phenolphthalein, +it changes between right in + +here. +It might change right around + +maybe 41 or so. +m equals 41 might be where the + +color change from colorless to +pink occurs, for the reasons + +that we have discussed. +And then right here, + +it turns out at this value of m +equals 30, the pH is equal to + +the pKa of acetic acid. +And that is a relationship that + +I would like you to think about. +And it is a relationship that + +comes into play very strongly +when we talk about the + +preparation of buffer solutions +according to the + +Henderson-Hasselbach equation. +At m equals 30, + +the pH value of the titration +is the pKa of acetic acid, + +which is right here at about +4.7 or so. + +We did that one a moment ago. +We found out what that value + +was. +And, in plus or minus 1.0 pH + +units of that, +we have the part of the + +titration curve that is called +the buffering region. + +In here we have generated a +buffer in situ. + +And buffers help the pH not to +change too much when acids or + +bases are added in solution. +That is what buffers do. + +They try to help you keep in a +constant pH range because lots + +of things are dependent upon a +particular pH for proper + +functioning. +And you know that this is + +important in the world's oceans, +it is important in our + +environment, and it is important +in our bodies. + +So, the pH considerations for +aqueous solutions are quite + +important. +And I hope that today I have + +been able to give you a nice way +of thinking about some of the + +math that goes behind a +titration curve. + +Have a nice Halloween. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/5oOdsbRPb2Y.txt b/5oOdsbRPb2Y.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bc1d7b23e684b8eae6ae904733353d438e4b2ff --- /dev/null +++ b/5oOdsbRPb2Y.txt @@ -0,0 +1,254 @@ +In this lecture we return to the memory system +that we last discussed in Lecture 14 of Part + +2. + +There we learned about the fundamental tradeoff +in current memory technologies: as the memory's + +capacity increases, so does it access time. + +It takes some architectural cleverness to +build a memory system that has a large capacity + +and a small average access time. + +The cleverness is embodied in the cache, a +hardware subsystem that lives between the + +CPU and main memory. + +Modern CPUs have several levels of cache, +where the modest-capacity first level has + +an access time close to that of the CPU, and +higher levels of cache have slower access + +times but larger capacities. + +Caches give fast access to a small number +of memory locations, using associative addressing + +so that the cache has the ability to hold +the contents of the memory locations the CPU + +is accessing most frequently. + +The current contents of the cache are managed +automatically by the hardware. + +Caches work well because of the principle +of locality: if the CPU accesses location + +X at time T, it's likely to access nearby +locations in the not-too-distant future. + +The cache is organized so that nearby locations +can all reside in the cache simultaneously, + +using a simple indexing scheme to choose which +cache location should be checked for a matching + +address. + +If the address requested by the CPU resides +in the cache, access time is quite fast. + +In order to increase the probability that +requested addresses reside in the cache, we + +introduced the notion of "associativity", +which increased the number of cache locations + +checked on each access and +solved the problem of having, say, instructions + +and data compete for the same cache locations.. + +We also discussed appropriate choices for +block size (the number of words in a cache + +line), +replacement policy (how to choose which cache + +line to reuse on a cache miss), +and write policy (deciding when to write changed + +data back to main memory). + +We'll see these same choices again in this +lecture as we work to expand the memory hierarchy + +beyond main memory. + +We never discussed where the data in main +memory comes from and how the process of filling + +main memory is managed. + +That's the topic of today's lecture.. + +Flash drives and hard disks provide storage +options that have more capacity than main + +memory, with the added benefit of being non-volatile, +i.e., they continue to store data even when + +turned off. + +The generic name for these new devices is +"secondary storage", where data will reside + +until it's moved to "primary storage", i.e., +main memory, for use. + +So when we first turn on a computer system, +all of its data will be found in secondary + +storage, which we'll think of as the final +level of our memory hierarchy. + +As we think about the right memory architecture, +we'll build on the ideas from our previous + +discussion of caches, and, indeed, think of +main memory as another level of cache for + +the permanent, high-capacity secondary storage. + +We'll be building what we call a virtual memory +system, which, like caches, will automatically + +move data from secondary storage into main +memory as needed. + +The virtual memory system will also let us +control what data can be accessed by the program, + +serving as a stepping stone to building a +system that can securely run many programs + +on a single CPU. + +Let's get started! + +Here we see the cache and main memory, the +two components of our memory system as developed + +in Lecture 14. + +And here's our new secondary storage layer. + +The good news: the capacity of secondary storage +is huge! + +Even the most modest modern computer system +will have 100's of gigabytes of secondary + +storage and having a terabyte or two is not +uncommon on medium-size desktop computers. + +Secondary storage for the cloud can grow to +many petabytes (a petabyte is 10^15 bytes + +or a million gigabytes). + +The bad news: disk access times are 100,000 +times longer that those of DRAM. + +So the change in access time from DRAM to +disk is much, much larger than the change + +from caches to DRAM. + +When looking at DRAM timing, we discovered +that the additional access time for retrieving + +a contiguous block of words was small compared +to the access time for the first word, + +so fetching a block was the right plan assuming +we'd eventually access the additional words. + +For disks, the access time difference between +the first word and successive words is even + +more dramatic. + +So, not surprisingly, we'll be reading fairly +large blocks of data from disk. + +The consequence of the much, much larger secondary-storage +access time is that it will be very time consuming + +to access disk if the data we need is not +in main memory. + +So we need to design our virtual memory system +to minimize misses when accessing main memory. + +A miss, and the subsequent disk access, will +have a huge impact on the average memory access + +time, so the miss rate will need to be very, +very small compared to, say, the rate of executing + +instructions. + +Given the enormous miss penalties of secondary +storage, what does that tell us about how + +it should be used as part of our memory hierarchy? + +We will need high associativity, i.e., we +need a great deal of flexibility on how data + +from disk can be located in main memory. + +In other words, if our working set of memory +accesses fit in main memory, our virtual memory + +system should make that possible, avoiding +unnecessary collisions between accesses to + +one block of data and another. + +We'll want to use a large block size to take +advantage of the low incremental cost of reading + +successive words from disk. + +And, given the principle of locality, we'd +expect to be accessing other words of the + +block, thus amortizing the cost of the miss +over many future hits. + +Finally, we'll want to use a write-back strategy +where we'll only update the contents of disk + +when data that's changed in main memory needs +to be replaced by data from other blocks of + +secondary storage. + +There is upside to misses having such long +latencies. + +We can manage the organization of main memory +and the accesses to secondary storage in software. + +Even it takes 1000's of instructions to deal +with the consequences of a miss, executing + +those instructions is quick compared to the +access time of a disk. + +So our strategy will be to handle hits in +hardware and misses in software. + +This will lead to simple memory management +hardware and the possibility of using very + +clever strategies implemented in software +to figure out what to do on misses. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/65XkZ_SRxBk.txt b/65XkZ_SRxBk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..992f2dd13c7941f2162f3aa273e773986d27bef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/65XkZ_SRxBk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2855 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation, or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So let's get started. + +So I'm going to lecture today, +Professor Zweback's away. + +And I just wanted to +say a couple of things, + +just in case you +haven't noticed. + +We posted the +solutions for P-set 11. + +And then also later +in the week, we'll + +post the solutions for the +extra problems that came along + +with P-set 11, so you +can look at those. + +And also, there's two +past exams with solutions + +also on the website now. + +So you can start +going through those. + +And also, there's a +formula sheet there. + +And if you've got +suggestions for things + +that you think should be +on there that aren't, let + +us know and they probably +can be put on there. + +So I want to turn +back to what we + +were doing at the end of last +lecture, which was talking + +about the spin-orbit coupling. + +And so this is a contribution +to our Hamiltonian + +that looks like +spin of the electron + +dotted into the angular +momentum that the electron has + +around the proton in +the hydrogen atom. + +And so because of +this term we had + +to change the complete set +of commuting observables + +that we wanted to talk about. + +So we have now this +full Hamiltonian + +that includes this piece that +has the Se dot L term in it. + +We have L squared, we +have the spin squared. + +But because of this piece, +Lz, which was previously + +one of the quantum numbers we +used to classify things by, + +that doesn't commute +with this term, right? + +So here we have to +throw that one away. + +Similarly, we have +this throw away + +the z component of +the electron spin. + +That doesn't commute +with this either. + +And what we replace +those by is actually + +the J squared and +the Z component of J. + +So J is the vector sum +of the angular momentum + +and the spin of the electron. + +And this is very interesting. + +This term does +something interesting. + +So if we look at-- +let me go up here. + +If we remember the +hydrogen states + +when we don't have +this term, there's + +a state that has n +equals 2 and l equals 1. + +And you can think of +that as three states. + +And then we've got to +tensor that with the spin, + +so the spin of the electron +could be spin up or spin down. + +So there's a spin a half, +so this is two states. + +And so you've got a +total of six states + +you're going to talk about. + +And now what we have +to do is classify these + +according to the quantum +numbers that are actually + +preserved by the system. + +So we can't use Lz or Sz. + +We have to use J squared and Jz. + +So we've got a J +equals 3/2 multiplet-- + +and that's four states-- +plus a J equals 1/2. + +And you can see the number +of states works out. + +We've got 3 times 2 +is equal to 4 plus 2. + +And so this L dot S term takes +these original six states, + +which without this +interaction degenerate, + +and it splits them +into the four states + +up here, and then +two states down here. + +The J equals 1/2, J equals 3/2. + +And we also worked +out the splittings. + +If I do this, this is +plus h bar squared over 2. + +And this is minus h bar squared. + +So this gives you a splitting. + +Now this is not the only thing +that happens in hydrogen, + +because you probably all +know that the proton itself + +has spin. + +The proton has a spin +1/2 particle, just + +like the electron. + +It's even more +complicated because it's + +a composite object. + +But that leads to additional +splittings in hydrogen. + +And so these ones, +this one here is + +called the defined structure. + +Or we can also talk about +the type hyperfine structure. + +So this is going to be a small +effect on top of this one. + +So we have the proton +that's spin 1/2, + +we have the electron +spin a half, + +and then we have the relative +orbital angular momentum. + +And so the total +angular momentum, + +which is J, which is going to +be the sum of L plus the spin + +of the electron plus the spin of +the proton, this is conserved. + +And the thing we were +talking about here + +is actually not conserved. + +So once you worry about +the spin of the proton + +you've got to look at the +total angular momentum. + +And that's what +will be conserved. + +And so our complete set +of commuting observables + +is going to be a four +Hamiltonian, which we'll get to + +in a moment, L squared +the spin squareds + +of the proton and the +electron, and then J squared, + +and finally Jz is +the things that we're + +going to end up +classifying states by. + +So we originally +thought about these two + +here, and did a +coupling between those. + +It's pretty natural to +assume that there maybe + +couplings between the +angular momentum and the spin + +of the proton, which there are. + +But also there's going to be +a coupling between the spins + +of the electron and the proton. + +And that's the one we're going +to talk about at the moment. + +The other one is there but we +won't go over it in any detail. + +So the proton and the electron +both spin 1/2 particles, + +and they both have +magnetic dipole moments, + +which are proportional +to their spin. + +And so it's really a coupling +between these moments that + +tells us what the effect of +this interaction is going to be. + +So we have the mu +of the electron + +is equal to e over +me-- minus me-- + +times the spin of the electron. + +And mu of the proton is, +let me just write it as gp. + +And gp happens to have +the value of about 5.6. + +And this is actually +kind of interesting. + +So if you look at +the formula up here, + +really I could have written this +as a g over 2, with g being 2. + +So for the electron, the g +factor is very close to 2. + +This is because the +electron is essentially + +a fundamental particle, +with no substructure. + +But the proton, which is +made up of quarks and gluons + +flying around inside some +region, has a lot of structure. + +And so this is really +indicative of it + +being a composite particle. + +Because a fundamental +spin 1/2 particle + +should have this g being 2. + +So we've got these +two dipole moments. + +And one way to +think about this is + +you've got this +dipole of the proton. + +We're going to think +about the proton having + +a little dipole charge-- +sorry, dipole magnetic moment-- + +and this produces +a magnetic field. + +And the electron is sitting +in that magnetic field. + +And its spin can +couple to the field. + +So we're going to +have a Hamiltonian, + +a hyperfine +Hamiltonian, that looks + +like minus mu of +the electron dotted + +into a magnetic field produced +by the proton, which is going + +to depend on r, on +where the electron is. + +And you can simplify +this as just + +e over m spin of +the electron dotted + +into this B of the proton. + +So we need to know what +this dipole field is. + +And for that you really have +to go back to electromagnetism. + +And you've probably +seen this before. + +But let me just write it down, +and we won't derive it here. + +But let's go down here. + +This has a kind of +complicated form. + +So there's this piece, +and then there's + +another piece that looks like +8 pi over 3c squared mu p times + +the delta function +at the origin. + +And so you think +about the dipole field + +arising from a spinning +charge distribution here. + +So we've got a magnetic +dipole moment pointing up. + +This produces a field +like this, a dipole type + +field going this way. + +So this is our B. + +And then inside here, +you should really + +think of taking the limit as +this thing goes to 0 size. + +And so in order to get the +right field in the middle, + +you need to have this term here. + +And so if you want to +see this being derived + +you can look in Griffiths. + +That does the +derivation of this. + +But we will skip that. + +So we've got the field. + +And now we can put it +into our Hamiltonian. + +So it's mu e. + +So I could replace my +mu's with the spins. + +So I get some +factor out the front + +that looks like ge squared +over 2 Me Mp c squared. + +And then I get 1 +over r cubed plus-- + +So just plugging those in we +get this Hamiltonian here. + +And let me just +simplify a little bit. + +Let's just call this thing q. + +And so this Hamiltonian +is going to be given by q. + +And I can write it as the i-th +component of the electron spin, + +the j-th component +of the proton spin, + +dotted into r hat i hat +j minus-- So just taking + +the common factors of the +spins components out the front. + +So if we've got +this, we want to ask + +what it's going to do to +the energy of the ground + +state of hydrogen. + +So we're going to take +matrix elements of this + +between the hydrogen +wave functions. + +So does anyone have +questions so far? + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Can you use +r as a [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Right right. + +So these are unit vectors +in the r direction. + +And this r is the length +of the vector, r vector. + +The usual thing. + +So what we're going +to try and evaluate + +is the expectation value. + +So we're going to do this. + +Because going back to the +start of last lecture, + +this is going to be +a small correction. + +And so we can work out its +contribution to the energy + +by using the original +wave functions, + +but just calculating +its matrix elements. + +So we're going to +calculate-- and let me just + +give this a name. + +This can be-- + +So this is q, and +the ground state + +has no angular dependents. + +So in fact, for +the ground state, + +I can just write this is +a function of r squared. + +For overtly excited +states I can't do that. + +But for the ground +state that works. + +And then we have, so we've +got the wave function. + +And then in between them we have +to put this stuff over here. + +So let's put the there. + +So one of these terms is +very easy to evaluate. + +With this [INAUDIBLE] +function I just + +get the wave function +at the origin. + +And the second term +is actually also + +relatively easy to evaluate. + +Who can tell me what this +integral over all three + +directions of just +one direction? + +What's that? + +AUDIENCE: 0. + +PROFESSOR: 0. + +And you can argue that by just +asking, well what can it be? + +It's got to carry an +index, because there's + +an index on this +side of the equation. + +And there's no other vectors +around in this problem. + +So the only thing +it can be is 0. + +So if I do integral d3r of +ri rj, what can that be? + +Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: 1. + +PROFESSOR: 1? + +No. + +So it's got two indices. + +So the thing on this +side of the equation + +also has to have two indices. + +AUDIENCE: Delta ij? + +PROFESSOR: Delta ij, very good. + +So the only thing that can +carry two indices is delta ij. + +And then there might +be some number here. + +And it actually +turns out that you + +can do an even more +complicated integral. + +We can look at integral d3r +of ri rj sum f of r squared. + +And that is also +just some number, + +which depends on what +f is, times delta ij. + +And if you go along these lines +and actually look at this, + +the difference between +the integral of this piece + +and the integral of this piece +is actually a factor of 1/3. + +And so this actually +integrates to 0. + +So when I integrate +over this one, + +I get something times delta ij. + +And that something +is actually 1/3. + +And so this term and this +term cancel in the integral. + +And so you just get the +delta function contributions. + +So you get some number +times Sei S delta ij. + +So it becomes Se dotted into Sp. + +8 pi over 3. + +And then it's psi +100 at the origin. + +So this we know, we've already +computed these radial wave + +functions, and saw at +the origin this one + +is actually 1 over pi +times the Bohr constant. + +And if you plug-in what Q is, +and what the Bohr constant is, + +you can just find out that +this whole thing ends up + +looking like 4/3 +this gp and this + +we can call delta e hyperfine. + +So you end up with +a very simple thing. + +And it's just proportional +to the dot product of the two + +spins. + +So you've seen, essentially, you +saw this term in your homework. + +So we just assume that this +thing here came out of nowhere + +and was just some +number times Se dot Sp, + +and this was a contribution +to your Hamiltonian. + +But now we actually know +where that comes from. + +And interestingly, this thing +here, this whole thing, it's + +still an operator because +it's got these spins in it. + +And that's-- put a star next +to that because it's important. + +So now we need to ask, well what +are the real states of hydrogen + +so they're where +we've got two spins? + +The spin of the proton, +they could be aligned, + +or they could be anti-aligned. + +Oh, sorry. + +We have a question up there. + +AUDIENCE: Is that +np over np, or mu u? + +PROFESSOR: No, me, mass. + +Mass of the electron +over mass of the proton. + +So you have to remember +that the spins of the proton + +and the electron to can parallel +or they can be anti-parallel. + +Or they can be both down. + +And so we have to go +back and work out-- we + +have to realize that +because of these terms + +the z components of those spins +are not good quantum numbers. + +The only z component +that appears in our list + +is Jz, so the total z +component of angular momentum. + +So we need to go back and +do what you-- you probably + +have done this to the P-set. + +But let's just do +it very quickly. + +We'll take those +two spin 1/2 things + +and so let's make this +J1 and this is J2. + +And we're going to have J. + +So if I've got these two spins +I can make various things. + +I can write down-- And +if I've done this than + +I should also write that the +m, the m quantum number that + +goes with the J +quantum number is + +going to be equal to m1 plus m2. + +So this state here, because both +of the spins are pointing up, + +this is an m equals 1 state. + +And then we can also have +something like 1/2, 1/2. + +You could have these two states. + +So they both have m equals 0. + +And then there's an m equals +minus 1, which is 1/2 this guy. + +So since this has m +equals 1, and 1/2 cross + +1/2 is going to give us a +spin 0 multiplet and a spin 1 + +multiplet, because +it's got m equals 1, + +this has to be J +equals 1 as well. + +And this one has +to be J equals 1. + +But the two states +in the middle, + +we don't know what those are. + +There's going to +be a J equals 1, + +m equals 0 state, +which is going to be + +some linear combination +of these two. + +So let's just go over here. + +We don't need any of this. + +And we need to work out what +the linear combination is. + +So something to +remember is this. + +The J plus or minus acting on +Jm is this funny square root + +thing. + +So these are the raising +and lowering operators. + +They take us from one state +to the one with a different m + +value. + +And so we can use +that to start with. + +We could basically take +J minus on our state. + +And according to +this formula, this + +will give us the square root +of 1 times 2 minus m is 1. + +And this should be 0, right? + +I think I've got this +sign up the wrong way. + +I think this is minus plus. + +No, sorry, that's right. + +It should be-- I'm +doing the J minus + +so I have 1 times 1 minus-- +yeah, right, so it's this. + +So this is square root +2 times Jm minus 1. + +But we also know that J minus +a is equal to J1 minus plus J2 + +minus because J is just the +vector sum of the two J's. + +So we can ask what J +minus on the state is. + +But this state we can write in +terms of the tensor product. + +So this is equal to J1 minus 1. + +If we use this formula +for lowering something + +with spin 1/2 we get 1/2 times +3/2 minus 1/2 times minus 1/2, + +which is actually 1 +under that square root. + +And so this actually equals +1/2 minus 1/2 tensor 1/2, 1/2. + +So these two things are equal. + +And so that tells us, in +fact, that the 1, 0 state, + +which is what's over +here-- oh, sorry. + +Oh, why did I do that? + +This should be J +equals 1 and M equals + +what it was, minus 1, this. + +So the 1, 0 state, if we +bring that 1 over root 2 + +on the other side +is this combination. + +So it's one linear combination +of those two pieces. + +We also want the other one. + +So we've got three +of our states. + +The fourth state +is then, of course, + +the other linear combination +of the two states over there. + +And so that's going to be our +J equals 0, M equals 0 state. + +So this state is going to be +orthogonal to the one we've + +just written here. + +And so this is pretty +easy to work out. + +Since there's only +two terms, all we + +do is change the +sign of one of them + +and it becomes orthogonal, +because these states here + +are normalized. + +So this becomes +1/2, 1/2 tensor-- + +let me just write it +in the same way that-- + +1/2 minus 1/2 minus-- + +And so our four states, so +we can condense our notation + +so we can say that this state +we can just label as this. + +And we can just label +as a down arrow. + +And then something like we can +label as just up down, just + +to make everything compact. + +You just have to remember +that this is referring + +to the first spin, +this is always + +referring to the second spin. + +And so then we can +write our multiplets. + +J equals 1 has three states. + +It has up, up. + +It has up, down plus down, up. + +And it has down, down. + +So those are our three +states that have J equals 1. + +And then we have +J equals 0, which + +just has 1 over square root +2 up, down minus down, up. + +And so the two spins +in our hydrogen + +atom, the spin of the +proton and the electron, + +can combine to be a J equals +1 or a J equals 0 system. + +And since we're talking about +the ground state of hydrogen, + +it has 0 angular momentum. + +And so I'm really just +talking about J total, here. + +So if we now have this +Hamiltonian, which is still + +an operator in +spin-- we've dealt + +with the spacial dependence +of the wave functions, + +but it's still an +operator in spin-- + +we can now evaluate this. + +So we can take its expectation +value in either the J equals 1 + +multiplet or the J +equals 0 multiplet. + +So let's just +write it out again. + +So we have h hyperfine 1, 0, 0. + +This is equal to some delta E +HF spin of the electron dotted + +into the spin of the proton. + +We can rewrite this using +something we did last time. + +We can write this as J +squared minus Se squared + +minus Sp squared, with +the 1/2 out the front. + +So here, because l equals 0 +because we're in the ground + +state, then J equals Se plus Sp. + +And so J squared +is going to give us + +Se squared, Sp squared, +and then the dot product. + +So great. + +So what is this, the spin +squared of the electron? + +What's the eigenvalue +of J squared, always? + +J, J plus 1 times h bar squared. + +And what is J for the electron? + +1/2. + +And what about the proton? + +AUDIENCE: 1/2 as well. + +PROFESSOR: 1/2. + +So we've got 1/2 times +1/2 plus 1, so 3/2. + +So this gives us minus 3/4. + +This gives us minus 3/4. + +So this just looks +like delta e HF + +over 2 J squared minus +3/2 h bar squared. + +OK? + +Anyone lost doing that? + +Or is that OK? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Yep. + +AUDIENCE: So, when you +define delta e [INAUDIBLE] + +over there, that exudes energy? + +PROFESSOR: Oh, you're right. + +You're very right. + +I've messed up. + +I've-- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Let me see. + +Yeah, really I have +an h bar squared here. + +I think I should have had an h +bar squared over there as well. + +Yeah. + +That should be over +h bar squared here. + +Thank you. + +OK so-- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: When does +it get [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: That was +just in the algebra + +going from this expression, +writing it in terms of alpha, + +things like that. + +So it's just some algebra. + +OK, anything else? + +No? + +Good. + +OK so now we can easily +evaluate these things. + +We can now take J +equals 1 and some M-- + +and this is for M equals all +three states here-- and just + +evaluate this. + +And all that means is +we have this J squared + +operator acting on +this state here. + +And this gives us h bar +squared 1 times 1 plus 1, + +or 2h bar squared. + +So this will give us +delta e hyperfine over 2. + +And then we've got, let's +pull the-- sorry there's still + +and h bar squared here, +and an h bar squared there. + +But now we can evaluate. + +The h bar squared +here cancels that one, + +and we get a 1 times +a 1 plus 1 minus 3/2. + +And that's just one +quarter, which is-- + +And similarly we can take +the J equals 0 state, + +and this one gives us +delta e hyperfine over 2. + +And then it's 0 +time 1 minus 3/2. + +And so that equals +minus 3/4 EHF. + +So what we're +doing is evaluating + +these in these +particular J states. + +And now we end up with +something that's just a number. + +It's no longer an operator. + +It's an energy that +we can measure. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: So, this +expectation value + +h hyperfine 1, 0, 0, +is still an operator. + +Is that because we only +took the expectation value + +over the angular [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: We took over +the spacial wave function. + +We did the r integral, right? + +But we didn't-- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Right, right. + +Yeah. + +So this is actually a +really important system. + +So let's just draw the +energy level diagram here. + +And here we have four states. + +We have the spin +1/2 times spin 1/2. + +So 2 times 2 states. + +So we get a triplet +and a singlet. + +And what this hyperfine +splitting does + +is take those four states and +split the triplet up here, + +and split the singlet down here. + +And this gap we +can see is-- oops, + +so this should be a delta HF. + +So this gap is delta E HF. + +So it's 1/4 and minus 3/4. + +And if you plug +numbers in, delta E HF, + +this actually ends up being +5.9 times 10 to the minus 6 + +electron volts, which +is a pretty small scale. + +So you should be comparing +that to the binding energy + +of the ground state of hydrogen +of 13.6 electron volts. + +So this is a very small effect. + +And you can really think +about the relative size. + +So the Bohr energy, so +that 13.6, formally this + +goes like, alpha squared +times Me c squared. + +Then last time we talked about +the S coupling, so the spin + +orbit, or fine structure. + +And so this one we found went +like alpha to the fourth Me C + +squared. + +So smaller than +the binding energy + +by a factor of 1 over 137 +squared, or about 20,000. + +And then this one +that we're talking + +about here, the hyperfine, +this, if you look over here, + +this is going like +alpha to the fourth Me C + +squared times an additional +factor of Me over Mp. + +And the mass of the proton +is about 2,000 times + +the mass of the electron. + +And so this again +is-- oh, sorry. + +This is alpha to the fourth. + +So this is suppressed by +about another factor of 2,000. + +You can go further. + +There are further +corrections to this + +in something called +the Lamb shift, which + +we won't say +anything else about. + +This goes like alpha to +the fifth Me C squared. + +And there's a whole host of +higher order corrections. + +People actually calculate +these energy levels + +to very high precision. + +But we won't do any more. + +So this transition +here is actually + +astrophysically +extremely important. + +So if we think about something +sitting in the state here, + +it can decay down to the ground +state by emitting a photon. + +So we can decay from J equals +1 to J equals 0 by a photon. + +And that photon will +have a wavelength + +that corresponds exactly +to this energy difference. + +And so that wavelength +is going to be, + +we can write it as c +over the frequency, + +or hc-- oh, hc not h bar c-- +hc over this delta e hyperfine. + +If you plug numbers +into this you + +find out that this is +approximately 21.1 centimeters. + +And the frequency +is 1,420 megahertz. + +And so right in +the middle-- well, + +at the end-- of the +FM band in radio. + +So theses are radio waves. + +So the size of this wavelength +is firstly important + +because it's large compared +to the size of dust + +in the universe. + +So dust is little stuff. + +So this is essentially +goes straight through dust. + +So these photons will go +straight through dust. + +The other important thing +is that you probably + +know that there's a cosmic +microwave background + +radiation in the universe, +that's essentially very + +close to constant everywhere. + +And so we have, +essentially, we have + +a temperature of 2.7 Kelvin. + +That corresponds to photons +with an energy kT, which + +is about 0.2 times 10 to +the minus 3 electron volts. + +So milli electron volts. + +But if you compare this +number to what we have here, + +this cosmic background +microwave radiation + +can excite hydrogen +from here up to here. + +There's enough energy +for one of those photons + +to come along, knock +the hydrogen atom, + +and excite it up to here. + +And then it will +decay and will emit + +this beautiful 21 +centimeter line, + +which will go +through all the dust. + +And so we can actually see the +universe in this 21 centimeter + +line. + +Even more remarkable is, +we can't calculate this + +at the moment, but you +can show that the lifetime + +for this transition to happen +is about 10 to the 7 years. + +So we can never +measure that in a lab. + +But because these +hydrogen atoms can + +be wandering around +the universe, + +not interacting for that +long, then they can emit. + +And so we can see that. + +This was first +observed in about 1951, + +and is the first +way that we actually + +saw that the galaxy +had spiral shaped arms. + +So it's pretty important. + +And another nice +thing about this + +is if you think about +another galaxy-- + +so let me just draw +another galaxy, a spiral + +galaxy somewhere +else, like this. + +Let's have us over here looking +at this galaxy from side on. + +This galaxy is rotating. + +So this one's moving this way, +this one to moving this way. + +There's hydrogen over +here and over here. + +And so we get these +photons coming over here, + +and photons coming +to us from there. + +But what's going to be +different about these? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Their +rate shifted, right? + +The Doppler shifted. + +So this is my 21 +centimeter photon. + +But they get Doppler shifted. + +And so we can measure +the difference + +in the frequencies of those. + +What does that tell us? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: How fast this +galaxy is spinning, right? + +And so one very +interesting thing + +you find from that is if +you look at the galaxy + +and count how many +stars are in it, + +and essentially +work out how massive + +that galaxy is, the +speed of rotation + +here is actually-- that you +measure from these hydrogen + +lines-- is that +it's actually faster + +than the escape +velocity of the matter. + +And so if all that was there +was the visible matter, then + +the thing would just fall apart. + +And so this actually +tells you that there's + +dark matter that +doesn't interact + +with visible light, that's +kind of all over here. + +So that's kind of a +pretty interesting thing. + +So that, I think, yeah. + +So any questions about that? + +We're going to move +on to another topic. + +Yep? + +AUDIENCE: You said +earlier [INAUDIBLE] + +it's 10 to the 7 years. + +Does that mean it +takes an average of 10 + +to the 7 years for the cosmic +microwave background energy + +to shift back [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: No, it's +really, if I just + +took hydrogen in this state, +and took a sample of it, + +that's how long it would +take for half of it + +to have gone and made the decay. + +So it can happen much faster. + +And there's a lot of +it in the universe. + +So there's many more +than 10 to the 7 atoms + +of hydrogen in the universe. + +So we see more than one of +these things every year. + +So if you were just +looking at one of them + +you would have to +wait a long time. + +AUDIENCE: But the thing about +the cosmic microwave background + +is to go from [INAUDIBLE] from +0 to 0 up to get [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Right so I +mean the energy is large + +compared to that. + +So it will typically knock you +up into an even higher state. + +And then you will +kind of decay down. + +But then this last decay +is-- because this lifetime + +is very long, the width of this +line is also very, very narrow. + +So now let's talk more about +adding angular momenta. + +Oh, maybe I should +have left that up. + +Too late. + +So we're going to do this +in a more general sense. + +So we're going to +take J1, some spin + +J1 that has states J1, M1, +with M1 equals minus J up to J. + +And so we're sort of +talking about something + +like the electron in +the hydrogen atom. + +And so that's not in any +particular orbital angular + +momentum. + +So we can talk about +that the Hilbert space + +that this thing lives in. + +So we can think about particle +1 with angular momentum J1. + +And this is basically +spanned by the states + +J1, M1 of these [INAUDIBLE]. + +We can take another +system with another J2, + +and this is going to have +states J2, M2, with M2-- that + +should be J1's there. + +And that would similarly +talk about some Hilbert space + +of some fixed angular momentum. + +If we want to talk about +the electron in a hydrogen + +atom, where it doesn't have a +fixed angular momentum, what we + +really want to talk about +is the Hilbert space H1, + +which is the sum over J1 +of these Hilbert spaces. + +And so this is talking +about-- this Hilbert space + +contains every +state the electron + +can have in a hydrogen atom. + +It can have all the +different angular momenta. + +And similarly we +could do that for J2. + +We can define J, which is J1 +plus J2, as you might guess. + +And really this you should +think of as J1 tensor + +the identity plus the identity +tensor J2, where this one is + +acting on things in +this Hilbert space, + +and the 1 here is acting on +things in this Hilbert space. + +And similarly there's +an H2, J2 that + +goes along with these guys. + +And so this +operator, this big J, + +is something that +acts on vectors + +in things in this +tensor product space. + +Actually I should +label this with a J1. + +It also acts on things +in the full space, + +but we can talk +just about that one. + +So now we might +want to construct + +a basis for this space. + +And we conversely construct +an uncoupled basis + +which is just take the basis +elements of each of the spaces + +and multiply them. + +So we would have J1, J2, M1, M2. + +We'd have the states here. + +And if we just ask +what our various-- + +J1 just gives us h bar +squared J, J plus 1. + +And this one gives us h bar M1 +h bar squared times our state. + +And so we can think +about all of these. + +And this is what we +label our state with. + +And that's because these +form a complete set + +of commuting observables. + +And we'll just call +this the A set. + +We can also talk +about our operator J + +and use that to +define our basis. + +And let's just be +a little explicit + +about what J squared +is going to be. + +So this is J1 tensor +identity plus 1 tensor J2. + +And the same thing here. + +If you expand this out you +get J1 squared tensor identity + +plus 1 tensor J2 squared +plus the dot product, which + +we can write as the +sum of J1k tensor J2k. + +And because of this +piece here, J squared + +doesn't commute with +J1z, for example. + +So we can't add this +operator to our list + +of operators over there. + +And similarly J2z J +squared is not equal to 0. + +So if we want to talk +about this operator + +we have to throw +both of those away. + +But there is an operator +total Jz that commutes with J + +squared. + +And it also commutes with +J1 squared and J2 squared. + +And so we can have +another complete set + +of commuting +observables B that's + +equal to J1 squared, J2 +squared, J squared, and Jz. + +And so if there are observables +then the natural basis + +is to label them by +the eigenvalues here. + +So we're going to have a +J1, a J2, then a J and an M. + +And so this is +the coupled basis. + +Now both of these +bases are equally good. + +They both span the full space. + +They're both +orthogonal, orthonormal. + +And so we can actually +write one basis + +into in terms of the other one. + +And that's the generic +problem that we + +are trying to do +when we're trying + +to write what we did +over here before, + +when we did spin +1/2 cross spin 1/2. + +We're trying to write +those products states + +in terms of the coupled basis. + +Well, they're both +orthonormal basis. + +So I can expand J1, J2. + +Well actually, maybe I'll +say one more thing first. + +So being orthonormal means that, +for example, sum over J1, J2-- + +This is 1, right? + +You can resolve the identity +in terms of these states. + +And this is the identity +on this Hilbert space. + +I can also think about +the identity just + +on this smaller Hilbert space, +where the J1 and J2 are fixed. + +And so I can actually write +it's the identity operator. + +So because every +state in this space + +has J1 equal to some fixed +value and J2 equal to some fixed + +value, then an +identity in that thing + +is just somewhere over the M's, +because they're the only things + +there. + +So using this, because I +know that the state J1, J2, + +Jm has some fixed +value of J1 and J2, + +I can write this as a sum. + +I can use this form +of the identity. + +So I've written my coupled basis +in terms of the uncoupled basis + +here. + +And these are just coefficients. + +These are called +Clebsch-Gordan coefficients. + +They're just numbers like square +root 2 and things like this. + +And I tell you how to +do this decomposition. + +So they have various properties. + +Firstly, sometimes +you also see them + +written as C of +J1J2J colon M1M2M + +and various other notations. + +So basically things +with six indices + +are probably going +to be these guys. + +So they have various properties. + +The first property +is they vanish + +if M is not equal to M1 plus M2. + +And this is actually +very easy to prove. + +So remember that Jz is just +going to be J1z plus J2z. + +So as an operator I can +write Jz minus J1z minus J2z. + +And what is that operator? + +It's just 0, right? + +This is equal to that. + +So this is 0. + +So I can put this 0 anywhere +I want and I'll still get 0. + +So let's put this between-- +so this is 0-- put it + +between J1, J2, Jm on this side. + +So a coupled state here. + +And on this side I'll put it +between the uncoupled state, + +J1, J2, M1, M2. + +So this state is an +eigenstate of Jz. + +And this state is an +eigenstate of J1z and J2z. + +So I can act to +the right with Jz, + +and act to the left +with these J1z and J2z, + +and they have mission operators. + +And I know because this is +0, this whole thing is 0. + +So then act this +one on these guys + +and these two back this way. + +And so you see that +gives me h bar. + +And then I get this +one acting on here + +gives me M. And J1 acting +on here gives me M1. + +And if M is not equal to M1 +plus M2, then this term isn't 0. + +But the whole thing is +so that has to be 0. + +So that's QED. + +The second property is that-- +So they only allow values of J + +fall in this range here. + +And each J occurs once. + +Now one way to +think about this is + +to think of these +things as vectors. + +So you have vector J1, and +then from the point of this + +you can have vector J2. + +But it can go into an +arbitrary direction. + +So it can go up here, +or it can go like this. + +These are meant to +be the same length. + +And I can come all +the way down here. + +But I can could only +sit on integer points. + +And so this is kind of J2. + +And so the length of this thing +here would be the length of J1 + +plus the length of J2. + +So it would be this. + +And then the length of up +to here would be this one. + +And then all of the other +ones are in between. + +But you can also just +look at the multiplicities + +of the different states. + +So if we look at the +uncoupled basis-- + +so the first state, +which was J equals J1, + +there are two J1 plus +1 states, because it + +can have all of the M values +from J1 down to minus J1. + +And the other one can +have two J2 plus 1 states. + +So that's the total number of +states that I expect to have. + +So now let's assume +this is correct + +and ask what the N coupled is. + +So this would be the sum over +J equals mod J1 minus J2 up + +to J1 plus J2 of 2J plus 1. + +And let's assume that J1 is +greater than or equal to J2, + +just to stop writing +absolute values all the time. + +So we can write this as +the difference of two sums, + +J equals 0 to J1 of-- +J1 plus J2-- of 2J + +plus 1 minus the +sum of J equals 0 + +to J equals J1 minus J2 +minus 1 of 2J plus 1. + +And if you go through-- so +this is just N,N plus 1 over 2 + +for each of these things. + +You end up with, well, +you end up with this. + +You end up with the same thing. + +And so this is at +least consistent + +that the number of +states that we have + +is consistent with +choosing this. + +One other thing we can do +is look at the top state, + +and just see if that works. + +See if that has the +right properties. + +So because we know that the +J1, J2, J equals J1 plus J2, + +M equals J1 plus J2. + +So the maximal state, the +only way we can make this + +is to take J1, J2, M1 +equals J1, M2 equals J2. + +Our spins are completely aligned +in the total up direction. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Sir, would you be +able to write a little larger? + +PROFESSOR: Yes, sorry. + +OK, yeah. + +That's why I like a big chalk. + +But we've run out of +big chalk, so I'll try. + +So we know, also, +that J squared is + +equal to J1 squared plus J2 +squared plus the dot product. + +We can write that out as +J1 squared plus J2 squared + +plus 2J1z J2z plus J1 plus J2 +minus plus J1 minus J2 plus. + +And then we can ask what does +J squared on this state give? + +And this is J1, J2, J1 +plus J2, J1 plus J2. + +So J squared, so we know +what that should be. + +That should return J1 plus J2 +times J1 plus J2 plus 1 times + +h bar squared, because J +is the good quantum number. + +But let's let it +act on this piece. + +So this equals J1 +squared plus J2 + +squared plus 2J1z J2z plus J1 +plus J2 minus plus J1 minus J2 + +plus acting on J1, J2, J1, J2. + +So this state here. + +So we know how that acts. + +So this one gives +us-- everything + +gives us an h bar squared. + +This gives us J1 J1 +plus 1, for this term, + +plus J2 J2 plus 1 +for the second term. + +Each of these gives us +the M quantum numbers. + +But that's J1 J2. + +So this is plus 2J1, J2. + +And now what does this one do? + +J1 plus on this state. + +AUDIENCE: Kills it. + +PROFESSOR: Kills it, right. + +Because it's trying to +raise the M component of 1, + +and it's already maximal. + +And this one, J2 +plus, also kills it. + +So you get plus 0 plus +0 times the state. + +So if you rearrange all +of this you actually + +find you can write +this as J1 plus J2, J1 + +plus J2 plus 1 times the +state, which is what you want. + +So the J squared operator acting +in the coupled basis gives-- + +well, acting in +the uncoupled basis + +gives you what you expect +in the coupled basis. + +So now I need a big blackboard. + +So let's do an example of +multiplying two things. + +So let's write out a multiplet. + +So we're going to +take J1, and we're + +going to have J1 +bigger than J2 here. + +So we've got J1 +J1, J1 J1 minus 1. + +And then somewhere down here +I've got J1 and 2J2 minus J1. + +And then all the way +down to J1 minus J1. + +So this has two +J1 plus 1 states. + +And I'm going to tensor +that was another multiplet, + +with my J2 multiplet, which +is going to be smaller. + +So I'm going to have J2 J2. + +Oh, maybe I'll put one more in. + +And down here we've +got J2 comma minus J2. + +And so here we have +two J2 plus 1 states. + +And importantly, +this left hand side + +has two J1 minus J2 more states +than the right hand side. + +Just counting those states +that's pretty obvious. + +So now let's start +multiplying these things, + +and forming states of particular +values of M, the total M. + +So if we say we want M equals +J1 plus J2 what can we do? + +How can we make that? + +So we have to take the +top state in each case. + +Because if I take this one +and I take this M value, + +I can't get up to this, right? + +So there's only one +way to make this. + +So I'm going to draw +a diagram of this. + +We're going to have +a one state there. + +The next M value, J1 plus J2 +minus 1, how can I make that? + +So I can start with +this state, and I + +will multiply it +by this one, right? + +Or, what else can I do? + +AUDIENCE: Start +with the second down + +on the left and +tensor with the top? + +PROFESSOR: That's right. + +So I take those two. + +So there are two states. + +And those two states are +just two linear combinations. + +So let me draw two dots +here, I can form two states. + +Keep going-- minus 2, +I get three states. + +And let me try and draw lines +here to guide this stuff. + +OK, I'm not going to keep going. + +But at some point +we get-- what's + +the largest number of +states of a given M + +I can make going to be? + +Can anyone see that? + +AUDIENCE: 2J2 plus 1? + +PROFESSOR: 2J2 plus +2, right, because I've + +got 2J2 plus 1 states here. + +And I'm taking one of +these plus one of these + +will give me-- so down here I'll +have an M equals-- what is it-- + +J1 minus J2. + +And here I have +2J2 plus 1 states. + +And so let me kind of draw +some of these states in. + +And then dot, dot, dot. + +And then over here we +end up with this guy. + +So if I go down to the +next one, how many states? + +So to form those states I +was taking this top state + +with the bottom state here. + +That gives me J1 +minus J2, right? + +Or I was taking the second state +here with the second to bottom + +state here, and so forth. + +And then all the way up to here. + +Now if I then start shifting +things down in this side, + +but leave exactly the +same things over there, + +then I'll lower J by 1. + +And I'll keep doing it +until I hit the bottom. + +And because there's +this number of states + +more in the right hand side than +the left hand side-- hang on, + +let me just write this one. + +OK, we might need to +go onto the next board. + +So this keeps on +going until I get + +to M equals-- I don't +remember the number-- M + +equals J2 minus J1. + +And there are 2J plus 2 +plus 1 states of this. + +And then once I do +that, then I start + +having fewer and fewer states. + +Because I've gone +basically moving out + +the bottom of this multiplet. + +And so here we have, this is +2 J1 minus J2 plus 1 rows. + +And then I start contracting. + +So the next one, M equals +J2 minus J1 minus 1 + +has two J2 states. + +So then we can keep going. + +And this is meant to continue +this diagram up here. + +So then we keep going +down, down, down. + +And then we'd have M +equals minus J1 plus 1. + +And how many states can +I make that have that? + +So I need to take this one, +and I could take the-- oh, + +where is it? + +Sorry, not this. + +This is not what I mean. + +Minus J1 minus J2 plus 1. + +That's more obvious, right? + +So there's two states. + +And so this picture +has kind of-- this line + +starts coming in. + +And now I've got +my two states here. + +I have the next one, +I've got three states. + +And then finally, M equals minus +J1 minus J2, I have one state. + +And so I get this. + +And so you actually-- oh, +that was not very well drawn. + +So if you look how many states +there are in this first column, + +how many is going to be there? + +So it goes from plus J1 plus +J2 to minus J1 minus J2. + +So there's two J1 plus +J2 plus 1 states there. + +And here there is two +J1 plus J2 minus 1 + +plus 1 states in this guy. + +And so this is a J +equals J1 plus J2. + +This one is J equals +J1 plus J2 minus 1. + +And if you are careful you'd +find that this one here, + +the last one here, this +has this many states in it, + +two J minus 1 plus 1 states. + +So this is a J +equals J1 minus J2. + +And to be completely +correct, we put + +an absolute value in case +J2 is bigger than J1. + +So this is our full multiplet +structure of this system. + +So all of the states +in this column + +will transform into each +other under rotations, + +and things like this. + +And same for each column, they +all form separate multiplets. + +So just some last +things before we finish. + +So another property +of Clebsch-Gordan + +coefficients we can +choose them to be real. + +They satisfy a +recursion relation + +but don't have a +nice, closed form. + +I think this is in Griffiths. + +It gives you what this +recursion relation is. + +I think it does, at +least many books do. + +And also, they're tabulated +in lots of places. + +So if you need to +know the values, + +you can just go +and look them up, + +rather than trying to +calculate them all necessarily. + +And I think that's all +we've got time for. + +So are there any +questions about that? + +Any questions about +anything else? + +OK, great. + +So we will see you on +Wednesday for the last lecture. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/6CeljmHgd0w.txt b/6CeljmHgd0w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a909378190a78339b3e705a201978d84eab2eac --- /dev/null +++ b/6CeljmHgd0w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1811 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we spoke of symmetric states + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that mental state was symmetric + + align:start position:0% +so that mental state was symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +so that mental state was symmetric +whatever you apply to it any permutation + + align:start position:0% +whatever you apply to it any permutation + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you apply to it any permutation +the state would be invariant so this our + + align:start position:0% +the state would be invariant so this our + + + align:start position:0% +the state would be invariant so this our +special states if they exist in VN then + + align:start position:0% +special states if they exist in VN then + + + align:start position:0% +special states if they exist in VN then +there would be anti symmetric States and + + align:start position:0% +there would be anti symmetric States and + + + align:start position:0% +there would be anti symmetric States and +we concluded that an anti symmetric + + align:start position:0% +we concluded that an anti symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +we concluded that an anti symmetric +state with an a for anti symmetric also + + align:start position:0% +state with an a for anti symmetric also + + + align:start position:0% +state with an a for anti symmetric also +a state in this tensor product that + + align:start position:0% +a state in this tensor product that + + + align:start position:0% +a state in this tensor product that +state would react differently to the + + align:start position:0% +state would react differently to the + + + align:start position:0% +state would react differently to the +permutation operators it will change up + + align:start position:0% +permutation operators it will change up + + + align:start position:0% +permutation operators it will change up +to a sign Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +to a sign Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +to a sign Epsilon +our further subside a it would be an + + align:start position:0% +our further subside a it would be an + + + align:start position:0% +our further subside a it would be an +eigenstate of all those permutation + + align:start position:0% +eigenstate of all those permutation + + + align:start position:0% +eigenstate of all those permutation +operators but with eigenvalue epsilon + + align:start position:0% +operators but with eigenvalue epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +operators but with eigenvalue epsilon +alpha / epsilon alpha was equal to plus + + align:start position:0% +alpha / epsilon alpha was equal to plus + + + align:start position:0% +alpha / epsilon alpha was equal to plus +1 if P alpha is an even permutation or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus 1 if P alpha is an odd permutation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so whether if permutation is even or odd + + align:start position:0% +so whether if permutation is even or odd + + + align:start position:0% +so whether if permutation is even or odd +we also discuss it depends on whether + + align:start position:0% +we also discuss it depends on whether + + + align:start position:0% +we also discuss it depends on whether +it's built with an even or odd number of + + align:start position:0% +it's built with an even or odd number of + + + align:start position:0% +it's built with an even or odd number of +trans positions with transposition being + + align:start position:0% +trans positions with transposition being + + + align:start position:0% +trans positions with transposition being +permutations in which one stage is + + align:start position:0% +permutations in which one stage is + + + align:start position:0% +permutations in which one stage is +flipped for another state within the end + + align:start position:0% +flipped for another state within the end + + + align:start position:0% +flipped for another state within the end +state you pick two and these two are + + align:start position:0% +state you pick two and these two are + + + align:start position:0% +state you pick two and these two are +flipped that's a transposition all + + align:start position:0% +flipped that's a transposition all + + + align:start position:0% +flipped that's a transposition all +permutations can be built through + + align:start position:0% +permutations can be built through + + + align:start position:0% +permutations can be built through +transpositions with transposition and + + align:start position:0% +transpositions with transposition and + + + align:start position:0% +transpositions with transposition and +therefore you can tell from a + + align:start position:0% +therefore you can tell from a + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you can tell from a +permutation whether it's an even or not + + align:start position:0% +permutation whether it's an even or not + + + align:start position:0% +permutation whether it's an even or not +one depending of whether it's built with + + align:start position:0% +one depending of whether it's built with + + + align:start position:0% +one depending of whether it's built with +even number of trans positions or odd + + align:start position:0% +even number of trans positions or odd + + + align:start position:0% +even number of trans positions or odd +number of trans positions + + align:start position:0% +number of trans positions + + + align:start position:0% +number of trans positions +now the number of trans positions you + + align:start position:0% +now the number of trans positions you + + + align:start position:0% +now the number of trans positions you +need to build the permutation it's not + + align:start position:0% +need to build the permutation it's not + + + align:start position:0% +need to build the permutation it's not +fixed if we say it's even means it's + + align:start position:0% +fixed if we say it's even means it's + + + align:start position:0% +fixed if we say it's even means it's +even mod 2 so you might have a + + align:start position:0% +even mod 2 so you might have a + + + align:start position:0% +even mod 2 so you might have a +permutation is built with two trans + + align:start position:0% +permutation is built with two trans + + + align:start position:0% +permutation is built with two trans +positions and also somebody else can + + align:start position:0% +positions and also somebody else can + + + align:start position:0% +positions and also somebody else can +write it as for trans positions and + + align:start position:0% +write it as for trans positions and + + + align:start position:0% +write it as for trans positions and +positions so a few facts that we learned + + align:start position:0% +positions so a few facts that we learned + + + align:start position:0% +positions so a few facts that we learned +about these things are that all the P + + align:start position:0% +about these things are that all the P + + + align:start position:0% +about these things are that all the P +alphas are unitary operators and we also + + align:start position:0% +alphas are unitary operators and we also + + + align:start position:0% +alphas are unitary operators and we also +learned that all trans positions are + + align:start position:0% +learned that all trans positions are + + + align:start position:0% +learned that all trans positions are +hermitian operators + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now of transpositions of course our + + align:start position:0% +now of transpositions of course our + + + align:start position:0% +now of transpositions of course our +permutation so their permission and + + align:start position:0% +permutation so their permission and + + + align:start position:0% +permutation so their permission and +their unitary as well and finally we + + align:start position:0% +their unitary as well and finally we + + + align:start position:0% +their unitary as well and finally we +learn that the number of even + + align:start position:0% +learn that the number of even + + + align:start position:0% +learn that the number of even +permutations is equal to the number of + + align:start position:0% +permutations is equal to the number of + + + align:start position:0% +permutations is equal to the number of +odd permutations in any permutation + + align:start position:0% +odd permutations in any permutation + + + align:start position:0% +odd permutations in any permutation +group of n objects so this were some of + + align:start position:0% +group of n objects so this were some of + + + align:start position:0% +group of n objects so this were some of +the facts we learned last time already + + align:start position:0% +the facts we learned last time already + + + align:start position:0% +the facts we learned last time already +we have + + align:start position:0% +we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have +now that symmetric states form a + + align:start position:0% +now that symmetric states form a + + + align:start position:0% +now that symmetric states form a +subspace if you have two symmetric + + align:start position:0% +subspace if you have two symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +subspace if you have two symmetric +States you could multiply a state by a + + align:start position:0% +States you could multiply a state by a + + + align:start position:0% +States you could multiply a state by a +number it will still be symmetric if you + + align:start position:0% +number it will still be symmetric if you + + + align:start position:0% +number it will still be symmetric if you +add two symmetric States will still be + + align:start position:0% +add two symmetric States will still be + + + align:start position:0% +add two symmetric States will still be +symmetric so symmetric States form a + + align:start position:0% +symmetric so symmetric States form a + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric so symmetric States form a +subspace of the full vector space V + + align:start position:0% +subspace of the full vector space V + + + align:start position:0% +subspace of the full vector space V +tensor and an anti-symmetric States also + + align:start position:0% +tensor and an anti-symmetric States also + + + align:start position:0% +tensor and an anti-symmetric States also +form a subspace of the vector space V + + align:start position:0% +form a subspace of the vector space V + + + align:start position:0% +form a subspace of the vector space V +tensor n so let's write this facts so + + align:start position:0% +tensor n so let's write this facts so + + + align:start position:0% +tensor n so let's write this facts so +symmetric States form the subspace and + + align:start position:0% +symmetric States form the subspace and + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric States form the subspace and +it's called sim and of V of V tensor and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anti-symmetric States States form the + + align:start position:0% +anti-symmetric States States form the + + + align:start position:0% +anti-symmetric States States form the +subspace antara and V of difference or M + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so these are the states but we + + align:start position:0% +all right so these are the states but we + + + align:start position:0% +all right so these are the states but we +have not learned how to build them how + + align:start position:0% +have not learned how to build them how + + + align:start position:0% +have not learned how to build them how +to find them and even more what to do + + align:start position:0% +to find them and even more what to do + + + align:start position:0% +to find them and even more what to do +with them so main thing is if this form + + align:start position:0% +with them so main thing is if this form + + + align:start position:0% +with them so main thing is if this form +subspaces there should be a way to write + + align:start position:0% +subspaces there should be a way to write + + + align:start position:0% +subspaces there should be a way to write +a projector that takes from your big + + align:start position:0% +a projector that takes from your big + + + align:start position:0% +a projector that takes from your big +space down to the sub space so here is + + align:start position:0% +space down to the sub space so here is + + + align:start position:0% +space down to the sub space so here is +the claim that we have here are two + + align:start position:0% +the claim that we have here are two + + + align:start position:0% +the claim that we have here are two +operators will call this as a symmetry + + align:start position:0% +operators will call this as a symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +operators will call this as a symmetry +sir try sir + + align:start position:0% +sir try sir + + + align:start position:0% +sir try sir +and s will be built as one over n + + align:start position:0% +and s will be built as one over n + + + align:start position:0% +and s will be built as one over n +factorial the sum over alpha of all the + + align:start position:0% +factorial the sum over alpha of all the + + + align:start position:0% +factorial the sum over alpha of all the +permutations P alpha that's a definition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then we'll have an anti symmetry sir + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll have an anti symmetry sir + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll have an anti symmetry sir +try sir a which is also one over N + + align:start position:0% +try sir a which is also one over N + + + align:start position:0% +try sir a which is also one over N +factorial sum over alpha epsilon alpha P + + align:start position:0% +factorial sum over alpha epsilon alpha P + + + align:start position:0% +factorial sum over alpha epsilon alpha P +alpha where epsilon alpha again is that + + align:start position:0% +alpha where epsilon alpha again is that + + + align:start position:0% +alpha where epsilon alpha again is that +sign factor for each permutation so here + + align:start position:0% +sign factor for each permutation so here + + + align:start position:0% +sign factor for each permutation so here +are two operators and we're going to try + + align:start position:0% +are two operators and we're going to try + + + align:start position:0% +are two operators and we're going to try +to prove that this operators are + + align:start position:0% +to prove that this operators are + + + align:start position:0% +to prove that this operators are +orthogonal projectors that take you to + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal projectors that take you to + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal projectors that take you to +the subspaces symmetric States and + + align:start position:0% +the subspaces symmetric States and + + + align:start position:0% +the subspaces symmetric States and +anti-symmetric States so that is our + + align:start position:0% +anti-symmetric States so that is our + + + align:start position:0% +anti-symmetric States so that is our +first go understanding that these + + align:start position:0% +first go understanding that these + + + align:start position:0% +first go understanding that these +operators do the job and then we'll see + + align:start position:0% +operators do the job and then we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +operators do the job and then we'll see +what we can do with them so there are + + align:start position:0% +what we can do with them so there are + + + align:start position:0% +what we can do with them so there are +several things that we have to + + align:start position:0% +several things that we have to + + + align:start position:0% +several things that we have to +understand about these operators if they + + align:start position:0% +understand about these operators if they + + + align:start position:0% +understand about these operators if they +are projectors they should square to + + align:start position:0% +are projectors they should square to + + + align:start position:0% +are projectors they should square to +themselves so s times s should be equal + + align:start position:0% +themselves so s times s should be equal + + + align:start position:0% +themselves so s times s should be equal +to s remember that's the main equation + + align:start position:0% +to s remember that's the main equation + + + align:start position:0% +to s remember that's the main equation +of a projector a projector is P squared + + align:start position:0% +of a projector a projector is P squared + + + align:start position:0% +of a projector a projector is P squared +equal P and the second thing they should + + align:start position:0% +equal P and the second thing they should + + + align:start position:0% +equal P and the second thing they should +be hermitian so let's try each of them + + align:start position:0% +be hermitian so let's try each of them + + + align:start position:0% +be hermitian so let's try each of them +so the first claim is that s and a our + + align:start position:0% +so the first claim is that s and a our + + + align:start position:0% +so the first claim is that s and a our +permission + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in particular is dialer equal s & a + + align:start position:0% +so in particular is dialer equal s & a + + + align:start position:0% +so in particular is dialer equal s & a +dagger equal a so if you want to prove + + align:start position:0% +dagger equal a so if you want to prove + + + align:start position:0% +dagger equal a so if you want to prove +something like that it's not completely + + align:start position:0% +something like that it's not completely + + + align:start position:0% +something like that it's not completely +obvious at first side that that's the + + align:start position:0% +obvious at first side that that's the + + + align:start position:0% +obvious at first side that that's the +those statements are true because we saw + + align:start position:0% +those statements are true because we saw + + + align:start position:0% +those statements are true because we saw +for example that trans positions are + + align:start position:0% +for example that trans positions are + + + align:start position:0% +for example that trans positions are +hermitian operators but the general + + align:start position:0% +hermitian operators but the general + + + align:start position:0% +hermitian operators but the general +permutation operator is not hermitian + + align:start position:0% +permutation operator is not hermitian + + + align:start position:0% +permutation operator is not hermitian +its unitary so well so it's not so + + align:start position:0% +its unitary so well so it's not so + + + align:start position:0% +its unitary so well so it's not so +obvious you kind of just say each + + align:start position:0% +obvious you kind of just say each + + + align:start position:0% +obvious you kind of just say each +operator is hermitian and it just works + + align:start position:0% +operator is hermitian and it just works + + + align:start position:0% +operator is hermitian and it just works +out it's a little more complicated than + + align:start position:0% +out it's a little more complicated than + + + align:start position:0% +out it's a little more complicated than +that but it's not extremely more + + align:start position:0% +that but it's not extremely more + + + align:start position:0% +that but it's not extremely more +complicated than that so let's think of + + align:start position:0% +complicated than that so let's think of + + + align:start position:0% +complicated than that so let's think of +the following statement I claim that if + + align:start position:0% +the following statement I claim that if + + + align:start position:0% +the following statement I claim that if +you have the list of all the permutation + + align:start position:0% +you have the list of all the permutation + + + align:start position:0% +you have the list of all the permutation +operators put the list in front of you + + align:start position:0% +operators put the list in front of you + + + align:start position:0% +operators put the list in front of you +all of them and you apply hermitian + + align:start position:0% +all of them and you apply hermitian + + + align:start position:0% +all of them and you apply hermitian +conjugate to that whole list you get + + align:start position:0% +conjugate to that whole list you get + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate to that whole list you get +another list of operators and it will be + + align:start position:0% +another list of operators and it will be + + + align:start position:0% +another list of operators and it will be +just the same list scrambled but you + + align:start position:0% +just the same list scrambled but you + + + align:start position:0% +just the same list scrambled but you +will get the same list they will contain + + align:start position:0% +will get the same list they will contain + + + align:start position:0% +will get the same list they will contain +all of them and that is kind of obvious + + align:start position:0% +all of them and that is kind of obvious + + + align:start position:0% +all of them and that is kind of obvious +if you think about it a little more you + + align:start position:0% +if you think about it a little more you + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about it a little more you +have here for example the list of all + + align:start position:0% +have here for example the list of all + + + align:start position:0% +have here for example the list of all +the permutations and here you apply + + align:start position:0% +the permutations and here you apply + + + align:start position:0% +the permutations and here you apply +hermitian conjugate Hz or dagger and you + + align:start position:0% +hermitian conjugate Hz or dagger and you + + + align:start position:0% +hermitian conjugate Hz or dagger and you +get another list and this list is the + + align:start position:0% +get another list and this list is the + + + align:start position:0% +get another list and this list is the +same as this one + + align:start position:0% +same as this one + + + align:start position:0% +same as this one +all the reordered in a sense it permutes + + align:start position:0% +all the reordered in a sense it permutes + + + align:start position:0% +all the reordered in a sense it permutes +the permutation operators if you wish + + align:start position:0% +the permutation operators if you wish + + + align:start position:0% +the permutation operators if you wish +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +Rison is kind of clear if you have two + + align:start position:0% +Rison is kind of clear if you have two + + + align:start position:0% +Rison is kind of clear if you have two +operators here and you apply they're + + align:start position:0% +operators here and you apply they're + + + align:start position:0% +operators here and you apply they're +different and you apply hermitian + + align:start position:0% +different and you apply hermitian + + + align:start position:0% +different and you apply hermitian +conjugate and it should give two + + align:start position:0% +conjugate and it should give two + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate and it should give two +different operators here because if they + + align:start position:0% +different operators here because if they + + + align:start position:0% +different operators here because if they +were equal you could apply again + + align:start position:0% +were equal you could apply again + + + align:start position:0% +were equal you could apply again +hermitian operator conjugation and you + + align:start position:0% +hermitian operator conjugation and you + + + align:start position:0% +hermitian operator conjugation and you +would say oh they're equal but you + + align:start position:0% +would say oh they're equal but you + + + align:start position:0% +would say oh they're equal but you +assumed they were different so two + + align:start position:0% +assumed they were different so two + + + align:start position:0% +assumed they were different so two +different operators go to two different + + align:start position:0% +different operators go to two different + + + align:start position:0% +different operators go to two different +operators here moreover any operator + + align:start position:0% +operators here moreover any operator + + + align:start position:0% +operators here moreover any operator +here you can call it o is really equal + + align:start position:0% +here you can call it o is really equal + + + align:start position:0% +here you can call it o is really equal +to o dagger aa dagger hermitian + + align:start position:0% +to o dagger aa dagger hermitian + + + align:start position:0% +to o dagger aa dagger hermitian +conjugate twice gives you back so any + + align:start position:0% +conjugate twice gives you back so any + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate twice gives you back so any +operator here is the hermitian conjugate + + align:start position:0% +operator here is the hermitian conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +operator here is the hermitian conjugate +hermitian conjugate of some operator + + align:start position:0% +hermitian conjugate of some operator + + + align:start position:0% +hermitian conjugate of some operator +there so every operator here will end up + + align:start position:0% +there so every operator here will end up + + + align:start position:0% +there so every operator here will end up +at the end of an arrow coming here maybe + + align:start position:0% +at the end of an arrow coming here maybe + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of an arrow coming here maybe +those arrows we could put them like they + + align:start position:0% +those arrows we could put them like they + + + align:start position:0% +those arrows we could put them like they +go in all directions but the when you + + align:start position:0% +go in all directions but the when you + + + align:start position:0% +go in all directions but the when you +take hermitian conjugation of all the + + align:start position:0% +take hermitian conjugation of all the + + + align:start position:0% +take hermitian conjugation of all the +lists you'll get all the list back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +therefore that takes care of the + + align:start position:0% +therefore that takes care of the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore that takes care of the +symmetry sir when I take the hermitian + + align:start position:0% +symmetry sir when I take the hermitian + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry sir when I take the hermitian +conjugate of P alpha I might get another + + align:start position:0% +conjugate of P alpha I might get another + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate of P alpha I might get another +P beta but at the end of the day the + + align:start position:0% +P beta but at the end of the day the + + + align:start position:0% +P beta but at the end of the day the +whole sum will become again the whole + + align:start position:0% +whole sum will become again the whole + + + align:start position:0% +whole sum will become again the whole +sum so that proves the fact that this + + align:start position:0% +sum so that proves the fact that this + + + align:start position:0% +sum so that proves the fact that this +map is one-to-one map the map hermitian + + align:start position:0% +map is one-to-one map the map hermitian + + + align:start position:0% +map is one-to-one map the map hermitian +conjugate is 1 2 1 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm surjective meaning that every + + align:start position:0% +I'm surjective meaning that every + + + align:start position:0% +I'm surjective meaning that every +element is reached as well means that s + + align:start position:0% +element is reached as well means that s + + + align:start position:0% +element is reached as well means that s +dagger is equal to s because the list + + align:start position:0% +dagger is equal to s because the list + + + align:start position:0% +dagger is equal to s because the list +doesn't change here is a slightly more + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change here is a slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change here is a slightly more +subtle point this time the list is going + + align:start position:0% +subtle point this time the list is going + + + align:start position:0% +subtle point this time the list is going +to change + + align:start position:0% +to change + + + align:start position:0% +to change +but then maybe when this changes to + + align:start position:0% +but then maybe when this changes to + + + align:start position:0% +but then maybe when this changes to +another operator maybe the epsilon is + + align:start position:0% +another operator maybe the epsilon is + + + align:start position:0% +another operator maybe the epsilon is +not the right epsilon you would have to + + align:start position:0% +not the right epsilon you would have to + + + align:start position:0% +not the right epsilon you would have to +worry about that but that's no worry + + align:start position:0% +worry about that but that's no worry + + + align:start position:0% +worry about that but that's no worry +either + + align:start position:0% +either + + + align:start position:0% +either +that also works out clearly because of + + align:start position:0% +that also works out clearly because of + + + align:start position:0% +that also works out clearly because of +the following thing if a permutation P + + align:start position:0% +the following thing if a permutation P + + + align:start position:0% +the following thing if a permutation P +alpha is even it's built with an even + + align:start position:0% +alpha is even it's built with an even + + + align:start position:0% +alpha is even it's built with an even +number of trans positions if you take + + align:start position:0% +number of trans positions if you take + + + align:start position:0% +number of trans positions if you take +the hermitian conjugate of an even + + align:start position:0% +the hermitian conjugate of an even + + + align:start position:0% +the hermitian conjugate of an even +number of trans positions you get an + + align:start position:0% +number of trans positions you get an + + + align:start position:0% +number of trans positions you get an +even number of trans positions in the + + align:start position:0% +even number of trans positions in the + + + align:start position:0% +even number of trans positions in the +other order + + align:start position:0% +other order + + + align:start position:0% +other order +that's what permission conjugation is + + align:start position:0% +that's what permission conjugation is + + + align:start position:0% +that's what permission conjugation is +there for hermitian congregation doesn't + + align:start position:0% +there for hermitian congregation doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +there for hermitian congregation doesn't +change the fact that the permutation is + + align:start position:0% +change the fact that the permutation is + + + align:start position:0% +change the fact that the permutation is +even or is odd so if P alpha has a sign + + align:start position:0% +even or is odd so if P alpha has a sign + + + align:start position:0% +even or is odd so if P alpha has a sign +factor of P alpha let's write it more + + align:start position:0% +factor of P alpha let's write it more + + + align:start position:0% +factor of P alpha let's write it more +explicitly and P alpha dagger has a sign + + align:start position:0% +explicitly and P alpha dagger has a sign + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly and P alpha dagger has a sign +factor of P alpha dagger this two are + + align:start position:0% +factor of P alpha dagger this two are + + + align:start position:0% +factor of P alpha dagger this two are +the same if P alpha is even P alpha + + align:start position:0% +the same if P alpha is even P alpha + + + align:start position:0% +the same if P alpha is even P alpha +dagger is even if P alpha is odd P alpha + + align:start position:0% +dagger is even if P alpha is odd P alpha + + + align:start position:0% +dagger is even if P alpha is odd P alpha +is odd therefore when you take the + + align:start position:0% +is odd therefore when you take the + + + align:start position:0% +is odd therefore when you take the +hermitian conjugate of this thing you + + align:start position:0% +hermitian conjugate of this thing you + + + align:start position:0% +hermitian conjugate of this thing you +may map you take the hermitian conjugate + + align:start position:0% +may map you take the hermitian conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +may map you take the hermitian conjugate +of this sum you you have here a dagger + + align:start position:0% +of this sum you you have here a dagger + + + align:start position:0% +of this sum you you have here a dagger +would be 1 over N factorial sum over + + align:start position:0% +would be 1 over N factorial sum over + + + align:start position:0% +would be 1 over N factorial sum over +alpha epsilon alpha P alpha dagger which + + align:start position:0% +alpha epsilon alpha P alpha dagger which + + + align:start position:0% +alpha epsilon alpha P alpha dagger which +is another permutation + + align:start position:0% +is another permutation + + + align:start position:0% +is another permutation +but this permutation for this + + align:start position:0% +but this permutation for this + + + align:start position:0% +but this permutation for this +permutation this sign factor is the + + align:start position:0% +permutation this sign factor is the + + + align:start position:0% +permutation this sign factor is the +correct sign factor because the sign + + align:start position:0% +correct sign factor because the sign + + + align:start position:0% +correct sign factor because the sign +factor for P alpha dagger is the same as + + align:start position:0% +factor for P alpha dagger is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +factor for P alpha dagger is the same as +a sign factor of P alpha since we get + + align:start position:0% +a sign factor of P alpha since we get + + + align:start position:0% +a sign factor of P alpha since we get +the whole sum by the statement before a + + align:start position:0% +the whole sum by the statement before a + + + align:start position:0% +the whole sum by the statement before a +is also hermitian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so okay not completely obvious but + + align:start position:0% +so okay not completely obvious but + + + align:start position:0% +so okay not completely obvious but +that's a fact + + align:start position:0% +that's a fact + + + align:start position:0% +that's a fact +if you think more abstractly this is + + align:start position:0% +if you think more abstractly this is + + + align:start position:0% +if you think more abstractly this is +something you could know on a group if + + align:start position:0% +something you could know on a group if + + + align:start position:0% +something you could know on a group if +you have a group it has all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +you have a group it has all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +you have a group it has all kinds of +elements many of you have written papers + + align:start position:0% +elements many of you have written papers + + + align:start position:0% +elements many of you have written papers +on groups in in your essays then if you + + align:start position:0% +on groups in in your essays then if you + + + align:start position:0% +on groups in in your essays then if you +take every group element that you + + align:start position:0% +take every group element that you + + + align:start position:0% +take every group element that you +replace it by its inverse you get the + + align:start position:0% +replace it by its inverse you get the + + + align:start position:0% +replace it by its inverse you get the +same list of group elements it's just + + align:start position:0% +same list of group elements it's just + + + align:start position:0% +same list of group elements it's just +scrambled and remember since these + + align:start position:0% +scrambled and remember since these + + + align:start position:0% +scrambled and remember since these +permutations are unitary taking + + align:start position:0% +permutations are unitary taking + + + align:start position:0% +permutations are unitary taking +hermitian conjugation is the same thing + + align:start position:0% +hermitian conjugation is the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +hermitian conjugation is the same thing +as taking an inverse so when you take a + + align:start position:0% +as taking an inverse so when you take a + + + align:start position:0% +as taking an inverse so when you take a +group but you take the inverse of every + + align:start position:0% +group but you take the inverse of every + + + align:start position:0% +group but you take the inverse of every +element you get back the list of the + + align:start position:0% +element you get back the list of the + + + align:start position:0% +element you get back the list of the +elements of the group and that's what's + + align:start position:0% +elements of the group and that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +elements of the group and that's what's +happening here \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/6tAfLDGm9kA.txt b/6tAfLDGm9kA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e4db3c6731d3f67eaba01f7d5a35deea580cac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/6tAfLDGm9kA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,323 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we talked about how wonderfully quick it + + align:start position:0% +we talked about how wonderfully quick it + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about how wonderfully quick it +is to use the mobile devices and that's + + align:start position:0% +is to use the mobile devices and that's + + + align:start position:0% +is to use the mobile devices and that's +one of the things that's so terrific + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that's so terrific + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that's so terrific +about it but the camera in most of the + + align:start position:0% +about it but the camera in most of the + + + align:start position:0% +about it but the camera in most of the +devices are not only low resolution + + align:start position:0% +devices are not only low resolution + + + align:start position:0% +devices are not only low resolution +which is a problem but they're also very + + align:start position:0% +which is a problem but they're also very + + + align:start position:0% +which is a problem but they're also very +wide angle lenses so we have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +wide angle lenses so we have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +wide angle lenses so we have a lot of +distortion in most of the images when we + + align:start position:0% +distortion in most of the images when we + + + align:start position:0% +distortion in most of the images when we +see it in a particular kind of image as + + align:start position:0% +see it in a particular kind of image as + + + align:start position:0% +see it in a particular kind of image as +we're doing here when I quickly made + + align:start position:0% +we're doing here when I quickly made + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing here when I quickly made +this image in our provos office in fact + + align:start position:0% +this image in our provos office in fact + + + align:start position:0% +this image in our provos office in fact +I was very lucky that he wanted to hang + + align:start position:0% +I was very lucky that he wanted to hang + + + align:start position:0% +I was very lucky that he wanted to hang +some of the pictures I made of his work + + align:start position:0% +some of the pictures I made of his work + + + align:start position:0% +some of the pictures I made of his work +from years ago in his office and I had + + align:start position:0% +from years ago in his office and I had + + + align:start position:0% +from years ago in his office and I had +about 30 seconds to make the image + + align:start position:0% +about 30 seconds to make the image + + + align:start position:0% +about 30 seconds to make the image +showing the let's call it art at this + + align:start position:0% +showing the let's call it art at this + + + align:start position:0% +showing the let's call it art at this +point on the walls and you see that the + + align:start position:0% +point on the walls and you see that the + + + align:start position:0% +point on the walls and you see that the +image has problems it's distorted + + align:start position:0% +image has problems it's distorted + + + align:start position:0% +image has problems it's distorted +because of the nature of the camera so + + align:start position:0% +because of the nature of the camera so + + + align:start position:0% +because of the nature of the camera so +what I did was I selected did the image + + align:start position:0% +what I did was I selected did the image + + + align:start position:0% +what I did was I selected did the image +and then I went to image distort where I + + align:start position:0% +and then I went to image distort where I + + + align:start position:0% +and then I went to image distort where I +then tried to undistort it I plac the + + align:start position:0% +then tried to undistort it I plac the + + + align:start position:0% +then tried to undistort it I plac the +Grid on top to help me figure out + + align:start position:0% +Grid on top to help me figure out + + + align:start position:0% +Grid on top to help me figure out +actually exactly how much to move the + + align:start position:0% +actually exactly how much to move the + + + align:start position:0% +actually exactly how much to move the +image and played around a little bit and + + align:start position:0% +image and played around a little bit and + + + align:start position:0% +image and played around a little bit and +then I think I pretty much got it I went + + align:start position:0% +then I think I pretty much got it I went + + + align:start position:0% +then I think I pretty much got it I went +to the cropping tool to make it as + + align:start position:0% +to the cropping tool to make it as + + + align:start position:0% +to the cropping tool to make it as +symmetrical as possible and I think that + + align:start position:0% +symmetrical as possible and I think that + + + align:start position:0% +symmetrical as possible and I think that +after these couple of + + align:start position:0% +after these couple of + + + align:start position:0% +after these couple of +manipulations we can get a more + + align:start position:0% +manipulations we can get a more + + + align:start position:0% +manipulations we can get a more +straightforward image just moving things + + align:start position:0% +straightforward image just moving things + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward image just moving things +around a little bit and just trying to + + align:start position:0% +around a little bit and just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +around a little bit and just trying to +make it a truly symmetrical image which + + align:start position:0% +make it a truly symmetrical image which + + + align:start position:0% +make it a truly symmetrical image which +I think we did here and I want you to + + align:start position:0% +I think we did here and I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +I think we did here and I want you to +just take a look at the first image that + + align:start position:0% +just take a look at the first image that + + + align:start position:0% +just take a look at the first image that +I made and then compare it to the more + + align:start position:0% +I made and then compare it to the more + + + align:start position:0% +I made and then compare it to the more +undistorted or fixed image and this is + + align:start position:0% +undistorted or fixed image and this is + + + align:start position:0% +undistorted or fixed image and this is +what you can do when you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +what you can do when you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +what you can do when you're looking at +mobile devices that really do distort + + align:start position:0% +mobile devices that really do distort + + + align:start position:0% +mobile devices that really do distort +the image which is not what we + + align:start position:0% +the image which is not what we + + + align:start position:0% +the image which is not what we +want \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/9G1IDAqrWkg.txt b/9G1IDAqrWkg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11fc12f064e12b14097fd8cbc1a4e049f1799ccd --- /dev/null +++ b/9G1IDAqrWkg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2987 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help +MIT OpenCourseWare + +continue to offer high-quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: We introduced +the data last time. + +These were some +macroeconomic variables + +that can be used for forecasting +the economy in terms of growth + +and factors such as +inflation or unemployment. + +The case note goes through +analyzing just three + +of these economic time +series-- the unemployment rate, + +the federal funds rate, +and a measure of the CPI, + +or Consumer Price Index. + +When one fits a vector +autoregression model + +to this data, it turns +out that the roots + +of the characteristic polynomial +are 1.002, then 0.9863. + +And you recall when our +discussion of vector + +autoregressive models, there's +a characteristic equation + +sort of in matrix +form, the determinant + +is just like the univariate +autoregressive case. + +And in order for the process +to be invertible, basically, + +the roots of the +characteristic polynomial + +need to be less +than 1 in magnitude. + +In this implementation of the +vector autoregression model, + +the characteristic +roots are the inverses + +of the characteristic roots +that we've been discussing. + +So anyway, this particular fit +of the vector autoregression + +model suggests that the +process is non-stationary. + +And so one should be +considering different series + +to model this as a +stationary time series. + +But in terms of interpreting +the regression model, + +one can see-- to accommodate +the non-stationarity, + +we can take differences +of all the series + +and fit the vector +autoregression + +to the difference series. + +So one way of eliminating any +non-stationarity in time series + +models, basically +eliminate the random walk + +aspect of the processes, is to +be modeling first differences. + +And so doing that with +this series-- let's see. + +Here is just a graph of +the time series properties + +of the difference series. + +So with our original series, we +take differences and eliminate + +missing values in this R code. + +And this +autocorrelation function + +shows us basically +the correlations + +and autocorrelations +of individual series + +and the cross-correlations +across the different series. + +So along the diagonals are +the autocorrelation function. + +And one can see +that every series + +is correlation one with itself. + +But then at the first +lag, positive for the Fed + +funds and the CPI measure. + +And there's also some +cross-correlations + +that are strong. + +And whether or not a +correlation is strong or not + +depends upon how much +uncertainty there + +is in our estimate +of the correlation. + +And these dashed +lines here correspond + +to plus or minus two standard +deviations of the correlation + +coefficient when the correlation +coefficient is equal to 0. + +So any correlations that sort +of go beyond those bounds + +is statistically significant. + +The partial autocorrelation +function is graphed here. + +And let's say our +time series problem + +set goes through some discussion +of the partial autocorrelation + +coefficients and the +interpretation of those. + +The partial autocorrelation +coefficients + +are the correlation +between one variable + +and the lag of another +after explaining + +for all lower degree lags. + +So it's like the incremental +correlation of a variable + +with a lag term that exists. + +And so if we are actually +fitting regression models where + +we include extra lags +of a given variable, + +that partial +autocorrelation coefficient + +is essentially the correlation +associated with the addition + +of the final lagged variable. + +So here, we can see that +each of these series + +is quite strongly +correlated with itself. + +But there are also +some cross-correlations + +with, like, the unemployment +rate and the Fed funds rate. + +Basically, the Fed +funds rate tends + +to go down when the +unemployment rate goes up. + +And so this data is +indicating the association + +between these +macroeconomic variables + +and the evidence +of that behavior. + +In terms of modeling the +actual structural relations + +between these, we need +several, up to about 10 + +or 12 variables more +than these three. + +And then one can have +a better understanding + +of the drivers of various +macroeconomic features. + +But this sort of +illustrates the use + +of these methods with this +reduced variable case. + +Let me also go +down here and just + +comment on the unemployment +rate or the Fed funds rate. + +When fitting these vector +autoregressive models + +with the packages +that exist in R, + +they give us output which +provides the specification + +of each of the +autoregressive models + +for the different dependent +variables, the different series + +of the process. + +And so here is the case of the +regression model for Fed funds + +as a function of +unemployment rate lagged, + +Fed funds rate lagged, +and CPI lagged. + +These are all on +the different scale. + +When you're looking at +these results, what's + +important is +basically how strong + +the signal-to-noise +ratio is for estimating + +these autoregressive +parameters, vector + +autoregressive parameters. + +And so with the Fed funds, +you can look at the t values. + +And t values that +are larger than 2 + +are certainly quite significant. + +And you can see that basically +when the unemployment rate + +coefficient is a negative +0.71, so if the unemployment + +rate goes up, we expect to +see the Fed rate going down + +the next month. + +And the Fed funds rate for the +lag 1 has a t value of 7.97. + +So these are now models +on the differences. + +So if the Fed funds +rate was increased + +last month or last quarter, it's +likely to be increased again. + +And that's partly a factor +of how slow the economy is + +in reacting to changes +and how the Fed doesn't + +want to shock the economy with +large changes in their policy + +rates. + +Another thing to notice here +is that there's actually + +a negative coefficient +on the lag 2 + +Fed funds term, a negative 0.17. + +And in interpreting +these kinds of models, + +I think it's helpful +just to think of, + +if you have Fed +funds sub t, that's + +equal to minus 0.71 times the +unemployment rate at t minus 1. + +And then we have plus 0.37 times +the Fed funds, so t minus 1. + +And this is delta. + +And then minus 1.8 +times the Fed funds. + +So t minus 2. + +In interpreting +these coefficients, + +notice that these +two terms correspond + +to 0.19 times the Fed funds +change 1 lag ago plus 0.18 + +times the change in that rate. + +So when you see +multiple lags coming + +into play in these models, +the interpretation of them + +can be made by considering +different transformations + +essentially of the +underlying variables. + +In this form, you can see +that OK, the Fed funds + +tends to change the way it +changed the previous month. + +But it also may change +depending on the double change + +in the previous month. + +So there's a degree of +acceleration in the Fed funds + +that is being captured here. + +So the interpretation +of these models + +sometimes requires some care. + +This kind of analysis, +I find it quite useful. + +So let's push on +to the next topic. + +So today's topics are going +to begin with a discussion + +of cointegration. + +Cointegration is a major topic +in time series analysis, which + +is dealing with the analysis +of non-stationary time series. + +And in the previous +discussion, we + +addressed +non-stationarity of series + +by taking first +differences to eliminate + +that non-stationarity. + +But we may be losing +some information + +with that differencing. + +And cointegration +provides a framework + +within which we +characterize all available + +information for +statistical modeling, + +in a very systematic way. + +So let's introduce the +context within which + +cointegration is relevant. + +It's relevant when we +have a stochastic process, + +a multivariate +stochastic process, which + +is integrated of some order d. + +And to be integrated +of order d means + +that if we take the +d-th difference, + +then that d-th +difference is stationary. + +So and if you look +at a time series + +and you plot that over time, +well, OK, a stationary time + +series we know should be +something that basically + +has a constant mean over time. + +There's some steady +mean which that has. + +And the variability +is also constant. + +With some other time series, +it might increase linearly + +over time. + +And a series that increases +linearly over time, well, + +if you take first +differences, that + +tends to take out +that linear trend. + +If there are higher order +differencing is required, then + +that means that there's some +curvature, quadratic say, + +that may exist in the data +that is being taken out. + +So this differencing is required +to result in stationarity. + +If the process does have vector +autoregressive representation + +in spite of its +non-stationarity, + +then it can be represented by +a polynomial lag of the x's is + +equal to white noise epsilon. + +And the polynomial +phi of L going + +to have a factor term +in there of 1 minus L, + +basically the first +difference to the d power. + +So if taking these the +d-th order difference + +reduces it to +stationarity, then we + +can express this vector +autoregression in this way. + +So the phi star of L +basically represents + +the stationary vector +autoregressive process + +on the d-th difference series. + +Now, as it says here, each +of the component series + +may be non-stationary and +integrated, say of order one. + +But the process itself may +not be jointly integrated. + +In that it may be that there +are linear combinations + +of our multivariate series +which are stationary. + +And so these linear +combinations basically + +represent the stationary +features of the process. + +And those features can be +apparent without looking + +at differences. + +So in a sense, if +you just focused + +on differences of these +non-stationary multivariate + +series, you would be +losing out on information + +of the stationary structure +of contemporaneous components + +of the multivariate series. + +And so cointegration +deals with this situation + +where some linear combinations +of the multivariate series + +in fact are stationary. + +So how do we represent +that mathematically? + +Well, we say that this +multivariate time series + +process is cointegrated if +there exists an m-vector beta + +such that, defining linear +weights on the x's, and + +beta prime X_t is a +stationary process. + +The cointegration vector of +beta can be scaled arbitrarily. + +So it's common +practice, if one has + +an interest, some primary +interest, perhaps, + +in the first component +series of process, + +to set that equal to 1. + +And the expression +basically says + +that our time t value +of the first series + +is related in a stationary +way to a linear combination + +of the other m minus 1 series. + +And this is a long-run +equilibrium type relationship. + +How does this arise? + +Well, it arises in many, many +ways in economics and finance. + +The term structure of interest +rates, purchase power parity. + +In the terms structure +of interest rates, + +basically the differences +between yields + +on interest rates over +different maturities, + +those differences +might be stationary. + +The overall level of interest +might not be stationary, + +but the spreads ought +to be stationary. + +The purchase power parity +in foreign exchange, + +if you look at the +value of currencies + +for different countries, +basically different countries + +ought to be able to purchase +the same goods for roughly + +the same price. + +And so if there are +disparities in currency values, + +purchase power parity suggests +that things will revert back + +to some norm where everybody +is paying on average over time + +the same amount for +different goods. + +Otherwise, there +would be arbitrage. + +Money demand, covered +interest rate parity, + +law of one price, +spot and futures. + +Let me show you +another example that + +will be in the case +study for this chapter. + +View, full screen. + +Let's think about +energy futures. + +In fact, next Tuesday's +talk from Morgan Stanley + +is going to be an expert in +commodity futures and options. + +And that should be +very interesting. + +Anyway, here, I'm +looking at energy futures + +from the Energy +Information Administration. + +Actually, for this +course, trying + +to get data that's freely +available to students + +is one of the things we do. + +So this data is actually +available from the Energy + +Information Administration +of the government, which + +is now open, so I guess +that'll be updated over time. + +But basically these +energy futures + +are traded on the Chicago +Mercantile Exchange. + +And basically CL is crude, +West Texas intermediate crude, + +light crude, which we have +here, a time series from 2006 + +to basically yesterday. + +And you can see how at the +start of the period around $60 + +and then went up +to close to $140, + +and then it dropped +down to around $40. + +And it's been hovering +around $100 lately. + +The second series here is +gasoline, RBOB gasoline. + +Always have to look this up. + +This is that reformulated blend +stock for oxygenated blending + +gasoline. + +Anyway, futures on this product +are traded at the CME as well. + +And then heating oil. + +And what's happening +with these data + +is that we have basically +a refinery which processes + +crude oil as an input. + +And it basically +refines it, distills it, + +and generates outputs, which +include heating oil, gasoline, + +and various other things +like jet fuel and others. + +So if we're looking +at the prices, + +the futures prices of, say, +gasoline and heating oil, + +relating those to crude +oil, well, certainly, + +the cost of producing these +products should depend + +on the cost of the input . + +So I've got in the next plot, +a translation of these futures + +contracts into their +price per barrel. + +Turns out crude is quoted +in dollars per barrel. + +And the gasoline heating +oil are in cents per gallon. + +So one multiplies. + +There are 42 +gallons in a barrel. + +So you multiply those +previous years by 42. + +And this shows the plot of +the prices of the futures + +where we're looking at +essentially the same units + +of output relative to input. + +And what's evident here is that +while the futures for gasoline, + +the blue, is consistently above +the green, the input, and same + +for heating oil. + +And those vary depending +on which is greater. + +So if we look at the +difference between, say, + +the price of the heating +oil future and the crude oil + +future, what does +that represent? + +That's the spread in value of +the output minus the input. + +Ray? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] cost +of running the refinery? + +PROFESSOR: So cost of refining. + +So let's look at, say, +heating oil minus CL and, say, + +this RBOB minus CL. + +So it's cost of refining. + +What else could +be a factor here? + +AUDIENCE: Supply and demand +characteristics [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Definitely. + +Supply and demand. + +If one product is demanded +a lot more than another. + +Supply and demand. + +Anything else? + +AUDIENCE: Maybe for +the outputs, if you + +were to find the difference +between the outputs, + +it would be something cyclical. + +For example, in the +winter, heating oil + +is going to get far more +valuable as gasoline, + +because people drive less +and people demand more + +for heating homes. + +PROFESSOR: Absolutely. + +That's a very significant +factor with these. + +There are seasonal effects +that drive supply and demand. + +And so we can put +seasonal effects in there + +as affecting supply and demand. + +But certainly, you might expect +to see seasonal structure here. + +Anything else? + +Put on your traders hat. + +Profit, yes. + +The refinery needs +to make some profit. + +So there has to be some +level of profit that's + +acceptable and appropriate. + +So we have all these +things driving basically + +these differences. + +Let's just take a look +at those differences. + +These are actually +called the crack spreads. + +Cracking in the +business of refining + +is basically the +breaking down of oil + +into components, products. + +And on the top is the +gasoline crack spread. + +And the bottom is the +heating oil crack spread. + +And one can see +that as time series, + +these actually look stationary. + +There certainly doesn't appear +to be a linear trend up. + +But there are, of course, many +factors that could affect this. + +So with that as motivation, how +would we model such a series? + +So let's go back to +our lecture here. + +All right, View, full size. + +This is going to be a +very technical discussion, + +but it's, at the end of the day, +I think fairly straightforward. + +And the objective +actually of this lecture + +is to provide an introduction +to the notation here, which + +should make it seem like it's a +very straightforward derivation + +process of these models. + +So let's begin with just a recap +of the vector autoregressive + +model of order p. + +This is the extension of +the univariate case where + +we have a vector C of +constants, m constants, + +and matrices phi_1 to +phi_p corresponding + +to basically how the +autoregression of one series + +depends on all the other series. + +And then there's multivariate +white noise eta_t, + +which has mean 0 and some +covariance structure in it. + +And the stationarity-- if +this series were stationary, + +then the determinant of +this matrix polynomial + +would have roots outside the +unit circle for complex z. + +And if it's not stationary, +then some of those roots + +will be on the unit +circle or beyond. + +So let's actually go to +that non-stationary case + +and suppose that the process +is integrated of order one. + +So if we were to take +first differences, + +we would have stationarity. + +Well, the derivation +of the model + +proceeds by converting the +original vector autoregressive + +equation into an +equation that's mostly + +relating to differences but +with also some extra terms. + +So let's begin the process +by just subtracting + +the lagged value of +the multivariate vector + +from the original series. + +So we subtract X_(t-1) +from both sides, + +and we get delta X_t is equal to +C plus phi_1 minus I_m X_(t-1) + +plus the rest. + +So that's a very simple step. + +We're just subtracting the +lagged multivariate series + +from both sides. + +Now, what we want +to do is convert + +the second term in the middle +line into a difference term. + +So what do we do? + +Well, we can subtract and add +phi_1 minus I_m times X_(t-2). + +If we do that, +subtract and add that, + +we then get the delta X_t is +C plus a multiple of delta + +X_(t-1) plus this +multiple of X_(t-2). + +So we basically +reduced the equations + +to differences in +the first two terms + +or in the current +series and the lagged. + +But then we have the original +series for lags t minus 2. + +We can continue this +process with the third. + +And then at the +end of the day, we + +end up getting this equation +for the difference of the series + +is equal to a constant +plus a matrix multiple + +of the first difference +multivariate series, + +plus another matrix times +the second difference, + +all the way down to +the p-th difference, + +or the p minus first difference. + +But at the end, +we're left with terms + +at p lags that have no +differences in them. + +So we've been able to +represent this series + +as an autoregressive +function of differences. + +But there's also a term on +the undifferenced series + +at the end that's left over. + +And or this argument +can actually + +proceed by eliminating +differences in the reverse way, + +starting with the +p-th lag and going up. + +And one then can represent +this as delta X_t + +is C plus some +matrix times just the + +lagged series plus various +matrices times the differences + +going back p minus 1 lags. + +And so at the end of +the day, this model + +basically for delta +X_t is a constant + +plus a matrix times the +previous lagged series + +or the first lag of the +multivariate time series, + +plus various autoregressive +lags of the differenced series. + +So these notes give you +the formulas for those, + +and they're very easy to +verify if you go through them + +one by one. + +And when we look at this +expression for the model, + +this expresses the +stochastic process model + +for the difference series. + +This difference +series is stationary. + +We've eliminated +the non-stationarity + +in the process. + +So that means the +right-hand side + +has to be stationary as well. + +And so while the terms which +are matrix multiples of lags + +of the differenced +series, those are + +going to be stationary +because we're just + +taking lags of the +stationary multivariate time + +series, the difference series. + +But this pi X_t term has +to be stationary as well. + +So this pi X_t contains +the cointegrating terms. + +And fitting a sort of +cointegrated vector + +autoregression model involves +identifying this term, pi X_t. + +And given that the original +series had unit roots, + +it has to be the case that +pi, the matrix, is singular. + +So it's basically +a transformation + +of the data that +eliminates that unit + +root in the overall series. + +So the matrix pi +is of reduced rank, + +and it's either rank +zero, in which case + +there's no cointegrating +relationships, + +or its rank is less than m. + +And the matrix pi does +define the cointegrating + +relationships. + +Now, these cointegrating +relationships + +are the relationships in the +process that are stationary. + +And so basically there's +a lot of information + +in that multivariate series +with contemporaneous values + +of the series. + +There is stationary structure +at every single time + +point, which can be the +target of the modeling. + +So this matrix pi is +of rank r less than m. + +And so it can be expressed +as basically alpha beta + +prime, where these matrices +are of rank r, alpha and beta. + +And the columns of beta define +linearly independent vectors + +which cointegrate x. + +And the decomposition +of pi isn't unique. + +You can basically, for any +invertible r by r matrix g, + +define another set of +cointegrating relationships. + +So in the linear algebra +structure of these problems, + +there's basically an +r-dimensional space + +where the process is +stationary, and how + +you define the coordinate system +in that space is up to you + +or subject to some choice. + +So how do we estimate +these models? + +Well, rather nice result +of Sims, Stock, and Watson. + +Actually, Sims, +Christopher Sims, + +he got the Nobel Prize a +few years ago for his work + +in econometrics. + +And so this is a rather +significant work that he did. + +Anyway, he, together +with Stock and Watson, + +prove that if you're estimating +a vector autoregression model, + +then the least squares +estimator of the original model + +is basically sufficient +to do an analysis + +of this cointegrated vector +autoregression process. + +The parameter estimates +from just fitting + +the vector autoregression are +consistent for the underlying + +parameters. + +And they have +asymptotic distributions + +that are identical to those of +maximum likelihood estimators. + +And so what ends up happening +is the least squares estimates + +of the vector autoregression +parameters lead + +to an estimation +of the pi matrix. + +And the constraints on the pi +matrix which are basically pi + +is of reduced rank, those +will hold asymptotically. + +So let's just go back +to the equation before, + +to see if that +looks familiar here. + +So what that work says +is that if we basically + +fit the linear regression +model regressing the difference + +series on the lag of the series +plus lags of differences, + +the least squares estimates +of these underlying parameters + +will give us asymptotically +efficient estimates + +of this overall process. + +So we don't need to use any new +tools to specify these models. + +There's an advanced literature +on estimation methods + +for these models. + +Johansen does describe +maximum likelihood estimation + +when the innovation terms +are normally distributed. + +And that methodology applies +reduced rank regression + +methodology and +yields tests for what + +the rank is of the +cointegrating relationship. + +And these methods are +implemented in our packages. + +Let's see. + +Let me just go back now +to the-- so let's see. + +The case study on +the crack spread data + +actually goes through sort of +testing for non-stationarity + +in these underlying series. + +And actually, why don't +I just show you that? + +Let's go back here. + +If you can see this, for +the crack spread data, + +looking at the +crude oil futures, + +basically the crude oil +future can be evaluated + +to see if it's non-stationary. + +And there's this augmented +Dickey-Fuller test + +for non-stationarity. + +And it basically has a null +hypothesis that the model + +or the series is non-stationary, +or it has a unit root, + +versus the alternative +that it doesn't. + +And so testing that +null hypothesis + +that it's non-stationary +yields a p-value of 0.164 + +for CLC1, the first +nearest contract, + +near month contract of +the futures for crude. + +And so the data +suggests that crude + +has a distribution that's +non-stationary, integrated + +order 1. + +And the HOC1 also basically +has a test for-- p-value + +for non-stationarity of 0.3265. + +So we can't reject +non-stationarity or unit root + +in those series with +these test statistics. + +In analyzing the data, this +suggests that we basically + +need to accommodate that +non-stationarity when + +we specify the models. + +Let me just see if +there's some results here. + +For this series, +actually the case notes + +will go through actually +conducting this Johansen + +procedure for +testing for the rank + +of the cointegrated process. + +And that test basically has +different test statistic + +for testing whether the rank is +0, 1, less than or equal to 1, + +or less than or equal to 2. + +And one can see that +there's marginal-- the test + +statistic is almost +significant at the 10% level + +for the overall series. + +It's not significant +for the rank + +being less than or equal to 1. + +And so these results, it +doesn't suggest there's + +strong non-stationarity. + +But certainly with +that non-stationarity + +is no more than rank +one for the series. + +And the eigenvector +corresponding + +to the stationary +relationship is + +given by these coefficients +of 1 on the crude oil future, + +1.3 on the RBOB and minus +1.7 on the heating oil. + +So what this suggests +is that there's + +considerable variability in +these energy futures contracts. + +What appears to be stationary +is some linear combination + +of crude plus gasoline +minus heating oil. + +And in terms of why does +it combine that way, + +well, there are all +kinds of factors + +that we went through-- cost of +refining, supply and demand, + +seasonality, which +affect things. + +And so when analyzed, sort +of ignoring seasonality, + +these would be the linear +combinations that appear + +to be stationary over time. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Why did you +choose to use the futures + +prices as opposed to the spot? + +And how did you combine the +data with actual [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: I chose this +because if refiners are wanting + +to hedge their risks, then they +will go to the futures market + +to hedge those. + +And so working with +these data, one + +can then consider problems of +hedging refinery production + +risks. + +And so that's why. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: OK, well, the Energy +Information Administration + +provides historical data +which gives the first month, + +the second month, the third +month available for each + +of these contracts. + +And so I chose the +first month contract + +for each of these features. + +Those 10 are the most liquid. + +Depending on what +one is hedging, + +one would use perhaps +longer periods for those. + +There's some very +nice finance problems + +dealing with hedging, +hedging these kinds of risks, + +and as well as trading +these kinds of risk. + +Traders can try to exploit +short term movements in these. + +Anyway, I'll let you +look through these, + +the case note later. + +And it does provide some detail +on the coefficient estimates. + +And one can basically +get a handle + +on how these things +are being specified. + +So let's go back. + +The next topic I want to cover +is linear state-space models. + +It turns out that many +of these time series + +models appropriate in +economics and finance + +can be expressed as a +linear state-space model. + +I'm going to introduce the +general notation first and then + +provide illustrations +of this general notation + +with a number of +different examples. + +So the formulation is we have +basically an observation vector + +at time t, y_t. + +This is our multivariate time +series that we're modeling. + +Now, I've chosen it +to be k-dimensional + +for the observations. + +There's an underlying +state vector + +that's of m dimensions, +which basically characterizes + +the state of the +process at time t. + +There's an observation error +vector at time t, epsilon_t. + +So it's k by 1 as well, +corresponding to y. + +And there's a state transition +innovation error vector, + +which is n by 1, +which actually can + +be different from m, the +dimension of the state vector. + +So we have-- in the state +space specification, + +we're going to specify +two equations, one + +for how the states evolve +over time and another for how + +the observations or +measurements evolve, + +depending on the +underlying states. + +So let's first focus +on a state equation + +which describes how +the state progresses + +from the state at time t to +the state at time t plus 1. + +Because this is a linear +state-space model, + +basically the state +at t plus 1 is + +going to be some linear +function of the states at time + +t plus some noise. + +And that noise is +given by eta_t, + +being independent identically +distributed white noise, + +or normally distributed +with some covariance matrix + +Q_t, positive definite. + +And R_t is some +linear transformation + +of those, which +characterize the uncertainty + +in the particular states. + +So there's a great +deal of flexibility + +here in how things +depend on each other. + +And right now, it will appear +just like a lot of notation. + +But as we see it +in different cases, + +you'll see how these +terms come into play. + +And they're very +straightforward. + +So we're considering simple +linear transformations + +of the states plus noise. + +And then the observation +equation or measurement + +equation is a linear +transformation + +of the underlying +states plus noise. + +So the matrix Z_t is the +observation coefficients + +matrix. + +And the noise or innovations +epsilon_t are, we'll assume, + +independent +identically distributed + +normal, multivariate +normal random variables + +with some covariance matrix H_t. + +To be fully general, +the subscript t + +means the covariance +can depend on time t. + +It doesn't have to, but it can. + +These two equations +can be written together + +in a joint equation where +we see that the underlying + +state at time t, s, gets +transformed with T sub t + +to the state at t plus 1 plus +residual innovation term. + +And the observation equation +y_t is Z_t s_t plus that. + +So we're representing how +the states evolve over time + +and how the observations +depend on the underlying + +states in this joint equation. + +And the structure of +basically this sort + +of linear function of states +plus error, the error term u_t + +here is normally distributed +with covariance matrix omega, + +which has this structure. + +It's a block diagonal. + +We have the covariance +of the epsilons as the H. + +And the covariance of R_t +eta_t is R_t Q_t R_t transpose. + +So you may recall when we +take a covariance matrix + +of linear function of random +variables given by a matrix, + +then it's that linear function +R times the covariance matrix + +times the transpose. + +So that term comes into play. + +So let's see how a +capital asset pricing + +model with time-varying +betas can be represented + +as a linear state-space model. + +You'll recall, we discussed +this model a few lectures ago, + +where we have the excess +return of a given stock, r_t, + +is a linear function of the +excess return of the market + +portfolio, r_(m,t), plus error. + +What we're going to do now +is extend that previous model + +by adding time dependence, t, +to the regression parameters. + +The alpha is not a constant. + +It is going to vary by time. + +And the beta is also +going to very by time. + +And how will they vary by time? + +Well, we're going to +assume that the alpha_t is + +a Gaussian random walk. + +And the beta is also a +Gaussian random walk. + +And with that set up, we +have the following expression + +for the state equation. + +OK, the state equation, which +is just the unknown parameters-- + +it's the alpha and the +beta at given time t. + +The state at time +t gets adjusted + +to the state at time t plus 1 +by just adding these random walk + +terms to it. + +So it's a very simple process. + +We have the identity +times the previous state + +plus the identity times this +vector of these innovations. + +So s_(t+1) is equal to +T_t s_t plus R_t eta_t, + +where this matrix, T sub +t and R sub t are trivial; + +they're just the identity. + +And eta_t has a +covariance matrix + +which is just given by +Q_t, sigma squared nu, + +sigma squared epsilon. + +This is a complex way, perhaps, +of representing this model. + +But it puts this simple model +into that linear state-space + +framework. + +Now, the observation equation +is given by this expression + +defining the Z_t matrix as the +unit element and r_(m,t) So + +it's basically a row vector, or +a row matrix, one-row matrix. + +And epsilon_t is the +white noise process. + +Now, putting these +equations together, + +we basically have the equation +for the state transition + +and the observation +equation together. + +We have this form for that. + +So now, let's +consider a second case + +of linear regression +models where + +we have a time varying beta. + +In a way, this case +we just looked at + +is a simple case of that. + +But let's look at +a more general case + +where we have p independent +variables, which + +could be time-varying. + +So we have a +regression model almost + +as we've considered +it previously. + +y_t is equal to x_t transpose +beta_t plus epsilon_t. + +The difference now is our +regression coefficients + +beta are allowed to +change over time. + +How do they change over time? + +Well, we're going to +assume that those also + +follow independent random +walks with variances + +of the random walks that +may depend on the component. + +So the joint +state-space equation + +here is given by the identity +times s_t plus eta_t. + +That's basically the random +walk process for the underlying + +regression parameters. + +And y_t is equal +to x_t transpose + +times the same regression +parameters plus the observation + +error. + +I guess needless to say, if we +consider the special case where + +the random walk +process is degenerate + +and they're basically +steps of size zero, + +then we get the normal linear +regression model coming out + +of this. + +If we were to be specifying +the linear state-space + +implementation of this model and +consider successive estimates + +of the model +parameters over time, + +then these equations would +give us recursive estimates + +for updating +regressions as we add + +additional values to the +data, additional observations + +to the data. + +Let's look at autoregressive +models of order p. + +The autoregressive model of +order p for a univariate time + +series has the setup given here. + +It's a polynomial +lag of the response + +variable y_t is equal to +the innovation epsilon_t. + +And we can define +the state vector + +to be equal to the vector of +p values, p successive values + +of the process. + +And so we basically +get a combination + +here of the observation equation +and state equation joining + +where basically +one of the states + +is actually equal +to the observation. + +And basically, with +this definition + +for a state of the vector +at the next time point t, + +that is equal to this +linear transformation + +of the lagged state vector +plus that innovation term. + +I dropped the mic. + +So the notation here +shows the structure + +for how this linear +state-space model is evolving. + +Basically, the +observation equation + +is the linear +combination of the five + +multiples of lags of the +values plus the residual. + +And the previous +lags of the states + +are just simply the identities +times those values, shifted. + +So it's a very simple structure +for the autoregressive process + +as a linear state-space model. + +We have, as I was just saying, +for the transition matrix T sub + +t, this matrix and the +observation equation + +is essentially picking out +the first element of the state + +vector, which has no +measurement error. + +So that simplifies that. + +The moving average +model of order q + +could also be expressed as +a linear state-space model. + +Remember, the +moving average model + +is one where our response +variable, y, is simply + +some linear combination +of innovations, + +q past innovations. + +And this state +vector, if we consider + +the state vector just +being basically q + +lags of the innovations, +then the transition + +of those underlying states is +given by this expression here. + +And we have a state equation, +an observation equation, + +which has these forms for these +various transition matrices + +and for how the innovation +terms are related. + +Let me just finish +up with example + +showing with the autoregressive +moving average model. + +And many years ago, +it was actually + +very difficult to +specify the estimation + +methods for autoregressive +moving average models. + +But the implementation +of these models + +as linear state-space models +facilitated that greatly. + +And with the ARMA model, +the setup basically + +is a combination of +the autoregressive + +moving average processes. + +We have an +autoregression of the y's + +is equal to a moving +average of the residuals + +or the innovations. + +And it's convenient in the setup +for linear state-space models + +to define the dimension m, +which is the maximum of p and q + +plus 1, and think of having +basically a possibly m order + +polynomial lag for each +of those two series. + +And we can basically +constrain those values + +to be 0 if m is greater than +p or m is greater than q. + +And Harvey, in a very +important work in '93, + +actually defined a particular +state-space representation + +for this process. + +And I guess it's +important to know + +that with these linear +state-space models, + +we're dealing with +characterizing structure + +in m-dimensional space. + +There's often some choice in how +you represent your underlying + +states. + +You can basically +re-parametrize the models + +by considering invertible +linear transformations + +of the underlying states. + +So let me go back here. + +In expressing the state +equation generally + +is T sub t s_t plus R_t eta_t. + +This matrix T sub t +and st-- basically s_t + +can be replaced by a linear +transformation of s_t, + +so long as we multiply +the T sub t by the inverse + +of that transformation. + +So there's flexibility +in the choice + +of our linear state-space +specification. + +And so there really are many +different equivalent linear + +state-space models for a +given process depending + +on exactly how you +define the states + +and the underlying +transformation matrix T. + +And the beauty of Harvey's +work was coming up + +with a nice representation +for the states, + +where we had very simple forms +for the various matrices. + +And the lecture notes here +go through the derivation + +of that for the ARMA process. + +And this derivation +is-- I just want + +to go through the +first case just + +to highlight how +the argument goes. + +We basically have this equation, +which is the original equation + +for an ARMA(p,q) process. + +And Harvey says, well, +define the first-- + +or the state at time t to +be equal to the observation + +at time t. + +If we do that, then how +does this equation relate + +to the basically-- this is the +state at the next time point, t + +plus 1, is equal to phi_1 +times the state at time t, + +plus a second state at time +t and a residual innovation + +eta_t. + +So by choosing the first state +to be the observation value + +at that time, we can then +solve for the second state, + +which is given by +this expression, + +just by rewriting our model +equation in terms of s_(1,t), + +s_(2,t) and eta_t. + +So this s_(2,t) is this function +of the observations and eta_t. + +So it's a very +simple specification + +of the second state. + +Just what is that +second state element + +given this definition +of the first one? + +And one can do this +process iteratively + +getting rid of the +observations and replacing them + +by underlying states. + +And at the end of +the day, you end up + +with this very simple form +for the transition matrix T. + +Basically, the T has the +autoregressive components + +as the first column +of the T matrix. + +And this R matrix has +this vector of the moving + +average components. + +So it's a very nice way +to represent the model. + +Coming up with it was something +very clever that he did. + +But what one can see is +that this basic model where + +you have the states +transitioning according + +to a linear transformation of +the previous state plus error, + +and the observation being some +function of the current states, + +plus error or not, depending +on the formulation, + +is the representation. + +Now, with all of +these models, a reason + +why linear state-space +modeling is in fact effective + +is that their specification is +fully specified with the Kalman + +filter. + +So with this formulation of +linear state-space models, + +the Kalman filter +as a methodology is + +the recursive computation +of the probability density + +functions for the underlying +states at basically + +t plus 1 given +information up to time t, + +as well as the joint +density of the future state + +and the future observation at +t plus 1, given information up + +to time t. + +And also just the +marginal distribution + +of the next observation given +the information up to time t. + +So what I want to do is +just go through with you + +how the Kalman filter is +implemented and defined. + +And the implementation +of the Kalman filter + +requires us to have some +notation that's a bit involved, + +but we'll hopefully explain it +so it's very straightforward. + +There are basically conditional +means of the states. + +s sub t given t +is the mean value + +of the state at time t given +the information up to time t. + +If we condition +on t minus 1, then + +it's the expectation +of the state + +at time t given the +information up to t minus 1. + +And then y t t minus +1 is the expectation + +of the observation given +information up to t minus 1. + +There's also +conditional covariances + +and mean squared errors. + +All these covariances +are determined by omegas. + +The subscript corresponds to +states s, or observation y. + +And basically, the +conditioning set + +is either information up to +time t, t minus 1 or t minus 1 + +in the second case. + +And we want to compute +basically the covariance matrix + +of the states given whatever +the information is, information + +up to time t, t minus 1. + +So these covariance +matrices are the expectation + +of the state minus +their expectation + +under the conditioning times +the state minus the expectation + +transpose. + +That's the definition of +that covariance matrix. + +So the different +definitions here + +correspond to just +whether we're conditioning + +on different information. + +And then the observation +innovations or residuals + +are the difference +between an observation y_t + +and its estimate given +information up to t minus 1. + +So the residuals in this process +are the innovation residuals, + +one period ahead. + +And the Kalman filter +consists of four steps. + +We basically want to, first, +predict the state vector + +one step ahead. + +So given our estimate of the +state vector at time t minus 1, + +we want to predict this +state vector at time t. + +And we also want to +predict the observation + +at time t given our estimate +at state vector time t minus 1. + +And so at time t minus 1, we +can estimate these quantities. + +[INAUDIBLE] + +At t minus 1, we can +basically predict + +what the state is going +to and predict what + +the observation is going to be. + +And we can estimate +how much error there's + +going to be in those estimates, +by these covariance matrices. + +The second step is +updating these predictions + +to get our estimate of the state +given the observation at time t + +and to update our uncertainty +about that state given + +this new observation. + +So basically, our estimate +of the state at time t + +is an adjustment to our +estimate given information up + +to t minus 1, plus a function of +the difference between what we + +observed and what we predicted. + +And this T_t function matrix is +called the filter gain matrix. + +And basically, it +characterizes how + +do we adjust our prediction +of the underlying state + +depending on what happened. + +So that's the +filter gain matrix. + +So we actually do +gain information + +with each observation about what +the new value of the process + +is. + +And that information +is characterized + +by filter gain matrix. + +You'll notice that +the uncertainty + +in the state at time t, this +omega_s of t given t, that's + +equal to the covariance +matrix given t minus 1. + +So it's our beginning level +of uncertainty adjusted + +by a term that tells us +how much information did we + +get from that new information. + +So notice that there's +a minus sign there. + +We're basically +reducing our uncertainty + +about the state given the +information in the innovation + +that we now have observed. + +Then, there's a +forecasting step which + +is used to forecast the +state one period forward, + +is simply given by this +linear transformation + +of the previous state. + +And we can also update +our covariance matrix + +for future states given +the previous state + +by applying this formula +which is a recursive formula + +for estimating covariances. + +So we have +forecasting algorithms + +that are simple linear +functions of these estimates. + +And then finally, +there's a smoothing step + +which is characterizing +the conditional expectation + +of underlying states, given +information in the whole time + +series. + +And so ordinarily with Kalman +filters, Kalman filters + +are applied +sequentially over time + +where one basically +is predicting ahead + +one step, updating +that prediction, + +predicting ahead another +step, updating the information + +on the states. + +And that overall +process is the process + +of actually computing +the likelihood + +function for these linear +state-space models. + +And so the Kalman filter is +basically ultimately applied + +for successive +forecasting of the process + +but also for helping us identify +what the underlying model + +parameters are using +maximum likelihood methods. + +And so the likelihood function +for the linear state-space + +model is basically the-- +or the log-likelihood + +is the log-likelihood of +the entire data series, + +give the unknown parameters. + +But that can be +expressed as the product + +of the conditional distributions +of each successive observation, + +given the history. + +And so basically, the +likelihood of theta + +is the likelihood of +the first observation + +times the density of the +second observation given + +the first times and so +forth for the whole series. + +And so the likelihood +function is basically + +a function of all these +terms that we were computing + +with the Kalman filter. + +And with the Kalman +filter, it basically + +provides all the terms +necessary for this estimation. + +If the error terms are +normally distributed, + +then the means and +variances of these estimates + +are in fact characterizing +the exact distributions + +of the process. + +Basically, we're taking-- +if the innovation series are + +all normal random +variables, then + +the linear +state-space model, all + +it's doing is taking linear +combinations of normals + +for the underlying states and +for the actual observations. + +And normal +distributions are fully + +characterized by +their mean vectors + +and covariance matrices. + +And the Kalman +filter provides a way + +to update these distributions +for all these features + +of a model, the +underlying states + +as well as the distributions +of the observations. + +So that's a brief introduction +the Kalman filter. + +Let's finish there. + +Thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/9YgOmJdom6o.txt b/9YgOmJdom6o.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e0f93c15258d06b9478a537b88ab03e9ee60a0d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/9YgOmJdom6o.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1755 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome back to recitation today we're + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to recitation today we're + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back to recitation today we're +going to talk about some rules of + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about some rules of + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about some rules of +logarithms that you're going to need to + + align:start position:0% +logarithms that you're going to need to + + + align:start position:0% +logarithms that you're going to need to +remember we're going to prove why one of + + align:start position:0% +remember we're going to prove why one of + + + align:start position:0% +remember we're going to prove why one of +them is true and then I'm going to ask + + align:start position:0% +them is true and then I'm going to ask + + + align:start position:0% +them is true and then I'm going to ask +you to use these rules to take a + + align:start position:0% +you to use these rules to take a + + + align:start position:0% +you to use these rules to take a +derivative of a function so let's let's + + align:start position:0% +derivative of a function so let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of a function so let's let's +just look at these rules first so I want + + align:start position:0% +just look at these rules first so I want + + + align:start position:0% +just look at these rules first so I want +to point out as I'm talking about these + + align:start position:0% +to point out as I'm talking about these + + + align:start position:0% +to point out as I'm talking about these +rules the first three are written with + + align:start position:0% +rules the first three are written with + + + align:start position:0% +rules the first three are written with +natural log but one can also write them + + align:start position:0% +natural log but one can also write them + + + align:start position:0% +natural log but one can also write them +in any base as long as the base is the + + align:start position:0% +in any base as long as the base is the + + + align:start position:0% +in any base as long as the base is the +same all the way across so in any in any + + align:start position:0% +same all the way across so in any in any + + + align:start position:0% +same all the way across so in any in any +legitimate base that one's allowed to + + align:start position:0% +legitimate base that one's allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +legitimate base that one's allowed to +use so with a positive base one can use + + align:start position:0% +use so with a positive base one can use + + + align:start position:0% +use so with a positive base one can use +it all the way across instead of the + + align:start position:0% +it all the way across instead of the + + + align:start position:0% +it all the way across instead of the +natural log so the first one says that + + align:start position:0% +natural log so the first one says that + + + align:start position:0% +natural log so the first one says that +the natural log of a product is equal to + + align:start position:0% +the natural log of a product is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +the natural log of a product is equal to +the sum of the natural logs so natural + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the natural logs so natural + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the natural logs so natural +log of M * n is equal to natural log of + + align:start position:0% +log of M * n is equal to natural log of + + + align:start position:0% +log of M * n is equal to natural log of +M plus natural log of + + align:start position:0% +M plus natural log of + + + align:start position:0% +M plus natural log of +n the second one says the natural log of + + align:start position:0% +n the second one says the natural log of + + + align:start position:0% +n the second one says the natural log of +a quotient is equal to the difference of + + align:start position:0% +a quotient is equal to the difference of + + + align:start position:0% +a quotient is equal to the difference of +the natural logs so so natural log of m + + align:start position:0% +the natural logs so so natural log of m + + + align:start position:0% +the natural logs so so natural log of m +/ n is equal to natural log of M minus + + align:start position:0% +/ n is equal to natural log of M minus + + + align:start position:0% +/ n is equal to natural log of M minus +natural log of + + align:start position:0% +natural log of + + + align:start position:0% +natural log of +n this third one says that the natural + + align:start position:0% +n this third one says that the natural + + + align:start position:0% +n this third one says that the natural +log of something raised to a power is + + align:start position:0% +log of something raised to a power is + + + align:start position:0% +log of something raised to a power is +that power is a coefficient times the + + align:start position:0% +that power is a coefficient times the + + + align:start position:0% +that power is a coefficient times the +natural log of the something so natural + + align:start position:0% +natural log of the something so natural + + + align:start position:0% +natural log of the something so natural +log of M the K is equal to K * natural + + align:start position:0% +log of M the K is equal to K * natural + + + align:start position:0% +log of M the K is equal to K * natural +log of M and what I want to point out is + + align:start position:0% +log of M and what I want to point out is + + + align:start position:0% +log of M and what I want to point out is +that there's a distinct difference where + + align:start position:0% +that there's a distinct difference where + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a distinct difference where +the power is so if the power is inside + + align:start position:0% +the power is so if the power is inside + + + align:start position:0% +the power is so if the power is inside +the argument then this rule holds but if + + align:start position:0% +the argument then this rule holds but if + + + align:start position:0% +the argument then this rule holds but if +the power is outside the argument so if + + align:start position:0% +the power is outside the argument so if + + + align:start position:0% +the power is outside the argument so if +it's natural log of M the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +it's natural log of M the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +it's natural log of M the whole thing +raised to a power this this does not + + align:start position:0% +raised to a power this this does not + + + align:start position:0% +raised to a power this this does not +work this is not equal to what's written + + align:start position:0% +work this is not equal to what's written + + + align:start position:0% +work this is not equal to what's written +above and then the third the fourth one + + align:start position:0% +above and then the third the fourth one + + + align:start position:0% +above and then the third the fourth one +sorry the fourth one is a change of Base + + align:start position:0% +sorry the fourth one is a change of Base + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the fourth one is a change of Base +formula so if I have if I have log base + + align:start position:0% +formula so if I have if I have log base + + + align:start position:0% +formula so if I have if I have log base +something B that maybe I want to change + + align:start position:0% +something B that maybe I want to change + + + align:start position:0% +something B that maybe I want to change +the base uh of M I can rewrite that in + + align:start position:0% +the base uh of M I can rewrite that in + + + align:start position:0% +the base uh of M I can rewrite that in +the in the base E I can write that as + + align:start position:0% +the in the base E I can write that as + + + align:start position:0% +the in the base E I can write that as +natural log of M divid by natural log of + + align:start position:0% +natural log of M divid by natural log of + + + align:start position:0% +natural log of M divid by natural log of +B and I want to point out a common + + align:start position:0% +B and I want to point out a common + + + align:start position:0% +B and I want to point out a common +mistake people make is sometimes they + + align:start position:0% +mistake people make is sometimes they + + + align:start position:0% +mistake people make is sometimes they +confuse the second and the fourth + + align:start position:0% +confuse the second and the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +confuse the second and the fourth +because they both have quotients but + + align:start position:0% +because they both have quotients but + + + align:start position:0% +because they both have quotients but +notice that the second one is the + + align:start position:0% +notice that the second one is the + + + align:start position:0% +notice that the second one is the +natural log of a quotient and the fourth + + align:start position:0% +natural log of a quotient and the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +natural log of a quotient and the fourth +one is about the quotient of natural + + align:start position:0% +one is about the quotient of natural + + + align:start position:0% +one is about the quotient of natural +logs so that's a distinct difference and + + align:start position:0% +logs so that's a distinct difference and + + + align:start position:0% +logs so that's a distinct difference and +hopefully then you see that that uh they + + align:start position:0% +hopefully then you see that that uh they + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully then you see that that uh they +are not these two statements are not in + + align:start position:0% +are not these two statements are not in + + + align:start position:0% +are not these two statements are not in +fact the same + + align:start position:0% +fact the same + + + align:start position:0% +fact the same +statement so now what I'd like to do is + + align:start position:0% +statement so now what I'd like to do is + + + align:start position:0% +statement so now what I'd like to do is +using what we know about exponential and + + align:start position:0% +using what we know about exponential and + + + align:start position:0% +using what we know about exponential and +log functions I want to prove number one + + align:start position:0% +log functions I want to prove number one + + + align:start position:0% +log functions I want to prove number one +so let's set out to do that well in + + align:start position:0% +so let's set out to do that well in + + + align:start position:0% +so let's set out to do that well in +order to to make this Top Line make + + align:start position:0% +order to to make this Top Line make + + + align:start position:0% +order to to make this Top Line make +sense we know that M and N have to be + + align:start position:0% +sense we know that M and N have to be + + + align:start position:0% +sense we know that M and N have to be +positive and so I can find actually let + + align:start position:0% +positive and so I can find actually let + + + align:start position:0% +positive and so I can find actually let +me write first what we're doing we're + + align:start position:0% +me write first what we're doing we're + + + align:start position:0% +me write first what we're doing we're +going to prove + + align:start position:0% +going to prove + + + align:start position:0% +going to prove +one so with M and N both positive I can + + align:start position:0% +one so with M and N both positive I can + + + align:start position:0% +one so with M and N both positive I can +find values A and B such that e to the a + + align:start position:0% +find values A and B such that e to the a + + + align:start position:0% +find values A and B such that e to the a +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +m and e to the B is equal to + + align:start position:0% +m and e to the B is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +m and e to the B is equal to +n and let me just write out also what + + align:start position:0% +n and let me just write out also what + + + align:start position:0% +n and let me just write out also what +that means because exponential and log + + align:start position:0% +that means because exponential and log + + + align:start position:0% +that means because exponential and log +functions are inverses of one another + + align:start position:0% +functions are inverses of one another + + + align:start position:0% +functions are inverses of one another +this means that a is equal to natural + + align:start position:0% +this means that a is equal to natural + + + align:start position:0% +this means that a is equal to natural +log of M + + align:start position:0% +log of M + + + align:start position:0% +log of M +and B is equal to natural log of n so + + align:start position:0% +and B is equal to natural log of n so + + + align:start position:0% +and B is equal to natural log of n so +these are equivalent + + align:start position:0% +these are equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +these are equivalent +statements this statement and this + + align:start position:0% +statements this statement and this + + + align:start position:0% +statements this statement and this +statement are equivalent this statement + + align:start position:0% +statement are equivalent this statement + + + align:start position:0% +statement are equivalent this statement +and this statement are equivalent so now + + align:start position:0% +and this statement are equivalent so now + + + align:start position:0% +and this statement are equivalent so now +let's use that information to try and + + align:start position:0% +let's use that information to try and + + + align:start position:0% +let's use that information to try and +solve the problem to try and prove prove + + align:start position:0% +solve the problem to try and prove prove + + + align:start position:0% +solve the problem to try and prove prove +number one so the natural log of M * n + + align:start position:0% +number one so the natural log of M * n + + + align:start position:0% +number one so the natural log of M * n +well what is that m is e to the a n is e + + align:start position:0% +well what is that m is e to the a n is e + + + align:start position:0% +well what is that m is e to the a n is e +to the B so I can write this as natural + + align:start position:0% +to the B so I can write this as natural + + + align:start position:0% +to the B so I can write this as natural +log of e to the a * e to the + + align:start position:0% +log of e to the a * e to the + + + align:start position:0% +log of e to the a * e to the +B what's E the a * e to the B this is + + align:start position:0% +B what's E the a * e to the B this is + + + align:start position:0% +B what's E the a * e to the B this is +where we use our rules of exponents e + + align:start position:0% +where we use our rules of exponents e + + + align:start position:0% +where we use our rules of exponents e +the a * e the B is e to the a plus b + + align:start position:0% +the a * e the B is e to the a plus b + + + align:start position:0% +the a * e the B is e to the a plus b +this is natural log of e to the a plus + + align:start position:0% +this is natural log of e to the a plus + + + align:start position:0% +this is natural log of e to the a plus +b and now what's the point the point is + + align:start position:0% +b and now what's the point the point is + + + align:start position:0% +b and now what's the point the point is +that natural log and exponential + + align:start position:0% +that natural log and exponential + + + align:start position:0% +that natural log and exponential +functions are inverses of one another or + + align:start position:0% +functions are inverses of one another or + + + align:start position:0% +functions are inverses of one another or +natural log of e to the x is X so + + align:start position:0% +natural log of e to the x is X so + + + align:start position:0% +natural log of e to the x is X so +natural log of e to the a plus b is just + + align:start position:0% +natural log of e to the a plus b is just + + + align:start position:0% +natural log of e to the a plus b is just +a plus + + align:start position:0% +a plus + + + align:start position:0% +a plus +b and I've already recorded for you what + + align:start position:0% +b and I've already recorded for you what + + + align:start position:0% +b and I've already recorded for you what +those are it's natural log of + + align:start position:0% +those are it's natural log of + + + align:start position:0% +those are it's natural log of +M plus natural log of n so notice we've + + align:start position:0% +M plus natural log of n so notice we've + + + align:start position:0% +M plus natural log of n so notice we've +done what we set out to do natural log + + align:start position:0% +done what we set out to do natural log + + + align:start position:0% +done what we set out to do natural log +of the quantity M * n is equal to + + align:start position:0% +of the quantity M * n is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +of the quantity M * n is equal to +natural log of M plus natural log of + + align:start position:0% +natural log of M plus natural log of + + + align:start position:0% +natural log of M plus natural log of +N and in a similar flavor one could + + align:start position:0% +N and in a similar flavor one could + + + align:start position:0% +N and in a similar flavor one could +immediately do number two and and uh + + align:start position:0% +immediately do number two and and uh + + + align:start position:0% +immediately do number two and and uh +number three follows quite similarly as + + align:start position:0% +number three follows quite similarly as + + + align:start position:0% +number three follows quite similarly as +well it uses obviously these are going + + align:start position:0% +well it uses obviously these are going + + + align:start position:0% +well it uses obviously these are going +to use different different rules for + + align:start position:0% +to use different different rules for + + + align:start position:0% +to use different different rules for +exponents besides the the product of two + + align:start position:0% +exponents besides the the product of two + + + align:start position:0% +exponents besides the the product of two +exponential functions is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +exponential functions is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +exponential functions is equal to the +the sum of the powers it's going to use + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the powers it's going to use + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the powers it's going to use +some of those other rules and I believe + + align:start position:0% +some of those other rules and I believe + + + align:start position:0% +some of those other rules and I believe +that some of these other things might + + align:start position:0% +that some of these other things might + + + align:start position:0% +that some of these other things might +actually also be proven in a later + + align:start position:0% +actually also be proven in a later + + + align:start position:0% +actually also be proven in a later +lecture in in uh the actual course so + + align:start position:0% +lecture in in uh the actual course so + + + align:start position:0% +lecture in in uh the actual course so +you'll see these but I would say you + + align:start position:0% +you'll see these but I would say you + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see these but I would say you +might want to try and prove two and + + align:start position:0% +might want to try and prove two and + + + align:start position:0% +might want to try and prove two and +three at least on your own might be + + align:start position:0% +three at least on your own might be + + + align:start position:0% +three at least on your own might be +helpful to to look at how those work + + align:start position:0% +helpful to to look at how those work + + + align:start position:0% +helpful to to look at how those work +using the same kind of rules here so now + + align:start position:0% +using the same kind of rules here so now + + + align:start position:0% +using the same kind of rules here so now +what I'd like us to do is using these + + align:start position:0% +what I'd like us to do is using these + + + align:start position:0% +what I'd like us to do is using these +rules I'd like us to take a derivative + + align:start position:0% +rules I'd like us to take a derivative + + + align:start position:0% +rules I'd like us to take a derivative +so what I want us to look at is y + + align:start position:0% +so what I want us to look at is y + + + align:start position:0% +so what I want us to look at is y += Square < TK of x * x + + + align:start position:0% += Square < TK of x * x + + + + align:start position:0% += Square < TK of x * x + +4 and we'll just assume that X is bigger + + align:start position:0% +4 and we'll just assume that X is bigger + + + align:start position:0% +4 and we'll just assume that X is bigger +than zero and I want you to + + align:start position:0% +than zero and I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +than zero and I want you to +find y Prime now you could do this just + + align:start position:0% +find y Prime now you could do this just + + + align:start position:0% +find y Prime now you could do this just +Brute Force cranking it out but I'd like + + align:start position:0% +Brute Force cranking it out but I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +Brute Force cranking it out but I'd like +you to try and use the log + + align:start position:0% +you to try and use the log + + + align:start position:0% +you to try and use the log +differentiation technique in order to + + align:start position:0% +differentiation technique in order to + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation technique in order to +find this derivative I'll give you a + + align:start position:0% +find this derivative I'll give you a + + + align:start position:0% +find this derivative I'll give you a +moment to do it and then I'll come back + + align:start position:0% +moment to do it and then I'll come back + + + align:start position:0% +moment to do it and then I'll come back +and I'll show you how I do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay welcome back so I'm going to use + + align:start position:0% +okay welcome back so I'm going to use + + + align:start position:0% +okay welcome back so I'm going to use +the log differentiation and the rules I + + align:start position:0% +the log differentiation and the rules I + + + align:start position:0% +the log differentiation and the rules I +have on the on the side of the board + + align:start position:0% +have on the on the side of the board + + + align:start position:0% +have on the on the side of the board +there to take a derivative to find y + + align:start position:0% +there to take a derivative to find y + + + align:start position:0% +there to take a derivative to find y +Prime so first what we do is we take the + + align:start position:0% +Prime so first what we do is we take the + + + align:start position:0% +Prime so first what we do is we take the +log of both sides and then we use some + + align:start position:0% +log of both sides and then we use some + + + align:start position:0% +log of both sides and then we use some +of the rules of logarithms to simplify + + align:start position:0% +of the rules of logarithms to simplify + + + align:start position:0% +of the rules of logarithms to simplify +the expression on the right hand side so + + align:start position:0% +the expression on the right hand side so + + + align:start position:0% +the expression on the right hand side so +I will take natural log of Y is equal to + + align:start position:0% +I will take natural log of Y is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +I will take natural log of Y is equal to +natural log of the square root of x * x + + align:start position:0% +natural log of the square root of x * x + + + align:start position:0% +natural log of the square root of x * x ++ + + align:start position:0% ++ + + + align:start position:0% ++ +4 now square root wow sorry square root + + align:start position:0% +4 now square root wow sorry square root + + + align:start position:0% +4 now square root wow sorry square root +is the power something raised to the + + align:start position:0% +is the power something raised to the + + + align:start position:0% +is the power something raised to the +one2 right that's what it means to take + + align:start position:0% +one2 right that's what it means to take + + + align:start position:0% +one2 right that's what it means to take +a square root you can take this whole + + align:start position:0% +a square root you can take this whole + + + align:start position:0% +a square root you can take this whole +whole uh product and raise it to the + + align:start position:0% +whole uh product and raise it to the + + + align:start position:0% +whole uh product and raise it to the +one2 so I'm going to use rule number + + align:start position:0% +one2 so I'm going to use rule number + + + align:start position:0% +one2 so I'm going to use rule number +three and I'm going to bring that one + + align:start position:0% +three and I'm going to bring that one + + + align:start position:0% +three and I'm going to bring that one +half that's as a power out in front of + + align:start position:0% +half that's as a power out in front of + + + align:start position:0% +half that's as a power out in front of +the log so I can rewrite this expression + + align:start position:0% +the log so I can rewrite this expression + + + align:start position:0% +the log so I can rewrite this expression +as2 log of this + + align:start position:0% +as2 log of this + + + align:start position:0% +as2 log of this +product that's one too many parentheses + + align:start position:0% +product that's one too many parentheses + + + align:start position:0% +product that's one too many parentheses +it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so I have 1/2 the natural log + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so I have 1/2 the natural log + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so I have 1/2 the natural log +of the product X and X+ 4 so now I'm + + align:start position:0% +of the product X and X+ 4 so now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of the product X and X+ 4 so now I'm +going to use rule number one which + + align:start position:0% +going to use rule number one which + + + align:start position:0% +going to use rule number one which +changes the product the natural log of a + + align:start position:0% +changes the product the natural log of a + + + align:start position:0% +changes the product the natural log of a +product into the sum of the natural logs + + align:start position:0% +product into the sum of the natural logs + + + align:start position:0% +product into the sum of the natural logs +and I can rewrite this as 12 natural log + + align:start position:0% +and I can rewrite this as 12 natural log + + + align:start position:0% +and I can rewrite this as 12 natural log +X + 12 natural log the quantity x + 4 + + align:start position:0% +X + 12 natural log the quantity x + 4 + + + align:start position:0% +X + 12 natural log the quantity x + 4 +essentially what I'm doing here is I + + align:start position:0% +essentially what I'm doing here is I + + + align:start position:0% +essentially what I'm doing here is I +have to I have to distribute this one2 + + align:start position:0% +have to I have to distribute this one2 + + + align:start position:0% +have to I have to distribute this one2 +because I had one term and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +because I had one term and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +because I had one term and then I'm +going to have two terms that are added + + align:start position:0% +going to have two terms that are added + + + align:start position:0% +going to have two terms that are added +together but the one half applies to + + align:start position:0% +together but the one half applies to + + + align:start position:0% +together but the one half applies to +both of them so now I have this nice + + align:start position:0% +both of them so now I have this nice + + + align:start position:0% +both of them so now I have this nice +setup I have natural log of Y is equal + + align:start position:0% +setup I have natural log of Y is equal + + + align:start position:0% +setup I have natural log of Y is equal +to Something in terms of X and now I can + + align:start position:0% +to Something in terms of X and now I can + + + align:start position:0% +to Something in terms of X and now I can +take the derivative of both sides now + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative of both sides now + + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative of both sides now +remember I want to find y Prime so + + align:start position:0% +remember I want to find y Prime so + + + align:start position:0% +remember I want to find y Prime so +there's some implicit differentiation + + align:start position:0% +there's some implicit differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +there's some implicit differentiation +going on so let's just be careful when + + align:start position:0% +going on so let's just be careful when + + + align:start position:0% +going on so let's just be careful when +we do that if I take the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +we do that if I take the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +we do that if I take the derivative of +this side I don't just get y Prime I get + + align:start position:0% +this side I don't just get y Prime I get + + + align:start position:0% +this side I don't just get y Prime I get +y Prime over Y where does that come from + + align:start position:0% +y Prime over Y where does that come from + + + align:start position:0% +y Prime over Y where does that come from +well DDX of this expression is the + + align:start position:0% +well DDX of this expression is the + + + align:start position:0% +well DDX of this expression is the +derivative of the natural log evaluated + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the natural log evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the natural log evaluated +at y then times the derivative of y + + align:start position:0% +at y then times the derivative of y + + + align:start position:0% +at y then times the derivative of y +you've seen this I think a lot by now + + align:start position:0% +you've seen this I think a lot by now + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen this I think a lot by now +but just to make sure you understand + + align:start position:0% +but just to make sure you understand + + + align:start position:0% +but just to make sure you understand +where both of those come from so when I + + align:start position:0% +where both of those come from so when I + + + align:start position:0% +where both of those come from so when I +take the derivative here I get y Prime + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative here I get y Prime + + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative here I get y Prime +over y when I take the derivative here + + align:start position:0% +over y when I take the derivative here + + + align:start position:0% +over y when I take the derivative here +with respect to X well derivative of + + align:start position:0% +with respect to X well derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to X well derivative of +natural log of x is just one overx so I + + align:start position:0% +natural log of x is just one overx so I + + + align:start position:0% +natural log of x is just one overx so I +get 1 over + + align:start position:0% +get 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +get 1 over +2X and then the derivative of natural + + align:start position:0% +2X and then the derivative of natural + + + align:start position:0% +2X and then the derivative of natural +log of x + 4 what if I use the chain + + align:start position:0% +log of x + 4 what if I use the chain + + + align:start position:0% +log of x + 4 what if I use the chain +rule I get 1x + 4 * the derivative of X+ + + align:start position:0% +rule I get 1x + 4 * the derivative of X+ + + + align:start position:0% +rule I get 1x + 4 * the derivative of X+ +4 which is still just one so I get 1 + + align:start position:0% +4 which is still just one so I get 1 + + + align:start position:0% +4 which is still just one so I get 1 +2 * x + + + align:start position:0% +2 * x + + + + align:start position:0% +2 * x + +4 so now I wanted us to find y Prime so + + align:start position:0% +4 so now I wanted us to find y Prime so + + + align:start position:0% +4 so now I wanted us to find y Prime so +to find y Prime I'm going to move over a + + align:start position:0% +to find y Prime I'm going to move over a + + + align:start position:0% +to find y Prime I'm going to move over a +little bit + + align:start position:0% +little bit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit +more and just notice that y Prime is + + align:start position:0% +more and just notice that y Prime is + + + align:start position:0% +more and just notice that y Prime is +going to equal y * all of that well I + + align:start position:0% +going to equal y * all of that well I + + + align:start position:0% +going to equal y * all of that well I +know y so I'm going to write what Y is y + + align:start position:0% +know y so I'm going to write what Y is y + + + align:start position:0% +know y so I'm going to write what Y is y +is the square T of x * x + + + align:start position:0% +is the square T of x * x + + + + align:start position:0% +is the square T of x * x + +4 times this + + align:start position:0% +4 times this + + + align:start position:0% +4 times this +quantity 1 over + + align:start position:0% +quantity 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +quantity 1 over +2X + 1 over 2 * x + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +4 so that's actually one way to write uh + + align:start position:0% +4 so that's actually one way to write uh + + + align:start position:0% +4 so that's actually one way to write uh +the derivative of y Prime now or F sorry + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of y Prime now or F sorry + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of y Prime now or F sorry +the derivative of y now I could combine + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of y now I could combine + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of y now I could combine +these two fractions into a single + + align:start position:0% +these two fractions into a single + + + align:start position:0% +these two fractions into a single +fraction and try and make it look a + + align:start position:0% +fraction and try and make it look a + + + align:start position:0% +fraction and try and make it look a +little bit nicer or I could just leave + + align:start position:0% +little bit nicer or I could just leave + + + align:start position:0% +little bit nicer or I could just leave +it this way this is technically a + + align:start position:0% +it this way this is technically a + + + align:start position:0% +it this way this is technically a +derivative so if I started trying to + + align:start position:0% +derivative so if I started trying to + + + align:start position:0% +derivative so if I started trying to +combine things I might find out that I + + align:start position:0% +combine things I might find out that I + + + align:start position:0% +combine things I might find out that I +could have just taken the derivative the + + align:start position:0% +could have just taken the derivative the + + + align:start position:0% +could have just taken the derivative the +long way so this is a nice short way to + + align:start position:0% +long way so this is a nice short way to + + + align:start position:0% +long way so this is a nice short way to +just get to a place + + align:start position:0% +just get to a place + + + align:start position:0% +just get to a place +place where I can start to find out + + align:start position:0% +place where I can start to find out + + + align:start position:0% +place where I can start to find out +something about uh the derivative of y + + align:start position:0% +something about uh the derivative of y + + + align:start position:0% +something about uh the derivative of y +so I guess I'll stop + + align:start position:0% +so I guess I'll stop + + + align:start position:0% +so I guess I'll stop +there \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/9hzVb4hfPPo.txt b/9hzVb4hfPPo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb4c22249afefae2cb5be3afde31655fb84adc02 --- /dev/null +++ b/9hzVb4hfPPo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1150 @@ +Hi. + +In this problem, Romeo and +Juliet are back and they're + +still looking to meet +up for a date. + +Remember, the last time we met +up with them, it was back in + +the beginning of the course and +they were trying to meet + +up for a date but they weren't +always punctual. + +So we modeled their delay as +uniformly distributed between + +0 and 1 hour. + +So now in this problem, +we're actually + +going to look at variation. + +And we're going to ask the +question, how do we actually + +know that the distribution is +uniformly distributed between + +0 and 1 hour? + +Or it could also be the case +that it is uniformly + +distributed between 0 +and half an hour, or + +zero and two hours. + +How do we actually know what +this parameter of the uniform + +distribution is? + +OK, so let's put ourselves in +the shoes of Romeo who's tired + +of being stood up by Juliet +on all these dates. + +And fortunately, he's learned +some probability since the + +beginning of course, +and so have we. + +And in particular we've learned +Bayesian inference. + +And so in this problem, we're +actually going to use + +basically all the concepts and +tools of Bayesian inference + +that we learned chapter +eight and apply them. + +So it's a nice review problem, +and so let's get started. + +The set of the problem is +similar to the first Romeo and + +Juliet problem that +we dealt with. + +They are meeting up for a date, +and they're not always + +punctual and they +have a delay. + +But instead of the delay being +uniformly distributed between + +0 and 1 hour, now we have an +extra layer of uncertainty. + +So if we know sum theta, then we +know that the delay, which + +we'll call x is uniformly +distributed + +between 0 and the theta. + +So here's one possible +theta, theta 1. + +But we don't actually know +what this theta is. + +So in the original problem +we knew that theta + +was exactly one hour. + +But in this problem we don't +know what theta is. + +So theta could also be like +this, some other theta 2. + +And we don't know what +this theta is. + +And we choose to model it as +being uniformly distributed + +between 0 and 1. + +So like I said, we have +two layers now. + +We have uncertainty about theta, +which is the parameters + +of the uniform distribution. + +And then we have uncertainty +in regards to the + +actual delay, x. + +OK, so let's actually +write out what these + +distributions are. + +So theta, the unknown parameter, +we're told in the + +problem that we're going to +assume that is uniformly + +distributed between 0 and 1. + +And so the PDF is just 1, when +theta is between 0 and 1, and + +0 otherwise. + +And we're told that, given what +theta is, given what this + +parameter is, the delay is +uniformly distributed between + +0 and this theta. + +So what that means is that we +know this conditional PDF, the + +conditional PDF of x given theta +is going to be 1 over + +theta if x is between 0 and +theta, and 0 otherwise. + +All right, because we know +that given a theta, x is + +uniformly distributed +between 0 and theta. + +So in order to make this uniform +distribution, it's the + +normalization or the heights, +you can think of it, has to be + +exactly 1 over theta. + +So just imagine for a concrete +case, if theta were 1, 1 hour + +in the original problem, then +this would just be a PDF of 1 + +or a standard uniform +distribution between 0 and 1. + +OK, so now this is, we have the +necessary fundamentals for + +this problem. + +And what do we do +in inference? + +Well the objective is +to try to infer + +some unknown parameter. + +And what we have is we have a +prior which is our initial + +belief for what this +parameter might be. + +And then we have some data. + +So in this case, the data that +we collect is the actual + +observed delayed +for Juliet, x. + +And this model tells +us how this data + +is essentially generated. + +And now what we do is, we want +to use the data and our prior + +belief, combined them somehow, +and use it to update our + +belief into what we call +our posterior. + +In order to do that, we use +Bayes' rule, which is why this + +is called Bayesian inference. + +So when we use Bayes' rule, +remember the Bayes' rule is + +just, we want to now find the +posterior which is the + +conditional PDF of theta, the +unknown parameter, given x. + +So essentially just flip +this condition. + +And remember Bayes' rule is +given as the following. + +It's just the prior times this +conditional PDF of x given + +theta divided by the PDF of x. + +All right, and we know what +most of these things are. + +The prior or just the +PDF of theta is 1. + +The condition PDF of x given +theta is 1 over theta. + +And then of course we +have this PDF of x. + +But we always have to be careful +because these two + +values are only valid for +certain ranges of theta and x. + +So in order for this to be +valid we need theta to be + +between 0 and 1 because +otherwise it would be 0. + +So we need theta to be +between 0 and 1. + +And we need x to be between +0 and theta. + + + +And otherwise this would be 0. + + + +So now we're almost done. + +One last thing we need to do +is just calculate what this + +denominator is, f x of x. + +Well the denominator, +remember, is just a + +normalization. + +And it's actually relatively +less important because what + +we'll find out is that this has +no dependence on theta. + +It will only depend on x. + +So the importance, the +dependence on theta, will be + +captured just by +the numerator. + +But for completeness let's +calculate out what this is. + +So it's just a normalization. + +So it's actually just the +integral of the numerator. + +You can think of it as an +application of kind of total + +probability. + + + +So we have this that we +integrate over and what do we + +integrate this over? + +Well we know that we're +integrating over theta. + +And we know that theta +has to be between x-- + +has to be greater than x and +it has to be less than 1. + +So we integrate from theta +equals x to 1. + +And this is just the integral +from x to 1 of + +the numerator, right? + +This is just 1 and this +is 1 over theta. + +So it's the integral of 1 over +theta, d theta from x to 1. + +Which when you do it out, +this is the integral, + +this is log of theta. + +So it's log of 1 +minus log of x. + +Log of 1 is 0. + +X, remember x is between +0 and theta. + +Theta is less than 1. + +So x has to be between +0 and 1. + +The log of something between +0 and 1 is negative. + +So this is a negative number. + +This is 0. + +And then we have a +negative sign. + +So really what we can write this +as is the absolute value + +of log of x. + +This is just so that it would +actually be negative log of x. + +But because log of x is +negative we can just-- + +we know that this is actually +going to be a positive number. + +So this is just to make it +look more intuitive. + +OK so now to complete this we +can just plug that back in and + +the final answer is-- + +this is going to be the absolute +value log of x or you + +could also rewrite this as 1 +over theta times absolute + +value log of x. + +And of course, remember that +the actual limits for where + +this is valid are +very important. + +OK, so what does this +actually mean? + +Let's try to interpret +what this answer is. + +So what we have is this is the +posterior distribution. + +And now what have we done? + +Well we started out with the +prior, which was that theta is + +uniform between 0 and +between 0 and 1. + +This is our prior belief. + +Now we observed some data. + +And this allows us to +update our belief. + +And this is the update +that we get. + +So let's just assume that we +observe that Juliet is late by + +half an hour. + +Well if she's late by half an +hour, what does that tell us + +about what theta can be? + +Well what we know from that at +least is that theta cannot be + +anything less than half an hour +because if theta were + +less than half an hour there's +no way that her delay-- + +remember her delay we know +has to be distributed + +between 0 and theta. + +There's no way that her delay +could be half an hour if theta + +were less than half an hour. + +So automatically we know that +now theta has to be somewhere + +between x and one which is where +this limit comes in. + +So we know that theta have to be +between x and 1 now instead + +of just 0 and 1. + +So by observing an x that cuts +down and eliminates part of + +the range of theta, the range +that theta can take on. + +Now what else do we know? + +Well this, we can actually +plot this. + +This is a function of theta. + +The log x, we can just +think of it as some + +sort of scaling factor. + +So it's something like +1 over theta scaled. + +And so that's going to look +something like this. + + + +And so what we've done is we've +transformed the prior, + +which looks like flat and +uniform into something that + +looks like this, +the posterior. + +So we've eliminated small values +of x because we know + +that those can't be possible. + +And now what's left is +everything between x and 1. + +So now why is it also that +it becomes not uniform + +between x and 1? + +Well it's because, if you think +about it, when theta is + +close to x, so say x +is half an hour. + +If theta is half an hour, that +means that there's higher + +probability that you will +actually observe something, a + +delay of half an hour because +there's only a range between 0 + +and half an hour that +x can be drawn from. + +Now if theta was actually 1 then +x could be drawn anywhere + +from 0 to 1 which is +a wider range. + +And so it's less likely that +you'll get a value of x equal + +to half an hour. + +And so because of that values +of theta closer + +to x are more likely. + +That's why you get this +decreasing function. + +OK, so now let's continue and +now what we have is this is + +the case for if you observe +one data point. + +So you arrange a date with +Juliet, you observe how late + +she is, and you get +one value of x. + +And now suppose you want to get +collect more data so you + +arrange say 10 dates +with Juliet. + +And for each one you observe +how late she was. + +So now we can collect multiple +samples, say + +n samples of delays. + +So x1 is her delay on +the first date. + +Xn is her delay on +the nth date. + +And x we can now just call a +variable that's a collection + +of all of these. + +And now the question is, how do +you incorporate in all this + +information into updating +your belief about theta? + +And it's actually pretty +analogous to + +what we've done here. + +The important assumption that +we make in this problem is + +that conditional on theta, all +of these delays are in fact + +conditionally independent. + +And that's going to help +us solve this problem. + +So the set up is essentially +the same. + +What we still need is a-- + +we still need the prior. + +And the prior hasn't changed. + + + +The prior is still uniform +between 0 and 1. + + + +The way the actual delays are +generated is we still assume + +to be the same given conditional +on theta, each one + +of these is conditionally +independent, and each one is + +uniformly distributed +between 0 and theta. + +And so what we get is that this +is going to be equal to-- + +you can also imagine this as +a big joint PDF, joint + +conditional PDF of +all the x's. + +And because we said that they +are conditionally independent + +given theta, then we can +actually split this joint PDF + +into the product of a lot of +individual conditional PDFs. + +So this we can actually rewrite +as PDF of x1 given + +theta times all the way through +the condition PDF of + +xn given theta. + +And because we assume that +each one of these is-- + +for each one of these it's +uniformly distributed between + +0 and theta, they're +all the same. + +So in fact what we get +is 1 over theta + +for each one of these. + +And there's n of them. + +So it's 1 over theta to the n. + + + +But what values of x +is this valid for? + +What values of x and theta? + +Well what we need is that for +each one of these, we need + +that theta has to be at least +equal to whatever x you get. + +Whatever x you observe, theta +has to at least that. + +So we know that theta has to at +least equal to x1 and all + +the way through xn. + +And so theta has to be at least +greater than or equal to + +all these x's and otherwise +this would be 0. + +So let's define something +that's going to help us. + +Let's define x bar to be +the maximum of all + +the observed x's. + +And so what we can do is rewrite +this condition as + +theta has to be at least +equal to the + +maximum, equal to x bar. + +All right, and now we can +again apply Bayes' rule. + +Bayes' rule will tell us +what this posterior + +distribution is. + +So again the numerator will +be the prior times this + +conditional PDF over PDF of x. + +OK, so the numerator again, +the prior is just one. + +This distribution we calculated +over here. + +It's 1 over theta to the n. + +And then we have this +denominator. + + + +And again, we need to be careful +to write down when + +this is actually valid. + +So it's actually valid when x +bar is greater than theta-- + +I'm sorry, x bar is less than +or equal to theta, and + +otherwise it's zero. + +So this is actually more +or less complete. + +Again we need to calculate out +what exactly this denominator + +is but just like before it's +actually just a scaling factor + +which is independent +of what theta is. + +So if we wanted to, we could +actually calculate this out. + +It would be just like before. + +It would be the integral of the +numerator, which is 1 over + +theta to the n d theta. + +And we integrate theta from +before, it was from x to 1. + +But now we need to integrate +from x bar to 1. + +And if we wanted to, we can +actually do others. + +It's fairly simple calculus +to calculate what this + +normalization factor would be. + +But the main point is that the +shape of it will be dictated + +by this 1 over theta +to the n term. + +And so now we know that with n +pieces of data, it's actually + +going to be 1-- + +the shape will be 1 over theta +to the n, where theta has to + +be at least greater than +or equal to x bar. + +Before it was actually just +1 over theta and has to be + +between x and 1. + +So you can kind of see how the +problem generalizes when you + +collect more data. + +So now imagine that +this is the new-- + +when you collect n pieces of +data, the maximum of all the + +x's is here. + +Well, it turns out that it's the +posterior now is going to + +look something like this. + + + +So it becomes steeper because +it's 1 over theta to the n as + +opposed to 1 over theta. + +And it's limited to be +between x bar and 1. + +And so with more data you're +more sure of the range that + +theta can take on because each +data points eliminates parts + +of theta, the range of theta +that theta can't be. + +And so you're left with +just x bar to 1. + +And you're also more certain. + +So you have this kind +of distribution. + +OK, so this is kind of the +posterior distribution which + +tells you the entire +distribution of what the + +unknown parameter-- + +the entire distribution of the +unknown parameter given all + +the data that you have +plus the prior + +distribution that you have. + +But if someone were to come to +ask you, your manager asks + +you, well what is your best +guess of what theta is? + +It's less informative or less +clear when you tell them, + +here's the distribution. + +Because you still have a big +range of what theta could be, + +it could be anything between +x and 1 or x bar and 1. + +So if you wanted to actually +come up with a point estimate + +which is just one single value, +there's different ways + +you can do it. + +The first way that we'll talk +about is the map rule. + +What the map rule does is +it takes the posterior + +distribution and just finds +the value of the parameter + +that gives the maximum posterior +distribution, the + +maximum point in the posterior +distribution. + +So if you look at this posture +distribution, the map will + +just take the highest value. + +And in this case, because the +posterior looks like this, the + +highest value is in fact x. + +And so theta hat map +is actually just x. + +And if you think about it, this +kind of an optimistic + +estimate because you always +assume that it's whatever, if + +Juliet were 30 minutes late then +you assume that her delay + +is uniformly distributed between +0 and 30 minutes. + +Well in fact, even though she +arrived 30 minutes late, that + +could have been because she's +actually distributed between 0 + +and 1 hour and you just happened +to get 30 minutes. + +But what you do is you always +take kind of the optimistic, + +and just give her the benefit of +the doubt, and say that was + +actually kind of the worst +case scenario given her + +distribution. + +So another way to take this +entire posterior distribution + +and come up with just a single +number, a point estimate, is + +to take the conditional +expectation. + +So you have an entire +distribution. + +So there's two obvious ways of +getting a number out of this. + +One is to take the maximum and +the other is to take the + +expectation. + +So take everything in the +distribution, combine it and + +come up with a estimate. + +So if you think about it, it +will probably be something + +like here, would be the +conditional distribution. + +So this is called the +LMS estimator. + +And the way to calculate it is +just like we said, you take + +the conditional expectation. + + + +So how do we take the +conditional expectation? + +Remember it is just the value +and you weight it by the + +correct distribution, in this +case it's the conditional PDF + +of theta given x which is the +posterior distribution. + +And what do we integrate +theta from? + +Well we integrate +it from x to 1. + +Now if we plug this in, we +integrate from x to 1, theta + +times the posterior. + +The posterior we calculated +earlier, it was 1 over theta + +times the absolute +value of log x. + +So the thetas just cancel out, +and you just have 1 over + +absolute value of log x. + +Well that doesn't +depend on theta. + +So what you get is just 1 +minus x over absolute + +value of log x. + +All right, so we can actually +plot this, so we have two + +estimates now. + +One is that the estimate +is just theta-- + +the estimate is just x. + +The other one is that it's +1 minus x over absolute + +value of log x. + +So we can plot this and +compare the two. + + + +So here's x, and here is theta +hat, theta hat of x for the + +two different estimates. + +So here's you the estimate from +the map rule which is + +whatever x is, we estimate +that theta is equal to x. + +So it just looks like this. + +Now if we plot this, turns +out that it looks + +something like this. + + + +And so whatever x is, this +will tell you what the + +estimate, the LMS estimate +of theta would be. + +And it turns out that +it's always higher + +than the map estimate. + +So it's less optimistic. + +And it kind of factors in +the entire distribution. + + + +So because there are several +parts to this problem, we're + +going to take a pause for a +quick break and we'll come + +back and finish the problem +in a little bit. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/9is-GrNpNvA.txt b/9is-GrNpNvA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd51b3df477ca93d9122c0634cf8027a05689e71 --- /dev/null +++ b/9is-GrNpNvA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25561 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay it's 106 we're going to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay it's 106 we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay it's 106 we're going to +start presentations at 1:10 so ghost Ma + + align:start position:0% +start presentations at 1:10 so ghost Ma + + + align:start position:0% +start presentations at 1:10 so ghost Ma +just get started um you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +just get started um you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +just get started um you don't have to +come down here yet but just make sure + + align:start position:0% +come down here yet but just make sure + + + align:start position:0% +come down here yet but just make sure +you're ready + + align:start position:0% +you're ready + + + align:start position:0% +you're ready +um so just a brief um going over what + + align:start position:0% +um so just a brief um going over what + + + align:start position:0% +um so just a brief um going over what +we're doing + + align:start position:0% +we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing +today um presentations I hear a lot of + + align:start position:0% +today um presentations I hear a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +today um presentations I hear a lot of +really good energy in the room so I hope + + align:start position:0% +really good energy in the room so I hope + + + align:start position:0% +really good energy in the room so I hope +to hear that when you come down and tell + + align:start position:0% +to hear that when you come down and tell + + + align:start position:0% +to hear that when you come down and tell +us about your about your games and all + + align:start position:0% +us about your about your games and all + + + align:start position:0% +us about your about your games and all +the foibles all the things that went + + align:start position:0% +the foibles all the things that went + + + align:start position:0% +the foibles all the things that went +wrong all the things went right um + + align:start position:0% +wrong all the things went right um + + + align:start position:0% +wrong all the things went right um +hopefully this is a really good prep for + + align:start position:0% +hopefully this is a really good prep for + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully this is a really good prep for +you for our next assignment which is + + align:start position:0% +you for our next assignment which is + + + align:start position:0% +you for our next assignment which is +going to be much much longer um so after + + align:start position:0% +going to be much much longer um so after + + + align:start position:0% +going to be much much longer um so after +we get through our with presentations + + align:start position:0% +we get through our with presentations + + + align:start position:0% +we get through our with presentations +we'll take a brief break and then we're + + align:start position:0% +we'll take a brief break and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +we'll take a brief break and then we're +going to just jump right into project + + align:start position:0% +going to just jump right into project + + + align:start position:0% +going to just jump right into project +four um I'll in project 4 again um going + + align:start position:0% +four um I'll in project 4 again um going + + + align:start position:0% +four um I'll in project 4 again um going +through all the boring slides with all + + align:start position:0% +through all the boring slides with all + + + align:start position:0% +through all the boring slides with all +the deadlines and stuff um if you want + + align:start position:0% +the deadlines and stuff um if you want + + + align:start position:0% +the deadlines and stuff um if you want +to follow when I get to that if you want + + align:start position:0% +to follow when I get to that if you want + + + align:start position:0% +to follow when I get to that if you want +to follow along on Stellar I just + + align:start position:0% +to follow along on Stellar I just + + + align:start position:0% +to follow along on Stellar I just +updated the um the project for + + align:start position:0% +updated the um the project for + + + align:start position:0% +updated the um the project for +assignment today to make sure that the + + align:start position:0% +assignment today to make sure that the + + + align:start position:0% +assignment today to make sure that the +deadlines were correct um and we'll + + align:start position:0% +deadlines were correct um and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +deadlines were correct um and we'll +double check that again as well um + + align:start position:0% +double check that again as well um + + + align:start position:0% +double check that again as well um +unfortunately Pablo who came to us in + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately Pablo who came to us in + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately Pablo who came to us in +the beginning of the semester is not + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the semester is not + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the semester is not +here with us in person but he will be + + align:start position:0% +here with us in person but he will be + + + align:start position:0% +here with us in person but he will be +here with us on Skype um he's in Geneva + + align:start position:0% +here with us on Skype um he's in Geneva + + + align:start position:0% +here with us on Skype um he's in Geneva +right now but he'll be talking to us + + align:start position:0% +right now but he'll be talking to us + + + align:start position:0% +right now but he'll be talking to us +about um what they're looking for for + + align:start position:0% +about um what they're looking for for + + + align:start position:0% +about um what they're looking for for +project for I'm in particular we're + + align:start position:0% +project for I'm in particular we're + + + align:start position:0% +project for I'm in particular we're +going to be introduced to six different + + align:start position:0% +going to be introduced to six different + + + align:start position:0% +going to be introduced to six different +game topics game design topics and + + align:start position:0% +game topics game design topics and + + + align:start position:0% +game topics game design topics and +you're going to choose one of them um + + align:start position:0% +you're going to choose one of them um + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to choose one of them um +we're not necessarily making your choice + + align:start position:0% +we're not necessarily making your choice + + + align:start position:0% +we're not necessarily making your choice +today um we're going to do brainstorming + + align:start position:0% +today um we're going to do brainstorming + + + align:start position:0% +today um we're going to do brainstorming +today we're going to have people um form + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to have people um form + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to have people um form +up into brainstorming groups around + + align:start position:0% +up into brainstorming groups around + + + align:start position:0% +up into brainstorming groups around +these topics to talk about them and then + + align:start position:0% +these topics to talk about them and then + + + align:start position:0% +these topics to talk about them and then +you will have over the weekend to talk + + align:start position:0% +you will have over the weekend to talk + + + align:start position:0% +you will have over the weekend to talk +about it on the mailing list to read + + align:start position:0% +about it on the mailing list to read + + + align:start position:0% +about it on the mailing list to read +some of the the resources and some of + + align:start position:0% +some of the the resources and some of + + + align:start position:0% +some of the the resources and some of +the materials we posted to Stellar to + + align:start position:0% +the materials we posted to Stellar to + + + align:start position:0% +the materials we posted to Stellar to +see which topic you're most interested + + align:start position:0% +see which topic you're most interested + + + align:start position:0% +see which topic you're most interested +in and we're going to start the day off + + align:start position:0% +in and we're going to start the day off + + + align:start position:0% +in and we're going to start the day off +Monday with forming teams so we got bit + + align:start position:0% +Monday with forming teams so we got bit + + + align:start position:0% +Monday with forming teams so we got bit +a bit longer time to form teams a bit + + align:start position:0% +a bit longer time to form teams a bit + + + align:start position:0% +a bit longer time to form teams a bit +longer time to really think about the + + align:start position:0% +longer time to really think about the + + + align:start position:0% +longer time to really think about the +the topic and to think about the what + + align:start position:0% +the topic and to think about the what + + + align:start position:0% +the topic and to think about the what +the Project's going to be um again + + align:start position:0% +the Project's going to be um again + + + align:start position:0% +the Project's going to be um again +you're going to have more time to + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have more time to + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have more time to +actually do concepting on this project + + align:start position:0% +actually do concepting on this project + + + align:start position:0% +actually do concepting on this project +it's an eight-week project nine weeks if + + align:start position:0% +it's an eight-week project nine weeks if + + + align:start position:0% +it's an eight-week project nine weeks if +you count Spring Break um and which you + + align:start position:0% +you count Spring Break um and which you + + + align:start position:0% +you count Spring Break um and which you +shouldn't we designed it as an 8we + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't we designed it as an 8we + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't we designed it as an 8we +project + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um what's that not spring break I said + + align:start position:0% +um what's that not spring break I said + + + align:start position:0% +um what's that not spring break I said +no yeah no not yeah don't yeah don't + + align:start position:0% +no yeah no not yeah don't yeah don't + + + align:start position:0% +no yeah no not yeah don't yeah don't +work on Spring Break um like you like + + align:start position:0% +work on Spring Break um like you like + + + align:start position:0% +work on Spring Break um like you like +you were going + + align:start position:0% +you were going + + + align:start position:0% +you were going +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um any quick questions before we start + + align:start position:0% +um any quick questions before we start + + + align:start position:0% +um any quick questions before we start +we got two minutes left any quick + + align:start position:0% +we got two minutes left any quick + + + align:start position:0% +we got two minutes left any quick +questions you might have had about + + align:start position:0% +questions you might have had about + + + align:start position:0% +questions you might have had about +project 3 about + + align:start position:0% +project 3 about + + + align:start position:0% +project 3 about +turn-ins + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H I said don't work work during spring + + align:start position:0% +H I said don't work work during spring + + + align:start position:0% +H I said don't work work during spring +break we designed we designed this as an + + align:start position:0% +break we designed we designed this as an + + + align:start position:0% +break we designed we designed this as an +8we project for project 4 is an 8we + + align:start position:0% +8we project for project 4 is an 8we + + + align:start position:0% +8we project for project 4 is an 8we +project we designed it so that you are + + align:start position:0% +project we designed it so that you are + + + align:start position:0% +project we designed it so that you are +not working on the project over spring + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +break what's up oh sh it's you could + + align:start position:0% +break what's up oh sh it's you could + + + align:start position:0% +break what's up oh sh it's you could +give me some details about what I'm + + align:start position:0% +give me some details about what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +give me some details about what I'm +screwing up over here so do we have a + + align:start position:0% +screwing up over here so do we have a + + + align:start position:0% +screwing up over here so do we have a +fall break do we not what what don't we + + align:start position:0% +fall break do we not what what don't we + + + align:start position:0% +fall break do we not what what don't we +have a weekl long break Thanksgiving + + align:start position:0% +have a weekl long break Thanksgiving + + + align:start position:0% +have a weekl long break Thanksgiving +break yeah it's 70 degrees outside I'm + + align:start position:0% +break yeah it's 70 degrees outside I'm + + + align:start position:0% +break yeah it's 70 degrees outside I'm +in a different place right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now all right uh so ghost maze um come + + align:start position:0% +now all right uh so ghost maze um come + + + align:start position:0% +now all right uh so ghost maze um come +on down and make sure your projector uh + + align:start position:0% +on down and make sure your projector uh + + + align:start position:0% +on down and make sure your projector uh +if you're going to use a projector at + + align:start position:0% +if you're going to use a projector at + + + align:start position:0% +if you're going to use a projector at +all works + + align:start position:0% +all works + + + align:start position:0% +all works +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what's up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I still didn't + + align:start position:0% +I still didn't + + + align:start position:0% +I still didn't +understand no just like before it's just + + align:start position:0% +understand no just like before it's just + + + align:start position:0% +understand no just like before it's just +only need as many people as you need to + + align:start position:0% +only need as many people as you need to + + + align:start position:0% +only need as many people as you need to +present to come down uh so if you don't + + align:start position:0% +present to come down uh so if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +present to come down uh so if you don't +remember our game was Ghost Maze and + + align:start position:0% +remember our game was Ghost Maze and + + + align:start position:0% +remember our game was Ghost Maze and +we'll run you through a quick refresher + + align:start position:0% +we'll run you through a quick refresher + + + align:start position:0% +we'll run you through a quick refresher +of what the game actually was first so + + align:start position:0% +of what the game actually was first so + + + align:start position:0% +of what the game actually was first so +you remember what it + + align:start position:0% +you remember what it + + + align:start position:0% +you remember what it +is um so here we have our character in a + + align:start position:0% +is um so here we have our character in a + + + align:start position:0% +is um so here we have our character in a +maze you just woken up and you're into + + align:start position:0% +maze you just woken up and you're into + + + align:start position:0% +maze you just woken up and you're into +the dark maze all you have is your + + align:start position:0% +the dark maze all you have is your + + + align:start position:0% +the dark maze all you have is your +Lantern and so your objective is to + + align:start position:0% +Lantern and so your objective is to + + + align:start position:0% +Lantern and so your objective is to +explore the maze avoid ghosts and drop + + align:start position:0% +explore the maze avoid ghosts and drop + + + align:start position:0% +explore the maze avoid ghosts and drop +beacons to help you explore the Maze and + + align:start position:0% +beacons to help you explore the Maze and + + + align:start position:0% +beacons to help you explore the Maze and +then find a key which will then unlock + + align:start position:0% +then find a key which will then unlock + + + align:start position:0% +then find a key which will then unlock +an exit for you to get out of the Maze + + align:start position:0% +an exit for you to get out of the Maze + + + align:start position:0% +an exit for you to get out of the Maze +and so there are different effects that + + align:start position:0% +and so there are different effects that + + + align:start position:0% +and so there are different effects that +happen during the game such as um your + + align:start position:0% +happen during the game such as um your + + + align:start position:0% +happen during the game such as um your +sanity starts decreasing as the game + + align:start position:0% +sanity starts decreasing as the game + + + align:start position:0% +sanity starts decreasing as the game +goes goes on and then randomly as your + + align:start position:0% +goes goes on and then randomly as your + + + align:start position:0% +goes goes on and then randomly as your +sanity starts getting lower and lower + + align:start position:0% +sanity starts getting lower and lower + + + align:start position:0% +sanity starts getting lower and lower +your movement will get impaired randomly + + align:start position:0% +your movement will get impaired randomly + + + align:start position:0% +your movement will get impaired randomly +and the light will turn red as you can + + align:start position:0% +and the light will turn red as you can + + + align:start position:0% +and the light will turn red as you can +see in this picture right here and then + + align:start position:0% +see in this picture right here and then + + + align:start position:0% +see in this picture right here and then +another interaction that we had uh was + + align:start position:0% +another interaction that we had uh was + + + align:start position:0% +another interaction that we had uh was +when you get close enough to a ghost + + align:start position:0% +when you get close enough to a ghost + + + align:start position:0% +when you get close enough to a ghost +your sanity starts decreasing faster so + + align:start position:0% +your sanity starts decreasing faster so + + + align:start position:0% +your sanity starts decreasing faster so +the light turns blue to let you know + + align:start position:0% +the light turns blue to let you know + + + align:start position:0% +the light turns blue to let you know +that you're too close to a ghost and you + + align:start position:0% +that you're too close to a ghost and you + + + align:start position:0% +that you're too close to a ghost and you +need to get away from that + + align:start position:0% +need to get away from that + + + align:start position:0% +need to get away from that +ghost yeah so a few things that went + + align:start position:0% +ghost yeah so a few things that went + + + align:start position:0% +ghost yeah so a few things that went +right was that um it was hard to balance + + align:start position:0% +right was that um it was hard to balance + + + align:start position:0% +right was that um it was hard to balance +everyone's schedules but everyone was + + align:start position:0% +everyone's schedules but everyone was + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's schedules but everyone was +pretty flexible in terms of what + + align:start position:0% +pretty flexible in terms of what + + + align:start position:0% +pretty flexible in terms of what +features they were working on so people + + align:start position:0% +features they were working on so people + + + align:start position:0% +features they were working on so people +would adapt to the features that needed + + align:start position:0% +would adapt to the features that needed + + + align:start position:0% +would adapt to the features that needed +to be done at that time um so like being + + align:start position:0% +to be done at that time um so like being + + + align:start position:0% +to be done at that time um so like being +like flexibility was I think um + + align:start position:0% +like flexibility was I think um + + + align:start position:0% +like flexibility was I think um +something that went more or less well in + + align:start position:0% +something that went more or less well in + + + align:start position:0% +something that went more or less well in +terms of like working on what needed to + + align:start position:0% +terms of like working on what needed to + + + align:start position:0% +terms of like working on what needed to +be worked on uh second thing that went + + align:start position:0% +be worked on uh second thing that went + + + align:start position:0% +be worked on uh second thing that went +right was user experience so we spent a + + align:start position:0% +right was user experience so we spent a + + + align:start position:0% +right was user experience so we spent a +lot of time focusing on user experience + + align:start position:0% +lot of time focusing on user experience + + + align:start position:0% +lot of time focusing on user experience +and playing with the camera playing with + + align:start position:0% +and playing with the camera playing with + + + align:start position:0% +and playing with the camera playing with +shadows playing with the player movement + + align:start position:0% +shadows playing with the player movement + + + align:start position:0% +shadows playing with the player movement +um we spent a lot of time like putting + + align:start position:0% +um we spent a lot of time like putting + + + align:start position:0% +um we spent a lot of time like putting +in graphics and audio so that it seemed + + align:start position:0% +in graphics and audio so that it seemed + + + align:start position:0% +in graphics and audio so that it seemed +a little more realistic to really put + + align:start position:0% +a little more realistic to really put + + + align:start position:0% +a little more realistic to really put +you in the context that you were in a + + align:start position:0% +you in the context that you were in a + + + align:start position:0% +you in the context that you were in a +dark maze and + + align:start position:0% +dark maze and + + + align:start position:0% +dark maze and +lost um a few things that went wrong is + + align:start position:0% +lost um a few things that went wrong is + + + align:start position:0% +lost um a few things that went wrong is +we started out using flexel but it took + + align:start position:0% +we started out using flexel but it took + + + align:start position:0% +we started out using flexel but it took +us a few days and we still couldn't get + + align:start position:0% +us a few days and we still couldn't get + + + align:start position:0% +us a few days and we still couldn't get +up a Dev environment running so uh we + + align:start position:0% +up a Dev environment running so uh we + + + align:start position:0% +up a Dev environment running so uh we +decided to switch over to Unity um one + + align:start position:0% +decided to switch over to Unity um one + + + align:start position:0% +decided to switch over to Unity um one +that was like a pretty wise choice but + + align:start position:0% +that was like a pretty wise choice but + + + align:start position:0% +that was like a pretty wise choice but +we made it pretty late um we found that + + align:start position:0% +we made it pretty late um we found that + + + align:start position:0% +we made it pretty late um we found that +collab ative coding on Unity was really + + align:start position:0% +collab ative coding on Unity was really + + + align:start position:0% +collab ative coding on Unity was really +hard um certain changes like to the main + + align:start position:0% +hard um certain changes like to the main + + + align:start position:0% +hard um certain changes like to the main +scene would like they wouldn't merge + + align:start position:0% +scene would like they wouldn't merge + + + align:start position:0% +scene would like they wouldn't merge +well um and so also when we were working + + align:start position:0% +well um and so also when we were working + + + align:start position:0% +well um and so also when we were working +on different branches and then tried to + + align:start position:0% +on different branches and then tried to + + + align:start position:0% +on different branches and then tried to +merge back into Master it seemed like + + align:start position:0% +merge back into Master it seemed like + + + align:start position:0% +merge back into Master it seemed like +people's changes were lost or + + align:start position:0% +people's changes were lost or + + + align:start position:0% +people's changes were lost or +overwritten so we found that Unity + + align:start position:0% +overwritten so we found that Unity + + + align:start position:0% +overwritten so we found that Unity +wasn't great in terms of like having a + + align:start position:0% +wasn't great in terms of like having a + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't great in terms of like having a +big team project where a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +big team project where a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +big team project where a lot of people +are coding at once and sometimes we just + + align:start position:0% +are coding at once and sometimes we just + + + align:start position:0% +are coding at once and sometimes we just +reapply changes um like onto the master + + align:start position:0% +reapply changes um like onto the master + + + align:start position:0% +reapply changes um like onto the master +Branch um something else is like we all + + align:start position:0% +Branch um something else is like we all + + + align:start position:0% +Branch um something else is like we all +had really busy schedules people were + + align:start position:0% +had really busy schedules people were + + + align:start position:0% +had really busy schedules people were +out of town in town like could only work + + align:start position:0% +out of town in town like could only work + + + align:start position:0% +out of town in town like could only work +on the project at certain points um so I + + align:start position:0% +on the project at certain points um so I + + + align:start position:0% +on the project at certain points um so I +think something that helped um with that + + align:start position:0% +think something that helped um with that + + + align:start position:0% +think something that helped um with that +was at the beginning we did a pretty + + align:start position:0% +was at the beginning we did a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +was at the beginning we did a pretty +good job of delegating um tasks to + + align:start position:0% +good job of delegating um tasks to + + + align:start position:0% +good job of delegating um tasks to +people who could work on the project + + align:start position:0% +people who could work on the project + + + align:start position:0% +people who could work on the project +earlier but then later on it was pretty + + align:start position:0% +earlier but then later on it was pretty + + + align:start position:0% +earlier but then later on it was pretty +like halfhazard in terms of who was + + align:start position:0% +like halfhazard in terms of who was + + + align:start position:0% +like halfhazard in terms of who was +available at one time so maybe um + + align:start position:0% +available at one time so maybe um + + + align:start position:0% +available at one time so maybe um +reevaluating priorities as the project + + align:start position:0% +reevaluating priorities as the project + + + align:start position:0% +reevaluating priorities as the project +went on would have been I think really + + align:start position:0% +went on would have been I think really + + + align:start position:0% +went on would have been I think really +helpful so Lessons Learned uh we spent a + + align:start position:0% +helpful so Lessons Learned uh we spent a + + + align:start position:0% +helpful so Lessons Learned uh we spent a +lot of time working on our user + + align:start position:0% +lot of time working on our user + + + align:start position:0% +lot of time working on our user +experience um because we had a 3D + + align:start position:0% +experience um because we had a 3D + + + align:start position:0% +experience um because we had a 3D +Perspective game there was a lot of + + align:start position:0% +Perspective game there was a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +Perspective game there was a lot of +thought that went into how the light was + + align:start position:0% +thought that went into how the light was + + + align:start position:0% +thought that went into how the light was +hitting the player how to get the + + align:start position:0% +hitting the player how to get the + + + align:start position:0% +hitting the player how to get the +Shadows to cast properly how the player + + align:start position:0% +Shadows to cast properly how the player + + + align:start position:0% +Shadows to cast properly how the player +knows that the player is in a maze and + + align:start position:0% +knows that the player is in a maze and + + + align:start position:0% +knows that the player is in a maze and +um being able to move around and + + align:start position:0% +um being able to move around and + + + align:start position:0% +um being able to move around and +understand how your sanity is decreasing + + align:start position:0% +understand how your sanity is decreasing + + + align:start position:0% +understand how your sanity is decreasing +we spent a lot of time testing that uh + + align:start position:0% +we spent a lot of time testing that uh + + + align:start position:0% +we spent a lot of time testing that uh +working early and quickly this was + + align:start position:0% +working early and quickly this was + + + align:start position:0% +working early and quickly this was +partly hindered because we lost like at + + align:start position:0% +partly hindered because we lost like at + + + align:start position:0% +partly hindered because we lost like at +least four days of work because we were + + align:start position:0% +least four days of work because we were + + + align:start position:0% +least four days of work because we were +trying to get flixel set up and then it + + align:start position:0% +trying to get flixel set up and then it + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get flixel set up and then it +just didn't work and we had to switch to + + align:start position:0% +just didn't work and we had to switch to + + + align:start position:0% +just didn't work and we had to switch to +Unity so basically starting over from + + align:start position:0% +Unity so basically starting over from + + + align:start position:0% +Unity so basically starting over from +scratch um working early and quickly is + + align:start position:0% +scratch um working early and quickly is + + + align:start position:0% +scratch um working early and quickly is +super important because uh we ended up + + align:start position:0% +super important because uh we ended up + + + align:start position:0% +super important because uh we ended up +having to drop quite a few features + + align:start position:0% +having to drop quite a few features + + + align:start position:0% +having to drop quite a few features +because we didn't get enough done on + + align:start position:0% +because we didn't get enough done on + + + align:start position:0% +because we didn't get enough done on +time and we also learned that working in + + align:start position:0% +time and we also learned that working in + + + align:start position:0% +time and we also learned that working in +3D is very very hard um we were + + align:start position:0% +3D is very very hard um we were + + + align:start position:0% +3D is very very hard um we were +originally going to do a 2d game and + + align:start position:0% +originally going to do a 2d game and + + + align:start position:0% +originally going to do a 2d game and +then thought oh how hard would it be to + + align:start position:0% +then thought oh how hard would it be to + + + align:start position:0% +then thought oh how hard would it be to +we have a 2d game but let's just give it + + align:start position:0% +we have a 2d game but let's just give it + + + align:start position:0% +we have a 2d game but let's just give it +a 3D perspective that was not a good + + align:start position:0% +a 3D perspective that was not a good + + + align:start position:0% +a 3D perspective that was not a good +idea um doing the textures took a long + + align:start position:0% +idea um doing the textures took a long + + + align:start position:0% +idea um doing the textures took a long +time it ended up looking really really + + align:start position:0% +time it ended up looking really really + + + align:start position:0% +time it ended up looking really really +nice as you can see in the pictures but + + align:start position:0% +nice as you can see in the pictures but + + + align:start position:0% +nice as you can see in the pictures but +the time investment was a huge time + + align:start position:0% +the time investment was a huge time + + + align:start position:0% +the time investment was a huge time +investment that we could have used to + + align:start position:0% +investment that we could have used to + + + align:start position:0% +investment that we could have used to +put in uh some more complex mechanics + + align:start position:0% +put in uh some more complex mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +put in uh some more complex mechanics +into our + + align:start position:0% +into our + + + align:start position:0% +into our +game and future improvements um Team + + align:start position:0% +game and future improvements um Team + + + align:start position:0% +game and future improvements um Team +communication and availability is a huge + + align:start position:0% +communication and availability is a huge + + + align:start position:0% +communication and availability is a huge +one um we as Rachel said we had a task + + align:start position:0% +one um we as Rachel said we had a task + + + align:start position:0% +one um we as Rachel said we had a task +assigned at the beginning but then due + + align:start position:0% +assigned at the beginning but then due + + + align:start position:0% +assigned at the beginning but then due +to people's schedules uh we didn't + + align:start position:0% +to people's schedules uh we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +to people's schedules uh we didn't +really take that into account when we + + align:start position:0% +really take that into account when we + + + align:start position:0% +really take that into account when we +made the initial task list so people + + align:start position:0% +made the initial task list so people + + + align:start position:0% +made the initial task list so people +ended up having to pick up other + + align:start position:0% +ended up having to pick up other + + + align:start position:0% +ended up having to pick up other +people's tasks and it became very hard + + align:start position:0% +people's tasks and it became very hard + + + align:start position:0% +people's tasks and it became very hard +to figure out who was working on what + + align:start position:0% +to figure out who was working on what + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out who was working on what +and uh scheduling meetings was near + + align:start position:0% +and uh scheduling meetings was near + + + align:start position:0% +and uh scheduling meetings was near +impossible um getting familiar with the + + align:start position:0% +impossible um getting familiar with the + + + align:start position:0% +impossible um getting familiar with the +game engine um using Unity at first was + + align:start position:0% +game engine um using Unity at first was + + + align:start position:0% +game engine um using Unity at first was +very hard because we weren't sure how + + align:start position:0% +very hard because we weren't sure how + + + align:start position:0% +very hard because we weren't sure how +the scene work and eventually we figured + + align:start position:0% +the scene work and eventually we figured + + + align:start position:0% +the scene work and eventually we figured +out that if we make most of the stuff + + align:start position:0% +out that if we make most of the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +out that if we make most of the stuff +dynamically generated then we can just + + align:start position:0% +dynamically generated then we can just + + + align:start position:0% +dynamically generated then we can just +worry about the code and not have to + + align:start position:0% +worry about the code and not have to + + + align:start position:0% +worry about the code and not have to +worry about all the user interface stuff + + align:start position:0% +worry about all the user interface stuff + + + align:start position:0% +worry about all the user interface stuff +that Unity does um that would have made + + align:start position:0% +that Unity does um that would have made + + + align:start position:0% +that Unity does um that would have made +our game uh develop a lot quicker and + + align:start position:0% +our game uh develop a lot quicker and + + + align:start position:0% +our game uh develop a lot quicker and +setting deadlines was very important we + + align:start position:0% +setting deadlines was very important we + + + align:start position:0% +setting deadlines was very important we +had a lot of tasks laid out but we + + align:start position:0% +had a lot of tasks laid out but we + + + align:start position:0% +had a lot of tasks laid out but we +didn't set strict deadlines for when we + + align:start position:0% +didn't set strict deadlines for when we + + + align:start position:0% +didn't set strict deadlines for when we +wanted each task to be assigned or when + + align:start position:0% +wanted each task to be assigned or when + + + align:start position:0% +wanted each task to be assigned or when +we wanted each task to be finished and + + align:start position:0% +we wanted each task to be finished and + + + align:start position:0% +we wanted each task to be finished and +that would have helped push along our + + align:start position:0% +that would have helped push along our + + + align:start position:0% +that would have helped push along our +game and get some of the more mechanics + + align:start position:0% +game and get some of the more mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +game and get some of the more mechanics +that we wanted + + align:start position:0% +that we wanted + + + align:start position:0% +that we wanted +in yeah I think like something we a + + align:start position:0% +in yeah I think like something we a + + + align:start position:0% +in yeah I think like something we a +little bit overlooked is like what when + + align:start position:0% +little bit overlooked is like what when + + + align:start position:0% +little bit overlooked is like what when +we were going to plan on doing our + + align:start position:0% +we were going to plan on doing our + + + align:start position:0% +we were going to plan on doing our +testing sessions because um like we + + align:start position:0% +testing sessions because um like we + + + align:start position:0% +testing sessions because um like we +should have set the internal deadlines + + align:start position:0% +should have set the internal deadlines + + + align:start position:0% +should have set the internal deadlines +to match the testing session so that we + + align:start position:0% +to match the testing session so that we + + + align:start position:0% +to match the testing session so that we +get as much feedback as possible um but + + align:start position:0% +get as much feedback as possible um but + + + align:start position:0% +get as much feedback as possible um but +like that said we still like got + + align:start position:0% +like that said we still like got + + + align:start position:0% +like that said we still like got +something out of the testing sessions so + + align:start position:0% +something out of the testing sessions so + + + align:start position:0% +something out of the testing sessions so +was good I think that's all we have so I + + align:start position:0% +was good I think that's all we have so I + + + align:start position:0% +was good I think that's all we have so I +don't know if you guys have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions all right thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you I'm from from Team hardcore dragon + + align:start position:0% +you I'm from from Team hardcore dragon + + + align:start position:0% +you I'm from from Team hardcore dragon +and as a refresher I mean our game is + + align:start position:0% +and as a refresher I mean our game is + + + align:start position:0% +and as a refresher I mean our game is +about being a hardcore Dragon so to us + + align:start position:0% +about being a hardcore Dragon so to us + + + align:start position:0% +about being a hardcore Dragon so to us +that meant uh raising Villages being + + align:start position:0% +that meant uh raising Villages being + + + align:start position:0% +that meant uh raising Villages being +chased down by Knights and accumulating + + align:start position:0% +chased down by Knights and accumulating + + + align:start position:0% +chased down by Knights and accumulating +a horde of gold that you have to protect + + align:start position:0% +a horde of gold that you have to protect + + + align:start position:0% +a horde of gold that you have to protect +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +looters and we all were like pretty + + align:start position:0% +looters and we all were like pretty + + + align:start position:0% +looters and we all were like pretty +excited about this this idea and that + + align:start position:0% +excited about this this idea and that + + + align:start position:0% +excited about this this idea and that +was probably like the best thing about + + align:start position:0% +was probably like the best thing about + + + align:start position:0% +was probably like the best thing about +the project as a whole is it was a fun + + align:start position:0% +the project as a whole is it was a fun + + + align:start position:0% +the project as a whole is it was a fun +idea and like um even when we like got + + align:start position:0% +idea and like um even when we like got + + + align:start position:0% +idea and like um even when we like got +bogged down with work from other classes + + align:start position:0% +bogged down with work from other classes + + + align:start position:0% +bogged down with work from other classes +or like something the emerge didn't go + + align:start position:0% +or like something the emerge didn't go + + + align:start position:0% +or like something the emerge didn't go +through correctly or there was a bug and + + align:start position:0% +through correctly or there was a bug and + + + align:start position:0% +through correctly or there was a bug and +we couldn't understand why it was + + align:start position:0% +we couldn't understand why it was + + + align:start position:0% +we couldn't understand why it was +happening it was like still like really + + align:start position:0% +happening it was like still like really + + + align:start position:0% +happening it was like still like really +fun to be like okay I really need this + + align:start position:0% +fun to be like okay I really need this + + + align:start position:0% +fun to be like okay I really need this +like to make this Dragon like you know + + align:start position:0% +like to make this Dragon like you know + + + align:start position:0% +like to make this Dragon like you know +set this Village on fire and I want to + + align:start position:0% +set this Village on fire and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +set this Village on fire and I want to +do this because that's awesome um and + + align:start position:0% +do this because that's awesome um and + + + align:start position:0% +do this because that's awesome um and +another thing that worked is that we um + + align:start position:0% +another thing that worked is that we um + + + align:start position:0% +another thing that worked is that we um +used um getter which integrates with um + + align:start position:0% +used um getter which integrates with um + + + align:start position:0% +used um getter which integrates with um +the GitHub to um whenever something is + + align:start position:0% +the GitHub to um whenever something is + + + align:start position:0% +the GitHub to um whenever something is +pushed um it'll show up on to the right + + align:start position:0% +pushed um it'll show up on to the right + + + align:start position:0% +pushed um it'll show up on to the right +and you can link to it and um everybody + + align:start position:0% +and you can link to it and um everybody + + + align:start position:0% +and you can link to it and um everybody +who's on your project is on the getter + + align:start position:0% +who's on your project is on the getter + + + align:start position:0% +who's on your project is on the getter +um chat so it was easy to keep track of + + align:start position:0% +um chat so it was easy to keep track of + + + align:start position:0% +um chat so it was easy to keep track of +who was working at what time and who was + + align:start position:0% +who was working at what time and who was + + + align:start position:0% +who was working at what time and who was +online at that time and who you could + + align:start position:0% +online at that time and who you could + + + align:start position:0% +online at that time and who you could +ask uh for help to let you debug + + align:start position:0% +ask uh for help to let you debug + + + align:start position:0% +ask uh for help to let you debug +whatever was going wrong um another + + align:start position:0% +whatever was going wrong um another + + + align:start position:0% +whatever was going wrong um another +thing that helped was trell is actually + + align:start position:0% +thing that helped was trell is actually + + + align:start position:0% +thing that helped was trell is actually +a really good tool um last project I + + align:start position:0% +a really good tool um last project I + + + align:start position:0% +a really good tool um last project I +personally used just Google Docs um but + + align:start position:0% +personally used just Google Docs um but + + + align:start position:0% +personally used just Google Docs um but +Trello is much easier to like look at + + align:start position:0% +Trello is much easier to like look at + + + align:start position:0% +Trello is much easier to like look at +something drag it oh I'm doing this + + align:start position:0% +something drag it oh I'm doing this + + + align:start position:0% +something drag it oh I'm doing this +right now now adding yourself to things + + align:start position:0% +right now now adding yourself to things + + + align:start position:0% +right now now adding yourself to things +and like breaking it down to simpler + + align:start position:0% +and like breaking it down to simpler + + + align:start position:0% +and like breaking it down to simpler +tasks it's all very easy on tra it's + + align:start position:0% +tasks it's all very easy on tra it's + + + align:start position:0% +tasks it's all very easy on tra it's +very like I mean it's built for this so + + align:start position:0% +very like I mean it's built for this so + + + align:start position:0% +very like I mean it's built for this so +it made long-term goal planning a lot + + align:start position:0% +it made long-term goal planning a lot + + + align:start position:0% +it made long-term goal planning a lot +easier and um you could see at this + + align:start position:0% +easier and um you could see at this + + + align:start position:0% +easier and um you could see at this +moment who was supposed to be doing what + + align:start position:0% +moment who was supposed to be doing what + + + align:start position:0% +moment who was supposed to be doing what +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +unfortunately um the idea was also like + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately um the idea was also like + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately um the idea was also like +a downside to the project cuz it was + + align:start position:0% +a downside to the project cuz it was + + + align:start position:0% +a downside to the project cuz it was +like hardcore Dragon M I want to do so + + align:start position:0% +like hardcore Dragon M I want to do so + + + align:start position:0% +like hardcore Dragon M I want to do so +many things with this idea uh I want to + + align:start position:0% +many things with this idea uh I want to + + + align:start position:0% +many things with this idea uh I want to +yeah like when + + align:start position:0% +yeah like when + + + align:start position:0% +yeah like when +I blow fire on this thing I want it to + + align:start position:0% +I blow fire on this thing I want it to + + + align:start position:0% +I blow fire on this thing I want it to +like turn into a crumbled building and + + align:start position:0% +like turn into a crumbled building and + + + align:start position:0% +like turn into a crumbled building and +become a pile of flames and it'll be + + align:start position:0% +become a pile of flames and it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +become a pile of flames and it'll be +awesome and like that's not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +awesome and like that's not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +awesome and like that's not necessarily +at the top of the feature list obviously + + align:start position:0% +at the top of the feature list obviously + + + align:start position:0% +at the top of the feature list obviously +because we have other mechanics that are + + align:start position:0% +because we have other mechanics that are + + + align:start position:0% +because we have other mechanics that are +more important than that but we kept + + align:start position:0% +more important than that but we kept + + + align:start position:0% +more important than that but we kept +coming up with these like little + + align:start position:0% +coming up with these like little + + + align:start position:0% +coming up with these like little +additions that would make the game a lot + + align:start position:0% +additions that would make the game a lot + + + align:start position:0% +additions that would make the game a lot +more like cool or awesome but weren't or + + align:start position:0% +more like cool or awesome but weren't or + + + align:start position:0% +more like cool or awesome but weren't or +hard to prioritize and just way too much + + align:start position:0% +hard to prioritize and just way too much + + + align:start position:0% +hard to prioritize and just way too much +to stack on top of the game um so that + + align:start position:0% +to stack on top of the game um so that + + + align:start position:0% +to stack on top of the game um so that +was a downside we it was just hard to + + align:start position:0% +was a downside we it was just hard to + + + align:start position:0% +was a downside we it was just hard to +control our uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like it was hard to scope the game down + + align:start position:0% +like it was hard to scope the game down + + + align:start position:0% +like it was hard to scope the game down +to the five minute game we needed to + + align:start position:0% +to the five minute game we needed to + + + align:start position:0% +to the five minute game we needed to +create for the project um gter + + align:start position:0% +create for the project um gter + + + align:start position:0% +create for the project um gter +was good with the with the repo and if + + align:start position:0% +was good with the with the repo and if + + + align:start position:0% +was good with the with the repo and if +everybody was on and everybody used it + + align:start position:0% +everybody was on and everybody used it + + + align:start position:0% +everybody was on and everybody used it +all the time it was it would be ideal + + align:start position:0% +all the time it was it would be ideal + + + align:start position:0% +all the time it was it would be ideal +but since a lot of us are on the go and + + align:start position:0% +but since a lot of us are on the go and + + + align:start position:0% +but since a lot of us are on the go and +like you know working on other things + + align:start position:0% +like you know working on other things + + + align:start position:0% +like you know working on other things +and like in classes while people are + + align:start position:0% +and like in classes while people are + + + align:start position:0% +and like in classes while people are +working um using something else might + + align:start position:0% +working um using something else might + + + align:start position:0% +working um using something else might +have been better like Gchat or Facebook + + align:start position:0% +have been better like Gchat or Facebook + + + align:start position:0% +have been better like Gchat or Facebook +like something can you access from a + + align:start position:0% +like something can you access from a + + + align:start position:0% +like something can you access from a +smartphone or something something and + + align:start position:0% +smartphone or something something and + + + align:start position:0% +smartphone or something something and +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +instantaneous um I mean we would just + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous um I mean we would just + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous um I mean we would just +get like if you weren't on getter at the + + align:start position:0% +get like if you weren't on getter at the + + + align:start position:0% +get like if you weren't on getter at the +time it would send you a notification + + align:start position:0% +time it would send you a notification + + + align:start position:0% +time it would send you a notification +being like you missed these messages + + align:start position:0% +being like you missed these messages + + + align:start position:0% +being like you missed these messages +which is almost as like delayed message + + align:start position:0% +which is almost as like delayed message + + + align:start position:0% +which is almost as like delayed message +as email so like it was kind of + + align:start position:0% +as email so like it was kind of + + + align:start position:0% +as email so like it was kind of +pointless other than the fact that it + + align:start position:0% +pointless other than the fact that it + + + align:start position:0% +pointless other than the fact that it +was integrated with GitHub and you could + + align:start position:0% +was integrated with GitHub and you could + + + align:start position:0% +was integrated with GitHub and you could +see who was online at at the same time + + align:start position:0% +see who was online at at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +see who was online at at the same time +as you another thing that didn't work is + + align:start position:0% +as you another thing that didn't work is + + + align:start position:0% +as you another thing that didn't work is +that meetings are really really hard to + + align:start position:0% +that meetings are really really hard to + + + align:start position:0% +that meetings are really really hard to +coordinate with like seven people and + + align:start position:0% +coordinate with like seven people and + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate with like seven people and +what ended up really what ended up + + align:start position:0% +what ended up really what ended up + + + align:start position:0% +what ended up really what ended up +happen happening was that um we would + + align:start position:0% +happen happening was that um we would + + + align:start position:0% +happen happening was that um we would +all be like okay so half of us are free + + align:start position:0% +all be like okay so half of us are free + + + align:start position:0% +all be like okay so half of us are free +this day and like you know six of us are + + align:start position:0% +this day and like you know six of us are + + + align:start position:0% +this day and like you know six of us are +free this other time uh let's meet then + + align:start position:0% +free this other time uh let's meet then + + + align:start position:0% +free this other time uh let's meet then +and then we wouldn't decide a specific + + align:start position:0% +and then we wouldn't decide a specific + + + align:start position:0% +and then we wouldn't decide a specific +time within the time we were free to + + align:start position:0% +time within the time we were free to + + + align:start position:0% +time within the time we were free to +meet and then by the time we noticed + + align:start position:0% +meet and then by the time we noticed + + + align:start position:0% +meet and then by the time we noticed +this it would be like that day and it + + align:start position:0% +this it would be like that day and it + + + align:start position:0% +this it would be like that day and it +was just hard to coordinate everything + + align:start position:0% +was just hard to coordinate everything + + + align:start position:0% +was just hard to coordinate everything +um after you know it got to that point + + align:start position:0% +um after you know it got to that point + + + align:start position:0% +um after you know it got to that point +so for the future um I believe we have + + align:start position:0% +so for the future um I believe we have + + + align:start position:0% +so for the future um I believe we have +to have a fully dedicated scrum + + align:start position:0% +to have a fully dedicated scrum + + + align:start position:0% +to have a fully dedicated scrum +and I really mean fully dedicated not + + align:start position:0% +and I really mean fully dedicated not + + + align:start position:0% +and I really mean fully dedicated not +scrum Master AKA programmer on the side + + align:start position:0% +scrum Master AKA programmer on the side + + + align:start position:0% +scrum Master AKA programmer on the side +or a scrum Master also gets music done + + align:start position:0% +or a scrum Master also gets music done + + + align:start position:0% +or a scrum Master also gets music done +and play tests well does play testing + + align:start position:0% +and play tests well does play testing + + + align:start position:0% +and play tests well does play testing +everybody play test but like fully + + align:start position:0% +everybody play test but like fully + + + align:start position:0% +everybody play test but like fully +dedicated scum Master to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +dedicated scum Master to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +dedicated scum Master to make sure that +everybody's on task that the meetings + + align:start position:0% +everybody's on task that the meetings + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's on task that the meetings +will get scheduled and that the tasks + + align:start position:0% +will get scheduled and that the tasks + + + align:start position:0% +will get scheduled and that the tasks +are prioritized and if something falls + + align:start position:0% +are prioritized and if something falls + + + align:start position:0% +are prioritized and if something falls +through they're the person to talk to + + align:start position:0% +through they're the person to talk to + + + align:start position:0% +through they're the person to talk to +they're the person who's going to like + + align:start position:0% +they're the person who's going to like + + + align:start position:0% +they're the person who's going to like +make you stop freaking out that this + + align:start position:0% +make you stop freaking out that this + + + align:start position:0% +make you stop freaking out that this +task took like three times as long as + + align:start position:0% +task took like three times as long as + + + align:start position:0% +task took like three times as long as +long as you estimated it for um we + + align:start position:0% +long as you estimated it for um we + + + align:start position:0% +long as you estimated it for um we +didn't have this one person dedicated to + + align:start position:0% +didn't have this one person dedicated to + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have this one person dedicated to +that everybody was like a jack of all + + align:start position:0% +that everybody was like a jack of all + + + align:start position:0% +that everybody was like a jack of all +trades in our in our uh group so not + + align:start position:0% +trades in our in our uh group so not + + + align:start position:0% +trades in our in our uh group so not +having that one person to talk to go to + + align:start position:0% +having that one person to talk to go to + + + align:start position:0% +having that one person to talk to go to +um made um task prioritization really + + align:start position:0% +um made um task prioritization really + + + align:start position:0% +um made um task prioritization really +fuzzy and made everything kind of come + + align:start position:0% +fuzzy and made everything kind of come + + + align:start position:0% +fuzzy and made everything kind of come +together really late and um it was hard + + align:start position:0% +together really late and um it was hard + + + align:start position:0% +together really late and um it was hard +to hold people accountable because there + + align:start position:0% +to hold people accountable because there + + + align:start position:0% +to hold people accountable because there +wasn't that one person who was on top of + + align:start position:0% +wasn't that one person who was on top of + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't that one person who was on top of +everybody um another thing we had to do + + align:start position:0% +everybody um another thing we had to do + + + align:start position:0% +everybody um another thing we had to do +earlier would be feature cutting because + + align:start position:0% +earlier would be feature cutting because + + + align:start position:0% +earlier would be feature cutting because +if you don't cut features defin + + align:start position:0% +if you don't cut features defin + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't cut features defin +definitively earlier you'll still have + + align:start position:0% +definitively earlier you'll still have + + + align:start position:0% +definitively earlier you'll still have +it lingering on some people's minds like + + align:start position:0% +it lingering on some people's minds like + + + align:start position:0% +it lingering on some people's minds like +oh I have to do this so that in the + + align:start position:0% +oh I have to do this so that in the + + + align:start position:0% +oh I have to do this so that in the +future you know we're going to maybe use + + align:start position:0% +future you know we're going to maybe use + + + align:start position:0% +future you know we're going to maybe use +this feature um but if you cut these + + align:start position:0% +this feature um but if you cut these + + + align:start position:0% +this feature um but if you cut these +features early then you like limit the + + align:start position:0% +features early then you like limit the + + + align:start position:0% +features early then you like limit the +propensity to have bugs or uh stuff like + + align:start position:0% +propensity to have bugs or uh stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +propensity to have bugs or uh stuff like +that and like while it's unfortunate + + align:start position:0% +that and like while it's unfortunate + + + align:start position:0% +that and like while it's unfortunate +that you have to cut feates it's + + align:start position:0% +that you have to cut feates it's + + + align:start position:0% +that you have to cut feates it's +necessary so doing it earlier is the + + align:start position:0% +necessary so doing it earlier is the + + + align:start position:0% +necessary so doing it earlier is the +best time to do it uh another thing is + + align:start position:0% +best time to do it uh another thing is + + + align:start position:0% +best time to do it uh another thing is +like I said before a native messaging + + align:start position:0% +like I said before a native messaging + + + align:start position:0% +like I said before a native messaging +system gter was cute but it didn't like + + align:start position:0% +system gter was cute but it didn't like + + + align:start position:0% +system gter was cute but it didn't like +actually work in the way that we wanted + + align:start position:0% +actually work in the way that we wanted + + + align:start position:0% +actually work in the way that we wanted +it to work it wasn't instantaneous + + align:start position:0% +it to work it wasn't instantaneous + + + align:start position:0% +it to work it wasn't instantaneous +between all members I mean it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +between all members I mean it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +between all members I mean it's hard to +find a messaging system that everybody + + align:start position:0% +find a messaging system that everybody + + + align:start position:0% +find a messaging system that everybody +likes but I think something like g chat + + align:start position:0% +likes but I think something like g chat + + + align:start position:0% +likes but I think something like g chat +or Facebook messaging something + + align:start position:0% +or Facebook messaging something + + + align:start position:0% +or Facebook messaging something +instantaneous like that that most people + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous like that that most people + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous like that that most people +use already um should be uh used as as a + + align:start position:0% +use already um should be uh used as as a + + + align:start position:0% +use already um should be uh used as as a +group so that everybody can be on the + + align:start position:0% +group so that everybody can be on the + + + align:start position:0% +group so that everybody can be on the +same page and like have an in access to + + align:start position:0% +same page and like have an in access to + + + align:start position:0% +same page and like have an in access to +the instant + + align:start position:0% +the instant + + + align:start position:0% +the instant +messaging um and yeah so that's our game + + align:start position:0% +messaging um and yeah so that's our game + + + align:start position:0% +messaging um and yeah so that's our game +is there if you want to play + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it anybody + + align:start position:0% +it anybody + + + align:start position:0% +it anybody +questions so if you were to do future + + align:start position:0% +questions so if you were to do future + + + align:start position:0% +questions so if you were to do future +cutting early did you feel you had the + + align:start position:0% +cutting early did you feel you had the + + + align:start position:0% +cutting early did you feel you had the +information in order to do that so there + + align:start position:0% +information in order to do that so there + + + align:start position:0% +information in order to do that so there +was some stuff that like after even the + + align:start position:0% +was some stuff that like after even the + + + align:start position:0% +was some stuff that like after even the +half halfway point that we could have + + align:start position:0% +half halfway point that we could have + + + align:start position:0% +half halfway point that we could have +cut features but instead of the halfway + + align:start position:0% +cut features but instead of the halfway + + + align:start position:0% +cut features but instead of the halfway +point we did like you know 2 days ago + + align:start position:0% +point we did like you know 2 days ago + + + align:start position:0% +point we did like you know 2 days ago +which is too late um already so like + + align:start position:0% +which is too late um already so like + + + align:start position:0% +which is too late um already so like +even earlier than that it doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +even earlier than that it doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +even earlier than that it doesn't have +to be like day one feature cutting um + + align:start position:0% +to be like day one feature cutting um + + + align:start position:0% +to be like day one feature cutting um +just some at some like maybe like points + + align:start position:0% +just some at some like maybe like points + + + align:start position:0% +just some at some like maybe like points +throughout and be like what features at + + align:start position:0% +throughout and be like what features at + + + align:start position:0% +throughout and be like what features at +now that I'm here what features look + + align:start position:0% +now that I'm here what features look + + + align:start position:0% +now that I'm here what features look +like they're not going to get through um + + align:start position:0% +like they're not going to get through um + + + align:start position:0% +like they're not going to get through um +and with this D dedicated scrum Master + + align:start position:0% +and with this D dedicated scrum Master + + + align:start position:0% +and with this D dedicated scrum Master +who's like looking through looking at + + align:start position:0% +who's like looking through looking at + + + align:start position:0% +who's like looking through looking at +people and how they're struggling with + + align:start position:0% +people and how they're struggling with + + + align:start position:0% +people and how they're struggling with +certain tasks um maybe people don't know + + align:start position:0% +certain tasks um maybe people don't know + + + align:start position:0% +certain tasks um maybe people don't know +like exactly what their pace is + + align:start position:0% +like exactly what their pace is + + + align:start position:0% +like exactly what their pace is +internally but from an outside + + align:start position:0% +internally but from an outside + + + align:start position:0% +internally but from an outside +perspective uh scrub Master might be + + align:start position:0% +perspective uh scrub Master might be + + + align:start position:0% +perspective uh scrub Master might be +able to um more accurately help with + + align:start position:0% +able to um more accurately help with + + + align:start position:0% +able to um more accurately help with +estimates and stuff like that so a + + align:start position:0% +estimates and stuff like that so a + + + align:start position:0% +estimates and stuff like that so a +dedicated scr Master would help with + + align:start position:0% +dedicated scr Master would help with + + + align:start position:0% +dedicated scr Master would help with +early feature cutting as well probably + + align:start position:0% +early feature cutting as well probably + + + align:start position:0% +early feature cutting as well probably +this is Unity project yeah Unity project + + align:start position:0% +this is Unity project yeah Unity project + + + align:start position:0% +this is Unity project yeah Unity project +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +sorry we actually didn't have that many + + align:start position:0% +sorry we actually didn't have that many + + + align:start position:0% +sorry we actually didn't have that many +problems with merging because we had I + + align:start position:0% +problems with merging because we had I + + + align:start position:0% +problems with merging because we had I +think at least one of us was uh really + + align:start position:0% +think at least one of us was uh really + + + align:start position:0% +think at least one of us was uh really +experienced with unity + + align:start position:0% +experienced with unity + + + align:start position:0% +experienced with unity +so that was lucky I guess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank okay so our team is MIT simulator + + align:start position:0% +thank okay so our team is MIT simulator + + + align:start position:0% +thank okay so our team is MIT simulator +2014 so our basic concept was you play + + align:start position:0% +2014 so our basic concept was you play + + + align:start position:0% +2014 so our basic concept was you play +as a certain dean of MIT you may all + + align:start position:0% +as a certain dean of MIT you may all + + + align:start position:0% +as a certain dean of MIT you may all +know and you're making decisions that + + align:start position:0% +know and you're making decisions that + + + align:start position:0% +know and you're making decisions that +trade off between the endowment uh + + align:start position:0% +trade off between the endowment uh + + + align:start position:0% +trade off between the endowment uh +wealthy donors and student approval and + + align:start position:0% +wealthy donors and student approval and + + + align:start position:0% +wealthy donors and student approval and +the basic goal of the game is to try and + + align:start position:0% +the basic goal of the game is to try and + + + align:start position:0% +the basic goal of the game is to try and +survive as long as possible while shitty + + align:start position:0% +survive as long as possible while shitty + + + align:start position:0% +survive as long as possible while shitty +things happened to The + + align:start position:0% +things happened to The + + + align:start position:0% +things happened to The +Institute so what went right in our + + align:start position:0% +Institute so what went right in our + + + align:start position:0% +Institute so what went right in our +project I think what went right in our + + align:start position:0% +project I think what went right in our + + + align:start position:0% +project I think what went right in our +project is um we connected with our + + align:start position:0% +project is um we connected with our + + + align:start position:0% +project is um we connected with our +audience so you know a lot of MIT + + align:start position:0% +audience so you know a lot of MIT + + + align:start position:0% +audience so you know a lot of MIT +students know what it's like to be at + + align:start position:0% +students know what it's like to be at + + + align:start position:0% +students know what it's like to be at +MIT and they know like the setting they + + align:start position:0% +MIT and they know like the setting they + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and they know like the setting they +know the administrator that they're not + + align:start position:0% +know the administrator that they're not + + + align:start position:0% +know the administrator that they're not +really pointing at but we kind of are + + align:start position:0% +really pointing at but we kind of are + + + align:start position:0% +really pointing at but we kind of are +and so a lot of people connected very + + align:start position:0% +and so a lot of people connected very + + + align:start position:0% +and so a lot of people connected very +well with our game and uh so they enjoy + + align:start position:0% +well with our game and uh so they enjoy + + + align:start position:0% +well with our game and uh so they enjoy +it um and were able to understand it + + align:start position:0% +it um and were able to understand it + + + align:start position:0% +it um and were able to understand it +easily in their own terms so um second + + align:start position:0% +easily in their own terms so um second + + + align:start position:0% +easily in their own terms so um second +thing that went well is that humor Works + + align:start position:0% +thing that went well is that humor Works + + + align:start position:0% +thing that went well is that humor Works +um a lot of our things in our game were + + align:start position:0% +um a lot of our things in our game were + + + align:start position:0% +um a lot of our things in our game were +like kind of unpolished and kind of like + + align:start position:0% +like kind of unpolished and kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +like kind of unpolished and kind of like +slapped together but because we had like + + align:start position:0% +slapped together but because we had like + + + align:start position:0% +slapped together but because we had like +taken the time to make them funny and + + align:start position:0% +taken the time to make them funny and + + + align:start position:0% +taken the time to make them funny and +make them entertaining people were okay + + align:start position:0% +make them entertaining people were okay + + + align:start position:0% +make them entertaining people were okay +with like losing all their money in one + + align:start position:0% +with like losing all their money in one + + + align:start position:0% +with like losing all their money in one +turn uh accidentally because hey the + + align:start position:0% +turn uh accidentally because hey the + + + align:start position:0% +turn uh accidentally because hey the +description of it was was + + align:start position:0% +description of it was was + + + align:start position:0% +description of it was was +funny um and so the third thing that + + align:start position:0% +funny um and so the third thing that + + + align:start position:0% +funny um and so the third thing that +went well is that simple is okay uh we + + align:start position:0% +went well is that simple is okay uh we + + + align:start position:0% +went well is that simple is okay uh we +ended up having like very few core + + align:start position:0% +ended up having like very few core + + + align:start position:0% +ended up having like very few core +mechanics but then because of the + + align:start position:0% +mechanics but then because of the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics but then because of the +setting that we had and because people + + align:start position:0% +setting that we had and because people + + + align:start position:0% +setting that we had and because people +connected well with our game um I think + + align:start position:0% +connected well with our game um I think + + + align:start position:0% +connected well with our game um I think +people were still able to get oh well uh + + align:start position:0% +people were still able to get oh well uh + + + align:start position:0% +people were still able to get oh well uh +we think people were still able to get + + align:start position:0% +we think people were still able to get + + + align:start position:0% +we think people were still able to get +enjoyment out of the game uh because of + + align:start position:0% +enjoyment out of the game uh because of + + + align:start position:0% +enjoyment out of the game uh because of +those so now what went wrong so first + + align:start position:0% +those so now what went wrong so first + + + align:start position:0% +those so now what went wrong so first +hex flixel AKA what do you mean it's not + + align:start position:0% +hex flixel AKA what do you mean it's not + + + align:start position:0% +hex flixel AKA what do you mean it's not +on stack Overflow so hex flixel um while + + align:start position:0% +on stack Overflow so hex flixel um while + + + align:start position:0% +on stack Overflow so hex flixel um while +it did play well with Version Control + + align:start position:0% +it did play well with Version Control + + + align:start position:0% +it did play well with Version Control +and I heard some horror stories about + + align:start position:0% +and I heard some horror stories about + + + align:start position:0% +and I heard some horror stories about +Unity Version Control hex flixel played + + align:start position:0% +Unity Version Control hex flixel played + + + align:start position:0% +Unity Version Control hex flixel played +pretty well with Version Control but if + + align:start position:0% +pretty well with Version Control but if + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well with Version Control but if +you ever had an issue you were pretty + + align:start position:0% +you ever had an issue you were pretty + + + align:start position:0% +you ever had an issue you were pretty +much out of luck you could search on you + + align:start position:0% +much out of luck you could search on you + + + align:start position:0% +much out of luck you could search on you +could search on Google and you get like + + align:start position:0% +could search on Google and you get like + + + align:start position:0% +could search on Google and you get like +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +results um sometimes the official + + align:start position:0% +results um sometimes the official + + + align:start position:0% +results um sometimes the official +documentation wouldn't even turn up on a + + align:start position:0% +documentation wouldn't even turn up on a + + + align:start position:0% +documentation wouldn't even turn up on a +Google search result so yeah + + align:start position:0% +Google search result so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +Google search result so yeah +documentation was a little bit + + align:start position:0% +documentation was a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +documentation was a little bit +lacking um I think the second thing that + + align:start position:0% +lacking um I think the second thing that + + + align:start position:0% +lacking um I think the second thing that +we could have improved on is that + + align:start position:0% +we could have improved on is that + + + align:start position:0% +we could have improved on is that +paperwork is not management and I think + + align:start position:0% +paperwork is not management and I think + + + align:start position:0% +paperwork is not management and I think +like um in the class in particular this + + align:start position:0% +like um in the class in particular this + + + align:start position:0% +like um in the class in particular this +isn't emphasized enough is that you can + + align:start position:0% +isn't emphasized enough is that you can + + + align:start position:0% +isn't emphasized enough is that you can +do all these Agile development methods + + align:start position:0% +do all these Agile development methods + + + align:start position:0% +do all these Agile development methods +like you can have a Sprint task list and + + align:start position:0% +like you can have a Sprint task list and + + + align:start position:0% +like you can have a Sprint task list and +everything but unless if you actually + + align:start position:0% +everything but unless if you actually + + + align:start position:0% +everything but unless if you actually +have people who are actively taking + + align:start position:0% +have people who are actively taking + + + align:start position:0% +have people who are actively taking +charge and managing the project I think + + align:start position:0% +charge and managing the project I think + + + align:start position:0% +charge and managing the project I think +think um like stuff will still won't get + + align:start position:0% +think um like stuff will still won't get + + + align:start position:0% +think um like stuff will still won't get +done and I think that's um something + + align:start position:0% +done and I think that's um something + + + align:start position:0% +done and I think that's um something +that could be improved in the future in + + align:start position:0% +that could be improved in the future in + + + align:start position:0% +that could be improved in the future in +this classes like spend less time + + align:start position:0% +this classes like spend less time + + + align:start position:0% +this classes like spend less time +worrying about paperwork spend more time + + align:start position:0% +worrying about paperwork spend more time + + + align:start position:0% +worrying about paperwork spend more time +actually like you know uh teaching about + + align:start position:0% +actually like you know uh teaching about + + + align:start position:0% +actually like you know uh teaching about +how to handle personal situations like + + align:start position:0% +how to handle personal situations like + + + align:start position:0% +how to handle personal situations like +what happens if someone doesn't uh + + align:start position:0% +what happens if someone doesn't uh + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if someone doesn't uh +doesn't have time or what happens if + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have time or what happens if + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have time or what happens if +somebody you know like does this and so + + align:start position:0% +somebody you know like does this and so + + + align:start position:0% +somebody you know like does this and so +teaching those man I like learning those + + align:start position:0% +teaching those man I like learning those + + + align:start position:0% +teaching those man I like learning those +managerial skills isn't a trivial task + + align:start position:0% +managerial skills isn't a trivial task + + + align:start position:0% +managerial skills isn't a trivial task +and I think like in the beginning we + + align:start position:0% +and I think like in the beginning we + + + align:start position:0% +and I think like in the beginning we +like underestimated how how much those + + align:start position:0% +like underestimated how how much those + + + align:start position:0% +like underestimated how how much those +issues would be a roadblock to + + align:start position:0% +issues would be a roadblock to + + + align:start position:0% +issues would be a roadblock to +progress and then third thing that went + + align:start position:0% +progress and then third thing that went + + + align:start position:0% +progress and then third thing that went +wrong I guess is that um responsibility + + align:start position:0% +wrong I guess is that um responsibility + + + align:start position:0% +wrong I guess is that um responsibility +is shared so even if somebody has a role + + align:start position:0% +is shared so even if somebody has a role + + + align:start position:0% +is shared so even if somebody has a role +assigned to them we should all still + + align:start position:0% +assigned to them we should all still + + + align:start position:0% +assigned to them we should all still +like take the time to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +like take the time to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +like take the time to make sure that +like everybody is completing their role + + align:start position:0% +like everybody is completing their role + + + align:start position:0% +like everybody is completing their role +so just making sure that like people are + + align:start position:0% +so just making sure that like people are + + + align:start position:0% +so just making sure that like people are +checking other people make sure they to + + align:start position:0% +checking other people make sure they to + + + align:start position:0% +checking other people make sure they to +make sure tasks don't like fall between + + align:start position:0% +make sure tasks don't like fall between + + + align:start position:0% +make sure tasks don't like fall between +the cracks and stuff and so yeah overall + + align:start position:0% +the cracks and stuff and so yeah overall + + + align:start position:0% +the cracks and stuff and so yeah overall +people people do like the idea of uh + + align:start position:0% +people people do like the idea of uh + + + align:start position:0% +people people do like the idea of uh +playing as a certain dean of MIT + + align:start position:0% +playing as a certain dean of MIT + + + align:start position:0% +playing as a certain dean of MIT +and uh I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ground any + + align:start position:0% +ground any + + + align:start position:0% +ground any +questions so what would you do + + align:start position:0% +questions so what would you do + + + align:start position:0% +questions so what would you do +differently like um like not not like + + align:start position:0% +differently like um like not not like + + + align:start position:0% +differently like um like not not like +not necessarily things about the + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily things about the + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily things about the +Hackle right um but um when it comes to + + align:start position:0% +Hackle right um but um when it comes to + + + align:start position:0% +Hackle right um but um when it comes to +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +the manag stuff you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +the manag stuff you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +the manag stuff you're talking about +what would you want to to do differently + + align:start position:0% +what would you want to to do differently + + + align:start position:0% +what would you want to to do differently +or what particular you want did you + + align:start position:0% +or what particular you want did you + + + align:start position:0% +or what particular you want did you +particular problems you have that you + + align:start position:0% +particular problems you have that you + + + align:start position:0% +particular problems you have that you +know you're going to have in the future + + align:start position:0% +know you're going to have in the future + + + align:start position:0% +know you're going to have in the future +that you need to have strategies for + + align:start position:0% +that you need to have strategies for + + + align:start position:0% +that you need to have strategies for +yeah I I think one thing that we would + + align:start position:0% +yeah I I think one thing that we would + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I I think one thing that we would +do differently is like take project + + align:start position:0% +do differently is like take project + + + align:start position:0% +do differently is like take project +management like more more of more as + + align:start position:0% +management like more more of more as + + + align:start position:0% +management like more more of more as +like a people problem than like a + + align:start position:0% +like a people problem than like a + + + align:start position:0% +like a people problem than like a +paperwork problem um CU I think like uh + + align:start position:0% +paperwork problem um CU I think like uh + + + align:start position:0% +paperwork problem um CU I think like uh +cuz I think like we kind of just assume + + align:start position:0% +cuz I think like we kind of just assume + + + align:start position:0% +cuz I think like we kind of just assume +that by filling in the Sprint task list + + align:start position:0% +that by filling in the Sprint task list + + + align:start position:0% +that by filling in the Sprint task list +and like by like writing G commit logs + + align:start position:0% +and like by like writing G commit logs + + + align:start position:0% +and like by like writing G commit logs +we magically work together as a team but + + align:start position:0% +we magically work together as a team but + + + align:start position:0% +we magically work together as a team but +I I think like um yeah I think in the + + align:start position:0% +I I think like um yeah I think in the + + + align:start position:0% +I I think like um yeah I think in the +future just like taking a more active + + align:start position:0% +future just like taking a more active + + + align:start position:0% +future just like taking a more active +role in ensuring that like people are + + align:start position:0% +role in ensuring that like people are + + + align:start position:0% +role in ensuring that like people are +interacting with each other and like + + align:start position:0% +interacting with each other and like + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with each other and like +communicating um yeah how about the fin + + align:start position:0% +communicating um yeah how about the fin + + + align:start position:0% +communicating um yeah how about the fin +point about the responsibility Shar how + + align:start position:0% +point about the responsibility Shar how + + + align:start position:0% +point about the responsibility Shar how +address + + align:start position:0% +address + + + align:start position:0% +address +that um I think for the responsibility + + align:start position:0% +that um I think for the responsibility + + + align:start position:0% +that um I think for the responsibility +being shared thing um I guess this was + + align:start position:0% +being shared thing um I guess this was + + + align:start position:0% +being shared thing um I guess this was +just in reference like a few part + + align:start position:0% +just in reference like a few part + + + align:start position:0% +just in reference like a few part +particular instances where like we had + + align:start position:0% +particular instances where like we had + + + align:start position:0% +particular instances where like we had +someone who like claimed that they would + + align:start position:0% +someone who like claimed that they would + + + align:start position:0% +someone who like claimed that they would +do something and then because we like + + align:start position:0% +do something and then because we like + + + align:start position:0% +do something and then because we like +assumed oh you know this this because + + align:start position:0% +assumed oh you know this this because + + + align:start position:0% +assumed oh you know this this because +they claimed that they would do it that + + align:start position:0% +they claimed that they would do it that + + + align:start position:0% +they claimed that they would do it that +it would get done but I think like + + align:start position:0% +it would get done but I think like + + + align:start position:0% +it would get done but I think like +sometimes we let that you know we like + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we let that you know we like + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we let that you know we like +got too complacent and then thought that + + align:start position:0% +got too complacent and then thought that + + + align:start position:0% +got too complacent and then thought that +it would + + align:start position:0% +it would + + + align:start position:0% +it would +actually um that that would actually get + + align:start position:0% +actually um that that would actually get + + + align:start position:0% +actually um that that would actually get +done anyways but I I feel like in the + + align:start position:0% +done anyways but I I feel like in the + + + align:start position:0% +done anyways but I I feel like in the +future maybe just like sending out a + + align:start position:0% +future maybe just like sending out a + + + align:start position:0% +future maybe just like sending out a +couple more emails just like having + + align:start position:0% +couple more emails just like having + + + align:start position:0% +couple more emails just like having +people confirm that they finished things + + align:start position:0% +people confirm that they finished things + + + align:start position:0% +people confirm that they finished things +like require that people send out emails + + align:start position:0% +like require that people send out emails + + + align:start position:0% +like require that people send out emails +confirming when they finished things so + + align:start position:0% +confirming when they finished things so + + + align:start position:0% +confirming when they finished things so +we know that like oh this thing didn't + + align:start position:0% +we know that like oh this thing didn't + + + align:start position:0% +we know that like oh this thing didn't +get submitted yet oh shoot class is in + + align:start position:0% +get submitted yet oh shoot class is in + + + align:start position:0% +get submitted yet oh shoot class is in +an hour or something like that so um + + align:start position:0% +an hour or something like that so um + + + align:start position:0% +an hour or something like that so um +just like encouraging people to either + + align:start position:0% +just like encouraging people to either + + + align:start position:0% +just like encouraging people to either +like poke each other more and also to be + + align:start position:0% +like poke each other more and also to be + + + align:start position:0% +like poke each other more and also to be +more responsible responsible about like + + align:start position:0% +more responsible responsible about like + + + align:start position:0% +more responsible responsible about like +when you submit something or when you do + + align:start position:0% +when you submit something or when you do + + + align:start position:0% +when you submit something or when you do +something important you like email out + + align:start position:0% +something important you like email out + + + align:start position:0% +something important you like email out +to everyone and uh just to like show + + align:start position:0% +to everyone and uh just to like show + + + align:start position:0% +to everyone and uh just to like show +that you've done the work + + align:start position:0% +that you've done the work + + + align:start position:0% +that you've done the work +was email the primary means of + + align:start position:0% +was email the primary means of + + + align:start position:0% +was email the primary means of +communicating between the team or was + + align:start position:0% +communicating between the team or was + + + align:start position:0% +communicating between the team or was +there like face to face meetings outside + + align:start position:0% +there like face to face meetings outside + + + align:start position:0% +there like face to face meetings outside +of class or um so email was our primary + + align:start position:0% +of class or um so email was our primary + + + align:start position:0% +of class or um so email was our primary +means of communicating I think + + align:start position:0% +means of communicating I think + + + align:start position:0% +means of communicating I think +um yeah we had uh one face Toof face + + align:start position:0% +um yeah we had uh one face Toof face + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah we had uh one face Toof face +meeting outside of class and then there + + align:start position:0% +meeting outside of class and then there + + + align:start position:0% +meeting outside of class and then there +was another one that was supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +was another one that was supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +was another one that was supposed to be +scheduled over a little long weekend but + + align:start position:0% +scheduled over a little long weekend but + + + align:start position:0% +scheduled over a little long weekend but +uh like our uh happened people were gone + + align:start position:0% +uh like our uh happened people were gone + + + align:start position:0% +uh like our uh happened people were gone +like one or two people were gone for the + + align:start position:0% +like one or two people were gone for the + + + align:start position:0% +like one or two people were gone for the +weekend and then things fell apart + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is our game build a + + align:start position:0% +so this is our game build a + + + align:start position:0% +so this is our game build a +spaceship it looks like this you have + + align:start position:0% +spaceship it looks like this you have + + + align:start position:0% +spaceship it looks like this you have +your ship with a set of component slots + + align:start position:0% +your ship with a set of component slots + + + align:start position:0% +your ship with a set of component slots +and a bunch of components that you can + + align:start position:0% +and a bunch of components that you can + + + align:start position:0% +and a bunch of components that you can +add to the ship you click and drag them + + align:start position:0% +add to the ship you click and drag them + + + align:start position:0% +add to the ship you click and drag them +onto the ship and then you send it out + + align:start position:0% +onto the ship and then you send it out + + + align:start position:0% +onto the ship and then you send it out +on a mission + + align:start position:0% +on a mission + + + align:start position:0% +on a mission +after you go out on that mission you'll + + align:start position:0% +after you go out on that mission you'll + + + align:start position:0% +after you go out on that mission you'll +get a log that looks like this all this + + align:start position:0% +get a log that looks like this all this + + + align:start position:0% +get a log that looks like this all this +text is really small so you can't see it + + align:start position:0% +text is really small so you can't see it + + + align:start position:0% +text is really small so you can't see it +but it says things like you met some + + align:start position:0% +but it says things like you met some + + + align:start position:0% +but it says things like you met some +Bandits you had a battle you won and + + align:start position:0% +Bandits you had a battle you won and + + + align:start position:0% +Bandits you had a battle you won and +earned this much money or you got hit by + + align:start position:0% +earned this much money or you got hit by + + + align:start position:0% +earned this much money or you got hit by +asteroids and lost this much health and + + align:start position:0% +asteroids and lost this much health and + + + align:start position:0% +asteroids and lost this much health and +the point is that after you designed + + align:start position:0% +the point is that after you designed + + + align:start position:0% +the point is that after you designed +your spaceship and sent it out on this + + align:start position:0% +your spaceship and sent it out on this + + + align:start position:0% +your spaceship and sent it out on this +Mission you'll get all this feedback + + align:start position:0% +Mission you'll get all this feedback + + + align:start position:0% +Mission you'll get all this feedback +telling you how your ship did so that + + align:start position:0% +telling you how your ship did so that + + + align:start position:0% +telling you how your ship did so that +you can then update your ship and send + + align:start position:0% +you can then update your ship and send + + + align:start position:0% +you can then update your ship and send +it out again and hopefully make even + + align:start position:0% +it out again and hopefully make even + + + align:start position:0% +it out again and hopefully make even +more money the goal of the game is to + + align:start position:0% +more money the goal of the game is to + + + align:start position:0% +more money the goal of the game is to +complete uh the series of missions that + + align:start position:0% +complete uh the series of missions that + + + align:start position:0% +complete uh the series of missions that +we have in the game currently and make + + align:start position:0% +we have in the game currently and make + + + align:start position:0% +we have in the game currently and make +as much money as you can while doing it + + align:start position:0% +as much money as you can while doing it + + + align:start position:0% +as much money as you can while doing it +of course given more time we would do + + align:start position:0% +of course given more time we would do + + + align:start position:0% +of course given more time we would do +things like add more components + + align:start position:0% +things like add more components + + + align:start position:0% +things like add more components +upgrading our ship and sort of other + + align:start position:0% +upgrading our ship and sort of other + + + align:start position:0% +upgrading our ship and sort of other +tweaks like that but this is the core of + + align:start position:0% +tweaks like that but this is the core of + + + align:start position:0% +tweaks like that but this is the core of +the game right here so what went right + + align:start position:0% +the game right here so what went right + + + align:start position:0% +the game right here so what went right +on our game we made a prototype really + + align:start position:0% +on our game we made a prototype really + + + align:start position:0% +on our game we made a prototype really +early which was great uh that helped us + + align:start position:0% +early which was great uh that helped us + + + align:start position:0% +early which was great uh that helped us +all get on the same page and understand + + align:start position:0% +all get on the same page and understand + + + align:start position:0% +all get on the same page and understand +what we were talking about when we were + + align:start position:0% +what we were talking about when we were + + + align:start position:0% +what we were talking about when we were +talking about the game uh there was a + + align:start position:0% +talking about the game uh there was a + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the game uh there was a +point before that where we had all these + + align:start position:0% +point before that where we had all these + + + align:start position:0% +point before that where we had all these +cool ideas from brainstorming and a + + align:start position:0% +cool ideas from brainstorming and a + + + align:start position:0% +cool ideas from brainstorming and a +vague idea a personal idea really of + + align:start position:0% +vague idea a personal idea really of + + + align:start position:0% +vague idea a personal idea really of +what the game would be and that made it + + align:start position:0% +what the game would be and that made it + + + align:start position:0% +what the game would be and that made it +really difficult to + + align:start position:0% +really difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +really difficult to +communicate uh so once we had that down + + align:start position:0% +communicate uh so once we had that down + + + align:start position:0% +communicate uh so once we had that down +everything just become became way easier + + align:start position:0% +everything just become became way easier + + + align:start position:0% +everything just become became way easier +we did a lot of UI testing uh even + + align:start position:0% +we did a lot of UI testing uh even + + + align:start position:0% +we did a lot of UI testing uh even +before we were sure of what the game + + align:start position:0% +before we were sure of what the game + + + align:start position:0% +before we were sure of what the game +would specifically be we knew that was + + align:start position:0% +would specifically be we knew that was + + + align:start position:0% +would specifically be we knew that was +going to involve adding components to a + + align:start position:0% +going to involve adding components to a + + + align:start position:0% +going to involve adding components to a +ship and so we knew we could UI test + + align:start position:0% +ship and so we knew we could UI test + + + align:start position:0% +ship and so we knew we could UI test +that and see how people managed with + + align:start position:0% +that and see how people managed with + + + align:start position:0% +that and see how people managed with +different ways of adding those kind of + + align:start position:0% +different ways of adding those kind of + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of adding those kind of +components or customizing their ship + + align:start position:0% +components or customizing their ship + + + align:start position:0% +components or customizing their ship +hack FX so we found it really simple to + + align:start position:0% +hack FX so we found it really simple to + + + align:start position:0% +hack FX so we found it really simple to +work with actually and uh whenever we + + align:start position:0% +work with actually and uh whenever we + + + align:start position:0% +work with actually and uh whenever we +needed to add excuse me add more screens + + align:start position:0% +needed to add excuse me add more screens + + + align:start position:0% +needed to add excuse me add more screens +or make changes to the game uh we all + + align:start position:0% +or make changes to the game uh we all + + + align:start position:0% +or make changes to the game uh we all +had a pretty intuitive understanding of + + align:start position:0% +had a pretty intuitive understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +had a pretty intuitive understanding of +how that would go that might also be an + + align:start position:0% +how that would go that might also be an + + + align:start position:0% +how that would go that might also be an +artifact coming over from phaser which + + align:start position:0% +artifact coming over from phaser which + + + align:start position:0% +artifact coming over from phaser which +is uh very similarly + + align:start position:0% +is uh very similarly + + + align:start position:0% +is uh very similarly +structured and it on our team we kind of + + align:start position:0% +structured and it on our team we kind of + + + align:start position:0% +structured and it on our team we kind of +got lucky because everybody had coding + + align:start position:0% +got lucky because everybody had coding + + + align:start position:0% +got lucky because everybody had coding +experience and it made it a lot easier + + align:start position:0% +experience and it made it a lot easier + + + align:start position:0% +experience and it made it a lot easier +because we were all speaking the same + + align:start position:0% +because we were all speaking the same + + + align:start position:0% +because we were all speaking the same +language and so on a Time constrained + + align:start position:0% +language and so on a Time constrained + + + align:start position:0% +language and so on a Time constrained +project like this and meant that when we + + align:start position:0% +project like this and meant that when we + + + align:start position:0% +project like this and meant that when we +talked uh we we were more efficient + + align:start position:0% +talked uh we we were more efficient + + + align:start position:0% +talked uh we we were more efficient +about it it's not to say that there + + align:start position:0% +about it it's not to say that there + + + align:start position:0% +about it it's not to say that there +isn't a place for people who don't have + + align:start position:0% +isn't a place for people who don't have + + + align:start position:0% +isn't a place for people who don't have +coding experience on these teams it's + + align:start position:0% +coding experience on these teams it's + + + align:start position:0% +coding experience on these teams it's +just that when we only have two weeks to + + align:start position:0% +just that when we only have two weeks to + + + align:start position:0% +just that when we only have two weeks to +get things done the speed uh was a huge + + align:start position:0% +get things done the speed uh was a huge + + + align:start position:0% +get things done the speed uh was a huge +help what went wrong was communicating + + align:start position:0% +help what went wrong was communicating + + + align:start position:0% +help what went wrong was communicating +our progress on the game we had a lot of + + align:start position:0% +our progress on the game we had a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +our progress on the game we had a lot of +problems where you know we wouldn't talk + + align:start position:0% +problems where you know we wouldn't talk + + + align:start position:0% +problems where you know we wouldn't talk +about what was getting done we didn't + + align:start position:0% +about what was getting done we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +about what was getting done we didn't +know what was even in the game because + + align:start position:0% +know what was even in the game because + + + align:start position:0% +know what was even in the game because +some things weren't clear yet like there + + align:start position:0% +some things weren't clear yet like there + + + align:start position:0% +some things weren't clear yet like there +was one part where we didn't know that + + align:start position:0% +was one part where we didn't know that + + + align:start position:0% +was one part where we didn't know that +we could actually add components to the + + align:start position:0% +we could actually add components to the + + + align:start position:0% +we could actually add components to the +ship because somebody had added that in + + align:start position:0% +ship because somebody had added that in + + + align:start position:0% +ship because somebody had added that in +but not actually told us and the UI + + align:start position:0% +but not actually told us and the UI + + + align:start position:0% +but not actually told us and the UI +wasn't there yet to actually make it + + align:start position:0% +wasn't there yet to actually make it + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't there yet to actually make it +clear we also ran into problems with + + align:start position:0% +clear we also ran into problems with + + + align:start position:0% +clear we also ran into problems with +heroic efforts where the night before + + align:start position:0% +heroic efforts where the night before + + + align:start position:0% +heroic efforts where the night before +something was due somebody would like + + align:start position:0% +something was due somebody would like + + + align:start position:0% +something was due somebody would like +come in and put in all this effort and + + align:start position:0% +come in and put in all this effort and + + + align:start position:0% +come in and put in all this effort and +we didn't know what they were doing and + + align:start position:0% +we didn't know what they were doing and + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't know what they were doing and +we didn't know what was getting done + + align:start position:0% +we didn't know what was getting done + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't know what was getting done +because we just weren't communicating + + align:start position:0% +because we just weren't communicating + + + align:start position:0% +because we just weren't communicating +about that a problem that's related to + + align:start position:0% +about that a problem that's related to + + + align:start position:0% +about that a problem that's related to +this is that we didn't assign Taswell or + + align:start position:0% +this is that we didn't assign Taswell or + + + align:start position:0% +this is that we didn't assign Taswell or +take ownership of what we were doing or + + align:start position:0% +take ownership of what we were doing or + + + align:start position:0% +take ownership of what we were doing or +you know assigned responsibility between + + align:start position:0% +you know assigned responsibility between + + + align:start position:0% +you know assigned responsibility between +people and so we ran into problems where + + align:start position:0% +people and so we ran into problems where + + + align:start position:0% +people and so we ran into problems where +things just wouldn't happen for long + + align:start position:0% +things just wouldn't happen for long + + + align:start position:0% +things just wouldn't happen for long +Spurs of time and then we'd run into the + + align:start position:0% +Spurs of time and then we'd run into the + + + align:start position:0% +Spurs of time and then we'd run into the +heroic effort problem at the end where + + align:start position:0% +heroic effort problem at the end where + + + align:start position:0% +heroic effort problem at the end where +we're all jumping in to make things + + align:start position:0% +we're all jumping in to make things + + + align:start position:0% +we're all jumping in to make things +happen we also ran into problems where + + align:start position:0% +happen we also ran into problems where + + + align:start position:0% +happen we also ran into problems where +sometimes people didn't push commits for + + align:start position:0% +sometimes people didn't push commits for + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes people didn't push commits for +an entire day and we had no idea what + + align:start position:0% +an entire day and we had no idea what + + + align:start position:0% +an entire day and we had no idea what +the state of game actually was so what + + align:start position:0% +the state of game actually was so what + + + align:start position:0% +the state of game actually was so what +we learned from this and what we were + + align:start position:0% +we learned from this and what we were + + + align:start position:0% +we learned from this and what we were +going to what we would do differently + + align:start position:0% +going to what we would do differently + + + align:start position:0% +going to what we would do differently +next time is first we keep track of our + + align:start position:0% +next time is first we keep track of our + + + align:start position:0% +next time is first we keep track of our +progress and make sure that it's + + align:start position:0% +progress and make sure that it's + + + align:start position:0% +progress and make sure that it's +continuous uh whether it's using Trello + + align:start position:0% +continuous uh whether it's using Trello + + + align:start position:0% +continuous uh whether it's using Trello +or emails or any other sort of solution + + align:start position:0% +or emails or any other sort of solution + + + align:start position:0% +or emails or any other sort of solution +for it it would be really important to + + align:start position:0% +for it it would be really important to + + + align:start position:0% +for it it would be really important to +make sure we all know what the state of + + align:start position:0% +make sure we all know what the state of + + + align:start position:0% +make sure we all know what the state of +the game is and what's being worked + + align:start position:0% +the game is and what's being worked + + + align:start position:0% +the game is and what's being worked +on we should come up with standards for + + align:start position:0% +on we should come up with standards for + + + align:start position:0% +on we should come up with standards for +how we're going to email and meet we + + align:start position:0% +how we're going to email and meet we + + + align:start position:0% +how we're going to email and meet we +talked about this uh and said it would + + align:start position:0% +talked about this uh and said it would + + + align:start position:0% +talked about this uh and said it would +be a good idea but then we didn't + + align:start position:0% +be a good idea but then we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +be a good idea but then we didn't +actually do it so it would be good to + + align:start position:0% +actually do it so it would be good to + + + align:start position:0% +actually do it so it would be good to +have a schedule of when your team is + + align:start position:0% +have a schedule of when your team is + + + align:start position:0% +have a schedule of when your team is +going to meet uh how they're going to + + align:start position:0% +going to meet uh how they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to meet uh how they're going to +email and why you're going to email if + + align:start position:0% +email and why you're going to email if + + + align:start position:0% +email and why you're going to email if +it's a daily update of what you're doing + + align:start position:0% +it's a daily update of what you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +it's a daily update of what you're doing +or if it's every time you push a commit + + align:start position:0% +or if it's every time you push a commit + + + align:start position:0% +or if it's every time you push a commit +and and also coming up with standards + + align:start position:0% +and and also coming up with standards + + + align:start position:0% +and and also coming up with standards +for how you're going to use git are you + + align:start position:0% +for how you're going to use git are you + + + align:start position:0% +for how you're going to use git are you +going to use feature branches and all + + align:start position:0% +going to use feature branches and all + + + align:start position:0% +going to use feature branches and all +these kind of things or are you going to + + align:start position:0% +these kind of things or are you going to + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of things or are you going to +do it all on + + align:start position:0% +do it all on + + + align:start position:0% +do it all on +master and are you going to push every + + align:start position:0% +master and are you going to push every + + + align:start position:0% +master and are you going to push every +time you make a new commit or are we + + align:start position:0% +time you make a new commit or are we + + + align:start position:0% +time you make a new commit or are we +going to push you know at a set time + + align:start position:0% +going to push you know at a set time + + + align:start position:0% +going to push you know at a set time +every day so that we can track it all at + + align:start position:0% +every day so that we can track it all at + + + align:start position:0% +every day so that we can track it all at +once it'd be good to know who's doing + + align:start position:0% +once it'd be good to know who's doing + + + align:start position:0% +once it'd be good to know who's doing +what that comes in with the idea of + + align:start position:0% +what that comes in with the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +what that comes in with the idea of +communication and tracking + + align:start position:0% +communication and tracking + + + align:start position:0% +communication and tracking +progress what we did at first was we had + + align:start position:0% +progress what we did at first was we had + + + align:start position:0% +progress what we did at first was we had +specific domains that people were + + align:start position:0% +specific domains that people were + + + align:start position:0% +specific domains that people were +working on Jeremy was working on the UI + + align:start position:0% +working on Jeremy was working on the UI + + + align:start position:0% +working on Jeremy was working on the UI +Rodrigo was working on the ship model + + align:start position:0% +Rodrigo was working on the ship model + + + align:start position:0% +Rodrigo was working on the ship model +and this made it really easy to assign + + align:start position:0% +and this made it really easy to assign + + + align:start position:0% +and this made it really easy to assign +tasks and to make sure that things were + + align:start position:0% +tasks and to make sure that things were + + + align:start position:0% +tasks and to make sure that things were +getting done in the beginning but then + + align:start position:0% +getting done in the beginning but then + + + align:start position:0% +getting done in the beginning but then +in the end when we had some tasks that + + align:start position:0% +in the end when we had some tasks that + + + align:start position:0% +in the end when we had some tasks that +were kind of in the middle and we didn't + + align:start position:0% +were kind of in the middle and we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +were kind of in the middle and we didn't +specifically say what was going to + + align:start position:0% +specifically say what was going to + + + align:start position:0% +specifically say what was going to +happen uh we ended up with this last + + align:start position:0% +happen uh we ended up with this last + + + align:start position:0% +happen uh we ended up with this last +minute scramble of okay I'll take this + + align:start position:0% +minute scramble of okay I'll take this + + + align:start position:0% +minute scramble of okay I'll take this +thing actually I'll take this thing + + align:start position:0% +thing actually I'll take this thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing actually I'll take this thing +somebody else coming in and it made a + + align:start position:0% +somebody else coming in and it made a + + + align:start position:0% +somebody else coming in and it made a +lot more difficult to track what was + + align:start position:0% +lot more difficult to track what was + + + align:start position:0% +lot more difficult to track what was +actually getting done you can also give + + align:start position:0% +actually getting done you can also give + + + align:start position:0% +actually getting done you can also give +tasks to people uh we were kind of + + align:start position:0% +tasks to people uh we were kind of + + + align:start position:0% +tasks to people uh we were kind of +reluctant to do that at first but we got + + align:start position:0% +reluctant to do that at first but we got + + + align:start position:0% +reluctant to do that at first but we got +better at it and it was actually super + + align:start position:0% +better at it and it was actually super + + + align:start position:0% +better at it and it was actually super +helpful to just be like hey you take + + align:start position:0% +helpful to just be like hey you take + + + align:start position:0% +helpful to just be like hey you take +this and then it's completely clear + + align:start position:0% +this and then it's completely clear + + + align:start position:0% +this and then it's completely clear +what's happening and the very last thing + + align:start position:0% +what's happening and the very last thing + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening and the very last thing +to do with this is to just ask what's + + align:start position:0% +to do with this is to just ask what's + + + align:start position:0% +to do with this is to just ask what's +happening uh it's good to to get some + + align:start position:0% +happening uh it's good to to get some + + + align:start position:0% +happening uh it's good to to get some +reassurance that something actually is + + align:start position:0% +reassurance that something actually is + + + align:start position:0% +reassurance that something actually is +happening if you're not hearing anything + + align:start position:0% +happening if you're not hearing anything + + + align:start position:0% +happening if you're not hearing anything +about it so you can just ask somebody + + align:start position:0% +about it so you can just ask somebody + + + align:start position:0% +about it so you can just ask somebody +like hey uh what are you working on or + + align:start position:0% +like hey uh what are you working on or + + + align:start position:0% +like hey uh what are you working on or +hey is anybody working on making this + + align:start position:0% +hey is anybody working on making this + + + align:start position:0% +hey is anybody working on making this +component appear then you just get an + + align:start position:0% +component appear then you just get an + + + align:start position:0% +component appear then you just get an +answer and you're you get a lot of Peace + + align:start position:0% +answer and you're you get a lot of Peace + + + align:start position:0% +answer and you're you get a lot of Peace +of Mind from that it's good to set up + + align:start position:0% +of Mind from that it's good to set up + + + align:start position:0% +of Mind from that it's good to set up +specific times to work together we + + align:start position:0% +specific times to work together we + + + align:start position:0% +specific times to work together we +didn't do this enough but it would have + + align:start position:0% +didn't do this enough but it would have + + + align:start position:0% +didn't do this enough but it would have +been great if we + + align:start position:0% +been great if we + + + align:start position:0% +been great if we +had and like I said we made a prototype + + align:start position:0% +had and like I said we made a prototype + + + align:start position:0% +had and like I said we made a prototype +pretty early on but I think we could + + align:start position:0% +pretty early on but I think we could + + + align:start position:0% +pretty early on but I think we could +have made one even earlier we found that + + align:start position:0% +have made one even earlier we found that + + + align:start position:0% +have made one even earlier we found that +it didn't limit our creativity or our + + align:start position:0% +it didn't limit our creativity or our + + + align:start position:0% +it didn't limit our creativity or our +ability to talk about the game instead + + align:start position:0% +ability to talk about the game instead + + + align:start position:0% +ability to talk about the game instead +it just gave us a platform to work off + + align:start position:0% +it just gave us a platform to work off + + + align:start position:0% +it just gave us a platform to work off +of so we could sort of build a basic + + align:start position:0% +of so we could sort of build a basic + + + align:start position:0% +of so we could sort of build a basic +prototype with some idea of the cor + + align:start position:0% +prototype with some idea of the cor + + + align:start position:0% +prototype with some idea of the cor +mechanic and then continue to brainstorm + + align:start position:0% +mechanic and then continue to brainstorm + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic and then continue to brainstorm +and expand from it + + align:start position:0% +and expand from it + + + align:start position:0% +and expand from it +there and uh yeah that's basically what + + align:start position:0% +there and uh yeah that's basically what + + + align:start position:0% +there and uh yeah that's basically what +we learned from this game and moving + + align:start position:0% +we learned from this game and moving + + + align:start position:0% +we learned from this game and moving +forward we're looking forward to + + align:start position:0% +forward we're looking forward to + + + align:start position:0% +forward we're looking forward to +implementing this on Project + + align:start position:0% +implementing this on Project + + + align:start position:0% +implementing this on Project +4 any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions besides solving problems with + + align:start position:0% +questions besides solving problems with + + + align:start position:0% +questions besides solving problems with +ha pixel on your own did you find any + + align:start position:0% +ha pixel on your own did you find any + + + align:start position:0% +ha pixel on your own did you find any +online resources that turned out to be + + align:start position:0% +online resources that turned out to be + + + align:start position:0% +online resources that turned out to be +helpful or you + + align:start position:0% +helpful or you + + + align:start position:0% +helpful or you +just um the main problem that we ran + + align:start position:0% +just um the main problem that we ran + + + align:start position:0% +just um the main problem that we ran +into hack with hack flixel was we were + + align:start position:0% +into hack with hack flixel was we were + + + align:start position:0% +into hack with hack flixel was we were +trying to build an HTML 5 and the text + + align:start position:0% +trying to build an HTML 5 and the text + + + align:start position:0% +trying to build an HTML 5 and the text +just wasn't working and we found nothing + + align:start position:0% +just wasn't working and we found nothing + + + align:start position:0% +just wasn't working and we found nothing +about it we found one page by hack + + align:start position:0% +about it we found one page by hack + + + align:start position:0% +about it we found one page by hack +flexel that said Sometimes you have + + align:start position:0% +flexel that said Sometimes you have + + + align:start position:0% +flexel that said Sometimes you have +problems with text try doing this that + + align:start position:0% +problems with text try doing this that + + + align:start position:0% +problems with text try doing this that +didn't work and nobody else had an + + align:start position:0% +didn't work and nobody else had an + + + align:start position:0% +didn't work and nobody else had an +answer for it um I don't know if anybody + + align:start position:0% +answer for it um I don't know if anybody + + + align:start position:0% +answer for it um I don't know if anybody +else did basically you have to read the + + align:start position:0% +else did basically you have to read the + + + align:start position:0% +else did basically you have to read the +Fel documentation and ignore the hackel + + align:start position:0% +Fel documentation and ignore the hackel + + + align:start position:0% +Fel documentation and ignore the hackel +documentation um the apis are + + align:start position:0% +documentation um the apis are + + + align:start position:0% +documentation um the apis are +identical um and the static typ does + + align:start position:0% +identical um and the static typ does + + + align:start position:0% +identical um and the static typ does +like save you a little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bit and you have to jump into the source + + align:start position:0% +bit and you have to jump into the source + + + align:start position:0% +bit and you have to jump into the source +occasionally nothing around + + align:start position:0% +occasionally nothing around + + + align:start position:0% +occasionally nothing around +that anything + + align:start position:0% +that anything + + + align:start position:0% +that anything +else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +than so uh we did looking for Dena we + + align:start position:0% +than so uh we did looking for Dena we + + + align:start position:0% +than so uh we did looking for Dena we +have some screenshots of the game in + + align:start position:0% +have some screenshots of the game in + + + align:start position:0% +have some screenshots of the game in +case any of you didn't get to play it or + + align:start position:0% +case any of you didn't get to play it or + + + align:start position:0% +case any of you didn't get to play it or +see it so it's just the start screen we + + align:start position:0% +see it so it's just the start screen we + + + align:start position:0% +see it so it's just the start screen we +have um the first thing so the game's + + align:start position:0% +have um the first thing so the game's + + + align:start position:0% +have um the first thing so the game's +kind of in two two two like uh you have + + align:start position:0% +kind of in two two two like uh you have + + + align:start position:0% +kind of in two two two like uh you have +to do two different things the first + + align:start position:0% +to do two different things the first + + + align:start position:0% +to do two different things the first +thing you do is you choose which planet + + align:start position:0% +thing you do is you choose which planet + + + align:start position:0% +thing you do is you choose which planet +you're going to go to and you can't + + align:start position:0% +you're going to go to and you can't + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to go to and you can't +really read it but they all have + + align:start position:0% +really read it but they all have + + + align:start position:0% +really read it but they all have +different distance stats as well as stat + + align:start position:0% +different distance stats as well as stat + + + align:start position:0% +different distance stats as well as stat +gains that each planet will give you + + align:start position:0% +gains that each planet will give you + + + align:start position:0% +gains that each planet will give you +then you have to navigate through an + + align:start position:0% +then you have to navigate through an + + + align:start position:0% +then you have to navigate through an +asteroid field which depending on how + + align:start position:0% +asteroid field which depending on how + + + align:start position:0% +asteroid field which depending on how +far along are you are in the game makes + + align:start position:0% +far along are you are in the game makes + + + align:start position:0% +far along are you are in the game makes +it harder as you go along but hopefully + + align:start position:0% +it harder as you go along but hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +it harder as you go along but hopefully +you have those stat gains that should + + align:start position:0% +you have those stat gains that should + + + align:start position:0% +you have those stat gains that should +make it easier to actually go through it + + align:start position:0% +make it easier to actually go through it + + + align:start position:0% +make it easier to actually go through it +um you're looking for Dena and you can + + align:start position:0% +um you're looking for Dena and you can + + + align:start position:0% +um you're looking for Dena and you can +lose and win so what happen what was + + align:start position:0% +lose and win so what happen what was + + + align:start position:0% +lose and win so what happen what was +right and what was wrong is we did + + align:start position:0% +right and what was wrong is we did + + + align:start position:0% +right and what was wrong is we did +communicate a lot and by a lot I mean + + align:start position:0% +communicate a lot and by a lot I mean + + + align:start position:0% +communicate a lot and by a lot I mean +like from Midnight to like this class + + align:start position:0% +like from Midnight to like this class + + + align:start position:0% +like from Midnight to like this class +there was 108 emails and that was just + + align:start position:0% +there was 108 emails and that was just + + + align:start position:0% +there was 108 emails and that was just +today so we communicated a lot but we + + align:start position:0% +today so we communicated a lot but we + + + align:start position:0% +today so we communicated a lot but we +didn't communicate really effectively + + align:start position:0% +didn't communicate really effectively + + + align:start position:0% +didn't communicate really effectively +there were a lot of people saying like + + align:start position:0% +there were a lot of people saying like + + + align:start position:0% +there were a lot of people saying like +yeah this is what I'm doing this is what + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is what I'm doing this is what + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is what I'm doing this is what +I'm doing this is what I'm doing this is + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing this is what I'm doing this is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing this is what I'm doing this is +done like I submitted this but then + + align:start position:0% +done like I submitted this but then + + + align:start position:0% +done like I submitted this but then +going through those hundreds of emails + + align:start position:0% +going through those hundreds of emails + + + align:start position:0% +going through those hundreds of emails +trying to figure out oh wait who said + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out oh wait who said + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out oh wait who said +they were doing this who said like this + + align:start position:0% +they were doing this who said like this + + + align:start position:0% +they were doing this who said like this +was submitted was really hard and so we + + align:start position:0% +was submitted was really hard and so we + + + align:start position:0% +was submitted was really hard and so we +didn't have those like daily scrum + + align:start position:0% +didn't have those like daily scrum + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have those like daily scrum +meetings that we talked about and I'm + + align:start position:0% +meetings that we talked about and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +meetings that we talked about and I'm +realizing like those would be really + + align:start position:0% +realizing like those would be really + + + align:start position:0% +realizing like those would be really +useful to have somebody say like okay + + align:start position:0% +useful to have somebody say like okay + + + align:start position:0% +useful to have somebody say like okay +this is what everybody's done this is + + align:start position:0% +this is what everybody's done this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is what everybody's done this is +what everybody's going to do this is + + align:start position:0% +what everybody's going to do this is + + + align:start position:0% +what everybody's going to do this is +what we've submitted having that like + + align:start position:0% +what we've submitted having that like + + + align:start position:0% +what we've submitted having that like +one thing somewhere where everyone can + + align:start position:0% +one thing somewhere where everyone can + + + align:start position:0% +one thing somewhere where everyone can +view it easily would make it a lot + + align:start position:0% +view it easily would make it a lot + + + align:start position:0% +view it easily would make it a lot +easier than trying to go through emails + + align:start position:0% +easier than trying to go through emails + + + align:start position:0% +easier than trying to go through emails +and figuring out who did what and like + + align:start position:0% +and figuring out who did what and like + + + align:start position:0% +and figuring out who did what and like +what went wrong uh we also one other + + align:start position:0% +what went wrong uh we also one other + + + align:start position:0% +what went wrong uh we also one other +thing we did right is we met in smaller + + align:start position:0% +thing we did right is we met in smaller + + + align:start position:0% +thing we did right is we met in smaller +groups so people who were like working + + align:start position:0% +groups so people who were like working + + + align:start position:0% +groups so people who were like working +on the design met and just the those + + align:start position:0% +on the design met and just the those + + + align:start position:0% +on the design met and just the those +people met and then the people working + + align:start position:0% +people met and then the people working + + + align:start position:0% +people met and then the people working +on the code just those people met which + + align:start position:0% +on the code just those people met which + + + align:start position:0% +on the code just those people met which +was really useful for trying to meet + + align:start position:0% +was really useful for trying to meet + + + align:start position:0% +was really useful for trying to meet +instead of like having seven people meet + + align:start position:0% +instead of like having seven people meet + + + align:start position:0% +instead of like having seven people meet +you only had like three or four and so + + align:start position:0% +you only had like three or four and so + + + align:start position:0% +you only had like three or four and so +it was much easier to arrange those + + align:start position:0% +it was much easier to arrange those + + + align:start position:0% +it was much easier to arrange those +meetings we really divided the tasks + + align:start position:0% +meetings we really divided the tasks + + + align:start position:0% +meetings we really divided the tasks +effectively everybody was doing + + align:start position:0% +effectively everybody was doing + + + align:start position:0% +effectively everybody was doing +something and like that's uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +something and like that's uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +something and like that's uh kind of +what the last Point everybody tried to + + align:start position:0% +what the last Point everybody tried to + + + align:start position:0% +what the last Point everybody tried to +make sure they were always doing + + align:start position:0% +make sure they were always doing + + + align:start position:0% +make sure they were always doing +something and contributing to the + + align:start position:0% +something and contributing to the + + + align:start position:0% +something and contributing to the +project no one was just sitting there + + align:start position:0% +project no one was just sitting there + + + align:start position:0% +project no one was just sitting there +wondering like what do I do everyone + + align:start position:0% +wondering like what do I do everyone + + + align:start position:0% +wondering like what do I do everyone +tried to constantly be doing + + align:start position:0% +tried to constantly be doing + + + align:start position:0% +tried to constantly be doing +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +um another thing that went wrong is that + + align:start position:0% +um another thing that went wrong is that + + + align:start position:0% +um another thing that went wrong is that +we worked in births so there was just + + align:start position:0% +we worked in births so there was just + + + align:start position:0% +we worked in births so there was just +people were really busy and then like + + align:start position:0% +people were really busy and then like + + + align:start position:0% +people were really busy and then like +the night before we had signed an + + align:start position:0% +the night before we had signed an + + + align:start position:0% +the night before we had signed an +internal deadline everyone was like okay + + align:start position:0% +internal deadline everyone was like okay + + + align:start position:0% +internal deadline everyone was like okay +let's work on this right now and so then + + align:start position:0% +let's work on this right now and so then + + + align:start position:0% +let's work on this right now and so then +it was just people staying up all night + + align:start position:0% +it was just people staying up all night + + + align:start position:0% +it was just people staying up all night +to try to finish something which things + + align:start position:0% +to try to finish something which things + + + align:start position:0% +to try to finish something which things +got done but like you know sometimes + + align:start position:0% +got done but like you know sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +got done but like you know sometimes +it's like did we do this the best way we + + align:start position:0% +it's like did we do this the best way we + + + align:start position:0% +it's like did we do this the best way we +could was everything optimized and + + align:start position:0% +could was everything optimized and + + + align:start position:0% +could was everything optimized and +didn't really or weren't really sure cuz + + align:start position:0% +didn't really or weren't really sure cuz + + + align:start position:0% +didn't really or weren't really sure cuz +everything was done in these short + + align:start position:0% +everything was done in these short + + + align:start position:0% +everything was done in these short +births instead of like all like a little + + align:start position:0% +births instead of like all like a little + + + align:start position:0% +births instead of like all like a little +bit every day and if you guys want to + + align:start position:0% +bit every day and if you guys want to + + + align:start position:0% +bit every day and if you guys want to +talk about Unity yeah as people have + + align:start position:0% +talk about Unity yeah as people have + + + align:start position:0% +talk about Unity yeah as people have +said Unity is annoying because it has + + align:start position:0% +said Unity is annoying because it has + + + align:start position:0% +said Unity is annoying because it has +all these binary files that you cannot + + align:start position:0% +all these binary files that you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +all these binary files that you cannot +merge so like two people are we have to + + align:start position:0% +merge so like two people are we have to + + + align:start position:0% +merge so like two people are we have to +basically always keep track of I'm + + align:start position:0% +basically always keep track of I'm + + + align:start position:0% +basically always keep track of I'm +working on this scene no one else touch + + align:start position:0% +working on this scene no one else touch + + + align:start position:0% +working on this scene no one else touch +it because if two people work on it + + align:start position:0% +it because if two people work on it + + + align:start position:0% +it because if two people work on it +someone's going to lose everything they + + align:start position:0% +someone's going to lose everything they + + + align:start position:0% +someone's going to lose everything they +did which is really annoying um but yeah + + align:start position:0% +did which is really annoying um but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +did which is really annoying um but yeah +emails worked for that in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +emails worked for that in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +emails worked for that in the sense that +that way we can say I finished for see + + align:start position:0% +that way we can say I finished for see + + + align:start position:0% +that way we can say I finished for see +someone else can touch it now so that + + align:start position:0% +someone else can touch it now so that + + + align:start position:0% +someone else can touch it now so that +was sort of helpful and yeah met are + + align:start position:0% +was sort of helpful and yeah met are + + + align:start position:0% +was sort of helpful and yeah met are +terrifying you don't know what they do + + align:start position:0% +terrifying you don't know what they do + + + align:start position:0% +terrifying you don't know what they do +he just sits at like five of them and + + align:start position:0% +he just sits at like five of them and + + + align:start position:0% +he just sits at like five of them and +you're like I I think it's fine but + + align:start position:0% +you're like I I think it's fine but + + + align:start position:0% +you're like I I think it's fine but +sometimes the conflict happens and + + align:start position:0% +sometimes the conflict happens and + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes the conflict happens and +you're like I don't know what to do with + + align:start position:0% +you're like I don't know what to do with + + + align:start position:0% +you're like I don't know what to do with +this I think I can just check all of + + align:start position:0% +this I think I can just check all of + + + align:start position:0% +this I think I can just check all of +them but then things break and you're s + + align:start position:0% +them but then things break and you're s + + + align:start position:0% +them but then things break and you're s +life I feel like that's even scarier + + align:start position:0% +life I feel like that's even scarier + + + align:start position:0% +life I feel like that's even scarier +than the scene at least you tell each + + align:start position:0% +than the scene at least you tell each + + + align:start position:0% +than the scene at least you tell each +other stop touching the thing and + + align:start position:0% +other stop touching the thing and + + + align:start position:0% +other stop touching the thing and +touching the thing but sometimes you + + align:start position:0% +touching the thing but sometimes you + + + align:start position:0% +touching the thing but sometimes you +touch the thing then wasn't hard + + align:start position:0% +touch the thing then wasn't hard + + + align:start position:0% +touch the thing then wasn't hard +like I also want to point out like how + + align:start position:0% +like I also want to point out like how + + + align:start position:0% +like I also want to point out like how +impossible it is to schedule anything + + align:start position:0% +impossible it is to schedule anything + + + align:start position:0% +impossible it is to schedule anything +for seven people like we wanted to meet + + align:start position:0% +for seven people like we wanted to meet + + + align:start position:0% +for seven people like we wanted to meet +on the weekend and there was literally + + align:start position:0% +on the weekend and there was literally + + + align:start position:0% +on the weekend and there was literally +not a single period of time not one hour + + align:start position:0% +not a single period of time not one hour + + + align:start position:0% +not a single period of time not one hour +that wasn't like at 3:00 or 4 in the + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't like at 3:00 or 4 in the + + + align:start position:0% +that wasn't like at 3:00 or 4 in the +morning where everyone was available it + + align:start position:0% +morning where everyone was available it + + + align:start position:0% +morning where everyone was available it +was impossible it + + align:start position:0% +was impossible it + + + align:start position:0% +was impossible it +insane yeah sches are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hard so yeah any questions you have + + align:start position:0% +hard so yeah any questions you have + + + align:start position:0% +hard so yeah any questions you have +deadin up there + + align:start position:0% +deadin up there + + + align:start position:0% +deadin up there +Wonder no so we did so we did kind of + + align:start position:0% +Wonder no so we did so we did kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Wonder no so we did so we did kind of +keep the deadline so what I was trying + + align:start position:0% +keep the deadline so what I was trying + + + align:start position:0% +keep the deadline so what I was trying +to say with that point is that we did + + align:start position:0% +to say with that point is that we did + + + align:start position:0% +to say with that point is that we did +kind of keep to deadlines where we + + align:start position:0% +kind of keep to deadlines where we + + + align:start position:0% +kind of keep to deadlines where we +worked in those bursts to get to the + + align:start position:0% +worked in those bursts to get to the + + + align:start position:0% +worked in those bursts to get to the +deadline but then because it was such a + + align:start position:0% +deadline but then because it was such a + + + align:start position:0% +deadline but then because it was such a +like long burst by the end everyone was + + align:start position:0% +like long burst by the end everyone was + + + align:start position:0% +like long burst by the end everyone was +like drained and if it was like I'll do + + align:start position:0% +like drained and if it was like I'll do + + + align:start position:0% +like drained and if it was like I'll do +this and like this other little small + + align:start position:0% +this and like this other little small + + + align:start position:0% +this and like this other little small +thing a lot of little small things + + align:start position:0% +thing a lot of little small things + + + align:start position:0% +thing a lot of little small things +didn't get done and so things were kind + + align:start position:0% +didn't get done and so things were kind + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get done and so things were kind +of pushed back a little bit and so so + + align:start position:0% +of pushed back a little bit and so so + + + align:start position:0% +of pushed back a little bit and so so +this led to more bursts and it was a + + align:start position:0% +this led to more bursts and it was a + + + align:start position:0% +this led to more bursts and it was a +really bad cycle that I think ended up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happening do you think if you plann for + + align:start position:0% +happening do you think if you plann for + + + align:start position:0% +happening do you think if you plann for +the bursts it would be + + align:start position:0% +the bursts it would be + + + align:start position:0% +the bursts it would be +better I think like if you actually + + align:start position:0% +better I think like if you actually + + + align:start position:0% +better I think like if you actually +scheduled meetings at 3:00 a.m. + + align:start position:0% +scheduled meetings at 3:00 a.m. + + + align:start position:0% +scheduled meetings at 3:00 a.m. +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +before that didn't so I think it was + + align:start position:0% +before that didn't so I think it was + + + align:start position:0% +before that didn't so I think it was +more like um we needed more granularity + + align:start position:0% +more like um we needed more granularity + + + align:start position:0% +more like um we needed more granularity +in the deadlines so we'd say let's get + + align:start position:0% +in the deadlines so we'd say let's get + + + align:start position:0% +in the deadlines so we'd say let's get +this bucket of things done by this day + + align:start position:0% +this bucket of things done by this day + + + align:start position:0% +this bucket of things done by this day +and that that would sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +and that that would sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +and that that would sort of you know +people procrastinate we have other work + + align:start position:0% +people procrastinate we have other work + + + align:start position:0% +people procrastinate we have other work +to do and like okay well I have to do + + align:start position:0% +to do and like okay well I have to do + + + align:start position:0% +to do and like okay well I have to do +this other dead like this other deadline + + align:start position:0% +this other dead like this other deadline + + + align:start position:0% +this other dead like this other deadline +for this other class is do first and + + align:start position:0% +for this other class is do first and + + + align:start position:0% +for this other class is do first and +leave everything for this until later + + align:start position:0% +leave everything for this until later + + + align:start position:0% +leave everything for this until later +until they finished with every other + + align:start position:0% +until they finished with every other + + + align:start position:0% +until they finished with every other +class so if you leave like smaller tasks + + align:start position:0% +class so if you leave like smaller tasks + + + align:start position:0% +class so if you leave like smaller tasks +more like spread out throughout the week + + align:start position:0% +more like spread out throughout the week + + + align:start position:0% +more like spread out throughout the week +I think that would sort of enforce a + + align:start position:0% +I think that would sort of enforce a + + + align:start position:0% +I think that would sort of enforce a +more I'll work a little bit today a + + align:start position:0% +more I'll work a little bit today a + + + align:start position:0% +more I'll work a little bit today a +little bit tomorrow as opposed to I'll + + align:start position:0% +little bit tomorrow as opposed to I'll + + + align:start position:0% +little bit tomorrow as opposed to I'll +work a whole ton two days from today + + align:start position:0% +work a whole ton two days from today + + + align:start position:0% +work a whole ton two days from today +which is what ended up happening yeah we + + align:start position:0% +which is what ended up happening yeah we + + + align:start position:0% +which is what ended up happening yeah we +also didn't have a dedicated like scub + + align:start position:0% +also didn't have a dedicated like scub + + + align:start position:0% +also didn't have a dedicated like scub +project manager who would like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reinforce yeah you just kind of would + + align:start position:0% +reinforce yeah you just kind of would + + + align:start position:0% +reinforce yeah you just kind of would +get an email like saying you I have + + align:start position:0% +get an email like saying you I have + + + align:start position:0% +get an email like saying you I have +something to do at midnight I'll start + + align:start position:0% +something to do at midnight I'll start + + + align:start position:0% +something to do at midnight I'll start +working at this after midnight and so a + + align:start position:0% +working at this after midnight and so a + + + align:start position:0% +working at this after midnight and so a +lot of times that would happen and then + + align:start position:0% +lot of times that would happen and then + + + align:start position:0% +lot of times that would happen and then +things like got pushed back because that + + align:start position:0% +things like got pushed back because that + + + align:start position:0% +things like got pushed back because that +person didn't get that done and so kind + + align:start position:0% +person didn't get that done and so kind + + + align:start position:0% +person didn't get that done and so kind +of have to wait everything got done but + + align:start position:0% +of have to wait everything got done but + + + align:start position:0% +of have to wait everything got done but +everything got done it's very cute I + + align:start position:0% +everything got done it's very cute I + + + align:start position:0% +everything got done it's very cute I +feel like that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what how you might organize your + + align:start position:0% +what how you might organize your + + + align:start position:0% +what how you might organize your +Communications + + align:start position:0% +Communications + + + align:start position:0% +Communications +on how how do you how do you still have + + align:start position:0% +on how how do you how do you still have + + + align:start position:0% +on how how do you how do you still have +that good level of communication but + + align:start position:0% +that good level of communication but + + + align:start position:0% +that good level of communication but +have it be something + + align:start position:0% +have it be something + + + align:start position:0% +have it be something +we so I think a big problem we had is we + + align:start position:0% +we so I think a big problem we had is we + + + align:start position:0% +we so I think a big problem we had is we +had just one enormous email threat which + + align:start position:0% +had just one enormous email threat which + + + align:start position:0% +had just one enormous email threat which +became huge and monolithic and + + align:start position:0% +became huge and monolithic and + + + align:start position:0% +became huge and monolithic and +impossible to look through after a + + align:start position:0% +impossible to look through after a + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to look through after a +certain point I think it would have been + + align:start position:0% +certain point I think it would have been + + + align:start position:0% +certain point I think it would have been +more helpful to break up into smaller + + align:start position:0% +more helpful to break up into smaller + + + align:start position:0% +more helpful to break up into smaller +email threads so like people that were + + align:start position:0% +email threads so like people that were + + + align:start position:0% +email threads so like people that were +working on one specific featuring code + + align:start position:0% +working on one specific featuring code + + + align:start position:0% +working on one specific featuring code +not everyone need to resp all those + + align:start position:0% +not everyone need to resp all those + + + align:start position:0% +not everyone need to resp all those +emails so it would have been I think + + align:start position:0% +emails so it would have been I think + + + align:start position:0% +emails so it would have been I think +really helpful for the future to maybe + + align:start position:0% +really helpful for the future to maybe + + + align:start position:0% +really helpful for the future to maybe +organize it in the sense that if me and + + align:start position:0% +organize it in the sense that if me and + + + align:start position:0% +organize it in the sense that if me and +Jenny are working on something we email + + align:start position:0% +Jenny are working on something we email + + + align:start position:0% +Jenny are working on something we email +each other a lot and at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +each other a lot and at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +each other a lot and at the end of the +day we send one email like you know here + + align:start position:0% +day we send one email like you know here + + + align:start position:0% +day we send one email like you know here +are the details that everyone needs to + + align:start position:0% +are the details that everyone needs to + + + align:start position:0% +are the details that everyone needs to +know you don't need to receive like the + + align:start position:0% +know you don't need to receive like the + + + align:start position:0% +know you don't need to receive like the +10,000 emails we sent before that so at + + align:start position:0% +10,000 emails we sent before that so at + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 emails we sent before that so at +the same keep everyone in the loop like + + align:start position:0% +the same keep everyone in the loop like + + + align:start position:0% +the same keep everyone in the loop like +don't leave people out of loop but sort + + align:start position:0% +don't leave people out of loop but sort + + + align:start position:0% +don't leave people out of loop but sort +of keep little pockets of communication + + align:start position:0% +of keep little pockets of communication + + + align:start position:0% +of keep little pockets of communication +so everything's not flooded with all + + align:start position:0% +so everything's not flooded with all + + + align:start position:0% +so everything's not flooded with all +this and even having the designated + + align:start position:0% +this and even having the designated + + + align:start position:0% +this and even having the designated +scrum master I think would help with + + align:start position:0% +scrum master I think would help with + + + align:start position:0% +scrum master I think would help with +that a lot because then you know it's + + align:start position:0% +that a lot because then you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +that a lot because then you know it's +not even they're sending it out to like + + align:start position:0% +not even they're sending it out to like + + + align:start position:0% +not even they're sending it out to like +the group email thread they're sending + + align:start position:0% +the group email thread they're sending + + + align:start position:0% +the group email thread they're sending +it to the scrum master and the scrum + + align:start position:0% +it to the scrum master and the scrum + + + align:start position:0% +it to the scrum master and the scrum +Master like makes one thing it would be + + align:start position:0% +Master like makes one thing it would be + + + align:start position:0% +Master like makes one thing it would be +really tiresome to do that every day + + align:start position:0% +really tiresome to do that every day + + + align:start position:0% +really tiresome to do that every day +though so maybe like every other day or + + align:start position:0% +though so maybe like every other day or + + + align:start position:0% +though so maybe like every other day or +something I'm not really sure how to + + align:start position:0% +something I'm not really sure how to + + + align:start position:0% +something I'm not really sure how to +like break that up because it seems like + + align:start position:0% +like break that up because it seems like + + + align:start position:0% +like break that up because it seems like +you'll just end up having a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you'll just end up having a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you'll just end up having a lot of +things like a lot of reports like report + + align:start position:0% +things like a lot of reports like report + + + align:start position:0% +things like a lot of reports like report +this was done on this day this was done + + align:start position:0% +this was done on this day this was done + + + align:start position:0% +this was done on this day this was done +on this day + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like we had like the Google Doc like the + + align:start position:0% +like we had like the Google Doc like the + + + align:start position:0% +like we had like the Google Doc like the +change log + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah or anything like that that I think + + align:start position:0% +yeah or anything like that that I think + + + align:start position:0% +yeah or anything like that that I think +that was mostly done in like so we'd say + + align:start position:0% +that was mostly done in like so we'd say + + + align:start position:0% +that was mostly done in like so we'd say +these are the set of tasks we want to + + align:start position:0% +these are the set of tasks we want to + + + align:start position:0% +these are the set of tasks we want to +finish like today or something and then + + align:start position:0% +finish like today or something and then + + + align:start position:0% +finish like today or something and then +I for example I'm going to work on this + + align:start position:0% +I for example I'm going to work on this + + + align:start position:0% +I for example I'm going to work on this +I sent say I'm going to work on this + + align:start position:0% +I sent say I'm going to work on this + + + align:start position:0% +I sent say I'm going to work on this +scene no one touch it okay I'm done + + align:start position:0% +scene no one touch it okay I'm done + + + align:start position:0% +scene no one touch it okay I'm done +working on the scene and then once + + align:start position:0% +working on the scene and then once + + + align:start position:0% +working on the scene and then once +everyone finish working on all the + + align:start position:0% +everyone finish working on all the + + + align:start position:0% +everyone finish working on all the +scenes then we go back and dat the do + + align:start position:0% +scenes then we go back and dat the do + + + align:start position:0% +scenes then we go back and dat the do +that sort of does feel like you probably + + align:start position:0% +that sort of does feel like you probably + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of does feel like you probably +could have done some kind of weird joint + + align:start position:0% +could have done some kind of weird joint + + + align:start position:0% +could have done some kind of weird joint +thing where the Sprint Mas keeps track + + align:start position:0% +thing where the Sprint Mas keeps track + + + align:start position:0% +thing where the Sprint Mas keeps track +of like big things and then we have like + + align:start position:0% +of like big things and then we have like + + + align:start position:0% +of like big things and then we have like +some kind of system going + + align:start position:0% +some kind of system going + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of system going +likea espe all Happ the same time it's a + + align:start position:0% +likea espe all Happ the same time it's a + + + align:start position:0% +likea espe all Happ the same time it's a +little bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like like what level of task size goes + + align:start position:0% +like like what level of task size goes + + + align:start position:0% +like like what level of task size goes +into the spr T sometimes you can put + + align:start position:0% +into the spr T sometimes you can put + + + align:start position:0% +into the spr T sometimes you can put +something really small it's like yeah + + align:start position:0% +something really small it's like yeah + + + align:start position:0% +something really small it's like yeah +this is what is doing what do we do now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe + + align:start position:0% +maybe + + + align:start position:0% +maybe +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +t but IDE have that's kind what if you + + align:start position:0% +t but IDE have that's kind what if you + + + align:start position:0% +t but IDE have that's kind what if you +figure out way something whether it's + + align:start position:0% +figure out way something whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +figure out way something whether it's +whether it's list + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gole great thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you hi so I'm going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +you hi so I'm going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +you hi so I'm going to be talking about +scor high this is actually our start + + align:start position:0% +scor high this is actually our start + + + align:start position:0% +scor high this is actually our start +screen so just in case you don't + + align:start position:0% +screen so just in case you don't + + + align:start position:0% +screen so just in case you don't +remember what scor high is it was a game + + align:start position:0% +remember what scor high is it was a game + + + align:start position:0% +remember what scor high is it was a game +where you played as an MIT student you + + align:start position:0% +where you played as an MIT student you + + + align:start position:0% +where you played as an MIT student you +went around to different buildings did + + align:start position:0% +went around to different buildings did + + + align:start position:0% +went around to different buildings did +your homework assignments ate slept and + + align:start position:0% +your homework assignments ate slept and + + + align:start position:0% +your homework assignments ate slept and +basically just tried to survive + + align:start position:0% +basically just tried to survive + + + align:start position:0% +basically just tried to survive +school um so I want to start off by + + align:start position:0% +school um so I want to start off by + + + align:start position:0% +school um so I want to start off by +talking about what went + + align:start position:0% +talking about what went + + + align:start position:0% +talking about what went +poorly and the first thing we had an + + align:start position:0% +poorly and the first thing we had an + + + align:start position:0% +poorly and the first thing we had an +issue with was Direction so this time we + + align:start position:0% +issue with was Direction so this time we + + + align:start position:0% +issue with was Direction so this time we +didn't have a paper prototype we had an + + align:start position:0% +didn't have a paper prototype we had an + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have a paper prototype we had an +idea that we wanted to do but it ended + + align:start position:0% +idea that we wanted to do but it ended + + + align:start position:0% +idea that we wanted to do but it ended +up changing a lot right from the start + + align:start position:0% +up changing a lot right from the start + + + align:start position:0% +up changing a lot right from the start +um and it became really difficult to + + align:start position:0% +um and it became really difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +um and it became really difficult to +stay on topic because we didn't really + + align:start position:0% +stay on topic because we didn't really + + + align:start position:0% +stay on topic because we didn't really +know what we were doing and very much + + align:start position:0% +know what we were doing and very much + + + align:start position:0% +know what we were doing and very much +related to that we then had issues with + + align:start position:0% +related to that we then had issues with + + + align:start position:0% +related to that we then had issues with +scope uh we started off with a lot of + + align:start position:0% +scope uh we started off with a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +scope uh we started off with a lot of +unrelated features and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +unrelated features and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +unrelated features and a lot of +components and even now in our final + + align:start position:0% +components and even now in our final + + + align:start position:0% +components and even now in our final +game it there are a lot of components + + align:start position:0% +game it there are a lot of components + + + align:start position:0% +game it there are a lot of components +and the way they interact is complicated + + align:start position:0% +and the way they interact is complicated + + + align:start position:0% +and the way they interact is complicated +sometimes uh and then finally I think + + align:start position:0% +sometimes uh and then finally I think + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes uh and then finally I think +every single team has mentioned this + + align:start position:0% +every single team has mentioned this + + + align:start position:0% +every single team has mentioned this +just planning ahead and getting work + + align:start position:0% +just planning ahead and getting work + + + align:start position:0% +just planning ahead and getting work +done earlier and planning time to work + + align:start position:0% +done earlier and planning time to work + + + align:start position:0% +done earlier and planning time to work +together the issues we had especially + + align:start position:0% +together the issues we had especially + + + align:start position:0% +together the issues we had especially +that came up later were a lot of issues + + align:start position:0% +that came up later were a lot of issues + + + align:start position:0% +that came up later were a lot of issues +with midterms things going wrong + + align:start position:0% +with midterms things going wrong + + + align:start position:0% +with midterms things going wrong +everything that could go wrong kind of + + align:start position:0% +everything that could go wrong kind of + + + align:start position:0% +everything that could go wrong kind of +went wrong and if we had started earlier + + align:start position:0% +went wrong and if we had started earlier + + + align:start position:0% +went wrong and if we had started earlier +we wouldn't have had we would have been + + align:start position:0% +we wouldn't have had we would have been + + + align:start position:0% +we wouldn't have had we would have been +able to deal with those situations + + align:start position:0% +able to deal with those situations + + + align:start position:0% +able to deal with those situations +better okay so based on that what went + + align:start position:0% +better okay so based on that what went + + + align:start position:0% +better okay so based on that what went +well well the great thing is that we did + + align:start position:0% +well well the great thing is that we did + + + align:start position:0% +well well the great thing is that we did +start right away just setting up + + align:start position:0% +start right away just setting up + + + align:start position:0% +start right away just setting up +everything we needed to work we set up + + align:start position:0% +everything we needed to work we set up + + + align:start position:0% +everything we needed to work we set up +our email thread our Google drive folder + + align:start position:0% +our email thread our Google drive folder + + + align:start position:0% +our email thread our Google drive folder +we decided on Unity first meeting and we + + align:start position:0% +we decided on Unity first meeting and we + + + align:start position:0% +we decided on Unity first meeting and we +set up a GitHub project right away so + + align:start position:0% +set up a GitHub project right away so + + + align:start position:0% +set up a GitHub project right away so +that we could all collaborate and the + + align:start position:0% +that we could all collaborate and the + + + align:start position:0% +that we could all collaborate and the +nice thing was in our Google drive + + align:start position:0% +nice thing was in our Google drive + + + align:start position:0% +nice thing was in our Google drive +folder we put our task list we really + + align:start position:0% +folder we put our task list we really + + + align:start position:0% +folder we put our task list we really +utilized that and our email thread like + + align:start position:0% +utilized that and our email thread like + + + align:start position:0% +utilized that and our email thread like +other teams said it did get a little + + align:start position:0% +other teams said it did get a little + + + align:start position:0% +other teams said it did get a little +long and complex but it was just so nice + + align:start position:0% +long and complex but it was just so nice + + + align:start position:0% +long and complex but it was just so nice +to have and later on we actually also + + align:start position:0% +to have and later on we actually also + + + align:start position:0% +to have and later on we actually also +got a group text message messaging + + align:start position:0% +got a group text message messaging + + + align:start position:0% +got a group text message messaging +service so that worked really well + + align:start position:0% +service so that worked really well + + + align:start position:0% +service so that worked really well +dealing with that last minute hustle + + align:start position:0% +dealing with that last minute hustle + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with that last minute hustle +kind of stuff um the next thing that + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff um the next thing that + + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff um the next thing that +went really well is I told you that our + + align:start position:0% +went really well is I told you that our + + + align:start position:0% +went really well is I told you that our +scope was way out there we realized that + + align:start position:0% +scope was way out there we realized that + + + align:start position:0% +scope was way out there we realized that +very quickly and we just started cutting + + align:start position:0% +very quickly and we just started cutting + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly and we just started cutting +cutting cutting so we cut items we cut + + align:start position:0% +cutting cutting so we cut items we cut + + + align:start position:0% +cutting cutting so we cut items we cut +AI charact interactive AI characters we + + align:start position:0% +AI charact interactive AI characters we + + + align:start position:0% +AI charact interactive AI characters we +cut playable quizzes we just cut + + align:start position:0% +cut playable quizzes we just cut + + + align:start position:0% +cut playable quizzes we just cut +everything that wasn't key because our + + align:start position:0% +everything that wasn't key because our + + + align:start position:0% +everything that wasn't key because our +game even without all these things + + align:start position:0% +game even without all these things + + + align:start position:0% +game even without all these things +already had a lot of components + + align:start position:0% +already had a lot of components + + + align:start position:0% +already had a lot of components +um and then once we had a playable game + + align:start position:0% +um and then once we had a playable game + + + align:start position:0% +um and then once we had a playable game +the next thing we did was we really + + align:start position:0% +the next thing we did was we really + + + align:start position:0% +the next thing we did was we really +looked into feedback so one of the main + + align:start position:0% +looked into feedback so one of the main + + + align:start position:0% +looked into feedback so one of the main +uh feedbacks we got was our game was not + + align:start position:0% +uh feedbacks we got was our game was not + + + align:start position:0% +uh feedbacks we got was our game was not +visually cohesive it did not make sense + + align:start position:0% +visually cohesive it did not make sense + + + align:start position:0% +visually cohesive it did not make sense +the nice thing about score high was that + + align:start position:0% +the nice thing about score high was that + + + align:start position:0% +the nice thing about score high was that +because you're playing as an MIT student + + align:start position:0% +because you're playing as an MIT student + + + align:start position:0% +because you're playing as an MIT student +you're just getting work done people + + align:start position:0% +you're just getting work done people + + + align:start position:0% +you're just getting work done people +understood how to play and what they + + align:start position:0% +understood how to play and what they + + + align:start position:0% +understood how to play and what they +were supposed to do but they didn't + + align:start position:0% +were supposed to do but they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +were supposed to do but they didn't +understand that so if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +understand that so if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +understand that so if you look at the +thing on the left you're probably all + + align:start position:0% +thing on the left you're probably all + + + align:start position:0% +thing on the left you're probably all +just staring at it being like what's + + align:start position:0% +just staring at it being like what's + + + align:start position:0% +just staring at it being like what's +that where the rectangles are buildings + + align:start position:0% +that where the rectangles are buildings + + + align:start position:0% +that where the rectangles are buildings +and the Bottom's the stats bar and the + + align:start position:0% +and the Bottom's the stats bar and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the Bottom's the stats bar and the +right is the schedule it's confusing + + align:start position:0% +right is the schedule it's confusing + + + align:start position:0% +right is the schedule it's confusing +people didn't notice the stat bars or + + align:start position:0% +people didn't notice the stat bars or + + + align:start position:0% +people didn't notice the stat bars or +they thought they were buildings and + + align:start position:0% +they thought they were buildings and + + + align:start position:0% +they thought they were buildings and +things like that so we responded to that + + align:start position:0% +things like that so we responded to that + + + align:start position:0% +things like that so we responded to that +right away and we said we need to + + align:start position:0% +right away and we said we need to + + + align:start position:0% +right away and we said we need to +clarify this we need to separate the + + align:start position:0% +clarify this we need to separate the + + + align:start position:0% +clarify this we need to separate the +status separate the + + align:start position:0% +status separate the + + + align:start position:0% +status separate the +schedule and make the map very clearly + + align:start position:0% +schedule and make the map very clearly + + + align:start position:0% +schedule and make the map very clearly +pretty and easy to get around um so that + + align:start position:0% +pretty and easy to get around um so that + + + align:start position:0% +pretty and easy to get around um so that +was one thing we responded to and I + + align:start position:0% +was one thing we responded to and I + + + align:start position:0% +was one thing we responded to and I +think it went well the next thing that + + align:start position:0% +think it went well the next thing that + + + align:start position:0% +think it went well the next thing that +we responded to feedback was we really + + align:start position:0% +we responded to feedback was we really + + + align:start position:0% +we responded to feedback was we really +listened to players not only on big + + align:start position:0% +listened to players not only on big + + + align:start position:0% +listened to players not only on big +picture but on smaller things players + + align:start position:0% +picture but on smaller things players + + + align:start position:0% +picture but on smaller things players +wanted a they wanted WD so we put WD + + align:start position:0% +wanted a they wanted WD so we put WD + + + align:start position:0% +wanted a they wanted WD so we put WD +they wanted a clear way to leave + + align:start position:0% +they wanted a clear way to leave + + + align:start position:0% +they wanted a clear way to leave +buildings they wanted to know what was + + align:start position:0% +buildings they wanted to know what was + + + align:start position:0% +buildings they wanted to know what was +going on when they were in a building so + + align:start position:0% +going on when they were in a building so + + + align:start position:0% +going on when they were in a building so +we actually inserted a progress bar that + + align:start position:0% +we actually inserted a progress bar that + + + align:start position:0% +we actually inserted a progress bar that +says what's going on in this building + + align:start position:0% +says what's going on in this building + + + align:start position:0% +says what's going on in this building +how is it affecting you and then to + + align:start position:0% +how is it affecting you and then to + + + align:start position:0% +how is it affecting you and then to +leave instead of pressing space bar + + align:start position:0% +leave instead of pressing space bar + + + align:start position:0% +leave instead of pressing space bar +which people found unintuitive uh they + + align:start position:0% +which people found unintuitive uh they + + + align:start position:0% +which people found unintuitive uh they +press a button that says leave much more + + align:start position:0% +press a button that says leave much more + + + align:start position:0% +press a button that says leave much more +intuitive okay now given all of that we + + align:start position:0% +intuitive okay now given all of that we + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive okay now given all of that we +did make a really good game but there + + align:start position:0% +did make a really good game but there + + + align:start position:0% +did make a really good game but there +are definitely some things we would + + align:start position:0% +are definitely some things we would + + + align:start position:0% +are definitely some things we would +change if we were to do it again as I + + align:start position:0% +change if we were to do it again as I + + + align:start position:0% +change if we were to do it again as I +mentioned before start with something + + align:start position:0% +mentioned before start with something + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned before start with something +simpler uh we did not design the game + + align:start position:0% +simpler uh we did not design the game + + + align:start position:0% +simpler uh we did not design the game +around the scope of the project and if + + align:start position:0% +around the scope of the project and if + + + align:start position:0% +around the scope of the project and if +we were to do this again we definitely + + align:start position:0% +we were to do this again we definitely + + + align:start position:0% +we were to do this again we definitely +would uh we tried to bite off more than + + align:start position:0% +would uh we tried to bite off more than + + + align:start position:0% +would uh we tried to bite off more than +we could Che and related to that + + align:start position:0% +we could Che and related to that + + + align:start position:0% +we could Che and related to that +minimize the number of components and + + align:start position:0% +minimize the number of components and + + + align:start position:0% +minimize the number of components and +understand how they will interact + + align:start position:0% +understand how they will interact + + + align:start position:0% +understand how they will interact +because especially if you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +because especially if you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +because especially if you're trying to +break down tasks people need to know + + align:start position:0% +break down tasks people need to know + + + align:start position:0% +break down tasks people need to know +what has to be conveyed between + + align:start position:0% +what has to be conveyed between + + + align:start position:0% +what has to be conveyed between +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +components uh plan for the worst midterm + + align:start position:0% +components uh plan for the worst midterm + + + align:start position:0% +components uh plan for the worst midterm +suck people get sick or go out of towns + + align:start position:0% +suck people get sick or go out of towns + + + align:start position:0% +suck people get sick or go out of towns +and laptops break these literally all of + + align:start position:0% +and laptops break these literally all of + + + align:start position:0% +and laptops break these literally all of +these things happen to us um we're still + + align:start position:0% +these things happen to us um we're still + + + align:start position:0% +these things happen to us um we're still +waiting to hear is the laptop working we + + align:start position:0% +waiting to hear is the laptop working we + + + align:start position:0% +waiting to hear is the laptop working we +don't know somebody's laptop broke last + + align:start position:0% +don't know somebody's laptop broke last + + + align:start position:0% +don't know somebody's laptop broke last +night so and they were working on + + align:start position:0% +night so and they were working on + + + align:start position:0% +night so and they were working on +something and finishing it up and + + align:start position:0% +something and finishing it up and + + + align:start position:0% +something and finishing it up and +suddenly all that work's gone + + align:start position:0% +suddenly all that work's gone + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly all that work's gone +uh so as I said start earlier plan for + + align:start position:0% +uh so as I said start earlier plan for + + + align:start position:0% +uh so as I said start earlier plan for +the worst and just get things done + + align:start position:0% +the worst and just get things done + + + align:start position:0% +the worst and just get things done +uh finally it just it worked out really + + align:start position:0% +uh finally it just it worked out really + + + align:start position:0% +uh finally it just it worked out really +well and thanks for + + align:start position:0% +well and thanks for + + + align:start position:0% +well and thanks for +listening any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions any questions no un yeah + + align:start position:0% +questions any questions no un yeah + + + align:start position:0% +questions any questions no un yeah +Unity + + align:start position:0% +Unity + + + align:start position:0% +Unity +cool I'm going to take that as no + + align:start position:0% +cool I'm going to take that as no + + + align:start position:0% +cool I'm going to take that as no +question thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beautiful thank you so much and actually + + align:start position:0% +beautiful thank you so much and actually + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful thank you so much and actually +Round of Applause for everyone here you + + align:start position:0% +Round of Applause for everyone here you + + + align:start position:0% +Round of Applause for everyone here you +actually did a really great job + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I think we're going to give you more + + align:start position:0% +um I think we're going to give you more + + + align:start position:0% +um I think we're going to give you more +detailed feedback um in a in a few days + + align:start position:0% +detailed feedback um in a in a few days + + + align:start position:0% +detailed feedback um in a in a few days +but I think one thing we heard + + align:start position:0% +but I think one thing we heard + + + align:start position:0% +but I think one thing we heard +definitely is um yeah you're by working + + align:start position:0% +definitely is um yeah you're by working + + + align:start position:0% +definitely is um yeah you're by working +in these large teams you're coming + + align:start position:0% +in these large teams you're coming + + + align:start position:0% +in these large teams you're coming +across these issues that you don't + + align:start position:0% +across these issues that you don't + + + align:start position:0% +across these issues that you don't +necessarily you still need tools to to + + align:start position:0% +necessarily you still need tools to to + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily you still need tools to to +to come up to to get over some of the + + align:start position:0% +to come up to to get over some of the + + + align:start position:0% +to come up to to get over some of the +the the management issues you're finding + + align:start position:0% +the the management issues you're finding + + + align:start position:0% +the the management issues you're finding +out the communication issues you find + + align:start position:0% +out the communication issues you find + + + align:start position:0% +out the communication issues you find +you're having the scheduling issues + + align:start position:0% +you're having the scheduling issues + + + align:start position:0% +you're having the scheduling issues +you're having um part of this is just + + align:start position:0% +you're having um part of this is just + + + align:start position:0% +you're having um part of this is just +experience you just that's kind of why + + align:start position:0% +experience you just that's kind of why + + + align:start position:0% +experience you just that's kind of why +we just throw you in the deep end is + + align:start position:0% +we just throw you in the deep end is + + + align:start position:0% +we just throw you in the deep end is +just to figure out what are all the + + align:start position:0% +just to figure out what are all the + + + align:start position:0% +just to figure out what are all the +problems so that we can then talk about + + align:start position:0% +problems so that we can then talk about + + + align:start position:0% +problems so that we can then talk about +and have some common things to talk + + align:start position:0% +and have some common things to talk + + + align:start position:0% +and have some common things to talk +about how we're going to solve those + + align:start position:0% +about how we're going to solve those + + + align:start position:0% +about how we're going to solve those +things um looking at the schedule will + + align:start position:0% +things um looking at the schedule will + + + align:start position:0% +things um looking at the schedule will +probably end up moving a couple things + + align:start position:0% +probably end up moving a couple things + + + align:start position:0% +probably end up moving a couple things +earlier did you have a comment um I just + + align:start position:0% +earlier did you have a comment um I just + + + align:start position:0% +earlier did you have a comment um I just +wanted to make one comment + + align:start position:0% +wanted to make one comment + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to make one comment +um it's possible your groups might be + + align:start position:0% +um it's possible your groups might be + + + align:start position:0% +um it's possible your groups might be +slightly larger for the next + + align:start position:0% +slightly larger for the next + + + align:start position:0% +slightly larger for the next +project I know yeah um but what I want + + align:start position:0% +project I know yeah um but what I want + + + align:start position:0% +project I know yeah um but what I want +but you you've got a lot more time + + align:start position:0% +but you you've got a lot more time + + + align:start position:0% +but you you've got a lot more time +because you got seven to eight weeks and + + align:start position:0% +because you got seven to eight weeks and + + + align:start position:0% +because you got seven to eight weeks and +I what I really want to encourage you + + align:start position:0% +I what I really want to encourage you + + + align:start position:0% +I what I really want to encourage you +guys to do is if you realize you're + + align:start position:0% +guys to do is if you realize you're + + + align:start position:0% +guys to do is if you realize you're +having communication and organization + + align:start position:0% +having communication and organization + + + align:start position:0% +having communication and organization +problems with your group if you're not + + align:start position:0% +problems with your group if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +problems with your group if you're not +sure how to organize things or if it's + + align:start position:0% +sure how to organize things or if it's + + + align:start position:0% +sure how to organize things or if it's +not working stop by the office and talk + + align:start position:0% +not working stop by the office and talk + + + align:start position:0% +not working stop by the office and talk +to us I don't think we said this clearly + + align:start position:0% +to us I don't think we said this clearly + + + align:start position:0% +to us I don't think we said this clearly +enough in the previous projects but + + align:start position:0% +enough in the previous projects but + + + align:start position:0% +enough in the previous projects but +we're not yes our goal is in fact to + + align:start position:0% +we're not yes our goal is in fact to + + + align:start position:0% +we're not yes our goal is in fact to +throw you out into the deep end but + + align:start position:0% +throw you out into the deep end but + + + align:start position:0% +throw you out into the deep end but +we're not trying to throw you out in the + + align:start position:0% +we're not trying to throw you out in the + + + align:start position:0% +we're not trying to throw you out in the +deep end without you know at least a + + align:start position:0% +deep end without you know at least a + + + align:start position:0% +deep end without you know at least a +floaty to hold on to or a safety rope or + + align:start position:0% +floaty to hold on to or a safety rope or + + + align:start position:0% +floaty to hold on to or a safety rope or +something um we are happy to sit down + + align:start position:0% +something um we are happy to sit down + + + align:start position:0% +something um we are happy to sit down +and talk with you a small group a small + + align:start position:0% +and talk with you a small group a small + + + align:start position:0% +and talk with you a small group a small +member of your group or your whole group + + align:start position:0% +member of your group or your whole group + + + align:start position:0% +member of your group or your whole group +about how to come up with some + + align:start position:0% +about how to come up with some + + + align:start position:0% +about how to come up with some +individualized solutions um to your + + align:start position:0% +individualized solutions um to your + + + align:start position:0% +individualized solutions um to your +team's communication and organizational + + align:start position:0% +team's communication and organizational + + + align:start position:0% +team's communication and organizational +problems + + align:start position:0% +problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems +okay um just just a reminder if you + + align:start position:0% +okay um just just a reminder if you + + + align:start position:0% +okay um just just a reminder if you +don't know where our office is it's in + + align:start position:0% +don't know where our office is it's in + + + align:start position:0% +don't know where our office is it's in +the syllabus it's in building 26 on the + + align:start position:0% +the syllabus it's in building 26 on the + + + align:start position:0% +the syllabus it's in building 26 on the +ground flooor you can see the bu our + + align:start position:0% +ground flooor you can see the bu our + + + align:start position:0% +ground flooor you can see the bu our +rooms all have the MIT game lab logo on + + align:start position:0% +rooms all have the MIT game lab logo on + + + align:start position:0% +rooms all have the MIT game lab logo on +it and uh yeah what Rick was saying + + align:start position:0% +it and uh yeah what Rick was saying + + + align:start position:0% +it and uh yeah what Rick was saying +about tools not all our tools are like + + align:start position:0% +about tools not all our tools are like + + + align:start position:0% +about tools not all our tools are like +mechanical tools not all our tools are + + align:start position:0% +mechanical tools not all our tools are + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical tools not all our tools are +like you know things that that that that + + align:start position:0% +like you know things that that that that + + + align:start position:0% +like you know things that that that that +that you put in in a spreadsheet um the + + align:start position:0% +that you put in in a spreadsheet um the + + + align:start position:0% +that you put in in a spreadsheet um the +things like the meetings that we've been + + align:start position:0% +things like the meetings that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +things like the meetings that we've been +talking about uh where you're actually + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh where you're actually + + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh where you're actually +supposed to talk to each other it's + + align:start position:0% +supposed to talk to each other it's + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to talk to each other it's +important to actually talk to each other + + align:start position:0% +important to actually talk to each other + + + align:start position:0% +important to actually talk to each other +during those meetings for instance uh of + + align:start position:0% +during those meetings for instance uh of + + + align:start position:0% +during those meetings for instance uh of +course if you don't have an A a way to + + align:start position:0% +course if you don't have an A a way to + + + align:start position:0% +course if you don't have an A a way to +be able to schedule those meetings + + align:start position:0% +be able to schedule those meetings + + + align:start position:0% +be able to schedule those meetings +because it's hard to get people together + + align:start position:0% +because it's hard to get people together + + + align:start position:0% +because it's hard to get people together +you need to find a replacement to be + + align:start position:0% +you need to find a replacement to be + + + align:start position:0% +you need to find a replacement to be +able to have those opportunity to talk + + align:start position:0% +able to have those opportunity to talk + + + align:start position:0% +able to have those opportunity to talk +with each other you can't just say uh + + align:start position:0% +with each other you can't just say uh + + + align:start position:0% +with each other you can't just say uh +well we don't have time to do this thing + + align:start position:0% +well we don't have time to do this thing + + + align:start position:0% +well we don't have time to do this thing +therefore we're not going to do it um + + align:start position:0% +therefore we're not going to do it um + + + align:start position:0% +therefore we're not going to do it um +however this being the final project + + align:start position:0% +however this being the final project + + + align:start position:0% +however this being the final project +you're going to have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have a lot of +flexibility to try out different ways to + + align:start position:0% +flexibility to try out different ways to + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility to try out different ways to +communicate with your team so what + + align:start position:0% +communicate with your team so what + + + align:start position:0% +communicate with your team so what +worked in your previous projects um + + align:start position:0% +worked in your previous projects um + + + align:start position:0% +worked in your previous projects um +should give you a good basis of what you + + align:start position:0% +should give you a good basis of what you + + + align:start position:0% +should give you a good basis of what you +can do in the future but may not + + align:start position:0% +can do in the future but may not + + + align:start position:0% +can do in the future but may not +necessarily work with your future team + + align:start position:0% +necessarily work with your future team + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily work with your future team +because it might be different groups of + + align:start position:0% +because it might be different groups of + + + align:start position:0% +because it might be different groups of +people and uh learn from the previous + + align:start position:0% +people and uh learn from the previous + + + align:start position:0% +people and uh learn from the previous +Pro uh three Pro projects about what + + align:start position:0% +Pro uh three Pro projects about what + + + align:start position:0% +Pro uh three Pro projects about what +work try it out and if that doesn't work + + align:start position:0% +work try it out and if that doesn't work + + + align:start position:0% +work try it out and if that doesn't work +try something different you have time + + align:start position:0% +try something different you have time + + + align:start position:0% +try something different you have time +this time around although still 8 weeks + + align:start position:0% +this time around although still 8 weeks + + + align:start position:0% +this time around although still 8 weeks +goes by really really really fast so + + align:start position:0% +goes by really really really fast so + + + align:start position:0% +goes by really really really fast so +don't over scope um so we actually are + + align:start position:0% +don't over scope um so we actually are + + + align:start position:0% +don't over scope um so we actually are +running really short on time today we've + + align:start position:0% +running really short on time today we've + + + align:start position:0% +running really short on time today we've +got a really long um uh a lot of content + + align:start position:0% +got a really long um uh a lot of content + + + align:start position:0% +got a really long um uh a lot of content +that Pablo's going to go over with us so + + align:start position:0% +that Pablo's going to go over with us so + + + align:start position:0% +that Pablo's going to go over with us so +let's take a um five minute break um I'm + + align:start position:0% +let's take a um five minute break um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a um five minute break um I'm +actually going to skip the project 4 + + align:start position:0% +actually going to skip the project 4 + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to skip the project 4 +introduction and I will put the slides + + align:start position:0% +introduction and I will put the slides + + + align:start position:0% +introduction and I will put the slides +up on stellar and I will give that on + + align:start position:0% +up on stellar and I will give that on + + + align:start position:0% +up on stellar and I will give that on +Monday morning um it's really just me + + align:start position:0% +Monday morning um it's really just me + + + align:start position:0% +Monday morning um it's really just me +saying out loud what all the Monday + + align:start position:0% +saying out loud what all the Monday + + + align:start position:0% +saying out loud what all the Monday +class don't take everything I say + + align:start position:0% +class don't take everything I say + + + align:start position:0% +class don't take everything I say +literally the spirit uh Monday Monday at + + align:start position:0% +literally the spirit uh Monday Monday at + + + align:start position:0% +literally the spirit uh Monday Monday at +one o'clock um so um the slides will be + + align:start position:0% +one o'clock um so um the slides will be + + + align:start position:0% +one o'clock um so um the slides will be +up I'm really just going over what it + + align:start position:0% +up I'm really just going over what it + + + align:start position:0% +up I'm really just going over what it +actually says in the schedule by saying + + align:start position:0% +actually says in the schedule by saying + + + align:start position:0% +actually says in the schedule by saying +it out loud so you can hear it and see + + align:start position:0% +it out loud so you can hear it and see + + + align:start position:0% +it out loud so you can hear it and see +it um but we'll do that on Monday so + + align:start position:0% +it um but we'll do that on Monday so + + + align:start position:0% +it um but we'll do that on Monday so +take a break right now and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +take a break right now and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +take a break right now and I'm going to +get Pablo set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up you can see some folks Pablo I can in + + align:start position:0% +up you can see some folks Pablo I can in + + + align:start position:0% +up you can see some folks Pablo I can in +the distance yes hello everyone + + align:start position:0% +the distance yes hello everyone + + + align:start position:0% +the distance yes hello everyone +hey so let me crank up the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +volume + + align:start position:0% +volume + + + align:start position:0% +volume +all right the room is yours all right + + align:start position:0% +all right the room is yours all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right the room is yours all right +whoa thank you again to all of you for + + align:start position:0% +whoa thank you again to all of you for + + + align:start position:0% +whoa thank you again to all of you for +still being there uh thanks to the team + + align:start position:0% +still being there uh thanks to the team + + + align:start position:0% +still being there uh thanks to the team +in charge of the course for persevering + + align:start position:0% +in charge of the course for persevering + + + align:start position:0% +in charge of the course for persevering +with the invitation and the guidance on + + align:start position:0% +with the invitation and the guidance on + + + align:start position:0% +with the invitation and the guidance on +how to use this time I'm sure you or at + + align:start position:0% +how to use this time I'm sure you or at + + + align:start position:0% +how to use this time I'm sure you or at +least some of you should remember the + + align:start position:0% +least some of you should remember the + + + align:start position:0% +least some of you should remember the +slide that I hope is on the screen + + align:start position:0% +slide that I hope is on the screen + + + align:start position:0% +slide that I hope is on the screen +there's a comfort zone where people feel + + align:start position:0% +there's a comfort zone where people feel + + + align:start position:0% +there's a comfort zone where people feel +it's safe and most often where people + + align:start position:0% +it's safe and most often where people + + + align:start position:0% +it's safe and most often where people +are safe not enough happens and and one + + align:start position:0% +are safe not enough happens and and one + + + align:start position:0% +are safe not enough happens and and one +of the things one of the reasons why I + + align:start position:0% +of the things one of the reasons why I + + + align:start position:0% +of the things one of the reasons why I +hope we can work together is to see if + + align:start position:0% +hope we can work together is to see if + + + align:start position:0% +hope we can work together is to see if +we can create through games the magic + + align:start position:0% +we can create through games the magic + + + align:start position:0% +we can create through games the magic +circles that are slightly outside of the + + align:start position:0% +circles that are slightly outside of the + + + align:start position:0% +circles that are slightly outside of the +comfort zone of people be a Red Cross + + align:start position:0% +comfort zone of people be a Red Cross + + + align:start position:0% +comfort zone of people be a Red Cross +volunteer a Red Cross staff a person at + + align:start position:0% +volunteer a Red Cross staff a person at + + + align:start position:0% +volunteer a Red Cross staff a person at +risk a scholar a donor a government + + align:start position:0% +risk a scholar a donor a government + + + align:start position:0% +risk a scholar a donor a government +official to try to make something new + + align:start position:0% +official to try to make something new + + + align:start position:0% +official to try to make something new +happen and that something new can be + + align:start position:0% +happen and that something new can be + + + align:start position:0% +happen and that something new can be +just understanding it can be about + + align:start position:0% +just understanding it can be about + + + align:start position:0% +just understanding it can be about +dialogue it can be about about + + align:start position:0% +dialogue it can be about about + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue it can be about about +perceptions or it can be about some of + + align:start position:0% +perceptions or it can be about some of + + + align:start position:0% +perceptions or it can be about some of +the ingredients that eventually lead to + + align:start position:0% +the ingredients that eventually lead to + + + align:start position:0% +the ingredients that eventually lead to +action so now let's see if this thing + + align:start position:0% +action so now let's see if this thing + + + align:start position:0% +action so now let's see if this thing +changes did you see a changing + + align:start position:0% +changes did you see a changing + + + align:start position:0% +changes did you see a changing +slide yes good so um let me move this + + align:start position:0% +slide yes good so um let me move this + + + align:start position:0% +slide yes good so um let me move this +thing we're going to start by playing + + align:start position:0% +thing we're going to start by playing + + + align:start position:0% +thing we're going to start by playing +little um I'm going to invite everybody + + align:start position:0% +little um I'm going to invite everybody + + + align:start position:0% +little um I'm going to invite everybody +to stand up and Rick can I ask you and + + align:start position:0% +to stand up and Rick can I ask you and + + + align:start position:0% +to stand up and Rick can I ask you and +someone to partner up with you to be in + + align:start position:0% +someone to partner up with you to be in + + + align:start position:0% +someone to partner up with you to be in +a place where I can see you okay maybe + + align:start position:0% +a place where I can see you okay maybe + + + align:start position:0% +a place where I can see you okay maybe +Sarah or whoever you + + align:start position:0% +Sarah or whoever you + + + align:start position:0% +Sarah or whoever you +choose something + + align:start position:0% +choose something + + + align:start position:0% +choose something +yeah where are we in the camera hey + + align:start position:0% +yeah where are we in the camera hey + + + align:start position:0% +yeah where are we in the camera hey +there we go + + align:start position:0% +there we go + + + align:start position:0% +there we go +cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +stand + + align:start position:0% +stand + + + align:start position:0% +stand +everybody find the partner see in + + align:start position:0% +everybody find the partner see in + + + align:start position:0% +everybody find the partner see in +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +everybody okay + + align:start position:0% +everybody okay + + + align:start position:0% +everybody okay +oh no cutting + + align:start position:0% +oh no cutting + + + align:start position:0% +oh no cutting +up what you're going to do now is each + + align:start position:0% +up what you're going to do now is each + + + align:start position:0% +up what you're going to do now is each +one the two in the in the duo is going + + align:start position:0% +one the two in the in the duo is going + + + align:start position:0% +one the two in the in the duo is going +to hold an imaginary B of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cup oh he uh he's you you've dropped out + + align:start position:0% +Cup oh he uh he's you you've dropped out + + + align:start position:0% +Cup oh he uh he's you you've dropped out +oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no how's how's the network yeah we're + + align:start position:0% +no how's how's the network yeah we're + + + align:start position:0% +no how's how's the network yeah we're +getting a little bit of network drops + + align:start position:0% +getting a little bit of network drops + + + align:start position:0% +getting a little bit of network drops +here yeah okay may I just the following + + align:start position:0% +here yeah okay may I just the following + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah okay may I just the following +then if it is a matter of bandwidth you + + align:start position:0% +then if it is a matter of bandwidth you + + + align:start position:0% +then if it is a matter of bandwidth you +can stop your video and that should work + + align:start position:0% +can stop your video and that should work + + + align:start position:0% +can stop your video and that should work +otherwise we will do that you'll be in + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we will do that you'll be in + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise we will do that you'll be in +charge of through audio making sure for + + align:start position:0% +charge of through audio making sure for + + + align:start position:0% +charge of through audio making sure for +that I + + align:start position:0% +that I + + + align:start position:0% +that I +know oh gosh yeah dropped + + align:start position:0% +know oh gosh yeah dropped + + + align:start position:0% +know oh gosh yeah dropped +again you're still there and kind of + + align:start position:0% +again you're still there and kind of + + + align:start position:0% +again you're still there and kind of +follow okay can you hear me now we can + + align:start position:0% +follow okay can you hear me now we can + + + align:start position:0% +follow okay can you hear me now we can +hear you so each one of you is going to + + align:start position:0% +hear you so each one of you is going to + + + align:start position:0% +hear you so each one of you is going to +hold an imaginary deck of cards + + align:start position:0% +hold an imaginary deck of cards + + + align:start position:0% +hold an imaginary deck of cards +cards are numbered 1 to 10 and I want + + align:start position:0% +cards are numbered 1 to 10 and I want + + + align:start position:0% +cards are numbered 1 to 10 and I want +you to shuffle these imaginary cards I + + align:start position:0% +you to shuffle these imaginary cards I + + + align:start position:0% +you to shuffle these imaginary cards I +want you to + + align:start position:0% +want you to + + + align:start position:0% +want you to +take the top half of the deck and swap + + align:start position:0% +take the top half of the deck and swap + + + align:start position:0% +take the top half of the deck and swap +it with your + + align:start position:0% +it with your + + + align:start position:0% +it with your +partner and then you Shuffle again those + + align:start position:0% +partner and then you Shuffle again those + + + align:start position:0% +partner and then you Shuffle again those +imaginary cards so you should have a lot + + align:start position:0% +imaginary cards so you should have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary cards so you should have a lot +of imaginary cards number one to 10 in + + align:start position:0% +of imaginary cards number one to 10 in + + + align:start position:0% +of imaginary cards number one to 10 in +random + + align:start position:0% +random + + + align:start position:0% +random +order if you're thinking what does this + + align:start position:0% +order if you're thinking what does this + + + align:start position:0% +order if you're thinking what does this +have to do with red cross + + align:start position:0% +have to do with red cross + + + align:start position:0% +have to do with red cross +we'll get + + align:start position:0% +we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get +there so now this is + + align:start position:0% +there so now this is + + + align:start position:0% +there so now this is +crucial each one of you is going to take + + align:start position:0% +crucial each one of you is going to take + + + align:start position:0% +crucial each one of you is going to take +the top imaginary + + align:start position:0% +the top imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +the top imaginary +car make somebody movement to reveal the + + align:start position:0% +car make somebody movement to reveal the + + + align:start position:0% +car make somebody movement to reveal the +moment when you're flipping it and + + align:start position:0% +moment when you're flipping it and + + + align:start position:0% +moment when you're flipping it and +simultaneously State the number that is + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously State the number that is + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously State the number that is +on the top + + align:start position:0% +on the top + + + align:start position:0% +on the top +car for example can can you illust say + + align:start position:0% +car for example can can you illust say + + + align:start position:0% +car for example can can you illust say +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +number okay four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +six oh hey you don't have 10 fing try + + align:start position:0% +six oh hey you don't have 10 fing try + + + align:start position:0% +six oh hey you don't have 10 fing try +again using language to make sure it's + + align:start position:0% +again using language to make sure it's + + + align:start position:0% +again using language to make sure it's +simultaneous right one two 3 + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous right one two 3 + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous right one two 3 +five five all + + align:start position:0% +five five all + + + align:start position:0% +five five all +right so I couldn't hear the number but + + align:start position:0% +right so I couldn't hear the number but + + + align:start position:0% +right so I couldn't hear the number but +first of all you don't need to say one 2 + + align:start position:0% +first of all you don't need to say one 2 + + + align:start position:0% +first of all you don't need to say one 2 +three you can use body language to make + + align:start position:0% +three you can use body language to make + + + align:start position:0% +three you can use body language to make +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +Happ + + align:start position:0% +Happ + + + align:start position:0% +Happ +it's to your advantage to make it as + + align:start position:0% +it's to your advantage to make it as + + + align:start position:0% +it's to your advantage to make it as +fast as possible two things got happen + + align:start position:0% +fast as possible two things got happen + + + align:start position:0% +fast as possible two things got happen +if the two players say different + + align:start position:0% +if the two players say different + + + align:start position:0% +if the two players say different +numbers there's no consequence and you + + align:start position:0% +numbers there's no consequence and you + + + align:start position:0% +numbers there's no consequence and you +try again the different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number video is slowing down same number + + align:start position:0% +number video is slowing down same number + + + align:start position:0% +number video is slowing down same number +whichever you want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any okay is the audio okay yeah the + + align:start position:0% +any okay is the audio okay yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +any okay is the audio okay yeah the +audio is is uh cutting out and the video + + align:start position:0% +audio is is uh cutting out and the video + + + align:start position:0% +audio is is uh cutting out and the video +is pausing do you want to switch back to + + align:start position:0% +is pausing do you want to switch back to + + + align:start position:0% +is pausing do you want to switch back to +the me controlling the slides and you on + + align:start position:0% +the me controlling the slides and you on + + + align:start position:0% +the me controlling the slides and you on +audio only sure okay let's do + + align:start position:0% +audio only sure okay let's do + + + align:start position:0% +audio only sure okay let's do +that uh I think he can just turn off his + + align:start position:0% +that uh I think he can just turn off his + + + align:start position:0% +that uh I think he can just turn off his +you just go ahead and turn off your + + align:start position:0% +you just go ahead and turn off your + + + align:start position:0% +you just go ahead and turn off your +video and I'll make sure I have slides + + align:start position:0% +video and I'll make sure I have slides + + + align:start position:0% +video and I'll make sure I have slides +all right yes let me get back to + + align:start position:0% +all right yes let me get back to + + + align:start position:0% +all right yes let me get back to +this uh how do we do it there cool let + + align:start position:0% +this uh how do we do it there cool let + + + align:start position:0% +this uh how do we do it there cool let +me go back you're now better so far yeah + + align:start position:0% +me go back you're now better so far yeah + + + align:start position:0% +me go back you're now better so far yeah +okay good so what I was going to say is + + align:start position:0% +okay good so what I was going to say is + + + align:start position:0% +okay good so what I was going to say is +that the two players are going to say + + align:start position:0% +that the two players are going to say + + + align:start position:0% +that the two players are going to say +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +simultaneously if the two numbers stated + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously if the two numbers stated + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously if the two numbers stated +simultaneously are different you keep + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously are different you keep + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously are different you keep +going you keep saying numbers at the + + align:start position:0% +going you keep saying numbers at the + + + align:start position:0% +going you keep saying numbers at the +same time but the two players say the + + align:start position:0% +same time but the two players say the + + + align:start position:0% +same time but the two players say the +same number at the same time the first + + align:start position:0% +same number at the same time the first + + + align:start position:0% +same number at the same time the first +player to say + + align:start position:0% +player to say + + + align:start position:0% +player to say +snap takes all the imaginary cards and + + align:start position:0% +snap takes all the imaginary cards and + + + align:start position:0% +snap takes all the imaginary cards and +wins one imaginary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Point okay you keep going okay and you + + align:start position:0% +Point okay you keep going okay and you + + + align:start position:0% +Point okay you keep going okay and you +start again the purpose is in one minute + + align:start position:0% +start again the purpose is in one minute + + + align:start position:0% +start again the purpose is in one minute +or less to snap as much as you + + align:start position:0% +or less to snap as much as you + + + align:start position:0% +or less to snap as much as you +can those are the rules shuffle your + + align:start position:0% +can those are the rules shuffle your + + + align:start position:0% +can those are the rules shuffle your +cards ready set and go you have Miss a + + align:start position:0% +cards ready set and go you have Miss a + + + align:start position:0% +cards ready set and go you have Miss a +minute 5 uh 6 2 10 7 8 3 9 12 1 7 5 3 10 + + align:start position:0% +minute 5 uh 6 2 10 7 8 3 9 12 1 7 5 3 10 + + + align:start position:0% +minute 5 uh 6 2 10 7 8 3 9 12 1 7 5 3 10 +4 5 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three you get a point + + align:start position:0% +three you get a point + + + align:start position:0% +three you get a point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 eight you get a point all right 9 + + align:start position:0% +2 eight you get a point all right 9 + + + align:start position:0% +2 eight you get a point all right 9 +10 7 6 3 1 + + align:start position:0% +10 7 6 3 1 + + + align:start position:0% +10 7 6 3 1 +5 I think you got it okay all right 2 + + align:start position:0% +5 I think you got it okay all right 2 + + + align:start position:0% +5 I think you got it okay all right 2 +3 7 8 ah okay you have two points okay + + align:start position:0% +3 7 8 ah okay you have two points okay + + + align:start position:0% +3 7 8 ah okay you have two points okay +all right is that + + align:start position:0% +all right is that + + + align:start position:0% +all right is that +good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay 9 3 6 + + align:start position:0% +okay 9 3 6 + + + align:start position:0% +okay 9 3 6 +12 1 8 9 4 3 2 5 5 7 9 3 snap okay okay + + align:start position:0% +12 1 8 9 4 3 2 5 5 7 9 3 snap okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +12 1 8 9 4 3 2 5 5 7 9 3 snap okay okay +all right I think I think you + + align:start position:0% +all right I think I think you + + + align:start position:0% +all right I think I think you +win I think you just win this game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talking I can't hear should I shut them + + align:start position:0% +talking I can't hear should I shut them + + + align:start position:0% +talking I can't hear should I shut them +up okay all + + align:start position:0% +up okay all + + + align:start position:0% +up okay all +right can we hear you well I was + + align:start position:0% +right can we hear you well I was + + + align:start position:0% +right can we hear you well I was +actually trying to be heard for the past + + align:start position:0% +actually trying to be heard for the past + + + align:start position:0% +actually trying to be heard for the past + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seconds okay so what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +seconds okay so what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +seconds okay so what we're going to do +now can you hear me yep yes good what + + align:start position:0% +now can you hear me yep yes good what + + + align:start position:0% +now can you hear me yep yes good what +you're going to do now is to find we're + + align:start position:0% +you're going to do now is to find we're + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to do now is to find we're +going to play a second round with a two + + align:start position:0% +going to play a second round with a two + + + align:start position:0% +going to play a second round with a two +mile + + align:start position:0% +mile + + + align:start position:0% +mile +differences the first mild difference + + align:start position:0% +differences the first mild difference + + + align:start position:0% +differences the first mild difference +don't do it yet but you have to shake + + align:start position:0% +don't do it yet but you have to shake + + + align:start position:0% +don't do it yet but you have to shake +hands with a different person you'll + + align:start position:0% +hands with a different person you'll + + + align:start position:0% +hands with a different person you'll +find a new partner okay the second + + align:start position:0% +find a new partner okay the second + + + align:start position:0% +find a new partner okay the second +difference is that instead of having + + align:start position:0% +difference is that instead of having + + + align:start position:0% +difference is that instead of having +numbers 1 to 10 you're going to have the + + align:start position:0% +numbers 1 to 10 you're going to have the + + + align:start position:0% +numbers 1 to 10 you're going to have the +names of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +animals each one of you should know more + + align:start position:0% +animals each one of you should know more + + + align:start position:0% +animals each one of you should know more +than 10 animals so it shouldn't be a + + align:start position:0% +than 10 animals so it shouldn't be a + + + align:start position:0% +than 10 animals so it shouldn't be a +problem find your partner shake hands + + align:start position:0% +problem find your partner shake hands + + + align:start position:0% +problem find your partner shake hands +someone else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +your and you guys to stop it in 30 + + align:start position:0% +your and you guys to stop it in 30 + + + align:start position:0% +your and you guys to stop it in 30 +seconds or minutes somebody else right + + align:start position:0% +seconds or minutes somebody else right + + + align:start position:0% +seconds or minutes somebody else right +so let somebody else how about I play + + align:start position:0% +so let somebody else how about I play + + + align:start position:0% +so let somebody else how about I play +with with you play Break + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go yeah animals okay okay + + align:start position:0% +go yeah animals okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +go yeah animals okay okay +zebra + + align:start position:0% +zebra + + + align:start position:0% +zebra +an you're just coming up with chicken + + align:start position:0% +an you're just coming up with chicken + + + align:start position:0% +an you're just coming up with chicken +cow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pippo dog snap snap I got that all right + + align:start position:0% +pippo dog snap snap I got that all right + + + align:start position:0% +pippo dog snap snap I got that all right +all right 30 seconds okay all + + align:start position:0% +all right 30 seconds okay all + + + align:start position:0% +all right 30 seconds okay all +right back to the + + align:start position:0% +right back to the + + + align:start position:0% +right back to the +scen um okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e all right Pablo you're back much + + align:start position:0% +e all right Pablo you're back much + + + align:start position:0% +e all right Pablo you're back much +harder even though I am not in the room + + align:start position:0% +harder even though I am not in the room + + + align:start position:0% +harder even though I am not in the room +can you hear me guys good even though + + align:start position:0% +can you hear me guys good even though + + + align:start position:0% +can you hear me guys good even though +I'm not in the room I imagine that what + + align:start position:0% +I'm not in the room I imagine that what + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not in the room I imagine that what +usually happens may have happened again + + align:start position:0% +usually happens may have happened again + + + align:start position:0% +usually happens may have happened again +here first of all it seems much harder + + align:start position:0% +here first of all it seems much harder + + + align:start position:0% +here first of all it seems much harder +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +snap second more people find themselves + + align:start position:0% +snap second more people find themselves + + + align:start position:0% +snap second more people find themselves +going + + align:start position:0% +going + + + align:start position:0% +going +ah I'm not saying an animal there's like + + align:start position:0% +ah I'm not saying an animal there's like + + + align:start position:0% +ah I'm not saying an animal there's like +clogging of the brain + + align:start position:0% +clogging of the brain + + + align:start position:0% +clogging of the brain +cells and then very interestingly very + + align:start position:0% +cells and then very interestingly very + + + align:start position:0% +cells and then very interestingly very +often people don't listen to each other + + align:start position:0% +often people don't listen to each other + + + align:start position:0% +often people don't listen to each other +so for example the first time I played I + + align:start position:0% +so for example the first time I played I + + + align:start position:0% +so for example the first time I played I +was saying dog cat Mouse and my partner + + align:start position:0% +was saying dog cat Mouse and my partner + + + align:start position:0% +was saying dog cat Mouse and my partner +was saying zebra giraffe + + align:start position:0% +was saying zebra giraffe + + + align:start position:0% +was saying zebra giraffe +lion and it took us a long time to + + align:start position:0% +lion and it took us a long time to + + + align:start position:0% +lion and it took us a long time to +notice that we were in different + + align:start position:0% +notice that we were in different + + + align:start position:0% +notice that we were in different +universes that we were never going to + + align:start position:0% +universes that we were never going to + + + align:start position:0% +universes that we were never going to +snap and then interestingly when you + + align:start position:0% +snap and then interestingly when you + + + align:start position:0% +snap and then interestingly when you +when you finally say the same words a + + align:start position:0% +when you finally say the same words a + + + align:start position:0% +when you finally say the same words a +lot of people don't snap they they their + + align:start position:0% +lot of people don't snap they they their + + + align:start position:0% +lot of people don't snap they they their +brain did not get into that place so + + align:start position:0% +brain did not get into that place so + + + align:start position:0% +brain did not get into that place so +we're going to play the last + + align:start position:0% +we're going to play the last + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to play the last +round I want you to go back to your + + align:start position:0% +round I want you to go back to your + + + align:start position:0% +round I want you to go back to your +original + + align:start position:0% +original + + + align:start position:0% +original +partner and in for deck of cards you're + + align:start position:0% +partner and in for deck of cards you're + + + align:start position:0% +partner and in for deck of cards you're +not going to have numbers 1 to 10 you're + + align:start position:0% +not going to have numbers 1 to 10 you're + + + align:start position:0% +not going to have numbers 1 to 10 you're +not going to have animals you're going + + align:start position:0% +not going to have animals you're going + + + align:start position:0% +not going to have animals you're going +to have words or concepts that you + + align:start position:0% +to have words or concepts that you + + + align:start position:0% +to have words or concepts that you +associate with the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cross whatever you want okay it has to + + align:start position:0% +cross whatever you want okay it has to + + + align:start position:0% +cross whatever you want okay it has to +be short three words or + + align:start position:0% +be short three words or + + + align:start position:0% +be short three words or +less okay so you and of course are + + align:start position:0% +less okay so you and of course are + + + align:start position:0% +less okay so you and of course are +trying to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +snap 10 + + align:start position:0% +snap 10 + + + align:start position:0% +snap 10 +seconds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shall um I need to to look at them okay + + align:start position:0% +shall um I need to to look at them okay + + + align:start position:0% +shall um I need to to look at them okay +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +clock + + align:start position:0% +clock + + + align:start position:0% +clock +you want to try this okay uh one + + align:start position:0% +you want to try this okay uh one + + + align:start position:0% +you want to try this okay uh one +anything about Red Cross yeah + + align:start position:0% +anything about Red Cross yeah + + + align:start position:0% +anything about Red Cross yeah +uh uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh +more uh + + align:start position:0% +more uh + + + align:start position:0% +more uh +BS uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people um um all right back to the + + align:start position:0% +people um um all right back to the + + + align:start position:0% +people um um all right back to the +screen + + align:start position:0% +screen + + + align:start position:0% +screen +Pablo all + + align:start position:0% +Pablo all + + + align:start position:0% +Pablo all +right back to you Pablo okay thank you + + align:start position:0% +right back to you Pablo okay thank you + + + align:start position:0% +right back to you Pablo okay thank you +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +if what usually happens in this game + + align:start position:0% +if what usually happens in this game + + + align:start position:0% +if what usually happens in this game +happened in the room first of all it's + + align:start position:0% +happened in the room first of all it's + + + align:start position:0% +happened in the room first of all it's +even more difficult for people to come + + align:start position:0% +even more difficult for people to come + + + align:start position:0% +even more difficult for people to come +up with words it's even more difficult + + align:start position:0% +up with words it's even more difficult + + + align:start position:0% +up with words it's even more difficult +to to + + align:start position:0% +to to + + + align:start position:0% +to to +snap and much more than before people + + align:start position:0% +snap and much more than before people + + + align:start position:0% +snap and much more than before people +realize in the process of trying to play + + align:start position:0% +realize in the process of trying to play + + + align:start position:0% +realize in the process of trying to play +this game that they don't really know + + align:start position:0% +this game that they don't really know + + + align:start position:0% +this game that they don't really know +what they think about the subject matter + + align:start position:0% +what they think about the subject matter + + + align:start position:0% +what they think about the subject matter +being proposed in the third round of the + + align:start position:0% +being proposed in the third round of the + + + align:start position:0% +being proposed in the third round of the +game so what I'm going to invite you to + + align:start position:0% +game so what I'm going to invite you to + + + align:start position:0% +game so what I'm going to invite you to +do now is very quick quickly form groups + + align:start position:0% +do now is very quick quickly form groups + + + align:start position:0% +do now is very quick quickly form groups +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +three don't don't start yet let me + + align:start position:0% +three don't don't start yet let me + + + align:start position:0% +three don't don't start yet let me +explain it + + align:start position:0% +explain it + + + align:start position:0% +explain it +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +for of + + align:start position:0% +for of + + + align:start position:0% +for of +three oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no your audio just cut out and the video + + align:start position:0% +no your audio just cut out and the video + + + align:start position:0% +no your audio just cut out and the video +just cut + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out are you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back I cannot hear you can you hear us + + align:start position:0% +back I cannot hear you can you hear us + + + align:start position:0% +back I cannot hear you can you hear us +now okay now I can hear you yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +now okay now I can hear you yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +now okay now I can hear you yeah yeah +the audio just cut out briefly but + + align:start position:0% +the audio just cut out briefly but + + + align:start position:0% +the audio just cut out briefly but +you're back + + align:start position:0% +you're back + + + align:start position:0% +you're back +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +again okay good now I'm back with audio + + align:start position:0% +again okay good now I'm back with audio + + + align:start position:0% +again okay good now I'm back with audio +you're back with audio um I don't see + + align:start position:0% +you're back with audio um I don't see + + + align:start position:0% +you're back with audio um I don't see +the video but I've got the slide + + align:start position:0% +the video but I've got the slide + + + align:start position:0% +the video but I've got the slide +up um so so let me take the video out + + align:start position:0% +up um so so let me take the video out + + + align:start position:0% +up um so so let me take the video out +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +um so what we're going to do now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you can hear me to form groups of + + align:start position:0% +if you can hear me to form groups of + + + align:start position:0% +if you can hear me to form groups of +about three people preferably three and + + align:start position:0% +about three people preferably three and + + + align:start position:0% +about three people preferably three and +this really hard and uh and you're going + + align:start position:0% +this really hard and uh and you're going + + + align:start position:0% +this really hard and uh and you're going +to as a trio write four terms four + + align:start position:0% +to as a trio write four terms four + + + align:start position:0% +to as a trio write four terms four +things that you would have wanted to + + align:start position:0% +things that you would have wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +things that you would have wanted to +writing that last St of + + align:start position:0% +writing that last St of + + + align:start position:0% +writing that last St of +part is it clear so it's not about + + align:start position:0% +part is it clear so it's not about + + + align:start position:0% +part is it clear so it's not about +numbers it's not about animals it's + + align:start position:0% +numbers it's not about animals it's + + + align:start position:0% +numbers it's not about animals it's +about where con associated with the Red + + align:start position:0% +about where con associated with the Red + + + align:start position:0% +about where con associated with the Red +Cross for trio and write four things + + align:start position:0% +Cross for trio and write four things + + + align:start position:0% +Cross for trio and write four things +that you hope could be the card so you + + align:start position:0% +that you hope could be the card so you + + + align:start position:0% +that you hope could be the card so you +can to SN go you have okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everyone gets four cards actually you + + align:start position:0% +everyone gets four cards actually you + + + align:start position:0% +everyone gets four cards actually you +could just use strap paper too this is + + align:start position:0% +could just use strap paper too this is + + + align:start position:0% +could just use strap paper too this is +just in case you don't have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any you have enough cards I I I've got I + + align:start position:0% +any you have enough cards I I I've got I + + + align:start position:0% +any you have enough cards I I I've got I +got another deck + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here more + + align:start position:0% +here more + + + align:start position:0% +here more +cards pile + + align:start position:0% +cards pile + + + align:start position:0% +cards pile +here yeah there you + + align:start position:0% +here yeah there you + + + align:start position:0% +here yeah there you +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go EXT + + align:start position:0% +go EXT + + + align:start position:0% +go EXT +everyone got everyone has four right oh + + align:start position:0% +everyone got everyone has four right oh + + + align:start position:0% +everyone got everyone has four right oh +in group groups of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three yeah I'll give you a few extra + + align:start position:0% +three yeah I'll give you a few extra + + + align:start position:0% +three yeah I'll give you a few extra +just in case you need you make a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mistake me yep I can hear you okay so I + + align:start position:0% +mistake me yep I can hear you okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +mistake me yep I can hear you okay so I +want you to give them no more than 30 + + align:start position:0% +want you to give them no more than 30 + + + align:start position:0% +want you to give them no more than 30 +seconds left okay and let them know that + + align:start position:0% +seconds left okay and let them know that + + + align:start position:0% +seconds left okay and let them know that +time is running up all right 30 seconds + + align:start position:0% +time is running up all right 30 seconds + + + align:start position:0% +time is running up all right 30 seconds +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +left and + + align:start position:0% +left and + + + align:start position:0% +left and +then the slide is showing yeah sorry the + + align:start position:0% +then the slide is showing yeah sorry the + + + align:start position:0% +then the slide is showing yeah sorry the +slide no uh well yeah actually let's + + align:start position:0% +slide no uh well yeah actually let's + + + align:start position:0% +slide no uh well yeah actually let's +suspend no no slide yet okay if you just + + align:start position:0% +suspend no no slide yet okay if you just + + + align:start position:0% +suspend no no slide yet okay if you just +do it what I want you to do is to pick + + align:start position:0% +do it what I want you to do is to pick + + + align:start position:0% +do it what I want you to do is to pick +some Trio ask the trio to choose one of + + align:start position:0% +some Trio ask the trio to choose one of + + + align:start position:0% +some Trio ask the trio to choose one of +the words or concept you have in the + + align:start position:0% +the words or concept you have in the + + + align:start position:0% +the words or concept you have in the +card and invite all the other groups to + + align:start position:0% +card and invite all the other groups to + + + align:start position:0% +card and invite all the other groups to +say snap they wrote that exact term okay + + align:start position:0% +say snap they wrote that exact term okay + + + align:start position:0% +say snap they wrote that exact term okay +did we get that so so one Trio come up + + align:start position:0% +did we get that so so one Trio come up + + + align:start position:0% +did we get that so so one Trio come up +and give one of your + + align:start position:0% +and give one of your + + + align:start position:0% +and give one of your +terms just stand up and so go so what's + + align:start position:0% +terms just stand up and so go so what's + + + align:start position:0% +terms just stand up and so go so what's +one of your + + align:start position:0% +one of your + + + align:start position:0% +one of your +terms disaster relief snap snap how many + + align:start position:0% +terms disaster relief snap snap how many + + + align:start position:0% +terms disaster relief snap snap how many +snap snap three four + + align:start position:0% +snap snap three four + + + align:start position:0% +snap snap three four +five okay another one to say one of the + + align:start position:0% +five okay another one to say one of the + + + align:start position:0% +five okay another one to say one of the +words all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +John what was the + + align:start position:0% +John what was the + + + align:start position:0% +John what was the +word + + align:start position:0% +word + + + align:start position:0% +word +red all right okay so do the same with a + + align:start position:0% +red all right okay so do the same with a + + + align:start position:0% +red all right okay so do the same with a +few more trios maybe three or four more + + align:start position:0% +few more trios maybe three or four more + + + align:start position:0% +few more trios maybe three or four more +trios + + align:start position:0% +trios + + + align:start position:0% +trios +okay what's that blood donations snap + + align:start position:0% +okay what's that blood donations snap + + + align:start position:0% +okay what's that blood donations snap +snap snap snap snap snap okay another + + align:start position:0% +snap snap snap snap snap okay another + + + align:start position:0% +snap snap snap snap snap okay another +Trio + + align:start position:0% +Trio + + + align:start position:0% +Trio +yeah Aid snap snap + + align:start position:0% +yeah Aid snap snap + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Aid snap snap +snap all right another one CPR + + align:start position:0% +snap all right another one CPR + + + align:start position:0% +snap all right another one CPR +CPR no CP are interesting no snapping + + align:start position:0% +CPR no CP are interesting no snapping + + + align:start position:0% +CPR no CP are interesting no snapping +with that one huh okay okay so there are + + align:start position:0% +with that one huh okay okay so there are + + + align:start position:0% +with that one huh okay okay so there are +two reasons why I wanted to do this + + align:start position:0% +two reasons why I wanted to do this + + + align:start position:0% +two reasons why I wanted to do this +thank you all very much if we had the + + align:start position:0% +thank you all very much if we had the + + + align:start position:0% +thank you all very much if we had the +time we play this game in a version that + + align:start position:0% +time we play this game in a version that + + + align:start position:0% +time we play this game in a version that +has winners and losers where we would + + align:start position:0% +has winners and losers where we would + + + align:start position:0% +has winners and losers where we would +you know eliminate the most at the least + + align:start position:0% +you know eliminate the most at the least + + + align:start position:0% +you know eliminate the most at the least +sna and the second most second least s + + align:start position:0% +sna and the second most second least s + + + align:start position:0% +sna and the second most second least s +are the winners for example so you have + + align:start position:0% +are the winners for example so you have + + + align:start position:0% +are the winners for example so you have +to choose which of your cards to say so + + align:start position:0% +to choose which of your cards to say so + + + align:start position:0% +to choose which of your cards to say so +there are two reasons why I want to + + align:start position:0% +there are two reasons why I want to + + + align:start position:0% +there are two reasons why I want to +share this with one is is to re-energize + + align:start position:0% +share this with one is is to re-energize + + + align:start position:0% +share this with one is is to re-energize +the room and bring it back into the Game + + align:start position:0% +the room and bring it back into the Game + + + align:start position:0% +the room and bring it back into the Game +Zone and second one give a flavor of one + + align:start position:0% +Zone and second one give a flavor of one + + + align:start position:0% +Zone and second one give a flavor of one +of the games that I hope maybe some of + + align:start position:0% +of the games that I hope maybe some of + + + align:start position:0% +of the games that I hope maybe some of +you will consider doing when we play + + align:start position:0% +you will consider doing when we play + + + align:start position:0% +you will consider doing when we play +this game in the context of a training + + align:start position:0% +this game in the context of a training + + + align:start position:0% +this game in the context of a training +worship for example we play at the very + + align:start position:0% +worship for example we play at the very + + + align:start position:0% +worship for example we play at the very +beginning first with numbers then with + + align:start position:0% +beginning first with numbers then with + + + align:start position:0% +beginning first with numbers then with +animals and then with the subject matter + + align:start position:0% +animals and then with the subject matter + + + align:start position:0% +animals and then with the subject matter +of the C which can be climate change can + + align:start position:0% +of the C which can be climate change can + + + align:start position:0% +of the C which can be climate change can +be humanitarian law can be + + align:start position:0% +be humanitarian law can be + + + align:start position:0% +be humanitarian law can be +from the shelter from the urban risk and + + align:start position:0% +from the shelter from the urban risk and + + + align:start position:0% +from the shelter from the urban risk and +people come up with words and they write + + align:start position:0% +people come up with words and they write + + + align:start position:0% +people come up with words and they write +them down and we keep those + + align:start position:0% +them down and we keep those + + + align:start position:0% +them down and we keep those +paper and then after training which can + + align:start position:0% +paper and then after training which can + + + align:start position:0% +paper and then after training which can +be an hour or a day or a week we place + + align:start position:0% +be an hour or a day or a week we place + + + align:start position:0% +be an hour or a day or a week we place +happen and we ask them to for different + + align:start position:0% +happen and we ask them to for different + + + align:start position:0% +happen and we ask them to for different +Tri and to write the words that they + + align:start position:0% +Tri and to write the words that they + + + align:start position:0% +Tri and to write the words that they +would do in the game and that collection + + align:start position:0% +would do in the game and that collection + + + align:start position:0% +would do in the game and that collection +allows us to compare the before and the + + align:start position:0% +allows us to compare the before and the + + + align:start position:0% +allows us to compare the before and the +after + + align:start position:0% +after + + + align:start position:0% +after +and how the thinking change if you can + + align:start position:0% +and how the thinking change if you can + + + align:start position:0% +and how the thinking change if you can +show slide that has the two CL yep got + + align:start position:0% +show slide that has the two CL yep got + + + align:start position:0% +show slide that has the two CL yep got +that so in that word cloud oops let me + + align:start position:0% +that so in that word cloud oops let me + + + align:start position:0% +that so in that word cloud oops let me +change this here this is from where we + + align:start position:0% +change this here this is from where we + + + align:start position:0% +change this here this is from where we +played about insurance the one on the + + align:start position:0% +played about insurance the one on the + + + align:start position:0% +played about insurance the one on the +left was the before and you see + + align:start position:0% +left was the before and you see + + + align:start position:0% +left was the before and you see +prominent risk money premium accident + + align:start position:0% +prominent risk money premium accident + + + align:start position:0% +prominent risk money premium accident +disaster when we played the game + + align:start position:0% +disaster when we played the game + + + align:start position:0% +disaster when we played the game +afterwards there were more nuan terms + + align:start position:0% +afterwards there were more nuan terms + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards there were more nuan terms +there there was Community there was + + align:start position:0% +there there was Community there was + + + align:start position:0% +there there was Community there was +Collective there was buffer there was + + align:start position:0% +Collective there was buffer there was + + + align:start position:0% +Collective there was buffer there was +future there was return there was + + align:start position:0% +future there was return there was + + + align:start position:0% +future there was return there was +longterm and this was very useful for us + + align:start position:0% +longterm and this was very useful for us + + + align:start position:0% +longterm and this was very useful for us +to see how the thinking changed as a + + align:start position:0% +to see how the thinking changed as a + + + align:start position:0% +to see how the thinking changed as a +result of the + + align:start position:0% +result of the + + + align:start position:0% +result of the +session so moving on to the next + + align:start position:0% +session so moving on to the next + + + align:start position:0% +session so moving on to the next +slide that says choices for your gaining + + align:start position:0% +slide that says choices for your gaining + + + align:start position:0% +slide that says choices for your gaining +project these are the six choices that + + align:start position:0% +project these are the six choices that + + + align:start position:0% +project these are the six choices that +want to make available to + + align:start position:0% +want to make available to + + + align:start position:0% +want to make available to +you the zero + + align:start position:0% +you the zero + + + align:start position:0% +you the zero +one is a to create a digital version of + + align:start position:0% +one is a to create a digital version of + + + align:start position:0% +one is a to create a digital version of +a game that could be played uh along the + + align:start position:0% +a game that could be played uh along the + + + align:start position:0% +a game that could be played uh along the +lines of what you just did but for us to + + align:start position:0% +lines of what you just did but for us to + + + align:start position:0% +lines of what you just did but for us to +accelerate the collection of data so + + align:start position:0% +accelerate the collection of data so + + + align:start position:0% +accelerate the collection of data so +that everyone can see at the same time + + align:start position:0% +that everyone can see at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +that everyone can see at the same time +what do Happ I'll explain + + align:start position:0% +what do Happ I'll explain + + + align:start position:0% +what do Happ I'll explain +more then in the list you see UNICEF + + align:start position:0% +more then in the list you see UNICEF + + + align:start position:0% +more then in the list you see UNICEF +gun and this is about + + align:start position:0% +gun and this is about + + + align:start position:0% +gun and this is about +to a waterbor disease that very tough + + align:start position:0% +to a waterbor disease that very tough + + + align:start position:0% +to a waterbor disease that very tough +and uh we invite two groups possible to + + align:start position:0% +and uh we invite two groups possible to + + + align:start position:0% +and uh we invite two groups possible to +take this one because it's an important + + align:start position:0% +take this one because it's an important + + + align:start position:0% +take this one because it's an important +one to us and it's about helping school + + align:start position:0% +one to us and it's about helping school + + + align:start position:0% +one to us and it's about helping school +children in West Africa to manage health + + align:start position:0% +children in West Africa to manage health + + + align:start position:0% +children in West Africa to manage health +risks the next one is about linking + + align:start position:0% +risks the next one is about linking + + + align:start position:0% +risks the next one is about linking +early warning + + align:start position:0% +early warning + + + align:start position:0% +early warning +forast with early action decisions that + + align:start position:0% +forast with early action decisions that + + + align:start position:0% +forast with early action decisions that +can help save time since it is 75 in + + align:start position:0% +can help save time since it is 75 in + + + align:start position:0% +can help save time since it is 75 in +Bost and Cambridge today uh we thought + + align:start position:0% +Bost and Cambridge today uh we thought + + + align:start position:0% +Bost and Cambridge today uh we thought +it would be relevant to say that we want + + align:start position:0% +it would be relevant to say that we want + + + align:start position:0% +it would be relevant to say that we want +to focus on heatwaves we could make it + + align:start position:0% +to focus on heatwaves we could make it + + + align:start position:0% +to focus on heatwaves we could make it +about hurricanes could make it about + + align:start position:0% +about hurricanes could make it about + + + align:start position:0% +about hurricanes could make it about +volcanic eruptions could make it about + + align:start position:0% +volcanic eruptions could make it about + + + align:start position:0% +volcanic eruptions could make it about +many things but we invite he because + + align:start position:0% +many things but we invite he because + + + align:start position:0% +many things but we invite he because +there are a few reasons that make it + + align:start position:0% +there are a few reasons that make it + + + align:start position:0% +there are a few reasons that make it +useful for + + align:start position:0% +useful for + + + align:start position:0% +useful for +us the next one is perhaps the most + + align:start position:0% +us the next one is perhaps the most + + + align:start position:0% +us the next one is perhaps the most +challenging one + + align:start position:0% +challenging one + + + align:start position:0% +challenging one +intellectually it's about new funding + + align:start position:0% +intellectually it's about new funding + + + align:start position:0% +intellectually it's about new funding +mechanisms for disaster preparing I will + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms for disaster preparing I will + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms for disaster preparing I will +explain this we call it forast based + + align:start position:0% +explain this we call it forast based + + + align:start position:0% +explain this we call it forast based +financing or + + align:start position:0% +financing or + + + align:start position:0% +financing or +FBF and it's the + + align:start position:0% +FBF and it's the + + + align:start position:0% +FBF and it's the +the one that has the most potential to + + align:start position:0% +the one that has the most potential to + + + align:start position:0% +the one that has the most potential to +transform the humanitarian + + align:start position:0% +transform the humanitarian + + + align:start position:0% +transform the humanitarian +world the fourth + + align:start position:0% +world the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +world the fourth +onea as you can imagine this is a very + + align:start position:0% +onea as you can imagine this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +onea as you can imagine this is a very +challenging time for my colleagues and + + align:start position:0% +challenging time for my colleagues and + + + align:start position:0% +challenging time for my colleagues and +maybe some of you can give a hand and + + align:start position:0% +maybe some of you can give a hand and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe some of you can give a hand and +the last one involves adaptation climate + + align:start position:0% +the last one involves adaptation climate + + + align:start position:0% +the last one involves adaptation climate +change uh I think you may have met Jano + + align:start position:0% +change uh I think you may have met Jano + + + align:start position:0% +change uh I think you may have met Jano +my partner in design facilitation of + + align:start position:0% +my partner in design facilitation of + + + align:start position:0% +my partner in design facilitation of +life she's project for an organization + + align:start position:0% +life she's project for an organization + + + align:start position:0% +life she's project for an organization +called planation FOC on work with + + align:start position:0% +called planation FOC on work with + + + align:start position:0% +called planation FOC on work with +children as well so moving on to the + + align:start position:0% +children as well so moving on to the + + + align:start position:0% +children as well so moving on to the +next + + align:start position:0% +next + + + align:start position:0% +next +slide um before we go into the details + + align:start position:0% +slide um before we go into the details + + + align:start position:0% +slide um before we go into the details +of each one of those potential topics + + align:start position:0% +of each one of those potential topics + + + align:start position:0% +of each one of those potential topics +they wanted to share with you some + + align:start position:0% +they wanted to share with you some + + + align:start position:0% +they wanted to share with you some +thoughts about why digital games for + + align:start position:0% +thoughts about why digital games for + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts about why digital games for +these things as you remember hopefully + + align:start position:0% +these things as you remember hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +these things as you remember hopefully +from the previous uh + + align:start position:0% +from the previous uh + + + align:start position:0% +from the previous uh +visit the vast majority of our games + + align:start position:0% +visit the vast majority of our games + + + align:start position:0% +visit the vast majority of our games +have been non-digital we played them + + align:start position:0% +have been non-digital we played them + + + align:start position:0% +have been non-digital we played them +face to face they have been very doing + + align:start position:0% +face to face they have been very doing + + + align:start position:0% +face to face they have been very doing +for what they were intended to do but + + align:start position:0% +for what they were intended to do but + + + align:start position:0% +for what they were intended to do but +they were reaching a very small group of + + align:start position:0% +they were reaching a very small group of + + + align:start position:0% +they were reaching a very small group of +people only those who were + + align:start position:0% +people only those who were + + + align:start position:0% +people only those who were +there recently we designed our first + + align:start position:0% +there recently we designed our first + + + align:start position:0% +there recently we designed our first +collaborated in the design of our first + + align:start position:0% +collaborated in the design of our first + + + align:start position:0% +collaborated in the design of our first +digital game that was to be used in the + + align:start position:0% +digital game that was to be used in the + + + align:start position:0% +digital game that was to be used in the +Mook with the word and it reached 35,000 + + align:start position:0% +Mook with the word and it reached 35,000 + + + align:start position:0% +Mook with the word and it reached 35,000 +people which I'm pretty sure that double + + align:start position:0% +people which I'm pretty sure that double + + + align:start position:0% +people which I'm pretty sure that double +the number of people that since the + + align:start position:0% +the number of people that since the + + + align:start position:0% +the number of people that since the +beginning of my work with games have + + align:start position:0% +beginning of my work with games have + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of my work with games have +been cled games that are non digital + + align:start position:0% +been cled games that are non digital + + + align:start position:0% +been cled games that are non digital +there's clearly a lot of potential to + + align:start position:0% +there's clearly a lot of potential to + + + align:start position:0% +there's clearly a lot of potential to +many many people and we're thinking of + + align:start position:0% +many many people and we're thinking of + + + align:start position:0% +many many people and we're thinking of +Red Cross staff colleagues of mine have + + align:start position:0% +Red Cross staff colleagues of mine have + + + align:start position:0% +Red Cross staff colleagues of mine have +a job these managers as these spons + + align:start position:0% +a job these managers as these spons + + + align:start position:0% +a job these managers as these spons +experts whatever may be there's also + + align:start position:0% +experts whatever may be there's also + + + align:start position:0% +experts whatever may be there's also +Ross volunteers people are not paid to + + align:start position:0% +Ross volunteers people are not paid to + + + align:start position:0% +Ross volunteers people are not paid to +do aw some work it could be digital G + + align:start position:0% +do aw some work it could be digital G + + + align:start position:0% +do aw some work it could be digital G +the people are people who make some + + align:start position:0% +the people are people who make some + + + align:start position:0% +the people are people who make some +decisions to save their lives or save + + align:start position:0% +decisions to save their lives or save + + + align:start position:0% +decisions to save their lives or save +others in the neighborhood it could be + + align:start position:0% +others in the neighborhood it could be + + + align:start position:0% +others in the neighborhood it could be +about youth in school + + align:start position:0% +about youth in school + + + align:start position:0% +about youth in school +who maybe don't know something could + + align:start position:0% +who maybe don't know something could + + + align:start position:0% +who maybe don't know something could +learn through game or have motivations + + align:start position:0% +learn through game or have motivations + + + align:start position:0% +learn through game or have motivations +that could Inspire through digital games + + align:start position:0% +that could Inspire through digital games + + + align:start position:0% +that could Inspire through digital games +and there's also the bigger picture of + + align:start position:0% +and there's also the bigger picture of + + + align:start position:0% +and there's also the bigger picture of +potential especially now in a time + + align:start position:0% +potential especially now in a time + + + align:start position:0% +potential especially now in a time +where there's crowd funding there is a + + align:start position:0% +where there's crowd funding there is a + + + align:start position:0% +where there's crowd funding there is a +people who have the ability to act in + + align:start position:0% +people who have the ability to act in + + + align:start position:0% +people who have the ability to act in +AET number little things that + + align:start position:0% +AET number little things that + + + align:start position:0% +AET number little things that +make a + + align:start position:0% +make a + + + align:start position:0% +make a +second is that including digital games + + align:start position:0% +second is that including digital games + + + align:start position:0% +second is that including digital games +to one ingredi of the main ingredients + + align:start position:0% +to one ingredi of the main ingredients + + + align:start position:0% +to one ingredi of the main ingredients +you need to support Behavior + + align:start position:0% +you need to support Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +you need to support Behavior +change we are not widely optimistic that + + align:start position:0% +change we are not widely optimistic that + + + align:start position:0% +change we are not widely optimistic that +we believe that someone lives a life in + + align:start position:0% +we believe that someone lives a life in + + + align:start position:0% +we believe that someone lives a life in +a certain way and then they play a game + + align:start position:0% +a certain way and then they play a game + + + align:start position:0% +a certain way and then they play a game +and boom they're different person and + + align:start position:0% +and boom they're different person and + + + align:start position:0% +and boom they're different person and +they change their behavior maybe that + + align:start position:0% +they change their behavior maybe that + + + align:start position:0% +they change their behavior maybe that +can happen but we're aware that takes + + align:start position:0% +can happen but we're aware that takes + + + align:start position:0% +can happen but we're aware that takes +more simple game to play to to change + + align:start position:0% +more simple game to play to to change + + + align:start position:0% +more simple game to play to to change +time but believe that games can help + + align:start position:0% +time but believe that games can help + + + align:start position:0% +time but believe that games can help +invite people to change behavior in a + + align:start position:0% +invite people to change behavior in a + + + align:start position:0% +invite people to change behavior in a +orable it can be about creating + + align:start position:0% +orable it can be about creating + + + align:start position:0% +orable it can be about creating +awareness can about creating the desire + + align:start position:0% +awareness can about creating the desire + + + align:start position:0% +awareness can about creating the desire +they want to learn more it can be about + + align:start position:0% +they want to learn more it can be about + + + align:start position:0% +they want to learn more it can be about +Awakening the interest the appetite or + + align:start position:0% +Awakening the interest the appetite or + + + align:start position:0% +Awakening the interest the appetite or +can be about inspiring people to take + + align:start position:0% +can be about inspiring people to take + + + align:start position:0% +can be about inspiring people to take +something that over they already and put + + align:start position:0% +something that over they already and put + + + align:start position:0% +something that over they already and put +it into motion + + align:start position:0% +it into motion + + + align:start position:0% +it into motion +put + + align:start position:0% +put + + + align:start position:0% +put +importantly because of itly + + align:start position:0% +importantly because of itly + + + align:start position:0% +importantly because of itly +sorry um gas buet in there is so much + + align:start position:0% +sorry um gas buet in there is so much + + + align:start position:0% +sorry um gas buet in there is so much +grow in digital technology in keep + + align:start position:0% +grow in digital technology in keep + + + align:start position:0% +grow in digital technology in keep +people who can prog in people who have + + align:start position:0% +people who can prog in people who have + + + align:start position:0% +people who can prog in people who have +cellon and so on in rural Africa and we + + align:start position:0% +cellon and so on in rural Africa and we + + + align:start position:0% +cellon and so on in rural Africa and we +see a lot of PR for growth within our + + align:start position:0% +see a lot of PR for growth within our + + + align:start position:0% +see a lot of PR for growth within our +team designing and deploying digital + + align:start position:0% +team designing and deploying digital + + + align:start position:0% +team designing and deploying digital +games particularly with UNICEF but also + + align:start position:0% +games particularly with UNICEF but also + + + align:start position:0% +games particularly with UNICEF but also +with any called self organization of the + + align:start position:0% +with any called self organization of the + + + align:start position:0% +with any called self organization of the +crowd so uh moving + + align:start position:0% +crowd so uh moving + + + align:start position:0% +crowd so uh moving +on uh actually before I on to the next + + align:start position:0% +on uh actually before I on to the next + + + align:start position:0% +on uh actually before I on to the next +one uh Rick would you like to either + + align:start position:0% +one uh Rick would you like to either + + + align:start position:0% +one uh Rick would you like to either +anything or invite questions at this + + align:start position:0% +anything or invite questions at this + + + align:start position:0% +anything or invite questions at this +stage before moving to the details of + + align:start position:0% +stage before moving to the details of + + + align:start position:0% +stage before moving to the details of +each game oh sure so yeah any questions + + align:start position:0% +each game oh sure so yeah any questions + + + align:start position:0% +each game oh sure so yeah any questions +about the target audience or the reasons + + align:start position:0% +about the target audience or the reasons + + + align:start position:0% +about the target audience or the reasons +for for digital games before we move + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on yeah one + + align:start position:0% +on yeah one + + + align:start position:0% +on yeah one +question we be able to like our target + + align:start position:0% +question we be able to like our target + + + align:start position:0% +question we be able to like our target +audience or so play testing with the + + align:start position:0% +audience or so play testing with the + + + align:start position:0% +audience or so play testing with the +target audience are any of these folks + + align:start position:0% +target audience are any of these folks + + + align:start position:0% +target audience are any of these folks +in the Boston area that we could invite + + align:start position:0% +in the Boston area that we could invite + + + align:start position:0% +in the Boston area that we could invite +in for a plest session uh almost + + align:start position:0% +in for a plest session uh almost + + + align:start position:0% +in for a plest session uh almost +certainly not + + align:start position:0% +certainly not + + + align:start position:0% +certainly not +uh so what we can do is to make the + + align:start position:0% +uh so what we can do is to make the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so what we can do is to make the +games with people who are as close as we + + align:start position:0% +games with people who are as close as we + + + align:start position:0% +games with people who are as close as we +can get so you know school children in + + align:start position:0% +can get so you know school children in + + + align:start position:0% +can get so you know school children in +Boston are different from scho children + + align:start position:0% +Boston are different from scho children + + + align:start position:0% +Boston are different from scho children +in West Africa but I bet that some + + align:start position:0% +in West Africa but I bet that some + + + align:start position:0% +in West Africa but I bet that some +there's a lot you can learn about + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot you can learn about + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot you can learn about +prototype for gun if you play with + + align:start position:0% +prototype for gun if you play with + + + align:start position:0% +prototype for gun if you play with +children in Cambridge or door okay + + align:start position:0% +children in Cambridge or door okay + + + align:start position:0% +children in Cambridge or door okay +having said that we may be able to get + + align:start position:0% +having said that we may be able to get + + + align:start position:0% +having said that we may be able to get +colleagues in developing countri + + align:start position:0% +colleagues in developing countri + + + align:start position:0% +colleagues in developing countri +to download your code and play it in + + align:start position:0% +to download your code and play it in + + + align:start position:0% +to download your code and play it in +afria in Latin America or elsewhere so I + + align:start position:0% +afria in Latin America or elsewhere so I + + + align:start position:0% +afria in Latin America or elsewhere so I +I'm not up on posib for play test with + + align:start position:0% +I'm not up on posib for play test with + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not up on posib for play test with +the T but it is in the nature of people + + align:start position:0% +the T but it is in the nature of people + + + align:start position:0% +the T but it is in the nature of people +work to work for the benefit of + + align:start position:0% +work to work for the benefit of + + + align:start position:0% +work to work for the benefit of +developing countries so we'll have to + + align:start position:0% +developing countries so we'll have to + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries so we'll have to +accept that there's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +accept that there's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +accept that there's going to be a +limited ability to play t and that + + align:start position:0% +limited ability to play t and that + + + align:start position:0% +limited ability to play t and that +something that can happen in the early + + align:start position:0% +something that can happen in the early + + + align:start position:0% +something that can happen in the early +phases of the project design basically + + align:start position:0% +phases of the project design basically + + + align:start position:0% +phases of the project design basically +we could do it if you the budget for a + + align:start position:0% +we could do it if you the budget for a + + + align:start position:0% +we could do it if you the budget for a +plane + + align:start position:0% +plane + + + align:start position:0% +plane +ticket and uh be + + align:start position:0% +ticket and uh be + + + align:start position:0% +ticket and uh be +hard is there another question I saw + + align:start position:0% +hard is there another question I saw + + + align:start position:0% +hard is there another question I saw +yeah uh are you envisioning this being + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh are you envisioning this being + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh are you envisioning this being +used as a one-on-one thing where one + + align:start position:0% +used as a one-on-one thing where one + + + align:start position:0% +used as a one-on-one thing where one +person is playing a game or are you + + align:start position:0% +person is playing a game or are you + + + align:start position:0% +person is playing a game or are you +envisioning this being used as sort of + + align:start position:0% +envisioning this being used as sort of + + + align:start position:0% +envisioning this being used as sort of +an alternative to a presentation similar + + align:start position:0% +an alternative to a presentation similar + + + align:start position:0% +an alternative to a presentation similar +to the games that we've seen here yeah + + align:start position:0% +to the games that we've seen here yeah + + + align:start position:0% +to the games that we've seen here yeah +there's it depends on the game H gently + + align:start position:0% +there's it depends on the game H gently + + + align:start position:0% +there's it depends on the game H gently +speaking mostly because of the likely + + align:start position:0% +speaking mostly because of the likely + + + align:start position:0% +speaking mostly because of the likely +limitations in your ability stents to + + align:start position:0% +limitations in your ability stents to + + + align:start position:0% +limitations in your ability stents to +design The Blob games we are seeking to + + align:start position:0% +design The Blob games we are seeking to + + + align:start position:0% +design The Blob games we are seeking to +ideas that can be implemented for one + + align:start position:0% +ideas that can be implemented for one + + + align:start position:0% +ideas that can be implemented for one +player one computer one device and + + align:start position:0% +player one computer one device and + + + align:start position:0% +player one computer one device and +that's again yeah which can happen in + + align:start position:0% +that's again yeah which can happen in + + + align:start position:0% +that's again yeah which can happen in +the house in the street can waiting for + + align:start position:0% +the house in the street can waiting for + + + align:start position:0% +the house in the street can waiting for +the bus or can happen through the + + align:start position:0% +the bus or can happen through the + + + align:start position:0% +the bus or can happen through the +context of a work but we decided not for + + align:start position:0% +context of a work but we decided not for + + + align:start position:0% +context of a work but we decided not for +multi more sophisticated ende y so yeah + + align:start position:0% +multi more sophisticated ende y so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +multi more sophisticated ende y so yeah +when I when I talk about the uh further + + align:start position:0% +when I when I talk about the uh further + + + align:start position:0% +when I when I talk about the uh further +about the constraints on Monday I'll be + + align:start position:0% +about the constraints on Monday I'll be + + + align:start position:0% +about the constraints on Monday I'll be +mentioning that um yeah you can do + + align:start position:0% +mentioning that um yeah you can do + + + align:start position:0% +mentioning that um yeah you can do +single player or multiplayer game but + + align:start position:0% +single player or multiplayer game but + + + align:start position:0% +single player or multiplayer game but +it' be single device no networking um + + align:start position:0% +it' be single device no networking um + + + align:start position:0% +it' be single device no networking um +and we are asking you to to think about + + align:start position:0% +and we are asking you to to think about + + + align:start position:0% +and we are asking you to to think about +The Spectator experience so what does it + + align:start position:0% +The Spectator experience so what does it + + + align:start position:0% +The Spectator experience so what does it +look like to be looking over the + + align:start position:0% +look like to be looking over the + + + align:start position:0% +look like to be looking over the +shoulder what does it look like to be + + align:start position:0% +shoulder what does it look like to be + + + align:start position:0% +shoulder what does it look like to be +looking down on the table if it's a iPad + + align:start position:0% +looking down on the table if it's a iPad + + + align:start position:0% +looking down on the table if it's a iPad +game or a tablet game and what is it + + align:start position:0% +game or a tablet game and what is it + + + align:start position:0% +game or a tablet game and what is it +what is it like if somebody's playing + + align:start position:0% +what is it like if somebody's playing + + + align:start position:0% +what is it like if somebody's playing +the game on a on a screen like this um + + align:start position:0% +the game on a on a screen like this um + + + align:start position:0% +the game on a on a screen like this um +consider one of those and design design + + align:start position:0% +consider one of those and design design + + + align:start position:0% +consider one of those and design design +it towards one of those + + align:start position:0% +it towards one of those + + + align:start position:0% +it towards one of those +yeah so by school children is this + + align:start position:0% +yeah so by school children is this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so by school children is this +elementary middle or high school and + + align:start position:0% +elementary middle or high school and + + + align:start position:0% +elementary middle or high school and +also can we assume to speak English so + + align:start position:0% +also can we assume to speak English so + + + align:start position:0% +also can we assume to speak English so +uh for school children is there a + + align:start position:0% +uh for school children is there a + + + align:start position:0% +uh for school children is there a +particular age range um elementary + + align:start position:0% +particular age range um elementary + + + align:start position:0% +particular age range um elementary +middle or High and um is there an + + align:start position:0% +middle or High and um is there an + + + align:start position:0% +middle or High and um is there an +English language um assumption going on + + align:start position:0% +English language um assumption going on + + + align:start position:0% +English language um assumption going on +yes so yes to English it will be in + + align:start position:0% +yes so yes to English it will be in + + + align:start position:0% +yes so yes to English it will be in +countries where the official language + + align:start position:0% +countries where the official language + + + align:start position:0% +countries where the official language +engs school children go to school and + + align:start position:0% +engs school children go to school and + + + align:start position:0% +engs school children go to school and +learn and so and different projects have + + align:start position:0% +learn and so and different projects have + + + align:start position:0% +learn and so and different projects have +different ranges but generally speaking + + align:start position:0% +different ranges but generally speaking + + + align:start position:0% +different ranges but generally speaking +12 waight uh the ones that are schol and + + align:start position:0% +12 waight uh the ones that are schol and + + + align:start position:0% +12 waight uh the ones that are schol and +are not + + align:start position:0% +are not + + + align:start position:0% +are not +scho so we'll get to that details of + + align:start position:0% +scho so we'll get to that details of + + + align:start position:0% +scho so we'll get to that details of +each um so on if you want to SL for the + + align:start position:0% +each um so on if you want to SL for the + + + align:start position:0% +each um so on if you want to SL for the +thumbs + + align:start position:0% +thumbs + + + align:start position:0% +thumbs +up um those of you who were at the game + + align:start position:0% +up um those of you who were at the game + + + align:start position:0% +up um those of you who were at the game +session the previous I visit may + + align:start position:0% +session the previous I visit may + + + align:start position:0% +session the previous I visit may +remember the game where you were all + + align:start position:0% +remember the game where you were all + + + align:start position:0% +remember the game where you were all +standing and there was a die and it's + + align:start position:0% +standing and there was a die and it's + + + align:start position:0% +standing and there was a die and it's +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +and if there was a six you had to do the + + align:start position:0% +and if there was a six you had to do the + + + align:start position:0% +and if there was a six you had to do the +umbrella otherwise you have to do thumbs + + align:start position:0% +umbrella otherwise you have to do thumbs + + + align:start position:0% +umbrella otherwise you have to do thumbs +up at the core if you push again you + + align:start position:0% +up at the core if you push again you + + + align:start position:0% +up at the core if you push again you +see sitting D with long investment and + + align:start position:0% +see sitting D with long investment and + + + align:start position:0% +see sitting D with long investment and +the running dud with early action yes + + align:start position:0% +the running dud with early action yes + + + align:start position:0% +the running dud with early action yes +those are the two + + align:start position:0% +those are the two + + + align:start position:0% +those are the two +basic that we generally + + align:start position:0% +basic that we generally + + + align:start position:0% +basic that we generally +Ed you either do the usual or do + + align:start position:0% +Ed you either do the usual or do + + + align:start position:0% +Ed you either do the usual or do +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +you and what we want for the game is to + + align:start position:0% +you and what we want for the game is to + + + align:start position:0% +you and what we want for the game is to +complete to play the idea that you can't + + align:start position:0% +complete to play the idea that you can't + + + align:start position:0% +complete to play the idea that you can't +make wrong Deion that negative + + align:start position:0% +make wrong Deion that negative + + + align:start position:0% +make wrong Deion that negative +consequences but it's very hard to know + + align:start position:0% +consequences but it's very hard to know + + + align:start position:0% +consequences but it's very hard to know +whether the decision is the right one or + + align:start position:0% +whether the decision is the right one or + + + align:start position:0% +whether the decision is the right one or +the wrong one before the disaster + + align:start position:0% +the wrong one before the disaster + + + align:start position:0% +the wrong one before the disaster +has I imagine most of you in the process + + align:start position:0% +has I imagine most of you in the process + + + align:start position:0% +has I imagine most of you in the process +of designing games + + align:start position:0% +of designing games + + + align:start position:0% +of designing games +will digitally incarnate some cor + + align:start position:0% +will digitally incarnate some cor + + + align:start position:0% +will digitally incarnate some cor +mechanic that b that the player is going + + align:start position:0% +mechanic that b that the player is going + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic that b that the player is going +to say do I do the usual thumbs up or do + + align:start position:0% +to say do I do the usual thumbs up or do + + + align:start position:0% +to say do I do the usual thumbs up or do +I start running with + + align:start position:0% +I start running with + + + align:start position:0% +I start running with +umbrella uh it will depend of course if + + align:start position:0% +umbrella uh it will depend of course if + + + align:start position:0% +umbrella uh it will depend of course if +it's a game + + align:start position:0% +it's a game + + + align:start position:0% +it's a game +about health an umbrella won't be it + + align:start position:0% +about health an umbrella won't be it + + + align:start position:0% +about health an umbrella won't be it +right it could be some other measure but + + align:start position:0% +right it could be some other measure but + + + align:start position:0% +right it could be some other measure but +get point it's about the + + align:start position:0% +get point it's about the + + + align:start position:0% +get point it's about the +preventive the next SL which I also PR + + align:start position:0% +preventive the next SL which I also PR + + + align:start position:0% +preventive the next SL which I also PR +show the pr this is for what we want we + + align:start position:0% +show the pr this is for what we want we + + + align:start position:0% +show the pr this is for what we want we +one players to experience an H moment a + + align:start position:0% +one players to experience an H moment a + + + align:start position:0% +one players to experience an H moment a +moment of + + align:start position:0% +moment of + + + align:start position:0% +moment of +disy that is the result of the process + + align:start position:0% +disy that is the result of the process + + + align:start position:0% +disy that is the result of the process +where they go through some some not + + align:start position:0% +where they go through some some not + + + align:start position:0% +where they go through some some not +knowing what the choice is otherwise it + + align:start position:0% +knowing what the choice is otherwise it + + + align:start position:0% +knowing what the choice is otherwise it +will be too of be equivalent the power + + align:start position:0% +will be too of be equivalent the power + + + align:start position:0% +will be too of be equivalent the power +and I predict good so good luck to all + + align:start position:0% +and I predict good so good luck to all + + + align:start position:0% +and I predict good so good luck to all +of you coming up with the right balance + + align:start position:0% +of you coming up with the right balance + + + align:start position:0% +of you coming up with the right balance +between h and + + align:start position:0% +between h and + + + align:start position:0% +between h and +a so moving to the so this is about the + + align:start position:0% +a so moving to the so this is about the + + + align:start position:0% +a so moving to the so this is about the +first idea for possible group BR it is + + align:start position:0% +first idea for possible group BR it is + + + align:start position:0% +first idea for possible group BR it is +in the cont of game that you just play + + align:start position:0% +in the cont of game that you just play + + + align:start position:0% +in the cont of game that you just play +as mentioned when we play with we can + + align:start position:0% +as mentioned when we play with we can + + + align:start position:0% +as mentioned when we play with we can +very quick protect all the cards + + align:start position:0% +very quick protect all the cards + + + align:start position:0% +very quick protect all the cards +produced BYT 3 and we can quickly enter + + align:start position:0% +produced BYT 3 and we can quickly enter + + + align:start position:0% +produced BYT 3 and we can quickly enter +them in computer connected to the + + align:start position:0% +them in computer connected to the + + + align:start position:0% +them in computer connected to the +internet and produce a word cloud before + + align:start position:0% +internet and produce a word cloud before + + + align:start position:0% +internet and produce a word cloud before +an after so people can see at the end of + + align:start position:0% +an after so people can see at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +an after so people can see at the end of +the workshop how their own thinking has + + align:start position:0% +the workshop how their own thinking has + + + align:start position:0% +the workshop how their own thinking has +changed + + align:start position:0% +changed + + + align:start position:0% +changed +now when we went through the activity of + + align:start position:0% +now when we went through the activity of + + + align:start position:0% +now when we went through the activity of +RI pointing to a using a word like blood + + align:start position:0% +RI pointing to a using a word like blood + + + align:start position:0% +RI pointing to a using a word like blood +donation and other people saying snap if + + align:start position:0% +donation and other people saying snap if + + + align:start position:0% +donation and other people saying snap if +you have 50 people in the room it + + align:start position:0% +you have 50 people in the room it + + + align:start position:0% +you have 50 people in the room it +becomes much more difficult because if + + align:start position:0% +becomes much more difficult because if + + + align:start position:0% +becomes much more difficult because if +you do it with every it becomes boring + + align:start position:0% +you do it with every it becomes boring + + + align:start position:0% +you do it with every it becomes boring +so what I inv you to consider is to + + align:start position:0% +so what I inv you to consider is to + + + align:start position:0% +so what I inv you to consider is to +create a digital tool that can be + + align:start position:0% +create a digital tool that can be + + + align:start position:0% +create a digital tool that can be +embedded or utilized or deoy to amplify + + align:start position:0% +embedded or utilized or deoy to amplify + + + align:start position:0% +embedded or utilized or deoy to amplify +SN experience so that we can collect and + + align:start position:0% +SN experience so that we can collect and + + + align:start position:0% +SN experience so that we can collect and +process information about people are + + align:start position:0% +process information about people are + + + align:start position:0% +process information about people are +thinking so it will be face to face just + + align:start position:0% +thinking so it will be face to face just + + + align:start position:0% +thinking so it will be face to face just +like you there but I imagine digital + + align:start position:0% +like you there but I imagine digital + + + align:start position:0% +like you there but I imagine digital +interface this could be made with 3,000 + + align:start position:0% +interface this could be made with 3,000 + + + align:start position:0% +interface this could be made with 3,000 +people in + + align:start position:0% +people in + + + align:start position:0% +people in +AUM and then each three of works and + + align:start position:0% +AUM and then each three of works and + + + align:start position:0% +AUM and then each three of works and +then there's some game mechanic that an + + align:start position:0% +then there's some game mechanic that an + + + align:start position:0% +then there's some game mechanic that an +incentive and FES the experience that + + align:start position:0% +incentive and FES the experience that + + + align:start position:0% +incentive and FES the experience that +gives Clarity of the that helps people + + align:start position:0% +gives Clarity of the that helps people + + + align:start position:0% +gives Clarity of the that helps people +visualize their result and that helps us + + align:start position:0% +visualize their result and that helps us + + + align:start position:0% +visualize their result and that helps us +to collect and analyze the data to + + align:start position:0% +to collect and analyze the data to + + + align:start position:0% +to collect and analyze the data to +assess the impact to monitor to evaluate + + align:start position:0% +assess the impact to monitor to evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +assess the impact to monitor to evaluate +and eventually to support the + + align:start position:0% +and eventually to support the + + + align:start position:0% +and eventually to support the +dissemination of this concept because F + + align:start position:0% +dissemination of this concept because F + + + align:start position:0% +dissemination of this concept because F +you have no idea how loud I was shouting + + align:start position:0% +you have no idea how loud I was shouting + + + align:start position:0% +you have no idea how loud I was shouting +at the first round stop and you were so + + align:start position:0% +at the first round stop and you were so + + + align:start position:0% +at the first round stop and you were so +energized that's great we love that but + + align:start position:0% +energized that's great we love that but + + + align:start position:0% +energized that's great we love that but +we need to channel that so it becomes + + align:start position:0% +we need to channel that so it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +we need to channel that so it becomes +more useful to the + + align:start position:0% +more useful to the + + + align:start position:0% +more useful to the +subject so the chances of it R if you + + align:start position:0% +subject so the chances of it R if you + + + align:start position:0% +subject so the chances of it R if you +deliver some game Prototype that it's + + align:start position:0% +deliver some game Prototype that it's + + + align:start position:0% +deliver some game Prototype that it's +near guaranteed that we will use it if + + align:start position:0% +near guaranteed that we will use it if + + + align:start position:0% +near guaranteed that we will use it if +your tool helps us collect information + + align:start position:0% +your tool helps us collect information + + + align:start position:0% +your tool helps us collect information +in a somewhat playful way and share it + + align:start position:0% +in a somewhat playful way and share it + + + align:start position:0% +in a somewhat playful way and share it +and think about it we're going to use it + + align:start position:0% +and think about it we're going to use it + + + align:start position:0% +and think about it we're going to use it +and we're going to use it in five mon + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to use it in five mon + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to use it in five mon +starting day after you + + align:start position:0% +starting day after you + + + align:start position:0% +starting day after you +deliver uh there are resources for this + + align:start position:0% +deliver uh there are resources for this + + + align:start position:0% +deliver uh there are resources for this +there are documents that have produ one + + align:start position:0% +there are documents that have produ one + + + align:start position:0% +there are documents that have produ one +for the World Bank of data for + + align:start position:0% +for the World Bank of data for + + + align:start position:0% +for the World Bank of data for +resilience initiative and you can also + + align:start position:0% +resilience initiative and you can also + + + align:start position:0% +resilience initiative and you can also +consult with me know should be nearby + + align:start position:0% +consult with me know should be nearby + + + align:start position:0% +consult with me know should be nearby +some of the time if you have any + + align:start position:0% +some of the time if you have any + + + align:start position:0% +some of the time if you have any +questions about + + align:start position:0% +questions about + + + align:start position:0% +questions about +it uh Rick do you prer that keep or do + + align:start position:0% +it uh Rick do you prer that keep or do + + + align:start position:0% +it uh Rick do you prer that keep or do +we give for or two question this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +um I think he is that a question I I I'm + + align:start position:0% +um I think he is that a question I I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +um I think he is that a question I I I'm +asking you if you prefer that we move on + + align:start position:0% +asking you if you prefer that we move on + + + align:start position:0% +asking you if you prefer that we move on +to the next idea or if you we pause and + + align:start position:0% +to the next idea or if you we pause and + + + align:start position:0% +to the next idea or if you we pause and +invite for questions um yeah let's do + + align:start position:0% +invite for questions um yeah let's do + + + align:start position:0% +invite for questions um yeah let's do +questions after each idea just really + + align:start position:0% +questions after each idea just really + + + align:start position:0% +questions after each idea just really +briefly um so any questions about this + + align:start position:0% +briefly um so any questions about this + + + align:start position:0% +briefly um so any questions about this +game + + align:start position:0% +game + + + align:start position:0% +game +yeah I suppos + + align:start position:0% +yeah I suppos + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I suppos +to yeah so in this game there is a + + align:start position:0% +to yeah so in this game there is a + + + align:start position:0% +to yeah so in this game there is a +little bit of networking going on um if + + align:start position:0% +little bit of networking going on um if + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of networking going on um if +you if you were to do this game it would + + align:start position:0% +you if you were to do this game it would + + + align:start position:0% +you if you were to do this game it would +mean it's not a multiplayer networking + + align:start position:0% +mean it's not a multiplayer networking + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's not a multiplayer networking +experience but you are you are + + align:start position:0% +experience but you are you are + + + align:start position:0% +experience but you are you are +transmitting data to some kind of server + + align:start position:0% +transmitting data to some kind of server + + + align:start position:0% +transmitting data to some kind of server +so that's where this one gets hairy this + + align:start position:0% +so that's where this one gets hairy this + + + align:start position:0% +so that's where this one gets hairy this +is this is going to be this would be it + + align:start position:0% +is this is going to be this would be it + + + align:start position:0% +is this is going to be this would be it +looks like a simple design but it's + + align:start position:0% +looks like a simple design but it's + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a simple design but it's +actually a bigger there's a bigger back + + align:start position:0% +actually a bigger there's a bigger back + + + align:start position:0% +actually a bigger there's a bigger back +back end to this one yeah this is + + align:start position:0% +back end to this one yeah this is + + + align:start position:0% +back end to this one yeah this is +possibly just by looking at that full + + align:start position:0% +possibly just by looking at that full + + + align:start position:0% +possibly just by looking at that full +list possibly technically the the the + + align:start position:0% +list possibly technically the the the + + + align:start position:0% +list possibly technically the the the +the most difficult one uh because of the + + align:start position:0% +the most difficult one uh because of the + + + align:start position:0% +the most difficult one uh because of the +it looks like it's still a networking + + align:start position:0% +it looks like it's still a networking + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like it's still a networking +game even though we are encouraging you + + align:start position:0% +game even though we are encouraging you + + + align:start position:0% +game even though we are encouraging you +to do single player single uh single + + align:start position:0% +to do single player single uh single + + + align:start position:0% +to do single player single uh single +device yeah so and designing for touch + + align:start position:0% +device yeah so and designing for touch + + + align:start position:0% +device yeah so and designing for touch +is very difficult too so it just kind of + + align:start position:0% +is very difficult too so it just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +is very difficult too so it just kind of +it gets big yeah any other questions you + + align:start position:0% +it gets big yeah any other questions you + + + align:start position:0% +it gets big yeah any other questions you +that probably is a middle ground uh that + + align:start position:0% +that probably is a middle ground uh that + + + align:start position:0% +that probably is a middle ground uh that +where in where you can think of all + + align:start position:0% +where in where you can think of all + + + align:start position:0% +where in where you can think of all +right what can be done with a single + + align:start position:0% +right what can be done with a single + + + align:start position:0% +right what can be done with a single +computer that would still make it easier + + align:start position:0% +computer that would still make it easier + + + align:start position:0% +computer that would still make it easier +for someone like Pablo to be able to run + + align:start position:0% +for someone like Pablo to be able to run + + + align:start position:0% +for someone like Pablo to be able to run +this in a workshop for instance uh you + + align:start position:0% +this in a workshop for instance uh you + + + align:start position:0% +this in a workshop for instance uh you +know even just making his job slightly + + align:start position:0% +know even just making his job slightly + + + align:start position:0% +know even just making his job slightly +easier remember we just play this game + + align:start position:0% +easier remember we just play this game + + + align:start position:0% +easier remember we just play this game +with imaginary things right uh you know + + align:start position:0% +with imaginary things right uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +with imaginary things right uh you know +what can we do to uh that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +what can we do to uh that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +what can we do to uh that doesn't +require the players to have a device but + + align:start position:0% +require the players to have a device but + + + align:start position:0% +require the players to have a device but +speeds up the process from a sort of + + align:start position:0% +speeds up the process from a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +speeds up the process from a sort of +Central Computer you know to be able to + + align:start position:0% +Central Computer you know to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +Central Computer you know to be able to +say collect collective data um I I don't + + align:start position:0% +say collect collective data um I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +say collect collective data um I I don't +know what that would look like that + + align:start position:0% +know what that would look like that + + + align:start position:0% +know what that would look like that +would be more of a design challenge + + align:start position:0% +would be more of a design challenge + + + align:start position:0% +would be more of a design challenge +rather than a technical challenge uh and + + align:start position:0% +rather than a technical challenge uh and + + + align:start position:0% +rather than a technical challenge uh and +uh but possibly more feasible for the + + align:start position:0% +uh but possibly more feasible for the + + + align:start position:0% +uh but possibly more feasible for the +size of this + + align:start position:0% +size of this + + + align:start position:0% +size of this +class and equ that + + align:start position:0% +class and equ that + + + align:start position:0% +class and equ that +the the results are not shared in real + + align:start position:0% +the the results are not shared in real + + + align:start position:0% +the the results are not shared in real +time but if people have a cell phone + + align:start position:0% +time but if people have a cell phone + + + align:start position:0% +time but if people have a cell phone +they can just send an email with the + + align:start position:0% +they can just send an email with the + + + align:start position:0% +they can just send an email with the +words to some address and then + + align:start position:0% +words to some address and then + + + align:start position:0% +words to some address and then +some their face that that and then + + align:start position:0% +some their face that that and then + + + align:start position:0% +some their face that that and then +someone punch but this Stills that that + + align:start position:0% +someone punch but this Stills that that + + + align:start position:0% +someone punch but this Stills that that +is still my we're doing now which is to + + align:start position:0% +is still my we're doing now which is to + + + align:start position:0% +is still my we're doing now which is to +to the pieces of paper write them that + + align:start position:0% +to the pieces of paper write them that + + + align:start position:0% +to the pieces of paper write them that +our tells we don't understand the right + + align:start position:0% +our tells we don't understand the right + + + align:start position:0% +our tells we don't understand the right +and on so as was said before any that + + align:start position:0% +and on so as was said before any that + + + align:start position:0% +and on so as was said before any that +you may have to enich experience or to + + align:start position:0% +you may have to enich experience or to + + + align:start position:0% +you may have to enich experience or to +improve the collectional data would be + + align:start position:0% +improve the collectional data would be + + + align:start position:0% +improve the collectional data would be +appreciated if no group CH this this one + + align:start position:0% +appreciated if no group CH this this one + + + align:start position:0% +appreciated if no group CH this this one +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +problem okay all right so let's move on + + align:start position:0% +problem okay all right so let's move on + + + align:start position:0% +problem okay all right so let's move on +actually um Pablo can you turn off the + + align:start position:0% +actually um Pablo can you turn off the + + + align:start position:0% +actually um Pablo can you turn off the +screen sharing maybe that will speed up + + align:start position:0% +screen sharing maybe that will speed up + + + align:start position:0% +screen sharing maybe that will speed up +the oh I wasn't aware that I wasn't + + align:start position:0% +the oh I wasn't aware that I wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +the oh I wasn't aware that I wasn't +sharing yeah I just noticed it too + + align:start position:0% +sharing yeah I just noticed it too + + + align:start position:0% +sharing yeah I just noticed it too +huh here it says that I am not sharing + + align:start position:0% +huh here it says that I am not sharing + + + align:start position:0% +huh here it says that I am not sharing +weird um let me go to + + align:start position:0% +weird um let me go to + + + align:start position:0% +weird um let me go to +this uh stop sharing screen there we go + + align:start position:0% +this uh stop sharing screen there we go + + + align:start position:0% +this uh stop sharing screen there we go +cool let's yeah so let's go to the next + + align:start position:0% +cool let's yeah so let's go to the next + + + align:start position:0% +cool let's yeah so let's go to the next +one next one is the important one is the + + align:start position:0% +one next one is the important one is the + + + align:start position:0% +one next one is the important one is the +UNICEF + + align:start position:0% +UNICEF + + + align:start position:0% +UNICEF +G UNICEF is + + align:start position:0% +G UNICEF is + + + align:start position:0% +G UNICEF is +the most loved UN + + align:start position:0% +the most loved UN + + + align:start position:0% +the most loved UN +agency it uh well I I don't have to back + + align:start position:0% +agency it uh well I I don't have to back + + + align:start position:0% +agency it uh well I I don't have to back +that statement generally speaking it's + + align:start position:0% +that statement generally speaking it's + + + align:start position:0% +that statement generally speaking it's +one of the very well un agencies it + + align:start position:0% +one of the very well un agencies it + + + align:start position:0% +one of the very well un agencies it +works with children and education and it + + align:start position:0% +works with children and education and it + + + align:start position:0% +works with children and education and it +does very good humanarian work and the + + align:start position:0% +does very good humanarian work and the + + + align:start position:0% +does very good humanarian work and the +team in Ghana has decided to reach out + + align:start position:0% +team in Ghana has decided to reach out + + + align:start position:0% +team in Ghana has decided to reach out +to the climate Center originally it was + + align:start position:0% +to the climate Center originally it was + + + align:start position:0% +to the climate Center originally it was +in the context of cona but they also + + align:start position:0% +in the context of cona but they also + + + align:start position:0% +in the context of cona but they also +have some money + + align:start position:0% +have some money + + + align:start position:0% +have some money +for sorry Ebola and con and uh they want + + align:start position:0% +for sorry Ebola and con and uh they want + + + align:start position:0% +for sorry Ebola and con and uh they want +us design Gaines for school children to + + align:start position:0% +us design Gaines for school children to + + + align:start position:0% +us design Gaines for school children to +help them become familiar with an + + align:start position:0% +help them become familiar with an + + + align:start position:0% +help them become familiar with an +improve management of risks associated + + align:start position:0% +improve management of risks associated + + + align:start position:0% +improve management of risks associated +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +problem I have no contract yet but it's + + align:start position:0% +problem I have no contract yet but it's + + + align:start position:0% +problem I have no contract yet but it's +very likely that this relationship will + + align:start position:0% +very likely that this relationship will + + + align:start position:0% +very likely that this relationship will +grow and will grow in time and will grow + + align:start position:0% +grow and will grow in time and will grow + + + align:start position:0% +grow and will grow in time and will grow +in size and will be able to get into the + + align:start position:0% +in size and will be able to get into the + + + align:start position:0% +in size and will be able to get into the +digital very soon so the context is that + + align:start position:0% +digital very soon so the context is that + + + align:start position:0% +digital very soon so the context is that +Cola a waterbor + + align:start position:0% +Cola a waterbor + + + align:start position:0% +Cola a waterbor +disease is on the rise in part because + + align:start position:0% +disease is on the rise in part because + + + align:start position:0% +disease is on the rise in part because +of population growth in part because of + + align:start position:0% +of population growth in part because of + + + align:start position:0% +of population growth in part because of +urbanization in part because of changing + + align:start position:0% +urbanization in part because of changing + + + align:start position:0% +urbanization in part because of changing +character of cling access to water and + + align:start position:0% +character of cling access to water and + + + align:start position:0% +character of cling access to water and +so on it's almost a billion and a half + + align:start position:0% +so on it's almost a billion and a half + + + align:start position:0% +so on it's almost a billion and a half +risk of of getting called in countries + + align:start position:0% +risk of of getting called in countries + + + align:start position:0% +risk of of getting called in countries +the dis + + align:start position:0% +the dis + + + align:start position:0% +the dis +andic there are 5 million cases per year + + align:start position:0% +andic there are 5 million cases per year + + + align:start position:0% +andic there are 5 million cases per year +and if you never experienced it I can + + align:start position:0% +and if you never experienced it I can + + + align:start position:0% +and if you never experienced it I can +assure you it leads to a very miserable + + align:start position:0% +assure you it leads to a very miserable + + + align:start position:0% +assure you it leads to a very miserable +experience it's AAL disease and + + align:start position:0% +experience it's AAL disease and + + + align:start position:0% +experience it's AAL disease and +of course it changes from one year to + + align:start position:0% +of course it changes from one year to + + + align:start position:0% +of course it changes from one year to +the next but there 100,000 people dying + + align:start position:0% +the next but there 100,000 people dying + + + align:start position:0% +the next but there 100,000 people dying +out of every year and that's not good + + align:start position:0% +out of every year and that's not good + + + align:start position:0% +out of every year and that's not good +and importantly many of steps are + + align:start position:0% +and importantly many of steps are + + + align:start position:0% +and importantly many of steps are +voidable if certain measures are taken + + align:start position:0% +voidable if certain measures are taken + + + align:start position:0% +voidable if certain measures are taken +some of those measures are difficult + + align:start position:0% +some of those measures are difficult + + + align:start position:0% +some of those measures are difficult +example providing in water to Dr that is + + align:start position:0% +example providing in water to Dr that is + + + align:start position:0% +example providing in water to Dr that is +not something can do in 5 minutes but + + align:start position:0% +not something can do in 5 minutes but + + + align:start position:0% +not something can do in 5 minutes but +other things are more manageable for + + align:start position:0% +other things are more manageable for + + + align:start position:0% +other things are more manageable for +example how to deal with flooding and + + align:start position:0% +example how to deal with flooding and + + + align:start position:0% +example how to deal with flooding and +protection of water sources or basic Hy + + align:start position:0% +protection of water sources or basic Hy + + + align:start position:0% +protection of water sources or basic Hy +and drink soap many other simple things + + align:start position:0% +and drink soap many other simple things + + + align:start position:0% +and drink soap many other simple things +so we have a one project work with + + align:start position:0% +so we have a one project work with + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a one project work with +children + + align:start position:0% +children + + + align:start position:0% +children +inana Rick and have all details of the + + align:start position:0% +inana Rick and have all details of the + + + align:start position:0% +inana Rick and have all details of the +project + + align:start position:0% +project + + + align:start position:0% +project +description the purpose is to help + + align:start position:0% +description the purpose is to help + + + align:start position:0% +description the purpose is to help +reduce the risk of waterbor diseases in + + align:start position:0% +reduce the risk of waterbor diseases in + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the risk of waterbor diseases in +particularly col the chances of are very + + align:start position:0% +particularly col the chances of are very + + + align:start position:0% +particularly col the chances of are very +likely for this to be uh + + align:start position:0% +likely for this to be uh + + + align:start position:0% +likely for this to be uh +something to be further developed I + + align:start position:0% +something to be further developed I + + + align:start position:0% +something to be further developed I +would be very surprised between now and + + align:start position:0% +would be very surprised between now and + + + align:start position:0% +would be very surprised between now and +December you can produce something is + + align:start position:0% +December you can produce something is + + + align:start position:0% +December you can produce something is +ready to deploy with thousands and + + align:start position:0% +ready to deploy with thousands and + + + align:start position:0% +ready to deploy with thousands and +thousands of children but if any you up + + align:start position:0% +thousands of children but if any you up + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of children but if any you up +the tool concept with a clean clear + + align:start position:0% +the tool concept with a clean clear + + + align:start position:0% +the tool concept with a clean clear +useful game mechanic Etc then maybe it + + align:start position:0% +useful game mechanic Etc then maybe it + + + align:start position:0% +useful game mechanic Etc then maybe it +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +become you know direct stud or a thesis + + align:start position:0% +become you know direct stud or a thesis + + + align:start position:0% +become you know direct stud or a thesis +or or someone could be hired to to with + + align:start position:0% +or or someone could be hired to to with + + + align:start position:0% +or or someone could be hired to to with +money uh to the Val effort there's the + + align:start position:0% +money uh to the Val effort there's the + + + align:start position:0% +money uh to the Val effort there's the +toolit + + align:start position:0% +toolit + + + align:start position:0% +toolit +if you click to show the next slide you + + align:start position:0% +if you click to show the next slide you + + + align:start position:0% +if you click to show the next slide you +see a screen capture there's a chapter + + align:start position:0% +see a screen capture there's a chapter + + + align:start position:0% +see a screen capture there's a chapter +one introduction the B6 the situation + + align:start position:0% +one introduction the B6 the situation + + + align:start position:0% +one introduction the B6 the situation +how to prevent it how to coordinate how + + align:start position:0% +how to prevent it how to coordinate how + + + align:start position:0% +how to prevent it how to coordinate how +to prepare Community aspects all sorts + + align:start position:0% +to prepare Community aspects all sorts + + + align:start position:0% +to prepare Community aspects all sorts +of things they to it by you extremely + + align:start position:0% +of things they to it by you extremely + + + align:start position:0% +of things they to it by you extremely +rich and detail and we are now + + align:start position:0% +rich and detail and we are now + + + align:start position:0% +rich and detail and we are now +conversing with them actually within two + + align:start position:0% +conversing with them actually within two + + + align:start position:0% +conversing with them actually within two +days we should be getting from them uh + + align:start position:0% +days we should be getting from them uh + + + align:start position:0% +days we should be getting from them uh +with which are the key things that they + + align:start position:0% +with which are the key things that they + + + align:start position:0% +with which are the key things that they +to learn to experience to practice so + + align:start position:0% +to learn to experience to practice so + + + align:start position:0% +to learn to experience to practice so +whoever ends up take Challenge and we + + align:start position:0% +whoever ends up take Challenge and we + + + align:start position:0% +whoever ends up take Challenge and we +hope it will be two groups is going to + + align:start position:0% +hope it will be two groups is going to + + + align:start position:0% +hope it will be two groups is going to +be something that is very directly + + align:start position:0% +be something that is very directly + + + align:start position:0% +be something that is very directly +capable of saing lives and that must + + align:start position:0% +capable of saing lives and that must + + + align:start position:0% +capable of saing lives and that must +feel good for whoever successfully takes + + align:start position:0% +feel good for whoever successfully takes + + + align:start position:0% +feel good for whoever successfully takes +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +that uh I do not remember the age group + + align:start position:0% +that uh I do not remember the age group + + + align:start position:0% +that uh I do not remember the age group +and but pretty sure it was less than 18 + + align:start position:0% +and but pretty sure it was less than 18 + + + align:start position:0% +and but pretty sure it was less than 18 +and more than 10 but it may be more + + align:start position:0% +and more than 10 but it may be more + + + align:start position:0% +and more than 10 but it may be more +narrow than that I remember Ghana is an + + align:start position:0% +narrow than that I remember Ghana is an + + + align:start position:0% +narrow than that I remember Ghana is an +Eng country it's a g Africa in terms of + + align:start position:0% +Eng country it's a g Africa in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +Eng country it's a g Africa in terms of +Institutions and on the UNICEF te with + + align:start position:0% +Institutions and on the UNICEF te with + + + align:start position:0% +Institutions and on the UNICEF te with +very very strong and very interesting + + align:start position:0% +very very strong and very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +very very strong and very interesting +GES I'm going to pause here and invite + + align:start position:0% +GES I'm going to pause here and invite + + + align:start position:0% +GES I'm going to pause here and invite +for questions any questions about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay no questions on this one very + + align:start position:0% +one okay no questions on this one very + + + align:start position:0% +one okay no questions on this one very +good was either very boring or very + + align:start position:0% +good was either very boring or very + + + align:start position:0% +good was either very boring or very +clear uh moving on to the next + + align:start position:0% +clear uh moving on to the next + + + align:start position:0% +clear uh moving on to the next +one uh if you have in screen uh + + align:start position:0% +one uh if you have in screen uh + + + align:start position:0% +one uh if you have in screen uh +slideshow you can see all the text yeah + + align:start position:0% +slideshow you can see all the text yeah + + + align:start position:0% +slideshow you can see all the text yeah +good um so this about linking early + + align:start position:0% +good um so this about linking early + + + align:start position:0% +good um so this about linking early +warning with early action science can + + align:start position:0% +warning with early action science can + + + align:start position:0% +warning with early action science can +give a forast of something not likely to + + align:start position:0% +give a forast of something not likely to + + + align:start position:0% +give a forast of something not likely to +happen in forceable + + align:start position:0% +happen in forceable + + + align:start position:0% +happen in forceable +future and there are time scales that + + align:start position:0% +future and there are time scales that + + + align:start position:0% +future and there are time scales that +can be at the seasonal level like and + + align:start position:0% +can be at the seasonal level like and + + + align:start position:0% +can be at the seasonal level like and +you know weeks to months we're more + + align:start position:0% +you know weeks to months we're more + + + align:start position:0% +you know weeks to months we're more +likely to focus on hours + + align:start position:0% +likely to focus on hours + + + align:start position:0% +likely to focus on hours +today h lead time in the case of hurries + + align:start position:0% +today h lead time in the case of hurries + + + align:start position:0% +today h lead time in the case of hurries +that's very useful but there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +that's very useful but there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +that's very useful but there's a lot +being done in the case of heat wavs + + align:start position:0% +being done in the case of heat wavs + + + align:start position:0% +being done in the case of heat wavs +that's not very much fled and the issue + + align:start position:0% +that's not very much fled and the issue + + + align:start position:0% +that's not very much fled and the issue +with heat R is on one hand because of + + align:start position:0% +with heat R is on one hand because of + + + align:start position:0% +with heat R is on one hand because of +global warming and and the changing + + align:start position:0% +global warming and and the changing + + + align:start position:0% +global warming and and the changing +climate the risk of heat is very steep + + align:start position:0% +climate the risk of heat is very steep + + + align:start position:0% +climate the risk of heat is very steep +under + + align:start position:0% +under + + + align:start position:0% +under +PR uh you may remember from almost about + + align:start position:0% +PR uh you may remember from almost about + + + align:start position:0% +PR uh you may remember from almost about +a decade ago Netherlands France Belgium + + align:start position:0% +a decade ago Netherlands France Belgium + + + align:start position:0% +a decade ago Netherlands France Belgium +they had tens of thousands of people die + + align:start position:0% +they had tens of thousands of people die + + + align:start position:0% +they had tens of thousands of people die +because of heat and most of those people + + align:start position:0% +because of heat and most of those people + + + align:start position:0% +because of heat and most of those people +die for very very avoidable reasons so + + align:start position:0% +die for very very avoidable reasons so + + + align:start position:0% +die for very very avoidable reasons so +if you're elderly respiratory property + + align:start position:0% +if you're elderly respiratory property + + + align:start position:0% +if you're elderly respiratory property +have certain health condition + + align:start position:0% +have certain health condition + + + align:start position:0% +have certain health condition +very simple things like being colder + + align:start position:0% +very simple things like being colder + + + align:start position:0% +very simple things like being colder +room with air conditioning or drinking + + align:start position:0% +room with air conditioning or drinking + + + align:start position:0% +room with air conditioning or drinking +more than you want that alone can be in + + align:start position:0% +more than you want that alone can be in + + + align:start position:0% +more than you want that alone can be in +enough construction workers over Sports + + align:start position:0% +enough construction workers over Sports + + + align:start position:0% +enough construction workers over Sports +collapse you know all you need to do is + + align:start position:0% +collapse you know all you need to do is + + + align:start position:0% +collapse you know all you need to do is +to suspend the competition or to give TR + + align:start position:0% +to suspend the competition or to give TR + + + align:start position:0% +to suspend the competition or to give TR +work at the big midday house so it's + + align:start position:0% +work at the big midday house so it's + + + align:start position:0% +work at the big midday house so it's +very easy to + + align:start position:0% +very easy to + + + align:start position:0% +very easy to +sa of and consistently people by Sur so + + align:start position:0% +sa of and consistently people by Sur so + + + align:start position:0% +sa of and consistently people by Sur so +the purpose of this game will be to + + align:start position:0% +the purpose of this game will be to + + + align:start position:0% +the purpose of this game will be to +support Red Cross netwk especially + + align:start position:0% +support Red Cross netwk especially + + + align:start position:0% +support Red Cross netwk especially +volunteers at neighborhood level so they + + align:start position:0% +volunteers at neighborhood level so they + + + align:start position:0% +volunteers at neighborhood level so they +can learn what are the simple actions + + align:start position:0% +can learn what are the simple actions + + + align:start position:0% +can learn what are the simple actions +that taken to save lives not only own + + align:start position:0% +that taken to save lives not only own + + + align:start position:0% +that taken to save lives not only own +but more importantly the lives of + + align:start position:0% +but more importantly the lives of + + + align:start position:0% +but more importantly the lives of +vulnerable members of the + + align:start position:0% +vulnerable members of the + + + align:start position:0% +vulnerable members of the +community the chances of also but a + + align:start position:0% +community the chances of also but a + + + align:start position:0% +community the chances of also but a +little bit more of a a timeline so it + + align:start position:0% +little bit more of a a timeline so it + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more of a a timeline so it +will that we start put in January it + + align:start position:0% +will that we start put in January it + + + align:start position:0% +will that we start put in January it +will need some poish because there are + + align:start position:0% +will need some poish because there are + + + align:start position:0% +will need some poish because there are +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +um institutional needs to embed once the + + align:start position:0% +um institutional needs to embed once the + + + align:start position:0% +um institutional needs to embed once the +game exists it has to go through Red + + align:start position:0% +game exists it has to go through Red + + + align:start position:0% +game exists it has to go through Red +Cross channels which can be more + + align:start position:0% +Cross channels which can be more + + + align:start position:0% +Cross channels which can be more +complicated than doing it through school + + align:start position:0% +complicated than doing it through school + + + align:start position:0% +complicated than doing it through school +children where if it's picked up it goes + + align:start position:0% +children where if it's picked up it goes + + + align:start position:0% +children where if it's picked up it goes +viral quickly but it's it's still a very + + align:start position:0% +viral quickly but it's it's still a very + + + align:start position:0% +viral quickly but it's it's still a very +good one again it's one that can lead to + + align:start position:0% +good one again it's one that can lead to + + + align:start position:0% +good one again it's one that can lead to +saving real lives and there are plenty + + align:start position:0% +saving real lives and there are plenty + + + align:start position:0% +saving real lives and there are plenty +of resources uh within the Red Cross and + + align:start position:0% +of resources uh within the Red Cross and + + + align:start position:0% +of resources uh within the Red Cross and +Beyond very importantly there's a master + + align:start position:0% +Beyond very importantly there's a master + + + align:start position:0% +Beyond very importantly there's a master +student at Harvard who's doing her + + align:start position:0% +student at Harvard who's doing her + + + align:start position:0% +student at Harvard who's doing her +entire phic on this and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +entire phic on this and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +entire phic on this and we're going to +have at least one maybe two + + align:start position:0% +have at least one maybe two + + + align:start position:0% +have at least one maybe two +hackathons H dealing with Heatwave risk + + align:start position:0% +hackathons H dealing with Heatwave risk + + + align:start position:0% +hackathons H dealing with Heatwave risk +um the harbard her name is El she's + + align:start position:0% +um the harbard her name is El she's + + + align:start position:0% +um the harbard her name is El she's +really great fan and she would be a a + + align:start position:0% +really great fan and she would be a a + + + align:start position:0% +really great fan and she would be a a +collaborator and this this will H have a + + align:start position:0% +collaborator and this this will H have a + + + align:start position:0% +collaborator and this this will H have a +lot of chances of growth um if you click + + align:start position:0% +lot of chances of growth um if you click + + + align:start position:0% +lot of chances of growth um if you click +you will see a photo from the + + align:start position:0% +you will see a photo from the + + + align:start position:0% +you will see a photo from the +Netherlands + + align:start position:0% +Netherlands + + + align:start position:0% +Netherlands +Heatwave a Red Cross here helping an + + align:start position:0% +Heatwave a Red Cross here helping an + + + align:start position:0% +Heatwave a Red Cross here helping an +elderly lady just hydrate and that lady + + align:start position:0% +elderly lady just hydrate and that lady + + + align:start position:0% +elderly lady just hydrate and that lady +did not die as tens of thousands did uh + + align:start position:0% +did not die as tens of thousands did uh + + + align:start position:0% +did not die as tens of thousands did uh +can you come up with a game that helps + + align:start position:0% +can you come up with a game that helps + + + align:start position:0% +can you come up with a game that helps +people take such simple + + align:start position:0% +people take such simple + + + align:start position:0% +people take such simple +decisions and I'm sure there's a way to + + align:start position:0% +decisions and I'm sure there's a way to + + + align:start position:0% +decisions and I'm sure there's a way to +make it + + align:start position:0% +make it + + + align:start position:0% +make it +funner so over to you one or two + + align:start position:0% +funner so over to you one or two + + + align:start position:0% +funner so over to you one or two +questions any questions on this + + align:start position:0% +questions any questions on this + + + align:start position:0% +questions any questions on this +one so the target audience on this one's + + align:start position:0% +one so the target audience on this one's + + + align:start position:0% +one so the target audience on this one's +different it's um it's Red Cross + + align:start position:0% +different it's um it's Red Cross + + + align:start position:0% +different it's um it's Red Cross +volunteers and staffers part of probably + + align:start position:0% +volunteers and staffers part of probably + + + align:start position:0% +volunteers and staffers part of probably +is part of their training correct okay + + align:start position:0% +is part of their training correct okay + + + align:start position:0% +is part of their training correct okay +so the way we envision the SE didn't + + align:start position:0% +so the way we envision the SE didn't + + + align:start position:0% +so the way we envision the SE didn't +mention the way we envision this one is + + align:start position:0% +mention the way we envision this one is + + + align:start position:0% +mention the way we envision this one is +to have the game as readily + + align:start position:0% +to have the game as readily + + + align:start position:0% +to have the game as readily +Deployable but on the + + align:start position:0% +Deployable but on the + + + align:start position:0% +Deployable but on the +shelf and then when there's a forecast + + align:start position:0% +shelf and then when there's a forecast + + + align:start position:0% +shelf and then when there's a forecast +of a heat wave likely to happen over the + + align:start position:0% +of a heat wave likely to happen over the + + + align:start position:0% +of a heat wave likely to happen over the +coming six days then we we blast the + + align:start position:0% +coming six days then we we blast the + + + align:start position:0% +coming six days then we we blast the +game to the Red Cross + + align:start position:0% +game to the Red Cross + + + align:start position:0% +game to the Red Cross +volunteers so that they they become very + + align:start position:0% +volunteers so that they they become very + + + align:start position:0% +volunteers so that they they become very +quickly familiar with the very core + + align:start position:0% +quickly familiar with the very core + + + align:start position:0% +quickly familiar with the very core +aspect of it of course complimenting + + align:start position:0% +aspect of it of course complimenting + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of it of course complimenting +with other things like maybe face tof + + align:start position:0% +with other things like maybe face tof + + + align:start position:0% +with other things like maybe face tof +face training or maybe sending documents + + align:start position:0% +face training or maybe sending documents + + + align:start position:0% +face training or maybe sending documents +to read but this would be uh potentially + + align:start position:0% +to read but this would be uh potentially + + + align:start position:0% +to read but this would be uh potentially +very easy to adapt or translate to many + + align:start position:0% +very easy to adapt or translate to many + + + align:start position:0% +very easy to adapt or translate to many +languages H and again Chicago Boston + + align:start position:0% +languages H and again Chicago Boston + + + align:start position:0% +languages H and again Chicago Boston +there's plenty of places even in the US + + align:start position:0% +there's plenty of places even in the US + + + align:start position:0% +there's plenty of places even in the US +this is the one that would be easiest to + + align:start position:0% +this is the one that would be easiest to + + + align:start position:0% +this is the one that would be easiest to +play test locally because we can uh and + + align:start position:0% +play test locally because we can uh and + + + align:start position:0% +play test locally because we can uh and +you know the profile of a Red Cross + + align:start position:0% +you know the profile of a Red Cross + + + align:start position:0% +you know the profile of a Red Cross +volunteer is not necessarily too + + align:start position:0% +volunteer is not necessarily too + + + align:start position:0% +volunteer is not necessarily too +different from the profile of University + + align:start position:0% +different from the profile of University + + + align:start position:0% +different from the profile of University +students who are engaged + + align:start position:0% +students who are engaged + + + align:start position:0% +students who are engaged +in in in do good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +activities okay on to the next one all + + align:start position:0% +activities okay on to the next one all + + + align:start position:0% +activities okay on to the next one all +right moving to the next + + align:start position:0% +right moving to the next + + + align:start position:0% +right moving to the next +one the next one is the most + + align:start position:0% +one the next one is the most + + + align:start position:0% +one the next one is the most +complex um do you see the drawing of the + + align:start position:0% +complex um do you see the drawing of the + + + align:start position:0% +complex um do you see the drawing of the +time bone with the fuse yes + + align:start position:0% +time bone with the fuse yes + + + align:start position:0% +time bone with the fuse yes +okay so allow me to give a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +okay so allow me to give a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so allow me to give a little bit of +context we did a little bit of this + + align:start position:0% +context we did a little bit of this + + + align:start position:0% +context we did a little bit of this +conversation when I showed up a few + + align:start position:0% +conversation when I showed up a few + + + align:start position:0% +conversation when I showed up a few +weeks ago but I imagine you all Forgot + + align:start position:0% +weeks ago but I imagine you all Forgot + + + align:start position:0% +weeks ago but I imagine you all Forgot +by now the humanitarian sector has two + + align:start position:0% +by now the humanitarian sector has two + + + align:start position:0% +by now the humanitarian sector has two +main funding + + align:start position:0% +main funding + + + align:start position:0% +main funding +mechanisms imagine a pot of + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms imagine a pot of + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms imagine a pot of +money even if there's almost no money + + align:start position:0% +money even if there's almost no money + + + align:start position:0% +money even if there's almost no money +there if the pot exists money can go in + + align:start position:0% +there if the pot exists money can go in + + + align:start position:0% +there if the pot exists money can go in +to then be taken out to spend one of the + + align:start position:0% +to then be taken out to spend one of the + + + align:start position:0% +to then be taken out to spend one of the +pots of money that exist one of the + + align:start position:0% +pots of money that exist one of the + + + align:start position:0% +pots of money that exist one of the +funding mechanisms that exist is for + + align:start position:0% +funding mechanisms that exist is for + + + align:start position:0% +funding mechanisms that exist is for +Disaster + + align:start position:0% +Disaster + + + align:start position:0% +Disaster +Response meaning + + align:start position:0% +Response meaning + + + align:start position:0% +Response meaning +a hurricane a flood a organic eruption + + align:start position:0% +a hurricane a flood a organic eruption + + + align:start position:0% +a hurricane a flood a organic eruption +something has already happened is + + align:start position:0% +something has already happened is + + + align:start position:0% +something has already happened is +happening and is killing people people + + align:start position:0% +happening and is killing people people + + + align:start position:0% +happening and is killing people people +are dying but if you did something you + + align:start position:0% +are dying but if you did something you + + + align:start position:0% +are dying but if you did something you +could save lives for example get on a + + align:start position:0% +could save lives for example get on a + + + align:start position:0% +could save lives for example get on a +boat and rescue people who are stranding + + align:start position:0% +boat and rescue people who are stranding + + + align:start position:0% +boat and rescue people who are stranding +on a roof or people are sick go give + + align:start position:0% +on a roof or people are sick go give + + + align:start position:0% +on a roof or people are sick go give +them medicine this is Disaster Response + + align:start position:0% +them medicine this is Disaster Response + + + align:start position:0% +them medicine this is Disaster Response +and if you spend money you can do very + + align:start position:0% +and if you spend money you can do very + + + align:start position:0% +and if you spend money you can do very +good things and the funding mechanism + + align:start position:0% +good things and the funding mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +good things and the funding mechanism +exists there is another pot of money + + align:start position:0% +exists there is another pot of money + + + align:start position:0% +exists there is another pot of money +which which is for a normal day the Red + + align:start position:0% +which which is for a normal day the Red + + + align:start position:0% +which which is for a normal day the Red +Cross has Vehicles the vehicles need + + align:start position:0% +Cross has Vehicles the vehicles need + + + align:start position:0% +Cross has Vehicles the vehicles need +maintenance they need to change tires + + align:start position:0% +maintenance they need to change tires + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance they need to change tires +you need to buy a new computer you need + + align:start position:0% +you need to buy a new computer you need + + + align:start position:0% +you need to buy a new computer you need +to pay rent and uh electricity bills you + + align:start position:0% +to pay rent and uh electricity bills you + + + align:start position:0% +to pay rent and uh electricity bills you +need to train stuff so on a normal day + + align:start position:0% +need to train stuff so on a normal day + + + align:start position:0% +need to train stuff so on a normal day +you have a budget for you know either + + align:start position:0% +you have a budget for you know either + + + align:start position:0% +you have a budget for you know either +maintenance or development of new + + align:start position:0% +maintenance or development of new + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance or development of new +projects or writing proposals and so on + + align:start position:0% +projects or writing proposals and so on + + + align:start position:0% +projects or writing proposals and so on +and that pot of money exists we call it + + align:start position:0% +and that pot of money exists we call it + + + align:start position:0% +and that pot of money exists we call it +the annual appeal every year we appeal + + align:start position:0% +the annual appeal every year we appeal + + + align:start position:0% +the annual appeal every year we appeal +for help and uh people or donors or + + align:start position:0% +for help and uh people or donors or + + + align:start position:0% +for help and uh people or donors or +governments give us some money what does + + align:start position:0% +governments give us some money what does + + + align:start position:0% +governments give us some money what does +not exist is what the drawing the + + align:start position:0% +not exist is what the drawing the + + + align:start position:0% +not exist is what the drawing the +cartoon depicts which is when there's a + + align:start position:0% +cartoon depicts which is when there's a + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon depicts which is when there's a +signal from science that a disaster that + + align:start position:0% +signal from science that a disaster that + + + align:start position:0% +signal from science that a disaster that +something bad is likely to happen + + align:start position:0% +something bad is likely to happen + + + align:start position:0% +something bad is likely to happen +soon we don't have money to fund action + + align:start position:0% +soon we don't have money to fund action + + + align:start position:0% +soon we don't have money to fund action +before the disaster after the forecast + + align:start position:0% +before the disaster after the forecast + + + align:start position:0% +before the disaster after the forecast +so if you click to see the text the + + align:start position:0% +so if you click to see the text the + + + align:start position:0% +so if you click to see the text the +context is that there's that missing + + align:start position:0% +context is that there's that missing + + + align:start position:0% +context is that there's that missing +money pot we have money for after the + + align:start position:0% +money pot we have money for after the + + + align:start position:0% +money pot we have money for after the +disaster we have money for the normal + + align:start position:0% +disaster we have money for the normal + + + align:start position:0% +disaster we have money for the normal +day but we don't have money for before + + align:start position:0% +day but we don't have money for before + + + align:start position:0% +day but we don't have money for before +the disaster after the forast the issue + + align:start position:0% +the disaster after the forast the issue + + + align:start position:0% +the disaster after the forast the issue +is that if you spend money in that time + + align:start position:0% +is that if you spend money in that time + + + align:start position:0% +is that if you spend money in that time +window before the disaster after science + + align:start position:0% +window before the disaster after science + + + align:start position:0% +window before the disaster after science +says the disaster is likely you can do + + align:start position:0% +says the disaster is likely you can do + + + align:start position:0% +says the disaster is likely you can do +very good things for very cheap and and + + align:start position:0% +very good things for very cheap and and + + + align:start position:0% +very good things for very cheap and and +relatively simply and much more reliably + + align:start position:0% +relatively simply and much more reliably + + + align:start position:0% +relatively simply and much more reliably +it's not only more expensive but more + + align:start position:0% +it's not only more expensive but more + + + align:start position:0% +it's not only more expensive but more +difficult to Save a Life when the when + + align:start position:0% +difficult to Save a Life when the when + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to Save a Life when the when +the storm waters are flashing through a + + align:start position:0% +the storm waters are flashing through a + + + align:start position:0% +the storm waters are flashing through a +City and people are about to drown the + + align:start position:0% +City and people are about to drown the + + + align:start position:0% +City and people are about to drown the +boat is unstable because if you do it + + align:start position:0% +boat is unstable because if you do it + + + align:start position:0% +boat is unstable because if you do it +the day before when the water has come + + align:start position:0% +the day before when the water has come + + + align:start position:0% +the day before when the water has come +down from the sky but it's still in the + + align:start position:0% +down from the sky but it's still in the + + + align:start position:0% +down from the sky but it's still in the +river and not in the city people can + + align:start position:0% +river and not in the city people can + + + align:start position:0% +river and not in the city people can +take action by just walking away on + + align:start position:0% +take action by just walking away on + + + align:start position:0% +take action by just walking away on +their own means with their valuables and + + align:start position:0% +their own means with their valuables and + + + align:start position:0% +their own means with their valuables and +not just depending on someone to show up + + align:start position:0% +not just depending on someone to show up + + + align:start position:0% +not just depending on someone to show up +with the boat so we came up with a + + align:start position:0% +with the boat so we came up with a + + + align:start position:0% +with the boat so we came up with a +financial mechanism we call it forecast + + align:start position:0% +financial mechanism we call it forecast + + + align:start position:0% +financial mechanism we call it forecast +based financing for disaster + + align:start position:0% +based financing for disaster + + + align:start position:0% +based financing for disaster +preparedness which is no one + + align:start position:0% +preparedness which is no one + + + align:start position:0% +preparedness which is no one +in how it's implemented there's a bot of + + align:start position:0% +in how it's implemented there's a bot of + + + align:start position:0% +in how it's implemented there's a bot of +money it's like a bank account you need + + align:start position:0% +money it's like a bank account you need + + + align:start position:0% +money it's like a bank account you need +to have a threshold of disaster risk + + align:start position:0% +to have a threshold of disaster risk + + + align:start position:0% +to have a threshold of disaster risk +that needs to be exceeded so it cannot + + align:start position:0% +that needs to be exceeded so it cannot + + + align:start position:0% +that needs to be exceeded so it cannot +be two drops of rain it has to be a lot + + align:start position:0% +be two drops of rain it has to be a lot + + + align:start position:0% +be two drops of rain it has to be a lot +of rain it cannot be some Bree it has to + + align:start position:0% +of rain it cannot be some Bree it has to + + + align:start position:0% +of rain it cannot be some Bree it has to +be a hurricane category one or more but + + align:start position:0% +be a hurricane category one or more but + + + align:start position:0% +be a hurricane category one or more but +once the threshold is established and + + align:start position:0% +once the threshold is established and + + + align:start position:0% +once the threshold is established and +reached by the forecast then there's + + align:start position:0% +reached by the forecast then there's + + + align:start position:0% +reached by the forecast then there's +some standard operating procedures some + + align:start position:0% +some standard operating procedures some + + + align:start position:0% +some standard operating procedures some +actions that people have to take + + align:start position:0% +actions that people have to take + + + align:start position:0% +actions that people have to take +spending money to save lives and that is + + align:start position:0% +spending money to save lives and that is + + + align:start position:0% +spending money to save lives and that is +something something that if you could + + align:start position:0% +something something that if you could + + + align:start position:0% +something something that if you could +come up with a game that captures that + + align:start position:0% +come up with a game that captures that + + + align:start position:0% +come up with a game that captures that +this is the one that if we help + + align:start position:0% +this is the one that if we help + + + align:start position:0% +this is the one that if we help +communicate forecast based financing i s + + align:start position:0% +communicate forecast based financing i s + + + align:start position:0% +communicate forecast based financing i s +to the public because it can work for a + + align:start position:0% +to the public because it can work for a + + + align:start position:0% +to the public because it can work for a +broad audience digitally ideally would + + align:start position:0% +broad audience digitally ideally would + + + align:start position:0% +broad audience digitally ideally would +reach those who can contribute either + + align:start position:0% +reach those who can contribute either + + + align:start position:0% +reach those who can contribute either +money or decisions muscle power H the + + align:start position:0% +money or decisions muscle power H the + + + align:start position:0% +money or decisions muscle power H the +chances of embrace for this one are not + + align:start position:0% +chances of embrace for this one are not + + + align:start position:0% +chances of embrace for this one are not +as high as all the previous one but if + + align:start position:0% +as high as all the previous one but if + + + align:start position:0% +as high as all the previous one but if +it were to happen it would have the + + align:start position:0% +it were to happen it would have the + + + align:start position:0% +it were to happen it would have the +highest impact because right now there's + + align:start position:0% +highest impact because right now there's + + + align:start position:0% +highest impact because right now there's +billions of dollarss being spent in the + + align:start position:0% +billions of dollarss being spent in the + + + align:start position:0% +billions of dollarss being spent in the +two extremes and if a small fraction + + align:start position:0% +two extremes and if a small fraction + + + align:start position:0% +two extremes and if a small fraction +were spent invested in that precious + + align:start position:0% +were spent invested in that precious + + + align:start position:0% +were spent invested in that precious +window of opportunity when you see the + + align:start position:0% +window of opportunity when you see the + + + align:start position:0% +window of opportunity when you see the +fuse getting close that time of effort + + align:start position:0% +fuse getting close that time of effort + + + align:start position:0% +fuse getting close that time of effort +can really have a very very high impact + + align:start position:0% +can really have a very very high impact + + + align:start position:0% +can really have a very very high impact +there's a link to a journal article that + + align:start position:0% +there's a link to a journal article that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a link to a journal article that +is should be very clear for MIT students + + align:start position:0% +is should be very clear for MIT students + + + align:start position:0% +is should be very clear for MIT students +uh we also have some simpler readings + + align:start position:0% +uh we also have some simpler readings + + + align:start position:0% +uh we also have some simpler readings +and Jan and I have been engaged with it + + align:start position:0% +and Jan and I have been engaged with it + + + align:start position:0% +and Jan and I have been engaged with it +and are ready to help this is I insist + + align:start position:0% +and are ready to help this is I insist + + + align:start position:0% +and are ready to help this is I insist +the one that is intellect + + align:start position:0% +the one that is intellect + + + align:start position:0% +the one that is intellect +most challenging but I think if you nail + + align:start position:0% +most challenging but I think if you nail + + + align:start position:0% +most challenging but I think if you nail +it it will also be the most + + align:start position:0% +it it will also be the most + + + align:start position:0% +it it will also be the most +rewarding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions questions on this + + align:start position:0% +questions questions on this + + + align:start position:0% +questions questions on this +one so one thing when we first started + + align:start position:0% +one so one thing when we first started + + + align:start position:0% +one so one thing when we first started +um designing this class this was + + align:start position:0% +um designing this class this was + + + align:start position:0% +um designing this class this was +actually are the the problem that we + + align:start position:0% +actually are the the problem that we + + + align:start position:0% +actually are the the problem that we +were most interested in um mainly + + align:start position:0% +were most interested in um mainly + + + align:start position:0% +were most interested in um mainly +because the other problems we just + + align:start position:0% +because the other problems we just + + + align:start position:0% +because the other problems we just +didn't hadn't heard about since um the + + align:start position:0% +didn't hadn't heard about since um the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't hadn't heard about since um the +ca colar was a recent um yes proposal + + align:start position:0% +ca colar was a recent um yes proposal + + + align:start position:0% +ca colar was a recent um yes proposal +that was asked for and Abola of course + + align:start position:0% +that was asked for and Abola of course + + + align:start position:0% +that was asked for and Abola of course +um very very recent as well as well um + + align:start position:0% +um very very recent as well as well um + + + align:start position:0% +um very very recent as well as well um +so if you really enjoyed some of the + + align:start position:0% +so if you really enjoyed some of the + + + align:start position:0% +so if you really enjoyed some of the +challenges from projects 2 and three and + + align:start position:0% +challenges from projects 2 and three and + + + align:start position:0% +challenges from projects 2 and three and +you really took on the the planning + + align:start position:0% +you really took on the the planning + + + align:start position:0% +you really took on the the planning +aspects the trade-offs as aspects of + + align:start position:0% +aspects the trade-offs as aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +aspects the trade-offs as aspects of +those two games um if you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +those two games um if you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +those two games um if you're looking at +kind of trying to trying to communicate + + align:start position:0% +kind of trying to trying to communicate + + + align:start position:0% +kind of trying to trying to communicate +to another person how these kind of + + align:start position:0% +to another person how these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to another person how these kind of +probabilities works this is probably a + + align:start position:0% +probabilities works this is probably a + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities works this is probably a +really good project you might be + + align:start position:0% +really good project you might be + + + align:start position:0% +really good project you might be +interested + + align:start position:0% +interested + + + align:start position:0% +interested +in and I should say also that working + + align:start position:0% +in and I should say also that working + + + align:start position:0% +in and I should say also that working +with a few MIT teams including the + + align:start position:0% +with a few MIT teams including the + + + align:start position:0% +with a few MIT teams including the +humanitarian response lab including the + + align:start position:0% +humanitarian response lab including the + + + align:start position:0% +humanitarian response lab including the +environmental engine engineering and we + + align:start position:0% +environmental engine engineering and we + + + align:start position:0% +environmental engine engineering and we +have two generations of three students + + align:start position:0% +have two generations of three students + + + align:start position:0% +have two generations of three students +plus one Professor go to Uganda to work + + align:start position:0% +plus one Professor go to Uganda to work + + + align:start position:0% +plus one Professor go to Uganda to work +on on making this happen for real we got + + align:start position:0% +on on making this happen for real we got + + + align:start position:0% +on on making this happen for real we got +German money to do it in Togo and in + + align:start position:0% +German money to do it in Togo and in + + + align:start position:0% +German money to do it in Togo and in +Uganda so it's beginning to happen but + + align:start position:0% +Uganda so it's beginning to happen but + + + align:start position:0% +Uganda so it's beginning to happen but +it's hard to explain because it's dry + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to explain because it's dry + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to explain because it's dry +it's like explaining Insurance you know + + align:start position:0% +it's like explaining Insurance you know + + + align:start position:0% +it's like explaining Insurance you know +people get bored before they get it so + + align:start position:0% +people get bored before they get it so + + + align:start position:0% +people get bored before they get it so +maybe a game can help H + + align:start position:0% +maybe a game can help H + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a game can help H +motivate good then we move + + align:start position:0% +motivate good then we move + + + align:start position:0% +motivate good then we move +on number four Ebola H I have to be very + + align:start position:0% +on number four Ebola H I have to be very + + + align:start position:0% +on number four Ebola H I have to be very +candid I come from climate research + + align:start position:0% +candid I come from climate research + + + align:start position:0% +candid I come from climate research +climate and disasters and as far as we + + align:start position:0% +climate and disasters and as far as we + + + align:start position:0% +climate and disasters and as far as we +know aoda does not have much of a + + align:start position:0% +know aoda does not have much of a + + + align:start position:0% +know aoda does not have much of a +climate signal but as I'm sure you know + + align:start position:0% +climate signal but as I'm sure you know + + + align:start position:0% +climate signal but as I'm sure you know +it's a very important thing and the idea + + align:start position:0% +it's a very important thing and the idea + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very important thing and the idea +for bringing this up is that one of my + + align:start position:0% +for bringing this up is that one of my + + + align:start position:0% +for bringing this up is that one of my +dear colleagues Stephen + + align:start position:0% +dear colleagues Stephen + + + align:start position:0% +dear colleagues Stephen +Ryan uh one day sent a message saying + + align:start position:0% +Ryan uh one day sent a message saying + + + align:start position:0% +Ryan uh one day sent a message saying +tonight I'm arriving in Liberia to work + + align:start position:0% +tonight I'm arriving in Liberia to work + + + align:start position:0% +tonight I'm arriving in Liberia to work +for a month with a red cross national + + align:start position:0% +for a month with a red cross national + + + align:start position:0% +for a month with a red cross national +team that is doing its best to respond + + align:start position:0% +team that is doing its best to respond + + + align:start position:0% +team that is doing its best to respond +to the Ebola outbreak and guess what + + align:start position:0% +to the Ebola outbreak and guess what + + + align:start position:0% +to the Ebola outbreak and guess what +what they're doing as its best is not + + align:start position:0% +what they're doing as its best is not + + + align:start position:0% +what they're doing as its best is not +enough uh Stephen is a Communications + + align:start position:0% +enough uh Stephen is a Communications + + + align:start position:0% +enough uh Stephen is a Communications +specialist uh as you can imagine I feel + + align:start position:0% +specialist uh as you can imagine I feel + + + align:start position:0% +specialist uh as you can imagine I feel +phenomenal admiration and uh respect for + + align:start position:0% +phenomenal admiration and uh respect for + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenal admiration and uh respect for +his dangerous choice to go to the place + + align:start position:0% +his dangerous choice to go to the place + + + align:start position:0% +his dangerous choice to go to the place +where people are in very serious trouble + + align:start position:0% +where people are in very serious trouble + + + align:start position:0% +where people are in very serious trouble +to try to help and that made me think + + align:start position:0% +to try to help and that made me think + + + align:start position:0% +to try to help and that made me think +well maybe we can help so I sent him an + + align:start position:0% +well maybe we can help so I sent him an + + + align:start position:0% +well maybe we can help so I sent him an +email and he kindly responded saying yes + + align:start position:0% +email and he kindly responded saying yes + + + align:start position:0% +email and he kindly responded saying yes +they're keen on the possibility of a + + align:start position:0% +they're keen on the possibility of a + + + align:start position:0% +they're keen on the possibility of a +game bear in mind that because of the + + align:start position:0% +game bear in mind that because of the + + + align:start position:0% +game bear in mind that because of the +cycle of the + + align:start position:0% +cycle of the + + + align:start position:0% +cycle of the +Disease by December chances are that + + align:start position:0% +Disease by December chances are that + + + align:start position:0% +Disease by December chances are that +either it became you know a complete + + align:start position:0% +either it became you know a complete + + + align:start position:0% +either it became you know a complete +pandemic or or the W is completely gone + + align:start position:0% +pandemic or or the W is completely gone + + + align:start position:0% +pandemic or or the W is completely gone +so we are not going to make a game to be + + align:start position:0% +so we are not going to make a game to be + + + align:start position:0% +so we are not going to make a game to be +played in an equivalent situation as a + + align:start position:0% +played in an equivalent situation as a + + + align:start position:0% +played in an equivalent situation as a +situation now it will be more of a game + + align:start position:0% +situation now it will be more of a game + + + align:start position:0% +situation now it will be more of a game +about awareness of how it works and and + + align:start position:0% +about awareness of how it works and and + + + align:start position:0% +about awareness of how it works and and +how it can be prevented in a hopefully + + align:start position:0% +how it can be prevented in a hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +how it can be prevented in a hopefully +less than complete crisis mode but + + align:start position:0% +less than complete crisis mode but + + + align:start position:0% +less than complete crisis mode but +nonetheless stepen and and one of his + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless stepen and and one of his + + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless stepen and and one of his +colleagues were very grateful to offer + + align:start position:0% +colleagues were very grateful to offer + + + align:start position:0% +colleagues were very grateful to offer +themselves to be the subject matter + + align:start position:0% +themselves to be the subject matter + + + align:start position:0% +themselves to be the subject matter +experts H to help should a team choose + + align:start position:0% +experts H to help should a team choose + + + align:start position:0% +experts H to help should a team choose +Ebola please no more than one team uh + + align:start position:0% +Ebola please no more than one team uh + + + align:start position:0% +Ebola please no more than one team uh +you know there's someone on the other + + align:start position:0% +you know there's someone on the other + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's someone on the other +side of the Atlantic ocean that is uh + + align:start position:0% +side of the Atlantic ocean that is uh + + + align:start position:0% +side of the Atlantic ocean that is uh +going to try to engage in this one Jano + + align:start position:0% +going to try to engage in this one Jano + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to engage in this one Jano +and I do not have expertise I imagine it + + align:start position:0% +and I do not have expertise I imagine it + + + align:start position:0% +and I do not have expertise I imagine it +is possible to find expertise in the + + align:start position:0% +is possible to find expertise in the + + + align:start position:0% +is possible to find expertise in the +Boston area with so many phenomenal + + align:start position:0% +Boston area with so many phenomenal + + + align:start position:0% +Boston area with so many phenomenal +hospitals and so on but it's outside of + + align:start position:0% +hospitals and so on but it's outside of + + + align:start position:0% +hospitals and so on but it's outside of +my control to offer a + + align:start position:0% +my control to offer a + + + align:start position:0% +my control to offer a +reliable support when it comes to + + align:start position:0% +reliable support when it comes to + + + align:start position:0% +reliable support when it comes to +subject matter I'm sure that there's + + align:start position:0% +subject matter I'm sure that there's + + + align:start position:0% +subject matter I'm sure that there's +plenty of documents from the CDC and + + align:start position:0% +plenty of documents from the CDC and + + + align:start position:0% +plenty of documents from the CDC and +from Health practitioners that can help + + align:start position:0% +from Health practitioners that can help + + + align:start position:0% +from Health practitioners that can help +you design the game but whoever chooses + + align:start position:0% +you design the game but whoever chooses + + + align:start position:0% +you design the game but whoever chooses +this it will be heroic it can be really + + align:start position:0% +this it will be heroic it can be really + + + align:start position:0% +this it will be heroic it can be really +useful but you have to be most prepared + + align:start position:0% +useful but you have to be most prepared + + + align:start position:0% +useful but you have to be most prepared +to work + + align:start position:0% +to work + + + align:start position:0% +to work +autonomously any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +any oops mutes are you guys there n + + align:start position:0% +any oops mutes are you guys there n + + + align:start position:0% +any oops mutes are you guys there n +sorry I had the microphone muted um yep + + align:start position:0% +sorry I had the microphone muted um yep + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I had the microphone muted um yep +no questions on this one all right so + + align:start position:0% +no questions on this one all right so + + + align:start position:0% +no questions on this one all right so +moving on on the last one um if Jano + + align:start position:0% +moving on on the last one um if Jano + + + align:start position:0% +moving on on the last one um if Jano +hasn't joined yet then I'll do my best + + align:start position:0% +hasn't joined yet then I'll do my best + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't joined yet then I'll do my best +to explain yep I haven't seen her yet so + + align:start position:0% +to explain yep I haven't seen her yet so + + + align:start position:0% +to explain yep I haven't seen her yet so +this is a project that is being led by + + align:start position:0% +this is a project that is being led by + + + align:start position:0% +this is a project that is being led by +two of my colleagues including Jano so + + align:start position:0% +two of my colleagues including Jano so + + + align:start position:0% +two of my colleagues including Jano so +forgive my ignorance uh it's fairly + + align:start position:0% +forgive my ignorance uh it's fairly + + + align:start position:0% +forgive my ignorance uh it's fairly +similar in its nature to the UN UNICEF + + align:start position:0% +similar in its nature to the UN UNICEF + + + align:start position:0% +similar in its nature to the UN UNICEF +one uh the difference is that the UNICEF + + align:start position:0% +one uh the difference is that the UNICEF + + + align:start position:0% +one uh the difference is that the UNICEF +project is for school children about a + + align:start position:0% +project is for school children about a + + + align:start position:0% +project is for school children about a +very specific health condition called + + align:start position:0% +very specific health condition called + + + align:start position:0% +very specific health condition called +cholera whereas this one is for a + + align:start position:0% +cholera whereas this one is for a + + + align:start position:0% +cholera whereas this one is for a +partner called plan International it's + + align:start position:0% +partner called plan International it's + + + align:start position:0% +partner called plan International it's +an NGO that works with children they're + + align:start position:0% +an NGO that works with children they're + + + align:start position:0% +an NGO that works with children they're +very good uh they they work a lot on the + + align:start position:0% +very good uh they they work a lot on the + + + align:start position:0% +very good uh they they work a lot on the +rights of children they are about + + align:start position:0% +rights of children they are about + + + align:start position:0% +rights of children they are about +empowerment and and they they work + + align:start position:0% +empowerment and and they they work + + + align:start position:0% +empowerment and and they they work +intelligently and uh the Asia team has + + align:start position:0% +intelligently and uh the Asia team has + + + align:start position:0% +intelligently and uh the Asia team has +reached out to the climate Center I + + align:start position:0% +reached out to the climate Center I + + + align:start position:0% +reached out to the climate Center I +don't know if you can read the words but + + align:start position:0% +don't know if you can read the words but + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if you can read the words but +in summary they want a game to help + + align:start position:0% +in summary they want a game to help + + + align:start position:0% +in summary they want a game to help +children in Asia understand climate + + align:start position:0% +children in Asia understand climate + + + align:start position:0% +children in Asia understand climate +change and what can be done to adapt to + + align:start position:0% +change and what can be done to adapt to + + + align:start position:0% +change and what can be done to adapt to +climate change H plan International + + align:start position:0% +climate change H plan International + + + align:start position:0% +climate change H plan International +seeks to partner with the Red Cross + + align:start position:0% +seeks to partner with the Red Cross + + + align:start position:0% +seeks to partner with the Red Cross +climate Center to develop a + + align:start position:0% +climate Center to develop a + + + align:start position:0% +climate Center to develop a +participatory learning game for children + + align:start position:0% +participatory learning game for children + + + align:start position:0% +participatory learning game for children +in Asia focus on southeast Asia so all + + align:start position:0% +in Asia focus on southeast Asia so all + + + align:start position:0% +in Asia focus on southeast Asia so all +the way from Philippines Vietnam + + align:start position:0% +the way from Philippines Vietnam + + + align:start position:0% +the way from Philippines Vietnam +Cambodia Etc + + align:start position:0% +Cambodia Etc + + + align:start position:0% +Cambodia Etc +that will strengthen their understanding + + align:start position:0% +that will strengthen their understanding + + + align:start position:0% +that will strengthen their understanding +of local climate change impacts and help + + align:start position:0% +of local climate change impacts and help + + + align:start position:0% +of local climate change impacts and help +them develop ideas on what they and + + align:start position:0% +them develop ideas on what they and + + + align:start position:0% +them develop ideas on what they and +their Community can do to adapt and + + align:start position:0% +their Community can do to adapt and + + + align:start position:0% +their Community can do to adapt and +increase their resilience the project + + align:start position:0% +increase their resilience the project + + + align:start position:0% +increase their resilience the project +will include the devel of a game package + + align:start position:0% +will include the devel of a game package + + + align:start position:0% +will include the devel of a game package +testing and a training of + + align:start position:0% +testing and a training of + + + align:start position:0% +testing and a training of +facilitators the current project does + + align:start position:0% +facilitators the current project does + + + align:start position:0% +facilitators the current project does +not include a digital component because + + align:start position:0% +not include a digital component because + + + align:start position:0% +not include a digital component because +there wasn't enough money but like the + + align:start position:0% +there wasn't enough money but like the + + + align:start position:0% +there wasn't enough money but like the +UNICEF one this is an area that + + align:start position:0% +UNICEF one this is an area that + + + align:start position:0% +UNICEF one this is an area that +inevitably has to grow so if any of you + + align:start position:0% +inevitably has to grow so if any of you + + + align:start position:0% +inevitably has to grow so if any of you +comes up with a with a prototype that is + + align:start position:0% +comes up with a with a prototype that is + + + align:start position:0% +comes up with a with a prototype that is +sufficiently playable to capture + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently playable to capture + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently playable to capture +something about climate change there's + + align:start position:0% +something about climate change there's + + + align:start position:0% +something about climate change there's +generally two core ideas that children + + align:start position:0% +generally two core ideas that children + + + align:start position:0% +generally two core ideas that children +can benefit from learning one is that + + align:start position:0% +can benefit from learning one is that + + + align:start position:0% +can benefit from learning one is that +the trends of change are dangerous + + align:start position:0% +the trends of change are dangerous + + + align:start position:0% +the trends of change are dangerous +trends like sea level rise like drying + + align:start position:0% +trends like sea level rise like drying + + + align:start position:0% +trends like sea level rise like drying +of some sources of drinking water as + + align:start position:0% +of some sources of drinking water as + + + align:start position:0% +of some sources of drinking water as +well as the changing pattern of extreme + + align:start position:0% +well as the changing pattern of extreme + + + align:start position:0% +well as the changing pattern of extreme +events which can be about rainfall can + + align:start position:0% +events which can be about rainfall can + + + align:start position:0% +events which can be about rainfall can +be about temperature can be about winds + + align:start position:0% +be about temperature can be about winds + + + align:start position:0% +be about temperature can be about winds +and Cyclones and so children who have + + align:start position:0% +and Cyclones and so children who have + + + align:start position:0% +and Cyclones and so children who have +not lived long and therefore don't have + + align:start position:0% +not lived long and therefore don't have + + + align:start position:0% +not lived long and therefore don't have +much of a memory are likely to have to + + align:start position:0% +much of a memory are likely to have to + + + align:start position:0% +much of a memory are likely to have to +confront information about things uh + + align:start position:0% +confront information about things uh + + + align:start position:0% +confront information about things uh +extreme events disasters that they've + + align:start position:0% +extreme events disasters that they've + + + align:start position:0% +extreme events disasters that they've +never experienced but but they have to + + align:start position:0% +never experienced but but they have to + + + align:start position:0% +never experienced but but they have to +do something about so uh the game is not + + align:start position:0% +do something about so uh the game is not + + + align:start position:0% +do something about so uh the game is not +about one specific threat but it's more + + align:start position:0% +about one specific threat but it's more + + + align:start position:0% +about one specific threat but it's more +about the concept of adaptation to + + align:start position:0% +about the concept of adaptation to + + + align:start position:0% +about the concept of adaptation to +climate change which of course can be + + align:start position:0% +climate change which of course can be + + + align:start position:0% +climate change which of course can be +embedded into a + + align:start position:0% +embedded into a + + + align:start position:0% +embedded into a +a specific manifestation of climate + + align:start position:0% +a specific manifestation of climate + + + align:start position:0% +a specific manifestation of climate +change like sea level rise or like + + align:start position:0% +change like sea level rise or like + + + align:start position:0% +change like sea level rise or like +changing rainfall + + align:start position:0% +changing rainfall + + + align:start position:0% +changing rainfall +patterns um there was a more clearly + + align:start position:0% +patterns um there was a more clearly + + + align:start position:0% +patterns um there was a more clearly +defined age group for this one which + + align:start position:0% +defined age group for this one which + + + align:start position:0% +defined age group for this one which +unfortunately I don't have off the top + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately I don't have off the top + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately I don't have off the top +of my head but uh Jan will be sending + + align:start position:0% +of my head but uh Jan will be sending + + + align:start position:0% +of my head but uh Jan will be sending +the materials to the team so within 24 + + align:start position:0% +the materials to the team so within 24 + + + align:start position:0% +the materials to the team so within 24 +hours I PRI you will have all the + + align:start position:0% +hours I PRI you will have all the + + + align:start position:0% +hours I PRI you will have all the +ingredients you + + align:start position:0% +ingredients you + + + align:start position:0% +ingredients you +need uh I know I didn't share too much + + align:start position:0% +need uh I know I didn't share too much + + + align:start position:0% +need uh I know I didn't share too much +but are there any questions about what I + + align:start position:0% +but are there any questions about what I + + + align:start position:0% +but are there any questions about what I +share so any questions about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one nope no questions on this one okay + + align:start position:0% +one nope no questions on this one okay + + + align:start position:0% +one nope no questions on this one okay +so then move on to the next + + align:start position:0% +so then move on to the next + + + align:start position:0% +so then move on to the next +slide uh we have about 15 minutes left + + align:start position:0% +slide uh we have about 15 minutes left + + + align:start position:0% +slide uh we have about 15 minutes left +if we want and uh this one is about + + align:start position:0% +if we want and uh this one is about + + + align:start position:0% +if we want and uh this one is about +questions comments I'd like to get a + + align:start position:0% +questions comments I'd like to get a + + + align:start position:0% +questions comments I'd like to get a +flate from room you have all choices + + align:start position:0% +flate from room you have all choices + + + align:start position:0% +flate from room you have all choices +here the first one was snap adding a + + align:start position:0% +here the first one was snap adding a + + + align:start position:0% +here the first one was snap adding a +digital tool to enhance the snap + + align:start position:0% +digital tool to enhance the snap + + + align:start position:0% +digital tool to enhance the snap +experience of collecting processing + + align:start position:0% +experience of collecting processing + + + align:start position:0% +experience of collecting processing +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +then we have the UNICEF Ghana col where + + align:start position:0% +then we have the UNICEF Ghana col where + + + align:start position:0% +then we have the UNICEF Ghana col where +I really hope we can get to because this + + align:start position:0% +I really hope we can get to because this + + + align:start position:0% +I really hope we can get to because this +is the big one then we have linking + + align:start position:0% +is the big one then we have linking + + + align:start position:0% +is the big one then we have linking +early warning with early actions maybe + + align:start position:0% +early warning with early actions maybe + + + align:start position:0% +early warning with early actions maybe +focusing on heat waves then we have the + + align:start position:0% +focusing on heat waves then we have the + + + align:start position:0% +focusing on heat waves then we have the +more sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +more sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +more sophisticated +conceptually uh Endeavor of forecast + + align:start position:0% +conceptually uh Endeavor of forecast + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually uh Endeavor of forecast +based financing funding mechanisms for + + align:start position:0% +based financing funding mechanisms for + + + align:start position:0% +based financing funding mechanisms for +disaster preparedness before the + + align:start position:0% +disaster preparedness before the + + + align:start position:0% +disaster preparedness before the +disaster after the forecast then we have + + align:start position:0% +disaster after the forecast then we have + + + align:start position:0% +disaster after the forecast then we have +Ebola where there's not much I can offer + + align:start position:0% +Ebola where there's not much I can offer + + + align:start position:0% +Ebola where there's not much I can offer +other than if you make a game we can try + + align:start position:0% +other than if you make a game we can try + + + align:start position:0% +other than if you make a game we can try +to hook you up with people and if you + + align:start position:0% +to hook you up with people and if you + + + align:start position:0% +to hook you up with people and if you +can with a good game it can be really + + align:start position:0% +can with a good game it can be really + + + align:start position:0% +can with a good game it can be really +useful and the final one is adaptation + + align:start position:0% +useful and the final one is adaptation + + + align:start position:0% +useful and the final one is adaptation +to climate change to be played by + + align:start position:0% +to climate change to be played by + + + align:start position:0% +to climate change to be played by +children in Southeast Asia so that they + + align:start position:0% +children in Southeast Asia so that they + + + align:start position:0% +children in Southeast Asia so that they +understand climate change here's what I + + align:start position:0% +understand climate change here's what I + + + align:start position:0% +understand climate change here's what I +propose we're going to give you guys 30 + + align:start position:0% +propose we're going to give you guys 30 + + + align:start position:0% +propose we're going to give you guys 30 +seconds each one of you choose one or + + align:start position:0% +seconds each one of you choose one or + + + align:start position:0% +seconds each one of you choose one or +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +secretly based on what you heard today + + align:start position:0% +secretly based on what you heard today + + + align:start position:0% +secretly based on what you heard today +which is completely incomplete + + align:start position:0% +which is completely incomplete + + + align:start position:0% +which is completely incomplete +information but that's the way it is + + align:start position:0% +information but that's the way it is + + + align:start position:0% +information but that's the way it is +given what you heard choose one or two + + align:start position:0% +given what you heard choose one or two + + + align:start position:0% +given what you heard choose one or two +of those in the coming 10 15 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seconds I'll give you that + + align:start position:0% +seconds I'll give you that + + + align:start position:0% +seconds I'll give you that +time thanks Rick for your patience not a + + align:start position:0% +time thanks Rick for your patience not a + + + align:start position:0% +time thanks Rick for your patience not a +problem and + + align:start position:0% +problem and + + + align:start position:0% +problem and +so what we're going to do now is I'm + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to do now is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to do now is I'm +going you're all sitting I imagine + + align:start position:0% +going you're all sitting I imagine + + + align:start position:0% +going you're all sitting I imagine +actually Rick can you show the the room + + align:start position:0% +actually Rick can you show the the room + + + align:start position:0% +actually Rick can you show the the room +yep let me go back to Skype and turn on + + align:start position:0% +yep let me go back to Skype and turn on + + + align:start position:0% +yep let me go back to Skype and turn on +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +video + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so what I want to do is I + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so what I want to do is I + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so what I want to do is I +say the number and if that number of + + align:start position:0% +say the number and if that number of + + + align:start position:0% +say the number and if that number of +your chosen one I want you to do two + + align:start position:0% +your chosen one I want you to do two + + + align:start position:0% +your chosen one I want you to do two +things one is to stand up and the only + + align:start position:0% +things one is to stand up and the only + + + align:start position:0% +things one is to stand up and the only +is to shout + + align:start position:0% +is to shout + + + align:start position:0% +is to shout +snap cuz I cannot see every I cannot + + align:start position:0% +snap cuz I cannot see every I cannot + + + align:start position:0% +snap cuz I cannot see every I cannot +hear everyone but they will give me a + + align:start position:0% +hear everyone but they will give me a + + + align:start position:0% +hear everyone but they will give me a +flavor of Fortune so ion + + align:start position:0% +flavor of Fortune so ion + + + align:start position:0% +flavor of Fortune so ion +zero if you're ready to stand up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and all right so we got maybe one in + + align:start position:0% +and all right so we got maybe one in + + + align:start position:0% +and all right so we got maybe one in +four best excent + + align:start position:0% +four best excent + + + align:start position:0% +four best excent +down number one if it's of your liking + + align:start position:0% +down number one if it's of your liking + + + align:start position:0% +down number one if it's of your liking +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it all + + align:start position:0% +it all + + + align:start position:0% +it all +right good this one all of you guys + + align:start position:0% +right good this one all of you guys + + + align:start position:0% +right good this one all of you guys +because I don't see two groups maybe + + align:start position:0% +because I don't see two groups maybe + + + align:start position:0% +because I don't see two groups maybe +they the next one number two if you're + + align:start position:0% +they the next one number two if you're + + + align:start position:0% +they the next one number two if you're +going to do it do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it all right this one + + align:start position:0% +it all right this one + + + align:start position:0% +it all right this one +popular all + + align:start position:0% +popular all + + + align:start position:0% +popular all +right number three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go all + + align:start position:0% +go all + + + align:start position:0% +go all +right thank you number four show + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it four four was the funding + + align:start position:0% +it four four was the funding + + + align:start position:0% +it four four was the funding +one yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let me see yep you're right I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay let me see yep you're right I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me see yep you're right I'm +wrong four yeah we're talk counting from + + align:start position:0% +wrong four yeah we're talk counting from + + + align:start position:0% +wrong four yeah we're talk counting from +zero four is aola all right so yeah + + align:start position:0% +zero four is aola all right so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +zero four is aola all right so yeah +nobody stood up for this + + align:start position:0% +nobody stood up for this + + + align:start position:0% +nobody stood up for this +one okay and if than for your honest + + align:start position:0% +one okay and if than for your honest + + + align:start position:0% +one okay and if than for your honest +science m to the last one number + + align:start position:0% +science m to the last one number + + + align:start position:0% +science m to the last one number +five go for + + align:start position:0% +five go for + + + align:start position:0% +five go for +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +okay okay so what I propose then I don't + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so what I propose then I don't + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so what I propose then I don't +know Rick I'm thinking what you had in + + align:start position:0% +know Rick I'm thinking what you had in + + + align:start position:0% +know Rick I'm thinking what you had in +mind for this time but given that we + + align:start position:0% +mind for this time but given that we + + + align:start position:0% +mind for this time but given that we +went relatively fast what we could do is + + align:start position:0% +went relatively fast what we could do is + + + align:start position:0% +went relatively fast what we could do is +you could point to different places of + + align:start position:0% +you could point to different places of + + + align:start position:0% +you could point to different places of +the room you know the top left of the + + align:start position:0% +the room you know the top left of the + + + align:start position:0% +the room you know the top left of the +stairs is zero middle left is one and so + + align:start position:0% +stairs is zero middle left is one and so + + + align:start position:0% +stairs is zero middle left is one and so +on and invite people just answer their + + align:start position:0% +on and invite people just answer their + + + align:start position:0% +on and invite people just answer their +feet which is the location they most + + align:start position:0% +feet which is the location they most + + + align:start position:0% +feet which is the location they most +want to go to so we get a sense of how + + align:start position:0% +want to go to so we get a sense of how + + + align:start position:0% +want to go to so we get a sense of how +many people want to engage in which + + align:start position:0% +many people want to engage in which + + + align:start position:0% +many people want to engage in which +game Okay so we've got it on the board + + align:start position:0% +game Okay so we've got it on the board + + + align:start position:0% +game Okay so we've got it on the board +um Cera here Ebola here early warning + + align:start position:0% +um Cera here Ebola here early warning + + + align:start position:0% +um Cera here Ebola here early warning +here and these are these are actually um + + align:start position:0% +here and these are these are actually um + + + align:start position:0% +here and these are these are actually um +behind you so I'm going to have to + + align:start position:0% +behind you so I'm going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +behind you so I'm going to have to +rotate the computer around uh snap over + + align:start position:0% +rotate the computer around uh snap over + + + align:start position:0% +rotate the computer around uh snap over +there adaptation here and disaster prep + + align:start position:0% +there adaptation here and disaster prep + + + align:start position:0% +there adaptation here and disaster prep +funding the forecast based funding over + + align:start position:0% +funding the forecast based funding over + + + align:start position:0% +funding the forecast based funding over +here let's draw out the numbers as well + + align:start position:0% +here let's draw out the numbers as well + + + align:start position:0% +here let's draw out the numbers as well +um oh yeah I'll put the numbers up snap + + align:start position:0% +um oh yeah I'll put the numbers up snap + + + align:start position:0% +um oh yeah I'll put the numbers up snap +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +Zero Cola was one um early warning was + + align:start position:0% +Zero Cola was one um early warning was + + + align:start position:0% +Zero Cola was one um early warning was +was uh two uh funding was + + align:start position:0% +was uh two uh funding was + + + align:start position:0% +was uh two uh funding was +three uh Ebola was four and adaptation + + align:start position:0% +three uh Ebola was four and adaptation + + + align:start position:0% +three uh Ebola was four and adaptation +to time change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five so answer with your feet you cannot + + align:start position:0% +five so answer with your feet you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +five so answer with your feet you cannot +stay sitting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for and now Rick and team I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +for and now Rick and team I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +for and now Rick and team I'm going to +invite you do you know best what is + + align:start position:0% +invite you do you know best what is + + + align:start position:0% +invite you do you know best what is +required for each group be a balanced + + align:start position:0% +required for each group be a balanced + + + align:start position:0% +required for each group be a balanced +group in terms of quantity of people in + + align:start position:0% +group in terms of quantity of people in + + + align:start position:0% +group in terms of quantity of people in +terms of profile you know to have only + + align:start position:0% +terms of profile you know to have only + + + align:start position:0% +terms of profile you know to have only +code + + align:start position:0% +code + + + align:start position:0% +code +GS in one and narrative gs on the other + + align:start position:0% +GS in one and narrative gs on the other + + + align:start position:0% +GS in one and narrative gs on the other +so um if you understand this this what + + align:start position:0% +so um if you understand this this what + + + align:start position:0% +so um if you understand this this what +happens now is no in no way definitive + + align:start position:0% +happens now is no in no way definitive + + + align:start position:0% +happens now is no in no way definitive +but it's to get a sense play from yeah + + align:start position:0% +but it's to get a sense play from yeah + + + align:start position:0% +but it's to get a sense play from yeah +so actually this this leads really + + align:start position:0% +so actually this this leads really + + + align:start position:0% +so actually this this leads really +really well into what we're about to do + + align:start position:0% +really well into what we're about to do + + + align:start position:0% +really well into what we're about to do +is we're going to do some brainstorming + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to do some brainstorming + + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to do some brainstorming +on these topics um so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +on these topics um so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +on these topics um so we're going to +first have each the groups um just do a + + align:start position:0% +first have each the groups um just do a + + + align:start position:0% +first have each the groups um just do a +little bit of of quick brainstorming + + align:start position:0% +little bit of of quick brainstorming + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of of quick brainstorming +about the topic that they're standing + + align:start position:0% +about the topic that they're standing + + + align:start position:0% +about the topic that they're standing +with right now um and then Midway + + align:start position:0% +with right now um and then Midway + + + align:start position:0% +with right now um and then Midway +through we're going to invite you to go + + align:start position:0% +through we're going to invite you to go + + + align:start position:0% +through we're going to invite you to go +over to a new group to talk about a + + align:start position:0% +over to a new group to talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +over to a new group to talk about a +different project if you're interested + + align:start position:0% +different project if you're interested + + + align:start position:0% +different project if you're interested +in talking about that other project um + + align:start position:0% +in talking about that other project um + + + align:start position:0% +in talking about that other project um +on Monday we're going to actually form + + align:start position:0% +on Monday we're going to actually form + + + align:start position:0% +on Monday we're going to actually form +the teams and make sure all the teams + + align:start position:0% +the teams and make sure all the teams + + + align:start position:0% +the teams and make sure all the teams +meet our requirements um but are + + align:start position:0% +meet our requirements um but are + + + align:start position:0% +meet our requirements um but are +basically uh seven to eight people per + + align:start position:0% +basically uh seven to eight people per + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh seven to eight people per +team we're hoping for eight people per + + align:start position:0% +team we're hoping for eight people per + + + align:start position:0% +team we're hoping for eight people per +team um hopefully not more than that + + align:start position:0% +team um hopefully not more than that + + + align:start position:0% +team um hopefully not more than that +we'll figure that out as we go um and + + align:start position:0% +we'll figure that out as we go um and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll figure that out as we go um and +over the weekend um we'll um be using + + align:start position:0% +over the weekend um we'll um be using + + + align:start position:0% +over the weekend um we'll um be using +the EMA the mailing list to to talk + + align:start position:0% +the EMA the mailing list to to talk + + + align:start position:0% +the EMA the mailing list to to talk +about the + + align:start position:0% +about the + + + align:start position:0% +about the +projects um so I'm actually G to let um + + align:start position:0% +projects um so I'm actually G to let um + + + align:start position:0% +projects um so I'm actually G to let um +we're going to start off with this U + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start off with this U + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start off with this U +brainstorming we're going to take a + + align:start position:0% +brainstorming we're going to take a + + + align:start position:0% +brainstorming we're going to take a +break we're going to do some more + + align:start position:0% +break we're going to do some more + + + align:start position:0% +break we're going to do some more +brainstorming and then I will more + + align:start position:0% +brainstorming and then I will more + + + align:start position:0% +brainstorming and then I will more +clearly outline how the the mechanism is + + align:start position:0% +clearly outline how the the mechanism is + + + align:start position:0% +clearly outline how the the mechanism is +going to work between now and one + + align:start position:0% +going to work between now and one + + + align:start position:0% +going to work between now and one +Monday do you need me to stay online um + + align:start position:0% +Monday do you need me to stay online um + + + align:start position:0% +Monday do you need me to stay online um +no uh what we would like is um if I can + + align:start position:0% +no uh what we would like is um if I can + + + align:start position:0% +no uh what we would like is um if I can +are you going to be on email um between + + align:start position:0% +are you going to be on email um between + + + align:start position:0% +are you going to be on email um between +now and + + align:start position:0% +now and + + + align:start position:0% +now and +Monday uh yes but only with very Lim + + align:start position:0% +Monday uh yes but only with very Lim + + + align:start position:0% +Monday uh yes but only with very Lim +ability to read and respond so make sure + + align:start position:0% +ability to read and respond so make sure + + + align:start position:0% +ability to read and respond so make sure +to make the subject L very clear and the + + align:start position:0% +to make the subject L very clear and the + + + align:start position:0% +to make the subject L very clear and the +questions as Snappy answerable as + + align:start position:0% +questions as Snappy answerable as + + + align:start position:0% +questions as Snappy answerable as +possible great and you don't mind if I I + + align:start position:0% +possible great and you don't mind if I I + + + align:start position:0% +possible great and you don't mind if I I +give all the teams your email address uh + + align:start position:0% +give all the teams your email address uh + + + align:start position:0% +give all the teams your email address uh +no mind but teams please please please I + + align:start position:0% +no mind but teams please please please I + + + align:start position:0% +no mind but teams please please please I +beg you consolidate your questions be + + align:start position:0% +beg you consolidate your questions be + + + align:start position:0% +beg you consolidate your questions be +very efficient with your right because + + align:start position:0% +very efficient with your right because + + + align:start position:0% +very efficient with your right because +if I get too many emails or too wory + + align:start position:0% +if I get too many emails or too wory + + + align:start position:0% +if I get too many emails or too wory +excessive verbosity I will not be able + + align:start position:0% +excessive verbosity I will not be able + + + align:start position:0% +excessive verbosity I will not be able +to get okay so yeah I'll figure out a + + align:start position:0% +to get okay so yeah I'll figure out a + + + align:start position:0% +to get okay so yeah I'll figure out a +mechanism + + align:start position:0% +mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism +Define you know a channel within each + + align:start position:0% +Define you know a channel within each + + + align:start position:0% +Define you know a channel within each +group to communicate and consolidate + + align:start position:0% +group to communicate and consolidate + + + align:start position:0% +group to communicate and consolidate +okay so I'll figure out a mechanism to + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'll figure out a mechanism to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'll figure out a mechanism to +make sure you're not overloaded with the + + align:start position:0% +make sure you're not overloaded with the + + + align:start position:0% +make sure you're not overloaded with the +email and to make sure everyone gets the + + align:start position:0% +email and to make sure everyone gets the + + + align:start position:0% +email and to make sure everyone gets the +the benefits of those emails to you good + + align:start position:0% +the benefits of those emails to you good + + + align:start position:0% +the benefits of those emails to you good +and I + + align:start position:0% +and I + + + align:start position:0% +and I +suggest always copy + + align:start position:0% +suggest always copy + + + align:start position:0% +suggest always copy +recour yeah okay all right so to you all + + align:start position:0% +recour yeah okay all right so to you all + + + align:start position:0% +recour yeah okay all right so to you all +thanks again for your time and + + align:start position:0% +thanks again for your time and + + + align:start position:0% +thanks again for your time and +inspiration and thank you good luck next + + align:start position:0% +inspiration and thank you good luck next + + + align:start position:0% +inspiration and thank you good luck next +step okay thank you Pablo y + + align:start position:0% +step okay thank you Pablo y + + + align:start position:0% +step okay thank you Pablo y +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +cheers okay so you are in your your + + align:start position:0% +cheers okay so you are in your your + + + align:start position:0% +cheers okay so you are in your your +groups I have paper for people who are + + align:start position:0% +groups I have paper for people who are + + + align:start position:0% +groups I have paper for people who are +not on chalkboards do we have nobody for + + align:start position:0% +not on chalkboards do we have nobody for + + + align:start position:0% +not on chalkboards do we have nobody for +Ebola no one okay then let's give snap + + align:start position:0% +Ebola no one okay then let's give snap + + + align:start position:0% +Ebola no one okay then let's give snap +the Ebola actually you're pretty big + + align:start position:0% +the Ebola actually you're pretty big + + + align:start position:0% +the Ebola actually you're pretty big +let's not yeah these two two two groups + + align:start position:0% +let's not yeah these two two two groups + + + align:start position:0% +let's not yeah these two two two groups +are pretty big let's give them space to + + align:start position:0% +are pretty big let's give them space to + + + align:start position:0% +are pretty big let's give them space to +spread out all right so um what we're + + align:start position:0% +spread out all right so um what we're + + + align:start position:0% +spread out all right so um what we're +going to do is just do a really quick + + align:start position:0% +going to do is just do a really quick + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is just do a really quick +brainstorm five minutes + + align:start position:0% +brainstorm five minutes + + + align:start position:0% +brainstorm five minutes +just um choose one person to be the + + align:start position:0% +just um choose one person to be the + + + align:start position:0% +just um choose one person to be the +secretary have them come up + + align:start position:0% +secretary have them come up + + + align:start position:0% +secretary have them come up +um you've heard a little bit about the + + align:start position:0% +um you've heard a little bit about the + + + align:start position:0% +um you've heard a little bit about the +topics you haven't done any of the + + align:start position:0% +topics you haven't done any of the + + + align:start position:0% +topics you haven't done any of the +reading yet we're going to have all that + + align:start position:0% +reading yet we're going to have all that + + + align:start position:0% +reading yet we're going to have all that +reading available for you on Stellar + + align:start position:0% +reading available for you on Stellar + + + align:start position:0% +reading available for you on Stellar +right now for you to read over the + + align:start position:0% +right now for you to read over the + + + align:start position:0% +right now for you to read over the +weekend um it's a lot of it we don't + + align:start position:0% +weekend um it's a lot of it we don't + + + align:start position:0% +weekend um it's a lot of it we don't +expect you to read all of it but we do + + align:start position:0% +expect you to read all of it but we do + + + align:start position:0% +expect you to read all of it but we do +expect you to look at it um based on + + align:start position:0% +expect you to look at it um based on + + + align:start position:0% +expect you to look at it um based on +what you understand what kind of + + align:start position:0% +what you understand what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +what you understand what kind of +mechanics could come out of out of these + + align:start position:0% +mechanics could come out of out of these + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics could come out of out of these +kind of topics um just based on the word + + align:start position:0% +kind of topics um just based on the word + + + align:start position:0% +kind of topics um just based on the word +Cera based on the word early warning + + align:start position:0% +Cera based on the word early warning + + + align:start position:0% +Cera based on the word early warning +early action what kind of game mechanics + + align:start position:0% +early action what kind of game mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +early action what kind of game mechanics +pop out of that and just throw them on + + align:start position:0% +pop out of that and just throw them on + + + align:start position:0% +pop out of that and just throw them on +the board uh so disaster + + align:start position:0% +the board uh so disaster + + + align:start position:0% +the board uh so disaster +prep let's + + align:start position:0% +prep let's + + + align:start position:0% +prep let's +give can me hand these off to those + + align:start position:0% +give can me hand these off to those + + + align:start position:0% +give can me hand these off to those +two and then two disaster prep or two + + align:start position:0% +two and then two disaster prep or two + + + align:start position:0% +two and then two disaster prep or two +two more than one group or just all one + + align:start position:0% +two more than one group or just all one + + + align:start position:0% +two more than one group or just all one +one and one to the other yeah okay we + + align:start position:0% +one and one to the other yeah okay we + + + align:start position:0% +one and one to the other yeah okay we +had a question back there by the way + + align:start position:0% +had a question back there by the way + + + align:start position:0% +had a question back there by the way +Rick we have a question at the back yeah + + align:start position:0% +Rick we have a question at the back yeah + + + align:start position:0% +Rick we have a question at the back yeah +um what's the question from who sck it + + align:start position:0% +um what's the question from who sck it + + + align:start position:0% +um what's the question from who sck it +up on the wall all at the back you guys + + align:start position:0% +up on the wall all at the back you guys + + + align:start position:0% +up on the wall all at the back you guys +probably need the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stand same as previous ones we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +stand same as previous ones we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +stand same as previous ones we'll talk +about the constraints on Monday don't + + align:start position:0% +about the constraints on Monday don't + + + align:start position:0% +about the constraints on Monday don't +worry about the constraints right now + + align:start position:0% +worry about the constraints right now + + + align:start position:0% +worry about the constraints right now +right now just focus on game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mechanics ask yeah Mo yeah so keep it + + align:start position:0% +mechanics ask yeah Mo yeah so keep it + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics ask yeah Mo yeah so keep it +Blue Sky you can be mobile you can be on + + align:start position:0% +Blue Sky you can be mobile you can be on + + + align:start position:0% +Blue Sky you can be mobile you can be on +tablets you can be a computer um it + + align:start position:0% +tablets you can be a computer um it + + + align:start position:0% +tablets you can be a computer um it +could be single player it can be + + align:start position:0% +could be single player it can be + + + align:start position:0% +could be single player it can be +multiplayer it just don't do multiplayer + + align:start position:0% +multiplayer it just don't do multiplayer + + + align:start position:0% +multiplayer it just don't do multiplayer +networking that's it our G what's up our + + align:start position:0% +networking that's it our G what's up our + + + align:start position:0% +networking that's it our G what's up our +game definition is then what are the + + align:start position:0% +game definition is then what are the + + + align:start position:0% +game definition is then what are the +ways you're going to get around that + + align:start position:0% +ways you're going to get around that + + + align:start position:0% +ways you're going to get around that +like we talked about without without + + align:start position:0% +like we talked about without without + + + align:start position:0% +like we talked about without without +well without doing um without doing + + align:start position:0% +well without doing um without doing + + + align:start position:0% +well without doing um without doing +multiple devices connecting to a single + + align:start position:0% +multiple devices connecting to a single + + + align:start position:0% +multiple devices connecting to a single +server um there's other ways don't even + + align:start position:0% +server um there's other ways don't even + + + align:start position:0% +server um there's other ways don't even +think about it for this brainstorming + + align:start position:0% +think about it for this brainstorming + + + align:start position:0% +think about it for this brainstorming +just don't worry about it for now here + + align:start position:0% +just don't worry about it for now here + + + align:start position:0% +just don't worry about it for now here +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +go pass these out all right so five + + align:start position:0% +go pass these out all right so five + + + align:start position:0% +go pass these out all right so five +minutes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in case my wife + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sends final version they have the + + align:start position:0% +sends final version they have the + + + align:start position:0% +sends final version they have the +product managers do all the the their + + align:start position:0% +product managers do all the the their + + + align:start position:0% +product managers do all the the their +own project manager yeah they do all the + + align:start position:0% +own project manager yeah they do all the + + + align:start position:0% +own project manager yeah they do all the +um we've done about 15 minutes of really + + align:start position:0% +um we've done about 15 minutes of really + + + align:start position:0% +um we've done about 15 minutes of really +quick and dirty brainstorming um + + align:start position:0% +quick and dirty brainstorming um + + + align:start position:0% +quick and dirty brainstorming um +somebody from your group shout out one + + align:start position:0% +somebody from your group shout out one + + + align:start position:0% +somebody from your group shout out one +or two really really interesting ideas + + align:start position:0% +or two really really interesting ideas + + + align:start position:0% +or two really really interesting ideas +that you're really excited about just + + align:start position:0% +that you're really excited about just + + + align:start position:0% +that you're really excited about just +one person one group interesting + + align:start position:0% +one person one group interesting + + + align:start position:0% +one person one group interesting +ideas this group go spatial placement of + + align:start position:0% +ideas this group go spatial placement of + + + align:start position:0% +ideas this group go spatial placement of +Wells affecting you know sprads so + + align:start position:0% +Wells affecting you know sprads so + + + align:start position:0% +Wells affecting you know sprads so +spatial placement of Wells affecting + + align:start position:0% +spatial placement of Wells affecting + + + align:start position:0% +spatial placement of Wells affecting +work col spreads okay so a spatial + + align:start position:0% +work col spreads okay so a spatial + + + align:start position:0% +work col spreads okay so a spatial +puzzle kind of game exactly one more + + align:start position:0% +puzzle kind of game exactly one more + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle kind of game exactly one more +idea uh + + align:start position:0% +idea uh + + + align:start position:0% +idea uh +Animal Crossing withon puzzles yes + + align:start position:0% +Animal Crossing withon puzzles yes + + + align:start position:0% +Animal Crossing withon puzzles yes +Animal Crossing I think about the scope + + align:start position:0% +Animal Crossing I think about the scope + + + align:start position:0% +Animal Crossing I think about the scope +on that + + align:start position:0% +on that + + + align:start position:0% +on that +one Heatwave playing as the Heatwave you + + align:start position:0% +one Heatwave playing as the Heatwave you + + + align:start position:0% +one Heatwave playing as the Heatwave you +are the Heat Wave cool one other idea um + + align:start position:0% +are the Heat Wave cool one other idea um + + + align:start position:0% +are the Heat Wave cool one other idea um +playing as a Red Cross + + align:start position:0% +playing as a Red Cross + + + align:start position:0% +playing as a Red Cross +volunteer okay not as cool heat w we + + align:start position:0% +volunteer okay not as cool heat w we + + + align:start position:0% +volunteer okay not as cool heat w we +just volunteer uh over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here you're on a tiny Island then you + + align:start position:0% +here you're on a tiny Island then you + + + align:start position:0% +here you're on a tiny Island then you +live on the island you do stuff on the + + align:start position:0% +live on the island you do stuff on the + + + align:start position:0% +live on the island you do stuff on the +island but your Island shrinking so you + + align:start position:0% +island but your Island shrinking so you + + + align:start position:0% +island but your Island shrinking so you +have to collect resour on your is you + + align:start position:0% +have to collect resour on your is you + + + align:start position:0% +have to collect resour on your is you +move to the bigger island but the bigger + + align:start position:0% +move to the bigger island but the bigger + + + align:start position:0% +move to the bigger island but the bigger +island is shrinking too cuz water keeps + + align:start position:0% +island is shrinking too cuz water keeps + + + align:start position:0% +island is shrinking too cuz water keeps +going up so you hop and hop and hop you + + align:start position:0% +going up so you hop and hop and hop you + + + align:start position:0% +going up so you hop and hop and hop you +ride to the mainland yay everyone's safe + + align:start position:0% +ride to the mainland yay everyone's safe + + + align:start position:0% +ride to the mainland yay everyone's safe +except the mainland is a giant Island + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +too climate change cool thank you + + align:start position:0% +too climate change cool thank you + + + align:start position:0% +too climate change cool thank you +another idea or is that the big one um + + align:start position:0% +another idea or is that the big one um + + + align:start position:0% +another idea or is that the big one um +uh the decision between chopping forests + + align:start position:0% +uh the decision between chopping forests + + + align:start position:0% +uh the decision between chopping forests +and to build more buildings for faster + + align:start position:0% +and to build more buildings for faster + + + align:start position:0% +and to build more buildings for faster +development or to keep the forest there + + align:start position:0% +development or to keep the forest there + + + align:start position:0% +development or to keep the forest there +to help making climate change cool so + + align:start position:0% +to help making climate change cool so + + + align:start position:0% +to help making climate change cool so +one's kind of you don't have much action + + align:start position:0% +one's kind of you don't have much action + + + align:start position:0% +one's kind of you don't have much action +the the world is going around you this + + align:start position:0% +the the world is going around you this + + + align:start position:0% +the the world is going around you this +one is kind of you have action the + + align:start position:0% +one is kind of you have action the + + + align:start position:0% +one is kind of you have action the +decisions you make are going to affect + + align:start position:0% +decisions you make are going to affect + + + align:start position:0% +decisions you make are going to affect +things cool this group + + align:start position:0% +things cool this group + + + align:start position:0% +things cool this group +here this was snap right this + + align:start position:0% +here this was snap right this + + + align:start position:0% +here this was snap right this +group one or two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ideas well so I was thinking about kind + + align:start position:0% +ideas well so I was thinking about kind + + + align:start position:0% +ideas well so I was thinking about kind +of like not just choosing words but + + align:start position:0% +of like not just choosing words but + + + align:start position:0% +of like not just choosing words but +given a scenario like making a + + align:start position:0% +given a scenario like making a + + + align:start position:0% +given a scenario like making a +particular decision comparing it to + + align:start position:0% +particular decision comparing it to + + + align:start position:0% +particular decision comparing it to +decisions other people that exact same + + align:start position:0% +decisions other people that exact same + + + align:start position:0% +decisions other people that exact same +okay so really thinking about how you're + + align:start position:0% +okay so really thinking about how you're + + + align:start position:0% +okay so really thinking about how you're +going to make this kind of this simple + + align:start position:0% +going to make this kind of this simple + + + align:start position:0% +going to make this kind of this simple +decision or the simple interaction that + + align:start position:0% +decision or the simple interaction that + + + align:start position:0% +decision or the simple interaction that +the game has make a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +the game has make a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +the game has make a little bit more +complex and really kind of bring the + + align:start position:0% +complex and really kind of bring the + + + align:start position:0% +complex and really kind of bring the +decision- making out in the Forefront is + + align:start position:0% +decision- making out in the Forefront is + + + align:start position:0% +decision- making out in the Forefront is +that kind of what it sounds like all + + align:start position:0% +that kind of what it sounds like all + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of what it sounds like all +right cool yeah what's up um the way I + + align:start position:0% +right cool yeah what's up um the way I + + + align:start position:0% +right cool yeah what's up um the way I +understood the game the descript + + align:start position:0% +understood the game the descript + + + align:start position:0% +understood the game the descript +description for SNAP was that uh it's + + align:start position:0% +description for SNAP was that uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +description for SNAP was that uh it's +more of a data collection method like + + align:start position:0% +more of a data collection method like + + + align:start position:0% +more of a data collection method like +collecting what people that's at least + + align:start position:0% +collecting what people that's at least + + + align:start position:0% +collecting what people that's at least +the purpose they want is they want that + + align:start position:0% +the purpose they want is they want that + + + align:start position:0% +the purpose they want is they want that +data they well they want to collect that + + align:start position:0% +data they well they want to collect that + + + align:start position:0% +data they well they want to collect that +data but they also want to reflect that + + align:start position:0% +data but they also want to reflect that + + + align:start position:0% +data but they also want to reflect that +data back so it's a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +data back so it's a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +data back so it's a little bit of a +visualization it's actually a lot of a + + align:start position:0% +visualization it's actually a lot of a + + + align:start position:0% +visualization it's actually a lot of a +visualization as much as it is + + align:start position:0% +visualization as much as it is + + + align:start position:0% +visualization as much as it is +collection cool are those the only + + align:start position:0% +collection cool are those the only + + + align:start position:0% +collection cool are those the only +groups or the only + + align:start position:0% +groups or the only + + + align:start position:0% +groups or the only +Concepts oh yeah disaster preparedness + + align:start position:0% +Concepts oh yeah disaster preparedness + + + align:start position:0% +Concepts oh yeah disaster preparedness +everybody just just disappeared uh + + align:start position:0% +everybody just just disappeared uh + + + align:start position:0% +everybody just just disappeared uh +anybody from that group want to run over + + align:start position:0% +anybody from that group want to run over + + + align:start position:0% +anybody from that group want to run over +to the sheet and say a an idea or two or + + align:start position:0% +to the sheet and say a an idea or two or + + + align:start position:0% +to the sheet and say a an idea or two or +you just kind of I think we we just got + + align:start position:0% +you just kind of I think we we just got + + + align:start position:0% +you just kind of I think we we just got +Stu on the brainstorming because the prr + + align:start position:0% +Stu on the brainstorming because the prr + + + align:start position:0% +Stu on the brainstorming because the prr +is not like as easy so it's hard that's + + align:start position:0% +is not like as easy so it's hard that's + + + align:start position:0% +is not like as easy so it's hard that's +going to be a hard one all right IDE is + + align:start position:0% +going to be a hard one all right IDE is + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a hard one all right IDE is +like build like building an + + align:start position:0% +like build like building an + + + align:start position:0% +like build like building an +infrastructure and do like you would + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure and do like you would + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure and do like you would +decide whether to like keep expanding or + + align:start position:0% +decide whether to like keep expanding or + + + align:start position:0% +decide whether to like keep expanding or +to like reinforce the structure and like + + align:start position:0% +to like reinforce the structure and like + + + align:start position:0% +to like reinforce the structure and like +and that way you would manage like oh + + align:start position:0% +and that way you would manage like oh + + + align:start position:0% +and that way you would manage like oh +are you preparing for like before the + + align:start position:0% +are you preparing for like before the + + + align:start position:0% +are you preparing for like before the +disaster or after the disaster um do you + + align:start position:0% +disaster or after the disaster um do you + + + align:start position:0% +disaster or after the disaster um do you +have I was just going to say we we felt + + align:start position:0% +have I was just going to say we we felt + + + align:start position:0% +have I was just going to say we we felt +like we need to do more reading to + + align:start position:0% +like we need to do more reading to + + + align:start position:0% +like we need to do more reading to +understand exactly what they're but + + align:start position:0% +understand exactly what they're but + + + align:start position:0% +understand exactly what they're but +something about there are there is + + align:start position:0% +something about there are there is + + + align:start position:0% +something about there are there is +something that can be built to to to + + align:start position:0% +something that can be built to to to + + + align:start position:0% +something that can be built to to to +spend that money on it's not just about + + align:start position:0% +spend that money on it's not just about + + + align:start position:0% +spend that money on it's not just about +collecting the money it's that money is + + align:start position:0% +collecting the money it's that money is + + + align:start position:0% +collecting the money it's that money is +going to go somewhere um which I + + align:start position:0% +going to go somewhere um which I + + + align:start position:0% +going to go somewhere um which I +remember him saying at least I don't + + align:start position:0% +remember him saying at least I don't + + + align:start position:0% +remember him saying at least I don't +know if it was a meeting with me or if + + align:start position:0% +know if it was a meeting with me or if + + + align:start position:0% +know if it was a meeting with me or if +it was one one of the first times he he + + align:start position:0% +it was one one of the first times he he + + + align:start position:0% +it was one one of the first times he he +came to class to talk but I remember + + align:start position:0% +came to class to talk but I remember + + + align:start position:0% +came to class to talk but I remember +that came up okay um take a quick couple + + align:start position:0% +that came up okay um take a quick couple + + + align:start position:0% +that came up okay um take a quick couple +minutes one person from each group make + + align:start position:0% +minutes one person from each group make + + + align:start position:0% +minutes one person from each group make +a copy of all the ideas you have on the + + align:start position:0% +a copy of all the ideas you have on the + + + align:start position:0% +a copy of all the ideas you have on the +board somehow like a photograph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or actually just take a photograph of it + + align:start position:0% +or actually just take a photograph of it + + + align:start position:0% +or actually just take a photograph of it +and then come back down to your seats + + align:start position:0% +and then come back down to your seats + + + align:start position:0% +and then come back down to your seats +got two more slides then we're going to + + align:start position:0% +got two more slides then we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +got two more slides then we're going to +release + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +the same um but there is there no + + align:start position:0% +the same um but there is there no + + + align:start position:0% +the same um but there is there no +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +contr I have the time + + align:start position:0% +contr I have the time + + + align:start position:0% +contr I have the time +I'll I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right all right so after you've taken + + align:start position:0% +right all right so after you've taken + + + align:start position:0% +right all right so after you've taken +your sh your captures sit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down all right so what + + align:start position:0% +down all right so what + + + align:start position:0% +down all right so what +next I'm gonna stand in front because I + + align:start position:0% +next I'm gonna stand in front because I + + + align:start position:0% +next I'm gonna stand in front because I +don't can't see what my slides say um + + align:start position:0% +don't can't see what my slides say um + + + align:start position:0% +don't can't see what my slides say um +so today we brainstormed on the group on + + align:start position:0% +so today we brainstormed on the group on + + + align:start position:0% +so today we brainstormed on the group on +in groups on these topics + + align:start position:0% +in groups on these topics + + + align:start position:0% +in groups on these topics +um between now and Monday we'd like you + + align:start position:0% +um between now and Monday we'd like you + + + align:start position:0% +um between now and Monday we'd like you +to do is use the mail mailing list the + + align:start position:0% +to do is use the mail mailing list the + + + align:start position:0% +to do is use the mail mailing list the +video games at mit.edu mailing list to + + align:start position:0% +video games at mit.edu mailing list to + + + align:start position:0% +video games at mit.edu mailing list to +form teams um on class in class on + + align:start position:0% +form teams um on class in class on + + + align:start position:0% +form teams um on class in class on +Monday we will actually also set aside + + align:start position:0% +Monday we will actually also set aside + + + align:start position:0% +Monday we will actually also set aside +time in the beginning of class to make + + align:start position:0% +time in the beginning of class to make + + + align:start position:0% +time in the beginning of class to make +sure that all these teams get formed and + + align:start position:0% +sure that all these teams get formed and + + + align:start position:0% +sure that all these teams get formed and +we're going to do some more + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do some more + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do some more +brainstorming and some more pitching on + + align:start position:0% +brainstorming and some more pitching on + + + align:start position:0% +brainstorming and some more pitching on +Monday and I'll go into more detail + + align:start position:0% +Monday and I'll go into more detail + + + align:start position:0% +Monday and I'll go into more detail +about the requirements for the project 4 + + align:start position:0% +about the requirements for the project 4 + + + align:start position:0% +about the requirements for the project 4 +but make sure you read the project for + + align:start position:0% +but make sure you read the project for + + + align:start position:0% +but make sure you read the project for +assignment that's basically I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +assignment that's basically I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +assignment that's basically I'm going to +be doing is just saying out loud what it + + align:start position:0% +be doing is just saying out loud what it + + + align:start position:0% +be doing is just saying out loud what it +says in there uh + + align:start position:0% +says in there uh + + + align:start position:0% +says in there uh +um so before next class do these things + + align:start position:0% +um so before next class do these things + + + align:start position:0% +um so before next class do these things +so read the material in Stellar all the + + align:start position:0% +so read the material in Stellar all the + + + align:start position:0% +so read the material in Stellar all the +topics have some material in Stellar um + + align:start position:0% +topics have some material in Stellar um + + + align:start position:0% +topics have some material in Stellar um +the Ebola topic did not the snap topic + + align:start position:0% +the Ebola topic did not the snap topic + + + align:start position:0% +the Ebola topic did not the snap topic +did not but Cola has the toolkit that he + + align:start position:0% +did not but Cola has the toolkit that he + + + align:start position:0% +did not but Cola has the toolkit that he +that he mentioned up there um early + + align:start position:0% +that he mentioned up there um early + + + align:start position:0% +that he mentioned up there um early +warning early action has um + + align:start position:0% +warning early action has um + + + align:start position:0% +warning early action has um +a it's got a like a task force guideline + + align:start position:0% +a it's got a like a task force guideline + + + align:start position:0% +a it's got a like a task force guideline +like a a idea of like world disasters + + align:start position:0% +like a a idea of like world disasters + + + align:start position:0% +like a a idea of like world disasters +from 2009 I think and then another + + align:start position:0% +from 2009 I think and then another + + + align:start position:0% +from 2009 I think and then another +Journal article um disaster prep funding + + align:start position:0% +Journal article um disaster prep funding + + + align:start position:0% +Journal article um disaster prep funding +has that forecast based forecast based + + align:start position:0% +has that forecast based forecast based + + + align:start position:0% +has that forecast based forecast based +funding Journal article um attached to + + align:start position:0% +funding Journal article um attached to + + + align:start position:0% +funding Journal article um attached to +it um adaptation for uh to climate + + align:start position:0% +it um adaptation for uh to climate + + + align:start position:0% +it um adaptation for uh to climate +change we don't have the materials yet + + align:start position:0% +change we don't have the materials yet + + + align:start position:0% +change we don't have the materials yet +for that but that should be coming in + + align:start position:0% +for that but that should be coming in + + + align:start position:0% +for that but that should be coming in +today um and that'll be put up into + + align:start position:0% +today um and that'll be put up into + + + align:start position:0% +today um and that'll be put up into +Stellar + + align:start position:0% +Stellar + + + align:start position:0% +Stellar +um that's all that right okay so um when + + align:start position:0% +um that's all that right okay so um when + + + align:start position:0% +um that's all that right okay so um when +you were in your groups think about + + align:start position:0% +you were in your groups think about + + + align:start position:0% +you were in your groups think about +these these questions and think about + + align:start position:0% +these these questions and think about + + + align:start position:0% +these these questions and think about +these questions until Monday did you + + align:start position:0% +these questions until Monday did you + + + align:start position:0% +these questions until Monday did you +have actually have eight people + + align:start position:0% +have actually have eight people + + + align:start position:0% +have actually have eight people +interested in your topic um when you + + align:start position:0% +interested in your topic um when you + + + align:start position:0% +interested in your topic um when you +were in your group together like + + align:start position:0% +were in your group together like + + + align:start position:0% +were in your group together like +thinking like think back about the + + align:start position:0% +thinking like think back about the + + + align:start position:0% +thinking like think back about the +brainstorming did you see eight indiv + + align:start position:0% +brainstorming did you see eight indiv + + + align:start position:0% +brainstorming did you see eight indiv +seven other individuals interested in + + align:start position:0% +seven other individuals interested in + + + align:start position:0% +seven other individuals interested in +the topic if you did you could probably + + align:start position:0% +the topic if you did you could probably + + + align:start position:0% +the topic if you did you could probably +make a game based on that topic if you + + align:start position:0% +make a game based on that topic if you + + + align:start position:0% +make a game based on that topic if you +didn't it's going to be difficult to + + align:start position:0% +didn't it's going to be difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +didn't it's going to be difficult to +find people for your team so really use + + align:start position:0% +find people for your team so really use + + + align:start position:0% +find people for your team so really use +the mailing list and try to um figure + + align:start position:0% +the mailing list and try to um figure + + + align:start position:0% +the mailing list and try to um figure +out ways to use the mailing list to try + + align:start position:0% +out ways to use the mailing list to try + + + align:start position:0% +out ways to use the mailing list to try +to attract people to your topic if + + align:start position:0% +to attract people to your topic if + + + align:start position:0% +to attract people to your topic if +there's something about like the game + + align:start position:0% +there's something about like the game + + + align:start position:0% +there's something about like the game +design that you came up with um a reason + + align:start position:0% +design that you came up with um a reason + + + align:start position:0% +design that you came up with um a reason +a personal reason why you'd like to see + + align:start position:0% +a personal reason why you'd like to see + + + align:start position:0% +a personal reason why you'd like to see +this game get made throw it to the + + align:start position:0% +this game get made throw it to the + + + align:start position:0% +this game get made throw it to the +mailing list um if you really don't care + + align:start position:0% +mailing list um if you really don't care + + + align:start position:0% +mailing list um if you really don't care +about the topic so much or any of these + + align:start position:0% +about the topic so much or any of these + + + align:start position:0% +about the topic so much or any of these +topics but you really want to do + + align:start position:0% +topics but you really want to do + + + align:start position:0% +topics but you really want to do +programming you really want to do art + + align:start position:0% +programming you really want to do art + + + align:start position:0% +programming you really want to do art +you really want to do code whatever you + + align:start position:0% +you really want to do code whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +you really want to do code whatever you +want to do if that's the thing that + + align:start position:0% +want to do if that's the thing that + + + align:start position:0% +want to do if that's the thing that +you're most interested in that game + + align:start position:0% +you're most interested in that game + + + align:start position:0% +you're most interested in that game +engine you want to use um throw an email + + align:start position:0% +engine you want to use um throw an email + + + align:start position:0% +engine you want to use um throw an email +to the class to say hey use me here's + + align:start position:0% +to the class to say hey use me here's + + + align:start position:0% +to the class to say hey use me here's +what I'm interested in doing just put me + + align:start position:0% +what I'm interested in doing just put me + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm interested in doing just put me +on like bring like put me on your team + + align:start position:0% +on like bring like put me on your team + + + align:start position:0% +on like bring like put me on your team +basically um if you're more interested + + align:start position:0% +basically um if you're more interested + + + align:start position:0% +basically um if you're more interested +in mechanic design over the topic that's + + align:start position:0% +in mechanic design over the topic that's + + + align:start position:0% +in mechanic design over the topic that's +also okay so you might not be interested + + align:start position:0% +also okay so you might not be interested + + + align:start position:0% +also okay so you might not be interested +in the topic but you're interested in + + align:start position:0% +in the topic but you're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +in the topic but you're interested in +some of these mechanics that that we've + + align:start position:0% +some of these mechanics that that we've + + + align:start position:0% +some of these mechanics that that we've +been um talking about in class or some + + align:start position:0% +been um talking about in class or some + + + align:start position:0% +been um talking about in class or some +of the mechanics that you that you heard + + align:start position:0% +of the mechanics that you that you heard + + + align:start position:0% +of the mechanics that you that you heard +mentioned in the um in the group + + align:start position:0% +mentioned in the um in the group + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned in the um in the group +brandstorm so mentioned that in the + + align:start position:0% +brandstorm so mentioned that in the + + + align:start position:0% +brandstorm so mentioned that in the +mailing list um again team formation + + align:start position:0% +mailing list um again team formation + + + align:start position:0% +mailing list um again team formation +will be finalized on Monday and if you + + align:start position:0% +will be finalized on Monday and if you + + + align:start position:0% +will be finalized on Monday and if you +are undecided I'm just going to stick + + align:start position:0% +are undecided I'm just going to stick + + + align:start position:0% +are undecided I'm just going to stick +you in a team um that's the worst thing + + align:start position:0% +you in a team um that's the worst thing + + + align:start position:0% +you in a team um that's the worst thing +that can happen because if I just put + + align:start position:0% +that can happen because if I just put + + + align:start position:0% +that can happen because if I just put +you in a team I'm not thinking about who + + align:start position:0% +you in a team I'm not thinking about who + + + align:start position:0% +you in a team I'm not thinking about who +you're going to work best with I'm not + + align:start position:0% +you're going to work best with I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to work best with I'm not +thinking about what game engine you're + + align:start position:0% +thinking about what game engine you're + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about what game engine you're +working on I'm not thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +working on I'm not thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +working on I'm not thinking about the +whether or not you're interested in the + + align:start position:0% +whether or not you're interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not you're interested in the +topic or not I'm just grabbing you and + + align:start position:0% +topic or not I'm just grabbing you and + + + align:start position:0% +topic or not I'm just grabbing you and +sticking you on a team so do all the + + align:start position:0% +sticking you on a team so do all the + + + align:start position:0% +sticking you on a team so do all the +work for me so I don't have to do that + + align:start position:0% +work for me so I don't have to do that + + + align:start position:0% +work for me so I don't have to do that +and if you do just want me to do that + + align:start position:0% +and if you do just want me to do that + + + align:start position:0% +and if you do just want me to do that +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +okay I like rolling dice um any + + align:start position:0% +okay I like rolling dice um any + + + align:start position:0% +okay I like rolling dice um any +questions about this any concerns about + + align:start position:0% +questions about this any concerns about + + + align:start position:0% +questions about this any concerns about +this yes so are you targeting five teams + + align:start position:0% +this yes so are you targeting five teams + + + align:start position:0% +this yes so are you targeting five teams +um no I'm targeting teams of eight so + + align:start position:0% +um no I'm targeting teams of eight so + + + align:start position:0% +um no I'm targeting teams of eight so +that's that's five teams but it could be + + align:start position:0% +that's that's five teams but it could be + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's five teams but it could be +four teams if we get if if we need more + + align:start position:0% +four teams if we get if if we need more + + + align:start position:0% +four teams if we get if if we need more +people on the teams um I would recommend + + align:start position:0% +people on the teams um I would recommend + + + align:start position:0% +people on the teams um I would recommend +10 being your biggest cap um in the past + + align:start position:0% +10 being your biggest cap um in the past + + + align:start position:0% +10 being your biggest cap um in the past +so in the past we have seen 10 person + + align:start position:0% +so in the past we have seen 10 person + + + align:start position:0% +so in the past we have seen 10 person +teams work um is theyve failed + + align:start position:0% +teams work um is theyve failed + + + align:start position:0% +teams work um is theyve failed +everywhere you think they failed + + align:start position:0% +everywhere you think they failed + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere you think they failed +communication largely um scheduling + + align:start position:0% +communication largely um scheduling + + + align:start position:0% +communication largely um scheduling +largely um the one thing they didn't + + align:start position:0% +largely um the one thing they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +largely um the one thing they didn't +have that I think you're more prepared + + align:start position:0% +have that I think you're more prepared + + + align:start position:0% +have that I think you're more prepared +to do if you were in a big team like + + align:start position:0% +to do if you were in a big team like + + + align:start position:0% +to do if you were in a big team like +that is they didn't understand how to + + align:start position:0% +that is they didn't understand how to + + + align:start position:0% +that is they didn't understand how to +break out into strike groups into strike + + align:start position:0% +break out into strike groups into strike + + + align:start position:0% +break out into strike groups into strike +teams how to separate tasks and form + + align:start position:0% +teams how to separate tasks and form + + + align:start position:0% +teams how to separate tasks and form +into smaller groups I've actually seen + + align:start position:0% +into smaller groups I've actually seen + + + align:start position:0% +into smaller groups I've actually seen +you all do this on these on these on + + align:start position:0% +you all do this on these on these on + + + align:start position:0% +you all do this on these on these on +previous two projects so if you are if + + align:start position:0% +previous two projects so if you are if + + + align:start position:0% +previous two projects so if you are if +you do find yourself in a large team + + align:start position:0% +you do find yourself in a large team + + + align:start position:0% +you do find yourself in a large team +think about how you're going to break + + align:start position:0% +think about how you're going to break + + + align:start position:0% +think about how you're going to break +the work up into these small tasks um + + align:start position:0% +the work up into these small tasks um + + + align:start position:0% +the work up into these small tasks um +into these well into these like bigger + + align:start position:0% +into these well into these like bigger + + + align:start position:0% +into these well into these like bigger +modular kind of things um especially + + align:start position:0% +modular kind of things um especially + + + align:start position:0% +modular kind of things um especially +think about why you're in this class + + align:start position:0% +think about why you're in this class + + + align:start position:0% +think about why you're in this class +what did you expect to get out of this + + align:start position:0% +what did you expect to get out of this + + + align:start position:0% +what did you expect to get out of this +class what do you expect to get out of + + align:start position:0% +class what do you expect to get out of + + + align:start position:0% +class what do you expect to get out of +this final project um if you wanted to + + align:start position:0% +this final project um if you wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +this final project um if you wanted to +do some really big Tech thing there are + + align:start position:0% +do some really big Tech thing there are + + + align:start position:0% +do some really big Tech thing there are +some ideas out here that require some + + align:start position:0% +some ideas out here that require some + + + align:start position:0% +some ideas out here that require some +some some heavy Tech lifting if you're + + align:start position:0% +some some heavy Tech lifting if you're + + + align:start position:0% +some some heavy Tech lifting if you're +interested in design there's some really + + align:start position:0% +interested in design there's some really + + + align:start position:0% +interested in design there's some really +really challenging design issues + + align:start position:0% +really challenging design issues + + + align:start position:0% +really challenging design issues +especially with that for uh that um + + align:start position:0% +especially with that for uh that um + + + align:start position:0% +especially with that for uh that um +forkus based um funding um so yeah I'm + + align:start position:0% +forkus based um funding um so yeah I'm + + + align:start position:0% +forkus based um funding um so yeah I'm +I'm really leaving it up to you but I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm really leaving it up to you but I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm really leaving it up to you but I'm +going to make sure that all the teams + + align:start position:0% +going to make sure that all the teams + + + align:start position:0% +going to make sure that all the teams +have eight + + align:start position:0% +have eight + + + align:start position:0% +have eight +people um any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +just just one statement is like um + + align:start position:0% +just just one statement is like um + + + align:start position:0% +just just one statement is like um +especially with the snap team I do + + align:start position:0% +especially with the snap team I do + + + align:start position:0% +especially with the snap team I do +realize + + align:start position:0% +realize + + + align:start position:0% +realize +that as presented to to to you today it + + align:start position:0% +that as presented to to to you today it + + + align:start position:0% +that as presented to to to you today it +really does seem like a networking game + + align:start position:0% +really does seem like a networking game + + + align:start position:0% +really does seem like a networking game +it that really does seem like a game + + align:start position:0% +it that really does seem like a game + + + align:start position:0% +it that really does seem like a game +that will involve a lot of networking + + align:start position:0% +that will involve a lot of networking + + + align:start position:0% +that will involve a lot of networking +and of course we've spent the entire + + align:start position:0% +and of course we've spent the entire + + + align:start position:0% +and of course we've spent the entire +semester so far telling you oh good lord + + align:start position:0% +semester so far telling you oh good lord + + + align:start position:0% +semester so far telling you oh good lord +don't do that um so uh it is it could be + + align:start position:0% +don't do that um so uh it is it could be + + + align:start position:0% +don't do that um so uh it is it could be +a huge Tech Challenge or it could be a + + align:start position:0% +a huge Tech Challenge or it could be a + + + align:start position:0% +a huge Tech Challenge or it could be a +huge design challenge the huge design + + align:start position:0% +huge design challenge the huge design + + + align:start position:0% +huge design challenge the huge design +challeng is how you accomplish + + align:start position:0% +challeng is how you accomplish + + + align:start position:0% +challeng is how you accomplish +everything that we think we need + + align:start position:0% +everything that we think we need + + + align:start position:0% +everything that we think we need +networking to accomplish without n + + align:start position:0% +networking to accomplish without n + + + align:start position:0% +networking to accomplish without n +networking uh or it could be a Tech + + align:start position:0% +networking uh or it could be a Tech + + + align:start position:0% +networking uh or it could be a Tech +Challenge says screw it we're going to + + align:start position:0% +Challenge says screw it we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Challenge says screw it we're going to +do networking you know um and then + + align:start position:0% +do networking you know um and then + + + align:start position:0% +do networking you know um and then +becomes what's the the least brittle way + + align:start position:0% +becomes what's the the least brittle way + + + align:start position:0% +becomes what's the the least brittle way +to accomplish that the problem with + + align:start position:0% +to accomplish that the problem with + + + align:start position:0% +to accomplish that the problem with +networking in that particular game is + + align:start position:0% +networking in that particular game is + + + align:start position:0% +networking in that particular game is +that what if to require networking means + + align:start position:0% +that what if to require networking means + + + align:start position:0% +that what if to require networking means +that you need to play this game with in + + align:start position:0% +that you need to play this game with in + + + align:start position:0% +that you need to play this game with in +a room with networking uh which means if + + align:start position:0% +a room with networking uh which means if + + + align:start position:0% +a room with networking uh which means if +you take it to a room with without Wi-Fi + + align:start position:0% +you take it to a room with without Wi-Fi + + + align:start position:0% +you take it to a room with without Wi-Fi +for instance you know that means it's + + align:start position:0% +for instance you know that means it's + + + align:start position:0% +for instance you know that means it's +got to be something that's going to work + + align:start position:0% +got to be something that's going to work + + + align:start position:0% +got to be something that's going to work +over a phone system or it's going to you + + align:start position:0% +over a phone system or it's going to you + + + align:start position:0% +over a phone system or it's going to you +know require short messages or something + + align:start position:0% +know require short messages or something + + + align:start position:0% +know require short messages or something +something ridiculous right um and then + + align:start position:0% +something ridiculous right um and then + + + align:start position:0% +something ridiculous right um and then +if you don't have networking it's like + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have networking it's like + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't have networking it's like +what are you going to be doing are you + + align:start position:0% +what are you going to be doing are you + + + align:start position:0% +what are you going to be doing are you +going to like point a camera at the room + + align:start position:0% +going to like point a camera at the room + + + align:start position:0% +going to like point a camera at the room +and do image capture or something it's + + align:start position:0% +and do image capture or something it's + + + align:start position:0% +and do image capture or something it's +like some crazy things are you going to + + align:start position:0% +like some crazy things are you going to + + + align:start position:0% +like some crazy things are you going to +do manual data in uh manual data entry + + align:start position:0% +do manual data in uh manual data entry + + + align:start position:0% +do manual data in uh manual data entry +that's actually a possibility anything + + align:start position:0% +that's actually a possibility anything + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually a possibility anything +that you can come up with that makes + + align:start position:0% +that you can come up with that makes + + + align:start position:0% +that you can come up with that makes +that game that we played in class + + align:start position:0% +that game that we played in class + + + align:start position:0% +that game that we played in class +slightly easier might be you know + + align:start position:0% +slightly easier might be you know + + + align:start position:0% +slightly easier might be you know +beneficial for Pablo and uh and he's + + align:start position:0% +beneficial for Pablo and uh and he's + + + align:start position:0% +beneficial for Pablo and uh and he's +guaranteed that he will use it as soon + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed that he will use it as soon + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed that he will use it as soon +as as as as you Pro provide it so that's + + align:start position:0% +as as as as you Pro provide it so that's + + + align:start position:0% +as as as as you Pro provide it so that's +an incentive right there but it is + + align:start position:0% +an incentive right there but it is + + + align:start position:0% +an incentive right there but it is +possibly despite how simple that game is + + align:start position:0% +possibly despite how simple that game is + + + align:start position:0% +possibly despite how simple that game is +possibly one of the toughest design + + align:start position:0% +possibly one of the toughest design + + + align:start position:0% +possibly one of the toughest design +challenges that I can see on the board + + align:start position:0% +challenges that I can see on the board + + + align:start position:0% +challenges that I can see on the board +today um up until now we've been really + + align:start position:0% +today um up until now we've been really + + + align:start position:0% +today um up until now we've been really +strict in allowing you to use specific + + align:start position:0% +strict in allowing you to use specific + + + align:start position:0% +strict in allowing you to use specific +tools to use specific methods we're + + align:start position:0% +tools to use specific methods we're + + + align:start position:0% +tools to use specific methods we're +going to start easing up but if you + + align:start position:0% +going to start easing up but if you + + + align:start position:0% +going to start easing up but if you +break any of the rules you need to tell + + align:start position:0% +break any of the rules you need to tell + + + align:start position:0% +break any of the rules you need to tell +us why that's all we ask uh if you are + + align:start position:0% +us why that's all we ask uh if you are + + + align:start position:0% +us why that's all we ask uh if you are +going to use multiplayer tell us why if + + align:start position:0% +going to use multiplayer tell us why if + + + align:start position:0% +going to use multiplayer tell us why if +you're not going to use one of these + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to use one of these + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to use one of these +game engines that we've been practicing + + align:start position:0% +game engines that we've been practicing + + + align:start position:0% +game engines that we've been practicing +on for the for this semester really you + + align:start position:0% +on for the for this semester really you + + + align:start position:0% +on for the for this semester really you +really need to convince us um so use the + + align:start position:0% +really need to convince us um so use the + + + align:start position:0% +really need to convince us um so use the +office hours like Sarah suggested um use + + align:start position:0% +office hours like Sarah suggested um use + + + align:start position:0% +office hours like Sarah suggested um use +the mailing list talk to us during class + + align:start position:0% +the mailing list talk to us during class + + + align:start position:0% +the mailing list talk to us during class +I've already had um quite a few students + + align:start position:0% +I've already had um quite a few students + + + align:start position:0% +I've already had um quite a few students +um talk to me individually and talk to + + align:start position:0% +um talk to me individually and talk to + + + align:start position:0% +um talk to me individually and talk to +them individually about these kind of + + align:start position:0% +them individually about these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +them individually about these kind of +things so the rules are there to be + + align:start position:0% +things so the rules are there to be + + + align:start position:0% +things so the rules are there to be +broken + + align:start position:0% +broken + + + align:start position:0% +broken +but you know yeah don't break all of + + align:start position:0% +but you know yeah don't break all of + + + align:start position:0% +but you know yeah don't break all of +them at once break one if you're going + + align:start position:0% +them at once break one if you're going + + + align:start position:0% +them at once break one if you're going +to like get rid of like the task list or + + align:start position:0% +to like get rid of like the task list or + + + align:start position:0% +to like get rid of like the task list or +something like that what what what are + + align:start position:0% +something like that what what what are + + + align:start position:0% +something like that what what what are +you replacing it with right you know uh + + align:start position:0% +you replacing it with right you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +you replacing it with right you know uh +tell us and if you're going to be not + + align:start position:0% +tell us and if you're going to be not + + + align:start position:0% +tell us and if you're going to be not +doing daily scrums because it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +doing daily scrums because it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +doing daily scrums because it doesn't +work for your team what are you + + align:start position:0% +work for your team what are you + + + align:start position:0% +work for your team what are you +replacing that communication strategy + + align:start position:0% +replacing that communication strategy + + + align:start position:0% +replacing that communication strategy +with because it's clearly there for a + + align:start position:0% +with because it's clearly there for a + + + align:start position:0% +with because it's clearly there for a +particular reason hopefully you've seen + + align:start position:0% +particular reason hopefully you've seen + + + align:start position:0% +particular reason hopefully you've seen +the reason uh even if you you haven't + + align:start position:0% +the reason uh even if you you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +the reason uh even if you you haven't +necessarily managed to make it work on a + + align:start position:0% +necessarily managed to make it work on a + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily managed to make it work on a +previous team so what are you going to + + align:start position:0% +previous team so what are you going to + + + align:start position:0% +previous team so what are you going to +do in its + + align:start position:0% +do in its + + + align:start position:0% +do in its +place s did you want to I think the guys + + align:start position:0% +place s did you want to I think the guys + + + align:start position:0% +place s did you want to I think the guys +covered it all about all I can do is + + align:start position:0% +covered it all about all I can do is + + + align:start position:0% +covered it all about all I can do is +rest + + align:start position:0% +rest + + + align:start position:0% +rest +is restate the Comon about breaking + + align:start position:0% +is restate the Comon about breaking + + + align:start position:0% +is restate the Comon about breaking +rules and it's break rules with care um + + align:start position:0% +rules and it's break rules with care um + + + align:start position:0% +rules and it's break rules with care um +we didn't give them to you just to be + + align:start position:0% +we didn't give them to you just to be + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't give them to you just to be +arbitrary we gave them to you in our + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary we gave them to you in our + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary we gave them to you in our +experience of watching a lot of students + + align:start position:0% +experience of watching a lot of students + + + align:start position:0% +experience of watching a lot of students +make a lot of games and make a lot of + + align:start position:0% +make a lot of games and make a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +make a lot of games and make a lot of +mistakes that these are the big pits + + align:start position:0% +mistakes that these are the big pits + + + align:start position:0% +mistakes that these are the big pits +that people dig themselves in and then + + align:start position:0% +that people dig themselves in and then + + + align:start position:0% +that people dig themselves in and then +climb down and wonder what the heck + + align:start position:0% +climb down and wonder what the heck + + + align:start position:0% +climb down and wonder what the heck +they're doing in so if you're going to + + align:start position:0% +they're doing in so if you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing in so if you're going to +break a rule have a plan for it come and + + align:start position:0% +break a rule have a plan for it come and + + + align:start position:0% +break a rule have a plan for it come and +talk to us about whether or not you + + align:start position:0% +talk to us about whether or not you + + + align:start position:0% +talk to us about whether or not you +think your plan will work + + align:start position:0% +think your plan will work + + + align:start position:0% +think your plan will work +um we we are here to try and support and + + align:start position:0% +um we we are here to try and support and + + + align:start position:0% +um we we are here to try and support and +give you advice and help out and I think + + align:start position:0% +give you advice and help out and I think + + + align:start position:0% +give you advice and help out and I think +it's fair to say that we've seen every + + align:start position:0% +it's fair to say that we've seen every + + + align:start position:0% +it's fair to say that we've seen every +single rule that we provided actually + + align:start position:0% +single rule that we provided actually + + + align:start position:0% +single rule that we provided actually +successfully broken in every single year + + align:start position:0% +successfully broken in every single year + + + align:start position:0% +successfully broken in every single year +you know not not not all the time year + + align:start position:0% +you know not not not all the time year + + + align:start position:0% +you know not not not all the time year +the what except that bad year except for + + align:start position:0% +the what except that bad year except for + + + align:start position:0% +the what except that bad year except for +that one bad year where every project + + align:start position:0% +that one bad year where every project + + + align:start position:0% +that one bad year where every project +was crap + + align:start position:0% +was crap + + + align:start position:0% +was crap +but don't be that year no you're not + + align:start position:0% +but don't be that year no you're not + + + align:start position:0% +but don't be that year no you're not +that year you're not that and Pina was + + align:start position:0% +that year you're not that and Pina was + + + align:start position:0% +that year you're not that and Pina was +in the class last year so if you're if + + align:start position:0% +in the class last year so if you're if + + + align:start position:0% +in the class last year so if you're if +you're looking for um you know student + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for um you know student + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for um you know student +level what was it like during this + + align:start position:0% +level what was it like during this + + + align:start position:0% +level what was it like during this +project talk to Pina she can help you + + align:start position:0% +project talk to Pina she can help you + + + align:start position:0% +project talk to Pina she can help you +out she can give you some tips and talk + + align:start position:0% +out she can give you some tips and talk + + + align:start position:0% +out she can give you some tips and talk +to each other that's why we do all these + + align:start position:0% +to each other that's why we do all these + + + align:start position:0% +to each other that's why we do all these +presentations + + align:start position:0% +presentations + + + align:start position:0% +presentations +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +polish we're going to talk about that um + + align:start position:0% +polish we're going to talk about that um + + + align:start position:0% +polish we're going to talk about that um +through the through the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +through the through the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +through the through the rest of the +semester what does Polish mean um polish + + align:start position:0% +semester what does Polish mean um polish + + + align:start position:0% +semester what does Polish mean um polish +to our eyes I'll I'll talk about this on + + align:start position:0% +to our eyes I'll I'll talk about this on + + + align:start position:0% +to our eyes I'll I'll talk about this on +Monday but basically what we're asking + + align:start position:0% +Monday but basically what we're asking + + + align:start position:0% +Monday but basically what we're asking +for is the games you've made these past + + align:start position:0% +for is the games you've made these past + + + align:start position:0% +for is the games you've made these past +two projects that's about the scope you + + align:start position:0% +two projects that's about the scope you + + + align:start position:0% +two projects that's about the scope you +should you should um think for project 4 + + align:start position:0% +should you should um think for project 4 + + + align:start position:0% +should you should um think for project 4 +so if you're thinking about that kind of + + align:start position:0% +so if you're thinking about that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're thinking about that kind of +scope but then you have four times at a + + align:start position:0% +scope but then you have four times at a + + + align:start position:0% +scope but then you have four times at a +time what are you applying that time + + align:start position:0% +time what are you applying that time + + + align:start position:0% +time what are you applying that time +towards um polish and making sure the + + align:start position:0% +towards um polish and making sure the + + + align:start position:0% +towards um polish and making sure the +user experience is easy to AC easy to + + align:start position:0% +user experience is easy to AC easy to + + + align:start position:0% +user experience is easy to AC easy to +use um it doesn't crash it doesn't break + + align:start position:0% +use um it doesn't crash it doesn't break + + + align:start position:0% +use um it doesn't crash it doesn't break +um a player can can start playing it and + + align:start position:0% +um a player can can start playing it and + + + align:start position:0% +um a player can can start playing it and +figure out through the systems of the + + align:start position:0% +figure out through the systems of the + + + align:start position:0% +figure out through the systems of the +game how it works um what the keys are + + align:start position:0% +game how it works um what the keys are + + + align:start position:0% +game how it works um what the keys are +you've got good credit screens we're not + + align:start position:0% +you've got good credit screens we're not + + + align:start position:0% +you've got good credit screens we're not +necessarily asking for we're not asking + + align:start position:0% +necessarily asking for we're not asking + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily asking for we're not asking +for an art sound or music polish like a + + align:start position:0% +for an art sound or music polish like a + + + align:start position:0% +for an art sound or music polish like a +we're not asking for Indie level art um + + align:start position:0% +we're not asking for Indie level art um + + + align:start position:0% +we're not asking for Indie level art um +we're asking for just a level below that + + align:start position:0% +we're asking for just a level below that + + + align:start position:0% +we're asking for just a level below that +um a unified level of Polish so + + align:start position:0% +um a unified level of Polish so + + + align:start position:0% +um a unified level of Polish so +everything in the game has the same + + align:start position:0% +everything in the game has the same + + + align:start position:0% +everything in the game has the same +amount of time Care Effort being put + + align:start position:0% +amount of time Care Effort being put + + + align:start position:0% +amount of time Care Effort being put +into it um so it doesn't feel uneven and + + align:start position:0% +into it um so it doesn't feel uneven and + + + align:start position:0% +into it um so it doesn't feel uneven and +bumpy it doesn't feel like here's this + + align:start position:0% +bumpy it doesn't feel like here's this + + + align:start position:0% +bumpy it doesn't feel like here's this +awesome soundtrack with this really + + align:start position:0% +awesome soundtrack with this really + + + align:start position:0% +awesome soundtrack with this really +really terrible art you know or you know + + align:start position:0% +really terrible art you know or you know + + + align:start position:0% +really terrible art you know or you know +here's this really bleepy eight bit + + align:start position:0% +here's this really bleepy eight bit + + + align:start position:0% +here's this really bleepy eight bit +thing with Gorgeous hand painted scenery + + align:start position:0% +thing with Gorgeous hand painted scenery + + + align:start position:0% +thing with Gorgeous hand painted scenery +you know it's like that's that's not + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like that's that's not + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like that's that's not +cohesive that that that that we want coh + + align:start position:0% +cohesive that that that that we want coh + + + align:start position:0% +cohesive that that that that we want coh +we want everything to look like it's + + align:start position:0% +we want everything to look like it's + + + align:start position:0% +we want everything to look like it's +it's on an even uh level of quality this + + align:start position:0% +it's on an even uh level of quality this + + + align:start position:0% +it's on an even uh level of quality this +might be a preview for for future + + align:start position:0% +might be a preview for for future + + + align:start position:0% +might be a preview for for future +lectures but play pony corns look up the + + align:start position:0% +lectures but play pony corns look up the + + + align:start position:0% +lectures but play pony corns look up the +term Pony corn it's a game made by a + + align:start position:0% +term Pony corn it's a game made by a + + + align:start position:0% +term Pony corn it's a game made by a +5-year-old and her father um that is + + align:start position:0% +5-year-old and her father um that is + + + align:start position:0% +5-year-old and her father um that is +actually a high level of polish that + + align:start position:0% +actually a high level of polish that + + + align:start position:0% +actually a high level of polish that +I've seen happen in this class if it + + align:start position:0% +I've seen happen in this class if it + + + align:start position:0% +I've seen happen in this class if it +happens with your projects it's it would + + align:start position:0% +happens with your projects it's it would + + + align:start position:0% +happens with your projects it's it would +be really + + align:start position:0% +be really + + + align:start position:0% +be really +great yes siss mag Sissy's Magical Pony + + align:start position:0% +great yes siss mag Sissy's Magical Pony + + + align:start position:0% +great yes siss mag Sissy's Magical Pony +corn Adventure yeah the key thing to + + align:start position:0% +corn Adventure yeah the key thing to + + + align:start position:0% +corn Adventure yeah the key thing to +note here is that all the assets were + + align:start position:0% +note here is that all the assets were + + + align:start position:0% +note here is that all the assets were +created by the 5-year-old and I believe + + align:start position:0% +created by the 5-year-old and I believe + + + align:start position:0% +created by the 5-year-old and I believe +the story was also written by the + + align:start position:0% +the story was also written by the + + + align:start position:0% +the story was also written by the +5-year-old and the sound and the sounds + + align:start position:0% +5-year-old and the sound and the sounds + + + align:start position:0% +5-year-old and the sound and the sounds +were done by her and her father just did + + align:start position:0% +were done by her and her father just did + + + align:start position:0% +were done by her and her father just did +all the coding and put it all + + align:start position:0% +all the coding and put it all + + + align:start position:0% +all the coding and put it all +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +together1 what's up + + align:start position:0% +together1 what's up + + + align:start position:0% +together1 what's up +$3,199 of donations today if you can + + align:start position:0% +$3,199 of donations today if you can + + + align:start position:0% +$3,199 of donations today if you can +draw as well as a 5year old you can make + + align:start position:0% +draw as well as a 5year old you can make + + + align:start position:0% +draw as well as a 5year old you can make +good assets for your + + align:start position:0% +good assets for your + + + align:start position:0% +good assets for your +game all right so you got 9 minutes left + + align:start position:0% +game all right so you got 9 minutes left + + + align:start position:0% +game all right so you got 9 minutes left +for the rest of class um capture all of + + align:start position:0% +for the rest of class um capture all of + + + align:start position:0% +for the rest of class um capture all of +the ideas that you wrote down and mail + + align:start position:0% +the ideas that you wrote down and mail + + + align:start position:0% +the ideas that you wrote down and mail +them to video games at mit.edu so just + + align:start position:0% +them to video games at mit.edu so just + + + align:start position:0% +them to video games at mit.edu so just +whoever took whoever took a capture of + + align:start position:0% +whoever took whoever took a capture of + + + align:start position:0% +whoever took whoever took a capture of +each of these things um just turn it + + align:start position:0% +each of these things um just turn it + + + align:start position:0% +each of these things um just turn it +into a text file mail it yeah uh + + align:start position:0% +into a text file mail it yeah uh + + + align:start position:0% +into a text file mail it yeah uh +somebody created a Google spreadsheet + + align:start position:0% +somebody created a Google spreadsheet + + + align:start position:0% +somebody created a Google spreadsheet +can we all just put our pictures in + + align:start position:0% +can we all just put our pictures in + + + align:start position:0% +can we all just put our pictures in +there that's fine sure so we don't get a + + align:start position:0% +there that's fine sure so we don't get a + + + align:start position:0% +there that's fine sure so we don't get a +million + + align:start position:0% +million + + + align:start position:0% +million +absolutely uh also there are a couple of + + align:start position:0% +absolutely uh also there are a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely uh also there are a couple of +students who aren't in class today so + + align:start position:0% +students who aren't in class today so + + + align:start position:0% +students who aren't in class today so +they may need some uh ex you know you + + align:start position:0% +they may need some uh ex you know you + + + align:start position:0% +they may need some uh ex you know you +might need to have to to to to sort of + + align:start position:0% +might need to have to to to to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +might need to have to to to to sort of +explain to them what happened today and + + align:start position:0% +explain to them what happened today and + + + align:start position:0% +explain to them what happened today and +break them up to speed especially if + + align:start position:0% +break them up to speed especially if + + + align:start position:0% +break them up to speed especially if +you're are like doormates or Hall mates + + align:start position:0% +you're are like doormates or Hall mates + + + align:start position:0% +you're are like doormates or Hall mates +or something like that uh please help + + align:start position:0% +or something like that uh please help + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that uh please help +them along uh and help them get ready so + + align:start position:0% +them along uh and help them get ready so + + + align:start position:0% +them along uh and help them get ready so +that by Monday you know get that + + align:start position:0% +that by Monday you know get that + + + align:start position:0% +that by Monday you know get that +conversation going on on on online so + + align:start position:0% +conversation going on on on online so + + + align:start position:0% +conversation going on on on online so +that they can at least have a clue of + + align:start position:0% +that they can at least have a clue of + + + align:start position:0% +that they can at least have a clue of +which team to join on Monday all right + + align:start position:0% +which team to join on Monday all right + + + align:start position:0% +which team to join on Monday all right +rest of the time is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yours \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ADQck0zeBLQ.txt b/ADQck0zeBLQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aabf491b8baa4f011e0f83f76b0f071ee1dd3569 --- /dev/null +++ b/ADQck0zeBLQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3786 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all righty so we're back + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all righty so we're back + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all righty so we're back +we're going to do the examples for the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do the examples for the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do the examples for the +uh through we just sort of described in + + align:start position:0% +uh through we just sort of described in + + + align:start position:0% +uh through we just sort of described in +the previous uh notes and again once + + align:start position:0% +the previous uh notes and again once + + + align:start position:0% +the previous uh notes and again once +again these are in the uh if you have + + align:start position:0% +again these are in the uh if you have + + + align:start position:0% +again these are in the uh if you have +your dform directory here they're in + + align:start position:0% +your dform directory here they're in + + + align:start position:0% +your dform directory here they're in +examples + + align:start position:0% +examples + + + align:start position:0% +examples +applications + + align:start position:0% +applications + + + align:start position:0% +applications +bioblast this shows you the two programs + + align:start position:0% +bioblast this shows you the two programs + + + align:start position:0% +bioblast this shows you the two programs +we're going to run we just have two + + align:start position:0% +we're going to run we just have two + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to run we just have two +examples and then uh we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +examples and then uh we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +examples and then uh we're going to be +comparing two pieces of actual data so + + align:start position:0% +comparing two pieces of actual data so + + + align:start position:0% +comparing two pieces of actual data so +if you look at + + align:start position:0% +if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at +this this shows you you know what what + + align:start position:0% +this this shows you you know what what + + + align:start position:0% +this this shows you you know what what +that data looks like like so sequence ID + + align:start position:0% +that data looks like like so sequence ID + + + align:start position:0% +that data looks like like so sequence ID +and then very + + align:start position:0% +and then very + + + align:start position:0% +and then very +long long sequences here and not all + + align:start position:0% +long long sequences here and not all + + + align:start position:0% +long long sequences here and not all +they it'd be sure nice if they were all + + align:start position:0% +they it'd be sure nice if they were all + + + align:start position:0% +they it'd be sure nice if they were all +the same length but they certainly are + + align:start position:0% +the same length but they certainly are + + + align:start position:0% +the same length but they certainly are +not the same length you know they vary + + align:start position:0% +not the same length you know they vary + + + align:start position:0% +not the same length you know they vary +dramatically here you can see you know + + align:start position:0% +dramatically here you can see you know + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically here you can see you know +there's probably one that's yeah look at + + align:start position:0% +there's probably one that's yeah look at + + + align:start position:0% +there's probably one that's yeah look at +that guy what's he doing super long so + + align:start position:0% +that guy what's he doing super long so + + + align:start position:0% +that guy what's he doing super long so +this is a this is a reference bacteria + + align:start position:0% +this is a this is a reference bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +this is a this is a reference bacteria +data set this is known data and this is + + align:start position:0% +data set this is known data and this is + + + align:start position:0% +data set this is known data and this is +a sequence here of some data taken from + + align:start position:0% +a sequence here of some data taken from + + + align:start position:0% +a sequence here of some data taken from +somebody's Palm + + align:start position:0% +somebody's Palm + + + align:start position:0% +somebody's Palm +this is open source uh data uh not um + + align:start position:0% +this is open source uh data uh not um + + + align:start position:0% +this is open source uh data uh not um +and so uh yeah so this is just an + + align:start position:0% +and so uh yeah so this is just an + + + align:start position:0% +and so uh yeah so this is just an +example of + + align:start position:0% +example of + + + align:start position:0% +example of +that and so you can imagine one would + + align:start position:0% +that and so you can imagine one would + + + align:start position:0% +that and so you can imagine one would +want to do a comparison of the data you + + align:start position:0% +want to do a comparison of the data you + + + align:start position:0% +want to do a comparison of the data you +know of of what what the DNA sequences + + align:start position:0% +know of of what what the DNA sequences + + + align:start position:0% +know of of what what the DNA sequences +on of bacteria on the person's hand are + + align:start position:0% +on of bacteria on the person's hand are + + + align:start position:0% +on of bacteria on the person's hand are +with some reference data set so + + align:start position:0% +with some reference data set so + + + align:start position:0% +with some reference data set so +obviously we are not going to be using a + + align:start position:0% +obviously we are not going to be using a + + + align:start position:0% +obviously we are not going to be using a +data set this is a very small data set + + align:start position:0% +data set this is a very small data set + + + align:start position:0% +data set this is a very small data set +here we're not going to be able to do + + align:start position:0% +here we're not going to be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +here we're not going to be able to do +uh we're probably not going we wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +uh we're probably not going we wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're probably not going we wouldn't +expect to have any matches here and + + align:start position:0% +expect to have any matches here and + + + align:start position:0% +expect to have any matches here and +we're not going to have any but uh this + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to have any but uh this + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to have any but uh this +just shows you kind of how that works so + + align:start position:0% +just shows you kind of how that works so + + + align:start position:0% +just shows you kind of how that works so +we go over + + align:start position:0% +we go over + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +and so the first one here was this + + align:start position:0% +and so the first one here was this + + + align:start position:0% +and so the first one here was this +bb1 it's just basically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +righty so what we done is we set our + + align:start position:0% +righty so what we done is we set our + + + align:start position:0% +righty so what we done is we set our +word size we're going to use 10 sequent + + align:start position:0% +word size we're going to use 10 sequent + + + align:start position:0% +word size we're going to use 10 sequent +10 based pairs so that's we're basically + + align:start position:0% +10 based pairs so that's we're basically + + + align:start position:0% +10 based pairs so that's we're basically +dealing with + + align:start position:0% +dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with +10mer and wrote a little program here + + align:start position:0% +10mer and wrote a little program here + + + align:start position:0% +10mer and wrote a little program here +with that what it does is given a CSV + + align:start position:0% +with that what it does is given a CSV + + + align:start position:0% +with that what it does is given a CSV +file fast to file and a word size it + + align:start position:0% +file fast to file and a word size it + + + align:start position:0% +file fast to file and a word size it +then creates the associative array as we + + align:start position:0% +then creates the associative array as we + + + align:start position:0% +then creates the associative array as we +describ so basically each sequence will + + align:start position:0% +describ so basically each sequence will + + + align:start position:0% +describ so basically each sequence will +be a row so for instance uh uh we'll get + + align:start position:0% +be a row so for instance uh uh we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +be a row so for instance uh uh we'll get +into that um and likewise each 10mer + + align:start position:0% +into that um and likewise each 10mer + + + align:start position:0% +into that um and likewise each 10mer +will then be a column and so we do this + + align:start position:0% +will then be a column and so we do this + + + align:start position:0% +will then be a column and so we do this +for the two data sets here is our Matrix + + align:start position:0% +for the two data sets here is our Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +for the two data sets here is our Matrix +multiply so A1 * A2 transpose gives us + + align:start position:0% +multiply so A1 * A2 transpose gives us + + + align:start position:0% +multiply so A1 * A2 transpose gives us +A1 A2 and here our pedigreed Matrix + + align:start position:0% +A1 A2 and here our pedigreed Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +A1 A2 and here our pedigreed Matrix +multiply the cat key mole A1 A2 + + align:start position:0% +multiply the cat key mole A1 A2 + + + align:start position:0% +multiply the cat key mole A1 A2 +transpose and give us A1 A2 key and so + + align:start position:0% +transpose and give us A1 A2 key and so + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and give us A1 A2 key and so +we can now look at that so A1 has 198 + + align:start position:0% +we can now look at that so A1 has 198 + + + align:start position:0% +we can now look at that so A1 has 198 +that's the bacteria had + + align:start position:0% +that's the bacteria had + + + align:start position:0% +that's the bacteria had +198 uh sequences with 8,000 And1 unique + + align:start position:0% +198 uh sequences with 8,000 And1 unique + + + align:start position:0% +198 uh sequences with 8,000 And1 unique + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +ms A2 had th000 sequences with + + align:start position:0% +ms A2 had th000 sequences with + + + align:start position:0% +ms A2 had th000 sequences with +2365 unique 10mer and then when you + + align:start position:0% +2365 unique 10mer and then when you + + + align:start position:0% +2365 unique 10mer and then when you +Matrix multiply them you see that uh 85 + + align:start position:0% +Matrix multiply them you see that uh 85 + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix multiply them you see that uh 85 +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +195 in the reference had a match with + + align:start position:0% +195 in the reference had a match with + + + align:start position:0% +195 in the reference had a match with +415 of the 999 in the sample so we're + + align:start position:0% +415 of the 999 in the sample so we're + + + align:start position:0% +415 of the 999 in the sample so we're +losing about half in each case because + + align:start position:0% +losing about half in each case because + + + align:start position:0% +losing about half in each case because +the associate array does not store empty + + align:start position:0% +the associate array does not store empty + + + align:start position:0% +the associate array does not store empty +values there's going to be no key which + + align:start position:0% +values there's going to be no key which + + + align:start position:0% +values there's going to be no key which +is an empty as an empty row completely + + align:start position:0% +is an empty as an empty row completely + + + align:start position:0% +is an empty as an empty row completely +empty row or completely empty + + align:start position:0% +empty row or completely empty + + + align:start position:0% +empty row or completely empty +column so we can now look at those + + align:start position:0% +column so we can now look at those + + + align:start position:0% +column so we can now look at those +that data so if we look at uh figure one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so this is the this is A1 so this + + align:start position:0% +here so this is the this is A1 so this + + + align:start position:0% +here so this is the this is A1 so this +shows you again here why don't we zoom + + align:start position:0% +shows you again here why don't we zoom + + + align:start position:0% +shows you again here why don't we zoom +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so that gives you a better sense + + align:start position:0% +right so that gives you a better sense + + + align:start position:0% +right so that gives you a better sense +of the structure we can actually click + + align:start position:0% +of the structure we can actually click + + + align:start position:0% +of the structure we can actually click +on that so here's you know here's a tenr + + align:start position:0% +on that so here's you know here's a tenr + + + align:start position:0% +on that so here's you know here's a tenr +that appears in an awful lot of things + + align:start position:0% +that appears in an awful lot of things + + + align:start position:0% +that appears in an awful lot of things +so basically this 10mer appears an awful + + align:start position:0% +so basically this 10mer appears an awful + + + align:start position:0% +so basically this 10mer appears an awful +lot of + + align:start position:0% +lot of + + + align:start position:0% +lot of +things um you know and here's these are + + align:start position:0% +things um you know and here's these are + + + align:start position:0% +things um you know and here's these are +examples of you know here's a here's a + + align:start position:0% +examples of you know here's a here's a + + + align:start position:0% +examples of you know here's a here's a +row corresponding to a particular + + align:start position:0% +row corresponding to a particular + + + align:start position:0% +row corresponding to a particular +particular uh sequence ID so that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +A1 that's the reference A2 the sample + + align:start position:0% +A1 that's the reference A2 the sample + + + align:start position:0% +A1 that's the reference A2 the sample +pretty much the same type of + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same type of + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same type of +thing although a little bit different + + align:start position:0% +thing although a little bit different + + + align:start position:0% +thing although a little bit different +structure more of these dense things + + align:start position:0% +structure more of these dense things + + + align:start position:0% +structure more of these dense things +maybe why don't me zoom in on one of + + align:start position:0% +maybe why don't me zoom in on one of + + + align:start position:0% +maybe why don't me zoom in on one of +these blobs + + align:start position:0% +these blobs + + + align:start position:0% +these blobs +here see those typ of blobs there we got + + align:start position:0% +here see those typ of blobs there we got + + + align:start position:0% +here see those typ of blobs there we got +this guy who's he this guy begins with + + align:start position:0% +this guy who's he this guy begins with + + + align:start position:0% +this guy who's he this guy begins with +gccac and + + align:start position:0% +gccac and + + + align:start position:0% +gccac and +gcct and other types of things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there and this this is the cross so if + + align:start position:0% +there and this this is the cross so if + + + align:start position:0% +there and this this is the cross so if +we go now to figure three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the +crosscorrelation of all those and it + + align:start position:0% +crosscorrelation of all those and it + + + align:start position:0% +crosscorrelation of all those and it +holds the count so you can see here one + + align:start position:0% +holds the count so you can see here one + + + align:start position:0% +holds the count so you can see here one +you know one most of these are just one + + align:start position:0% +you know one most of these are just one + + + align:start position:0% +you know one most of these are just one +one and unless I did some kind of + + align:start position:0% +one and unless I did some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +one and unless I did some kind of +thresholding I couldn't probably + + align:start position:0% +thresholding I couldn't probably + + + align:start position:0% +thresholding I couldn't probably +couldn't even find the ones that were + + align:start position:0% +couldn't even find the ones that were + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't even find the ones that were +larger and then figure four here is our + + align:start position:0% +larger and then figure four here is our + + + align:start position:0% +larger and then figure four here is our +pedigreed multiplication so now it shows + + align:start position:0% +pedigreed multiplication so now it shows + + + align:start position:0% +pedigreed multiplication so now it shows +you what the actual so this tells us + + align:start position:0% +you what the actual so this tells us + + + align:start position:0% +you what the actual so this tells us +that this sequence ID and this you know + + align:start position:0% +that this sequence ID and this you know + + + align:start position:0% +that this sequence ID and this you know +so reference sequence ID and this sample + + align:start position:0% +so reference sequence ID and this sample + + + align:start position:0% +so reference sequence ID and this sample +sequence ID had a match at this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10mer there we + + align:start position:0% +10mer there we + + + align:start position:0% +10mer there we +go so if we go back here and as you see + + align:start position:0% +go so if we go back here and as you see + + + align:start position:0% +go so if we go back here and as you see +as I clicked on that it printed out the + + align:start position:0% +as I clicked on that it printed out the + + + align:start position:0% +as I clicked on that it printed out the +full sequence so if you wanted to ever + + align:start position:0% +full sequence so if you wanted to ever + + + align:start position:0% +full sequence so if you wanted to ever +like just do a cut and paste and then + + align:start position:0% +like just do a cut and paste and then + + + align:start position:0% +like just do a cut and paste and then +put this in something else so like if I + + align:start position:0% +put this in something else so like if I + + + align:start position:0% +put this in something else so like if I +wanted to look at this row uh you know I + + align:start position:0% +wanted to look at this row uh you know I + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to look at this row uh you know I +could then do + + align:start position:0% +could then do + + + align:start position:0% +could then do +A1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and that gives me that row you know + + align:start position:0% +um and that gives me that row you know + + + align:start position:0% +um and that gives me that row you know +and I can do other things you know I + + align:start position:0% +and I can do other things you know I + + + align:start position:0% +and I can do other things you know I +could do like all right + + align:start position:0% +could do like all right + + + align:start position:0% +could do like all right +let's sum that you know I could sum + + align:start position:0% +let's sum that you know I could sum + + + align:start position:0% +let's sum that you know I could sum +the The Columns up that tells me there's + + align:start position:0% +the The Columns up that tells me there's + + + align:start position:0% +the The Columns up that tells me there's +138 unique SE sequences in that in that + + align:start position:0% +138 unique SE sequences in that in that + + + align:start position:0% +138 unique SE sequences in that in that +sequence ID so those types of things + + align:start position:0% +sequence ID so those types of things + + + align:start position:0% +sequence ID so those types of things +there um + + align:start position:0% +there um + + + align:start position:0% +there um +all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so I think we uh pretty much + + align:start position:0% +right so I think we uh pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +right so I think we uh pretty much +covered + + align:start position:0% +covered + + + align:start position:0% +covered +that yep and so now we'll go on to the + + align:start position:0% +that yep and so now we'll go on to the + + + align:start position:0% +that yep and so now we'll go on to the +next example and I apologize this takes + + align:start position:0% +next example and I apologize this takes + + + align:start position:0% +next example and I apologize this takes +a little bit longer to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +run because now I'm doing two things + + align:start position:0% +run because now I'm doing two things + + + align:start position:0% +run because now I'm doing two things +when I read in the data I'm doing the + + align:start position:0% +when I read in the data I'm doing the + + + align:start position:0% +when I read in the data I'm doing the +same thing I did before in terms of s + + align:start position:0% +same thing I did before in terms of s + + + align:start position:0% +same thing I did before in terms of s +saying I want 10 ms then I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +saying I want 10 ms then I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +saying I want 10 ms then I'm going to +read the data again it's a slightly + + align:start position:0% +read the data again it's a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +read the data again it's a slightly +different function and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +different function and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +different function and it's going to +return two associative arrays this + + align:start position:0% +return two associative arrays this + + + align:start position:0% +return two associative arrays this +associative array was the was the same + + align:start position:0% +associative array was the was the same + + + align:start position:0% +associative array was the was the same +as where which showed us the actual + + align:start position:0% +as where which showed us the actual + + + align:start position:0% +as where which showed us the actual +counts how many times if you had a ten + + align:start position:0% +counts how many times if you had a ten + + + align:start position:0% +counts how many times if you had a ten +mer and it + + align:start position:0% +mer and it + + + align:start position:0% +mer and it +counted the next one gives us a + + align:start position:0% +counted the next one gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +counted the next one gives us a +concatenated list of the positions so + + align:start position:0% +concatenated list of the positions so + + + align:start position:0% +concatenated list of the positions so +where so if it appeared five times it + + align:start position:0% +where so if it appeared five times it + + + align:start position:0% +where so if it appeared five times it +will actually show us it'll hold that + + align:start position:0% +will actually show us it'll hold that + + + align:start position:0% +will actually show us it'll hold that +information a list of the five location + + align:start position:0% +information a list of the five location + + + align:start position:0% +information a list of the five location +you know is in the in the greater + + align:start position:0% +you know is in the in the greater + + + align:start position:0% +you know is in the in the greater +sequence which then allows us to do + + align:start position:0% +sequence which then allows us to do + + + align:start position:0% +sequence which then allows us to do +those things IAL talk about before so + + align:start position:0% +those things IAL talk about before so + + + align:start position:0% +those things IAL talk about before so +this takes a minute to do that + + align:start position:0% +this takes a minute to do that + + + align:start position:0% +this takes a minute to do that +um probably with some optimization I no + + align:start position:0% +um probably with some optimization I no + + + align:start position:0% +um probably with some optimization I no +doubt that this could be uh could be + + align:start position:0% +doubt that this could be uh could be + + + align:start position:0% +doubt that this could be uh could be +made uh made uh made + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +faster and also with the uh video + + align:start position:0% +faster and also with the uh video + + + align:start position:0% +faster and also with the uh video +recording going on I then we have a lot + + align:start position:0% +recording going on I then we have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +recording going on I then we have a lot +of lot of lot of uh pressure on this uh + + align:start position:0% +of lot of lot of uh pressure on this uh + + + align:start position:0% +of lot of lot of uh pressure on this uh +on this little computer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just some additional information here in + + align:start position:0% +just some additional information here in + + + align:start position:0% +just some additional information here in +terms of the who's command you know so + + align:start position:0% +terms of the who's command you know so + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the who's command you know so +we basically did who a to show me all + + align:start position:0% +we basically did who a to show me all + + + align:start position:0% +we basically did who a to show me all +the different associate arrays I have as + + align:start position:0% +the different associate arrays I have as + + + align:start position:0% +the different associate arrays I have as +you can see uh and this tallies up the + + align:start position:0% +you can see uh and this tallies up the + + + align:start position:0% +you can see uh and this tallies up the +bites that are associated so our first + + align:start position:0% +bites that are associated so our first + + + align:start position:0% +bites that are associated so our first +associative array as you saw was about + + align:start position:0% +associative array as you saw was about + + + align:start position:0% +associative array as you saw was about +700 kilobytes and that basically adds up + + align:start position:0% +700 kilobytes and that basically adds up + + + align:start position:0% +700 kilobytes and that basically adds up +all the data stored and all the data + + align:start position:0% +all the data stored and all the data + + + align:start position:0% +all the data stored and all the data +structures inside it um usually does a + + align:start position:0% +structures inside it um usually does a + + + align:start position:0% +structures inside it um usually does a +pretty good job of that likewise and as + + align:start position:0% +pretty good job of that likewise and as + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good job of that likewise and as +you can see there's a significant + + align:start position:0% +you can see there's a significant + + + align:start position:0% +you can see there's a significant +reduction in the total size of of that + + align:start position:0% +reduction in the total size of of that + + + align:start position:0% +reduction in the total size of of that +and in this case we didn't really add + + align:start position:0% +and in this case we didn't really add + + + align:start position:0% +and in this case we didn't really add +that much by adding the keys you know so + + align:start position:0% +that much by adding the keys you know so + + + align:start position:0% +that much by adding the keys you know so +this is a very nice data set for us to + + align:start position:0% +this is a very nice data set for us to + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very nice data set for us to +do our cat key mulon there was no dense + + align:start position:0% +do our cat key mulon there was no dense + + + align:start position:0% +do our cat key mulon there was no dense +diagonal or anything like that to get in + + align:start position:0% +diagonal or anything like that to get in + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal or anything like that to get in +our way there so that was a that was a + + align:start position:0% +our way there so that was a that was a + + + align:start position:0% +our way there so that was a that was a +very useful thing to have + + align:start position:0% +very useful thing to have + + + align:start position:0% +very useful thing to have +y we're on at least at least we're now + + align:start position:0% +y we're on at least at least we're now + + + align:start position:0% +y we're on at least at least we're now +on the second read so almost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there and being able to click on the + + align:start position:0% +there and being able to click on the + + + align:start position:0% +there and being able to click on the +thing and actually print it out is + + align:start position:0% +thing and actually print it out is + + + align:start position:0% +thing and actually print it out is +because um when we actually do the Spy + + align:start position:0% +because um when we actually do the Spy + + + align:start position:0% +because um when we actually do the Spy +plot uh in this case it works out pretty + + align:start position:0% +plot uh in this case it works out pretty + + + align:start position:0% +plot uh in this case it works out pretty +well because our our keys are relatively + + align:start position:0% +well because our our keys are relatively + + + align:start position:0% +well because our our keys are relatively +short but we do truncate that so if you + + align:start position:0% +short but we do truncate that so if you + + + align:start position:0% +short but we do truncate that so if you +have a row key or a column key that's + + align:start position:0% +have a row key or a column key that's + + + align:start position:0% +have a row key or a column key that's +very long uh when we do the plots we + + align:start position:0% +very long uh when we do the plots we + + + align:start position:0% +very long uh when we do the plots we +truncate that and then you would never + + align:start position:0% +truncate that and then you would never + + + align:start position:0% +truncate that and then you would never +actually know what the true full string + + align:start position:0% +actually know what the true full string + + + align:start position:0% +actually know what the true full string +was so all right we're just about + + align:start position:0% +was so all right we're just about + + + align:start position:0% +was so all right we're just about +finished + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there all + + align:start position:0% +there all + + + align:start position:0% +there all +righty so again we read in the + + align:start position:0% +righty so again we read in the + + + align:start position:0% +righty so again we read in the +data and now I wanted to make a degree + + align:start position:0% +data and now I wanted to make a degree + + + align:start position:0% +data and now I wanted to make a degree +distribution of the data so just like we + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the data so just like we + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the data so just like we +did degree distributions earlier there's + + align:start position:0% +did degree distributions earlier there's + + + align:start position:0% +did degree distributions earlier there's +a great way to get a sense of the + + align:start position:0% +a great way to get a sense of the + + + align:start position:0% +a great way to get a sense of the +overall + + align:start position:0% +overall + + + align:start position:0% +overall +statistics all right so I took one a1n + + align:start position:0% +statistics all right so I took one a1n + + + align:start position:0% +statistics all right so I took one a1n +and the way I do that is I have the + + align:start position:0% +and the way I do that is I have the + + + align:start position:0% +and the way I do that is I have the +associate of array A1 if I do the adj or + + align:start position:0% +associate of array A1 if I do the adj or + + + align:start position:0% +associate of array A1 if I do the adj or +adjacency Matrix thing this basically + + align:start position:0% +adjacency Matrix thing this basically + + + align:start position:0% +adjacency Matrix thing this basically +just pops out the internal sparse Matrix + + align:start position:0% +just pops out the internal sparse Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +just pops out the internal sparse Matrix +that's stored okay and now I can do + + align:start position:0% +that's stored okay and now I can do + + + align:start position:0% +that's stored okay and now I can do +regular math on that and we happen to + + align:start position:0% +regular math on that and we happen to + + + align:start position:0% +regular math on that and we happen to +have this little built-in function + + align:start position:0% +have this little built-in function + + + align:start position:0% +have this little built-in function +called out degree which essentially does + + align:start position:0% +called out degree which essentially does + + + align:start position:0% +called out degree which essentially does +you know on the out Direction + + align:start position:0% +you know on the out Direction + + + align:start position:0% +you know on the out Direction +the appropriate sums and returns of + + align:start position:0% +the appropriate sums and returns of + + + align:start position:0% +the appropriate sums and returns of +sparse Matrix uh which we can then plot + + align:start position:0% +sparse Matrix uh which we can then plot + + + align:start position:0% +sparse Matrix uh which we can then plot +in this log log + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form so this is the + + align:start position:0% +form so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +form so this is the +uh this is the reference this is the + + align:start position:0% +uh this is the reference this is the + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is the reference this is the +reference data you see has this + + align:start position:0% +reference data you see has this + + + align:start position:0% +reference data you see has this +distribution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here which is very power law like + + align:start position:0% +here which is very power law like + + + align:start position:0% +here which is very power law like +although as we saw in the earliest + + align:start position:0% +although as we saw in the earliest + + + align:start position:0% +although as we saw in the earliest +classes unless we we properly fit and + + align:start position:0% +classes unless we we properly fit and + + + align:start position:0% +classes unless we we properly fit and +bend this we wouldn't really know if + + align:start position:0% +bend this we wouldn't really know if + + + align:start position:0% +bend this we wouldn't really know if +this was a power law or something like + + align:start position:0% +this was a power law or something like + + + align:start position:0% +this was a power law or something like +it but probably our first order linear + + align:start position:0% +it but probably our first order linear + + + align:start position:0% +it but probably our first order linear +fit of a power law would be at least a + + align:start position:0% +fit of a power law would be at least a + + + align:start position:0% +fit of a power law would be at least a +good place to start as as it usually is + + align:start position:0% +good place to start as as it usually is + + + align:start position:0% +good place to start as as it usually is +with this data + + align:start position:0% +with this data + + + align:start position:0% +with this data +um here's the other + + align:start position:0% +um here's the other + + + align:start position:0% +um here's the other +one would appear to be even more power + + align:start position:0% +one would appear to be even more power + + + align:start position:0% +one would appear to be even more power +law like but again until we B it we + + align:start position:0% +law like but again until we B it we + + + align:start position:0% +law like but again until we B it we +don't really know what happens when we + + align:start position:0% +don't really know what happens when we + + + align:start position:0% +don't really know what happens when we +start binning this stuff up here maybe + + align:start position:0% +start binning this stuff up here maybe + + + align:start position:0% +start binning this stuff up here maybe +it will bow up in some way maybe maybe + + align:start position:0% +it will bow up in some way maybe maybe + + + align:start position:0% +it will bow up in some way maybe maybe +it won't um probably it would probably + + align:start position:0% +it won't um probably it would probably + + + align:start position:0% +it won't um probably it would probably +would look more like this + + align:start position:0% +would look more like this + + + align:start position:0% +would look more like this +um a a question for you or a good + + align:start position:0% +um a a question for you or a good + + + align:start position:0% +um a a question for you or a good +question is you know I showed you that + + align:start position:0% +question is you know I showed you that + + + align:start position:0% +question is you know I showed you that +other data set and it didn't look like + + align:start position:0% +other data set and it didn't look like + + + align:start position:0% +other data set and it didn't look like +this you know you saw this you saw very + + align:start position:0% +this you know you saw this you saw very + + + align:start position:0% +this you know you saw this you saw very +kind of almost a log normal gaussian + + align:start position:0% +kind of almost a log normal gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +kind of almost a log normal gaussian +distribution and you might well what + + align:start position:0% +distribution and you might well what + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and you might well what +because it's the same data you know it's + + align:start position:0% +because it's the same data you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +because it's the same data you know it's +still 10mer type of data and so the only + + align:start position:0% +still 10mer type of data and so the only + + + align:start position:0% +still 10mer type of data and so the only +difference is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size and so when you have 10 ms you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have since each one can be you have four + + align:start position:0% +have since each one can be you have four + + + align:start position:0% +have since each one can be you have four +choices of letter all right you + + align:start position:0% +choices of letter all right you + + + align:start position:0% +choices of letter all right you +essentially have 2 million total + + align:start position:0% +essentially have 2 million total + + + align:start position:0% +essentially have 2 million total +possible + + align:start position:0% +possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible +teners so in this data + + align:start position:0% +teners so in this data + + + align:start position:0% +teners so in this data +set in fact we can count here right if + + align:start position:0% +set in fact we can count here right if + + + align:start position:0% +set in fact we can count here right if +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +do it's A1 we do + + align:start position:0% +do it's A1 we do + + + align:start position:0% +do it's A1 we do +nnz + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +A1 we only have + + align:start position:0% +A1 we only have + + + align:start position:0% +A1 we only have +274,000 entries so we're not fully + + align:start position:0% +274,000 entries so we're not fully + + + align:start position:0% +274,000 entries so we're not fully +sampling the 2 million possibilities + + align:start position:0% +sampling the 2 million possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +sampling the 2 million possibilities +here the other data set that database + + align:start position:0% +here the other data set that database + + + align:start position:0% +here the other data set that database +was actually 500 million entries and so + + align:start position:0% +was actually 500 million entries and so + + + align:start position:0% +was actually 500 million entries and so +we're really fully sampling and so + + align:start position:0% +we're really fully sampling and so + + + align:start position:0% +we're really fully sampling and so +you're + + align:start position:0% +you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're +getting you know this this basically + + align:start position:0% +getting you know this this basically + + + align:start position:0% +getting you know this this basically +what's happening is you know these guys + + align:start position:0% +what's happening is you know these guys + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening is you know these guys +are rare don't show up you know and they + + align:start position:0% +are rare don't show up you know and they + + + align:start position:0% +are rare don't show up you know and they +start getting you know uh uh more you + + align:start position:0% +start getting you know uh uh more you + + + align:start position:0% +start getting you know uh uh more you +hitting them once and eventually you + + align:start position:0% +hitting them once and eventually you + + + align:start position:0% +hitting them once and eventually you +begin to create this sort of more + + align:start position:0% +begin to create this sort of more + + + align:start position:0% +begin to create this sort of more +gaussian distribution look or bell curve + + align:start position:0% +gaussian distribution look or bell curve + + + align:start position:0% +gaussian distribution look or bell curve +look when you when you start fully + + align:start position:0% +look when you when you start fully + + + align:start position:0% +look when you when you start fully +sampling I don't know if that's + + align:start position:0% +sampling I don't know if that's + + + align:start position:0% +sampling I don't know if that's +generally true or not but I you one + + align:start position:0% +generally true or not but I you one + + + align:start position:0% +generally true or not but I you one +could hypothesize that a lot of the data + + align:start position:0% +could hypothesize that a lot of the data + + + align:start position:0% +could hypothesize that a lot of the data +and this is just a guess the a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and this is just a guess the a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and this is just a guess the a lot of +the data we see is power law is because + + align:start position:0% +the data we see is power law is because + + + align:start position:0% +the data we see is power law is because +we're not fully sampling the total space + + align:start position:0% +we're not fully sampling the total space + + + align:start position:0% +we're not fully sampling the total space +that emerges or that total space is + + align:start position:0% +that emerges or that total space is + + + align:start position:0% +that emerges or that total space is +growing at a rate as as we sample it so + + align:start position:0% +growing at a rate as as we sample it so + + + align:start position:0% +growing at a rate as as we sample it so +like domain names we haven't fully + + align:start position:0% +like domain names we haven't fully + + + align:start position:0% +like domain names we haven't fully +sampled the entire space of domain names + + align:start position:0% +sampled the entire space of domain names + + + align:start position:0% +sampled the entire space of domain names +and the name the set of domain names on + + align:start position:0% +and the name the set of domain names on + + + align:start position:0% +and the name the set of domain names on +the internet continues to grow at a + + align:start position:0% +the internet continues to grow at a + + + align:start position:0% +the internet continues to grow at a +fairly significant rate now maybe one + + align:start position:0% +fairly significant rate now maybe one + + + align:start position:0% +fairly significant rate now maybe one +day there will stop being new domain + + align:start position:0% +day there will stop being new domain + + + align:start position:0% +day there will stop being new domain +names and then when we start doing our + + align:start position:0% +names and then when we start doing our + + + align:start position:0% +names and then when we start doing our +sampling maybe our distributions on + + align:start position:0% +sampling maybe our distributions on + + + align:start position:0% +sampling maybe our distributions on +domain domain names won't look so power + + align:start position:0% +domain domain names won't look so power + + + align:start position:0% +domain domain names won't look so power +law anymore but more like a log normal + + align:start position:0% +law anymore but more like a log normal + + + align:start position:0% +law anymore but more like a log normal +distribution with a a kind of a bell + + align:start position:0% +distribution with a a kind of a bell + + + align:start position:0% +distribution with a a kind of a bell +bell shape just a hypothesis but uh + + align:start position:0% +bell shape just a hypothesis but uh + + + align:start position:0% +bell shape just a hypothesis but uh +certainly many data we have you know + + align:start position:0% +certainly many data we have you know + + + align:start position:0% +certainly many data we have you know +don't do that now of course the easiest + + align:start position:0% +don't do that now of course the easiest + + + align:start position:0% +don't do that now of course the easiest +way for me to change this is instead of + + align:start position:0% +way for me to change this is instead of + + + align:start position:0% +way for me to change this is instead of +doing 10 ms would be to do 20 + + align:start position:0% +doing 10 ms would be to do 20 + + + align:start position:0% +doing 10 ms would be to do 20 +Ms now I've dramatically increased the + + align:start position:0% +Ms now I've dramatically increased the + + + align:start position:0% +Ms now I've dramatically increased the +space of possibilities and so the odds + + align:start position:0% +space of possibilities and so the odds + + + align:start position:0% +space of possibilities and so the odds +of having just statistical matches start + + align:start position:0% +of having just statistical matches start + + + align:start position:0% +of having just statistical matches start +piling up are very very low so that is + + align:start position:0% +piling up are very very low so that is + + + align:start position:0% +piling up are very very low so that is +certainly something that people do too + + align:start position:0% +certainly something that people do too + + + align:start position:0% +certainly something that people do too +and uh and in the casee for the + + align:start position:0% +and uh and in the casee for the + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and in the casee for the +calculation we were doing we just got + + align:start position:0% +calculation we were doing we just got + + + align:start position:0% +calculation we were doing we just got +lucky we actually did not think 10 myr + + align:start position:0% +lucky we actually did not think 10 myr + + + align:start position:0% +lucky we actually did not think 10 myr +would be the right sampling for that + + align:start position:0% +would be the right sampling for that + + + align:start position:0% +would be the right sampling for that +data we thought it would be a higher + + align:start position:0% +data we thought it would be a higher + + + align:start position:0% +data we thought it would be a higher +number like a 15 myrr or 20 myrr and it + + align:start position:0% +number like a 15 myrr or 20 myrr and it + + + align:start position:0% +number like a 15 myrr or 20 myrr and it +turns out the 10mer was just actually + + align:start position:0% +turns out the 10mer was just actually + + + align:start position:0% +turns out the 10mer was just actually +spoton in terms of giving us this nice + + align:start position:0% +spoton in terms of giving us this nice + + + align:start position:0% +spoton in terms of giving us this nice +balance between sampling but statistical + + align:start position:0% +balance between sampling but statistical + + + align:start position:0% +balance between sampling but statistical +power that we could eliminate uh more + + align:start position:0% +power that we could eliminate uh more + + + align:start position:0% +power that we could eliminate uh more +more common + + align:start position:0% +more common + + + align:start position:0% +more common +occurrences all right + + align:start position:0% +occurrences all right + + + align:start position:0% +occurrences all right +so we plotted the out degree again a + + align:start position:0% +so we plotted the out degree again a + + + align:start position:0% +so we plotted the out degree again a +very useful technique one should always + + align:start position:0% +very useful technique one should always + + + align:start position:0% +very useful technique one should always +do these basic you know understand the + + align:start position:0% +do these basic you know understand the + + + align:start position:0% +do these basic you know understand the +overall statistics of one's data um + + align:start position:0% +overall statistics of one's data um + + + align:start position:0% +overall statistics of one's data um +we're doing the same crosscorrelation + + align:start position:0% +we're doing the same crosscorrelation + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing the same crosscorrelation +here um that we did before except since + + align:start position:0% +here um that we did before except since + + + align:start position:0% +here um that we did before except since +in that previous data set the value + + align:start position:0% +in that previous data set the value + + + align:start position:0% +in that previous data set the value +didn't store the account that was a very + + align:start position:0% +didn't store the account that was a very + + + align:start position:0% +didn't store the account that was a very +fast read we just had a you know all all + + align:start position:0% +fast read we just had a you know all all + + + align:start position:0% +fast read we just had a you know all all +the values were one here we actually + + align:start position:0% +the values were one here we actually + + + align:start position:0% +the values were one here we actually +have a count and so we don't really care + + align:start position:0% +have a count and so we don't really care + + + align:start position:0% +have a count and so we don't really care +that you know we don't want it the case + + align:start position:0% +that you know we don't want it the case + + + align:start position:0% +that you know we don't want it the case +in this particular correlation we don't + + align:start position:0% +in this particular correlation we don't + + + align:start position:0% +in this particular correlation we don't +care if like well this 10mer appeared 10 + + align:start position:0% +care if like well this 10mer appeared 10 + + + align:start position:0% +care if like well this 10mer appeared 10 +times in this one sequence and appeared + + align:start position:0% +times in this one sequence and appeared + + + align:start position:0% +times in this one sequence and appeared +three times in this other sequence and + + align:start position:0% +three times in this other sequence and + + + align:start position:0% +three times in this other sequence and +when we multiply them together we get a + + align:start position:0% +when we multiply them together we get a + + + align:start position:0% +when we multiply them together we get a +30 that's not really what we're really + + align:start position:0% +30 that's not really what we're really + + + align:start position:0% +30 that's not really what we're really +more interested in like know how many + + align:start position:0% +more interested in like know how many + + + align:start position:0% +more interested in like know how many +unique ones did they each have how many + + align:start position:0% +unique ones did they each have how many + + + align:start position:0% +unique ones did they each have how many +distinct ones did we each have so we use + + align:start position:0% +distinct ones did we each have so we use + + + align:start position:0% +distinct ones did we each have so we use +the double Loi function to basically + + align:start position:0% +the double Loi function to basically + + + align:start position:0% +the double Loi function to basically +convert all our numbers back to just + + align:start position:0% +convert all our numbers back to just + + + align:start position:0% +convert all our numbers back to just +zeros and ones then do that correlation + + align:start position:0% +zeros and ones then do that correlation + + + align:start position:0% +zeros and ones then do that correlation +again and then here we do the the the + + align:start position:0% +again and then here we do the the the + + + align:start position:0% +again and then here we do the the the +the and since the values don't matter + + align:start position:0% +the and since the values don't matter + + + align:start position:0% +the and since the values don't matter +when we do the cat key Mo we don't need + + align:start position:0% +when we do the cat key Mo we don't need + + + align:start position:0% +when we do the cat key Mo we don't need +to do that and then we do the same + + align:start position:0% +to do that and then we do the same + + + align:start position:0% +to do that and then we do the same +correlation and so here we are we're + + align:start position:0% +correlation and so here we are we're + + + align:start position:0% +correlation and so here we are we're +finding the sequences with uh with uh + + align:start position:0% +finding the sequences with uh with uh + + + align:start position:0% +finding the sequences with uh with uh +that have a greater than eight match + + align:start position:0% +that have a greater than eight match + + + align:start position:0% +that have a greater than eight match +here uh actually doing some fairly + + align:start position:0% +here uh actually doing some fairly + + + align:start position:0% +here uh actually doing some fairly +inside tricks here to do that um you + + align:start position:0% +inside tricks here to do that um you + + + align:start position:0% +inside tricks here to do that um you +might ask what is this put so it's + + align:start position:0% +might ask what is this put so it's + + + align:start position:0% +might ask what is this put so it's +fairly clear what I'm doing here right + + align:start position:0% +fairly clear what I'm doing here right + + + align:start position:0% +fairly clear what I'm doing here right +I'm I'm taking this count and I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm taking this count and I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm taking this count and I'm saying +please return the sub associative array + + align:start position:0% +please return the sub associative array + + + align:start position:0% +please return the sub associative array +of all things with greater than a value + + align:start position:0% +of all things with greater than a value + + + align:start position:0% +of all things with greater than a value +of eight more than eight matches all + + align:start position:0% +of eight more than eight matches all + + + align:start position:0% +of eight more than eight matches all +right that's good then I'm flooring that + + align:start position:0% +right that's good then I'm flooring that + + + align:start position:0% +right that's good then I'm flooring that +I'm saying make that all you know just + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying make that all you know just + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying make that all you know just +ones all right and then I'm doing this + + align:start position:0% +ones all right and then I'm doing this + + + align:start position:0% +ones all right and then I'm doing this +trick here which is called put Val and + + align:start position:0% +trick here which is called put Val and + + + align:start position:0% +trick here which is called put Val and +I'm giving it this random + + align:start position:0% +I'm giving it this random + + + align:start position:0% +I'm giving it this random +string well when I do that so right now + + align:start position:0% +string well when I do that so right now + + + align:start position:0% +string well when I do that so right now +this is just an associate rate without a + + align:start position:0% +this is just an associate rate without a + + + align:start position:0% +this is just an associate rate without a +value when I put that thing in there + + align:start position:0% +value when I put that thing in there + + + align:start position:0% +value when I put that thing in there +since all my things have a value of one + + align:start position:0% +since all my things have a value of one + + + align:start position:0% +since all my things have a value of one +and I'll have one string it's now saying + + align:start position:0% +and I'll have one string it's now saying + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll have one string it's now saying +you know what I've just made all those + + align:start position:0% +you know what I've just made all those + + + align:start position:0% +you know what I've just made all those +values Tilda I'm like why on Earth would + + align:start position:0% +values Tilda I'm like why on Earth would + + + align:start position:0% +values Tilda I'm like why on Earth would +we do that well it's because when I and + + align:start position:0% +we do that well it's because when I and + + + align:start position:0% +we do that well it's because when I and +them together okay the you know we have + + align:start position:0% +them together okay the you know we have + + + align:start position:0% +them together okay the you know we have +to decide what + + align:start position:0% +to decide what + + + align:start position:0% +to decide what +mathematically when we and to + + align:start position:0% +mathematically when we and to + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically when we and to +associative Rays together if you recall + + align:start position:0% +associative Rays together if you recall + + + align:start position:0% +associative Rays together if you recall +the lecture we talk about these + + align:start position:0% +the lecture we talk about these + + + align:start position:0% +the lecture we talk about these +Collision functions we have to pick a + + align:start position:0% +Collision functions we have to pick a + + + align:start position:0% +Collision functions we have to pick a +collision function for the two strings + + align:start position:0% +collision function for the two strings + + + align:start position:0% +collision function for the two strings +all right and this key stores this + + align:start position:0% +all right and this key stores this + + + align:start position:0% +all right and this key stores this +pedigree list which I really want to + + align:start position:0% +pedigree list which I really want to + + + align:start position:0% +pedigree list which I really want to +keep and this just shows me which ones + + align:start position:0% +keep and this just shows me which ones + + + align:start position:0% +keep and this just shows me which ones +are the high match and I don't really + + align:start position:0% +are the high match and I don't really + + + align:start position:0% +are the high match and I don't really +care about that well the default + + align:start position:0% +care about that well the default + + + align:start position:0% +care about that well the default +Collision function when in doubt + + align:start position:0% +Collision function when in doubt + + + align:start position:0% +Collision function when in doubt +throughout dform is + + align:start position:0% +throughout dform is + + + align:start position:0% +throughout dform is +min so Tilda is lexor graphically + + align:start position:0% +min so Tilda is lexor graphically + + + align:start position:0% +min so Tilda is lexor graphically +after every other printable character in + + align:start position:0% +after every other printable character in + + + align:start position:0% +after every other printable character in +the alphabet so when I do a Min here I'm + + align:start position:0% +the alphabet so when I do a Min here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the alphabet so when I do a Min here I'm +just going to always return the uh these + + align:start position:0% +just going to always return the uh these + + + align:start position:0% +just going to always return the uh these +values here so there was only one entry + + align:start position:0% +values here so there was only one entry + + + align:start position:0% +values here so there was only one entry +greater than eight and I anded them + + align:start position:0% +greater than eight and I anded them + + + align:start position:0% +greater than eight and I anded them +together it then did A Min of Tilda with + + align:start position:0% +together it then did A Min of Tilda with + + + align:start position:0% +together it then did A Min of Tilda with +this whole string here and it said aha C + + align:start position:0% +this whole string here and it said aha C + + + align:start position:0% +this whole string here and it said aha C +is less than Tilda I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +is less than Tilda I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +is less than Tilda I'm just going to +give you the C and so there we go on so + + align:start position:0% +give you the C and so there we go on so + + + align:start position:0% +give you the C and so there we go on so +it's an cute it's just this is just a + + align:start position:0% +it's an cute it's just this is just a + + + align:start position:0% +it's an cute it's just this is just a +cute trick but it's a way of of sort of + + align:start position:0% +cute trick but it's a way of of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +cute trick but it's a way of of sort of +using the Collision function and the + + align:start position:0% +using the Collision function and the + + + align:start position:0% +using the Collision function and the +group theory that we talked about in the + + align:start position:0% +group theory that we talked about in the + + + align:start position:0% +group theory that we talked about in the +earlier lectures uh to get a very nice + + align:start position:0% +earlier lectures uh to get a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +earlier lectures uh to get a very nice +uh you know just selecting the one that + + align:start position:0% +uh you know just selecting the one that + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know just selecting the one that +I want here and so that's what that does + + align:start position:0% +I want here and so that's what that does + + + align:start position:0% +I want here and so that's what that does +and then there you can see so of this + + align:start position:0% +and then there you can see so of this + + + align:start position:0% +and then there you can see so of this +this this sequence ID and this sequence + + align:start position:0% +this this sequence ID and this sequence + + + align:start position:0% +this this sequence ID and this sequence +ID they had eight matches or or greater + + align:start position:0% +ID they had eight matches or or greater + + + align:start position:0% +ID they had eight matches or or greater +than eight matches and uh and this was + + align:start position:0% +than eight matches and uh and this was + + + align:start position:0% +than eight matches and uh and this was +the exact 10 m that actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matched okay and then we can go back + + align:start position:0% +matched okay and then we can go back + + + align:start position:0% +matched okay and then we can go back +before and look up those two sequences + + align:start position:0% +before and look up those two sequences + + + align:start position:0% +before and look up those two sequences +compare them side by side in the + + align:start position:0% +compare them side by side in the + + + align:start position:0% +compare them side by side in the +original data and um and then we see + + align:start position:0% +original data and um and then we see + + + align:start position:0% +original data and um and then we see +these were the actual positions here and + + align:start position:0% +these were the actual positions here and + + + align:start position:0% +these were the actual positions here and +you would probably look at these well + + align:start position:0% +you would probably look at these well + + + align:start position:0% +you would probably look at these well +what do we think here well + + align:start position:0% +what do we think here well + + + align:start position:0% +what do we think here well +137 and 138 that's right + + align:start position:0% +137 and 138 that's right + + + align:start position:0% +137 and 138 that's right + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +141 and then jumping all the way to 149 + + align:start position:0% +141 and then jumping all the way to 149 + + + align:start position:0% +141 and then jumping all the way to 149 +so it looks like those guys are all part + + align:start position:0% +so it looks like those guys are all part + + + align:start position:0% +so it looks like those guys are all part +of one long group uh but then + + align:start position:0% +of one long group uh but then + + + align:start position:0% +of one long group uh but then +60 and + + align:start position:0% +60 and + + + align:start position:0% +60 and +172 and 130 are probably I olated + + align:start position:0% +172 and 130 are probably I olated + + + align:start position:0% +172 and 130 are probably I olated +10m and then over here what do we have + + align:start position:0% +10m and then over here what do we have + + + align:start position:0% +10m and then over here what do we have +we have 111 no but we do have + + align:start position:0% +we have 111 no but we do have + + + align:start position:0% +we have 111 no but we do have +119 uh 120 121 122 123 so that's + + align:start position:0% +119 uh 120 121 122 123 so that's + + + align:start position:0% +119 uh 120 121 122 123 so that's +probably + + align:start position:0% +probably + + + align:start position:0% +probably +also you know a bigger group match and + + align:start position:0% +also you know a bigger group match and + + + align:start position:0% +also you know a bigger group match and +so you probably uh uh in fact those all + + align:start position:0% +so you probably uh uh in fact those all + + + align:start position:0% +so you probably uh uh in fact those all +line up with this they're they're except + + align:start position:0% +line up with this they're they're except + + + align:start position:0% +line up with this they're they're except +for the 149 here but uh actually no some + + align:start position:0% +for the 149 here but uh actually no some + + + align:start position:0% +for the 149 here but uh actually no some +of them match some of them di so there's + + align:start position:0% +of them match some of them di so there's + + + align:start position:0% +of them match some of them di so there's +they're each part of a larger piece but + + align:start position:0% +they're each part of a larger piece but + + + align:start position:0% +they're each part of a larger piece but +not not necessarily overlapping in the + + align:start position:0% +not not necessarily overlapping in the + + + align:start position:0% +not not necessarily overlapping in the +same they aren't contiguous with each + + align:start position:0% +same they aren't contiguous with each + + + align:start position:0% +same they aren't contiguous with each +other and that's the kind of thing that + + align:start position:0% +other and that's the kind of thing that + + + align:start position:0% +other and that's the kind of thing that +people who do this you know then really + + align:start position:0% +people who do this you know then really + + + align:start position:0% +people who do this you know then really +look at and of course a real match would + + align:start position:0% +look at and of course a real match would + + + align:start position:0% +look at and of course a real match would +be more like something with with many + + align:start position:0% +be more like something with with many + + + align:start position:0% +be more like something with with many +many or sequences this is all just + + align:start position:0% +many or sequences this is all just + + + align:start position:0% +many or sequences this is all just +random randomness uh and things like + + align:start position:0% +random randomness uh and things like + + + align:start position:0% +random randomness uh and things like +that so all right so that's the demo um + + align:start position:0% +that so all right so that's the demo um + + + align:start position:0% +that so all right so that's the demo um +I want to thank you and again next week + + align:start position:0% +I want to thank you and again next week + + + align:start position:0% +I want to thank you and again next week +tell your friends who maybe have are not + + align:start position:0% +tell your friends who maybe have are not + + + align:start position:0% +tell your friends who maybe have are not +who weren't here today that that is the + + align:start position:0% +who weren't here today that that is the + + + align:start position:0% +who weren't here today that that is the +one lecture if you had to come to one + + align:start position:0% +one lecture if you had to come to one + + + align:start position:0% +one lecture if you had to come to one +lecture in this entire class I didn't + + align:start position:0% +lecture in this entire class I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +lecture in this entire class I didn't +tell you that at the beginning you + + align:start position:0% +tell you that at the beginning you + + + align:start position:0% +tell you that at the beginning you +notice right because then you would have + + align:start position:0% +notice right because then you would have + + + align:start position:0% +notice right because then you would have +skipped the other seven but no uh it'll + + align:start position:0% +skipped the other seven but no uh it'll + + + align:start position:0% +skipped the other seven but no uh it'll +be what we've done before will really + + align:start position:0% +be what we've done before will really + + + align:start position:0% +be what we've done before will really +make that a lot that's the real one and + + align:start position:0% +make that a lot that's the real one and + + + align:start position:0% +make that a lot that's the real one and +you will then be able to go when you + + align:start position:0% +you will then be able to go when you + + + align:start position:0% +you will then be able to go when you +leave that lecture run all those + + align:start position:0% +leave that lecture run all those + + + align:start position:0% +leave that lecture run all those +examples on those test databases that we + + align:start position:0% +examples on those test databases that we + + + align:start position:0% +examples on those test databases that we +have there from your L grid accounts and + + align:start position:0% +have there from your L grid accounts and + + + align:start position:0% +have there from your L grid accounts and +um and have all that kind of fun and + + align:start position:0% +um and have all that kind of fun and + + + align:start position:0% +um and have all that kind of fun and +then really and and we really want you + + align:start position:0% +then really and and we really want you + + + align:start position:0% +then really and and we really want you +to do that because uh we've released e + + align:start position:0% +to do that because uh we've released e + + + align:start position:0% +to do that because uh we've released e +Forum in the web we need people to test + + align:start position:0% +Forum in the web we need people to test + + + align:start position:0% +Forum in the web we need people to test +it you know it's much better if you guys + + align:start position:0% +it you know it's much better if you guys + + + align:start position:0% +it you know it's much better if you guys +find the issues uh and then and then + + align:start position:0% +find the issues uh and then and then + + + align:start position:0% +find the issues uh and then and then +we'll just make it make it better and + + align:start position:0% +we'll just make it make it better and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just make it make it better and +likewise it's a step towards you guys + + align:start position:0% +likewise it's a step towards you guys + + + align:start position:0% +likewise it's a step towards you guys +actually using the technology and then + + align:start position:0% +actually using the technology and then + + + align:start position:0% +actually using the technology and then +um and then in your actual uh for your + + align:start position:0% +um and then in your actual uh for your + + + align:start position:0% +um and then in your actual uh for your +actual application so thank you very + + align:start position:0% +actual application so thank you very + + + align:start position:0% +actual application so thank you very +much \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/AZVum94i7R0.txt b/AZVum94i7R0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..625663e051f5c91762fa7763e34ed9ab30fd83c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/AZVum94i7R0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19072 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided by MIT + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided by MIT +open courseware under a Creative Commons + + align:start position:0% +open courseware under a Creative Commons + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware under a Creative Commons +license additional information about our + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our + + + align:start position:0% +license additional information about our +license and MIT open courseware in + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in + + + align:start position:0% +license and MIT open courseware in +general is available at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay let's + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay let's + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay let's +begin yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh in the reflective practice the idea + + align:start position:0% +uh in the reflective practice the idea + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the reflective practice the idea +is how a professional + + align:start position:0% +is how a professional + + + align:start position:0% +is how a professional +deploys all his capacities for solving + + align:start position:0% +deploys all his capacities for solving + + + align:start position:0% +deploys all his capacities for solving +problem or for generating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knowledge + + align:start position:0% +knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge +and he has a PO of resources and he + + align:start position:0% +and he has a PO of resources and he + + + align:start position:0% +and he has a PO of resources and he +should be able to tap on these resources + + align:start position:0% +should be able to tap on these resources + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to tap on these resources +and use in concrete situations + + align:start position:0% +and use in concrete situations + + + align:start position:0% +and use in concrete situations +so what we do today is to talk about + + align:start position:0% +so what we do today is to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +so what we do today is to talk about +some of these + + align:start position:0% +some of these + + + align:start position:0% +some of these +resources that a professional may use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay just a quick question + + align:start position:0% +okay just a quick question + + + align:start position:0% +okay just a quick question +um why do we why why is it so important + + align:start position:0% +um why do we why why is it so important + + + align:start position:0% +um why do we why why is it so important +to say a professional and not just you + + align:start position:0% +to say a professional and not just you + + + align:start position:0% +to say a professional and not just you +know okay a a a person a practitioner + + align:start position:0% +know okay a a a person a practitioner + + + align:start position:0% +know okay a a a person a practitioner +yeah exactly okay or not no not even for + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly okay or not no not even for + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly okay or not no not even for +practitioners but like you know in other + + align:start position:0% +practitioners but like you know in other + + + align:start position:0% +practitioners but like you know in other +context like a parent you know why is + + align:start position:0% +context like a parent you know why is + + + align:start position:0% +context like a parent you know why is +why is it so important that it's a + + align:start position:0% +why is it so important that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +why is it so important that it's a +professional the the only reason is + + align:start position:0% +professional the the only reason is + + + align:start position:0% +professional the the only reason is +that it's the the words that currently + + align:start position:0% +that it's the the words that currently + + + align:start position:0% +that it's the the words that currently +have been used in refective practice but + + align:start position:0% +have been used in refective practice but + + + align:start position:0% +have been used in refective practice but +there is no other reason why I was + + align:start position:0% +there is no other reason why I was + + + align:start position:0% +there is no other reason why I was +asking because I couldn't put my hands + + align:start position:0% +asking because I couldn't put my hands + + + align:start position:0% +asking because I couldn't put my hands +on that + + align:start position:0% +on that + + + align:start position:0% +on that +okay which words just no no just + + align:start position:0% +okay which words just no no just + + + align:start position:0% +okay which words just no no just +wondering if there was an intent that I + + align:start position:0% +wondering if there was an intent that I + + + align:start position:0% +wondering if there was an intent that I +was that I was missing no no no no no + + align:start position:0% +was that I was missing no no no no no + + + align:start position:0% +was that I was missing no no no no no +it's okay the I use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +professional in in a more + + align:start position:0% +professional in in a more + + + align:start position:0% +professional in in a more +gen General + + align:start position:0% +gen General + + + align:start position:0% +gen General +sense + + align:start position:0% +sense + + + align:start position:0% +sense +and any person who is working with some + + align:start position:0% +and any person who is working with some + + + align:start position:0% +and any person who is working with some +concrete issue okay object okay + + align:start position:0% +concrete issue okay object okay + + + align:start position:0% +concrete issue okay object okay +okay so it can be anything any any + + align:start position:0% +okay so it can be anything any any + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it can be anything any any +person yes any context can be any + + align:start position:0% +person yes any context can be any + + + align:start position:0% +person yes any context can be any +context I was not thinking + + align:start position:0% +context I was not thinking + + + align:start position:0% +context I was not thinking +about people who is + + align:start position:0% +about people who is + + + align:start position:0% +about people who is +painting no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but in general in in in + + align:start position:0% +but in general in in in + + + align:start position:0% +but in general in in in +situation I am not sure about the main + + align:start position:0% +situation I am not sure about the main + + + align:start position:0% +situation I am not sure about the main +characteris that happen in the mind of a + + align:start position:0% +characteris that happen in the mind of a + + + align:start position:0% +characteris that happen in the mind of a +painter when his painting okay + + align:start position:0% +painter when his painting okay + + + align:start position:0% +painter when his painting okay +yeah we have some examples of knowledge + + align:start position:0% +yeah we have some examples of knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we have some examples of knowledge +generation the idea today is only + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +to walk through some of + + align:start position:0% +to walk through some of + + + align:start position:0% +to walk through some of +these modalities of generating + + align:start position:0% +these modalities of generating + + + align:start position:0% +these modalities of generating +knowledge is not + + align:start position:0% +knowledge is not + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge is not +to to analyze them in a deeply but only + + align:start position:0% +to to analyze them in a deeply but only + + + align:start position:0% +to to analyze them in a deeply but only +to to remember the main characteristic + + align:start position:0% +to to remember the main characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +to to remember the main characteristic +of each one of this process + + align:start position:0% +of each one of this process + + + align:start position:0% +of each one of this process +okay can we go no no no it's okay it's + + align:start position:0% +okay can we go no no no it's okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay can we go no no no it's okay it's +okay just for your information no + + align:start position:0% +okay just for your information no + + + align:start position:0% +okay just for your information no +experimentation speculation imagination + + align:start position:0% +experimentation speculation imagination + + + align:start position:0% +experimentation speculation imagination +story + + align:start position:0% +story + + + align:start position:0% +story +cycle scientific method statistical + + align:start position:0% +cycle scientific method statistical + + + align:start position:0% +cycle scientific method statistical +analysis the psychoses I will explain + + align:start position:0% +analysis the psychoses I will explain + + + align:start position:0% +analysis the psychoses I will explain +what is psychoses after + + align:start position:0% +what is psychoses after + + + align:start position:0% +what is psychoses after +modeling + + align:start position:0% +modeling + + + align:start position:0% +modeling +dely reframing conceptual Innovation + + align:start position:0% +dely reframing conceptual Innovation + + + align:start position:0% +dely reframing conceptual Innovation +design and maybe others + + align:start position:0% +design and maybe others + + + align:start position:0% +design and maybe others +ways for generating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knowledge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experimentation most of the time in the + + align:start position:0% +experimentation most of the time in the + + + align:start position:0% +experimentation most of the time in the +human history we have learned and we + + align:start position:0% +human history we have learned and we + + + align:start position:0% +human history we have learned and we +have generating generate + + align:start position:0% +have generating generate + + + align:start position:0% +have generating generate +knowledge through + + align:start position:0% +knowledge through + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge through +experimentation what's particular from + + align:start position:0% +experimentation what's particular from + + + align:start position:0% +experimentation what's particular from +experimentation I do something or I may + + align:start position:0% +experimentation I do something or I may + + + align:start position:0% +experimentation I do something or I may +begin designing imagine + + align:start position:0% +begin designing imagine + + + align:start position:0% +begin designing imagine +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +I make an + + align:start position:0% +I make an + + + align:start position:0% +I make an +experiment and I evaluate the results + + align:start position:0% +experiment and I evaluate the results + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and I evaluate the results +once I have evaluated the results I + + align:start position:0% +once I have evaluated the results I + + + align:start position:0% +once I have evaluated the results I +change my mod mod I change the design I + + align:start position:0% +change my mod mod I change the design I + + + align:start position:0% +change my mod mod I change the design I +have made and I try a new + + align:start position:0% +have made and I try a new + + + align:start position:0% +have made and I try a new +experiment for + + align:start position:0% +experiment for + + + align:start position:0% +experiment for +example um a + + align:start position:0% +example um a + + + align:start position:0% +example um a +pison in his work producing maze or some + + align:start position:0% +pison in his work producing maze or some + + + align:start position:0% +pison in his work producing maze or some +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +crop he plants + + align:start position:0% +crop he plants + + + align:start position:0% +crop he plants +he + + align:start position:0% +he + + + align:start position:0% +he +ER + + align:start position:0% +ER + + + align:start position:0% +ER +activity he take care of the + + align:start position:0% +activity he take care of the + + + align:start position:0% +activity he take care of the +the crop during the year and after that + + align:start position:0% +the crop during the year and after that + + + align:start position:0% +the crop during the year and after that +he Harvest okay and he tried to analyze + + align:start position:0% +he Harvest okay and he tried to analyze + + + align:start position:0% +he Harvest okay and he tried to analyze +the reason why the productivity was + + align:start position:0% +the reason why the productivity was + + + align:start position:0% +the reason why the productivity was +higher or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +slower the main effort is to get results + + align:start position:0% +slower the main effort is to get results + + + align:start position:0% +slower the main effort is to get results +is not to learn in + + align:start position:0% +is not to learn in + + + align:start position:0% +is not to learn in +itself he is interested in the + + align:start position:0% +itself he is interested in the + + + align:start position:0% +itself he is interested in the +productivity of the crops + + align:start position:0% +productivity of the crops + + + align:start position:0% +productivity of the crops +he will feel very happy if he find in + + align:start position:0% +he will feel very happy if he find in + + + align:start position:0% +he will feel very happy if he find in +some way how to produce more crops per + + align:start position:0% +some way how to produce more crops per + + + align:start position:0% +some way how to produce more crops per +hectar if he discover something he will + + align:start position:0% +hectar if he discover something he will + + + align:start position:0% +hectar if he discover something he will +be happy to but if the productivity was + + align:start position:0% +be happy to but if the productivity was + + + align:start position:0% +be happy to but if the productivity was +low this year he will not be satisfied + + align:start position:0% +low this year he will not be satisfied + + + align:start position:0% +low this year he will not be satisfied +with what he have + + align:start position:0% +with what he have + + + align:start position:0% +with what he have +learned okay the the the main purpose is + + align:start position:0% +learned okay the the the main purpose is + + + align:start position:0% +learned okay the the the main purpose is +not learning the main purpose is to get + + align:start position:0% +not learning the main purpose is to get + + + align:start position:0% +not learning the main purpose is to get +concrete results learning something that + + align:start position:0% +concrete results learning something that + + + align:start position:0% +concrete results learning something that +happens in between + + align:start position:0% +happens in between + + + align:start position:0% +happens in between +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +okay may may occur abstraction some + + align:start position:0% +okay may may occur abstraction some + + + align:start position:0% +okay may may occur abstraction some +people are more able to abstract than + + align:start position:0% +people are more able to abstract than + + + align:start position:0% +people are more able to abstract than +others they may have an abstract model + + align:start position:0% +others they may have an abstract model + + + align:start position:0% +others they may have an abstract model +about how the crop + + align:start position:0% +about how the crop + + + align:start position:0% +about how the crop +evolve or he may not have this idea in + + align:start position:0% +evolve or he may not have this idea in + + + align:start position:0% +evolve or he may not have this idea in +his + + align:start position:0% +his + + + align:start position:0% +his +mind and but the construction of an + + align:start position:0% +mind and but the construction of an + + + align:start position:0% +mind and but the construction of an +abstract model is not a phase in the + + align:start position:0% +abstract model is not a phase in the + + + align:start position:0% +abstract model is not a phase in the +process he thinks in some things of he + + align:start position:0% +process he thinks in some things of he + + + align:start position:0% +process he thinks in some things of he +abstract some ideas in the effort for + + align:start position:0% +abstract some ideas in the effort for + + + align:start position:0% +abstract some ideas in the effort for +planning what he will + + align:start position:0% +planning what he will + + + align:start position:0% +planning what he will +do yeah it's not + + align:start position:0% +do yeah it's not + + + align:start position:0% +do yeah it's not +clear + + align:start position:0% +clear + + + align:start position:0% +clear +okay let's come + + align:start position:0% +okay let's come + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's come +back okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the compass the paper the + + align:start position:0% +the compass the paper the + + + align:start position:0% +the compass the paper the +powder the guns all these were invented + + align:start position:0% +powder the guns all these were invented + + + align:start position:0% +powder the guns all these were invented +with this + + align:start position:0% +with this + + + align:start position:0% +with this +method okay it it was the main + + align:start position:0% +method okay it it was the main + + + align:start position:0% +method okay it it was the main +intellectual resource we have had + + align:start position:0% +intellectual resource we have had + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual resource we have had +methodological resource until the 17th + + align:start position:0% +methodological resource until the 17th + + + align:start position:0% +methodological resource until the 17th +century okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the other great way created for + + align:start position:0% +the other great way created for + + + align:start position:0% +the other great way created for +generating knowledge is + + align:start position:0% +generating knowledge is + + + align:start position:0% +generating knowledge is +speculation it's very ancient too the + + align:start position:0% +speculation it's very ancient too the + + + align:start position:0% +speculation it's very ancient too the +most important is the invention of the + + align:start position:0% +most important is the invention of the + + + align:start position:0% +most important is the invention of the +theorum it's + + align:start position:0% +theorum it's + + + align:start position:0% +theorum it's +tals the + + align:start position:0% +tals the + + + align:start position:0% +tals the +Greek five centuries before + + align:start position:0% +Greek five centuries before + + + align:start position:0% +Greek five centuries before +Christ and they organize a method for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +speculate okay + + align:start position:0% +speculate okay + + + align:start position:0% +speculate okay +if a then + + align:start position:0% +if a then + + + align:start position:0% +if a then +B and they create a method for proof + + align:start position:0% +B and they create a method for proof + + + align:start position:0% +B and they create a method for proof +B so all the conversation among them was + + align:start position:0% +B so all the conversation among them was + + + align:start position:0% +B so all the conversation among them was +were + + align:start position:0% +were + + + align:start position:0% +were +organized in this + + align:start position:0% +organized in this + + + align:start position:0% +organized in this +form it was very important because it + + align:start position:0% +form it was very important because it + + + align:start position:0% +form it was very important because it +made possible the development of + + align:start position:0% +made possible the development of + + + align:start position:0% +made possible the development of +mathematics During the period of the + + align:start position:0% +mathematics During the period of the + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics During the period of the +Greek + + align:start position:0% +Greek + + + align:start position:0% +Greek +and philosophy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +too we are + + align:start position:0% +too we are + + + align:start position:0% +too we are +speculating when we are not if our + + align:start position:0% +speculating when we are not if our + + + align:start position:0% +speculating when we are not if our +knowledge is incomplete we + + align:start position:0% +knowledge is incomplete we + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge is incomplete we +speculate yesterday we we're talking + + align:start position:0% +speculate yesterday we we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +speculate yesterday we we're talking +about this for a moment every every time + + align:start position:0% +about this for a moment every every time + + + align:start position:0% +about this for a moment every every time +that we have not enough information for + + align:start position:0% +that we have not enough information for + + + align:start position:0% +that we have not enough information for +understanding something we speculate or + + align:start position:0% +understanding something we speculate or + + + align:start position:0% +understanding something we speculate or +invent something that we think that + + align:start position:0% +invent something that we think that + + + align:start position:0% +invent something that we think that +exist + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +imagination imagination was the main + + align:start position:0% +imagination imagination was the main + + + align:start position:0% +imagination imagination was the main +method used by + + align:start position:0% +method used by + + + align:start position:0% +method used by +Einstein it's + + align:start position:0% +Einstein it's + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein it's +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +it's well known about this + + align:start position:0% +it's well known about this + + + align:start position:0% +it's well known about this +but his main idea was + + align:start position:0% +but his main idea was + + + align:start position:0% +but his main idea was +to try TR to figure out how the world + + align:start position:0% +to try 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+ + align:start position:0% +things there is two ways of using +imagination + + align:start position:0% +imagination + + + align:start position:0% +imagination +and R Richard fman American physicist + + align:start position:0% +and R Richard fman American physicist + + + align:start position:0% +and R Richard fman American physicist +explained these two ways one is just to + + align:start position:0% +explained these two ways one is just to + + + align:start position:0% +explained these two ways one is just to +create words like Arthur Clark like + + align:start position:0% +create words like Arthur Clark like + + + align:start position:0% +create words like Arthur Clark like +Julio ver they just put their + + align:start position:0% +Julio ver they just put their + + + align:start position:0% +Julio ver they just put their +imagination working and they began to + + align:start position:0% +imagination working and they began to + + + align:start position:0% +imagination working and they began to +think how the world could could be this + + align:start position:0% +think how the world could could be this + + + align:start position:0% +think how the world could could be this +is one way for right in Stories the + + align:start position:0% +is one way for right in Stories the + + + align:start position:0% +is one way for right in Stories the +other way is try to imagine something + + align:start position:0% +other way is try to imagine something + + + align:start position:0% +other way is try to imagine something +concrete that can be verified by + + align:start position:0% +concrete that can be verified by + + + align:start position:0% +concrete that can be verified by +experiment when the person is able to + + align:start position:0% +experiment when the person is able to + + + align:start position:0% +experiment when the person is able to +imagine in + + align:start position:0% +imagine in + + + align:start position:0% +imagine in +scenario concrete that could be 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me sit +here a very important way + + align:start position:0% +here a very important way + + + align:start position:0% +here a very important way +to create + + align:start position:0% +to create + + + align:start position:0% +to create +knowledge + + align:start position:0% +knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge +it's I don't know if you know ID is the + + align:start position:0% +it's I don't know if you know ID is the + + + align:start position:0% +it's I don't know if you know ID is the +most famous company here in the United + + align:start position:0% +most famous company here in the United + + + align:start position:0% +most famous company here in the United +States for Designing + + align:start position:0% +States for Designing + + + align:start position:0% +States for Designing +products they have a it's impressive how + + align:start position:0% +products they have a it's impressive how + + + align:start position:0% +products they have a it's impressive how 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ideas per hour in brainstorming they + + align:start position:0% +150 ideas per hour in brainstorming they + + + align:start position:0% +150 ideas per hour in brainstorming they +say that's a great + + align:start position:0% +say that's a great + + + align:start position:0% +say that's a great +day the idea is how to + + align:start position:0% +day the idea is how to + + + align:start position:0% +day the idea is how to +generate + + align:start position:0% +generate + + + align:start position:0% +generate +more ideas in less + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time the best way to have a great idea + + align:start position:0% +time the best way to have a great idea + + + align:start position:0% +time the best way to have a great idea +is to generate a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is to generate a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is to generate a lot of +ideas the great ideas is not the result + + align:start position:0% +ideas the great ideas 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align:start position:0% +three times 3,000 ways of not doing +things okay + + align:start position:0% +things okay + + + align:start position:0% +things okay +and for discover the the lamp + + align:start position:0% +and for discover the the lamp + + + align:start position:0% +and for discover the the lamp +no he made 5,000 + + align:start position:0% +no he made 5,000 + + + align:start position:0% +no he made 5,000 +intents at the end of 5,000 6,000 + + align:start position:0% +intents at the end of 5,000 6,000 + + + align:start position:0% +intents at the end of 5,000 6,000 +intents he achieved to to create the + + align:start position:0% +intents he achieved to to create the + + + align:start position:0% +intents he achieved to to create the +lamp so the effort for generating ideas + + align:start position:0% +lamp so the effort for generating ideas + + + align:start position:0% +lamp so the effort for generating ideas +is a very very + + align:start position:0% +is a very very + + 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+ + + align:start position:0% +important never to work with just one or +two ideas about what we are doing to + + align:start position:0% +two ideas about what we are doing to + + + align:start position:0% +two ideas about what we are doing to +have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of +ideas I have my first idea I disar + + align:start position:0% +ideas I have my first idea I disar + + + align:start position:0% +ideas I have my first idea I disar +it and I try to have a second one once I + + align:start position:0% +it and I try to have a second one once I + + + align:start position:0% +it and I try to have a second one once I +have my second idea I discharge it + + align:start position:0% +have my second idea I discharge it + + + align:start position:0% +have my second idea I discharge it +and I try to have a third one different + + align:start position:0% +and I try to have a third one different + + + align:start 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the + + + align:start position:0% +a theory this is the +particular before Galileo people useed + + align:start position:0% +particular before Galileo people useed + + + align:start position:0% +particular before Galileo people useed +experiment for verifying ideas concrete + + align:start position:0% +experiment for verifying ideas concrete + + + align:start position:0% +experiment for verifying ideas concrete +ideas but not for verifying + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theories the question is that after the + + align:start position:0% +theories the question is that after the + + + align:start position:0% +theories the question is that after the +moment that + + align:start position:0% +moment that + + + align:start position:0% +moment that +oxident invented the scientific method + + align:start position:0% +oxident invented the scientific method + + + align:start position:0% +oxident invented the scientific method +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +development accelerated the past of + + align:start position:0% +development accelerated the past of + + + align:start position:0% +development accelerated the past of +innovation is much greater + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh my idea is that it's the most + + align:start position:0% +uh my idea is that it's the most + + + align:start position:0% +uh my idea is that it's the most +important cognitive Innovation single + + align:start position:0% +important cognitive Innovation single + + + align:start position:0% +important cognitive Innovation single +cognitive Innovation someone may may + + align:start position:0% +cognitive Innovation someone may may + + + align:start position:0% +cognitive Innovation someone may may +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +made + + align:start position:0% +made + + + align:start position:0% +made +because it enabled people to do a lot of + + align:start position:0% +because it enabled people to do a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +because it enabled people to do a lot of +different things by + + align:start position:0% +different things by + + + align:start position:0% +different things by +themselves they improve it the way we + + align:start position:0% +themselves they improve it the way we + + + align:start position:0% +themselves they improve it the way we +are able to think the way the way we are + + align:start position:0% +are able to think the way the way we are + + + align:start position:0% +are able to think the way the way we are +able to work with this + + align:start position:0% +able to work with this + + + align:start position:0% +able to work with this +method we all our life now are organized + + align:start position:0% +method we all our life now are organized + + + align:start position:0% +method we all our life now are organized +by this method in some in many ways it's + + align:start position:0% +by this method in some in many ways it's + + + align:start position:0% +by this method in some in many ways it's +it was so powerful that it many people + + align:start position:0% +it was so powerful that it many people + + + align:start position:0% +it was so powerful that it many people +thought that it was the only way to + + align:start position:0% +thought that it was the only way to + + + align:start position:0% +thought that it was the only way to +produce knowledge and began + + align:start position:0% +produce knowledge and began + + + align:start position:0% +produce knowledge and began +to devalue other methods for knowledge + + align:start position:0% +to devalue other methods for knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +to devalue other methods for knowledge +generation for the importance of this + + align:start position:0% +generation for the importance of this + + + align:start position:0% +generation for the importance of this +one + + align:start 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align:start position:0% +experiment I am changing +something I put two things together okay + + align:start position:0% +something I put two things together okay + + + align:start position:0% +something I put two things together okay +and I will see what + + align:start position:0% +and I will see what + + + align:start position:0% +and I will see what +happens but with humans is not possible + + align:start position:0% +happens but with humans is not possible + + + align:start position:0% +happens but with humans is not possible +to do this kind of things we cannot do + + align:start position:0% +to do this kind of things we cannot do + + + align:start position:0% +to do this kind of things we cannot do +experiments with with humans in most + + align:start position:0% +experiments with with humans in most + + + align:start position:0% +experiments with with humans in most +cases + + align:start position:0% +cases + + + align:start position:0% +cases +no and in societies also impossible not + + align:start position:0% +no and in societies also impossible not + + + align:start position:0% +no and in societies also impossible not +only with individuals but in society + + align:start position:0% +only with individuals but in society + + + align:start position:0% +only with individuals but in society +it's impossible to make social + + align:start position:0% +it's impossible to make social + + + align:start position:0% +it's impossible to make social +experiments okay the social experiment + + align:start position:0% +experiments okay the social experiment + + + align:start position:0% +experiments okay the social experiment +that some people have made have had a + + align:start position:0% +that some people have made have had a + + + align:start position:0% +that some people have made have had a +very high social + + align:start position:0% +very high social + + + align:start position:0% +very high social +cost and in most cases impossible to do + + align:start position:0% +cost and in most cases impossible to do + + + align:start position:0% +cost and in most cases impossible to do +an experiment we we construct a model in + + align:start position:0% +an experiment we we construct a model in + + + align:start position:0% +an experiment we we construct a model in +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +mind + + align:start position:0% +mind + + + align:start position:0% +mind +we project implication from this + + align:start position:0% +we project implication from this + + + align:start position:0% +we project implication from this +model and we try to find these + + align:start position:0% +model and we try to find these + + + align:start position:0% +model and we try to find these +implications in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reality so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we get data from the reality how it is + + align:start position:0% +we get data from the reality how it is + + + align:start position:0% +we get data from the reality how it is +not how it changed with our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experiment it's a bit different between + + align:start position:0% +experiment it's a bit different between + + + align:start position:0% +experiment it's a bit different between +the traditional scientific method of + + align:start position:0% +the traditional scientific method of + + + align:start position:0% +the traditional scientific method of +Natural Science and the statistical + + align:start position:0% +Natural Science and the statistical + + + align:start position:0% +Natural Science and the statistical +analysis I don't know if is clear for + + align:start position:0% +analysis I don't know if is clear for + + + align:start position:0% +analysis I don't know if is clear for +you if you want we can talk about this + + align:start position:0% +you if you want we can talk about this + + + align:start position:0% +you if you want we can talk about this +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +difference in Natural Sciences we make + + align:start position:0% +difference in Natural Sciences we make + + + align:start position:0% +difference in Natural Sciences we make +change in the object of our + + align:start position:0% +change in the object of our + + + align:start position:0% +change in the object of our +study in statistical analysis we design + + align:start position:0% +study in statistical analysis we design + + + align:start position:0% +study in statistical analysis we design +a model and we just look how things are + + align:start position:0% +a model and we just look how things are + + + align:start position:0% +a model and we just look how things are +without any any action of change from + + align:start position:0% +without any any action of change from + + + align:start position:0% +without any any action of change from +us + + align:start position:0% +us + + + align:start position:0% +us +okay there are some cases in economics + + align:start position:0% +okay there are some cases in economics + + + align:start position:0% +okay there are some cases in economics +where it's possible to make experiment + + align:start position:0% +where it's possible to make experiment + + + align:start position:0% +where it's possible to make experiment +at the same way as in social + + align:start position:0% +at the same way as in social + + + align:start position:0% +at the same way as in social +science but in this example I am trying + + align:start position:0% +science but in this example I am trying + + + align:start position:0% +science but in this example I am trying +to to bring here is when we just observe + + align:start position:0% +to to bring here is when we just observe + + + align:start position:0% +to to bring here is when we just observe +what is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happening uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a very different approach really + + align:start position:0% +this is a very different approach really + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very different approach really +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +approach it's the most different + + align:start position:0% +approach it's the most different + + + align:start position:0% +approach it's the most different +thing I saw for many + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +years we were we were thinking about + + align:start position:0% +years we were we were thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +years we were we were thinking about +scientific method statistical method + + align:start position:0% +scientific method statistical method + + + align:start position:0% +scientific method statistical method +everything 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align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are they + + align:start position:0% +are they + + + align:start position:0% +are they +develop tools for managing + + align:start position:0% +develop tools for managing + + + align:start position:0% +develop tools for managing +companies cognitive + + align:start position:0% +companies cognitive + + + align:start position:0% +companies cognitive +tools and they analyze that we have a + + align:start position:0% +tools and they analyze that we have a + + + align:start position:0% +tools and they analyze that we have a +lot of tcid knowledge in our + + align:start position:0% +lot of tcid knowledge in our + + + align:start position:0% +lot of tcid knowledge in our +minds and they say that for example if I + + align:start position:0% +minds and they say that for example if I + + + align:start position:0% +minds and they say that for example if I +am the best way to learn to drive is to + + align:start position:0% +am the best way to learn to drive is to + + + align:start position:0% +am the best way to learn to drive is to +sit at the side of someone who is + + align:start position:0% +sit at the side of someone who is + + + align:start position:0% +sit at the side of someone who is +driving the best way to learn to cook is + + align:start position:0% +driving the best way to learn to cook is + + + align:start position:0% +driving the best way to learn to cook is +to cook with someone a good one h a good + + align:start position:0% +to cook with someone a good one h a good + + + align:start position:0% +to cook with someone a good one h a good +one okay so + + align:start position:0% +one okay so + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so +uh uh when we are learning + + align:start position:0% +uh uh when we are learning + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh when we are learning +with doing something with another person + + align:start position:0% +with doing something with another person + + + align:start 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it if he explain me some rules + + align:start position:0% +is T it if he explain me some rules + + + align:start position:0% +is T it if he explain me some rules +about why he's doing he's introducing + + align:start position:0% +about why he's doing he's introducing + + + align:start position:0% +about why he's doing he's introducing +explicit knowledge in this trans trans + + align:start position:0% +explicit knowledge in this trans trans + + + align:start position:0% +explicit knowledge in this trans trans +transfer okay it it make it easier no + + align:start position:0% +transfer okay it it make it easier no + + + align:start position:0% +transfer okay it it make it easier no +right it enrich the relation the + + align:start position:0% +right it enrich the relation the + + + align:start position:0% +right it enrich the relation the +learning process no it's very hard to + + align:start position:0% +learning process no it's very hard to + + + align:start position:0% +learning 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align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wolam he considered himself a great + + align:start position:0% +wolam he considered himself a great + + + align:start position:0% +wolam he considered himself a great +genius one of the most great Genius of + + align:start position:0% +genius one of the most great Genius of + + + align:start position:0% +genius one of the most great Genius of +the 20th century his is his opinion + + align:start position:0% +the 20th century his is his opinion + + + align:start position:0% +the 20th century his is his opinion +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +himself what he made he + + align:start position:0% +himself what he made he + + + align:start position:0% +himself what he made he +created a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +language for software and he created a + + align:start position:0% +language for software and he created a + + + align:start position:0% 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align:start position:0% +a group of instruction like a + + + align:start position:0% +a group of instruction like a +DNA he makes some + + align:start position:0% +DNA he makes some + + + align:start position:0% +DNA he makes some +change in these + + align:start position:0% +change in these + + + align:start position:0% +change in these +instructions and he begins to look for + + align:start position:0% +instructions and he begins to look for + + + align:start position:0% +instructions and he begins to look for +variations in the + + align:start position:0% +variations in the + + + align:start position:0% +variations in the +form it's very interesting because he + + align:start position:0% +form it's very interesting because he + + + align:start position:0% +form it's very interesting because he +was able to + + align:start position:0% +was able to + + + align:start position:0% +was able to +reproduce how almost perfectly the form + + align:start position:0% +reproduce how almost 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that DNA and the + + align:start position:0% +program and his idea is that DNA and the + + + align:start position:0% +program and his idea is that DNA and the +kind of program he's drawing works the + + align:start position:0% +kind of program he's drawing works the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of program he's drawing works the +same way it's very important because we + + align:start position:0% +same way it's very important because we + + + align:start position:0% +same way it's very important because we +are trying to understand how the DNA + + align:start position:0% +are trying to understand how the DNA + + + align:start position:0% +are trying to understand how the DNA +works and he has models for doing + + align:start position:0% +works and he has models for doing + + + align:start position:0% +works and he has models for doing +that he has some book one is Mathematica + + align:start position:0% +that he has some book one is Mathematica + + + align:start position:0% +that he has some book one is Mathematica +and the other one is new new kind of + + align:start position:0% +and the other one is new new kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and the other one is new new kind of +science if you want you can go to the to + + align:start position:0% +science if you want you can go to the to + + + align:start position:0% +science if you want you can go to the to +his web + + align:start position:0% +his web + + + align:start position:0% +his web +page and to read something about about + + align:start position:0% +page and to read something about about + + + align:start position:0% +page and to read something about about +him + + align:start position:0% +him + + + align:start position:0% +him +for me it's a very yes what's his name + + align:start position:0% +for me it's a very yes what's his name + + + align:start position:0% +for me it's a very yes what's his name +again Steven + + align:start position:0% +again Steven + + + align:start position:0% +again Steven +wol wol w o l f r a m + + align:start position:0% +wol wol w o l f r a m + + + align:start position:0% +wol wol w o l f r a m +wolf it's + + align:start position:0% +wolf it's + + + align:start position:0% +wolf it's +a it's a good example of modeling how + + align:start position:0% +a it's a good example of modeling how + + + align:start position:0% +a it's a good example of modeling how +much we can go forward with modeling is + + align:start position:0% +much we can go forward with modeling is + + + align:start position:0% +much we can go forward with modeling is +the idea of of him + + align:start position:0% +the idea of of him + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of of him +okay ah + + align:start position:0% +okay ah + + + align:start position:0% +okay ah +okay okay okay thank + + align:start position:0% +okay okay okay thank + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay okay thank +you I I forgot to talk about two or two + + align:start position:0% +you I I forgot to talk about two or two + + + align:start position:0% +you I I forgot to talk about two or two +other ways of + + align:start position:0% +other ways of + + + align:start position:0% +other ways of +modeling one is for + + align:start position:0% +modeling one is for + + + align:start position:0% +modeling one is for +forecasting we can forecast the + + align:start position:0% +forecasting we can forecast the + + + align:start position:0% +forecasting we can forecast the +evolution of the + + align:start position:0% +evolution of the + + + align:start position:0% +evolution of the +economy we can forecast the weather + + align:start position:0% +economy we can forecast the weather + + + align:start position:0% +economy we can forecast the weather +things like that all this works with + + align:start position:0% +things like that all this works with + + + align:start position:0% +things like that all this works with +modeling okay or we can use modeling for + + align:start position:0% 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align:start position:0% +and we what we have found we go back to + + + align:start position:0% +and we what we have found we go back to +the to to our model and we change the + + align:start position:0% +the to to our model and we change the + + + align:start position:0% +the to to our model and we change the +equations of this model we introduce new + + align:start position:0% +equations of this model we introduce new + + + align:start position:0% +equations of this model we introduce new +variables okay and we go back to the + + align:start position:0% +variables okay and we go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +variables okay and we go back to the +experiment so the the modeling is a tool + + align:start position:0% +experiment so the the modeling is a tool + + + align:start position:0% +experiment so the the modeling is a tool +that we will use much more in our + + align:start position:0% +that we will use much more in our + + + align:start position:0% +that we will use much more in our +scientific + + align:start position:0% +scientific + + + align:start position:0% +scientific +work reframing can I yes + + align:start position:0% +work reframing can I yes + + + align:start position:0% +work reframing can I yes +so I'm trying to understand modeling um + + align:start position:0% +so I'm trying to understand modeling um + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm trying to understand modeling um +and when you talk about + + align:start position:0% +and when you talk about + + + align:start position:0% +and when you talk about +experimenting I went it went for me it + + align:start position:0% +experimenting I went it went for me it + + + align:start position:0% +experimenting I went it went for me it +took needed scientific method and so but + + align:start position:0% +took needed scientific method and so but + + + align:start position:0% +took needed scientific method and so but +it combines a scientific with + + align:start position:0% +it combines a 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reframing is when I understand + + align:start position:0% +reframing reframing is when I understand + + + align:start position:0% +reframing reframing is when I understand +things in another + + align:start position:0% +things in another + + + align:start position:0% +things in another +way the most interesting example is + + align:start position:0% +way the most interesting example is + + + align:start position:0% +way the most interesting example is +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +the the increasing of criminality in New + + align:start position:0% +the the increasing of criminality in New + + + align:start position:0% +the the increasing of criminality in New +York at the beginning of the Clinton + + align:start position:0% +York at the beginning of the Clinton + + + align:start position:0% +York at the beginning of the Clinton +govern the the criminality was + + align:start position:0% +govern the the criminality was + + + align:start position:0% +govern the the criminality was +increasing in New York and everyone was + + align:start position:0% +increasing in New York and everyone was + + + align:start position:0% +increasing in New York and everyone was +highly concerned with that there was a + + align:start position:0% +highly concerned with that there was a + + + align:start position:0% +highly concerned with that there was a +lot of explanation + + align:start position:0% +lot of explanation + + + align:start position:0% +lot of explanation +anthropological + + align:start position:0% +anthropological + + + align:start position:0% +anthropological +economics Geographics the level of + + align:start position:0% +economics Geographics the level of + + + align:start position:0% +economics Geographics the level of +concentration of people in some + + align:start position:0% +concentration of people in some + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of people in some +areas + + align:start position:0% +areas + + + align:start position:0% +areas +but they have explanation but they have + + align:start position:0% +but they have explanation but they have + + + align:start position:0% +but they have explanation but they have +no solution to the problem and suddenly + + align:start position:0% +no solution to the problem and suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +no solution to the problem and suddenly +the crime begins to go + + align:start position:0% +the crime begins to go + + + align:start position:0% +the crime begins to go +down and a new wave of explanations + + align:start position:0% +down and a new wave of explanations + + + align:start position:0% +down and a new wave of explanations +arrived about why the crime declined in + + align:start position:0% +arrived about why the crime declined in + + + align:start position:0% +arrived about why the crime declined in +New + + align:start position:0% +New + + + align:start position:0% +New +York the most known is of + + 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+ + align:start position:0% +effective but the two guys who wrote + + + align:start position:0% +effective but the two guys who wrote +economics I don't know + + align:start position:0% +economics I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +economics I don't know +who + + align:start position:0% +who + + + align:start position:0% +who +and the other Steve the other Steve + + align:start position:0% +and the other Steve the other Steve + + + align:start position:0% +and the other Steve the other Steve +okay one from Harvard and the other from + + align:start position:0% +okay one from Harvard and the other from + + + align:start position:0% +okay one from Harvard and the other from +University of + + align:start position:0% +University of + + + align:start position:0% +University of +Chicago Chicago no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +ER did they have some conversation in + + align:start position:0% +ER did they have some conversation in + + + align:start position:0% +ER did they have some conversation in +Harvard + + align:start position:0% +Harvard + + + align:start position:0% +Harvard +with when tried to present his thesis no + + align:start position:0% +with when tried to present his thesis no + + + align:start position:0% +with when tried to present his thesis no +and for this reason I was assuming that + + align:start position:0% +and for this reason I was assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +and for this reason I was assuming that +he was from + + align:start position:0% +he was from + + + align:start position:0% +he was from +Harvard + + align:start position:0% +Harvard + + + align:start position:0% +Harvard +and they made an in a statistical + + align:start position:0% +and they made an in a statistical + + + align:start position:0% +and they made an in a 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position:0% +be H criminal in the future began not to +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +birth and this was the the main + + align:start position:0% +birth and this was the the main + + + align:start position:0% +birth and this was the the main +explanation they have so it's a very + + align:start position:0% +explanation they have so it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +explanation they have so it's a very +good way for framing some people was was + + align:start position:0% +good way for framing some people was was + + + align:start position:0% +good way for framing some people was was +resoning about what to do for reducing + + align:start position:0% +resoning about what to do for reducing + + + align:start position:0% +resoning about what to do for reducing +criminality and their approach was the + + align:start position:0% +criminality and their approach was the + + + align:start position:0% +criminality and their approach was the +producer of + + align:start position:0% +producer of + + + align:start position:0% +producer of +criminals how was produced the producer + + align:start position:0% +criminals how was produced the producer + + + align:start position:0% +criminals how was produced the producer +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +criminals very different ways for + + align:start position:0% +criminals very different ways for + + + align:start position:0% +criminals very different ways for +understanding the same problem reframing + + align:start position:0% +understanding the same problem reframing + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the same problem reframing +is one when we go from one form to + + align:start position:0% +is one when we go from one form to + + + align:start position:0% +is one when we go from one form to +another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form it's not always easy to do this + + align:start position:0% +form it's not always easy to do this + + + align:start position:0% +form it's not always easy to do this +it always generate a bit of Chaos in our + + align:start position:0% +it always generate a bit of Chaos in our + + + align:start position:0% +it always generate a bit of Chaos in our +mind for a + + align:start position:0% +mind for a + + + align:start position:0% +mind for a +while we see some + + align:start position:0% +while we see some + + + align:start position:0% +while we see some +explanation to go down + + align:start position:0% +explanation to go down + + + align:start position:0% +explanation to go down +to dismantle itself and we need to to + + align:start position:0% +to dismantle itself and we need to to + + + align:start position:0% +to dismantle itself and we need to to +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +another way to understand we have not + + align:start position:0% +another way to understand we have not + + + align:start position:0% +another way to understand we have not +anything in our mind for a while and + + align:start position:0% +anything in our mind for a while and + + + align:start position:0% +anything in our mind for a while and +after a while things reorganize in our + + align:start position:0% +after a while things reorganize in our + + + align:start position:0% +after a while things reorganize in our +mind again and we have another another + + align:start position:0% +mind again and we have another another + + + align:start position:0% +mind again and we have another another +way for understanding the same kind of + + align:start position:0% +way for understanding the same kind of + + + align:start position:0% +way for understanding the same kind of +problem when this happen this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reframing huh let's go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +yeah okay okay thank you thank yeah I + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay okay thank you thank yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay okay thank you thank yeah I +have two + + align:start position:0% +have two + + + align:start position:0% +have two +more one is conceptual + + align:start position:0% +more one is conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +more one is conceptual +Innovation the last day of the the day + + align:start position:0% +Innovation the last day of the the day + + + align:start position:0% +Innovation the last day of the the day +before the last day of this course will + + align:start position:0% +before the last day of this course will + + + align:start position:0% +before the last day of this course will +be about this + + align:start position:0% +be about this + + + align:start position:0% +be about this +the conceptual Innovation is + + align:start position:0% +the conceptual Innovation is + + + align:start position:0% +the conceptual Innovation is +much powerful than + + align:start position:0% +much powerful than + + + align:start position:0% +much powerful than +reframing reframing is just I am + + align:start position:0% +reframing reframing is just I am + + + align:start position:0% +reframing reframing is just I am +changing my pieces in another way I'm + + align:start position:0% +changing my pieces in another way I'm + + + align:start position:0% +changing my pieces in another way I'm +putting my pieces in another way I am + + align:start position:0% +putting my pieces in another way I am + + + align:start position:0% +putting my pieces in another way I am +changing the logic I am using for + + align:start position:0% +changing the logic I am using for + + + align:start position:0% +changing the logic I am using for +analyzing a problem but I am using + + align:start position:0% +analyzing a problem but I am using + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing a problem but I am using +basically the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Concepts conceptual Innovation is when I + + align:start position:0% +Concepts conceptual Innovation is when I + + + align:start position:0% +Concepts conceptual Innovation is when I +Invent A New Concept + + align:start position:0% +Invent A New Concept + + + align:start position:0% +Invent A New Concept +that this New Concept produce a + + align:start position:0% +that this New Concept produce a + + + align:start position:0% +that this New Concept produce a +reframing in itself but it's much more + + align:start position:0% +reframing in itself but it's much more + + + align:start position:0% +reframing in itself but it's much more +powerful because this New Concept may be + + align:start position:0% +powerful because this New Concept may be + + + align:start position:0% +powerful because this New Concept may be +used in a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +used in a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +used in a lot of different +cases for + + align:start position:0% +cases for + + + align:start position:0% +cases for +example the invention of scientific + + align:start position:0% +example the invention of scientific + + + align:start position:0% +example the invention of scientific +method It's A New + + align:start position:0% +method It's A New + + + align:start position:0% +method It's A New +Concept it's not only to reink the + + align:start position:0% +Concept it's not only to reink the + + + align:start position:0% +Concept it's not only to reink the +the empirical method that there was + + align:start position:0% +the empirical method that there was + + + align:start position:0% +the empirical method that there was +before it's a new way + + align:start position:0% +before it's a new way + + + align:start position:0% +before it's a new way +for reorganize everything we are trying + + align:start position:0% +for reorganize everything we are trying + + + align:start position:0% +for reorganize everything we are trying +to do in + + align:start position:0% +to do in + + + align:start position:0% +to do in +knowledge the work of laaz when he + + align:start position:0% +knowledge the work of laaz when he + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge the work of laaz when he +created chemistry do you know that time + + align:start position:0% +created chemistry do you know that time + + + align:start position:0% +created chemistry do you know that time +chemistry and Alchemy was much mixed + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and Alchemy was much mixed + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and Alchemy was much mixed +okay he the work of his life was to + + align:start position:0% +okay he the work of his life was to + + + align:start position:0% +okay he the work of his life was to +create a method that should + + align:start position:0% +create a method that should + + + align:start position:0% +create a method that should +help people to separate these two kinds + + align:start position:0% +help people to separate these two kinds + + + align:start position:0% +help people to separate these two kinds +and he create a new science with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this the idea of TD dimension of + + align:start position:0% +this the idea of TD dimension of + + + align:start position:0% +this the idea of TD dimension of +knowledge we are talking about is a New + + align:start position:0% +knowledge we are talking about is a New + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge we are talking about is a New +Concept the idea that we know something + + align:start position:0% +Concept the idea that we know something + + + align:start position:0% +Concept the idea that we know something +that we are not able to explain what we + + align:start position:0% +that we are not able to explain what we + + + align:start position:0% +that we are not able to explain what we +know we are not aware that we know and + + align:start position:0% +know we are not aware that we know and + + + align:start position:0% +know we are not aware that we know and +if we are aware in some cases we are not + + align:start position:0% +if we are aware in some cases we are not + + + align:start position:0% +if we are aware in some cases we are not +able to explain what we know this is a + + align:start position:0% +able to explain what we know this is a + + + align:start position:0% +able to explain what we know this is a +New Concept this change our definition + + align:start position:0% +New Concept this change our definition + + + align:start position:0% +New Concept this change our definition +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +knowledge okay this transform many + + align:start position:0% +knowledge okay this transform many + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge okay this transform many +things the concept of reflective + + align:start position:0% +things the concept of reflective + + + align:start position:0% +things the concept of reflective +practice of this + + align:start position:0% +practice of this + + + align:start position:0% +practice of this +course yeah finally I am + + align:start position:0% +course yeah finally I am + + + align:start position:0% +course yeah finally I am +finishing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +design + + align:start position:0% +design + + + align:start position:0% +design +design the design in itself is something + + align:start position:0% +design the design in itself is something + + + align:start position:0% +design the design in itself is something +that has a lot of knowledge embedded in + + align:start position:0% +that has a lot of knowledge embedded in + + + align:start position:0% +that has a lot of knowledge embedded in +it when I + + align:start position:0% +it when I + + + align:start position:0% +it when I +see a building that is have been + + align:start position:0% +see a building that is have been + + + align:start position:0% +see a building that is have been +drawn it's not only a piece of art it's + + align:start position:0% +drawn it's not only a piece of art it's + + + align:start position:0% +drawn it's not only a piece of art it's +also a lot of + + align:start position:0% +also a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +also a lot of +knowledge about the structures about the + + align:start position:0% +knowledge about the structures about the + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge about the structures about the +spaces about Luminosity about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions so to design is a way to to + + align:start position:0% +functions so to design is a way to to + + + align:start position:0% +functions so to design is a way to to +aggregate knowledge around an + + align:start position:0% +aggregate knowledge around an + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate knowledge around an +object it's a very + + align:start position:0% +object it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +object it's a very +powerful method for generating knowledge + + align:start position:0% +powerful method for generating knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +powerful method for generating knowledge +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the effort option was + + align:start position:0% +and the effort option was + + + align:start position:0% +and the effort option was +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +to apply this approach of reflective + + align:start position:0% +to apply this approach of reflective + + + align:start position:0% +to apply this approach of reflective +practice in designing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in architecture and in general was the + + align:start position:0% +in architecture and in general was the + + + align:start position:0% +in architecture and in general was the +main + + align:start position:0% +main + + + align:start position:0% +main +effort okay I think that it's + + align:start position:0% +effort okay I think that it's + + + align:start position:0% +effort okay I think that it's +enough + + align:start position:0% +enough + + + align:start position:0% +enough +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to too much yes too much l + + align:start position:0% +to too much yes too much l + + + align:start position:0% +to too much yes too much l +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +yeah what should do we do we prefer to + + align:start position:0% +yeah what should do we do we prefer to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah what should do we do we prefer to +have now a break and now after that + + align:start position:0% +have now a break and now after that + + + align:start position:0% +have now a break and now after that +exercise we would like to talk about + + align:start position:0% +exercise we would like to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +exercise we would like to talk about +this a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bit what do you + + align:start position:0% +bit what do you + + + align:start position:0% +bit what do you +prefer I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +a here when you talk about so + + align:start position:0% +a here when you talk about so + + + align:start position:0% +a here when you talk about so +socialization I have kind of + + align:start position:0% +socialization I have kind of + + + align:start position:0% +socialization I have kind of +because I think all the other um ways + + align:start position:0% +because I think all the other um ways + + + align:start position:0% +because I think all the other um ways +that you explain are also ways of soci + + align:start position:0% +that you explain are also ways of soci + + + align:start position:0% +that you explain are also ways of soci +socializing so I don't understand + + align:start position:0% +socializing so I don't understand + + + align:start position:0% +socializing so I don't understand +exactly what is I mean in my opinion the + + align:start position:0% +exactly what is I mean in my opinion the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what is I mean in my opinion the +word is not for for me socializing is + + align:start position:0% +word is not for for me socializing is + + + align:start position:0% +word is not for for me socializing is +all these four different things so I + + align:start position:0% +all these four different things so I + + + align:start position:0% +all these four different things so I +don't understand exactly how you I don't + + align:start position:0% +don't understand exactly how you I don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't understand exactly how you I don't +know why he put this + + align:start position:0% +know why he put this + + + align:start position:0% +know why he put this +name socialization perhaps because he he + + align:start position:0% +name socialization perhaps because he he + + + align:start position:0% +name socialization perhaps because he he +didn't find better + + align:start position:0% +didn't find better + + + align:start position:0% +didn't find better +ways okay + + align:start position:0% +ways okay + + + align:start position:0% +ways okay +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes when you say social it means that + + align:start position:0% +yes when you say social it means that + + + align:start position:0% +yes when you say social it means that +something with you something + + align:start position:0% +something with you something + + + align:start position:0% +something with you something +outside of you but with you and we are + + align:start position:0% +outside of you but with you and we are + + + align:start position:0% +outside of you but with you and we are +studying this one actually we are + + align:start position:0% +studying this one actually we are + + + align:start position:0% +studying this one actually we are +socializing un we are we are + + align:start position:0% +socializing un we are we are + + + align:start position:0% +socializing un we are we are +socializing yeah we are learning to here + + align:start position:0% +socializing yeah we are learning to here + + + align:start position:0% +socializing yeah we are learning to here +these are now Expos it to us and and + + align:start position:0% +these are now Expos it to us and and + + + align:start position:0% +these are now Expos it to us and and +then we read those they could be TX but + + align:start position:0% +then we read those they could be TX but + + + align:start position:0% +then we read those they could be TX but +then we learn it it become explicit and + + align:start position:0% +then we learn it it become explicit and + + + align:start position:0% +then we learn it it become explicit and +take and it starts with socializing + + align:start position:0% +take and it starts with socializing + + + align:start position:0% +take and it starts with socializing +communicating with through this well so + + align:start position:0% +communicating with through this well so + + + align:start position:0% +communicating with through this well so +when you say socialize I understand + + align:start position:0% +when you say socialize I understand + + + align:start position:0% +when you say socialize I understand +communication with outside of the things + + align:start position:0% +communication with outside of the things + + + align:start position:0% +communication with outside of the things +of people of what I understand that's + + align:start position:0% +of people of what I understand that's + + + align:start position:0% +of people of what I understand that's +what all the others are yes I don't know + + align:start position:0% +what all the others are yes I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +what all the others are yes I don't know +the origin of the word in Japanese it + + align:start position:0% +the origin of the word in Japanese it + + + align:start position:0% +the origin of the word in Japanese it +was translated from Japanese to + + align:start position:0% +was translated from Japanese to + + + align:start position:0% +was translated from Japanese to +English okay and people who made the + + align:start position:0% +English okay and people who made the + + + align:start position:0% +English okay and people who made the +translation found the word socialization + + align:start position:0% +translation found the word socialization + + + align:start position:0% +translation found the word socialization +for the word in Japanese okay + + align:start position:0% +for the word in Japanese okay + + + align:start position:0% +for the word in Japanese okay +but I understand that socialization is + + align:start position:0% +but I understand that socialization is + + + align:start position:0% +but I understand that socialization is +for much more things than the transfer + + align:start position:0% +for much more things than the transfer + + + align:start position:0% +for much more things than the transfer +of tested knowledge to Ted knowledge I + + align:start position:0% +of tested knowledge to Ted knowledge I + + + align:start position:0% +of tested knowledge to Ted knowledge I +think like um compared to the other um + + align:start position:0% +think like um compared to the other um + + + align:start position:0% +think like um compared to the other um +methods which are actually very + + align:start position:0% +methods which are actually very + + + align:start position:0% +methods which are actually very +systematic and like um you kind of have + + align:start position:0% +systematic and like um you kind of have + + + align:start position:0% +systematic and like um you kind of have +a definition of what the problems are + + align:start position:0% +a definition of what the problems are + + + align:start position:0% +a definition of what the problems are +and how to proceed and how you know um + + align:start position:0% +and how to proceed and how you know um + + + align:start position:0% +and how to proceed and how you know um +because that's what scientific methods + + align:start position:0% +because that's what scientific methods + + + align:start position:0% +because that's what scientific methods +basically are I think socialization is + + align:start position:0% +basically are I think socialization is + + + align:start position:0% +basically are I think socialization is +basically something that's not um as + + align:start position:0% +basically something that's not um as + + + align:start position:0% +basically something that's not um as +systematic as science is it happens in + + align:start position:0% +systematic as science is it happens in + + + align:start position:0% +systematic as science is it happens in +the way you interact with others like + + align:start position:0% +the way you interact with others like + + + align:start position:0% +the way you interact with others like +you know you actually acquire a + + align:start position:0% +you know you actually acquire a + + + align:start position:0% +you know you actually acquire a +knowledge even in the interaction with + + align:start position:0% +knowledge even in the interaction with + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge even in the interaction with +others without not necessarily what they + + align:start position:0% +others without not necessarily what they + + + align:start position:0% +others without not necessarily what they +say but what they are not saying happens + + align:start position:0% +say but what they are not saying happens + + + align:start position:0% +say but what they are not saying happens +in the interaction and I think that is + + align:start position:0% +in the interaction and I think that is + + + align:start position:0% +in the interaction and I think that is +what socialization is all about so + + align:start position:0% +what socialization is all about so + + + align:start position:0% +what socialization is all about so +that's why they say like + + align:start position:0% +that's why they say like + + + align:start position:0% +that's why they say like +um um media is a very powerful or potent + + align:start position:0% +um um media is a very powerful or potent + + + align:start position:0% +um um media is a very powerful or potent +um medium for socialization because + + align:start position:0% +um medium for socialization because + + + align:start position:0% +um medium for socialization because +there's things it says but it's more of + + align:start position:0% +there's things it says but it's more of + + + align:start position:0% +there's things it says but it's more of +what it does not say um actually that + + align:start position:0% +what it does not say um actually that + + + align:start position:0% +what it does not say um actually that +people can actually interpret or you + + align:start position:0% +people can actually interpret or you + + + align:start position:0% +people can actually interpret or you +know I and I think the um one one very + + align:start position:0% +know I and I think the um one one very + + + align:start position:0% +know I and I think the um one one very +good example for socialization is um + + align:start position:0% +good example for socialization is um + + + align:start position:0% +good example for socialization is um +parents and kids you know when they say + + align:start position:0% +parents and kids you know when they say + + + align:start position:0% +parents and kids you know when they say +I + + align:start position:0% +I + + + align:start position:0% +I +um I have this way back when my + + align:start position:0% +um I have this way back when my + + + align:start position:0% +um I have this way back when my +professor used to say that + + align:start position:0% +professor used to say that + + + align:start position:0% +professor used to say that +um learning is not taught but it is + + align:start position:0% +um learning is not taught but it is + + + align:start position:0% +um learning is not taught but it is +caught yeah so I I think that's what + + align:start position:0% +caught yeah so I I think that's what + + + align:start position:0% +caught yeah so I I think that's what +socialization is all about it's catching + + align:start position:0% +socialization is all about it's catching + + + align:start position:0% +socialization is all about it's catching +actually like you know kids you tell + + align:start position:0% +actually like you know kids you tell + + + align:start position:0% +actually like you know kids you tell +them what they do they don't follow + + align:start position:0% +them what they do they don't follow + + + align:start position:0% +them what they do they don't follow +because they actually are doing what + + align:start position:0% +because they actually are doing what + + + align:start position:0% +because they actually are doing what +you're doing you know this like you say + + align:start position:0% +you're doing you know this like you say + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing you know this like you say +adults be careful of what you do because + + align:start position:0% +adults be careful of what you do because + + + align:start position:0% +adults be careful of what you do because +you know that's why that's why it's so I + + align:start position:0% +you know that's why that's why it's so I + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's why that's why it's so I +I find this I I find this very amazing + + align:start position:0% +I find this I I find this very amazing + + + align:start position:0% +I find this I I find this very amazing +um now because when I observe kids it's + + align:start position:0% +um now because when I observe kids it's + + + align:start position:0% +um now because when I observe kids it's +um children of of of colleagues like 2 + + align:start position:0% +um children of of of colleagues like 2 + + + align:start position:0% +um children of of of colleagues like 2 +year old three year old and they kind of + + align:start position:0% +year old three year old and they kind of + + + align:start position:0% +year old three year old and they kind of +like absorb like + + align:start position:0% +like absorb like + + + align:start position:0% +like absorb like +sponge you know they imitate what you + + align:start position:0% +sponge you know they imitate what you + + + align:start position:0% +sponge you know they imitate what you +say and you know and all that I think + + align:start position:0% +say and you know and all that I think + + + align:start position:0% +say and you know and all that I think +this is all this is what the Contex of + + align:start position:0% +this is all this is what the Contex of + + + align:start position:0% +this is all this is what the Contex of +socialization even if they don't know + + align:start position:0% +socialization even if they don't know + + + align:start position:0% +socialization even if they don't know +how to speak they would yes they would + + align:start position:0% +how to speak they would yes they would + + + align:start position:0% +how to speak they would yes they would +get something from what is happening + + align:start position:0% +get something from what is happening + + + align:start position:0% +get something from what is happening +yeah and suddenly you catch them like + + align:start position:0% +yeah and suddenly you catch them like + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and suddenly you catch them like +saying something and you said like uh it + + align:start position:0% +saying something and you said like uh it + + + align:start position:0% +saying something and you said like uh it +seems like I said that or that's the way + + align:start position:0% +seems like I said that or that's the way + + + align:start position:0% +seems like I said that or that's the way +I say things or it seems like that's the + + align:start position:0% +I say things or it seems like that's the + + + align:start position:0% +I say things or it seems like that's the +way I behave or what and all that I + + align:start position:0% +way I behave or what and all that I + + + align:start position:0% +way I behave or what and all that I +think this is what the whole context of + + align:start position:0% +think this is what the whole context of + + + align:start position:0% +think this is what the whole context of +socialization is all about almost like + + align:start position:0% +socialization is all about almost like + + + align:start position:0% +socialization is all about almost like +mimig for bad right yeah but it's more + + align:start position:0% +mimig for bad right yeah but it's more + + + align:start position:0% +mimig for bad right yeah but it's more +like it reflects that the that the kids + + align:start position:0% +like it reflects that the that the kids + + + align:start position:0% +like it reflects that the that the kids +actually are are intellectually learning + + align:start position:0% +actually are are intellectually learning + + + align:start position:0% +actually are are intellectually learning +get you're not saying it but they're + + align:start position:0% +get you're not saying it but they're + + + align:start position:0% +get you're not saying it but they're +actually intellectually learning what + + align:start position:0% +actually intellectually learning what + + + align:start position:0% +actually intellectually learning what +you know it's they're not able to figure + + align:start position:0% +you know it's they're not able to figure + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's they're not able to figure +it out but they're able to + + align:start position:0% +it out but they're able to + + + align:start position:0% +it out but they're able to +absorb you know what you are not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +saying yes it's the the use of the word + + align:start position:0% +saying yes it's the the use of the word + + + align:start position:0% +saying yes it's the the use of the word +socialization I I think that should not + + align:start position:0% +socialization I I think that should not + + + align:start position:0% +socialization I I think that should not +be a problem let's work with the + + align:start position:0% +be a problem let's work with the + + + align:start position:0% +be a problem let's work with the +definition they are using for + + align:start position:0% +definition they are using for + + + align:start position:0% +definition they are using for +socialization we know that in general + + align:start position:0% +socialization we know that in general + + + align:start position:0% +socialization we know that in general +socialization means much more than in + + align:start position:0% +socialization means much more than in + + + align:start position:0% +socialization means much more than in +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +okay another + + align:start position:0% +okay another + + + align:start position:0% +okay another +comment it + + align:start position:0% +comment it + + + align:start position:0% +comment it +was yeah okay the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exercise we should do + + align:start position:0% +exercise we should do + + + align:start position:0% +exercise we should do +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah the idea is that we could create + + align:start position:0% +yeah the idea is that we could create + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the idea is that we could create +groups and we could analyze some of + + align:start position:0% +groups and we could analyze some of + + + align:start position:0% +groups and we could analyze some of +these ways of knowledge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +generation we have sought some + + align:start position:0% +generation we have sought some + + + align:start position:0% +generation we have sought some +possibilities with you + + align:start position:0% +possibilities with you + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities with you +and we have materials for one + + align:start position:0% +and we have materials for one + + + align:start position:0% +and we have materials for one +case you have the possibilities we + + align:start position:0% +case you have the possibilities we + + + align:start position:0% +case you have the possibilities we +sought + + align:start position:0% +sought + + + align:start position:0% +sought +yesterday can you + + align:start position:0% +yesterday can you + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday can you +okay so the idea is all of you have had + + align:start position:0% +okay so the idea is all of you have had + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the idea is all of you have had +contact with many of these different + + align:start position:0% +contact with many of these different + + + align:start position:0% +contact with many of these different +forms of knowledge + + align:start position:0% +forms of knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +forms of knowledge +Generation Um + + align:start position:0% +Generation Um + + + align:start position:0% +Generation Um +so uh if you separate into groups of + + align:start position:0% +so uh if you separate into groups of + + + align:start position:0% +so uh if you separate into groups of +four and choose one one form of + + align:start position:0% +four and choose one one form of + + + align:start position:0% +four and choose one one form of +knowledge generation that is of interest + + align:start position:0% +knowledge generation that is of interest + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge generation that is of interest +to you that you've experimented with in + + align:start position:0% +to you that you've experimented with in + + + align:start position:0% +to you that you've experimented with in +the past that you'd like to + + align:start position:0% +the past that you'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +the past that you'd like to +analyze um you can choose design if + + align:start position:0% +analyze um you can choose design if + + + align:start position:0% +analyze um you can choose design if +you've uh or you can choose scientific + + align:start position:0% +you've uh or you can choose scientific + + + align:start position:0% +you've uh or you can choose scientific +method the + + align:start position:0% +method the + + + align:start position:0% +method the +method um model + + align:start position:0% +method um model + + + align:start position:0% +method um model +modeling and + + align:start position:0% +modeling and + + + align:start position:0% +modeling and +uh so I think at this point maybe what + + align:start position:0% +uh so I think at this point maybe what + + + align:start position:0% +uh so I think at this point maybe what +would be helpful is to know if you would + + align:start position:0% +would be helpful is to know if you would + + + align:start position:0% +would be helpful is to know if you would +like if you could choose a Model A a + + align:start position:0% +like if you could choose a Model A a + + + align:start position:0% +like if you could choose a Model A a +form that would be of interest to you so + + align:start position:0% +form that would be of interest to you so + + + align:start position:0% +form that would be of interest to you so +if if you form groups maybe one we count + + align:start position:0% +if if you form groups maybe one we count + + + align:start position:0% +if if you form groups maybe one we count +1 2 3 4 it would be three groups of + + align:start position:0% +1 2 3 4 it would be three groups of + + + align:start position:0% +1 2 3 4 it would be three groups of +four what if we organize groups based on + + align:start position:0% +four what if we organize groups based on + + + align:start position:0% +four what if we organize groups based on +what people are interested in discussing + + align:start position:0% +what people are interested in discussing + + + align:start position:0% +what people are interested in discussing +so that then they don't get into those + + align:start position:0% +so that then they don't get into those + + + align:start position:0% +so that then they don't get into those +random + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +group okay that + + align:start position:0% +group okay that + + + align:start position:0% +group okay that +works so um what how would you propose + + align:start position:0% +works so um what how would you propose + + + align:start position:0% +works so um what how would you propose +to begin to form the write the things up + + align:start position:0% +to begin to form the write the things up + + + align:start position:0% +to begin to form the write the things up +on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +board okay okay so let's we have + + align:start position:0% +board okay okay so let's we have + + + align:start position:0% +board okay okay so let's we have +materials for + + align:start position:0% +materials for + + + align:start position:0% +materials for +design we took from the book of Shan a + + align:start position:0% +design we took from the book of Shan a + + + align:start position:0% +design we took from the book of Shan a +case of design some instructs of the + + align:start position:0% +case of design some instructs of the + + + align:start position:0% +case of design some instructs of the +case this case and we have this material + + align:start position:0% +case this case and we have this material + + + align:start position:0% +case this case and we have this material +the the other cases you should be able + + align:start position:0% +the the other cases you should be able + + + align:start position:0% +the the other cases you should be able +to use your own material + + align:start position:0% +to use your own material + + + align:start position:0% +to use your own material +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +design + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modeling Cy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if someone select sesy should select one + + align:start position:0% +if someone select sesy should select one + + + align:start position:0% +if someone select sesy should select one +of this of the four + + align:start position:0% +of this of the four + + + align:start position:0% +of this of the four +possibilities because it's too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +much not + + align:start position:0% +much not + + + align:start position:0% +much not +necessarily yeah right okay if they want + + align:start position:0% +necessarily yeah right okay if they want + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily yeah right okay if they want +okay you have the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +statistical + + align:start position:0% +statistical + + + align:start position:0% +statistical +analysis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay yes and + + align:start position:0% +okay yes and + + + align:start position:0% +okay yes and +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +the task is going to be to just discuss + + align:start position:0% +the task is going to be to just discuss + + + align:start position:0% +the task is going to be to just discuss +it and come up with reflection on it or + + align:start position:0% +it and come up with reflection on it or + + + align:start position:0% +it and come up with reflection on it or +is it going to be a the idea should be + + align:start position:0% +is it going to be a the idea should be + + + align:start position:0% +is it going to be a the idea should be +one to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to describe its main + + align:start position:0% +to describe its main + + + align:start position:0% +to describe its main +characteristics in which cases it may + + align:start position:0% +characteristics in which cases it may + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics in which cases it may +apply in which cases I cannot apply this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method and for people who works + + align:start position:0% +method and for people who works + + + align:start position:0% +method and for people who works +in developing countries requirements to + + align:start position:0% +in developing countries requirements to + + + align:start position:0% +in developing countries requirements to +is very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important requirements requirements for + + align:start position:0% +important requirements requirements for + + + align:start position:0% +important requirements requirements for +using the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method + + align:start position:0% +method + + + align:start position:0% +method +so and it's describing a + + align:start position:0% +so and it's describing a + + + align:start position:0% +so and it's describing a +specific I mean mhm a specific I mean + + align:start position:0% +specific I mean mhm a specific I mean + + + align:start position:0% +specific I mean mhm a specific I mean +work with a specific case first when + + align:start position:0% +work with a specific case first when + + + align:start position:0% +work with a specific case first when +you're analyzing the method so if you + + align:start position:0% +you're analyzing the method so if you + + + align:start position:0% +you're analyzing the method so if you +have if you're working with modeling for + + align:start position:0% +have if you're working with modeling for + + + align:start position:0% +have if you're working with modeling for +example if you've taken QR or whatever + + align:start position:0% +example if you've taken QR or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +example if you've taken QR or whatever +class and you've you've had to do it and + + align:start position:0% +class and you've you've had to do it and + + + align:start position:0% +class and you've you've had to do it and +it some sort of modeling assignment + + align:start position:0% +it some sort of modeling assignment + + + align:start position:0% +it some sort of modeling assignment +chometric assignment something analyze + + align:start position:0% +chometric assignment something analyze + + + align:start position:0% +chometric assignment something analyze +it first with something concrete and + + align:start position:0% +it first with something concrete and + + + align:start position:0% +it first with something concrete and +then answer these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions would anyone object to taking + + align:start position:0% +questions would anyone object to taking + + + align:start position:0% +questions would anyone object to taking +this off since we're working with just + + align:start position:0% +this off since we're working with just + + + align:start position:0% +this off since we're working with just +three groups but there are others right + + align:start position:0% +three groups but there are others right + + + align:start position:0% +three groups but there are others right +why did you those for we have to start + + align:start position:0% +why did you those for we have to start + + + align:start position:0% +why did you those for we have to start +somewhere we can add we have to choose + + align:start position:0% +somewhere we can add we have to choose + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere we can add we have to choose +three so which three would you like to + + align:start position:0% +three so which three would you like to + + + align:start position:0% +three so which three would you like to +choose which of are these three of + + align:start position:0% +choose which of are these three of + + + align:start position:0% +choose which of are these three of +interest to you or would you like to + + align:start position:0% +interest to you or would you like to + + + align:start position:0% +interest to you or would you like to +work with another + + align:start position:0% +work with another + + + align:start position:0% +work with another +one they have + + align:start position:0% +one they have + + + align:start position:0% +one they have +different framing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reframing okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay anything else that's not on + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay anything else that's not on + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay anything else that's not on +here that's + + align:start position:0% +here that's + + + align:start position:0% +here that's +interest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +framing anything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else any other one that you'd like to + + align:start position:0% +else any other one that you'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +else any other one that you'd like to +see up here I think conceptual + + align:start position:0% +see up here I think conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +see up here I think conceptual +Innovation is related to R training also + + align:start position:0% +Innovation is related to R training also + + + align:start position:0% +Innovation is related to R training also +right it's similar but it's a bit more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +radical how can you think about + + align:start position:0% +radical how can you think about + + + align:start position:0% +radical how can you think about +reframing without thinking about concept + + align:start position:0% +reframing without thinking about concept + + + align:start position:0% +reframing without thinking about concept +I I can reframe with the same Concepts I + + align:start position:0% +I I can reframe with the same Concepts I + + + align:start position:0% +I I can reframe with the same Concepts I +am working + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with yeah anything else you'd like to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +add okay so maybe what we should do now + + align:start position:0% +add okay so maybe what we should do now + + + align:start position:0% +add okay so maybe what we should do now +is just sign up + + align:start position:0% +is just sign up + + + align:start position:0% +is just sign up +and uh let's see what + + align:start position:0% +and uh let's see what + + + align:start position:0% +and uh let's see what +happens just write your name + + align:start position:0% +happens just write your name + + + align:start position:0% +happens just write your name +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +yeah which one you'd like to f + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's make a break now and we will begin + + align:start position:0% +let's make a break now and we will begin + + + align:start position:0% +let's make a break now and we will begin +the exercise after the break okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +the exercise after the break okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the exercise after the break okay yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like a summary of a conversation three + + align:start position:0% +like a summary of a conversation three + + + align:start position:0% +like a summary of a conversation three +chart papers one chart paper has just a + + align:start position:0% +chart papers one chart paper has just a + + + align:start position:0% +chart papers one chart paper has just a +description can be graphical can be + + align:start position:0% +description can be graphical can be + + + align:start position:0% +description can be graphical can be +written whatever um of the example that + + align:start position:0% +written whatever um of the example that + + + align:start position:0% +written whatever um of the example that +you analy the second paper has like a + + align:start position:0% +you analy the second paper has like a + + + align:start position:0% +you analy the second paper has like a +summary of the of the uh responses to + + align:start position:0% +summary of the of the uh responses to + + + align:start position:0% +summary of the of the uh responses to +the questions the analysis of the method + + align:start position:0% +the questions the analysis of the method + + + align:start position:0% +the questions the analysis of the method +based on the example and then and then + + align:start position:0% +based on the example and then and then + + + align:start position:0% +based on the example and then and then +the last chart paper has answers to + + align:start position:0% +the last chart paper has answers to + + + align:start position:0% +the last chart paper has answers to +questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +care company yes yeah exactly what do + + align:start position:0% +care company yes yeah exactly what do + + + align:start position:0% +care company yes yeah exactly what do +you do that what do I do what the + + align:start position:0% +you do that what do I do what the + + + align:start position:0% +you do that what do I do what the +company does actually is a relief and + + align:start position:0% +company does actually is a relief and + + + align:start position:0% +company does actually is a relief and +development + + align:start position:0% +development + + + align:start position:0% +development +organization emergency + + align:start position:0% +organization emergency + + + align:start position:0% +organization emergency +response development in four countries + + align:start position:0% +response development in four countries + + + align:start position:0% +response development in four countries +um water and sanitation education + + align:start position:0% +um water and sanitation education + + + align:start position:0% +um water and sanitation education +program a wide range of programs + + align:start position:0% +program a wide range of programs + + + align:start position:0% +program a wide range of programs +intended to lift people + + align:start position:0% +intended to lift people + + + align:start position:0% +intended to lift people +out what what do you mean by saying + + align:start position:0% +out what what do you mean by saying + + + align:start position:0% +out what what do you mean by saying +emergency response our part of our one + + align:start position:0% +emergency response our part of our one + + + align:start position:0% +emergency response our part of our one +of our strengths is has been + + align:start position:0% +of our strengths is has been + + + align:start position:0% +of our strengths is has been +historically emergency + + align:start position:0% +historically emergency + + + align:start position:0% +historically emergency +response Earth Volcan in in the in many + + align:start position:0% +response Earth Volcan in in the in many + + + align:start position:0% +response Earth Volcan in in the in many +cases car's presence in a country began + + align:start position:0% +cases car's presence in a country began + + + align:start position:0% +cases car's presence in a country began +because of helping after a volcanic + + align:start position:0% +because of helping after a volcanic + + + align:start position:0% +because of helping after a volcanic +eruption or earthquake + + align:start position:0% +eruption or earthquake + + + align:start position:0% +eruption or earthquake +or catastrophe something like that yeah + + align:start position:0% +or catastrophe something like that yeah + + + align:start position:0% +or catastrophe something like that yeah +I just told about I was you know looking + + align:start position:0% +I just told about I was you know looking + + + align:start position:0% +I just told about I was you know looking +at some popular issues and one was one + + align:start position:0% +at some popular issues and one was one + + + align:start position:0% +at some popular issues and one was one +is the act Life Sciences life sciences + + align:start position:0% +is the act Life Sciences life sciences + + + align:start position:0% +is the act Life Sciences life sciences +and I saw a kind of different thing that + + align:start position:0% +and I saw a kind of different thing that + + + align:start position:0% +and I saw a kind of different thing that +I didn't see anywhere people are some + + align:start position:0% +I didn't see anywhere people are some + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't see anywhere people are some +there are some companies let me say + + align:start position:0% +there are some companies let me say + + + align:start position:0% +there are some companies let me say +working on that the people who might + + align:start position:0% +working on that the people who might + + + align:start position:0% +working on that the people who might +have immediate you + + align:start position:0% +have immediate you + + + align:start position:0% +have immediate you +know access to the others for their have + + align:start position:0% +know access to the others for their have + + + align:start position:0% +know access to the others for their have +concerns registering their name to some + + align:start position:0% +concerns registering their name to some + + + align:start position:0% +concerns registering their name to some +companies and they held some button kind + + align:start position:0% +companies and they held some button kind + + + align:start position:0% +companies and they held some button kind +of thing usually the ones who has heart + + align:start position:0% +of thing usually the ones who has heart + + + align:start position:0% +of thing usually the ones who has heart +problems due to old ages something else + + align:start position:0% +problems due to old ages something else + + + align:start position:0% +problems due to old ages something else +but not have access for calling + + align:start position:0% +but not have access for calling + + + align:start position:0% +but not have access for calling +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +emergency they just push the button + + align:start position:0% +emergency they just push the button + + + align:start position:0% +emergency they just push the button +since they are previously registered + + align:start position:0% +since they are previously registered + + + align:start position:0% +since they are previously registered +there the center immediately understand + + align:start position:0% +there the center immediately understand + + + align:start position:0% +there the center immediately understand +that she or he and just go there a very + + align:start position:0% +that she or he and just go there a very + + + align:start position:0% +that she or he and just go there a very +quick action I thought that kind of + + align:start position:0% +quick action I thought that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +quick action I thought that kind of +it's not under no not at all Cina + + align:start position:0% +it's not under no not at all Cina + + + align:start position:0% +it's not under no not at all Cina +something like + + align:start position:0% +something like + + + align:start position:0% +something like +that it's we're International not within + + align:start position:0% +that it's we're International not within + + + align:start position:0% +that it's we're International not within +the us we don't do risk within the + + align:start position:0% +the us we don't do risk within the + + + align:start position:0% +the us we don't do risk within the +US soy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because so much of it was in Cesar's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +head you've experienced it you've + + align:start position:0% +head you've experienced it you've + + + align:start position:0% +head you've experienced it you've +experienced it I've experienced it I + + align:start position:0% +experienced it I've experienced it I + + + align:start position:0% +experienced it I've experienced it I +think you've experienced it so we've got + + align:start position:0% +think you've experienced it so we've got + + + align:start position:0% +think you've experienced it so we've got +have you experience the critical moments + + align:start position:0% +have you experience the critical moments + + + align:start position:0% +have you experience the critical moments +methodology is that refraining yesterday + + align:start position:0% +methodology is that refraining yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +methodology is that refraining yesterday +what we did here yesterday yesterday + + align:start position:0% +what we did here yesterday yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +what we did here yesterday yesterday +that's true so if you want that could be + + align:start position:0% +that's true so if you want that could be + + + align:start position:0% +that's true so if you want that could be +something that we could answer you know + + align:start position:0% +something that we could answer you know + + + align:start position:0% +something that we could answer you know +what I mean + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +process we've + + align:start position:0% +process we've + + + align:start position:0% +process we've +actually gone through each of these + + align:start position:0% +actually gone through each of these + + + align:start position:0% +actually gone through each of these +stages and if know here they've also G + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +through or the community itself or the + + align:start position:0% +through or the community itself or the + + + align:start position:0% +through or the community itself or the +groups itself before in the in the past + + align:start position:0% +groups itself before in the in the past + + + align:start position:0% +groups itself before in the in the past +this was I think we're in the process of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suggesting I didn't have any suggestion + + align:start position:0% +suggesting I didn't have any suggestion + + + align:start position:0% +suggesting I didn't have any suggestion +I in my mind it would have I was + + align:start position:0% +I in my mind it would have I was + + + align:start position:0% +I in my mind it would have I was +thinking along the line of something a + + align:start position:0% +thinking along the line of something a + + + align:start position:0% +thinking along the line of something a +little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +less well you say concrete example but a + + align:start position:0% +less well you say concrete example but a + + + align:start position:0% +less well you say concrete example but a +little less concrete a little because to + + align:start position:0% +little less concrete a little because to + + + align:start position:0% +little less concrete a 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it he can't +tell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theing asking questions to get him to + + align:start position:0% +theing asking questions to get him to + + + align:start position:0% +theing asking questions to get him to +start you know us observing and writing + + align:start position:0% +start you know us observing and writing + + + align:start position:0% +start you know us observing and writing +it down and then going to him and being + + align:start position:0% +it down and then going to him and being + + + align:start position:0% +it down and then going to him and being +like is this what you do and then try to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be that's was fine not against the + + align:start position:0% +be that's was fine not against the + + + align:start position:0% +be that's was fine not against the +suggestion I'm I just hadn't + + align:start position:0% +suggestion I'm I just hadn't + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion I'm I just hadn't +gotten so maybe somebody else comment + + align:start position:0% +gotten so maybe somebody else comment + + + align:start position:0% +gotten so maybe somebody else comment +did you have something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the construction start no I was thinking + + align:start position:0% +the construction start no I was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +the construction start no I was thinking +know when the construction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Reas + + align:start position:0% +Reas + + + align:start position:0% +Reas +follow that's the point we have to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spe Psy how + + align:start position:0% +spe Psy how + + + align:start position:0% +spe Psy how +can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perhaps a lot of people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can I don't know that there's much + + align:start position:0% +can I don't know that there's much + + + align:start position:0% +can I don't know that there's much +socialization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I might other ideas I think it's they do + + align:start position:0% +I might other ideas I think it's they do + + + align:start position:0% +I might other ideas I think it's they do +a little that maybe but they don't what + + align:start position:0% +a little that maybe but they don't what + + + align:start position:0% +a little that maybe but they don't what +we were trying to do something where + + align:start position:0% +we were trying to do something where + + + align:start position:0% +we were trying to do something where +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +had where it had been we're + + align:start position:0% +had where it had been we're + + + align:start position:0% +had where it had been we're +analing the impact of the application of + + align:start position:0% +analing the impact of the application of + + + align:start position:0% +analing the impact of the application of +that and we don't have because we only + + align:start position:0% +that and we don't have because we only + + + align:start position:0% +that and we don't have because we only +have half an + + align:start position:0% +have half an + + + align:start position:0% +have half an +hour if we have to apply + + align:start position:0% +hour if we have to apply + + + align:start position:0% +hour if we have to apply +it then we won't be able to analyze it + + align:start position:0% +it then we won't be able to analyze it + + + align:start position:0% +it then we won't be able to analyze it +and that's why I'm here we need to start + + align:start position:0% +and that's why I'm here we need to start + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why I'm here we need to start +with something where we've already + + align:start position:0% +with something where we've already + + + align:start position:0% +with something where we've already +applied so if you already apply this + + align:start position:0% +applied so if you already apply this + + + align:start position:0% +applied so if you already apply this +model on that issue you know I thought + + align:start position:0% +model on that issue you know I thought + + + align:start position:0% +model on that issue you know I thought +it would quick but just perhaps + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +descri I think I think the process is + + align:start position:0% +descri I think I think the process is + + + align:start position:0% +descri I think I think the process is +the way arure scho work + + align:start position:0% +the way arure scho work + + + align:start position:0% +the way arure scho work +or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that and then they start student + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh you got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +St often you don't + + align:start position:0% +St often you don't + + + align:start position:0% +St often you don't +in the in the what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +would the next stage is externalization + + align:start position:0% +would the next stage is externalization + + + align:start position:0% +would the next stage is externalization +where explicit + + align:start position:0% +where explicit + + + align:start position:0% +where explicit +knowledge sorry externalization is where + + align:start position:0% +knowledge sorry externalization is where + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge sorry externalization is where +the Tass people try to explain + + align:start position:0% +the Tass people try to explain + + + align:start position:0% +the Tass people try to explain +make explicit the knowledge that's a + + align:start position:0% +make explicit the knowledge that's a + + + align:start position:0% +make explicit the knowledge that's a +process of + + align:start position:0% +process of + + + align:start position:0% +process of +externalization then is the combination + + align:start position:0% +externalization then is the combination + + + align:start position:0% +externalization then is the combination +of where the explicit + + align:start position:0% +of where the explicit + + + align:start position:0% +of where the explicit +knowledge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +com and lastly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +isnit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knowled usually structured as every + + align:start position:0% +knowled usually structured as every + + + align:start position:0% +knowled usually structured as every +week yeah see I was thinking on a much + + align:start position:0% +week yeah see I was thinking on a much + + + align:start position:0% +week yeah see I was thinking on a much +smaller + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know I'm thinking about basics of + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm thinking about basics of + + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm thinking about basics of +human + + align:start position:0% +human + + + align:start position:0% +human +behavior unless they're feral in the + + align:start position:0% +behavior unless they're feral in the + + + align:start position:0% +behavior unless they're feral in the +wild you know alone in the world at + + align:start position:0% +wild you know alone in the world at + + + align:start position:0% +wild you know alone in the world at +infancy um people are socialized + + align:start position:0% +infancy um people are socialized + + + align:start position:0% +infancy um people are socialized +social from the time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +comp has + + align:start position:0% +comp has + + + align:start position:0% +comp has +to explain to you you know we don't do + + align:start position:0% +to explain to you you know we don't do + + + align:start position:0% +to explain to you you know we don't do +that we do this and it's very varied + + align:start position:0% +that we do this and it's very varied + + + align:start position:0% +that we do this and it's very varied +what gets done + + align:start position:0% +what gets done + + + align:start position:0% +what gets done +cultur but there are rules of behavior + + align:start position:0% +cultur but there are rules of behavior + + + align:start position:0% +cultur but there are rules of behavior +and standards of behavior and cultural + + align:start position:0% +and standards of behavior and cultural + + + align:start position:0% +and standards of behavior and cultural +behaviors that have to be + + align:start position:0% +behaviors that have to be + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors that have to be +explained to individuals whether adults + + align:start position:0% +explained to individuals whether adults + + + align:start position:0% +explained to individuals whether adults +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +children and then you blend that + + align:start position:0% +children and then you blend that + + + align:start position:0% +children and then you blend that +together with what you already + + align:start position:0% +together with what you already + + + align:start position:0% +together with what you already +understand about human beings and + + align:start position:0% +understand about human beings and + + + align:start position:0% +understand about human beings and +yourself and what's being expected of + + align:start position:0% +yourself and what's being expected of + + + align:start position:0% +yourself and what's being expected of +you and then you just begin to + + align:start position:0% +you and then you just begin to + + + align:start position:0% +you and then you just begin to +internalize + + align:start position:0% +internalize + + + align:start position:0% +internalize +this they become sort of your personal + + align:start position:0% +this they become sort of your personal + + + align:start position:0% +this they become sort of your personal +cultural norms you can call that + + align:start position:0% +cultural norms you can call that + + + align:start position:0% +cultural norms you can call that +I don't mean it on some profound level + + align:start position:0% +I don't mean it on some profound level + + + align:start position:0% +I don't mean it on some profound level +like perspec you know the imposition of + + align:start position:0% +like perspec you know the imposition of + + + align:start position:0% +like perspec you know the imposition of +rigid cultural norms or rigid religious + + align:start position:0% +rigid cultural norms or rigid religious + + + align:start position:0% +rigid cultural norms or rigid religious +beliefs I don't mean it like that like + + align:start position:0% +beliefs I don't mean it like that like + + + align:start position:0% +beliefs I don't mean it like that like +you have to wash your hands before you + + align:start position:0% +you have to wash your hands before you + + + align:start position:0% +you have to wash your hands before you +go to the table and when you talk to + + align:start position:0% +go to the table and when you talk to + + + align:start position:0% +go to the table and when you talk to +people you look at + + align:start position:0% +people you look at + + + align:start position:0% +people you look at +them things like that I was just on a + + align:start position:0% +them things like that I was just on a + + + align:start position:0% +them things like that I was just on a +much much much much smaller + + align:start position:0% +much much much much smaller + + + align:start position:0% +much much much much smaller +SC + + align:start position:0% +SC + + + align:start position:0% +SC +little so I'm happy to go with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I in this case I think we we'll be able + + align:start position:0% +I in this case I think we we'll be able + + + align:start position:0% +I in this case I think we we'll be able +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bring each of + + align:start position:0% +bring each of + + + align:start position:0% +bring each of +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these we're + + align:start position:0% +these we're + + + align:start position:0% +these we're +talking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +related about how to help + + align:start position:0% +related about how to help + + + align:start position:0% +related about how to help +a lot more than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that this is some knowledge that he has + + align:start position:0% +that this is some knowledge that he has + + + align:start position:0% +that this is some knowledge that he has +about how to do that how to get + + align:start position:0% +about how to do that how to get + + + align:start position:0% +about how to do that how to get +people to + + align:start position:0% +people to + + + align:start position:0% +people to +Iden their + + align:start position:0% +Iden their + + + align:start position:0% +Iden their +experience reinvent the scooter for us + + align:start position:0% +experience reinvent the scooter for us + + + align:start position:0% +experience reinvent the scooter for us +they didn't they didn't have enough + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solve the last problem + + align:start position:0% +solve the last problem + + + align:start position:0% +solve the last problem +because he + + align:start position:0% +because he + + + align:start position:0% +because he +started + + align:start position:0% +started + + + align:start position:0% +started +methodology way like already making an + + align:start position:0% +methodology way like already making an + + + align:start position:0% +methodology way like already making an +exive but then actually + + align:start position:0% +exive but then actually + + + align:start position:0% +exive but then actually +apply the way he does it a very big + + align:start position:0% +apply the way he does it a very big + + + align:start position:0% +apply the way he does it a very big +difference between when he does the + + align:start position:0% +difference between when he does the + + + align:start position:0% +difference between when he does the +methodology and when like I do + + align:start position:0% +methodology and when like I do + + + align:start position:0% +methodology and when like I do +it as experience + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moments do you need + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to or I would sit down with him start + + align:start position:0% +to or I would sit down with him start + + + align:start position:0% +to or I would sit down with him start +did a + + align:start position:0% +did a + + + align:start position:0% +did a +guide step by step what she + + align:start position:0% +guide step by step what she + + + align:start position:0% +guide step by step what she +does so that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +externalization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +St watch him based on this guy + + align:start position:0% +St watch him based on this guy + + + align:start position:0% +St watch him based on this guy +do like five hours writing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by even yesterday when I watched + + align:start position:0% +by even yesterday when I watched + + + align:start position:0% +by even yesterday when I watched +describe more + + align:start position:0% +describe more + + + align:start position:0% +describe more +things you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +terms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +comce of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paper what I'm seeit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what I understood combination is that we + + align:start position:0% +what I understood combination is that we + + + align:start position:0% +what I understood combination is that we +take what we know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +already and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +combin way of + + align:start position:0% +combin way of + + + align:start position:0% +combin way of +thinking learning knowledge whatever you + + align:start position:0% +thinking learning knowledge whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +thinking learning knowledge whatever you +want to call it happens when I combine + + align:start position:0% +want to call it happens when I combine + + + align:start position:0% +want to call it happens when I combine +information that's being + + align:start position:0% +information that's being + + + align:start position:0% +information that's being +externalized because it's not knowledge + + align:start position:0% +externalized because it's not knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +externalized because it's not knowledge +per se it's + + align:start position:0% +per se it's + + + align:start position:0% +per se it's +information when it's + + align:start position:0% +information when it's + + + align:start position:0% +information when it's +given it's information when I combine it + + align:start position:0% +given it's information when I combine it + + + align:start position:0% +given it's information when I combine it +with information I have from my + + align:start position:0% +with information I have from my + + + align:start position:0% +with information I have from my +experience then I internalize it as + + align:start position:0% +experience then I internalize it as + + + align:start position:0% +experience then I internalize it as +knowledge that's not to me it's not + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that's not to me it's not + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that's not to me it's not +knowledge for me until I I get to this + + align:start position:0% +knowledge for me until I I get to this + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge for me until I I get to this +point you + + align:start position:0% +point you + + + align:start position:0% +point you +know I mean I now know what reflective + + align:start position:0% +know I mean I now know what reflective + + + align:start position:0% +know I mean I now know what reflective +practice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +proposes one of the challenges with this + + align:start position:0% +proposes one of the challenges with this + + + align:start position:0% +proposes one of the challenges with this +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +oftentimes internalized it to the point + + align:start position:0% +oftentimes internalized it to the point + + + align:start position:0% +oftentimes internalized it to the point +where I can use + + align:start position:0% +where I can use + + + align:start position:0% +where I can use +it I mean I'm somewhere in between these + + align:start position:0% +it I mean I'm somewhere in between these + + + align:start position:0% +it I mean I'm somewhere in between these +two stages with this process + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +into my thinking to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point you're not really thinking about + + align:start position:0% +point you're not really thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +point you're not really thinking about +it anymore if you're sking or you're + + align:start position:0% +it anymore if you're sking or you're + + + align:start position:0% +it anymore if you're sking or you're +snowboarding you're riding a bike you + + align:start position:0% +snowboarding you're riding a bike you + + + align:start position:0% +snowboarding you're riding a bike you +aren't thinking about that it's just + + align:start position:0% +aren't thinking about that it's just + + + align:start position:0% +aren't thinking about that it's just +part of the fluidity of action like once + + align:start position:0% +part of the fluidity of action like once + + + align:start position:0% +part of the fluidity of action like once +you can walk you don't think to yourself + + align:start position:0% +you can walk you don't think to yourself + + + align:start position:0% +you can walk you don't think to yourself +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +B balance B Place + + align:start position:0% +B balance B Place + + + align:start position:0% +B balance B Place +balance so yeah and the other it becomes + + align:start position:0% +balance so yeah and the other it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +balance so yeah and the other it becomes +a habit + + align:start position:0% +a habit + + + align:start position:0% +a habit +you know I'm going to I'm going + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm going to I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm going to I'm going +to when I when I hear new + + align:start position:0% +to when I when I hear new + + + align:start position:0% +to when I when I hear new +information it's more than the critical + + align:start position:0% +information it's more than the critical + + + align:start position:0% +information it's more than the critical +moment that's that's not it just becomes + + align:start position:0% +moment that's that's not it just becomes + + + align:start position:0% +moment that's that's not it just becomes +part of how you it becomes part of your + + align:start position:0% +part of how you it becomes part of your + + + align:start position:0% +part of how you it becomes part of your +active cognition you're not thinking + + align:start position:0% +active cognition you're not thinking + + + align:start position:0% +active cognition you're not thinking +about it anymore it's just it'll become + + align:start position:0% +about it anymore it's just it'll become + + + align:start position:0% +about it anymore it's just it'll become +a habit of what I do that I reflect + + align:start position:0% +a habit of what I do that I reflect + + + align:start position:0% +a habit of what I do that I reflect +on what I've + + align:start position:0% +on what I've + + + align:start position:0% +on what I've +learned talking about have to decide + + align:start position:0% +learned talking about have to decide + + + align:start position:0% +learned talking about have to decide +what our concrete example is is it the + + align:start position:0% +what our concrete example is is it the + + + align:start position:0% +what our concrete example is is it the +reflective practice or is it critical + + align:start position:0% +reflective practice or is it critical + + + align:start position:0% +reflective practice or is it critical +moment I mean because to me critical + + align:start position:0% +moment I mean because to me critical + + + align:start position:0% +moment I mean because to me critical +moments is a method + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of maybe better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to we + + align:start position:0% +to we + + + align:start position:0% +to we +can we have we all have experienced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +some it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +some it doesn't +does sometimes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen in your daily life you are doing + + align:start position:0% +happen in your daily life you are doing + + + align:start position:0% +happen in your daily life you are doing +something just as a habit oh sometimes + + align:start position:0% +something just as a habit oh sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +something just as a habit oh sometimes +you see some other people doing the same + + align:start position:0% +you see some other people doing the same + + + align:start position:0% +you see some other people doing the same +kind of thing with another habit or + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing with another habit or + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing with another habit or +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +way do you cat + + align:start position:0% +way do you cat + + + align:start position:0% +way do you cat +them do easier or small does it happen + + align:start position:0% +them do easier or small does it happen + + + align:start position:0% +them do easier or small does it happen +to you and then does it happen to us + + align:start position:0% +to you and then does it happen to us + + + align:start position:0% +to you and then does it happen to us +that why don't we change our way of + + align:start position:0% +that why don't we change our way of + + + align:start position:0% +that why don't we change our way of +doing that to make it better to make it + + align:start position:0% +doing that to make it better to make it + + + align:start position:0% +doing that to make it better to make it +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +comfortable so does + + align:start position:0% +comfortable so does + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable so does +it we comb what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we the idea combine + + align:start position:0% +we the idea combine + + + align:start position:0% +we the idea combine +it think about it and take out something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that the other one + + align:start position:0% +that the other one + + + align:start position:0% +that the other one +is and we took it immediately and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +learning to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +randomly know + + align:start position:0% +randomly know + + + align:start position:0% +randomly know +the more efficient to narrow to limit + + align:start position:0% +the more efficient to narrow to limit + + + align:start position:0% +the more efficient to narrow to limit +want way who you + + align:start position:0% +want way who you + + + align:start position:0% +want way who you +talking it's a combination project + + align:start position:0% +talking it's a combination project + + + align:start position:0% +talking it's a combination project +combination por rather it's really + + align:start position:0% +combination por rather it's really + + + align:start position:0% +combination por rather it's really +interesting because although we're all + + align:start position:0% +interesting because although we're all + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because although we're all +in the same class we're all listening to + + align:start position:0% +in the same class we're all listening to + + + align:start position:0% +in the same class we're all listening to +Cesar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talk everybody's absorbing the + + align:start position:0% +talk everybody's absorbing the + + + align:start position:0% +talk everybody's absorbing the +information differently because you all + + align:start position:0% +information differently because you all + + + align:start position:0% +information differently because you all +come to it with we all come to it with a + + align:start position:0% +come to it with we all come to it with a + + + align:start position:0% +come to it with we all come to it with a +different educational background + + align:start position:0% +different educational background + + + align:start position:0% +different educational background +different personal philosophy different + + align:start position:0% +different personal philosophy different + + + align:start position:0% +different personal philosophy different +world + + align:start position:0% +world + + + align:start position:0% +world +view um you know as as as similar as you + + align:start position:0% +view um you know as as as similar as you + + + align:start position:0% +view um you know as as as similar as you +know as similar as our politics may be + + align:start position:0% +know as similar as our politics may be + + + align:start position:0% +know as similar as our politics may be +or our sensibilities maybe or any of + + align:start position:0% +or our sensibilities maybe or any of + + + align:start position:0% +or our sensibilities maybe or any of +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +things everybody just comes to it + + align:start position:0% +things everybody just comes to it + + + align:start position:0% +things everybody just comes to it +differently individual you + + align:start position:0% +differently individual you + + + align:start position:0% +differently individual you +know so we're all absorbing different + + align:start position:0% +know so we're all absorbing different + + + align:start position:0% +know so we're all absorbing different +pie + + align:start position:0% +pie + + + align:start position:0% +pie +ofar it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it depends on what experience what + + align:start position:0% +it depends on what experience what + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on what experience what +background information you bring to the + + align:start position:0% +background information you bring to the + + + align:start position:0% +background information you bring to the +group I you know since I sat through the + + align:start position:0% +group I you know since I sat through the + + + align:start position:0% +group I you know since I sat through the +critical moments exercise in Atlanta I + + align:start position:0% +critical moments exercise in Atlanta I + + + align:start position:0% +critical moments exercise in Atlanta I +have a different I'm hearing this with a + + align:start position:0% +have a different I'm hearing this with a + + + align:start position:0% +have a different I'm hearing this with a +different lens hear with a lens but you + + align:start position:0% +different lens hear with a lens but you + + + align:start position:0% +different lens hear with a lens but you +know filter filter than um someone else + + align:start position:0% +know filter filter than um someone else + + + align:start position:0% +know filter filter than um someone else +in the class who's never heard of it + + align:start position:0% +in the class who's never heard of it + + + align:start position:0% +in the class who's never heard of it +before never seen it practice so I had a + + align:start position:0% +before never seen it practice so I had a + + + align:start position:0% +before never seen it practice so I had a +an assumption of where we were going + + align:start position:0% +an assumption of where we were going + + + align:start position:0% +an assumption of where we were going +putting our little pieces on + + align:start position:0% +putting our little pieces on + + + align:start position:0% +putting our little pieces on +yester and I you know had experience + + align:start position:0% +yester and I you know had experience + + + align:start position:0% +yester and I you know had experience +that before so had some assumptions that + + align:start position:0% +that before so had some assumptions that + + + align:start position:0% +that before so had some assumptions that +I that to me you know combining this + + align:start position:0% +I that to me you know combining this + + + align:start position:0% +I that to me you know combining this +with a set of information that's a + + align:start position:0% +with a set of information that's a + + + align:start position:0% +with a set of information that's a +that's different but likewise likewise + + align:start position:0% +that's different but likewise likewise + + + align:start position:0% +that's different but likewise likewise +even if you repeat the Course once a + + align:start position:0% +even if you repeat the Course once a + + + align:start position:0% +even if you repeat the Course once a +month for the rest of your life you're + + align:start position:0% +month for the rest of your life you're + + + align:start position:0% +month for the rest of your life you're +always combining the + + align:start position:0% +always combining the + + + align:start position:0% +always combining the +information you know what is it you + + align:start position:0% +information you know what is it you + + + align:start position:0% +information you know what is it you +never step into the same river twice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and on the flip side you know BR says + + align:start position:0% +and on the flip side you know BR says + + + align:start position:0% +and on the flip side you know BR says +the eye does not see what the heart is + + align:start position:0% +the eye does not see what the heart is + + + align:start position:0% +the eye does not see what the heart is +not prepared to + + align:start position:0% +not prepared to + + + align:start position:0% +not prepared to +comprehend right it's the same thing + + align:start position:0% +comprehend right it's the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +comprehend right it's the same thing +with your brain you can't see what + + align:start position:0% +with your brain you can't see what + + + align:start position:0% +with your brain you can't see what +you're not prepared to comprehend or + + align:start position:0% +you're not prepared to comprehend or + + + align:start position:0% +you're not prepared to comprehend or +don't have + + align:start position:0% +don't have + + + align:start position:0% +don't have +the don't have + + align:start position:0% +the don't have + + + align:start position:0% +the don't have +the capabilities to I mean what a + + align:start position:0% +the capabilities to I mean what a + + + align:start position:0% +the capabilities to I mean what a +2-year-old can comprehend and what a + + align:start position:0% +2-year-old can comprehend and what a + + + align:start position:0% +2-year-old can comprehend and what a +four-year-old can comprehend are very + + align:start position:0% +four-year-old can comprehend are very + + + align:start position:0% +four-year-old can comprehend are very +different things + + align:start position:0% +different things + + + align:start position:0% +different things +in terms of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +your think you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of you know I mean like as a really TR + + align:start position:0% +of you know I mean like as a really TR + + + align:start position:0% +of you know I mean like as a really TR +example I had a professor in college who + + align:start position:0% +example I had a professor in college who + + + align:start position:0% +example I had a professor in college who +his entire life was like a truly devout + + align:start position:0% +his entire life was like a truly devout + + + align:start position:0% +his entire life was like a truly devout +Catholic and was actually going was in + + align:start position:0% +Catholic and was actually going was in + + + align:start position:0% +Catholic and was actually going was in +the priest like in the Seminary + + align:start position:0% +the priest like in the Seminary + + + align:start position:0% +the priest like in the Seminary +intending to enter the priesthood + + align:start position:0% +intending to enter the priesthood + + + align:start position:0% +intending to enter the priesthood +and he said one day he woke up and the + + align:start position:0% +and he said one day he woke up and the + + + align:start position:0% +and he said one day he woke up and the +following thought came to him what if + + align:start position:0% +following thought came to him what if + + + align:start position:0% +following thought came to him what if +there is no God and he had this total + + align:start position:0% +there is no God and he had this total + + + align:start position:0% +there is no God and he had this total +crisis of faith and left he's still a + + align:start position:0% +crisis of faith and left he's still a + + + align:start position:0% +crisis of faith and left he's still a +practicing Catholic still believes in + + align:start position:0% +practicing Catholic still believes in + + + align:start position:0% +practicing Catholic still believes in +God but it was just the + + align:start position:0% +God but it was just the + + + align:start position:0% +God but it was just the +idea that that could be true that he + + align:start position:0% +idea that that could be true that he + + + align:start position:0% +idea that that could be true that he +could even conceive of it pulled the rug + + align:start position:0% +could even conceive of it pulled the rug + + + align:start position:0% +could even conceive of it pulled the rug +out from underneath his entire life I + + align:start position:0% +out from underneath his entire life I + + + align:start position:0% +out from underneath his entire life I +mean so it's those sorts of things like + + align:start position:0% +mean so it's those sorts of things like + + + align:start position:0% +mean so it's those sorts of things like +where what are you prepared to + + align:start position:0% +where what are you prepared to + + + align:start position:0% +where what are you prepared to +comprehend thinking about and where are + + align:start position:0% +comprehend thinking about and where are + + + align:start position:0% +comprehend thinking about and where are +you trying to apply I mean over + + align:start position:0% +you trying to apply I mean over + + + align:start position:0% +you trying to apply I mean over +maybe you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +build there's very much idea on paper + + align:start position:0% +build there's very much idea on paper + + + align:start position:0% +build there's very much idea on paper +try it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out but it's just something to be aware + + align:start position:0% +out but it's just something to be aware + + + align:start position:0% +out but it's just something to be aware +ofation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I think you're exactly right I think + + align:start position:0% +and I think you're exactly right I think + + + align:start position:0% +and I think you're exactly right I think +that it takes a lot of rethinking and + + align:start position:0% +that it takes a lot of rethinking and + + + align:start position:0% +that it takes a lot of rethinking and +different kinds of information to make + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of information to make + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of information to make +people sh I mean even little things let + + align:start position:0% +people sh I mean even little things let + + + align:start position:0% +people sh I mean even little things let +alone your entire world view part of + + align:start position:0% +alone your entire world view part of + + + align:start position:0% +alone your entire world view part of +that has to + + align:start position:0% +that has to + + + align:start position:0% +that has to +be oh this sounds really bad that you're + + align:start position:0% +be oh this sounds really bad that you're + + + align:start position:0% +be oh this sounds really bad that you're +thinking at all you know what I mean + + align:start position:0% +thinking at all you know what I mean + + + align:start position:0% +thinking at all you know what I mean +that you're not + + align:start position:0% +that you're not + + + align:start position:0% +that you're not +just and that it's some level for + + align:start position:0% +just and that it's some level for + + + align:start position:0% +just and that it's some level for +example if you're engaged in this + + align:start position:0% +example if you're engaged in this + + + align:start position:0% +example if you're engaged in this +process you're not there because + + align:start position:0% +process you're not there because + + + align:start position:0% +process you're not there because +somebody has a gun to your head so + + align:start position:0% +somebody has a gun to your head so + + + align:start position:0% +somebody has a gun to your head so +you're at least thinking that I'm going + + align:start position:0% +you're at least thinking that I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +you're at least thinking that I'm going +to have to think about something whether + + align:start position:0% +to have to think about something whether + + + align:start position:0% +to have to think about something whether +or not you believe you're entirely + + align:start position:0% +or not you believe you're entirely + + + align:start position:0% +or not you believe you're entirely +right if you think of a classroom + + align:start position:0% +right if you think of a classroom + + + align:start position:0% +right if you think of a classroom +situation being a teacher walking in + + align:start position:0% +situation being a teacher walking in + + + align:start position:0% +situation being a teacher walking in +with you have I mean knowledge of a + + align:start position:0% +with you have I mean knowledge of a + + + align:start position:0% +with you have I mean knowledge of a +language which is my background to and + + align:start position:0% +language which is my background to and + + + align:start position:0% +language which is my background to and +you know that that's what you're there + + align:start position:0% +you know that that's what you're there + + + align:start position:0% +you know that that's what you're there +to externalize but you know you try to + + align:start position:0% +to externalize but you know you try to + + + align:start position:0% +to externalize but you know you try to +demonstrate a bit of it to bring + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate a bit of it to bring + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate a bit of it to bring +students on board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +teaching it or sharing that information + + align:start position:0% +teaching it or sharing that information + + + align:start position:0% +teaching it or sharing that information +with this + + align:start position:0% +with this + + + align:start position:0% +with this +classroom each one in there is comes + + align:start position:0% +classroom each one in there is comes + + + align:start position:0% +classroom each one in there is comes +into the room with a different + + align:start position:0% +into the room with a different + + + align:start position:0% +into the room with a different +background of experience or they used + + align:start position:0% +background of experience or they used + + + align:start position:0% +background of experience or they used +there was a theory schema Theory which + + align:start position:0% +there was a theory schema Theory which + + + align:start position:0% +there was a theory schema Theory which +is each person BR their own SCH you know + + align:start position:0% +is each person BR their own SCH you know + + + align:start position:0% +is each person BR their own SCH you know +a diagram of all the little pieces that + + align:start position:0% +a diagram of all the little pieces that + + + align:start position:0% +a diagram of all the little pieces that +you have that you're bringing in know + + align:start position:0% +you have that you're bringing in know + + + align:start position:0% +you have that you're bringing in know +whether you've ever been to a Spanish + + align:start position:0% +whether you've ever been to a Spanish + + + align:start position:0% +whether you've ever been to a Spanish +speaking country whether you've ever + + align:start position:0% +speaking country whether you've ever + + + align:start position:0% +speaking country whether you've ever +watched Sesame Street you know whether + + align:start position:0% +watched Sesame Street you know whether + + + align:start position:0% +watched Sesame Street you know whether +your grandparents spoke the language you + + align:start position:0% +your grandparents spoke the language you + + + align:start position:0% +your grandparents spoke the language you +know all that combines in you you're + + align:start position:0% +know all that combines in you you're + + + align:start position:0% +know all that combines in you you're +bringing that information so when you + + align:start position:0% +bringing that information so when you + + + align:start position:0% +bringing that information so when you +hear the teacher give this + + align:start position:0% +hear the teacher give this + + + align:start position:0% +hear the teacher give this +instruction you know you each student in + + align:start position:0% +instruction you know you each student in + + + align:start position:0% +instruction you know you each student in +there is going to attach it to different + + align:start position:0% +there is going to attach it to different + + + align:start position:0% +there is going to attach it to different +background information or schema so even + + align:start position:0% +background information or schema so even + + + align:start position:0% +background information or schema so even +if you have an entire + + align:start position:0% +if you have an entire + + + align:start position:0% +if you have an entire +classroom very similar backgrounds none + + align:start position:0% +classroom very similar backgrounds none + + + align:start position:0% +classroom very similar backgrounds none +of ever exposed simply neurologically + + align:start position:0% +of ever exposed simply neurologically + + + align:start position:0% +of ever exposed simply neurologically +some come with more capacity for + + align:start position:0% +some come with more capacity for + + + align:start position:0% +some come with more capacity for +Linguistics than others are going to + + align:start position:0% +Linguistics than others are going to + + + align:start position:0% +Linguistics than others are going to +come with so how they're going to + + align:start position:0% +come with so how they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +come with so how they're going to +combine that apply it and internalize it + + align:start position:0% +combine that apply it and internalize it + + + align:start position:0% +combine that apply it and internalize it +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +very so to to and willingness whether + + align:start position:0% +very so to to and willingness whether + + + align:start position:0% +very so to to and willingness whether +they there and want + + align:start position:0% +they there and want + + + align:start position:0% +they there and want +it poured into their brain as opposed to + + align:start position:0% +it poured into their brain as opposed to + + + align:start position:0% +it poured into their brain as opposed to +whether you're an participant in the + + align:start position:0% +whether you're an participant in the + + + align:start position:0% +whether you're an participant in the +learning process how they how they + + align:start position:0% +learning process how they how they + + + align:start position:0% +learning process how they how they +combine it it's going to be different so + + align:start position:0% +combine it it's going to be different so + + + align:start position:0% +combine it it's going to be different so +but let's clarify our concrete example + + align:start position:0% +but let's clarify our concrete example + + + align:start position:0% +but let's clarify our concrete example +just for my benefit if we could have we + + align:start position:0% +just for my benefit if we could have we + + + align:start position:0% +just for my benefit if we could have we +chosen the critical moments exercise or + + align:start position:0% +chosen the critical moments exercise or + + + align:start position:0% +chosen the critical moments exercise or +have we chosen reflective practice cuz I + + align:start position:0% +have we chosen reflective practice cuz I + + + align:start position:0% +have we chosen reflective practice cuz I +think we're different I'm not sure where + + align:start position:0% +think we're different I'm not sure where + + + align:start position:0% +think we're different I'm not sure where +we ended up + + align:start position:0% +we ended up + + + align:start position:0% +we ended up +on if we were supposed to + + align:start position:0% +on if we were supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +on if we were supposed to +analyze the method based on a concrete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case everybody went to foreign language + + align:start position:0% +case everybody went to foreign language + + + align:start position:0% +case everybody went to foreign language +class that right you obviously + + align:start position:0% +class that right you obviously + + + align:start position:0% +class that right you obviously +everybody was forced to go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stages + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +internal at the if you want to do the + + align:start position:0% +internal at the if you want to do the + + + align:start position:0% +internal at the if you want to do the +instruction and learning of + + align:start position:0% +instruction and learning of + + + align:start position:0% +instruction and learning of +language the very + + align:start position:0% +language the very + + + align:start position:0% +language the very +basic triv + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not ta ability on the part + + align:start position:0% +not ta ability on the part + + + align:start position:0% +not ta ability on the part +of the teacher and the student to + + align:start position:0% +of the teacher and the student to + + + align:start position:0% +of the teacher and the student to +everyone's neurologically wired for + + align:start position:0% +everyone's neurologically wired for + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's neurologically wired for +language you have the capacity to learn + + align:start position:0% +language you have the capacity to learn + + + align:start position:0% +language you have the capacity to learn +it and God knows some people just + + align:start position:0% +it and God knows some people just + + + align:start position:0% +it and God knows some people just +shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't +teach they just don't have the capacity + + align:start position:0% +teach they just don't have the capacity + + + align:start position:0% +teach they just don't have the capacity +for that not you I'm sure you were + + align:start position:0% +for that not you I'm sure you were + + + align:start position:0% +for that not you I'm sure you were +fabulous uh + + align:start position:0% +fabulous uh + + + align:start position:0% +fabulous uh +I was victimized by bad language + + align:start position:0% +I was victimized by bad language + + + align:start position:0% +I was victimized by bad language +teachers the um so everybody comes wired + + align:start position:0% +teachers the um so everybody comes wired + + + align:start position:0% +teachers the um so everybody comes wired +you have the tacit capacity and + + align:start position:0% +you have the tacit capacity and + + + align:start position:0% +you have the tacit capacity and +understanding of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +language some have more of anude than + + align:start position:0% +language some have more of anude than + + + align:start position:0% +language some have more of anude than +others thinking your first language it's + + align:start position:0% +others thinking your first language it's + + + align:start position:0% +others thinking your first language it's +different the socialization part is you + + align:start position:0% +different the socialization part is you + + + align:start position:0% +different the socialization part is you +just like around people who are talking + + align:start position:0% +just like around people who are talking + + + align:start position:0% +just like around people who are talking +you see words down you hear stuff from + + align:start position:0% +you see words down you hear stuff from + + + align:start position:0% +you see words down you hear stuff from +the people around you people are trying + + align:start position:0% +the people around you people are trying + + + align:start position:0% +the people around you people are trying +to talk to you or they're talking around + + align:start position:0% +to talk to you or they're talking around + + + align:start position:0% +to talk to you or they're talking around +at some point people start saying that's + + align:start position:0% +at some point people start saying that's + + + align:start position:0% +at some point people start saying that's +a that's chair that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a and even if they don't explicitly + + align:start position:0% +a and even if they don't explicitly + + + align:start position:0% +a and even if they don't explicitly +identify you're just picking it + + align:start position:0% +identify you're just picking it + + + align:start position:0% +identify you're just picking it +up although I would I would argue + + align:start position:0% +up although I would I would argue + + + align:start position:0% +up although I would I would argue +that written language and the + + align:start position:0% +that written language and the + + + align:start position:0% +that written language and the +recognition of that as its own language + + align:start position:0% +recognition of that as its own language + + + align:start position:0% +recognition of that as its own language +is different + + align:start position:0% +is different + + + align:start position:0% +is different +totally then how you're picking up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what you think and they express what + + align:start position:0% +what you think and they express what + + + align:start position:0% +what you think and they express what +they thought + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and idiomatic speech linguistic + + align:start position:0% +and idiomatic speech linguistic + + + align:start position:0% +and idiomatic speech linguistic +understandings you know I have a friend + + align:start position:0% +understandings you know I have a friend + + + align:start position:0% +understandings you know I have a friend +who speaks like six languages but + + align:start position:0% +who speaks like six languages but + + + align:start position:0% +who speaks like six languages but +English is not his first language he + + align:start position:0% +English is not his first language he + + + align:start position:0% +English is not his first language he +came to me after a class he was + + align:start position:0% +came to me after a class he was + + + align:start position:0% +came to me after a class he was +graduating from college and he came to + + align:start position:0% +graduating from college and he came to + + + align:start position:0% +graduating from college and he came to +me after a class and he said I was in + + align:start position:0% +me after a class and he said I was in + + + align:start position:0% +me after a class and he said I was in +class today and someone said well that's + + align:start position:0% +class today and someone said well that's + + + align:start position:0% +class today and someone said well that's +just Grist for The + + align:start position:0% +just Grist for The + + + align:start position:0% +just Grist for The +Mill at which point the class continued + + align:start position:0% +Mill at which point the class continued + + + align:start position:0% +Mill at which point the class continued +but he had no idea what that meant and + + align:start position:0% +but he had no idea what that meant and + + + align:start position:0% +but he had no idea what that meant and +because the class had turned on + + align:start position:0% +because the class had turned on + + + align:start position:0% +because the class had turned on +him he had no idea like the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +him he had no idea like the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +him he had no idea like the rest of the +class half the class was + + align:start position:0% +class half the class was + + + align:start position:0% +class half the class was +Wast no idea what had just shifted and + + align:start position:0% +Wast no idea what had just shifted and + + + align:start position:0% +Wast no idea what had just shifted and +you know you don't think of it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the other thing that goes along with + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing that goes along with + + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing that goes along with +learning to speak a language is + + align:start position:0% +learning to speak a language is + + + align:start position:0% +learning to speak a language is +learning so are we answering in which + + align:start position:0% +learning so are we answering in which + + + align:start position:0% +learning so are we answering in which +situations method useful what do they + + align:start position:0% +situations method useful what do they + + + align:start position:0% +situations method useful what do they +call that non-verbal communication how + + align:start position:0% +call that non-verbal communication how + + + align:start position:0% +call that non-verbal communication how +in certain cultures how close you stand + + align:start position:0% +in certain cultures how close you stand + + + align:start position:0% +in certain cultures how close you stand +to someone when you speak to them + + align:start position:0% +to someone when you speak to them + + + align:start position:0% +to someone when you speak to them +whether or not you make eye contact with + + align:start position:0% +whether or not you make eye contact with + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not you make eye contact with +people when you speak with + + align:start position:0% +people when you speak with + + + align:start position:0% +people when you speak with +them you know how your body is even you + + align:start position:0% +them you know how your body is even you + + + align:start position:0% +them you know how your body is even you +know even how your body is positioned to + + align:start position:0% +know even how your body is positioned to + + + align:start position:0% +know even how your body is positioned to +talk somebody like this is very + + align:start position:0% +talk somebody like this is very + + + align:start position:0% +talk somebody like this is very +different than to talk to somebody like + + align:start position:0% +different than to talk to somebody like + + + align:start position:0% +different than to talk to somebody like +that just all those things that nobody + + align:start position:0% +that just all those things that nobody + + + align:start position:0% +that just all those things that nobody +ever says to you if you want to show + + align:start position:0% +ever says to you if you want to show + + + align:start position:0% +ever says to you if you want to show +someone your man cross your arms in + + align:start position:0% +someone your man cross your arms in + + + align:start position:0% +someone your man cross your arms in +front of you nobody ever sense that you + + align:start position:0% +front of you nobody ever sense that you + + + align:start position:0% +front of you nobody ever sense that you +just see people do + + align:start position:0% +just see people do + + + align:start position:0% +just see people do +that there are attempts made to do that + + align:start position:0% +that there are attempts made to do that + + + align:start position:0% +that there are attempts made to do that +I mean we had a poster in our class + + align:start position:0% +I mean we had a poster in our class + + + align:start position:0% +I mean we had a poster in our class +of hand signals that you will see + + align:start position:0% +of hand signals that you will see + + + align:start position:0% +of hand signals that you will see +Spanish speakers make that have a + + align:start position:0% +Spanish speakers make that have a + + + align:start position:0% +Spanish speakers make that have a +particular meaning + + align:start position:0% +particular meaning + + + align:start position:0% +particular meaning +do that this is what it means you + + align:start position:0% +do that this is what it means you + + + align:start position:0% +do that this is what it means you +know so but again that had to be defined + + align:start position:0% +know so but again that had to be defined + + + align:start position:0% +know so but again that had to be defined +because that's not true of every Spanish + + align:start position:0% +because that's not true of every Spanish + + + align:start position:0% +because that's not true of every Spanish +speaking country you know so it's how do + + align:start position:0% +speaking country you know so it's how do + + + align:start position:0% +speaking country you know so it's how do +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +externalize are + + align:start position:0% +externalize are + + + align:start position:0% +externalize are +very yeah I spent a lot of time working + + align:start position:0% +very yeah I spent a lot of time working + + + align:start position:0% +very yeah I spent a lot of time working +with children on the autistic + + align:start position:0% +with children on the autistic + + + align:start position:0% +with children on the autistic +spect and you know this is a whole very + + align:start position:0% +spect and you know this is a whole very + + + align:start position:0% +spect and you know this is a whole very +specified portion of speech and language + + align:start position:0% +specified portion of speech and language + + + align:start position:0% +specified portion of speech and language +pathology is how teach people who are + + align:start position:0% +pathology is how teach people who are + + + align:start position:0% +pathology is how teach people who are +neurologically incapable of doing it how + + align:start position:0% +neurologically incapable of doing it how + + + align:start position:0% +neurologically incapable of doing it how +to read body language and it's like it + + align:start position:0% +to read body language and it's like it + + + align:start position:0% +to read body language and it's like it +is like but they told me was like it's + + align:start position:0% +is like but they told me was like it's + + + align:start position:0% +is like but they told me was like it's +learning it's like learning a second + + align:start position:0% +learning it's like learning a second + + + align:start position:0% +learning it's like learning a second +language when you're grown but you will + + align:start position:0% +language when you're grown but you will + + + align:start position:0% +language when you're grown but you will +never be fluent in the language you're + + align:start position:0% +never be fluent in the language you're + + + align:start position:0% +never be fluent in the language you're +sort of you're sort of an immigrant into + + align:start position:0% +sort of you're sort of an immigrant into + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you're sort of an immigrant into +that and you'll eventually socially + + align:start position:0% +that and you'll eventually socially + + + align:start position:0% +that and you'll eventually socially +learn how to get to the bus station or + + align:start position:0% +learn how to get to the bus station or + + + align:start position:0% +learn how to get to the bus station or +how to buy your groceries or how to ask + + align:start position:0% +how to buy your groceries or how to ask + + + align:start position:0% +how to buy your groceries or how to ask +someone directions but you're never + + align:start position:0% +someone directions but you're never + + + align:start position:0% +someone directions but you're never +going to be fluid in that so it's an + + align:start position:0% +going to be fluid in that so it's an + + + align:start position:0% +going to be fluid in that so it's an +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +yeah so yeah the learning of the + + align:start position:0% +yeah so yeah the learning of the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so yeah the learning of the +language how it's done I talking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +language well yeah that's actually + + align:start position:0% +language well yeah that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +language well yeah that's actually +that's actually true because what you're + + align:start position:0% +that's actually true because what you're + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually true because what you're +looking at is how you use a language and + + align:start position:0% +looking at is how you use a language and + + + align:start position:0% +looking at is how you use a language and +the externalization is how you're T A + + align:start position:0% +the externalization is how you're T A + + + align:start position:0% +the externalization is how you're T A +Lang I guess for or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well yeah any any learning language even + + align:start position:0% +well yeah any any learning language even + + + align:start position:0% +well yeah any any learning language even +if it's the first language you're + + align:start position:0% +if it's the first language you're + + + align:start position:0% +if it's the first language you're +combining it with something if you're a + + align:start position:0% +combining it with something if you're a + + + align:start position:0% +combining it with something if you're a +child and you're seeing people do + + align:start position:0% +child and you're seeing people do + + + align:start position:0% +child and you're seeing people do +hearing certain words and you know that + + align:start position:0% +hearing certain words and you know that + + + align:start position:0% +hearing certain words and you know that +you heard that yesterday or before then + + align:start position:0% +you heard that yesterday or before then + + + align:start position:0% +you heard that yesterday or before then +you're going to + + align:start position:0% +you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +external the idea now + + align:start position:0% +external the idea now + + + align:start position:0% +external the idea now +is what I would like you to do is to + + align:start position:0% +is what I would like you to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +is what I would like you to do is to +put advaned until this moment to a paper + + align:start position:0% +put advaned until this moment to a paper + + + align:start position:0% +put advaned until this moment to a paper +for presenting + + align:start position:0% +for presenting + + + align:start position:0% +for presenting +people it's not necessary to have the + + align:start position:0% +people it's not necessary to have the + + + align:start position:0% +people it's not necessary to have the +exercise + + align:start position:0% +exercise + + + align:start position:0% +exercise +complete for the kind of conversation + + align:start position:0% +complete for the kind of conversation + + + align:start position:0% +complete for the kind of conversation +that we will have later + + align:start position:0% +that we will have later + + + align:start position:0% +that we will have later +so began to to put in a sheet of paper + + align:start position:0% +so began to to put in a sheet of paper + + + align:start position:0% +so began to to put in a sheet of paper +what you have produced until + + align:start position:0% +what you have produced until + + + align:start position:0% +what you have produced until +now after that each group will have 10 + + align:start position:0% +now after that each group will have 10 + + + align:start position:0% +now after that each group will have 10 +minutes for presenting his case and we + + align:start position:0% +minutes for presenting his case and we + + + align:start position:0% +minutes for presenting his case and we +will talk about + + align:start position:0% +will talk about + + + align:start position:0% +will talk about +this okay okay thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you you can use two or three sheets of + + align:start position:0% +you you can use two or three sheets of + + + align:start position:0% +you you can use two or three sheets of +paper righty to context to answer this I + + align:start position:0% +paper righty to context to answer this I + + + align:start position:0% +paper righty to context to answer this I +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +um and since I know him and I know that + + align:start position:0% +um and since I know him and I know that + + + align:start position:0% +um and since I know him and I know that +a year ago he did s English and he's + + align:start position:0% +a year ago he did s English and he's + + + align:start position:0% +a year ago he did s English and he's +taught himself basically how to do this + + align:start position:0% +taught himself basically how to do this + + + align:start position:0% +taught himself basically how to do this +but I'm hearing the the way he says + + align:start position:0% +but I'm hearing the the way he says + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm hearing the the way he says +using and um it's combining what + + align:start position:0% +using and um it's combining what + + + align:start position:0% +using and um it's combining what +hearden + + align:start position:0% +hearden + + + align:start position:0% +hearden +that one of those things that you see + + align:start position:0% +that one of those things that you see + + + align:start position:0% +that one of those things that you see +when you're doing English as a second + + align:start position:0% +when you're doing English as a second + + + align:start position:0% +when you're doing English as a second +language you know that you see that you + + align:start position:0% +language you know that you see that you + + + align:start position:0% +language you know that you see that you +to any word to make it past tense kids + + align:start position:0% +to any word to make it past tense kids + + + align:start position:0% +to any word to make it past tense kids +will do you know young kids will do it + + align:start position:0% +will do you know young kids will do it + + + align:start position:0% +will do you know young kids will do it +too they'll say I I go instead of I went + + align:start position:0% +too they'll say I I go instead of I went + + + align:start position:0% +too they'll say I I go instead of I went +you know because they're they're they're + + align:start position:0% +you know because they're they're they're + + + align:start position:0% +you know because they're they're they're +generalizing something they have picked + + align:start position:0% +generalizing something they have picked + + + align:start position:0% +generalizing something they have picked +up I bring and my particular thing yeah + + align:start position:0% +up I bring and my particular thing yeah + + + align:start position:0% +up I bring and my particular thing yeah +well or I bring it you know is first + + align:start position:0% +well or I bring it you know is first + + + align:start position:0% +well or I bring it you know is first +they'll do the Ed on the because to past + + align:start position:0% +they'll do the Ed on the because to past + + + align:start position:0% +they'll do the Ed on the because to past +tent you put Ed on anything and and you + + align:start position:0% +tent you put Ed on anything and and you + + + align:start position:0% +tent you put Ed on anything and and you +know the pronunciation of it the fact + + align:start position:0% +know the pronunciation of it the fact + + + align:start position:0% +know the pronunciation of it the fact +that there's a difference between us of + + align:start position:0% +that there's a difference between us of + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a difference between us of +use it why do you do + + align:start position:0% +use it why do you do + + + align:start position:0% +use it why do you do +that but it's that Pro that's part of + + align:start position:0% +that but it's that Pro that's part of + + + align:start position:0% +that but it's that Pro that's part of +that process so tacitly he picked that + + align:start position:0% +that process so tacitly he picked that + + + align:start position:0% +that process so tacitly he picked that +up but no one has instructed it so that + + align:start position:0% +up but no one has instructed it so that + + + align:start position:0% +up but no one has instructed it so that +he can concentrate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on those kinds of even on more rud + + align:start position:0% +on those kinds of even on more rud + + + align:start position:0% +on those kinds of even on more rud +rudimentary level it's like you go to + + align:start position:0% +rudimentary level it's like you go to + + + align:start position:0% +rudimentary level it's like you go to +second grade and they give you the + + align:start position:0% +second grade and they give you the + + + align:start position:0% +second grade and they give you the +vocabulary sheets here look these up but + + align:start position:0% +vocabulary sheets here look these up but + + + align:start position:0% +vocabulary sheets here look these up but +then you have whole new words you know + + align:start position:0% +then you have whole new words you know + + + align:start position:0% +then you have whole new words you know +you start and like when they start to do + + align:start position:0% +you start and like when they start to do + + + align:start position:0% +you start and like when they start to do +roots of words like Latin roots and + + align:start position:0% +roots of words like Latin roots and + + + align:start position:0% +roots of words like Latin roots and +Greek Roots start to see a pattern in + + align:start position:0% +Greek Roots start to see a pattern in + + + align:start position:0% +Greek Roots start to see a pattern in +language that you haven't seen previous + + align:start position:0% +language that you haven't seen previous + + + align:start position:0% +language that you haven't seen previous +all right who's got good + + align:start position:0% +all right who's got good + + + align:start position:0% +all right who's got good +handwriting he just sits at his desk he + + align:start position:0% +handwriting he just sits at his desk he + + + align:start position:0% +handwriting he just sits at his desk he +does I can print but here you go we have + + align:start position:0% +does I can print but here you go we have + + + align:start position:0% +does I can print but here you go we have +a winner not necessarily well learn + + align:start position:0% +a winner not necessarily well learn + + + align:start position:0% +a winner not necessarily well learn +thatly we always get bad colors all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right we're supposed to answer the + + align:start position:0% +right we're supposed to answer the + + + align:start position:0% +right we're supposed to answer the +question that doesn't I don't like brown + + align:start position:0% +question that doesn't I don't like brown + + + align:start position:0% +question that doesn't I don't like brown +way I'll tell you this one is a dry + + align:start position:0% +way I'll tell you this one is a dry + + + align:start position:0% +way I'll tell you this one is a dry +smells + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +terrible that's actually a really nice + + align:start position:0% +terrible that's actually a really nice + + + align:start position:0% +terrible that's actually a really nice +marker I used that yesterday the black + + align:start position:0% +marker I used that yesterday the black + + + align:start position:0% +marker I used that yesterday the black +one and the fine print all right so what + + align:start position:0% +one and the fine print all right so what + + + align:start position:0% +one and the fine print all right so what +are we supposed to put here I'll you + + align:start position:0% +are we supposed to put here I'll you + + + align:start position:0% +are we supposed to put here I'll you +tell me what to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +put I'm so one of the things we Haven + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I just don't want to dump my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cof it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over tell me what to write and + + align:start position:0% +over tell me what to write and + + + align:start position:0% +over tell me what to write and +I'll when has this worked for you um so + + align:start position:0% +I'll when has this worked for you um so + + + align:start position:0% +I'll when has this worked for you um so +our topic was okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so all right so one the concrete example + + align:start position:0% +so all right so one the concrete example + + + align:start position:0% +so all right so one the concrete example +we chose was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was it + + align:start position:0% +was it + + + align:start position:0% +was it +learning understanding a language that + + align:start position:0% +learning understanding a language that + + + align:start position:0% +learning understanding a language that +whatever + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +language yeah Lear + + align:start position:0% +language yeah Lear + + + align:start position:0% +language yeah Lear +language is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it this process was developed by a + + align:start position:0% +it this process was developed by a + + + align:start position:0% +it this process was developed by a +person who wanted to apply it to design + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the method based on the concrete Cas + + align:start position:0% +so the method based on the concrete Cas + + + align:start position:0% +so the method based on the concrete Cas +what were the strengths of the method + + align:start position:0% +what were the strengths of the method + + + align:start position:0% +what were the strengths of the method +great + + align:start position:0% +great + + + align:start position:0% +great +Str well the strengths is that one of + + align:start position:0% +Str well the strengths is that one of + + + align:start position:0% +Str well the strengths is that one of +the strengths is that you're + + align:start position:0% +the strengths is that you're + + + align:start position:0% +the strengths is that you're +neurologically wired to do it are we + + align:start position:0% +neurologically wired to do it are we + + + align:start position:0% 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+ + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talk analy method is that I think this + + align:start position:0% +talk analy method is that I think this + + + align:start position:0% +talk analy method is that I think this +is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way I it's not like is to use this + + align:start position:0% +way I it's not like is to use this + + + align:start position:0% +way I it's not like is to use this +method no but you use the method to + + align:start position:0% +method no but you use the method to + + + align:start position:0% +method no but you use the method to +expand + + align:start position:0% +expand + + + align:start position:0% +expand +understand so what the strength is that + + align:start position:0% +understand so what the strength is that + + + align:start position:0% +understand so what the strength is that +it comes natur right but you're + + align:start position:0% +it comes natur right but you're + + + align:start position:0% +it comes natur right but you're +neurologically born to do it you don't I + + align:start position:0% +neurologically born to do it you don't I + + + align:start position:0% +neurologically born to do it you don't I +mean it isn't like some people can and + + align:start position:0% +mean it isn't like some people can and + + + align:start position:0% +mean it isn't like some people can and +some people can't barring + + align:start position:0% +some people can't barring + + + align:start position:0% +some people can't barring +extraordinarily extrem but I'm say the + + align:start position:0% +extraordinarily extrem but I'm say the + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinarily extrem but I'm say the +method itself the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method so the strength of the method + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +occurs naturally millions of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +goers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +framing okay so what okay we know that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm by writing's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so to describe + + align:start position:0% +okay so to describe + + + align:start position:0% +okay so to describe +the example is to say that is okay about + + align:start position:0% +the example is to say that is okay about + + + align:start position:0% +the example is to say that is okay about +how people are learning engl and a in + + align:start position:0% +how people are learning engl and a in + + + align:start position:0% +how people are learning engl and a in +class or in a place where they are + + align:start position:0% +class or in a place where they are + + + align:start position:0% +class or in a place where they are +naturally they stay there in + + align:start position:0% +naturally they stay there in + + + align:start position:0% +naturally they stay there in +environment and how do they interact + + align:start position:0% +environment and how do they interact + + + align:start position:0% +environment and how do they interact +with the other socialize and then how do + + align:start position:0% +with the other socialize and then how do + + + align:start position:0% +with the other socialize and then how do +they change see explicit knowledge and + + align:start position:0% +they change see explicit knowledge and + + + align:start position:0% +they change see explicit knowledge and +then take them in and then make it + + align:start position:0% +then take them in and then make it + + + align:start position:0% +then take them in and then make it +so what do we want to + + align:start position:0% +so what do we want to + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we want to +say number one is + + align:start position:0% +say number one is + + + align:start position:0% +say number one is +thebe how + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it I think whoever's reporting out + + align:start position:0% +it I think whoever's reporting out + + + align:start position:0% +it I think whoever's reporting out +probably + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next represent + + align:start position:0% +next represent + + + align:start position:0% +next represent +well I mean one of the ways we could do + + align:start position:0% +well I mean one of the ways we could do + + + align:start position:0% +well I mean one of the ways we could do +it is actually just to draw a box and to + + align:start position:0% +it is actually just to draw a box and to + + + align:start position:0% +it is actually just to draw a box and to +put our examples within the here make a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +grid here's our grid we love our + + align:start position:0% +grid here's our grid we love our + + + align:start position:0% +grid here's our grid we love our +grid so in the top box which would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +socialization so then we would say so + + align:start position:0% +socialization so then we would say so + + + align:start position:0% +socialization so then we would say so +you you're neurologically capable which + + align:start position:0% +you you're neurologically capable which + + + align:start position:0% +you you're neurologically capable which +is always helpful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +neurologically how does thisth work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +learning and then the T knowledge is + + align:start position:0% +learning and then the T knowledge is + + + align:start position:0% +learning and then the T knowledge is +that you're in a household where people + + align:start position:0% +that you're in a household where people + + + align:start position:0% +that you're in a household where people +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talking your TCI knowledge is that + + align:start position:0% +talking your TCI knowledge is that + + + align:start position:0% +talking your TCI knowledge is that +you're so regular exp exposure regular + + align:start position:0% +you're so regular exp exposure regular + + + align:start position:0% +you're so regular exp exposure regular +closure and that you're some yeah where + + align:start position:0% +closure and that you're some yeah where + + + align:start position:0% +closure and that you're some yeah where +some people are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talking and it does by the + + align:start position:0% +talking and it does by the + + + align:start position:0% +talking and it does by the +way it has to be people actually + + align:start position:0% +way it has to be people actually + + + align:start position:0% +way it has to be people actually +speaking to one another and responding + + align:start position:0% +speaking to one another and responding + + + align:start position:0% +speaking to one another and responding +or it has to be people neurologically + + align:start position:0% +or it has to be people neurologically + + + align:start position:0% +or it has to be people neurologically +this is true it has to be people + + align:start position:0% +this is true it has to be people + + + align:start position:0% +this is true it has to be people +speaking to the child in question + + align:start position:0% +speaking to the child in question + + + align:start position:0% +speaking to the child in question +because if the TV's on in the background + + align:start position:0% +because if the TV's on in the background + + + align:start position:0% +because if the TV's on in the background +they don't pick up that language because + + align:start position:0% +they don't pick up that language because + + + align:start position:0% +they don't pick up that language because +it's non interactive it's completely + + align:start position:0% +it's non interactive it's completely + + + align:start position:0% +it's non interactive it's completely +passive what about culture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +non passive + + align:start position:0% +non passive + + + align:start position:0% +non passive +exposure okay so the externalization + + align:start position:0% +exposure okay so the externalization + + + align:start position:0% +exposure okay so the externalization +ising of language I it could be a loop + + align:start position:0% +ising of language I it could be a loop + + + align:start position:0% +ising of language I it could be a loop +between the + + align:start position:0% +between the + + + align:start position:0% +between the +contract and do you want to put under + + align:start position:0% +contract and do you want to put under + + + align:start position:0% +contract and do you want to put under +socialization do you want to make a + + align:start position:0% +socialization do you want to make a + + + align:start position:0% +socialization do you want to make a +small third point that includes + + align:start position:0% +small third point that includes + + + align:start position:0% +small third point that includes +non-verbal communication which is + + align:start position:0% +non-verbal communication which is + + + align:start position:0% +non-verbal communication which is +different all over the place yeah + + align:start position:0% +different all over the place yeah + + + align:start position:0% +different all over the place yeah +like you know fa expression by yes + + align:start position:0% +like you know fa expression by yes + + + align:start position:0% +like you know fa expression by yes +nonverbal expression I should have gone + + align:start position:0% +nonverbal expression I should have gone + + + align:start position:0% +nonverbal expression I should have gone +to school to study autism I should not + + align:start position:0% +to school to study autism I should not + + + align:start position:0% +to school to study autism I should not +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +planning I'm in the wrong place well I + + align:start position:0% +planning I'm in the wrong place well I + + + align:start position:0% +planning I'm in the wrong place well I +um so externalization + + align:start position:0% +um so externalization + + + align:start position:0% +um so externalization +is formal refinement of language + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right formal refinement of language + + align:start position:0% +right formal refinement of language + + + align:start position:0% +right formal refinement of language +including non-verbal right yeah what we + + align:start position:0% +including non-verbal right yeah what we + + + align:start position:0% +including non-verbal right yeah what we +were saying is you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know no because what Jody says is you + + align:start position:0% +know no because what Jody says is you + + + align:start position:0% +know no because what Jody says is you +know for example when you have a kid + + align:start position:0% +know for example when you have a kid + + + align:start position:0% +know for example when you have a kid +who's learning to + + align:start position:0% +who's learning to + + + align:start position:0% +who's learning to +and he + + align:start position:0% +and he + + + align:start position:0% +and he +says I what was it I go I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I um and then you have somebody + + align:start position:0% +I um and then you have somebody + + + align:start position:0% +I um and then you have somebody +correct + + align:start position:0% +correct + + + align:start position:0% +correct +know trying instruction and correction + + align:start position:0% +know trying instruction and correction + + + align:start position:0% +know trying instruction and correction +because it doesn't have to be in a + + align:start position:0% +because it doesn't have to be in a + + + align:start position:0% +because it doesn't have to be in a +classroom it can just be you know like a + + align:start position:0% +classroom it can just be you know like a + + + align:start position:0% +classroom it can just be you know like a +mom saying no no we don't say bring MH + + align:start position:0% +mom saying no no we don't say bring MH + + + align:start position:0% +mom saying no no we don't say bring MH +and then they don't teach their kids + + align:start position:0% +and then they don't teach their kids + + + align:start position:0% +and then they don't teach their kids +that and then I make fun of them no I'm + + align:start position:0% +that and then I make fun of them no I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that and then I make fun of them no I'm +kidding did I just say that out loud + + align:start position:0% +kidding did I just say that out loud + + + align:start position:0% +kidding did I just say that out loud +oh my + + align:start position:0% +oh my + + + align:start position:0% +oh my +God instruction and + + align:start position:0% +God instruction and + + + align:start position:0% +God instruction and +correction + + align:start position:0% +correction + + + align:start position:0% +correction +externalization construction correction + + align:start position:0% +externalization construction correction + + + align:start position:0% +externalization construction correction +the designer + + align:start position:0% +the designer + + + align:start position:0% +the designer +build techology and you know and + + align:start position:0% +build techology and you know and + + + align:start position:0% +build techology and you know and +expansion purposeful expansion of + + align:start position:0% +expansion purposeful expansion of + + + align:start position:0% +expansion purposeful expansion of +language whether that's in foreign + + align:start position:0% +language whether that's in foreign + + + align:start position:0% +language whether that's in foreign +language better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vocabulary Wonder it's too late + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um and then the + + align:start position:0% +okay um and then the + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and then the +combination um it's what you + + align:start position:0% +combination um it's what you + + + align:start position:0% +combination um it's what you +know it's what you know of your own what + + align:start position:0% +know it's what you know of your own what + + + align:start position:0% +know it's what you know of your own what +you know of your own linguistic + + align:start position:0% +you know of your own linguistic + + + align:start position:0% +you know of your own linguistic +constructs combined with what you're + + align:start position:0% +constructs combined with what you're + + + align:start position:0% +constructs combined with what you're +being + + align:start position:0% +being + + + align:start position:0% +being +taught I mean for example children who + + align:start position:0% +taught I mean for example children who + + + align:start position:0% +taught I mean for example children who +children who are taught English as a + + align:start position:0% +children who are taught English as a + + + align:start position:0% +children who are taught English as a +second language who have not yet been + + align:start position:0% +second language who have not yet been + + + align:start position:0% +second language who have not yet been +taught the proper grammatical and + + align:start position:0% +taught the proper grammatical and + + + align:start position:0% +taught the proper grammatical and +structural cont conu of their native + + align:start position:0% +structural cont conu of their native + + + align:start position:0% +structural cont conu of their native +language can't ever learn either + + align:start position:0% +language can't ever learn either + + + align:start position:0% +language can't ever learn either +language I me they struggle their whole + + align:start position:0% +language I me they struggle their whole + + + align:start position:0% +language I me they struggle their whole +lives because they don't understand the + + align:start position:0% +lives because they don't understand the + + + align:start position:0% +lives because they don't understand the +constructs in one so they can't apply it + + align:start position:0% +constructs in one so they can't apply it + + + align:start position:0% +constructs in one so they can't apply it +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +other and they're different so you would + + align:start position:0% +other and they're different so you would + + + align:start position:0% +other and they're different so you would +say in that you would say a combination + + align:start position:0% +say in that you would say a combination + + + align:start position:0% +say in that you would say a combination +of um combination would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you re I don't no it isn't re + + align:start position:0% +you re I don't no it isn't re + + + align:start position:0% +you re I don't no it isn't re +enforcement it's a it's a coming + + align:start position:0% +enforcement it's a it's a coming + + + align:start position:0% +enforcement it's a it's a coming +together well if you have if you take a + + align:start position:0% +together well if you have if you take a + + + align:start position:0% +together well if you have if you take a +class kids that are all you know coming + + align:start position:0% +class kids that are all you know coming + + + align:start position:0% +class kids that are all you know coming +to school to learn English even I mean + + align:start position:0% +to school to learn English even I mean + + + align:start position:0% +to school to learn English even I mean +School based on what they've done at + + align:start position:0% +School based on what they've done at + + + align:start position:0% +School based on what they've done at +home each one brings their own knowledge + + align:start position:0% +home each one brings their own knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +home each one brings their own knowledge +base it's a com so you're taking your + + align:start position:0% +base it's a com so you're taking your + + + align:start position:0% +base it's a com so you're taking your +instruction and + + align:start position:0% +instruction and + + + align:start position:0% +instruction and +combining It's a combination of your own + + align:start position:0% +combining It's a combination of your own + + + align:start position:0% +combining It's a combination of your own +knowledge + + align:start position:0% +knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge +base formal + + align:start position:0% +base formal + + + align:start position:0% +base formal +construct invol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +individual knowledge base right well it + + align:start position:0% +individual knowledge base right well it + + + align:start position:0% +individual knowledge base right well it +draws on both the explicit and attas + + align:start position:0% +draws on both the explicit and attas + + + align:start position:0% +draws on both the explicit and attas +knowledge like a designer just kind of + + align:start position:0% +knowledge like a designer just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge like a designer just kind of +has a sense of how space is going to + + align:start position:0% +has a sense of how space is going to + + + align:start position:0% +has a sense of how space is going to +feel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and formal construct they're afraid of + + align:start position:0% +and formal construct they're afraid of + + + align:start position:0% +and formal construct they're afraid of +working together you have a verb you + + align:start position:0% +working together you have a verb you + + + align:start position:0% +working together you have a verb you +have a noun you use a semicolon this way + + align:start position:0% +have a noun you use a semicolon this way + + + align:start position:0% +have a noun you use a semicolon this way +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of what would you you said something + + align:start position:0% +of what would you you said something + + + align:start position:0% +of what would you you said something +that sounds like you wanted to add here + + align:start position:0% +that sounds like you wanted to add here + + + align:start position:0% +that sounds like you wanted to add here +I don't know if it's there yet which one + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if it's there yet which one + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if it's there yet which one +just now what you were saying you know + + align:start position:0% +just now what you were saying you know + + + align:start position:0% +just now what you were saying you know +what I'm thinking about that perhaps + + align:start position:0% +what I'm thinking about that perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm thinking about that perhaps +suggestion we + + align:start position:0% +suggestion we + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion we +should um the S + + align:start position:0% +should um the S + + + align:start position:0% +should um the S +one um words the meaning of the words + + align:start position:0% +one um words the meaning of the words + + + align:start position:0% +one um words the meaning of the words +the meaning of the Expressions something + + align:start position:0% +the meaning of the Expressions something + + + align:start position:0% +the meaning of the Expressions something +like that which we can accept them as a + + align:start position:0% +like that which we can accept them as a + + + align:start position:0% +like that which we can accept them as a +knowledge you you say something the + + align:start position:0% +knowledge you you say something the + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge you you say something the +words has some meaning so it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +words has some meaning so it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +words has some meaning so it's a it's a +knowledge and you say some other things + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and you say some other things + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and you say some other things +together with that when you combine when + + align:start position:0% +together with that when you combine when + + + align:start position:0% +together with that when you combine when +you make a sentence or when you say some + + align:start position:0% +you make a sentence or when you say some + + + align:start position:0% +you make a sentence or when you say some +idiot you mean something these are the + + align:start position:0% +idiot you mean something these are the + + + align:start position:0% +idiot you mean something these are the +knowled so I think we should go through + + align:start position:0% +knowled so I think we should go through + + + align:start position:0% +knowled so I think we should go through +sound sound + + align:start position:0% +sound sound + + + align:start position:0% +sound sound +language but I think I think what you're + + align:start position:0% +language but I think I think what you're + + + align:start position:0% +language but I think I think what you're +saying too is that in that box there is + + align:start position:0% +saying too is that in that box there is + + + align:start position:0% +saying too is that in that box there is +a body experience you have as a user of + + align:start position:0% +a body experience you have as a user of + + + align:start position:0% +a body experience you have as a user of +words I'm thinking as a parent every + + align:start position:0% +words I'm thinking as a parent every + + + align:start position:0% +words I'm thinking as a parent every +once in a while my kids will say a word + + align:start position:0% +once in a while my kids will say a word + + + align:start position:0% +once in a while my kids will say a word +that they don't know the formal meaning + + align:start position:0% +that they don't know the formal meaning + + + align:start position:0% +that they don't know the formal meaning +of but they know if they say it there's + + align:start position:0% +of but they know if they say it there's + + + align:start position:0% +of but they know if they say it there's +a certain reaction that give to + + align:start position:0% +a certain reaction that give to + + + align:start position:0% +a certain reaction that give to +them so there is this way in which + + align:start position:0% +them so there is this way in which + + + align:start position:0% +them so there is this way in which +people use words and they discover what + + align:start position:0% +people use words and they discover what + + + align:start position:0% +people use words and they discover what +it means in context before sometimes + + align:start position:0% +it means in context before sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +it means in context before sometimes +they discover what it means in a formal + + align:start position:0% +they discover what it means in a formal + + + align:start position:0% +they discover what it means in a formal +structur I think sounds to me like some + + align:start position:0% +structur I think sounds to me like some + + + align:start position:0% +structur I think sounds to me like some +of what you're saying the regular + + align:start position:0% +of what you're saying the regular + + + align:start position:0% +of what you're saying the regular +exposure it's not just exposure it's + + align:start position:0% +exposure it's not just exposure it's + + + align:start position:0% +exposure it's not just exposure it's +experience with what happened it's it's + + align:start position:0% +experience with what happened it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +experience with what happened it's it's +an experience of what words mean oh + + align:start position:0% +an experience of what words mean oh + + + align:start position:0% +an experience of what words mean oh +multiple not just listening to other + + align:start position:0% +multiple not just listening to other + + + align:start position:0% +multiple not just listening to other +people even if kids give you a word and + + align:start position:0% +people even if kids give you a word and + + + align:start position:0% +people even if kids give you a word and +they don't know what it + + align:start position:0% +they don't know what it + + + align:start position:0% +they don't know what it +means then at that point they're looking + + align:start position:0% +means then at that point they're looking + + + align:start position:0% +means then at that point they're looking +it up or you explain it to not + + align:start position:0% +it up or you explain it to not + + + align:start position:0% +it up or you explain it to not +necessarily and I think it's I mean + + align:start position:0% +necessarily and I think it's I mean + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily and I think it's I mean +maybe what I'm talking about isn't the + + align:start position:0% +maybe what I'm talking about isn't the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe what I'm talking about isn't the +same thing as what most is talking about + + align:start position:0% +same thing as what most is talking about + + + align:start position:0% +same thing as what most is talking about +and maybe it's part of the inter uh the + + align:start position:0% +and maybe it's part of the inter uh the + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe it's part of the inter uh the +internalization is the process of + + align:start position:0% +internalization is the process of + + + align:start position:0% +internalization is the process of +practicing and discovering by experience + + align:start position:0% +practicing and discovering by experience + + + align:start position:0% +practicing and discovering by experience +what things actually mean and how + + align:start position:0% +what things actually mean and how + + + align:start position:0% +what things actually mean and how +language actually works combine so + + align:start position:0% +language actually works combine so + + + align:start position:0% +language actually works combine so +once + + align:start position:0% +once + + + align:start position:0% +once +you exactly because what you're doing is + + align:start position:0% +you exactly because what you're doing is + + + align:start position:0% +you exactly because what you're doing is +internalizing a way to manipulate the + + align:start position:0% +internalizing a way to manipulate the + + + align:start position:0% +internalizing a way to manipulate the +language so you can make + + align:start position:0% +language so you can make + + + align:start position:0% +language so you can make +yourself + + align:start position:0% +yourself + + + align:start position:0% +yourself +understand both in written + + align:start position:0% +understand both in written + + + align:start position:0% +understand both in written +and very short specific example + + align:start position:0% +and very short specific example + + + align:start position:0% +and very short specific example +mayy what I when you + + align:start position:0% +mayy what I when you + + + align:start position:0% +mayy what I when you +say in English you say uh sometimes uh + + align:start position:0% +say in English you say uh sometimes uh + + + align:start position:0% +say in English you say uh sometimes uh +no in order to act + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are you you are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not no I'm + + align:start position:0% +not no I'm + + + align:start position:0% +not no I'm +not in my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +language yes which means I'm not well so + + align:start position:0% +language yes which means I'm not well so + + + align:start position:0% +language yes which means I'm not well so +my son is now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +learning he knows + + align:start position:0% +learning he knows + + + align:start position:0% +learning he knows +learns that one by + + align:start position:0% +learns that one by + + + align:start position:0% +learns that one by +socializing and we see some people + + align:start position:0% +socializing and we see some people + + + align:start position:0% +socializing and we see some people +explicitly referring that when they say + + align:start position:0% +explicitly referring that when they say + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly referring that when they say +you not no I'm + + align:start position:0% +you not no I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you not no I'm +not no he understands that he combines + + align:start position:0% +not no he understands that he combines + + + align:start position:0% +not no he understands that he combines +with his + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one he come back comes + + align:start position:0% +one he come back comes + + + align:start position:0% +one he come back comes +back I will say yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say no I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not because as you're internalizing the + + align:start position:0% +not because as you're internalizing the + + + align:start position:0% +not because as you're internalizing the +language + + align:start position:0% +language + + + align:start position:0% +language +you're you're manipulating and finding + + align:start position:0% +you're you're manipulating and finding + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're manipulating and finding +Mastery of the language probably in + + align:start position:0% +Mastery of the language probably in + + + align:start position:0% +Mastery of the language probably in +written form as well but certainly in + + align:start position:0% +written form as well but certainly in + + + align:start position:0% +written form as well but certainly in +spoken practice to make yourself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +understood to what is you're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +creating + + align:start position:0% +creating + + + align:start position:0% +creating +practice and you're creating rules for + + align:start position:0% +practice and you're creating rules for + + + align:start position:0% +practice and you're creating rules for +yourself about when to use this when to + + align:start position:0% +yourself about when to use this when to + + + align:start position:0% +yourself about when to use this when to +do that how toate to be to to correctly + + align:start position:0% +do that how toate to be to to correctly + + + align:start position:0% +do that how toate to be to to correctly +beess to correctly express yourself when + + align:start position:0% +beess to correctly express yourself when + + + align:start position:0% +beess to correctly express yourself when +you are with the other group of + + align:start position:0% +you are with the other group of + + + align:start position:0% +you are with the other group of +people who will understand in that way + + align:start position:0% +people who will understand in that way + + + align:start position:0% +people who will understand in that way +then you should say in that wayse they + + align:start position:0% +then you should say in that wayse they + + + align:start position:0% +then you should say in that wayse they +will yeah but by the time you're doing + + align:start position:0% +will yeah but by the time you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +will yeah but by the time you're doing +that I mean that's a combination of c + + align:start position:0% +that I mean that's a combination of c + + + align:start position:0% +that I mean that's a combination of c +and I because when you're combining he's + + align:start position:0% +and I because when you're combining he's + + + align:start position:0% +and I because when you're combining he's +combining rules of language and starting + + align:start position:0% +combining rules of language and starting + + + align:start position:0% +combining rules of language and starting +to break them down for himself very + + align:start position:0% +to break them down for himself very + + + align:start position:0% +to break them down for himself very +consciously turkey I do this in the + + align:start position:0% +consciously turkey I do this in the + + + align:start position:0% +consciously turkey I do this in the +United States I do that this is how the + + align:start position:0% +United States I do that this is how the + + + align:start position:0% +United States I do that this is how the +language flows but it's a very concrete + + align:start position:0% +language flows but it's a very concrete + + + align:start position:0% +language flows but it's a very concrete +thought process when I said this it was + + align:start position:0% +thought process when I said this it was + + + align:start position:0% +thought process when I said this it was +wrong I was misunderstood I didn't get + + align:start position:0% +wrong I was misunderstood I didn't get + + + align:start position:0% +wrong I was misunderstood I didn't get +it right how did that break down this is + + align:start position:0% +it right how did that break down this is + + + align:start position:0% +it right how did that break down this is +how I'm going to move those around but + + align:start position:0% +how I'm going to move those around but + + + align:start position:0% +how I'm going to move those around but +then as he's got that idea he'll do it + + align:start position:0% +then as he's got that idea he'll do it + + + align:start position:0% +then as he's got that idea he'll do it +internally it's not like it's not like + + align:start position:0% +internally it's not like it's not like + + + align:start position:0% +internally it's not like it's not like +every time he wants to express something + + align:start position:0% +every time he wants to express something + + + align:start position:0% +every time he wants to express something +one language to the other he'll have to + + align:start position:0% +one language to the other he'll have to + + + align:start position:0% +one language to the other he'll have to +stop and think about how he's going to + + align:start position:0% +stop and think about how he's going to + + + align:start position:0% +stop and think about how he's going to +break it down I mean maybe very + + align:start position:0% +break it down I mean maybe very + + + align:start position:0% +break it down I mean maybe very +occasion right but you become fluid you + + align:start position:0% +occasion right but you become fluid you + + + align:start position:0% +occasion right but you become fluid you +become fluent in the + + align:start position:0% +become fluent in the + + + align:start position:0% +become fluent in the +language because I have friends who are + + align:start position:0% +language because I have friends who are + + + align:start position:0% +language because I have friends who are +bilingual and they say they never if + + align:start position:0% +bilingual and they say they never if + + + align:start position:0% +bilingual and they say they never if +they're thinking in one language they're + + align:start position:0% +they're thinking in one language they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're thinking in one language they're +thinking in that language if they're + + align:start position:0% +thinking in that language if they're + + + align:start position:0% +thinking in that language if they're +thinking in another language they're + + align:start position:0% +thinking in another language they're + + + align:start position:0% +thinking in another language they're +thinking in that language that they + + align:start position:0% +thinking in that language that they + + + align:start position:0% +thinking in that language that they +generally never think in their brains + + align:start position:0% +generally never think in their brains + + + align:start position:0% +generally never think in their brains +this is the paragraph I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +this is the paragraph I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +this is the paragraph I'm going to do +when I speak and I'm doing it in Spanish + + align:start position:0% +when I speak and I'm doing it in Spanish + + + align:start position:0% +when I speak and I'm doing it in Spanish +and now I'm going to take that paragraph + + align:start position:0% +and now I'm going to take that paragraph + + + align:start position:0% +and now I'm going to take that paragraph +and translate it into English sometimes + + align:start position:0% +and translate it into English sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +and translate it into English sometimes +they do it writing but generally not + + align:start position:0% +they do it writing but generally not + + + align:start position:0% +they do it writing but generally not +yeah exactly somewhere between yeah when + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly somewhere between yeah when + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly somewhere between yeah when +when you're learning your learning + + align:start position:0% +when you're learning your learning + + + align:start position:0% +when you're learning your learning +period you start with there and end up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there but it keeps specifically with + + align:start position:0% +there but it keeps specifically with + + + align:start position:0% +there but it keeps specifically with +language it'll keep going around forever + + align:start position:0% +language it'll keep going around forever + + + align:start position:0% +language it'll keep going around forever +you know cuz you never truly Master + + align:start position:0% +you know cuz you never truly Master + + + align:start position:0% +you know cuz you never truly Master +language or have a fluidity + + align:start position:0% +language or have a fluidity + + + align:start position:0% +language or have a fluidity +part practice is taking a bit of what + + align:start position:0% +part practice is taking a bit of what + + + align:start position:0% +part practice is taking a bit of what +you're it opens that + + align:start position:0% +you're it opens that + + + align:start position:0% +you're it opens that +possibility rules and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recognizing but part of the + + align:start position:0% +recognizing but part of the + + + align:start position:0% +recognizing but part of the +internalization also is that in order to + + align:start position:0% +internalization also is that in order to + + + align:start position:0% +internalization also is that in order to +get along in the world and any way sh + + align:start position:0% +get along in the world and any way sh + + + align:start position:0% +get along in the world and any way sh +perform you practice all the time you're + + align:start position:0% +perform you practice all the time you're + + + align:start position:0% +perform you practice all the time you're +always thinking about it what are what + + align:start position:0% +always thinking about it what are what + + + align:start position:0% +always thinking about it what are what +are the + + align:start position:0% +are the + + + align:start position:0% +are the +strengths methods for learning a + + align:start position:0% +strengths methods for learning a + + + align:start position:0% +strengths methods for learning a +language and what are the limitations + + align:start position:0% +language and what are the limitations + + + align:start position:0% +language and what are the limitations +discover + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you for letting hang out with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you okay so no so the strengths are + + align:start position:0% +you okay so no so the strengths are + + + align:start position:0% +you okay so no so the strengths are +sometimes maybe the things that you're + + align:start position:0% +sometimes maybe the things that you're + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes maybe the things that you're +born ready I mean this is a great method + + align:start position:0% +born ready I mean this is a great method + + + align:start position:0% +born ready I mean this is a great method +if you want to learn the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +language if you wanted learn a language + + align:start position:0% +language if you wanted learn a language + + + align:start position:0% +language if you wanted learn a language +what are the strengths of this method + + align:start position:0% +what are the strengths of this method + + + align:start position:0% +what are the strengths of this method +versus another right that the tacit + + align:start position:0% +versus another right that the tacit + + + align:start position:0% +versus another right that the tacit +knowledge is there the capacity for TCI + + align:start position:0% +knowledge is there the capacity for TCI + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge is there the capacity for TCI +knowledge + + align:start position:0% +knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge +is want sh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame cont in there a Shar + + align:start position:0% +frame cont in there a Shar + + + align:start position:0% +frame cont in there a Shar +frame there's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +aicac + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +isal the capacity and the meth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do all the there are multiple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stakeholders so like what has + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders so like what has + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders so like what has +done + + align:start position:0% +done + + + align:start position:0% +done +yeah made it explicit it's all I mean + + align:start position:0% +yeah made it explicit it's all I mean + + + align:start position:0% +yeah made it explicit it's all I mean +taking the and by making it explicit it + + align:start position:0% +taking the and by making it explicit it + + + align:start position:0% +taking the and by making it explicit it +makes it makes it possible for us to + + align:start position:0% +makes it makes it possible for us to + + + align:start position:0% +makes it makes it possible for us to +proactive our process so do we have + + align:start position:0% +proactive our process so do we have + + + align:start position:0% +proactive our process so do we have +other strengths or do we I think that + + align:start position:0% +other strengths or do we I think that + + + align:start position:0% +other strengths or do we I think that +pretty much sums it up because we're + + align:start position:0% +pretty much sums it up because we're + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much sums it up because we're +running out of time + + align:start position:0% +running out of time + + + align:start position:0% +running out of time +limitations + + align:start position:0% +limitations + + + align:start position:0% +limitations +um if you want to learn a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +language well but the limitations is + + align:start position:0% +language well but the limitations is + + + align:start position:0% +language well but the limitations is +that it requires willingness on the part + + align:start position:0% +that it requires willingness on the part + + + align:start position:0% +that it requires willingness on the part +of well and + + align:start position:0% +of well and + + + align:start position:0% +of well and +opportunity you know if you don't get to + + align:start position:0% +opportunity you know if you don't get to + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity you know if you don't get to +go to school you don't get to go + + align:start position:0% +go to school you don't get to go + + + align:start position:0% +go to school you don't get to go +toool whatever new + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +respon respon to that opportunity + + align:start position:0% +respon respon to that opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +respon respon to that opportunity +problem I don't know I think that the + + align:start position:0% +problem I don't know I think that the + + + align:start position:0% +problem I don't know I think that the +limitation is in + + align:start position:0% +limitation is in + + + align:start position:0% +limitation is in +the um + + align:start position:0% +the um + + + align:start position:0% +the um +externalization that if you don't have + + align:start position:0% +externalization that if you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +externalization that if you don't have +the opportunity for externalization + + align:start position:0% +the opportunity for externalization + + + align:start position:0% +the opportunity for externalization +that's it you're done essentially your + + align:start position:0% +that's it you're done essentially your + + + align:start position:0% +that's it you're done essentially your +language capacity will get where it's + + align:start position:0% +language capacity will get where it's + + + align:start position:0% +language capacity will get where it's +going to go you'll have a very low + + align:start position:0% +going to go you'll have a very low + + + align:start position:0% +going to go you'll have a very low +capacity you won't learn to read and + + align:start position:0% +capacity you won't learn to read and + + + align:start position:0% +capacity you won't learn to read and +reading if it's good at all will be + + align:start position:0% +reading if it's good at all will be + + + align:start position:0% +reading if it's good at all will be +limited what you learn about the formal + + align:start position:0% +limited what you learn about the formal + + + align:start position:0% +limited what you learn about the formal +constructs of the language how you put + + align:start position:0% +constructs of the language how you put + + + align:start position:0% +constructs of the language how you put +things into place you know just in I + + align:start position:0% +things into place you know just in I + + + align:start position:0% +things into place you know just in I +never learned + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conr miraculously + + align:start position:0% +conr miraculously + + + align:start position:0% +conr miraculously +people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +around langu your first language was + + align:start position:0% +around langu your first language was + + + align:start position:0% +around langu your first language was +Spanish okay but + + align:start position:0% +Spanish okay but + + + align:start position:0% +Spanish okay but +so I mean that's the case in anybody + + align:start position:0% +so I mean that's the case in anybody + + + align:start position:0% +so I mean that's the case in anybody +learning language the point is but if I + + align:start position:0% +learning language the point is but if I + + + align:start position:0% +learning language the point is but if I +gave you a paragraph in English and said + + align:start position:0% +gave you a paragraph in English and said + + + align:start position:0% +gave you a paragraph in English and said +Circle the verbs you could do that right + + align:start position:0% +Circle the verbs you could do that right + + + align:start position:0% +Circle the verbs you could do that right +so presumably in a bilingual situation + + align:start position:0% +so presumably in a bilingual situation + + + align:start position:0% +so presumably in a bilingual situation +you can take the concept this is a verb + + align:start position:0% +you can take the concept this is a verb + + + align:start position:0% +you can take the concept this is a verb +this is a noun + + align:start position:0% +this is a noun + + + align:start position:0% +this is a noun +oh you know I don't know that in + + align:start position:0% +oh you know I don't know that in + + + align:start position:0% +oh you know I don't know that in +English but you have some you have had + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some okay I couldn't teach English but I + + align:start position:0% +some okay I couldn't teach English but I + + + align:start position:0% +some okay I couldn't teach English but I +can use what I know from having grown up + + align:start position:0% +can use what I know from having grown up + + + align:start position:0% +can use what I know from having grown up +with English to inform my teachers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh God no but somebody along the way + + align:start position:0% +oh God no but somebody along the way + + + align:start position:0% +oh God no but somebody along the way +corrected you not in English right + + align:start position:0% +corrected you not in English right + + + align:start position:0% +corrected you not in English right +corrected you in English or corrected + + align:start position:0% +corrected you in English or corrected + + + align:start position:0% +corrected you in English or corrected +you in Spanish someone when you said you + + align:start position:0% +you in Spanish someone when you said you + + + align:start position:0% +you in Spanish someone when you said you +know uh + + align:start position:0% +know uh + + + align:start position:0% +know uh +used do you need opportuni + + align:start position:0% +used do you need opportuni + + + align:start position:0% +used do you need opportuni +for right and they should at some very + + align:start position:0% +for right and they should at some very + + + align:start position:0% +for right and they should at some very +basic level in the ideal would be formal + + align:start position:0% +basic level in the ideal would be formal + + + align:start position:0% +basic level in the ideal would be formal +and then for the combination + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any + + align:start position:0% +any + + + align:start position:0% +any +learn of I would suggest one + + align:start position:0% +learn of I would suggest one + + + align:start position:0% +learn of I would suggest one +thing yeah that's I'm saying to our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example to our for + + align:start position:0% +example to our for + + + align:start position:0% +example to our for +example yeah + + align:start position:0% +example yeah + + + align:start position:0% +example yeah +it ination OPP for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +externalization your progress is limited + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +resp side + + align:start position:0% +resp side + + + align:start position:0% +resp side +right all right jump jump I just I was + + align:start position:0% +right all right jump jump I just I was + + + align:start position:0% +right all right jump jump I just I was +saying that you know my example have two + + align:start position:0% +saying that you know my example have two + + + align:start position:0% +saying that you know my example have two +different that you cannot combine you + + align:start position:0% +different that you cannot combine you + + + align:start position:0% +different that you cannot combine you +should set them aside and you should be + + align:start position:0% +should set them aside and you should be + + + align:start position:0% +should set them aside and you should be +prepared are you and how you should + + align:start position:0% +prepared are you and how you should + + + align:start position:0% +prepared are you and how you should +express yourself when you are in certain + + align:start position:0% +express yourself when you are in certain + + + align:start position:0% +express yourself when you are in certain +in Turkey you should speak like okay + + align:start position:0% +in Turkey you should speak like okay + + + align:start position:0% +in Turkey you should speak like okay +just put together + + align:start position:0% +just put together + + + align:start position:0% +just put together +combination you need certain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mental Minds + + align:start position:0% +mental Minds + + + align:start position:0% +mental Minds +attitudes what am I to do I don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know you saying that if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you see I think in the case of like I + + align:start position:0% +you see I think in the case of like I + + + align:start position:0% +you see I think in the case of like I +mean for example somebody once said to + + align:start position:0% +mean for example somebody once said to + + + align:start position:0% +mean for example somebody once said to +me in a + + align:start position:0% +me in a + + + align:start position:0% +me in a +once you can + + align:start position:0% +once you can + + + align:start position:0% +once you can +read refle you can't stop like once you + + align:start position:0% +read refle you can't stop like once you + + + align:start position:0% +read refle you can't stop like once you +understand like little kids once they + + align:start position:0% +understand like little kids once they + + + align:start position:0% +understand like little kids once they +understand cat dog words all around them + + align:start position:0% +understand cat dog words all around them + + + align:start position:0% +understand cat dog words all around them +come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +together I'm just going for what Jody + + align:start position:0% +together I'm just going for what Jody + + + align:start position:0% +together I'm just going for what Jody +said about how + + align:start position:0% +said about how + + + align:start position:0% +said about how +important you know an open mind a + + align:start position:0% +important you know an open mind a + + + align:start position:0% +important you know an open mind a +positive no I agree so Minds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +certain do the + + align:start position:0% +certain do the + + + align:start position:0% +certain do the +same if you're taking like your + + align:start position:0% +same if you're taking like your + + + align:start position:0% +same if you're taking like your +individual knowledge based with + + align:start position:0% +individual knowledge based with + + + align:start position:0% +individual knowledge based with +instruction and formal construct you're + + align:start position:0% +instruction and formal construct you're + + + align:start position:0% +instruction and formal construct you're +talking about snowboarding if you're + + align:start position:0% +talking about snowboarding if you're + + + align:start position:0% +talking about snowboarding if you're +saying I can't do it you can't do it but + + align:start position:0% +saying I can't do it you can't do it but + + + align:start position:0% +saying I can't do it you can't do it but +you can avoid snowboarding your entire + + align:start position:0% +you can avoid snowboarding your entire + + + align:start position:0% +you can avoid snowboarding your entire +life you can't avoid language your + + align:start position:0% +life you can't avoid language your + + + align:start position:0% +life you can't avoid language your +entire life you're around it all the + + align:start position:0% +entire life you're around it all the + + + align:start position:0% +entire life you're around it all the +time are like because I have plenty of + + align:start position:0% +time are like because I have plenty of + + + align:start position:0% +time are like because I have plenty of +people my my stepfather been married to + + align:start position:0% +people my my stepfather been married to + + + align:start position:0% +people my my stepfather been married to +my can't speak words + + align:start position:0% +my can't speak words + + + align:start position:0% +my can't speak words +classes and he goes to and he can't + + align:start position:0% +classes and he goes to and he can't + + + align:start position:0% +classes and he goes to and he can't +say he around + + align:start position:0% +say he around + + + align:start position:0% +say he around +nothing but does he but his attitude is + + align:start position:0% +nothing but does he but his attitude is + + + align:start position:0% +nothing but does he but his attitude is +good so that's not the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +issue but it isn't that they don't speak + + align:start position:0% +issue but it isn't that they don't speak + + + align:start position:0% +issue but it isn't that they don't speak +at all and they don't speak English + + align:start position:0% +at all and they don't speak English + + + align:start position:0% +at all and they don't speak English +because they're speaking Spanish because + + align:start position:0% +because they're speaking Spanish because + + + align:start position:0% +because they're speaking Spanish because +it's around them still opportunity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if they + + align:start position:0% +if they + + + align:start position:0% +if they +isolated isolate by themselves they're + + align:start position:0% +isolated isolate by themselves they're + + + align:start position:0% +isolated isolate by themselves they're +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +isolated they're isolated on a very + + align:start position:0% +isolated they're isolated on a very + + + align:start position:0% +isolated they're isolated on a very +broad sense but they're not isolated + + align:start position:0% +broad sense but they're not isolated + + + align:start position:0% +broad sense but they're not isolated +they have families and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah +yeah um what were the other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +situ other + + align:start position:0% +situ other + + + align:start position:0% +situ other +situ + + align:start position:0% +situ + + + align:start position:0% +situ +any maybe when these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Li I'm going to have to think about no + + align:start position:0% +Li I'm going to have to think about no + + + align:start position:0% +Li I'm going to have to think about no +method would work + + align:start position:0% +method would work + + + align:start position:0% +method would work +and and useful when it's useful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +I a whole another sheet of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paper see that's a perfect example whole + + align:start position:0% +paper see that's a perfect example whole + + + align:start position:0% +paper see that's a perfect example whole +another is so grammatically incorrect + + align:start position:0% +another is so grammatically incorrect + + + align:start position:0% +another is so grammatically incorrect +but we all love it and use it fluidly as + + align:start position:0% +but we all love it and use it fluidly as + + + align:start position:0% +but we all love it and use it fluidly as +a country but if you would come from a + + align:start position:0% +a country but if you would come from a + + + align:start position:0% +a country but if you would come from a +different place and somebody said whole + + align:start position:0% +different place and somebody said whole + + + align:start position:0% +different place and somebody said whole +another + + align:start position:0% +another + + + align:start position:0% +another +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +um cognition of language is such a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fascinating + + align:start position:0% +fascinating + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating +sry okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah ER okay let's we have 15 minutes + + align:start position:0% +yeah ER okay let's we have 15 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +yeah ER okay let's we have 15 minutes +so we will not have enough time today + + align:start position:0% +so we will not have enough time today + + + align:start position:0% +so we will not have enough time today +for doing everything we should do we + + align:start position:0% +for doing everything we should do we + + + align:start position:0% +for doing everything we should do we +we'll + + align:start position:0% +we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we'll +finish + + align:start position:0% +finish + + + align:start position:0% +finish +tomorrow this part of the exercise but I + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow this part of the exercise but I + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow this part of the exercise but I +think that should be good to have time + + align:start position:0% +think that should be good to have time + + + align:start position:0% +think that should be good to have time +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +each group talk about his + + align:start position:0% +each group talk about his + + + align:start position:0% +each group talk about his +experience not talk about + + align:start position:0% +experience not talk about + + + align:start position:0% +experience not talk about +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +exercise not to describe the exercise + + align:start position:0% +exercise not to describe the exercise + + + align:start position:0% +exercise not to describe the exercise +because it will require some time but + + align:start position:0% +because it will require some time but + + + align:start position:0% +because it will require some time but +talk about the + + align:start position:0% +talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the +experience in tomorrow we will begin + + align:start position:0% +experience in tomorrow we will begin + + + align:start position:0% +experience in tomorrow we will begin +each group expressing + + align:start position:0% +each group expressing + + + align:start position:0% +each group expressing +his their exercise it's okay maybe may + + align:start position:0% +his their exercise it's okay maybe may + + + align:start position:0% +his their exercise it's okay maybe may +may work this way + + align:start position:0% +may work this way + + + align:start position:0% +may work this way +because we have only 15 minutes or + + align:start position:0% +because we have only 15 minutes or + + + align:start position:0% +because we have only 15 minutes or +another option is for one group to + + align:start position:0% +another option is for one group to + + + align:start position:0% +another option is for one group to +present just one group to present today + + align:start position:0% +present just one group to present today + + + align:start position:0% +present just one group to present today +in the other groups wait yes who will + + align:start position:0% +in the other groups wait yes who will + + + align:start position:0% +in the other groups wait yes who will +present today in the order they have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finished first first no no first finish + + align:start position:0% +finished first first no no first finish + + + align:start position:0% +finished first first no no first finish +so we we have 10 10 10 minutes for this + + align:start position:0% +so we we have 10 10 10 minutes for this + + + align:start position:0% +so we we have 10 10 10 minutes for this +group so who will present of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you yeah it's our yeah it's your group + + align:start position:0% +you yeah it's our yeah it's your group + + + align:start position:0% +you yeah it's our yeah it's your group +do you prefer to present today or prefer + + align:start position:0% +do you prefer to present today or prefer + + + align:start position:0% +do you prefer to present today or prefer +tomorrow I can ask other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +group yeah but I was going to ask maybe + + align:start position:0% +group yeah but I was going to ask maybe + + + align:start position:0% +group yeah but I was going to ask maybe +it's more effective to very quickly have + + align:start position:0% +it's more effective to very quickly have + + + align:start position:0% +it's more effective to very quickly have +each group talk about the experience + + align:start position:0% +each group talk about the experience + + + align:start position:0% +each group talk about the experience +itself as you + + align:start position:0% +itself as you + + + align:start position:0% +itself as you +originally I I think so so tomorrow we + + align:start position:0% +originally I I think so so tomorrow we + + + align:start position:0% +originally I I think so so tomorrow we +have a bit more of time no okay let's + + align:start position:0% +have a bit more of time no okay let's + + + align:start position:0% +have a bit more of time no okay let's +talk about about the experience each + + align:start position:0% +talk about about the experience each + + + align:start position:0% +talk about about the experience each +group + + align:start position:0% +group + + + align:start position:0% +group +can go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ahead so my name is Chris for those of + + align:start position:0% +ahead so my name is Chris for those of + + + align:start position:0% +ahead so my name is Chris for those of +you who don't know me prob most of you + + align:start position:0% +you who don't know me prob most of you + + + align:start position:0% +you who don't know me prob most of you +don't because I'm visiting just for + + align:start position:0% +don't because I'm visiting just for + + + align:start position:0% +don't because I'm visiting just for +today this is the only session I can + + align:start position:0% +today this is the only session I can + + + align:start position:0% +today this is the only session I can +make suggested by the other Chris that I + + align:start position:0% +make suggested by the other Chris that I + + + align:start position:0% +make suggested by the other Chris that I +can bu so thanks um what we were talking + + align:start position:0% +can bu so thanks um what we were talking + + + align:start position:0% +can bu so thanks um what we were talking +about in our group is the issue of + + align:start position:0% +about in our group is the issue of + + + align:start position:0% +about in our group is the issue of +reframing and what we wanted to tease + + align:start position:0% +reframing and what we wanted to tease + + + align:start position:0% +reframing and what we wanted to tease +out here is what reframing meant in this + + align:start position:0% +out here is what reframing meant in this + + + align:start position:0% +out here is what reframing meant in this +situation presented by Yuma by Yuma + + align:start position:0% +situation presented by Yuma by Yuma + + + align:start position:0% +situation presented by Yuma by Yuma +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +Framingham which is a place where a + + align:start position:0% +Framingham which is a place where a + + + align:start position:0% +Framingham which is a place where a +Brazilian Community existed in the + + align:start position:0% +Brazilian Community existed in the + + + align:start position:0% +Brazilian Community existed in the +center of town which was once in some + + align:start position:0% +center of town which was once in some + + + align:start position:0% +center of town which was once in some +sense an empty area a ghost town if you + + align:start position:0% +sense an empty area a ghost town if you + + + align:start position:0% +sense an empty area a ghost town if you +will but then as Brazilians saw the + + align:start position:0% +will but then as Brazilians saw the + + + align:start position:0% +will but then as Brazilians saw the +opportunity to make something out of it + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to make something out of it + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to make something out of it +they came in started setting up their + + align:start position:0% +they came in started setting up their + + + align:start position:0% +they came in started setting up their +own businesses informally in some sense + + align:start position:0% +own businesses informally in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +own businesses informally in some sense +and began to develop the area and soon + + align:start position:0% +and began to develop the area and soon + + + align:start position:0% +and began to develop the area and soon +enough we had a community of of lots of + + align:start position:0% +enough we had a community of of lots of + + + align:start position:0% +enough we had a community of of lots of +immigrants doing things like restaurants + + align:start position:0% +immigrants doing things like restaurants + + + align:start position:0% +immigrants doing things like restaurants +shops hair salons yet another community + + align:start position:0% +shops hair salons yet another community + + + align:start position:0% +shops hair salons yet another community +in this case of developers came in and + + align:start position:0% +in this case of developers came in and + + + align:start position:0% +in this case of developers came in and +saw this area as undeveloped and wanted + + align:start position:0% +saw this area as undeveloped and wanted + + + align:start position:0% +saw this area as undeveloped and wanted +to develop it so what we were trying to + + align:start position:0% +to develop it so what we were trying to + + + align:start position:0% +to develop it so what we were trying to +figure out in this issue is where was + + align:start position:0% +figure out in this issue is where was + + + align:start position:0% +figure out in this issue is where was +the reframing and what would it have + + align:start position:0% +the reframing and what would it have + + + align:start position:0% +the reframing and what would it have +done for the situation and when we first + + align:start position:0% +done for the situation and when we first + + + align:start position:0% +done for the situation and when we first +started to describe the situation we + + align:start position:0% +started to describe the situation we + + + align:start position:0% +started to describe the situation we +couldn't really get at the issue because + + align:start position:0% +couldn't really get at the issue because + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't really get at the issue because +we looked at it maybe as a situation + + align:start position:0% +we looked at it maybe as a situation + + + align:start position:0% +we looked at it maybe as a situation +where here we have a problem and there's + + align:start position:0% +where here we have a problem and there's + + + align:start position:0% +where here we have a problem and there's +some some disconnect between the two + + align:start position:0% +some some disconnect between the two + + + align:start position:0% +some some disconnect between the two +communities but once we started to see + + align:start position:0% +communities but once we started to see + + + align:start position:0% +communities but once we started to see +that maybe we could look at this + + align:start position:0% +that maybe we could look at this + + + align:start position:0% +that maybe we could look at this +situation from the perspective of goals + + align:start position:0% +situation from the perspective of goals + + + align:start position:0% +situation from the perspective of goals +from common goals then we started to see + + align:start position:0% +from common goals then we started to see + + + align:start position:0% +from common goals then we started to see +where the reframing actually was because + + align:start position:0% +where the reframing actually was because + + + align:start position:0% +where the reframing actually was because +even describ a situation where she tried + + align:start position:0% +even describ a situation where she tried + + + align:start position:0% +even describ a situation where she tried +to get the stakeholders to talk together + + align:start position:0% +to get the stakeholders to talk together + + + align:start position:0% +to get the stakeholders to talk together +and from that we could see where was the + + align:start position:0% +and from that we could see where was the + + + align:start position:0% +and from that we could see where was the +changing in perspective that happens + + align:start position:0% +changing in perspective that happens + + + align:start position:0% +changing in perspective that happens +when you bring two people with different + + align:start position:0% +when you bring two people with different + + + align:start position:0% +when you bring two people with different +goals or seemingly different goals + + align:start position:0% +goals or seemingly different goals + + + align:start position:0% +goals or seemingly different goals +together and what could the opportunity + + align:start position:0% +together and what could the opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +together and what could the opportunity +actually become once you get people + + align:start position:0% +actually become once you get people + + + align:start position:0% +actually become once you get people +talking together so at the end we saw + + align:start position:0% +talking together so at the end we saw + + + align:start position:0% +talking together so at the end we saw +the exercise as useful for actually + + align:start position:0% +the exercise as useful for actually + + + align:start position:0% +the exercise as useful for actually +talking + + align:start position:0% +talking + + + align:start position:0% +talking +about the way the situation changed or + + align:start position:0% +about the way the situation changed or + + + align:start position:0% +about the way the situation changed or +could have changed and once we did that + + align:start position:0% +could have changed and once we did that + + + align:start position:0% +could have changed and once we did that +we could look at the other questions to + + align:start position:0% +we could look at the other questions to + + + align:start position:0% +we could look at the other questions to +your limitation strengths based on what + + align:start position:0% +your limitation strengths based on what + + + align:start position:0% +your limitation strengths based on what +happened when we saw the situation as + + align:start position:0% +happened when we saw the situation as + + + align:start position:0% +happened when we saw the situation as +hey we have multiple stakeholders here + + align:start position:0% +hey we have multiple stakeholders here + + + align:start position:0% +hey we have multiple stakeholders here +and reframing is about getting them to + + align:start position:0% +and reframing is about getting them to + + + align:start position:0% +and reframing is about getting them to +change their views and their Visions + + align:start position:0% +change their views and their Visions + + + align:start position:0% +change their views and their Visions +based on what other people are talking + + align:start position:0% +based on what other people are talking + + + align:start position:0% +based on what other people are talking +about so that was what the exercise did + + align:start position:0% +about so that was what the exercise did + + + align:start position:0% +about so that was what the exercise did +for us as we figured out what the method + + align:start position:0% +for us as we figured out what the method + + + align:start position:0% +for us as we figured out what the method +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +about thank you any any other person of + + align:start position:0% +about thank you any any other person of + + + align:start position:0% +about thank you any any other person of +the group should say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something I think I think you made a + + align:start position:0% +something I think I think you made a + + + align:start position:0% +something I think I think you made a +very good uh suing presentation I just + + align:start position:0% +very good uh suing presentation I just + + + align:start position:0% +very good uh suing presentation I just +don't know if other people will be + + align:start position:0% +don't know if other people will be + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if other people will be +interested in knowing about the + + align:start position:0% +interested in knowing about the + + + align:start position:0% +interested in knowing about the +limitations and the strengths that we + + align:start position:0% +limitations and the strengths that we + + + align:start position:0% +limitations and the strengths that we +identified I don't know if that is + + align:start position:0% +identified I don't know if that is + + + align:start position:0% +identified I don't know if that is +useful now or I don't think so I think + + align:start position:0% +useful now or I don't think so I think + + + align:start position:0% +useful now or I don't think so I think +AR we supposed to talk about in + + align:start position:0% +AR we supposed to talk about in + + + align:start position:0% +AR we supposed to talk about in +detail okay let's go to the other + + align:start position:0% +detail okay let's go to the other + + + align:start position:0% +detail okay let's go to the other +group your group uh grou well it was + + align:start position:0% +group your group uh grou well it was + + + align:start position:0% +group your group uh grou well it was +interesting is uh Renee was coming in as + + align:start position:0% +interesting is uh Renee was coming in as + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is uh Renee was coming in as +deputy director for Latin American care + + align:start position:0% +deputy director for Latin American care + + + align:start position:0% +deputy director for Latin American care +uh and so he was interested in sort of + + align:start position:0% +uh and so he was interested in sort of + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so he was interested in sort of +design but from a more Tang intangible + + align:start position:0% +design but from a more Tang intangible + + + align:start position:0% +design but from a more Tang intangible +sense you know in terms of policies and + + align:start position:0% +sense you know in terms of policies and + + + align:start position:0% +sense you know in terms of policies and +he didn't really have much of a design + + align:start position:0% +he didn't really have much of a design + + + align:start position:0% +he didn't really have much of a design +background whereas Ezra and I are both + + align:start position:0% +background whereas Ezra and I are both + + + align:start position:0% +background whereas Ezra and I are both +in the school of planning so we come + + align:start position:0% +in the school of planning so we come + + + align:start position:0% +in the school of planning so we come +come more from that tradition so it was + + align:start position:0% +come more from that tradition so it was + + + align:start position:0% +come more from that tradition so it was +interesting we almost felt like we were + + align:start position:0% +interesting we almost felt like we were + + + align:start position:0% +interesting we almost felt like we were +helping him design his design framework + + align:start position:0% +helping him design his design framework + + + align:start position:0% +helping him design his design framework +uh which or was interesting although I + + align:start position:0% +uh which or was interesting although I + + + align:start position:0% +uh which or was interesting although I +mean he had a lot of good ideas and + + align:start position:0% +mean he had a lot of good ideas and + + + align:start position:0% +mean he had a lot of good ideas and +wasn't like I mean it was the + + align:start position:0% +wasn't like I mean it was the + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't like I mean it was the +conversation was like one way um we have + + align:start position:0% +conversation was like one way um we have + + + align:start position:0% +conversation was like one way um we have +a very strange and skewed perspective on + + align:start position:0% +a very strange and skewed perspective on + + + align:start position:0% +a very strange and skewed perspective on +that um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry uh I mean it was interesting I + + align:start position:0% +sorry uh I mean it was interesting I + + + align:start position:0% +sorry uh I mean it was interesting I +almost felt like that was in some ways + + align:start position:0% +almost felt like that was in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +almost felt like that was in some ways +our context was just thinking about like + + align:start position:0% +our context was just thinking about like + + + align:start position:0% +our context was just thinking about like +you know if if we're in Ru was trying to + + align:start position:0% +you know if if we're in Ru was trying to + + + align:start position:0% +you know if if we're in Ru was trying to +design some sort of intervention or + + align:start position:0% +design some sort of intervention or + + + align:start position:0% +design some sort of intervention or +program someplace in some some town or + + align:start position:0% +program someplace in some some town or + + + align:start position:0% +program someplace in some some town or +community in Latin America you know how + + align:start position:0% +community in Latin America you know how + + + align:start position:0% +community in Latin America you know how +would we go about the process of + + align:start position:0% +would we go about the process of + + + align:start position:0% +would we go about the process of +Designing designing some sort of + + align:start position:0% +Designing designing some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Designing designing some sort of +intervention um but then we also started + + align:start position:0% +intervention um but then we also started + + + align:start position:0% +intervention um but then we also started +talking about uh sort of the example + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh sort of the example + + + align:start position:0% +talking about uh sort of the example +that you provided which was more of an + + align:start position:0% +that you provided which was more of an + + + align:start position:0% +that you provided which was more of an +architectural intervention uh on a you + + align:start position:0% +architectural intervention uh on a you + + + align:start position:0% +architectural intervention uh on a you +know thinking about some hypothetical + + align:start position:0% +know thinking about some hypothetical + + + align:start position:0% +know thinking about some hypothetical +site with some sort of hypothetical + + align:start position:0% +site with some sort of hypothetical + + + align:start position:0% +site with some sort of hypothetical +objectives um so I don't do you guys + + align:start position:0% +objectives um so I don't do you guys + + + align:start position:0% +objectives um so I don't do you guys +have anything to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +add + + align:start position:0% +add + + + align:start position:0% +add +no okay thank you and the third group + + align:start position:0% +no okay thank you and the third group + + + align:start position:0% +no okay thank you and the third group +who will present for the third + + align:start position:0% +who will present for the third + + + align:start position:0% +who will present for the third +group why are you looking at me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why would we + + align:start position:0% +why would we + + + align:start position:0% +why would we +K there is so much um okay we + + align:start position:0% +K there is so much um okay we + + + align:start position:0% +K there is so much um okay we +uh we took the example of learning um + + align:start position:0% +uh we took the example of learning um + + + align:start position:0% +uh we took the example of learning um +language and we didn't separate it out + + align:start position:0% +language and we didn't separate it out + + + align:start position:0% +language and we didn't separate it out +in terms of learning foreign language + + align:start position:0% +in terms of learning foreign language + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of learning foreign language +second language um we thought about it + + align:start position:0% +second language um we thought about it + + + align:start position:0% +second language um we thought about it +on a much broader scale just the + + align:start position:0% +on a much broader scale just the + + + align:start position:0% +on a much broader scale just the +acquisition computer language yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I part of it like that's down the + + align:start position:0% +I part of it like that's down the + + + align:start position:0% +I part of it like that's down the +um so yeah apparently you missed the + + align:start position:0% +um so yeah apparently you missed the + + + align:start position:0% +um so yeah apparently you missed the +memo MIT divides neatly into two groups + + align:start position:0% +memo MIT divides neatly into two groups + + + align:start position:0% +memo MIT divides neatly into two groups +there's can do the + + align:start position:0% +there's can do the + + + align:start position:0% +there's can do the +math and + + align:start position:0% +math and + + + align:start position:0% +math and +dusp that's all you need to + + align:start position:0% +dusp that's all you need to + + + align:start position:0% +dusp that's all you need to +know unless you want to flip that around + + align:start position:0% +know unless you want to flip that around + + + align:start position:0% +know unless you want to flip that around +and it's all of + + align:start position:0% +and it's all of + + + align:start position:0% +and it's all of +MIT and + + align:start position:0% +MIT and + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and +Sloan um so we looked at the example of + + align:start position:0% +Sloan um so we looked at the example of + + + align:start position:0% +Sloan um so we looked at the example of +learning a language um which turned out + + align:start position:0% +learning a language um which turned out + + + align:start position:0% +learning a language um which turned out +to be really interesting because it + + align:start position:0% +to be really interesting because it + + + align:start position:0% +to be really interesting because it +wasn't even really a question of tacit + + align:start position:0% +wasn't even really a question of tacit + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't even really a question of tacit +knowledge you don't have to observe like + + align:start position:0% +knowledge you don't have to observe like + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge you don't have to observe like +you're in it you're neurologically wired + + align:start position:0% +you're in it you're neurologically wired + + + align:start position:0% +you're in it you're neurologically wired +for that I mean borrowing from this yes + + align:start position:0% +for that I mean borrowing from this yes + + + align:start position:0% +for that I mean borrowing from this yes +yes yes extraordinarily + + align:start position:0% +yes yes extraordinarily + + + align:start position:0% +yes yes extraordinarily +examples um of neurological damage but + + align:start position:0% +examples um of neurological damage but + + + align:start position:0% +examples um of neurological damage but +um not that that's un important but for + + align:start position:0% +um not that that's un important but for + + + align:start position:0% +um not that that's un important but for +the general population that you're born + + align:start position:0% +the general population that you're born + + + align:start position:0% +the general population that you're born +neurologically capable of that and so we + + align:start position:0% +neurologically capable of that and so we + + + align:start position:0% +neurologically capable of that and so we +sort of went on from there it's really + + align:start position:0% +sort of went on from there it's really + + + align:start position:0% +sort of went on from there it's really +interesting because um musa's son is um + + align:start position:0% +interesting because um musa's son is um + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because um musa's son is um +his first language is Turkish and he's + + align:start position:0% +his first language is Turkish and he's + + + align:start position:0% +his first language is Turkish and he's +learning English now and how old is he + + align:start position:0% +learning English now and how old is he + + + align:start position:0% +learning English now and how old is he +uh eight eight but he's starting to + + align:start position:0% +uh eight eight but he's starting to + + + align:start position:0% +uh eight eight but he's starting to +figure out linguistic constructs that + + align:start position:0% +figure out linguistic constructs that + + + align:start position:0% +figure out linguistic constructs that +are um spoken constructs that are + + align:start position:0% +are um spoken constructs that are + + + align:start position:0% +are um spoken constructs that are +different like if I was in Turkey I + + align:start position:0% +different like if I was in Turkey I + + + align:start position:0% +different like if I was in Turkey I +would say it this way but in the United + + align:start position:0% +would say it this way but in the United + + + align:start position:0% +would say it this way but in the United +States to get the same um to get the + + align:start position:0% +States to get the same um to get the + + + align:start position:0% +States to get the same um to get the +same exact thing out I say it this way + + align:start position:0% +same exact thing out I say it this way + + + align:start position:0% +same exact thing out I say it this way +and the only thing you change is one + + align:start position:0% +and the only thing you change is one + + + align:start position:0% +and the only thing you change is one +word like yes or no and how you preempt + + align:start position:0% +word like yes or no and how you preempt + + + align:start position:0% +word like yes or no and how you preempt +the sentence changes so how he's going + + align:start position:0% +the sentence changes so how he's going + + + align:start position:0% +the sentence changes so how he's going +to do that it turned out to be really + + align:start position:0% +to do that it turned out to be really + + + align:start position:0% +to do that it turned out to be really +really interesting and then how it goes + + align:start position:0% +really interesting and then how it goes + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting and then how it goes +around and around and and it didn't + + align:start position:0% +around and around and and it didn't + + + align:start position:0% +around and around and and it didn't +really stop so it would turn out to be + + align:start position:0% +really stop so it would turn out to be + + + align:start position:0% +really stop so it would turn out to be +an interesting thing we can talk about a + + align:start position:0% +an interesting thing we can talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting thing we can talk about a +little more + + align:start position:0% +little more + + + align:start position:0% +little more +tomorrow okay we have few + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow okay we have few + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow okay we have few +minutes how do + + align:start position:0% +minutes how do + + + align:start position:0% +minutes how do +you see the day from the beginning can + + align:start position:0% +you see the day from the beginning can + + + align:start position:0% +you see the day from the beginning can +any person could + + align:start position:0% +any person could + + + align:start position:0% +any person could +express his experience his or her + + align:start position:0% +express his experience his or her + + + align:start position:0% +express his experience his or her +experience for this + + align:start position:0% +experience for this + + + align:start position:0% +experience for this +day 9:00 in the morning and now + + align:start position:0% +day 9:00 in the morning and now + + + align:start position:0% +day 9:00 in the morning and now + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +less 5 + + align:start position:0% +less 5 + + + align:start position:0% +less 5 +minutes how did you see the day how was + + align:start position:0% +minutes how did you see the day how was + + + align:start position:0% +minutes how did you see the day how was +how was your experience + + align:start position:0% +how was your experience + + + align:start position:0% +how was your experience +this don't be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nervous I think it's always interesting + + align:start position:0% +nervous I think it's always interesting + + + align:start position:0% +nervous I think it's always interesting +to look at different models and how + + align:start position:0% +to look at different models and how + + + align:start position:0% +to look at different models and how +people are thinking because occasionally + + align:start position:0% +people are thinking because occasionally + + + align:start position:0% +people are thinking because occasionally +you know when you're trying to solve a + + align:start position:0% +you know when you're trying to solve a + + + align:start position:0% +you know when you're trying to solve a +problem little or big it's always useful + + align:start position:0% +problem little or big it's always useful + + + align:start position:0% +problem little or big it's always useful +to be able to think about it in multiple + + align:start position:0% +to be able to think about it in multiple + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to think about it in multiple +ways you know am I not thinking about + + align:start position:0% +ways you know am I not thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +ways you know am I not thinking about +this the right way I'm not communicating + + align:start position:0% +this the right way I'm not communicating + + + align:start position:0% +this the right way I'm not communicating +this correctly are the people I'm + + align:start position:0% +this correctly are the people I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this correctly are the people I'm +communicating this to trying to tell me + + align:start position:0% +communicating this to trying to tell me + + + align:start position:0% +communicating this to trying to tell me +something and I'm looking at it one way + + align:start position:0% +something and I'm looking at it one way + + + align:start position:0% +something and I'm looking at it one way +but they're expressing it a different + + align:start position:0% +but they're expressing it a different + + + align:start position:0% +but they're expressing it a different +way and what am I missing where's the + + align:start position:0% +way and what am I missing where's the + + + align:start position:0% +way and what am I missing where's the +Schism in this so that it's always + + align:start position:0% +Schism in this so that it's always + + + align:start position:0% +Schism in this so that it's always +interesting to learn um about how about + + align:start position:0% +interesting to learn um about how about + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to learn um about how about +how um different people are thinking + + align:start position:0% +how um different people are thinking + + + align:start position:0% +how um different people are thinking +about things and how it's defined and um + + align:start position:0% +about things and how it's defined and um + + + align:start position:0% +about things and how it's defined and um +you know you know cuz the capacity of + + align:start position:0% +you know you know cuz the capacity of + + + align:start position:0% +you know you know cuz the capacity of +the human mind is just incredible so the + + align:start position:0% +the human mind is just incredible so the + + + align:start position:0% +the human mind is just incredible so the +number of things it can be working on a + + align:start position:0% +number of things it can be working on a + + + align:start position:0% +number of things it can be working on a +number of levels and the combination of + + align:start position:0% +number of levels and the combination of + + + align:start position:0% +number of levels and the combination of +these things that you can have is great + + align:start position:0% +these things that you can have is great + + + align:start position:0% +these things that you can have is great +um I do have to say however that I want + + align:start position:0% +um I do have to say however that I want + + + align:start position:0% +um I do have to say however that I want +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +disent from or add to I guess maybe is a + + align:start position:0% +disent from or add to I guess maybe is a + + + align:start position:0% +disent from or add to I guess maybe is a +better way of putting it from the + + align:start position:0% +better way of putting it from the + + + align:start position:0% +better way of putting it from the +PowerPoint this morning um I I'm not + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint this morning um I I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint this morning um I I'm not +sure that I agree that the that the + + align:start position:0% +sure that I agree that the that the + + + align:start position:0% +sure that I agree that the that the +thing that's amazing is that human + + align:start position:0% +thing that's amazing is that human + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's amazing is that human +beings begin to make written language + + align:start position:0% +beings begin to make written language + + + align:start position:0% +beings begin to make written language +and symbols on the sides of caves what I + + align:start position:0% +and symbols on the sides of caves what I + + + align:start position:0% +and symbols on the sides of caves what I +think is amazing about that is that in + + align:start position:0% +think is amazing about that is that in + + + align:start position:0% +think is amazing about that is that in +human development they've gotten to a + + align:start position:0% +human development they've gotten to a + + + align:start position:0% +human development they've gotten to a +point where they + + align:start position:0% +point where they + + + align:start position:0% +point where they +have enough time and capacity that they + + align:start position:0% +have enough time and capacity that they + + + align:start position:0% +have enough time and capacity that they +are no longer just surviving that + + align:start position:0% +are no longer just surviving that + + + align:start position:0% +are no longer just surviving that +somebody has 15 minutes to think about + + align:start position:0% +somebody has 15 minutes to think about + + + align:start position:0% +somebody has 15 minutes to think about +it grind up find a feather and start + + align:start position:0% +it grind up find a feather and start + + + align:start position:0% +it grind up find a feather and start +that that as a society we have + + align:start position:0% +that that as a society we have + + + align:start position:0% +that that as a society we have +progressed at that moment to something + + align:start position:0% +progressed at that moment to something + + + align:start position:0% +progressed at that moment to something +where we are not just scraping by like + + align:start position:0% +where we are not just scraping by like + + + align:start position:0% +where we are not just scraping by like +that I think it's the moment where we're + + align:start position:0% +that I think it's the moment where we're + + + align:start position:0% +that I think it's the moment where we're +no longer just scraping by that begins a + + align:start position:0% +no longer just scraping by that begins a + + + align:start position:0% +no longer just scraping by that begins a +whole different kind of thought I don't + + align:start position:0% +whole different kind of thought I don't + + + align:start position:0% +whole different kind of thought I don't +think it's that that's when people + + align:start position:0% +think it's that that's when people + + + align:start position:0% +think it's that that's when people +suddenly think I could write that down + + align:start position:0% +suddenly think I could write that down + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly think I could write that down +or I could make a picture I think it's + + align:start position:0% +or I could make a picture I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +or I could make a picture I think it's +that suddenly there's just that instant + + align:start position:0% +that suddenly there's just that instant + + + align:start position:0% +that suddenly there's just that instant +where you can because you have five + + align:start position:0% +where you can because you have five + + + align:start position:0% +where you can because you have five +minutes to do it um and the other thing + + align:start position:0% +minutes to do it um and the other thing + + + align:start position:0% +minutes to do it um and the other thing +that I think would be interesting is to + + align:start position:0% +that I think would be interesting is to + + + align:start position:0% +that I think would be interesting is to +include in the in the examples you're + + align:start position:0% +include in the in the examples you're + + + align:start position:0% +include in the in the examples you're +looking at Lavoisier and Galileo I think + + align:start position:0% +looking at Lavoisier and Galileo I think + + + align:start position:0% +looking at Lavoisier and Galileo I think +one of the examples that's starkly + + align:start position:0% +one of the examples that's starkly + + + align:start position:0% +one of the examples that's starkly +missing is um dear and the + + align:start position:0% +missing is um dear and the + + + align:start position:0% +missing is um dear and the +pon um because it's it's an interesting + + align:start position:0% +pon um because it's it's an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +pon um because it's it's an interesting +combination of of all of those things + + align:start position:0% +combination of of all of those things + + + align:start position:0% +combination of of all of those things +coming together um so I missed day cart + + align:start position:0% +coming together um so I missed day cart + + + align:start position:0% +coming together um so I missed day cart +this morning so okay that's it okay + + align:start position:0% +this morning so okay that's it okay + + + align:start position:0% +this morning so okay that's it okay +thank you very much sure another comment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay thank you very + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you very + + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you very +much I'm not sure if we should to + + align:start position:0% +much I'm not sure if we should to + + + align:start position:0% +much I'm not sure if we should to +describe the exercise tomorrow what do + + align:start position:0% +describe the exercise tomorrow what do + + + align:start position:0% +describe the exercise tomorrow what do +you think about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this I think I'd like to get into more + + align:start position:0% +this I think I'd like to get into more + + + align:start position:0% +this I think I'd like to get into more +details on everything should be good + + align:start position:0% +details on everything should be good + + + align:start position:0% +details on everything should be good +okay okay so we we organize tomorrow for + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so we we organize tomorrow for + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so we we organize tomorrow for +having time for doing this okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/AfSk24UTFS8.txt b/AfSk24UTFS8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a012aaaf92163d3f538742f4b00e719f096d80a --- /dev/null +++ b/AfSk24UTFS8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2310 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of +MIT courses, visit + +MIT OpenCourseWare +at ocw.mit.edu + +PROFESSOR: All right, +let's get started. + +We return today to graph search. + +Last time we saw breadth-first +search, today we're + +going to do depth-first search. + +It's a simple algorithm, but +you can do lots of cool things + +with it. + +And that's what I'll +spend most of today + +on, in particular, telling +whether your graph has a cycle, + +and something called +topological sort. + +As usual, basically in +all graph algorithms + +in this class, the input, the +way the graph is specified + +is as an adjacency list, or I +guess adjacency list plural. + +So you have a bunch of lists, +each one says for each vertex, + +what are the vertices +I'm connected to? + +What are the vertices I can +get to in one step via an edge? + +So that's our +input and our goal, + +in general, with graph search +is to explore the graph. + +In particular, the +kind of exploration + +we're going to be doing today +is to visit all the vertices, + +in some order, and visit +each vertex only once. + +So the way we did +breadth-first search, + +breadth-first search +was really good. + +It explored things +layer by layer, + +and that was nice because +it gave us shortest paths, + +it gave us the fastest +way to get to everywhere, + +from a particular +source, vertex s. + +But if you can't get +from s to your vertex, + +than the shortest way to +get there is infinity, + +there's no way to get there. + +And BFS is good for detecting +that, it can tell you + +which vertices are +unreachable from s. + +DFS can do that as +well, but it's often + +used to explore the +whole graph, not just + +the part reachable +from s, and so + +we're going to see +how to do that today. + +This trick could be used +for be BFS or for DFS, + +but we're going to do it +here for DFS, because that's + +more common, let's say. + +So DFS. + +So depth-first search is kind +of like how you solve a maze. + +Like, the other weekend +I was at the big corn + +maze in central +Massachusetts, and it's + +easy to get lost in +there, in particular, + +because I didn't bring +any bread crumbs. + +The proper way to solve a +maze, if you're in there + +and all you can do is see which +way to go next and then walk + +a little bit to +the next junction, + +and then you have to +keep making decisions. + +Unless you have a really +good memory, which I do not, + +teaching staff can attest to +that, then an easy way to do it + +is to leave bread +crumbs behind, say, + +this is the last way +I went from this node, + +so that when I +reach a deadend, I + +have to turn around +and backtrack. + +I reach a breadcrumb that +say, oh, last time you + +went this way, next time +you should go this way, + +and in particular, keep track +at each node, which of the edges + +have I visited, which ones +are still left to visit. + +And this can be done very easily +on a computer using recursion. + +So high-level +description is we're + +going to just recursively +explore the graph, + +backtracking as necessary, kind +of like how you solve a maze. + +In fact, when I was +seven years old, + +one of the first +computer programs I wrote + +was for solving a maze. + +I didn't know it was +depth-first search at the time, + +but now I know. + +It was so much harder +doing algorithms + +when I didn't know +what they were. + +Anyway, I'm going to write some +code for depth-first search, + +it is super simple code, the +simplest graph algorithm. + +It's four lines. + +That's it. + +I'm going to write a little +bit of code after this, + +but this is basic +depth-first search. + +This will visit all +the vertices reachable + +from a given source, vertex s. + +So we're given the +adjacency list. + +I don't know why I put v +here, you could erase it, + +it's not necessary. + +And all we do is, we +have our vertex b, sorry, + +we have our vertex s. + +We look at all of the +outgoing edges from s. + +For each one, we'll +call it v, we check, + +have I visited this +vertex already? + +A place where we +need to be careful + +is to not repeat vertices. + +We need to do this +in BFS as well. + +So, the way we're +going to do that + +is by setting the +parent of a node, + +we'll see what that +actually means later. + +But for now, it's just, are you +in the parent structure or not? + +This is initially, we've +seen s, so we give it + +a parent of nothing, but it +exists in this dictionary. + +If the vertex b that +we're looking at + +is not in our dictionary, +we haven't seen it yet, + +we mark it as seen by +setting its parent to s, + +and then we +recursively visit it. + +That's it. + +Super simple, just recurse. + +Sort of the magical part +is the preventing yourself + +from repeating. + +As you explore the graph, +if you reach something + +you've already seen before +you just skip it again. + +So you only visit every +vertex once, at most once. + +This will not visit +the entire graph, + +it will only visit the +vertices reachable from s. + +The next part of the +code I'd like to give you + +is for visiting all the +vertices, and in the textbook + +this is called the DFS, +whereas this is just + +called DFS visit, that's +sort of the recursive part, + +and this is sort of a +top level algorithm. + +Here we are going to use +the set of vertices, b, + +and here we're just going +to iterate over the s's. + +So it looks almost the same, +but what we're iterating over + +is different. + +Here we're iterating over +the outgoing edges from s, + +here were iterating +over the choices of s. + +So the idea here +is we don't really + +know where to start our search. + +If it's a disconnected graph or +not a strongly connected graph, + +we might have to start +our search multiple times. + +This DFS algorithm is finding +all the possible places + +you might start the search +and trying them all. + +So it's like, OK, let's +try the first vertex. + +If that hasn't been visited, +which initially nothing's been + +visited, then visit it, +recursively, everything + +reachable from s. + +Then you go on to +the second vertex. + +Now, you may have already +visited it, then you skip it. + +Third vertex, maybe +you visited it already. + +Third, fourth +vertex, keep going, + +until you find some vertex +you haven't visited at all. + +And then you recursively visit +everything reachable from it, + +and you repeat. + +This will find all the +different clusters, + +all the different strongly +connected components + +of your graph. + +Most of the work is being +done by this recursion, + +but then there's +this top level, just + +to make sure that all +the vertices get visited. + +Let's do a little example, +so this is super clear, + +and then it will also +let me do something + +called edge classification. + +Once we see every +edge in the graph + +gets visited by DFS +in one way or another, + +and it's really helpful to +think about the different ways + +they can be visited. + +So here's a graph. + +I think its a similar +to one from last class. + +It's not strongly +connected, I don't think, + +so you can't get from +these vertices to c. + +You can get from +c to everywhere, + +it looks like, but not +strongly connected. + +And we're going to run +DFS, and I think, basically + +in alphabetical order +is how we're imagining-- + +these vertices have +to be ordered somehow, + +we don't really care how, but +for sake of example I care. + +So we're going to +start with a, that's + +the first vertex in here. + +We're going to recursively visit +everything reachable from a, + +so we enter here +with s equals a. + +So I'll mark this s1, to be the +first value of s at this level. + +So we consider-- I'm going +to check the order here-- + +first edge we look at, +there's two outgoing edges, + +let's say we look +at this one first. + +We look at b, b has +not been visited yet, + +has no parent pointer. + +This one has a +parent pointer of 0. + +B we're going to give a parent +pointer of a, that's here. + +Then we recursively +visit everything for b. + +So we look at all the outgoing +edges from b, there's only one. + +So we visit this edge. + +for b to e. e has +not been visited, + +so we set as parent pointer to +b, an now we recursively visit + +e. + +e has only one outgoing edge, so +we look at it, over here to d. + +d has not been visited, so +we set a parent pointer to e, + +and we look at all the +outgoing edges from d. + +d has one outgoing +edge, which is + +to b. b has already +been visited, + +so we skip that +one, nothing to do. + +That's the else case +of this if, so we + +do nothing in the else case, +we just go to the next edge. + +But there's no next edge +for d, so we're done. + +So this algorithm returns +to the next level up. + +Next level up was +e, we were iterating + +over the outgoing edges from e. + +But there was only one, so +we're done, so e finishes. + +Then we backtrack to b, +which is always going back + +along the parent pointer, +but it's also just + +in the recursion. + +We know where to go back to. + +We were going over the outgoing +edges from b, there's only one, + +we're done. + +So we go back to a. + +We only looked at one +outgoing edge from a. + +There's another outgoing +edge, which is this one, + +but we've already visited +d, so we skip over that one, + +too, so we're done +recursively visiting + +everything reachable from a. + +Now we go back to this +loop, the outer loop. + +So we did a, next we look at b, +we say, oh b has been visited, + +we don't need to do +anything from there. + +Then we go to c, c +hasn't been visited + +so we're going to loop +from c, and so this + +is our second choice +of s in this recursion, + +or in this outer loop. + +And so we look at the +outgoing edges from s2, + +let me match the +order in the notes. + +Let's say first we go to f. + +f has not been visited, so we +set its parent pointer to c. + +Then we look at all the +outgoing edges from f. + +There's one outgoing edge +from f, it goes to f. + +I guess I shouldn't +really bold this, sorry. + +I'll say what the bold +edges mean in a moment. + +This is just a regular edge. + +We follow the edge from f to f. + +We see, oh, f has +already been visited, + +it already has a parent +pointer, so there's + +no point going down there. + +We're done with f, that's +the only outgoing edge. + +We go back to c, there's +one other outgoing edge, + +but it leads to a vertex we've +already visited, namely e, + +and so we're done with visiting +everything reachable from c. + +We didn't visit +everything reachable + +from c, because some of it +was already visited from a. + +Then we go back to the outer +loop, say, OK, what about d? + +D has been visited, +what about e? + +E's been visited, what about f? + +F's been visited. + +So we're visiting +these vertices again, + +but should only be twice +in total, and in the end + +we visit all the vertices, +and, in a certain sense, + +all the edges as well. + +Let's talk about running time. + +What do you think the running +time of this algorithm is? + +Anyone? + +Time to wake up. + +AUDIENCE: Upper bound? + +PROFESSOR: Upper bound, sure. + +AUDIENCE: V? + +PROFESSOR: V? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: V is a little bit +optimistic, plus e, good, + +collaborative effort. + +It's linear time, just like BFS. + +This is what we +call linear time, + +because this is the +size of the input. + +It's theta V plus E +for the whole thing. + +The size of the +input was v plus e. + +We needed v slots +in an array, plus we + +needed e items in these linked +lists, one for each edge. + +We have to traverse +that whole structure. + +The reason it's order v plus e +is-- first, as you were saying, + +you're visiting every vertex +once in this outer loop, + +so not worrying about the +recursion in DFS alone, + +so that's order b. + +Then have to worry +about this recursion, + +but we know that whenever we +call DFS visit on a vertex, + +that it did not have +a parent before. + +Right before we +called DFS visit, + +we set its parent +for the first time. + +Right before we called +DFS visit on v here, + +we set as parent +for the first time, + +because it wasn't set before. + +So DFS visit, and I'm +going to just write of v, + +meaning the last argument here. + +It's called once, at +most once, per vertex b. + +But it does not +take constant time. + +This takes constant time per +vertex, plus a recursive call. + +This thing, this takes constant +time, but there's a for loop + +here. + +We have to pay for however +many outgoing edges + +there are from b, that's +the part you're missing. + +And we pay length of adjacency +of v for that vertex. + +So the total in +addition to this v + +is going to be the order, sum +overall vertices, v in capital + +V, of length of the +adjacency, list for v, + +which is E. This +is the handshaking + +lemma from last time. + +It's twice e for +undirected graphs, + +it's e for directed graphs. + +I've drawn directed graphs here, +it's a little more interesting. + +OK, so it's linear time, just +like the BFS, so you could say, + +who cares, but DFS offers a +lot of different properties + +than BFS. + +They each have their niche. + +BFS is great for shortest paths. + +You want to know the fastest +way to solve the Rubik's cube, + +BFS will find it. + +You want to find the fastest +way to solve the Rubik's cube, + +DFS will not find it. + +It's not following +shortest paths here. + +Going from a to +d, we use the path + +of length 3, that's +the bold edges. + +We could have gone +directly from a + +to d, so it's a +different kind of search, + +but sort of the inverse. + +But it's extremely useful, +in particular, in the way + +that it classifies edges. + +So let me talk about +edge classification. + +You can check every edge +in this graph gets visited. + +In a directed graph every +edge gets visited once, + +in an undirected +graph, every edge + +gets visited twice, +once from each side. + +And when you visit +that edge, there's + +sort of different categories +of what could happen to it. + +Maybe the edge led to something +unvisited, when you went there. + +We call those tree edges. + +That's what the parent +pointers are specifying + +and all the bold edges here +are called three edges. + +This is when we visit a +new vertex via that edge. + +So we look at the +other side of the edge, + +we discover a new vertex. + +Those are what we +call tree edges, + +it turns out they form +a tree, a directed tree. + +That's a lemma you can prove. + +You can see it here. + +We just have a path, actually a +forest would be more accurate. + +We have a path abed, +and we have an edge cf, + +but, in general, it's a forest. + +So for example, if there +was another thing coming + +from e here, let's modify my +graph, we would, at some point, + +visit that edge and say, +oh, here's a new way to go, + +and now that bold structure +forms an actual tree. + +These are called tree edges, +you can call them forest edges + +if you feel like it. + +There are other edges in +there, the nonbold edges, + +and the textbook distinguishes +three types, three types? + +Three types, so many types. + +They are forward edges, +backward edges, and cross edges. + +Some of these are more useful +to distinguish than others, + +but it doesn't hurt +to have them all. + +So, for example, this edge I'm +going to call a forward edge, + +just write f, +that's unambiguous, + +because it goes, in some +sense, forward along the tree. + +It goes from the root of +this tree to a descendant. + +There is a path +in the tree from a + +to d, so we call +it a forward edge. + +By contrast, this edge I'm +going to call a backward edge, + +because it goes from +a node in the tree + +to an ancestor in the trees. + +If you think of parents, I +can go from d to its parent + +to its parent, and that's +where the edge goes, + +so that's a backward +edge-- double check I + +got these not reversed, +yeah, that's right. + +Forward edge because I could +go from d to its parent + +to its parent to its +parent and the edge + +went the other way, +that's a forward edge. + +So forward edge goes from a node +to a descendant in the tree. + +Backward edge goes from a node +to an ancestor in the tree. + +And when I say, +tree, I mean forest. + +And then all the other +edges are cross edges. + +So I guess, here, +this is a cross edge. + +In this case, it goes from +one tree to another, doesn't + +have to go between +different trees. + +For example, let's say +I'm visiting d, then + +I go back to e, I visit g, +or there could be this edge. + +If this edge existed, it +would be a cross edge, + +because g and d are +not ancestor related, + +neither one is an +ancestor of the other, + +they are siblings actually. + +So there's, in +general, there's going + +to be some subtree over +here, some subtree over here, + +and this is a cross edge +between two different subtrees. + +This cross edge is between two, +sort of, non ancestor related, + +I think is the shortest way to +write this, subtrees or nodes. + +A little puzzle for +you, well, I guess + +the first question is, how do +you compute this structure? + +How do you compute +which edges are which? + +This is not hard, although I +haven't written it in the code + +here. + +You can check the textbook +for one way to do it. + +The parent structure tells you +which edges are tree edges. + +So that part we have done. + +Every parent pointer corresponds +to the reverse of a tree edge, + +so at the same time you could +mark that edge a tree edge, + +and you'd know which +edges are tree edges + +and which edges +are nontree edges. + +If you want to know which are +forward, which are backward, + +which are cross edges, the +key thing you need to know + +is, well, in particular, +for backward edges, one way + +to compute them is +to mark which nodes + +you are currently exploring. + +So when we do a DFS +visit on a node, + +we could say at +the beginning here, + +basically, we're starting +to visit s, say, start s, + +and then at the end of +this for loop, we write, + +we're finished with s. + +And you could mark that +in the s structure. + +You could say s dot in +process is true up here, + +s dot in process +equals false down here. + +Keep track of which nodes are +currently in the recursion + +stack, just by marking +them and unmarking them + +at the beginning and the end. + +Then we'll know, if we follow +an edge and it's an edge + +to somebody who's +already in the stack, + +then it's a backward edge, +because that's-- everyone + +in the stack is an ancestor +from our current node. + +Detecting forward edges, +it's a little trickier. + +Forward edges +versus cross edges, + +any suggestions on an +easy way to do that? + +I don't think I know +an easy way to do that. + +It can be done. + +The way the textbook does +it is a little bit more + +sophisticated, in that when +they start visiting a vertex, + +they record the time +that it got visited. + +What's time? + +You could think of it as +the clock on your computer, + +another way to do +it is, every time + +you do a step in this algorithm, +you increment a counter. + +So every time anything happens, +you increment a counter, + +and then you store +the value of that + +counter here for s, that +would be the start time for s, + +you store the finish +time for s down here, + +and then this gives +you, this tells you + +when a node was +visited, and you can + +use that to compute when +an edge is a forward edge + +and otherwise it's a cross edge. + +It's not terribly exciting, +though, so I'm not + +going to detail that. + +You can look at the textbook +if you're interested. + +But here's a fun puzzle. + +In an undirected graph, which +of these edges can exist? + +We can have a vote, do some +democratic mathematics. + +How many people think tree edges +exist in undirected graphs? + +You, OK. + +Sarini does. + +That's a good sign. + +How many people +think forward edges + +exist in an undirected graph? + +A couple. + +How many people +think backward edges + +exist in an undirected graph? + +Couple. + +How many people +think cross edges + +exist in undirected graph? + +More people, OK. + +I think voting worked. + +They all exist, no, +that's not true. + +This one can exist and +this one can exist. + +I actually wrote the +wrong ones in my notes, + +so it's good to trick you, +no, it's I made a mistake. + +It's very easy to +get these mixed up + +and you can think +about why this is true, + +maybe I'll draw some +pictures to clarify. + +This is something, you remember +the-- there was BFS diagram, + +I talked a little bit +about this last class. + +Tree edges better exist, +those are the things + +you use to visit new vertices. + +So that always happens, +undirected or otherwise. + +Forward edges, though, +forward edge of + +would be, OK, I visited +this, then I visited this. + +Those were tree edges. + +Then I backtrack and I +follow an edge like this. + +This would be a forward edge. + +And in a directed +graph that can happen. + +In an undirected graph, +it can also happen, right? + +Oh, no, it can't, it can't. + +OK. + +So confusing. + +undirected graph, if +you look like this, + +you start-- let's say this is s. + +You start here, and suppose +we follow this edge. + +We get to here, then we follow +this edge, we get to here. + +Then we will follow this +edge in the other direction, + +and that's guaranteed to +finish before we get back to s. + +So, in order to +be a forward edge, + +this one has to be +visited after this one, + +from s, but in this scenario, +if you follow this one first, + +you'll eventually +get to this vertex + +and then you will come back, +and then that will be classified + +as a backward edge in +an undirected graph. + +So you can never have forward +edges in an undirected graph. + +But I have a backward edge +here, that would suggest + +I can have backward edges +here, and no cross edges. + +Well, democracy did not work, I +was swayed by the popular vote. + +So I claim, apparently, +cross edges do not exist. + +Let's try to draw this. + +So a cross edge typical +scenario would be either here, + +you follow this +edge, you backtrack, + +you follow another +edge, and then + +you discover there's was an +edge back to some other subtree + +that you've already visited. + +That can happen in +an undirected graph. + +For the same reason, if +I follow this one first, + +and this edge exists undirected, +then I will go down that way. + +So it will be actually tree +edge, not a cross edge. + +OK, phew. + +That means my +notes were correct. + +I was surprised, +because they were + +copied from the textbook, +uncorrect my correction. + +Good. + +So what? + +Why do I care about these +edge classifications? + +I claim they're super handy for +two problems, cycle detection, + +which is pretty +intuitive problem. + +Does my graph have any cycles? + +In the directed case, this +is particularly interesting. + +I want to know, does a graph +have any directed cycles? + +And another problem +called topological sort, + +which we will get to. + +So let's start with +cycle detection. + +This is actually a warmup +for topological sort. + +So does my graph +have any cycles? + +G has a cycle, I claim. + +This happens, if and only if, G +has a back edge, or let's say, + +a depth-first search of +that graph has a back edge. + +So it doesn't matter +where I start from + +or how this algorithm-- I run +this top level DFS algorithm, + +explore the whole +graph, because I + +want to know in the whole +graph is there a cycle? + +I claim, if there's a back +edge, then there's a cycle. + +So it all comes +down to back edges. + +This will work for both +directed and undirected graphs. + +Detecting cycles is pretty +easy in undirected graphs. + +It's a little more subtle +with directed graphs, + +because you have to worry +about the edge directions. + +So let's prove this. + +We haven't done a +serious proof in a while, + +so this is still a pretty easy +one, let's think about it. + +What do you think is +the easier direction + +to prove here, left or right? + +To more democracy. + +How many people +think left is easy? + +A couple. + +How many people +think right is easy? + +A whole bunch more. + +I disagree with you. + +I guess it depends +what you consider easy. + +Let me show you +how easy left is. + +Left is, I have a back edge, I +want to claim there's a cycle. + +What is the back edge look like? + +Well, it's an edge to +an ancestor in the tree. + +If this node is a +descendant of this node + +and this node is an ancestor +of this node, that's + +saying there are +tree edges, there's + +a path, a tree path, that +connects one to the other. + +So these are tree +edges, because this + +is supposed to be an +ancestor, and this + +is supposed to be a descendant. + +And that's the definition +of a back edge. + +Do you see a cycle? + +I see a cycle. + +This is a cycle, directed cycle. + +So if there's a back edge, by +definition, it makes a cycle. + +Now, it's harder to say +if I have 10 back edges, + +how many cycles are there? + +Could be many. + +But if there's a +back edge, there's + +definitely at least one cycle. + +The other direction +is also not too hard, + +but I would hesitate +to call it easy. + +Any suggestions if, I +know there is a cycle, + +how do I prove that there's +a back edge somewhere? + +Think about that, +let me draw a cycle. + +There's a length k cycle. + +Where do you think, +which of these edges + +do you think is going +to be a back edge? + +Let's hope it's +one of these edges. + +Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: Vk to v zero. + +PROFESSOR: Vk to v zero. + +That's a good idea, maybe +this is a back edge. + +Of course, this is +symmetric, why that edge? + +I labeled it in +a suggestive way, + +but I need to say something +before I know actually which + +edge is going to +be the back edge. + +AUDIENCE: You have to +say you start to v zero? + +PROFESSOR: Start at v zero. + +If I started a search +of v zero, that + +looks good, because +the search is + +kind of going to go +in this direction. + +vk will maybe be the +last thing to be visited, + +that's not actually true. + +Could be there's an edge +directly from v zero to vk, + +but intuitively vk +will kind of later, + +and then when this +edge gets visited, + +this will be an ancestor +and it will be a back edge. + +Of course, we may not +start a search here, + +so calling it the +start of the search + +is not quite right, +a little different. + +AUDIENCE: First vertex +that gets hit [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: First vertex +that gets hit, good. + +I'm going to start the +numbering , v zero, + +let's assume v 0 is the +first vertex in the cycle, + +visited by the +depth-first search. + +Together, if you want some +pillows if you like them, + +especially convenient +that they're in front. + +So right, if it's +not v zero, say + +v3 was the first one visited. + +We will just change +the labeling, + +so that's v zero, that's +v1, that's v, and so on. + +So set this labeling, +so that v0 first one, + +first vertex that gets visited. + +Then, I claim that-- let me +just write the claim first. + +This edge vkv0 will +be a back edge. + +We'll just say, is back edge. + +And I would say this is not +obvious, be a little careful. + +We have to somehow exploit +the depth-first nature of DFS, + +the fact that it goes deep-- it +goes as deep as it can before + +backtracking. + +If you think about +it, we're starting, + +at this point we are starting a +search relative to this cycle. + +No one has been visited, +except v zero just + +got visited, has a parent +pointer off somewhere else. + +What do we do next? + +Well, we visit all the +outgoing edges from v zero, + +there might be many +of them. it could + +be edge from v zero to v1, +it could an edge from v zero + +to v3, it could be an edge +from v zero to something else. + +We don't know which one's +going to happen first. + +But the one thing I +can claim is that v1 + +will be visited before we +finish visiting v zero. + +From v zero, we might +go somewhere else, + +we might go somewhere +else that might eventually + +lead to v1 by some other +route, but in particular, we + +look at that edge +from v zero to v1. + +And so, at some point, +we're searching, + +we're visiting all the things +reachable from v zero, that + +includes v1, and +that will happen, + +we will touch v1 +for the first time, + +because it hasn't +been touched yet. + +We will visit it before +we finish visiting v zero. + +The same goes actually for all +of v i's, because they're all + +reachable from v zero. + +You can prove this by induction. + +You'll have to visit v1 before +you finish visiting v zero. + +You'll have to visit v2 +before you finish visiting + +v1, although you might +actually visit v2 before v1. + +You would definitely +finish, you'll + +finished v2 before you +finish v1, and so on. + +So vi will be visited before +you finish vi minus 1, + +but in particular, +what we care about is + +that vk is visited +before we finish v zero. + +And it will be entirely visited. + +We will finish +visiting vk before we + +finish visiting v zero. + +We will start decay vk +after we start to v zero, + +because v zero is first. + +So the order is going to +look like, start v zero, + +at some point we will start vk. + +Then we'll finish vk, +then we'll finish v zero. + +This is something the +textbook likes to call, + +and I like to call, +balanced parentheses. + +You can think of it as, we +start v zero, then we start vk, + +then we finish vk, +then we finish v zero. + +And these match up +and their balanced. + +Depth-first search +always looks like that, + +because once you +start a vertex, you + +keep chugging until you visited +all the things reachable + +from it. + +Then you finish it. + +You won't finish v zero +before you finish vk, + +because it's part +of the recursion. + +You can't return +at a higher level + +before you return +at the lower levels. + +So we've just argued +that the order + +is like this, because +v zero was first, + +so vk starts after v zero, and +also we're going to finish vk + +before we finish v zero, because +it's reachable, and hasn't + +been visited before. + +So, in here, we +consider vkv zero. + +When we consider that edge, +it will be a back edge. + +Why? + +Because v zero is currently +on the recursion stack, + +and so you will have marked v +zero as currently in process. + +So when you look at that edge, +you see it's a back edge, + +it's an edge to your ancestor. + +That's the proof. + +Any questions about that? + +It's pretty easy once you set +up the starting point, which + +is look at the first +time you visit the cycle, + +than just think about how +you walk around the cycle. + +There's lots of ways you +might walk around the cycle, + +but it's guaranteed you'll +visit vk at some point, + +then you'll look at the edge. +v0 is still in the stack, + +so it's a back edge. + +And so this proves +that having a cycle + +is equivalent to +having a back edge. + +This gives you an easy linear +time algorithm to tell, + +does my graph have a cycle? + +And if it does, it's +actually easy to find one, + +because we find a back edge, +just follow the tree edges, + +and you get your cycle. + +So if someone gives +you a graph and say, + +hey, I think this is acyclic, +you can very quickly say, + +no, it's not, here's +a cycle, or say, + +yeah, I agree, no back edges, +I only have tree, forward, + +and cross edges. + +OK, that was application 1. + +Application 2 is +topological sort, + +which we're going to +think about in the setting + +of a problem called +job scheduling. + +So job scheduling, we are +given a directed acyclic graph. + +I want to order the vertices +so that all edges point + +from lower order to high order. + +Directed acyclic +graph is called a DAG, + +you should know that from 042. + +And maybe I'll +draw one for kicks. + +Now, I've drawn the graph so +all the edges go left to right, + +so you can see that +there's no cycles here, + +but generally you'd run DFS and +you'd detect there's no cycles. + +And now, imagine these +vertices represent + +things you need to do. + +The textbook has a funny example +where you're getting dressed, + +so you have these +constraints that say, + +well, I've got to put my socks +on before put my shoes on. + +And then I've got to put +my underwear on before I + +put my pants on, and all +these kinds of things. + +You would code that as a +directed acyclic graph. + +You hope there's no +cycles, because then you + +can't get dressed. + +And there's some +things, like, well, I + +could put my glasses on +whenever, although actually I + +should put my glasses on +before I do anything else, + +otherwise there's problems. + +I don't know, you could put +your watch on at any time, + +unless you need to +know what time is. + +So there's some disconnected +parts, whatever. + +There's some unrelated +things, like, I + +don't care the order between +my shirt and my pants + +or whatever, some things +aren't constrained. + +What you'd like to do is choose +an actual order to do things. + +Say you're a +sequential being, you + +can only do one +thing at a time, so I + +want to compute a total order. + +First I'll do g, +then I'll do a, then + +I can do h, because I've done +both of the predecessors. + +Then I can't do be, +because I haven't done d, + +so maybe I'll do d first, and +then b, and than e, then c, + +then f, then i. + +That would be a valid order, +because all edges point + +from an earlier number +to a later number. + +So that's the goal. + +And these are real job +scheduling problems + +that come up, you'll +see more applications + +in your problem set. + +How do we do this? + +Well, at this point we +have two algorithms, + +and I pretty much +revealed it is DFS. + +DFS will do this. + +It's a topological sort, is +what this algorithm is usually + +called. + +Topological sort because +you're given a graph, which + +you could think +of as a topology. + +You want to sort it, +in a certain sense. + +It's not like +sorting numbers, it's + +sorting vertices in a graph, +so, hence, topological sort. + +That's the name +of the algorithm. + +And it's run DFS, and +output the reverse + +of the finishing +times of vertices. + +so this is another +application where you really + +want to visit all the +vertices in the graph, + +so we use this top level DFS, +so everybody gets visited. + +And there are these +finishing times, + +so every time I finish a vertex, +I could add it to a list. + +Say OK, that one +was finished next, + +than this one is finished, +than this one's finished. + +I take that order +and I reverse it. + +That will be a +topological order. + +Why? + +Who knows. + +Let's prove it. + +We've actually done pretty +much the hard work, which + +is to say-- we're assuming +our graph has no cycles, + +so that tells us by +this cycle detection + +that there are no back edges. + +Back edges are kind +of the annoying part. + +Now they don't exist here. + +So all the edges are tree edges, +forward edges, and cross edges, + +and we use that to +prove the theorem. + +So we want to prove that all +the edges point from an earlier + +number to a later number. + +So what that means +is for an edge, + +uv, we want to show that +v finishes before u. + +That's the reverse, +because what we're taking + +is the reverse of +the finishing order. + +So edge uv, I want to make +sure v finishes first, + +so that u will be ordered first. + +Well, there are two cases. + +Case 1 is that u +starts before v. Case 2 + +is that he v before u. + +At some point they +start, because we + +visit the whole graph. + +This top loop guarantees that. + +So consider what order we visit +them first, at the beginning, + +and then we'll think +about how they finish. + +Well, this case is kind of +something we've seen before. + +We visit u, we have +not yet visited v, + +but v is reachable from +u, so maybe via this edge, + +or maybe via some other +path, we will eventually + +visit v in the recursion for u. + +So before u finishes, +we will visit v, visit v + +before u finishes. + +That sentence is just +like this sentence, + +so same kind of argument. + +We won't go into detail, +because we already + +did that several times. + +So that means we'll visit v, +we will completely visit v, + +we will finish v +before we finish u + +and that's what we +wanted to prove. + +So in that case is good. + +The other cases is +that v starts before u. + +Here, you might get +slightly worried. + +So we have an edge, uv, +still, same direction. + +But now we start at v, u +has not yet been visited. + +Well, now we worry +that we visit u. + +If we visit u, we're going to +finish u before we finish v, + +but we want it to be +the other way around. + +Why can't that happen? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Because there's +a back edge somewhere here. + +In particular, the graph +would have to be cyclic. + +This is a cycle, so this +can't happen, a contradiction. + +So v will finish before +we visit u at all. + +So v will still finish first, +because we don't even touch u, + +because there's no cycles. + +So that's actually the proof +that topological sort gives you + +a valid job schedule, +and it's kind of-- there + +are even more things +you can do with DFS. + +We'll see some in recitations, +more in the textbook. + +But simple algorithm, can do +a lot of nifty things with it, + +very fast, linear time. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Ahnns47FKHM.txt b/Ahnns47FKHM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccc279a4b633d32371ad2a9593224eb6462b0b00 --- /dev/null +++ b/Ahnns47FKHM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5212 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: And so today we have +Ravi , who is I guess a + +performance engineer at VMware, +where he basically + +looks at how to get really good +performance in many, many + +different things in VMware. + +So Ravi is an MIT undergrad. + +I guess a long time ago. + +RAVI SOUNDARARAJAN: Yeah, '92. + +PROFESSOR: '92. + +There you go. + +And then he got his PhD from +Stanford and end up in VMware + +looking at a lot of interesting +performance stuff. + +So today, he's going to give us +a kind of a bird's eye view + +of how these kind of +technologies, what you guys + +are learning, is useful and +how it's used in industry. + +OK, Ravi. + +Take over. + +RAVI SOUNDARARAJAN: First +question, can + +everybody hear me? + +And is the mic on? + +OK. + +Good. + +I have a bit of a sore throat. + +So I'm sorry if you +can't hear me. + +The other thing I want to say +is I'm actually really glad + +you're here. + +Because I remember very +distinctly in 1990 when I was + +an undergrad, I was +taking 6.111. + +And I had a bug in +my final project. + +It just wasn't working. + +And I was going to skip +the lecture that day. + +But I was like, whatever, +I'll go. + +So went to the lecture. + +Turns out Don Troxell pointed +out something in that lecture. + +I was like, that's my problem. + +And I went back, fixed it. + +Everything worked. + +And I was very happy. + +I don't think that's going +to happen here. + +But it would be nice +if it did. + +So that's cool. + +So instead of just talking +about what a performance + +engineer does, I would-- + +I'll just-- + +Power is coming in. + +But-- + +Oh, there it is. + +Perfect. + +So instead of just talking +about what performance + +engineering is about. + +I just wanted to go through 10 +bugs that I've actually been + +involved in. + +And hopefully, they'll be +interesting to you. + +Because each one of them +was interesting to me. + +So let's start out with-- + +I just wanted to start +this out with a bang. + +So for dramatic effect +everybody read + +through this slide. + +It's basically an email thread +from one of my colleagues. + +And raise your hand +when you're done. + +So I'll know when you're done. + +OK. + +Anyway, so the point of this is +that his question ended up + +being, why is the percent lock +time in the database + +increasing despite a lighter +load for the thing that uses + +that database? + +Now, if you're like me, you +read this email, and your + +first question is what the +hell is he talking about? + +So that's why titled this +slide like that. + +So let's actually deconstruct +what, a, that email meant. + +And, b, what it meant to me. + +So in order to do that, I want +to first talk about the system + +that he was talking about and +help describe what the actual + +problem he was seeing was. + +So here we have a standard +multi-tier set up. + +What we've got is that we've +got a server, which is our + +middleware server. + +And it talks to a database. + +And then we have a bunch of +hosts on the other end. + +Those are labeled by agent, +HAL, whatever. + +Anyway, those are hosts running +virtual machines. + +And here's the setup. + +You've got a client. + +And that client issues +a command to + +this middleware server. + +And that middleware server tries +to figure out what host + +or what virtual machine +needs to be contacted. + +So the middleware goes +ahead and does that. + +And it performs an operation +on that host. + +And after performing the +operation, it then archives + +some of the information that +it gained to the database. + +And once it archived the +information to the database, + +it went ahead and notified the +client that the operation + +itself was done. + +Fairly simple. + +Send a request to a server. + +Server contacts some +other host. + +Host comes back to the server +and says it's done. + +Server persists information to +the database and then notifies + +the client everything is done. + +So the actual problem that my +colleague was seeing was, he + +was sending less and less load +to this middleware server, + +which therefore means that less +and less goes to the host + +and less and less goes +to the database. + +However, the percent of +time spent in the + +database was higher. + +So despite a lighter load and +less stuff going to the + +database, the percent +of time spent in the + +database was higher. + +Probably, all of you are smart +enough to know what the actual + +problem is. + +But we'll go through +it step by step. + +So the deal is this. + +The first thing I did is I +examined the amount of time + +that each lock was held for +each of these different + +operations. + +And what I did was I varied +the load just as + +my colleague did. + +And what you see are six +different lines. + +On the x-axis is each of the +different locks that we + +acquire in our system. + +And on the y-axis is the latency +of those locks in + +milliseconds. + +And basically, the +axis for this-- + +the legend for this chart says +Locked-4, which means a + +certain type of load, all the +way down to Locked-128. + +OK. + +And the deal is that when you +have lock-128, what that + +indicates is that there's +128 hosts per thread. + +Which, take my word for it, that +means that you've got a + +lighter load. + +So basically, the lowest +line in the legend is + +the lightest load. + +And the highest line in the +legend is the highest load. + +And as you can see, although +it's a little bit obscured in + +this chart, the bottom line is +that this is about time you're + +spent holding a lock. + +In this chart, lock-4 indicates +a heavy load. + +Lock-128 indicates +a lighter load. + +And what this chart indicates +is that, in fact, you are + +spending more time in the locks +with a heavier load, + +lock-4, than you are with a +lighter load, lock-128. + +So the latency prologue is +higher with a higher load, + +which is totally reasonable. + +And it turns out that if we +translate my colleague's + +question into reality, what +he's asking is why is the + +percent time spent in the +database higher, even though + +you have a lighter load? + +Well, the answer ends up being +that when you have a lighter + +load, overall, you're spending +less time in locks, which + +means that any time you spend +in the database, if that's a + +fixed cost, is going to +be a higher percent + +of the overall time. + +So it turns out, there really +wasn't an issue. + +There was nothing odd here. + +It's exactly what you'd expect, +because the database + +imposes essentially +a fixed amount + +of latency per operation. + +And in order to confirm that, +I also looked at the time + +spent contending for locks. + +So you really want a lock, but +someone else gets it instead. + +And you have to wait. + +And the trend is exactly +the same. + +When you have a lighter load, +you end up having a much lower + +overall latency. + +But that just means that any +latency you spend in this + +database, its percent impact +on the entire operation is + +quite a bit higher. + +So to take a look at this and +to do a postmortem on this + +case study, his first thing was +some random email, which + +kind of was nonsense. + +But it was less nonsensical +once you actually tried to + +understand what this +setup was. + +So step one is figure out what +is the experimental setup and + +what are the parameters that +are being studied. + +The next thing to understand +is what's being measured? + +I remember what my +colleague said. + +He said the percent of time in +the database was pretty high. + +Why is that? + +Well, OK. + +So we have to understand what +this multi-tier setup is, why + +you would be going to the +database, and what it means if + +the time spent in that +database is high. + +And I guess the next thing you +want to do is you want to say, + +well, OK, he's complaining +about lock latency. + +So I must have some sort of +visibility there somewhere. + +Let me go and look at the +appropriate metric to figure + +out what's going on and why +time is being spent there. + +And finally, it's appropriate +to-- once you've got all this + +data, don't make any +assumptions-- + +just draw the appropriate +conclusion based on the data. + +The problem is basically that +with a lighter load the impact + +of that database becomes larger, +even if it were the + +same under a heavier load. + +Because under a heavier load +other aspects of the system + +also get stressed that +don't get stressed + +in a lighter load. + +So, and this is basically what +I'm saying here, yeah, the + +percent lock time in the +database overall is higher. + +But the overall lock +time is smaller. + +So everything is behaving +exactly as you would expect. + +So this was one simple study +and hopefully it didn't + +require any virtualization +specific knowledge. + +What I'm going to do now is +go over a bunch of other + +different case studies that I've +looked at and crystallize + +what lessons I learned from +doing those studies. + +So I guess the next case study +I want to talk about is + +something that I call garbage +in, garbage out. + +I think that's something +I learned on the + +first day of 001. + +So here's the deal. + +You've got a customer. + +And he wants to draw +this chart. + +And this chart is basically, on +the x-axis is time and on + +the y-axis is some metric. + +It happens to be CPU +usage megahertz. + +But it doesn't really matter. + +OK. + +So he wants to get this chart. + +And it turns out-- if you +remember the diagram I showed + +before, we have a server and a +bunch of hosts at the end. + +So the client simply has to send +a request to that server. + +And the server will +generate the data, + +send back to the client. + +And it turns out that +if any of-- + +all of you, I'm sure, are +familiar with Pearl, Python, + +and all these different +scripted languages. + +There's another one that's very +popular in the Windows + +community called PowerShell. + +And so it turns out that +our server has + +a PowerShell interface. + +You can write a PowerShell +script to get any statistic + +that you want. + +And then you can write that +to some database or some + +spreadsheet and get +this charge. + +So here's the deal. + +We have a user. + +And what he does, as I've +indicated at the bottom, is + +that he wants to get the CPU +usage for the last hour. + +So he just writes a simple +script, using PowerShell. + +It doesn't really matter +what the syntax is. + +But the point is, +he does what's + +called a get-stats call. + +And he indicates, OK, I want +this virtual machine. + +I want this stat, whatever. + +And then he gets his +information and + +writes it to a file. + +No big deal. + +It's just a simple script +to get some statistics. + +Now, here's what is actually +interesting. + +I wrote that script +using PowerShell. + +Now, let's compare a PowerShell +implementation to a + +highly tuned Java implementation +of the very + +same script. + +Now, what I've done here is I've +shown the performance of + +that very same script when +getting data for one virtual + +machine, which is the first +row, six, about 40. + +And then up to a little over +300 virtual machines. + +Look at the scaling +of this script. + +In the middle column, I have +the performance for this + +PowerCLI script that I +just showed you on + +the previous slide. + +As you can see, it goes from a +healthy 9.2 seconds to over 43 + +minutes if you increase the +size of your inventory. + +In contrast, if you use a +Java-based implementation, it + +starts a little slower than +PowerCLI at 14 seconds. + +But the scaling is +far superior. + +It ends up at 50 seconds. + +So the question is why? + +What's different about these +scripts at scale versus when I + +wrote the little toy script? + +Now, to give you some color, +why this matters to someone + +like me is that every once in a +while, I'll get a call from + +a system admin, who wants +a very simple + +script that does blah. + +And they say, I wrote this +simple script in my + +development environment, +and it worked fine. + +But then I run it in my +production environment, and it + +completely breaks. + +What's going on? + +So often, problems like +this actually occur. + +Now I'm calling this garbage in, +garbage out, because you + +can see that with PowerCLI and +Java, we're getting very + +different results. + +The deal is that in PowerCLI, +I wrote a very naive script. + +And I'll explain how +in a moment. + +And that very naive script +has not performed at all. + +Whereas in Java, I wrote a +very highly tuned script. + +And it ended up taking +about an order of + +magnitude less time. + +So garbage in, garbage out. + +Good stuff in, good stuff out. + +Let's try to understand why. + +OK. + +Here's the deal. + +All of you are probably familiar +with the difference + +between scripting and high level +languages, or low level + +languages or whatever you +want to call them. + +So the idea is that if you're +running something using a + +shell script or running +Pearl, or whatever. + +These things are usually +meant for ease of use. + +But they're not necessarily +meant for performance reasons. + +And so they hide a lot of +details from the users so that + +it's easier to come to +a quick prototype. + +You don't have to declare +variables. + +Do all this kind of junk, +right, if you're using + +scripting language. + +In contrast, if you're using, +Java, C++, whatever, you have + +Typesafe and all +this nonsense. + +You have to worry about what +the declarations of your + +variables are. + +Make sure they're correct +types, et cetera. + +So they tend to be more +difficult to get running. + +But once you get them running, +you can use a lot of advanced + +tools that just aren't +available + +necessarily in toolkits. + +And we're going to talk about +how this difference manifested + +itself in this particular +problem. + +I said that when I told the +customer to write a simple + +PowerCLI script, they just +have to do one call. + +Get-stat. + +And here's a bunch of arguments +to tell it what + +statistic it wants to grab. + +It's a toolkit. + +It's doing a lot of +work for you. + +What's it doing for you? + +Well, it turns out it's calling +our internal APIs. + +Our internal APIs have +to work for a variety + +of different platforms. + +So they have to be incredibly +general. + +Under the covers of that single +get-stat call, we have + +about seven different steps +that are going on, ranging + +from asking, OK, I want a stat +for a virtual machine, what + +kinds of stats does that +virtual machine export? + +How frequently does it update? + +All kinds of information that +you probably don't really care + +about if all you want +is a single stat. + +But you might care about if +you're writing a production + +quality script. + +So the point is get-stat +does these seven calls. + +And because you're using +a toolkit, it hides + +them all from you. + +It spares it. + +It's very easy to use. + +But it turns out, this is +obviously not the most optimal + +way to do this. + +And I illustrate that by showing +you conceptually + +what's actually going on. + +On the right, I guess on your +left, I've got what the + +PowerCLI script was doing. + +You call this get-stat call, or +whatever, and what it does + +that for every virtual machine +that you want this statistic + +for, it goes through and does +all these random steps that + +were done that I described +in the previous slide. + +Figuring out what stats are +supported, how frequently they + +updated, and then actually going +and getting the stat. + +It turns out, as I show on the +right, when I do this in Java, + +I can take advantage of the +fact that a lot of those + +things that I'm asking +about in the + +toolkit, they never change. + +You've got a good +virtual machine. + +It supports things to +be refreshed every + +20 seconds or whatever. + +That never changes. + +You want to find out what +statistics are supported. + +Well, those never change once +you've configured it and you + +don't change anything. + +So why do that every +single time? + +So as we show in Java, you can +pull a lot of that stuff out + +of the main body of the loop. + +And if you wanted information +for every VM in the system, + +you only have to make one call, +as I show at the very + +bottom, for every VM. + +You don't have to make seven +different RPC calls. + +In fact, you could further +optimize, if you really + +understand the API, and collapse +a few more calls in + +Java that you can't +do in the toolkit. + +Because again, the toolkit's +trying to talk at a high + +level, so any random dude can +actually write a script. + +OK. + +So the point is in this PowerCLI +world, a very simple + +toolkit world, we were making +five RPC calls for every VM + +that we wanted stats for. + +Whereas in Java, we +made one call. + +And we can even optimize +that further. + +And I don't show that here. + +But anyway, the bottom line is +that's why the performance of + +the Java script was +so much faster. + +So the idea is that with +PowerCLI what I do is I wrote + +very simple, a script that +anybody could understand and + +use, but it's not optimized. + +I didn't utilize +multi-threading. + +I didn't realize that the output +format of the data was + +really, really verbose. + +Again, that's the kind of +thing that if you really + +understand the APIs you +can take advantage of. + +I also didn't realize-- + +as a customer, I wouldn't have +realized that I make this one + +call but it expands it to a +bunch of different network + +requests that I didn't +know about. + +In contrast, with Java, I was +able to take advantage of the + +power of a language like Java, +where I could thread pools. + +I could optimize the return +format of the data. + +And I could reduce the +number of RPC calls. + +I guess the analogy I would +give is if you think about + +assembly code versus +compiler-generated code, + +nobody here wants to sit down +and write x86 Assembly. + +So, of course, you write C and +you use GCC and whatever. + +But maybe there are some things +that would actually be + +faster if you wrote +hand assembly. + +OK. + +So, first example we gave was +just understanding what on + +earth the problem was. + +The second example was if I +write bad code, I'm going to + +usually get bad output. + +In the third case, I'm going to +talk a little bit about the + +design of an API. + +And I'm going to motivate +that by an example. + +We have an administrator +on the right hand side. + +And he's talking to the +management server. + +This management server is +responsible for telling that + +administrator what's going in +every host in the system, + +every virtual machine, +whatever. + +So let's pretend that the user +wants-- so this is a + +virtualized environment-- so +the idea is that the user + +wants to actually access his +or her virtual machine. + +They're running a Linux +virtual machine. + +They want to see its console. + +So they can type +at the console. + +Here's how that roughly works. + +They want to see the console of +the VM that I've circled. + +So the way it works is that +this user talks to the + +management server. + +The management server locates +that virtual machine, + +establishes a handshaking +connection. + +And that connection +is directly given + +back to that user. + +So now the user can interact +directly with that virtual + +machine and send commands +and do whatever. + +So we've all got the setup. + +Very simple. + +Now here's the deal. + +The problem was that our poor +little user, poor big user, + +whatever, they could not start +this console when they were + +managing a large number +of hosts. + +To take you back to this diagram +for just a moment, on + +the right hand side +of the screen, I + +show a number of hosts. + +And I show a number of +virtual machines. + +So what I'm basically saying +is that this administrator + +could not access the console of +his virtual machine as the + +number of hosts increased. + +There should be no link +between these two. + +But there was. + +So I got involved +in this problem. + +And here I went to +the client folks. + +And I explained the problem. + +And their response was that's +obviously a server problem. + +Next step, I go to +the server folks. + +And they said, yeah, it's +obviously a client problem. + +So then I went back and thought +a little bit more + +about the architecture. + +And what I knew is that whenever +the client needs to + +initiate this handshake +connection, it has to spawn a + +certain process. + +So that process is called the +VMRC, VMware remote console. + +So I talked to the client +folks again. + +And said, well, I think +this is happening. + +Oh, yeah, it's a VMRC problem. + +OK. + +So that just passes the +buck another way. + +So then I talk to +the VMRC folks. + +And I said, OK, I think I have +this problem with starting up. + +And they said, oh, it's probably +authentication. + +It's probably this. + +You have to enable verbose log +in on your end host, blah, + +blah, blah. + +And at some point, I got +so sick of this. + +I thought, well, this +is complete garbage. + +I'm actually going to +take a look at this + +a little more carefully. + +And so, once I got involved, +I got a little bit more + +information. + +And the information was actually +pretty useful. + +Here's the deal. + +When you're starting the remote +console on one of these + +virtual machines and you want +to connect, it turns out the + +person that was having this +problem-- when you ask a few + +more questions, you get +a few more answers. + +Some of which are +actually useful. + +So I said, well, if you +do this with 50 hosts, + +do you see a problem? + +So 50 manage hosts, +he only wants to + +view one VM's console. + +No problem. + +Then I asked him-- and then I +actually sat at my desk, and + +we reproduced this. + +So then I said, let's try it +with 500 hosts, no problem. + +Just a little bit slower, +but no problem. + +So again, the set up is 500 +different hosts, he just wants + +to look at one VM. + +And it's taking longer and +longer to view that one VM. + +Finally, he gets +to 1,001 hosts. + +And that's when the +problem occurs. + +That' when he cannot +see this console. + +So obviously then, you go back +and you think, well, gee, is + +there some magic number of 1,000 +hard coded anywhere, + +such that we exceeded it, and +that was the problem. + +And frankly, the answer is no. + +So let's figure out actually +what did happen. + +So I made a bunch of different +observations while I was + +debugging this. + +When you have fewer than that +magic number of 1,001 hosts, + +here's what was going on. + +Remember the sequence +of events. + +I'm a client. + +I talked to a server. + +Server talks to the +virtual machine. + +And then that virtual machine +and I are directly connected. + +What I was noticing was that +when there were less than + +1,000 overall hosts in this +setup, when I would initiate + +the command for this console. + +The CPU usage and memory usage +of this middle management + +server would gradually increase, +and increase, and + +increase until the console +would actually show up. + +So you right click. + +You want to pull up a console. + +A little window comes up. + +But it's totally blank. + +And then eventually, after the +management server consumes a + +lot of CPU and memory, +eventually that + +console comes up. + +So now your question is what's +going on that's causing the + +CPU usage of this management +server. + +And why is that scaling +with the number of + +your virtual machines. + +So the first thing I did-- so +one of the themes of this + +talk, I suppose, is that there's +a lot of great tools + +for performance debugging. + +But sometimes there's no real +substitute for common sense + +and for the things that +are easiest to do. + +So the first thing I did +is I looked at the log + +file of this server. + +Here's the rationale. + +If every time I invoke this +remote console, I'm doing more + +work on the server. + +First, let me just see what +that server is doing. + +Now, it turns out that what I'd +noticed about the server + +was that whenever the client +would contact the server and + +say I want the console of this +VM, you would see a data + +retrieval call from the +client to the server. + +And that data retrieval call +got more and more expensive + +with more hosts and +more virtual + +machines in the system. + +So the question that I asked +was, why on earth are we doing + +some stupid data retrieval call +if all I wanted is to + +say, here's a VM. + +Tell me where it's located +so I can talk to it. + +So it turns out-- + +that was problem number one. + +Problem number two, that's what +happened when you had 50 + +hosts, 500, whatever, that you +basically spend more and more + +time in this data retrieval +routine on the server. + +However, once you hit that magic +number of 1,000, you + +would see this call start. + +But you would never +see it end. + +And in fact, you wouldn't +see it end. + +You'd see some exceptions +somewhere. + +So that to me was a clue that +I better take a look and see + +what's going on at +that exception. + +So here's what I did. + +Unfortunately, the exception +gave me no information + +whatsoever. + +So I went ahead and I attached +a debugger to the server. + +And when I did, I found +out that it was an + +out of memory exception. + +So here's the deal. + +I'm a poor admin. + +I send a request to +look at a console. + +For some reason, some data +handshaking code takes place + +between the server +and the client. + +It takes longer and longer +with more hosts. + +Eventually, when I have too many +hosts, that thing ran out + +of memory and silently failed. + +And so my client's sitting +around looking dumb with a + +totally blank screen, because +it has no idea that its + +request basically got denied. + +So the question is why +is that happening? + +And aha, this is where the +aha moment occurred. + +I happen to know that one of the +reasons in our setup, that + +one of the causes for this data +retrieval, is that as a + +client, I want to know certain +attributes of the virtual + +machine that I wanted to view. + +For example, if I'm looking at +the console for a virtual + +machine, I might care that that +virtual machine has a + +CD-ROM connected. + +And I might care if +that CD-ROM got + +disconnected or whatever. + +That's not something you'd +necessarily associate with a + +virtual machine. + +But when I go to the server to +connect to it, the server + +wants to give me that +information so that the shell, + +which is showing me this console +can appropriately + +update if the virtual machine +gets disconnected from its + +CD-ROM, whatever. + +Anyway, the point is I looked at +the code that this magical + +VMRC routine was doing. + +And here's what it was doing. + +It was saying, look, +I want to start a + +remote console session. + +I need certain information like +the CD-ROM connectivity. + +I'm going to go ahead and get +that information for every + +host and every virtual machine +in the system. + +And then once that's done, I'll +go ahead and display the + +console for this one virtual +machine that I care about. + +Well, this is clearly +just a stupid idea. + +So I called the guy up and I +said, you realize this is + +stupid idea. + +And he said, well, why? + +It's not that expensive. + +Is it? + +And I was like, OK, we need +to have a long discussion. + +And bring a priest in here. + +But that's a terrible idea. + +So what we ended up doing is-- + +And so now-- + +OK, so that's the problem. + +The problem is we drew a +huge data retrieval. + +None of which we need. + +Now why this 1,001 host thing? + +Here's the deal. + +It turns out that in our code, +we had-- for old style + +clients, of which this was an +old style client-- we had a + +restriction. + +We said if you need to serialize +more than 200 + +megabytes worth of data, we're +not going to handle that. + +We're just going to fail. + +It turns out once we got 1,001 +hosts, we slightly exceeded + +that 200 megabyte buffer size, +we silently erred with an out + +of memory exception. + +And we never returned +to the client. + +And everybody was unhappy. + +So it had nothing to do +with 1,000 hosts. + +It has to do with the +amount of data + +you're actually sending. + +So luckily, there were several +different fixes. + +So I told the VMRC folks, the +guy that wrote this thing, I + +said, please, under no +circumstances, should you get + +information for every single +host if you only want it for + +this one guy. + +That's a terrible idea. + +And then I went back to the +server folks, and I said, you + +have to admit-- + +first of all, you have +to fail correctly. + +And second, you have to admit +sensible error messages, + +because this should not take the +kind of expertise that it + +took to figure out. + +And thankfully, this made +actually a pretty huge + +difference. + +So that was kind of cool. + +So the lessons that I took away +from this is if you're + +going to create an API, create +an API that's very difficult + +to abuse and very easy to use. + +Not the opposite. + +These poor VMRC folks, it's +like a three line piece of + +code to get information +for every VM. + +It's like eight or nine lines +to get information + +for just that VM. + +But those five lines make a +boatload of difference. + +The other thing is +that this was an + +entirely internal customer. + +In other words, it's just +another group within VMware. + +Imagine you're some external guy +that's using the same API. + +You're screwed. + +So we have to be better at +educating the people that are + +using our API. + +And don't just throw it +over the fence and + +say here's an API. + +Deal with it. + +There needs to be some +interaction between them to + +make sure that this is the +right API for its job. + +This is the next case study +I want to talk about. + +This one actually was found by +a colleague of mine, who I'm + +going to abbreviate as RM. + +Very interesting example. + +For those of you that took +the class last year, + +I'm recycling it. + +But it's a good example, +so no worries. + +So here's the deal. + +You've got a benchmark. + +And I've got two builds of +a piece of software. + +When I run the benchmark +against that piece of + +software, in case a, I was +getting a throughput of 100 + +operations per minute. + +In case b, I was getting +half the throughput. + +And what was the difference +between those builds? + +Well, the first build, the +faster build, was a 32-bit + +executable running on +64-bit hardware. + +While in the second case, it +was a 64-bit executable + +running on 64-bit hardware. + +Now if you're like me-- + +which hopefully you're not-- +but if you're like me, you + +think yourself, well, there +shouldn't be much difference + +between 32-bit and 64-bit. + +In fact, 64-bit should be a +lot faster for a lot of + +reasons you're going to +learn about in 004. + +So the question is +what's going on? + +I can distinctly remember when +this check-in was done, + +somebody said, oh, we're making +the switch over, but it + +shouldn't be a big deal. + +And foolishly, like a moron, I +actually believed that person. + +Very bad idea. + +So this came back to haunt +us for three months. + +So what's the deal? + +Remember, a 32-bit executable +running on 64-bit code was + +faster than a 64-bit executable +running on a 64-bit + +application. + +So the first thing we do-- + +first of all, you've got +to find the right tool + +for the right job. + +In this case, we use a profiling +tool called Xperf. + +Xperf is a very powerful +profiler, kind of like Vtune, + +or Valgrind, or Quantifier, or +a lot of the other tools + +you've used. + +The nice thing is it's +built into the OS. + +It runs on Windows 2008. + +And it's a sampling based +profiler that has a lot of + +pretty cool attributes. + +If you have Windows 2008, I +think you ought to just go and + +download it. + +It's free. + +And play with it. + +This gives a lot of information +like stack traces, + +caller/callee information, +et cetera. + +It's potentially the perfect +tool for this kind of job. + +What kind of output +does it show? + +In this case, remember +the setup. + +The setup is I run build A. And +I'm getting twice as much + +throughput as running build B. +So let's take a look at the + +CPU usage, just as a first cut +to see what's going on. + +In the 64-bit case, which +is what I showed here. + +I showed the output of this +Xperf for 64-bit. + +What you can see, x-axis +is just time. + +And y-axis is CPU usage. + +It's totally saturated. + +In the 64-bit case, we're +completely saturated. + +Take my word for it, in the +32-bit case, you're not. + +And this accounts for +the difference. + +So now let's dig deeper and find +out why we're seeing this + +difference. + +So first, we look at the +sampling profiler. + +Now there's a lot of perils of +using sampling profilers. + +In this particular case, +here's the deal. + +I've got a process. + +And that process spawns +a bunch of threads. + +In this particular view, what +you're seeing is where is the + +time being spent in +this process. + +And as you can see, most of the +time is spent at the root, + +which kind of makes sense. + +Because everything in some sense +is a child of the root. + +But the first thing our poor +process does, it spawns a + +bunch of child threads. + +So clearly, all of the time is +essentially going to be spent + +in the routine that calls all +of these threads, because + +that's the first entry point. + +But unfortunately, that's +remarkably unhelpful. + +So the deal is we have to dig +deeper and find out, where is + +this time actually +being spent. + +So like I said, just to kind of +reiterate the point that I + +made on the previous slide. + +The point is that your +entry point is + +spawning all the threads. + +And if that's kind of the +starting point for accounting, + +you're not going to get any help +if you're just looking at + +that starting point. + +You have to dig a little +bit deeper. + +And so what I'm basically trying +to say, is that even + +though this thing records +stack traces, this stack + +happens to be the most +popular stack. + +But it's not actually +the problem. + +Because it's the most popular, +because that's + +where everybody starts. + +So all of the time that +is charged gets + +charged to that stack. + +We have to look a little +bit deeper. + +So in order to look a little bit +deeper, let's think about + +the problem in a slightly +different way. + +Suppose I've got my root. + +That's where everything +starts. + +That's where all the threads +are spawned, whatever. + +And suppose I have three paths +to a tiny little function at + +the very end. + +Maybe I'm spending all +of my time in the + +path that I've indicated. + +But the problem is that-- + +suppose you're spending all of +your time in that tiny little + +function, and suppose it's +equally spent among these + +other three paths. + +Well, it's not any path that's +kind of screwed up. + +It's that that tiny function +is kind of messed up. + +So you got to figure out why are +you spending time in that + +tiny function? + +And is there something that +you can do to fix that? + +So let's look from the +opposite perspective. + +Let's look at the caller view. + +In this case, what I did was I +looked at a bunch of different + +routines, a bunch of +these different + +so-called tiny functions. + +And I looked at what was calling +those tiny functions. + +It turns out that here's a call, +ZwQueryVirtualMemory + +some tiny function. + +It happens to be-- it turns out +that we're spending, as it + +indicates, 77% of our time +in this tiny function. + +And just to emphasize that +this is not being + +called from the root. + +So you don't see it from +your first glance. + +You can see that the number of +times this tiny function was + +called from the root is 0.34%. + +So if you were just looking from +the root and trying to + +figure out what's being +called from the root. + +It would be totally useless. + +Instead, you have +to dig deeper. + +And see all the different +functions + +that are being called. + +And find out where they're +being called from. + +So we know that this function, +ZwQueryVirtualMemory, is + +taking like 70% of the CPU, +which is an enormously large + +amount of CPU. + +We also know what's calling +it are these two + +routines right here. + +This thing, this magical +thing called + +RTDynamicCast and RTtypeid. + +So it turns out we have two +paths that are going to this + +tiny function. + +And those two paths comprise +most of the calls + +to this tiny function. + +And it turns out we're spending +a boatload of time in + +this tiny function. + +So let's dig deeper and find +out what on earth these two + +routines are. + +What is RTtypeid? + +What is RTDynamicCast, +whatever? + +So let's first look +at RTDynamicCast. + +What I show here-- + +in contrast to the +previous view. + +The previous view said, I +have a tiny function. + +What are the people +that call me? + +Let's look at the reverse. + +Let's go and start at one of +these two routines, RTtypeid. + +And figure out what it's calling +that is spending so + +much time, and ultimately +leads to us calling that + +ZwQueryVirtualMemory +or whatever. + +And as you can see, this +RTtypeid, it calls two + +functions primarily. + +One is incrementing a +reference counter. + +And the other is decrementing +a reference counter. + +Now you're thinking to yourself, +incrementing a + +reference counter, decrementing +a reference + +counter should be very simple, +very low CPU, and basically + +should cost you nothing. + +And all of those three +assumptions are dead wrong, + +unfortunately. + +So let's try to understand +a little bit as + +to why that's happening. + +Turns out RTtypeid is used in +order to figure out the C++ + +type of an object. + +So we're trying to figure +this out on the fly. + +And as I said, it's kind of +mystifying that this routine, + +which calls our tiny function, +that you're spending 39% + +overall in this routine +in that tiny function. + +So let's figure out what's +going on by looking at a + +simple example, which +would be IncRef. + +So it turns out if you're +looking at this code, the + +dreadful line is the fact that +we're doing const type info + +reference tinfo equals +typeid of *this. + +This is basically, you have to +call RTtypeid to get this kind + +of information. + +And in order to do that, you +need some runtime type + +information. + +This runtime type information +has some pointers + +associated with it. + +So here's the deal. + +Whether I'm running a 32-bit-- + +Remember, we even forgot the +original problem, which is, + +gee, I'm 32-bit, 64-bit +executable-- + +sorry 32-bit executable +on 64-bit hardware. + +We were slower than a 64-bit-- + +we were faster than a 64-bit +executable on 64-bit hardware. + +Let's try to figure out why. + +Well, remember, every time I +increment or decrement a + +reference counter, I get some +type information by consulting + +this runtime type information. + +It's got a bunch of pointers. + +When I run a 32-bit executable +on 64-bit hardware, those + +pointers are just raw +32-bit pointers. + +You just look them up, +and you're done. + +In 64-bit, pretty much the +only difference is that + +instead of those pointers being +actual pointers, they're + +32-bit offsets. + +So you take the offset, you add +it to the base address of + +the DLL of the executable or +whatever, where that runtime + +typeid call is being made. + +And then you're done. + +Once you've added that offset, +you get a 64-bit pointer. + +You look up that 64-bit pointer, +everybody's happy. + +So here's the deal. + +Remember, we said +32-bit's faster. + +32-bit is just a pointer +look up. + +And then you're done. + +64-bit's slower. + +It's a pointer look up-- and +it's an addition plus a + +pointer look up. + +So I pause, because you're +thinking to yourself, an + +addition plus a pointer look up +versus a pointer look up. + +Does that mean that +addition is slow? + +That sounds really stupid. + +And by the way, it +is really stupid. + +It's not true. + +So the deal is this. + +It's not that addition +to create a + +64-bit pointer is slow. + +The deal is that-- remember +this 2-step process. + +You find out the base +address of a module. + +And you add this offset +to that base address. + +Determining that base address +is really, really slow. + +It turns out you have to call +a bunch of different random + +routines that have to walk the +list of loaded modules. + +And you're doing this +every single time + +you call this routine. + +And if you increment a reference +whenever you do a + +memory allocation, you can +imagine that this is going to + +consume a lot of CPU. + +So it turns out, this is +what's actually slow. + +And remember, that we started +this off a little by saying, + +oh, we've got this +weird function, + +ZwQueryVirtualMemory, which +seems to be being called a lot + +from a bunch of different +places. + +The reason it's called a lot +is because all of these + +routines to get typeid +information are + +calling this routine. + +So there's actually +two solutions. + +And you can look on this blog +to actually figure out that + +this is a known problem that +Microsoft eventually fixed. + +And it turns out, that the two +solutions end up being that + +you can either statically +compute that base address so + +you're not constantly +relooking it up + +every single time. + +But there's actually a much +simpler and stupider solution, + +which is, use the latest runtime +library where they + +have actually fixed +this problem. + +So just to summarize +what was going on. + +We were CPU saturated. + +We looked from the top down. + +We didn't notice anything. + +We looked from the bottom up. + +And we noticed that some bottom +was being called a lot. + +We figured out where that bottom +was being called by + +looking at caller/callee +views. + +Once we figured out where it +was being called, we then + +tried to figure out why that +thing was being called. + +And then we fixed the problem. + +So to me, I guess the take-home +lesson from this is + +that when that developer said +to me, three months before + +this whole debacle started, +he said, oh, yeah, we're + +switching from say +32 to 64-bit. + +That's not a big deal. + +You can't really take that stuff +at face value, because a + +lot of little things +can really add up. + +And we could never have really +guessed that this would happen + +beforehand. + +So that's four. + +Let me go over another one. + +Memory usage. + +So excessive-- + +I'm sure actually all of you +know that memory usage is a + +big problem. + +Your application is going to +slow down if you're inducing a + +lot of paging. + +And at least in 32-bit Windows, +if you exceed two + +gigabytes for the process that +you're running, the process is + +just going to crash. + +So you clearly do care +about memory usage. + +And I want to differentiate +between memory leaks and + +memory accumulation. + +You're wondering why would +a process take up two + +gigabytes of memory. + +Well, one is that maybe +you have a leak. + +You allocate something. + +You don't remove it. + +That might just be +an accumulation. + +You allocate something somewhere +in your code, you + +actually are freeing it. + +But the trouble is that routine +never gets called, + +because in your code logic you +never take the time to think + +and say, OK, can I actually get +rid of this at this point. + +And that's what I'm going to +call a memory accumulation. + +There's a lot of different tools +out there to analyze + +memory usage. + +And the sad part about this is +that almost none of them work + +for the particular example that +we have, because they + +just didn't scale very well. + +It's fine if you've got your +toy, stupid little application + +that does addition in a loop. + +Not so fine if you've got an +enterprising middleware + +application. + +So we ended up, despite all +the tools that we have + +available, we ended up having +to write our own. + +I didn't do this, +a colleague did. + +But anyway, I guess +that distinction + +doesn't really matter. + +But anyway, the point is that +you do a lot of what these + +other tools do. + +But you do it special +to your environment. + +In this case, we just hooked a +lot of the calls to malloc. + +And we figure out what +pointers are live. + +And then we do stuff +from there. + +This is how normal tools work. + +And of course, this can be +unusably slow if you do a ton + +of allocations. + +For example, if you're doing +millions of allocations per + +second, you can imagine you're +calling this kind of routine, + +which itself-- + +if it only has a 10x overhead +over a call without that, + +you're slowing down your program +by 10x for every + +single memory allocation. + +That means performance depends +on how many allocations you + +do, which is really bad. + +And just to illustrate what +I mean by a leak. + +My definition is basically +that you've got + +this routine, foo. + +And it mallocs some data. + +But it returns without +freeing that data. + +And nowhere else in the +code log did you + +actually have a free. + +That's an actual memory leak. + +An accumulation would be if you +have some free somewhere. + +But it's never actually +called. + +So a lot of the code that we +write happened-- at least in + +the past, it's changing-- but +a lot of it happened to be + +written in C++. + +And all of you, I guess assume, +you know about new and + +delete and all those kinds of +things that we do in C++. + +And it turns out, that those +things are notoriously bad for + +assigning memory leaks. + +So instead, what people +typically do is they use + +reference counted objects. + +So every time you use something +you increment some + +reference count. + +And every time you +delete it, you + +decrement a reference count. + +And when the decremented +reference count is zero it + +automatically gets deleted. + +Now of course, this only +solves an actual leak. + +It doesn't solve an +accumulation. + +So here was the problem +that I noticed. + +That was all kind of setup, just +saying what's a memory + +leak, what's an accumulation, +why is memory a problem. + +Let's get to actually why +it was a problem. + +I had this issue. + +I have our little server +application. + +And it's running out of memory +after several hours. + +Now I used Purify on a much, +much smaller setup. + +It was about 1/100 the size of +the actual setup, because + +larger than that, Purify would +crash, because it would run + +out of memory. + +Because by the way, to track +all the memory references, + +it's got to allocate memory, +which ends up being a + +nightmare of unprecedented +proportions. + +So the deal was, was that I +couldn't really detect this + +leak very easily. + +So what I did was I examined +the memory that was in use. + +Essentially, what I'm trying to +say is that, there wasn't + +so much a leak as there +was an accumulation. + +Accumulation again being +a logical problem. + +Well, yeah, all of my code +is written correctly. + +But it's just that free +call is never called. + +So I examined the memory in use +and I localized it to one + +operation that whenever we did +it, memory would increase. + +So since doing it only once, +there's a lot of noise. + +What I did was I said, well, OK, +why don't I just do this + +operation hundreds of times +at the same time. + +Because then, if I see some +allocation that's 100x from + +before I started this +I can know that this + +was actually a problem. + +And that's exactly what I did. + +I had this issue where +something was being + +allocated 64 bytes. + +Now 64 bytes is so small that +it's pretty much in the noise. + +But if you do it a hundred +times, and you're + +seeing 6,400 bytes. + +Then you do it a thousand +times and you + +see 64 times 1,000. + +Then it becomes something +easily that + +you can then track. + +Once I noticed that this +particular piece of data was + +being allocated like this, I +went through and I realized + +that this actually was-- + +it was an accumulation +and not a leak. + +So someone would allocate +something whenever an incoming + +message came in. + +And there was a free somewhere, +but it was never + +being called. + +So the lesson that I learned +from this is that in a lot of + +situations with performance +debugging, it's very helpful + +to try to find a problem-- + +in order to try to find a +problem, it's very helpful to + +magnify it and make +it a lot worse. + +If you think something is +problematic in the network, + +slow down your network +if that's an option. + +If you think something has a +problem with memory usage, + +either do something like what +I've described here. + +Or maybe reduce the +amount of memory. + +When I was in graduate school, +we were working on a cache + +coherence protocol. + +And I'm going to spare you +a lot of the details. + +But here's the thing. + +We basically stored a linked +list for every data in memory. + +And we had to make sure that +that linked list was rock + +solid no matter what the size +of the inventory was. + +And if you exceeded the +linked list, you'd + +store stuff in disk. + +So what we did to magnify any +possible bugs was we created + +it so that you could +make a linked list + +of at most one item. + +That way no matter what you +did it would force you to + +overflow and go into disk. + +And that was a great way to +test a lot of overflow + +conditions that in practice +would never have occurred. + +Because we do the engineering +thing, figure out the + +capacity, double it, and hope +that nothing happens. + +So it's good to exaggerate +edge conditions. + +So that's one memory +analysis problem. + +Here's another one. + +Here's the deal. + +You've got a user and they're +using this middleware server. + +And they complain that with +time it gets slower, and + +slower, and slower. + +And if you look at +all of the-- + +if you look at CPU network and +disk, you see that nothing is + +being saturated there. + +But if you look at memory, +it's increasing pretty + +dramatically. + +And at some point, it increases +so dramatically that + +the server application +crashes. + +So first thing, let's actually +look at the memory utilization + +and see the timeline. + +What I show here is I show +versus time, I show a chart of + +something in Windows that's +called private bytes. + +Essentially, think of +that as memory. + +What you see is that memory is +growing slowly, whatever. + +But at some point, near the very +end, near when the server + +crashes, it starts growing at +a really, really fast clip. + +Now remember, I call +this private bytes. + +What that essentially is, in +this particular case, it's + +Windows giving a process +some amount of memory. + +It's not necessarily what +the process or what the + +application is requesting. + +The application will request +some amount. + +And Windows will give +it this much. + +Well, Windows keeps giving it +more and more and more. + +And it eventually just runs +out of memory to give. + +So the reason I made the +distinction between something + +that an application and +something Windows is giving it + +is that I, as an application, +might be asking for + +four bytes at a time. + +Four bytes, four bytes, +whatever. + +But what if Windows has this +problem where, whenever you + +allocate-- it doesn't, but +suppose it does-- suppose that + +every time you ask for four +bytes, it says, well, you know + +what, I'm just going to give you +16 bytes because that's my + +smallest increment of memory. + +You can imagine if I keep asking +for 4 and it's dumb + +enough to give me 16 every time, +we're going to see a + +huge expansion of memory, even +though I, as an application, + +didn't ask for that much. + +So it's important to keep these +distinctions in mind. + +So the point is what was +happening in this case, was my + +server's going fine, fine, and +fine, until near the very end + +where it starts increasing in +memory use at such a dramatic + +rate, that it eventually +crashes. + +So the first thing I did-- + +We just talked a +lot about these + +reference counted objects. + +The fact that I keep track +of whenever something is + +allocated and whenever something +is not being looked + +at anymore. + +When it's not being looked +at anymore, I go + +ahead and remove it. + +If you look at the reference +counted objects, they were + +pretty flat until you get to +the very end of the run, + +exactly the same as when the +memory was increasing. + +And it turns out, I've +highlighted a few of these, + +and they ended up being-- + +it doesn't matter what they +specifically were-- but in + +this case, they ended up being +related to threads, and + +mutexes, and stuff associated +with keeping track of what was + +going on in the system. + +So some thread-related +objects were + +increasing for some reason. + +Now turns out thread state in +some sense is very cheap. + +So just because these guys were +increasing, it doesn't + +really explain why we're +dramatically + +increasing in memory. + +But I'll tell you what +does explain it. + +If you take a look at a +different attribute, which is + +these are the total number of +threads in our system, we have + +a static pool of threads. + +And whenever a work item comes +in, we allocate a thread. + +Whenever that work +item is done, we + +deallocate the thread. + +So we keep it to a +minimal number. + +And it turns out, +we had a cap. + +We said, OK, I'm going to allow +at most 20 operations to + +occur in flight. + +Anything beyond 20, I'm going +to queue it up in memory. + +And we'll deal with it later. + +Here's the deal. + +What you see when you look at +the number of threads being + +used is that-- + +it's the bottom chart, +unfortunately, it's a little + +hard to see. + +But the point is it goes up and +down, up and down, up and + +down with time. + +So stuff gets allocated. + +Stuff gets used. + +Stuff gets removed. + +But then when you get to the +very end, you see this + +monotonic increase in the number +of threads being used. + +It never goes down. + +And at some point, you hit the +point where all of the threads + +that you've preallocated +are completely taken. + +You obviously can't allocate +any more threads. + +So every incoming request, +you go ahead and queue. + +This was the root +of the problem. + +The root of the problem is +that in this particular + +situation, each of the times +that it was increasing was + +because there was again +an uncaught exception. + +That uncaught exception resulted +in a thread not being + +deallocated. + +At some point, we ran +out of threads. + +And every single request that +came in was being allocated in + +memory and waiting around for +a thread to become available + +before it could be finished. + +Well, if no threads are +available, these things can + +never get pulled +off the queue. + +You see a monotonic increase +in the amount of memory. + +And you eventually die. + +And so, it's actually +a correctness issue. + +Why are you not catching +exceptions properly? + +And why are you not recovering +properly from them. + +But interestingly, it manifested +itself in a + +performance issue. + +So in each of these cases, +what we've done, is we've + +looked at customized profiler +instead of a tool that we + +might have gotten, Purifier, +Valgrind, or whatever-- + +it's nice that it's tailored +to our application. + +And we can make it as +arbitrarily fast, because it + +understands what our application +is doing. + +And it also-- the other nice +thing about this is this can + +be run in production +environments. + +If you write your own tool, +and a customer calls and + +complains, you can just say, oh, +just twiddle this knob and + +you're done. + +That's kind of convenient. + +But of course, the disadvantage +is that now you + +have to-- whenever you rewrite +your code or do a new rev, or + +whatever, you have +to make sure that + +these tools work right. + +And you have to recompile +the code. + +If you have something like +Purifier, Quanitify, in a lot + +of situations, you can run with +some sort of preexisting + +binary-- sometimes, +not always. + +You can run it without +having to recompile. + +And that can be very +convenient. + +So I don't know. + +I was kind of stuck for what a +lesson this was besides common + +sense is useful. + +So I just said memory profiling +is pretty critical. + +Don't ignore that when you're +writing your applications. + +And I think I also want +to point out that-- + +I didn't put this here. + +But you might think that when +you're using a garbage + +collected language, like +something like Java, that + +these problems go away. + +But they actually don't. + +The problem is actually now +memory allocations and + +deallocations are more +hidden from you. + +So you have to be a little bit +more careful about how you + +analyze them. + +Case study number seven. + +So we've looked a lot of things +related to CPU usage. + +We've looked at a lot of things +related to memory. + +Now let's look a little +bit at the network. + +Here was the problem. + +I have a user, our +Canonical admin. + +The user wants to perform an +operation on some virtual + +machine somewhere. + +Remember the flow. + +Issue request, it goes +to some server. + +The server goes to the host +where that VM is. + +Does some operation, +comes back. + +So this user wants to +perform an operation + +on a virtual machine. + +I had setup A, In setup A, this +operation end to end took + +about eight seconds. + +Fine. + +That doesn't mean much until you +compare to setup B, where + +it took twice the +amount of time. + +It took 16 seconds, +not 8 seconds. + +So now the question you're +asking yourself is what's the + +difference between +setups A and B. + +In setups A and B, the only +difference is that this middle + +server is a different +version number. + +But everything else is +exactly the same. + +So with this different version +you somehow manage to make + +your performance twice as bad, +which is a really bad thing. + +We got to get to the +bottom of that. + +And in addition, it's not like +it was some random thing that + +happened once. + +It happened every single time. + +So now, let's take a look +at what was going on. + +So again, a lot of times, I +tend to do things in a top + +down manner, where I say what's +the easiest information + +to collect. + +And then, OK. + +What's more difficult, what's +more difficult? + +And finally, if you have to use +really industrial strength + +tools, you use them. + +But it might not be necessary. + +In this case, my first thing +was just to use logging and + +try to figure out where +time was being spent. + +Remember, we've got a client +talking to a server, talking + +to an end host. + +In this case, the latency +imposed by that client was + +exactly the same in +these two setups. + +So that's not where this eight +seconds is being lost. + +The amount of time being claimed +by the server was + +exactly the same. + +I'm a client. + +I go to a server. + +It then goes to a host. + +However, the time spent on +the host was different. + +That's where all of the +time was being spent. + +Now, you're probably looking +at-- well, you may not be. + +But I'll tell you to look now. + +We had setup A. Setup A was a +client and the server were + +each at some version number. + +And the host was at the +same version number. + +In setup B, the client and the +server were at a different + +version number with respect +to the host. + +But we just said all of +the time is being + +spent in the host. + +So why is that going on? + +And this is where understanding +the architecture + +is important. + +It turns out in this case, the +first thing that happens when + +you have a difference in version +number is that the + +server helpfully talks to the +end host and says you know + +what, you're in a different +version number. + +So let me give you some code +to run, because you're in a + +different version number. + +So in fact, even though the host +is at the same version + +number, there's a small shim +running on that host that + +makes up for the fact +that it's not at the + +same version number. + +So now let's analyze this host +and figure out where is this + +time being spent. + +I did a little bit more +logging on the host. + +The reason I did this, because +a lot of the standard tools + +that you might use, like gprof +or whatever, these things + +didn't exist. + +We have our own kernel. + +Which therefore, we have our +own tools and our own + +nightmares, and headaches +associated with it. + +So we had to use these tools +instead of commercially + +available tools. + +When you use these tools, +we ended up + +narrowing down the time. + +Here's what goes on. + +I'm a client. + +And I talk to the server. + +The server talks to an +agent on the host. + +It says, agent, this is +what I want to do. + +The agent then talks to the +hardware abstraction layer and + +says, dude, this is +what I want to do. + +The hardware abstraction layer +comes back to the agent and + +says, done. + +Agent goes back to the server. + +Sever goes back to the client, +blah, blah, blah. + +It turns out that this +interaction on the host + +between the agent that accepted +the call from the + +server and the hardware +abstraction layer, that was + +where all of the time +was being spent. + +It was 10 milliseconds +in one case. + +And 20 times that length +in the other case. + +And so this was a pretty big +difference not to be ignored. + +So we wanted to look at +why that was going on. + +So here, it's kind +of a dumb thing. + +But the next the thing I did +was, well, let's take a look + +at the configuration. + +Maybe I did something stupid +that would have + +caused this to happen. + +Here's the deal. + +In setup A, remember everything +is at the same + +version number. + +And it turns out this agent HAL +communication occurs over + +a named pipe. + +OK, whatever. + +It turns out in setup B-- + +remember the client and the +server were at a different + +version from the host, so the +server has to download some + +shim code onto that +host so that + +everybody can talk correctly. + +It turns out that shim code +was communicating with the + +hardware abstraction layer-- +instead of over a named pipe-- + +it was communicating +over TCP/IP. + +Now I have to give credit +to my colleague on this. + +As soon as I showed him this +information, he hit a flash of + +inspiration. + +It turns out that when you're +using the named pipe and it + +takes 10 milliseconds, the +reason that's different from + +TCP/IP communication is because +of something called + +Nagle's algorithm. + +Nagle's algorithm basically +says, you want to accumulate + +data before you send it so you +reduce the number of round + +trips and the overhead +of creating a + +connection, and whatever. + +And the problem was this +was biting us. + +Essentially, we were waiting +within that shim to collect + +enough data to send it +back to that HAL. + +And we were waiting fairly +needlessly, because what + +happens is that this algorithm +waits for a + +certain amount of time. + +And then if it hasn't gotten +more data, it goes + +ahead and sends it. + +So we are basically stuck, +waiting for this time out to + +occur before the data actually +got transferred. + +And there's a very simple +way to get rid of that. + +You just tell it, hey, don't +use Nagle's algorithm. + +We don't care. + +And that solves the +entire problem. + +So the point is once you get rid +of that, the performance + +is exactly the same. + +It's a very simple configuration +setting. + +But that's again, a situation +where somebody-- + +and in fact, I remember +asking why this + +particular change was made. + +And again, it was, well, we +didn't think it was going to + +be a big deal. + +And that ends up being, again, +a very bad way of doing + +performance engineering. + +So definitely, the lesson that +I learned here is just like + +the lesson with 32-bit, +64-bit. + +You might think that a little +change like this + +doesn't mean anything. + +But it really does. + +And here, it's actually +important to understand the + +entire stack end to end. + +Because otherwise, you're never +going to be able to + +figure out where the problem +actually was occurring. + +I already alluded to a previous +situation where we + +had a correctness problem, +which masked as + +a performance problem. + +In the previous case, it +was because I had a + +limited thread pool. + +And whenever I ran out of +threads, I'd queue everyting. + +And at some point, I had a +correctness problem where I + +kept killing threads and never +resurrecting them. + +And so I ended up queuing +everything. + +And everything went to pot. + +Now let me talk about a +different situation. + +Here I've got a poor little +customer, in fact that + +customer was me. + +I was powering on a +virtual machine. + +Remember it goes to the server, +goes to host, powers + +on the virtual machine, +tells me it's done. + +Every other time I would do +this, it took five seconds, + +which is pretty OK. + +In comparison, every other time +I did it, it would take + +about five minutes. + +That's a pretty huge +expansion. + +And if a customer called me +and said this, I would + +basically be in deep +doggy do-do. + +So it was important to try +to figure what was + +actually going on here. + +So why does powering on a +VM have such a variable + +performance? + +Well, the key here, again, is +to understand what's the end + +to end path for things. + +In this case, what I know is +that when you power on a + +virtual machine, one of the +things you have to do is + +allocate some space on +disk to write swap + +information and whatever. + +So one of the first places I +looked was I said, well, let + +me understand how the disk is +performing in each of these + +cases to try to figure +out what's going on. + +It's a mixture of common sense +and knowing what's going on, + +and then knowing +where to look. + +So let me let you in +on a little secret. + +In the real world, if you're +using some sort of disk, if + +your disk latency is basically +10 milliseconds or less, + +you're more or less golden. + +That's not a problem. + +If your latency is between 10 +and 20 milliseconds, maybe + +that's acceptable because you +have a complicated topology. + +You're some multinational +corporation with sites + +everywhere, whatever. + +If your latency is getting to +the point where they're 50 + +milliseconds, then you probably + +have to start worrying. + +That's actually quite +a bit high. + +If your latency is greater +than 51 seconds, that is + +staggeringly bad. + +In this chart, I show you +the latency versus time. + +And what this chart shows you +is that every single time + +step, it says in the last five +minutes, what was the highest + +disk latency that I saw. + +And remember our +rules of thumb. + +10 milliseconds, good. + +20 milliseconds, not so good. + +50 milliseconds, not so good. + +This one is 1,100 +milliseconds. + +That's like you could walk to +the disk, get the data, and + +bring it back faster than what +it's actually doing. + +That's when you've got +to call a priest. + +OK. + +That's horrible. + +So this was the reason +that five + +seconds versus five minutes. + +So now the question is +why is this going on? + +Why am I seeing such +unbelievably bad disk latency? + +And remember, the title +of this case study was + +"Correctness Impacts +Performance." So + +let's take a look. + +What I do here is I take a look +at all of the events that + +are happening with respect +to that disk. + +You're not going to +understand this. + +It's some junk related +to our product. + +But I'm going to circle +the relevant portion. + +You'll notice a little +line that says + +lost access to volume. + +Here's the deal. + +I send a request to the disk. + +It turns out the disk is +connected over some channel to + +some channel, a disk controller, +which is talking + +to some disk. + +It turns out, I kept losing +access to that disk. + +Whenever I would lose access, +it would keep retrying. + +And that's why ultimately, +yes, it would complete. + +But it would take over a second +per disk request. + +In the situations where I was +not seeing that loss of + +connectivity, things were +occurring at the order of + +milliseconds and my power-on +would take five seconds. + +So the point here is that in +this case, it was actually a + +correctness problem with +my controller. + +And the controller would +basically flake out and not + +talk to the disk properly. + +And this manifested itself +in a performance problem. + +Once I changed the disk +controller, performance + +problems went away. + +So if you're doing this kind +of debugging, sometimes you + +have to eliminate-- + +I guess it's a Sherlock +Holmesism-- that you eliminate + +the obvious and whatever's +left must be it. + +A good example of this is my +ex-officemate, he used to ask + +this question whenever he'd +interview somebody for VMware. + +He'd say, OK, you have +a networking problem. + +Where is the first +place you look? + +And everybody that's coming +in with a grad degree or + +whatever, they're like, I +would look at the stack. + +I'd look at the CPU. + +I'd look at a cache counters, +or whatever. + +And my officemate would just +look at them and say, why + +don't you just check the cable +and see if it's plugged in. + +And surprisingly, +it's so dumb. + +But when you're talking to +customers, they're like I + +swear I did that. + +I swear I did that. + +Their swearing doesn't +necessarily mean anything, + +unless it's directed at you. + +So that's case study nine-- + +eight. + +The last two case studies are +going to be specific to + +virtualization. + +And so what I'm going to do is +talk a little bit about how + +the CPU scheduler works in the +VMware server class product. + +And then I'll talk about the +last two case studies. + +So actually how many of you +have used VMware before? + +Just as a hand. + +Thankfully, Saman has used it. + +That's good. + +So basically, the idea is that +you're multiplexing time on + +the CPU between different +virtual machines that are + +running on the CPU. + +So what I show here is I +show ESX, which is our + +server class product. + +Basically, think of that +as the hardware. + +So you're running virtual +machines on hardware. + +That hardware has, in this +particular case, + +four physical CPUs. + +No problem. + +You've got four physical CPUs. + +And you want to run virtual +machines on this hardware. + +So you've got one +virtual machine. + +Well, that's fine. + +There's four CPUs. + +One virtual machine. + +No problem. + +Plenty of CPU to go around. + +Now you got another one. + +Still no problem. + +They're not chained +to any given CPU. + +And there's plenty of +CPU to go around. + +No problem. + +Same with three and four. + +You got all these four +virtual machines. + +It's not a one to one + +correspondence in terms of CPU. + +We don't work that way. + +But there's plenty-- the point +is, there's plenty + +of CPU to go around. + +Now what happens, and when VMs +are basically available and + +when there's hardware on which +they can run and they're using + +the hardware, that's called +the run state. + +So running means I'm golden. + +I'm using the hardware. + +Now, let's add another VM. + +I put it in red, because this +poor VM, he wants to run. + +But you'll see that every single +CPU is actually taken + +up by another virtual machine. + +So even if this virtual machine + +wants to run, it can't. + +It has to wait. + +The time that it spends ready to +use the CPU, but unable to + +use the CPU, because there's +no CPU available, that's + +called ready time. + +In some sense, it's kind +of the demand. + +Ready plus signals down. + +But anyway, the point is +it's sitting around + +waiting to use the CPU. + +But it can't, because other +people are using it. + +So it has to wait its turn. + +It waits its turn. + +And eventually a VM, our ESX +scheduler is smart enough to + +realize that it has to +fix the situation. + +So it deschedules a VM-- in +this case, VM 1-- and goes + +ahead and schedules that other +virtual machine that was + +previously waiting. + +Now predictably, the VM that's +now ready to run but can't is + +in the ready state. + +And the VM that formerly was +in the ready state is now + +using the CPU. + +So it's in the run state. + +It's very happy. + +The final thing that I should +point out is that VMs don't + +have to be in the ready state. + +They don't have to be either +using the CPU or + +ready to use the CPU. + +Some VMs are voluntarily +descheduled, because they have + +nothing to do. + +Some VMs are descheduled, +because they're waiting-- + +they're basically waiting +for an IO to complete. + +And so they don't need +to use the CPU. + +And that's what I +depict by VM6. + +These are in what's called +the wait or idle states. + +So hopefully, you now have +a fairly rudimentary + +understanding of what our +CPU scheduler is doing. + +Let's talk a little bit about +a very simple performance + +problem related to this. + +And I call this-- + +But It's Only a small +probe VM. + +I'll explain what this +means in a minute. + +Essentially, you've got two of +these hosts, two ESX hosts + +that both want to run VMs. + +And I've got a user, depicted +by the user icon. + +And he's talking +to this one VM. + +Let's call this VM +the vSphere VM. + +Please pardon the +nomenclature. + +It doesn't really matter. + +But anyway, he's talking +to this vSphere VM + +on one of the hosts. + +Now, it turns out that that VM +that he's talking to, as I + +depicted in the diagram, is +talking to another virtual + +machine, which I have labeled +vSphere database. + +So it turns out, this vSphere +VM is talking to a database + +over what's called an +ODBC connection. + +That doesn't matter. + +Don't worry about that. + +And it turns out that on that +other host where the database + +virtual machine is running, we +have another virtual machine. + +It's called the probe +virtual machine. + +The job of that probe virtual +machine is to sniff any + +traffic going into +the database. + +So as I've said, the vSphere VM + +communicates with the database. + +This probe VM is monitoring any +traffic that's going to + +that database virtual machine. + +And therefore, as you can +imagine, the more traffic + +that's being sent between this +vSphere VM and the database, + +the more work that that +probe VM has to do. + +Here was the complaint. + +My colleague called me up, and +he said, hey, I'm having a + +little bit of a problem +with my vSphere VM. + +All of a sudden, it's completely +unresponsive. + +So then I was like, OK, well, +this is kind of silly. + +Let's try to figure out +what's going on. + +So here's what I did. + +I graphed various metrics, which +I just spoke about, the + +used time and the ready +time, on this chart. + +The time is on the x-axis. + +And the y-axis is +in milliseconds. + +In what I'm going to call the +land before time, the ready + +time of the database. + +So look at the circle on the-- +let me think, you're-- + +on the left. + +This is the ready time of that +database virtual machine. + +Remember what we said, +when you're + +accumulating ready time. + +It means you really want +to use the CPU. + +But you can't because all the +CPUs are already in use. + +So it turns out that the first +thing that happened when my + +colleague called and said I'm +having a problem, is I look at + +this chart, which +is versus time. + +And I said, let me guess. + +Are you having a problem at +about such and such time, + +which corresponds to the +middle of this chart? + +And he said, yeah, that's when +I'm having a problem. + +So you can tell that there are +two very clearly demarcated + +regions here. + +In the left, you can +see that this ready + +time, it's around 12%. + +Now if you're like me, a number +that has no context + +means nothing. + +So 12% means nothing. + +However, what I'd like to point +out is that when things + +got really bad, that number +spiked up to 20%. + +So here's the deal. + +I'm a database virtual +machine. + +I want to use the physical +hardware. + +I can use it about 90% of the +time, because my ready time's + +about 12%, whatever. + +But at some point, something +happens where I now can only + +use it 80% of the time. + +And it turns out that that +difference was enough to cause + +this vSphere VM talking to this +database to be perturbed. + +And that ultimately was the +customer's problem. + +So the question is why. + +And here is the reason. + +Turns out, here's the deal. + +Let's go back to the diagram +so I can explain this. + +Remember that the vSphere VM +talks to the database VM. + +Remember as well, that the more +traffic there is, the + +more work the probe +VM has to do. + +It turns out that what this user +did was at that critical + +juncture, he started +a workload. + +In starting that workload, he +caused a lot of traffic + +between the vSphere VM and the +database, which therefore + +caused a lot of work +by this probe VM. + +Well, what's happening? + +The probe VM and the database +VM are sharing the same + +underlying CPUs. + +So if one of them is running, +the other one can't. + +And that's why we saw this +gentle increase in the amount + +of ready time to vSphere +database. + +Well, this has a cascading +effect, because it can't get + +as much time to use a CPU. + +Any request that goes to +it gets slowed down. + +Where are the requests +coming from? + +They're coming from +this vSphere VM. + +Who's initiating +those requests? + +It's this poor admin. + +The bottom line is that this +admin is seeing poor + +responsiveness because some +doofus put his probe VM on + +some other host, because he +wanted to see what was going + +on in the database. + +In fairness, I was +that doofus. + +But that's fine. + +We needed that, because +we had to debug + +other performance problems. + +So the point is that one of +the things that's kind of + +important in this particular +case is that whenever you + +introduce any sort of +monitoring-- it's like a + +Heisenberg thing-- it's going to +have a performance impact. + +And understanding +that performance + +impact is pretty key. + +It might even shift where the + +bottlenecks are in your system. + +If your thing has a high cost +in terms of CPU, it might + +shift the overhead of whatever's +running to the CPU + +where it wasn't there before. + +So it's kind of important to +understand what you're + +monitoring and how you're +monitoring it. + +OK. + +We're almost done. + +This was a really +curious problem. + +We have a customer. + +And a customer was performing +a load test on a server. + +And in that load test, what they +would do is they would + +just keep attaching clients +to that end server + +and run some test. + +At some point, they would +attach clients and their + +workload suffered, their +workload performance suffered + +even though there was no metric +that was saturated. + +And so the question was why. + +Why you keep adding clients, +nothing is saturated, but + +performance suffers? + +Well, this chart's kind +of an eyesore. + +But let me explain it. + +The first thing we do is we've +got some profiling + +information. + +On this chart, I show +two things. + +In purple, I show CPU usage. + +And in white, I show +disk latency. + +As you can see from this +chart-- and the + +y-axis is just 100%. + +And they're both normalized. + +As you can see at some point, +the CPU usage is steadily, + +steadily increasing. + +And at some point, the disk +latency takes over and gets to + +be really large. + +You can tell that, because up +until about 3/4 of the way in, + +the disk latency hovers +around zero. + +And all of a sudden, it +jumps much higher. + +So my first instinct was to tell +the customer you've got a + +disk problem. + +Your disk latencies are +going over a cliff. + +And that's why you're having +a performance problem. + +Unfortunately, that's +not correct. + +Why is that not correct? + +It's not correct, because, yeah, +disk latency gets worse + +at 4:00 PM. + +It's because of swapping and +some other nonsense. + +We know that. + +However, the application latency +actually gets worse at + +3:30, not at 4:00. + +It's half an hour earlier. + +So now the question is what's +going on that causes the + +problem, even before disk +kicks in and gets to be + +another problem. + +This is where understanding +the difference in metrics + +becomes pretty critical. + +Now, I'm not expecting +very many people to + +understand this chart. + +But I will try to explain it. + +What I do here is I show a +different chart, which + +essentially shows CPU usage of +all the different virtual + +machines and processes on +the underlying host. + +Forget about what's in +most of this chart. + +And just focus on what +I've circled. + +I have two columns +shown there. + +One column is called +percent used. + +And one column is called +percent run. + +You can think about it and +think, OK, well, I can imagine + +used time means probably how +much time I'm using the CPU. + +But then what is the runtime? + +Isn't runtime the same thing, +because I'm using the CPU? + +What's the difference? + +This is actually the +critical problem. + +It turns out, that when you talk +of a percent used time, + +you're normalizing that to +the base clock frequency. + +If I've got a three gigahertz +machine, I've normalized it to + +three gigahertz. + +However, we all live in the +era of power management. + +It turns out this percent run, +which nobody understands, is + +normalized to the clock +frequency at the + +time you were running. + +So if I did power management, +and I was only running at two + +gigahertz for a certain amount +of time, percent + +run captures that. + +And so in this particular chart +what I'm showing is that + +a bunch of virtual machines are +seeing used time different + +from runtime. + +And the runtime, which is +normalized to the clock + +frequency of the time you're +using it, is actually greater + +than used time, which suggests +that the user's actually using + +power management. + +And it turns out, that power +management was kicking in at + +some point and causing their +application latency to go down + +even though the CPU was +never saturated. + +And in this case, when we went +back to the customer-- you + +look at this chart, and you +instantly see, OK, I know that + +because this is normalized and +this is normalized to that. + +This is what's going on, you +have to first of all change + +this parameter. + +They changed it. + +And they were unbelievably +happy. + +It was pretty cool. + +Now, I have to admit that +there's much more to this + +story that I'm not +showing you. + +Which I'm not allowed +to show you. + +But it becomes a very +interesting thing. + +But the point is it's very, very +important to understand + +your metrics. + +Here just understanding the +difference between runtime and + +used time made all of the +difference in diagnosing this + +customer's performance +related issue. + +So I just pick a smattering +of ten random bugs. + +And in each of them, I tried +to distill one kind of + +conclusion you can get from +that particular thing. + +Because all of you can read, +I'm not going to bother + +repeating all of these things. + +But anyway, here's +the first five. + +And you all get the slides. + +And here's the second five. + +Oops. + +I'll just keep that +up for a second. + +And in order to conclude this +talk, let me just say that + +it's very important to +avoid assumptions. + +It's very tempting to +say well that's-- + +I'll give you a great example. + +I used to interview people. + +And I'd say, OK, you've +got a UI. + +You've got a problem. + +You have a UI. + +And you click on something. + +And it takes a long time. + +Why is it taking a long time? + +And the first thing they'd say, +well, I'd go and look + +at-- this is literally, +not joking. + +They'd say, well, I'd go to look +at the cache messages on + +the server. + +And I just looked them and I +said, how do you know the + +client's not the problem? + +Oh, the client's +not a problem. + +And you base this on +what knowledge? + +Don't use assumptions. + +It's a very bad idea. + +It's really important to +understand the entire system + +that you're dealing with. + +From the client to the server to +the hardware to the network + +to the disk. + +You have to understand all of +those different pieces, + +because you have to understand +where to look. + +And what's really onerous is +that-- it is not so much when + +it's a problem in your code, +because you can be blamed for + +making stupid mistakes-- + +it's when it's problems with +other people's code and you + +spend a month looking at other +people's code, figuring out + +what's the problem That's when +things are really kind of + +irritating. + +And especially when it's a +problem with hardware. + +And I think the final bullet +I'll say is be persistent and + +be thorough. + +I don't have to tell you +how to be good workers. + +So let's just blah, +blah, blah. + +We're done. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/AmQcoopBUTk.txt b/AmQcoopBUTk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62a0a11ca2b286c35730468828e141a021cbff0e --- /dev/null +++ b/AmQcoopBUTk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,963 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hi and welcome today we're going to do a + + align:start position:0% +hi and welcome today we're going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +hi and welcome today we're going to do a +problem about + + align:start position:0% +problem about + + + align:start position:0% +problem about +least squares approximation here's the + + align:start position:0% +least squares approximation here's the + + + align:start position:0% +least squares approximation here's the +question find the quadratic equation + + align:start position:0% +question find the quadratic equation + + + align:start position:0% +question find the quadratic equation +through the origin that is a best fit + + align:start position:0% +through the origin that is a best fit + + + align:start position:0% +through the origin that is a best fit +for these three points 1 1 2 5 and + + align:start position:0% +for these three points 1 1 2 5 and + + + align:start position:0% +for these three points 1 1 2 5 and +negative 1 negative 2 I'll give you a + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 negative 2 I'll give you a + + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 negative 2 I'll give you a +minute to work that out on your own you + + align:start position:0% +minute to work that out on your own you + + + align:start position:0% +minute to work that out on your own you +can hit the pause button now and we'll + + align:start position:0% +can hit the pause button now and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +can hit the pause button now and we'll +be back in a minute to work the problem + + align:start position:0% +be back in a minute to work the problem + + + align:start position:0% +be back in a minute to work the problem +out together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and were we're back so what's the + + align:start position:0% +okay and were we're back so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and were we're back so what's the +first step in a problem like this the + + align:start position:0% +first step in a problem like this the + + + align:start position:0% +first step in a problem like this the +first step is figuring out what our + + align:start position:0% +first step is figuring out what our + + + align:start position:0% +first step is figuring out what our +equation looks like the one that we're + + align:start position:0% +equation looks like the one that we're + + + align:start position:0% +equation looks like the one that we're +going to find so our equation is going + + align:start position:0% +going to find so our equation is going + + + align:start position:0% +going to find so our equation is going +to look like C T plus DT squared equals + + align:start position:0% +to look like C T plus DT squared equals + + + align:start position:0% +to look like C T plus DT squared equals +y so that's what we're looking for + + align:start position:0% +y so that's what we're looking for + + + align:start position:0% +y so that's what we're looking for +we're looking for a quadratic equation + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for a quadratic equation + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for a quadratic equation +through the origin now if it were just + + align:start position:0% +through the origin now if it were just + + + align:start position:0% +through the origin now if it were just +any quadratic equation then we would + + align:start position:0% +any quadratic equation then we would + + + align:start position:0% +any quadratic equation then we would +have a constant term but through the + + align:start position:0% +have a constant term but through the + + + align:start position:0% +have a constant term but through the +origin just means that the constant term + + align:start position:0% +origin just means that the constant term + + + align:start position:0% +origin just means that the constant term +is zero okay now what's the next step + + align:start position:0% +is zero okay now what's the next step + + + align:start position:0% +is zero okay now what's the next step +next we need to set up a matrix equation + + align:start position:0% +next we need to set up a matrix equation + + + align:start position:0% +next we need to set up a matrix equation +so we need an a a matrix a oops + + align:start position:0% +so we need an a a matrix a oops + + + align:start position:0% +so we need an a a matrix a oops +and which which matrix is that going to + + align:start position:0% +and which which matrix is that going to + + + align:start position:0% +and which which matrix is that going to +a B well let me start with the first + + align:start position:0% +a B well let me start with the first + + + align:start position:0% +a B well let me start with the first +coordinate of these three points and I'm + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of these three points and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of these three points and I'm +going to put them in the first column of + + align:start position:0% +going to put them in the first column of + + + align:start position:0% +going to put them in the first column of +this matrix 1 2 negative 1 and then my + + align:start position:0% +this matrix 1 2 negative 1 and then my + + + align:start position:0% +this matrix 1 2 negative 1 and then my +second column is going to be the squares + + align:start position:0% +second column is going to be the squares + + + align:start position:0% +second column is going to be the squares +of these first coordinates 1 4 and 1 and + + align:start position:0% +of these first coordinates 1 4 and 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +of these first coordinates 1 4 and 1 and +my X hat + + align:start position:0% +my X hat + + + align:start position:0% +my X hat +that's just C and D and my B this is + + align:start position:0% +that's just C and D and my B this is + + + align:start position:0% +that's just C and D and my B this is +going to be the second coordinates 1 5 + + align:start position:0% +going to be the second coordinates 1 5 + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the second coordinates 1 5 +and negative 2 okay + + align:start position:0% +and negative 2 okay + + + align:start position:0% +and negative 2 okay +why did I set this problem up like that + + align:start position:0% +why did I set this problem up like that + + + align:start position:0% +why did I set this problem up like that +well multiply a times X hat ok the first + + align:start position:0% +well multiply a times X hat ok the first + + + align:start position:0% +well multiply a times X hat ok the first +coordinate of a times X hat is 1 times C + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of a times X hat is 1 times C + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of a times X hat is 1 times C +plus 1 times D it's just the same as + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 times D it's just the same as + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 times D it's just the same as +plugging in this first point into the + + align:start position:0% +plugging in this first point into the + + + align:start position:0% +plugging in this first point into the +left-hand side of this equation okay and + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side of this equation okay and + + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side of this equation okay and +similarly if I took the second point and + + align:start position:0% +similarly if I took the second point and + + + align:start position:0% +similarly if I took the second point and +plugged it in here I would just get 2 + + align:start position:0% +plugged it in here I would just get 2 + + + align:start position:0% +plugged it in here I would just get 2 +times C plus 4 times D which is just the + + align:start position:0% +times C plus 4 times D which is just the + + + align:start position:0% +times C plus 4 times D which is just the +same as the second coordinate in the + + align:start position:0% +same as the second coordinate in the + + + align:start position:0% +same as the second coordinate in the +location a times X had two times C plus + + align:start position:0% +location a times X had two times C plus + + + align:start position:0% +location a times X had two times C plus +four times D okay and where did the B + + align:start position:0% +four times D okay and where did the B + + + align:start position:0% +four times D okay and where did the B +come from well via B came from plugging + + align:start position:0% +come from well via B came from plugging + + + align:start position:0% +come from well via B came from plugging +in these points to the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +in these points to the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +in these points to the right hand side +so 1 5 and negative 2 are just the Y + + align:start position:0% +so 1 5 and negative 2 are just the Y + + + align:start position:0% +so 1 5 and negative 2 are just the Y +coordinates of these three points good + + align:start position:0% +coordinates of these three points good + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates of these three points good +so what it would be great if we get + + align:start position:0% +so what it would be great if we get + + + align:start position:0% +so what it would be great if we get +solved ax hat equals B but we can't + + align:start position:0% +solved ax hat equals B but we can't + + + align:start position:0% +solved ax hat equals B but we can't +solve ax hat equals B because there + + align:start position:0% +solve ax hat equals B because there + + + align:start position:0% +solve ax hat equals B because there +isn't a quadratic equation through the + + align:start position:0% +isn't a quadratic equation through the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't a quadratic equation through the +origin that contains these three points + + align:start position:0% +origin that contains these three points + + + align:start position:0% +origin that contains these three points +but we need to find the best + + align:start position:0% +but we need to find the best + + + align:start position:0% +but we need to find the best +approximation to that so that's the same + + align:start position:0% +approximation to that so that's the same + + + align:start position:0% +approximation to that so that's the same +as solving ax hat equals the projection + + align:start position:0% +as solving ax hat equals the projection + + + align:start position:0% +as solving ax hat equals the projection +of B onto the column space of a because + + align:start position:0% +of B onto the column space of a because + + + align:start position:0% +of B onto the column space of a because +we only have a chance of solving ax hat + + align:start position:0% +we only have a chance of solving ax hat + + + align:start position:0% +we only have a chance of solving ax hat +equals something if it's in the column + + align:start position:0% +equals something if it's in the column + + + align:start position:0% +equals something if it's in the column +space of a and remember from our + + align:start position:0% +space of a and remember from our + + + align:start position:0% +space of a and remember from our +projections part of the class that this + + align:start position:0% +projections part of the class that this + + + align:start position:0% +projections part of the class that this +is the same as solving a transpose a X + + align:start position:0% +is the same as solving a transpose a X + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as solving a transpose a X +hat equals a transpose B good so that's + + align:start position:0% +hat equals a transpose B good so that's + + + align:start position:0% +hat equals a transpose B good so that's +what we're really going to adieu we're + + align:start position:0% +what we're really going to adieu we're + + + align:start position:0% +what we're really going to adieu we're +really going to solve a transpose ax hat + + align:start position:0% +really going to solve a transpose ax hat + + + align:start position:0% +really going to solve a transpose ax hat +equals a transpose B and now all we have + + align:start position:0% +equals a transpose B and now all we have + + + align:start position:0% +equals a transpose B and now all we have +to do is just a computation so let's do + + align:start position:0% +to do is just a computation so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +to do is just a computation so let's do +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what is a transpose a gonna do this + + align:start position:0% +so what is a transpose a gonna do this + + + align:start position:0% +so what is a transpose a gonna do this +kind of quickly because you should be + + align:start position:0% +kind of quickly because you should be + + + align:start position:0% +kind of quickly because you should be +good at multiplying matrices by now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah sorry oh this I have the negative + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry oh this I have the negative + + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry oh this I have the negative +in the wrong place + + align:start position:0% +in the wrong place + + + align:start position:0% +in the wrong place +thank you thanks for that correction I + + align:start position:0% +thank you thanks for that correction I + + + align:start position:0% +thank you thanks for that correction I +have the negative backwards they're good + + align:start position:0% +have the negative backwards they're good + + + align:start position:0% +have the negative backwards they're good +okay and what do I get when I multiply + + align:start position:0% +okay and what do I get when I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what do I get when I multiply +these I'll let you check that this is + + align:start position:0% +these I'll let you check that this is + + + align:start position:0% +these I'll let you check that this is +six eight eight and a ten okay and what + + align:start position:0% +six eight eight and a ten okay and what + + + align:start position:0% +six eight eight and a ten okay and what +is a transpose B well if you multiply + + align:start position:0% +is a transpose B well if you multiply + + + align:start position:0% +is a transpose B well if you multiply +this out all let you check that you get + + align:start position:0% +this out all let you check that you get + + + align:start position:0% +this out all let you check that you get +13 and a 19 good so this is this is just + + align:start position:0% +13 and a 19 good so this is this is just + + + align:start position:0% +13 and a 19 good so this is this is just +some computation and so what we're + + align:start position:0% +some computation and so what we're + + + align:start position:0% +some computation and so what we're +solving here is 6 8 8 10 times X hat + + align:start position:0% +solving here is 6 8 8 10 times X hat + + + align:start position:0% +solving here is 6 8 8 10 times X hat +equals 13 19 and we remember how to do + + align:start position:0% +equals 13 19 and we remember how to do + + + align:start position:0% +equals 13 19 and we remember how to do +this just by using elimination we + + align:start position:0% +this just by using elimination we + + + align:start position:0% +this just by using elimination we +replace the second row by 3 times the + + align:start position:0% +replace the second row by 3 times the + + + align:start position:0% +replace the second row by 3 times the +second row minus 4 times the ifirst row + + align:start position:0% +second row minus 4 times the ifirst row + + + align:start position:0% +second row minus 4 times the ifirst row +again I'm going to do this quickly + + align:start position:0% +again I'm going to do this quickly + + + align:start position:0% +again I'm going to do this quickly +because you know this from other parts + + align:start position:0% +because you know this from other parts + + + align:start position:0% +because you know this from other parts +of the class you similarly change the B + + align:start position:0% +of the class you similarly change the B + + + align:start position:0% +of the class you similarly change the B +vector and we back solve to get D is + + align:start position:0% +vector and we back solve to get D is + + + align:start position:0% +vector and we back solve to get D is +negative five-halves and C equals let's + + align:start position:0% +negative five-halves and C equals let's + + + align:start position:0% +negative five-halves and C equals let's +plug that and then C I think you're + + align:start position:0% +plug that and then C I think you're + + + align:start position:0% +plug that and then C I think you're +going to get 11 over 2 so what's our + + align:start position:0% +going to get 11 over 2 so what's our + + + align:start position:0% +going to get 11 over 2 so what's our +final equation our final equation is y + + align:start position:0% +final equation our final equation is y + + + align:start position:0% +final equation our final equation is y +equals 11 halves t minus 5 halves T + + align:start position:0% +equals 11 halves t minus 5 halves T + + + align:start position:0% +equals 11 halves t minus 5 halves T +squared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good okay so this is our best fit + + align:start position:0% +good okay so this is our best fit + + + align:start position:0% +good okay so this is our best fit +quadratic equation through the origin + + align:start position:0% +quadratic equation through the origin + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic equation through the origin +now before I end let me do a couple of + + align:start position:0% +now before I end let me do a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +now before I end let me do a couple of +things first let me go back and review + + align:start position:0% +things first let me go back and review + + + align:start position:0% +things first let me go back and review +what the key steps were whenever you're + + align:start position:0% +what the key steps were whenever you're + + + align:start position:0% +what the key steps were whenever you're +faced with such a best-fit equation + + align:start position:0% +faced with such a best-fit equation + + + align:start position:0% +faced with such a best-fit equation +first you want to see what the general + + align:start position:0% +first you want to see what the general + + + align:start position:0% +first you want to see what the general +form of the equation is next you want to + + align:start position:0% +form of the equation is next you want to + + + align:start position:0% +form of the equation is next you want to +write it in terms of matrices write down + + align:start position:0% +write it in terms of matrices write down + + + align:start position:0% +write it in terms of matrices write down +your your a matrix a and your vector B + + align:start position:0% +your your a matrix a and your vector B + + + align:start position:0% +your your a matrix a and your vector B +and lastly you set up your projection + + align:start position:0% +and lastly you set up your projection + + + align:start position:0% +and lastly you set up your projection +equation and then all you have to do is + + align:start position:0% +equation and then all you have to do is + + + align:start position:0% +equation and then all you have to do is +just a computation good it might also be + + align:start position:0% +just a computation good it might also be + + + align:start position:0% +just a computation good it might also be +worth noting that these three points + + align:start position:0% +worth noting that these three points + + + align:start position:0% +worth noting that these three points +certainly aren't on this quadratic + + align:start position:0% +certainly aren't on this quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +certainly aren't on this quadratic +equation for instance if I plug in one + + align:start position:0% +equation for instance if I plug in one + + + align:start position:0% +equation for instance if I plug in one +here I don't get one one I get one three + + align:start position:0% +here I don't get one one I get one three + + + align:start position:0% +here I don't get one one I get one three +but that's that's okay this is as close + + align:start position:0% +but that's that's okay this is as close + + + align:start position:0% +but that's that's okay this is as close +as we can do thanks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BRFekCz4XQY.txt b/BRFekCz4XQY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..716b24b334c9842acef00220fee3730094d86528 --- /dev/null +++ b/BRFekCz4XQY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2187 @@ +align:start position:0% + +important thing to do is to just try to + + align:start position:0% +important thing to do is to just try to + + + align:start position:0% +important thing to do is to just try to +understand one more thing the creation + + align:start position:0% +understand one more thing the creation + + + align:start position:0% +understand one more thing the creation +and annihilation operators what do they + + align:start position:0% +and annihilation operators what do they + + + align:start position:0% +and annihilation operators what do they +do to those states you see a creation + + align:start position:0% +do to those states you see a creation + + + align:start position:0% +do to those states you see a creation +operator will add one more a dagger so + + align:start position:0% +operator will add one more a dagger so + + + align:start position:0% +operator will add one more a dagger so +somehow must change Phi n into Phi n + + align:start position:0% +somehow must change Phi n into Phi n + + + align:start position:0% +somehow must change Phi n into Phi n +plus one a destruction operator with an + + align:start position:0% +plus one a destruction operator with an + + + align:start position:0% +plus one a destruction operator with an +a will kill one of these factors and + + align:start position:0% +a will kill one of these factors and + + + align:start position:0% +a will kill one of these factors and +therefore it will give you a state with + + align:start position:0% +therefore it will give you a state with + + + align:start position:0% +therefore it will give you a state with +lower number a Phi n minus one and we + + align:start position:0% +lower number a Phi n minus one and we + + + align:start position:0% +lower number a Phi n minus one and we +would like to know the precise relations + + align:start position:0% +would like to know the precise relations + + + align:start position:0% +would like to know the precise relations +so look at this let's do with an A on + + align:start position:0% +so look at this let's do with an A on + + + align:start position:0% +so look at this let's do with an A on +Phi n and we know it should be roughly + + align:start position:0% +Phi n and we know it should be roughly + + + align:start position:0% +Phi n and we know it should be roughly +Phi n minus 1 this is one destruction + + align:start position:0% +Phi n minus 1 this is one destruction + + + align:start position:0% +Phi n minus 1 this is one destruction +operator but we can do it + + align:start position:0% +operator but we can do it + + + align:start position:0% +operator but we can do it +look this is 1 over square root of n a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times a dagger to the N Phi 0 a with a + + align:start position:0% +times a dagger to the N Phi 0 a with a + + + align:start position:0% +times a dagger to the N Phi 0 a with a +dagger to the N Phi 0 we can replace by + + align:start position:0% +dagger to the N Phi 0 we can replace by + + + align:start position:0% +dagger to the N Phi 0 we can replace by +a commutator again commutator of a a + + align:start position:0% +a commutator again commutator of a a + + + align:start position:0% +a commutator again commutator of a a +dagger to the N Phi 0 this is 1 over + + align:start position:0% +dagger to the N Phi 0 this is 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +dagger to the N Phi 0 this is 1 over +square root of n factorial and here we + + align:start position:0% +square root of n factorial and here we + + + align:start position:0% +square root of n factorial and here we +get a factor of n times a dagger to the + + align:start position:0% +get a factor of n times a dagger to the + + + align:start position:0% +get a factor of n times a dagger to the +N minus 1 Phi 0 you know it's all a + + align:start position:0% +N minus 1 Phi 0 you know it's all a + + + align:start position:0% +N minus 1 Phi 0 you know it's all a +matter of those commentators we had on + + align:start position:0% +matter of those commentators we had on + + + align:start position:0% +matter of those commentators we had on +the left blackboard + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but this state by definition we have n + + align:start position:0% +but this state by definition we have n + + + align:start position:0% +but this state by definition we have n +square root of n factorial that state by + + align:start position:0% +square root of n factorial that state by + + + align:start position:0% +square root of n factorial that state by +definition is Phi n minus 1 times square + + align:start position:0% +definition is Phi n minus 1 times square + + + align:start position:0% +definition is Phi n minus 1 times square +root of n minus 1 factorial you see by + + align:start position:0% +root of n minus 1 factorial you see by + + + align:start position:0% +root of n minus 1 factorial you see by +looking at this definition say suppose I + + align:start position:0% +looking at this definition say suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this definition say suppose I +have n minus 1 n minus 1 this is Phi n + + align:start position:0% +have n minus 1 n minus 1 this is Phi n + + + align:start position:0% +have n minus 1 n minus 1 this is Phi n +minus 1 so n minus 1 eight dollars and + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 so n minus 1 eight dollars and + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 so n minus 1 eight dollars and +five zero is n minus 1 factorial square + + align:start position:0% +five zero is n minus 1 factorial square + + + align:start position:0% +five zero is n minus 1 factorial square +root x Phi n minus 1 and now we can + + align:start position:0% +root x Phi n minus 1 and now we can + + + align:start position:0% +root x Phi n minus 1 and now we can +simplify this square root of n factorial + + align:start position:0% +simplify this square root of n factorial + + + align:start position:0% +simplify this square root of n factorial +square root of n minus 1 factorial gives + + align:start position:0% +square root of n minus 1 factorial gives + + + align:start position:0% +square root of n minus 1 factorial gives +you just a factor of square root of n + + align:start position:0% +you just a factor of square root of n + + + align:start position:0% +you just a factor of square root of n +that with this M here is square root of + + align:start position:0% +that with this M here is square root of + + + align:start position:0% +that with this M here is square root of +n Phi n minus 1 so there we go + + align:start position:0% +n Phi n minus 1 so there we go + + + align:start position:0% +n Phi n minus 1 so there we go +here is the first relation a is really a + + align:start position:0% +here is the first relation a is really a + + + align:start position:0% +here is the first relation a is really a +lowering operator it gives you as I in + + align:start position:0% +lowering operator it gives you as I in + + + align:start position:0% +lowering operator it gives you as I in +state of 1 less energy but it gives it + + align:start position:0% +state of 1 less energy but it gives it + + + align:start position:0% +state of 1 less energy but it gives it +with a factor of square root of n that + + align:start position:0% +with a factor of square root of n that + + + align:start position:0% +with a factor of square root of n that +if you care about normalizations you + + align:start position:0% +if you care about normalizations you + + + align:start position:0% +if you care about normalizations you +better keep it that factor is there + + align:start position:0% +better keep it that factor is there + + + align:start position:0% +better keep it that factor is there +because the overall normalization of + + align:start position:0% +because the overall normalization of + + + align:start position:0% +because the overall normalization of +this equation was designed to make the + + align:start position:0% +this equation was designed to make the + + + align:start position:0% +this equation was designed to make the +state's normalized similarly we can do + + align:start position:0% +state's normalized similarly we can do + + + align:start position:0% +state's normalized similarly we can do +the other operation which is what is a + + align:start position:0% +the other operation which is what is a + + + align:start position:0% +the other operation which is what is a +dagger acting on Phi n this would be 1 + + align:start position:0% +dagger acting on Phi n this would be 1 + + + align:start position:0% +dagger acting on Phi n this would be 1 +over square root of n factorial but this + + align:start position:0% +over square root of n factorial but this + + + align:start position:0% +over square root of n factorial but this +time a dagger to the n plus 1 on Phi and + + align:start position:0% +time a dagger to the n plus 1 on Phi and + + + align:start position:0% +time a dagger to the n plus 1 on Phi and +Phi 0 because you had + + align:start position:0% +Phi 0 because you had + + + align:start position:0% +Phi 0 because you had +ready a dagger to the N and you put one + + align:start position:0% +ready a dagger to the N and you put one + + + align:start position:0% +ready a dagger to the N and you put one +more a dagger but this thing is equal to + + align:start position:0% +more a dagger but this thing is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +more a dagger but this thing is equal to +what this is equal to square root of n + + align:start position:0% +what this is equal to square root of n + + + align:start position:0% +what this is equal to square root of n +plus 1 factorial times Phi n plus 1 from + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 factorial times Phi n plus 1 from + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 factorial times Phi n plus 1 from +the definition wow I hope you're not + + align:start position:0% +the definition wow I hope you're not + + + align:start position:0% +the definition wow I hope you're not +getting dizzy lots of factors here but + + align:start position:0% +getting dizzy lots of factors here but + + + align:start position:0% +getting dizzy lots of factors here but +now you see that the N part of the + + align:start position:0% +now you see that the N part of the + + + align:start position:0% +now you see that the N part of the +factorial cancels and you get that a hat + + align:start position:0% +factorial cancels and you get that a hat + + + align:start position:0% +factorial cancels and you get that a hat +dagger Phi n is equal square root of n + + align:start position:0% +dagger Phi n is equal square root of n + + + align:start position:0% +dagger Phi n is equal square root of n +plus 1 Phi n plus 1 ok let's do an + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 Phi n plus 1 ok let's do an + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 Phi n plus 1 ok let's do an +application + + align:start position:0% +application + + + align:start position:0% +application +suppose somebody asks you to calculate + + align:start position:0% +suppose somebody asks you to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +suppose somebody asks you to calculate +example the expectation value of the + + align:start position:0% +example the expectation value of the + + + align:start position:0% +example the expectation value of the +operator X on Phi n or the expectation + + align:start position:0% +operator X on Phi n or the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +operator X on Phi n or the expectation +value of P on Phi n how much are they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay this of course in conventional + + align:start position:0% +okay this of course in conventional + + + align:start position:0% +okay this of course in conventional +language at first sight looks + + align:start position:0% +language at first sight looks + + + align:start position:0% +language at first sight looks +prohibitive I would have to get those + + align:start position:0% +prohibitive I would have to get those + + + align:start position:0% +prohibitive I would have to get those +phi n is some hermitian hermit + + align:start position:0% +phi n is some hermitian hermit + + + align:start position:0% +phi n is some hermitian hermit +polynomial h n for which i don't know + + align:start position:0% +polynomial h n for which i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +polynomial h n for which i don't know +the closed form expression it's a very + + align:start position:0% +the closed form expression it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +the closed form expression it's a very +large polynomial jumps to by - there's + + align:start position:0% +large polynomial jumps to by - there's + + + align:start position:0% +large polynomial jumps to by - there's +Exponential's I will have to do an + + align:start position:0% +Exponential's I will have to do an + + + align:start position:0% +Exponential's I will have to do an +integral that's something that we don't + + align:start position:0% +integral that's something that we don't + + + align:start position:0% +integral that's something that we don't +want to do um so how can we do it + + align:start position:0% +want to do um so how can we do it + + + align:start position:0% +want to do um so how can we do it +without doing integrals + + align:start position:0% +without doing integrals + + + align:start position:0% +without doing integrals +well this one's actually you can do + + align:start position:0% +well this one's actually you can do + + + align:start position:0% +well this one's actually you can do +without doing anything you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +without doing anything you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +without doing anything you don't have to +do integrals you don't have to calculate + + align:start position:0% +do integrals you don't have to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +do integrals you don't have to calculate +the answers are kind of obvious if you + + align:start position:0% +the answers are kind of obvious if you + + + align:start position:0% +the answers are kind of obvious if you +think about it the right way that that's + + align:start position:0% +think about it the right way that that's + + + align:start position:0% +think about it the right way that that's +not the obvious part to think about it + + align:start position:0% +not the obvious part to think about it + + + align:start position:0% +not the obvious part to think about it +the right way but here it is look what + + align:start position:0% +the right way but here it is look what + + + align:start position:0% +the right way but here it is look what +is this integral this is the integral of + + align:start position:0% +is this integral this is the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +is this integral this is the integral of +x times phi n of x those are real + + align:start position:0% +x times phi n of x those are real + + + align:start position:0% +x times phi n of x those are real +quantity squared and the phi ends are + + align:start position:0% +quantity squared and the phi ends are + + + align:start position:0% +quantity squared and the phi ends are +either even or odd but the phi n squared + + align:start position:0% +either even or odd but the phi n squared + + + align:start position:0% +either even or odd but the phi n squared +are even and X is odd so this integral + + align:start position:0% +are even and X is odd so this integral + + + align:start position:0% +are even and X is odd so this integral +should be zero and we should given + + align:start position:0% +should be zero and we should given + + + align:start position:0% +should be zero and we should given +bother that's it + + align:start position:0% +bother that's it + + + align:start position:0% +bother that's it +momentum expectation value of the + + align:start position:0% +momentum expectation value of the + + + align:start position:0% +momentum expectation value of the +momentum all these are stationary States + + align:start position:0% +momentum all these are stationary States + + + align:start position:0% +momentum all these are stationary States +cannot have momentum if it will have + + align:start position:0% +cannot have momentum if it will have + + + align:start position:0% +cannot have momentum if it will have +momentum here is the harmonic oscillator + + align:start position:0% +momentum here is the harmonic oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +momentum here is the harmonic oscillator +here is the wave function if it has + + align:start position:0% +here is the wave function if it has + + + align:start position:0% +here is the wave function if it has +momentum half an hour later is here it's + + align:start position:0% +momentum half an hour later is here it's + + + align:start position:0% +momentum half an hour later is here it's +impossible this thing cannot have + + align:start position:0% +impossible this thing cannot have + + + align:start position:0% +impossible this thing cannot have +momentum this must be zero as well okay + + align:start position:0% +momentum this must be zero as well okay + + + align:start position:0% +momentum this must be zero as well okay +now this one is something you actually + + align:start position:0% +now this one is something you actually + + + align:start position:0% +now this one is something you actually +proved in the first test the expectation + + align:start position:0% +proved in the first test the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +proved in the first test the expectation +value of the momentum operator on a + + align:start position:0% +value of the momentum operator on a + + + align:start position:0% +value of the momentum operator on a +bound state with a real + + align:start position:0% +bound state with a real + + + align:start position:0% +bound state with a real +your wave function was zero and you did + + align:start position:0% +your wave function was zero and you did + + + align:start position:0% +your wave function was zero and you did +it by integration integration but in + + align:start position:0% +it by integration integration but in + + + align:start position:0% +it by integration integration but in +fact you proved it in two ways in + + align:start position:0% +fact you proved it in two ways in + + + align:start position:0% +fact you proved it in two ways in +momentum space in corded space is back + + align:start position:0% +momentum space in corded space is back + + + align:start position:0% +momentum space in corded space is back +the same thing okay so this ones were + + align:start position:0% +the same thing okay so this ones were + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing okay so this ones were +too easy so let's try to see if we can + + align:start position:0% +too easy so let's try to see if we can + + + align:start position:0% +too easy so let's try to see if we can +find something more difficult to do well + + align:start position:0% +find something more difficult to do well + + + align:start position:0% +find something more difficult to do well +actually before doing that I will do the + + align:start position:0% +actually before doing that I will do the + + + align:start position:0% +actually before doing that I will do the +anyway with this notation so what would + + align:start position:0% +anyway with this notation so what would + + + align:start position:0% +anyway with this notation so what would +I have here I would have Phi n X Phi n I + + align:start position:0% +I have here I would have Phi n X Phi n I + + + align:start position:0% +I have here I would have Phi n X Phi n I +say oh I don't know how to do things + + align:start position:0% +say oh I don't know how to do things + + + align:start position:0% +say oh I don't know how to do things +with eggs that's a terrible thing I + + align:start position:0% +with eggs that's a terrible thing I + + + align:start position:0% +with eggs that's a terrible thing I +would have to do integrals but then you + + align:start position:0% +would have to do integrals but then you + + + align:start position:0% +would have to do integrals but then you +say no X I can write in terms of a and a + + align:start position:0% +say no X I can write in terms of a and a + + + align:start position:0% +say no X I can write in terms of a and a +daggers and a and a daggers you know how + + align:start position:0% +daggers and a and a daggers you know how + + + align:start position:0% +daggers and a and a daggers you know how +to manipulate so this is a formula we + + align:start position:0% +to manipulate so this is a formula we + + + align:start position:0% +to manipulate so this is a formula we +wrote last time and it's that X is equal + + align:start position:0% +wrote last time and it's that X is equal + + + align:start position:0% +wrote last time and it's that X is equal +to square root of H over 2 m Omega a + + align:start position:0% +to square root of H over 2 m Omega a + + + align:start position:0% +to square root of H over 2 m Omega a +plus a dagger so X is proportional to a + + align:start position:0% +plus a dagger so X is proportional to a + + + align:start position:0% +plus a dagger so X is proportional to a +plus a dagger so here is square root of + + align:start position:0% +plus a dagger so here is square root of + + + align:start position:0% +plus a dagger so here is square root of +h 2m Omega Phi n a plus a dagger on Phi + + align:start position:0% +h 2m Omega Phi n a plus a dagger on Phi + + + align:start position:0% +h 2m Omega Phi n a plus a dagger on Phi +n now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is zero and why is that because + + align:start position:0% +this is zero and why is that because + + + align:start position:0% +this is zero and why is that because +this term is a acting on Phi n well we + + align:start position:0% +this term is a acting on Phi n well we + + + align:start position:0% +this term is a acting on Phi n well we +have it there square root of n Phi n + + align:start position:0% +have it there square root of n Phi n + + + align:start position:0% +have it there square root of n Phi n +minus one and a dagger acting on Phi n + + align:start position:0% +minus one and a dagger acting on Phi n + + + align:start position:0% +minus one and a dagger acting on Phi n +is square root of n plus 1 Phi n plus 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but the overlap of Phi n minus 1 with + + align:start position:0% +but the overlap of Phi n minus 1 with + + + align:start position:0% +but the overlap of Phi n minus 1 with +Phi n is zero because all these states + + align:start position:0% +Phi n is zero because all these states + + + align:start position:0% +Phi n is zero because all these states +with different energies are orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +with different energies are orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +with different energies are orthogonal +it's probably a property I should've + + align:start position:0% +it's probably a property I should've + + + align:start position:0% +it's probably a property I should've +written somewhere here which is not only + + align:start position:0% +written somewhere here which is not only + + + align:start position:0% +written somewhere here which is not only +their well normalized but Phi n Phi M is + + align:start position:0% +their well normalized but Phi n Phi M is + + + align:start position:0% +their well normalized but Phi n Phi M is +Delta n M if the numbers are different + + align:start position:0% +Delta n M if the numbers are different + + + align:start position:0% +Delta n M if the numbers are different +it's zero and you see this is something + + align:start position:0% +it's zero and you see this is something + + + align:start position:0% +it's zero and you see this is something +intuitively clear if you wish I'll I'll + + align:start position:0% +intuitively clear if you wish I'll I'll + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively clear if you wish I'll I'll +just say here this are zero and this is + + align:start position:0% +just say here this are zero and this is + + + align:start position:0% +just say here this are zero and this is +zero because the numbers are different + + align:start position:0% +zero because the numbers are different + + + align:start position:0% +zero because the numbers are different +if you have for example a a five two and + + align:start position:0% +if you have for example a a five two and + + + align:start position:0% +if you have for example a a five two and +a five three or let's do the five three + + align:start position:0% +a five three or let's do the five three + + + align:start position:0% +a five three or let's do the five three +and a five two then you have roughly a + + align:start position:0% +and a five two then you have roughly a + + + align:start position:0% +and a five two then you have roughly a +dagger a dagger a dagger Phi not a + + align:start position:0% +dagger a dagger a dagger Phi not a + + + align:start position:0% +dagger a dagger a dagger Phi not a +dagger a dagger Phi naught and then this + + align:start position:0% +dagger a dagger Phi naught and then this + + + align:start position:0% +dagger a dagger Phi naught and then this +is equal to Phi naught 3 a's and two a + + align:start position:0% +is equal to Phi naught 3 a's and two a + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to Phi naught 3 a's and two a +daggers correct and now you say okay + + align:start position:0% +daggers correct and now you say okay + + + align:start position:0% +daggers correct and now you say okay +this is ready to kill what is on the + + align:start position:0% +this is ready to kill what is on the + + + align:start position:0% +this is ready to kill what is on the +right hand side on the right side two + + align:start position:0% +right hand side on the right side two + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side on the right side two +it but it can't because they're a + + align:start position:0% +it but it can't because they're a + + + align:start position:0% +it but it can't because they're a +daggers but that a is going to kill at + + align:start position:0% +daggers but that a is going to kill at + + + align:start position:0% +daggers but that a is going to kill at +least one of the a dagger so an egg + + align:start position:0% +least one of the a dagger so an egg + + + align:start position:0% +least one of the a dagger so an egg +kills and a dagger the second a will + + align:start position:0% +kills and a dagger the second a will + + + align:start position:0% +kills and a dagger the second a will +kill the only a dagger that is left and + + align:start position:0% +kill the only a dagger that is left and + + + align:start position:0% +kill the only a dagger that is left and +now you have an a that is ready to go + + align:start position:0% +now you have an a that is ready to go + + + align:start position:0% +now you have an a that is ready to go +here no obstacle whatsoever and kills + + align:start position:0% +here no obstacle whatsoever and kills + + + align:start position:0% +here no obstacle whatsoever and kills +the fine not so this is zero so each + + align:start position:0% +the fine not so this is zero so each + + + align:start position:0% +the fine not so this is zero so each +time there's a different number of a + + align:start position:0% +time there's a different number of a + + + align:start position:0% +time there's a different number of a +daggers on the left input and the right + + align:start position:0% +daggers on the left input and the right + + + align:start position:0% +daggers on the left input and the right +input you get zero if you have more + + align:start position:0% +input you get zero if you have more + + + align:start position:0% +input you get zero if you have more +$1.00 on the right then move them to the + + align:start position:0% +$1.00 on the right then move them to the + + + align:start position:0% +$1.00 on the right then move them to the +left and now you will have mores and a + + align:start position:0% +left and now you will have mores and a + + + align:start position:0% +left and now you will have mores and a +daggers and the same problem will happen + + align:start position:0% +daggers and the same problem will happen + + + align:start position:0% +daggers and the same problem will happen +the only way to get something to work is + + align:start position:0% +the only way to get something to work is + + + align:start position:0% +the only way to get something to work is +they are the same but this of course is + + align:start position:0% +they are the same but this of course is + + + align:start position:0% +they are the same but this of course is +warranteed by our older theorems that + + align:start position:0% +warranteed by our older theorems that + + + align:start position:0% +warranteed by our older theorems that +they X the eigenstates of hermitian + + align:start position:0% +they X the eigenstates of hermitian + + + align:start position:0% +they X the eigenstates of hermitian +operators with different eigenvalues are + + align:start position:0% +operators with different eigenvalues are + + + align:start position:0% +operators with different eigenvalues are +orthogonal so this is nice to be to + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal so this is nice to be to + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal so this is nice to be to +check things but it's not something that + + align:start position:0% +check things but it's not something that + + + align:start position:0% +check things but it's not something that +is you need to check all right so now + + align:start position:0% +is you need to check all right so now + + + align:start position:0% +is you need to check all right so now +let's say you want to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +let's say you want to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +let's say you want to calculate the +uncertainty of then certainty of X in + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty of then certainty of X in + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty of then certainty of X in +Phi n well then certainty of x squared + + align:start position:0% +Phi n well then certainty of x squared + + + align:start position:0% +Phi n well then certainty of x squared +is the expectation value of x squared on + + align:start position:0% +is the expectation value of x squared on + + + align:start position:0% +is the expectation value of x squared on +Phi and minus the expectation value of x + + align:start position:0% +Phi and minus the expectation value of x + + + align:start position:0% +Phi and minus the expectation value of x +on Phi N and this already we know is 0 + + align:start position:0% +on Phi N and this already we know is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +on Phi N and this already we know is 0 +but now we have a computation worth our + + align:start position:0% +but now we have a computation worth our + + + align:start position:0% +but now we have a computation worth our +tools let's calculate the expectation + + align:start position:0% +tools let's calculate the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +tools let's calculate the expectation +value of x squared in Phi N and you know + + align:start position:0% +value of x squared in Phi N and you know + + + align:start position:0% +value of x squared in Phi N and you know +if you had to do it with her MIT + + align:start position:0% +if you had to do it with her MIT + + + align:start position:0% +if you had to do it with her MIT +polynomials is essentially a whole day's + + align:start position:0% +polynomials is essentially a whole day's + + + align:start position:0% +polynomials is essentially a whole day's +work maybe a little less if you start + + align:start position:0% +work maybe a little less if you start + + + align:start position:0% +work maybe a little less if you start +using recursion relations and invent all + + align:start position:0% +using recursion relations and invent all + + + align:start position:0% +using recursion relations and invent all +kinds of + + align:start position:0% +kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of +things to do it it's a nightmare this + + align:start position:0% +things to do it it's a nightmare this + + + align:start position:0% +things to do it it's a nightmare this +calculation but look how we do it here + + align:start position:0% +calculation but look how we do it here + + + align:start position:0% +calculation but look how we do it here +we say alright this is Phi and X hat + + align:start position:0% +we say alright this is Phi and X hat + + + align:start position:0% +we say alright this is Phi and X hat +squared Phi n but X hat squared would be + + align:start position:0% +squared Phi n but X hat squared would be + + + align:start position:0% +squared Phi n but X hat squared would be +h-bar over 2 m Omega Phi n times a plus + + align:start position:0% +h-bar over 2 m Omega Phi n times a plus + + + align:start position:0% +h-bar over 2 m Omega Phi n times a plus +a dagger times a plus a dagger Phi n now + + align:start position:0% +a dagger times a plus a dagger Phi n now + + + align:start position:0% +a dagger times a plus a dagger Phi n now +I I must decide what to do and one + + align:start position:0% +I I must decide what to do and one + + + align:start position:0% +I I must decide what to do and one +possibility is to try to be clever and + + align:start position:0% +possibility is to try to be clever and + + + align:start position:0% +possibility is to try to be clever and +do all kinds of things now you could do + + align:start position:0% +do all kinds of things now you could do + + + align:start position:0% +do all kinds of things now you could do +several things here and none is a lot + + align:start position:0% +several things here and none is a lot + + + align:start position:0% +several things here and none is a lot +better than the other and all of them + + align:start position:0% +better than the other and all of them + + + align:start position:0% +better than the other and all of them +take little time you have to develop a + + align:start position:0% +take little time you have to develop a + + + align:start position:0% +take little time you have to develop a +strategy here but this is sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +strategy here but this is sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +strategy here but this is sufficiently +doable that we can do it directly so + + align:start position:0% +doable that we can do it directly so + + + align:start position:0% +doable that we can do it directly so +what does it mean do indirectly just + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean do indirectly just + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean do indirectly just +multiply those operators so you have Phi + + align:start position:0% +multiply those operators so you have Phi + + + align:start position:0% +multiply those operators so you have Phi +n times a a plus a dagger a dagger plus + + align:start position:0% +n times a a plus a dagger a dagger plus + + + align:start position:0% +n times a a plus a dagger a dagger plus +a a dagger plus a dagger a all that on + + align:start position:0% +a a dagger plus a dagger a all that on + + + align:start position:0% +a a dagger plus a dagger a all that on +Phi n I just multiplied and now I try to + + align:start position:0% +Phi n I just multiplied and now I try to + + + align:start position:0% +Phi n I just multiplied and now I try to +think again and I say oh the first term + + align:start position:0% +think again and I say oh the first term + + + align:start position:0% +think again and I say oh the first term +is to annihilation operators acting on + + align:start position:0% +is to annihilation operators acting on + + + align:start position:0% +is to annihilation operators acting on +Phi n the first is going to give you a + + align:start position:0% +Phi n the first is going to give you a + + + align:start position:0% +Phi n the first is going to give you a +Phi n minus 1 the second is going to + + align:start position:0% +Phi n minus 1 the second is going to + + + align:start position:0% +Phi n minus 1 the second is going to +give me a Phi n minus 2 by the time it + + align:start position:0% +give me a Phi n minus 2 by the time it + + + align:start position:0% +give me a Phi n minus 2 by the time it +at and a Phi n minus 2 + + align:start position:0% +at and a Phi n minus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +at and a Phi n minus 2 +is orthogonal to a Phi n so this term + + align:start position:0% +is orthogonal to a Phi n so this term + + + align:start position:0% +is orthogonal to a Phi n so this term +cannot contribute you know this term has + + align:start position:0% +cannot contribute you know this term has + + + align:start position:0% +cannot contribute you know this term has +two mores than this one so as we just + + align:start position:0% +two mores than this one so as we just + + + align:start position:0% +two mores than this one so as we just +sort of illustrated by it just doesn't + + align:start position:0% +sort of illustrated by it just doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +sort of illustrated by it just doesn't +match these two terms acting on Phi n + + align:start position:0% +match these two terms acting on Phi n + + + align:start position:0% +match these two terms acting on Phi n +would give you a Phi n minus 2 and + + align:start position:0% +would give you a Phi n minus 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +would give you a Phi n minus 2 and +that's orthogonal so this term cannot do + + align:start position:0% +that's orthogonal so this term cannot do + + + align:start position:0% +that's orthogonal so this term cannot do +anything nor can this because both rays + + align:start position:0% +anything nor can this because both rays + + + align:start position:0% +anything nor can this because both rays +so this will end up as Phi n plus 2 for + + align:start position:0% +so this will end up as Phi n plus 2 for + + + align:start position:0% +so this will end up as Phi n plus 2 for +example using that top property over + + align:start position:0% +example using that top property over + + + align:start position:0% +example using that top property over +there over there the box equation there + + align:start position:0% +there over there the box equation there + + + align:start position:0% +there over there the box equation there +if you have to a dagger something on Phi + + align:start position:0% +if you have to a dagger something on Phi + + + align:start position:0% +if you have to a dagger something on Phi +n you will end up with a Phi n plus 2 so + + align:start position:0% +n you will end up with a Phi n plus 2 so + + + align:start position:0% +n you will end up with a Phi n plus 2 so +this term also doesn't contribute that + + align:start position:0% +this term also doesn't contribute that + + + align:start position:0% +this term also doesn't contribute that +that's progress the calculation became + + align:start position:0% +that's progress the calculation became + + + align:start position:0% +that's progress the calculation became +half as difficult okay that now we maybe + + align:start position:0% +half as difficult okay that now we maybe + + + align:start position:0% +half as difficult okay that now we maybe +it's a little more interesting but again + + align:start position:0% +it's a little more interesting but again + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little more interesting but again +you should refuse to do a long + + align:start position:0% +you should refuse to do a long + + + align:start position:0% +you should refuse to do a long +computation whenever you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +computation whenever you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +computation whenever you're looking at +those things you have the temptation to + + align:start position:0% +those things you have the temptation to + + + align:start position:0% +those things you have the temptation to +calculate refused the temptation look at + + align:start position:0% +calculate refused the temptation look at + + + align:start position:0% +calculate refused the temptation look at +things and let it become clear what's + + align:start position:0% +things and let it become clear what's + + + align:start position:0% +things and let it become clear what's +going on there are two terms here a a + + align:start position:0% +going on there are two terms here a a + + + align:start position:0% +going on there are two terms here a a +dagger and a dagger a that's not even a + + align:start position:0% +dagger and a dagger a that's not even a + + + align:start position:0% +dagger and a dagger a that's not even a +commutator is like an anti commutator + + align:start position:0% +commutator is like an anti commutator + + + align:start position:0% +commutator is like an anti commutator +that's strange but this a dagger a is + + align:start position:0% +that's strange but this a dagger a is + + + align:start position:0% +that's strange but this a dagger a is +familiar that's n the operator N and we + + align:start position:0% +familiar that's n the operator N and we + + + align:start position:0% +familiar that's n the operator N and we +know the n eigen value so this is going + + align:start position:0% +know the n eigen value so this is going + + + align:start position:0% +know the n eigen value so this is going +to be very easy this is n hat the other + + align:start position:0% +to be very easy this is n hat the other + + + align:start position:0% +to be very easy this is n hat the other +one is not in hard because it's in the + + align:start position:0% +one is not in hard because it's in the + + + align:start position:0% +one is not in hard because it's in the +wrong order n hat has a dagger a but + + align:start position:0% +wrong order n hat has a dagger a but + + + align:start position:0% +wrong order n hat has a dagger a but +this operator can be written as the + + align:start position:0% +this operator can be written as the + + + align:start position:0% +this operator can be written as the +commutator plus the thing in reverse + + align:start position:0% +commutator plus the thing in reverse + + + align:start position:0% +commutator plus the thing in reverse +order that equation we had on top a bein + + align:start position:0% +order that equation we had on top a bein + + + align:start position:0% +order that equation we had on top a bein +is equal to a be cognate ATAR plus B a + + align:start position:0% +is equal to a be cognate ATAR plus B a + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to a be cognate ATAR plus B a +so this is equal to a a dagger plus a + + align:start position:0% +so this is equal to a a dagger plus a + + + align:start position:0% +so this is equal to a a dagger plus a +dagger a and this is one plus another + + align:start position:0% +dagger a and this is one plus another + + + align:start position:0% +dagger a and this is one plus another +and hot so look when you have a and a + + align:start position:0% +and hot so look when you have a and a + + + align:start position:0% +and hot so look when you have a and a +dagger multiply it's either an cut or + + align:start position:0% +dagger multiply it's either an cut or + + + align:start position:0% +dagger multiply it's either an cut or +it's one plus and hot and therefore x + + align:start position:0% +it's one plus and hot and therefore x + + + align:start position:0% +it's one plus and hot and therefore x +squared expectation value has become + + align:start position:0% +squared expectation value has become + + + align:start position:0% +squared expectation value has become +h-bar over two M W Phi M and this whole + + align:start position:0% +h-bar over two M W Phi M and this whole + + + align:start position:0% +h-bar over two M W Phi M and this whole +parentheses is 1 plus 2 and hat Phi n + + align:start position:0% +parentheses is 1 plus 2 and hat Phi n + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses is 1 plus 2 and hat Phi n +and this is h-bar over 2 M W Phi n and + + align:start position:0% +and this is h-bar over 2 M W Phi n and + + + align:start position:0% +and this is h-bar over 2 M W Phi n and +this is a number because Phi n is an n + + align:start position:0% +this is a number because Phi n is an n + + + align:start position:0% +this is a number because Phi n is an n +hat eigenstate so it's 1 plus 2 little n + + align:start position:0% +hat eigenstate so it's 1 plus 2 little n + + + align:start position:0% +hat eigenstate so it's 1 plus 2 little n +Phi n Phi n times 1 plus 2 and and here + + align:start position:0% +Phi n Phi n times 1 plus 2 and and here + + + align:start position:0% +Phi n Phi n times 1 plus 2 and and here +is our final answer expectation value of + + align:start position:0% +is our final answer expectation value of + + + align:start position:0% +is our final answer expectation value of +x squared is equal to H bar over m Omega + + align:start position:0% +x squared is equal to H bar over m Omega + + + align:start position:0% +x squared is equal to H bar over m Omega +n plus 1/2 and Phi n it's a fairly + + align:start position:0% +n plus 1/2 and Phi n it's a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +n plus 1/2 and Phi n it's a fairly +non-trivial computation and that is of + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial computation and that is of + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial computation and that is of +course because the expectation value of + + align:start position:0% +course because the expectation value of + + + align:start position:0% +course because the expectation value of +x is equal to 0 is the uncertainty on x + + align:start position:0% +x is equal to 0 is the uncertainty on x + + + align:start position:0% +x is equal to 0 is the uncertainty on x +squared it grows the status + + align:start position:0% +squared it grows the status + + + align:start position:0% +squared it grows the status +as the quantum number M grows by a + + align:start position:0% +as the quantum number M grows by a + + + align:start position:0% +as the quantum number M grows by a +similar computation you can calculate + + align:start position:0% +similar computation you can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +similar computation you can calculate +that you will do in the homework the + + align:start position:0% +that you will do in the homework the + + + align:start position:0% +that you will do in the homework the +expectation value of P squared on Phi n + + align:start position:0% +expectation value of P squared on Phi n + + + align:start position:0% +expectation value of P squared on Phi n +and then you will see how much is Delta + + align:start position:0% +and then you will see how much is Delta + + + align:start position:0% +and then you will see how much is Delta +X Delta P on the come on Phi n how much + + align:start position:0% +X Delta P on the come on Phi n how much + + + align:start position:0% +X Delta P on the come on Phi n how much +it is \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BSAA0akmPEU.txt b/BSAA0akmPEU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85ff6ded36df06047127d25ae59b64ff65c9d934 --- /dev/null +++ b/BSAA0akmPEU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6387 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're starting a new unit today and so + + align:start position:0% +we're starting a new unit today and so + + + align:start position:0% +we're starting a new unit today and so +this is unit two and it's called + + align:start position:0% +this is unit two and it's called + + + align:start position:0% +this is unit two and it's called +applications of differentiation okay so + + align:start position:0% +applications of differentiation okay so + + + align:start position:0% +applications of differentiation okay so +the first application and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +the first application and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the first application and we're going to +do to today is what are known as linear + + align:start position:0% +do to today is what are known as linear + + + align:start position:0% +do to today is what are known as linear +approximations whoops that should have + + align:start position:0% +approximations whoops that should have + + + align:start position:0% +approximations whoops that should have +two peas in it approximations so that + + align:start position:0% +two peas in it approximations so that + + + align:start position:0% +two peas in it approximations so that +can be summarized with one formula but + + align:start position:0% +can be summarized with one formula but + + + align:start position:0% +can be summarized with one formula but +it's going to take us at least half an + + align:start position:0% +it's going to take us at least half an + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to take us at least half an +hour to explain how this formula is used + + align:start position:0% +hour to explain how this formula is used + + + align:start position:0% +hour to explain how this formula is used +so here's the formula it's f of X is + + align:start position:0% +so here's the formula it's f of X is + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the formula it's f of X is +approximately equal to its value at a + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to its value at a + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to its value at a +base point plus the derivative times X + + align:start position:0% +base point plus the derivative times X + + + align:start position:0% +base point plus the derivative times X +minus x0 all right so this is the main + + align:start position:0% +minus x0 all right so this is the main + + + align:start position:0% +minus x0 all right so this is the main +formula for right now put it in a box + + align:start position:0% +formula for right now put it in a box + + + align:start position:0% +formula for right now put it in a box +and let me just describe what it means + + align:start position:0% +and let me just describe what it means + + + align:start position:0% +and let me just describe what it means +first and then I'll describe what it + + align:start position:0% +first and then I'll describe what it + + + align:start position:0% +first and then I'll describe what it +means again and several other times so + + align:start position:0% +means again and several other times so + + + align:start position:0% +means again and several other times so +first of all what it means is that if + + align:start position:0% +first of all what it means is that if + + + align:start position:0% +first of all what it means is that if +you have a curve which is y equals f of + + align:start position:0% +you have a curve which is y equals f of + + + align:start position:0% +you have a curve which is y equals f of +X it's approximately the same as its + + align:start position:0% +X it's approximately the same as its + + + align:start position:0% +X it's approximately the same as its +tangent line so this other side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is the equation of the tangent line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's give an example I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +so let's give an example I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +so let's give an example I'm going to +take the function f of X which is log X + + align:start position:0% +take the function f of X which is log X + + + align:start position:0% +take the function f of X which is log X +and then its derivative is 1 over X and + + align:start position:0% +and then its derivative is 1 over X and + + + align:start position:0% +and then its derivative is 1 over X and +so let's take the base point x0 is equal + + align:start position:0% +so let's take the base point x0 is equal + + + align:start position:0% +so let's take the base point x0 is equal +to 1 that's pretty much the only place + + align:start position:0% +to 1 that's pretty much the only place + + + align:start position:0% +to 1 that's pretty much the only place +where we know the logarithm for sure and + + align:start position:0% +where we know the logarithm for sure and + + + align:start position:0% +where we know the logarithm for sure and +so what we plug in here now are the + + align:start position:0% +so what we plug in here now are the + + + align:start position:0% +so what we plug in here now are the +values so f of 1 is the log of 0 or + + align:start position:0% +values so f of 1 is the log of 0 or + + + align:start position:0% +values so f of 1 is the log of 0 or +sorry the log of 1 which is 0 and F + + align:start position:0% +sorry the log of 1 which is 0 and F + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the log of 1 which is 0 and F +prime of 1 well that's 1 over 1 which is + + align:start position:0% +prime of 1 well that's 1 over 1 which is + + + align:start position:0% +prime of 1 well that's 1 over 1 which is +1 all right so now we have an + + align:start position:0% +1 all right so now we have an + + + align:start position:0% +1 all right so now we have an +approximation formula which if I copy + + align:start position:0% +approximation formula which if I copy + + + align:start position:0% +approximation formula which if I copy +down what's right up here it's going to + + align:start position:0% +down what's right up here it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +down what's right up here it's going to +be log X is approximately so f of 0 is + + align:start position:0% +be log X is approximately so f of 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +be log X is approximately so f of 0 is +is 0 right plus 1 times X minus 1 all + + align:start position:0% +is 0 right plus 1 times X minus 1 all + + + align:start position:0% +is 0 right plus 1 times X minus 1 all +right so I plugged in here for X 0 3 + + align:start position:0% +right so I plugged in here for X 0 3 + + + align:start position:0% +right so I plugged in here for X 0 3 +places I've evaluated the coefficients + + align:start position:0% +places I've evaluated the coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +places I've evaluated the coefficients +and this is the dependent variable so so + + align:start position:0% +and this is the dependent variable so so + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the dependent variable so so +all told if you like what I have here is + + align:start position:0% +all told if you like what I have here is + + + align:start position:0% +all told if you like what I have here is +that the logarithm of X is approximately + + align:start position:0% +that the logarithm of X is approximately + + + align:start position:0% +that the logarithm of X is approximately +X minus 1 and let me draw a picture of + + align:start position:0% +X minus 1 and let me draw a picture of + + + align:start position:0% +X minus 1 and let me draw a picture of +this so here's the graph of log X and + + align:start position:0% +this so here's the graph of log X and + + + align:start position:0% +this so here's the graph of log X and +then I'll draw in the tangent line at + + align:start position:0% +then I'll draw in the tangent line at + + + align:start position:0% +then I'll draw in the tangent line at +the place that we're considering which + + align:start position:0% +the place that we're considering which + + + align:start position:0% +the place that we're considering which +is x equals 1 so here's the tangent line + + align:start position:0% +is x equals 1 so here's the tangent line + + + align:start position:0% +is x equals 1 so here's the tangent line +all right I separated a little bit but + + align:start position:0% +all right I separated a little bit but + + + align:start position:0% +all right I separated a little bit but +really I probably should have drawn it a + + align:start position:0% +really I probably should have drawn it a + + + align:start position:0% +really I probably should have drawn it a +little closer there to show you the + + align:start position:0% +little closer there to show you the + + + align:start position:0% +little closer there to show you the +whole point is that these two are nearby + + align:start position:0% +whole point is that these two are nearby + + + align:start position:0% +whole point is that these two are nearby +but they're not nearby everywhere so + + align:start position:0% +but they're not nearby everywhere so + + + align:start position:0% +but they're not nearby everywhere so +this is this is the line y equals x + + align:start position:0% +this is this is the line y equals x + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is the line y equals x +minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 +right that's the tangent line they're + + align:start position:0% +right that's the tangent line they're + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the tangent line they're +nearby only when X is near one so say in + + align:start position:0% +nearby only when X is near one so say in + + + align:start position:0% +nearby only when X is near one so say in +this little realm here so when X is + + align:start position:0% +this little realm here so when X is + + + align:start position:0% +this little realm here so when X is +approximately one this is true once you + + align:start position:0% +approximately one this is true once you + + + align:start position:0% +approximately one this is true once you +get a little farther away this straight + + align:start position:0% +get a little farther away this straight + + + align:start position:0% +get a little farther away this straight +line the straight green line will + + align:start position:0% +line the straight green line will + + + align:start position:0% +line the straight green line will +separate from the graph but near this + + align:start position:0% +separate from the graph but near this + + + align:start position:0% +separate from the graph but near this +place they're close together all right + + align:start position:0% +place they're close together all right + + + align:start position:0% +place they're close together all right +so the idea again is that the curve the + + align:start position:0% +so the idea again is that the curve the + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea again is that the curve the +curved line is approximately the tangent + + align:start position:0% +curved line is approximately the tangent + + + align:start position:0% +curved line is approximately the tangent +line and this is one example of it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so I want to explain this in + + align:start position:0% +all right so I want to explain this in + + + align:start position:0% +all right so I want to explain this in +in one more way and then we want to + + align:start position:0% +in one more way and then we want to + + + align:start position:0% +in one more way and then we want to +discuss it systematically so the second + + align:start position:0% +discuss it systematically so the second + + + align:start position:0% +discuss it systematically so the second +way that I want to describe this + + align:start position:0% +way that I want to describe this + + + align:start position:0% +way that I want to describe this +requires me to remind you what the + + align:start position:0% +requires me to remind you what the + + + align:start position:0% +requires me to remind you what the +definition of the derivative is so the + + align:start position:0% +definition of the derivative is so the + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the derivative is so the +definition of a derivative is that it's + + align:start position:0% +definition of a derivative is that it's + + + align:start position:0% +definition of a derivative is that it's +the limit as Delta X goes to 0 of Delta + + align:start position:0% +the limit as Delta X goes to 0 of Delta + + + align:start position:0% +the limit as Delta X goes to 0 of Delta +F over Delta X that's one way of writing + + align:start position:0% +F over Delta X that's one way of writing + + + align:start position:0% +F over Delta X that's one way of writing +it all right and this is the way we + + align:start position:0% +it all right and this is the way we + + + align:start position:0% +it all right and this is the way we +defined it and one of the things that we + + align:start position:0% +defined it and one of the things that we + + + align:start position:0% +defined it and one of the things that we +did in the first unit was we looked at + + align:start position:0% +did in the first unit was we looked at + + + align:start position:0% +did in the first unit was we looked at +this backwards + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we used the derivative knowing the + + align:start position:0% +we used the derivative knowing the + + + align:start position:0% +we used the derivative knowing the +derivatives of functions to evaluate + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of functions to evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of functions to evaluate +some limits so you were supposed to do + + align:start position:0% +some limits so you were supposed to do + + + align:start position:0% +some limits so you were supposed to do +that on your hour test there were some + + align:start position:0% +that on your hour test there were some + + + align:start position:0% +that on your hour test there were some +examples they are at least one example + + align:start position:0% +examples they are at least one example + + + align:start position:0% +examples they are at least one example +where that was the easiest way to do the + + align:start position:0% +where that was the easiest way to do the + + + align:start position:0% +where that was the easiest way to do the +problem so in other words you can read + + align:start position:0% +problem so in other words you can read + + + align:start position:0% +problem so in other words you can read +this equation both ways this is really + + align:start position:0% +this equation both ways this is really + + + align:start position:0% +this equation both ways this is really +of course the same equation written + + align:start position:0% +of course the same equation written + + + align:start position:0% +of course the same equation written +twice now what's new about what we're + + align:start position:0% +twice now what's new about what we're + + + align:start position:0% +twice now what's new about what we're +going to do now is that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +going to do now is that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to do now is that we're going to +take this expression here Delta F over + + align:start position:0% +take this expression here Delta F over + + + align:start position:0% +take this expression here Delta F over +Delta X and we're going to say well when + + align:start position:0% +Delta X and we're going to say well when + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X and we're going to say well when +Delta X is fairly near zero this + + align:start position:0% +Delta X is fairly near zero this + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X is fairly near zero this +expression is going to be fairly close + + align:start position:0% +expression is going to be fairly close + + + align:start position:0% +expression is going to be fairly close +to the limiting value so this is + + align:start position:0% +to the limiting value so this is + + + align:start position:0% +to the limiting value so this is +approximately F prime of X 0 all right + + align:start position:0% +approximately F prime of X 0 all right + + + align:start position:0% +approximately F prime of X 0 all right +so that I claim is the same as what's in + + align:start position:0% +so that I claim is the same as what's in + + + align:start position:0% +so that I claim is the same as what's in +the box in pink that I have over here + + align:start position:0% +the box in pink that I have over here + + + align:start position:0% +the box in pink that I have over here +all right so this + + align:start position:0% +all right so this + + + align:start position:0% +all right so this +equate this approximation formula here + + align:start position:0% +equate this approximation formula here + + + align:start position:0% +equate this approximation formula here +is the same as this one this is an + + align:start position:0% +is the same as this one this is an + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as this one this is an +average rate of change and this is an + + align:start position:0% +average rate of change and this is an + + + align:start position:0% +average rate of change and this is an +infinitesimal rate of change and they're + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal rate of change and they're + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal rate of change and they're +nearly the same that's the claim so + + align:start position:0% +nearly the same that's the claim so + + + align:start position:0% +nearly the same that's the claim so +you'll have various exercises in which + + align:start position:0% +you'll have various exercises in which + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have various exercises in which +this approximation is the useful one to + + align:start position:0% +this approximation is the useful one to + + + align:start position:0% +this approximation is the useful one to +to use and I will as I said I'll be + + align:start position:0% +to use and I will as I said I'll be + + + align:start position:0% +to use and I will as I said I'll be +illustrating this a little bit today now + + align:start position:0% +illustrating this a little bit today now + + + align:start position:0% +illustrating this a little bit today now +let me just explain why those two + + align:start position:0% +let me just explain why those two + + + align:start position:0% +let me just explain why those two +formulas in the boxes are the same all + + align:start position:0% +formulas in the boxes are the same all + + + align:start position:0% +formulas in the boxes are the same all +right so let's just start over here and + + align:start position:0% +right so let's just start over here and + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's just start over here and +explain that so that the smaller box is + + align:start position:0% +explain that so that the smaller box is + + + align:start position:0% +explain that so that the smaller box is +the same thing if I multiply through by + + align:start position:0% +the same thing if I multiply through by + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing if I multiply through by +Delta X as Delta F is approximately F + + align:start position:0% +Delta X as Delta F is approximately F + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X as Delta F is approximately F +prime of X 0 Delta X all right and now + + align:start position:0% +prime of X 0 Delta X all right and now + + + align:start position:0% +prime of X 0 Delta X all right and now +if I just write out what this is it's f + + align:start position:0% +if I just write out what this is it's f + + + align:start position:0% +if I just write out what this is it's f +of X right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus f of X 0 I'm going to write it + + align:start position:0% +minus f of X 0 I'm going to write it + + + align:start position:0% +minus f of X 0 I'm going to write it +this way which is approximately F prime + + align:start position:0% +this way which is approximately F prime + + + align:start position:0% +this way which is approximately F prime +of X 0 and this is X minus X 0 so here + + align:start position:0% +of X 0 and this is X minus X 0 so here + + + align:start position:0% +of X 0 and this is X minus X 0 so here +I'm using the notations Delta X as X + + align:start position:0% +I'm using the notations Delta X as X + + + align:start position:0% +I'm using the notations Delta X as X +minus x0 and so this is the change in F + + align:start position:0% +minus x0 and so this is the change in F + + + align:start position:0% +minus x0 and so this is the change in F +this is just rewriting what Delta X is + + align:start position:0% +this is just rewriting what Delta X is + + + align:start position:0% +this is just rewriting what Delta X is +and now the only the last step is just + + align:start position:0% +and now the only the last step is just + + + align:start position:0% +and now the only the last step is just +to put the constant on the other side so + + align:start position:0% +to put the constant on the other side so + + + align:start position:0% +to put the constant on the other side so +f of X is approximately f of x0 plus F + + align:start position:0% +f of X is approximately f of x0 plus F + + + align:start position:0% +f of X is approximately f of x0 plus F +prime of X X minus x0 so this is this + + align:start position:0% +prime of X X minus x0 so this is this + + + align:start position:0% +prime of X X minus x0 so this is this +this is exactly what I had in them just + + align:start position:0% +this is exactly what I had in them just + + + align:start position:0% +this is exactly what I had in them just +to begin with right so these two are + + align:start position:0% +to begin with right so these two are + + + align:start position:0% +to begin with right so these two are +just algebraically the same statement + + align:start position:0% +just algebraically the same statement + + + align:start position:0% +just algebraically the same statement +there's one went one other way of + + align:start position:0% +there's one went one other way of + + + align:start position:0% +there's one went one other way of +looking at it + + align:start position:0% +looking at it + + + align:start position:0% +looking at it +all right so now I want to I want to go + + align:start position:0% +all right so now I want to I want to go + + + align:start position:0% +all right so now I want to I want to go +through some systematic discussion here + + align:start position:0% +through some systematic discussion here + + + align:start position:0% +through some systematic discussion here +of several linear approximations which + + align:start position:0% +of several linear approximations which + + + align:start position:0% +of several linear approximations which +you're going to be wanting to memorize + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be wanting to memorize + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be wanting to memorize +and rather than its being + + align:start position:0% +and rather than its being + + + align:start position:0% +and rather than its being +hard to memorize these it's supposed to + + align:start position:0% +hard to memorize these it's supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +hard to memorize these it's supposed to +remind you so you'll have a lot of extra + + align:start position:0% +remind you so you'll have a lot of extra + + + align:start position:0% +remind you so you'll have a lot of extra +reinforcement in remembering derivatives + + align:start position:0% +reinforcement in remembering derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +reinforcement in remembering derivatives +of all kinds so when we when we carry + + align:start position:0% +of all kinds so when we when we carry + + + align:start position:0% +of all kinds so when we when we carry +out these systematic discussions it's we + + align:start position:0% +out these systematic discussions it's we + + + align:start position:0% +out these systematic discussions it's we +want to make things absolutely as simple + + align:start position:0% +want to make things absolutely as simple + + + align:start position:0% +want to make things absolutely as simple +as possible and so one of the things + + align:start position:0% +as possible and so one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +as possible and so one of the things +that we do is we always use the base + + align:start position:0% +that we do is we always use the base + + + align:start position:0% +that we do is we always use the base +point to be x0 so I'm always going to + + align:start position:0% +point to be x0 so I'm always going to + + + align:start position:0% +point to be x0 so I'm always going to +have x0 is equal to 0 in these standard + + align:start position:0% +have x0 is equal to 0 in these standard + + + align:start position:0% +have x0 is equal to 0 in these standard +list of formulas that I'm going to going + + align:start position:0% +list of formulas that I'm going to going + + + align:start position:0% +list of formulas that I'm going to going +to use and if I put x0 equals 0 then + + align:start position:0% +to use and if I put x0 equals 0 then + + + align:start position:0% +to use and if I put x0 equals 0 then +this formula becomes f of X a little bit + + align:start position:0% +this formula becomes f of X a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +this formula becomes f of X a little bit +simpler to read it becomes f of X is f + + align:start position:0% +simpler to read it becomes f of X is f + + + align:start position:0% +simpler to read it becomes f of X is f +of 0 plus F prime of 0 times X all right + + align:start position:0% +of 0 plus F prime of 0 times X all right + + + align:start position:0% +of 0 plus F prime of 0 times X all right +so this is probably the form that you'll + + align:start position:0% +so this is probably the form that you'll + + + align:start position:0% +so this is probably the form that you'll +want to remember most that's again just + + align:start position:0% +want to remember most that's again just + + + align:start position:0% +want to remember most that's again just +the linear approximation but one always + + align:start position:0% +the linear approximation but one always + + + align:start position:0% +the linear approximation but one always +has to remember and this is a very + + align:start position:0% +has to remember and this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +has to remember and this is a very +important thing if this one only work + + align:start position:0% +important thing if this one only work + + + align:start position:0% +important thing if this one only work +near x is 1 this approximation here + + align:start position:0% +near x is 1 this approximation here + + + align:start position:0% +near x is 1 this approximation here +really only works when X is near x0 all + + align:start position:0% +really only works when X is near x0 all + + + align:start position:0% +really only works when X is near x0 all +right so that's a little addition that + + align:start position:0% +right so that's a little addition that + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's a little addition that +you need to throw in so this one works + + align:start position:0% +you need to throw in so this one works + + + align:start position:0% +you need to throw in so this one works +when X is near 0 all right + + align:start position:0% +when X is near 0 all right + + + align:start position:0% +when X is near 0 all right +you can't expect it to be true far away + + align:start position:0% +you can't expect it to be true far away + + + align:start position:0% +you can't expect it to be true far away +the curve can go anywhere it wants when + + align:start position:0% +the curve can go anywhere it wants when + + + align:start position:0% +the curve can go anywhere it wants when +it's far away from the point of tangency + + align:start position:0% +it's far away from the point of tangency + + + align:start position:0% +it's far away from the point of tangency +so ok so let's work this out + + align:start position:0% +so ok so let's work this out + + + align:start position:0% +so ok so let's work this out +let's do it for the sine function for + + align:start position:0% +let's do it for the sine function for + + + align:start position:0% +let's do it for the sine function for +the cosine function and for e to the X + + align:start position:0% +the cosine function and for e to the X + + + align:start position:0% +the cosine function and for e to the X +to begin with yeah question yeah when + + align:start position:0% +to begin with yeah question yeah when + + + align:start position:0% +to begin with yeah question yeah when +does this one work well so this the + + align:start position:0% +does this one work well so this the + + + align:start position:0% +does this one work well so this the +question was when does this one work + + align:start position:0% +question was when does this one work + + + align:start position:0% +question was when does this one work +again this is when X is approximately x0 + + align:start position:0% +again this is when X is approximately x0 + + + align:start position:0% +again this is when X is approximately x0 +because it's actually the same as this + + align:start position:0% +because it's actually the same as this + + + align:start position:0% +because it's actually the same as this +one over here okay and indeed that's + + align:start position:0% +one over here okay and indeed that's + + + align:start position:0% +one over here okay and indeed that's +what's going on when we when we take + + align:start position:0% +what's going on when we when we take + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on when we when we take +this this limiting value Delta X going + + align:start position:0% +this this limiting value Delta X going + + + align:start position:0% +this this limiting value Delta X going +to 0 is the same Delta X small so + + align:start position:0% +to 0 is the same Delta X small so + + + align:start position:0% +to 0 is the same Delta X small so +another way of saying it is that Delta X + + align:start position:0% +another way of saying it is that Delta X + + + align:start position:0% +another way of saying it is that Delta X +is small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now exactly what we mean by small will + + align:start position:0% +now exactly what we mean by small will + + + align:start position:0% +now exactly what we mean by small will +also be explaining but it is a matter of + + align:start position:0% +also be explaining but it is a matter of + + + align:start position:0% +also be explaining but it is a matter of +to some extent of intuition as to how + + align:start position:0% +to some extent of intuition as to how + + + align:start position:0% +to some extent of intuition as to how +much how good it is in in practical + + align:start position:0% +much how good it is in in practical + + + align:start position:0% +much how good it is in in practical +cases people will really care about how + + align:start position:0% +cases people will really care about how + + + align:start position:0% +cases people will really care about how +small it is before the approximation is + + align:start position:0% +small it is before the approximation is + + + align:start position:0% +small it is before the approximation is +useful that's a serious issue all right + + align:start position:0% +useful that's a serious issue all right + + + align:start position:0% +useful that's a serious issue all right +so let me carry out these approximations + + align:start position:0% +so let me carry out these approximations + + + align:start position:0% +so let me carry out these approximations +for X again this is always for X near + + align:start position:0% +for X again this is always for X near + + + align:start position:0% +for X again this is always for X near +zero all right + + align:start position:0% +zero all right + + + align:start position:0% +zero all right +so all of these are going to be for X + + align:start position:0% +so all of these are going to be for X + + + align:start position:0% +so all of these are going to be for X +near zero so in order to make this + + align:start position:0% +near zero so in order to make this + + + align:start position:0% +near zero so in order to make this +computation I have to evaluate the + + align:start position:0% +computation I have to evaluate the + + + align:start position:0% +computation I have to evaluate the +function it's right I need to plug in + + align:start position:0% +function it's right I need to plug in + + + align:start position:0% +function it's right I need to plug in +two numbers here in order to get this + + align:start position:0% +two numbers here in order to get this + + + align:start position:0% +two numbers here in order to get this +expression I need to know what F of zero + + align:start position:0% +expression I need to know what F of zero + + + align:start position:0% +expression I need to know what F of zero +is I need to know what F prime of zero + + align:start position:0% +is I need to know what F prime of zero + + + align:start position:0% +is I need to know what F prime of zero +is if this is the function f of X then + + align:start position:0% +is if this is the function f of X then + + + align:start position:0% +is if this is the function f of X then +I'm going to make a little table over to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to make a little table over to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to make a little table over to +the right here with F Prime and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +the right here with F Prime and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the right here with F Prime and then I'm +going to evaluate F of zero and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to evaluate F of zero and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to evaluate F of zero and then I'm +going to evaluate F prime of zero and + + align:start position:0% +going to evaluate F prime of zero and + + + align:start position:0% +going to evaluate F prime of zero and +then read off what the answers are right + + align:start position:0% +then read off what the answers are right + + + align:start position:0% +then read off what the answers are right +so first of all if the function is sine + + align:start position:0% +so first of all if the function is sine + + + align:start position:0% +so first of all if the function is sine +X the derivative is cosine X the value + + align:start position:0% +X the derivative is cosine X the value + + + align:start position:0% +X the derivative is cosine X the value +of F at zero that sine of zero is zero + + align:start position:0% +of F at zero that sine of zero is zero + + + align:start position:0% +of F at zero that sine of zero is zero +the derivative is cosine cosine of zero + + align:start position:0% +the derivative is cosine cosine of zero + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative is cosine cosine of zero +is one so there we go so now we have the + + align:start position:0% +is one so there we go so now we have the + + + align:start position:0% +is one so there we go so now we have the +coefficients zero and one so this number + + align:start position:0% +coefficients zero and one so this number + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients zero and one so this number +is zero and this number is one so what + + align:start position:0% +is zero and this number is one so what + + + align:start position:0% +is zero and this number is one so what +we get here is zero plus one times X so + + align:start position:0% +we get here is zero plus one times X so + + + align:start position:0% +we get here is zero plus one times X so +this is approximately X all right + + align:start position:0% +this is approximately X all right + + + align:start position:0% +this is approximately X all right +there's the linear approximation to sine + + align:start position:0% +there's the linear approximation to sine + + + align:start position:0% +there's the linear approximation to sine +X similarly so now this is a routine + + align:start position:0% +X similarly so now this is a routine + + + align:start position:0% +X similarly so now this is a routine +matter to just read this off with this + + align:start position:0% +matter to just read this off with this + + + align:start position:0% +matter to just read this off with this +table + + align:start position:0% +table + + + align:start position:0% +table +we'll do it for the cosine function if + + align:start position:0% +we'll do it for the cosine function if + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do it for the cosine function if +you differentiate the cosine what you + + align:start position:0% +you differentiate the cosine what you + + + align:start position:0% +you differentiate the cosine what you +get is negative sine X all right the + + align:start position:0% +get is negative sine X all right the + + + align:start position:0% +get is negative sine X all right the +value at 0 is 1 so that's cosine of 0 at + + align:start position:0% +value at 0 is 1 so that's cosine of 0 at + + + align:start position:0% +value at 0 is 1 so that's cosine of 0 at +1 the value of this minus sign at 0 is 0 + + align:start position:0% +1 the value of this minus sign at 0 is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +1 the value of this minus sign at 0 is 0 +so this is going back over here 1 plus 0 + + align:start position:0% +so this is going back over here 1 plus 0 + + + align:start position:0% +so this is going back over here 1 plus 0 +times X so this is + + align:start position:0% +times X so this is + + + align:start position:0% +times X so this is +approximately 1 this linear function + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1 this linear function + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1 this linear function +happens to be constant and finally if I + + align:start position:0% +happens to be constant and finally if I + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be constant and finally if I +do e to the X its derivative is again e + + align:start position:0% +do e to the X its derivative is again e + + + align:start position:0% +do e to the X its derivative is again e +to the X and its value at 0 is 1 the + + align:start position:0% +to the X and its value at 0 is 1 the + + + align:start position:0% +to the X and its value at 0 is 1 the +value of the derivative at 0 is also 1 + + align:start position:0% +value of the derivative at 0 is also 1 + + + align:start position:0% +value of the derivative at 0 is also 1 +so both of the terms here f of 0 and F + + align:start position:0% +so both of the terms here f of 0 and F + + + align:start position:0% +so both of the terms here f of 0 and F +prime of 0 they're both 1 and we get 1 + + align:start position:0% +prime of 0 they're both 1 and we get 1 + + + align:start position:0% +prime of 0 they're both 1 and we get 1 +plus X all right so these are the linear + + align:start position:0% +plus X all right so these are the linear + + + align:start position:0% +plus X all right so these are the linear +approximations you can memorize these + + align:start position:0% +approximations you can memorize these + + + align:start position:0% +approximations you can memorize these +you'll probably remember them either + + align:start position:0% +you'll probably remember them either + + + align:start position:0% +you'll probably remember them either +this way or that way this collection of + + align:start position:0% +this way or that way this collection of + + + align:start position:0% +this way or that way this collection of +information here encodes the same + + align:start position:0% +information here encodes the same + + + align:start position:0% +information here encodes the same +collection of information as we have + + align:start position:0% +collection of information as we have + + + align:start position:0% +collection of information as we have +over here for the values of the function + + align:start position:0% +over here for the values of the function + + + align:start position:0% +over here for the values of the function +and the values of their derivatives at 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me just emphasize again the + + align:start position:0% +so let me just emphasize again the + + + align:start position:0% +so let me just emphasize again the +geometric point of view by drawing + + align:start position:0% +geometric point of view by drawing + + + align:start position:0% +geometric point of view by drawing +pictures of these results so first of + + align:start position:0% +pictures of these results so first of + + + align:start position:0% +pictures of these results so first of +all for the sine function here's this + + align:start position:0% +all for the sine function here's this + + + align:start position:0% +all for the sine function here's this +whoop here's the sine well close enough + + align:start position:0% +whoop here's the sine well close enough + + + align:start position:0% +whoop here's the sine well close enough +okay so that's boy now that is quite + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's boy now that is quite + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's boy now that is quite +some sign isn't it let's try to make the + + align:start position:0% +some sign isn't it let's try to make the + + + align:start position:0% +some sign isn't it let's try to make the +two bumps be the same height roughly + + align:start position:0% +two bumps be the same height roughly + + + align:start position:0% +two bumps be the same height roughly +speaking all right + + align:start position:0% +speaking all right + + + align:start position:0% +speaking all right +anyway the tangent line we're talking + + align:start position:0% +anyway the tangent line we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +anyway the tangent line we're talking +about is here and this is y equals x and + + align:start position:0% +about is here and this is y equals x and + + + align:start position:0% +about is here and this is y equals x and +this is the function sine X and near + + align:start position:0% +this is the function sine X and near + + + align:start position:0% +this is the function sine X and near +zero those things coincide pretty + + align:start position:0% +zero those things coincide pretty + + + align:start position:0% +zero those things coincide pretty +closely the cosine function I'll put + + align:start position:0% +closely the cosine function I'll put + + + align:start position:0% +closely the cosine function I'll put +that underneath I guess I think I can + + align:start position:0% +that underneath I guess I think I can + + + align:start position:0% +that underneath I guess I think I can +fit it make it a little smaller here all + + align:start position:0% +fit it make it a little smaller here all + + + align:start position:0% +fit it make it a little smaller here all +right so for the cosine function we're + + align:start position:0% +right so for the cosine function we're + + + align:start position:0% +right so for the cosine function we're +up here it's y equals 1 well no wonder + + align:start position:0% +up here it's y equals 1 well no wonder + + + align:start position:0% +up here it's y equals 1 well no wonder +the tangent line is constant it's + + align:start position:0% +the tangent line is constant it's + + + align:start position:0% +the tangent line is constant it's +horizontal all right the tangent line is + + align:start position:0% +horizontal all right the tangent line is + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal all right the tangent line is +horizontal so the function corresponding + + align:start position:0% +horizontal so the function corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal so the function corresponding +is constant so this is y equals cosine X + + align:start position:0% +is constant so this is y equals cosine X + + + align:start position:0% +is constant so this is y equals cosine X +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +and finally if I draw y equals e to the + + align:start position:0% +and finally if I draw y equals e to the + + + align:start position:0% +and finally if I draw y equals e to the +X that's coming down like this and the + + align:start position:0% +X that's coming down like this and the + + + align:start position:0% +X that's coming down like this and the +tangent line is here and it's y it is 1 + + align:start position:0% +tangent line is here and it's y it is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +tangent line is here and it's y it is 1 +plus X the value is 1 and the slope is 1 + + align:start position:0% +plus X the value is 1 and the slope is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +plus X the value is 1 and the slope is 1 +all right so this is how to remember it + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is how to remember it + + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is how to remember it +graphically if you like this analytic + + align:start position:0% +graphically if you like this analytic + + + align:start position:0% +graphically if you like this analytic +picture is extremely important and will + + align:start position:0% +picture is extremely important and will + + + align:start position:0% +picture is extremely important and will +help you to deal with sines cosines and + + align:start position:0% +help you to deal with sines cosines and + + + align:start position:0% +help you to deal with sines cosines and +Exponential's yeah question the question + + align:start position:0% +Exponential's yeah question the question + + + align:start position:0% +Exponential's yeah question the question +is what do you normally use linear + + align:start position:0% +is what do you normally use linear + + + align:start position:0% +is what do you normally use linear +approximations for good question we're + + align:start position:0% +approximations for good question we're + + + align:start position:0% +approximations for good question we're +getting there first we're getting a + + align:start position:0% +getting there first we're getting a + + + align:start position:0% +getting there first we're getting a +little library of them and I'll give you + + align:start position:0% +little library of them and I'll give you + + + align:start position:0% +little library of them and I'll give you +a few examples ok so now I need to + + align:start position:0% +a few examples ok so now I need to + + + align:start position:0% +a few examples ok so now I need to +finish the catalog with two more + + align:start position:0% +finish the catalog with two more + + + align:start position:0% +finish the catalog with two more +examples which are just a little bit + + align:start position:0% +examples which are just a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +examples which are just a little bit +slightly more challenging and a little + + align:start position:0% +slightly more challenging and a little + + + align:start position:0% +slightly more challenging and a little +bit less obvious so the next couple that + + align:start position:0% +bit less obvious so the next couple that + + + align:start position:0% +bit less obvious so the next couple that +we're going to do our log of 1 plus X + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do our log of 1 plus X + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do our log of 1 plus X +and 1 plus X to the power R ok these are + + align:start position:0% +and 1 plus X to the power R ok these are + + + align:start position:0% +and 1 plus X to the power R ok these are +the last two that we're going to write + + align:start position:0% +the last two that we're going to write + + + align:start position:0% +the last two that we're going to write +down and that you need to think about + + align:start position:0% +down and that you need to think about + + + align:start position:0% +down and that you need to think about +now the procedure is the same as over + + align:start position:0% +now the procedure is the same as over + + + align:start position:0% +now the procedure is the same as over +here namely I have to write down F prime + + align:start position:0% +here namely I have to write down F prime + + + align:start position:0% +here namely I have to write down F prime +and I have to write down F of zero I + + align:start position:0% +and I have to write down F of zero I + + + align:start position:0% +and I have to write down F of zero I +have to wrap write down F prime of zero + + align:start position:0% +have to wrap write down F prime of zero + + + align:start position:0% +have to wrap write down F prime of zero +and then I'll have the coefficients to + + align:start position:0% +and then I'll have the coefficients to + + + align:start position:0% +and then I'll have the coefficients to +be able to fill in what the + + align:start position:0% +be able to fill in what the + + + align:start position:0% +be able to fill in what the +approximation is so f prime is 1 over 1 + + align:start position:0% +approximation is so f prime is 1 over 1 + + + align:start position:0% +approximation is so f prime is 1 over 1 +plus X in the case of the logarithm and + + align:start position:0% +plus X in the case of the logarithm and + + + align:start position:0% +plus X in the case of the logarithm and +F of 0 if I plug in that's that's log of + + align:start position:0% +F of 0 if I plug in that's that's log of + + + align:start position:0% +F of 0 if I plug in that's that's log of +1 which is 0 and F prime if I plug in 0 + + align:start position:0% +1 which is 0 and F prime if I plug in 0 + + + align:start position:0% +1 which is 0 and F prime if I plug in 0 +here I get 1 and similarly if I do it + + align:start position:0% +here I get 1 and similarly if I do it + + + align:start position:0% +here I get 1 and similarly if I do it +for this one I get R 1 plus X to the R + + align:start position:0% +for this one I get R 1 plus X to the R + + + align:start position:0% +for this one I get R 1 plus X to the R +minus 1 and when I plug in F of 0 I get + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 and when I plug in F of 0 I get + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 and when I plug in F of 0 I get +1 to the R which is 1 + + align:start position:0% +1 to the R which is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +1 to the R which is 1 +and here I get R times one to the R + + align:start position:0% +and here I get R times one to the R + + + align:start position:0% +and here I get R times one to the R +minus one which is R alright so so the + + align:start position:0% +minus one which is R alright so so the + + + align:start position:0% +minus one which is R alright so so the +corresponding statement here is that log + + align:start position:0% +corresponding statement here is that log + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding statement here is that log +1 plus X is approximately X and 1 plus X + + align:start position:0% +1 plus X is approximately X and 1 plus X + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus X is approximately X and 1 plus X +to the R is approximately 1 plus R X all + + align:start position:0% +to the R is approximately 1 plus R X all + + + align:start position:0% +to the R is approximately 1 plus R X all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +that's 0 plus 1 times X and here we have + + align:start position:0% +that's 0 plus 1 times X and here we have + + + align:start position:0% +that's 0 plus 1 times X and here we have +1 plus R times X and now I do want to + + align:start position:0% +1 plus R times X and now I do want to + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus R times X and now I do want to +make a connection may explain to you + + align:start position:0% +make a connection may explain to you + + + align:start position:0% +make a connection may explain to you +what's going on here + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here +and the connection with the first + + align:start position:0% +and the connection with the first + + + align:start position:0% +and the connection with the first +example we already did the logarithm + + align:start position:0% +example we already did the logarithm + + + align:start position:0% +example we already did the logarithm +once let's just point out that these are + + align:start position:0% +once let's just point out that these are + + + align:start position:0% +once let's just point out that these are +two computations are the same or + + align:start position:0% +two computations are the same or + + + align:start position:0% +two computations are the same or +practically the same here I use the base + + align:start position:0% +practically the same here I use the base + + + align:start position:0% +practically the same here I use the base +point 1 but because of my sort of + + align:start position:0% +point 1 but because of my sort of + + + align:start position:0% +point 1 but because of my sort of +convenient form which will end up being + + align:start position:0% +convenient form which will end up being + + + align:start position:0% +convenient form which will end up being +much more convenient for pretty much + + align:start position:0% +much more convenient for pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +much more convenient for pretty much +every purpose we want to do these things + + align:start position:0% +every purpose we want to do these things + + + align:start position:0% +every purpose we want to do these things +near X is approximately 0 all right + + align:start position:0% +near X is approximately 0 all right + + + align:start position:0% +near X is approximately 0 all right +you cannot expand a logarithm and + + align:start position:0% +you cannot expand a logarithm and + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot expand a logarithm and +understand a tangent line for it at x + + align:start position:0% +understand a tangent line for it at x + + + align:start position:0% +understand a tangent line for it at x +equals 0 because it goes down to minus + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 because it goes down to minus + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 because it goes down to minus +infinity similarly if you try to graph 1 + + align:start position:0% +infinity similarly if you try to graph 1 + + + align:start position:0% +infinity similarly if you try to graph 1 +plus x to the R or X to the our without + + align:start position:0% +plus x to the R or X to the our without + + + align:start position:0% +plus x to the R or X to the our without +the 1 here + + align:start position:0% +the 1 here + + + align:start position:0% +the 1 here +you'll discover that sometimes the slope + + align:start position:0% +you'll discover that sometimes the slope + + + align:start position:0% +you'll discover that sometimes the slope +is infinite and so forth so this is a + + align:start position:0% +is infinite and so forth so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +is infinite and so forth so this is a +bad choice of point 1 is a much better + + align:start position:0% +bad choice of point 1 is a much better + + + align:start position:0% +bad choice of point 1 is a much better +choice of a place to expand around and + + align:start position:0% +choice of a place to expand around and + + + align:start position:0% +choice of a place to expand around and +then we shift things so that it looks + + align:start position:0% +then we shift things so that it looks + + + align:start position:0% +then we shift things so that it looks +like it's x equals 0 by shifting by the + + align:start position:0% +like it's x equals 0 by shifting by the + + + align:start position:0% +like it's x equals 0 by shifting by the +1 so the connection with with the + + align:start position:0% +1 so the connection with with the + + + align:start position:0% +1 so the connection with with the +previous example is that the what we + + align:start position:0% +previous example is that the what we + + + align:start position:0% +previous example is that the what we +wrote before I could write as the + + align:start position:0% +wrote before I could write as the + + + align:start position:0% +wrote before I could write as the +logarithm of U is U minus 1 right that's + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of U is U minus 1 right that's + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of U is U minus 1 right that's +just recopy except with the letter U + + align:start position:0% +just recopy except with the letter U + + + align:start position:0% +just recopy except with the letter U +rather than the letter X and then I plug + + align:start position:0% +rather than the letter X and then I plug + + + align:start position:0% +rather than the letter X and then I plug +in U is equal to 1 plus X and then that + + align:start position:0% +in U is equal to 1 plus X and then that + + + align:start position:0% +in U is equal to 1 plus X and then that +if I copy it down you see that I have a + + align:start position:0% +if I copy it down you see that I have a + + + align:start position:0% +if I copy it down you see that I have a +u in place of 1 plus X that's the same + + align:start position:0% +u in place of 1 plus X that's the same + + + align:start position:0% +u in place of 1 plus X that's the same +as this and if I write out u minus 1 if + + align:start position:0% +as this and if I write out u minus 1 if + + + align:start position:0% +as this and if I write out u minus 1 if +I subtract 1 from you that means that + + align:start position:0% +I subtract 1 from you that means that + + + align:start position:0% +I subtract 1 from you that means that +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +X so that's what's on the right hand + + align:start position:0% +X so that's what's on the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +X so that's what's on the right hand +side so these are the same computation I + + align:start position:0% +side so these are the same computation I + + + align:start position:0% +side so these are the same computation I +just changed the the variable alright so + + align:start position:0% +just changed the the variable alright so + + + align:start position:0% +just changed the the variable alright so +now I want to try to address the + + align:start position:0% +now I want to try to address the + + + align:start position:0% +now I want to try to address the +question that was that was asked about + + align:start position:0% +question that was that was asked about + + + align:start position:0% +question that was that was asked about +how this is used and what the importance + + align:start position:0% +how this is used and what the importance + + + align:start position:0% +how this is used and what the importance +is and what I'm going to do is is just + + align:start position:0% +is and what I'm going to do is is just + + + align:start position:0% +is and what I'm going to do is is just +give you one example here and then try + + align:start position:0% +give you one example here and then try + + + align:start position:0% +give you one example here and then try +to emphasize the first way in which this + + align:start position:0% +to emphasize the first way in which this + + + align:start position:0% +to emphasize the first way in which this +is a useful idea so so or maybe this is + + align:start position:0% +is a useful idea so so or maybe this is + + + align:start position:0% +is a useful idea so so or maybe this is +the second example you like so we'll + + align:start position:0% +the second example you like so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +the second example you like so we'll +call this example two maybe CT or + + align:start position:0% +call this example two maybe CT or + + + align:start position:0% +call this example two maybe CT or +anything so let's just take the + + align:start position:0% +anything so let's just take the + + + align:start position:0% +anything so let's just take the +logarithm of one point one just second + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of one point one just second + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of one point one just second +let's take the logarithm of one point + + align:start position:0% +let's take the logarithm of one point + + + align:start position:0% +let's take the logarithm of one point +one so I claim that according to our + + align:start position:0% +one so I claim that according to our + + + align:start position:0% +one so I claim that according to our +rules + + align:start position:0% +rules + + + align:start position:0% +rules +I can glance at this and I can + + align:start position:0% +I can glance at this and I can + + + align:start position:0% +I can glance at this and I can +immediately see that it's approximately + + align:start position:0% +immediately see that it's approximately + + + align:start position:0% +immediately see that it's approximately +1/10 so what did I use here + + align:start position:0% +1/10 so what did I use here + + + align:start position:0% +1/10 so what did I use here +I used that the log of 1 plus X is + + align:start position:0% +I used that the log of 1 plus X is + + + align:start position:0% +I used that the log of 1 plus X is +approximately X and the value of x that + + align:start position:0% +approximately X and the value of x that + + + align:start position:0% +approximately X and the value of x that +I used was a tenth alright so that is + + align:start position:0% +I used was a tenth alright so that is + + + align:start position:0% +I used was a tenth alright so that is +the formula so maybe I should put a box + + align:start position:0% +the formula so maybe I should put a box + + + align:start position:0% +the formula so maybe I should put a box +around these two formulas - that's this + + align:start position:0% +around these two formulas - that's this + + + align:start position:0% +around these two formulas - that's this +formula here applied with x equals 1/10 + + align:start position:0% +formula here applied with x equals 1/10 + + + align:start position:0% +formula here applied with x equals 1/10 +I'm claiming that 1/10 is a sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +I'm claiming that 1/10 is a sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +I'm claiming that 1/10 is a sufficiently +small number sufficiently close to zero + + align:start position:0% +small number sufficiently close to zero + + + align:start position:0% +small number sufficiently close to zero +that this is an OK statement all right + + align:start position:0% +that this is an OK statement all right + + + align:start position:0% +that this is an OK statement all right +now I want it so the first question that + + align:start position:0% +now I want it so the first question that + + + align:start position:0% +now I want it so the first question that +I want to ask you is which do you think + + align:start position:0% +I want to ask you is which do you think + + + align:start position:0% +I want to ask you is which do you think +is a more complicated thing the + + align:start position:0% +is a more complicated thing the + + + align:start position:0% +is a more complicated thing the +left-hand side or the right-hand side I + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side or the right-hand side I + + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side or the right-hand side I +claim that this is a more complicated + + align:start position:0% +claim that this is a more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +claim that this is a more complicated +thing you'd have to go to a calculator + + align:start position:0% +thing you'd have to go to a calculator + + + align:start position:0% +thing you'd have to go to a calculator +to punch out and figure out what this + + align:start position:0% +to punch out and figure out what this + + + align:start position:0% +to punch out and figure out what this +thing is this is easy you know what 1/10 + + align:start position:0% +thing is this is easy you know what 1/10 + + + align:start position:0% +thing is this is easy you know what 1/10 +is all right + + align:start position:0% +is all right + + + align:start position:0% +is all right +so the distinction that I want to make + + align:start position:0% +so the distinction that I want to make + + + align:start position:0% +so the distinction that I want to make +is that this 1/2 this part where I'm + + align:start position:0% +is that this 1/2 this part where I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is that this 1/2 this part where I'm +sorry this is hard + + align:start position:0% +sorry this is hard + + + align:start position:0% +sorry this is hard +and this is easy alright now that may + + align:start position:0% +and this is easy alright now that may + + + align:start position:0% +and this is easy alright now that may +look contradictory but I want to just do + + align:start position:0% +look contradictory but I want to just do + + + align:start position:0% +look contradictory but I want to just do +it right above as well this is hard and + + align:start position:0% +it right above as well this is hard and + + + align:start position:0% +it right above as well this is hard and +this is easy okay this looks uglier but + + align:start position:0% +this is easy okay this looks uglier but + + + align:start position:0% +this is easy okay this looks uglier but +actually this is the hard one and this + + align:start position:0% +actually this is the hard one and this + + + align:start position:0% +actually this is the hard one and this +is giving us information about it now + + align:start position:0% +is giving us information about it now + + + align:start position:0% +is giving us information about it now +let me show you why that's true look + + align:start position:0% +let me show you why that's true look + + + align:start position:0% +let me show you why that's true look +down this column here these are the hard + + align:start position:0% +down this column here these are the hard + + + align:start position:0% +down this column here these are the hard +ones hard functions these are the easy + + align:start position:0% +ones hard functions these are the easy + + + align:start position:0% +ones hard functions these are the easy +functions what's easier than this + + align:start position:0% +functions what's easier than this + + + align:start position:0% +functions what's easier than this +nothing okay well yeah zero that's + + align:start position:0% +nothing okay well yeah zero that's + + + align:start position:0% +nothing okay well yeah zero that's +easier but okay over here it gets even + + align:start position:0% +easier but okay over here it gets even + + + align:start position:0% +easier but okay over here it gets even +worse these are the hard functions and + + align:start position:0% +worse these are the hard functions and + + + align:start position:0% +worse these are the hard functions and +these are the easy ones all right so + + align:start position:0% +these are the easy ones all right so + + + align:start position:0% +these are the easy ones all right so +that's the main advantage of linear + + align:start position:0% +that's the main advantage of linear + + + align:start position:0% +that's the main advantage of linear +approximation is you get something much + + align:start position:0% +approximation is you get something much + + + align:start position:0% +approximation is you get something much +simpler to deal with and if you've made + + align:start position:0% +simpler to deal with and if you've made + + + align:start position:0% +simpler to deal with and if you've made +a valid approximation you can make much + + align:start position:0% +a valid approximation you can make much + + + align:start position:0% +a valid approximation you can make much +progress on problems ok we'll we'll be + + align:start position:0% +progress on problems ok we'll we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +progress on problems ok we'll we'll be +doing some more examples but I saw some + + align:start position:0% +doing some more examples but I saw some + + + align:start position:0% +doing some more examples but I saw some +more questions before I made that point + + align:start position:0% +more questions before I made that point + + + align:start position:0% +more questions before I made that point +yeah is this Ln of 1.1 or what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is this is a parens live its Ln of + + align:start position:0% +this is this is a parens live its Ln of + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is a parens live its Ln of +1.1 it's the it's the digital number + + align:start position:0% +1.1 it's the it's the digital number + + + align:start position:0% +1.1 it's the it's the digital number +right I guess I've never used that + + align:start position:0% +right I guess I've never used that + + + align:start position:0% +right I guess I've never used that +before a decimal point have I I don't + + align:start position:0% +before a decimal point have I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +before a decimal point have I I don't +know okay other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's continue here let me give + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's continue here let me give + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's continue here let me give +you some more examples where it becomes + + align:start position:0% +you some more examples where it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +you some more examples where it becomes +even more vivid if you like that this + + align:start position:0% +even more vivid if you like that this + + + align:start position:0% +even more vivid if you like that this +approximation is is giving us something + + align:start position:0% +approximation is is giving us something + + + align:start position:0% +approximation is is giving us something +a little simpler to deal with so here's + + align:start position:0% +a little simpler to deal with so here's + + + align:start position:0% +a little simpler to deal with so here's +example three I want to find the linear + + align:start position:0% +example three I want to find the linear + + + align:start position:0% +example three I want to find the linear +approximation near x equals zero I also + + align:start position:0% +approximation near x equals zero I also + + + align:start position:0% +approximation near x equals zero I also +when I when I write this expression near + + align:start position:0% +when I when I write this expression near + + + align:start position:0% +when I when I write this expression near +x equals zero that's the same thing as + + align:start position:0% +x equals zero that's the same thing as + + + align:start position:0% +x equals zero that's the same thing as +this that's the same thing as saying X + + align:start position:0% +this that's the same thing as saying X + + + align:start position:0% +this that's the same thing as saying X +is approximately zero all right of the + + align:start position:0% +is approximately zero all right of the + + + align:start position:0% +is approximately zero all right of the +function e to the minus 3x divided by + + align:start position:0% +function e to the minus 3x divided by + + + align:start position:0% +function e to the minus 3x divided by +square root 1 plus X all right so here's + + align:start position:0% +square root 1 plus X all right so here's + + + align:start position:0% +square root 1 plus X all right so here's +a function ok now what I claim I want to + + align:start position:0% +a function ok now what I claim I want to + + + align:start position:0% +a function ok now what I claim I want to +use for the purposes of this + + align:start position:0% +use for the purposes of this + + + align:start position:0% +use for the purposes of this +approximation are just the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +approximation are just the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +approximation are just the sum of the +approximation formulas that we've + + align:start position:0% +approximation formulas that we've + + + align:start position:0% +approximation formulas that we've +already derived all right and just to + + align:start position:0% +already derived all right and just to + + + align:start position:0% +already derived all right and just to +combine them algebraically so I'm not + + align:start position:0% +combine them algebraically so I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +combine them algebraically so I'm not +going to do any calculus I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +going to do any calculus I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +going to do any calculus I'm just going +to remember so with e to the minus 3x + + align:start position:0% +to remember so with e to the minus 3x + + + align:start position:0% +to remember so with e to the minus 3x +it's pretty clear that I should be using + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty clear that I should be using + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty clear that I should be using +this formula for e to the X for the + + align:start position:0% +this formula for e to the X for the + + + align:start position:0% +this formula for e to the X for the +other one it may be slightly less + + align:start position:0% +other one it may be slightly less + + + align:start position:0% +other one it may be slightly less +obvious but we have powers of 1 plus x + + align:start position:0% +obvious but we have powers of 1 plus x + + + align:start position:0% +obvious but we have powers of 1 plus x +over here all right so let's plug those + + align:start position:0% +over here all right so let's plug those + + + align:start position:0% +over here all right so let's plug those +in I'll put this up so that you can + + align:start position:0% +in I'll put this up so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +in I'll put this up so that you can +remember it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we're going to carry out this + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to carry out this + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to carry out this +approximation so first of all I'm going + + align:start position:0% +approximation so first of all I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +approximation so first of all I'm going +to write this so that it's slightly more + + align:start position:0% +to write this so that it's slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +to write this so that it's slightly more +suggestive namely I'm going to write it + + align:start position:0% +suggestive namely I'm going to write it + + + align:start position:0% +suggestive namely I'm going to write it +as a product and there you can now see + + align:start position:0% +as a product and there you can now see + + + align:start position:0% +as a product and there you can now see +the exponent in this case R equals 1/2 a + + align:start position:0% +the exponent in this case R equals 1/2 a + + + align:start position:0% +the exponent in this case R equals 1/2 a +minus 1/2 that we're going to use okay + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 that we're going to use okay + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1/2 that we're going to use okay +so now I have e to the minus 3 X 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +so now I have e to the minus 3 X 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +so now I have e to the minus 3 X 1 plus +X to the minus 1/2 and that's going to + + align:start position:0% +X to the minus 1/2 and that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +X to the minus 1/2 and that's going to +be approximately well I'm going to use + + align:start position:0% +be approximately well I'm going to use + + + align:start position:0% +be approximately well I'm going to use +this formula I have to use it correctly + + align:start position:0% +this formula I have to use it correctly + + + align:start position:0% +this formula I have to use it correctly +X is replaced by minus 3x so this is 1 + + align:start position:0% +X is replaced by minus 3x so this is 1 + + + align:start position:0% +X is replaced by minus 3x so this is 1 +minus 3x and then over here I can just + + align:start position:0% +minus 3x and then over here I can just + + + align:start position:0% +minus 3x and then over here I can just +copy verbatim the other approximation + + align:start position:0% +copy verbatim the other approximation + + + align:start position:0% +copy verbatim the other approximation +formula with R equals minus 1/2 so this + + align:start position:0% +formula with R equals minus 1/2 so this + + + align:start position:0% +formula with R equals minus 1/2 so this +is x 1 minus 1/2 X all right and now I'm + + align:start position:0% +is x 1 minus 1/2 X all right and now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is x 1 minus 1/2 X all right and now I'm +going to carry out the multiplication so + + align:start position:0% +going to carry out the multiplication so + + + align:start position:0% +going to carry out the multiplication so +this is 1 minus 3x minus 1/2 X plus 3 + + align:start position:0% +this is 1 minus 3x minus 1/2 X plus 3 + + + align:start position:0% +this is 1 minus 3x minus 1/2 X plus 3 +halves x squared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hmm okay so now here's here's our + + align:start position:0% +hmm okay so now here's here's our + + + align:start position:0% +hmm okay so now here's here's our +formula so now this isn't where things + + align:start position:0% +formula so now this isn't where things + + + align:start position:0% +formula so now this isn't where things +stop and indeed in this kind of + + align:start position:0% +stop and indeed in this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +stop and indeed in this kind of +arithmetic that I'm describing now + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic that I'm describing now + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic that I'm describing now +things are actually easier than they are + + align:start position:0% +things are actually easier than they are + + + align:start position:0% +things are actually easier than they are +in ordinary algebra and arithmetic the + + align:start position:0% +in ordinary algebra and arithmetic the + + + align:start position:0% +in ordinary algebra and arithmetic the +reason is that there's another step + + align:start position:0% +reason is that there's another step + + + align:start position:0% +reason is that there's another step +which I'm now going to perform which is + + align:start position:0% +which I'm now going to perform which is + + + align:start position:0% +which I'm now going to perform which is +that I'm going to throw away this term + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to throw away this term + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to throw away this term +here all right I'm going to ignore it in + + align:start position:0% +here all right I'm going to ignore it in + + + align:start position:0% +here all right I'm going to ignore it in +fact I didn't even have to work it out + + align:start position:0% +fact I didn't even have to work it out + + + align:start position:0% +fact I didn't even have to work it out +because I'm going to throw it away so + + align:start position:0% +because I'm going to throw it away so + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm going to throw it away so +the reason is that already when I pass + + align:start position:0% +the reason is that already when I pass + + + align:start position:0% +the reason is that already when I pass +from this expression to this one that is + + align:start position:0% +from this expression to this one that is + + + align:start position:0% +from this expression to this one that is +from this type of thing to this thing I + + align:start position:0% +from this type of thing to this thing I + + + align:start position:0% +from this type of thing to this thing I +was already throwing away quadratic and + + align:start position:0% +was already throwing away quadratic and + + + align:start position:0% +was already throwing away quadratic and +higher-order terms so this isn't the + + align:start position:0% +higher-order terms so this isn't the + + + align:start position:0% +higher-order terms so this isn't the +only quadratic term there are tons of + + align:start position:0% +only quadratic term there are tons of + + + align:start position:0% +only quadratic term there are tons of +them I have to ignore all of them if I'm + + align:start position:0% +them I have to ignore all of them if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +them I have to ignore all of them if I'm +going to ignore some of them and in fact + + align:start position:0% +going to ignore some of them and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +going to ignore some of them and in fact +I only want to be left with the linear + + align:start position:0% +I only want to be left with the linear + + + align:start position:0% +I only want to be left with the linear +stuff because that's all I'm really + + align:start position:0% +stuff because that's all I'm really + + + align:start position:0% +stuff because that's all I'm really +getting a valid computation for so this + + align:start position:0% +getting a valid computation for so this + + + align:start position:0% +getting a valid computation for so this +is approximately 1 - so let's see it's a + + align:start position:0% +is approximately 1 - so let's see it's a + + + align:start position:0% +is approximately 1 - so let's see it's a +total of seven halves X all right and + + align:start position:0% +total of seven halves X all right and + + + align:start position:0% +total of seven halves X all right and +this is the the answer this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the the answer this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the the answer this is the +linear part so the x squared term is + + align:start position:0% +linear part so the x squared term is + + + align:start position:0% +linear part so the x squared term is +negligible so we drop x squared term + + align:start position:0% +negligible so we drop x squared term + + + align:start position:0% +negligible so we drop x squared term +terms and higher all right all those + + align:start position:0% +terms and higher all right all those + + + align:start position:0% +terms and higher all right all those +terms should be low order if you imagine + + align:start position:0% +terms should be low order if you imagine + + + align:start position:0% +terms should be low order if you imagine +X is a tenth or maybe a hundredth + + align:start position:0% +X is a tenth or maybe a hundredth + + + align:start position:0% +X is a tenth or maybe a hundredth +then these terms will end up being much + + align:start position:0% +then these terms will end up being much + + + align:start position:0% +then these terms will end up being much +smaller all right so we we have a rather + + align:start position:0% +smaller all right so we we have a rather + + + align:start position:0% +smaller all right so we we have a rather +crude approach and that's really the + + align:start position:0% +crude approach and that's really the + + + align:start position:0% +crude approach and that's really the +simplicity and that's the savings okay + + align:start position:0% +simplicity and that's the savings okay + + + align:start position:0% +simplicity and that's the savings okay +so now since this unit is called + + align:start position:0% +so now since this unit is called + + + align:start position:0% +so now since this unit is called +applications and these are indeed + + align:start position:0% +applications and these are indeed + + + align:start position:0% +applications and these are indeed +applications to to math I also wanted to + + align:start position:0% +applications to to math I also wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +applications to to math I also wanted to +give you a real-life application or a + + align:start position:0% +give you a real-life application or a + + + align:start position:0% +give you a real-life application or a +place where linear approximations come + + align:start position:0% +place where linear approximations come + + + align:start position:0% +place where linear approximations come +up in real life + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so maybe we'll call this example for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is supposedly a real-life example + + align:start position:0% +this is supposedly a real-life example + + + align:start position:0% +this is supposedly a real-life example +I'll try to persuade you that it is so + + align:start position:0% +I'll try to persuade you that it is so + + + align:start position:0% +I'll try to persuade you that it is so +so I like this example because it's got + + align:start position:0% +so I like this example because it's got + + + align:start position:0% +so I like this example because it's got +a lot of math as well as physics in it + + align:start position:0% +a lot of math as well as physics in it + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of math as well as physics in it +so here I am on the surface of the earth + + align:start position:0% +so here I am on the surface of the earth + + + align:start position:0% +so here I am on the surface of the earth +and here is is a satellite going this + + align:start position:0% +and here is is a satellite going this + + + align:start position:0% +and here is is a satellite going this +way at some velocity V okay and this + + align:start position:0% +way at some velocity V okay and this + + + align:start position:0% +way at some velocity V okay and this +satellite has a clock on it because this + + align:start position:0% +satellite has a clock on it because this + + + align:start position:0% +satellite has a clock on it because this +is a GPS satellite and it has it has a + + align:start position:0% +is a GPS satellite and it has it has a + + + align:start position:0% +is a GPS satellite and it has it has a +time T okay but I have a watch fact it's + + align:start position:0% +time T okay but I have a watch fact it's + + + align:start position:0% +time T okay but I have a watch fact it's +right here and I have a time which I + + align:start position:0% +right here and I have a time which I + + + align:start position:0% +right here and I have a time which I +keep which is T prime and there's an + + align:start position:0% +keep which is T prime and there's an + + + align:start position:0% +keep which is T prime and there's an +interesting relationship between T and T + + align:start position:0% +interesting relationship between T and T + + + align:start position:0% +interesting relationship between T and T +prime which is called time dilation and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is from special relativity and it's + + align:start position:0% +this is from special relativity and it's + + + align:start position:0% +this is from special relativity and it's +the following formula T prime is equal + + align:start position:0% +the following formula T prime is equal + + + align:start position:0% +the following formula T prime is equal +to T divided by the square root of 1 + + align:start position:0% +to T divided by the square root of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +to T divided by the square root of 1 +minus V squared over C squared where V + + align:start position:0% +minus V squared over C squared where V + + + align:start position:0% +minus V squared over C squared where V +is the velocity of the satellite and C + + align:start position:0% +is the velocity of the satellite and C + + + align:start position:0% +is the velocity of the satellite and C +is the speed of light ok so now I'd like + + align:start position:0% +is the speed of light ok so now I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +is the speed of light ok so now I'd like +to get a rough idea of how different my + + align:start position:0% +to get a rough idea of how different my + + + align:start position:0% +to get a rough idea of how different my +watch is from the clock on the satellite + + align:start position:0% +watch is from the clock on the satellite + + + align:start position:0% +watch is from the clock on the satellite +all right so I'm going to use this same + + align:start position:0% +all right so I'm going to use this same + + + align:start position:0% +all right so I'm going to use this same +approximation we've already used it once + + align:start position:0% +approximation we've already used it once + + + align:start position:0% +approximation we've already used it once +I'm going to write T but but now let me + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write T but but now let me + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write T but but now let me +just remind you the situation here is we + + align:start position:0% +just remind you the situation here is we + + + align:start position:0% +just remind you the situation here is we +have something of the form 1 minus u + + align:start position:0% +have something of the form 1 minus u + + + align:start position:0% +have something of the form 1 minus u +to the minus 1/2 all right that's the + + align:start position:0% +to the minus 1/2 all right that's the + + + align:start position:0% +to the minus 1/2 all right that's the +that's what's happening when I multiply + + align:start position:0% +that's what's happening when I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +that's what's happening when I multiply +through here so with u equal to V + + align:start position:0% +through here so with u equal to V + + + align:start position:0% +through here so with u equal to V +squared over C squared alright so so in + + align:start position:0% +squared over C squared alright so so in + + + align:start position:0% +squared over C squared alright so so in +real life of course the expression that + + align:start position:0% +real life of course the expression that + + + align:start position:0% +real life of course the expression that +you're going to use the linear + + align:start position:0% +you're going to use the linear + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to use the linear +approximation on isn't necessarily its + + align:start position:0% +approximation on isn't necessarily its + + + align:start position:0% +approximation on isn't necessarily its +self linear it can be any physical + + align:start position:0% +self linear it can be any physical + + + align:start position:0% +self linear it can be any physical +quantity so in this case it's V squared + + align:start position:0% +quantity so in this case it's V squared + + + align:start position:0% +quantity so in this case it's V squared +over C squared and now the approximation + + align:start position:0% +over C squared and now the approximation + + + align:start position:0% +over C squared and now the approximation +formula says that this is approximately + + align:start position:0% +formula says that this is approximately + + + align:start position:0% +formula says that this is approximately +equal to well again it's the same rule + + align:start position:0% +equal to well again it's the same rule + + + align:start position:0% +equal to well again it's the same rule +there's an R and then X is minus u so + + align:start position:0% +there's an R and then X is minus u so + + + align:start position:0% +there's an R and then X is minus u so +this is minus minus 1/2 so it's it's a 1 + + align:start position:0% +this is minus minus 1/2 so it's it's a 1 + + + align:start position:0% +this is minus minus 1/2 so it's it's a 1 +plus 1/2 u all right so this is + + align:start position:0% +plus 1/2 u all right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1/2 u all right so this is +approximately by the same rule this is T + + align:start position:0% +approximately by the same rule this is T + + + align:start position:0% +approximately by the same rule this is T +t prime is approximately T times 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +t prime is approximately T times 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +t prime is approximately T times 1 plus +1/2 V squared over C squared now I + + align:start position:0% +1/2 V squared over C squared now I + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 V squared over C squared now I +promised you that this would be a real + + align:start position:0% +promised you that this would be a real + + + align:start position:0% +promised you that this would be a real +life problem so the question is when + + align:start position:0% +life problem so the question is when + + + align:start position:0% +life problem so the question is when +people were designing these GPS systems + + align:start position:0% +people were designing these GPS systems + + + align:start position:0% +people were designing these GPS systems +they they run clocks and the satellites + + align:start position:0% +they they run clocks and the satellites + + + align:start position:0% +they they run clocks and the satellites +you're down there you're making your + + align:start position:0% +you're down there you're making your + + + align:start position:0% +you're down there you're making your +measurements you're talking to the to + + align:start position:0% +measurements you're talking to the to + + + align:start position:0% +measurements you're talking to the to +the satellite bye-bye or you're + + align:start position:0% +the satellite bye-bye or you're + + + align:start position:0% +the satellite bye-bye or you're +receiving it signals from it's radio the + + align:start position:0% +receiving it signals from it's radio the + + + align:start position:0% +receiving it signals from it's radio the +question is is this going to cause + + align:start position:0% +question is is this going to cause + + + align:start position:0% +question is is this going to cause +problems in the in the transmission and + + align:start position:0% +problems in the in the transmission and + + + align:start position:0% +problems in the in the transmission and +there are there dozens of such problems + + align:start position:0% +there are there dozens of such problems + + + align:start position:0% +there are there dozens of such problems +that you have to check for so in this + + align:start position:0% +that you have to check for so in this + + + align:start position:0% +that you have to check for so in this +case what actually happens is that V is + + align:start position:0% +case what actually happens is that V is + + + align:start position:0% +case what actually happens is that V is +about 4 kilometers per second that's how + + align:start position:0% +about 4 kilometers per second that's how + + + align:start position:0% +about 4 kilometers per second that's how +fast the GPS satellites actually go in + + align:start position:0% +fast the GPS satellites actually go in + + + align:start position:0% +fast the GPS satellites actually go in +fact they had to decide to put them at a + + align:start position:0% +fact they had to decide to put them at a + + + align:start position:0% +fact they had to decide to put them at a +certain altitude and they could have + + align:start position:0% +certain altitude and they could have + + + align:start position:0% +certain altitude and they could have +tweaked this if they put them at + + align:start position:0% +tweaked this if they put them at + + + align:start position:0% +tweaked this if they put them at +different places + + align:start position:0% +different places + + + align:start position:0% +different places +anyway the speed of light is 3 times 10 + + align:start position:0% +anyway the speed of light is 3 times 10 + + + align:start position:0% +anyway the speed of light is 3 times 10 +to the fifth kilometers per second all + + align:start position:0% +to the fifth kilometers per second all + + + align:start position:0% +to the fifth kilometers per second all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so this number V squared over C squared + + align:start position:0% +so this number V squared over C squared + + + align:start position:0% +so this number V squared over C squared +is approximately ten to the minus tenth + + align:start position:0% +is approximately ten to the minus tenth + + + align:start position:0% +is approximately ten to the minus tenth +all right now if you actually keep track + + align:start position:0% +all right now if you actually keep track + + + align:start position:0% +all right now if you actually keep track +of how much of an error that would make + + align:start position:0% +of how much of an error that would make + + + align:start position:0% +of how much of an error that would make +in a GPS location what you would find is + + align:start position:0% +in a GPS location what you would find is + + + align:start position:0% +in a GPS location what you would find is +maybe it's a millimeter or something + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's a millimeter or something + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's a millimeter or something +like that so in fact it doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +like that so in fact it doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +like that so in fact it doesn't matter +so that's that's nice but in fact the + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's nice but in fact the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's nice but in fact the +engineers who are designing these + + align:start position:0% +engineers who are designing these + + + align:start position:0% +engineers who are designing these +systems actually did use this very + + align:start position:0% +systems actually did use this very + + + align:start position:0% +systems actually did use this very +computation exactly this and the way + + align:start position:0% +computation exactly this and the way + + + align:start position:0% +computation exactly this and the way +that they used it was they decided that + + align:start position:0% +that they used it was they decided that + + + align:start position:0% +that they used it was they decided that +because the clocks were different when + + align:start position:0% +because the clocks were different when + + + align:start position:0% +because the clocks were different when +the satellite broadcasts its radio + + align:start position:0% +the satellite broadcasts its radio + + + align:start position:0% +the satellite broadcasts its radio +frequency that frequency would be + + align:start position:0% +frequency that frequency would be + + + align:start position:0% +frequency that frequency would be +shifted would be offset and they decided + + align:start position:0% +shifted would be offset and they decided + + + align:start position:0% +shifted would be offset and they decided +that the fidelity was so important that + + align:start position:0% +that the fidelity was so important that + + + align:start position:0% +that the fidelity was so important that +they would send the satellites off with + + align:start position:0% +they would send the satellites off with + + + align:start position:0% +they would send the satellites off with +this kind of exactly this offset to + + align:start position:0% +this kind of exactly this offset to + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of exactly this offset to +compensate for the way the signal is so + + align:start position:0% +compensate for the way the signal is so + + + align:start position:0% +compensate for the way the signal is so +from the point of view of good reception + + align:start position:0% +from the point of view of good reception + + + align:start position:0% +from the point of view of good reception +on your little GPS device they changed + + align:start position:0% +on your little GPS device they changed + + + align:start position:0% +on your little GPS device they changed +the frequency at which the transmitter + + align:start position:0% +the frequency at which the transmitter + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency at which the transmitter +in the satellites + + align:start position:0% +in the satellites + + + align:start position:0% +in the satellites +according to exactly this rule and + + align:start position:0% +according to exactly this rule and + + + align:start position:0% +according to exactly this rule and +incidentally the reason why they didn't + + align:start position:0% +incidentally the reason why they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +incidentally the reason why they didn't +they ignored higher order terms this + + align:start position:0% +they ignored higher order terms this + + + align:start position:0% +they ignored higher order terms this +sort of quadratic terms is that if you + + align:start position:0% +sort of quadratic terms is that if you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of quadratic terms is that if you +if you take U squared that's a size 10 + + align:start position:0% +if you take U squared that's a size 10 + + + align:start position:0% +if you take U squared that's a size 10 +to the minus xx and that really is + + align:start position:0% +to the minus xx and that really is + + + align:start position:0% +to the minus xx and that really is +totally negligible that doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +totally negligible that doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +totally negligible that doesn't matter +to any measurement at all that's on the + + align:start position:0% +to any measurement at all that's on the + + + align:start position:0% +to any measurement at all that's on the +measure on the order of nanometers and + + align:start position:0% +measure on the order of nanometers and + + + align:start position:0% +measure on the order of nanometers and +it's it's not important for any of the + + align:start position:0% +it's it's not important for any of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's not important for any of the +uses to which GPS is put ok so that's a + + align:start position:0% +uses to which GPS is put ok so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +uses to which GPS is put ok so that's a +real example of a use of linear + + align:start position:0% +real example of a use of linear + + + align:start position:0% +real example of a use of linear +approximations all right so let's take a + + align:start position:0% +approximations all right so let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +approximations all right so let's take a +little pause here I'm going to now + + align:start position:0% +little pause here I'm going to now + + + align:start position:0% +little pause here I'm going to now +switch gears and talk about quadratic + + align:start position:0% +switch gears and talk about quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +switch gears and talk about quadratic +approximations but before I do that + + align:start position:0% +approximations but before I do that + + + align:start position:0% +approximations but before I do that +let's have some more questions yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the question would have suppose + + align:start position:0% +okay so the question would have suppose + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the question would have suppose +I did this by a different method all + + align:start position:0% +I did this by a different method all + + + align:start position:0% +I did this by a different method all +right suppose I applied the original + + align:start position:0% +right suppose I applied the original + + + align:start position:0% +right suppose I applied the original +formula here namely I define the + + align:start position:0% +formula here namely I define the + + + align:start position:0% +formula here namely I define the +function f of X which was this function + + align:start position:0% +function f of X which was this function + + + align:start position:0% +function f of X which was this function +here alright and then I plugged in its + + align:start position:0% +here alright and then I plugged in its + + + align:start position:0% +here alright and then I plugged in its +value at x equals 0 and the value of its + + align:start position:0% +value at x equals 0 and the value of its + + + align:start position:0% +value at x equals 0 and the value of its +derivative at x equals 0 so the answer + + align:start position:0% +derivative at x equals 0 so the answer + + + align:start position:0% +derivative at x equals 0 so the answer +is yes it's also true that if I call + + align:start position:0% +is yes it's also true that if I call + + + align:start position:0% +is yes it's also true that if I call +this function f of X then it must be + + align:start position:0% +this function f of X then it must be + + + align:start position:0% +this function f of X then it must be +true that the linear approximation is f + + align:start position:0% +true that the linear approximation is f + + + align:start position:0% +true that the linear approximation is f +of x0 plus f prime of its at zero so + + align:start position:0% +of x0 plus f prime of its at zero so + + + align:start position:0% +of x0 plus f prime of its at zero so +it's f of x0 F prime of x0 times X right + + align:start position:0% +it's f of x0 F prime of x0 times X right + + + align:start position:0% +it's f of x0 F prime of x0 times X right +so that should be true that's this + + align:start position:0% +so that should be true that's this + + + align:start position:0% +so that should be true that's this +that's the formula that we're using it's + + align:start position:0% +that's the formula that we're using it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the formula that we're using it's +up there in the pink also alright so + + align:start position:0% +up there in the pink also alright so + + + align:start position:0% +up there in the pink also alright so +this is the formula so now what about f + + align:start position:0% +this is the formula so now what about f + + + align:start position:0% +this is the formula so now what about f +of 0 well if i plug in 0 here i get 1 + + align:start position:0% +of 0 well if i plug in 0 here i get 1 + + + align:start position:0% +of 0 well if i plug in 0 here i get 1 +times 1 so this thing is 1 so that's no + + align:start position:0% +times 1 so this thing is 1 so that's no + + + align:start position:0% +times 1 so this thing is 1 so that's no +surprise + + align:start position:0% +surprise + + + align:start position:0% +surprise +and that's what I got all right if I + + align:start position:0% +and that's what I got all right if I + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what I got all right if I +computed F prime by the product rule it + + align:start position:0% +computed F prime by the product rule it + + + align:start position:0% +computed F prime by the product rule it +would be an annoying somewhat long + + align:start position:0% +would be an annoying somewhat long + + + align:start position:0% +would be an annoying somewhat long +computation and because of what we've + + align:start position:0% +computation and because of what we've + + + align:start position:0% +computation and because of what we've +just done we know what it has to be it + + align:start position:0% +just done we know what it has to be it + + + align:start position:0% +just done we know what it has to be it +has to be negative seven-halves because + + align:start position:0% +has to be negative seven-halves because + + + align:start position:0% +has to be negative seven-halves because +this is a shortcut for doing it this is + + align:start position:0% +this is a shortcut for doing it this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is a shortcut for doing it this is +faster than doing that but of course + + align:start position:0% +faster than doing that but of course + + + align:start position:0% +faster than doing that but of course +that's a legal way of doing it when you + + align:start position:0% +that's a legal way of doing it when you + + + align:start position:0% +that's a legal way of doing it when you +get to second derivatives you'll quickly + + align:start position:0% +get to second derivatives you'll quickly + + + align:start position:0% +get to second derivatives you'll quickly +discover that this method that I've just + + align:start position:0% +discover that this method that I've just + + + align:start position:0% +discover that this method that I've just +described is is complicated but far + + align:start position:0% +described is is complicated but far + + + align:start position:0% +described is is complicated but far +superior to differentiating this + + align:start position:0% +superior to differentiating this + + + align:start position:0% +superior to differentiating this +expression twice the would you have to + + align:start position:0% +expression twice the would you have to + + + align:start position:0% +expression twice the would you have to +throw away an x-squared term if you + + align:start position:0% +throw away an x-squared term if you + + + align:start position:0% +throw away an x-squared term if you +differentiate it no and in fact we + + align:start position:0% +differentiate it no and in fact we + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate it no and in fact we +didn't really have to do that here if + + align:start position:0% +didn't really have to do that here if + + + align:start position:0% +didn't really have to do that here if +you differentiate and then plug in x + + align:start position:0% +you differentiate and then plug in x + + + align:start position:0% +you differentiate and then plug in x +equals 0 so if you differentiate this + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 so if you differentiate this + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 so if you differentiate this +and you plug in x equals 0 you get minus + + align:start position:0% +and you plug in x equals 0 you get minus + + + align:start position:0% +and you plug in x equals 0 you get minus +7 halves + + align:start position:0% +7 halves + + + align:start position:0% +7 halves +you've differentiate this and you plug + + align:start position:0% +you've differentiate this and you plug + + + align:start position:0% +you've differentiate this and you plug +in x equals 0 this term still drops out + + align:start position:0% +in x equals 0 this term still drops out + + + align:start position:0% +in x equals 0 this term still drops out +because it's just a 3x when you + + align:start position:0% +because it's just a 3x when you + + + align:start position:0% +because it's just a 3x when you +differentiate and then you plug in x + + align:start position:0% +differentiate and then you plug in x + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate and then you plug in x +equals 0 it's gone 2 and similarly if + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 it's gone 2 and similarly if + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 it's gone 2 and similarly if +you're up here it goes away and + + align:start position:0% +you're up here it goes away and + + + align:start position:0% +you're up here it goes away and +similarly over here it goes away so the + + align:start position:0% +similarly over here it goes away so the + + + align:start position:0% +similarly over here it goes away so the +higher order terms never influence the + + align:start position:0% +higher order terms never influence the + + + align:start position:0% +higher order terms never influence the +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +this computation here this just captures + + align:start position:0% +this computation here this just captures + + + align:start position:0% +this computation here this just captures +the linear features of the of the + + align:start position:0% +the linear features of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +the linear features of the of the +function alright so now I want to go on + + align:start position:0% +function alright so now I want to go on + + + align:start position:0% +function alright so now I want to go on +to quadratic approximation and we're now + + align:start position:0% +to quadratic approximation and we're now + + + align:start position:0% +to quadratic approximation and we're now +we're going to elaborate on this formula + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so a linear approximation huh well that + + align:start position:0% +so a linear approximation huh well that + + + align:start position:0% +so a linear approximation huh well that +should have been linear approximation + + align:start position:0% +should have been linear approximation + + + align:start position:0% +should have been linear approximation +liner that's interesting okay so that + + align:start position:0% +liner that's interesting okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +liner that's interesting okay so that +that was wrong but now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that was wrong but now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that was wrong but now we're going to +change it to quadrat so suppose we we + + align:start position:0% +change it to quadrat so suppose we we + + + align:start position:0% +change it to quadrat so suppose we we +talked about a quadratic approximation + + align:start position:0% +talked about a quadratic approximation + + + align:start position:0% +talked about a quadratic approximation +here now the quadratic approximation is + + align:start position:0% +here now the quadratic approximation is + + + align:start position:0% +here now the quadratic approximation is +going to be just an elaboration one more + + align:start position:0% +going to be just an elaboration one more + + + align:start position:0% +going to be just an elaboration one more +step of detail from the linear in other + + align:start position:0% +step of detail from the linear in other + + + align:start position:0% +step of detail from the linear in other +words it's an extension of the linear + + align:start position:0% +words it's an extension of the linear + + + align:start position:0% +words it's an extension of the linear +approximation and so we're adding one + + align:start position:0% +approximation and so we're adding one + + + align:start position:0% +approximation and so we're adding one +more term here and the extra term turns + + align:start position:0% +more term here and the extra term turns + + + align:start position:0% +more term here and the extra term turns +out to be related to the second + + align:start position:0% +out to be related to the second + + + align:start position:0% +out to be related to the second +derivative but there's a factor of two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so this is the formula for the + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is the formula for the + + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is the formula for the +quadratic approximation and this chunk + + align:start position:0% +quadratic approximation and this chunk + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic approximation and this chunk +of it of course is the linear part this + + align:start position:0% +of it of course is the linear part this + + + align:start position:0% +of it of course is the linear part this +time I'll spell linear correctly all + + align:start position:0% +time I'll spell linear correctly all + + + align:start position:0% +time I'll spell linear correctly all +right so the linear part is the first + + align:start position:0% +right so the linear part is the first + + + align:start position:0% +right so the linear part is the first +piece and the quadratic part is the + + align:start position:0% +piece and the quadratic part is the + + + align:start position:0% +piece and the quadratic part is the +second piece now I want to develop the + + align:start position:0% +second piece now I want to develop the + + + align:start position:0% +second piece now I want to develop the +same catalog of functions as I as I had + + align:start position:0% +same catalog of functions as I as I had + + + align:start position:0% +same catalog of functions as I as I had +before in other words I want to extend + + align:start position:0% +before in other words I want to extend + + + align:start position:0% +before in other words I want to extend +our formulas to to the higher order + + align:start position:0% +our formulas to to the higher order + + + align:start position:0% +our formulas to to the higher order +terms and if you do that for the this + + align:start position:0% +terms and if you do that for the this + + + align:start position:0% +terms and if you do that for the this +example here maybe I'll even illustrate + + align:start position:0% +example here maybe I'll even illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +example here maybe I'll even illustrate +with this example before I go on if you + + align:start position:0% +with this example before I go on if you + + + align:start position:0% +with this example before I go on if you +do it with this example here just to + + align:start position:0% +do it with this example here just to + + + align:start position:0% +do it with this example here just to +give you a flavor for what goes on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what turns out to be the case so this is + + align:start position:0% +what turns out to be the case so this is + + + align:start position:0% +what turns out to be the case so this is +the linear version and now I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +the linear version and now I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +the linear version and now I'm going to +compare it to the quadratic version so + + align:start position:0% +compare it to the quadratic version so + + + align:start position:0% +compare it to the quadratic version so +the quadratic version turns out to be + + align:start position:0% +the quadratic version turns out to be + + + align:start position:0% +the quadratic version turns out to be +this that's what turns out to be the + + align:start position:0% +this that's what turns out to be the + + + align:start position:0% +this that's what turns out to be the +quadratic approximation and when I use + + align:start position:0% +quadratic approximation and when I use + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic approximation and when I use +this example here so this is one point + + align:start position:0% +this example here so this is one point + + + align:start position:0% +this example here so this is one point +one which is the same as log of one plus + + align:start position:0% +one which is the same as log of one plus + + + align:start position:0% +one which is the same as log of one plus +tenth right so that's approximately a + + align:start position:0% +tenth right so that's approximately a + + + align:start position:0% +tenth right so that's approximately a +tenth minus a half one-tenth squared + + align:start position:0% +tenth minus a half one-tenth squared + + + align:start position:0% +tenth minus a half one-tenth squared +right so one two hundredth so that turns + + align:start position:0% +right so one two hundredth so that turns + + + align:start position:0% +right so one two hundredth so that turns +out instead of being a tenth that's + + align:start position:0% +out instead of being a tenth that's + + + align:start position:0% +out instead of being a tenth that's +point what is it oh nine five or + + align:start position:0% +point what is it oh nine five or + + + align:start position:0% +point what is it oh nine five or +something like that it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +something like that it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +something like that it's a little bit +less all right it's not point one but + + align:start position:0% +less all right it's not point one but + + + align:start position:0% +less all right it's not point one but +it's pretty close + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty close + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty close +okay so that if you like the correction + + align:start position:0% +okay so that if you like the correction + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that if you like the correction +is in the is in lower in the in the + + align:start position:0% +is in the is in lower in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +is in the is in lower in the in the +decimal expansion all right so now let + + align:start position:0% +decimal expansion all right so now let + + + align:start position:0% +decimal expansion all right so now let +me let me actually check a few of these + + align:start position:0% +me let me actually check a few of these + + + align:start position:0% +me let me actually check a few of these +I'll carry them out and what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +I'll carry them out and what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +I'll carry them out and what I'm going +to probably save for next time is + + align:start position:0% +to probably save for next time is + + + align:start position:0% +to probably save for next time is +explaining to you so this is why this + + align:start position:0% +explaining to you so this is why this + + + align:start position:0% +explaining to you so this is why this +factor of 1/2 and we're going to do this + + align:start position:0% +factor of 1/2 and we're going to do this + + + align:start position:0% +factor of 1/2 and we're going to do this +later + + align:start position:0% +later + + + align:start position:0% +later +do this do this next time you can + + align:start position:0% +do this do this next time you can + + + align:start position:0% +do this do this next time you can +certainly do well to stick with this + + align:start position:0% +certainly do well to stick with this + + + align:start position:0% +certainly do well to stick with this +presentation for one more lecture so we + + align:start position:0% +presentation for one more lecture so we + + + align:start position:0% +presentation for one more lecture so we +can see this reinforced all right so so + + align:start position:0% +can see this reinforced all right so so + + + align:start position:0% +can see this reinforced all right so so +now I'm going to work out these + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to work out these + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to work out these +derivatives + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of the higher order terms and let me do + + align:start position:0% +of the higher order terms and let me do + + + align:start position:0% +of the higher order terms and let me do +it for the X approximately zero case so + + align:start position:0% +it for the X approximately zero case so + + + align:start position:0% +it for the X approximately zero case so +so first of all I want to add in the + + align:start position:0% +so first of all I want to add in the + + + align:start position:0% +so first of all I want to add in the +extra term here all right here's the + + align:start position:0% +extra term here all right here's the + + + align:start position:0% +extra term here all right here's the +extra term for the quadratic part and + + align:start position:0% +extra term for the quadratic part and + + + align:start position:0% +extra term for the quadratic part and +now in order to figure out what's going + + align:start position:0% +now in order to figure out what's going + + + align:start position:0% +now in order to figure out what's going +on I'm going to need to compute also + + align:start position:0% +on I'm going to need to compute also + + + align:start position:0% +on I'm going to need to compute also +second derivatives so here I need a + + align:start position:0% +second derivatives so here I need a + + + align:start position:0% +second derivatives so here I need a +second derivative and I need to throw in + + align:start position:0% +second derivative and I need to throw in + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative and I need to throw in +the value of that second derivative at 0 + + align:start position:0% +the value of that second derivative at 0 + + + align:start position:0% +the value of that second derivative at 0 +right so this is what I'm going to need + + align:start position:0% +right so this is what I'm going to need + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is what I'm going to need +to compute so if I do it for example for + + align:start position:0% +to compute so if I do it for example for + + + align:start position:0% +to compute so if I do it for example for +the sine function I already have the + + align:start position:0% +the sine function I already have the + + + align:start position:0% +the sine function I already have the +linear part I need this last bit so I + + align:start position:0% +linear part I need this last bit so I + + + align:start position:0% +linear part I need this last bit so I +differentiate the sine function twice + + align:start position:0% +differentiate the sine function twice + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate the sine function twice +and I get I claim minus the sine + + align:start position:0% +and I get I claim minus the sine + + + align:start position:0% +and I get I claim minus the sine +function the first derivative is the + + align:start position:0% +function the first derivative is the + + + align:start position:0% +function the first derivative is the +cosine and the cosine derivative is the + + align:start position:0% +cosine and the cosine derivative is the + + + align:start position:0% +cosine and the cosine derivative is the +minus the sine and when I evaluate it at + + align:start position:0% +minus the sine and when I evaluate it at + + + align:start position:0% +minus the sine and when I evaluate it at +0 I get low and behold 0 sine of 0 is 0 + + align:start position:0% +0 I get low and behold 0 sine of 0 is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +0 I get low and behold 0 sine of 0 is 0 +so actually the quadratic approximation + + align:start position:0% +so actually the quadratic approximation + + + align:start position:0% +so actually the quadratic approximation +is the same 0 times x squared there's no + + align:start position:0% +is the same 0 times x squared there's no + + + align:start position:0% +is the same 0 times x squared there's no +x squared term here so that's why this + + align:start position:0% +x squared term here so that's why this + + + align:start position:0% +x squared term here so that's why this +is such a terrific approximation it's + + align:start position:0% +is such a terrific approximation it's + + + align:start position:0% +is such a terrific approximation it's +also the quadratic approximation for the + + align:start position:0% +also the quadratic approximation for the + + + align:start position:0% +also the quadratic approximation for the +cosine function if you differentiate + + align:start position:0% +cosine function if you differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +cosine function if you differentiate +twice you get the derivative is this + + align:start position:0% +twice you get the derivative is this + + + align:start position:0% +twice you get the derivative is this +minus the sine and the derivative that + + align:start position:0% +minus the sine and the derivative that + + + align:start position:0% +minus the sine and the derivative that +is minus the cosine all right so that's + + align:start position:0% +is minus the cosine all right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +is minus the cosine all right so that's +F double Prime and now if I evaluate + + align:start position:0% +F double Prime and now if I evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +F double Prime and now if I evaluate +that at 0 I get negative 1 and so the + + align:start position:0% +that at 0 I get negative 1 and so the + + + align:start position:0% +that at 0 I get negative 1 and so the +term that I have to plug in here this + + align:start position:0% +term that I have to plug in here this + + + align:start position:0% +term that I have to plug in here this +negative 1 is the coefficient that + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 is the coefficient that + + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 is the coefficient that +appears right here so I need a minus 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +appears right here so I need a minus 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +appears right here so I need a minus 1/2 +x squared extra alright and if you do it + + align:start position:0% +x squared extra alright and if you do it + + + align:start position:0% +x squared extra alright and if you do it +for the e to the X and get an e to the X + + align:start position:0% +for the e to the X and get an e to the X + + + align:start position:0% +for the e to the X and get an e to the X +and you get a 1 and so you get a plus + + align:start position:0% +and you get a 1 and so you get a plus + + + align:start position:0% +and you get a 1 and so you get a plus +1/2 x squared here all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now I'm going to finish these two in + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to finish these two in + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm going to finish these two in +just a second but I first want to tell + + align:start position:0% +just a second but I first want to tell + + + align:start position:0% +just a second but I first want to tell +you about the geometric significance of + + align:start position:0% +you about the geometric significance of + + + align:start position:0% +you about the geometric significance of +this quadratic term so here we go + + align:start position:0% +this quadratic term so here we go + + + align:start position:0% +this quadratic term so here we go +geometric significance of the quadratic + + align:start position:0% +geometric significance of the quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +geometric significance of the quadratic +term so that geometric significance is + + align:start position:0% +term so that geometric significance is + + + align:start position:0% +term so that geometric significance is +is best to describe just by drawing a + + align:start position:0% +is best to describe just by drawing a + + + align:start position:0% +is best to describe just by drawing a +picture here and I'm going to draw the + + align:start position:0% +picture here and I'm going to draw the + + + align:start position:0% +picture here and I'm going to draw the +picture of the cosine function and + + align:start position:0% +picture of the cosine function and + + + align:start position:0% +picture of the cosine function and +remember we already had the tangent line + + align:start position:0% +remember we already had the tangent line + + + align:start position:0% +remember we already had the tangent line +so the tangent line was this horizontal + + align:start position:0% +so the tangent line was this horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +so the tangent line was this horizontal +here alright and that was y equals 1 but + + align:start position:0% +here alright and that was y equals 1 but + + + align:start position:0% +here alright and that was y equals 1 but +you can see intuitively that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +you can see intuitively that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +you can see intuitively that doesn't +even tell you whether this function is + + align:start position:0% +even tell you whether this function is + + + align:start position:0% +even tell you whether this function is +above or below one there it doesn't tell + + align:start position:0% +above or below one there it doesn't tell + + + align:start position:0% +above or below one there it doesn't tell +you much it's sort of begging for there + + align:start position:0% +you much it's sort of begging for there + + + align:start position:0% +you much it's sort of begging for there +to be a little more information to tell + + align:start position:0% +to be a little more information to tell + + + align:start position:0% +to be a little more information to tell +us what the function is doing nearby and + + align:start position:0% +us what the function is doing nearby and + + + align:start position:0% +us what the function is doing nearby and +indeed that's what this second + + align:start position:0% +indeed that's what this second + + + align:start position:0% +indeed that's what this second +expression does for us it's some kind of + + align:start position:0% +expression does for us it's some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +expression does for us it's some kind of +parabola underneath here so this is y + + align:start position:0% +parabola underneath here so this is y + + + align:start position:0% +parabola underneath here so this is y +equals 1 minus 1/2 x squared which is a + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 minus 1/2 x squared which is a + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 minus 1/2 x squared which is a +much better fit to the curve than the + + align:start position:0% +much better fit to the curve than the + + + align:start position:0% +much better fit to the curve than the +horizontal line all right and this is if + + align:start position:0% +horizontal line all right and this is if + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal line all right and this is if +you like this is the best fit parabola + + align:start position:0% +you like this is the best fit parabola + + + align:start position:0% +you like this is the best fit parabola +so it's going to be the closest parabola + + align:start position:0% +so it's going to be the closest parabola + + + align:start position:0% +so it's going to be the closest parabola +to the to the to the curve and that's + + align:start position:0% +to the to the to the curve and that's + + + align:start position:0% +to the to the to the curve and that's +more or less the significance it's much + + align:start position:0% +more or less the significance it's much + + + align:start position:0% +more or less the significance it's much +much closer all right I want to give you + + align:start position:0% +much closer all right I want to give you + + + align:start position:0% +much closer all right I want to give you +well so I I think we'll save these other + + align:start position:0% +well so I I think we'll save these other + + + align:start position:0% +well so I I think we'll save these other +derivations for next time because I + + align:start position:0% +derivations for next time because I + + + align:start position:0% +derivations for next time because I +think we're out of time now so we'll do + + align:start position:0% +think we're out of time now so we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +think we're out of time now so we'll do +these next time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BhVyiU_dWps.txt b/BhVyiU_dWps.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ceb67b67e638cc08411a7491910b9e7e7de1bee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/BhVyiU_dWps.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3050 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of +MIT courses, visit + +MIT OpenCourseWare +at ocw.mit.edu + +PROFESSOR: So we started by +talking about thermodynamics. + +And then switched off to +talking about probability. + +And you may well ask, what's +the connection between these? + +And we will eventually try +to build that connection + +through statistical physics. + +And maybe this lecture +today will sort of + +provide you with why these +elements of probability + +are important and essential +to making this bridge. + +So last time, I started with +talking about the Central Limit + +Theorem which pertains to +adding lots of variables + +together to form a sum. + +And the control parameter +that we will use + +is this number of +terms in the sum. + +So in principle, +there's a joint PDF + +that determines how these +variables are distributed. + +And using that, we can calculate +various characteristics + +of this sum. + +If I were to raise the +sum to some power m, + +I could do that by doing a sum +over i running from let's say + +i1 running from 1 to N, i2 +running from-- im running + +from 1 to N, so basically +speaking this sum. + +And then I have x of +i1, x of i2, x of im. + +So basically I multiplied m +copies of the original sum + +together. + +And if I were to calculate +some moment of this, + +basically the moment of a sum +is the sum of the moments. + +I could do this. + +Now the last thing +that we did last time + +was to look at some +characteristic function + +for the sum related to the +characteristic function + +of this joint +probability distribution, + +and conclude that actually +exactly the same relation holds + +if I were to put index +c for a cumulant. + +And that is basically, say the +mean is the sum of the means, + +the variance is sum of +all possible variances + +and covariances. + +And this holds to all orders. + +OK? + +Fine. + +So where do we go from here? + +We are going to gradually +simplify the problem in order + +to get some final +result that we want. + +But that result eventually +is a little bit more general + +than the simplification. + +The first simplification +that we do + +is to look at +independent variables. + +And what happened when we +had the independent variables + +was that the +probability distribution + +could be written as the product +of probability distributions + +pertaining to different ones. + +I would have a p1 acting +on x1, a p2 acting on x2, + +a pn acting on the xn. + +Now, when we did that, +we saw that actually one + +of the conditions that would +then follow from this if we + +were to Fourier transform and +then try to expand in powers + +of k, is we would never get in +the expansion of the log terms + +that were coupling +different k's. + +Essentially all of the joint +cumulants involving things + +other than one variable +by itself would vanish. + +So essentially in that +limit, the only terms + +in this that would +survive we're the ones + +in which all of the +indices were the same. + +So basically in that +case, I would write this + +as a sum i running from one +to N, xi to the power of N. + +So basically for +independent variables, + +let's say, the variance is +the sum of the variances, + +the third cumulant is the sum of +the third cumulants, et cetera. + +One more simplification. + +Again not necessary +for the final thing + +that we want to have in mind. + +But let's just assume +that all of these + +are identically distributed. + +By that I mean that this is +basically the same probability + +that I would use for +each one of them. + +So this I could write +as a product over i one + +to N, the same p for each xi. + +Just to make sure you sum +notation that you may see every + +now and then, variables that +are independent and identically + +distributed are +sometimes called IID's. + +And if I focus my attention +to these IID's, then + +all of these things are +clearly the same thing. + +And the answer would be +simply N times the cumulant + +that I would have +for one of them. + +This-- actually some +version of this, + +we already saw for the +binomial distribution + +in which the same +coin, let's say, + +was thrown N independent times. + +And all of the cumulants for +the sum of the number of heads, + +let's say, were related to +the cumulants in one trial + +that you would get. + +OK? + +So fine. + +Nothing so far here. + +However let's imagine now that +I construct a variable that I + +will call y, which +is the variable + +x, this sum that I have. + +From it I subtract +N times the mean, + +and then I divide +by square root of N. + +I can certainly choose to do so. + +Then what we observe here +is that the average of y + +by this construction is 0. + +Because essentially, I make +sure that the average of x + +is subtracted. + +No problem. + +Average of y squared-- +not average of y squared, + +but the variance. + +Surely it's easy to show +the variance doesn't really + +depend on the subtraction. + +It is the same thing +as the variance of x. + +So it is going to +be essentially x + +squared c divided +by square of this. + +So I will have N. +And x squared, big x + +squared cumulant, +according to this rule, + +is N times small x +squared cumulant. + +And I get something like this. + +Still nothing interesting. + +But now let's look +at the m-th cumulant. + +So let's look at y m c for +m that is greater than 2. + +And then what do I get? + +I will get to N times x m c +divided by N to the m over 2. + +The N to the power +of m over 2 just + +came from raising this +to the power of m, + +since I'm looking at y to the m. + +And x to the m c, according +to this, is N times x1. + +Now we see that +this is something + +that is proportional to the N to +the power of 1 minus m over 2. + +And since I chose m +to be greater than 2, + +in the limit that N becomes +much, much larger than 1, + +this goes to 0. + +So if I look at the limit where +the number of terms in the sum + +is much larger than +1, what I conclude + +is that the probability +distribution for this variable + +that I have constructed has +0 mean, a finite variance, + +and all the other +higher order cumulants + +are asymptotically vanishing. + +So I know that the +probability of y, + +which is this variable that +I have given you up there, + +is given by the one distribution +that we know is completely + +characterized by its first +and second cumulant, which + +is the Gaussian. + +So it is exponential of minus y +squared, two times its variance + +divided, appropriately +normalized. + +Essentially this sum is +Gaussian distributed. + +And this result +is true for things + +that are not IID's so long +as this sum i1 to im, one + +to N, xi1 to xim goes as +N goes to infinity, much, + +much less than 1, +as long as it is + +less than-- less than strictly +than N to the m over 2. + +So basically, what +I want to do is + +to ensure that when I +construct the analog of this, + +I would have something that when +I divide by N to the m over 2, + +I will asymptotically go to 0. + +So in the case of IID's, +the numerator goes like N, + +it could be that I +have correlations + +among the variables et +cetera, so that there + +are other terms in the sum +because of the correlations + +as long as the sum total +of them asymptotically + +grows less than N +to the m over 2, + +this statement that +the sum is Gaussian + +distributed it is +going to be valid. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Question-- +how can you compare + +a value of [INAUDIBLE] with +number of variables that you + +[INAUDIBLE]? + +Because this is +a-- just, if, say, + +your random value is +set [? in advance-- ?] + +PROFESSOR: So basically, +you choose a probability + +distribution-- at least in +this case, it is obvious. + +In this case, basically +what we want to know + +is that there is a +probability distribution + +for individual variables. + +And I repeat it +many, many times. + +So it is like the coin. + +So for the coin I +will ensure that I + +will throw it hundreds of times. + +Now suppose that for +some reason, if I throw + +the coin once, the +next five times + +it is much more likely to be the +same thing that I had before. + +Kind of some strange +coin, or whatever. + +Then there is some +correlation up to five. + +So when I'm calculating +things up to five, + +there all kinds of +results over here. + +But as long as that's five +is independent of the length + +of the sequence, if I throw +things 1,000 times, still only + +groups of five that +are correlated, + +then this result still holds. + +Because I have the additional +parameter N to play with. + +So I want to have a +parameter N to play with + +to go to infinity which +is independent of what + +characterizes the +distribution of my variable. + +AUDIENCE: I was mainly +concerned with the fact + +that you compare +the cumulant which + +has the same dimension +as your random variable. + +So if my random variable is-- +I measure length or something. + +I do it many, many times +length is measured in meters, + +and you try to compare it +to a number of measurements. + +So, shouldn't there be +some dimensionful constant + +on the right? + +PROFESSOR: So +here, this quantity + +has dimensions of +meter to m-th power, + +this quantity has dimensions +of meter to the m-th power. + +This quantity is dimensionless. + +Right? + +So what I want is +the N dependence + +to be such that when I go +to large N, it goes to 0. + +It is true that this +is still multiplying + +something that has-- so it is. + +AUDIENCE: It's like less than +something of order of N to m/2? + +OK. + +PROFESSOR: Oh this +is what you-- order. + +Thank you. + +AUDIENCE: The last time +[INAUDIBLE] cumulant + +[INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yes, thank you. + +Any other correction, +clarification? + +OK. + +So again but we will +see that essentially + +in statistical +physics, we will have, + +always, to deal with +some analog of this N, + +like the part number of +molecules of gas in this room, + +et cetera, that enables us +to use something like this. + +I mean, it is clear +that in this case, + +I chose to subtract the mean +and divide by N to the 1/2. + +But suppose I didn't have +the division by N to the 1/2. + +Then what happens is that I +could have divided for example + +by N. Then my +distribution for something + +that has a well-defined, +independent mean + +would have gone to something +like a delta function + +in the limit of N +going to infinity. + +But I kind of sort +of change my scale + +by dividing by N to +the 1/2 rather than + +N to sort of emphasize that +the scale of fluctuations + +is of the order of +square root of N. + +This is again something +that generically happens. + +So let's say, we know the +energy of the gas in this room + +to be proportional to +volume or whatever. + +The amount of +uncertainty that we have + +will be of the order of +square root of volume. + +So it's clear that we +are kind of building + +results that have to do with +dependencies on N. So let's + +sort of look at some other +things that happen when we are + +dealing with large number +of degrees of freedom. + +So already we've +spoken about things + +that intensive, variables such +as temperature, pressure, et + +cetera. + +And their characteristic +is that if we express them + +in terms of, say, the +number of constituents, + +they are independent +of that number. + +As opposed to extensive +quantities, such as the energy + +or the volume, et cetera, +that are proportional to this. + +We can certainly +imagine things that + +would increase [INAUDIBLE] +the polynomial, order of N + +to some power. + +If I have N molecules +of gas, and I + +ask how many pairs of +interactions I have, + +you would say it's N, N +minus 1 over 2, for example. + +That would be +something like this. + +But most importantly, when we +deal with statistical physics, + +we will encounter +quantities that + +have exponential dependence. + +That is, they will +be something like e + +to the N with some something +that will appear after. + +An example of that is when we +were, for example, calculating + +the phase space +of gas particles. + +A gas particle by itself can +be in a volume V. Two of them, + +jointly, can occupy +a volume V squared. + +Three of them, V +cubed, et cetera. + +Eventually you hit V to +the N for N particles. + +So that's a kind of +exponential dependence. + +So this is e g V +to the N that you + +would have for joined +volume of N particles. + +OK? + +So some curious +things happen when + +you have these +kinds of variables. + +And one thing that +you may not realize + +is what happens when you +summing exponentials. + +So let's imagine that +I have a sum composed + +of a number of terms i running +from one to script N-- script n + +is the number of terms +in the sum-- that + +are of these exponential types. + +So let's actually sometimes I +will call this-- never mind. + +So let's call these +e to the N phi-- + +Let me write it in this fashion. + +Epsilon i where epsilon i +satisfies two conditions. + +One of them, it is positive. + +And the other is +that it has this kind + +of exponential dependence. + +It is order of e to +the N phi i where + +there could be some prefactor or +something else in front to give + +you dimension and stuff like +that that you were discussing. + +I assume that the +number of terms + +is less than or of the +order of some polynomial. + +OK? + +Then my claim is +that, in some sense, + +the sum S is the largest term. + +OK? + +So let's sort of put +this graphically. + +What I'm telling you is that +we have a whole bunch of terms + +that are these epsilons i's. + +They're all positive, so I +can sort of indicate them + +by bars of different lengths +that are positive and so forth. + +So let's say this is epsilon +1, epsilon 2 all the way + +to epsilon N. And let's say +that this guy is the largest. + +And my task is to add up the +length of all of these things. + +So how do I claim that the +length is just the largest one. + +It's in the following sense. + +You would agree that +this sum you say + +is certainly larger +than the largest term, + +because I have added +lots of other things + +to the largest term, and +they are all positive. + +I say, fine, what +I'm going to do + +is I'm going to raise the +length of everybody else + +to be the same thing +as epsilon max. + +And then I would say +that the sum is certainly + +less than this artificial sum +where I have raised everybody + +to epsilon max. + +OK? + +So then what I will do is I will +take log off this expression, + +and it will be bounded by log +of epsilon max and log of N + +epsilon max, which is the same +thing as log of epsilon max + +plus log of N. And +then I divide by N. + +And then note that the +conditions that I have set up + +are such that in the limit +that N goes to infinity, + +script N would be +P log N over N. + +And the limit of this as N +becomes much less than 1 is 0. + +Log N over N goes to 0 +as N goes to infinity. + +So basically this sum +is bounded on both sides + +by the same thing. + +So what we've established +is that essentially log of S + +over N, its limit as +N goes to infinity, + +is the same thing as a +log of epsilon max over N, + +which is what? + +If I say my epsilon max's have +this exponential dependence, + +is phi max. + +And actually this is again +the reason for something + +that you probably have seen. + +That using statistical +physics let's + +say a micro-canonical +ensemble when + +you say exactly +what the energy is. + +Or you look at the +canonical ensemble + +where the energy can +be all over the place, + +why do you get the same result? + +This is why. + +Any questions on this? + +Everybody's happy, obviously. + +Good. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +a question? + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +AUDIENCE: The N on +the end, [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: There's a script N, +which is the number of terms. + +And there's the Roman N, +which is the parameter that + +is the analog of the number +of degrees of freedom. + +The one that we usually +deal in statistical physics + +would be, say, the +number of particles. + +AUDIENCE: So number of +measurements [INAUDIBLE] number + +of particles. + +PROFESSOR: Number +of measurements? + +AUDIENCE: So the +script N is what? + +PROFESSOR: The script N +could be, for example, I'm + +summing over all +pairs of interactions. + +So the number of pairs +would go like N squared. + +Now in reality +practicality in all cases + +that you will deal with, +this P would be one. + +So the number of terms +that we would be dealing + +would be of the order of the +number of degrees of freedom. + +So, we will see some +examples of that later on. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +script N might be N squared? + +PROFESSOR: If I'm forced +to come up with a situation + +where script N is +N squared, I would + +say count the number of pairs. + +Number of pairs if +I have N [? sides ?] + +is N, N minus 1 over 2. + +So this is something that +goes like N squared over 2. + +Can I come up with +a physical situation + +where I'm summing over +the number of terms? + +Not obviously, but it could +be something like that. + +The situations in statistical +physics that we come up with + +is typically, let's say, in +going from the micro-canonical + +to the canonical +ensemble, you would + +be summing over energy levels. + +And typically, let's +say, in a system + +that is bounded the +number of energy levels + +is proportional to the +number of particles. + +Now there cases that actually, +in going from micro-canonical + +to canonical, like the energy +of the gas in this room, + +the energy axis goes all +the way from 0 to infinity. + +So there is a continuous version +of the summation procedure + +that we have that is +then usually applied + +which is in mathematics +is called the saddle point + +integration. + +So basically there, rather +than having to deal with a sum, + +I deal with an integral. + +The integration is over +some variable, let's say x. + +Could be energy, whatever. + +And then I have a quantity that +has this exponential character. + +And then again, in +some specific sense, + +I can just look at the largest +value and replace this with e + +to the N phi evaluated at x max. + +I should really write +this as a proportionality, + +but we'll see what +that means shortly. + +So basically it's +the above picture, + +I have a continuous variable. + +And this continuous +variable, let's + +say I have to sum a quantity +that is e to the N phi. + +So maybe I will have to +not sum, but integrate over + +a function such as this. + +And let's say this is the +place where the maximums occur. + +So the procedure +of saddle point is + +to expand phi +around its maximum. + +And then I can write i as an +integral over x, exponential + +of N, phi evaluated +at the maximum. + +Now if I'm doing +a Taylor series, + +then next term in +the Taylor series + +typically would involve +the first derivative. + +But around the maximum, +the first derivative is 0. + +Again if it is a maximum, +the second derivative phi + +double prime evaluated at +this xm, would be negative. + +And that's why I indicate +it in this fashion. + +To sort of emphasize that it +is a negative thing, x minus xm + +squared. + +And then I would have higher +order terms, N minus xm cubed, + +et cetera. + +Actually what I will do is I +will expand all of those things + +separately. + +So I have e to the minus +N over 6 phi triple prime. + +N plus N over 6 phi triple +prime, evaluated at xm, + +x minus xm cubed, and then the +fourth order term and so forth. + +So basically there is +a series such as this + +that I would have to look at. + +So the first term you can +take outside the integral. + +And the integration +against the one of this + +is simply a Gaussian. + +So what I would +get is square root + +of 2 pi divided by the variance, +which is N phi double prime. + +So that's the first term +I have taken care of. + +Now the next term +actually the way + +that I have it, since I'm +expanding something that + +is third order around a +potential that is symmetric. + +That would give me 0. + +The next order term, which is +x minus xm to the fourth power, + +you already know how +to calculate averages + +of various powers with the +Gaussian using Wick's Theorem. + +And it would be +related to essentially + +to the square of the variance. + +The square of the variance +would be essentially the square + +of this quantity out here. + +So I will get a correction +that is order of 1 over N. + +So if you have +sufficient energy, + +you can actually numerically +calculate what this is + +and the higher order +terms, et cetera. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Could +you, briefly remind + +what the second term +in the bracket means? + +PROFESSOR: This? + +This? + +AUDIENCE: The whole thing, +on the second bracket. + +PROFESSOR: In the numerator, +I would have N phi m, N phi + +prime. + +Let's call the deviation y y. + +But phi prime is 0 +around the maximum. + +So the next order +term will be phi + +double prime y squared over 2. + +The next order term will be phi +triple prime y cubed over 6. + +e to the minus N phi triple +prime y cubed over 6, + +I can expand as 1 minus N phi +triple prime y cubed over 6, + +which is what this is. + +And then you can go and do that +with all of the other terms. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Isn't it +then you can also + +expand as N the local maximum? + +PROFESSOR: Excellent. + +Good. + +So you are saying, why didn't +I expand around this maximum, + +around this maximum. + +So let's do that. + +xm prime xm double prime. + +So I would have a series +around the other maxima. + +So the next one would be N to +the phi of xm prime, root 2 + +pi N phi double +prime at xm prime. + +And then one plus order of 1 +over N And then the next one, + +and so forth. + +Now we are interested in the +limit where N goes to infinity. + +Or N is much, much +larger than 1. + +In the limit where N +is much larger than 1, + +Let's imagine that +these two phi's + +if I were to plot not e +to the phi but phi itself. + +Let's imagine that +these two phi's are + +different by I don't know, +0.1, 10 to the minus 4. + +It doesn't matter. + +I'm multiplying +two things with N, + +and then I'm comparing +two exponentials. + +So if this maximum was at 1, +I would have here e to the N. + +If this one was at +1 minus epsilon, + +over here I would have e +to the N minus N epsilon. + +And so I can always ignore +this compared to that. + +And so basically, this +is the leading term. + +And if I were to take its log +and divide by N, what do I get? + +I will get phi of xm. + +And then I would get +from this something + +like minus 1/2 log of N phi +double prime xm over 2 pi. + +And I divided by N, +so this is 1 over N. + +And the next term would be +order of 1 over N squared. + +So systematically, +in the large N limit, + +there is a series +for the quantity log + +i divided by N that +starts with phi of xm. + +And then subsequent terms +to it, you can calculate. + +Actually I was kind +of hesitant in writing + +this as asymptotically +equal because you + +may have worried +about the dimensions. + +There should be something +that has dimensions of x here. + +Now when I take the log it +doesn't matter that much. + +But the dimension +appears over here. + +It's really the size of the +interval that contributes which + +is of the order of N to the 1/2. + +And that's where +the log N comes. + +Questions? + +Now let me do one example of +this because we will need it. + +We can easily show +that N factorial + +you can write as 0 to infinity +dx x to N, e to the minus x. + +And if you don't +believe this, you + +can start with the integral +0 to infinity of dx + +e to the minus alpha +x being one over alpha + +and taking many derivatives. + +If you take N +derivatives on this side, + +you would have 0 to N dx x to +the N, e to the minus alpha x, + +because every time, you +bring down a factor of x. + +On the other side, if you +take derivatives, 1 over alpha + +becomes 1 over +alpha squared, then + +goes to 2 over alpha cubed, then +go c over alpha to the fourth. + +So basically we will N +factorial alpha to the N plus 1. + +So I just set alpha equals to 1. + +Now if you look at the thing +that I have to integrate, + +it is something that +has a function of x, + +the quantity that I should +integrate starts as x to the N, + +and then decays exponentially. + +So over here, I have +x to the N. Out here I + +have e to the minus x. + +It is not quite of the +form that I had before. + +Part of it is proportional to +N in the exponent, part of it + +is not. + +But you can still use +exactly the saddle point + +approach for even this function. + +And so that's what we will do. + +I will write this as +integral 0 to infinity dx e + +to some function of x where +this function of x is N + +log x minus x. + +And then I will follow that +procedure despite this is not + +being quite entirely +proportional to N. + +I will find its maximum +by setting phi prime to 0. + +phi prime is N over x minus 1. + +So clearly, phi prime +to 0 will give me + +that x max is N. So the +location of this maximum + +that I have is in fact N. + +And the second derivative, +phi double prime, + +is minus N over x squared, which +if I evaluate at the maximum, + +is going to be minus 1 over +N. Because the maximum occurs + +at the N. + +So if I'm were to make a +saddle point expansion of this, + +I would say that N factorial +is integral 0 to infinity, dx + +e to the phi evaluated at x +max, which is N log N minus N. + +First derivative is 0. + +The second derivative +will give me minus 1 + +over N with a factor +of 2 because I'm + +expanding second order. + +And then I have x +minus this location + +of the maximum squared. + +And there would be higher order +terms from the higher order + +derivatives. + +So I can clearly take e to +the N log N minus N out front. + +And then the +integration that I have + +is just a standard Gaussian +with a variance that + +is just proportional to N. +So I would get a root 2 pi N. + +And then I would have +higher order corrections + +that if you are energetic, +you can actually calculate. + +It's not that difficult. + +So you get this Stirling's +Formula that limit of large N, + +let's do log of N factorial is N +log N minus N. And if you want, + +you can go one step further, +and you have 1/2 log of 2 pi N. + +And the next order term +would be order of 1/N. + +Any questions? + +OK? + +Where do I need to use this? + +Next part, we are going to talk +about entropy, information, + +and estimation. + +So the first four +topics of the course + +thermodynamics, probability, +this kinetic theory of gases, + +and basic of +statistical physics. + +In each one of them, you will +define some version of entropy. + +We already saw the +thermodynamic one + +as dQ divided by T meaning dS. + +Now just thinking +about probability + +will also enable you to +define some form of entropy. + +So let's see how we go about it. + +So also information, +what does that mean? + +It goes back to +work off Shannon. + +And the idea is as +follows, suppose + +you want to send a +message of N characters. + +The characters +themselves are taken + +from some kind of +alphabet, if you + +like, x1 through xM +that has M characters. + +So, for example +if you're sending + +a message in English +language, you + +would be using the +letters A through Z. + +So you have M off 26. + +Maybe if you want +to include space, + +punctuation, it would +be larger than that. + +But let's say if you're +dealing with English language, + +the probabilities of +the different characters + +are not the same. + +So S and P, you are going to +encounter much more frequently + +than, say, Z or X. So let's say +that the frequencies with which + +we expect these characters +to occur are things like P1 + +through PM. + +OK? + +Now how many possible +messages are there? + +So number of possible +messages that's are composed + +of N occurrences of alphabet +of M letters you would say + +is M to the N. Now, Shannon was +sort of concerned with sending + +the information +about this message, + +let's say, over a line +where you have converted it + +to, say, a binary code. + +And then you would say +that the number of bits + +that would correspond to M to +the N is the N log base 2 of M. + +That is, if you really +had the simpler case + +where your selections was just +head or tail, it was binary. + +And you wanted to +send to somebody + +else the outcome of +500 throws of a coin. + +It would be a sequence of +500 0's and 1's corresponding + +to head or tails. + +So you would have to send +for the binary case, one + +bit per outcome. + +If it is something +like a base of DNA + +and there are four things, +you would have two per base. + +So that would be log 4 base 2. + +And for English, it would +be log 26 or whatever + +the appropriate number is +with punctuation-- maybe + +comes to 32-- possible +characters than five + +per [? element ?]. + +OK. + +But you know that +if you sort of were + +to look at all possible +messages, most of them + +would be junk. + +And in particular, if you had +used this simple substitution + +code, for example, to +mix up your message, + +you replaced A by +something else, et cetera, + +the frequencies +would be preserved. + +So sort of clearly a nice way to +decode this substitution code, + +if you have a long +enough text, you sort of + +look at how many +repetitions they are + +and match them with +their frequencies + +that you expect for +a real language. + +So the number of +possible messages-- + +So in a typical +message, what you + +expect Ni, which is Pi +N occurrences, of xi. + +So if you know for example, what +the frequencies of the letters + +in the alphabet are, in +a long enough message, + +you expect that typically +you would get that number. + +Of course, what +that really means + +is that you're going +to get correction + +because not all +messages are the same. + +But the deviation +that you would get + +from getting something that is +proportional to the probability + +through the frequency in the +limit of a very long message + +would be of the order +of N to the 1/2. + +So ignoring this +N to the 1/2, you + +would say that the typical +message that I expect + +to receive will have characters +according to these proportions. + +So if I asked the +following question, + +not what are the number +of all possible messages, + +but what is the number +of typical messages? + +I will call that g. + +The number of typical +messages would + +be always of distributing +these number of characters + +in a message of length N. Again +there are clearly correlations. + +But for the time +being, forgetting all + +of the correlations, if +[? we ?] [? do ?] correlations, + +we only reduce this number. + +So this number is much, +much less time M to the N. + +Now here is I'm going to make an +excursion to so far everything + +was clear. + +Now I'm going to say something +that is kind of theoretically + +correct, but +practically not so much. + +You could, for +example, have some way + +of labeling all possible +typical messages. + +So you would have-- this would +be typical message number + +one, number two, all the way +to typical message number g. + +This is the number +of typical message. + +Suppose I could point out to +one of these messages and say, + +this is the message +that was actually sent. + +How many bits of +information would I + +have to that indicate +one number out of g? + +The number of bits +of information + +for a typical message, rather +than being this object, + +would simply be log g. + +So let's see what this log g is. + +And for the time being, +let's forget the basis. + +I can always change +basis by dividing + +by log of whatever quantity +I'm looking at the basis. + +This is they log of N factorial +divided by these product over i + +of Ni factorials which +are these Pi N's. + +And in the limit of +large N, what I can use + +is the Stirling's Formula +that we had over there. + +So what I have is N log N +minus N in the numerator. + +Minus sum over i Ni +log of Ni minus Ni. + +Of course the sum over +Ni's cancels this N, + +so I don't need to +worry about that. + +And I can rearrange this. + +I can write this as +this N as sum over i Ni. + +Put the terms that are +proportional to Ni together. + +You can see that +I get Ni log of Ni + +over N, which +would be log of Pi. + +And I can actually then +take out a factor of N, + +and write it as sum +over i Pi log of Pi. + +And just as a excursion, +this is something + +that you've already +seen hopefully. + +This is also called +mixing entropy. + +And we will see +it later on, also. + +That is, if I had +initially a bunch of, + +let's say, things that +were of color red, + +and separately in a +box a bunch of things + +that are color green, and +then bunch of things that + +are a different color, +and I knew initially + +where they were in +each separate box, + +and I then mix them up +together so that they're + +putting all possible +random ways, + +and I don't know +which is where, I + +have done something +that is irreversible. + +It is very easy to take +these boxes of marbles + +of different colors +and mix them up. + +You have to do more work +to separate them out. + +And so this increase +in entropy is + +given by precisely +the same formula here. + +And it's called +the mixing entropy. + +So what we can see +now that we sort of + +rather than thinking +of these as particles, + +we were thinking of +these as letters. + +And then we mixed up the +letters in all possible ways + +to make our messages. + +But quite generally for +any discrete probability, + +so a probability that has a +set of possible outcomes Pi, + +we can define an +entropy S associated + +with these set of probabilities, +which is given by this formula. + +Minus sum over i Pi log of Pi. + +If you like, it is also this-- +not quite, doesn't makes + +sense-- but it's some kind +of an average of log P. + +So anytime we see a +discrete probability, + +we can certainly do that. + +It turns out that also we will +encounter in cases later on, + +where rather than having +a discrete probability, + +we have a probability +density function. + +And we would be very tempted +to define an entropy associated + +with a PDF to be something +like minus an integral dx + +P of x log of P of x. + +But this is kind of undefined. + +Because probability density +depends on some quantity + +x that has units. + +If this was probability +along a line, + +and I changed my units +from meters to centimeters, + +then this log will +gain a factor that + +will be associated with +the change in scale + +So this is kind of undefined. + +One of the miracles +of statistical physics + +is that we will find +the exact measure + +to make this probability +in the continuum + +unique and independent of +the choice of-- I mean, + +there is a very +precise choice of units + +for measuring things that +would make this well-defined. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: But that would be +undefined up to some sort of + +[INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: After +you [INAUDIBLE]. + +AUDIENCE: So you can still +extract dependencies from it. + +PROFESSOR: You can +still calculate things + +like differences, et cetera. + +But there is a certain +lack of definition. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] the +relation between this entropy + +defined here with the +entropy defined earlier, + +you notice the parallel. + +PROFESSOR: We find +that all you have to do + +is to multiply by +a Boltzmann factor, + +and they would become identical. + +So we will see that. + +It turns out that the heat +definition of entropy, + +once you look at +the right variables + +to define probability with, then +the entropy of a probability + +distribution is +exactly the entropy + +that comes from the +heat calculation. + +So up to here, there is a +measured numerical constant + +that we have to define. + +All right. + +But what does this have to +do with this Shannon story? + +Going back to the story, if I +didn't know the probabilities, + +if I didn't know +this, I would say + +that I need to pass on +this amount of information. + +But if I somehow constructed +the right scheme, + +and the person that +I'm sending the message + +knows the probabilities, +then I need + +to send this amount of +information, which is actually + +less than N log M. + +So clearly having knowledge +of the probabilities + +gives you some ability, +some amount of information, + +so that you have +to send less bits. + +OK. + +So the reduction in number +of bits due to knowledge of P + +is the difference between N log +M, which I had to do before, + +and what I have to +do now, which is + +N Pi sum over i Pi log of Pi. + +So which is N log M plus +sum over i Pi log of Pi. + +I can evaluate +this in any basis. + +If I wanted to really count in +terms of the number of bits, + +I would do both of these +things in log base 2. + +It is clearly something that +is proportional to the length + +of the message. + +That is, if I want to send a +book that these twice as big, + +the amount of bits will +be reduced proportionately + +by this amount. + +So you can define +a quantity that + +is basically the +information per bit. + +And this is given the +knowledge of the probabilities, + +you really have gained +an information per bit + +which is the difference of log +M and sum over i Pi log Pi. + +Up to a sign and this +additional factor of log N, + +the entropy-- because I can +actually get rid of this N-- + +the entropy and the information +are really the same thing + +up to a sign. + +And just to sort of +make sure that we + +understand the +appropriate limits. + +If I have something +like the case + +where I have a +uniform distribution. + +Let's say that I say that +all characters in my message + +are equally likely to occur. + +If it's a coin, it's unbiased +coin, it's as likely in a throw + +to be head or tail. + +You would say that if +it's an unbiased coin, + +I really should send one +bit per throw of the coin. + +And indeed, that will +follow from this. + +Because in this +case, you can see + +that the information +contained is + +going to be log M. And then +I have plus 1 over M log of 1 + +over M. And there are M +such terms that are uniform. + +And this gives me 0. + +There is no information here. + +If I ask what's the +entropy in this case. + +The entropy is M terms. + +Each one of them have +a factor of 1 over M. + +And then I have a +log of 1 over M. + +And there is a minus +sign here overall. + +So this is log of M. + +So you've probably seen this +version of the entropy before. + +That if you have M +equal possibilities, + +the entropy is +related to log M. This + +is the case where all of +outcomes are equally likely. + +So basically this is +a uniform probability. + +Everything is equally likely. + +You have no information. + +You have this maximal +possible entropy. + +The other extreme +of it would be where + +you have a definite result. + +You have a coin that +always gives you heads. + +And if the other +person knows that, + +you don't need to +send any information. + +No matter thousand times, +it will be thousand heads. + +So here, Pi is a delta function. + +Let's say i equals to five +or whatever number is. + +So one of the +variables in the list + +carries all the probability. + +All the others +carry 0 probability. + +How much information +do I have here? + +I have log M. Now when I +go and looked at the list, + +in the list, either P is 0, or +P is one, but the log of 1 and M + +is 0. + +So this is basically +going to give me 0. + +Entropy in this case is 0. + +The information is maximum. + +You don't need to +pass any information. + +So anything else is in between. + +So you sort of think +of a probability that + +is some big thing, some +small things, et cetera, + +you can figure out +what its entropy is + +and what is +information content is. + +So actually I don't +know the answer. + +But presume it's very +easy to figure out + +what's the information +per character + +of the text in English language. + +Once you know the +frequencies of the characters + +you can go and calculate this. + +Questions. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: Just to +clarify the terminology, + +so the information +means the [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: The number +of bits that you + +have to transmit to +the other person. + +So the other person +knows the probability. + +Given that they know +the probabilities, + +how many fewer +bits of information + +should I send to them? + +So their knowledge +corresponds to a gain + +in number of bits, which +is given by this formula. + +If you know that the +coin that I'm throwing + +is biased so that it +always comes heads, + +then I don't have to +send you any information. + +So per every time +I throw the coin, + +you have one bit of information. + +Other questions? + +AUDIENCE: The equation, the +top equation, so natural + +log [INAUDIBLE] natural +log of 2, [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: I initially +calculated my standing formula + +as log of N factorial +is N log N minus N. + +So since I had done +everything in natural log, + +I maintained that. + +And then I used this +symbol that log, say, 5 2 + +is the same thing that maybe +are used with this notation. + +I don't know. + +So if I don't indicate a number +here, it's the natural log. + +It's base e. + +If I put a number so log, +let's say, base 2 of 5 + +is log 5 divided by log 2. + +AUDIENCE: So [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Log 2, log 2. + +Information. + +AUDIENCE: Oh. + +PROFESSOR: Or if you like, I +could have divided by log 2 + +here. + +AUDIENCE: But so +there [INAUDIBLE] + +all of the other +places, and you just + +[? write ?] all +this [INAUDIBLE]. + +All right, thank +you, [? Michael. ?] + +PROFESSOR: Right. + +Yeah. + +So this is the general +way to transfer + +between log, natural +log, and any log. + +In the language of +electrical engineering, + +where Shannon worked, it is +common to express everything + +in terms of the number of bits. + +So whenever I'm +expressing things + +in terms of the number +of bits, I really + +should use the log of 2. + +So I really, if I want +to use information, + +I really should use log of 2. + +Whereas in statistical +physics, we usually + +use the natural log +in expressing entropy. + +AUDIENCE: Oh, so it doesn't +really matter [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: It's just +an overall coefficient. + +As I said that +eventually, if I want + +to calculate to the heat +version of the entropy, + +I have to multiply by +yet another number, which + +is the Boltzmann constant. + +So really the +conceptual part is more + +important than the +overall numerical factor. + +OK? + +I had the third item in my list +here, which we can finish with, + +which is estimation. + +So frequently you are +faced with the task + +of assigning probabilities. + +So there's a situation. + +You know that there's +a number of outcomes. + +And you want to +assign probabilities + +for these outcomes. + +And the procedure +that we will use + +is summarized by the +following sentence + +that I have to then define. + +The most unbiased-- +let's actually + +just say it's the +definition if you like-- + +the unbiased assignment +of probabilities + +maximizes the entropy +subject to constraints. + +Known constraints. + +What do I mean by that? + +So suppose I had told you +that we are throwing a dice. + +Or let's say a coin, but +let's go back to the dice. + +And the dice has possibilities +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. + +And this is the only +thing that I know. + +So if somebody says +that I'm throwing a dice + +and you don't know +anything else, + +there's no reason for you to +privilege 6 with respect to 4, + +or 3 with respect to 5. + +So as far as I know, at this +moment in time, all of these + +are equally likely. + +So I will assign each one of +them for probability of 1/6. + +But we also saw over +here what was happening. + +The uniform +probability was the one + +that had the largest entropy. + +If I were to change +the probability + +so that something goes up +and something goes down, + +then I calculate that formula. + +And I find that the-- +sorry-- the uniform + +one has the largest entropy. + +This has less entropy +compared to the uniform one. + +So what we have done in +assigning uniform probability + +is really to maximize the +entropy subject to the fact + +that I don't know anything +except that the probabilities + +should add up to 1. + +But now suppose +that somebody threw + +the dice many, many times. + +And each time they +were throwing the dice, + +they were calculating +the number. + +But they didn't give us +the number and frequency + +is what they told us was that +at the end of many, many run, + +the average number that +we were coming up was 3.2, + +4.7, whatever. + +So we know the average of M. + +So I know now some +other constraint. + +I've added to the +information that I had. + +So if I want to reassign +the probabilities given + +that somebody told me that +in a large number of runs, + +the average value of +the faces that showed up + +was some particular value. + +What do I do? + +I say, well, I maximize S which +depends on these Pi's, which + +is minus sum over i Pi +log of Pi, subjected + +to constraints that I know. + +Now one constraint +you already used + +previously is that the +sum of the probabilities + +is equal to 1. + +This I introduce here through +a Lagrange multiplier, + +alpha, which I will adjust later +to make sure that this holds. + +And in general, what we do if +we have multiple constraints is + +we can add more and more +Lagrange multipliers. + +And the average of M is +sum over, let's say, i Pi. + +So 1 times P of +1, 2 times P of 2, + +et cetera, will give you +whatever the average value is. + +So these are the two constraints +that I specified for you here. + +There could've been other +constraints, et cetera. + +So then, if you have a +function with constraint + +that you have to extremize, you +add these Lagrange multipliers. + +Then you do dS by dPi. + +Why did I do this? dS by +dPi, which is minus log of Pi + +from here. + +Derivative of log P is 1 over P, +with this will give me minus 1. + +There is a minus alpha here. + +And then there's a minus +beta times i from here. + +And extremizing means I +have to set this to 0. + +So you can see that the +solution to this is Pi-- + +or actually log of Pi, +let's say, is minus 1 + +plus alpha minus beta i. + +So that Pi is e to +the minus 1 plus alpha + +e to the minus beta times i. + +I haven't completed the story. + +I really have to +solve the equations + +in terms of alpha and +beta that would give me + +the final results in terms +of the expectation value of i + +as well as some +other quantities. + +But this is the procedure +that you would normally + +use to give you the unbiased +assignment of probability. + +Now this actually goes back to +what I said at the beginning. + +That there's two ways of +assigning probabilities, + +either objectively by actually +doing lots of measurement, + +or subjectivity. + +So this is really +formalizing what + +this objective procedure means. + +So you put in all +of the information + +that you have, the number +of states, any constraints. + +And then you maximize +entropy that we + +defined what it +was to get the best + +maximal entropy for the +assignment of probabilities + +consistent with +things that you know. + +You probably recognize this form +as kind of a Boltzmann weight + +that comes up again and +again in statistical physics. + +And that is again natural, +because there are constraints, + +such as the average +value of energy, + +average value of the +number of particles, + +et cetera, that consistent +with maximizing their entropy, + +give you forms such as this. + +So you can see that +a lot of concepts + +that we will later on be +using in statistical physics + +are already embedded in these +discussions of probability. + +And we've also seen how the +large N aspect comes about, + +et cetera. + +So we now have the +probabilistic tools. + +And from next +time, we will go on + +to define the +degrees of freedom. + +What are the units that we +are going to be talking about? + +And how to assign them some +kind of a probabilistic picture. + +And then build on into +statistical mechanics. + +Yes. + +AUDIENCE: So here, +you write the letter i + +to represent, in this case, the +results of a random die roll, + +that you can replace it with any +function of a random variable. + +PROFESSOR: Exactly. + +So I could have, maybe +rather than giving me + +the average value of the number +that was appearing on the face, + +they would have given +me the average inverse. + +And then I would have had this. + +I could have had +multiple things. + +So maybe somebody else +measures something else. + +And then my general +form would be + +e to the minus beta +measurement of type one, + +minus beta 2 measurement +of type two, et cetera. + +And the rest of thing over +here is clearly just a constant + +of proportionality +that I would need + +to adjust for the normalization. + +OK? + +So that's it for today. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BjjkSM1Dasg.txt b/BjjkSM1Dasg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b711e0c61d5d0117e58be390021128b342933fb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/BjjkSM1Dasg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we will now go through another example + + align:start position:0% +we will now go through another example + + + align:start position:0% +we will now go through another example +to consolidate our intuition about the + + align:start position:0% +to consolidate our intuition about the + + + align:start position:0% +to consolidate our intuition about the +content of the law of iterated + + align:start position:0% +content of the law of iterated + + + align:start position:0% +content of the law of iterated +expectations and the law of the total + + align:start position:0% +expectations and the law of the total + + + align:start position:0% +expectations and the law of the total +variance the example is as follows we + + align:start position:0% +variance the example is as follows we + + + align:start position:0% +variance the example is as follows we +have a class and that class consists of + + align:start position:0% +have a class and that class consists of + + + align:start position:0% +have a class and that class consists of +30 students in total who are divided in + + align:start position:0% +30 students in total who are divided in + + + align:start position:0% +30 students in total who are divided in +two sections the first and the second + + align:start position:0% +two sections the first and the second + + + align:start position:0% +two sections the first and the second +section let X I be the score of student + + align:start position:0% +section let X I be the score of student + + + align:start position:0% +section let X I be the score of student +I let's say the final grade in the class + + align:start position:0% +I let's say the final grade in the class + + + align:start position:0% +I let's say the final grade in the class +we consider the following probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +we consider the following probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +we consider the following probabilistic +experiment we pick a student at random + + align:start position:0% +experiment we pick a student at random + + + align:start position:0% +experiment we pick a student at random +uniformly so that each student is + + align:start position:0% +uniformly so that each student is + + + align:start position:0% +uniformly so that each student is +equally likely to be picked and we + + align:start position:0% +equally likely to be picked and we + + + align:start position:0% +equally likely to be picked and we +define two random variables X is a + + align:start position:0% +define two random variables X is a + + + align:start position:0% +define two random variables X is a +numerical random variable that gives us + + align:start position:0% +numerical random variable that gives us + + + align:start position:0% +numerical random variable that gives us +the score of the selected student so if + + align:start position:0% +the score of the selected student so if + + + align:start position:0% +the score of the selected student so if +student I is selected the value of the + + align:start position:0% +student I is selected the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +student I is selected the value of the +random variable capital X is X I and + + align:start position:0% +random variable capital X is X I and + + + align:start position:0% +random variable capital X is X I and +capital y is defined as the random + + align:start position:0% +capital y is defined as the random + + + align:start position:0% +capital y is defined as the random +variable which is the section of the + + align:start position:0% +variable which is the section of the + + + align:start position:0% +variable which is the section of the +selected student so that Y takes values + + align:start position:0% +selected student so that Y takes values + + + align:start position:0% +selected student so that Y takes values +1 or 2 we are given some information for + + align:start position:0% +1 or 2 we are given some information for + + + align:start position:0% +1 or 2 we are given some information for +the first section the average of the + + align:start position:0% +the first section the average of the + + + align:start position:0% +the first section the average of the +students scores is 94 the second section + + align:start position:0% +students scores is 94 the second section + + + align:start position:0% +students scores is 94 the second section +the average of the students course is 60 + + align:start position:0% +the average of the students course is 60 + + + align:start position:0% +the average of the students course is 60 +given that information what is the + + align:start position:0% +given that information what is the + + + align:start position:0% +given that information what is the +expected value of the students score + + align:start position:0% +expected value of the students score + + + align:start position:0% +expected value of the students score +well each student is equally likely to + + align:start position:0% +well each student is equally likely to + + + align:start position:0% +well each student is equally likely to +be picked + + align:start position:0% +be picked + + + align:start position:0% +be picked +so has probability 1 over 30 to be + + align:start position:0% +so has probability 1 over 30 to be + + + align:start position:0% +so has probability 1 over 30 to be +picked and this multiplies the score of + + align:start position:0% +picked and this multiplies the score of + + + align:start position:0% +picked and this multiplies the score of +the student so this is the expected + + align:start position:0% +the student so this is the expected + + + align:start position:0% +the student so this is the expected +value of the random variable of interest + + align:start position:0% +value of the random variable of interest + + + align:start position:0% +value of the random variable of interest +what is this number well we need to + + align:start position:0% +what is this number well we need to + + + align:start position:0% +what is this number well we need to +calculate the sum of the X is the sum of + + align:start position:0% +calculate the sum of the X is the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the sum of the X is the sum of +the first ten x i's is equal to 90 times + + align:start position:0% +the first ten x i's is equal to 90 times + + + align:start position:0% +the first ten x i's is equal to 90 times +10 and the sum of the x i's in the other + + align:start position:0% +10 and the sum of the x i's in the other + + + align:start position:0% +10 and the sum of the x i's in the other +section is equal to 60 times 20 and we + + align:start position:0% +section is equal to 60 times 20 and we + + + align:start position:0% +section is equal to 60 times 20 and we +carry out the calculation and we find + + align:start position:0% +carry out the calculation and we find + + + align:start position:0% +carry out the calculation and we find +that the answer is 70 now let us look at + + align:start position:0% +that the answer is 70 now let us look at + + + align:start position:0% +that the answer is 70 now let us look at +conditional expectations if Y is equal + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectations if Y is equal + + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectations if Y is equal +to 1 this means that the student from + + align:start position:0% +to 1 this means that the student from + + + align:start position:0% +to 1 this means that the student from +section 1 was picked and within that + + align:start position:0% +section 1 was picked and within that + + + align:start position:0% +section 1 was picked and within that +section each student + + align:start position:0% +section each student + + + align:start position:0% +section each student +is equally likely to be picked so the + + align:start position:0% +is equally likely to be picked so the + + + align:start position:0% +is equally likely to be picked so the +outcome of this random variable is + + align:start position:0% +outcome of this random variable is + + + align:start position:0% +outcome of this random variable is +equally likely to be any one of these X + + align:start position:0% +equally likely to be any one of these X + + + align:start position:0% +equally likely to be any one of these X +eyes each X I get speaks with + + align:start position:0% +eyes each X I get speaks with + + + align:start position:0% +eyes each X I get speaks with +probability one over ten and so the + + align:start position:0% +probability one over ten and so the + + + align:start position:0% +probability one over ten and so the +expected value of this random variable + + align:start position:0% +expected value of this random variable + + + align:start position:0% +expected value of this random variable +is ninety similarly for the second + + align:start position:0% +is ninety similarly for the second + + + align:start position:0% +is ninety similarly for the second +section the expected value of the score + + align:start position:0% +section the expected value of the score + + + align:start position:0% +section the expected value of the score +of a randomly selected student given + + align:start position:0% +of a randomly selected student given + + + align:start position:0% +of a randomly selected student given +that the student belongs in that section + + align:start position:0% +that the student belongs in that section + + + align:start position:0% +that the student belongs in that section +is equal to sixty with this information + + align:start position:0% +is equal to sixty with this information + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to sixty with this information +available now we can describe the + + align:start position:0% +available now we can describe the + + + align:start position:0% +available now we can describe the +abstract conditional expectation which + + align:start position:0% +abstract conditional expectation which + + + align:start position:0% +abstract conditional expectation which +is a random variable this random + + align:start position:0% +is a random variable this random + + + align:start position:0% +is a random variable this random +variable takes the value of ninety if a + + align:start position:0% +variable takes the value of ninety if a + + + align:start position:0% +variable takes the value of ninety if a +student from the first section was + + align:start position:0% +student from the first section was + + + align:start position:0% +student from the first section was +picked and the value of sixty if a + + align:start position:0% +picked and the value of sixty if a + + + align:start position:0% +picked and the value of sixty if a +student from the second section was + + align:start position:0% +student from the second section was + + + align:start position:0% +student from the second section was +picked what is the probability of this + + align:start position:0% +picked what is the probability of this + + + align:start position:0% +picked what is the probability of this +event that the student from the first + + align:start position:0% +event that the student from the first + + + align:start position:0% +event that the student from the first +section was picked given that the first + + align:start position:0% +section was picked given that the first + + + align:start position:0% +section was picked given that the first +section has ten out of a total of thirty + + align:start position:0% +section has ten out of a total of thirty + + + align:start position:0% +section has ten out of a total of thirty +students this probability is one-third + + align:start position:0% +students this probability is one-third + + + align:start position:0% +students this probability is one-third +and therefore this probability is + + align:start position:0% +and therefore this probability is + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore this probability is +two-thirds now that we have the + + align:start position:0% +two-thirds now that we have the + + + align:start position:0% +two-thirds now that we have the +distribution of this random variable we + + align:start position:0% +distribution of this random variable we + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of this random variable we +can calculate the expected value of this + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the expected value of this + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the expected value of this +random variable which is one-third times + + align:start position:0% +random variable which is one-third times + + + align:start position:0% +random variable which is one-third times +ninety plus two-thirds times 60 and this + + align:start position:0% +ninety plus two-thirds times 60 and this + + + align:start position:0% +ninety plus two-thirds times 60 and this +number evaluates to seventy which of + + align:start position:0% +number evaluates to seventy which of + + + align:start position:0% +number evaluates to seventy which of +course it's no coincidence is the same + + align:start position:0% +course it's no coincidence is the same + + + align:start position:0% +course it's no coincidence is the same +as the average over the entire class by + + align:start position:0% +as the average over the entire class by + + + align:start position:0% +as the average over the entire class by +the law of iterated expectations we know + + align:start position:0% +the law of iterated expectations we know + + + align:start position:0% +the law of iterated expectations we know +that this quantity should be the same as + + align:start position:0% +that this quantity should be the same as + + + align:start position:0% +that this quantity should be the same as +this quantity so the law of iterated + + align:start position:0% +this quantity so the law of iterated + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity so the law of iterated +expectations allows us to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +expectations allows us to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +expectations allows us to calculate the +overall average in the entire class by + + align:start position:0% +overall average in the entire class by + + + align:start position:0% +overall average in the entire class by +taking the section averages and weigh + + align:start position:0% +taking the section averages and weigh + + + align:start position:0% +taking the section averages and weigh +them according to the sizes of the + + align:start position:0% +them according to the sizes of the + + + align:start position:0% +them according to the sizes of the +different sections + + align:start position:0% +different sections + + + align:start position:0% +different sections +it's a divide-and-conquer method and it + + align:start position:0% +it's a divide-and-conquer method and it + + + align:start position:0% +it's a divide-and-conquer method and it +is similar to what we have been doing + + align:start position:0% +is similar to what we have been doing + + + align:start position:0% +is similar to what we have been doing +when we use the total expectation + + align:start position:0% +when we use the total expectation + + + align:start position:0% +when we use the total expectation +theorem to divide and conquer we + + align:start position:0% +theorem to divide and conquer we + + + align:start position:0% +theorem to divide and conquer we +continue with our example and here is a + + align:start position:0% +continue with our example and here is a + + + align:start position:0% +continue with our example and here is a +summary of what we found so far the + + align:start position:0% +summary of what we found so far the + + + align:start position:0% +summary of what we found so far the +conditional expectation is a random + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectation is a random + + + align:start position:0% +conditional expectation is a random +variable that takes these two values + + align:start position:0% +variable that takes these two values + + + align:start position:0% +variable that takes these two values +with certain probabilities and the mean + + align:start position:0% +with certain probabilities and the mean + + + align:start position:0% +with certain probabilities and the mean +of this random variable + + align:start position:0% +of this random variable + + + align:start position:0% +of this random variable +is equal to 70 let us now calculate the + + align:start position:0% +is equal to 70 let us now calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to 70 let us now calculate the +variance of this random variable this + + align:start position:0% +variance of this random variable this + + + align:start position:0% +variance of this random variable this +random variable with probability 1/3 + + align:start position:0% +random variable with probability 1/3 + + + align:start position:0% +random variable with probability 1/3 +takes a value of 90 which is this much + + align:start position:0% +takes a value of 90 which is this much + + + align:start position:0% +takes a value of 90 which is this much +away from the mean of this random + + align:start position:0% +away from the mean of this random + + + align:start position:0% +away from the mean of this random +variable which we square and with + + align:start position:0% +variable which we square and with + + + align:start position:0% +variable which we square and with +probability 2/3 it takes a value of 60 + + align:start position:0% +probability 2/3 it takes a value of 60 + + + align:start position:0% +probability 2/3 it takes a value of 60 +which is this much away from the mean of + + align:start position:0% +which is this much away from the mean of + + + align:start position:0% +which is this much away from the mean of +the random variable we square this as + + align:start position:0% +the random variable we square this as + + + align:start position:0% +the random variable we square this as +well and when we carry out the + + align:start position:0% +well and when we carry out the + + + align:start position:0% +well and when we carry out the +calculation we find that this number is + + align:start position:0% +calculation we find that this number is + + + align:start position:0% +calculation we find that this number is +equal to 200 let us now continue and + + align:start position:0% +equal to 200 let us now continue and + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 200 let us now continue and +suppose that somebody gave us this piece + + align:start position:0% +suppose that somebody gave us this piece + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that somebody gave us this piece +of information for the first section + + align:start position:0% +of information for the first section + + + align:start position:0% +of information for the first section +this is the deviation of the I student + + align:start position:0% +this is the deviation of the I student + + + align:start position:0% +this is the deviation of the I student +from the mean of that section so this is + + align:start position:0% +from the mean of that section so this is + + + align:start position:0% +from the mean of that section so this is +the sum of the squares of the deviations + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the squares of the deviations + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the squares of the deviations +and then we average over all the + + align:start position:0% +and then we average over all the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we average over all the +students we will use this data to + + align:start position:0% +students we will use this data to + + + align:start position:0% +students we will use this data to +calculate certain quantities for example + + align:start position:0% +calculate certain quantities for example + + + align:start position:0% +calculate certain quantities for example +the variance of the scores in the first + + align:start position:0% +the variance of the scores in the first + + + align:start position:0% +the variance of the scores in the first +section now in the first section with + + align:start position:0% +section now in the first section with + + + align:start position:0% +section now in the first section with +probability one tenth we pick the I + + align:start position:0% +probability one tenth we pick the I + + + align:start position:0% +probability one tenth we pick the I +student that has this score and this is + + align:start position:0% +student that has this score and this is + + + align:start position:0% +student that has this score and this is +the deviation of that student from the + + align:start position:0% +the deviation of that student from the + + + align:start position:0% +the deviation of that student from the +mean of that section so this is the same + + align:start position:0% +mean of that section so this is the same + + + align:start position:0% +mean of that section so this is the same +as the mean squared deviation from the + + align:start position:0% +as the mean squared deviation from the + + + align:start position:0% +as the mean squared deviation from the +mean of the section and this is exactly + + align:start position:0% +mean of the section and this is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +mean of the section and this is exactly +the variance within that section it is + + align:start position:0% +the variance within that section it is + + + align:start position:0% +the variance within that section it is +the variance of the random variable + + align:start position:0% +the variance of the random variable + + + align:start position:0% +the variance of the random variable +which is the score of a random student + + align:start position:0% +which is the score of a random student + + + align:start position:0% +which is the score of a random student +given that we are selecting a student + + align:start position:0% +given that we are selecting a student + + + align:start position:0% +given that we are selecting a student +from the first section for the second + + align:start position:0% +from the first section for the second + + + align:start position:0% +from the first section for the second +section the story is similar were given + + align:start position:0% +section the story is similar were given + + + align:start position:0% +section the story is similar were given +this information and this tells us the + + align:start position:0% +this information and this tells us the + + + align:start position:0% +this information and this tells us the +variance of the students course within + + align:start position:0% +variance of the students course within + + + align:start position:0% +variance of the students course within +the second section so now we can + + align:start position:0% +the second section so now we can + + + align:start position:0% +the second section so now we can +describe the abstract conditional + + align:start position:0% +describe the abstract conditional + + + align:start position:0% +describe the abstract conditional +variance it is a random variable that + + align:start position:0% +variance it is a random variable that + + + align:start position:0% +variance it is a random variable that +takes this value with probability equal + + align:start position:0% +takes this value with probability equal + + + align:start position:0% +takes this value with probability equal +to the probability of selecting someone + + align:start position:0% +to the probability of selecting someone + + + align:start position:0% +to the probability of selecting someone +from this section which is one-third or + + align:start position:0% +from this section which is one-third or + + + align:start position:0% +from this section which is one-third or +it takes a value of 20 + + align:start position:0% +it takes a value of 20 + + + align:start position:0% +it takes a value of 20 +which is the variance in the second + + align:start position:0% +which is the variance in the second + + + align:start position:0% +which is the variance in the second +section and the second section is + + align:start position:0% +section and the second section is + + + align:start position:0% +section and the second section is +selected with probability 2/3 with this + + align:start position:0% +selected with probability 2/3 with this + + + align:start position:0% +selected with probability 2/3 with this +information at hand now we can calculate + + align:start position:0% +information at hand now we can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +information at hand now we can calculate +the expected value of this random + + align:start position:0% +the expected value of this random + + + align:start position:0% +the expected value of this random +variable which is 1/3 times 10 plus 2/3 + + align:start position:0% +variable which is 1/3 times 10 plus 2/3 + + + align:start position:0% +variable which is 1/3 times 10 plus 2/3 +times 20 which is 50 over 3 at this + + align:start position:0% +times 20 which is 50 over 3 at this + + + align:start position:0% +times 20 which is 50 over 3 at this +point we have the two quantities that + + align:start position:0% +point we have the two quantities that + + + align:start position:0% +point we have the two quantities that +are necessary to apply the law of total + + align:start position:0% +are necessary to apply the law of total + + + align:start position:0% +are necessary to apply the law of total +variance according to the law of total + + align:start position:0% +variance according to the law of total + + + align:start position:0% +variance according to the law of total +variance the variance of the students + + align:start position:0% +variance the variance of the students + + + align:start position:0% +variance the variance of the students +course throughout the entire class is + + align:start position:0% +course throughout the entire class is + + + align:start position:0% +course throughout the entire class is +equal to this number which is 50 over 3 + + align:start position:0% +equal to this number which is 50 over 3 + + + align:start position:0% +equal to this number which is 50 over 3 +plus this number which is 200 and this + + align:start position:0% +plus this number which is 200 and this + + + align:start position:0% +plus this number which is 200 and this +is the overall variance + + align:start position:0% +is the overall variance + + + align:start position:0% +is the overall variance +now let us interpret the law of total + + align:start position:0% +now let us interpret the law of total + + + align:start position:0% +now let us interpret the law of total +variance in this context the + + align:start position:0% +variance in this context the + + + align:start position:0% +variance in this context the +interpretation is as follows the + + align:start position:0% +interpretation is as follows the + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation is as follows the +variance of the students course in the + + align:start position:0% +variance of the students course in the + + + align:start position:0% +variance of the students course in the +entire class consists of two pieces the + + align:start position:0% +entire class consists of two pieces the + + + align:start position:0% +entire class consists of two pieces the +first piece looks at the variance inside + + align:start position:0% +first piece looks at the variance inside + + + align:start position:0% +first piece looks at the variance inside +each section which is 10 or 20 depending + + align:start position:0% +each section which is 10 or 20 depending + + + align:start position:0% +each section which is 10 or 20 depending +on which section were looking at and we + + align:start position:0% +on which section were looking at and we + + + align:start position:0% +on which section were looking at and we +take the average over the different + + align:start position:0% +take the average over the different + + + align:start position:0% +take the average over the different +sections so we look at the variability + + align:start position:0% +sections so we look at the variability + + + align:start position:0% +sections so we look at the variability +of the scores within a typical section + + align:start position:0% +of the scores within a typical section + + + align:start position:0% +of the scores within a typical section +and then we average over all the + + align:start position:0% +and then we average over all the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we average over all the +sections the other term looks at the + + align:start position:0% +sections the other term looks at the + + + align:start position:0% +sections the other term looks at the +means in the different sections and + + align:start position:0% +means in the different sections and + + + align:start position:0% +means in the different sections and +figures out how different are these + + align:start position:0% +figures out how different are these + + + align:start position:0% +figures out how different are these +means how much do they vary from the + + align:start position:0% +means how much do they vary from the + + + align:start position:0% +means how much do they vary from the +overall class average it measures the + + align:start position:0% +overall class average it measures the + + + align:start position:0% +overall class average it measures the +variability between different sections + + align:start position:0% +variability between different sections + + + align:start position:0% +variability between different sections +so the overall randomness in the test + + align:start position:0% +so the overall randomness in the test + + + align:start position:0% +so the overall randomness in the test +scores can be broken down into two + + align:start position:0% +scores can be broken down into two + + + align:start position:0% +scores can be broken down into two +pieces of randomness one source of + + align:start position:0% +pieces of randomness one source of + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of randomness one source of +randomness is that the different + + align:start position:0% +randomness is that the different + + + align:start position:0% +randomness is that the different +sections have different means the other + + align:start position:0% +sections have different means the other + + + align:start position:0% +sections have different means the other +source of randomness is that inside each + + align:start position:0% +source of randomness is that inside each + + + align:start position:0% +source of randomness is that inside each +section the students are different from + + align:start position:0% +section the students are different from + + + align:start position:0% +section the students are different from +means of their section and these two + + align:start position:0% +means of their section and these two + + + align:start position:0% +means of their section and these two +pieces of randomness together add up to + + align:start position:0% +pieces of randomness together add up to + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of randomness together add up to +the total randomness of in the students + + align:start position:0% +the total randomness of in the students + + + align:start position:0% +the total randomness of in the students +course as measured by the variance of + + align:start position:0% +course as measured by the variance of + + + align:start position:0% +course as measured by the variance of +the entire class \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bq0fDYtbfBA.txt b/Bq0fDYtbfBA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36814c4d66baa3d684c8797c74ab753ff0ae5b4d --- /dev/null +++ b/Bq0fDYtbfBA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +align:start position:0% + +for most of the problems we will be + + align:start position:0% +for most of the problems we will be + + + align:start position:0% +for most of the problems we will be +facing in the next few weeks we will + + align:start position:0% +facing in the next few weeks we will + + + align:start position:0% +facing in the next few weeks we will +only need to work in two Dimensions we + + align:start position:0% +only need to work in two Dimensions we + + + align:start position:0% +only need to work in two Dimensions we +use a 2d coordinate system so we can + + align:start position:0% +use a 2d coordinate system so we can + + + align:start position:0% +use a 2d coordinate system so we can +formally put vectors on a grid and more + + align:start position:0% +formally put vectors on a grid and more + + + align:start position:0% +formally put vectors on a grid and more +easily do these Vector + + align:start position:0% +easily do these Vector + + + align:start position:0% +easily do these Vector +operations once we have our axes the + + align:start position:0% +operations once we have our axes the + + + align:start position:0% +operations once we have our axes the +next thing we need are unit vectors unit + + align:start position:0% +next thing we need are unit vectors unit + + + align:start position:0% +next thing we need are unit vectors unit +vectors have a magnitude of one and are + + align:start position:0% +vectors have a magnitude of one and are + + + align:start position:0% +vectors have a magnitude of one and are +in a defined direction for our normal XY + + align:start position:0% +in a defined direction for our normal XY + + + align:start position:0% +in a defined direction for our normal XY +coordinate system we have IH hat in the + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system we have IH hat in the + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system we have IH hat in the +positive X Direction + + align:start position:0% +positive X Direction + + + align:start position:0% +positive X Direction +and J hat in the positive y + + align:start position:0% +and J hat in the positive y + + + align:start position:0% +and J hat in the positive y +direction in cartisian coordinates the + + align:start position:0% +direction in cartisian coordinates the + + + align:start position:0% +direction in cartisian coordinates the +unit vectors are the same no matter what + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors are the same no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors are the same no matter what +point in space we're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at we can also Define a unit Vector in + + align:start position:0% +at we can also Define a unit Vector in + + + align:start position:0% +at we can also Define a unit Vector in +the direction of an arbitrary Vector the + + align:start position:0% +the direction of an arbitrary Vector the + + + align:start position:0% +the direction of an arbitrary Vector the +key here is to make sure it has a + + align:start position:0% +key here is to make sure it has a + + + align:start position:0% +key here is to make sure it has a +magnitude of one \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/CCeq5PChvuk.txt b/CCeq5PChvuk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98dfbd4c615b519695ee8f19fb5772ee10f56ffc --- /dev/null +++ b/CCeq5PChvuk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16019 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +my name is Arlene I work in Stata in the + + align:start position:0% +my name is Arlene I work in Stata in the + + + align:start position:0% +my name is Arlene I work in Stata in the +Stata Center I'm a PhD student there and + + align:start position:0% +Stata Center I'm a PhD student there and + + + align:start position:0% +Stata Center I'm a PhD student there and +my fifth year and today we're going to + + align:start position:0% +my fifth year and today we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +my fifth year and today we're going to +be talking about one of our research + + align:start position:0% +be talking about one of our research + + + align:start position:0% +be talking about one of our research +projects called Katina and Katina is a + + align:start position:0% +projects called Katina and Katina is a + + + align:start position:0% +projects called Katina and Katina is a +really nice way of using Bitcoin to + + align:start position:0% +really nice way of using Bitcoin to + + + align:start position:0% +really nice way of using Bitcoin to +build append-only locks Bitcoin itself + + align:start position:0% +build append-only locks Bitcoin itself + + + align:start position:0% +build append-only locks Bitcoin itself +is an append-only log and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is an append-only log and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is an append-only log and a lot of +people have been using it to put data in + + align:start position:0% +people have been using it to put data in + + + align:start position:0% +people have been using it to put data in +it and I'll describe a really efficient + + align:start position:0% +it and I'll describe a really efficient + + + align:start position:0% +it and I'll describe a really efficient +way of doing that and it's applications + + align:start position:0% +way of doing that and it's applications + + + align:start position:0% +way of doing that and it's applications +and if there's time we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +and if there's time we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +and if there's time we'll talk about +attacks and maybe colored coins and some + + align:start position:0% +attacks and maybe colored coins and some + + + align:start position:0% +attacks and maybe colored coins and some +other stuff + + align:start position:0% +other stuff + + + align:start position:0% +other stuff +we'll talk about the what the how and + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about the what the how and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about the what the how and +the why and that's the overview of the + + align:start position:0% +the why and that's the overview of the + + + align:start position:0% +the why and that's the overview of the +IMP of the presentation so let's talk + + align:start position:0% +IMP of the presentation so let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +IMP of the presentation so let's talk +about this problem called the + + align:start position:0% +about this problem called the + + + align:start position:0% +about this problem called the +equivocation problem so what is this a + + align:start position:0% +equivocation problem so what is this a + + + align:start position:0% +equivocation problem so what is this a +in general non equivocation means saying + + align:start position:0% +in general non equivocation means saying + + + align:start position:0% +in general non equivocation means saying +the same thing to everybody so for + + align:start position:0% +the same thing to everybody so for + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing to everybody so for +example if you have a malicious service + + align:start position:0% +example if you have a malicious service + + + align:start position:0% +example if you have a malicious service +and you have Alice and Bob the service + + align:start position:0% +and you have Alice and Bob the service + + + align:start position:0% +and you have Alice and Bob the service +should say the same thing to Alice and + + align:start position:0% +should say the same thing to Alice and + + + align:start position:0% +should say the same thing to Alice and +in Bob so we would make a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +in Bob so we would make a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +in Bob so we would make a bunch of +statements let's say s1 s2 s3 over time + + align:start position:0% +statements let's say s1 s2 s3 over time + + + align:start position:0% +statements let's say s1 s2 s3 over time +and Alice and Bob would see all of these + + align:start position:0% +and Alice and Bob would see all of these + + + align:start position:0% +and Alice and Bob would see all of these +statements so this is very similar to + + align:start position:0% +statements so this is very similar to + + + align:start position:0% +statements so this is very similar to +what Bitcoin provides right in Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +what Bitcoin provides right in Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +what Bitcoin provides right in Bitcoin +you see block 1 block 2 block 3 and + + align:start position:0% +you see block 1 block 2 block 3 and + + + align:start position:0% +you see block 1 block 2 block 3 and +everybody agrees on these blocks in + + align:start position:0% +everybody agrees on these blocks in + + + align:start position:0% +everybody agrees on these blocks in +sequence write this down make sense + + align:start position:0% +sequence write this down make sense + + + align:start position:0% +sequence write this down make sense +so this is non equivocation and in + + align:start position:0% +so this is non equivocation and in + + + align:start position:0% +so this is non equivocation and in +substance this is what Bitcoin already + + align:start position:0% +substance this is what Bitcoin already + + + align:start position:0% +substance this is what Bitcoin already +offers and and in general with non + + align:start position:0% +offers and and in general with non + + + align:start position:0% +offers and and in general with non +equivocation what you might get is some + + align:start position:0% +equivocation what you might get is some + + + align:start position:0% +equivocation what you might get is some +of these statements might actually be + + align:start position:0% +of these statements might actually be + + + align:start position:0% +of these statements might actually be +false or incorrect non equivocation + + align:start position:0% +false or incorrect non equivocation + + + align:start position:0% +false or incorrect non equivocation +doesn't guarantee you that this + + align:start position:0% +doesn't guarantee you that this + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't guarantee you that this +statement is a correct statement but it + + align:start position:0% +statement is a correct statement but it + + + align:start position:0% +statement is a correct statement but it +just guarantees you that everybody sees + + align:start position:0% +just guarantees you that everybody sees + + + align:start position:0% +just guarantees you that everybody sees +the same statements and then they can + + align:start position:0% +the same statements and then they can + + + align:start position:0% +the same statements and then they can +detect incorrect statements in Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +detect incorrect statements in Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +detect incorrect statements in Bitcoin +you get a little bit more you actually + + align:start position:0% +you get a little bit more you actually + + + align:start position:0% +you get a little bit more you actually +know that if this is a block it's a + + align:start position:0% +know that if this is a block it's a + + + align:start position:0% +know that if this is a block it's a +valid block assuming there's enough + + align:start position:0% +valid block assuming there's enough + + + align:start position:0% +valid block assuming there's enough +blocks on top of it right so + + align:start position:0% +blocks on top of it right so + + + align:start position:0% +blocks on top of it right so +equivocation means saying the same thing + + align:start position:0% +equivocation means saying the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +equivocation means saying the same thing +to everybody so for example this + + align:start position:0% +to everybody so for example this + + + align:start position:0% +to everybody so for example this +malicious service at time 4 he might + + align:start position:0% +malicious service at time 4 he might + + + align:start position:0% +malicious service at time 4 he might +show Bob a different statement than + + align:start position:0% +show Bob a different statement than + + + align:start position:0% +show Bob a different statement than +Alice so Bob sees s for analyses s for + + align:start position:0% +Alice so Bob sees s for analyses s for + + + align:start position:0% +Alice so Bob sees s for analyses s for +prime this is what happens in Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +prime this is what happens in Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +prime this is what happens in Bitcoin +sometimes and that's how you can double + + align:start position:0% +sometimes and that's how you can double + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes and that's how you can double +spend in Bitcoin by putting the + + align:start position:0% +spend in Bitcoin by putting the + + + align:start position:0% +spend in Bitcoin by putting the +transaction here sending money to the + + align:start position:0% +transaction here sending money to the + + + align:start position:0% +transaction here sending money to the +merchants and then putting another + + align:start position:0% +merchants and then putting another + + + align:start position:0% +merchants and then putting another +transaction here sending money back to + + align:start position:0% +transaction here sending money back to + + + align:start position:0% +transaction here sending money back to +you right are you guys familiar with + + align:start position:0% +you right are you guys familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +you right are you guys familiar with +this yeah okay all right so why does + + align:start position:0% +this yeah okay all right so why does + + + align:start position:0% +this yeah okay all right so why does +this matter let me give you a silly + + align:start position:0% +this matter let me give you a silly + + + align:start position:0% +this matter let me give you a silly +example suppose we have Jimmy and we + + align:start position:0% +example suppose we have Jimmy and we + + + align:start position:0% +example suppose we have Jimmy and we +have Jimmy's mom and Jimmy's dad right + + align:start position:0% +have Jimmy's mom and Jimmy's dad right + + + align:start position:0% +have Jimmy's mom and Jimmy's dad right +and Jimmy wants to go outside and play + + align:start position:0% +and Jimmy wants to go outside and play + + + align:start position:0% +and Jimmy wants to go outside and play +but mommy he knows that mom and dad + + align:start position:0% +but mommy he knows that mom and dad + + + align:start position:0% +but mommy he knows that mom and dad +don't let him play so what he does is he + + align:start position:0% +don't let him play so what he does is he + + + align:start position:0% +don't let him play so what he does is he +tells dad hey dad mom said I can go + + align:start position:0% +tells dad hey dad mom said I can go + + + align:start position:0% +tells dad hey dad mom said I can go +outside right and then he tells mom hey + + align:start position:0% +outside right and then he tells mom hey + + + align:start position:0% +outside right and then he tells mom hey +mom dad said I can go outside and let's + + align:start position:0% +mom dad said I can go outside and let's + + + align:start position:0% +mom dad said I can go outside and let's +say mom and dad are in different rooms + + align:start position:0% +say mom and dad are in different rooms + + + align:start position:0% +say mom and dad are in different rooms +and they're watching soap operas and + + align:start position:0% +and they're watching soap operas and + + + align:start position:0% +and they're watching soap operas and +they're not talking to one another so + + align:start position:0% +they're not talking to one another so + + + align:start position:0% +they're not talking to one another so +they can actually confirm that you know + + align:start position:0% +they can actually confirm that you know + + + align:start position:0% +they can actually confirm that you know +mom can't confirm that that really says + + align:start position:0% +mom can't confirm that that really says + + + align:start position:0% +mom can't confirm that that really says +that and that can't really confirm that + + align:start position:0% +that and that can't really confirm that + + + align:start position:0% +that and that can't really confirm that +mom said that but they both trust Jimmy + + align:start position:0% +mom said that but they both trust Jimmy + + + align:start position:0% +mom said that but they both trust Jimmy +so you see how equivocation can be + + align:start position:0% +so you see how equivocation can be + + + align:start position:0% +so you see how equivocation can be +really problematic is now mom and dad + + align:start position:0% +really problematic is now mom and dad + + + align:start position:0% +really problematic is now mom and dad +will say sure go outside as long as the + + align:start position:0% +will say sure go outside as long as the + + + align:start position:0% +will say sure go outside as long as the +other person said that right but let me + + align:start position:0% +other person said that right but let me + + + align:start position:0% +other person said that right but let me +give you a more practical example so + + align:start position:0% +give you a more practical example so + + + align:start position:0% +give you a more practical example so +let's look at something called a public + + align:start position:0% +let's look at something called a public + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at something called a public +key directory a public key directory + + align:start position:0% +key directory a public key directory + + + align:start position:0% +key directory a public key directory +allows you to map users public keys a + + align:start position:0% +allows you to map users public keys a + + + align:start position:0% +allows you to map users public keys a +username - a public key right so here I + + align:start position:0% +username - a public key right so here I + + + align:start position:0% +username - a public key right so here I +have the public key for Alice and here I + + align:start position:0% +have the public key for Alice and here I + + + align:start position:0% +have the public key for Alice and here I +have the public key for Bob and they + + align:start position:0% +have the public key for Bob and they + + + align:start position:0% +have the public key for Bob and they +look up each other's keys in this + + align:start position:0% +look up each other's keys in this + + + align:start position:0% +look up each other's keys in this +directory and then they can set up a + + align:start position:0% +directory and then they can set up a + + + align:start position:0% +directory and then they can set up a +secure channel how many of you guys use + + align:start position:0% +secure channel how many of you guys use + + + align:start position:0% +secure channel how many of you guys use +whatsapp for example so whatsapp the + + align:start position:0% +whatsapp for example so whatsapp the + + + align:start position:0% +whatsapp for example so whatsapp the +whatsapp server has a public key + + align:start position:0% +whatsapp server has a public key + + + align:start position:0% +whatsapp server has a public key +directory and when I want to send you a + + align:start position:0% +directory and when I want to send you a + + + align:start position:0% +directory and when I want to send you a +message + + align:start position:0% +message + + + align:start position:0% +message +I look up your phone number in that + + align:start position:0% +I look up your phone number in that + + + align:start position:0% +I look up your phone number in that +directory and I get your public key + + align:start position:0% +directory and I get your public key + + + align:start position:0% +directory and I get your public key +right if that directory equivocates the + + align:start position:0% +right if that directory equivocates the + + + align:start position:0% +right if that directory equivocates the +following thing can happen what the + + align:start position:0% +following thing can happen what the + + + align:start position:0% +following thing can happen what the +directory can do is he can create a new + + align:start position:0% +directory can do is he can create a new + + + align:start position:0% +directory can do is he can create a new +directory at time - where he puts a fake + + align:start position:0% +directory at time - where he puts a fake + + + align:start position:0% +directory at time - where he puts a fake +public key for Bob and he shows this to + + align:start position:0% +public key for Bob and he shows this to + + + align:start position:0% +public key for Bob and he shows this to +Alice right and at time - also he + + align:start position:0% +Alice right and at time - also he + + + align:start position:0% +Alice right and at time - also he +creates another directory for Bob where + + align:start position:0% +creates another directory for Bob where + + + align:start position:0% +creates another directory for Bob where +he puts a fake public key for Alice + + align:start position:0% +he puts a fake public key for Alice + + + align:start position:0% +he puts a fake public key for Alice +right so now the problem here is that + + align:start position:0% +right so now the problem here is that + + + align:start position:0% +right so now the problem here is that +when Alice checks in this directory she + + align:start position:0% +when Alice checks in this directory she + + + align:start position:0% +when Alice checks in this directory she +looks at her own public key to make sure + + align:start position:0% +looks at her own public key to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +looks at her own public key to make sure +she's not impersonated and Alice looks + + align:start position:0% +she's not impersonated and Alice looks + + + align:start position:0% +she's not impersonated and Alice looks +in this version and sees okay that is my + + align:start position:0% +in this version and sees okay that is my + + + align:start position:0% +in this version and sees okay that is my +public key I'm good she looks in this + + align:start position:0% +public key I'm good she looks in this + + + align:start position:0% +public key I'm good she looks in this +version okay this is my public key I'm + + align:start position:0% +version okay this is my public key I'm + + + align:start position:0% +version okay this is my public key I'm +good so now I'm ready to use this + + align:start position:0% +good so now I'm ready to use this + + + align:start position:0% +good so now I'm ready to use this +directory and I'll look up Bob and I'll + + align:start position:0% +directory and I'll look up Bob and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +directory and I'll look up Bob and I'll +get his public key but Alice will + + align:start position:0% +get his public key but Alice will + + + align:start position:0% +get his public key but Alice will +actually get the wrong public key does + + align:start position:0% +actually get the wrong public key does + + + align:start position:0% +actually get the wrong public key does +everybody see that + + align:start position:0% +everybody see that + + + align:start position:0% +everybody see that +and similarly Bob will do the same so + + align:start position:0% +and similarly Bob will do the same so + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly Bob will do the same so +Bob will look in his fork of the + + align:start position:0% +Bob will look in his fork of the + + + align:start position:0% +Bob will look in his fork of the +directory right and he looks up his key + + align:start position:0% +directory right and he looks up his key + + + align:start position:0% +directory right and he looks up his key +here and his key here and he thinks he's + + align:start position:0% +here and his key here and he thinks he's + + + align:start position:0% +here and his key here and he thinks he's +okay he's not impersonated but in fact + + align:start position:0% +okay he's not impersonated but in fact + + + align:start position:0% +okay he's not impersonated but in fact +Alice's impersonated there okay and now + + align:start position:0% +Alice's impersonated there okay and now + + + align:start position:0% +Alice's impersonated there okay and now +as a result they will obtain fake keys + + align:start position:0% +as a result they will obtain fake keys + + + align:start position:0% +as a result they will obtain fake keys +for each other and this man in the + + align:start position:0% +for each other and this man in the + + + align:start position:0% +for each other and this man in the +middle attack ER who knows the + + align:start position:0% +middle attack ER who knows the + + + align:start position:0% +middle attack ER who knows the +corresponding secret keys for these + + align:start position:0% +corresponding secret keys for these + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding secret keys for these +public keys can basically read all of + + align:start position:0% +public keys can basically read all of + + + align:start position:0% +public keys can basically read all of +their community + + align:start position:0% +their community + + + align:start position:0% +their community +patience any questions about this this + + align:start position:0% +patience any questions about this this + + + align:start position:0% +patience any questions about this this +is just one example of how equivocation + + align:start position:0% +is just one example of how equivocation + + + align:start position:0% +is just one example of how equivocation +can be really disastrous so in a public + + align:start position:0% +can be really disastrous so in a public + + + align:start position:0% +can be really disastrous so in a public +key directory if you can equivocate you + + align:start position:0% +key directory if you can equivocate you + + + align:start position:0% +key directory if you can equivocate you +can show fake public keys for people and + + align:start position:0% +can show fake public keys for people and + + + align:start position:0% +can show fake public keys for people and +impersonate them so in other words it's + + align:start position:0% +impersonate them so in other words it's + + + align:start position:0% +impersonate them so in other words it's +really important that Alice and Bob both + + align:start position:0% +really important that Alice and Bob both + + + align:start position:0% +really important that Alice and Bob both +see the same directory because if Bob + + align:start position:0% +see the same directory because if Bob + + + align:start position:0% +see the same directory because if Bob +saw this directory the same on Alice huh + + align:start position:0% +saw this directory the same on Alice huh + + + align:start position:0% +saw this directory the same on Alice huh +then Bob would notice that this is not + + align:start position:0% +then Bob would notice that this is not + + + align:start position:0% +then Bob would notice that this is not +the public key he had he would notice + + align:start position:0% +the public key he had he would notice + + + align:start position:0% +the public key he had he would notice +his first public here and then that + + align:start position:0% +his first public here and then that + + + align:start position:0% +his first public here and then that +there's a second one there and then he + + align:start position:0% +there's a second one there and then he + + + align:start position:0% +there's a second one there and then he +would know he's impersonated and he + + align:start position:0% +would know he's impersonated and he + + + align:start position:0% +would know he's impersonated and he +could let's say whistle blow talk to the + + align:start position:0% +could let's say whistle blow talk to the + + + align:start position:0% +could let's say whistle blow talk to the +New York Times and say look this + + align:start position:0% +New York Times and say look this + + + align:start position:0% +New York Times and say look this +directory is impersonating me + + align:start position:0% +directory is impersonating me + + + align:start position:0% +directory is impersonating me +right so in conclusion equivocation can + + align:start position:0% +right so in conclusion equivocation can + + + align:start position:0% +right so in conclusion equivocation can +be pretty bad so this idea that he say + + align:start position:0% +be pretty bad so this idea that he say + + + align:start position:0% +be pretty bad so this idea that he say +different things to different people can + + align:start position:0% +different things to different people can + + + align:start position:0% +different things to different people can +be pretty disastrous and what Catina + + align:start position:0% +be pretty disastrous and what Catina + + + align:start position:0% +be pretty disastrous and what Catina +does is it prevents that so in general + + align:start position:0% +does is it prevents that so in general + + + align:start position:0% +does is it prevents that so in general +if you have this malicious service that + + align:start position:0% +if you have this malicious service that + + + align:start position:0% +if you have this malicious service that +is backed by Catina if it wants to say + + align:start position:0% +is backed by Catina if it wants to say + + + align:start position:0% +is backed by Catina if it wants to say +different things to different people it + + align:start position:0% +different things to different people it + + + align:start position:0% +different things to different people it +cannot do that it has to show the same + + align:start position:0% +cannot do that it has to show the same + + + align:start position:0% +cannot do that it has to show the same +thing to everybody and the way we + + align:start position:0% +thing to everybody and the way we + + + align:start position:0% +thing to everybody and the way we +achieve that is by building on top of + + align:start position:0% +achieve that is by building on top of + + + align:start position:0% +achieve that is by building on top of +Bitcoin and that's what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin and that's what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin and that's what we're going to +be talking about today so any questions + + align:start position:0% +be talking about today so any questions + + + align:start position:0% +be talking about today so any questions +about sort of the general setting of the + + align:start position:0% +about sort of the general setting of the + + + align:start position:0% +about sort of the general setting of the +problem and our goals here so let's move + + align:start position:0% +problem and our goals here so let's move + + + align:start position:0% +problem and our goals here so let's move +on then so so why is this why does this + + align:start position:0% +on then so so why is this why does this + + + align:start position:0% +on then so so why is this why does this +matter + + align:start position:0% +matter + + + align:start position:0% +matter +so this matters for a bunch of other + + align:start position:0% +so this matters for a bunch of other + + + align:start position:0% +so this matters for a bunch of other +reasons not just public key directories + + align:start position:0% +reasons not just public key directories + + + align:start position:0% +reasons not just public key directories +and secure messaging it matters because + + align:start position:0% +and secure messaging it matters because + + + align:start position:0% +and secure messaging it matters because +when you want to do secure software + + align:start position:0% +when you want to do secure software + + + align:start position:0% +when you want to do secure software +update equivocation is a problem and + + align:start position:0% +update equivocation is a problem and + + + align:start position:0% +update equivocation is a problem and +we'll talk about that later so for + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about that later so for + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about that later so for +example at some point bitcoin was + + align:start position:0% +example at some point bitcoin was + + + align:start position:0% +example at some point bitcoin was +concerned about malicious Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +concerned about malicious Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +concerned about malicious Bitcoin +binaries being published on the web and + + align:start position:0% +binaries being published on the web and + + + align:start position:0% +binaries being published on the web and +people like you and me downloading those + + align:start position:0% +people like you and me downloading those + + + align:start position:0% +people like you and me downloading those +binaries and getting our coins stolen + + align:start position:0% +binaries and getting our coins stolen + + + align:start position:0% +binaries and getting our coins stolen +right and it turns out that that's an + + align:start position:0% +right and it turns out that that's an + + + align:start position:0% +right and it turns out that that's an +equivocation problem somebody is + + align:start position:0% +equivocation problem somebody is + + + align:start position:0% +equivocation problem somebody is +equivocal + + align:start position:0% +equivocal + + + align:start position:0% +equivocal +it's equivocating about the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +it's equivocating about the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +it's equivocating about the Bitcoin +binary it's showing us a fake version + + align:start position:0% +binary it's showing us a fake version + + + align:start position:0% +binary it's showing us a fake version +and maybe other people a real version + + align:start position:0% +and maybe other people a real version + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe other people a real version +secure messaging like I said before has + + align:start position:0% +secure messaging like I said before has + + + align:start position:0% +secure messaging like I said before has +it has applications here and not just + + align:start position:0% +it has applications here and not just + + + align:start position:0% +it has applications here and not just +secure messaging but also the web like + + align:start position:0% +secure messaging but also the web like + + + align:start position:0% +secure messaging but also the web like +when you go on facebook.com you're + + align:start position:0% +when you go on facebook.com you're + + + align:start position:0% +when you go on facebook.com you're +looking up Facebook's public key and if + + align:start position:0% +looking up Facebook's public key and if + + + align:start position:0% +looking up Facebook's public key and if +somebody lies to you about that public + + align:start position:0% +somebody lies to you about that public + + + align:start position:0% +somebody lies to you about that public +key you could be going to a malicious + + align:start position:0% +key you could be going to a malicious + + + align:start position:0% +key you could be going to a malicious +service and you could be giving them + + align:start position:0% +service and you could be giving them + + + align:start position:0% +service and you could be giving them +your Facebook password does that make + + align:start position:0% +your Facebook password does that make + + + align:start position:0% +your Facebook password does that make +sense and also it has applications in + + align:start position:0% +sense and also it has applications in + + + align:start position:0% +sense and also it has applications in +the sense that if you have a way of + + align:start position:0% +the sense that if you have a way of + + + align:start position:0% +the sense that if you have a way of +building an append-only log you really + + align:start position:0% +building an append-only log you really + + + align:start position:0% +building an append-only log you really +have a way of building a block + + align:start position:0% +have a way of building a block + + + align:start position:0% +have a way of building a block +right for whatever purpose you want and + + align:start position:0% +right for whatever purpose you want and + + + align:start position:0% +right for whatever purpose you want and +we'll talk about that as well so the + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about that as well so the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about that as well so the +10,000 feet view of the system is we + + align:start position:0% +10,000 feet view of the system is we + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 feet view of the system is we +built this Bitcoin based append-only + + align:start position:0% +built this Bitcoin based append-only + + + align:start position:0% +built this Bitcoin based append-only +lock and the way to think about is is + + align:start position:0% +lock and the way to think about is is + + + align:start position:0% +lock and the way to think about is is +that bitcoin is already an append-only + + align:start position:0% +that bitcoin is already an append-only + + + align:start position:0% +that bitcoin is already an append-only +log it's just that it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +log it's just that it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +log it's just that it's kind of +inefficient to look in that log if you + + align:start position:0% +inefficient to look in that log if you + + + align:start position:0% +inefficient to look in that log if you +want to pick certain things from the + + align:start position:0% +want to pick certain things from the + + + align:start position:0% +want to pick certain things from the +Bitcoin blockchain like you put your + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin blockchain like you put your + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin blockchain like you put your +certain bits and pieces of data there + + align:start position:0% +certain bits and pieces of data there + + + align:start position:0% +certain bits and pieces of data there +you have to kind of download the whole + + align:start position:0% +you have to kind of download the whole + + + align:start position:0% +you have to kind of download the whole +thing to make sure you're not missing + + align:start position:0% +thing to make sure you're not missing + + + align:start position:0% +thing to make sure you're not missing +anything and I'll tell you why soon so + + align:start position:0% +anything and I'll tell you why soon so + + + align:start position:0% +anything and I'll tell you why soon so +instead of putting stuff naively in the + + align:start position:0% +instead of putting stuff naively in the + + + align:start position:0% +instead of putting stuff naively in the +Bitcoin blockchain we put it in a more + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin blockchain we put it in a more + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin blockchain we put it in a more +principled way and in the sense we get a + + align:start position:0% +principled way and in the sense we get a + + + align:start position:0% +principled way and in the sense we get a +log in another log we get a our log in + + align:start position:0% +log in another log we get a our log in + + + align:start position:0% +log in another log we get a our log in +the Bitcoin log and this generalizes to + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin log and this generalizes to + + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin log and this generalizes to +other cryptocurrencies like you could do + + align:start position:0% +other cryptocurrencies like you could do + + + align:start position:0% +other cryptocurrencies like you could do +this in litecoin for example or even in + + align:start position:0% +this in litecoin for example or even in + + + align:start position:0% +this in litecoin for example or even in +aetherium though I don't think you guys + + align:start position:0% +aetherium though I don't think you guys + + + align:start position:0% +aetherium though I don't think you guys +yet talked about how the etherion + + align:start position:0% +yet talked about how the etherion + + + align:start position:0% +yet talked about how the etherion +blockchain works and the cool thing + + align:start position:0% +blockchain works and the cool thing + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain works and the cool thing +about this Catina log that we're + + align:start position:0% +about this Catina log that we're + + + align:start position:0% +about this Catina log that we're +building is that Catina the Catena log + + align:start position:0% +building is that Catina the Catena log + + + align:start position:0% +building is that Catina the Catena log +is as hard to forecast the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +is as hard to forecast the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +is as hard to forecast the Bitcoin +blockchain + + align:start position:0% +blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain +if you want a four-car log you have to + + align:start position:0% +if you want a four-car log you have to + + + align:start position:0% +if you want a four-car log you have to +fork Bitcoin however unlike the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +fork Bitcoin however unlike the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +fork Bitcoin however unlike the Bitcoin +blockchain + + align:start position:0% +blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain +Catina is super efficient to verify so + + align:start position:0% +Catina is super efficient to verify so + + + align:start position:0% +Catina is super efficient to verify so +in particular remember I described the + + align:start position:0% +in particular remember I described the + + + align:start position:0% +in particular remember I described the +log in terms of the statements in it so + + align:start position:0% +log in terms of the statements in it so + + + align:start position:0% +log in terms of the statements in it so +if you have 10 statements each + + align:start position:0% +if you have 10 statements each + + + align:start position:0% +if you have 10 statements each +statements will be 600 bytes to audit so + + align:start position:0% +statements will be 600 bytes to audit so + + + align:start position:0% +statements will be 600 bytes to audit so +you don't have to download the whole + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to download the whole + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to download the whole +Bitcoin blockchain team to make sure + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin blockchain team to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin blockchain team to make sure +you're not missing a statement and you + + align:start position:0% +you're not missing a statement and you + + + align:start position:0% +you're not missing a statement and you +also have to download 80 bytes for a + + align:start position:0% +also have to download 80 bytes for a + + + align:start position:0% +also have to download 80 bytes for a +Bitcoin block and we have a Java + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin block and we have a Java + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin block and we have a Java +implementation of this and if you guys + + align:start position:0% +implementation of this and if you guys + + + align:start position:0% +implementation of this and if you guys +are curious you can go to my github page + + align:start position:0% +are curious you can go to my github page + + + align:start position:0% +are curious you can go to my github page +and take a look at the code alright so + + align:start position:0% +and take a look at the code alright so + + + align:start position:0% +and take a look at the code alright so +before we start I know you guys already + + align:start position:0% +before we start I know you guys already + + + align:start position:0% +before we start I know you guys already +know a lot about how the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +know a lot about how the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +know a lot about how the Bitcoin +blockchain but it's important that I + + align:start position:0% +blockchain but it's important that I + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain but it's important that I +reintroduce some terminology just so + + align:start position:0% +reintroduce some terminology just so + + + align:start position:0% +reintroduce some terminology just so +we're on the same page so this is the + + align:start position:0% +we're on the same page so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +we're on the same page so this is the +Bitcoin blockchain we have a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin blockchain we have a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin blockchain we have a bunch of +blocks connected by hash chain pointers + + align:start position:0% +blocks connected by hash chain pointers + + + align:start position:0% +blocks connected by hash chain pointers +and we have miracle trees of + + align:start position:0% +and we have miracle trees of + + + align:start position:0% +and we have miracle trees of +transactions and you know these arrows + + align:start position:0% +transactions and you know these arrows + + + align:start position:0% +transactions and you know these arrows +indicate hash pointers it's mean it + + align:start position:0% +indicate hash pointers it's mean it + + + align:start position:0% +indicate hash pointers it's mean it +means that block and stores a hash of + + align:start position:0% +means that block and stores a hash of + + + align:start position:0% +means that block and stores a hash of +block n minus 1 in it right so that in + + align:start position:0% +block n minus 1 in it right so that in + + + align:start position:0% +block n minus 1 in it right so that in +that sense block n has a hash pointer to + + align:start position:0% +that sense block n has a hash pointer to + + + align:start position:0% +that sense block n has a hash pointer to +block n minus 1 all right and like I + + align:start position:0% +block n minus 1 all right and like I + + + align:start position:0% +block n minus 1 all right and like I +said each tree has a Merkle tree each + + align:start position:0% +said each tree has a Merkle tree each + + + align:start position:0% +said each tree has a Merkle tree each +block has a miracle tree and everybody + + align:start position:0% +block has a miracle tree and everybody + + + align:start position:0% +block has a miracle tree and everybody +agrees on this chain of blocks via + + align:start position:0% +agrees on this chain of blocks via + + + align:start position:0% +agrees on this chain of blocks via +proof-of-work consensus which all of you + + align:start position:0% +proof-of-work consensus which all of you + + + align:start position:0% +proof-of-work consensus which all of you +already know and importantly in the + + align:start position:0% +already know and importantly in the + + + align:start position:0% +already know and importantly in the +myrtle trees we have transaction + + align:start position:0% +myrtle trees we have transaction + + + align:start position:0% +myrtle trees we have transaction +and transactions can do two things right + + align:start position:0% +and transactions can do two things right + + + align:start position:0% +and transactions can do two things right +a transaction can mint coins create new + + align:start position:0% +a transaction can mint coins create new + + + align:start position:0% +a transaction can mint coins create new +coins so here I have transaction a it + + align:start position:0% +coins so here I have transaction a it + + + align:start position:0% +coins so here I have transaction a it +created four coins by storing them in an + + align:start position:0% +created four coins by storing them in an + + + align:start position:0% +created four coins by storing them in an +output are you familiar with output so + + align:start position:0% +output are you familiar with output so + + + align:start position:0% +output are you familiar with output so +you guys already discussed transaction + + align:start position:0% +you guys already discussed transaction + + + align:start position:0% +you guys already discussed transaction +outputs and inputs so that's what we're + + align:start position:0% +outputs and inputs so that's what we're + + + align:start position:0% +outputs and inputs so that's what we're +going over here again real quick so an + + align:start position:0% +going over here again real quick so an + + + align:start position:0% +going over here again real quick so an +output specifies the number of coins and + + align:start position:0% +output specifies the number of coins and + + + align:start position:0% +output specifies the number of coins and +the public key of the owner of that + + align:start position:0% +the public key of the owner of that + + + align:start position:0% +the public key of the owner of that +coins as you already know and the second + + align:start position:0% +coins as you already know and the second + + + align:start position:0% +coins as you already know and the second +purpose of transactions is that they can + + align:start position:0% +purpose of transactions is that they can + + + align:start position:0% +purpose of transactions is that they can +transfer coins right and pay fees in the + + align:start position:0% +transfer coins right and pay fees in the + + + align:start position:0% +transfer coins right and pay fees in the +process so here if you have a + + align:start position:0% +process so here if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +process so here if you have a +transaction be this transaction be might + + align:start position:0% +transaction be this transaction be might + + + align:start position:0% +transaction be this transaction be might +say hey here's a signature from the + + align:start position:0% +say hey here's a signature from the + + + align:start position:0% +say hey here's a signature from the +owner of these coins here here's a + + align:start position:0% +owner of these coins here here's a + + + align:start position:0% +owner of these coins here here's a +signature in transaction B and here's + + align:start position:0% +signature in transaction B and here's + + + align:start position:0% +signature in transaction B and here's +the new owner with public key B of three + + align:start position:0% +the new owner with public key B of three + + + align:start position:0% +the new owner with public key B of three +of those four coins and one of those + + align:start position:0% +of those four coins and one of those + + + align:start position:0% +of those four coins and one of those +coins I'll just give it to the miners as + + align:start position:0% +coins I'll just give it to the miners as + + + align:start position:0% +coins I'll just give it to the miners as +a transact as a transaction fee does + + align:start position:0% +a transact as a transaction fee does + + + align:start position:0% +a transact as a transaction fee does +this make sense how many of you are with + + align:start position:0% +this make sense how many of you are with + + + align:start position:0% +this make sense how many of you are with +me all right any questions about how + + align:start position:0% +me all right any questions about how + + + align:start position:0% +me all right any questions about how +transaction inputs and outputs work so + + align:start position:0% +transaction inputs and outputs work so + + + align:start position:0% +transaction inputs and outputs work so +if you remember in the input here you + + align:start position:0% +if you remember in the input here you + + + align:start position:0% +if you remember in the input here you +have a hash pointer to the output here + + align:start position:0% +have a hash pointer to the output here + + + align:start position:0% +have a hash pointer to the output here +right so and in the high-level idea here + + align:start position:0% +right so and in the high-level idea here + + + align:start position:0% +right so and in the high-level idea here +is that the output is just a number of + + align:start position:0% +is that the output is just a number of + + + align:start position:0% +is that the output is just a number of +coins in a public key and the input is a + + align:start position:0% +coins in a public key and the input is a + + + align:start position:0% +coins in a public key and the input is a +hash pointer to an output plus a digital + + align:start position:0% +hash pointer to an output plus a digital + + + align:start position:0% +hash pointer to an output plus a digital +signature from that outputs public key + + align:start position:0% +signature from that outputs public key + + + align:start position:0% +signature from that outputs public key +okay and yeah so what happens here is + + align:start position:0% +okay and yeah so what happens here is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and yeah so what happens here is +that transaction B is spending + + align:start position:0% +that transaction B is spending + + + align:start position:0% +that transaction B is spending +transaction A's first output right + + align:start position:0% +transaction A's first output right + + + align:start position:0% +transaction A's first output right +that's the terminology that we're going + + align:start position:0% +that's the terminology that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +that's the terminology that we're going +to use and I think you guys have already + + align:start position:0% +to use and I think you guys have already + + + align:start position:0% +to use and I think you guys have already +used terminology like this and what in + + align:start position:0% +used terminology like this and what in + + + align:start position:0% +used terminology like this and what in +addition what we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +addition what we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +addition what we're going to talk about +today is the fact that in these Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +today is the fact that in these Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +today is the fact that in these Bitcoin +transactions you can actually embed data + + align:start position:0% +transactions you can actually embed data + + + align:start position:0% +transactions you can actually embed data +and I think you touched briefly on this + + align:start position:0% +and I think you touched briefly on this + + + align:start position:0% +and I think you touched briefly on this +concept of up return transaction outputs + + align:start position:0% +concept of up return transaction outputs + + + align:start position:0% +concept of up return transaction outputs +right so this is an output that sends + + align:start position:0% +right so this is an output that sends + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is an output that sends +coins to a public key but here I can + + align:start position:0% +coins to a public key but here I can + + + align:start position:0% +coins to a public key but here I can +have an output that sends coins to + + align:start position:0% +have an output that sends coins to + + + align:start position:0% +have an output that sends coins to +nobody it just specifies some data and + + align:start position:0% +nobody it just specifies some data and + + + align:start position:0% +nobody it just specifies some data and +in fact I'll use that data to specify + + align:start position:0% +in fact I'll use that data to specify + + + align:start position:0% +in fact I'll use that data to specify +the statements that I was talking about + + align:start position:0% +the statements that I was talking about + + + align:start position:0% +the statements that I was talking about +earlier so the high-level point here is + + align:start position:0% +earlier so the high-level point here is + + + align:start position:0% +earlier so the high-level point here is +that you can embed data in Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +that you can embed data in Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +that you can embed data in Bitcoin +transactions using these operator notes + + align:start position:0% +transactions using these operator notes + + + align:start position:0% +transactions using these operator notes +and there's a bunch of other ways to do + + align:start position:0% +and there's a bunch of other ways to do + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a bunch of other ways to do +it actually like initially what people + + align:start position:0% +it actually like initially what people + + + align:start position:0% +it actually like initially what people +did is they put the data as the public + + align:start position:0% +did is they put the data as the public + + + align:start position:0% +did is they put the data as the public +key they just set the public key to the + + align:start position:0% +key they just set the public key to the + + + align:start position:0% +key they just set the public key to the +data and in that sense they kind of + + align:start position:0% +data and in that sense they kind of + + + align:start position:0% +data and in that sense they kind of +waste + + align:start position:0% +waste + + + align:start position:0% +waste +bitcoins right they said hey send these + + align:start position:0% +bitcoins right they said hey send these + + + align:start position:0% +bitcoins right they said hey send these +three bitcoins to this public key which + + align:start position:0% +three bitcoins to this public key which + + + align:start position:0% +three bitcoins to this public key which +is just some random data but nobody + + align:start position:0% +is just some random data but nobody + + + align:start position:0% +is just some random data but nobody +would know the corresponding secret key + + align:start position:0% +would know the corresponding secret key + + + align:start position:0% +would know the corresponding secret key +of that public key so that therefore + + align:start position:0% +of that public key so that therefore + + + align:start position:0% +of that public key so that therefore +those coins would be burned did you did + + align:start position:0% +those coins would be burned did you did + + + align:start position:0% +those coins would be burned did you did +you cover this in class already maybe + + align:start position:0% +you cover this in class already maybe + + + align:start position:0% +you cover this in class already maybe +maybe a little bit so but that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +maybe a little bit so but that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a little bit so but that's kind of +inefficient because if you remember the + + align:start position:0% +inefficient because if you remember the + + + align:start position:0% +inefficient because if you remember the +miners have to build the suti Exocet and + + align:start position:0% +miners have to build the suti Exocet and + + + align:start position:0% +miners have to build the suti Exocet and +they have to keep the South put that has + + align:start position:0% +they have to keep the South put that has + + + align:start position:0% +they have to keep the South put that has +this bad public key in their memory + + align:start position:0% +this bad public key in their memory + + + align:start position:0% +this bad public key in their memory +forever because nobody's going to be + + align:start position:0% +forever because nobody's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +forever because nobody's going to be +able to spend it so we don't want to do + + align:start position:0% +able to spend it so we don't want to do + + + align:start position:0% +able to spend it so we don't want to do +that we want to build a nice system and + + align:start position:0% +that we want to build a nice system and + + + align:start position:0% +that we want to build a nice system and +a system that you know treats Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +a system that you know treats Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +a system that you know treats Bitcoin +nicely the Bitcoin miners so that's why + + align:start position:0% +nicely the Bitcoin miners so that's why + + + align:start position:0% +nicely the Bitcoin miners so that's why +we use these return outputs all right so + + align:start position:0% +we use these return outputs all right so + + + align:start position:0% +we use these return outputs all right so +the high-level here is that Alice gives + + align:start position:0% +the high-level here is that Alice gives + + + align:start position:0% +the high-level here is that Alice gives +Bob three bitcoins and the miners + + align:start position:0% +Bob three bitcoins and the miners + + + align:start position:0% +Bob three bitcoins and the miners +collect a Bitcoin as a fee and of course + + align:start position:0% +collect a Bitcoin as a fee and of course + + + align:start position:0% +collect a Bitcoin as a fee and of course +you can keep doing this right like Bob + + align:start position:0% +you can keep doing this right like Bob + + + align:start position:0% +you can keep doing this right like Bob +can give Carol these two bitcoins later + + align:start position:0% +can give Carol these two bitcoins later + + + align:start position:0% +can give Carol these two bitcoins later +by creating another transaction with an + + align:start position:0% +by creating another transaction with an + + + align:start position:0% +by creating another transaction with an +input referring to that output and with + + align:start position:0% +input referring to that output and with + + + align:start position:0% +input referring to that output and with +an output specifying Carol's public key + + align:start position:0% +an output specifying Carol's public key + + + align:start position:0% +an output specifying Carol's public key +all right in the high-level idea of + + align:start position:0% +all right in the high-level idea of + + + align:start position:0% +all right in the high-level idea of +Bitcoin is that you don't you cannot + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin is that you don't you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin is that you don't you cannot +double spend coins and what that means + + align:start position:0% +double spend coins and what that means + + + align:start position:0% +double spend coins and what that means +is that a transaction output can only be + + align:start position:0% +is that a transaction output can only be + + + align:start position:0% +is that a transaction output can only be +referred to by a single transaction + + align:start position:0% +referred to by a single transaction + + + align:start position:0% +referred to by a single transaction +input so this thing right here in + + align:start position:0% +input so this thing right here in + + + align:start position:0% +input so this thing right here in +Bitcoin where I have two inputs spending + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin where I have two inputs spending + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin where I have two inputs spending +an output cannot happen right how many + + align:start position:0% +an output cannot happen right how many + + + align:start position:0% +an output cannot happen right how many +of you are familiar with this already + + align:start position:0% +of you are familiar with this already + + + align:start position:0% +of you are familiar with this already +okay good so actually this is the + + align:start position:0% +okay good so actually this is the + + + align:start position:0% +okay good so actually this is the +essential trick that Katina leverages + + align:start position:0% +essential trick that Katina leverages + + + align:start position:0% +essential trick that Katina leverages +and we'll talk about it soon and and + + align:start position:0% +and we'll talk about it soon and and + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll talk about it soon and and +yeah the moral of the story the reason I + + align:start position:0% +yeah the moral of the story the reason I + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the moral of the story the reason I +told you all of this is because you know + + align:start position:0% +told you all of this is because you know + + + align:start position:0% +told you all of this is because you know +basically if you have proof of or + + align:start position:0% +basically if you have proof of or + + + align:start position:0% +basically if you have proof of or +consensus in the Bitcoin sense you + + align:start position:0% +consensus in the Bitcoin sense you + + + align:start position:0% +consensus in the Bitcoin sense you +cannot do double spend so this thing + + align:start position:0% +cannot do double spend so this thing + + + align:start position:0% +cannot do double spend so this thing +right here that I said before it just + + align:start position:0% +right here that I said before it just + + + align:start position:0% +right here that I said before it just +cannot occur in the Bitcoin blockchain + + align:start position:0% +cannot occur in the Bitcoin blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +cannot occur in the Bitcoin blockchain +unless you break the assumptions right + + align:start position:0% +unless you break the assumptions right + + + align:start position:0% +unless you break the assumptions right +unless you you have more mining power + + align:start position:0% +unless you you have more mining power + + + align:start position:0% +unless you you have more mining power +than you should in that case you either + + align:start position:0% +than you should in that case you either + + + align:start position:0% +than you should in that case you either +have 2 X 2 or 2 X 2 prime but not both + + align:start position:0% +have 2 X 2 or 2 X 2 prime but not both + + + align:start position:0% +have 2 X 2 or 2 X 2 prime but not both +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +and the what Catina really realizes is + + align:start position:0% +and the what Catina really realizes is + + + align:start position:0% +and the what Catina really realizes is +that if I put statements in these + + align:start position:0% +that if I put statements in these + + + align:start position:0% +that if I put statements in these +transactions now what that means is that + + align:start position:0% +transactions now what that means is that + + + align:start position:0% +transactions now what that means is that +I can only have a second statement I + + align:start position:0% +I can only have a second statement I + + + align:start position:0% +I can only have a second statement I +cannot have two second statements I + + align:start position:0% +cannot have two second statements I + + + align:start position:0% +cannot have two second statements I +cannot equivocate about the second + + align:start position:0% +cannot equivocate about the second + + + align:start position:0% +cannot equivocate about the second +statements if I just restrict my way of + + align:start position:0% +statements if I just restrict my way of + + + align:start position:0% +statements if I just restrict my way of +issuing statements in this way I put the + + align:start position:0% +issuing statements in this way I put the + + + align:start position:0% +issuing statements in this way I put the +first statement in the transaction in + + align:start position:0% +first statement in the transaction in + + + align:start position:0% +first statement in the transaction in +the second statement I put it in a + + align:start position:0% +the second statement I put it in a + + + align:start position:0% +the second statement I put it in a +transaction that spends the first one so + + align:start position:0% +transaction that spends the first one so + + + align:start position:0% +transaction that spends the first one so +does everybody agree that if I if I do + + align:start position:0% +does everybody agree that if I if I do + + + align:start position:0% +does everybody agree that if I if I do +things in this way and I want to + + align:start position:0% +things in this way and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +things in this way and I want to +equivocate about the second statement I + + align:start position:0% +equivocate about the second statement I + + + align:start position:0% +equivocate about the second statement I +would have to double spend + + align:start position:0% +would have to double spend + + + align:start position:0% +would have to double spend +so that's the the key insight behind our + + align:start position:0% +so that's the the key insight behind our + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the the key insight behind our +system any questions about this so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know it's really hard to talk if you + + align:start position:0% +you know it's really hard to talk if you + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's really hard to talk if you +guys talk back it's way easier that's an + + align:start position:0% +guys talk back it's way easier that's an + + + align:start position:0% +guys talk back it's way easier that's an +excellent question so let's let's go + + align:start position:0% +excellent question so let's let's go + + + align:start position:0% +excellent question so let's let's go +over that way the idea is that in this + + align:start position:0% +over that way the idea is that in this + + + align:start position:0% +over that way the idea is that in this +output I won't burn any any bitcoins + + align:start position:0% +output I won't burn any any bitcoins + + + align:start position:0% +output I won't burn any any bitcoins +I'll actually specify my own public key + + align:start position:0% +I'll actually specify my own public key + + + align:start position:0% +I'll actually specify my own public key +here not just send the bitcoins back to + + align:start position:0% +here not just send the bitcoins back to + + + align:start position:0% +here not just send the bitcoins back to +myself and in the process I'll pay a fee + + align:start position:0% +myself and in the process I'll pay a fee + + + align:start position:0% +myself and in the process I'll pay a fee +to issue this transaction does that make + + align:start position:0% +to issue this transaction does that make + + + align:start position:0% +to issue this transaction does that make +sense yeah and we'll talk about it later + + align:start position:0% +sense yeah and we'll talk about it later + + + align:start position:0% +sense yeah and we'll talk about it later +okay so real quickly what the previous + + align:start position:0% +okay so real quickly what the previous + + + align:start position:0% +okay so real quickly what the previous +work do regarding this so how many of + + align:start position:0% +work do regarding this so how many of + + + align:start position:0% +work do regarding this so how many of +you are familiar with block stack one + + align:start position:0% +you are familiar with block stack one + + + align:start position:0% +you are familiar with block stack one +two one two only two people okay how + + align:start position:0% +two one two only two people okay how + + + align:start position:0% +two one two only two people okay how +many of you are familiar with key base + + align:start position:0% +many of you are familiar with key base + + + align:start position:0% +many of you are familiar with key base +okay so black second key base actually + + align:start position:0% +okay so black second key base actually + + + align:start position:0% +okay so black second key base actually +post statements in the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +post statements in the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +post statements in the Bitcoin +blockchain and they're both public key + + align:start position:0% +blockchain and they're both public key + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain and they're both public key +directories they map user names the + + align:start position:0% +directories they map user names the + + + align:start position:0% +directories they map user names the +public keys and for example key base + + align:start position:0% +public keys and for example key base + + + align:start position:0% +public keys and for example key base +what key base does is they take this + + align:start position:0% +what key base does is they take this + + + align:start position:0% +what key base does is they take this +merkel root hash and they put it in a + + align:start position:0% +merkel root hash and they put it in a + + + align:start position:0% +merkel root hash and they put it in a +transaction and then six hours later + + align:start position:0% +transaction and then six hours later + + + align:start position:0% +transaction and then six hours later +they take the new root hash and they put + + align:start position:0% +they take the new root hash and they put + + + align:start position:0% +they take the new root hash and they put +it in another transaction and so on + + align:start position:0% +it in another transaction and so on + + + align:start position:0% +it in another transaction and so on +every six hours they post the + + align:start position:0% +every six hours they post the + + + align:start position:0% +every six hours they post the +transaction but unfortunately they don't + + align:start position:0% +transaction but unfortunately they don't + + + align:start position:0% +transaction but unfortunately they don't +actually do what Catina does so they + + align:start position:0% +actually do what Catina does so they + + + align:start position:0% +actually do what Catina does so they +don't have their new transaction spend + + align:start position:0% +don't have their new transaction spend + + + align:start position:0% +don't have their new transaction spend +the old one and as a result if you're + + align:start position:0% +the old one and as a result if you're + + + align:start position:0% +the old one and as a result if you're +trying to make sure you see all of the + + align:start position:0% +trying to make sure you see all of the + + + align:start position:0% +trying to make sure you see all of the +statements for a key base you don't have + + align:start position:0% +statements for a key base you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +statements for a key base you don't have +a lot of recourse other than just + + align:start position:0% +a lot of recourse other than just + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of recourse other than just +downloading the each blockchain + + align:start position:0% +downloading the each blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +downloading the each blockchain +each each block and looking in the block + + align:start position:0% +each each block and looking in the block + + + align:start position:0% +each each block and looking in the block +for all of the relevant transactions + + align:start position:0% +for all of the relevant transactions + + + align:start position:0% +for all of the relevant transactions +another thing you could do is you could + + align:start position:0% +another thing you could do is you could + + + align:start position:0% +another thing you could do is you could +sort of trust the Bitcoin miners the + + align:start position:0% +sort of trust the Bitcoin miners the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of trust the Bitcoin miners the +Bitcoin full nodes to filter the blocks + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin full nodes to filter the blocks + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin full nodes to filter the blocks +for you so you could say you could + + align:start position:0% +for you so you could say you could + + + align:start position:0% +for you so you could say you could +contact a bunch of Bitcoin full nodes + + align:start position:0% +contact a bunch of Bitcoin full nodes + + + align:start position:0% +contact a bunch of Bitcoin full nodes +and say look I'm only interested in + + align:start position:0% +and say look I'm only interested in + + + align:start position:0% +and say look I'm only interested in +transactions that have a certain app + + align:start position:0% +transactions that have a certain app + + + align:start position:0% +transactions that have a certain app +return prefix in the data and they could + + align:start position:0% +return prefix in the data and they could + + + align:start position:0% +return prefix in the data and they could +do that for you but unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +do that for you but unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +do that for you but unfortunately +Bitcoin full notes could also lie to you + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin full notes could also lie to you + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin full notes could also lie to you +very easily and there's no cost for them + + align:start position:0% +very easily and there's no cost for them + + + align:start position:0% +very easily and there's no cost for them +to lie to you everybody can be a Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +to lie to you everybody can be a Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +to lie to you everybody can be a Bitcoin +full node so then it becomes a very + + align:start position:0% +full node so then it becomes a very + + + align:start position:0% +full node so then it becomes a very +bandwidth intensive process because you + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth intensive process because you + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth intensive process because you +have to ask a lot of full node to deal a + + align:start position:0% +have to ask a lot of full node to deal a + + + align:start position:0% +have to ask a lot of full node to deal a +lot of + + align:start position:0% +lot of + + + align:start position:0% +lot of +no it's to deal with the fact that + + align:start position:0% +no it's to deal with the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +no it's to deal with the fact that +someone might lie to you but you either + + align:start position:0% +someone might lie to you but you either + + + align:start position:0% +someone might lie to you but you either +need to download full blocks to find + + align:start position:0% +need to download full blocks to find + + + align:start position:0% +need to download full blocks to find +let's say a missing statement like this + + align:start position:0% +let's say a missing statement like this + + + align:start position:0% +let's say a missing statement like this +one that a Bitcoin full know it might + + align:start position:0% +one that a Bitcoin full know it might + + + align:start position:0% +one that a Bitcoin full know it might +hide from you or you can trust a + + align:start position:0% +hide from you or you can trust a + + + align:start position:0% +hide from you or you can trust a +majority of Bitcoin full notes to not + + align:start position:0% +majority of Bitcoin full notes to not + + + align:start position:0% +majority of Bitcoin full notes to not +hide statements which is which is not + + align:start position:0% +hide statements which is which is not + + + align:start position:0% +hide statements which is which is not +very good right so I don't want to trust + + align:start position:0% +very good right so I don't want to trust + + + align:start position:0% +very good right so I don't want to trust +these full notes because all of you guys + + align:start position:0% +these full notes because all of you guys + + + align:start position:0% +these full notes because all of you guys +could run a full note right now in the + + align:start position:0% +could run a full note right now in the + + + align:start position:0% +could run a full note right now in the +Bitcoin network it doesn't cost you + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin network it doesn't cost you + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin network it doesn't cost you +anything and if I talk to your malicious + + align:start position:0% +anything and if I talk to your malicious + + + align:start position:0% +anything and if I talk to your malicious +full nodes I could be screwed so in our + + align:start position:0% +full nodes I could be screwed so in our + + + align:start position:0% +full nodes I could be screwed so in our +work just says look instead of instead + + align:start position:0% +work just says look instead of instead + + + align:start position:0% +work just says look instead of instead +of issuing transactions in a sort of + + align:start position:0% +of issuing transactions in a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of issuing transactions in a sort of +uncorrelated fashion just do the + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated fashion just do the + + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated fashion just do the +following thing every transaction in + + align:start position:0% +following thing every transaction in + + + align:start position:0% +following thing every transaction in +issue should spend the previous one so + + align:start position:0% +issue should spend the previous one so + + + align:start position:0% +issue should spend the previous one so +as a result if someone wants to + + align:start position:0% +as a result if someone wants to + + + align:start position:0% +as a result if someone wants to +equivocate about the third statement + + align:start position:0% +equivocate about the third statement + + + align:start position:0% +equivocate about the third statement +they have to double spend like I said + + align:start position:0% +they have to double spend like I said + + + align:start position:0% +they have to double spend like I said +before right yeah so the key base is + + align:start position:0% +before right yeah so the key base is + + + align:start position:0% +before right yeah so the key base is +cubits and blocks like our public key + + align:start position:0% +cubits and blocks like our public key + + + align:start position:0% +cubits and blocks like our public key +directories and what they do is they + + align:start position:0% +directories and what they do is they + + + align:start position:0% +directories and what they do is they +want to prevent themselves from is there + + align:start position:0% +want to prevent themselves from is there + + + align:start position:0% +want to prevent themselves from is there +a white board I can draw here yeah so + + align:start position:0% +a white board I can draw here yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +a white board I can draw here yeah so +let's say you know if you remember the + + align:start position:0% +let's say you know if you remember the + + + align:start position:0% +let's say you know if you remember the +picture from the beginning I can have a + + align:start position:0% +picture from the beginning I can have a + + + align:start position:0% +picture from the beginning I can have a +public key directory that evolves over + + align:start position:0% +public key directory that evolves over + + + align:start position:0% +public key directory that evolves over +time right so this is V 1 of the + + align:start position:0% +time right so this is V 1 of the + + + align:start position:0% +time right so this is V 1 of the +directory and it might have the right + + align:start position:0% +directory and it might have the right + + + align:start position:0% +directory and it might have the right +public keys for Alice and Bob but at V + + align:start position:0% +public keys for Alice and Bob but at V + + + align:start position:0% +public keys for Alice and Bob but at V +to the directory might do this mi do V 2 + + align:start position:0% +to the directory might do this mi do V 2 + + + align:start position:0% +to the directory might do this mi do V 2 +it might have Alice Bob but then put a + + align:start position:0% +it might have Alice Bob but then put a + + + align:start position:0% +it might have Alice Bob but then put a +fake key for Alice and at V 2 Prime it + + align:start position:0% +fake key for Alice and at V 2 Prime it + + + align:start position:0% +fake key for Alice and at V 2 Prime it +might do Alice Bob as before and put a + + align:start position:0% +might do Alice Bob as before and put a + + + align:start position:0% +might do Alice Bob as before and put a +fake key for Bob so in other words it + + align:start position:0% +fake key for Bob so in other words it + + + align:start position:0% +fake key for Bob so in other words it +keeps the directory append-only + + align:start position:0% +keeps the directory append-only + + + align:start position:0% +keeps the directory append-only +but it just adds fake public keys for + + align:start position:0% +but it just adds fake public keys for + + + align:start position:0% +but it just adds fake public keys for +the right people in the right version so + + align:start position:0% +the right people in the right version so + + + align:start position:0% +the right people in the right version so +here this this one is shown to Bob and + + align:start position:0% +here this this one is shown to Bob and + + + align:start position:0% +here this this one is shown to Bob and +here this one is shown to Alice so now + + align:start position:0% +here this one is shown to Alice so now + + + align:start position:0% +here this one is shown to Alice so now +Alice will use this fake key for Bob so + + align:start position:0% +Alice will use this fake key for Bob so + + + align:start position:0% +Alice will use this fake key for Bob so +she'll encrypt a message with B Prime + + align:start position:0% +she'll encrypt a message with B Prime + + + align:start position:0% +she'll encrypt a message with B Prime +for Bob and now the attacker can easily + + align:start position:0% +for Bob and now the attacker can easily + + + align:start position:0% +for Bob and now the attacker can easily +decrypt this message because he has the + + align:start position:0% +decrypt this message because he has the + + + align:start position:0% +decrypt this message because he has the +secret key so what the attacker can do + + align:start position:0% +secret key so what the attacker can do + + + align:start position:0% +secret key so what the attacker can do +then is Rhian cryptid with the right + + align:start position:0% +then is Rhian cryptid with the right + + + align:start position:0% +then is Rhian cryptid with the right +public key for Bob and now he can read + + align:start position:0% +public key for Bob and now he can read + + + align:start position:0% +public key for Bob and now he can read +alice's messages and the the whole idea + + align:start position:0% +alice's messages and the the whole idea + + + align:start position:0% +alice's messages and the the whole idea +is that the attacker you know this b + + align:start position:0% +is that the attacker you know this b + + + align:start position:0% +is that the attacker you know this b +prime is is the public key is a PK b + + align:start position:0% +prime is is the public key is a PK b + + + align:start position:0% +prime is is the public key is a PK b +prime let's say but the attacker has + + align:start position:0% +prime let's say but the attacker has + + + align:start position:0% +prime let's say but the attacker has +this KB Prime + + align:start position:0% +this KB Prime + + + align:start position:0% +this KB Prime +he knows skb prime because the attacker + + align:start position:0% +he knows skb prime because the attacker + + + align:start position:0% +he knows skb prime because the attacker +put the cinder the attacker being really + + align:start position:0% +put the cinder the attacker being really + + + align:start position:0% +put the cinder the attacker being really +block stack or key base and of course + + align:start position:0% +block stack or key base and of course + + + align:start position:0% +block stack or key base and of course +they're not attackers in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +they're not attackers in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +they're not attackers in the sense that +they want to be good guys but they're + + align:start position:0% +they want to be good guys but they're + + + align:start position:0% +they want to be good guys but they're +gonna be compromised eventually so they + + align:start position:0% +gonna be compromised eventually so they + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be compromised eventually so they +want to prevent themselves from doing + + align:start position:0% +want to prevent themselves from doing + + + align:start position:0% +want to prevent themselves from doing +things like these is that sort of answer + + align:start position:0% +things like these is that sort of answer + + + align:start position:0% +things like these is that sort of answer +your question yeah all right so so yeah + + align:start position:0% +your question yeah all right so so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +your question yeah all right so so yeah +really a simple summary if I had to + + align:start position:0% +really a simple summary if I had to + + + align:start position:0% +really a simple summary if I had to +slice the summarize our work this would + + align:start position:0% +slice the summarize our work this would + + + align:start position:0% +slice the summarize our work this would +be it right there would be these two + + align:start position:0% +be it right there would be these two + + + align:start position:0% +be it right there would be these two +look don't do things this way do them + + align:start position:0% +look don't do things this way do them + + + align:start position:0% +look don't do things this way do them +this way right so let's see let's look a + + align:start position:0% +this way right so let's see let's look a + + + align:start position:0% +this way right so let's see let's look a +little bit at the design so remember we + + align:start position:0% +little bit at the design so remember we + + + align:start position:0% +little bit at the design so remember we +have these authorities that could + + align:start position:0% +have these authorities that could + + + align:start position:0% +have these authorities that could +equivocate about the statements they + + align:start position:0% +equivocate about the statements they + + + align:start position:0% +equivocate about the statements they +issue like block stack or key base so + + align:start position:0% +issue like block stack or key base so + + + align:start position:0% +issue like block stack or key base so +what we propose is look this authorities + + align:start position:0% +what we propose is look this authorities + + + align:start position:0% +what we propose is look this authorities +can run a lock server a Catina lock + + align:start position:0% +can run a lock server a Catina lock + + + align:start position:0% +can run a lock server a Catina lock +server and they start with some with + + align:start position:0% +server and they start with some with + + + align:start position:0% +server and they start with some with +some funds locked in some output and + + align:start position:0% +some funds locked in some output and + + + align:start position:0% +some funds locked in some output and +what they can do first is they can issue + + align:start position:0% +what they can do first is they can issue + + + align:start position:0% +what they can do first is they can issue +this Genesis transaction to start a new + + align:start position:0% +this Genesis transaction to start a new + + + align:start position:0% +this Genesis transaction to start a new +lock so for example key base would issue + + align:start position:0% +lock so for example key base would issue + + + align:start position:0% +lock so for example key base would issue +this Genesis transaction starting the + + align:start position:0% +this Genesis transaction starting the + + + align:start position:0% +this Genesis transaction starting the +log of their public key directory Merkle + + align:start position:0% +log of their public key directory Merkle + + + align:start position:0% +log of their public key directory Merkle +roots and this Genesis transaction can + + align:start position:0% +roots and this Genesis transaction can + + + align:start position:0% +roots and this Genesis transaction can +be thought of as the public key of the + + align:start position:0% +be thought of as the public key of the + + + align:start position:0% +be thought of as the public key of the +log once you have this Genesis + + align:start position:0% +log once you have this Genesis + + + align:start position:0% +log once you have this Genesis +transaction you know it's transaction ID + + align:start position:0% +transaction you know it's transaction ID + + + align:start position:0% +transaction you know it's transaction ID +you can verify any future statements and + + align:start position:0% +you can verify any future statements and + + + align:start position:0% +you can verify any future statements and +you can implicitly prevent equivocation + + align:start position:0% +you can implicitly prevent equivocation + + + align:start position:0% +you can implicitly prevent equivocation +about statements and and what what the + + align:start position:0% +about statements and and what what the + + + align:start position:0% +about statements and and what what the +lock server is gonna do is it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +lock server is gonna do is it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +lock server is gonna do is it's gonna +take these coins and send them back to + + align:start position:0% +take these coins and send them back to + + + align:start position:0% +take these coins and send them back to +the server to answer your question so if + + align:start position:0% +the server to answer your question so if + + + align:start position:0% +the server to answer your question so if +there was a public key if these coins + + align:start position:0% +there was a public key if these coins + + + align:start position:0% +there was a public key if these coins +are owned by some public key they're + + align:start position:0% +are owned by some public key they're + + + align:start position:0% +are owned by some public key they're +just sent back to the same public key + + align:start position:0% +just sent back to the same public key + + + align:start position:0% +just sent back to the same public key +here and paying some fees in the process + + align:start position:0% +here and paying some fees in the process + + + align:start position:0% +here and paying some fees in the process +right so we're not burning coins in the + + align:start position:0% +right so we're not burning coins in the + + + align:start position:0% +right so we're not burning coins in the +sense that we're just paying fees to the + + align:start position:0% +sense that we're just paying fees to the + + + align:start position:0% +sense that we're just paying fees to the +miners which we have to do ok so now + + align:start position:0% +miners which we have to do ok so now + + + align:start position:0% +miners which we have to do ok so now +what you can do is if you want to issue + + align:start position:0% +what you can do is if you want to issue + + + align:start position:0% +what you can do is if you want to issue +the first statements you create you + + align:start position:0% +the first statements you create you + + + align:start position:0% +the first statements you create you +create a transaction and you send the + + align:start position:0% +create a transaction and you send the + + + align:start position:0% +create a transaction and you send the +coins from this output to this other + + align:start position:0% +coins from this output to this other + + + align:start position:0% +coins from this output to this other +output you pay some fees in the process + + align:start position:0% +output you pay some fees in the process + + + align:start position:0% +output you pay some fees in the process +you put your statement in an operator an + + align:start position:0% +you put your statement in an operator an + + + align:start position:0% +you put your statement in an operator an +output and as a result if this lock + + align:start position:0% +output and as a result if this lock + + + align:start position:0% +output and as a result if this lock +server wants to equivocate it has to + + align:start position:0% +server wants to equivocate it has to + + + align:start position:0% +server wants to equivocate it has to +again double spend here which it cannot + + align:start position:0% +again double spend here which it cannot + + + align:start position:0% +again double spend here which it cannot +do unless it has enough mining power so + + align:start position:0% +do unless it has enough mining power so + + + align:start position:0% +do unless it has enough mining power so +key basin block stack if they were to + + align:start position:0% +key basin block stack if they were to + + + align:start position:0% +key basin block stack if they were to +use a system like this they could + + align:start position:0% +use a system like this they could + + + align:start position:0% +use a system like this they could +prevent themselves from equivocating and + + align:start position:0% +prevent themselves from equivocating and + + + align:start position:0% +prevent themselves from equivocating and +this can keep going right so you issue + + align:start position:0% +this can keep going right so you issue + + + align:start position:0% +this can keep going right so you issue +another transaction spend the previous + + align:start position:0% +another transaction spend the previous + + + align:start position:0% +another transaction spend the previous +output put a new statement yes + + align:start position:0% +output put a new statement yes + + + align:start position:0% +output put a new statement yes +seemed like a new problem have + + align:start position:0% +seemed like a new problem have + + + align:start position:0% +seemed like a new problem have +authorities prevented this doesn't seem + + align:start position:0% +authorities prevented this doesn't seem + + + align:start position:0% +authorities prevented this doesn't seem +like a new problem how did authorities + + align:start position:0% +like a new problem how did authorities + + + align:start position:0% +like a new problem how did authorities +do it the problem is not new the problem + + align:start position:0% +do it the problem is not new the problem + + + align:start position:0% +do it the problem is not new the problem +is eternal that's so you are correct + + align:start position:0% +is eternal that's so you are correct + + + align:start position:0% +is eternal that's so you are correct +there how did they do it in the past + + align:start position:0% +there how did they do it in the past + + + align:start position:0% +there how did they do it in the past +they just used a Byzantine consensus + + align:start position:0% +they just used a Byzantine consensus + + + align:start position:0% +they just used a Byzantine consensus +algorithm so in some sense this is what + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so in some sense this is what + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm so in some sense this is what +we're doing here as well we're just + + align:start position:0% +we're doing here as well we're just + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing here as well we're just +piggybacking on top of bitcoins + + align:start position:0% +piggybacking on top of bitcoins + + + align:start position:0% +piggybacking on top of bitcoins +Byzantine consensus algorithm sure I'm + + align:start position:0% +Byzantine consensus algorithm sure I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Byzantine consensus algorithm sure I'm +not sure what rolling down means but but + + align:start position:0% +not sure what rolling down means but but + + + align:start position:0% +not sure what rolling down means but but +yeah we're piggybacking on top of + + align:start position:0% +yeah we're piggybacking on top of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we're piggybacking on top of +Bitcoin the idea is that look Byzantine + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin the idea is that look Byzantine + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin the idea is that look Byzantine +consensus is actually quite complex to + + align:start position:0% +consensus is actually quite complex to + + + align:start position:0% +consensus is actually quite complex to +get right we already have a publicly + + align:start position:0% +get right we already have a publicly + + + align:start position:0% +get right we already have a publicly +verifiable verifiable Byzantine + + align:start position:0% +verifiable verifiable Byzantine + + + align:start position:0% +verifiable verifiable Byzantine +consensus algorithm it's Bitcoin why + + align:start position:0% +consensus algorithm it's Bitcoin why + + + align:start position:0% +consensus algorithm it's Bitcoin why +can't we use it to verify let's say a + + align:start position:0% +can't we use it to verify let's say a + + + align:start position:0% +can't we use it to verify let's say a +lot of statements super efficiently so + + align:start position:0% +lot of statements super efficiently so + + + align:start position:0% +lot of statements super efficiently so +up until our work people didn't seem to + + align:start position:0% +up until our work people didn't seem to + + + align:start position:0% +up until our work people didn't seem to +do this so key base that and do this + + align:start position:0% +do this so key base that and do this + + + align:start position:0% +do this so key base that and do this +block stack there and do this + + align:start position:0% +block stack there and do this + + + align:start position:0% +block stack there and do this +they kind of force you to download the + + align:start position:0% +they kind of force you to download the + + + align:start position:0% +they kind of force you to download the +entire Bitcoin blockchain to verify + + align:start position:0% +entire Bitcoin blockchain to verify + + + align:start position:0% +entire Bitcoin blockchain to verify +let's say three statements so in our + + align:start position:0% +let's say three statements so in our + + + align:start position:0% +let's say three statements so in our +case you only have to download a few + + align:start position:0% +case you only have to download a few + + + align:start position:0% +case you only have to download a few +kilobytes of data to verify these three + + align:start position:0% +kilobytes of data to verify these three + + + align:start position:0% +kilobytes of data to verify these three +statements assuming you have the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +statements assuming you have the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +statements assuming you have the Bitcoin +block headers right which which we think + + align:start position:0% +block headers right which which we think + + + align:start position:0% +block headers right which which we think +is a step forward and it's sort of like + + align:start position:0% +is a step forward and it's sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +is a step forward and it's sort of like +the right way to use these systems + + align:start position:0% +the right way to use these systems + + + align:start position:0% +the right way to use these systems +should be you know the efficient way not + + align:start position:0% +should be you know the efficient way not + + + align:start position:0% +should be you know the efficient way not +the inefficient because bad word is + + align:start position:0% +the inefficient because bad word is + + + align:start position:0% +the inefficient because bad word is +expensive right computation is shift + + align:start position:0% +expensive right computation is shift + + + align:start position:0% +expensive right computation is shift +bandwidth is expensive all right so + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth is expensive all right so + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth is expensive all right so +anyway the idea is that if the lock + + align:start position:0% +anyway the idea is that if the lock + + + align:start position:0% +anyway the idea is that if the lock +server becomes malicious if key base or + + align:start position:0% +server becomes malicious if key base or + + + align:start position:0% +server becomes malicious if key base or +blocks that gets hacked they cannot + + align:start position:0% +blocks that gets hacked they cannot + + + align:start position:0% +blocks that gets hacked they cannot +equivocate about the third statement + + align:start position:0% +equivocate about the third statement + + + align:start position:0% +equivocate about the third statement +they can only issue one unique third + + align:start position:0% +they can only issue one unique third + + + align:start position:0% +they can only issue one unique third +statement and the advantages are you + + align:start position:0% +statement and the advantages are you + + + align:start position:0% +statement and the advantages are you +know it's hard to fork this lock it's + + align:start position:0% +know it's hard to fork this lock it's + + + align:start position:0% +know it's hard to fork this lock it's +hard to equivocate about third statement + + align:start position:0% +hard to equivocate about third statement + + + align:start position:0% +hard to equivocate about third statement +but it's efficient to verify and I'll + + align:start position:0% +but it's efficient to verify and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +but it's efficient to verify and I'll +walk you through how clients verify soon + + align:start position:0% +walk you through how clients verify soon + + + align:start position:0% +walk you through how clients verify soon +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +the disadvantages are that if I want to + + align:start position:0% +the disadvantages are that if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +the disadvantages are that if I want to +know that this is the second statement + + align:start position:0% +know that this is the second statement + + + align:start position:0% +know that this is the second statement +in the log I have to wait for six more + + align:start position:0% +in the log I have to wait for six more + + + align:start position:0% +in the log I have to wait for six more +blocks to be built on top of this + + align:start position:0% +blocks to be built on top of this + + + align:start position:0% +blocks to be built on top of this +statements block right just like in + + align:start position:0% +statements block right just like in + + + align:start position:0% +statements block right just like in +Bitcoin you have to wait for six blocks + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin you have to wait for six blocks + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin you have to wait for six blocks +to make sure a transaction is confirmed + + align:start position:0% +to make sure a transaction is confirmed + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure a transaction is confirmed +right why do you do that the reason you + + align:start position:0% +right why do you do that the reason you + + + align:start position:0% +right why do you do that the reason you +do that is because there could be + + align:start position:0% +do that is because there could be + + + align:start position:0% +do that is because there could be +another transaction here double spending + + align:start position:0% +another transaction here double spending + + + align:start position:0% +another transaction here double spending +because sometimes there are accidental + + align:start position:0% +because sometimes there are accidental + + + align:start position:0% +because sometimes there are accidental +Forks in Bitcoin and things like that + + align:start position:0% +Forks in Bitcoin and things like that + + + align:start position:0% +Forks in Bitcoin and things like that +what what are some other disadvantages + + align:start position:0% +what what are some other disadvantages + + + align:start position:0% +what what are some other disadvantages +that you guys can point out yeah it's + + align:start position:0% +that you guys can point out yeah it's + + + align:start position:0% +that you guys can point out yeah it's +gonna be expensive to issue these runs + + align:start position:0% +gonna be expensive to issue these runs + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be expensive to issue these runs +so Arlene Arlene and I share the same + + align:start position:0% +so Arlene Arlene and I share the same + + + align:start position:0% +so Arlene Arlene and I share the same +name so Arlene is pointing out that you + + align:start position:0% +name so Arlene is pointing out that you + + + align:start position:0% +name so Arlene is pointing out that you +know every time I issue these statements + + align:start position:0% +know every time I issue these statements + + + align:start position:0% +know every time I issue these statements +I have to pay a fee right and if you + + align:start position:0% +I have to pay a fee right and if you + + + align:start position:0% +I have to pay a fee right and if you +remember the fees were quite ridiculous + + align:start position:0% +remember the fees were quite ridiculous + + + align:start position:0% +remember the fees were quite ridiculous +in Bitcoin so that's that's a problem + + align:start position:0% +in Bitcoin so that's that's a problem + + + align:start position:0% +in Bitcoin so that's that's a problem +right so let's see what's that the next + + align:start position:0% +right so let's see what's that the next + + + align:start position:0% +right so let's see what's that the next +thing no the next thing was you have to + + align:start position:0% +thing no the next thing was you have to + + + align:start position:0% +thing no the next thing was you have to +issue you can only issue a statement + + align:start position:0% +issue you can only issue a statement + + + align:start position:0% +issue you can only issue a statement +every ten minutes right so if you want + + align:start position:0% +every ten minutes right so if you want + + + align:start position:0% +every ten minutes right so if you want +to issue statements really fast you + + align:start position:0% +to issue statements really fast you + + + align:start position:0% +to issue statements really fast you +can't do that all right like Arlene said + + align:start position:0% +can't do that all right like Arlene said + + + align:start position:0% +can't do that all right like Arlene said +you have to issue a bit you have to pay + + align:start position:0% +you have to issue a bit you have to pay + + + align:start position:0% +you have to issue a bit you have to pay +Bitcoin transaction fees and the other + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin transaction fees and the other + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin transaction fees and the other +problem is that you don't get freshness + + align:start position:0% +problem is that you don't get freshness + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that you don't get freshness +in the sense that it's kind of easy for + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that it's kind of easy for + + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that it's kind of easy for +this log server to hide from you the + + align:start position:0% +this log server to hide from you the + + + align:start position:0% +this log server to hide from you the +latest statement you know unless you + + align:start position:0% +latest statement you know unless you + + + align:start position:0% +latest statement you know unless you +have a lot of these lock servers and you + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of these lock servers and you + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of these lock servers and you +ask many of them hey what's the latest + + align:start position:0% +ask many of them hey what's the latest + + + align:start position:0% +ask many of them hey what's the latest +statement and they show you a more + + align:start position:0% +statement and they show you a more + + + align:start position:0% +statement and they show you a more +called path a later statement if there's + + align:start position:0% +called path a later statement if there's + + + align:start position:0% +called path a later statement if there's +just one lock server and it's + + align:start position:0% +just one lock server and it's + + + align:start position:0% +just one lock server and it's +compromised it could always pretend no + + align:start position:0% +compromised it could always pretend no + + + align:start position:0% +compromised it could always pretend no +no no this is the latest statement and + + align:start position:0% +no no this is the latest statement and + + + align:start position:0% +no no this is the latest statement and +if you don't trust it the best recourse + + align:start position:0% +if you don't trust it the best recourse + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't trust it the best recourse +you have is to download the full block + + align:start position:0% +you have is to download the full block + + + align:start position:0% +you have is to download the full block +and look for the statement yourself so + + align:start position:0% +and look for the statement yourself so + + + align:start position:0% +and look for the statement yourself so +you don't get freshness those are some + + align:start position:0% +you don't get freshness those are some + + + align:start position:0% +you don't get freshness those are some +disadvantages now let's look at how + + align:start position:0% +disadvantages now let's look at how + + + align:start position:0% +disadvantages now let's look at how +clients audit this lock so I was + + align:start position:0% +clients audit this lock so I was + + + align:start position:0% +clients audit this lock so I was +claiming that it's very efficient to get + + align:start position:0% +claiming that it's very efficient to get + + + align:start position:0% +claiming that it's very efficient to get +these statements and make sure there's + + align:start position:0% +these statements and make sure there's + + + align:start position:0% +these statements and make sure there's +no equivocation happened so let's say + + align:start position:0% +no equivocation happened so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +no equivocation happened so let's say +you have a Kachina client and you're + + align:start position:0% +you have a Kachina client and you're + + + align:start position:0% +you have a Kachina client and you're +running on your phone with this client + + align:start position:0% +running on your phone with this client + + + align:start position:0% +running on your phone with this client +and your goal is to get that list of + + align:start position:0% +and your goal is to get that list of + + + align:start position:0% +and your goal is to get that list of +statements and there's the Catena lock + + align:start position:0% +statements and there's the Catena lock + + + align:start position:0% +statements and there's the Catena lock +server over there in the back and + + align:start position:0% +server over there in the back and + + + align:start position:0% +server over there in the back and +there's the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network + + align:start position:0% +there's the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network + + + align:start position:0% +there's the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network +which at the moment has about eleven + + align:start position:0% +which at the moment has about eleven + + + align:start position:0% +which at the moment has about eleven +thousand nodes and remember I said the + + align:start position:0% +thousand nodes and remember I said the + + + align:start position:0% +thousand nodes and remember I said the +first thing you need is the Genesis + + align:start position:0% +first thing you need is the Genesis + + + align:start position:0% +first thing you need is the Genesis +transaction does everybody sort of + + align:start position:0% +transaction does everybody sort of + + + align:start position:0% +transaction does everybody sort of +understand that if you get the wrong + + align:start position:0% +understand that if you get the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +understand that if you get the wrong +Genesis transaction they're completely + + align:start position:0% +Genesis transaction they're completely + + + align:start position:0% +Genesis transaction they're completely +screwed right because it's very easy to + + align:start position:0% +screwed right because it's very easy to + + + align:start position:0% +screwed right because it's very easy to +equivocate if you have the wrong Genesis + + align:start position:0% +equivocate if you have the wrong Genesis + + + align:start position:0% +equivocate if you have the wrong Genesis +transaction right I mean you know + + align:start position:0% +transaction right I mean you know + + + align:start position:0% +transaction right I mean you know +there's the right gtx here where you + + align:start position:0% +there's the right gtx here where you + + + align:start position:0% +there's the right gtx here where you +have let's say s1 and then you have as + + align:start position:0% +have let's say s1 and then you have as + + + align:start position:0% +have let's say s1 and then you have as +two in their own transactions right but + + align:start position:0% +two in their own transactions right but + + + align:start position:0% +two in their own transactions right but +if there's another gtx Prime here and + + align:start position:0% +if there's another gtx Prime here and + + + align:start position:0% +if there's another gtx Prime here and +you're using that one you're you're + + align:start position:0% +you're using that one you're you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're using that one you're you're +you're going to get s 1 prime s 2 prime + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get s 1 prime s 2 prime + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get s 1 prime s 2 prime +a different statement so if alice uses + + align:start position:0% +a different statement so if alice uses + + + align:start position:0% +a different statement so if alice uses +gtx but Bob uses GTX prime Alice and Bob + + align:start position:0% +gtx but Bob uses GTX prime Alice and Bob + + + align:start position:0% +gtx but Bob uses GTX prime Alice and Bob +are back to square one so in some sense + + align:start position:0% +are back to square one so in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +are back to square one so in some sense +you might ask okay so then what's the + + align:start position:0% +you might ask okay so then what's the + + + align:start position:0% +you might ask okay so then what's the +point what have you solved + + align:start position:0% +point what have you solved + + + align:start position:0% +point what have you solved +here I still need to get the this GTX + + align:start position:0% +here I still need to get the this GTX + + + align:start position:0% +here I still need to get the this GTX +right so what we claim is that this is a + + align:start position:0% +right so what we claim is that this is a + + + align:start position:0% +right so what we claim is that this is a +step forward because you only have to do + + align:start position:0% +step forward because you only have to do + + + align:start position:0% +step forward because you only have to do +this once once you got this GTX you can + + align:start position:0% +this once once you got this GTX you can + + + align:start position:0% +this once once you got this GTX you can +be sure you're never equivocated - right + + align:start position:0% +be sure you're never equivocated - right + + + align:start position:0% +be sure you're never equivocated - right +whereas in the past you would have to + + align:start position:0% +whereas in the past you would have to + + + align:start position:0% +whereas in the past you would have to +for each individual statement you'd have + + align:start position:0% +for each individual statement you'd have + + + align:start position:0% +for each individual statement you'd have +to do additional checks to make sure + + align:start position:0% +to do additional checks to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +to do additional checks to make sure +you're not being equivocator like you + + align:start position:0% +you're not being equivocator like you + + + align:start position:0% +you're not being equivocator like you +would have to ask enough full note so + + align:start position:0% +would have to ask enough full note so + + + align:start position:0% +would have to ask enough full note so +let's say right so as long as you have + + align:start position:0% +let's say right so as long as you have + + + align:start position:0% +let's say right so as long as you have +the right GTX you're good and how do you + + align:start position:0% +the right GTX you're good and how do you + + + align:start position:0% +the right GTX you're good and how do you +get the right GTX well usually you ship + + align:start position:0% +get the right GTX well usually you ship + + + align:start position:0% +get the right GTX well usually you ship +it with the software on your phone and + + align:start position:0% +it with the software on your phone and + + + align:start position:0% +it with the software on your phone and +there are some problems there as well + + align:start position:0% +there are some problems there as well + + + align:start position:0% +there are some problems there as well +like there's no no no problem solved in + + align:start position:0% +like there's no no no problem solved in + + + align:start position:0% +like there's no no no problem solved in +computer science in some sense but you + + align:start position:0% +computer science in some sense but you + + + align:start position:0% +computer science in some sense but you +know we're trying to make progress here + + align:start position:0% +know we're trying to make progress here + + + align:start position:0% +know we're trying to make progress here +okay so let's say you have the right GTX + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's say you have the right GTX + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's say you have the right GTX +because it got shipped with your + + align:start position:0% +because it got shipped with your + + + align:start position:0% +because it got shipped with your +software now that the next thing you + + align:start position:0% +software now that the next thing you + + + align:start position:0% +software now that the next thing you +want to do is get the block headers so + + align:start position:0% +want to do is get the block headers so + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is get the block headers so +you have header I but there are some new + + align:start position:0% +you have header I but there are some new + + + align:start position:0% +you have header I but there are some new +headers being posted let's say the + + align:start position:0% +headers being posted let's say the + + + align:start position:0% +headers being posted let's say the +Bitcoin peer-to-peer network sends them + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin peer-to-peer network sends them + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin peer-to-peer network sends them +to you you have these headers you verify + + align:start position:0% +to you you have these headers you verify + + + align:start position:0% +to you you have these headers you verify +the proof of work right so this only + + align:start position:0% +the proof of work right so this only + + + align:start position:0% +the proof of work right so this only +cost you 80 bytes per header right does + + align:start position:0% +cost you 80 bytes per header right does + + + align:start position:0% +cost you 80 bytes per header right does +everyone see that this is very cheap so + + align:start position:0% +everyone see that this is very cheap so + + + align:start position:0% +everyone see that this is very cheap so +far so so far I have the GTX which is + + align:start position:0% +far so so far I have the GTX which is + + + align:start position:0% +far so so far I have the GTX which is +let's say 235 bytes and now I'm + + align:start position:0% +let's say 235 bytes and now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +let's say 235 bytes and now I'm +downloading some headers and now I'm + + align:start position:0% +downloading some headers and now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +downloading some headers and now I'm +ready to ask the loc server what's the + + align:start position:0% +ready to ask the loc server what's the + + + align:start position:0% +ready to ask the loc server what's the +first statement in the log right and + + align:start position:0% +first statement in the log right and + + + align:start position:0% +first statement in the log right and +what the loc server will do is he's + + align:start position:0% +what the loc server will do is he's + + + align:start position:0% +what the loc server will do is he's +gonna reply with the transaction with + + align:start position:0% +gonna reply with the transaction with + + + align:start position:0% +gonna reply with the transaction with +the statement which is 600 bytes and the + + align:start position:0% +the statement which is 600 bytes and the + + + align:start position:0% +the statement which is 600 bytes and the +Merkle proof so all of this is six six + + align:start position:0% +Merkle proof so all of this is six six + + + align:start position:0% +Merkle proof so all of this is six six +six six hundred bytes actually right and + + align:start position:0% +six six hundred bytes actually right and + + + align:start position:0% +six six hundred bytes actually right and +now what the Catena client will do is + + align:start position:0% +now what the Catena client will do is + + + align:start position:0% +now what the Catena client will do is +he'll check the merkel proof against one + + align:start position:0% +he'll check the merkel proof against one + + + align:start position:0% +he'll check the merkel proof against one +of the headers so to see in which + + align:start position:0% +of the headers so to see in which + + + align:start position:0% +of the headers so to see in which +headers does it fit and then he'll also + + align:start position:0% +headers does it fit and then he'll also + + + align:start position:0% +headers does it fit and then he'll also +check that the input here has a valid + + align:start position:0% +check that the input here has a valid + + + align:start position:0% +check that the input here has a valid +signature from the public key in the + + align:start position:0% +signature from the public key in the + + + align:start position:0% +signature from the public key in the +output here all right I want at least + + align:start position:0% +output here all right I want at least + + + align:start position:0% +output here all right I want at least +one question about this yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes exactly it's an SPD client yeah so + + align:start position:0% +yes exactly it's an SPD client yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +yes exactly it's an SPD client yeah so +the idea is that we want as PV clients + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that we want as PV clients + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that we want as PV clients +we don't want these mobile phone clients + + align:start position:0% +we don't want these mobile phone clients + + + align:start position:0% +we don't want these mobile phone clients +to download 150 gigabytes of data we + + align:start position:0% +to download 150 gigabytes of data we + + + align:start position:0% +to download 150 gigabytes of data we +want them to download let's say 40 + + align:start position:0% +want them to download let's say 40 + + + align:start position:0% +want them to download let's say 40 +megabytes worth of block headers which + + align:start position:0% +megabytes worth of block headers which + + + align:start position:0% +megabytes worth of block headers which +they can discard very quickly as they + + align:start position:0% +they can discard very quickly as they + + + align:start position:0% +they can discard very quickly as they +verify and then we want them to download + + align:start position:0% +verify and then we want them to download + + + align:start position:0% +verify and then we want them to download +600 bytes per statement but still be + + align:start position:0% +600 bytes per statement but still be + + + align:start position:0% +600 bytes per statement but still be +sure that they saw all of the statements + + align:start position:0% +sure that they saw all of the statements + + + align:start position:0% +sure that they saw all of the statements +in sequence and that there was no + + align:start position:0% +in sequence and that there was no + + + align:start position:0% +in sequence and that there was no +equivocation yeah yeah hey so which one + + align:start position:0% +equivocation yeah yeah hey so which one + + + align:start position:0% +equivocation yeah yeah hey so which one +did you say here's some transactions or + + align:start position:0% +did you say here's some transactions or + + + align:start position:0% +did you say here's some transactions or +here some consummate outlets and they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're not yeah we can high transaction + + align:start position:0% +we're not yeah we can high transaction + + + align:start position:0% +we're not yeah we can high transaction +from you which gets back to the + + align:start position:0% +from you which gets back to the + + + align:start position:0% +from you which gets back to the +freshness issue that we could discuss + + align:start position:0% +freshness issue that we could discuss + + + align:start position:0% +freshness issue that we could discuss +they could also you know this block + + align:start position:0% +they could also you know this block + + + align:start position:0% +they could also you know this block +header could be a header for an invalid + + align:start position:0% +header could be a header for an invalid + + + align:start position:0% +header could be a header for an invalid +block but remember that before you + + align:start position:0% +block but remember that before you + + + align:start position:0% +block but remember that before you +accept this tx1 you wait for enough + + align:start position:0% +accept this tx1 you wait for enough + + + align:start position:0% +accept this tx1 you wait for enough +proof of work you wait for more block + + align:start position:0% +proof of work you wait for more block + + + align:start position:0% +proof of work you wait for more block +headers on top of this guy to sort of + + align:start position:0% +headers on top of this guy to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +headers on top of this guy to sort of +get some assurance that no this was a + + align:start position:0% +get some assurance that no this was a + + + align:start position:0% +get some assurance that no this was a +valid block because a bunch of other + + align:start position:0% +valid block because a bunch of other + + + align:start position:0% +valid block because a bunch of other +miners built on top of it right so as + + align:start position:0% +miners built on top of it right so as + + + align:start position:0% +miners built on top of it right so as +long as you're willing to trust that the + + align:start position:0% +long as you're willing to trust that the + + + align:start position:0% +long as you're willing to trust that the +miners do the right thing which they + + align:start position:0% +miners do the right thing which they + + + align:start position:0% +miners do the right thing which they +have an incentive to do the right thing + + align:start position:0% +have an incentive to do the right thing + + + align:start position:0% +have an incentive to do the right thing +you should be good but like you said + + align:start position:0% +you should be good but like you said + + + align:start position:0% +you should be good but like you said +what's your name and said there are + + align:start position:0% +what's your name and said there are + + + align:start position:0% +what's your name and said there are +actually bigger problems with SPV + + align:start position:0% +actually bigger problems with SPV + + + align:start position:0% +actually bigger problems with SPV +clients and if there's time we can talk + + align:start position:0% +clients and if there's time we can talk + + + align:start position:0% +clients and if there's time we can talk +about it but it's actually easier to + + align:start position:0% +about it but it's actually easier to + + + align:start position:0% +about it but it's actually easier to +trick SBV clients to fork them and + + align:start position:0% +trick SBV clients to fork them and + + + align:start position:0% +trick SBV clients to fork them and +there's something called a generalized + + align:start position:0% +there's something called a generalized + + + align:start position:0% +there's something called a generalized +vector 76 attack have any of you guys + + align:start position:0% +vector 76 attack have any of you guys + + + align:start position:0% +vector 76 attack have any of you guys +heard about this so it's like a pre + + align:start position:0% +heard about this so it's like a pre + + + align:start position:0% +heard about this so it's like a pre +mining attack but it's a bit easier to + + align:start position:0% +mining attack but it's a bit easier to + + + align:start position:0% +mining attack but it's a bit easier to +pull off actually it's a lot easier to + + align:start position:0% +pull off actually it's a lot easier to + + + align:start position:0% +pull off actually it's a lot easier to +pull off on an SP vino then on a full + + align:start position:0% +pull off on an SP vino then on a full + + + align:start position:0% +pull off on an SP vino then on a full +note and if there's time at the end we + + align:start position:0% +note and if there's time at the end we + + + align:start position:0% +note and if there's time at the end we +can talk about it if there isn't you can + + align:start position:0% +can talk about it if there isn't you can + + + align:start position:0% +can talk about it if there isn't you can +read our paper which is online on my + + align:start position:0% +read our paper which is online on my + + + align:start position:0% +read our paper which is online on my +website and you can read about these + + align:start position:0% +website and you can read about these + + + align:start position:0% +website and you can read about these +these pre mining attacks that work + + align:start position:0% +these pre mining attacks that work + + + align:start position:0% +these pre mining attacks that work +easier for SPV notes but anyway this can + + align:start position:0% +easier for SPV notes but anyway this can + + + align:start position:0% +easier for SPV notes but anyway this can +keep going right you get block headers + + align:start position:0% +keep going right you get block headers + + + align:start position:0% +keep going right you get block headers +80 bytes each you ask the lock server + + align:start position:0% +80 bytes each you ask the lock server + + + align:start position:0% +80 bytes each you ask the lock server +hey what's the next statement in the log + + align:start position:0% +hey what's the next statement in the log + + + align:start position:0% +hey what's the next statement in the log +you get a merkel proof in a transaction + + align:start position:0% +you get a merkel proof in a transaction + + + align:start position:0% +you get a merkel proof in a transaction +and then you verify the moral proof you + + align:start position:0% +and then you verify the moral proof you + + + align:start position:0% +and then you verify the moral proof you +put this transaction in one of these + + align:start position:0% +put this transaction in one of these + + + align:start position:0% +put this transaction in one of these +blocks and you verify that it spends the + + align:start position:0% +blocks and you verify that it spends the + + + align:start position:0% +blocks and you verify that it spends the +previous one alright and as a result you + + align:start position:0% +previous one alright and as a result you + + + align:start position:0% +previous one alright and as a result you +implicitly by doing this verification by + + align:start position:0% +implicitly by doing this verification by + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly by doing this verification by +checking that hey this is a transaction + + align:start position:0% +checking that hey this is a transaction + + + align:start position:0% +checking that hey this is a transaction +in a valid block this block has enough + + align:start position:0% +in a valid block this block has enough + + + align:start position:0% +in a valid block this block has enough +stuff built on top of it and this + + align:start position:0% +stuff built on top of it and this + + + align:start position:0% +stuff built on top of it and this +transaction spends this guy here you + + align:start position:0% +transaction spends this guy here you + + + align:start position:0% +transaction spends this guy here you +implicitly prevent a quick vocation + + align:start position:0% +implicitly prevent a quick vocation + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly prevent a quick vocation +right then you don't have to download + + align:start position:0% +right then you don't have to download + + + align:start position:0% +right then you don't have to download +anything else right you only have to + + align:start position:0% +anything else right you only have to + + + align:start position:0% +anything else right you only have to +download these merkel proofs and + + align:start position:0% +download these merkel proofs and + + + align:start position:0% +download these merkel proofs and +transactions and these block headers + + align:start position:0% +transactions and these block headers + + + align:start position:0% +transactions and these block headers +whereas in previous work you couldn't be + + align:start position:0% +whereas in previous work you couldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +whereas in previous work you couldn't be +missing these s ones these s two's they + + align:start position:0% +missing these s ones these s two's they + + + align:start position:0% +missing these s ones these s two's they +could be hidden away in some other + + align:start position:0% +could be hidden away in some other + + + align:start position:0% +could be hidden away in some other +branch of the Merkel tree and you would + + align:start position:0% +branch of the Merkel tree and you would + + + align:start position:0% +branch of the Merkel tree and you would +have to do peer-to-peer bloom filtering + + align:start position:0% +have to do peer-to-peer bloom filtering + + + align:start position:0% +have to do peer-to-peer bloom filtering +on the phone notes and those full notes + + align:start position:0% +on the phone notes and those full notes + + + align:start position:0% +on the phone notes and those full notes +could lie to you yeah so the bandwidth + + align:start position:0% +could lie to you yeah so the bandwidth + + + align:start position:0% +could lie to you yeah so the bandwidth +is actually very small so suppose we + + align:start position:0% +is actually very small so suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +is actually very small so suppose we +have 500k block headers i think bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +have 500k block headers i think bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +have 500k block headers i think bitcoin +has a bit more + + align:start position:0% +has a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +has a bit more +now which are 80 bytes each and we have + + align:start position:0% +now which are 80 bytes each and we have + + + align:start position:0% +now which are 80 bytes each and we have +10,000 statements in this log which are + + align:start position:0% +10,000 statements in this log which are + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 statements in this log which are +600 bytes each then we only need to + + align:start position:0% +600 bytes each then we only need to + + + align:start position:0% +600 bytes each then we only need to +download 46 megabytes right what's + + align:start position:0% +download 46 megabytes right what's + + + align:start position:0% +download 46 megabytes right what's +what's the other way of doing it you + + align:start position:0% +what's the other way of doing it you + + + align:start position:0% +what's the other way of doing it you +have to download hundreds of gigabytes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so let's talk about + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's talk about + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's talk about +scalability a little bit so suppose the + + align:start position:0% +scalability a little bit so suppose the + + + align:start position:0% +scalability a little bit so suppose the +system gets deployed widely let's say + + align:start position:0% +system gets deployed widely let's say + + + align:start position:0% +system gets deployed widely let's say +whatsapp starts to use the system to + + align:start position:0% +whatsapp starts to use the system to + + + align:start position:0% +whatsapp starts to use the system to +witness to publish their public key + + align:start position:0% +witness to publish their public key + + + align:start position:0% +witness to publish their public key +directory in Bitcoin right and everybody + + align:start position:0% +directory in Bitcoin right and everybody + + + align:start position:0% +directory in Bitcoin right and everybody +a lot of you here have whatsapp and this + + align:start position:0% +a lot of you here have whatsapp and this + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of you here have whatsapp and this +is you guys let's say there's 200,000 + + align:start position:0% +is you guys let's say there's 200,000 + + + align:start position:0% +is you guys let's say there's 200,000 +people using whatsapp I think there's + + align:start position:0% +people using whatsapp I think there's + + + align:start position:0% +people using whatsapp I think there's +more like a billion so what are they + + align:start position:0% +more like a billion so what are they + + + align:start position:0% +more like a billion so what are they +going to do remember that part of the + + align:start position:0% +going to do remember that part of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to do remember that part of the +verification protocol is asking for + + align:start position:0% +verification protocol is asking for + + + align:start position:0% +verification protocol is asking for +these block headers from the + + align:start position:0% +these block headers from the + + + align:start position:0% +these block headers from the +peer-to-peer network right and in fact + + align:start position:0% +peer-to-peer network right and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +peer-to-peer network right and in fact +if you're SPV client you usually open up + + align:start position:0% +if you're SPV client you usually open up + + + align:start position:0% +if you're SPV client you usually open up +around 8 connections to the peer-to-peer + + align:start position:0% +around 8 connections to the peer-to-peer + + + align:start position:0% +around 8 connections to the peer-to-peer +network and if you're a full node in the + + align:start position:0% +network and if you're a full node in the + + + align:start position:0% +network and if you're a full node in the +Bitcoin peer-to-peer network usually + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin peer-to-peer network usually + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin peer-to-peer network usually +have around 117 incoming connections + + align:start position:0% +have around 117 incoming connections + + + align:start position:0% +have around 117 incoming connections +that that's how much you support you + + align:start position:0% +that that's how much you support you + + + align:start position:0% +that that's how much you support you +support a hundred and seventeen incoming + + align:start position:0% +support a hundred and seventeen incoming + + + align:start position:0% +support a hundred and seventeen incoming +connections as a full node so that means + + align:start position:0% +connections as a full node so that means + + + align:start position:0% +connections as a full node so that means +in total you support about a million + + align:start position:0% +in total you support about a million + + + align:start position:0% +in total you support about a million +incoming connections so you know this + + align:start position:0% +incoming connections so you know this + + + align:start position:0% +incoming connections so you know this +guy supports a million but we need about + + align:start position:0% +guy supports a million but we need about + + + align:start position:0% +guy supports a million but we need about +1.6 million connections from these + + align:start position:0% +1.6 million connections from these + + + align:start position:0% +1.6 million connections from these +200,000 clients right so it's a bit of a + + align:start position:0% +200,000 clients right so it's a bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +200,000 clients right so it's a bit of a +problem if you deploy Catina and and + + align:start position:0% +problem if you deploy Catina and and + + + align:start position:0% +problem if you deploy Catina and and +becomes a wildly popular being a bit + + align:start position:0% +becomes a wildly popular being a bit + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a wildly popular being a bit +optimistic here but you know let's say + + align:start position:0% +optimistic here but you know let's say + + + align:start position:0% +optimistic here but you know let's say +that happened right + + align:start position:0% +that happened right + + + align:start position:0% +that happened right +so how can we fix this how can we avoid + + align:start position:0% +so how can we fix this how can we avoid + + + align:start position:0% +so how can we fix this how can we avoid +this problem because in this case what + + align:start position:0% +this problem because in this case what + + + align:start position:0% +this problem because in this case what +we would basically be doing is we would + + align:start position:0% +we would basically be doing is we would + + + align:start position:0% +we would basically be doing is we would +be accidentally ddossing Bitcoin and we + + align:start position:0% +be accidentally ddossing Bitcoin and we + + + align:start position:0% +be accidentally ddossing Bitcoin and we +don't want to do that does everybody see + + align:start position:0% +don't want to do that does everybody see + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to do that does everybody see +that there's a problem here first of all + + align:start position:0% +that there's a problem here first of all + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a problem here first of all +yeah ok so the idea is very simple we + + align:start position:0% +yeah ok so the idea is very simple we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah ok so the idea is very simple we +just introduced something called a + + align:start position:0% +just introduced something called a + + + align:start position:0% +just introduced something called a +header relay network and what that means + + align:start position:0% +header relay network and what that means + + + align:start position:0% +header relay network and what that means +it's look you don't really have to ask + + align:start position:0% +it's look you don't really have to ask + + + align:start position:0% +it's look you don't really have to ask +for these block headers from the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +for these block headers from the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +for these block headers from the Bitcoin +peer-to-peer network you could just + + align:start position:0% +peer-to-peer network you could just + + + align:start position:0% +peer-to-peer network you could just +outsource these block headers anyway + + align:start position:0% +outsource these block headers anyway + + + align:start position:0% +outsource these block headers anyway +anywhere because they're publicly + + align:start position:0% +anywhere because they're publicly + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere because they're publicly +verifiable right the block headers have + + align:start position:0% +verifiable right the block headers have + + + align:start position:0% +verifiable right the block headers have +proof of work on them so you can use + + align:start position:0% +proof of work on them so you can use + + + align:start position:0% +proof of work on them so you can use +volunteer nodes that that sort of effect + + align:start position:0% +volunteer nodes that that sort of effect + + + align:start position:0% +volunteer nodes that that sort of effect +push block headers to whoever asks asks + + align:start position:0% +push block headers to whoever asks asks + + + align:start position:0% +push block headers to whoever asks asks +for them you could use blockchain + + align:start position:0% +for them you could use blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +for them you could use blockchain +explorers like blockchain that info + + align:start position:0% +explorers like blockchain that info + + + align:start position:0% +explorers like blockchain that info +right you could use a Facebook you can + + align:start position:0% +right you could use a Facebook you can + + + align:start position:0% +right you could use a Facebook you can +just post block headers on Facebook I'd + + align:start position:0% +just post block headers on Facebook I'd + + + align:start position:0% +just post block headers on Facebook I'd +like you know in a Facebook feed + + align:start position:0% +like you know in a Facebook feed + + + align:start position:0% +like you know in a Facebook feed +you can use Twitter for that you can use + + align:start position:0% +you can use Twitter for that you can use + + + align:start position:0% +you can use Twitter for that you can use +iron with github guests you know so you + + align:start position:0% +iron with github guests you know so you + + + align:start position:0% +iron with github guests you know so you +cannot of ways to implement this the + + align:start position:0% +cannot of ways to implement this the + + + align:start position:0% +cannot of ways to implement this the +simplest way is having servers and and + + align:start position:0% +simplest way is having servers and and + + + align:start position:0% +simplest way is having servers and and +have them send these these headers to + + align:start position:0% +have them send these these headers to + + + align:start position:0% +have them send these these headers to +whoever asks for them so it's easy to + + align:start position:0% +whoever asks for them so it's easy to + + + align:start position:0% +whoever asks for them so it's easy to +scale in that sense because if you now + + align:start position:0% +scale in that sense because if you now + + + align:start position:0% +scale in that sense because if you now +asks ask this header relay network for + + align:start position:0% +asks ask this header relay network for + + + align:start position:0% +asks ask this header relay network for +the block headers a you know it's much + + align:start position:0% +the block headers a you know it's much + + + align:start position:0% +the block headers a you know it's much +easier to scale this than to scale the + + align:start position:0% +easier to scale this than to scale the + + + align:start position:0% +easier to scale this than to scale the +Bitcoin peer-to-peer network which has + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin peer-to-peer network which has + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin peer-to-peer network which has +to do a bit more than just block headers + + align:start position:0% +to do a bit more than just block headers + + + align:start position:0% +to do a bit more than just block headers +they have to verify blocks they have to + + align:start position:0% +they have to verify blocks they have to + + + align:start position:0% +they have to verify blocks they have to +verify signatures yeah so another way + + align:start position:0% +verify signatures yeah so another way + + + align:start position:0% +verify signatures yeah so another way +and I think we talked about that in in + + align:start position:0% +and I think we talked about that in in + + + align:start position:0% +and I think we talked about that in in +the paper is you can implement the + + align:start position:0% +the paper is you can implement the + + + align:start position:0% +the paper is you can implement the +header relay network as a peer-to-peer + + align:start position:0% +header relay network as a peer-to-peer + + + align:start position:0% +header relay network as a peer-to-peer +network on top of the clients yeah + + align:start position:0% +network on top of the clients yeah + + + align:start position:0% +network on top of the clients yeah +that's another way to do it there's some + + align:start position:0% +that's another way to do it there's some + + + align:start position:0% +that's another way to do it there's some +subtleties there that you have to just + + align:start position:0% +subtleties there that you have to just + + + align:start position:0% +subtleties there that you have to just +be speculating wishful thinking they + + align:start position:0% +be speculating wishful thinking they + + + align:start position:0% +be speculating wishful thinking they +could there is a there is some problem + + align:start position:0% +could there is a there is some problem + + + align:start position:0% +could there is a there is some problem +with this header relay network as well + + align:start position:0% +with this header relay network as well + + + align:start position:0% +with this header relay network as well +and we talked about it in the paper + + align:start position:0% +and we talked about it in the paper + + + align:start position:0% +and we talked about it in the paper +because this header really network could + + align:start position:0% +because this header really network could + + + align:start position:0% +because this header really network could +withhold block headers from you so you + + align:start position:0% +withhold block headers from you so you + + + align:start position:0% +withhold block headers from you so you +do have to distribute it like usually + + align:start position:0% +do have to distribute it like usually + + + align:start position:0% +do have to distribute it like usually +you don't want to just trust whatsapp + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to just trust whatsapp + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to just trust whatsapp +who's also doing the statements who's + + align:start position:0% +who's also doing the statements who's + + + align:start position:0% +who's also doing the statements who's +also pushing the statements in the + + align:start position:0% +also pushing the statements in the + + + align:start position:0% +also pushing the statements in the +blockchain you don't want to trust them + + align:start position:0% +blockchain you don't want to trust them + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain you don't want to trust them +to also give you the block headers you + + align:start position:0% +to also give you the block headers you + + + align:start position:0% +to also give you the block headers you +actually want to fetch them from a + + align:start position:0% +actually want to fetch them from a + + + align:start position:0% +actually want to fetch them from a +different source that whatsapp doesn't + + align:start position:0% +different source that whatsapp doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +different source that whatsapp doesn't +collude with yeah and you had a question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah there is actually one on aetherium + + align:start position:0% +yeah there is actually one on aetherium + + + align:start position:0% +yeah there is actually one on aetherium +there's a smart contract in aetherium I + + align:start position:0% +there's a smart contract in aetherium I + + + align:start position:0% +there's a smart contract in aetherium I +think that if you submit Bitcoin block + + align:start position:0% +think that if you submit Bitcoin block + + + align:start position:0% +think that if you submit Bitcoin block +headers to it you get something back and + + align:start position:0% +headers to it you get something back and + + + align:start position:0% +headers to it you get something back and +then you can just query Bitcoin block + + align:start position:0% +then you can just query Bitcoin block + + + align:start position:0% +then you can just query Bitcoin block +headers from the etherium blockchain is + + align:start position:0% +headers from the etherium blockchain is + + + align:start position:0% +headers from the etherium blockchain is +anyone familiar with this so I guess I + + align:start position:0% +anyone familiar with this so I guess I + + + align:start position:0% +anyone familiar with this so I guess I +didn't include it here but another way + + align:start position:0% +didn't include it here but another way + + + align:start position:0% +didn't include it here but another way +to do it is to just publish the header + + align:start position:0% +to do it is to just publish the header + + + align:start position:0% +to do it is to just publish the header +is in a material smart contract yeah so + + align:start position:0% +is in a material smart contract yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +is in a material smart contract yeah so +there's crazy ways you could do this - + + align:start position:0% +there's crazy ways you could do this - + + + align:start position:0% +there's crazy ways you could do this - +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it didn't sort of fetch from it you + + align:start position:0% +it didn't sort of fetch from it you + + + align:start position:0% +it didn't sort of fetch from it you +don't need to take us but but I suspect + + align:start position:0% +don't need to take us but but I suspect + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to take us but but I suspect +to put push in it I actually don't know + + align:start position:0% +to put push in it I actually don't know + + + align:start position:0% +to put push in it I actually don't know +who funds that contract so I guess you + + align:start position:0% +who funds that contract so I guess you + + + align:start position:0% +who funds that contract so I guess you +found that when you push maybe maybe not + + align:start position:0% +found that when you push maybe maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +found that when you push maybe maybe not +because then you also want something + + align:start position:0% +because then you also want something + + + align:start position:0% +because then you also want something +back why would you push I'm not sure but + + align:start position:0% +back why would you push I'm not sure but + + + align:start position:0% +back why would you push I'm not sure but +we can look at it after oh yeah it's a + + align:start position:0% +we can look at it after oh yeah it's a + + + align:start position:0% +we can look at it after oh yeah it's a +good question + + align:start position:0% +good question + + + align:start position:0% +good question +so anyway even if this header really + + align:start position:0% +so anyway even if this header really + + + align:start position:0% +so anyway even if this header really +network is compromised if you implement + + align:start position:0% +network is compromised if you implement + + + align:start position:0% +network is compromised if you implement +it in the right way this should be on a + + align:start position:0% +it in the right way this should be on a + + + align:start position:0% +it in the right way this should be on a +sufficient number of parties you can + + align:start position:0% +sufficient number of parties you can + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient number of parties you can +still get all of the properties that you + + align:start position:0% +still get all of the properties that you + + + align:start position:0% +still get all of the properties that you +need - meaning freshness for the block + + align:start position:0% +need - meaning freshness for the block + + + align:start position:0% +need - meaning freshness for the block +headers that's really the only property + + align:start position:0% +headers that's really the only property + + + align:start position:0% +headers that's really the only property +that you need to the header really + + align:start position:0% +that you need to the header really + + + align:start position:0% +that you need to the header really +network should always reply with the + + align:start position:0% +network should always reply with the + + + align:start position:0% +network should always reply with the +latest block headers so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +latest block headers so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +latest block headers so let's look at +that cost since Arlene was mentioning + + align:start position:0% +that cost since Arlene was mentioning + + + align:start position:0% +that cost since Arlene was mentioning +the costs so to append to append a + + align:start position:0% +the costs so to append to append a + + + align:start position:0% +the costs so to append to append a +statement you have to issue a + + align:start position:0% +statement you have to issue a + + + align:start position:0% +statement you have to issue a +transaction right and the size of our + + align:start position:0% +transaction right and the size of our + + + align:start position:0% +transaction right and the size of our +transactions are around two hundred and + + align:start position:0% +transactions are around two hundred and + + + align:start position:0% +transactions are around two hundred and +thirty five bytes so and the fee as of + + align:start position:0% +thirty five bytes so and the fee as of + + + align:start position:0% +thirty five bytes so and the fee as of +December 13 was sixteen twenty four + + align:start position:0% +December 13 was sixteen twenty four + + + align:start position:0% +December 13 was sixteen twenty four +dollars for transactions if you guys + + align:start position:0% +dollars for transactions if you guys + + + align:start position:0% +dollars for transactions if you guys +remember those great Bitcoin times I + + align:start position:0% +remember those great Bitcoin times I + + + align:start position:0% +remember those great Bitcoin times I +think that it went up to forty at some + + align:start position:0% +think that it went up to forty at some + + + align:start position:0% +think that it went up to forty at some +point - so it was it was really hard for + + align:start position:0% +point - so it was it was really hard for + + + align:start position:0% +point - so it was it was really hard for +me to talk to people about this research + + align:start position:0% +me to talk to people about this research + + + align:start position:0% +me to talk to people about this research +back then but guess what the fees are + + align:start position:0% +back then but guess what the fees are + + + align:start position:0% +back then but guess what the fees are +today so so today this morning I checked + + align:start position:0% +today so so today this morning I checked + + + align:start position:0% +today so so today this morning I checked +in there were 78 cents right when we + + align:start position:0% +in there were 78 cents right when we + + + align:start position:0% +in there were 78 cents right when we +wrote the paper they were they were like + + align:start position:0% +wrote the paper they were they were like + + + align:start position:0% +wrote the paper they were they were like +twelve cents so you know Here I am + + align:start position:0% +twelve cents so you know Here I am + + + align:start position:0% +twelve cents so you know Here I am +standing in front of you pitching our + + align:start position:0% +standing in front of you pitching our + + + align:start position:0% +standing in front of you pitching our +work in in two minutes they could be + + align:start position:0% +work in in two minutes they could be + + + align:start position:0% +work in in two minutes they could be +back to a hundred dollars but who knows + + align:start position:0% +back to a hundred dollars but who knows + + + align:start position:0% +back to a hundred dollars but who knows +yes you had a question + + align:start position:0% +yes you had a question + + + align:start position:0% +yes you had a question +in a transaction you can have several + + align:start position:0% +in a transaction you can have several + + + align:start position:0% +in a transaction you can have several +outputs can you have several statements + + align:start position:0% +outputs can you have several statements + + + align:start position:0% +outputs can you have several statements +in there so that's a good question so + + align:start position:0% +in there so that's a good question so + + + align:start position:0% +in there so that's a good question so +can you batch statements and the answer + + align:start position:0% +can you batch statements and the answer + + + align:start position:0% +can you batch statements and the answer +is yes you can definitely batch + + align:start position:0% +is yes you can definitely batch + + + align:start position:0% +is yes you can definitely batch +statements what we said so far is in a + + align:start position:0% +statements what we said so far is in a + + + align:start position:0% +statements what we said so far is in a +transaction in a Cuttino transaction you + + align:start position:0% +transaction in a Cuttino transaction you + + + align:start position:0% +transaction in a Cuttino transaction you +have this output and you have this upper + + align:start position:0% +have this output and you have this upper + + + align:start position:0% +have this output and you have this upper +turn output where you put the statement + + align:start position:0% +turn output where you put the statement + + + align:start position:0% +turn output where you put the statement +right and you know it spends it spends a + + align:start position:0% +right and you know it spends it spends a + + + align:start position:0% +right and you know it spends it spends a +previous transaction but as a matter of + + align:start position:0% +previous transaction but as a matter of + + + align:start position:0% +previous transaction but as a matter of +fact what you can do and some of you may + + align:start position:0% +fact what you can do and some of you may + + + align:start position:0% +fact what you can do and some of you may +already see notice this is there's no + + align:start position:0% +already see notice this is there's no + + + align:start position:0% +already see notice this is there's no +reason to put just one statement in here + + align:start position:0% +reason to put just one statement in here + + + align:start position:0% +reason to put just one statement in here +there is some reason so the only reason + + align:start position:0% +there is some reason so the only reason + + + align:start position:0% +there is some reason so the only reason +is that it only fits 80 bytes so you + + align:start position:0% +is that it only fits 80 bytes so you + + + align:start position:0% +is that it only fits 80 bytes so you +could put easily let's say two or three + + align:start position:0% +could put easily let's say two or three + + + align:start position:0% +could put easily let's say two or three +statements in there if you hash them + + align:start position:0% +statements in there if you hash them + + + align:start position:0% +statements in there if you hash them +with the right hash function but a + + align:start position:0% +with the right hash function but a + + + align:start position:0% +with the right hash function but a +better way to do it is why don't you put + + align:start position:0% +better way to do it is why don't you put + + + align:start position:0% +better way to do it is why don't you put +here a more code word hash and then you + + align:start position:0% +here a more code word hash and then you + + + align:start position:0% +here a more code word hash and then you +can have as many statements as you want + + align:start position:0% +can have as many statements as you want + + + align:start position:0% +can have as many statements as you want +in the Leafs of that more code tree + + align:start position:0% +in the Leafs of that more code tree + + + align:start position:0% +in the Leafs of that more code tree +right in fact here you could have I + + align:start position:0% +right in fact here you could have I + + + align:start position:0% +right in fact here you could have I +don't know billions of statements so + + align:start position:0% +don't know billions of statements so + + + align:start position:0% +don't know billions of statements so +keep in mind you will only be able to + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind you will only be able to + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind you will only be able to +issue billions of statements every ten + + align:start position:0% +issue billions of statements every ten + + + align:start position:0% +issue billions of statements every ten +minutes but you can definitely have + + align:start position:0% +minutes but you can definitely have + + + align:start position:0% +minutes but you can definitely have +billions of statements in a single + + align:start position:0% +billions of statements in a single + + + align:start position:0% +billions of statements in a single +transaction if you just batch them so + + align:start position:0% +transaction if you just batch them so + + + align:start position:0% +transaction if you just batch them so +now remember the blockchain will only + + align:start position:0% +now remember the blockchain will only + + + align:start position:0% +now remember the blockchain will only +store their with hash this article tree + + align:start position:0% +store their with hash this article tree + + + align:start position:0% +store their with hash this article tree +will be stored in by the lock server + + align:start position:0% +will be stored in by the lock server + + + align:start position:0% +will be stored in by the lock server +perhaps or by a different party they + + align:start position:0% +perhaps or by a different party they + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps or by a different party they +don't have to be the same party does + + align:start position:0% +don't have to be the same party does + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to be the same party does +that make sense does that answer your + + align:start position:0% +that make sense does that answer your + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense does that answer your +question yeah all right so that was my + + align:start position:0% +question yeah all right so that was my + + + align:start position:0% +question yeah all right so that was my +next point statements can be batched + + align:start position:0% +next point statements can be batched + + + align:start position:0% +next point statements can be batched +with Merkle trees okay so let's talk + + align:start position:0% +with Merkle trees okay so let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +with Merkle trees okay so let's talk +about the why since so far we've been + + align:start position:0% +about the why since so far we've been + + + align:start position:0% +about the why since so far we've been +talking about Lee about these statements + + align:start position:0% +talking about Lee about these statements + + + align:start position:0% +talking about Lee about these statements +but what could these statements actually + + align:start position:0% +but what could these statements actually + + + align:start position:0% +but what could these statements actually +be so let's look at a secure software + + align:start position:0% +be so let's look at a secure software + + + align:start position:0% +be so let's look at a secure software +update so how do you do secure software + + align:start position:0% +update so how do you do secure software + + + align:start position:0% +update so how do you do secure software +update an example attack on a software + + align:start position:0% +update an example attack on a software + + + align:start position:0% +update an example attack on a software +update scheme is that somebody + + align:start position:0% +update scheme is that somebody + + + align:start position:0% +update scheme is that somebody +compromises the Bitcoin network domain + + align:start position:0% +compromises the Bitcoin network domain + + + align:start position:0% +compromises the Bitcoin network domain +and they changed a Bitcoin binary to a + + align:start position:0% +and they changed a Bitcoin binary to a + + + align:start position:0% +and they changed a Bitcoin binary to a +malicious binary and they wait for + + align:start position:0% +malicious binary and they wait for + + + align:start position:0% +malicious binary and they wait for +people to install that malicious binary + + align:start position:0% +people to install that malicious binary + + + align:start position:0% +people to install that malicious binary +and then they steal their coins they + + align:start position:0% +and then they steal their coins they + + + align:start position:0% +and then they steal their coins they +stole their data they could execute + + align:start position:0% +stole their data they could execute + + + align:start position:0% +stole their data they could execute +arbitrary code and an example of this + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary code and an example of this + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary code and an example of this +was sort of this binary safety warning + + align:start position:0% +was sort of this binary safety warning + + + align:start position:0% +was sort of this binary safety warning +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +Bitcoin website at some point they were + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin website at some point they were + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin website at some point they were +very concerned that a state actor is + + align:start position:0% +very concerned that a state actor is + + + align:start position:0% +very concerned that a state actor is +gonna mess with DNS servers and redirect + + align:start position:0% +gonna mess with DNS servers and redirect + + + align:start position:0% +gonna mess with DNS servers and redirect +clients to a different server and make + + align:start position:0% +clients to a different server and make + + + align:start position:0% +clients to a different server and make +them download a bad Bitcoin binary so + + align:start position:0% +them download a bad Bitcoin binary so + + + align:start position:0% +them download a bad Bitcoin binary so +there's the attack make sense this + + align:start position:0% +there's the attack make sense this + + + align:start position:0% +there's the attack make sense this +everybody see why this is possible you + + align:start position:0% +everybody see why this is possible you + + + align:start position:0% +everybody see why this is possible you +do need to sort of accept that the DNS + + align:start position:0% +do need to sort of accept that the DNS + + + align:start position:0% +do need to sort of accept that the DNS +service that we can only have on the + + align:start position:0% +service that we can only have on the + + + align:start position:0% +service that we can only have on the +Internet is fundamentally flawed it's + + align:start position:0% +Internet is fundamentally flawed it's + + + align:start position:0% +Internet is fundamentally flawed it's +not built for security so the typical + + align:start position:0% +not built for security so the typical + + + align:start position:0% +not built for security so the typical +defense the typical defense for this is + + align:start position:0% +defense the typical defense for this is + + + align:start position:0% +defense the typical defense for this is +that the Bitcoin developers they sign + + align:start position:0% +that the Bitcoin developers they sign + + + align:start position:0% +that the Bitcoin developers they sign +the Bitcoin binaries with some secret + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin binaries with some secret + + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin binaries with some secret +key and they protect that secret key and + + align:start position:0% +key and they protect that secret key and + + + align:start position:0% +key and they protect that secret key and +then there's a public key associated + + align:start position:0% +then there's a public key associated + + + align:start position:0% +then there's a public key associated +with the secret key that's posted on the + + align:start position:0% +with the secret key that's posted on the + + + align:start position:0% +with the secret key that's posted on the +Bitcoin website right and maybe some of + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin website right and maybe some of + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin website right and maybe some of +you'll notice that sometimes it's also + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice that sometimes it's also + + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice that sometimes it's also +very easy to change the public key on + + align:start position:0% +very easy to change the public key on + + + align:start position:0% +very easy to change the public key on +the website you know if you can just + + align:start position:0% +the website you know if you can just + + + align:start position:0% +the website you know if you can just +redirect the victim to another website + + align:start position:0% +redirect the victim to another website + + + align:start position:0% +redirect the victim to another website +and another problem is that not everyone + + align:start position:0% +and another problem is that not everyone + + + align:start position:0% +and another problem is that not everyone +checks this signature even if let's say + + align:start position:0% +checks this signature even if let's say + + + align:start position:0% +checks this signature even if let's say +you have the public key on your computer + + align:start position:0% +you have the public key on your computer + + + align:start position:0% +you have the public key on your computer +you know what the right public key is + + align:start position:0% +you know what the right public key is + + + align:start position:0% +you know what the right public key is +only if you're like an expert user and + + align:start position:0% +only if you're like an expert user and + + + align:start position:0% +only if you're like an expert user and +you know how to use GPG you will check + + align:start position:0% +you know how to use GPG you will check + + + align:start position:0% +you know how to use GPG you will check +that signature right and the other + + align:start position:0% +that signature right and the other + + + align:start position:0% +that signature right and the other +problem that's probably I think much + + align:start position:0% +problem that's probably I think much + + + align:start position:0% +problem that's probably I think much +much bigger a problem is that for the + + align:start position:0% +much bigger a problem is that for the + + + align:start position:0% +much bigger a problem is that for the +Bitcoin devs themself it's very hard to + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin devs themself it's very hard to + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin devs themself it's very hard to +detect if someone stole their secret key + + align:start position:0% +detect if someone stole their secret key + + + align:start position:0% +detect if someone stole their secret key +like if I'm a state actor and I break + + align:start position:0% +like if I'm a state actor and I break + + + align:start position:0% +like if I'm a state actor and I break +your computer and I steal your secret + + align:start position:0% +your computer and I steal your secret + + + align:start position:0% +your computer and I steal your secret +key I will sign this Bitcoin binary and + + align:start position:0% +key I will sign this Bitcoin binary and + + + align:start position:0% +key I will sign this Bitcoin binary and +I'll give it to let's say one guy I'll + + align:start position:0% +I'll give it to let's say one guy I'll + + + align:start position:0% +I'll give it to let's say one guy I'll +give it to you you know and I'll just + + align:start position:0% +give it to you you know and I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +give it to you you know and I'll just +start get you individually because I'm + + align:start position:0% +start get you individually because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +start get you individually because I'm +really you know I know you have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +really you know I know you have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +really you know I know you have a lot of +Bitcoin right and then the Bitcoin devs + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin right and then the Bitcoin devs + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin right and then the Bitcoin devs +will never find out about it unless you + + align:start position:0% +will never find out about it unless you + + + align:start position:0% +will never find out about it unless you +know you kind of realize what happened + + align:start position:0% +know you kind of realize what happened + + + align:start position:0% +know you kind of realize what happened +then you take your Bitcoin binary and + + align:start position:0% +then you take your Bitcoin binary and + + + align:start position:0% +then you take your Bitcoin binary and +you go with it to the Bitcoin devs and + + align:start position:0% +you go with it to the Bitcoin devs and + + + align:start position:0% +you go with it to the Bitcoin devs and +they check the signature in it and they + + align:start position:0% +they check the signature in it and they + + + align:start position:0% +they check the signature in it and they +say oh wow this is a valid signature and + + align:start position:0% +say oh wow this is a valid signature and + + + align:start position:0% +say oh wow this is a valid signature and +we never signed it so somebody must have + + align:start position:0% +we never signed it so somebody must have + + + align:start position:0% +we never signed it so somebody must have +stolen our secret key so this is really + + align:start position:0% +stolen our secret key so this is really + + + align:start position:0% +stolen our secret key so this is really +a bad kind of the core of the problem is + + align:start position:0% +a bad kind of the core of the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +a bad kind of the core of the problem is +that it's hard for for whoever publishes + + align:start position:0% +that it's hard for for whoever publishes + + + align:start position:0% +that it's hard for for whoever publishes +software to detect that their secret key + + align:start position:0% +software to detect that their secret key + + + align:start position:0% +software to detect that their secret key +has been stolen to detect malicious + + align:start position:0% +has been stolen to detect malicious + + + align:start position:0% +has been stolen to detect malicious +signatures on their binaries does that + + align:start position:0% +signatures on their binaries does that + + + align:start position:0% +signatures on their binaries does that +make sense so a solution of course is + + align:start position:0% +make sense so a solution of course is + + + align:start position:0% +make sense so a solution of course is +you know publish these signatures of + + align:start position:0% +you know publish these signatures of + + + align:start position:0% +you know publish these signatures of +Bitcoin binaries in a Catina lock so now + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin binaries in a Catina lock so now + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin binaries in a Catina lock so now +if there's a malicious binary being + + align:start position:0% +if there's a malicious binary being + + + align:start position:0% +if there's a malicious binary being +published by a state actor people won't + + align:start position:0% +published by a state actor people won't + + + align:start position:0% +published by a state actor people won't +accept that binary unless it's in the + + align:start position:0% +accept that binary unless it's in the + + + align:start position:0% +accept that binary unless it's in the +Catena lock which means people in the + + align:start position:0% +Catena lock which means people in the + + + align:start position:0% +Catena lock which means people in the +Bitcoin devs will see the same binary + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin devs will see the same binary + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin devs will see the same binary +right so let me let me show you what I + + align:start position:0% +right so let me let me show you what I + + + align:start position:0% +right so let me let me show you what I +mean we + + align:start position:0% +mean we + + + align:start position:0% +mean we +the picture so we have this Catina walk + + align:start position:0% +the picture so we have this Catina walk + + + align:start position:0% +the picture so we have this Catina walk +for bitcoin binaries and let's say the + + align:start position:0% +for bitcoin binaries and let's say the + + + align:start position:0% +for bitcoin binaries and let's say the +first transaction has the has a hash of + + align:start position:0% +first transaction has the has a hash of + + + align:start position:0% +first transaction has the has a hash of +the Bitcoin point 0 0 1 tar file right + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin point 0 0 1 tar file right + + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin point 0 0 1 tar file right +the Bitcoin binaries and this hash here + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin binaries and this hash here + + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin binaries and this hash here +is implicitly signed by the signature in + + align:start position:0% +is implicitly signed by the signature in + + + align:start position:0% +is implicitly signed by the signature in +this input because it signs the whole + + align:start position:0% +this input because it signs the whole + + + align:start position:0% +this input because it signs the whole +transaction right so now if I put this + + align:start position:0% +transaction right so now if I put this + + + align:start position:0% +transaction right so now if I put this +hash in in a Catina log I get a + + align:start position:0% +hash in in a Catina log I get a + + + align:start position:0% +hash in in a Catina log I get a +signature on it for free and now if + + align:start position:0% +signature on it for free and now if + + + align:start position:0% +signature on it for free and now if +let's say a state actor compromises the + + align:start position:0% +let's say a state actor compromises the + + + align:start position:0% +let's say a state actor compromises the +the lock server gets the secret key you + + align:start position:0% +the lock server gets the secret key you + + + align:start position:0% +the lock server gets the secret key you +can publish this second malicious binary + + align:start position:0% +can publish this second malicious binary + + + align:start position:0% +can publish this second malicious binary +in the lock right but what that militia + + align:start position:0% +in the lock right but what that militia + + + align:start position:0% +in the lock right but what that militia +state actor will want to do you'll want + + align:start position:0% +state actor will want to do you'll want + + + align:start position:0% +state actor will want to do you'll want +to hide this from the Bitcoin devs and + + align:start position:0% +to hide this from the Bitcoin devs and + + + align:start position:0% +to hide this from the Bitcoin devs and +show it to all of you guys right so he + + align:start position:0% +show it to all of you guys right so he + + + align:start position:0% +show it to all of you guys right so he +want to equivocate so as a result you'll + + align:start position:0% +want to equivocate so as a result you'll + + + align:start position:0% +want to equivocate so as a result you'll +want to create a different transaction + + align:start position:0% +want to create a different transaction + + + align:start position:0% +want to create a different transaction +with the right Bitcoin binary there show + + align:start position:0% +with the right Bitcoin binary there show + + + align:start position:0% +with the right Bitcoin binary there show +this to the Bitcoin devs while showing + + align:start position:0% +this to the Bitcoin devs while showing + + + align:start position:0% +this to the Bitcoin devs while showing +this to you guys right so the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +this to you guys right so the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +this to you guys right so the Bitcoin +devs would think they're good this is + + align:start position:0% +devs would think they're good this is + + + align:start position:0% +devs would think they're good this is +the binary they wanted to publish while + + align:start position:0% +the binary they wanted to publish while + + + align:start position:0% +the binary they wanted to publish while +you guys would be using this malicious + + align:start position:0% +you guys would be using this malicious + + + align:start position:0% +you guys would be using this malicious +binary published by the state actor of + + align:start position:0% +binary published by the state actor of + + + align:start position:0% +binary published by the state actor of +course this cannot happen because in + + align:start position:0% +course this cannot happen because in + + + align:start position:0% +course this cannot happen because in +Catina you can not equivocate right does + + align:start position:0% +Catina you can not equivocate right does + + + align:start position:0% +Catina you can not equivocate right does +everybody see this alright any questions + + align:start position:0% +everybody see this alright any questions + + + align:start position:0% +everybody see this alright any questions +about this there has to be a question on + + align:start position:0% +about this there has to be a question on + + + align:start position:0% +about this there has to be a question on +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +No so this mechanism is called software + + align:start position:0% +No so this mechanism is called software + + + align:start position:0% +No so this mechanism is called software +transparency it's this idea that rather + + align:start position:0% +transparency it's this idea that rather + + + align:start position:0% +transparency it's this idea that rather +than just downloading software like a + + align:start position:0% +than just downloading software like a + + + align:start position:0% +than just downloading software like a +crazy person from the internet and + + align:start position:0% +crazy person from the internet and + + + align:start position:0% +crazy person from the internet and +installing it we should just be + + align:start position:0% +installing it we should just be + + + align:start position:0% +installing it we should just be +publishing these binaries in a lock that + + align:start position:0% +publishing these binaries in a lock that + + + align:start position:0% +publishing these binaries in a lock that +everybody can see including the software + + align:start position:0% +everybody can see including the software + + + align:start position:0% +everybody can see including the software +vendors that created those wineries so + + align:start position:0% +vendors that created those wineries so + + + align:start position:0% +vendors that created those wineries so +in this way if somebody compromises a + + align:start position:0% +in this way if somebody compromises a + + + align:start position:0% +in this way if somebody compromises a +software vendor that vendor can notice + + align:start position:0% +software vendor that vendor can notice + + + align:start position:0% +software vendor that vendor can notice +that in the log there's a new version + + align:start position:0% +that in the log there's a new version + + + align:start position:0% +that in the log there's a new version +for their software that they didn't + + align:start position:0% +for their software that they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +for their software that they didn't +publish so you know this isn't to say + + align:start position:0% +publish so you know this isn't to say + + + align:start position:0% +publish so you know this isn't to say +that it'll prevent attacks you know well + + align:start position:0% +that it'll prevent attacks you know well + + + align:start position:0% +that it'll prevent attacks you know well +what what a state actor can do anyway + + align:start position:0% +what what a state actor can do anyway + + + align:start position:0% +what what a state actor can do anyway +is they can just do this they can post + + align:start position:0% +is they can just do this they can post + + + align:start position:0% +is they can just do this they can post +this h2 priming here show it to you guys + + align:start position:0% +this h2 priming here show it to you guys + + + align:start position:0% +this h2 priming here show it to you guys +including the Bitcoin devs right and + + align:start position:0% +including the Bitcoin devs right and + + + align:start position:0% +including the Bitcoin devs right and +still screw everyone over but at least + + align:start position:0% +still screw everyone over but at least + + + align:start position:0% +still screw everyone over but at least +these attacks don't go undetected + + align:start position:0% +these attacks don't go undetected + + + align:start position:0% +these attacks don't go undetected +anymore + + align:start position:0% +anymore + + + align:start position:0% +anymore +right so it's a step forward in that + + align:start position:0% +right so it's a step forward in that + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's a step forward in that +sense yes so the idea is that you have + + align:start position:0% +sense yes so the idea is that you have + + + align:start position:0% +sense yes so the idea is that you have +to double spend to equivocate and the + + align:start position:0% +to double spend to equivocate and the + + + align:start position:0% +to double spend to equivocate and the +other example that really the reason I + + align:start position:0% +other example that really the reason I + + + align:start position:0% +other example that really the reason I +wanted to start this research had to do + + align:start position:0% +wanted to start this research had to do + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to start this research had to do +with public key distribution so let's + + align:start position:0% +with public key distribution so let's + + + align:start position:0% +with public key distribution so let's +say we have Alice and we have Bob and + + align:start position:0% +say we have Alice and we have Bob and + + + align:start position:0% +say we have Alice and we have Bob and +they both have their public keys and I + + align:start position:0% +they both have their public keys and I + + + align:start position:0% +they both have their public keys and I +am using this letter B to denote Bob and + + align:start position:0% +am using this letter B to denote Bob and + + + align:start position:0% +am using this letter B to denote Bob and +his public key and the letter A to + + align:start position:0% +his public key and the letter A to + + + align:start position:0% +his public key and the letter A to +denote Alison her public key and they + + align:start position:0% +denote Alison her public key and they + + + align:start position:0% +denote Alison her public key and they +have their corresponding secret keys + + align:start position:0% +have their corresponding secret keys + + + align:start position:0% +have their corresponding secret keys +right and Alice and Bob they want to + + align:start position:0% +right and Alice and Bob they want to + + + align:start position:0% +right and Alice and Bob they want to +chat securely right so they want to stop + + align:start position:0% +chat securely right so they want to stop + + + align:start position:0% +chat securely right so they want to stop +a secure channel and there's this + + align:start position:0% +a secure channel and there's this + + + align:start position:0% +a secure channel and there's this +directory which stores the Republic II + + align:start position:0% +directory which stores the Republic II + + + align:start position:0% +directory which stores the Republic II +so this guy stores alice BK Alice this + + align:start position:0% +so this guy stores alice BK Alice this + + + align:start position:0% +so this guy stores alice BK Alice this +guy stores Bob BK Bob + + align:start position:0% +guy stores Bob BK Bob + + + align:start position:0% +guy stores Bob BK Bob +right and the directory gets updated + + align:start position:0% +right and the directory gets updated + + + align:start position:0% +right and the directory gets updated +over time maybe Carl + + align:start position:0% +over time maybe Carl + + + align:start position:0% +over time maybe Carl +Ellen and Dan registered and if you have + + align:start position:0% +Ellen and Dan registered and if you have + + + align:start position:0% +Ellen and Dan registered and if you have +non equivocation if the attacker wants + + align:start position:0% +non equivocation if the attacker wants + + + align:start position:0% +non equivocation if the attacker wants +to impersonate Alice and Bob he kind of + + align:start position:0% +to impersonate Alice and Bob he kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to impersonate Alice and Bob he kind of +has to put their public keys the fake + + align:start position:0% +has to put their public keys the fake + + + align:start position:0% +has to put their public keys the fake +public keys in the same directory which + + align:start position:0% +public keys in the same directory which + + + align:start position:0% +public keys in the same directory which +means that when Alice and Bob monitor + + align:start position:0% +means that when Alice and Bob monitor + + + align:start position:0% +means that when Alice and Bob monitor +they check their own public keys they + + align:start position:0% +they check their own public keys they + + + align:start position:0% +they check their own public keys they +both notice they've been impersonated + + align:start position:0% +both notice they've been impersonated + + + align:start position:0% +both notice they've been impersonated +right so again the idea is that you can + + align:start position:0% +right so again the idea is that you can + + + align:start position:0% +right so again the idea is that you can +detect now how can how can this attacker + + align:start position:0% +detect now how can how can this attacker + + + align:start position:0% +detect now how can how can this attacker +still trick Alice to send an encrypted + + align:start position:0% +still trick Alice to send an encrypted + + + align:start position:0% +still trick Alice to send an encrypted +message to Bob with Bob's fake public + + align:start position:0% +message to Bob with Bob's fake public + + + align:start position:0% +message to Bob with Bob's fake public +key is there a way even if you have non + + align:start position:0% +key is there a way even if you have non + + + align:start position:0% +key is there a way even if you have non +invocation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what's what's the attack even I have + + align:start position:0% +so what's what's the attack even I have + + + align:start position:0% +so what's what's the attack even I have +not equivocation and I claim that the + + align:start position:0% +not equivocation and I claim that the + + + align:start position:0% +not equivocation and I claim that the +attacker can still get Alice to send a + + align:start position:0% +attacker can still get Alice to send a + + + align:start position:0% +attacker can still get Alice to send a +fake an encrypted message to Bob that + + align:start position:0% +fake an encrypted message to Bob that + + + align:start position:0% +fake an encrypted message to Bob that +the attacker can decrypt what should the + + align:start position:0% +the attacker can decrypt what should the + + + align:start position:0% +the attacker can decrypt what should the +attacker do so pretend that we are here + + align:start position:0% +attacker do so pretend that we are here + + + align:start position:0% +attacker do so pretend that we are here +without without the ability to + + align:start position:0% +without without the ability to + + + align:start position:0% +without without the ability to +equivocate so the attacker cannot + + align:start position:0% +equivocate so the attacker cannot + + + align:start position:0% +equivocate so the attacker cannot +equivocate but I claim that the attacker + + align:start position:0% +equivocate but I claim that the attacker + + + align:start position:0% +equivocate but I claim that the attacker +can still trick Alice into sending a + + align:start position:0% +can still trick Alice into sending a + + + align:start position:0% +can still trick Alice into sending a +message to Bob that the attacker can + + align:start position:0% +message to Bob that the attacker can + + + align:start position:0% +message to Bob that the attacker can +read right so now it's time to see if + + align:start position:0% +read right so now it's time to see if + + + align:start position:0% +read right so now it's time to see if +you guys paid attention somebody I mean + + align:start position:0% +you guys paid attention somebody I mean + + + align:start position:0% +you guys paid attention somebody I mean +oh no no he does not + + align:start position:0% +oh no no he does not + + + align:start position:0% +oh no no he does not +yeah he does not have to have the secret + + align:start position:0% +yeah he does not have to have the secret + + + align:start position:0% +yeah he does not have to have the secret +key the attacker just creates fake + + align:start position:0% +key the attacker just creates fake + + + align:start position:0% +key the attacker just creates fake +public keys here's a hint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so so I whose person should the + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so I whose person should the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so I whose person should the +attacker change the key exactly so + + align:start position:0% +attacker change the key exactly so + + + align:start position:0% +attacker change the key exactly so +that's that's exactly right so what + + align:start position:0% +that's that's exactly right so what + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's exactly right so what +what's your name Lucas what Lucas is + + align:start position:0% +what's your name Lucas what Lucas is + + + align:start position:0% +what's your name Lucas what Lucas is +saying is look even without equivocation + + align:start position:0% +saying is look even without equivocation + + + align:start position:0% +saying is look even without equivocation +I had this directory at t1 I have + + align:start position:0% +I had this directory at t1 I have + + + align:start position:0% +I had this directory at t1 I have +another one at t2 but at t3 and both of + + align:start position:0% +another one at t2 but at t3 and both of + + + align:start position:0% +another one at t2 but at t3 and both of +these had keys for Alice and Bob right + + align:start position:0% +these had keys for Alice and Bob right + + + align:start position:0% +these had keys for Alice and Bob right +but at t3 look as a saying look just put + + align:start position:0% +but at t3 look as a saying look just put + + + align:start position:0% +but at t3 look as a saying look just put +a fake key for Bob here and that's it + + align:start position:0% +a fake key for Bob here and that's it + + + align:start position:0% +a fake key for Bob here and that's it +don't put a fake key for Alice they're + + align:start position:0% +don't put a fake key for Alice they're + + + align:start position:0% +don't put a fake key for Alice they're +just for Bob and now when Alice looks up + + align:start position:0% +just for Bob and now when Alice looks up + + + align:start position:0% +just for Bob and now when Alice looks up +this public key for Bob here she sends a + + align:start position:0% +this public key for Bob here she sends a + + + align:start position:0% +this public key for Bob here she sends a +query to the directory hey what's the + + align:start position:0% +query to the directory hey what's the + + + align:start position:0% +query to the directory hey what's the +Bob's public key she gets back B prime + + align:start position:0% +Bob's public key she gets back B prime + + + align:start position:0% +Bob's public key she gets back B prime +which is equal to Bob pk Bob prime right + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to Bob pk Bob prime right + + + align:start position:0% +which is equal to Bob pk Bob prime right +Alice can tell if that's really Bob's + + align:start position:0% +Alice can tell if that's really Bob's + + + align:start position:0% +Alice can tell if that's really Bob's +fake public key that's the reason she's + + align:start position:0% +fake public key that's the reason she's + + + align:start position:0% +fake public key that's the reason she's +using the directory in the first place + + align:start position:0% +using the directory in the first place + + + align:start position:0% +using the directory in the first place +she was sort of a trustworthy place to + + align:start position:0% +she was sort of a trustworthy place to + + + align:start position:0% +she was sort of a trustworthy place to +get it from Bob can tell if Bob looks + + align:start position:0% +get it from Bob can tell if Bob looks + + + align:start position:0% +get it from Bob can tell if Bob looks +but by the time Bob looks it might be + + align:start position:0% +but by the time Bob looks it might be + + + align:start position:0% +but by the time Bob looks it might be +too late Alice might have already + + align:start position:0% +too late Alice might have already + + + align:start position:0% +too late Alice might have already +encrypted a message right so again + + align:start position:0% +encrypted a message right so again + + + align:start position:0% +encrypted a message right so again +what's the point of doing all of this + + align:start position:0% +what's the point of doing all of this + + + align:start position:0% +what's the point of doing all of this +you know it's not like you're preventing + + align:start position:0% +you know it's not like you're preventing + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's not like you're preventing +attacks right and the point of doing all + + align:start position:0% +attacks right and the point of doing all + + + align:start position:0% +attacks right and the point of doing all +of this is that you get transparency Bob + + align:start position:0% +of this is that you get transparency Bob + + + align:start position:0% +of this is that you get transparency Bob +can detect whereas right now bob has no + + align:start position:0% +can detect whereas right now bob has no + + + align:start position:0% +can detect whereas right now bob has no +hope in fact so you said a lot of you + + align:start position:0% +hope in fact so you said a lot of you + + + align:start position:0% +hope in fact so you said a lot of you +use whatsapp so you know in whatsapp if + + align:start position:0% +use whatsapp so you know in whatsapp if + + + align:start position:0% +use whatsapp so you know in whatsapp if +you really want to be sure so I have a + + align:start position:0% +you really want to be sure so I have a + + + align:start position:0% +you really want to be sure so I have a +conversation here with Arlene dryish Sol + + align:start position:0% +conversation here with Arlene dryish Sol + + + align:start position:0% +conversation here with Arlene dryish Sol +you wanna bring your phone here do you + + align:start position:0% +you wanna bring your phone here do you + + + align:start position:0% +you wanna bring your phone here do you +have whatsapp so if you really want to + + align:start position:0% +have whatsapp so if you really want to + + + align:start position:0% +have whatsapp so if you really want to +be sure that you're talking to the real + + align:start position:0% +be sure that you're talking to the real + + + align:start position:0% +be sure that you're talking to the real +Arlene and not some other guy you have + + align:start position:0% +Arlene and not some other guy you have + + + align:start position:0% +Arlene and not some other guy you have +to go on this encryption tab can you can + + align:start position:0% +to go on this encryption tab can you can + + + align:start position:0% +to go on this encryption tab can you can +you tape this so my phone is black and + + align:start position:0% +you tape this so my phone is black and + + + align:start position:0% +you tape this so my phone is black and +white it's it's going through a + + align:start position:0% +white it's it's going through a + + + align:start position:0% +white it's it's going through a +depression phase I apologize so you have + + align:start position:0% +depression phase I apologize so you have + + + align:start position:0% +depression phase I apologize so you have +to go here and there's a code here right + + align:start position:0% +to go here and there's a code here right + + + align:start position:0% +to go here and there's a code here right +and allene can you do the same thing you + + align:start position:0% +and allene can you do the same thing you + + + align:start position:0% +and allene can you do the same thing you +know what I'm talking about I really + + align:start position:0% +know what I'm talking about I really + + + align:start position:0% +know what I'm talking about I really +hope I don't get some weird text message + + align:start position:0% +hope I don't get some weird text message + + + align:start position:0% +hope I don't get some weird text message +right now with the camera on the phone + + align:start position:0% +right now with the camera on the phone + + + align:start position:0% +right now with the camera on the phone +okay so now with Arlene's phone is that + + align:start position:0% +okay so now with Arlene's phone is that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now with Arlene's phone is that +the same code can somebody tell me I can + + align:start position:0% +the same code can somebody tell me I can + + + align:start position:0% +the same code can somebody tell me I can +see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we have two seven eight two six + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have two seven eight two six + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we have two seven eight two six +and two yeah so it's the same code can + + align:start position:0% +and two yeah so it's the same code can + + + align:start position:0% +and two yeah so it's the same code can +you see it on the camera so now because + + align:start position:0% +you see it on the camera so now because + + + align:start position:0% +you see it on the camera so now because +we have the same code here what this + + align:start position:0% +we have the same code here what this + + + align:start position:0% +we have the same code here what this +code here really is a hash of my public + + align:start position:0% +code here really is a hash of my public + + + align:start position:0% +code here really is a hash of my public +key and a liens public key and if we got + + align:start position:0% +key and a liens public key and if we got + + + align:start position:0% +key and a liens public key and if we got +the same hash of both of our public keys + + align:start position:0% +the same hash of both of our public keys + + + align:start position:0% +the same hash of both of our public keys +that we know we're talking to one + + align:start position:0% +that we know we're talking to one + + + align:start position:0% +that we know we're talking to one +another but we won't really know that's + + align:start position:0% +another but we won't really know that's + + + align:start position:0% +another but we won't really know that's +the case until we actually mean in + + align:start position:0% +the case until we actually mean in + + + align:start position:0% +the case until we actually mean in +person and do this exchange right so + + align:start position:0% +person and do this exchange right so + + + align:start position:0% +person and do this exchange right so +what this system does instead is it + + align:start position:0% +what this system does instead is it + + + align:start position:0% +what this system does instead is it +allows a lien to check his own public + + align:start position:0% +allows a lien to check his own public + + + align:start position:0% +allows a lien to check his own public +key and it allows me to check my own + + align:start position:0% +key and it allows me to check my own + + + align:start position:0% +key and it allows me to check my own +public key this way if we check our own + + align:start position:0% +public key this way if we check our own + + + align:start position:0% +public key this way if we check our own +public key we'll always know when were + + align:start position:0% +public key we'll always know when were + + + align:start position:0% +public key we'll always know when were +impersonated even though I might send an + + align:start position:0% +impersonated even though I might send an + + + align:start position:0% +impersonated even though I might send an +encrypted message to the wrong coleen + + align:start position:0% +encrypted message to the wrong coleen + + + align:start position:0% +encrypted message to the wrong coleen +coleen we'll eventually find out this is + + align:start position:0% +coleen we'll eventually find out this is + + + align:start position:0% +coleen we'll eventually find out this is +a bit confusing because we're both + + align:start position:0% +a bit confusing because we're both + + + align:start position:0% +a bit confusing because we're both +called all heap so does that sort of + + align:start position:0% +called all heap so does that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +called all heap so does that sort of +make sense yeah this personated you in + + align:start position:0% +make sense yeah this personated you in + + + align:start position:0% +make sense yeah this personated you in +fact you can't even here's the problem + + align:start position:0% +fact you can't even here's the problem + + + align:start position:0% +fact you can't even here's the problem +if you're Bob here and you see this fake + + align:start position:0% +if you're Bob here and you see this fake + + + align:start position:0% +if you're Bob here and you see this fake +public key and you go to the New York + + align:start position:0% +public key and you go to the New York + + + align:start position:0% +public key and you go to the New York +Times and you say hey New York Times + + align:start position:0% +Times and you say hey New York Times + + + align:start position:0% +Times and you say hey New York Times +this directory this whatsapp director he + + align:start position:0% +this directory this whatsapp director he + + + align:start position:0% +this directory this whatsapp director he +started impersonating me and the New + + align:start position:0% +started impersonating me and the New + + + align:start position:0% +started impersonating me and the New +York Times can go to the directory and + + align:start position:0% +York Times can go to the directory and + + + align:start position:0% +York Times can go to the directory and +say hey directory why did you + + align:start position:0% +say hey directory why did you + + + align:start position:0% +say hey directory why did you +impersonate Bob and the drug he can say + + align:start position:0% +impersonate Bob and the drug he can say + + + align:start position:0% +impersonate Bob and the drug he can say +no I did not impersonate Bob Bob really + + align:start position:0% +no I did not impersonate Bob Bob really + + + align:start position:0% +no I did not impersonate Bob Bob really +just asked for a new public key and this + + align:start position:0% +just asked for a new public key and this + + + align:start position:0% +just asked for a new public key and this +was the public key that Bob gave me and + + align:start position:0% +was the public key that Bob gave me and + + + align:start position:0% +was the public key that Bob gave me and +it's just it's just that he said they + + align:start position:0% +it's just it's just that he said they + + + align:start position:0% +it's just it's just that he said they +said kind of a thing right so it's + + align:start position:0% +said kind of a thing right so it's + + + align:start position:0% +said kind of a thing right so it's +really sort of an open research area to + + align:start position:0% +really sort of an open research area to + + + align:start position:0% +really sort of an open research area to +figure out what's the right way to + + align:start position:0% +figure out what's the right way to + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what's the right way to +whistleblow here so for example one one + + align:start position:0% +whistleblow here so for example one one + + + align:start position:0% +whistleblow here so for example one one +one project that we're trying to work on + + align:start position:0% +one project that we're trying to work on + + + align:start position:0% +one project that we're trying to work on +is is there a way to trap the directory + + align:start position:0% +is is there a way to trap the directory + + + align:start position:0% +is is there a way to trap the directory +somehow so that when he does stuff like + + align:start position:0% +somehow so that when he does stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +somehow so that when he does stuff like +this you get a publicly verifiable you + + align:start position:0% +this you get a publicly verifiable you + + + align:start position:0% +this you get a publicly verifiable you +know a cryptographic proof that he + + align:start position:0% +know a cryptographic proof that he + + + align:start position:0% +know a cryptographic proof that he +really must behaved right now there's no + + align:start position:0% +really must behaved right now there's no + + + align:start position:0% +really must behaved right now there's no +cryptographic proof the fact that that + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic proof the fact that that + + + align:start position:0% +cryptographic proof the fact that that +public key is there could have come from + + align:start position:0% +public key is there could have come from + + + align:start position:0% +public key is there could have come from +the malicious directory or could have + + align:start position:0% +the malicious directory or could have + + + align:start position:0% +the malicious directory or could have +come from an honest Bob who just changed + + align:start position:0% +come from an honest Bob who just changed + + + align:start position:0% +come from an honest Bob who just changed +his public key so yeah so again a step + + align:start position:0% +his public key so yeah so again a step + + + align:start position:0% +his public key so yeah so again a step +forward but we're not there you know + + align:start position:0% +forward but we're not there you know + + + align:start position:0% +forward but we're not there you know +it's just that there's much more work to + + align:start position:0% +it's just that there's much more work to + + + align:start position:0% +it's just that there's much more work to +do here and I think you also had a + + align:start position:0% +do here and I think you also had a + + + align:start position:0% +do here and I think you also had a +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's that's you know that's a + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's you know that's a + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's you know that's a +chicken in an egg right so we have Alice + + align:start position:0% +chicken in an egg right so we have Alice + + + align:start position:0% +chicken in an egg right so we have Alice +we have Bob and we have the attacker + + align:start position:0% +we have Bob and we have the attacker + + + align:start position:0% +we have Bob and we have the attacker +Alice asked Bob is this your public key + + align:start position:0% +Alice asked Bob is this your public key + + + align:start position:0% +Alice asked Bob is this your public key +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +let's say B Prime let me make this more + + align:start position:0% +let's say B Prime let me make this more + + + align:start position:0% +let's say B Prime let me make this more +readable so attacker right so Alice asks + + align:start position:0% +readable so attacker right so Alice asks + + + align:start position:0% +readable so attacker right so Alice asks +hey Bob is this B Prime your public key + + align:start position:0% +hey Bob is this B Prime your public key + + + align:start position:0% +hey Bob is this B Prime your public key +the attacker changes it hey Bob is B + + align:start position:0% +the attacker changes it hey Bob is B + + + align:start position:0% +the attacker changes it hey Bob is B +your public key the attacker the Bob + + align:start position:0% +your public key the attacker the Bob + + + align:start position:0% +your public key the attacker the Bob +says yes attacker forwards it yes to + + align:start position:0% +says yes attacker forwards it yes to + + + align:start position:0% +says yes attacker forwards it yes to +Alice right remember Bob and Alice don't + + align:start position:0% +Alice right remember Bob and Alice don't + + + align:start position:0% +Alice right remember Bob and Alice don't +have a secure Channel that's the problem + + align:start position:0% +have a secure Channel that's the problem + + + align:start position:0% +have a secure Channel that's the problem +trying to solve with this directory + + align:start position:0% +trying to solve with this directory + + + align:start position:0% +trying to solve with this directory +right so the attacker can always man in + + align:start position:0% +right so the attacker can always man in + + + align:start position:0% +right so the attacker can always man in +the middle of people well people like + + align:start position:0% +the middle of people well people like + + + align:start position:0% +the middle of people well people like +Alice and Bob if the attacker can man in + + align:start position:0% +Alice and Bob if the attacker can man in + + + align:start position:0% +Alice and Bob if the attacker can man in +the middle everything then there's + + align:start position:0% +the middle everything then there's + + + align:start position:0% +the middle everything then there's +really no hope and we're living in a + + align:start position:0% +really no hope and we're living in a + + + align:start position:0% +really no hope and we're living in a +very sad sad world if that's the case + + align:start position:0% +very sad sad world if that's the case + + + align:start position:0% +very sad sad world if that's the case +yeah it actually might be the case but + + align:start position:0% +yeah it actually might be the case but + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it actually might be the case but +we'll see anyway so so yeah so I claim + + align:start position:0% +we'll see anyway so so yeah so I claim + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see anyway so so yeah so I claim +here that this is a step forward but + + align:start position:0% +here that this is a step forward but + + + align:start position:0% +here that this is a step forward but +there's still much work to do right so + + align:start position:0% +there's still much work to do right so + + + align:start position:0% +there's still much work to do right so +we get transparency Bob can detect he'll + + align:start position:0% +we get transparency Bob can detect he'll + + + align:start position:0% +we get transparency Bob can detect he'll +know he won't be able to convince + + align:start position:0% +know he won't be able to convince + + + align:start position:0% +know he won't be able to convince +anybody but if a lot of Bob's get + + align:start position:0% +anybody but if a lot of Bob's get + + + align:start position:0% +anybody but if a lot of Bob's get +compromised + + align:start position:0% +compromised + + + align:start position:0% +compromised +you know you you're still like in a + + align:start position:0% +you know you you're still like in a + + + align:start position:0% +you know you you're still like in a +place where everybody knows that + + align:start position:0% +place where everybody knows that + + + align:start position:0% +place where everybody knows that +something's off and we'll all stop using + + align:start position:0% +something's off and we'll all stop using + + + align:start position:0% +something's off and we'll all stop using +what's happen right by the way whatsapp + + align:start position:0% +what's happen right by the way whatsapp + + + align:start position:0% +what's happen right by the way whatsapp +is a great tool you should continue + + align:start position:0% +is a great tool you should continue + + + align:start position:0% +is a great tool you should continue +using it I'm just saying it's difficult + + align:start position:0% +using it I'm just saying it's difficult + + + align:start position:0% +using it I'm just saying it's difficult +to use right like if somebody really + + align:start position:0% +to use right like if somebody really + + + align:start position:0% +to use right like if somebody really +wants to target it they can play a lot + + align:start position:0% +wants to target it they can play a lot + + + align:start position:0% +wants to target it they can play a lot +of tricks to still trick you so yeah so + + align:start position:0% +of tricks to still trick you so yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +of tricks to still trick you so yeah so +all right we already talked about this + + align:start position:0% +all right we already talked about this + + + align:start position:0% +all right we already talked about this +and yeah again if the director we can + + align:start position:0% +and yeah again if the director we can + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah again if the director we can +equivocate then you know all bets are + + align:start position:0% +equivocate then you know all bets are + + + align:start position:0% +equivocate then you know all bets are +off because now Bob will look in this + + align:start position:0% +off because now Bob will look in this + + + align:start position:0% +off because now Bob will look in this +directory he'll think he's not + + align:start position:0% +directory he'll think he's not + + + align:start position:0% +directory he'll think he's not +impersonated Alice will look in this + + align:start position:0% +impersonated Alice will look in this + + + align:start position:0% +impersonated Alice will look in this +directory she'll think she's not + + align:start position:0% +directory she'll think she's not + + + align:start position:0% +directory she'll think she's not +impersonated right so so the reason we + + align:start position:0% +impersonated right so so the reason we + + + align:start position:0% +impersonated right so so the reason we +started this research is because I + + align:start position:0% +started this research is because I + + + align:start position:0% +started this research is because I +really want to my thesis is I'm building + + align:start position:0% +really want to my thesis is I'm building + + + align:start position:0% +really want to my thesis is I'm building +these directories that are efficiently + + align:start position:0% +these directories that are efficiently + + + align:start position:0% +these directories that are efficiently +auditable and have a hard time + + align:start position:0% +auditable and have a hard time + + + align:start position:0% +auditable and have a hard time +impersonating people so that's why we + + align:start position:0% +impersonating people so that's why we + + + align:start position:0% +impersonating people so that's why we +decided to look at how could you do this + + align:start position:0% +decided to look at how could you do this + + + align:start position:0% +decided to look at how could you do this +with Bitcoin yeah so of course there's + + align:start position:0% +with Bitcoin yeah so of course there's + + + align:start position:0% +with Bitcoin yeah so of course there's +one project called key chat that we're + + align:start position:0% +one project called key chat that we're + + + align:start position:0% +one project called key chat that we're +working on with some high school + + align:start position:0% +working on with some high school + + + align:start position:0% +working on with some high school +students and we're using the key based + + align:start position:0% +students and we're using the key based + + + align:start position:0% +students and we're using the key based +public key directory and we're + + align:start position:0% +public key directory and we're + + + align:start position:0% +public key directory and we're +witnessing it in a Catina log so that + + align:start position:0% +witnessing it in a Catina log so that + + + align:start position:0% +witnessing it in a Catina log so that +stuff like that doesn't happen right + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that doesn't happen right + + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that doesn't happen right +okay so now let's talk about the block + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's talk about the block + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's talk about the block +chains + + align:start position:0% +chains + + + align:start position:0% +chains +in general people nowadays like to say I + + align:start position:0% +in general people nowadays like to say I + + + align:start position:0% +in general people nowadays like to say I +need a blockchain 4x right + + align:start position:0% +need a blockchain 4x right + + + align:start position:0% +need a blockchain 4x right +I need a blockchain for supply chain + + align:start position:0% +I need a blockchain for supply chain + + + align:start position:0% +I need a blockchain for supply chain +management I need a blockchain for cats + + align:start position:0% +management I need a blockchain for cats + + + align:start position:0% +management I need a blockchain for cats +for whatever they've heard a lot of + + align:start position:0% +for whatever they've heard a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +for whatever they've heard a lot of +crazy stories IOT self-driving cars blah + + align:start position:0% +crazy stories IOT self-driving cars blah + + + align:start position:0% +crazy stories IOT self-driving cars blah +blah and and I think the right way to + + align:start position:0% +blah and and I think the right way to + + + align:start position:0% +blah and and I think the right way to +think about blockchain is to never ever + + align:start position:0% +think about blockchain is to never ever + + + align:start position:0% +think about blockchain is to never ever +say that word unless use quotes first of + + align:start position:0% +say that word unless use quotes first of + + + align:start position:0% +say that word unless use quotes first of +all and and second of all to understand + + align:start position:0% +all and and second of all to understand + + + align:start position:0% +all and and second of all to understand +what Byzantine state machine replication + + align:start position:0% +what Byzantine state machine replication + + + align:start position:0% +what Byzantine state machine replication +is right and if you understand what + + align:start position:0% +is right and if you understand what + + + align:start position:0% +is right and if you understand what +Byzantine state machine replication is + + align:start position:0% +Byzantine state machine replication is + + + align:start position:0% +Byzantine state machine replication is +or Byzantine consensus you understand + + align:start position:0% +or Byzantine consensus you understand + + + align:start position:0% +or Byzantine consensus you understand +blockchain and you understand all the + + align:start position:0% +blockchain and you understand all the + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain and you understand all the +hype and and then you can make some + + align:start position:0% +hype and and then you can make some + + + align:start position:0% +hype and and then you can make some +progress in solving problems in the + + align:start position:0% +progress in solving problems in the + + + align:start position:0% +progress in solving problems in the +sense that what is blockchain so it's + + align:start position:0% +sense that what is blockchain so it's + + + align:start position:0% +sense that what is blockchain so it's +what we're doing here is we're doing a + + align:start position:0% +what we're doing here is we're doing a + + + align:start position:0% +what we're doing here is we're doing a +Byzantine because this algorithm we're + + align:start position:0% +Byzantine because this algorithm we're + + + align:start position:0% +Byzantine because this algorithm we're +agreeing on a log of operations right by + + align:start position:0% +agreeing on a log of operations right by + + + align:start position:0% +agreeing on a log of operations right by +the way that's what Catina does to by + + align:start position:0% +the way that's what Catina does to by + + + align:start position:0% +the way that's what Catina does to by +piggybacking on Bitcoin they agree it + + align:start position:0% +piggybacking on Bitcoin they agree it + + + align:start position:0% +piggybacking on Bitcoin they agree it +agrees on a log of operations right but + + align:start position:0% +agrees on a log of operations right but + + + align:start position:0% +agrees on a log of operations right but +the other thing that SMR or Byzantine + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that SMR or Byzantine + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that SMR or Byzantine +consensus does is that it also allows + + align:start position:0% +consensus does is that it also allows + + + align:start position:0% +consensus does is that it also allows +you to agree on the execution of the ops + + align:start position:0% +you to agree on the execution of the ops + + + align:start position:0% +you to agree on the execution of the ops +in that log so in Catina you don't agree + + align:start position:0% +in that log so in Catina you don't agree + + + align:start position:0% +in that log so in Catina you don't agree +on the execution you just agree on the + + align:start position:0% +on the execution you just agree on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the execution you just agree on the +statements but there's no execution of + + align:start position:0% +statements but there's no execution of + + + align:start position:0% +statements but there's no execution of +those statements in the sense that you + + align:start position:0% +those statements in the sense that you + + + align:start position:0% +those statements in the sense that you +can't build another Bitcoin on top of + + align:start position:0% +can't build another Bitcoin on top of + + + align:start position:0% +can't build another Bitcoin on top of +Bitcoin in Catina + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin in Catina + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin in Catina +because you can't prevent double spends + + align:start position:0% +because you can't prevent double spends + + + align:start position:0% +because you can't prevent double spends +of transactions that are Catina + + align:start position:0% +of transactions that are Catina + + + align:start position:0% +of transactions that are Catina +statements right like the Catena + + align:start position:0% +statements right like the Catena + + + align:start position:0% +statements right like the Catena +statements you have to look in each one + + align:start position:0% +statements you have to look in each one + + + align:start position:0% +statements you have to look in each one +and tell if it's correct so to detect + + align:start position:0% +and tell if it's correct so to detect + + + align:start position:0% +and tell if it's correct so to detect +the double spend in a Catina backed + + align:start position:0% +the double spend in a Catina backed + + + align:start position:0% +the double spend in a Catina backed +cryptocurrency you'd have to download + + align:start position:0% +cryptocurrency you'd have to download + + + align:start position:0% +cryptocurrency you'd have to download +all of the transactions and you because + + align:start position:0% +all of the transactions and you because + + + align:start position:0% +all of the transactions and you because +you cannot execute it like the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +you cannot execute it like the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot execute it like the Bitcoin +miners do and build this you TXO set I'm + + align:start position:0% +miners do and build this you TXO set I'm + + + align:start position:0% +miners do and build this you TXO set I'm +not sure this is making a lot of sense + + align:start position:0% +not sure this is making a lot of sense + + + align:start position:0% +not sure this is making a lot of sense +but let's put it another way in Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +but let's put it another way in Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +but let's put it another way in Bitcoin +you have block one and then you have + + align:start position:0% +you have block one and then you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have block one and then you have +block two right and there's a hash + + align:start position:0% +block two right and there's a hash + + + align:start position:0% +block two right and there's a hash +pointer and there's a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +pointer and there's a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +pointer and there's a bunch of +transactions here right and remember + + align:start position:0% +transactions here right and remember + + + align:start position:0% +transactions here right and remember +that what prevents me from double + + align:start position:0% +that what prevents me from double + + + align:start position:0% +that what prevents me from double +spending something here + + align:start position:0% +spending something here + + + align:start position:0% +spending something here +like I can have two transactions in this + + align:start position:0% +like I can have two transactions in this + + + align:start position:0% +like I can have two transactions in this +block that double spend the same one + + align:start position:0% +block that double spend the same one + + + align:start position:0% +block that double spend the same one +here what prevents me from doing that is + + align:start position:0% +here what prevents me from doing that is + + + align:start position:0% +here what prevents me from doing that is +exactly this execution stage right + + align:start position:0% +exactly this execution stage right + + + align:start position:0% +exactly this execution stage right +because in the execution stage when I + + align:start position:0% +because in the execution stage when I + + + align:start position:0% +because in the execution stage when I +try to I execute this first transaction + + align:start position:0% +try to I execute this first transaction + + + align:start position:0% +try to I execute this first transaction +and I mark this out too that spent when + + align:start position:0% +and I mark this out too that spent when + + + align:start position:0% +and I mark this out too that spent when +I execute the second transaction I + + align:start position:0% +I execute the second transaction I + + + align:start position:0% +I execute the second transaction I +cannot + + align:start position:0% +cannot + + + align:start position:0% +cannot +that output anymore right and Catina you + + align:start position:0% +that output anymore right and Catina you + + + align:start position:0% +that output anymore right and Catina you +can't do anything like that with the + + align:start position:0% +can't do anything like that with the + + + align:start position:0% +can't do anything like that with the +statements you just agree on the + + align:start position:0% +statements you just agree on the + + + align:start position:0% +statements you just agree on the +statements in Katina you would put this + + align:start position:0% +statements in Katina you would put this + + + align:start position:0% +statements in Katina you would put this +transaction in the log this one and then + + align:start position:0% +transaction in the log this one and then + + + align:start position:0% +transaction in the log this one and then +that one and someone would have to + + align:start position:0% +that one and someone would have to + + + align:start position:0% +that one and someone would have to +detect that the second one is a bad one + + align:start position:0% +detect that the second one is a bad one + + + align:start position:0% +detect that the second one is a bad one +but actually downloading it that's kind + + align:start position:0% +but actually downloading it that's kind + + + align:start position:0% +but actually downloading it that's kind +of what I'm trying to say here so so in + + align:start position:0% +of what I'm trying to say here so so in + + + align:start position:0% +of what I'm trying to say here so so in +general the way you should you should be + + align:start position:0% +general the way you should you should be + + + align:start position:0% +general the way you should you should be +thinking about blockchains is through + + align:start position:0% +thinking about blockchains is through + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about blockchains is through +the lens of Byzantine consensus and + + align:start position:0% +the lens of Byzantine consensus and + + + align:start position:0% +the lens of Byzantine consensus and +that'll get you ahead of the curve in + + align:start position:0% +that'll get you ahead of the curve in + + + align:start position:0% +that'll get you ahead of the curve in +this overly hyped space right because + + align:start position:0% +this overly hyped space right because + + + align:start position:0% +this overly hyped space right because +it's really just this you're agreeing on + + align:start position:0% +it's really just this you're agreeing on + + + align:start position:0% +it's really just this you're agreeing on +a log of operations and then you're + + align:start position:0% +a log of operations and then you're + + + align:start position:0% +a log of operations and then you're +agreeing on the execution of those + + align:start position:0% +agreeing on the execution of those + + + align:start position:0% +agreeing on the execution of those +operations according to some rules the + + align:start position:0% +operations according to some rules the + + + align:start position:0% +operations according to some rules the +rules in Bitcoin are the transaction + + align:start position:0% +rules in Bitcoin are the transaction + + + align:start position:0% +rules in Bitcoin are the transaction +cannot there cannot be two inputs + + align:start position:0% +cannot there cannot be two inputs + + + align:start position:0% +cannot there cannot be two inputs +spending the same output right more or + + align:start position:0% +spending the same output right more or + + + align:start position:0% +spending the same output right more or +less there's other things too yeah what + + align:start position:0% +less there's other things too yeah what + + + align:start position:0% +less there's other things too yeah what +that gives you is it allows you to agree + + align:start position:0% +that gives you is it allows you to agree + + + align:start position:0% +that gives you is it allows you to agree +on a final state which in Bitcoin are + + align:start position:0% +on a final state which in Bitcoin are + + + align:start position:0% +on a final state which in Bitcoin are +the valid transactions that's the final + + align:start position:0% +the valid transactions that's the final + + + align:start position:0% +the valid transactions that's the final +state right in etherium for example the + + align:start position:0% +state right in etherium for example the + + + align:start position:0% +state right in etherium for example the +final state are the valid transactions + + align:start position:0% +final state are the valid transactions + + + align:start position:0% +final state are the valid transactions +and the account balances of everything + + align:start position:0% +and the account balances of everything + + + align:start position:0% +and the account balances of everything +and the smart contract state for + + align:start position:0% +and the smart contract state for + + + align:start position:0% +and the smart contract state for +everything and I guess you'll learn + + align:start position:0% +everything and I guess you'll learn + + + align:start position:0% +everything and I guess you'll learn +about that later so you can build + + align:start position:0% +about that later so you can build + + + align:start position:0% +about that later so you can build +arbitrarily complex things with + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily complex things with + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily complex things with +Byzantine consensus or with block chains + + align:start position:0% +Byzantine consensus or with block chains + + + align:start position:0% +Byzantine consensus or with block chains +and in the high-level bit if you want to + + align:start position:0% +and in the high-level bit if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +and in the high-level bit if you want to +look at it in other ways that you have a + + align:start position:0% +look at it in other ways that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +look at it in other ways that you have a +program P right which could be anything + + align:start position:0% +program P right which could be anything + + + align:start position:0% +program P right which could be anything +could be a cryptocurrency + + align:start position:0% +could be a cryptocurrency + + + align:start position:0% +could be a cryptocurrency +and then instead of running this program + + align:start position:0% +and then instead of running this program + + + align:start position:0% +and then instead of running this program +P on a single server s what you do is + + align:start position:0% +P on a single server s what you do is + + + align:start position:0% +P on a single server s what you do is +you you distribute it on a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +you you distribute it on a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +you you distribute it on a bunch of +servers s1 s2 s3 s4 right and now as a + + align:start position:0% +servers s1 s2 s3 s4 right and now as a + + + align:start position:0% +servers s1 s2 s3 s4 right and now as a +result to mess with this program P it's + + align:start position:0% +result to mess with this program P it's + + + align:start position:0% +result to mess with this program P it's +not enough to compromise one server you + + align:start position:0% +not enough to compromise one server you + + + align:start position:0% +not enough to compromise one server you +have to compromise a bunch of them right + + align:start position:0% +have to compromise a bunch of them right + + + align:start position:0% +have to compromise a bunch of them right +okay so and some of you might also be + + align:start position:0% +okay so and some of you might also be + + + align:start position:0% +okay so and some of you might also be +familiar with this term permission + + align:start position:0% +familiar with this term permission + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with this term permission +blockchain so when you distribute this + + align:start position:0% +blockchain so when you distribute this + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain so when you distribute this +program P amongst n servers where n is + + align:start position:0% +program P amongst n servers where n is + + + align:start position:0% +program P amongst n servers where n is +equal let's say 3f plus 1 and F is equal + + align:start position:0% +equal let's say 3f plus 1 and F is equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal let's say 3f plus 1 and F is equal +to 1 in this particular case in a + + align:start position:0% +to 1 in this particular case in a + + + align:start position:0% +to 1 in this particular case in a +permission blockchain this n is fixed + + align:start position:0% +permission blockchain this n is fixed + + + align:start position:0% +permission blockchain this n is fixed +right once you've set n to 4 it has to + + align:start position:0% +right once you've set n to 4 it has to + + + align:start position:0% +right once you've set n to 4 it has to +stay for these servers have to know one + + align:start position:0% +stay for these servers have to know one + + + align:start position:0% +stay for these servers have to know one +another they need to know each other's + + align:start position:0% +another they need to know each other's + + + align:start position:0% +another they need to know each other's +public keys and only one of the servers + + align:start position:0% +public keys and only one of the servers + + + align:start position:0% +public keys and only one of the servers +f is equal to 1 can fail if more than + + align:start position:0% +f is equal to 1 can fail if more than + + + align:start position:0% +f is equal to 1 can fail if more than +one server fails then all bets are off + + align:start position:0% +one server fails then all bets are off + + + align:start position:0% +one server fails then all bets are off +your program can start doing arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +your program can start doing arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +your program can start doing arbitrary +things in particular if your program is + + align:start position:0% +things in particular if your program is + + + align:start position:0% +things in particular if your program is +Bitcoin it can start double spending + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin it can start double spending + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin it can start double spending +moving a little bit fast so I'll take + + align:start position:0% +moving a little bit fast so I'll take + + + align:start position:0% +moving a little bit fast so I'll take +some questions up until this point + + align:start position:0% +some questions up until this point + + + align:start position:0% +some questions up until this point +before I go on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know you don't have to that's that's + + align:start position:0% +you know you don't have to that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +you know you don't have to that's that's +kind of what the hype is about this + + align:start position:0% +kind of what the hype is about this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of what the hype is about this +stuff there's like the first interesting + + align:start position:0% +stuff there's like the first interesting + + + align:start position:0% +stuff there's like the first interesting +paper on this was 1976 or something like + + align:start position:0% +paper on this was 1976 or something like + + + align:start position:0% +paper on this was 1976 or something like +that so this is 40 30 40 year old + + align:start position:0% +that so this is 40 30 40 year old + + + align:start position:0% +that so this is 40 30 40 year old +research we've known how to do + + align:start position:0% +research we've known how to do + + + align:start position:0% +research we've known how to do +permission consensus we used to call it + + align:start position:0% +permission consensus we used to call it + + + align:start position:0% +permission consensus we used to call it +vision Byzantine consensus for 30 or 40 + + align:start position:0% +vision Byzantine consensus for 30 or 40 + + + align:start position:0% +vision Byzantine consensus for 30 or 40 +years right so there's nothing new there + + align:start position:0% +years right so there's nothing new there + + + align:start position:0% +years right so there's nothing new there +it's just that it's very useful nowadays + + align:start position:0% +it's just that it's very useful nowadays + + + align:start position:0% +it's just that it's very useful nowadays +to say blockchain then to say consensus + + align:start position:0% +to say blockchain then to say consensus + + + align:start position:0% +to say blockchain then to say consensus +because then you get 10 more million + + align:start position:0% +because then you get 10 more million + + + align:start position:0% +because then you get 10 more million +dollars from your venture capitalist + + align:start position:0% +dollars from your venture capitalist + + + align:start position:0% +dollars from your venture capitalist +folks it would be it would be such a bad + + align:start position:0% +folks it would be it would be such a bad + + + align:start position:0% +folks it would be it would be such a bad +idea technically to do prefer working at + + align:start position:0% +idea technically to do prefer working at + + + align:start position:0% +idea technically to do prefer working at +permission consensus algorithm it just + + align:start position:0% +permission consensus algorithm it just + + + align:start position:0% +permission consensus algorithm it just +completely unnecessary plus probably + + align:start position:0% +completely unnecessary plus probably + + + align:start position:0% +completely unnecessary plus probably +insecure too yeah so now the reason you + + align:start position:0% +insecure too yeah so now the reason you + + + align:start position:0% +insecure too yeah so now the reason you +do proof of work is because in a + + align:start position:0% +do proof of work is because in a + + + align:start position:0% +do proof of work is because in a +permissionless blockchain this n is not + + align:start position:0% +permissionless blockchain this n is not + + + align:start position:0% +permissionless blockchain this n is not +fixed and could go let's say n was 4 it + + align:start position:0% +fixed and could go let's say n was 4 it + + + align:start position:0% +fixed and could go let's say n was 4 it +could go to 8 then it could go to 3 then + + align:start position:0% +could go to 8 then it could go to 3 then + + + align:start position:0% +could go to 8 then it could go to 3 then +it could go to 12 another cent in other + + align:start position:0% +it could go to 12 another cent in other + + + align:start position:0% +it could go to 12 another cent in other +words people are joining and leaving as + + align:start position:0% +words people are joining and leaving as + + + align:start position:0% +words people are joining and leaving as +they please and the reason you need + + align:start position:0% +they please and the reason you need + + + align:start position:0% +they please and the reason you need +proof of work in Bitcoin the way one way + + align:start position:0% +proof of work in Bitcoin the way one way + + + align:start position:0% +proof of work in Bitcoin the way one way +you can look at it is that you're really + + align:start position:0% +you can look at it is that you're really + + + align:start position:0% +you can look at it is that you're really +turning a permissioned consensus + + align:start position:0% +turning a permissioned consensus + + + align:start position:0% +turning a permissioned consensus +algorithm into a permissionless one and + + align:start position:0% +algorithm into a permissionless one and + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm into a permissionless one and +a consensus algorithm is just voting + + align:start position:0% +a consensus algorithm is just voting + + + align:start position:0% +a consensus algorithm is just voting +these n folks are just voting and you + + align:start position:0% +these n folks are just voting and you + + + align:start position:0% +these n folks are just voting and you +need to f plus 1 votes to sort of move + + align:start position:0% +need to f plus 1 votes to sort of move + + + align:start position:0% +need to f plus 1 votes to sort of move +on right and if this n changes over time + + align:start position:0% +on right and if this n changes over time + + + align:start position:0% +on right and if this n changes over time +like if the sin becomes bigger it's very + + align:start position:0% +like if the sin becomes bigger it's very + + + align:start position:0% +like if the sin becomes bigger it's very +easy to take over a majority of the + + align:start position:0% +easy to take over a majority of the + + + align:start position:0% +easy to take over a majority of the +voters if I can just add fake voters to + + align:start position:0% +voters if I can just add fake voters to + + + align:start position:0% +voters if I can just add fake voters to +a permission consensus algorithm I can + + align:start position:0% +a permission consensus algorithm I can + + + align:start position:0% +a permission consensus algorithm I can +just take over the consensus algorithm + + align:start position:0% +just take over the consensus algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +just take over the consensus algorithm +in other words I can take over more than + + align:start position:0% +in other words I can take over more than + + + align:start position:0% +in other words I can take over more than +F nodes right so the trick there is you + + align:start position:0% +F nodes right so the trick there is you + + + align:start position:0% +F nodes right so the trick there is you +have to prevent that from happening and + + align:start position:0% +have to prevent that from happening and + + + align:start position:0% +have to prevent that from happening and +the only way to prevent that is to say + + align:start position:0% +the only way to prevent that is to say + + + align:start position:0% +the only way to prevent that is to say +look if you're gonna join and make my + + align:start position:0% +look if you're gonna join and make my + + + align:start position:0% +look if you're gonna join and make my +end bigger you better do some work so + + align:start position:0% +end bigger you better do some work so + + + align:start position:0% +end bigger you better do some work so +that it's not easy for you to join + + align:start position:0% +that it's not easy for you to join + + + align:start position:0% +that it's not easy for you to join +because if you're a bad guy and you want + + align:start position:0% +because if you're a bad guy and you want + + + align:start position:0% +because if you're a bad guy and you want +to join you know you could do that very + + align:start position:0% +to join you know you could do that very + + + align:start position:0% +to join you know you could do that very +easily unless I require + + align:start position:0% +easily unless I require + + + align:start position:0% +easily unless I require +to do some work so that's kind of the + + align:start position:0% +to do some work so that's kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +to do some work so that's kind of the +trick and turning of permission now + + align:start position:0% +trick and turning of permission now + + + align:start position:0% +trick and turning of permission now +concerns are going to permissionless one + + align:start position:0% +concerns are going to permissionless one + + + align:start position:0% +concerns are going to permissionless one +and in fact the way these permission the + + align:start position:0% +and in fact the way these permission the + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact the way these permission the +animals work is completely different + + align:start position:0% +animals work is completely different + + + align:start position:0% +animals work is completely different +than Bitcoin there are much more complex + + align:start position:0% +than Bitcoin there are much more complex + + + align:start position:0% +than Bitcoin there are much more complex +Bitcoin is incredibly simple as it + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin is incredibly simple as it + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin is incredibly simple as it +consists are good if you ever read a + + align:start position:0% +consists are good if you ever read a + + + align:start position:0% +consists are good if you ever read a +consensus algorithm paper you know it's + + align:start position:0% +consensus algorithm paper you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +consensus algorithm paper you know it's +it's it's a bit insane also to implement + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a bit insane also to implement + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a bit insane also to implement +it's a bit insane Bitcoin is very simple + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit insane Bitcoin is very simple + + + align:start position:0% +it's a bit insane Bitcoin is very simple +to implement compared to these other + + align:start position:0% +to implement compared to these other + + + align:start position:0% +to implement compared to these other +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +I mean Bitcoin is of course a complex + + align:start position:0% +I mean Bitcoin is of course a complex + + + align:start position:0% +I mean Bitcoin is of course a complex +beast as well but you should look at + + align:start position:0% +beast as well but you should look at + + + align:start position:0% +beast as well but you should look at +let's say practical Byzantine fault + + align:start position:0% +let's say practical Byzantine fault + + + align:start position:0% +let's say practical Byzantine fault +tolerant paper pbft and try and + + align:start position:0% +tolerant paper pbft and try and + + + align:start position:0% +tolerant paper pbft and try and +implement that so anyway why am I + + align:start position:0% +implement that so anyway why am I + + + align:start position:0% +implement that so anyway why am I +telling you all of this the reason I'm + + align:start position:0% +telling you all of this the reason I'm + + + align:start position:0% +telling you all of this the reason I'm +telling you all of this is because if + + align:start position:0% +telling you all of this is because if + + + align:start position:0% +telling you all of this is because if +you want to do a permission blockchain + + align:start position:0% +you want to do a permission blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +you want to do a permission blockchain +for whatever reason one way to do that + + align:start position:0% +for whatever reason one way to do that + + + align:start position:0% +for whatever reason one way to do that +is to use your favorite Byzantine + + align:start position:0% +is to use your favorite Byzantine + + + align:start position:0% +is to use your favorite Byzantine +consensus algorithm so that would be + + align:start position:0% +consensus algorithm so that would be + + + align:start position:0% +consensus algorithm so that would be +lets say pbft this was a 1999 from MIT + + align:start position:0% +lets say pbft this was a 1999 from MIT + + + align:start position:0% +lets say pbft this was a 1999 from MIT +so you could use that could have a lot + + align:start position:0% +so you could use that could have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +so you could use that could have a lot +of fun implementing it another thing you + + align:start position:0% +of fun implementing it another thing you + + + align:start position:0% +of fun implementing it another thing you +could do is you could take your program + + align:start position:0% +could do is you could take your program + + + align:start position:0% +could do is you could take your program +P and just give it to an aetherium smart + + align:start position:0% +P and just give it to an aetherium smart + + + align:start position:0% +P and just give it to an aetherium smart +contract and you know that the etherium + + align:start position:0% +contract and you know that the etherium + + + align:start position:0% +contract and you know that the etherium +smart contract if aetherium if the + + align:start position:0% +smart contract if aetherium if the + + + align:start position:0% +smart contract if aetherium if the +etherium security assumption holds it'll + + align:start position:0% +etherium security assumption holds it'll + + + align:start position:0% +etherium security assumption holds it'll +do the right thing it'll execute your + + align:start position:0% +do the right thing it'll execute your + + + align:start position:0% +do the right thing it'll execute your +program P correctly right but the other + + align:start position:0% +program P correctly right but the other + + + align:start position:0% +program P correctly right but the other +thing that you could do actually is you + + align:start position:0% +thing that you could do actually is you + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you could do actually is you +could use Katina to agree on these logs + + align:start position:0% +could use Katina to agree on these logs + + + align:start position:0% +could use Katina to agree on these logs +on the under log of operations for your + + align:start position:0% +on the under log of operations for your + + + align:start position:0% +on the under log of operations for your +program and then you could use another + + align:start position:0% +program and then you could use another + + + align:start position:0% +program and then you could use another +to F plus one servers or replicas to do + + align:start position:0% +to F plus one servers or replicas to do + + + align:start position:0% +to F plus one servers or replicas to do +the execution stuff so that you can + + align:start position:0% +the execution stuff so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +the execution stuff so that you can +agree on the final state and this this + + align:start position:0% +agree on the final state and this this + + + align:start position:0% +agree on the final state and this this +gives you a very simple Byzantine + + align:start position:0% +gives you a very simple Byzantine + + + align:start position:0% +gives you a very simple Byzantine +consensus algorithm so remember Catina + + align:start position:0% +consensus algorithm so remember Catina + + + align:start position:0% +consensus algorithm so remember Catina +doesn't give you execution it allows you + + align:start position:0% +doesn't give you execution it allows you + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't give you execution it allows you +to agree on the log of apps to get the + + align:start position:0% +to agree on the log of apps to get the + + + align:start position:0% +to agree on the log of apps to get the +execution you basically take a majority + + align:start position:0% +execution you basically take a majority + + + align:start position:0% +execution you basically take a majority +vote if you see you have to F +1 + + align:start position:0% +vote if you see you have to F +1 + + + align:start position:0% +vote if you see you have to F +1 +replicas servers and if you see F +1 + + align:start position:0% +replicas servers and if you see F +1 + + + align:start position:0% +replicas servers and if you see F +1 +votes on a final state you know that's + + align:start position:0% +votes on a final state you know that's + + + align:start position:0% +votes on a final state you know that's +the right state okay + + align:start position:0% +the right state okay + + + align:start position:0% +the right state okay +because only F of them are malicious + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in fact if you use Katina with tooth + + align:start position:0% +so in fact if you use Katina with tooth + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact if you use Katina with tooth +loss on replicas I claim that you can + + align:start position:0% +loss on replicas I claim that you can + + + align:start position:0% +loss on replicas I claim that you can +get sort of a permission block chain + + align:start position:0% +get sort of a permission block chain + + + align:start position:0% +get sort of a permission block chain +that sort of leverages the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +that sort of leverages the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of leverages the Bitcoin +blockchain to do the agreement on the + + align:start position:0% +blockchain to do the agreement on the + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain to do the agreement on the +log of ops so in that sense it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +log of ops so in that sense it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +log of ops so in that sense it's sort of +a mix of a permission and permissionless + + align:start position:0% +a mix of a permission and permissionless + + + align:start position:0% +a mix of a permission and permissionless +we haven't studied this like we don't + + align:start position:0% +we haven't studied this like we don't + + + align:start position:0% +we haven't studied this like we don't +know what properties it would have so + + align:start position:0% +know what properties it would have so + + + align:start position:0% +know what properties it would have so +that's future work and if you don't need + + align:start position:0% +that's future work and if you don't need + + + align:start position:0% +that's future work and if you don't need +a execution for example if all you're + + align:start position:0% +a execution for example if all you're + + + align:start position:0% +a execution for example if all you're +doing is you're agreeing on a public key + + align:start position:0% +doing is you're agreeing on a public key + + + align:start position:0% +doing is you're agreeing on a public key +directory like here there's no execution + + align:start position:0% +directory like here there's no execution + + + align:start position:0% +directory like here there's no execution +this directory just is supposed to stay + + align:start position:0% +this directory just is supposed to stay + + + align:start position:0% +this directory just is supposed to stay +up and only we have some research that + + align:start position:0% +up and only we have some research that + + + align:start position:0% +up and only we have some research that +allows you to proof that every + + align:start position:0% +allows you to proof that every + + + align:start position:0% +allows you to proof that every +transition is an append-only directory + + align:start position:0% +transition is an append-only directory + + + align:start position:0% +transition is an append-only directory +and if you only need execution you can + + align:start position:0% +and if you only need execution you can + + + align:start position:0% +and if you only need execution you can +just use Katina directly as I already + + align:start position:0% +just use Katina directly as I already + + + align:start position:0% +just use Katina directly as I already +told you guys for the software + + align:start position:0% +told you guys for the software + + + align:start position:0% +told you guys for the software +transparency application for the public + + align:start position:0% +transparency application for the public + + + align:start position:0% +transparency application for the public +key directory application and if you + + align:start position:0% +key directory application and if you + + + align:start position:0% +key directory application and if you +want to do a permissionless blockchain + + align:start position:0% +want to do a permissionless blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +want to do a permissionless blockchain +and of course you would have to roll + + align:start position:0% +and of course you would have to roll + + + align:start position:0% +and of course you would have to roll +your own but you have to proceed with + + align:start position:0% +your own but you have to proceed with + + + align:start position:0% +your own but you have to proceed with +caution there right it's not an easy + + align:start position:0% +caution there right it's not an easy + + + align:start position:0% +caution there right it's not an easy +thing to do okay so let's conclude now + + align:start position:0% +thing to do okay so let's conclude now + + + align:start position:0% +thing to do okay so let's conclude now +what we did here is that we enable these + + align:start position:0% +what we did here is that we enable these + + + align:start position:0% +what we did here is that we enable these +applications to efficiently leverage + + align:start position:0% +applications to efficiently leverage + + + align:start position:0% +applications to efficiently leverage +bitcoins consensus right so clients can + + align:start position:0% +bitcoins consensus right so clients can + + + align:start position:0% +bitcoins consensus right so clients can +download transactions selectively rather + + align:start position:0% +download transactions selectively rather + + + align:start position:0% +download transactions selectively rather +than full blockchain and prevent + + align:start position:0% +than full blockchain and prevent + + + align:start position:0% +than full blockchain and prevent +equivocation right and and you only need + + align:start position:0% +equivocation right and and you only need + + + align:start position:0% +equivocation right and and you only need +to get forty six megabytes instead of + + align:start position:0% +to get forty six megabytes instead of + + + align:start position:0% +to get forty six megabytes instead of +gigabytes from the Bitcoin blockchain + + align:start position:0% +gigabytes from the Bitcoin blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +gigabytes from the Bitcoin blockchain +so why does this matter these are just I + + align:start position:0% +so why does this matter these are just I + + + align:start position:0% +so why does this matter these are just I +think the three killer apps secure + + align:start position:0% +think the three killer apps secure + + + align:start position:0% +think the three killer apps secure +software update public key directories + + align:start position:0% +software update public key directories + + + align:start position:0% +software update public key directories +by the way the public key directories + + align:start position:0% +by the way the public key directories + + + align:start position:0% +by the way the public key directories +also are applicable to HTTPS so when you + + align:start position:0% +also are applicable to HTTPS so when you + + + align:start position:0% +also are applicable to HTTPS so when you +go on facebook.com you have to get + + align:start position:0% +go on facebook.com you have to get + + + align:start position:0% +go on facebook.com you have to get +Facebook's public key + + align:start position:0% +Facebook's public key + + + align:start position:0% +Facebook's public key +these certificate authorities that sign + + align:start position:0% +these certificate authorities that sign + + + align:start position:0% +these certificate authorities that sign +the public keys are often compromised so + + align:start position:0% +the public keys are often compromised so + + + align:start position:0% +the public keys are often compromised so +they're often fake search for Google for + + align:start position:0% +they're often fake search for Google for + + + align:start position:0% +they're often fake search for Google for +big companies like that and you might + + align:start position:0% +big companies like that and you might + + + align:start position:0% +big companies like that and you might +use it but if you have a public key + + align:start position:0% +use it but if you have a public key + + + align:start position:0% +use it but if you have a public key +directory Facebook and Google can + + align:start position:0% +directory Facebook and Google can + + + align:start position:0% +directory Facebook and Google can +immediately notice those fake certs + + align:start position:0% +immediately notice those fake certs + + + align:start position:0% +immediately notice those fake certs +it's a it's a it's a step forward and + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a it's a step forward and + + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a it's a step forward and +for more of course you can read our + + align:start position:0% +for more of course you can read our + + + align:start position:0% +for more of course you can read our +paper it appeared in IEEE Tripoli + + align:start position:0% +paper it appeared in IEEE Tripoli + + + align:start position:0% +paper it appeared in IEEE Tripoli +security and privacy 2017 and I'll post + + align:start position:0% +security and privacy 2017 and I'll post + + + align:start position:0% +security and privacy 2017 and I'll post +the slide on the github too so there are + + align:start position:0% +the slide on the github too so there are + + + align:start position:0% +the slide on the github too so there are +links there and yeah so again this is + + align:start position:0% +links there and yeah so again this is + + + align:start position:0% +links there and yeah so again this is +the high-level overview of everything + + align:start position:0% +the high-level overview of everything + + + align:start position:0% +the high-level overview of everything +that's previous work and that's where + + align:start position:0% +that's previous work and that's where + + + align:start position:0% +that's previous work and that's where +our work the difference is very small + + align:start position:0% +our work the difference is very small + + + align:start position:0% +our work the difference is very small +and now we can also talk about other + + align:start position:0% +and now we can also talk about other + + + align:start position:0% +and now we can also talk about other +stuff + + align:start position:0% +stuff + + + align:start position:0% +stuff +in fact I have more stuff to talk but + + align:start position:0% +in fact I have more stuff to talk but + + + align:start position:0% +in fact I have more stuff to talk but +before we do I'd like to have a + + align:start position:0% +before we do I'd like to have a + + + align:start position:0% +before we do I'd like to have a +discussion with you guys if you have + + align:start position:0% +discussion with you guys if you have + + + align:start position:0% +discussion with you guys if you have +questions or yeah so so you in the a + + align:start position:0% +questions or yeah so so you in the a + + + align:start position:0% +questions or yeah so so you in the a +Bitcoin would would that be something + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin would would that be something + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin would would that be something +that they would one it seems like or is + + align:start position:0% +that they would one it seems like or is + + + align:start position:0% +that they would one it seems like or is +it strictly separate yeah I don't think + + align:start position:0% +it strictly separate yeah I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +it strictly separate yeah I don't think +you need to that's the whole point right + + align:start position:0% +you need to that's the whole point right + + + align:start position:0% +you need to that's the whole point right +the whole point of the research is how + + align:start position:0% +the whole point of the research is how + + + align:start position:0% +the whole point of the research is how +do we use Bitcoin without getting the + + align:start position:0% +do we use Bitcoin without getting the + + + align:start position:0% +do we use Bitcoin without getting the +miners to accept a new version of + + align:start position:0% +miners to accept a new version of + + + align:start position:0% +miners to accept a new version of +Bitcoin without changing Bitcoin in any + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin without changing Bitcoin in any + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin without changing Bitcoin in any +way so no I don't think there's a + + align:start position:0% +way so no I don't think there's a + + + align:start position:0% +way so no I don't think there's a +there's nothing to do really we're just + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing to do really we're just + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing to do really we're just +we're taking Bitcoin as it is and we're + + align:start position:0% +we're taking Bitcoin as it is and we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're taking Bitcoin as it is and we're +piggybacking on top of it we couldn't + + align:start position:0% +piggybacking on top of it we couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +piggybacking on top of it we couldn't +change it in I mean there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +change it in I mean there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +change it in I mean there's a lot of +things you can do in some times but then + + align:start position:0% +things you can do in some times but then + + + align:start position:0% +things you can do in some times but then +you get a very different system very + + align:start position:0% +you get a very different system very + + + align:start position:0% +you get a very different system very +different we can talk about it more yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think your question is really about + + align:start position:0% +I think your question is really about + + + align:start position:0% +I think your question is really about +how do how do app store binaries how do + + align:start position:0% +how do how do app store binaries how do + + + align:start position:0% +how do how do app store binaries how do +you verify app store binaries it's a + + align:start position:0% +you verify app store binaries it's a + + + align:start position:0% +you verify app store binaries it's a +chicken and an egg in some sense right + + align:start position:0% +chicken and an egg in some sense right + + + align:start position:0% +chicken and an egg in some sense right +is that what you're saying yeah you're + + align:start position:0% +is that what you're saying yeah you're + + + align:start position:0% +is that what you're saying yeah you're +right eventually I mean in the best case + + align:start position:0% +right eventually I mean in the best case + + + align:start position:0% +right eventually I mean in the best case +wishful thinking would be to say that + + align:start position:0% +wishful thinking would be to say that + + + align:start position:0% +wishful thinking would be to say that +look the app store does this already for + + align:start position:0% +look the app store does this already for + + + align:start position:0% +look the app store does this already for +all of the binaries that they that they + + align:start position:0% +all of the binaries that they that they + + + align:start position:0% +all of the binaries that they that they +publish right allowing the developers to + + align:start position:0% +publish right allowing the developers to + + + align:start position:0% +publish right allowing the developers to +make sure nobody is posting malicious + + align:start position:0% +make sure nobody is posting malicious + + + align:start position:0% +make sure nobody is posting malicious +binaries on the App Store for them yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I really like the C key based on + + align:start position:0% +so I really like the C key based on + + + align:start position:0% +so I really like the C key based on +Catina it seems like a missed + + align:start position:0% +Catina it seems like a missed + + + align:start position:0% +Catina it seems like a missed +opportunity that they don't do this I'm + + align:start position:0% +opportunity that they don't do this I'm + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity that they don't do this I'm +sure they have better stuff to do but + + align:start position:0% +sure they have better stuff to do but + + + align:start position:0% +sure they have better stuff to do but +but we just really easily allow key base + + align:start position:0% +but we just really easily allow key base + + + align:start position:0% +but we just really easily allow key base +let's say Cubase has a mobile phone app + + align:start position:0% +let's say Cubase has a mobile phone app + + + align:start position:0% +let's say Cubase has a mobile phone app +it will allow that mobile phone app to + + align:start position:0% +it will allow that mobile phone app to + + + align:start position:0% +it will allow that mobile phone app to +verify the directory and get much much + + align:start position:0% +verify the directory and get much much + + + align:start position:0% +verify the directory and get much much +more security you know no equivocation + + align:start position:0% +more security you know no equivocation + + + align:start position:0% +more security you know no equivocation +as long as nobody forks Bitcoin since + + align:start position:0% +as long as nobody forks Bitcoin since + + + align:start position:0% +as long as nobody forks Bitcoin since +key base is already publishing these + + align:start position:0% +key base is already publishing these + + + align:start position:0% +key base is already publishing these +digests but they cannot be audited + + align:start position:0% +digests but they cannot be audited + + + align:start position:0% +digests but they cannot be audited +efficiently on a mobile phone I mean + + align:start position:0% +efficiently on a mobile phone I mean + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently on a mobile phone I mean +they can but not securely you know + + align:start position:0% +they can but not securely you know + + + align:start position:0% +they can but not securely you know +because full notes can lie yeah so + + align:start position:0% +because full notes can lie yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +because full notes can lie yeah so +there's a big problem with everything I + + align:start position:0% +there's a big problem with everything I + + + align:start position:0% +there's a big problem with everything I +said so far and nobody caught it so one + + align:start position:0% +said so far and nobody caught it so one + + + align:start position:0% +said so far and nobody caught it so one +problem is that what do you do when you + + align:start position:0% +problem is that what do you do when you + + + align:start position:0% +problem is that what do you do when you +run out of funds + + align:start position:0% +run out of funds + + + align:start position:0% +run out of funds +you know remember I said the lock server + + align:start position:0% +you know remember I said the lock server + + + align:start position:0% +you know remember I said the lock server +starts with two bitcoins let's say it + + align:start position:0% +starts with two bitcoins let's say it + + + align:start position:0% +starts with two bitcoins let's say it +issues thousands of transactions starts + + align:start position:0% +issues thousands of transactions starts + + + align:start position:0% +issues thousands of transactions starts +paying those $40 fees and it runs out of + + align:start position:0% +paying those $40 fees and it runs out of + + + align:start position:0% +paying those $40 fees and it runs out of +funds what do you do then yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +funds what do you do then yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +funds what do you do then yeah that's +exactly right we just have to change the + + align:start position:0% +exactly right we just have to change the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly right we just have to change the +transaction format slightly we talked + + align:start position:0% +transaction format slightly we talked + + + align:start position:0% +transaction format slightly we talked +about this in the paper as well but just + + align:start position:0% +about this in the paper as well but just + + + align:start position:0% +about this in the paper as well but just +to demonstrate real quickly suppose + + align:start position:0% +to demonstrate real quickly suppose + + + align:start position:0% +to demonstrate real quickly suppose +let's take a ridiculous example which + + align:start position:0% +let's take a ridiculous example which + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a ridiculous example which +hopefully will never happen in Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +hopefully will never happen in Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully will never happen in Bitcoin +but suppose the the Bitcoin fee is one + + align:start position:0% +but suppose the the Bitcoin fee is one + + + align:start position:0% +but suppose the the Bitcoin fee is one +Bitcoin no so now I have one Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin no so now I have one Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin no so now I have one Bitcoin +here and I have s1 here right and now I + + align:start position:0% +here and I have s1 here right and now I + + + align:start position:0% +here and I have s1 here right and now I +have zero bitcoins here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so zero bitcoins in this output + + align:start position:0% +right so zero bitcoins in this output + + + align:start position:0% +right so zero bitcoins in this output +and maybe s2 here so that that would be + + align:start position:0% +and maybe s2 here so that that would be + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe s2 here so that that would be +terrible right now I can't I can't go on + + align:start position:0% +terrible right now I can't I can't go on + + + align:start position:0% +terrible right now I can't I can't go on +does everybody see this is a problem + + align:start position:0% +does everybody see this is a problem + + + align:start position:0% +does everybody see this is a problem +right so what Rahul is saying is look + + align:start position:0% +right so what Rahul is saying is look + + + align:start position:0% +right so what Rahul is saying is look +add another input here + + align:start position:0% +add another input here + + + align:start position:0% +add another input here +all right and make it take coins from + + align:start position:0% +all right and make it take coins from + + + align:start position:0% +all right and make it take coins from +some other transaction whatever 20 + + align:start position:0% +some other transaction whatever 20 + + + align:start position:0% +some other transaction whatever 20 +bitcoins and now you get 20 bitcoins + + align:start position:0% +bitcoins and now you get 20 bitcoins + + + align:start position:0% +bitcoins and now you get 20 bitcoins +here right so you can easily refund + + align:start position:0% +here right so you can easily refund + + + align:start position:0% +here right so you can easily refund +transactions right there's a bit more + + align:start position:0% +transactions right there's a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +transactions right there's a bit more +subtlety there in the sense that you + + align:start position:0% +subtlety there in the sense that you + + + align:start position:0% +subtlety there in the sense that you +don't want to join logs let's say if you + + align:start position:0% +don't want to join logs let's say if you + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to join logs let's say if you +have two logs gtx and gtx prime for + + align:start position:0% +have two logs gtx and gtx prime for + + + align:start position:0% +have two logs gtx and gtx prime for +different applications right then they + + align:start position:0% +different applications right then they + + + align:start position:0% +different applications right then they +start issuing statements as one is - you + + align:start position:0% +start issuing statements as one is - you + + + align:start position:0% +start issuing statements as one is - you +don't want to be able to join I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +don't want to be able to join I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to be able to join I'm sorry +s1 s1 prime these two logs to a single + + align:start position:0% +s1 s1 prime these two logs to a single + + + align:start position:0% +s1 s1 prime these two logs to a single +log for certain reasons right but this + + align:start position:0% +log for certain reasons right but this + + + align:start position:0% +log for certain reasons right but this +doesn't actually allow you to join them + + align:start position:0% +doesn't actually allow you to join them + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't actually allow you to join them +in the sense that let's say you actually + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that let's say you actually + + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that let's say you actually +do this and join them right so let's say + + align:start position:0% +do this and join them right so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +do this and join them right so let's say +this transaction here came from GT X + + align:start position:0% +this transaction here came from GT X + + + align:start position:0% +this transaction here came from GT X +Prime + + align:start position:0% +Prime + + + align:start position:0% +Prime +right and there was an s-1 Prime here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you did this right so the problem is + + align:start position:0% +and you did this right so the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +and you did this right so the problem is +this is no longer a valid Catina + + align:start position:0% +this is no longer a valid Catina + + + align:start position:0% +this is no longer a valid Catina +transaction for this log because a valid + + align:start position:0% +transaction for this log because a valid + + + align:start position:0% +transaction for this log because a valid +Catina transaction the first input + + align:start position:0% +Catina transaction the first input + + + align:start position:0% +Catina transaction the first input +spends the previous transactions out but + + align:start position:0% +spends the previous transactions out but + + + align:start position:0% +spends the previous transactions out but +but in this in this chain it's the + + align:start position:0% +but in this in this chain it's the + + + align:start position:0% +but in this in this chain it's the +second input that spends the previous + + align:start position:0% +second input that spends the previous + + + align:start position:0% +second input that spends the previous +output so I cannot join logs and this + + align:start position:0% +output so I cannot join logs and this + + + align:start position:0% +output so I cannot join logs and this +matters for a bunch of reasons that we + + align:start position:0% +matters for a bunch of reasons that we + + + align:start position:0% +matters for a bunch of reasons that we +don't have to go into a yeah so we + + align:start position:0% +don't have to go into a yeah so we + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to go into a yeah so we +talked about about batching statements I + + align:start position:0% +talked about about batching statements I + + + align:start position:0% +talked about about batching statements I +want to show you guys some previous work + + align:start position:0% +want to show you guys some previous work + + + align:start position:0% +want to show you guys some previous work +so how did some previous work do this + + align:start position:0% +so how did some previous work do this + + + align:start position:0% +so how did some previous work do this +since there we seem to have a bit of + + align:start position:0% +since there we seem to have a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +since there we seem to have a bit of +time okay so there were some previous + + align:start position:0% +time okay so there were some previous + + + align:start position:0% +time okay so there were some previous +work called liar liar liar liar cronies + + align:start position:0% +work called liar liar liar liar cronies + + + align:start position:0% +work called liar liar liar liar cronies +on fire have you guys seen this so the + + align:start position:0% +on fire have you guys seen this so the + + + align:start position:0% +on fire have you guys seen this so the +idea here is that it's a really nice + + align:start position:0% +idea here is that it's a really nice + + + align:start position:0% +idea here is that it's a really nice +piece of work and lots of people in the + + align:start position:0% +piece of work and lots of people in the + + + align:start position:0% +piece of work and lots of people in the +Bitcoin community already knows know + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin community already knows know + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin community already knows know +about this and I think it was an idea + + align:start position:0% +about this and I think it was an idea + + + align:start position:0% +about this and I think it was an idea +before the paper or maybe not I'm not + + align:start position:0% +before the paper or maybe not I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +before the paper or maybe not I'm not +sure but Paige has a similar idea so for + + align:start position:0% +sure but Paige has a similar idea so for + + + align:start position:0% +sure but Paige has a similar idea so for +example suppose we have this authority + + align:start position:0% +example suppose we have this authority + + + align:start position:0% +example suppose we have this authority +imagine this is a Catina lock server and + + align:start position:0% +imagine this is a Catina lock server and + + + align:start position:0% +imagine this is a Catina lock server and +it publishes a transaction which locks + + align:start position:0% +it publishes a transaction which locks + + + align:start position:0% +it publishes a transaction which locks +to Bitcoin and locks those bitcoins to + + align:start position:0% +to Bitcoin and locks those bitcoins to + + + align:start position:0% +to Bitcoin and locks those bitcoins to +that public key and this authority + + align:start position:0% +that public key and this authority + + + align:start position:0% +that public key and this authority +sometimes will want to say two different + + align:start position:0% +sometimes will want to say two different + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes will want to say two different +things they don't want to say s and s + + align:start position:0% +things they don't want to say s and s + + + align:start position:0% +things they don't want to say s and s +Prime right and it will sign the + + align:start position:0% +Prime right and it will sign the + + + align:start position:0% +Prime right and it will sign the +statements with his with their secret + + align:start position:0% +statements with his with their secret + + + align:start position:0% +statements with his with their secret +key but the secret key that that the + + align:start position:0% +key but the secret key that that the + + + align:start position:0% +key but the secret key that that the +authority uses to sign statements is + + align:start position:0% +authority uses to sign statements is + + + align:start position:0% +authority uses to sign statements is +also a Bitcoin secret key is the same + + align:start position:0% +also a Bitcoin secret key is the same + + + align:start position:0% +also a Bitcoin secret key is the same +secret key that the authority used to + + align:start position:0% +secret key that the authority used to + + + align:start position:0% +secret key that the authority used to +lock to Bitcoin so twenty thousand + + align:start position:0% +lock to Bitcoin so twenty thousand + + + align:start position:0% +lock to Bitcoin so twenty thousand +dollars or something I'm not sure if + + align:start position:0% +dollars or something I'm not sure if + + + align:start position:0% +dollars or something I'm not sure if +Bitcoin plummeted since yesterday can + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin plummeted since yesterday can + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin plummeted since yesterday can +never be sure is that does the setting + + align:start position:0% +never be sure is that does the setting + + + align:start position:0% +never be sure is that does the setting +make sense so I have an authority it + + align:start position:0% +make sense so I have an authority it + + + align:start position:0% +make sense so I have an authority it +issue statements just like before and it + + align:start position:0% +issue statements just like before and it + + + align:start position:0% +issue statements just like before and it +numbers them with I let's say and we + + align:start position:0% +numbers them with I let's say and we + + + align:start position:0% +numbers them with I let's say and we +want to prevent this authority from + + align:start position:0% +want to prevent this authority from + + + align:start position:0% +want to prevent this authority from +equivocating we're not actually going to + + align:start position:0% +equivocating we're not actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +equivocating we're not actually going to +prevent it we're just gonna + + align:start position:0% +prevent it we're just gonna + + + align:start position:0% +prevent it we're just gonna +disincentivize it in the sense that if + + align:start position:0% +disincentivize it in the sense that if + + + align:start position:0% +disincentivize it in the sense that if +this authority equivocates like this for + + align:start position:0% +this authority equivocates like this for + + + align:start position:0% +this authority equivocates like this for +the same statement i what i claim is + + align:start position:0% +the same statement i what i claim is + + + align:start position:0% +the same statement i what i claim is +that anybody can then steal that + + align:start position:0% +that anybody can then steal that + + + align:start position:0% +that anybody can then steal that +authority's Bitcoin because equivocating + + align:start position:0% +authority's Bitcoin because equivocating + + + align:start position:0% +authority's Bitcoin because equivocating +like this reveals the secret key and the + + align:start position:0% +like this reveals the secret key and the + + + align:start position:0% +like this reveals the secret key and the +reason it reveals the secret key is + + align:start position:0% +reason it reveals the secret key is + + + align:start position:0% +reason it reveals the secret key is +because the signature shares the same I + + align:start position:0% +because the signature shares the same I + + + align:start position:0% +because the signature shares the same I +here so how many of you guys like + + align:start position:0% +here so how many of you guys like + + + align:start position:0% +here so how many of you guys like +actually you did cover Schnoor + + align:start position:0% +actually you did cover Schnoor + + + align:start position:0% +actually you did cover Schnoor +signatures right so the tej talked about + + align:start position:0% +signatures right so the tej talked about + + + align:start position:0% +signatures right so the tej talked about +how to do this which snore exactly but + + align:start position:0% +how to do this which snore exactly but + + + align:start position:0% +how to do this which snore exactly but +but it didn't age cover it yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +but it didn't age cover it yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +but it didn't age cover it yeah okay +great so yeah so let's let's go over + + align:start position:0% +great so yeah so let's let's go over + + + align:start position:0% +great so yeah so let's let's go over +that less briefly so again the idea is + + align:start position:0% +that less briefly so again the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +that less briefly so again the idea is +that if someone observes these two + + align:start position:0% +that if someone observes these two + + + align:start position:0% +that if someone observes these two +signatures on on conflicting statements + + align:start position:0% +signatures on on conflicting statements + + + align:start position:0% +signatures on on conflicting statements +for the same I there is this box where + + align:start position:0% +for the same I there is this box where + + + align:start position:0% +for the same I there is this box where +you can put the two signatures and get + + align:start position:0% +you can put the two signatures and get + + + align:start position:0% +you can put the two signatures and get +back the secret key and once you have + + align:start position:0% +back the secret key and once you have + + + align:start position:0% +back the secret key and once you have +the secret key we can spend this + + align:start position:0% +the secret key we can spend this + + + align:start position:0% +the secret key we can spend this +transaction and get that authority's + + align:start position:0% +transaction and get that authority's + + + align:start position:0% +transaction and get that authority's +bitcoins and then there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +bitcoins and then there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +bitcoins and then there's a lot of +details to get it right because you + + align:start position:0% +details to get it right because you + + + align:start position:0% +details to get it right because you +might notice that if the authority does + + align:start position:0% +might notice that if the authority does + + + align:start position:0% +might notice that if the authority does +this before they do this they might + + align:start position:0% +this before they do this they might + + + align:start position:0% +this before they do this they might +already be spending this transaction + + align:start position:0% +already be spending this transaction + + + align:start position:0% +already be spending this transaction +themselves so as to prevent you from + + align:start position:0% +themselves so as to prevent you from + + + align:start position:0% +themselves so as to prevent you from +from taking it and details on how to + + align:start position:0% +from taking it and details on how to + + + align:start position:0% +from taking it and details on how to +prevent the authority from doing that + + align:start position:0% +prevent the authority from doing that + + + align:start position:0% +prevent the authority from doing that +are in those paper and yeah and then + + align:start position:0% +are in those paper and yeah and then + + + align:start position:0% +are in those paper and yeah and then +then you know whoever discovered this + + align:start position:0% +then you know whoever discovered this + + + align:start position:0% +then you know whoever discovered this +can can spend those bitcoins and and the + + align:start position:0% +can can spend those bitcoins and and the + + + align:start position:0% +can can spend those bitcoins and and the +idea is that this this is set this + + align:start position:0% +idea is that this this is set this + + + align:start position:0% +idea is that this this is set this +incentivizes equivocation by locking + + align:start position:0% +incentivizes equivocation by locking + + + align:start position:0% +incentivizes equivocation by locking +these funds under the secret key of the + + align:start position:0% +these funds under the secret key of the + + + align:start position:0% +these funds under the secret key of the +bad authority but it does not prevent it + + align:start position:0% +bad authority but it does not prevent it + + + align:start position:0% +bad authority but it does not prevent it +right so in Katina we actually prevent + + align:start position:0% +right so in Katina we actually prevent + + + align:start position:0% +right so in Katina we actually prevent +equivocation we say if you want to + + align:start position:0% +equivocation we say if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +equivocation we say if you want to +equivocate you better fork Bitcoin here + + align:start position:0% +equivocate you better fork Bitcoin here + + + align:start position:0% +equivocate you better fork Bitcoin here +they say if you want I could locate you + + align:start position:0% +they say if you want I could locate you + + + align:start position:0% +they say if you want I could locate you +better you're gonna lose twenty thousand + + align:start position:0% +better you're gonna lose twenty thousand + + + align:start position:0% +better you're gonna lose twenty thousand +dollars right but you have to understand + + align:start position:0% +dollars right but you have to understand + + + align:start position:0% +dollars right but you have to understand +like this could be a good authority that + + align:start position:0% +like this could be a good authority that + + + align:start position:0% +like this could be a good authority that +lock twenty thousand dollars here but + + align:start position:0% +lock twenty thousand dollars here but + + + align:start position:0% +lock twenty thousand dollars here but +the attackers are gonna be they're not + + align:start position:0% +the attackers are gonna be they're not + + + align:start position:0% +the attackers are gonna be they're not +gonna care about those twenty thousand + + align:start position:0% +gonna care about those twenty thousand + + + align:start position:0% +gonna care about those twenty thousand +dollars they're just gonna steal the + + align:start position:0% +dollars they're just gonna steal the + + + align:start position:0% +dollars they're just gonna steal the +secret key that quick vulgate and then + + align:start position:0% +secret key that quick vulgate and then + + + align:start position:0% +secret key that quick vulgate and then +the authority is gonna be left without + + align:start position:0% +the authority is gonna be left without + + + align:start position:0% +the authority is gonna be left without +money if the authority is the attacker + + align:start position:0% +money if the authority is the attacker + + + align:start position:0% +money if the authority is the attacker +then this makes sense but if the + + align:start position:0% +then this makes sense but if the + + + align:start position:0% +then this makes sense but if the +attacker is not the authority then this + + align:start position:0% +attacker is not the authority then this + + + align:start position:0% +attacker is not the authority then this +makes less sense because your authority + + align:start position:0% +makes less sense because your authority + + + align:start position:0% +makes less sense because your authority +sort of risking their bitcoins on the + + align:start position:0% +sort of risking their bitcoins on the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of risking their bitcoins on the +assumption that no attacker can + + align:start position:0% +assumption that no attacker can + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that no attacker can +compromise them which you know if you + + align:start position:0% +compromise them which you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +compromise them which you know if you +could do that in computer science I + + align:start position:0% +could do that in computer science I + + + align:start position:0% +could do that in computer science I +wouldn't be sitting here talking to you + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be sitting here talking to you + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be sitting here talking to you +guys okay so now how do you do this so + + align:start position:0% +guys okay so now how do you do this so + + + align:start position:0% +guys okay so now how do you do this so +do you remember snore signatures real + + align:start position:0% +do you remember snore signatures real + + + align:start position:0% +do you remember snore signatures real +quickly a an easy way to do this is + + align:start position:0% +quickly a an easy way to do this is + + + align:start position:0% +quickly a an easy way to do this is +using snore signatures and I think I + + align:start position:0% +using snore signatures and I think I + + + align:start position:0% +using snore signatures and I think I +could be wrong but I think this new + + align:start position:0% +could be wrong but I think this new + + + align:start position:0% +could be wrong but I think this new +Segway to update to to Bitcoin allows + + align:start position:0% +Segway to update to to Bitcoin allows + + + align:start position:0% +Segway to update to to Bitcoin allows +more signatures right yeah so so with + + align:start position:0% +more signatures right yeah so so with + + + align:start position:0% +more signatures right yeah so so with +seg width and with snore signatures you + + align:start position:0% +seg width and with snore signatures you + + + align:start position:0% +seg width and with snore signatures you +can definitely do this and the idea is + + align:start position:0% +can definitely do this and the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +can definitely do this and the idea is +that there's no signature if you recall + + align:start position:0% +that there's no signature if you recall + + + align:start position:0% +that there's no signature if you recall +is just K plus H of M G to the K let's + + align:start position:0% +is just K plus H of M G to the K let's + + + align:start position:0% +is just K plus H of M G to the K let's +say s where s is the secret key right so + + align:start position:0% +say s where s is the secret key right so + + + align:start position:0% +say s where s is the secret key right so +this is a snore signature on M right how + + align:start position:0% +this is a snore signature on M right how + + + align:start position:0% +this is a snore signature on M right how +many recall this right and of course + + align:start position:0% +many recall this right and of course + + + align:start position:0% +many recall this right and of course +it's not just this I mean this is the + + align:start position:0% +it's not just this I mean this is the + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just this I mean this is the +signature is really this and this H of M + + align:start position:0% +signature is really this and this H of M + + + align:start position:0% +signature is really this and this H of M +G to the K so it's these two things + + align:start position:0% +G to the K so it's these two things + + + align:start position:0% +G to the K so it's these two things +right but now I want to show you that if + + align:start position:0% +right but now I want to show you that if + + + align:start position:0% +right but now I want to show you that if +I sign two different things I can + + align:start position:0% +I sign two different things I can + + + align:start position:0% +I sign two different things I can +actually get s but if I sign them in a + + align:start position:0% +actually get s but if I sign them in a + + + align:start position:0% +actually get s but if I sign them in a +certain way so remember what I said + + align:start position:0% +certain way so remember what I said + + + align:start position:0% +certain way so remember what I said +before is I would like this authority to + + align:start position:0% +before is I would like this authority to + + + align:start position:0% +before is I would like this authority to +sign I am and I am Prime right and if + + align:start position:0% +sign I am and I am Prime right and if + + + align:start position:0% +sign I am and I am Prime right and if +the authority does this I claim that I + + align:start position:0% +the authority does this I claim that I + + + align:start position:0% +the authority does this I claim that I +can get the secret key out but I have to + + align:start position:0% +can get the secret key out but I have to + + + align:start position:0% +can get the secret key out but I have to +have the same I so we relax this in a in + + align:start position:0% +have the same I so we relax this in a in + + + align:start position:0% +have the same I so we relax this in a in +a in a sense that we're not gonna use I + + align:start position:0% +a in a sense that we're not gonna use I + + + align:start position:0% +a in a sense that we're not gonna use I +here we're just going to use this G to + + align:start position:0% +here we're just going to use this G to + + + align:start position:0% +here we're just going to use this G to +the K so if your authority uses the same + + align:start position:0% +the K so if your authority uses the same + + + align:start position:0% +the K so if your authority uses the same +Z to the K to sign then we can extract + + align:start position:0% +Z to the K to sign then we can extract + + + align:start position:0% +Z to the K to sign then we can extract +the secret key and the way we can do + + align:start position:0% +the secret key and the way we can do + + + align:start position:0% +the secret key and the way we can do +that is I'll just show an example sake 1 + + align:start position:0% +that is I'll just show an example sake 1 + + + align:start position:0% +that is I'll just show an example sake 1 +it would be k plus H of M 1 G to the K + + align:start position:0% +it would be k plus H of M 1 G to the K + + + align:start position:0% +it would be k plus H of M 1 G to the K +and it'll be sig 1 and I guess the + + align:start position:0% +and it'll be sig 1 and I guess the + + + align:start position:0% +and it'll be sig 1 and I guess the +associated hash let's call it e 1 would + + align:start position:0% +associated hash let's call it e 1 would + + + align:start position:0% +associated hash let's call it e 1 would +be H M 1 G to the K right does everybody + + align:start position:0% +be H M 1 G to the K right does everybody + + + align:start position:0% +be H M 1 G to the K right does everybody +see this and then 6 2 would be k plus h + + align:start position:0% +see this and then 6 2 would be k plus h + + + align:start position:0% +see this and then 6 2 would be k plus h +of m2 G to the K so again I'm oh you + + align:start position:0% +of m2 G to the K so again I'm oh you + + + align:start position:0% +of m2 G to the K so again I'm oh you +guys are clearly not paying attention I + + align:start position:0% +guys are clearly not paying attention I + + + align:start position:0% +guys are clearly not paying attention I +forgot the secret key e 2 is hash of m2 + + align:start position:0% +forgot the secret key e 2 is hash of m2 + + + align:start position:0% +forgot the secret key e 2 is hash of m2 +G to the K so I'm using the same Z to + + align:start position:0% +G to the K so I'm using the same Z to + + + align:start position:0% +G to the K so I'm using the same Z to +the K and the same okay right so now how + + align:start position:0% +the K and the same okay right so now how + + + align:start position:0% +the K and the same okay right so now how +can I extract the secret key does + + align:start position:0% +can I extract the secret key does + + + align:start position:0% +can I extract the secret key does +anybody see a solution to this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I think what they're always saying is + + align:start position:0% +so I think what they're always saying is + + + align:start position:0% +so I think what they're always saying is +that s is just sig 1-6 2 divided by E 1 + + align:start position:0% +that s is just sig 1-6 2 divided by E 1 + + + align:start position:0% +that s is just sig 1-6 2 divided by E 1 +- C - is that right yeah I think so see + + align:start position:0% +- C - is that right yeah I think so see + + + align:start position:0% +- C - is that right yeah I think so see +this because if I subtract this from + + align:start position:0% +this because if I subtract this from + + + align:start position:0% +this because if I subtract this from +this I just get H M 1 G I'm not gonna + + align:start position:0% +this I just get H M 1 G I'm not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +this I just get H M 1 G I'm not gonna +have space here + + align:start position:0% +have space here + + + align:start position:0% +have space here +I get let's say it here H of M 1 G to + + align:start position:0% +I get let's say it here H of M 1 G to + + + align:start position:0% +I get let's say it here H of M 1 G to +the K minus H of them - G to the K times + + align:start position:0% +the K minus H of them - G to the K times + + + align:start position:0% +the K minus H of them - G to the K times +s right and now I take this here in the + + align:start position:0% +s right and now I take this here in the + + + align:start position:0% +s right and now I take this here in the +denominator and I simplify and I get s + + align:start position:0% +denominator and I simplify and I get s + + + align:start position:0% +denominator and I simplify and I get s +right so it turns out that that that's + + align:start position:0% +right so it turns out that that that's + + + align:start position:0% +right so it turns out that that that's +kind of the trick that this word + + align:start position:0% +kind of the trick that this word + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the trick that this word +leverage is more or less the only the + + align:start position:0% +leverage is more or less the only the + + + align:start position:0% +leverage is more or less the only the +only sort of caveat here is that + + align:start position:0% +only sort of caveat here is that + + + align:start position:0% +only sort of caveat here is that +remember I said there's a position I for + + align:start position:0% +remember I said there's a position I for + + + align:start position:0% +remember I said there's a position I for +the statement but now I'm saying there's + + align:start position:0% +the statement but now I'm saying there's + + + align:start position:0% +the statement but now I'm saying there's +no longer a position we have to use this + + align:start position:0% +no longer a position we have to use this + + + align:start position:0% +no longer a position we have to use this +G to the K and how do we map positions + + align:start position:0% +G to the K and how do we map positions + + + align:start position:0% +G to the K and how do we map positions +that G to the K is another trick that + + align:start position:0% +that G to the K is another trick that + + + align:start position:0% +that G to the K is another trick that +you have to do but you can do it and if + + align:start position:0% +you have to do but you can do it and if + + + align:start position:0% +you have to do but you can do it and if +you want more details you can read the + + align:start position:0% +you want more details you can read the + + + align:start position:0% +you want more details you can read the +paper and I'm sure page will tell you + + align:start position:0% +paper and I'm sure page will tell you + + + align:start position:0% +paper and I'm sure page will tell you +even more details about this I think the + + align:start position:0% +even more details about this I think the + + + align:start position:0% +even more details about this I think the +Lightning Network also leverages this + + align:start position:0% +Lightning Network also leverages this + + + align:start position:0% +Lightning Network also leverages this +trick in some cases all right now let's + + align:start position:0% +trick in some cases all right now let's + + + align:start position:0% +trick in some cases all right now let's +talk a little bit about some attacks if + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about some attacks if + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about some attacks if +there's time the most interesting attack + + align:start position:0% +there's time the most interesting attack + + + align:start position:0% +there's time the most interesting attack +would be the generalized vector 76 + + align:start position:0% +would be the generalized vector 76 + + + align:start position:0% +would be the generalized vector 76 +attack so this is a screenshot from a + + align:start position:0% +attack so this is a screenshot from a + + + align:start position:0% +attack so this is a screenshot from a +paper you can everybody see this so the + + align:start position:0% +paper you can everybody see this so the + + + align:start position:0% +paper you can everybody see this so the +generalized vector 76 attack is is very + + align:start position:0% +generalized vector 76 attack is is very + + + align:start position:0% +generalized vector 76 attack is is very +interesting so you have you have an + + align:start position:0% +interesting so you have you have an + + + align:start position:0% +interesting so you have you have an +attacker right and remember the goal of + + align:start position:0% +attacker right and remember the goal of + + + align:start position:0% +attacker right and remember the goal of +the attacker is to replace let's say + + align:start position:0% +the attacker is to replace let's say + + + align:start position:0% +the attacker is to replace let's say +this TX 1 with that TX 2 it's gonna show + + align:start position:0% +this TX 1 with that TX 2 it's gonna show + + + align:start position:0% +this TX 1 with that TX 2 it's gonna show +this TX 1 to a merchant saying hey I + + align:start position:0% +this TX 1 to a merchant saying hey I + + + align:start position:0% +this TX 1 to a merchant saying hey I +paid you money and then it's gonna show + + align:start position:0% +paid you money and then it's gonna show + + + align:start position:0% +paid you money and then it's gonna show +this TX 2 to the merchants sending the + + align:start position:0% +this TX 2 to the merchants sending the + + + align:start position:0% +this TX 2 to the merchants sending the +money back to himself so the whole trick + + align:start position:0% +money back to himself so the whole trick + + + align:start position:0% +money back to himself so the whole trick +is to fork the merchants on this side + + align:start position:0% +is to fork the merchants on this side + + + align:start position:0% +is to fork the merchants on this side +and then to switch him back to that + + align:start position:0% +and then to switch him back to that + + + align:start position:0% +and then to switch him back to that +right it's a sort of a pre mining attack + + align:start position:0% +right it's a sort of a pre mining attack + + + align:start position:0% +right it's a sort of a pre mining attack +and this attack is very it's much easier + + align:start position:0% +and this attack is very it's much easier + + + align:start position:0% +and this attack is very it's much easier +to pull on SPV notes because what the + + align:start position:0% +to pull on SPV notes because what the + + + align:start position:0% +to pull on SPV notes because what the +attacker does is let's see he works on + + align:start position:0% +attacker does is let's see he works on + + + align:start position:0% +attacker does is let's see he works on +the secret chain you know with tx1 in it + + align:start position:0% +the secret chain you know with tx1 in it + + + align:start position:0% +the secret chain you know with tx1 in it +and at some point the main chain might + + align:start position:0% +and at some point the main chain might + + + align:start position:0% +and at some point the main chain might +take him over might win so the attacker + + align:start position:0% +take him over might win so the attacker + + + align:start position:0% +take him over might win so the attacker +kind of gives up and keeps trying but at + + align:start position:0% +kind of gives up and keeps trying but at + + + align:start position:0% +kind of gives up and keeps trying but at +some point the attacker get gets ahead + + align:start position:0% +some point the attacker get gets ahead + + + align:start position:0% +some point the attacker get gets ahead +right in the second chain he gets ahead + + align:start position:0% +right in the second chain he gets ahead + + + align:start position:0% +right in the second chain he gets ahead +of the main chain this stuff is not + + align:start position:0% +of the main chain this stuff is not + + + align:start position:0% +of the main chain this stuff is not +posted yet and let's say this this March + + align:start position:0% +posted yet and let's say this this March + + + align:start position:0% +posted yet and let's say this this March +and only need only for some reason + + align:start position:0% +and only need only for some reason + + + align:start position:0% +and only need only for some reason +because they're silly they only need one + + align:start position:0% +because they're silly they only need one + + + align:start position:0% +because they're silly they only need one +one confirmation to accept this tx1 and + + align:start position:0% +one confirmation to accept this tx1 and + + + align:start position:0% +one confirmation to accept this tx1 and +for other silly reasons this motion is + + align:start position:0% +for other silly reasons this motion is + + + align:start position:0% +for other silly reasons this motion is +an SPD merchant right let's draw a + + align:start position:0% +an SPD merchant right let's draw a + + + align:start position:0% +an SPD merchant right let's draw a +figure here so this merchant is an SPD + + align:start position:0% +figure here so this merchant is an SPD + + + align:start position:0% +figure here so this merchant is an SPD +merchant that only needs one + + align:start position:0% +merchant that only needs one + + + align:start position:0% +merchant that only needs one +confirmation to accept the transaction + + align:start position:0% +confirmation to accept the transaction + + + align:start position:0% +confirmation to accept the transaction +so we have the attacker and we have + + align:start position:0% +so we have the attacker and we have + + + align:start position:0% +so we have the attacker and we have +let's say the SPV merchant right and now + + align:start position:0% +let's say the SPV merchant right and now + + + align:start position:0% +let's say the SPV merchant right and now +the attacker sent you know this this was + + align:start position:0% +the attacker sent you know this this was + + + align:start position:0% +the attacker sent you know this this was +the main block there let's say this was + + align:start position:0% +the main block there let's say this was + + + align:start position:0% +the main block there let's say this was +bi and the attacker forked it he put tx1 + + align:start position:0% +bi and the attacker forked it he put tx1 + + + align:start position:0% +bi and the attacker forked it he put tx1 +here and then had a confirmation on it + + align:start position:0% +here and then had a confirmation on it + + + align:start position:0% +here and then had a confirmation on it +right so he sends this chain to the + + align:start position:0% +right so he sends this chain to the + + + align:start position:0% +right so he sends this chain to the +merchant and the other miners haven't + + align:start position:0% +merchant and the other miners haven't + + + align:start position:0% +merchant and the other miners haven't +found anything yet right so the attacker + + align:start position:0% +found anything yet right so the attacker + + + align:start position:0% +found anything yet right so the attacker +is a bitter head so his pre-mining so + + align:start position:0% +is a bitter head so his pre-mining so + + + align:start position:0% +is a bitter head so his pre-mining so +far so good + + align:start position:0% +far so good + + + align:start position:0% +far so good +are you all with me and remember that + + align:start position:0% +are you all with me and remember that + + + align:start position:0% +are you all with me and remember that +these are he really just is showing + + align:start position:0% +these are he really just is showing + + + align:start position:0% +these are he really just is showing +block headers so these are not full + + align:start position:0% +block headers so these are not full + + + align:start position:0% +block headers so these are not full +blocks he's just showing block harris if + + align:start position:0% +blocks he's just showing block harris if + + + align:start position:0% +blocks he's just showing block harris if +they're much smaller blocks right 80 + + align:start position:0% +they're much smaller blocks right 80 + + + align:start position:0% +they're much smaller blocks right 80 +bytes and the blocks are missing right + + align:start position:0% +bytes and the blocks are missing right + + + align:start position:0% +bytes and the blocks are missing right +so when he shows tx1 he's just showing + + align:start position:0% +so when he shows tx1 he's just showing + + + align:start position:0% +so when he shows tx1 he's just showing +like a Merkel path to tx1 to the + + align:start position:0% +like a Merkel path to tx1 to the + + + align:start position:0% +like a Merkel path to tx1 to the +merchant are you guys with me okay so + + align:start position:0% +merchant are you guys with me okay so + + + align:start position:0% +merchant are you guys with me okay so +now he did this to the merchant and now + + align:start position:0% +now he did this to the merchant and now + + + align:start position:0% +now he did this to the merchant and now +what the attacker is gonna do is gonna + + align:start position:0% +what the attacker is gonna do is gonna + + + align:start position:0% +what the attacker is gonna do is gonna +relax sit back and post the TX two to + + align:start position:0% +relax sit back and post the TX two to + + + align:start position:0% +relax sit back and post the TX two to +the you know give TX two to the miners + + align:start position:0% +the you know give TX two to the miners + + + align:start position:0% +the you know give TX two to the miners +let's say the miners are here it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +let's say the miners are here it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +let's say the miners are here it's gonna +post TX two to the miners and he'll stop + + align:start position:0% +post TX two to the miners and he'll stop + + + align:start position:0% +post TX two to the miners and he'll stop +mining the attacker he's not gonna mind + + align:start position:0% +mining the attacker he's not gonna mind + + + align:start position:0% +mining the attacker he's not gonna mind +anymore but he got the merchants to + + align:start position:0% +anymore but he got the merchants to + + + align:start position:0% +anymore but he got the merchants to +accept the payment and the merchant ship + + align:start position:0% +accept the payment and the merchant ship + + + align:start position:0% +accept the payment and the merchant ship +the goods maybe this is an on + + align:start position:0% +the goods maybe this is an on + + + align:start position:0% +the goods maybe this is an on +purchase and so now the miners they will + + align:start position:0% +purchase and so now the miners they will + + + align:start position:0% +purchase and so now the miners they will +find the next block di plus one they'll + + align:start position:0% +find the next block di plus one they'll + + + align:start position:0% +find the next block di plus one they'll +put TX 2 here they'll find the next + + align:start position:0% +put TX 2 here they'll find the next + + + align:start position:0% +put TX 2 here they'll find the next +block and then the next block and + + align:start position:0% +block and then the next block and + + + align:start position:0% +block and then the next block and +they'll take over their chain will be + + align:start position:0% +they'll take over their chain will be + + + align:start position:0% +they'll take over their chain will be +the main chain and eventually this + + align:start position:0% +the main chain and eventually this + + + align:start position:0% +the main chain and eventually this +merchant will hear about this main chain + + align:start position:0% +merchant will hear about this main chain + + + align:start position:0% +merchant will hear about this main chain +and he'll just see the hairs of course + + align:start position:0% +and he'll just see the hairs of course + + + align:start position:0% +and he'll just see the hairs of course +because he's an SPD merchant so now the + + align:start position:0% +because he's an SPD merchant so now the + + + align:start position:0% +because he's an SPD merchant so now the +merchant just got double spent does + + align:start position:0% +merchant just got double spent does + + + align:start position:0% +merchant just got double spent does +everybody see this right just double + + align:start position:0% +everybody see this right just double + + + align:start position:0% +everybody see this right just double +spent the merchant and sort of the + + align:start position:0% +spent the merchant and sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +spent the merchant and sort of the +fundamental problem here is that the + + align:start position:0% +fundamental problem here is that the + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental problem here is that the +merchant only received block headers so + + align:start position:0% +merchant only received block headers so + + + align:start position:0% +merchant only received block headers so +he cannot take these block headers and + + align:start position:0% +he cannot take these block headers and + + + align:start position:0% +he cannot take these block headers and +broadcast them to the miners because + + align:start position:0% +broadcast them to the miners because + + + align:start position:0% +broadcast them to the miners because +miners don't mind on top of block + + align:start position:0% +miners don't mind on top of block + + + align:start position:0% +miners don't mind on top of block +headers miners mine on top of full + + align:start position:0% +headers miners mine on top of full + + + align:start position:0% +headers miners mine on top of full +blocks so this merchant cannot has no + + align:start position:0% +blocks so this merchant cannot has no + + + align:start position:0% +blocks so this merchant cannot has no +protection against this if he's doing + + align:start position:0% +protection against this if he's doing + + + align:start position:0% +protection against this if he's doing +SPV if he's upsetting SPV payments if + + align:start position:0% +SPV if he's upsetting SPV payments if + + + align:start position:0% +SPV if he's upsetting SPV payments if +these were full blocks what the merchant + + align:start position:0% +these were full blocks what the merchant + + + align:start position:0% +these were full blocks what the merchant +could have done was the following the + + align:start position:0% +could have done was the following the + + + align:start position:0% +could have done was the following the +merchant would have would have received + + align:start position:0% +merchant would have would have received + + + align:start position:0% +merchant would have would have received +the full block here with the transaction + + align:start position:0% +the full block here with the transaction + + + align:start position:0% +the full block here with the transaction +in it right so again the attacker got + + align:start position:0% +in it right so again the attacker got + + + align:start position:0% +in it right so again the attacker got +ahead but now the merchant because he + + align:start position:0% +ahead but now the merchant because he + + + align:start position:0% +ahead but now the merchant because he +saw a block he's gonna ship this block + + align:start position:0% +saw a block he's gonna ship this block + + + align:start position:0% +saw a block he's gonna ship this block +with TX Wan to the miners because he's a + + align:start position:0% +with TX Wan to the miners because he's a + + + align:start position:0% +with TX Wan to the miners because he's a +full note fool knows to do that when + + align:start position:0% +full note fool knows to do that when + + + align:start position:0% +full note fool knows to do that when +they hear about a block they broadcast + + align:start position:0% +they hear about a block they broadcast + + + align:start position:0% +they hear about a block they broadcast +it so now the miners know about this + + align:start position:0% +it so now the miners know about this + + + align:start position:0% +it so now the miners know about this +block they're gonna continue mining on + + align:start position:0% +block they're gonna continue mining on + + + align:start position:0% +block they're gonna continue mining on +top of it and in fact the merchant will + + align:start position:0% +top of it and in fact the merchant will + + + align:start position:0% +top of it and in fact the merchant will +send both blocks right for the miners so + + align:start position:0% +send both blocks right for the miners so + + + align:start position:0% +send both blocks right for the miners so +now miners will continue building here + + align:start position:0% +now miners will continue building here + + + align:start position:0% +now miners will continue building here +so now the attacker has a bit of a + + align:start position:0% +so now the attacker has a bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +so now the attacker has a bit of a +tougher tougher problem on his hands + + align:start position:0% +tougher tougher problem on his hands + + + align:start position:0% +tougher tougher problem on his hands +there is still a way to trick even full + + align:start position:0% +there is still a way to trick even full + + + align:start position:0% +there is still a way to trick even full +notes even if this guy's a full note you + + align:start position:0% +notes even if this guy's a full note you + + + align:start position:0% +notes even if this guy's a full note you +can sort of leverage some timing + + align:start position:0% +can sort of leverage some timing + + + align:start position:0% +can sort of leverage some timing +assumptions to still trick the full node + + align:start position:0% +assumptions to still trick the full node + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions to still trick the full node +and the details are in that paper over + + align:start position:0% +and the details are in that paper over + + + align:start position:0% +and the details are in that paper over +there but that's one way cuz someone + + align:start position:0% +there but that's one way cuz someone + + + align:start position:0% +there but that's one way cuz someone +somebody was asking I think you were + + align:start position:0% +somebody was asking I think you were + + + align:start position:0% +somebody was asking I think you were +asking am right about SPV notice how + + align:start position:0% +asking am right about SPV notice how + + + align:start position:0% +asking am right about SPV notice how +there are less secure and this is one + + align:start position:0% +there are less secure and this is one + + + align:start position:0% +there are less secure and this is one +fundamental way in which they are less + + align:start position:0% +fundamental way in which they are less + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental way in which they are less +secure if you accept payments with SBV + + align:start position:0% +secure if you accept payments with SBV + + + align:start position:0% +secure if you accept payments with SBV +notes you're really playing with fire + + align:start position:0% +notes you're really playing with fire + + + align:start position:0% +notes you're really playing with fire +you know you do need a sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +you know you do need a sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +you know you do need a sufficiently +powerful attacker who can get ahead but + + align:start position:0% +powerful attacker who can get ahead but + + + align:start position:0% +powerful attacker who can get ahead but +yeah okay so with that I think that kind + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so with that I think that kind + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so with that I think that kind +of concludes the lecture + + align:start position:0% +of concludes the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +of concludes the lecture +any final questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right cool and thank you guys + + align:start position:0% +all right cool and thank you guys + + + align:start position:0% +all right cool and thank you guys +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/CJkfedF3Y7k.txt b/CJkfedF3Y7k.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5aa9e51eeb42a107cf77624d36ceffc9cabc12a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/CJkfedF3Y7k.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13051 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu now + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu now + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu now +uh this is how we left on Tuesday we got + + align:start position:0% +uh this is how we left on Tuesday we got + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is how we left on Tuesday we got +to this point where we had put a + + align:start position:0% +to this point where we had put a + + + align:start position:0% +to this point where we had put a +particle in a box we put a a quantum + + align:start position:0% +particle in a box we put a a quantum + + + align:start position:0% +particle in a box we put a a quantum +mechanical particle in a box and it was + + align:start position:0% +mechanical particle in a box and it was + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical particle in a box and it was +an infinite Square well and What's this + + align:start position:0% +an infinite Square well and What's this + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite Square well and What's this +called energy levels and what's really + + align:start position:0% +called energy levels and what's really + + + align:start position:0% +called energy levels and what's really +weird about + + align:start position:0% +weird about + + + align:start position:0% +weird about +them yeah meaning like you have this one + + align:start position:0% +them yeah meaning like you have this one + + + align:start position:0% +them yeah meaning like you have this one +here and then you have another energy + + align:start position:0% +here and then you have another energy + + + align:start position:0% +here and then you have another energy +here can it have energy in between no + + align:start position:0% +here can it have energy in between no + + + align:start position:0% +here can it have energy in between no +can that particle be in between no in + + align:start position:0% +can that particle be in between no in + + + align:start position:0% +can that particle be in between no in +energy and so the question was can we + + align:start position:0% +energy and so the question was can we + + + align:start position:0% +energy and so the question was can we +connect that to things like like what we + + align:start position:0% +connect that to things like like what we + + + align:start position:0% +connect that to things like like what we +see in the universe like those spectral + + align:start position:0% +see in the universe like those spectral + + + align:start position:0% +see in the universe like those spectral +lines so what I want to do there there's + + align:start position:0% +lines so what I want to do there there's + + + align:start position:0% +lines so what I want to do there there's +a little bit more we need to do to do + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more we need to do to do + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit more we need to do to do +that connection and so so I want to + + align:start position:0% +that connection and so so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +that connection and so so I want to +spend some time today just going through + + align:start position:0% +spend some time today just going through + + + align:start position:0% +spend some time today just going through +that and going to the hydrogen atom + + align:start position:0% +that and going to the hydrogen atom + + + align:start position:0% +that and going to the hydrogen atom +because this is not the hydrogen atom + + align:start position:0% +because this is not the hydrogen atom + + + align:start position:0% +because this is not the hydrogen atom +it's not an infinite well and then um + + align:start position:0% +it's not an infinite well and then um + + + align:start position:0% +it's not an infinite well and then um +and then from the hydrogen atom um we'll + + align:start position:0% +and then from the hydrogen atom um we'll + + + align:start position:0% +and then from the hydrogen atom um we'll +sort of talk about how + + align:start position:0% +sort of talk about how + + + align:start position:0% +sort of talk about how +just from that just by solving for the + + align:start position:0% +just from that just by solving for the + + + align:start position:0% +just from that just by solving for the +hydrogen atom we we literally have this + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen atom we we literally have this + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen atom we we literally have this +this incredibly deep understanding of + + align:start position:0% +this incredibly deep understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +this incredibly deep understanding of +the entire periodic table in all of + + align:start position:0% +the entire periodic table in all of + + + align:start position:0% +the entire periodic table in all of +chemistry okay so it's a pretty powerful + + align:start position:0% +chemistry okay so it's a pretty powerful + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry okay so it's a pretty powerful +thing to do so we're going to start with + + align:start position:0% +thing to do so we're going to start with + + + align:start position:0% +thing to do so we're going to start with +a little bit of review and then this + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of review and then this + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of review and then this +real world + + align:start position:0% +real world + + + align:start position:0% +real world +example and then I got to tell you a few + + align:start position:0% +example and then I got to tell you a few + + + align:start position:0% +example and then I got to tell you a few +things that are really important like + + align:start position:0% +things that are really important like + + + align:start position:0% +things that are really important like +you have this thing called spin so we'll + + align:start position:0% +you have this thing called spin so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +you have this thing called spin so we'll +talk about that we'll end with that and + + align:start position:0% +talk about that we'll end with that and + + + align:start position:0% +talk about that we'll end with that and +and sort of talk about how from this + + align:start position:0% +and sort of talk about how from this + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of talk about how from this +solution you get this is pretty awesome + + align:start position:0% +solution you get this is pretty awesome + + + align:start position:0% +solution you get this is pretty awesome +pretty + + align:start position:0% +pretty + + + align:start position:0% +pretty +amazing okay so some review so we first + + align:start position:0% +amazing okay so some review so we first + + + align:start position:0% +amazing okay so some review so we first +uh we we went through this on Tuesday so + + align:start position:0% +uh we we went through this on Tuesday so + + + align:start position:0% +uh we we went through this on Tuesday so +why why did people even need quantum + + align:start position:0% +why why did people even need quantum + + + align:start position:0% +why why did people even need quantum +mechanics well because things were + + align:start position:0% +mechanics well because things were + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics well because things were +failing and crumbling and + + align:start position:0% +failing and crumbling and + + + align:start position:0% +failing and crumbling and +catastrophy all around them right um and + + align:start position:0% +catastrophy all around them right um and + + + align:start position:0% +catastrophy all around them right um and +so how long does a so so classical atom + + align:start position:0% +so how long does a so so classical atom + + + align:start position:0% +so how long does a so so classical atom +oh no this was the do I yeah there's the + + align:start position:0% +oh no this was the do I yeah there's the + + + align:start position:0% +oh no this was the do I yeah there's the +classical atom photoelectric effect was + + align:start position:0% +classical atom photoelectric effect was + + + align:start position:0% +classical atom photoelectric effect was +one of them who can explain what's what + + align:start position:0% +one of them who can explain what's what + + + align:start position:0% +one of them who can explain what's what +happened + + align:start position:0% +happened + + + align:start position:0% +happened +here these are some of the reasons why + + align:start position:0% +here these are some of the reasons why + + + align:start position:0% +here these are some of the reasons why +we needed a new Theory after 400 + + align:start position:0% +we needed a new Theory after 400 + + + align:start position:0% +we needed a new Theory after 400 +years what's going on with the + + align:start position:0% +years what's going on with the + + + align:start position:0% +years what's going on with the +photoelectric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effect anyone remember yeah + + align:start position:0% +effect anyone remember yeah + + + align:start position:0% +effect anyone remember yeah +oh uh you a description of the + + align:start position:0% +oh uh you a description of the + + + align:start position:0% +oh uh you a description of the +phenomenon or or why it happened yes + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon or or why it happened yes + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon or or why it happened yes +okay so um basically you take some light + + align:start position:0% +okay so um basically you take some light + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um basically you take some light +you shine it at a metal and a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +you shine it at a metal and a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +you shine it at a metal and a bunch of +electrons come off and if you increase + + align:start position:0% +electrons come off and if you increase + + + align:start position:0% +electrons come off and if you increase +the intensity of the light the number of + + align:start position:0% +the intensity of the light the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the intensity of the light the number of +electrons coming off increases but not + + align:start position:0% +electrons coming off increases but not + + + align:start position:0% +electrons coming off increases but not +the energy which was sort of + + align:start position:0% +the energy which was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the energy which was sort of +counterintuitive why was that + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive why was that + + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive why was that +counterintuitive uh because if light's + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive uh because if light's + + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive uh because if light's +not a particle if it's just like a w + + align:start position:0% +not a particle if it's just like a w + + + align:start position:0% +not a particle if it's just like a w +then you expect you know you're shooting + + align:start position:0% +then you expect you know you're shooting + + + align:start position:0% +then you expect you know you're shooting +more light at it that's more energy so + + align:start position:0% +more light at it that's more energy so + + + align:start position:0% +more light at it that's more energy so +if an electron gets hit by a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +if an electron gets hit by a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +if an electron gets hit by a bunch of +light you'd think it you know would get + + align:start position:0% +light you'd think it you know would get + + + align:start position:0% +light you'd think it you know would get +a bunch of energy right and Sh off to + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of energy right and Sh off to + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of energy right and Sh off to +higher energy but it doesn't um and the + + align:start position:0% +higher energy but it doesn't um and the + + + align:start position:0% +higher energy but it doesn't um and the +solution was that uh the photons you + + align:start position:0% +solution was that uh the photons you + + + align:start position:0% +solution was that uh the photons you +know are produced by electrons changing + + align:start position:0% +know are produced by electrons changing + + + align:start position:0% +know are produced by electrons changing +energy levels or something like that and + + align:start position:0% +energy levels or something like that and + + + align:start position:0% +energy levels or something like that and +so they come in uh discrete packets of + + align:start position:0% +so they come in uh discrete packets of + + + align:start position:0% +so they come in uh discrete packets of +energy and so when they H an electron + + align:start position:0% +energy and so when they H an electron + + + align:start position:0% +energy and so when they H an electron +they shoot it off at some particular + + align:start position:0% +they shoot it off at some particular + + + align:start position:0% +they shoot it off at some particular +energy frequency dependent which is + + align:start position:0% +energy frequency dependent which is + + + align:start position:0% +energy frequency dependent which is +dependent on the frequency exactly + + align:start position:0% +dependent on the frequency exactly + + + align:start position:0% +dependent on the frequency exactly +that's exactly right so does everybody + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly right so does everybody + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly right so does everybody +see that so the this was called the + + align:start position:0% +see that so the this was called the + + + align:start position:0% +see that so the this was called the +photoelectric effect and it it was the + + align:start position:0% +photoelectric effect and it it was the + + + align:start position:0% +photoelectric effect and it it was the +reason Einstein was given the Nobel + + align:start position:0% +reason Einstein was given the Nobel + + + align:start position:0% +reason Einstein was given the Nobel +Prize right um is a very important + + align:start position:0% +Prize right um is a very important + + + align:start position:0% +Prize right um is a very important +explanation of this very confusing + + align:start position:0% +explanation of this very confusing + + + align:start position:0% +explanation of this very confusing +effect which is that you increase the + + align:start position:0% +effect which is that you increase the + + + align:start position:0% +effect which is that you increase the +intensity but the energy of those + + align:start position:0% +intensity but the energy of those + + + align:start position:0% +intensity but the energy of those +electrons see what's happening you're + + align:start position:0% +electrons see what's happening you're + + + align:start position:0% +electrons see what's happening you're +shining light on a piece of metal and + + align:start position:0% +shining light on a piece of metal and + + + align:start position:0% +shining light on a piece of metal and +electrons fly off and you can measure + + align:start position:0% +electrons fly off and you can measure + + + align:start position:0% +electrons fly off and you can measure +how much energy those electrons have and + + align:start position:0% +how much energy those electrons have and + + + align:start position:0% +how much energy those electrons have and +you increase the intensity of light and + + align:start position:0% +you increase the intensity of light and + + + align:start position:0% +you increase the intensity of light and +they don't have any more energy which + + align:start position:0% +they don't have any more energy which + + + align:start position:0% +they don't have any more energy which +was really bizarre if light is a wave + + align:start position:0% +was really bizarre if light is a wave + + + align:start position:0% +was really bizarre if light is a wave +what Einstein said is no + + align:start position:0% +what Einstein said is no + + + align:start position:0% +what Einstein said is no +actually um oh but it does depend on the + + align:start position:0% +actually um oh but it does depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +actually um oh but it does depend on the +on the frequency of the + + align:start position:0% +on the frequency of the + + + align:start position:0% +on the frequency of the +light so that makes sense if light can + + align:start position:0% +light so that makes sense if light can + + + align:start position:0% +light so that makes sense if light can +be considered as + + align:start position:0% +be considered as + + + align:start position:0% +be considered as +particles of zero Mass that's weird um + + align:start position:0% +particles of zero Mass that's weird um + + + align:start position:0% +particles of zero Mass that's weird um +that have an energy associated with + + align:start position:0% +that have an energy associated with + + + align:start position:0% +that have an energy associated with +their frequency okay so that was really + + align:start position:0% +their frequency okay so that was really + + + align:start position:0% +their frequency okay so that was really +important the energy of a partic the + + align:start position:0% +important the energy of a partic the + + + align:start position:0% +important the energy of a partic the +energy of something you thought was a + + align:start position:0% +energy of something you thought was a + + + align:start position:0% +energy of something you thought was a +wave light actually um can be considered + + align:start position:0% +wave light actually um can be considered + + + align:start position:0% +wave light actually um can be considered +as a particle associated with the + + align:start position:0% +as a particle associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +as a particle associated with the +frequency have have the energy of a + + align:start position:0% +frequency have have the energy of a + + + align:start position:0% +frequency have have the energy of a +particle associated with that frequency + + align:start position:0% +particle associated with that frequency + + + align:start position:0% +particle associated with that frequency +and then what was the classical atom + + align:start position:0% +and then what was the classical atom + + + align:start position:0% +and then what was the classical atom +what was what's wrong with this + + align:start position:0% +what was what's wrong with this + + + align:start position:0% +what was what's wrong with this +one how long do we live in a classical + + align:start position:0% +one how long do we live in a classical + + + align:start position:0% +one how long do we live in a classical +world how long what's the most we could + + align:start position:0% +world how long what's the most we could + + + align:start position:0% +world how long what's the most we could +live in a classical + + align:start position:0% +live in a classical + + + align:start position:0% +live in a classical +World 10 to Theus 12 seconds it's game + + align:start position:0% +World 10 to Theus 12 seconds it's game + + + align:start position:0% +World 10 to Theus 12 seconds it's game +over why what's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happening why what's happening so it's + + align:start position:0% +happening why what's happening so it's + + + align:start position:0% +happening why what's happening so it's +accelerating and we know that an + + align:start position:0% +accelerating and we know that an + + + align:start position:0% +accelerating and we know that an +accelerating charge + + align:start position:0% +accelerating charge + + + align:start position:0% +accelerating charge +radiation and it loses energy and if it + + align:start position:0% +radiation and it loses energy and if it + + + align:start position:0% +radiation and it loses energy and if it +loses energy it should just spiral in + + align:start position:0% +loses energy it should just spiral in + + + align:start position:0% +loses energy it should just spiral in +and that takes about 10 Theus 12th + + align:start position:0% +and that takes about 10 Theus 12th + + + align:start position:0% +and that takes about 10 Theus 12th +seconds + + align:start position:0% +seconds + + + align:start position:0% +seconds +so we know that's not true either + + align:start position:0% +so we know that's not true either + + + align:start position:0% +so we know that's not true either +actually there I I wanted to put this + + align:start position:0% +actually there I I wanted to put this + + + align:start position:0% +actually there I I wanted to put this +out there this is um uh from Wikipedia + + align:start position:0% +out there this is um uh from Wikipedia + + + align:start position:0% +out there this is um uh from Wikipedia +and it's a sort of explanation of that + + align:start position:0% +and it's a sort of explanation of that + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a sort of explanation of that +and so if you want to understand more + + align:start position:0% +and so if you want to understand more + + + align:start position:0% +and so if you want to understand more +and read more about the classical atom + + align:start position:0% +and read more about the classical atom + + + align:start position:0% +and read more about the classical atom +well get a book on Leonard wart + + align:start position:0% +well get a book on Leonard wart + + + align:start position:0% +well get a book on Leonard wart +potentials I'm sure just the name alone + + align:start position:0% +potentials I'm sure just the name alone + + + align:start position:0% +potentials I'm sure just the name alone +is inspiring you guys to want to dig + + align:start position:0% +is inspiring you guys to want to dig + + + align:start position:0% +is inspiring you guys to want to dig +deep um and those are the ones that's + + align:start position:0% +deep um and those are the ones that's + + + align:start position:0% +deep um and those are the ones that's +what you can do um to get the time + + align:start position:0% +what you can do um to get the time + + + align:start position:0% +what you can do um to get the time +varing em field for a point charge in in + + align:start position:0% +varing em field for a point charge in in + + + align:start position:0% +varing em field for a point charge in in +arbitrary motion but look at that + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary motion but look at that + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary motion but look at that +they're not corrected for quantum + + align:start position:0% +they're not corrected for quantum + + + align:start position:0% +they're not corrected for quantum +mechanical + + align:start position:0% +mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical +effects right so that's what was such a + + align:start position:0% +effects right so that's what was such a + + + align:start position:0% +effects right so that's what was such a +problem this was right around + + align:start position:0% +problem this was right around + + + align:start position:0% +problem this was right around +1900 right so they had it but then they + + align:start position:0% +1900 right so they had it but then they + + + align:start position:0% +1900 right so they had it but then they +tried to apply it to an atom and here's + + align:start position:0% +tried to apply it to an atom and here's + + + align:start position:0% +tried to apply it to an atom and here's +what happens it's accurate but breaks + + align:start position:0% +what happens it's accurate but breaks + + + align:start position:0% +what happens it's accurate but breaks +down at the quantum level quantum + + align:start position:0% +down at the quantum level quantum + + + align:start position:0% +down at the quantum level quantum +mechanics sets important constraints on + + align:start position:0% +mechanics sets important constraints on + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics sets important constraints on +the ability of a particle to emit + + align:start position:0% +the ability of a particle to emit + + + align:start position:0% +the ability of a particle to emit +radiation IE it doesn't in an atom + + align:start position:0% +radiation IE it doesn't in an atom + + + align:start position:0% +radiation IE it doesn't in an atom +right so some sometimes I think this is + + align:start position:0% +right so some sometimes I think this is + + + align:start position:0% +right so some sometimes I think this is +kind of interesting to look at basically + + align:start position:0% +kind of interesting to look at basically + + + align:start position:0% +kind of interesting to look at basically +so we have this problem that an atom + + align:start position:0% +so we have this problem that an atom + + + align:start position:0% +so we have this problem that an atom +will sort of self-destruct and the + + align:start position:0% +will sort of self-destruct and the + + + align:start position:0% +will sort of self-destruct and the +electrons will just spiral down what do + + align:start position:0% +electrons will just spiral down what do + + + align:start position:0% +electrons will just spiral down what do +what the solution really if you think + + align:start position:0% +what the solution really if you think + + + align:start position:0% +what the solution really if you think +about it is it doesn't do that + + align:start position:0% +about it is it doesn't do that + + + align:start position:0% +about it is it doesn't do that +anymore but now why well because + + align:start position:0% +anymore but now why well because + + + align:start position:0% +anymore but now why well because +of the fact that particles are waves and + + align:start position:0% +of the fact that particles are waves and + + + align:start position:0% +of the fact that particles are waves and +waves are particles and it comes from + + align:start position:0% +waves are particles and it comes from + + + align:start position:0% +waves are particles and it comes from +the quantization so I want to make sure + + align:start position:0% +the quantization so I want to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +the quantization so I want to make sure +that we're all on that page um + + align:start position:0% +that we're all on that page um + + + align:start position:0% +that we're all on that page um +by the end of today that we all kind of + + align:start position:0% +by the end of today that we all kind of + + + align:start position:0% +by the end of today that we all kind of +see that so that's that's the reason + + align:start position:0% +see that so that's that's the reason + + + align:start position:0% +see that so that's that's the reason +it's because particles can be both waves + + align:start position:0% +it's because particles can be both waves + + + align:start position:0% +it's because particles can be both waves +and uh particles waves can be waves and + + align:start position:0% +and uh particles waves can be waves and + + + align:start position:0% +and uh particles waves can be waves and +particles everything is one happy family + + align:start position:0% +particles everything is one happy family + + + align:start position:0% +particles everything is one happy family +can't we all just get along here here + + align:start position:0% +can't we all just get along here here + + + align:start position:0% +can't we all just get along here here +are some particles going through slits + + align:start position:0% +are some particles going through slits + + + align:start position:0% +are some particles going through slits +now what's happening + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here that this is actually you could + + align:start position:0% +here that this is actually you could + + + align:start position:0% +here that this is actually you could +think of this as a particle or it kind + + align:start position:0% +think of this as a particle or it kind + + + align:start position:0% +think of this as a particle or it kind +of looks like a water w wave doesn't it + + align:start position:0% +of looks like a water w wave doesn't it + + + align:start position:0% +of looks like a water w wave doesn't it +but see that's the whole point that's + + align:start position:0% +but see that's the whole point that's + + + align:start position:0% +but see that's the whole point that's +what particles + + align:start position:0% +what particles + + + align:start position:0% +what particles +are right so what's happening here + + align:start position:0% +are right so what's happening here + + + align:start position:0% +are right so what's happening here +somebody can somebody explain what's + + align:start position:0% +somebody can somebody explain what's + + + align:start position:0% +somebody can somebody explain what's +what why I'm showing + + align:start position:0% +what why I'm showing + + + align:start position:0% +what why I'm showing +this what's going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on got on the left how many slits on the + + align:start position:0% +on got on the left how many slits on the + + + align:start position:0% +on got on the left how many slits on the +right what's the + + align:start position:0% +right what's the + + + align:start position:0% +right what's the +difference interference yes what's + + align:start position:0% +difference interference yes what's + + + align:start position:0% +difference interference yes what's +interference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so that you get two waves coming + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that you get two waves coming + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that you get two waves coming +out of but look the same particle + + align:start position:0% +out of but look the same particle + + + align:start position:0% +out of but look the same particle +creates no interference here because it + + align:start position:0% +creates no interference here because it + + + align:start position:0% +creates no interference here because it +just bubbles through but if you have two + + align:start position:0% +just bubbles through but if you have two + + + align:start position:0% +just bubbles through but if you have two +slits it can be it can create two little + + align:start position:0% +slits it can be it can create two little + + + align:start position:0% +slits it can be it can create two little +waves right and those interfere and they + + align:start position:0% +waves right and those interfere and they + + + align:start position:0% +waves right and those interfere and they +cause complex behavior and that is what + + align:start position:0% +cause complex behavior and that is what + + + align:start position:0% +cause complex behavior and that is what +blew people away and and oh by the way + + align:start position:0% +blew people away and and oh by the way + + + align:start position:0% +blew people away and and oh by the way +you can see that there's also some + + align:start position:0% +you can see that there's also some + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that there's also some +really cool interference going on in the + + align:start position:0% +really cool interference going on in the + + + align:start position:0% +really cool interference going on in the +back scattering from the edges because + + align:start position:0% +back scattering from the edges because + + + align:start position:0% +back scattering from the edges because +you get little scattering off the edges + + align:start position:0% +you get little scattering off the edges + + + align:start position:0% +you get little scattering off the edges +on both cases but what we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +on both cases but what we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +on both cases but what we're looking at +is what's happening over here and so it + + align:start position:0% +is what's happening over here and so it + + + align:start position:0% +is what's happening over here and so it +was just really weird that you could + + align:start position:0% +was just really weird that you could + + + align:start position:0% +was just really weird that you could +throw particles through slits and they + + align:start position:0% +throw particles through slits and they + + + align:start position:0% +throw particles through slits and they +were like water waves not like particles + + align:start position:0% +were like water waves not like particles + + + align:start position:0% +were like water waves not like particles +right so that was another + + align:start position:0% +right so that was another + + + align:start position:0% +right so that was another +um really bizarre + + align:start position:0% +um really bizarre + + + align:start position:0% +um really bizarre +experiment and + + align:start position:0% +experiment and + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and +um and again you know one of the big + + align:start position:0% +um and again you know one of the big + + + align:start position:0% +um and again you know one of the big +important Stepping Stones was the fact + + align:start position:0% +important Stepping Stones was the fact + + + align:start position:0% +important Stepping Stones was the fact +that you could + + align:start position:0% +that you could + + + align:start position:0% +that you could +describe the energy of a particle by its + + align:start position:0% +describe the energy of a particle by its + + + align:start position:0% +describe the energy of a particle by its +frequency and then deia came and said + + align:start position:0% +frequency and then deia came and said + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and then deia came and said +actually not just + + align:start position:0% +actually not just + + + align:start position:0% +actually not just +light no everything all matter can be + + align:start position:0% +light no everything all matter can be + + + align:start position:0% +light no everything all matter can be +considered as both a particle and a wave + + align:start position:0% +considered as both a particle and a wave + + + align:start position:0% +considered as both a particle and a wave +this is stuff we we talked about Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +this is stuff we we talked about Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +this is stuff we we talked about Tuesday +and so what that means is that I have a + + align:start position:0% +and so what that means is that I have a + + + align:start position:0% +and so what that means is that I have a +wavelength what's my + + align:start position:0% +wavelength what's my + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength what's my +wavelength 35 10- 35 but I'm okay with + + align:start position:0% +wavelength 35 10- 35 but I'm okay with + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength 35 10- 35 but I'm okay with +that I feel that quantumness right here + + align:start position:0% +that I feel that quantumness right here + + + align:start position:0% +that I feel that quantumness right here +oh here I feel it somewhere + + align:start position:0% +oh here I feel it somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +oh here I feel it somewhere +within but see when things are really + + align:start position:0% +within but see when things are really + + + align:start position:0% +within but see when things are really +small like an electron which is this + + align:start position:0% +small like an electron which is this + + + align:start position:0% +small like an electron which is this +part of the class we care about those + + align:start position:0% +part of the class we care about those + + + align:start position:0% +part of the class we care about those +electrons and I motivated that on + + align:start position:0% +electrons and I motivated that on + + + align:start position:0% +electrons and I motivated that on +Tuesday and we'll come back to that as + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday and we'll come back to that as + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday and we'll come back to that as +we go through examples so if I want to + + align:start position:0% +we go through examples so if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +we go through examples so if I want to +know about an electron well that's a + + align:start position:0% +know about an electron well that's a + + + align:start position:0% +know about an electron well that's a +really small thing and you see so it's + + align:start position:0% +really small thing and you see so it's + + + align:start position:0% +really small thing and you see so it's +wavelength and we talked about this + + align:start position:0% +wavelength and we talked about this + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength and we talked about this +Tuesday the wavelength associated with + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday the wavelength associated with + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday the wavelength associated with +the particle is about the same size as + + align:start position:0% +the particle is about the same size as + + + align:start position:0% +the particle is about the same size as +like the distances the particle sort of + + align:start position:0% +like the distances the particle sort of + + + align:start position:0% +like the distances the particle sort of +goes out for a walk on on a daily basis + + align:start position:0% +goes out for a walk on on a daily basis + + + align:start position:0% +goes out for a walk on on a daily basis +otherwise known as its chemical bond if + + align:start position:0% +otherwise known as its chemical bond if + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise known as its chemical bond if +you're an electron you kind of walk + + align:start position:0% +you're an electron you kind of walk + + + align:start position:0% +you're an electron you kind of walk +along this chemical bond right that's + + align:start position:0% +along this chemical bond right that's + + + align:start position:0% +along this chemical bond right that's +sort of what you do and um you know if + + align:start position:0% +sort of what you do and um you know if + + + align:start position:0% +sort of what you do and um you know if +you're in a bonding + + align:start position:0% +you're in a bonding + + + align:start position:0% +you're in a bonding +situation um and that distance of that + + align:start position:0% +situation um and that distance of that + + + align:start position:0% +situation um and that distance of that +walk is roughly the same as your + + align:start position:0% +walk is roughly the same as your + + + align:start position:0% +walk is roughly the same as your +wavelength as your wave nature your wave + + align:start position:0% +wavelength as your wave nature your wave + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength as your wave nature your wave +nature + + align:start position:0% +nature + + + align:start position:0% +nature +Ness is like important then right and so + + align:start position:0% +Ness is like important then right and so + + + align:start position:0% +Ness is like important then right and so +because of that we can't describe it + + align:start position:0% +because of that we can't describe it + + + align:start position:0% +because of that we can't describe it +without quantum mechanics you have to + + align:start position:0% +without quantum mechanics you have to + + + align:start position:0% +without quantum mechanics you have to +have a way of describing it and and it + + align:start position:0% +have a way of describing it and and it + + + align:start position:0% +have a way of describing it and and it +has to be something that is based on a + + align:start position:0% +has to be something that is based on a + + + align:start position:0% +has to be something that is based on a +wave right so that's that's the + + align:start position:0% +wave right so that's that's the + + + align:start position:0% +wave right so that's that's the +Breakthrough and I I'll I'll go through + + align:start position:0% +Breakthrough and I I'll I'll go through + + + align:start position:0% +Breakthrough and I I'll I'll go through +that again just sort of quickly um but + + align:start position:0% +that again just sort of quickly um but + + + align:start position:0% +that again just sort of quickly um but +you know what what we came out with is + + align:start position:0% +you know what what we came out with is + + + align:start position:0% +you know what what we came out with is +the fact that okay so particles are + + align:start position:0% +the fact that okay so particles are + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that okay so particles are +waves so they have w wave functions and + + align:start position:0% +waves so they have w wave functions and + + + align:start position:0% +waves so they have w wave functions and +this wave function is what we'll be + + align:start position:0% +this wave function is what we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +this wave function is what we'll be +solving for this is what we want in this + + align:start position:0% +solving for this is what we want in this + + + align:start position:0% +solving for this is what we want in this +part of the class we want that right + + align:start position:0% +part of the class we want that right + + + align:start position:0% +part of the class we want that right +um and and so it'll have some form and + + align:start position:0% +um and and so it'll have some form and + + + align:start position:0% +um and and so it'll have some form and +we showed a few forms and I'll show you + + align:start position:0% +we showed a few forms and I'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +we showed a few forms and I'll show you +more today but we showed a few for like + + align:start position:0% +more today but we showed a few for like + + + align:start position:0% +more today but we showed a few for like +a particle in a box right that had like + + align:start position:0% +a particle in a box right that had like + + + align:start position:0% +a particle in a box right that had like +a cosine and then it had like you know + + align:start position:0% +a cosine and then it had like you know + + + align:start position:0% +a cosine and then it had like you know +one node in the middle um and but what's + + align:start position:0% +one node in the middle um and but what's + + + align:start position:0% +one node in the middle um and but what's +amazing about this is is is that this + + align:start position:0% +amazing about this is is is that this + + + align:start position:0% +amazing about this is is is that this +has no meaning we know of + + align:start position:0% +has no meaning we know of + + + align:start position:0% +has no meaning we know of +we do not understand what this means so + + align:start position:0% +we do not understand what this means so + + + align:start position:0% +we do not understand what this means so +you have this like + + align:start position:0% +you have this like + + + align:start position:0% +you have this like +intimate + + align:start position:0% +intimate + + + align:start position:0% +intimate +function that describes the + + align:start position:0% +function that describes the + + + align:start position:0% +function that describes the +particle and we don't know we don't know + + align:start position:0% +particle and we don't know we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +particle and we don't know we don't know +how to interpret it the big breakthrough + + align:start position:0% +how to interpret it the big breakthrough + + + align:start position:0% +how to interpret it the big breakthrough +came in knowing in in in making the + + align:start position:0% +came in knowing in in in making the + + + align:start position:0% +came in knowing in in in making the +connection that the square of that + + align:start position:0% +connection that the square of that + + + align:start position:0% +connection that the square of that +function is + + align:start position:0% +function is + + + align:start position:0% +function is +Meaningful okay but that's pretty cool + + align:start position:0% +Meaningful okay but that's pretty cool + + + align:start position:0% +Meaningful okay but that's pretty cool +right so think about like if I had like + + align:start position:0% +right so think about like if I had like + + + align:start position:0% +right so think about like if I had like +a position wait you have this you did + + align:start position:0% +a position wait you have this you did + + + align:start position:0% +a position wait you have this you did +classical molecular Dynamics right so + + align:start position:0% +classical molecular Dynamics right so + + + align:start position:0% +classical molecular Dynamics right so +you have like the position of the + + align:start position:0% +you have like the position of the + + + align:start position:0% +you have like the position of the +particle that's a function of + + align:start position:0% +particle that's a function of + + + align:start position:0% +particle that's a function of +Time Imagine saying that that has no + + align:start position:0% +Time Imagine saying that that has no + + + align:start position:0% +Time Imagine saying that that has no +meaning or you don't know what it means + + align:start position:0% +meaning or you don't know what it means + + + align:start position:0% +meaning or you don't know what it means +only the square of it right so something + + align:start position:0% +only the square of it right so something + + + align:start position:0% +only the square of it right so something +as fundamental as the wave + + align:start position:0% +as fundamental as the wave + + + align:start position:0% +as fundamental as the wave +itself that is the solution to the + + align:start position:0% +itself that is the solution to the + + + align:start position:0% +itself that is the solution to the +equation to RF equals ma which is + + align:start position:0% +equation to RF equals ma which is + + + align:start position:0% +equation to RF equals ma which is +schinger something as fundamental as + + align:start position:0% +schinger something as fundamental as + + + align:start position:0% +schinger something as fundamental as +that we don't know what it means but we + + align:start position:0% +that we don't know what it means but we + + + align:start position:0% +that we don't know what it means but we +do know what it Square means and what + + align:start position:0% +do know what it Square means and what + + + align:start position:0% +do know what it Square means and what +does a square mean + + align:start position:0% +does a square mean + + + align:start position:0% +does a square mean +probability so tell me tell me a little + + align:start position:0% +probability so tell me tell me a little + + + align:start position:0% +probability so tell me tell me a little +more about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that yeah so what like tell me this is a + + align:start position:0% +that yeah so what like tell me this is a + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah so what like tell me this is a +particle right here you're starting to + + align:start position:0% +particle right here you're starting to + + + align:start position:0% +particle right here you're starting to +see it I can tell I can see that you're + + align:start position:0% +see it I can tell I can see that you're + + + align:start position:0% +see it I can tell I can see that you're +starting to see it I can feel the + + align:start position:0% +starting to see it I can feel the + + + align:start position:0% +starting to see it I can feel the +excitement about this too in the room + + align:start position:0% +excitement about this too in the room + + + align:start position:0% +excitement about this too in the room +it's tangible this is a particle you see + + align:start position:0% +it's tangible this is a particle you see + + + align:start position:0% +it's tangible this is a particle you see +this now not as a wave not as a particle + + align:start position:0% +this now not as a wave not as a particle + + + align:start position:0% +this now not as a wave not as a particle +you see it as both now if this is a + + align:start position:0% +you see it as both now if this is a + + + align:start position:0% +you see it as both now if this is a +particle and that's I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +particle and that's I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +particle and that's I'm going to show +you a little video on it in a sec but + + align:start position:0% +you a little video on it in a sec but + + + align:start position:0% +you a little video on it in a sec but +this is a particle where is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it but I mean I know that it can be a + + align:start position:0% +it but I mean I know that it can be a + + + align:start position:0% +it but I mean I know that it can be a +particle again we know it can go back + + align:start position:0% +particle again we know it can go back + + + align:start position:0% +particle again we know it can go back +and forth that's what it did when you + + align:start position:0% +and forth that's what it did when you + + + align:start position:0% +and forth that's what it did when you +send it through the two slits became a + + align:start position:0% +send it through the two slits became a + + + align:start position:0% +send it through the two slits became a +wave then it became + + align:start position:0% +wave then it became + + + align:start position:0% +wave then it became +particle so I can I say that it's spread + + align:start position:0% +particle so I can I say that it's spread + + + align:start position:0% +particle so I can I say that it's spread +out is it spread + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out how do I interpret + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that good that's that's kind of that's + + align:start position:0% +that good that's that's kind of that's + + + align:start position:0% +that good that's that's kind of that's +that's sort of the way that I like to + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of the way that I like to + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of the way that I like to +look at it + + align:start position:0% +look at it + + + align:start position:0% +look at it +is yeah I mean the particle is in a way + + align:start position:0% +is yeah I mean the particle is in a way + + + align:start position:0% +is yeah I mean the particle is in a way +you can think about it as spread out um + + align:start position:0% +you can think about it as spread out um + + + align:start position:0% +you can think about it as spread out um +until you measure it and sort of + + align:start position:0% +until you measure it and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +until you measure it and sort of +everywhere in here because it's not a + + align:start position:0% +everywhere in here because it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere in here because it's not a +there's no here here there's only a + + align:start position:0% +there's no here here there's only a + + + align:start position:0% +there's no here here there's only a +certain amount of chance to be here here + + align:start position:0% +certain amount of chance to be here here + + + align:start position:0% +certain amount of chance to be here here +so I have a kind of big chance if I + + align:start position:0% +so I have a kind of big chance if I + + + align:start position:0% +so I have a kind of big chance if I +measure where it is of finding it here + + align:start position:0% +measure where it is of finding it here + + + align:start position:0% +measure where it is of finding it here +and then I have no chance of finding it + + align:start position:0% +and then I have no chance of finding it + + + align:start position:0% +and then I have no chance of finding it +here and then a sort of medium chance + + align:start position:0% +here and then a sort of medium chance + + + align:start position:0% +here and then a sort of medium chance +here and a big chance there right if I + + align:start position:0% +here and a big chance there right if I + + + align:start position:0% +here and a big chance there right if I +measure it so that's really what these + + align:start position:0% +measure it so that's really what these + + + align:start position:0% +measure it so that's really what these +functions meet and those functions are + + align:start position:0% +functions meet and those functions are + + + align:start position:0% +functions meet and those functions are +the ones that we solve for to find out + + align:start position:0% +the ones that we solve for to find out + + + align:start position:0% +the ones that we solve for to find out +where electrons are and where those + + align:start position:0% +where electrons are and where those + + + align:start position:0% +where electrons are and where those +electrons are is what is absolutely + + align:start position:0% +electrons are is what is absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +electrons are is what is absolutely +critical to doing a whole of Material + + align:start position:0% +critical to doing a whole of Material + + + align:start position:0% +critical to doing a whole of Material +Science right as I mentioned on Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +Science right as I mentioned on Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +Science right as I mentioned on Tuesday +and as we'll talk about when we when we + + align:start position:0% +and as we'll talk about when we when we + + + align:start position:0% +and as we'll talk about when we when we +do you know when we apply this to + + align:start position:0% +do you know when we apply this to + + + align:start position:0% +do you know when we apply this to +problems and that's what you get you get + + align:start position:0% +problems and that's what you get you get + + + align:start position:0% +problems and that's what you get you get +bizarre distributions of probabilities + + align:start position:0% +bizarre distributions of probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +bizarre distributions of probabilities +okay here's an electron thrown into a + + align:start position:0% +okay here's an electron thrown into a + + + align:start position:0% +okay here's an electron thrown into a +wall that is infinite and here's an + + align:start position:0% +wall that is infinite and here's an + + + align:start position:0% +wall that is infinite and here's an +electron thrown into a wall That's + + align:start position:0% +electron thrown into a wall That's + + + align:start position:0% +electron thrown into a wall That's +finite so that's my quantum mechanical + + align:start position:0% +finite so that's my quantum mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +finite so that's my quantum mechanical +ball did I show this Tuesday I don't + + align:start position:0% +ball did I show this Tuesday I don't + + + align:start position:0% +ball did I show this Tuesday I don't +think I did + + align:start position:0% +think I did + + + align:start position:0% +think I did +right so if it's thrown into an infinite + + align:start position:0% +right so if it's thrown into an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +right so if it's thrown into an infinite +wall it actually can't go through the + + align:start position:0% +wall it actually can't go through the + + + align:start position:0% +wall it actually can't go through the +probability we work this out if you have + + align:start position:0% +probability we work this out if you have + + + align:start position:0% +probability we work this out if you have +an infinite boundary here we talked + + align:start position:0% +an infinite boundary here we talked + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite boundary here we talked +about that Tuesday there's zero you + + align:start position:0% +about that Tuesday there's zero you + + + align:start position:0% +about that Tuesday there's zero you +can't have any wave function it h the + + align:start position:0% +can't have any wave function it h the + + + align:start position:0% +can't have any wave function it h the +only solution is zero so it can't + + align:start position:0% +only solution is zero so it can't + + + align:start position:0% +only solution is zero so it can't +penetrate at all so it completely + + align:start position:0% +penetrate at all so it completely + + + align:start position:0% +penetrate at all so it completely +bounces back although look at the weird + + align:start position:0% +bounces back although look at the weird + + + align:start position:0% +bounces back although look at the weird +things it does when it bounces back + + align:start position:0% +things it does when it bounces back + + + align:start position:0% +things it does when it bounces back +that's the wave function of a ball + + align:start position:0% +that's the wave function of a ball + + + align:start position:0% +that's the wave function of a ball +thrown into a wall or if you want a + + align:start position:0% +thrown into a wall or if you want a + + + align:start position:0% +thrown into a wall or if you want a +potential thrown into a material I mean + + align:start position:0% +potential thrown into a material I mean + + + align:start position:0% +potential thrown into a material I mean +an electron thrown into a material + + align:start position:0% +an electron thrown into a material + + + align:start position:0% +an electron thrown into a material +but over here you see it's not infinite + + align:start position:0% +but over here you see it's not infinite + + + align:start position:0% +but over here you see it's not infinite +and all kinds of interesting things + + align:start position:0% +and all kinds of interesting things + + + align:start position:0% +and all kinds of interesting things +happen it does bounce back in a similar + + align:start position:0% +happen it does bounce back in a similar + + + align:start position:0% +happen it does bounce back in a similar +way but some of it goes through what's + + align:start position:0% +way but some of it goes through what's + + + align:start position:0% +way but some of it goes through what's +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +called orun + + align:start position:0% +called orun + + + align:start position:0% +called orun +tunneling right and you better believe + + align:start position:0% +tunneling right and you better believe + + + align:start position:0% +tunneling right and you better believe +that this is an effect we use in + + align:start position:0% +that this is an effect we use in + + + align:start position:0% +that this is an effect we use in +technology all the time tunneling right + + align:start position:0% +technology all the time tunneling right + + + align:start position:0% +technology all the time tunneling right +of charges very + + align:start position:0% +of charges very + + + align:start position:0% +of charges very +important right if I take my macroscop + + align:start position:0% +important right if I take my macroscop + + + align:start position:0% +important right if I take my macroscop +ball and I throw it or if I just run + + align:start position:0% +ball and I throw it or if I just run + + + align:start position:0% +ball and I throw it or if I just run +myself with the helmet on into the + + align:start position:0% +myself with the helmet on into the + + + align:start position:0% +myself with the helmet on into the +wall how much of me is going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Tunnel what is enough in that example + + align:start position:0% +Tunnel what is enough in that example + + + align:start position:0% +Tunnel what is enough in that example +that's um right so why aren't I + + align:start position:0% +that's um right so why aren't I + + + align:start position:0% +that's um right so why aren't I +tunneling if I run into that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wall I'm not running fast up that's + + align:start position:0% +wall I'm not running fast up that's + + + align:start position:0% +wall I'm not running fast up that's +actually that's that's true um I'm + + align:start position:0% +actually that's that's true um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +actually that's that's true um I'm +pretty slow but + + align:start position:0% +pretty slow but + + + align:start position:0% +pretty slow but +um but the thing is that uh um there's + + align:start position:0% +um but the thing is that uh um there's + + + align:start position:0% +um but the thing is that uh um there's +another reason what what is it about me + + align:start position:0% +another reason what what is it about me + + + align:start position:0% +another reason what what is it about me +that is really + + align:start position:0% +that is really + + + align:start position:0% +that is really +different here I'm big and so what else + + align:start position:0% +different here I'm big and so what else + + + align:start position:0% +different here I'm big and so what else +is what's what does that mean what's + + align:start position:0% +is what's what does that mean what's + + + align:start position:0% +is what's what does that mean what's +small your wave my wave function my + + align:start position:0% +small your wave my wave function my + + + align:start position:0% +small your wave my wave function my +wavelength not my wave function my wave + + align:start position:0% +wavelength not my wave function my wave + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength not my wave function my wave +function is everywhere but it just + + align:start position:0% +function is everywhere but it just + + + align:start position:0% +function is everywhere but it just +doesn't really spread out that much cuz + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really spread out that much cuz + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really spread out that much cuz +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +wavelength of me is 10us 35 M and + + align:start position:0% +wavelength of me is 10us 35 M and + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength of me is 10us 35 M and +remember what when Quantum matters is + + align:start position:0% +remember what when Quantum matters is + + + align:start position:0% +remember what when Quantum matters is +when your wavelength is sort of on the + + align:start position:0% +when your wavelength is sort of on the + + + align:start position:0% +when your wavelength is sort of on the +same scale roughly as the stuff you're + + align:start position:0% +same scale roughly as the stuff you're + + + align:start position:0% +same scale roughly as the stuff you're +you're involved with and I'm involved + + align:start position:0% +you're involved with and I'm involved + + + align:start position:0% +you're involved with and I'm involved +with a thing that's a meter over there + + align:start position:0% +with a thing that's a meter over there + + + align:start position:0% +with a thing that's a meter over there +so if I'm 35 orders of magnitude smaller + + align:start position:0% +so if I'm 35 orders of magnitude smaller + + + align:start position:0% +so if I'm 35 orders of magnitude smaller +in my wavelength there's not going to be + + align:start position:0% +in my wavelength there's not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +in my wavelength there's not going to be +any Quantum effects you won't tunnel + + align:start position:0% +any Quantum effects you won't tunnel + + + align:start position:0% +any Quantum effects you won't tunnel +very often + + align:start position:0% +very often + + + align:start position:0% +very often +not enough to make it worth trying + + align:start position:0% +not enough to make it worth trying + + + align:start position:0% +not enough to make it worth trying +salute okay now here's the goofy video + + align:start position:0% +salute okay now here's the goofy video + + + align:start position:0% +salute okay now here's the goofy video +which is kind of fun so I'll just play + + align:start position:0% +which is kind of fun so I'll just play + + + align:start position:0% +which is kind of fun so I'll just play +it and then we'll move on got to love + + align:start position:0% +it and then we'll move on got to love + + + align:start position:0% +it and then we'll move on got to love +the music a true giant of quantum + + align:start position:0% +the music a true giant of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +the music a true giant of quantum +Revolution was Warner + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Heisenberg and from the vagueness of + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg and from the vagueness of + + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg and from the vagueness of +positions of electrons in De bry's + + align:start position:0% +positions of electrons in De bry's + + + align:start position:0% +positions of electrons in De bry's +standing wave orbits he drew a + + align:start position:0% +standing wave orbits he drew a + + + align:start position:0% +standing wave orbits he drew a +tremendous Insight which he stated like + + align:start position:0% +tremendous Insight which he stated like + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous Insight which he stated like +this the more precisely the position is + + align:start position:0% +this the more precisely the position is + + + align:start position:0% +this the more precisely the position is +determined the less precisely the + + align:start position:0% +determined the less precisely the + + + align:start position:0% +determined the less precisely the +momentum is + + align:start position:0% +momentum is + + + align:start position:0% +momentum is +known and vice + + align:start position:0% +known and vice + + + align:start position:0% +known and vice +versa and while it may sound like a + + align:start position:0% +versa and while it may sound like a + + + align:start position:0% +versa and while it may sound like a +bunch of gobl it was the Insight + + align:start position:0% +bunch of gobl it was the Insight + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of gobl it was the Insight +necessary to understand how an object + + align:start position:0% +necessary to understand how an object + + + align:start position:0% +necessary to understand how an object +can be both a particle and a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wave this single statement led to the + + align:start position:0% +wave this single statement led to the + + + align:start position:0% +wave this single statement led to the +understanding that subatomic particles + + align:start position:0% +understanding that subatomic particles + + + align:start position:0% +understanding that subatomic particles +can disappear and reappear in another + + align:start position:0% +can disappear and reappear in another + + + align:start position:0% +can disappear and reappear in another +place that's really weird and they can + + align:start position:0% +place that's really weird and they can + + + align:start position:0% +place that's really weird and they can +do this without existing in the + + align:start position:0% +do this without existing in the + + + align:start position:0% +do this without existing in the +intervening space that's really + + align:start position:0% +intervening space that's really + + + align:start position:0% +intervening space that's really +weird when an electron is trapped inside + + align:start position:0% +weird when an electron is trapped inside + + + align:start position:0% +weird when an electron is trapped inside +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +atom the places it can disappear and + + align:start position:0% +atom the places it can disappear and + + + align:start position:0% +atom the places it can disappear and +reappear include specific locations + + align:start position:0% +reappear include specific locations + + + align:start position:0% +reappear include specific locations +around the + + align:start position:0% +around the + + + align:start position:0% +around the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +nucleus and that makes it look like a + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and that makes it look like a + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and that makes it look like a +shell basic particles can also be in + + align:start position:0% +shell basic particles can also be in + + + align:start position:0% +shell basic particles can also be in +more than one place at a time if the + + align:start position:0% +more than one place at a time if the + + + align:start position:0% +more than one place at a time if the +time is brief enough + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an electron can travel from here to + + align:start position:0% +an electron can travel from here to + + + align:start position:0% +an electron can travel from here to +there along all possible paths + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simultaneously and even more astounding + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously and even more astounding + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously and even more astounding +these particles can appear out of the + + align:start position:0% +these particles can appear out of the + + + align:start position:0% +these particles can appear out of the +nothingness of + + align:start position:0% +nothingness of + + + align:start position:0% +nothingness of +space exist for an extremely brief + + align:start position:0% +space exist for an extremely brief + + + align:start position:0% +space exist for an extremely brief +instant and then + + align:start position:0% +instant and then + + + align:start position:0% +instant and then +disappear scientists call them virtual + + align:start position:0% +disappear scientists call them virtual + + + align:start position:0% +disappear scientists call them virtual +particles they may be virtual but they + + align:start position:0% +particles they may be virtual but they + + + align:start position:0% +particles they may be virtual but they +can have very real effect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all this jumping around makes particle + + align:start position:0% +all this jumping around makes particle + + + align:start position:0% +all this jumping around makes particle +description so in + + align:start position:0% +description so in + + + align:start position:0% +description so in +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +exact but then existence itself is in + + align:start position:0% +exact but then existence itself is in + + + align:start position:0% +exact but then existence itself is in +exact at these tiny + + align:start position:0% +exact at these tiny + + + align:start position:0% +exact at these tiny +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +scales the question is often + + align:start position:0% +scales the question is often + + + align:start position:0% +scales the question is often +asked what is it that is waving when a + + align:start position:0% +asked what is it that is waving when a + + + align:start position:0% +asked what is it that is waving when a +particle is described as a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wave and after a lot of hem huling + + align:start position:0% +wave and after a lot of hem huling + + + align:start position:0% +wave and after a lot of hem huling +around the issue the right answer is + + align:start position:0% +around the issue the right answer is + + + align:start position:0% +around the issue the right answer is +existence is + + align:start position:0% +existence is + + + align:start position:0% +existence is +waving deep the particle is jumping + + align:start position:0% +waving deep the particle is jumping + + + align:start position:0% +waving deep the particle is jumping +around coming into and out of + + align:start position:0% +around coming into and out of + + + align:start position:0% +around coming into and out of +existence and those places where the + + align:start position:0% +existence and those places where the + + + align:start position:0% +existence and those places where the +wave Crest are maximum are the places + + align:start position:0% +wave Crest are maximum are the places + + + align:start position:0% +wave Crest are maximum are the places +where the particle + + align:start position:0% +where the particle + + + align:start position:0% +where the particle +materializes most of the + + align:start position:0% +materializes most of the + + + align:start position:0% +materializes most of the +time while the places where the crest + + align:start position:0% +time while the places where the crest + + + align:start position:0% +time while the places where the crest +are minimum are the places the particle + + align:start position:0% +are minimum are the places the particle + + + align:start position:0% +are minimum are the places the particle +avoids the wave is a map of the particle + + align:start position:0% +avoids the wave is a map of the particle + + + align:start position:0% +avoids the wave is a map of the particle +existence and as the wave changes the + + align:start position:0% +existence and as the wave changes the + + + align:start position:0% +existence and as the wave changes the +particle changes as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well there you go I I I love these kinds + + align:start position:0% +well there you go I I I love these kinds + + + align:start position:0% +well there you go I I I love these kinds +of videos and not just for the + + align:start position:0% +of videos and not just for the + + + align:start position:0% +of videos and not just for the +soundtracks because those are pretty + + align:start position:0% +soundtracks because those are pretty + + + align:start position:0% +soundtracks because those are pretty +cool but um I I I think that you know so + + align:start position:0% +cool but um I I I think that you know so + + + align:start position:0% +cool but um I I I think that you know so +he got a little bit ahead of where I + + align:start position:0% +he got a little bit ahead of where I + + + align:start position:0% +he got a little bit ahead of where I +want to be but does everybody see that + + align:start position:0% +want to be but does everybody see that + + + align:start position:0% +want to be but does everybody see that +like that weirdness is everybody getting + + align:start position:0% +like that weirdness is everybody getting + + + align:start position:0% +like that weirdness is everybody getting +a feel for it okay he said something + + align:start position:0% +a feel for it okay he said something + + + align:start position:0% +a feel for it okay he said something +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +mindblowing he said what did what did he + + align:start position:0% +mindblowing he said what did what did he + + + align:start position:0% +mindblowing he said what did what did he +say that I said was really deep anybody + + align:start position:0% +say that I said was really deep anybody + + + align:start position:0% +say that I said was really deep anybody +remember exist existence is well yeah oh + + align:start position:0% +remember exist existence is well yeah oh + + + align:start position:0% +remember exist existence is well yeah oh +actually there were so many things + + align:start position:0% +actually there were so many things + + + align:start position:0% +actually there were so many things +you're going to have to see this again + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have to see this again + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have to see this again +right and again this is one of those + + align:start position:0% +right and again this is one of those + + + align:start position:0% +right and again this is one of those +things you take this with Dr Quantum was + + align:start position:0% +things you take this with Dr Quantum was + + + align:start position:0% +things you take this with Dr Quantum was +it Dr Quantum you take this video with + + align:start position:0% +it Dr Quantum you take this video with + + + align:start position:0% +it Dr Quantum you take this video with +you too to the bars to the dorms I don't + + align:start position:0% +you too to the bars to the dorms I don't + + + align:start position:0% +you too to the bars to the dorms I don't +you know wherever you're going to do + + align:start position:0% +you know wherever you're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +you know wherever you're going to do +your next social thing and you just you + + align:start position:0% +your next social thing and you just you + + + align:start position:0% +your next social thing and you just you +know you just see what the response is + + align:start position:0% +know you just see what the response is + + + align:start position:0% +know you just see what the response is +you you ask what they can + + align:start position:0% +you you ask what they can + + + align:start position:0% +you you ask what they can +you know what their opinion is and it's + + align:start position:0% +you know what their opinion is and it's + + + align:start position:0% +you know what their opinion is and it's +a great way to engage with people + + align:start position:0% +a great way to engage with people + + + align:start position:0% +a great way to engage with people +yeah is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry that is a good um question and yes + + align:start position:0% +sorry that is a good um question and yes + + + align:start position:0% +sorry that is a good um question and yes +I mean it's changing though all the time + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's changing though all the time + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's changing though all the time +but it exists all the time yeah here's + + align:start position:0% +but it exists all the time yeah here's + + + align:start position:0% +but it exists all the time yeah here's +the thing though did anybody catch the + + align:start position:0% +the thing though did anybody catch the + + + align:start position:0% +the thing though did anybody catch the +other thing that's going on here I'm + + align:start position:0% +other thing that's going on here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +other thing that's going on here I'm +going to talk about this the end today + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about this the end today + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about this the end today +but okay that's yeah I don't even can't + + align:start position:0% +but okay that's yeah I don't even can't + + + align:start position:0% +but okay that's yeah I don't even can't +even go there that's so crazy what + + align:start position:0% +even go there that's so crazy what + + + align:start position:0% +even go there that's so crazy what +else yeah vertical particles vertical + + align:start position:0% +else yeah vertical particles vertical + + + align:start position:0% +else yeah vertical particles vertical +particles vacuum fluctuations oh we're + + align:start position:0% +particles vacuum fluctuations oh we're + + + align:start position:0% +particles vacuum fluctuations oh we're +not going there either + + align:start position:0% +not going there either + + + align:start position:0% +not going there either +mindblowing I mean in quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +mindblowing I mean in quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +mindblowing I mean in quantum mechanics +stuff actually appears out of nowhere + + align:start position:0% +stuff actually appears out of nowhere + + + align:start position:0% +stuff actually appears out of nowhere +out of nothing you get something and + + align:start position:0% +out of nothing you get something and + + + align:start position:0% +out of nothing you get something and +then it disappears those are called + + align:start position:0% +then it disappears those are called + + + align:start position:0% +then it disappears those are called +vacuum fluctuations right what else + + align:start position:0% +vacuum fluctuations right what else + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum fluctuations right what else +though but it's all related to this + + align:start position:0% +though but it's all related to this + + + align:start position:0% +though but it's all related to this +basically what he said is + + align:start position:0% +basically what he said is + + + align:start position:0% +basically what he said is +that particles can disappear and then + + align:start position:0% +that particles can disappear and then + + + align:start position:0% +that particles can disappear and then +reappear somewhere else and actually if + + align:start position:0% +reappear somewhere else and actually if + + + align:start position:0% +reappear somewhere else and actually if +you take field Theory which I really + + align:start position:0% +you take field Theory which I really + + + align:start position:0% +you take field Theory which I really +don't recommend for most + + align:start position:0% +don't recommend for most + + + align:start position:0% +don't recommend for most +people I had a I still remember my final + + align:start position:0% +people I had a I still remember my final + + + align:start position:0% +people I had a I still remember my final +exam in field Theory it was 90 pages + + align:start position:0% +exam in field Theory it was 90 pages + + + align:start position:0% +exam in field Theory it was 90 pages +long it was a 24 hour take-home + + align:start position:0% +long it was a 24 hour take-home + + + align:start position:0% +long it was a 24 hour take-home +exam um yeah uh anyway I still remember + + align:start position:0% +exam um yeah uh anyway I still remember + + + align:start position:0% +exam um yeah uh anyway I still remember +asking my field Theory teacher in + + align:start position:0% +asking my field Theory teacher in + + + align:start position:0% +asking my field Theory teacher in +graduate school why um how can that be + + align:start position:0% +graduate school why um how can that be + + + align:start position:0% +graduate school why um how can that be +how can a particle disappear because + + align:start position:0% +how can a particle disappear because + + + align:start position:0% +how can a particle disappear because +basically when you get down to it that's + + align:start position:0% +basically when you get down to it that's + + + align:start position:0% +basically when you get down to it that's +pretty much how things move at the very + + align:start position:0% +pretty much how things move at the very + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much how things move at the very +smallest scales they disappear and then + + align:start position:0% +smallest scales they disappear and then + + + align:start position:0% +smallest scales they disappear and then +they reappear that's what the math tells + + align:start position:0% +they reappear that's what the math tells + + + align:start position:0% +they reappear that's what the math tells +us at least how can that be right I + + align:start position:0% +us at least how can that be right I + + + align:start position:0% +us at least how can that be right I +didn't get an answer they don't because + + align:start position:0% +didn't get an answer they don't because + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get an answer they don't because +these this gets like deep right it's + + align:start position:0% +these this gets like deep right it's + + + align:start position:0% +these this gets like deep right it's +really cool and really mind-blowing and + + align:start position:0% +really cool and really mind-blowing and + + + align:start position:0% +really cool and really mind-blowing and +we just don't really know we don't + + align:start position:0% +we just don't really know we don't + + + align:start position:0% +we just don't really know we don't +connect it so much anymore in the + + align:start position:0% +connect it so much anymore in the + + + align:start position:0% +connect it so much anymore in the +classrooms to the mindblowing + + align:start position:0% +classrooms to the mindblowing + + + align:start position:0% +classrooms to the mindblowing +awesomeness of it all but I love it okay + + align:start position:0% +awesomeness of it all but I love it okay + + + align:start position:0% +awesomeness of it all but I love it okay +now I'll get to that towards the end + + align:start position:0% +now I'll get to that towards the end + + + align:start position:0% +now I'll get to that towards the end +I'll talk come back to that + + align:start position:0% +I'll talk come back to that + + + align:start position:0% +I'll talk come back to that +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um now what we need so we have these + + align:start position:0% +um now what we need so we have these + + + align:start position:0% +um now what we need so we have these +waves we know that particles are waves + + align:start position:0% +waves we know that particles are waves + + + align:start position:0% +waves we know that particles are waves +and waves are particles and we know that + + align:start position:0% +and waves are particles and we know that + + + align:start position:0% +and waves are particles and we know that +the particles we care about in this part + + align:start position:0% +the particles we care about in this part + + + align:start position:0% +the particles we care about in this part +of the class are going to have to be + + align:start position:0% +of the class are going to have to be + + + align:start position:0% +of the class are going to have to be +described by a wave how do we talk + + align:start position:0% +described by a wave how do we talk + + + align:start position:0% +described by a wave how do we talk +what's the f equals ma of that Wave It's + + align:start position:0% +what's the f equals ma of that Wave It's + + + align:start position:0% +what's the f equals ma of that Wave It's +dictated by it's the shinger equation + + align:start position:0% +dictated by it's the shinger equation + + + align:start position:0% +dictated by it's the shinger equation +that's that's it that's RF equals ma + + align:start position:0% +that's that's it that's RF equals ma + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's it that's RF equals ma +it's telling us us how this wave is + + align:start position:0% +it's telling us us how this wave is + + + align:start position:0% +it's telling us us how this wave is +going to change in time and + + align:start position:0% +going to change in time and + + + align:start position:0% +going to change in time and +space um and so we talked about that and + + align:start position:0% +space um and so we talked about that and + + + align:start position:0% +space um and so we talked about that and +and and we basically um just wrote this + + align:start position:0% +and and we basically um just wrote this + + + align:start position:0% +and and we basically um just wrote this +down and said this is the equation we're + + align:start position:0% +down and said this is the equation we're + + + align:start position:0% +down and said this is the equation we're +not going to go into sort of the details + + align:start position:0% +not going to go into sort of the details + + + align:start position:0% +not going to go into sort of the details +of where it comes from but um there's so + + align:start position:0% +of where it comes from but um there's so + + + align:start position:0% +of where it comes from but um there's so +many places where you can read more + + align:start position:0% +many places where you can read more + + + align:start position:0% +many places where you can read more +about that but this is our governing + + align:start position:0% +about that but this is our governing + + + align:start position:0% +about that but this is our governing +equation um and basically what you have + + align:start position:0% +equation um and basically what you have + + + align:start position:0% +equation um and basically what you have +is a kind of kinetic energy of the wave + + align:start position:0% +is a kind of kinetic energy of the wave + + + align:start position:0% +is a kind of kinetic energy of the wave +that's this Del squ thing kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +that's this Del squ thing kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +that's this Del squ thing kinetic energy +operator and a potential and that + + align:start position:0% +operator and a potential and that + + + align:start position:0% +operator and a potential and that +together we call H we call the + + align:start position:0% +together we call H we call the + + + align:start position:0% +together we call H we call the +hamiltonian that's got its own special + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian that's got its own special + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian that's got its own special +name okay because just like t plus v in + + align:start position:0% +name okay because just like t plus v in + + + align:start position:0% +name okay because just like t plus v in +classical physics is the energy we + + align:start position:0% +classical physics is the energy we + + + align:start position:0% +classical physics is the energy we +consider this thing h^2 over 2m d s plus + + align:start position:0% +consider this thing h^2 over 2m d s plus + + + align:start position:0% +consider this thing h^2 over 2m d s plus +v to be the energy that's + + align:start position:0% +v to be the energy that's + + + align:start position:0% +v to be the energy that's +H but it has to act on the wave function + + align:start position:0% +H but it has to act on the wave function + + + align:start position:0% +H but it has to act on the wave function +in order to get that energy and that's + + align:start position:0% +in order to get that energy and that's + + + align:start position:0% +in order to get that energy and that's +basically what the sh equation is + + align:start position:0% +basically what the sh equation is + + + align:start position:0% +basically what the sh equation is +because we said well we're going to say + + align:start position:0% +because we said well we're going to say + + + align:start position:0% +because we said well we're going to say +that H doesn't depend on time usually + + align:start position:0% +that H doesn't depend on time usually + + + align:start position:0% +that H doesn't depend on time usually +for the things we care about and if it + + align:start position:0% +for the things we care about and if it + + + align:start position:0% +for the things we care about and if it +doesn't depend on time then we can get + + align:start position:0% +doesn't depend on time then we can get + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't depend on time then we can get +rid of the T here okay and we can + + align:start position:0% +rid of the T here okay and we can + + + align:start position:0% +rid of the T here okay and we can +separate the time dependence out which + + align:start position:0% +separate the time dependence out which + + + align:start position:0% +separate the time dependence out which +is what we do and we're left with um HS + + align:start position:0% +is what we do and we're left with um HS + + + align:start position:0% +is what we do and we're left with um HS +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +e okay which is the equation we need to + + align:start position:0% +e okay which is the equation we need to + + + align:start position:0% +e okay which is the equation we need to +solve and I'll come back to it in a + + align:start position:0% +solve and I'll come back to it in a + + + align:start position:0% +solve and I'll come back to it in a +second here's the the bit on shinger I + + align:start position:0% +second here's the the bit on shinger I + + + align:start position:0% +second here's the the bit on shinger I +mentioned that I think is amazing this + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that I think is amazing this + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that I think is amazing this +is again from Wikipedia um you see he + + align:start position:0% +is again from Wikipedia um you see he + + + align:start position:0% +is again from Wikipedia um you see he +found the standing waves + + align:start position:0% +found the standing waves + + + align:start position:0% +found the standing waves +see there it is show see you found the + + align:start position:0% +see there it is show see you found the + + + align:start position:0% +see there it is show see you found the +standing waves of this relativist + + align:start position:0% +standing waves of this relativist + + + align:start position:0% +standing waves of this relativist +equation but the relativist Corrections + + align:start position:0% +equation but the relativist Corrections + + + align:start position:0% +equation but the relativist Corrections +disagreed with sommerfeld's formula + + align:start position:0% +disagreed with sommerfeld's formula + + + align:start position:0% +disagreed with sommerfeld's formula +discouraged he put away his calculations + + align:start position:0% +discouraged he put away his calculations + + + align:start position:0% +discouraged he put away his calculations +and secluded himself in an isolated + + align:start position:0% +and secluded himself in an isolated + + + align:start position:0% +and secluded himself in an isolated +mountain cabin with a + + align:start position:0% +mountain cabin with a + + + align:start position:0% +mountain cabin with a +lover I find it amazing not the not that + + align:start position:0% +lover I find it amazing not the not that + + + align:start position:0% +lover I find it amazing not the not that +part but I find it amazing that he + + align:start position:0% +part but I find it amazing that he + + + align:start position:0% +part but I find it amazing that he +actually seriously he had to be + + align:start position:0% +actually seriously he had to be + + + align:start position:0% +actually seriously he had to be +convinced see he came back from the + + align:start position:0% +convinced see he came back from the + + + align:start position:0% +convinced see he came back from the +cabin and he decided that his earlier + + align:start position:0% +cabin and he decided that his earlier + + + align:start position:0% +cabin and he decided that his earlier +calculations were novel enough to + + align:start position:0% +calculations were novel enough to + + + align:start position:0% +calculations were novel enough to +publish + + align:start position:0% +publish + + + align:start position:0% +publish +it's a good thing because it's like + + align:start position:0% +it's a good thing because it's like + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good thing because it's like +pretty much one of the most important + + align:start position:0% +pretty much one of the most important + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much one of the most important +equations of the last century um and um + + align:start position:0% +equations of the last century um and um + + + align:start position:0% +equations of the last century um and um +and and it's the it's the equation we + + align:start position:0% +and and it's the it's the equation we + + + align:start position:0% +and and it's the it's the equation we +will be solving that's why I think this + + align:start position:0% +will be solving that's why I think this + + + align:start position:0% +will be solving that's why I think this +history is is + + align:start position:0% +history is is + + + align:start position:0% +history is is +interesting okay so there it is so we + + align:start position:0% +interesting okay so there it is so we + + + align:start position:0% +interesting okay so there it is so we +have we talked about how you can take + + align:start position:0% +have we talked about how you can take + + + align:start position:0% +have we talked about how you can take +the F out um because you if it's if H + + align:start position:0% +the F out um because you if it's if H + + + align:start position:0% +the F out um because you if it's if H +doesn't depend on time then you can just + + align:start position:0% +doesn't depend on time then you can just + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't depend on time then you can just +set them equal to a + + align:start position:0% +set them equal to a + + + align:start position:0% +set them equal to a +constant right you can set each side + + align:start position:0% +constant right you can set each side + + + align:start position:0% +constant right you can set each side +having its own function dependent on its + + align:start position:0% +having its own function dependent on its + + + align:start position:0% +having its own function dependent on its +own variable R and T in this case and + + align:start position:0% +own variable R and T in this case and + + + align:start position:0% +own variable R and T in this case and +they equal a constant and then you get + + align:start position:0% +they equal a constant and then you get + + + align:start position:0% +they equal a constant and then you get +the Sher equation we care about which is + + align:start position:0% +the Sher equation we care about which is + + + align:start position:0% +the Sher equation we care about which is +the one we be solving which is H equals + + align:start position:0% +the one we be solving which is H equals + + + align:start position:0% +the one we be solving which is H equals +e + + align:start position:0% +e + + + align:start position:0% +e +okay now uh and then we did this and we + + align:start position:0% +okay now uh and then we did this and we + + + align:start position:0% +okay now uh and then we did this and we +said well how do you solve it well okay + + align:start position:0% +said well how do you solve it well okay + + + align:start position:0% +said well how do you solve it well okay +what if you have a very simple particle + + align:start position:0% +what if you have a very simple particle + + + align:start position:0% +what if you have a very simple particle +in a box and the Box walls go up to + + align:start position:0% +in a box and the Box walls go up to + + + align:start position:0% +in a box and the Box walls go up to +Infinity right then you can solve it and + + align:start position:0% +Infinity right then you can solve it and + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity right then you can solve it and +it's because you have basically the + + align:start position:0% +it's because you have basically the + + + align:start position:0% +it's because you have basically the +particle is either between zero and L + + align:start position:0% +particle is either between zero and L + + + align:start position:0% +particle is either between zero and L +in which case here V then V is + + align:start position:0% +in which case here V then V is + + + align:start position:0% +in which case here V then V is +zero okay and so you get this equation + + align:start position:0% +zero okay and so you get this equation + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay and so you get this equation +or it's at it's it's out here in this + + align:start position:0% +or it's at it's it's out here in this + + + align:start position:0% +or it's at it's it's out here in this +region in which case v is infinity which + + align:start position:0% +region in which case v is infinity which + + + align:start position:0% +region in which case v is infinity which +means s has to be zero that's the only + + align:start position:0% +means s has to be zero that's the only + + + align:start position:0% +means s has to be zero that's the only +solution okay and then so when you so + + align:start position:0% +solution okay and then so when you so + + + align:start position:0% +solution okay and then so when you so +this is sort of the interesting part and + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of the interesting part and + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of the interesting part and +when you look at this you see that this + + align:start position:0% +when you look at this you see that this + + + align:start position:0% +when you look at this you see that this +the general solution is signs and + + align:start position:0% +the general solution is signs and + + + align:start position:0% +the general solution is signs and +cosines so we did that but then there + + align:start position:0% +cosines so we did that but then there + + + align:start position:0% +cosines so we did that but then there +was the very important thing that + + align:start position:0% +was the very important thing that + + + align:start position:0% +was the very important thing that +happened + + align:start position:0% +happened + + + align:start position:0% +happened +what what is + + align:start position:0% +what what is + + + align:start position:0% +what what is +it so oh and you get a solution for E + + align:start position:0% +it so oh and you get a solution for E + + + align:start position:0% +it so oh and you get a solution for E +once you say the general solution you + + align:start position:0% +once you say the general solution you + + + align:start position:0% +once you say the general solution you +get a solution for E so this is just a + + align:start position:0% +get a solution for E so this is just a + + + align:start position:0% +get a solution for E so this is just a +standing wave and you get a solution for + + align:start position:0% +standing wave and you get a solution for + + + align:start position:0% +standing wave and you get a solution for +E which depends on k + + align:start position:0% +E which depends on k + + + align:start position:0% +E which depends on k +s but what's really important that we + + align:start position:0% +s but what's really important that we + + + align:start position:0% +s but what's really important that we +did + + align:start position:0% +did + + + align:start position:0% +did +next and that does that's yes and what + + align:start position:0% +next and that does that's yes and what + + + align:start position:0% +next and that does that's yes and what +did that + + align:start position:0% +did that + + + align:start position:0% +did that +do quantizes it makes it once you have + + align:start position:0% +do quantizes it makes it once you have + + + align:start position:0% +do quantizes it makes it once you have +the boundary conditions it limits what + + align:start position:0% +the boundary conditions it limits what + + + align:start position:0% +the boundary conditions it limits what +this can be is we didn't limit it until + + align:start position:0% +this can be is we didn't limit it until + + + align:start position:0% +this can be is we didn't limit it until +we applied the boundary conditions then + + align:start position:0% +we applied the boundary conditions then + + + align:start position:0% +we applied the boundary conditions then +we applied the boundary conditions and + + align:start position:0% +we applied the boundary conditions and + + + align:start position:0% +we applied the boundary conditions and +boom this thing is quantized and out + + align:start position:0% +boom this thing is quantized and out + + + align:start position:0% +boom this thing is quantized and out +from that drops such a relief for the + + align:start position:0% +from that drops such a relief for the + + + align:start position:0% +from that drops such a relief for the +world which can exist for more than 10 + + align:start position:0% +world which can exist for more than 10 + + + align:start position:0% +world which can exist for more than 10 +minus 12 + + align:start position:0% +minus 12 + + + align:start position:0% +minus 12 +seconds right because that quantization + + align:start position:0% +seconds right because that quantization + + + align:start position:0% +seconds right because that quantization +is in fact the answer it's that those + + align:start position:0% +is in fact the answer it's that those + + + align:start position:0% +is in fact the answer it's that those +electrons can only be at certain + + align:start position:0% +electrons can only be at certain + + + align:start position:0% +electrons can only be at certain +energies they + + align:start position:0% +energies they + + + align:start position:0% +energies they +cannot they cannot radiate energy off of + + align:start position:0% +cannot they cannot radiate energy off of + + + align:start position:0% +cannot they cannot radiate energy off of +the atom + + align:start position:0% +the atom + + + align:start position:0% +the atom +and spiral to the middle because they + + align:start position:0% +and spiral to the middle because they + + + align:start position:0% +and spiral to the middle because they +can't be at another energy except the + + align:start position:0% +can't be at another energy except the + + + align:start position:0% +can't be at another energy except the +one that's in and then the next one + + align:start position:0% +one that's in and then the next one + + + align:start position:0% +one that's in and then the next one +right um and it's real I I think I may + + align:start position:0% +right um and it's real I I think I may + + + align:start position:0% +right um and it's real I I think I may +have shown this on Tuesday that you can + + align:start position:0% +have shown this on Tuesday that you can + + + align:start position:0% +have shown this on Tuesday that you can +actually visualize these um the spatial + + align:start position:0% +actually visualize these um the spatial + + + align:start position:0% +actually visualize these um the spatial +extent of the orbitals and I put some + + align:start position:0% +extent of the orbitals and I put some + + + align:start position:0% +extent of the orbitals and I put some +more um you know this is actually + + align:start position:0% +more um you know this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +more um you know this is actually +cuttingedge research visualizing the + + align:start position:0% +cuttingedge research visualizing the + + + align:start position:0% +cuttingedge research visualizing the +shape of electrons is not easy but it + + align:start position:0% +shape of electrons is not easy but it + + + align:start position:0% +shape of electrons is not easy but it +can be done there's been some really U + + align:start position:0% +can be done there's been some really U + + + align:start position:0% +can be done there's been some really U +phenomenal uh breakthrough experiments + + align:start position:0% +phenomenal uh breakthrough experiments + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenal uh breakthrough experiments +this was in Scientific American a decade + + align:start position:0% +this was in Scientific American a decade + + + align:start position:0% +this was in Scientific American a decade +ago now I want to move from particle in + + align:start position:0% +ago now I want to move from particle in + + + align:start position:0% +ago now I want to move from particle in +a box to real + + align:start position:0% +a box to real + + + align:start position:0% +a box to real +stuff and and the first real stuff + + align:start position:0% +stuff and and the first real stuff + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and and the first real stuff +that's that's relevant is hydrogen and + + align:start position:0% +that's that's relevant is hydrogen and + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's relevant is hydrogen and +it is actually it's only one element and + + align:start position:0% +it is actually it's only one element and + + + align:start position:0% +it is actually it's only one element and +I sort of mentioned last time that it's + + align:start position:0% +I sort of mentioned last time that it's + + + align:start position:0% +I sort of mentioned last time that it's +not necessarily useful enough to do same + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily useful enough to do same + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily useful enough to do same +materials engineering um and so you'd + + align:start position:0% +materials engineering um and so you'd + + + align:start position:0% +materials engineering um and so you'd +like to have a little bit more of the + + align:start position:0% +like to have a little bit more of the + + + align:start position:0% +like to have a little bit more of the +periodic table that's true but you'll + + align:start position:0% +periodic table that's true but you'll + + + align:start position:0% +periodic table that's true but you'll +see that with hydrogen alone we get our + + align:start position:0% +see that with hydrogen alone we get our + + + align:start position:0% +see that with hydrogen alone we get our +answers to so many questions about the + + align:start position:0% +answers to so many questions about the + + + align:start position:0% +answers to so many questions about the +whole periodic table + + align:start position:0% +whole periodic table + + + align:start position:0% +whole periodic table +okay and it's a it is a real useful + + align:start position:0% +okay and it's a it is a real useful + + + align:start position:0% +okay and it's a it is a real useful +material how much of the universe is + + align:start position:0% +material how much of the universe is + + + align:start position:0% +material how much of the universe is +made of hydrogen does anybody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know how + + align:start position:0% +know how + + + align:start position:0% +know how +much that's a really good guess it's + + align:start position:0% +much that's a really good guess it's + + + align:start position:0% +much that's a really good guess it's +about 75% that's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +about 75% that's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +about 75% that's a lot of +hydrogen now how much of that is in + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen now how much of that is in + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen now how much of that is in +usable form on Earth for hydro for the + + align:start position:0% +usable form on Earth for hydro for the + + + align:start position:0% +usable form on Earth for hydro for the +hydrogen economy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +much hydrogen is usable for hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +much hydrogen is usable for hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +much hydrogen is usable for hydrogen +power cars on this planet right now in + + align:start position:0% +power cars on this planet right now in + + + align:start position:0% +power cars on this planet right now in +immediate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form + + align:start position:0% +form + + + align:start position:0% +form +zero zero that's part one of the + + align:start position:0% +zero zero that's part one of the + + + align:start position:0% +zero zero that's part one of the +hydrogen economy problem you got to make + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen economy problem you got to make + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen economy problem you got to make +the hydrogen there isn't anymore right + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen there isn't anymore right + + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen there isn't anymore right +it's too light this this this planet's + + align:start position:0% +it's too light this this this planet's + + + align:start position:0% +it's too light this this this planet's +gravity couldn't hold it so anything + + align:start position:0% +gravity couldn't hold it so anything + + + align:start position:0% +gravity couldn't hold it so anything +that was free left or bonded to + + align:start position:0% +that was free left or bonded to + + + align:start position:0% +that was free left or bonded to +something else you got to make the + + align:start position:0% +something else you got to make the + + + align:start position:0% +something else you got to make the +hydrogen right what's part two of the + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen right what's part two of the + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen right what's part two of the +hydrogen economy + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen economy + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen economy +problem storing it so you got two big + + align:start position:0% +problem storing it so you got two big + + + align:start position:0% +problem storing it so you got two big +problems with a hydrogen economy doesn't + + align:start position:0% +problems with a hydrogen economy doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +problems with a hydrogen economy doesn't +I'm not saying it's not worth looking at + + align:start position:0% +I'm not saying it's not worth looking at + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not saying it's not worth looking at +um we will not be driving around this + + align:start position:0% +um we will not be driving around this + + + align:start position:0% +um we will not be driving around this +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +um but um I love I I'll talk a little + + align:start position:0% +um but um I love I I'll talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +um but um I love I I'll talk a little +bit more about hydrogen I just I love + + align:start position:0% +bit more about hydrogen I just I love + + + align:start position:0% +bit more about hydrogen I just I love +being a little I love motivating the + + align:start position:0% +being a little I love motivating the + + + align:start position:0% +being a little I love motivating the +topic we're about to go into and um + + align:start position:0% +topic we're about to go into and um + + + align:start position:0% +topic we're about to go into and um +since I want to talk about the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +since I want to talk about the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +since I want to talk about the hydrogen +atom I will talk a little more about + + align:start position:0% +atom I will talk a little more about + + + align:start position:0% +atom I will talk a little more about +hydrogen storage materials and we will + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen storage materials and we will + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen storage materials and we will +calculate some properties of them using + + align:start position:0% +calculate some properties of them using + + + align:start position:0% +calculate some properties of them using +quantum mechanics um but I love this the + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics um but I love this the + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics um but I love this the +history of hydrogen is a very + + align:start position:0% +history of hydrogen is a very + + + align:start position:0% +history of hydrogen is a very +interesting one but I love going back to + + align:start position:0% +interesting one but I love going back to + + + align:start position:0% +interesting one but I love going back to +Jules Vern in + + align:start position:0% +Jules Vern in + + + align:start position:0% +Jules Vern in +1874 Jules ver said I believe that one + + align:start position:0% +1874 Jules ver said I believe that one + + + align:start position:0% +1874 Jules ver said I believe that one +day hydrogen and oxygen with together + + align:start position:0% +day hydrogen and oxygen with together + + + align:start position:0% +day hydrogen and oxygen with together +form water will be used used either + + align:start position:0% +form water will be used used either + + + align:start position:0% +form water will be used used either +alone or together as an inexhaustible + + align:start position:0% +alone or together as an inexhaustible + + + align:start position:0% +alone or together as an inexhaustible +source of heat and light I love that + + align:start position:0% +source of heat and light I love that + + + align:start position:0% +source of heat and light I love that +anyway we're not there not even close I + + align:start position:0% +anyway we're not there not even close I + + + align:start position:0% +anyway we're not there not even close I +think you know a hydrogen economy is a + + align:start position:0% +think you know a hydrogen economy is a + + + align:start position:0% +think you know a hydrogen economy is a +possibility um and I think there's + + align:start position:0% +possibility um and I think there's + + + align:start position:0% +possibility um and I think there's +there's some great research going on and + + align:start position:0% +there's some great research going on and + + + align:start position:0% +there's some great research going on and +it should stay as research for at least + + align:start position:0% +it should stay as research for at least + + + align:start position:0% +it should stay as research for at least +another 30 40 years I'll come back to um + + align:start position:0% +another 30 40 years I'll come back to um + + + align:start position:0% +another 30 40 years I'll come back to um +it's going to need about that much + + align:start position:0% +it's going to need about that much + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to need about that much +research to really make an impact in the + + align:start position:0% +research to really make an impact in the + + + align:start position:0% +research to really make an impact in the +energy clim energy scene um I'll come + + align:start position:0% +energy clim energy scene um I'll come + + + align:start position:0% +energy clim energy scene um I'll come +back to that later so here so that's a + + align:start position:0% +back to that later so here so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +back to that later so here so that's a +little motivation for + + align:start position:0% +little motivation for + + + align:start position:0% +little motivation for +hydrogen now here it is hydrogen has a + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen now here it is hydrogen has a + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen now here it is hydrogen has a +proton and electron and it's got some + + align:start position:0% +proton and electron and it's got some + + + align:start position:0% +proton and electron and it's got some +distance that that electron sits away + + align:start position:0% +distance that that electron sits away + + + align:start position:0% +distance that that electron sits away +from the + + align:start position:0% +from the + + + align:start position:0% +from the +proton what do I need to know well I I + + align:start position:0% +proton what do I need to know well I I + + + align:start position:0% +proton what do I need to know well I I +need to know the + + align:start position:0% +need to know the + + + align:start position:0% +need to know the +potential right so what's the potential + + align:start position:0% +potential right so what's the potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential right so what's the potential +here between these two charges + + align:start position:0% +here between these two charges + + + align:start position:0% +here between these two charges +one's negative one's positive they feel + + align:start position:0% +one's negative one's positive they feel + + + align:start position:0% +one's negative one's positive they feel +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +attraction How does it go with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +r yeah it goes as one/ R right so now + + align:start position:0% +r yeah it goes as one/ R right so now + + + align:start position:0% +r yeah it goes as one/ R right so now +that I got it I got my V I got my V it's + + align:start position:0% +that I got it I got my V I got my V it's + + + align:start position:0% +that I got it I got my V I got my V it's +the the potential that charges F and + + align:start position:0% +the the potential that charges F and + + + align:start position:0% +the the potential that charges F and +that's got to go now into this shinger + + align:start position:0% +that's got to go now into this shinger + + + align:start position:0% +that's got to go now into this shinger +equation which I then need to solve and + + align:start position:0% +equation which I then need to solve and + + + align:start position:0% +equation which I then need to solve and +that'll tell me what the wave functions + + align:start position:0% +that'll tell me what the wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +that'll tell me what the wave functions +the possible wave functions are okay and + + align:start position:0% +the possible wave functions are okay and + + + align:start position:0% +the possible wave functions are okay and +so here's what it looks like see we had + + align:start position:0% +so here's what it looks like see we had + + + align:start position:0% +so here's what it looks like see we had +H side equals e side that's our Master + + align:start position:0% +H side equals e side that's our Master + + + align:start position:0% +H side equals e side that's our Master +equation then we said well that's the + + align:start position:0% +equation then we said well that's the + + + align:start position:0% +equation then we said well that's the +kinetic plus potential and then we said + + align:start position:0% +kinetic plus potential and then we said + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic plus potential and then we said +okay that's the momentum term remember + + align:start position:0% +okay that's the momentum term remember + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's the momentum term remember +talk about Tuesday um which is just a + + align:start position:0% +talk about Tuesday um which is just a + + + align:start position:0% +talk about Tuesday um which is just a +second derivative it's a second partial + + align:start position:0% +second derivative it's a second partial + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative it's a second partial +derivative it's a d squ and plus this + + align:start position:0% +derivative it's a d squ and plus this + + + align:start position:0% +derivative it's a d squ and plus this +potential term which I now put in here + + align:start position:0% +potential term which I now put in here + + + align:start position:0% +potential term which I now put in here +explicitly for the hydrogen atom okay + + align:start position:0% +explicitly for the hydrogen atom okay + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly for the hydrogen atom okay +e^2 4 pepon R and that's the equation I + + align:start position:0% +e^2 4 pepon R and that's the equation I + + + align:start position:0% +e^2 4 pepon R and that's the equation I +need to + + align:start position:0% +need to + + + align:start position:0% +need to +solve and it turns out that you can + + align:start position:0% +solve and it turns out that you can + + + align:start position:0% +solve and it turns out that you can +solve this + + align:start position:0% +solve this + + + align:start position:0% +solve this +exactly you can solve this exactly just + + align:start position:0% +exactly you can solve this exactly just + + + align:start position:0% +exactly you can solve this exactly just +like you could the particle in the Box + + align:start position:0% +like you could the particle in the Box + + + align:start position:0% +like you could the particle in the Box +in with the infinite boundaries and + + align:start position:0% +in with the infinite boundaries and + + + align:start position:0% +in with the infinite boundaries and +that's really cool right so you got an + + align:start position:0% +that's really cool right so you got an + + + align:start position:0% +that's really cool right so you got an +electron you got one particle just one + + align:start position:0% +electron you got one particle just one + + + align:start position:0% +electron you got one particle just one +electron these are these are its spatial + + align:start position:0% +electron these are these are its spatial + + + align:start position:0% +electron these are these are its spatial +coordinates and you can solve for it in + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and you can solve for it in + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and you can solve for it in +this potential in this one over R + + align:start position:0% +this potential in this one over R + + + align:start position:0% +this potential in this one over R +potential exactly and the easy way to do + + align:start position:0% +potential exactly and the easy way to do + + + align:start position:0% +potential exactly and the easy way to do +that is to switch it to spherical + + align:start position:0% +that is to switch it to spherical + + + align:start position:0% +that is to switch it to spherical +coordinates so I won't go through the + + align:start position:0% +coordinates so I won't go through the + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates so I won't go through the +math in detail there's literally like + + align:start position:0% +math in detail there's literally like + + + align:start position:0% +math in detail there's literally like +100 sites and 50 will from alpha apps + + align:start position:0% +100 sites and 50 will from alpha apps + + + align:start position:0% +100 sites and 50 will from alpha apps +you can look at you know that go through + + align:start position:0% +you can look at you know that go through + + + align:start position:0% +you can look at you know that go through +this and really really wonderful + + align:start position:0% +this and really really wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +this and really really wonderful +material on this um but basically the + + align:start position:0% +material on this um but basically the + + + align:start position:0% +material on this um but basically the +the key point is that when you when you + + align:start position:0% +the key point is that when you when you + + + align:start position:0% +the key point is that when you when you +write it in spherical coordinates you + + align:start position:0% +write it in spherical coordinates you + + + align:start position:0% +write it in spherical coordinates you +switch from you know XYZ cartisian to + + align:start position:0% +switch from you know XYZ cartisian to + + + align:start position:0% +switch from you know XYZ cartisian to +spherical coordinates you can actually + + align:start position:0% +spherical coordinates you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +spherical coordinates you can actually +um separate this into + + align:start position:0% +um separate this into + + + align:start position:0% +um separate this into +you know essentially three quantized + + align:start position:0% +you know essentially three quantized + + + align:start position:0% +you know essentially three quantized +problems Theta um R and and + + align:start position:0% +problems Theta um R and and + + + align:start position:0% +problems Theta um R and and +F and you see so you can write s now as + + align:start position:0% +F and you see so you can write s now as + + + align:start position:0% +F and you see so you can write s now as +a function of the r and a function of + + align:start position:0% +a function of the r and a function of + + + align:start position:0% +a function of the r and a function of +the Theta and a function of the FI and + + align:start position:0% +the Theta and a function of the FI and + + + align:start position:0% +the Theta and a function of the FI and +what ends up happening and then so you + + align:start position:0% +what ends up happening and then so you + + + align:start position:0% +what ends up happening and then so you +put that in and there's a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +put that in and there's a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +put that in and there's a little bit of +math it's actually not that much I'm not + + align:start position:0% +math it's actually not that much I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +math it's actually not that much I'm not +going to go through it um but you put + + align:start position:0% +going to go through it um but you put + + + align:start position:0% +going to go through it um but you put +that in and basically just like that + + align:start position:0% +that in and basically just like that + + + align:start position:0% +that in and basically just like that +particle in the Box just like that each + + align:start position:0% +particle in the Box just like that each + + + align:start position:0% +particle in the Box just like that each +one of these variables gets + + align:start position:0% +one of these variables gets + + + align:start position:0% +one of these variables gets +quantized it gets its its own sort of e + + align:start position:0% +quantized it gets its its own sort of e + + + align:start position:0% +quantized it gets its its own sort of e +type term and it gets a quantization + + align:start position:0% +type term and it gets a quantization + + + align:start position:0% +type term and it gets a quantization +okay so these are those these are these + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are those these are these + + + align:start position:0% +okay so these are those these are these +are the equations that it leads to when + + align:start position:0% +are the equations that it leads to when + + + align:start position:0% +are the equations that it leads to when +you do the separation of variables and I + + align:start position:0% +you do the separation of variables and I + + + align:start position:0% +you do the separation of variables and I +think I have yes and the + + align:start position:0% +think I have yes and the + + + align:start position:0% +think I have yes and the +quantization um is I think maybe on the + + align:start position:0% +quantization um is I think maybe on the + + + align:start position:0% +quantization um is I think maybe on the +next page I have the actual energies but + + align:start position:0% +next page I have the actual energies but + + + align:start position:0% +next page I have the actual energies but +the solution remember just like the + + align:start position:0% +the solution remember just like the + + + align:start position:0% +the solution remember just like the +quantization of particle in a box the + + align:start position:0% +quantization of particle in a box the + + + align:start position:0% +quantization of particle in a box the +same here it only can happen you can + + align:start position:0% +same here it only can happen you can + + + align:start position:0% +same here it only can happen you can +only have a solution if in this case + + align:start position:0% +only have a solution if in this case + + + align:start position:0% +only have a solution if in this case +we're going to have a quantum number + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a quantum number + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a quantum number +called n is one two three or something + + align:start position:0% +called n is one two three or something + + + align:start position:0% +called n is one two three or something +else going up or in this case we'll have + + align:start position:0% +else going up or in this case we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +else going up or in this case we'll have +a quantum number called L that's also by + + align:start position:0% +a quantum number called L that's also by + + + align:start position:0% +a quantum number called L that's also by +the way the main quantum number the + + align:start position:0% +the way the main quantum number the + + + align:start position:0% +the way the main quantum number the +orbital quantum number and then we have + + align:start position:0% +orbital quantum number and then we have + + + align:start position:0% +orbital quantum number and then we have +this little Mel which is the magnetic + + align:start position:0% +this little Mel which is the magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +this little Mel which is the magnetic +one how many of you have not seen these + + align:start position:0% +one how many of you have not seen these + + + align:start position:0% +one how many of you have not seen these +so you've all seen these how many of you + + align:start position:0% +so you've all seen these how many of you + + + align:start position:0% +so you've all seen these how many of you +have seen these okay so I'm glad to see + + align:start position:0% +have seen these okay so I'm glad to see + + + align:start position:0% +have seen these okay so I'm glad to see +all the hands go + + align:start position:0% +all the hands go + + + align:start position:0% +all the hands go +up um okay and so that's what you have + + align:start position:0% +up um okay and so that's what you have + + + align:start position:0% +up um okay and so that's what you have +and it's a very special case and how + + align:start position:0% +and it's a very special case and how + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a very special case and how +many of you remember that s stands for + + align:start position:0% +many of you remember that s stands for + + + align:start position:0% +many of you remember that s stands for +Sharp see I forget that seriously how + + align:start position:0% +Sharp see I forget that seriously how + + + align:start position:0% +Sharp see I forget that seriously how +did you all remember this sharp + + align:start position:0% +did you all remember this sharp + + + align:start position:0% +did you all remember this sharp +principle and diffuse and I love F which + + align:start position:0% +principle and diffuse and I love F which + + + align:start position:0% +principle and diffuse and I love F which +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +fundamental so what's I want to know + + align:start position:0% +fundamental so what's I want to know + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental so what's I want to know +what's fundamental about what's not + + align:start position:0% +what's fundamental about what's not + + + align:start position:0% +what's fundamental about what's not +fundamental about silicon which has no F + + align:start position:0% +fundamental about silicon which has no F + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental about silicon which has no F +electrons right anyway I thought that + + align:start position:0% +electrons right anyway I thought that + + + align:start position:0% +electrons right anyway I thought that +was an interesting label um so you know + + align:start position:0% +was an interesting label um so you know + + + align:start position:0% +was an interesting label um so you know +this is how we designate from these + + align:start position:0% +this is how we designate from these + + + align:start position:0% +this is how we designate from these +quantum numbers which come from just + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers which come from just + + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers which come from just +solving the shary equation for one + + align:start position:0% +solving the shary equation for one + + + align:start position:0% +solving the shary equation for one +electron in a one over our potential + + align:start position:0% +electron in a one over our potential + + + align:start position:0% +electron in a one over our potential +that's how we get all of these + + align:start position:0% +that's how we get all of these + + + align:start position:0% +that's how we get all of these +designations that you're used to S + + align:start position:0% +designations that you're used to S + + + align:start position:0% +designations that you're used to S +orbitals P orbitals okay and you see you + + align:start position:0% +orbitals P orbitals okay and you see you + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals P orbitals okay and you see you +get different wave functions you get + + align:start position:0% +get different wave functions you get + + + align:start position:0% +get different wave functions you get +these functions right these same Wiggly + + align:start position:0% +these functions right these same Wiggly + + + align:start position:0% +these functions right these same Wiggly +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +functions that I've been showing you you + + align:start position:0% +functions that I've been showing you you + + + align:start position:0% +functions that I've been showing you you +get for different values of these + + align:start position:0% +get for different values of these + + + align:start position:0% +get for different values of these +quantum + + align:start position:0% +quantum + + + align:start position:0% +quantum +numbers okay and those functions can be + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay and those functions can be + + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay and those functions can be +plotted in space right this is just + + align:start position:0% +plotted in space right this is just + + + align:start position:0% +plotted in space right this is just +given those three given those spherical + + align:start position:0% +given those three given those spherical + + + align:start position:0% +given those three given those spherical +coordinates and the functions of those + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and the functions of those + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and the functions of those +you can plot them and you see that they + + align:start position:0% +you can plot them and you see that they + + + align:start position:0% +you can plot them and you see that they +make really funny + + align:start position:0% +make really funny + + + align:start position:0% +make really funny +shapes + + align:start position:0% +shapes + + + align:start position:0% +shapes +right why is this this so why why is + + align:start position:0% +right why is this this so why why is + + + align:start position:0% +right why is this this so why why is +this so important I said it on Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +this so important I said it on Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +this so important I said it on Tuesday +why is the funniness of those shapes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important yeah because what what am I + + align:start position:0% +important yeah because what what am I + + + align:start position:0% +important yeah because what what am I +looking at actually let's go to the next + + align:start position:0% +looking at actually let's go to the next + + + align:start position:0% +looking at actually let's go to the next +one that's kind of fun what am I looking + + align:start position:0% +one that's kind of fun what am I looking + + + align:start position:0% +one that's kind of fun what am I looking +at here these are + + align:start position:0% +at here these are + + + align:start position:0% +at here these are +the this is the 1 s orbital of hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +the this is the 1 s orbital of hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +the this is the 1 s orbital of hydrogen +2s orbital + + align:start position:0% +2s orbital + + + align:start position:0% +2s orbital +3s 4s okay look at how they're all + + align:start position:0% +3s 4s okay look at how they're all + + + align:start position:0% +3s 4s okay look at how they're all +spheres they're all spherically + + align:start position:0% +spheres they're all spherically + + + align:start position:0% +spheres they're all spherically +symmetric and then you go to the to the + + align:start position:0% +symmetric and then you go to the to the + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric and then you go to the to the +2p orbital and you see that it has a + + align:start position:0% +2p orbital and you see that it has a + + + align:start position:0% +2p orbital and you see that it has a +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +shape right so its function it's w these + + align:start position:0% +shape right so its function it's w these + + + align:start position:0% +shape right so its function it's w these +are wave + + align:start position:0% +are wave + + + align:start position:0% +are wave +functions that's you know remember the + + align:start position:0% +functions that's you know remember the + + + align:start position:0% +functions that's you know remember the +wave function is is what what's the wave + + align:start position:0% +wave function is is what what's the wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave function is is what what's the wave +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +who + + align:start position:0% +who + + + align:start position:0% +who +knows does any of you + + align:start position:0% +knows does any of you + + + align:start position:0% +knows does any of you +know if any of you have some ideas I you + + align:start position:0% +know if any of you have some ideas I you + + + align:start position:0% +know if any of you have some ideas I you +know this is like an open problem an + + align:start position:0% +know this is like an open problem an + + + align:start position:0% +know this is like an open problem an +open + + align:start position:0% +open + + + align:start position:0% +open +discussion but what is interesting about + + align:start position:0% +discussion but what is interesting about + + + align:start position:0% +discussion but what is interesting about +these so these are the way functions + + align:start position:0% +these so these are the way functions + + + align:start position:0% +these so these are the way functions +from that what can I + + align:start position:0% +from that what can I + + + align:start position:0% +from that what can I +get yeah if I do what square + + align:start position:0% +get yeah if I do what square + + + align:start position:0% +get yeah if I do what square +square right so these Landscapes + + align:start position:0% +square right so these Landscapes + + + align:start position:0% +square right so these Landscapes +squared tell + + align:start position:0% +squared tell + + + align:start position:0% +squared tell +me what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where the electron is right and that + + align:start position:0% +where the electron is right and that + + + align:start position:0% +where the electron is right and that +is incredibly important that's it where + + align:start position:0% +is incredibly important that's it where + + + align:start position:0% +is incredibly important that's it where +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +electron well if you are + + align:start position:0% +electron well if you are + + + align:start position:0% +electron well if you are +fundamental as opposed to diffuse you + + align:start position:0% +fundamental as opposed to diffuse you + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental as opposed to diffuse you +have some really bizarre places you can + + align:start position:0% +have some really bizarre places you can + + + align:start position:0% +have some really bizarre places you can +be and not be + + align:start position:0% +be and not be + + + align:start position:0% +be and not be +right you can't be anywhere where this + + align:start position:0% +right you can't be anywhere where this + + + align:start position:0% +right you can't be anywhere where this +isn't that's the point it's a + + align:start position:0% +isn't that's the point it's a + + + align:start position:0% +isn't that's the point it's a +probability + + align:start position:0% +probability + + + align:start position:0% +probability +distribution okay it dictates + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay it dictates + + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay it dictates +basically all the behavior of materials + + align:start position:0% +basically all the behavior of materials + + + align:start position:0% +basically all the behavior of materials +comes from these these distributions + + align:start position:0% +comes from these these distributions + + + align:start position:0% +comes from these these distributions +they dictate what materials do and + + align:start position:0% +they dictate what materials do and + + + align:start position:0% +they dictate what materials do and +become okay um now the hydrogen atom so + + align:start position:0% +become okay um now the hydrogen atom so + + + align:start position:0% +become okay um now the hydrogen atom so +so so what happens so you get + + align:start position:0% +so so what happens so you get + + + align:start position:0% +so so what happens so you get +these shapes of the size and then you + + align:start position:0% +these shapes of the size and then you + + + align:start position:0% +these shapes of the size and then you +also get those e right and remember we + + align:start position:0% +also get those e right and remember we + + + align:start position:0% +also get those e right and remember we +solve for the and then we put the + + align:start position:0% +solve for the and then we put the + + + align:start position:0% +solve for the and then we put the +boundary conditions on and then it was + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions on and then it was + + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions on and then it was +quantized right and the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantization the + + align:start position:0% +quantization the + + + align:start position:0% +quantization the +quantization is um in in hydrogen can be + + align:start position:0% +quantization is um in in hydrogen can be + + + align:start position:0% +quantization is um in in hydrogen can be +calculated exactly so the quantization + + align:start position:0% +calculated exactly so the quantization + + + align:start position:0% +calculated exactly so the quantization +of the energy levels in hydrogen is + + align:start position:0% +of the energy levels in hydrogen is + + + align:start position:0% +of the energy levels in hydrogen is +exactly -3.6 Over N squared where n is + + align:start position:0% +exactly -3.6 Over N squared where n is + + + align:start position:0% +exactly -3.6 Over N squared where n is +the principal quantum number how many of + + align:start position:0% +the principal quantum number how many of + + + align:start position:0% +the principal quantum number how many of +you have seen + + align:start position:0% +you have seen + + + align:start position:0% +you have seen +this sort of half + + align:start position:0% +this sort of half + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of half +right so 13.6 CV over n^2 is the + + align:start position:0% +right so 13.6 CV over n^2 is the + + + align:start position:0% +right so 13.6 CV over n^2 is the +quantization that means the first the + + align:start position:0% +quantization that means the first the + + + align:start position:0% +quantization that means the first the +energy of an electron in this first + + align:start position:0% +energy of an electron in this first + + + align:start position:0% +energy of an electron in this first +orbital that one up there if I put an + + align:start position:0% +orbital that one up there if I put an + + + align:start position:0% +orbital that one up there if I put an +electron in that orbital its energy is + + align:start position:0% +electron in that orbital its energy is + + + align:start position:0% +electron in that orbital its energy is +13 is is it's + + align:start position:0% +13 is is it's + + + align:start position:0% +13 is is it's +bound to the atom by 13.6 + + align:start position:0% +bound to the atom by 13.6 + + + align:start position:0% +bound to the atom by 13.6 +CV so what does that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean yeah if you give it 13.6 CV or + + align:start position:0% +mean yeah if you give it 13.6 CV or + + + align:start position:0% +mean yeah if you give it 13.6 CV or +greater it'll become free yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +greater it'll become free yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +greater it'll become free yeah that's +the ionization energy of that electron + + align:start position:0% +the ionization energy of that electron + + + align:start position:0% +the ionization energy of that electron +if but hydrogen hydrogen has all of + + align:start position:0% +if but hydrogen hydrogen has all of + + + align:start position:0% +if but hydrogen hydrogen has all of +these other orbitals accessible to it + + align:start position:0% +these other orbitals accessible to it + + + align:start position:0% +these other orbitals accessible to it +maybe I could put an + + align:start position:0% +maybe I could put an + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I could put an +electron up to another level like the 2s + + align:start position:0% +electron up to another level like the 2s + + + align:start position:0% +electron up to another level like the 2s +level and if I do that it's all the way + + align:start position:0% +level and if I do that it's all the way + + + align:start position:0% +level and if I do that it's all the way +up to 3.4 so now it's only Bound by 3.4 + + align:start position:0% +up to 3.4 so now it's only Bound by 3.4 + + + align:start position:0% +up to 3.4 so now it's only Bound by 3.4 +EV in the atom and it's what does that + + align:start position:0% +EV in the atom and it's what does that + + + align:start position:0% +EV in the atom and it's what does that +make it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is it sort of less stable more + + align:start position:0% +is it sort of less stable more + + + align:start position:0% +is it sort of less stable more +stable it's less stable so it'd be much + + align:start position:0% +stable it's less stable so it'd be much + + + align:start position:0% +stable it's less stable so it'd be much +more easy to pull it off now do you + + align:start position:0% +more easy to pull it off now do you + + + align:start position:0% +more easy to pull it off now do you +think that that has something to do with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bonding you better believe it right + + align:start position:0% +bonding you better believe it right + + + align:start position:0% +bonding you better believe it right +where electrons sit in energy relative + + align:start position:0% +where electrons sit in energy relative + + + align:start position:0% +where electrons sit in energy relative +to other electrons in other atoms or in + + align:start position:0% +to other electrons in other atoms or in + + + align:start position:0% +to other electrons in other atoms or in +their own atoms + + align:start position:0% +their own atoms + + + align:start position:0% +their own atoms +has everything to do with how things + + align:start position:0% +has everything to do with how things + + + align:start position:0% +has everything to do with how things +bond together right and that bonding is + + align:start position:0% +bond together right and that bonding is + + + align:start position:0% +bond together right and that bonding is +the one that you've been just fitting to + + align:start position:0% +the one that you've been just fitting to + + + align:start position:0% +the one that you've been just fitting to +like a Leonard Jones + + align:start position:0% +like a Leonard Jones + + + align:start position:0% +like a Leonard Jones +potential right you've just been fitting + + align:start position:0% +potential right you've just been fitting + + + align:start position:0% +potential right you've just been fitting +it all that bonding is what you just in + + align:start position:0% +it all that bonding is what you just in + + + align:start position:0% +it all that bonding is what you just in +classical physics in classical uh uh + + align:start position:0% +classical physics in classical uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +classical physics in classical uh uh +modeling you have to have some potential + + align:start position:0% +modeling you have to have some potential + + + align:start position:0% +modeling you have to have some potential +form and all of the intricacies of the + + align:start position:0% +form and all of the intricacies of the + + + align:start position:0% +form and all of the intricacies of the +bonding gets swept up into that but you + + align:start position:0% +bonding gets swept up into that but you + + + align:start position:0% +bonding gets swept up into that but you +can see why that's so much more + + align:start position:0% +can see why that's so much more + + + align:start position:0% +can see why that's so much more +complicated than that just by looking at + + align:start position:0% +complicated than that just by looking at + + + align:start position:0% +complicated than that just by looking at +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +right okay but now that that that series + + align:start position:0% +right okay but now that that that series + + + align:start position:0% +right okay but now that that that series +that we just got from a simple particle + + align:start position:0% +that we just got from a simple particle + + + align:start position:0% +that we just got from a simple particle +in a one over our potential explains all + + align:start position:0% +in a one over our potential explains all + + + align:start position:0% +in a one over our potential explains all +of these um all of these levels that are + + align:start position:0% +of these um all of these levels that are + + + align:start position:0% +of these um all of these levels that are +observed so these are does everybody + + align:start position:0% +observed so these are does everybody + + + align:start position:0% +observed so these are does everybody +remember this and poor number six who + + align:start position:0% +remember this and poor number six who + + + align:start position:0% +remember this and poor number six who +didn't get + + align:start position:0% +didn't get + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get +named but does every what what are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these when you see these + + align:start position:0% +these when you see these + + + align:start position:0% +these when you see these +what does it make you think + + align:start position:0% +what does it make you think + + + align:start position:0% +what does it make you think +spectral now now explain what's + + align:start position:0% +spectral now now explain what's + + + align:start position:0% +spectral now now explain what's +happening in the Lyman + + align:start position:0% +happening in the Lyman + + + align:start position:0% +happening in the Lyman +series what's + + align:start position:0% +series what's + + + align:start position:0% +series what's +happening + + align:start position:0% +happening + + + align:start position:0% +happening +down those and why are they different + + align:start position:0% +down those and why are they different + + + align:start position:0% +down those and why are they different +why do I have all these different ones + + align:start position:0% +why do I have all these different ones + + + align:start position:0% +why do I have all these different ones +in one + + align:start position:0% +in one + + + align:start position:0% +in one +series + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +am yeah exactly and if you go up to two + + align:start position:0% +am yeah exactly and if you go up to two + + + align:start position:0% +am yeah exactly and if you go up to two +and you stop it to then you have other + + align:start position:0% +and you stop it to then you have other + + + align:start position:0% +and you stop it to then you have other +energies right because it all comes down + + align:start position:0% +energies right because it all comes down + + + align:start position:0% +energies right because it all comes down +to then what the differences are right + + align:start position:0% +to then what the differences are right + + + align:start position:0% +to then what the differences are right +to get an electron to go from here to + + align:start position:0% +to get an electron to go from here to + + + align:start position:0% +to get an electron to go from here to +here you need the difference in these + + align:start position:0% +here you need the difference in these + + + align:start position:0% +here you need the difference in these +energies and to go from here to here you + + align:start position:0% +energies and to go from here to here you + + + align:start position:0% +energies and to go from here to here you +need that difference no more and no less + + align:start position:0% +need that difference no more and no less + + + align:start position:0% +need that difference no more and no less +will do right now when the electron + + align:start position:0% +will do right now when the electron + + + align:start position:0% +will do right now when the electron +comes back down what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happens does anybody know what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happens it emits light it gives that + + align:start position:0% +happens it emits light it gives that + + + align:start position:0% +happens it emits light it gives that +energy back out as light and that's what + + align:start position:0% +energy back out as light and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +energy back out as light and that's what +you see when you look out at these + + align:start position:0% +you see when you look out at these + + + align:start position:0% +you see when you look out at these +spectral lines right so it emits light + + align:start position:0% +spectral lines right so it emits light + + + align:start position:0% +spectral lines right so it emits light +of exactly this energy can it emit light + + align:start position:0% +of exactly this energy can it emit light + + + align:start position:0% +of exactly this energy can it emit light +at something else at a different amount + + align:start position:0% +at something else at a different amount + + + align:start position:0% +at something else at a different amount +of energy or a different frequency + + align:start position:0% +of energy or a different frequency + + + align:start position:0% +of energy or a different frequency +because we know for light that the + + align:start position:0% +because we know for light that the + + + align:start position:0% +because we know for light that the +energy is equal to the frequency right + + align:start position:0% +energy is equal to the frequency right + + + align:start position:0% +energy is equal to the frequency right +times the constant can it emit light at + + align:start position:0% +times the constant can it emit light at + + + align:start position:0% +times the constant can it emit light at +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +frequency something in between why not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah it just can't because it's a wave + + align:start position:0% +yeah it just can't because it's a wave + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it just can't because it's a wave +problem that H has that has as its + + align:start position:0% +problem that H has that has as its + + + align:start position:0% +problem that H has that has as its +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +quantization right and now I come to the + + align:start position:0% +quantization right and now I come to the + + + align:start position:0% +quantization right and now I come to the +question of well then how does so that's + + align:start position:0% +question of well then how does so that's + + + align:start position:0% +question of well then how does so that's +what's happening okay that's the picture + + align:start position:0% +what's happening okay that's the picture + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening okay that's the picture +of these electrons coming back down and + + align:start position:0% +of these electrons coming back down and + + + align:start position:0% +of these electrons coming back down and +emitting different colors of light and + + align:start position:0% +emitting different colors of light and + + + align:start position:0% +emitting different colors of light and +explains what what people saw and + + align:start position:0% +explains what what people saw and + + + align:start position:0% +explains what what people saw and +couldn't understand for so long + + align:start position:0% +couldn't understand for so long + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't understand for so long +this simple solution mathematical + + align:start position:0% +this simple solution mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +this simple solution mathematical +solution does it all it really it really + + align:start position:0% +solution does it all it really it really + + + align:start position:0% +solution does it all it really it really +crystallized what was going on and it + + align:start position:0% +crystallized what was going on and it + + + align:start position:0% +crystallized what was going on and it +really confirmed that this is the right + + align:start position:0% +really confirmed that this is the right + + + align:start position:0% +really confirmed that this is the right +way to picture + + align:start position:0% +way to picture + + + align:start position:0% +way to picture +things the wave equation um and the + + align:start position:0% +things the wave equation um and the + + + align:start position:0% +things the wave equation um and the +shorting equation now what's happening + + align:start position:0% +shorting equation now what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +shorting equation now what's happening +when an electron goes from here to here + + align:start position:0% +when an electron goes from here to here + + + align:start position:0% +when an electron goes from here to here +how does it do + + align:start position:0% +how does it do + + + align:start position:0% +how does it do +that it cannot go in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +between but we know it does do this all + + align:start position:0% +between but we know it does do this all + + + align:start position:0% +between but we know it does do this all +the time we just look out in space and + + align:start position:0% +the time we just look out in space and + + + align:start position:0% +the time we just look out in space and +we see it happening all the time but we + + align:start position:0% +we see it happening all the time but we + + + align:start position:0% +we see it happening all the time but we +can do it here we can build materials + + align:start position:0% +can do it here we can build materials + + + align:start position:0% +can do it here we can build materials +that do this for a + + align:start position:0% +that do this for a + + + align:start position:0% +that do this for a +living where are those electrons going + + align:start position:0% +living where are those electrons going + + + align:start position:0% +living where are those electrons going +when they go from the + + align:start position:0% +when they go from the + + + align:start position:0% +when they go from the +2p to the + + align:start position:0% +2p to the + + + align:start position:0% +2p to the +1s where are they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going who can tell + + align:start position:0% +going who can tell + + + align:start position:0% +going who can tell +me yeah I mean they're all sort of + + align:start position:0% +me yeah I mean they're all sort of + + + align:start position:0% +me yeah I mean they're all sort of +described by a wave function right so it + + align:start position:0% +described by a wave function right so it + + + align:start position:0% +described by a wave function right so it +has some nonzero probability to be in + + align:start position:0% +has some nonzero probability to be in + + + align:start position:0% +has some nonzero probability to be in +you know one place and a non-zero + + align:start position:0% +you know one place and a non-zero + + + align:start position:0% +you know one place and a non-zero +probability to be in another place and + + align:start position:0% +probability to be in another place and + + + align:start position:0% +probability to be in another place and +if you like hit it with a photon or + + align:start position:0% +if you like hit it with a photon or + + + align:start position:0% +if you like hit it with a photon or +something or you know add some + + align:start position:0% +something or you know add some + + + align:start position:0% +something or you know add some +perturbation to your hydrogen atom then + + align:start position:0% +perturbation to your hydrogen atom then + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation to your hydrogen atom then +it's going to have a non-zero + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have a non-zero + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have a non-zero +probability to be in one elect energy + + align:start position:0% +probability to be in one elect energy + + + align:start position:0% +probability to be in one elect energy +level and another and so yeah it just + + align:start position:0% +level and another and so yeah it just + + + align:start position:0% +level and another and so yeah it just +sort of ends up falling into one of them + + align:start position:0% +sort of ends up falling into one of them + + + align:start position:0% +sort of ends up falling into one of them +now that that actually works that is a + + align:start position:0% +now that that actually works that is a + + + align:start position:0% +now that that actually works that is a +great uh that is a great interpretation + + align:start position:0% +great uh that is a great interpretation + + + align:start position:0% +great uh that is a great interpretation +of what's happening and that actually + + align:start position:0% +of what's happening and that actually + + + align:start position:0% +of what's happening and that actually +works and it even works all the way down + + align:start position:0% +works and it even works all the way down + + + align:start position:0% +works and it even works all the way down +to the nucleus by the way Decay to the + + align:start position:0% +to the nucleus by the way Decay to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the nucleus by the way Decay to the +nucleus is possible because the those S + + align:start position:0% +nucleus is possible because the those S + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus is possible because the those S +orbitals I was just showing you a slice + + align:start position:0% +orbitals I was just showing you a slice + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals I was just showing you a slice +of them an isosurface but they have a + + align:start position:0% +of them an isosurface but they have a + + + align:start position:0% +of them an isosurface but they have a +nonzero magnitude all the way down to + + align:start position:0% +nonzero magnitude all the way down to + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero magnitude all the way down to +the nucleus it just won't happen very + + align:start position:0% +the nucleus it just won't happen very + + + align:start position:0% +the nucleus it just won't happen very +often right because the probability is + + align:start position:0% +often right because the probability is + + + align:start position:0% +often right because the probability is +so low that it's it's it's why we have a + + align:start position:0% +so low that it's it's it's why we have a + + + align:start position:0% +so low that it's it's it's why we have a +universe that proba if that overlap was + + align:start position:0% +universe that proba if that overlap was + + + align:start position:0% +universe that proba if that overlap was +more if the wave function going into the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +middle if the wave function if this is + + align:start position:0% +middle if the wave function if this is + + + align:start position:0% +middle if the wave function if this is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +nucleus and this is the + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and this is the +electron okay and the wave function of + + align:start position:0% +electron okay and the wave function of + + + align:start position:0% +electron okay and the wave function of +the S orbital looks like + + align:start position:0% +the S orbital looks like + + + align:start position:0% +the S orbital looks like +this and it's + + align:start position:0% +this and it's + + + align:start position:0% +this and it's +almost almost + + align:start position:0% +almost almost + + + align:start position:0% +almost almost +zero that's why we are alive + + align:start position:0% +zero that's why we are alive + + + align:start position:0% +zero that's why we are alive +today but if this looked more like + + align:start position:0% +today but if this looked more like + + + align:start position:0% +today but if this looked more like +this no we wouldn't we wouldn't make it + + align:start position:0% +this no we wouldn't we wouldn't make it + + + align:start position:0% +this no we wouldn't we wouldn't make it +there's just too much probability for + + align:start position:0% +there's just too much probability for + + + align:start position:0% +there's just too much probability for +the electron to Decay into the nucleus + + align:start position:0% +the electron to Decay into the nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +the electron to Decay into the nucleus +and and give off that amount of energy + + align:start position:0% +and and give off that amount of energy + + + align:start position:0% +and and give off that amount of energy +and the atom collapses right um so so we + + align:start position:0% +and the atom collapses right um so so we + + + align:start position:0% +and the atom collapses right um so so we +should be very thankful to uh to Quantum + + align:start position:0% +should be very thankful to uh to Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +should be very thankful to uh to Quantum +Mechanics now there are there are + + align:start position:0% +Mechanics now there are there are + + + align:start position:0% +Mechanics now there are there are +situations though when you actually have + + align:start position:0% +situations though when you actually have + + + align:start position:0% +situations though when you actually have +nodes in + + align:start position:0% +nodes in + + + align:start position:0% +nodes in +between and that's a tougher one the + + align:start position:0% +between and that's a tougher one the + + + align:start position:0% +between and that's a tougher one the +node means the wave function goes + + align:start position:0% +node means the wave function goes + + + align:start position:0% +node means the wave function goes +exactly to zero + + align:start position:0% +exactly to zero + + + align:start position:0% +exactly to zero +now what's + + align:start position:0% +now what's + + + align:start position:0% +now what's +happening right and here we go back to + + align:start position:0% +happening right and here we go back to + + + align:start position:0% +happening right and here we go back to +this world of particles this field + + align:start position:0% +this world of particles this field + + + align:start position:0% +this world of particles this field +Theory World basically how particles + + align:start position:0% +Theory World basically how particles + + + align:start position:0% +Theory World basically how particles +move by essentially annihilating + + align:start position:0% +move by essentially annihilating + + + align:start position:0% +move by essentially annihilating +themselves and + + align:start position:0% +themselves and + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and +reappearing right that's how electrons + + align:start position:0% +reappearing right that's how electrons + + + align:start position:0% +reappearing right that's how electrons +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +move okay now there are some any any + + align:start position:0% +move okay now there are some any any + + + align:start position:0% +move okay now there are some any any +questions about any of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that no questions at all okay there are + + align:start position:0% +that no questions at all okay there are + + + align:start position:0% +that no questions at all okay there are +some um we're going to start taking this + + align:start position:0% +some um we're going to start taking this + + + align:start position:0% +some um we're going to start taking this +to the next level which is is is + + align:start position:0% +to the next level which is is is + + + align:start position:0% +to the next level which is is is +obviously going to have to be more + + align:start position:0% +obviously going to have to be more + + + align:start position:0% +obviously going to have to be more +complexity there are some constants that + + align:start position:0% +complexity there are some constants that + + + align:start position:0% +complexity there are some constants that +I'm just putting here I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm just putting here I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just putting here I'm not going to +spend any time on it but you know these + + align:start position:0% +spend any time on it but you know these + + + align:start position:0% +spend any time on it but you know these +are the constants you'll be using in the + + align:start position:0% +are the constants you'll be using in the + + + align:start position:0% +are the constants you'll be using in the +quantum world right we have an electron + + align:start position:0% +quantum world right we have an electron + + + align:start position:0% +quantum world right we have an electron +volt we have a ridberg which is 13.6 + + align:start position:0% +volt we have a ridberg which is 13.6 + + + align:start position:0% +volt we have a ridberg which is 13.6 +electron volts and just to make it + + align:start position:0% +electron volts and just to make it + + + align:start position:0% +electron volts and just to make it +interesting there's a Heart Tree which + + align:start position:0% +interesting there's a Heart Tree which + + + align:start position:0% +interesting there's a Heart Tree which +is a half of that um and then the same + + align:start position:0% +is a half of that um and then the same + + + align:start position:0% +is a half of that um and then the same +with angstroms and + + align:start position:0% +with angstroms and + + + align:start position:0% +with angstroms and +bore okay um these are the kinds of + + align:start position:0% +bore okay um these are the kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +bore okay um these are the kinds of +units do you say angstrom do you say + + align:start position:0% +units do you say angstrom do you say + + + align:start position:0% +units do you say angstrom do you say +bore tomato tomato right sort of like + + align:start position:0% +bore tomato tomato right sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +bore tomato tomato right sort of like +you can choose but just keep track of it + + align:start position:0% +you can choose but just keep track of it + + + align:start position:0% +you can choose but just keep track of it +all now as we go to more complex so I've + + align:start position:0% +all now as we go to more complex so I've + + + align:start position:0% +all now as we go to more complex so I've +given you a + + align:start position:0% +given you a + + + align:start position:0% +given you a +particle in a box and then I gave you a + + align:start position:0% +particle in a box and then I gave you a + + + align:start position:0% +particle in a box and then I gave you a +particle actually on Tuesday in an + + align:start position:0% +particle actually on Tuesday in an + + + align:start position:0% +particle actually on Tuesday in an +oscillator and then I give you a + + align:start position:0% +oscillator and then I give you a + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator and then I give you a +particle in a one over R and that got us + + align:start position:0% +particle in a one over R and that got us + + + align:start position:0% +particle in a one over R and that got us +a long way we explained the spectral + + align:start position:0% +a long way we explained the spectral + + + align:start position:0% +a long way we explained the spectral +lines we got hydrogen right um but if I + + align:start position:0% +lines we got hydrogen right um but if I + + + align:start position:0% +lines we got hydrogen right um but if I +just add a little bit more complexity + + align:start position:0% +just add a little bit more complexity + + + align:start position:0% +just add a little bit more complexity +you see things get really + + align:start position:0% +you see things get really + + + align:start position:0% +you see things get really +messy now this was a problem I I wanted + + align:start position:0% +messy now this was a problem I I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +messy now this was a problem I I wanted +to show how messy things get with + + align:start position:0% +to show how messy things get with + + + align:start position:0% +to show how messy things get with +analytic Solutions as a kind of + + align:start position:0% +analytic Solutions as a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +analytic Solutions as a kind of +motivational exercise so I gave this on + + align:start position:0% +motivational exercise so I gave this on + + + align:start position:0% +motivational exercise so I gave this on +a homework problem in this class two + + align:start position:0% +a homework problem in this class two + + + align:start position:0% +a homework problem in this class two +years ago and what and I I'll admit that + + align:start position:0% +years ago and what and I I'll admit that + + + align:start position:0% +years ago and what and I I'll admit that +was probably a mistake + + align:start position:0% +was probably a mistake + + + align:start position:0% +was probably a mistake +but it was kind of you know I had a lot + + align:start position:0% +but it was kind of you know I had a lot + + + align:start position:0% +but it was kind of you know I had a lot +of people at office hours um because you + + align:start position:0% +of people at office hours um because you + + + align:start position:0% +of people at office hours um because you +see this is the same thing I'm throwing + + align:start position:0% +see this is the same thing I'm throwing + + + align:start position:0% +see this is the same thing I'm throwing +my quantum mechanical ball into a wall + + align:start position:0% +my quantum mechanical ball into a wall + + + align:start position:0% +my quantum mechanical ball into a wall +that has another wall behind + + align:start position:0% +that has another wall behind + + + align:start position:0% +that has another wall behind +it right so can't you just set it up + + align:start position:0% +it right so can't you just set it up + + + align:start position:0% +it right so can't you just set it up +well sure you can't and this is what you + + align:start position:0% +well sure you can't and this is what you + + + align:start position:0% +well sure you can't and this is what you +get and you put that into Mathematica + + align:start position:0% +get and you put that into Mathematica + + + align:start position:0% +get and you put that into Mathematica +which every single student did and it + + align:start position:0% +which every single student did and it + + + align:start position:0% +which every single student did and it +chokes can't do it too many or mat lab + + align:start position:0% +chokes can't do it too many or mat lab + + + align:start position:0% +chokes can't do it too many or mat lab +too many um you know I guess too many + + align:start position:0% +too many um you know I guess too many + + + align:start position:0% +too many um you know I guess too many +boundary conditions or too many + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions or too many + + + align:start position:0% +boundary conditions or too many +variables or something but nobody could + + align:start position:0% +variables or something but nobody could + + + align:start position:0% +variables or something but nobody could +get Mathematica to do this without some + + align:start position:0% +get Mathematica to do this without some + + + align:start position:0% +get Mathematica to do this without some +intelligence substitution of variables + + align:start position:0% +intelligence substitution of variables + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence substitution of variables +first which was sort of the trick but my + + align:start position:0% +first which was sort of the trick but my + + + align:start position:0% +first which was sort of the trick but my +point in this was not to make students + + align:start position:0% +point in this was not to make students + + + align:start position:0% +point in this was not to make students +suffer I don't like to do that but it + + align:start position:0% +suffer I don't like to do that but it + + + align:start position:0% +suffer I don't like to do that but it +was just to convey how hard this + + align:start position:0% +was just to convey how hard this + + + align:start position:0% +was just to convey how hard this +equation gets to solve with just a + + align:start position:0% +equation gets to solve with just a + + + align:start position:0% +equation gets to solve with just a +little bit more complexity than one + + align:start position:0% +little bit more complexity than one + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more complexity than one +particle in a well or in a one over r or + + align:start position:0% +particle in a well or in a one over r or + + + align:start position:0% +particle in a well or in a one over r or +something like that right it gets really + + align:start position:0% +something like that right it gets really + + + align:start position:0% +something like that right it gets really +hard and that's why we need computers + + align:start position:0% +hard and that's why we need computers + + + align:start position:0% +hard and that's why we need computers +right and that's what computation in the + + align:start position:0% +right and that's what computation in the + + + align:start position:0% +right and that's what computation in the +last 50 years has done it has made this + + align:start position:0% +last 50 years has done it has made this + + + align:start position:0% +last 50 years has done it has made this +together with some algorithms some some + + align:start position:0% +together with some algorithms some some + + + align:start position:0% +together with some algorithms some some +simplifications that you'll hear about + + align:start position:0% +simplifications that you'll hear about + + + align:start position:0% +simplifications that you'll hear about +it has made this equation solvable for + + align:start position:0% +it has made this equation solvable for + + + align:start position:0% +it has made this equation solvable for +much more complex systems okay so I mean + + align:start position:0% +much more complex systems okay so I mean + + + align:start position:0% +much more complex systems okay so I mean +you know I can also say well let's not + + align:start position:0% +you know I can also say well let's not + + + align:start position:0% +you know I can also say well let's not +make the potential more complicated + + align:start position:0% +make the potential more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +make the potential more complicated +let's just add + + align:start position:0% +let's just add + + + align:start position:0% +let's just add +add another + + align:start position:0% +add another + + + align:start position:0% +add another +electron okay so now I'm I'm still with + + align:start position:0% +electron okay so now I'm I'm still with + + + align:start position:0% +electron okay so now I'm I'm still with +a one over R + + align:start position:0% +a one over R + + + align:start position:0% +a one over R +potential but I've got two of + + align:start position:0% +potential but I've got two of + + + align:start position:0% +potential but I've got two of +them okay so now all of a sudden my + + align:start position:0% +them okay so now all of a sudden my + + + align:start position:0% +them okay so now all of a sudden my +potential term is these these electrons + + align:start position:0% +potential term is these these electrons + + + align:start position:0% +potential term is these these electrons +interacting with the proton but also + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the proton but also + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the proton but also +those electrons interacting with each + + align:start position:0% +those electrons interacting with each + + + align:start position:0% +those electrons interacting with each +other that's R12 the distance between + + align:start position:0% +other that's R12 the distance between + + + align:start position:0% +other that's R12 the distance between +the two electrons + + align:start position:0% +the two electrons + + + align:start position:0% +the two electrons +right and boy does that make this + + align:start position:0% +right and boy does that make this + + + align:start position:0% +right and boy does that make this +equation hard to solve analytically you + + align:start position:0% +equation hard to solve analytically you + + + align:start position:0% +equation hard to solve analytically you +cannot use separation variables + + align:start position:0% +cannot use separation variables + + + align:start position:0% +cannot use separation variables +right so even just one more + + align:start position:0% +right so even just one more + + + align:start position:0% +right so even just one more +electron just it's a deal breaker + + align:start position:0% +electron just it's a deal breaker + + + align:start position:0% +electron just it's a deal breaker +basically right and now you think we + + align:start position:0% +basically right and now you think we + + + align:start position:0% +basically right and now you think we +want to do you know big molecules we + + align:start position:0% +want to do you know big molecules we + + + align:start position:0% +want to do you know big molecules we +want to do ferin we want to do silicon + + align:start position:0% +want to do ferin we want to do silicon + + + align:start position:0% +want to do ferin we want to do silicon +right we want to do thousands of + + align:start position:0% +right we want to do thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +right we want to do thousands of +electrons analytic approaches won't + + align:start position:0% +electrons analytic approaches won't + + + align:start position:0% +electrons analytic approaches won't +work okay um so what can you do well + + align:start position:0% +work okay um so what can you do well + + + align:start position:0% +work okay um so what can you do well +there are sort of two different ways to + + align:start position:0% +there are sort of two different ways to + + + align:start position:0% +there are sort of two different ways to +go um you got to do something you got to + + align:start position:0% +go um you got to do something you got to + + + align:start position:0% +go um you got to do something you got to +make it easier because as you'll see an + + align:start position:0% +make it easier because as you'll see an + + + align:start position:0% +make it easier because as you'll see an +exact solution even with the most + + align:start position:0% +exact solution even with the most + + + align:start position:0% +exact solution even with the most +powerful computers in the world times + + align:start position:0% +powerful computers in the world times + + + align:start position:0% +powerful computers in the world times +squared are not going to do it you need + + align:start position:0% +squared are not going to do it you need + + + align:start position:0% +squared are not going to do it you need +to make approximations to the actual + + align:start position:0% +to make approximations to the actual + + + align:start position:0% +to make approximations to the actual +equation and you'll hear about those + + align:start position:0% +equation and you'll hear about those + + + align:start position:0% +equation and you'll hear about those +next + + align:start position:0% +next + + + align:start position:0% +next +week um and you know one thing you can + + align:start position:0% +week um and you know one thing you can + + + align:start position:0% +week um and you know one thing you can +do is you can use perturbation Theory to + + align:start position:0% +do is you can use perturbation Theory to + + + align:start position:0% +do is you can use perturbation Theory to +say that this hamiltonian is actually + + align:start position:0% +say that this hamiltonian is actually + + + align:start position:0% +say that this hamiltonian is actually +some simpler + + align:start position:0% +some simpler + + + align:start position:0% +some simpler +hamiltonian okay that hamiltonian is + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian okay that hamiltonian is + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian okay that hamiltonian is +some simpler hamiltonian that you can + + align:start position:0% +some simpler hamiltonian that you can + + + align:start position:0% +some simpler hamiltonian that you can +solve easily plus some perturbation to + + align:start position:0% +solve easily plus some perturbation to + + + align:start position:0% +solve easily plus some perturbation to +it okay we're not we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +it okay we're not we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +it okay we're not we're not going to +really do that is it is anybody use + + align:start position:0% +really do that is it is anybody use + + + align:start position:0% +really do that is it is anybody use +perturbation Theory so we're not going + + align:start position:0% +perturbation Theory so we're not going + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation Theory so we're not going +to do it much but I'm just saying it for + + align:start position:0% +to do it much but I'm just saying it for + + + align:start position:0% +to do it much but I'm just saying it for +reference and then um right so you do + + align:start position:0% +reference and then um right so you do + + + align:start position:0% +reference and then um right so you do +something for something with + + align:start position:0% +something for something with + + + align:start position:0% +something for something with +perturbation Theory what you do is you + + align:start position:0% +perturbation Theory what you do is you + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation Theory what you do is you +say well that's hard so I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +say well that's hard so I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +say well that's hard so I'm not going to +do that but this is actually kind of + + align:start position:0% +do that but this is actually kind of + + + align:start position:0% +do that but this is actually kind of +related and it's easy and I know how to + + align:start position:0% +related and it's easy and I know how to + + + align:start position:0% +related and it's easy and I know how to +do this so I'll do this and then add + + align:start position:0% +do this so I'll do this and then add + + + align:start position:0% +do this so I'll do this and then add +something to it that's basically + + align:start position:0% +something to it that's basically + + + align:start position:0% +something to it that's basically +perturbation Theory okay um but what + + align:start position:0% +perturbation Theory okay um but what + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation Theory okay um but what +we're going to do is um we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is um we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is um we're going to +try to solve it using um more of a + + align:start position:0% +try to solve it using um more of a + + + align:start position:0% +try to solve it using um more of a +matrix igen value approach and again we + + align:start position:0% +matrix igen value approach and again we + + + align:start position:0% +matrix igen value approach and again we +are not going to go deep into the math + + align:start position:0% +are not going to go deep into the math + + + align:start position:0% +are not going to go deep into the math +here and you will not be tested on the + + align:start position:0% +here and you will not be tested on the + + + align:start position:0% +here and you will not be tested on the +math okay um as I said my my goal here + + align:start position:0% +math okay um as I said my my goal here + + + align:start position:0% +math okay um as I said my my goal here +is to have you guys applying these these + + align:start position:0% +is to have you guys applying these these + + + align:start position:0% +is to have you guys applying these these +equations to real materials problems um + + align:start position:0% +equations to real materials problems um + + + align:start position:0% +equations to real materials problems um +but I do think that it's useful to know + + align:start position:0% +but I do think that it's useful to know + + + align:start position:0% +but I do think that it's useful to know +what's under the hood to know what + + align:start position:0% +what's under the hood to know what + + + align:start position:0% +what's under the hood to know what +equations are being solved when you + + align:start position:0% +equations are being solved when you + + + align:start position:0% +equations are being solved when you +press simulate okay so you'll hear more + + align:start position:0% +press simulate okay so you'll hear more + + + align:start position:0% +press simulate okay so you'll hear more +about this um and and how you go about + + align:start position:0% +about this um and and how you go about + + + align:start position:0% +about this um and and how you go about +actually making these approximations + + align:start position:0% +actually making these approximations + + + align:start position:0% +actually making these approximations +making the approximations you need to + + align:start position:0% +making the approximations you need to + + + align:start position:0% +making the approximations you need to +make in order to get an a pro an igen + + align:start position:0% +make in order to get an a pro an igen + + + align:start position:0% +make in order to get an a pro an igen +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +problem that can be solved on a computer + + align:start position:0% +problem that can be solved on a computer + + + align:start position:0% +problem that can be solved on a computer +okay there are a couple different ways + + align:start position:0% +okay there are a couple different ways + + + align:start position:0% +okay there are a couple different ways +to do that the way that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +to do that the way that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to do that the way that we're going to +sort of settle on in this class is + + align:start position:0% +sort of settle on in this class is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of settle on in this class is +density functional Theory um so we'll + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory um so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory um so we'll +talk a little bit about that and again + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about that and again + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit about that and again +that's the only Nobel Prize in + + align:start position:0% +that's the only Nobel Prize in + + + align:start position:0% +that's the only Nobel Prize in +computation was given for that the + + align:start position:0% +computation was given for that the + + + align:start position:0% +computation was given for that the +development of that + + align:start position:0% +development of that + + + align:start position:0% +development of that +theory okay now there's one more thing I + + align:start position:0% +theory okay now there's one more thing I + + + align:start position:0% +theory okay now there's one more thing I +need to talk about um before I I I move + + align:start position:0% +need to talk about um before I I I move + + + align:start position:0% +need to talk about um before I I I move +to just a couple of examples online that + + align:start position:0% +to just a couple of examples online that + + + align:start position:0% +to just a couple of examples online that +I'd like to show + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to show + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to show +you and that is that there's something + + align:start position:0% +you and that is that there's something + + + align:start position:0% +you and that is that there's something +still missing here so we got we got uh + + align:start position:0% +still missing here so we got we got uh + + + align:start position:0% +still missing here so we got we got uh +let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see we got this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um 1s so now we sort of know where these + + align:start position:0% +um 1s so now we sort of know where these + + + align:start position:0% +um 1s so now we sort of know where these +things come from we really know where + + align:start position:0% +things come from we really know where + + + align:start position:0% +things come from we really know where +they come from the solution to the the + + align:start position:0% +they come from the solution to the the + + + align:start position:0% +they come from the solution to the the +hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen +atom 2 + + align:start position:0% +atom 2 + + + align:start position:0% +atom 2 +p + + align:start position:0% +p + + + align:start position:0% +p +3s right and so on + + align:start position:0% +3s right and so on + + + align:start position:0% +3s right and so on +um and then like hydrogen would be what + + align:start position:0% +um and then like hydrogen would be what + + + align:start position:0% +um and then like hydrogen would be what +how would I show hydrogen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here put an arrow there what would + + align:start position:0% +here put an arrow there what would + + + align:start position:0% +here put an arrow there what would +helium + + align:start position:0% +helium + + + align:start position:0% +helium +be one more okay tell me carbon I like + + align:start position:0% +be one more okay tell me carbon I like + + + align:start position:0% +be one more okay tell me carbon I like +carbon carbon is right here it hits me + + align:start position:0% +carbon carbon is right here it hits me + + + align:start position:0% +carbon carbon is right here it hits me +in the heart every time how many how + + align:start position:0% +in the heart every time how many how + + + align:start position:0% +in the heart every time how many how +many + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more and then + + align:start position:0% +more and then + + + align:start position:0% +more and then +what two up oh why not like this + + align:start position:0% +what two up oh why not like this + + + align:start position:0% +what two up oh why not like this +no just feels wrong exclusion yeah well + + align:start position:0% +no just feels wrong exclusion yeah well + + + align:start position:0% +no just feels wrong exclusion yeah well +now we're talking you just you guys + + align:start position:0% +now we're talking you just you guys + + + align:start position:0% +now we're talking you just you guys +already kind of have a feeling for this + + align:start position:0% +already kind of have a feeling for this + + + align:start position:0% +already kind of have a feeling for this +oh but actually you can have materials + + align:start position:0% +oh but actually you can have materials + + + align:start position:0% +oh but actually you can have materials +that violate someone's rule anyone know + + align:start position:0% +that violate someone's rule anyone know + + + align:start position:0% +that violate someone's rule anyone know +what that rule is + + align:start position:0% +what that rule is + + + align:start position:0% +what that rule is +called po exclusion well actually this + + align:start position:0% +called po exclusion well actually this + + + align:start position:0% +called po exclusion well actually this +doesn't violate poly exclusion Huns rule + + align:start position:0% +doesn't violate poly exclusion Huns rule + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't violate poly exclusion Huns rule +very good whoever pulled that one out + + align:start position:0% +very good whoever pulled that one out + + + align:start position:0% +very good whoever pulled that one out +that was good but this is how carbon + + align:start position:0% +that was good but this is how carbon + + + align:start position:0% +that was good but this is how carbon +usually looks right + + align:start position:0% +usually looks right + + + align:start position:0% +usually looks right +now something that we've done here is + + align:start position:0% +now something that we've done here is + + + align:start position:0% +now something that we've done here is +we've already done what I'm about to + + align:start position:0% +we've already done what I'm about to + + + align:start position:0% +we've already done what I'm about to +tell you which is we've put spin in + + align:start position:0% +tell you which is we've put spin in + + + align:start position:0% +tell you which is we've put spin in +there we've put those electrons pointing + + align:start position:0% +there we've put those electrons pointing + + + align:start position:0% +there we've put those electrons pointing +up or down right but we also have those + + align:start position:0% +up or down right but we also have those + + + align:start position:0% +up or down right but we also have those +quantum numbers this is + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers this is + + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers this is +n and equals 1 this is Nal 2 and this is + + align:start position:0% +n and equals 1 this is Nal 2 and this is + + + align:start position:0% +n and equals 1 this is Nal 2 and this is +and and L equals z l equals 0 and this + + align:start position:0% +and and L equals z l equals 0 and this + + + align:start position:0% +and and L equals z l equals 0 and this +is p so this is n = 2 l = 1 and each + + align:start position:0% +is p so this is n = 2 l = 1 and each + + + align:start position:0% +is p so this is n = 2 l = 1 and each +each one of these is an + + align:start position:0% +each one of these is an + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these is an +m m equal plus or minus one and + + align:start position:0% +m m equal plus or minus one and + + + align:start position:0% +m m equal plus or minus one and +zero right so that's why I have three PS + + align:start position:0% +zero right so that's why I have three PS + + + align:start position:0% +zero right so that's why I have three PS +right so those are those quantum numbers + + align:start position:0% +right so those are those quantum numbers + + + align:start position:0% +right so those are those quantum numbers +you get from quantizing the solution of + + align:start position:0% +you get from quantizing the solution of + + + align:start position:0% +you get from quantizing the solution of +the shorting your equation for an + + align:start position:0% +the shorting your equation for an + + + align:start position:0% +the shorting your equation for an +electron in a in a one over our + + align:start position:0% +electron in a in a one over our + + + align:start position:0% +electron in a in a one over our +potential but there's this one more + + align:start position:0% +potential but there's this one more + + + align:start position:0% +potential but there's this one more +thing which is was also very surprising + + align:start position:0% +thing which is was also very surprising + + + align:start position:0% +thing which is was also very surprising +at the time which is that you know if + + align:start position:0% +at the time which is that you know if + + + align:start position:0% +at the time which is that you know if +you put a a particle in this case silver + + align:start position:0% +you put a a particle in this case silver + + + align:start position:0% +you put a a particle in this case silver +atoms if you think about electrons as + + align:start position:0% +atoms if you think about electrons as + + + align:start position:0% +atoms if you think about electrons as +charges spinning well you you should + + align:start position:0% +charges spinning well you you should + + + align:start position:0% +charges spinning well you you should +have reaction to a magnetic field they + + align:start position:0% +have reaction to a magnetic field they + + + align:start position:0% +have reaction to a magnetic field they +should have a magnetic moment right and + + align:start position:0% +should have a magnetic moment right and + + + align:start position:0% +should have a magnetic moment right and +but classically you see if you have + + align:start position:0% +but classically you see if you have + + + align:start position:0% +but classically you see if you have +charge spinning you get a magnetic field + + align:start position:0% +charge spinning you get a magnetic field + + + align:start position:0% +charge spinning you get a magnetic field +classically if you shoot this through a + + align:start position:0% +classically if you shoot this through a + + + align:start position:0% +classically if you shoot this through a +really large magnet you should just get + + align:start position:0% +really large magnet you should just get + + + align:start position:0% +really large magnet you should just get +a whole range of lines of fields but + + align:start position:0% +a whole range of lines of fields but + + + align:start position:0% +a whole range of lines of fields but +just like the double slit it didn't turn + + align:start position:0% +just like the double slit it didn't turn + + + align:start position:0% +just like the double slit it didn't turn +out that way you got two dots instead + + align:start position:0% +out that way you got two dots instead + + + align:start position:0% +out that way you got two dots instead +only two + + align:start position:0% +only two + + + align:start position:0% +only two +dots right and these are very famous + + align:start position:0% +dots right and these are very famous + + + align:start position:0% +dots right and these are very famous +these are the stern gerlock experiments + + align:start position:0% +these are the stern gerlock experiments + + + align:start position:0% +these are the stern gerlock experiments +which were done all around the same time + + align:start position:0% +which were done all around the same time + + + align:start position:0% +which were done all around the same time +they were figuring all this out and what + + align:start position:0% +they were figuring all this out and what + + + align:start position:0% +they were figuring all this out and what +it showed is that the spin can only be + + align:start position:0% +it showed is that the spin can only be + + + align:start position:0% +it showed is that the spin can only be +up or down it can only be two + + align:start position:0% +up or down it can only be two + + + align:start position:0% +up or down it can only be two +things there's only two values for the + + align:start position:0% +things there's only two values for the + + + align:start position:0% +things there's only two values for the +spin of an + + align:start position:0% +spin of an + + + align:start position:0% +spin of an +electron the spin being the thing that's + + align:start position:0% +electron the spin being the thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +electron the spin being the thing that's +causing this thing to have a magnetic + + align:start position:0% +causing this thing to have a magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +causing this thing to have a magnetic +moment that's causing it to react to the + + align:start position:0% +moment that's causing it to react to the + + + align:start position:0% +moment that's causing it to react to the +external magnetic field you should get a + + align:start position:0% +external magnetic field you should get a + + + align:start position:0% +external magnetic field you should get a +a line you should get all this they you + + align:start position:0% +a line you should get all this they you + + + align:start position:0% +a line you should get all this they you +know classically + + align:start position:0% +know classically + + + align:start position:0% +know classically +electron should have any spin they want + + align:start position:0% +electron should have any spin they want + + + align:start position:0% +electron should have any spin they want +I don't know what that was but you know + + align:start position:0% +I don't know what that was but you know + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know what that was but you know +it should be able to point in any + + align:start position:0% +it should be able to point in any + + + align:start position:0% +it should be able to point in any +direction but no it can only point this + + align:start position:0% +direction but no it can only point this + + + align:start position:0% +direction but no it can only point this +way or this way now is an electron + + align:start position:0% +way or this way now is an electron + + + align:start position:0% +way or this way now is an electron +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +spinning if if a charge is spinning it + + align:start position:0% +spinning if if a charge is spinning it + + + align:start position:0% +spinning if if a charge is spinning it +has a magnetic + + align:start position:0% +has a magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +has a magnetic +moment right but is an electron really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spinning how does it have a Magnetic + + align:start position:0% +spinning how does it have a Magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +spinning how does it have a Magnetic +Moment let's + + align:start position:0% +Moment let's + + + align:start position:0% +Moment let's +talk that's a really good one too right + + align:start position:0% +talk that's a really good one too right + + + align:start position:0% +talk that's a really good one too right +right but it does and you think about it + + align:start position:0% +right but it does and you think about it + + + align:start position:0% +right but it does and you think about it +as spinning because that is our + + align:start position:0% +as spinning because that is our + + + align:start position:0% +as spinning because that is our +classical Maxwell right sort of enm + + align:start position:0% +classical Maxwell right sort of enm + + + align:start position:0% +classical Maxwell right sort of enm +framework we think about charge spinning + + align:start position:0% +framework we think about charge spinning + + + align:start position:0% +framework we think about charge spinning +you've done it you put a charge you know + + align:start position:0% +you've done it you put a charge you know + + + align:start position:0% +you've done it you put a charge you know +you you you make current go through a + + align:start position:0% +you you you make current go through a + + + align:start position:0% +you you you make current go through a +wire and you get a field right um and + + align:start position:0% +wire and you get a field right um and + + + align:start position:0% +wire and you get a field right um and +that's why we use the word spin you know + + align:start position:0% +that's why we use the word spin you know + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we use the word spin you know +it's sort of like orbital should we + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of like orbital should we + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of like orbital should we +really be using the word orbital is this + + align:start position:0% +really be using the word orbital is this + + + align:start position:0% +really be using the word orbital is this +electron + + align:start position:0% +electron + + + align:start position:0% +electron +orbiting no + + align:start position:0% +orbiting no + + + align:start position:0% +orbiting no +and that's another icebreaking question + + align:start position:0% +and that's another icebreaking question + + + align:start position:0% +and that's another icebreaking question +you go to your friend and you just say + + align:start position:0% +you go to your friend and you just say + + + align:start position:0% +you go to your friend and you just say +do you think electrons are really + + align:start position:0% +do you think electrons are really + + + align:start position:0% +do you think electrons are really +orbiting just like that and see how many + + align:start position:0% +orbiting just like that and see how many + + + align:start position:0% +orbiting just like that and see how many +people say yes they are not they kind of + + align:start position:0% +people say yes they are not they kind of + + + align:start position:0% +people say yes they are not they kind of +are spinning in our minds but the spin + + align:start position:0% +are spinning in our minds but the spin + + + align:start position:0% +are spinning in our minds but the spin +is up or down because of those + + align:start position:0% +is up or down because of those + + + align:start position:0% +is up or down because of those +experiments now then the sort of end of + + align:start position:0% +experiments now then the sort of end of + + + align:start position:0% +experiments now then the sort of end of +the story okay so they they they they + + align:start position:0% +the story okay so they they they they + + + align:start position:0% +the story okay so they they they they +have a magnetic moment right + + align:start position:0% +have a magnetic moment right + + + align:start position:0% +have a magnetic moment right +and it gives them up and down and then + + align:start position:0% +and it gives them up and down and then + + + align:start position:0% +and it gives them up and down and then +um and they can only be up and down only + + align:start position:0% +um and they can only be up and down only + + + align:start position:0% +um and they can only be up and down only +up and down two values and so what you + + align:start position:0% +up and down two values and so what you + + + align:start position:0% +up and down two values and so what you +have is sort of a new quantum number + + align:start position:0% +have is sort of a new quantum number + + + align:start position:0% +have is sort of a new quantum number +right you have + + align:start position:0% +right you have + + + align:start position:0% +right you have +spin which is equal to plus or minus one + + align:start position:0% +spin which is equal to plus or minus one + + + align:start position:0% +spin which is equal to plus or minus one +that's that and that okay so now each of + + align:start position:0% +that's that and that okay so now each of + + + align:start position:0% +that's that and that okay so now each of +these and that's why with these + + align:start position:0% +these and that's why with these + + + align:start position:0% +these and that's why with these +collections of quantum numbers you can + + align:start position:0% +collections of quantum numbers you can + + + align:start position:0% +collections of quantum numbers you can +get that many electrons into those + + align:start position:0% +get that many electrons into those + + + align:start position:0% +get that many electrons into those +shells and I love this so you somebody + + align:start position:0% +shells and I love this so you somebody + + + align:start position:0% +shells and I love this so you somebody +said poly + + align:start position:0% +said poly + + + align:start position:0% +said poly +exclusion somebody tell me what the poly + + align:start position:0% +exclusion somebody tell me what the poly + + + align:start position:0% +exclusion somebody tell me what the poly +Exclusion Principle + + align:start position:0% +Exclusion Principle + + + align:start position:0% +Exclusion Principle +is yeah two fir can't be in the same + + align:start position:0% +is yeah two fir can't be in the same + + + align:start position:0% +is yeah two fir can't be in the same +state okay so two electrons will just + + align:start position:0% +state okay so two electrons will just + + + align:start position:0% +state okay so two electrons will just +say which are + + align:start position:0% +say which are + + + align:start position:0% +say which are +Fons cannot be in the same state what do + + align:start position:0% +Fons cannot be in the same state what do + + + align:start position:0% +Fons cannot be in the same state what do +you mean by the same + + align:start position:0% +you mean by the same + + + align:start position:0% +you mean by the same +state + + align:start position:0% +state + + + align:start position:0% +state +that so they can't be they can't be in + + align:start position:0% +that so they can't be they can't be in + + + align:start position:0% +that so they can't be they can't be in +sort of the same you know energy shell + + align:start position:0% +sort of the same you know energy shell + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the same you know energy shell +with the same spin you know + + align:start position:0% +with the same spin you know + + + align:start position:0% +with the same spin you know +okay very good basically what it means + + align:start position:0% +okay very good basically what it means + + + align:start position:0% +okay very good basically what it means +is they cannot have the exact same + + align:start position:0% +is they cannot have the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +is they cannot have the exact same +quantum numbers you cannot it says poly + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers you cannot it says poly + + + align:start position:0% +quantum numbers you cannot it says poly +exclusion says you cannot do + + align:start position:0% +exclusion says you cannot do + + + align:start position:0% +exclusion says you cannot do +this now I mentioned you can violate + + align:start position:0% +this now I mentioned you can violate + + + align:start position:0% +this now I mentioned you can violate +Hun's Rule and you can violate Huns rule + + align:start position:0% +Hun's Rule and you can violate Huns rule + + + align:start position:0% +Hun's Rule and you can violate Huns rule +by having like degenerate orbitals with + + align:start position:0% +by having like degenerate orbitals with + + + align:start position:0% +by having like degenerate orbitals with +the same energy and doing it there okay + + align:start position:0% +the same energy and doing it there okay + + + align:start position:0% +the same energy and doing it there okay +but usually you don't poly exclusion is + + align:start position:0% +but usually you don't poly exclusion is + + + align:start position:0% +but usually you don't poly exclusion is +an incredibly important aspect of + + align:start position:0% +an incredibly important aspect of + + + align:start position:0% +an incredibly important aspect of +quantum mechanics it says that no two + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics it says that no two + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics it says that no two +electrons Fons can occupy the same set + + align:start position:0% +electrons Fons can occupy the same set + + + align:start position:0% +electrons Fons can occupy the same set +of quantum numbers when you include + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spin that is what gives us literally the + + align:start position:0% +spin that is what gives us literally the + + + align:start position:0% +spin that is what gives us literally the +periodic table in all of chemistry when + + align:start position:0% +periodic table in all of chemistry when + + + align:start position:0% +periodic table in all of chemistry when +you add that to quantum mechanics that + + align:start position:0% +you add that to quantum mechanics that + + + align:start position:0% +you add that to quantum mechanics that +is what gives us the rest okay that plus + + align:start position:0% +is what gives us the rest okay that plus + + + align:start position:0% +is what gives us the rest okay that plus +the hydrogen atom you don't need much + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen atom you don't need much + + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen atom you don't need much +more except you do but I love this + + align:start position:0% +more except you do but I love this + + + align:start position:0% +more except you do but I love this +letter from Thomas to goodi and on on um + + align:start position:0% +letter from Thomas to goodi and on on um + + + align:start position:0% +letter from Thomas to goodi and on on um +in 1926 I think you and Ulin Beck + + align:start position:0% +in 1926 I think you and Ulin Beck + + + align:start position:0% +in 1926 I think you and Ulin Beck +because they're the ones that uh + + align:start position:0% +because they're the ones that uh + + + align:start position:0% +because they're the ones that uh +discovered this stuff have you know in + + align:start position:0% +discovered this stuff have you know in + + + align:start position:0% +discovered this stuff have you know in +working out sort of the theory have been + + align:start position:0% +working out sort of the theory have been + + + align:start position:0% +working out sort of the theory have been +very lucky to get your spinning electron + + align:start position:0% +very lucky to get your spinning electron + + + align:start position:0% +very lucky to get your spinning electron +published and talked about before po + + align:start position:0% +published and talked about before po + + + align:start position:0% +published and talked about before po +heard of it it appears that more than a + + align:start position:0% +heard of it it appears that more than a + + + align:start position:0% +heard of it it appears that more than a +year ago cronig believed in the spinning + + align:start position:0% +year ago cronig believed in the spinning + + + align:start position:0% +year ago cronig believed in the spinning +electron and worked out something the + + align:start position:0% +electron and worked out something the + + + align:start position:0% +electron and worked out something the +first person he showed it to was Pauly + + align:start position:0% +first person he showed it to was Pauly + + + align:start position:0% +first person he showed it to was Pauly +paully ridiculed the whole thing so much + + align:start position:0% +paully ridiculed the whole thing so much + + + align:start position:0% +paully ridiculed the whole thing so much +that the first person became also the + + align:start position:0% +that the first person became also the + + + align:start position:0% +that the first person became also the +last and no one else heard anything of + + align:start position:0% +last and no one else heard anything of + + + align:start position:0% +last and no one else heard anything of +it which all goes to show that the + + align:start position:0% +it which all goes to show that the + + + align:start position:0% +it which all goes to show that the +infallibility of the deity does not + + align:start position:0% +infallibility of the deity does not + + + align:start position:0% +infallibility of the deity does not +extend to his self-styled Vicor on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Earth so paully had an interesting + + align:start position:0% +Earth so paully had an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +Earth so paully had an interesting +reputation but I thought that is amazing + + align:start position:0% +reputation but I thought that is amazing + + + align:start position:0% +reputation but I thought that is amazing +to me because this is it right this is + + align:start position:0% +to me because this is it right this is + + + align:start position:0% +to me because this is it right this is +like one of the foundations of the poly + + align:start position:0% +like one of the foundations of the poly + + + align:start position:0% +like one of the foundations of the poly +Exclusion Principle so paully built his + + align:start position:0% +Exclusion Principle so paully built his + + + align:start position:0% +Exclusion Principle so paully built his +whole + + align:start position:0% +whole + + + align:start position:0% +whole +reputation and really made an important + + align:start position:0% +reputation and really made an important + + + align:start position:0% +reputation and really made an important +contribution because of what apparently + + align:start position:0% +contribution because of what apparently + + + align:start position:0% +contribution because of what apparently +he didn't really believe in at first so + + align:start position:0% +he didn't really believe in at first so + + + align:start position:0% +he didn't really believe in at first so +it it goes to show keep an open mind + + align:start position:0% +it it goes to show keep an open mind + + + align:start position:0% +it it goes to show keep an open mind +right okay so that's what what that's + + align:start position:0% +right okay so that's what what that's + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so that's what what that's +what we just said right can't have the + + align:start position:0% +what we just said right can't have the + + + align:start position:0% +what we just said right can't have the +same quantum numbers gota got to mix up + + align:start position:0% +same quantum numbers gota got to mix up + + + align:start position:0% +same quantum numbers gota got to mix up +the quantum numbers and that's it and + + align:start position:0% +the quantum numbers and that's it and + + + align:start position:0% +the quantum numbers and that's it and +that is it you see because now we had + + align:start position:0% +that is it you see because now we had + + + align:start position:0% +that is it you see because now we had +all these levels from the hydrogen atom + + align:start position:0% +all these levels from the hydrogen atom + + + align:start position:0% +all these levels from the hydrogen atom +solution an electron a one electron in a + + align:start position:0% +solution an electron a one electron in a + + + align:start position:0% +solution an electron a one electron in a +simple one over our potential and we got + + align:start position:0% +simple one over our potential and we got + + + align:start position:0% +simple one over our potential and we got +all those levels and now all we need to + + align:start position:0% +all those levels and now all we need to + + + align:start position:0% +all those levels and now all we need to +do is fill them + + align:start position:0% +do is fill them + + + align:start position:0% +do is fill them +up right and with the poly Exclusion + + align:start position:0% +up right and with the poly Exclusion + + + align:start position:0% +up right and with the poly Exclusion +Principle we know the rules we know the + + align:start position:0% +Principle we know the rules we know the + + + align:start position:0% +Principle we know the rules we know the +rules we know we can only put two + + align:start position:0% +rules we know we can only put two + + + align:start position:0% +rules we know we can only put two +electrons here we know we can only put + + align:start position:0% +electrons here we know we can only put + + + align:start position:0% +electrons here we know we can only put +uh two electrons in s and six electrons + + align:start position:0% +uh two electrons in s and six electrons + + + align:start position:0% +uh two electrons in s and six electrons +in P so eight here we know we can only + + align:start position:0% +in P so eight here we know we can only + + + align:start position:0% +in P so eight here we know we can only +put two six and how many in in D + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +10 because 10 has M goes from minus two + + align:start position:0% +10 because 10 has M goes from minus two + + + align:start position:0% +10 because 10 has M goes from minus two +to plus two so five right I mean d has + + align:start position:0% +to plus two so five right I mean d has + + + align:start position:0% +to plus two so five right I mean d has +that so that's starting to sound a whole + + align:start position:0% +that so that's starting to sound a whole + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's starting to sound a whole +lot like + + align:start position:0% +lot like + + + align:start position:0% +lot like +this that's it right essentially with + + align:start position:0% +this that's it right essentially with + + + align:start position:0% +this that's it right essentially with +that with those fundamental principles + + align:start position:0% +that with those fundamental principles + + + align:start position:0% +that with those fundamental principles +that were worked out in the 20s and the + + align:start position:0% +that were worked out in the 20s and the + + + align:start position:0% +that were worked out in the 20s and the +solution of the hydrogen atom you get + + align:start position:0% +solution of the hydrogen atom you get + + + align:start position:0% +solution of the hydrogen atom you get +essentially all of the periodic table + + align:start position:0% +essentially all of the periodic table + + + align:start position:0% +essentially all of the periodic table +it's really powerful it's pretty darn + + align:start position:0% +it's really powerful it's pretty darn + + + align:start position:0% +it's really powerful it's pretty darn +cool okay and and you can connect um as + + align:start position:0% +cool okay and and you can connect um as + + + align:start position:0% +cool okay and and you can connect um as +I said back to the spectral lines and + + align:start position:0% +I said back to the spectral lines and + + + align:start position:0% +I said back to the spectral lines and +and all of that now what I want to spend + + align:start position:0% +and all of that now what I want to spend + + + align:start position:0% +and all of that now what I want to spend +the last + + align:start position:0% +the last + + + align:start position:0% +the last +um couple of minutes on is I want + + align:start position:0% +um couple of minutes on is I want + + + align:start position:0% +um couple of minutes on is I want +to I wanted to show you has anybody um + + align:start position:0% +to I wanted to show you has anybody um + + + align:start position:0% +to I wanted to show you has anybody um +looked at the quantum part you guys are + + align:start position:0% +looked at the quantum part you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the quantum part you guys are +still doing homework from the last part + + align:start position:0% +still doing homework from the last part + + + align:start position:0% +still doing homework from the last part +right um so on the + + align:start position:0% +right um so on the + + + align:start position:0% +right um so on the +nanohub there is so you go you go to the + + align:start position:0% +nanohub there is so you go you go to the + + + align:start position:0% +nanohub there is so you go you go to the +nanohub and you go to uh oh sorry I + + align:start position:0% +nanohub and you go to uh oh sorry I + + + align:start position:0% +nanohub and you go to uh oh sorry I +should have checked this oh there I + + align:start position:0% +should have checked this oh there I + + + align:start position:0% +should have checked this oh there I +am that's amazing that's a picture from + + align:start position:0% +am that's amazing that's a picture from + + + align:start position:0% +am that's amazing that's a picture from +like I won't say how long ago that's + + align:start position:0% +like I won't say how long ago that's + + + align:start position:0% +like I won't say how long ago that's +embarrassing um now so you go this is my + + align:start position:0% +embarrassing um now so you go this is my + + + align:start position:0% +embarrassing um now so you go this is my +thing my personal thing but anyway the + + align:start position:0% +thing my personal thing but anyway the + + + align:start position:0% +thing my personal thing but anyway the +tool you want is this one and it has a + + align:start position:0% +tool you want is this one and it has a + + + align:start position:0% +tool you want is this one and it has a +little star next to it that's so + + align:start position:0% +little star next to it that's so + + + align:start position:0% +little star next to it that's so +exciting it's called the MIT atomic + + align:start position:0% +exciting it's called the MIT atomic + + + align:start position:0% +exciting it's called the MIT atomic +scale modeling + + align:start position:0% +scale modeling + + + align:start position:0% +scale modeling +toolkit formerly known as the Berkeley + + align:start position:0% +toolkit formerly known as the Berkeley + + + align:start position:0% +toolkit formerly known as the Berkeley +atomic scale modeling toolkit since I + + align:start position:0% +atomic scale modeling toolkit since I + + + align:start position:0% +atomic scale modeling toolkit since I +developed it at + + align:start position:0% +developed it at + + + align:start position:0% +developed it at +Berkeley so much for that but it's now + + align:start position:0% +Berkeley so much for that but it's now + + + align:start position:0% +Berkeley so much for that but it's now +MIT and if you click that these are + + align:start position:0% +MIT and if you click that these are + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and if you click that these are +actually tools I developed for a class I + + align:start position:0% +actually tools I developed for a class I + + + align:start position:0% +actually tools I developed for a class I +I made up at when I was at + + align:start position:0% +I made up at when I was at + + + align:start position:0% +I made up at when I was at +Berkeley when I valued Sunshine over + + align:start position:0% +Berkeley when I valued Sunshine over + + + align:start position:0% +Berkeley when I valued Sunshine over +science and um does it say that and you + + align:start position:0% +science and um does it say that and you + + + align:start position:0% +science and um does it say that and you +can launch it and you'll see that um oh + + align:start position:0% +can launch it and you'll see that um oh + + + align:start position:0% +can launch it and you'll see that um oh +and you you can rate it a 10 don't rate + + align:start position:0% +and you you can rate it a 10 don't rate + + + align:start position:0% +and you you can rate it a 10 don't rate +at anything else but please rate it a + + align:start position:0% +at anything else but please rate it a + + + align:start position:0% +at anything else but please rate it a +10 or don't rate it everybody's so star + + align:start position:0% +10 or don't rate it everybody's so star + + + align:start position:0% +10 or don't rate it everybody's so star +driven these days number of stars but + + align:start position:0% +driven these days number of stars but + + + align:start position:0% +driven these days number of stars but +you what is that you know there's this + + align:start position:0% +you what is that you know there's this + + + align:start position:0% +you what is that you know there's this +whole there was an NPR piece the other + + align:start position:0% +whole there was an NPR piece the other + + + align:start position:0% +whole there was an NPR piece the other +day about how there's this whole + + align:start position:0% +day about how there's this whole + + + align:start position:0% +day about how there's this whole +business opportunity sprouting up of + + align:start position:0% +business opportunity sprouting up of + + + align:start position:0% +business opportunity sprouting up of +people who have companies where the all + + align:start position:0% +people who have companies where the all + + + align:start position:0% +people who have companies where the all +they do is they get your number of stars + + align:start position:0% +they do is they get your number of stars + + + align:start position:0% +they do is they get your number of stars +for your products high so they they have + + align:start position:0% +for your products high so they they have + + + align:start position:0% +for your products high so they they have +people around the world because you got + + align:start position:0% +people around the world because you got + + + align:start position:0% +people around the world because you got +to do it from different places and you + + align:start position:0% +to do it from different places and you + + + align:start position:0% +to do it from different places and you +got to kind of write fake reviews of + + align:start position:0% +got to kind of write fake reviews of + + + align:start position:0% +got to kind of write fake reviews of +products right and have different you + + align:start position:0% +products right and have different you + + + align:start position:0% +products right and have different you +know Google fake Google email addresses + + align:start position:0% +know Google fake Google email addresses + + + align:start position:0% +know Google fake Google email addresses +blowing me away this so-called + + align:start position:0% +blowing me away this so-called + + + align:start position:0% +blowing me away this so-called +internet now you look here and you see + + align:start position:0% +internet now you look here and you see + + + align:start position:0% +internet now you look here and you see +that there are actually in this MIT + + align:start position:0% +that there are actually in this MIT + + + align:start position:0% +that there are actually in this MIT +atomic scale modeling toolkit there are + + align:start position:0% +atomic scale modeling toolkit there are + + + align:start position:0% +atomic scale modeling toolkit there are +many things there are many things we + + align:start position:0% +many things there are many things we + + + align:start position:0% +many things there are many things we +will be using two tools from this okay + + align:start position:0% +will be using two tools from this okay + + + align:start position:0% +will be using two tools from this okay +one and both are quantum mechanical + + align:start position:0% +one and both are quantum mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +one and both are quantum mechanical +tools one is going to to be + + align:start position:0% +tools one is going to to be + + + align:start position:0% +tools one is going to to be +games which is a quantum chemistry + + align:start position:0% +games which is a quantum chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +games which is a quantum chemistry +package it's free you can download it + + align:start position:0% +package it's free you can download it + + + align:start position:0% +package it's free you can download it +and and run it on your laptop actually + + align:start position:0% +and and run it on your laptop actually + + + align:start position:0% +and and run it on your laptop actually +um and it's for molecules and atoms and + + align:start position:0% +um and it's for molecules and atoms and + + + align:start position:0% +um and it's for molecules and atoms and +another is going to be um called + + align:start position:0% +another is going to be um called + + + align:start position:0% +another is going to be um called +Siesta so you play games you take a + + align:start position:0% +Siesta so you play games you take a + + + align:start position:0% +Siesta so you play games you take a +siesta and this one we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +siesta and this one we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +siesta and this one we're going to use +when we work when we do solids okay both + + align:start position:0% +when we work when we do solids okay both + + + align:start position:0% +when we work when we do solids okay both +of them are going to use an + + align:start position:0% +of them are going to use an + + + align:start position:0% +of them are going to use an +approximation called density functional + + align:start position:0% +approximation called density functional + + + align:start position:0% +approximation called density functional +Theory to solve the short equation for + + align:start position:0% +Theory to solve the short equation for + + + align:start position:0% +Theory to solve the short equation for +real materials so let's just take in the + + align:start position:0% +real materials so let's just take in the + + + align:start position:0% +real materials so let's just take in the +last few minutes of class let's take a + + align:start position:0% +last few minutes of class let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +last few minutes of class let's take a +look at games and you can + + align:start position:0% +look at games and you can + + + align:start position:0% +look at games and you can +see why is it letting me it's not + + align:start position:0% +see why is it letting me it's not + + + align:start position:0% +see why is it letting me it's not +letting me scroll + + align:start position:0% +letting me scroll + + + align:start position:0% +letting me scroll +down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seriously oh is that there's my scroll + + align:start position:0% +seriously oh is that there's my scroll + + + align:start position:0% +seriously oh is that there's my scroll +bar there okay so the input is actually + + align:start position:0% +bar there okay so the input is actually + + + align:start position:0% +bar there okay so the input is actually +pretty straightforward so you can + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward so you can + + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward so you can +calculate the energy or you can optimize + + align:start position:0% +calculate the energy or you can optimize + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the energy or you can optimize +it the method is going to be DFT density + + align:start position:0% +it the method is going to be DFT density + + + align:start position:0% +it the method is going to be DFT density +functional Theory the basis set is + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory the basis set is + + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory the basis set is +something you'll learn about on Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +something you'll learn about on Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +something you'll learn about on Tuesday +what that is okay but + + align:start position:0% +what that is okay but + + + align:start position:0% +what that is okay but +pick like medium and then I want to not + + align:start position:0% +pick like medium and then I want to not + + + align:start position:0% +pick like medium and then I want to not +have a solvent but I want to plot these + + align:start position:0% +have a solvent but I want to plot these + + + align:start position:0% +have a solvent but I want to plot these +orbitals and then + + align:start position:0% +orbitals and then + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals and then +um my thing it it it disappeared + + align:start position:0% +um my thing it it it disappeared + + + align:start position:0% +um my thing it it it disappeared +again don't you guys love the + + align:start position:0% +again don't you guys love the + + + align:start position:0% +again don't you guys love the +nanohub it's so bug + + align:start position:0% +nanohub it's so bug + + + align:start position:0% +nanohub it's so bug +free and now it's not it's not + + align:start position:0% +free and now it's not it's not + + + align:start position:0% +free and now it's not it's not +dragging that's great so what you can do + + align:start position:0% +dragging that's great so what you can do + + + align:start position:0% +dragging that's great so what you can do +is you can do new and let's do like the + + align:start position:0% +is you can do new and let's do like the + + + align:start position:0% +is you can do new and let's do like the +carbon atom my favorite one + + align:start position:0% +carbon atom my favorite one + + + align:start position:0% +carbon atom my favorite one +okay and I'm going to you can do you + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'm going to you can do you + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'm going to you can do you +guys know about XYZ + + align:start position:0% +guys know about XYZ + + + align:start position:0% +guys know about XYZ +coordinates right so you put the number + + align:start position:0% +coordinates right so you put the number + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates right so you put the number +of atoms in the Top Line you leave the + + align:start position:0% +of atoms in the Top Line you leave the + + + align:start position:0% +of atoms in the Top Line you leave the +next line blank or you write whatever + + align:start position:0% +next line blank or you write whatever + + + align:start position:0% +next line blank or you write whatever +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +want um and well yeah don't let me see + + align:start position:0% +want um and well yeah don't let me see + + + align:start position:0% +want um and well yeah don't let me see +some of the things you might write I + + align:start position:0% +some of the things you might write I + + + align:start position:0% +some of the things you might write I +don't know and then you put the atoms + + align:start position:0% +don't know and then you put the atoms + + + align:start position:0% +don't know and then you put the atoms +with their XYZ positions so carbon is + + align:start position:0% +with their XYZ positions so carbon is + + + align:start position:0% +with their XYZ positions so carbon is +going to be at the origin and we click + + align:start position:0% +going to be at the origin and we click + + + align:start position:0% +going to be at the origin and we click +simulate and it's doing it that's it it + + align:start position:0% +simulate and it's doing it that's it it + + + align:start position:0% +simulate and it's doing it that's it it +just solved the sh of your equation for + + align:start position:0% +just solved the sh of your equation for + + + align:start position:0% +just solved the sh of your equation for +carbon something you couldn't do for a + + align:start position:0% +carbon something you couldn't do for a + + + align:start position:0% +carbon something you couldn't do for a +million years no for 50 years + + align:start position:0% +million years no for 50 years + + + align:start position:0% +million years no for 50 years +analytically and it just did it okay and + + align:start position:0% +analytically and it just did it okay and + + + align:start position:0% +analytically and it just did it okay and +now it's still gin + + align:start position:0% +now it's still gin + + + align:start position:0% +now it's still gin +Tite executing a script which is very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frustrating is it this slow for you + + align:start position:0% +frustrating is it this slow for you + + + align:start position:0% +frustrating is it this slow for you +guys this is one + + align:start position:0% +guys this is one + + + align:start position:0% +guys this is one +atom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +man um okay well so we go back to here + + align:start position:0% +man um okay well so we go back to here + + + align:start position:0% +man um okay well so we go back to here +one thing you got right right there is + + align:start position:0% +one thing you got right right there is + + + align:start position:0% +one thing you got right right there is +you got those energy levels which I + + align:start position:0% +you got those energy levels which I + + + align:start position:0% +you got those energy levels which I +can't scroll down to look + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at this is so + + align:start position:0% +at this is so + + + align:start position:0% +at this is so +amazingly + + align:start position:0% +amazingly + + + align:start position:0% +amazingly +frustrating okay so now what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +frustrating okay so now what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +frustrating okay so now what I'm going +to do since it's not it's not working is + + align:start position:0% +to do since it's not it's not working is + + + align:start position:0% +to do since it's not it's not working is +I'm going to try it + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to try it + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to try it +again and I'm going to do um I'll pick a + + align:start position:0% +again and I'm going to do um I'll pick a + + + align:start position:0% +again and I'm going to do um I'll pick a +different basis low see if that works + + align:start position:0% +different basis low see if that works + + + align:start position:0% +different basis low see if that works +and I just did I just did the shinger + + align:start position:0% +and I just did I just did the shinger + + + align:start position:0% +and I just did I just did the shinger +equation for + + align:start position:0% +equation for + + + align:start position:0% +equation for +carbon got to be kidding + + align:start position:0% +carbon got to be kidding + + + align:start position:0% +carbon got to be kidding +me you got to be kidding + + align:start position:0% +me you got to be kidding + + + align:start position:0% +me you got to be kidding +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +really like seriously let's try a + + align:start position:0% +really like seriously let's try a + + + align:start position:0% +really like seriously let's try a +different adom let's try somebody give + + align:start position:0% +different adom let's try somebody give + + + align:start position:0% +different adom let's try somebody give +me an Adam all right this is going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lucky this is going to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it oh yeah it's not able to do it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unbelievable let me just try one more + + align:start position:0% +unbelievable let me just try one more + + + align:start position:0% +unbelievable let me just try one more +thing I'm going to try + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm going to try + + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm going to try +um putting two atoms in let's see if + + align:start position:0% +um putting two atoms in let's see if + + + align:start position:0% +um putting two atoms in let's see if +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +helps yeah and we'll optimize it yeah + + align:start position:0% +helps yeah and we'll optimize it yeah + + + align:start position:0% +helps yeah and we'll optimize it yeah +now it is it is a party + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh hey + + align:start position:0% +oh hey + + + align:start position:0% +oh hey +okay but did it did it give me the + + align:start position:0% +okay but did it did it give me the + + + align:start position:0% +okay but did it did it give me the +orbitals no didn't give me the orbitals + + align:start position:0% +orbitals no didn't give me the orbitals + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals no didn't give me the orbitals +hang + + align:start position:0% +hang + + + align:start position:0% +hang +on sorry + + align:start position:0% +on sorry + + + align:start position:0% +on sorry +guys oh it's it's like still + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um let's just see if it gave me the + + align:start position:0% +um let's just see if it gave me the + + + align:start position:0% +um let's just see if it gave me the +orbitals okay there they are ah okay + + align:start position:0% +orbitals okay there they are ah okay + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals okay there they are ah okay +this is it + + align:start position:0% +this is it + + + align:start position:0% +this is it +sorry it was far Fox which I never use + + align:start position:0% +sorry it was far Fox which I never use + + + align:start position:0% +sorry it was far Fox which I never use +but it came to the rescue for this one + + align:start position:0% +but it came to the rescue for this one + + + align:start position:0% +but it came to the rescue for this one +so look at this okay just really quickly + + align:start position:0% +so look at this okay just really quickly + + + align:start position:0% +so look at this okay just really quickly +cuz if you want to play with this this + + align:start position:0% +cuz if you want to play with this this + + + align:start position:0% +cuz if you want to play with this this +will just take one minute to show okay + + align:start position:0% +will just take one minute to show okay + + + align:start position:0% +will just take one minute to show okay +there I did the carbon + + align:start position:0% +there I did the carbon + + + align:start position:0% +there I did the carbon +dimer that's like a lot of electrons + + align:start position:0% +dimer that's like a lot of electrons + + + align:start position:0% +dimer that's like a lot of electrons +right and it just solved it because of + + align:start position:0% +right and it just solved it because of + + + align:start position:0% +right and it just solved it because of +what you're going to learn on Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +what you're going to learn on Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +what you're going to learn on Tuesday +the approximations it just solved it and + + align:start position:0% +the approximations it just solved it and + + + align:start position:0% +the approximations it just solved it and +look you can if you right click on top + + align:start position:0% +look you can if you right click on top + + + align:start position:0% +look you can if you right click on top +of the image you get surfaces and then + + align:start position:0% +of the image you get surfaces and then + + + align:start position:0% +of the image you get surfaces and then +you get orbitals and look at that that + + align:start position:0% +you get orbitals and look at that that + + + align:start position:0% +you get orbitals and look at that that +is actually what do you think those + + align:start position:0% +is actually what do you think those + + + align:start position:0% +is actually what do you think those +those two + + align:start position:0% +those two + + + align:start position:0% +those two +are there're two carbon atoms + + align:start position:0% +are there're two carbon atoms + + + align:start position:0% +are there're two carbon atoms +here the the s's those are those one s's + + align:start position:0% +here the the s's those are those one s's + + + align:start position:0% +here the the s's those are those one s's +right together in the dier and these are + + align:start position:0% +right together in the dier and these are + + + align:start position:0% +right together in the dier and these are +now the 2s and PS all bonding together + + align:start position:0% +now the 2s and PS all bonding together + + + align:start position:0% +now the 2s and PS all bonding together +and you want to know how they look well + + align:start position:0% +and you want to know how they look well + + + align:start position:0% +and you want to know how they look well +here's like + + align:start position:0% +here's like + + + align:start position:0% +here's like +the here's like one of those s's there + + align:start position:0% +the here's like one of those s's there + + + align:start position:0% +the here's like one of those s's there +it is it's an S orbital in the dier + + align:start position:0% +it is it's an S orbital in the dier + + + align:start position:0% +it is it's an S orbital in the dier +though and it looks very much like the + + align:start position:0% +though and it looks very much like the + + + align:start position:0% +though and it looks very much like the +atomic s orbital which it should why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's remember those are the ones we + + align:start position:0% +it's remember those are the ones we + + + align:start position:0% +it's remember those are the ones we +don't care + + align:start position:0% +don't care + + + align:start position:0% +don't care +about they don't really do anything when + + align:start position:0% +about they don't really do anything when + + + align:start position:0% +about they don't really do anything when +you Bond it's all about the other ones + + align:start position:0% +you Bond it's all about the other ones + + + align:start position:0% +you Bond it's all about the other ones +like for + + align:start position:0% +like for + + + align:start position:0% +like for +example um one of these P's right those + + align:start position:0% +example um one of these P's right those + + + align:start position:0% +example um one of these P's right those +are that's it that's the solution to the + + align:start position:0% +are that's it that's the solution to the + + + align:start position:0% +are that's it that's the solution to the +shinger equation for the carbon dimer + + align:start position:0% +shinger equation for the carbon dimer + + + align:start position:0% +shinger equation for the carbon dimer +and that's where that ptype orbital + + align:start position:0% +and that's where that ptype orbital + + + align:start position:0% +and that's where that ptype orbital +that's where the electron in that level + + align:start position:0% +that's where the electron in that level + + + align:start position:0% +that's where the electron in that level +sits now this is no longer an atom you + + align:start position:0% +sits now this is no longer an atom you + + + align:start position:0% +sits now this is no longer an atom you +can do it for the carbon atom and see + + align:start position:0% +can do it for the carbon atom and see + + + align:start position:0% +can do it for the carbon atom and see +the P orbitals and the S orbitals but + + align:start position:0% +the P orbitals and the S orbitals but + + + align:start position:0% +the P orbitals and the S orbitals but +now when you make a molecule things get + + align:start position:0% +now when you make a molecule things get + + + align:start position:0% +now when you make a molecule things get +more complicated right and more and more + + align:start position:0% +more complicated right and more and more + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated right and more and more +complicated right so that'll be the tool + + align:start position:0% +complicated right so that'll be the tool + + + align:start position:0% +complicated right so that'll be the tool +we use for our molecule things assuming + + align:start position:0% +we use for our molecule things assuming + + + align:start position:0% +we use for our molecule things assuming +it actually works and um if anyone has + + align:start position:0% +it actually works and um if anyone has + + + align:start position:0% +it actually works and um if anyone has +any questions um email me and remember + + align:start position:0% +any questions um email me and remember + + + align:start position:0% +any questions um email me and remember +class next Tuesday but not next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Thursday e \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Cfx7hyAoGL4.txt b/Cfx7hyAoGL4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e88094b17748251f4ac01969f49822c72200b3e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Cfx7hyAoGL4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1259 @@ +align:start position:0% + +often you will need to load an external + + align:start position:0% +often you will need to load an external + + + align:start position:0% +often you will need to load an external +data file into our to do some analysis + + align:start position:0% +data file into our to do some analysis + + + align:start position:0% +data file into our to do some analysis +and modeling in this class we'll be + + align:start position:0% +and modeling in this class we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +and modeling in this class we'll be +working with CSV files or comma + + align:start position:0% +working with CSV files or comma + + + align:start position:0% +working with CSV files or comma +separated value files this is a common + + align:start position:0% +separated value files this is a common + + + align:start position:0% +separated value files this is a common +format for data files and is easy to + + align:start position:0% +format for data files and is easy to + + + align:start position:0% +format for data files and is easy to +work with and are the first thing you + + align:start position:0% +work with and are the first thing you + + + align:start position:0% +work with and are the first thing you +need to do to read in a data file is to + + align:start position:0% +need to do to read in a data file is to + + + align:start position:0% +need to do to read in a data file is to +navigate to the directory on your + + align:start position:0% +navigate to the directory on your + + + align:start position:0% +navigate to the directory on your +computer where the data file is saved on + + align:start position:0% +computer where the data file is saved on + + + align:start position:0% +computer where the data file is saved on +a Mac go to the miscellaneous menu then + + align:start position:0% +a Mac go to the miscellaneous menu then + + + align:start position:0% +a Mac go to the miscellaneous menu then +select change working directory on a PC + + align:start position:0% +select change working directory on a PC + + + align:start position:0% +select change working directory on a PC +go to the file menu and select change + + align:start position:0% +go to the file menu and select change + + + align:start position:0% +go to the file menu and select change +der this should pop up a browsing or + + align:start position:0% +der this should pop up a browsing or + + + align:start position:0% +der this should pop up a browsing or +navigation window navigate to the folder + + align:start position:0% +navigation window navigate to the folder + + + align:start position:0% +navigation window navigate to the folder +where you saved the data file who wh o + + align:start position:0% +where you saved the data file who wh o + + + align:start position:0% +where you saved the data file who wh o +csv that you downloaded for this class + + align:start position:0% +csv that you downloaded for this class + + + align:start position:0% +csv that you downloaded for this class +and then select that folder + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nothing should have happened in our but + + align:start position:0% +nothing should have happened in our but + + + align:start position:0% +nothing should have happened in our but +if you type get WD and then empty + + align:start position:0% +if you type get WD and then empty + + + align:start position:0% +if you type get WD and then empty +parentheses and hit enter you should see + + align:start position:0% +parentheses and hit enter you should see + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses and hit enter you should see +the path to the data set that you the + + align:start position:0% +the path to the data set that you the + + + align:start position:0% +the path to the data set that you the +folder containing the data set that you + + align:start position:0% +folder containing the data set that you + + + align:start position:0% +folder containing the data set that you +just selected now reading the data file + + align:start position:0% +just selected now reading the data file + + + align:start position:0% +just selected now reading the data file +by typing who equals read dot CSV and + + align:start position:0% +by typing who equals read dot CSV and + + + align:start position:0% +by typing who equals read dot CSV and +then in parentheses and in quotes whose + + align:start position:0% +then in parentheses and in quotes whose + + + align:start position:0% +then in parentheses and in quotes whose +CSV the name of the data file we want to + + align:start position:0% +CSV the name of the data file we want to + + + align:start position:0% +CSV the name of the data file we want to +read in if you hit enter this will save + + align:start position:0% +read in if you hit enter this will save + + + align:start position:0% +read in if you hit enter this will save +the data set in who CSV to the data + + align:start position:0% +the data set in who CSV to the data + + + align:start position:0% +the data set in who CSV to the data +frame who to look at our data there are + + align:start position:0% +frame who to look at our data there are + + + align:start position:0% +frame who to look at our data there are +two very useful commands the first is + + align:start position:0% +two very useful commands the first is + + + align:start position:0% +two very useful commands the first is +the STR function which shows us the + + align:start position:0% +the STR function which shows us the + + + align:start position:0% +the STR function which shows us the +structure of the data if you type STR + + align:start position:0% +structure of the data if you type STR + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the data if you type STR +and then in parentheses who and hit + + align:start position:0% +and then in parentheses who and hit + + + align:start position:0% +and then in parentheses who and hit +enter you can see that we have a data + + align:start position:0% +enter you can see that we have a data + + + align:start position:0% +enter you can see that we have a data +frame of a hundred and ninety four + + align:start position:0% +frame of a hundred and ninety four + + + align:start position:0% +frame of a hundred and ninety four +observations and thirteen variables this + + align:start position:0% +observations and thirteen variables this + + + align:start position:0% +observations and thirteen variables this +dataset contains recent statistics from + + align:start position:0% +dataset contains recent statistics from + + + align:start position:0% +dataset contains recent statistics from +the World Health Organization w-h-o or + + align:start position:0% +the World Health Organization w-h-o or + + + align:start position:0% +the World Health Organization w-h-o or +who on all countries the variables are + + align:start position:0% +who on all countries the variables are + + + align:start position:0% +who on all countries the variables are +the name of the country the region the + + align:start position:0% +the name of the country the region the + + + align:start position:0% +the name of the country the region the +country is in the population in + + align:start position:0% +country is in the population in + + + align:start position:0% +country is in the population in +thousands the percentage of the + + align:start position:0% +thousands the percentage of the + + + align:start position:0% +thousands the percentage of the +population under 15 and over 60 the + + align:start position:0% +population under 15 and over 60 the + + + align:start position:0% +population under 15 and over 60 the +fertility rate or average number of + + align:start position:0% +fertility rate or average number of + + + align:start position:0% +fertility rate or average number of +children per woman the life expectancy + + align:start position:0% +children per woman the life expectancy + + + align:start position:0% +children per woman the life expectancy +in years the child mortality rate which + + align:start position:0% +in years the child mortality rate which + + + align:start position:0% +in years the child mortality rate which +is the number of children who died by + + align:start position:0% +is the number of children who died by + + + align:start position:0% +is the number of children who died by +age five per 1000 births the number of + + align:start position:0% +age five per 1000 births the number of + + + align:start position:0% +age five per 1000 births the number of +cellular subscribers per 100 population + + align:start position:0% +cellular subscribers per 100 population + + + align:start position:0% +cellular subscribers per 100 population +the literacy rate among adults aged + + align:start position:0% +the literacy rate among adults aged + + + align:start position:0% +the literacy rate among adults aged +greater than or equal to 15 the gross + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to 15 the gross + + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to 15 the gross +national income per capita the + + align:start position:0% +national income per capita the + + + align:start position:0% +national income per capita the +percentage of male children enrolled in + + align:start position:0% +percentage of male children enrolled in + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of male children enrolled in +primary school and the percentage of + + align:start position:0% +primary school and the percentage of + + + align:start position:0% +primary school and the percentage of +female children enrolled in primary + + align:start position:0% +female children enrolled in primary + + + align:start position:0% +female children enrolled in primary +school for each variable + + align:start position:0% +school for each variable + + + align:start position:0% +school for each variable +Str gives us the name of the variable + + align:start position:0% +Str gives us the name of the variable + + + align:start position:0% +Str gives us the name of the variable +and then a description of the type of + + align:start position:0% +and then a description of the type of + + + align:start position:0% +and then a description of the type of +the variable followed by a first few + + align:start position:0% +the variable followed by a first few + + + align:start position:0% +the variable followed by a first few +values of + + align:start position:0% +values of + + + align:start position:0% +values of +variable we see a couple different types + + align:start position:0% +variable we see a couple different types + + + align:start position:0% +variable we see a couple different types +here one is a factor variable country + + align:start position:0% +here one is a factor variable country + + + align:start position:0% +here one is a factor variable country +and region are both factor variables + + align:start position:0% +and region are both factor variables + + + align:start position:0% +and region are both factor variables +this means that the variables have + + align:start position:0% +this means that the variables have + + + align:start position:0% +this means that the variables have +several different categories + + align:start position:0% +several different categories + + + align:start position:0% +several different categories +not necessarily numerical for example + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily numerical for example + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily numerical for example +the region variable has six different + + align:start position:0% +the region variable has six different + + + align:start position:0% +the region variable has six different +categories or levels + + align:start position:0% +categories or levels + + + align:start position:0% +categories or levels +these include Africa and Americas so + + align:start position:0% +these include Africa and Americas so + + + align:start position:0% +these include Africa and Americas so +each observation in the region variable + + align:start position:0% +each observation in the region variable + + + align:start position:0% +each observation in the region variable +belongs to one of six different + + align:start position:0% +belongs to one of six different + + + align:start position:0% +belongs to one of six different +categories for variables like country + + align:start position:0% +categories for variables like country + + + align:start position:0% +categories for variables like country +where there's a hundred and ninety four + + align:start position:0% +where there's a hundred and ninety four + + + align:start position:0% +where there's a hundred and ninety four +levels which is the same number of + + align:start position:0% +levels which is the same number of + + + align:start position:0% +levels which is the same number of +observations we have each value in this + + align:start position:0% +observations we have each value in this + + + align:start position:0% +observations we have each value in this +variable is different in this case it + + align:start position:0% +variable is different in this case it + + + align:start position:0% +variable is different in this case it +makes sense since each country name is + + align:start position:0% +makes sense since each country name is + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense since each country name is +different then we have two types of + + align:start position:0% +different then we have two types of + + + align:start position:0% +different then we have two types of +numerical values integer and then + + align:start position:0% +numerical values integer and then + + + align:start position:0% +numerical values integer and then +general numerical values the other very + + align:start position:0% +general numerical values the other very + + + align:start position:0% +general numerical values the other very +useful function to take a look at our + + align:start position:0% +useful function to take a look at our + + + align:start position:0% +useful function to take a look at our +data is the summary function in your arm + + align:start position:0% +data is the summary function in your arm + + + align:start position:0% +data is the summary function in your arm +console type summary and then in + + align:start position:0% +console type summary and then in + + + align:start position:0% +console type summary and then in +parentheses who the name of our data + + align:start position:0% +parentheses who the name of our data + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses who the name of our data +frame and hit enter this gives a + + align:start position:0% +frame and hit enter this gives a + + + align:start position:0% +frame and hit enter this gives a +numerical summary of each of our + + align:start position:0% +numerical summary of each of our + + + align:start position:0% +numerical summary of each of our +variables for the factor variables + + align:start position:0% +variables for the factor variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables for the factor variables +country and region it counts the number + + align:start position:0% +country and region it counts the number + + + align:start position:0% +country and region it counts the number +of observations in each of the levels or + + align:start position:0% +of observations in each of the levels or + + + align:start position:0% +of observations in each of the levels or +categories so here we see that we have + + align:start position:0% +categories so here we see that we have + + + align:start position:0% +categories so here we see that we have +46 countries in the region Africa 35 in + + align:start position:0% +46 countries in the region Africa 35 in + + + align:start position:0% +46 countries in the region Africa 35 in +the region Americas etc for each of the + + align:start position:0% +the region Americas etc for each of the + + + align:start position:0% +the region Americas etc for each of the +numerical values we see the men first + + align:start position:0% +numerical values we see the men first + + + align:start position:0% +numerical values we see the men first +quartile median mean third quartile and + + align:start position:0% +quartile median mean third quartile and + + + align:start position:0% +quartile median mean third quartile and +maximum values in that variable we can + + align:start position:0% +maximum values in that variable we can + + + align:start position:0% +maximum values in that variable we can +also see in some of the variables that + + align:start position:0% +also see in some of the variables that + + + align:start position:0% +also see in some of the variables that +we have this category called anaise this + + align:start position:0% +we have this category called anaise this + + + align:start position:0% +we have this category called anaise this +means that some variable or some + + align:start position:0% +means that some variable or some + + + align:start position:0% +means that some variable or some +observations are missing values in that + + align:start position:0% +observations are missing values in that + + + align:start position:0% +observations are missing values in that +variable so for a fertility rate there + + align:start position:0% +variable so for a fertility rate there + + + align:start position:0% +variable so for a fertility rate there +are 11 observations that are missing the + + align:start position:0% +are 11 observations that are missing the + + + align:start position:0% +are 11 observations that are missing the +value of fertility rate when working + + align:start position:0% +value of fertility rate when working + + + align:start position:0% +value of fertility rate when working +with data in R it can often be useful to + + align:start position:0% +with data in R it can often be useful to + + + align:start position:0% +with data in R it can often be useful to +subset your data for example suppose we + + align:start position:0% +subset your data for example suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +subset your data for example suppose we +want to create a new data frame with + + align:start position:0% +want to create a new data frame with + + + align:start position:0% +want to create a new data frame with +only the countries in Europe let's + + align:start position:0% +only the countries in Europe let's + + + align:start position:0% +only the countries in Europe let's +who underscore euro and use the subset + + align:start position:0% +who underscore euro and use the subset + + + align:start position:0% +who underscore euro and use the subset +function to subset the data frame who to + + align:start position:0% +function to subset the data frame who to + + + align:start position:0% +function to subset the data frame who to +take only the observations for which + + align:start position:0% +take only the observations for which + + + align:start position:0% +take only the observations for which +region is exactly equal to Europe the + + align:start position:0% +region is exactly equal to Europe the + + + align:start position:0% +region is exactly equal to Europe the +subset function takes two arguments the + + align:start position:0% +subset function takes two arguments the + + + align:start position:0% +subset function takes two arguments the +first is the data frame we want to take + + align:start position:0% +first is the data frame we want to take + + + align:start position:0% +first is the data frame we want to take +a subset of in this case who and the + + align:start position:0% +a subset of in this case who and the + + + align:start position:0% +a subset of in this case who and the +second argument is the criteria for + + align:start position:0% +second argument is the criteria for + + + align:start position:0% +second argument is the criteria for +which observations of who should belong + + align:start position:0% +which observations of who should belong + + + align:start position:0% +which observations of who should belong +in our new data frame who Europe in this + + align:start position:0% +in our new data frame who Europe in this + + + align:start position:0% +in our new data frame who Europe in this +case we want the observations for which + + align:start position:0% +case we want the observations for which + + + align:start position:0% +case we want the observations for which +the region variable is exactly equal to + + align:start position:0% +the region variable is exactly equal to + + + align:start position:0% +the region variable is exactly equal to +Europe the double equal sign here means + + align:start position:0% +Europe the double equal sign here means + + + align:start position:0% +Europe the double equal sign here means +exactly equal to if we hit enter and + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to if we hit enter and + + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to if we hit enter and +then look at the structure of who Europe + + align:start position:0% +then look at the structure of who Europe + + + align:start position:0% +then look at the structure of who Europe +we can see that we now have a data frame + + align:start position:0% +we can see that we now have a data frame + + + align:start position:0% +we can see that we now have a data frame +of 53 observations of the same 13 + + align:start position:0% +of 53 observations of the same 13 + + + align:start position:0% +of 53 observations of the same 13 +variables this 53 sound right well let's + + align:start position:0% +variables this 53 sound right well let's + + + align:start position:0% +variables this 53 sound right well let's +look back at the summary output of who + + align:start position:0% +look back at the summary output of who + + + align:start position:0% +look back at the summary output of who +we can see in the region output there + + align:start position:0% +we can see in the region output there + + + align:start position:0% +we can see in the region output there +were 53 observations that belonged in + + align:start position:0% +were 53 observations that belonged in + + + align:start position:0% +were 53 observations that belonged in +the region Europe so we should expect 53 + + align:start position:0% +the region Europe so we should expect 53 + + + align:start position:0% +the region Europe so we should expect 53 +observations in our Europe subset which + + align:start position:0% +observations in our Europe subset which + + + align:start position:0% +observations in our Europe subset which +is right now suppose we want to save + + align:start position:0% +is right now suppose we want to save + + + align:start position:0% +is right now suppose we want to save +this new data frame who Europe to a CSV + + align:start position:0% +this new data frame who Europe to a CSV + + + align:start position:0% +this new data frame who Europe to a CSV +file you can use the right CSV function + + align:start position:0% +file you can use the right CSV function + + + align:start position:0% +file you can use the right CSV function +to do this type a right dot CSV and then + + align:start position:0% +to do this type a right dot CSV and then + + + align:start position:0% +to do this type a right dot CSV and then +in parentheses the name of the data + + align:start position:0% +in parentheses the name of the data + + + align:start position:0% +in parentheses the name of the data +frame we want to save who underscore + + align:start position:0% +frame we want to save who underscore + + + align:start position:0% +frame we want to save who underscore +Europe comma and then in quotes the name + + align:start position:0% +Europe comma and then in quotes the name + + + align:start position:0% +Europe comma and then in quotes the name +of the file we want to save it to let's + + align:start position:0% +of the file we want to save it to let's + + + align:start position:0% +of the file we want to save it to let's +call it who Europe dot CSV + + align:start position:0% +call it who Europe dot CSV + + + align:start position:0% +call it who Europe dot CSV +if you hit enter nothing should happen + + align:start position:0% +if you hit enter nothing should happen + + + align:start position:0% +if you hit enter nothing should happen +but you should now have a file called + + align:start position:0% +but you should now have a file called + + + align:start position:0% +but you should now have a file called +who you're a CSV in the same folder that + + align:start position:0% +who you're a CSV in the same folder that + + + align:start position:0% +who you're a CSV in the same folder that +you saved who dot CSV in and now that + + align:start position:0% +you saved who dot CSV in and now that + + + align:start position:0% +you saved who dot CSV in and now that +we've saved this as a CSV file if we're + + align:start position:0% +we've saved this as a CSV file if we're + + + align:start position:0% +we've saved this as a CSV file if we're +not working with it anymore in R we can + + align:start position:0% +not working with it anymore in R we can + + + align:start position:0% +not working with it anymore in R we can +remove the data frame from our current + + align:start position:0% +remove the data frame from our current + + + align:start position:0% +remove the data frame from our current +session in R this is often useful if + + align:start position:0% +session in R this is often useful if + + + align:start position:0% +session in R this is often useful if +you're working with a large data set + + align:start position:0% +you're working with a large data set + + + align:start position:0% +you're working with a large data set +that's taking up a lot of space first + + align:start position:0% +that's taking up a lot of space first + + + align:start position:0% +that's taking up a lot of space first +let's type LS and then empty parentheses + + align:start position:0% +let's type LS and then empty parentheses + + + align:start position:0% +let's type LS and then empty parentheses +to see what variables we currently have + + align:start position:0% +to see what variables we currently have + + + align:start position:0% +to see what variables we currently have +in our you could see that who Europe is + + align:start position:0% +in our you could see that who Europe is + + + align:start position:0% +in our you could see that who Europe is +one of our variables now type RM for + + align:start position:0% +one of our variables now type RM for + + + align:start position:0% +one of our variables now type RM for +remove and then the name who Europe and + + align:start position:0% +remove and then the name who Europe and + + + align:start position:0% +remove and then the name who Europe and +hit enter if you type LS again you + + align:start position:0% +hit enter if you type LS again you + + + align:start position:0% +hit enter if you type LS again you +should see that who Europe is gone in + + align:start position:0% +should see that who Europe is gone in + + + align:start position:0% +should see that who Europe is gone in +the next video we'll explore the who + + align:start position:0% +the next video we'll explore the who + + + align:start position:0% +the next video we'll explore the who +dataset \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/CgfkEUOFAj0.txt b/CgfkEUOFAj0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2dfadb27f23aae11ab37700327895ebde11d4bd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/CgfkEUOFAj0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8507 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu um just to give a overview + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu um just to give a overview + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu um just to give a overview +in three lines the the uh text is the + + align:start position:0% +in three lines the the uh text is the + + + align:start position:0% +in three lines the the uh text is the +book of that name the uh computational + + align:start position:0% +book of that name the uh computational + + + align:start position:0% +book of that name the uh computational +science and engineering that was + + align:start position:0% +science and engineering that was + + + align:start position:0% +science and engineering that was +completed just last year so it really + + align:start position:0% +completed just last year so it really + + + align:start position:0% +completed just last year so it really +ties pretty well with the course uh I + + align:start position:0% +ties pretty well with the course uh I + + + align:start position:0% +ties pretty well with the course uh I +don't cover everything in the book by + + align:start position:0% +don't cover everything in the book by + + + align:start position:0% +don't cover everything in the book by +all means and I don't certainly don't + + align:start position:0% +all means and I don't certainly don't + + + align:start position:0% +all means and I don't certainly don't +stand here and read the book that would + + align:start position:0% +stand here and read the book that would + + + align:start position:0% +stand here and read the book that would +be no good uh but uh you'll be able if + + align:start position:0% +be no good uh but uh you'll be able if + + + align:start position:0% +be no good uh but uh you'll be able if +you miss a + + align:start position:0% +you miss a + + + align:start position:0% +you miss a +class well don't miss a class but if you + + align:start position:0% +class well don't miss a class but if you + + + align:start position:0% +class well don't miss a class but if you +miss a class uh you'll you'll be able + + align:start position:0% +miss a class uh you'll you'll be able + + + align:start position:0% +miss a class uh you'll you'll be able +probably to see roughly what the what we + + align:start position:0% +probably to see roughly what the what we + + + align:start position:0% +probably to see roughly what the what we +did okay so the first part of the + + align:start position:0% +did okay so the first part of the + + + align:start position:0% +did okay so the first part of the +semester is this applied linear + + align:start position:0% +semester is this applied linear + + + align:start position:0% +semester is this applied linear +algebra and I don't know how many of you + + align:start position:0% +algebra and I don't know how many of you + + + align:start position:0% +algebra and I don't know how many of you +had have had a linear algebra course and + + align:start position:0% +had have had a linear algebra course and + + + align:start position:0% +had have had a linear algebra course and +that's why I thought I would uh start + + align:start position:0% +that's why I thought I would uh start + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I thought I would uh start +with a quick review and you'll catch + + align:start position:0% +with a quick review and you'll catch + + + align:start position:0% +with a quick review and you'll catch +on uh I I want matrices to come to life + + align:start position:0% +on uh I I want matrices to come to life + + + align:start position:0% +on uh I I want matrices to come to life +actually you know instead of just being + + align:start position:0% +actually you know instead of just being + + + align:start position:0% +actually you know instead of just being +uh 4x4 array of numbers they're a 4x4 or + + align:start position:0% +uh 4x4 array of numbers they're a 4x4 or + + + align:start position:0% +uh 4x4 array of numbers they're a 4x4 or +n byn or n byn array of special numbers + + align:start position:0% +n byn or n byn array of special numbers + + + align:start position:0% +n byn or n byn array of special numbers +they have a meaning when they multiply a + + align:start position:0% +they have a meaning when they multiply a + + + align:start position:0% +they have a meaning when they multiply a +vector they do something and so it's + + align:start position:0% +vector they do something and so it's + + + align:start position:0% +vector they do something and so it's +part of this first step is just like + + align:start position:0% +part of this first step is just like + + + align:start position:0% +part of this first step is just like +getting to recognize what's what's that + + align:start position:0% +getting to recognize what's what's that + + + align:start position:0% +getting to recognize what's what's that +Matrix doing where does it come from + + align:start position:0% +Matrix doing where does it come from + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix doing where does it come from +what are its properties so that's that's + + align:start position:0% +what are its properties so that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +what are its properties so that's that's +a theme at the start then uh uh + + align:start position:0% +a theme at the start then uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +a theme at the start then uh uh +differential + + align:start position:0% +differential + + + align:start position:0% +differential +equations like llosa's equation are + + align:start position:0% +equations like llosa's equation are + + + align:start position:0% +equations like llosa's equation are +beautiful examples so here we get + + align:start position:0% +beautiful examples so here we get + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful examples so here we get +especially to numerical methods finite + + align:start position:0% +especially to numerical methods finite + + + align:start position:0% +especially to numerical methods finite +differences finite elements above all so + + align:start position:0% +differences finite elements above all so + + + align:start position:0% +differences finite elements above all so +I think in this class you'll really see + + align:start position:0% +I think in this class you'll really see + + + align:start position:0% +I think in this class you'll really see +how finite elements work and other ideas + + align:start position:0% +how finite elements work and other ideas + + + align:start position:0% +how finite elements work and other ideas +all sorts of ideas and then the last + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of ideas and then the last + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of ideas and then the last +part of the course is about + + align:start position:0% +part of the course is about + + + align:start position:0% +part of the course is about +forier that's a forier series that you + + align:start position:0% +forier that's a forier series that you + + + align:start position:0% +forier that's a forier series that you +may have seen and for integrals but also + + align:start position:0% +may have seen and for integrals but also + + + align:start position:0% +may have seen and for integrals but also +highly important discreet fora transform + + align:start position:0% +highly important discreet fora transform + + + align:start position:0% +highly important discreet fora transform +DFT that's a fundamental step for + + align:start position:0% +DFT that's a fundamental step for + + + align:start position:0% +DFT that's a fundamental step for +understanding what a what what a signal + + align:start position:0% +understanding what a what what a signal + + + align:start position:0% +understanding what a what what a signal +contains yeah so that's that's great + + align:start position:0% +contains yeah so that's that's great + + + align:start position:0% +contains yeah so that's that's great +stuff for you + + align:start position:0% +stuff for you + + + align:start position:0% +stuff for you +okay what else should I say before I + + align:start position:0% +okay what else should I say before I + + + align:start position:0% +okay what else should I say before I +start I said this was my favorite course + + align:start position:0% +start I said this was my favorite course + + + align:start position:0% +start I said this was my favorite course +and maybe I elaborate a little uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well I think what I want to say is uh + + align:start position:0% +well I think what I want to say is uh + + + align:start position:0% +well I think what I want to say is uh +that I'm really feel my life is here to + + align:start position:0% +that I'm really feel my life is here to + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm really feel my life is here to +teach + + align:start position:0% +teach + + + align:start position:0% +teach +you and not to grade you I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +you and not to grade you I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +you and not to grade you I'm not going +to spend the semester worrying about + + align:start position:0% +to spend the semester worrying about + + + align:start position:0% +to spend the semester worrying about +grades and please don't they come out + + align:start position:0% +grades and please don't they come out + + + align:start position:0% +grades and please don't they come out +fine we've got lots to learn and I'll do + + align:start position:0% +fine we've got lots to learn and I'll do + + + align:start position:0% +fine we've got lots to learn and I'll do +my very best to to explain it clearly + + align:start position:0% +my very best to to explain it clearly + + + align:start position:0% +my very best to to explain it clearly +and I know you'll do your best + + align:start position:0% +and I know you'll do your best + + + align:start position:0% +and I know you'll do your best +I know from experience this class + + align:start position:0% +I know from experience this class + + + align:start position:0% +I know from experience this class +is goes for it and and does it right so + + align:start position:0% +is goes for it and and does it right so + + + align:start position:0% +is goes for it and and does it right so +I I'm just that's what makes it so good + + align:start position:0% +I I'm just that's what makes it so good + + + align:start position:0% +I I'm just that's what makes it so good +okay homeworks uh by the way well the + + align:start position:0% +okay homeworks uh by the way well the + + + align:start position:0% +okay homeworks uh by the way well the +first homework will simply be a way to + + align:start position:0% +first homework will simply be a way to + + + align:start position:0% +first homework will simply be a way to +get a a grade list a list of everybody + + align:start position:0% +get a a grade list a list of everybody + + + align:start position:0% +get a a grade list a list of everybody +taking the course they won't be graded + + align:start position:0% +taking the course they won't be graded + + + align:start position:0% +taking the course they won't be graded +in great detail too many too too large a + + align:start position:0% +in great detail too many too too large a + + + align:start position:0% +in great detail too many too too large a +class and uh and and + + align:start position:0% +class and uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +class and uh and and +you're allowed to talk to each other + + align:start position:0% +you're allowed to talk to each other + + + align:start position:0% +you're allowed to talk to each other +about homework so homework is not an + + align:start position:0% +about homework so homework is not an + + + align:start position:0% +about homework so homework is not an +exam at all so let me just let me leave + + align:start position:0% +exam at all so let me just let me leave + + + align:start position:0% +exam at all so let me just let me leave +a any discussion of exams and grades for + + align:start position:0% +a any discussion of exams and grades for + + + align:start position:0% +a any discussion of exams and grades for +the future I'll I'll tell you even + + align:start position:0% +the future I'll I'll tell you even + + + align:start position:0% +the future I'll I'll tell you even +you'll see how informally the first + + align:start position:0% +you'll see how informally the first + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see how informally the first +homework will + + align:start position:0% +homework will + + + align:start position:0% +homework will +be and it'll I hope it'll go up on the + + align:start position:0% +be and it'll I hope it'll go up on the + + + align:start position:0% +be and it'll I hope it'll go up on the +website the first homework it'll be for + + align:start position:0% +website the first homework it'll be for + + + align:start position:0% +website the first homework it'll be for +Monday so it's a bit + + align:start position:0% +Monday so it's a bit + + + align:start position:0% +Monday so it's a bit +early uh but it's pretty open-ended if + + align:start position:0% +early uh but it's pretty open-ended if + + + align:start position:0% +early uh but it's pretty open-ended if +you could take three problems from 1.1 + + align:start position:0% +you could take three problems from 1.1 + + + align:start position:0% +you could take three problems from 1.1 +the first section of the book any + + align:start position:0% +the first section of the book any + + + align:start position:0% +the first section of the book any +three and any three problems from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1.2 and print your name on the homework + + align:start position:0% +1.2 and print your name on the homework + + + align:start position:0% +1.2 and print your name on the homework +because that we're going to use that to + + align:start position:0% +because that we're going to use that to + + + align:start position:0% +because that we're going to use that to +create the grade list I'll be completely + + align:start position:0% +create the grade list I'll be completely + + + align:start position:0% +create the grade list I'll be completely +happy well especially if you get them + + align:start position:0% +happy well especially if you get them + + + align:start position:0% +happy well especially if you get them +right and do them neatly and so on but + + align:start position:0% +right and do them neatly and so on but + + + align:start position:0% +right and do them neatly and so on but +you actually we won't know uh so so so + + align:start position:0% +you actually we won't know uh so so so + + + align:start position:0% +you actually we won't know uh so so so +that'll be + + align:start position:0% +that'll be + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be +that's for + + align:start position:0% +that's for + + + align:start position:0% +that's for +Monday okay and we'll talk more about + + align:start position:0% +Monday okay and we'll talk more about + + + align:start position:0% +Monday okay and we'll talk more about +the I'll announce the TA and on the + + align:start position:0% +the I'll announce the TA and on the + + + align:start position:0% +the I'll announce the TA and on the +website the TA hours the and and the the + + align:start position:0% +website the TA hours the and and the the + + + align:start position:0% +website the TA hours the and and the the +office hours and everything there'll be + + align:start position:0% +office hours and everything there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +office hours and everything there'll be +a Friday afternoon office hour so + + align:start position:0% +a Friday afternoon office hour so + + + align:start position:0% +a Friday afternoon office hour so +because homeworks will typically come + + align:start position:0% +because homeworks will typically come + + + align:start position:0% +because homeworks will typically come +Monday okay questions about the + + align:start position:0% +Monday okay questions about the + + + align:start position:0% +Monday okay questions about the +course before I just + + align:start position:0% +course before I just + + + align:start position:0% +course before I just +start okay is time + + align:start position:0% +start okay is time + + + align:start position:0% +start okay is time +another time for questions too okay so + + align:start position:0% +another time for questions too okay so + + + align:start position:0% +another time for questions too okay so +let's shall we can can we just + + align:start position:0% +let's shall we can can we just + + + align:start position:0% +let's shall we can can we just +start with that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix and uh so I said about matrices + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and uh so I said about matrices + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and uh so I said about matrices +I'm interested in their properties like + + align:start position:0% +I'm interested in their properties like + + + align:start position:0% +I'm interested in their properties like +I'm going to ask you about that and then + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to ask you about that and then + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to ask you about that and then +I'm interested in their meaning where do + + align:start position:0% +I'm interested in their meaning where do + + + align:start position:0% +I'm interested in their meaning where do +they come from you know why why that + + align:start position:0% +they come from you know why why that + + + align:start position:0% +they come from you know why why that +Matrix instead of some other and then uh + + align:start position:0% +Matrix instead of some other and then uh + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix instead of some other and then uh +the numerical part is how do we deal + + align:start position:0% +the numerical part is how do we deal + + + align:start position:0% +the numerical part is how do we deal +with them how do we solve a linear + + align:start position:0% +with them how do we solve a linear + + + align:start position:0% +with them how do we solve a linear +system with that with that coefficient + + align:start position:0% +system with that with that coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +system with that with that coefficient +Matrix what can we say about the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what can we say about the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what can we say about the +solution so that the the the purpose + + align:start position:0% +solution so that the the the purpose + + + align:start position:0% +solution so that the the the purpose +right okay how about well + + align:start position:0% +right okay how about well + + + align:start position:0% +right okay how about well +now help me out so I guess my plan with + + align:start position:0% +now help me out so I guess my plan with + + + align:start position:0% +now help me out so I guess my plan with +the videotaping is whatever you say I'll + + align:start position:0% +the videotaping is whatever you say I'll + + + align:start position:0% +the videotaping is whatever you say I'll +repeat so + + align:start position:0% +repeat so + + + align:start position:0% +repeat so +uh say it as clearly as possible and + + align:start position:0% +uh say it as clearly as possible and + + + align:start position:0% +uh say it as clearly as possible and +it's fantastic to + + align:start position:0% +it's fantastic to + + + align:start position:0% +it's fantastic to +have uh discuss conversation here so I + + align:start position:0% +have uh discuss conversation here so I + + + align:start position:0% +have uh discuss conversation here so I +I'll just repeat it so that it safely + + align:start position:0% +I'll just repeat it so that it safely + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just repeat it so that it safely +gets on the tape so tell me its + + align:start position:0% +gets on the tape so tell me its + + + align:start position:0% +gets on the tape so tell me its +properties tell me the first property + + align:start position:0% +properties tell me the first property + + + align:start position:0% +properties tell me the first property +that you notice about that + + align:start position:0% +that you notice about that + + + align:start position:0% +that you notice about that +Matrix symmetric symmetric right I could + + align:start position:0% +Matrix symmetric symmetric right I could + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix symmetric symmetric right I could +have slowed down a little and everybody + + align:start position:0% +have slowed down a little and everybody + + + align:start position:0% +have slowed down a little and everybody +probably would have said that at once so + + align:start position:0% +probably would have said that at once so + + + align:start position:0% +probably would have said that at once so +that's a symmetric Matrix and how do I + + align:start position:0% +that's a symmetric Matrix and how do I + + + align:start position:0% +that's a symmetric Matrix and how do I +now we might as well pick up some Matrix + + align:start position:0% +now we might as well pick up some Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +now we might as well pick up some Matrix +notation how do I express the fact that + + align:start position:0% +notation how do I express the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +notation how do I express the fact that +this is a symmetric Matrix in simple + + align:start position:0% +this is a symmetric Matrix in simple + + + align:start position:0% +this is a symmetric Matrix in simple +Matrix notation I would say that K is + + align:start position:0% +Matrix notation I would say that K is + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix notation I would say that K is +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +as K transpose the transpose everybody + + align:start position:0% +as K transpose the transpose everybody + + + align:start position:0% +as K transpose the transpose everybody +knows it comes from oh I shouldn't say + + align:start position:0% +knows it comes from oh I shouldn't say + + + align:start position:0% +knows it comes from oh I shouldn't say +this flipping it across the diagonal + + align:start position:0% +this flipping it across the diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +this flipping it across the diagonal +that's not a very math thing to do uh + + align:start position:0% +that's not a very math thing to do uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's not a very math thing to do uh +but uh that's the way to visualize it + + align:start position:0% +but uh that's the way to visualize it + + + align:start position:0% +but uh that's the way to visualize it +and let me + + align:start position:0% +and let me + + + align:start position:0% +and let me +write use a capital T for transpose okay + + align:start position:0% +write use a capital T for transpose okay + + + align:start position:0% +write use a capital T for transpose okay +so it's symmetric + + align:start position:0% +so it's symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +so it's symmetric +very important very very important + + align:start position:0% +very important very very important + + + align:start position:0% +very important very very important +that's the most important class of + + align:start position:0% +that's the most important class of + + + align:start position:0% +that's the most important class of +matrices symmetric matrices we'll see + + align:start position:0% +matrices symmetric matrices we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +matrices symmetric matrices we'll see +them all the time because they come from + + align:start position:0% +them all the time because they come from + + + align:start position:0% +them all the time because they come from +equilibrium problems they come from all + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium problems they come from all + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium problems they come from all +sorts of they come everywhere in in + + align:start position:0% +sorts of they come everywhere in in + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of they come everywhere in in +applications and we will be doing + + align:start position:0% +applications and we will be doing + + + align:start position:0% +applications and we will be doing +applications uh the first week or week + + align:start position:0% +applications uh the first week or week + + + align:start position:0% +applications uh the first week or week +and a half you'll see pretty much + + align:start position:0% +and a half you'll see pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +and a half you'll see pretty much +discussion of matrices and the reasons + + align:start position:0% +discussion of matrices and the reasons + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of matrices and the reasons +what they're meaning is and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +what they're meaning is and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +what they're meaning is and then we'll +get to physical applications mechanics + + align:start position:0% +get to physical applications mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +get to physical applications mechanics +and and more okay all + + align:start position:0% +and and more okay all + + + align:start position:0% +and and more okay all +right now I'm looking for uh properties + + align:start position:0% +right now I'm looking for uh properties + + + align:start position:0% +right now I'm looking for uh properties +other properties of that Matrix let me + + align:start position:0% +other properties of that Matrix let me + + + align:start position:0% +other properties of that Matrix let me +let me write two here so that you got a + + align:start position:0% +let me write two here so that you got a + + + align:start position:0% +let me write two here so that you got a +spot to put it what are you going to + + align:start position:0% +spot to put it what are you going to + + + align:start position:0% +spot to put it what are you going to +tell me next about that Matrix period + + align:start position:0% +tell me next about that Matrix period + + + align:start position:0% +tell me next about that Matrix period +well okay actually that's a good + + align:start position:0% +well okay actually that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +well okay actually that's a good +question let me write periodic down here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're you're using that word because + + align:start position:0% +you're you're using that word because + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're using that word because +somehow that pattern is suggesting + + align:start position:0% +somehow that pattern is suggesting + + + align:start position:0% +somehow that pattern is suggesting +something but you'll see I have a little + + align:start position:0% +something but you'll see I have a little + + + align:start position:0% +something but you'll see I have a little +more to + + align:start position:0% +more to + + + align:start position:0% +more to +add when before I would use the word + + align:start position:0% +add when before I would use the word + + + align:start position:0% +add when before I would use the word +periodic so that that's great to see + + align:start position:0% +periodic so that that's great to see + + + align:start position:0% +periodic so that that's great to see +that here what else somebody else was + + align:start position:0% +that here what else somebody else was + + + align:start position:0% +that here what else somebody else was +going to say something please please + + align:start position:0% +going to say something please please + + + align:start position:0% +going to say something please please +sparse oh very good sparse that's also + + align:start position:0% +sparse oh very good sparse that's also + + + align:start position:0% +sparse oh very good sparse that's also +an obvious Pro I + + align:start position:0% +an obvious Pro I + + + align:start position:0% +an obvious Pro I +mean a property that you see from + + align:start position:0% +mean a property that you see from + + + align:start position:0% +mean a property that you see from +looking at the Matrix what does sparse + + align:start position:0% +looking at the Matrix what does sparse + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the Matrix what does sparse +mean mostly zeros oh well that isn't + + align:start position:0% +mean mostly zeros oh well that isn't + + + align:start position:0% +mean mostly zeros oh well that isn't +mostly zeros I guess I mean that's got + + align:start position:0% +mostly zeros I guess I mean that's got + + + align:start position:0% +mostly zeros I guess I mean that's got +what out of 16 entries it's got six + + align:start position:0% +what out of 16 entries it's got six + + + align:start position:0% +what out of 16 entries it's got six +zeros that doesn't sound like sparse + + align:start position:0% +zeros that doesn't sound like sparse + + + align:start position:0% +zeros that doesn't sound like sparse +but if when I grow The Matrix because + + align:start position:0% +but if when I grow The Matrix because + + + align:start position:0% +but if when I grow The Matrix because +this is just the 4x4 I would even call + + align:start position:0% +this is just the 4x4 I would even call + + + align:start position:0% +this is just the 4x4 I would even call +this one + + align:start position:0% +this one + + + align:start position:0% +this one +K4 when when the Matrix grows to 100 by + + align:start position:0% +K4 when when the Matrix grows to 100 by + + + align:start position:0% +K4 when when the Matrix grows to 100 by +100 then then you really see it as + + align:start position:0% +100 then then you really see it as + + + align:start position:0% +100 then then you really see it as +sparse so if that Matrix was 100 by 100 + + align:start position:0% +sparse so if that Matrix was 100 by 100 + + + align:start position:0% +sparse so if that Matrix was 100 by 100 +what how many nonzeros would it have so + + align:start position:0% +what how many nonzeros would it have so + + + align:start position:0% +what how many nonzeros would it have so +so if n is + + align:start position:0% +so if n is + + + align:start position:0% +so if n is +100 then the number of nonzeros wow + + align:start position:0% +100 then the number of nonzeros wow + + + align:start position:0% +100 then the number of nonzeros wow +that's the First metlab Command I've + + align:start position:0% +that's the First metlab Command I've + + + align:start position:0% +that's the First metlab Command I've +written a number of nonzeros of K would + + align:start position:0% +written a number of nonzeros of K would + + + align:start position:0% +written a number of nonzeros of K would +be anybody know what it would be I'm + + align:start position:0% +be anybody know what it would be I'm + + + align:start position:0% +be anybody know what it would be I'm +just asking you to to go up to 5 by five + + align:start position:0% +just asking you to to go up to 5 by five + + + align:start position:0% +just asking you to to go up to 5 by five +what's the I mean you know I'm asking + + align:start position:0% +what's the I mean you know I'm asking + + + align:start position:0% +what's the I mean you know I'm asking +you to keep that pattern alive uh two's + + align:start position:0% +you to keep that pattern alive uh two's + + + align:start position:0% +you to keep that pattern alive uh two's +on the diagonal minus one's above and + + align:start position:0% +on the diagonal minus one's above and + + + align:start position:0% +on the diagonal minus one's above and +below so yeah + + align:start position:0% +below so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +below so yeah +so 298 would it be 100 100 diagonal + + align:start position:0% +so 298 would it be 100 100 diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +so 298 would it be 100 100 diagonal +entries 99 and 99 maybe + + align:start position:0% +entries 99 and 99 maybe + + + align:start position:0% +entries 99 and 99 maybe +298 298 out of uh of uh 100 by 100 would + + align:start position:0% +298 298 out of uh of uh 100 by 100 would + + + align:start position:0% +298 298 out of uh of uh 100 by 100 would +be what it's it's been a long summer + + align:start position:0% +be what it's it's been a long summer + + + align:start position:0% +be what it's it's been a long summer +yeah yeah there a lot of + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah there a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah there a lot of +zeros lot right cuz the Matrix has got + + align:start position:0% +zeros lot right cuz the Matrix has got + + + align:start position:0% +zeros lot right cuz the Matrix has got +what 100 by 100 10,000 entries out of + + align:start position:0% +what 100 by 100 10,000 entries out of + + + align:start position:0% +what 100 by 100 10,000 entries out of +10,000 so that's + + align:start position:0% +10,000 so that's + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 so that's +sparse and but we see those all the time + + align:start position:0% +sparse and but we see those all the time + + + align:start position:0% +sparse and but we see those all the time +and and fortunately we do because of + + align:start position:0% +and and fortunately we do because of + + + align:start position:0% +and and fortunately we do because of +course this Matrix or even 100 by 100 we + + align:start position:0% +course this Matrix or even 100 by 100 we + + + align:start position:0% +course this Matrix or even 100 by 100 we +could deal with if it was + + align:start position:0% +could deal with if it was + + + align:start position:0% +could deal with if it was +dense but 10,000 100,000 order a million + + align:start position:0% +dense but 10,000 100,000 order a million + + + align:start position:0% +dense but 10,000 100,000 order a million +which is happens all the time now in + + align:start position:0% +which is happens all the time now in + + + align:start position:0% +which is happens all the time now in +scientific computation we C A Million by + + align:start position:0% +scientific computation we C A Million by + + + align:start position:0% +scientific computation we C A Million by +a million dense Matrix is not a nice + + align:start position:0% +a million dense Matrix is not a nice + + + align:start position:0% +a million dense Matrix is not a nice +thing to think about a million by a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +million Matrix like this is a cinch okay + + align:start position:0% +million Matrix like this is a cinch okay + + + align:start position:0% +million Matrix like this is a cinch okay +so sparse what else do you want to say + + align:start position:0% +so sparse what else do you want to say + + + align:start position:0% +so sparse what else do you want to say +toets holy + + align:start position:0% +toets holy + + + align:start position:0% +toets holy +Moses exactly right so but I I want to + + align:start position:0% +Moses exactly right so but I I want to + + + align:start position:0% +Moses exactly right so but I I want to +say before I use that word so that'll be + + align:start position:0% +say before I use that word so that'll be + + + align:start position:0% +say before I use that word so that'll be +my second matlb command thanks toets + + align:start position:0% +my second matlb command thanks toets + + + align:start position:0% +my second matlb command thanks toets +what what's that mean what does it so + + align:start position:0% +what what's that mean what does it so + + + align:start position:0% +what what's that mean what does it so +this is a this Matrix has a property + + align:start position:0% +this is a this Matrix has a property + + + align:start position:0% +this is a this Matrix has a property +that we see right + + align:start position:0% +that we see right + + + align:start position:0% +that we see right +away which + + align:start position:0% +away which + + + align:start position:0% +away which +is or tell me some yeah I I'll I want to + + align:start position:0% +is or tell me some yeah I I'll I want to + + + align:start position:0% +is or tell me some yeah I I'll I want to +stay with toets but just everybody tell + + align:start position:0% +stay with toets but just everybody tell + + + align:start position:0% +stay with toets but just everybody tell +me something more about properties of + + align:start position:0% +me something more about properties of + + + align:start position:0% +me something more about properties of +that Matrix TR diagonal TR diagonal so + + align:start position:0% +that Matrix TR diagonal TR diagonal so + + + align:start position:0% +that Matrix TR diagonal TR diagonal so +in the that's almost a special subcase + + align:start position:0% +in the that's almost a special subcase + + + align:start position:0% +in the that's almost a special subcase +of sparse it has just three diagonals + + align:start position:0% +of sparse it has just three diagonals + + + align:start position:0% +of sparse it has just three diagonals +triagonal matrices are truly important + + align:start position:0% +triagonal matrices are truly important + + + align:start position:0% +triagonal matrices are truly important +they come in all the time we'll see that + + align:start position:0% +they come in all the time we'll see that + + + align:start position:0% +they come in all the time we'll see that +they come from second order differential + + align:start position:0% +they come from second order differential + + + align:start position:0% +they come from second order differential +equations which are thanks to new the + + align:start position:0% +equations which are thanks to new the + + + align:start position:0% +equations which are thanks to new the +the big ones okay now it's more than + + align:start position:0% +the big ones okay now it's more than + + + align:start position:0% +the big ones okay now it's more than +tridiagonal and what more so what what + + align:start position:0% +tridiagonal and what more so what what + + + align:start position:0% +tridiagonal and what more so what what +further I'm want you we're getting + + align:start position:0% +further I'm want you we're getting + + + align:start position:0% +further I'm want you we're getting +deeper now what patterns do you see what + + align:start position:0% +deeper now what patterns do you see what + + + align:start position:0% +deeper now what patterns do you see what +patterns do you see beyond just + + align:start position:0% +patterns do you see beyond just + + + align:start position:0% +patterns do you see beyond just +triagonal because triagonal would allow + + align:start position:0% +triagonal because triagonal would allow + + + align:start position:0% +triagonal because triagonal would allow +any numbers there but those are not + + align:start position:0% +any numbers there but those are not + + + align:start position:0% +any numbers there but those are not +there's a more of a pattern than just + + align:start position:0% +there's a more of a pattern than just + + + align:start position:0% +there's a more of a pattern than just +three diagonals what is + + align:start position:0% +three diagonals what is + + + align:start position:0% +three diagonals what is +it those diagonals are + + align:start position:0% +it those diagonals are + + + align:start position:0% +it those diagonals are +constant if I run down each those three + + align:start position:0% +constant if I run down each those three + + + align:start position:0% +constant if I run down each those three +diagonals I see the same number twos + + align:start position:0% +diagonals I see the same number twos + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals I see the same number twos +minus ones minus ones and that's what + + align:start position:0% +minus ones minus ones and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +minus ones minus ones and that's what +the word tuplets means tuplets is + + align:start position:0% +the word tuplets means tuplets is + + + align:start position:0% +the word tuplets means tuplets is +constant diagonal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and that that kind of Matrix is so + + align:start position:0% +okay and that that kind of Matrix is so + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that that kind of Matrix is so +important it it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +corresponds uh yeah if we were in E I + + align:start position:0% +corresponds uh yeah if we were in E I + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds uh yeah if we were in E I +would use the + + align:start position:0% +would use the + + + align:start position:0% +would use the +words time invariant filter linear time + + align:start position:0% +words time invariant filter linear time + + + align:start position:0% +words time invariant filter linear time +invari so it's linear because we're + + align:start position:0% +invari so it's linear because we're + + + align:start position:0% +invari so it's linear because we're +dealing with a + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a +matrix and it's time in variant shift in + + align:start position:0% +matrix and it's time in variant shift in + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and it's time in variant shift in +variant I just use all these equivalent + + align:start position:0% +variant I just use all these equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +variant I just use all these equivalent +words to mean that we're seeing the same + + align:start position:0% +words to mean that we're seeing the same + + + align:start position:0% +words to mean that we're seeing the same +thing row by row except of course at + + align:start position:0% +thing row by row except of course at + + + align:start position:0% +thing row by row except of course at +shall I call that the boundary that's + + align:start position:0% +shall I call that the boundary that's + + + align:start position:0% +shall I call that the boundary that's +like the end of the system and this is + + align:start position:0% +like the end of the system and this is + + + align:start position:0% +like the end of the system and this is +like the other end and there it's + + align:start position:0% +like the other end and there it's + + + align:start position:0% +like the other end and there it's +chopped off but but if it was 10 by 10 I + + align:start position:0% +chopped off but but if it was 10 by 10 I + + + align:start position:0% +chopped off but but if it was 10 by 10 I +would see that row eight times 100 by + + align:start position:0% +would see that row eight times 100 by + + + align:start position:0% +would see that row eight times 100 by +100 I'd see it 98 times so it's constant + + align:start position:0% +100 I'd see it 98 times so it's constant + + + align:start position:0% +100 I'd see it 98 times so it's constant +diagonals and + + align:start position:0% +diagonals and + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals and +the guy who first studied that was uh + + align:start position:0% +the guy who first studied that was uh + + + align:start position:0% +the guy who first studied that was uh +tuplets and we wouldn't need that great + + align:start position:0% +tuplets and we wouldn't need that great + + + align:start position:0% +tuplets and we wouldn't need that great +historical information except that mat + + align:start position:0% +historical information except that mat + + + align:start position:0% +historical information except that mat +lab created a command to create that + + align:start position:0% +lab created a command to create that + + + align:start position:0% +lab created a command to create that +Matrix K mat lab is all set to create + + align:start position:0% +Matrix K mat lab is all set to create + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix K mat lab is all set to create +tuplets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matrices so I'll have to + + align:start position:0% +matrices so I'll have to + + + align:start position:0% +matrices so I'll have to +put what m at lab would put I realized + + align:start position:0% +put what m at lab would put I realized + + + align:start position:0% +put what m at lab would put I realized +I'm already using the word + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matlb + + align:start position:0% +matlb + + + align:start position:0% +matlb +uh I think the mat lab language is + + align:start position:0% +uh I think the mat lab language is + + + align:start position:0% +uh I think the mat lab language is +really convenient to talk about linear + + align:start position:0% +really convenient to talk about linear + + + align:start position:0% +really convenient to talk about linear +algebra and how many know mat lab or + + align:start position:0% +algebra and how many know mat lab or + + + align:start position:0% +algebra and how many know mat lab or +have used it yeah well that's you know + + align:start position:0% +have used it yeah well that's you know + + + align:start position:0% +have used it yeah well that's you know +it better than I I'm I'm good at I talk + + align:start position:0% +it better than I I'm I'm good at I talk + + + align:start position:0% +it better than I I'm I'm good at I talk +a good line with mat lab but I the code + + align:start position:0% +a good line with mat lab but I the code + + + align:start position:0% +a good line with mat lab but I the code +never runs never and I always for get + + align:start position:0% +never runs never and I always for get + + + align:start position:0% +never runs never and I always for get +some stupid semicolon and uh you may + + align:start position:0% +some stupid semicolon and uh you may + + + align:start position:0% +some stupid semicolon and uh you may +have had that + + align:start position:0% +have had that + + + align:start position:0% +have had that +experience and I just want to say + + align:start position:0% +experience and I just want to say + + + align:start position:0% +experience and I just want to say +now that there are other languages and + + align:start position:0% +now that there are other languages and + + + align:start position:0% +now that there are other languages and +and if you want to do homeworks and want + + align:start position:0% +and if you want to do homeworks and want + + + align:start position:0% +and if you want to do homeworks and want +to do your own work in other languages + + align:start position:0% +to do your own work in other languages + + + align:start position:0% +to do your own work in other languages +that Mak sense uh so people tell me so + + align:start position:0% +that Mak sense uh so people tell me so + + + align:start position:0% +that Mak sense uh so people tell me so +the older established Alternatives were + + align:start position:0% +the older established Alternatives were + + + align:start position:0% +the older established Alternatives were +Mathematica and + + align:start position:0% +Mathematica and + + + align:start position:0% +Mathematica and +Maple and those two have symbolic that + + align:start position:0% +Maple and those two have symbolic that + + + align:start position:0% +Maple and those two have symbolic that +you know they can deal with algebra as + + align:start position:0% +you know they can deal with algebra as + + + align:start position:0% +you know they can deal with algebra as +well as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +numbers but there are newer languages I + + align:start position:0% +numbers but there are newer languages I + + + align:start position:0% +numbers but there are newer languages I +don't know if you know them I'm I just + + align:start position:0% +don't know if you know them I'm I just + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if you know them I'm I just +know my friends say yes they're they're + + align:start position:0% +know my friends say yes they're they're + + + align:start position:0% +know my friends say yes they're they're +terrific python is one anybody had okay + + align:start position:0% +terrific python is one anybody had okay + + + align:start position:0% +terrific python is one anybody had okay +and R I've just had an email saying tell + + align:start position:0% +and R I've just had an email saying tell + + + align:start position:0% +and R I've just had an email saying tell +your class about + + align:start position:0% +your class about + + + align:start position:0% +your class about +R and others okay so but we'll use mat + + align:start position:0% +R and others okay so but we'll use mat + + + align:start position:0% +R and others okay so but we'll use mat +lab language because that's that's + + align:start position:0% +lab language because that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +lab language because that's that's +really a good common language okay so + + align:start position:0% +really a good common language okay so + + + align:start position:0% +really a good common language okay so +what is a turet matrix a turet matrix is + + align:start position:0% +what is a turet matrix a turet matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +what is a turet matrix a turet matrix is +one with constant diagonals you could + + align:start position:0% +one with constant diagonals you could + + + align:start position:0% +one with constant diagonals you could +you could use the word time invariant + + align:start position:0% +you could use the word time invariant + + + align:start position:0% +you could use the word time invariant +linear time invariant filter and to + + align:start position:0% +linear time invariant filter and to + + + align:start position:0% +linear time invariant filter and to +create K this this is an 18085 command + + align:start position:0% +create K this this is an 18085 command + + + align:start position:0% +create K this this is an 18085 command +it's it's just set up for us if I I can + + align:start position:0% +it's it's just set up for us if I I can + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's just set up for us if I I can +create K by telling + + align:start position:0% +create K by telling + + + align:start position:0% +create K by telling +the system the first Row 2 minus one 0 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that would then uh if I if if it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +that would then uh if I if if it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +that would then uh if I if if it wasn't +symetric I would have to give the First + + align:start position:0% +symetric I would have to give the First + + + align:start position:0% +symetric I would have to give the First +Column also tiets would be constant + + align:start position:0% +Column also tiets would be constant + + + align:start position:0% +Column also tiets would be constant +diagonal doesn't have to be symmetric + + align:start position:0% +diagonal doesn't have to be symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal doesn't have to be symmetric +but if it's symmetric then the first row + + align:start position:0% +but if it's symmetric then the first row + + + align:start position:0% +but if it's symmetric then the first row +and First Column are the same Vector so + + align:start position:0% +and First Column are the same Vector so + + + align:start position:0% +and First Column are the same Vector so +I just have to give that Vector okay so + + align:start position:0% +I just have to give that Vector okay so + + + align:start position:0% +I just have to give that Vector okay so +that's the quickest way to create + + align:start position:0% +that's the quickest way to create + + + align:start position:0% +that's the quickest way to create +K and of course if it was bigger + + align:start position:0% +K and of course if it was bigger + + + align:start position:0% +K and of course if it was bigger +then I would rather than writing a 100 + + align:start position:0% +then I would rather than writing a 100 + + + align:start position:0% +then I would rather than writing a 100 +zeros I could put zeros of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +98 98 and one wouldn't I have to say + + align:start position:0% +98 98 and one wouldn't I have to say + + + align:start position:0% +98 98 and one wouldn't I have to say +that nor is it one and 98 you see why it + + align:start position:0% +that nor is it one and 98 you see why it + + + align:start position:0% +that nor is it one and 98 you see why it +doesn't run uh one row well I guess I'm + + align:start position:0% +doesn't run uh one row well I guess I'm + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't run uh one row well I guess I'm +thinking that as a row maybe I I don't + + align:start position:0% +thinking that as a row maybe I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +thinking that as a row maybe I I don't +know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anyway I sh I realized getting this + + align:start position:0% +anyway I sh I realized getting this + + + align:start position:0% +anyway I sh I realized getting this +videotape means I'm supposed to get + + align:start position:0% +videotape means I'm supposed to get + + + align:start position:0% +videotape means I'm supposed to get +things right usually it's like uh get it + + align:start position:0% +things right usually it's like uh get it + + + align:start position:0% +things right usually it's like uh get it +right later but uh anyway that might + + align:start position:0% +right later but uh anyway that might + + + align:start position:0% +right later but uh anyway that might +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +okay okay so there's a command that you + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so there's a command that you + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so there's a command that you +know zeros that creates a matrix of this + + align:start position:0% +know zeros that creates a matrix of this + + + align:start position:0% +know zeros that creates a matrix of this +size with all zeros okay that would + + align:start position:0% +size with all zeros okay that would + + + align:start position:0% +size with all zeros okay that would +create the 100 by 100 to matx good okay + + align:start position:0% +create the 100 by 100 to matx good okay + + + align:start position:0% +create the 100 by 100 to matx good okay +oh by the way as long as we're speaking + + align:start position:0% +oh by the way as long as we're speaking + + + align:start position:0% +oh by the way as long as we're speaking +about computation I've got to say + + align:start position:0% +about computation I've got to say + + + align:start position:0% +about computation I've got to say +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +we said that the Matrix is sparse and + + align:start position:0% +we said that the Matrix is sparse and + + + align:start position:0% +we said that the Matrix is sparse and +this 100 by 100 Matrix is certainly + + align:start position:0% +this 100 by 100 Matrix is certainly + + + align:start position:0% +this 100 by 100 Matrix is certainly +sparse but if I create it this way I've + + align:start position:0% +sparse but if I create it this way I've + + + align:start position:0% +sparse but if I create it this way I've +created all those zeros and if I ask uh + + align:start position:0% +created all those zeros and if I ask uh + + + align:start position:0% +created all those zeros and if I ask uh +matlb to solve to work with that Matrix + + align:start position:0% +matlb to solve to work with that Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +matlb to solve to work with that Matrix +Square it or whatever it + + align:start position:0% +Square it or whatever it + + + align:start position:0% +Square it or whatever it +would carry all those zeros and do all + + align:start position:0% +would carry all those zeros and do all + + + align:start position:0% +would carry all those zeros and do all +those zero + + align:start position:0% +those zero + + + align:start position:0% +those zero +computations in other words it would + + align:start position:0% +computations in other words it would + + + align:start position:0% +computations in other words it would +treat K like a dense Matrix and it would + + align:start position:0% +treat K like a dense Matrix and it would + + + align:start position:0% +treat K like a dense Matrix and it would +just it wouldn't know the zeros were + + align:start position:0% +just it wouldn't know the zeros were + + + align:start position:0% +just it wouldn't know the zeros were +there until it looked but so I just want + + align:start position:0% +there until it looked but so I just want + + + align:start position:0% +there until it looked but so I just want +to say that if you have really big + + align:start position:0% +to say that if you have really big + + + align:start position:0% +to say that if you have really big +systems uh sparse matlb is uh the way to + + align:start position:0% +systems uh sparse matlb is uh the way to + + + align:start position:0% +systems uh sparse matlb is uh the way to +go because sparse mat lab keeps track + + align:start position:0% +go because sparse mat lab keeps track + + + align:start position:0% +go because sparse mat lab keeps track +only of the + + align:start position:0% +only of the + + + align:start position:0% +only of the +nonzeros so it look knows and their + + align:start position:0% +nonzeros so it look knows and their + + + align:start position:0% +nonzeros so it look knows and their +locations of course what the numbers are + + align:start position:0% +locations of course what the numbers are + + + align:start position:0% +locations of course what the numbers are +and the their locations so I could + + align:start position:0% +and the their locations so I could + + + align:start position:0% +and the their locations so I could +create a sparse Matrix out of that like + + align:start position:0% +create a sparse Matrix out of that like + + + align:start position:0% +create a sparse Matrix out of that like +KS for K sparse I think if I just did + + align:start position:0% +KS for K sparse I think if I just did + + + align:start position:0% +KS for K sparse I think if I just did +sparse of K + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that would create a sparse Matrix and + + align:start position:0% +that would create a sparse Matrix and + + + align:start position:0% +that would create a sparse Matrix and +then if I do stuff to it mat lab would + + align:start position:0% +then if I do stuff to it mat lab would + + + align:start position:0% +then if I do stuff to it mat lab would +automatically do know those zeros were + + align:start position:0% +automatically do know those zeros were + + + align:start position:0% +automatically do know those zeros were +there and not and not uh spend its time + + align:start position:0% +there and not and not uh spend its time + + + align:start position:0% +there and not and not uh spend its time +multiplying by zero but of course this + + align:start position:0% +multiplying by zero but of course this + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying by zero but of course this +isn't perfect because I've created the + + align:start position:0% +isn't perfect because I've created the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't perfect because I've created the +big Matrix before sparsifying it and + + align:start position:0% +big Matrix before sparsifying it and + + + align:start position:0% +big Matrix before sparsifying it and +better to have created it in the first + + align:start position:0% +better to have created it in the first + + + align:start position:0% +better to have created it in the first +place as a sparse Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now so those were properties that + + align:start position:0% +okay now so those were properties that + + + align:start position:0% +okay now so those were properties that +you could + + align:start position:0% +you could + + + align:start position:0% +you could +see now I'm looking for little + + align:start position:0% +see now I'm looking for little + + + align:start position:0% +see now I'm looking for little +deeper what's the first question I would + + align:start position:0% +deeper what's the first question I would + + + align:start position:0% +deeper what's the first question I would +ask about a matrix if I have to solve a + + align:start position:0% +ask about a matrix if I have to solve a + + + align:start position:0% +ask about a matrix if I have to solve a +system of equations say KU U equal F or + + align:start position:0% +system of equations say KU U equal F or + + + align:start position:0% +system of equations say KU U equal F or +something it's got got a 4x4 Matrix Four + + align:start position:0% +something it's got got a 4x4 Matrix Four + + + align:start position:0% +something it's got got a 4x4 Matrix Four +Four equations four + + align:start position:0% +Four equations four + + + align:start position:0% +Four equations four +unknowns uh + + align:start position:0% +unknowns uh + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns uh +what what would I want to know + + align:start position:0% +what what would I want to know + + + align:start position:0% +what what would I want to know +next is it invertible + + align:start position:0% +next is it invertible + + + align:start position:0% +next is it invertible +is the Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +invertible and that's a important + + align:start position:0% +invertible and that's a important + + + align:start position:0% +invertible and that's a important +question and and how do you recognize an + + align:start position:0% +question and and how do you recognize an + + + align:start position:0% +question and and how do you recognize an +invertible Matrix so uh let's this one + + align:start position:0% +invertible Matrix so uh let's this one + + + align:start position:0% +invertible Matrix so uh let's this one +is invertible so let me say k is + + align:start position:0% +is invertible so let me say k is + + + align:start position:0% +is invertible so let me say k is +invertible and what does that mean that + + align:start position:0% +invertible and what does that mean that + + + align:start position:0% +invertible and what does that mean that +means that there's another Matrix K + + align:start position:0% +means that there's another Matrix K + + + align:start position:0% +means that there's another Matrix K +inverse such that K * K inverse is the + + align:start position:0% +inverse such that K * K inverse is the + + + align:start position:0% +inverse such that K * K inverse is the +identity + + align:start position:0% +identity + + + align:start position:0% +identity +Matrix the identity Matrix in mat lab + + align:start position:0% +Matrix the identity Matrix in mat lab + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix the identity Matrix in mat lab +would be I of + + align:start position:0% +would be I of + + + align:start position:0% +would be I of +N and it's the Matrix the diagonal + + align:start position:0% +N and it's the Matrix the diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +N and it's the Matrix the diagonal +matrix of one it's the unit matrix it's + + align:start position:0% +matrix of one it's the unit matrix it's + + + align:start position:0% +matrix of one it's the unit matrix it's +the Matrix that doesn't do anything to a + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix that doesn't do anything to a + + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix that doesn't do anything to a +vector so that this K has an + + align:start position:0% +vector so that this K has an + + + align:start position:0% +vector so that this K has an +inverse but how do you know how can you + + align:start position:0% +inverse but how do you know how can you + + + align:start position:0% +inverse but how do you know how can you +recognize that a matrix is invertible + + align:start position:0% +recognize that a matrix is invertible + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that a matrix is invertible +because obviously that's a critical + + align:start position:0% +because obviously that's a critical + + + align:start position:0% +because obviously that's a critical +question and many many since our + + align:start position:0% +question and many many since our + + + align:start position:0% +question and many many since our +matrices are not a random Matrix would + + align:start position:0% +matrices are not a random Matrix would + + + align:start position:0% +matrices are not a random Matrix would +be invertible for + + align:start position:0% +be invertible for + + + align:start position:0% +be invertible for +sure but our our matrices have patterns + + align:start position:0% +sure but our our matrices have patterns + + + align:start position:0% +sure but our our matrices have patterns +they're created for out of a problem and + + align:start position:0% +they're created for out of a problem and + + + align:start position:0% +they're created for out of a problem and +the question of whether that Matrix is + + align:start position:0% +the question of whether that Matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +the question of whether that Matrix is +invertible is fundamental I mean find + + align:start position:0% +invertible is fundamental I mean find + + + align:start position:0% +invertible is fundamental I mean find +out elements has these modes Zero Energy + + align:start position:0% +out elements has these modes Zero Energy + + + align:start position:0% +out elements has these modes Zero Energy +modes that you have to watch out for + + align:start position:0% +modes that you have to watch out for + + + align:start position:0% +modes that you have to watch out for +because what are they + + align:start position:0% +because what are they + + + align:start position:0% +because what are they +they're they're they produce + + align:start position:0% +they're they're they produce + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're they produce +non-invertible stiffness Matrix okay so + + align:start position:0% +non-invertible stiffness Matrix okay so + + + align:start position:0% +non-invertible stiffness Matrix okay so +how did we know or how could we know + + align:start position:0% +how did we know or how could we know + + + align:start position:0% +how did we know or how could we know +that this K is + + align:start position:0% +that this K is + + + align:start position:0% +that this K is +invertible somebody said invertible but + + align:start position:0% +invertible somebody said invertible but + + + align:start position:0% +invertible somebody said invertible but +and I wrote it down + + align:start position:0% +and I wrote it down + + + align:start position:0% +and I wrote it down +yeah well okay now I get to make a + + align:start position:0% +yeah well okay now I get to make a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well okay now I get to make a +speech about + + align:start position:0% +speech about + + + align:start position:0% +speech about +determinants don't deal with them don't + + align:start position:0% +determinants don't deal with them don't + + + align:start position:0% +determinants don't deal with them don't +touch + + align:start position:0% +touch + + + align:start position:0% +touch +determinants I mean this one this happen + + align:start position:0% +determinants I mean this one this happen + + + align:start position:0% +determinants I mean this one this happen +this particular + + align:start position:0% +this particular + + + align:start position:0% +this particular +4x4 happens to have a nice + + align:start position:0% +4x4 happens to have a nice + + + align:start position:0% +4x4 happens to have a nice +determinant I think it's five but if it + + align:start position:0% +determinant I think it's five but if it + + + align:start position:0% +determinant I think it's five but if it +was 100 by + + align:start position:0% +was 100 by + + + align:start position:0% +was 100 by +100 how would + + align:start position:0% +100 how would + + + align:start position:0% +100 how would +we show that The Matrix was invertible + + align:start position:0% +we show that The Matrix was invertible + + + align:start position:0% +we show that The Matrix was invertible +and and and what I mean by this is all + + align:start position:0% +and and and what I mean by this is all + + + align:start position:0% +and and and what I mean by this is all +the whole family is invertible the all + + align:start position:0% +the whole family is invertible the all + + + align:start position:0% +the whole family is invertible the all +sizes are + + align:start position:0% +sizes are + + + align:start position:0% +sizes are +invertible Ken is invertable for every n + + align:start position:0% +invertible Ken is invertable for every n + + + align:start position:0% +invertible Ken is invertable for every n +not just this particular guy whose + + align:start position:0% +not just this particular guy whose + + + align:start position:0% +not just this particular guy whose +determinant we could take but as 5 by + + align:start position:0% +determinant we could take but as 5 by + + + align:start position:0% +determinant we could take but as 5 by +five 6 by six we would be up in the but + + align:start position:0% +five 6 by six we would be up in the but + + + align:start position:0% +five 6 by six we would be up in the but +you're completely + + align:start position:0% +you're completely + + + align:start position:0% +you're completely +right the det determin it is the is a + + align:start position:0% +right the det determin it is the is a + + + align:start position:0% +right the det determin it is the is a +test is a + + align:start position:0% +test is a + + + align:start position:0% +test is a +test all + + align:start position:0% +test all + + + align:start position:0% +test all +right but I guess I'm + + align:start position:0% +right but I guess I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right but I guess I'm +saying that it's not the test that I + + align:start position:0% +saying that it's not the test that I + + + align:start position:0% +saying that it's not the test that I +would use + + align:start position:0% +would use + + + align:start position:0% +would use +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +so so what would I + + align:start position:0% +so so what would I + + + align:start position:0% +so so what would I +do I would row + + align:start position:0% +do I would row + + + align:start position:0% +do I would row +reduce that's the that's the like the + + align:start position:0% +reduce that's the that's the like the + + + align:start position:0% +reduce that's the that's the like the +the standard the default option in line + + align:start position:0% +the standard the default option in line + + + align:start position:0% +the standard the default option in line +RS if you don't know what to do with a + + align:start position:0% +RS if you don't know what to do with a + + + align:start position:0% +RS if you don't know what to do with a +matrix if you want to see what's going + + align:start position:0% +matrix if you want to see what's going + + + align:start position:0% +matrix if you want to see what's going +on row reduce what does that mean that + + align:start position:0% +on row reduce what does that mean that + + + align:start position:0% +on row reduce what does that mean that +means uh shall I try it so let me let me + + align:start position:0% +means uh shall I try it so let me let me + + + align:start position:0% +means uh shall I try it so let me let me +just start + + align:start position:0% +just start + + + align:start position:0% +just start +it just so I'm not using a word that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oops I'm not using a word that we don't + + align:start position:0% +oops I'm not using a word that we don't + + + align:start position:0% +oops I'm not using a word that we don't +need okay and actually maybe the third + + align:start position:0% +need okay and actually maybe the third + + + align:start position:0% +need okay and actually maybe the third +lecture Maybe next Monday we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +lecture Maybe next Monday we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +lecture Maybe next Monday we'll we'll +we'll come back to row reduce okay so I + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back to row reduce okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back to row reduce okay so I +won't make a big I won't make heavy + + align:start position:0% +won't make a big I won't make heavy + + + align:start position:0% +won't make a big I won't make heavy +weather of that certainly not now okay + + align:start position:0% +weather of that certainly not now okay + + + align:start position:0% +weather of that certainly not now okay +so what what is row redu so just so so + + align:start position:0% +so what what is row redu so just so so + + + align:start position:0% +so what what is row redu so just so so +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +know I want to get that minus one to be + + align:start position:0% +know I want to get that minus one to be + + + align:start position:0% +know I want to get that minus one to be +a zero I'm aiming for a triangular + + align:start position:0% +a zero I'm aiming for a triangular + + + align:start position:0% +a zero I'm aiming for a triangular +Matrix I want to clean out below the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I want to clean out below the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I want to clean out below the +diagonal because if my Matrix is + + align:start position:0% +diagonal because if my Matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal because if my Matrix is +triangular then I can see immediately + + align:start position:0% +triangular then I can see immediately + + + align:start position:0% +triangular then I can see immediately +everything everything right if I if I + + align:start position:0% +everything everything right if I if I + + + align:start position:0% +everything everything right if I if I +reach a ultimately I'll reach a matrix U + + align:start position:0% +reach a ultimately I'll reach a matrix U + + + align:start position:0% +reach a ultimately I'll reach a matrix U +that'll be upper + + align:start position:0% +that'll be upper + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be upper +triangular and it that first row won't + + align:start position:0% +triangular and it that first row won't + + + align:start position:0% +triangular and it that first row won't +change but the second row will change + + align:start position:0% +change but the second row will change + + + align:start position:0% +change but the second row will change +and what does it change to how do I + + align:start position:0% +and what does it change to how do I + + + align:start position:0% +and what does it change to how do I +clean out get a zero in that where the + + align:start position:0% +clean out get a zero in that where the + + + align:start position:0% +clean out get a zero in that where the +minus one is right + + align:start position:0% +minus one is right + + + align:start position:0% +minus one is right +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +okay well I want to use the first row + + align:start position:0% +okay well I want to use the first row + + + align:start position:0% +okay well I want to use the first row +the first + + align:start position:0% +the first + + + align:start position:0% +the first +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +to I want to add some multiple of the + + align:start position:0% +to I want to add some multiple of the + + + align:start position:0% +to I want to add some multiple of the +first row to the second + + align:start position:0% +first row to the second + + + align:start position:0% +first row to the second +row and what should that multiple + + align:start position:0% +row and what should that multiple + + + align:start position:0% +row and what should that multiple +be I want to multiply that row by + + align:start position:0% +be I want to multiply that row by + + + align:start position:0% +be I want to multiply that row by +something and I'll say add today later + + align:start position:0% +something and I'll say add today later + + + align:start position:0% +something and I'll say add today later +I'll say subtract but what what shall I + + align:start position:0% +I'll say subtract but what what shall I + + + align:start position:0% +I'll say subtract but what what shall I +do just tell me what the heck to do I + + align:start position:0% +do just tell me what the heck to do I + + + align:start position:0% +do just tell me what the heck to do I +want that I've got that row and I want + + align:start position:0% +want that I've got that row and I want + + + align:start position:0% +want that I've got that row and I want +to use it I want to take a combination + + align:start position:0% +to use it I want to take a combination + + + align:start position:0% +to use it I want to take a combination +of these two rows this row and some + + align:start position:0% +of these two rows this row and some + + + align:start position:0% +of these two rows this row and some +multiple of this one that'll produce a + + align:start position:0% +multiple of this one that'll produce a + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of this one that'll produce a +zero so what this is called the pivot + + align:start position:0% +zero so what this is called the pivot + + + align:start position:0% +zero so what this is called the pivot +that's the first pivot p i v o t pivot + + align:start position:0% +that's the first pivot p i v o t pivot + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first pivot p i v o t pivot +and then that's the pivot row and what + + align:start position:0% +and then that's the pivot row and what + + + align:start position:0% +and then that's the pivot row and what +do I do I what tell me what to do add + + align:start position:0% +do I do I what tell me what to do add + + + align:start position:0% +do I do I what tell me what to do add +half this row to this one when I add + + align:start position:0% +half this row to this one when I add + + + align:start position:0% +half this row to this one when I add +half of that row to that one what do I + + align:start position:0% +half of that row to that one what do I + + + align:start position:0% +half of that row to that one what do I +get I get that zero what do I get here + + align:start position:0% +get I get that zero what do I get here + + + align:start position:0% +get I get that zero what do I get here +for the second + + align:start position:0% +for the second + + + align:start position:0% +for the second +pivot what what is it 1 .5 three halves + + align:start position:0% +pivot what what is it 1 .5 three halves + + + align:start position:0% +pivot what what is it 1 .5 three halves +because half of that is so three halves + + align:start position:0% +because half of that is so three halves + + + align:start position:0% +because half of that is so three halves +and the rest won't + + align:start position:0% +and the rest won't + + + align:start position:0% +and the rest won't +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +okay and now these zeros are that so I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay and now these zeros are that so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now these zeros are that so I'm +happy with that + + align:start position:0% +happy with that + + + align:start position:0% +happy with that +zero now I've got a couple more entries + + align:start position:0% +zero now I've got a couple more entries + + + align:start position:0% +zero now I've got a couple more entries +below that first pivot but they're + + align:start position:0% +below that first pivot but they're + + + align:start position:0% +below that first pivot but they're +already zero that's where the spareness + + align:start position:0% +already zero that's where the spareness + + + align:start position:0% +already zero that's where the spareness +pays off the tri diagonal really pays + + align:start position:0% +pays off the tri diagonal really pays + + + align:start position:0% +pays off the tri diagonal really pays +off so those zeros say I don't I'm the + + align:start position:0% +off so those zeros say I don't I'm the + + + align:start position:0% +off so those zeros say I don't I'm the +First Column is finished so I'm ready to + + align:start position:0% +First Column is finished so I'm ready to + + + align:start position:0% +First Column is finished so I'm ready to +go on to the second column it's it's + + align:start position:0% +go on to the second column it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +go on to the second column it's it's +like I'm it's like I'm got to this + + align:start position:0% +like I'm it's like I'm got to this + + + align:start position:0% +like I'm it's like I'm got to this +smaller problem with a three halves here + + align:start position:0% +smaller problem with a three halves here + + + align:start position:0% +smaller problem with a three halves here +and a zero + + align:start position:0% +and a zero + + + align:start position:0% +and a zero +there what do I do now there is the + + align:start position:0% +there what do I do now there is the + + + align:start position:0% +there what do I do now there is the +second pivot three halves below it is a + + align:start position:0% +second pivot three halves below it is a + + + align:start position:0% +second pivot three halves below it is a +nonzero I got to get rid of + + align:start position:0% +nonzero I got to get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero I got to get rid of +it what do I multiply by + + align:start position:0% +it what do I multiply by + + + align:start position:0% +it what do I multiply by +now 2/3 2/3 of that of that new second + + align:start position:0% +now 2/3 2/3 of that of that new second + + + align:start position:0% +now 2/3 2/3 of that of that new second +row added to the Third row will clean + + align:start position:0% +row added to the Third row will clean + + + align:start position:0% +row added to the Third row will clean +out the third row this was already + + align:start position:0% +out the third row this was already + + + align:start position:0% +out the third row this was already +cleaned out this is already a zero but I + + align:start position:0% +cleaned out this is already a zero but I + + + align:start position:0% +cleaned out this is already a zero but I +want to make I want to have 2/3 of this + + align:start position:0% +want to make I want to have 2/3 of this + + + align:start position:0% +want to make I want to have 2/3 of this +row added to this one so what's my new + + align:start position:0% +row added to this one so what's my new + + + align:start position:0% +row added to this one so what's my new +third row starts with zero and what's + + align:start position:0% +third row starts with zero and what's + + + align:start position:0% +third row starts with zero and what's +the third pivot now you see the pivots + + align:start position:0% +the third pivot now you see the pivots + + + align:start position:0% +the third pivot now you see the pivots +appearing the the third pivot will be + + align:start position:0% +appearing the the third pivot will be + + + align:start position:0% +appearing the the third pivot will be +4/3 because I've got 2/3 of this minus + + align:start position:0% +4/3 because I've got 2/3 of this minus + + + align:start position:0% +4/3 because I've got 2/3 of this minus +one and two is 6/3 so I have 6/3 I'm + + align:start position:0% +one and two is 6/3 so I have 6/3 I'm + + + align:start position:0% +one and two is 6/3 so I have 6/3 I'm +taking 2/3 away I get four 4/3 and that + + align:start position:0% +taking 2/3 away I get four 4/3 and that + + + align:start position:0% +taking 2/3 away I get four 4/3 and that +minus one is still there so you see that + + align:start position:0% +minus one is still there so you see that + + + align:start position:0% +minus one is still there so you see that +I'm this is + + align:start position:0% +I'm this is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm this is +fast this is really fast and the The + + align:start position:0% +fast this is really fast and the The + + + align:start position:0% +fast this is really fast and the The +Next Step maybe you can see the + + align:start position:0% +Next Step maybe you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +Next Step maybe you can see the +beautiful patterns that are coming do + + align:start position:0% +beautiful patterns that are coming do + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful patterns that are coming do +you want to just guess the fourth + + align:start position:0% +you want to just guess the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +you want to just guess the fourth +pivot 54s good guess right okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +54s + + align:start position:0% +54s + + + align:start position:0% +54s +now this is actually how Matt Le would + + align:start position:0% +now this is actually how Matt Le would + + + align:start position:0% +now this is actually how Matt Le would +find the determinant it would do + + align:start position:0% +find the determinant it would do + + + align:start position:0% +find the determinant it would do +elimination I call that elimination + + align:start position:0% +elimination I call that elimination + + + align:start position:0% +elimination I call that elimination +because it eliminated all those numbers + + align:start position:0% +because it eliminated all those numbers + + + align:start position:0% +because it eliminated all those numbers +below the diagonal and got + + align:start position:0% +below the diagonal and got + + + align:start position:0% +below the diagonal and got +zeros now now what's the determinant if + + align:start position:0% +zeros now now what's the determinant if + + + align:start position:0% +zeros now now what's the determinant if +I asked you for the determinant and I + + align:start position:0% +I asked you for the determinant and I + + + align:start position:0% +I asked you for the determinant and I +will very rarely use the word + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +determinant but I guess I'm into it now + + align:start position:0% +determinant but I guess I'm into it now + + + align:start position:0% +determinant but I guess I'm into it now +so tell me the + + align:start position:0% +so tell me the + + + align:start position:0% +so tell me the +determinant five + + align:start position:0% +determinant five + + + align:start position:0% +determinant five +why is that I guess I did say five + + align:start position:0% +why is that I guess I did say five + + + align:start position:0% +why is that I guess I did say five +earlier but why how do you know it's + + align:start position:0% +earlier but why how do you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +earlier but why how do you know it's +five how do you know that whatever the + + align:start position:0% +five how do you know that whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +five how do you know that whatever the +determinant of that Matrix is why is it + + align:start position:0% +determinant of that Matrix is why is it + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of that Matrix is why is it +five because it's a triangular Matrix + + align:start position:0% +five because it's a triangular Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +five because it's a triangular Matrix +triangular matrices you've you've got + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrices you've you've got + + + align:start position:0% +triangular matrices you've you've got +all these zeros it's there you can see + + align:start position:0% +all these zeros it's there you can see + + + align:start position:0% +all these zeros it's there you can see +what's happening and the determinant of + + align:start position:0% +what's happening and the determinant of + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening and the determinant of +a triangular Matrix is just the product + + align:start position:0% +a triangular Matrix is just the product + + + align:start position:0% +a triangular Matrix is just the product +down the diagonal the product of these + + align:start position:0% +down the diagonal the product of these + + + align:start position:0% +down the diagonal the product of these +pivots the determinant is the product of + + align:start position:0% +pivots the determinant is the product of + + + align:start position:0% +pivots the determinant is the product of +the pivots and that's how mat lab would + + align:start position:0% +the pivots and that's how mat lab would + + + align:start position:0% +the pivots and that's how mat lab would +compute a determinant and it would take + + align:start position:0% +compute a determinant and it would take + + + align:start position:0% +compute a determinant and it would take +2 * 32 * 4/3 * 5/4 and it would give the + + align:start position:0% +2 * 32 * 4/3 * 5/4 and it would give the + + + align:start position:0% +2 * 32 * 4/3 * 5/4 and it would give the +answer + + align:start position:0% +answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer +five my friend Alan Adel me told Alan + + align:start position:0% +five my friend Alan Adel me told Alan + + + align:start position:0% +five my friend Alan Adel me told Alan +Adelman told me something + + align:start position:0% +Adelman told me something + + + align:start position:0% +Adelman told me something +yesterday mat lab computes + + align:start position:0% +yesterday mat lab computes + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday mat lab computes +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +um you know uh floating + + align:start position:0% +um you know uh floating + + + align:start position:0% +um you know uh floating +point so + + align:start position:0% +point so + + + align:start position:0% +point so +4/3 is not uh you know that's + + align:start position:0% +4/3 is not uh you know that's + + + align:start position:0% +4/3 is not uh you know that's +1.3333 + + align:start position:0% +1.3333 + + + align:start position:0% +1.3333 +Etc so mat lab would not when it does + + align:start position:0% +Etc so mat lab would not when it does + + + align:start position:0% +Etc so mat lab would not when it does +that multiplication get a whole number + + align:start position:0% +that multiplication get a whole number + + + align:start position:0% +that multiplication get a whole number +right because in mat lab that that that + + align:start position:0% +right because in mat lab that that that + + + align:start position:0% +right because in mat lab that that that +would be 1.333 and probably it would + + align:start position:0% +would be 1.333 and probably it would + + + align:start position:0% +would be 1.333 and probably it would +make that last pivot a decimal a long + + align:start position:0% +make that last pivot a decimal a long + + + align:start position:0% +make that last pivot a decimal a long +decimal and then when it multiplies that + + align:start position:0% +decimal and then when it multiplies that + + + align:start position:0% +decimal and then when it multiplies that +it gets uh whatever it gets but it's not + + align:start position:0% +it gets uh whatever it gets but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it gets uh whatever it gets but it's not +exactly five I think nevertheless mat + + align:start position:0% +exactly five I think nevertheless mat + + + align:start position:0% +exactly five I think nevertheless mat +lab will print the answer five it's + + align:start position:0% +lab will print the answer five it's + + + align:start position:0% +lab will print the answer five it's +cheated actually it's done that + + align:start position:0% +cheated actually it's done that + + + align:start position:0% +cheated actually it's done that +calculation and I don't know if it takes + + align:start position:0% +calculation and I don't know if it takes + + + align:start position:0% +calculation and I don't know if it takes +the nearest + + align:start position:0% +the nearest + + + align:start position:0% +the nearest +integer when it when it knows that + + align:start position:0% +integer when it when it knows that + + + align:start position:0% +integer when it when it knows that +the I shouldn't tell you this this isn't + + align:start position:0% +the I shouldn't tell you this this isn't + + + align:start position:0% +the I shouldn't tell you this this isn't +even interesting if it if it the + + align:start position:0% +even interesting if it if it the + + + align:start position:0% +even interesting if it if it the +determinant of a of an integer Matrix + + align:start position:0% +determinant of a of an integer Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of a of an integer Matrix +whole numbers is a whole number so Matt + + align:start position:0% +whole numbers is a whole number so Matt + + + align:start position:0% +whole numbers is a whole number so Matt +lab says better get a whole + + align:start position:0% +lab says better get a whole + + + align:start position:0% +lab says better get a whole +number and it somehow it gets one + + align:start position:0% +number and it somehow it gets one + + + align:start position:0% +number and it somehow it gets one +actually it doesn't always get the right + + align:start position:0% +actually it doesn't always get the right + + + align:start position:0% +actually it doesn't always get the right +one so maybe later I'll know the + + align:start position:0% +one so maybe later I'll know the + + + align:start position:0% +one so maybe later I'll know the +Matrix that + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that +uh whose determinant might not come out + + align:start position:0% +uh whose determinant might not come out + + + align:start position:0% +uh whose determinant might not come out +right okay but ours is Right + + align:start position:0% +right okay but ours is Right + + + align:start position:0% +right okay but ours is Right +five now where was this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going it got thrown off track by the + + align:start position:0% +going it got thrown off track by the + + + align:start position:0% +going it got thrown off track by the +determinant what's the real test well so + + align:start position:0% +determinant what's the real test well so + + + align:start position:0% +determinant what's the real test well so +I I said there are two ways to see that + + align:start position:0% +I I said there are two ways to see that + + + align:start position:0% +I I said there are two ways to see that +a matrix is + + align:start position:0% +a matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +a matrix is +invertible or not invertible here we're + + align:start position:0% +invertible or not invertible here we're + + + align:start position:0% +invertible or not invertible here we're +talking about the first + + align:start position:0% +talking about the first + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the first +way how do I know that this Matrix how + + align:start position:0% +way how do I know that this Matrix how + + + align:start position:0% +way how do I know that this Matrix how +how I've got an upper triangular Matrix + + align:start position:0% +how I've got an upper triangular Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +how I've got an upper triangular Matrix +when is it invertible when is an upper + + align:start position:0% +when is it invertible when is an upper + + + align:start position:0% +when is it invertible when is an upper +triangular Matrix + + align:start position:0% +triangular Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +triangular Matrix +invertible that's a upper triangular is + + align:start position:0% +invertible that's a upper triangular is + + + align:start position:0% +invertible that's a upper triangular is +great when you've got it in that form + + align:start position:0% +great when you've got it in that form + + + align:start position:0% +great when you've got it in that form +you should be able to see stuff so this + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to see stuff so this + + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to see stuff so this +key question of invertible which is not + + align:start position:0% +key question of invertible which is not + + + align:start position:0% +key question of invertible which is not +obvious for + + align:start position:0% +obvious for + + + align:start position:0% +obvious for +a typical Matrix is obvious for a + + align:start position:0% +a typical Matrix is obvious for a + + + align:start position:0% +a typical Matrix is obvious for a +triangular Matrix and why what's the + + align:start position:0% +triangular Matrix and why what's the + + + align:start position:0% +triangular Matrix and why what's the +test well we could do the determinant + + align:start position:0% +test well we could do the determinant + + + align:start position:0% +test well we could do the determinant +but we can say it without using that + + align:start position:0% +but we can say it without using that + + + align:start position:0% +but we can say it without using that +long + + align:start position:0% +long + + + align:start position:0% +long +word the diagonal is non + + align:start position:0% +word the diagonal is non + + + align:start position:0% +word the diagonal is non +zero K is invertible because the + + align:start position:0% +zero K is invertible because the + + + align:start position:0% +zero K is invertible because the +diagonal no it's got a full set of + + align:start position:0% +diagonal no it's got a full set of + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal no it's got a full set of +pivots it's got four nonzero pivots + + align:start position:0% +pivots it's got four nonzero pivots + + + align:start position:0% +pivots it's got four nonzero pivots +that's what it takes that's what it's + + align:start position:0% +that's what it takes that's what it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's what it takes that's what it's +going to take to solve systems so this + + align:start position:0% +going to take to solve systems so this + + + align:start position:0% +going to take to solve systems so this +is the first step in solving the system + + align:start position:0% +is the first step in solving the system + + + align:start position:0% +is the first step in solving the system +in other + + align:start position:0% +in other + + + align:start position:0% +in other +words to decide if the Matrix is + + align:start position:0% +words to decide if the Matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +words to decide if the Matrix is +invertible you just go ahead and use + + align:start position:0% +invertible you just go ahead and use + + + align:start position:0% +invertible you just go ahead and use +it you don't stop first necessarily to + + align:start position:0% +it you don't stop first necessarily to + + + align:start position:0% +it you don't stop first necessarily to +check invertibility you go forward you + + align:start position:0% +check invertibility you go forward you + + + align:start position:0% +check invertibility you go forward you +get to this point and you see nonzeros + + align:start position:0% +get to this point and you see nonzeros + + + align:start position:0% +get to this point and you see nonzeros +there and then you're practically you + + align:start position:0% +there and then you're practically you + + + align:start position:0% +there and then you're practically you +practically got to the answer + + align:start position:0% +practically got to the answer + + + align:start position:0% +practically got to the answer +here I'll leave for another day that act + + align:start position:0% +here I'll leave for another day that act + + + align:start position:0% +here I'll leave for another day that act +the final backs back going back upwards + + align:start position:0% +the final backs back going back upwards + + + align:start position:0% +the final backs back going back upwards +that gives you the answer okay so K is + + align:start position:0% +that gives you the answer okay so K is + + + align:start position:0% +that gives you the answer okay so K is +invertible that + + align:start position:0% +invertible that + + + align:start position:0% +invertible that +means full set of pivots n + + align:start position:0% +means full set of pivots n + + + align:start position:0% +means full set of pivots n +nonzero + + align:start position:0% +nonzero + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero +pivots and here they are two three Hales + + align:start position:0% +pivots and here they are two three Hales + + + align:start position:0% +pivots and here they are two three Hales +4/3 and + + align:start position:0% +4/3 and + + + align:start position:0% +4/3 and +54s worth knowing because this Matrix K + + align:start position:0% +54s worth knowing because this Matrix K + + + align:start position:0% +54s worth knowing because this Matrix K +is so important we'll see it over and + + align:start position:0% +is so important we'll see it over and + + + align:start position:0% +is so important we'll see it over and +over again part part of + + align:start position:0% +over again part part of + + + align:start position:0% +over again part part of +my purpose today is to give some + + align:start position:0% +my purpose today is to give some + + + align:start position:0% +my purpose today is to give some +matrices a + + align:start position:0% +matrices a + + + align:start position:0% +matrices a +name because we'll see them again and + + align:start position:0% +name because we'll see them again and + + + align:start position:0% +name because we'll see them again and +you'll know them and you'll recognize + + align:start position:0% +you'll know them and you'll recognize + + + align:start position:0% +you'll know them and you'll recognize +them now while I'm on this invertible or + + align:start position:0% +them now while I'm on this invertible or + + + align:start position:0% +them now while I'm on this invertible or +not invertible + + align:start position:0% +not invertible + + + align:start position:0% +not invertible +business I want to ask + + align:start position:0% +business I want to ask + + + align:start position:0% +business I want to ask +you to change K to make it not + + align:start position:0% +you to change K to make it not + + + align:start position:0% +you to change K to make it not +invertible change that + + align:start position:0% +invertible change that + + + align:start position:0% +invertible change that +Matrix how could how could I change that + + align:start position:0% +Matrix how could how could I change that + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix how could how could I change that +mat well of course many ways + + align:start position:0% +mat well of course many ways + + + align:start position:0% +mat well of course many ways +but I'm interested in another Matrix and + + align:start position:0% +but I'm interested in another Matrix and + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm interested in another Matrix and +this will be among my special + + align:start position:0% +this will be among my special + + + align:start position:0% +this will be among my special +matrices and it will start out the same + + align:start position:0% +matrices and it will start out the same + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and it will start out the same +it'll have these + + align:start position:0% +it'll have these + + + align:start position:0% +it'll have these +same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagonals it'll be + + align:start position:0% +diagonals it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals it'll be +triplets I'm going to call it + + align:start position:0% +triplets I'm going to call it + + + align:start position:0% +triplets I'm going to call it +C and I want to say and the reason I'm + + align:start position:0% +C and I want to say and the reason I'm + + + align:start position:0% +C and I want to say and the reason I'm +talking about it now is that it's not + + align:start position:0% +talking about it now is that it's not + + + align:start position:0% +talking about it now is that it's not +going to be invertible + + align:start position:0% +going to be invertible + + + align:start position:0% +going to be invertible +and I want I want to say what I want to + + align:start position:0% +and I want I want to say what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +and I want I want to say what I want to +choose a particular I want to tell you a + + align:start position:0% +choose a particular I want to tell you a + + + align:start position:0% +choose a particular I want to tell you a +c and see if you can tell me why it is + + align:start position:0% +c and see if you can tell me why it is + + + align:start position:0% +c and see if you can tell me why it is +not invertible so here's the difference + + align:start position:0% +not invertible so here's the difference + + + align:start position:0% +not invertible so here's the difference +I'm going to put minus one in the + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to put minus one in the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to put minus one in the +corners still Zer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there so that Matrix + + align:start position:0% +there so that Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +there so that Matrix +C is still that still has that pattern + + align:start position:0% +C is still that still has that pattern + + + align:start position:0% +C is still that still has that pattern +it's still a tlets matrix actually that + + align:start position:0% +it's still a tlets matrix actually that + + + align:start position:0% +it's still a tlets matrix actually that +would still be the The Matrix tets of 2 + + align:start position:0% +would still be the The Matrix tets of 2 + + + align:start position:0% +would still be the The Matrix tets of 2 +- 1 0 minus + + align:start position:0% +- 1 0 minus + + + align:start position:0% +- 1 0 minus +one I claim that Matrix is not + + align:start position:0% +one I claim that Matrix is not + + + align:start position:0% +one I claim that Matrix is not +invertible and I claim that you we we'll + + align:start position:0% +invertible and I claim that you we we'll + + + align:start position:0% +invertible and I claim that you we we'll +we can see that + + align:start position:0% +we can see that + + + align:start position:0% +we can see that +without Computing determinants we can + + align:start position:0% +without Computing determinants we can + + + align:start position:0% +without Computing determinants we can +see it without doing elimination too mat + + align:start position:0% +see it without doing elimination too mat + + + align:start position:0% +see it without doing elimination too mat +lab would see it by doing elimination we + + align:start position:0% +lab would see it by doing elimination we + + + align:start position:0% +lab would see it by doing elimination we +can see it by just human + + align:start position:0% +can see it by just human + + + align:start position:0% +can see it by just human +intelligence now + + align:start position:0% +intelligence now + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence now +why what how do I recognize a matrix + + align:start position:0% +why what how do I recognize a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +why what how do I recognize a matrix +that's not + + align:start position:0% +that's not + + + align:start position:0% +that's not +invertible and then by Converse how a + + align:start position:0% +invertible and then by Converse how a + + + align:start position:0% +invertible and then by Converse how a +matrix that is + + align:start position:0% +matrix that is + + + align:start position:0% +matrix that is +invertible I + + align:start position:0% +invertible I + + + align:start position:0% +invertible I +claim and let me say first let me say + + align:start position:0% +claim and let me say first let me say + + + align:start position:0% +claim and let me say first let me say +why that letter c that letter C is for + + align:start position:0% +why that letter c that letter C is for + + + align:start position:0% +why that letter c that letter C is for +stands for + + align:start position:0% +stands for + + + align:start position:0% +stands for +circulent it's because + + align:start position:0% +circulent it's because + + + align:start position:0% +circulent it's because +the why this word circulent why + + align:start position:0% +the why this word circulent why + + + align:start position:0% +the why this word circulent why +circulent it's because that diagonal + + align:start position:0% +circulent it's because that diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +circulent it's because that diagonal +which only had three guys circled around + + align:start position:0% +which only had three guys circled around + + + align:start position:0% +which only had three guys circled around +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +fourth this diagonal that only had three + + align:start position:0% +fourth this diagonal that only had three + + + align:start position:0% +fourth this diagonal that only had three +entries circled around to the fourth + + align:start position:0% +entries circled around to the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +entries circled around to the fourth +entry this diagonal with two zeros + + align:start position:0% +entry this diagonal with two zeros + + + align:start position:0% +entry this diagonal with two zeros +circled around to the other two zeros + + align:start position:0% +circled around to the other two zeros + + + align:start position:0% +circled around to the other two zeros +the diagonals are not only constant they + + align:start position:0% +the diagonals are not only constant they + + + align:start position:0% +the diagonals are not only constant they +loop + + align:start position:0% +loop + + + align:start position:0% +loop +around and that's you use the word + + align:start position:0% +around and that's you use the word + + + align:start position:0% +around and that's you use the word +periodic now for me that's the periodic + + align:start position:0% +periodic now for me that's the periodic + + + align:start position:0% +periodic now for me that's the periodic +Matrix that Matrix c a circulent matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that Matrix c a circulent matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that Matrix c a circulent matrix +comes from a periodic + + align:start position:0% +comes from a periodic + + + align:start position:0% +comes from a periodic +problem because it loops + + align:start position:0% +problem because it loops + + + align:start position:0% +problem because it loops +around it it brings number sort of + + align:start position:0% +around it it brings number sort of + + + align:start position:0% +around it it brings number sort of +number zero is the same as number four + + align:start position:0% +number zero is the same as number four + + + align:start position:0% +number zero is the same as number four +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +and why is that not + + align:start position:0% +and why is that not + + + align:start position:0% +and why is that not +invertible it's the the thing is can you + + align:start position:0% +invertible it's the the thing is can you + + + align:start position:0% +invertible it's the the thing is can you +find a + + align:start position:0% +find a + + + align:start position:0% +find a +vector because matrices multiply vectors + + align:start position:0% +vector because matrices multiply vectors + + + align:start position:0% +vector because matrices multiply vectors +that's their whole whole + + align:start position:0% +that's their whole whole + + + align:start position:0% +that's their whole whole +point can you see a vector that it takes + + align:start position:0% +point can you see a vector that it takes + + + align:start position:0% +point can you see a vector that it takes +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +zero can you see a solution to seeu + + align:start position:0% +zero can you see a solution to seeu + + + align:start position:0% +zero can you see a solution to seeu +equals z I'm looking for a + + align:start position:0% +equals z I'm looking for a + + + align:start position:0% +equals z I'm looking for a +u with four entries so that I get four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zeros you see + + align:start position:0% +zeros you see + + + align:start position:0% +zeros you see +it all ones all ones that will do + + align:start position:0% +it all ones all ones that will do + + + align:start position:0% +it all ones all ones that will do +it so that's a con nice + + align:start position:0% +it so that's a con nice + + + align:start position:0% +it so that's a con nice +natural entry the + + align:start position:0% +natural entry the + + + align:start position:0% +natural entry the +constant and you see why when when I + + align:start position:0% +constant and you see why when when I + + + align:start position:0% +constant and you see why when when I +when I we haven't spoken about + + align:start position:0% +when I we haven't spoken about + + + align:start position:0% +when I we haven't spoken about +multiplying + + align:start position:0% +multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying +matrices so times vectors and most + + align:start position:0% +matrices so times vectors and most + + + align:start position:0% +matrices so times vectors and most +people will do it this way and let's do + + align:start position:0% +people will do it this way and let's do + + + align:start position:0% +people will do it this way and let's do +this one this way you take Row one times + + align:start position:0% +this one this way you take Row one times + + + align:start position:0% +this one this way you take Row one times +that you get 2 - one 0 minus one you get + + align:start position:0% +that you get 2 - one 0 minus one you get + + + align:start position:0% +that you get 2 - one 0 minus one you get +the zero because of that new number here + + align:start position:0% +the zero because of that new number here + + + align:start position:0% +the zero because of that new number here +we always got zero from from the all + + align:start position:0% +we always got zero from from the all + + + align:start position:0% +we always got zero from from the all +ones vector and now here that minus one + + align:start position:0% +ones vector and now here that minus one + + + align:start position:0% +ones vector and now here that minus one +you see it's just + + align:start position:0% +you see it's just + + + align:start position:0% +you see it's just +right if all the rows add to zero then + + align:start position:0% +right if all the rows add to zero then + + + align:start position:0% +right if all the rows add to zero then +this Vector of all ones will + + align:start position:0% +this Vector of all ones will + + + align:start position:0% +this Vector of all ones will +be I would use the word in the null + + align:start position:0% +be I would use the word in the null + + + align:start position:0% +be I would use the word in the null +space if you wanted a fancy word a + + align:start position:0% +space if you wanted a fancy word a + + + align:start position:0% +space if you wanted a fancy word a +linear algebra word what does that mean + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra word what does that mean + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra word what does that mean +it solves CU equals + + align:start position:0% +it solves CU equals + + + align:start position:0% +it solves CU equals +z and why does that show that the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +z and why does that show that the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +z and why does that show that the Matrix +isn't invertible because that's our + + align:start position:0% +isn't invertible because that's our + + + align:start position:0% +isn't invertible because that's our +that's our Point here I have a solution + + align:start position:0% +that's our Point here I have a solution + + + align:start position:0% +that's our Point here I have a solution +to CU equals + + align:start position:0% +to CU equals + + + align:start position:0% +to CU equals +z I claim that the pre existence of such + + align:start position:0% +z I claim that the pre existence of such + + + align:start position:0% +z I claim that the pre existence of such +a solution has has wiped out the + + align:start position:0% +a solution has has wiped out the + + + align:start position:0% +a solution has has wiped out the +possibility that the Matrix is + + align:start position:0% +possibility that the Matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +possibility that the Matrix is +invertible because if it was invertible + + align:start position:0% +invertible because if it was invertible + + + align:start position:0% +invertible because if it was invertible +what what would this lead to if + + align:start position:0% +what what would this lead to if + + + align:start position:0% +what what would this lead to if +invertible if C inverse + + align:start position:0% +invertible if C inverse + + + align:start position:0% +invertible if C inverse +exists what would I do to that equation + + align:start position:0% +exists what would I do to that equation + + + align:start position:0% +exists what would I do to that equation +that would show me i' + + align:start position:0% +that would show me i' + + + align:start position:0% +that would show me i' +I'm C inverse can't + + align:start position:0% +I'm C inverse can't + + + align:start position:0% +I'm C inverse can't +exist multiply both sides by C inverse + + align:start position:0% +exist multiply both sides by C inverse + + + align:start position:0% +exist multiply both sides by C inverse +so you're seeing Ju Just this first day + + align:start position:0% +so you're seeing Ju Just this first day + + + align:start position:0% +so you're seeing Ju Just this first day +you're seeing some of the natural steps + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing some of the natural steps + + + align:start position:0% +you're seeing some of the natural steps +of linear algebra row reduction multiply + + align:start position:0% +of linear algebra row reduction multiply + + + align:start position:0% +of linear algebra row reduction multiply +when you want to see what's happening + + align:start position:0% +when you want to see what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +when you want to see what's happening +multiply both sides by C inverse that's + + align:start position:0% +multiply both sides by C inverse that's + + + align:start position:0% +multiply both sides by C inverse that's +the same as in in ordinary language do + + align:start position:0% +the same as in in ordinary language do + + + align:start position:0% +the same as in in ordinary language do +the same thing to all the equations I + + align:start position:0% +the same thing to all the equations I + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing to all the equations I +multiply both sides by the same Matrix + + align:start position:0% +multiply both sides by the same Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +multiply both sides by the same Matrix +and here I would get C inverse CU = C + + align:start position:0% +and here I would get C inverse CU = C + + + align:start position:0% +and here I would get C inverse CU = C +inverse 0 and and what does so what does + + align:start position:0% +inverse 0 and and what does so what does + + + align:start position:0% +inverse 0 and and what does so what does +that tell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me I I made it long I I threw in this + + align:start position:0% +me I I made it long I I threw in this + + + align:start position:0% +me I I made it long I I threw in this +extra step you were going to jump + + align:start position:0% +extra step you were going to jump + + + align:start position:0% +extra step you were going to jump +immediately + + align:start position:0% +immediately + + + align:start position:0% +immediately +to C inverse C + + align:start position:0% +to C inverse C + + + align:start position:0% +to C inverse C +is I is the identity Matrix and when the + + align:start position:0% +is I is the identity Matrix and when the + + + align:start position:0% +is I is the identity Matrix and when the +identity Matrix multiplies a vector U + + align:start position:0% +identity Matrix multiplies a vector U + + + align:start position:0% +identity Matrix multiplies a vector U +you get U and on the right side C + + align:start position:0% +you get U and on the right side C + + + align:start position:0% +you get U and on the right side C +inverse whatever it is if it existed + + align:start position:0% +inverse whatever it is if it existed + + + align:start position:0% +inverse whatever it is if it existed +Time Zero would have to be zero so this + + align:start position:0% +Time Zero would have to be zero so this + + + align:start position:0% +Time Zero would have to be zero so this +would say that if C inverse exists then + + align:start position:0% +would say that if C inverse exists then + + + align:start position:0% +would say that if C inverse exists then +the only solution is U equal + + align:start position:0% +the only solution is U equal + + + align:start position:0% +the only solution is U equal +Z that's that's a good way to recognize + + align:start position:0% +Z that's that's a good way to recognize + + + align:start position:0% +Z that's that's a good way to recognize +invertible matrices if it is invertible + + align:start position:0% +invertible matrices if it is invertible + + + align:start position:0% +invertible matrices if it is invertible +then the only solution to CU equals 0 is + + align:start position:0% +then the only solution to CU equals 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +then the only solution to CU equals 0 is +U equal Z and that wasn't true here so + + align:start position:0% +U equal Z and that wasn't true here so + + + align:start position:0% +U equal Z and that wasn't true here so +we conclude C is not invertible + + align:start position:0% +we conclude C is not invertible + + + align:start position:0% +we conclude C is not invertible +C is therefore not + + align:start position:0% +C is therefore not + + + align:start position:0% +C is therefore not +invertible now let me can I even jump in + + align:start position:0% +invertible now let me can I even jump in + + + align:start position:0% +invertible now let me can I even jump in +but I've got two more matrices that I + + align:start position:0% +but I've got two more matrices that I + + + align:start position:0% +but I've got two more matrices that I +want to tell you about that are also + + align:start position:0% +want to tell you about that are also + + + align:start position:0% +want to tell you about that are also +close cousins of K and C but let me just + + align:start position:0% +close cousins of K and C but let me just + + + align:start position:0% +close cousins of K and C but let me just +uh explain + + align:start position:0% +uh explain + + + align:start position:0% +uh explain +physically a little bit about where + + align:start position:0% +physically a little bit about where + + + align:start position:0% +physically a little bit about where +these matrices are coming + + align:start position:0% +these matrices are coming + + + align:start position:0% +these matrices are coming +from so maybe next to K so so I I'm not + + align:start position:0% +from so maybe next to K so so I I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +from so maybe next to K so so I I'm not +going to put periodic there + + align:start position:0% +going to put periodic there + + + align:start position:0% +going to put periodic there +right that's the one that I would call + + align:start position:0% +right that's the one that I would call + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the one that I would call +periodic this one is fixed at the + + align:start position:0% +periodic this one is fixed at the + + + align:start position:0% +periodic this one is fixed at the +ends can I draw a little picture to to + + align:start position:0% +ends can I draw a little picture to to + + + align:start position:0% +ends can I draw a little picture to to +Aims to show that aims to + + align:start position:0% +Aims to show that aims to + + + align:start position:0% +Aims to show that aims to +show the the where this is coming from + + align:start position:0% +show the the where this is coming from + + + align:start position:0% +show the the where this is coming from +it's coming from I I think of this as + + align:start position:0% +it's coming from I I think of this as + + + align:start position:0% +it's coming from I I think of this as +controlling like four masses Mass one + + align:start position:0% +controlling like four masses Mass one + + + align:start position:0% +controlling like four masses Mass one +Mass two Mass three and mass four with + + align:start position:0% +Mass two Mass three and mass four with + + + align:start position:0% +Mass two Mass three and mass four with +springs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +attached and with end points + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fixed so that would if I if I uh put + + align:start position:0% +fixed so that would if I if I uh put + + + align:start position:0% +fixed so that would if I if I uh put +some weights on those masses so we'll do + + align:start position:0% +some weights on those masses so we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +some weights on those masses so we'll do +this masses and springs is what is going + + align:start position:0% +this masses and springs is what is going + + + align:start position:0% +this masses and springs is what is going +to be the very first + + align:start position:0% +to be the very first + + + align:start position:0% +to be the very first +application and it will connect to all + + align:start position:0% +application and it will connect to all + + + align:start position:0% +application and it will connect to all +to these + + align:start position:0% +to these + + + align:start position:0% +to these +matrices and all I'm doing now is just + + align:start position:0% +matrices and all I'm doing now is just + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and all I'm doing now is just +asking to draw the draw the um draw the + + align:start position:0% +asking to draw the draw the um draw the + + + align:start position:0% +asking to draw the draw the um draw the +system draw the mechanical system + + align:start position:0% +system draw the mechanical system + + + align:start position:0% +system draw the mechanical system +actually I'll usually draw it + + align:start position:0% +actually I'll usually draw it + + + align:start position:0% +actually I'll usually draw it +vertically but anyway it's got four + + align:start position:0% +vertically but anyway it's got four + + + align:start position:0% +vertically but anyway it's got four +masses and the fact that this minus one + + align:start position:0% +masses and the fact that this minus one + + + align:start position:0% +masses and the fact that this minus one +here got chopped off what would I call + + align:start position:0% +here got chopped off what would I call + + + align:start position:0% +here got chopped off what would I call +that end I'd call that a fixed end so + + align:start position:0% +that end I'd call that a fixed end so + + + align:start position:0% +that end I'd call that a fixed end so +this is a fixed fixed + + align:start position:0% +this is a fixed fixed + + + align:start position:0% +this is a fixed fixed +Matrix both ends are fixed + + align:start position:0% +Matrix both ends are fixed + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix both ends are fixed +and it's the Matrix that would govern + + align:start position:0% +and it's the Matrix that would govern + + + align:start position:0% +and it's the Matrix that would govern +and the the springs and masses all the + + align:start position:0% +and the the springs and masses all the + + + align:start position:0% +and the the springs and masses all the +same is what tells me that the thing is + + align:start position:0% +same is what tells me that the thing is + + + align:start position:0% +same is what tells me that the thing is +tlets now what's the picture that goes + + align:start position:0% +tlets now what's the picture that goes + + + align:start position:0% +tlets now what's the picture that goes +with C what's the picture with + + align:start position:0% +with C what's the picture with + + + align:start position:0% +with C what's the picture with +C can you do you you have an instinct of + + align:start position:0% +C can you do you you have an instinct of + + + align:start position:0% +C can you do you you have an instinct of +that so C is + + align:start position:0% +that so C is + + + align:start position:0% +that so C is +periodic so again we got four masses + + align:start position:0% +periodic so again we got four masses + + + align:start position:0% +periodic so again we got four masses +connected by Springs + + align:start position:0% +connected by Springs + + + align:start position:0% +connected by Springs +but what's up with those masses to make + + align:start position:0% +but what's up with those masses to make + + + align:start position:0% +but what's up with those masses to make +the problem cyclic periodic circular + + align:start position:0% +the problem cyclic periodic circular + + + align:start position:0% +the problem cyclic periodic circular +whatever word you + + align:start position:0% +whatever word you + + + align:start position:0% +whatever word you +like they're arranged in a ring number + + align:start position:0% +like they're arranged in a ring number + + + align:start position:0% +like they're arranged in a ring number +the first + + align:start position:0% +the first + + + align:start position:0% +the first +guy the fourth guy comes back to the + + align:start position:0% +guy the fourth guy comes back to the + + + align:start position:0% +guy the fourth guy comes back to the +first one so the the four masses would + + align:start position:0% +first one so the the four masses would + + + align:start position:0% +first one so the the four masses would +be so in some kind of a ring the Springs + + align:start position:0% +be so in some kind of a ring the Springs + + + align:start position:0% +be so in some kind of a ring the Springs +would connect them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I don't know if that's suggested but I + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if that's suggested but I + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if that's suggested but I +hope so and what's the point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of can we just speak about mechanics one + + align:start position:0% +of can we just speak about mechanics one + + + align:start position:0% +of can we just speak about mechanics one +moment how does that system differ from + + align:start position:0% +moment how does that system differ from + + + align:start position:0% +moment how does that system differ from +this fixed fix + + align:start position:0% +this fixed fix + + + align:start position:0% +this fixed fix +system here the whole system can't move + + align:start position:0% +system here the whole system can't move + + + align:start position:0% +system here the whole system can't move +right the + + align:start position:0% +right the + + + align:start position:0% +right the +only if there's no Force then nothing + + align:start position:0% +only if there's no Force then nothing + + + align:start position:0% +only if there's no Force then nothing +can happen here the whole system can + + align:start position:0% +can happen here the whole system can + + + align:start position:0% +can happen here the whole system can +turn we can they can all displace the + + align:start position:0% +turn we can they can all displace the + + + align:start position:0% +turn we can they can all displace the +same amount and just turn without any + + align:start position:0% +same amount and just turn without any + + + align:start position:0% +same amount and just turn without any +compression of the Springs without any + + align:start position:0% +compression of the Springs without any + + + align:start position:0% +compression of the Springs without any +Force having to do + + align:start position:0% +Force having to do + + + align:start position:0% +Force having to do +anything and that's why the solution + + align:start position:0% +anything and that's why the solution + + + align:start position:0% +anything and that's why the solution +that kills this Matrix is + + align:start position:0% +that kills this Matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +that kills this Matrix is +1111 so 1111 would describe a a case + + align:start position:0% +1111 so 1111 would describe a a case + + + align:start position:0% +1111 so 1111 would describe a a case +where all the displacements were + + align:start position:0% +where all the displacements were + + + align:start position:0% +where all the displacements were +equal in a way it's like the it's like + + align:start position:0% +equal in a way it's like the it's like + + + align:start position:0% +equal in a way it's like the it's like +the arbitrary constant in calculus + + align:start position:0% +the arbitrary constant in calculus + + + align:start position:0% +the arbitrary constant in calculus +you're always adding Plus C something so + + align:start position:0% +you're always adding Plus C something so + + + align:start position:0% +you're always adding Plus C something so +here we've got a we've got a solution of + + align:start position:0% +here we've got a we've got a solution of + + + align:start position:0% +here we've got a we've got a solution of +all ones that produces zero the way the + + align:start position:0% +all ones that produces zero the way the + + + align:start position:0% +all ones that produces zero the way the +derivative of a constant function is the + + align:start position:0% +derivative of a constant function is the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of a constant function is the +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +function okay so this is just like an + + align:start position:0% +function okay so this is just like an + + + align:start position:0% +function okay so this is just like an +indication all right now can I uh yes + + align:start position:0% +indication all right now can I uh yes + + + align:start position:0% +indication all right now can I uh yes +perfect I've got two more matrices are + + align:start position:0% +perfect I've got two more matrices are + + + align:start position:0% +perfect I've got two more matrices are +you okay for two more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes okay what are + + align:start position:0% +yes okay what are + + + align:start position:0% +yes okay what are +they they are okay a different + + align:start position:0% +they they are okay a different + + + align:start position:0% +they they are okay a different +Blackboard for for the last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two so one of them is going to come by + + align:start position:0% +two so one of them is going to come by + + + align:start position:0% +two so one of them is going to come by +freeing up this + + align:start position:0% +freeing up this + + + align:start position:0% +freeing up this +end so I'm going to take that that that + + align:start position:0% +end so I'm going to take that that that + + + align:start position:0% +end so I'm going to take that that that +support + + align:start position:0% +support + + + align:start position:0% +support +away and you might imagine the the Tower + + align:start position:0% +away and you might imagine the the Tower + + + align:start position:0% +away and you might imagine the the Tower +like a tower oscillating up and down or + + align:start position:0% +like a tower oscillating up and down or + + + align:start position:0% +like a tower oscillating up and down or +you might turn it upside down and like a + + align:start position:0% +you might turn it upside down and like a + + + align:start position:0% +you might turn it upside down and like a +hanging spring or rather four Springs + + align:start position:0% +hanging spring or rather four Springs + + + align:start position:0% +hanging spring or rather four Springs +with four masses hanging onto them but + + align:start position:0% +with four masses hanging onto them but + + + align:start position:0% +with four masses hanging onto them but +what this end is fixed and this is not + + align:start position:0% +what this end is fixed and this is not + + + align:start position:0% +what this end is fixed and this is not +fixed anymore this is now + + align:start position:0% +fixed anymore this is now + + + align:start position:0% +fixed anymore this is now +free and can I tell you the Matrix the + + align:start position:0% +free and can I tell you the Matrix the + + + align:start position:0% +free and can I tell you the Matrix the +free fixed Matrix free fixed will be + + align:start position:0% +free fixed Matrix free fixed will be + + + align:start position:0% +free fixed Matrix free fixed will be +because it's the top end that I changed + + align:start position:0% +because it's the top end that I changed + + + align:start position:0% +because it's the top end that I changed +I'm going to call call it t so all the + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to call call it t so all the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to call call it t so all the +other guys are going to be the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same but the top + + align:start position:0% +same but the top + + + align:start position:0% +same but the top +one is going the top row is the boundary + + align:start position:0% +one is going the top row is the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +one is going the top row is the boundary +row boundary conditions are the the + + align:start position:0% +row boundary conditions are the the + + + align:start position:0% +row boundary conditions are the the +always the tough part the tricky part + + align:start position:0% +always the tough part the tricky part + + + align:start position:0% +always the tough part the tricky part +the key part of of a model and here the + + align:start position:0% +the key part of of a model and here the + + + align:start position:0% +the key part of of a model and here the +natural boundary condition is to have a + + align:start position:0% +natural boundary condition is to have a + + + align:start position:0% +natural boundary condition is to have a +one there that that two change to a one + + align:start position:0% +one there that that two change to a one + + + align:start position:0% +one there that that two change to a one +one that two changed to a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay now if I asked you for the + + align:start position:0% +one okay now if I asked you for the + + + align:start position:0% +one okay now if I asked you for the +properties of that Matrix so that's the + + align:start position:0% +properties of that Matrix so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +properties of that Matrix so that's the +third I shall I do the fourth one so you + + align:start position:0% +third I shall I do the fourth one so you + + + align:start position:0% +third I shall I do the fourth one so you +have them all you have the whole picture + + align:start position:0% +have them all you have the whole picture + + + align:start position:0% +have them all you have the whole picture +the fourth one well you can guess what's + + align:start position:0% +the fourth one well you can guess what's + + + align:start position:0% +the fourth one well you can guess what's +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +fourth what am I going to do fix up the + + align:start position:0% +fourth what am I going to do fix up the + + + align:start position:0% +fourth what am I going to do fix up the +free up the other end so this guy had + + align:start position:0% +free up the other end so this guy had + + + align:start position:0% +free up the other end so this guy had +one free end and the other guy has B for + + align:start position:0% +one free end and the other guy has B for + + + align:start position:0% +one free end and the other guy has B for +both ends B for both ends are going to + + align:start position:0% +both ends B for both ends are going to + + + align:start position:0% +both ends B for both ends are going to +be free so this will be this is free + + align:start position:0% +be free so this will be this is free + + + align:start position:0% +be free so this will be this is free +fixed this will be free free so that + + align:start position:0% +fixed this will be free free so that + + + align:start position:0% +fixed this will be free free so that +means I have this free end the usual + + align:start position:0% +means I have this free end the usual + + + align:start position:0% +means I have this free end the usual +stuff in the + + align:start position:0% +stuff in the + + + align:start position:0% +stuff in the +middle no + + align:start position:0% +middle no + + + align:start position:0% +middle no +change and the last row is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what what am I going to put in the last + + align:start position:0% +what what am I going to put in the last + + + align:start position:0% +what what am I going to put in the last +row to minus one one + + align:start position:0% +row to minus one one + + + align:start position:0% +row to minus one one +minus one one so I've changed the the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagonal there I put a single one in + + align:start position:0% +diagonal there I put a single one in + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal there I put a single one in +because I freed up one end with b i + + align:start position:0% +because I freed up one end with b i + + + align:start position:0% +because I freed up one end with b i +freed both ends and I've got two minus + + align:start position:0% +freed both ends and I've got two minus + + + align:start position:0% +freed both ends and I've got two minus +ones now what do you + + align:start position:0% +ones now what do you + + + align:start position:0% +ones now what do you +think so this we've drawn the free fixed + + align:start position:0% +think so this we've drawn the free fixed + + + align:start position:0% +think so this we've drawn the free fixed +one and what okay what's your guess + + align:start position:0% +one and what okay what's your guess + + + align:start position:0% +one and what okay what's your guess +they're all + + align:start position:0% +they're all + + + align:start position:0% +they're all +symmetric that's no accident they're all + + align:start position:0% +symmetric that's no accident they're all + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric that's no accident they're all +tridiagonal no accident again why are + + align:start position:0% +tridiagonal no accident again why are + + + align:start position:0% +tridiagonal no accident again why are +they triagonal physically they're Tri + + align:start position:0% +they triagonal physically they're Tri + + + align:start position:0% +they triagonal physically they're Tri +triagonal because that mass is only + + align:start position:0% +triagonal because that mass is only + + + align:start position:0% +triagonal because that mass is only +connected to its two neighbors it's not + + align:start position:0% +connected to its two neighbors it's not + + + align:start position:0% +connected to its two neighbors it's not +connected to that + + align:start position:0% +connected to that + + + align:start position:0% +connected to that +mass that's why we get a zero in the in + + align:start position:0% +mass that's why we get a zero in the in + + + align:start position:0% +mass that's why we get a zero in the in +the two four + + align:start position:0% +the two four + + + align:start position:0% +the two four +position because two is not connected to + + align:start position:0% +position because two is not connected to + + + align:start position:0% +position because two is not connected to +four so it's Tri + + align:start position:0% +four so it's Tri + + + align:start position:0% +four so it's Tri +diagonal it's not triplets anymore right + + align:start position:0% +diagonal it's not triplets anymore right + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal it's not triplets anymore right +toplet says constant diagonal and these + + align:start position:0% +toplet says constant diagonal and these + + + align:start position:0% +toplet says constant diagonal and these +are not quite constant I would I would + + align:start position:0% +are not quite constant I would I would + + + align:start position:0% +are not quite constant I would I would +create K I would I would take t equal K + + align:start position:0% +create K I would I would take t equal K + + + align:start position:0% +create K I would I would take t equal K +if I was going to create this Matrix and + + align:start position:0% +if I was going to create this Matrix and + + + align:start position:0% +if I was going to create this Matrix and +then I would say t of 1 one equal + + align:start position:0% +then I would say t of 1 one equal + + + align:start position:0% +then I would say t of 1 one equal +1 that command would fix up the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +entry + + align:start position:0% +entry + + + align:start position:0% +entry +yeah uh good yeah that's a serious + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh good yeah that's a serious + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh good yeah that's a serious +question maybe can I hang on till Friday + + align:start position:0% +question maybe can I hang on till Friday + + + align:start position:0% +question maybe can I hang on till Friday +and even maybe next week because this is + + align:start position:0% +and even maybe next week because this is + + + align:start position:0% +and even maybe next week because this is +very important when I said said boundary + + align:start position:0% +very important when I said said boundary + + + align:start position:0% +very important when I said said boundary +conditions are the key to problems I'm + + align:start position:0% +conditions are the key to problems I'm + + + align:start position:0% +conditions are the key to problems I'm +serious that that if I had to think okay + + align:start position:0% +serious that that if I had to think okay + + + align:start position:0% +serious that that if I had to think okay +what people come in my office ask about + + align:start position:0% +what people come in my office ask about + + + align:start position:0% +what people come in my office ask about +questions I say right away what's the + + align:start position:0% +questions I say right away what's the + + + align:start position:0% +questions I say right away what's the +boundary condition because I know that's + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition because I know that's + + + align:start position:0% +boundary condition because I know that's +where the problem is and so here we'll + + align:start position:0% +where the problem is and so here we'll + + + align:start position:0% +where the problem is and so here we'll +we'll see these guys clearly fixed and + + align:start position:0% +we'll see these guys clearly fixed and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see these guys clearly fixed and +free very + + align:start position:0% +free very + + + align:start position:0% +free very +important so in some way so free means + + align:start position:0% +important so in some way so free means + + + align:start position:0% +important so in some way so free means +but Al let me say two more words I never + + align:start position:0% +but Al let me say two more words I never + + + align:start position:0% +but Al let me say two more words I never +can resist so fixed means the + + align:start position:0% +can resist so fixed means the + + + align:start position:0% +can resist so fixed means the +displacement is zero something was set + + align:start position:0% +displacement is zero something was set + + + align:start position:0% +displacement is zero something was set +to zero the fifth guy the fifth over + + align:start position:0% +to zero the fifth guy the fifth over + + + align:start position:0% +to zero the fifth guy the fifth over +here that fifth column was knocked + + align:start position:0% +here that fifth column was knocked + + + align:start position:0% +here that fifth column was knocked +out free means that in here it could + + align:start position:0% +out free means that in here it could + + + align:start position:0% +out free means that in here it could +mean that the fifth guy + + align:start position:0% +mean that the fifth guy + + + align:start position:0% +mean that the fifth guy +is the same as the + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the +fourth the slope is + + align:start position:0% +fourth the slope is + + + align:start position:0% +fourth the slope is +zero fixed is U is zero free is slope is + + align:start position:0% +zero fixed is U is zero free is slope is + + + align:start position:0% +zero fixed is U is zero free is slope is +zero so uh here I have a slope of zero + + align:start position:0% +zero so uh here I have a slope of zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero so uh here I have a slope of zero +at that end here I have it at both end + + align:start position:0% +at that end here I have it at both end + + + align:start position:0% +at that end here I have it at both end +so maybe that's a sort of part + + align:start position:0% +so maybe that's a sort of part + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe that's a sort of part +answer okay now I wanted to get to the + + align:start position:0% +answer okay now I wanted to get to the + + + align:start position:0% +answer okay now I wanted to get to the +difference between these two + + align:start position:0% +difference between these two + + + align:start position:0% +difference between these two +matrices and the main properties okay so + + align:start position:0% +matrices and the main properties okay so + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and the main properties okay so +so what do we see symmetric again try + + align:start position:0% +so what do we see symmetric again try + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we see symmetric again try +diagonal again not quite Tippets but + + align:start position:0% +diagonal again not quite Tippets but + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal again not quite Tippets but +almost sort of morally Tippets uh + + align:start position:0% +almost sort of morally Tippets uh + + + align:start position:0% +almost sort of morally Tippets uh +but then the key question was invertible + + align:start position:0% +but then the key question was invertible + + + align:start position:0% +but then the key question was invertible +Or Not Key question was invertible or + + align:start position:0% +Or Not Key question was invertible or + + + align:start position:0% +Or Not Key question was invertible or +not right and what's your guess on these + + align:start position:0% +not right and what's your guess on these + + + align:start position:0% +not right and what's your guess on these +two you think that one's invertible or + + align:start position:0% +two you think that one's invertible or + + + align:start position:0% +two you think that one's invertible or +not make a guess you're allowed to guess + + align:start position:0% +not make a guess you're allowed to guess + + + align:start position:0% +not make a guess you're allowed to guess +it this + + align:start position:0% +it this + + + align:start position:0% +it this +question yes yeah yeah it is why is that + + align:start position:0% +question yes yeah yeah it is why is that + + + align:start position:0% +question yes yeah yeah it is why is that +because this thing has still got a + + align:start position:0% +because this thing has still got a + + + align:start position:0% +because this thing has still got a +support it's not free to shift + + align:start position:0% +support it's not free to shift + + + align:start position:0% +support it's not free to shift +forever it's hits held in there so that + + align:start position:0% +forever it's hits held in there so that + + + align:start position:0% +forever it's hits held in there so that +tells gives you a hint about this guy + + align:start position:0% +tells gives you a hint about this guy + + + align:start position:0% +tells gives you a hint about this guy +invertible or not for b no no and now + + align:start position:0% +invertible or not for b no no and now + + + align:start position:0% +invertible or not for b no no and now +prove that it's + + align:start position:0% +prove that it's + + + align:start position:0% +prove that it's +not physically you were saying well this + + align:start position:0% +not physically you were saying well this + + + align:start position:0% +not physically you were saying well this +free guy with this this this thing gone + + align:start position:0% +free guy with this this this thing gone + + + align:start position:0% +free guy with this this this thing gone +now this is now free + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +free physically we're saying the whole + + align:start position:0% +free physically we're saying the whole + + + align:start position:0% +free physically we're saying the whole +thing can move there's nothing holding + + align:start position:0% +thing can move there's nothing holding + + + align:start position:0% +thing can move there's nothing holding +it but now for linear algebra that's not + + align:start position:0% +it but now for linear algebra that's not + + + align:start position:0% +it but now for linear algebra that's not +proper language you have to say + + align:start position:0% +proper language you have to say + + + align:start position:0% +proper language you have to say +something about that Matrix maybe tell + + align:start position:0% +something about that Matrix maybe tell + + + align:start position:0% +something about that Matrix maybe tell +me something about Buu equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +z what are you going to take for you yep + + align:start position:0% +z what are you going to take for you yep + + + align:start position:0% +z what are you going to take for you yep +same U we're we're lucky in this course + + align:start position:0% +same U we're we're lucky in this course + + + align:start position:0% +same U we're we're lucky in this course +U equal 1111 is is the guilty M Vector + + align:start position:0% +U equal 1111 is is the guilty M Vector + + + align:start position:0% +U equal 1111 is is the guilty M Vector +many times because again the rows are + + align:start position:0% +many times because again the rows are + + + align:start position:0% +many times because again the rows are +all adding to zero and the the all ones + + align:start position:0% +all adding to zero and the the all ones + + + align:start position:0% +all adding to zero and the the all ones +Vector is in the the null + + align:start position:0% +Vector is in the the null + + + align:start position:0% +Vector is in the the null +space yeah + + align:start position:0% +space yeah + + + align:start position:0% +space yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +okay if I could just close with one more + + align:start position:0% +okay if I could just close with one more + + + align:start position:0% +okay if I could just close with one more +word because it's the most important two + + align:start position:0% +word because it's the most important two + + + align:start position:0% +word because it's the most important two +words two words because they're the most + + align:start position:0% +words two words because they're the most + + + align:start position:0% +words two words because they're the most +important words they're the words that + + align:start position:0% +important words they're the words that + + + align:start position:0% +important words they're the words that +we're leading to in this chapter and I'm + + align:start position:0% +we're leading to in this chapter and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +we're leading to in this chapter and I'm +assuming that for most people they will + + align:start position:0% +assuming that for most people they will + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that for most people they will +be new words but not for + + align:start position:0% +be new words but not for + + + align:start position:0% +be new words but not for +all it's a further property of this + + align:start position:0% +all it's a further property of this + + + align:start position:0% +all it's a further property of this +Matrix so we've got how many four + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so we've got how many four + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so we've got how many four +properties or five I'm going to go for + + align:start position:0% +properties or five I'm going to go for + + + align:start position:0% +properties or five I'm going to go for +one more and I'm just going to say that + + align:start position:0% +one more and I'm just going to say that + + + align:start position:0% +one more and I'm just going to say that +name first so you know it's + + align:start position:0% +name first so you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +name first so you know it's +coming and then I'll say I can't resist + + align:start position:0% +coming and then I'll say I can't resist + + + align:start position:0% +coming and then I'll say I can't resist +saying a tiny bit about it okay so + + align:start position:0% +saying a tiny bit about it okay so + + + align:start position:0% +saying a tiny bit about it okay so +here's I'll use a whole Blackboard for + + align:start position:0% +here's I'll use a whole Blackboard for + + + align:start position:0% +here's I'll use a whole Blackboard for +for this + + align:start position:0% +for this + + + align:start position:0% +for this +name so I'm going to say that k and + + align:start position:0% +name so I'm going to say that k and + + + align:start position:0% +name so I'm going to say that k and +t + + align:start position:0% +t + + + align:start position:0% +t +are here comes take a breath I have to + + align:start position:0% +are here comes take a breath I have to + + + align:start position:0% +are here comes take a breath I have to +make + + align:start position:0% +make + + + align:start position:0% +make +you positive definite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matrices so if you don't know what that + + align:start position:0% +matrices so if you don't know what that + + + align:start position:0% +matrices so if you don't know what that +means I'm happy right because well I can + + align:start position:0% +means I'm happy right because well I can + + + align:start position:0% +means I'm happy right because well I can +tell you one way to recognize a positive + + align:start position:0% +tell you one way to recognize a positive + + + align:start position:0% +tell you one way to recognize a positive +definite + + align:start position:0% +definite + + + align:start position:0% +definite +Matrix and while we're at it let me tell + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and while we're at it let me tell + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and while we're at it let me tell +you about C and B those are positive + + align:start position:0% +you about C and B those are positive + + + align:start position:0% +you about C and B those are positive +semi defin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because they hit zero somehow positive + + align:start position:0% +because they hit zero somehow positive + + + align:start position:0% +because they hit zero somehow positive +means up there you know greater than + + align:start position:0% +means up there you know greater than + + + align:start position:0% +means up there you know greater than +zero and what is greater than zero that + + align:start position:0% +zero and what is greater than zero that + + + align:start position:0% +zero and what is greater than zero that +we've already seen and and we'll say + + align:start position:0% +we've already seen and and we'll say + + + align:start position:0% +we've already seen and and we'll say +more the pivots were so if I have a + + align:start position:0% +more the pivots were so if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +more the pivots were so if I have a +symmetric Matrix and the pivots are all + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix and the pivots are all + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric Matrix and the pivots are all +positive then that Matrix is not only + + align:start position:0% +positive then that Matrix is not only + + + align:start position:0% +positive then that Matrix is not only +invertible because good shape the + + align:start position:0% +invertible because good shape the + + + align:start position:0% +invertible because good shape the +determin it isn't zero I can use I can + + align:start position:0% +determin it isn't zero I can use I can + + + align:start position:0% +determin it isn't zero I can use I can +go backwards and do + + align:start position:0% +go backwards and do + + + align:start position:0% +go backwards and do +everything those positive numbers are + + align:start position:0% +everything those positive numbers are + + + align:start position:0% +everything those positive numbers are +telling me that the for more than that + + align:start position:0% +telling me that the for more than that + + + align:start position:0% +telling me that the for more than that +the Matrix is positive definite it just + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix is positive definite it just + + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix is positive definite it just +so that's a test we wouldn't want to + + align:start position:0% +so that's a test we wouldn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a test we wouldn't want to +we'll have we'll say more about positive + + align:start position:0% +we'll have we'll say more about positive + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have we'll say more about positive +definite but one way to recognize it is + + align:start position:0% +definite but one way to recognize it is + + + align:start position:0% +definite but one way to recognize it is +compute the pivots by elimination are + + align:start position:0% +compute the pivots by elimination are + + + align:start position:0% +compute the pivots by elimination are +they positive we'll see that all the + + align:start position:0% +they positive we'll see that all the + + + align:start position:0% +they positive we'll see that all the +igen values are positive the the word + + align:start position:0% +igen values are positive the the word + + + align:start position:0% +igen values are positive the the word +positive definite just brings the whole + + align:start position:0% +positive definite just brings the whole + + + align:start position:0% +positive definite just brings the whole +of linear algebra together it connects + + align:start position:0% +of linear algebra together it connects + + + align:start position:0% +of linear algebra together it connects +to pivots it connects to igen values it + + align:start position:0% +to pivots it connects to igen values it + + + align:start position:0% +to pivots it connects to igen values it +connects to leas squares it's all over + + align:start position:0% +connects to leas squares it's all over + + + align:start position:0% +connects to leas squares it's all over +the place determinat too yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +the place determinat too yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +the place determinat too yeah okay +questions or discussion it's a big class + + align:start position:0% +questions or discussion it's a big class + + + align:start position:0% +questions or discussion it's a big class +and and we're just meeting for the first + + align:start position:0% +and and we're just meeting for the first + + + align:start position:0% +and and we're just meeting for the first +time but there's lots of time to chance + + align:start position:0% +time but there's lots of time to chance + + + align:start position:0% +time but there's lots of time to chance +to ask me I'll always be here after + + align:start position:0% +to ask me I'll always be here after + + + align:start position:0% +to ask me I'll always be here after +class so so we stop today I'll see you + + align:start position:0% +class so so we stop today I'll see you + + + align:start position:0% +class so so we stop today I'll see you +Friday or this afternoon + + align:start position:0% +Friday or this afternoon + + + align:start position:0% +Friday or this afternoon +uh if you if if this wasn't familiar + + align:start position:0% +uh if you if if this wasn't familiar + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you if if this wasn't familiar +this afternoon would be a good + + align:start position:0% +this afternoon would be a good + + + align:start position:0% +this afternoon would be a good +idea thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/D9QJ44zENbU.txt b/D9QJ44zENbU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8290d9f57b0878cb69171681b207bc22fac15c14 --- /dev/null +++ b/D9QJ44zENbU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6683 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today we should be completing the + + align:start position:0% +today we should be completing the + + + align:start position:0% +today we should be completing the +translation cycle and the next topic + + align:start position:0% +translation cycle and the next topic + + + align:start position:0% +translation cycle and the next topic +that will come up is use of antibiotics + + align:start position:0% +that will come up is use of antibiotics + + + align:start position:0% +that will come up is use of antibiotics +as tools to study the ribosome and + + align:start position:0% +as tools to study the ribosome and + + + align:start position:0% +as tools to study the ribosome and +translation so just a recap from last + + align:start position:0% +translation so just a recap from last + + + align:start position:0% +translation so just a recap from last +time we went over the delivery of + + align:start position:0% +time we went over the delivery of + + + align:start position:0% +time we went over the delivery of +aminoacyl trnas by ef-tu and looked at + + align:start position:0% +aminoacyl trnas by ef-tu and looked at + + + align:start position:0% +aminoacyl trnas by ef-tu and looked at +this this model for understanding how + + align:start position:0% +this this model for understanding how + + + align:start position:0% +this this model for understanding how +that happens + + align:start position:0% +that happens + + + align:start position:0% +that happens +okay so recall we discussed the initial + + align:start position:0% +okay so recall we discussed the initial + + + align:start position:0% +okay so recall we discussed the initial +binding of the ternary complex of ef-tu + + align:start position:0% +binding of the ternary complex of ef-tu + + + align:start position:0% +binding of the ternary complex of ef-tu +GTP and the amino acyl tRNA and that's + + align:start position:0% +GTP and the amino acyl tRNA and that's + + + align:start position:0% +GTP and the amino acyl tRNA and that's +codon independent when a cognate codon + + align:start position:0% +codon independent when a cognate codon + + + align:start position:0% +codon independent when a cognate codon +is wreckin time the codon anticodon + + align:start position:0% +is wreckin time the codon anticodon + + + align:start position:0% +is wreckin time the codon anticodon +match occurs we have a push in the + + align:start position:0% +match occurs we have a push in the + + + align:start position:0% +match occurs we have a push in the +forward direction EF to use the gtp ace + + align:start position:0% +forward direction EF to use the gtp ace + + + align:start position:0% +forward direction EF to use the gtp ace +there's activation of the gtp a center + + align:start position:0% +there's activation of the gtp a center + + + align:start position:0% +there's activation of the gtp a center +so conformational changes gtp hydrolysis + + align:start position:0% +so conformational changes gtp hydrolysis + + + align:start position:0% +so conformational changes gtp hydrolysis +so we have ef-tu in the gdp-bound form + + align:start position:0% +so we have ef-tu in the gdp-bound form + + + align:start position:0% +so we have ef-tu in the gdp-bound form +there's conformational change and + + align:start position:0% +there's conformational change and + + + align:start position:0% +there's conformational change and +ultimately accommodation of this tRNA in + + align:start position:0% +ultimately accommodation of this tRNA in + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately accommodation of this tRNA in +the a site and that allows for peptide + + align:start position:0% +the a site and that allows for peptide + + + align:start position:0% +the a site and that allows for peptide +bond formation so where we left off last + + align:start position:0% +bond formation so where we left off last + + + align:start position:0% +bond formation so where we left off last +time was discussing the conformational + + align:start position:0% +time was discussing the conformational + + + align:start position:0% +time was discussing the conformational +changes that occur in the decoding + + align:start position:0% +changes that occur in the decoding + + + align:start position:0% +changes that occur in the decoding +centre and also in the gtp a center of + + align:start position:0% +centre and also in the gtp a center of + + + align:start position:0% +centre and also in the gtp a center of +ef-tu and just to highlight I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +ef-tu and just to highlight I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +ef-tu and just to highlight I mentioned +that there are conformational changes + + align:start position:0% +that there are conformational changes + + + align:start position:0% +that there are conformational changes +within the 16s rRNA in particular three + + align:start position:0% +within the 16s rRNA in particular three + + + align:start position:0% +within the 16s rRNA in particular three +nucleotides that occur when it's a + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides that occur when it's a + + + align:start position:0% +nucleotides that occur when it's a +cognate codon coda anticodon interaction + + align:start position:0% +cognate codon coda anticodon interaction + + + align:start position:0% +cognate codon coda anticodon interaction +and these are just shown here and + + align:start position:0% +and these are just shown here and + + + align:start position:0% +and these are just shown here and +effectively what we're looking at in + + align:start position:0% +effectively what we're looking at in + + + align:start position:0% +effectively what we're looking at in +these three panels are the 16s rRNA in + + align:start position:0% +these three panels are the 16s rRNA in + + + align:start position:0% +these three panels are the 16s rRNA in +the absence of the tRNA in the presence + + align:start position:0% +the absence of the tRNA in the presence + + + align:start position:0% +the absence of the tRNA in the presence +of the tRNA but the tRNA is removed from + + align:start position:0% +of the tRNA but the tRNA is removed from + + + align:start position:0% +of the tRNA but the tRNA is removed from +this image for simplicity and then with + + align:start position:0% +this image for simplicity and then with + + + align:start position:0% +this image for simplicity and then with +the tRNA bound so some of the easiest + + align:start position:0% +the tRNA bound so some of the easiest + + + align:start position:0% +the tRNA bound so some of the easiest +changes to see here are with a 1 4 9 2 & + + align:start position:0% +changes to see here are with a 1 4 9 2 & + + + align:start position:0% +changes to see here are with a 1 4 9 2 & +a 1 4 9 3 so if we look in the absence + + align:start position:0% +a 1 4 9 3 so if we look in the absence + + + align:start position:0% +a 1 4 9 3 so if we look in the absence +of tRNA they're pointing down the bases + + align:start position:0% +of tRNA they're pointing down the bases + + + align:start position:0% +of tRNA they're pointing down the bases +and here as a result of tRNA binding in + + align:start position:0% +and here as a result of tRNA binding in + + + align:start position:0% +and here as a result of tRNA binding in +the a site we see that + + align:start position:0% +the a site we see that + + + align:start position:0% +the a site we see that +a one nine one four nine two and one + + align:start position:0% +a one nine one four nine two and one + + + align:start position:0% +a one nine one four nine two and one +four nine three are flipped flipped up + + align:start position:0% +four nine three are flipped flipped up + + + align:start position:0% +four nine three are flipped flipped up +okay and if we look here you can see how + + align:start position:0% +okay and if we look here you can see how + + + align:start position:0% +okay and if we look here you can see how +these are interacting with the bound + + align:start position:0% +these are interacting with the bound + + + align:start position:0% +these are interacting with the bound +tRNA okay so this helps this + + align:start position:0% +tRNA okay so this helps this + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA okay so this helps this +conformational change helps to + + align:start position:0% +conformational change helps to + + + align:start position:0% +conformational change helps to +accelerate the forward steps so that's + + align:start position:0% +accelerate the forward steps so that's + + + align:start position:0% +accelerate the forward steps so that's +in the decoding center and then also + + align:start position:0% +in the decoding center and then also + + + align:start position:0% +in the decoding center and then also +just remember 70 angstroms away in the + + align:start position:0% +just remember 70 angstroms away in the + + + align:start position:0% +just remember 70 angstroms away in the +gtp a center of EF - there's + + align:start position:0% +gtp a center of EF - there's + + + align:start position:0% +gtp a center of EF - there's +conformational change of these + + align:start position:0% +conformational change of these + + + align:start position:0% +conformational change of these +hydrophobic residues that are thought to + + align:start position:0% +hydrophobic residues that are thought to + + + align:start position:0% +hydrophobic residues that are thought to +be a hydrophobic gate that allows + + align:start position:0% +be a hydrophobic gate that allows + + + align:start position:0% +be a hydrophobic gate that allows +histidine 84 to activate a water + + align:start position:0% +histidine 84 to activate a water + + + align:start position:0% +histidine 84 to activate a water +molecule for attack and gtp hydrolysis + + align:start position:0% +molecule for attack and gtp hydrolysis + + + align:start position:0% +molecule for attack and gtp hydrolysis +so at this stage we're finally ready to + + align:start position:0% +so at this stage we're finally ready to + + + align:start position:0% +so at this stage we're finally ready to +have a peptide bond formed by the + + align:start position:0% +have a peptide bond formed by the + + + align:start position:0% +have a peptide bond formed by the +ribosome and so we need to think about + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and so we need to think about + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and so we need to think about +that mechanism and then what happens + + align:start position:0% +that mechanism and then what happens + + + align:start position:0% +that mechanism and then what happens +after I'll say so effectively what we + + align:start position:0% +after I'll say so effectively what we + + + align:start position:0% +after I'll say so effectively what we +have in the P site is the tRNA with some + + align:start position:0% +have in the P site is the tRNA with some + + + align:start position:0% +have in the P site is the tRNA with some +growing peptide chain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then we have the amino acyl tRNA and + + align:start position:0% +and then we have the amino acyl tRNA and + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have the amino acyl tRNA and +the a-site okay and so what happens + + align:start position:0% +the a-site okay and so what happens + + + align:start position:0% +the a-site okay and so what happens +effectively we have attack from here + + align:start position:0% +effectively we have attack from here + + + align:start position:0% +effectively we have attack from here +okay release such that we end up with a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P site with a D isolated tRNA okay and + + align:start position:0% +P site with a D isolated tRNA okay and + + + align:start position:0% +P site with a D isolated tRNA okay and +in the a site we now have the peptidyl + + align:start position:0% +in the a site we now have the peptidyl + + + align:start position:0% +in the a site we now have the peptidyl +trna that has grown by one amino acid + + align:start position:0% +trna that has grown by one amino acid + + + align:start position:0% +trna that has grown by one amino acid +monomer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay and so this is the n-terminal + + align:start position:0% +okay okay and so this is the n-terminal + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay and so this is the n-terminal +end of the protein or the polypeptide + + align:start position:0% +end of the protein or the polypeptide + + + align:start position:0% +end of the protein or the polypeptide +and here's the c-terminal end here so + + align:start position:0% +and here's the c-terminal end here so + + + align:start position:0% +and here's the c-terminal end here so +thinking about this this mechanism and + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this this mechanism and + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this this mechanism and +having nucleophilic attack from this + + align:start position:0% +having nucleophilic attack from this + + + align:start position:0% +having nucleophilic attack from this +alpha amino group of the amino acyl tRNA + + align:start position:0% +alpha amino group of the amino acyl tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +alpha amino group of the amino acyl tRNA +and the a site what do we need to think + + align:start position:0% +and the a site what do we need to think + + + align:start position:0% +and the a site what do we need to think +about is there anything surprising or + + align:start position:0% +about is there anything surprising or + + + align:start position:0% +about is there anything surprising or +unusual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah right exactly we need to think + + align:start position:0% +Yeah right exactly we need to think + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah right exactly we need to think +about the pKa + + align:start position:0% +about the pKa + + + align:start position:0% +about the pKa +so typically do we think about an alpha + + align:start position:0% +so typically do we think about an alpha + + + align:start position:0% +so typically do we think about an alpha +amino group being protonated or + + align:start position:0% +amino group being protonated or + + + align:start position:0% +amino group being protonated or +deprotonated that's physiological pH + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated that's physiological pH + + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated that's physiological pH +yeah protonated right we typically think + + align:start position:0% +yeah protonated right we typically think + + + align:start position:0% +yeah protonated right we typically think +about nh3 plus right not an h2 here so + + align:start position:0% +about nh3 plus right not an h2 here so + + + align:start position:0% +about nh3 plus right not an h2 here so +what does that tell us there has to be a + + align:start position:0% +what does that tell us there has to be a + + + align:start position:0% +what does that tell us there has to be a +general base somewhere that deprotonates + + align:start position:0% +general base somewhere that deprotonates + + + align:start position:0% +general base somewhere that deprotonates +this alpha amino group such that we have + + align:start position:0% +this alpha amino group such that we have + + + align:start position:0% +this alpha amino group such that we have +this species that can attack right and + + align:start position:0% +this species that can attack right and + + + align:start position:0% +this species that can attack right and +then can imagine just formation and + + align:start position:0% +then can imagine just formation and + + + align:start position:0% +then can imagine just formation and +collapse of a tetrahedral intermediate + + align:start position:0% +collapse of a tetrahedral intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +collapse of a tetrahedral intermediate +here so what is the mechanism of + + align:start position:0% +here so what is the mechanism of + + + align:start position:0% +here so what is the mechanism of +catalysis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay our rooms possess so what is what + + align:start position:0% +okay our rooms possess so what is what + + + align:start position:0% +okay our rooms possess so what is what +is the mechanism of catalysis here what + + align:start position:0% +is the mechanism of catalysis here what + + + align:start position:0% +is the mechanism of catalysis here what +do we know so we know from looking at + + align:start position:0% +do we know so we know from looking at + + + align:start position:0% +do we know so we know from looking at +the structure that the ribosome is a + + align:start position:0% +the structure that the ribosome is a + + + align:start position:0% +the structure that the ribosome is a +ribozyme right so no proteins in the + + align:start position:0% +ribozyme right so no proteins in the + + + align:start position:0% +ribozyme right so no proteins in the +catalytic center what else do we know + + align:start position:0% +catalytic center what else do we know + + + align:start position:0% +catalytic center what else do we know +there's no metal ions there and there's + + align:start position:0% +there's no metal ions there and there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's no metal ions there and there's +no covalent catalysis so really what is + + align:start position:0% +no covalent catalysis so really what is + + + align:start position:0% +no covalent catalysis so really what is +the paradigm here we have a paradigm of + + align:start position:0% +the paradigm here we have a paradigm of + + + align:start position:0% +the paradigm here we have a paradigm of +conformational change and effectively we + + align:start position:0% +conformational change and effectively we + + + align:start position:0% +conformational change and effectively we +have substrate positioning you can + + align:start position:0% +have substrate positioning you can + + + align:start position:0% +have substrate positioning you can +imagine there's some proton shuttling + + align:start position:0% +imagine there's some proton shuttling + + + align:start position:0% +imagine there's some proton shuttling +and there's an electrostatic network + + align:start position:0% +and there's an electrostatic network + + + align:start position:0% +and there's an electrostatic network +that allows this for to happen and so as + + align:start position:0% +that allows this for to happen and so as + + + align:start position:0% +that allows this for to happen and so as +soon as this amino acyl tRNA enters the + + align:start position:0% +soon as this amino acyl tRNA enters the + + + align:start position:0% +soon as this amino acyl tRNA enters the +a site we have formation of this peptide + + align:start position:0% +a site we have formation of this peptide + + + align:start position:0% +a site we have formation of this peptide +bond so what needs to happen next and + + align:start position:0% +bond so what needs to happen next and + + + align:start position:0% +bond so what needs to happen next and +once the screen gets fixed we'll look at + + align:start position:0% +once the screen gets fixed we'll look at + + + align:start position:0% +once the screen gets fixed we'll look at +an actual depiction of these players in + + align:start position:0% +an actual depiction of these players in + + + align:start position:0% +an actual depiction of these players in +in the PTC what needs to happen after + + align:start position:0% +in the PTC what needs to happen after + + + align:start position:0% +in the PTC what needs to happen after +the peptide bond forms and we have now + + align:start position:0% +the peptide bond forms and we have now + + + align:start position:0% +the peptide bond forms and we have now +this peptide eel tRNA and the a site is + + align:start position:0% +this peptide eel tRNA and the a site is + + + align:start position:0% +this peptide eel tRNA and the a site is +that before the next round of elongation + + align:start position:0% +that before the next round of elongation + + + align:start position:0% +that before the next round of elongation +effectively we need to reset okay and + + align:start position:0% +effectively we need to reset okay and + + + align:start position:0% +effectively we need to reset okay and +the mRNA and the tRNAs need to move + + align:start position:0% +the mRNA and the tRNAs need to move + + + align:start position:0% +the mRNA and the tRNAs need to move +relative to the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +relative to the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the ribosome +okay so effective + + align:start position:0% +okay so effective + + + align:start position:0% +okay so effective +we need to get this yesterday ventilated + + align:start position:0% +we need to get this yesterday ventilated + + + align:start position:0% +we need to get this yesterday ventilated +tRNA to the east site and we need to get + + align:start position:0% +tRNA to the east site and we need to get + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA to the east site and we need to get +this peptidyl trna to the P site such + + align:start position:0% +this peptidyl trna to the P site such + + + align:start position:0% +this peptidyl trna to the P site such +that the a site is empty is it not going + + align:start position:0% +that the a site is empty is it not going + + + align:start position:0% +that the a site is empty is it not going +down pardon + + align:start position:0% +down pardon + + + align:start position:0% +down pardon +okay that's that's fine so this process + + align:start position:0% +okay that's that's fine so this process + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's that's fine so this process +is called translocation here and + + align:start position:0% +is called translocation here and + + + align:start position:0% +is called translocation here and +effectively we can just consider the + + align:start position:0% +effectively we can just consider the + + + align:start position:0% +effectively we can just consider the +three sites we have the e site the P + + align:start position:0% +three sites we have the e site the P + + + align:start position:0% +three sites we have the e site the P +site and the a site okay and in this + + align:start position:0% +site and the a site okay and in this + + + align:start position:0% +site and the a site okay and in this +process another elongation factor this + + align:start position:0% +process another elongation factor this + + + align:start position:0% +process another elongation factor this +time elongation factor G is involved and + + align:start position:0% +time elongation factor G is involved and + + + align:start position:0% +time elongation factor G is involved and +the outcome is that we end up with the D + + align:start position:0% +the outcome is that we end up with the D + + + align:start position:0% +the outcome is that we end up with the D +isolated tRNA and the e site the + + align:start position:0% +isolated tRNA and the e site the + + + align:start position:0% +isolated tRNA and the e site the +peptidyl trna and the P site okay and + + align:start position:0% +peptidyl trna and the P site okay and + + + align:start position:0% +peptidyl trna and the P site okay and +then the a site is empty such that the + + align:start position:0% +then the a site is empty such that the + + + align:start position:0% +then the a site is empty such that the +next amino acyl tRNA can come in okay so + + align:start position:0% +next amino acyl tRNA can come in okay so + + + align:start position:0% +next amino acyl tRNA can come in okay so +immediately after peptide bond formation + + align:start position:0% +immediately after peptide bond formation + + + align:start position:0% +immediately after peptide bond formation +and this is the state after the process + + align:start position:0% +and this is the state after the process + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the state after the process +called translocation so ESG + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is also a GTP ace here and effectively + + align:start position:0% +is also a GTP ace here and effectively + + + align:start position:0% +is also a GTP ace here and effectively +what happens is that efg bound to GTP + + align:start position:0% +what happens is that efg bound to GTP + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is that efg bound to GTP +binds near the a site and GTP hydrolysis + + align:start position:0% +binds near the a site and GTP hydrolysis + + + align:start position:0% +binds near the a site and GTP hydrolysis +occurs bless you okay and as a result of + + align:start position:0% +occurs bless you okay and as a result of + + + align:start position:0% +occurs bless you okay and as a result of +GTP hydrolysis there's conformational + + align:start position:0% +GTP hydrolysis there's conformational + + + align:start position:0% +GTP hydrolysis there's conformational +change okay and this results in + + align:start position:0% +change okay and this results in + + + align:start position:0% +change okay and this results in +translocation and then efg is released + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in thinking about translocation we + + align:start position:0% +and in thinking about translocation we + + + align:start position:0% +and in thinking about translocation we +think about two steps + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and so the first step is something + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the first step is something + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the first step is something +called formation of hybrid states okay + + align:start position:0% +called formation of hybrid states okay + + + align:start position:0% +called formation of hybrid states okay +and then the second step is the actual + + align:start position:0% +and then the second step is the actual + + + align:start position:0% +and then the second step is the actual +movement of the mRNA and tRNA relative + + align:start position:0% +movement of the mRNA and tRNA relative + + + align:start position:0% +movement of the mRNA and tRNA relative +to the ribosome here so we'll take a + + align:start position:0% +to the ribosome here so we'll take a + + + align:start position:0% +to the ribosome here so we'll take a +look at this so here's just an overview + + align:start position:0% +look at this so here's just an overview + + + align:start position:0% +look at this so here's just an overview +of peptide bond formation backtracking a + + align:start position:0% +of peptide bond formation backtracking a + + + align:start position:0% +of peptide bond formation backtracking a +little bit and then back to here + + align:start position:0% +little bit and then back to here + + + align:start position:0% +little bit and then back to here +thinking about confirmations and what + + align:start position:0% +thinking about confirmations and what + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about confirmations and what +this this looks like what we're seeing + + align:start position:0% +this this looks like what we're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +this this looks like what we're seeing +here in this depiction is the p-site + + align:start position:0% +here in this depiction is the p-site + + + align:start position:0% +here in this depiction is the p-site +tRNA in green we have the a-site tRNA in + + align:start position:0% +tRNA in green we have the a-site tRNA in + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA in green we have the a-site tRNA in +this red color and then we see the 23s + + align:start position:0% +this red color and then we see the 23s + + + align:start position:0% +this red color and then we see the 23s +our RNA shaded and light blue in the + + align:start position:0% +our RNA shaded and light blue in the + + + align:start position:0% +our RNA shaded and light blue in the +back okay so here's a 76 here is an + + align:start position:0% +back okay so here's a 76 here is an + + + align:start position:0% +back okay so here's a 76 here is an +attached amino acid and we see the + + align:start position:0% +attached amino acid and we see the + + + align:start position:0% +attached amino acid and we see the +nucleophile here an attack there okay so + + align:start position:0% +nucleophile here an attack there okay so + + + align:start position:0% +nucleophile here an attack there okay so +substrate positioning within this active + + align:start position:0% +substrate positioning within this active + + + align:start position:0% +substrate positioning within this active +site here as I talked about this + + align:start position:0% +site here as I talked about this + + + align:start position:0% +site here as I talked about this +translocation process we're now at this + + align:start position:0% +translocation process we're now at this + + + align:start position:0% +translocation process we're now at this +stage as shown with a depiction of the + + align:start position:0% +stage as shown with a depiction of the + + + align:start position:0% +stage as shown with a depiction of the +ribosome so this is where we're going + + align:start position:0% +ribosome so this is where we're going + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome so this is where we're going +using efg and complex with GTP to allow + + align:start position:0% +using efg and complex with GTP to allow + + + align:start position:0% +using efg and complex with GTP to allow +the translocation process to occur here + + align:start position:0% +the translocation process to occur here + + + align:start position:0% +the translocation process to occur here +is another cartoon depiction and so if + + align:start position:0% +is another cartoon depiction and so if + + + align:start position:0% +is another cartoon depiction and so if +we begin after peptide bond formation we + + align:start position:0% +we begin after peptide bond formation we + + + align:start position:0% +we begin after peptide bond formation we +see the incoming efg in complex with GTP + + align:start position:0% +see the incoming efg in complex with GTP + + + align:start position:0% +see the incoming efg in complex with GTP +and if we look in this cartoon it shows + + align:start position:0% +and if we look in this cartoon it shows + + + align:start position:0% +and if we look in this cartoon it shows +efg buying + + align:start position:0% +efg buying + + + align:start position:0% +efg buying +near the a-site so it's not binding + + align:start position:0% +near the a-site so it's not binding + + + align:start position:0% +near the a-site so it's not binding +exactly in this a site but nearby okay + + align:start position:0% +exactly in this a site but nearby okay + + + align:start position:0% +exactly in this a site but nearby okay +there's gtp hydrolysis + + align:start position:0% +there's gtp hydrolysis + + + align:start position:0% +there's gtp hydrolysis +we now have efg in the gdp-bound form + + align:start position:0% +we now have efg in the gdp-bound form + + + align:start position:0% +we now have efg in the gdp-bound form +okay and now we see translocation and + + align:start position:0% +okay and now we see translocation and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now we see translocation and +that these tRNAs have moved and after + + align:start position:0% +that these tRNAs have moved and after + + + align:start position:0% +that these tRNAs have moved and after +this step EF g is released and at this + + align:start position:0% +this step EF g is released and at this + + + align:start position:0% +this step EF g is released and at this +stage the ribosome is ready for its next + + align:start position:0% +stage the ribosome is ready for its next + + + align:start position:0% +stage the ribosome is ready for its next +round of the translation cycle so let's + + align:start position:0% +round of the translation cycle so let's + + + align:start position:0% +round of the translation cycle so let's +take a look at what we know about the + + align:start position:0% +take a look at what we know about the + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at what we know about the +structure of the F G so this is a really + + align:start position:0% +structure of the F G so this is a really + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the F G so this is a really +beautiful example of molecular mimicry + + align:start position:0% +beautiful example of molecular mimicry + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful example of molecular mimicry +and EF G is shown here and if we compare + + align:start position:0% +and EF G is shown here and if we compare + + + align:start position:0% +and EF G is shown here and if we compare +EF g to the complex of ef-tu with tRNA + + align:start position:0% +EF g to the complex of ef-tu with tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +EF g to the complex of ef-tu with tRNA +like the ternary complex shown here what + + align:start position:0% +like the ternary complex shown here what + + + align:start position:0% +like the ternary complex shown here what +we see is they look very similar and + + align:start position:0% +we see is they look very similar and + + + align:start position:0% +we see is they look very similar and +this domain four of EF g resembles the + + align:start position:0% +this domain four of EF g resembles the + + + align:start position:0% +this domain four of EF g resembles the +tRNA quite well okay so just looking at + + align:start position:0% +tRNA quite well okay so just looking at + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA quite well okay so just looking at +that we can begin to think maybe its + + align:start position:0% +that we can begin to think maybe its + + + align:start position:0% +that we can begin to think maybe its +domain four that's coming in near that a + + align:start position:0% +domain four that's coming in near that a + + + align:start position:0% +domain four that's coming in near that a +site to have some interactions and cause + + align:start position:0% +site to have some interactions and cause + + + align:start position:0% +site to have some interactions and cause +this translocation event here's just a + + align:start position:0% +this translocation event here's just a + + + align:start position:0% +this translocation event here's just a +comparison of the ribosomes with either + + align:start position:0% +comparison of the ribosomes with either + + + align:start position:0% +comparison of the ribosomes with either +ef-tu + + align:start position:0% +ef-tu + + + align:start position:0% +ef-tu +and trna bound which we've seen before + + align:start position:0% +and trna bound which we've seen before + + + align:start position:0% +and trna bound which we've seen before +and here we see EF g in this red color + + align:start position:0% +and here we see EF g in this red color + + + align:start position:0% +and here we see EF g in this red color +so so quite similar but are they the + + align:start position:0% +so so quite similar but are they the + + + align:start position:0% +so so quite similar but are they the +same and the answer's no so quite + + align:start position:0% +same and the answer's no so quite + + + align:start position:0% +same and the answer's no so quite +recently a crystal structure was + + align:start position:0% +recently a crystal structure was + + + align:start position:0% +recently a crystal structure was +obtained with EF g bound to the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +obtained with EF g bound to the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +obtained with EF g bound to the ribosome +and it was determined that in this + + align:start position:0% +and it was determined that in this + + + align:start position:0% +and it was determined that in this +structure EF g is bound in the post + + align:start position:0% +structure EF g is bound in the post + + + align:start position:0% +structure EF g is bound in the post +translational state so what do we see if + + align:start position:0% +translational state so what do we see if + + + align:start position:0% +translational state so what do we see if +we take a look here we have a tRNA and + + align:start position:0% +we take a look here we have a tRNA and + + + align:start position:0% +we take a look here we have a tRNA and +the e site a tRNA and the p site and + + align:start position:0% +the e site a tRNA and the p site and + + + align:start position:0% +the e site a tRNA and the p site and +here in red we see EF g and if you take + + align:start position:0% +here in red we see EF g and if you take + + + align:start position:0% +here in red we see EF g and if you take +a look recall that ribosomal protein L + + align:start position:0% +a look recall that ribosomal protein L + + + align:start position:0% +a look recall that ribosomal protein L +12 that was involved in recruiting the + + align:start position:0% +12 that was involved in recruiting the + + + align:start position:0% +12 that was involved in recruiting the +ternary complex we're seeing that + + align:start position:0% +ternary complex we're seeing that + + + align:start position:0% +ternary complex we're seeing that +there's some in + + align:start position:0% +there's some in + + + align:start position:0% +there's some in +action here with efg and that protein as + + align:start position:0% +action here with efg and that protein as + + + align:start position:0% +action here with efg and that protein as +well if we look in this panel B so we + + align:start position:0% +well if we look in this panel B so we + + + align:start position:0% +well if we look in this panel B so we +look at a close-up view near the a site + + align:start position:0% +look at a close-up view near the a site + + + align:start position:0% +look at a close-up view near the a site +what's happening right here's a piece + + align:start position:0% +what's happening right here's a piece + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening right here's a piece +site trna here is the mRNA and here is + + align:start position:0% +site trna here is the mRNA and here is + + + align:start position:0% +site trna here is the mRNA and here is +efg bound and it's domain 4 that's + + align:start position:0% +efg bound and it's domain 4 that's + + + align:start position:0% +efg bound and it's domain 4 that's +sticking its way in okay and so what are + + align:start position:0% +sticking its way in okay and so what are + + + align:start position:0% +sticking its way in okay and so what are +we seeing here right + + align:start position:0% +we seeing here right + + + align:start position:0% +we seeing here right +basically these T RNAs have moved at + + align:start position:0% +basically these T RNAs have moved at + + + align:start position:0% +basically these T RNAs have moved at +this stage and we still have the FG + + align:start position:0% +this stage and we still have the FG + + + align:start position:0% +this stage and we still have the FG +bound here so is EF g interacting with + + align:start position:0% +bound here so is EF g interacting with + + + align:start position:0% +bound here so is EF g interacting with +the a site codon on the MRNA based on + + align:start position:0% +the a site codon on the MRNA based on + + + align:start position:0% +the a site codon on the MRNA based on +this view ya know so so not not really + + align:start position:0% +this view ya know so so not not really + + + align:start position:0% +this view ya know so so not not really +so it's not interacting in the same way + + align:start position:0% +so it's not interacting in the same way + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not interacting in the same way +as the tRNA that's the take-home here + + align:start position:0% +as the tRNA that's the take-home here + + + align:start position:0% +as the tRNA that's the take-home here +they look the same but the details are + + align:start position:0% +they look the same but the details are + + + align:start position:0% +they look the same but the details are +different here okay so it's so what + + align:start position:0% +different here okay so it's so what + + + align:start position:0% +different here okay so it's so what +about these hybrid states I have two + + align:start position:0% +about these hybrid states I have two + + + align:start position:0% +about these hybrid states I have two +different views and the slides for + + align:start position:0% +different views and the slides for + + + align:start position:0% +different views and the slides for +looking at this effectively what the + + align:start position:0% +looking at this effectively what the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this effectively what the +hybrid states are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay these describe basically the + + align:start position:0% +okay these describe basically the + + + align:start position:0% +okay these describe basically the +orientation of the tRNAs so effectively + + align:start position:0% +orientation of the tRNAs so effectively + + + align:start position:0% +orientation of the tRNAs so effectively +they can be PE okay or AP here and the + + align:start position:0% +they can be PE okay or AP here and the + + + align:start position:0% +they can be PE okay or AP here and the +PA state talks about having the + + align:start position:0% +PA state talks about having the + + + align:start position:0% +PA state talks about having the +anticodon and and in P and the D + + align:start position:0% +anticodon and and in P and the D + + + align:start position:0% +anticodon and and in P and the D +isolated three prime end in E okay so + + align:start position:0% +isolated three prime end in E okay so + + + align:start position:0% +isolated three prime end in E okay so +here we're referring to this tRNA that + + align:start position:0% +here we're referring to this tRNA that + + + align:start position:0% +here we're referring to this tRNA that +ultimately needs to get ejected from the + + align:start position:0% +ultimately needs to get ejected from the + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately needs to get ejected from the +ribosome and ap we have the anticodon + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and ap we have the anticodon + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and ap we have the anticodon +end and a and the pep to deal three + + align:start position:0% +end and a and the pep to deal three + + + align:start position:0% +end and a and the pep to deal three +prime end and P okay for the tRNA with + + align:start position:0% +prime end and P okay for the tRNA with + + + align:start position:0% +prime end and P okay for the tRNA with +the growing peptide chain + + align:start position:0% +the growing peptide chain + + + align:start position:0% +the growing peptide chain +okay so effectively these hybrid states + + align:start position:0% +okay so effectively these hybrid states + + + align:start position:0% +okay so effectively these hybrid states +are describing the movement of the three + + align:start position:0% +are describing the movement of the three + + + align:start position:0% +are describing the movement of the three +prime ends of the tRNAs with respect to + + align:start position:0% +prime ends of the tRNAs with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +prime ends of the tRNAs with respect to +the 50s subunit and that's shown in + + align:start position:0% +the 50s subunit and that's shown in + + + align:start position:0% +the 50s subunit and that's shown in +cartoon form on the slide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay so effectively if we take a + + align:start position:0% +here okay so effectively if we take a + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so effectively if we take a +look we have accommodation so the + + align:start position:0% +look we have accommodation so the + + + align:start position:0% +look we have accommodation so the +aminoacyl-trna we see there's formation + + align:start position:0% +aminoacyl-trna we see there's formation + + + align:start position:0% +aminoacyl-trna we see there's formation +of a peptide bond so there's some color + + align:start position:0% +of a peptide bond so there's some color + + + align:start position:0% +of a peptide bond so there's some color +coding here and then look rather than + + align:start position:0% +coding here and then look rather than + + + align:start position:0% +coding here and then look rather than +having these tRNAs straight up and down + + align:start position:0% +having these tRNAs straight up and down + + + align:start position:0% +having these tRNAs straight up and down +we see that the three prime ends have + + align:start position:0% +we see that the three prime ends have + + + align:start position:0% +we see that the three prime ends have +shifted so here we have the P anticodon + + align:start position:0% +shifted so here we have the P anticodon + + + align:start position:0% +shifted so here we have the P anticodon +end in P 3 prime end in E here ap with + + align:start position:0% +end in P 3 prime end in E here ap with + + + align:start position:0% +end in P 3 prime end in E here ap with +anticodon end in a and peptide eel 3 + + align:start position:0% +anticodon end in a and peptide eel 3 + + + align:start position:0% +anticodon end in a and peptide eel 3 +prime end and P ok so first the three + + align:start position:0% +prime end and P ok so first the three + + + align:start position:0% +prime end and P ok so first the three +prime ends move and then what do we see + + align:start position:0% +prime ends move and then what do we see + + + align:start position:0% +prime ends move and then what do we see +after the help of EF g the five prime + + align:start position:0% +after the help of EF g the five prime + + + align:start position:0% +after the help of EF g the five prime +ends move and the a site is empty and + + align:start position:0% +ends move and the a site is empty and + + + align:start position:0% +ends move and the a site is empty and +able to take the next amino acyl tRNA + + align:start position:0% +able to take the next amino acyl tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +able to take the next amino acyl tRNA +here's just another view of the process + + align:start position:0% +here's just another view of the process + + + align:start position:0% +here's just another view of the process +for you to look at here so and then yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so on the FG where you have that like + + align:start position:0% +so on the FG where you have that like + + + align:start position:0% +so on the FG where you have that like +anti code I'm looking with there's no + + align:start position:0% +anti code I'm looking with there's no + + + align:start position:0% +anti code I'm looking with there's no +question interacting with the this + + align:start position:0% +question interacting with the this + + + align:start position:0% +question interacting with the this +transcript takeaway can we say that + + align:start position:0% +transcript takeaway can we say that + + + align:start position:0% +transcript takeaway can we say that +based on what I'm showing you on this + + align:start position:0% +based on what I'm showing you on this + + + align:start position:0% +based on what I'm showing you on this +slide I don't know it just looks like + + align:start position:0% +slide I don't know it just looks like + + + align:start position:0% +slide I don't know it just looks like +it's around there but I can't tell like + + align:start position:0% +it's around there but I can't tell like + + + align:start position:0% +it's around there but I can't tell like +what the you know the actual - + + align:start position:0% +what the you know the actual - + + + align:start position:0% +what the you know the actual - +interaction so those details are outside + + align:start position:0% +interaction so those details are outside + + + align:start position:0% +interaction so those details are outside +of of the scope the FG will interact + + align:start position:0% +of of the scope the FG will interact + + + align:start position:0% +of of the scope the FG will interact +with the mRNA the peptidyl trna but it's + + align:start position:0% +with the mRNA the peptidyl trna but it's + + + align:start position:0% +with the mRNA the peptidyl trna but it's +interacting differently than a standard + + align:start position:0% +interacting differently than a standard + + + align:start position:0% +interacting differently than a standard +amino acyl tRNA so it's not really + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA so it's not really + + + align:start position:0% +amino acyl tRNA so it's not really +interacting with the codon at this level + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the codon at this level + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the codon at this level +of depiction right we're not seeing + + align:start position:0% +of depiction right we're not seeing + + + align:start position:0% +of depiction right we're not seeing +individual bonds or hydrogen bonds so we + + align:start position:0% +individual bonds or hydrogen bonds so we + + + align:start position:0% +individual bonds or hydrogen bonds so we +can't make a conclusion about that based + + align:start position:0% +can't make a conclusion about that based + + + align:start position:0% +can't make a conclusion about that based +on on this depiction here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah that's another so if you have a 4 + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's another so if you have a 4 + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's another so if you have a 4 +angstrom resolution structure for + + align:start position:0% +angstrom resolution structure for + + + align:start position:0% +angstrom resolution structure for +instance is that type of information + + align:start position:0% +instance is that type of information + + + align:start position:0% +instance is that type of information +even available right now versus a + + align:start position:0% +even available right now versus a + + + align:start position:0% +even available right now versus a +resolution of maybe one point five one + + align:start position:0% +resolution of maybe one point five one + + + align:start position:0% +resolution of maybe one point five one +you know this resolution I don't recall + + align:start position:0% +you know this resolution I don't recall + + + align:start position:0% +you know this resolution I don't recall +but but that's a very good point to + + align:start position:0% +but but that's a very good point to + + + align:start position:0% +but but that's a very good point to +bring up I don't think it's high enough + + align:start position:0% +bring up I don't think it's high enough + + + align:start position:0% +bring up I don't think it's high enough +to know that would be my guess here + + align:start position:0% +to know that would be my guess here + + + align:start position:0% +to know that would be my guess here +pardon + + align:start position:0% +pardon + + + align:start position:0% +pardon +oh the resolution so we're winding back + + align:start position:0% +oh the resolution so we're winding back + + + align:start position:0% +oh the resolution so we're winding back +to recitation last week right so crystal + + align:start position:0% +to recitation last week right so crystal + + + align:start position:0% +to recitation last week right so crystal +structures have a resolution and so what + + align:start position:0% +structures have a resolution and so what + + + align:start position:0% +structures have a resolution and so what +does one angstrom resolution versus two + + align:start position:0% +does one angstrom resolution versus two + + + align:start position:0% +does one angstrom resolution versus two +versus four allow us to see so what oh + + align:start position:0% +versus four allow us to see so what oh + + + align:start position:0% +versus four allow us to see so what oh +oh the question is are there hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +oh the question is are there hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +oh the question is are there hydrogen +bonding interactions between efg and say + + align:start position:0% +bonding interactions between efg and say + + + align:start position:0% +bonding interactions between efg and say +the mRNA + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well there's definitely going to be + + align:start position:0% +well there's definitely going to be + + + align:start position:0% +well there's definitely going to be +right hydrogen's because you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +right hydrogen's because you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +right hydrogen's because you're gonna +have CH bonds or CN bonds but this is + + align:start position:0% +have CH bonds or CN bonds but this is + + + align:start position:0% +have CH bonds or CN bonds but this is +from the crystal structure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this is from the crystal + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is from the crystal + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is from the crystal +structure and you can make choices as to + + align:start position:0% +structure and you can make choices as to + + + align:start position:0% +structure and you can make choices as to +what information you put in your + + align:start position:0% +what information you put in your + + + align:start position:0% +what information you put in your +depiction right whether or not you're + + align:start position:0% +depiction right whether or not you're + + + align:start position:0% +depiction right whether or not you're +going to show certain residues say or + + align:start position:0% +going to show certain residues say or + + + align:start position:0% +going to show certain residues say or +just just the backbone there right you + + align:start position:0% +just just the backbone there right you + + + align:start position:0% +just just the backbone there right you +look at the hetero random distances yeah + + align:start position:0% +look at the hetero random distances yeah + + + align:start position:0% +look at the hetero random distances yeah +yeah and so the question is how much + + align:start position:0% +yeah and so the question is how much + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and so the question is how much +error is there and if this one error you + + align:start position:0% +error is there and if this one error you + + + align:start position:0% +error is there and if this one error you +can't tell whether you have lighters + + align:start position:0% +can't tell whether you have lighters + + + align:start position:0% +can't tell whether you have lighters +okay so we're looking at four hetero + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're looking at four hetero + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're looking at four hetero +hetero atoms right because you may not + + align:start position:0% +hetero atoms right because you may not + + + align:start position:0% +hetero atoms right because you may not +be able to see that hydrogen right but + + align:start position:0% +be able to see that hydrogen right but + + + align:start position:0% +be able to see that hydrogen right but +you can know something like oh if this + + align:start position:0% +you can know something like oh if this + + + align:start position:0% +you can know something like oh if this +you know hetero atom and that hetero + + align:start position:0% +you know hetero atom and that hetero + + + align:start position:0% +you know hetero atom and that hetero +atom or so many angstroms apart is it + + align:start position:0% +atom or so many angstroms apart is it + + + align:start position:0% +atom or so many angstroms apart is it +likely that there's a hydrogen bonding + + align:start position:0% +likely that there's a hydrogen bonding + + + align:start position:0% +likely that there's a hydrogen bonding +interaction or not right based on + + align:start position:0% +interaction or not right based on + + + align:start position:0% +interaction or not right based on +knowledge of fun distances here so one + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of fun distances here so one + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of fun distances here so one +thing I'll note and will come up as + + align:start position:0% +thing I'll note and will come up as + + + align:start position:0% +thing I'll note and will come up as +we're discussing antibiotics I said + + align:start position:0% +we're discussing antibiotics I said + + + align:start position:0% +we're discussing antibiotics I said +nothing about how they've obtained this + + align:start position:0% +nothing about how they've obtained this + + + align:start position:0% +nothing about how they've obtained this +structure and that's just something to + + align:start position:0% +structure and that's just something to + + + align:start position:0% +structure and that's just something to +keep in mind and this also gets to the + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind and this also gets to the + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind and this also gets to the +question of resolution and what can you + + align:start position:0% +question of resolution and what can you + + + align:start position:0% +question of resolution and what can you +see but they had tremendous difficulties + + align:start position:0% +see but they had tremendous difficulties + + + align:start position:0% +see but they had tremendous difficulties +getting this structure and they had to + + align:start position:0% +getting this structure and they had to + + + align:start position:0% +getting this structure and they had to +use a mutant ribosome and they + + align:start position:0% +use a mutant ribosome and they + + + align:start position:0% +use a mutant ribosome and they +strategically used an antibiotic to + + align:start position:0% +strategically used an antibiotic to + + + align:start position:0% +strategically used an antibiotic to +stall the ribosome here so many many + + align:start position:0% +stall the ribosome here so many many + + + align:start position:0% +stall the ribosome here so many many +attempts to get crystals that are even + + align:start position:0% +attempts to get crystals that are even + + + align:start position:0% +attempts to get crystals that are even +good enough to get some some information + + align:start position:0% +good enough to get some some information + + + align:start position:0% +good enough to get some some information +here okay so back to these hybrid states + + align:start position:0% +here okay so back to these hybrid states + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so back to these hybrid states +and the formation of the hybrid states + + align:start position:0% +and the formation of the hybrid states + + + align:start position:0% +and the formation of the hybrid states +something important to know about and + + align:start position:0% +something important to know about and + + + align:start position:0% +something important to know about and +this is something I have a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +this is something I have a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +this is something I have a lot of time +seeing in any cartoon that's presented + + align:start position:0% +seeing in any cartoon that's presented + + + align:start position:0% +seeing in any cartoon that's presented +is that the 30s subunit undergoes some + + align:start position:0% +is that the 30s subunit undergoes some + + + align:start position:0% +is that the 30s subunit undergoes some +conformational change called ratcheting + + align:start position:0% +conformational change called ratcheting + + + align:start position:0% +conformational change called ratcheting +and effectively the ribosome can exist + + align:start position:0% +and effectively the ribosome can exist + + + align:start position:0% +and effectively the ribosome can exist +at this stage in either a nun ratcheted + + align:start position:0% +at this stage in either a nun ratcheted + + + align:start position:0% +at this stage in either a nun ratcheted +or ratcheted state and efg selects for + + align:start position:0% +or ratcheted state and efg selects for + + + align:start position:0% +or ratcheted state and efg selects for +one over the others so EF G will bind + + align:start position:0% +one over the others so EF G will bind + + + align:start position:0% +one over the others so EF G will bind +this ratcheted ribosome and effectively + + align:start position:0% +this ratcheted ribosome and effectively + + + align:start position:0% +this ratcheted ribosome and effectively +what that terminology is describing as a + + align:start position:0% +what that terminology is describing as a + + + align:start position:0% +what that terminology is describing as a +small rotation + + align:start position:0% +small rotation + + + align:start position:0% +small rotation +about six degrees of the 30s relative to + + align:start position:0% +about six degrees of the 30s relative to + + + align:start position:0% +about six degrees of the 30s relative to +the 50s in one direction so the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +the 50s in one direction so the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +the 50s in one direction so the ribosome +will be going between unread and and + + align:start position:0% +will be going between unread and and + + + align:start position:0% +will be going between unread and and +ratcheted efg combined the ratcheted + + align:start position:0% +ratcheted efg combined the ratcheted + + + align:start position:0% +ratcheted efg combined the ratcheted +form okay and after that occurs they'll + + align:start position:0% +form okay and after that occurs they'll + + + align:start position:0% +form okay and after that occurs they'll +be GTP hydrolysis and these + + align:start position:0% +be GTP hydrolysis and these + + + align:start position:0% +be GTP hydrolysis and these +translocation events here so an awful + + align:start position:0% +translocation events here so an awful + + + align:start position:0% +translocation events here so an awful +lot is going on to get that one peptide + + align:start position:0% +lot is going on to get that one peptide + + + align:start position:0% +lot is going on to get that one peptide +bond formed and the ribosome ready to do + + align:start position:0% +bond formed and the ribosome ready to do + + + align:start position:0% +bond formed and the ribosome ready to do +it again + + align:start position:0% +it again + + + align:start position:0% +it again +where we're gonna go at this stage is a + + align:start position:0% +where we're gonna go at this stage is a + + + align:start position:0% +where we're gonna go at this stage is a +brief discussion of the termination + + align:start position:0% +brief discussion of the termination + + + align:start position:0% +brief discussion of the termination +process and translation and the players + + align:start position:0% +process and translation and the players + + + align:start position:0% +process and translation and the players +that come up there so effectively the + + align:start position:0% +that come up there so effectively the + + + align:start position:0% +that come up there so effectively the +elongation cycle is going to continue + + align:start position:0% +elongation cycle is going to continue + + + align:start position:0% +elongation cycle is going to continue +until a stop codon enters the a site + + align:start position:0% +until a stop codon enters the a site + + + align:start position:0% +until a stop codon enters the a site +that's making the assumption you know + + align:start position:0% +that's making the assumption you know + + + align:start position:0% +that's making the assumption you know +some unforeseen circumstance hasn't + + align:start position:0% +some unforeseen circumstance hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +some unforeseen circumstance hasn't +happened to this ribosome it has + + align:start position:0% +happened to this ribosome it has + + + align:start position:0% +happened to this ribosome it has +installed or prematurely stopped + + align:start position:0% +installed or prematurely stopped + + + align:start position:0% +installed or prematurely stopped +translation so what happens when a stop + + align:start position:0% +translation so what happens when a stop + + + align:start position:0% +translation so what happens when a stop +codon enters the a site okay again we + + align:start position:0% +codon enters the a site okay again we + + + align:start position:0% +codon enters the a site okay again we +have translation factors these + + align:start position:0% +have translation factors these + + + align:start position:0% +have translation factors these +translation factors are release factors + + align:start position:0% +translation factors are release factors + + + align:start position:0% +translation factors are release factors +that recognize the stop codon and they + + align:start position:0% +that recognize the stop codon and they + + + align:start position:0% +that recognize the stop codon and they +have the responsibility of cleaving the + + align:start position:0% +have the responsibility of cleaving the + + + align:start position:0% +have the responsibility of cleaving the +polypeptide chain from the p-site trna + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide chain from the p-site trna + + + align:start position:0% +polypeptide chain from the p-site trna +and so there are two different classes + + align:start position:0% +and so there are two different classes + + + align:start position:0% +and so there are two different classes +of release factors we have class one + + align:start position:0% +of release factors we have class one + + + align:start position:0% +of release factors we have class one +which are release factors one and two + + align:start position:0% +which are release factors one and two + + + align:start position:0% +which are release factors one and two +release factor one and release factor to + + align:start position:0% +release factor one and release factor to + + + align:start position:0% +release factor one and release factor to +recognize or in stop codons so for + + align:start position:0% +recognize or in stop codons so for + + + align:start position:0% +recognize or in stop codons so for +instance our F one recognizes UAA and + + align:start position:0% +instance our F one recognizes UAA and + + + align:start position:0% +instance our F one recognizes UAA and +UAG whereas our F two recognizes UAA and + + align:start position:0% +UAG whereas our F two recognizes UAA and + + + align:start position:0% +UAG whereas our F two recognizes UAA and +UGA here okay there's a class three + + align:start position:0% +UGA here okay there's a class three + + + align:start position:0% +UGA here okay there's a class three +release factor RF three this one is a + + align:start position:0% +release factor RF three this one is a + + + align:start position:0% +release factor RF three this one is a +gtp ace and it has the job of + + align:start position:0% +gtp ace and it has the job of + + + align:start position:0% +gtp ace and it has the job of +accelerating dissociation of RF one or + + align:start position:0% +accelerating dissociation of RF one or + + + align:start position:0% +accelerating dissociation of RF one or +RF two after peptide release so we'll + + align:start position:0% +RF two after peptide release so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +RF two after peptide release so we'll +look a little bit at structure and then + + align:start position:0% +look a little bit at structure and then + + + align:start position:0% +look a little bit at structure and then +one schematic for how this may all + + align:start position:0% +one schematic for how this may all + + + align:start position:0% +one schematic for how this may all +happen so similar to EF g and the + + align:start position:0% +happen so similar to EF g and the + + + align:start position:0% +happen so similar to EF g and the +ternary complex of ef-tu GTP and the + + align:start position:0% +ternary complex of ef-tu GTP and the + + + align:start position:0% +ternary complex of ef-tu GTP and the +tRNA we have another example of + + align:start position:0% +tRNA we have another example of + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA we have another example of +molecular mimic + + align:start position:0% +molecular mimic + + + align:start position:0% +molecular mimic +with these release factors and so + + align:start position:0% +with these release factors and so + + + align:start position:0% +with these release factors and so +initially when release factor one was + + align:start position:0% +initially when release factor one was + + + align:start position:0% +initially when release factor one was +crystallized the structure shown here + + align:start position:0% +crystallized the structure shown here + + + align:start position:0% +crystallized the structure shown here +was obtained so this was the protein + + align:start position:0% +was obtained so this was the protein + + + align:start position:0% +was obtained so this was the protein +crystallized in the absence of the + + align:start position:0% +crystallized in the absence of the + + + align:start position:0% +crystallized in the absence of the +ribosome and it was a little difficult + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and it was a little difficult + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and it was a little difficult +to reconcile this structure with + + align:start position:0% +to reconcile this structure with + + + align:start position:0% +to reconcile this structure with +function immediately and then in later + + align:start position:0% +function immediately and then in later + + + align:start position:0% +function immediately and then in later +work our f1 was crystallized bound to + + align:start position:0% +work our f1 was crystallized bound to + + + align:start position:0% +work our f1 was crystallized bound to +the ribosome and that structure is shown + + align:start position:0% +the ribosome and that structure is shown + + + align:start position:0% +the ribosome and that structure is shown +here and so if we compare the left to + + align:start position:0% +here and so if we compare the left to + + + align:start position:0% +here and so if we compare the left to +the right or what's described as the + + align:start position:0% +the right or what's described as the + + + align:start position:0% +the right or what's described as the +closed to the open version of our f1 + + align:start position:0% +closed to the open version of our f1 + + + align:start position:0% +closed to the open version of our f1 +what we see is that there's a pretty + + align:start position:0% +what we see is that there's a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +what we see is that there's a pretty +substantial change in conformation when + + align:start position:0% +substantial change in conformation when + + + align:start position:0% +substantial change in conformation when +we're looking at our f1 on the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at our f1 on the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at our f1 on the ribosome +and if we use a little imagination we + + align:start position:0% +and if we use a little imagination we + + + align:start position:0% +and if we use a little imagination we +can think about our f1 resembling a tRNA + + align:start position:0% +can think about our f1 resembling a tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +can think about our f1 resembling a tRNA +okay we have this region here that's + + align:start position:0% +okay we have this region here that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay we have this region here that's +sticking out and if we look at an + + align:start position:0% +sticking out and if we look at an + + + align:start position:0% +sticking out and if we look at an +overlay of our f1 so this structure the + + align:start position:0% +overlay of our f1 so this structure the + + + align:start position:0% +overlay of our f1 so this structure the +ribosome bound structure and a tRNA what + + align:start position:0% +ribosome bound structure and a tRNA what + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome bound structure and a tRNA what +do we see okay so we have the tRNA we + + align:start position:0% +do we see okay so we have the tRNA we + + + align:start position:0% +do we see okay so we have the tRNA we +have the anticodon end down here we have + + align:start position:0% +have the anticodon end down here we have + + + align:start position:0% +have the anticodon end down here we have +the CCA end of the tRNA up here and so + + align:start position:0% +the CCA end of the tRNA up here and so + + + align:start position:0% +the CCA end of the tRNA up here and so +what do we see in terms of our f1 we + + align:start position:0% +what do we see in terms of our f1 we + + + align:start position:0% +what do we see in terms of our f1 we +have this pvt motif down here and we + + align:start position:0% +have this pvt motif down here and we + + + align:start position:0% +have this pvt motif down here and we +have this GG g GQ motif up here for that + + align:start position:0% +have this GG g GQ motif up here for that + + + align:start position:0% +have this GG g GQ motif up here for that +and so this motif is important for + + align:start position:0% +and so this motif is important for + + + align:start position:0% +and so this motif is important for +hydrolysis of the peptidyl trna and + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis of the peptidyl trna and + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis of the peptidyl trna and +that's where it is in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +that's where it is in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +that's where it is in terms of a +schematic for termination as a way to + + align:start position:0% +schematic for termination as a way to + + + align:start position:0% +schematic for termination as a way to +thinking about this so here we have our + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this so here we have our + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this so here we have our +ribosome that's been translating and now + + align:start position:0% +ribosome that's been translating and now + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome that's been translating and now +there's a stop codon in the a site so + + align:start position:0% +there's a stop codon in the a site so + + + align:start position:0% +there's a stop codon in the a site so +here comes release factor either one or + + align:start position:0% +here comes release factor either one or + + + align:start position:0% +here comes release factor either one or +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +it recognizes on this stop and binds so + + align:start position:0% +it recognizes on this stop and binds so + + + align:start position:0% +it recognizes on this stop and binds so +there's hydrolysis of this linkage and + + align:start position:0% +there's hydrolysis of this linkage and + + + align:start position:0% +there's hydrolysis of this linkage and +should think about that chemistry as to + + align:start position:0% +should think about that chemistry as to + + + align:start position:0% +should think about that chemistry as to +what's happening peptide release so + + align:start position:0% +what's happening peptide release so + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening peptide release so +what's shown in this depiction is that + + align:start position:0% +what's shown in this depiction is that + + + align:start position:0% +what's shown in this depiction is that +our F 3 comes in and it + + align:start position:0% +our F 3 comes in and it + + + align:start position:0% +our F 3 comes in and it +gdp-bound form it binds in the region of + + align:start position:0% +gdp-bound form it binds in the region of + + + align:start position:0% +gdp-bound form it binds in the region of +the a site there's some exchange we have + + align:start position:0% +the a site there's some exchange we have + + + align:start position:0% +the a site there's some exchange we have +gtp coming in here and then some + + align:start position:0% +gtp coming in here and then some + + + align:start position:0% +gtp coming in here and then some +additional steps that involve gtp + + align:start position:0% +additional steps that involve gtp + + + align:start position:0% +additional steps that involve gtp +hydrolysis by our f3 involvement of the + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis by our f3 involvement of the + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis by our f3 involvement of the +ribosome recycling factor and we see + + align:start position:0% +ribosome recycling factor and we see + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome recycling factor and we see +that our friend efg comes into play + + align:start position:0% +that our friend efg comes into play + + + align:start position:0% +that our friend efg comes into play +again here along with initiation factor + + align:start position:0% +again here along with initiation factor + + + align:start position:0% +again here along with initiation factor +3 so some of these other translation + + align:start position:0% +3 so some of these other translation + + + align:start position:0% +3 so some of these other translation +factors seem to play a role in this + + align:start position:0% +factors seem to play a role in this + + + align:start position:0% +factors seem to play a role in this +termination cycle and really again it's + + align:start position:0% +termination cycle and really again it's + + + align:start position:0% +termination cycle and really again it's +a question of looking at the data that's + + align:start position:0% +a question of looking at the data that's + + + align:start position:0% +a question of looking at the data that's +presented to you and interpreting that + + align:start position:0% +presented to you and interpreting that + + + align:start position:0% +presented to you and interpreting that +data and drawing some conclusions so + + align:start position:0% +data and drawing some conclusions so + + + align:start position:0% +data and drawing some conclusions so +there's still a number of questions + + align:start position:0% +there's still a number of questions + + + align:start position:0% +there's still a number of questions +about this process and the ribosome + + align:start position:0% +about this process and the ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +about this process and the ribosome +recycling that remain so if we look + + align:start position:0% +recycling that remain so if we look + + + align:start position:0% +recycling that remain so if we look +about this slide and where we've come in + + align:start position:0% +about this slide and where we've come in + + + align:start position:0% +about this slide and where we've come in +this discussion of translation + + align:start position:0% +this discussion of translation + + + align:start position:0% +this discussion of translation +effectively all of the pieces are shown + + align:start position:0% +effectively all of the pieces are shown + + + align:start position:0% +effectively all of the pieces are shown +here for prokaryotes right so this is + + align:start position:0% +here for prokaryotes right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +here for prokaryotes right so this is +just a map to work your way through when + + align:start position:0% +just a map to work your way through when + + + align:start position:0% +just a map to work your way through when +studying the system but we have + + align:start position:0% +studying the system but we have + + + align:start position:0% +studying the system but we have +initiation we have elongation and then + + align:start position:0% +initiation we have elongation and then + + + align:start position:0% +initiation we have elongation and then +this process of peptide release and + + align:start position:0% +this process of peptide release and + + + align:start position:0% +this process of peptide release and +ribosome recycling okay and so + + align:start position:0% +ribosome recycling okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome recycling okay and so +throughout this we're seeing the action + + align:start position:0% +throughout this we're seeing the action + + + align:start position:0% +throughout this we're seeing the action +of GTP ASIS so the power of GTP + + align:start position:0% +of GTP ASIS so the power of GTP + + + align:start position:0% +of GTP ASIS so the power of GTP +hydrolysis is needed conversion of + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis is needed conversion of + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis is needed conversion of +chemical to mechanical energy there's a + + align:start position:0% +chemical to mechanical energy there's a + + + align:start position:0% +chemical to mechanical energy there's a +lot of conformational change that's + + align:start position:0% +lot of conformational change that's + + + align:start position:0% +lot of conformational change that's +happening the slides I've shown you + + align:start position:0% +happening the slides I've shown you + + + align:start position:0% +happening the slides I've shown you +don't do that justice but it's something + + align:start position:0% +don't do that justice but it's something + + + align:start position:0% +don't do that justice but it's something +to think about and keep in mind and that + + align:start position:0% +to think about and keep in mind and that + + + align:start position:0% +to think about and keep in mind and that +this ribosome is amazingly dynamic and + + align:start position:0% +this ribosome is amazingly dynamic and + + + align:start position:0% +this ribosome is amazingly dynamic and +so that is what's going to lead us into + + align:start position:0% +so that is what's going to lead us into + + + align:start position:0% +so that is what's going to lead us into +the next subtopic related to the + + align:start position:0% +the next subtopic related to the + + + align:start position:0% +the next subtopic related to the +ribosome which is thinking about how + + align:start position:0% +ribosome which is thinking about how + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome which is thinking about how +have some of these observations been + + align:start position:0% +have some of these observations been + + + align:start position:0% +have some of these observations been +made so how is it that we've obtained + + align:start position:0% +made so how is it that we've obtained + + + align:start position:0% +made so how is it that we've obtained +structural insights into the ribosome at + + align:start position:0% +structural insights into the ribosome at + + + align:start position:0% +structural insights into the ribosome at +different steps along this translation + + align:start position:0% +different steps along this translation + + + align:start position:0% +different steps along this translation +cycle and just as for consideration + + align:start position:0% +cycle and just as for consideration + + + align:start position:0% +cycle and just as for consideration +there's a little excerpt from a paper I + + align:start position:0% +there's a little excerpt from a paper I + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little excerpt from a paper I +like so this was in 2010 so shortly + + align:start position:0% +like so this was in 2010 so shortly + + + align:start position:0% +like so this was in 2010 so shortly +after the Nobel + + align:start position:0% +after the Nobel + + + align:start position:0% +after the Nobel +price was awarded and so there's a + + align:start position:0% +price was awarded and so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +price was awarded and so there's a +number of you know perspectives + + align:start position:0% +number of you know perspectives + + + align:start position:0% +number of you know perspectives +retrospectives in the literature and in + + align:start position:0% +retrospectives in the literature and in + + + align:start position:0% +retrospectives in the literature and in +this one called the ribosome comes a + + align:start position:0% +this one called the ribosome comes a + + + align:start position:0% +this one called the ribosome comes a +line + + align:start position:0% +line + + + align:start position:0% +line +akhom Frank is talking about these you + + align:start position:0% +akhom Frank is talking about these you + + + align:start position:0% +akhom Frank is talking about these you +know pioneering work of the x-ray + + align:start position:0% +know pioneering work of the x-ray + + + align:start position:0% +know pioneering work of the x-ray +structure and just in yellow here you + + align:start position:0% +structure and just in yellow here you + + + align:start position:0% +structure and just in yellow here you +know he's stating you know those who + + align:start position:0% +know he's stating you know those who + + + align:start position:0% +know he's stating you know those who +might have expected that the atomic + + align:start position:0% +might have expected that the atomic + + + align:start position:0% +might have expected that the atomic +resolution structure of this massive + + align:start position:0% +resolution structure of this massive + + + align:start position:0% +resolution structure of this massive +rna-protein complex would itself offer a + + align:start position:0% +rna-protein complex would itself offer a + + + align:start position:0% +rna-protein complex would itself offer a +media insight into the mechanism of + + align:start position:0% +media insight into the mechanism of + + + align:start position:0% +media insight into the mechanism of +translation were thoroughly disappointed + + align:start position:0% +translation were thoroughly disappointed + + + align:start position:0% +translation were thoroughly disappointed +and in fact the mechanism proposed from + + align:start position:0% +and in fact the mechanism proposed from + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact the mechanism proposed from +some of this early study ended up not + + align:start position:0% +some of this early study ended up not + + + align:start position:0% +some of this early study ended up not +being the correct mechanism here there's + + align:start position:0% +being the correct mechanism here there's + + + align:start position:0% +being the correct mechanism here there's +a note about that on an earlier slide + + align:start position:0% +a note about that on an earlier slide + + + align:start position:0% +a note about that on an earlier slide +where the peptide bond formation on + + align:start position:0% +where the peptide bond formation on + + + align:start position:0% +where the peptide bond formation on +stepped is shown so what does he say + + align:start position:0% +stepped is shown so what does he say + + + align:start position:0% +stepped is shown so what does he say +I'd like to compare this situation to a + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to compare this situation to a + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to compare this situation to a +visit to Earth by a Martian who wants to + + align:start position:0% +visit to Earth by a Martian who wants to + + + align:start position:0% +visit to Earth by a Martian who wants to +understand how an automobile works ok so + + align:start position:0% +understand how an automobile works ok so + + + align:start position:0% +understand how an automobile works ok so +we can all think about flipping up the + + align:start position:0% +we can all think about flipping up the + + + align:start position:0% +we can all think about flipping up the +hood of our car and what do we see + + align:start position:0% +hood of our car and what do we see + + + align:start position:0% +hood of our car and what do we see +she looks under the hood of a parked car + + align:start position:0% +she looks under the hood of a parked car + + + align:start position:0% +she looks under the hood of a parked car +perhaps even takes the engine apart but + + align:start position:0% +perhaps even takes the engine apart but + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps even takes the engine apart but +still has no clue it's clear she'll have + + align:start position:0% +still has no clue it's clear she'll have + + + align:start position:0% +still has no clue it's clear she'll have +you know much better luck if she's able + + align:start position:0% +you know much better luck if she's able + + + align:start position:0% +you know much better luck if she's able +to see the engine in motion and so + + align:start position:0% +to see the engine in motion and so + + + align:start position:0% +to see the engine in motion and so +that's been a major goal in terms of + + align:start position:0% +that's been a major goal in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +that's been a major goal in terms of +thinking about the ribosome as well as + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the ribosome as well as + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the ribosome as well as +other micro molecular machines how can + + align:start position:0% +other micro molecular machines how can + + + align:start position:0% +other micro molecular machines how can +you actually see these in motion and see + + align:start position:0% +you actually see these in motion and see + + + align:start position:0% +you actually see these in motion and see +the dynamics and conformational changes + + align:start position:0% +the dynamics and conformational changes + + + align:start position:0% +the dynamics and conformational changes +here really critical so the question I + + align:start position:0% +here really critical so the question I + + + align:start position:0% +here really critical so the question I +posed is you know is it possible to see + + align:start position:0% +posed is you know is it possible to see + + + align:start position:0% +posed is you know is it possible to see +the ribosomes stopped at various points + + align:start position:0% +the ribosomes stopped at various points + + + align:start position:0% +the ribosomes stopped at various points +in translation cycle and if so how so + + align:start position:0% +in translation cycle and if so how so + + + align:start position:0% +in translation cycle and if so how so +maybe we can't see the dynamics you know + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can't see the dynamics you know + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can't see the dynamics you know +continually but can we sort of park it + + align:start position:0% +continually but can we sort of park it + + + align:start position:0% +continually but can we sort of park it +at a different stats and the answer to + + align:start position:0% +at a different stats and the answer to + + + align:start position:0% +at a different stats and the answer to +that is yes and basically a huge part of + + align:start position:0% +that is yes and basically a huge part of + + + align:start position:0% +that is yes and basically a huge part of +our understanding of this 70s ribosome + + align:start position:0% +our understanding of this 70s ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +our understanding of this 70s ribosome +does come from crystal structures and + + align:start position:0% +does come from crystal structures and + + + align:start position:0% +does come from crystal structures and +researchers have been able to trap the + + align:start position:0% +researchers have been able to trap the + + + align:start position:0% +researchers have been able to trap the +ribosome at various points in the + + align:start position:0% +ribosome at various points in the + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome at various points in the +translation cycle using small molecules + + align:start position:0% +translation cycle using small molecules + + + align:start position:0% +translation cycle using small molecules +and these small molecules are + + align:start position:0% +and these small molecules are + + + align:start position:0% +and these small molecules are +antibiotics ok + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics ok + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics ok +so we're we're going to focus on for the + + align:start position:0% +so we're we're going to focus on for the + + + align:start position:0% +so we're we're going to focus on for the +rest of today and probably the beginning + + align:start position:0% +rest of today and probably the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +rest of today and probably the beginning +of Monday is thinking about the use as + + align:start position:0% +of Monday is thinking about the use as + + + align:start position:0% +of Monday is thinking about the use as +antibiotics + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics +so small molecules that inhibit + + align:start position:0% +so small molecules that inhibit + + + align:start position:0% +so small molecules that inhibit +bacterial growth as tools for studying + + align:start position:0% +bacterial growth as tools for studying + + + align:start position:0% +bacterial growth as tools for studying +ribosome function so a few questions + + align:start position:0% +ribosome function so a few questions + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome function so a few questions +related to that first of all what types + + align:start position:0% +related to that first of all what types + + + align:start position:0% +related to that first of all what types +of antibiotics target the ribosome where + + align:start position:0% +of antibiotics target the ribosome where + + + align:start position:0% +of antibiotics target the ribosome where +do they bind to the ribosome and how can + + align:start position:0% +do they bind to the ribosome and how can + + + align:start position:0% +do they bind to the ribosome and how can +we use them experimentally and also + + align:start position:0% +we use them experimentally and also + + + align:start position:0% +we use them experimentally and also +something just to think about we have a + + align:start position:0% +something just to think about we have a + + + align:start position:0% +something just to think about we have a +crisis in the clinic in terms of a lack + + align:start position:0% +crisis in the clinic in terms of a lack + + + align:start position:0% +crisis in the clinic in terms of a lack +of new antibiotics and emerging + + align:start position:0% +of new antibiotics and emerging + + + align:start position:0% +of new antibiotics and emerging +antibiotic resistance so how can + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic resistance so how can + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic resistance so how can +fundamental understanding of the + + align:start position:0% +fundamental understanding of the + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental understanding of the +ribosome help in terms of therapeutic + + align:start position:0% +ribosome help in terms of therapeutic + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome help in terms of therapeutic +development and this came up in a bit of + + align:start position:0% +development and this came up in a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +development and this came up in a bit of +a different context in seminar on Monday + + align:start position:0% +a different context in seminar on Monday + + + align:start position:0% +a different context in seminar on Monday +for anyone that was at biological + + align:start position:0% +for anyone that was at biological + + + align:start position:0% +for anyone that was at biological +chemistry seminar so we had Professor + + align:start position:0% +chemistry seminar so we had Professor + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry seminar so we had Professor +Matt Disney with us who's looking at + + align:start position:0% +Matt Disney with us who's looking at + + + align:start position:0% +Matt Disney with us who's looking at +small molecules to target RNAs and one + + align:start position:0% +small molecules to target RNAs and one + + + align:start position:0% +small molecules to target RNAs and one +question that can come from that is you + + align:start position:0% +question that can come from that is you + + + align:start position:0% +question that can come from that is you +know are there unknown molecules out + + align:start position:0% +know are there unknown molecules out + + + align:start position:0% +know are there unknown molecules out +there that might target the ribosome in + + align:start position:0% +there that might target the ribosome in + + + align:start position:0% +there that might target the ribosome in +different ways from the examples we + + align:start position:0% +different ways from the examples we + + + align:start position:0% +different ways from the examples we +currently have and I just like to know I + + align:start position:0% +currently have and I just like to know I + + + align:start position:0% +currently have and I just like to know I +was super excited this morning to learn + + align:start position:0% +was super excited this morning to learn + + + align:start position:0% +was super excited this morning to learn +about a new book so if any of you are + + align:start position:0% +about a new book so if any of you are + + + align:start position:0% +about a new book so if any of you are +interested in antibiotics + + align:start position:0% +interested in antibiotics + + + align:start position:0% +interested in antibiotics +I'm professor Chris Walsh and Professor + + align:start position:0% +I'm professor Chris Walsh and Professor + + + align:start position:0% +I'm professor Chris Walsh and Professor +Tim wend kovetz st. Louis have written a + + align:start position:0% +Tim wend kovetz st. Louis have written a + + + align:start position:0% +Tim wend kovetz st. Louis have written a +new book looking at antibiotics from a + + align:start position:0% +new book looking at antibiotics from a + + + align:start position:0% +new book looking at antibiotics from a +very chemo centric perspective here and + + align:start position:0% +very chemo centric perspective here and + + + align:start position:0% +very chemo centric perspective here and +our friends on the cover so I suspect be + + align:start position:0% +our friends on the cover so I suspect be + + + align:start position:0% +our friends on the cover so I suspect be +a wonderful read them if you're curious + + align:start position:0% +a wonderful read them if you're curious + + + align:start position:0% +a wonderful read them if you're curious +so let's take a look as an segue into + + align:start position:0% +so let's take a look as an segue into + + + align:start position:0% +so let's take a look as an segue into +thinking about these at the structure I + + align:start position:0% +thinking about these at the structure I + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about these at the structure I +just showed you of the F G bound to the + + align:start position:0% +just showed you of the F G bound to the + + + align:start position:0% +just showed you of the F G bound to the +ribosome okay so we talked about how EF + + align:start position:0% +ribosome okay so we talked about how EF + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome okay so we talked about how EF +g is helping into the translocation + + align:start position:0% +g is helping into the translocation + + + align:start position:0% +g is helping into the translocation +process and we saw the structure and I + + align:start position:0% +process and we saw the structure and I + + + align:start position:0% +process and we saw the structure and I +told you in passing that this structure + + align:start position:0% +told you in passing that this structure + + + align:start position:0% +told you in passing that this structure +was very difficult for the researchers + + align:start position:0% +was very difficult for the researchers + + + align:start position:0% +was very difficult for the researchers +to obtain and at the end of the day they + + align:start position:0% +to obtain and at the end of the day they + + + align:start position:0% +to obtain and at the end of the day they +needed to use a mutant ribosome for + + align:start position:0% +needed to use a mutant ribosome for + + + align:start position:0% +needed to use a mutant ribosome for +reasons I won't go into and if not + + align:start position:0% +reasons I won't go into and if not + + + align:start position:0% +reasons I won't go into and if not +relevant for this discussion and also a + + align:start position:0% +relevant for this discussion and also a + + + align:start position:0% +relevant for this discussion and also a +natural product that has antibacterial + + align:start position:0% +natural product that has antibacterial + + + align:start position:0% +natural product that has antibacterial +activity shown here and so this small + + align:start position:0% +activity shown here and so this small + + + align:start position:0% +activity shown here and so this small +molecule binds + + align:start position:0% +molecule binds + + + align:start position:0% +molecule binds +EF G and it binds to EF g when EF g is + + align:start position:0% +EF G and it binds to EF g when EF g is + + + align:start position:0% +EF G and it binds to EF g when EF g is +bound to the ribosome and moreover it + + align:start position:0% +bound to the ribosome and moreover it + + + align:start position:0% +bound to the ribosome and moreover it +binds to EF g after GTP hydrolysis + + align:start position:0% +binds to EF g after GTP hydrolysis + + + align:start position:0% +binds to EF g after GTP hydrolysis +occurs okay so the result is that this + + align:start position:0% +occurs okay so the result is that this + + + align:start position:0% +occurs okay so the result is that this +natural product can be used to trap the + + align:start position:0% +natural product can be used to trap the + + + align:start position:0% +natural product can be used to trap the +ribosome in this post translocation 'el + + align:start position:0% +ribosome in this post translocation 'el + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome in this post translocation 'el +state where EF g is still bound so it's + + align:start position:0% +state where EF g is still bound so it's + + + align:start position:0% +state where EF g is still bound so it's +hydrolyze gtp there's been movement of + + align:start position:0% +hydrolyze gtp there's been movement of + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolyze gtp there's been movement of +the mRNA and tRNAs but EF g cannot + + align:start position:0% +the mRNA and tRNAs but EF g cannot + + + align:start position:0% +the mRNA and tRNAs but EF g cannot +dissociate as a result of use of this + + align:start position:0% +dissociate as a result of use of this + + + align:start position:0% +dissociate as a result of use of this +small molecule right so you can begin to + + align:start position:0% +small molecule right so you can begin to + + + align:start position:0% +small molecule right so you can begin to +imagine how including this molecule or + + align:start position:0% +imagine how including this molecule or + + + align:start position:0% +imagine how including this molecule or +maybe other antibiotics that stop the + + align:start position:0% +maybe other antibiotics that stop the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe other antibiotics that stop the +ribosome at different steps can be used + + align:start position:0% +ribosome at different steps can be used + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome at different steps can be used +to obtain crystals and crystal + + align:start position:0% +to obtain crystals and crystal + + + align:start position:0% +to obtain crystals and crystal +structures here and furthermore they can + + align:start position:0% +structures here and furthermore they can + + + align:start position:0% +structures here and furthermore they can +also be used in a number of biochemical + + align:start position:0% +also be used in a number of biochemical + + + align:start position:0% +also be used in a number of biochemical +studies and we'll look at an example of + + align:start position:0% +studies and we'll look at an example of + + + align:start position:0% +studies and we'll look at an example of +that in the context of this lecture and + + align:start position:0% +that in the context of this lecture and + + + align:start position:0% +that in the context of this lecture and +also in recitations and problem sets + + align:start position:0% +also in recitations and problem sets + + + align:start position:0% +also in recitations and problem sets +so where do antibiotics bind to the + + align:start position:0% +so where do antibiotics bind to the + + + align:start position:0% +so where do antibiotics bind to the +ribosome and how many of them are out + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and how many of them are out + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome and how many of them are out +there that can bind the ribosome here + + align:start position:0% +there that can bind the ribosome here + + + align:start position:0% +there that can bind the ribosome here +there's many options so many antibiotics + + align:start position:0% +there's many options so many antibiotics + + + align:start position:0% +there's many options so many antibiotics +target the ribosome and if we just look + + align:start position:0% +target the ribosome and if we just look + + + align:start position:0% +target the ribosome and if we just look +at a 30s subunit and a 50s subunit and + + align:start position:0% +at a 30s subunit and a 50s subunit and + + + align:start position:0% +at a 30s subunit and a 50s subunit and +take a handful of antibiotics that + + align:start position:0% +take a handful of antibiotics that + + + align:start position:0% +take a handful of antibiotics that +target the ribosome and see what we know + + align:start position:0% +target the ribosome and see what we know + + + align:start position:0% +target the ribosome and see what we know +about where they bind we can make maps + + align:start position:0% +about where they bind we can make maps + + + align:start position:0% +about where they bind we can make maps +like these ones here and we can consider + + align:start position:0% +like these ones here and we can consider + + + align:start position:0% +like these ones here and we can consider +larger lists you're not responsible for + + align:start position:0% +larger lists you're not responsible for + + + align:start position:0% +larger lists you're not responsible for +these details at all just the take-home + + align:start position:0% +these details at all just the take-home + + + align:start position:0% +these details at all just the take-home +message is that there's many options and + + align:start position:0% +message is that there's many options and + + + align:start position:0% +message is that there's many options and +an extensive toolkit yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so that's that's a great question + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's that's a great question + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's that's a great question +and something to think about right so + + align:start position:0% +and something to think about right so + + + align:start position:0% +and something to think about right so +that will depend on the molecule there + + align:start position:0% +that will depend on the molecule there + + + align:start position:0% +that will depend on the molecule there +are many differences between the + + align:start position:0% +are many differences between the + + + align:start position:0% +are many differences between the +prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes + + align:start position:0% +prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes + + + align:start position:0% +prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes +some will bind both there's an example + + align:start position:0% +some will bind both there's an example + + + align:start position:0% +some will bind both there's an example +thio struct and I believe that's quite + + align:start position:0% +thio struct and I believe that's quite + + + align:start position:0% +thio struct and I believe that's quite +specific not for eukaryotic ribosomes + + align:start position:0% +specific not for eukaryotic ribosomes + + + align:start position:0% +specific not for eukaryotic ribosomes +and then I mean that's something also to + + align:start position:0% +and then I mean that's something also to + + + align:start position:0% +and then I mean that's something also to +think about if they interact are they + + align:start position:0% +think about if they interact are they + + + align:start position:0% +think about if they interact are they +interacting in the same way and if they + + align:start position:0% +interacting in the same way and if they + + + align:start position:0% +interacting in the same way and if they +do inhibit the ribosome is it by the + + align:start position:0% +do inhibit the ribosome is it by the + + + align:start position:0% +do inhibit the ribosome is it by the +same mechanism and you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +same mechanism and you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +same mechanism and you can imagine +implications related to therapeutic + + align:start position:0% +implications related to therapeutic + + + align:start position:0% +implications related to therapeutic +development in terms of that that exact + + align:start position:0% +development in terms of that that exact + + + align:start position:0% +development in terms of that that exact +issue + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I mean I think that's a little + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean I think that's a little + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean I think that's a little +outside of the scope of our discussion + + align:start position:0% +outside of the scope of our discussion + + + align:start position:0% +outside of the scope of our discussion +because how do you get to counting + + align:start position:0% +because how do you get to counting + + + align:start position:0% +because how do you get to counting +ribosomes is that per cell or organism + + align:start position:0% +ribosomes is that per cell or organism + + + align:start position:0% +ribosomes is that per cell or organism +by organism right and you know + + align:start position:0% +by organism right and you know + + + align:start position:0% +by organism right and you know +microbiome versus person but is there + + align:start position:0% +microbiome versus person but is there + + + align:start position:0% +microbiome versus person but is there +another question the ratio of like the + + align:start position:0% +another question the ratio of like the + + + align:start position:0% +another question the ratio of like the +number of residues we have to the like + + align:start position:0% +number of residues we have to the like + + + align:start position:0% +number of residues we have to the like +number of proteins that we need to be + + align:start position:0% +number of proteins that we need to be + + + align:start position:0% +number of proteins that we need to be +producing totally periodic cells are + + align:start position:0% +producing totally periodic cells are + + + align:start position:0% +producing totally periodic cells are +definitely more complex right there so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what I say is overall taste by case + + align:start position:0% +what I say is overall taste by case + + + align:start position:0% +what I say is overall taste by case +basis so what about structures here are + + align:start position:0% +basis so what about structures here are + + + align:start position:0% +basis so what about structures here are +just some examples structures are highly + + align:start position:0% +just some examples structures are highly + + + align:start position:0% +just some examples structures are highly +variable and the ways in which these + + align:start position:0% +variable and the ways in which these + + + align:start position:0% +variable and the ways in which these +molecules can inhibit translation are + + align:start position:0% +molecules can inhibit translation are + + + align:start position:0% +molecules can inhibit translation are +highly variable these are some examples + + align:start position:0% +highly variable these are some examples + + + align:start position:0% +highly variable these are some examples +that if you may have come up with some + + align:start position:0% +that if you may have come up with some + + + align:start position:0% +that if you may have come up with some +of these in terms of laboratory work or + + align:start position:0% +of these in terms of laboratory work or + + + align:start position:0% +of these in terms of laboratory work or +maybe even been prescribed so for + + align:start position:0% +maybe even been prescribed so for + + + align:start position:0% +maybe even been prescribed so for +instance chloramphenicol this molecule + + align:start position:0% +instance chloramphenicol this molecule + + + align:start position:0% +instance chloramphenicol this molecule +here binds the xxx then peptide yield + + align:start position:0% +here binds the xxx then peptide yield + + + align:start position:0% +here binds the xxx then peptide yield +transfer tetracycline binds the 50s and + + align:start position:0% +transfer tetracycline binds the 50s and + + + align:start position:0% +transfer tetracycline binds the 50s and +blocks accommodation gentamicin binds + + align:start position:0% +blocks accommodation gentamicin binds + + + align:start position:0% +blocks accommodation gentamicin binds +the 30s causes premature termination + + align:start position:0% +the 30s causes premature termination + + + align:start position:0% +the 30s causes premature termination +erythromycin as a macrolide that for a + + align:start position:0% +erythromycin as a macrolide that for a + + + align:start position:0% +erythromycin as a macrolide that for a +long time has been thought to block exit + + align:start position:0% +long time has been thought to block exit + + + align:start position:0% +long time has been thought to block exit +of the polypeptide because it binds in + + align:start position:0% +of the polypeptide because it binds in + + + align:start position:0% +of the polypeptide because it binds in +the exit tunnel but there's some new + + align:start position:0% +the exit tunnel but there's some new + + + align:start position:0% +the exit tunnel but there's some new +recent work suggesting a revision to + + align:start position:0% +recent work suggesting a revision to + + + align:start position:0% +recent work suggesting a revision to +that mechanism here what are some + + align:start position:0% +that mechanism here what are some + + + align:start position:0% +that mechanism here what are some +general observations we can make and + + align:start position:0% +general observations we can make and + + + align:start position:0% +general observations we can make and +keep in mind there's always exceptions + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind there's always exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind there's always exceptions +to the rule so most of the antibiotics + + align:start position:0% +to the rule so most of the antibiotics + + + align:start position:0% +to the rule so most of the antibiotics +targeting the ribosome that we know + + align:start position:0% +targeting the ribosome that we know + + + align:start position:0% +targeting the ribosome that we know +about interact with the RNA but of + + align:start position:0% +about interact with the RNA but of + + + align:start position:0% +about interact with the RNA but of +course some can interact with proteins + + align:start position:0% +course some can interact with proteins + + + align:start position:0% +course some can interact with proteins +and we just saw an example of that with + + align:start position:0% +and we just saw an example of that with + + + align:start position:0% +and we just saw an example of that with +gee these antibiotics primarily target + + align:start position:0% +gee these antibiotics primarily target + + + align:start position:0% +gee these antibiotics primarily target +the decoding center and peptidyl + + align:start position:0% +the decoding center and peptidyl + + + align:start position:0% +the decoding center and peptidyl +transferase center which makes sense if + + align:start position:0% +transferase center which makes sense if + + + align:start position:0% +transferase center which makes sense if +you're thinking about inhibiting + + align:start position:0% +you're thinking about inhibiting + + + align:start position:0% +you're thinking about inhibiting +translation but but again there's some + + align:start position:0% +translation but but again there's some + + + align:start position:0% +translation but but again there's some +exceptions so thioester Epton interacts + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so thioester Epton interacts + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions so thioester Epton interacts +with the ribosomal protein that's not in + + align:start position:0% +with the ribosomal protein that's not in + + + align:start position:0% +with the ribosomal protein that's not in +that region + + align:start position:0% +that region + + + align:start position:0% +that region +magnesium might be necessary for + + align:start position:0% +magnesium might be necessary for + + + align:start position:0% +magnesium might be necessary for +antibiotic binding so this is something + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic binding so this is something + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotic binding so this is something +to think about if using antibiotics and + + align:start position:0% +to think about if using antibiotics and + + + align:start position:0% +to think about if using antibiotics and +experiments and just in related to the + + align:start position:0% +experiments and just in related to the + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and just in related to the +earlier question a given antibiotic may + + align:start position:0% +earlier question a given antibiotic may + + + align:start position:0% +earlier question a given antibiotic may +bind ribosomes of different species + + align:start position:0% +bind ribosomes of different species + + + align:start position:0% +bind ribosomes of different species +differently there and so what are the + + align:start position:0% +differently there and so what are the + + + align:start position:0% +differently there and so what are the +consequences of that is something to + + align:start position:0% +consequences of that is something to + + + align:start position:0% +consequences of that is something to +think about so here we're just looking + + align:start position:0% +think about so here we're just looking + + + align:start position:0% +think about so here we're just looking +at an overview of various antibiotics + + align:start position:0% +at an overview of various antibiotics + + + align:start position:0% +at an overview of various antibiotics +bound to the 50s so this is taken from + + align:start position:0% +bound to the 50s so this is taken from + + + align:start position:0% +bound to the 50s so this is taken from +multiple different structures and the + + align:start position:0% +multiple different structures and the + + + align:start position:0% +multiple different structures and the +ribosome itself has been removed right + + align:start position:0% +ribosome itself has been removed right + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome itself has been removed right +but imagine that the a-site trna is + + align:start position:0% +but imagine that the a-site trna is + + + align:start position:0% +but imagine that the a-site trna is +around here here p site trna what do we + + align:start position:0% +around here here p site trna what do we + + + align:start position:0% +around here here p site trna what do we +see we have antibiotics called Pyramus + + align:start position:0% +see we have antibiotics called Pyramus + + + align:start position:0% +see we have antibiotics called Pyramus +ins that are down by the a site here we + + align:start position:0% +ins that are down by the a site here we + + + align:start position:0% +ins that are down by the a site here we +have chloramphenicol bound here we have + + align:start position:0% +have chloramphenicol bound here we have + + + align:start position:0% +have chloramphenicol bound here we have +the macrolides here and just as an + + align:start position:0% +the macrolides here and just as an + + + align:start position:0% +the macrolides here and just as an +example of an antibiotic binding to the + + align:start position:0% +example of an antibiotic binding to the + + + align:start position:0% +example of an antibiotic binding to the +exit tunnel bless you here we're looking + + align:start position:0% +exit tunnel bless you here we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +exit tunnel bless you here we're looking +at the 50s we have a p site trna and + + align:start position:0% +at the 50s we have a p site trna and + + + align:start position:0% +at the 50s we have a p site trna and +here we have a nascent polypeptide + + align:start position:0% +here we have a nascent polypeptide + + + align:start position:0% +here we have a nascent polypeptide +coming through the exit tunnel and here + + align:start position:0% +coming through the exit tunnel and here + + + align:start position:0% +coming through the exit tunnel and here +we have some examples from structural + + align:start position:0% +we have some examples from structural + + + align:start position:0% +we have some examples from structural +information about erythromycin + + align:start position:0% +information about erythromycin + + + align:start position:0% +information about erythromycin +chloramphenicol found in this region + + align:start position:0% +chloramphenicol found in this region + + + align:start position:0% +chloramphenicol found in this region +here so we're going to look at a Pierrot + + align:start position:0% +here so we're going to look at a Pierrot + + + align:start position:0% +here so we're going to look at a Pierrot +Meissen as a case study for using + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +antibiotics as a tool in a biochemical + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics as a tool in a biochemical + + + align:start position:0% +antibiotics as a tool in a biochemical +experiment so the first thing that we + + align:start position:0% +experiment so the first thing that we + + + align:start position:0% +experiment so the first thing that we +need to think about is the chemical + + align:start position:0% +need to think about is the chemical + + + align:start position:0% +need to think about is the chemical +structure of Pierrot my son + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and how that structure relates to its + + align:start position:0% +and how that structure relates to its + + + align:start position:0% +and how that structure relates to its +ability to inhibit translation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so these pyramids are molecules + + align:start position:0% +okay so these pyramids are molecules + + + align:start position:0% +okay so these pyramids are molecules +that cause chain termination and we'll + + align:start position:0% +that cause chain termination and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +that cause chain termination and we'll +look at an example of a structure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so basically just want to use a little + + align:start position:0% +so basically just want to use a little + + + align:start position:0% +so basically just want to use a little +imagination when looking at this + + align:start position:0% +imagination when looking at this + + + align:start position:0% +imagination when looking at this +structure what do we see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what is this small molecule mimicking + + align:start position:0% +so what is this small molecule mimicking + + + align:start position:0% +so what is this small molecule mimicking +yes so what do we have up here right we + + align:start position:0% +yes so what do we have up here right we + + + align:start position:0% +yes so what do we have up here right we +have something that's adenosine like + + align:start position:0% +have something that's adenosine like + + + align:start position:0% +have something that's adenosine like +right not exactly the same structure + + align:start position:0% +right not exactly the same structure + + + align:start position:0% +right not exactly the same structure +okay but all right this moiety similar + + align:start position:0% +okay but all right this moiety similar + + + align:start position:0% +okay but all right this moiety similar +to a 76 of the three prime end of the + + align:start position:0% +to a 76 of the three prime end of the + + + align:start position:0% +to a 76 of the three prime end of the +tRNA right we have these methyl groups + + align:start position:0% +tRNA right we have these methyl groups + + + align:start position:0% +tRNA right we have these methyl groups +rather than an h2 but similar what's + + align:start position:0% +rather than an h2 but similar what's + + + align:start position:0% +rather than an h2 but similar what's +going on down here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pardon + + align:start position:0% +pardon + + + align:start position:0% +pardon +yes it's similar to an amino acid right + + align:start position:0% +yes it's similar to an amino acid right + + + align:start position:0% +yes it's similar to an amino acid right +or a peptide right so we have something + + align:start position:0% +or a peptide right so we have something + + + align:start position:0% +or a peptide right so we have something +here that's amino acid like so if we're + + align:start position:0% +here that's amino acid like so if we're + + + align:start position:0% +here that's amino acid like so if we're +thinking about this as a mimic of the + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this as a mimic of the + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this as a mimic of the +three prime end of the tRNA with the + + align:start position:0% +three prime end of the tRNA with the + + + align:start position:0% +three prime end of the tRNA with the +amino acid bound what's fundamentally + + align:start position:0% +amino acid bound what's fundamentally + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid bound what's fundamentally +different here that's going to result in + + align:start position:0% +different here that's going to result in + + + align:start position:0% +different here that's going to result in +different chemistry happening + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how are the amino acids attached to + + align:start position:0% +so how are the amino acids attached to + + + align:start position:0% +so how are the amino acids attached to +the three prime end of the tRNA what + + align:start position:0% +the three prime end of the tRNA what + + + align:start position:0% +the three prime end of the tRNA what +kind of linkage yeah we have an ester in + + align:start position:0% +kind of linkage yeah we have an ester in + + + align:start position:0% +kind of linkage yeah we have an ester in +the normal circumstance and what do we + + align:start position:0% +the normal circumstance and what do we + + + align:start position:0% +the normal circumstance and what do we +have here right here we have an amide so + + align:start position:0% +have here right here we have an amide so + + + align:start position:0% +have here right here we have an amide so +this is non-hydrolyzable right and and + + align:start position:0% +this is non-hydrolyzable right and and + + + align:start position:0% +this is non-hydrolyzable right and and +what else do we have right here we have + + align:start position:0% +what else do we have right here we have + + + align:start position:0% +what else do we have right here we have +a nucleophile for the p-side ester so + + align:start position:0% +a nucleophile for the p-side ester so + + + align:start position:0% +a nucleophile for the p-side ester so +what can happen + + align:start position:0% +what can happen + + + align:start position:0% +what can happen +imagine that para Meissen somehow can + + align:start position:0% +imagine that para Meissen somehow can + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that para Meissen somehow can +enter the a site right there's a + + align:start position:0% +enter the a site right there's a + + + align:start position:0% +enter the a site right there's a +nucleophile that will allow for chain + + align:start position:0% +nucleophile that will allow for chain + + + align:start position:0% +nucleophile that will allow for chain +transfer right such that the peptide + + align:start position:0% +transfer right such that the peptide + + + align:start position:0% +transfer right such that the peptide +that's on the p-site trna gets + + align:start position:0% +that's on the p-site trna gets + + + align:start position:0% +that's on the p-site trna gets +transferred but then what okay we're + + align:start position:0% +transferred but then what okay we're + + + align:start position:0% +transferred but then what okay we're +stuck because of this amide bond here so + + align:start position:0% +stuck because of this amide bond here so + + + align:start position:0% +stuck because of this amide bond here so +effectively chain termination okay and + + align:start position:0% +effectively chain termination okay and + + + align:start position:0% +effectively chain termination okay and +so what's known is this molecule and + + align:start position:0% +so what's known is this molecule and + + + align:start position:0% +so what's known is this molecule and +it's analogues can bind the 50s a site + + align:start position:0% +it's analogues can bind the 50s a site + + + align:start position:0% +it's analogues can bind the 50s a site +and that's something kind of incredible + + align:start position:0% +and that's something kind of incredible + + + align:start position:0% +and that's something kind of incredible +to think about right we talked about + + align:start position:0% +to think about right we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +to think about right we talked about +this machinery ef-tu that's needed to + + align:start position:0% +this machinery ef-tu that's needed to + + + align:start position:0% +this machinery ef-tu that's needed to +deliver the immuno acyl tRNA purim Ison + + align:start position:0% +deliver the immuno acyl tRNA purim Ison + + + align:start position:0% +deliver the immuno acyl tRNA purim Ison +can get there on its own right which + + align:start position:0% +can get there on its own right which + + + align:start position:0% +can get there on its own right which +means maybe for an experiment that is + + align:start position:0% +means maybe for an experiment that is + + + align:start position:0% +means maybe for an experiment that is +easier to do if you're going to use this + + align:start position:0% +easier to do if you're going to use this + + + align:start position:0% +easier to do if you're going to use this +in your experiment moreover people have + + align:start position:0% +in your experiment moreover people have + + + align:start position:0% +in your experiment moreover people have +synthesized more complex versions just + + align:start position:0% +synthesized more complex versions just + + + align:start position:0% +synthesized more complex versions just +an example is shown here CP MN where we + + align:start position:0% +an example is shown here CP MN where we + + + align:start position:0% +an example is shown here CP MN where we +also have C 75 of the tRNA mimicked here + + align:start position:0% +also have C 75 of the tRNA mimicked here + + + align:start position:0% +also have C 75 of the tRNA mimicked here +and so this is just an overview of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +elongation and then effectively chain + + align:start position:0% +elongation and then effectively chain + + + align:start position:0% +elongation and then effectively chain +termination happening after thinking + + align:start position:0% +termination happening after thinking + + + align:start position:0% +termination happening after thinking +about having a pure Meissen and the + + align:start position:0% +about having a pure Meissen and the + + + align:start position:0% +about having a pure Meissen and the +a-site Apep to deal tRNA + + align:start position:0% +a-site Apep to deal tRNA + + + align:start position:0% +a-site Apep to deal tRNA +or some other molecule and the p-site + + align:start position:0% +or some other molecule and the p-site + + + align:start position:0% +or some other molecule and the p-site +and the chemistry that occurs here so + + align:start position:0% +and the chemistry that occurs here so + + + align:start position:0% +and the chemistry that occurs here so +we'll think about and close with one + + align:start position:0% +we'll think about and close with one + + + align:start position:0% +we'll think about and close with one +experiment that's been done using Purim + + align:start position:0% +experiment that's been done using Purim + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that's been done using Purim +Ison and we won't have time to go + + align:start position:0% +Ison and we won't have time to go + + + align:start position:0% +Ison and we won't have time to go +through all of it in the last few + + align:start position:0% +through all of it in the last few + + + align:start position:0% +through all of it in the last few +minutes of today but I'll just introduce + + align:start position:0% +minutes of today but I'll just introduce + + + align:start position:0% +minutes of today but I'll just introduce +the problem and we'll continue with the + + align:start position:0% +the problem and we'll continue with the + + + align:start position:0% +the problem and we'll continue with the +experiment next time okay and so what + + align:start position:0% +experiment next time okay and so what + + + align:start position:0% +experiment next time okay and so what +we're going to think about is a + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think about is a + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think about is a +translation factor that hasn't come up + + align:start position:0% +translation factor that hasn't come up + + + align:start position:0% +translation factor that hasn't come up +yet in class and this is elongation + + align:start position:0% +yet in class and this is elongation + + + align:start position:0% +yet in class and this is elongation +factor P okay and for a long time its + + align:start position:0% +factor P okay and for a long time its + + + align:start position:0% +factor P okay and for a long time its +function was unclear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and so over the years this + + align:start position:0% +okay and so over the years this + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so over the years this +translation factor with implicated in a + + align:start position:0% +translation factor with implicated in a + + + align:start position:0% +translation factor with implicated in a +variety of cellular processes but there + + align:start position:0% +variety of cellular processes but there + + + align:start position:0% +variety of cellular processes but there +wasn't any clear answer in terms of you + + align:start position:0% +wasn't any clear answer in terms of you + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't any clear answer in terms of you +know really what is its role and so + + align:start position:0% +know really what is its role and so + + + align:start position:0% +know really what is its role and so +about two years ago there were two + + align:start position:0% +about two years ago there were two + + + align:start position:0% +about two years ago there were two +back-to-back papers one of these papers + + align:start position:0% +back-to-back papers one of these papers + + + align:start position:0% +back-to-back papers one of these papers +by Rodina and co-workers so they're the + + align:start position:0% +by Rodina and co-workers so they're the + + + align:start position:0% +by Rodina and co-workers so they're the +authors of the paper being studied in + + align:start position:0% +authors of the paper being studied in + + + align:start position:0% +authors of the paper being studied in +recitation this week published work + + align:start position:0% +recitation this week published work + + + align:start position:0% +recitation this week published work +reporting on why ESP is important for + + align:start position:0% +reporting on why ESP is important for + + + align:start position:0% +reporting on why ESP is important for +translation so prior to their work there + + align:start position:0% +translation so prior to their work there + + + align:start position:0% +translation so prior to their work there +were some preliminary studies indicating + + align:start position:0% +were some preliminary studies indicating + + + align:start position:0% +were some preliminary studies indicating +that somehow this elongation factor + + align:start position:0% +that somehow this elongation factor + + + align:start position:0% +that somehow this elongation factor +helps to modulate and accelerate peptide + + align:start position:0% +helps to modulate and accelerate peptide + + + align:start position:0% +helps to modulate and accelerate peptide +bond formation but the questions are + + align:start position:0% +bond formation but the questions are + + + align:start position:0% +bond formation but the questions are +when so under what circumstances does EF + + align:start position:0% +when so under what circumstances does EF + + + align:start position:0% +when so under what circumstances does EF +p accelerate peptide bond formation and + + align:start position:0% +p accelerate peptide bond formation and + + + align:start position:0% +p accelerate peptide bond formation and +then you can think kind of a follow up + + align:start position:0% +then you can think kind of a follow up + + + align:start position:0% +then you can think kind of a follow up +of that how and so we'll look at some + + align:start position:0% +of that how and so we'll look at some + + + align:start position:0% +of that how and so we'll look at some +experiments that were designed and + + align:start position:0% +experiments that were designed and + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that were designed and +performed using Purim Ison as a tool to + + align:start position:0% +performed using Purim Ison as a tool to + + + align:start position:0% +performed using Purim Ison as a tool to +address this question and that's where + + align:start position:0% +address this question and that's where + + + align:start position:0% +address this question and that's where +we'll start on Monday + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/DAI8bMHITno.txt b/DAI8bMHITno.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22856107710809209bc04e75c0f419cedba32c0d --- /dev/null +++ b/DAI8bMHITno.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13163 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so good morning + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again + + align:start position:0% +again + + + align:start position:0% +again +um lecture number + + align:start position:0% +um lecture number + + + align:start position:0% +um lecture number +eight today we finally get to the + + align:start position:0% +eight today we finally get to the + + + align:start position:0% +eight today we finally get to the +macroscopic world and models but let me + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic world and models but let me + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic world and models but let me +just remind you what we've done uh the + + align:start position:0% +just remind you what we've done uh the + + + align:start position:0% +just remind you what we've done uh the +last topic we've we've seen the + + align:start position:0% +last topic we've we've seen the + + + align:start position:0% +last topic we've we've seen the +chatelier brown Principle as a + + align:start position:0% +chatelier brown Principle as a + + + align:start position:0% +chatelier brown Principle as a +consequence + + align:start position:0% +consequence + + + align:start position:0% +consequence +of some interesting relations that uh + + align:start position:0% +of some interesting relations that uh + + + align:start position:0% +of some interesting relations that uh +emerge from the fact that stability + + align:start position:0% +emerge from the fact that stability + + + align:start position:0% +emerge from the fact that stability +conditions involve quadratic forms of + + align:start position:0% +conditions involve quadratic forms of + + + align:start position:0% +conditions involve quadratic forms of +some of the fundamental of + + align:start position:0% +some of the fundamental of + + + align:start position:0% +some of the fundamental of +the where the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +the where the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the where the Matrix +is uh second second derivatives of the + + align:start position:0% +is uh second second derivatives of the + + + align:start position:0% +is uh second second derivatives of the +fundamental relation or of some other + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation or of some other + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation or of some other +characteristic function like the Gibs + + align:start position:0% +characteristic function like the Gibs + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic function like the Gibs +free + + align:start position:0% +free + + + align:start position:0% +free +energy or the elol free energy and as a + + align:start position:0% +energy or the elol free energy and as a + + + align:start position:0% +energy or the elol free energy and as a +result of U the mathematics of uh + + align:start position:0% +result of U the mathematics of uh + + + align:start position:0% +result of U the mathematics of uh +putting a quadratic form in canonical uh + + align:start position:0% +putting a quadratic form in canonical uh + + + align:start position:0% +putting a quadratic form in canonical uh +form we + + align:start position:0% +form we + + + align:start position:0% +form we +obtain + + align:start position:0% +obtain + + + align:start position:0% +obtain +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +inequalities that we have also in + + align:start position:0% +inequalities that we have also in + + + align:start position:0% +inequalities that we have also in +interpreted U + + align:start position:0% +interpreted U + + + align:start position:0% +interpreted U +um in the sense uh of a the because + + align:start position:0% +um in the sense uh of a the because + + + align:start position:0% +um in the sense uh of a the because +after all this is a + + align:start position:0% +after all this is a + + + align:start position:0% +after all this is a +theorem we could call it the chatel + + align:start position:0% +theorem we could call it the chatel + + + align:start position:0% +theorem we could call it the chatel +brown theorem there two two assertions + + align:start position:0% +brown theorem there two two assertions + + + align:start position:0% +brown theorem there two two assertions +namely the fact that the system + + align:start position:0% +namely the fact that the system + + + align:start position:0% +namely the fact that the system +responds to when you uh move it away + + align:start position:0% +responds to when you uh move it away + + + align:start position:0% +responds to when you uh move it away +from where it is comfortable so when it + + align:start position:0% +from where it is comfortable so when it + + + align:start position:0% +from where it is comfortable so when it +is in mutual equilibrium for example + + align:start position:0% +is in mutual equilibrium for example + + + align:start position:0% +is in mutual equilibrium for example +with the with the + + align:start position:0% +with the with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the with the +Reser and we have see that uh there are + + align:start position:0% +Reser and we have see that uh there are + + + align:start position:0% +Reser and we have see that uh there are +different types of reservoirs with which + + align:start position:0% +different types of reservoirs with which + + + align:start position:0% +different types of reservoirs with which +the system can be in mutual equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +the system can be in mutual equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +the system can be in mutual equilibrium +so uh the same idea apply for M + + align:start position:0% +so uh the same idea apply for M + + + align:start position:0% +so uh the same idea apply for M +equilibrium with all those kinds of res + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium with all those kinds of res + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium with all those kinds of res +the idea is that the system if you do + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that the system if you do + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is that the system if you do +something to it from the from outside uh + + align:start position:0% +something to it from the from outside uh + + + align:start position:0% +something to it from the from outside uh +for example put in energy or put in uh + + align:start position:0% +for example put in energy or put in uh + + + align:start position:0% +for example put in energy or put in uh +particles or uh change uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +particles or uh change uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +particles or uh change uh uh the +volume uh in + + align:start position:0% +volume uh in + + + align:start position:0% +volume uh in +react the system + + align:start position:0% +react the system + + + align:start position:0% +react the system +reacts + + align:start position:0% +reacts + + + align:start position:0% +reacts +reacts + + align:start position:0% +reacts + + + align:start position:0% +reacts +in try to go back to where it was + + align:start position:0% +in try to go back to where it was + + + align:start position:0% +in try to go back to where it was +comfortable so it that's the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assertion so if you put in energy it + + align:start position:0% +assertion so if you put in energy it + + + align:start position:0% +assertion so if you put in energy it +will increase its temperature so that it + + align:start position:0% +will increase its temperature so that it + + + align:start position:0% +will increase its temperature so that it +increases its willingness to give away + + align:start position:0% +increases its willingness to give away + + + align:start position:0% +increases its willingness to give away +energy and return to uh equili with the + + align:start position:0% +energy and return to uh equili with the + + + align:start position:0% +energy and return to uh equili with the +rest well uh but uh the second assertion + + align:start position:0% +rest well uh but uh the second assertion + + + align:start position:0% +rest well uh but uh the second assertion +which is a consequence of + + align:start position:0% +which is a consequence of + + + align:start position:0% +which is a consequence of +this additional Mass from the canonical + + align:start position:0% +this additional Mass from the canonical + + + align:start position:0% +this additional Mass from the canonical +form of the quadratic + + align:start position:0% +form of the quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +form of the quadratic +forms is that uh it depends the reaction + + align:start position:0% +forms is that uh it depends the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +forms is that uh it depends the reaction +of the system depends on which direction + + align:start position:0% +of the system depends on which direction + + + align:start position:0% +of the system depends on which direction +you take uh uh it away from equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +you take uh uh it away from equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +you take uh uh it away from equilibrium +and in particular if you break + + align:start position:0% +and in particular if you break + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular if you break +conditions for Mutual + + align:start position:0% +conditions for Mutual + + + align:start position:0% +conditions for Mutual +equilibrium so for example + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so for example + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so for example +if you have a + + align:start position:0% +if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a +uh if the system can exchange volume + + align:start position:0% +uh if the system can exchange volume + + + align:start position:0% +uh if the system can exchange volume +like in the example of the uh airs + + align:start position:0% +like in the example of the uh airs + + + align:start position:0% +like in the example of the uh airs +Springs the system can exchange volume + + align:start position:0% +Springs the system can exchange volume + + + align:start position:0% +Springs the system can exchange volume +and suppose that it is in uh in in a + + align:start position:0% +and suppose that it is in uh in in a + + + align:start position:0% +and suppose that it is in uh in in a +mutual equilibrium also with a thermal + + align:start position:0% +mutual equilibrium also with a thermal + + + align:start position:0% +mutual equilibrium also with a thermal +Reservoir so at the same + + align:start position:0% +Reservoir so at the same + + + align:start position:0% +Reservoir so at the same +temperature so there are two + + align:start position:0% +temperature so there are two + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so there are two +conditions for Mutual equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +conditions for Mutual equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +conditions for Mutual equilibrium +quality of pressure and quality of + + align:start position:0% +quality of pressure and quality of + + + align:start position:0% +quality of pressure and quality of +temperature if you change the + + align:start position:0% +temperature if you change the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature if you change the +volume while + + align:start position:0% +volume while + + + align:start position:0% +volume while +breaking both conditions the system will + + align:start position:0% +breaking both conditions the system will + + + align:start position:0% +breaking both conditions the system will +react + + align:start position:0% +react + + + align:start position:0% +react +stronger uh than if you just turn break + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one and that's that's the + + align:start position:0% +one and that's that's the + + + align:start position:0% +one and that's that's the +idea and the difference is is is is + + align:start position:0% +idea and the difference is is is is + + + align:start position:0% +idea and the difference is is is is +important for example in the case of the + + align:start position:0% +important for example in the case of the + + + align:start position:0% +important for example in the case of the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +airspring the difference in the you get + + align:start position:0% +airspring the difference in the you get + + + align:start position:0% +airspring the difference in the you get +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +reaction makes uh this volume act as a + + align:start position:0% +reaction makes uh this volume act as a + + + align:start position:0% +reaction makes uh this volume act as a +as a standard spring but the constant + + align:start position:0% +as a standard spring but the constant + + + align:start position:0% +as a standard spring but the constant +the spring constant depends on how many + + align:start position:0% +the spring constant depends on how many + + + align:start position:0% +the spring constant depends on how many +conditions for a mutual equilibrium you + + align:start position:0% +conditions for a mutual equilibrium you + + + align:start position:0% +conditions for a mutual equilibrium you +you've broken while changing that uh + + align:start position:0% +you've broken while changing that uh + + + align:start position:0% +you've broken while changing that uh +volume and the change may be of the + + align:start position:0% +volume and the change may be of the + + + align:start position:0% +volume and the change may be of the +order of I mean it's 40% if you do it + + align:start position:0% +order of I mean it's 40% if you do it + + + align:start position:0% +order of I mean it's 40% if you do it +slowly so that uh uh the system has the + + align:start position:0% +slowly so that uh uh the system has the + + + align:start position:0% +slowly so that uh uh the system has the +time to remain in the same + + align:start position:0% +time to remain in the same + + + align:start position:0% +time to remain in the same +temperature so by exchanging energy with + + align:start position:0% +temperature so by exchanging energy with + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so by exchanging energy with +the reservoir it remains in mutual + + align:start position:0% +the reservoir it remains in mutual + + + align:start position:0% +the reservoir it remains in mutual +equilibrium then you get a a a milder + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium then you get a a a milder + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium then you get a a a milder +reaction than if you do it fast and if + + align:start position:0% +reaction than if you do it fast and if + + + align:start position:0% +reaction than if you do it fast and if +you do it fast you change both the + + align:start position:0% +you do it fast you change both the + + + align:start position:0% +you do it fast you change both the +pressure and the temperature and so the + + align:start position:0% +pressure and the temperature and so the + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and the temperature and so the +system wants to has two reasons to go + + align:start position:0% +system wants to has two reasons to go + + + align:start position:0% +system wants to has two reasons to go +back to + + align:start position:0% +back to + + + align:start position:0% +back to +equilibrium okay so now we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finally to the question + + align:start position:0% +finally to the question + + + align:start position:0% +finally to the question +uh well what's the difference between uh + + align:start position:0% +uh well what's the difference between uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh well what's the difference between uh +microscopic systems and macroscopic + + align:start position:0% +microscopic systems and macroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic systems and macroscopic +systems what is + + align:start position:0% +systems what is + + + align:start position:0% +systems what is +um what do we gain if we make some + + align:start position:0% +um what do we gain if we make some + + + align:start position:0% +um what do we gain if we make some +additional assumptions + + align:start position:0% +additional assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +additional assumptions +that will involve having many + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particles so let me start with a + + align:start position:0% +particles so let me start with a + + + align:start position:0% +particles so let me start with a +few uh uh pictures but also even a more + + align:start position:0% +few uh uh pictures but also even a more + + + align:start position:0% +few uh uh pictures but also even a more +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +because there are several ways in + + align:start position:0% +because there are several ways in + + + align:start position:0% +because there are several ways in +which we can see the effect of what + + align:start position:0% +which we can see the effect of what + + + align:start position:0% +which we can see the effect of what +happens when we have few particles for + + align:start position:0% +happens when we have few particles for + + + align:start position:0% +happens when we have few particles for +example consider a single particle and + + align:start position:0% +example consider a single particle and + + + align:start position:0% +example consider a single particle and +consider the most basic uh description + + align:start position:0% +consider the most basic uh description + + + align:start position:0% +consider the most basic uh description +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +one the quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +one the quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +one the quantum mechanics +description in quantum + + align:start position:0% +description in quantum + + + align:start position:0% +description in quantum +mechanics uh you have uh that the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particle at + + align:start position:0% +particle at + + + align:start position:0% +particle at +um is describ the position of the + + align:start position:0% +um is describ the position of the + + + align:start position:0% +um is describ the position of the +particle is described by probability + + align:start position:0% +particle is described by probability + + + align:start position:0% +particle is described by probability +density + + align:start position:0% +density + + + align:start position:0% +density +function which tells you that uh + + align:start position:0% +function which tells you that uh + + + align:start position:0% +function which tells you that uh +so it tells you what is the probability + + align:start position:0% +so it tells you what is the probability + + + align:start position:0% +so it tells you what is the probability +to find for example the + + align:start position:0% +to find for example the + + + align:start position:0% +to find for example the +particle when you make a position + + align:start position:0% +particle when you make a position + + + align:start position:0% +particle when you make a position +experiment in this uh small interval + + align:start position:0% +experiment in this uh small interval + + + align:start position:0% +experiment in this uh small interval +between X and X Plus + + align:start position:0% +between X and X Plus + + + align:start position:0% +between X and X Plus +DX and in fact according to quantum + + align:start position:0% +DX and in fact according to quantum + + + align:start position:0% +DX and in fact according to quantum +mechanics that all you can predict is + + align:start position:0% +mechanics that all you can predict is + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics that all you can predict is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +probability you cannot predict where the + + align:start position:0% +probability you cannot predict where the + + + align:start position:0% +probability you cannot predict where the +particle will will will show up the next + + align:start position:0% +particle will will will show up the next + + + align:start position:0% +particle will will will show up the next +time you call for where where are + + align:start position:0% +time you call for where where are + + + align:start position:0% +time you call for where where are +you okay so essentially the + + align:start position:0% +you okay so essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +you okay so essentially the +state in quantum mechanics is the + + align:start position:0% +state in quantum mechanics is the + + + align:start position:0% +state in quantum mechanics is the +probability distribution or the set of + + align:start position:0% +probability distribution or the set of + + + align:start position:0% +probability distribution or the set of +probability distributions that describe + + align:start position:0% +probability distributions that describe + + + align:start position:0% +probability distributions that describe +that allow you to describe uh all all + + align:start position:0% +that allow you to describe uh all all + + + align:start position:0% +that allow you to describe uh all all +these uh um uh all these measurement + + align:start position:0% +these uh um uh all these measurement + + + align:start position:0% +these uh um uh all these measurement +acts but in a statistical sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay you see the important thing that I + + align:start position:0% +okay you see the important thing that I + + + align:start position:0% +okay you see the important thing that I +want to emphasize uh uh today that is + + align:start position:0% +want to emphasize uh uh today that is + + + align:start position:0% +want to emphasize uh uh today that is +important for our discussion today is + + align:start position:0% +important for our discussion today is + + + align:start position:0% +important for our discussion today is +the fact that the you you find uh in + + align:start position:0% +the fact that the you you find uh in + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that the you you find uh in +order to to solve in quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +order to to solve in quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +order to to solve in quantum mechanics +this problem you write the amilton of + + align:start position:0% +this problem you write the amilton of + + + align:start position:0% +this problem you write the amilton of +your uh particle or system or particles + + align:start position:0% +your uh particle or system or particles + + + align:start position:0% +your uh particle or system or particles +and you have to solve an igen value + + align:start position:0% +and you have to solve an igen value + + + align:start position:0% +and you have to solve an igen value +problem to find the igen functions of + + align:start position:0% +problem to find the igen functions of + + + align:start position:0% +problem to find the igen functions of +that uh uh am miltonian + + align:start position:0% +that uh uh am miltonian + + + align:start position:0% +that uh uh am miltonian +and you have to face the boundary + + align:start position:0% +and you have to face the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +and you have to face the boundary +conditions so the the walls of your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +uh the things that we call ex external + + align:start position:0% +uh the things that we call ex external + + + align:start position:0% +uh the things that we call ex external +forces are represented by an infinite + + align:start position:0% +forces are represented by an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +forces are represented by an infinite +potential here on both + + align:start position:0% +potential here on both + + + align:start position:0% +potential here on both +sides which forces the um functions to + + align:start position:0% +sides which forces the um functions to + + + align:start position:0% +sides which forces the um functions to +go to + + align:start position:0% +go to + + + align:start position:0% +go to +zero and at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wall + + align:start position:0% +wall + + + align:start position:0% +wall +okay then of course if you solve that I + + align:start position:0% +okay then of course if you solve that I + + + align:start position:0% +okay then of course if you solve that I +value problem you find uh functions that + + align:start position:0% +value problem you find uh functions that + + + align:start position:0% +value problem you find uh functions that +uh you can look it up uh in any uh + + align:start position:0% +uh you can look it up uh in any uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh you can look it up uh in any uh +Wikipedia page there is the various + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia page there is the various + + + align:start position:0% +Wikipedia page there is the various +Solutions and various iing functions and + + align:start position:0% +Solutions and various iing functions and + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions and various iing functions and +then when you when the system is in a + + align:start position:0% +then when you when the system is in a + + + align:start position:0% +then when you when the system is in a +stable equilibrium State uh um the + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium State uh um the + + + align:start position:0% +stable equilibrium State uh um the +probability of all probability is is a + + align:start position:0% +probability of all probability is is a + + + align:start position:0% +probability of all probability is is a +mixture of those + + align:start position:0% +mixture of those + + + align:start position:0% +mixture of those +uh igen + + align:start position:0% +uh igen + + + align:start position:0% +uh igen +functions for example here I took a + + align:start position:0% +functions for example here I took a + + + align:start position:0% +functions for example here I took a +paper in + + align:start position:0% +paper in + + + align:start position:0% +paper in +which uh there is a not one particle but + + align:start position:0% +which uh there is a not one particle but + + + align:start position:0% +which uh there is a not one particle but +four particles Co finded in a box like + + align:start position:0% +four particles Co finded in a box like + + + align:start position:0% +four particles Co finded in a box like +that and very low temperature now very + + align:start position:0% +that and very low temperature now very + + + align:start position:0% +that and very low temperature now very +low + + align:start position:0% +low + + + align:start position:0% +low +temperature that mixture of igen + + align:start position:0% +temperature that mixture of igen + + + align:start position:0% +temperature that mixture of igen +functions make the uh the + + align:start position:0% +functions make the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +functions make the uh the +um pan value ones uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Prevail and you see here that so these + + align:start position:0% +Prevail and you see here that so these + + + align:start position:0% +Prevail and you see here that so these +are the + + align:start position:0% +are the + + + align:start position:0% +are the +distribution of particles of probability + + align:start position:0% +distribution of particles of probability + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of particles of probability +to find the particles for various cases + + align:start position:0% +to find the particles for various cases + + + align:start position:0% +to find the particles for various cases +going from a + + align:start position:0% +going from a + + + align:start position:0% +going from a +boson black clim to a + + align:start position:0% +boson black clim to a + + + align:start position:0% +boson black clim to a +fermion two things in between + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the common feature that is important to + + align:start position:0% +the common feature that is important to + + + align:start position:0% +the common feature that is important to +us is that uh at the wall those go to + + align:start position:0% +us is that uh at the wall those go to + + + align:start position:0% +us is that uh at the wall those go to +zero so there is a that means the I + + align:start position:0% +zero so there is a that means the I + + + align:start position:0% +zero so there is a that means the I +would call it raction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +effect you can think of it as a gas a + + align:start position:0% +effect you can think of it as a gas a + + + align:start position:0% +effect you can think of it as a gas a +probability + + align:start position:0% +probability + + + align:start position:0% +probability +gas but it's rarified at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +walls here is another uh paper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the review written by Professor Ali + + align:start position:0% +um the review written by Professor Ali + + + align:start position:0% +um the review written by Professor Ali +Constantino who is the uh mentor of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +class and uh in another realm this is + + align:start position:0% +class and uh in another realm this is + + + align:start position:0% +class and uh in another realm this is +not really not quantum mechanics it's + + align:start position:0% +not really not quantum mechanics it's + + + align:start position:0% +not really not quantum mechanics it's +molecular Dynamics the molecular + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics the molecular + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics the molecular +uh fluid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mechanics so there is a a solid wall + + align:start position:0% +mechanics so there is a a solid wall + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics so there is a a solid wall +probably made of + + align:start position:0% +probably made of + + + align:start position:0% +probably made of +carbon and + + align:start position:0% +carbon and + + + align:start position:0% +carbon and +uh what what what what happens is that + + align:start position:0% +uh what what what what happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +uh what what what what happens is that +the particles the interaction of the + + align:start position:0% +the particles the interaction of the + + + align:start position:0% +the particles the interaction of the +particles due to Vander Val forces so + + align:start position:0% +particles due to Vander Val forces so + + + align:start position:0% +particles due to Vander Val forces so +these are repulsive and attractive + + align:start position:0% +these are repulsive and attractive + + + align:start position:0% +these are repulsive and attractive +forces like Leonard Jones and we will + + align:start position:0% +forces like Leonard Jones and we will + + + align:start position:0% +forces like Leonard Jones and we will +talk U uh again about this but uh uh for + + align:start position:0% +talk U uh again about this but uh uh for + + + align:start position:0% +talk U uh again about this but uh uh for +the moment I I presume that um you you + + align:start position:0% +the moment I I presume that um you you + + + align:start position:0% +the moment I I presume that um you you +you have some ideas about that + + align:start position:0% +you have some ideas about that + + + align:start position:0% +you have some ideas about that +uh due to this uh forces the and due to + + align:start position:0% +uh due to this uh forces the and due to + + + align:start position:0% +uh due to this uh forces the and due to +the the fact that the wall is a fixed U + + align:start position:0% +the the fact that the wall is a fixed U + + + align:start position:0% +the the fact that the wall is a fixed U +layer and it + + align:start position:0% +layer and it + + + align:start position:0% +layer and it +imposes um the forces that do not move + + align:start position:0% +imposes um the forces that do not move + + + align:start position:0% +imposes um the forces that do not move +whereas on the side of the bulk of the + + align:start position:0% +whereas on the side of the bulk of the + + + align:start position:0% +whereas on the side of the bulk of the +fluid the particles move and so there is + + align:start position:0% +fluid the particles move and so there is + + + align:start position:0% +fluid the particles move and so there is +more random action of forces the + + align:start position:0% +more random action of forces the + + + align:start position:0% +more random action of forces the +ordering uh imposed by the wall + + align:start position:0% +ordering uh imposed by the wall + + + align:start position:0% +ordering uh imposed by the wall +implies an ordering and layering of + + align:start position:0% +implies an ordering and layering of + + + align:start position:0% +implies an ordering and layering of +particles at various distances there is + + align:start position:0% +particles at various distances there is + + + align:start position:0% +particles at various distances there is +a first preferred distance and then + + align:start position:0% +a first preferred distance and then + + + align:start position:0% +a first preferred distance and then +there is a second third and so on fading + + align:start position:0% +there is a second third and so on fading + + + align:start position:0% +there is a second third and so on fading +out as the + + align:start position:0% +out as the + + + align:start position:0% +out as the +randomness uh become more important away + + align:start position:0% +randomness uh become more important away + + + align:start position:0% +randomness uh become more important away +from the + + align:start position:0% +from the + + + align:start position:0% +from the +wall so this is also a sort of + + align:start position:0% +wall so this is also a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +wall so this is also a sort of +um wall uh I would still call it raction + + align:start position:0% +um wall uh I would still call it raction + + + align:start position:0% +um wall uh I would still call it raction +effect because yeah in very close to + + align:start position:0% +effect because yeah in very close to + + + align:start position:0% +effect because yeah in very close to +between the first layer and the wall + + align:start position:0% +between the first layer and the wall + + + align:start position:0% +between the first layer and the wall +there is nothing the particles don't + + align:start position:0% +there is nothing the particles don't + + + align:start position:0% +there is nothing the particles don't +like to stay + + align:start position:0% +like to stay + + + align:start position:0% +like to stay +there this in food mechanics has + + align:start position:0% +there this in food mechanics has + + + align:start position:0% +there this in food mechanics has +importance because it it it has it's + + align:start position:0% +importance because it it it has it's + + + align:start position:0% +importance because it it it has it's +related to the problem of the No Sleep + + align:start position:0% +related to the problem of the No Sleep + + + align:start position:0% +related to the problem of the No Sleep +No Sleep condition if you're are fooding + + align:start position:0% +No Sleep condition if you're are fooding + + + align:start position:0% +No Sleep condition if you're are fooding +mechanist when you have few particles + + align:start position:0% +mechanist when you have few particles + + + align:start position:0% +mechanist when you have few particles +you have to deal with this problem and + + align:start position:0% +you have to deal with this problem and + + + align:start position:0% +you have to deal with this problem and +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is another + + align:start position:0% +this is another + + + align:start position:0% +this is another +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again watching + + align:start position:0% +again watching + + + align:start position:0% +again watching +uh density + + align:start position:0% +uh density + + + align:start position:0% +uh density +distributions of a + + align:start position:0% +distributions of a + + + align:start position:0% +distributions of a +gas now here it's not few particles it's + + align:start position:0% +gas now here it's not few particles it's + + + align:start position:0% +gas now here it's not few particles it's +like 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +like 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +like 10 to the +5ifth atoms it's not very + + align:start position:0% +5ifth atoms it's not very + + + align:start position:0% +5ifth atoms it's not very +few still in these + + align:start position:0% +few still in these + + + align:start position:0% +few still in these +cases you you see uh density wall + + align:start position:0% +cases you you see uh density wall + + + align:start position:0% +cases you you see uh density wall +effects with uh R faction very near uh + + align:start position:0% +effects with uh R faction very near uh + + + align:start position:0% +effects with uh R faction very near uh +the wall and then there are + + align:start position:0% +the wall and then there are + + + align:start position:0% +the wall and then there are +Peaks uh where the particles like to + + align:start position:0% +Peaks uh where the particles like to + + + align:start position:0% +Peaks uh where the particles like to +stay uh near the wall more than in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B now 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +B now 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +B now 10 to the +f is not small but it's not large + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh why is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important and so let's start with the + + align:start position:0% +important and so let's start with the + + + align:start position:0% +important and so let's start with the +suppose I have two particles like + + align:start position:0% +suppose I have two particles like + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I have two particles like +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +okay so I have a + + align:start position:0% +okay so I have a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I have a +wall but on the other + + align:start position:0% +wall but on the other + + + align:start position:0% +wall but on the other +side I have a specular situation + + align:start position:0% +side I have a specular situation + + + align:start position:0% +side I have a specular situation +in which I have another + + align:start position:0% +in which I have another + + + align:start position:0% +in which I have another +particle in the same uh stable + + align:start position:0% +particle in the same uh stable + + + align:start position:0% +particle in the same uh stable +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +State this is the meaning of this part + + align:start position:0% +State this is the meaning of this part + + + align:start position:0% +State this is the meaning of this part +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +figure think of just one particle on one + + align:start position:0% +figure think of just one particle on one + + + align:start position:0% +figure think of just one particle on one +side in one particle on the other side + + align:start position:0% +side in one particle on the other side + + + align:start position:0% +side in one particle on the other side +that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now suppose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I find a way to make that wall that + + align:start position:0% +I find a way to make that wall that + + + align:start position:0% +I find a way to make that wall that +separate the two particles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +disappear + + align:start position:0% +disappear + + + align:start position:0% +disappear +okay so the moment it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +disappears particles don't know yet and + + align:start position:0% +disappears particles don't know yet and + + + align:start position:0% +disappears particles don't know yet and +just just removed it they're still there + + align:start position:0% +just just removed it they're still there + + + align:start position:0% +just just removed it they're still there +let's say oh hey there's more room + + align:start position:0% +let's say oh hey there's more room + + + align:start position:0% +let's say oh hey there's more room +available there's more uh volume we can + + align:start position:0% +available there's more uh volume we can + + + align:start position:0% +available there's more uh volume we can +f + + align:start position:0% +f + + + align:start position:0% +f +so there will be a spontaneous + + align:start position:0% +so there will be a spontaneous + + + align:start position:0% +so there will be a spontaneous +process whereby the particles will seal + + align:start position:0% +process whereby the particles will seal + + + align:start position:0% +process whereby the particles will seal +that volume and eventually will reach a + + align:start position:0% +that volume and eventually will reach a + + + align:start position:0% +that volume and eventually will reach a +new stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +new stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +new stable equilibrium +State let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that if we look at it on uh + + align:start position:0% +that if we look at it on uh + + + align:start position:0% +that if we look at it on uh +with the help of the E versus S diagram + + align:start position:0% +with the help of the E versus S diagram + + + align:start position:0% +with the help of the E versus S diagram +which is very uh useful + + align:start position:0% +which is very uh useful + + + align:start position:0% +which is very uh useful +here I have drawn + + align:start position:0% +here I have drawn + + + align:start position:0% +here I have drawn +the E say um the stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +the E say um the stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +the E say um the stable equilibrium +State um curves fundamental + + align:start position:0% +State um curves fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +State um curves fundamental +relation of the two + + align:start position:0% +relation of the two + + + align:start position:0% +relation of the two +systems um that are that we have uh + + align:start position:0% +systems um that are that we have uh + + + align:start position:0% +systems um that are that we have uh +considered one is the system in which + + align:start position:0% +considered one is the system in which + + + align:start position:0% +considered one is the system in which +there is a partition that divides it + + align:start position:0% +there is a partition that divides it + + + align:start position:0% +there is a partition that divides it +into two + + align:start position:0% +into two + + + align:start position:0% +into two +the other is the system without the + + align:start position:0% +the other is the system without the + + + align:start position:0% +the other is the system without the +partition and that system without the + + align:start position:0% +partition and that system without the + + + align:start position:0% +partition and that system without the +partition for that one we are + + align:start position:0% +partition for that one we are + + + align:start position:0% +partition for that one we are +considering two + + align:start position:0% +considering two + + + align:start position:0% +considering two +states the state we started + + align:start position:0% +states the state we started + + + align:start position:0% +states the state we started +with when when we just remove the par + + align:start position:0% +with when when we just remove the par + + + align:start position:0% +with when when we just remove the par +it's a non equilibrium state so much + + align:start position:0% +it's a non equilibrium state so much + + + align:start position:0% +it's a non equilibrium state so much +that we know that will + + align:start position:0% +that we know that will + + + align:start position:0% +that we know that will +evolve towards the stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +evolve towards the stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +evolve towards the stable equilibrium +state so this point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here represents + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for the system with the uh partition + + align:start position:0% +for the system with the uh partition + + + align:start position:0% +for the system with the uh partition +system as the the initial stable + + align:start position:0% +system as the the initial stable + + + align:start position:0% +system as the the initial stable +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +state but it also + + align:start position:0% +state but it also + + + align:start position:0% +state but it also +represents the + + align:start position:0% +represents the + + + align:start position:0% +represents the +state of the system without partition + + align:start position:0% +state of the system without partition + + + align:start position:0% +state of the system without partition +and it's the non equilibrium state for + + align:start position:0% +and it's the non equilibrium state for + + + align:start position:0% +and it's the non equilibrium state for +that system so here we call system a the + + align:start position:0% +that system so here we call system a the + + + align:start position:0% +that system so here we call system a the +one without the partition and system uh + + align:start position:0% +one without the partition and system uh + + + align:start position:0% +one without the partition and system uh +2 Lambda + + align:start position:0% +2 Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +2 Lambda +I mean Lambda plus Lambda so it's two + + align:start position:0% +I mean Lambda plus Lambda so it's two + + + align:start position:0% +I mean Lambda plus Lambda so it's two +Lambda um the system with the + + align:start position:0% +Lambda um the system with the + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda um the system with the +partitions the reason I put I draw them + + align:start position:0% +partitions the reason I put I draw them + + + align:start position:0% +partitions the reason I put I draw them +on uh this same spot meaning that they + + align:start position:0% +on uh this same spot meaning that they + + + align:start position:0% +on uh this same spot meaning that they +have the same uh energy same + + align:start position:0% +have the same uh energy same + + + align:start position:0% +have the same uh energy same +entropy is a consequence of the idea + + align:start position:0% +entropy is a consequence of the idea + + + align:start position:0% +entropy is a consequence of the idea +that I have found a way to remove a + + align:start position:0% +that I have found a way to remove a + + + align:start position:0% +that I have found a way to remove a +partition without perturbing the system + + align:start position:0% +partition without perturbing the system + + + align:start position:0% +partition without perturbing the system +without putting in without any uh + + align:start position:0% +without putting in without any uh + + + align:start position:0% +without putting in without any uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +external + + align:start position:0% +external + + + align:start position:0% +external +Exchange in no time so that essentially + + align:start position:0% +Exchange in no time so that essentially + + + align:start position:0% +Exchange in no time so that essentially +I don't change any of the + + align:start position:0% +I don't change any of the + + + align:start position:0% +I don't change any of the +properties ideally could do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it and the fact that I have put this + + align:start position:0% +it and the fact that I have put this + + + align:start position:0% +it and the fact that I have put this +state to the left of the final stable + + align:start position:0% +state to the left of the final stable + + + align:start position:0% +state to the left of the final stable +equilibrium state is that um yeah + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium state is that um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium state is that um yeah +intuitively we know that uh this the + + align:start position:0% +intuitively we know that uh this the + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively we know that uh this the +particles will evolve in by filling the + + align:start position:0% +particles will evolve in by filling the + + + align:start position:0% +particles will evolve in by filling the +entire space so that's the direction in + + align:start position:0% +entire space so that's the direction in + + + align:start position:0% +entire space so that's the direction in +which the the the the system will evolve + + align:start position:0% +which the the the the system will evolve + + + align:start position:0% +which the the the the system will evolve +not uh vice versa if I have put this + + align:start position:0% +not uh vice versa if I have put this + + + align:start position:0% +not uh vice versa if I have put this +state on the other side it would mean + + align:start position:0% +state on the other side it would mean + + + align:start position:0% +state on the other side it would mean +that the system would separate + + align:start position:0% +that the system would separate + + + align:start position:0% +that the system would separate +spontaneously which doesn't happen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so the first consequence of this is that + + align:start position:0% +so the first consequence of this is that + + + align:start position:0% +so the first consequence of this is that +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +entropy of the sa equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +entropy of the sa equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +entropy of the sa equilibrium +state of the two + + align:start position:0% +state of the two + + + align:start position:0% +state of the two +particles that have the same energy + + align:start position:0% +particles that have the same energy + + + align:start position:0% +particles that have the same energy +initial energy because this system is it + + align:start position:0% +initial energy because this system is it + + + align:start position:0% +initial energy because this system is it +all happen happened in an isolated + + align:start position:0% +all happen happened in an isolated + + + align:start position:0% +all happen happened in an isolated +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +entropy of the final stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +entropy of the final stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +entropy of the final stable equilibrium +state is greater than the initial + + align:start position:0% +state is greater than the initial + + + align:start position:0% +state is greater than the initial +entropy of this state or also of this + + align:start position:0% +entropy of this state or also of this + + + align:start position:0% +entropy of this state or also of this +donum + + align:start position:0% +donum + + + align:start position:0% +donum +state that is by the principle of + + align:start position:0% +state that is by the principle of + + + align:start position:0% +state that is by the principle of +entropy non decrease a spontaneous + + align:start position:0% +entropy non decrease a spontaneous + + + align:start position:0% +entropy non decrease a spontaneous +process goes only in the direction of + + align:start position:0% +process goes only in the direction of + + + align:start position:0% +process goes only in the direction of +increasing entropy for an isolated + + align:start position:0% +increasing entropy for an isolated + + + align:start position:0% +increasing entropy for an isolated +system so what is uh that changes when + + align:start position:0% +system so what is uh that changes when + + + align:start position:0% +system so what is uh that changes when +you have uh uh + + align:start position:0% +you have uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +you have uh uh +many + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particles somehow I have already used + + align:start position:0% +particles somehow I have already used + + + align:start position:0% +particles somehow I have already used +this idea here uh when you have many + + align:start position:0% +this idea here uh when you have many + + + align:start position:0% +this idea here uh when you have many +particles because here I go from one to + + align:start position:0% +particles because here I go from one to + + + align:start position:0% +particles because here I go from one to +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +particles the slope of this probability + + align:start position:0% +particles the slope of this probability + + + align:start position:0% +particles the slope of this probability +distribution at the wall becomes steeper + + align:start position:0% +distribution at the wall becomes steeper + + + align:start position:0% +distribution at the wall becomes steeper +so in other words uh the more particles + + align:start position:0% +so in other words uh the more particles + + + align:start position:0% +so in other words uh the more particles +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +have the smaller + + align:start position:0% +have the smaller + + + align:start position:0% +have the smaller +is the + + align:start position:0% +is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the +raction layer next to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wall and as a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +result you see uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here you see the difference with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it could say what it could use + + align:start position:0% +it could say what it could use + + + align:start position:0% +it could say what it could use +stes yeah they're + + align:start position:0% +stes yeah they're + + + align:start position:0% +stes yeah they're +remarkable but just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be So eventually you + + align:start position:0% +be So eventually you + + + align:start position:0% +be So eventually you +have almost flat distribution in the + + align:start position:0% +have almost flat distribution in the + + + align:start position:0% +have almost flat distribution in the +bulk of your system and a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sharp very thin already we call it + + align:start position:0% +sharp very thin already we call it + + + align:start position:0% +sharp very thin already we call it +boundary layer or wall layer rtion + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer or wall layer rtion + + + align:start position:0% +boundary layer or wall layer rtion +layer so even at the center this region + + align:start position:0% +layer so even at the center this region + + + align:start position:0% +layer so even at the center this region +is very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +small that + + align:start position:0% +small that + + + align:start position:0% +small that +means that the two stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +means that the two stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +means that the two stable equilibrium +State + + align:start position:0% +State + + + align:start position:0% +State +curves get closer to one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in and in the limit of many particles + + align:start position:0% +in and in the limit of many particles + + + align:start position:0% +in and in the limit of many particles +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +neglect this difference so you can + + align:start position:0% +neglect this difference so you can + + + align:start position:0% +neglect this difference so you can +neglect this fact you + + align:start position:0% +neglect this fact you + + + align:start position:0% +neglect this fact you +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +approximate the properties of the system + + align:start position:0% +approximate the properties of the system + + + align:start position:0% +approximate the properties of the system +with the part + + align:start position:0% +with the part + + + align:start position:0% +with the part +partitions with the properties of the + + align:start position:0% +partitions with the properties of the + + + align:start position:0% +partitions with the properties of the +system without the partition or you are + + align:start position:0% +system without the partition or you are + + + align:start position:0% +system without the partition or you are +interested you can mod the system + + align:start position:0% +interested you can mod the system + + + align:start position:0% +interested you can mod the system +without the partition as if it it had + + align:start position:0% +without the partition as if it it had + + + align:start position:0% +without the partition as if it it had +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +partition these are very important when + + align:start position:0% +partition these are very important when + + + align:start position:0% +partition these are very important when +we this when we + + align:start position:0% +we this when we + + + align:start position:0% +we this when we +go here + + align:start position:0% +go here + + + align:start position:0% +go here +might is very important that happens + + align:start position:0% +might is very important that happens + + + align:start position:0% +might is very important that happens +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +yes you have + + align:start position:0% +yes you have + + + align:start position:0% +yes you have +a box or I + + align:start position:0% +a box or I + + + align:start position:0% +a box or I +for ever you C and + + align:start position:0% +for ever you C and + + + align:start position:0% +for ever you C and +you uh those + + align:start position:0% +you uh those + + + align:start position:0% +you uh those +elements that are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +small world enough + + align:start position:0% +small world enough + + + align:start position:0% +small world enough +many M respect to the + + align:start position:0% +many M respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +many M respect to the +system but not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more this of need we question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +return + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to M saying is that when I consider see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like here I am going to + + align:start position:0% +like here I am going to + + + align:start position:0% +like here I am going to +apply models like the local could build + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mother and with this in uh the + + align:start position:0% +mother and with this in uh the + + + align:start position:0% +mother and with this in uh the +properties of a system in which the + + align:start position:0% +properties of a system in which the + + + align:start position:0% +properties of a system in which the +particles are + + align:start position:0% +particles are + + + align:start position:0% +particles are +those by physical + + align:start position:0% +those by physical + + + align:start position:0% +those by physical +words the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +approximate + + align:start position:0% +approximate + + + align:start position:0% +approximate +is how do you do that how insert + + align:start position:0% +is how do you do that how insert + + + align:start position:0% +is how do you do that how insert +tiue we mention on make as more mention + + align:start position:0% +tiue we mention on make as more mention + + + align:start position:0% +tiue we mention on make as more mention +on MAR they system + + align:start position:0% +on MAR they system + + + align:start position:0% +on MAR they system +side + + align:start position:0% +side + + + align:start position:0% +side +stud when there temperature press ener + + align:start position:0% +stud when there temperature press ener + + + align:start position:0% +stud when there temperature press ener +one okay and then I ass sign I say when + + align:start position:0% +one okay and then I ass sign I say when + + + align:start position:0% +one okay and then I ass sign I say when +the properties of this are the same as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that forgetting about W's effect + + align:start position:0% +that forgetting about W's effect + + + align:start position:0% +that forgetting about W's effect +with this idea on physically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inserting doesn't that change the + + align:start position:0% +inserting doesn't that change the + + + align:start position:0% +inserting doesn't that change the +properties of system is fundamental in + + align:start position:0% +properties of system is fundamental in + + + align:start position:0% +properties of system is fundamental in +our + + align:start position:0% +our + + + align:start position:0% +our +industry + + align:start position:0% +industry + + + align:start position:0% +industry +Contin at at the microscopic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +level + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay by in principle we should know that + + align:start position:0% +okay by in principle we should know that + + + align:start position:0% +okay by in principle we should know that +if you + + align:start position:0% +if you + + + align:start position:0% +if you +it and replex we + + align:start position:0% +it and replex we + + + align:start position:0% +it and replex we +land good two + + align:start position:0% +land good two + + + align:start position:0% +land good two +F then it will make me in trouble + + align:start position:0% +F then it will make me in trouble + + + align:start position:0% +F then it will make me in trouble +playing you + + align:start position:0% +playing you + + + align:start position:0% +playing you +get and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're your assumption that music May + + align:start position:0% +you're your assumption that music May + + + align:start position:0% +you're your assumption that music May +which involes local equilibrium you the + + align:start position:0% +which involes local equilibrium you the + + + align:start position:0% +which involes local equilibrium you the +my + + align:start position:0% +my + + + align:start position:0% +my +also should they care about the many + + align:start position:0% +also should they care about the many + + + align:start position:0% +also should they care about the many +parles of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Fus all right so let's see what we + + align:start position:0% +Fus all right so let's see what we + + + align:start position:0% +Fus all right so let's see what we +gain in the many particles and we go + + align:start position:0% +gain in the many particles and we go + + + align:start position:0% +gain in the many particles and we go +back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +all with imp partition let's see what we + + align:start position:0% +all with imp partition let's see what we + + + align:start position:0% +all with imp partition let's see what we +gain but here here's a more uh schematic + + align:start position:0% +gain but here here's a more uh schematic + + + align:start position:0% +gain but here here's a more uh schematic +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +idea so suppose we have our system a is + + align:start position:0% +idea so suppose we have our system a is + + + align:start position:0% +idea so suppose we have our system a is +this one where we have + + align:start position:0% +this one where we have + + + align:start position:0% +this one where we have +uh whatever + + align:start position:0% +uh whatever + + + align:start position:0% +uh whatever +particles a given volume volume here is + + align:start position:0% +particles a given volume volume here is + + + align:start position:0% +particles a given volume volume here is +important because of course you be it + + align:start position:0% +important because of course you be it + + + align:start position:0% +important because of course you be it +has to be uh be able to fin + + align:start position:0% +has to be uh be able to fin + + + align:start position:0% +has to be uh be able to fin +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +also you see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when we are in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nit since there are faction effects + + align:start position:0% +nit since there are faction effects + + + align:start position:0% +nit since there are faction effects +become an importance to as the + + align:start position:0% +become an importance to as the + + + align:start position:0% +become an importance to as the +boundary essentially the geometry of + + align:start position:0% +boundary essentially the geometry of + + + align:start position:0% +boundary essentially the geometry of +your uh container loses + + align:start position:0% +your uh container loses + + + align:start position:0% +your uh container loses +import for example here where in this um + + align:start position:0% +import for example here where in this um + + + align:start position:0% +import for example here where in this um +this picture here shows very well the + + align:start position:0% +this picture here shows very well the + + + align:start position:0% +this picture here shows very well the +geometry of your + + align:start position:0% +geometry of your + + + align:start position:0% +geometry of your +container does play a big + + align:start position:0% +container does play a big + + + align:start position:0% +container does play a big +role so if you have if you go to this + + align:start position:0% +role so if you have if you go to this + + + align:start position:0% +role so if you have if you go to this +paper there are other geometries that + + align:start position:0% +paper there are other geometries that + + + align:start position:0% +paper there are other geometries that +are shown nice pictures uh you see that + + align:start position:0% +are shown nice pictures uh you see that + + + align:start position:0% +are shown nice pictures uh you see that +the W far because layer out layer this + + align:start position:0% +the W far because layer out layer this + + + align:start position:0% +the W far because layer out layer this +work layer there + + align:start position:0% +work layer there + + + align:start position:0% +work layer there +Wars depends of course on the shape of + + align:start position:0% +Wars depends of course on the shape of + + + align:start position:0% +Wars depends of course on the shape of +the contain and therefore the + + align:start position:0% +the contain and therefore the + + + align:start position:0% +the contain and therefore the +properties of stable equilibrium depend + + align:start position:0% +properties of stable equilibrium depend + + + align:start position:0% +properties of stable equilibrium depend +on the shape + + align:start position:0% +on the shape + + + align:start position:0% +on the shape +but in the limit in which + + align:start position:0% +but in the limit in which + + + align:start position:0% +but in the limit in which +those attack W effects become + + align:start position:0% +those attack W effects become + + + align:start position:0% +those attack W effects become +important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you only the overall volume of the + + align:start position:0% +you only the overall volume of the + + + align:start position:0% +you only the overall volume of the +container what the details import + + align:start position:0% +container what the details import + + + align:start position:0% +container what the details import +are because in The + + align:start position:0% +are because in The + + + align:start position:0% +are because in The +Bu + + align:start position:0% +Bu + + + align:start position:0% +Bu +The the that's + + align:start position:0% +The the that's + + + align:start position:0% +The the that's +uniform it's uniform everywhere + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so here suppose we we have our + + align:start position:0% +okay so here suppose we we have our + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here suppose we we have our +system and suppose we partition it into + + align:start position:0% +system and suppose we partition it into + + + align:start position:0% +system and suppose we partition it into +Lambda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +partitions here we call it Lambda later + + align:start position:0% +partitions here we call it Lambda later + + + align:start position:0% +partitions here we call it Lambda later +we call it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n so that means that + + align:start position:0% +n so that means that + + + align:start position:0% +n so that means that +on this side this is a composite system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh it's still in stable equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +uh it's still in stable equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's still in stable equilibrium +State each one is in a stable + + align:start position:0% +State each one is in a stable + + + align:start position:0% +State each one is in a stable +equilibrium State like this is the sty + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State like this is the sty + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium State like this is the sty +system we started on here in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blackb uh and they and we assume that we + + align:start position:0% +blackb uh and they and we assume that we + + + align:start position:0% +blackb uh and they and we assume that we +have a + + align:start position:0% +have a + + + align:start position:0% +have a +partition way that not only the volume + + align:start position:0% +partition way that not only the volume + + + align:start position:0% +partition way that not only the volume +but also number of particles is exactly + + align:start position:0% +but also number of particles is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +but also number of particles is exactly +uh one / Lambda the overall the volume + + align:start position:0% +uh one / Lambda the overall the volume + + + align:start position:0% +uh one / Lambda the overall the volume +is one / Lambda overall and the energy + + align:start position:0% +is one / Lambda overall and the energy + + + align:start position:0% +is one / Lambda overall and the energy +of one of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +around all right + + align:start position:0% +around all right + + + align:start position:0% +around all right +so now remember what the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +so now remember what the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +so now remember what the fundamental +relation means for example here + + align:start position:0% +relation means for example here + + + align:start position:0% +relation means for example here +fundamental relation means that it gives + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation means that it gives + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation means that it gives +us the properties of of all the stable + + align:start position:0% +us the properties of of all the stable + + + align:start position:0% +us the properties of of all the stable +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +States uh as a function of energy volume + + align:start position:0% +States uh as a function of energy volume + + + align:start position:0% +States uh as a function of energy volume +and their amount so it is + + align:start position:0% +and their amount so it is + + + align:start position:0% +and their amount so it is +valid it is a function the same + + align:start position:0% +valid it is a function the same + + + align:start position:0% +valid it is a function the same +functional for + + align:start position:0% +functional for + + + align:start position:0% +functional for +form maybe e s the B Cub the log of n + + align:start position:0% +form maybe e s the B Cub the log of n + + + align:start position:0% +form maybe e s the B Cub the log of n +things like that it's the same function + + align:start position:0% +things like that it's the same function + + + align:start position:0% +things like that it's the same function +uh for + + align:start position:0% +uh for + + + align:start position:0% +uh for +all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +values EV + + align:start position:0% +values EV + + + align:start position:0% +values EV +andn I can compute it also for e but + + align:start position:0% +andn I can compute it also for e but + + + align:start position:0% +andn I can compute it also for e but +also for E over Lambda the same + + align:start position:0% +also for E over Lambda the same + + + align:start position:0% +also for E over Lambda the same +function is if is the + + align:start position:0% +function is if is the + + + align:start position:0% +function is if is the +same mixture of substances for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for uh lot of energy or small energy + + align:start position:0% +for uh lot of energy or small energy + + + align:start position:0% +for uh lot of energy or small energy +large volume small volume many particles + + align:start position:0% +large volume small volume many particles + + + align:start position:0% +large volume small volume many particles +two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but as long as this F doesn't get two + + align:start position:0% +but as long as this F doesn't get two + + + align:start position:0% +but as long as this F doesn't get two +fuel it's + + align:start position:0% +fuel it's + + + align:start position:0% +fuel it's +okay I mean it's okay what we're going + + align:start position:0% +okay I mean it's okay what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +okay I mean it's okay what we're going +to say so at this stage it's okay in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +general but what we said here is that uh + + align:start position:0% +general but what we said here is that uh + + + align:start position:0% +general but what we said here is that uh +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +curves this is the partition curve it's + + align:start position:0% +curves this is the partition curve it's + + + align:start position:0% +curves this is the partition curve it's +the summ it's this side so it's this + + align:start position:0% +the summ it's this side so it's this + + + align:start position:0% +the summ it's this side so it's this +much for each subsystem so if you have + + align:start position:0% +much for each subsystem so if you have + + + align:start position:0% +much for each subsystem so if you have +Lambda of those you multiply it by + + align:start position:0% +Lambda of those you multiply it by + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda of those you multiply it by +Lambda Lambda times s because s is an + + align:start position:0% +Lambda Lambda times s because s is an + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda Lambda times s because s is an +additive property so you can the entropy + + align:start position:0% +additive property so you can the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +additive property so you can the entropy +of the overall is the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +of the overall is the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the overall is the sum of the +entropies of the parts and uh + + align:start position:0% +entropies of the parts and uh + + + align:start position:0% +entropies of the parts and uh +so this composite system is an entropy + + align:start position:0% +so this composite system is an entropy + + + align:start position:0% +so this composite system is an entropy +Lambda + + align:start position:0% +Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda +s and this s s s sub + + align:start position:0% +s and this s s s sub + + + align:start position:0% +s and this s s s sub +Lambda whereas system a is an entropy + + align:start position:0% +Lambda whereas system a is an entropy + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda whereas system a is an entropy +ASO in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +general this as bigger entropy than that + + align:start position:0% +general this as bigger entropy than that + + + align:start position:0% +general this as bigger entropy than that +but in the limit of many + + align:start position:0% +but in the limit of many + + + align:start position:0% +but in the limit of many +particles this difference becomes un + + align:start position:0% +particles this difference becomes un + + + align:start position:0% +particles this difference becomes un +important and so we can + + align:start position:0% +important and so we can + + + align:start position:0% +important and so we can +approximate um that uh the two are equal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's one we call the simple system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +uh you don't find it around with this + + align:start position:0% +uh you don't find it around with this + + + align:start position:0% +uh you don't find it around with this +name except in in our book perhaps the + + align:start position:0% +name except in in our book perhaps the + + + align:start position:0% +name except in in our book perhaps the +choice of the name wasn't + + align:start position:0% +choice of the name wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +choice of the name wasn't +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the what it uh but it expresses what + + align:start position:0% +the what it uh but it expresses what + + + align:start position:0% +the what it uh but it expresses what +what uh you find under the title of + + align:start position:0% +what uh you find under the title of + + + align:start position:0% +what uh you find under the title of +thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic +linit in physics so that's how it's call + + align:start position:0% +linit in physics so that's how it's call + + + align:start position:0% +linit in physics so that's how it's call +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +idea I need it is a limit because now + + align:start position:0% +idea I need it is a limit because now + + + align:start position:0% +idea I need it is a limit because now +what look what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +what look what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +what look what we're going to +do we here we s we choose a finite value + + align:start position:0% +do we here we s we choose a finite value + + + align:start position:0% +do we here we s we choose a finite value +for Lambda so we partition the system in + + align:start position:0% +for Lambda so we partition the system in + + + align:start position:0% +for Lambda so we partition the system in +a finite number of + + align:start position:0% +a finite number of + + + align:start position:0% +a finite number of +partition and it has to be finite in + + align:start position:0% +partition and it has to be finite in + + + align:start position:0% +partition and it has to be finite in +order for the number of particles inside + + align:start position:0% +order for the number of particles inside + + + align:start position:0% +order for the number of particles inside +each to become not too + + align:start position:0% +each to become not too + + + align:start position:0% +each to become not too +small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yet if Lambda can + + align:start position:0% +yet if Lambda can + + + align:start position:0% +yet if Lambda can +be large + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +enough 10 to the 23 and is that Lambda + + align:start position:0% +enough 10 to the 23 and is that Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +enough 10 to the 23 and is that Lambda +could be say a millium + + align:start position:0% +could be say a millium + + + align:start position:0% +could be say a millium +and uh still in each uh uh partition you + + align:start position:0% +and uh still in each uh uh partition you + + + align:start position:0% +and uh still in each uh uh partition you +have 10 today what + + align:start position:0% +have 10 today what + + + align:start position:0% +have 10 today what +17 so that means uh still a lot of + + align:start position:0% +17 so that means uh still a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +17 so that means uh still a lot of +vles so um from the Practical point of + + align:start position:0% +vles so um from the Practical point of + + + align:start position:0% +vles so um from the Practical point of +view when you have so many particles you + + align:start position:0% +view when you have so many particles you + + + align:start position:0% +view when you have so many particles you +can um think that this + + align:start position:0% +can um think that this + + + align:start position:0% +can um think that this +Lambda can be any any + + align:start position:0% +Lambda can be any any + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda can be any any +number oh yes could be in + + align:start position:0% +number oh yes could be in + + + align:start position:0% +number oh yes could be in +but who cares between the integers there + + align:start position:0% +but who cares between the integers there + + + align:start position:0% +but who cares between the integers there +are the reals so let's just make it real + + align:start position:0% +are the reals so let's just make it real + + + align:start position:0% +are the reals so let's just make it real +he so + + align:start position:0% +he so + + + align:start position:0% +he so +um so you make this mathematical + + align:start position:0% +um so you make this mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +um so you make this mathematical +assumption essentially take this this + + align:start position:0% +assumption essentially take this this + + + align:start position:0% +assumption essentially take this this +formula + + align:start position:0% +formula + + + align:start position:0% +formula +here and uh make it valid make it as a + + align:start position:0% +here and uh make it valid make it as a + + + align:start position:0% +here and uh make it valid make it as a +valid for any Lambda integer or real + + align:start position:0% +valid for any Lambda integer or real + + + align:start position:0% +valid for any Lambda integer or real +doesn't move + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you formally assume that the + + align:start position:0% +so you formally assume that the + + + align:start position:0% +so you formally assume that the +fundamental relation has this + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation has this + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental relation has this +property and this property for a + + align:start position:0% +property and this property for a + + + align:start position:0% +property and this property for a +function in mathematics it's called the + + align:start position:0% +function in mathematics it's called the + + + align:start position:0% +function in mathematics it's called the +homogeneity of first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +degree the fundamental relation is a + + align:start position:0% +degree the fundamental relation is a + + + align:start position:0% +degree the fundamental relation is a +homogeneous function of first degree in + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous function of first degree in + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous function of first degree in +all of + + align:start position:0% +all of + + + align:start position:0% +all of +its uh independent variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +divide each one by any but the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lambda then multiply the result by + + align:start position:0% +Lambda then multiply the result by + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda then multiply the result by +Lambda you get uh uh the value of the + + align:start position:0% +Lambda you get uh uh the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda you get uh uh the value of the +function for the original uh values of + + align:start position:0% +function for the original uh values of + + + align:start position:0% +function for the original uh values of +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +properties and this is is an important + + align:start position:0% +properties and this is is an important + + + align:start position:0% +properties and this is is an important +uh Assumption of course it's a heavy + + align:start position:0% +uh Assumption of course it's a heavy + + + align:start position:0% +uh Assumption of course it's a heavy +assumption + + align:start position:0% +assumption + + + align:start position:0% +assumption +which has this physics for us to support + + align:start position:0% +which has this physics for us to support + + + align:start position:0% +which has this physics for us to support +it and when you do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it we gain one relation we're going to + + align:start position:0% +it we gain one relation we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +it we gain one relation we're going to +prove it in a moment which is called the + + align:start position:0% +prove it in a moment which is called the + + + align:start position:0% +prove it in a moment which is called the +oiler + + align:start position:0% +oiler + + + align:start position:0% +oiler +relation and notice + + align:start position:0% +relation and notice + + + align:start position:0% +relation and notice +also I changed the + + align:start position:0% +also I changed the + + + align:start position:0% +also I changed the +letter for um energy from E to U + + align:start position:0% +letter for um energy from E to U + + + align:start position:0% +letter for um energy from E to U +and we also going to call it internal + + align:start position:0% +and we also going to call it internal + + + align:start position:0% +and we also going to call it internal +energy or this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +station so soon as we say internal + + align:start position:0% +station so soon as we say internal + + + align:start position:0% +station so soon as we say internal +energy we say aha okay we are within the + + align:start position:0% +energy we say aha okay we are within the + + + align:start position:0% +energy we say aha okay we are within the +simple system model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +approximate all right so how do we prove + + align:start position:0% +approximate all right so how do we prove + + + align:start position:0% +approximate all right so how do we prove +uh that + + align:start position:0% +uh that + + + align:start position:0% +uh that +relation well it's simple uh one + + align:start position:0% +relation well it's simple uh one + + + align:start position:0% +relation well it's simple uh one +way is since is has to be true for all + + align:start position:0% +way is since is has to be true for all + + + align:start position:0% +way is since is has to be true for all +lambdas + + align:start position:0% +lambdas + + + align:start position:0% +lambdas +take the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +partial derivative of this with respect + + align:start position:0% +partial derivative of this with respect + + + align:start position:0% +partial derivative of this with respect +to Lambda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now is it uh yeah okay there's I think + + align:start position:0% +now is it uh yeah okay there's I think + + + align:start position:0% +now is it uh yeah okay there's I think +there's something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there something fish itting this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that there there's something fishing is + + align:start position:0% +that there there's something fishing is + + + align:start position:0% +that there there's something fishing is +the m something missing sorry about that + + align:start position:0% +the m something missing sorry about that + + + align:start position:0% +the m something missing sorry about that +but uh okay so when you take the partial + + align:start position:0% +but uh okay so when you take the partial + + + align:start position:0% +but uh okay so when you take the partial +derivative with respect to Lambda of + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to Lambda of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to Lambda of +this thing you get + + align:start position:0% +this thing you get + + + align:start position:0% +this thing you get +U because of this Lambda + + align:start position:0% +U because of this Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +U because of this Lambda +here and then and then you have to St + + align:start position:0% +here and then and then you have to St + + + align:start position:0% +here and then and then you have to St +you have Lambda that + + align:start position:0% +you have Lambda that + + + align:start position:0% +you have Lambda that +multiplies uh the derivative of you + + align:start position:0% +multiplies uh the derivative of you + + + align:start position:0% +multiplies uh the derivative of you +respect to S times the derivative of s + + align:start position:0% +respect to S times the derivative of s + + + align:start position:0% +respect to S times the derivative of s +of this with respect to Lambda so it's + + align:start position:0% +of this with respect to Lambda so it's + + + align:start position:0% +of this with respect to Lambda so it's +minus one over Lambda squ and so so yeah + + align:start position:0% +minus one over Lambda squ and so so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +minus one over Lambda squ and so so yeah +this is um uh um wrong U graph sorry + + align:start position:0% +this is um uh um wrong U graph sorry + + + align:start position:0% +this is um uh um wrong U graph sorry +I'll correct it + + align:start position:0% +I'll correct it + + + align:start position:0% +I'll correct it +um and then in the end of this this + + align:start position:0% +um and then in the end of this this + + + align:start position:0% +um and then in the end of this this +derivative you take Lambda equals one + + align:start position:0% +derivative you take Lambda equals one + + + align:start position:0% +derivative you take Lambda equals one +and here comes his + + align:start position:0% +and here comes his + + + align:start position:0% +and here comes his +ration this matter is better done in the + + align:start position:0% +ration this matter is better done in the + + + align:start position:0% +ration this matter is better done in the +book than in this few graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry okay and what is another uh + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay and what is another uh + + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay and what is another uh +consequence hope this P are okay now uh + + align:start position:0% +consequence hope this P are okay now uh + + + align:start position:0% +consequence hope this P are okay now uh +this is another uh the the main + + align:start position:0% +this is another uh the the main + + + align:start position:0% +this is another uh the the main +consequence of the oil + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +relation is that + + align:start position:0% +relation is that + + + align:start position:0% +relation is that +um we can Define it makes sense to + + align:start position:0% +um we can Define it makes sense to + + + align:start position:0% +um we can Define it makes sense to +define + + align:start position:0% +define + + + align:start position:0% +define +specific properties for example I have + + align:start position:0% +specific properties for example I have + + + align:start position:0% +specific properties for example I have +the energy I'm not going put it e i call + + align:start position:0% +the energy I'm not going put it e i call + + + align:start position:0% +the energy I'm not going put it e i call +U and suppose I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +am in fact + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then is the sound or all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +remember so this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prob + + align:start position:0% +prob + + + align:start position:0% +prob +specific uh + + align:start position:0% +specific uh + + + align:start position:0% +specific uh +molar + + align:start position:0% +molar + + + align:start position:0% +molar +enery I do the same + + align:start position:0% +enery I do the same + + + align:start position:0% +enery I do the same +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +theit of the + + align:start position:0% +theit of the + + + align:start position:0% +theit of the +volume and for the + + align:start position:0% +volume and for the + + + align:start position:0% +volume and for the +amounts well the amount of substance I + + align:start position:0% +amounts well the amount of substance I + + + align:start position:0% +amounts well the amount of substance I +I is piap the motor action of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +so now I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +so now I'm going to +express I want to see how + + align:start position:0% +express I want to see how + + + align:start position:0% +express I want to see how +the specific molar + + align:start position:0% +the specific molar + + + align:start position:0% +the specific molar +energy that is that represent so much + + align:start position:0% +energy that is that represent so much + + + align:start position:0% +energy that is that represent so much +energy I have with you number of all + + align:start position:0% +energy I have with you number of all + + + align:start position:0% +energy I have with you number of all +five instead of and + + align:start position:0% +five instead of and + + + align:start position:0% +five instead of and +I to the denominator the M mass that + + align:start position:0% +I to the denominator the M mass that + + + align:start position:0% +I to the denominator the M mass that +will be the + + align:start position:0% +will be the + + + align:start position:0% +will be the +speci en with mass a enery hand so + + align:start position:0% +speci en with mass a enery hand so + + + align:start position:0% +speci en with mass a enery hand so +kilogram of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +substance + + align:start position:0% +substance + + + align:start position:0% +substance +say so from the + + align:start position:0% +say so from the + + + align:start position:0% +say so from the +definition and of U so U uh is a + + align:start position:0% +definition and of U so U uh is a + + + align:start position:0% +definition and of U so U uh is a +function of SV andn but s can be + + align:start position:0% +function of SV andn but s can be + + + align:start position:0% +function of SV andn but s can be +written + + align:start position:0% +written + + + align:start position:0% +written +here more less the CTIC Banks the amount + + align:start position:0% +here more less the CTIC Banks the amount + + + align:start position:0% +here more less the CTIC Banks the amount +n * s and + + align:start position:0% +n * s and + + + align:start position:0% +n * s and +so volume so the volume can be written + + align:start position:0% +so volume so the volume can be written + + + align:start position:0% +so volume so the volume can be written +as n * uh lower case z and the amounts + + align:start position:0% +as n * uh lower case z and the amounts + + + align:start position:0% +as n * uh lower case z and the amounts +can be written as the N times the more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fractions so if I look at this + + align:start position:0% +fractions so if I look at this + + + align:start position:0% +fractions so if I look at this +expression here I see it uh + + align:start position:0% +expression here I see it uh + + + align:start position:0% +expression here I see it uh +that the specific + + align:start position:0% +that the specific + + + align:start position:0% +that the specific +energy does depend on the specific + + align:start position:0% +energy does depend on the specific + + + align:start position:0% +energy does depend on the specific +entropy B specific volume the mole + + align:start position:0% +entropy B specific volume the mole + + + align:start position:0% +entropy B specific volume the mole +fraction but it also depend on N because + + align:start position:0% +fraction but it also depend on N because + + + align:start position:0% +fraction but it also depend on N because +the N + + align:start position:0% +the N + + + align:start position:0% +the N +appears all in several places + + align:start position:0% +appears all in several places + + + align:start position:0% +appears all in several places +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so that means for example + + align:start position:0% +right so that means for example + + + align:start position:0% +right so that means for example +the kilog give an amount of + + align:start position:0% +the kilog give an amount of + + + align:start position:0% +the kilog give an amount of +substance that has a certain + + align:start position:0% +substance that has a certain + + + align:start position:0% +substance that has a certain +energy uh a certain specific energy but + + align:start position:0% +energy uh a certain specific energy but + + + align:start position:0% +energy uh a certain specific energy but +if I have 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kilog the energy per + + align:start position:0% +kilog the energy per + + + align:start position:0% +kilog the energy per +kilogram may not be the same if it + + align:start position:0% +kilogram may not be the same if it + + + align:start position:0% +kilogram may not be the same if it +depends on + + align:start position:0% +depends on + + + align:start position:0% +depends on +it it's like here I + + align:start position:0% +it it's like here I + + + align:start position:0% +it it's like here I +have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water is to go + + align:start position:0% +water is to go + + + align:start position:0% +water is to go +they have brought + + align:start position:0% +they have brought + + + align:start position:0% +they have brought +this the not staying + + align:start position:0% +this the not staying + + + align:start position:0% +this the not staying +that with the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +away so for small systems this + + align:start position:0% +away so for small systems this + + + align:start position:0% +away so for small systems this +dependence on N is there and it is + + align:start position:0% +dependence on N is there and it is + + + align:start position:0% +dependence on N is there and it is +represented by a fundamental relation + + align:start position:0% +represented by a fundamental relation + + + align:start position:0% +represented by a fundamental relation +that's uh so you need you need to + + align:start position:0% +that's uh so you need you need to + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh so you need you need to +measure + + align:start position:0% +measure + + + align:start position:0% +measure +it for most systems you have to + + align:start position:0% +it for most systems you have to + + + align:start position:0% +it for most systems you have to +measure it's not enough to measure the + + align:start position:0% +measure it's not enough to measure the + + + align:start position:0% +measure it's not enough to measure the +unit of a substance like one kilogram so + + align:start position:0% +unit of a substance like one kilogram so + + + align:start position:0% +unit of a substance like one kilogram so +you measure the proper of water called + + align:start position:0% +you measure the proper of water called + + + align:start position:0% +you measure the proper of water called +the mod uh you measure one kilogram and + + align:start position:0% +the mod uh you measure one kilogram and + + + align:start position:0% +the mod uh you measure one kilogram and +you have done because when you have two + + align:start position:0% +you have done because when you have two + + + align:start position:0% +you have done because when you have two +kilogram you just multiply by two that's + + align:start position:0% +kilogram you just multiply by two that's + + + align:start position:0% +kilogram you just multiply by two that's +good in the microscopic them but when + + align:start position:0% +good in the microscopic them but when + + + align:start position:0% +good in the microscopic them but when +you have uh BL mudes of + + align:start position:0% +you have uh BL mudes of + + + align:start position:0% +you have uh BL mudes of +water it's not just wise + + align:start position:0% +water it's not just wise + + + align:start position:0% +water it's not just wise +the properties of 100 + + align:start position:0% +the properties of 100 + + + align:start position:0% +the properties of 100 +point you have to see how it depends how + + align:start position:0% +point you have to see how it depends how + + + align:start position:0% +point you have to see how it depends how +those properties depend also on the + + align:start position:0% +those properties depend also on the + + + align:start position:0% +those properties depend also on the +amount but in the limit of many + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +particles that dependence vanishes so + + align:start position:0% +particles that dependence vanishes so + + + align:start position:0% +particles that dependence vanishes so +this proof which takes again the partial + + align:start position:0% +this proof which takes again the partial + + + align:start position:0% +this proof which takes again the partial +derivative of U with respect to n so you + + align:start position:0% +derivative of U with respect to n so you + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of U with respect to n so you +want to see how much is + + align:start position:0% +want to see how much is + + + align:start position:0% +want to see how much is +it well that dependence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +equal to if you do the derivatives and + + align:start position:0% +equal to if you do the derivatives and + + + align:start position:0% +equal to if you do the derivatives and +let you uh do it + + align:start position:0% +let you uh do it + + + align:start position:0% +let you uh do it +uh uh it's minus 1 / n s + + align:start position:0% +uh uh it's minus 1 / n s + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh it's minus 1 / n s +times you remember the what what was + + align:start position:0% +times you remember the what what was + + + align:start position:0% +times you remember the what what was +this we should add + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +allistic + + align:start position:0% +allistic + + + align:start position:0% +allistic +F that term in parenthesis is what we + + align:start position:0% +F that term in parenthesis is what we + + + align:start position:0% +F that term in parenthesis is what we +call the + + align:start position:0% +call the + + + align:start position:0% +call the +oil what you what we say is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that the the way the specific + + align:start position:0% +that the the way the specific + + + align:start position:0% +that the the way the specific +canery of the system at sa equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +canery of the system at sa equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +canery of the system at sa equilibrium +depends all the number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +FS is measured by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +o but in the limit as and God + + align:start position:0% +o but in the limit as and God + + + align:start position:0% +o but in the limit as and God +see what system goes to + + align:start position:0% +see what system goes to + + + align:start position:0% +see what system goes to +Z because the O + + align:start position:0% +Z because the O + + + align:start position:0% +Z because the O +relation just + + align:start position:0% +relation just + + + align:start position:0% +relation just +says that this is equal to + + align:start position:0% +says that this is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +says that this is equal to +zero that that relation here or what we + + align:start position:0% +zero that that relation here or what we + + + align:start position:0% +zero that that relation here or what we +call + + align:start position:0% +call + + + align:start position:0% +call +O is equivalent to saying only + + align:start position:0% +O is equivalent to saying only + + + align:start position:0% +O is equivalent to saying only +characteristic f + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equals so that's what we + + align:start position:0% +equals so that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +equals so that's what we +gain we gain what one more + + align:start position:0% +gain we gain what one more + + + align:start position:0% +gain we gain what one more +relation and you know you would think + + align:start position:0% +relation and you know you would think + + + align:start position:0% +relation and you know you would think +already so many things from just + + align:start position:0% +already so many things from just + + + align:start position:0% +already so many things from just +watching fundamental now we have another + + align:start position:0% +watching fundamental now we have another + + + align:start position:0% +watching fundamental now we have another +one you can imagine that you can + + align:start position:0% +one you can imagine that you can + + + align:start position:0% +one you can imagine that you can +extract uh additional information for + + align:start position:0% +extract uh additional information for + + + align:start position:0% +extract uh additional information for +example one way which is now equivalent + + align:start position:0% +example one way which is now equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +example one way which is now equivalent +with the ear relation is to take its + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differential and subract from it the GS + + align:start position:0% +differential and subract from it the GS + + + align:start position:0% +differential and subract from it the GS +relation which is the differential of + + align:start position:0% +relation which is the differential of + + + align:start position:0% +relation which is the differential of +this the fundamental relation the result + + align:start position:0% +this the fundamental relation the result + + + align:start position:0% +this the fundamental relation the result +is called DS new M relation and it is + + align:start position:0% +is called DS new M relation and it is + + + align:start position:0% +is called DS new M relation and it is +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +one so relation between in which see the + + align:start position:0% +one so relation between in which see the + + + align:start position:0% +one so relation between in which see the +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +um differentials are temperature + + align:start position:0% +um differentials are temperature + + + align:start position:0% +um differentials are temperature +pressure and uh the chemical potentials + + align:start position:0% +pressure and uh the chemical potentials + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and uh the chemical potentials +so these are the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that a conditions for a visual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equ okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +once we have this + + align:start position:0% +once we have this + + + align:start position:0% +once we have this +idea we can + + align:start position:0% +idea we can + + + align:start position:0% +idea we can +also uh proceed with defining a um + + align:start position:0% +also uh proceed with defining a um + + + align:start position:0% +also uh proceed with defining a um +another kind of interaction which is the + + align:start position:0% +another kind of interaction which is the + + + align:start position:0% +another kind of interaction which is the +B flow + + align:start position:0% +B flow + + + align:start position:0% +B flow +interaction uh dang + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it idea and now that a system many + + align:start position:0% +it idea and now that a system many + + + align:start position:0% +it idea and now that a system many +the I have that + + align:start position:0% +the I have that + + + align:start position:0% +the I have that +but in + + align:start position:0% +but in + + + align:start position:0% +but in +that I can consider a c + + align:start position:0% +that I can consider a c + + + align:start position:0% +that I can consider a c +element and I can assign to it P as + + align:start position:0% +element and I can assign to it P as + + + align:start position:0% +element and I can assign to it P as +it separated by + + align:start position:0% +it separated by + + + align:start position:0% +it separated by +walls so right instead of doing it um + + align:start position:0% +walls so right instead of doing it um + + + align:start position:0% +walls so right instead of doing it um +and like a cube by consider a steer but + + align:start position:0% +and like a cube by consider a steer but + + + align:start position:0% +and like a cube by consider a steer but +that's the same idea so suppose that + + align:start position:0% +that's the same idea so suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +that's the same idea so suppose that +locally I + + align:start position:0% +locally I + + + align:start position:0% +locally I +would and um and it is + + align:start position:0% +would and um and it is + + + align:start position:0% +would and um and it is +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +St this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +box is say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what now + + align:start position:0% +what now + + + align:start position:0% +what now +it's look at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +reference exle why that + + align:start position:0% +reference exle why that + + + align:start position:0% +reference exle why that +Wes I look at it from the + + align:start position:0% +Wes I look at it from the + + + align:start position:0% +Wes I look at it from the +reference it goes the other + + align:start position:0% +reference it goes the other + + + align:start position:0% +reference it goes the other +way app a veloc + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to and associated with that + + align:start position:0% +to and associated with that + + + align:start position:0% +to and associated with that +velocity a kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in addition if I look at it from an + + align:start position:0% +in addition if I look at it from an + + + align:start position:0% +in addition if I look at it from an +accelerated reference + + align:start position:0% +accelerated reference + + + align:start position:0% +accelerated reference +plan then uh that has the same + + align:start position:0% +plan then uh that has the same + + + align:start position:0% +plan then uh that has the same +acceleration as the + + align:start position:0% +acceleration as the + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration as the +gram + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +G then it acquires also the + + align:start position:0% +G then it acquires also the + + + align:start position:0% +G then it acquires also the +tension is to can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the idea is is this okay now + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is is this okay now + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is is this okay now +including + + align:start position:0% +including + + + align:start position:0% +including +mechanics see them actions in which IUS + + align:start position:0% +mechanics see them actions in which IUS + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics see them actions in which IUS +cross the boundary between two systems + + align:start position:0% +cross the boundary between two systems + + + align:start position:0% +cross the boundary between two systems +there is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +movement choose as reference way and + + align:start position:0% +movement choose as reference way and + + + align:start position:0% +movement choose as reference way and +that's of the boundary where the partic + + align:start position:0% +that's of the boundary where the partic + + + align:start position:0% +that's of the boundary where the partic +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +crossing then the it + + align:start position:0% +crossing then the it + + + align:start position:0% +crossing then the it +but for each of these particle I can + + align:start position:0% +but for each of these particle I can + + + align:start position:0% +but for each of these particle I can +always find the reference frame in which + + align:start position:0% +always find the reference frame in which + + + align:start position:0% +always find the reference frame in which +it is not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moving and even if it is in presence of + + align:start position:0% +moving and even if it is in presence of + + + align:start position:0% +moving and even if it is in presence of +a gravitational field for each of these + + align:start position:0% +a gravitational field for each of these + + + align:start position:0% +a gravitational field for each of these +part can find an accelerated frame uh + + align:start position:0% +part can find an accelerated frame uh + + + align:start position:0% +part can find an accelerated frame uh +where it is uh + + align:start position:0% +where it is uh + + + align:start position:0% +where it is uh +not we that we inspect those frines + + align:start position:0% +not we that we inspect those frines + + + align:start position:0% +not we that we inspect those frines +there is no kinetic energy and no + + align:start position:0% +there is no kinetic energy and no + + + align:start position:0% +there is no kinetic energy and no +potential energy + + align:start position:0% +potential energy + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy +so somehow this kinetic energy and + + align:start position:0% +so somehow this kinetic energy and + + + align:start position:0% +so somehow this kinetic energy and +potential energy has effect that can be + + align:start position:0% +potential energy has effect that can be + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy has effect that can be +added or or removed by just changing the + + align:start position:0% +added or or removed by just changing the + + + align:start position:0% +added or or removed by just changing the +reference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way clearly that doesn't change internal + + align:start position:0% +way clearly that doesn't change internal + + + align:start position:0% +way clearly that doesn't change internal +properties of the + + align:start position:0% +properties of the + + + align:start position:0% +properties of the +stuff it doesn't change the energy I + + align:start position:0% +stuff it doesn't change the energy I + + + align:start position:0% +stuff it doesn't change the energy I +mean yes it does change the the the + + align:start position:0% +mean yes it does change the the the + + + align:start position:0% +mean yes it does change the the the +energy but it doesn't change uh the + + align:start position:0% +energy but it doesn't change uh the + + + align:start position:0% +energy but it doesn't change uh the +other part because um like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is uh the model that we make + + align:start position:0% +so this is uh the model that we make + + + align:start position:0% +so this is uh the model that we make +that we call Bulk Flow State bu flow + + align:start position:0% +that we call Bulk Flow State bu flow + + + align:start position:0% +that we call Bulk Flow State bu flow +local equid in + + align:start position:0% +local equid in + + + align:start position:0% +local equid in +Spate we + + align:start position:0% +Spate we + + + align:start position:0% +Spate we +assign the good elements the Frog of the + + align:start position:0% +assign the good elements the Frog of the + + + align:start position:0% +assign the good elements the Frog of the +lock they would have believe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them or we assume that the summer + + align:start position:0% +them or we assume that the summer + + + align:start position:0% +them or we assume that the summer +reference respect to which it + + align:start position:0% +reference respect to which it + + + align:start position:0% +reference respect to which it +is media + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that thing uh that energy which + + align:start position:0% +and that thing uh that energy which + + + align:start position:0% +and that thing uh that energy which +satisfies the fundamental relation of + + align:start position:0% +satisfies the fundamental relation of + + + align:start position:0% +satisfies the fundamental relation of +St in that sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it is enure it has a + + align:start position:0% +it is enure it has a + + + align:start position:0% +it is enure it has a +pord it has L of fum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +varation so that's step + + align:start position:0% +varation so that's step + + + align:start position:0% +varation so that's step +one defines a local + + align:start position:0% +one defines a local + + + align:start position:0% +one defines a local +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +model step two is that if you have a + + align:start position:0% +model step two is that if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +model step two is that if you have a +boundary between two systems for example + + align:start position:0% +boundary between two systems for example + + + align:start position:0% +boundary between two systems for example +you have a pipe that brings uh fluid + + align:start position:0% +you have a pipe that brings uh fluid + + + align:start position:0% +you have a pipe that brings uh fluid +elements inside your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system but we usually how do we this is + + align:start position:0% +system but we usually how do we this is + + + align:start position:0% +system but we usually how do we this is +an open system put it an open + + align:start position:0% +an open system put it an open + + + align:start position:0% +an open system put it an open +system and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we usually + + align:start position:0% +uh we usually + + + align:start position:0% +uh we usually +represent + + align:start position:0% +represent + + + align:start position:0% +represent +uh as a + + align:start position:0% +uh as a + + + align:start position:0% +uh as a +boundary the formal boundary as a imagin + + align:start position:0% +boundary the formal boundary as a imagin + + + align:start position:0% +boundary the formal boundary as a imagin +uh it's now in our mind there is a + + align:start position:0% +uh it's now in our mind there is a + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's now in our mind there is a +boundary between the pipe and the + + align:start position:0% +boundary between the pipe and the + + + align:start position:0% +boundary between the pipe and the +system but this boundary isn't + + align:start position:0% +system but this boundary isn't + + + align:start position:0% +system but this boundary isn't +physical + + align:start position:0% +physical + + + align:start position:0% +physical +yet in order to model the interaction we + + align:start position:0% +yet in order to model the interaction we + + + align:start position:0% +yet in order to model the interaction we +suppose it is physical suppose we can + + align:start position:0% +suppose it is physical suppose we can + + + align:start position:0% +suppose it is physical suppose we can +put a physical + + align:start position:0% +put a physical + + + align:start position:0% +put a physical +partition which we are allowed because + + align:start position:0% +partition which we are allowed because + + + align:start position:0% +partition which we are allowed because +we are really in a simple system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model so let me put + + align:start position:0% +model so let me put + + + align:start position:0% +model so let me put +uh in a Time instant uh + + align:start position:0% +uh in a Time instant uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh in a Time instant uh +t let me put a um a partition that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +separates that amount of fluid that uh + + align:start position:0% +separates that amount of fluid that uh + + + align:start position:0% +separates that amount of fluid that uh +is going to cross this boundary in the + + align:start position:0% +is going to cross this boundary in the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to cross this boundary in the +next time interval delta T or + + align:start position:0% +next time interval delta T or + + + align:start position:0% +next time interval delta T or +DT so now it's here later is there and + + align:start position:0% +DT so now it's here later is there and + + + align:start position:0% +DT so now it's here later is there and +it's phys Al separated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by if a no cost I have put in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay then what happens uh if I look + + align:start position:0% +that okay then what happens uh if I look + + + align:start position:0% +that okay then what happens uh if I look +at the from the the fluid element the + + align:start position:0% +at the from the the fluid element the + + + align:start position:0% +at the from the the fluid element the +fluid parcel that is coming uh that is + + align:start position:0% +fluid parcel that is coming uh that is + + + align:start position:0% +fluid parcel that is coming uh that is +crossing here uh from a reference frame + + align:start position:0% +crossing here uh from a reference frame + + + align:start position:0% +crossing here uh from a reference frame +that moves at with its velocity I am + + align:start position:0% +that moves at with its velocity I am + + + align:start position:0% +that moves at with its velocity I am +assuming for Simplicity here that there + + align:start position:0% +assuming for Simplicity here that there + + + align:start position:0% +assuming for Simplicity here that there +is a flat velocity of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P or it's + + align:start position:0% +P or it's + + + align:start position:0% +P or it's +not make + + align:start position:0% +not make + + + align:start position:0% +not make +it single out velocity + + align:start position:0% +it single out velocity + + + align:start position:0% +it single out velocity +profile but for Simplicity let's suppose + + align:start position:0% +profile but for Simplicity let's suppose + + + align:start position:0% +profile but for Simplicity let's suppose +we look at just one element and so that + + align:start position:0% +we look at just one element and so that + + + align:start position:0% +we look at just one element and so that +as it's velocity and look at it from the + + align:start position:0% +as it's velocity and look at it from the + + + align:start position:0% +as it's velocity and look at it from the +rest reference + + align:start position:0% +rest reference + + + align:start position:0% +rest reference +frame when which you see it as not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moving + + align:start position:0% +moving + + + align:start position:0% +moving +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +this partition that you put in is a + + align:start position:0% +this partition that you put in is a + + + align:start position:0% +this partition that you put in is a +partition that separates two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +systems that are in uh Mutual + + align:start position:0% +systems that are in uh Mutual + + + align:start position:0% +systems that are in uh Mutual +equilibrium they have the same pressure + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium they have the same pressure + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium they have the same pressure +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +temperature particular particular the + + align:start position:0% +temperature particular particular the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature particular particular the +pressure is the same that + + align:start position:0% +pressure is the same that + + + align:start position:0% +pressure is the same that +partition uh even it could move it + + align:start position:0% +partition uh even it could move it + + + align:start position:0% +partition uh even it could move it +wouldn't move because all the fluids + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't move because all the fluids + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't move because all the fluids +that are coming in in the pipe here have + + align:start position:0% +that are coming in in the pipe here have + + + align:start position:0% +that are coming in in the pipe here have +the same uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pressure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but if you now make uh the energy + + align:start position:0% +but if you now make uh the energy + + + align:start position:0% +but if you now make uh the energy +balance and here is the details of + + align:start position:0% +balance and here is the details of + + + align:start position:0% +balance and here is the details of +making the energy balance for uh this + + align:start position:0% +making the energy balance for uh this + + + align:start position:0% +making the energy balance for uh this +composite system of the system which is + + align:start position:0% +composite system of the system which is + + + align:start position:0% +composite system of the system which is +receiving that amount of fluid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus this fluid that will eventually get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in so now that we have separated it with + + align:start position:0% +in so now that we have separated it with + + + align:start position:0% +in so now that we have separated it with +a physical partition this partition + + align:start position:0% +a physical partition this partition + + + align:start position:0% +a physical partition this partition +makes it uh a legitimate system so the + + align:start position:0% +makes it uh a legitimate system so the + + + align:start position:0% +makes it uh a legitimate system so the +the composite system a plus b Prime is + + align:start position:0% +the composite system a plus b Prime is + + + align:start position:0% +the composite system a plus b Prime is +uh well separated from the rest because + + align:start position:0% +uh well separated from the rest because + + + align:start position:0% +uh well separated from the rest because +it as a wall and it always satisfied our + + align:start position:0% +it as a wall and it always satisfied our + + + align:start position:0% +it as a wall and it always satisfied our +definition of system in which uh we get + + align:start position:0% +definition of system in which uh we get + + + align:start position:0% +definition of system in which uh we get +external forces with certain + + align:start position:0% +external forces with certain + + + align:start position:0% +external forces with certain +kind okay so for these kind of systems + + align:start position:0% +kind okay so for these kind of systems + + + align:start position:0% +kind okay so for these kind of systems +which are closed system now we can we we + + align:start position:0% +which are closed system now we can we we + + + align:start position:0% +which are closed system now we can we we +have already introduced uh the energy + + align:start position:0% +have already introduced uh the energy + + + align:start position:0% +have already introduced uh the energy +balance do the energy + + align:start position:0% +balance do the energy + + + align:start position:0% +balance do the energy +balance which involves saying that the + + align:start position:0% +balance which involves saying that the + + + align:start position:0% +balance which involves saying that the +final energy minus the initial energy is + + align:start position:0% +final energy minus the initial energy is + + + align:start position:0% +final energy minus the initial energy is +is equal to the energy exchanged via + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the energy exchanged via + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the energy exchanged via +interactions and here there is only one + + align:start position:0% +interactions and here there is only one + + + align:start position:0% +interactions and here there is only one +interaction it's the the fact that there + + align:start position:0% +interaction it's the the fact that there + + + align:start position:0% +interaction it's the the fact that there +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +pressure acting on a moving + + align:start position:0% +pressure acting on a moving + + + align:start position:0% +pressure acting on a moving +piston moving + + align:start position:0% +piston moving + + + align:start position:0% +piston moving +Bounder and + + align:start position:0% +Bounder and + + + align:start position:0% +Bounder and +that and that is a + + align:start position:0% +that and that is a + + + align:start position:0% +that and that is a +work but this is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work he that means that now we play + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +additivity in the final State we note + + align:start position:0% +additivity in the final State we note + + + align:start position:0% +additivity in the final State we note +that in system B + + align:start position:0% +that in system B + + + align:start position:0% +that in system B +Prime there is nothing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +left the system B Prime is now between + + align:start position:0% +left the system B Prime is now between + + + align:start position:0% +left the system B Prime is now between +this fixed boundary and the moving + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +boundary if you + + align:start position:0% +boundary if you + + + align:start position:0% +boundary if you +want a we we could say that I to be more + + align:start position:0% +want a we we could say that I to be more + + + align:start position:0% +want a we we could say that I to be more +precise I should say that at initial + + align:start position:0% +precise I should say that at initial + + + align:start position:0% +precise I should say that at initial +time at time + + align:start position:0% +time at time + + + align:start position:0% +time at time +T in order for system B Prime to be a + + align:start position:0% +T in order for system B Prime to be a + + + align:start position:0% +T in order for system B Prime to be a +system I have to have introduced + + align:start position:0% +system I have to have introduced + + + align:start position:0% +system I have to have introduced +physical boundary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here then I remove it I let things uh go + + align:start position:0% +here then I remove it I let things uh go + + + align:start position:0% +here then I remove it I let things uh go +and in the end I reput again uh the + + align:start position:0% +and in the end I reput again uh the + + + align:start position:0% +and in the end I reput again uh the +physical bound right here but there is + + align:start position:0% +physical bound right here but there is + + + align:start position:0% +physical bound right here but there is +nothing between the two boundaries so + + align:start position:0% +nothing between the two boundaries so + + + align:start position:0% +nothing between the two boundaries so +the energy entropy there are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero and again in order to do the the um + + align:start position:0% +zero and again in order to do the the um + + + align:start position:0% +zero and again in order to do the the um +adding or removing partitions I need to + + align:start position:0% +adding or removing partitions I need to + + + align:start position:0% +adding or removing partitions I need to +I need to be within the simple system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model okay so to make the long uh story + + align:start position:0% +model okay so to make the long uh story + + + align:start position:0% +model okay so to make the long uh story +shorter here is the uh the expression + + align:start position:0% +shorter here is the uh the expression + + + align:start position:0% +shorter here is the uh the expression +for the + + align:start position:0% +for the + + + align:start position:0% +for the +war and is uh pressure times + + align:start position:0% +war and is uh pressure times + + + align:start position:0% +war and is uh pressure times +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +area times the + + align:start position:0% +area times the + + + align:start position:0% +area times the +displacement and uh you can show that it + + align:start position:0% +displacement and uh you can show that it + + + align:start position:0% +displacement and uh you can show that it +is proportional to the specific volume + + align:start position:0% +is proportional to the specific volume + + + align:start position:0% +is proportional to the specific volume +times the pressure times the amount of + + align:start position:0% +times the pressure times the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +times the pressure times the amount of +the the fluid parcel that has been + + align:start position:0% +the the fluid parcel that has been + + + align:start position:0% +the the fluid parcel that has been +exchanged and in the end of the story + + align:start position:0% +exchanged and in the end of the story + + + align:start position:0% +exchanged and in the end of the story +you see that uh this work which we + + align:start position:0% +you see that uh this work which we + + + align:start position:0% +you see that uh this work which we +usually call the the pulsion + + align:start position:0% +usually call the the pulsion + + + align:start position:0% +usually call the the pulsion +work uh add a contribution to the + + align:start position:0% +work uh add a contribution to the + + + align:start position:0% +work uh add a contribution to the +energy that is brought into system a + + align:start position:0% +energy that is brought into system a + + + align:start position:0% +energy that is brought into system a +it's not only the internal energy of of + + align:start position:0% +it's not only the internal energy of of + + + align:start position:0% +it's not only the internal energy of of +of fluid not only its kinetic energy and + + align:start position:0% +of fluid not only its kinetic energy and + + + align:start position:0% +of fluid not only its kinetic energy and +and potential energy but also this + + align:start position:0% +and potential energy but also this + + + align:start position:0% +and potential energy but also this +passion work and that is why in a b flow + + align:start position:0% +passion work and that is why in a b flow + + + align:start position:0% +passion work and that is why in a b flow +interaction the it's you + + align:start position:0% +interaction the it's you + + + align:start position:0% +interaction the it's you +energy plus + + align:start position:0% +energy plus + + + align:start position:0% +energy plus +PV which if we recall it's called + + align:start position:0% +PV which if we recall it's called + + + align:start position:0% +PV which if we recall it's called +corresponds to definition of that + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to definition of that + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to definition of that +characteristic function that we call the + + align:start position:0% +characteristic function that we call the + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic function that we call the +B and that enters into uh the expression + + align:start position:0% +B and that enters into uh the expression + + + align:start position:0% +B and that enters into uh the expression +that says how much energy is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transferred in this kind of + + align:start position:0% +transferred in this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +transferred in this kind of +interaction of course you can do the + + align:start position:0% +interaction of course you can do the + + + align:start position:0% +interaction of course you can do the +same when the parcel is is going from + + align:start position:0% +same when the parcel is is going from + + + align:start position:0% +same when the parcel is is going from +inside to outside + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and therefore we get this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um summary of defining properties for + + align:start position:0% +um summary of defining properties for + + + align:start position:0% +um summary of defining properties for +the B + + align:start position:0% +the B + + + align:start position:0% +the B +flow interaction it + + align:start position:0% +flow interaction it + + + align:start position:0% +flow interaction it +contributes Mass to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system by by the mass balance you can + + align:start position:0% +system by by the mass balance you can + + + align:start position:0% +system by by the mass balance you can +write it this + + align:start position:0% +write it this + + + align:start position:0% +write it this +way energy here is the inal and also + + align:start position:0% +way energy here is the inal and also + + + align:start position:0% +way energy here is the inal and also +entropy the entropy is just the entropy + + align:start position:0% +entropy the entropy is just the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +entropy the entropy is just the entropy +that uh uh fluid element has and S we + + align:start position:0% +that uh uh fluid element has and S we + + + align:start position:0% +that uh uh fluid element has and S we +uh translate from outside to + + align:start position:0% +uh translate from outside to + + + align:start position:0% +uh translate from outside to +inside + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +translates okay in out you can also do + + align:start position:0% +translates okay in out you can also do + + + align:start position:0% +translates okay in out you can also do +this per unit time + + align:start position:0% +this per unit time + + + align:start position:0% +this per unit time +and uh you can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +therefore now with this additional type + + align:start position:0% +therefore now with this additional type + + + align:start position:0% +therefore now with this additional type +of interaction you can write + + align:start position:0% +of interaction you can write + + + align:start position:0% +of interaction you can write +uh balance equations for a system that + + align:start position:0% +uh balance equations for a system that + + + align:start position:0% +uh balance equations for a system that +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +sub all sorts of interactions for + + align:start position:0% +sub all sorts of interactions for + + + align:start position:0% +sub all sorts of interactions for +example here we have right heat + + align:start position:0% +example here we have right heat + + + align:start position:0% +example here we have right heat +temperature ta typically we use the a or + + align:start position:0% +temperature ta typically we use the a or + + + align:start position:0% +temperature ta typically we use the a or +the letter zero for the + + align:start position:0% +the letter zero for the + + + align:start position:0% +the letter zero for the +environmental + + align:start position:0% +environmental + + + align:start position:0% +environmental +conditions here we have a heat + + align:start position:0% +conditions here we have a heat + + + align:start position:0% +conditions here we have a heat +interaction at some other + + align:start position:0% +interaction at some other + + + align:start position:0% +interaction at some other +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +maybe + + align:start position:0% +maybe + + + align:start position:0% +maybe +cold uh this one at another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature we may have work + + align:start position:0% +temperature we may have work + + + align:start position:0% +temperature we may have work +interactions of various types like a + + align:start position:0% +interactions of various types like a + + + align:start position:0% +interactions of various types like a +shaft bringing in uh mechanical + + align:start position:0% +shaft bringing in uh mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +shaft bringing in uh mechanical +energy electrical wires beinging + + align:start position:0% +energy electrical wires beinging + + + align:start position:0% +energy electrical wires beinging +bringing in ccal energy these are all + + align:start position:0% +bringing in ccal energy these are all + + + align:start position:0% +bringing in ccal energy these are all +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +equivalent or a moving uh boundary + + align:start position:0% +equivalent or a moving uh boundary + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent or a moving uh boundary +against the pressure of the atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +against the pressure of the atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +against the pressure of the atmosphere +that is also work in + + align:start position:0% +that is also work in + + + align:start position:0% +that is also work in +there and plus we have we may have + + align:start position:0% +there and plus we have we may have + + + align:start position:0% +there and plus we have we may have +many bulk flow interactions and as we + + align:start position:0% +many bulk flow interactions and as we + + + align:start position:0% +many bulk flow interactions and as we +have seen in order to characterize a + + align:start position:0% +have seen in order to characterize a + + + align:start position:0% +have seen in order to characterize a +bulk + + align:start position:0% +bulk + + + align:start position:0% +bulk +flow uh interaction we need to + + align:start position:0% +flow uh interaction we need to + + + align:start position:0% +flow uh interaction we need to +characterize the blood flow States of + + align:start position:0% +characterize the blood flow States of + + + align:start position:0% +characterize the blood flow States of +the fluid elements that are carried in + + align:start position:0% +the fluid elements that are carried in + + + align:start position:0% +the fluid elements that are carried in +and out so you need the enthalpy the + + align:start position:0% +and out so you need the enthalpy the + + + align:start position:0% +and out so you need the enthalpy the +local enthalpy uh the the local + + align:start position:0% +local enthalpy uh the the local + + + align:start position:0% +local enthalpy uh the the local +entropy the velocity of the fluid + + align:start position:0% +entropy the velocity of the fluid + + + align:start position:0% +entropy the velocity of the fluid +elements and the local height in the + + align:start position:0% +elements and the local height in the + + + align:start position:0% +elements and the local height in the +gravitational Feld so that you can + + align:start position:0% +gravitational Feld so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational Feld so that you can +compute the uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential of course subject to all these + + align:start position:0% +potential of course subject to all these + + + align:start position:0% +potential of course subject to all these +interactions is going to be + + align:start position:0% +interactions is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +interactions is going to be +uh so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's not going to be easy to balance + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to be easy to balance + + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to be easy to balance +them so that you keep the energy the + + align:start position:0% +them so that you keep the energy the + + + align:start position:0% +them so that you keep the energy the +same the enthropy the same the volume + + align:start position:0% +same the enthropy the same the volume + + + align:start position:0% +same the enthropy the same the volume +the same the the mass the same which + + align:start position:0% +the same the the mass the same which + + + align:start position:0% +the same the the mass the same which +would be required to keep the system in + + align:start position:0% +would be required to keep the system in + + + align:start position:0% +would be required to keep the system in +a steady + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state but uh very often that's exactly + + align:start position:0% +state but uh very often that's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +state but uh very often that's exactly +what you do for example this is a power + + align:start position:0% +what you do for example this is a power + + + align:start position:0% +what you do for example this is a power +plant and you want to operate it in such + + align:start position:0% +plant and you want to operate it in such + + + align:start position:0% +plant and you want to operate it in such +a way that it doesn't consume itself it + + align:start position:0% +a way that it doesn't consume itself it + + + align:start position:0% +a way that it doesn't consume itself it +simply processes stuff so you need to + + align:start position:0% +simply processes stuff so you need to + + + align:start position:0% +simply processes stuff so you need to +balance what goes in with what goes + + align:start position:0% +balance what goes in with what goes + + + align:start position:0% +balance what goes in with what goes +out and while you do that U + + align:start position:0% +out and while you do that U + + + align:start position:0% +out and while you do that U +definitely most of the times produce + + align:start position:0% +definitely most of the times produce + + + align:start position:0% +definitely most of the times produce +entropy by IR + + align:start position:0% +entropy by IR + + + align:start position:0% +entropy by IR +reversible this a balance equation of + + align:start position:0% +reversible this a balance equation of + + + align:start position:0% +reversible this a balance equation of +mass rate of change of the mass is a met + + align:start position:0% +mass rate of change of the mass is a met + + + align:start position:0% +mass rate of change of the mass is a met +uh uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh +mass flow rates that are that go in and + + align:start position:0% +mass flow rates that are that go in and + + + align:start position:0% +mass flow rates that are that go in and +out here I to simplify the notation I + + align:start position:0% +out here I to simplify the notation I + + + align:start position:0% +out here I to simplify the notation I +consider m dot with the + + align:start position:0% +consider m dot with the + + + align:start position:0% +consider m dot with the +arrow just in so it's positive is in + + align:start position:0% +arrow just in so it's positive is in + + + align:start position:0% +arrow just in so it's positive is in +that means that if I want to + + align:start position:0% +that means that if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +that means that if I want to +represent something go going out it I + + align:start position:0% +represent something go going out it I + + + align:start position:0% +represent something go going out it I +will need the + + align:start position:0% +will need the + + + align:start position:0% +will need the +negative or you you could split this + + align:start position:0% +negative or you you could split this + + + align:start position:0% +negative or you you could split this +summation into two + + align:start position:0% +summation into two + + + align:start position:0% +summation into two +sums and put on one + + align:start position:0% +sums and put on one + + + align:start position:0% +sums and put on one +the mass the masses that go in and minus + + align:start position:0% +the mass the masses that go in and minus + + + align:start position:0% +the mass the masses that go in and minus +the summation of the masses that go out + + align:start position:0% +the summation of the masses that go out + + + align:start position:0% +the summation of the masses that go out +that's also this for the energy the rate + + align:start position:0% +that's also this for the energy the rate + + + align:start position:0% +that's also this for the energy the rate +of change of the energy is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +of change of the energy is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +of change of the energy is equal to the +net amount of energy transferred by + + align:start position:0% +net amount of energy transferred by + + + align:start position:0% +net amount of energy transferred by +interactions here are the Heats works + + align:start position:0% +interactions here are the Heats works + + + align:start position:0% +interactions here are the Heats works +here are the B + + align:start position:0% +here are the B + + + align:start position:0% +here are the B +fros and for the entropy the rate of + + align:start position:0% +fros and for the entropy the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +fros and for the entropy the rate of +change of the entropy of the + + align:start position:0% +change of the entropy of the + + + align:start position:0% +change of the entropy of the +system is first term here is the entr ex + + align:start position:0% +system is first term here is the entr ex + + + align:start position:0% +system is first term here is the entr ex +changed either via the buf flow + + align:start position:0% +changed either via the buf flow + + + align:start position:0% +changed either via the buf flow +interactions or via the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Heats and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that what how about this + + align:start position:0% +that what how about this + + + align:start position:0% +that what how about this +sign what do you think that's an arrow + + align:start position:0% +sign what do you think that's an arrow + + + align:start position:0% +sign what do you think that's an arrow +okay the entropy plus the entropy + + align:start position:0% +okay the entropy plus the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +okay the entropy plus the entropy +produced by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +IRB that needs to be + + align:start position:0% +IRB that needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +IRB that needs to be +corrected just + + align:start position:0% +corrected just + + + align:start position:0% +corrected just +uh I probably left it + + align:start position:0% +uh I probably left it + + + align:start position:0% +uh I probably left it +there to + + align:start position:0% +there to + + + align:start position:0% +there to +see if I'm awake enough and you are + + align:start position:0% +see if I'm awake enough and you are + + + align:start position:0% +see if I'm awake enough and you are +awake enough to spot it and + + align:start position:0% +awake enough to spot it and + + + align:start position:0% +awake enough to spot it and +but so we with + + align:start position:0% +but so we with + + + align:start position:0% +but so we with +did and once we + + align:start position:0% +did and once we + + + align:start position:0% +did and once we +have this balance equations we can + + align:start position:0% +have this balance equations we can + + + align:start position:0% +have this balance equations we can +manipulate them solve + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problems in + + align:start position:0% +problems in + + + align:start position:0% +problems in +the large uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +community of uh the engineers that have + + align:start position:0% +community of uh the engineers that have + + + align:start position:0% +community of uh the engineers that have +uh played with these + + align:start position:0% +uh played with these + + + align:start position:0% +uh played with these +equations there developed this idea of + + align:start position:0% +equations there developed this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +equations there developed this idea of +exergy and exergy Analysis ofg + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +systems um it it adds nothing to this + + align:start position:0% +systems um it it adds nothing to this + + + align:start position:0% +systems um it it adds nothing to this +equations except um perhaps it helps in + + align:start position:0% +equations except um perhaps it helps in + + + align:start position:0% +equations except um perhaps it helps in +reading + + align:start position:0% +reading + + + align:start position:0% +reading +them it adds nothing because it simply + + align:start position:0% +them it adds nothing because it simply + + + align:start position:0% +them it adds nothing because it simply +it is based on a linear combination of + + align:start position:0% +it is based on a linear combination of + + + align:start position:0% +it is based on a linear combination of +these equations the mathematically all + + align:start position:0% +these equations the mathematically all + + + align:start position:0% +these equations the mathematically all +the information was contained in here + + align:start position:0% +the information was contained in here + + + align:start position:0% +the information was contained in here +but this is the basic we definitely need + + align:start position:0% +but this is the basic we definitely need + + + align:start position:0% +but this is the basic we definitely need +to make an energy balance and an entropy + + align:start position:0% +to make an energy balance and an entropy + + + align:start position:0% +to make an energy balance and an entropy +balance if you don't like working with + + align:start position:0% +balance if you don't like working with + + + align:start position:0% +balance if you don't like working with +enthropy and we refer to work with a + + align:start position:0% +enthropy and we refer to work with a + + + align:start position:0% +enthropy and we refer to work with a +linear combination of energ and + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of energ and + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of energ and +entropy fine then you call it XG balance + + align:start position:0% +entropy fine then you call it XG balance + + + align:start position:0% +entropy fine then you call it XG balance +and so one way to combine these + + align:start position:0% +and so one way to combine these + + + align:start position:0% +and so one way to combine these +equations is to take one of these forms + + align:start position:0% +equations is to take one of these forms + + + align:start position:0% +equations is to take one of these forms +uh that + + align:start position:0% +uh that + + + align:start position:0% +uh that +um is + + align:start position:0% +um is + + + align:start position:0% +um is +to take the second equation the entropy + + align:start position:0% +to take the second equation the entropy + + + align:start position:0% +to take the second equation the entropy +equation multiply by some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature and it is convenient to + + align:start position:0% +temperature and it is convenient to + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and it is convenient to +choose + + align:start position:0% +choose + + + align:start position:0% +choose +the temperature of one of your um heat + + align:start position:0% +the temperature of one of your um heat + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature of one of your um heat +interaction and is even more convenient + + align:start position:0% +interaction and is even more convenient + + + align:start position:0% +interaction and is even more convenient +to choose the temperature of the heat + + align:start position:0% +to choose the temperature of the heat + + + align:start position:0% +to choose the temperature of the heat +interaction that is considered free of + + align:start position:0% +interaction that is considered free of + + + align:start position:0% +interaction that is considered free of +charge for example if you if your + + align:start position:0% +charge for example if you if your + + + align:start position:0% +charge for example if you if your +Machinery operates in some in an + + align:start position:0% +Machinery operates in some in an + + + align:start position:0% +Machinery operates in some in an +environment like uh the air your air + + align:start position:0% +environment like uh the air your air + + + align:start position:0% +environment like uh the air your air +conditioning at home works in the air + + align:start position:0% +conditioning at home works in the air + + + align:start position:0% +conditioning at home works in the air +and uses uh and dumps heat in the + + align:start position:0% +and uses uh and dumps heat in the + + + align:start position:0% +and uses uh and dumps heat in the +environment you would I would use that + + align:start position:0% +environment you would I would use that + + + align:start position:0% +environment you would I would use that +temperature uh + + align:start position:0% +temperature uh + + + align:start position:0% +temperature uh +is the temperature that I use in this + + align:start position:0% +is the temperature that I use in this + + + align:start position:0% +is the temperature that I use in this +linear + + align:start position:0% +linear + + + align:start position:0% +linear +combination If instead your power plant + + align:start position:0% +combination If instead your power plant + + + align:start position:0% +combination If instead your power plant +is cooled by the water of of the + + align:start position:0% +is cooled by the water of of the + + + align:start position:0% +is cooled by the water of of the +R I would I would use the temperature of + + align:start position:0% +R I would I would use the temperature of + + + align:start position:0% +R I would I would use the temperature of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rib in any case so take that multiply + + align:start position:0% +rib in any case so take that multiply + + + align:start position:0% +rib in any case so take that multiply +and then subtract it from the energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +balance and uh if + + align:start position:0% +balance and uh if + + + align:start position:0% +balance and uh if +you yeah I think here + + align:start position:0% +you yeah I think here + + + align:start position:0% +you yeah I think here +also you have to be a little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh I should have been a little more + + align:start position:0% +uh I should have been a little more + + + align:start position:0% +uh I should have been a little more +careful in uh making explicitly the work + + align:start position:0% +careful in uh making explicitly the work + + + align:start position:0% +careful in uh making explicitly the work +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +uh write it write separately the work + + align:start position:0% +uh write it write separately the work + + + align:start position:0% +uh write it write separately the work +related to the P times uh rate of change + + align:start position:0% +related to the P times uh rate of change + + + align:start position:0% +related to the P times uh rate of change +of Dr like the PV PA times times rate of + + align:start position:0% +of Dr like the PV PA times times rate of + + + align:start position:0% +of Dr like the PV PA times times rate of +change of volume should be um singled + + align:start position:0% +change of volume should be um singled + + + align:start position:0% +change of volume should be um singled +out here maybe I'll do it + + align:start position:0% +out here maybe I'll do it + + + align:start position:0% +out here maybe I'll do it +uh later on the slides just for the + + align:start position:0% +uh later on the slides just for the + + + align:start position:0% +uh later on the slides just for the +slides and uh when I correct also the + + align:start position:0% +slides and uh when I correct also the + + + align:start position:0% +slides and uh when I correct also the +minus sign + + align:start position:0% +minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign +here so that + + align:start position:0% +here so that + + + align:start position:0% +here so that +that work term can go on this side of + + align:start position:0% +that work term can go on this side of + + + align:start position:0% +that work term can go on this side of +the equation and make this PA times + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DB all right so here is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a an xfg balance equation and + + align:start position:0% +a an xfg balance equation and + + + align:start position:0% +a an xfg balance equation and +xfg is + + align:start position:0% +xfg is + + + align:start position:0% +xfg is +a is a topic that we need to discuss uh + + align:start position:0% +a is a topic that we need to discuss uh + + + align:start position:0% +a is a topic that we need to discuss uh +uh we not make uh the story very long + + align:start position:0% +uh we not make uh the story very long + + + align:start position:0% +uh we not make uh the story very long +but uh it's it's part of theody dnamic + + align:start position:0% +but uh it's it's part of theody dnamic + + + align:start position:0% +but uh it's it's part of theody dnamic +so it it is uh a good idea to discuss it + + align:start position:0% +so it it is uh a good idea to discuss it + + + align:start position:0% +so it it is uh a good idea to discuss it +also because it brings a several useful + + align:start position:0% +also because it brings a several useful + + + align:start position:0% +also because it brings a several useful +ideas about how to define efficiences of + + align:start position:0% +ideas about how to define efficiences of + + + align:start position:0% +ideas about how to define efficiences of +U energy conversion devices and so it is + + align:start position:0% +U energy conversion devices and so it is + + + align:start position:0% +U energy conversion devices and so it is +uh important in + + align:start position:0% +uh important in + + + align:start position:0% +uh important in +the the mechanical engineering the fact + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we will um we will see okay we already + + align:start position:0% +we will um we will see okay we already + + + align:start position:0% +we will um we will see okay we already +have seen that combinations like that I + + align:start position:0% +have seen that combinations like that I + + + align:start position:0% +have seen that combinations like that I +think we use the letter c Capital Fe to + + align:start position:0% +think we use the letter c Capital Fe to + + + align:start position:0% +think we use the letter c Capital Fe to +represent his uh um availability + + align:start position:0% +represent his uh um availability + + + align:start position:0% +represent his uh um availability +function e minus t r s plus P + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +RV so this says that's the rate of + + align:start position:0% +RV so this says that's the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +RV so this says that's the rate of +change of the + + align:start position:0% +change of the + + + align:start position:0% +change of the +availability but X and availability are + + align:start position:0% +availability but X and availability are + + + align:start position:0% +availability but X and availability are +the same idea same concept the words for + + align:start position:0% +the same idea same concept the words for + + + align:start position:0% +the same idea same concept the words for +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh heat + + align:start position:0% +uh heat + + + align:start position:0% +uh heat +times Caro + + align:start position:0% +times Caro + + + align:start position:0% +times Caro +coefficient uh and the cono coefficient + + align:start position:0% +coefficient uh and the cono coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient uh and the cono coefficient +is um between temperature of what I've + + align:start position:0% +is um between temperature of what I've + + + align:start position:0% +is um between temperature of what I've +chosen as my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and + + align:start position:0% +um and + + + align:start position:0% +um and +environment and the temperature at which + + align:start position:0% +environment and the temperature at which + + + align:start position:0% +environment and the temperature at which +the heat is + + align:start position:0% +the heat is + + + align:start position:0% +the heat is +exchanged this + + align:start position:0% +exchanged this + + + align:start position:0% +exchanged this +represents for a given Caro engine the + + align:start position:0% +represents for a given Caro engine the + + + align:start position:0% +represents for a given Caro engine the +maximum work that you could extract by + + align:start position:0% +maximum work that you could extract by + + + align:start position:0% +maximum work that you could extract by +exploiting less heat interaction having + + align:start position:0% +exploiting less heat interaction having + + + align:start position:0% +exploiting less heat interaction having +available uh environment of temperature + + align:start position:0% +available uh environment of temperature + + + align:start position:0% +available uh environment of temperature +T not and so this is the the exergy + + align:start position:0% +T not and so this is the the exergy + + + align:start position:0% +T not and so this is the the exergy +associated with that heat interaction it + + align:start position:0% +associated with that heat interaction it + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that heat interaction it +can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work appears directly not multiplied not + + align:start position:0% +work appears directly not multiplied not + + + align:start position:0% +work appears directly not multiplied not +corrected because work is already + + align:start position:0% +corrected because work is already + + + align:start position:0% +corrected because work is already +available to uh let's say if you have + + align:start position:0% +available to uh let's say if you have + + + align:start position:0% +available to uh let's say if you have +some work you can do useful things + + align:start position:0% +some work you can do useful things + + + align:start position:0% +some work you can do useful things +directly you don't have to convert the + + align:start position:0% +directly you don't have to convert the + + + align:start position:0% +directly you don't have to convert the +work is already in a sense + + align:start position:0% +work is already in a sense + + + align:start position:0% +work is already in a sense +ex because the word + + align:start position:0% +ex because the word + + + align:start position:0% +ex because the word +exy really + + align:start position:0% +exy really + + + align:start position:0% +exy really +means the the essential part of the end + + align:start position:0% +means the the essential part of the end + + + align:start position:0% +means the the essential part of the end +energy so the the the the use + + align:start position:0% +energy so the the the the use + + + align:start position:0% +energy so the the the the use +for fractal the energy that it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +either within your + + align:start position:0% +either within your + + + align:start position:0% +either within your +system or an energy + + align:start position:0% +system or an energy + + + align:start position:0% +system or an energy +transferred so the concept applies both + + align:start position:0% +transferred so the concept applies both + + + align:start position:0% +transferred so the concept applies both +for the addictive properties on of the + + align:start position:0% +for the addictive properties on of the + + + align:start position:0% +for the addictive properties on of the +system energy East or the uh modes of + + align:start position:0% +system energy East or the uh modes of + + + align:start position:0% +system energy East or the uh modes of +energy transfer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +work and here is also the XG expression + + align:start position:0% +work and here is also the XG expression + + + align:start position:0% +work and here is also the XG expression +or uh about flow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interactions and out of this um do the + + align:start position:0% +interactions and out of this um do the + + + align:start position:0% +interactions and out of this um do the +proper sign here you get a minus and + + align:start position:0% +proper sign here you get a minus and + + + align:start position:0% +proper sign here you get a minus and +here is correct minus t * s dot + + align:start position:0% +here is correct minus t * s dot + + + align:start position:0% +here is correct minus t * s dot +reversible this is the + + align:start position:0% +reversible this is the + + + align:start position:0% +reversible this is the +in uh dissipation the terms that + + align:start position:0% +in uh dissipation the terms that + + + align:start position:0% +in uh dissipation the terms that +represents the destruction of bra + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ex and like um entropy cannot be cannot + + align:start position:0% +ex and like um entropy cannot be cannot + + + align:start position:0% +ex and like um entropy cannot be cannot +can cannot be + + align:start position:0% +can cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +can cannot be +destroyed + + align:start position:0% +destroyed + + + align:start position:0% +destroyed +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +exergy cannot be + + align:start position:0% +exergy cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +exergy cannot be +created you canot it uh destroyed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so they related so + + align:start position:0% +so they related so + + + align:start position:0% +so they related so +reversibility you do things + + align:start position:0% +reversibility you do things + + + align:start position:0% +reversibility you do things +reversibly you don't create entropy and + + align:start position:0% +reversibly you don't create entropy and + + + align:start position:0% +reversibly you don't create entropy and +you don't destroy + + align:start position:0% +you don't destroy + + + align:start position:0% +you don't destroy +exergy you do things + + align:start position:0% +exergy you do things + + + align:start position:0% +exergy you do things +irreversibly you create entropy and + + align:start position:0% +irreversibly you create entropy and + + + align:start position:0% +irreversibly you create entropy and +Destroy some + + align:start position:0% +Destroy some + + + align:start position:0% +Destroy some +exit that's St + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah and so since we are at this + + align:start position:0% +yeah and so since we are at this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and so since we are at this +business of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the let's just do it we have already + + align:start position:0% +the let's just do it we have already + + + align:start position:0% +the let's just do it we have already +done + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um few uh lectures + + align:start position:0% +um few uh lectures + + + align:start position:0% +um few uh lectures +ago the first low and second low + + align:start position:0% +ago the first low and second low + + + align:start position:0% +ago the first low and second low +efficiencies or heat engines uh + + align:start position:0% +efficiencies or heat engines uh + + + align:start position:0% +efficiencies or heat engines uh +refrigerator units and heat pumps but + + align:start position:0% +refrigerator units and heat pumps but + + + align:start position:0% +refrigerator units and heat pumps but +this is just the summary same equations + + align:start position:0% +this is just the summary same equations + + + align:start position:0% +this is just the summary same equations +that we already seen up there + + align:start position:0% +that we already seen up there + + + align:start position:0% +that we already seen up there +just notice + + align:start position:0% +just notice + + + align:start position:0% +just notice +that the first low efficiencies a ratio + + align:start position:0% +that the first low efficiencies a ratio + + + align:start position:0% +that the first low efficiencies a ratio +where you put at the numerator an energy + + align:start position:0% +where you put at the numerator an energy + + + align:start position:0% +where you put at the numerator an energy +and at the denominator another energy + + align:start position:0% +and at the denominator another energy + + + align:start position:0% +and at the denominator another energy +typically the numerator is the useful + + align:start position:0% +typically the numerator is the useful + + + align:start position:0% +typically the numerator is the useful +effect that you want and the num the + + align:start position:0% +effect that you want and the num the + + + align:start position:0% +effect that you want and the num the +denominator is the resource that you are + + align:start position:0% +denominator is the resource that you are + + + align:start position:0% +denominator is the resource that you are +use and energy + + align:start position:0% +use and energy + + + align:start position:0% +use and energy +wise + + align:start position:0% +wise + + + align:start position:0% +wise +instead a second low + + align:start position:0% +instead a second low + + + align:start position:0% +instead a second low +efficiency you put at the numerator what + + align:start position:0% +efficiency you put at the numerator what + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency you put at the numerator what +you want to achieve and at the + + align:start position:0% +you want to achieve and at the + + + align:start position:0% +you want to achieve and at the +denominator + + align:start position:0% +denominator + + + align:start position:0% +denominator +uh the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minimum + + align:start position:0% +minimum + + + align:start position:0% +minimum +expenditure that you need to uh pay in + + align:start position:0% +expenditure that you need to uh pay in + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure that you need to uh pay in +order to achieve that which is typically + + align:start position:0% +order to achieve that which is typically + + + align:start position:0% +order to achieve that which is typically +done minum in the sense of + + align:start position:0% +done minum in the sense of + + + align:start position:0% +done minum in the sense of +thermodynamics of course and so uh it's + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamics of course and so uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamics of course and so uh it's +uh the reversible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cake not saying this is the Practical + + align:start position:0% +cake not saying this is the Practical + + + align:start position:0% +cake not saying this is the Practical +Optimum using + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +practice don't want to operate diversity + + align:start position:0% +practice don't want to operate diversity + + + align:start position:0% +practice don't want to operate diversity +or object is very to operate reversely + + align:start position:0% +or object is very to operate reversely + + + align:start position:0% +or object is very to operate reversely +because if you operate + + align:start position:0% +because if you operate + + + align:start position:0% +because if you operate +reversely most of the times you have to + + align:start position:0% +reversely most of the times you have to + + + align:start position:0% +reversely most of the times you have to +do it in such limiting conditions that + + align:start position:0% +do it in such limiting conditions that + + + align:start position:0% +do it in such limiting conditions that +you get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nothing so in practice what you want to + + align:start position:0% +nothing so in practice what you want to + + + align:start position:0% +nothing so in practice what you want to +uh optimize + + align:start position:0% +uh optimize + + + align:start position:0% +uh optimize +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +power + + align:start position:0% +power + + + align:start position:0% +power +or combination of power + + align:start position:0% +or combination of power + + + align:start position:0% +or combination of power +misss + + align:start position:0% +misss + + + align:start position:0% +misss +depending on the cost of + + align:start position:0% +depending on the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the cost of +equipment because of course the more you + + align:start position:0% +equipment because of course the more you + + + align:start position:0% +equipment because of course the more you +put in in terms of sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +put in in terms of sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +put in in terms of sophisticated +equipment you may uh achieve uh higher + + align:start position:0% +equipment you may uh achieve uh higher + + + align:start position:0% +equipment you may uh achieve uh higher +efficiencies but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh it + + align:start position:0% +uh it + + + align:start position:0% +uh it +um the + + align:start position:0% +um the + + + align:start position:0% +um the +cost May kill you so you have to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compromise therefore there are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +other terms in the equation of + + align:start position:0% +other terms in the equation of + + + align:start position:0% +other terms in the equation of +optimization in terms of practical and + + align:start position:0% +optimization in terms of practical and + + + align:start position:0% +optimization in terms of practical and +so here we're just talking about so this + + align:start position:0% +so here we're just talking about so this + + + align:start position:0% +so here we're just talking about so this +is the limitation of the second low + + align:start position:0% +is the limitation of the second low + + + align:start position:0% +is the limitation of the second low +efficiencies + + align:start position:0% +efficiencies + + + align:start position:0% +efficiencies +that it gives in denominator which is + + align:start position:0% +that it gives in denominator which is + + + align:start position:0% +that it gives in denominator which is +your term of + + align:start position:0% +your term of + + + align:start position:0% +your term of +comparison uh a the reversible process + + align:start position:0% +comparison uh a the reversible process + + + align:start position:0% +comparison uh a the reversible process +which may be too far away from + + align:start position:0% +which may be too far away from + + + align:start position:0% +which may be too far away from +practicality one one sort of sort of the + + align:start position:0% +practicality one one sort of sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +practicality one one sort of sort of the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +halfway solution would be to put + + align:start position:0% +halfway solution would be to put + + + align:start position:0% +halfway solution would be to put +there uh the work required by the best + + align:start position:0% +there uh the work required by the best + + + align:start position:0% +there uh the work required by the best +available technology to do do that + + align:start position:0% +available technology to do do that + + + align:start position:0% +available technology to do do that +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +job in that + + align:start position:0% +job in that + + + align:start position:0% +job in that +way at least you + + align:start position:0% +way at least you + + + align:start position:0% +way at least you +compare uh the efficiency of your device + + align:start position:0% +compare uh the efficiency of your device + + + align:start position:0% +compare uh the efficiency of your device +with the efficiency of the best + + align:start position:0% +with the efficiency of the best + + + align:start position:0% +with the efficiency of the best +available + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +technology and of course if your device + + align:start position:0% +technology and of course if your device + + + align:start position:0% +technology and of course if your device +is better your efficiency will be + + align:start position:0% +is better your efficiency will be + + + align:start position:0% +is better your efficiency will be +higher higher than one and know and + + align:start position:0% +higher higher than one and know and + + + align:start position:0% +higher higher than one and know and +eventually your your your technology + + align:start position:0% +eventually your your your technology + + + align:start position:0% +eventually your your your technology +will impact and will be become + + align:start position:0% +will impact and will be become + + + align:start position:0% +will impact and will be become +theology + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +too all right + + align:start position:0% +too all right + + + align:start position:0% +too all right +so this view graph simply uh summarizes + + align:start position:0% +so this view graph simply uh summarizes + + + align:start position:0% +so this view graph simply uh summarizes +uh again the idea of first law where + + align:start position:0% +uh again the idea of first law where + + + align:start position:0% +uh again the idea of first law where +energy associated with the useful + + align:start position:0% +energy associated with the useful + + + align:start position:0% +energy associated with the useful +effects divided by the energy associated + + align:start position:0% +effects divided by the energy associated + + + align:start position:0% +effects divided by the energy associated +with the source that the resource that + + align:start position:0% +with the source that the resource that + + + align:start position:0% +with the source that the resource that +you have + + align:start position:0% +you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have +used which could be burning a fuel or a + + align:start position:0% +used which could be burning a fuel or a + + + align:start position:0% +used which could be burning a fuel or a +using Sol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energy and uh here for the second law + + align:start position:0% +energy and uh here for the second law + + + align:start position:0% +energy and uh here for the second law +you can cast it for second low + + align:start position:0% +you can cast it for second low + + + align:start position:0% +you can cast it for second low +efficiency you can cast it by saying + + align:start position:0% +efficiency you can cast it by saying + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency you can cast it by saying +that I put + + align:start position:0% +that I put + + + align:start position:0% +that I put +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +also + + align:start position:0% +also + + + align:start position:0% +also +uh uh the exergen associated with the uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the exergen associated with the uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the exergen associated with the uh +useful effect because the exer + + align:start position:0% +useful effect because the exer + + + align:start position:0% +useful effect because the exer +represents the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work equivalent of that useful effect + + align:start position:0% +work equivalent of that useful effect + + + align:start position:0% +work equivalent of that useful effect +and then you put at the denominator the + + align:start position:0% +and then you put at the denominator the + + + align:start position:0% +and then you put at the denominator the +X and G associated with the source You' + + align:start position:0% +X and G associated with the source You' + + + align:start position:0% +X and G associated with the source You' +used you can uh to reason it out uh you + + align:start position:0% +used you can uh to reason it out uh you + + + align:start position:0% +used you can uh to reason it out uh you +you you realize that this is equivalent + + align:start position:0% +you you realize that this is equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +you you realize that this is equivalent +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +uh putting here the energy of the useful + + align:start position:0% +uh putting here the energy of the useful + + + align:start position:0% +uh putting here the energy of the useful +effect and and the + + align:start position:0% +effect and and the + + + align:start position:0% +effect and and the +below um the + + align:start position:0% +below um the + + + align:start position:0% +below um the +the minimum resource you you should use + + align:start position:0% +the minimum resource you you should use + + + align:start position:0% +the minimum resource you you should use +in order to obtain that which is I + + align:start position:0% +in order to obtain that which is I + + + align:start position:0% +in order to obtain that which is I +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +here see this form of + + align:start position:0% +here see this form of + + + align:start position:0% +here see this form of +the secondary + + align:start position:0% +the secondary + + + align:start position:0% +the secondary +efficiency is also equivalent once you + + align:start position:0% +efficiency is also equivalent once you + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency is also equivalent once you +do the balance equations and obtain the + + align:start position:0% +do the balance equations and obtain the + + + align:start position:0% +do the balance equations and obtain the +expression for the reversible work as a + + align:start position:0% +expression for the reversible work as a + + + align:start position:0% +expression for the reversible work as a +ratio of executes for example for the + + align:start position:0% +ratio of executes for example for the + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of executes for example for the +heat engine If the ratio of the exy of + + align:start position:0% +heat engine If the ratio of the exy of + + + align:start position:0% +heat engine If the ratio of the exy of +your product which is works so just pure + + align:start position:0% +your product which is works so just pure + + + align:start position:0% +your product which is works so just pure +exy divided by the exy of the resource + + align:start position:0% +exy divided by the exy of the resource + + + align:start position:0% +exy divided by the exy of the resource +which is heat times the Caro + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coefficient and notice that the Caro + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and notice that the Caro + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and notice that the Caro +coefficient has to be + + align:start position:0% +coefficient has to be + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient has to be +computed + + align:start position:0% +computed + + + align:start position:0% +computed +using the temperature as environment the + + align:start position:0% +using the temperature as environment the + + + align:start position:0% +using the temperature as environment the +temperature of the cold dresser where + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the cold dresser where + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the cold dresser where +which you using as uh an environment S + + align:start position:0% +which you using as uh an environment S + + + align:start position:0% +which you using as uh an environment S +as the the thing where you Dum your entr + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and similarly for a + + align:start position:0% +and similarly for a + + + align:start position:0% +and similarly for a +refrigerator this definition is + + align:start position:0% +refrigerator this definition is + + + align:start position:0% +refrigerator this definition is +equivalent to definition in which you + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to definition in which you + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to definition in which you +have uh exergis numerator and + + align:start position:0% +have uh exergis numerator and + + + align:start position:0% +have uh exergis numerator and +denominator + + align:start position:0% +denominator + + + align:start position:0% +denominator +now for a + + align:start position:0% +now for a + + + align:start position:0% +now for a +refrigerator this is the exergy of + + align:start position:0% +refrigerator this is the exergy of + + + align:start position:0% +refrigerator this is the exergy of +cooling uh with a the cooling load QB + + align:start position:0% +cooling uh with a the cooling load QB + + + align:start position:0% +cooling uh with a the cooling load QB +times the this is equal to a caral + + align:start position:0% +times the this is equal to a caral + + + align:start position:0% +times the this is equal to a caral +coefficient minus signs becomes a caral + + align:start position:0% +coefficient minus signs becomes a caral + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient minus signs becomes a caral +coefficient + + align:start position:0% +coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient +uh but here now you see uh the can + + align:start position:0% +uh but here now you see uh the can + + + align:start position:0% +uh but here now you see uh the can +coefficient with the T at the numerator + + align:start position:0% +coefficient with the T at the numerator + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient with the T at the numerator +so the T of the environment now is the + + align:start position:0% +so the T of the environment now is the + + + align:start position:0% +so the T of the environment now is the +hot because in the refrigerator you are + + align:start position:0% +hot because in the refrigerator you are + + + align:start position:0% +hot because in the refrigerator you are +uh pping entropy to the um with the + + align:start position:0% +uh pping entropy to the um with the + + + align:start position:0% +uh pping entropy to the um with the +Environ which is hotter than the + + align:start position:0% +Environ which is hotter than the + + + align:start position:0% +Environ which is hotter than the +refrigerator cell and similarly uh here + + align:start position:0% +refrigerator cell and similarly uh here + + + align:start position:0% +refrigerator cell and similarly uh here +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the so going back to this idea of uh + + align:start position:0% +the so going back to this idea of uh + + + align:start position:0% +the so going back to this idea of uh +exergen so the word exergen or the board + + align:start position:0% +exergen so the word exergen or the board + + + align:start position:0% +exergen so the word exergen or the board +availability in the old times there were + + align:start position:0% +availability in the old times there were + + + align:start position:0% +availability in the old times there were +fights about how should we call + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it that has been I I participated in + + align:start position:0% +it that has been I I participated in + + + align:start position:0% +it that has been I I participated in +conferences where people were really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +F nowadays I + + align:start position:0% +F nowadays I + + + align:start position:0% +F nowadays I +think uh the body is more R about the + + align:start position:0% +think uh the body is more R about the + + + align:start position:0% +think uh the body is more R about the +idea and then it just use ex ability + + align:start position:0% +idea and then it just use ex ability + + + align:start position:0% +idea and then it just use ex ability +doesn't really matter it's a generic + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter it's a generic + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really matter it's a generic +concept + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of so X andg does have one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +definition you different forms of + + align:start position:0% +definition you different forms of + + + align:start position:0% +definition you different forms of +exit for example we encountered the many + + align:start position:0% +exit for example we encountered the many + + + align:start position:0% +exit for example we encountered the many +already for example thetic availability + + align:start position:0% +already for example thetic availability + + + align:start position:0% +already for example thetic availability +is a form is is one + + align:start position:0% +is a form is is one + + + align:start position:0% +is a form is is one +ex is the xfg associated with when + + align:start position:0% +ex is the xfg associated with when + + + align:start position:0% +ex is the xfg associated with when +you when you restrict yourself to weight + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +processes well you can call that like an + + align:start position:0% +processes well you can call that like an + + + align:start position:0% +processes well you can call that like an +adiabatic system system that goes all + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic system system that goes all + + + align:start position:0% +adiabatic system system that goes all +weight process you can call it adab + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or we have + + align:start position:0% +or we have + + + align:start position:0% +or we have +seen that if your system is as + + align:start position:0% +seen that if your system is as + + + align:start position:0% +seen that if your system is as +um is in + + align:start position:0% +um is in + + + align:start position:0% +um is in +combination with a thermal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Reservoir the maximum uh you can do the + + align:start position:0% +Reservoir the maximum uh you can do the + + + align:start position:0% +Reservoir the maximum uh you can do the +maximum work you can uh do depends on + + align:start position:0% +maximum work you can uh do depends on + + + align:start position:0% +maximum work you can uh do depends on +the type of + + align:start position:0% +the type of + + + align:start position:0% +the type of +reservoir the res is fixed volum we we + + align:start position:0% +reservoir the res is fixed volum we we + + + align:start position:0% +reservoir the res is fixed volum we we +have this U that we call available + + align:start position:0% +have this U that we call available + + + align:start position:0% +have this U that we call available +energy Omega R but then we have defined + + align:start position:0% +energy Omega R but then we have defined + + + align:start position:0% +energy Omega R but then we have defined +also available energy with respect to + + align:start position:0% +also available energy with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +also available energy with respect to +other kinds of + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of +reses where the res can change your + + align:start position:0% +reses where the res can change your + + + align:start position:0% +reses where the res can change your +volume or maybe the the osmotic resare + + align:start position:0% +volume or maybe the the osmotic resare + + + align:start position:0% +volume or maybe the the osmotic resare +where you can exchange it through a semi + + align:start position:0% +where you can exchange it through a semi + + + align:start position:0% +where you can exchange it through a semi +per membrane only one type of substance + + align:start position:0% +per membrane only one type of substance + + + align:start position:0% +per membrane only one type of substance +or a completely open uh uh Exchange in + + align:start position:0% +or a completely open uh uh Exchange in + + + align:start position:0% +or a completely open uh uh Exchange in +which your system can + + align:start position:0% +which your system can + + + align:start position:0% +which your system can +uh exchange volume and any of the amount + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these are all + + align:start position:0% +these are all + + + align:start position:0% +these are all +EXs different formulas same + + align:start position:0% +EXs different formulas same + + + align:start position:0% +EXs different formulas same +word work is just pure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exy a heat interaction just said so the + + align:start position:0% +exy a heat interaction just said so the + + + align:start position:0% +exy a heat interaction just said so the +ex associated with the heat interaction + + align:start position:0% +ex associated with the heat interaction + + + align:start position:0% +ex associated with the heat interaction +at temperature the + + align:start position:0% +at temperature the + + + align:start position:0% +at temperature the +Q is given by the + + align:start position:0% +Q is given by the + + + align:start position:0% +Q is given by the +heat times the K coefficient + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exit + + align:start position:0% +exit + + + align:start position:0% +exit +requires as as before + + align:start position:0% +requires as as before + + + align:start position:0% +requires as as before +here requires a reservoir is a reference + + align:start position:0% +here requires a reservoir is a reference + + + align:start position:0% +here requires a reservoir is a reference +in some + + align:start position:0% +in some + + + align:start position:0% +in some +cases not in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here for heat interaction it does uh + + align:start position:0% +here for heat interaction it does uh + + + align:start position:0% +here for heat interaction it does uh +require + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that and need to specify what kind of + + align:start position:0% +that and need to specify what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that and need to specify what kind of +uh what so you need to specify to choose + + align:start position:0% +uh what so you need to specify to choose + + + align:start position:0% +uh what so you need to specify to choose +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperature it's relative exy is + + align:start position:0% +temperature it's relative exy is + + + align:start position:0% +temperature it's relative exy is +relative to a choice of the particular + + align:start position:0% +relative to a choice of the particular + + + align:start position:0% +relative to a choice of the particular +reference environmental temp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes but even that makes it + + align:start position:0% +yes but even that makes it + + + align:start position:0% +yes but even that makes it +that road concept so you can Define uh + + align:start position:0% +that road concept so you can Define uh + + + align:start position:0% +that road concept so you can Define uh +uh the ex for a cooling uh uh Heating + + align:start position:0% +uh the ex for a cooling uh uh Heating + + + align:start position:0% +uh the ex for a cooling uh uh Heating +coing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interaction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and for example suppose you have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Machinery + + align:start position:0% +Machinery + + + align:start position:0% +Machinery +that operates like a herno engine and + + align:start position:0% +that operates like a herno engine and + + + align:start position:0% +that operates like a herno engine and +this is simple simple case in which we + + align:start position:0% +this is simple simple case in which we + + + align:start position:0% +this is simple simple case in which we +have two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reservoirs but but suppose that the + + align:start position:0% +reservoirs but but suppose that the + + + align:start position:0% +reservoirs but but suppose that the +neither the the hot Reservoir nor the + + align:start position:0% +neither the the hot Reservoir nor the + + + align:start position:0% +neither the the hot Reservoir nor the +cold Reservoir are environmental + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me for + + align:start position:0% +me for + + + align:start position:0% +me for +example this cold Reservoir could + + align:start position:0% +example this cold Reservoir could + + + align:start position:0% +example this cold Reservoir could +be the your house the house that you + + align:start position:0% +be the your house the house that you + + + align:start position:0% +be the your house the house that you +want to warm + + align:start position:0% +want to warm + + + align:start position:0% +want to warm +up they want to be at uh 70 fite or 21 + + align:start position:0% +up they want to be at uh 70 fite or 21 + + + align:start position:0% +up they want to be at uh 70 fite or 21 +in a + + align:start position:0% +in a + + + align:start position:0% +in a +seat in your + + align:start position:0% +seat in your + + + align:start position:0% +seat in your +house and one way to keepit up uh your + + align:start position:0% +house and one way to keepit up uh your + + + align:start position:0% +house and one way to keepit up uh your +house it's actually one of the best + + align:start position:0% +house it's actually one of the best + + + align:start position:0% +house it's actually one of the best +ways from the point of view of + + align:start position:0% +ways from the point of view of + + + align:start position:0% +ways from the point of view of +thermodynamics is to do is to have uh do + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamics is to do is to have uh do + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamics is to do is to have uh do +use C + + align:start position:0% +use C + + + align:start position:0% +use C +generation you use some + + align:start position:0% +generation you use some + + + align:start position:0% +generation you use some +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +costly heat source + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +example uh okay this is a reservoir so + + align:start position:0% +example uh okay this is a reservoir so + + + align:start position:0% +example uh okay this is a reservoir so +it's not exactly so is proper example + + align:start position:0% +it's not exactly so is proper example + + + align:start position:0% +it's not exactly so is proper example +but uh usually you buy gas to heat up uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water and then you have your water + + align:start position:0% +water and then you have your water + + + align:start position:0% +water and then you have your water +circulate in like + + align:start position:0% +circulate in like + + + align:start position:0% +circulate in like +here heing elements and that uh uh hot + + align:start position:0% +here heing elements and that uh uh hot + + + align:start position:0% +here heing elements and that uh uh hot +water is going to heat up the air in + + align:start position:0% +water is going to heat up the air in + + + align:start position:0% +water is going to heat up the air in +your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +room so you're using a gas with which + + align:start position:0% +room so you're using a gas with which + + + align:start position:0% +room so you're using a gas with which +you could uh reach very high + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temperatures and all you do is by a + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and all you do is by a + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and all you do is by a +series of heat + + align:start position:0% +series of heat + + + align:start position:0% +series of heat +transfers use + + align:start position:0% +transfers use + + + align:start position:0% +transfers use +it to produce something at the + + align:start position:0% +it to produce something at the + + + align:start position:0% +it to produce something at the +temperature which is very close to the + + align:start position:0% +temperature which is very close to the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature which is very close to the +environmental P that's a very dissipated + + align:start position:0% +environmental P that's a very dissipated + + + align:start position:0% +environmental P that's a very dissipated +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +doing we have been doing it all for a + + align:start position:0% +doing we have been doing it all for a + + + align:start position:0% +doing we have been doing it all for a +long time like this we're still doing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it like that's the way it's done in my + + align:start position:0% +it like that's the way it's done in my + + + align:start position:0% +it like that's the way it's done in my +apartment building where I did now and + + align:start position:0% +apartment building where I did now and + + + align:start position:0% +apartment building where I did now and +the but that's + + align:start position:0% +the but that's + + + align:start position:0% +the but that's +not the good way it's a it's a very + + align:start position:0% +not the good way it's a it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +not the good way it's a it's a very +inefficient + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cogeneration is the idea that you + + align:start position:0% +cogeneration is the idea that you + + + align:start position:0% +cogeneration is the idea that you +take that high level + + align:start position:0% +take that high level + + + align:start position:0% +take that high level +energy and uh before you + + align:start position:0% +energy and uh before you + + + align:start position:0% +energy and uh before you +uh you do the as much as you can with it + + align:start position:0% +uh you do the as much as you can with it + + + align:start position:0% +uh you do the as much as you can with it +you do for example run a power plant or + + align:start position:0% +you do for example run a power plant or + + + align:start position:0% +you do for example run a power plant or +run a plant or + + align:start position:0% +run a plant or + + + align:start position:0% +run a plant or +run + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +engine for example you could run a + + align:start position:0% +engine for example you could run a + + + align:start position:0% +engine for example you could run a +carrent + + align:start position:0% +carrent + + + align:start position:0% +carrent +engine you this is are call total energy + + align:start position:0% +engine you this is are call total energy + + + align:start position:0% +engine you this is are call total energy +modules like car or truck engines or + + align:start position:0% +modules like car or truck engines or + + + align:start position:0% +modules like car or truck engines or +maybe ship + + align:start position:0% +maybe ship + + + align:start position:0% +maybe ship +engines depending on the size where you + + align:start position:0% +engines depending on the size where you + + + align:start position:0% +engines depending on the size where you +burn your fuel Mak uh mechanical + + align:start position:0% +burn your fuel Mak uh mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +burn your fuel Mak uh mechanical +energy um with that mechanical energy + + align:start position:0% +energy um with that mechanical energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy um with that mechanical energy +you produce + + align:start position:0% +you produce + + + align:start position:0% +you produce +electricity and + + align:start position:0% +electricity and + + + align:start position:0% +electricity and +then since your engine needs the dump + + align:start position:0% +then since your engine needs the dump + + + align:start position:0% +then since your engine needs the dump +entropy somewhere instead of dumping it + + align:start position:0% +entropy somewhere instead of dumping it + + + align:start position:0% +entropy somewhere instead of dumping it +directly into the environment you dump + + align:start position:0% +directly into the environment you dump + + + align:start position:0% +directly into the environment you dump +it into the heating system of your house + + align:start position:0% +it into the heating system of your house + + + align:start position:0% +it into the heating system of your house +and then it when your house take care of + + align:start position:0% +and then it when your house take care of + + + align:start position:0% +and then it when your house take care of +but dumping the mg the DI + + align:start position:0% +but dumping the mg the DI + + + align:start position:0% +but dumping the mg the DI +uh so you get this uh heating as a + + align:start position:0% +uh so you get this uh heating as a + + + align:start position:0% +uh so you get this uh heating as a +byproduct or as a one of the two + + align:start position:0% +byproduct or as a one of the two + + + align:start position:0% +byproduct or as a one of the two +products of your system which is a + + align:start position:0% +products of your system which is a + + + align:start position:0% +products of your system which is a +combined + + align:start position:0% +combined + + + align:start position:0% +combined +uh Eon power is called cogeneration of + + align:start position:0% +uh Eon power is called cogeneration of + + + align:start position:0% +uh Eon power is called cogeneration of +CHP solution and in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way you + + align:start position:0% +way you + + + align:start position:0% +way you +use that nmg at at best so this would be + + align:start position:0% +use that nmg at at best so this would be + + + align:start position:0% +use that nmg at at best so this would be +say the available + + align:start position:0% +say the available + + + align:start position:0% +say the available +best available technology for example in + + align:start position:0% +best available technology for example in + + + align:start position:0% +best available technology for example in +the town where I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +worked 30 years longer which is briia in + + align:start position:0% +worked 30 years longer which is briia in + + + align:start position:0% +worked 30 years longer which is briia in +Italy this + + align:start position:0% +Italy this + + + align:start position:0% +Italy this +idea has been + + align:start position:0% +idea has been + + + align:start position:0% +idea has been +taken very seriously starting in + + align:start position:0% +taken very seriously starting in + + + align:start position:0% +taken very seriously starting in +1973 and now about 95% of the volum of + + align:start position:0% +1973 and now about 95% of the volum of + + + align:start position:0% +1973 and now about 95% of the volum of +the town and it's a town the size of + + align:start position:0% +the town and it's a town the size of + + + align:start position:0% +the town and it's a town the size of +Boston + + align:start position:0% +Boston + + + align:start position:0% +Boston +um it's heated in this way with k + + align:start position:0% +um it's heated in this way with k + + + align:start position:0% +um it's heated in this way with k +generation power + + align:start position:0% +generation power + + + align:start position:0% +generation power +plants that dump energy into a district + + align:start position:0% +plants that dump energy into a district + + + align:start position:0% +plants that dump energy into a district +heating system they get this hot water + + align:start position:0% +heating system they get this hot water + + + align:start position:0% +heating system they get this hot water +going around the town under the roads + + align:start position:0% +going around the town under the roads + + + align:start position:0% +going around the town under the roads +and reaching all the houses and then + + align:start position:0% +and reaching all the houses and then + + + align:start position:0% +and reaching all the houses and then +when he exchanges you do + + align:start position:0% +when he exchanges you do + + + align:start position:0% +when he exchanges you do +the uh you more + + align:start position:0% +the uh you more + + + align:start position:0% +the uh you more +recently see 20 years ago uh they also + + align:start position:0% +recently see 20 years ago uh they also + + + align:start position:0% +recently see 20 years ago uh they also +added that um in the more complex system + + align:start position:0% +added that um in the more complex system + + + align:start position:0% +added that um in the more complex system +in which you also not only use uh fossil + + align:start position:0% +in which you also not only use uh fossil + + + align:start position:0% +in which you also not only use uh fossil +fuels but you use also waste uh eurn the + + align:start position:0% +fuels but you use also waste uh eurn the + + + align:start position:0% +fuels but you use also waste uh eurn the +the like tach that is not + + align:start position:0% +the like tach that is not + + + align:start position:0% +the like tach that is not +recyclable and uh they also integrated + + align:start position:0% +recyclable and uh they also integrated + + + align:start position:0% +recyclable and uh they also integrated +with the hybrid way with some solar so + + align:start position:0% +with the hybrid way with some solar so + + + align:start position:0% +with the hybrid way with some solar so +it's an entire system aimed to uh + + align:start position:0% +it's an entire system aimed to uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's an entire system aimed to uh +efficient efficiency for uh he through + + align:start position:0% +efficient efficiency for uh he through + + + align:start position:0% +efficient efficiency for uh he through +the the homes + + align:start position:0% +the the homes + + + align:start position:0% +the the homes +I know that many are thinking about + + align:start position:0% +I know that many are thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +I know that many are thinking about +doing things also uh in the States but + + align:start position:0% +doing things also uh in the States but + + + align:start position:0% +doing things also uh in the States but +here the the the problem has been that + + align:start position:0% +here the the the problem has been that + + + align:start position:0% +here the the the problem has been that +um the problem the reason that these + + align:start position:0% +um the problem the reason that these + + + align:start position:0% +um the problem the reason that these +things have not evolved is the cheaper + + align:start position:0% +things have not evolved is the cheaper + + + align:start position:0% +things have not evolved is the cheaper +costs of energy addition when one + + align:start position:0% +costs of energy addition when one + + + align:start position:0% +costs of energy addition when one +incentive for improving efficiency is + + align:start position:0% +incentive for improving efficiency is + + + align:start position:0% +incentive for improving efficiency is +the cost of that ener I the cost invest + + align:start position:0% +the cost of that ener I the cost invest + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of that ener I the cost invest +to spend less yeah + + align:start position:0% +to spend less yeah + + + align:start position:0% +to spend less yeah +here with + + align:start position:0% +here with + + + align:start position:0% +here with +what I'm not an bats I'm + + align:start position:0% +what I'm not an bats I'm + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm not an bats I'm +in okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go some + + align:start position:0% +go some + + + align:start position:0% +go some +forun the man it's great D + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +morning GL to know + + align:start position:0% +morning GL to know + + + align:start position:0% +morning GL to know +yeah yeah probably I thought that + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah probably I thought that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah probably I thought that +somebody was thinking of also yeah uh + + align:start position:0% +somebody was thinking of also yeah uh + + + align:start position:0% +somebody was thinking of also yeah uh +doing it for the town like the problem + + align:start position:0% +doing it for the town like the problem + + + align:start position:0% +doing it for the town like the problem +is that takes it takes a lot of + + align:start position:0% +is that takes it takes a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +is that takes it takes a lot of +investment and the way it got started in + + align:start position:0% +investment and the way it got started in + + + align:start position:0% +investment and the way it got started in +in brasia was that um the municipal + + align:start position:0% +in brasia was that um the municipal + + + align:start position:0% +in brasia was that um the municipal +company was + + align:start position:0% +company was + + + align:start position:0% +company was +um the company that would run also the + + align:start position:0% +um the company that would run also the + + + align:start position:0% +um the company that would run also the +roads would would run r a lot of uh uh + + align:start position:0% +roads would would run r a lot of uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +roads would would run r a lot of uh uh +public + + align:start position:0% +public + + + align:start position:0% +public +services including transportation + + align:start position:0% +services including transportation + + + align:start position:0% +services including transportation +and so they could um s of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +decide and move quickly about the moving + + align:start position:0% +decide and move quickly about the moving + + + align:start position:0% +decide and move quickly about the moving +because they were people working on the + + align:start position:0% +because they were people working on the + + + align:start position:0% +because they were people working on the +roads putting pipes because you need to + + align:start position:0% +roads putting pipes because you need to + + + align:start position:0% +roads putting pipes because you need to +put large pipes uh and + + align:start position:0% +put large pipes uh and + + + align:start position:0% +put large pipes uh and +go it they it's if you do it internally + + align:start position:0% +go it they it's if you do it internally + + + align:start position:0% +go it they it's if you do it internally +it it is easier and also they they did + + align:start position:0% +it it is easier and also they they did + + + align:start position:0% +it it is easier and also they they did +it in such a way that + + align:start position:0% +it in such a way that + + + align:start position:0% +it in such a way that +uh there's another issue is uh people + + align:start position:0% +uh there's another issue is uh people + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's another issue is uh people +want to be to get um connected to the + + align:start position:0% +want to be to get um connected to the + + + align:start position:0% +want to be to get um connected to the +his eing system but + + align:start position:0% +his eing system but + + + align:start position:0% +his eing system but +um sometimes it's more efficient to + + align:start position:0% +um sometimes it's more efficient to + + + align:start position:0% +um sometimes it's more efficient to +start with big buildings and then go + + align:start position:0% +start with big buildings and then go + + + align:start position:0% +start with big buildings and then go +to this kind of the seizur are with + + align:start position:0% +to this kind of the seizur are with + + + align:start position:0% +to this kind of the seizur are with +political and so uh that is a issue + + align:start position:0% +political and so uh that is a issue + + + align:start position:0% +political and so uh that is a issue +okay sorry we are late so see you next + + align:start position:0% +okay sorry we are late so see you next + + + align:start position:0% +okay sorry we are late so see you next +time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ECslmuGlu-U.txt b/ECslmuGlu-U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9263fa72a470ae3083a538c90de8b22d4ddaa17 --- /dev/null +++ b/ECslmuGlu-U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2331 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay this is the video about two neat + + align:start position:0% +okay this is the video about two neat + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is the video about two neat +functions the step function and its + + align:start position:0% +functions the step function and its + + + align:start position:0% +functions the step function and its +derivative the Delta function so if I + + align:start position:0% +derivative the Delta function so if I + + + align:start position:0% +derivative the Delta function so if I +can just introduce you to those + + align:start position:0% +can just introduce you to those + + + align:start position:0% +can just introduce you to those +functions and show you that they are + + align:start position:0% +functions and show you that they are + + + align:start position:0% +functions and show you that they are +very natural inputs to a differential + + align:start position:0% +very natural inputs to a differential + + + align:start position:0% +very natural inputs to a differential +equation they happen all the time in + + align:start position:0% +equation they happen all the time in + + + align:start position:0% +equation they happen all the time in +real life and so we need to understand + + align:start position:0% +real life and so we need to understand + + + align:start position:0% +real life and so we need to understand +how to compute use formulas and compute + + align:start position:0% +how to compute use formulas and compute + + + align:start position:0% +how to compute use formulas and compute +with them okay so the first one is the + + align:start position:0% +with them okay so the first one is the + + + align:start position:0% +with them okay so the first one is the +step function and it's I'll call it h + + align:start position:0% +step function and it's I'll call it h + + + align:start position:0% +step function and it's I'll call it h +after its inventor who was an engineer + + align:start position:0% +after its inventor who was an engineer + + + align:start position:0% +after its inventor who was an engineer +named heavy side started with an h and + + align:start position:0% +named heavy side started with an h and + + + align:start position:0% +named heavy side started with an h and +the step function let's let me write the + + align:start position:0% +the step function let's let me write the + + + align:start position:0% +the step function let's let me write the +formula H of + + align:start position:0% +formula H of + + + align:start position:0% +formula H of +T is 0 for T negative and 1 for T + + align:start position:0% +T is 0 for T negative and 1 for T + + + align:start position:0% +T is 0 for T negative and 1 for T +greater or equal + + align:start position:0% +greater or equal + + + align:start position:0% +greater or equal +Z okay so that's the step function just + + align:start position:0% +Z okay so that's the step function just + + + align:start position:0% +Z okay so that's the step function just +has two values and it has a jump you + + align:start position:0% +has two values and it has a jump you + + + align:start position:0% +has two values and it has a jump you +could say JUMP function also jump + + align:start position:0% +could say JUMP function also jump + + + align:start position:0% +could say JUMP function also jump +function step function all right and + + align:start position:0% +function step function all right and + + + align:start position:0% +function step function all right and +notice I've also graphed the shifted + + align:start position:0% +notice I've also graphed the shifted + + + align:start position:0% +notice I've also graphed the shifted +step function what if what happens to + + align:start position:0% +step function what if what happens to + + + align:start position:0% +step function what if what happens to +any function including this one if I + + align:start position:0% +any function including this one if I + + + align:start position:0% +any function including this one if I +change from T which jumps at zero to H + + align:start position:0% +change from T which jumps at zero to H + + + align:start position:0% +change from T which jumps at zero to H +of T minus t if I put in uh T minus some + + align:start position:0% +of T minus t if I put in uh T minus some + + + align:start position:0% +of T minus t if I put in uh T minus some +fixed number t as the as the uh variable + + align:start position:0% +fixed number t as the as the uh variable + + + align:start position:0% +fixed number t as the as the uh variable +then the jump + + align:start position:0% +then the jump + + + align:start position:0% +then the jump +happens the so the jump will happen when + + align:start position:0% +happens the so the jump will happen when + + + align:start position:0% +happens the so the jump will happen when +this is zero step functions jump when + + align:start position:0% +this is zero step functions jump when + + + align:start position:0% +this is zero step functions jump when +that's zero and that's zero at tal to T + + align:start position:0% +that's zero and that's zero at tal to T + + + align:start position:0% +that's zero and that's zero at tal to T +so the jump in dotted line so the the + + align:start position:0% +so the jump in dotted line so the the + + + align:start position:0% +so the jump in dotted line so the the +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +shifted step function will just shifts + + align:start position:0% +shifted step function will just shifts + + + align:start position:0% +shifted step function will just shifts +over that's the complete effect of + + align:start position:0% +over that's the complete effect of + + + align:start position:0% +over that's the complete effect of +changing from T to T minus a capital t + + align:start position:0% +changing from T to T minus a capital t + + + align:start position:0% +changing from T to T minus a capital t +is just to shift the whole thing by + + align:start position:0% +is just to shift the whole thing by + + + align:start position:0% +is just to shift the whole thing by +capital T okay so keep your eye on the + + align:start position:0% +capital T okay so keep your eye on the + + + align:start position:0% +capital T okay so keep your eye on the +the standard step function which jumps + + align:start position:0% +the standard step function which jumps + + + align:start position:0% +the standard step function which jumps +at tal 0 jumps by one and take its + + align:start position:0% +at tal 0 jumps by one and take its + + + align:start position:0% +at tal 0 jumps by one and take its +derivative so what's the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +derivative so what's the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative so what's the derivative of +this step function well the function is + + align:start position:0% +this step function well the function is + + + align:start position:0% +this step function well the function is +zero along there so the derivative is + + align:start position:0% +zero along there so the derivative is + + + align:start position:0% +zero along there so the derivative is +zero the function is constant along here + + align:start position:0% +zero the function is constant along here + + + align:start position:0% +zero the function is constant along here +so the derivative is again zero it's + + align:start position:0% +so the derivative is again zero it's + + + align:start position:0% +so the derivative is again zero it's +just at this one point every + + align:start position:0% +just at this one point every + + + align:start position:0% +just at this one point every +happens so now that's this is the Delta + + align:start position:0% +happens so now that's this is the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +happens so now that's this is the Delta +function the Delta function has runs + + align:start position:0% +function the Delta function has runs + + + align:start position:0% +function the Delta function has runs +along at + + align:start position:0% +along at + + + align:start position:0% +along at +zero continues at + + align:start position:0% +zero continues at + + + align:start position:0% +zero continues at +zero but at T at + + align:start position:0% +zero but at T at + + + align:start position:0% +zero but at T at +zero the whole thing explodes the the + + align:start position:0% +zero the whole thing explodes the the + + + align:start position:0% +zero the whole thing explodes the the +derivative is infinite you see an + + align:start position:0% +derivative is infinite you see an + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is infinite you see an +infinite slope there and the point is + + align:start position:0% +infinite slope there and the point is + + + align:start position:0% +infinite slope there and the point is +infinity is not uh efficiently precise + + align:start position:0% +infinity is not uh efficiently precise + + + align:start position:0% +infinity is not uh efficiently precise +word to tell you exactly what's + + align:start position:0% +word to tell you exactly what's + + + align:start position:0% +word to tell you exactly what's +happening so we don't have really that + + align:start position:0% +happening so we don't have really that + + + align:start position:0% +happening so we don't have really that +this graph of a Delta function is not + + align:start position:0% +this graph of a Delta function is not + + + align:start position:0% +this graph of a Delta function is not +fully satisfactory it's great it's + + align:start position:0% +fully satisfactory it's great it's + + + align:start position:0% +fully satisfactory it's great it's +perfect for all the uninteresting boring + + align:start position:0% +perfect for all the uninteresting boring + + + align:start position:0% +perfect for all the uninteresting boring +part but at the moment of truth when + + align:start position:0% +part but at the moment of truth when + + + align:start position:0% +part but at the moment of truth when +something happens in an + + align:start position:0% +something happens in an + + + align:start position:0% +something happens in an +instant the we need to know we need to + + align:start position:0% +instant the we need to know we need to + + + align:start position:0% +instant the we need to know we need to +say more we need to say more not just + + align:start position:0% +say more we need to say more not just + + + align:start position:0% +say more we need to say more not just +it's infinite and again if it's shifted + + align:start position:0% +it's infinite and again if it's shifted + + + align:start position:0% +it's infinite and again if it's shifted +then the infinite slope happens at t + + align:start position:0% +then the infinite slope happens at t + + + align:start position:0% +then the infinite slope happens at t +equal to capital T so the infinity is + + align:start position:0% +equal to capital T so the infinity is + + + align:start position:0% +equal to capital T so the infinity is +just shift it over and that' be the + + align:start position:0% +just shift it over and that' be the + + + align:start position:0% +just shift it over and that' be the +Delta function there so this is what I + + align:start position:0% +Delta function there so this is what I + + + align:start position:0% +Delta function there so this is what I +would use if if that was the source term + + align:start position:0% +would use if if that was the source term + + + align:start position:0% +would use if if that was the source term +in my differential equation what would + + align:start position:0% +in my differential equation what would + + + align:start position:0% +in my differential equation what would +that mean if this was the Q of T in the + + align:start position:0% +that mean if this was the Q of T in the + + + align:start position:0% +that mean if this was the Q of T in the +differential equation reflecting input + + align:start position:0% +differential equation reflecting input + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation reflecting input +at at different + + align:start position:0% +at at different + + + align:start position:0% +at at different +times that that function would say no + + align:start position:0% +times that that function would say no + + + align:start position:0% +times that that function would say no +input except at one moment at one + + align:start position:0% +input except at one moment at one + + + align:start position:0% +input except at one moment at one +instant capital T at that instant of + + align:start position:0% +instant capital T at that instant of + + + align:start position:0% +instant capital T at that instant of +time you put one in over in an instant + + align:start position:0% +time you put one in over in an instant + + + align:start position:0% +time you put one in over in an instant +and remember that otherwise Q of has + + align:start position:0% +and remember that otherwise Q of has + + + align:start position:0% +and remember that otherwise Q of has +been a continuous input put in $1 per + + align:start position:0% +been a continuous input put in $1 per + + + align:start position:0% +been a continuous input put in $1 per +year over the whole + + align:start position:0% +year over the whole + + + align:start position:0% +year over the whole +year this one puts in + + align:start position:0% +year this one puts in + + + align:start position:0% +year this one puts in +$1 at one moment but of course you see + + align:start position:0% +$1 at one moment but of course you see + + + align:start position:0% +$1 at one moment but of course you see +that that's really what we do so you see + + align:start position:0% +that that's really what we do so you see + + + align:start position:0% +that that's really what we do so you see +that that's a a function we need to to + + align:start position:0% +that that's a a function we need to to + + + align:start position:0% +that that's a a function we need to to +do things in an instant and and and uh + + align:start position:0% +do things in an instant and and and uh + + + align:start position:0% +do things in an instant and and and uh +as I took the example of a golf club + + align:start position:0% +as I took the example of a golf club + + + align:start position:0% +as I took the example of a golf club +hitting a golf ball well it's not quite + + align:start position:0% +hitting a golf ball well it's not quite + + + align:start position:0% +hitting a golf ball well it's not quite +zero time but it's so close to zero time + + align:start position:0% +zero time but it's so close to zero time + + + align:start position:0% +zero time but it's so close to zero time +that the two are connected and then the + + align:start position:0% +that the two are connected and then the + + + align:start position:0% +that the two are connected and then the +ball takes off and so that a simple + + align:start position:0% +ball takes off and so that a simple + + + align:start position:0% +ball takes off and so that a simple +Model A workable model is to say it + + align:start position:0% +Model A workable model is to say it + + + align:start position:0% +Model A workable model is to say it +happens in zero time + + align:start position:0% +happens in zero time + + + align:start position:0% +happens in zero time +with a Delta function so I I really want + + align:start position:0% +with a Delta function so I I really want + + + align:start position:0% +with a Delta function so I I really want +to use Delta functions and they're not + + align:start position:0% +to use Delta functions and they're not + + + align:start position:0% +to use Delta functions and they're not +difficult to use they're just not quite + + align:start position:0% +difficult to use they're just not quite + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to use they're just not quite +perfect for calculus because the + + align:start position:0% +perfect for calculus because the + + + align:start position:0% +perfect for calculus because the +derivative of the SE + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the SE + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the SE +function is not quite legitimate at the + + align:start position:0% +function is not quite legitimate at the + + + align:start position:0% +function is not quite legitimate at the +jump at the jump okay but what you can + + align:start position:0% +jump at the jump okay but what you can + + + align:start position:0% +jump at the jump okay but what you can +do the part of calculus that + + align:start position:0% +do the part of calculus that + + + align:start position:0% +do the part of calculus that +works + + align:start position:0% +works + + + align:start position:0% +works +correctly is integration integration + + align:start position:0% +correctly is integration integration + + + align:start position:0% +correctly is integration integration +tends to make things + + align:start position:0% +tends to make things + + + align:start position:0% +tends to make things +smoother the Delta function is the the + + align:start position:0% +smoother the Delta function is the the + + + align:start position:0% +smoother the Delta function is the the +sorry the step function is the integral + + align:start position:0% +sorry the step function is the integral + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the step function is the integral +of the Delta function right we're going + + align:start position:0% +of the Delta function right we're going + + + align:start position:0% +of the Delta function right we're going +in the opposite direction if we take + + align:start position:0% +in the opposite direction if we take + + + align:start position:0% +in the opposite direction if we take +derivatives we get + + align:start position:0% +derivatives we get + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives we get +craziness if we take integrals to go + + align:start position:0% +craziness if we take integrals to go + + + align:start position:0% +craziness if we take integrals to go +from Delta so the integral of the Delta + + align:start position:0% +from Delta so the integral of the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +from Delta so the integral of the Delta +is the step function and that's really + + align:start position:0% +is the step function and that's really + + + align:start position:0% +is the step function and that's really +how you know a Delta function that's the + + align:start position:0% +how you know a Delta function that's the + + + align:start position:0% +how you know a Delta function that's the +math way to describe more exactly than + + align:start position:0% +math way to describe more exactly than + + + align:start position:0% +math way to describe more exactly than +this arrow that just fires off what the + + align:start position:0% +this arrow that just fires off what the + + + align:start position:0% +this arrow that just fires off what the +Delta function is doing so the key + + align:start position:0% +Delta function is doing so the key + + + align:start position:0% +Delta function is doing so the key +property of the Delta function is to + + align:start position:0% +property of the Delta function is to + + + align:start position:0% +property of the Delta function is to +know what its integral is the integral + + align:start position:0% +know what its integral is the integral + + + align:start position:0% +know what its integral is the integral +of the Delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function is the total deposit over let's + + align:start position:0% +function is the total deposit over let's + + + align:start position:0% +function is the total deposit over let's +say started time could have started even + + align:start position:0% +say started time could have started even + + + align:start position:0% +say started time could have started even +at minus infinity and it could go on + + align:start position:0% +at minus infinity and it could go on + + + align:start position:0% +at minus infinity and it could go on +forever to plus infinity + + align:start position:0% +forever to plus infinity + + + align:start position:0% +forever to plus infinity +so that's the total deposit the total + + align:start position:0% +so that's the total deposit the total + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the total deposit the total +input coming from this Source term Delta + + align:start position:0% +input coming from this Source term Delta + + + align:start position:0% +input coming from this Source term Delta +of T and what is the answer well the the + + align:start position:0% +of T and what is the answer well the the + + + align:start position:0% +of T and what is the answer well the the +integral of Delta should be a step + + align:start position:0% +integral of Delta should be a step + + + align:start position:0% +integral of Delta should be a step +function the step function out at + + align:start position:0% +function the step function out at + + + align:start position:0% +function the step function out at +Infinity is one back at minus infinity + + align:start position:0% +Infinity is one back at minus infinity + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity is one back at minus infinity +at zero do do you see what I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +at zero do do you see what I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +at zero do do you see what I'm saying +here this would be h of T evaluated + + align:start position:0% +here this would be h of T evaluated + + + align:start position:0% +here this would be h of T evaluated +between tal minus infinity and plus + + align:start position:0% +between tal minus infinity and plus + + + align:start position:0% +between tal minus infinity and plus +infinity because those are the limits of + + align:start position:0% +infinity because those are the limits of + + + align:start position:0% +infinity because those are the limits of +integration and what do I get at plus + + align:start position:0% +integration and what do I get at plus + + + align:start position:0% +integration and what do I get at plus +infinity the step function is one this + + align:start position:0% +infinity the step function is one this + + + align:start position:0% +infinity the step function is one this +is zero so I get one and + + align:start position:0% +is zero so I get one and + + + align:start position:0% +is zero so I get one and +everybody catches on to that key fact + + align:start position:0% +everybody catches on to that key fact + + + align:start position:0% +everybody catches on to that key fact +that the total integral of the Delta + + align:start position:0% +that the total integral of the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +that the total integral of the Delta +function is + + align:start position:0% +function is + + + align:start position:0% +function is +one again you only made the deposit at + + align:start position:0% +one again you only made the deposit at + + + align:start position:0% +one again you only made the deposit at +one moment but that deposit was a full + + align:start position:0% +one moment but that deposit was a full + + + align:start position:0% +one moment but that deposit was a full +dollar + + align:start position:0% +dollar + + + align:start position:0% +dollar +and that adding up all deposits is just + + align:start position:0% +and that adding up all deposits is just + + + align:start position:0% +and that adding up all deposits is just +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +$1 so that's the that's the uh integral + + align:start position:0% +$1 so that's the that's the uh integral + + + align:start position:0% +$1 so that's the that's the uh integral +of the Delta + + align:start position:0% +of the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +of the Delta +function now actually to use Delta + + align:start position:0% +function now actually to use Delta + + + align:start position:0% +function now actually to use Delta +functions I need to give you a slight + + align:start position:0% +functions I need to give you a slight + + + align:start position:0% +functions I need to give you a slight +generalization of that so can + + align:start position:0% +generalization of that so can + + + align:start position:0% +generalization of that so can +I as I say Delta functions are really + + align:start position:0% +I as I say Delta functions are really + + + align:start position:0% +I as I say Delta functions are really +known we don't like to take their + + align:start position:0% +known we don't like to take their + + + align:start position:0% +known we don't like to take their +derivative the derivative of a Delta + + align:start position:0% +derivative the derivative of a Delta + + + align:start position:0% +derivative the derivative of a Delta +function is a truly crazy function + + align:start position:0% +function is a truly crazy function + + + align:start position:0% +function is a truly crazy function +shoots up to infinity and then it shoots + + align:start position:0% +shoots up to infinity and then it shoots + + + align:start position:0% +shoots up to infinity and then it shoots +down to minus infinity the slope of that + + align:start position:0% +down to minus infinity the slope of that + + + align:start position:0% +down to minus infinity the slope of that +of that Arrow but uh it's it's integrals + + align:start position:0% +of that Arrow but uh it's it's integrals + + + align:start position:0% +of that Arrow but uh it's it's integrals +that we want so now let me integrate + + align:start position:0% +that we want so now let me integrate + + + align:start position:0% +that we want so now let me integrate +from minus infinity to Infinity my Delta + + align:start position:0% +from minus infinity to Infinity my Delta + + + align:start position:0% +from minus infinity to Infinity my Delta +function times any other function say F + + align:start position:0% +function times any other function say F + + + align:start position:0% +function times any other function say F +of T + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DT that's something we'll need to be + + align:start position:0% +DT that's something we'll need to be + + + align:start position:0% +DT that's something we'll need to be +able to compute what what's the right + + align:start position:0% +able to compute what what's the right + + + align:start position:0% +able to compute what what's the right +integral for that and again Delta is + + align:start position:0% +integral for that and again Delta is + + + align:start position:0% +integral for that and again Delta is +doing everything at one moment at T + + align:start position:0% +doing everything at one moment at T + + + align:start position:0% +doing everything at one moment at T +equals 0 at that moment T equals 0 at + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 at that moment T equals 0 at + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 at that moment T equals 0 at +that moment when T is zero and that's + + align:start position:0% +that moment when T is zero and that's + + + align:start position:0% +that moment when T is zero and that's +the only place any action is happening F + + align:start position:0% +the only place any action is happening F + + + align:start position:0% +the only place any action is happening F +of T is is f of Zer it's it's whatever + + align:start position:0% +of T is is f of Zer it's it's whatever + + + align:start position:0% +of T is is f of Zer it's it's whatever +value it has at that point T equals z + + align:start position:0% +value it has at that point T equals z + + + align:start position:0% +value it has at that point T equals z +and that's the answer F of + + align:start position:0% +and that's the answer F of + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the answer F of +Z so if F of T was the the constant + + align:start position:0% +Z so if F of T was the the constant + + + align:start position:0% +Z so if F of T was the the constant +function one then we're back to our + + align:start position:0% +function one then we're back to our + + + align:start position:0% +function one then we're back to our +integral up there if that's just one I'm + + align:start position:0% +integral up there if that's just one I'm + + + align:start position:0% +integral up there if that's just one I'm +integrating Delta of T my function is + + align:start position:0% +integrating Delta of T my function is + + + align:start position:0% +integrating Delta of T my function is +one I get one but if that function + + align:start position:0% +one I get one but if that function + + + align:start position:0% +one I get one but if that function +is well suppose that function is sin T + + align:start position:0% +is well suppose that function is sin T + + + align:start position:0% +is well suppose that function is sin T +what's the integral of Delta of T * sin + + align:start position:0% +what's the integral of Delta of T * sin + + + align:start position:0% +what's the integral of Delta of T * sin +T + + align:start position:0% +T + + + align:start position:0% +T +DT well sin T happens to disappear just + + align:start position:0% +DT well sin T happens to disappear just + + + align:start position:0% +DT well sin T happens to disappear just +at the moment when the Delta function is + + align:start position:0% +at the moment when the Delta function is + + + align:start position:0% +at the moment when the Delta function is +ready to turn on at T equals z so the + + align:start position:0% +ready to turn on at T equals z so the + + + align:start position:0% +ready to turn on at T equals z so the +integral of Delta of T sin + + align:start position:0% +integral of Delta of T sin + + + align:start position:0% +integral of Delta of T sin +T is s of zero is + + align:start position:0% +T is s of zero is + + + align:start position:0% +T is s of zero is +zero you you've you've one + + align:start position:0% +zero you you've you've one + + + align:start position:0% +zero you you've you've one +term turned on but the other term turned + + align:start position:0% +term turned on but the other term turned + + + align:start position:0% +term turned on but the other term turned +off so the nothing happened altogether + + align:start position:0% +off so the nothing happened altogether + + + align:start position:0% +off so the nothing happened altogether +whereas the integral of Delta t e to the + + align:start position:0% +whereas the integral of Delta t e to the + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the integral of Delta t e to the +T yeah tell me that one the integral of + + align:start position:0% +T yeah tell me that one the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +T yeah tell me that one the integral of +Delta t e to the T DT is well e to the T + + align:start position:0% +Delta t e to the T DT is well e to the T + + + align:start position:0% +Delta t e to the T DT is well e to the T +is doing all sorts of stuff for all time + + align:start position:0% +is doing all sorts of stuff for all time + + + align:start position:0% +is doing all sorts of stuff for all time +but the Delta function is zero all that + + align:start position:0% +but the Delta function is zero all that + + + align:start position:0% +but the Delta function is zero all that +time except at T equals z so the + + align:start position:0% +time except at T equals z so the + + + align:start position:0% +time except at T equals z so the +integral of Delta t e to the T DT would + + align:start position:0% +integral of Delta t e to the T DT would + + + align:start position:0% +integral of Delta t e to the T DT would +be one because at that moment T equals z + + align:start position:0% +be one because at that moment T equals z + + + align:start position:0% +be one because at that moment T equals z +the only important moment would be uh e + + align:start position:0% +the only important moment would be uh e + + + align:start position:0% +the only important moment would be uh e +e to the T function is e to the zero and + + align:start position:0% +e to the T function is e to the zero and + + + align:start position:0% +e to the T function is e to the zero and +it's just one let me let me ask you for + + align:start position:0% +it's just one let me let me ask you for + + + align:start position:0% +it's just one let me let me ask you for +another example the integral of minus + + align:start position:0% +another example the integral of minus + + + align:start position:0% +another example the integral of minus +infinity to Infinity of Delta let me use + + align:start position:0% +infinity to Infinity of Delta let me use + + + align:start position:0% +infinity to Infinity of Delta let me use +the shifted Delta e to the T + + align:start position:0% +the shifted Delta e to the T + + + align:start position:0% +the shifted Delta e to the T +DT can you compute that + + align:start position:0% +DT can you compute that + + + align:start position:0% +DT can you compute that +integral well again that function is + + align:start position:0% +integral well again that function is + + + align:start position:0% +integral well again that function is +zero almost all the time the only time + + align:start position:0% +zero almost all the time the only time + + + align:start position:0% +zero almost all the time the only time +that impulse the moment that impulse + + align:start position:0% +that impulse the moment that impulse + + + align:start position:0% +that impulse the moment that impulse +hits is t equal capital T at that moment + + align:start position:0% +hits is t equal capital T at that moment + + + align:start position:0% +hits is t equal capital T at that moment +this is equal to e to the capital T and + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to e to the capital T and + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to e to the capital T and +that's all that matters + + align:start position:0% +that's all that matters + + + align:start position:0% +that's all that matters +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +uh I so now let me use the Delta + + align:start position:0% +uh I so now let me use the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +uh I so now let me use the Delta +function as the source term in our + + align:start position:0% +function as the source term in our + + + align:start position:0% +function as the source term in our +differential equation so we're seeing + + align:start position:0% +differential equation so we're seeing + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation so we're seeing +one last time one more I still call it a + + align:start position:0% +one last time one more I still call it a + + + align:start position:0% +one last time one more I still call it a +nice + + align:start position:0% +nice + + + align:start position:0% +nice +function even though it's not + + align:start position:0% +function even though it's not + + + align:start position:0% +function even though it's not +legitimately a function at all the Delta + + align:start position:0% +legitimately a function at all the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +legitimately a function at all the Delta +but let me solve the equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dydt equal a y plus the Delta function + + align:start position:0% +dydt equal a y plus the Delta function + + + align:start position:0% +dydt equal a y plus the Delta function +turned on at capital T and let me start + + align:start position:0% +turned on at capital T and let me start + + + align:start position:0% +turned on at capital T and let me start +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero so I don't make any initial deposit + + align:start position:0% +zero so I don't make any initial deposit + + + align:start position:0% +zero so I don't make any initial deposit +to my account I don't make any deposit + + align:start position:0% +to my account I don't make any deposit + + + align:start position:0% +to my account I don't make any deposit +at all except at one moment t equal + + align:start position:0% +at all except at one moment t equal + + + align:start position:0% +at all except at one moment t equal +capital T and in that moment I deposit a + + align:start position:0% +capital T and in that moment I deposit a + + + align:start position:0% +capital T and in that moment I deposit a +dollar because Delta this is the unit + + align:start position:0% +dollar because Delta this is the unit + + + align:start position:0% +dollar because Delta this is the unit +Delta if I was depositing $10 I would + + align:start position:0% +Delta if I was depositing $10 I would + + + align:start position:0% +Delta if I was depositing $10 I would +make it 10 Delta + + align:start position:0% +make it 10 Delta + + + align:start position:0% +make it 10 Delta +okay so we know what the solution is + + align:start position:0% +okay so we know what the solution is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we know what the solution is +from a deposit of + + align:start position:0% +from a deposit of + + + align:start position:0% +from a deposit of +$1 made at one time tal to capital T + + align:start position:0% +$1 made at one time tal to capital T + + + align:start position:0% +$1 made at one time tal to capital T +what is the solution y of + + align:start position:0% +what is the solution y of + + + align:start position:0% +what is the solution y of +T we have zero up + + align:start position:0% +T we have zero up + + + align:start position:0% +T we have zero up +to tal to + + align:start position:0% +to tal to + + + align:start position:0% +to tal to +T nothing whatever has + + align:start position:0% +T nothing whatever has + + + align:start position:0% +T nothing whatever has +happened and at cap capital T time t in + + align:start position:0% +happened and at cap capital T time t in + + + align:start position:0% +happened and at cap capital T time t in +goes the dollar and it grows it grows so + + align:start position:0% +goes the dollar and it grows it grows so + + + align:start position:0% +goes the dollar and it grows it grows so +that it grows + + align:start position:0% +that it grows + + + align:start position:0% +that it grows +to over the remaining time e to the T + + align:start position:0% +to over the remaining time e to the T + + + align:start position:0% +to over the remaining time e to the T +minus capital T for this is for T larger + + align:start position:0% +minus capital T for this is for T larger + + + align:start position:0% +minus capital T for this is for T larger +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +t t larger than or equal I could say + + align:start position:0% +t t larger than or equal I could say + + + align:start position:0% +t t larger than or equal I could say +when T and capital T are equal that's e + + align:start position:0% +when T and capital T are equal that's e + + + align:start position:0% +when T and capital T are equal that's e +to the zero that's our dollar just gone + + align:start position:0% +to the zero that's our dollar just gone + + + align:start position:0% +to the zero that's our dollar just gone +in at when t at for when T minus capital + + align:start position:0% +in at when t at for when T minus capital + + + align:start position:0% +in at when t at for when T minus capital +t is a year later our dollar is worth E + + align:start position:0% +t is a year later our dollar is worth E + + + align:start position:0% +t is a year later our dollar is worth E +when T minus capital T when it's been in + + align:start position:0% +when T minus capital T when it's been in + + + align:start position:0% +when T minus capital T when it's been in +there for a + + align:start position:0% +there for a + + + align:start position:0% +there for a +year that $1 has increased to two well + + align:start position:0% +year that $1 has increased to two well + + + align:start position:0% +year that $1 has increased to two well +that was if the interest rate was 100% + + align:start position:0% +that was if the interest rate was 100% + + + align:start position:0% +that was if the interest rate was 100% +you may feel that's you'd be fortunate + + align:start position:0% +you may feel that's you'd be fortunate + + + align:start position:0% +you may feel that's you'd be fortunate +to get that but let's suppose you do at + + align:start position:0% +to get that but let's suppose you do at + + + align:start position:0% +to get that but let's suppose you do at +100% + + align:start position:0% +100% + + + align:start position:0% +100% +interest after one + + align:start position:0% +interest after one + + + align:start position:0% +interest after one +year you might say well my money just + + align:start position:0% +year you might say well my money just + + + align:start position:0% +year you might say well my money just +doubled cuz I got the interest equal the + + align:start position:0% +doubled cuz I got the interest equal the + + + align:start position:0% +doubled cuz I got the interest equal the +original so I've got twice it but not + + align:start position:0% +original so I've got twice it but not + + + align:start position:0% +original so I've got twice it but not +true because that money went in was + + align:start position:0% +true because that money went in was + + + align:start position:0% +true because that money went in was +growing interest was being added + + align:start position:0% +growing interest was being added + + + align:start position:0% +growing interest was being added +compounded through the whole year so + + align:start position:0% +compounded through the whole year so + + + align:start position:0% +compounded through the whole year so +that after one year starting with one + + align:start position:0% +that after one year starting with one + + + align:start position:0% +that after one year starting with one +you have e at at a is 100% oh okay my + + align:start position:0% +you have e at at a is 100% oh okay my + + + align:start position:0% +you have e at at a is 100% oh okay my +formula isn't correct here + + align:start position:0% +formula isn't correct here + + + align:start position:0% +formula isn't correct here +because I had an a here then it belongs + + align:start position:0% +because I had an a here then it belongs + + + align:start position:0% +because I had an a here then it belongs +here so let me fix that it's e to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +A T minus t that's the growth factor + + align:start position:0% +A T minus t that's the growth factor + + + align:start position:0% +A T minus t that's the growth factor +that's the growth factor up to time T + + align:start position:0% +that's the growth factor up to time T + + + align:start position:0% +that's the growth factor up to time T +starting from time the earlier time + + align:start position:0% +starting from time the earlier time + + + align:start position:0% +starting from time the earlier time +capital T okay so you see that how we + + align:start position:0% +capital T okay so you see that how we + + + align:start position:0% +capital T okay so you see that how we +we're able just to write down the + + align:start position:0% +we're able just to write down the + + + align:start position:0% +we're able just to write down the +solution to the differential equation + + align:start position:0% +solution to the differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the differential equation +even though it's uh entirely new or + + align:start position:0% +even though it's uh entirely new or + + + align:start position:0% +even though it's uh entirely new or +different or nonstandard + + align:start position:0% +different or nonstandard + + + align:start position:0% +different or nonstandard +input uh the uh other the step function + + align:start position:0% +input uh the uh other the step function + + + align:start position:0% +input uh the uh other the step function +input so that we're finding here the + + align:start position:0% +input so that we're finding here the + + + align:start position:0% +input so that we're finding here the +impulse response that's a very very + + align:start position:0% +impulse response that's a very very + + + align:start position:0% +impulse response that's a very very +important Concept in engineering the + + align:start position:0% +important Concept in engineering the + + + align:start position:0% +important Concept in engineering the +impulse response the response to an + + align:start position:0% +impulse response the response to an + + + align:start position:0% +impulse response the response to an +impulse and for second order + + align:start position:0% +impulse and for second order + + + align:start position:0% +impulse and for second order +differential equations this is going to + + align:start position:0% +differential equations this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations this is going to +be it's really a crucial function in the + + align:start position:0% +be it's really a crucial function in the + + + align:start position:0% +be it's really a crucial function in the +subject so this is the response to uh to + + align:start position:0% +subject so this is the response to uh to + + + align:start position:0% +subject so this is the response to uh to +an Impulse is it's the impulse response + + align:start position:0% +an Impulse is it's the impulse response + + + align:start position:0% +an Impulse is it's the impulse response +from our standard first order equation + + align:start position:0% +from our standard first order equation + + + align:start position:0% +from our standard first order equation +that we've been dealing with now we've + + align:start position:0% +that we've been dealing with now we've + + + align:start position:0% +that we've been dealing with now we've +got just to remember one more step is + + align:start position:0% +got just to remember one more step is + + + align:start position:0% +got just to remember one more step is +still linear would be to allow the + + align:start position:0% +still linear would be to allow the + + + align:start position:0% +still linear would be to allow the +interest rate to change that's one + + align:start position:0% +interest rate to change that's one + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate to change that's one +lecture the next one and then we get + + align:start position:0% +lecture the next one and then we get + + + align:start position:0% +lecture the next one and then we get +nonlinear equations so that's what's + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear equations so that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear equations so that's what's +coming but here's Delta functions for + + align:start position:0% +coming but here's Delta functions for + + + align:start position:0% +coming but here's Delta functions for +the first time and not for the last time + + align:start position:0% +the first time and not for the last time + + + align:start position:0% +the first time and not for the last time +thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/F5uLcfs7pCI.txt b/F5uLcfs7pCI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81bea838f746261268bfdde0dc75ee53edbf2635 --- /dev/null +++ b/F5uLcfs7pCI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18176 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Welcome to our final class session for + + align:start position:0% +Welcome to our final class session for + + + align:start position:0% +Welcome to our final class session for + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +sts042 kinda hard to believe hard for me + + align:start position:0% +sts042 kinda hard to believe hard for me + + + align:start position:0% +sts042 kinda hard to believe hard for me +to believe at least + + align:start position:0% +to believe at least + + + align:start position:0% +to believe at least +um but we've made it to the end of the + + align:start position:0% +um but we've made it to the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +um but we've made it to the end of the +semester that's very strange and unusual + + align:start position:0% +semester that's very strange and unusual + + + align:start position:0% +semester that's very strange and unusual +semester so I hope you're all doing okay + + align:start position:0% +semester so I hope you're all doing okay + + + align:start position:0% +semester so I hope you're all doing okay +I'm you know it's I know it's crunch + + align:start position:0% +I'm you know it's I know it's crunch + + + align:start position:0% +I'm you know it's I know it's crunch +time even uh even more than usual I + + align:start position:0% +time even uh even more than usual I + + + align:start position:0% +time even uh even more than usual I +think with lots of final projects and + + align:start position:0% +think with lots of final projects and + + + align:start position:0% +think with lots of final projects and +and a term stuff so I hope you're all + + align:start position:0% +and a term stuff so I hope you're all + + + align:start position:0% +and a term stuff so I hope you're all +hanging in there doing okay + + align:start position:0% +hanging in there doing okay + + + align:start position:0% +hanging in there doing okay +um just a little while left on your + + align:start position:0% +um just a little while left on your + + + align:start position:0% +um just a little while left on your +paper three assignment for this class + + align:start position:0% +paper three assignment for this class + + + align:start position:0% +paper three assignment for this class +and hopefully the other assignments for + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully the other assignments for + + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully the other assignments for +your other things are are well in hand + + align:start position:0% +your other things are are well in hand + + + align:start position:0% +your other things are are well in hand +as well any you know kind of logistical + + align:start position:0% +as well any you know kind of logistical + + + align:start position:0% +as well any you know kind of logistical +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +assignments or really anything like that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh if not that's okay I will jump in I + + align:start position:0% +uh if not that's okay I will jump in I + + + align:start position:0% +uh if not that's okay I will jump in I +do have one uh set of um lecture slides + + align:start position:0% +do have one uh set of um lecture slides + + + align:start position:0% +do have one uh set of um lecture slides +for today and uh I kind of wrap up we + + align:start position:0% +for today and uh I kind of wrap up we + + + align:start position:0% +for today and uh I kind of wrap up we +won't wrap up every last question in all + + align:start position:0% +won't wrap up every last question in all + + + align:start position:0% +won't wrap up every last question in all +the physics I don't think but we'll + + align:start position:0% +the physics I don't think but we'll + + + align:start position:0% +the physics I don't think but we'll +explore some some ideas that I kind of + + align:start position:0% +explore some some ideas that I kind of + + + align:start position:0% +explore some some ideas that I kind of +build on follow the story forward in + + align:start position:0% +build on follow the story forward in + + + align:start position:0% +build on follow the story forward in +time compared to some of the recent + + align:start position:0% +time compared to some of the recent + + + align:start position:0% +time compared to some of the recent +things we've been looking at especially + + align:start position:0% +things we've been looking at especially + + + align:start position:0% +things we've been looking at especially +in this kind of relatively recent + + align:start position:0% +in this kind of relatively recent + + + align:start position:0% +in this kind of relatively recent +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +overlap space conceptual overlap space + + align:start position:0% +overlap space conceptual overlap space + + + align:start position:0% +overlap space conceptual overlap space +between very high energy Theory particle + + align:start position:0% +between very high energy Theory particle + + + align:start position:0% +between very high energy Theory particle +physics and studies of cosmology this + + align:start position:0% +physics and studies of cosmology this + + + align:start position:0% +physics and studies of cosmology this +area that we uh now called particle + + align:start position:0% +area that we uh now called particle + + + align:start position:0% +area that we uh now called particle +cosmology and so for today + + align:start position:0% +cosmology and so for today + + + align:start position:0% +cosmology and so for today +I want to talk about some things that + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk about some things that + + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk about some things that +you might well have heard about some of + + align:start position:0% +you might well have heard about some of + + + align:start position:0% +you might well have heard about some of +you might have already had a chance to + + align:start position:0% +you might have already had a chance to + + + align:start position:0% +you might have already had a chance to +read up on on this in some detail but + + align:start position:0% +read up on on this in some detail but + + + align:start position:0% +read up on on this in some detail but +there are things that are often + + align:start position:0% +there are things that are often + + + align:start position:0% +there are things that are often +described in popular culture their ideas + + align:start position:0% +described in popular culture their ideas + + + align:start position:0% +described in popular culture their ideas +that are um still clearly speculative + + align:start position:0% +that are um still clearly speculative + + + align:start position:0% +that are um still clearly speculative +these are not proven by any possible + + align:start position:0% +these are not proven by any possible + + + align:start position:0% +these are not proven by any possible +measure but they are at least to some + + align:start position:0% +measure but they are at least to some + + + align:start position:0% +measure but they are at least to some +members of the community well motivated + + align:start position:0% +members of the community well motivated + + + align:start position:0% +members of the community well motivated +there's reasons why lots of people think + + align:start position:0% +there's reasons why lots of people think + + + align:start position:0% +there's reasons why lots of people think +about these things and take them + + align:start position:0% +about these things and take them + + + align:start position:0% +about these things and take them +seriously even though we we the + + align:start position:0% +seriously even though we we the + + + align:start position:0% +seriously even though we we the +community certainly don't have any kind + + align:start position:0% +community certainly don't have any kind + + + align:start position:0% +community certainly don't have any kind +of um consensus yet let alone uh a lot + + align:start position:0% +of um consensus yet let alone uh a lot + + + align:start position:0% +of um consensus yet let alone uh a lot +of kind of reliable empirical or + + align:start position:0% +of kind of reliable empirical or + + + align:start position:0% +of kind of reliable empirical or +observational information to help us + + align:start position:0% +observational information to help us + + + align:start position:0% +observational information to help us +sift through competing ideas so so we're + + align:start position:0% +sift through competing ideas so so we're + + + align:start position:0% +sift through competing ideas so so we're +in this kind of um + + align:start position:0% +in this kind of um + + + align:start position:0% +in this kind of um +awkward state where lots of folks are + + align:start position:0% +awkward state where lots of folks are + + + align:start position:0% +awkward state where lots of folks are +pursuing interesting and sometimes very + + align:start position:0% +pursuing interesting and sometimes very + + + align:start position:0% +pursuing interesting and sometimes very +strange sounding questions and something + + align:start position:0% +strange sounding questions and something + + + align:start position:0% +strange sounding questions and something +they get actually stranger and stranger + + align:start position:0% +they get actually stranger and stranger + + + align:start position:0% +they get actually stranger and stranger +sounding I think and so I wanted to to + + align:start position:0% +sounding I think and so I wanted to to + + + align:start position:0% +sounding I think and so I wanted to to +kind of end our our semester this term + + align:start position:0% +kind of end our our semester this term + + + align:start position:0% +kind of end our our semester this term +with this kind of taste of some small + + align:start position:0% +with this kind of taste of some small + + + align:start position:0% +with this kind of taste of some small +set of the open questions that members + + align:start position:0% +set of the open questions that members + + + align:start position:0% +set of the open questions that members +of the community are still really + + align:start position:0% +of the community are still really + + + align:start position:0% +of the community are still really +wrestling with and grappling with today + + align:start position:0% +wrestling with and grappling with today + + + align:start position:0% +wrestling with and grappling with today +so I'll focus on ideas about String + + align:start position:0% +so I'll focus on ideas about String + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll focus on ideas about String +Theory some ideas about string theory + + align:start position:0% +Theory some ideas about string theory + + + align:start position:0% +Theory some ideas about string theory +and the Multiverse and there's lots and + + align:start position:0% +and the Multiverse and there's lots and + + + align:start position:0% +and the Multiverse and there's lots and +lots and lots written about this often + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots written about this often + + + align:start position:0% +lots and lots written about this often +for um a non-technical audience and part + + align:start position:0% +for um a non-technical audience and part + + + align:start position:0% +for um a non-technical audience and part +of also what I wanted to do with this + + align:start position:0% +of also what I wanted to do with this + + + align:start position:0% +of also what I wanted to do with this +class + + align:start position:0% +class + + + align:start position:0% +class +let's just give you some pointers for + + align:start position:0% +let's just give you some pointers for + + + align:start position:0% +let's just give you some pointers for +some books that I really like uh some + + align:start position:0% +some books that I really like uh some + + + align:start position:0% +some books that I really like uh some +accessible really very well written + + align:start position:0% +accessible really very well written + + + align:start position:0% +accessible really very well written +popular books + + align:start position:0% +popular books + + + align:start position:0% +popular books +um by physicists with a range of + + align:start position:0% +um by physicists with a range of + + + align:start position:0% +um by physicists with a range of +opinions about this stuff and so some of + + align:start position:0% +opinions about this stuff and so some of + + + align:start position:0% +opinions about this stuff and so some of +them are written by kind of arch Rivals + + align:start position:0% +them are written by kind of arch Rivals + + + align:start position:0% +them are written by kind of arch Rivals +conceptually and they together I think + + align:start position:0% +conceptually and they together I think + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually and they together I think +can help us get a reasonable sense of at + + align:start position:0% +can help us get a reasonable sense of at + + + align:start position:0% +can help us get a reasonable sense of at +least what seems to be at stake what are + + align:start position:0% +least what seems to be at stake what are + + + align:start position:0% +least what seems to be at stake what are +some of our colleagues so exercised + + align:start position:0% +some of our colleagues so exercised + + + align:start position:0% +some of our colleagues so exercised +about and why do they have competing + + align:start position:0% +about and why do they have competing + + + align:start position:0% +about and why do they have competing +Visions for kind of next big steps + + align:start position:0% +Visions for kind of next big steps + + + align:start position:0% +Visions for kind of next big steps +forward on this on this intellectual + + align:start position:0% +forward on this on this intellectual + + + align:start position:0% +forward on this on this intellectual +Journey we've been we've been kind of + + align:start position:0% +Journey we've been we've been kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Journey we've been we've been kind of +marching along together this term + + align:start position:0% +marching along together this term + + + align:start position:0% +marching along together this term +not all of it is in the complete idiot's + + align:start position:0% +not all of it is in the complete idiot's + + + align:start position:0% +not all of it is in the complete idiot's +guide though I do actually like this + + align:start position:0% +guide though I do actually like this + + + align:start position:0% +guide though I do actually like this +book by my colleague George Musser he's + + align:start position:0% +book by my colleague George Musser he's + + + align:start position:0% +book by my colleague George Musser he's +an award-winning science writer uh and a + + align:start position:0% +an award-winning science writer uh and a + + + align:start position:0% +an award-winning science writer uh and a +PhD in physics and astrophysics he + + align:start position:0% +PhD in physics and astrophysics he + + + align:start position:0% +PhD in physics and astrophysics he +actually is himself not an idiot but he + + align:start position:0% +actually is himself not an idiot but he + + + align:start position:0% +actually is himself not an idiot but he +wrote this fun book for the complete + + align:start position:0% +wrote this fun book for the complete + + + align:start position:0% +wrote this fun book for the complete +idiots Guide Series on string theory and + + align:start position:0% +idiots Guide Series on string theory and + + + align:start position:0% +idiots Guide Series on string theory and +of course other books as well so partly + + align:start position:0% +of course other books as well so partly + + + align:start position:0% +of course other books as well so partly +what I'll do with these slides is give + + align:start position:0% +what I'll do with these slides is give + + + align:start position:0% +what I'll do with these slides is give +little shout outs with some like book + + align:start position:0% +little shout outs with some like book + + + align:start position:0% +little shout outs with some like book +covers for some of these books that I + + align:start position:0% +covers for some of these books that I + + + align:start position:0% +covers for some of these books that I +enjoy you might enjoy uh after the dust + + align:start position:0% +enjoy you might enjoy uh after the dust + + + align:start position:0% +enjoy you might enjoy uh after the dust +has settled on this crazy semester if + + align:start position:0% +has settled on this crazy semester if + + + align:start position:0% +has settled on this crazy semester if +you're looking for some + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for some + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking for some +um virtual Beach reading for IAP maybe + + align:start position:0% +um virtual Beach reading for IAP maybe + + + align:start position:0% +um virtual Beach reading for IAP maybe +it might be of interest + + align:start position:0% +it might be of interest + + + align:start position:0% +it might be of interest +so as usual of course three main parts + + align:start position:0% +so as usual of course three main parts + + + align:start position:0% +so as usual of course three main parts +for the discussion today + + align:start position:0% +for the discussion today + + + align:start position:0% +for the discussion today +I want to turn the clock back and look + + align:start position:0% +I want to turn the clock back and look + + + align:start position:0% +I want to turn the clock back and look +at this really hundred year long Quest a + + align:start position:0% +at this really hundred year long Quest a + + + align:start position:0% +at this really hundred year long Quest a +hundred year long challenge + + align:start position:0% +hundred year long challenge + + + align:start position:0% +hundred year long challenge +um to try to find a quantum mechanical + + align:start position:0% +um to try to find a quantum mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +um to try to find a quantum mechanical +description of gravity it's still an + + align:start position:0% +description of gravity it's still an + + + align:start position:0% +description of gravity it's still an +elusive Challenge and we'll see what + + align:start position:0% +elusive Challenge and we'll see what + + + align:start position:0% +elusive Challenge and we'll see what +were some of the earliest ideas about + + align:start position:0% +were some of the earliest ideas about + + + align:start position:0% +were some of the earliest ideas about +that and why has this approach uh taken + + align:start position:0% +that and why has this approach uh taken + + + align:start position:0% +that and why has this approach uh taken +such a different turn compared to other + + align:start position:0% +such a different turn compared to other + + + align:start position:0% +such a different turn compared to other +efforts to describe fundamental forces + + align:start position:0% +efforts to describe fundamental forces + + + align:start position:0% +efforts to describe fundamental forces +of nature Quantum mechanically so we'll + + align:start position:0% +of nature Quantum mechanically so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +of nature Quantum mechanically so we'll +look at in some sense where String + + align:start position:0% +look at in some sense where String + + + align:start position:0% +look at in some sense where String +Theory comes from and why some people + + align:start position:0% +Theory comes from and why some people + + + align:start position:0% +Theory comes from and why some people +have been so excited about it compared + + align:start position:0% +have been so excited about it compared + + + align:start position:0% +have been so excited about it compared +to other approaches + + align:start position:0% +to other approaches + + + align:start position:0% +to other approaches +then in the second part we'll look again + + align:start position:0% +then in the second part we'll look again + + + align:start position:0% +then in the second part we'll look again +just very briefly at some of the kind of + + align:start position:0% +just very briefly at some of the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +just very briefly at some of the kind of +collisions some of the some of the + + align:start position:0% +collisions some of the some of the + + + align:start position:0% +collisions some of the some of the +possible implications of thinking about + + align:start position:0% +possible implications of thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +possible implications of thinking about +these String Theory ideas in the context + + align:start position:0% +these String Theory ideas in the context + + + align:start position:0% +these String Theory ideas in the context +of cosmology uh getting a little closer + + align:start position:0% +of cosmology uh getting a little closer + + + align:start position:0% +of cosmology uh getting a little closer +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +um work that that I've been involved + + align:start position:0% +um work that that I've been involved + + + align:start position:0% +um work that that I've been involved +with or some of my colleagues have been + + align:start position:0% +with or some of my colleagues have been + + + align:start position:0% +with or some of my colleagues have been +more involved with so when we take this + + align:start position:0% +more involved with so when we take this + + + align:start position:0% +more involved with so when we take this +kind of particle cosmology View and take + + align:start position:0% +kind of particle cosmology View and take + + + align:start position:0% +kind of particle cosmology View and take +on board to try to take seriously some + + align:start position:0% +on board to try to take seriously some + + + align:start position:0% +on board to try to take seriously some +of the ideas or possible implications of + + align:start position:0% +of the ideas or possible implications of + + + align:start position:0% +of the ideas or possible implications of +the high energy theory part the string + + align:start position:0% +the high energy theory part the string + + + align:start position:0% +the high energy theory part the string +theory part what does that lead us at + + align:start position:0% +theory part what does that lead us at + + + align:start position:0% +theory part what does that lead us at +least lead some people who wonder about + + align:start position:0% +least lead some people who wonder about + + + align:start position:0% +least lead some people who wonder about +in this more cosmological setting that's + + align:start position:0% +in this more cosmological setting that's + + + align:start position:0% +in this more cosmological setting that's +part two and then part three + + align:start position:0% +part two and then part three + + + align:start position:0% +part two and then part three +just very briefly we'll zoom out and + + align:start position:0% +just very briefly we'll zoom out and + + + align:start position:0% +just very briefly we'll zoom out and +again remind ourselves that like all the + + align:start position:0% +again remind ourselves that like all the + + + align:start position:0% +again remind ourselves that like all the +work we've looked at together over this + + align:start position:0% +work we've looked at together over this + + + align:start position:0% +work we've looked at together over this +entire semester none of these ideas are + + align:start position:0% +entire semester none of these ideas are + + + align:start position:0% +entire semester none of these ideas are +kind of unfolding in a vacuum that I + + align:start position:0% +kind of unfolding in a vacuum that I + + + align:start position:0% +kind of unfolding in a vacuum that I +think we can make sense of some of the + + align:start position:0% +think we can make sense of some of the + + + align:start position:0% +think we can make sense of some of the +rhythms of change if not the particular + + align:start position:0% +rhythms of change if not the particular + + + align:start position:0% +rhythms of change if not the particular +ideas that come forward by asking about + + align:start position:0% +ideas that come forward by asking about + + + align:start position:0% +ideas that come forward by asking about +who's doing this work in what settings + + align:start position:0% +who's doing this work in what settings + + + align:start position:0% +who's doing this work in what settings +uh and and what's some of some elements + + align:start position:0% +uh and and what's some of some elements + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and what's some of some elements +of a larger context that might help us + + align:start position:0% +of a larger context that might help us + + + align:start position:0% +of a larger context that might help us +make sense of the of the twists in terms + + align:start position:0% +make sense of the of the twists in terms + + + align:start position:0% +make sense of the of the twists in terms +okay so as I mentioned this + + align:start position:0% +okay so as I mentioned this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so as I mentioned this +century-long challenge a kind of Grand + + align:start position:0% +century-long challenge a kind of Grand + + + align:start position:0% +century-long challenge a kind of Grand +Challenge for the field has been to find + + align:start position:0% +Challenge for the field has been to find + + + align:start position:0% +Challenge for the field has been to find +some internally self-consistent + + align:start position:0% +some internally self-consistent + + + align:start position:0% +some internally self-consistent +description of gravity that would be in + + align:start position:0% +description of gravity that would be in + + + align:start position:0% +description of gravity that would be in +the kind of framework of quantum theory + + align:start position:0% +the kind of framework of quantum theory + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of framework of quantum theory +we've seen at least in uh some we looked + + align:start position:0% +we've seen at least in uh some we looked + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen at least in uh some we looked +at in some detail others we had kind of + + align:start position:0% +at in some detail others we had kind of + + + align:start position:0% +at in some detail others we had kind of +hints at but over the mostly second half + + align:start position:0% +hints at but over the mostly second half + + + align:start position:0% +hints at but over the mostly second half +of the 20th century especially uh each + + align:start position:0% +of the 20th century especially uh each + + + align:start position:0% +of the 20th century especially uh each +of the other three main known physical + + align:start position:0% +of the other three main known physical + + + align:start position:0% +of the other three main known physical +forces of nature electromagnetism the + + align:start position:0% +forces of nature electromagnetism the + + + align:start position:0% +forces of nature electromagnetism the +strong nuclear force and the weak + + align:start position:0% +strong nuclear force and the weak + + + align:start position:0% +strong nuclear force and the weak +nuclear force each of those has been + + align:start position:0% +nuclear force each of those has been + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear force each of those has been +given a quantitative treatment in terms + + align:start position:0% +given a quantitative treatment in terms + + + align:start position:0% +given a quantitative treatment in terms +of quantum theory in terms in particular + + align:start position:0% +of quantum theory in terms in particular + + + align:start position:0% +of quantum theory in terms in particular +Quantum field Theory we looked a little + + align:start position:0% +Quantum field Theory we looked a little + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum field Theory we looked a little +bit at Quantum electrodynamics the + + align:start position:0% +bit at Quantum electrodynamics the + + + align:start position:0% +bit at Quantum electrodynamics the +quantum mechanical version of + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanical version of + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanical version of +electromagnetism associated with people + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetism associated with people + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetism associated with people +like tomanaga and Julian schwinger and + + align:start position:0% +like tomanaga and Julian schwinger and + + + align:start position:0% +like tomanaga and Julian schwinger and +Feynman and others likewise you look + + align:start position:0% +Feynman and others likewise you look + + + align:start position:0% +Feynman and others likewise you look +briefly at Quantum chromodynamics + + align:start position:0% +briefly at Quantum chromodynamics + + + align:start position:0% +briefly at Quantum chromodynamics +there's there's been this sort of + + align:start position:0% +there's there's been this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's been this sort of +remarkable success often in very close + + align:start position:0% +remarkable success often in very close + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable success often in very close +dialogue + + align:start position:0% +dialogue + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue +um between + + align:start position:0% +um between + + + align:start position:0% +um between +experimental inputs and theoretical + + align:start position:0% +experimental inputs and theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +experimental inputs and theoretical +advances and yet Gravity the fourth + + align:start position:0% +advances and yet Gravity the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +advances and yet Gravity the fourth +known force of Nature has been this + + align:start position:0% +known force of Nature has been this + + + align:start position:0% +known force of Nature has been this +stubborn holdout turns out this has been + + align:start position:0% +stubborn holdout turns out this has been + + + align:start position:0% +stubborn holdout turns out this has been +going on for the efforts going on for a + + align:start position:0% +going on for the efforts going on for a + + + align:start position:0% +going on for the efforts going on for a +long long time one of the earliest + + align:start position:0% +long long time one of the earliest + + + align:start position:0% +long long time one of the earliest +people to try to build a quantum theory + + align:start position:0% +people to try to build a quantum theory + + + align:start position:0% +people to try to build a quantum theory +of gravity is this young person shown + + align:start position:0% +of gravity is this young person shown + + + align:start position:0% +of gravity is this young person shown +here Monte bronstein who was working in + + align:start position:0% +here Monte bronstein who was working in + + + align:start position:0% +here Monte bronstein who was working in +the Soviet Union in the mid-1930s he was + + align:start position:0% +the Soviet Union in the mid-1930s he was + + + align:start position:0% +the Soviet Union in the mid-1930s he was +quite young as you can see in the photo + + align:start position:0% +quite young as you can see in the photo + + + align:start position:0% +quite young as you can see in the photo +bronstein was writing papers mostly in + + align:start position:0% +bronstein was writing papers mostly in + + + align:start position:0% +bronstein was writing papers mostly in +Russian in some of the Russian journals + + align:start position:0% +Russian in some of the Russian journals + + + align:start position:0% +Russian in some of the Russian journals +a few of them in German uh not very well + + align:start position:0% +a few of them in German uh not very well + + + align:start position:0% +a few of them in German uh not very well +known outside of his immediate circle at + + align:start position:0% +known outside of his immediate circle at + + + align:start position:0% +known outside of his immediate circle at +the time but he was doing what in + + align:start position:0% +the time but he was doing what in + + + align:start position:0% +the time but he was doing what in +hindsight we see was really pretty + + align:start position:0% +hindsight we see was really pretty + + + align:start position:0% +hindsight we see was really pretty +advanced stuff and that has held up I + + align:start position:0% +advanced stuff and that has held up I + + + align:start position:0% +advanced stuff and that has held up I +think quite well over time + + align:start position:0% +think quite well over time + + + align:start position:0% +think quite well over time +where he recognized that if one tried to + + align:start position:0% +where he recognized that if one tried to + + + align:start position:0% +where he recognized that if one tried to +make a quantum mechanical treatment of + + align:start position:0% +make a quantum mechanical treatment of + + + align:start position:0% +make a quantum mechanical treatment of +Einstein's general theory of relativity + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's general theory of relativity + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein's general theory of relativity +the reigning description of gravity then + + align:start position:0% +the reigning description of gravity then + + + align:start position:0% +the reigning description of gravity then +you could describe you could try to + + align:start position:0% +you could describe you could try to + + + align:start position:0% +you could describe you could try to +formulate it as a on a model of exchange + + align:start position:0% +formulate it as a on a model of exchange + + + align:start position:0% +formulate it as a on a model of exchange +of virtual particles the virtual + + align:start position:0% +of virtual particles the virtual + + + align:start position:0% +of virtual particles the virtual +particles in this case would have a + + align:start position:0% +particles in this case would have a + + + align:start position:0% +particles in this case would have a +little more complicated mathematical + + align:start position:0% +little more complicated mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +little more complicated mathematical +structure that might not surprise us + + align:start position:0% +structure that might not surprise us + + + align:start position:0% +structure that might not surprise us +given how much we saw even Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +given how much we saw even Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +given how much we saw even Einstein's +own version of General activity was so + + align:start position:0% +own version of General activity was so + + + align:start position:0% +own version of General activity was so +mathematically involved this warping + + align:start position:0% +mathematically involved this warping + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically involved this warping +space time + + align:start position:0% +space time + + + align:start position:0% +space time +bronstein showed that you could actually + + align:start position:0% +bronstein showed that you could actually + + + align:start position:0% +bronstein showed that you could actually +reproduce the basic structure of general + + align:start position:0% +reproduce the basic structure of general + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce the basic structure of general +relativity as arising from the exchange + + align:start position:0% +relativity as arising from the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +relativity as arising from the exchange +of of a certain kind of particle a + + align:start position:0% +of of a certain kind of particle a + + + align:start position:0% +of of a certain kind of particle a +certain kind of force carrying particle + + align:start position:0% +certain kind of force carrying particle + + + align:start position:0% +certain kind of force carrying particle +instead of the photon being the force + + align:start position:0% +instead of the photon being the force + + + align:start position:0% +instead of the photon being the force +carrying particle for a quantum + + align:start position:0% +carrying particle for a quantum + + + align:start position:0% +carrying particle for a quantum +mechanical version of electromagnetism + + align:start position:0% +mechanical version of electromagnetism + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical version of electromagnetism +for Quantum electrodynamics there would + + align:start position:0% +for Quantum electrodynamics there would + + + align:start position:0% +for Quantum electrodynamics there would +be a hypothetical graviton a particle + + align:start position:0% +be a hypothetical graviton a particle + + + align:start position:0% +be a hypothetical graviton a particle +Force carrier for gravity and it would + + align:start position:0% +Force carrier for gravity and it would + + + align:start position:0% +Force carrier for gravity and it would +be kind of analogous to the photo I'm + + align:start position:0% +be kind of analogous to the photo I'm + + + align:start position:0% +be kind of analogous to the photo I'm +going to have zero Mass just as the + + align:start position:0% +going to have zero Mass just as the + + + align:start position:0% +going to have zero Mass just as the +photon has zero Mass but it would have + + align:start position:0% +photon has zero Mass but it would have + + + align:start position:0% +photon has zero Mass but it would have +two units of spin whereas the photon has + + align:start position:0% +two units of spin whereas the photon has + + + align:start position:0% +two units of spin whereas the photon has +one unit of Spin and most ordinary + + align:start position:0% +one unit of Spin and most ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +one unit of Spin and most ordinary +matter has half integer unit of spin + + align:start position:0% +matter has half integer unit of spin + + + align:start position:0% +matter has half integer unit of spin +like electrons and quarks or even + + align:start position:0% +like electrons and quarks or even + + + align:start position:0% +like electrons and quarks or even +protons and neutrons so you one could + + align:start position:0% +protons and neutrons so you one could + + + align:start position:0% +protons and neutrons so you one could +try to for reformulate Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +try to for reformulate Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +try to for reformulate Einstein's +version of gravity as arising from the + + align:start position:0% +version of gravity as arising from the + + + align:start position:0% +version of gravity as arising from the +exchange of a particular kind of force + + align:start position:0% +exchange of a particular kind of force + + + align:start position:0% +exchange of a particular kind of force +carrying particle a massless spin to + + align:start position:0% +carrying particle a massless spin to + + + align:start position:0% +carrying particle a massless spin to +particle dubbed the graviton that was + + align:start position:0% +particle dubbed the graviton that was + + + align:start position:0% +particle dubbed the graviton that was +done mostly in obscurity and quite + + align:start position:0% +done mostly in obscurity and quite + + + align:start position:0% +done mostly in obscurity and quite +tragically braunstein was murdered about + + align:start position:0% +tragically braunstein was murdered about + + + align:start position:0% +tragically braunstein was murdered about +a year later he never had a chance to + + align:start position:0% +a year later he never had a chance to + + + align:start position:0% +a year later he never had a chance to +explore this or frankly anything else he + + align:start position:0% +explore this or frankly anything else he + + + align:start position:0% +explore this or frankly anything else he +fell a foul as many many people did of + + align:start position:0% +fell a foul as many many people did of + + + align:start position:0% +fell a foul as many many people did of +Stalin's Joseph Stalin's purges in the + + align:start position:0% +Stalin's Joseph Stalin's purges in the + + + align:start position:0% +Stalin's Joseph Stalin's purges in the +Soviet Union he had some uh political + + align:start position:0% +Soviet Union he had some uh political + + + align:start position:0% +Soviet Union he had some uh political +ideas that that suddenly put him on the + + align:start position:0% +ideas that that suddenly put him on the + + + align:start position:0% +ideas that that suddenly put him on the +outs with the reigning authorities and + + align:start position:0% +outs with the reigning authorities and + + + align:start position:0% +outs with the reigning authorities and +he was rounded up found guilty on a kind + + align:start position:0% +he was rounded up found guilty on a kind + + + align:start position:0% +he was rounded up found guilty on a kind +of so-called show trial and executed the + + align:start position:0% +of so-called show trial and executed the + + + align:start position:0% +of so-called show trial and executed the +very same day there's no no chance for + + align:start position:0% +very same day there's no no chance for + + + align:start position:0% +very same day there's no no chance for +an appeal his his quest in many ways + + align:start position:0% +an appeal his his quest in many ways + + + align:start position:0% +an appeal his his quest in many ways +ended tragically tragically early many + + align:start position:0% +ended tragically tragically early many + + + align:start position:0% +ended tragically tragically early many +many years later other colleagues + + align:start position:0% +many years later other colleagues + + + align:start position:0% +many years later other colleagues +including many in Western Europe and + + align:start position:0% +including many in Western Europe and + + + align:start position:0% +including many in Western Europe and +North America kind of rediscovered + + align:start position:0% +North America kind of rediscovered + + + align:start position:0% +North America kind of rediscovered +insights that bronstein had put together + + align:start position:0% +insights that bronstein had put together + + + align:start position:0% +insights that bronstein had put together +way back in the 1930s much more famously + + align:start position:0% +way back in the 1930s much more famously + + + align:start position:0% +way back in the 1930s much more famously +much much better known especially in the + + align:start position:0% +much much better known especially in the + + + align:start position:0% +much much better known especially in the +US and Europe Richard Feynman followed + + align:start position:0% +US and Europe Richard Feynman followed + + + align:start position:0% +US and Europe Richard Feynman followed +on very similar kind of thought pads in + + align:start position:0% +on very similar kind of thought pads in + + + align:start position:0% +on very similar kind of thought pads in +the early 1960s when he himself got + + align:start position:0% +the early 1960s when he himself got + + + align:start position:0% +the early 1960s when he himself got +interested in gravity not only particle + + align:start position:0% +interested in gravity not only particle + + + align:start position:0% +interested in gravity not only particle +physics and Feynman also in fact he gave + + align:start position:0% +physics and Feynman also in fact he gave + + + align:start position:0% +physics and Feynman also in fact he gave +these now famous lectures that were + + align:start position:0% +these now famous lectures that were + + + align:start position:0% +these now famous lectures that were +published many years later his lectures + + align:start position:0% +published many years later his lectures + + + align:start position:0% +published many years later his lectures +in gravitation where he also taught his + + align:start position:0% +in gravitation where he also taught his + + + align:start position:0% +in gravitation where he also taught his +students that one could capture the + + align:start position:0% +students that one could capture the + + + align:start position:0% +students that one could capture the +mathematical structure of general + + align:start position:0% +mathematical structure of general + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical structure of general +relativity as a rising from the exchange + + align:start position:0% +relativity as a rising from the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +relativity as a rising from the exchange +of these particular kinds of + + align:start position:0% +of these particular kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +of these particular kinds of +force-carrying particles just + + align:start position:0% +force-carrying particles just + + + align:start position:0% +force-carrying particles just +classically now you might be saying well + + align:start position:0% +classically now you might be saying well + + + align:start position:0% +classically now you might be saying well +don't we already know that gravitons + + align:start position:0% +don't we already know that gravitons + + + align:start position:0% +don't we already know that gravitons +exist after all our very good friends at + + align:start position:0% +exist after all our very good friends at + + + align:start position:0% +exist after all our very good friends at +ligo have found gravitational radiation + + align:start position:0% +ligo have found gravitational radiation + + + align:start position:0% +ligo have found gravitational radiation +they certainly have using these enormous + + align:start position:0% +they certainly have using these enormous + + + align:start position:0% +they certainly have using these enormous +detectors uh in Hanford Washington in + + align:start position:0% +detectors uh in Hanford Washington in + + + align:start position:0% +detectors uh in Hanford Washington in +Louisiana now similar devices throughout + + align:start position:0% +Louisiana now similar devices throughout + + + align:start position:0% +Louisiana now similar devices throughout +Europe and others under construction + + align:start position:0% +Europe and others under construction + + + align:start position:0% +Europe and others under construction +elsewhere but this is really finding + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere but this is really finding + + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere but this is really finding +classical gravitational radiations not + + align:start position:0% +classical gravitational radiations not + + + align:start position:0% +classical gravitational radiations not +identifying individual gravitons it's + + align:start position:0% +identifying individual gravitons it's + + + align:start position:0% +identifying individual gravitons it's +like the difference between finding + + align:start position:0% +like the difference between finding + + + align:start position:0% +like the difference between finding +classical Maxwell waves like radio waves + + align:start position:0% +classical Maxwell waves like radio waves + + + align:start position:0% +classical Maxwell waves like radio waves +electromagnetic waves that are + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic waves that are + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic waves that are +continuous and classical and extended + + align:start position:0% +continuous and classical and extended + + + align:start position:0% +continuous and classical and extended +through space and time it's the same + + align:start position:0% +through space and time it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +through space and time it's the same +it's a similar Gulf between that and + + align:start position:0% +it's a similar Gulf between that and + + + align:start position:0% +it's a similar Gulf between that and +finding evidence of individual photons + + align:start position:0% +finding evidence of individual photons + + + align:start position:0% +finding evidence of individual photons +individual quantized Force carriers of a + + align:start position:0% +individual quantized Force carriers of a + + + align:start position:0% +individual quantized Force carriers of a +quantum mechanical force so whereas now + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanical force so whereas now + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanical force so whereas now +we have thank goodness + + align:start position:0% +we have thank goodness + + + align:start position:0% +we have thank goodness +really quite compelling evidence about + + align:start position:0% +really quite compelling evidence about + + + align:start position:0% +really quite compelling evidence about +classical extended wave-like features + + align:start position:0% +classical extended wave-like features + + + align:start position:0% +classical extended wave-like features +from Gravity this still is not evidence + + align:start position:0% +from Gravity this still is not evidence + + + align:start position:0% +from Gravity this still is not evidence +of individual gravitons a challenge on + + align:start position:0% +of individual gravitons a challenge on + + + align:start position:0% +of individual gravitons a challenge on +that score is still elusive now even + + align:start position:0% +that score is still elusive now even + + + align:start position:0% +that score is still elusive now even +though there's not compelling + + align:start position:0% +though there's not compelling + + + align:start position:0% +though there's not compelling +experimental inputs about the behavior + + align:start position:0% +experimental inputs about the behavior + + + align:start position:0% +experimental inputs about the behavior +of gravitons one could still and people + + align:start position:0% +of gravitons one could still and people + + + align:start position:0% +of gravitons one could still and people +have over the century try to build a + + align:start position:0% +have over the century try to build a + + + align:start position:0% +have over the century try to build a +kind of quantum mechanical treatment of + + align:start position:0% +kind of quantum mechanical treatment of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of quantum mechanical treatment of +these hypothetical Force carriers is + + align:start position:0% +these hypothetical Force carriers is + + + align:start position:0% +these hypothetical Force carriers is +gravitons massless spin two particles + + align:start position:0% +gravitons massless spin two particles + + + align:start position:0% +gravitons massless spin two particles +and that's the kind of work that + + align:start position:0% +and that's the kind of work that + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the kind of work that +bronstein began + + align:start position:0% +bronstein began + + + align:start position:0% +bronstein began +all the way back in the mid-1930s and + + align:start position:0% +all the way back in the mid-1930s and + + + align:start position:0% +all the way back in the mid-1930s and +people like fyman and many of his + + align:start position:0% +people like fyman and many of his + + + align:start position:0% +people like fyman and many of his +students tried to do head-on throughout + + align:start position:0% +students tried to do head-on throughout + + + align:start position:0% +students tried to do head-on throughout +the 1960s and so on so you can basically + + align:start position:0% +the 1960s and so on so you can basically + + + align:start position:0% +the 1960s and so on so you can basically +say there's a a kind of gravitational + + align:start position:0% +say there's a a kind of gravitational + + + align:start position:0% +say there's a a kind of gravitational +field a kind of warping space time of + + align:start position:0% +field a kind of warping space time of + + + align:start position:0% +field a kind of warping space time of +the sort that Iceland had described you + + align:start position:0% +the sort that Iceland had described you + + + align:start position:0% +the sort that Iceland had described you +can imagine the kind of little + + align:start position:0% +can imagine the kind of little + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine the kind of little +perturbations around some average value + + align:start position:0% +perturbations around some average value + + + align:start position:0% +perturbations around some average value +you can try to treat that as some + + align:start position:0% +you can try to treat that as some + + + align:start position:0% +you can try to treat that as some +quantum mechanical object all in direct + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanical object all in direct + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanical object all in direct +analogy to the treatment of say uh the + + align:start position:0% +analogy to the treatment of say uh the + + + align:start position:0% +analogy to the treatment of say uh the +Maxwell field as composed of photons but + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell field as composed of photons but + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell field as composed of photons but +unfortunately as people like braunstein + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately as people like braunstein + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately as people like braunstein +were finding early on + + align:start position:0% +were finding early on + + + align:start position:0% +were finding early on +this does not lead uh to a clear way + + align:start position:0% +this does not lead uh to a clear way + + + align:start position:0% +this does not lead uh to a clear way +forward this approach leads to + + align:start position:0% +forward this approach leads to + + + align:start position:0% +forward this approach leads to +Infinities when you try to account + + align:start position:0% +Infinities when you try to account + + + align:start position:0% +Infinities when you try to account +quantitatively for the behavior of + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively for the behavior of + + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively for the behavior of +virtual gravitons much as one would do + + align:start position:0% +virtual gravitons much as one would do + + + align:start position:0% +virtual gravitons much as one would do +say the exchange of virtual photons but + + align:start position:0% +say the exchange of virtual photons but + + + align:start position:0% +say the exchange of virtual photons but +unlike the case of QED whereas people + + align:start position:0% +unlike the case of QED whereas people + + + align:start position:0% +unlike the case of QED whereas people +now know even the unlike the case of + + align:start position:0% +now know even the unlike the case of + + + align:start position:0% +now know even the unlike the case of +quantum chromodynamics of the others + + align:start position:0% +quantum chromodynamics of the others + + + align:start position:0% +quantum chromodynamics of the others +there's no way to get rid of or to kind + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to get rid of or to kind + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to get rid of or to kind +of self-consistently absorb these + + align:start position:0% +of self-consistently absorb these + + + align:start position:0% +of self-consistently absorb these +Infinities and we can get a sense like + + align:start position:0% +Infinities and we can get a sense like + + + align:start position:0% +Infinities and we can get a sense like +by going all the way back to one of the + + align:start position:0% +by going all the way back to one of the + + + align:start position:0% +by going all the way back to one of the +very first lectures this term even + + align:start position:0% +very first lectures this term even + + + align:start position:0% +very first lectures this term even +classically we can get a sense at least + + align:start position:0% +classically we can get a sense at least + + + align:start position:0% +classically we can get a sense at least +for why there might be a dis analogy + + align:start position:0% +for why there might be a dis analogy + + + align:start position:0% +for why there might be a dis analogy +between say electromagnetism and gravity + + align:start position:0% +between say electromagnetism and gravity + + + align:start position:0% +between say electromagnetism and gravity +when we try to treat them each Quantum + + align:start position:0% +when we try to treat them each Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +when we try to treat them each Quantum +mechanically we go back to things that + + align:start position:0% +mechanically we go back to things that + + + align:start position:0% +mechanically we go back to things that +some of our favorite Wranglers or my + + align:start position:0% +some of our favorite Wranglers or my + + + align:start position:0% +some of our favorite Wranglers or my +favorite Wranglers we're super excited + + align:start position:0% +favorite Wranglers we're super excited + + + align:start position:0% +favorite Wranglers we're super excited +about back in the 1840s and 50s people + + align:start position:0% +about back in the 1840s and 50s people + + + align:start position:0% +about back in the 1840s and 50s people +like William Thompson and James Clark + + align:start position:0% +like William Thompson and James Clark + + + align:start position:0% +like William Thompson and James Clark +Maxwell they were working out this + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell they were working out this + + + align:start position:0% +Maxwell they were working out this +electromagnetic or sorry this mechanical + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic or sorry this mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic or sorry this mechanical +worldview where they found these + + align:start position:0% +worldview where they found these + + + align:start position:0% +worldview where they found these +mathematical analogies between + + align:start position:0% +mathematical analogies between + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical analogies between +say electrostatics and Newtonian gravity + + align:start position:0% +say electrostatics and Newtonian gravity + + + align:start position:0% +say electrostatics and Newtonian gravity +they can each be written in terms of + + align:start position:0% +they can each be written in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +they can each be written in terms of +some potential some function that + + align:start position:0% +some potential some function that + + + align:start position:0% +some potential some function that +extends throughout space and changes + + align:start position:0% +extends throughout space and changes + + + align:start position:0% +extends throughout space and changes +over time in the electromagnetic case + + align:start position:0% +over time in the electromagnetic case + + + align:start position:0% +over time in the electromagnetic case +the electromagnetic potential could be + + align:start position:0% +the electromagnetic potential could be + + + align:start position:0% +the electromagnetic potential could be +understood as responding to as we'd say + + align:start position:0% +understood as responding to as we'd say + + + align:start position:0% +understood as responding to as we'd say +sourced by where the Char electric + + align:start position:0% +sourced by where the Char electric + + + align:start position:0% +sourced by where the Char electric +charges are so we could we could uh look + + align:start position:0% +charges are so we could we could uh look + + + align:start position:0% +charges are so we could we could uh look +at the the variation the the um gradient + + align:start position:0% +at the the variation the the um gradient + + + align:start position:0% +at the the variation the the um gradient +squared of the electric potential as as + + align:start position:0% +squared of the electric potential as as + + + align:start position:0% +squared of the electric potential as as +arising from the charge density the + + align:start position:0% +arising from the charge density the + + + align:start position:0% +arising from the charge density the +charge per volume + + align:start position:0% +charge per volume + + + align:start position:0% +charge per volume +and if we just do some dimensional + + align:start position:0% +and if we just do some dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +and if we just do some dimensional +analysis just some quick Dimensions + + align:start position:0% +analysis just some quick Dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +analysis just some quick Dimensions +without trying to really calculate + + align:start position:0% +without trying to really calculate + + + align:start position:0% +without trying to really calculate +things carefully we can see that the + + align:start position:0% +things carefully we can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +things carefully we can see that the +charge density goes like the electric + + align:start position:0% +charge density goes like the electric + + + align:start position:0% +charge density goes like the electric +charge per volume so it's like some + + align:start position:0% +charge per volume so it's like some + + + align:start position:0% +charge per volume so it's like some +charge whether it's the charge electron + + align:start position:0% +charge whether it's the charge electron + + + align:start position:0% +charge whether it's the charge electron +or some larger collection of charges + + align:start position:0% +or some larger collection of charges + + + align:start position:0% +or some larger collection of charges +divided by some volume also remember as + + align:start position:0% +divided by some volume also remember as + + + align:start position:0% +divided by some volume also remember as +the Wranglers certainly well new + + align:start position:0% +the Wranglers certainly well new + + + align:start position:0% +the Wranglers certainly well new +that this all-important quantity the + + align:start position:0% +that this all-important quantity the + + + align:start position:0% +that this all-important quantity the +wave number goes inversely like + + align:start position:0% +wave number goes inversely like + + + align:start position:0% +wave number goes inversely like +um some characteristic length so wave + + align:start position:0% +um some characteristic length so wave + + + align:start position:0% +um some characteristic length so wave +number is inverse to wavelength and so + + align:start position:0% +number is inverse to wavelength and so + + + align:start position:0% +number is inverse to wavelength and so +the charge density in sort of + + align:start position:0% +the charge density in sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the charge density in sort of +appropriate units goes like the wave + + align:start position:0% +appropriate units goes like the wave + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate units goes like the wave +number cubed as I mentioned at least + + align:start position:0% +number cubed as I mentioned at least + + + align:start position:0% +number cubed as I mentioned at least +briefly Sometimes some lectures ago the + + align:start position:0% +briefly Sometimes some lectures ago the + + + align:start position:0% +briefly Sometimes some lectures ago the +electric charge if we choose to measure + + align:start position:0% +electric charge if we choose to measure + + + align:start position:0% +electric charge if we choose to measure +it in in so-called natural or + + align:start position:0% +it in in so-called natural or + + + align:start position:0% +it in in so-called natural or +appropriate units the electric charge is + + align:start position:0% +appropriate units the electric charge is + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate units the electric charge is +dimensionless in fact it's the charge + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless in fact it's the charge + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless in fact it's the charge +squared goes like 1 over 137 it has a + + align:start position:0% +squared goes like 1 over 137 it has a + + + align:start position:0% +squared goes like 1 over 137 it has a +very particular just a number it's not a + + align:start position:0% +very particular just a number it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +very particular just a number it's not a +dimension for quantity so dimensionfully + + align:start position:0% +dimension for quantity so dimensionfully + + + align:start position:0% +dimension for quantity so dimensionfully +dimensionally the charge density to + + align:start position:0% +dimensionally the charge density to + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionally the charge density to +which the electrostatic potential is + + align:start position:0% +which the electrostatic potential is + + + align:start position:0% +which the electrostatic potential is +sensitive uh scales dimensionally like + + align:start position:0% +sensitive uh scales dimensionally like + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive uh scales dimensionally like +the cube of the wave number now let's + + align:start position:0% +the cube of the wave number now let's + + + align:start position:0% +the cube of the wave number now let's +try to follow that analogy for the + + align:start position:0% +try to follow that analogy for the + + + align:start position:0% +try to follow that analogy for the +gravitational side even for Newtonian + + align:start position:0% +gravitational side even for Newtonian + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational side even for Newtonian +gravity a very similar scaling olds even + + align:start position:0% +gravity a very similar scaling olds even + + + align:start position:0% +gravity a very similar scaling olds even +for Einstein's more complicated version + + align:start position:0% +for Einstein's more complicated version + + + align:start position:0% +for Einstein's more complicated version +remember the gravitational potential is + + align:start position:0% +remember the gravitational potential is + + + align:start position:0% +remember the gravitational potential is +sourced not by the electric charges but + + align:start position:0% +sourced not by the electric charges but + + + align:start position:0% +sourced not by the electric charges but +by masses or eventually a nice size + + align:start position:0% +by masses or eventually a nice size + + + align:start position:0% +by masses or eventually a nice size +version by mass energy + + align:start position:0% +version by mass energy + + + align:start position:0% +version by mass energy +so we have to worry about the dimensions + + align:start position:0% +so we have to worry about the dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +so we have to worry about the dimensions +of this Source over here the mass + + align:start position:0% +of this Source over here the mass + + + align:start position:0% +of this Source over here the mass +density well that goes like by some + + align:start position:0% +density well that goes like by some + + + align:start position:0% +density well that goes like by some +characteristic mass divided by volume + + align:start position:0% +characteristic mass divided by volume + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic mass divided by volume +it's a it's a density the volume Factor + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a density the volume Factor + + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a density the volume Factor +we just convinced ourselves scales like + + align:start position:0% +we just convinced ourselves scales like + + + align:start position:0% +we just convinced ourselves scales like +the cube of some wave number but the + + align:start position:0% +the cube of some wave number but the + + + align:start position:0% +the cube of some wave number but the +mass unlike the electric charge the mass + + align:start position:0% +mass unlike the electric charge the mass + + + align:start position:0% +mass unlike the electric charge the mass +is also Dimension full and so something + + align:start position:0% +is also Dimension full and so something + + + align:start position:0% +is also Dimension full and so something +that was not known to either William + + align:start position:0% +that was not known to either William + + + align:start position:0% +that was not known to either William +Thompson or James Clark Maxwell but has + + align:start position:0% +Thompson or James Clark Maxwell but has + + + align:start position:0% +Thompson or James Clark Maxwell but has +become really clear to theorists over + + align:start position:0% +become really clear to theorists over + + + align:start position:0% +become really clear to theorists over +the course of the 20th century is that + + align:start position:0% +the course of the 20th century is that + + + align:start position:0% +the course of the 20th century is that +that dimensional quantity Mass actually + + align:start position:0% +that dimensional quantity Mass actually + + + align:start position:0% +that dimensional quantity Mass actually +matters quite a lot thinking just from + + align:start position:0% +matters quite a lot thinking just from + + + align:start position:0% +matters quite a lot thinking just from +relativity we saw thanks to Einstein + + align:start position:0% +relativity we saw thanks to Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +relativity we saw thanks to Einstein +that energy mass and momentum are all + + align:start position:0% +that energy mass and momentum are all + + + align:start position:0% +that energy mass and momentum are all +basically interchangeable the famous + + align:start position:0% +basically interchangeable the famous + + + align:start position:0% +basically interchangeable the famous +expression E equals MC squared we saw + + align:start position:0% +expression E equals MC squared we saw + + + align:start position:0% +expression E equals MC squared we saw +briefly is really more generally a + + align:start position:0% +briefly is really more generally a + + + align:start position:0% +briefly is really more generally a +relation between energy mass and + + align:start position:0% +relation between energy mass and + + + align:start position:0% +relation between energy mass and +momentum and they're all interchangeable + + align:start position:0% +momentum and they're all interchangeable + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and they're all interchangeable +with some kind of uh change of units + + align:start position:0% +with some kind of uh change of units + + + align:start position:0% +with some kind of uh change of units +given by uh the speed of light but if we + + align:start position:0% +given by uh the speed of light but if we + + + align:start position:0% +given by uh the speed of light but if we +measure these quantities in kind of + + align:start position:0% +measure these quantities in kind of + + + align:start position:0% +measure these quantities in kind of +appropriate units they're all + + align:start position:0% +appropriate units they're all + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate units they're all +dimensional energy mass and momentum and + + align:start position:0% +dimensional energy mass and momentum and + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional energy mass and momentum and +in fact they're all really kind of + + align:start position:0% +in fact they're all really kind of + + + align:start position:0% +in fact they're all really kind of +interchangeable it's not a sharp a sharp + + align:start position:0% +interchangeable it's not a sharp a sharp + + + align:start position:0% +interchangeable it's not a sharp a sharp +conceptual divide anymore in relativity + + align:start position:0% +conceptual divide anymore in relativity + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual divide anymore in relativity +between mass energy and momentum then + + align:start position:0% +between mass energy and momentum then + + + align:start position:0% +between mass energy and momentum then +that's the relativities I then from + + align:start position:0% +that's the relativities I then from + + + align:start position:0% +that's the relativities I then from +quantum theory we saw thanks to people + + align:start position:0% +quantum theory we saw thanks to people + + + align:start position:0% +quantum theory we saw thanks to people +like Louis de broy and built into the + + align:start position:0% +like Louis de broy and built into the + + + align:start position:0% +like Louis de broy and built into the +schroding equation and much else that + + align:start position:0% +schroding equation and much else that + + + align:start position:0% +schroding equation and much else that +momentum and wave number themselves are + + align:start position:0% +momentum and wave number themselves are + + + align:start position:0% +momentum and wave number themselves are +directly related in fact there's they're + + align:start position:0% +directly related in fact there's they're + + + align:start position:0% +directly related in fact there's they're +related by a different constant of + + align:start position:0% +related by a different constant of + + + align:start position:0% +related by a different constant of +nature Planck's constant so if we go + + align:start position:0% +nature Planck's constant so if we go + + + align:start position:0% +nature Planck's constant so if we go +back and find a scaling even classically + + align:start position:0% +back and find a scaling even classically + + + align:start position:0% +back and find a scaling even classically +for Newtonian gravity that the source + + align:start position:0% +for Newtonian gravity that the source + + + align:start position:0% +for Newtonian gravity that the source +for these gravitational kind of disturb + + align:start position:0% +for these gravitational kind of disturb + + + align:start position:0% +for these gravitational kind of disturb +disturbances which we might choose to to + + align:start position:0% +disturbances which we might choose to to + + + align:start position:0% +disturbances which we might choose to to +quantize if they're sourced by a mass + + align:start position:0% +quantize if they're sourced by a mass + + + align:start position:0% +quantize if they're sourced by a mass +density that actually has a different + + align:start position:0% +density that actually has a different + + + align:start position:0% +density that actually has a different +scaling with wave number and therefore + + align:start position:0% +scaling with wave number and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +scaling with wave number and therefore +with momentum then in the then in the + + align:start position:0% +with momentum then in the then in the + + + align:start position:0% +with momentum then in the then in the +electrostatic case there's a dis analogy + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic case there's a dis analogy + + + align:start position:0% +electrostatic case there's a dis analogy +between say Quantum electrodynamics and + + align:start position:0% +between say Quantum electrodynamics and + + + align:start position:0% +between say Quantum electrodynamics and +a putative quantum theory of gravity + + align:start position:0% +a putative quantum theory of gravity + + + align:start position:0% +a putative quantum theory of gravity +that has everything to do with insights + + align:start position:0% +that has everything to do with insights + + + align:start position:0% +that has everything to do with insights +from relativity and quantum theory + + align:start position:0% +from relativity and quantum theory + + + align:start position:0% +from relativity and quantum theory +equals mc squared and the debris + + align:start position:0% +equals mc squared and the debris + + + align:start position:0% +equals mc squared and the debris +wavelength and so what that means when + + align:start position:0% +wavelength and so what that means when + + + align:start position:0% +wavelength and so what that means when +you try to just follow an analogy to + + align:start position:0% +you try to just follow an analogy to + + + align:start position:0% +you try to just follow an analogy to +these otherwise very successful Quantum + + align:start position:0% +these otherwise very successful Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +these otherwise very successful Quantum +field theories + + align:start position:0% +field theories + + + align:start position:0% +field theories +is that those divergences become more + + align:start position:0% +is that those divergences become more + + + align:start position:0% +is that those divergences become more +severe in quantum gravity than any of + + align:start position:0% +severe in quantum gravity than any of + + + align:start position:0% +severe in quantum gravity than any of +the analogous ones for the other forces + + align:start position:0% +the analogous ones for the other forces + + + align:start position:0% +the analogous ones for the other forces +because gravity is sourced by mass this + + align:start position:0% +because gravity is sourced by mass this + + + align:start position:0% +because gravity is sourced by mass this +dimensional quantity which itself is + + align:start position:0% +dimensional quantity which itself is + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional quantity which itself is +akin to a kind of momentum the integrals + + align:start position:0% +akin to a kind of momentum the integrals + + + align:start position:0% +akin to a kind of momentum the integrals +we try to count up the the um effects of + + align:start position:0% +we try to count up the the um effects of + + + align:start position:0% +we try to count up the the um effects of +of virtual gravitons the integrals + + align:start position:0% +of virtual gravitons the integrals + + + align:start position:0% +of virtual gravitons the integrals +diverge with momentum more violently + + align:start position:0% +diverge with momentum more violently + + + align:start position:0% +diverge with momentum more violently +than even the ones do in for the other + + align:start position:0% +than even the ones do in for the other + + + align:start position:0% +than even the ones do in for the other +forces it really comes down to these + + align:start position:0% +forces it really comes down to these + + + align:start position:0% +forces it really comes down to these +very Elementary Notions from both + + align:start position:0% +very Elementary Notions from both + + + align:start position:0% +very Elementary Notions from both +relativity and quantity the scaling is + + align:start position:0% +relativity and quantity the scaling is + + + align:start position:0% +relativity and quantity the scaling is +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +what does that mean in more in slightly + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean in more in slightly + + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean in more in slightly +more practical terms we saw again going + + align:start position:0% +more practical terms we saw again going + + + align:start position:0% +more practical terms we saw again going +back to these insights from uh signature + + align:start position:0% +back to these insights from uh signature + + + align:start position:0% +back to these insights from uh signature +tomanaga during the war in in Tokyo and + + align:start position:0% +tomanaga during the war in in Tokyo and + + + align:start position:0% +tomanaga during the war in in Tokyo and +then independently kind of rediscovered + + align:start position:0% +then independently kind of rediscovered + + + align:start position:0% +then independently kind of rediscovered +soon after the second world war by + + align:start position:0% +soon after the second world war by + + + align:start position:0% +soon after the second world war by +people like Julian schwinger and + + align:start position:0% +people like Julian schwinger and + + + align:start position:0% +people like Julian schwinger and +um Richard Feynman that for Quantum + + align:start position:0% +um Richard Feynman that for Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +um Richard Feynman that for Quantum +electrodynamics they could always + + align:start position:0% +electrodynamics they could always + + + align:start position:0% +electrodynamics they could always +arrange their equations so that they + + align:start position:0% +arrange their equations so that they + + + align:start position:0% +arrange their equations so that they +never had a bare Infinity on its own + + align:start position:0% +never had a bare Infinity on its own + + + align:start position:0% +never had a bare Infinity on its own +they could always organize things as + + align:start position:0% +they could always organize things as + + + align:start position:0% +they could always organize things as +these kind of input output relations + + align:start position:0% +these kind of input output relations + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of input output relations +this was the heart of what became known + + align:start position:0% +this was the heart of what became known + + + align:start position:0% +this was the heart of what became known +as renormalization and that you could + + align:start position:0% +as renormalization and that you could + + + align:start position:0% +as renormalization and that you could +always have these combinations which + + align:start position:0% +always have these combinations which + + + align:start position:0% +always have these combinations which +remained finite even though each of + + align:start position:0% +remained finite even though each of + + + align:start position:0% +remained finite even though each of +these on their own would diverge usually + + align:start position:0% +these on their own would diverge usually + + + align:start position:0% +these on their own would diverge usually +logarithmically with momentum so each of + + align:start position:0% +logarithmically with momentum so each of + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmically with momentum so each of +these if you try to calculate like + + align:start position:0% +these if you try to calculate like + + + align:start position:0% +these if you try to calculate like +calculate them on their own would be + + align:start position:0% +calculate them on their own would be + + + align:start position:0% +calculate them on their own would be +formally infinite but their sum was well + + align:start position:0% +formally infinite but their sum was well + + + align:start position:0% +formally infinite but their sum was well +defined and finite and what people like + + align:start position:0% +defined and finite and what people like + + + align:start position:0% +defined and finite and what people like +Freeman Dice and others showed + + align:start position:0% +Freeman Dice and others showed + + + align:start position:0% +Freeman Dice and others showed +is that that trick holds order by order + + align:start position:0% +is that that trick holds order by order + + + align:start position:0% +is that that trick holds order by order +in perturbation Theory you can make + + align:start position:0% +in perturbation Theory you can make + + + align:start position:0% +in perturbation Theory you can make +arbitrarily precise calculations and + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily precise calculations and + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily precise calculations and +these cancellations hold all the all the + + align:start position:0% +these cancellations hold all the all the + + + align:start position:0% +these cancellations hold all the all the +way through + + align:start position:0% +way through + + + align:start position:0% +way through +what it means for quantum gravity to + + align:start position:0% +what it means for quantum gravity to + + + align:start position:0% +what it means for quantum gravity to +have these more violent divergences the + + align:start position:0% +have these more violent divergences the + + + align:start position:0% +have these more violent divergences the +stronger growth with momentum for these + + align:start position:0% +stronger growth with momentum for these + + + align:start position:0% +stronger growth with momentum for these +virtual graviton processes is that you + + align:start position:0% +virtual graviton processes is that you + + + align:start position:0% +virtual graviton processes is that you +you need actually an infinite set of + + align:start position:0% +you need actually an infinite set of + + + align:start position:0% +you need actually an infinite set of +these kind of absorbing coefficients + + align:start position:0% +these kind of absorbing coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +these kind of absorbing coefficients +that you can't arrange things just in + + align:start position:0% +that you can't arrange things just in + + + align:start position:0% +that you can't arrange things just in +the input output way you never have a + + align:start position:0% +the input output way you never have a + + + align:start position:0% +the input output way you never have a +finite number of these kind of absorbing + + align:start position:0% +finite number of these kind of absorbing + + + align:start position:0% +finite number of these kind of absorbing +Infinities so you can never absorb or + + align:start position:0% +Infinities so you can never absorb or + + + align:start position:0% +Infinities so you can never absorb or +cancel the infinite divergences at least + + align:start position:0% +cancel the infinite divergences at least + + + align:start position:0% +cancel the infinite divergences at least +from this first kind of approach to + + align:start position:0% +from this first kind of approach to + + + align:start position:0% +from this first kind of approach to +quantum gravity so this is leads to a + + align:start position:0% +quantum gravity so this is leads to a + + + align:start position:0% +quantum gravity so this is leads to a +hard problem uh and one of the first + + align:start position:0% +hard problem uh and one of the first + + + align:start position:0% +hard problem uh and one of the first +books that I'll recommend today is this + + align:start position:0% +books that I'll recommend today is this + + + align:start position:0% +books that I'll recommend today is this +really lovely book that came out 20 + + align:start position:0% +really lovely book that came out 20 + + + align:start position:0% +really lovely book that came out 20 +years ago by physicist Lee smolin it's a + + align:start position:0% +years ago by physicist Lee smolin it's a + + + align:start position:0% +years ago by physicist Lee smolin it's a +I think a very accessible very nice book + + align:start position:0% +I think a very accessible very nice book + + + align:start position:0% +I think a very accessible very nice book +he um is a leading theoretical physicist + + align:start position:0% +he um is a leading theoretical physicist + + + align:start position:0% +he um is a leading theoretical physicist +he's also a very gifted author this book + + align:start position:0% +he's also a very gifted author this book + + + align:start position:0% +he's also a very gifted author this book +is called the three roads to quantum + + align:start position:0% +is called the three roads to quantum + + + align:start position:0% +is called the three roads to quantum +gravity and he really goes through some + + align:start position:0% +gravity and he really goes through some + + + align:start position:0% +gravity and he really goes through some +of these early arguments as to why the + + align:start position:0% +of these early arguments as to why the + + + align:start position:0% +of these early arguments as to why the +analogies failed time and time again + + align:start position:0% +analogies failed time and time again + + + align:start position:0% +analogies failed time and time again +over decades for Generations when people + + align:start position:0% +over decades for Generations when people + + + align:start position:0% +over decades for Generations when people +try to apply insights from something + + align:start position:0% +try to apply insights from something + + + align:start position:0% +try to apply insights from something +like Quantum electronomics to try to + + align:start position:0% +like Quantum electronomics to try to + + + align:start position:0% +like Quantum electronomics to try to +kind of just do the same thing for + + align:start position:0% +kind of just do the same thing for + + + align:start position:0% +kind of just do the same thing for +quantum gravity so what now we can call + + align:start position:0% +quantum gravity so what now we can call + + + align:start position:0% +quantum gravity so what now we can call +somewhat tongue-in-cheek old school + + align:start position:0% +somewhat tongue-in-cheek old school + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat tongue-in-cheek old school +quantum gravity is not subject to + + align:start position:0% +quantum gravity is not subject to + + + align:start position:0% +quantum gravity is not subject to +renormalization you can't get any + + align:start position:0% +renormalization you can't get any + + + align:start position:0% +renormalization you can't get any +sensible finite answers from trying to + + align:start position:0% +sensible finite answers from trying to + + + align:start position:0% +sensible finite answers from trying to +deal with the zigzagging of virtual + + align:start position:0% +deal with the zigzagging of virtual + + + align:start position:0% +deal with the zigzagging of virtual +gravitons because there's stronger + + align:start position:0% +gravitons because there's stronger + + + align:start position:0% +gravitons because there's stronger +dependence uh of gravity on things like + + align:start position:0% +dependence uh of gravity on things like + + + align:start position:0% +dependence uh of gravity on things like +mass and momentum okay so read Lee's + + align:start position:0% +mass and momentum okay so read Lee's + + + align:start position:0% +mass and momentum okay so read Lee's +book he looks made it better than I do + + align:start position:0% +book he looks made it better than I do + + + align:start position:0% +book he looks made it better than I do +but I think that's uh in brief some of + + align:start position:0% +but I think that's uh in brief some of + + + align:start position:0% +but I think that's uh in brief some of +what's going on what's going on over + + align:start position:0% +what's going on what's going on over + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on what's going on over +really decades in this first wave of + + align:start position:0% +really decades in this first wave of + + + align:start position:0% +really decades in this first wave of +effort to to combine uh well gravitation + + align:start position:0% +effort to to combine uh well gravitation + + + align:start position:0% +effort to to combine uh well gravitation +and quantum theory + + align:start position:0% +and quantum theory + + + align:start position:0% +and quantum theory +while all that was unfolding uh and + + align:start position:0% +while all that was unfolding uh and + + + align:start position:0% +while all that was unfolding uh and +becoming kind of clarified the dead end + + align:start position:0% +becoming kind of clarified the dead end + + + align:start position:0% +becoming kind of clarified the dead end +was becoming clarified in a quite + + align:start position:0% +was becoming clarified in a quite + + + align:start position:0% +was becoming clarified in a quite +different branch of physics now going + + align:start position:0% +different branch of physics now going + + + align:start position:0% +different branch of physics now going +back to ideas about the strong nuclear + + align:start position:0% +back to ideas about the strong nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +back to ideas about the strong nuclear +force high energy nuclear physics and + + align:start position:0% +force high energy nuclear physics and + + + align:start position:0% +force high energy nuclear physics and +particle physics in the late 1960s a + + align:start position:0% +particle physics in the late 1960s a + + + align:start position:0% +particle physics in the late 1960s a +number of theorists some of them + + align:start position:0% +number of theorists some of them + + + align:start position:0% +number of theorists some of them +actually at the time based at MIT + + align:start position:0% +actually at the time based at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +actually at the time based at MIT +we're we're trying to make sense of this + + align:start position:0% +we're we're trying to make sense of this + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're trying to make sense of this +one of these main approaches we looked + + align:start position:0% +one of these main approaches we looked + + + align:start position:0% +one of these main approaches we looked +at um from the middle Decades of the + + align:start position:0% +at um from the middle Decades of the + + + align:start position:0% +at um from the middle Decades of the +20th century for the strong force + + align:start position:0% +20th century for the strong force + + + align:start position:0% +20th century for the strong force +Jeffrey choose so-called estimatrix + + align:start position:0% +Jeffrey choose so-called estimatrix + + + align:start position:0% +Jeffrey choose so-called estimatrix +Force he was sort of flipping these + + align:start position:0% +Force he was sort of flipping these + + + align:start position:0% +Force he was sort of flipping these +finding diagrams around finding these + + align:start position:0% +finding diagrams around finding these + + + align:start position:0% +finding diagrams around finding these +self-consistent um dynamical Solutions + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent um dynamical Solutions + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent um dynamical Solutions +where basically nuclear particles could + + align:start position:0% +where basically nuclear particles could + + + align:start position:0% +where basically nuclear particles could +make the force carrying particles that + + align:start position:0% +make the force carrying particles that + + + align:start position:0% +make the force carrying particles that +would bring the particles together to + + align:start position:0% +would bring the particles together to + + + align:start position:0% +would bring the particles together to +make those Forest current products could + + align:start position:0% +make those Forest current products could + + + align:start position:0% +make those Forest current products could +you find one self-consistent set of + + align:start position:0% +you find one self-consistent set of + + + align:start position:0% +you find one self-consistent set of +relationships among these uh the the + + align:start position:0% +relationships among these uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +relationships among these uh the the +this is the particle Zoo + + align:start position:0% +this is the particle Zoo + + + align:start position:0% +this is the particle Zoo +and so a younger theorist would try to + + align:start position:0% +and so a younger theorist would try to + + + align:start position:0% +and so a younger theorist would try to +play with that kind of self-consistent + + align:start position:0% +play with that kind of self-consistent + + + align:start position:0% +play with that kind of self-consistent +kind of swapping structure and they kept + + align:start position:0% +kind of swapping structure and they kept + + + align:start position:0% +kind of swapping structure and they kept +finding these extended objects uh + + align:start position:0% +finding these extended objects uh + + + align:start position:0% +finding these extended objects uh +geometrical objects in space where a lot + + align:start position:0% +geometrical objects in space where a lot + + + align:start position:0% +geometrical objects in space where a lot +of the kind of force among these + + align:start position:0% +of the kind of force among these + + + align:start position:0% +of the kind of force among these +particles would be spread out splayed + + align:start position:0% +particles would be spread out splayed + + + align:start position:0% +particles would be spread out splayed +out in a kind of cylinder or tube a kind + + align:start position:0% +out in a kind of cylinder or tube a kind + + + align:start position:0% +out in a kind of cylinder or tube a kind +of a string like flux tube and that + + align:start position:0% +of a string like flux tube and that + + + align:start position:0% +of a string like flux tube and that +really was as far as I'm concerned What + + align:start position:0% +really was as far as I'm concerned What + + + align:start position:0% +really was as far as I'm concerned What +might explain the nuclear force that + + align:start position:0% +might explain the nuclear force that + + + align:start position:0% +might explain the nuclear force that +keeps things like protons and neutrons + + align:start position:0% +keeps things like protons and neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +keeps things like protons and neutrons +bound within Atomic nuclei + + align:start position:0% +bound within Atomic nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +bound within Atomic nuclei +that was being published starting in + + align:start position:0% +that was being published starting in + + + align:start position:0% +that was being published starting in +1967 68 by a small little circle of kind + + align:start position:0% +1967 68 by a small little circle of kind + + + align:start position:0% +1967 68 by a small little circle of kind +of specialists it was + + align:start position:0% +of specialists it was + + + align:start position:0% +of specialists it was +um curious it was interesting and it was + + align:start position:0% +um curious it was interesting and it was + + + align:start position:0% +um curious it was interesting and it was +very quickly overshadowed for the + + align:start position:0% +very quickly overshadowed for the + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly overshadowed for the +reasons I think we can make sense of + + align:start position:0% +reasons I think we can make sense of + + + align:start position:0% +reasons I think we can make sense of +gave him what we saw together + + align:start position:0% +gave him what we saw together + + + align:start position:0% +gave him what we saw together +the kind of gathering Force the kind of + + align:start position:0% +the kind of gathering Force the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of gathering Force the kind of +choppy Road uh toward the Quark model + + align:start position:0% +choppy Road uh toward the Quark model + + + align:start position:0% +choppy Road uh toward the Quark model +and ultimately Quantum chromodynamics so + + align:start position:0% +and ultimately Quantum chromodynamics so + + + align:start position:0% +and ultimately Quantum chromodynamics so +we saw although the idea of quarks have + + align:start position:0% +we saw although the idea of quarks have + + + align:start position:0% +we saw although the idea of quarks have +been introduced as early as 1964 it took + + align:start position:0% +been introduced as early as 1964 it took + + + align:start position:0% +been introduced as early as 1964 it took +really a solid decade into the mid-1970s + + align:start position:0% +really a solid decade into the mid-1970s + + + align:start position:0% +really a solid decade into the mid-1970s +before even the Quark model proponents + + align:start position:0% +before even the Quark model proponents + + + align:start position:0% +before even the Quark model proponents +themselves like Murray Galvan were + + align:start position:0% +themselves like Murray Galvan were + + + align:start position:0% +themselves like Murray Galvan were +saying that this is these are physical + + align:start position:0% +saying that this is these are physical + + + align:start position:0% +saying that this is these are physical +entities in the world it was really only + + align:start position:0% +entities in the world it was really only + + + align:start position:0% +entities in the world it was really only +after the successes of of this very + + align:start position:0% +after the successes of of this very + + + align:start position:0% +after the successes of of this very +specific quantum mechanical field Theory + + align:start position:0% +specific quantum mechanical field Theory + + + align:start position:0% +specific quantum mechanical field Theory +Quantum chromodynamics or qcd where the + + align:start position:0% +Quantum chromodynamics or qcd where the + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum chromodynamics or qcd where the +the various pieces came together and + + align:start position:0% +the various pieces came together and + + + align:start position:0% +the various pieces came together and +also got some helpful kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +also got some helpful kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +also got some helpful kind of uh +bolstered by some new experimental + + align:start position:0% +bolstered by some new experimental + + + align:start position:0% +bolstered by some new experimental +inputs + + align:start position:0% +inputs + + + align:start position:0% +inputs +so by the mid-1970s it looked like + + align:start position:0% +so by the mid-1970s it looked like + + + align:start position:0% +so by the mid-1970s it looked like +people had this strong nuclear force + + align:start position:0% +people had this strong nuclear force + + + align:start position:0% +people had this strong nuclear force +well at hand and all these kind of weird + + align:start position:0% +well at hand and all these kind of weird + + + align:start position:0% +well at hand and all these kind of weird +funky geometrical flux tube things from + + align:start position:0% +funky geometrical flux tube things from + + + align:start position:0% +funky geometrical flux tube things from +the kind of Jeffrey chew inspired work + + align:start position:0% +the kind of Jeffrey chew inspired work + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of Jeffrey chew inspired work +that kind of faded away it wasn't proven + + align:start position:0% +that kind of faded away it wasn't proven + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of faded away it wasn't proven +to be wrong it just seemed like it was + + align:start position:0% +to be wrong it just seemed like it was + + + align:start position:0% +to be wrong it just seemed like it was +no longer the best road forward the + + align:start position:0% +no longer the best road forward the + + + align:start position:0% +no longer the best road forward the +Quark model finally seemed to be scoring + + align:start position:0% +Quark model finally seemed to be scoring + + + align:start position:0% +Quark model finally seemed to be scoring +success after success and that was built + + align:start position:0% +success after success and that was built + + + align:start position:0% +success after success and that was built +as we saw in much closer analogy to + + align:start position:0% +as we saw in much closer analogy to + + + align:start position:0% +as we saw in much closer analogy to +Quantum electrodamics you imagine + + align:start position:0% +Quantum electrodamics you imagine + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum electrodamics you imagine +Elementary Point particles with certain + + align:start position:0% +Elementary Point particles with certain + + + align:start position:0% +Elementary Point particles with certain +kinds of charges in this case quarks and + + align:start position:0% +kinds of charges in this case quarks and + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of charges in this case quarks and +gluons and you trace the virtual + + align:start position:0% +gluons and you trace the virtual + + + align:start position:0% +gluons and you trace the virtual +particles uh among them and all that in + + align:start position:0% +particles uh among them and all that in + + + align:start position:0% +particles uh among them and all that in +a framework much more like quantum + + align:start position:0% +a framework much more like quantum + + + align:start position:0% +a framework much more like quantum +electrodynamics so the early string + + align:start position:0% +electrodynamics so the early string + + + align:start position:0% +electrodynamics so the early string +ideas really kind of fell away not + + align:start position:0% +ideas really kind of fell away not + + + align:start position:0% +ideas really kind of fell away not +because it would disproven but because + + align:start position:0% +because it would disproven but because + + + align:start position:0% +because it would disproven but because +they seemed um like uh maybe not the + + align:start position:0% +they seemed um like uh maybe not the + + + align:start position:0% +they seemed um like uh maybe not the +best way forward to understand the + + align:start position:0% +best way forward to understand the + + + align:start position:0% +best way forward to understand the +strong force before people stopped + + align:start position:0% +strong force before people stopped + + + align:start position:0% +strong force before people stopped +paying attention though a few of this + + align:start position:0% +paying attention though a few of this + + + align:start position:0% +paying attention though a few of this +small circle recognized something + + align:start position:0% +small circle recognized something + + + align:start position:0% +small circle recognized something +curious in their equations for the + + align:start position:0% +curious in their equations for the + + + align:start position:0% +curious in their equations for the +Jeffrey Chu like for the string approach + + align:start position:0% +Jeffrey Chu like for the string approach + + + align:start position:0% +Jeffrey Chu like for the string approach +stringy approach to the nuclear force if + + align:start position:0% +stringy approach to the nuclear force if + + + align:start position:0% +stringy approach to the nuclear force if +you look at the low energy limit of + + align:start position:0% +you look at the low energy limit of + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the low energy limit of +these complicated self-consistent highly + + align:start position:0% +these complicated self-consistent highly + + + align:start position:0% +these complicated self-consistent highly +non-linear equations it looks like in + + align:start position:0% +non-linear equations it looks like in + + + align:start position:0% +non-linear equations it looks like in +low energies this seemingly nuclear type + + align:start position:0% +low energies this seemingly nuclear type + + + align:start position:0% +low energies this seemingly nuclear type +interaction includes a the exchange of a + + align:start position:0% +interaction includes a the exchange of a + + + align:start position:0% +interaction includes a the exchange of a +massless spin 2 particle and some people + + align:start position:0% +massless spin 2 particle and some people + + + align:start position:0% +massless spin 2 particle and some people +said wait a minute I remember hearing + + align:start position:0% +said wait a minute I remember hearing + + + align:start position:0% +said wait a minute I remember hearing +something about that a massless spin 2 + + align:start position:0% +something about that a massless spin 2 + + + align:start position:0% +something about that a massless spin 2 +particle maybe comes up in other + + align:start position:0% +particle maybe comes up in other + + + align:start position:0% +particle maybe comes up in other +contexts like in gravity + + align:start position:0% +contexts like in gravity + + + align:start position:0% +contexts like in gravity +and so a few groups who who knew about + + align:start position:0% +and so a few groups who who knew about + + + align:start position:0% +and so a few groups who who knew about +the the kind of strong forced stringy + + align:start position:0% +the the kind of strong forced stringy + + + align:start position:0% +the the kind of strong forced stringy +work said maybe this these insights + + align:start position:0% +work said maybe this these insights + + + align:start position:0% +work said maybe this these insights +about strings extended 1D structures + + align:start position:0% +about strings extended 1D structures + + + align:start position:0% +about strings extended 1D structures +maybe it has nothing particularly to do + + align:start position:0% +maybe it has nothing particularly to do + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it has nothing particularly to do +with a strong force but maybe that was a + + align:start position:0% +with a strong force but maybe that was a + + + align:start position:0% +with a strong force but maybe that was a +theory about gravity and not about + + align:start position:0% +theory about gravity and not about + + + align:start position:0% +theory about gravity and not about +nuclear particles if so then the kind of + + align:start position:0% +nuclear particles if so then the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear particles if so then the kind of +typical length scale for these things + + align:start position:0% +typical length scale for these things + + + align:start position:0% +typical length scale for these things +would not be the size of a single + + align:start position:0% +would not be the size of a single + + + align:start position:0% +would not be the size of a single +nuclear particle like a proton it + + align:start position:0% +nuclear particle like a proton it + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear particle like a proton it +wouldn't be femtometers 10 to the minus + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be femtometers 10 to the minus + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be femtometers 10 to the minus +15th of a meter it might be the plug + + align:start position:0% +15th of a meter it might be the plug + + + align:start position:0% +15th of a meter it might be the plug +length the smallest possible length uh + + align:start position:0% +length the smallest possible length uh + + + align:start position:0% +length the smallest possible length uh +longer than which one should be able to + + align:start position:0% +longer than which one should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +longer than which one should be able to +ignore Quantum gravitational Corrections + + align:start position:0% +ignore Quantum gravitational Corrections + + + align:start position:0% +ignore Quantum gravitational Corrections +maybe the actual fabric of of Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +maybe the actual fabric of of Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the actual fabric of of Einstein's +warping space time consists of these + + align:start position:0% +warping space time consists of these + + + align:start position:0% +warping space time consists of these +unimaginably tiny scales of a play of + + align:start position:0% +unimaginably tiny scales of a play of + + + align:start position:0% +unimaginably tiny scales of a play of +these extended one-dimensional objects + + align:start position:0% +these extended one-dimensional objects + + + align:start position:0% +these extended one-dimensional objects +maybe the strings are what give rise to + + align:start position:0% +maybe the strings are what give rise to + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the strings are what give rise to +the effects of gravity not to that bound + + align:start position:0% +the effects of gravity not to that bound + + + align:start position:0% +the effects of gravity not to that bound +uh quarks within a proton for example so + + align:start position:0% +uh quarks within a proton for example so + + + align:start position:0% +uh quarks within a proton for example so +because the low energy behavior of these + + align:start position:0% +because the low energy behavior of these + + + align:start position:0% +because the low energy behavior of these +stringy structures gave rise to just the + + align:start position:0% +stringy structures gave rise to just the + + + align:start position:0% +stringy structures gave rise to just the +kind of particle needed to make sense of + + align:start position:0% +kind of particle needed to make sense of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of particle needed to make sense of +gravity uh at a in terms of particle + + align:start position:0% +gravity uh at a in terms of particle + + + align:start position:0% +gravity uh at a in terms of particle +exchange the ideas about String Theory + + align:start position:0% +exchange the ideas about String Theory + + + align:start position:0% +exchange the ideas about String Theory +became very interesting to a small + + align:start position:0% +became very interesting to a small + + + align:start position:0% +became very interesting to a small +circle as a possible road toward quantum + + align:start position:0% +circle as a possible road toward quantum + + + align:start position:0% +circle as a possible road toward quantum +gravity quite different from the kind of + + align:start position:0% +gravity quite different from the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +gravity quite different from the kind of +particle scattering QED type model + + align:start position:0% +particle scattering QED type model + + + align:start position:0% +particle scattering QED type model +in fact it looked even more promising + + align:start position:0% +in fact it looked even more promising + + + align:start position:0% +in fact it looked even more promising +again as many of these folks began to + + align:start position:0% +again as many of these folks began to + + + align:start position:0% +again as many of these folks began to +put together by the early and mid 1980s + + align:start position:0% +put together by the early and mid 1980s + + + align:start position:0% +put together by the early and mid 1980s +roughly + + align:start position:0% +roughly + + + align:start position:0% +roughly +10 years later + + align:start position:0% +10 years later + + + align:start position:0% +10 years later +then it looked like calculating effects + + align:start position:0% +then it looked like calculating effects + + + align:start position:0% +then it looked like calculating effects +Quantum virtual effects of in this + + align:start position:0% +Quantum virtual effects of in this + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum virtual effects of in this +string theory of gravity might actually + + align:start position:0% +string theory of gravity might actually + + + align:start position:0% +string theory of gravity might actually +avoid all these messy Infinities + + align:start position:0% +avoid all these messy Infinities + + + align:start position:0% +avoid all these messy Infinities +altogether why was that + + align:start position:0% +altogether why was that + + + align:start position:0% +altogether why was that +the Infinities keep arising in these + + align:start position:0% +the Infinities keep arising in these + + + align:start position:0% +the Infinities keep arising in these +Quantum field theories because people + + align:start position:0% +Quantum field theories because people + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum field theories because people +integrate up to an infinite virtual + + align:start position:0% +integrate up to an infinite virtual + + + align:start position:0% +integrate up to an infinite virtual +particle momentum that's like saying + + align:start position:0% +particle momentum that's like saying + + + align:start position:0% +particle momentum that's like saying +that's like imagining that we could + + align:start position:0% +that's like imagining that we could + + + align:start position:0% +that's like imagining that we could +model the exchange this the scattering + + align:start position:0% +model the exchange this the scattering + + + align:start position:0% +model the exchange this the scattering +of say a virtual force carrying Photon + + align:start position:0% +of say a virtual force carrying Photon + + + align:start position:0% +of say a virtual force carrying Photon +an electron that they meet at literally + + align:start position:0% +an electron that they meet at literally + + + align:start position:0% +an electron that they meet at literally +at a mathematical point they meet in a + + align:start position:0% +at a mathematical point they meet in a + + + align:start position:0% +at a mathematical point they meet in a +region of infinitesimally tiny region of + + align:start position:0% +region of infinitesimally tiny region of + + + align:start position:0% +region of infinitesimally tiny region of +space the the that suggests that they + + align:start position:0% +space the the that suggests that they + + + align:start position:0% +space the the that suggests that they +could be scattering off each other with + + align:start position:0% +could be scattering off each other with + + + align:start position:0% +could be scattering off each other with +a barred momentum up to up to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +a barred momentum up to up to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +a barred momentum up to up to Infinity +up to one over zero the Delta R could + + align:start position:0% +up to one over zero the Delta R could + + + align:start position:0% +up to one over zero the Delta R could +shrink to zero that means that the + + align:start position:0% +shrink to zero that means that the + + + align:start position:0% +shrink to zero that means that the +momentum exchange could in fact become + + align:start position:0% +momentum exchange could in fact become + + + align:start position:0% +momentum exchange could in fact become +infinite which is why you have to + + align:start position:0% +infinite which is why you have to + + + align:start position:0% +infinite which is why you have to +integrate those integrals up to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +integrate those integrals up to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +integrate those integrals up to Infinity +well these string objects are actually + + align:start position:0% +well these string objects are actually + + + align:start position:0% +well these string objects are actually +sweeping out not World lines through + + align:start position:0% +sweeping out not World lines through + + + align:start position:0% +sweeping out not World lines through +space and time but actually world sheets + + align:start position:0% +space and time but actually world sheets + + + align:start position:0% +space and time but actually world sheets +they're extended objects so the the + + align:start position:0% +they're extended objects so the the + + + align:start position:0% +they're extended objects so the the +analog phima diagrams never pinch down + + align:start position:0% +analog phima diagrams never pinch down + + + align:start position:0% +analog phima diagrams never pinch down +to a single mathematical point + + align:start position:0% +to a single mathematical point + + + align:start position:0% +to a single mathematical point +in fact you have these kind of pants + + align:start position:0% +in fact you have these kind of pants + + + align:start position:0% +in fact you have these kind of pants +legs structures where you have a kind of + + align:start position:0% +legs structures where you have a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +legs structures where you have a kind of +one kind of extended structure might + + align:start position:0% +one kind of extended structure might + + + align:start position:0% +one kind of extended structure might +blend into others but they never pinch + + align:start position:0% +blend into others but they never pinch + + + align:start position:0% +blend into others but they never pinch +down into a mathematical point + + align:start position:0% +down into a mathematical point + + + align:start position:0% +down into a mathematical point +so if you never have these point-like + + align:start position:0% +so if you never have these point-like + + + align:start position:0% +so if you never have these point-like +vertices in the kind of scattering among + + align:start position:0% +vertices in the kind of scattering among + + + align:start position:0% +vertices in the kind of scattering among +these um putative strings then you + + align:start position:0% +these um putative strings then you + + + align:start position:0% +these um putative strings then you +actually never integrate up to literally + + align:start position:0% +actually never integrate up to literally + + + align:start position:0% +actually never integrate up to literally +infinite momentum so maybe virtual + + align:start position:0% +infinite momentum so maybe virtual + + + align:start position:0% +infinite momentum so maybe virtual +processes involving strings would + + align:start position:0% +processes involving strings would + + + align:start position:0% +processes involving strings would +naturally avoid all these Divergence + + align:start position:0% +naturally avoid all these Divergence + + + align:start position:0% +naturally avoid all these Divergence +problems that seem to uh hang up the + + align:start position:0% +problems that seem to uh hang up the + + + align:start position:0% +problems that seem to uh hang up the +kind of old school or classic approach + + align:start position:0% +kind of old school or classic approach + + + align:start position:0% +kind of old school or classic approach +to quantum gravity so maybe you could + + align:start position:0% +to quantum gravity so maybe you could + + + align:start position:0% +to quantum gravity so maybe you could +have a finite theory of gravity that has + + align:start position:0% +have a finite theory of gravity that has + + + align:start position:0% +have a finite theory of gravity that has +the right kind of particle Exchange in + + align:start position:0% +the right kind of particle Exchange in + + + align:start position:0% +the right kind of particle Exchange in +the appropriate limit and avoids + + align:start position:0% +the appropriate limit and avoids + + + align:start position:0% +the appropriate limit and avoids +infinities + + align:start position:0% +infinities + + + align:start position:0% +infinities +so why weren't we done in 1984 well + + align:start position:0% +so why weren't we done in 1984 well + + + align:start position:0% +so why weren't we done in 1984 well +because the same Scholars found a pretty + + align:start position:0% +because the same Scholars found a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +because the same Scholars found a pretty +interesting catch some call it a bug few + + align:start position:0% +interesting catch some call it a bug few + + + align:start position:0% +interesting catch some call it a bug few +would call it a feature + + align:start position:0% +would call it a feature + + + align:start position:0% +would call it a feature +the simplest models that could be + + align:start position:0% +the simplest models that could be + + + align:start position:0% +the simplest models that could be +written down that could be applied to to + + align:start position:0% +written down that could be applied to to + + + align:start position:0% +written down that could be applied to to +a gravitational model where these + + align:start position:0% +a gravitational model where these + + + align:start position:0% +a gravitational model where these +strings could be dancing around at the + + align:start position:0% +strings could be dancing around at the + + + align:start position:0% +strings could be dancing around at the +plonk length and giving rise to the uh + + align:start position:0% +plonk length and giving rise to the uh + + + align:start position:0% +plonk length and giving rise to the uh +to any appropriate limit to Einstein's + + align:start position:0% +to any appropriate limit to Einstein's + + + align:start position:0% +to any appropriate limit to Einstein's +uh general theory of relativity they + + align:start position:0% +uh general theory of relativity they + + + align:start position:0% +uh general theory of relativity they +only could live mathematically in 26 + + align:start position:0% +only could live mathematically in 26 + + + align:start position:0% +only could live mathematically in 26 +space-time Dimensions I put that in bold + + align:start position:0% +space-time Dimensions I put that in bold + + + align:start position:0% +space-time Dimensions I put that in bold +and italics so we'll Linger on that for + + align:start position:0% +and italics so we'll Linger on that for + + + align:start position:0% +and italics so we'll Linger on that for +a second the earliest self-consistent + + align:start position:0% +a second the earliest self-consistent + + + align:start position:0% +a second the earliest self-consistent +models when applied to gravity to get + + align:start position:0% +models when applied to gravity to get + + + align:start position:0% +models when applied to gravity to get +the right limit at low energies to make + + align:start position:0% +the right limit at low energies to make + + + align:start position:0% +the right limit at low energies to make +it look like Einstein's theory at low + + align:start position:0% +it look like Einstein's theory at low + + + align:start position:0% +it look like Einstein's theory at low +energies these strings weren't dancing + + align:start position:0% +energies these strings weren't dancing + + + align:start position:0% +energies these strings weren't dancing +around in three dimensions of space and + + align:start position:0% +around in three dimensions of space and + + + align:start position:0% +around in three dimensions of space and +one of time you know x y z plus T they + + align:start position:0% +one of time you know x y z plus T they + + + align:start position:0% +one of time you know x y z plus T they +could only dance around mathematic in a + + align:start position:0% +could only dance around mathematic in a + + + align:start position:0% +could only dance around mathematic in a +mathematically self-consistent way if + + align:start position:0% +mathematically self-consistent way if + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically self-consistent way if +they were living in a 26 dimensional + + align:start position:0% +they were living in a 26 dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +they were living in a 26 dimensional +space time it seems pretty clear that we + + align:start position:0% +space time it seems pretty clear that we + + + align:start position:0% +space time it seems pretty clear that we +live in a four-dimensional space time so + + align:start position:0% +live in a four-dimensional space time so + + + align:start position:0% +live in a four-dimensional space time so +what's going on + + align:start position:0% +what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on +a a little while later some of these uh + + align:start position:0% +a a little while later some of these uh + + + align:start position:0% +a a little while later some of these uh +physicists found that they could + + align:start position:0% +physicists found that they could + + + align:start position:0% +physicists found that they could +actually make these mathematically + + align:start position:0% +actually make these mathematically + + + align:start position:0% +actually make these mathematically +self-consistent string models of gravity + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent string models of gravity + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent string models of gravity +if they Incorporated a particular + + align:start position:0% +if they Incorporated a particular + + + align:start position:0% +if they Incorporated a particular +symmetry strictly hypothetical symmetry + + align:start position:0% +symmetry strictly hypothetical symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry strictly hypothetical symmetry +for which even to this day there's no + + align:start position:0% +for which even to this day there's no + + + align:start position:0% +for which even to this day there's no +empirical evidence at all a symmetry + + align:start position:0% +empirical evidence at all a symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +empirical evidence at all a symmetry +called supersymmetry which suggests that + + align:start position:0% +called supersymmetry which suggests that + + + align:start position:0% +called supersymmetry which suggests that +for every known particle every Quark + + align:start position:0% +for every known particle every Quark + + + align:start position:0% +for every known particle every Quark +every electron every um neutrino and all + + align:start position:0% +every electron every um neutrino and all + + + align:start position:0% +every electron every um neutrino and all +the rest there is a partner a super + + align:start position:0% +the rest there is a partner a super + + + align:start position:0% +the rest there is a partner a super +partner particle with the same + + align:start position:0% +partner particle with the same + + + align:start position:0% +partner particle with the same +um mass and same charge but one half + + align:start position:0% +um mass and same charge but one half + + + align:start position:0% +um mass and same charge but one half +unit more of spin so for every spin one + + align:start position:0% +unit more of spin so for every spin one + + + align:start position:0% +unit more of spin so for every spin one +half particle like quarks and electrons + + align:start position:0% +half particle like quarks and electrons + + + align:start position:0% +half particle like quarks and electrons +and neutrinos there would be integer + + align:start position:0% +and neutrinos there would be integer + + + align:start position:0% +and neutrinos there would be integer +spin super partners and vice versa so + + align:start position:0% +spin super partners and vice versa so + + + align:start position:0% +spin super partners and vice versa so +for every integer spin uh Photon + + align:start position:0% +for every integer spin uh Photon + + + align:start position:0% +for every integer spin uh Photon +there'll be a half integer or three + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a half integer or three + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a half integer or three +halves integer um super partner like a + + align:start position:0% +halves integer um super partner like a + + + align:start position:0% +halves integer um super partner like a +photino for every uh Quark there will be + + align:start position:0% +photino for every uh Quark there will be + + + align:start position:0% +photino for every uh Quark there will be +a squark and so on so at the cost of + + align:start position:0% +a squark and so on so at the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +a squark and so on so at the cost of +doubling every single known form of + + align:start position:0% +doubling every single known form of + + + align:start position:0% +doubling every single known form of +matter these super string theories could + + align:start position:0% +matter these super string theories could + + + align:start position:0% +matter these super string theories could +be formulated in only 10 dimensions of + + align:start position:0% +be formulated in only 10 dimensions of + + + align:start position:0% +be formulated in only 10 dimensions of +space time instead of 26. that's getting + + align:start position:0% +space time instead of 26. that's getting + + + align:start position:0% +space time instead of 26. that's getting +more than halfway there but it still + + align:start position:0% +more than halfway there but it still + + + align:start position:0% +more than halfway there but it still +means a lot more structure than what we + + align:start position:0% +means a lot more structure than what we + + + align:start position:0% +means a lot more structure than what we +seem to measure or just observe in our + + align:start position:0% +seem to measure or just observe in our + + + align:start position:0% +seem to measure or just observe in our +daily lives so these straight early + + align:start position:0% +daily lives so these straight early + + + align:start position:0% +daily lives so these straight early +super string theories for Gravity had + + align:start position:0% +super string theories for Gravity had + + + align:start position:0% +super string theories for Gravity had +some unbelievable promise these people + + align:start position:0% +some unbelievable promise these people + + + align:start position:0% +some unbelievable promise these people +weren't + + align:start position:0% +weren't + + + align:start position:0% +weren't +um you know kind of diluting themselves + + align:start position:0% +um you know kind of diluting themselves + + + align:start position:0% +um you know kind of diluting themselves +that these could be of interest but + + align:start position:0% +that these could be of interest but + + + align:start position:0% +that these could be of interest but +there wasn't such a straightforward deal + + align:start position:0% +there wasn't such a straightforward deal + + + align:start position:0% +there wasn't such a straightforward deal +so we can then go to some of the kinds + + align:start position:0% +so we can then go to some of the kinds + + + align:start position:0% +so we can then go to some of the kinds +of plots that I love to make let's start + + align:start position:0% +of plots that I love to make let's start + + + align:start position:0% +of plots that I love to make let's start +counting stuff so the blue curve shows + + align:start position:0% +counting stuff so the blue curve shows + + + align:start position:0% +counting stuff so the blue curve shows +all physics articles as covered by + + align:start position:0% +all physics articles as covered by + + + align:start position:0% +all physics articles as covered by +something called physics abstracts a + + align:start position:0% +something called physics abstracts a + + + align:start position:0% +something called physics abstracts a +kind of worldwide Consortium of + + align:start position:0% +kind of worldwide Consortium of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of worldwide Consortium of +physics-trained librarians in many parts + + align:start position:0% +physics-trained librarians in many parts + + + align:start position:0% +physics-trained librarians in many parts +of the world trying to literally count + + align:start position:0% +of the world trying to literally count + + + align:start position:0% +of the world trying to literally count +up and categorize by subtopic all the + + align:start position:0% +up and categorize by subtopic all the + + + align:start position:0% +up and categorize by subtopic all the +articles by professional physicists in + + align:start position:0% +articles by professional physicists in + + + align:start position:0% +articles by professional physicists in +the peer-reviewed journals in in as many + + align:start position:0% +the peer-reviewed journals in in as many + + + align:start position:0% +the peer-reviewed journals in in as many +languages as they could as they could + + align:start position:0% +languages as they could as they could + + + align:start position:0% +languages as they could as they could +master + + align:start position:0% +master + + + align:start position:0% +master +so that's the blue curve and you can see + + align:start position:0% +so that's the blue curve and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the blue curve and you can see +it's growing fairly steadily over this + + align:start position:0% +it's growing fairly steadily over this + + + align:start position:0% +it's growing fairly steadily over this +period + + align:start position:0% +period + + + align:start position:0% +period +and the red curve and I've I've + + align:start position:0% +and the red curve and I've I've + + + align:start position:0% +and the red curve and I've I've +renormalized it myself the red curve is + + align:start position:0% +renormalized it myself the red curve is + + + align:start position:0% +renormalized it myself the red curve is +then all the articles on string theory + + align:start position:0% +then all the articles on string theory + + + align:start position:0% +then all the articles on string theory +including super String Theory over the + + align:start position:0% +including super String Theory over the + + + align:start position:0% +including super String Theory over the +same time period to fit them on one + + align:start position:0% +same time period to fit them on one + + + align:start position:0% +same time period to fit them on one +curve I've actually divided the blue one + + align:start position:0% +curve I've actually divided the blue one + + + align:start position:0% +curve I've actually divided the blue one +by a factor of a hundred so by the end + + align:start position:0% +by a factor of a hundred so by the end + + + align:start position:0% +by a factor of a hundred so by the end +of this period the red curves are about + + align:start position:0% +of this period the red curves are about + + + align:start position:0% +of this period the red curves are about +one percent of all the Publications in + + align:start position:0% +one percent of all the Publications in + + + align:start position:0% +one percent of all the Publications in +all of physics that say they're almost + + align:start position:0% +all of physics that say they're almost + + + align:start position:0% +all of physics that say they're almost +equal but I've I've cheated by making + + align:start position:0% +equal but I've I've cheated by making + + + align:start position:0% +equal but I've I've cheated by making +the blue curve changes amplitude by a + + align:start position:0% +the blue curve changes amplitude by a + + + align:start position:0% +the blue curve changes amplitude by a +factor of 100. + + align:start position:0% +factor of 100. + + + align:start position:0% +factor of 100. +so you see these very distinct + + align:start position:0% +so you see these very distinct + + + align:start position:0% +so you see these very distinct +structures in the in the effort expended + + align:start position:0% +structures in the in the effort expended + + + align:start position:0% +structures in the in the effort expended +on super String Theory compared to kind + + align:start position:0% +on super String Theory compared to kind + + + align:start position:0% +on super String Theory compared to kind +of global efforts on every branch of + + align:start position:0% +of global efforts on every branch of + + + align:start position:0% +of global efforts on every branch of +physics altogether you see you know + + align:start position:0% +physics altogether you see you know + + + align:start position:0% +physics altogether you see you know +virtually no attention at all to string + + align:start position:0% +virtually no attention at all to string + + + align:start position:0% +virtually no attention at all to string +theory really is a very curious little + + align:start position:0% +theory really is a very curious little + + + align:start position:0% +theory really is a very curious little +little specialty area until the + + align:start position:0% +little specialty area until the + + + align:start position:0% +little specialty area until the +mid-1980s what what proponents of this + + align:start position:0% +mid-1980s what what proponents of this + + + align:start position:0% +mid-1980s what what proponents of this +work later called the first string + + align:start position:0% +work later called the first string + + + align:start position:0% +work later called the first string +Revolution which you have to know the + + align:start position:0% +Revolution which you have to know the + + + align:start position:0% +Revolution which you have to know the +only named after a second string + + align:start position:0% +only named after a second string + + + align:start position:0% +only named after a second string +Revolution right no one called World War + + align:start position:0% +Revolution right no one called World War + + + align:start position:0% +Revolution right no one called World War +One World War one until World War II so + + align:start position:0% +One World War one until World War II so + + + align:start position:0% +One World War one until World War II so +what later it became called the first + + align:start position:0% +what later it became called the first + + + align:start position:0% +what later it became called the first +string evolution in hindsight was + + align:start position:0% +string evolution in hindsight was + + + align:start position:0% +string evolution in hindsight was +identified with this work it was really + + align:start position:0% +identified with this work it was really + + + align:start position:0% +identified with this work it was really +published by a few independent small + + align:start position:0% +published by a few independent small + + + align:start position:0% +published by a few independent small +groups around 1984 where they began + + align:start position:0% +groups around 1984 where they began + + + align:start position:0% +groups around 1984 where they began +showing that the the stringy stuff could + + align:start position:0% +showing that the the stringy stuff could + + + align:start position:0% +showing that the the stringy stuff could +actually be could include the structure + + align:start position:0% +actually be could include the structure + + + align:start position:0% +actually be could include the structure +of gravity uh if you imagine that + + align:start position:0% +of gravity uh if you imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +of gravity uh if you imagine that +string like filament to be describing + + align:start position:0% +string like filament to be describing + + + align:start position:0% +string like filament to be describing +gravitational interactions at the plonk + + align:start position:0% +gravitational interactions at the plonk + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational interactions at the plonk +length as opposed to nuclear physics and + + align:start position:0% +length as opposed to nuclear physics and + + + align:start position:0% +length as opposed to nuclear physics and +indeed there were several different + + align:start position:0% +indeed there were several different + + + align:start position:0% +indeed there were several different +self-consistent supersymmetric models + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent supersymmetric models + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent supersymmetric models +published all in 1984-85 and that led to + + align:start position:0% +published all in 1984-85 and that led to + + + align:start position:0% +published all in 1984-85 and that led to +an enormous person exponential rise of + + align:start position:0% +an enormous person exponential rise of + + + align:start position:0% +an enormous person exponential rise of +interest in string theories coming very + + align:start position:0% +interest in string theories coming very + + + align:start position:0% +interest in string theories coming very +soon after that so-called first + + align:start position:0% +soon after that so-called first + + + align:start position:0% +soon after that so-called first +Revolution then there's a kind of + + align:start position:0% +Revolution then there's a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Revolution then there's a kind of +plateau for about a decade and then + + align:start position:0% +plateau for about a decade and then + + + align:start position:0% +plateau for about a decade and then +there was what the proponents came to + + align:start position:0% +there was what the proponents came to + + + align:start position:0% +there was what the proponents came to +call the second string Revolution almost + + align:start position:0% +call the second string Revolution almost + + + align:start position:0% +call the second string Revolution almost +on right on schedule 10 years later what + + align:start position:0% +on right on schedule 10 years later what + + + align:start position:0% +on right on schedule 10 years later what +happened with the second string + + align:start position:0% +happened with the second string + + + align:start position:0% +happened with the second string +revolution in brief was that a few of + + align:start position:0% +revolution in brief was that a few of + + + align:start position:0% +revolution in brief was that a few of +these Specialists found that what looked + + align:start position:0% +these Specialists found that what looked + + + align:start position:0% +these Specialists found that what looked +like five totally separate distinct but + + align:start position:0% +like five totally separate distinct but + + + align:start position:0% +like five totally separate distinct but +self-consistent superstring models they + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent superstring models they + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent superstring models they +look different from each other they all + + align:start position:0% +look different from each other they all + + + align:start position:0% +look different from each other they all +were mathematically self-consistent even + + align:start position:0% +were mathematically self-consistent even + + + align:start position:0% +were mathematically self-consistent even +though they they looked like they were + + align:start position:0% +though they they looked like they were + + + align:start position:0% +though they they looked like they were +different candidates + + align:start position:0% +different candidates + + + align:start position:0% +different candidates +in the second wave people like Edward + + align:start position:0% +in the second wave people like Edward + + + align:start position:0% +in the second wave people like Edward +Whitton and other colleagues found kind + + align:start position:0% +Whitton and other colleagues found kind + + + align:start position:0% +Whitton and other colleagues found kind +of one-to-one mapping so in fact these + + align:start position:0% +of one-to-one mapping so in fact these + + + align:start position:0% +of one-to-one mapping so in fact these +five different models might all be ways + + align:start position:0% +five different models might all be ways + + + align:start position:0% +five different models might all be ways +of expressing a single shared model + + align:start position:0% +of expressing a single shared model + + + align:start position:0% +of expressing a single shared model +these might be almost almost like + + align:start position:0% +these might be almost almost like + + + align:start position:0% +these might be almost almost like +coordinate transformations of a single + + align:start position:0% +coordinate transformations of a single + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate transformations of a single +underlying model + + align:start position:0% +underlying model + + + align:start position:0% +underlying model +and that became known as the second + + align:start position:0% +and that became known as the second + + + align:start position:0% +and that became known as the second +revolution so if one performed what + + align:start position:0% +revolution so if one performed what + + + align:start position:0% +revolution so if one performed what +became known as dualities it really is + + align:start position:0% +became known as dualities it really is + + + align:start position:0% +became known as dualities it really is +analogous to kind of coordinate + + align:start position:0% +analogous to kind of coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +analogous to kind of coordinate +Transformations you get actually map + + align:start position:0% +Transformations you get actually map + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations you get actually map +feature by feature those seemingly five + + align:start position:0% +feature by feature those seemingly five + + + align:start position:0% +feature by feature those seemingly five +distinct models into a single structure + + align:start position:0% +distinct models into a single structure + + + align:start position:0% +distinct models into a single structure +that got people excited again you see + + align:start position:0% +that got people excited again you see + + + align:start position:0% +that got people excited again you see +another exponential takeoff of Interest + + align:start position:0% +another exponential takeoff of Interest + + + align:start position:0% +another exponential takeoff of Interest +so that by the early 2000s efforts on + + align:start position:0% +so that by the early 2000s efforts on + + + align:start position:0% +so that by the early 2000s efforts on +string theory which had once been + + align:start position:0% +string theory which had once been + + + align:start position:0% +string theory which had once been +vanishingly tidying + + align:start position:0% +vanishingly tidying + + + align:start position:0% +vanishingly tidying +occupy nearly one percent of all the + + align:start position:0% +occupy nearly one percent of all the + + + align:start position:0% +occupy nearly one percent of all the +physics output of all the physicists on + + align:start position:0% +physics output of all the physicists on + + + align:start position:0% +physics output of all the physicists on +the planet + + align:start position:0% +the planet + + + align:start position:0% +the planet +so let me pause there if there's any + + align:start position:0% +so let me pause there if there's any + + + align:start position:0% +so let me pause there if there's any +questions on that kind of alternate + + align:start position:0% +questions on that kind of alternate + + + align:start position:0% +questions on that kind of alternate +approach to an effort to try to quantize + + align:start position:0% +approach to an effort to try to quantize + + + align:start position:0% +approach to an effort to try to quantize +gravity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions on that + + align:start position:0% +any questions on that + + + align:start position:0% +any questions on that +it's so straightforward you're all + + align:start position:0% +it's so straightforward you're all + + + align:start position:0% +it's so straightforward you're all +convinced you're all Now card carrying + + align:start position:0% +convinced you're all Now card carrying + + + align:start position:0% +convinced you're all Now card carrying +string theorists no no lingering + + align:start position:0% +string theorists no no lingering + + + align:start position:0% +string theorists no no lingering +questions Julie is in I do thank you + + align:start position:0% +questions Julie is in I do thank you + + + align:start position:0% +questions Julie is in I do thank you +Julian + + align:start position:0% +Julian + + + align:start position:0% +Julian +I'll tell Andy stromager he'll be glad + + align:start position:0% +I'll tell Andy stromager he'll be glad + + + align:start position:0% +I'll tell Andy stromager he'll be glad +any other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if not that's okay of course but I'll I + + align:start position:0% +if not that's okay of course but I'll I + + + align:start position:0% +if not that's okay of course but I'll I +um I'll press on uh because as if that + + align:start position:0% +um I'll press on uh because as if that + + + align:start position:0% +um I'll press on uh because as if that +weren't strange enough boy have I got + + align:start position:0% +weren't strange enough boy have I got + + + align:start position:0% +weren't strange enough boy have I got +news for you you think that's strange we + + align:start position:0% +news for you you think that's strange we + + + align:start position:0% +news for you you think that's strange we +live in 10 Dimensions let's let's see + + align:start position:0% +live in 10 Dimensions let's let's see + + + align:start position:0% +live in 10 Dimensions let's let's see +where people take this + + align:start position:0% +where people take this + + + align:start position:0% +where people take this +since they're now paying attention okay + + align:start position:0% +since they're now paying attention okay + + + align:start position:0% +since they're now paying attention okay +now I very blindly told you and none of + + align:start position:0% +now I very blindly told you and none of + + + align:start position:0% +now I very blindly told you and none of +you seem to object so clearly it's the + + align:start position:0% +you seem to object so clearly it's the + + + align:start position:0% +you seem to object so clearly it's the +end of the term that these super string + + align:start position:0% +end of the term that these super string + + + align:start position:0% +end of the term that these super string +theories can only be formulated in a + + align:start position:0% +theories can only be formulated in a + + + align:start position:0% +theories can only be formulated in a +minimum of 10 space-time Dimensions they + + align:start position:0% +minimum of 10 space-time Dimensions they + + + align:start position:0% +minimum of 10 space-time Dimensions they +still only involve one time like + + align:start position:0% +still only involve one time like + + + align:start position:0% +still only involve one time like +Dimension that means nine dimensions of + + align:start position:0% +Dimension that means nine dimensions of + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension that means nine dimensions of +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +height width breadth and six others all + + align:start position:0% +height width breadth and six others all + + + align:start position:0% +height width breadth and six others all +at right angles to them I mean I look at + + align:start position:0% +at right angles to them I mean I look at + + + align:start position:0% +at right angles to them I mean I look at +the you know where the walls meet in my + + align:start position:0% +the you know where the walls meet in my + + + align:start position:0% +the you know where the walls meet in my +house and I can't find where the other + + align:start position:0% +house and I can't find where the other + + + align:start position:0% +house and I can't find where the other +six right angles would come from + + align:start position:0% +six right angles would come from + + + align:start position:0% +six right angles would come from +so it's not just a failure of my own + + align:start position:0% +so it's not just a failure of my own + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not just a failure of my own +imagination which fails all the time + + align:start position:0% +imagination which fails all the time + + + align:start position:0% +imagination which fails all the time +this leads to some pretty strange + + align:start position:0% +this leads to some pretty strange + + + align:start position:0% +this leads to some pretty strange +sounding + + align:start position:0% +sounding + + + align:start position:0% +sounding +um uh possible implications let's take a + + align:start position:0% +um uh possible implications let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +um uh possible implications let's take a +very simple one going back again right + + align:start position:0% +very simple one going back again right + + + align:start position:0% +very simple one going back again right +to the very first + + align:start position:0% +to the very first + + + align:start position:0% +to the very first +um classes from this class sessions from + + align:start position:0% +um classes from this class sessions from + + + align:start position:0% +um classes from this class sessions from +this semester think about say Faraday's + + align:start position:0% +this semester think about say Faraday's + + + align:start position:0% +this semester think about say Faraday's +lines of force + + align:start position:0% +lines of force + + + align:start position:0% +lines of force +unless something very strange is + + align:start position:0% +unless something very strange is + + + align:start position:0% +unless something very strange is +happening we really can't live in a + + align:start position:0% +happening we really can't live in a + + + align:start position:0% +happening we really can't live in a +10-dimensional world if you imagine a + + align:start position:0% +10-dimensional world if you imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +10-dimensional world if you imagine a +single Mass some source of gravitation + + align:start position:0% +single Mass some source of gravitation + + + align:start position:0% +single Mass some source of gravitation +some ball with some Mass a spherically + + align:start position:0% +some ball with some Mass a spherically + + + align:start position:0% +some ball with some Mass a spherically +symmetric one to keep things simple set + + align:start position:0% +symmetric one to keep things simple set + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric one to keep things simple set +it down at the origin of our coordinate + + align:start position:0% +it down at the origin of our coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +it down at the origin of our coordinate +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +then just like a single electric charge + + align:start position:0% +then just like a single electric charge + + + align:start position:0% +then just like a single electric charge +that got um Michael Faraday so excited + + align:start position:0% +that got um Michael Faraday so excited + + + align:start position:0% +that got um Michael Faraday so excited +in the 18 20s and 30s we can try to + + align:start position:0% +in the 18 20s and 30s we can try to + + + align:start position:0% +in the 18 20s and 30s we can try to +imagine how lines of force would emanate + + align:start position:0% +imagine how lines of force would emanate + + + align:start position:0% +imagine how lines of force would emanate +in this case very simply very + + align:start position:0% +in this case very simply very + + + align:start position:0% +in this case very simply very +spherically symmetrically lines of + + align:start position:0% +spherically symmetrically lines of + + + align:start position:0% +spherically symmetrically lines of +gravitational force emanating from that + + align:start position:0% +gravitational force emanating from that + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational force emanating from that +source that mass m at the center + + align:start position:0% +source that mass m at the center + + + align:start position:0% +source that mass m at the center +well we can then try to do like fairy + + align:start position:0% +well we can then try to do like fairy + + + align:start position:0% +well we can then try to do like fairy +did and and envelop kind of surround our + + align:start position:0% +did and and envelop kind of surround our + + + align:start position:0% +did and and envelop kind of surround our +source with an imagined sphere we can + + align:start position:0% +source with an imagined sphere we can + + + align:start position:0% +source with an imagined sphere we can +change the the radius of the Spheres we + + align:start position:0% +change the the radius of the Spheres we + + + align:start position:0% +change the the radius of the Spheres we +can imagine how the strength of that + + align:start position:0% +can imagine how the strength of that + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine how the strength of that +Force should fall off the distance + + align:start position:0% +Force should fall off the distance + + + align:start position:0% +Force should fall off the distance +now again as you as you know + + align:start position:0% +now again as you as you know + + + align:start position:0% +now again as you as you know +the surface area of some sphere will + + align:start position:0% +the surface area of some sphere will + + + align:start position:0% +the surface area of some sphere will +scale as one power less of the radius + + align:start position:0% +scale as one power less of the radius + + + align:start position:0% +scale as one power less of the radius +compared to the volume that holds in + + align:start position:0% +compared to the volume that holds in + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the volume that holds in +three dimensions the surface area of a + + align:start position:0% +three dimensions the surface area of a + + + align:start position:0% +three dimensions the surface area of a +sphere uh goes like r squared even + + align:start position:0% +sphere uh goes like r squared even + + + align:start position:0% +sphere uh goes like r squared even +though the volume goes like R cubed that + + align:start position:0% +though the volume goes like R cubed that + + + align:start position:0% +though the volume goes like R cubed that +same geometrical relation holds for any + + align:start position:0% +same geometrical relation holds for any + + + align:start position:0% +same geometrical relation holds for any +dimensions of space any hypersphere in + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of space any hypersphere in + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of space any hypersphere in +particular one that's in say nine + + align:start position:0% +particular one that's in say nine + + + align:start position:0% +particular one that's in say nine +dimensions of space the surface area we + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of space the surface area we + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of space the surface area we +can very self-consistently project + + align:start position:0% +can very self-consistently project + + + align:start position:0% +can very self-consistently project +um an appropriate sub manifold it'd be + + align:start position:0% +um an appropriate sub manifold it'd be + + + align:start position:0% +um an appropriate sub manifold it'd be +all super fancy geometrical about it we + + align:start position:0% +all super fancy geometrical about it we + + + align:start position:0% +all super fancy geometrical about it we +can calculate the surface area of a nine + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the surface area of a nine + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate the surface area of a nine +sphere and the area will grow like the + + align:start position:0% +sphere and the area will grow like the + + + align:start position:0% +sphere and the area will grow like the +radius to the eighth power to D minus + + align:start position:0% +radius to the eighth power to D minus + + + align:start position:0% +radius to the eighth power to D minus +one so if we just redo Michael Faraday's + + align:start position:0% +one so if we just redo Michael Faraday's + + + align:start position:0% +one so if we just redo Michael Faraday's +really lovely + + align:start position:0% +really lovely + + + align:start position:0% +really lovely +um ingenious in fact geometrical scaling + + align:start position:0% +um ingenious in fact geometrical scaling + + + align:start position:0% +um ingenious in fact geometrical scaling +then if we really think gravity lives in + + align:start position:0% +then if we really think gravity lives in + + + align:start position:0% +then if we really think gravity lives in +nine dimensions of space then we would + + align:start position:0% +nine dimensions of space then we would + + + align:start position:0% +nine dimensions of space then we would +expect Newton's law to go like one over + + align:start position:0% +expect Newton's law to go like one over + + + align:start position:0% +expect Newton's law to go like one over +R to the eighth instead of one over r + + align:start position:0% +R to the eighth instead of one over r + + + align:start position:0% +R to the eighth instead of one over r +squared Why are we not why are we + + align:start position:0% +squared Why are we not why are we + + + align:start position:0% +squared Why are we not why are we +finding inverse Square laws even in the + + align:start position:0% +finding inverse Square laws even in the + + + align:start position:0% +finding inverse Square laws even in the +context of Einstein's general theory of + + align:start position:0% +context of Einstein's general theory of + + + align:start position:0% +context of Einstein's general theory of +relativity very high accuracy + + align:start position:0% +relativity very high accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +relativity very high accuracy +whereas if we just have gravity kind of + + align:start position:0% +whereas if we just have gravity kind of + + + align:start position:0% +whereas if we just have gravity kind of +spilling out into across nine co-equal + + align:start position:0% +spilling out into across nine co-equal + + + align:start position:0% +spilling out into across nine co-equal +dimensions of space we would expect a + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of space we would expect a + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of space we would expect a +completely different behavior for the + + align:start position:0% +completely different behavior for the + + + align:start position:0% +completely different behavior for the +force of gravity so what's going on when + + align:start position:0% +force of gravity so what's going on when + + + align:start position:0% +force of gravity so what's going on when +you say that this theory of gravity is + + align:start position:0% +you say that this theory of gravity is + + + align:start position:0% +you say that this theory of gravity is +formulated in nine dimensions of space + + align:start position:0% +formulated in nine dimensions of space + + + align:start position:0% +formulated in nine dimensions of space +one of the earliest efforts to address + + align:start position:0% +one of the earliest efforts to address + + + align:start position:0% +one of the earliest efforts to address +that is called compactification which + + align:start position:0% +that is called compactification which + + + align:start position:0% +that is called compactification which +really just means make the extra + + align:start position:0% +really just means make the extra + + + align:start position:0% +really just means make the extra +Dimensions super tiny + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions super tiny + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions super tiny +so the idea is that for as yet + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is that for as yet + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is that for as yet +unexplained or unknown reasons the idea + + align:start position:0% +unexplained or unknown reasons the idea + + + align:start position:0% +unexplained or unknown reasons the idea +is that these extra dimensions of space + + align:start position:0% +is that these extra dimensions of space + + + align:start position:0% +is that these extra dimensions of space +are not arbitrarily extended they're not + + align:start position:0% +are not arbitrarily extended they're not + + + align:start position:0% +are not arbitrarily extended they're not +macroscopic I can't take a walk in + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic I can't take a walk in + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic I can't take a walk in +dimensions number um numbers four + + align:start position:0% +dimensions number um numbers four + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions number um numbers four +through nine + + align:start position:0% +through nine + + + align:start position:0% +through nine +because at least hypothetically they've + + align:start position:0% +because at least hypothetically they've + + + align:start position:0% +because at least hypothetically they've +been curled up onto each other + + align:start position:0% +been curled up onto each other + + + align:start position:0% +been curled up onto each other +and the way this the analogy is always + + align:start position:0% +and the way this the analogy is always + + + align:start position:0% +and the way this the analogy is always +made and you might have heard before we + + align:start position:0% +made and you might have heard before we + + + align:start position:0% +made and you might have heard before we +think about a kind of soda straw or a + + align:start position:0% +think about a kind of soda straw or a + + + align:start position:0% +think about a kind of soda straw or a +garden hose now if you're very close to + + align:start position:0% +garden hose now if you're very close to + + + align:start position:0% +garden hose now if you're very close to +that straw or hose you can see it's an + + align:start position:0% +that straw or hose you can see it's an + + + align:start position:0% +that straw or hose you can see it's an +extended object it has both a length and + + align:start position:0% +extended object it has both a length and + + + align:start position:0% +extended object it has both a length and +a width to it + + align:start position:0% +a width to it + + + align:start position:0% +a width to it +but if you look at that object from very + + align:start position:0% +but if you look at that object from very + + + align:start position:0% +but if you look at that object from very +far away it looks indistinguishable from + + align:start position:0% +far away it looks indistinguishable from + + + align:start position:0% +far away it looks indistinguishable from +a dimensionless line an arbitrarily Thin + + align:start position:0% +a dimensionless line an arbitrarily Thin + + + align:start position:0% +a dimensionless line an arbitrarily Thin +Line extended only in one dimension so + + align:start position:0% +Line extended only in one dimension so + + + align:start position:0% +Line extended only in one dimension so +the idea was what if these extra + + align:start position:0% +the idea was what if these extra + + + align:start position:0% +the idea was what if these extra +dimensions of space are not + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of space are not + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of space are not +macroscopically large but in fact are + + align:start position:0% +macroscopically large but in fact are + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopically large but in fact are +curled up on each other they have a kind + + align:start position:0% +curled up on each other they have a kind + + + align:start position:0% +curled up on each other they have a kind +of internal radius that never becomes + + align:start position:0% +of internal radius that never becomes + + + align:start position:0% +of internal radius that never becomes +large + + align:start position:0% +large + + + align:start position:0% +large +it's controlled by some uh as yet + + align:start position:0% +it's controlled by some uh as yet + + + align:start position:0% +it's controlled by some uh as yet +hypothetical kinds of Dynamics so that + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical kinds of Dynamics so that + + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical kinds of Dynamics so that +from our clumsy human-sized scales what + + align:start position:0% +from our clumsy human-sized scales what + + + align:start position:0% +from our clumsy human-sized scales what +is actually a garden hose at an + + align:start position:0% +is actually a garden hose at an + + + align:start position:0% +is actually a garden hose at an +impossibly tiny radius looks to us + + align:start position:0% +impossibly tiny radius looks to us + + + align:start position:0% +impossibly tiny radius looks to us +indistinguishable from me being merely a + + align:start position:0% +indistinguishable from me being merely a + + + align:start position:0% +indistinguishable from me being merely a +line of zero width that's the kind of + + align:start position:0% +line of zero width that's the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +line of zero width that's the kind of +hand waving version of how you could + + align:start position:0% +hand waving version of how you could + + + align:start position:0% +hand waving version of how you could +compactify in this case one extra + + align:start position:0% +compactify in this case one extra + + + align:start position:0% +compactify in this case one extra +Dimension so we might live in a universe + + align:start position:0% +Dimension so we might live in a universe + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension so we might live in a universe +with X Y and Z macroscopic height width + + align:start position:0% +with X Y and Z macroscopic height width + + + align:start position:0% +with X Y and Z macroscopic height width +and breadth and then W let's say some + + align:start position:0% +and breadth and then W let's say some + + + align:start position:0% +and breadth and then W let's say some +fourth dimension of space but that one + + align:start position:0% +fourth dimension of space but that one + + + align:start position:0% +fourth dimension of space but that one +is a tiny little circle that if uh that + + align:start position:0% +is a tiny little circle that if uh that + + + align:start position:0% +is a tiny little circle that if uh that +we don't probe at at low energies and so + + align:start position:0% +we don't probe at at low energies and so + + + align:start position:0% +we don't probe at at low energies and so +we never see anything kind of we never + + align:start position:0% +we never see anything kind of we never + + + align:start position:0% +we never see anything kind of we never +see this structure because we're never + + align:start position:0% +see this structure because we're never + + + align:start position:0% +see this structure because we're never +measuring it on the right on the right + + align:start position:0% +measuring it on the right on the right + + + align:start position:0% +measuring it on the right on the right +length scales if that if the curvature + + align:start position:0% +length scales if that if the curvature + + + align:start position:0% +length scales if that if the curvature +of that garden hose or the radius where + + align:start position:0% +of that garden hose or the radius where + + + align:start position:0% +of that garden hose or the radius where +I've ordered the plug length we'd have + + align:start position:0% +I've ordered the plug length we'd have + + + align:start position:0% +I've ordered the plug length we'd have +no way to know it directly because we + + align:start position:0% +no way to know it directly because we + + + align:start position:0% +no way to know it directly because we +can't kind of measure anything with such + + align:start position:0% +can't kind of measure anything with such + + + align:start position:0% +can't kind of measure anything with such +high spatial resolution so that's the + + align:start position:0% +high spatial resolution so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +high spatial resolution so that's the +idea to compactify these extra + + align:start position:0% +idea to compactify these extra + + + align:start position:0% +idea to compactify these extra +Dimensions that works pretty + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions that works pretty + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions that works pretty +straightforwardly if you only have one + + align:start position:0% +straightforwardly if you only have one + + + align:start position:0% +straightforwardly if you only have one +extra dementia space to kind of get rid + + align:start position:0% +extra dementia space to kind of get rid + + + align:start position:0% +extra dementia space to kind of get rid +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +but remember these super string theories + + align:start position:0% +but remember these super string theories + + + align:start position:0% +but remember these super string theories +require at least six extra Dimensions + + align:start position:0% +require at least six extra Dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +require at least six extra Dimensions +nine dimensions of space plus one of + + align:start position:0% +nine dimensions of space plus one of + + + align:start position:0% +nine dimensions of space plus one of +time so we we have three macroscopic + + align:start position:0% +time so we we have three macroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +time so we we have three macroscopic +ones that we can self-evidently move + + align:start position:0% +ones that we can self-evidently move + + + align:start position:0% +ones that we can self-evidently move +around in so you have to compactify six + + align:start position:0% +around in so you have to compactify six + + + align:start position:0% +around in so you have to compactify six +extra Dimensions not just one it turns + + align:start position:0% +extra Dimensions not just one it turns + + + align:start position:0% +extra Dimensions not just one it turns +out again as people began finding as + + align:start position:0% +out again as people began finding as + + + align:start position:0% +out again as people began finding as +early as the mid 1980s that that becomes + + align:start position:0% +early as the mid 1980s that that becomes + + + align:start position:0% +early as the mid 1980s that that becomes +an unbelievably complicated problem in + + align:start position:0% +an unbelievably complicated problem in + + + align:start position:0% +an unbelievably complicated problem in +topology that there are estimated to be + + align:start position:0% +topology that there are estimated to be + + + align:start position:0% +topology that there are estimated to be +about a hundred thousand topologically + + align:start position:0% +about a hundred thousand topologically + + + align:start position:0% +about a hundred thousand topologically +distinct ways to kind of curl up or fold + + align:start position:0% +distinct ways to kind of curl up or fold + + + align:start position:0% +distinct ways to kind of curl up or fold +up these six extra Dimensions so at + + align:start position:0% +up these six extra Dimensions so at + + + align:start position:0% +up these six extra Dimensions so at +every point in x y z that we could kind + + align:start position:0% +every point in x y z that we could kind + + + align:start position:0% +every point in x y z that we could kind +of walk along they would be curled up + + align:start position:0% +of walk along they would be curled up + + + align:start position:0% +of walk along they would be curled up +maybe in some different pattern six + + align:start position:0% +maybe in some different pattern six + + + align:start position:0% +maybe in some different pattern six +extra dimensions of space with a + + align:start position:0% +extra dimensions of space with a + + + align:start position:0% +extra dimensions of space with a +characteristic scale of order the Planck + + align:start position:0% +characteristic scale of order the Planck + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic scale of order the Planck +scale 10 to the minus 35th of a meter + + align:start position:0% +scale 10 to the minus 35th of a meter + + + align:start position:0% +scale 10 to the minus 35th of a meter +and yet the actual curling up the shape + + align:start position:0% +and yet the actual curling up the shape + + + align:start position:0% +and yet the actual curling up the shape +of it really the topology could be + + align:start position:0% +of it really the topology could be + + + align:start position:0% +of it really the topology could be +different from one location to the next + + align:start position:0% +different from one location to the next + + + align:start position:0% +different from one location to the next +so people start talking about the + + align:start position:0% +so people start talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +so people start talking about the +so-called kalabai Yao manifolds a topic + + align:start position:0% +so-called kalabai Yao manifolds a topic + + + align:start position:0% +so-called kalabai Yao manifolds a topic +of great interest to pure mathematicians + + align:start position:0% +of great interest to pure mathematicians + + + align:start position:0% +of great interest to pure mathematicians +and some of the string theories wondered + + align:start position:0% +and some of the string theories wondered + + + align:start position:0% +and some of the string theories wondered +would that kind of topology accounting + + align:start position:0% +would that kind of topology accounting + + + align:start position:0% +would that kind of topology accounting +be useful for making sense of these + + align:start position:0% +be useful for making sense of these + + + align:start position:0% +be useful for making sense of these +shrunken down compactified Dimensions my + + align:start position:0% +shrunken down compactified Dimensions my + + + align:start position:0% +shrunken down compactified Dimensions my +next uh book club suggestion is a lovely + + align:start position:0% +next uh book club suggestion is a lovely + + + align:start position:0% +next uh book club suggestion is a lovely +book by a colleague Lisa Randall who's + + align:start position:0% +book by a colleague Lisa Randall who's + + + align:start position:0% +book by a colleague Lisa Randall who's +uh teaches at Harvard she used to teach + + align:start position:0% +uh teaches at Harvard she used to teach + + + align:start position:0% +uh teaches at Harvard she used to teach +at MIT uh but Harvard um convinced her + + align:start position:0% +at MIT uh but Harvard um convinced her + + + align:start position:0% +at MIT uh but Harvard um convinced her +to move all the way across campus and A + + align:start position:0% +to move all the way across campus and A + + + align:start position:0% +to move all the way across campus and A +really lovely book called warped + + align:start position:0% +really lovely book called warped + + + align:start position:0% +really lovely book called warped +passages which Lisa walks through some + + align:start position:0% +passages which Lisa walks through some + + + align:start position:0% +passages which Lisa walks through some +of the kind of reasoning Behind these + + align:start position:0% +of the kind of reasoning Behind these + + + align:start position:0% +of the kind of reasoning Behind these +extra dimensions of space what are + + align:start position:0% +extra dimensions of space what are + + + align:start position:0% +extra dimensions of space what are +different ways to try to make them go + + align:start position:0% +different ways to try to make them go + + + align:start position:0% +different ways to try to make them go +away from our everyday experience so she + + align:start position:0% +away from our everyday experience so she + + + align:start position:0% +away from our everyday experience so she +she plays that I think really very + + align:start position:0% +she plays that I think really very + + + align:start position:0% +she plays that I think really very +nicely + + align:start position:0% +nicely + + + align:start position:0% +nicely +so the the first main conceptual + + align:start position:0% +so the the first main conceptual + + + align:start position:0% +so the the first main conceptual +approach to these extra Dimensions is + + align:start position:0% +approach to these extra Dimensions is + + + align:start position:0% +approach to these extra Dimensions is +curl them up even though it turns out + + align:start position:0% +curl them up even though it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +curl them up even though it turns out +that's pretty complicated to do + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty complicated to do + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty complicated to do +it got even worse uh I would call it + + align:start position:0% +it got even worse uh I would call it + + + align:start position:0% +it got even worse uh I would call it +worse it got more complicated in the + + align:start position:0% +worse it got more complicated in the + + + align:start position:0% +worse it got more complicated in the +early 2000s so they were getting kind of + + align:start position:0% +early 2000s so they were getting kind of + + + align:start position:0% +early 2000s so they were getting kind of +close to where we are today + + align:start position:0% +close to where we are today + + + align:start position:0% +close to where we are today +people who get other string theorists + + align:start position:0% +people who get other string theorists + + + align:start position:0% +people who get other string theorists +begin to realize you don't only have to + + align:start position:0% +begin to realize you don't only have to + + + align:start position:0% +begin to realize you don't only have to +worry about the actual kind of + + align:start position:0% +worry about the actual kind of + + + align:start position:0% +worry about the actual kind of +dimensions of space which can be + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of space which can be + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of space which can be +topologically complicated in those + + align:start position:0% +topologically complicated in those + + + align:start position:0% +topologically complicated in those +so-called calabayal manifolds but you + + align:start position:0% +so-called calabayal manifolds but you + + + align:start position:0% +so-called calabayal manifolds but you +actually have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +actually have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +actually have to worry about +self-consistent configurations of say + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent configurations of say + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent configurations of say +these strings within and among those + + align:start position:0% +these strings within and among those + + + align:start position:0% +these strings within and among those +Dimensions so you don't only have + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions so you don't only have + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions so you don't only have +topologically distinct configurations of + + align:start position:0% +topologically distinct configurations of + + + align:start position:0% +topologically distinct configurations of +geometry you actually have some physical + + align:start position:0% +geometry you actually have some physical + + + align:start position:0% +geometry you actually have some physical +degrees of freedom kind of dancing + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom kind of dancing + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom kind of dancing +around on them and as you can imagine it + + align:start position:0% +around on them and as you can imagine it + + + align:start position:0% +around on them and as you can imagine it +you get quite a different + + align:start position:0% +you get quite a different + + + align:start position:0% +you get quite a different +um solution if your string is wrapped + + align:start position:0% +um solution if your string is wrapped + + + align:start position:0% +um solution if your string is wrapped +around a sphere versus if it's wrapped + + align:start position:0% +around a sphere versus if it's wrapped + + + align:start position:0% +around a sphere versus if it's wrapped +around a Taurus versus if it's wrapped + + align:start position:0% +around a Taurus versus if it's wrapped + + + align:start position:0% +around a Taurus versus if it's wrapped +around a kind of three Taurus or + + align:start position:0% +around a kind of three Taurus or + + + align:start position:0% +around a kind of three Taurus or +whatever else so when they began + + align:start position:0% +whatever else so when they began + + + align:start position:0% +whatever else so when they began +counting up the actual number of of low + + align:start position:0% +counting up the actual number of of low + + + align:start position:0% +counting up the actual number of of low +energy string theory states we worry not + + align:start position:0% +energy string theory states we worry not + + + align:start position:0% +energy string theory states we worry not +only about the geometry of the + + align:start position:0% +only about the geometry of the + + + align:start position:0% +only about the geometry of the +dimensions of space-time but actually + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of space-time but actually + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of space-time but actually +how these physical degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +how these physical degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +how these physical degrees of freedom +these string-like states could be + + align:start position:0% +these string-like states could be + + + align:start position:0% +these string-like states could be +distributed within and among them they + + align:start position:0% +distributed within and among them they + + + align:start position:0% +distributed within and among them they +came up not with 10 to the five a + + align:start position:0% +came up not with 10 to the five a + + + align:start position:0% +came up not with 10 to the five a +hundred thousand they came up with ten + + align:start position:0% +hundred thousand they came up with ten + + + align:start position:0% +hundred thousand they came up with ten +to the 500 which is more than a rounding + + align:start position:0% +to the 500 which is more than a rounding + + + align:start position:0% +to the 500 which is more than a rounding +error + + align:start position:0% +error + + + align:start position:0% +error +so they began to be concerned that there + + align:start position:0% +so they began to be concerned that there + + + align:start position:0% +so they began to be concerned that there +seemed to be 10 to the 500 + + align:start position:0% +seemed to be 10 to the 500 + + + align:start position:0% +seemed to be 10 to the 500 +distinct low energy string States + + align:start position:0% +distinct low energy string States + + + align:start position:0% +distinct low energy string States +10 to the 500. + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 500. + + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 500. +I won't ask for show of hands but it's + + align:start position:0% +I won't ask for show of hands but it's + + + align:start position:0% +I won't ask for show of hands but it's +pretty hard to come up with numbers like + + align:start position:0% +pretty hard to come up with numbers like + + + align:start position:0% +pretty hard to come up with numbers like +10 to the 500. I've tried let me give + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 500. I've tried let me give + + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 500. I've tried let me give +you some of my mundane examples + + align:start position:0% +you some of my mundane examples + + + align:start position:0% +you some of my mundane examples +if internet accounts are to be relieved + + align:start position:0% +if internet accounts are to be relieved + + + align:start position:0% +if internet accounts are to be relieved +then Jeff Bezos has 10 to the five + + align:start position:0% +then Jeff Bezos has 10 to the five + + + align:start position:0% +then Jeff Bezos has 10 to the five +dollars for every buck that I can lay + + align:start position:0% +dollars for every buck that I can lay + + + align:start position:0% +dollars for every buck that I can lay +claim to that means leveraging + + align:start position:0% +claim to that means leveraging + + + align:start position:0% +claim to that means leveraging +everything sell the house the kids never + + align:start position:0% +everything sell the house the kids never + + + align:start position:0% +everything sell the house the kids never +go to college forget the car every + + align:start position:0% +go to college forget the car every + + + align:start position:0% +go to college forget the car every +single Cent I could rub together + + align:start position:0% +single Cent I could rub together + + + align:start position:0% +single Cent I could rub together +Bezos has more than a hundred thousands + + align:start position:0% +Bezos has more than a hundred thousands + + + align:start position:0% +Bezos has more than a hundred thousands +for every dollar I could scrape together + + align:start position:0% +for every dollar I could scrape together + + + align:start position:0% +for every dollar I could scrape together +so like that's either impressive or + + align:start position:0% +so like that's either impressive or + + + align:start position:0% +so like that's either impressive or +depressing it's mostly depressing but 10 + + align:start position:0% +depressing it's mostly depressing but 10 + + + align:start position:0% +depressing it's mostly depressing but 10 +to the 5 is nowhere near 10 to the 500 + + align:start position:0% +to the 5 is nowhere near 10 to the 500 + + + align:start position:0% +to the 5 is nowhere near 10 to the 500 +right okay so now let's go Cosmo law + + align:start position:0% +right okay so now let's go Cosmo law + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so now let's go Cosmo law +let's take the whole universe let's put + + align:start position:0% +let's take the whole universe let's put + + + align:start position:0% +let's take the whole universe let's put +the universe to work for us if we try to + + align:start position:0% +the universe to work for us if we try to + + + align:start position:0% +the universe to work for us if we try to +measure the age of our universe in + + align:start position:0% +measure the age of our universe in + + + align:start position:0% +measure the age of our universe in +seconds we get a measly 10 to the 17. + + align:start position:0% +seconds we get a measly 10 to the 17. + + + align:start position:0% +seconds we get a measly 10 to the 17. +if we're a little fancier and say let's + + align:start position:0% +if we're a little fancier and say let's + + + align:start position:0% +if we're a little fancier and say let's +answer the aid let's measure the age of + + align:start position:0% +answer the aid let's measure the age of + + + align:start position:0% +answer the aid let's measure the age of +the universe with the shortest + + align:start position:0% +the universe with the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +the universe with the shortest +measurable unit of time that that has + + align:start position:0% +measurable unit of time that that has + + + align:start position:0% +measurable unit of time that that has +been measured so far in Quantum Optics + + align:start position:0% +been measured so far in Quantum Optics + + + align:start position:0% +been measured so far in Quantum Optics +that's about a femtosecond the end of + + align:start position:0% +that's about a femtosecond the end of + + + align:start position:0% +that's about a femtosecond the end of +the minus 15th of a second that only + + align:start position:0% +the minus 15th of a second that only + + + align:start position:0% +the minus 15th of a second that only +gets us to something like 10 to the 32. + + align:start position:0% +gets us to something like 10 to the 32. + + + align:start position:0% +gets us to something like 10 to the 32. +we're still scraping that's nowhere near + + align:start position:0% +we're still scraping that's nowhere near + + + align:start position:0% +we're still scraping that's nowhere near +10 to the 500. now let's compare say the + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 500. now let's compare say the + + + align:start position:0% +10 to the 500. now let's compare say the +mass of the entire Milky Way galaxy to + + align:start position:0% +mass of the entire Milky Way galaxy to + + + align:start position:0% +mass of the entire Milky Way galaxy to +the mass of a single electron + + align:start position:0% +the mass of a single electron + + + align:start position:0% +the mass of a single electron +it's really big it's a big Galaxy + + align:start position:0% +it's really big it's a big Galaxy + + + align:start position:0% +it's really big it's a big Galaxy +electrons are tiny that ratio is 10 to + + align:start position:0% +electrons are tiny that ratio is 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +electrons are tiny that ratio is 10 to +the 71. you get the idea right 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +the 71. you get the idea right 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +the 71. you get the idea right 10 to the +71 is basically equal to zero when we're + + align:start position:0% +71 is basically equal to zero when we're + + + align:start position:0% +71 is basically equal to zero when we're +comparing it to to a number like 10 to + + align:start position:0% +comparing it to to a number like 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +comparing it to to a number like 10 to +the 500. so what became either + + align:start position:0% +the 500. so what became either + + + align:start position:0% +the 500. so what became either +interesting or horrifying to me I think + + align:start position:0% +interesting or horrifying to me I think + + + align:start position:0% +interesting or horrifying to me I think +horrifying in the early 2000s was there + + align:start position:0% +horrifying in the early 2000s was there + + + align:start position:0% +horrifying in the early 2000s was there +a number of these string theorists + + align:start position:0% +a number of these string theorists + + + align:start position:0% +a number of these string theorists +realize that there were unfathomably + + align:start position:0% +realize that there were unfathomably + + + align:start position:0% +realize that there were unfathomably +large numbers of what looked to be + + align:start position:0% +large numbers of what looked to be + + + align:start position:0% +large numbers of what looked to be +self-consistent low energy string States + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent low energy string States + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent low energy string States +within uh these strings super String + + align:start position:0% +within uh these strings super String + + + align:start position:0% +within uh these strings super String +Theory models + + align:start position:0% +Theory models + + + align:start position:0% +Theory models +now why should we care because at least + + align:start position:0% +now why should we care because at least + + + align:start position:0% +now why should we care because at least +within this super String Theory + + align:start position:0% +within this super String Theory + + + align:start position:0% +within this super String Theory +framework every single quantity that we + + align:start position:0% +framework every single quantity that we + + + align:start position:0% +framework every single quantity that we +with which we might try to characterize + + align:start position:0% +with which we might try to characterize + + + align:start position:0% +with which we might try to characterize +our universe the masses and charges of + + align:start position:0% +our universe the masses and charges of + + + align:start position:0% +our universe the masses and charges of +every kind of particle every electron + + align:start position:0% +every kind of particle every electron + + + align:start position:0% +every kind of particle every electron +Quark glue on everything uh would depend + + align:start position:0% +Quark glue on everything uh would depend + + + align:start position:0% +Quark glue on everything uh would depend +in principle on the particular one out + + align:start position:0% +in principle on the particular one out + + + align:start position:0% +in principle on the particular one out +of those 10 to the 500 string States in + + align:start position:0% +of those 10 to the 500 string States in + + + align:start position:0% +of those 10 to the 500 string States in +which our universe happens to um to land + + align:start position:0% +which our universe happens to um to land + + + align:start position:0% +which our universe happens to um to land +so even for elementary particles this is + + align:start position:0% +so even for elementary particles this is + + + align:start position:0% +so even for elementary particles this is +a huge mess why is a charging electron + + align:start position:0% +a huge mess why is a charging electron + + + align:start position:0% +a huge mess why is a charging electron +that versus something else + + align:start position:0% +that versus something else + + + align:start position:0% +that versus something else +even for kind of bulk or astrophysical + + align:start position:0% +even for kind of bulk or astrophysical + + + align:start position:0% +even for kind of bulk or astrophysical +properties with which we characterize + + align:start position:0% +properties with which we characterize + + + align:start position:0% +properties with which we characterize +our universities like the expansion rate + + align:start position:0% +our universities like the expansion rate + + + align:start position:0% +our universities like the expansion rate +that's the letter H the Hubble expansion + + align:start position:0% +that's the letter H the Hubble expansion + + + align:start position:0% +that's the letter H the Hubble expansion +parameter the rate at which galaxies + + align:start position:0% +parameter the rate at which galaxies + + + align:start position:0% +parameter the rate at which galaxies +receive from each other or things like + + align:start position:0% +receive from each other or things like + + + align:start position:0% +receive from each other or things like +the value of so-called dark energy or + + align:start position:0% +the value of so-called dark energy or + + + align:start position:0% +the value of so-called dark energy or +the cosmological constant even the bulk + + align:start position:0% +the cosmological constant even the bulk + + + align:start position:0% +the cosmological constant even the bulk +properties with which we try to + + align:start position:0% +properties with which we try to + + + align:start position:0% +properties with which we try to +characterize our universe at large each + + align:start position:0% +characterize our universe at large each + + + align:start position:0% +characterize our universe at large each +of those numbers the actual quantitative + + align:start position:0% +of those numbers the actual quantitative + + + align:start position:0% +of those numbers the actual quantitative +value would in principle depend on which + + align:start position:0% +value would in principle depend on which + + + align:start position:0% +value would in principle depend on which +one of the out of these 10 to the 500 + + align:start position:0% +one of the out of these 10 to the 500 + + + align:start position:0% +one of the out of these 10 to the 500 +distinct string vacuum States so how do + + align:start position:0% +distinct string vacuum States so how do + + + align:start position:0% +distinct string vacuum States so how do +we make any predictions or how to make + + align:start position:0% +we make any predictions or how to make + + + align:start position:0% +we make any predictions or how to make +any sense at all empirically or + + align:start position:0% +any sense at all empirically or + + + align:start position:0% +any sense at all empirically or +quantitatively out of the universe we + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively out of the universe we + + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively out of the universe we +live in either from data like the Large + + align:start position:0% +live in either from data like the Large + + + align:start position:0% +live in either from data like the Large +Hadron Collider or from all our + + align:start position:0% +Hadron Collider or from all our + + + align:start position:0% +Hadron Collider or from all our +astrophysics cosmology if suddenly we + + align:start position:0% +astrophysics cosmology if suddenly we + + + align:start position:0% +astrophysics cosmology if suddenly we +have no way or at least no practical way + + align:start position:0% +have no way or at least no practical way + + + align:start position:0% +have no way or at least no practical way +it seems to to relate this kind of + + align:start position:0% +it seems to to relate this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it seems to to relate this kind of +seemingly fundamental description of + + align:start position:0% +seemingly fundamental description of + + + align:start position:0% +seemingly fundamental description of +nature at these very tiny string scales + + align:start position:0% +nature at these very tiny string scales + + + align:start position:0% +nature at these very tiny string scales +to things we can actually probe measure + + align:start position:0% +to things we can actually probe measure + + + align:start position:0% +to things we can actually probe measure +and wonder about + + align:start position:0% +and wonder about + + + align:start position:0% +and wonder about +that became this new twist in the string + + align:start position:0% +that became this new twist in the string + + + align:start position:0% +that became this new twist in the string +theory Saga in the early 2000s so here + + align:start position:0% +theory Saga in the early 2000s so here + + + align:start position:0% +theory Saga in the early 2000s so here +once again is Alan Alan Guth that idea + + align:start position:0% +once again is Alan Alan Guth that idea + + + align:start position:0% +once again is Alan Alan Guth that idea +about the string so-called string + + align:start position:0% +about the string so-called string + + + align:start position:0% +about the string so-called string +landscape these 10 to the 500 equally + + align:start position:0% +landscape these 10 to the 500 equally + + + align:start position:0% +landscape these 10 to the 500 equally +um equally self-consistent low energy + + align:start position:0% +um equally self-consistent low energy + + + align:start position:0% +um equally self-consistent low energy +states of string theory that set of + + align:start position:0% +states of string theory that set of + + + align:start position:0% +states of string theory that set of +ideas kind of collided with some some + + align:start position:0% +ideas kind of collided with some some + + + align:start position:0% +ideas kind of collided with some some +cosmological ideas which had first been + + align:start position:0% +cosmological ideas which had first been + + + align:start position:0% +cosmological ideas which had first been +developed quite independently so we + + align:start position:0% +developed quite independently so we + + + align:start position:0% +developed quite independently so we +talked in the most recent class session + + align:start position:0% +talked in the most recent class session + + + align:start position:0% +talked in the most recent class session +about Cosmic inflation a set of ideas + + align:start position:0% +about Cosmic inflation a set of ideas + + + align:start position:0% +about Cosmic inflation a set of ideas +that I dearly love + + align:start position:0% +that I dearly love + + + align:start position:0% +that I dearly love +it turns out early on in thinking about + + align:start position:0% +it turns out early on in thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out early on in thinking about +inflation people including Alan and Paul + + align:start position:0% +inflation people including Alan and Paul + + + align:start position:0% +inflation people including Alan and Paul +steinhardt and actually a number of + + align:start position:0% +steinhardt and actually a number of + + + align:start position:0% +steinhardt and actually a number of +folks we mentioned briefly last time + + align:start position:0% +folks we mentioned briefly last time + + + align:start position:0% +folks we mentioned briefly last time +Andre Linde began to recognize something + + align:start position:0% +Andre Linde began to recognize something + + + align:start position:0% +Andre Linde began to recognize something +curious about these inflationary models + + align:start position:0% +curious about these inflationary models + + + align:start position:0% +curious about these inflationary models +basically each inflationary patch each + + align:start position:0% +basically each inflationary patch each + + + align:start position:0% +basically each inflationary patch each +inflation phase let's say has some kind + + align:start position:0% +inflation phase let's say has some kind + + + align:start position:0% +inflation phase let's say has some kind +of natural lifetime it's almost like a + + align:start position:0% +of natural lifetime it's almost like a + + + align:start position:0% +of natural lifetime it's almost like a +radioactive decay that the configuration + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay that the configuration + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay that the configuration +of those higgs-like fields that + + align:start position:0% +of those higgs-like fields that + + + align:start position:0% +of those higgs-like fields that +temporarily drive this very rapid + + align:start position:0% +temporarily drive this very rapid + + + align:start position:0% +temporarily drive this very rapid +accelerating expansion of space and time + + align:start position:0% +accelerating expansion of space and time + + + align:start position:0% +accelerating expansion of space and time +they have a kind of natural Decay or + + align:start position:0% +they have a kind of natural Decay or + + + align:start position:0% +they have a kind of natural Decay or +natural lifetime it's not infinite in + + align:start position:0% +natural lifetime it's not infinite in + + + align:start position:0% +natural lifetime it's not infinite in +fact we know it was a very short-lived + + align:start position:0% +fact we know it was a very short-lived + + + align:start position:0% +fact we know it was a very short-lived +period of inflation and in fact we can + + align:start position:0% +period of inflation and in fact we can + + + align:start position:0% +period of inflation and in fact we can +kind of estimate for a given model what + + align:start position:0% +kind of estimate for a given model what + + + align:start position:0% +kind of estimate for a given model what +the kind of almost like a half-life + + align:start position:0% +the kind of almost like a half-life + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of almost like a half-life +would be for how long that phase should + + align:start position:0% +would be for how long that phase should + + + align:start position:0% +would be for how long that phase should +is expected to last it's probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +is expected to last it's probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +is expected to last it's probabilistic +it's a quantum mechanical process but + + align:start position:0% +it's a quantum mechanical process but + + + align:start position:0% +it's a quantum mechanical process but +it's very similar to calculating a kind + + align:start position:0% +it's very similar to calculating a kind + + + align:start position:0% +it's very similar to calculating a kind +of radioactive half-life and what became + + align:start position:0% +of radioactive half-life and what became + + + align:start position:0% +of radioactive half-life and what became +clear is that for many many many of + + align:start position:0% +clear is that for many many many of + + + align:start position:0% +clear is that for many many many of +these models that otherwise seem to + + align:start position:0% +these models that otherwise seem to + + + align:start position:0% +these models that otherwise seem to +match predictions on our Sky beautifully + + align:start position:0% +match predictions on our Sky beautifully + + + align:start position:0% +match predictions on our Sky beautifully +their their models that seem to have + + align:start position:0% +their their models that seem to have + + + align:start position:0% +their their models that seem to have +many nice features that the the kind of + + align:start position:0% +many nice features that the the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +many nice features that the the kind of +Half-Life the Decay rate so to speak + + align:start position:0% +Half-Life the Decay rate so to speak + + + align:start position:0% +Half-Life the Decay rate so to speak +is actually smaller than the expansion + + align:start position:0% +is actually smaller than the expansion + + + align:start position:0% +is actually smaller than the expansion +rate that in regions that have not yet + + align:start position:0% +rate that in regions that have not yet + + + align:start position:0% +rate that in regions that have not yet +decayed out of that phase space should + + align:start position:0% +decayed out of that phase space should + + + align:start position:0% +decayed out of that phase space should +be stretching exponentially quickly more + + align:start position:0% +be stretching exponentially quickly more + + + align:start position:0% +be stretching exponentially quickly more +quickly than the rate at which + + align:start position:0% +quickly than the rate at which + + + align:start position:0% +quickly than the rate at which +neighboring patches of space will fall + + align:start position:0% +neighboring patches of space will fall + + + align:start position:0% +neighboring patches of space will fall +out of that inflating phase this became + + align:start position:0% +out of that inflating phase this became + + + align:start position:0% +out of that inflating phase this became +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +Eternal inflation and the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +Eternal inflation and the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +Eternal inflation and the idea is that +at least it at least seems + + align:start position:0% +at least it at least seems + + + align:start position:0% +at least it at least seems +self-consistent to suppose based on what + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent to suppose based on what + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent to suppose based on what +we otherwise know that if inflation + + align:start position:0% +we otherwise know that if inflation + + + align:start position:0% +we otherwise know that if inflation +begins anywhere in the universe it never + + align:start position:0% +begins anywhere in the universe it never + + + align:start position:0% +begins anywhere in the universe it never +stops it will stop at that location it's + + align:start position:0% +stops it will stop at that location it's + + + align:start position:0% +stops it will stop at that location it's +not inflating for us right now it'll + + align:start position:0% +not inflating for us right now it'll + + + align:start position:0% +not inflating for us right now it'll +stop at that location but there'll be + + align:start position:0% +stop at that location but there'll be + + + align:start position:0% +stop at that location but there'll be +some other regions of space-time that + + align:start position:0% +some other regions of space-time that + + + align:start position:0% +some other regions of space-time that +are still growing exponentially quickly + + align:start position:0% +are still growing exponentially quickly + + + align:start position:0% +are still growing exponentially quickly +and that's because there's this this + + align:start position:0% +and that's because there's this this + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because there's this this +sort of competition between the kind of + + align:start position:0% +sort of competition between the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of competition between the kind of +rates of for any given location in space + + align:start position:0% +rates of for any given location in space + + + align:start position:0% +rates of for any given location in space +to fall out of inflation that's the kind + + align:start position:0% +to fall out of inflation that's the kind + + + align:start position:0% +to fall out of inflation that's the kind +of get Capital Gap the kind of lifetime + + align:start position:0% +of get Capital Gap the kind of lifetime + + + align:start position:0% +of get Capital Gap the kind of lifetime +of inflating phase and the rate at which + + align:start position:0% +of inflating phase and the rate at which + + + align:start position:0% +of inflating phase and the rate at which +the volume of some neighboring region + + align:start position:0% +the volume of some neighboring region + + + align:start position:0% +the volume of some neighboring region +continues to grow so even though it's + + align:start position:0% +continues to grow so even though it's + + + align:start position:0% +continues to grow so even though it's +perfectly self-consistent for our + + align:start position:0% +perfectly self-consistent for our + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly self-consistent for our +universe that we see around us our + + align:start position:0% +universe that we see around us our + + + align:start position:0% +universe that we see around us our +observable universe not to be in that + + align:start position:0% +observable universe not to be in that + + + align:start position:0% +observable universe not to be in that +inflating phase right now or to have + + align:start position:0% +inflating phase right now or to have + + + align:start position:0% +inflating phase right now or to have +fallen out of the the primordial one for + + align:start position:0% +fallen out of the the primordial one for + + + align:start position:0% +fallen out of the the primordial one for +all we know it looks more likely than + + align:start position:0% +all we know it looks more likely than + + + align:start position:0% +all we know it looks more likely than +not at least in this scheme + + align:start position:0% +not at least in this scheme + + + align:start position:0% +not at least in this scheme +that some region so far away from us we + + align:start position:0% +that some region so far away from us we + + + align:start position:0% +that some region so far away from us we +haven't received even a single light + + align:start position:0% +haven't received even a single light + + + align:start position:0% +haven't received even a single light +beam yet they could still be in an + + align:start position:0% +beam yet they could still be in an + + + align:start position:0% +beam yet they could still be in an +inflating phase and that could happen + + align:start position:0% +inflating phase and that could happen + + + align:start position:0% +inflating phase and that could happen +forever because when that neighboring + + align:start position:0% +forever because when that neighboring + + + align:start position:0% +forever because when that neighboring +Point falls out of inflation some other + + align:start position:0% +Point falls out of inflation some other + + + align:start position:0% +Point falls out of inflation some other +volume of space will grow uh quicker + + align:start position:0% +volume of space will grow uh quicker + + + align:start position:0% +volume of space will grow uh quicker +still + + align:start position:0% +still + + + align:start position:0% +still +so that led to this idea that Andre + + align:start position:0% +so that led to this idea that Andre + + + align:start position:0% +so that led to this idea that Andre +Linde in particular really champ and + + align:start position:0% +Linde in particular really champ and + + + align:start position:0% +Linde in particular really champ and +Alex velenken at Tufts many scholars who + + align:start position:0% +Alex velenken at Tufts many scholars who + + + align:start position:0% +Alex velenken at Tufts many scholars who +were interested in in cosmology began + + align:start position:0% +were interested in in cosmology began + + + align:start position:0% +were interested in in cosmology began +wondering about a so-called Multiverse + + align:start position:0% +wondering about a so-called Multiverse + + + align:start position:0% +wondering about a so-called Multiverse +could it be that our observable universe + + align:start position:0% +could it be that our observable universe + + + align:start position:0% +could it be that our observable universe +everything we've seen everything we + + align:start position:0% +everything we've seen everything we + + + align:start position:0% +everything we've seen everything we +could measure the CMB and all the rest + + align:start position:0% +could measure the CMB and all the rest + + + align:start position:0% +could measure the CMB and all the rest +is that actually just one kind of + + align:start position:0% +is that actually just one kind of + + + align:start position:0% +is that actually just one kind of +self-contained region of space and time + + align:start position:0% +self-contained region of space and time + + + align:start position:0% +self-contained region of space and time +within a a an arbitrarily larger region + + align:start position:0% +within a a an arbitrarily larger region + + + align:start position:0% +within a a an arbitrarily larger region +in the midst of which other patches are + + align:start position:0% +in the midst of which other patches are + + + align:start position:0% +in the midst of which other patches are +still inflating exponentially and others + + align:start position:0% +still inflating exponentially and others + + + align:start position:0% +still inflating exponentially and others +have fallen out as well could you have + + align:start position:0% +have fallen out as well could you have + + + align:start position:0% +have fallen out as well could you have +an infinite Multiverse if inflation + + align:start position:0% +an infinite Multiverse if inflation + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite Multiverse if inflation +never ends if it really could happen + + align:start position:0% +never ends if it really could happen + + + align:start position:0% +never ends if it really could happen +towards T equals infinity then in + + align:start position:0% +towards T equals infinity then in + + + align:start position:0% +towards T equals infinity then in +principle you have an infinite volume of + + align:start position:0% +principle you have an infinite volume of + + + align:start position:0% +principle you have an infinite volume of +space we occupy we can we can observe + + align:start position:0% +space we occupy we can we can observe + + + align:start position:0% +space we occupy we can we can observe +around us a very tiny self-contained + + align:start position:0% +around us a very tiny self-contained + + + align:start position:0% +around us a very tiny self-contained +bubble + + align:start position:0% +bubble + + + align:start position:0% +bubble +within an infinite bathtub we're like a + + align:start position:0% +within an infinite bathtub we're like a + + + align:start position:0% +within an infinite bathtub we're like a +soap bubble within a bathtub that + + align:start position:0% +soap bubble within a bathtub that + + + align:start position:0% +soap bubble within a bathtub that +actually is infinitely large in volume + + align:start position:0% +actually is infinitely large in volume + + + align:start position:0% +actually is infinitely large in volume +so that was the idea of + + align:start position:0% +so that was the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +so that was the idea of +Eternal inflation suggesting not proving + + align:start position:0% +Eternal inflation suggesting not proving + + + align:start position:0% +Eternal inflation suggesting not proving +but suggesting there could exist a + + align:start position:0% +but suggesting there could exist a + + + align:start position:0% +but suggesting there could exist a +Multiverse a huge collection of pocket + + align:start position:0% +Multiverse a huge collection of pocket + + + align:start position:0% +Multiverse a huge collection of pocket +universes well beyond our own with which + + align:start position:0% +universes well beyond our own with which + + + align:start position:0% +universes well beyond our own with which +we can kind of gather information + + align:start position:0% +we can kind of gather information + + + align:start position:0% +we can kind of gather information +and that idea then kind of collided with + + align:start position:0% +and that idea then kind of collided with + + + align:start position:0% +and that idea then kind of collided with +or was merged with this series of ideas + + align:start position:0% +or was merged with this series of ideas + + + align:start position:0% +or was merged with this series of ideas +from string theory in the early 2000s + + align:start position:0% +from string theory in the early 2000s + + + align:start position:0% +from string theory in the early 2000s +and particular the so-called string + + align:start position:0% +and particular the so-called string + + + align:start position:0% +and particular the so-called string +landscape if there are 10 to the 500 + + align:start position:0% +landscape if there are 10 to the 500 + + + align:start position:0% +landscape if there are 10 to the 500 +distinct self-consistent low energy + + align:start position:0% +distinct self-consistent low energy + + + align:start position:0% +distinct self-consistent low energy +string States + + align:start position:0% +string States + + + align:start position:0% +string States +and you have an infinite number of + + align:start position:0% +and you have an infinite number of + + + align:start position:0% +and you have an infinite number of +chances for them to be realized because + + align:start position:0% +chances for them to be realized because + + + align:start position:0% +chances for them to be realized because +you have an infinite Multiverse within + + align:start position:0% +you have an infinite Multiverse within + + + align:start position:0% +you have an infinite Multiverse within +which you could have these + + align:start position:0% +which you could have these + + + align:start position:0% +which you could have these +self-consistent pocket universes + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent pocket universes + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent pocket universes +constantly inflating and then falling + + align:start position:0% +constantly inflating and then falling + + + align:start position:0% +constantly inflating and then falling +out of inflation while neighboring + + align:start position:0% +out of inflation while neighboring + + + align:start position:0% +out of inflation while neighboring +regions inflate could it be + + align:start position:0% +regions inflate could it be + + + align:start position:0% +regions inflate could it be +that every single string state is + + align:start position:0% +that every single string state is + + + align:start position:0% +that every single string state is +actually realized an infinite number of + + align:start position:0% +actually realized an infinite number of + + + align:start position:0% +actually realized an infinite number of +times so 10 to the 500 is Big it's + + align:start position:0% +times so 10 to the 500 is Big it's + + + align:start position:0% +times so 10 to the 500 is Big it's +infinitely smaller than infinity right + + align:start position:0% +infinitely smaller than infinity right + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely smaller than infinity right +you can see where + + align:start position:0% +you can see where + + + align:start position:0% +you can see where +I hope it's clear that I'm not endorsing + + align:start position:0% +I hope it's clear that I'm not endorsing + + + align:start position:0% +I hope it's clear that I'm not endorsing +these ideas I find these ideas + + align:start position:0% +these ideas I find these ideas + + + align:start position:0% +these ideas I find these ideas +pretty unusual is the nicest way I can + + align:start position:0% +pretty unusual is the nicest way I can + + + align:start position:0% +pretty unusual is the nicest way I can +put it but I can at least appreciate why + + align:start position:0% +put it but I can at least appreciate why + + + align:start position:0% +put it but I can at least appreciate why +so many of my colleagues have been led + + align:start position:0% +so many of my colleagues have been led + + + align:start position:0% +so many of my colleagues have been led +to wonder about them you can see the + + align:start position:0% +to wonder about them you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +to wonder about them you can see the +kind of thought train that leads to this + + align:start position:0% +kind of thought train that leads to this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thought train that leads to this +as the next as the next question or + + align:start position:0% +as the next as the next question or + + + align:start position:0% +as the next as the next question or +tentative conclusion + + align:start position:0% +tentative conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +tentative conclusion +uh you can also see how it's getting + + align:start position:0% +uh you can also see how it's getting + + + align:start position:0% +uh you can also see how it's getting +harder and harder to get the kind of + + align:start position:0% +harder and harder to get the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +harder and harder to get the kind of +reinforcement or the input or the kind + + align:start position:0% +reinforcement or the input or the kind + + + align:start position:0% +reinforcement or the input or the kind +of dialogue with with empirical data + + align:start position:0% +of dialogue with with empirical data + + + align:start position:0% +of dialogue with with empirical data +unlike say the early days of Quark + + align:start position:0% +unlike say the early days of Quark + + + align:start position:0% +unlike say the early days of Quark +physics + + align:start position:0% +physics + + + align:start position:0% +physics +so you can at least I hope I hope I can + + align:start position:0% +so you can at least I hope I hope I can + + + align:start position:0% +so you can at least I hope I hope I can +at least convey to you as a as a + + align:start position:0% +at least convey to you as a as a + + + align:start position:0% +at least convey to you as a as a +collegial neighboring skeptic why people + + align:start position:0% +collegial neighboring skeptic why people + + + align:start position:0% +collegial neighboring skeptic why people +ask these kinds of questions right this + + align:start position:0% +ask these kinds of questions right this + + + align:start position:0% +ask these kinds of questions right this +kind of merger of ideas from string + + align:start position:0% +kind of merger of ideas from string + + + align:start position:0% +kind of merger of ideas from string +theory and from um things like uh + + align:start position:0% +theory and from um things like uh + + + align:start position:0% +theory and from um things like uh +inflation okay + + align:start position:0% +inflation okay + + + align:start position:0% +inflation okay +so if every one of the parameters that + + align:start position:0% +so if every one of the parameters that + + + align:start position:0% +so if every one of the parameters that +we measure empirically the masses and + + align:start position:0% +we measure empirically the masses and + + + align:start position:0% +we measure empirically the masses and +charges of Elementary particles uh + + align:start position:0% +charges of Elementary particles uh + + + align:start position:0% +charges of Elementary particles uh +larger properties like the public + + align:start position:0% +larger properties like the public + + + align:start position:0% +larger properties like the public +expansion rate if they were slightly + + align:start position:0% +expansion rate if they were slightly + + + align:start position:0% +expansion rate if they were slightly +different people began to wonder would + + align:start position:0% +different people began to wonder would + + + align:start position:0% +different people began to wonder would +the universe as we know or our + + align:start position:0% +the universe as we know or our + + + align:start position:0% +the universe as we know or our +observable universe have shown anything + + align:start position:0% +observable universe have shown anything + + + align:start position:0% +observable universe have shown anything +like the pattern of evolution that we + + align:start position:0% +like the pattern of evolution that we + + + align:start position:0% +like the pattern of evolution that we +have actually empirically measured could + + align:start position:0% +have actually empirically measured could + + + align:start position:0% +have actually empirically measured could +there have been galaxies that actually + + align:start position:0% +there have been galaxies that actually + + + align:start position:0% +there have been galaxies that actually +formed stably if the expansion rate were + + align:start position:0% +formed stably if the expansion rate were + + + align:start position:0% +formed stably if the expansion rate were +slightly larger the idea was if the + + align:start position:0% +slightly larger the idea was if the + + + align:start position:0% +slightly larger the idea was if the +expansion rate were actually a little + + align:start position:0% +expansion rate were actually a little + + + align:start position:0% +expansion rate were actually a little +bit larger in Early Times could could + + align:start position:0% +bit larger in Early Times could could + + + align:start position:0% +bit larger in Early Times could could +galaxies never have overcome the kind of + + align:start position:0% +galaxies never have overcome the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +galaxies never have overcome the kind of +uh expansive pull of gravity where + + align:start position:0% +uh expansive pull of gravity where + + + align:start position:0% +uh expansive pull of gravity where +they've never coalesced to become + + align:start position:0% +they've never coalesced to become + + + align:start position:0% +they've never coalesced to become +gravity gravitationally uh self-bound if + + align:start position:0% +gravity gravitationally uh self-bound if + + + align:start position:0% +gravity gravitationally uh self-bound if +if the expansion rate were slightly + + align:start position:0% +if the expansion rate were slightly + + + align:start position:0% +if the expansion rate were slightly +larger than it happened to have been in + + align:start position:0% +larger than it happened to have been in + + + align:start position:0% +larger than it happened to have been in +our observable universe maybe there + + align:start position:0% +our observable universe maybe there + + + align:start position:0% +our observable universe maybe there +would never have been galaxies if + + align:start position:0% +would never have been galaxies if + + + align:start position:0% +would never have been galaxies if +there's never galaxies could there be + + align:start position:0% +there's never galaxies could there be + + + align:start position:0% +there's never galaxies could there be +things like stable solar systems or + + align:start position:0% +things like stable solar systems or + + + align:start position:0% +things like stable solar systems or +planets you can play this game all the + + align:start position:0% +planets you can play this game all the + + + align:start position:0% +planets you can play this game all the +way down could there be life as we know + + align:start position:0% +way down could there be life as we know + + + align:start position:0% +way down could there be life as we know +it if any of these + + align:start position:0% +it if any of these + + + align:start position:0% +it if any of these +seemingly fundamental parameters have + + align:start position:0% +seemingly fundamental parameters have + + + align:start position:0% +seemingly fundamental parameters have +been slightly different from the values + + align:start position:0% +been slightly different from the values + + + align:start position:0% +been slightly different from the values +that we happen to measure now it turns + + align:start position:0% +that we happen to measure now it turns + + + align:start position:0% +that we happen to measure now it turns +out historians can remind us that's a + + align:start position:0% +out historians can remind us that's a + + + align:start position:0% +out historians can remind us that's a +very old argument if that sounds + + align:start position:0% +very old argument if that sounds + + + align:start position:0% +very old argument if that sounds +familiar especially to our historians of + + align:start position:0% +familiar especially to our historians of + + + align:start position:0% +familiar especially to our historians of +Science in the group you're right that + + align:start position:0% +Science in the group you're right that + + + align:start position:0% +Science in the group you're right that +idea that if any parameters of our of + + align:start position:0% +idea that if any parameters of our of + + + align:start position:0% +idea that if any parameters of our of +our environment have been slightly + + align:start position:0% +our environment have been slightly + + + align:start position:0% +our environment have been slightly +different then we wouldn't be here that + + align:start position:0% +different then we wouldn't be here that + + + align:start position:0% +different then we wouldn't be here that +goes back at least in in the European + + align:start position:0% +goes back at least in in the European + + + align:start position:0% +goes back at least in in the European +Tradition at least to the late 17th + + align:start position:0% +Tradition at least to the late 17th + + + align:start position:0% +Tradition at least to the late 17th +century I'm sure we could find clever + + align:start position:0% +century I'm sure we could find clever + + + align:start position:0% +century I'm sure we could find clever +anticipations even earlier but some of + + align:start position:0% +anticipations even earlier but some of + + + align:start position:0% +anticipations even earlier but some of +the most famous articulations of that + + align:start position:0% +the most famous articulations of that + + + align:start position:0% +the most famous articulations of that +come from this very Charming book by + + align:start position:0% +come from this very Charming book by + + + align:start position:0% +come from this very Charming book by +Bernard de Fontanella a French natural + + align:start position:0% +Bernard de Fontanella a French natural + + + align:start position:0% +Bernard de Fontanella a French natural +philosopher translated as conversations + + align:start position:0% +philosopher translated as conversations + + + align:start position:0% +philosopher translated as conversations +on the plurality of world it's still in + + align:start position:0% +on the plurality of world it's still in + + + align:start position:0% +on the plurality of world it's still in +print you can buy a cheaper app uh very + + align:start position:0% +print you can buy a cheaper app uh very + + + align:start position:0% +print you can buy a cheaper app uh very +soon after that Isaac Newton was writing + + align:start position:0% +soon after that Isaac Newton was writing + + + align:start position:0% +soon after that Isaac Newton was writing +letters privately to a theologian friend + + align:start position:0% +letters privately to a theologian friend + + + align:start position:0% +letters privately to a theologian friend +of his they were published soon after + + align:start position:0% +of his they were published soon after + + + align:start position:0% +of his they were published soon after +Newton's death his friend Richard + + align:start position:0% +Newton's death his friend Richard + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's death his friend Richard +Bentley he was musing on this as well + + align:start position:0% +Bentley he was musing on this as well + + + align:start position:0% +Bentley he was musing on this as well +to these folks this kind of fine-tuning + + align:start position:0% +to these folks this kind of fine-tuning + + + align:start position:0% +to these folks this kind of fine-tuning +argument was to them Absolute + + align:start position:0% +argument was to them Absolute + + + align:start position:0% +argument was to them Absolute +incontrovertible proof that God exists + + align:start position:0% +incontrovertible proof that God exists + + + align:start position:0% +incontrovertible proof that God exists +and to them that was a kind of Fairly um + + align:start position:0% +and to them that was a kind of Fairly um + + + align:start position:0% +and to them that was a kind of Fairly um +recognizable Christian God of the Bible + + align:start position:0% +recognizable Christian God of the Bible + + + align:start position:0% +recognizable Christian God of the Bible +in their in their Reckoning the idea was + + align:start position:0% +in their in their Reckoning the idea was + + + align:start position:0% +in their in their Reckoning the idea was +that God must have made the world just + + align:start position:0% +that God must have made the world just + + + align:start position:0% +that God must have made the world just +for us if the Earth were slightly + + align:start position:0% +for us if the Earth were slightly + + + align:start position:0% +for us if the Earth were slightly +further from the Sun it would be too + + align:start position:0% +further from the Sun it would be too + + + align:start position:0% +further from the Sun it would be too +cold for us to have flourished if the + + align:start position:0% +cold for us to have flourished if the + + + align:start position:0% +cold for us to have flourished if the +Earth were slightly closer to the + + align:start position:0% +Earth were slightly closer to the + + + align:start position:0% +Earth were slightly closer to the +southern days it would be too hot these + + align:start position:0% +southern days it would be too hot these + + + align:start position:0% +southern days it would be too hot these +kinds of fine-tuning arguments have a + + align:start position:0% +kinds of fine-tuning arguments have a + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of fine-tuning arguments have a +very very long history in astronomy and + + align:start position:0% +very very long history in astronomy and + + + align:start position:0% +very very long history in astronomy and +astrophysics and for a lot of the early + + align:start position:0% +astrophysics and for a lot of the early + + + align:start position:0% +astrophysics and for a lot of the early +Advocates this was taken as literally + + align:start position:0% +Advocates this was taken as literally + + + align:start position:0% +Advocates this was taken as literally +proof of a kind of biblical story of + + align:start position:0% +proof of a kind of biblical story of + + + align:start position:0% +proof of a kind of biblical story of +Genesis that God made the universe + + align:start position:0% +Genesis that God made the universe + + + align:start position:0% +Genesis that God made the universe +literally for us + + align:start position:0% +literally for us + + + align:start position:0% +literally for us +so is that how these later string + + align:start position:0% +so is that how these later string + + + align:start position:0% +so is that how these later string +theorists uh formulated not really but + + align:start position:0% +theorists uh formulated not really but + + + align:start position:0% +theorists uh formulated not really but +not at all + + align:start position:0% +not at all + + + align:start position:0% +not at all +so two-thirds of that fine-tuning + + align:start position:0% +so two-thirds of that fine-tuning + + + align:start position:0% +so two-thirds of that fine-tuning +argument sounds just like what Isaac + + align:start position:0% +argument sounds just like what Isaac + + + align:start position:0% +argument sounds just like what Isaac +Newton or de fontanelle have been saying + + align:start position:0% +Newton or de fontanelle have been saying + + + align:start position:0% +Newton or de fontanelle have been saying +uh 300 years earlier but some of these + + align:start position:0% +uh 300 years earlier but some of these + + + align:start position:0% +uh 300 years earlier but some of these +later more recent Advocates give it an + + align:start position:0% +later more recent Advocates give it an + + + align:start position:0% +later more recent Advocates give it an +interesting twist the appeal not to a + + align:start position:0% +interesting twist the appeal not to a + + + align:start position:0% +interesting twist the appeal not to a +religious or kind of Supernatural Force + + align:start position:0% +religious or kind of Supernatural Force + + + align:start position:0% +religious or kind of Supernatural Force +they appeal back to us in something + + align:start position:0% +they appeal back to us in something + + + align:start position:0% +they appeal back to us in something +called the anthropic principle which + + align:start position:0% +called the anthropic principle which + + + align:start position:0% +called the anthropic principle which +again you might have read about + + align:start position:0% +again you might have read about + + + align:start position:0% +again you might have read about +the idea as I've mentioned before as + + align:start position:0% +the idea as I've mentioned before as + + + align:start position:0% +the idea as I've mentioned before as +even fontanelle and Newton had + + align:start position:0% +even fontanelle and Newton had + + + align:start position:0% +even fontanelle and Newton had +recognized is that the natural constants + + align:start position:0% +recognized is that the natural constants + + + align:start position:0% +recognized is that the natural constants +have to be within seem seem to have to + + align:start position:0% +have to be within seem seem to have to + + + align:start position:0% +have to be within seem seem to have to +be within very specific and actually + + align:start position:0% +be within very specific and actually + + + align:start position:0% +be within very specific and actually +narrow fine-tuned ranges for anything + + align:start position:0% +narrow fine-tuned ranges for anything + + + align:start position:0% +narrow fine-tuned ranges for anything +like Life as we know it to have + + align:start position:0% +like Life as we know it to have + + + align:start position:0% +like Life as we know it to have +um survived to have evolved and survived + + align:start position:0% +um survived to have evolved and survived + + + align:start position:0% +um survived to have evolved and survived +so if those parameters were not within + + align:start position:0% +so if those parameters were not within + + + align:start position:0% +so if those parameters were not within +those finely tuned ranges then we + + align:start position:0% +those finely tuned ranges then we + + + align:start position:0% +those finely tuned ranges then we +wouldn't be here to ask these questions + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be here to ask these questions + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be here to ask these questions +so it comes back to what's the + + align:start position:0% +so it comes back to what's the + + + align:start position:0% +so it comes back to what's the +precondition for cosmologists or any + + align:start position:0% +precondition for cosmologists or any + + + align:start position:0% +precondition for cosmologists or any +humans at all to be asking questions + + align:start position:0% +humans at all to be asking questions + + + align:start position:0% +humans at all to be asking questions +about our universe + + align:start position:0% +about our universe + + + align:start position:0% +about our universe +and so again here are some other very + + align:start position:0% +and so again here are some other very + + + align:start position:0% +and so again here are some other very +nice popular books that came out around + + align:start position:0% +nice popular books that came out around + + + align:start position:0% +nice popular books that came out around +15 years ago or so one by Alex Valentin + + align:start position:0% +15 years ago or so one by Alex Valentin + + + align:start position:0% +15 years ago or so one by Alex Valentin +who teaches it Tufts he's very nearby + + align:start position:0% +who teaches it Tufts he's very nearby + + + align:start position:0% +who teaches it Tufts he's very nearby +a real Pioneer in this work another book + + align:start position:0% +a real Pioneer in this work another book + + + align:start position:0% +a real Pioneer in this work another book +by Leonard suskin who teaches at + + align:start position:0% +by Leonard suskin who teaches at + + + align:start position:0% +by Leonard suskin who teaches at +Stanford and they're both treating + + align:start position:0% +Stanford and they're both treating + + + align:start position:0% +Stanford and they're both treating +discussing these these more recent + + align:start position:0% +discussing these these more recent + + + align:start position:0% +discussing these these more recent +developments when the string landscape + + align:start position:0% +developments when the string landscape + + + align:start position:0% +developments when the string landscape +meets the Multiverse and you can see + + align:start position:0% +meets the Multiverse and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +meets the Multiverse and you can see +each of their answers are very clearly + + align:start position:0% +each of their answers are very clearly + + + align:start position:0% +each of their answers are very clearly +not appealing to a kind of religious + + align:start position:0% +not appealing to a kind of religious + + + align:start position:0% +not appealing to a kind of religious +explanation + + align:start position:0% +explanation + + + align:start position:0% +explanation +in fact they say the basic structure the + + align:start position:0% +in fact they say the basic structure the + + + align:start position:0% +in fact they say the basic structure the +argument is if there are 10 to the 500 + + align:start position:0% +argument is if there are 10 to the 500 + + + align:start position:0% +argument is if there are 10 to the 500 +distinct string States Each of which has + + align:start position:0% +distinct string States Each of which has + + + align:start position:0% +distinct string States Each of which has +an infinite number of chances because + + align:start position:0% +an infinite number of chances because + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite number of chances because +this eternal inflation argument Each of + + align:start position:0% +this eternal inflation argument Each of + + + align:start position:0% +this eternal inflation argument Each of +which is realized in an actual physical + + align:start position:0% +which is realized in an actual physical + + + align:start position:0% +which is realized in an actual physical +volume of space an infinite number of + + align:start position:0% +volume of space an infinite number of + + + align:start position:0% +volume of space an infinite number of +times then it just takes pure random + + align:start position:0% +times then it just takes pure random + + + align:start position:0% +times then it just takes pure random +chance it's almost kind of darwinian + + align:start position:0% +chance it's almost kind of darwinian + + + align:start position:0% +chance it's almost kind of darwinian +that we would evolve where we are to + + align:start position:0% +that we would evolve where we are to + + + align:start position:0% +that we would evolve where we are to +measure the constants we do because we + + align:start position:0% +measure the constants we do because we + + + align:start position:0% +measure the constants we do because we +had no choice that is a any difference + + align:start position:0% +had no choice that is a any difference + + + align:start position:0% +had no choice that is a any difference +in those constants which might really be + + align:start position:0% +in those constants which might really be + + + align:start position:0% +in those constants which might really be +happening arbitrarily far away we People + + align:start position:0% +happening arbitrarily far away we People + + + align:start position:0% +happening arbitrarily far away we People +Like Us wouldn't have evolved there to + + align:start position:0% +Like Us wouldn't have evolved there to + + + align:start position:0% +Like Us wouldn't have evolved there to +ask those questions so the explanation + + align:start position:0% +ask those questions so the explanation + + + align:start position:0% +ask those questions so the explanation +why do we measure this value for the + + align:start position:0% +why do we measure this value for the + + + align:start position:0% +why do we measure this value for the +expansion rate or that value for the + + align:start position:0% +expansion rate or that value for the + + + align:start position:0% +expansion rate or that value for the +mass electron is not they argue because + + align:start position:0% +mass electron is not they argue because + + + align:start position:0% +mass electron is not they argue because +we have to know why one special value + + align:start position:0% +we have to know why one special value + + + align:start position:0% +we have to know why one special value +out of those 10 to the 500 gets picked + + align:start position:0% +out of those 10 to the 500 gets picked + + + align:start position:0% +out of those 10 to the 500 gets picked +out but simply to say they're all out + + align:start position:0% +out but simply to say they're all out + + + align:start position:0% +out but simply to say they're all out +there each of the 10 to 500s out there + + align:start position:0% +there each of the 10 to 500s out there + + + align:start position:0% +there each of the 10 to 500s out there +Beyond you know beyond our our immediate + + align:start position:0% +Beyond you know beyond our our immediate + + + align:start position:0% +Beyond you know beyond our our immediate +um vicinity + + align:start position:0% +um vicinity + + + align:start position:0% +um vicinity +we should only ever expect to measure + + align:start position:0% +we should only ever expect to measure + + + align:start position:0% +we should only ever expect to measure +the constants that we do because of the + + align:start position:0% +the constants that we do because of the + + + align:start position:0% +the constants that we do because of the +chain of causes it had to happen for + + align:start position:0% +chain of causes it had to happen for + + + align:start position:0% +chain of causes it had to happen for +life at least as we currently understand + + align:start position:0% +life at least as we currently understand + + + align:start position:0% +life at least as we currently understand +it to have been able to come around to + + align:start position:0% +it to have been able to come around to + + + align:start position:0% +it to have been able to come around to +ask those questions so it's not that you + + align:start position:0% +ask those questions so it's not that you + + + align:start position:0% +ask those questions so it's not that you +pick out one string State physically you + + align:start position:0% +pick out one string State physically you + + + align:start position:0% +pick out one string State physically you +say we'd only ever be able to measure a + + align:start position:0% +say we'd only ever be able to measure a + + + align:start position:0% +say we'd only ever be able to measure a +certain uh very small subset + + align:start position:0% +certain uh very small subset + + + align:start position:0% +certain uh very small subset +so some critics I mean say critics + + align:start position:0% +so some critics I mean say critics + + + align:start position:0% +so some critics I mean say critics +within physics critics and Nobel + + align:start position:0% +within physics critics and Nobel + + + align:start position:0% +within physics critics and Nobel +laureates within hierarchy theory for + + align:start position:0% +laureates within hierarchy theory for + + + align:start position:0% +laureates within hierarchy theory for +example some of them really really don't + + align:start position:0% +example some of them really really don't + + + align:start position:0% +example some of them really really don't +like this idea I personally am still + + align:start position:0% +like this idea I personally am still + + + align:start position:0% +like this idea I personally am still +rather um ambivalent to put it mildly + + align:start position:0% +rather um ambivalent to put it mildly + + + align:start position:0% +rather um ambivalent to put it mildly +critics will have called it in print + + align:start position:0% +critics will have called it in print + + + align:start position:0% +critics will have called it in print +dangerous disappointing a virus which + + align:start position:0% +dangerous disappointing a virus which + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous disappointing a virus which +was scary even before coronavirus now it + + align:start position:0% +was scary even before coronavirus now it + + + align:start position:0% +was scary even before coronavirus now it +really makes me shudder an abdication of + + align:start position:0% +really makes me shudder an abdication of + + + align:start position:0% +really makes me shudder an abdication of +the of what physicists should be doing + + align:start position:0% +the of what physicists should be doing + + + align:start position:0% +the of what physicists should be doing +this inspires strong reactions + + align:start position:0% +this inspires strong reactions + + + align:start position:0% +this inspires strong reactions +Lenny suskin in in this book here uh + + align:start position:0% +Lenny suskin in in this book here uh + + + align:start position:0% +Lenny suskin in in this book here uh +sort of knows that perfectly well he's + + align:start position:0% +sort of knows that perfectly well he's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of knows that perfectly well he's +no stranger to + + align:start position:0% +no stranger to + + + align:start position:0% +no stranger to +um making bold statements so suskin + + align:start position:0% +um making bold statements so suskin + + + align:start position:0% +um making bold statements so suskin +actually borrowed for the um epigraph of + + align:start position:0% +actually borrowed for the um epigraph of + + + align:start position:0% +actually borrowed for the um epigraph of +his book the famous and probably + + align:start position:0% +his book the famous and probably + + + align:start position:0% +his book the famous and probably +apocryphal statement from um uh piercing + + align:start position:0% +apocryphal statement from um uh piercing + + + align:start position:0% +apocryphal statement from um uh piercing +under LaPlace in answering Napoleon + + align:start position:0% +under LaPlace in answering Napoleon + + + align:start position:0% +under LaPlace in answering Napoleon +Napoleon was so impressed by laplace's + + align:start position:0% +Napoleon was so impressed by laplace's + + + align:start position:0% +Napoleon was so impressed by laplace's +18th century kind of Newtonian Cosmos + + align:start position:0% +18th century kind of Newtonian Cosmos + + + align:start position:0% +18th century kind of Newtonian Cosmos +they could account for the motion of + + align:start position:0% +they could account for the motion of + + + align:start position:0% +they could account for the motion of +planets and comets and everything with + + align:start position:0% +planets and comets and everything with + + + align:start position:0% +planets and comets and everything with +such great Precision Napoleon supposedly + + align:start position:0% +such great Precision Napoleon supposedly + + + align:start position:0% +such great Precision Napoleon supposedly +had asked had asked LaPlace where is the + + align:start position:0% +had asked had asked LaPlace where is the + + + align:start position:0% +had asked had asked LaPlace where is the +room for God in your theory and LaPlace + + align:start position:0% +room for God in your theory and LaPlace + + + align:start position:0% +room for God in your theory and LaPlace +like suskin says your highness I have no + + align:start position:0% +like suskin says your highness I have no + + + align:start position:0% +like suskin says your highness I have no +need of that + + align:start position:0% +need of that + + + align:start position:0% +need of that +he doesn't need as Newton seem to need + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't need as Newton seem to need + + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't need as Newton seem to need +an appeal to a kind of religious or + + align:start position:0% +an appeal to a kind of religious or + + + align:start position:0% +an appeal to a kind of religious or +biblical + + align:start position:0% +biblical + + + align:start position:0% +biblical +um Supernatural Force he says you just + + align:start position:0% +um Supernatural Force he says you just + + + align:start position:0% +um Supernatural Force he says you just +have to have 10 to the 500 distinct + + align:start position:0% +have to have 10 to the 500 distinct + + + align:start position:0% +have to have 10 to the 500 distinct +States and an infinite number of chances + + align:start position:0% +States and an infinite number of chances + + + align:start position:0% +States and an infinite number of chances +and we would be we would measure around + + align:start position:0% +and we would be we would measure around + + + align:start position:0% +and we would be we would measure around +our universe only those that would be + + align:start position:0% +our universe only those that would be + + + align:start position:0% +our universe only those that would be +consistent with us being there to + + align:start position:0% +consistent with us being there to + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with us being there to +measure them again I'm not endorsing + + align:start position:0% +measure them again I'm not endorsing + + + align:start position:0% +measure them again I'm not endorsing +that view I find that + + align:start position:0% +that view I find that + + + align:start position:0% +that view I find that +um interesting although I personally am + + align:start position:0% +um interesting although I personally am + + + align:start position:0% +um interesting although I personally am +rather ambivalent but hopefully you can + + align:start position:0% +rather ambivalent but hopefully you can + + + align:start position:0% +rather ambivalent but hopefully you can +again see how the kind of chain of + + align:start position:0% +again see how the kind of chain of + + + align:start position:0% +again see how the kind of chain of +reasoning has unfolded to where uh this + + align:start position:0% +reasoning has unfolded to where uh this + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning has unfolded to where uh this +is now talked about + + align:start position:0% +is now talked about + + + align:start position:0% +is now talked about +with some great attention a great um + + align:start position:0% +with some great attention a great um + + + align:start position:0% +with some great attention a great um +inspires great passions among physicists + + align:start position:0% +inspires great passions among physicists + + + align:start position:0% +inspires great passions among physicists +and cosmologists so let me pause there + + align:start position:0% +and cosmologists so let me pause there + + + align:start position:0% +and cosmologists so let me pause there +again any questions on the string + + align:start position:0% +again any questions on the string + + + align:start position:0% +again any questions on the string +landscape on Eternal inflation on uh + + align:start position:0% +landscape on Eternal inflation on uh + + + align:start position:0% +landscape on Eternal inflation on uh +anthropic principle any of these juicy + + align:start position:0% +anthropic principle any of these juicy + + + align:start position:0% +anthropic principle any of these juicy +ideas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +very good Stephen thank you oh that's a + + align:start position:0% +very good Stephen thank you oh that's a + + + align:start position:0% +very good Stephen thank you oh that's a +great question + + align:start position:0% +great question + + + align:start position:0% +great question +the short answer is in principle yes + + align:start position:0% +the short answer is in principle yes + + + align:start position:0% +the short answer is in principle yes +these this could if we had a kind of + + align:start position:0% +these this could if we had a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +these this could if we had a kind of +arbitrarily powerful microscope if we + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily powerful microscope if we + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily powerful microscope if we +could zoom in to length scales of order + + align:start position:0% +could zoom in to length scales of order + + + align:start position:0% +could zoom in to length scales of order +the Planck length 10 to the minus 35th + + align:start position:0% +the Planck length 10 to the minus 35th + + + align:start position:0% +the Planck length 10 to the minus 35th +of a meter which we can't + + align:start position:0% +of a meter which we can't + + + align:start position:0% +of a meter which we can't +that it could be that each of those was + + align:start position:0% +that it could be that each of those was + + + align:start position:0% +that it could be that each of those was +sort of separately realized at each + + align:start position:0% +sort of separately realized at each + + + align:start position:0% +sort of separately realized at each +point that we had separately called x + + align:start position:0% +point that we had separately called x + + + align:start position:0% +point that we had separately called x +equals one x equals two x equals three + + align:start position:0% +equals one x equals two x equals three + + + align:start position:0% +equals one x equals two x equals three +of the macroscopic space that we + + align:start position:0% +of the macroscopic space that we + + + align:start position:0% +of the macroscopic space that we +otherwise can can move around and + + align:start position:0% +otherwise can can move around and + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise can can move around and +measure so it's not that they must have + + align:start position:0% +measure so it's not that they must have + + + align:start position:0% +measure so it's not that they must have +been but actually that they um could + + align:start position:0% +been but actually that they um could + + + align:start position:0% +been but actually that they um could +have been that these are each + + align:start position:0% +have been that these are each + + + align:start position:0% +have been that these are each +self-consistent viable solutions to this + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent viable solutions to this + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent viable solutions to this +complicated set of strings super String + + align:start position:0% +complicated set of strings super String + + + align:start position:0% +complicated set of strings super String +Theory um equations and in principle + + align:start position:0% +Theory um equations and in principle + + + align:start position:0% +Theory um equations and in principle +they each of them could independently be + + align:start position:0% +they each of them could independently be + + + align:start position:0% +they each of them could independently be +realized or it could be that there's + + align:start position:0% +realized or it could be that there's + + + align:start position:0% +realized or it could be that there's +some kind of coherent structure where + + align:start position:0% +some kind of coherent structure where + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of coherent structure where +they all look the same in one region but + + align:start position:0% +they all look the same in one region but + + + align:start position:0% +they all look the same in one region but +then uh in some macroscopically distant + + align:start position:0% +then uh in some macroscopically distant + + + align:start position:0% +then uh in some macroscopically distant +region uh some other set of values might + + align:start position:0% +region uh some other set of values might + + + align:start position:0% +region uh some other set of values might +have um taken place in when the idea + + align:start position:0% +have um taken place in when the idea + + + align:start position:0% +have um taken place in when the idea +gets combined with the string landscape + + align:start position:0% +gets combined with the string landscape + + + align:start position:0% +gets combined with the string landscape +it's more the latter that there are + + align:start position:0% +it's more the latter that there are + + + align:start position:0% +it's more the latter that there are +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +microscopic regions where there would + + align:start position:0% +microscopic regions where there would + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic regions where there would +have been one of those States versus + + align:start position:0% +have been one of those States versus + + + align:start position:0% +have been one of those States versus +another but then something like the + + align:start position:0% +another but then something like the + + + align:start position:0% +another but then something like the +Higgs field or an inflation-causing + + align:start position:0% +Higgs field or an inflation-causing + + + align:start position:0% +Higgs field or an inflation-causing +field settles into one of those vacuum + + align:start position:0% +field settles into one of those vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +field settles into one of those vacuum +safes versus another and then the volume + + align:start position:0% +safes versus another and then the volume + + + align:start position:0% +safes versus another and then the volume +of that space the three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +of that space the three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +of that space the three-dimensional +volume that's phase grows exponentially + + align:start position:0% +volume that's phase grows exponentially + + + align:start position:0% +volume that's phase grows exponentially +so when you start combining the the 10 + + align:start position:0% +so when you start combining the the 10 + + + align:start position:0% +so when you start combining the the 10 +to the 500 with ideas about inflation + + align:start position:0% +to the 500 with ideas about inflation + + + align:start position:0% +to the 500 with ideas about inflation +then it becomes more like we should only + + align:start position:0% +then it becomes more like we should only + + + align:start position:0% +then it becomes more like we should only +be able to measure one of those versions + + align:start position:0% +be able to measure one of those versions + + + align:start position:0% +be able to measure one of those versions +macroscopically but they're all the + + align:start position:0% +macroscopically but they're all the + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopically but they're all the +others could still be realized elsewhere + + align:start position:0% +others could still be realized elsewhere + + + align:start position:0% +others could still be realized elsewhere +so to the string theorists alone the + + align:start position:0% +so to the string theorists alone the + + + align:start position:0% +so to the string theorists alone the +idea was each of those could be a + + align:start position:0% +idea was each of those could be a + + + align:start position:0% +idea was each of those could be a +self-consistent solution at any + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent solution at any + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent solution at any +arbitrarily small you know uh uh + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily small you know uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily small you know uh uh +location in in the XYZ space we use but + + align:start position:0% +location in in the XYZ space we use but + + + align:start position:0% +location in in the XYZ space we use but +if you start thinking about a kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +if you start thinking about a kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +if you start thinking about a kind of uh +combining that with inflation the idea + + align:start position:0% +combining that with inflation the idea + + + align:start position:0% +combining that with inflation the idea +tends to be + + align:start position:0% +tends to be + + + align:start position:0% +tends to be +that all those are kind of near each + + align:start position:0% +that all those are kind of near each + + + align:start position:0% +that all those are kind of near each +other so to speak at Early times but + + align:start position:0% +other so to speak at Early times but + + + align:start position:0% +other so to speak at Early times but +then the whatever's going to start + + align:start position:0% +then the whatever's going to start + + + align:start position:0% +then the whatever's going to start +driving a macroscopic inflation for the + + align:start position:0% +driving a macroscopic inflation for the + + + align:start position:0% +driving a macroscopic inflation for the +dimensions that we can that we live in + + align:start position:0% +dimensions that we can that we live in + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions that we can that we live in +will actually stretch the space + + align:start position:0% +will actually stretch the space + + + align:start position:0% +will actually stretch the space +containing that one string State uh + + align:start position:0% +containing that one string State uh + + + align:start position:0% +containing that one string State uh +rather than the neighbor + + align:start position:0% +rather than the neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +rather than the neighbor +so I guess the the in in an eternal + + align:start position:0% +so I guess the the in in an eternal + + + align:start position:0% +so I guess the the in in an eternal +inflation Multiverse model I think the + + align:start position:0% +inflation Multiverse model I think the + + + align:start position:0% +inflation Multiverse model I think the +idea would more be like we would expect + + align:start position:0% +idea would more be like we would expect + + + align:start position:0% +idea would more be like we would expect +to have a coherence + + align:start position:0% +to have a coherence + + + align:start position:0% +to have a coherence +uh that if we could zoom in with our + + align:start position:0% +uh that if we could zoom in with our + + + align:start position:0% +uh that if we could zoom in with our +microscope we measure the same string + + align:start position:0% +microscope we measure the same string + + + align:start position:0% +microscope we measure the same string +state within our own kind of macroscopic + + align:start position:0% +state within our own kind of macroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +state within our own kind of macroscopic +bubble even though in principle there + + align:start position:0% +bubble even though in principle there + + + align:start position:0% +bubble even though in principle there +could be bubbles out there where it's + + align:start position:0% +could be bubbles out there where it's + + + align:start position:0% +could be bubbles out there where it's +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +uh so Alex asks oh go Stephen go ahead + + align:start position:0% +uh so Alex asks oh go Stephen go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +uh so Alex asks oh go Stephen go ahead +did you ever follow + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think in principle they could but but + + align:start position:0% +I think in principle they could but but + + + align:start position:0% +I think in principle they could but but +if you add on the Dynamics that you're + + align:start position:0% +if you add on the Dynamics that you're + + + align:start position:0% +if you add on the Dynamics that you're +actually expanding really stretching one + + align:start position:0% +actually expanding really stretching one + + + align:start position:0% +actually expanding really stretching one +region of space to the exclusion of + + align:start position:0% +region of space to the exclusion of + + + align:start position:0% +region of space to the exclusion of +another then you're kind of stretching + + align:start position:0% +another then you're kind of stretching + + + align:start position:0% +another then you're kind of stretching +the space that was filled with one of + + align:start position:0% +the space that was filled with one of + + + align:start position:0% +the space that was filled with one of +those States I think that's the item so + + align:start position:0% +those States I think that's the item so + + + align:start position:0% +those States I think that's the item so +Alex asks of those 10 500 States before + + align:start position:0% +Alex asks of those 10 500 States before + + + align:start position:0% +Alex asks of those 10 500 States before +the Infinities how many are actually + + align:start position:0% +the Infinities how many are actually + + + align:start position:0% +the Infinities how many are actually +livable right so that's a good question + + align:start position:0% +livable right so that's a good question + + + align:start position:0% +livable right so that's a good question +Alex and part of the question is I + + align:start position:0% +Alex and part of the question is I + + + align:start position:0% +Alex and part of the question is I +honestly I don't think anyone really + + align:start position:0% +honestly I don't think anyone really + + + align:start position:0% +honestly I don't think anyone really +knows because + + align:start position:0% +knows because + + + align:start position:0% +knows because +you know we could sort of we could take + + align:start position:0% +you know we could sort of we could take + + + align:start position:0% +you know we could sort of we could take +what we think we know about the origin + + align:start position:0% +what we think we know about the origin + + + align:start position:0% +what we think we know about the origin +of Life what I know about the origin of + + align:start position:0% +of Life what I know about the origin of + + + align:start position:0% +of Life what I know about the origin of +life is approximately zero but people + + align:start position:0% +life is approximately zero but people + + + align:start position:0% +life is approximately zero but people +look at it more carefully or even + + align:start position:0% +look at it more carefully or even + + + align:start position:0% +look at it more carefully or even +something that's maybe closer to + + align:start position:0% +something that's maybe closer to + + + align:start position:0% +something that's maybe closer to +astrophysics like what would it take for + + align:start position:0% +astrophysics like what would it take for + + + align:start position:0% +astrophysics like what would it take for +stable galaxies to form and not get + + align:start position:0% +stable galaxies to form and not get + + + align:start position:0% +stable galaxies to form and not get +ripped apart by a too fast expanding + + align:start position:0% +ripped apart by a too fast expanding + + + align:start position:0% +ripped apart by a too fast expanding +early universe that's one that uh that + + align:start position:0% +early universe that's one that uh that + + + align:start position:0% +early universe that's one that uh that +people look at in more quantitative + + align:start position:0% +people look at in more quantitative + + + align:start position:0% +people look at in more quantitative +detail + + align:start position:0% +detail + + + align:start position:0% +detail +so if you change one parameter in this + + align:start position:0% +so if you change one parameter in this + + + align:start position:0% +so if you change one parameter in this +case the early expansion rate you either + + align:start position:0% +case the early expansion rate you either + + + align:start position:0% +case the early expansion rate you either +do or don't get stable galaxies to form + + align:start position:0% +do or don't get stable galaxies to form + + + align:start position:0% +do or don't get stable galaxies to form +but we have a lot of parameters we could + + align:start position:0% +but we have a lot of parameters we could + + + align:start position:0% +but we have a lot of parameters we could +tweak what if we tweaked the + + align:start position:0% +tweak what if we tweaked the + + + align:start position:0% +tweak what if we tweaked the +electromagnetic force and the unit + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic force and the unit + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic force and the unit +strength of gravity and the expansion + + align:start position:0% +strength of gravity and the expansion + + + align:start position:0% +strength of gravity and the expansion +rate and right so who's to say in this + + align:start position:0% +rate and right so who's to say in this + + + align:start position:0% +rate and right so who's to say in this +multi-dimensional system of constants + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional system of constants + + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional system of constants +and even the ones that we know about + + align:start position:0% +and even the ones that we know about + + + align:start position:0% +and even the ones that we know about +then one one couldn't find sort of + + align:start position:0% +then one one couldn't find sort of + + + align:start position:0% +then one one couldn't find sort of +compensating solutions could we find + + align:start position:0% +compensating solutions could we find + + + align:start position:0% +compensating solutions could we find +Galaxy's form if we did have the faster + + align:start position:0% +Galaxy's form if we did have the faster + + + align:start position:0% +Galaxy's form if we did have the faster +early expansion rate but if we tweaked + + align:start position:0% +early expansion rate but if we tweaked + + + align:start position:0% +early expansion rate but if we tweaked +three other parameters in of our choice + + align:start position:0% +three other parameters in of our choice + + + align:start position:0% +three other parameters in of our choice +and that's I think a well-posed critique + + align:start position:0% +and that's I think a well-posed critique + + + align:start position:0% +and that's I think a well-posed critique +of this like wiggle one parameter fine + + align:start position:0% +of this like wiggle one parameter fine + + + align:start position:0% +of this like wiggle one parameter fine +things do or don't work and to be honest + + align:start position:0% +things do or don't work and to be honest + + + align:start position:0% +things do or don't work and to be honest +I think a lot of the work so far has + + align:start position:0% +I think a lot of the work so far has + + + align:start position:0% +I think a lot of the work so far has +still been understandably to make it + + align:start position:0% +still been understandably to make it + + + align:start position:0% +still been understandably to make it +computationally tractable I understand + + align:start position:0% +computationally tractable I understand + + + align:start position:0% +computationally tractable I understand +that it's still mostly been like wiggle + + align:start position:0% +that it's still mostly been like wiggle + + + align:start position:0% +that it's still mostly been like wiggle +one constant what changes if this force + + align:start position:0% +one constant what changes if this force + + + align:start position:0% +one constant what changes if this force +of if the value of the electric charge + + align:start position:0% +of if the value of the electric charge + + + align:start position:0% +of if the value of the electric charge +was slightly different could you have + + align:start position:0% +was slightly different could you have + + + align:start position:0% +was slightly different could you have +stable hydrogen atoms yes or no okay + + align:start position:0% +stable hydrogen atoms yes or no okay + + + align:start position:0% +stable hydrogen atoms yes or no okay +well if I tweak that in five other + + align:start position:0% +well if I tweak that in five other + + + align:start position:0% +well if I tweak that in five other +things maybe I can again + + align:start position:0% +things maybe I can again + + + align:start position:0% +things maybe I can again +so the short answer Alex to your very + + align:start position:0% +so the short answer Alex to your very + + + align:start position:0% +so the short answer Alex to your very +well posed question is I don't know and + + align:start position:0% +well posed question is I don't know and + + + align:start position:0% +well posed question is I don't know and +frankly I don't think anyone knows the + + align:start position:0% +frankly I don't think anyone knows the + + + align:start position:0% +frankly I don't think anyone knows the +way people have tried to pose that is in + + align:start position:0% +way people have tried to pose that is in + + + align:start position:0% +way people have tried to pose that is in +this somewhat kind of simplified or + + align:start position:0% +this somewhat kind of simplified or + + + align:start position:0% +this somewhat kind of simplified or +let's say tractable approach but I agree + + align:start position:0% +let's say tractable approach but I agree + + + align:start position:0% +let's say tractable approach but I agree +it's If we're honest about it I think + + align:start position:0% +it's If we're honest about it I think + + + align:start position:0% +it's If we're honest about it I think +it's a wide open question + + align:start position:0% +it's a wide open question + + + align:start position:0% +it's a wide open question +uh Kay asks is there any connection + + align:start position:0% +uh Kay asks is there any connection + + + align:start position:0% +uh Kay asks is there any connection +between the anthropic principle and the + + align:start position:0% +between the anthropic principle and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the anthropic principle and the +quantity idea that Quantum values don't + + align:start position:0% +quantity idea that Quantum values don't + + + align:start position:0% +quantity idea that Quantum values don't +exist until we choose to measure there + + align:start position:0% +exist until we choose to measure there + + + align:start position:0% +exist until we choose to measure there +could be connections it's a great + + align:start position:0% +could be connections it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +could be connections it's a great +question okay one of my co-authors so + + align:start position:0% +question okay one of my co-authors so + + + align:start position:0% +question okay one of my co-authors so +now he's getting close to home I I'm + + align:start position:0% +now he's getting close to home I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +now he's getting close to home I I'm +I've been tainted by all these crazy + + align:start position:0% +I've been tainted by all these crazy + + + align:start position:0% +I've been tainted by all these crazy +people no a very different has actually + + align:start position:0% +people no a very different has actually + + + align:start position:0% +people no a very different has actually +published on on a kind of quantum + + align:start position:0% +published on on a kind of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +published on on a kind of quantum +Multiverse what if the many worlds + + align:start position:0% +Multiverse what if the many worlds + + + align:start position:0% +Multiverse what if the many worlds +interpretation from quantity which I + + align:start position:0% +interpretation from quantity which I + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation from quantity which I +think is kind of like what you're + + align:start position:0% +think is kind of like what you're + + + align:start position:0% +think is kind of like what you're +referring to here okay + + align:start position:0% +referring to here okay + + + align:start position:0% +referring to here okay +what if the many worlds interpretation + + align:start position:0% +what if the many worlds interpretation + + + align:start position:0% +what if the many worlds interpretation +of quantum theory were actually realized + + align:start position:0% +of quantum theory were actually realized + + + align:start position:0% +of quantum theory were actually realized +in physically distinct but disjointed + + align:start position:0% +in physically distinct but disjointed + + + align:start position:0% +in physically distinct but disjointed +um regions of space like in the like in + + align:start position:0% +um regions of space like in the like in + + + align:start position:0% +um regions of space like in the like in +the uh Multiverse so one can at least + + align:start position:0% +the uh Multiverse so one can at least + + + align:start position:0% +the uh Multiverse so one can at least +try to pursue those questions it's not + + align:start position:0% +try to pursue those questions it's not + + + align:start position:0% +try to pursue those questions it's not +required so so typically these are + + align:start position:0% +required so so typically these are + + + align:start position:0% +required so so typically these are +actually separate sort of kinds of many + + align:start position:0% +actually separate sort of kinds of many + + + align:start position:0% +actually separate sort of kinds of many +worlds that people talk about + + align:start position:0% +worlds that people talk about + + + align:start position:0% +worlds that people talk about +and so typically they're kept kind of + + align:start position:0% +and so typically they're kept kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and so typically they're kept kind of +separate but certainly conceptually one + + align:start position:0% +separate but certainly conceptually one + + + align:start position:0% +separate but certainly conceptually one +can try to build these self-consistent + + align:start position:0% +can try to build these self-consistent + + + align:start position:0% +can try to build these self-consistent +ideas and maybe even see if it leads to + + align:start position:0% +ideas and maybe even see if it leads to + + + align:start position:0% +ideas and maybe even see if it leads to +new predictions so far I haven't seen + + align:start position:0% +new predictions so far I haven't seen + + + align:start position:0% +new predictions so far I haven't seen +any but one can try to see if these sets + + align:start position:0% +any but one can try to see if these sets + + + align:start position:0% +any but one can try to see if these sets +of ideas could even fit together in + + align:start position:0% +of ideas could even fit together in + + + align:start position:0% +of ideas could even fit together in +principle let alone um do they help + + align:start position:0% +principle let alone um do they help + + + align:start position:0% +principle let alone um do they help +explain one another so okay that's a + + align:start position:0% +explain one another so okay that's a + + + align:start position:0% +explain one another so okay that's a +great question some people do work very + + align:start position:0% +great question some people do work very + + + align:start position:0% +great question some people do work very +squarely on that + + align:start position:0% +squarely on that + + + align:start position:0% +squarely on that +uh Fisher asks since these extra + + align:start position:0% +uh Fisher asks since these extra + + + align:start position:0% +uh Fisher asks since these extra +dimensions are on the scale of the + + align:start position:0% +dimensions are on the scale of the + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions are on the scale of the +Planck length I imagine there's no + + align:start position:0% +Planck length I imagine there's no + + + align:start position:0% +Planck length I imagine there's no +experiment we can perform to determine + + align:start position:0% +experiment we can perform to determine + + + align:start position:0% +experiment we can perform to determine +if any if they have any physical meaning + + align:start position:0% +if any if they have any physical meaning + + + align:start position:0% +if any if they have any physical meaning +good so I should say + + align:start position:0% +good so I should say + + + align:start position:0% +good so I should say +the limits empirically are that these + + align:start position:0% +the limits empirically are that these + + + align:start position:0% +the limits empirically are that these +extra Dimensions can't be larger than + + align:start position:0% +extra Dimensions can't be larger than + + + align:start position:0% +extra Dimensions can't be larger than +about millimeter scale and millimeter is + + align:start position:0% +about millimeter scale and millimeter is + + + align:start position:0% +about millimeter scale and millimeter is +a lot bigger than the plug length + + align:start position:0% +a lot bigger than the plug length + + + align:start position:0% +a lot bigger than the plug length +there's no compelling reason why they + + align:start position:0% +there's no compelling reason why they + + + align:start position:0% +there's no compelling reason why they +should be millimeter scale and not + + align:start position:0% +should be millimeter scale and not + + + align:start position:0% +should be millimeter scale and not +larger right so that would still take + + align:start position:0% +larger right so that would still take + + + align:start position:0% +larger right so that would still take +some explaining + + align:start position:0% +some explaining + + + align:start position:0% +some explaining +but the kind of high Precision tests of + + align:start position:0% +but the kind of high Precision tests of + + + align:start position:0% +but the kind of high Precision tests of +gravity that's where these limits mostly + + align:start position:0% +gravity that's where these limits mostly + + + align:start position:0% +gravity that's where these limits mostly +come from testing gravity in a kind of + + align:start position:0% +come from testing gravity in a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +come from testing gravity in a kind of +classical General optimistic framework + + align:start position:0% +classical General optimistic framework + + + align:start position:0% +classical General optimistic framework +people have done pretty compelling + + align:start position:0% +people have done pretty compelling + + + align:start position:0% +people have done pretty compelling +experimental bounds so there's no no + + align:start position:0% +experimental bounds so there's no no + + + align:start position:0% +experimental bounds so there's no no +measurable departure Downing from like + + align:start position:0% +measurable departure Downing from like + + + align:start position:0% +measurable departure Downing from like +millimeters out to tens of billions of + + align:start position:0% +millimeters out to tens of billions of + + + align:start position:0% +millimeters out to tens of billions of +light years that is just unbelievable I + + align:start position:0% +light years that is just unbelievable I + + + align:start position:0% +light years that is just unbelievable I +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +um so could it be that these large extra + + align:start position:0% +um so could it be that these large extra + + + align:start position:0% +um so could it be that these large extra +men that these extra Dimensions were as + + align:start position:0% +men that these extra Dimensions were as + + + align:start position:0% +men that these extra Dimensions were as +large as the size of a proton let alone + + align:start position:0% +large as the size of a proton let alone + + + align:start position:0% +large as the size of a proton let alone +the size of a millimeter maybe so one + + align:start position:0% +the size of a millimeter maybe so one + + + align:start position:0% +the size of a millimeter maybe so one +way that people try to look for them + + align:start position:0% +way that people try to look for them + + + align:start position:0% +way that people try to look for them +on the uh if these extra Dimensions were + + align:start position:0% +on the uh if these extra Dimensions were + + + align:start position:0% +on the uh if these extra Dimensions were +small on human scales but not so small + + align:start position:0% +small on human scales but not so small + + + align:start position:0% +small on human scales but not so small +is with what some something that's + + align:start position:0% +is with what some something that's + + + align:start position:0% +is with what some something that's +called missing momentum + + align:start position:0% +called missing momentum + + + align:start position:0% +called missing momentum +it's different from the missing Mass + + align:start position:0% +it's different from the missing Mass + + + align:start position:0% +it's different from the missing Mass +problem so at very high energy particle + + align:start position:0% +problem so at very high energy particle + + + align:start position:0% +problem so at very high energy particle +exciters like the Large Hadron Collider + + align:start position:0% +exciters like the Large Hadron Collider + + + align:start position:0% +exciters like the Large Hadron Collider +is there could are there way is there + + align:start position:0% +is there could are there way is there + + + align:start position:0% +is there could are there way is there +basically momentum that goes missing in + + align:start position:0% +basically momentum that goes missing in + + + align:start position:0% +basically momentum that goes missing in +the otherwise very careful momentum + + align:start position:0% +the otherwise very careful momentum + + + align:start position:0% +the otherwise very careful momentum +conservation balance when you smash for + + align:start position:0% +conservation balance when you smash for + + + align:start position:0% +conservation balance when you smash for +example two protons together and collect + + align:start position:0% +example two protons together and collect + + + align:start position:0% +example two protons together and collect +all the junk that comes flying out every + + align:start position:0% +all the junk that comes flying out every + + + align:start position:0% +all the junk that comes flying out every +time they've done it so far the momentum + + align:start position:0% +time they've done it so far the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +time they've done it so far the momentum +balances perfectly + + align:start position:0% +balances perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +balances perfectly +which is we should think like that's + + align:start position:0% +which is we should think like that's + + + align:start position:0% +which is we should think like that's +really great that's great if there had + + align:start position:0% +really great that's great if there had + + + align:start position:0% +really great that's great if there had +been some of these particles in some + + align:start position:0% +been some of these particles in some + + + align:start position:0% +been some of these particles in some +sense taking some of their Journey + + align:start position:0% +sense taking some of their Journey + + + align:start position:0% +sense taking some of their Journey +taking a kind of detour like a shortcut + + align:start position:0% +taking a kind of detour like a shortcut + + + align:start position:0% +taking a kind of detour like a shortcut +through some of these extra dimensions + + align:start position:0% +through some of these extra dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +through some of these extra dimensions +of space then the momentum balance that + + align:start position:0% +of space then the momentum balance that + + + align:start position:0% +of space then the momentum balance that +we measure in our three dimensions + + align:start position:0% +we measure in our three dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +we measure in our three dimensions +should imprints will be off and maybe by + + align:start position:0% +should imprints will be off and maybe by + + + align:start position:0% +should imprints will be off and maybe by +a measurable amount if if those + + align:start position:0% +a measurable amount if if those + + + align:start position:0% +a measurable amount if if those +shortcuts were over long enough + + align:start position:0% +shortcuts were over long enough + + + align:start position:0% +shortcuts were over long enough +distances like you know + + align:start position:0% +distances like you know + + + align:start position:0% +distances like you know +microns not plug legs so there is a + + align:start position:0% +microns not plug legs so there is a + + + align:start position:0% +microns not plug legs so there is a +program to put to use particle collision + + align:start position:0% +program to put to use particle collision + + + align:start position:0% +program to put to use particle collision +data to put limits on on that version of + + align:start position:0% +data to put limits on on that version of + + + align:start position:0% +data to put limits on on that version of +a kind of shrunken down extra Dimension + + align:start position:0% +a kind of shrunken down extra Dimension + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of shrunken down extra Dimension +I should say I mentioned Lisa Randall's + + align:start position:0% +I should say I mentioned Lisa Randall's + + + align:start position:0% +I should say I mentioned Lisa Randall's +book warped passages in that book Lisa + + align:start position:0% +book warped passages in that book Lisa + + + align:start position:0% +book warped passages in that book Lisa +talks about one of her own uh very very + + align:start position:0% +talks about one of her own uh very very + + + align:start position:0% +talks about one of her own uh very very +very uh ingenious interventions was one + + align:start position:0% +very uh ingenious interventions was one + + + align:start position:0% +very uh ingenious interventions was one +of these extra Dimensions actually never + + align:start position:0% +of these extra Dimensions actually never + + + align:start position:0% +of these extra Dimensions actually never +got small + + align:start position:0% +got small + + + align:start position:0% +got small +what if they are still macroscopically + + align:start position:0% +what if they are still macroscopically + + + align:start position:0% +what if they are still macroscopically +large what she found with a with a + + align:start position:0% +large what she found with a with a + + + align:start position:0% +large what she found with a with a +colleague back in the late 1990s and I + + align:start position:0% +colleague back in the late 1990s and I + + + align:start position:0% +colleague back in the late 1990s and I +did some work on these models but really + + align:start position:0% +did some work on these models but really + + + align:start position:0% +did some work on these models but really +at least it was the driving force uh was + + align:start position:0% +at least it was the driving force uh was + + + align:start position:0% +at least it was the driving force uh was +you could find self-consistent + + align:start position:0% +you could find self-consistent + + + align:start position:0% +you could find self-consistent +gravitational configurations + + align:start position:0% +gravitational configurations + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational configurations +in which we would live on a three plus + + align:start position:0% +in which we would live on a three plus + + + align:start position:0% +in which we would live on a three plus +one dimensional slice and in fact quarks + + align:start position:0% +one dimensional slice and in fact quarks + + + align:start position:0% +one dimensional slice and in fact quarks +would stay stuck here even gravity would + + align:start position:0% +would stay stuck here even gravity would + + + align:start position:0% +would stay stuck here even gravity would +appear to be stuck on this kind of + + align:start position:0% +appear to be stuck on this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +appear to be stuck on this kind of +sliver + + align:start position:0% +sliver + + + align:start position:0% +sliver +self-consistently you could have + + align:start position:0% +self-consistently you could have + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistently you could have +basically it's almost like bound States + + align:start position:0% +basically it's almost like bound States + + + align:start position:0% +basically it's almost like bound States +for Gravity to be it's like an analogy + + align:start position:0% +for Gravity to be it's like an analogy + + + align:start position:0% +for Gravity to be it's like an analogy +to bound States so the graviton might be + + align:start position:0% +to bound States so the graviton might be + + + align:start position:0% +to bound States so the graviton might be +exchanged but might be exchanged only + + align:start position:0% +exchanged but might be exchanged only + + + align:start position:0% +exchanged but might be exchanged only +within a Subspace of all that are out + + align:start position:0% +within a Subspace of all that are out + + + align:start position:0% +within a Subspace of all that are out +there and you can you could find again + + align:start position:0% +there and you can you could find again + + + align:start position:0% +there and you can you could find again +sort of simplified toy models in which + + align:start position:0% +sort of simplified toy models in which + + + align:start position:0% +sort of simplified toy models in which +gravity would behave that way and Lisa + + align:start position:0% +gravity would behave that way and Lisa + + + align:start position:0% +gravity would behave that way and Lisa +Randall was really the Pioneer for that + + align:start position:0% +Randall was really the Pioneer for that + + + align:start position:0% +Randall was really the Pioneer for that +back in starting in I think 97-98 so + + align:start position:0% +back in starting in I think 97-98 so + + + align:start position:0% +back in starting in I think 97-98 so +there are other ideas around to try to + + align:start position:0% +there are other ideas around to try to + + + align:start position:0% +there are other ideas around to try to +live with at least conceptually large + + align:start position:0% +live with at least conceptually large + + + align:start position:0% +live with at least conceptually large +extra Dimensions without having to curl + + align:start position:0% +extra Dimensions without having to curl + + + align:start position:0% +extra Dimensions without having to curl +them up now the the challenge there was + + align:start position:0% +them up now the the challenge there was + + + align:start position:0% +them up now the the challenge there was +um could one find + + align:start position:0% +um could one find + + + align:start position:0% +um could one find +a model that has the symmetries that we + + align:start position:0% +a model that has the symmetries that we + + + align:start position:0% +a model that has the symmetries that we +actually observe in our universe and not + + align:start position:0% +actually observe in our universe and not + + + align:start position:0% +actually observe in our universe and not +more so those models work really very + + align:start position:0% +more so those models work really very + + + align:start position:0% +more so those models work really very +are very lovely if you have very very + + align:start position:0% +are very lovely if you have very very + + + align:start position:0% +are very lovely if you have very very +highly symmetric + + align:start position:0% +highly symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +highly symmetric +um spaces of for the ones that we would + + align:start position:0% +um spaces of for the ones that we would + + + align:start position:0% +um spaces of for the ones that we would +live on that look either exactly like + + align:start position:0% +live on that look either exactly like + + + align:start position:0% +live on that look either exactly like +minkowski space or something very + + align:start position:0% +minkowski space or something very + + + align:start position:0% +minkowski space or something very +similar we live in a in a slightly less + + align:start position:0% +similar we live in a in a slightly less + + + align:start position:0% +similar we live in a in a slightly less +symmetric space time than minkowski + + align:start position:0% +symmetric space time than minkowski + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric space time than minkowski +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +and and it turns out there was at least + + align:start position:0% +and and it turns out there was at least + + + align:start position:0% +and and it turns out there was at least +no mathematically demonstrated way to + + align:start position:0% +no mathematically demonstrated way to + + + align:start position:0% +no mathematically demonstrated way to +embed even that simplified toy model + + align:start position:0% +embed even that simplified toy model + + + align:start position:0% +embed even that simplified toy model +with one fewer kind of symmetry group uh + + align:start position:0% +with one fewer kind of symmetry group uh + + + align:start position:0% +with one fewer kind of symmetry group uh +in in that structure that doesn't mean + + align:start position:0% +in in that structure that doesn't mean + + + align:start position:0% +in in that structure that doesn't mean +it couldn't be done so that's a that's + + align:start position:0% +it couldn't be done so that's a that's + + + align:start position:0% +it couldn't be done so that's a that's +an open question but um there are many + + align:start position:0% +an open question but um there are many + + + align:start position:0% +an open question but um there are many +ways to try to live with make peace with + + align:start position:0% +ways to try to live with make peace with + + + align:start position:0% +ways to try to live with make peace with +many extra Dimensions but they all + + align:start position:0% +many extra Dimensions but they all + + + align:start position:0% +many extra Dimensions but they all +required you know a pretty big kind of + + align:start position:0% +required you know a pretty big kind of + + + align:start position:0% +required you know a pretty big kind of +leap and none of them so far has has + + align:start position:0% +leap and none of them so far has has + + + align:start position:0% +leap and none of them so far has has +been + + align:start position:0% +been + + + align:start position:0% +been +um compelling kind of forced on anyone + + align:start position:0% +um compelling kind of forced on anyone + + + align:start position:0% +um compelling kind of forced on anyone +based on new kind of experimental + + align:start position:0% +based on new kind of experimental + + + align:start position:0% +based on new kind of experimental +observations or anything else so it's + + align:start position:0% +observations or anything else so it's + + + align:start position:0% +observations or anything else so it's +still in the realm of the hypothetical + + align:start position:0% +still in the realm of the hypothetical + + + align:start position:0% +still in the realm of the hypothetical +good other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know I I think I think part of it is + + align:start position:0% +you know I I think I think part of it is + + + align:start position:0% +you know I I think I think part of it is +that that really + + align:start position:0% +that that really + + + align:start position:0% +that that really +at least to its critics and frankly I'm + + align:start position:0% +at least to its critics and frankly I'm + + + align:start position:0% +at least to its critics and frankly I'm +sympathetic with this critical view it + + align:start position:0% +sympathetic with this critical view it + + + align:start position:0% +sympathetic with this critical view it +seems to give up on the on the aim of + + align:start position:0% +seems to give up on the on the aim of + + + align:start position:0% +seems to give up on the on the aim of +trying to explain the universe that we + + align:start position:0% +trying to explain the universe that we + + + align:start position:0% +trying to explain the universe that we +live in based on + + align:start position:0% +live in based on + + + align:start position:0% +live in based on +physical forces or laws that we could + + align:start position:0% +physical forces or laws that we could + + + align:start position:0% +physical forces or laws that we could +explain it basically says that the + + align:start position:0% +explain it basically says that the + + + align:start position:0% +explain it basically says that the +universe that we live in is the outcome + + align:start position:0% +universe that we live in is the outcome + + + align:start position:0% +universe that we live in is the outcome +of basically random chance it makes it + + align:start position:0% +of basically random chance it makes it + + + align:start position:0% +of basically random chance it makes it +more like the way we account for change + + align:start position:0% +more like the way we account for change + + + align:start position:0% +more like the way we account for change +in darwinian natural selection but now + + align:start position:0% +in darwinian natural selection but now + + + align:start position:0% +in darwinian natural selection but now +with like Infinities instead of just + + align:start position:0% +with like Infinities instead of just + + + align:start position:0% +with like Infinities instead of just +just large numbers it could just be + + align:start position:0% +just large numbers it could just be + + + align:start position:0% +just large numbers it could just be +random twists and turns of fate and + + align:start position:0% +random twists and turns of fate and + + + align:start position:0% +random twists and turns of fate and +maybe that's maybe that is the right + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's maybe that is the right + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's maybe that is the right +answer but that that kind of grates + + align:start position:0% +answer but that that kind of grates + + + align:start position:0% +answer but that that kind of grates +against a kind of uh maybe it's a + + align:start position:0% +against a kind of uh maybe it's a + + + align:start position:0% +against a kind of uh maybe it's a +philosophical or aesthetic preference + + align:start position:0% +philosophical or aesthetic preference + + + align:start position:0% +philosophical or aesthetic preference +it's not like it's a a logical necessity + + align:start position:0% +it's not like it's a a logical necessity + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like it's a a logical necessity +but it grades against a kind of form of + + align:start position:0% +but it grades against a kind of form of + + + align:start position:0% +but it grades against a kind of form of +explanation + + align:start position:0% +explanation + + + align:start position:0% +explanation +that has uh I think otherwise been + + align:start position:0% +that has uh I think otherwise been + + + align:start position:0% +that has uh I think otherwise been +successful as a goal let's say + + align:start position:0% +successful as a goal let's say + + + align:start position:0% +successful as a goal let's say +aspirational for uh things from Newton's + + align:start position:0% +aspirational for uh things from Newton's + + + align:start position:0% +aspirational for uh things from Newton's +day through + + align:start position:0% +day through + + + align:start position:0% +day through +um uh through Lisa Randall's day for + + align:start position:0% +um uh through Lisa Randall's day for + + + align:start position:0% +um uh through Lisa Randall's day for +that matter for efforts to try to + + align:start position:0% +that matter for efforts to try to + + + align:start position:0% +that matter for efforts to try to +account for + + align:start position:0% +account for + + + align:start position:0% +account for +um a specific set of let's say + + align:start position:0% +um a specific set of let's say + + + align:start position:0% +um a specific set of let's say +fundamental forces acting on a specific + + align:start position:0% +fundamental forces acting on a specific + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental forces acting on a specific +set of Elementary constituents whether + + align:start position:0% +set of Elementary constituents whether + + + align:start position:0% +set of Elementary constituents whether +they're quarks and gluons or super + + align:start position:0% +they're quarks and gluons or super + + + align:start position:0% +they're quarks and gluons or super +strings or name your favorite and being + + align:start position:0% +strings or name your favorite and being + + + align:start position:0% +strings or name your favorite and being +able to account for bulk properties that + + align:start position:0% +able to account for bulk properties that + + + align:start position:0% +able to account for bulk properties that +we could compare with observations and + + align:start position:0% +we could compare with observations and + + + align:start position:0% +we could compare with observations and +and the the I think the thing that + + align:start position:0% +and the the I think the thing that + + + align:start position:0% +and the the I think the thing that +sticks in the cross so to speak for + + align:start position:0% +sticks in the cross so to speak for + + + align:start position:0% +sticks in the cross so to speak for +critics of anthropic principle is that + + align:start position:0% +critics of anthropic principle is that + + + align:start position:0% +critics of anthropic principle is that +at the end of the day people have to say + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the day people have to say + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the day people have to say +just random chance and there's no kind + + align:start position:0% +just random chance and there's no kind + + + align:start position:0% +just random chance and there's no kind +of deeper explanation for why we measure + + align:start position:0% +of deeper explanation for why we measure + + + align:start position:0% +of deeper explanation for why we measure +the things we do and they not only could + + align:start position:0% +the things we do and they not only could + + + align:start position:0% +the things we do and they not only could +be different they actually might be + + align:start position:0% +be different they actually might be + + + align:start position:0% +be different they actually might be +different and maybe even are different + + align:start position:0% +different and maybe even are different + + + align:start position:0% +different and maybe even are different +infinitely different ways out Beyond + + align:start position:0% +infinitely different ways out Beyond + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely different ways out Beyond +areas where we have that are kind of + + align:start position:0% +areas where we have that are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +areas where we have that are kind of +outside our own causal Horizon so it's + + align:start position:0% +outside our own causal Horizon so it's + + + align:start position:0% +outside our own causal Horizon so it's +changing so to speak the explanatory + + align:start position:0% +changing so to speak the explanatory + + + align:start position:0% +changing so to speak the explanatory +goals that doesn't mean it's not it's + + align:start position:0% +goals that doesn't mean it's not it's + + + align:start position:0% +goals that doesn't mean it's not it's +not that it's logically internally + + align:start position:0% +not that it's logically internally + + + align:start position:0% +not that it's logically internally +inconsistent it's it's a different kind + + align:start position:0% +inconsistent it's it's a different kind + + + align:start position:0% +inconsistent it's it's a different kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +good aspiration or aesthetic choice or + + align:start position:0% +good aspiration or aesthetic choice or + + + align:start position:0% +good aspiration or aesthetic choice or +philosophical aim for what one thinks + + align:start position:0% +philosophical aim for what one thinks + + + align:start position:0% +philosophical aim for what one thinks +the the nature of explanation should be + + align:start position:0% +the the nature of explanation should be + + + align:start position:0% +the the nature of explanation should be +in a in an area of science like physics + + align:start position:0% +in a in an area of science like physics + + + align:start position:0% +in a in an area of science like physics +and they might be right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me press on for this for this last + + align:start position:0% +let me press on for this for this last + + + align:start position:0% +let me press on for this for this last +part + + align:start position:0% +part + + + align:start position:0% +part +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +much quicker + + align:start position:0% +much quicker + + + align:start position:0% +much quicker +hmm + + align:start position:0% +hmm + + + align:start position:0% +hmm +so I mentioned that string theory has + + align:start position:0% +so I mentioned that string theory has + + + align:start position:0% +so I mentioned that string theory has +some great features at least features + + align:start position:0% +some great features at least features + + + align:start position:0% +some great features at least features +that got people excited we could we + + align:start position:0% +that got people excited we could we + + + align:start position:0% +that got people excited we could we +could make sense of those bursts of + + align:start position:0% +could make sense of those bursts of + + + align:start position:0% +could make sense of those bursts of +enthusiasm on the publication pattern + + align:start position:0% +enthusiasm on the publication pattern + + + align:start position:0% +enthusiasm on the publication pattern +but actually I borrowed the term package + + align:start position:0% +but actually I borrowed the term package + + + align:start position:0% +but actually I borrowed the term package +deal from Lee smullen one of his books I + + align:start position:0% +deal from Lee smullen one of his books I + + + align:start position:0% +deal from Lee smullen one of his books I +mentioned earlier + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned earlier +it's like when you want to go buy a used + + align:start position:0% +it's like when you want to go buy a used + + + align:start position:0% +it's like when you want to go buy a used +car you know off the lot you don't get + + align:start position:0% +car you know off the lot you don't get + + + align:start position:0% +car you know off the lot you don't get +to choose exactly which features you + + align:start position:0% +to choose exactly which features you + + + align:start position:0% +to choose exactly which features you +want + + align:start position:0% +want + + + align:start position:0% +want +um and so again Lee smallen uses this + + align:start position:0% +um and so again Lee smallen uses this + + + align:start position:0% +um and so again Lee smallen uses this +analogy it's like what if the car you + + align:start position:0% +analogy it's like what if the car you + + + align:start position:0% +analogy it's like what if the car you +really love this one on on the used car + + align:start position:0% +really love this one on on the used car + + + align:start position:0% +really love this one on on the used car +lot has just you know the right kind of + + align:start position:0% +lot has just you know the right kind of + + + align:start position:0% +lot has just you know the right kind of +um transmission you're looking for uh + + align:start position:0% +um transmission you're looking for uh + + + align:start position:0% +um transmission you're looking for uh +but not the stereo system you want or + + align:start position:0% +but not the stereo system you want or + + + align:start position:0% +but not the stereo system you want or +vice versa you have to it's like a + + align:start position:0% +vice versa you have to it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +vice versa you have to it's like a +package deal + + align:start position:0% +package deal + + + align:start position:0% +package deal +and so String Theory uh has many + + align:start position:0% +and so String Theory uh has many + + + align:start position:0% +and so String Theory uh has many +features like uh it includes a massless + + align:start position:0% +features like uh it includes a massless + + + align:start position:0% +features like uh it includes a massless +spin to graviton it seems like it could + + align:start position:0% +spin to graviton it seems like it could + + + align:start position:0% +spin to graviton it seems like it could +avoid some of these Infinities from uh + + align:start position:0% +avoid some of these Infinities from uh + + + align:start position:0% +avoid some of these Infinities from uh +Quantum electronomics and yet it could + + align:start position:0% +Quantum electronomics and yet it could + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum electronomics and yet it could +only be formulated itself consistently + + align:start position:0% +only be formulated itself consistently + + + align:start position:0% +only be formulated itself consistently +with these as yet undetected symmetries + + align:start position:0% +with these as yet undetected symmetries + + + align:start position:0% +with these as yet undetected symmetries +the so-called super symmetry doubling + + align:start position:0% +the so-called super symmetry doubling + + + align:start position:0% +the so-called super symmetry doubling +every known particle uh in the universe + + align:start position:0% +every known particle uh in the universe + + + align:start position:0% +every known particle uh in the universe +uh and also many extra dimensions and so + + align:start position:0% +uh and also many extra dimensions and so + + + align:start position:0% +uh and also many extra dimensions and so +people are critics like Lee smullen have + + align:start position:0% +people are critics like Lee smullen have + + + align:start position:0% +people are critics like Lee smullen have +said you know may are the things we + + align:start position:0% +said you know may are the things we + + + align:start position:0% +said you know may are the things we +don't want starting to outweigh the + + align:start position:0% +don't want starting to outweigh the + + + align:start position:0% +don't want starting to outweigh the +things that we do want is this a is this + + align:start position:0% +things that we do want is this a is this + + + align:start position:0% +things that we do want is this a is this +a good deal in this package deal + + align:start position:0% +a good deal in this package deal + + + align:start position:0% +a good deal in this package deal +uh and so again for your reading list + + align:start position:0% +uh and so again for your reading list + + + align:start position:0% +uh and so again for your reading list +these are now kind of classic books + + align:start position:0% +these are now kind of classic books + + + align:start position:0% +these are now kind of classic books +Brian Green's book came out first in + + align:start position:0% +Brian Green's book came out first in + + + align:start position:0% +Brian Green's book came out first in +1999. Ryan has been for a long time one + + align:start position:0% +1999. Ryan has been for a long time one + + + align:start position:0% +1999. Ryan has been for a long time one +of the most uh I'd say eloquent + + align:start position:0% +of the most uh I'd say eloquent + + + align:start position:0% +of the most uh I'd say eloquent +proponents of the string theory super + + align:start position:0% +proponents of the string theory super + + + align:start position:0% +proponents of the string theory super +String Theory approach this book was a + + align:start position:0% +String Theory approach this book was a + + + align:start position:0% +String Theory approach this book was a +finalist for the Pulitzer Prize it's a + + align:start position:0% +finalist for the Pulitzer Prize it's a + + + align:start position:0% +finalist for the Pulitzer Prize it's a +beautifully written book very accessible + + align:start position:0% +beautifully written book very accessible + + + align:start position:0% +beautifully written book very accessible +and then again a very clear book by one + + align:start position:0% +and then again a very clear book by one + + + align:start position:0% +and then again a very clear book by one +of these now out smoking critics Lee + + align:start position:0% +of these now out smoking critics Lee + + + align:start position:0% +of these now out smoking critics Lee +smullen this one came out in around 2005 + + align:start position:0% +smullen this one came out in around 2005 + + + align:start position:0% +smullen this one came out in around 2005 +or 2006 called in trouble with physics + + align:start position:0% +or 2006 called in trouble with physics + + + align:start position:0% +or 2006 called in trouble with physics +and I think these two together give you + + align:start position:0% +and I think these two together give you + + + align:start position:0% +and I think these two together give you +a pretty nice range of of again what the + + align:start position:0% +a pretty nice range of of again what the + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty nice range of of again what the +stakes are in these so-called String + + align:start position:0% +stakes are in these so-called String + + + align:start position:0% +stakes are in these so-called String +Wars + + align:start position:0% +Wars + + + align:start position:0% +Wars +um what are the what are the hopes that + + align:start position:0% +um what are the what are the hopes that + + + align:start position:0% +um what are the what are the hopes that +got people like Brian and somebody who + + align:start position:0% +got people like Brian and somebody who + + + align:start position:0% +got people like Brian and somebody who +excited and what's the kind of cold + + align:start position:0% +excited and what's the kind of cold + + + align:start position:0% +excited and what's the kind of cold +water what are the cautions that some + + align:start position:0% +water what are the cautions that some + + + align:start position:0% +water what are the cautions that some +critics uh likely small and put on the + + align:start position:0% +critics uh likely small and put on the + + + align:start position:0% +critics uh likely small and put on the +table as well those are two you might + + align:start position:0% +table as well those are two you might + + + align:start position:0% +table as well those are two you might +enjoy + + align:start position:0% +enjoy + + + align:start position:0% +enjoy +let's go back to Counting things as I + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to Counting things as I + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to Counting things as I +tried to indicate and we've seen many + + align:start position:0% +tried to indicate and we've seen many + + + align:start position:0% +tried to indicate and we've seen many +times in our course together these kind + + align:start position:0% +times in our course together these kind + + + align:start position:0% +times in our course together these kind +of rivalries or debates are not + + align:start position:0% +of rivalries or debates are not + + + align:start position:0% +of rivalries or debates are not +happening in a vacuum they're not having + + align:start position:0% +happening in a vacuum they're not having + + + align:start position:0% +happening in a vacuum they're not having +a string back and not even happening in + + align:start position:0% +a string back and not even happening in + + + align:start position:0% +a string back and not even happening in +a macroscopic vacuum so let's go back + + align:start position:0% +a macroscopic vacuum so let's go back + + + align:start position:0% +a macroscopic vacuum so let's go back +and ask about what else has been going + + align:start position:0% +and ask about what else has been going + + + align:start position:0% +and ask about what else has been going +on that might help nudge or push and + + align:start position:0% +on that might help nudge or push and + + + align:start position:0% +on that might help nudge or push and +pull the state of discussion among let's + + align:start position:0% +pull the state of discussion among let's + + + align:start position:0% +pull the state of discussion among let's +say high energy physics especially but + + align:start position:0% +say high energy physics especially but + + + align:start position:0% +say high energy physics especially but +not only in the United States in recent + + align:start position:0% +not only in the United States in recent + + + align:start position:0% +not only in the United States in recent +decades so here is another thing I like + + align:start position:0% +decades so here is another thing I like + + + align:start position:0% +decades so here is another thing I like +to count the blue is all with with this + + align:start position:0% +to count the blue is all with with this + + + align:start position:0% +to count the blue is all with with this +axis here are all the phds per year in + + align:start position:0% +axis here are all the phds per year in + + + align:start position:0% +axis here are all the phds per year in +the U.S on any area of high energy + + align:start position:0% +the U.S on any area of high energy + + + align:start position:0% +the U.S on any area of high energy +Theory high energy physics including + + align:start position:0% +Theory high energy physics including + + + align:start position:0% +Theory high energy physics including +experiment all high energy physics + + align:start position:0% +experiment all high energy physics + + + align:start position:0% +experiment all high energy physics +particle physics and the red is once + + align:start position:0% +particle physics and the red is once + + + align:start position:0% +particle physics and the red is once +again dissertations now on string theory + + align:start position:0% +again dissertations now on string theory + + + align:start position:0% +again dissertations now on string theory +it looks a lot like the curve of + + align:start position:0% +it looks a lot like the curve of + + + align:start position:0% +it looks a lot like the curve of +Publications not surprisingly so again + + align:start position:0% +Publications not surprisingly so again + + + align:start position:0% +Publications not surprisingly so again +you see a very different set of patterns + + align:start position:0% +you see a very different set of patterns + + + align:start position:0% +you see a very different set of patterns +of when you have a kind of growing + + align:start position:0% +of when you have a kind of growing + + + align:start position:0% +of when you have a kind of growing +number of people in particle physics + + align:start position:0% +number of people in particle physics + + + align:start position:0% +number of people in particle physics +broadly and then going into a decline a + + align:start position:0% +broadly and then going into a decline a + + + align:start position:0% +broadly and then going into a decline a +pretty clear trend line there starting + + align:start position:0% +pretty clear trend line there starting + + + align:start position:0% +pretty clear trend line there starting +in the early to mid 1990s meanwhile a + + align:start position:0% +in the early to mid 1990s meanwhile a + + + align:start position:0% +in the early to mid 1990s meanwhile a +very steep climb uh kind of almost + + align:start position:0% +very steep climb uh kind of almost + + + align:start position:0% +very steep climb uh kind of almost +runaway growth on the attention to + + align:start position:0% +runaway growth on the attention to + + + align:start position:0% +runaway growth on the attention to +string theory + + align:start position:0% +string theory + + + align:start position:0% +string theory +and they're kind of out of phase overall + + align:start position:0% +and they're kind of out of phase overall + + + align:start position:0% +and they're kind of out of phase overall +particle physics starts to decline while + + align:start position:0% +particle physics starts to decline while + + + align:start position:0% +particle physics starts to decline while +String Theory starts another one of + + align:start position:0% +String Theory starts another one of + + + align:start position:0% +String Theory starts another one of +these large theories of rides + + align:start position:0% +these large theories of rides + + + align:start position:0% +these large theories of rides +well that's not happening alone one of + + align:start position:0% +well that's not happening alone one of + + + align:start position:0% +well that's not happening alone one of +the things that happens right around + + align:start position:0% +the things that happens right around + + + align:start position:0% +the things that happens right around +that pivot point is something that I + + align:start position:0% +that pivot point is something that I + + + align:start position:0% +that pivot point is something that I +never stopped talking about it was the + + align:start position:0% +never stopped talking about it was the + + + align:start position:0% +never stopped talking about it was the +the cancellation of an enormous project + + align:start position:0% +the cancellation of an enormous project + + + align:start position:0% +the cancellation of an enormous project +called the superconducting super + + align:start position:0% +called the superconducting super + + + align:start position:0% +called the superconducting super +collider or SSC this was a project + + align:start position:0% +collider or SSC this was a project + + + align:start position:0% +collider or SSC this was a project +approved in the U.S in 1985 it was under + + align:start position:0% +approved in the U.S in 1985 it was under + + + align:start position:0% +approved in the U.S in 1985 it was under +construction outside of Dallas Texas in + + align:start position:0% +construction outside of Dallas Texas in + + + align:start position:0% +construction outside of Dallas Texas in +a tiny town called Waxahachie Texas not + + align:start position:0% +a tiny town called Waxahachie Texas not + + + align:start position:0% +a tiny town called Waxahachie Texas not +too far from Dallas it was actually + + align:start position:0% +too far from Dallas it was actually + + + align:start position:0% +too far from Dallas it was actually +going to be three times larger than the + + align:start position:0% +going to be three times larger than the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be three times larger than the +Large Hadron Collider + + align:start position:0% +Large Hadron Collider + + + align:start position:0% +Large Hadron Collider +which at that point uh had not yet been + + align:start position:0% +which at that point uh had not yet been + + + align:start position:0% +which at that point uh had not yet been +built so it would have been a + + align:start position:0% +built so it would have been a + + + align:start position:0% +built so it would have been a +a let's see a 52 mile circumference or + + align:start position:0% +a let's see a 52 mile circumference or + + + align:start position:0% +a let's see a 52 mile circumference or +54 mile circumference ring to accelerate + + align:start position:0% +54 mile circumference ring to accelerate + + + align:start position:0% +54 mile circumference ring to accelerate +protons and smash them together with uh + + align:start position:0% +protons and smash them together with uh + + + align:start position:0% +protons and smash them together with uh +three correspondingly three times larger + + align:start position:0% +three correspondingly three times larger + + + align:start position:0% +three correspondingly three times larger +interaction energies the argument was + + align:start position:0% +interaction energies the argument was + + + align:start position:0% +interaction energies the argument was +that people could have hopefully found + + align:start position:0% +that people could have hopefully found + + + align:start position:0% +that people could have hopefully found +things like the Higgs bows on maybe + + align:start position:0% +things like the Higgs bows on maybe + + + align:start position:0% +things like the Higgs bows on maybe +evidence of super symmetry in the 80s + + align:start position:0% +evidence of super symmetry in the 80s + + + align:start position:0% +evidence of super symmetry in the 80s +and 90s the problem was this was as you + + align:start position:0% +and 90s the problem was this was as you + + + align:start position:0% +and 90s the problem was this was as you +might expect unbelievably expensive they + + align:start position:0% +might expect unbelievably expensive they + + + align:start position:0% +might expect unbelievably expensive they +actually wound up Excavating almost the + + align:start position:0% +actually wound up Excavating almost the + + + align:start position:0% +actually wound up Excavating almost the +entire tunnel many many uh hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +entire tunnel many many uh hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +entire tunnel many many uh hundreds of +feet underground they had not finished + + align:start position:0% +feet underground they had not finished + + + align:start position:0% +feet underground they had not finished +installing the superconducting Magnus or + + align:start position:0% +installing the superconducting Magnus or + + + align:start position:0% +installing the superconducting Magnus or +all the rest the cost was growing very + + align:start position:0% +all the rest the cost was growing very + + + align:start position:0% +all the rest the cost was growing very +quickly it was approved with a budget of + + align:start position:0% +quickly it was approved with a budget of + + + align:start position:0% +quickly it was approved with a budget of +a couple billion dollars by the time the + + align:start position:0% +a couple billion dollars by the time the + + + align:start position:0% +a couple billion dollars by the time the +project was canceled it had already the + + align:start position:0% +project was canceled it had already the + + + align:start position:0% +project was canceled it had already the +budget had ballooned to 15 billion + + align:start position:0% +budget had ballooned to 15 billion + + + align:start position:0% +budget had ballooned to 15 billion +dollars that's now on a U.S + + align:start position:0% +dollars that's now on a U.S + + + align:start position:0% +dollars that's now on a U.S +Appropriations budget that's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +Appropriations budget that's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +Appropriations budget that's a lot of +money that kind of budget now conflicts + + align:start position:0% +money that kind of budget now conflicts + + + align:start position:0% +money that kind of budget now conflicts +with things like military expenditures + + align:start position:0% +with things like military expenditures + + + align:start position:0% +with things like military expenditures +not science not not basic science + + align:start position:0% +not science not not basic science + + + align:start position:0% +not science not not basic science +expenditures so this project was heading + + align:start position:0% +expenditures so this project was heading + + + align:start position:0% +expenditures so this project was heading +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +um a collision and in fact after many + + align:start position:0% +um a collision and in fact after many + + + align:start position:0% +um a collision and in fact after many +fixed starts the Congress canceled the + + align:start position:0% +fixed starts the Congress canceled the + + + align:start position:0% +fixed starts the Congress canceled the +SSC with one fateful vote in October of + + align:start position:0% +SSC with one fateful vote in October of + + + align:start position:0% +SSC with one fateful vote in October of +1993. I remember the date very well + + align:start position:0% +1993. I remember the date very well + + + align:start position:0% +1993. I remember the date very well +because I entered graduate school in + + align:start position:0% +because I entered graduate school in + + + align:start position:0% +because I entered graduate school in +September of 1993. so I don't take it + + align:start position:0% +September of 1993. so I don't take it + + + align:start position:0% +September of 1993. so I don't take it +personally but the US Congress killed + + align:start position:0% +personally but the US Congress killed + + + align:start position:0% +personally but the US Congress killed +off one of the reasons I went to grad + + align:start position:0% +off one of the reasons I went to grad + + + align:start position:0% +off one of the reasons I went to grad +school one month after I entered + + align:start position:0% +school one month after I entered + + + align:start position:0% +school one month after I entered +graduate school I don't think they had + + align:start position:0% +graduate school I don't think they had + + + align:start position:0% +graduate school I don't think they had +me in mind so you can see here look at + + align:start position:0% +me in mind so you can see here look at + + + align:start position:0% +me in mind so you can see here look at +U.S uh funding for energy physics in + + align:start position:0% +U.S uh funding for energy physics in + + + align:start position:0% +U.S uh funding for energy physics in +inflation-adjusted or constant dollars + + align:start position:0% +inflation-adjusted or constant dollars + + + align:start position:0% +inflation-adjusted or constant dollars +funding for the entire field not just + + align:start position:0% +funding for the entire field not just + + + align:start position:0% +funding for the entire field not just +for that one experiment for the entire + + align:start position:0% +for that one experiment for the entire + + + align:start position:0% +for that one experiment for the entire +field of 100 physics fell in half in one + + align:start position:0% +field of 100 physics fell in half in one + + + align:start position:0% +field of 100 physics fell in half in one +year that was an even sharper fall than + + align:start position:0% +year that was an even sharper fall than + + + align:start position:0% +year that was an even sharper fall than +the otherwise sharp Falls we looked at + + align:start position:0% +the otherwise sharp Falls we looked at + + + align:start position:0% +the otherwise sharp Falls we looked at +many times in this class in the early + + align:start position:0% +many times in this class in the early + + + align:start position:0% +many times in this class in the early +1970s in the early 70s the funding for + + align:start position:0% +1970s in the early 70s the funding for + + + align:start position:0% +1970s in the early 70s the funding for +energy physics fell in half over the + + align:start position:0% +energy physics fell in half over the + + + align:start position:0% +energy physics fell in half over the +span of four years this time Congress is + + align:start position:0% +span of four years this time Congress is + + + align:start position:0% +span of four years this time Congress is +even more efficient and canceled all + + align:start position:0% +even more efficient and canceled all + + + align:start position:0% +even more efficient and canceled all +fund canceled or reduced the + + align:start position:0% +fund canceled or reduced the + + + align:start position:0% +fund canceled or reduced the +budget-friendly physics in half in + + align:start position:0% +budget-friendly physics in half in + + + align:start position:0% +budget-friendly physics in half in +literally one year and over the rest of + + align:start position:0% +literally one year and over the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +literally one year and over the rest of +the 90s after that + + align:start position:0% +the 90s after that + + + align:start position:0% +the 90s after that +funding for uh physics across the board + + align:start position:0% +funding for uh physics across the board + + + align:start position:0% +funding for uh physics across the board +continued to lose ground uh both because + + align:start position:0% +continued to lose ground uh both because + + + align:start position:0% +continued to lose ground uh both because +of budget cuts and because of uh + + align:start position:0% +of budget cuts and because of uh + + + align:start position:0% +of budget cuts and because of uh +inflation many many books that have + + align:start position:0% +inflation many many books that have + + + align:start position:0% +inflation many many books that have +looked at the the troubled history of + + align:start position:0% +looked at the the troubled history of + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the the troubled history of +the SSC in particular there was even a + + align:start position:0% +the SSC in particular there was even a + + + align:start position:0% +the SSC in particular there was even a +novel about this by uh the novelist + + align:start position:0% +novel about this by uh the novelist + + + align:start position:0% +novel about this by uh the novelist +Herman woke he's the same novelist who + + align:start position:0% +Herman woke he's the same novelist who + + + align:start position:0% +Herman woke he's the same novelist who +wrote The Kane Mutiny a very + + align:start position:0% +wrote The Kane Mutiny a very + + + align:start position:0% +wrote The Kane Mutiny a very +accomplished novelist wrote a novel + + align:start position:0% +accomplished novelist wrote a novel + + + align:start position:0% +accomplished novelist wrote a novel +about physicists in Texas watching the + + align:start position:0% +about physicists in Texas watching the + + + align:start position:0% +about physicists in Texas watching the +SSC get canceled I took it to heart + + align:start position:0% +SSC get canceled I took it to heart + + + align:start position:0% +SSC get canceled I took it to heart +why did Congress cancel funding in short + + align:start position:0% +why did Congress cancel funding in short + + + align:start position:0% +why did Congress cancel funding in short +the Cold War had ended it there's + + align:start position:0% +the Cold War had ended it there's + + + align:start position:0% +the Cold War had ended it there's +there's many moving Parts but the + + align:start position:0% +there's many moving Parts but the + + + align:start position:0% +there's many moving Parts but the +overwhelming cause seems to have been as + + align:start position:0% +overwhelming cause seems to have been as + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelming cause seems to have been as +many of these Scholars have agreed that + + align:start position:0% +many of these Scholars have agreed that + + + align:start position:0% +many of these Scholars have agreed that +the kind of reason to keep spending very + + align:start position:0% +the kind of reason to keep spending very + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of reason to keep spending very +large amounts of money on on so-called + + align:start position:0% +large amounts of money on on so-called + + + align:start position:0% +large amounts of money on on so-called +basic research in areas like country + + align:start position:0% +basic research in areas like country + + + align:start position:0% +basic research in areas like country +physics had always been a competition + + align:start position:0% +physics had always been a competition + + + align:start position:0% +physics had always been a competition +with the Soviets and the idea that if uh + + align:start position:0% +with the Soviets and the idea that if uh + + + align:start position:0% +with the Soviets and the idea that if uh +uh outright Warfare broke out you'd have + + align:start position:0% +uh outright Warfare broke out you'd have + + + align:start position:0% +uh outright Warfare broke out you'd have +all these well-trained people with good + + align:start position:0% +all these well-trained people with good + + + align:start position:0% +all these well-trained people with good +equipment uh and after the Soviet Union + + align:start position:0% +equipment uh and after the Soviet Union + + + align:start position:0% +equipment uh and after the Soviet Union +dissolved uh in uh summer of 1991 those + + align:start position:0% +dissolved uh in uh summer of 1991 those + + + align:start position:0% +dissolved uh in uh summer of 1991 those +arguments no longer held the same kind + + align:start position:0% +arguments no longer held the same kind + + + align:start position:0% +arguments no longer held the same kind +of sway that they had for Generations + + align:start position:0% +of sway that they had for Generations + + + align:start position:0% +of sway that they had for Generations +before and one of the most visible + + align:start position:0% +before and one of the most visible + + + align:start position:0% +before and one of the most visible +symbols of the end of the Cold War for + + align:start position:0% +symbols of the end of the Cold War for + + + align:start position:0% +symbols of the end of the Cold War for +science funding in the U.S was uh this + + align:start position:0% +science funding in the U.S was uh this + + + align:start position:0% +science funding in the U.S was uh this +cancellation of the huge accelerator + + align:start position:0% +cancellation of the huge accelerator + + + align:start position:0% +cancellation of the huge accelerator +let's go back to that plot of remember + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to that plot of remember + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to that plot of remember +this is now all phds in particle physics + + align:start position:0% +this is now all phds in particle physics + + + align:start position:0% +this is now all phds in particle physics +phds in the US strictly on string theory + + align:start position:0% +phds in the US strictly on string theory + + + align:start position:0% +phds in the US strictly on string theory +and here because green means money green + + align:start position:0% +and here because green means money green + + + align:start position:0% +and here because green means money green +is now that budget curve I just showed + + align:start position:0% +is now that budget curve I just showed + + + align:start position:0% +is now that budget curve I just showed +in the last plot look at the amazing + + align:start position:0% +in the last plot look at the amazing + + + align:start position:0% +in the last plot look at the amazing +correlations here that you stop getting + + align:start position:0% +correlations here that you stop getting + + + align:start position:0% +correlations here that you stop getting +more people entering particles when + + align:start position:0% +more people entering particles when + + + align:start position:0% +more people entering particles when +funding Falls in half + + align:start position:0% +funding Falls in half + + + align:start position:0% +funding Falls in half +meanwhile meaning you don't replenish + + align:start position:0% +meanwhile meaning you don't replenish + + + align:start position:0% +meanwhile meaning you don't replenish +the people who graduate so people + + align:start position:0% +the people who graduate so people + + + align:start position:0% +the people who graduate so people +graduate here but not as many people + + align:start position:0% +graduate here but not as many people + + + align:start position:0% +graduate here but not as many people +enter afterwards you start seeing the + + align:start position:0% +enter afterwards you start seeing the + + + align:start position:0% +enter afterwards you start seeing the +kind of characteristic five-year time + + align:start position:0% +kind of characteristic five-year time + + + align:start position:0% +kind of characteristic five-year time +scale fall off uh that we can at least + + align:start position:0% +scale fall off uh that we can at least + + + align:start position:0% +scale fall off uh that we can at least +correlate with this very dramatic change + + align:start position:0% +correlate with this very dramatic change + + + align:start position:0% +correlate with this very dramatic change +in funding for the larger field + + align:start position:0% +in funding for the larger field + + + align:start position:0% +in funding for the larger field +meanwhile String Theory costs + + align:start position:0% +meanwhile String Theory costs + + + align:start position:0% +meanwhile String Theory costs +approximately pencils and espresso well + + align:start position:0% +approximately pencils and espresso well + + + align:start position:0% +approximately pencils and espresso well +and health insurance all of which are + + align:start position:0% +and health insurance all of which are + + + align:start position:0% +and health insurance all of which are +important none of which cost 15 billion + + align:start position:0% +important none of which cost 15 billion + + + align:start position:0% +important none of which cost 15 billion +dollars for an atom smasher so + + align:start position:0% +dollars for an atom smasher so + + + align:start position:0% +dollars for an atom smasher so +dissertations on String Theory start + + align:start position:0% +dissertations on String Theory start + + + align:start position:0% +dissertations on String Theory start +growing exponentially just at the moment + + align:start position:0% +growing exponentially just at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +growing exponentially just at the moment +when other Trends within the subfield + + align:start position:0% +when other Trends within the subfield + + + align:start position:0% +when other Trends within the subfield +are looking less and less fiscally + + align:start position:0% +are looking less and less fiscally + + + align:start position:0% +are looking less and less fiscally +viable it's not only the US this is a + + align:start position:0% +viable it's not only the US this is a + + + align:start position:0% +viable it's not only the US this is a +complicated plot uh that I I like + + align:start position:0% +complicated plot uh that I I like + + + align:start position:0% +complicated plot uh that I I like +staring at let me just tell you briefly + + align:start position:0% +staring at let me just tell you briefly + + + align:start position:0% +staring at let me just tell you briefly +what it's showing is comparing the + + align:start position:0% +what it's showing is comparing the + + + align:start position:0% +what it's showing is comparing the +decade by decade averages I was trying + + align:start position:0% +decade by decade averages I was trying + + + align:start position:0% +decade by decade averages I was trying +to capture lots of moving Parts + + align:start position:0% +to capture lots of moving Parts + + + align:start position:0% +to capture lots of moving Parts +um across many countries in the world + + align:start position:0% +um across many countries in the world + + + align:start position:0% +um across many countries in the world +where the um + + align:start position:0% +where the um + + + align:start position:0% +where the um +the blue curve shows the the change + + align:start position:0% +the blue curve shows the the change + + + align:start position:0% +the blue curve shows the the change +between the decade of the mid to mid 80s + + align:start position:0% +between the decade of the mid to mid 80s + + + align:start position:0% +between the decade of the mid to mid 80s +to mid 90s the change of that decade + + align:start position:0% +to mid 90s the change of that decade + + + align:start position:0% +to mid 90s the change of that decade +compared to the next decade 90s to early + + align:start position:0% +compared to the next decade 90s to early + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the next decade 90s to early +2000s mid-2000s the change in uh + + align:start position:0% +2000s mid-2000s the change in uh + + + align:start position:0% +2000s mid-2000s the change in uh +proportion of the world physics + + align:start position:0% +proportion of the world physics + + + align:start position:0% +proportion of the world physics +literature contributed by physicists in + + align:start position:0% +literature contributed by physicists in + + + align:start position:0% +literature contributed by physicists in +that country that's a very close proxy + + align:start position:0% +that country that's a very close proxy + + + align:start position:0% +that country that's a very close proxy +for for budgets other people look at + + align:start position:0% +for for budgets other people look at + + + align:start position:0% +for for budgets other people look at +this more carefully so you can really + + align:start position:0% +this more carefully so you can really + + + align:start position:0% +this more carefully so you can really +think of this as as kind of budget + + align:start position:0% +think of this as as kind of budget + + + align:start position:0% +think of this as as kind of budget +Trends you can see the budget for + + align:start position:0% +Trends you can see the budget for + + + align:start position:0% +Trends you can see the budget for +physics research across the board fell + + align:start position:0% +physics research across the board fell + + + align:start position:0% +physics research across the board fell +in the United States + + align:start position:0% +in the United States + + + align:start position:0% +in the United States +um afternoon of the Cold War it was + + align:start position:0% +um afternoon of the Cold War it was + + + align:start position:0% +um afternoon of the Cold War it was +consistent with what I showed you before + + align:start position:0% +consistent with what I showed you before + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with what I showed you before +likewise for many of these sort of + + align:start position:0% +likewise for many of these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +likewise for many of these sort of +former Cold War so-called superpowers + + align:start position:0% +former Cold War so-called superpowers + + + align:start position:0% +former Cold War so-called superpowers +the U.S the the USSR and then the + + align:start position:0% +the U.S the the USSR and then the + + + align:start position:0% +the U.S the the USSR and then the +post-soviet republics + + align:start position:0% +post-soviet republics + + + align:start position:0% +post-soviet republics +um same with Britain meanwhile some + + align:start position:0% +um same with Britain meanwhile some + + + align:start position:0% +um same with Britain meanwhile some +areas of the world during this period + + align:start position:0% +areas of the world during this period + + + align:start position:0% +areas of the world during this period +were investing like crazy in the basic + + align:start position:0% +were investing like crazy in the basic + + + align:start position:0% +were investing like crazy in the basic +Sciences after the end of the Cold War + + align:start position:0% +Sciences after the end of the Cold War + + + align:start position:0% +Sciences after the end of the Cold War +countries like Brazil and China for some + + align:start position:0% +countries like Brazil and China for some + + + align:start position:0% +countries like Brazil and China for some +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +and you have a very clear + + align:start position:0% +and you have a very clear + + + align:start position:0% +and you have a very clear +anti-correlation between countries that + + align:start position:0% +anti-correlation between countries that + + + align:start position:0% +anti-correlation between countries that +stopped investing so much in this in + + align:start position:0% +stopped investing so much in this in + + + align:start position:0% +stopped investing so much in this in +physics overall and the proportion of + + align:start position:0% +physics overall and the proportion of + + + align:start position:0% +physics overall and the proportion of +physicist there who began working on + + align:start position:0% +physicist there who began working on + + + align:start position:0% +physicist there who began working on +string theory versus the inverse + + align:start position:0% +string theory versus the inverse + + + align:start position:0% +string theory versus the inverse +countries that were investing across the + + align:start position:0% +countries that were investing across the + + + align:start position:0% +countries that were investing across the +board more and more aggressively across + + align:start position:0% +board more and more aggressively across + + + align:start position:0% +board more and more aggressively across +the full range of physics and you see + + align:start position:0% +the full range of physics and you see + + + align:start position:0% +the full range of physics and you see +either a slower growing proportion or a + + align:start position:0% +either a slower growing proportion or a + + + align:start position:0% +either a slower growing proportion or a +fault of proportion a falling proportion + + align:start position:0% +fault of proportion a falling proportion + + + align:start position:0% +fault of proportion a falling proportion +of physicists working on string theory + + align:start position:0% +of physicists working on string theory + + + align:start position:0% +of physicists working on string theory +that doesn't mean there's no reason to + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't mean there's no reason to + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't mean there's no reason to +work on string theory intellectually it + + align:start position:0% +work on string theory intellectually it + + + align:start position:0% +work on string theory intellectually it +does remind us that these decisions are + + align:start position:0% +does remind us that these decisions are + + + align:start position:0% +does remind us that these decisions are +not happening in a vacuum that what are + + align:start position:0% +not happening in a vacuum that what are + + + align:start position:0% +not happening in a vacuum that what are +the resources available with which to + + align:start position:0% +the resources available with which to + + + align:start position:0% +the resources available with which to +even ask certain questions those change + + align:start position:0% +even ask certain questions those change + + + align:start position:0% +even ask certain questions those change +not only based on arguments about string + + align:start position:0% +not only based on arguments about string + + + align:start position:0% +not only based on arguments about string +compactifications or Eternal inflation + + align:start position:0% +compactifications or Eternal inflation + + + align:start position:0% +compactifications or Eternal inflation +physics then is now is still embedded in + + align:start position:0% +physics then is now is still embedded in + + + align:start position:0% +physics then is now is still embedded in +a pretty messy world a world that in + + align:start position:0% +a pretty messy world a world that in + + + align:start position:0% +a pretty messy world a world that in +this case went through a pretty dramatic + + align:start position:0% +this case went through a pretty dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +this case went through a pretty dramatic +change with the end of the Cold War so + + align:start position:0% +change with the end of the Cold War so + + + align:start position:0% +change with the end of the Cold War so +let me wrap up + + align:start position:0% +let me wrap up + + + align:start position:0% +let me wrap up +early in our own Millennium physics + + align:start position:0% +early in our own Millennium physics + + + align:start position:0% +early in our own Millennium physics +seems to be just as much in the flow + + align:start position:0% +seems to be just as much in the flow + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be just as much in the flow +embedded in the world of people culture + + align:start position:0% +embedded in the world of people culture + + + align:start position:0% +embedded in the world of people culture +politics geopolitics and budgets and all + + align:start position:0% +politics geopolitics and budgets and all + + + align:start position:0% +politics geopolitics and budgets and all +the rest as it has been throughout the + + align:start position:0% +the rest as it has been throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +the rest as it has been throughout the +whole period we've looked at this this + + align:start position:0% +whole period we've looked at this this + + + align:start position:0% +whole period we've looked at this this +semester we saw for for a good chunk of + + align:start position:0% +semester we saw for for a good chunk of + + + align:start position:0% +semester we saw for for a good chunk of +the term there's a moment in the middle + + align:start position:0% +the term there's a moment in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +the term there's a moment in the middle +Decades of the 20th century largely + + align:start position:0% +Decades of the 20th century largely + + + align:start position:0% +Decades of the 20th century largely +coming out of the wartime projects uh + + align:start position:0% +coming out of the wartime projects uh + + + align:start position:0% +coming out of the wartime projects uh +when physics especially in the US seem + + align:start position:0% +when physics especially in the US seem + + + align:start position:0% +when physics especially in the US seem +to have a kind of + + align:start position:0% +to have a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to have a kind of +unlimited range of resources and and a + + align:start position:0% +unlimited range of resources and and a + + + align:start position:0% +unlimited range of resources and and a +command of respect and so on as well as + + align:start position:0% +command of respect and so on as well as + + + align:start position:0% +command of respect and so on as well as +heightened scrutiny with uh with + + align:start position:0% +heightened scrutiny with uh with + + + align:start position:0% +heightened scrutiny with uh with +McCarthy's and all the rest it was + + align:start position:0% +McCarthy's and all the rest it was + + + align:start position:0% +McCarthy's and all the rest it was +Center Stage for good or bad it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +Center Stage for good or bad it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +Center Stage for good or bad it wasn't +all good but it was a kind of central + + align:start position:0% +all good but it was a kind of central + + + align:start position:0% +all good but it was a kind of central +player uh in a way that was unlike what + + align:start position:0% +player uh in a way that was unlike what + + + align:start position:0% +player uh in a way that was unlike what +had either come before or indeed since I + + align:start position:0% +had either come before or indeed since I + + + align:start position:0% +had either come before or indeed since I +got my own Taste of this about the + + align:start position:0% +got my own Taste of this about the + + + align:start position:0% +got my own Taste of this about the +changing fortunes or the cultural + + align:start position:0% +changing fortunes or the cultural + + + align:start position:0% +changing fortunes or the cultural +capital let's say of uh of heinergy + + align:start position:0% +capital let's say of uh of heinergy + + + align:start position:0% +capital let's say of uh of heinergy +physics myself about 15 years ago Al and + + align:start position:0% +physics myself about 15 years ago Al and + + + align:start position:0% +physics myself about 15 years ago Al and +I had written a very brief um review + + align:start position:0% +I had written a very brief um review + + + align:start position:0% +I had written a very brief um review +article on inflation in fact it was one + + align:start position:0% +article on inflation in fact it was one + + + align:start position:0% +article on inflation in fact it was one +of the readings for the previous class + + align:start position:0% +of the readings for the previous class + + + align:start position:0% +of the readings for the previous class +it was published in science one week + + align:start position:0% +it was published in science one week + + + align:start position:0% +it was published in science one week +later there was a point-by-point + + align:start position:0% +later there was a point-by-point + + + align:start position:0% +later there was a point-by-point +rebuttal posted on a creationist website + + align:start position:0% +rebuttal posted on a creationist website + + + align:start position:0% +rebuttal posted on a creationist website +that someone emailed us to pay attention + + align:start position:0% +that someone emailed us to pay attention + + + align:start position:0% +that someone emailed us to pay attention +to they went through and showed all the + + align:start position:0% +to they went through and showed all the + + + align:start position:0% +to they went through and showed all the +reasons why this inflation account and + + align:start position:0% +reasons why this inflation account and + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why this inflation account and +even the standard Big Bang was baloney + + align:start position:0% +even the standard Big Bang was baloney + + + align:start position:0% +even the standard Big Bang was baloney +and in fact instead much as the + + align:start position:0% +and in fact instead much as the + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact instead much as the +Christian Bible seems to suggest at + + align:start position:0% +Christian Bible seems to suggest at + + + align:start position:0% +Christian Bible seems to suggest at +least to some readers the universe is + + align:start position:0% +least to some readers the universe is + + + align:start position:0% +least to some readers the universe is +only 6 000 years old it's not 14 billion + + align:start position:0% +only 6 000 years old it's not 14 billion + + + align:start position:0% +only 6 000 years old it's not 14 billion +years old and uh they wanted to show why + + align:start position:0% +years old and uh they wanted to show why + + + align:start position:0% +years old and uh they wanted to show why +every one of our arguments was wrong + + align:start position:0% +every one of our arguments was wrong + + + align:start position:0% +every one of our arguments was wrong +they conclude uh quite correctly with + + align:start position:0% +they conclude uh quite correctly with + + + align:start position:0% +they conclude uh quite correctly with +the following we had to show you in + + align:start position:0% +the following we had to show you in + + + align:start position:0% +the following we had to show you in +their own words what these MIT Eggheads + + align:start position:0% +their own words what these MIT Eggheads + + + align:start position:0% +their own words what these MIT Eggheads +are saying I said well guilty not when + + align:start position:0% +are saying I said well guilty not when + + + align:start position:0% +are saying I said well guilty not when +they nailed that was empirically astute + + align:start position:0% +they nailed that was empirically astute + + + align:start position:0% +they nailed that was empirically astute +Guth and Kaiser need to take up truck + + align:start position:0% +Guth and Kaiser need to take up truck + + + align:start position:0% +Guth and Kaiser need to take up truck +driving they wrote is that I'm listening + + align:start position:0% +driving they wrote is that I'm listening + + + align:start position:0% +driving they wrote is that I'm listening +that would get them out of their Ivory + + align:start position:0% +that would get them out of their Ivory + + + align:start position:0% +that would get them out of their Ivory +Towers at MIT and into the real world + + align:start position:0% +Towers at MIT and into the real world + + + align:start position:0% +Towers at MIT and into the real world +where they would be forced to look at + + align:start position:0% +where they would be forced to look at + + + align:start position:0% +where they would be forced to look at +trees mountains weather ecology plus + + align:start position:0% +trees mountains weather ecology plus + + + align:start position:0% +trees mountains weather ecology plus +what do you see on the interstate but + + align:start position:0% +what do you see on the interstate but + + + align:start position:0% +what do you see on the interstate but +Taco Bell and Motel 6 all these + + align:start position:0% +Taco Bell and Motel 6 all these + + + align:start position:0% +Taco Bell and Motel 6 all these +wonderful features of nature uh that uh + + align:start position:0% +wonderful features of nature uh that uh + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful features of nature uh that uh +that signal uh this um the the evidence + + align:start position:0% +that signal uh this um the the evidence + + + align:start position:0% +that signal uh this um the the evidence +of design in this case they meant + + align:start position:0% +of design in this case they meant + + + align:start position:0% +of design in this case they meant +designed by a Biblical God reality is a + + align:start position:0% +designed by a Biblical God reality is a + + + align:start position:0% +designed by a Biblical God reality is a +proclaimed design purpose and intention + + align:start position:0% +proclaimed design purpose and intention + + + align:start position:0% +proclaimed design purpose and intention +so I've had a wonderful time talking + + align:start position:0% +so I've had a wonderful time talking + + + align:start position:0% +so I've had a wonderful time talking +with you this term I'm sorry we had to + + align:start position:0% +with you this term I'm sorry we had to + + + align:start position:0% +with you this term I'm sorry we had to +do it remotely I hope that was + + align:start position:0% +do it remotely I hope that was + + + align:start position:0% +do it remotely I hope that was +nonetheless a reasonable experience for + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless a reasonable experience for + + + align:start position:0% +nonetheless a reasonable experience for +you please don't hesitate to email me + + align:start position:0% +you please don't hesitate to email me + + + align:start position:0% +you please don't hesitate to email me +but for now + + align:start position:0% +but for now + + + align:start position:0% +but for now +I get headed out because I got to get + + align:start position:0% +I get headed out because I got to get + + + align:start position:0% +I get headed out because I got to get +back to my rig so it's been great good + + align:start position:0% +back to my rig so it's been great good + + + align:start position:0% +back to my rig so it's been great good +luck with the end of the term and please + + align:start position:0% +luck with the end of the term and please + + + align:start position:0% +luck with the end of the term and please +don't hesitate to reach out if you have + + align:start position:0% +don't hesitate to reach out if you have + + + align:start position:0% +don't hesitate to reach out if you have +any questions anytime but I'll stop + + align:start position:0% +any questions anytime but I'll stop + + + align:start position:0% +any questions anytime but I'll stop +there any questions on that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no questions about MIT ed kids I guess + + align:start position:0% +no questions about MIT ed kids I guess + + + align:start position:0% +no questions about MIT ed kids I guess +that part was just self-evident okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/FlHKTvUjD6g.txt b/FlHKTvUjD6g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..760334703c06117281cbc5ebf91a643f67e6ac18 --- /dev/null +++ b/FlHKTvUjD6g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1547 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let's consider a very famous problem the + + align:start position:0% +let's consider a very famous problem the + + + align:start position:0% +let's consider a very famous problem the +Atwood machine we have a pulley a + + align:start position:0% +Atwood machine we have a pulley a + + + align:start position:0% +Atwood machine we have a pulley a +suspended from the ceiling and a rope is + + align:start position:0% +suspended from the ceiling and a rope is + + + align:start position:0% +suspended from the ceiling and a rope is +wrapped around the pulley and on each + + align:start position:0% +wrapped around the pulley and on each + + + align:start position:0% +wrapped around the pulley and on each +side of the Rope there is different + + align:start position:0% +side of the Rope there is different + + + align:start position:0% +side of the Rope there is different +masses so here's a block one and block + + align:start position:0% +masses so here's a block one and block + + + align:start position:0% +masses so here's a block one and block +two and we can say here it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +two and we can say here it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +two and we can say here it doesn't +matter but we'll say that M two is + + align:start position:0% +matter but we'll say that M two is + + + align:start position:0% +matter but we'll say that M two is +bigger than N one and that gives us some + + align:start position:0% +bigger than N one and that gives us some + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than N one and that gives us some +intuition that we expect block two to go + + align:start position:0% +intuition that we expect block two to go + + + align:start position:0% +intuition that we expect block two to go +down and block one to go up now in this + + align:start position:0% +down and block one to go up now in this + + + align:start position:0% +down and block one to go up now in this +problem there is friction between the + + align:start position:0% +problem there is friction between the + + + align:start position:0% +problem there is friction between the +rope and the pulley so the Rope is not + + align:start position:0% +rope and the pulley so the Rope is not + + + align:start position:0% +rope and the pulley so the Rope is not +sliding and what that means is that the + + align:start position:0% +sliding and what that means is that the + + + align:start position:0% +sliding and what that means is that the +pulley will rotate and also the mass of + + align:start position:0% +pulley will rotate and also the mass of + + + align:start position:0% +pulley will rotate and also the mass of +the pulley is not zero so these were all + + align:start position:0% +the pulley is not zero so these were all + + + align:start position:0% +the pulley is not zero so these were all +assumptions we made way back when we + + align:start position:0% +assumptions we made way back when we + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions we made way back when we +were analyzing Newton's second law but + + align:start position:0% +were analyzing Newton's second law but + + + align:start position:0% +were analyzing Newton's second law but +now we have to take into a fact that + + align:start position:0% +now we have to take into a fact that + + + align:start position:0% +now we have to take into a fact that +there's some rotational inertia to make + + align:start position:0% +there's some rotational inertia to make + + + align:start position:0% +there's some rotational inertia to make +the pulley start to have angular + + align:start position:0% +the pulley start to have angular + + + align:start position:0% +the pulley start to have angular +acceleration so what we'd like to do is + + align:start position:0% +acceleration so what we'd like to do is + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration so what we'd like to do is +to identify our three objects mass one + + align:start position:0% +to identify our three objects mass one + + + align:start position:0% +to identify our three objects mass one +the Pulliam mass two and for mass one + + align:start position:0% +the Pulliam mass two and for mass one + + + align:start position:0% +the Pulliam mass two and for mass one +and mass to use Newton's second law for + + align:start position:0% +and mass to use Newton's second law for + + + align:start position:0% +and mass to use Newton's second law for +the pulley will use our torque + + align:start position:0% +the pulley will use our torque + + + align:start position:0% +the pulley will use our torque +relationships so let's begin by drawing + + align:start position:0% +relationships so let's begin by drawing + + + align:start position:0% +relationships so let's begin by drawing +our Freebody diagrams for object 1 so we + + align:start position:0% +our Freebody diagrams for object 1 so we + + + align:start position:0% +our Freebody diagrams for object 1 so we +have tension in the rope pulling object + + align:start position:0% +have tension in the rope pulling object + + + align:start position:0% +have tension in the rope pulling object +1 up we have the gravitational force + + align:start position:0% +1 up we have the gravitational force + + + align:start position:0% +1 up we have the gravitational force +down and here it doesn't matter which + + align:start position:0% +down and here it doesn't matter which + + + align:start position:0% +down and here it doesn't matter which +way I'm going to choose my unit vectors + + align:start position:0% +way I'm going to choose my unit vectors + + + align:start position:0% +way I'm going to choose my unit vectors +because I have this idea that m2 is + + align:start position:0% +because I have this idea that m2 is + + + align:start position:0% +because I have this idea that m2 is +bigger than n1 I'm just going to choose + + align:start position:0% +bigger than n1 I'm just going to choose + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than n1 I'm just going to choose +J hat 1 up now for block 2 I have m 2g + + align:start position:0% +J hat 1 up now for block 2 I have m 2g + + + align:start position:0% +J hat 1 up now for block 2 I have m 2g +now here's the place where lots of + + align:start position:0% +now here's the place where lots of + + + align:start position:0% +now here's the place where lots of +people get tripped up in the past we've + + align:start position:0% +people get tripped up in the past we've + + + align:start position:0% +people get tripped up in the past we've +been assuming that the tension in the + + align:start position:0% +been assuming that the tension in the + + + align:start position:0% +been assuming that the tension in the +rope is uniform everywhere in this + + align:start position:0% +rope is uniform everywhere in this + + + align:start position:0% +rope is uniform everywhere in this +problem because the Rope is not slipping + + align:start position:0% +problem because the Rope is not slipping + + + align:start position:0% +problem because the Rope is not slipping +and the pulley is not massless the + + align:start position:0% +and the pulley is not massless the + + + align:start position:0% +and the pulley is not massless the +tension is not constant everywhere in + + align:start position:0% +tension is not constant everywhere in + + + align:start position:0% +tension is not constant everywhere in +the rope and we'll see more reasons why + + align:start position:0% +the rope and we'll see more reasons why + + + align:start position:0% +the rope and we'll see more reasons why +that can't be the case so I'll have to + + align:start position:0% +that can't be the case so I'll have to + + + align:start position:0% +that can't be the case so I'll have to +identify a different tension on the + + align:start position:0% +identify a different tension on the + + + align:start position:0% +identify a different tension on the +other side t2 pulling the rope pulling + + align:start position:0% +other side t2 pulling the rope pulling + + + align:start position:0% +other side t2 pulling the rope pulling +the block + + align:start position:0% +the block + + + align:start position:0% +the block +up and I'm gonna choose J hat to down + + align:start position:0% +up and I'm gonna choose J hat to down + + + align:start position:0% +up and I'm gonna choose J hat to down +notice my unit vectors are chosen in + + align:start position:0% +notice my unit vectors are chosen in + + + align:start position:0% +notice my unit vectors are chosen in +opposite directions the reason for that + + align:start position:0% +opposite directions the reason for that + + + align:start position:0% +opposite directions the reason for that +is that there's a constraint here that + + align:start position:0% +is that there's a constraint here that + + + align:start position:0% +is that there's a constraint here that +as block two goes down block one goes up + + align:start position:0% +as block two goes down block one goes up + + + align:start position:0% +as block two goes down block one goes up +if the acceleration of block 2 is + + align:start position:0% +if the acceleration of block 2 is + + + align:start position:0% +if the acceleration of block 2 is +positive the acceleration of block 1 + + align:start position:0% +positive the acceleration of block 1 + + + align:start position:0% +positive the acceleration of block 1 +will also be positive if I choose unit + + align:start position:0% +will also be positive if I choose unit + + + align:start position:0% +will also be positive if I choose unit +vector pointing up so now I can write + + align:start position:0% +vector pointing up so now I can write + + + align:start position:0% +vector pointing up so now I can write +Newton's second law for both of these so + + align:start position:0% +Newton's second law for both of these so + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's second law for both of these so +for block 2 positive down m2 G minus t2 + + align:start position:0% +for block 2 positive down m2 G minus t2 + + + align:start position:0% +for block 2 positive down m2 G minus t2 +equals m2 a it's the same acceleration + + align:start position:0% +equals m2 a it's the same acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +equals m2 a it's the same acceleration +in the Rope a is equal to a 1 equal to a + + align:start position:0% +in the Rope a is equal to a 1 equal to a + + + align:start position:0% +in the Rope a is equal to a 1 equal to a +2 they're all positive and for to notice + + align:start position:0% +2 they're all positive and for to notice + + + align:start position:0% +2 they're all positive and for to notice +that have positive up minus m1 G equals + + align:start position:0% +that have positive up minus m1 G equals + + + align:start position:0% +that have positive up minus m1 G equals +m1 a so so far these are my two + + align:start position:0% +m1 a so so far these are my two + + + align:start position:0% +m1 a so so far these are my two +equations I have three unknowns T 1 T 2 + + align:start position:0% +equations I have three unknowns T 1 T 2 + + + align:start position:0% +equations I have three unknowns T 1 T 2 +and the accelerations and only two + + align:start position:0% +and the accelerations and only two + + + align:start position:0% +and the accelerations and only two +equations now let's analyze the pulley + + align:start position:0% +equations now let's analyze the pulley + + + align:start position:0% +equations now let's analyze the pulley +so we have our pulley a and what are the + + align:start position:0% +so we have our pulley a and what are the + + + align:start position:0% +so we have our pulley a and what are the +forces on the pulley + + align:start position:0% +forces on the pulley + + + align:start position:0% +forces on the pulley +well forces and torques are a little bit + + align:start position:0% +well forces and torques are a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +well forces and torques are a little bit +different but let's just draw our forces + + align:start position:0% +different but let's just draw our forces + + + align:start position:0% +different but let's just draw our forces +first there is a tension holding it up + + align:start position:0% +first there is a tension holding it up + + + align:start position:0% +first there is a tension holding it up +we'll call that T 3 from this rope + + align:start position:0% +we'll call that T 3 from this rope + + + align:start position:0% +we'll call that T 3 from this rope +pulling it up now here's where we have + + align:start position:0% +pulling it up now here's where we have + + + align:start position:0% +pulling it up now here's where we have +to be careful rope one is pulling the + + align:start position:0% +to be careful rope one is pulling the + + + align:start position:0% +to be careful rope one is pulling the +pulley down that's what we called T 1 so + + align:start position:0% +pulley down that's what we called T 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +pulley down that's what we called T 1 so +we draw a T 1 on this side and the same + + align:start position:0% +we draw a T 1 on this side and the same + + + align:start position:0% +we draw a T 1 on this side and the same +rope on the other side is pulling the + + align:start position:0% +rope on the other side is pulling the + + + align:start position:0% +rope on the other side is pulling the +pulley down notice that it is a + + align:start position:0% +pulley down notice that it is a + + + align:start position:0% +pulley down notice that it is a +different T 2 now this brings us to what + + align:start position:0% +different T 2 now this brings us to what + + + align:start position:0% +different T 2 now this brings us to what +we called our rotational coordinate + + align:start position:0% +we called our rotational coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +we called our rotational coordinate +system I do know expect that the angular + + align:start position:0% +system I do know expect that the angular + + + align:start position:0% +system I do know expect that the angular +acceleration of the pulley so as the + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the pulley so as the + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the pulley so as the +pulley rotates in this problem I expect + + align:start position:0% +pulley rotates in this problem I expect + + + align:start position:0% +pulley rotates in this problem I expect +that it's rotating in the direction like + + align:start position:0% +that it's rotating in the direction like + + + align:start position:0% +that it's rotating in the direction like +my right hand rule this way and so I + + align:start position:0% +my right hand rule this way and so I + + + align:start position:0% +my right hand rule this way and so I +expect to see the Alpha pointing like + + align:start position:0% +expect to see the Alpha pointing like + + + align:start position:0% +expect to see the Alpha pointing like +that with that in it what I'll do is + + align:start position:0% +that with that in it what I'll do is + + + align:start position:0% +that with that in it what I'll do is +I'll choose + + align:start position:0% +I'll choose + + + align:start position:0% +I'll choose +a coordinate system for an angle-theta + + align:start position:0% +a coordinate system for an angle-theta + + + align:start position:0% +a coordinate system for an angle-theta +and that will make positive direction + + align:start position:0% +and that will make positive direction + + + align:start position:0% +and that will make positive direction +like that for my rotational coordinate + + align:start position:0% +like that for my rotational coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +like that for my rotational coordinate +system now when we write torque equals + + align:start position:0% +system now when we write torque equals + + + align:start position:0% +system now when we write torque equals +the moment of inertia of the pulley + + align:start position:0% +the moment of inertia of the pulley + + + align:start position:0% +the moment of inertia of the pulley +times the angular acceleration we have + + align:start position:0% +times the angular acceleration we have + + + align:start position:0% +times the angular acceleration we have +two torques the radius is our radiuses + + align:start position:0% +two torques the radius is our radiuses + + + align:start position:0% +two torques the radius is our radiuses +of R and if we draw if we're calculating + + align:start position:0% +of R and if we draw if we're calculating + + + align:start position:0% +of R and if we draw if we're calculating +the torque about the center of the + + align:start position:0% +the torque about the center of the + + + align:start position:0% +the torque about the center of the +pulley we'll call that point O then each + + align:start position:0% +pulley we'll call that point O then each + + + align:start position:0% +pulley we'll call that point O then each +of these torques are in different + + align:start position:0% +of these torques are in different + + + align:start position:0% +of these torques are in different +directions so for instance we would have + + align:start position:0% +directions so for instance we would have + + + align:start position:0% +directions so for instance we would have +to take 41 going down and this vector + + align:start position:0% +to take 41 going down and this vector + + + align:start position:0% +to take 41 going down and this vector +from the origin to where T 1 is acting + + align:start position:0% +from the origin to where T 1 is acting + + + align:start position:0% +from the origin to where T 1 is acting +we can extend that force and we see that + + align:start position:0% +we can extend that force and we see that + + + align:start position:0% +we can extend that force and we see that +that torque is pointing in the direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +direction like that and that's opposite + + align:start position:0% +direction like that and that's opposite + + + align:start position:0% +direction like that and that's opposite +or a sign here so this torque minus T + + align:start position:0% +or a sign here so this torque minus T + + + align:start position:0% +or a sign here so this torque minus T +one R is negative what about the torque + + align:start position:0% +one R is negative what about the torque + + + align:start position:0% +one R is negative what about the torque +from the other force T to again we would + + align:start position:0% +from the other force T to again we would + + + align:start position:0% +from the other force T to again we would +draw that vector let's draw them over + + align:start position:0% +draw that vector let's draw them over + + + align:start position:0% +draw that vector let's draw them over +here we have T two pointing down the + + align:start position:0% +here we have T two pointing down the + + + align:start position:0% +here we have T two pointing down the +point O is there the vector from o to + + align:start position:0% +point O is there the vector from o to + + + align:start position:0% +point O is there the vector from o to +two is pointing like that we extend that + + align:start position:0% +two is pointing like that we extend that + + + align:start position:0% +two is pointing like that we extend that +vector we put the arrow like that and we + + align:start position:0% +vector we put the arrow like that and we + + + align:start position:0% +vector we put the arrow like that and we +see that this one is pointing in our + + align:start position:0% +see that this one is pointing in our + + + align:start position:0% +see that this one is pointing in our +positive direction so we have a plus T + + align:start position:0% +positive direction so we have a plus T + + + align:start position:0% +positive direction so we have a plus T +to our equals + + align:start position:0% +to our equals + + + align:start position:0% +to our equals +I alpha now right away we can see why + + align:start position:0% +I alpha now right away we can see why + + + align:start position:0% +I alpha now right away we can see why +the tension in the strings is not the + + align:start position:0% +the tension in the strings is not the + + + align:start position:0% +the tension in the strings is not the +same because if these tensions were the + + align:start position:0% +same because if these tensions were the + + + align:start position:0% +same because if these tensions were the +same this quantity would be zero but the + + align:start position:0% +same this quantity would be zero but the + + + align:start position:0% +same this quantity would be zero but the +tensions can't be the same because the + + align:start position:0% +tensions can't be the same because the + + + align:start position:0% +tensions can't be the same because the +pulley is rotating and that rotational + + align:start position:0% +pulley is rotating and that rotational + + + align:start position:0% +pulley is rotating and that rotational +inertia of the pulley is coming from the + + align:start position:0% +inertia of the pulley is coming from the + + + align:start position:0% +inertia of the pulley is coming from the +fact that the two torques are not the + + align:start position:0% +fact that the two torques are not the + + + align:start position:0% +fact that the two torques are not the +same on both sides so we now have our + + align:start position:0% +same on both sides so we now have our + + + align:start position:0% +same on both sides so we now have our +last equation here T to R minus T 1 R + + align:start position:0% +last equation here T to R minus T 1 R + + + align:start position:0% +last equation here T to R minus T 1 R +equals I a alpha but notice that I've + + align:start position:0% +equals I a alpha but notice that I've + + + align:start position:0% +equals I a alpha but notice that I've +introduced another variable here so I + + align:start position:0% +introduced another variable here so I + + + align:start position:0% +introduced another variable here so I +again I have four equations and only + + align:start position:0% +again I have four equations and only + + + align:start position:0% +again I have four equations and only +three unknowns we still have one last + + align:start position:0% +three unknowns we still have one last + + + align:start position:0% +three unknowns we still have one last +constraint because the rope is sliding + + align:start position:0% +constraint because the rope is sliding + + + align:start position:0% +constraint because the rope is sliding +along the pulley and the radiuses are we + + align:start position:0% +along the pulley and the radiuses are we + + + align:start position:0% +along the pulley and the radiuses are we +know that a point on the rim of the + + align:start position:0% +know that a point on the rim of the + + + align:start position:0% +know that a point on the rim of the +pulley has acceleration a of the rope + + align:start position:0% +pulley has acceleration a of the rope + + + align:start position:0% +pulley has acceleration a of the rope +but the pulley has an alpha angular + + align:start position:0% +but the pulley has an alpha angular + + + align:start position:0% +but the pulley has an alpha angular +acceleration so our constraint condition + + align:start position:0% +acceleration so our constraint condition + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration so our constraint condition +here is plus R alpha now why did I put a + + align:start position:0% +here is plus R alpha now why did I put a + + + align:start position:0% +here is plus R alpha now why did I put a +plus sign because when the pulley is + + align:start position:0% +plus sign because when the pulley is + + + align:start position:0% +plus sign because when the pulley is +rotating in the direction shown alpha + + align:start position:0% +rotating in the direction shown alpha + + + align:start position:0% +rotating in the direction shown alpha +will be positive this quantity torque + + align:start position:0% +will be positive this quantity torque + + + align:start position:0% +will be positive this quantity torque +will be bigger than this one and so + + align:start position:0% +will be bigger than this one and so + + + align:start position:0% +will be bigger than this one and so +we'll have a positive alpha when I chose + + align:start position:0% +we'll have a positive alpha when I chose + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have a positive alpha when I chose +J hat 1 up and J hat to down that made + + align:start position:0% +J hat 1 up and J hat to down that made + + + align:start position:0% +J hat 1 up and J hat to down that made +all of my accelerations positive and so + + align:start position:0% +all of my accelerations positive and so + + + align:start position:0% +all of my accelerations positive and so +I end with a plus sign if I had reversed + + align:start position:0% +I end with a plus sign if I had reversed + + + align:start position:0% +I end with a plus sign if I had reversed +my choice of unit vectors then this + + align:start position:0% +my choice of unit vectors then this + + + align:start position:0% +my choice of unit vectors then this +would be a minus sign so you have to be + + align:start position:0% +would be a minus sign so you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +would be a minus sign so you have to be +extremely + + align:start position:0% +extremely + + + align:start position:0% +extremely +careful by making sure that the + + align:start position:0% +careful by making sure that the + + + align:start position:0% +careful by making sure that the +directions you chose for the linear + + align:start position:0% +directions you chose for the linear + + + align:start position:0% +directions you chose for the linear +force diagrams that give us a and the + + align:start position:0% +force diagrams that give us a and the + + + align:start position:0% +force diagrams that give us a and the +direction we chose in our rotational + + align:start position:0% +direction we chose in our rotational + + + align:start position:0% +direction we chose in our rotational +coordinate system are consistent when we + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system are consistent when we + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system are consistent when we +choose to relate the constraints between + + align:start position:0% +choose to relate the constraints between + + + align:start position:0% +choose to relate the constraints between +them so that's our last condition that a + + align:start position:0% +them so that's our last condition that a + + + align:start position:0% +them so that's our last condition that a +equals R alpha so when I now have four + + align:start position:0% +equals R alpha so when I now have four + + + align:start position:0% +equals R alpha so when I now have four +equations and four unknowns and if I + + align:start position:0% +equations and four unknowns and if I + + + align:start position:0% +equations and four unknowns and if I +want to solve for the acceleration a + + align:start position:0% +want to solve for the acceleration a + + + align:start position:0% +want to solve for the acceleration a +then I have to need a strategy here and + + align:start position:0% +then I have to need a strategy here and + + + align:start position:0% +then I have to need a strategy here and +what I'll do to find a is I'll use this + + align:start position:0% +what I'll do to find a is I'll use this + + + align:start position:0% +what I'll do to find a is I'll use this +equation that is my backbone why did I + + align:start position:0% +equation that is my backbone why did I + + + align:start position:0% +equation that is my backbone why did I +do that because I have the unknowns T 2 + + align:start position:0% +do that because I have the unknowns T 2 + + + align:start position:0% +do that because I have the unknowns T 2 +T 1 and alpha and I have separate + + align:start position:0% +T 1 and alpha and I have separate + + + align:start position:0% +T 1 and alpha and I have separate +equations that relate alpha 2 a and T 1 + + align:start position:0% +equations that relate alpha 2 a and T 1 + + + align:start position:0% +equations that relate alpha 2 a and T 1 +2 a and T 2 de and so I can solve for T + + align:start position:0% +2 a and T 2 de and so I can solve for T + + + align:start position:0% +2 a and T 2 de and so I can solve for T +2 and substitute it in here I'll need a + + align:start position:0% +2 and substitute it in here I'll need a + + + align:start position:0% +2 and substitute it in here I'll need a +little room so I get that T 2 is m2 G + + align:start position:0% +little room so I get that T 2 is m2 G + + + align:start position:0% +little room so I get that T 2 is m2 G +plus m2 a sorry minus m2 a times R now T + + align:start position:0% +plus m2 a sorry minus m2 a times R now T + + + align:start position:0% +plus m2 a sorry minus m2 a times R now T +1 is M 1 a plus M 1 G times art and + + align:start position:0% +1 is M 1 a plus M 1 G times art and + + + align:start position:0% +1 is M 1 a plus M 1 G times art and +that's equal to I a times alpha which is + + align:start position:0% +that's equal to I a times alpha which is + + + align:start position:0% +that's equal to I a times alpha which is +a over R so I'll now collect all of my a + + align:start position:0% +a over R so I'll now collect all of my a + + + align:start position:0% +a over R so I'll now collect all of my a +terms over here and so I get M 2 G R + + align:start position:0% +terms over here and so I get M 2 G R + + + align:start position:0% +terms over here and so I get M 2 G R +plus minus m1 G R this term and this + + align:start position:0% +plus minus m1 G R this term and this + + + align:start position:0% +plus minus m1 G R this term and this +term is equal to a times I a over R + + align:start position:0% +term is equal to a times I a over R + + + align:start position:0% +term is equal to a times I a over R +notice I have two plus signs here so I + + align:start position:0% +notice I have two plus signs here so I + + + align:start position:0% +notice I have two plus signs here so I +get M 1 plus M 2 times R and I therefore + + align:start position:0% +get M 1 plus M 2 times R and I therefore + + + align:start position:0% +get M 1 plus M 2 times R and I therefore +conclude we'll put it over here that the + + align:start position:0% +conclude we'll put it over here that the + + + align:start position:0% +conclude we'll put it over here that the +acceleration a is equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +m2 minus m1 G R / I a over R plus M 1 + + align:start position:0% +m2 minus m1 G R / I a over R plus M 1 + + + align:start position:0% +m2 minus m1 G R / I a over R plus M 1 +plus M 2 R now when I have this result + + align:start position:0% +plus M 2 R now when I have this result + + + align:start position:0% +plus M 2 R now when I have this result +let's just check a number of things + + align:start position:0% +let's just check a number of things + + + align:start position:0% +let's just check a number of things +first notice that if M 2 is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +first notice that if M 2 is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +first notice that if M 2 is bigger than +M 1 a will be positive which is what I + + align:start position:0% +M 1 a will be positive which is what I + + + align:start position:0% +M 1 a will be positive which is what I +expected + + align:start position:0% +expected + + + align:start position:0% +expected +dimensionally we have M 2 gr down here M + + align:start position:0% +dimensionally we have M 2 gr down here M + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionally we have M 2 gr down here M +2 R so this first term will have + + align:start position:0% +2 R so this first term will have + + + align:start position:0% +2 R so this first term will have +dimensions of acceleration G now over + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of acceleration G now over + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of acceleration G now over +here we have I a over R but remember + + align:start position:0% +here we have I a over R but remember + + + align:start position:0% +here we have I a over R but remember +moment of inertia is M times R squared + + align:start position:0% +moment of inertia is M times R squared + + + align:start position:0% +moment of inertia is M times R squared +so this also have the dimensions of mass + + align:start position:0% +so this also have the dimensions of mass + + + align:start position:0% +so this also have the dimensions of mass +and radius and so I have confidence + + align:start position:0% +and radius and so I have confidence + + + align:start position:0% +and radius and so I have confidence +dimensionally and the sign of a that + + align:start position:0% +dimensionally and the sign of a that + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionally and the sign of a that +this is the correct answer and that's + + align:start position:0% +this is the correct answer and that's + + + align:start position:0% +this is the correct answer and that's +how we solve the Atwood machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/G1sBybS2M48.txt b/G1sBybS2M48.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c537841262f0c85985c8d21c7330e3a1955344c --- /dev/null +++ b/G1sBybS2M48.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11971 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so last time we talked a little bit + + align:start position:0% +so last time we talked a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +so last time we talked a little bit +about beau miles disease and why it + + align:start position:0% +about beau miles disease and why it + + + align:start position:0% +about beau miles disease and why it +affects products that are not seeing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +technological change that saves cost and + + align:start position:0% +technological change that saves cost and + + + align:start position:0% +technological change that saves cost and +not seeing import substitution + + align:start position:0% +not seeing import substitution + + + align:start position:0% +not seeing import substitution +that might reduce cost so they tend to + + align:start position:0% +that might reduce cost so they tend to + + + align:start position:0% +that might reduce cost so they tend to +grow at faster than the rate of + + align:start position:0% +grow at faster than the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +grow at faster than the rate of +inflation and transit is one of those + + align:start position:0% +inflation and transit is one of those + + + align:start position:0% +inflation and transit is one of those +activities and what happens is the + + align:start position:0% +activities and what happens is the + + + align:start position:0% +activities and what happens is the +public sector ends up either taking the + + align:start position:0% +public sector ends up either taking the + + + align:start position:0% +public sector ends up either taking the +responsibility to provide those services + + align:start position:0% +responsibility to provide those services + + + align:start position:0% +responsibility to provide those services +are subsidizes private parties to + + align:start position:0% +are subsidizes private parties to + + + align:start position:0% +are subsidizes private parties to +provide those services other services + + align:start position:0% +provide those services other services + + + align:start position:0% +provide those services other services +will die or there's some combination of + + align:start position:0% +will die or there's some combination of + + + align:start position:0% +will die or there's some combination of +the two of the services get cut back and + + align:start position:0% +the two of the services get cut back and + + + align:start position:0% +the two of the services get cut back and +then some set of services that are + + align:start position:0% +then some set of services that are + + + align:start position:0% +then some set of services that are +viewed as too important to allow to + + align:start position:0% +viewed as too important to allow to + + + align:start position:0% +viewed as too important to allow to +disappear the government subsidizes for + + align:start position:0% +disappear the government subsidizes for + + + align:start position:0% +disappear the government subsidizes for +so so what do you do about it + + align:start position:0% +so so what do you do about it + + + align:start position:0% +so so what do you do about it +yeah was certainly fire protection + + align:start position:0% +yeah was certainly fire protection + + + align:start position:0% +yeah was certainly fire protection +services police teaching you know + + align:start position:0% +services police teaching you know + + + align:start position:0% +services police teaching you know +education generally the health care so + + align:start position:0% +education generally the health care so + + + align:start position:0% +education generally the health care so +what's what's the cost problem in health + + align:start position:0% +what's what's the cost problem in health + + + align:start position:0% +what's what's the cost problem in health +core know that no technological change + + align:start position:0% +core know that no technological change + + + align:start position:0% +core know that no technological change +going on in healthcare + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nothing cost reducing the sneaky phrase + + align:start position:0% +nothing cost reducing the sneaky phrase + + + align:start position:0% +nothing cost reducing the sneaky phrase +that I put in was cost reducing + + align:start position:0% +that I put in was cost reducing + + + align:start position:0% +that I put in was cost reducing +technology in health care there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +technology in health care there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +technology in health care there's a lot +of technology but it generally increases + + align:start position:0% +of technology but it generally increases + + + align:start position:0% +of technology but it generally increases +cost once there's a you know a better + + align:start position:0% +cost once there's a you know a better + + + align:start position:0% +cost once there's a you know a better +way to deal with cancer we all want it + + align:start position:0% +way to deal with cancer we all want it + + + align:start position:0% +way to deal with cancer we all want it +for our parents or kids ourselves so + + align:start position:0% +for our parents or kids ourselves so + + + align:start position:0% +for our parents or kids ourselves so +technology and healthcare tends to drive + + align:start position:0% +technology and healthcare tends to drive + + + align:start position:0% +technology and healthcare tends to drive +costs up it may be a good thing it means + + align:start position:0% +costs up it may be a good thing it means + + + align:start position:0% +costs up it may be a good thing it means +we're getting more quality but from a + + align:start position:0% +we're getting more quality but from a + + + align:start position:0% +we're getting more quality but from a +cost point of view its cost yeah the + + align:start position:0% +cost point of view its cost yeah the + + + align:start position:0% +cost point of view its cost yeah the +cynics think that's a bad thing because + + align:start position:0% +cynics think that's a bad thing because + + + align:start position:0% +cynics think that's a bad thing because +you cost more money better you should + + align:start position:0% +you cost more money better you should + + + align:start position:0% +you cost more money better you should +die quickly or some disease than hang + + align:start position:0% +die quickly or some disease than hang + + + align:start position:0% +die quickly or some disease than hang +around and need more health care so you + + align:start position:0% +around and need more health care so you + + + align:start position:0% +around and need more health care so you +know it gets at some philosophical + + align:start position:0% +know it gets at some philosophical + + + align:start position:0% +know it gets at some philosophical +questions but it's just from a few a + + align:start position:0% +questions but it's just from a few a + + + align:start position:0% +questions but it's just from a few a +practical point of view ball mouse + + align:start position:0% +practical point of view ball mouse + + + align:start position:0% +practical point of view ball mouse +disease is a serious problem it affects + + align:start position:0% +disease is a serious problem it affects + + + align:start position:0% +disease is a serious problem it affects +public services and it particularly + + align:start position:0% +public services and it particularly + + + align:start position:0% +public services and it particularly +affects public transit which is what + + align:start position:0% +affects public transit which is what + + + align:start position:0% +affects public transit which is what +we're interested here so I don't think + + align:start position:0% +we're interested here so I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +we're interested here so I don't think +we talked about this last time so what + + align:start position:0% +we talked about this last time so what + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about this last time so what +did beau Moll say happens with an + + align:start position:0% +did beau Moll say happens with an + + + align:start position:0% +did beau Moll say happens with an +activity that's afflicted by Bo Mel's + + align:start position:0% +activity that's afflicted by Bo Mel's + + + align:start position:0% +activity that's afflicted by Bo Mel's +class disease + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hire the people who perform that + + align:start position:0% +hire the people who perform that + + + align:start position:0% +hire the people who perform that +activity they need to their salary needs + + align:start position:0% +activity they need to their salary needs + + + align:start position:0% +activity they need to their salary needs +to be adjusted to inflation but you're + + align:start position:0% +to be adjusted to inflation but you're + + + align:start position:0% +to be adjusted to inflation but you're +essentially paying them more and more + + align:start position:0% +essentially paying them more and more + + + align:start position:0% +essentially paying them more and more +for producing the same amount that goes + + align:start position:0% +for producing the same amount that goes + + + align:start position:0% +for producing the same amount that goes +to the position example because if you + + align:start position:0% +to the position example because if you + + + align:start position:0% +to the position example because if you +want to hear live music paint musicians + + align:start position:0% +want to hear live music paint musicians + + + align:start position:0% +want to hear live music paint musicians +100 200 years ago so what what's bo + + align:start position:0% +100 200 years ago so what what's bo + + + align:start position:0% +100 200 years ago so what what's bo +miles argument about how you could + + align:start position:0% +miles argument about how you could + + + align:start position:0% +miles argument about how you could +continue to have four string quartets + + align:start position:0% +continue to have four string quartets + + + align:start position:0% +continue to have four string quartets +performed if you choose to you go to + + align:start position:0% +performed if you choose to you go to + + + align:start position:0% +performed if you choose to you go to +subsidize him but what's the economic + + align:start position:0% +subsidize him but what's the economic + + + align:start position:0% +subsidize him but what's the economic +rationale that he makes his argument is + + align:start position:0% +rationale that he makes his argument is + + + align:start position:0% +rationale that he makes his argument is +assuming this productivity improvement + + align:start position:0% +assuming this productivity improvement + + + align:start position:0% +assuming this productivity improvement +in the economy overall the overall gross + + align:start position:0% +in the economy overall the overall gross + + + align:start position:0% +in the economy overall the overall gross +domestic product is going up so you + + align:start position:0% +domestic product is going up so you + + + align:start position:0% +domestic product is going up so you +actually could afford to subsidize these + + align:start position:0% +actually could afford to subsidize these + + + align:start position:0% +actually could afford to subsidize these +activities music you know the arts + + align:start position:0% +activities music you know the arts + + + align:start position:0% +activities music you know the arts +health care whatever and you'd still + + align:start position:0% +health care whatever and you'd still + + + align:start position:0% +health care whatever and you'd still +have a surplus because there's been + + align:start position:0% +have a surplus because there's been + + + align:start position:0% +have a surplus because there's been +enough growth since its Dean since it's + + align:start position:0% +enough growth since its Dean since it's + + + align:start position:0% +enough growth since its Dean since it's +the technological change that is a + + align:start position:0% +the technological change that is a + + + align:start position:0% +the technological change that is a +factor in the increased wages + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then and and here the theory is that in + + align:start position:0% +then and and here the theory is that in + + + align:start position:0% +then and and here the theory is that in +the parts of the economy that are + + align:start position:0% +the parts of the economy that are + + + align:start position:0% +the parts of the economy that are +experiencing introduction of cost-saving + + align:start position:0% +experiencing introduction of cost-saving + + + align:start position:0% +experiencing introduction of cost-saving +technologies + + align:start position:0% +technologies + + + align:start position:0% +technologies +labor will be able to get pay increases + + align:start position:0% +labor will be able to get pay increases + + + align:start position:0% +labor will be able to get pay increases +higher than the rate of inflation + + align:start position:0% +higher than the rate of inflation + + + align:start position:0% +higher than the rate of inflation +because they're in a position to + + align:start position:0% +because they're in a position to + + + align:start position:0% +because they're in a position to +leverage that growing productivity are + + align:start position:0% +leverage that growing productivity are + + + align:start position:0% +leverage that growing productivity are +you with me on that so now the worker + + align:start position:0% +you with me on that so now the worker + + + align:start position:0% +you with me on that so now the worker +and Industry a that has productivity + + align:start position:0% +and Industry a that has productivity + + + align:start position:0% +and Industry a that has productivity +improvements gets pay increases beyond + + align:start position:0% +improvements gets pay increases beyond + + + align:start position:0% +improvements gets pay increases beyond +the rate of inflation but if I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +the rate of inflation but if I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of inflation but if I'm trying +to hire a bus drivers the bus driver + + align:start position:0% +to hire a bus drivers the bus driver + + + align:start position:0% +to hire a bus drivers the bus driver +wants the same pay because he's living + + align:start position:0% +wants the same pay because he's living + + + align:start position:0% +wants the same pay because he's living +in the same metropolitan area saying + + align:start position:0% +in the same metropolitan area saying + + + align:start position:0% +in the same metropolitan area saying +paying the same rent so the bus driver + + align:start position:0% +paying the same rent so the bus driver + + + align:start position:0% +paying the same rent so the bus driver +wants to get the same pay increases that + + align:start position:0% +wants to get the same pay increases that + + + align:start position:0% +wants to get the same pay increases that +the worker in the highly productive + + align:start position:0% +the worker in the highly productive + + + align:start position:0% +the worker in the highly productive +sector is getting so embedded within the + + align:start position:0% +sector is getting so embedded within the + + + align:start position:0% +sector is getting so embedded within the +productivity improvement is a wage + + align:start position:0% +productivity improvement is a wage + + + align:start position:0% +productivity improvement is a wage +increase there's a presumption there + + align:start position:0% +increase there's a presumption there + + + align:start position:0% +increase there's a presumption there +that labor does get a proportionate + + align:start position:0% +that labor does get a proportionate + + + align:start position:0% +that labor does get a proportionate +share of the productivity improvement + + align:start position:0% +share of the productivity improvement + + + align:start position:0% +share of the productivity improvement +recently that has not been happening but + + align:start position:0% +recently that has not been happening but + + + align:start position:0% +recently that has not been happening but +for a long time that appeared to be the + + align:start position:0% +for a long time that appeared to be the + + + align:start position:0% +for a long time that appeared to be the +case when boom all was writing so you + + align:start position:0% +case when boom all was writing so you + + + align:start position:0% +case when boom all was writing so you +end up with the technologically + + align:start position:0% +end up with the technologically + + + align:start position:0% +end up with the technologically +advancing sector needing to pay higher + + align:start position:0% +advancing sector needing to pay higher + + + align:start position:0% +advancing sector needing to pay higher +wages the more stagnant sectors needing + + align:start position:0% +wages the more stagnant sectors needing + + + align:start position:0% +wages the more stagnant sectors needing +to pay comparable salaries to attract + + align:start position:0% +to pay comparable salaries to attract + + + align:start position:0% +to pay comparable salaries to attract +labor because they're working in the + + align:start position:0% +labor because they're working in the + + + align:start position:0% +labor because they're working in the +same market in therefore larger and + + align:start position:0% +same market in therefore larger and + + + align:start position:0% +same market in therefore larger and +larger subsidies in those sectors where + + align:start position:0% +larger subsidies in those sectors where + + + align:start position:0% +larger subsidies in those sectors where +productivity is not improving yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well it assumes full employment would be + + align:start position:0% +well it assumes full employment would be + + + align:start position:0% +well it assumes full employment would be +one way to think about it but if there's + + align:start position:0% +one way to think about it but if there's + + + align:start position:0% +one way to think about it but if there's +not full employment but the workers are + + align:start position:0% +not full employment but the workers are + + + align:start position:0% +not full employment but the workers are +organized and intransitive very + + align:start position:0% +organized and intransitive very + + + align:start position:0% +organized and intransitive very +organized then they're able to command + + align:start position:0% +organized then they're able to command + + + align:start position:0% +organized then they're able to command +that they're able to bargain for high + + align:start position:0% +that they're able to bargain for high + + + align:start position:0% +that they're able to bargain for high +wages because they can make the + + align:start position:0% +wages because they can make the + + + align:start position:0% +wages because they can make the +comparison to what other workers make + + align:start position:0% +comparison to what other workers make + + + align:start position:0% +comparison to what other workers make +with similar educational background and + + align:start position:0% +with similar educational background and + + + align:start position:0% +with similar educational background and +even though there are unemployed people + + align:start position:0% +even though there are unemployed people + + + align:start position:0% +even though there are unemployed people +there because the union is able to + + align:start position:0% +there because the union is able to + + + align:start position:0% +there because the union is able to +control the workplace to some degree the + + align:start position:0% +control the workplace to some degree the + + + align:start position:0% +control the workplace to some degree the +even full employment isn't a necessary + + align:start position:0% +even full employment isn't a necessary + + + align:start position:0% +even full employment isn't a necessary +condition for this there's this problem + + align:start position:0% +condition for this there's this problem + + + align:start position:0% +condition for this there's this problem +to occur and to grow yeah I would argue + + align:start position:0% +to occur and to grow yeah I would argue + + + align:start position:0% +to occur and to grow yeah I would argue +being organized is more important than + + align:start position:0% +being organized is more important than + + + align:start position:0% +being organized is more important than +full employment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +so yeah so it's the practical + + align:start position:0% +so yeah so it's the practical + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah so it's the practical +consequence is you know labor has a lot + + align:start position:0% +consequence is you know labor has a lot + + + align:start position:0% +consequence is you know labor has a lot +of leverage and if you think about the + + align:start position:0% +of leverage and if you think about the + + + align:start position:0% +of leverage and if you think about the +areas we're talking about they tend to + + align:start position:0% +areas we're talking about they tend to + + + align:start position:0% +areas we're talking about they tend to +be areas that have a high labor content + + align:start position:0% +be areas that have a high labor content + + + align:start position:0% +be areas that have a high labor content +or they wouldn't be so vulnerable you + + align:start position:0% +or they wouldn't be so vulnerable you + + + align:start position:0% +or they wouldn't be so vulnerable you +know by their very it's a circular logic + + align:start position:0% +know by their very it's a circular logic + + + align:start position:0% +know by their very it's a circular logic +they are vulnerable to balls disease + + align:start position:0% +they are vulnerable to balls disease + + + align:start position:0% +they are vulnerable to balls disease +because they employ a lot of local labor + + align:start position:0% +because they employ a lot of local labor + + + align:start position:0% +because they employ a lot of local labor +and the productivity is not increasing + + align:start position:0% +and the productivity is not increasing + + + align:start position:0% +and the productivity is not increasing +with technology change therefore they + + align:start position:0% +with technology change therefore they + + + align:start position:0% +with technology change therefore they +got a growing problem and the problem is + + align:start position:0% +got a growing problem and the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +got a growing problem and the problem is +compounded because the workers being + + align:start position:0% +compounded because the workers being + + + align:start position:0% +compounded because the workers being +numerous and organized are able to get + + align:start position:0% +numerous and organized are able to get + + + align:start position:0% +numerous and organized are able to get +those higher pace so you're in a bit of + + align:start position:0% +those higher pace so you're in a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +those higher pace so you're in a bit of +a bind so what do you you you can simply + + align:start position:0% +a bind so what do you you you can simply + + + align:start position:0% +a bind so what do you you you can simply +pay more but the other consequence of + + align:start position:0% +pay more but the other consequence of + + + align:start position:0% +pay more but the other consequence of +having the government into the subsidy + + align:start position:0% +having the government into the subsidy + + + align:start position:0% +having the government into the subsidy +business is that other agendas then + + align:start position:0% +business is that other agendas then + + + align:start position:0% +business is that other agendas then +accumulate you know if Mussolini's in + + align:start position:0% +accumulate you know if Mussolini's in + + + align:start position:0% +accumulate you know if Mussolini's in +charge then you have to join the fascist + + align:start position:0% +charge then you have to join the fascist + + + align:start position:0% +charge then you have to join the fascist +party or you're not allowed to sing if + + align:start position:0% +party or you're not allowed to sing if + + + align:start position:0% +party or you're not allowed to sing if +some you know if Obama's in charge of + + align:start position:0% +some you know if Obama's in charge of + + + align:start position:0% +some you know if Obama's in charge of +some other elected official that you + + align:start position:0% +some other elected official that you + + + align:start position:0% +some other elected official that you +like better than Mussolini you're still + + align:start position:0% +like better than Mussolini you're still + + + align:start position:0% +like better than Mussolini you're still +going to get some political exactions + + align:start position:0% +going to get some political exactions + + + align:start position:0% +going to get some political exactions +attached to subsidy because get the + + align:start position:0% +attached to subsidy because get the + + + align:start position:0% +attached to subsidy because get the +process of getting subsidy through a + + align:start position:0% +process of getting subsidy through a + + + align:start position:0% +process of getting subsidy through a +legislative process gives people + + align:start position:0% +legislative process gives people + + + align:start position:0% +legislative process gives people +leverage and there's a particular + + align:start position:0% +leverage and there's a particular + + + align:start position:0% +leverage and there's a particular +problem why might the problem be worse + + align:start position:0% +problem why might the problem be worse + + + align:start position:0% +problem why might the problem be worse +for transit than it is say for education + + align:start position:0% +for transit than it is say for education + + + align:start position:0% +for transit than it is say for education +assume for the sake of argument + + align:start position:0% +assume for the sake of argument + + + align:start position:0% +assume for the sake of argument +education and transit are similarly + + align:start position:0% +education and transit are similarly + + + align:start position:0% +education and transit are similarly +dominated by local labor and similarly + + align:start position:0% +dominated by local labor and similarly + + + align:start position:0% +dominated by local labor and similarly +afflicted with pom walls disease why + + align:start position:0% +afflicted with pom walls disease why + + + align:start position:0% +afflicted with pom walls disease why +might the leverages should be different + + align:start position:0% +might the leverages should be different + + + align:start position:0% +might the leverages should be different +in the legislative bodies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well not so much that it's much more + + align:start position:0% +well not so much that it's much more + + + align:start position:0% +well not so much that it's much more +universal kids in Springfield need to go + + align:start position:0% +universal kids in Springfield need to go + + + align:start position:0% +universal kids in Springfield need to go +to school you know kids all over + + align:start position:0% +to school you know kids all over + + + align:start position:0% +to school you know kids all over +Massachusetts need to go to school North + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts need to go to school North + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts need to go to school North +Adams in Pittsfield don't require the + + align:start position:0% +Adams in Pittsfield don't require the + + + align:start position:0% +Adams in Pittsfield don't require the +same amount of transit that the Boston + + align:start position:0% +same amount of transit that the Boston + + + align:start position:0% +same amount of transit that the Boston +metropolitan area does because we're a + + align:start position:0% +metropolitan area does because we're a + + + align:start position:0% +metropolitan area does because we're a +congested area we get a certain kind of + + align:start position:0% +congested area we get a certain kind of + + + align:start position:0% +congested area we get a certain kind of +economy so there's a much higher + + align:start position:0% +economy so there's a much higher + + + align:start position:0% +economy so there's a much higher +proportion much higher dependency on + + align:start position:0% +proportion much higher dependency on + + + align:start position:0% +proportion much higher dependency on +public transportation in a place like + + align:start position:0% +public transportation in a place like + + + align:start position:0% +public transportation in a place like +London or a place like Boston than there + + align:start position:0% +London or a place like Boston than there + + + align:start position:0% +London or a place like Boston than there +is in a place like mouth Adams so when + + align:start position:0% +is in a place like mouth Adams so when + + + align:start position:0% +is in a place like mouth Adams so when +you're going to the legislature saying I + + align:start position:0% +you're going to the legislature saying I + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to the legislature saying I +need money to subsidize the MBTA the + + align:start position:0% +need money to subsidize the MBTA the + + + align:start position:0% +need money to subsidize the MBTA the +legislature from a district that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +legislature from a district that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +legislature from a district that doesn't +get much service says well what are you + + align:start position:0% +get much service says well what are you + + + align:start position:0% +get much service says well what are you +going to give me so you know why should + + align:start position:0% +going to give me so you know why should + + + align:start position:0% +going to give me so you know why should +I vote for this subsidy so people in + + align:start position:0% +I vote for this subsidy so people in + + + align:start position:0% +I vote for this subsidy so people in +Boston can ride you know more convenient + + align:start position:0% +Boston can ride you know more convenient + + + align:start position:0% +Boston can ride you know more convenient +transit at lower cost you've got to give + + align:start position:0% +transit at lower cost you've got to give + + + align:start position:0% +transit at lower cost you've got to give +me something so the the political + + align:start position:0% +me something so the the political + + + align:start position:0% +me something so the the political +process imposes conditions on the on the + + align:start position:0% +process imposes conditions on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +process imposes conditions on the on the +process of subsidy that exacts a premium + + align:start position:0% +process of subsidy that exacts a premium + + + align:start position:0% +process of subsidy that exacts a premium +on top of what boma would have predicted + + align:start position:0% +on top of what boma would have predicted + + + align:start position:0% +on top of what boma would have predicted +beau mauls analysis was that it's all + + align:start position:0% +beau mauls analysis was that it's all + + + align:start position:0% +beau mauls analysis was that it's all +about competition for labor and you're + + align:start position:0% +about competition for labor and you're + + + align:start position:0% +about competition for labor and you're +going to be forced to pay the prevailing + + align:start position:0% +going to be forced to pay the prevailing + + + align:start position:0% +going to be forced to pay the prevailing +wage in that metropolitan area in order + + align:start position:0% +wage in that metropolitan area in order + + + align:start position:0% +wage in that metropolitan area in order +to attract labor because there are + + align:start position:0% +to attract labor because there are + + + align:start position:0% +to attract labor because there are +competing opportunities for workers to + + align:start position:0% +competing opportunities for workers to + + + align:start position:0% +competing opportunities for workers to +work let's assume it's full employment + + align:start position:0% +work let's assume it's full employment + + + align:start position:0% +work let's assume it's full employment +possibly it's because of the leverage in + + align:start position:0% +possibly it's because of the leverage in + + + align:start position:0% +possibly it's because of the leverage in +the workplace of the Union but you're + + align:start position:0% +the workplace of the Union but you're + + + align:start position:0% +the workplace of the Union but you're +going to have to pay that metropolitan + + align:start position:0% +going to have to pay that metropolitan + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to pay that metropolitan +area competitive wage but what beau mall + + align:start position:0% +area competitive wage but what beau mall + + + align:start position:0% +area competitive wage but what beau mall +isn't calculating is that the very + + align:start position:0% +isn't calculating is that the very + + + align:start position:0% +isn't calculating is that the very +process of getting subsidy out of the + + align:start position:0% +process of getting subsidy out of the + + + align:start position:0% +process of getting subsidy out of the +political process imposes these extra + + align:start position:0% +political process imposes these extra + + + align:start position:0% +political process imposes these extra +costs so so this is all me rambling + + align:start position:0% +costs so so this is all me rambling + + + align:start position:0% +costs so so this is all me rambling +theory so a couple of years yeah even + + align:start position:0% +theory so a couple of years yeah even + + + align:start position:0% +theory so a couple of years yeah even +with good politicians that are really + + align:start position:0% +with good politicians that are really + + + align:start position:0% +with good politicians that are really +trying to do the right thing they want + + align:start position:0% +trying to do the right thing they want + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do the right thing they want +to support transit they have to convince + + align:start position:0% +to support transit they have to convince + + + align:start position:0% +to support transit they have to convince +and other parts of the state that don't + + align:start position:0% +and other parts of the state that don't + + + align:start position:0% +and other parts of the state that don't +have much transit to put money into it + + align:start position:0% +have much transit to put money into it + + + align:start position:0% +have much transit to put money into it +they've got to you know do something + + align:start position:0% +they've got to you know do something + + + align:start position:0% +they've got to you know do something +different I mean in Massachusetts for a + + align:start position:0% +different I mean in Massachusetts for a + + + align:start position:0% +different I mean in Massachusetts for a +long time the what Western Mass was + + align:start position:0% +long time the what Western Mass was + + + align:start position:0% +long time the what Western Mass was +getting out of the state government was + + align:start position:0% +getting out of the state government was + + + align:start position:0% +getting out of the state government was +the University of Massachusetts payroll + + align:start position:0% +the University of Massachusetts payroll + + + align:start position:0% +the University of Massachusetts payroll +because UMass was located out numerous + + align:start position:0% +because UMass was located out numerous + + + align:start position:0% +because UMass was located out numerous +there were jobs it was a very important + + align:start position:0% +there were jobs it was a very important + + + align:start position:0% +there were jobs it was a very important +part of a economy that's not very robust + + align:start position:0% +part of a economy that's not very robust + + + align:start position:0% +part of a economy that's not very robust +there were heavy subsidies to public + + align:start position:0% +there were heavy subsidies to public + + + align:start position:0% +there were heavy subsidies to public +higher public education Eastern Mass in + + align:start position:0% +higher public education Eastern Mass in + + + align:start position:0% +higher public education Eastern Mass in +an earlier period was much more + + align:start position:0% +an earlier period was much more + + + align:start position:0% +an earlier period was much more +dominated by private universities now + + align:start position:0% +dominated by private universities now + + + align:start position:0% +dominated by private universities now +there's a UMass Boston but in an earlier + + align:start position:0% +there's a UMass Boston but in an earlier + + + align:start position:0% +there's a UMass Boston but in an earlier +period was really all concentrated out + + align:start position:0% +period was really all concentrated out + + + align:start position:0% +period was really all concentrated out +there so the kind of the rough trade was + + align:start position:0% +there so the kind of the rough trade was + + + align:start position:0% +there so the kind of the rough trade was +okay you got the tea I got UMass but + + align:start position:0% +okay you got the tea I got UMass but + + + align:start position:0% +okay you got the tea I got UMass but +there is some price attached by the + + align:start position:0% +there is some price attached by the + + + align:start position:0% +there is some price attached by the +political process to providing subsidy + + align:start position:0% +political process to providing subsidy + + + align:start position:0% +political process to providing subsidy +because in the and the more unevenly + + align:start position:0% +because in the and the more unevenly + + + align:start position:0% +because in the and the more unevenly +spread the service is the higher that + + align:start position:0% +spread the service is the higher that + + + align:start position:0% +spread the service is the higher that +price is going to be that's me making up + + align:start position:0% +price is going to be that's me making up + + + align:start position:0% +price is going to be that's me making up +theory and asking you to believe it so a + + align:start position:0% +theory and asking you to believe it so a + + + align:start position:0% +theory and asking you to believe it so a +couple years ago a couple of times in + + align:start position:0% +couple years ago a couple of times in + + + align:start position:0% +couple years ago a couple of times in +the past few decades I've been lucky + + align:start position:0% +the past few decades I've been lucky + + + align:start position:0% +the past few decades I've been lucky +enough to have a lot of very smart + + align:start position:0% +enough to have a lot of very smart + + + align:start position:0% +enough to have a lot of very smart +students doing their master's degrees so + + align:start position:0% +students doing their master's degrees so + + + align:start position:0% +students doing their master's degrees so +I've inflicted Bo Hwa's disease on a + + align:start position:0% +I've inflicted Bo Hwa's disease on a + + + align:start position:0% +I've inflicted Bo Hwa's disease on a +couple of them so has em I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +couple of them so has em I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +couple of them so has em I'm gonna +mangle his name zĂĽrich ed have you guys + + align:start position:0% +mangle his name zĂĽrich ed have you guys + + + align:start position:0% +mangle his name zĂĽrich ed have you guys +read his work at all okay he's a + + align:start position:0% +read his work at all okay he's a + + + align:start position:0% +read his work at all okay he's a +brilliant guy from Jordan very + + align:start position:0% +brilliant guy from Jordan very + + + align:start position:0% +brilliant guy from Jordan very +interesting fellow he did a really nice + + align:start position:0% +interesting fellow he did a really nice + + + align:start position:0% +interesting fellow he did a really nice +piece on bone walls disease and somewhat + + align:start position:0% +piece on bone walls disease and somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +piece on bone walls disease and somewhat +theoretical piece and showed yeah it + + align:start position:0% +theoretical piece and showed yeah it + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical piece and showed yeah it +looks like transit really has it then a + + align:start position:0% +looks like transit really has it then a + + + align:start position:0% +looks like transit really has it then a +couple of years ago there was another + + align:start position:0% +couple of years ago there was another + + + align:start position:0% +couple of years ago there was another +student named Xavier did I think some of + + align:start position:0% +student named Xavier did I think some of + + + align:start position:0% +student named Xavier did I think some of +you knew Xavier so he got he did an + + align:start position:0% +you knew Xavier so he got he did an + + + align:start position:0% +you knew Xavier so he got he did an +analysis where he looked at a large data + + align:start position:0% +analysis where he looked at a large data + + + align:start position:0% +analysis where he looked at a large data +set I think he looked at something like + + align:start position:0% +set I think he looked at something like + + + align:start position:0% +set I think he looked at something like +700 transit agencies and he was just + + align:start position:0% +700 transit agencies and he was just + + + align:start position:0% +700 transit agencies and he was just +looking at bus services in the United + + align:start position:0% +looking at bus services in the United + + + align:start position:0% +looking at bus services in the United +States + + align:start position:0% +States + + + align:start position:0% +States +and he found that the MBTA has bone + + align:start position:0% +and he found that the MBTA has bone + + + align:start position:0% +and he found that the MBTA has bone +walls disease number one number two + + align:start position:0% +walls disease number one number two + + + align:start position:0% +walls disease number one number two +every bus provider in the United States + + align:start position:0% +every bus provider in the United States + + + align:start position:0% +every bus provider in the United States +has Bo miles disease it's not unique to + + align:start position:0% +has Bo miles disease it's not unique to + + + align:start position:0% +has Bo miles disease it's not unique to +the T we think the T is worse it's + + align:start position:0% +the T we think the T is worse it's + + + align:start position:0% +the T we think the T is worse it's +actually not it's a problem everywhere + + align:start position:0% +actually not it's a problem everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +actually not it's a problem everywhere +number three the there is a premium + + align:start position:0% +number three the there is a premium + + + align:start position:0% +number three the there is a premium +above what bone wall would have + + align:start position:0% +above what bone wall would have + + + align:start position:0% +above what bone wall would have +predicted bone mall would have predicted + + align:start position:0% +predicted bone mall would have predicted + + + align:start position:0% +predicted bone mall would have predicted +this metropolitan area comparable wage + + align:start position:0% +this metropolitan area comparable wage + + + align:start position:0% +this metropolitan area comparable wage +but in fact transit wages are raising + + align:start position:0% +but in fact transit wages are raising + + + align:start position:0% +but in fact transit wages are raising +perversely not only higher than + + align:start position:0% +perversely not only higher than + + + align:start position:0% +perversely not only higher than +inflation but higher than the salaries + + align:start position:0% +inflation but higher than the salaries + + + align:start position:0% +inflation but higher than the salaries +of comparably skilled workers in the + + align:start position:0% +of comparably skilled workers in the + + + align:start position:0% +of comparably skilled workers in the +same metropolitan area and the only + + align:start position:0% +same metropolitan area and the only + + + align:start position:0% +same metropolitan area and the only +explanation I could figure out is the + + align:start position:0% +explanation I could figure out is the + + + align:start position:0% +explanation I could figure out is the +leverage of the legislative process so + + align:start position:0% +leverage of the legislative process so + + + align:start position:0% +leverage of the legislative process so +you've got two kinds of leverage the + + align:start position:0% +you've got two kinds of leverage the + + + align:start position:0% +you've got two kinds of leverage the +leverage of the workers in the union + + align:start position:0% +leverage of the workers in the union + + + align:start position:0% +leverage of the workers in the union +bargaining position but then you got the + + align:start position:0% +bargaining position but then you got the + + + align:start position:0% +bargaining position but then you got the +leverage of other legislators who insist + + align:start position:0% +leverage of other legislators who insist + + + align:start position:0% +leverage of other legislators who insist +on some additional price to be paid but + + align:start position:0% +on some additional price to be paid but + + + align:start position:0% +on some additional price to be paid but +you've got labor also commanding power + + align:start position:0% +you've got labor also commanding power + + + align:start position:0% +you've got labor also commanding power +in the legislative process so now if I'm + + align:start position:0% +in the legislative process so now if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +in the legislative process so now if I'm +running the tea and I need to go to the + + align:start position:0% +running the tea and I need to go to the + + + align:start position:0% +running the tea and I need to go to the +legislature to get money the theory is + + align:start position:0% +legislature to get money the theory is + + + align:start position:0% +legislature to get money the theory is +that I'm the boss and there's this sort + + align:start position:0% +that I'm the boss and there's this sort + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm the boss and there's this sort +of structure and these workers work for + + align:start position:0% +of structure and these workers work for + + + align:start position:0% +of structure and these workers work for +me the fact is the workers have way more + + align:start position:0% +me the fact is the workers have way more + + + align:start position:0% +me the fact is the workers have way more +power than I do in talking to the + + align:start position:0% +power than I do in talking to the + + + align:start position:0% +power than I do in talking to the +legislature because the Union has a lot + + align:start position:0% +legislature because the Union has a lot + + + align:start position:0% +legislature because the Union has a lot +of voters and they can they've + + align:start position:0% +of voters and they can they've + + + align:start position:0% +of voters and they can they've +disciplined and they can deliver that + + align:start position:0% +disciplined and they can deliver that + + + align:start position:0% +disciplined and they can deliver that +vote and they can deliver workers and + + align:start position:0% +vote and they can deliver workers and + + + align:start position:0% +vote and they can deliver workers and +they can deliver campaign contribution + + align:start position:0% +they can deliver campaign contribution + + + align:start position:0% +they can deliver campaign contribution +and I'm trying to peddle public policy + + align:start position:0% +and I'm trying to peddle public policy + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm trying to peddle public policy +in transit is good for you and you + + align:start position:0% +in transit is good for you and you + + + align:start position:0% +in transit is good for you and you +should do this so I really need labor as + + align:start position:0% +should do this so I really need labor as + + + align:start position:0% +should do this so I really need labor as +an ally in getting the support of the + + align:start position:0% +an ally in getting the support of the + + + align:start position:0% +an ally in getting the support of the +legislature for the subsidy and + + align:start position:0% +legislature for the subsidy and + + + align:start position:0% +legislature for the subsidy and +perversely labor figures that out in + + align:start position:0% +perversely labor figures that out in + + + align:start position:0% +perversely labor figures that out in +demands even more so sounds weird but + + align:start position:0% +demands even more so sounds weird but + + + align:start position:0% +demands even more so sounds weird but +five years data shows this is absolutely + + align:start position:0% +five years data shows this is absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +five years data shows this is absolutely +the case + + align:start position:0% +the case + + + align:start position:0% +the case +that there's a premium above and beyond + + align:start position:0% +that there's a premium above and beyond + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a premium above and beyond +what Bomar would have predicted and it's + + align:start position:0% +what Bomar would have predicted and it's + + + align:start position:0% +what Bomar would have predicted and it's +all over the United States then he took + + align:start position:0% +all over the United States then he took + + + align:start position:0% +all over the United States then he took +another look and we made up a couple of + + align:start position:0% +another look and we made up a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +another look and we made up a couple of +tests of what might an indicator be of + + align:start position:0% +tests of what might an indicator be of + + + align:start position:0% +tests of what might an indicator be of +the relative political strength of + + align:start position:0% +the relative political strength of + + + align:start position:0% +the relative political strength of +labour in a state or local jurisdiction + + align:start position:0% +labour in a state or local jurisdiction + + + align:start position:0% +labour in a state or local jurisdiction +so do any of you know what the what the + + align:start position:0% +so do any of you know what the what the + + + align:start position:0% +so do any of you know what the what the +right-to-work laws are okay so what's + + align:start position:0% +right-to-work laws are okay so what's + + + align:start position:0% +right-to-work laws are okay so what's +the right-to-work law yeah so the the + + align:start position:0% +the right-to-work law yeah so the the + + + align:start position:0% +the right-to-work law yeah so the the +right-wingers who don't like unions + + align:start position:0% +right-wingers who don't like unions + + + align:start position:0% +right-wingers who don't like unions +that's all right wingers don't like + + align:start position:0% +that's all right wingers don't like + + + align:start position:0% +that's all right wingers don't like +unions they're very clever at making up + + align:start position:0% +unions they're very clever at making up + + + align:start position:0% +unions they're very clever at making up +names so it's called the right-to-work + + align:start position:0% +names so it's called the right-to-work + + + align:start position:0% +names so it's called the right-to-work +because that sounds kind of nice but + + align:start position:0% +because that sounds kind of nice but + + + align:start position:0% +because that sounds kind of nice but +it's also from if you're Pro Union it + + align:start position:0% +it's also from if you're Pro Union it + + + align:start position:0% +it's also from if you're Pro Union it +means that the union has to convince + + align:start position:0% +means that the union has to convince + + + align:start position:0% +means that the union has to convince +workers to join the union they collect + + align:start position:0% +workers to join the union they collect + + + align:start position:0% +workers to join the union they collect +dues they have to cost money to organize + + align:start position:0% +dues they have to cost money to organize + + + align:start position:0% +dues they have to cost money to organize +and develop an agenda and lobby etcetera + + align:start position:0% +and develop an agenda and lobby etcetera + + + align:start position:0% +and develop an agenda and lobby etcetera +and if not everyone in the group has to + + align:start position:0% +and if not everyone in the group has to + + + align:start position:0% +and if not everyone in the group has to +join the Union then you've got a free + + align:start position:0% +join the Union then you've got a free + + + align:start position:0% +join the Union then you've got a free +rider problem where people can say oh + + align:start position:0% +rider problem where people can say oh + + + align:start position:0% +rider problem where people can say oh +I'm a libertarian I don't believe in + + align:start position:0% +I'm a libertarian I don't believe in + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a libertarian I don't believe in +unions + + align:start position:0% +unions + + + align:start position:0% +unions +well then once you give back half of + + align:start position:0% +well then once you give back half of + + + align:start position:0% +well then once you give back half of +your pay you're enjoying the benefits of + + align:start position:0% +your pay you're enjoying the benefits of + + + align:start position:0% +your pay you're enjoying the benefits of +having union representation but you just + + align:start position:0% +having union representation but you just + + + align:start position:0% +having union representation but you just +don't want to pay your share I'm giving + + align:start position:0% +don't want to pay your share I'm giving + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to pay your share I'm giving +the union's point of view obviously so + + align:start position:0% +the union's point of view obviously so + + + align:start position:0% +the union's point of view obviously so +the other what oh okay + + align:start position:0% +the other what oh okay + + + align:start position:0% +the other what oh okay +so anyway you get so you get this + + align:start position:0% +so anyway you get so you get this + + + align:start position:0% +so anyway you get so you get this +situation where we hypothesized that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right-to-work laws passed in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +right-to-work laws passed in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +right-to-work laws passed in a lot of +states and didn't pass in a lot of + + align:start position:0% +states and didn't pass in a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +states and didn't pass in a lot of +states + + align:start position:0% +states + + + align:start position:0% +states +and they did not pass in States + + align:start position:0% +and they did not pass in States + + + align:start position:0% +and they did not pass in States +surprisingly that have strong unions and + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly that have strong unions and + + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly that have strong unions and +they did pass in the south and in places + + align:start position:0% +they did pass in the south and in places + + + align:start position:0% +they did pass in the south and in places +where they weren't where there wasn't + + align:start position:0% +where they weren't where there wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +where they weren't where there wasn't +much political power on the Union side + + align:start position:0% +much political power on the Union side + + + align:start position:0% +much political power on the Union side +so we said well let maybe that's a proxy + + align:start position:0% +so we said well let maybe that's a proxy + + + align:start position:0% +so we said well let maybe that's a proxy +for the political power of unions so + + align:start position:0% +for the political power of unions so + + + align:start position:0% +for the political power of unions so +Javier took the right to work states + + align:start position:0% +Javier took the right to work states + + + align:start position:0% +Javier took the right to work states +separated them out from the states where + + align:start position:0% +separated them out from the states where + + + align:start position:0% +separated them out from the states where +union membership is a requirement and lo + + align:start position:0% +union membership is a requirement and lo + + + align:start position:0% +union membership is a requirement and lo +and behold yeah this is a bigger premium + + align:start position:0% +and behold yeah this is a bigger premium + + + align:start position:0% +and behold yeah this is a bigger premium +on top of boom all in the states that a + + align:start position:0% +on top of boom all in the states that a + + + align:start position:0% +on top of boom all in the states that a +more union culture and the states that + + align:start position:0% +more union culture and the states that + + + align:start position:0% +more union culture and the states that +are more anti-union in culture there's + + align:start position:0% +are more anti-union in culture there's + + + align:start position:0% +are more anti-union in culture there's +less of a premium being paid so looks + + align:start position:0% +less of a premium being paid so looks + + + align:start position:0% +less of a premium being paid so looks +from the data like you know this gas as + + align:start position:0% +from the data like you know this gas as + + + align:start position:0% +from the data like you know this gas as +to what's going on is at least + + align:start position:0% +to what's going on is at least + + + align:start position:0% +to what's going on is at least +consistent with what the data says and + + align:start position:0% +consistent with what the data says and + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with what the data says and +you know have you did a couple of nice + + align:start position:0% +you know have you did a couple of nice + + + align:start position:0% +you know have you did a couple of nice +papers on it so then the next question + + align:start position:0% +papers on it so then the next question + + + align:start position:0% +papers on it so then the next question +is okay so what do you what do you do + + align:start position:0% +is okay so what do you what do you do + + + align:start position:0% +is okay so what do you what do you do +about this yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah well for for politicians who get + + align:start position:0% +yeah well for for politicians who get + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well for for politicians who get +their votes from workers there's more of + + align:start position:0% +their votes from workers there's more of + + + align:start position:0% +their votes from workers there's more of +a desire to be a good employer but it's + + align:start position:0% +a desire to be a good employer but it's + + + align:start position:0% +a desire to be a good employer but it's +actually inconvenient to have a subset + + align:start position:0% +actually inconvenient to have a subset + + + align:start position:0% +actually inconvenient to have a subset +of workers who are largely financed + + align:start position:0% +of workers who are largely financed + + + align:start position:0% +of workers who are largely financed +through subsidy making higher wages and + + align:start position:0% +through subsidy making higher wages and + + + align:start position:0% +through subsidy making higher wages and +with better health care and pension + + align:start position:0% +with better health care and pension + + + align:start position:0% +with better health care and pension +benefits than other workers who are + + align:start position:0% +benefits than other workers who are + + + align:start position:0% +benefits than other workers who are +paying the taxes so it actually creates + + align:start position:0% +paying the taxes so it actually creates + + + align:start position:0% +paying the taxes so it actually creates +a division within the workers that why + + align:start position:0% +a division within the workers that why + + + align:start position:0% +a division within the workers that why +the hell is this guy getting more than + + align:start position:0% +the hell is this guy getting more than + + + align:start position:0% +the hell is this guy getting more than +me and I'm paying his salary and you + + align:start position:0% +me and I'm paying his salary and you + + + align:start position:0% +me and I'm paying his salary and you +know so it's not particularly convenient + + align:start position:0% +know so it's not particularly convenient + + + align:start position:0% +know so it's not particularly convenient +even for a somewhat left-wing politician + + align:start position:0% +even for a somewhat left-wing politician + + + align:start position:0% +even for a somewhat left-wing politician +to what to pay higher pays other than + + align:start position:0% +to what to pay higher pays other than + + + align:start position:0% +to what to pay higher pays other than +the fact that especially if they're from + + align:start position:0% +the fact that especially if they're from + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that especially if they're from +a district that has a lot of bus drivers + + align:start position:0% +a district that has a lot of bus drivers + + + align:start position:0% +a district that has a lot of bus drivers +then they want to take care of that + + align:start position:0% +then they want to take care of that + + + align:start position:0% +then they want to take care of that +constituency so there's the kind of + + align:start position:0% +constituency so there's the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +constituency so there's the kind of +client based politics that drive some + + align:start position:0% +client based politics that drive some + + + align:start position:0% +client based politics that drive some +politicians in that direction but a sort + + align:start position:0% +politicians in that direction but a sort + + + align:start position:0% +politicians in that direction but a sort +of general left-leaning attitude + + align:start position:0% +of general left-leaning attitude + + + align:start position:0% +of general left-leaning attitude +wouldn't particularly argue to pay + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't particularly argue to pay + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't particularly argue to pay +transit workers higher than teachers + + align:start position:0% +transit workers higher than teachers + + + align:start position:0% +transit workers higher than teachers +but transit workers make more money than + + align:start position:0% +but transit workers make more money than + + + align:start position:0% +but transit workers make more money than +teachers so I mean it's it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +teachers so I mean it's it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +teachers so I mean it's it's a it's a +pretty weird situation and you keep + + align:start position:0% +pretty weird situation and you keep + + + align:start position:0% +pretty weird situation and you keep +peeling away the onion saying what's + + align:start position:0% +peeling away the onion saying what's + + + align:start position:0% +peeling away the onion saying what's +really going on here and it looks like a + + align:start position:0% +really going on here and it looks like a + + + align:start position:0% +really going on here and it looks like a +bull mouths disease is a real problem + + align:start position:0% +bull mouths disease is a real problem + + + align:start position:0% +bull mouths disease is a real problem +and B there is this premium on top of + + align:start position:0% +and B there is this premium on top of + + + align:start position:0% +and B there is this premium on top of +O'Malley's disease that comes out of the + + align:start position:0% +O'Malley's disease that comes out of the + + + align:start position:0% +O'Malley's disease that comes out of the +nature of the political process and the + + align:start position:0% +nature of the political process and the + + + align:start position:0% +nature of the political process and the +extra bargaining that labor has so labor + + align:start position:0% +extra bargaining that labor has so labor + + + align:start position:0% +extra bargaining that labor has so labor +has bargaining of the normal kind that a + + align:start position:0% +has bargaining of the normal kind that a + + + align:start position:0% +has bargaining of the normal kind that a +union always has with an employer + + align:start position:0% +union always has with an employer + + + align:start position:0% +union always has with an employer +because they control the supply of labor + + align:start position:0% +because they control the supply of labor + + + align:start position:0% +because they control the supply of labor +but then it has this political dimension + + align:start position:0% +but then it has this political dimension + + + align:start position:0% +but then it has this political dimension +so once the enterprise becomes dependent + + align:start position:0% +so once the enterprise becomes dependent + + + align:start position:0% +so once the enterprise becomes dependent +on political support for subsidy labor + + align:start position:0% +on political support for subsidy labor + + + align:start position:0% +on political support for subsidy labor +now has two bites of the Apple and it's + + align:start position:0% +now has two bites of the Apple and it's + + + align:start position:0% +now has two bites of the Apple and it's +I think it makes sense as a theory look + + align:start position:0% +I think it makes sense as a theory look + + + align:start position:0% +I think it makes sense as a theory look +like the data supported it from Javier's + + align:start position:0% +like the data supported it from Javier's + + + align:start position:0% +like the data supported it from Javier's +research yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scoffs better don't fact that Tracey DFL + + align:start position:0% +scoffs better don't fact that Tracey DFL + + + align:start position:0% +scoffs better don't fact that Tracey DFL +goes on strike + + align:start position:0% +goes on strike + + + align:start position:0% +goes on strike +then the London economy was a billion + + align:start position:0% +then the London economy was a billion + + + align:start position:0% +then the London economy was a billion +dollars a day when transit agencies + + align:start position:0% +dollars a day when transit agencies + + + align:start position:0% +dollars a day when transit agencies +their labor goes on strike the economic + + align:start position:0% +their labor goes on strike the economic + + + align:start position:0% +their labor goes on strike the economic +pain that they create is immediate + + align:start position:0% +pain that they create is immediate + + + align:start position:0% +pain that they create is immediate +versus teachers you know if our kids + + align:start position:0% +versus teachers you know if our kids + + + align:start position:0% +versus teachers you know if our kids +aren't being educated then the impact + + align:start position:0% +aren't being educated then the impact + + + align:start position:0% +aren't being educated then the impact +will will be seen only transit the + + align:start position:0% +will will be seen only transit the + + + align:start position:0% +will will be seen only transit the +economic bridge oh yeah right in the + + align:start position:0% +economic bridge oh yeah right in the + + + align:start position:0% +economic bridge oh yeah right in the +summer when people would walk toward + + align:start position:0% +summer when people would walk toward + + + align:start position:0% +summer when people would walk toward +strike the winter when the weather site + + align:start position:0% +strike the winter when the weather site + + + align:start position:0% +strike the winter when the weather site +the same reason the garbageman go on + + align:start position:0% +the same reason the garbageman go on + + + align:start position:0% +the same reason the garbageman go on +strike in the summer because during the + + align:start position:0% +strike in the summer because during the + + + align:start position:0% +strike in the summer because during the +winter the garbage piles of increases + + align:start position:0% +winter the garbage piles of increases + + + align:start position:0% +winter the garbage piles of increases +and smells great + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so Xinhua Zhao was also advising + + align:start position:0% +so so Xinhua Zhao was also advising + + + align:start position:0% +so so Xinhua Zhao was also advising +Javier on his thesis and on the papers + + align:start position:0% +Javier on his thesis and on the papers + + + align:start position:0% +Javier on his thesis and on the papers +that he wrote on this so Jinhua said + + align:start position:0% +that he wrote on this so Jinhua said + + + align:start position:0% +that he wrote on this so Jinhua said +well let's take a look at whether I mean + + align:start position:0% +well let's take a look at whether I mean + + + align:start position:0% +well let's take a look at whether I mean +one one way to try to counter bull miles + + align:start position:0% +one one way to try to counter bull miles + + + align:start position:0% +one one way to try to counter bull miles +disease would be to become more + + align:start position:0% +disease would be to become more + + + align:start position:0% +disease would be to become more +productive after all this disease comes + + align:start position:0% +productive after all this disease comes + + + align:start position:0% +productive after all this disease comes +because of a lack of productivity growth + + align:start position:0% +because of a lack of productivity growth + + + align:start position:0% +because of a lack of productivity growth +shouldn't we look at improving + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't we look at improving + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't we look at improving +productivity first is transit performing + + align:start position:0% +productivity first is transit performing + + + align:start position:0% +productivity first is transit performing +at the efficiency frontier and the way + + align:start position:0% +at the efficiency frontier and the way + + + align:start position:0% +at the efficiency frontier and the way +they are they're employing their + + align:start position:0% +they are they're employing their + + + align:start position:0% +they are they're employing their +resources so a bunch of more analysis is + + align:start position:0% +resources so a bunch of more analysis is + + + align:start position:0% +resources so a bunch of more analysis is +done and of course transit isn't + + align:start position:0% +done and of course transit isn't + + + align:start position:0% +done and of course transit isn't +operating anywhere near its efficiency + + align:start position:0% +operating anywhere near its efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +operating anywhere near its efficiency +so so it's a question it's important to + + align:start position:0% +so so it's a question it's important to + + + align:start position:0% +so so it's a question it's important to +look at it and as managers if you end up + + align:start position:0% +look at it and as managers if you end up + + + align:start position:0% +look at it and as managers if you end up +as managers in transit systems you + + align:start position:0% +as managers in transit systems you + + + align:start position:0% +as managers in transit systems you +certainly have to pay a lot of attention + + align:start position:0% +certainly have to pay a lot of attention + + + align:start position:0% +certainly have to pay a lot of attention +to looking for ways to produce better + + align:start position:0% +to looking for ways to produce better + + + align:start position:0% +to looking for ways to produce better +quality public transportation at the + + align:start position:0% +quality public transportation at the + + + align:start position:0% +quality public transportation at the +lower cost I believe that it's more + + align:start position:0% +lower cost I believe that it's more + + + align:start position:0% +lower cost I believe that it's more +fruitful to look to get better quality + + align:start position:0% +fruitful to look to get better quality + + + align:start position:0% +fruitful to look to get better quality +for similar costs the current management + + align:start position:0% +for similar costs the current management + + + align:start position:0% +for similar costs the current management +to the T thinks that it's a victory to + + align:start position:0% +to the T thinks that it's a victory to + + + align:start position:0% +to the T thinks that it's a victory to +give you the same crappy service but + + align:start position:0% +give you the same crappy service but + + + align:start position:0% +give you the same crappy service but +spend less money doing it don't think + + align:start position:0% +spend less money doing it don't think + + + align:start position:0% +spend less money doing it don't think +that's all that good that the objective + + align:start position:0% +that's all that good that the objective + + + align:start position:0% +that's all that good that the objective +is not to reduce costs the objective is + + align:start position:0% +is not to reduce costs the objective is + + + align:start position:0% +is not to reduce costs the objective is +to improve what you're offering people I + + align:start position:0% +to improve what you're offering people I + + + align:start position:0% +to improve what you're offering people I +think if you want your product to be + + align:start position:0% +think if you want your product to be + + + align:start position:0% +think if you want your product to be +prised and still around in ten years as + + align:start position:0% +prised and still around in ten years as + + + align:start position:0% +prised and still around in ten years as +opposed to just being a temporary + + align:start position:0% +opposed to just being a temporary + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to just being a temporary +band-aid but there are different + + align:start position:0% +band-aid but there are different + + + align:start position:0% +band-aid but there are different +philosophies of management but in either + + align:start position:0% +philosophies of management but in either + + + align:start position:0% +philosophies of management but in either +case whether you're looking at a cost + + align:start position:0% +case whether you're looking at a cost + + + align:start position:0% +case whether you're looking at a cost +reduction type of strategy or whether + + align:start position:0% +reduction type of strategy or whether + + + align:start position:0% +reduction type of strategy or whether +you're looking at a value maximization + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at a value maximization + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at a value maximization +productivity and efficiency are + + align:start position:0% +productivity and efficiency are + + + align:start position:0% +productivity and efficiency are +important things to look to so that's + + align:start position:0% +important things to look to so that's + + + align:start position:0% +important things to look to so that's +that's one kind of thing you you should + + align:start position:0% +that's one kind of thing you you should + + + align:start position:0% +that's one kind of thing you you should +be involved in all that + + align:start position:0% +be involved in all that + + + align:start position:0% +be involved in all that +and you you could also think about what + + align:start position:0% +and you you could also think about what + + + align:start position:0% +and you you could also think about what +are the external factors that might lead + + align:start position:0% +are the external factors that might lead + + + align:start position:0% +are the external factors that might lead +transit to become more valuable over + + align:start position:0% +transit to become more valuable over + + + align:start position:0% +transit to become more valuable over +time even if you're not being + + align:start position:0% +time even if you're not being + + + align:start position:0% +time even if you're not being +particularly more efficient in the way + + align:start position:0% +particularly more efficient in the way + + + align:start position:0% +particularly more efficient in the way +you're delivering it so if the + + align:start position:0% +you're delivering it so if the + + + align:start position:0% +you're delivering it so if the +metropolitan area is growing and if + + align:start position:0% +metropolitan area is growing and if + + + align:start position:0% +metropolitan area is growing and if +transit is also growing then the cost + + align:start position:0% +transit is also growing then the cost + + + align:start position:0% +transit is also growing then the cost +per Rider or the subsidy provider should + + align:start position:0% +per Rider or the subsidy provider should + + + align:start position:0% +per Rider or the subsidy provider should +go down because you've got less empty + + align:start position:0% +go down because you've got less empty + + + align:start position:0% +go down because you've got less empty +seats that's the nice version you've got + + align:start position:0% +seats that's the nice version you've got + + + align:start position:0% +seats that's the nice version you've got +more crowded buses the not-so-nice + + align:start position:0% +more crowded buses the not-so-nice + + + align:start position:0% +more crowded buses the not-so-nice +version but you can get more service if + + align:start position:0% +version but you can get more service if + + + align:start position:0% +version but you can get more service if +you don't look too hot at the quality of + + align:start position:0% +you don't look too hot at the quality of + + + align:start position:0% +you don't look too hot at the quality of +that service at lower cost as the system + + align:start position:0% +that service at lower cost as the system + + + align:start position:0% +that service at lower cost as the system +gets more and more customers so growth + + align:start position:0% +gets more and more customers so growth + + + align:start position:0% +gets more and more customers so growth +in passengers is certainly benign now + + align:start position:0% +in passengers is certainly benign now + + + align:start position:0% +in passengers is certainly benign now +too much of a good thing is a bad thing + + align:start position:0% +too much of a good thing is a bad thing + + + align:start position:0% +too much of a good thing is a bad thing +you know you get the kind of crowding + + align:start position:0% +you know you get the kind of crowding + + + align:start position:0% +you know you get the kind of crowding +you're studying in Chicago you know that + + align:start position:0% +you're studying in Chicago you know that + + + align:start position:0% +you're studying in Chicago you know that +doesn't seem quite efficient when people + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem quite efficient when people + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem quite efficient when people +kind of get on and are being left behind + + align:start position:0% +kind of get on and are being left behind + + + align:start position:0% +kind of get on and are being left behind +and everything else but from a from the + + align:start position:0% +and everything else but from a from the + + + align:start position:0% +and everything else but from a from the +point of view of the green eyeshade guys + + align:start position:0% +point of view of the green eyeshade guys + + + align:start position:0% +point of view of the green eyeshade guys +that are just looking at the numbers the + + align:start position:0% +that are just looking at the numbers the + + + align:start position:0% +that are just looking at the numbers the +more people you cram onto the vehicles + + align:start position:0% +more people you cram onto the vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +more people you cram onto the vehicles +you know that's dampening down the + + align:start position:0% +you know that's dampening down the + + + align:start position:0% +you know that's dampening down the +subsidy a bit so even with no particular + + align:start position:0% +subsidy a bit so even with no particular + + + align:start position:0% +subsidy a bit so even with no particular +management effort or skill if the region + + align:start position:0% +management effort or skill if the region + + + align:start position:0% +management effort or skill if the region +happens to be growing in if transit + + align:start position:0% +happens to be growing in if transit + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be growing in if transit +ridership happens to be growing then the + + align:start position:0% +ridership happens to be growing then the + + + align:start position:0% +ridership happens to be growing then the +value of the transit is growing and that + + align:start position:0% +value of the transit is growing and that + + + align:start position:0% +value of the transit is growing and that +can offset the bowls problem to some + + align:start position:0% +can offset the bowls problem to some + + + align:start position:0% +can offset the bowls problem to some +degree and if you think of what the + + align:start position:0% +degree and if you think of what the + + + align:start position:0% +degree and if you think of what the +competing mode is if the area is growing + + align:start position:0% +competing mode is if the area is growing + + + align:start position:0% +competing mode is if the area is growing +and the jobs are growing and the + + align:start position:0% +and the jobs are growing and the + + + align:start position:0% +and the jobs are growing and the +congestion on the roadways are growing + + align:start position:0% +congestion on the roadways are growing + + + align:start position:0% +congestion on the roadways are growing +conditions that certainly apply here and + + align:start position:0% +conditions that certainly apply here and + + + align:start position:0% +conditions that certainly apply here and +in Chicago then the societal value of + + align:start position:0% +in Chicago then the societal value of + + + align:start position:0% +in Chicago then the societal value of +the transit is higher both for the + + align:start position:0% +the transit is higher both for the + + + align:start position:0% +the transit is higher both for the +riders because their alternative choice + + align:start position:0% +riders because their alternative choice + + + align:start position:0% +riders because their alternative choice +is to be in the congestion in for the + + align:start position:0% +is to be in the congestion in for the + + + align:start position:0% +is to be in the congestion in for the +drivers who don't use transit who are in + + align:start position:0% +drivers who don't use transit who are in + + + align:start position:0% +drivers who don't use transit who are in +the congested conditions who are happy + + align:start position:0% +the congested conditions who are happy + + + align:start position:0% +the congested conditions who are happy +to have some people out of their way so + + align:start position:0% +to have some people out of their way so + + + align:start position:0% +to have some people out of their way so +through no virtue of the transit manager + + align:start position:0% +through no virtue of the transit manager + + + align:start position:0% +through no virtue of the transit manager +if the region's growing in ridership is + + align:start position:0% +if the region's growing in ridership is + + + align:start position:0% +if the region's growing in ridership is +growing that can help offset the balls + + align:start position:0% +growing that can help offset the balls + + + align:start position:0% +growing that can help offset the balls +disease both in the practical sense of + + align:start position:0% +disease both in the practical sense of + + + align:start position:0% +disease both in the practical sense of +getting more revenue and in the + + align:start position:0% +getting more revenue and in the + + + align:start position:0% +getting more revenue and in the +theoretical sense that the value of the + + align:start position:0% +theoretical sense that the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical sense that the value of the +transit collective product is actually + + align:start position:0% +transit collective product is actually + + + align:start position:0% +transit collective product is actually +going up through no virtue of your own + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so it did it would have to be + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it did it would have to be + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it did it would have to be +pretty extreme to actually totally + + align:start position:0% +pretty extreme to actually totally + + + align:start position:0% +pretty extreme to actually totally +offset the Bowman oil problem but it's + + align:start position:0% +offset the Bowman oil problem but it's + + + align:start position:0% +offset the Bowman oil problem but it's +certainly an offset and that's you know + + align:start position:0% +certainly an offset and that's you know + + + align:start position:0% +certainly an offset and that's you know +none of you guys are gonna rat me out + + align:start position:0% +none of you guys are gonna rat me out + + + align:start position:0% +none of you guys are gonna rat me out +are you + + align:start position:0% +are you + + + align:start position:0% +are you +this thing's being taped isn't it well + + align:start position:0% +this thing's being taped isn't it well + + + align:start position:0% +this thing's being taped isn't it well +you know we've got our visitors from TfL + + align:start position:0% +you know we've got our visitors from TfL + + + align:start position:0% +you know we've got our visitors from TfL +coming tomorrow and they're great people + + align:start position:0% +coming tomorrow and they're great people + + + align:start position:0% +coming tomorrow and they're great people +and it's a very competent organization + + align:start position:0% +and it's a very competent organization + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a very competent organization +and they're very proud of themselves for + + align:start position:0% +and they're very proud of themselves for + + + align:start position:0% +and they're very proud of themselves for +running a good service and they in fact + + align:start position:0% +running a good service and they in fact + + + align:start position:0% +running a good service and they in fact +for a long time were able to persuade + + align:start position:0% +for a long time were able to persuade + + + align:start position:0% +for a long time were able to persuade +two different mayor's one the Labour + + align:start position:0% +two different mayor's one the Labour + + + align:start position:0% +two different mayor's one the Labour +Mayor Ken Livingstone the Trotskyite and + + align:start position:0% +Mayor Ken Livingstone the Trotskyite and + + + align:start position:0% +Mayor Ken Livingstone the Trotskyite and +then the right-wing conservative mayor + + align:start position:0% +then the right-wing conservative mayor + + + align:start position:0% +then the right-wing conservative mayor +Boris and they were able to convince the + + align:start position:0% +Boris and they were able to convince the + + + align:start position:0% +Boris and they were able to convince the +Trotskyite as well as the conservative + + align:start position:0% +Trotskyite as well as the conservative + + + align:start position:0% +Trotskyite as well as the conservative +that it was okay to try to increase + + align:start position:0% +that it was okay to try to increase + + + align:start position:0% +that it was okay to try to increase +transit fares by the rate of inflation + + align:start position:0% +transit fares by the rate of inflation + + + align:start position:0% +transit fares by the rate of inflation +plus 1% that's pretty steep especially + + align:start position:0% +plus 1% that's pretty steep especially + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1% that's pretty steep especially +for a Labour kind of mayor the current + + align:start position:0% +for a Labour kind of mayor the current + + + align:start position:0% +for a Labour kind of mayor the current +mayor is the socialist and is not into + + align:start position:0% +mayor is the socialist and is not into + + + align:start position:0% +mayor is the socialist and is not into +seeing that continue and I don't blame + + align:start position:0% +seeing that continue and I don't blame + + + align:start position:0% +seeing that continue and I don't blame +him but TfL was really happy that they + + align:start position:0% +him but TfL was really happy that they + + + align:start position:0% +him but TfL was really happy that they +had this strategy and of course they + + align:start position:0% +had this strategy and of course they + + + align:start position:0% +had this strategy and of course they +argued that well we're providing better + + align:start position:0% +argued that well we're providing better + + + align:start position:0% +argued that well we're providing better +service so people should pay for that + + align:start position:0% +service so people should pay for that + + + align:start position:0% +service so people should pay for that +better service and to some degree that's + + align:start position:0% +better service and to some degree that's + + + align:start position:0% +better service and to some degree that's +true + + align:start position:0% +true + + + align:start position:0% +true +and their numbers were looking very good + + align:start position:0% +and their numbers were looking very good + + + align:start position:0% +and their numbers were looking very good +but it turned out that the population of + + align:start position:0% +but it turned out that the population of + + + align:start position:0% +but it turned out that the population of +London had grown in the previous five + + align:start position:0% +London had grown in the previous five + + + align:start position:0% +London had grown in the previous five +years more than anyone knew so there was + + align:start position:0% +years more than anyone knew so there was + + + align:start position:0% +years more than anyone knew so there was +a secret assist to the numbers coming + + align:start position:0% +a secret assist to the numbers coming + + + align:start position:0% +a secret assist to the numbers coming +out of the fact that the population had + + align:start position:0% +out of the fact that the population had + + + align:start position:0% +out of the fact that the population had +just grown along with a growing economy + + align:start position:0% +just grown along with a growing economy + + + align:start position:0% +just grown along with a growing economy +and not to take anything away from a + + align:start position:0% +and not to take anything away from a + + + align:start position:0% +and not to take anything away from a +very competent bunch of people running + + align:start position:0% +very competent bunch of people running + + + align:start position:0% +very competent bunch of people running +TfL they were in the right place at the + + align:start position:0% +TfL they were in the right place at the + + + align:start position:0% +TfL they were in the right place at the +right time you know you bought on third + + align:start position:0% +right time you know you bought on third + + + align:start position:0% +right time you know you bought on third +place is third base and think you hit a + + align:start position:0% +place is third base and think you hit a + + + align:start position:0% +place is third base and think you hit a +triple you know yeah you're you're in + + align:start position:0% +triple you know yeah you're you're in + + + align:start position:0% +triple you know yeah you're you're in +London with this terrific system and the + + align:start position:0% +London with this terrific system and the + + + align:start position:0% +London with this terrific system and the +economy is growing it's kind of going up + + align:start position:0% +economy is growing it's kind of going up + + + align:start position:0% +economy is growing it's kind of going up +now it's a little unfair + + align:start position:0% +now it's a little unfair + + + align:start position:0% +now it's a little unfair +because they they are very confident and + + align:start position:0% +because they they are very confident and + + + align:start position:0% +because they they are very confident and +they're doing a good job and they work + + align:start position:0% +they're doing a good job and they work + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing a good job and they work +hard at it but a lot of it is just luck + + align:start position:0% +hard at it but a lot of it is just luck + + + align:start position:0% +hard at it but a lot of it is just luck +of being in the right place at the right + + align:start position:0% +of being in the right place at the right + + + align:start position:0% +of being in the right place at the right +time so there's an external extra + + align:start position:0% +time so there's an external extra + + + align:start position:0% +time so there's an external extra +benefit to transit that can help offset + + align:start position:0% +benefit to transit that can help offset + + + align:start position:0% +benefit to transit that can help offset +beau molls disease in those cities that + + align:start position:0% +beau molls disease in those cities that + + + align:start position:0% +beau molls disease in those cities that +are growing so what are you doing a city + + align:start position:0% +are growing so what are you doing a city + + + align:start position:0% +are growing so what are you doing a city +that's not growing what are you doing + + align:start position:0% +that's not growing what are you doing + + + align:start position:0% +that's not growing what are you doing +not atoms what do you do when General + + align:start position:0% +not atoms what do you do when General + + + align:start position:0% +not atoms what do you do when General +Electric pulls out of Pittsfield yanking + + align:start position:0% +Electric pulls out of Pittsfield yanking + + + align:start position:0% +Electric pulls out of Pittsfield yanking +5,000 jobs with them you know you don't + + align:start position:0% +5,000 jobs with them you know you don't + + + align:start position:0% +5,000 jobs with them you know you don't +have that luck in those situations so + + align:start position:0% +have that luck in those situations so + + + align:start position:0% +have that luck in those situations so +you know it's it's it's nice to be lucky + + align:start position:0% +you know it's it's it's nice to be lucky + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's it's it's nice to be lucky +but you can't bank on that in a + + align:start position:0% +but you can't bank on that in a + + + align:start position:0% +but you can't bank on that in a +systematic way and you need to be able + + align:start position:0% +systematic way and you need to be able + + + align:start position:0% +systematic way and you need to be able +to sort of look at the situation and + + align:start position:0% +to sort of look at the situation and + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of look at the situation and +think that through the so now another + + align:start position:0% +think that through the so now another + + + align:start position:0% +think that through the so now another +place you might get funding support and + + align:start position:0% +place you might get funding support and + + + align:start position:0% +place you might get funding support and +this is very hard to do and they + + align:start position:0% +this is very hard to do and they + + + align:start position:0% +this is very hard to do and they +successfully did this to some degree in + + align:start position:0% +successfully did this to some degree in + + + align:start position:0% +successfully did this to some degree in +London you try to seek you a funding + + align:start position:0% +London you try to seek you a funding + + + align:start position:0% +London you try to seek you a funding +support at least political support from + + align:start position:0% +support at least political support from + + + align:start position:0% +support at least political support from +those growth constituencies so the easy + + align:start position:0% +those growth constituencies so the easy + + + align:start position:0% +those growth constituencies so the easy +thing to do not easy all of this is + + align:start position:0% +thing to do not easy all of this is + + + align:start position:0% +thing to do not easy all of this is +tough but the relatively feasible thing + + align:start position:0% +tough but the relatively feasible thing + + + align:start position:0% +tough but the relatively feasible thing +to do is to identify the beneficiaries + + align:start position:0% +to do is to identify the beneficiaries + + + align:start position:0% +to do is to identify the beneficiaries +of what you're doing above and beyond + + align:start position:0% +of what you're doing above and beyond + + + align:start position:0% +of what you're doing above and beyond +those people riding on the system so you + + align:start position:0% +those people riding on the system so you + + + align:start position:0% +those people riding on the system so you +know you look at what's going on and you + + align:start position:0% +know you look at what's going on and you + + + align:start position:0% +know you look at what's going on and you +say hey there's a bunch of real estate + + align:start position:0% +say hey there's a bunch of real estate + + + align:start position:0% +say hey there's a bunch of real estate +developers - making a lot of money and + + align:start position:0% +developers - making a lot of money and + + + align:start position:0% +developers - making a lot of money and +they couldn't develop those densities + + align:start position:0% +they couldn't develop those densities + + + align:start position:0% +they couldn't develop those densities +except for transit so let me go to them + + align:start position:0% +except for transit so let me go to them + + + align:start position:0% +except for transit so let me go to them +and try to get them to politically + + align:start position:0% +and try to get them to politically + + + align:start position:0% +and try to get them to politically +support taxes that someone else will pay + + align:start position:0% +support taxes that someone else will pay + + + align:start position:0% +support taxes that someone else will pay +so that they can be better transit + + align:start position:0% +so that they can be better transit + + + align:start position:0% +so that they can be better transit +that's the easier lift right you know + + align:start position:0% +that's the easier lift right you know + + + align:start position:0% +that's the easier lift right you know +let's increase the sales tax real estate + + align:start position:0% +let's increase the sales tax real estate + + + align:start position:0% +let's increase the sales tax real estate +developers don't pay particularly more + + align:start position:0% +developers don't pay particularly more + + + align:start position:0% +developers don't pay particularly more +sales tax than other people do you know + + align:start position:0% +sales tax than other people do you know + + + align:start position:0% +sales tax than other people do you know +everybody tries to do things with other + + align:start position:0% +everybody tries to do things with other + + + align:start position:0% +everybody tries to do things with other +people's money so I can make a campaign + + align:start position:0% +people's money so I can make a campaign + + + align:start position:0% +people's money so I can make a campaign +contribution and raise the sales tax + + align:start position:0% +contribution and raise the sales tax + + + align:start position:0% +contribution and raise the sales tax +have a better transit system my real + + align:start position:0% +have a better transit system my real + + + align:start position:0% +have a better transit system my real +estate value goes up I make money that's + + align:start position:0% +estate value goes up I make money that's + + + align:start position:0% +estate value goes up I make money that's +one proposition that doesn't happen + + align:start position:0% +one proposition that doesn't happen + + + align:start position:0% +one proposition that doesn't happen +automatically it's hard to do but but + + align:start position:0% +automatically it's hard to do but but + + + align:start position:0% +automatically it's hard to do but but +it's doable + + align:start position:0% +it's doable + + + align:start position:0% +it's doable +a more significant more significant + + align:start position:0% +a more significant more significant + + + align:start position:0% +a more significant more significant +achievement was what Transport for + + align:start position:0% +achievement was what Transport for + + + align:start position:0% +achievement was what Transport for +London pulled off on the funding of + + align:start position:0% +London pulled off on the funding of + + + align:start position:0% +London pulled off on the funding of +cross rail because they went to the + + align:start position:0% +cross rail because they went to the + + + align:start position:0% +cross rail because they went to the +financial services community that really + + align:start position:0% +financial services community that really + + + align:start position:0% +financial services community that really +wanted cross rail because they see you + + align:start position:0% +wanted cross rail because they see you + + + align:start position:0% +wanted cross rail because they see you +know they've learned a little bit from + + align:start position:0% +know they've learned a little bit from + + + align:start position:0% +know they've learned a little bit from +the experience that when Ducklin light + + align:start position:0% +the experience that when Ducklin light + + + align:start position:0% +the experience that when Ducklin light +rail that built all of a sudden these + + align:start position:0% +rail that built all of a sudden these + + + align:start position:0% +rail that built all of a sudden these +Docklands that were kind of abandoned + + align:start position:0% +Docklands that were kind of abandoned + + + align:start position:0% +Docklands that were kind of abandoned +start to be successful and too + + align:start position:0% +start to be successful and too + + + align:start position:0% +start to be successful and too +successful and hard to get to and then + + align:start position:0% +successful and hard to get to and then + + + align:start position:0% +successful and hard to get to and then +they do the Jubilee Line and another + + align:start position:0% +they do the Jubilee Line and another + + + align:start position:0% +they do the Jubilee Line and another +growth spurt and Wow you know the + + align:start position:0% +growth spurt and Wow you know the + + + align:start position:0% +growth spurt and Wow you know the +economy is growing this is good now + + align:start position:0% +economy is growing this is good now + + + align:start position:0% +economy is growing this is good now +let's do cross rail we're going to + + align:start position:0% +let's do cross rail we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +let's do cross rail we're going to +really get a massive amount of + + align:start position:0% +really get a massive amount of + + + align:start position:0% +really get a massive amount of +additional crosstown capacity very large + + align:start position:0% +additional crosstown capacity very large + + + align:start position:0% +additional crosstown capacity very large +investment it's too big Diggs it's like + + align:start position:0% +investment it's too big Diggs it's like + + + align:start position:0% +investment it's too big Diggs it's like +if we use the Big Dig as a unit of + + align:start position:0% +if we use the Big Dig as a unit of + + + align:start position:0% +if we use the Big Dig as a unit of +measurement it's about 25 billion + + align:start position:0% +measurement it's about 25 billion + + + align:start position:0% +measurement it's about 25 billion +I think it's 25 billion pounds does that + + align:start position:0% +I think it's 25 billion pounds does that + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's 25 billion pounds does that +sound right it's a big big deal so so + + align:start position:0% +sound right it's a big big deal so so + + + align:start position:0% +sound right it's a big big deal so so +how you gonna fund that thing well let's + + align:start position:0% +how you gonna fund that thing well let's + + + align:start position:0% +how you gonna fund that thing well let's +go to national government and say hey + + align:start position:0% +go to national government and say hey + + + align:start position:0% +go to national government and say hey +give us some money this is virtuous he's + + align:start position:0% +give us some money this is virtuous he's + + + align:start position:0% +give us some money this is virtuous he's +a benefit cost analysis look how + + align:start position:0% +a benefit cost analysis look how + + + align:start position:0% +a benefit cost analysis look how +wonderful it is and the national + + align:start position:0% +wonderful it is and the national + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful it is and the national +government says a get out of here you + + align:start position:0% +government says a get out of here you + + + align:start position:0% +government says a get out of here you +know we got a political problem too much + + align:start position:0% +know we got a political problem too much + + + align:start position:0% +know we got a political problem too much +going to London you know lots of parts + + align:start position:0% +going to London you know lots of parts + + + align:start position:0% +going to London you know lots of parts +of the UK that aren't so successful + + align:start position:0% +of the UK that aren't so successful + + + align:start position:0% +of the UK that aren't so successful +they're not very sympathetic so forget + + align:start position:0% +they're not very sympathetic so forget + + + align:start position:0% +they're not very sympathetic so forget +about it what they end up at the end of + + align:start position:0% +about it what they end up at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +about it what they end up at the end of +the story without going through the + + align:start position:0% +the story without going through the + + + align:start position:0% +the story without going through the +various attempts is they convinced they + + align:start position:0% +various attempts is they convinced they + + + align:start position:0% +various attempts is they convinced they +put together a package that has three + + align:start position:0% +put together a package that has three + + + align:start position:0% +put together a package that has three +components one they pledged to defray a + + align:start position:0% +components one they pledged to defray a + + + align:start position:0% +components one they pledged to defray a +third of the cost of Crossrail by + + align:start position:0% +third of the cost of Crossrail by + + + align:start position:0% +third of the cost of Crossrail by +continually increasing transit revenues + + align:start position:0% +continually increasing transit revenues + + + align:start position:0% +continually increasing transit revenues +that can be through more riders or it + + align:start position:0% +that can be through more riders or it + + + align:start position:0% +that can be through more riders or it +can be the same riders at higher fares + + align:start position:0% +can be the same riders at higher fares + + + align:start position:0% +can be the same riders at higher fares +or a combination of the two but a third + + align:start position:0% +or a combination of the two but a third + + + align:start position:0% +or a combination of the two but a third +of the capital cost is going to come out + + align:start position:0% +of the capital cost is going to come out + + + align:start position:0% +of the capital cost is going to come out +of the riders because they're going to + + align:start position:0% +of the riders because they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +of the riders because they're going to +be beneficiaries of less crowded + + align:start position:0% +be beneficiaries of less crowded + + + align:start position:0% +be beneficiaries of less crowded +conditions and more convenient sir + + align:start position:0% +conditions and more convenient sir + + + align:start position:0% +conditions and more convenient sir +a third of it will get from the + + align:start position:0% +a third of it will get from the + + + align:start position:0% +a third of it will get from the +government and a third of it we're going + + align:start position:0% +government and a third of it we're going + + + align:start position:0% +government and a third of it we're going +to put a surcharge on the real estate + + align:start position:0% +to put a surcharge on the real estate + + + align:start position:0% +to put a surcharge on the real estate +tax of large companies in London on the + + align:start position:0% +tax of large companies in London on the + + + align:start position:0% +tax of large companies in London on the +commercial real estate not the little + + align:start position:0% +commercial real estate not the little + + + align:start position:0% +commercial real estate not the little +corner store but anything bigger than + + align:start position:0% +corner store but anything bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +corner store but anything bigger than +some minimum now that's a hard ask + + align:start position:0% +some minimum now that's a hard ask + + + align:start position:0% +some minimum now that's a hard ask +because now you're saying to someone + + align:start position:0% +because now you're saying to someone + + + align:start position:0% +because now you're saying to someone +admit it you're a beneficiary and you + + align:start position:0% +admit it you're a beneficiary and you + + + align:start position:0% +admit it you're a beneficiary and you +should be willing to actually put some + + align:start position:0% +should be willing to actually put some + + + align:start position:0% +should be willing to actually put some +of your money on the table and they're + + align:start position:0% +of your money on the table and they're + + + align:start position:0% +of your money on the table and they're +never going to agree with you because of + + align:start position:0% +never going to agree with you because of + + + align:start position:0% +never going to agree with you because of +the ethical argument it's the practical + + align:start position:0% +the ethical argument it's the practical + + + align:start position:0% +the ethical argument it's the practical +argument look we can ask for a hundred + + align:start position:0% +argument look we can ask for a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +argument look we can ask for a hundred +percent national money all we want + + align:start position:0% +percent national money all we want + + + align:start position:0% +percent national money all we want +they're never going to do it we've got + + align:start position:0% +they're never going to do it we've got + + + align:start position:0% +they're never going to do it we've got +to have something different so they put + + align:start position:0% +to have something different so they put + + + align:start position:0% +to have something different so they put +together this a third a third a third + + align:start position:0% +together this a third a third a third + + + align:start position:0% +together this a third a third a third +package and they succeeded now the + + align:start position:0% +package and they succeeded now the + + + align:start position:0% +package and they succeeded now the +national government is the most + + align:start position:0% +national government is the most + + + align:start position:0% +national government is the most +fraudulent of the three parties because + + align:start position:0% +fraudulent of the three parties because + + + align:start position:0% +fraudulent of the three parties because +if you think of the and this was true + + align:start position:0% +if you think of the and this was true + + + align:start position:0% +if you think of the and this was true +with with the alleged Labour government + + align:start position:0% +with with the alleged Labour government + + + align:start position:0% +with with the alleged Labour government +than even morale with the Conservatives + + align:start position:0% +than even morale with the Conservatives + + + align:start position:0% +than even morale with the Conservatives +what's the marginal rate of income + + align:start position:0% +what's the marginal rate of income + + + align:start position:0% +what's the marginal rate of income +taxation in the UK right now okay and + + align:start position:0% +taxation in the UK right now okay and + + + align:start position:0% +taxation in the UK right now okay and +what if you're say eighty thousand fifty + + align:start position:0% +what if you're say eighty thousand fifty + + + align:start position:0% +what if you're say eighty thousand fifty +thousand pounds + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay thirty percent so thirty yeah so + + align:start position:0% +okay thirty percent so thirty yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +okay thirty percent so thirty yeah so +thirty percent so we're going to build + + align:start position:0% +thirty percent so we're going to build + + + align:start position:0% +thirty percent so we're going to build +cross rail this is an unusual burst of + + align:start position:0% +cross rail this is an unusual burst of + + + align:start position:0% +cross rail this is an unusual burst of +construction activity we're going to + + align:start position:0% +construction activity we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +construction activity we're going to +import a bunch of Polish workers to do + + align:start position:0% +import a bunch of Polish workers to do + + + align:start position:0% +import a bunch of Polish workers to do +the work they're gonna leave their wives + + align:start position:0% +the work they're gonna leave their wives + + + align:start position:0% +the work they're gonna leave their wives +and kids back home in Poland getting + + align:start position:0% +and kids back home in Poland getting + + + align:start position:0% +and kids back home in Poland getting +educated back there they're gonna live + + align:start position:0% +educated back there they're gonna live + + + align:start position:0% +educated back there they're gonna live +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +you know marginal conditions where they + + align:start position:0% +you know marginal conditions where they + + + align:start position:0% +you know marginal conditions where they +are and the national governments taken + + align:start position:0% +are and the national governments taken + + + align:start position:0% +are and the national governments taken +thirty percent off the top of what they + + align:start position:0% +thirty percent off the top of what they + + + align:start position:0% +thirty percent off the top of what they +make maybe more than thirty percent so + + align:start position:0% +make maybe more than thirty percent so + + + align:start position:0% +make maybe more than thirty percent so +this one third that the national + + align:start position:0% +this one third that the national + + + align:start position:0% +this one third that the national +government contributed begin they're all + + align:start position:0% +government contributed begin they're all + + + align:start position:0% +government contributed begin they're all +back from what they're taken out of that + + align:start position:0% +back from what they're taken out of that + + + align:start position:0% +back from what they're taken out of that +blip in + + align:start position:0% +blip in + + + align:start position:0% +blip in +in employment that the project is + + align:start position:0% +in employment that the project is + + + align:start position:0% +in employment that the project is +causing so they're the most fraudulent + + align:start position:0% +causing so they're the most fraudulent + + + align:start position:0% +causing so they're the most fraudulent +of the three they're not really + + align:start position:0% +of the three they're not really + + + align:start position:0% +of the three they're not really +contributing but boy they made them + + align:start position:0% +contributing but boy they made them + + + align:start position:0% +contributing but boy they made them +crawl through a sewer pipe to get the to + + align:start position:0% +crawl through a sewer pipe to get the to + + + align:start position:0% +crawl through a sewer pipe to get the to +get the money but the point is you need + + align:start position:0% +get the money but the point is you need + + + align:start position:0% +get the money but the point is you need +to identify who the beneficiaries are + + align:start position:0% +to identify who the beneficiaries are + + + align:start position:0% +to identify who the beneficiaries are +and at the very least you need to enlist + + align:start position:0% +and at the very least you need to enlist + + + align:start position:0% +and at the very least you need to enlist +their support to get someone else to pay + + align:start position:0% +their support to get someone else to pay + + + align:start position:0% +their support to get someone else to pay +taxes and you may not get away with that + + align:start position:0% +taxes and you may not get away with that + + + align:start position:0% +taxes and you may not get away with that +so you may have to do something to make + + align:start position:0% +so you may have to do something to make + + + align:start position:0% +so you may have to do something to make +the constituency that benefits put some + + align:start position:0% +the constituency that benefits put some + + + align:start position:0% +the constituency that benefits put some +of their own money on the table the + + align:start position:0% +of their own money on the table the + + + align:start position:0% +of their own money on the table the +analog on that and Boston would be it's + + align:start position:0% +analog on that and Boston would be it's + + + align:start position:0% +analog on that and Boston would be it's +very nice to get federal and state money + + align:start position:0% +very nice to get federal and state money + + + align:start position:0% +very nice to get federal and state money +to upgrade transit services but that + + align:start position:0% +to upgrade transit services but that + + + align:start position:0% +to upgrade transit services but that +state money is coming out of parts of + + align:start position:0% +state money is coming out of parts of + + + align:start position:0% +state money is coming out of parts of +the state that are much less affluent so + + align:start position:0% +the state that are much less affluent so + + + align:start position:0% +the state that are much less affluent so +why shouldn't Boston and Cambridge in + + align:start position:0% +why shouldn't Boston and Cambridge in + + + align:start position:0% +why shouldn't Boston and Cambridge in +Somerville put some money into both the + + align:start position:0% +Somerville put some money into both the + + + align:start position:0% +Somerville put some money into both the +operation and maintenance of the service + + align:start position:0% +operation and maintenance of the service + + + align:start position:0% +operation and maintenance of the service +and me seems to me there's an ethical + + align:start position:0% +and me seems to me there's an ethical + + + align:start position:0% +and me seems to me there's an ethical +argument that they ought to and there's + + align:start position:0% +argument that they ought to and there's + + + align:start position:0% +argument that they ought to and there's +a stronger political argument that they + + align:start position:0% +a stronger political argument that they + + + align:start position:0% +a stronger political argument that they +better because the rest of the state's + + align:start position:0% +better because the rest of the state's + + + align:start position:0% +better because the rest of the state's +not going to pay for Boston anymore + + align:start position:0% +not going to pay for Boston anymore + + + align:start position:0% +not going to pay for Boston anymore +Boston's doing too well economically to + + align:start position:0% +Boston's doing too well economically to + + + align:start position:0% +Boston's doing too well economically to +expect sympathy from the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +expect sympathy from the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +expect sympathy from the rest of the +state on paying for the investment and + + align:start position:0% +state on paying for the investment and + + + align:start position:0% +state on paying for the investment and +the services that the Boston economy + + align:start position:0% +the services that the Boston economy + + + align:start position:0% +the services that the Boston economy +requires so that the point is if you're + + align:start position:0% +requires so that the point is if you're + + + align:start position:0% +requires so that the point is if you're +trying to deal with a bomb all problem + + align:start position:0% +trying to deal with a bomb all problem + + + align:start position:0% +trying to deal with a bomb all problem +and you are you can be lucky and that's + + align:start position:0% +and you are you can be lucky and that's + + + align:start position:0% +and you are you can be lucky and that's +nice and you should at least recognize + + align:start position:0% +nice and you should at least recognize + + + align:start position:0% +nice and you should at least recognize +the beauty of being lucky but then you + + align:start position:0% +the beauty of being lucky but then you + + + align:start position:0% +the beauty of being lucky but then you +also have to say who other beneficiaries + + align:start position:0% +also have to say who other beneficiaries + + + align:start position:0% +also have to say who other beneficiaries +if I make up this fancy externality + + align:start position:0% +if I make up this fancy externality + + + align:start position:0% +if I make up this fancy externality +argument that it's good for society for + + align:start position:0% +argument that it's good for society for + + + align:start position:0% +argument that it's good for society for +there to be more transit there must be + + align:start position:0% +there to be more transit there must be + + + align:start position:0% +there to be more transit there must be +some real human beings in back of that + + align:start position:0% +some real human beings in back of that + + + align:start position:0% +some real human beings in back of that +external benefit I better figure out who + + align:start position:0% +external benefit I better figure out who + + + align:start position:0% +external benefit I better figure out who +they are and at the very least get them + + align:start position:0% +they are and at the very least get them + + + align:start position:0% +they are and at the very least get them +to support me politically and preferably + + align:start position:0% +to support me politically and preferably + + + align:start position:0% +to support me politically and preferably +even willing to put some of their own + + align:start position:0% +even willing to put some of their own + + + align:start position:0% +even willing to put some of their own +money on the table so it's kind of a + + align:start position:0% +money on the table so it's kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +money on the table so it's kind of a +thought process to go through + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now another strategy that is often may + + align:start position:0% +now another strategy that is often may + + + align:start position:0% +now another strategy that is often may +be to to greater degree described as a + + align:start position:0% +be to to greater degree described as a + + + align:start position:0% +be to to greater degree described as a +panacea + + align:start position:0% +panacea + + + align:start position:0% +panacea +and that is well let's contract out you + + align:start position:0% +and that is well let's contract out you + + + align:start position:0% +and that is well let's contract out you +know these unions are just you know not + + align:start position:0% +know these unions are just you know not + + + align:start position:0% +know these unions are just you know not +to be pejorative they're just too good + + align:start position:0% +to be pejorative they're just too good + + + align:start position:0% +to be pejorative they're just too good +at what they do it's not that they're + + align:start position:0% +at what they do it's not that they're + + + align:start position:0% +at what they do it's not that they're +nasty people you know they're they've + + align:start position:0% +nasty people you know they're they've + + + align:start position:0% +nasty people you know they're they've +got leverage and they're using it that + + align:start position:0% +got leverage and they're using it that + + + align:start position:0% +got leverage and they're using it that +they think that's their job they're + + align:start position:0% +they think that's their job they're + + + align:start position:0% +they think that's their job they're +getting more wages and benefits for + + align:start position:0% +getting more wages and benefits for + + + align:start position:0% +getting more wages and benefits for +their employees so why would you be + + align:start position:0% +their employees so why would you be + + + align:start position:0% +their employees so why would you be +surprised but you're having a real + + align:start position:0% +surprised but you're having a real + + + align:start position:0% +surprised but you're having a real +problem so if you contract out maybe you + + align:start position:0% +problem so if you contract out maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +problem so if you contract out maybe you +won't pay as much of a boma premium now + + align:start position:0% +won't pay as much of a boma premium now + + + align:start position:0% +won't pay as much of a boma premium now +deconstruct what I just said do you buy + + align:start position:0% +deconstruct what I just said do you buy + + + align:start position:0% +deconstruct what I just said do you buy +that what if we contracted out all the + + align:start position:0% +that what if we contracted out all the + + + align:start position:0% +that what if we contracted out all the +bus service for the tea to third party + + align:start position:0% +bus service for the tea to third party + + + align:start position:0% +bus service for the tea to third party +you know so Paul Revere could run + + align:start position:0% +you know so Paul Revere could run + + + align:start position:0% +you know so Paul Revere could run +everything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so saying if you can't do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay anybody than that out of it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so is this competition you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +so is this competition you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +so is this competition you're trying to +get is this all competition among rival + + align:start position:0% +get is this all competition among rival + + + align:start position:0% +get is this all competition among rival +workers yeah the companies are going to + + align:start position:0% +workers yeah the companies are going to + + + align:start position:0% +workers yeah the companies are going to +make profit on this so there's it's not + + align:start position:0% +make profit on this so there's it's not + + + align:start position:0% +make profit on this so there's it's not +just the employees it's also the private + + align:start position:0% +just the employees it's also the private + + + align:start position:0% +just the employees it's also the private +companies but so Xavier runs the numbers + + align:start position:0% +companies but so Xavier runs the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +companies but so Xavier runs the numbers +and looks at well let's see there are a + + align:start position:0% +and looks at well let's see there are a + + + align:start position:0% +and looks at well let's see there are a +bunch of places in the United States + + align:start position:0% +bunch of places in the United States + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of places in the United States +that do contract out for service and + + align:start position:0% +that do contract out for service and + + + align:start position:0% +that do contract out for service and +let's see if services that are + + align:start position:0% +let's see if services that are + + + align:start position:0% +let's see if services that are +contracted out cost less now before I + + align:start position:0% +contracted out cost less now before I + + + align:start position:0% +contracted out cost less now before I +tell you what he found what would you + + align:start position:0% +tell you what he found what would you + + + align:start position:0% +tell you what he found what would you +expect to find we a how many of you + + align:start position:0% +expect to find we a how many of you + + + align:start position:0% +expect to find we a how many of you +think you would expect to find that it + + align:start position:0% +think you would expect to find that it + + + align:start position:0% +think you would expect to find that it +cost less to contract out than to do it + + align:start position:0% +cost less to contract out than to do it + + + align:start position:0% +cost less to contract out than to do it +all in-house + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all states and and and we just talking + + align:start position:0% +all states and and and we just talking + + + align:start position:0% +all states and and and we just talking +buses we're not confusing it with a rail + + align:start position:0% +buses we're not confusing it with a rail + + + align:start position:0% +buses we're not confusing it with a rail +which is every city's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +which is every city's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +which is every city's a little bit +different it's just bus drivers so + + align:start position:0% +different it's just bus drivers so + + + align:start position:0% +different it's just bus drivers so +costless anybody disagree it cost more + + align:start position:0% +costless anybody disagree it cost more + + + align:start position:0% +costless anybody disagree it cost more +to contract out that's interesting why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that one player you'd be subsidizing + + align:start position:0% +is that one player you'd be subsidizing + + + align:start position:0% +is that one player you'd be subsidizing +more attention came more ready to be + + align:start position:0% +more attention came more ready to be + + + align:start position:0% +more attention came more ready to be +employer employees because yeah so + + align:start position:0% +employer employees because yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +employer employees because yeah so +that's that's very insightful and that's + + align:start position:0% +that's that's very insightful and that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's very insightful and that's +fairly accurate what the data shows that + + align:start position:0% +fairly accurate what the data shows that + + + align:start position:0% +fairly accurate what the data shows that +have you pull together is that + + align:start position:0% +have you pull together is that + + + align:start position:0% +have you pull together is that +contracting out does reduce cost + + align:start position:0% +contracting out does reduce cost + + + align:start position:0% +contracting out does reduce cost +somewhat but that in comparison to + + align:start position:0% +somewhat but that in comparison to + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat but that in comparison to +places that provide all bus service with + + align:start position:0% +places that provide all bus service with + + + align:start position:0% +places that provide all bus service with +in-house employees but that the cost + + align:start position:0% +in-house employees but that the cost + + + align:start position:0% +in-house employees but that the cost +performance is consistently better in + + align:start position:0% +performance is consistently better in + + + align:start position:0% +performance is consistently better in +those places that do a combination of + + align:start position:0% +those places that do a combination of + + + align:start position:0% +those places that do a combination of +contracting out and in-house and that's + + align:start position:0% +contracting out and in-house and that's + + + align:start position:0% +contracting out and in-house and that's +probably partly because once the + + align:start position:0% +probably partly because once the + + + align:start position:0% +probably partly because once the +contractors figure out you don't know + + align:start position:0% +contractors figure out you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +contractors figure out you don't know +how to do it yourself anymore they've + + align:start position:0% +how to do it yourself anymore they've + + + align:start position:0% +how to do it yourself anymore they've +got you over a barrel and they take + + align:start position:0% +got you over a barrel and they take + + + align:start position:0% +got you over a barrel and they take +advantage of the leverage and it's + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the leverage and it's + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the leverage and it's +partly because you can't manage + + align:start position:0% +partly because you can't manage + + + align:start position:0% +partly because you can't manage +something if you don't know how to do it + + align:start position:0% +something if you don't know how to do it + + + align:start position:0% +something if you don't know how to do it +yourself + + align:start position:0% +yourself + + + align:start position:0% +yourself +so when you're contracting out the + + align:start position:0% +so when you're contracting out the + + + align:start position:0% +so when you're contracting out the +transit manager has to know how to + + align:start position:0% +transit manager has to know how to + + + align:start position:0% +transit manager has to know how to +manage that contract and if you're not + + align:start position:0% +manage that contract and if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +manage that contract and if you're not +doing anything in a house that's a + + align:start position:0% +doing anything in a house that's a + + + align:start position:0% +doing anything in a house that's a +weakness so the data indicates that the + + align:start position:0% +weakness so the data indicates that the + + + align:start position:0% +weakness so the data indicates that the +mixed strategy seems better than all of + + align:start position:0% +mixed strategy seems better than all of + + + align:start position:0% +mixed strategy seems better than all of +one or all of the other but if you had + + align:start position:0% +one or all of the other but if you had + + + align:start position:0% +one or all of the other but if you had +to choose you might choose for the + + align:start position:0% +to choose you might choose for the + + + align:start position:0% +to choose you might choose for the +contracted model based on the way the + + align:start position:0% +contracted model based on the way the + + + align:start position:0% +contracted model based on the way the +numbers look but the image that the + + align:start position:0% +numbers look but the image that the + + + align:start position:0% +numbers look but the image that the +half-and-half or the pot you know some + + align:start position:0% +half-and-half or the pot you know some + + + align:start position:0% +half-and-half or the pot you know some +of each seems to be + + align:start position:0% +of each seems to be + + + align:start position:0% +of each seems to be +a better strategy yeah is that like + + align:start position:0% +a better strategy yeah is that like + + + align:start position:0% +a better strategy yeah is that like +maybe some services are more efficient + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's possible but I don't think so I + + align:start position:0% +it's possible but I don't think so I + + + align:start position:0% +it's possible but I don't think so I +mean a bad an unscrupulous manager are a + + align:start position:0% +mean a bad an unscrupulous manager are a + + + align:start position:0% +mean a bad an unscrupulous manager are a +set of unscrupulous employees could for + + align:start position:0% +set of unscrupulous employees could for + + + align:start position:0% +set of unscrupulous employees could for +example look at a bus route that is not + + align:start position:0% +example look at a bus route that is not + + + align:start position:0% +example look at a bus route that is not +very full and but there's a policy + + align:start position:0% +very full and but there's a policy + + + align:start position:0% +very full and but there's a policy +headway that says well even if the bus + + align:start position:0% +headway that says well even if the bus + + + align:start position:0% +headway that says well even if the bus +isn't full we should not provide less + + align:start position:0% +isn't full we should not provide less + + + align:start position:0% +isn't full we should not provide less +than a bus every 15 minute you know in + + align:start position:0% +than a bus every 15 minute you know in + + + align:start position:0% +than a bus every 15 minute you know in +this corridor and an unscrupulous + + align:start position:0% +this corridor and an unscrupulous + + + align:start position:0% +this corridor and an unscrupulous +manager or an unscrupulous union might + + align:start position:0% +manager or an unscrupulous union might + + + align:start position:0% +manager or an unscrupulous union might +say all these people will fit in a bus + + align:start position:0% +say all these people will fit in a bus + + + align:start position:0% +say all these people will fit in a bus +every 30 minutes screw it we're just + + align:start position:0% +every 30 minutes screw it we're just + + + align:start position:0% +every 30 minutes screw it we're just +going to run half the service and if + + align:start position:0% +going to run half the service and if + + + align:start position:0% +going to run half the service and if +they don't get caught they'll pocket the + + align:start position:0% +they don't get caught they'll pocket the + + + align:start position:0% +they don't get caught they'll pocket the +money if it's a contractor and if it's + + align:start position:0% +money if it's a contractor and if it's + + + align:start position:0% +money if it's a contractor and if it's +the workers they'll just play cards and + + align:start position:0% +the workers they'll just play cards and + + + align:start position:0% +the workers they'll just play cards and +not run half the routes in Puerto Rico + + align:start position:0% +not run half the routes in Puerto Rico + + + align:start position:0% +not run half the routes in Puerto Rico +when we were doing work there the the + + align:start position:0% +when we were doing work there the the + + + align:start position:0% +when we were doing work there the the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the story was I don't know if you have a + + align:start position:0% +the story was I don't know if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +the story was I don't know if you have a +verified discovery l was what one for me + + align:start position:0% +verified discovery l was what one for me + + + align:start position:0% +verified discovery l was what one for me +one for the company you know the + + align:start position:0% +one for the company you know the + + + align:start position:0% +one for the company you know the +schedule says there's a bus every 15 + + align:start position:0% +schedule says there's a bus every 15 + + + align:start position:0% +schedule says there's a bus every 15 +minutes we run one every 30 minutes + + align:start position:0% +minutes we run one every 30 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +minutes we run one every 30 minutes +that's good enough when we play dominoes + + align:start position:0% +that's good enough when we play dominoes + + + align:start position:0% +that's good enough when we play dominoes +in between is that have you heard this + + align:start position:0% +in between is that have you heard this + + + align:start position:0% +in between is that have you heard this +story + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so anyway what I'm saying though is that + + align:start position:0% +so anyway what I'm saying though is that + + + align:start position:0% +so anyway what I'm saying though is that +you could you could vote view it as a as + + align:start position:0% +you could you could vote view it as a as + + + align:start position:0% +you could you could vote view it as a as +a kind of corrupt practice by a + + align:start position:0% +a kind of corrupt practice by a + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of corrupt practice by a +contractor or you could view it as an + + align:start position:0% +contractor or you could view it as an + + + align:start position:0% +contractor or you could view it as an +unethical practice by workers but + + align:start position:0% +unethical practice by workers but + + + align:start position:0% +unethical practice by workers but +there's leverage in a market where + + align:start position:0% +there's leverage in a market where + + + align:start position:0% +there's leverage in a market where +policy wants a better level of service + + align:start position:0% +policy wants a better level of service + + + align:start position:0% +policy wants a better level of service +than the service requires in market + + align:start position:0% +than the service requires in market + + + align:start position:0% +than the service requires in market +terms there aren't enough people paying + + align:start position:0% +terms there aren't enough people paying + + + align:start position:0% +terms there aren't enough people paying +fares because you lose some writers when + + align:start position:0% +fares because you lose some writers when + + + align:start position:0% +fares because you lose some writers when +you mistreat your employee your writers + + align:start position:0% +you mistreat your employee your writers + + + align:start position:0% +you mistreat your employee your writers +that way but if your fears a low and + + align:start position:0% +that way but if your fears a low and + + + align:start position:0% +that way but if your fears a low and +you're mostly dependent on subsidy then + + align:start position:0% +you're mostly dependent on subsidy then + + + align:start position:0% +you're mostly dependent on subsidy then +your your your customer if you will + + align:start position:0% +your your your customer if you will + + + align:start position:0% +your your your customer if you will +whether your employees or whether you're + + align:start position:0% +whether your employees or whether you're + + + align:start position:0% +whether your employees or whether you're +a company your customer is the agency + + align:start position:0% +a company your customer is the agency + + + align:start position:0% +a company your customer is the agency +paying paying you with subsidy your + + align:start position:0% +paying paying you with subsidy your + + + align:start position:0% +paying paying you with subsidy your +customer is not the rider who's paying + + align:start position:0% +customer is not the rider who's paying + + + align:start position:0% +customer is not the rider who's paying +the fare to get a service so you've + + align:start position:0% +the fare to get a service so you've + + + align:start position:0% +the fare to get a service so you've +changed the dynamic of who your + + align:start position:0% +changed the dynamic of who your + + + align:start position:0% +changed the dynamic of who your +institution is trying to please and its + + align:start position:0% +institution is trying to please and its + + + align:start position:0% +institution is trying to please and its +behavior and workers aren't particularly + + align:start position:0% +behavior and workers aren't particularly + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and workers aren't particularly +better than companies in exploiting + + align:start position:0% +better than companies in exploiting + + + align:start position:0% +better than companies in exploiting +situations like that it happens both + + align:start position:0% +situations like that it happens both + + + align:start position:0% +situations like that it happens both +ways so so the theory is that you won't + + align:start position:0% +ways so so the theory is that you won't + + + align:start position:0% +ways so so the theory is that you won't +get the benefits unless there is + + align:start position:0% +get the benefits unless there is + + + align:start position:0% +get the benefits unless there is +competition among different companies if + + align:start position:0% +competition among different companies if + + + align:start position:0% +competition among different companies if +you go to private contracting even if + + align:start position:0% +you go to private contracting even if + + + align:start position:0% +you go to private contracting even if +you only do partial contract and you you + + align:start position:0% +you only do partial contract and you you + + + align:start position:0% +you only do partial contract and you you +look at the batter and say well I'm not + + align:start position:0% +look at the batter and say well I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +look at the batter and say well I'm not +going to make that mistake I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +going to make that mistake I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to make that mistake I'm going to +do some you still would like to have + + align:start position:0% +do some you still would like to have + + + align:start position:0% +do some you still would like to have +multiple companies well in some areas + + align:start position:0% +multiple companies well in some areas + + + align:start position:0% +multiple companies well in some areas +there aren't multiple companies you + + align:start position:0% +there aren't multiple companies you + + + align:start position:0% +there aren't multiple companies you +can't just willed them into existence + + align:start position:0% +can't just willed them into existence + + + align:start position:0% +can't just willed them into existence +and if you are objective in the + + align:start position:0% +and if you are objective in the + + + align:start position:0% +and if you are objective in the +competition + + align:start position:0% +competition + + + align:start position:0% +competition +is to minimize the amount you're paying + + align:start position:0% +is to minimize the amount you're paying + + + align:start position:0% +is to minimize the amount you're paying +in subsidy you may make this such a + + align:start position:0% +in subsidy you may make this such a + + + align:start position:0% +in subsidy you may make this such a +marginal business that it's quite + + align:start position:0% +marginal business that it's quite + + + align:start position:0% +marginal business that it's quite +unattractive for people to come into it + + align:start position:0% +unattractive for people to come into it + + + align:start position:0% +unattractive for people to come into it +so if you've got a strategy to control + + align:start position:0% +so if you've got a strategy to control + + + align:start position:0% +so if you've got a strategy to control +ball malls disease based on contracting + + align:start position:0% +ball malls disease based on contracting + + + align:start position:0% +ball malls disease based on contracting +out you can't be excessively cost + + align:start position:0% +out you can't be excessively cost + + + align:start position:0% +out you can't be excessively cost +conscious or you will destroy the + + align:start position:0% +conscious or you will destroy the + + + align:start position:0% +conscious or you will destroy the +incentive for people to be part of it so + + align:start position:0% +incentive for people to be part of it so + + + align:start position:0% +incentive for people to be part of it so +you've got to think about why you're + + align:start position:0% +you've got to think about why you're + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to think about why you're +doing it now if you're doing it to + + align:start position:0% +doing it now if you're doing it to + + + align:start position:0% +doing it now if you're doing it to +improve the quality of the service and + + align:start position:0% +improve the quality of the service and + + + align:start position:0% +improve the quality of the service and +buy and to provide more service then you + + align:start position:0% +buy and to provide more service then you + + + align:start position:0% +buy and to provide more service then you +may be able to have a growing business + + align:start position:0% +may be able to have a growing business + + + align:start position:0% +may be able to have a growing business +opportunity so that more companies will + + align:start position:0% +opportunity so that more companies will + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity so that more companies will +want to come into the area because it + + align:start position:0% +want to come into the area because it + + + align:start position:0% +want to come into the area because it +looks like a good place to do business + + align:start position:0% +looks like a good place to do business + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a good place to do business +but if it's a kind of stable ten years + + align:start position:0% +but if it's a kind of stable ten years + + + align:start position:0% +but if it's a kind of stable ten years +from now as the same number of riders as + + align:start position:0% +from now as the same number of riders as + + + align:start position:0% +from now as the same number of riders as +today it's a pretty dead-end business so + + align:start position:0% +today it's a pretty dead-end business so + + + align:start position:0% +today it's a pretty dead-end business so +you're not going to really get you know + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to really get you know + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to really get you know +top managers trying to provide better + + align:start position:0% +top managers trying to provide better + + + align:start position:0% +top managers trying to provide better +service for less money either in the + + align:start position:0% +service for less money either in the + + + align:start position:0% +service for less money either in the +public sector all when you contract out + + align:start position:0% +public sector all when you contract out + + + align:start position:0% +public sector all when you contract out +but there's a more fundamental + + align:start position:0% +but there's a more fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a more fundamental +theoretical thing and I'm going on too + + align:start position:0% +theoretical thing and I'm going on too + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical thing and I'm going on too +long about a while but what's the + + align:start position:0% +long about a while but what's the + + + align:start position:0% +long about a while but what's the +maximum you would expect to get out of a + + align:start position:0% +maximum you would expect to get out of a + + + align:start position:0% +maximum you would expect to get out of a +strategy of contracting out and getting + + align:start position:0% +strategy of contracting out and getting + + + align:start position:0% +strategy of contracting out and getting +competition would you totally offset the + + align:start position:0% +competition would you totally offset the + + + align:start position:0% +competition would you totally offset the +bull mouths disease + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so why are you saying no leo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah some of that but there's a more + + align:start position:0% +yeah some of that but there's a more + + + align:start position:0% +yeah some of that but there's a more +fundamental issue the theory that Bohol + + align:start position:0% +fundamental issue the theory that Bohol + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental issue the theory that Bohol +put forward is that in order to attract + + align:start position:0% +put forward is that in order to attract + + + align:start position:0% +put forward is that in order to attract +labor you're going to have to pay the + + align:start position:0% +labor you're going to have to pay the + + + align:start position:0% +labor you're going to have to pay the +prevailing wage in the metropolitan area + + align:start position:0% +prevailing wage in the metropolitan area + + + align:start position:0% +prevailing wage in the metropolitan area +and therefore you are stuck with costs + + align:start position:0% +and therefore you are stuck with costs + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore you are stuck with costs +that grow faster than the rate of + + align:start position:0% +that grow faster than the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +that grow faster than the rate of +inflation you can have all the + + align:start position:0% +inflation you can have all the + + + align:start position:0% +inflation you can have all the +competition in the world it's not going + + align:start position:0% +competition in the world it's not going + + + align:start position:0% +competition in the world it's not going +to change the prevailing wage in a bum + + align:start position:0% +to change the prevailing wage in a bum + + + align:start position:0% +to change the prevailing wage in a bum +all disease industry you are going to + + align:start position:0% +all disease industry you are going to + + + align:start position:0% +all disease industry you are going to +have to pay the bomb all premium that + + align:start position:0% +have to pay the bomb all premium that + + + align:start position:0% +have to pay the bomb all premium that +boom all identified what you may escape + + align:start position:0% +boom all identified what you may escape + + + align:start position:0% +boom all identified what you may escape +is the premium on top of boom all that + + align:start position:0% +is the premium on top of boom all that + + + align:start position:0% +is the premium on top of boom all that +Xavier identified which is coming out of + + align:start position:0% +Xavier identified which is coming out of + + + align:start position:0% +Xavier identified which is coming out of +the political leverage as opposed to the + + align:start position:0% +the political leverage as opposed to the + + + align:start position:0% +the political leverage as opposed to the +workplace leverage that unions and + + align:start position:0% +workplace leverage that unions and + + + align:start position:0% +workplace leverage that unions and +contractors have in the legislature on + + align:start position:0% +contractors have in the legislature on + + + align:start position:0% +contractors have in the legislature on +affecting the so you you you shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +affecting the so you you you shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +affecting the so you you you shouldn't +theoretically expect no matter how + + align:start position:0% +theoretically expect no matter how + + + align:start position:0% +theoretically expect no matter how +skillful you are with contracting out no + + align:start position:0% +skillful you are with contracting out no + + + align:start position:0% +skillful you are with contracting out no +matter how much competition you get you + + align:start position:0% +matter how much competition you get you + + + align:start position:0% +matter how much competition you get you +will still need to pay something like + + align:start position:0% +will still need to pay something like + + + align:start position:0% +will still need to pay something like +the prevailing wage or you won't have + + align:start position:0% +the prevailing wage or you won't have + + + align:start position:0% +the prevailing wage or you won't have +workers if you pay too little you'll get + + align:start position:0% +workers if you pay too little you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +workers if you pay too little you'll get +workers with very bad habits who don't + + align:start position:0% +workers with very bad habits who don't + + + align:start position:0% +workers with very bad habits who don't +show up on Monday because they went + + align:start position:0% +show up on Monday because they went + + + align:start position:0% +show up on Monday because they went +drinking over the weekend and you know + + align:start position:0% +drinking over the weekend and you know + + + align:start position:0% +drinking over the weekend and you know +you start providing a lousy service so + + align:start position:0% +you start providing a lousy service so + + + align:start position:0% +you start providing a lousy service so +you you you are stuck with the problem + + align:start position:0% +you you you are stuck with the problem + + + align:start position:0% +you you you are stuck with the problem +that Bommel identified what you may + + align:start position:0% +that Bommel identified what you may + + + align:start position:0% +that Bommel identified what you may +reduce is the premium on top of that + + align:start position:0% +reduce is the premium on top of that + + + align:start position:0% +reduce is the premium on top of that +that comes from the political + + align:start position:0% +that comes from the political + + + align:start position:0% +that comes from the political +complication of the political power of + + align:start position:0% +complication of the political power of + + + align:start position:0% +complication of the political power of +Labor and and companies in the + + align:start position:0% +Labor and and companies in the + + + align:start position:0% +Labor and and companies in the +legislative process that is providing + + align:start position:0% +legislative process that is providing + + + align:start position:0% +legislative process that is providing +the subsidy which is essential to deal + + align:start position:0% +the subsidy which is essential to deal + + + align:start position:0% +the subsidy which is essential to deal +with the the first practical question + + align:start position:0% +with the the first practical question + + + align:start position:0% +with the the first practical question +for Bo mouths disease industry is are + + align:start position:0% +for Bo mouths disease industry is are + + + align:start position:0% +for Bo mouths disease industry is are +you gonna get the money you need the + + align:start position:0% +you gonna get the money you need the + + + align:start position:0% +you gonna get the money you need the +subsidy and then the process for getting + + align:start position:0% +subsidy and then the process for getting + + + align:start position:0% +subsidy and then the process for getting +it has these other complications yeah + + align:start position:0% +it has these other complications yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it has these other complications yeah +okay so basically you're saying is the + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically you're saying is the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically you're saying is the +government's off to pay the subsidy to + + align:start position:0% +government's off to pay the subsidy to + + + align:start position:0% +government's off to pay the subsidy to +the contractor to induce them to + + align:start position:0% +the contractor to induce them to + + + align:start position:0% +the contractor to induce them to +participate in the market yeah because + + align:start position:0% +participate in the market yeah because + + + align:start position:0% +participate in the market yeah because +basically the private companies are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right right so even if there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +right right so even if there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +right right so even if there's lots of +competition and there are ten different + + align:start position:0% +competition and there are ten different + + + align:start position:0% +competition and there are ten different +companies they're not going to bid below + + align:start position:0% +companies they're not going to bid below + + + align:start position:0% +companies they're not going to bid below +what it's going to cost them to offer + + align:start position:0% +what it's going to cost them to offer + + + align:start position:0% +what it's going to cost them to offer +the service they're gonna have to pay + + align:start position:0% +the service they're gonna have to pay + + + align:start position:0% +the service they're gonna have to pay +the prevailing wage so don't be + + align:start position:0% +the prevailing wage so don't be + + + align:start position:0% +the prevailing wage so don't be +surprised over a decade when you see + + align:start position:0% +surprised over a decade when you see + + + align:start position:0% +surprised over a decade when you see +that that's gone up faster than the rate + + align:start position:0% +that that's gone up faster than the rate + + + align:start position:0% +that that's gone up faster than the rate +of inflation if you should define + + align:start position:0% +of inflation if you should define + + + align:start position:0% +of inflation if you should define +success as being if you would maintain + + align:start position:0% +success as being if you would maintain + + + align:start position:0% +success as being if you would maintain +that growth at or below the rate of + + align:start position:0% +that growth at or below the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +that growth at or below the rate of +inflation in the prevailing wage then + + align:start position:0% +inflation in the prevailing wage then + + + align:start position:0% +inflation in the prevailing wage then +you know you're doing something right + + align:start position:0% +you know you're doing something right + + + align:start position:0% +you know you're doing something right +now if simultaneously the region is + + align:start position:0% +now if simultaneously the region is + + + align:start position:0% +now if simultaneously the region is +growing so are these external benefits + + align:start position:0% +growing so are these external benefits + + + align:start position:0% +growing so are these external benefits +and you're able actually charge more for + + align:start position:0% +and you're able actually charge more for + + + align:start position:0% +and you're able actually charge more for +the service as they have been Transport + + align:start position:0% +the service as they have been Transport + + + align:start position:0% +the service as they have been Transport +for London then you may actually begin + + align:start position:0% +for London then you may actually begin + + + align:start position:0% +for London then you may actually begin +to offset even that part of the problem + + align:start position:0% +to offset even that part of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +to offset even that part of the problem +that boom all identified but the the + + align:start position:0% +that boom all identified but the the + + + align:start position:0% +that boom all identified but the the +point is that contracting out is an + + align:start position:0% +point is that contracting out is an + + + align:start position:0% +point is that contracting out is an +interesting strategy but it's not a + + align:start position:0% +interesting strategy but it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +interesting strategy but it's not a +panacea it's unlikely to get you below + + align:start position:0% +panacea it's unlikely to get you below + + + align:start position:0% +panacea it's unlikely to get you below +the ball threshold so to speak but it + + align:start position:0% +the ball threshold so to speak but it + + + align:start position:0% +the ball threshold so to speak but it +may get you you know it may help you + + align:start position:0% +may get you you know it may help you + + + align:start position:0% +may get you you know it may help you +reduce this premium to get otherwise be + + align:start position:0% +reduce this premium to get otherwise be + + + align:start position:0% +reduce this premium to get otherwise be +condemned to pay okay so this this + + align:start position:0% +condemned to pay okay so this this + + + align:start position:0% +condemned to pay okay so this this +diagram is just a way of saying once + + align:start position:0% +diagram is just a way of saying once + + + align:start position:0% +diagram is just a way of saying once +you're running a business subsidized + + align:start position:0% +you're running a business subsidized + + + align:start position:0% +you're running a business subsidized +your organization shot is really + + align:start position:0% +your organization shot is really + + + align:start position:0% +your organization shot is really +complicated I mean in Massachusetts you + + align:start position:0% +complicated I mean in Massachusetts you + + + align:start position:0% +complicated I mean in Massachusetts you +know you got a governor the Secretary of + + align:start position:0% +know you got a governor the Secretary of + + + align:start position:0% +know you got a governor the Secretary of +Transportation serves that the pleasure + + align:start position:0% +Transportation serves that the pleasure + + + align:start position:0% +Transportation serves that the pleasure +of the governor there's a Board of + + align:start position:0% +of the governor there's a Board of + + + align:start position:0% +of the governor there's a Board of +Directors there's a general manager in + + align:start position:0% +Directors there's a general manager in + + + align:start position:0% +Directors there's a general manager in +some just within Massachusetts there + + align:start position:0% +some just within Massachusetts there + + + align:start position:0% +some just within Massachusetts there +have been times when the general + + align:start position:0% +have been times when the general + + + align:start position:0% +have been times when the general +managers served at the pleasure of the + + align:start position:0% +managers served at the pleasure of the + + + align:start position:0% +managers served at the pleasure of the +governor they've been of the + + align:start position:0% +governor they've been of the + + + align:start position:0% +governor they've been of the +times when the general manager is at a + + align:start position:0% +times when the general manager is at a + + + align:start position:0% +times when the general manager is at a +contract from the Boyd so if you've got + + align:start position:0% +contract from the Boyd so if you've got + + + align:start position:0% +contract from the Boyd so if you've got +a situation with as a secretary aboard + + align:start position:0% +a situation with as a secretary aboard + + + align:start position:0% +a situation with as a secretary aboard +and the general manager now who's the + + align:start position:0% +and the general manager now who's the + + + align:start position:0% +and the general manager now who's the +boss is that the secretary is that the + + align:start position:0% +boss is that the secretary is that the + + + align:start position:0% +boss is that the secretary is that the +board that general manager then has to + + align:start position:0% +board that general manager then has to + + + align:start position:0% +board that general manager then has to +manage this production system has to + + align:start position:0% +manage this production system has to + + + align:start position:0% +manage this production system has to +worry about customers has to worry about + + align:start position:0% +worry about customers has to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +worry about customers has to worry about +fares but he's got to deal with labor + + align:start position:0% +fares but he's got to deal with labor + + + align:start position:0% +fares but he's got to deal with labor +need support for the taxes who controls + + align:start position:0% +need support for the taxes who controls + + + align:start position:0% +need support for the taxes who controls +that Congress the legislature Labor's + + align:start position:0% +that Congress the legislature Labor's + + + align:start position:0% +that Congress the legislature Labor's +you know got more access to those + + align:start position:0% +you know got more access to those + + + align:start position:0% +you know got more access to those +sources of power than the management + + align:start position:0% +sources of power than the management + + + align:start position:0% +sources of power than the management +structure does the governor who's + + align:start position:0% +structure does the governor who's + + + align:start position:0% +structure does the governor who's +supposed to be on top of all of this he + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be on top of all of this he + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be on top of all of this he +may be from a different party than the + + align:start position:0% +may be from a different party than the + + + align:start position:0% +may be from a different party than the +legislature the legislature may not even + + align:start position:0% +legislature the legislature may not even + + + align:start position:0% +legislature the legislature may not even +like the guy so he's not much use what's + + align:start position:0% +like the guy so he's not much use what's + + + align:start position:0% +like the guy so he's not much use what's +going to what's going to get you votes + + align:start position:0% +going to what's going to get you votes + + + align:start position:0% +going to what's going to get you votes +in the legislature for you know some law + + align:start position:0% +in the legislature for you know some law + + + align:start position:0% +in the legislature for you know some law +that's going to help you run a better + + align:start position:0% +that's going to help you run a better + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to help you run a better +transit system it might be capital to + + align:start position:0% +transit system it might be capital to + + + align:start position:0% +transit system it might be capital to +buy new buses might be just the + + align:start position:0% +buy new buses might be just the + + + align:start position:0% +buy new buses might be just the +operating subsidy labor is a big piece + + align:start position:0% +operating subsidy labor is a big piece + + + align:start position:0% +operating subsidy labor is a big piece +of this so you've got to recognize the + + align:start position:0% +of this so you've got to recognize the + + + align:start position:0% +of this so you've got to recognize the +kind of power and influence they're + + align:start position:0% +kind of power and influence they're + + + align:start position:0% +kind of power and influence they're +going to have so let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +going to have so let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +going to have so let's talk about the +history of the labor movement talk last + + align:start position:0% +history of the labor movement talk last + + + align:start position:0% +history of the labor movement talk last +time a little bit about the Commons + + align:start position:0% +time a little bit about the Commons + + + align:start position:0% +time a little bit about the Commons +Union the eight-hour a day + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the what's the story with immigrants in + + align:start position:0% +the what's the story with immigrants in + + + align:start position:0% +the what's the story with immigrants in +labor we're all holding hands singing + + align:start position:0% +labor we're all holding hands singing + + + align:start position:0% +labor we're all holding hands singing +solidarity forever American born + + align:start position:0% +solidarity forever American born + + + align:start position:0% +solidarity forever American born +immigrants all loving each other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah the immigrants are the last ones in + + align:start position:0% +yeah the immigrants are the last ones in + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the immigrants are the last ones in +so whoever is the earlier group tends to + + align:start position:0% +so whoever is the earlier group tends to + + + align:start position:0% +so whoever is the earlier group tends to +dominate the jobs tend to dominate the + + align:start position:0% +dominate the jobs tend to dominate the + + + align:start position:0% +dominate the jobs tend to dominate the +management structure tends to dominate + + align:start position:0% +management structure tends to dominate + + + align:start position:0% +management structure tends to dominate +the power positions within the Union so + + align:start position:0% +the power positions within the Union so + + + align:start position:0% +the power positions within the Union so +there's not this you know there's not + + align:start position:0% +there's not this you know there's not + + + align:start position:0% +there's not this you know there's not +real solidarity within the Union you get + + align:start position:0% +real solidarity within the Union you get + + + align:start position:0% +real solidarity within the Union you get +factions within the Union and the newest + + align:start position:0% +factions within the Union and the newest + + + align:start position:0% +factions within the Union and the newest +immigrants are usually underrepresented + + align:start position:0% +immigrants are usually underrepresented + + + align:start position:0% +immigrants are usually underrepresented +sometimes dramatically so the by the + + align:start position:0% +sometimes dramatically so the by the + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes dramatically so the by the +Union we had a situation at the tea + + align:start position:0% +Union we had a situation at the tea + + + align:start position:0% +Union we had a situation at the tea +where through a fluke we were able to + + align:start position:0% +where through a fluke we were able to + + + align:start position:0% +where through a fluke we were able to +hire part-time workers this piece of + + align:start position:0% +hire part-time workers this piece of + + + align:start position:0% +hire part-time workers this piece of +legislation went through and the pay + + align:start position:0% +legislation went through and the pay + + + align:start position:0% +legislation went through and the pay +scale for the part-time workers without + + align:start position:0% +scale for the part-time workers without + + + align:start position:0% +scale for the part-time workers without +was outrageously low and did not include + + align:start position:0% +was outrageously low and did not include + + + align:start position:0% +was outrageously low and did not include +healthcare benefits well I was really + + align:start position:0% +healthcare benefits well I was really + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare benefits well I was really +offended I saw we're a public agency + + align:start position:0% +offended I saw we're a public agency + + + align:start position:0% +offended I saw we're a public agency +we're treating these people horribly and + + align:start position:0% +we're treating these people horribly and + + + align:start position:0% +we're treating these people horribly and +we don't want them to hate us I would + + align:start position:0% +we don't want them to hate us I would + + + align:start position:0% +we don't want them to hate us I would +hate us if I had to work these hours + + align:start position:0% +hate us if I had to work these hours + + + align:start position:0% +hate us if I had to work these hours +without a decent pay and with our + + align:start position:0% +without a decent pay and with our + + + align:start position:0% +without a decent pay and with our +healthcare benefits let's let's at least + + align:start position:0% +healthcare benefits let's let's at least + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare benefits let's let's at least +pay health care benefits Union says nope + + align:start position:0% +pay health care benefits Union says nope + + + align:start position:0% +pay health care benefits Union says nope +you can't do that you can't confer a + + align:start position:0% +you can't do that you can't confer a + + + align:start position:0% +you can't do that you can't confer a +benefit except through the bargaining + + align:start position:0% +benefit except through the bargaining + + + align:start position:0% +benefit except through the bargaining +process + + align:start position:0% +process + + + align:start position:0% +process +oh well surely you agree that you are + + align:start position:0% +oh well surely you agree that you are + + + align:start position:0% +oh well surely you agree that you are +dues paying members should have health + + align:start position:0% +dues paying members should have health + + + align:start position:0% +dues paying members should have health +care benefits nope we don't care yes + + align:start position:0% +care benefits nope we don't care yes + + + align:start position:0% +care benefits nope we don't care yes +that you're taking their dues you're + + align:start position:0% +that you're taking their dues you're + + + align:start position:0% +that you're taking their dues you're +supposed to represent himself you're + + align:start position:0% +supposed to represent himself you're + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to represent himself you're +gonna have to give us something if you + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to give us something if you + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to give us something if you +want us to allow you to pay benefits to + + align:start position:0% +want us to allow you to pay benefits to + + + align:start position:0% +want us to allow you to pay benefits to +those part-time employees Wow I mean + + align:start position:0% +those part-time employees Wow I mean + + + align:start position:0% +those part-time employees Wow I mean +you'd like to strangle them but you know + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to strangle them but you know + + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to strangle them but you know +there are rules the bargaining and so + + align:start position:0% +there are rules the bargaining and so + + + align:start position:0% +there are rules the bargaining and so +you used patient's that are all about + + align:start position:0% +you used patient's that are all about + + + align:start position:0% +you used patient's that are all about +leverage and very little about public + + align:start position:0% +leverage and very little about public + + + align:start position:0% +leverage and very little about public +policy and you know first expectation + + align:start position:0% +policy and you know first expectation + + + align:start position:0% +policy and you know first expectation +about how people will behave is very + + align:start position:0% +about how people will behave is very + + + align:start position:0% +about how people will behave is very +often not the case there are these sort + + align:start position:0% +often not the case there are these sort + + + align:start position:0% +often not the case there are these sort +of perverse incentives and the first + + align:start position:0% +of perverse incentives and the first + + + align:start position:0% +of perverse incentives and the first +preoccupation + + align:start position:0% +preoccupation + + + align:start position:0% +preoccupation +on the Union side is usually to get + + align:start position:0% +on the Union side is usually to get + + + align:start position:0% +on the Union side is usually to get +reelected and the more democratic the + + align:start position:0% +reelected and the more democratic the + + + align:start position:0% +reelected and the more democratic the +you and unit do you think democratic + + align:start position:0% +you and unit do you think democratic + + + align:start position:0% +you and unit do you think democratic +unions are better than autocratic unions + + align:start position:0% +unions are better than autocratic unions + + + align:start position:0% +unions are better than autocratic unions +how many people vote for democratic + + align:start position:0% +how many people vote for democratic + + + align:start position:0% +how many people vote for democratic +unions Oh democratic union is one where + + align:start position:0% +unions Oh democratic union is one where + + + align:start position:0% +unions Oh democratic union is one where +there are elections every couple of + + align:start position:0% +there are elections every couple of + + + align:start position:0% +there are elections every couple of +years and often the President of the + + align:start position:0% +years and often the President of the + + + align:start position:0% +years and often the President of the +Union loses and a new president comes in + + align:start position:0% +Union loses and a new president comes in + + + align:start position:0% +Union loses and a new president comes in +and there's a real give-and-take and + + align:start position:0% +and there's a real give-and-take and + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a real give-and-take and +debate so in the autocratic union is + + align:start position:0% +debate so in the autocratic union is + + + align:start position:0% +debate so in the autocratic union is +there's a family that's been the + + align:start position:0% +there's a family that's been the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a family that's been the +president and business agent for the + + align:start position:0% +president and business agent for the + + + align:start position:0% +president and business agent for the +past 25 years and when the old man gets + + align:start position:0% +past 25 years and when the old man gets + + + align:start position:0% +past 25 years and when the old man gets +old is nephew gets the job so you got + + align:start position:0% +old is nephew gets the job so you got + + + align:start position:0% +old is nephew gets the job so you got +both kinds of unions around here which + + align:start position:0% +both kinds of unions around here which + + + align:start position:0% +both kinds of unions around here which +one do you think is preferable well + + align:start position:0% +one do you think is preferable well + + + align:start position:0% +one do you think is preferable well +either take it separately better for the + + align:start position:0% +either take it separately better for the + + + align:start position:0% +either take it separately better for the +workers the Democratic Union the union + + align:start position:0% +workers the Democratic Union the union + + + align:start position:0% +workers the Democratic Union the union +is the union leader is so afraid he'll + + align:start position:0% +is the union leader is so afraid he'll + + + align:start position:0% +is the union leader is so afraid he'll +lose the next election he won't make any + + align:start position:0% +lose the next election he won't make any + + + align:start position:0% +lose the next election he won't make any +decisions so we at one point had you + + align:start position:0% +decisions so we at one point had you + + + align:start position:0% +decisions so we at one point had you +know hi it's my people like Johnetta + + align:start position:0% +know hi it's my people like Johnetta + + + align:start position:0% +know hi it's my people like Johnetta +Nucci to figure out better ways of + + align:start position:0% +Nucci to figure out better ways of + + + align:start position:0% +Nucci to figure out better ways of +producing stuff and they run these + + align:start position:0% +producing stuff and they run these + + + align:start position:0% +producing stuff and they run these +numbers and say hey we can structure the + + align:start position:0% +numbers and say hey we can structure the + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and say hey we can structure the +work for the rail side into four 10-hour + + align:start position:0% +work for the rail side into four 10-hour + + + align:start position:0% +work for the rail side into four 10-hour +days a 40-hour a week people will get + + align:start position:0% +days a 40-hour a week people will get + + + align:start position:0% +days a 40-hour a week people will get +long weekends we can make the numbers + + align:start position:0% +long weekends we can make the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +long weekends we can make the numbers +work it'll save us money and the + + align:start position:0% +work it'll save us money and the + + + align:start position:0% +work it'll save us money and the +employees will make the same money and + + align:start position:0% +employees will make the same money and + + + align:start position:0% +employees will make the same money and +have three-day weekends and they sort of + + align:start position:0% +have three-day weekends and they sort of + + + align:start position:0% +have three-day weekends and they sort of +test it with people and the work has + + align:start position:0% +test it with people and the work has + + + align:start position:0% +test it with people and the work has +really liked this idea the Union + + align:start position:0% +really liked this idea the Union + + + align:start position:0% +really liked this idea the Union +wouldn't accept it because they were + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't accept it because they were + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't accept it because they were +afraid that it would become an issue and + + align:start position:0% +afraid that it would become an issue and + + + align:start position:0% +afraid that it would become an issue and +so you couldn't even give them something + + align:start position:0% +so you couldn't even give them something + + + align:start position:0% +so you couldn't even give them something +that you knew the workers wanted because + + align:start position:0% +that you knew the workers wanted because + + + align:start position:0% +that you knew the workers wanted because +they were so weak they were afraid to + + align:start position:0% +they were so weak they were afraid to + + + align:start position:0% +they were so weak they were afraid to +make a deal you got a more autocratic + + align:start position:0% +make a deal you got a more autocratic + + + align:start position:0% +make a deal you got a more autocratic +Union and there are some not so nice + + align:start position:0% +Union and there are some not so nice + + + align:start position:0% +Union and there are some not so nice +things about the + + align:start position:0% +things about the + + + align:start position:0% +things about the +Kretz but they're willing to make a deal + + align:start position:0% +Kretz but they're willing to make a deal + + + align:start position:0% +Kretz but they're willing to make a deal +they know they're gonna be President + + align:start position:0% +they know they're gonna be President + + + align:start position:0% +they know they're gonna be President +next year they've got enough confidence + + align:start position:0% +next year they've got enough confidence + + + align:start position:0% +next year they've got enough confidence +they're gonna get reelected that they're + + align:start position:0% +they're gonna get reelected that they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're gonna get reelected that they're +better able to step back and say well + + align:start position:0% +better able to step back and say well + + + align:start position:0% +better able to step back and say well +what's the long view here and they may + + align:start position:0% +what's the long view here and they may + + + align:start position:0% +what's the long view here and they may +be exercising that power on a good day + + align:start position:0% +be exercising that power on a good day + + + align:start position:0% +be exercising that power on a good day +they're exercising that power on behalf + + align:start position:0% +they're exercising that power on behalf + + + align:start position:0% +they're exercising that power on behalf +of the workers but they're not so + + align:start position:0% +of the workers but they're not so + + + align:start position:0% +of the workers but they're not so +hypersensitive to a faction that you + + align:start position:0% +hypersensitive to a faction that you + + + align:start position:0% +hypersensitive to a faction that you +know that they were unwilling to make a + + align:start position:0% +know that they were unwilling to make a + + + align:start position:0% +know that they were unwilling to make a +deal in the dynamic of the Union the + + align:start position:0% +deal in the dynamic of the Union the + + + align:start position:0% +deal in the dynamic of the Union the +Union is just like any other + + align:start position:0% +Union is just like any other + + + align:start position:0% +Union is just like any other +organization the people who counter the + + align:start position:0% +organization the people who counter the + + + align:start position:0% +organization the people who counter the +people who show up so you have a union + + align:start position:0% +people who show up so you have a union + + + align:start position:0% +people who show up so you have a union +meeting + + align:start position:0% +meeting + + + align:start position:0% +meeting +you know once a month who shows up you + + align:start position:0% +you know once a month who shows up you + + + align:start position:0% +you know once a month who shows up you +know a small subset of people everybody + + align:start position:0% +know a small subset of people everybody + + + align:start position:0% +know a small subset of people everybody +is else everyone else is out bowling or + + align:start position:0% +is else everyone else is out bowling or + + + align:start position:0% +is else everyone else is out bowling or +watching television they're doing + + align:start position:0% +watching television they're doing + + + align:start position:0% +watching television they're doing +whatever they like to do they don't go + + align:start position:0% +whatever they like to do they don't go + + + align:start position:0% +whatever they like to do they don't go +to union meetings so you got to take + + align:start position:0% +to union meetings so you got to take + + + align:start position:0% +to union meetings so you got to take +care of the ones who show up at the + + align:start position:0% +care of the ones who show up at the + + + align:start position:0% +care of the ones who show up at the +meetings because there that's the + + align:start position:0% +meetings because there that's the + + + align:start position:0% +meetings because there that's the +attentive public they're the ones that + + align:start position:0% +attentive public they're the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +attentive public they're the ones that +are paying attention so the dynamic + + align:start position:0% +are paying attention so the dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +are paying attention so the dynamic +within the Union may appear to be + + align:start position:0% +within the Union may appear to be + + + align:start position:0% +within the Union may appear to be +democratic but it's out it's also + + align:start position:0% +democratic but it's out it's also + + + align:start position:0% +democratic but it's out it's also +dominated by small factions whose + + align:start position:0% +dominated by small factions whose + + + align:start position:0% +dominated by small factions whose +interest may diverge from that of the + + align:start position:0% +interest may diverge from that of the + + + align:start position:0% +interest may diverge from that of the +larger group and especially if there + + align:start position:0% +larger group and especially if there + + + align:start position:0% +larger group and especially if there +there has been a period of ethnic change + + align:start position:0% +there has been a period of ethnic change + + + align:start position:0% +there has been a period of ethnic change +typically the dominant group in the + + align:start position:0% +typically the dominant group in the + + + align:start position:0% +typically the dominant group in the +Union reflects the ethnic composition of + + align:start position:0% +Union reflects the ethnic composition of + + + align:start position:0% +Union reflects the ethnic composition of +25 years ago and and and and the smarter + + align:start position:0% +25 years ago and and and and the smarter + + + align:start position:0% +25 years ago and and and and the smarter +ones realize that they better pay + + align:start position:0% +ones realize that they better pay + + + align:start position:0% +ones realize that they better pay +attention to the new workers or they're + + align:start position:0% +attention to the new workers or they're + + + align:start position:0% +attention to the new workers or they're +going to lose their positions more + + align:start position:0% +going to lose their positions more + + + align:start position:0% +going to lose their positions more +quickly but the nastier ones just say I + + align:start position:0% +quickly but the nastier ones just say I + + + align:start position:0% +quickly but the nastier ones just say I +the hell with it I'm going to take care + + align:start position:0% +the hell with it I'm going to take care + + + align:start position:0% +the hell with it I'm going to take care +of my people and I don't care about them + + align:start position:0% +of my people and I don't care about them + + + align:start position:0% +of my people and I don't care about them +so democracy is you know mixed blessing + + align:start position:0% +so democracy is you know mixed blessing + + + align:start position:0% +so democracy is you know mixed blessing +sometime but it it always makes it + + align:start position:0% +sometime but it it always makes it + + + align:start position:0% +sometime but it it always makes it +interesting and complicated I'm go to + + align:start position:0% +interesting and complicated I'm go to + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and complicated I'm go to +item H because we're running out of time + + align:start position:0% +item H because we're running out of time + + + align:start position:0% +item H because we're running out of time +here World War two labor shortages wage + + align:start position:0% +here World War two labor shortages wage + + + align:start position:0% +here World War two labor shortages wage +and price control the do any of you know + + align:start position:0% +and price control the do any of you know + + + align:start position:0% +and price control the do any of you know +the story of the world war two wage and + + align:start position:0% +the story of the world war two wage and + + + align:start position:0% +the story of the world war two wage and +price controls what was going on then + + align:start position:0% +price controls what was going on then + + + align:start position:0% +price controls what was going on then +yeah yeah because the government was a + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah because the government was a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah because the government was a +yeah and the government was afraid of + + align:start position:0% +yeah and the government was afraid of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and the government was afraid of +that the shortages would lead to price + + align:start position:0% +that the shortages would lead to price + + + align:start position:0% +that the shortages would lead to price +spikes and to be a huge political + + align:start position:0% +spikes and to be a huge political + + + align:start position:0% +spikes and to be a huge political +backlash so they put in wage and price + + align:start position:0% +backlash so they put in wage and price + + + align:start position:0% +backlash so they put in wage and price +controls so the industries that were + + align:start position:0% +controls so the industries that were + + + align:start position:0% +controls so the industries that were +producing particularly for the war + + align:start position:0% +producing particularly for the war + + + align:start position:0% +producing particularly for the war +effort because that's where there was a + + align:start position:0% +effort because that's where there was a + + + align:start position:0% +effort because that's where there was a +lot of money to be made + + align:start position:0% +lot of money to be made + + + align:start position:0% +lot of money to be made +needed to attract workers but they + + align:start position:0% +needed to attract workers but they + + + align:start position:0% +needed to attract workers but they +couldn't offer higher wages under the + + align:start position:0% +couldn't offer higher wages under the + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't offer higher wages under the +rules they started offering health care + + align:start position:0% +rules they started offering health care + + + align:start position:0% +rules they started offering health care +benefits was the only way they could + + align:start position:0% +benefits was the only way they could + + + align:start position:0% +benefits was the only way they could +compete at the end of the war some of + + align:start position:0% +compete at the end of the war some of + + + align:start position:0% +compete at the end of the war some of +the socialist labor leaders Walter + + align:start position:0% +the socialist labor leaders Walter + + + align:start position:0% +the socialist labor leaders Walter +Reuther and others looking at what was + + align:start position:0% +Reuther and others looking at what was + + + align:start position:0% +Reuther and others looking at what was +going on in Europe said well this is a + + align:start position:0% +going on in Europe said well this is a + + + align:start position:0% +going on in Europe said well this is a +stupid way to fund health care let's + + align:start position:0% +stupid way to fund health care let's + + + align:start position:0% +stupid way to fund health care let's +have health care for everybody and let's + + align:start position:0% +have health care for everybody and let's + + + align:start position:0% +have health care for everybody and let's +do it and I crossed the poor way and the + + align:start position:0% +do it and I crossed the poor way and the + + + align:start position:0% +do it and I crossed the poor way and the +big businesses said no we like it this + + align:start position:0% +big businesses said no we like it this + + + align:start position:0% +big businesses said no we like it this +way because this gives us an advantage + + align:start position:0% +way because this gives us an advantage + + + align:start position:0% +way because this gives us an advantage +that our workers are getting health + + align:start position:0% +that our workers are getting health + + + align:start position:0% +that our workers are getting health +benefits and the others aren't and + + align:start position:0% +benefits and the others aren't and + + + align:start position:0% +benefits and the others aren't and +that's to our benefit so these bastards + + align:start position:0% +that's to our benefit so these bastards + + + align:start position:0% +that's to our benefit so these bastards +who Yap about out of control health care + + align:start position:0% +who Yap about out of control health care + + + align:start position:0% +who Yap about out of control health care +costs the reason we've got this + + align:start position:0% +costs the reason we've got this + + + align:start position:0% +costs the reason we've got this +backwards system we've got is because of + + align:start position:0% +backwards system we've got is because of + + + align:start position:0% +backwards system we've got is because of +they agreed and their unwillingness in + + align:start position:0% +they agreed and their unwillingness in + + + align:start position:0% +they agreed and their unwillingness in +the post-world War two environment when + + align:start position:0% +the post-world War two environment when + + + align:start position:0% +the post-world War two environment when +you really could have gotten a much + + align:start position:0% +you really could have gotten a much + + + align:start position:0% +you really could have gotten a much +broader base you know medicare for all + + align:start position:0% +broader base you know medicare for all + + + align:start position:0% +broader base you know medicare for all +kind of approach they didn't want it + + align:start position:0% +kind of approach they didn't want it + + + align:start position:0% +kind of approach they didn't want it +that way now they complained that their + + align:start position:0% +that way now they complained that their + + + align:start position:0% +that way now they complained that their +paying and I don't blame them for + + align:start position:0% +paying and I don't blame them for + + + align:start position:0% +paying and I don't blame them for +complaining the system now was kind of + + align:start position:0% +complaining the system now was kind of + + + align:start position:0% +complaining the system now was kind of +weird but it was a product of the + + align:start position:0% +weird but it was a product of the + + + align:start position:0% +weird but it was a product of the +peculiar politics at that point in time + + align:start position:0% +peculiar politics at that point in time + + + align:start position:0% +peculiar politics at that point in time +and you also do get theoretically it's + + align:start position:0% +and you also do get theoretically it's + + + align:start position:0% +and you also do get theoretically it's +possible that labor unions might like + + align:start position:0% +possible that labor unions might like + + + align:start position:0% +possible that labor unions might like +the idea that only union members get + + align:start position:0% +the idea that only union members get + + + align:start position:0% +the idea that only union members get +health care benefits and that they're + + align:start position:0% +health care benefits and that they're + + + align:start position:0% +health care benefits and that they're +not conferred on the whole population + + align:start position:0% +not conferred on the whole population + + + align:start position:0% +not conferred on the whole population +because it's another reason to join the + + align:start position:0% +because it's another reason to join the + + + align:start position:0% +because it's another reason to join the +union + + align:start position:0% +union + + + align:start position:0% +union +fortunately the unions aren't that + + align:start position:0% +fortunately the unions aren't that + + + align:start position:0% +fortunately the unions aren't that +narrow and they tend to be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +narrow and they tend to be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +narrow and they tend to be a little bit +more progressive but they're acting + + align:start position:0% +more progressive but they're acting + + + align:start position:0% +more progressive but they're acting +against their own interests + + align:start position:0% +against their own interests + + + align:start position:0% +against their own interests +in a sense it does confer some advantage + + align:start position:0% +in a sense it does confer some advantage + + + align:start position:0% +in a sense it does confer some advantage +on them if healthcare has to be + + align:start position:0% +on them if healthcare has to be + + + align:start position:0% +on them if healthcare has to be +bargained for it's a reason to join + + align:start position:0% +bargained for it's a reason to join + + + align:start position:0% +bargained for it's a reason to join +Union and be active in the Union so you + + align:start position:0% +Union and be active in the Union so you + + + align:start position:0% +Union and be active in the Union so you +get all these perverse incentives that + + align:start position:0% +get all these perverse incentives that + + + align:start position:0% +get all these perverse incentives that +come out of this kind of stuff we talked + + align:start position:0% +come out of this kind of stuff we talked + + + align:start position:0% +come out of this kind of stuff we talked +about right-to-work a little bit so + + align:start position:0% +about right-to-work a little bit so + + + align:start position:0% +about right-to-work a little bit so +items see ridership growth is never + + align:start position:0% +items see ridership growth is never + + + align:start position:0% +items see ridership growth is never +instantaneous + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneous +a time made earlier in the class a lot + + align:start position:0% +a time made earlier in the class a lot + + + align:start position:0% +a time made earlier in the class a lot +of important things take time to achieve + + align:start position:0% +of important things take time to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +of important things take time to achieve +you don't instantaneously get a benefit + + align:start position:0% +you don't instantaneously get a benefit + + + align:start position:0% +you don't instantaneously get a benefit +if you provide more service and you + + align:start position:0% +if you provide more service and you + + + align:start position:0% +if you provide more service and you +guessed right maybe there'll be a + + align:start position:0% +guessed right maybe there'll be a + + + align:start position:0% +guessed right maybe there'll be a +ridership growth in the area that you're + + align:start position:0% +ridership growth in the area that you're + + + align:start position:0% +ridership growth in the area that you're +providing more service but it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +providing more service but it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +providing more service but it doesn't +happen today you start it's going to + + align:start position:0% +happen today you start it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +happen today you start it's going to +take time to build and that time period + + align:start position:0% +take time to build and that time period + + + align:start position:0% +take time to build and that time period +and the lag with which even if you've + + align:start position:0% +and the lag with which even if you've + + + align:start position:0% +and the lag with which even if you've +guessed really well and a lot of riders + + align:start position:0% +guessed really well and a lot of riders + + + align:start position:0% +guessed really well and a lot of riders +come and you generate a lot more revenue + + align:start position:0% +come and you generate a lot more revenue + + + align:start position:0% +come and you generate a lot more revenue +that revenue is going to come later than + + align:start position:0% +that revenue is going to come later than + + + align:start position:0% +that revenue is going to come later than +the cost that you have to expend early + + align:start position:0% +the cost that you have to expend early + + + align:start position:0% +the cost that you have to expend early +on so you you get this sort of swerve in + + align:start position:0% +on so you you get this sort of swerve in + + + align:start position:0% +on so you you get this sort of swerve in +your in your in your pattern now this is + + align:start position:0% +your in your in your pattern now this is + + + align:start position:0% +your in your in your pattern now this is +a couple of years old but unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +a couple of years old but unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of years old but unfortunately +it's still true there's this sort of + + align:start position:0% +it's still true there's this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +it's still true there's this sort of +nasty attitude that well we got to grind + + align:start position:0% +nasty attitude that well we got to grind + + + align:start position:0% +nasty attitude that well we got to grind +down costs we've got to grind down cost + + align:start position:0% +down costs we've got to grind down cost + + + align:start position:0% +down costs we've got to grind down cost +we've got a grind down cost but the only + + align:start position:0% +we've got a grind down cost but the only + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a grind down cost but the only +reason we have a transit system here is + + align:start position:0% +reason we have a transit system here is + + + align:start position:0% +reason we have a transit system here is +it actually happens to be important to + + align:start position:0% +it actually happens to be important to + + + align:start position:0% +it actually happens to be important to +the economy and we're lucky that the + + align:start position:0% +the economy and we're lucky that the + + + align:start position:0% +the economy and we're lucky that the +economy is growing we actually need more + + align:start position:0% +economy is growing we actually need more + + + align:start position:0% +economy is growing we actually need more +service so to me it's more important to + + align:start position:0% +service so to me it's more important to + + + align:start position:0% +service so to me it's more important to +provide more service than it is to grind + + align:start position:0% +provide more service than it is to grind + + + align:start position:0% +provide more service than it is to grind +down the cost of the service if the only + + align:start position:0% +down the cost of the service if the only + + + align:start position:0% +down the cost of the service if the only +thing you're doing is quote saving money + + align:start position:0% +thing you're doing is quote saving money + + + align:start position:0% +thing you're doing is quote saving money +then shut the system down and save all + + align:start position:0% +then shut the system down and save all + + + align:start position:0% +then shut the system down and save all +the money presumably you're around + + align:start position:0% +the money presumably you're around + + + align:start position:0% +the money presumably you're around +because you're providing something of + + align:start position:0% +because you're providing something of + + + align:start position:0% +because you're providing something of +value and you have to be providing + + align:start position:0% +value and you have to be providing + + + align:start position:0% +value and you have to be providing +higher value and more of it up to some + + align:start position:0% +higher value and more of it up to some + + + align:start position:0% +higher value and more of it up to some +reasonable limit but certainly I don't + + align:start position:0% +reasonable limit but certainly I don't + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable limit but certainly I don't +think anyone who rides the tea would + + align:start position:0% +think anyone who rides the tea would + + + align:start position:0% +think anyone who rides the tea would +argue + + align:start position:0% +argue + + + align:start position:0% +argue +we've reached the level where there's + + align:start position:0% +we've reached the level where there's + + + align:start position:0% +we've reached the level where there's +too much service out + + align:start position:0% +too much service out + + + align:start position:0% +too much service out +we got a long way to go in improving + + align:start position:0% +we got a long way to go in improving + + + align:start position:0% +we got a long way to go in improving +service to get anywhere near to such a + + align:start position:0% +service to get anywhere near to such a + + + align:start position:0% +service to get anywhere near to such a +danger this brings me back to this + + align:start position:0% +danger this brings me back to this + + + align:start position:0% +danger this brings me back to this +question of contracting out because to + + align:start position:0% +question of contracting out because to + + + align:start position:0% +question of contracting out because to +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +most of the discussion about contracting + + align:start position:0% +most of the discussion about contracting + + + align:start position:0% +most of the discussion about contracting +out if you're reading the Boston papers + + align:start position:0% +out if you're reading the Boston papers + + + align:start position:0% +out if you're reading the Boston papers +is about ovale contract out and will + + align:start position:0% +is about ovale contract out and will + + + align:start position:0% +is about ovale contract out and will +save money and labor costs too much and + + align:start position:0% +save money and labor costs too much and + + + align:start position:0% +save money and labor costs too much and +blah blah blah in the first place you're + + align:start position:0% +blah blah blah in the first place you're + + + align:start position:0% +blah blah blah in the first place you're +not going to save much money the workers + + align:start position:0% +not going to save much money the workers + + + align:start position:0% +not going to save much money the workers +the Paul Revere the company that runs + + align:start position:0% +the Paul Revere the company that runs + + + align:start position:0% +the Paul Revere the company that runs +the the blue m2 bus did you see on mass + + align:start position:0% +the the blue m2 bus did you see on mass + + + align:start position:0% +the the blue m2 bus did you see on mass +Avenue they're also a union operation + + align:start position:0% +Avenue they're also a union operation + + + align:start position:0% +Avenue they're also a union operation +they've got the Teamsters Union they + + align:start position:0% +they've got the Teamsters Union they + + + align:start position:0% +they've got the Teamsters Union they +provide health care benefits they pay + + align:start position:0% +provide health care benefits they pay + + + align:start position:0% +provide health care benefits they pay +decently it's not about a good private + + align:start position:0% +decently it's not about a good private + + + align:start position:0% +decently it's not about a good private +contracting scheme in my view is not + + align:start position:0% +contracting scheme in my view is not + + + align:start position:0% +contracting scheme in my view is not +about paying workers less it's about + + align:start position:0% +about paying workers less it's about + + + align:start position:0% +about paying workers less it's about +providing a better service how many of + + align:start position:0% +providing a better service how many of + + + align:start position:0% +providing a better service how many of +you use the number one bus and are any + + align:start position:0% +you use the number one bus and are any + + + align:start position:0% +you use the number one bus and are any +of you able to use the m2 shuttle okay + + align:start position:0% +of you able to use the m2 shuttle okay + + + align:start position:0% +of you able to use the m2 shuttle okay +which one comes first usually and and + + align:start position:0% +which one comes first usually and and + + + align:start position:0% +which one comes first usually and and +which which one which one which one are + + align:start position:0% +which which one which one which one are + + + align:start position:0% +which which one which one which one are +you more likely to find a seat on the m2 + + align:start position:0% +you more likely to find a seat on the m2 + + + align:start position:0% +you more likely to find a seat on the m2 +is a better service that that's that's + + align:start position:0% +is a better service that that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +is a better service that that's that's +what you could get now it's not because + + align:start position:0% +what you could get now it's not because + + + align:start position:0% +what you could get now it's not because +the T in inherently inferior there's not + + align:start position:0% +the T in inherently inferior there's not + + + align:start position:0% +the T in inherently inferior there's not +enough service on that line but Paul + + align:start position:0% +enough service on that line but Paul + + + align:start position:0% +enough service on that line but Paul +Revere runs a reasonable service because + + align:start position:0% +Revere runs a reasonable service because + + + align:start position:0% +Revere runs a reasonable service because +if they don't they won't get chosen next + + align:start position:0% +if they don't they won't get chosen next + + + align:start position:0% +if they don't they won't get chosen next +time there is some competition not just + + align:start position:0% +time there is some competition not just + + + align:start position:0% +time there is some competition not just +for cost but for quality and to me you + + align:start position:0% +for cost but for quality and to me you + + + align:start position:0% +for cost but for quality and to me you +want to be in that area and the other + + align:start position:0% +want to be in that area and the other + + + align:start position:0% +want to be in that area and the other +issue is if you want to increase service + + align:start position:0% +issue is if you want to increase service + + + align:start position:0% +issue is if you want to increase service +and you talk to the MBTA you go to a + + align:start position:0% +and you talk to the MBTA you go to a + + + align:start position:0% +and you talk to the MBTA you go to a +meeting and say the service is lousy we + + align:start position:0% +meeting and say the service is lousy we + + + align:start position:0% +meeting and say the service is lousy we +want more bus service on the number one + + align:start position:0% +want more bus service on the number one + + + align:start position:0% +want more bus service on the number one +bus and the answer is fine what service + + align:start position:0% +bus and the answer is fine what service + + + align:start position:0% +bus and the answer is fine what service +would you suggest we cut so we can + + align:start position:0% +would you suggest we cut so we can + + + align:start position:0% +would you suggest we cut so we can +redraw + + align:start position:0% +redraw + + + align:start position:0% +redraw +those buses onto the number one well cut + + align:start position:0% +those buses onto the number one well cut + + + align:start position:0% +those buses onto the number one well cut +the Bologna that's crazy those other + + align:start position:0% +the Bologna that's crazy those other + + + align:start position:0% +the Bologna that's crazy those other +routes need to service to their in this + + align:start position:0% +routes need to service to their in this + + + align:start position:0% +routes need to service to their in this +some zero game where they refused to add + + align:start position:0% +some zero game where they refused to add + + + align:start position:0% +some zero game where they refused to add +service except by taking away + + align:start position:0% +service except by taking away + + + align:start position:0% +service except by taking away +consequently they never had service and + + align:start position:0% +consequently they never had service and + + + align:start position:0% +consequently they never had service and +they said wow it's a tough world we only + + align:start position:0% +they said wow it's a tough world we only + + + align:start position:0% +they said wow it's a tough world we only +got so much equipment we only got so + + align:start position:0% +got so much equipment we only got so + + + align:start position:0% +got so much equipment we only got so +much drivers we only have so many + + align:start position:0% +much drivers we only have so many + + + align:start position:0% +much drivers we only have so many +maintenance facilities land of a + + align:start position:0% +maintenance facilities land of a + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance facilities land of a +thousand excuses we can't expand you + + align:start position:0% +thousand excuses we can't expand you + + + align:start position:0% +thousand excuses we can't expand you +want more service contract for it put + + align:start position:0% +want more service contract for it put + + + align:start position:0% +want more service contract for it put +some money on the table have a bid you + + align:start position:0% +some money on the table have a bid you + + + align:start position:0% +some money on the table have a bid you +know work and get some competition so it + + align:start position:0% +know work and get some competition so it + + + align:start position:0% +know work and get some competition so it +isn't just Paul Revere you'll get more + + align:start position:0% +isn't just Paul Revere you'll get more + + + align:start position:0% +isn't just Paul Revere you'll get more +service a hell of a lot faster than you + + align:start position:0% +service a hell of a lot faster than you + + + align:start position:0% +service a hell of a lot faster than you +will ever get it out of the public + + align:start position:0% +will ever get it out of the public + + + align:start position:0% +will ever get it out of the public +sector machine so I think there's a pro + + align:start position:0% +sector machine so I think there's a pro + + + align:start position:0% +sector machine so I think there's a pro +rider argument for contracting out that + + align:start position:0% +rider argument for contracting out that + + + align:start position:0% +rider argument for contracting out that +I believe is quite valid but no one + + align:start position:0% +I believe is quite valid but no one + + + align:start position:0% +I believe is quite valid but no one +makes that you have this contest between + + align:start position:0% +makes that you have this contest between + + + align:start position:0% +makes that you have this contest between +the anti costs crying down workers it's + + align:start position:0% +the anti costs crying down workers it's + + + align:start position:0% +the anti costs crying down workers it's +a victory if we pay people less and the + + align:start position:0% +a victory if we pay people less and the + + + align:start position:0% +a victory if we pay people less and the +union that says do everything in-house + + align:start position:0% +union that says do everything in-house + + + align:start position:0% +union that says do everything in-house +neither of those parties is really + + align:start position:0% +neither of those parties is really + + + align:start position:0% +neither of those parties is really +speaking on behalf of the riding public + + align:start position:0% +speaking on behalf of the riding public + + + align:start position:0% +speaking on behalf of the riding public +so you want to think about those aspects + + align:start position:0% +so you want to think about those aspects + + + align:start position:0% +so you want to think about those aspects +usually people talk about the union + + align:start position:0% +usually people talk about the union + + + align:start position:0% +usually people talk about the union +relationship as bargaining for the union + + align:start position:0% +relationship as bargaining for the union + + + align:start position:0% +relationship as bargaining for the union +wants high wages management wants lower + + align:start position:0% +wants high wages management wants lower + + + align:start position:0% +wants high wages management wants lower +wages etc etc bargaining takes place + + align:start position:0% +wages etc etc bargaining takes place + + + align:start position:0% +wages etc etc bargaining takes place +periodically you might have a two-year + + align:start position:0% +periodically you might have a two-year + + + align:start position:0% +periodically you might have a two-year +contract you might have a three-year + + align:start position:0% +contract you might have a three-year + + + align:start position:0% +contract you might have a three-year +contract you set the terms in wages and + + align:start position:0% +contract you set the terms in wages and + + + align:start position:0% +contract you set the terms in wages and +working conditions for that period then + + align:start position:0% +working conditions for that period then + + + align:start position:0% +working conditions for that period then +you bargain again if you can't reach + + align:start position:0% +you bargain again if you can't reach + + + align:start position:0% +you bargain again if you can't reach +agreement there are procedures for + + align:start position:0% +agreement there are procedures for + + + align:start position:0% +agreement there are procedures for +binding arbitration why do we have + + align:start position:0% +binding arbitration why do we have + + + align:start position:0% +binding arbitration why do we have +binding arbitration well we just have a + + align:start position:0% +binding arbitration well we just have a + + + align:start position:0% +binding arbitration well we just have a +strike you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the MBTA we have binding arbitration + + align:start position:0% +in the MBTA we have binding arbitration + + + align:start position:0% +in the MBTA we have binding arbitration +it's thought it's not the case in every + + align:start position:0% +it's thought it's not the case in every + + + align:start position:0% +it's thought it's not the case in every +transit agency in the country in + + align:start position:0% +transit agency in the country in + + + align:start position:0% +transit agency in the country in +Philadelphia if they can't reach + + align:start position:0% +Philadelphia if they can't reach + + + align:start position:0% +Philadelphia if they can't reach +agreement there's a strike yeah why was + + align:start position:0% +agreement there's a strike yeah why was + + + align:start position:0% +agreement there's a strike yeah why was +it put into the state law yeah so in + + align:start position:0% +it put into the state law yeah so in + + + align:start position:0% +it put into the state law yeah so in +Massachusetts the thing was when it + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts the thing was when it + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts the thing was when it +strikes are really painful for everybody + + align:start position:0% +strikes are really painful for everybody + + + align:start position:0% +strikes are really painful for everybody +let's just have a bureaucratic process + + align:start position:0% +let's just have a bureaucratic process + + + align:start position:0% +let's just have a bureaucratic process +to settle disputes that can't be + + align:start position:0% +to settle disputes that can't be + + + align:start position:0% +to settle disputes that can't be +resolved and but let's not have a strike + + align:start position:0% +resolved and but let's not have a strike + + + align:start position:0% +resolved and but let's not have a strike +there are too many people hurt when you + + align:start position:0% +there are too many people hurt when you + + + align:start position:0% +there are too many people hurt when you +have a strike the workers workers lose + + align:start position:0% +have a strike the workers workers lose + + + align:start position:0% +have a strike the workers workers lose +their health care benefits I mean you + + align:start position:0% +their health care benefits I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +their health care benefits I mean you +know you kids got a kidney problem and + + align:start position:0% +know you kids got a kidney problem and + + + align:start position:0% +know you kids got a kidney problem and +you have no health care but that's a + + align:start position:0% +you have no health care but that's a + + + align:start position:0% +you have no health care but that's a +problem you know so it's a problem for + + align:start position:0% +problem you know so it's a problem for + + + align:start position:0% +problem you know so it's a problem for +the worker to be on strike it's not easy + + align:start position:0% +the worker to be on strike it's not easy + + + align:start position:0% +the worker to be on strike it's not easy +it's a problem for the public there's no + + align:start position:0% +it's a problem for the public there's no + + + align:start position:0% +it's a problem for the public there's no +service so binding arbitration I think + + align:start position:0% +service so binding arbitration I think + + + align:start position:0% +service so binding arbitration I think +is a good idea there are those who argue + + align:start position:0% +is a good idea there are those who argue + + + align:start position:0% +is a good idea there are those who argue +the Philadelphia system is better + + align:start position:0% +the Philadelphia system is better + + + align:start position:0% +the Philadelphia system is better +I think it's wacky they shut down the + + align:start position:0% +I think it's wacky they shut down the + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's wacky they shut down the +city every you know periodically yeah if + + align:start position:0% +city every you know periodically yeah if + + + align:start position:0% +city every you know periodically yeah if +you're not important anymore you lose + + align:start position:0% +you're not important anymore you lose + + + align:start position:0% +you're not important anymore you lose +the benefit not if the contracts run out + + align:start position:0% +the benefit not if the contracts run out + + + align:start position:0% +the benefit not if the contracts run out +I mean it's like it's a bizarre world so + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's like it's a bizarre world so + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's like it's a bizarre world so +so yeah in other places you would have a + + align:start position:0% +so yeah in other places you would have a + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah in other places you would have a +more civilized way of dealing with it + + align:start position:0% +more civilized way of dealing with it + + + align:start position:0% +more civilized way of dealing with it +because you didn't have this odd world + + align:start position:0% +because you didn't have this odd world + + + align:start position:0% +because you didn't have this odd world +war two that could be too but and they + + align:start position:0% +war two that could be too but and they + + + align:start position:0% +war two that could be too but and they +also I don't know if those illegal + + align:start position:0% +also I don't know if those illegal + + + align:start position:0% +also I don't know if those illegal +strikes are illegal strikes because + + align:start position:0% +strikes are illegal strikes because + + + align:start position:0% +strikes are illegal strikes because +sometimes in Massachusetts even though + + align:start position:0% +sometimes in Massachusetts even though + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes in Massachusetts even though +we've got binding arbitration and it's + + align:start position:0% +we've got binding arbitration and it's + + + align:start position:0% +we've got binding arbitration and it's +against the law to strike occasionally + + align:start position:0% +against the law to strike occasionally + + + align:start position:0% +against the law to strike occasionally +they'll walk out and you know it's very + + align:start position:0% +they'll walk out and you know it's very + + + align:start position:0% +they'll walk out and you know it's very +dramatic you put the labor leaders in + + align:start position:0% +dramatic you put the labor leaders in + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic you put the labor leaders in +jail and that gets them more votes next + + align:start position:0% +jail and that gets them more votes next + + + align:start position:0% +jail and that gets them more votes next +time because it shows how committed they + + align:start position:0% +time because it shows how committed they + + + align:start position:0% +time because it shows how committed they +were to the cause and a lot of theater + + align:start position:0% +were to the cause and a lot of theater + + + align:start position:0% +were to the cause and a lot of theater +involved but the only point is + + align:start position:0% +involved but the only point is + + + align:start position:0% +involved but the only point is +the drama is around the bargaining and + + align:start position:0% +the drama is around the bargaining and + + + align:start position:0% +the drama is around the bargaining and +potential strike wildcat strike binding + + align:start position:0% +potential strike wildcat strike binding + + + align:start position:0% +potential strike wildcat strike binding +arbitration and it's about how much + + align:start position:0% +arbitration and it's about how much + + + align:start position:0% +arbitration and it's about how much +money in the envelope but at least as + + align:start position:0% +money in the envelope but at least as + + + align:start position:0% +money in the envelope but at least as +important as what's bargained explicitly + + align:start position:0% +important as what's bargained explicitly + + + align:start position:0% +important as what's bargained explicitly +is the day-to-day relationship between + + align:start position:0% +is the day-to-day relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +is the day-to-day relationship between +management and labor between the + + align:start position:0% +management and labor between the + + + align:start position:0% +management and labor between the +bargaining because you got a job to do + + align:start position:0% +bargaining because you got a job to do + + + align:start position:0% +bargaining because you got a job to do +you got to run service and there are + + align:start position:0% +you got to run service and there are + + + align:start position:0% +you got to run service and there are +these arcane rules and the rules are so + + align:start position:0% +these arcane rules and the rules are so + + + align:start position:0% +these arcane rules and the rules are so +arcane that if you comply with every + + align:start position:0% +arcane that if you comply with every + + + align:start position:0% +arcane that if you comply with every +rule you can't run the service oh I'm + + align:start position:0% +rule you can't run the service oh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +rule you can't run the service oh I'm +not going to drive the bus because the + + align:start position:0% +not going to drive the bus because the + + + align:start position:0% +not going to drive the bus because the +windshield wiper is broken and the rule + + align:start position:0% +windshield wiper is broken and the rule + + + align:start position:0% +windshield wiper is broken and the rule +book says I can't drive it with but it's + + align:start position:0% +book says I can't drive it with but it's + + + align:start position:0% +book says I can't drive it with but it's +sunny out it's not raining we'll fix it + + align:start position:0% +sunny out it's not raining we'll fix it + + + align:start position:0% +sunny out it's not raining we'll fix it +tonight nope I'm not going to drive the + + align:start position:0% +tonight nope I'm not going to drive the + + + align:start position:0% +tonight nope I'm not going to drive the +bus it's not in perfect condition so + + align:start position:0% +bus it's not in perfect condition so + + + align:start position:0% +bus it's not in perfect condition so +there's always an informal relationship + + align:start position:0% +there's always an informal relationship + + + align:start position:0% +there's always an informal relationship +between the employer and the employee or + + align:start position:0% +between the employer and the employee or + + + align:start position:0% +between the employer and the employee or +the management and the and the employee + + align:start position:0% +the management and the and the employee + + + align:start position:0% +the management and the and the employee +and that day-to-day relationship is very + + align:start position:0% +and that day-to-day relationship is very + + + align:start position:0% +and that day-to-day relationship is very +critical to the quality of service you + + align:start position:0% +critical to the quality of service you + + + align:start position:0% +critical to the quality of service you +can provide and it the papers never talk + + align:start position:0% +can provide and it the papers never talk + + + align:start position:0% +can provide and it the papers never talk +about that aspect of the + + align:start position:0% +about that aspect of the + + + align:start position:0% +about that aspect of the +labor-management relationship it's + + align:start position:0% +labor-management relationship it's + + + align:start position:0% +labor-management relationship it's +almost always about the bargaining and + + align:start position:0% +almost always about the bargaining and + + + align:start position:0% +almost always about the bargaining and +how much is in the paycheck and what the + + align:start position:0% +how much is in the paycheck and what the + + + align:start position:0% +how much is in the paycheck and what the +health care benefits are so you really + + align:start position:0% +health care benefits are so you really + + + align:start position:0% +health care benefits are so you really +need to think about the the the the + + align:start position:0% +need to think about the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +need to think about the the the the +quote unquote culture of the place and + + align:start position:0% +quote unquote culture of the place and + + + align:start position:0% +quote unquote culture of the place and +what it's like to actually provide + + align:start position:0% +what it's like to actually provide + + + align:start position:0% +what it's like to actually provide +service in a union environment and if + + align:start position:0% +service in a union environment and if + + + align:start position:0% +service in a union environment and if +you didn't have a union you'd still have + + align:start position:0% +you didn't have a union you'd still have + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't have a union you'd still have +to solve the problem of how to get how + + align:start position:0% +to solve the problem of how to get how + + + align:start position:0% +to solve the problem of how to get how +to motivate your workers so it's not the + + align:start position:0% +to motivate your workers so it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +to motivate your workers so it's not the +union is just giving you an articulated + + align:start position:0% +union is just giving you an articulated + + + align:start position:0% +union is just giving you an articulated +forum to deal with this issue which can + + align:start position:0% +forum to deal with this issue which can + + + align:start position:0% +forum to deal with this issue which can +actually be kind of convenient if you + + align:start position:0% +actually be kind of convenient if you + + + align:start position:0% +actually be kind of convenient if you +don't have a union you almost need to + + align:start position:0% +don't have a union you almost need to + + + align:start position:0% +don't have a union you almost need to +invent one because you need some basis + + align:start position:0% +invent one because you need some basis + + + align:start position:0% +invent one because you need some basis +to communicate with your workers about + + align:start position:0% +to communicate with your workers about + + + align:start position:0% +to communicate with your workers about +ok how we're going to get this thing + + align:start position:0% +ok how we're going to get this thing + + + align:start position:0% +ok how we're going to get this thing +done so if you shift your focus from the + + align:start position:0% +done so if you shift your focus from the + + + align:start position:0% +done so if you shift your focus from the +paycheck bargaining aspect to the + + align:start position:0% +paycheck bargaining aspect to the + + + align:start position:0% +paycheck bargaining aspect to the +management of the production of the work + + align:start position:0% +management of the production of the work + + + align:start position:0% +management of the production of the work +I think you'll be looking at the more + + align:start position:0% +I think you'll be looking at the more + + + align:start position:0% +I think you'll be looking at the more +important problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and amount of time in two minutes so + + align:start position:0% +and amount of time in two minutes so + + + align:start position:0% +and amount of time in two minutes so +let's see if there's anything else in + + align:start position:0% +let's see if there's anything else in + + + align:start position:0% +let's see if there's anything else in +here here how many have you seen this + + align:start position:0% +here here how many have you seen this + + + align:start position:0% +here here how many have you seen this +okay so what is it so they're putting a + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is it so they're putting a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is it so they're putting a +lot of energy into this and it's a + + align:start position:0% +lot of energy into this and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +lot of energy into this and it's a +direct that the Union has gained in my + + align:start position:0% +direct that the Union has gained in my + + + align:start position:0% +direct that the Union has gained in my +view a lot of leverage because the + + align:start position:0% +view a lot of leverage because the + + + align:start position:0% +view a lot of leverage because the +management at the MBTA has been so into + + align:start position:0% +management at the MBTA has been so into + + + align:start position:0% +management at the MBTA has been so into +we're going to privatize this to save + + align:start position:0% +we're going to privatize this to save + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to privatize this to save +money we can do it cheaper by + + align:start position:0% +money we can do it cheaper by + + + align:start position:0% +money we can do it cheaper by +contracting it out they never talked + + align:start position:0% +contracting it out they never talked + + + align:start position:0% +contracting it out they never talked +about we can improve service by + + align:start position:0% +about we can improve service by + + + align:start position:0% +about we can improve service by +contracting it out so they've totally in + + align:start position:0% +contracting it out so they've totally in + + + align:start position:0% +contracting it out so they've totally in +my view blown it because all they're + + align:start position:0% +my view blown it because all they're + + + align:start position:0% +my view blown it because all they're +doing is saying we can do it cheaper if + + align:start position:0% +doing is saying we can do it cheaper if + + + align:start position:0% +doing is saying we can do it cheaper if +we contract out and they've left the + + align:start position:0% +we contract out and they've left the + + + align:start position:0% +we contract out and they've left the +playing field open to labor to pose as + + align:start position:0% +playing field open to labor to pose as + + + align:start position:0% +playing field open to labor to pose as +the champion of the riders and say oh we + + align:start position:0% +the champion of the riders and say oh we + + + align:start position:0% +the champion of the riders and say oh we +are friendly transit providers give us + + align:start position:0% +are friendly transit providers give us + + + align:start position:0% +are friendly transit providers give us +more money and you can have better + + align:start position:0% +more money and you can have better + + + align:start position:0% +more money and you can have better +service never dealing with the fact that + + align:start position:0% +service never dealing with the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +service never dealing with the fact that +the service production at the tee is + + align:start position:0% +the service production at the tee is + + + align:start position:0% +the service production at the tee is +pretty bad and the the Paul Revere + + align:start position:0% +pretty bad and the the Paul Revere + + + align:start position:0% +pretty bad and the the Paul Revere +private companies do a better job + + align:start position:0% +private companies do a better job + + + align:start position:0% +private companies do a better job +they're closer to that efficiency + + align:start position:0% +they're closer to that efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +they're closer to that efficiency +frontier that the Chinua was talking + + align:start position:0% +frontier that the Chinua was talking + + + align:start position:0% +frontier that the Chinua was talking +about of getting as much quality service + + align:start position:0% +about of getting as much quality service + + + align:start position:0% +about of getting as much quality service +as you can out of a given resource base + + align:start position:0% +as you can out of a given resource base + + + align:start position:0% +as you can out of a given resource base +it's always possible to get less than + + align:start position:0% +it's always possible to get less than + + + align:start position:0% +it's always possible to get less than +you paid for it's rare that you can get + + align:start position:0% +you paid for it's rare that you can get + + + align:start position:0% +you paid for it's rare that you can get +more than you paid for that discussion + + align:start position:0% +more than you paid for that discussion + + + align:start position:0% +more than you paid for that discussion +never happens that there's a reason for + + align:start position:0% +never happens that there's a reason for + + + align:start position:0% +never happens that there's a reason for +contracting out because we can grow + + align:start position:0% +contracting out because we can grow + + + align:start position:0% +contracting out because we can grow +faster we can provide better service + + align:start position:0% +faster we can provide better service + + + align:start position:0% +faster we can provide better service +so the playing field has been left + + align:start position:0% +so the playing field has been left + + + align:start position:0% +so the playing field has been left +totally open to labor who says + + align:start position:0% +totally open to labor who says + + + align:start position:0% +totally open to labor who says +management doesn't care about you they + + align:start position:0% +management doesn't care about you they + + + align:start position:0% +management doesn't care about you they +don't care how crowded you bus is they + + align:start position:0% +don't care how crowded you bus is they + + + align:start position:0% +don't care how crowded you bus is they +don't care how lousy the service is + + align:start position:0% +don't care how lousy the service is + + + align:start position:0% +don't care how lousy the service is +you know they just into being mean to + + align:start position:0% +you know they just into being mean to + + + align:start position:0% +you know they just into being mean to +labor I mean that's basically I think + + align:start position:0% +labor I mean that's basically I think + + + align:start position:0% +labor I mean that's basically I think +it's a really dumb strategy by the + + align:start position:0% +it's a really dumb strategy by the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a really dumb strategy by the +current management at the tea that's a + + align:start position:0% +current management at the tea that's a + + + align:start position:0% +current management at the tea that's a +very objective statement and it's a + + align:start position:0% +very objective statement and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +very objective statement and it's a +minute late so sorry to go on too long + + align:start position:0% +minute late so sorry to go on too long + + + align:start position:0% +minute late so sorry to go on too long +and thanks for being here + + align:start position:0% +and thanks for being here + + + align:start position:0% +and thanks for being here +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/G7p3lFMmDiQ.txt b/G7p3lFMmDiQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13b906e692a6aea21f8d74a39f9f80e5bdcdc828 --- /dev/null +++ b/G7p3lFMmDiQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14323 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so what is an 18821 p + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um well it's no more and no less than uh + + align:start position:0% +um well it's no more and no less than uh + + + align:start position:0% +um well it's no more and no less than uh +a presentation of the project that + + align:start position:0% +a presentation of the project that + + + align:start position:0% +a presentation of the project that +you've been working on as you've defined + + align:start position:0% +you've been working on as you've defined + + + align:start position:0% +you've been working on as you've defined +it and an account of the results that + + align:start position:0% +it and an account of the results that + + + align:start position:0% +it and an account of the results that +you've obtained in uh in studying that + + align:start position:0% +you've obtained in uh in studying that + + + align:start position:0% +you've obtained in uh in studying that +Pro + + align:start position:0% +Pro + + + align:start position:0% +Pro +problem and so these findings can come + + align:start position:0% +problem and so these findings can come + + + align:start position:0% +problem and so these findings can come +in many different forms + + align:start position:0% +in many different forms + + + align:start position:0% +in many different forms +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh theoretical mathematics uh + + align:start position:0% +uh theoretical mathematics uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh theoretical mathematics uh +um you know the the gold standard is a + + align:start position:0% +um you know the the gold standard is a + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the the gold standard is a +proof a rigorous proof uh that's great + + align:start position:0% +proof a rigorous proof uh that's great + + + align:start position:0% +proof a rigorous proof uh that's great +if you can do it um that's great if the + + align:start position:0% +if you can do it um that's great if the + + + align:start position:0% +if you can do it um that's great if the +problem admits that kind of thing um but + + align:start position:0% +problem admits that kind of thing um but + + + align:start position:0% +problem admits that kind of thing um but +there are many other kinds of uh + + align:start position:0% +there are many other kinds of uh + + + align:start position:0% +there are many other kinds of uh +findings that you may want to report on + + align:start position:0% +findings that you may want to report on + + + align:start position:0% +findings that you may want to report on +in this report as + + align:start position:0% +in this report as + + + align:start position:0% +in this report as +well you may very well come up with + + align:start position:0% +well you may very well come up with + + + align:start position:0% +well you may very well come up with +things that you are damn sure are true + + align:start position:0% +things that you are damn sure are true + + + align:start position:0% +things that you are damn sure are true +but you can't figure out aof of they're + + align:start position:0% +but you can't figure out aof of they're + + + align:start position:0% +but you can't figure out aof of they're +called conjectures and if you're if they + + align:start position:0% +called conjectures and if you're if they + + + align:start position:0% +called conjectures and if you're if they +fit into the frame of the paper into a + + align:start position:0% +fit into the frame of the paper into a + + + align:start position:0% +fit into the frame of the paper into a +coherent uh story then uh absolutely + + align:start position:0% +coherent uh story then uh absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +coherent uh story then uh absolutely +present your conjectures as well as your + + align:start position:0% +present your conjectures as well as your + + + align:start position:0% +present your conjectures as well as your +proven + + align:start position:0% +proven + + + align:start position:0% +proven +findings a lot of the physical applied + + align:start position:0% +findings a lot of the physical applied + + + align:start position:0% +findings a lot of the physical applied +math projects and things the best you + + align:start position:0% +math projects and things the best you + + + align:start position:0% +math projects and things the best you +can really do is make observations you + + align:start position:0% +can really do is make observations you + + + align:start position:0% +can really do is make observations you +may have a simulation that results in + + align:start position:0% +may have a simulation that results in + + + align:start position:0% +may have a simulation that results in +something and the the thing to do is to + + align:start position:0% +something and the the thing to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +something and the the thing to do is to +present uh your conclusions from the + + align:start position:0% +present uh your conclusions from the + + + align:start position:0% +present uh your conclusions from the +simulation it's not a formal proof but + + align:start position:0% +simulation it's not a formal proof but + + + align:start position:0% +simulation it's not a formal proof but +it's a perfectly valid uh uh finding for + + align:start position:0% +it's a perfectly valid uh uh finding for + + + align:start position:0% +it's a perfectly valid uh uh finding for +the purposes of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paper so how um who is this addressed to + + align:start position:0% +paper so how um who is this addressed to + + + align:start position:0% +paper so how um who is this addressed to +um well the the the paper should be + + align:start position:0% +um well the the the paper should be + + + align:start position:0% +um well the the the paper should be +addressed to people just like you so + + align:start position:0% +addressed to people just like you so + + + align:start position:0% +addressed to people just like you so +actually it's a pretty wide variety of + + align:start position:0% +actually it's a pretty wide variety of + + + align:start position:0% +actually it's a pretty wide variety of +uh of uh interests uh in the class here + + align:start position:0% +uh of uh interests uh in the class here + + + align:start position:0% +uh of uh interests uh in the class here +and so the actual target audience of + + align:start position:0% +and so the actual target audience of + + + align:start position:0% +and so the actual target audience of +different uh papers by various groups + + align:start position:0% +different uh papers by various groups + + + align:start position:0% +different uh papers by various groups +will be somewhat different from each + + align:start position:0% +will be somewhat different from each + + + align:start position:0% +will be somewhat different from each +other that's fine just make a paper that + + align:start position:0% +other that's fine just make a paper that + + + align:start position:0% +other that's fine just make a paper that +you'd like reading + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yourself target audience is a big uh + + align:start position:0% +yourself target audience is a big uh + + + align:start position:0% +yourself target audience is a big uh +deal both in uh in in verbal + + align:start position:0% +deal both in uh in in verbal + + + align:start position:0% +deal both in uh in in verbal +presentations and in writing uh and + + align:start position:0% +presentations and in writing uh and + + + align:start position:0% +presentations and in writing uh and +keeping a consistent uh target audience + + align:start position:0% +keeping a consistent uh target audience + + + align:start position:0% +keeping a consistent uh target audience +is is something that we always look for + + align:start position:0% +is is something that we always look for + + + align:start position:0% +is is something that we always look for +uh if you uh give some detailed + + align:start position:0% +uh if you uh give some detailed + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you uh give some detailed +definition or account of something + + align:start position:0% +definition or account of something + + + align:start position:0% +definition or account of something +that's kind of Elementary and then in + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of Elementary and then in + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of Elementary and then in +the next breath you skip over something + + align:start position:0% +the next breath you skip over something + + + align:start position:0% +the next breath you skip over something +that's more sophisticated well there's a + + align:start position:0% +that's more sophisticated well there's a + + + align:start position:0% +that's more sophisticated well there's a +g there's a there's a uh in consistency + + align:start position:0% +g there's a there's a uh in consistency + + + align:start position:0% +g there's a there's a uh in consistency +in the target audience and that's a flaw + + align:start position:0% +in the target audience and that's a flaw + + + align:start position:0% +in the target audience and that's a flaw +that's something to + + align:start position:0% +that's something to + + + align:start position:0% +that's something to +avoid so we'll keep looking out for that + + align:start position:0% +avoid so we'll keep looking out for that + + + align:start position:0% +avoid so we'll keep looking out for that +so there are a lot of things that you + + align:start position:0% +so there are a lot of things that you + + + align:start position:0% +so there are a lot of things that you +might think that a this report is that + + align:start position:0% +might think that a this report is that + + + align:start position:0% +might think that a this report is that +it's really not one thing for sure it's + + align:start position:0% +it's really not one thing for sure it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's really not one thing for sure it's +not is an exposition of uh of known + + align:start position:0% +not is an exposition of uh of known + + + align:start position:0% +not is an exposition of uh of known +results about the project it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +results about the project it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +results about the project it's pretty +for many some of these projects it's + + align:start position:0% +for many some of these projects it's + + + align:start position:0% +for many some of these projects it's +easy easy to go to Google and find out + + align:start position:0% +easy easy to go to Google and find out + + + align:start position:0% +easy easy to go to Google and find out +things uh that other people have done + + align:start position:0% +things uh that other people have done + + + align:start position:0% +things uh that other people have done +that can be part of your background + + align:start position:0% +that can be part of your background + + + align:start position:0% +that can be part of your background +research but uh just giving an account + + align:start position:0% +research but uh just giving an account + + + align:start position:0% +research but uh just giving an account +of that is not what we have in mind you + + align:start position:0% +of that is not what we have in mind you + + + align:start position:0% +of that is not what we have in mind you +may want to want to describe uh what + + align:start position:0% +may want to want to describe uh what + + + align:start position:0% +may want to want to describe uh what +you've discovered from the literature if + + align:start position:0% +you've discovered from the literature if + + + align:start position:0% +you've discovered from the literature if +you did that search but it's that's not + + align:start position:0% +you did that search but it's that's not + + + align:start position:0% +you did that search but it's that's not +the main point of the of the + + align:start position:0% +the main point of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +the main point of the of the +paper but it's on the other hand um + + align:start position:0% +paper but it's on the other hand um + + + align:start position:0% +paper but it's on the other hand um +these aren't really intended to be + + align:start position:0% +these aren't really intended to be + + + align:start position:0% +these aren't really intended to be +research papers it does happen that um + + align:start position:0% +research papers it does happen that um + + + align:start position:0% +research papers it does happen that um +sometimes teams study these projects and + + align:start position:0% +sometimes teams study these projects and + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes teams study these projects and +come up with uh publishable results so + + align:start position:0% +come up with uh publishable results so + + + align:start position:0% +come up with uh publishable results so +these things these papers that you're + + align:start position:0% +these things these papers that you're + + + align:start position:0% +these things these papers that you're +writing now could become a research + + align:start position:0% +writing now could become a research + + + align:start position:0% +writing now could become a research +paper but that's not really what we have + + align:start position:0% +paper but that's not really what we have + + + align:start position:0% +paper but that's not really what we have +in mind at the at the first round also + + align:start position:0% +in mind at the at the first round also + + + align:start position:0% +in mind at the at the first round also +usually it takes more than three weeks + + align:start position:0% +usually it takes more than three weeks + + + align:start position:0% +usually it takes more than three weeks +to write it research generally speaking + + align:start position:0% +to write it research generally speaking + + + align:start position:0% +to write it research generally speaking +most of + + align:start position:0% +most of + + + align:start position:0% +most of +us and it's not a lab notebook either uh + + align:start position:0% +us and it's not a lab notebook either uh + + + align:start position:0% +us and it's not a lab notebook either uh +so this is a literary exercise it's not + + align:start position:0% +so this is a literary exercise it's not + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a literary exercise it's not +just a listing of things that you did + + align:start position:0% +just a listing of things that you did + + + align:start position:0% +just a listing of things that you did +it's got structure to it um it's going + + align:start position:0% +it's got structure to it um it's going + + + align:start position:0% +it's got structure to it um it's going +to go through a rewriting process + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so how long should it be well it + + align:start position:0% +um so how long should it be well it + + + align:start position:0% +um so how long should it be well it +should be as long as it should + + align:start position:0% +should be as long as it should + + + align:start position:0% +should be as long as it should +be I don't know how else to put it you + + align:start position:0% +be I don't know how else to put it you + + + align:start position:0% +be I don't know how else to put it you +have a certain amount of time you want + + align:start position:0% +have a certain amount of time you want + + + align:start position:0% +have a certain amount of time you want +to tell a story um it in practice this + + align:start position:0% +to tell a story um it in practice this + + + align:start position:0% +to tell a story um it in practice this +means that it's not going to be much + + align:start position:0% +means that it's not going to be much + + + align:start position:0% +means that it's not going to be much +shorter than 10 pages because you need + + align:start position:0% +shorter than 10 pages because you need + + + align:start position:0% +shorter than 10 pages because you need +to introduce the problem and tell what + + align:start position:0% +to introduce the problem and tell what + + + align:start position:0% +to introduce the problem and tell what +you've done about it uh if it gets to be + + align:start position:0% +you've done about it uh if it gets to be + + + align:start position:0% +you've done about it uh if it gets to be +much more than 10 pages then you're + + align:start position:0% +much more than 10 pages then you're + + + align:start position:0% +much more than 10 pages then you're +probably putting in things that are sort + + align:start position:0% +probably putting in things that are sort + + + align:start position:0% +probably putting in things that are sort +of tangential to what the main point is + + align:start position:0% +of tangential to what the main point is + + + align:start position:0% +of tangential to what the main point is +and you should be more more uh more + + align:start position:0% +and you should be more more uh more + + + align:start position:0% +and you should be more more uh more +concise so 10 or 12 pages is typical uh + + align:start position:0% +concise so 10 or 12 pages is typical uh + + + align:start position:0% +concise so 10 or 12 pages is typical uh +length for these these papers and if + + align:start position:0% +length for these these papers and if + + + align:start position:0% +length for these these papers and if +there's you know we go through this + + align:start position:0% +there's you know we go through this + + + align:start position:0% +there's you know we go through this +revision process and the three papers + + align:start position:0% +revision process and the three papers + + + align:start position:0% +revision process and the three papers +you'll get a better sense of what what + + align:start position:0% +you'll get a better sense of what what + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get a better sense of what what +uh what the right sort of level of of + + align:start position:0% +uh what the right sort of level of of + + + align:start position:0% +uh what the right sort of level of of +concision is I'm going to ask to + + align:start position:0% +concision is I'm going to ask to + + + align:start position:0% +concision is I'm going to ask to +say so I haven't worryed that much about + + align:start position:0% +say so I haven't worryed that much about + + + align:start position:0% +say so I haven't worryed that much about +the the length issue you you'll get used + + align:start position:0% +the the length issue you you'll get used + + + align:start position:0% +the the length issue you you'll get used +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +that now + + align:start position:0% +that now + + + align:start position:0% +that now +um literature comes in many different + + align:start position:0% +um literature comes in many different + + + align:start position:0% +um literature comes in many different +styles and uh in this course we made the + + align:start position:0% +styles and uh in this course we made the + + + align:start position:0% +styles and uh in this course we made the +decision that we would ad adopt one + + align:start position:0% +decision that we would ad adopt one + + + align:start position:0% +decision that we would ad adopt one +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +style which is the mathematical research + + align:start position:0% +style which is the mathematical research + + + align:start position:0% +style which is the mathematical research +uh Journal style uh it's actually quite + + align:start position:0% +uh Journal style uh it's actually quite + + + align:start position:0% +uh Journal style uh it's actually quite +a well- defined literary style um with + + align:start position:0% +a well- defined literary style um with + + + align:start position:0% +a well- defined literary style um with +particular usages and a particular + + align:start position:0% +particular usages and a particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular usages and a particular +structure and uh that's the style that's + + align:start position:0% +structure and uh that's the style that's + + + align:start position:0% +structure and uh that's the style that's +the type of writing that this course + + align:start position:0% +the type of writing that this course + + + align:start position:0% +the type of writing that this course +uh um is designed to get you good + + align:start position:0% +uh um is designed to get you good + + + align:start position:0% +uh um is designed to get you good +at it's if you've taken uh seminars here + + align:start position:0% +at it's if you've taken uh seminars here + + + align:start position:0% +at it's if you've taken uh seminars here +that's uh generally speaking it's the + + align:start position:0% +that's uh generally speaking it's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh generally speaking it's the +same style as you may have written in + + align:start position:0% +same style as you may have written in + + + align:start position:0% +same style as you may have written in +papers for + + align:start position:0% +papers for + + + align:start position:0% +papers for +seminars but that's the style that I'll + + align:start position:0% +seminars but that's the style that I'll + + + align:start position:0% +seminars but that's the style that I'll +be talking about + + align:start position:0% +be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +be talking about +here so um as a structural thing uh uh + + align:start position:0% +here so um as a structural thing uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +here so um as a structural thing uh uh +mathematics Journal article almost + + align:start position:0% +mathematics Journal article almost + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics Journal article almost +always has these components to it it's + + align:start position:0% +always has these components to it it's + + + align:start position:0% +always has these components to it it's +got a title it's got an + + align:start position:0% +got a title it's got an + + + align:start position:0% +got a title it's got an +abstract um and we'll talk in detail + + align:start position:0% +abstract um and we'll talk in detail + + + align:start position:0% +abstract um and we'll talk in detail +about what each one of these things + + align:start position:0% +about what each one of these things + + + align:start position:0% +about what each one of these things +means um it's got um an introduction it + + align:start position:0% +means um it's got um an introduction it + + + align:start position:0% +means um it's got um an introduction it +may have a separate section that F fills + + align:start position:0% +may have a separate section that F fills + + + align:start position:0% +may have a separate section that F fills +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +background um that is not original with + + align:start position:0% +background um that is not original with + + + align:start position:0% +background um that is not original with +the paper but needed to understand the + + align:start position:0% +the paper but needed to understand the + + + align:start position:0% +the paper but needed to understand the +paper um then there's the body of the + + align:start position:0% +paper um then there's the body of the + + + align:start position:0% +paper um then there's the body of the +work which may have several sections and + + align:start position:0% +work which may have several sections and + + + align:start position:0% +work which may have several sections and +we have a complicated structure in its + + align:start position:0% +we have a complicated structure in its + + + align:start position:0% +we have a complicated structure in its +own uh then with correct spelling you've + + align:start position:0% +own uh then with correct spelling you've + + + align:start position:0% +own uh then with correct spelling you've +got appendices that may or may not be + + align:start position:0% +got appendices that may or may not be + + + align:start position:0% +got appendices that may or may not be +there that carry out things that you uh + + align:start position:0% +there that carry out things that you uh + + + align:start position:0% +there that carry out things that you uh +that don't fit so naturally into the + + align:start position:0% +that don't fit so naturally into the + + + align:start position:0% +that don't fit so naturally into the +paper like like code for example might + + align:start position:0% +paper like like code for example might + + + align:start position:0% +paper like like code for example might +go into a an appendix and there are + + align:start position:0% +go into a an appendix and there are + + + align:start position:0% +go into a an appendix and there are +references at the end uh to literature + + align:start position:0% +references at the end uh to literature + + + align:start position:0% +references at the end uh to literature +that you've + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +used so uh let's begin with the top one + + align:start position:0% +used so uh let's begin with the top one + + + align:start position:0% +used so uh let's begin with the top one +here so what I'm going to do here is uh + + align:start position:0% +here so what I'm going to do here is uh + + + align:start position:0% +here so what I'm going to do here is uh +talk about a a a paper that came out of + + align:start position:0% +talk about a a a paper that came out of + + + align:start position:0% +talk about a a a paper that came out of +the very same project that Nat and Saul + + align:start position:0% +the very same project that Nat and Saul + + + align:start position:0% +the very same project that Nat and Saul +talked about on Tuesday so it's a paper + + align:start position:0% +talked about on Tuesday so it's a paper + + + align:start position:0% +talked about on Tuesday so it's a paper +about coloring knots uh and and you've + + align:start position:0% +about coloring knots uh and and you've + + + align:start position:0% +about coloring knots uh and and you've +you've seen the work so you know + + align:start position:0% +you've seen the work so you know + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen the work so you know +mathematics now the qu only question is + + align:start position:0% +mathematics now the qu only question is + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics now the qu only question is +how does it appear when you write it + + align:start position:0% +how does it appear when you write it + + + align:start position:0% +how does it appear when you write it +write it up in a + + align:start position:0% +write it up in a + + + align:start position:0% +write it up in a +paper and so we'll look at um the + + align:start position:0% +paper and so we'll look at um the + + + align:start position:0% +paper and so we'll look at um the +various different parts of this of of + + align:start position:0% +various different parts of this of of + + + align:start position:0% +various different parts of this of of +this paper and and um we'll look at a + + align:start position:0% +this paper and and um we'll look at a + + + align:start position:0% +this paper and and um we'll look at a +number of different ways of approaching + + align:start position:0% +number of different ways of approaching + + + align:start position:0% +number of different ways of approaching +the problem of writing this Pap writing + + align:start position:0% +the problem of writing this Pap writing + + + align:start position:0% +the problem of writing this Pap writing +the different sections of this paper uh + + align:start position:0% +the different sections of this paper uh + + + align:start position:0% +the different sections of this paper uh +and think about how successful they are + + align:start position:0% +and think about how successful they are + + + align:start position:0% +and think about how successful they are +in meeting the demands of that + + align:start position:0% +in meeting the demands of that + + + align:start position:0% +in meeting the demands of that +section so let's begin with the title + + align:start position:0% +section so let's begin with the title + + + align:start position:0% +section so let's begin with the title +and the abstract so um here's a title + + align:start position:0% +and the abstract so um here's a title + + + align:start position:0% +and the abstract so um here's a title +here's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paper + + align:start position:0% +paper + + + align:start position:0% +paper +um and there's an + + align:start position:0% +um and there's an + + + align:start position:0% +um and there's an +abstract um by the way a remark about + + align:start position:0% +abstract um by the way a remark about + + + align:start position:0% +abstract um by the way a remark about +these slides uh there's this is a + + align:start position:0% +these slides uh there's this is a + + + align:start position:0% +these slides uh there's this is a +workshop on literature so there's going + + align:start position:0% +workshop on literature so there's going + + + align:start position:0% +workshop on literature so there's going +to be a lot of words on these slides + + align:start position:0% +to be a lot of words on these slides + + + align:start position:0% +to be a lot of words on these slides +many more words than you generally want + + align:start position:0% +many more words than you generally want + + + align:start position:0% +many more words than you generally want +to put into a slide when you're making a + + align:start position:0% +to put into a slide when you're making a + + + align:start position:0% +to put into a slide when you're making a +presentation of + + align:start position:0% +presentation of + + + align:start position:0% +presentation of +mathematics uh so uh don't take this as + + align:start position:0% +mathematics uh so uh don't take this as + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics uh so uh don't take this as +an example and the quent slides will + + align:start position:0% +an example and the quent slides will + + + align:start position:0% +an example and the quent slides will +have a lot more words don't take that as + + align:start position:0% +have a lot more words don't take that as + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot more words don't take that as +an example of what your slid should look + + align:start position:0% +an example of what your slid should look + + + align:start position:0% +an example of what your slid should look +like in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +presentation well let's see um so what + + align:start position:0% +presentation well let's see um so what + + + align:start position:0% +presentation well let's see um so what +should a title do um it should convey + + align:start position:0% +should a title do um it should convey + + + align:start position:0% +should a title do um it should convey +the subject matter + + align:start position:0% +the subject matter + + + align:start position:0% +the subject matter +uh and it's a there's a this tension + + align:start position:0% +uh and it's a there's a this tension + + + align:start position:0% +uh and it's a there's a this tension +between being Punchy and and brief and + + align:start position:0% +between being Punchy and and brief and + + + align:start position:0% +between being Punchy and and brief and +eye-catching and being accurate and uh + + align:start position:0% +eye-catching and being accurate and uh + + + align:start position:0% +eye-catching and being accurate and uh +and honest about what your paper + + align:start position:0% +and honest about what your paper + + + align:start position:0% +and honest about what your paper +actually does + + align:start position:0% +actually does + + + align:start position:0% +actually does +a general rule is you should try to + + align:start position:0% +a general rule is you should try to + + + align:start position:0% +a general rule is you should try to +avoid symbols in in a title because + + align:start position:0% +avoid symbols in in a title because + + + align:start position:0% +avoid symbols in in a title because +people will quote the title and symbols + + align:start position:0% +people will quote the title and symbols + + + align:start position:0% +people will quote the title and symbols +are often not easily quoted they + + align:start position:0% +are often not easily quoted they + + + align:start position:0% +are often not easily quoted they +don't don't translate very well so and + + align:start position:0% +don't don't translate very well so and + + + align:start position:0% +don't don't translate very well so and +moreover they're just sort + + align:start position:0% +moreover they're just sort + + + align:start position:0% +moreover they're just sort +of unfriendly have a symbol in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +title so + + align:start position:0% +title so + + + align:start position:0% +title so +we'll uh so uh I'm going to go to the + + align:start position:0% +we'll uh so uh I'm going to go to the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll uh so uh I'm going to go to the +the abstract here as well the purpose of + + align:start position:0% +the abstract here as well the purpose of + + + align:start position:0% +the abstract here as well the purpose of +an abstract is to give a very brief + + align:start position:0% +an abstract is to give a very brief + + + align:start position:0% +an abstract is to give a very brief +outline of the contents of the paper and + + align:start position:0% +outline of the contents of the paper and + + + align:start position:0% +outline of the contents of the paper and +there's no ATT doesn't need to be any + + align:start position:0% +there's no ATT doesn't need to be any + + + align:start position:0% +there's no ATT doesn't need to be any +attempt to say give the meaning of the + + align:start position:0% +attempt to say give the meaning of the + + + align:start position:0% +attempt to say give the meaning of the +words it's something that um a + + align:start position:0% +words it's something that um a + + + align:start position:0% +words it's something that um a +professional might look at to see what's + + align:start position:0% +professional might look at to see what's + + + align:start position:0% +professional might look at to see what's +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +paper um typically uh there are + + align:start position:0% +paper um typically uh there are + + + align:start position:0% +paper um typically uh there are +collections of uh abstracts and there a + + align:start position:0% +collections of uh abstracts and there a + + + align:start position:0% +collections of uh abstracts and there a +way for somebody in the field to look + + align:start position:0% +way for somebody in the field to look + + + align:start position:0% +way for somebody in the field to look +through papers quickly a list of papers + + align:start position:0% +through papers quickly a list of papers + + + align:start position:0% +through papers quickly a list of papers +quickly and decide whether they want to + + align:start position:0% +quickly and decide whether they want to + + + align:start position:0% +quickly and decide whether they want to +get into them or not so they're + + align:start position:0% +get into them or not so they're + + + align:start position:0% +get into them or not so they're +generally very brief uh and sort of can + + align:start position:0% +generally very brief uh and sort of can + + + align:start position:0% +generally very brief uh and sort of can +be fairly ruthless in in their language + + align:start position:0% +be fairly ruthless in in their language + + + align:start position:0% +be fairly ruthless in in their language +so I don't think that the the K there + + align:start position:0% +so I don't think that the the K there + + + align:start position:0% +so I don't think that the the K there +does anything except annoy the reader as + + align:start position:0% +does anything except annoy the reader as + + + align:start position:0% +does anything except annoy the reader as +far as I can tell it might make it look + + align:start position:0% +far as I can tell it might make it look + + + align:start position:0% +far as I can tell it might make it look +more professional or something but + + align:start position:0% +more professional or something but + + + align:start position:0% +more professional or something but +actually it doesn't make it look more + + align:start position:0% +actually it doesn't make it look more + + + align:start position:0% +actually it doesn't make it look more +professional so uh there's an + + align:start position:0% +professional so uh there's an + + + align:start position:0% +professional so uh there's an +improvement what other improvements + + align:start position:0% +improvement what other improvements + + + align:start position:0% +improvement what other improvements +could we make do you think to this this + + align:start position:0% +could we make do you think to this this + + + align:start position:0% +could we make do you think to this this +title just the title get rid of all the + + align:start position:0% +title just the title get rid of all the + + + align:start position:0% +title just the title get rid of all the +there's an awful lot of ofs in there too + + align:start position:0% +there's an awful lot of ofs in there too + + + align:start position:0% +there's an awful lot of ofs in there too +aren't there so but how would you do + + align:start position:0% +aren't there so but how would you do + + + align:start position:0% +aren't there so but how would you do +that enumerating coloring enumerating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coloring well enumerating coloring so + + align:start position:0% +coloring well enumerating coloring so + + + align:start position:0% +coloring well enumerating coloring so +that's nice + + align:start position:0% +that's nice + + + align:start position:0% +that's nice +uh what I one thing I like about that is + + align:start position:0% +uh what I one thing I like about that is + + + align:start position:0% +uh what I one thing I like about that is +that there's a verb enumerating it is a + + align:start position:0% +that there's a verb enumerating it is a + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a verb enumerating it is a +verb although it's a gerund or something + + align:start position:0% +verb although it's a gerund or something + + + align:start position:0% +verb although it's a gerund or something +but but making getting getting something + + align:start position:0% +but but making getting getting something + + + align:start position:0% +but but making getting getting something +active into a title is is great it's + + align:start position:0% +active into a title is is great it's + + + align:start position:0% +active into a title is is great it's +part of being punching + + align:start position:0% +part of being punching + + + align:start position:0% +part of being punching +but enumerating wait anything missing + + align:start position:0% +but enumerating wait anything missing + + + align:start position:0% +but enumerating wait anything missing +from enumerating + + align:start position:0% +from enumerating + + + align:start position:0% +from enumerating +colorings what has the arc coloring + + align:start position:0% +colorings what has the arc coloring + + + align:start position:0% +colorings what has the arc coloring +okay would you color anything other than + + align:start position:0% +okay would you color anything other than + + + align:start position:0% +okay would you color anything other than +arcs well if you just have the title you + + align:start position:0% +arcs well if you just have the title you + + + align:start position:0% +arcs well if you just have the title you +could color I don't know uh the Statue + + align:start position:0% +could color I don't know uh the Statue + + + align:start position:0% +could color I don't know uh the Statue +of Liberty I mean well a numerating + + align:start position:0% +of Liberty I mean well a numerating + + + align:start position:0% +of Liberty I mean well a numerating +color I mean if if you if you a + + align:start position:0% +color I mean if if you if you a + + + align:start position:0% +color I mean if if you if you a +numerating coloring versation colorings + + align:start position:0% +numerating coloring versation colorings + + + align:start position:0% +numerating coloring versation colorings +sing you can factor out absolutely + + align:start position:0% +sing you can factor out absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +sing you can factor out absolutely +enumerating colorings of arcs of project + + align:start position:0% +enumerating colorings of arcs of project + + + align:start position:0% +enumerating colorings of arcs of project +okay right I thought you were meaning to + + align:start position:0% +okay right I thought you were meaning to + + + align:start position:0% +okay right I thought you were meaning to +have enumerating colorings as the + + align:start position:0% +have enumerating colorings as the + + + align:start position:0% +have enumerating colorings as the +complete title and then I was concerned + + align:start position:0% +complete title and then I was concerned + + + align:start position:0% +complete title and then I was concerned +that there were no knots in the title + + align:start position:0% +that there were no knots in the title + + + align:start position:0% +that there were no knots in the title +but that would not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be yes uh enumerating colorings with not + + align:start position:0% +be yes uh enumerating colorings with not + + + align:start position:0% +be yes uh enumerating colorings with not +projections assuming not projection the + + align:start position:0% +projections assuming not projection the + + + align:start position:0% +projections assuming not projection the +question is standard terminology matters + + align:start position:0% +question is standard terminology matters + + + align:start position:0% +question is standard terminology matters +right because they assume these kns and + + align:start position:0% +right because they assume these kns and + + + align:start position:0% +right because they assume these kns and +these projections are welln standard + + align:start position:0% +these projections are welln standard + + + align:start position:0% +these projections are welln standard +mathematic object so whatever the terms + + align:start position:0% +mathematic object so whatever the terms + + + align:start position:0% +mathematic object so whatever the terms +of art are here yeah that that would do + + align:start position:0% +of art are here yeah that that would do + + + align:start position:0% +of art are here yeah that that would do +that's sufficiently standard right so + + align:start position:0% +that's sufficiently standard right so + + + align:start position:0% +that's sufficiently standard right so +that's that's a good one that would be a + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a good one that would be a + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a good one that would be a +big improvement over this projections + + align:start position:0% +big improvement over this projections + + + align:start position:0% +big improvement over this projections +versus projections of a not K right um + + align:start position:0% +versus projections of a not K right um + + + align:start position:0% +versus projections of a not K right um +um right exactly making sequences of + + align:start position:0% +um right exactly making sequences of + + + align:start position:0% +um right exactly making sequences of +nouns uh does make things more compact + + align:start position:0% +nouns uh does make things more compact + + + align:start position:0% +nouns uh does make things more compact +it U can be overused though and becomes + + align:start position:0% +it U can be overused though and becomes + + + align:start position:0% +it U can be overused though and becomes +kind of ugly after a while but I think + + align:start position:0% +kind of ugly after a while but I think + + + align:start position:0% +kind of ugly after a while but I think +enumerating not projections is much much + + align:start position:0% +enumerating not projections is much much + + + align:start position:0% +enumerating not projections is much much +better title this I agree completely how + + align:start position:0% +better title this I agree completely how + + + align:start position:0% +better title this I agree completely how +about the abstract does it does it + + align:start position:0% +about the abstract does it does it + + + align:start position:0% +about the abstract does it does it +succeed in take + + align:start position:0% +succeed in take + + + align:start position:0% +succeed in take +there's either a typo or somebody didn't + + align:start position:0% +there's either a typo or somebody didn't + + + align:start position:0% +there's either a typo or somebody didn't +just use grammar correctly I + + align:start position:0% +just use grammar correctly I + + + align:start position:0% +just use grammar correctly I +agree ways of coloring the arcs plane + + align:start position:0% +agree ways of coloring the arcs plane + + + align:start position:0% +agree ways of coloring the arcs plane +projection of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not and I guess that that um readers of + + align:start position:0% +not and I guess that that um readers of + + + align:start position:0% +not and I guess that that um readers of +grammar manuals will take issue with the + + align:start position:0% +grammar manuals will take issue with the + + + align:start position:0% +grammar manuals will take issue with the +use of the word which as opposed to that + + align:start position:0% +use of the word which as opposed to that + + + align:start position:0% +use of the word which as opposed to that +in that + + align:start position:0% +in that + + + align:start position:0% +in that +context okay but uh but this that for me + + align:start position:0% +context okay but uh but this that for me + + + align:start position:0% +context okay but uh but this that for me +what do you think this abstract doesn't + + align:start position:0% +what do you think this abstract doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think this abstract doesn't +seem too bad says it's there pretty well + + align:start position:0% +seem too bad says it's there pretty well + + + align:start position:0% +seem too bad says it's there pretty well +what do you think + + align:start position:0% +what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think +that it's okay you have + + align:start position:0% +that it's okay you have + + + align:start position:0% +that it's okay you have +any abstract what our papers do our Pap + + align:start position:0% +any abstract what our papers do our Pap + + + align:start position:0% +any abstract what our papers do our Pap +abstract absolutely put in + + align:start position:0% +abstract absolutely put in + + + align:start position:0% +abstract absolutely put in +abstract let's look at another example + + align:start position:0% +abstract let's look at another example + + + align:start position:0% +abstract let's look at another example +of uh another solution to this these two + + align:start position:0% +of uh another solution to this these two + + + align:start position:0% +of uh another solution to this these two +problems um here's the second second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +version so let's even puncher it's + + align:start position:0% +version so let's even puncher it's + + + align:start position:0% +version so let's even puncher it's +probably not it's not as accurate as + + align:start position:0% +probably not it's not as accurate as + + + align:start position:0% +probably not it's not as accurate as +yours because it doesn't talk about + + align:start position:0% +yours because it doesn't talk about + + + align:start position:0% +yours because it doesn't talk about +enumerating them um + + align:start position:0% +enumerating them um + + + align:start position:0% +enumerating them um +but this would defin if it was like a + + align:start position:0% +but this would defin if it was like a + + + align:start position:0% +but this would defin if it was like a +talk this would definitely be a much + + align:start position:0% +talk this would definitely be a much + + + align:start position:0% +talk this would definitely be a much +better it just would draw the audience + + align:start position:0% +better it just would draw the audience + + + align:start position:0% +better it just would draw the audience +in wouldn't it they'd all come to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talk huh the abstract like doesn't first + + align:start position:0% +talk huh the abstract like doesn't first + + + align:start position:0% +talk huh the abstract like doesn't first +of all doesn't say anything and what it + + align:start position:0% +of all doesn't say anything and what it + + + align:start position:0% +of all doesn't say anything and what it +does say is wrong man um so it's not + + align:start position:0% +does say is wrong man um so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +does say is wrong man um so it's not +that enumeration of these colorings + + align:start position:0% +that enumeration of these colorings + + + align:start position:0% +that enumeration of these colorings +gives rise to a not + + align:start position:0% +gives rise to a not + + + align:start position:0% +gives rise to a not +invariant really right like + + align:start position:0% +invariant really right like + + + align:start position:0% +invariant really right like +I mean if you could already enumerate + + align:start position:0% +I mean if you could already enumerate + + + align:start position:0% +I mean if you could already enumerate +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +colorings oh I mean it it just sounds so + + align:start position:0% +colorings oh I mean it it just sounds so + + + align:start position:0% +colorings oh I mean it it just sounds so +so we'll see in the body of the paper + + align:start position:0% +so we'll see in the body of the paper + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll see in the body of the paper +that if that you count the number of + + align:start position:0% +that if that you count the number of + + + align:start position:0% +that if that you count the number of +different uh proper three colorings and + + align:start position:0% +different uh proper three colorings and + + + align:start position:0% +different uh proper three colorings and +that number is not + + align:start position:0% +that number is not + + + align:start position:0% +that number is not +variant oh it is it is in fact the + + align:start position:0% +variant oh it is it is in fact the + + + align:start position:0% +variant oh it is it is in fact the +enumeration of them the number of them + + align:start position:0% +enumeration of them the number of them + + + align:start position:0% +enumeration of them the number of them +that okay so I guess it's a maybe it's a + + align:start position:0% +that okay so I guess it's a maybe it's a + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so I guess it's a maybe it's a +misuse of the word + + align:start position:0% +misuse of the word + + + align:start position:0% +misuse of the word +enumeration maybe I age eneration was + + align:start position:0% +enumeration maybe I age eneration was + + + align:start position:0% +enumeration maybe I age eneration was +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +clear enumerating all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we know all possible like types of + + align:start position:0% +we know all possible like types of + + + align:start position:0% +we know all possible like types of +coloring classes that were okay + + align:start position:0% +coloring classes that were okay + + + align:start position:0% +coloring classes that were okay +good good yeah I'm not talking about uh + + align:start position:0% +good good yeah I'm not talking about uh + + + align:start position:0% +good good yeah I'm not talking about uh +coloring coloring schemes I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +coloring coloring schemes I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +coloring coloring schemes I'm talking +about colorings of a given scheme so + + align:start position:0% +about colorings of a given scheme so + + + align:start position:0% +about colorings of a given scheme so +isn't language + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great um okay so uh at least it got rid + + align:start position:0% +great um okay so uh at least it got rid + + + align:start position:0% +great um okay so uh at least it got rid +of the spelling error + + align:start position:0% +of the spelling error + + + align:start position:0% +of the spelling error +oh should should the authors + + align:start position:0% +oh should should the authors + + + align:start position:0% +oh should should the authors +Al great question uh why in the world + + align:start position:0% +Al great question uh why in the world + + + align:start position:0% +Al great question uh why in the world +does B occur second in front of + + align:start position:0% +does B occur second in front of + + + align:start position:0% +does B occur second in front of +celo uh in in you know every discipline + + align:start position:0% +celo uh in in you know every discipline + + + align:start position:0% +celo uh in in you know every discipline +has their own standards about uh about + + align:start position:0% +has their own standards about uh about + + + align:start position:0% +has their own standards about uh about +what order the authors come in um uh I + + align:start position:0% +what order the authors come in um uh I + + + align:start position:0% +what order the authors come in um uh I +understand biology puts the lead author + + align:start position:0% +understand biology puts the lead author + + + align:start position:0% +understand biology puts the lead author +last for example um mathematics almost + + align:start position:0% +last for example um mathematics almost + + + align:start position:0% +last for example um mathematics almost +always has straight alphabetical and + + align:start position:0% +always has straight alphabetical and + + + align:start position:0% +always has straight alphabetical and +it's alphabetical in the last name + + align:start position:0% +it's alphabetical in the last name + + + align:start position:0% +it's alphabetical in the last name +okay alphabetical the so I suppose that + + align:start position:0% +okay alphabetical the so I suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +okay alphabetical the so I suppose that +this was alphabetized by the first name + + align:start position:0% +this was alphabetized by the first name + + + align:start position:0% +this was alphabetized by the first name +well that's a little bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +non-standard all right that's a good + + align:start position:0% +non-standard all right that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +non-standard all right that's a good +point so that's a further I think a + + align:start position:0% +point so that's a further I think a + + + align:start position:0% +point so that's a further I think a +further defect of this uh of this of + + align:start position:0% +further defect of this uh of this of + + + align:start position:0% +further defect of this uh of this of +this title + + align:start position:0% +this title + + + align:start position:0% +this title +thing okay uh but surely the title is is + + align:start position:0% +thing okay uh but surely the title is is + + + align:start position:0% +thing okay uh but surely the title is is +a lot better although maybe enumerating + + align:start position:0% +a lot better although maybe enumerating + + + align:start position:0% +a lot better although maybe enumerating +enumerating not + + align:start position:0% +enumerating not + + + align:start position:0% +enumerating not +Notting not colorings might be better + + align:start position:0% +Notting not colorings might be better + + + align:start position:0% +Notting not colorings might be better +even though it's a little inaccurate + + align:start position:0% +even though it's a little inaccurate + + + align:start position:0% +even though it's a little inaccurate +right because they're not we're not + + align:start position:0% +right because they're not we're not + + + align:start position:0% +right because they're not we're not +coloring knots we're coloring knot + + align:start position:0% +coloring knots we're coloring knot + + + align:start position:0% +coloring knots we're coloring knot +projections but but you see it's it's + + align:start position:0% +projections but but you see it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +projections but but you see it's it's +okay it's + + align:start position:0% +okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's +okay all right so that's the title and + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so that's the title and + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so that's the title and +the abstract uh next section is the + + align:start position:0% +the abstract uh next section is the + + + align:start position:0% +the abstract uh next section is the +introduction so the introduction is + + align:start position:0% +introduction so the introduction is + + + align:start position:0% +introduction so the introduction is +supposed to be the hook a lot of papers + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be the hook a lot of papers + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be the hook a lot of papers +um you know this they get read or not + + align:start position:0% +um you know this they get read or not + + + align:start position:0% +um you know this they get read or not +read completely according to how good + + align:start position:0% +read completely according to how good + + + align:start position:0% +read completely according to how good +the introduction + + align:start position:0% +the introduction + + + align:start position:0% +the introduction +is and so here's your one chance to to + + align:start position:0% +is and so here's your one chance to to + + + align:start position:0% +is and so here's your one chance to to +uh get the reader involved in your paper + + align:start position:0% +uh get the reader involved in your paper + + + align:start position:0% +uh get the reader involved in your paper +not going to read past it if you can't + + align:start position:0% +not going to read past it if you can't + + + align:start position:0% +not going to read past it if you can't +see what what's going on from the + + align:start position:0% +see what what's going on from the + + + align:start position:0% +see what what's going on from the +introduction so the introduction has + + align:start position:0% +introduction so the introduction has + + + align:start position:0% +introduction so the introduction has +several different purposes though it's a + + align:start position:0% +several different purposes though it's a + + + align:start position:0% +several different purposes though it's a +summary of uh what the paper what the + + align:start position:0% +summary of uh what the paper what the + + + align:start position:0% +summary of uh what the paper what the +paper is about the context of the + + align:start position:0% +paper is about the context of the + + + align:start position:0% +paper is about the context of the +problem it's a summary of what the paper + + align:start position:0% +problem it's a summary of what the paper + + + align:start position:0% +problem it's a summary of what the paper +achieves it should say something about + + align:start position:0% +achieves it should say something about + + + align:start position:0% +achieves it should say something about +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +methods that are used in the in the work + + align:start position:0% +methods that are used in the in the work + + + align:start position:0% +methods that are used in the in the work +and then it ends um with a a description + + align:start position:0% +and then it ends um with a a description + + + align:start position:0% +and then it ends um with a a description +of the structure of the paper in into + + align:start position:0% +of the structure of the paper in into + + + align:start position:0% +of the structure of the paper in into +sections + + align:start position:0% +sections + + + align:start position:0% +sections +basically and then + + align:start position:0% +basically and then + + + align:start position:0% +basically and then +um generally it there will be + + align:start position:0% +um generally it there will be + + + align:start position:0% +um generally it there will be +acknowledgements as well which happen at + + align:start position:0% +acknowledgements as well which happen at + + + align:start position:0% +acknowledgements as well which happen at +the end of the + + align:start position:0% +the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the +introduction that's the way I write + + align:start position:0% +introduction that's the way I write + + + align:start position:0% +introduction that's the way I write +papers um in in this case um you will + + align:start position:0% +papers um in in this case um you will + + + align:start position:0% +papers um in in this case um you will +have uh probably have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +have uh probably have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +have uh probably have a lot of +um um you know you'll have gotten a lot + + align:start position:0% +um um you know you'll have gotten a lot + + + align:start position:0% +um um you know you'll have gotten a lot +of help from your Mentor but that's sort + + align:start position:0% +of help from your Mentor but that's sort + + + align:start position:0% +of help from your Mentor but that's sort +of understood and I think generally + + align:start position:0% +of understood and I think generally + + + align:start position:0% +of understood and I think generally +speaking the mentor doesn't have to be + + align:start position:0% +speaking the mentor doesn't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +speaking the mentor doesn't have to be +thanked specifically we understand + + align:start position:0% +thanked specifically we understand + + + align:start position:0% +thanked specifically we understand +that but you do have to thank each other + + align:start position:0% +that but you do have to thank each other + + + align:start position:0% +that but you do have to thank each other +as well and you'll see what I mean by + + align:start position:0% +as well and you'll see what I mean by + + + align:start position:0% +as well and you'll see what I mean by +that so let's look at an example uh oh + + align:start position:0% +that so let's look at an example uh oh + + + align:start position:0% +that so let's look at an example uh oh +yeah well so questions to ask so we're + + align:start position:0% +yeah well so questions to ask so we're + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well so questions to ask so we're +going to look at a at a at a sample + + align:start position:0% +going to look at a at a at a sample + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at a at a at a sample +introduction and as we look at it here + + align:start position:0% +introduction and as we look at it here + + + align:start position:0% +introduction and as we look at it here +are the questions that we want to + + align:start position:0% +are the questions that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +are the questions that we want to +ask so does it succeed in giving a an + + align:start position:0% +ask so does it succeed in giving a an + + + align:start position:0% +ask so does it succeed in giving a an +intuitive uh understanding of the + + align:start position:0% +intuitive uh understanding of the + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive uh understanding of the +question why would anyone think of + + align:start position:0% +question why would anyone think of + + + align:start position:0% +question why would anyone think of +looking at this problem and um why is it + + align:start position:0% +looking at this problem and um why is it + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this problem and um why is it +deep and what's your approach and does + + align:start position:0% +deep and what's your approach and does + + + align:start position:0% +deep and what's your approach and does +it do this thing at the + + align:start position:0% +it do this thing at the + + + align:start position:0% +it do this thing at the +end here's an introduction to this paper + + align:start position:0% +end here's an introduction to this paper + + + align:start position:0% +end here's an introduction to this paper +about not coloration so I'll let you + + align:start position:0% +about not coloration so I'll let you + + + align:start position:0% +about not coloration so I'll let you +read this for a minute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so um from the bottom up + + align:start position:0% +so um from the bottom up + + + align:start position:0% +so um from the bottom up +um this is the kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +um this is the kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +um this is the kind of uh +acknowledgement of your of your + + align:start position:0% +acknowledgement of your of your + + + align:start position:0% +acknowledgement of your of your +teammates that I want to see at the end + + align:start position:0% +teammates that I want to see at the end + + + align:start position:0% +teammates that I want to see at the end +of the introduction say who was who was + + align:start position:0% +of the introduction say who was who was + + + align:start position:0% +of the introduction say who was who was +in charge of writing which parts of the + + align:start position:0% +in charge of writing which parts of the + + + align:start position:0% +in charge of writing which parts of the +paper yeah the can't the bottom two + + align:start position:0% +paper yeah the can't the bottom two + + + align:start position:0% +paper yeah the can't the bottom two +paragraphs just be replaced by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um what usually don't have yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +um what usually don't have yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +um what usually don't have yeah yeah +tablec is is a pretty heavy piece of + + align:start position:0% +tablec is is a pretty heavy piece of + + + align:start position:0% +tablec is is a pretty heavy piece of +apparatus for a short paper if you have + + align:start position:0% +apparatus for a short paper if you have + + + align:start position:0% +apparatus for a short paper if you have +a 60-page paper then it probably makes + + align:start position:0% +a 60-page paper then it probably makes + + + align:start position:0% +a 60-page paper then it probably makes +sense I section + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mentioned well so there's + + align:start position:0% +mentioned well so there's + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned well so there's +an either either clo didn't get um her + + align:start position:0% +an either either clo didn't get um her + + + align:start position:0% +an either either clo didn't get um her +work into the + + align:start position:0% +work into the + + + align:start position:0% +work into the +paper or uh they forgot to say what + + align:start position:0% +paper or uh they forgot to say what + + + align:start position:0% +paper or uh they forgot to say what +section section section seven is + + align:start position:0% +section section section seven is + + + align:start position:0% +section section section seven is +about uh but anyway um so let me say + + align:start position:0% +about uh but anyway um so let me say + + + align:start position:0% +about uh but anyway um so let me say +something about this also these papers + + align:start position:0% +something about this also these papers + + + align:start position:0% +something about this also these papers +uh um they form a ho they'll be written + + align:start position:0% +uh um they form a ho they'll be written + + + align:start position:0% +uh um they form a ho they'll be written +by a team um we all know uh about the + + align:start position:0% +by a team um we all know uh about the + + + align:start position:0% +by a team um we all know uh about the +the uh course that was designed by a + + align:start position:0% +the uh course that was designed by a + + + align:start position:0% +the uh course that was designed by a +team a committee it it you have to work + + align:start position:0% +team a committee it it you have to work + + + align:start position:0% +team a committee it it you have to work +to make your different pieces of writing + + align:start position:0% +to make your different pieces of writing + + + align:start position:0% +to make your different pieces of writing +cohere and come together so the whole + + align:start position:0% +cohere and come together so the whole + + + align:start position:0% +cohere and come together so the whole +team is responsible for the paper as a + + align:start position:0% +team is responsible for the paper as a + + + align:start position:0% +team is responsible for the paper as a +whole but um but but the but individuals + + align:start position:0% +whole but um but but the but individuals + + + align:start position:0% +whole but um but but the but individuals +will have written different part + + align:start position:0% +will have written different part + + + align:start position:0% +will have written different part +sections of the paper and we want to + + align:start position:0% +sections of the paper and we want to + + + align:start position:0% +sections of the paper and we want to +hear um the you know who is the who is + + align:start position:0% +hear um the you know who is the who is + + + align:start position:0% +hear um the you know who is the who is +the one in charge of each of those + + align:start position:0% +the one in charge of each of those + + + align:start position:0% +the one in charge of each of those +different sections um we will be making + + align:start position:0% +different sections um we will be making + + + align:start position:0% +different sections um we will be making +um discriminations within the team to + + align:start position:0% +um discriminations within the team to + + + align:start position:0% +um discriminations within the team to +some extent because we all get different + + align:start position:0% +some extent because we all get different + + + align:start position:0% +some extent because we all get different +grades in the class so this is a tension + + align:start position:0% +grades in the class so this is a tension + + + align:start position:0% +grades in the class so this is a tension +that exists whenever a classes depends + + align:start position:0% +that exists whenever a classes depends + + + align:start position:0% +that exists whenever a classes depends +upon teamwork and we do the best we can + + align:start position:0% +upon teamwork and we do the best we can + + + align:start position:0% +upon teamwork and we do the best we can +to be fair to everybody and + + align:start position:0% +to be fair to everybody and + + + align:start position:0% +to be fair to everybody and +uh give give credit where where it's + + align:start position:0% +uh give give credit where where it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh give give credit where where it's +due so I hope that was a completely + + align:start position:0% +due so I hope that was a completely + + + align:start position:0% +due so I hope that was a completely +ambiguous statement but uh it's the best + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous statement but uh it's the best + + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous statement but uh it's the best +I can + + align:start position:0% +I can + + + align:start position:0% +I can +do uh so this this acknowledgement + + align:start position:0% +do uh so this this acknowledgement + + + align:start position:0% +do uh so this this acknowledgement +should be there working up from the + + align:start position:0% +should be there working up from the + + + align:start position:0% +should be there working up from the +bottom um this is a this to my eye + + align:start position:0% +bottom um this is a this to my eye + + + align:start position:0% +bottom um this is a this to my eye +um it it it describes the SE the + + align:start position:0% +um it it it describes the SE the + + + align:start position:0% +um it it it describes the SE the +sections it's a little boring isn't it + + align:start position:0% +sections it's a little boring isn't it + + + align:start position:0% +sections it's a little boring isn't it +um but at least it's + + align:start position:0% +um but at least it's + + + align:start position:0% +um but at least it's +clear I always find this particular part + + align:start position:0% +clear I always find this particular part + + + align:start position:0% +clear I always find this particular part +of a of a um of an introduction um a + + align:start position:0% +of a of a um of an introduction um a + + + align:start position:0% +of a of a um of an introduction um a +little boring but useful so clear and + + align:start position:0% +little boring but useful so clear and + + + align:start position:0% +little boring but useful so clear and +simple is fine I would say how about the + + align:start position:0% +simple is fine I would say how about the + + + align:start position:0% +simple is fine I would say how about the +top + + align:start position:0% +top + + + align:start position:0% +top +paragraph kind of stupid stylistic issue + + align:start position:0% +paragraph kind of stupid stylistic issue + + + align:start position:0% +paragraph kind of stupid stylistic issue +which is um the sentence many Nots have + + align:start position:0% +which is um the sentence many Nots have + + + align:start position:0% +which is um the sentence many Nots have +devoted a lot of time so like most of us + + align:start position:0% +devoted a lot of time so like most of us + + + align:start position:0% +devoted a lot of time so like most of us +has written in a sort of semi formal + + align:start position:0% +has written in a sort of semi formal + + + align:start position:0% +has written in a sort of semi formal +fashion and the word a lot does not seem + + align:start position:0% +fashion and the word a lot does not seem + + + align:start position:0% +fashion and the word a lot does not seem +or the phrase a lot does not seem to + + align:start position:0% +or the phrase a lot does not seem to + + + align:start position:0% +or the phrase a lot does not seem to +into the writing like that sentence to + + align:start position:0% +into the writing like that sentence to + + + align:start position:0% +into the writing like that sentence to +stand out being a little moreal in fact + + align:start position:0% +stand out being a little moreal in fact + + + align:start position:0% +stand out being a little moreal in fact +this whole evocation of the community of + + align:start position:0% +this whole evocation of the community of + + + align:start position:0% +this whole evocation of the community of +not theorists seems a little out of + + align:start position:0% +not theorists seems a little out of + + + align:start position:0% +not theorists seems a little out of +place yeah it's probably not that a + + align:start position:0% +place yeah it's probably not that a + + + align:start position:0% +place yeah it's probably not that a +little bit + + align:start position:0% +little bit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit +odd well I'm TR to I mean because you I + + align:start position:0% +odd well I'm TR to I mean because you I + + + align:start position:0% +odd well I'm TR to I mean because you I +feel like that statement is an important + + align:start position:0% +feel like that statement is an important + + + align:start position:0% +feel like that statement is an important +one but describing what not theorists + + align:start position:0% +one but describing what not theorists + + + align:start position:0% +one but describing what not theorists +have done is kind of I don't know much + + align:start position:0% +have done is kind of I don't know much + + + align:start position:0% +have done is kind of I don't know much +interest has been devoted into + + align:start position:0% +interest has been devoted into + + + align:start position:0% +interest has been devoted into +classifying KN or something might be yep + + align:start position:0% +classifying KN or something might be yep + + + align:start position:0% +classifying KN or something might be yep +I agree a better + + align:start position:0% +I agree a better + + + align:start position:0% +I agree a better +I agree the second sentence should + + align:start position:0% +I agree the second sentence should + + + align:start position:0% +I agree the second sentence should +probably not be separated the col there + + align:start position:0% +probably not be separated the col there + + + align:start position:0% +probably not be separated the col there +it might make more sense to replace the + + align:start position:0% +it might make more sense to replace the + + + align:start position:0% +it might make more sense to replace the +word is with asks where are you looking + + align:start position:0% +word is with asks where are you looking + + + align:start position:0% +word is with asks where are you looking +the main I would say you know the main + + align:start position:0% +the main I would say you know the main + + + align:start position:0% +the main I would say you know the main +question not theing asks question I see + + align:start position:0% +question not theing asks question I see + + + align:start position:0% +question not theing asks question I see +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +ask uh main question is how can we + + align:start position:0% +ask uh main question is how can we + + + align:start position:0% +ask uh main question is how can we +tell I think that's it's a problem with + + align:start position:0% +tell I think that's it's a problem with + + + align:start position:0% +tell I think that's it's a problem with +that grammatically um they say that that + + align:start position:0% +that grammatically um they say that that + + + align:start position:0% +that grammatically um they say that that +should be capitalized if it's a complete + + align:start position:0% +should be capitalized if it's a complete + + + align:start position:0% +should be capitalized if it's a complete +sentence yeah F American versus British + + align:start position:0% +sentence yeah F American versus British + + + align:start position:0% +sentence yeah F American versus British +style this really is one of those points + + align:start position:0% +style this really is one of those points + + + align:start position:0% +style this really is one of those points +also I feel like the number of people + + align:start position:0% +also I feel like the number of people + + + align:start position:0% +also I feel like the number of people +who like know that and Care is + + align:start position:0% +who like know that and Care is + + + align:start position:0% +who like know that and Care is +what that ofal all right that's fine um + + align:start position:0% +what that ofal all right that's fine um + + + align:start position:0% +what that ofal all right that's fine um +but how many people know uh what a knot + + align:start position:0% +but how many people know uh what a knot + + + align:start position:0% +but how many people know uh what a knot +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +is I mean there's a basic assumption + + align:start position:0% +is I mean there's a basic assumption + + + align:start position:0% +is I mean there's a basic assumption +that's being made here that uh we all + + align:start position:0% +that's being made here that uh we all + + + align:start position:0% +that's being made here that uh we all +know what a not is uh so this is a + + align:start position:0% +know what a not is uh so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +know what a not is uh so this is a +matter of uh deciding on your uh + + align:start position:0% +matter of uh deciding on your uh + + + align:start position:0% +matter of uh deciding on your uh +audience uh if the audience is this + + align:start position:0% +audience uh if the audience is this + + + align:start position:0% +audience uh if the audience is this +class well now this class does know what + + align:start position:0% +class well now this class does know what + + + align:start position:0% +class well now this class does know what +a knot is because we attend attended a + + align:start position:0% +a knot is because we attend attended a + + + align:start position:0% +a knot is because we attend attended a +presentation about knots on Tuesday but + + align:start position:0% +presentation about knots on Tuesday but + + + align:start position:0% +presentation about knots on Tuesday but +otherwise that's probably not something + + align:start position:0% +otherwise that's probably not something + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise that's probably not something +you should have + + align:start position:0% +you should have + + + align:start position:0% +you should have +seen and + + align:start position:0% +seen and + + + align:start position:0% +seen and +then and then there's this notion of + + align:start position:0% +then and then there's this notion of + + + align:start position:0% +then and then there's this notion of +deoration is well it's a little it's a + + align:start position:0% +deoration is well it's a little it's a + + + align:start position:0% +deoration is well it's a little it's a +bit of a stretch I I I would say this + + align:start position:0% +bit of a stretch I I I would say this + + + align:start position:0% +bit of a stretch I I I would say this +beginning thing um should I be saying + + align:start position:0% +beginning thing um should I be saying + + + align:start position:0% +beginning thing um should I be saying +things should + + align:start position:0% +things should + + + align:start position:0% +things should +do the + + align:start position:0% +do the + + + align:start position:0% +do the +work say go for it sa um this line about + + align:start position:0% +work say go for it sa um this line about + + + align:start position:0% +work say go for it sa um this line about +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +table makes it look like it's the + + align:start position:0% +table makes it look like it's the + + + align:start position:0% +table makes it look like it's the +culmination of the entire subject of not + + align:start position:0% +culmination of the entire subject of not + + + align:start position:0% +culmination of the entire subject of not +the Bible of not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theory yes probably I don't know much + + align:start position:0% +theory yes probably I don't know much + + + align:start position:0% +theory yes probably I don't know much +about not lit it's probably a + + align:start position:0% +about not lit it's probably a + + + align:start position:0% +about not lit it's probably a +misrepresentation right um so so so this + + align:start position:0% +misrepresentation right um so so so this + + + align:start position:0% +misrepresentation right um so so so this +is a question of of of of the audience + + align:start position:0% +is a question of of of of the audience + + + align:start position:0% +is a question of of of of the audience +if um + + align:start position:0% +if um + + + align:start position:0% +if um +I think you should be writing this paper + + align:start position:0% +I think you should be writing this paper + + + align:start position:0% +I think you should be writing this paper +um to your peers and I think + + align:start position:0% +um to your peers and I think + + + align:start position:0% +um to your peers and I think +it's we could have a discussion about + + align:start position:0% +it's we could have a discussion about + + + align:start position:0% +it's we could have a discussion about +this but my sense is that you probably + + align:start position:0% +this but my sense is that you probably + + + align:start position:0% +this but my sense is that you probably +want to say something about what a knot + + align:start position:0% +want to say something about what a knot + + + align:start position:0% +want to say something about what a knot +is because I have knots on my shoes here + + align:start position:0% +is because I have knots on my shoes here + + + align:start position:0% +is because I have knots on my shoes here +but they're not knots in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +but they're not knots in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +but they're not knots in the sense that +we mean here's the set of questions that + + align:start position:0% +we mean here's the set of questions that + + + align:start position:0% +we mean here's the set of questions that +we were looking at um well how about the + + align:start position:0% +we were looking at um well how about the + + + align:start position:0% +we were looking at um well how about the +second second uh question does it + + align:start position:0% +second second uh question does it + + + align:start position:0% +second second uh question does it +express the author's approach to this + + align:start position:0% +express the author's approach to this + + + align:start position:0% +express the author's approach to this +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +no Z nothing nothing zero there's no no + + align:start position:0% +no Z nothing nothing zero there's no no + + + align:start position:0% +no Z nothing nothing zero there's no no +hint not coloring is buried at the end + + align:start position:0% +hint not coloring is buried at the end + + + align:start position:0% +hint not coloring is buried at the end +of the list no hint it's it's like it's + + align:start position:0% +of the list no hint it's it's like it's + + + align:start position:0% +of the list no hint it's it's like it's +like there's a missing paragraph in + + align:start position:0% +like there's a missing paragraph in + + + align:start position:0% +like there's a missing paragraph in +there having not colorings in that list + + align:start position:0% +there having not colorings in that list + + + align:start position:0% +there having not colorings in that list +is also kind of odd unless something El + + align:start position:0% +is also kind of odd unless something El + + + align:start position:0% +is also kind of odd unless something El +the not colorings are what being deved + + align:start position:0% +the not colorings are what being deved + + + align:start position:0% +the not colorings are what being deved +in this paper and they're kind of + + align:start position:0% +in this paper and they're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +in this paper and they're kind of +listing with all this prior wellknown + + align:start position:0% +listing with all this prior wellknown + + + align:start position:0% +listing with all this prior wellknown +body word right exactly and and that + + align:start position:0% +body word right exactly and and that + + + align:start position:0% +body word right exactly and and that +there's no hint about what they mean by + + align:start position:0% +there's no hint about what they mean by + + + align:start position:0% +there's no hint about what they mean by +coloring right yeah so I I assume the + + align:start position:0% +coloring right yeah so I I assume the + + + align:start position:0% +coloring right yeah so I I assume the +would be a good place to put a + + align:start position:0% +would be a good place to put a + + + align:start position:0% +would be a good place to put a +definition of that kind of thing or at + + align:start position:0% +definition of that kind of thing or at + + + align:start position:0% +definition of that kind of thing or at +least an intuitive definition I think so + + align:start position:0% +least an intuitive definition I think so + + + align:start position:0% +least an intuitive definition I think so +let's see what what the next version of + + align:start position:0% +let's see what what the next version of + + + align:start position:0% +let's see what what the next version of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +does so here's the second version same + + align:start position:0% +does so here's the second version same + + + align:start position:0% +does so here's the second version same +paper different version of it of an + + align:start position:0% +paper different version of it of an + + + align:start position:0% +paper different version of it of an +introduction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is missing the second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paragraph go after this that's right + + align:start position:0% +paragraph go after this that's right + + + align:start position:0% +paragraph go after this that's right +it's missing the acknowledgements and + + align:start position:0% +it's missing the acknowledgements and + + + align:start position:0% +it's missing the acknowledgements and +it's missing uh the structure of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paper this is actually helpful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what do you think + + align:start position:0% +what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think +comments + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +to I feel like they should at least have + + align:start position:0% +to I feel like they should at least have + + + align:start position:0% +to I feel like they should at least have +sh to what are here now um at the very + + align:start position:0% +sh to what are here now um at the very + + + align:start position:0% +sh to what are here now um at the very +it that's the last word that appears + + align:start position:0% +it that's the last word that appears + + + align:start position:0% +it that's the last word that appears +here being German he would say + + align:start position:0% +here being German he would say + + + align:start position:0% +here being German he would say +Meister + + align:start position:0% +Meister + + + align:start position:0% +Meister +um yes um this is getting into he's + + align:start position:0% +um yes um this is getting into he's + + + align:start position:0% +um yes um this is getting into he's +describing the method of proof + + align:start position:0% +describing the method of proof + + + align:start position:0% +describing the method of proof +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um let's see in fact that's the only + + align:start position:0% +um let's see in fact that's the only + + + align:start position:0% +um let's see in fact that's the only +description of the method of proof that + + align:start position:0% +description of the method of proof that + + + align:start position:0% +description of the method of proof that +that one sentence is the only + + align:start position:0% +that one sentence is the only + + + align:start position:0% +that one sentence is the only +description of what he is yeah I'm just + + align:start position:0% +description of what he is yeah I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +description of what he is yeah I'm just +wondering about this whole like just the + + align:start position:0% +wondering about this whole like just the + + + align:start position:0% +wondering about this whole like just the +whole mathematical content of this and + + align:start position:0% +whole mathematical content of this and + + + align:start position:0% +whole mathematical content of this and +maybe this is completely beside the + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is completely beside the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is completely beside the +point but + + align:start position:0% +point but + + + align:start position:0% +point but +like it's weird it seems weird to me + + align:start position:0% +like it's weird it seems weird to me + + + align:start position:0% +like it's weird it seems weird to me +that this is a paper talking about um + + align:start position:0% +that this is a paper talking about um + + + align:start position:0% +that this is a paper talking about um +three colorability using Rister moves as + + align:start position:0% +three colorability using Rister moves as + + + align:start position:0% +three colorability using Rister moves as +given like it seems like the whole + + align:start position:0% +given like it seems like the whole + + + align:start position:0% +given like it seems like the whole +proving the ROM Meister move you know + + align:start position:0% +proving the ROM Meister move you know + + + align:start position:0% +proving the ROM Meister move you know +that they like generate knots is it is + + align:start position:0% +that they like generate knots is it is + + + align:start position:0% +that they like generate knots is it is +what it seems like it's much more + + align:start position:0% +what it seems like it's much more + + + align:start position:0% +what it seems like it's much more +substantial and harder to do than any + + align:start position:0% +substantial and harder to do than any + + + align:start position:0% +substantial and harder to do than any +like it seems like the three-color + + align:start position:0% +like it seems like the three-color + + + align:start position:0% +like it seems like the three-color +ability thing is an easy consequence of + + align:start position:0% +ability thing is an easy consequence of + + + align:start position:0% +ability thing is an easy consequence of +that I don't know well but isn't that + + align:start position:0% +that I don't know well but isn't that + + + align:start position:0% +that I don't know well but isn't that +the way science is you you stand on the + + align:start position:0% +the way science is you you stand on the + + + align:start position:0% +the way science is you you stand on the +shoulders of giants and a small step I + + align:start position:0% +shoulders of giants and a small step I + + + align:start position:0% +shoulders of giants and a small step I +mean did they like not discover three + + align:start position:0% +mean did they like not discover three + + + align:start position:0% +mean did they like not discover three +colorability before they like figured + + align:start position:0% +colorability before they like figured + + + align:start position:0% +colorability before they like figured +out how to show this Romer thing uh it + + align:start position:0% +out how to show this Romer thing uh it + + + align:start position:0% +out how to show this Romer thing uh it +in fact R moer came about 100 years + + align:start position:0% +in fact R moer came about 100 years + + + align:start position:0% +in fact R moer came about 100 years +before three-color ability wow okay + + align:start position:0% +before three-color ability wow okay + + + align:start position:0% +before three-color ability wow okay +never mind + + align:start position:0% +never mind + + + align:start position:0% +never mind +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] + + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +about just be fixed by putting + + align:start position:0% +about just be fixed by putting + + + align:start position:0% +about just be fixed by putting +something like for example case + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bye class that generates not in fact R + + align:start position:0% +bye class that generates not in fact R + + + align:start position:0% +bye class that generates not in fact R +Master moves don't happen on a knot do + + align:start position:0% +Master moves don't happen on a knot do + + + align:start position:0% +Master moves don't happen on a knot do +they they happen on a not projection so + + align:start position:0% +they they happen on a not projection so + + + align:start position:0% +they they happen on a not projection so +the whole concept of a notot projection + + align:start position:0% +the whole concept of a notot projection + + + align:start position:0% +the whole concept of a notot projection +is skipped over + + align:start position:0% +is skipped over + + + align:start position:0% +is skipped over +here it seems to me that's part of the + + align:start position:0% +here it seems to me that's part of the + + + align:start position:0% +here it seems to me that's part of the +method that's the main part of the + + align:start position:0% +method that's the main part of the + + + align:start position:0% +method that's the main part of the +method should be should be part of it in + + align:start position:0% +method should be should be part of it in + + + align:start position:0% +method should be should be part of it in +fact actually yeah actually the three + + align:start position:0% +fact actually yeah actually the three + + + align:start position:0% +fact actually yeah actually the three +color are technically defined onction on + + align:start position:0% +color are technically defined onction on + + + align:start position:0% +color are technically defined onction on +not projection right so it's a theorem + + align:start position:0% +not projection right so it's a theorem + + + align:start position:0% +not projection right so it's a theorem +that they that the invariant under under + + align:start position:0% +that they that the invariant under under + + + align:start position:0% +that they that the invariant under under +Romer moves and therefore an inar if + + align:start position:0% +Romer moves and therefore an inar if + + + align:start position:0% +Romer moves and therefore an inar if +they not so so yeah I I agree this is a + + align:start position:0% +they not so so yeah I I agree this is a + + + align:start position:0% +they not so so yeah I I agree this is a +little this is too brief to be really uh + + align:start position:0% +little this is too brief to be really uh + + + align:start position:0% +little this is too brief to be really uh +to fulfill the promise of an + + align:start position:0% +to fulfill the promise of an + + + align:start position:0% +to fulfill the promise of an +introduction what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else you're just some random biologist + + align:start position:0% +else you're just some random biologist + + + align:start position:0% +else you're just some random biologist +who happens to be reading a paper in + + align:start position:0% +who happens to be reading a paper in + + + align:start position:0% +who happens to be reading a paper in +mathematics papers that do things almost + + align:start position:0% +mathematics papers that do things almost + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics papers that do things almost +that I've seen real papers that do + + align:start position:0% +that I've seen real papers that do + + + align:start position:0% +that I've seen real papers that do +things almost that silly though I think + + align:start position:0% +things almost that silly though I think + + + align:start position:0% +things almost that silly though I think +people do this to like get funding or + + align:start position:0% +people do this to like get funding or + + + align:start position:0% +people do this to like get funding or +something yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why is it wrong say well approx the word + + align:start position:0% +why is it wrong say well approx the word + + + align:start position:0% +why is it wrong say well approx the word +approximately isy but it's like but but + + align:start position:0% +approximately isy but it's like but but + + + align:start position:0% +approximately isy but it's like but but +I me what you put in the approximate the + + align:start position:0% +I me what you put in the approximate the + + + align:start position:0% +I me what you put in the approximate the +whole point of not are these like formal + + align:start position:0% +whole point of not are these like formal + + + align:start position:0% +whole point of not are these like formal +algebraic objects you totally lose + + align:start position:0% +algebraic objects you totally lose + + + align:start position:0% +algebraic objects you totally lose +that so I I do wonder what the reference + + align:start position:0% +that so I I do wonder what the reference + + + align:start position:0% +that so I I do wonder what the reference +one is here there is work about using + + align:start position:0% +one is here there is work about using + + + align:start position:0% +one is here there is work about using +that theory to analyze there's uh Topo + + align:start position:0% +that theory to analyze there's uh Topo + + + align:start position:0% +that theory to analyze there's uh Topo +Topo isomerases that cut specific knots + + align:start position:0% +Topo isomerases that cut specific knots + + + align:start position:0% +Topo isomerases that cut specific knots +in DNA strands as a matter of fact uh so + + align:start position:0% +in DNA strands as a matter of fact uh so + + + align:start position:0% +in DNA strands as a matter of fact uh so +it's not a it's not an empty thing it's + + align:start position:0% +it's not a it's not an empty thing it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a it's not an empty thing it's +it's not false to say that not theory + + align:start position:0% +it's not false to say that not theory + + + align:start position:0% +it's not false to say that not theory +has applications to to study of DNA um + + align:start position:0% +has applications to to study of DNA um + + + align:start position:0% +has applications to to study of DNA um +but but you were asking how far out from + + align:start position:0% +but but you were asking how far out from + + + align:start position:0% +but but you were asking how far out from +the uh from the from the focus of the + + align:start position:0% +the uh from the from the focus of the + + + align:start position:0% +the uh from the from the focus of the +paper should these motivating things be + + align:start position:0% +paper should these motivating things be + + + align:start position:0% +paper should these motivating things be +uh I don't know I think maybe biology is + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't know I think maybe biology is + + + align:start position:0% +uh I don't know I think maybe biology is +a little bit of a stretch that's that's + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a stretch that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a stretch that's that's +my sense NIH well okay they may get + + align:start position:0% +my sense NIH well okay they may get + + + align:start position:0% +my sense NIH well okay they may get +funding from them maybe that's what + + align:start position:0% +funding from them maybe that's what + + + align:start position:0% +funding from them maybe that's what +accounts for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's what you're thinking tooo is it's + + align:start position:0% +that's what you're thinking tooo is it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you're thinking tooo is it's +a little bit of a stretch + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a stretch + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a stretch +too but this is a actually very very + + align:start position:0% +too but this is a actually very very + + + align:start position:0% +too but this is a actually very very +common uh thing to see in in papers sort + + align:start position:0% +common uh thing to see in in papers sort + + + align:start position:0% +common uh thing to see in in papers sort +of things get mixed in in a strange + + align:start position:0% +of things get mixed in in a strange + + + align:start position:0% +of things get mixed in in a strange +way we're Ma we're mathematicians though + + align:start position:0% +way we're Ma we're mathematicians though + + + align:start position:0% +way we're Ma we're mathematicians though +okay other comments about this this + + align:start position:0% +okay other comments about this this + + + align:start position:0% +okay other comments about this this +introduction + + align:start position:0% +introduction + + + align:start position:0% +introduction +so does should + + align:start position:0% +so does should + + + align:start position:0% +so does should +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um should it should the introduction + + align:start position:0% +um should it should the introduction + + + align:start position:0% +um should it should the introduction +have any definitions or any actual + + align:start position:0% +have any definitions or any actual + + + align:start position:0% +have any definitions or any actual +precise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +statements what do what do you what do + + align:start position:0% +statements what do what do you what do + + + align:start position:0% +statements what do what do you what do +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +think sometimes it does sometimes I feel + + align:start position:0% +think sometimes it does sometimes I feel + + + align:start position:0% +think sometimes it does sometimes I feel +like I've seen some have like an + + align:start position:0% +like I've seen some have like an + + + align:start position:0% +like I've seen some have like an +introduction section test definition + + align:start position:0% +introduction section test definition + + + align:start position:0% +introduction section test definition +seen some that have an introduction + + align:start position:0% +seen some that have an introduction + + + align:start position:0% +seen some that have an introduction +section and then another section under + + align:start position:0% +section and then another section under + + + align:start position:0% +section and then another section under +that has definition and then goes + + align:start position:0% +that has definition and then goes + + + align:start position:0% +that has definition and then goes +into yes uh yes yes uh it's it's a nice + + align:start position:0% +into yes uh yes yes uh it's it's a nice + + + align:start position:0% +into yes uh yes yes uh it's it's a nice +practice to separate out a + + align:start position:0% +practice to separate out a + + + align:start position:0% +practice to separate out a +precise a separate section that contains + + align:start position:0% +precise a separate section that contains + + + align:start position:0% +precise a separate section that contains +a precise statement of results um many + + align:start position:0% +a precise statement of results um many + + + align:start position:0% +a precise statement of results um many +papers will do that um I think it is a + + align:start position:0% +papers will do that um I think it is a + + + align:start position:0% +papers will do that um I think it is a +judgment call uh if the definition is um + + align:start position:0% +judgment call uh if the definition is um + + + align:start position:0% +judgment call uh if the definition is um +is is so in these 10-page papers you + + align:start position:0% +is is so in these 10-page papers you + + + align:start position:0% +is is so in these 10-page papers you +know a definition has an environment + + align:start position:0% +know a definition has an environment + + + align:start position:0% +know a definition has an environment +it's uh it has to have some space it + + align:start position:0% +it's uh it has to have some space it + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh it has to have some space it +occupies some space I think it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +occupies some space I think it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +occupies some space I think it's kind of +a bit heavy for these papers + + align:start position:0% +a bit heavy for these papers + + + align:start position:0% +a bit heavy for these papers +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and if the precise theorem or statement + + align:start position:0% +and if the precise theorem or statement + + + align:start position:0% +and if the precise theorem or statement +that you're interest that you that you + + align:start position:0% +that you're interest that you that you + + + align:start position:0% +that you're interest that you that you +want to bring out is convenient to make + + align:start position:0% +want to bring out is convenient to make + + + align:start position:0% +want to bring out is convenient to make +it precise fine but if + + align:start position:0% +it precise fine but if + + + align:start position:0% +it precise fine but if +it's but there's no need to do it you + + align:start position:0% +it's but there's no need to do it you + + + align:start position:0% +it's but there's no need to do it you +should feel compelled to do it I think + + align:start position:0% +should feel compelled to do it I think + + + align:start position:0% +should feel compelled to do it I think +how am I doing + + align:start position:0% +how am I doing + + + align:start position:0% +how am I doing +yeah um stylistically is it good to + + align:start position:0% +yeah um stylistically is it good to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um stylistically is it good to +present future results where so so the + + align:start position:0% +present future results where so so the + + + align:start position:0% +present future results where so so the +phrase I'm looking at is it will turn + + align:start position:0% +phrase I'm looking at is it will turn + + + align:start position:0% +phrase I'm looking at is it will turn +out that three colorability of the KN is + + align:start position:0% +out that three colorability of the KN is + + + align:start position:0% +out that three colorability of the KN is +very how about the tense I kind like + + align:start position:0% +very how about the tense I kind like + + + align:start position:0% +very how about the tense I kind like +thats natural to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Meely we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prove the best part is that the wi can + + align:start position:0% +prove the best part is that the wi can + + + align:start position:0% +prove the best part is that the wi can +even if it a single + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um where does it say we provve oh you're + + align:start position:0% +um where does it say we provve oh you're + + + align:start position:0% +um where does it say we provve oh you're +saying it will turn out that + + align:start position:0% +saying it will turn out that + + + align:start position:0% +saying it will turn out that +um oh I see so that would put it in the + + align:start position:0% +um oh I see so that would put it in the + + + align:start position:0% +um oh I see so that would put it in the +present tense + + align:start position:0% +present tense + + + align:start position:0% +present tense +um what do you think about the tense + + align:start position:0% +um what do you think about the tense + + + align:start position:0% +um what do you think about the tense +issue s i I think that present tense is + + align:start position:0% +issue s i I think that present tense is + + + align:start position:0% +issue s i I think that present tense is +more common than future because the + + align:start position:0% +more common than future because the + + + align:start position:0% +more common than future because the +paper exists in the present exists you + + align:start position:0% +paper exists in the present exists you + + + align:start position:0% +paper exists in the present exists you +say it turns out that that this + + align:start position:0% +say it turns out that that this + + + align:start position:0% +say it turns out that that this +particular sense will not flow with + + align:start position:0% +particular sense will not flow with + + + align:start position:0% +particular sense will not flow with +right so so that is an argument for an + + align:start position:0% +right so so that is an argument for an + + + align:start position:0% +right so so that is an argument for an +exception so so I I don't actually mind + + align:start position:0% +exception so so I I don't actually mind + + + align:start position:0% +exception so so I I don't actually mind +the future tense here but once you get + + align:start position:0% +the future tense here but once you get + + + align:start position:0% +the future tense here but once you get +there you have to stay there it will + + align:start position:0% +there you have to stay there it will + + + align:start position:0% +there you have to stay there it will +turn out but then the proof that is and + + align:start position:0% +turn out but then the proof that is and + + + align:start position:0% +turn out but then the proof that is and +you go back to the present tense after + + align:start position:0% +you go back to the present tense after + + + align:start position:0% +you go back to the present tense after +that so there's an inconsistency in the + + align:start position:0% +that so there's an inconsistency in the + + + align:start position:0% +that so there's an inconsistency in the +tense the proof that three colorability + + align:start position:0% +tense the proof that three colorability + + + align:start position:0% +tense the proof that three colorability +is invariance find is the frof that us + + align:start position:0% +is invariance find is the frof that us + + + align:start position:0% +is invariance find is the frof that us +will will use that's the that's correct + + align:start position:0% +will will use that's the that's correct + + + align:start position:0% +will will use that's the that's correct +that's the wrong tense right right so I + + align:start position:0% +that's the wrong tense right right so I + + + align:start position:0% +that's the wrong tense right right so I +guess future is you know it's a little + + align:start position:0% +guess future is you know it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +guess future is you know it's a little +it's a little um edgy and you have to be + + align:start position:0% +it's a little um edgy and you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little um edgy and you have to be +careful of it and these it correctly + + align:start position:0% +careful of it and these it correctly + + + align:start position:0% +careful of it and these it correctly +yeah hi I think like the bigger problem + + align:start position:0% +yeah hi I think like the bigger problem + + + align:start position:0% +yeah hi I think like the bigger problem +there is that it's not clear if that is + + align:start position:0% +there is that it's not clear if that is + + + align:start position:0% +there is that it's not clear if that is +something that you come up with or + + align:start position:0% +something that you come up with or + + + align:start position:0% +something that you come up with or +something that just follows or okay just + + align:start position:0% +something that just follows or okay just + + + align:start position:0% +something that just follows or okay just +like something that was there and you + + align:start position:0% +like something that was there and you + + + align:start position:0% +like something that was there and you +just mentioned it okay this is a really + + align:start position:0% +just mentioned it okay this is a really + + + align:start position:0% +just mentioned it okay this is a really +important point which uh which is + + align:start position:0% +important point which uh which is + + + align:start position:0% +important point which uh which is +relevant to to an introduction + + align:start position:0% +relevant to to an introduction + + + align:start position:0% +relevant to to an introduction +what in writing these papers uh it's + + align:start position:0% +what in writing these papers uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +what in writing these papers uh it's +absolutely critical that things which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um you learned from somewhere else else + + align:start position:0% +um you learned from somewhere else else + + + align:start position:0% +um you learned from somewhere else else +are distinguished from things which you + + align:start position:0% +are distinguished from things which you + + + align:start position:0% +are distinguished from things which you +discover for yourself that's absolutely + + align:start position:0% +discover for yourself that's absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +discover for yourself that's absolutely +the most critical distinction that you + + align:start position:0% +the most critical distinction that you + + + align:start position:0% +the most critical distinction that you +can make in the in the paper and uh that + + align:start position:0% +can make in the in the paper and uh that + + + align:start position:0% +can make in the in the paper and uh that +already can take place in the + + align:start position:0% +already can take place in the + + + align:start position:0% +already can take place in the +introduction and it's not clear that + + align:start position:0% +introduction and it's not clear that + + + align:start position:0% +introduction and it's not clear that +that this does this our project + + align:start position:0% +that this does this our project + + + align:start position:0% +that this does this our project +studies it will turn out it's not + + align:start position:0% +studies it will turn out it's not + + + align:start position:0% +studies it will turn out it's not +invariant so the as I read this the + + align:start position:0% +invariant so the as I read this the + + + align:start position:0% +invariant so the as I read this the +implication is that they did this + + align:start position:0% +implication is that they did this + + + align:start position:0% +implication is that they did this +work and if that's correct um I think + + align:start position:0% +work and if that's correct um I think + + + align:start position:0% +work and if that's correct um I think +that's fine if it's not correct it's not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fine you have the same sense that this + + align:start position:0% +fine you have the same sense that this + + + align:start position:0% +fine you have the same sense that this +it implies that the that the team did + + align:start position:0% +it implies that the that the team did + + + align:start position:0% +it implies that the that the team did +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah +right yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so where like here three color + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right when you have concept + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's it's weaker than a defition + + align:start position:0% +that's it's weaker than a defition + + + align:start position:0% +that's it's weaker than a defition +definitely but it calls attention to the + + align:start position:0% +definitely but it calls attention to the + + + align:start position:0% +definitely but it calls attention to the +fact that this is maybe something that + + align:start position:0% +fact that this is maybe something that + + + align:start position:0% +fact that this is maybe something that +you hadn't seen before it's not it's uh + + align:start position:0% +you hadn't seen before it's not it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +you hadn't seen before it's not it's uh +it's saying uh this is a new word I'm + + align:start position:0% +it's saying uh this is a new word I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's saying uh this is a new word I'm +not um I'm you shouldn't you know you + + align:start position:0% +not um I'm you shouldn't you know you + + + align:start position:0% +not um I'm you shouldn't you know you +shouldn't U search through your memory + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't U search through your memory + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't U search through your memory +to try to figure out where this word + + align:start position:0% +to try to figure out where this word + + + align:start position:0% +to try to figure out where this word +appear before because you're not + + align:start position:0% +appear before because you're not + + + align:start position:0% +appear before because you're not +remembering it stuff like that that's a + + align:start position:0% +remembering it stuff like that that's a + + + align:start position:0% +remembering it stuff like that that's a +ver a function of italicization what do + + align:start position:0% +ver a function of italicization what do + + + align:start position:0% +ver a function of italicization what do +what do you think about a test + + align:start position:0% +what do you think about a test + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think about a test +convention that is used sometimes in + + align:start position:0% +convention that is used sometimes in + + + align:start position:0% +convention that is used sometimes in +textbook publishing is to italicize the + + align:start position:0% +textbook publishing is to italicize the + + + align:start position:0% +textbook publishing is to italicize the +word when it appears before being + + align:start position:0% +word when it appears before being + + + align:start position:0% +word when it appears before being +formally defined which is what you're + + align:start position:0% +formally defined which is what you're + + + align:start position:0% +formally defined which is what you're +suggesting + + align:start position:0% +suggesting + + + align:start position:0% +suggesting +it's but um that has to be done + + align:start position:0% +it's but um that has to be done + + + align:start position:0% +it's but um that has to be done +carefully because if it hasn't been + + align:start position:0% +carefully because if it hasn't been + + + align:start position:0% +carefully because if it hasn't been +formally defined italicizing it is not + + align:start position:0% +formally defined italicizing it is not + + + align:start position:0% +formally defined italicizing it is not +sufficient you still need to context so + + align:start position:0% +sufficient you still need to context so + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient you still need to context so +people what yeah and it has to be + + align:start position:0% +people what yeah and it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +people what yeah and it has to be +explained uh just italicizing it um + + align:start position:0% +explained uh just italicizing it um + + + align:start position:0% +explained uh just italicizing it um +doesn't people will often do this I've + + align:start position:0% +doesn't people will often do this I've + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't people will often do this I've +seen this happen in in the mathematical + + align:start position:0% +seen this happen in in the mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +seen this happen in in the mathematical +literature a hundred times people will + + align:start position:0% +literature a hundred times people will + + + align:start position:0% +literature a hundred times people will +will italicize a word give give you this + + align:start position:0% +will italicize a word give give you this + + + align:start position:0% +will italicize a word give give you this +word and then you're supposed to attach + + align:start position:0% +word and then you're supposed to attach + + + align:start position:0% +word and then you're supposed to attach +some significance to it by some kind of + + align:start position:0% +some significance to it by some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +some significance to it by some kind of +magic despite the fact that there's no + + align:start position:0% +magic despite the fact that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +magic despite the fact that there's no +explanation given to it just the fact + + align:start position:0% +explanation given to it just the fact + + + align:start position:0% +explanation given to it just the fact +that it's a tze somehow it's supposed to + + align:start position:0% +that it's a tze somehow it's supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a tze somehow it's supposed to +make it mean something it's it's a very + + align:start position:0% +make it mean something it's it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +make it mean something it's it's a very +the I don't think that that happens here + + align:start position:0% +the I don't think that that happens here + + + align:start position:0% +the I don't think that that happens here +though um he says three colorings of + + align:start position:0% +though um he says three colorings of + + + align:start position:0% +though um he says three colorings of +nuts if there were just a period here + + align:start position:0% +nuts if there were just a period here + + + align:start position:0% +nuts if there were just a period here +then I would object to that but he says + + align:start position:0% +then I would object to that but he says + + + align:start position:0% +then I would object to that but he says +it's ways of labeling segments with + + align:start position:0% +it's ways of labeling segments with + + + align:start position:0% +it's ways of labeling segments with +three possible labels and so that's sort + + align:start position:0% +three possible labels and so that's sort + + + align:start position:0% +three possible labels and so that's sort +of explain and that doesn't conclud from + + align:start position:0% +of explain and that doesn't conclud from + + + align:start position:0% +of explain and that doesn't conclud from +form + + align:start position:0% +form + + + align:start position:0% +form +absolutely this this thing is very far + + align:start position:0% +absolutely this this thing is very far + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely this this thing is very far +from me because ways of labeling + + align:start position:0% +from me because ways of labeling + + + align:start position:0% +from me because ways of labeling +segments with three labels what the + + align:start position:0% +segments with three labels what the + + + align:start position:0% +segments with three labels what the +constraints are on those actually very + + align:start position:0% +constraints are on those actually very + + + align:start position:0% +constraints are on those actually very +important it's very important idea and + + align:start position:0% +important it's very important idea and + + + align:start position:0% +important it's very important idea and +and so we could have a discussion about + + align:start position:0% +and so we could have a discussion about + + + align:start position:0% +and so we could have a discussion about +whether this is within the the bounds of + + align:start position:0% +whether this is within the the bounds of + + + align:start position:0% +whether this is within the the bounds of +uh informality that's appropriate for an + + align:start position:0% +uh informality that's appropriate for an + + + align:start position:0% +uh informality that's appropriate for an +an introduction or not um I don't think + + align:start position:0% +an introduction or not um I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +an introduction or not um I don't think +there so I of feel like you can't + + align:start position:0% +there so I of feel like you can't + + + align:start position:0% +there so I of feel like you can't +actually have any understanding of what + + align:start position:0% +actually have any understanding of what + + + align:start position:0% +actually have any understanding of what +papers have been trying to do except at + + align:start position:0% +papers have been trying to do except at + + + align:start position:0% +papers have been trying to do except at +the level of it's a non invariant unless + + align:start position:0% +the level of it's a non invariant unless + + + align:start position:0% +the level of it's a non invariant unless +you know so I think because it's using + + align:start position:0% +you know so I think because it's using + + + align:start position:0% +you know so I think because it's using +it as a key not as a + + align:start position:0% +it as a key not as a + + + align:start position:0% +it as a key not as a +Def and then like said this doesn't stop + + align:start position:0% +Def and then like said this doesn't stop + + + align:start position:0% +Def and then like said this doesn't stop +you from formally it later but to call + + align:start position:0% +you from formally it later but to call + + + align:start position:0% +you from formally it later but to call +attention to the fact that this is a key + + align:start position:0% +attention to the fact that this is a key + + + align:start position:0% +attention to the fact that this is a key +that's going to be of course there's an + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be of course there's an + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be of course there's an +inaccuracy here segments of a knot they + + align:start position:0% +inaccuracy here segments of a knot they + + + align:start position:0% +inaccuracy here segments of a knot they +don't mean a knot they mean a knot + + align:start position:0% +don't mean a knot they mean a knot + + + align:start position:0% +don't mean a knot they mean a knot +projection and so so I still think that + + align:start position:0% +projection and so so I still think that + + + align:start position:0% +projection and so so I still think that +that in this introduction they have to + + align:start position:0% +that in this introduction they have to + + + align:start position:0% +that in this introduction they have to +say something about projections because + + align:start position:0% +say something about projections because + + + align:start position:0% +say something about projections because +that's the key thing is and sort of skip + + align:start position:0% +that's the key thing is and sort of skip + + + align:start position:0% +that's the key thing is and sort of skip +over that question well I come fromg and + + align:start position:0% +over that question well I come fromg and + + + align:start position:0% +over that question well I come fromg and +I've a lot of there and people mostly + + align:start position:0% +I've a lot of there and people mostly + + + align:start position:0% +I've a lot of there and people mostly +use voice but in + + align:start position:0% +use voice but in + + + align:start position:0% +use voice but in +English passive yeah and in English + + align:start position:0% +English passive yeah and in English + + + align:start position:0% +English passive yeah and in English +people mostly use active voice so do I + + align:start position:0% +people mostly use active voice so do I + + + align:start position:0% +people mostly use active voice so do I +need to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what about the issue of active versus + + align:start position:0% +what about the issue of active versus + + + align:start position:0% +what about the issue of active versus +passive well English speaking Pap s + + align:start position:0% +passive well English speaking Pap s + + + align:start position:0% +passive well English speaking Pap s +other mathematics you see passive used + + align:start position:0% +other mathematics you see passive used + + + align:start position:0% +other mathematics you see passive used +way through + + align:start position:0% +way through + + + align:start position:0% +way through +really more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +than yeah do we think any kind of math + + align:start position:0% +than yeah do we think any kind of math + + + align:start position:0% +than yeah do we think any kind of math +like heav bu it's not the Royal right + + align:start position:0% +like heav bu it's not the Royal right + + + align:start position:0% +like heav bu it's not the Royal right +it's not I at least the information I've + + align:start position:0% +it's not I at least the information I've + + + align:start position:0% +it's not I at least the information I've +always heard is that it's me the author + + align:start position:0% +always heard is that it's me the author + + + align:start position:0% +always heard is that it's me the author +and the reader + + align:start position:0% +and the reader + + + align:start position:0% +and the reader +yeah yeah and uh of course there's an + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah and uh of course there's an + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah and uh of course there's an +ambiguity here because it's we three as + + align:start position:0% +ambiguity here because it's we three as + + + align:start position:0% +ambiguity here because it's we three as +well as we the author and the reader but + + align:start position:0% +well as we the author and the reader but + + + align:start position:0% +well as we the author and the reader but +the point is even if there only one + + align:start position:0% +the point is even if there only one + + + align:start position:0% +the point is even if there only one +author it still be we terrible through I + + align:start position:0% +author it still be we terrible through I + + + align:start position:0% +author it still be we terrible through I +it's it's it uh so uh you'll see both + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it uh so uh you'll see both + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it uh so uh you'll see both +but we I think is uh more traditional + + align:start position:0% +but we I think is uh more traditional + + + align:start position:0% +but we I think is uh more traditional +and maybe more formal I would say um I + + align:start position:0% +and maybe more formal I would say um I + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe more formal I would say um I +the issue of passive is a very + + align:start position:0% +the issue of passive is a very + + + align:start position:0% +the issue of passive is a very +interesting one I think in English um + + align:start position:0% +interesting one I think in English um + + + align:start position:0% +interesting one I think in English um +passive is regarded as a little bit + + align:start position:0% +passive is regarded as a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +passive is regarded as a little bit +passive it's it there's no uh there's no + + align:start position:0% +passive it's it there's no uh there's no + + + align:start position:0% +passive it's it there's no uh there's no +um inhibition you shouldn't have an + + align:start position:0% +um inhibition you shouldn't have an + + + align:start position:0% +um inhibition you shouldn't have an +inhibition against using the active + + align:start position:0% +inhibition against using the active + + + align:start position:0% +inhibition against using the active +voice it's more immediate it's more + + align:start position:0% +voice it's more immediate it's more + + + align:start position:0% +voice it's more immediate it's more +efficient and um my my impression in + + align:start position:0% +efficient and um my my impression in + + + align:start position:0% +efficient and um my my impression in +mathematics is that active is usually + + align:start position:0% +mathematics is that active is usually + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics is that active is usually +preferred because it's seen as livelier + + align:start position:0% +preferred because it's seen as livelier + + + align:start position:0% +preferred because it's seen as livelier +and more interesting but in order to do + + align:start position:0% +and more interesting but in order to do + + + align:start position:0% +and more interesting but in order to do +active you need to use so like a picture + + align:start position:0% +active you need to use so like a picture + + + align:start position:0% +active you need to use so like a picture +could be a good addition to even an + + align:start position:0% +could be a good addition to even an + + + align:start position:0% +could be a good addition to even an +introduction section absolutely should + + align:start position:0% +introduction section absolutely should + + + align:start position:0% +introduction section absolutely should +we go on to the next one let's see what + + align:start position:0% +we go on to the next one let's see what + + + align:start position:0% +we go on to the next one let's see what +are the things we're looking at here + + align:start position:0% +are the things we're looking at here + + + align:start position:0% +are the things we're looking at here +does it give a good intuitive grasp this + + align:start position:0% +does it give a good intuitive grasp this + + + align:start position:0% +does it give a good intuitive grasp this +one's better isn't it there's something + + align:start position:0% +one's better isn't it there's something + + + align:start position:0% +one's better isn't it there's something +um author's approach to the problem not + + align:start position:0% +um author's approach to the problem not + + + align:start position:0% +um author's approach to the problem not +completely but better they don't talk + + align:start position:0% +completely but better they don't talk + + + align:start position:0% +completely but better they don't talk +still don't talk about Pro not not + + align:start position:0% +still don't talk about Pro not not + + + align:start position:0% +still don't talk about Pro not not +projection which is an essential part of + + align:start position:0% +projection which is an essential part of + + + align:start position:0% +projection which is an essential part of +there U and then we know that it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +there U and then we know that it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +there U and then we know that it doesn't +uh talk about the structure and + + align:start position:0% +uh talk about the structure and + + + align:start position:0% +uh talk about the structure and +Technology you can more less paced on + + align:start position:0% +Technology you can more less paced on + + + align:start position:0% +Technology you can more less paced on +you could pce that on right let's look + + align:start position:0% +you could pce that on right let's look + + + align:start position:0% +you could pce that on right let's look +at one more + + align:start position:0% +at one more + + + align:start position:0% +at one more +so uh yeah um isn't it amazing um + + align:start position:0% +so uh yeah um isn't it amazing um + + + align:start position:0% +so uh yeah um isn't it amazing um +there's no right way to do these things + + align:start position:0% +there's no right way to do these things + + + align:start position:0% +there's no right way to do these things +there's uh + + align:start position:0% +there's uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's uh +every + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inuh so we we can pce them together what + + align:start position:0% +inuh so we we can pce them together what + + + align:start position:0% +inuh so we we can pce them together what +do you not like about this one you don't + + align:start position:0% +do you not like about this one you don't + + + align:start position:0% +do you not like about this one you don't +like the theorum there yeah okay also so + + align:start position:0% +like the theorum there yeah okay also so + + + align:start position:0% +like the theorum there yeah okay also so +the is not but I don't like is that this + + align:start position:0% +the is not but I don't like is that this + + + align:start position:0% +the is not but I don't like is that this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +actually it's going into this extra + + align:start position:0% +actually it's going into this extra + + + align:start position:0% +actually it's going into this extra +formality but it's actually not unlike + + align:start position:0% +formality but it's actually not unlike + + + align:start position:0% +formality but it's actually not unlike +the one it's not actually telling you + + align:start position:0% +the one it's not actually telling you + + + align:start position:0% +the one it's not actually telling you +any of what this means or yeah right + + align:start position:0% +any of what this means or yeah right + + + align:start position:0% +any of what this means or yeah right +three coloring right it violates all of + + align:start position:0% +three coloring right it violates all of + + + align:start position:0% +three coloring right it violates all of +the uh all the things that we say that + + align:start position:0% +the uh all the things that we say that + + + align:start position:0% +the uh all the things that we say that +you have to prepare the way and and and + + align:start position:0% +you have to prepare the way and and and + + + align:start position:0% +you have to prepare the way and and and +get the reader uh on board before you + + align:start position:0% +get the reader uh on board before you + + + align:start position:0% +get the reader uh on board before you +make a statement it's all missing mean + + align:start position:0% +make a statement it's all missing mean + + + align:start position:0% +make a statement it's all missing mean +if they had the that had all the stuff + + align:start position:0% +if they had the that had all the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +if they had the that had all the stuff +right under it I that be + + align:start position:0% +right under it I that be + + + align:start position:0% +right under it I that be +terrible a little worse than the other + + align:start position:0% +terrible a little worse than the other + + + align:start position:0% +terrible a little worse than the other +around so so uh following uh the use of + + align:start position:0% +around so so uh following uh the use of + + + align:start position:0% +around so so uh following uh the use of +a word with a description of what the + + align:start position:0% +a word with a description of what the + + + align:start position:0% +a word with a description of what the +word means um it's a I would say it's a + + align:start position:0% +word means um it's a I would say it's a + + + align:start position:0% +word means um it's a I would say it's a +it's high-risk Behavior + + align:start position:0% +it's high-risk Behavior + + + align:start position:0% +it's high-risk Behavior +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +okay is that accurate + + align:start position:0% +okay is that accurate + + + align:start position:0% +okay is that accurate +yes feel like I've seen you definitely + + align:start position:0% +yes feel like I've seen you definitely + + + align:start position:0% +yes feel like I've seen you definitely +you've seen it definitely you've seen it + + align:start position:0% +you've seen it definitely you've seen it + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen it definitely you've seen it +people engage in high-risk + + align:start position:0% +people engage in high-risk + + + align:start position:0% +people engage in high-risk +Behavior the reason it's high-risk + + align:start position:0% +Behavior the reason it's high-risk + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior the reason it's high-risk +behavior is because a normal reading + + align:start position:0% +behavior is because a normal reading + + + align:start position:0% +behavior is because a normal reading +strategy is to make sure that you've + + align:start position:0% +strategy is to make sure that you've + + + align:start position:0% +strategy is to make sure that you've +understood everything you've read and so + + align:start position:0% +understood everything you've read and so + + + align:start position:0% +understood everything you've read and so +if you come to a period and you haven't + + align:start position:0% +if you come to a period and you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +if you come to a period and you haven't +understood what you just read you may + + align:start position:0% +understood what you just read you may + + + align:start position:0% +understood what you just read you may +stop and puzzle over it before you read + + align:start position:0% +stop and puzzle over it before you read + + + align:start position:0% +stop and puzzle over it before you read +on so there's an there's anxiety created + + align:start position:0% +on so there's an there's anxiety created + + + align:start position:0% +on so there's an there's anxiety created +there's tension created in the reader + + align:start position:0% +there's tension created in the reader + + + align:start position:0% +there's tension created in the reader +which may be your intention it that can + + align:start position:0% +which may be your intention it that can + + + align:start position:0% +which may be your intention it that can +be a good thing but you have to there + + align:start position:0% +be a good thing but you have to there + + + align:start position:0% +be a good thing but you have to there +has to be a payback at some point and + + align:start position:0% +has to be a payback at some point and + + + align:start position:0% +has to be a payback at some point and +and things get get rewarded and + + align:start position:0% +and things get get rewarded and + + + align:start position:0% +and things get get rewarded and +Consolidated pretty quickly it's it's + + align:start position:0% +Consolidated pretty quickly it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +Consolidated pretty quickly it's it's +high risk it's also good weird that the + + align:start position:0% +high risk it's also good weird that the + + + align:start position:0% +high risk it's also good weird that the +theorem starts with a number like three + + align:start position:0% +theorem starts with a number like three + + + align:start position:0% +theorem starts with a number like three +pillar umh you think that that that + + align:start position:0% +pillar umh you think that that that + + + align:start position:0% +pillar umh you think that that that +um that's a little strange uh especially + + align:start position:0% +um that's a little strange uh especially + + + align:start position:0% +um that's a little strange uh especially +in the second sentence of the + + align:start position:0% +in the second sentence of the + + + align:start position:0% +in the second sentence of the +introduction I mean this is really part + + align:start position:0% +introduction I mean this is really part + + + align:start position:0% +introduction I mean this is really part +of the structure of the paper that he's + + align:start position:0% +of the structure of the paper that he's + + + align:start position:0% +of the structure of the paper that he's +inserting up here right at the at the + + align:start position:0% +inserting up here right at the at the + + + align:start position:0% +inserting up here right at the at the +head I I I agree that's kind of strange + + align:start position:0% +head I I I agree that's kind of strange + + + align:start position:0% +head I I I agree that's kind of strange +to have + + align:start position:0% +to have + + + align:start position:0% +to have +there so there's a lot missing from this + + align:start position:0% +there so there's a lot missing from this + + + align:start position:0% +there so there's a lot missing from this +isn't it um at least they he makes some + + align:start position:0% +isn't it um at least they he makes some + + + align:start position:0% +isn't it um at least they he makes some +attempt uh to say uh you know what this + + align:start position:0% +attempt uh to say uh you know what this + + + align:start position:0% +attempt uh to say uh you know what this +deformation thing is it's genuinely + + align:start position:0% +deformation thing is it's genuinely + + + align:start position:0% +deformation thing is it's genuinely +knotted I feel like going into a + + align:start position:0% +knotted I feel like going into a + + + align:start position:0% +knotted I feel like going into a +specific example a high level overv is + + align:start position:0% +specific example a high level overv is + + + align:start position:0% +specific example a high level overv is +not the most effective the example like + + align:start position:0% +not the most effective the example like + + + align:start position:0% +not the most effective the example like +maybe that sentence theile thing could + + align:start position:0% +maybe that sentence theile thing could + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that sentence theile thing could +have been added like version two of the + + align:start position:0% +have been added like version two of the + + + align:start position:0% +have been added like version two of the +introduction after explaining + + align:start position:0% +introduction after explaining + + + align:start position:0% +introduction after explaining +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +but MH here the example is not really + + align:start position:0% +but MH here the example is not really + + + align:start position:0% +but MH here the example is not really +sufficient to you can't really fairly + + align:start position:0% +sufficient to you can't really fairly + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient to you can't really fairly +expect the reader to immediately + + align:start position:0% +expect the reader to immediately + + + align:start position:0% +expect the reader to immediately +extrapolate what all those sentences + + align:start position:0% +extrapolate what all those sentences + + + align:start position:0% +extrapolate what all those sentences +mean just from that example absolutely + + align:start position:0% +mean just from that example absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +mean just from that example absolutely +no there's you one needs much more + + align:start position:0% +no there's you one needs much more + + + align:start position:0% +no there's you one needs much more +description of of of of what's going on + + align:start position:0% +description of of of of what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +description of of of of what's going on +up here there's so colorability not + + align:start position:0% +up here there's so colorability not + + + align:start position:0% +up here there's so colorability not +invariant V must and so on are just + + align:start position:0% +invariant V must and so on are just + + + align:start position:0% +invariant V must and so on are just +mysterious in in that I + + align:start position:0% +mysterious in in that I + + + align:start position:0% +mysterious in in that I +agree very brief description of the + + align:start position:0% +agree very brief description of the + + + align:start position:0% +agree very brief description of the +strategy I like that part not there's + + align:start position:0% +strategy I like that part not there's + + + align:start position:0% +strategy I like that part not there's +some virtue to it right uh maybe a + + align:start position:0% +some virtue to it right uh maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +some virtue to it right uh maybe a +little brief but it has to happen be + + align:start position:0% +little brief but it has to happen be + + + align:start position:0% +little brief but it has to happen be +confined to this slide let's see yeah so + + align:start position:0% +confined to this slide let's see yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +confined to this slide let's see yeah so +that's all we have for that in that + + align:start position:0% +that's all we have for that in that + + + align:start position:0% +that's all we have for that in that +version of the introduction so they do + + align:start position:0% +version of the introduction so they do + + + align:start position:0% +version of the introduction so they do +some good things a little better some + + align:start position:0% +some good things a little better some + + + align:start position:0% +some good things a little better some +things a little worse I I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +agree + + align:start position:0% +agree + + + align:start position:0% +agree +um so now we're I'm not not going to + + align:start position:0% +um so now we're I'm not not going to + + + align:start position:0% +um so now we're I'm not not going to +keep doing these introductions I do want + + align:start position:0% +keep doing these introductions I do want + + + align:start position:0% +keep doing these introductions I do want +to talk about some other section of it + + align:start position:0% +to talk about some other section of it + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about some other section of it +but here we go here are some pictures at + + align:start position:0% +but here we go here are some pictures at + + + align:start position:0% +but here we go here are some pictures at +the beginning do you believe that's the + + align:start position:0% +the beginning do you believe that's the + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning do you believe that's the +unot I have a problem with these two + + align:start position:0% +unot I have a problem with these two + + + align:start position:0% +unot I have a problem with these two +pictures in that they're not parallel + + align:start position:0% +pictures in that they're not parallel + + + align:start position:0% +pictures in that they're not parallel +with each other it it they're taken from + + align:start position:0% +with each other it it they're taken from + + + align:start position:0% +with each other it it they're taken from +different sources that's kind of odd so + + align:start position:0% +different sources that's kind of odd so + + + align:start position:0% +different sources that's kind of odd so +you can see that uh pictures in the + + align:start position:0% +you can see that uh pictures in the + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that uh pictures in the +introduction really do per it + + align:start position:0% +introduction really do per it + + + align:start position:0% +introduction really do per it +up you can come back to this is on the + + align:start position:0% +up you can come back to this is on the + + + align:start position:0% +up you can come back to this is on the +website all right look at all this text + + align:start position:0% +website all right look at all this text + + + align:start position:0% +website all right look at all this text +I'm not going to I think I want to move + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to I think I want to move + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to I think I want to move +on to the next section here there's you + + align:start position:0% +on to the next section here there's you + + + align:start position:0% +on to the next section here there's you +can see there's a lot of things he talks + + align:start position:0% +can see there's a lot of things he talks + + + align:start position:0% +can see there's a lot of things he talks +about what TR oil + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is says what a not varant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is he doesn't still he doesn't say about + + align:start position:0% +is he doesn't still he doesn't say about + + + align:start position:0% +is he doesn't still he doesn't say about +not projections talks about segments of + + align:start position:0% +not projections talks about segments of + + + align:start position:0% +not projections talks about segments of +a knot naughty right got to be all right + + align:start position:0% +a knot naughty right got to be all right + + + align:start position:0% +a knot naughty right got to be all right +I'm going to move on + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to move on + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to move on +here and then uh then there's the + + align:start position:0% +here and then uh then there's the + + + align:start position:0% +here and then uh then there's the +description of the sections and the + + align:start position:0% +description of the sections and the + + + align:start position:0% +description of the sections and the +acknowledgements all right so so okay uh + + align:start position:0% +acknowledgements all right so so okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +acknowledgements all right so so okay uh +it's it's quarter after the hour I'm I + + align:start position:0% +it's it's quarter after the hour I'm I + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's quarter after the hour I'm I +want to um there's a lot more to this + + align:start position:0% +want to um there's a lot more to this + + + align:start position:0% +want to um there's a lot more to this +presentation I'm going to go on a little + + align:start position:0% +presentation I'm going to go on a little + + + align:start position:0% +presentation I'm going to go on a little +bit further but I'm not going to get to + + align:start position:0% +bit further but I'm not going to get to + + + align:start position:0% +bit further but I'm not going to get to +the end of it okay but let's keep + + align:start position:0% +the end of it okay but let's keep + + + align:start position:0% +the end of it okay but let's keep +talking about the the um the qualities + + align:start position:0% +talking about the the um the qualities + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the the um the qualities +of writing I think this is a really + + align:start position:0% +of writing I think this is a really + + + align:start position:0% +of writing I think this is a really +great discussion about uh the quality of + + align:start position:0% +great discussion about uh the quality of + + + align:start position:0% +great discussion about uh the quality of +writing and what's important in writing + + align:start position:0% +writing and what's important in writing + + + align:start position:0% +writing and what's important in writing +uh in in the small as well as uh in the + + align:start position:0% +uh in in the small as well as uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh in in the small as well as uh in the +the the the role that the different + + align:start position:0% +the the the role that the different + + + align:start position:0% +the the the role that the different +sections of the paper play so sometimes + + align:start position:0% +sections of the paper play so sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +sections of the paper play so sometimes +you're going to need to to use to to + + align:start position:0% +you're going to need to to use to to + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to need to to use to to +gather + + align:start position:0% +gather + + + align:start position:0% +gather +information um that isn't really part of + + align:start position:0% +information um that isn't really part of + + + align:start position:0% +information um that isn't really part of +uh the research that you're doing but + + align:start position:0% +uh the research that you're doing but + + + align:start position:0% +uh the research that you're doing but +it's background maybe it's notation + + align:start position:0% +it's background maybe it's notation + + + align:start position:0% +it's background maybe it's notation +maybe it's uh um State definitions or + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's uh um State definitions or + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's uh um State definitions or +theorems that you will use and just + + align:start position:0% +theorems that you will use and just + + + align:start position:0% +theorems that you will use and just +don't want to have interrupt the flow of + + align:start position:0% +don't want to have interrupt the flow of + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to have interrupt the flow of +work when you come to describe your own + + align:start position:0% +work when you come to describe your own + + + align:start position:0% +work when you come to describe your own +work later on it sets up um it sets up + + align:start position:0% +work later on it sets up um it sets up + + + align:start position:0% +work later on it sets up um it sets up +the context that you're going to work in + + align:start position:0% +the context that you're going to work in + + + align:start position:0% +the context that you're going to work in +in more detail than you would do in in a + + align:start position:0% +in more detail than you would do in in a + + + align:start position:0% +in more detail than you would do in in a +introduction so it's quite common for + + align:start position:0% +introduction so it's quite common for + + + align:start position:0% +introduction so it's quite common for +people for for papers to have a + + align:start position:0% +people for for papers to have a + + + align:start position:0% +people for for papers to have a +background section like this although + + align:start position:0% +background section like this although + + + align:start position:0% +background section like this although +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +not not a necessary part of these + + align:start position:0% +not not a necessary part of these + + + align:start position:0% +not not a necessary part of these +papers but we have to know that the that + + align:start position:0% +papers but we have to know that the that + + + align:start position:0% +papers but we have to know that the that +this that the contents are going to be + + align:start position:0% +this that the contents are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +this that the contents are going to be +used + + align:start position:0% +used + + + align:start position:0% +used +um the level of detail is now full + + align:start position:0% +um the level of detail is now full + + + align:start position:0% +um the level of detail is now full +detail have to be completely uh clear + + align:start position:0% +detail have to be completely uh clear + + + align:start position:0% +detail have to be completely uh clear +and accurate about things that you say + + align:start position:0% +and accurate about things that you say + + + align:start position:0% +and accurate about things that you say +um you can't just introduce things that + + align:start position:0% +um you can't just introduce things that + + + align:start position:0% +um you can't just introduce things that +aren't going to be used later and um it + + align:start position:0% +aren't going to be used later and um it + + + align:start position:0% +aren't going to be used later and um it +has to be well organized okay so maybe + + align:start position:0% +has to be well organized okay so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +has to be well organized okay so maybe +we'll just look at one of these and + + align:start position:0% +we'll just look at one of these and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just look at one of these and +think about how um so this is a + + align:start position:0% +think about how um so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +think about how um so this is a +typical + + align:start position:0% +typical + + + align:start position:0% +typical +uh thing you want to know what a knot is + + align:start position:0% +uh thing you want to know what a knot is + + + align:start position:0% +uh thing you want to know what a knot is +before we can start talking about + + align:start position:0% +before we can start talking about + + + align:start position:0% +before we can start talking about +coloring of knot + + align:start position:0% +coloring of knot + + + align:start position:0% +coloring of knot +projections it feels like there's a big + + align:start position:0% +projections it feels like there's a big + + + align:start position:0% +projections it feels like there's a big +a paragraph in front of the definition + + align:start position:0% +a paragraph in front of the definition + + + align:start position:0% +a paragraph in front of the definition +that's missing what are we doing here + + align:start position:0% +that's missing what are we doing here + + + align:start position:0% +that's missing what are we doing here +what's + + align:start position:0% +what's + + + align:start position:0% +what's +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so another weird point is the time rsal + + align:start position:0% +so another weird point is the time rsal + + + align:start position:0% +so another weird point is the time rsal +here maybe that's sometimes an intuitive + + align:start position:0% +here maybe that's sometimes an intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +here maybe that's sometimes an intuitive +way to + + align:start position:0% +way to + + + align:start position:0% +way to +think but that is not the term I would + + align:start position:0% +think but that is not the term I would + + + align:start position:0% +think but that is not the term I would +use or that not the way I think about + + align:start position:0% +use or that not the way I think about + + + align:start position:0% +use or that not the way I think about +not I don't think yeah this was a + + align:start position:0% +not I don't think yeah this was a + + + align:start position:0% +not I don't think yeah this was a +problem in the presentation on Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +problem in the presentation on Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +problem in the presentation on Tuesday +too Noah what were you going to say oh I + + align:start position:0% +too Noah what were you going to say oh I + + + align:start position:0% +too Noah what were you going to say oh I +was going to say I don't know if you + + align:start position:0% +was going to say I don't know if you + + + align:start position:0% +was going to say I don't know if you +need to introduce oriented knot if + + align:start position:0% +need to introduce oriented knot if + + + align:start position:0% +need to introduce oriented knot if +you're only considering unoriented knots + + align:start position:0% +you're only considering unoriented knots + + + align:start position:0% +you're only considering unoriented knots +or find unoriented + + align:start position:0% +or find unoriented + + + align:start position:0% +or find unoriented +well if you're going to define a knot as + + align:start position:0% +well if you're going to define a knot as + + + align:start position:0% +well if you're going to define a knot as +a function from the reals it's going to + + align:start position:0% +a function from the reals it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +a function from the reals it's going to +be an oriented knot so maybe don't + + align:start position:0% +be an oriented knot so maybe don't + + + align:start position:0% +be an oriented knot so maybe don't +Define it as a function from + + align:start position:0% +Define it as a function from + + + align:start position:0% +Define it as a function from +the so this is a this is a a huge + + align:start position:0% +the so this is a this is a a huge + + + align:start position:0% +the so this is a this is a a huge +question what use of is the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +question what use of is the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +question what use of is the rest of the +body of the paper going to make of this + + align:start position:0% +body of the paper going to make of this + + + align:start position:0% +body of the paper going to make of this +exact definition I feel like just to + + align:start position:0% +exact definition I feel like just to + + + align:start position:0% +exact definition I feel like just to +make sure the reader knows what not is + + align:start position:0% +make sure the reader knows what not is + + + align:start position:0% +make sure the reader knows what not is +and and have just have an understanding + + align:start position:0% +and and have just have an understanding + + + align:start position:0% +and and have just have an understanding +how they could translate the things into + + align:start position:0% +how they could translate the things into + + + align:start position:0% +how they could translate the things into +formality so ultimately it's going to + + align:start position:0% +formality so ultimately it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +formality so ultimately it's going to +use a not projection and r removes right + + align:start position:0% +use a not projection and r removes right + + + align:start position:0% +use a not projection and r removes right +and so this how you know what about what + + align:start position:0% +and so this how you know what about what + + + align:start position:0% +and so this how you know what about what +does it mean for two not projections + + align:start position:0% +does it mean for two not projections + + + align:start position:0% +does it mean for two not projections +describ to say not if you can't answer + + align:start position:0% +describ to say not if you can't answer + + + align:start position:0% +describ to say not if you can't answer +that question then you like don't have + + align:start position:0% +that question then you like don't have + + + align:start position:0% +that question then you like don't have +any wait what why can't you just Define + + align:start position:0% +any wait what why can't you just Define + + + align:start position:0% +any wait what why can't you just Define +it as like an embedding of S1 or + + align:start position:0% +it as like an embedding of S1 or + + + align:start position:0% +it as like an embedding of S1 or +something it seems like much more + + align:start position:0% +something it seems like much more + + + align:start position:0% +something it seems like much more +reasonable that's what the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh S1 does have an orientation so + + align:start position:0% +oh S1 does have an orientation so + + + align:start position:0% +oh S1 does have an orientation so +sure but but but but I'm asking the + + align:start position:0% +sure but but but but I'm asking the + + + align:start position:0% +sure but but but but I'm asking the +question when we actually start to work + + align:start position:0% +question when we actually start to work + + + align:start position:0% +question when we actually start to work +and talk about not colorations we're + + align:start position:0% +and talk about not colorations we're + + + align:start position:0% +and talk about not colorations we're +going to use a not projection right and + + align:start position:0% +going to use a not projection right and + + + align:start position:0% +going to use a not projection right and +I have the question about whether we + + align:start position:0% +I have the question about whether we + + + align:start position:0% +I have the question about whether we +really need this kind of formal + + align:start position:0% +really need this kind of formal + + + align:start position:0% +really need this kind of formal +definition of a not if that's the work + + align:start position:0% +definition of a not if that's the work + + + align:start position:0% +definition of a not if that's the work +that we're going to do in the end I have + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to do in the end I have + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to do in the end I have +my doubts about + + align:start position:0% +my doubts about + + + align:start position:0% +my doubts about +it there is a literature out there that + + align:start position:0% +it there is a literature out there that + + + align:start position:0% +it there is a literature out there that +you can refer the reader to to to to to + + align:start position:0% +you can refer the reader to to to to to + + + align:start position:0% +you can refer the reader to to to to to +be precise about what a not is and prove + + align:start position:0% +be precise about what a not is and prove + + + align:start position:0% +be precise about what a not is and prove +the theorem that um that you know not + + align:start position:0% +the theorem that um that you know not + + + align:start position:0% +the theorem that um that you know not +projections of that particular form uh + + align:start position:0% +projections of that particular form uh + + + align:start position:0% +projections of that particular form uh +exist and prove the theorem that ROM + + align:start position:0% +exist and prove the theorem that ROM + + + align:start position:0% +exist and prove the theorem that ROM +masterer moves uh translate between them + + align:start position:0% +masterer moves uh translate between them + + + align:start position:0% +masterer moves uh translate between them +um but I'm not so sure you really need a + + align:start position:0% +um but I'm not so sure you really need a + + + align:start position:0% +um but I'm not so sure you really need a +precise definition if you're not going + + align:start position:0% +precise definition if you're not going + + + align:start position:0% +precise definition if you're not going +to use definition is very low cost if + + align:start position:0% +to use definition is very low cost if + + + align:start position:0% +to use definition is very low cost if +you don't care about the definition it's + + align:start position:0% +you don't care about the definition it's + + + align:start position:0% +you don't care about the definition it's +in this nicely label definition section + + align:start position:0% +in this nicely label definition section + + + align:start position:0% +in this nicely label definition section +see it starts with and and then skip I + + align:start position:0% +see it starts with and and then skip I + + + align:start position:0% +see it starts with and and then skip I +think there's a high mental cost + + align:start position:0% +think there's a high mental cost + + + align:start position:0% +think there's a high mental cost +including definitions that are somewhat + + align:start position:0% +including definitions that are somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +including definitions that are somewhat +extraneous I think there's like a + + align:start position:0% +extraneous I think there's like a + + + align:start position:0% +extraneous I think there's like a +reability cost there absolutely that's a + + align:start position:0% +reability cost there absolutely that's a + + + align:start position:0% +reability cost there absolutely that's a +cost it's a great way to put it + + align:start position:0% +cost it's a great way to put it + + + align:start position:0% +cost it's a great way to put it +I think the definition of k is that + + align:start position:0% +I think the definition of k is that + + + align:start position:0% +I think the definition of k is that +gives the nice picture image of + + align:start position:0% +gives the nice picture image of + + + align:start position:0% +gives the nice picture image of +K to to say take K of R and so that + + align:start position:0% +K to to say take K of R and so that + + + align:start position:0% +K to to say take K of R and so that +focuses your attention well so so that's + + align:start position:0% +focuses your attention well so so that's + + + align:start position:0% +focuses your attention well so so that's +so there's a little bit I agree with you + + align:start position:0% +so there's a little bit I agree with you + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a little bit I agree with you +um it's important that they make that + + align:start position:0% +um it's important that they make that + + + align:start position:0% +um it's important that they make that +that they say that that what really + + align:start position:0% +that they say that that what really + + + align:start position:0% +that they say that that what really +matters somehow in your mind is the + + align:start position:0% +matters somehow in your mind is the + + + align:start position:0% +matters somehow in your mind is the +image in fact in cases we consider but + + align:start position:0% +image in fact in cases we consider but + + + align:start position:0% +image in fact in cases we consider but +I'm wondering about the word we consider + + align:start position:0% +I'm wondering about the word we consider + + + align:start position:0% +I'm wondering about the word we consider +here it's a little bit strange I mean + + align:start position:0% +here it's a little bit strange I mean + + + align:start position:0% +here it's a little bit strange I mean +you can argue that that's with the + + align:start position:0% +you can argue that that's with the + + + align:start position:0% +you can argue that that's with the +informality that that particular use + + align:start position:0% +informality that that particular use + + + align:start position:0% +informality that that particular use +does not seem damaging at + + align:start position:0% +does not seem damaging at + + + align:start position:0% +does not seem damaging at +all other Poss they could try to react + + align:start position:0% +all other Poss they could try to react + + + align:start position:0% +all other Poss they could try to react +defition so so so this definition in + + align:start position:0% +defition so so so this definition in + + + align:start position:0% +defition so so so this definition in +Tech um this is created by um an + + align:start position:0% +Tech um this is created by um an + + + align:start position:0% +Tech um this is created by um an +environment you say uh begin definition + + align:start position:0% +environment you say uh begin definition + + + align:start position:0% +environment you say uh begin definition +and what follows is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +and what follows is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +and what follows is going to be a +definition and then we say n definition + + align:start position:0% +definition and then we say n definition + + + align:start position:0% +definition and then we say n definition +and inside that that um that environment + + align:start position:0% +and inside that that um that environment + + + align:start position:0% +and inside that that um that environment +what should be there is the definition + + align:start position:0% +what should be there is the definition + + + align:start position:0% +what should be there is the definition +and it should be an accurate definition + + align:start position:0% +and it should be an accurate definition + + + align:start position:0% +and it should be an accurate definition +not just an approximate definition so I + + align:start position:0% +not just an approximate definition so I + + + align:start position:0% +not just an approximate definition so I +have a problem with what happens down + + align:start position:0% +have a problem with what happens down + + + align:start position:0% +have a problem with what happens down +here uh definition two knots are + + align:start position:0% +here uh definition two knots are + + + align:start position:0% +here uh definition two knots are +isotopic okay unoriented knots and then + + align:start position:0% +isotopic okay unoriented knots and then + + + align:start position:0% +isotopic okay unoriented knots and then +it says the intuitive image is Da this + + align:start position:0% +it says the intuitive image is Da this + + + align:start position:0% +it says the intuitive image is Da this +isn't part of the + + align:start position:0% +isn't part of the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't part of the +definition be better to give an + + align:start position:0% +definition be better to give an + + + align:start position:0% +definition be better to give an +intuition first inside of the definition + + align:start position:0% +intuition first inside of the definition + + + align:start position:0% +intuition first inside of the definition +block yep and then gave a formal + + align:start position:0% +block yep and then gave a formal + + + align:start position:0% +block yep and then gave a formal +definition yep I agree if you need the + + align:start position:0% +definition yep I agree if you need the + + + align:start position:0% +definition yep I agree if you need the +formal definition and I'm questioning + + align:start position:0% +formal definition and I'm questioning + + + align:start position:0% +formal definition and I'm questioning +whether you really need it here at all + + align:start position:0% +whether you really need it here at all + + + align:start position:0% +whether you really need it here at all +but see I don't know + + align:start position:0% +but see I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +but see I don't know +also the word pink is vague enough that + + align:start position:0% +also the word pink is vague enough that + + + align:start position:0% +also the word pink is vague enough that +okay so I want to move on to a different + + align:start position:0% +okay so I want to move on to a different + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I want to move on to a different +section here so there's more of this if + + align:start position:0% +section here so there's more of this if + + + align:start position:0% +section here so there's more of this if +you want to have fun uh critiquing stuff + + align:start position:0% +you want to have fun uh critiquing stuff + + + align:start position:0% +you want to have fun uh critiquing stuff +this is a little better isn't it look he + + align:start position:0% +this is a little better isn't it look he + + + align:start position:0% +this is a little better isn't it look he +set the uh it's the same definition but + + align:start position:0% +set the uh it's the same definition but + + + align:start position:0% +set the uh it's the same definition but +he set these out separated them a little + + align:start position:0% +he set these out separated them a little + + + align:start position:0% +he set these out separated them a little +bit and he gives a kind + + align:start position:0% +bit and he gives a kind + + + align:start position:0% +bit and he gives a kind +intutive he begins with with this + + align:start position:0% +intutive he begins with with this + + + align:start position:0% +intutive he begins with with this +introductory stuff uhhuh that's that's + + align:start position:0% +introductory stuff uhhuh that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +introductory stuff uhhuh that's that's +much nicer so more + + align:start position:0% +much nicer so more + + + align:start position:0% +much nicer so more +background so here's a here's a + + align:start position:0% +background so here's a here's a + + + align:start position:0% +background so here's a here's a +background choice that + + align:start position:0% +background choice that + + + align:start position:0% +background choice that +doesn't um this is almost an + + align:start position:0% +doesn't um this is almost an + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't um this is almost an +introduction isn't it it's uh could be + + align:start position:0% +introduction isn't it it's uh could be + + + align:start position:0% +introduction isn't it it's uh could be +part of an + + align:start position:0% +part of an + + + align:start position:0% +part of an +introduction but but it I think that + + align:start position:0% +introduction but but it I think that + + + align:start position:0% +introduction but but it I think that +that well this is just one paragraph in + + align:start position:0% +that well this is just one paragraph in + + + align:start position:0% +that well this is just one paragraph in +a longer uh background section + + align:start position:0% +a longer uh background section + + + align:start position:0% +a longer uh background section +and I suspect that in when they come to + + align:start position:0% +and I suspect that in when they come to + + + align:start position:0% +and I suspect that in when they come to +do the work they won't need more detail + + align:start position:0% +do the work they won't need more detail + + + align:start position:0% +do the work they won't need more detail +than this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's I have a problem about ordinary + + align:start position:0% +that's I have a problem about ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +that's I have a problem about ordinary +self intersections + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because although actually self + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +isue well moreover this this allows + + align:start position:0% +isue well moreover this this allows + + + align:start position:0% +isue well moreover this this allows +tangencies which is not allowed in a not + + align:start position:0% +tangencies which is not allowed in a not + + + align:start position:0% +tangencies which is not allowed in a not +projection so it's a little bit inac + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +accurate is that part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of all right there's more to this + + align:start position:0% +of all right there's more to this + + + align:start position:0% +of all right there's more to this +there's a a picture that's wonderful + + align:start position:0% +there's a a picture that's wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +there's a a picture that's wonderful +picture isn't it all right all right all + + align:start position:0% +picture isn't it all right all right all + + + align:start position:0% +picture isn't it all right all right all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +presentation of + + align:start position:0% +presentation of + + + align:start position:0% +presentation of +results so + + align:start position:0% +results so + + + align:start position:0% +results so +you're any two mathematicians will write + + align:start position:0% +you're any two mathematicians will write + + + align:start position:0% +you're any two mathematicians will write +the same results quite differently it's + + align:start position:0% +the same results quite differently it's + + + align:start position:0% +the same results quite differently it's +there's really a lot of variation in how + + align:start position:0% +there's really a lot of variation in how + + + align:start position:0% +there's really a lot of variation in how +you present mathematics but but there + + align:start position:0% +you present mathematics but but there + + + align:start position:0% +you present mathematics but but there +are a lot of rules and conventions that + + align:start position:0% +are a lot of rules and conventions that + + + align:start position:0% +are a lot of rules and conventions that +really have to be satisfied if you're + + align:start position:0% +really have to be satisfied if you're + + + align:start position:0% +really have to be satisfied if you're +going to be legible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it's going to be good mathematical + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to be good mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to be good mathematical +literature so we'll have we'll just look + + align:start position:0% +literature so we'll have we'll just look + + + align:start position:0% +literature so we'll have we'll just look +at one of these things and um here are + + align:start position:0% +at one of these things and um here are + + + align:start position:0% +at one of these things and um here are +some questions to ask about the section + + align:start position:0% +some questions to ask about the section + + + align:start position:0% +some questions to ask about the section +involving the body of work that you're + + align:start position:0% +involving the body of work that you're + + + align:start position:0% +involving the body of work that you're +presenting so we like we were saying the + + align:start position:0% +presenting so we like we were saying the + + + align:start position:0% +presenting so we like we were saying the +most the really important thing maybe + + align:start position:0% +most the really important thing maybe + + + align:start position:0% +most the really important thing maybe +the most important thing is that uh you + + align:start position:0% +the most important thing is that uh you + + + align:start position:0% +the most important thing is that uh you +you it's clear what the what the status + + align:start position:0% +you it's clear what the what the status + + + align:start position:0% +you it's clear what the what the status +of statements are are they things which + + align:start position:0% +of statements are are they things which + + + align:start position:0% +of statements are are they things which +you claim to have proven are they things + + align:start position:0% +you claim to have proven are they things + + + align:start position:0% +you claim to have proven are they things +which you are quoting from literature + + align:start position:0% +which you are quoting from literature + + + align:start position:0% +which you are quoting from literature +are they are they guesswork are they + + align:start position:0% +are they are they guesswork are they + + + align:start position:0% +are they are they guesswork are they +what are they and making it clear what + + align:start position:0% +what are they and making it clear what + + + align:start position:0% +what are they and making it clear what +what role each um each paragraph or each + + align:start position:0% +what role each um each paragraph or each + + + align:start position:0% +what role each um each paragraph or each +sentence plays is really important + + align:start position:0% +sentence plays is really important + + + align:start position:0% +sentence plays is really important +connectivity is incredibly important and + + align:start position:0% +connectivity is incredibly important and + + + align:start position:0% +connectivity is incredibly important and +um I I think that in the commentaries in + + align:start position:0% +um I I think that in the commentaries in + + + align:start position:0% +um I I think that in the commentaries in +our in our critiques of your first + + align:start position:0% +our in our critiques of your first + + + align:start position:0% +our in our critiques of your first +drafts you'll see a lot of uh a lot of + + align:start position:0% +drafts you'll see a lot of uh a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +drafts you'll see a lot of uh a lot of +commentary about um getting connectivity + + align:start position:0% +commentary about um getting connectivity + + + align:start position:0% +commentary about um getting connectivity +between uh different sentences and and + + align:start position:0% +between uh different sentences and and + + + align:start position:0% +between uh different sentences and and +different paragraphs uh uh we'll make a + + align:start position:0% +different paragraphs uh uh we'll make a + + + align:start position:0% +different paragraphs uh uh we'll make a +lot of comments about that it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +lot of comments about that it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +lot of comments about that it's a it's a +big deal it's it's surprisingly + + align:start position:0% +big deal it's it's surprisingly + + + align:start position:0% +big deal it's it's surprisingly +important in making a paper easy to read + + align:start position:0% +important in making a paper easy to read + + + align:start position:0% +important in making a paper easy to read +to uh get the + + align:start position:0% +to uh get the + + + align:start position:0% +to uh get the +connectivity uh + + align:start position:0% +connectivity uh + + + align:start position:0% +connectivity uh +correct and of course um are the + + align:start position:0% +correct and of course um are the + + + align:start position:0% +correct and of course um are the +arguments correct and are they correctly + + align:start position:0% +arguments correct and are they correctly + + + align:start position:0% +arguments correct and are they correctly +presented meaning um do they does the + + align:start position:0% +presented meaning um do they does the + + + align:start position:0% +presented meaning um do they does the +presentation follow the the standard uh + + align:start position:0% +presentation follow the the standard uh + + + align:start position:0% +presentation follow the the standard uh +rules of mathematical + + align:start position:0% +rules of mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +rules of mathematical +presentation so maybe just one example U + + align:start position:0% +presentation so maybe just one example U + + + align:start position:0% +presentation so maybe just one example U +or maybe we'll do two examples of this + + align:start position:0% +or maybe we'll do two examples of this + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe we'll do two examples of this +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +here's okay so here's another so we've + + align:start position:0% +here's okay so here's another so we've + + + align:start position:0% +here's okay so here's another so we've +done the background where we've done an + + align:start position:0% +done the background where we've done an + + + align:start position:0% +done the background where we've done an +introduction we've done a background + + align:start position:0% +introduction we've done a background + + + align:start position:0% +introduction we've done a background +we're starting in on the work here's the + + align:start position:0% +we're starting in on the work here's the + + + align:start position:0% +we're starting in on the work here's the +here's the first section of the body the + + align:start position:0% +here's the first section of the body the + + + align:start position:0% +here's the first section of the body the +paper I feel this is bad for people who + + align:start position:0% +paper I feel this is bad for people who + + + align:start position:0% +paper I feel this is bad for people who +are not familiar with whatever the + + align:start position:0% +are not familiar with whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +are not familiar with whatever the +conventions around RS + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are people know what type one type two + + align:start position:0% +are people know what type one type two + + + align:start position:0% +are people know what type one type two +and type three already refer to + + align:start position:0% +and type three already refer to + + + align:start position:0% +and type three already refer to +absolutely that's part of the backg of + + align:start position:0% +absolutely that's part of the backg of + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely that's part of the backg of +them is kind of really weird well it's + + align:start position:0% +them is kind of really weird well it's + + + align:start position:0% +them is kind of really weird well it's +part of the background theyve they've + + align:start position:0% +part of the background theyve they've + + + align:start position:0% +part of the background theyve they've +seen one two and three that's so there + + align:start position:0% +seen one two and three that's so there + + + align:start position:0% +seen one two and three that's so there +if that already been put in yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +if that already been put in yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +if that already been put in yeah that's +part of the background + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +should we just look at another one to + + align:start position:0% +should we just look at another one to + + + align:start position:0% +should we just look at another one to +see a a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contrast this is completely missing the + + align:start position:0% +contrast this is completely missing the + + + align:start position:0% +contrast this is completely missing the +high + + align:start position:0% +high + + + align:start position:0% +high +level you have the same sense is + + align:start position:0% +level you have the same sense is + + + align:start position:0% +level you have the same sense is +something we're just thrown into the + + align:start position:0% +something we're just thrown into the + + + align:start position:0% +something we're just thrown into the +water here uh + + align:start position:0% +water here uh + + + align:start position:0% +water here uh +somehow it's nice to say slightly + + align:start position:0% +somehow it's nice to say slightly + + + align:start position:0% +somehow it's nice to say slightly +indirect + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but and and again I would I would like + + align:start position:0% +but and and again I would I would like + + + align:start position:0% +but and and again I would I would like +to see some guidance like you were + + align:start position:0% +to see some guidance like you were + + + align:start position:0% +to see some guidance like you were +suggesting in in the frun of that what + + align:start position:0% +suggesting in in the frun of that what + + + align:start position:0% +suggesting in in the frun of that what +about the title of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +section so this sorry this to be + + align:start position:0% +section so this sorry this to be + + + align:start position:0% +section so this sorry this to be +interpreted as a a section like a + + align:start position:0% +interpreted as a a section like a + + + align:start position:0% +interpreted as a a section like a +section heading main theorem and then + + align:start position:0% +section heading main theorem and then + + + align:start position:0% +section heading main theorem and then +right under that another bold item I + + align:start position:0% +right under that another bold item I + + + align:start position:0% +right under that another bold item I +feel like having two bold items in a row + + align:start position:0% +feel like having two bold items in a row + + + align:start position:0% +feel like having two bold items in a row +is just sort of bad if you can avoid it + + align:start position:0% +is just sort of bad if you can avoid it + + + align:start position:0% +is just sort of bad if you can avoid it +at all maybe just a couple of words in + + align:start position:0% +at all maybe just a couple of words in + + + align:start position:0% +at all maybe just a couple of words in +between would be probably good it's it's + + align:start position:0% +between would be probably good it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +between would be probably good it's it's +called guidance it's it's a essential + + align:start position:0% +called guidance it's it's a essential + + + align:start position:0% +called guidance it's it's a essential +part of a paper to to um ease the ease + + align:start position:0% +part of a paper to to um ease the ease + + + align:start position:0% +part of a paper to to um ease the ease +the reader a lot they they probably + + align:start position:0% +the reader a lot they they probably + + + align:start position:0% +the reader a lot they they probably +wouldn't actually do anything except + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't actually do anything except + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't actually do anything except +separate the two bold items not that's + + align:start position:0% +separate the two bold items not that's + + + align:start position:0% +separate the two bold items not that's +like okay but over here we had the + + align:start position:0% +like okay but over here we had the + + + align:start position:0% +like okay but over here we had the +previous example of the other section y + + align:start position:0% +previous example of the other section y + + + align:start position:0% +previous example of the other section y +actually like + + align:start position:0% +actually like + + + align:start position:0% +actually like +not terrible as a high level overview of + + align:start position:0% +not terrible as a high level overview of + + + align:start position:0% +not terrible as a high level overview of +power you can basically pop that in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +details I + + align:start position:0% +details I + + + align:start position:0% +details I +um I wonder if the if there's a more + + align:start position:0% +um I wonder if the if there's a more + + + align:start position:0% +um I wonder if the if there's a more +imaginative title for the section the + + align:start position:0% +imaginative title for the section the + + + align:start position:0% +imaginative title for the section the +main theorem something that carries some + + align:start position:0% +main theorem something that carries some + + + align:start position:0% +main theorem something that carries some +more content to it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somehow + + align:start position:0% +somehow + + + align:start position:0% +somehow +um there's a Lemma + + align:start position:0% +um there's a Lemma + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a Lemma +isn't it don't do allers need to have P + + align:start position:0% +isn't it don't do allers need to have P + + + align:start position:0% +isn't it don't do allers need to have P +for the sections because of course the + + align:start position:0% +for the sections because of course the + + + align:start position:0% +for the sections because of course the +UNC solution is name like section + + align:start position:0% +UNC solution is name like section + + + align:start position:0% +UNC solution is name like section +three is that not really so readers + + align:start position:0% +three is that not really so readers + + + align:start position:0% +three is that not really so readers +often want to be active imagine you're a + + align:start position:0% +often want to be active imagine you're a + + + align:start position:0% +often want to be active imagine you're a +reader you read the introduction and you + + align:start position:0% +reader you read the introduction and you + + + align:start position:0% +reader you read the introduction and you +think oh this part sounds interesting or + + align:start position:0% +think oh this part sounds interesting or + + + align:start position:0% +think oh this part sounds interesting or +you so you skim through the paper and + + align:start position:0% +you so you skim through the paper and + + + align:start position:0% +you so you skim through the paper and +you want to find things if the if you + + align:start position:0% +you want to find things if the if you + + + align:start position:0% +you want to find things if the if you +have meaningful titles then people can + + align:start position:0% +have meaningful titles then people can + + + align:start position:0% +have meaningful titles then people can +find okay + + align:start position:0% +find okay + + + align:start position:0% +find okay +good I think an image would go very well + + align:start position:0% +good I think an image would go very well + + + align:start position:0% +good I think an image would go very well +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +trying to describe this matrixes constru + + align:start position:0% +trying to describe this matrixes constru + + + align:start position:0% +trying to describe this matrixes constru +oh wouldn't it be great to have an + + align:start position:0% +oh wouldn't it be great to have an + + + align:start position:0% +oh wouldn't it be great to have an +example here's a definition the I entry + + align:start position:0% +example here's a definition the I entry + + + align:start position:0% +example here's a definition the I entry +of AIG + + align:start position:0% +of AIG + + + align:start position:0% +of AIG +isure on the side + + align:start position:0% +isure on the side + + + align:start position:0% +isure on the side +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +Tex so um math papers are usually pretty + + align:start position:0% +Tex so um math papers are usually pretty + + + align:start position:0% +Tex so um math papers are usually pretty +uh one column Affairs they're pretty + + align:start position:0% +uh one column Affairs they're pretty + + + align:start position:0% +uh one column Affairs they're pretty +linear this sidebars aren't really part + + align:start position:0% +linear this sidebars aren't really part + + + align:start position:0% +linear this sidebars aren't really part +of the picture but you could easily have + + align:start position:0% +of the picture but you could easily have + + + align:start position:0% +of the picture but you could easily have +uh interrupt this with an example of the + + align:start position:0% +uh interrupt this with an example of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh interrupt this with an example of the +troil or something and say what the what + + align:start position:0% +troil or something and say what the what + + + align:start position:0% +troil or something and say what the what +the it would add enormous amount to that + + align:start position:0% +the it would add enormous amount to that + + + align:start position:0% +the it would add enormous amount to that +I + + align:start position:0% +I + + + align:start position:0% +I +agree um here's a Lemma + + align:start position:0% +agree um here's a Lemma + + + align:start position:0% +agree um here's a Lemma +um sort of early I would say here uh no + + align:start position:0% +um sort of early I would say here uh no + + + align:start position:0% +um sort of early I would say here uh no +proof following the lia is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay else is say say what it should be + + align:start position:0% +okay else is say say what it should be + + + align:start position:0% +okay else is say say what it should be +proven somewhere I guess it should be + + align:start position:0% +proven somewhere I guess it should be + + + align:start position:0% +proven somewhere I guess it should be +proven somewhere unless I guess the + + align:start position:0% +proven somewhere unless I guess the + + + align:start position:0% +proven somewhere unless I guess the +absence of any indication say me makes + + align:start position:0% +absence of any indication say me makes + + + align:start position:0% +absence of any indication say me makes +me think well maybe he'll come back to + + align:start position:0% +me think well maybe he'll come back to + + + align:start position:0% +me think well maybe he'll come back to +that but I would like to hear that he'll + + align:start position:0% +that but I would like to hear that he'll + + + align:start position:0% +that but I would like to hear that he'll +come back to that it it would make it + + align:start position:0% +come back to that it it would make it + + + align:start position:0% +come back to that it it would make it +better if if there was some assurance + + align:start position:0% +better if if there was some assurance + + + align:start position:0% +better if if there was some assurance +that yeah we'll come back and prove that + + align:start position:0% +that yeah we'll come back and prove that + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah we'll come back and prove that +all the time they'll just give a + + align:start position:0% +all the time they'll just give a + + + align:start position:0% +all the time they'll just give a +reference sorry A lot of times they'll + + align:start position:0% +reference sorry A lot of times they'll + + + align:start position:0% +reference sorry A lot of times they'll +just give a reference but is in some + + align:start position:0% +just give a reference but is in some + + + align:start position:0% +just give a reference but is in some +sense not yeah uh you + + align:start position:0% +sense not yeah uh you + + + align:start position:0% +sense not yeah uh you +could you + + align:start position:0% +could you + + + align:start position:0% +could you +you right if if it if it was something + + align:start position:0% +you right if if it if it was something + + + align:start position:0% +you right if if it if it was something +that they got from the literature then + + align:start position:0% +that they got from the literature then + + + align:start position:0% +that they got from the literature then +it would need a reference but by not + + align:start position:0% +it would need a reference but by not + + + align:start position:0% +it would need a reference but by not +giving a reference here they're saying + + align:start position:0% +giving a reference here they're saying + + + align:start position:0% +giving a reference here they're saying +that they proved it so I mean you could + + align:start position:0% +that they proved it so I mean you could + + + align:start position:0% +that they proved it so I mean you could +um you could try to give it some + + align:start position:0% +um you could try to give it some + + + align:start position:0% +um you could try to give it some +slightly more polite version ofc to yes + + align:start position:0% +slightly more polite version ofc to yes + + + align:start position:0% +slightly more polite version ofc to yes +absolutely you can say we leave this + + align:start position:0% +absolutely you can say we leave this + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely you can say we leave this +absolutely easy reconstruct detail + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +absolutely when you have a statement + + align:start position:0% +absolutely when you have a statement + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely when you have a statement +like that so sometimes when you try to + + align:start position:0% +like that so sometimes when you try to + + + align:start position:0% +like that so sometimes when you try to +write at of proof it's a total mess and + + align:start position:0% +write at of proof it's a total mess and + + + align:start position:0% +write at of proof it's a total mess and +yet it's an extremely easy basically to + + align:start position:0% +yet it's an extremely easy basically to + + + align:start position:0% +yet it's an extremely easy basically to +L + + align:start position:0% +L + + + align:start position:0% +L +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +and so where do you go with that I don't + + align:start position:0% +and so where do you go with that I don't + + + align:start position:0% +and so where do you go with that I don't +know I'm observing I'm observing that + + align:start position:0% +know I'm observing I'm observing that + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm observing I'm observing that +you might make this section look a lot + + align:start position:0% +you might make this section look a lot + + + align:start position:0% +you might make this section look a lot +more messy by including a full proof + + align:start position:0% +more messy by including a full proof + + + align:start position:0% +more messy by including a full proof +there and so maybe you want to give a + + align:start position:0% +there and so maybe you want to give a + + + align:start position:0% +there and so maybe you want to give a +verbal idea of a + + align:start position:0% +verbal idea of a + + + align:start position:0% +verbal idea of a +proof bad form to say this follows + + align:start position:0% +proof bad form to say this follows + + + align:start position:0% +proof bad form to say this follows +immediately from the definition there's + + align:start position:0% +immediately from the definition there's + + + align:start position:0% +immediately from the definition there's +also like a + + align:start position:0% +also like a + + + align:start position:0% +also like a +where you could I'm not sure + + align:start position:0% +where you could I'm not sure + + + align:start position:0% +where you could I'm not sure +seen you say something like + + align:start position:0% +seen you say something like + + + align:start position:0% +seen you say something like +um so you know an intuitive explanation + + align:start position:0% +um so you know an intuitive explanation + + + align:start position:0% +um so you know an intuitive explanation +is this and say then you can say like + + align:start position:0% +is this and say then you can say like + + + align:start position:0% +is this and say then you can say like +you don't actually have somehow say you + + align:start position:0% +you don't actually have somehow say you + + + align:start position:0% +you don't actually have somehow say you +don't actually have to read this follow + + align:start position:0% +don't actually have to read this follow + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually have to read this follow +proof but here it is if you want it yeah + + align:start position:0% +proof but here it is if you want it yeah + + + align:start position:0% +proof but here it is if you want it yeah +I always feel like I'm uh being jerked + + align:start position:0% +I always feel like I'm uh being jerked + + + align:start position:0% +I always feel like I'm uh being jerked +around somehow by uh a paper that says + + align:start position:0% +around somehow by uh a paper that says + + + align:start position:0% +around somehow by uh a paper that says +you don't have to read this if you don't + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to read this if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to read this if you don't +want to I I mean I want him to tell me + + align:start position:0% +want to I I mean I want him to tell me + + + align:start position:0% +want to I I mean I want him to tell me +what I should read + + align:start position:0% +what I should read + + + align:start position:0% +what I should read +and that's why I feel + + align:start position:0% +and that's why I feel + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why I feel +uh I uh uh Saul is saying that a proof + + align:start position:0% +uh I uh uh Saul is saying that a proof + + + align:start position:0% +uh I uh uh Saul is saying that a proof +would be pretty distracting immediately + + align:start position:0% +would be pretty distracting immediately + + + align:start position:0% +would be pretty distracting immediately +following includ a proof for + + align:start position:0% +following includ a proof for + + + align:start position:0% +following includ a proof for +completeness I think I have seen yeah I + + align:start position:0% +completeness I think I have seen yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +completeness I think I have seen yeah I +know I've seen these things too I agree + + align:start position:0% +know I've seen these things too I agree + + + align:start position:0% +know I've seen these things too I agree +with Saul that to put a proof of this + + align:start position:0% +with Saul that to put a proof of this + + + align:start position:0% +with Saul that to put a proof of this +right here would right here in the + + align:start position:0% +right here would right here in the + + + align:start position:0% +right here would right here in the +second paragraph third paragraph of the + + align:start position:0% +second paragraph third paragraph of the + + + align:start position:0% +second paragraph third paragraph of the +proof of your main theorem is probably a + + align:start position:0% +proof of your main theorem is probably a + + + align:start position:0% +proof of your main theorem is probably a +little out of place and seems kind of + + align:start position:0% +little out of place and seems kind of + + + align:start position:0% +little out of place and seems kind of +could probably verify well maybe who + + align:start position:0% +could probably verify well maybe who + + + align:start position:0% +could probably verify well maybe who +knows uh but but uh maybe something I + + align:start position:0% +knows uh but but uh maybe something I + + + align:start position:0% +knows uh but but uh maybe something I +think like one so I think two things + + align:start position:0% +think like one so I think two things + + + align:start position:0% +think like one so I think two things +here I think that the author was smart + + align:start position:0% +here I think that the author was smart + + + align:start position:0% +here I think that the author was smart +not to put a proof here but it would + + align:start position:0% +not to put a proof here but it would + + + align:start position:0% +not to put a proof here but it would +have but dumb to have not told us + + align:start position:0% +have but dumb to have not told us + + + align:start position:0% +have but dumb to have not told us +something about where whether we were + + align:start position:0% +something about where whether we were + + + align:start position:0% +something about where whether we were +going to see a proof or not and where to + + align:start position:0% +going to see a proof or not and where to + + + align:start position:0% +going to see a proof or not and where to +find it that that's that's my sense + + align:start position:0% +find it that that's that's my sense + + + align:start position:0% +find it that that's that's my sense +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that now so okay so I've sort of run + + align:start position:0% +that now so okay so I've sort of run + + + align:start position:0% +that now so okay so I've sort of run +through this you can have fun reading + + align:start position:0% +through this you can have fun reading + + + align:start position:0% +through this you can have fun reading +this and making your own uh judgments + + align:start position:0% +this and making your own uh judgments + + + align:start position:0% +this and making your own uh judgments +about how successful they are in meeting + + align:start position:0% +about how successful they are in meeting + + + align:start position:0% +about how successful they are in meeting +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +requirements in these papers it will + + align:start position:0% +requirements in these papers it will + + + align:start position:0% +requirements in these papers it will +certainly happen that you + + align:start position:0% +certainly happen that you + + + align:start position:0% +certainly happen that you +will um know things that you um can't + + align:start position:0% +will um know things that you um can't + + + align:start position:0% +will um know things that you um can't +prove although you wish you could or + + align:start position:0% +prove although you wish you could or + + + align:start position:0% +prove although you wish you could or +just statements that don't admit proofs + + align:start position:0% +just statements that don't admit proofs + + + align:start position:0% +just statements that don't admit proofs +because they're simulations or + + align:start position:0% +because they're simulations or + + + align:start position:0% +because they're simulations or +something and I just wanted to give an + + align:start position:0% +something and I just wanted to give an + + + align:start position:0% +something and I just wanted to give an +example of uh how that looks um same + + align:start position:0% +example of uh how that looks um same + + + align:start position:0% +example of uh how that looks um same +questions the same questions pertain is + + align:start position:0% +questions the same questions pertain is + + + align:start position:0% +questions the same questions pertain is +are the statements is the status of each + + align:start position:0% +are the statements is the status of each + + + align:start position:0% +are the statements is the status of each +statement clear um are are is the + + align:start position:0% +statement clear um are are is the + + + align:start position:0% +statement clear um are are is the +connectivity clear we didn't actually + + align:start position:0% +connectivity clear we didn't actually + + + align:start position:0% +connectivity clear we didn't actually +talk about connectivity in the in the + + align:start position:0% +talk about connectivity in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about connectivity in the in the +words that we were just looking at and + + align:start position:0% +words that we were just looking at and + + + align:start position:0% +words that we were just looking at and +are the arguments correct and correctly + + align:start position:0% +are the arguments correct and correctly + + + align:start position:0% +are the arguments correct and correctly +presented so here's a um section four + + align:start position:0% +presented so here's a um section four + + + align:start position:0% +presented so here's a um section four +this is stuff that these authors wish + + align:start position:0% +this is stuff that these authors wish + + + align:start position:0% +this is stuff that these authors wish +that they could have had something to + + align:start position:0% +that they could have had something to + + + align:start position:0% +that they could have had something to +say about all they have is experimental + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +evidence it's pretty standard in 18821 + + align:start position:0% +evidence it's pretty standard in 18821 + + + align:start position:0% +evidence it's pretty standard in 18821 +papers + + align:start position:0% +papers + + + align:start position:0% +papers +okay exper the statement that comes + + align:start position:0% +okay exper the statement that comes + + + align:start position:0% +okay exper the statement that comes +after that is not actually a statement + + align:start position:0% +after that is not actually a statement + + + align:start position:0% +after that is not actually a statement +about D experiment a general statement + + align:start position:0% +about D experiment a general statement + + + align:start position:0% +about D experiment a general statement +which may or may not be true yes I agree + + align:start position:0% +which may or may not be true yes I agree + + + align:start position:0% +which may or may not be true yes I agree +so I feel like you should either not + + align:start position:0% +so I feel like you should either not + + + align:start position:0% +so I feel like you should either not +describe you describe as a conjecture + + align:start position:0% +describe you describe as a conjecture + + + align:start position:0% +describe you describe as a conjecture +instead of an experimental fact I you + + align:start position:0% +instead of an experimental fact I you + + + align:start position:0% +instead of an experimental fact I you +want to change the phras the I agree + + align:start position:0% +want to change the phras the I agree + + + align:start position:0% +want to change the phras the I agree +this is Mis badly worded maybe that's + + align:start position:0% +this is Mis badly worded maybe that's + + + align:start position:0% +this is Mis badly worded maybe that's +what you were you were saying um it's + + align:start position:0% +what you were you were saying um it's + + + align:start position:0% +what you were you were saying um it's +badly worded this isn't the the + + align:start position:0% +badly worded this isn't the the + + + align:start position:0% +badly worded this isn't the the +experimental facts are down here um this + + align:start position:0% +experimental facts are down here um this + + + align:start position:0% +experimental facts are down here um this +is a conjecture + + align:start position:0% +is a conjecture + + + align:start position:0% +is a conjecture +it's in incorrectly + + align:start position:0% +it's in incorrectly + + + align:start position:0% +it's in incorrectly +phrased but at least it's saying this is + + align:start position:0% +phrased but at least it's saying this is + + + align:start position:0% +phrased but at least it's saying this is +something that we believe to be true but + + align:start position:0% +something that we believe to be true but + + + align:start position:0% +something that we believe to be true but +we know we can't prove and um that's + + align:start position:0% +we know we can't prove and um that's + + + align:start position:0% +we know we can't prove and um that's +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +important but I don't like the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sentence oh because that sounds like you + + align:start position:0% +sentence oh because that sounds like you + + + align:start position:0% +sentence oh because that sounds like you +can actually make a stronger proof + + align:start position:0% +can actually make a stronger proof + + + align:start position:0% +can actually make a stronger proof +but a conjectured strengthening see it's + + align:start position:0% +but a conjectured strengthening see it's + + + align:start position:0% +but a conjectured strengthening see it's +ambiguous because at the end they quote + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous because at the end they quote + + + align:start position:0% +ambiguous because at the end they quote +literature which would prove that the + + align:start position:0% +literature which would prove that the + + + align:start position:0% +literature which would prove that the +number of three colorings is a + + align:start position:0% +number of three colorings is a + + + align:start position:0% +number of three colorings is a +nonvariant wait no the literature + + align:start position:0% +nonvariant wait no the literature + + + align:start position:0% +nonvariant wait no the literature +they I thought well + + align:start position:0% +they I thought well + + + align:start position:0% +they I thought well +uh two two fact 4.2 is a refinement of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +4.1 no I get I I'm sorry I guess it's + + align:start position:0% +4.1 no I get I I'm sorry I guess it's + + + align:start position:0% +4.1 no I get I I'm sorry I guess it's +not but anyway uh yeah so I what I said + + align:start position:0% +not but anyway uh yeah so I what I said + + + align:start position:0% +not but anyway uh yeah so I what I said +is not quite correct this literature + + align:start position:0% +is not quite correct this literature + + + align:start position:0% +is not quite correct this literature +would would certainly show that the + + align:start position:0% +would would certainly show that the + + + align:start position:0% +would would certainly show that the +number of three colorings is an not + + align:start position:0% +number of three colorings is an not + + + align:start position:0% +number of three colorings is an not +variant so so so there's an there's the + + align:start position:0% +variant so so so there's an there's the + + + align:start position:0% +variant so so so there's an there's the +so that first sentence fails the the + + align:start position:0% +so that first sentence fails the the + + + align:start position:0% +so that first sentence fails the the +test of being clear uh about or the + + align:start position:0% +test of being clear uh about or the + + + align:start position:0% +test of being clear uh about or the +first pair of sentences it fails that + + align:start position:0% +first pair of sentences it fails that + + + align:start position:0% +first pair of sentences it fails that +test it's not clear what they mean it + + align:start position:0% +test it's not clear what they mean it + + + align:start position:0% +test it's not clear what they mean it +can be strengthened as follows + + align:start position:0% +can be strengthened as follows + + + align:start position:0% +can be strengthened as follows +yes because you find you find that it's + + align:start position:0% +yes because you find you find that it's + + + align:start position:0% +yes because you find you find that it's +in literature or + + align:start position:0% +in literature or + + + align:start position:0% +in literature or +no because we don't know maybe it can be + + align:start position:0% +no because we don't know maybe it can be + + + align:start position:0% +no because we don't know maybe it can be +strengthened + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually seems like it seems like they + + align:start position:0% +actually seems like it seems like they + + + align:start position:0% +actually seems like it seems like they +actually that simple enough they + + align:start position:0% +actually that simple enough they + + + align:start position:0% +actually that simple enough they +actually could put in an actual proof + + align:start position:0% +actually could put in an actual proof + + + align:start position:0% +actually could put in an actual proof +because it seems follow direct well I + + align:start position:0% +because it seems follow direct well I + + + align:start position:0% +because it seems follow direct well I +mean the + + align:start position:0% +mean the + + + align:start position:0% +mean the +now that's a that's a non-literary + + align:start position:0% +now that's a that's a non-literary + + + align:start position:0% +now that's a that's a non-literary +comment but whether whether they could + + align:start position:0% +comment but whether whether they could + + + align:start position:0% +comment but whether whether they could +have gone on to prove this or not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is so they they very nicely I think + + align:start position:0% +is so they they very nicely I think + + + align:start position:0% +is so they they very nicely I think +described the experimentation that they + + align:start position:0% +described the experimentation that they + + + align:start position:0% +described the experimentation that they +did and then um uh I like to think that + + align:start position:0% +did and then um uh I like to think that + + + align:start position:0% +did and then um uh I like to think that +the team discovered this which I find + + align:start position:0% +the team discovered this which I find + + + align:start position:0% +the team discovered this which I find +quite + + align:start position:0% +quite + + + align:start position:0% +quite +amazing the number of colorings is 3 to + + align:start position:0% +amazing the number of colorings is 3 to + + + align:start position:0% +amazing the number of colorings is 3 to +the nus what do you know and they have a + + align:start position:0% +the nus what do you know and they have a + + + align:start position:0% +the nus what do you know and they have a +lot of experimental evidence for it and + + align:start position:0% +lot of experimental evidence for it and + + + align:start position:0% +lot of experimental evidence for it and +somebody went out and looked at the + + align:start position:0% +somebody went out and looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +somebody went out and looked at the +literature and found a proof of + + align:start position:0% +literature and found a proof of + + + align:start position:0% +literature and found a proof of +it so I agree I think that experimental + + align:start position:0% +it so I agree I think that experimental + + + align:start position:0% +it so I agree I think that experimental +fact is not a well chosen word here and + + align:start position:0% +fact is not a well chosen word here and + + + align:start position:0% +fact is not a well chosen word here and +and I have a problem with the ambiguity + + align:start position:0% +and I have a problem with the ambiguity + + + align:start position:0% +and I have a problem with the ambiguity +of the status of statements at the at + + align:start position:0% +of the status of statements at the at + + + align:start position:0% +of the status of statements at the at +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beginning but the actual descrip + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah I it's pretty good yeah you said + + align:start position:0% +yeah I it's pretty good yeah you said + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I it's pretty good yeah you said +that this shouldn't be a lab notebook + + align:start position:0% +that this shouldn't be a lab notebook + + + align:start position:0% +that this shouldn't be a lab notebook +right this looks kind of like a lab + + align:start position:0% +right this looks kind of like a lab + + + align:start position:0% +right this looks kind of like a lab +notebook to + + align:start position:0% +notebook to + + + align:start position:0% +notebook to +me this isn't everything yeah I would + + align:start position:0% +me this isn't everything yeah I would + + + align:start position:0% +me this isn't everything yeah I would +say a lab notebook would say uh you know + + align:start position:0% +say a lab notebook would say uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +say a lab notebook would say uh you know +here's a list of the three colorings + + align:start position:0% +here's a list of the three colorings + + + align:start position:0% +here's a list of the three colorings +which they I guess they do in appendix + + align:start position:0% +which they I guess they do in appendix + + + align:start position:0% +which they I guess they do in appendix +one okay and they're summarizing their + + align:start position:0% +one okay and they're summarizing their + + + align:start position:0% +one okay and they're summarizing their +findings here + + align:start position:0% +findings here + + + align:start position:0% +findings here +okay so uh the the lopy things if they + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh the the lopy things if they + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh the the lopy things if they +if you want to include them they're + + align:start position:0% +if you want to include them they're + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to include them they're +they're appendix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +things okay uh so let's see so we've had + + align:start position:0% +things okay uh so let's see so we've had + + + align:start position:0% +things okay uh so let's see so we've had +complaint various critiques along these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lines well there's more of + + align:start position:0% +lines well there's more of + + + align:start position:0% +lines well there's more of +this yeah better + + align:start position:0% +this yeah better + + + align:start position:0% +this yeah better +yes we would like to refine it as far + + align:start position:0% +yes we would like to refine it as far + + + align:start position:0% +yes we would like to refine it as far +there's also a better version of + + align:start position:0% +there's also a better version of + + + align:start position:0% +there's also a better version of +the to that's nice isn't it I like that + + align:start position:0% +the to that's nice isn't it I like that + + + align:start position:0% +the to that's nice isn't it I like that +introductory sentence that little + + align:start position:0% +introductory sentence that little + + + align:start position:0% +introductory sentence that little +paragraph at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beginning but now I kind of liked how + + align:start position:0% +beginning but now I kind of liked how + + + align:start position:0% +beginning but now I kind of liked how +the other one described their + + align:start position:0% +the other one described their + + + align:start position:0% +the other one described their +experimental evidence whereas here it + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence whereas here it + + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence whereas here it +says that they decided to not include + + align:start position:0% +says that they decided to not include + + + align:start position:0% +says that they decided to not include +that at all + + align:start position:0% +that at all + + + align:start position:0% +that at all +that and they tell you a few of the + + align:start position:0% +that and they tell you a few of the + + + align:start position:0% +that and they tell you a few of the +arguments that they thought of at least + + align:start position:0% +arguments that they thought of at least + + + align:start position:0% +arguments that they thought of at least +it's divisible by six + + align:start position:0% +it's divisible by six + + + align:start position:0% +it's divisible by six +okay I don't like starting a sentence + + align:start position:0% +okay I don't like starting a sentence + + + align:start position:0% +okay I don't like starting a sentence +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +oh with a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number how could you how could youil is + + align:start position:0% +number how could you how could youil is + + + align:start position:0% +number how could you how could youil is +not very so this this three here you + + align:start position:0% +not very so this this three here you + + + align:start position:0% +not very so this this three here you +don't like the three there how would you + + align:start position:0% +don't like the three there how would you + + + align:start position:0% +don't like the three there how would you +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +that how would you what would you do in + + align:start position:0% +that how would you what would you do in + + + align:start position:0% +that how would you what would you do in +place of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that what would you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do like so in general so here you can + + align:start position:0% +do like so in general so here you can + + + align:start position:0% +do like so in general so here you can +not the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +americ or in general say I say we have + + align:start position:0% +americ or in general say I say we have + + + align:start position:0% +americ or in general say I say we have +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +know I don't actually + + align:start position:0% +know I don't actually + + + align:start position:0% +know I don't actually +Pro do you think that writing out T re + + align:start position:0% +Pro do you think that writing out T re + + + align:start position:0% +Pro do you think that writing out T re +would solve it no you don't like + + align:start position:0% +would solve it no you don't like + + + align:start position:0% +would solve it no you don't like +that you can't have a number you if + + align:start position:0% +that you can't have a number you if + + + align:start position:0% +that you can't have a number you if +something is like a a number hyen thing + + align:start position:0% +something is like a a number hyen thing + + + align:start position:0% +something is like a a number hyen thing +you can't put a + + align:start position:0% +you can't put a + + + align:start position:0% +you can't put a +word the ru I guess so I never heard + + align:start position:0% +word the ru I guess so I never heard + + + align:start position:0% +word the ru I guess so I never heard +that rule I'll go it's not an actual + + align:start position:0% +that rule I'll go it's not an actual + + + align:start position:0% +that rule I'll go it's not an actual +rule that that but I mean I don't think + + align:start position:0% +rule that that but I mean I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +rule that that but I mean I don't think +you just don't see people do that very + + align:start position:0% +you just don't see people do that very + + + align:start position:0% +you just don't see people do that very +often okay know why yeah okay so + + align:start position:0% +often okay know why yeah okay so + + + align:start position:0% +often okay know why yeah okay so +beginning beginning uh sentence with a + + align:start position:0% +beginning beginning uh sentence with a + + + align:start position:0% +beginning beginning uh sentence with a +symbol of any kind is generally frowned + + align:start position:0% +symbol of any kind is generally frowned + + + align:start position:0% +symbol of any kind is generally frowned +upon for reasons that I've never been + + align:start position:0% +upon for reasons that I've never been + + + align:start position:0% +upon for reasons that I've never been +able to figure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out I I think it's because when people + + align:start position:0% +out I I think it's because when people + + + align:start position:0% +out I I think it's because when people +read they expect the sentence to begin + + align:start position:0% +read they expect the sentence to begin + + + align:start position:0% +read they expect the sentence to begin +with a capitalized word and to end with + + align:start position:0% +with a capitalized word and to end with + + + align:start position:0% +with a capitalized word and to end with +a period and that expectation is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +capitalization so it's just a reability + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +issue of course also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get what's wrong with that well of + + align:start position:0% +get what's wrong with that well of + + + align:start position:0% +get what's wrong with that well of +course why what's wrong with that I + + align:start position:0% +course why what's wrong with that I + + + align:start position:0% +course why what's wrong with that I +don't know it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +don't know it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +don't know it's kind of +inal not + + align:start position:0% +inal not + + + align:start position:0% +inal not +bad you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say it's a little + + align:start position:0% +say it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +say it's a little +dismissive one could of course get + + align:start position:0% +dismissive one could of course get + + + align:start position:0% +dismissive one could of course get +experiment I don't actually mind it it's + + align:start position:0% +experiment I don't actually mind it it's + + + align:start position:0% +experiment I don't actually mind it it's +a little it's a + + align:start position:0% +a little it's a + + + align:start position:0% +a little it's a +little what do you what does that do to + + align:start position:0% +little what do you what does that do to + + + align:start position:0% +little what do you what does that do to +you Susan it makes me wonder well then + + align:start position:0% +you Susan it makes me wonder well then + + + align:start position:0% +you Susan it makes me wonder well then +why didn't do why why didn't you do it + + align:start position:0% +why didn't do why why didn't you do it + + + align:start position:0% +why didn't do why why didn't you do it +yeah it's a little dismissive like this + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's a little dismissive like this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's a little dismissive like this +is below us to do this you could do it + + align:start position:0% +is below us to do this you could do it + + + align:start position:0% +is below us to do this you could do it +if you wanted to it's just a general + + align:start position:0% +if you wanted to it's just a general + + + align:start position:0% +if you wanted to it's just a general +reminder the obious + + align:start position:0% +reminder the obious + + + align:start position:0% +reminder the obious +superiority yeah maybe that's what + + align:start position:0% +superiority yeah maybe that's what + + + align:start position:0% +superiority yeah maybe that's what +you're objecting to it's a there's an + + align:start position:0% +you're objecting to it's a there's an + + + align:start position:0% +you're objecting to it's a there's an +arrogance of the author that comes out + + align:start position:0% +arrogance of the author that comes out + + + align:start position:0% +arrogance of the author that comes out +by by that a little bit as it wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +by by that a little bit as it wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +by by that a little bit as it wouldn't +say it's really wrong it's just sort of + + align:start position:0% +say it's really wrong it's just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +say it's really wrong it's just sort of +revealing some feature of the + + align:start position:0% +revealing some feature of the + + + align:start position:0% +revealing some feature of the +personality of the + + align:start position:0% +personality of the + + + align:start position:0% +personality of the +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +author all right all right there's more + + align:start position:0% +author all right all right there's more + + + align:start position:0% +author all right all right there's more +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and so on ah so they separate the + + align:start position:0% +this and so on ah so they separate the + + + align:start position:0% +this and so on ah so they separate the +con experimental EV yeah which is good + + align:start position:0% +con experimental EV yeah which is good + + + align:start position:0% +con experimental EV yeah which is good +right and they have theoretical evidence + + align:start position:0% +right and they have theoretical evidence + + + align:start position:0% +right and they have theoretical evidence +so but they still have this empirical + + align:start position:0% +so but they still have this empirical + + + align:start position:0% +so but they still have this empirical +fact so that's another so empirical fact + + align:start position:0% +fact so that's another so empirical fact + + + align:start position:0% +fact so that's another so empirical fact +is that different from a + + align:start position:0% +is that different from a + + + align:start position:0% +is that different from a +conjecture does that seem ambiguous + + align:start position:0% +conjecture does that seem ambiguous + + + align:start position:0% +conjecture does that seem ambiguous +enough that I would I think empirical + + align:start position:0% +enough that I would I think empirical + + + align:start position:0% +enough that I would I think empirical +fact is uh it's an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oxymoron it's basically I mean there's + + align:start position:0% +oxymoron it's basically I mean there's + + + align:start position:0% +oxymoron it's basically I mean there's +no reason not to + + align:start position:0% +no reason not to + + + align:start position:0% +no reason not to +yeah I agree all right we're going to + + align:start position:0% +yeah I agree all right we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I agree all right we're going to +we're we're going to finish citations + + align:start position:0% +we're we're going to finish citations + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're going to finish citations +you have to cite your references you + + align:start position:0% +you have to cite your references you + + + align:start position:0% +you have to cite your references you +have to cite the references that you use + + align:start position:0% +have to cite the references that you use + + + align:start position:0% +have to cite the references that you use +in the paper and make a bibliography + + align:start position:0% +in the paper and make a bibliography + + + align:start position:0% +in the paper and make a bibliography +I the example I don't have + + align:start position:0% +I the example I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +I the example I don't have +bibliographical entries here on these + + align:start position:0% +bibliographical entries here on these + + + align:start position:0% +bibliographical entries here on these +slides there are examples on the website + + align:start position:0% +slides there are examples on the website + + + align:start position:0% +slides there are examples on the website +that you can + + align:start position:0% +that you can + + + align:start position:0% +that you can +find standard standard form for + + align:start position:0% +find standard standard form for + + + align:start position:0% +find standard standard form for +bibliographical + + align:start position:0% +bibliographical + + + align:start position:0% +bibliographical +referencing cite all the references you + + align:start position:0% +referencing cite all the references you + + + align:start position:0% +referencing cite all the references you +use but don't side any references you + + align:start position:0% +use but don't side any references you + + + align:start position:0% +use but don't side any references you +don't use so if there are entries in + + align:start position:0% +don't use so if there are entries in + + + align:start position:0% +don't use so if there are entries in +your bibliography that you haven't used + + align:start position:0% +your bibliography that you haven't used + + + align:start position:0% +your bibliography that you haven't used +that's that's not + + align:start position:0% +that's that's not + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's not +great if you don't use anything you + + align:start position:0% +great if you don't use anything you + + + align:start position:0% +great if you don't use anything you +don't need any + + align:start position:0% +don't need any + + + align:start position:0% +don't need any +bibliography that's fine so a lot of + + align:start position:0% +bibliography that's fine so a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +bibliography that's fine so a lot of +times um when if you use things that are + + align:start position:0% +times um when if you use things that are + + + align:start position:0% +times um when if you use things that are +sort of know general knowledge or + + align:start position:0% +sort of know general knowledge or + + + align:start position:0% +sort of know general knowledge or +something y I've never understood + + align:start position:0% +something y I've never understood + + + align:start position:0% +something y I've never understood +exactly what the rules or conventions of + + align:start position:0% +exactly what the rules or conventions of + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what the rules or conventions of +when you're supposed to find a citation + + align:start position:0% +when you're supposed to find a citation + + + align:start position:0% +when you're supposed to find a citation +with a textbook or so I think you you + + align:start position:0% +with a textbook or so I think you you + + + align:start position:0% +with a textbook or so I think you you +have this is a question of what your who + + align:start position:0% +have this is a question of what your who + + + align:start position:0% +have this is a question of what your who +your audience is because you have to the + + align:start position:0% +your audience is because you have to the + + + align:start position:0% +your audience is because you have to the +citations serve two purposes they serve + + align:start position:0% +citations serve two purposes they serve + + + align:start position:0% +citations serve two purposes they serve +the purpose of declaring where you got + + align:start position:0% +the purpose of declaring where you got + + + align:start position:0% +the purpose of declaring where you got +your information and um protecting you + + align:start position:0% +your information and um protecting you + + + align:start position:0% +your information and um protecting you +against + + align:start position:0% +against + + + align:start position:0% +against +plagiarism but they also serve a purpose + + align:start position:0% +plagiarism but they also serve a purpose + + + align:start position:0% +plagiarism but they also serve a purpose +of helping the reader find out + + align:start position:0% +of helping the reader find out + + + align:start position:0% +of helping the reader find out +information about what you're talking + + align:start position:0% +information about what you're talking + + + align:start position:0% +information about what you're talking +about and so it depends on what your + + align:start position:0% +about and so it depends on what your + + + align:start position:0% +about and so it depends on what your +audience is whether you what sort of + + align:start position:0% +audience is whether you what sort of + + + align:start position:0% +audience is whether you what sort of +General references you want to site and + + align:start position:0% +General references you want to site and + + + align:start position:0% +General references you want to site and +that's a decision that you make as part + + align:start position:0% +that's a decision that you make as part + + + align:start position:0% +that's a decision that you make as part +of your + + align:start position:0% +of your + + + align:start position:0% +of your +your imagining of who your audience + + align:start position:0% +your imagining of who your audience + + + align:start position:0% +your imagining of who your audience +is so um so you know he might earlier on + + align:start position:0% +is so um so you know he might earlier on + + + align:start position:0% +is so um so you know he might earlier on +when he was talking about F3 he might + + align:start position:0% +when he was talking about F3 he might + + + align:start position:0% +when he was talking about F3 he might +have referred to some book which talked + + align:start position:0% +have referred to some book which talked + + + align:start position:0% +have referred to some book which talked +about finite Fields maybe he did and he + + align:start position:0% +about finite Fields maybe he did and he + + + align:start position:0% +about finite Fields maybe he did and he +reason I think you're I think the + + align:start position:0% +reason I think you're I think the + + + align:start position:0% +reason I think you're I think the +decision could go either way it depend + + align:start position:0% +decision could go either way it depend + + + align:start position:0% +decision could go either way it depend +it's a question of of being uh + + align:start position:0% +it's a question of of being uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's a question of of being uh +consistent with uh your target + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +audience um right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and again it's always essential to say + + align:start position:0% +and again it's always essential to say + + + align:start position:0% +and again it's always essential to say +whether to make it clear whether you're + + align:start position:0% +whether to make it clear whether you're + + + align:start position:0% +whether to make it clear whether you're +using results that you got from + + align:start position:0% +using results that you got from + + + align:start position:0% +using results that you got from +somewhere else or results that you've um + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else or results that you've um + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else or results that you've um +obtained + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yourself yeah and well when you make a + + align:start position:0% +yourself yeah and well when you make a + + + align:start position:0% +yourself yeah and well when you make a +reference so what's wrong what's wrong + + align:start position:0% +reference so what's wrong what's wrong + + + align:start position:0% +reference so what's wrong what's wrong +with these citations it says poor + + align:start position:0% +with these citations it says poor + + + align:start position:0% +with these citations it says poor +citation what's wrong with + + align:start position:0% +citation what's wrong with + + + align:start position:0% +citation what's wrong with +them useful where For What and like we + + align:start position:0% +them useful where For What and like we + + + align:start position:0% +them useful where For What and like we +would use that for the comment I feel + + align:start position:0% +would use that for the comment I feel + + + align:start position:0% +would use that for the comment I feel +like I it's not bad problem bad is using + + align:start position:0% +like I it's not bad problem bad is using + + + align:start position:0% +like I it's not bad problem bad is using +them without further comment what's + + align:start position:0% +them without further comment what's + + + align:start position:0% +them without further comment what's +wrong with the first + + align:start position:0% +wrong with the first + + + align:start position:0% +wrong with the first +one it's + + align:start position:0% +one it's + + + align:start position:0% +one it's +simar separate for if you should + + align:start position:0% +simar separate for if you should + + + align:start position:0% +simar separate for if you should +separate the three different citations + + align:start position:0% +separate the three different citations + + + align:start position:0% +separate the three different citations +and uh I put them all in separate + + align:start position:0% +and uh I put them all in separate + + + align:start position:0% +and uh I put them all in separate +brackets um hm that's + + align:start position:0% +brackets um hm that's + + + align:start position:0% +brackets um hm that's +that's a kind of thing that maybe some + + align:start position:0% +that's a kind of thing that maybe some + + + align:start position:0% +that's a kind of thing that maybe some +journals would object to and some would + + align:start position:0% +journals would object to and some would + + + align:start position:0% +journals would object to and some would +be think it's okay for me uh uh gosh + + align:start position:0% +be think it's okay for me uh uh gosh + + + align:start position:0% +be think it's okay for me uh uh gosh +that's an awful lot of literature to + + align:start position:0% +that's an awful lot of literature to + + + align:start position:0% +that's an awful lot of literature to +have thrust in front of me it just seems + + align:start position:0% +have thrust in front of me it just seems + + + align:start position:0% +have thrust in front of me it just seems +vague to me is there something actively + + align:start position:0% +vague to me is there something actively + + + align:start position:0% +vague to me is there something actively +wrong with the way it's cited or no I + + align:start position:0% +wrong with the way it's cited or no I + + + align:start position:0% +wrong with the way it's cited or no I +think it's okay the US it's just kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +useless is that why it's here as an + + align:start position:0% +useless is that why it's here as an + + + align:start position:0% +useless is that why it's here as an +example of a of a poor citation um + + align:start position:0% +example of a of a poor citation um + + + align:start position:0% +example of a of a poor citation um +because I didn't write this I'm not sure + + align:start position:0% +because I didn't write this I'm not sure + + + align:start position:0% +because I didn't write this I'm not sure +but uh it could be because it it it + + align:start position:0% +but uh it could be because it it it + + + align:start position:0% +but uh it could be because it it it +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +doesn't if the question is what does the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't if the question is what does the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't if the question is what does the +reader me yeah if the reader wants a + + align:start position:0% +reader me yeah if the reader wants a + + + align:start position:0% +reader me yeah if the reader wants a +probability textbook then choose one + + align:start position:0% +probability textbook then choose one + + + align:start position:0% +probability textbook then choose one +that is going to be good and suggest + + align:start position:0% +that is going to be good and suggest + + + align:start position:0% +that is going to be good and suggest +that one yeah and and be as precise as + + align:start position:0% +that one yeah and and be as precise as + + + align:start position:0% +that one yeah and and be as precise as +you can as a general thing be as precise + + align:start position:0% +you can as a general thing be as precise + + + align:start position:0% +you can as a general thing be as precise +as you can about pointing the reader to + + align:start position:0% +as you can about pointing the reader to + + + align:start position:0% +as you can about pointing the reader to +a specific place instead of just saying + + align:start position:0% +a specific place instead of just saying + + + align:start position:0% +a specific place instead of just saying +this book might be useful to you that's + + align:start position:0% +this book might be useful to you that's + + + align:start position:0% +this book might be useful to you that's +not actually that helpful use result + + align:start position:0% +not actually that helpful use result + + + align:start position:0% +not actually that helpful use result +without F comment second one that will + + align:start position:0% +without F comment second one that will + + + align:start position:0% +without F comment second one that will +generically make your reader life more + + align:start position:0% +generically make your reader life more + + + align:start position:0% +generically make your reader life more +difficult because then they have to like + + align:start position:0% +difficult because then they have to like + + + align:start position:0% +difficult because then they have to like +do some pattern managing trying to + + align:start position:0% +do some pattern managing trying to + + + align:start position:0% +do some pattern managing trying to +figure out what here goes to what in + + align:start position:0% +figure out what here goes to what in + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what here goes to what in +there it's basically I you've already + + align:start position:0% +there it's basically I you've already + + + align:start position:0% +there it's basically I you've already +done the work why not give that to your + + align:start position:0% +done the work why not give that to your + + + align:start position:0% +done the work why not give that to your +reader absolutely + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +absolutely I just have to wonder what + + align:start position:0% +absolutely I just have to wonder what + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely I just have to wonder what +what it was in three that was inspiring + + align:start position:0% +what it was in three that was inspiring + + + align:start position:0% +what it was in three that was inspiring +to and where in three it was at the + + align:start position:0% +to and where in three it was at the + + + align:start position:0% +to and where in three it was at the +least tell us where it was in three I + + align:start position:0% +least tell us where it was in three I + + + align:start position:0% +least tell us where it was in three I +guess like that's like analogously to + + align:start position:0% +guess like that's like analogously to + + + align:start position:0% +guess like that's like analogously to +and how about the five theorem 7 now + + align:start position:0% +and how about the five theorem 7 now + + + align:start position:0% +and how about the five theorem 7 now +you're being + + align:start position:0% +you're being + + + align:start position:0% +you're being +accurate but you might as well just put + + align:start position:0% +accurate but you might as well just put + + + align:start position:0% +accurate but you might as well just put +the actual text of the theorem yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +the actual text of the theorem yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the actual text of the theorem yeah yeah +it's it's it's what is + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's what is + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it's what is +it if I'm actually going to get + + align:start position:0% +it if I'm actually going to get + + + align:start position:0% +it if I'm actually going to get +something out of this I have to know + + align:start position:0% +something out of this I have to know + + + align:start position:0% +something out of this I have to know +what theorem 7 + + align:start position:0% +what theorem 7 + + + align:start position:0% +what theorem 7 +was you could say is like theorem blah + + align:start position:0% +was you could say is like theorem blah + + + align:start position:0% +was you could say is like theorem blah +Point BL this paper brackets five from + + align:start position:0% +Point BL this paper brackets five from + + + align:start position:0% +Point BL this paper brackets five from +five yeah right maybe maybe maybe before + + align:start position:0% +five yeah right maybe maybe maybe before + + + align:start position:0% +five yeah right maybe maybe maybe before +this there was a long text that + + align:start position:0% +this there was a long text that + + + align:start position:0% +this there was a long text that +explained what theorem 7 was and this + + align:start position:0% +explained what theorem 7 was and this + + + align:start position:0% +explained what theorem 7 was and this +five theorem 7 is just the reference but + + align:start position:0% +five theorem 7 is just the reference but + + + align:start position:0% +five theorem 7 is just the reference but +I don't think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's agreed so there I'm I'm just + + align:start position:0% +that's agreed so there I'm I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +that's agreed so there I'm I'm just +going back to the first one there is + + align:start position:0% +going back to the first one there is + + + align:start position:0% +going back to the first one there is +another issue uh here which um we + + align:start position:0% +another issue uh here which um we + + + align:start position:0% +another issue uh here which um we +haven't talked about yet which is that + + align:start position:0% +haven't talked about yet which is that + + + align:start position:0% +haven't talked about yet which is that +the purpose of citation is is not only + + align:start position:0% +the purpose of citation is is not only + + + align:start position:0% +the purpose of citation is is not only +for facts but also presentation and one + + align:start position:0% +for facts but also presentation and one + + + align:start position:0% +for facts but also presentation and one +possible motivation behind the the first + + align:start position:0% +possible motivation behind the the first + + + align:start position:0% +possible motivation behind the the first +citation is um if the author used those + + align:start position:0% +citation is um if the author used those + + + align:start position:0% +citation is um if the author used those +textbooks and based the background + + align:start position:0% +textbooks and based the background + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks and based the background +section very closely on the textbooks + + align:start position:0% +section very closely on the textbooks + + + align:start position:0% +section very closely on the textbooks +and the author put that citation in as a + + align:start position:0% +and the author put that citation in as a + + + align:start position:0% +and the author put that citation in as a +way to somehow indicate that the + + align:start position:0% +way to somehow indicate that the + + + align:start position:0% +way to somehow indicate that the +background section came from these + + align:start position:0% +background section came from these + + + align:start position:0% +background section came from these +textbooks that's not sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +textbooks that's not sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks that's not sufficiently +informs the third one is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yeah what would exle a good way to do + + align:start position:0% +so yeah what would exle a good way to do + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah what would exle a good way to do +what is there is there good exle next + + align:start position:0% +what is there is there good exle next + + + align:start position:0% +what is there is there good exle next +that oh maybe let's see this is supposed + + align:start position:0% +that oh maybe let's see this is supposed + + + align:start position:0% +that oh maybe let's see this is supposed +to be good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +examples so that first one if from the + + align:start position:0% +examples so that first one if from the + + + align:start position:0% +examples so that first one if from the +textbook you're using the notation then + + align:start position:0% +textbook you're using the notation then + + + align:start position:0% +textbook you're using the notation then +that's it's more specific it makes + + align:start position:0% +that's it's more specific it makes + + + align:start position:0% +that's it's more specific it makes +clearer what you're taking sources yeah + + align:start position:0% +clearer what you're taking sources yeah + + + align:start position:0% +clearer what you're taking sources yeah +you can see that every one of these is + + align:start position:0% +you can see that every one of these is + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that every one of these is +is is more specific than anyone on the + + align:start position:0% +is is more specific than anyone on the + + + align:start position:0% +is is more specific than anyone on the +first slide + + align:start position:0% +first slide + + + align:start position:0% +first slide +really specificity is really + + align:start position:0% +really specificity is really + + + align:start position:0% +really specificity is really +essential you can refer to web sites um + + align:start position:0% +essential you can refer to web sites um + + + align:start position:0% +essential you can refer to web sites um +put down the URL and uh the practice + + align:start position:0% +put down the URL and uh the practice + + + align:start position:0% +put down the URL and uh the practice +I've seen is to have people give the + + align:start position:0% +I've seen is to have people give the + + + align:start position:0% +I've seen is to have people give the +date on which they accessed the web site + + align:start position:0% +date on which they accessed the web site + + + align:start position:0% +date on which they accessed the web site +typical um + + align:start position:0% +typical um + + + align:start position:0% +typical um +standard um + + align:start position:0% +standard um + + + align:start position:0% +standard um +so if we look at a paper online but it's + + align:start position:0% +so if we look at a paper online but it's + + + align:start position:0% +so if we look at a paper online but it's +published in the journal should you + + align:start position:0% +published in the journal should you + + + align:start position:0% +published in the journal should you +still side like the yeah then + + align:start position:0% +still side like the yeah then + + + align:start position:0% +still side like the yeah then +um um you that's a good good question um + + align:start position:0% +um um you that's a good good question um + + + align:start position:0% +um um you that's a good good question um +my practice is to give the journal entry + + align:start position:0% +my practice is to give the journal entry + + + align:start position:0% +my practice is to give the journal entry +and not not worry about the web + + align:start position:0% +and not not worry about the web + + + align:start position:0% +and not not worry about the web +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +presence but I've seen other people + + align:start position:0% +presence but I've seen other people + + + align:start position:0% +presence but I've seen other people +people do other things as + + align:start position:0% +people do other things as + + + align:start position:0% +people do other things as +well the exception might be if uh so + + align:start position:0% +well the exception might be if uh so + + + align:start position:0% +well the exception might be if uh so +sometimes what you find online is + + align:start position:0% +sometimes what you find online is + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes what you find online is +someone retyped the paper yeah yeah and + + align:start position:0% +someone retyped the paper yeah yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +someone retyped the paper yeah yeah and +you can tell because there are all sorts + + align:start position:0% +you can tell because there are all sorts + + + align:start position:0% +you can tell because there are all sorts +of typos in that case uh ideally you + + align:start position:0% +of typos in that case uh ideally you + + + align:start position:0% +of typos in that case uh ideally you +should go and find the original and site + + align:start position:0% +should go and find the original and site + + + align:start position:0% +should go and find the original and site +the original but for some reason you + + align:start position:0% +the original but for some reason you + + + align:start position:0% +the original but for some reason you +could then you would site the web + + align:start position:0% +could then you would site the web + + + align:start position:0% +could then you would site the web +page all right there's lots more to + + align:start position:0% +page all right there's lots more to + + + align:start position:0% +page all right there's lots more to +say uh right so this is a you're write + + align:start position:0% +say uh right so this is a you're write + + + align:start position:0% +say uh right so this is a you're write +this paper you'll write a first + + align:start position:0% +this paper you'll write a first + + + align:start position:0% +this paper you'll write a first +draft but that first draft won't really + + align:start position:0% +draft but that first draft won't really + + + align:start position:0% +draft but that first draft won't really +be your first draft because it'll be the + + align:start position:0% +be your first draft because it'll be the + + + align:start position:0% +be your first draft because it'll be the +product of a series of revisions in + + align:start position:0% +product of a series of revisions in + + + align:start position:0% +product of a series of revisions in +internal to your group uh everybody + + align:start position:0% +internal to your group uh everybody + + + align:start position:0% +internal to your group uh everybody +rewrites things over and over again you + + align:start position:0% +rewrites things over and over again you + + + align:start position:0% +rewrites things over and over again you +write something out and realize that the + + align:start position:0% +write something out and realize that the + + + align:start position:0% +write something out and realize that the +order could be done differently and if + + align:start position:0% +order could be done differently and if + + + align:start position:0% +order could be done differently and if +you have the time and the energy that's + + align:start position:0% +you have the time and the energy that's + + + align:start position:0% +you have the time and the energy that's +what you do is fix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it um you're working as a team uh read + + align:start position:0% +it um you're working as a team uh read + + + align:start position:0% +it um you're working as a team uh read +each other's + + align:start position:0% +each other's + + + align:start position:0% +each other's +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +writing and and and um right if you + + align:start position:0% +writing and and and um right if you + + + align:start position:0% +writing and and and um right if you +can't read your others your teammates + + align:start position:0% +can't read your others your teammates + + + align:start position:0% +can't read your others your teammates +text then better believe that we can't + + align:start position:0% +text then better believe that we can't + + + align:start position:0% +text then better believe that we can't +read it either + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the first draft is a first draft um + + align:start position:0% +so the first draft is a first draft um + + + align:start position:0% +so the first draft is a first draft um +but make it your best shot the final + + align:start position:0% +but make it your best shot the final + + + align:start position:0% +but make it your best shot the final +draft don't you know don't put the onus + + align:start position:0% +draft don't you know don't put the onus + + + align:start position:0% +draft don't you know don't put the onus +on us to fix things that you know how to + + align:start position:0% +on us to fix things that you know how to + + + align:start position:0% +on us to fix things that you know how to +fix but on the other hand um I can + + align:start position:0% +fix but on the other hand um I can + + + align:start position:0% +fix but on the other hand um I can +guarantee you that every single Paper is + + align:start position:0% +guarantee you that every single Paper is + + + align:start position:0% +guarantee you that every single Paper is +going to have suggested uh changes um + + align:start position:0% +going to have suggested uh changes um + + + align:start position:0% +going to have suggested uh changes um +you may not think that there are always + + align:start position:0% +you may not think that there are always + + + align:start position:0% +you may not think that there are always +improvements and that's fine we can have + + align:start position:0% +improvements and that's fine we can have + + + align:start position:0% +improvements and that's fine we can have +a discuss about that but uh but but but + + align:start position:0% +a discuss about that but uh but but but + + + align:start position:0% +a discuss about that but uh but but but +you'll always have there's always more + + align:start position:0% +you'll always have there's always more + + + align:start position:0% +you'll always have there's always more +to do and not just in the writing but uh + + align:start position:0% +to do and not just in the writing but uh + + + align:start position:0% +to do and not just in the writing but uh +part of the point of these um of these + + align:start position:0% +part of the point of these um of these + + + align:start position:0% +part of the point of these um of these +um um debriefings is to uh for us all to + + align:start position:0% +um um debriefings is to uh for us all to + + + align:start position:0% +um um debriefings is to uh for us all to +discuss what the mathematics is and + + align:start position:0% +discuss what the mathematics is and + + + align:start position:0% +discuss what the mathematics is and +there there may be some completion of + + align:start position:0% +there there may be some completion of + + + align:start position:0% +there there may be some completion of +the math as well that'll be suggested as + + align:start position:0% +the math as well that'll be suggested as + + + align:start position:0% +the math as well that'll be suggested as +part of the degre so it's not just more + + align:start position:0% +part of the degre so it's not just more + + + align:start position:0% +part of the degre so it's not just more +writing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +practice makes perfect or at least it + + align:start position:0% +practice makes perfect or at least it + + + align:start position:0% +practice makes perfect or at least it +makes + + align:start position:0% +makes + + + align:start position:0% +makes +better and uh the the skills of + + align:start position:0% +better and uh the the skills of + + + align:start position:0% +better and uh the the skills of +mathematical writing really um convey + + align:start position:0% +mathematical writing really um convey + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical writing really um convey +convert over they translate over to um + + align:start position:0% +convert over they translate over to um + + + align:start position:0% +convert over they translate over to um +all kinds of writing um being precise + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of writing um being precise + + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of writing um being precise +and organization and avoiding too much + + align:start position:0% +and organization and avoiding too much + + + align:start position:0% +and organization and avoiding too much +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +padding + + align:start position:0% +padding + + + align:start position:0% +padding +okay uh any last minute questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is up on the web if you want to + + align:start position:0% +so this is up on the web if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +so this is up on the web if you want to +look at it some more there's also that + + align:start position:0% +look at it some more there's also that + + + align:start position:0% +look at it some more there's also that +essay about uh about math writing and + + align:start position:0% +essay about uh about math writing and + + + align:start position:0% +essay about uh about math writing and +some examples and there's plenty of + + align:start position:0% +some examples and there's plenty of + + + align:start position:0% +some examples and there's plenty of +material you if you uh have other ideas + + align:start position:0% +material you if you uh have other ideas + + + align:start position:0% +material you if you uh have other ideas +of things that should go up on the + + align:start position:0% +of things that should go up on the + + + align:start position:0% +of things that should go up on the +website by way of examples and things + + align:start position:0% +website by way of examples and things + + + align:start position:0% +website by way of examples and things +let me know \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/GReBwkGFZcs.txt b/GReBwkGFZcs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fe94f813db577678aa28ad397ad689695d5e10d --- /dev/null +++ b/GReBwkGFZcs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10819 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right well we've seen how the query + + align:start position:0% +all right well we've seen how the query + + + align:start position:0% +all right well we've seen how the query +language works now let's talk about how + + align:start position:0% +language works now let's talk about how + + + align:start position:0% +language works now let's talk about how +its implemented and you already pretty + + align:start position:0% +its implemented and you already pretty + + + align:start position:0% +its implemented and you already pretty +much can guess what's going on there at + + align:start position:0% +much can guess what's going on there at + + + align:start position:0% +much can guess what's going on there at +the bottom of it + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of it + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of it +there's a pattern matcher and we looked + + align:start position:0% +there's a pattern matcher and we looked + + + align:start position:0% +there's a pattern matcher and we looked +at a pattern matcher when we did the + + align:start position:0% +at a pattern matcher when we did the + + + align:start position:0% +at a pattern matcher when we did the +rule-based + + align:start position:0% +rule-based + + + align:start position:0% +rule-based +control language just to remind you + + align:start position:0% +control language just to remind you + + + align:start position:0% +control language just to remind you +here's some sample patterns but this is + + align:start position:0% +here's some sample patterns but this is + + + align:start position:0% +here's some sample patterns but this is +a pattern that will match any list of + + align:start position:0% +a pattern that will match any list of + + + align:start position:0% +a pattern that will match any list of +three things of which the first is a and + + align:start position:0% +three things of which the first is a and + + + align:start position:0% +three things of which the first is a and +the second is C and the middle one can + + align:start position:0% +the second is C and the middle one can + + + align:start position:0% +the second is C and the middle one can +be anything so in this little pattern + + align:start position:0% +be anything so in this little pattern + + + align:start position:0% +be anything so in this little pattern +matching syntax there's only one + + align:start position:0% +matching syntax there's only one + + + align:start position:0% +matching syntax there's only one +distinction you make there's either + + align:start position:0% +distinction you make there's either + + + align:start position:0% +distinction you make there's either +literal things or variables and + + align:start position:0% +literal things or variables and + + + align:start position:0% +literal things or variables and +variables begin with question mark right + + align:start position:0% +variables begin with question mark right + + + align:start position:0% +variables begin with question mark right +so this matches any list of three things + + align:start position:0% +so this matches any list of three things + + + align:start position:0% +so this matches any list of three things +of which the first is a and the second + + align:start position:0% +of which the first is a and the second + + + align:start position:0% +of which the first is a and the second +is C this one matches any list of three + + align:start position:0% +is C this one matches any list of three + + + align:start position:0% +is C this one matches any list of three +things of which the first is the symbol + + align:start position:0% +things of which the first is the symbol + + + align:start position:0% +things of which the first is the symbol +job the second can be anything and the + + align:start position:0% +job the second can be anything and the + + + align:start position:0% +job the second can be anything and the +third is a list of two things of which + + align:start position:0% +third is a list of two things of which + + + align:start position:0% +third is a list of two things of which +the first is the symbol computer and the + + align:start position:0% +the first is the symbol computer and the + + + align:start position:0% +the first is the symbol computer and the +second can be anything and this one this + + align:start position:0% +second can be anything and this one this + + + align:start position:0% +second can be anything and this one this +next one matches any list of three + + align:start position:0% +next one matches any list of three + + + align:start position:0% +next one matches any list of three +things and the only difference is here + + align:start position:0% +things and the only difference is here + + + align:start position:0% +things and the only difference is here +the third list the first is the symbol + + align:start position:0% +the third list the first is the symbol + + + align:start position:0% +the third list the first is the symbol +computer and then there's some rest of + + align:start position:0% +computer and then there's some rest of + + + align:start position:0% +computer and then there's some rest of +the list so this means two elements and + + align:start position:0% +the list so this means two elements and + + + align:start position:0% +the list so this means two elements and +this means arbitrary number and our + + align:start position:0% +this means arbitrary number and our + + + align:start position:0% +this means arbitrary number and our +language implementation isn't even going + + align:start position:0% +language implementation isn't even going + + + align:start position:0% +language implementation isn't even going +to have to worry about implementing this + + align:start position:0% +to have to worry about implementing this + + + align:start position:0% +to have to worry about implementing this +dot because that's automatically done by + + align:start position:0% +dot because that's automatically done by + + + align:start position:0% +dot because that's automatically done by +lisps reader remember matches also have + + align:start position:0% +lisps reader remember matches also have + + + align:start position:0% +lisps reader remember matches also have +some consistency and then this matches a + + align:start position:0% +some consistency and then this matches a + + + align:start position:0% +some consistency and then this matches a +list of three things of which the first + + align:start position:0% +list of three things of which the first + + + align:start position:0% +list of three things of which the first +is a and the second and third can be + + align:start position:0% +is a and the second and third can be + + + align:start position:0% +is a and the second and third can be +anything but they have to be the same + + align:start position:0% +anything but they have to be the same + + + align:start position:0% +anything but they have to be the same +thing they're both called X and this + + align:start position:0% +thing they're both called X and this + + + align:start position:0% +thing they're both called X and this +matches a list of four things of which + + align:start position:0% +matches a list of four things of which + + + align:start position:0% +matches a list of four things of which +the first is the fourth and the second + + align:start position:0% +the first is the fourth and the second + + + align:start position:0% +the first is the fourth and the second +is the same as the third and this last + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the third and this last + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the third and this last +one matches any list that begins with a + + align:start position:0% +one matches any list that begins with a + + + align:start position:0% +one matches any list that begins with a +and the first thing is a and the rest + + align:start position:0% +and the first thing is a and the rest + + + align:start position:0% +and the first thing is a and the rest +can be anything and so that's just a + + align:start position:0% +can be anything and so that's just a + + + align:start position:0% +can be anything and so that's just a +review of pattern matcher syntax that + + align:start position:0% +review of pattern matcher syntax that + + + align:start position:0% +review of pattern matcher syntax that +you've already seen and remember that's + + align:start position:0% +you've already seen and remember that's + + + align:start position:0% +you've already seen and remember that's +implemented by some procedure called + + align:start position:0% +implemented by some procedure called + + + align:start position:0% +implemented by some procedure called +match and match + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +takes a pattern and some data and a + + align:start position:0% +takes a pattern and some data and a + + + align:start position:0% +takes a pattern and some data and a +dictionary and what match match asks the + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and what match match asks the + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and what match match asks the +question is there any way to match the + + align:start position:0% +question is there any way to match the + + + align:start position:0% +question is there any way to match the +Pat this pattern against this data + + align:start position:0% +Pat this pattern against this data + + + align:start position:0% +Pat this pattern against this data +object subject to the bindings that are + + align:start position:0% +object subject to the bindings that are + + + align:start position:0% +object subject to the bindings that are +already in this dictionary so for + + align:start position:0% +already in this dictionary so for + + + align:start position:0% +already in this dictionary so for +instance if we're going to match the + + align:start position:0% +instance if we're going to match the + + + align:start position:0% +instance if we're going to match the +pattern X Y Y X against the data a B be + + align:start position:0% +pattern X Y Y X against the data a B be + + + align:start position:0% +pattern X Y Y X against the data a B be +a subject to a dictionary that says x + + align:start position:0% +a subject to a dictionary that says x + + + align:start position:0% +a subject to a dictionary that says x +equals a then the matcher would say yes + + align:start position:0% +equals a then the matcher would say yes + + + align:start position:0% +equals a then the matcher would say yes +that's consistent these match and it's + + align:start position:0% +that's consistent these match and it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's consistent these match and it's +consistent with what's in the dictionary + + align:start position:0% +consistent with what's in the dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with what's in the dictionary +to say that x equals a and the result of + + align:start position:0% +to say that x equals a and the result of + + + align:start position:0% +to say that x equals a and the result of +the match is the extended dictionary + + align:start position:0% +the match is the extended dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +the match is the extended dictionary +that says x equals a and y equals B so a + + align:start position:0% +that says x equals a and y equals B so a + + + align:start position:0% +that says x equals a and y equals B so a +mattre takes in pattern data dictionary + + align:start position:0% +mattre takes in pattern data dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +mattre takes in pattern data dictionary +puts out an extended dictionary if it + + align:start position:0% +puts out an extended dictionary if it + + + align:start position:0% +puts out an extended dictionary if it +matches or if it doesn't match says that + + align:start position:0% +matches or if it doesn't match says that + + + align:start position:0% +matches or if it doesn't match says that +it fails so for example if I use the + + align:start position:0% +it fails so for example if I use the + + + align:start position:0% +it fails so for example if I use the +same pattern here if I say it is X Y Y X + + align:start position:0% +same pattern here if I say it is X Y Y X + + + align:start position:0% +same pattern here if I say it is X Y Y X +match a B B a with the dictionary y + + align:start position:0% +match a B B a with the dictionary y + + + align:start position:0% +match a B B a with the dictionary y +equals a then the matcher would put out + + align:start position:0% +equals a then the matcher would put out + + + align:start position:0% +equals a then the matcher would put out +fail + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well you've already seen the code for a + + align:start position:0% +well you've already seen the code for a + + + align:start position:0% +well you've already seen the code for a +pattern matcher so I'm not going to go + + align:start position:0% +pattern matcher so I'm not going to go + + + align:start position:0% +pattern matcher so I'm not going to go +over it but it's the it's the same thing + + align:start position:0% +over it but it's the it's the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +over it but it's the it's the same thing +we've been doing before right so you you + + align:start position:0% +we've been doing before right so you you + + + align:start position:0% +we've been doing before right so you you +saw that in the system on rule-based + + align:start position:0% +saw that in the system on rule-based + + + align:start position:0% +saw that in the system on rule-based +control it's essentially the same nature + + align:start position:0% +control it's essentially the same nature + + + align:start position:0% +control it's essentially the same nature +in fact I think the the syntax is a + + align:start position:0% +in fact I think the the syntax is a + + + align:start position:0% +in fact I think the the syntax is a +little bit simpler because we're not + + align:start position:0% +little bit simpler because we're not + + + align:start position:0% +little bit simpler because we're not +worrying about arbitrary constants and + + align:start position:0% +worrying about arbitrary constants and + + + align:start position:0% +worrying about arbitrary constants and +expressions and things there's just + + align:start position:0% +expressions and things there's just + + + align:start position:0% +expressions and things there's just +variables and constants okay well given + + align:start position:0% +variables and constants okay well given + + + align:start position:0% +variables and constants okay well given +that what's a primitive query primitive + + align:start position:0% +that what's a primitive query primitive + + + align:start position:0% +that what's a primitive query primitive +queries going to be a rather complicated + + align:start position:0% +queries going to be a rather complicated + + + align:start position:0% +queries going to be a rather complicated +thing it's going to be let's think about + + align:start position:0% +thing it's going to be let's think about + + + align:start position:0% +thing it's going to be let's think about +the query job of X is d dot y that's a + + align:start position:0% +the query job of X is d dot y that's a + + + align:start position:0% +the query job of X is d dot y that's a +query we might type in that's going to + + align:start position:0% +query we might type in that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +query we might type in that's going to +be implemented in the system well think + + align:start position:0% +be implemented in the system well think + + + align:start position:0% +be implemented in the system well think +of it as this little box here's the + + align:start position:0% +of it as this little box here's the + + + align:start position:0% +of it as this little box here's the +primitive query what this little box is + + align:start position:0% +primitive query what this little box is + + + align:start position:0% +primitive query what this little box is +going to do is take in two streams and + + align:start position:0% +going to do is take in two streams and + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is take in two streams and +put out a stream so the shape of a + + align:start position:0% +put out a stream so the shape of a + + + align:start position:0% +put out a stream so the shape of a +primitive query is that it's a thing + + align:start position:0% +primitive query is that it's a thing + + + align:start position:0% +primitive query is that it's a thing +where two streams come in and one stream + + align:start position:0% +where two streams come in and one stream + + + align:start position:0% +where two streams come in and one stream +goes out what these streams are going to + + align:start position:0% +goes out what these streams are going to + + + align:start position:0% +goes out what these streams are going to +be is down here is the database + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we imagine all of the things in the + + align:start position:0% +so we imagine all of the things in the + + + align:start position:0% +so we imagine all of the things in the +database sort of sitting there in a + + align:start position:0% +database sort of sitting there in a + + + align:start position:0% +database sort of sitting there in a +stream and this thing sucks on them so + + align:start position:0% +stream and this thing sucks on them so + + + align:start position:0% +stream and this thing sucks on them so +what are some things that might be in + + align:start position:0% +what are some things that might be in + + + align:start position:0% +what are some things that might be in +the database Oh a job of the job of + + align:start position:0% +the database Oh a job of the job of + + + align:start position:0% +the database Oh a job of the job of +ELISA is something and some other job is + + align:start position:0% +ELISA is something and some other job is + + + align:start position:0% +ELISA is something and some other job is +something so imagine all of the tax and + + align:start position:0% +something so imagine all of the tax and + + + align:start position:0% +something so imagine all of the tax and +the database sitting there in the stream + + align:start position:0% +the database sitting there in the stream + + + align:start position:0% +the database sitting there in the stream +and that's what comes in here what comes + + align:start position:0% +and that's what comes in here what comes + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what comes in here what comes +in here is a stream of dictionaries so + + align:start position:0% +in here is a stream of dictionaries so + + + align:start position:0% +in here is a stream of dictionaries so +one particular dictionary might say I'd + + align:start position:0% +one particular dictionary might say I'd + + + align:start position:0% +one particular dictionary might say I'd +say y equals programmer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now what the query does when it gets in + + align:start position:0% +now what the query does when it gets in + + + align:start position:0% +now what the query does when it gets in +a dictionary from this stream it finds + + align:start position:0% +a dictionary from this stream it finds + + + align:start position:0% +a dictionary from this stream it finds +all possible ways of matching the query + + align:start position:0% +all possible ways of matching the query + + + align:start position:0% +all possible ways of matching the query +against whatever's coming in from the + + align:start position:0% +against whatever's coming in from the + + + align:start position:0% +against whatever's coming in from the +database + + align:start position:0% +database + + + align:start position:0% +database +it looks at the query as a pattern + + align:start position:0% +it looks at the query as a pattern + + + align:start position:0% +it looks at the query as a pattern +matches it against any fact from the + + align:start position:0% +matches it against any fact from the + + + align:start position:0% +matches it against any fact from the +database for all fat all possible ways + + align:start position:0% +database for all fat all possible ways + + + align:start position:0% +database for all fat all possible ways +of finding a match in the database with + + align:start position:0% +of finding a match in the database with + + + align:start position:0% +of finding a match in the database with +respect to this dictionary that's coming + + align:start position:0% +respect to this dictionary that's coming + + + align:start position:0% +respect to this dictionary that's coming +in so for for each fact in the database + + align:start position:0% +in so for for each fact in the database + + + align:start position:0% +in so for for each fact in the database +it calls the matcher using the pattern + + align:start position:0% +it calls the matcher using the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +it calls the matcher using the pattern +dictionary pattern fact and dictionary + + align:start position:0% +dictionary pattern fact and dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary pattern fact and dictionary +and every time it gets a good match it + + align:start position:0% +and every time it gets a good match it + + + align:start position:0% +and every time it gets a good match it +puts out the extended dictionary so for + + align:start position:0% +puts out the extended dictionary so for + + + align:start position:0% +puts out the extended dictionary so for +example if this one comes in and it + + align:start position:0% +example if this one comes in and it + + + align:start position:0% +example if this one comes in and it +finds a match out will come a dictionary + + align:start position:0% +finds a match out will come a dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +finds a match out will come a dictionary +then in this case we'll have G y equals + + align:start position:0% +then in this case we'll have G y equals + + + align:start position:0% +then in this case we'll have G y equals +programmer and x equals something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why is programmer X is something and D + + align:start position:0% +why is programmer X is something and D + + + align:start position:0% +why is programmer X is something and D +is whatever it found and that's all and + + align:start position:0% +is whatever it found and that's all and + + + align:start position:0% +is whatever it found and that's all and +of course it's going to try this for + + align:start position:0% +of course it's going to try this for + + + align:start position:0% +of course it's going to try this for +every fact in the dictionary + + align:start position:0% +every fact in the dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +every fact in the dictionary +so it might find lots of them might find + + align:start position:0% +so it might find lots of them might find + + + align:start position:0% +so it might find lots of them might find +another one that says y equals + + align:start position:0% +another one that says y equals + + + align:start position:0% +another one that says y equals +programmer and x equals and D equals so + + align:start position:0% +programmer and x equals and D equals so + + + align:start position:0% +programmer and x equals and D equals so +that's so for one frame coming in it + + align:start position:0% +that's so for one frame coming in it + + + align:start position:0% +that's so for one frame coming in it +might put up for one dictionary coming + + align:start position:0% +might put up for one dictionary coming + + + align:start position:0% +might put up for one dictionary coming +in it might put out a lot of + + align:start position:0% +in it might put out a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +in it might put out a lot of +dictionaries or + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries or + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries or +it might put out none right it might + + align:start position:0% +it might put out none right it might + + + align:start position:0% +it might put out none right it might +have something that wouldn't match like + + align:start position:0% +have something that wouldn't match like + + + align:start position:0% +have something that wouldn't match like +x equals so that this one might not + + align:start position:0% +x equals so that this one might not + + + align:start position:0% +x equals so that this one might not +match anything in which case nothing + + align:start position:0% +match anything in which case nothing + + + align:start position:0% +match anything in which case nothing +will go into this stream corresponding + + align:start position:0% +will go into this stream corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +will go into this stream corresponding +to this frame or what you might do is + + align:start position:0% +to this frame or what you might do is + + + align:start position:0% +to this frame or what you might do is +put in an empty frame and an empty frame + + align:start position:0% +put in an empty frame and an empty frame + + + align:start position:0% +put in an empty frame and an empty frame +says try matching always + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +find all possible ways of matching the + + align:start position:0% +find all possible ways of matching the + + + align:start position:0% +find all possible ways of matching the +query against something in the database + + align:start position:0% +query against something in the database + + + align:start position:0% +query against something in the database +subject to no previous restrictions and + + align:start position:0% +subject to no previous restrictions and + + + align:start position:0% +subject to no previous restrictions and +if you think about what that means + + align:start position:0% +if you think about what that means + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about what that means +that's just the computation that's done + + align:start position:0% +that's just the computation that's done + + + align:start position:0% +that's just the computation that's done +when you type in a query right off it + + align:start position:0% +when you type in a query right off it + + + align:start position:0% +when you type in a query right off it +tries to find all matches so a primitive + + align:start position:0% +tries to find all matches so a primitive + + + align:start position:0% +tries to find all matches so a primitive +query sets up this mechanism and what + + align:start position:0% +query sets up this mechanism and what + + + align:start position:0% +query sets up this mechanism and what +the language does when you type in a + + align:start position:0% +the language does when you type in a + + + align:start position:0% +the language does when you type in a +query at the top level it takes this + + align:start position:0% +query at the top level it takes this + + + align:start position:0% +query at the top level it takes this +mechanism feeds in one single empty + + align:start position:0% +mechanism feeds in one single empty + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism feeds in one single empty +dictionary and then for each thing that + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and then for each thing that + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and then for each thing that +comes out takes the original query and + + align:start position:0% +comes out takes the original query and + + + align:start position:0% +comes out takes the original query and +instantiates the result with all the + + align:start position:0% +instantiates the result with all the + + + align:start position:0% +instantiates the result with all the +different dictionaries producing a new + + align:start position:0% +different dictionaries producing a new + + + align:start position:0% +different dictionaries producing a new +stream of instantiated patterns here and + + align:start position:0% +stream of instantiated patterns here and + + + align:start position:0% +stream of instantiated patterns here and +that's what gets printed on the terminal + + align:start position:0% +that's what gets printed on the terminal + + + align:start position:0% +that's what gets printed on the terminal +so that's the basic that's the basic + + align:start position:0% +so that's the basic that's the basic + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the basic that's the basic +mechanism going on there well why is + + align:start position:0% +mechanism going on there well why is + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism going on there well why is +that so complicated probably can't give + + align:start position:0% +that so complicated probably can't give + + + align:start position:0% +that so complicated probably can't give +a lot a lot simpler ways to arrange this + + align:start position:0% +a lot a lot simpler ways to arrange this + + + align:start position:0% +a lot a lot simpler ways to arrange this +match for a primitive query rather than + + align:start position:0% +match for a primitive query rather than + + + align:start position:0% +match for a primitive query rather than +having all these streams floating around + + align:start position:0% +having all these streams floating around + + + align:start position:0% +having all these streams floating around +and the answer is you can probably guess + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is you can probably guess + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer is you can probably guess +already the answer is it this thing + + align:start position:0% +already the answer is it this thing + + + align:start position:0% +already the answer is it this thing +extends elegantly to implement the means + + align:start position:0% +extends elegantly to implement the means + + + align:start position:0% +extends elegantly to implement the means +of combination so for instance suppose I + + align:start position:0% +of combination so for instance suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +of combination so for instance suppose I +don't only want to do this I don't want + + align:start position:0% +don't only want to do this I don't want + + + align:start position:0% +don't only want to do this I don't want +to say who give me everybody's job + + align:start position:0% +to say who give me everybody's job + + + align:start position:0% +to say who give me everybody's job +description suppose I want to say I want + + align:start position:0% +description suppose I want to say I want + + + align:start position:0% +description suppose I want to say I want +to say and the job of X is d dot Y and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the supervisor of X is e now supervisor + + align:start position:0% +the supervisor of X is e now supervisor + + + align:start position:0% +the supervisor of X is e now supervisor +of X is Z is going to be another + + align:start position:0% +of X is Z is going to be another + + + align:start position:0% +of X is Z is going to be another +primitive query that has the same shape + + align:start position:0% +primitive query that has the same shape + + + align:start position:0% +primitive query that has the same shape +it's going to take in a stream of data + + align:start position:0% +it's going to take in a stream of data + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to take in a stream of data +objects a stream of initial dictionaries + + align:start position:0% +objects a stream of initial dictionaries + + + align:start position:0% +objects a stream of initial dictionaries +which are the restrictions to try and + + align:start position:0% +which are the restrictions to try and + + + align:start position:0% +which are the restrictions to try and +use when you match and it's going to put + + align:start position:0% +use when you match and it's going to put + + + align:start position:0% +use when you match and it's going to put +out a stream of dictionaries so that's + + align:start position:0% +out a stream of dictionaries so that's + + + align:start position:0% +out a stream of dictionaries so that's +what this primitive query looks like and + + align:start position:0% +what this primitive query looks like and + + + align:start position:0% +what this primitive query looks like and +how do i implement the and while it's + + align:start position:0% +how do i implement the and while it's + + + align:start position:0% +how do i implement the and while it's +simple I just hooked them together I + + align:start position:0% +simple I just hooked them together I + + + align:start position:0% +simple I just hooked them together I +take the output of this one and I put + + align:start position:0% +take the output of this one and I put + + + align:start position:0% +take the output of this one and I put +that to the input of that one and I take + + align:start position:0% +that to the input of that one and I take + + + align:start position:0% +that to the input of that one and I take +the dictionary here and I stand it out + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary here and I stand it out + + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary here and I stand it out +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +and then you see how that's going to + + align:start position:0% +and then you see how that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +and then you see how that's going to +work because what's going to happen is a + + align:start position:0% +work because what's going to happen is a + + + align:start position:0% +work because what's going to happen is a +frame will now come in here which has a + + align:start position:0% +frame will now come in here which has a + + + align:start position:0% +frame will now come in here which has a +binding for X Y and D and then when this + + align:start position:0% +binding for X Y and D and then when this + + + align:start position:0% +binding for X Y and D and then when this +one gets it they'll say oh she's subject + + align:start position:0% +one gets it they'll say oh she's subject + + + align:start position:0% +one gets it they'll say oh she's subject +to these restrictions which now already + + align:start position:0% +to these restrictions which now already + + + align:start position:0% +to these restrictions which now already +have values in the dictionary for Y and + + align:start position:0% +have values in the dictionary for Y and + + + align:start position:0% +have values in the dictionary for Y and +X and D it looks in the database and + + align:start position:0% +X and D it looks in the database and + + + align:start position:0% +X and D it looks in the database and +says you can I find any supervisor Sachs + + align:start position:0% +says you can I find any supervisor Sachs + + + align:start position:0% +says you can I find any supervisor Sachs +and if it finds any out will come + + align:start position:0% +and if it finds any out will come + + + align:start position:0% +and if it finds any out will come +dictionaries which have bindings for Y + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries which have bindings for Y + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries which have bindings for Y +and X and D and Z now and then notice + + align:start position:0% +and X and D and Z now and then notice + + + align:start position:0% +and X and D and Z now and then notice +that the mat because the frames coming + + align:start position:0% +that the mat because the frames coming + + + align:start position:0% +that the mat because the frames coming +in here have these restrictions that's + + align:start position:0% +in here have these restrictions that's + + + align:start position:0% +in here have these restrictions that's +the thing that assures that when you do + + align:start position:0% +the thing that assures that when you do + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that assures that when you do +the and this ax will mean the same thing + + align:start position:0% +the and this ax will mean the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +the and this ax will mean the same thing +as that X because the time by the time + + align:start position:0% +as that X because the time by the time + + + align:start position:0% +as that X because the time by the time +something comes floating in here X has a + + align:start position:0% +something comes floating in here X has a + + + align:start position:0% +something comes floating in here X has a +value that you have to match against + + align:start position:0% +value that you have to match against + + + align:start position:0% +value that you have to match against +consistently and then you remember from + + align:start position:0% +consistently and then you remember from + + + align:start position:0% +consistently and then you remember from +the code from the Natura there was + + align:start position:0% +the code from the Natura there was + + + align:start position:0% +the code from the Natura there was +something in the way the metric did + + align:start position:0% +something in the way the metric did + + + align:start position:0% +something in the way the metric did +dictionaries that arranged consistent + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries that arranged consistent + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries that arranged consistent +matches so there's and the important + + align:start position:0% +matches so there's and the important + + + align:start position:0% +matches so there's and the important +point to notice is the general shape if + + align:start position:0% +point to notice is the general shape if + + + align:start position:0% +point to notice is the general shape if +you look at what happens the end of two + + align:start position:0% +you look at what happens the end of two + + + align:start position:0% +you look at what happens the end of two +queries say P and Q here's P and Q the + + align:start position:0% +queries say P and Q here's P and Q the + + + align:start position:0% +queries say P and Q here's P and Q the +end of two queries well looks like this + + align:start position:0% +end of two queries well looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +end of two queries well looks like this +each query takes in a stream from the + + align:start position:0% +each query takes in a stream from the + + + align:start position:0% +each query takes in a stream from the +database a stream of inputs and puts out + + align:start position:0% +database a stream of inputs and puts out + + + align:start position:0% +database a stream of inputs and puts out +a stream of outputs and the important + + align:start position:0% +a stream of outputs and the important + + + align:start position:0% +a stream of outputs and the important +point to notice is that if I draw a box + + align:start position:0% +point to notice is that if I draw a box + + + align:start position:0% +point to notice is that if I draw a box +around this thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and say this is and of P and Q then that + + align:start position:0% +and say this is and of P and Q then that + + + align:start position:0% +and say this is and of P and Q then that +box has exactly the same overall shape + + align:start position:0% +box has exactly the same overall shape + + + align:start position:0% +box has exactly the same overall shape +but it's something that takes on a + + align:start position:0% +but it's something that takes on a + + + align:start position:0% +but it's something that takes on a +stream from the database here it's going + + align:start position:0% +stream from the database here it's going + + + align:start position:0% +stream from the database here it's going +to get fanned out inside but from the + + align:start position:0% +to get fanned out inside but from the + + + align:start position:0% +to get fanned out inside but from the +outside you don't see that it takes an + + align:start position:0% +outside you don't see that it takes an + + + align:start position:0% +outside you don't see that it takes an +input stream and puts out an output + + align:start position:0% +input stream and puts out an output + + + align:start position:0% +input stream and puts out an output +stream like so this is an and then + + align:start position:0% +stream like so this is an and then + + + align:start position:0% +stream like so this is an and then +similarly or would look like this or + + align:start position:0% +similarly or would look like this or + + + align:start position:0% +similarly or would look like this or +would although I didn't show you + + align:start position:0% +would although I didn't show you + + + align:start position:0% +would although I didn't show you +examples of work or would say can I find + + align:start position:0% +examples of work or would say can I find + + + align:start position:0% +examples of work or would say can I find +all ways of matching peat work here so + + align:start position:0% +all ways of matching peat work here so + + + align:start position:0% +all ways of matching peat work here so +I'll have P and Q each will have their + + align:start position:0% +I'll have P and Q each will have their + + + align:start position:0% +I'll have P and Q each will have their +shape and the way or is implemented is + + align:start position:0% +shape and the way or is implemented is + + + align:start position:0% +shape and the way or is implemented is +I'll take my data base stream I'll fan + + align:start position:0% +I'll take my data base stream I'll fan + + + align:start position:0% +I'll take my data base stream I'll fan +it out I'll put one into P and 1 into Q + + align:start position:0% +it out I'll put one into P and 1 into Q + + + align:start position:0% +it out I'll put one into P and 1 into Q +I'll take my initial query stream coming + + align:start position:0% +I'll take my initial query stream coming + + + align:start position:0% +I'll take my initial query stream coming +in and fan it out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I'll get a look at all the answers I + + align:start position:0% +so I'll get a look at all the answers I + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll get a look at all the answers I +might get from P and all the answers I + + align:start position:0% +might get from P and all the answers I + + + align:start position:0% +might get from P and all the answers I +might get from Q and I'll put them + + align:start position:0% +might get from Q and I'll put them + + + align:start position:0% +might get from Q and I'll put them +through some sort of thing that appends + + align:start position:0% +through some sort of thing that appends + + + align:start position:0% +through some sort of thing that appends +them or merges the result into one + + align:start position:0% +them or merges the result into one + + + align:start position:0% +them or merges the result into one +stream and that's what will come out and + + align:start position:0% +stream and that's what will come out and + + + align:start position:0% +stream and that's what will come out and +this whole thing from the outside is or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and again you see it has the same + + align:start position:0% +and again you see it has the same + + + align:start position:0% +and again you see it has the same +overall shape when looked at from the + + align:start position:0% +overall shape when looked at from the + + + align:start position:0% +overall shape when looked at from the +outside what's not not worked kind of + + align:start position:0% +outside what's not not worked kind of + + + align:start position:0% +outside what's not not worked kind of +the same way if I have some query P some + + align:start position:0% +the same way if I have some query P some + + + align:start position:0% +the same way if I have some query P some +if I have P I take the I take the + + align:start position:0% +if I have P I take the I take the + + + align:start position:0% +if I have P I take the I take the +primitive query for P here I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +primitive query for P here I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +primitive query for P here I'm going to +implement not P and not just good to act + + align:start position:0% +implement not P and not just good to act + + + align:start position:0% +implement not P and not just good to act +as a filter I'll take in the database + + align:start position:0% +as a filter I'll take in the database + + + align:start position:0% +as a filter I'll take in the database +and my original my stream of + + align:start position:0% +and my original my stream of + + + align:start position:0% +and my original my stream of +dictionaries coming in and whatnot Pele + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries coming in and whatnot Pele + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries coming in and whatnot Pele +do is it will filter it'll filter these + + align:start position:0% +do is it will filter it'll filter these + + + align:start position:0% +do is it will filter it'll filter these +guys and the way it will filter it it'll + + align:start position:0% +guys and the way it will filter it it'll + + + align:start position:0% +guys and the way it will filter it it'll +say when I get in a dictionary here I'll + + align:start position:0% +say when I get in a dictionary here I'll + + + align:start position:0% +say when I get in a dictionary here I'll +find all the matches and if I find any + + align:start position:0% +find all the matches and if I find any + + + align:start position:0% +find all the matches and if I find any +I'll throw it away and if I don't find + + align:start position:0% +I'll throw it away and if I don't find + + + align:start position:0% +I'll throw it away and if I don't find +any matches to something coming in here + + align:start position:0% +any matches to something coming in here + + + align:start position:0% +any matches to something coming in here +I'll just pass that through so not as a + + align:start position:0% +I'll just pass that through so not as a + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just pass that through so not as a +pure filter and so and is think of these + + align:start position:0% +pure filter and so and is think of these + + + align:start position:0% +pure filter and so and is think of these +sort of electoral resistors or something + + align:start position:0% +sort of electoral resistors or something + + + align:start position:0% +sort of electoral resistors or something +and is a series combination and or is + + align:start position:0% +and is a series combination and or is + + + align:start position:0% +and is a series combination and or is +parallel combination and then not is not + + align:start position:0% +parallel combination and then not is not + + + align:start position:0% +parallel combination and then not is not +going to extend any dictionaries at all + + align:start position:0% +going to extend any dictionaries at all + + + align:start position:0% +going to extend any dictionaries at all +it's just going to filter it it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +it's just going to filter it it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +it's just going to filter it it's gonna +throw away the ones for which it finds + + align:start position:0% +throw away the ones for which it finds + + + align:start position:0% +throw away the ones for which it finds +finds a way to match and list value sort + + align:start position:0% +finds a way to match and list value sort + + + align:start position:0% +finds a way to match and list value sort +of the same way the filter is a little + + align:start position:0% +of the same way the filter is a little + + + align:start position:0% +of the same way the filter is a little +more complicated it applies the + + align:start position:0% +more complicated it applies the + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated it applies the +predicate a major point to notice here + + align:start position:0% +predicate a major point to notice here + + + align:start position:0% +predicate a major point to notice here +and it's a major point we've looked at + + align:start position:0% +and it's a major point we've looked at + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a major point we've looked at +before is this idea of closure I think + + align:start position:0% +before is this idea of closure I think + + + align:start position:0% +before is this idea of closure I think +the things that we build as means of + + align:start position:0% +the things that we build as means of + + + align:start position:0% +the things that we build as means of +combination have the same overall + + align:start position:0% +combination have the same overall + + + align:start position:0% +combination have the same overall +structure and it's the primitive things + + align:start position:0% +structure and it's the primitive things + + + align:start position:0% +structure and it's the primitive things +that we're combining so the and of two + + align:start position:0% +that we're combining so the and of two + + + align:start position:0% +that we're combining so the and of two +things when looked at from the outside + + align:start position:0% +things when looked at from the outside + + + align:start position:0% +things when looked at from the outside +has the same shape and what that means + + align:start position:0% +has the same shape and what that means + + + align:start position:0% +has the same shape and what that means +is that this box here it could be an and + + align:start position:0% +is that this box here it could be an and + + + align:start position:0% +is that this box here it could be an and +or an or or an odd or something because + + align:start position:0% +or an or or an odd or something because + + + align:start position:0% +or an or or an odd or something because +it has the same shape to interface to + + align:start position:0% +it has the same shape to interface to + + + align:start position:0% +it has the same shape to interface to +the things to the larger things it's the + + align:start position:0% +the things to the larger things it's the + + + align:start position:0% +the things to the larger things it's the +same thing that allowed us to get + + align:start position:0% +same thing that allowed us to get + + + align:start position:0% +same thing that allowed us to get +complexity in the Escher picture + + align:start position:0% +complexity in the Escher picture + + + align:start position:0% +complexity in the Escher picture +language or allows you to immediately + + align:start position:0% +language or allows you to immediately + + + align:start position:0% +language or allows you to immediately +build up these complicated structures + + align:start position:0% +build up these complicated structures + + + align:start position:0% +build up these complicated structures +just out of pairs right it's closure I + + align:start position:0% +just out of pairs right it's closure I + + + align:start position:0% +just out of pairs right it's closure I +mean that's the thing that allowed me to + + align:start position:0% +mean that's the thing that allowed me to + + + align:start position:0% +mean that's the thing that allowed me to +do what by now you took for granted when + + align:start position:0% +do what by now you took for granted when + + + align:start position:0% +do what by now you took for granted when +I said gee there's a query which is and + + align:start position:0% +I said gee there's a query which is and + + + align:start position:0% +I said gee there's a query which is and +of job and salary and I said oh there's + + align:start position:0% +of job and salary and I said oh there's + + + align:start position:0% +of job and salary and I said oh there's +another one which is and of job of + + align:start position:0% +another one which is and of job of + + + align:start position:0% +another one which is and of job of +sought of something the fact the fact I + + align:start position:0% +sought of something the fact the fact I + + + align:start position:0% +sought of something the fact the fact I +could do that is a direct consequence of + + align:start position:0% +could do that is a direct consequence of + + + align:start position:0% +could do that is a direct consequence of +this closure principle okay let's break + + align:start position:0% +this closure principle okay let's break + + + align:start position:0% +this closure principle okay let's break +and then we'll go on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where does the dictionary come from the + + align:start position:0% +where does the dictionary come from the + + + align:start position:0% +where does the dictionary come from the +dictionary comes initially from what you + + align:start position:0% +dictionary comes initially from what you + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary comes initially from what you +type in so when you start this up the + + align:start position:0% +type in so when you start this up the + + + align:start position:0% +type in so when you start this up the +first thing it does it set up this whole + + align:start position:0% +first thing it does it set up this whole + + + align:start position:0% +first thing it does it set up this whole +structure it puts in one empty + + align:start position:0% +structure it puts in one empty + + + align:start position:0% +structure it puts in one empty +dictionary and if what you have is one + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and if what you have is one + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and if what you have is one +primitive query then what will come out + + align:start position:0% +primitive query then what will come out + + + align:start position:0% +primitive query then what will come out +is a bunch of dictionaries with things + + align:start position:0% +is a bunch of dictionaries with things + + + align:start position:0% +is a bunch of dictionaries with things +filled in the general situation that I + + align:start position:0% +filled in the general situation that I + + + align:start position:0% +filled in the general situation that I +have here is when this is in the middle + + align:start position:0% +have here is when this is in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +have here is when this is in the middle +of some nest of combined things so by + + align:start position:0% +of some nest of combined things so by + + + align:start position:0% +of some nest of combined things so by +the time let's look at the picture over + + align:start position:0% +the time let's look at the picture over + + + align:start position:0% +the time let's look at the picture over +here this supervisor query gets in some + + align:start position:0% +here this supervisor query gets in some + + + align:start position:0% +here this supervisor query gets in some +dictionary where did this one come from + + align:start position:0% +dictionary where did this one come from + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary where did this one come from +this dictionary came from the fact that + + align:start position:0% +this dictionary came from the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +this dictionary came from the fact that +I'm looking at the output of this + + align:start position:0% +I'm looking at the output of this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm looking at the output of this +primitive query so maybe to be very + + align:start position:0% +primitive query so maybe to be very + + + align:start position:0% +primitive query so maybe to be very +specific if I literally typed in just + + align:start position:0% +specific if I literally typed in just + + + align:start position:0% +specific if I literally typed in just +this query at the top level this end + + align:start position:0% +this query at the top level this end + + + align:start position:0% +this query at the top level this end +what would actually happen so we build + + align:start position:0% +what would actually happen so we build + + + align:start position:0% +what would actually happen so we build +this structure and start up this whole + + align:start position:0% +this structure and start up this whole + + + align:start position:0% +this structure and start up this whole +thing with one empty dictionary and now + + align:start position:0% +thing with one empty dictionary and now + + + align:start position:0% +thing with one empty dictionary and now +this one would process and a whole bunch + + align:start position:0% +this one would process and a whole bunch + + + align:start position:0% +this one would process and a whole bunch +of dictionaries would come out with XY + + align:start position:0% +of dictionaries would come out with XY + + + align:start position:0% +of dictionaries would come out with XY +z-- and Andes in them run it through + + align:start position:0% +z-- and Andes in them run it through + + + align:start position:0% +z-- and Andes in them run it through +this one so now there's this that's the + + align:start position:0% +this one so now there's this that's the + + + align:start position:0% +this one so now there's this that's the +input to this one this one would now put + + align:start position:0% +input to this one this one would now put + + + align:start position:0% +input to this one this one would now put +out some other stuff and if this itself + + align:start position:0% +out some other stuff and if this itself + + + align:start position:0% +out some other stuff and if this itself +were buried in some more some larger + + align:start position:0% +were buried in some more some larger + + + align:start position:0% +were buried in some more some larger +thing like a like an order of something + + align:start position:0% +thing like a like an order of something + + + align:start position:0% +thing like a like an order of something +then that would go go feed into the next + + align:start position:0% +then that would go go feed into the next + + + align:start position:0% +then that would go go feed into the next +one so the so you initially get only one + + align:start position:0% +one so the so you initially get only one + + + align:start position:0% +one so the so you initially get only one +empty dictionary when you start it but + + align:start position:0% +empty dictionary when you start it but + + + align:start position:0% +empty dictionary when you start it but +as you're in the middle of processing + + align:start position:0% +as you're in the middle of processing + + + align:start position:0% +as you're in the middle of processing +these compound things that's where these + + align:start position:0% +these compound things that's where these + + + align:start position:0% +these compound things that's where these +cascades of dictionaries start getting + + align:start position:0% +cascades of dictionaries start getting + + + align:start position:0% +cascades of dictionaries start getting +generated dictionaries only result that + + align:start position:0% +generated dictionaries only result that + + + align:start position:0% +generated dictionaries only result that +come about as a result of using the + + align:start position:0% +come about as a result of using the + + + align:start position:0% +come about as a result of using the +queries + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or do they stay sent they become they + + align:start position:0% +or do they stay sent they become they + + + align:start position:0% +or do they stay sent they become they +stay someplace in in space like the + + align:start position:0% +stay someplace in in space like the + + + align:start position:0% +stay someplace in in space like the +database does but these are temporary + + align:start position:0% +database does but these are temporary + + + align:start position:0% +database does but these are temporary +items they're created temporarily in + + align:start position:0% +items they're created temporarily in + + + align:start position:0% +items they're created temporarily in +nature + + align:start position:0% +nature + + + align:start position:0% +nature +really there's someplace in storage + + align:start position:0% +really there's someplace in storage + + + align:start position:0% +really there's someplace in storage +initially someone creates a thing called + + align:start position:0% +initially someone creates a thing called + + + align:start position:0% +initially someone creates a thing called +the empty dictionary that gets initially + + align:start position:0% +the empty dictionary that gets initially + + + align:start position:0% +the empty dictionary that gets initially +fed to this match procedure and then the + + align:start position:0% +fed to this match procedure and then the + + + align:start position:0% +fed to this match procedure and then the +match procedure builds some dictionaries + + align:start position:0% +match procedure builds some dictionaries + + + align:start position:0% +match procedure builds some dictionaries +and they get passed on and on okay so + + align:start position:0% +and they get passed on and on okay so + + + align:start position:0% +and they get passed on and on okay so +they'll go away after the mail they'll + + align:start position:0% +they'll go away after the mail they'll + + + align:start position:0% +they'll go away after the mail they'll +go away when no one needs them again + + align:start position:0% +go away when no one needs them again + + + align:start position:0% +go away when no one needs them again +yeah it appears at the end to form some + + align:start position:0% +yeah it appears at the end to form some + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it appears at the end to form some +redundant searches of the database if + + align:start position:0% +redundant searches of the database if + + + align:start position:0% +redundant searches of the database if +the first Clause matched I'll say the + + align:start position:0% +the first Clause matched I'll say the + + + align:start position:0% +the first Clause matched I'll say the +third element and not on the first two + + align:start position:0% +third element and not on the first two + + + align:start position:0% +third element and not on the first two +elements the second the second clause is + + align:start position:0% +elements the second the second clause is + + + align:start position:0% +elements the second the second clause is +gonna look at those first two elements + + align:start position:0% +gonna look at those first two elements + + + align:start position:0% +gonna look at those first two elements +again discarding them because they don't + + align:start position:0% +again discarding them because they don't + + + align:start position:0% +again discarding them because they don't +match the match is already in the + + align:start position:0% +match the match is already in the + + + align:start position:0% +match the match is already in the +dictionary would it make sense to carry + + align:start position:0% +dictionary would it make sense to carry + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary would it make sense to carry +the data element from the database along + + align:start position:0% +the data element from the database along + + + align:start position:0% +the data element from the database along +with the dictionary no yeah there aren't + + align:start position:0% +with the dictionary no yeah there aren't + + + align:start position:0% +with the dictionary no yeah there aren't +well in general there are other ways to + + align:start position:0% +well in general there are other ways to + + + align:start position:0% +well in general there are other ways to +arrange this search and there's some + + align:start position:0% +arrange this search and there's some + + + align:start position:0% +arrange this search and there's some +analysis that you can do I think there's + + align:start position:0% +analysis that you can do I think there's + + + align:start position:0% +analysis that you can do I think there's +a problem in the book which talks about + + align:start position:0% +a problem in the book which talks about + + + align:start position:0% +a problem in the book which talks about +a different way that you can cascade and + + align:start position:0% +a different way that you can cascade and + + + align:start position:0% +a different way that you can cascade and +to eliminate various kinds of + + align:start position:0% +to eliminate various kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +to eliminate various kinds of +redundancies this one is meant to be was + + align:start position:0% +redundancies this one is meant to be was + + + align:start position:0% +redundancies this one is meant to be was +mainly meant to be very simple so you + + align:start position:0% +mainly meant to be very simple so you + + + align:start position:0% +mainly meant to be very simple so you +can see how they fit together + + align:start position:0% +can see how they fit together + + + align:start position:0% +can see how they fit together +but you're quite right they're + + align:start position:0% +but you're quite right they're + + + align:start position:0% +but you're quite right they're +redundancies here that you can get rid + + align:start position:0% +redundancies here that you can get rid + + + align:start position:0% +redundancies here that you can get rid +of that's that's another reason why this + + align:start position:0% +of that's that's another reason why this + + + align:start position:0% +of that's that's another reason why this +language is somewhat slow there are a + + align:start position:0% +language is somewhat slow there are a + + + align:start position:0% +language is somewhat slow there are a +lot smarter things you can do we're just + + align:start position:0% +lot smarter things you can do we're just + + + align:start position:0% +lot smarter things you can do we're just +trying to show you a very simple in + + align:start position:0% +trying to show you a very simple in + + + align:start position:0% +trying to show you a very simple in +principle implementation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +did you model this language on Prolog or + + align:start position:0% +did you model this language on Prolog or + + + align:start position:0% +did you model this language on Prolog or +did it just come out looking like + + align:start position:0% +did it just come out looking like + + + align:start position:0% +did it just come out looking like +throw-up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well Jerry insulted a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +well Jerry insulted a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +well Jerry insulted a whole bunch of +people yesterday so I might as well say + + align:start position:0% +people yesterday so I might as well say + + + align:start position:0% +people yesterday so I might as well say +that the MIT attitude towards prolog is + + align:start position:0% +that the MIT attitude towards prolog is + + + align:start position:0% +that the MIT attitude towards prolog is +something that people did in about 1971 + + align:start position:0% +something that people did in about 1971 + + + align:start position:0% +something that people did in about 1971 +and decided that it wasn't really the + + align:start position:0% +and decided that it wasn't really the + + + align:start position:0% +and decided that it wasn't really the +right thing and stopped so we we modeled + + align:start position:0% +right thing and stopped so we we modeled + + + align:start position:0% +right thing and stopped so we we modeled +this on on the sort of natural way that + + align:start position:0% +this on on the sort of natural way that + + + align:start position:0% +this on on the sort of natural way that +this thing was done in about 1971 except + + align:start position:0% +this thing was done in about 1971 except + + + align:start position:0% +this thing was done in about 1971 except +at that point we didn't do it with + + align:start position:0% +at that point we didn't do it with + + + align:start position:0% +at that point we didn't do it with +streams and then we after we were using + + align:start position:0% +streams and then we after we were using + + + align:start position:0% +streams and then we after we were using +it for about six months we discovered + + align:start position:0% +it for about six months we discovered + + + align:start position:0% +it for about six months we discovered +that it had all these problems some of + + align:start position:0% +that it had all these problems some of + + + align:start position:0% +that it had all these problems some of +which I'll talk about later and we said + + align:start position:0% +which I'll talk about later and we said + + + align:start position:0% +which I'll talk about later and we said +gee Prolog must have fixed those and + + align:start position:0% +gee Prolog must have fixed those and + + + align:start position:0% +gee Prolog must have fixed those and +then we found out that it didn't so this + + align:start position:0% +then we found out that it didn't so this + + + align:start position:0% +then we found out that it didn't so this +does about the same thing as Prolog no + + align:start position:0% +does about the same thing as Prolog no + + + align:start position:0% +does about the same thing as Prolog no +Prolog in the special in what it how it + + align:start position:0% +Prolog in the special in what it how it + + + align:start position:0% +Prolog in the special in what it how it +behaves it behaves a lot like prologue + + align:start position:0% +behaves it behaves a lot like prologue + + + align:start position:0% +behaves it behaves a lot like prologue +prologue uses a backtracking strategy + + align:start position:0% +prologue uses a backtracking strategy + + + align:start position:0% +prologue uses a backtracking strategy +but the other thing that's really good + + align:start position:0% +but the other thing that's really good + + + align:start position:0% +but the other thing that's really good +about Prolog that makes it a usable + + align:start position:0% +about Prolog that makes it a usable + + + align:start position:0% +about Prolog that makes it a usable +thing is that there's a really very very + + align:start position:0% +thing is that there's a really very very + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that there's a really very very +you know there's a very very well + + align:start position:0% +you know there's a very very well + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's a very very well +engineered compiler technology that + + align:start position:0% +engineered compiler technology that + + + align:start position:0% +engineered compiler technology that +makes it run fast so although you saw + + align:start position:0% +makes it run fast so although you saw + + + align:start position:0% +makes it run fast so although you saw +the merge you know spitting out these + + align:start position:0% +the merge you know spitting out these + + + align:start position:0% +the merge you know spitting out these +answers very very slowly + + align:start position:0% +answers very very slowly + + + align:start position:0% +answers very very slowly +a real Prolog will run very very fast + + align:start position:0% +a real Prolog will run very very fast + + + align:start position:0% +a real Prolog will run very very fast +because even though it's sort of doing + + align:start position:0% +because even though it's sort of doing + + + align:start position:0% +because even though it's sort of doing +this what the real work that went into + + align:start position:0% +this what the real work that went into + + + align:start position:0% +this what the real work that went into +Prolog is you know very very excellent + + align:start position:0% +Prolog is you know very very excellent + + + align:start position:0% +Prolog is you know very very excellent +compiler effort let's take a break + + align:start position:0% +compiler effort let's take a break + + + align:start position:0% +compiler effort let's take a break +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we've looked at the primitive queries + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at the primitive queries + + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at the primitive queries +and the ways that streams are used to + + align:start position:0% +and the ways that streams are used to + + + align:start position:0% +and the ways that streams are used to +implement the the means of combination + + align:start position:0% +implement the the means of combination + + + align:start position:0% +implement the the means of combination +right and and or and not now let's go + + align:start position:0% +right and and or and not now let's go + + + align:start position:0% +right and and or and not now let's go +into the means of abstraction + + align:start position:0% +into the means of abstraction + + + align:start position:0% +into the means of abstraction +remember those the means of abstraction + + align:start position:0% +remember those the means of abstraction + + + align:start position:0% +remember those the means of abstraction +in this language are rules so Z is a + + align:start position:0% +in this language are rules so Z is a + + + align:start position:0% +in this language are rules so Z is a +boss and division D if there are some X + + align:start position:0% +boss and division D if there are some X + + + align:start position:0% +boss and division D if there are some X +who has a job in Division D and Z is the + + align:start position:0% +who has a job in Division D and Z is the + + + align:start position:0% +who has a job in Division D and Z is the +supervisor of X if that's what it means + + align:start position:0% +supervisor of X if that's what it means + + + align:start position:0% +supervisor of X if that's what it means +for someone to be boss so in and in + + align:start position:0% +for someone to be boss so in and in + + + align:start position:0% +for someone to be boss so in and in +effect if you think about what we're + + align:start position:0% +effect if you think about what we're + + + align:start position:0% +effect if you think about what we're +doing with relation to this + + align:start position:0% +doing with relation to this + + + align:start position:0% +doing with relation to this +there's the query reroute the job of X + + align:start position:0% +there's the query reroute the job of X + + + align:start position:0% +there's the query reroute the job of X +is in D and the supervisor of X isn't is + + align:start position:0% +is in D and the supervisor of X isn't is + + + align:start position:0% +is in D and the supervisor of X isn't is +Z what we in effect want to do is take + + align:start position:0% +Z what we in effect want to do is take + + + align:start position:0% +Z what we in effect want to do is take +this whole mess and draw a box around it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and say this whole thing right inside + + align:start position:0% +and say this whole thing right inside + + + align:start position:0% +and say this whole thing right inside +the box is boss of Z in Division D + + align:start position:0% +the box is boss of Z in Division D + + + align:start position:0% +the box is boss of Z in Division D +that's in effect what we want to do so + + align:start position:0% +that's in effect what we want to do so + + + align:start position:0% +that's in effect what we want to do so +for instance if we've done that and we + + align:start position:0% +for instance if we've done that and we + + + align:start position:0% +for instance if we've done that and we +want to check whether or not it's true + + align:start position:0% +want to check whether or not it's true + + + align:start position:0% +want to check whether or not it's true +that ben bitdiddle is a boss in the + + align:start position:0% +that ben bitdiddle is a boss in the + + + align:start position:0% +that ben bitdiddle is a boss in the +computer division so if I want to say + + align:start position:0% +computer division so if I want to say + + + align:start position:0% +computer division so if I want to say +boss boss have been bit at all in the + + align:start position:0% +boss boss have been bit at all in the + + + align:start position:0% +boss boss have been bit at all in the +computer division imagine typing that in + + align:start position:0% +computer division imagine typing that in + + + align:start position:0% +computer division imagine typing that in +as a query to the system in effect what + + align:start position:0% +as a query to the system in effect what + + + align:start position:0% +as a query to the system in effect what +we want to do is set up a dictionary + + align:start position:0% +we want to do is set up a dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +we want to do is set up a dictionary +here which has Z and to ben bitdiddle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and D bounce a computer right where'd + + align:start position:0% +and D bounce a computer right where'd + + + align:start position:0% +and D bounce a computer right where'd +that dictionary come from let's look at + + align:start position:0% +that dictionary come from let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +that dictionary come from let's look at +the slide for one second that dictionary + + align:start position:0% +the slide for one second that dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +the slide for one second that dictionary +came from matching the query that said + + align:start position:0% +came from matching the query that said + + + align:start position:0% +came from matching the query that said +boss of ben bitdiddle and computer onto + + align:start position:0% +boss of ben bitdiddle and computer onto + + + align:start position:0% +boss of ben bitdiddle and computer onto +the conclusion of the rule boss of Z and + + align:start position:0% +the conclusion of the rule boss of Z and + + + align:start position:0% +the conclusion of the rule boss of Z and +D and so we match the query to the + + align:start position:0% +D and so we match the query to the + + + align:start position:0% +D and so we match the query to the +conclusion of the rule that gives us a + + align:start position:0% +conclusion of the rule that gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion of the rule that gives us a +dictionary and that's the thing that we + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and that's the thing that we + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary and that's the thing that we +would now like to put into this whole + + align:start position:0% +would now like to put into this whole + + + align:start position:0% +would now like to put into this whole +big thing and process and see if + + align:start position:0% +big thing and process and see if + + + align:start position:0% +big thing and process and see if +anything comes out the other side and if + + align:start position:0% +anything comes out the other side and if + + + align:start position:0% +anything comes out the other side and if +anything comes out right it'll be true + + align:start position:0% +anything comes out right it'll be true + + + align:start position:0% +anything comes out right it'll be true +that's the basic idea so in general the + + align:start position:0% +that's the basic idea so in general the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the basic idea so in general the +way we implement a rule is we match the + + align:start position:0% +way we implement a rule is we match the + + + align:start position:0% +way we implement a rule is we match the +conclusion of the rule against something + + align:start position:0% +conclusion of the rule against something + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion of the rule against something +we might want to be check it's true that + + align:start position:0% +we might want to be check it's true that + + + align:start position:0% +we might want to be check it's true that +match gives us a dictionary and with + + align:start position:0% +match gives us a dictionary and with + + + align:start position:0% +match gives us a dictionary and with +respect to that + + align:start position:0% +respect to that + + + align:start position:0% +respect to that +dictionary we we process the body of the + + align:start position:0% +dictionary we we process the body of the + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary we we process the body of the +rule well that's really all there is + + align:start position:0% +rule well that's really all there is + + + align:start position:0% +rule well that's really all there is +except for walks up for two technical + + align:start position:0% +except for walks up for two technical + + + align:start position:0% +except for walks up for two technical +points that the first technical point is + + align:start position:0% +points that the first technical point is + + + align:start position:0% +points that the first technical point is +that I might have said something else I + + align:start position:0% +that I might have said something else I + + + align:start position:0% +that I might have said something else I +might have said who's a boss in the + + align:start position:0% +might have said who's a boss in the + + + align:start position:0% +might have said who's a boss in the +computer division so I might say boss of + + align:start position:0% +computer division so I might say boss of + + + align:start position:0% +computer division so I might say boss of +who in computer division and if I did + + align:start position:0% +who in computer division and if I did + + + align:start position:0% +who in computer division and if I did +that what I would really like to do in + + align:start position:0% +that what I would really like to do in + + + align:start position:0% +that what I would really like to do in +effect is not start up this dictionary + + align:start position:0% +effect is not start up this dictionary + + + align:start position:0% +effect is not start up this dictionary +with a match that sort of says well D is + + align:start position:0% +with a match that sort of says well D is + + + align:start position:0% +with a match that sort of says well D is +computer and Z is whatever who is and + + align:start position:0% +computer and Z is whatever who is and + + + align:start position:0% +computer and Z is whatever who is and +our matcher won't quite do that that's + + align:start position:0% +our matcher won't quite do that that's + + + align:start position:0% +our matcher won't quite do that that's +not quite matching a pattern against + + align:start position:0% +not quite matching a pattern against + + + align:start position:0% +not quite matching a pattern against +data it's matching to patterns and sort + + align:start position:0% +data it's matching to patterns and sort + + + align:start position:0% +data it's matching to patterns and sort +of saying are they consistent or not + + align:start position:0% +of saying are they consistent or not + + + align:start position:0% +of saying are they consistent or not +well what ways make them consistent in + + align:start position:0% +well what ways make them consistent in + + + align:start position:0% +well what ways make them consistent in +other words what we need is not quite a + + align:start position:0% +other words what we need is not quite a + + + align:start position:0% +other words what we need is not quite a +pattern matcher but something a little + + align:start position:0% +pattern matcher but something a little + + + align:start position:0% +pattern matcher but something a little +bit more general called a unifier and a + + align:start position:0% +bit more general called a unifier and a + + + align:start position:0% +bit more general called a unifier and a +unifier is a slight generalization of a + + align:start position:0% +unifier is a slight generalization of a + + + align:start position:0% +unifier is a slight generalization of a +pattern matcher when a unifier does is + + align:start position:0% +pattern matcher when a unifier does is + + + align:start position:0% +pattern matcher when a unifier does is +take two patterns and say what's the + + align:start position:0% +take two patterns and say what's the + + + align:start position:0% +take two patterns and say what's the +most general thing you can substitute + + align:start position:0% +most general thing you can substitute + + + align:start position:0% +most general thing you can substitute +for the variables and those two patterns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to make them satisfy the pattern + + align:start position:0% +to make them satisfy the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +to make them satisfy the pattern +simultaneously you give you an example + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously you give you an example + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously you give you an example +if I have the pattern two element list + + align:start position:0% +if I have the pattern two element list + + + align:start position:0% +if I have the pattern two element list +which is X and X so this says I have a + + align:start position:0% +which is X and X so this says I have a + + + align:start position:0% +which is X and X so this says I have a +two element list where both elements are + + align:start position:0% +two element list where both elements are + + + align:start position:0% +two element list where both elements are +the same and otherwise I don't care what + + align:start position:0% +the same and otherwise I don't care what + + + align:start position:0% +the same and otherwise I don't care what +they are and I unify that against the + + align:start position:0% +they are and I unify that against the + + + align:start position:0% +they are and I unify that against the +pattern that says there's a two-element + + align:start position:0% +pattern that says there's a two-element + + + align:start position:0% +pattern that says there's a two-element +list and the first one is a and + + align:start position:0% +list and the first one is a and + + + align:start position:0% +list and the first one is a and +something in C and the second one is a + + align:start position:0% +something in C and the second one is a + + + align:start position:0% +something in C and the second one is a +and B and Z then what the unifier should + + align:start position:0% +and B and Z then what the unifier should + + + align:start position:0% +and B and Z then what the unifier should +tell me is oh yeah in that dictionary X + + align:start position:0% +tell me is oh yeah in that dictionary X + + + align:start position:0% +tell me is oh yeah in that dictionary X +has to be ABC and Y has to be B + + align:start position:0% +has to be ABC and Y has to be B + + + align:start position:0% +has to be ABC and Y has to be B +she has to be see those are the + + align:start position:0% +she has to be see those are the + + + align:start position:0% +she has to be see those are the +restrictions I'd have to put on the + + align:start position:0% +restrictions I'd have to put on the + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions I'd have to put on the +values of XY and z to make these to + + align:start position:0% +values of XY and z to make these to + + + align:start position:0% +values of XY and z to make these to +unify or in other words to make this + + align:start position:0% +unify or in other words to make this + + + align:start position:0% +unify or in other words to make this +match X and make this met and make this + + align:start position:0% +match X and make this met and make this + + + align:start position:0% +match X and make this met and make this +match X so the unifor I'd be able to + + align:start position:0% +match X so the unifor I'd be able to + + + align:start position:0% +match X so the unifor I'd be able to +deduce that that the universe may right + + align:start position:0% +deduce that that the universe may right + + + align:start position:0% +deduce that that the universe may right +there more complicated things I might + + align:start position:0% +there more complicated things I might + + + align:start position:0% +there more complicated things I might +have said something a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +have said something a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +have said something a little bit more +complicated I might have said there's a + + align:start position:0% +complicated I might have said there's a + + + align:start position:0% +complicated I might have said there's a +list with two elements and they're both + + align:start position:0% +list with two elements and they're both + + + align:start position:0% +list with two elements and they're both +the same and they should unify against + + align:start position:0% +the same and they should unify against + + + align:start position:0% +the same and they should unify against +something of this form and the unifier + + align:start position:0% +something of this form and the unifier + + + align:start position:0% +something of this form and the unifier +should be able to deduce from that right + + align:start position:0% +should be able to deduce from that right + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to deduce from that right +that Y would have to be B Y would have + + align:start position:0% +that Y would have to be B Y would have + + + align:start position:0% +that Y would have to be B Y would have +to be B because these because these two + + align:start position:0% +to be B because these because these two + + + align:start position:0% +to be B because these because these two +are the same so wise got to be B and the + + align:start position:0% +are the same so wise got to be B and the + + + align:start position:0% +are the same so wise got to be B and the +V here would have to be a and Z and W + + align:start position:0% +V here would have to be a and Z and W + + + align:start position:0% +V here would have to be a and Z and W +can be anything but they have to be the + + align:start position:0% +can be anything but they have to be the + + + align:start position:0% +can be anything but they have to be the +same thing and X would have to be B + + align:start position:0% +same thing and X would have to be B + + + align:start position:0% +same thing and X would have to be B +followed by a followed by whatever W is + + align:start position:0% +followed by a followed by whatever W is + + + align:start position:0% +followed by a followed by whatever W is +or whatever Z is which is the same so + + align:start position:0% +or whatever Z is which is the same so + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever Z is which is the same so +you see the unifier somehow has to + + align:start position:0% +you see the unifier somehow has to + + + align:start position:0% +you see the unifier somehow has to +deduce things to unify these patterns so + + align:start position:0% +deduce things to unify these patterns so + + + align:start position:0% +deduce things to unify these patterns so +you might think there's some kind of + + align:start position:0% +you might think there's some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you might think there's some kind of +magic deduction going on but there's not + + align:start position:0% +magic deduction going on but there's not + + + align:start position:0% +magic deduction going on but there's not +a unifier is basically a very simple + + align:start position:0% +a unifier is basically a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +a unifier is basically a very simple +modification of a pattern matcher and if + + align:start position:0% +modification of a pattern matcher and if + + + align:start position:0% +modification of a pattern matcher and if +you look in the book you'll see + + align:start position:0% +you look in the book you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +you look in the book you'll see +something like like three or four lines + + align:start position:0% +something like like three or four lines + + + align:start position:0% +something like like three or four lines +of code added to the pattern matcher you + + align:start position:0% +of code added to the pattern matcher you + + + align:start position:0% +of code added to the pattern matcher you +just saw to handle the symmetric case + + align:start position:0% +just saw to handle the symmetric case + + + align:start position:0% +just saw to handle the symmetric case +remember the pattern matcher might has a + + align:start position:0% +remember the pattern matcher might has a + + + align:start position:0% +remember the pattern matcher might has a +place where it says is this variable + + align:start position:0% +place where it says is this variable + + + align:start position:0% +place where it says is this variable +matching a constant and if so it checks + + align:start position:0% +matching a constant and if so it checks + + + align:start position:0% +matching a constant and if so it checks +in the dictionary there's only one other + + align:start position:0% +in the dictionary there's only one other + + + align:start position:0% +in the dictionary there's only one other +clause in the unifier which says is this + + align:start position:0% +clause in the unifier which says is this + + + align:start position:0% +clause in the unifier which says is this +variable matching a variable in which + + align:start position:0% +variable matching a variable in which + + + align:start position:0% +variable matching a variable in which +case you go look in the dictionary and + + align:start position:0% +case you go look in the dictionary and + + + align:start position:0% +case you go look in the dictionary and +see if that's consistent with what's in + + align:start position:0% +see if that's consistent with what's in + + + align:start position:0% +see if that's consistent with what's in +the dictionary so all the the quote + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary so all the the quote + + + align:start position:0% +the dictionary so all the the quote +deduction that's in this language if you + + align:start position:0% +deduction that's in this language if you + + + align:start position:0% +deduction that's in this language if you +sort of look at it sort of sits in the + + align:start position:0% +sort of look at it sort of sits in the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of look at it sort of sits in the +rural applications which if you look at + + align:start position:0% +rural applications which if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +rural applications which if you look at +that sits in the unifier which if you + + align:start position:0% +that sits in the unifier which if you + + + align:start position:0% +that sits in the unifier which if you +look at that under a microscope sits + + align:start position:0% +look at that under a microscope sits + + + align:start position:0% +look at that under a microscope sits +essentially in the pattern matcher + + align:start position:0% +essentially in the pattern matcher + + + align:start position:0% +essentially in the pattern matcher +there's there's no magic at all going on + + align:start position:0% +there's there's no magic at all going on + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's no magic at all going on +in there and the the quote deduction + + align:start position:0% +in there and the the quote deduction + + + align:start position:0% +in there and the the quote deduction +that you see is just the fact that + + align:start position:0% +that you see is just the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +that you see is just the fact that +there's this recursion which is + + align:start position:0% +there's this recursion which is + + + align:start position:0% +there's this recursion which is +unwinding the + + align:start position:0% +unwinding the + + + align:start position:0% +unwinding the +the match has bit by bit so it looks + + align:start position:0% +the match has bit by bit so it looks + + + align:start position:0% +the match has bit by bit so it looks +like this thing is being very clever but + + align:start position:0% +like this thing is being very clever but + + + align:start position:0% +like this thing is being very clever but +in fact it's not being very clever at + + align:start position:0% +in fact it's not being very clever at + + + align:start position:0% +in fact it's not being very clever at +all there are cases where a uniform + + align:start position:0% +all there are cases where a uniform + + + align:start position:0% +all there are cases where a uniform +might have to be clever let me show you + + align:start position:0% +might have to be clever let me show you + + + align:start position:0% +might have to be clever let me show you +one more suppose I said suppose I want + + align:start position:0% +one more suppose I said suppose I want + + + align:start position:0% +one more suppose I said suppose I want +to unify a list of two elements X and X + + align:start position:0% +to unify a list of two elements X and X + + + align:start position:0% +to unify a list of two elements X and X +with a thing that says it's Y followed + + align:start position:0% +with a thing that says it's Y followed + + + align:start position:0% +with a thing that says it's Y followed +by a dot Y now if you think of what that + + align:start position:0% +by a dot Y now if you think of what that + + + align:start position:0% +by a dot Y now if you think of what that +would have to mean it would have to mean + + align:start position:0% +would have to mean it would have to mean + + + align:start position:0% +would have to mean it would have to mean +that X had better be the same as Y but + + align:start position:0% +that X had better be the same as Y but + + + align:start position:0% +that X had better be the same as Y but +also X had better be the same as a list + + align:start position:0% +also X had better be the same as a list + + + align:start position:0% +also X had better be the same as a list +whose first element is a and whose rest + + align:start position:0% +whose first element is a and whose rest + + + align:start position:0% +whose first element is a and whose rest +is Y and if you think about what that + + align:start position:0% +is Y and if you think about what that + + + align:start position:0% +is Y and if you think about what that +would have to mean it would have to mean + + align:start position:0% +would have to mean it would have to mean + + + align:start position:0% +would have to mean it would have to mean +that Y is the infinite list of A's in + + align:start position:0% +that Y is the infinite list of A's in + + + align:start position:0% +that Y is the infinite list of A's in +some sense in what it is in order to do + + align:start position:0% +some sense in what it is in order to do + + + align:start position:0% +some sense in what it is in order to do +that unification I have to solve the + + align:start position:0% +that unification I have to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +that unification I have to solve the +fixed-point equation cons of constant a + + align:start position:0% +fixed-point equation cons of constant a + + + align:start position:0% +fixed-point equation cons of constant a +to Y is equal to Y and in general I + + align:start position:0% +to Y is equal to Y and in general I + + + align:start position:0% +to Y is equal to Y and in general I +wrote a very simple one really doing + + align:start position:0% +wrote a very simple one really doing + + + align:start position:0% +wrote a very simple one really doing +unification might have to solve an + + align:start position:0% +unification might have to solve an + + + align:start position:0% +unification might have to solve an +arbitrary fixpoint equation f of y + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary fixpoint equation f of y + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary fixpoint equation f of y +equals y and basically you can't do that + + align:start position:0% +equals y and basically you can't do that + + + align:start position:0% +equals y and basically you can't do that +and make the thing finite all the time + + align:start position:0% +and make the thing finite all the time + + + align:start position:0% +and make the thing finite all the time +so how does how does the logic language + + align:start position:0% +so how does how does the logic language + + + align:start position:0% +so how does how does the logic language +handle that the answer is it doesn't it + + align:start position:0% +handle that the answer is it doesn't it + + + align:start position:0% +handle that the answer is it doesn't it +just hunts and there's a little check in + + align:start position:0% +just hunts and there's a little check in + + + align:start position:0% +just hunts and there's a little check in +the unity in the unifier which says oh + + align:start position:0% +the unity in the unifier which says oh + + + align:start position:0% +the unity in the unifier which says oh +is this one of the hard cases which when + + align:start position:0% +is this one of the hard cases which when + + + align:start position:0% +is this one of the hard cases which when +I go to match things would involve + + align:start position:0% +I go to match things would involve + + + align:start position:0% +I go to match things would involve +solving a fixed point equation and in + + align:start position:0% +solving a fixed point equation and in + + + align:start position:0% +solving a fixed point equation and in +this case I will throw up my hands and + + align:start position:0% +this case I will throw up my hands and + + + align:start position:0% +this case I will throw up my hands and +if that check we're not in there what + + align:start position:0% +if that check we're not in there what + + + align:start position:0% +if that check we're not in there what +would happen in most cases is that the + + align:start position:0% +would happen in most cases is that the + + + align:start position:0% +would happen in most cases is that the +unifier would just go into an infinite + + align:start position:0% +unifier would just go into an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +unifier would just go into an infinite +loop and other logic programming + + align:start position:0% +loop and other logic programming + + + align:start position:0% +loop and other logic programming +languages work like that so there's + + align:start position:0% +languages work like that so there's + + + align:start position:0% +languages work like that so there's +really no magic the easy case is done in + + align:start position:0% +really no magic the easy case is done in + + + align:start position:0% +really no magic the easy case is done in +the matcher + + align:start position:0% +the matcher + + + align:start position:0% +the matcher +the hard case is not done at all and + + align:start position:0% +the hard case is not done at all and + + + align:start position:0% +the hard case is not done at all and +that's that's about the state of this + + align:start position:0% +that's that's about the state of this + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's about the state of this +technology + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay well now let me let me just say + + align:start position:0% +okay well now let me let me just say + + + align:start position:0% +okay well now let me let me just say +again formally how rules work now that I + + align:start position:0% +again formally how rules work now that I + + + align:start position:0% +again formally how rules work now that I +talked about unifiers so the official + + align:start position:0% +talked about unifiers so the official + + + align:start position:0% +talked about unifiers so the official +definition is that to apply a rule we + + align:start position:0% +definition is that to apply a rule we + + + align:start position:0% +definition is that to apply a rule we +well let's start using some words we've + + align:start position:0% +well let's start using some words we've + + + align:start position:0% +well let's start using some words we've +used before let's talk about sticking + + align:start position:0% +used before let's talk about sticking + + + align:start position:0% +used before let's talk about sticking +dictionaries into these big boxes of + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries into these big boxes of + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries into these big boxes of +query things as evaluating these large + + align:start position:0% +query things as evaluating these large + + + align:start position:0% +query things as evaluating these large +queries relative to an environment or a + + align:start position:0% +queries relative to an environment or a + + + align:start position:0% +queries relative to an environment or a +frame see we can think of that + + align:start position:0% +frame see we can think of that + + + align:start position:0% +frame see we can think of that +dictionary what's the dictionary after + + align:start position:0% +dictionary what's the dictionary after + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary what's the dictionary after +all it's a bunch of meanings for symbols + + align:start position:0% +all it's a bunch of meanings for symbols + + + align:start position:0% +all it's a bunch of meanings for symbols +that's what we've been calling frames or + + align:start position:0% +that's what we've been calling frames or + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we've been calling frames or +environments what does it mean to do + + align:start position:0% +environments what does it mean to do + + + align:start position:0% +environments what does it mean to do +some processing relevant to an eval to + + align:start position:0% +some processing relevant to an eval to + + + align:start position:0% +some processing relevant to an eval to +an environment that's what we've been + + align:start position:0% +an environment that's what we've been + + + align:start position:0% +an environment that's what we've been +calling the valuation so we can say the + + align:start position:0% +calling the valuation so we can say the + + + align:start position:0% +calling the valuation so we can say the +way that you apply a rule is to evaluate + + align:start position:0% +way that you apply a rule is to evaluate + + + align:start position:0% +way that you apply a rule is to evaluate +the rule body relative to an environment + + align:start position:0% +the rule body relative to an environment + + + align:start position:0% +the rule body relative to an environment +that's formed by unifying the rural + + align:start position:0% +that's formed by unifying the rural + + + align:start position:0% +that's formed by unifying the rural +conclusion with the given query and the + + align:start position:0% +conclusion with the given query and the + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion with the given query and the +thing I want you to notice is the + + align:start position:0% +thing I want you to notice is the + + + align:start position:0% +thing I want you to notice is the +complete formal similarity to the + + align:start position:0% +complete formal similarity to the + + + align:start position:0% +complete formal similarity to the +meta-circular evaluator or the + + align:start position:0% +meta-circular evaluator or the + + + align:start position:0% +meta-circular evaluator or the +substitution model to apply a procedure + + align:start position:0% +substitution model to apply a procedure + + + align:start position:0% +substitution model to apply a procedure +we evaluate the procedure body relative + + align:start position:0% +we evaluate the procedure body relative + + + align:start position:0% +we evaluate the procedure body relative +to an environment that's formed by + + align:start position:0% +to an environment that's formed by + + + align:start position:0% +to an environment that's formed by +binding the procedure parameters to the + + align:start position:0% +binding the procedure parameters to the + + + align:start position:0% +binding the procedure parameters to the +arguments there's a complete formal + + align:start position:0% +arguments there's a complete formal + + + align:start position:0% +arguments there's a complete formal +similarity there between rules rule + + align:start position:0% +similarity there between rules rule + + + align:start position:0% +similarity there between rules rule +application and procedure application + + align:start position:0% +application and procedure application + + + align:start position:0% +application and procedure application +even those these things are very very + + align:start position:0% +even those these things are very very + + + align:start position:0% +even those these things are very very +different and again you have the apply + + align:start position:0% +different and again you have the apply + + + align:start position:0% +different and again you have the apply +loop write down and apply so in general + + align:start position:0% +loop write down and apply so in general + + + align:start position:0% +loop write down and apply so in general +I might be processing some combined + + align:start position:0% +I might be processing some combined + + + align:start position:0% +I might be processing some combined +expression that will turn into a rule + + align:start position:0% +expression that will turn into a rule + + + align:start position:0% +expression that will turn into a rule +application which will generate some + + align:start position:0% +application which will generate some + + + align:start position:0% +application which will generate some +dictionaries or frames or environments + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries or frames or environments + + + align:start position:0% +dictionaries or frames or environments +whatever you want to call them from + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want to call them from + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want to call them from +match which will then be the input to + + align:start position:0% +match which will then be the input to + + + align:start position:0% +match which will then be the input to +some big compound thing like this + + align:start position:0% +some big compound thing like this + + + align:start position:0% +some big compound thing like this +this has piece of this pieces of it may + + align:start position:0% +this has piece of this pieces of it may + + + align:start position:0% +this has piece of this pieces of it may +have other rule applications and the + + align:start position:0% +have other rule applications and the + + + align:start position:0% +have other rule applications and the +whole you have essentially the same + + align:start position:0% +whole you have essentially the same + + + align:start position:0% +whole you have essentially the same +cycle even though there's nothing here + + align:start position:0% +cycle even though there's nothing here + + + align:start position:0% +cycle even though there's nothing here +at all that looks like procedures it + + align:start position:0% +at all that looks like procedures it + + + align:start position:0% +at all that looks like procedures it +really has to do with the fact you've + + align:start position:0% +really has to do with the fact you've + + + align:start position:0% +really has to do with the fact you've +built a language whose means of + + align:start position:0% +built a language whose means of + + + align:start position:0% +built a language whose means of +combination and abstraction + + align:start position:0% +combination and abstraction + + + align:start position:0% +combination and abstraction +in certain ways and then in general what + + align:start position:0% +in certain ways and then in general what + + + align:start position:0% +in certain ways and then in general what +happens the very top level you might + + align:start position:0% +happens the very top level you might + + + align:start position:0% +happens the very top level you might +have rules in your database also so + + align:start position:0% +have rules in your database also so + + + align:start position:0% +have rules in your database also so +things in these database might be rules + + align:start position:0% +things in these database might be rules + + + align:start position:0% +things in these database might be rules +there ways to check that things are true + + align:start position:0% +there ways to check that things are true + + + align:start position:0% +there ways to check that things are true +so it might come in here and have to do + + align:start position:0% +so it might come in here and have to do + + + align:start position:0% +so it might come in here and have to do +a rule check and then there's some + + align:start position:0% +a rule check and then there's some + + + align:start position:0% +a rule check and then there's some +control structure which says well you + + align:start position:0% +control structure which says well you + + + align:start position:0% +control structure which says well you +look at some rules and you look at some + + align:start position:0% +look at some rules and you look at some + + + align:start position:0% +look at some rules and you look at some +data elements and you look at some rules + + align:start position:0% +data elements and you look at some rules + + + align:start position:0% +data elements and you look at some rules +and data elements and you stand out and + + align:start position:0% +and data elements and you stand out and + + + align:start position:0% +and data elements and you stand out and +out and out so it becomes essentially + + align:start position:0% +out and out so it becomes essentially + + + align:start position:0% +out and out so it becomes essentially +impossible to say what order it's + + align:start position:0% +impossible to say what order it's + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to say what order it's +looking at these things in whether it's + + align:start position:0% +looking at these things in whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +looking at these things in whether it's +breadth-first or depth-first or anything + + align:start position:0% +breadth-first or depth-first or anything + + + align:start position:0% +breadth-first or depth-first or anything +and it's even more impossible because + + align:start position:0% +and it's even more impossible because + + + align:start position:0% +and it's even more impossible because +the actual order is somehow buried in + + align:start position:0% +the actual order is somehow buried in + + + align:start position:0% +the actual order is somehow buried in +the delays of the streams so what's very + + align:start position:0% +the delays of the streams so what's very + + + align:start position:0% +the delays of the streams so what's very +hard to tell from this is the order in + + align:start position:0% +hard to tell from this is the order in + + + align:start position:0% +hard to tell from this is the order in +which it scan but what's true is because + + align:start position:0% +which it scan but what's true is because + + + align:start position:0% +which it scan but what's true is because +you're looking at the stream view is + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at the stream view is + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at the stream view is +that all of them eventually get looked + + align:start position:0% +that all of them eventually get looked + + + align:start position:0% +that all of them eventually get looked +at okay let me just mention one tiny + + align:start position:0% +at okay let me just mention one tiny + + + align:start position:0% +at okay let me just mention one tiny +technical problem suppose I'd I'd said + + align:start position:0% +technical problem suppose I'd I'd said + + + align:start position:0% +technical problem suppose I'd I'd said +over here suppose I tried saying boss of + + align:start position:0% +over here suppose I tried saying boss of + + + align:start position:0% +over here suppose I tried saying boss of +Y is computer and a funny thing would + + align:start position:0% +Y is computer and a funny thing would + + + align:start position:0% +Y is computer and a funny thing would +happen as I stuck a dictionary with with + + align:start position:0% +happen as I stuck a dictionary with with + + + align:start position:0% +happen as I stuck a dictionary with with +Y in here I might get this Y is not the + + align:start position:0% +Y in here I might get this Y is not the + + + align:start position:0% +Y in here I might get this Y is not the +same as as that Y which was the other + + align:start position:0% +same as as that Y which was the other + + + align:start position:0% +same as as that Y which was the other +piece of somebody's job description so + + align:start position:0% +piece of somebody's job description so + + + align:start position:0% +piece of somebody's job description so +if I really only did literally what I + + align:start position:0% +if I really only did literally what I + + + align:start position:0% +if I really only did literally what I +said we'd get some variable conflict + + align:start position:0% +said we'd get some variable conflict + + + align:start position:0% +said we'd get some variable conflict +problems so I lied to you a little bit + + align:start position:0% +problems so I lied to you a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +problems so I lied to you a little bit +notice that problem is exactly a problem + + align:start position:0% +notice that problem is exactly a problem + + + align:start position:0% +notice that problem is exactly a problem +we've run into before it is precisely + + align:start position:0% +we've run into before it is precisely + + + align:start position:0% +we've run into before it is precisely +the need for local variables in a + + align:start position:0% +the need for local variables in a + + + align:start position:0% +the need for local variables in a +language right then when I Square when I + + align:start position:0% +language right then when I Square when I + + + align:start position:0% +language right then when I Square when I +have the sum of squares data X had + + align:start position:0% +have the sum of squares data X had + + + align:start position:0% +have the sum of squares data X had +better not be that X that's exactly the + + align:start position:0% +better not be that X that's exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +better not be that X that's exactly the +same as as this Y had better not be that + + align:start position:0% +same as as this Y had better not be that + + + align:start position:0% +same as as this Y had better not be that +Y and we know how to solve that we built + + align:start position:0% +Y and we know how to solve that we built + + + align:start position:0% +Y and we know how to solve that we built +that was this whole environment model + + align:start position:0% +that was this whole environment model + + + align:start position:0% +that was this whole environment model +and we build change the frames and all + + align:start position:0% +and we build change the frames and all + + + align:start position:0% +and we build change the frames and all +sorts of things like that + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things like that + + + align:start position:0% +sorts of things like that +there's a much more brutal way to solve + + align:start position:0% +there's a much more brutal way to solve + + + align:start position:0% +there's a much more brutal way to solve +it in the query language we didn't even + + align:start position:0% +it in the query language we didn't even + + + align:start position:0% +it in the query language we didn't even +do that we did something completely + + align:start position:0% +do that we did something completely + + + align:start position:0% +do that we did something completely +brutal we said every time you apply a + + align:start position:0% +brutal we said every time you apply a + + + align:start position:0% +brutal we said every time you apply a +rule rename consistently all the + + align:start position:0% +rule rename consistently all the + + + align:start position:0% +rule rename consistently all the +variables in the rule to some new unique + + align:start position:0% +variables in the rule to some new unique + + + align:start position:0% +variables in the rule to some new unique +names that won't that won't conflict + + align:start position:0% +names that won't that won't conflict + + + align:start position:0% +names that won't that won't conflict +with anything and if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +with anything and if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +with anything and if you look at the +that's conceptually simpler but really + + align:start position:0% +that's conceptually simpler but really + + + align:start position:0% +that's conceptually simpler but really +brutal and not particularly efficient + + align:start position:0% +brutal and not particularly efficient + + + align:start position:0% +brutal and not particularly efficient +but notice we could have got ridden we + + align:start position:0% +but notice we could have got ridden we + + + align:start position:0% +but notice we could have got ridden we +could have got rid of all our + + align:start position:0% +could have got rid of all our + + + align:start position:0% +could have got rid of all our +environment structures if we defined + + align:start position:0% +environment structures if we defined + + + align:start position:0% +environment structures if we defined +four procedures in Lisp the same thing + + align:start position:0% +four procedures in Lisp the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +four procedures in Lisp the same thing +if every time we applied a procedure and + + align:start position:0% +if every time we applied a procedure and + + + align:start position:0% +if every time we applied a procedure and +did the substitution model we renamed + + align:start position:0% +did the substitution model we renamed + + + align:start position:0% +did the substitution model we renamed +all the variables in the procedure then + + align:start position:0% +all the variables in the procedure then + + + align:start position:0% +all the variables in the procedure then +we never would have had to worry about + + align:start position:0% +we never would have had to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +we never would have had to worry about +local variables because they would never + + align:start position:0% +local variables because they would never + + + align:start position:0% +local variables because they would never +arise okay well that would be + + align:start position:0% +arise okay well that would be + + + align:start position:0% +arise okay well that would be +inefficient and it's inefficient here in + + align:start position:0% +inefficient and it's inefficient here in + + + align:start position:0% +inefficient and it's inefficient here in +the query language too but we did it to + + align:start position:0% +the query language too but we did it to + + + align:start position:0% +the query language too but we did it to +keep it simple and let's break for + + align:start position:0% +keep it simple and let's break for + + + align:start position:0% +keep it simple and let's break for +questions when you started this session + + align:start position:0% +questions when you started this session + + + align:start position:0% +questions when you started this session +section use you emphasized how powerful + + align:start position:0% +section use you emphasized how powerful + + + align:start position:0% +section use you emphasized how powerful +our eval apply eval model was that we + + align:start position:0% +our eval apply eval model was that we + + + align:start position:0% +our eval apply eval model was that we +could use it for any language and then + + align:start position:0% +could use it for any language and then + + + align:start position:0% +could use it for any language and then +you see we're gonna have this language + + align:start position:0% +you see we're gonna have this language + + + align:start position:0% +you see we're gonna have this language +just so different it turns out that this + + align:start position:0% +just so different it turns out that this + + + align:start position:0% +just so different it turns out that this +language as you just pointed out is very + + align:start position:0% +language as you just pointed out is very + + + align:start position:0% +language as you just pointed out is very +much the same I'm wondering if you're + + align:start position:0% +much the same I'm wondering if you're + + + align:start position:0% +much the same I'm wondering if you're +arguing that our languages end up coming + + align:start position:0% +arguing that our languages end up coming + + + align:start position:0% +arguing that our languages end up coming +down to this you can apply a rule or a + + align:start position:0% +down to this you can apply a rule or a + + + align:start position:0% +down to this you can apply a rule or a +quiet procedure or some kind of apply I + + align:start position:0% +quiet procedure or some kind of apply I + + + align:start position:0% +quiet procedure or some kind of apply I +would say that pretty much any language + + align:start position:0% +would say that pretty much any language + + + align:start position:0% +would say that pretty much any language +where you really are building up these + + align:start position:0% +where you really are building up these + + + align:start position:0% +where you really are building up these +means of combination and giving them + + align:start position:0% +means of combination and giving them + + + align:start position:0% +means of combination and giving them +simpler names and you're saying anything + + align:start position:0% +simpler names and you're saying anything + + + align:start position:0% +simpler names and you're saying anything +of the sort like here's a general kind + + align:start position:0% +of the sort like here's a general kind + + + align:start position:0% +of the sort like here's a general kind +of expression like how to square + + align:start position:0% +of expression like how to square + + + align:start position:0% +of expression like how to square +something all right I almost anything + + align:start position:0% +something all right I almost anything + + + align:start position:0% +something all right I almost anything +that you would call a procedure if + + align:start position:0% +that you would call a procedure if + + + align:start position:0% +that you would call a procedure if +that's got to have parts you have to + + align:start position:0% +that's got to have parts you have to + + + align:start position:0% +that's got to have parts you have to +unwind those parts you have to have some + + align:start position:0% +unwind those parts you have to have some + + + align:start position:0% +unwind those parts you have to have some +kind of organization which says when I + + align:start position:0% +kind of organization which says when I + + + align:start position:0% +kind of organization which says when I +look at the abstract variables or tags + + align:start position:0% +look at the abstract variables or tags + + + align:start position:0% +look at the abstract variables or tags +or whatever you want to call them that + + align:start position:0% +or whatever you want to call them that + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever you want to call them that +might stand for particular things you + + align:start position:0% +might stand for particular things you + + + align:start position:0% +might stand for particular things you +have to keep track of that that's gonna + + align:start position:0% +have to keep track of that that's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +have to keep track of that that's gonna +be something like an environment and + + align:start position:0% +be something like an environment and + + + align:start position:0% +be something like an environment and +then if you say this part can have parts + + align:start position:0% +then if you say this part can have parts + + + align:start position:0% +then if you say this part can have parts +which I have to unwind you've got to + + align:start position:0% +which I have to unwind you've got to + + + align:start position:0% +which I have to unwind you've got to +have something like this cycle and lots + + align:start position:0% +have something like this cycle and lots + + + align:start position:0% +have something like this cycle and lots +of lots of languages have that character + + align:start position:0% +of lots of languages have that character + + + align:start position:0% +of lots of languages have that character +there's one when they sort of get put + + align:start position:0% +there's one when they sort of get put + + + align:start position:0% +there's one when they sort of get put +together in this way this language again + + align:start position:0% +together in this way this language again + + + align:start position:0% +together in this way this language again +really is different because there's + + align:start position:0% +really is different because there's + + + align:start position:0% +really is different because there's +nothing like procedures on the outside + + align:start position:0% +nothing like procedures on the outside + + + align:start position:0% +nothing like procedures on the outside +when you go below the surface and you + + align:start position:0% +when you go below the surface and you + + + align:start position:0% +when you go below the surface and you +see the implementation of course it + + align:start position:0% +see the implementation of course it + + + align:start position:0% +see the implementation of course it +starts looking to Sam but from the + + align:start position:0% +starts looking to Sam but from the + + + align:start position:0% +starts looking to Sam but from the +outside it's a very different world you + + align:start position:0% +outside it's a very different world you + + + align:start position:0% +outside it's a very different world you +you're not computing functions of inputs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you mentioned earlier that when you when + + align:start position:0% +you mentioned earlier that when you when + + + align:start position:0% +you mentioned earlier that when you when +you build all of these rules in the + + align:start position:0% +you build all of these rules in the + + + align:start position:0% +you build all of these rules in the +pattern measure and with the delayed + + align:start position:0% +pattern measure and with the delayed + + + align:start position:0% +pattern measure and with the delayed +action in streams you really have no way + + align:start position:0% +action in streams you really have no way + + + align:start position:0% +action in streams you really have no way +to know in what order things are + + align:start position:0% +to know in what order things are + + + align:start position:0% +to know in what order things are +evaluated right and that would indicate + + align:start position:0% +evaluated right and that would indicate + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated right and that would indicate +then that you should only express + + align:start position:0% +then that you should only express + + + align:start position:0% +then that you should only express +declarative knowledge that's true for + + align:start position:0% +declarative knowledge that's true for + + + align:start position:0% +declarative knowledge that's true for +all time no time sequence built into it + + align:start position:0% +all time no time sequence built into it + + + align:start position:0% +all time no time sequence built into it +otherwise these things get all yes yes + + align:start position:0% +otherwise these things get all yes yes + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise these things get all yes yes +question is this really is set up for + + align:start position:0% +question is this really is set up for + + + align:start position:0% +question is this really is set up for +doing declarative knowledge and as I + + align:start position:0% +doing declarative knowledge and as I + + + align:start position:0% +doing declarative knowledge and as I +presented it now I'll I'll show you some + + align:start position:0% +presented it now I'll I'll show you some + + + align:start position:0% +presented it now I'll I'll show you some +of the the ugly warts under this after + + align:start position:0% +of the the ugly warts under this after + + + align:start position:0% +of the the ugly warts under this after +the break as I presented it it's just + + align:start position:0% +the break as I presented it it's just + + + align:start position:0% +the break as I presented it it's just +doing logic and in principle if it were + + align:start position:0% +doing logic and in principle if it were + + + align:start position:0% +doing logic and in principle if it were +logic it wouldn't matter what order it's + + align:start position:0% +logic it wouldn't matter what order it's + + + align:start position:0% +logic it wouldn't matter what order it's +getting done in and and it's quite true + + align:start position:0% +getting done in and and it's quite true + + + align:start position:0% +getting done in and and it's quite true +when you start doing things where you + + align:start position:0% +when you start doing things where you + + + align:start position:0% +when you start doing things where you +have side-effects like adding things to + + align:start position:0% +have side-effects like adding things to + + + align:start position:0% +have side-effects like adding things to +the database and taking things out and + + align:start position:0% +the database and taking things out and + + + align:start position:0% +the database and taking things out and +we'll see some others you you lose that + + align:start position:0% +we'll see some others you you lose that + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see some others you you lose that +kind of control so for example + + align:start position:0% +kind of control so for example + + + align:start position:0% +kind of control so for example +contrasting with Prolog say Prolog has + + align:start position:0% +contrasting with Prolog say Prolog has + + + align:start position:0% +contrasting with Prolog say Prolog has +various features where you really + + align:start position:0% +various features where you really + + + align:start position:0% +various features where you really +exploit the order of evaluation and + + align:start position:0% +exploit the order of evaluation and + + + align:start position:0% +exploit the order of evaluation and +people write Prolog programs that way + + align:start position:0% +people write Prolog programs that way + + + align:start position:0% +people write Prolog programs that way +that turns out to be very complicated in + + align:start position:0% +that turns out to be very complicated in + + + align:start position:0% +that turns out to be very complicated in +Prolog although if you're an expert + + align:start position:0% +Prolog although if you're an expert + + + align:start position:0% +Prolog although if you're an expert +Prolog programmer you can do it however + + align:start position:0% +Prolog programmer you can do it however + + + align:start position:0% +Prolog programmer you can do it however +here I don't think you can do it at all + + align:start position:0% +here I don't think you can do it at all + + + align:start position:0% +here I don't think you can do it at all +it's very complicated because you really + + align:start position:0% +it's very complicated because you really + + + align:start position:0% +it's very complicated because you really +are giving up control over any + + align:start position:0% +are giving up control over any + + + align:start position:0% +are giving up control over any +pre-arranged order of trying things now + + align:start position:0% +pre-arranged order of trying things now + + + align:start position:0% +pre-arranged order of trying things now +that would indicate then that you have a + + align:start position:0% +that would indicate then that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +that would indicate then that you have a +functional mapping and when you started + + align:start position:0% +functional mapping and when you started + + + align:start position:0% +functional mapping and when you started +out of this lecture you said that we + + align:start position:0% +out of this lecture you said that we + + + align:start position:0% +out of this lecture you said that we +expressed the declarative knowledge + + align:start position:0% +expressed the declarative knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +expressed the declarative knowledge +which is a relation and we don't well + + align:start position:0% +which is a relation and we don't well + + + align:start position:0% +which is a relation and we don't well +there's a pun unfunctional right there's + + align:start position:0% +there's a pun unfunctional right there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's a pun unfunctional right there's +functional in the sense of side no side + + align:start position:0% +functional in the sense of side no side + + + align:start position:0% +functional in the sense of side no side +effects and not depending on what orders + + align:start position:0% +effects and not depending on what orders + + + align:start position:0% +effects and not depending on what orders +going on and then there's functional in + + align:start position:0% +going on and then there's functional in + + + align:start position:0% +going on and then there's functional in +a sense of mathematical function which + + align:start position:0% +a sense of mathematical function which + + + align:start position:0% +a sense of mathematical function which +means input any output and it's just + + align:start position:0% +means input any output and it's just + + + align:start position:0% +means input any output and it's just +that pun that you're making I think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm a little unclear on what you're + + align:start position:0% +I'm a little unclear on what you're + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a little unclear on what you're +doing with these two statements the two + + align:start position:0% +doing with these two statements the two + + + align:start position:0% +doing with these two statements the two +ba statements is the first one a + + align:start position:0% +ba statements is the first one a + + + align:start position:0% +ba statements is the first one a +statement building up the database and + + align:start position:0% +statement building up the database and + + + align:start position:0% +statement building up the database and +the second one aquarium no or okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +the second one aquarium no or okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the second one aquarium no or okay I'm +sorry what I meant here if I type + + align:start position:0% +sorry what I meant here if I type + + + align:start position:0% +sorry what I meant here if I type +something like this in as a query I + + align:start position:0% +something like this in as a query I + + + align:start position:0% +something like this in as a query I +should have given an example way at the + + align:start position:0% +should have given an example way at the + + + align:start position:0% +should have given an example way at the +very beginning if I type in you know job + + align:start position:0% +very beginning if I type in you know job + + + align:start position:0% +very beginning if I type in you know job +ben bitdiddle computer wizard what the + + align:start position:0% +ben bitdiddle computer wizard what the + + + align:start position:0% +ben bitdiddle computer wizard what the +processing will do is if it finds a + + align:start position:0% +processing will do is if it finds a + + + align:start position:0% +processing will do is if it finds a +match it'll find a match to that exact + + align:start position:0% +match it'll find a match to that exact + + + align:start position:0% +match it'll find a match to that exact +thing and it'll type out job ben + + align:start position:0% +thing and it'll type out job ben + + + align:start position:0% +thing and it'll type out job ben +bitdiddle computer wizard if it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +bitdiddle computer wizard if it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +bitdiddle computer wizard if it doesn't +find a match it won't find anything so + + align:start position:0% +find a match it won't find anything so + + + align:start position:0% +find a match it won't find anything so +one way what I should have said is the + + align:start position:0% +one way what I should have said is the + + + align:start position:0% +one way what I should have said is the +way you use the query language to check + + align:start position:0% +way you use the query language to check + + + align:start position:0% +way you use the query language to check +whether something is true remember + + align:start position:0% +whether something is true remember + + + align:start position:0% +whether something is true remember +that's one of the things you want to do + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the things you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the things you want to do +in logic programming is you type in your + + align:start position:0% +in logic programming is you type in your + + + align:start position:0% +in logic programming is you type in your +query and either that comes out or it + + align:start position:0% +query and either that comes out or it + + + align:start position:0% +query and either that comes out or it +doesn't so what I was trying to + + align:start position:0% +doesn't so what I was trying to + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't so what I was trying to +illustrate here I wanted to give it to + + align:start position:0% +illustrate here I wanted to give it to + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate here I wanted to give it to +start with a very simple example before + + align:start position:0% +start with a very simple example before + + + align:start position:0% +start with a very simple example before +talking about unifiers so what I should + + align:start position:0% +talking about unifiers so what I should + + + align:start position:0% +talking about unifiers so what I should +have said if I just wanted to check + + align:start position:0% +have said if I just wanted to check + + + align:start position:0% +have said if I just wanted to check +whether this is true I could type that + + align:start position:0% +whether this is true I could type that + + + align:start position:0% +whether this is true I could type that +in and see if anything came out the + + align:start position:0% +in and see if anything came out the + + + align:start position:0% +in and see if anything came out the +second one would be a real query what + + align:start position:0% +second one would be a real query what + + + align:start position:0% +second one would be a real query what +would come out so you would go in here + + align:start position:0% +would come out so you would go in here + + + align:start position:0% +would come out so you would go in here +say with who and in would go a frame + + align:start position:0% +say with who and in would go a frame + + + align:start position:0% +say with who and in would go a frame +that says Z is down to who and DZ on to + + align:start position:0% +that says Z is down to who and DZ on to + + + align:start position:0% +that says Z is down to who and DZ on to +computer and this would pass through and + + align:start position:0% +computer and this would pass through and + + + align:start position:0% +computer and this would pass through and +then by the time it got out of here who + + align:start position:0% +then by the time it got out of here who + + + align:start position:0% +then by the time it got out of here who +would pick up a binding unifying thing + + align:start position:0% +would pick up a binding unifying thing + + + align:start position:0% +would pick up a binding unifying thing +okay I still I'm not sure what happens + + align:start position:0% +okay I still I'm not sure what happens + + + align:start position:0% +okay I still I'm not sure what happens +with who and Z okay if the unifying the + + align:start position:0% +with who and Z okay if the unifying the + + + align:start position:0% +with who and Z okay if the unifying the +rule here says okay so you said you + + align:start position:0% +rule here says okay so you said you + + + align:start position:0% +rule here says okay so you said you +can't make question mark equal to + + align:start position:0% +can't make question mark equal to + + + align:start position:0% +can't make question mark equal to +question mark right that's what the + + align:start position:0% +question mark right that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +question mark right that's what the +Natura can't do but what a unifier what + + align:start position:0% +Natura can't do but what a unifier what + + + align:start position:0% +Natura can't do but what a unifier what +this will mean to a unifier is that + + align:start position:0% +this will mean to a unifier is that + + + align:start position:0% +this will mean to a unifier is that +there's an environment with three + + align:start position:0% +there's an environment with three + + + align:start position:0% +there's an environment with three +variables D here is computer Z is + + align:start position:0% +variables D here is computer Z is + + + align:start position:0% +variables D here is computer Z is +whatever who is so if later on in the + + align:start position:0% +whatever who is so if later on in the + + + align:start position:0% +whatever who is so if later on in the +natural routine it said + + align:start position:0% +natural routine it said + + + align:start position:0% +natural routine it said +for example who has to be three then + + align:start position:0% +for example who has to be three then + + + align:start position:0% +for example who has to be three then +when I looked up in the dictionary it'll + + align:start position:0% +when I looked up in the dictionary it'll + + + align:start position:0% +when I looked up in the dictionary it'll +say Oh Z is three cuz it's the same as + + align:start position:0% +say Oh Z is three cuz it's the same as + + + align:start position:0% +say Oh Z is three cuz it's the same as +who and that's some sense the only thing + + align:start position:0% +who and that's some sense the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +who and that's some sense the only thing +you need to do to extend the unifier to + + align:start position:0% +you need to do to extend the unifier to + + + align:start position:0% +you need to do to extend the unifier to +a matcher okay does it look like when + + align:start position:0% +a matcher okay does it look like when + + + align:start position:0% +a matcher okay does it look like when +you're telling me how to unify it looked + + align:start position:0% +you're telling me how to unify it looked + + + align:start position:0% +you're telling me how to unify it looked +like you would put the things together + + align:start position:0% +like you would put the things together + + + align:start position:0% +like you would put the things together +in such a way that you'd actually solve + + align:start position:0% +in such a way that you'd actually solve + + + align:start position:0% +in such a way that you'd actually solve +and have a value from both of them and + + align:start position:0% +and have a value from both of them and + + + align:start position:0% +and have a value from both of them and +that looks like now is that you're + + align:start position:0% +that looks like now is that you're + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like now is that you're +actually passing a dictionary with the + + align:start position:0% +actually passing a dictionary with the + + + align:start position:0% +actually passing a dictionary with the +two variables and the variables are + + align:start position:0% +two variables and the variables are + + + align:start position:0% +two variables and the variables are +lying right it only looks like you're + + align:start position:0% +lying right it only looks like you're + + + align:start position:0% +lying right it only looks like you're +solving for both of them because you're + + align:start position:0% +solving for both of them because you're + + + align:start position:0% +solving for both of them because you're +sort of looking at the whole solution at + + align:start position:0% +sort of looking at the whole solution at + + + align:start position:0% +sort of looking at the whole solution at +once if you sort of watch the thing + + align:start position:0% +once if you sort of watch the thing + + + align:start position:0% +once if you sort of watch the thing +getting built up recursively it's merely + + align:start position:0% +getting built up recursively it's merely + + + align:start position:0% +getting built up recursively it's merely +this okay so you do pass off that + + align:start position:0% +this okay so you do pass off that + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so you do pass off that +dictionary with two variables + + align:start position:0% +dictionary with two variables + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary with two variables +that's right right right it just looks + + align:start position:0% +that's right right right it just looks + + + align:start position:0% +that's right right right it just looks +like I'm wearing dictionary that you do + + align:start position:0% +like I'm wearing dictionary that you do + + + align:start position:0% +like I'm wearing dictionary that you do +not you're not able to invite them right + + align:start position:0% +not you're not able to invite them right + + + align:start position:0% +not you're not able to invite them right +can you just by building the rules or + + align:start position:0% +can you just by building the rules or + + + align:start position:0% +can you just by building the rules or +right in the forms of know in advance if + + align:start position:0% +right in the forms of know in advance if + + + align:start position:0% +right in the forms of know in advance if +we're going to be able to get into + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be able to get into + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be able to get into +unification or not and can you add some + + align:start position:0% +unification or not and can you add some + + + align:start position:0% +unification or not and can you add some +properties either to the rules itself or + + align:start position:0% +properties either to the rules itself or + + + align:start position:0% +properties either to the rules itself or +to the form that you're writing so that + + align:start position:0% +to the form that you're writing so that + + + align:start position:0% +to the form that you're writing so that +you avoid the problem of not finding + + align:start position:0% +you avoid the problem of not finding + + + align:start position:0% +you avoid the problem of not finding +education what I mean you can agree I + + align:start position:0% +education what I mean you can agree I + + + align:start position:0% +education what I mean you can agree I +think to write in a fairly restricted + + align:start position:0% +think to write in a fairly restricted + + + align:start position:0% +think to write in a fairly restricted +way where you won't run into it + + align:start position:0% +way where you won't run into it + + + align:start position:0% +way where you won't run into it +sequels what you're getting see the + + align:start position:0% +sequels what you're getting see the + + + align:start position:0% +sequels what you're getting see the +place where you get into problems is + + align:start position:0% +place where you get into problems is + + + align:start position:0% +place where you get into problems is +when you well again you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +when you well again you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +when you well again you're trying to +match things like like that against + + align:start position:0% +match things like like that against + + + align:start position:0% +match things like like that against +things where where these have structure + + align:start position:0% +things where where these have structure + + + align:start position:0% +things where where these have structure +we're a why B why something + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is the kind of place where you + + align:start position:0% +so this is the kind of place where you + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the kind of place where you +might where you're going to get into + + align:start position:0% +might where you're going to get into + + + align:start position:0% +might where you're going to get into +trouble so you can so you could kind of + + align:start position:0% +trouble so you can so you could kind of + + + align:start position:0% +trouble so you can so you could kind of +watch your rules and the kinds of things + + align:start position:0% +watch your rules and the kinds of things + + + align:start position:0% +watch your rules and the kinds of things +that you're writing that's a problem + + align:start position:0% +that you're writing that's a problem + + + align:start position:0% +that you're writing that's a problem +area it's probably either not quite the + + align:start position:0% +area it's probably either not quite the + + + align:start position:0% +area it's probably either not quite the +Dildar of the database the person who's + + align:start position:0% +Dildar of the database the person who's + + + align:start position:0% +Dildar of the database the person who's +expressing the rules or the Builder of + + align:start position:0% +expressing the rules or the Builder of + + + align:start position:0% +expressing the rules or the Builder of +the database what the unifier actually + + align:start position:0% +the database what the unifier actually + + + align:start position:0% +the database what the unifier actually +does is you can check at the next level + + align:start position:0% +does is you can check at the next level + + + align:start position:0% +does is you can check at the next level +down when you actually get to the + + align:start position:0% +down when you actually get to the + + + align:start position:0% +down when you actually get to the +unifier and you'll see in the code where + + align:start position:0% +unifier and you'll see in the code where + + + align:start position:0% +unifier and you'll see in the code where +it looks up in the dictionary if it sort + + align:start position:0% +it looks up in the dictionary if it sort + + + align:start position:0% +it looks up in the dictionary if it sort +of says what is why have to be oh does + + align:start position:0% +of says what is why have to be oh does + + + align:start position:0% +of says what is why have to be oh does +where I have to be something that + + align:start position:0% +where I have to be something that + + + align:start position:0% +where I have to be something that +contains a Y as its expression at that + + align:start position:0% +contains a Y as its expression at that + + + align:start position:0% +contains a Y as its expression at that +point the unifier can say oh my god I'm + + align:start position:0% +point the unifier can say oh my god I'm + + + align:start position:0% +point the unifier can say oh my god I'm +trying to find a sixth solve a fixpoint + + align:start position:0% +trying to find a sixth solve a fixpoint + + + align:start position:0% +trying to find a sixth solve a fixpoint +equation I'll give up here you mean we + + align:start position:0% +equation I'll give up here you mean we + + + align:start position:0% +equation I'll give up here you mean we +make the distinction between two rules + + align:start position:0% +make the distinction between two rules + + + align:start position:0% +make the distinction between two rules +in the database there's enthuse + + align:start position:0% +in the database there's enthuse + + + align:start position:0% +in the database there's enthuse +and the database yes yes I should have + + align:start position:0% +and the database yes yes I should have + + + align:start position:0% +and the database yes yes I should have +said that one way to think about rules + + align:start position:0% +said that one way to think about rules + + + align:start position:0% +said that one way to think about rules +is that they're just other things in the + + align:start position:0% +is that they're just other things in the + + + align:start position:0% +is that they're just other things in the +database all right so if you want to + + align:start position:0% +database all right so if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +database all right so if you want to +check they're things that have to be + + align:start position:0% +check they're things that have to be + + + align:start position:0% +check they're things that have to be +checked that are in the database they're + + align:start position:0% +checked that are in the database they're + + + align:start position:0% +checked that are in the database they're +kind of virtual facts that are in the + + align:start position:0% +kind of virtual facts that are in the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of virtual facts that are in the +database but that explanation you may be + + align:start position:0% +database but that explanation you may be + + + align:start position:0% +database but that explanation you may be +differentiation between database and + + align:start position:0% +differentiation between database and + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation between database and +yeah I probably should not have done + + align:start position:0% +yeah I probably should not have done + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I probably should not have done +that the only reason to do that is in + + align:start position:0% +that the only reason to do that is in + + + align:start position:0% +that the only reason to do that is in +terms of the implementation when you + + align:start position:0% +terms of the implementation when you + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the implementation when you +look at the implementation there's a + + align:start position:0% +look at the implementation there's a + + + align:start position:0% +look at the implementation there's a +part which says check check either + + align:start position:0% +part which says check check either + + + align:start position:0% +part which says check check either +primitive assertions in the database or + + align:start position:0% +primitive assertions in the database or + + + align:start position:0% +primitive assertions in the database or +check rules and then the reason why you + + align:start position:0% +check rules and then the reason why you + + + align:start position:0% +check rules and then the reason why you +the real reason why you can't tell what + + align:start position:0% +the real reason why you can't tell what + + + align:start position:0% +the real reason why you can't tell what +order things are gonna come out in is + + align:start position:0% +order things are gonna come out in is + + + align:start position:0% +order things are gonna come out in is +that the rule the rules database and the + + align:start position:0% +that the rule the rules database and the + + + align:start position:0% +that the rule the rules database and the +data database sort of get merged in a in + + align:start position:0% +data database sort of get merged in a in + + + align:start position:0% +data database sort of get merged in a in +a kind of delayed evaluation way and so + + align:start position:0% +a kind of delayed evaluation way and so + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of delayed evaluation way and so +that's what makes the order very + + align:start position:0% +that's what makes the order very + + + align:start position:0% +that's what makes the order very +complicated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let's break + + align:start position:0% +okay let's break + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's break +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +we've just seen how the logic language + + align:start position:0% +we've just seen how the logic language + + + align:start position:0% +we've just seen how the logic language +works and how rules work now let's turn + + align:start position:0% +works and how rules work now let's turn + + + align:start position:0% +works and how rules work now let's turn +to a more profound question what do + + align:start position:0% +to a more profound question what do + + + align:start position:0% +to a more profound question what do +these things mean that brings us to the + + align:start position:0% +these things mean that brings us to the + + + align:start position:0% +these things mean that brings us to the +the subtlest most devious part of this + + align:start position:0% +the subtlest most devious part of this + + + align:start position:0% +the subtlest most devious part of this +whole query language business and that + + align:start position:0% +whole query language business and that + + + align:start position:0% +whole query language business and that +is that it's not quite what it seems to + + align:start position:0% +is that it's not quite what it seems to + + + align:start position:0% +is that it's not quite what it seems to +be and and we're and not and the logical + + align:start position:0% +be and and we're and not and the logical + + + align:start position:0% +be and and we're and not and the logical +implication of rules are not really the + + align:start position:0% +implication of rules are not really the + + + align:start position:0% +implication of rules are not really the +and in newer and not and logical + + align:start position:0% +and in newer and not and logical + + + align:start position:0% +and in newer and not and logical +implication of logic let me give you an + + align:start position:0% +implication of logic let me give you an + + + align:start position:0% +implication of logic let me give you an +example of that certainly if we have two + + align:start position:0% +example of that certainly if we have two + + + align:start position:0% +example of that certainly if we have two +things in logic it ought to be the case + + align:start position:0% +things in logic it ought to be the case + + + align:start position:0% +things in logic it ought to be the case +that uh and of both P and Q is the same + + align:start position:0% +that uh and of both P and Q is the same + + + align:start position:0% +that uh and of both P and Q is the same +as and of Q and P and that or of P and Q + + align:start position:0% +as and of Q and P and that or of P and Q + + + align:start position:0% +as and of Q and P and that or of P and Q +is the same as or of Q and P but let's + + align:start position:0% +is the same as or of Q and P but let's + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as or of Q and P but let's +let's look here here's an ax here's an + + align:start position:0% +let's look here here's an ax here's an + + + align:start position:0% +let's look here here's an ax here's an +example let's talk about somebody + + align:start position:0% +example let's talk about somebody + + + align:start position:0% +example let's talk about somebody +outranking somebody else in this our + + align:start position:0% +outranking somebody else in this our + + + align:start position:0% +outranking somebody else in this our +little database organization will say s + + align:start position:0% +little database organization will say s + + + align:start position:0% +little database organization will say s +is outranked by D if or if either the + + align:start position:0% +is outranked by D if or if either the + + + align:start position:0% +is outranked by D if or if either the +supervisor of SSB or there's some middle + + align:start position:0% +supervisor of SSB or there's some middle + + + align:start position:0% +supervisor of SSB or there's some middle +manager here that supervisor of S is M + + align:start position:0% +manager here that supervisor of S is M + + + align:start position:0% +manager here that supervisor of S is M +and M is outranked by B all right so + + align:start position:0% +and M is outranked by B all right so + + + align:start position:0% +and M is outranked by B all right so +there's one way to define rule at rank + + align:start position:0% +there's one way to define rule at rank + + + align:start position:0% +there's one way to define rule at rank +by or we can write exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +by or we can write exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +by or we can write exactly the same +thing except at the end at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +thing except at the end at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +thing except at the end at the bottom +here we reversed the order of these two + + align:start position:0% +here we reversed the order of these two + + + align:start position:0% +here we reversed the order of these two +clauses and certainly if this were logic + + align:start position:0% +clauses and certainly if this were logic + + + align:start position:0% +clauses and certainly if this were logic +those ought to mean the same thing + + align:start position:0% +those ought to mean the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +those ought to mean the same thing +however in our particular implementation + + align:start position:0% +however in our particular implementation + + + align:start position:0% +however in our particular implementation +if you say something like like who's out + + align:start position:0% +if you say something like like who's out + + + align:start position:0% +if you say something like like who's out +rank by ben bitdiddle what you'll find + + align:start position:0% +rank by ben bitdiddle what you'll find + + + align:start position:0% +rank by ben bitdiddle what you'll find +is that this rule will work perfectly + + align:start position:0% +is that this rule will work perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +is that this rule will work perfectly +well and generate answers + + align:start position:0% +well and generate answers + + + align:start position:0% +well and generate answers +whereas this rule will go into an + + align:start position:0% +whereas this rule will go into an + + + align:start position:0% +whereas this rule will go into an +infinite loop and the reason for that is + + align:start position:0% +infinite loop and the reason for that is + + + align:start position:0% +infinite loop and the reason for that is +that this one will come in and say Oh + + align:start position:0% +that this one will come in and say Oh + + + align:start position:0% +that this one will come in and say Oh +whose outranked by by ben bitdiddle find + + align:start position:0% +whose outranked by by ben bitdiddle find + + + align:start position:0% +whose outranked by by ben bitdiddle find +an S find an + + align:start position:0% +an S find an + + + align:start position:0% +an S find an +which is outranked by b where b is ben + + align:start position:0% +which is outranked by b where b is ben + + + align:start position:0% +which is outranked by b where b is ben +bitdiddle which is going to have in a + + align:start position:0% +bitdiddle which is going to have in a + + + align:start position:0% +bitdiddle which is going to have in a +subproblem oj find an M such that M is + + align:start position:0% +subproblem oj find an M such that M is + + + align:start position:0% +subproblem oj find an M such that M is +outrank by ben bitdiddle with no + + align:start position:0% +outrank by ben bitdiddle with no + + + align:start position:0% +outrank by ben bitdiddle with no +restrictions on M so this will say in + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on M so this will say in + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions on M so this will say in +order to solve this problem + + align:start position:0% +order to solve this problem + + + align:start position:0% +order to solve this problem +I saw it exactly the same problem and + + align:start position:0% +I saw it exactly the same problem and + + + align:start position:0% +I saw it exactly the same problem and +then after I've solved that I'll check + + align:start position:0% +then after I've solved that I'll check + + + align:start position:0% +then after I've solved that I'll check +for a supervisory relationship whereas + + align:start position:0% +for a supervisory relationship whereas + + + align:start position:0% +for a supervisory relationship whereas +this one won't get into that because + + align:start position:0% +this one won't get into that because + + + align:start position:0% +this one won't get into that because +before it tries to find this outrank by + + align:start position:0% +before it tries to find this outrank by + + + align:start position:0% +before it tries to find this outrank by +it'll already have had a restriction on + + align:start position:0% +it'll already have had a restriction on + + + align:start position:0% +it'll already have had a restriction on +M here all right so these two things + + align:start position:0% +M here all right so these two things + + + align:start position:0% +M here all right so these two things +which ought to mean the same in fact one + + align:start position:0% +which ought to mean the same in fact one + + + align:start position:0% +which ought to mean the same in fact one +goes into an infinite loop one goes one + + align:start position:0% +goes into an infinite loop one goes one + + + align:start position:0% +goes into an infinite loop one goes one +does not oh that's a very extreme case + + align:start position:0% +does not oh that's a very extreme case + + + align:start position:0% +does not oh that's a very extreme case +of a general thing that you'll find in + + align:start position:0% +of a general thing that you'll find in + + + align:start position:0% +of a general thing that you'll find in +logic programming that if you start + + align:start position:0% +logic programming that if you start + + + align:start position:0% +logic programming that if you start +changing the order of the things in ands + + align:start position:0% +changing the order of the things in ands + + + align:start position:0% +changing the order of the things in ands +or ORS you'll find tremendous + + align:start position:0% +or ORS you'll find tremendous + + + align:start position:0% +or ORS you'll find tremendous +differences in efficiency and we just + + align:start position:0% +differences in efficiency and we just + + + align:start position:0% +differences in efficiency and we just +saw you know an infinitely big + + align:start position:0% +saw you know an infinitely big + + + align:start position:0% +saw you know an infinitely big +difference in efficiency an infinite + + align:start position:0% +difference in efficiency an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +difference in efficiency an infinite +loop and there are similar things having + + align:start position:0% +loop and there are similar things having + + + align:start position:0% +loop and there are similar things having +to do with the order in which you enter + + align:start position:0% +to do with the order in which you enter + + + align:start position:0% +to do with the order in which you enter +rules the order in which it happens to + + align:start position:0% +rules the order in which it happens to + + + align:start position:0% +rules the order in which it happens to +look at rules in the database may vastly + + align:start position:0% +look at rules in the database may vastly + + + align:start position:0% +look at rules in the database may vastly +change the efficiency with which it gets + + align:start position:0% +change the efficiency with which it gets + + + align:start position:0% +change the efficiency with which it gets +out answers or in fact send it into an + + align:start position:0% +out answers or in fact send it into an + + + align:start position:0% +out answers or in fact send it into an +infinite loop for some orderings and + + align:start position:0% +infinite loop for some orderings and + + + align:start position:0% +infinite loop for some orderings and +this is this whole thing has to do with + + align:start position:0% +this is this whole thing has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +this is this whole thing has to do with +the fact that you're checking these + + align:start position:0% +the fact that you're checking these + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that you're checking these +rules in some order and some rules may + + align:start position:0% +rules in some order and some rules may + + + align:start position:0% +rules in some order and some rules may +lead to really long paths of implication + + align:start position:0% +lead to really long paths of implication + + + align:start position:0% +lead to really long paths of implication +others might others might not and you + + align:start position:0% +others might others might not and you + + + align:start position:0% +others might others might not and you +don't know a priori which ones are good + + align:start position:0% +don't know a priori which ones are good + + + align:start position:0% +don't know a priori which ones are good +and which ones are bad and there's a + + align:start position:0% +and which ones are bad and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +and which ones are bad and there's a +whole bunch of research having to do + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of research having to do + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of research having to do +with that mostly having to do with + + align:start position:0% +with that mostly having to do with + + + align:start position:0% +with that mostly having to do with +thinking about making parallel + + align:start position:0% +thinking about making parallel + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about making parallel +implementations of logic programming + + align:start position:0% +implementations of logic programming + + + align:start position:0% +implementations of logic programming +languages and in some sense what you'd + + align:start position:0% +languages and in some sense what you'd + + + align:start position:0% +languages and in some sense what you'd +like to do is check all rules in + + align:start position:0% +like to do is check all rules in + + + align:start position:0% +like to do is check all rules in +parallel and whichever ones sort of get + + align:start position:0% +parallel and whichever ones sort of get + + + align:start position:0% +parallel and whichever ones sort of get +the answers you bubble them up and if + + align:start position:0% +the answers you bubble them up and if + + + align:start position:0% +the answers you bubble them up and if +some go down infinite deductive changed + + align:start position:0% +some go down infinite deductive changed + + + align:start position:0% +some go down infinite deductive changed +well you just know memory is cheap and + + align:start position:0% +well you just know memory is cheap and + + + align:start position:0% +well you just know memory is cheap and +processors are cheap and you just let + + align:start position:0% +processors are cheap and you just let + + + align:start position:0% +processors are cheap and you just let +them buzz for as long as you want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a deeper problem though in + + align:start position:0% +there's a deeper problem though in + + + align:start position:0% +there's a deeper problem though in +comparing comparing this logic language + + align:start position:0% +comparing comparing this logic language + + + align:start position:0% +comparing comparing this logic language +to language to real logic the example I + + align:start position:0% +to language to real logic the example I + + + align:start position:0% +to language to real logic the example I +just showed you it went into an infinite + + align:start position:0% +just showed you it went into an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +just showed you it went into an infinite +loop maybe but at least it didn't give + + align:start position:0% +loop maybe but at least it didn't give + + + align:start position:0% +loop maybe but at least it didn't give +them the wrong answer + + align:start position:0% +them the wrong answer + + + align:start position:0% +them the wrong answer +there's an actual deeper problem when we + + align:start position:0% +there's an actual deeper problem when we + + + align:start position:0% +there's an actual deeper problem when we +start comparing you know seriously + + align:start position:0% +start comparing you know seriously + + + align:start position:0% +start comparing you know seriously +comparing this logic language with real + + align:start position:0% +comparing this logic language with real + + + align:start position:0% +comparing this logic language with real +classical logic so let's let's sort of + + align:start position:0% +classical logic so let's let's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +classical logic so let's let's sort of +reduce some real classical logic let's + + align:start position:0% +reduce some real classical logic let's + + + align:start position:0% +reduce some real classical logic let's +see um say you all humans are mortal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +into this pretty classical logic and + + align:start position:0% +into this pretty classical logic and + + + align:start position:0% +into this pretty classical logic and +then maybe we'll continue in the in the + + align:start position:0% +then maybe we'll continue in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +then maybe we'll continue in the in the +very best best classical tradition we'll + + align:start position:0% +very best best classical tradition we'll + + + align:start position:0% +very best best classical tradition we'll +say all that's what make it really + + align:start position:0% +say all that's what make it really + + + align:start position:0% +say all that's what make it really +classical all Greeks or human right + + align:start position:0% +classical all Greeks or human right + + + align:start position:0% +classical all Greeks or human right +which has the syllogism does Socrates is + + align:start position:0% +which has the syllogism does Socrates is + + + align:start position:0% +which has the syllogism does Socrates is +a Greek and then what are you right here + + align:start position:0% +a Greek and then what are you right here + + + align:start position:0% +a Greek and then what are you right here +I think three dots look classical logic + + align:start position:0% +I think three dots look classical logic + + + align:start position:0% +I think three dots look classical logic +therefore when the syllogism Socrates is + + align:start position:0% +therefore when the syllogism Socrates is + + + align:start position:0% +therefore when the syllogism Socrates is +mortal + + align:start position:0% +mortal + + + align:start position:0% +mortal +okay so there's some there's some real + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's some there's some real + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's some there's some real +honest classical logic let's let's + + align:start position:0% +honest classical logic let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +honest classical logic let's let's +compare that with a classical logic + + align:start position:0% +compare that with a classical logic + + + align:start position:0% +compare that with a classical logic +database and so here's a classical logic + + align:start position:0% +database and so here's a classical logic + + + align:start position:0% +database and so here's a classical logic +database Socrates is a Greek Plato's a + + align:start position:0% +database Socrates is a Greek Plato's a + + + align:start position:0% +database Socrates is a Greek Plato's a +Greek Zeus is a Greek and Zeus is a God + + align:start position:0% +Greek Zeus is a Greek and Zeus is a God + + + align:start position:0% +Greek Zeus is a Greek and Zeus is a God +and any all humans are mortal right to + + align:start position:0% +and any all humans are mortal right to + + + align:start position:0% +and any all humans are mortal right to +show that something is mortal it's + + align:start position:0% +show that something is mortal it's + + + align:start position:0% +show that something is mortal it's +enough to show that it's human all + + align:start position:0% +enough to show that it's human all + + + align:start position:0% +enough to show that it's human all +humans are fallible and all Greeks are + + align:start position:0% +humans are fallible and all Greeks are + + + align:start position:0% +humans are fallible and all Greeks are +humans not quite right this says that + + align:start position:0% +humans not quite right this says that + + + align:start position:0% +humans not quite right this says that +all Greeks who are not gods or human + + align:start position:0% +all Greeks who are not gods or human + + + align:start position:0% +all Greeks who are not gods or human +right so to show something's human it's + + align:start position:0% +right so to show something's human it's + + + align:start position:0% +right so to show something's human it's +enough to show it's a Greek and not a + + align:start position:0% +enough to show it's a Greek and not a + + + align:start position:0% +enough to show it's a Greek and not a +God and the address of any Greek god is + + align:start position:0% +God and the address of any Greek god is + + + align:start position:0% +God and the address of any Greek god is +Mount Olympus and so there's a little + + align:start position:0% +Mount Olympus and so there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +Mount Olympus and so there's a little +little classical logic database and + + align:start position:0% +little classical logic database and + + + align:start position:0% +little classical logic database and +indeed that would work worked fairly + + align:start position:0% +indeed that would work worked fairly + + + align:start position:0% +indeed that would work worked fairly +well if we go up if we type that in and + + align:start position:0% +well if we go up if we type that in and + + + align:start position:0% +well if we go up if we type that in and +say you know with Socrates mortal or + + align:start position:0% +say you know with Socrates mortal or + + + align:start position:0% +say you know with Socrates mortal or +Socrates fallible or mortal it'll say + + align:start position:0% +Socrates fallible or mortal it'll say + + + align:start position:0% +Socrates fallible or mortal it'll say +yes as Plato mortal and Tala but it'll + + align:start position:0% +yes as Plato mortal and Tala but it'll + + + align:start position:0% +yes as Plato mortal and Tala but it'll +say yet + + align:start position:0% +say yet + + + align:start position:0% +say yet +yes we say is Zeus immortal it won't + + align:start position:0% +yes we say is Zeus immortal it won't + + + align:start position:0% +yes we say is Zeus immortal it won't +find anything right no work perfectly + + align:start position:0% +find anything right no work perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +find anything right no work perfectly +well however suppose we want to extend + + align:start position:0% +well however suppose we want to extend + + + align:start position:0% +well however suppose we want to extend +this let's define what it means for + + align:start position:0% +this let's define what it means for + + + align:start position:0% +this let's define what it means for +someone to be a perfect being no if you + + align:start position:0% +someone to be a perfect being no if you + + + align:start position:0% +someone to be a perfect being no if you +will say rule a perfect being and I + + align:start position:0% +will say rule a perfect being and I + + + align:start position:0% +will say rule a perfect being and I +think this is right if you're up on your + + align:start position:0% +think this is right if you're up on your + + + align:start position:0% +think this is right if you're up on your +medieval scholastic philosophy I believe + + align:start position:0% +medieval scholastic philosophy I believe + + + align:start position:0% +medieval scholastic philosophy I believe +that perfect means are ones who were + + align:start position:0% +that perfect means are ones who were + + + align:start position:0% +that perfect means are ones who were +neither mortal nor fallible so and not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mortal X not fallible X right so we'll + + align:start position:0% +mortal X not fallible X right so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +mortal X not fallible X right so we'll +define the system to teach it what a + + align:start position:0% +define the system to teach it what a + + + align:start position:0% +define the system to teach it what a +perfect being is and now what we're + + align:start position:0% +perfect being is and now what we're + + + align:start position:0% +perfect being is and now what we're +going to do is ask for the address of + + align:start position:0% +going to do is ask for the address of + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is ask for the address of +all the perfect beings so and the + + align:start position:0% +all the perfect beings so and the + + + align:start position:0% +all the perfect beings so and the +address of X is y and X is perfect okay + + align:start position:0% +address of X is y and X is perfect okay + + + align:start position:0% +address of X is y and X is perfect okay +so what we're generating here is the + + align:start position:0% +so what we're generating here is the + + + align:start position:0% +so what we're generating here is the +world's most exclusive mailing list for + + align:start position:0% +world's most exclusive mailing list for + + + align:start position:0% +world's most exclusive mailing list for +the address of all the perfect means we + + align:start position:0% +the address of all the perfect means we + + + align:start position:0% +the address of all the perfect means we +might have typed this in or we might + + align:start position:0% +might have typed this in or we might + + + align:start position:0% +might have typed this in or we might +type in this let's say and perfect of X + + align:start position:0% +type in this let's say and perfect of X + + + align:start position:0% +type in this let's say and perfect of X +and the address of X is y well suppose + + align:start position:0% +and the address of X is y well suppose + + + align:start position:0% +and the address of X is y well suppose +we type all that in and we try this + + align:start position:0% +we type all that in and we try this + + + align:start position:0% +we type all that in and we try this +query this query is going to give us an + + align:start position:0% +query this query is going to give us an + + + align:start position:0% +query this query is going to give us an +answer + + align:start position:0% +answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer +this query will say yeah Mount Olympus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this query in fact is going to give us + + align:start position:0% +this query in fact is going to give us + + + align:start position:0% +this query in fact is going to give us +nothing it'll say no addresses are + + align:start position:0% +nothing it'll say no addresses are + + + align:start position:0% +nothing it'll say no addresses are +perfect bees now why is that why is + + align:start position:0% +perfect bees now why is that why is + + + align:start position:0% +perfect bees now why is that why is +there a difference this is not an + + align:start position:0% +there a difference this is not an + + + align:start position:0% +there a difference this is not an +infinite loop question this is a + + align:start position:0% +infinite loop question this is a + + + align:start position:0% +infinite loop question this is a +different answer question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reason is that if remember the + + align:start position:0% +reason is that if remember the + + + align:start position:0% +reason is that if remember the +implementation of Nod not acted as a + + align:start position:0% +implementation of Nod not acted as a + + + align:start position:0% +implementation of Nod not acted as a +filter not said i'm going to take some + + align:start position:0% +filter not said i'm going to take some + + + align:start position:0% +filter not said i'm going to take some +possible dictionaries some possible + + align:start position:0% +possible dictionaries some possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible dictionaries some possible +frames some possible answers and filter + + align:start position:0% +frames some possible answers and filter + + + align:start position:0% +frames some possible answers and filter +out the ones that happen to satisfy some + + align:start position:0% +out the ones that happen to satisfy some + + + align:start position:0% +out the ones that happen to satisfy some +condition and that's how I implement not + + align:start position:0% +condition and that's how I implement not + + + align:start position:0% +condition and that's how I implement not +if you think about what's going on here + + align:start position:0% +if you think about what's going on here + + + align:start position:0% +if you think about what's going on here +I'll build this query box where an + + align:start position:0% +I'll build this query box where an + + + align:start position:0% +I'll build this query box where an +address piece the output of an address + + align:start position:0% +address piece the output of an address + + + align:start position:0% +address piece the output of an address +piece gets fed into a into a perfect + + align:start position:0% +piece gets fed into a into a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +piece gets fed into a into a perfect +piece what will happen is the address + + align:start position:0% +piece what will happen is the address + + + align:start position:0% +piece what will happen is the address +piece will set up some things of + + align:start position:0% +piece will set up some things of + + + align:start position:0% +piece will set up some things of +everyone whose address I know those will + + align:start position:0% +everyone whose address I know those will + + + align:start position:0% +everyone whose address I know those will +get filtered by the knots inside perfect + + align:start position:0% +get filtered by the knots inside perfect + + + align:start position:0% +get filtered by the knots inside perfect +here so they'll throw out the ones which + + align:start position:0% +here so they'll throw out the ones which + + + align:start position:0% +here so they'll throw out the ones which +don't happen to be which happened to be + + align:start position:0% +don't happen to be which happened to be + + + align:start position:0% +don't happen to be which happened to be +either mortal or fallible in the other + + align:start position:0% +either mortal or fallible in the other + + + align:start position:0% +either mortal or fallible in the other +order what happens is I set this up + + align:start position:0% +order what happens is I set this up + + + align:start position:0% +order what happens is I set this up +start it up with an empty frame the + + align:start position:0% +start it up with an empty frame the + + + align:start position:0% +start it up with an empty frame the +perfect in here doesn't find anything + + align:start position:0% +perfect in here doesn't find anything + + + align:start position:0% +perfect in here doesn't find anything +for the nots to filter so nothing comes + + align:start position:0% +for the nots to filter so nothing comes + + + align:start position:0% +for the nots to filter so nothing comes +out here at all and that there's sort of + + align:start position:0% +out here at all and that there's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +out here at all and that there's sort of +nothing near that gets fed into the + + align:start position:0% +nothing near that gets fed into the + + + align:start position:0% +nothing near that gets fed into the +address thing so there I don't get an + + align:start position:0% +address thing so there I don't get an + + + align:start position:0% +address thing so there I don't get an +answer the re end there again the reason + + align:start position:0% +answer the re end there again the reason + + + align:start position:0% +answer the re end there again the reason +for that is not isn't garrotting + + align:start position:0% +for that is not isn't garrotting + + + align:start position:0% +for that is not isn't garrotting +anything nots only throwing out things + + align:start position:0% +anything nots only throwing out things + + + align:start position:0% +anything nots only throwing out things +and if I never started up with anything + + align:start position:0% +and if I never started up with anything + + + align:start position:0% +and if I never started up with anything +there's nothing for it to throw out so + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing for it to throw out so + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing for it to throw out so +out of this thing I get the wrong answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how can you fix that well there ways to + + align:start position:0% +how can you fix that well there ways to + + + align:start position:0% +how can you fix that well there ways to +fix that so you might say well that's + + align:start position:0% +fix that so you might say well that's + + + align:start position:0% +fix that so you might say well that's +just sort of stupid why why are you just + + align:start position:0% +just sort of stupid why why are you just + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of stupid why why are you just +doing while you're not stuff at the + + align:start position:0% +doing while you're not stuff at the + + + align:start position:0% +doing while you're not stuff at the +beginning the right way to implement not + + align:start position:0% +beginning the right way to implement not + + + align:start position:0% +beginning the right way to implement not +is to realize that when you have + + align:start position:0% +is to realize that when you have + + + align:start position:0% +is to realize that when you have +conditions like like not you should + + align:start position:0% +conditions like like not you should + + + align:start position:0% +conditions like like not you should +generate all your answers first and then + + align:start position:0% +generate all your answers first and then + + + align:start position:0% +generate all your answers first and then +with each of these dictionaries pass + + align:start position:0% +with each of these dictionaries pass + + + align:start position:0% +with each of these dictionaries pass +along T at the very end I'll do + + align:start position:0% +along T at the very end I'll do + + + align:start position:0% +along T at the very end I'll do +filtering and there are implicating + + align:start position:0% +filtering and there are implicating + + + align:start position:0% +filtering and there are implicating +their implementations of logic languages + + align:start position:0% +their implementations of logic languages + + + align:start position:0% +their implementations of logic languages +that work like that that solve this + + align:start position:0% +that work like that that solve this + + + align:start position:0% +that work like that that solve this +particular problem however there's a + + align:start position:0% +particular problem however there's a + + + align:start position:0% +particular problem however there's a +more profound problem which is which one + + align:start position:0% +more profound problem which is which one + + + align:start position:0% +more profound problem which is which one +of these is the right answer + + align:start position:0% +of these is the right answer + + + align:start position:0% +of these is the right answer +is it nano lipice or is it nothing so + + align:start position:0% +is it nano lipice or is it nothing so + + + align:start position:0% +is it nano lipice or is it nothing so +you might say you might say it's now an + + align:start position:0% +you might say you might say it's now an + + + align:start position:0% +you might say you might say it's now an +olympus because after all zeus is in + + align:start position:0% +olympus because after all zeus is in + + + align:start position:0% +olympus because after all zeus is in +that database and zeus was neither + + align:start position:0% +that database and zeus was neither + + + align:start position:0% +that database and zeus was neither +mortal nor fallible + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's a you might say Zeus what to + + align:start position:0% +it's a you might say Zeus what to + + + align:start position:0% +it's a you might say Zeus what to +satisfy not say not were whole this are + + align:start position:0% +satisfy not say not were whole this are + + + align:start position:0% +satisfy not say not were whole this are +not fallible assist but let's actually + + align:start position:0% +not fallible assist but let's actually + + + align:start position:0% +not fallible assist but let's actually +look at that database let's look at it + + align:start position:0% +look at that database let's look at it + + + align:start position:0% +look at that database let's look at it +there's no way how does it know that + + align:start position:0% +there's no way how does it know that + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way how does it know that +this is not fallible there's nothing in + + align:start position:0% +this is not fallible there's nothing in + + + align:start position:0% +this is not fallible there's nothing in +there about that what's in there is that + + align:start position:0% +there about that what's in there is that + + + align:start position:0% +there about that what's in there is that +humans are fallible right how does it + + align:start position:0% +humans are fallible right how does it + + + align:start position:0% +humans are fallible right how does it +know that Zeus is not mortal there's + + align:start position:0% +know that Zeus is not mortal there's + + + align:start position:0% +know that Zeus is not mortal there's +nothing in there about that it just said + + align:start position:0% +nothing in there about that it just said + + + align:start position:0% +nothing in there about that it just said +I don't have any rule which you see oh + + align:start position:0% +I don't have any rule which you see oh + + + align:start position:0% +I don't have any rule which you see oh +the only way I can do some things mortal + + align:start position:0% +the only way I can do some things mortal + + + align:start position:0% +the only way I can do some things mortal +as if it's human and that's all it + + align:start position:0% +as if it's human and that's all it + + + align:start position:0% +as if it's human and that's all it +really knows about immortal and in fact + + align:start position:0% +really knows about immortal and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +really knows about immortal and in fact +if you remember you your classical + + align:start position:0% +if you remember you your classical + + + align:start position:0% +if you remember you your classical +mythology you know that the Greek gods + + align:start position:0% +mythology you know that the Greek gods + + + align:start position:0% +mythology you know that the Greek gods +were mortal + + align:start position:0% +were mortal + + + align:start position:0% +were mortal +we're not mortal but that'll all right + + align:start position:0% +we're not mortal but that'll all right + + + align:start position:0% +we're not mortal but that'll all right +so the answer is it's not in the rules + + align:start position:0% +so the answer is it's not in the rules + + + align:start position:0% +so the answer is it's not in the rules +there see why does it deduce that I mean + + align:start position:0% +there see why does it deduce that I mean + + + align:start position:0% +there see why does it deduce that I mean +see Socrates would certainly not have + + align:start position:0% +see Socrates would certainly not have + + + align:start position:0% +see Socrates would certainly not have +made this error of logic what not means + + align:start position:0% +made this error of logic what not means + + + align:start position:0% +made this error of logic what not means +in this language is it's not not it's + + align:start position:0% +in this language is it's not not it's + + + align:start position:0% +in this language is it's not not it's +not the knot of logic what not means in + + align:start position:0% +not the knot of logic what not means in + + + align:start position:0% +not the knot of logic what not means in +this language is not deducible from + + align:start position:0% +this language is not deducible from + + + align:start position:0% +this language is not deducible from +things in the database as opposed to not + + align:start position:0% +things in the database as opposed to not + + + align:start position:0% +things in the database as opposed to not +true that's very big difference + + align:start position:0% +true that's very big difference + + + align:start position:0% +true that's very big difference +subtle but big so in fact this is + + align:start position:0% +subtle but big so in fact this is + + + align:start position:0% +subtle but big so in fact this is +perfectly happy to say not anything that + + align:start position:0% +perfectly happy to say not anything that + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly happy to say not anything that +it doesn't know about so if you ask it + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't know about so if you ask it + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't know about so if you ask it +is it not true that this likes chocolate + + align:start position:0% +is it not true that this likes chocolate + + + align:start position:0% +is it not true that this likes chocolate +ice cream it'll say sure it's not true + + align:start position:0% +ice cream it'll say sure it's not true + + + align:start position:0% +ice cream it'll say sure it's not true +or anything else anything it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +or anything else anything it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +or anything else anything it doesn't +know about it not means it means not + + align:start position:0% +know about it not means it means not + + + align:start position:0% +know about it not means it means not +deducible from the things you've told me + + align:start position:0% +deducible from the things you've told me + + + align:start position:0% +deducible from the things you've told me +in a world where you're identifying not + + align:start position:0% +in a world where you're identifying not + + + align:start position:0% +in a world where you're identifying not +deducible with in fact not true this is + + align:start position:0% +deducible with in fact not true this is + + + align:start position:0% +deducible with in fact not true this is +called the closed world assumption + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +closed world assumption anything that I + + align:start position:0% +closed world assumption anything that I + + + align:start position:0% +closed world assumption anything that I +cannot deduce from what I know is not + + align:start position:0% +cannot deduce from what I know is not + + + align:start position:0% +cannot deduce from what I know is not +true right if I don't know anything + + align:start position:0% +true right if I don't know anything + + + align:start position:0% +true right if I don't know anything +about X then X isn't true that's very + + align:start position:0% +about X then X isn't true that's very + + + align:start position:0% +about X then X isn't true that's very +dangerous + + align:start position:0% +dangerous + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous +see from a logical point of view first + + align:start position:0% +see from a logical point of view first + + + align:start position:0% +see from a logical point of view first +law it doesn't really make sense + + align:start position:0% +law it doesn't really make sense + + + align:start position:0% +law it doesn't really make sense +because if I don't know anything about X + + align:start position:0% +because if I don't know anything about X + + + align:start position:0% +because if I don't know anything about X +I'm willing to say not X but am I + + align:start position:0% +I'm willing to say not X but am I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm willing to say not X but am I +willing to say not not X well sure I + + align:start position:0% +willing to say not not X well sure I + + + align:start position:0% +willing to say not not X well sure I +don't anything about that either Navy so + + align:start position:0% +don't anything about that either Navy so + + + align:start position:0% +don't anything about that either Navy so +not not X it's not necessarily the same + + align:start position:0% +not not X it's not necessarily the same + + + align:start position:0% +not not X it's not necessarily the same +as X and so on and so on and so on so + + align:start position:0% +as X and so on and so on and so on so + + + align:start position:0% +as X and so on and so on and so on so +there's no there's some sort of funny + + align:start position:0% +there's no there's some sort of funny + + + align:start position:0% +there's no there's some sort of funny +bias in there right so that's that's + + align:start position:0% +bias in there right so that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +bias in there right so that's that's +sort of funny the second thing if you + + align:start position:0% +sort of funny the second thing if you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of funny the second thing if you +start building up you know real + + align:start position:0% +start building up you know real + + + align:start position:0% +start building up you know real +reasoning programs based on this I mean + + align:start position:0% +reasoning programs based on this I mean + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning programs based on this I mean +think how dangerous that is all right + + align:start position:0% +think how dangerous that is all right + + + align:start position:0% +think how dangerous that is all right +you're saying pretty right you're saying + + align:start position:0% +you're saying pretty right you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying pretty right you're saying +I know I'm in a position to deduce + + align:start position:0% +I know I'm in a position to deduce + + + align:start position:0% +I know I'm in a position to deduce +everything true that's relevant to this + + align:start position:0% +everything true that's relevant to this + + + align:start position:0% +everything true that's relevant to this +problem so now I'm reasoning and guilt + + align:start position:0% +problem so now I'm reasoning and guilt + + + align:start position:0% +problem so now I'm reasoning and guilt +into my reasoning mechanism is the + + align:start position:0% +into my reasoning mechanism is the + + + align:start position:0% +into my reasoning mechanism is the +assumption that anything that I don't + + align:start position:0% +assumption that anything that I don't + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that anything that I don't +know can't possibly be relevant to this + + align:start position:0% +know can't possibly be relevant to this + + + align:start position:0% +know can't possibly be relevant to this +problem right there a lot of big a lot + + align:start position:0% +problem right there a lot of big a lot + + + align:start position:0% +problem right there a lot of big a lot +of big organizations that work like that + + align:start position:0% +of big organizations that work like that + + + align:start position:0% +of big organizations that work like that +right like most uh most corporate + + align:start position:0% +right like most uh most corporate + + + align:start position:0% +right like most uh most corporate +marketing divisions work like that and + + align:start position:0% +marketing divisions work like that and + + + align:start position:0% +marketing divisions work like that and +you know they you know the consequence + + align:start position:0% +you know they you know the consequence + + + align:start position:0% +you know they you know the consequence +is that right so it's very dangerous to + + align:start position:0% +is that right so it's very dangerous to + + + align:start position:0% +is that right so it's very dangerous to +start really typing in these big logical + + align:start position:0% +start really typing in these big logical + + + align:start position:0% +start really typing in these big logical +implication systems and and going on + + align:start position:0% +implication systems and and going on + + + align:start position:0% +implication systems and and going on +what they say because they have this + + align:start position:0% +what they say because they have this + + + align:start position:0% +what they say because they have this +really limiting assumption built in + + align:start position:0% +really limiting assumption built in + + + align:start position:0% +really limiting assumption built in +let's see you have to be very very + + align:start position:0% +let's see you have to be very very + + + align:start position:0% +let's see you have to be very very +careful about that + + align:start position:0% +careful about that + + + align:start position:0% +careful about that +that's a deep problem that's not a + + align:start position:0% +that's a deep problem that's not a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a deep problem that's not a +problem about we can make a little bit + + align:start position:0% +problem about we can make a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +problem about we can make a little bit +cleverer implementation and do the + + align:start position:0% +cleverer implementation and do the + + + align:start position:0% +cleverer implementation and do the +filters and organize the the infinite + + align:start position:0% +filters and organize the the infinite + + + align:start position:0% +filters and organize the the infinite +loops to make them go away it's a + + align:start position:0% +loops to make them go away it's a + + + align:start position:0% +loops to make them go away it's a +different kind of problem it's a + + align:start position:0% +different kind of problem it's a + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of problem it's a +different semantics so I think I think + + align:start position:0% +different semantics so I think I think + + + align:start position:0% +different semantics so I think I think +to wrap this up it's fair to say that + + align:start position:0% +to wrap this up it's fair to say that + + + align:start position:0% +to wrap this up it's fair to say that +logic programming I think is a + + align:start position:0% +logic programming I think is a + + + align:start position:0% +logic programming I think is a +terrifically exciting idea I mean the + + align:start position:0% +terrifically exciting idea I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +terrifically exciting idea I mean the +idea that you you can bridge this gap + + align:start position:0% +idea that you you can bridge this gap + + + align:start position:0% +idea that you you can bridge this gap +from the imperative to the declarative + + align:start position:0% +from the imperative to the declarative + + + align:start position:0% +from the imperative to the declarative +that you can start talking about + + align:start position:0% +that you can start talking about + + + align:start position:0% +that you can start talking about +relations and really get tremendous + + align:start position:0% +relations and really get tremendous + + + align:start position:0% +relations and really get tremendous +power by by going above the abstraction + + align:start position:0% +power by by going above the abstraction + + + align:start position:0% +power by by going above the abstraction +of what's my input and what's my output + + align:start position:0% +of what's my input and what's my output + + + align:start position:0% +of what's my input and what's my output +and linked to logic the problem is it's + + align:start position:0% +and linked to logic the problem is it's + + + align:start position:0% +and linked to logic the problem is it's +it's a goal that I think has yet to be + + align:start position:0% +it's a goal that I think has yet to be + + + align:start position:0% +it's a goal that I think has yet to be +realized and probably one of the you + + align:start position:0% +realized and probably one of the you + + + align:start position:0% +realized and probably one of the you +know the very very most interesting + + align:start position:0% +know the very very most interesting + + + align:start position:0% +know the very very most interesting +research questions going on now in + + align:start position:0% +research questions going on now in + + + align:start position:0% +research questions going on now in +languages is how do you somehow make a + + align:start position:0% +languages is how do you somehow make a + + + align:start position:0% +languages is how do you somehow make a +real logic language and secondly how do + + align:start position:0% +real logic language and secondly how do + + + align:start position:0% +real logic language and secondly how do +you bridge the gap from this world of + + align:start position:0% +you bridge the gap from this world of + + + align:start position:0% +you bridge the gap from this world of +logic and relations to the worlds of to + + align:start position:0% +logic and relations to the worlds of to + + + align:start position:0% +logic and relations to the worlds of to +the worlds of more traditional languages + + align:start position:0% +the worlds of more traditional languages + + + align:start position:0% +the worlds of more traditional languages +and somehow combine the power of both + + align:start position:0% +and somehow combine the power of both + + + align:start position:0% +and somehow combine the power of both +let's break couldn't you solve that last + + align:start position:0% +let's break couldn't you solve that last + + + align:start position:0% +let's break couldn't you solve that last +problem by having extra rules that imply + + align:start position:0% +problem by having extra rules that imply + + + align:start position:0% +problem by having extra rules that imply +it I mean problem here is you have the + + align:start position:0% +it I mean problem here is you have the + + + align:start position:0% +it I mean problem here is you have the +definition of something but you don't + + align:start position:0% +definition of something but you don't + + + align:start position:0% +definition of something but you don't +have the definition of its opposite you + + align:start position:0% +have the definition of its opposite you + + + align:start position:0% +have the definition of its opposite you +include in the database something that + + align:start position:0% +include in the database something that + + + align:start position:0% +include in the database something that +says something applies more to lack + + align:start position:0% +says something applies more to lack + + + align:start position:0% +says something applies more to lack +something else implies not more to less + + align:start position:0% +something else implies not more to less + + + align:start position:0% +something else implies not more to less +haven't you basically solved the problem + + align:start position:0% +haven't you basically solved the problem + + + align:start position:0% +haven't you basically solved the problem +to quit but the issue is do you put a + + align:start position:0% +to quit but the issue is do you put a + + + align:start position:0% +to quit but the issue is do you put a +finite number of those in if you're if + + align:start position:0% +finite number of those in if you're if + + + align:start position:0% +finite number of those in if you're if +if things are specified always in pairs + + align:start position:0% +if things are specified always in pairs + + + align:start position:0% +if things are specified always in pairs +but but the pression is then what do you + + align:start position:0% +but but the pression is then what do you + + + align:start position:0% +but but the pression is then what do you +do about deduction so you can't specify + + align:start position:0% +do about deduction so you can't specify + + + align:start position:0% +do about deduction so you can't specify +nots but the problem is in a big system + + align:start position:0% +nots but the problem is in a big system + + + align:start position:0% +nots but the problem is in a big system +it turns out that might that might not + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that might that might not + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that might that might not +be a finite number of things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I hear they're also they're also too + + align:start position:0% +I hear they're also they're also too + + + align:start position:0% +I hear they're also they're also too +there's sort of two issues partly it + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of two issues partly it + + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of two issues partly it +might not be finite partly it might be + + align:start position:0% +might not be finite partly it might be + + + align:start position:0% +might not be finite partly it might be +it's not what you want so for a good + + align:start position:0% +it's not what you want so for a good + + + align:start position:0% +it's not what you want so for a good +example would be suppose I want to do + + align:start position:0% +example would be suppose I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +example would be suppose I want to do +connectivity I want a reason about + + align:start position:0% +connectivity I want a reason about + + + align:start position:0% +connectivity I want a reason about +connectivity and I tell you I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +connectivity and I tell you I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +connectivity and I tell you I'm going to +tell you there's four things a and B and + + align:start position:0% +tell you there's four things a and B and + + + align:start position:0% +tell you there's four things a and B and +C and D and I'll tell you as connected + + align:start position:0% +C and D and I'll tell you as connected + + + align:start position:0% +C and D and I'll tell you as connected +to D is connected to B and C is + + align:start position:0% +to D is connected to B and C is + + + align:start position:0% +to D is connected to B and C is +connected to D and now I'll tell you is + + align:start position:0% +connected to D and now I'll tell you is + + + align:start position:0% +connected to D and now I'll tell you is +it connected to D that's the question + + align:start position:0% +it connected to D that's the question + + + align:start position:0% +it connected to D that's the question +there's an example where I would like + + align:start position:0% +there's an example where I would like + + + align:start position:0% +there's an example where I would like +something like the closed world + + align:start position:0% +something like the closed world + + + align:start position:0% +something like the closed world +assumption that's a tiny toy but a lot + + align:start position:0% +assumption that's a tiny toy but a lot + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that's a tiny toy but a lot +of times I want to be able to say + + align:start position:0% +of times I want to be able to say + + + align:start position:0% +of times I want to be able to say +something like anything that I haven't + + align:start position:0% +something like anything that I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +something like anything that I haven't +told you assume is not it's not true so + + align:start position:0% +told you assume is not it's not true so + + + align:start position:0% +told you assume is not it's not true so +it's not as simple as you only want to + + align:start position:0% +it's not as simple as you only want to + + + align:start position:0% +it's not as simple as you only want to +put in explicit knots all over the place + + align:start position:0% +put in explicit knots all over the place + + + align:start position:0% +put in explicit knots all over the place +and said sometimes it really isn't clear + + align:start position:0% +and said sometimes it really isn't clear + + + align:start position:0% +and said sometimes it really isn't clear +what you what you even want that having + + align:start position:0% +what you what you even want that having + + + align:start position:0% +what you what you even want that having +to specify both everything and not + + align:start position:0% +to specify both everything and not + + + align:start position:0% +to specify both everything and not +everything is too precise and then you + + align:start position:0% +everything is too precise and then you + + + align:start position:0% +everything is too precise and then you +get down into into problems there but + + align:start position:0% +get down into into problems there but + + + align:start position:0% +get down into into problems there but +there are there are a lot of approaches + + align:start position:0% +there are there are a lot of approaches + + + align:start position:0% +there are there are a lot of approaches +that you know that explicitly put in + + align:start position:0% +that you know that explicitly put in + + + align:start position:0% +that you know that explicitly put in +knots and reason based on that so it's a + + align:start position:0% +knots and reason based on that so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +knots and reason based on that so it's a +very good idea it's just that it's just + + align:start position:0% +very good idea it's just that it's just + + + align:start position:0% +very good idea it's just that it's just +that then it starts becoming a little + + align:start position:0% +that then it starts becoming a little + + + align:start position:0% +that then it starts becoming a little +cumbersome in the very large problems + + align:start position:0% +cumbersome in the very large problems + + + align:start position:0% +cumbersome in the very large problems +you'd like to use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm not sure how directly they did the + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure how directly they did the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure how directly they did the +argument this is but one of your points + + align:start position:0% +argument this is but one of your points + + + align:start position:0% +argument this is but one of your points +was that one of the dangers were the + + align:start position:0% +was that one of the dangers were the + + + align:start position:0% +was that one of the dangers were the +closed world laws you never really know + + align:start position:0% +closed world laws you never really know + + + align:start position:0% +closed world laws you never really know +all the things that are there you never + + align:start position:0% +all the things that are there you never + + + align:start position:0% +all the things that are there you never +really know all the parts to it + + align:start position:0% +really know all the parts to it + + + align:start position:0% +really know all the parts to it +isn't that a major problem with any + + align:start position:0% +isn't that a major problem with any + + + align:start position:0% +isn't that a major problem with any +programming I always write programs + + align:start position:0% +programming I always write programs + + + align:start position:0% +programming I always write programs +where I I assume that I've got all the + + align:start position:0% +where I I assume that I've got all the + + + align:start position:0% +where I I assume that I've got all the +cases and so I check out them all or + + align:start position:0% +cases and so I check out them all or + + + align:start position:0% +cases and so I check out them all or +whatever and then I somewhere down the + + align:start position:0% +whatever and then I somewhere down the + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and then I somewhere down the +road I find out that I didn't check for + + align:start position:0% +road I find out that I didn't check for + + + align:start position:0% +road I find out that I didn't check for +one of them well well sure it's Jeff but + + align:start position:0% +one of them well well sure it's Jeff but + + + align:start position:0% +one of them well well sure it's Jeff but +the problem here is it's that assumption + + align:start position:0% +the problem here is it's that assumption + + + align:start position:0% +the problem here is it's that assumption +which is the thing that you're making if + + align:start position:0% +which is the thing that you're making if + + + align:start position:0% +which is the thing that you're making if +you believe you're identifying this with + + align:start position:0% +you believe you're identifying this with + + + align:start position:0% +you believe you're identifying this with +logic so you're quite right it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +logic so you're quite right it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +logic so you're quite right it's it's a +situation you're never in the problem is + + align:start position:0% +situation you're never in the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +situation you're never in the problem is +if you're starting to believe that what + + align:start position:0% +if you're starting to believe that what + + + align:start position:0% +if you're starting to believe that what +this is doing is logic and you look at + + align:start position:0% +this is doing is logic and you look at + + + align:start position:0% +this is doing is logic and you look at +the rules you write down and say what + + align:start position:0% +the rules you write down and say what + + + align:start position:0% +the rules you write down and say what +can I do deuce from them you have to be + + align:start position:0% +can I do deuce from them you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +can I do deuce from them you have to be +very careful to remember that not means + + align:start position:0% +very careful to remember that not means + + + align:start position:0% +very careful to remember that not means +something else and it means something + + align:start position:0% +something else and it means something + + + align:start position:0% +something else and it means something +else based on an assumption which is + + align:start position:0% +else based on an assumption which is + + + align:start position:0% +else based on an assumption which is +probably not true do I understand you + + align:start position:0% +probably not true do I understand you + + + align:start position:0% +probably not true do I understand you +correctly that you cannot fix this + + align:start position:0% +correctly that you cannot fix this + + + align:start position:0% +correctly that you cannot fix this +problem without killing off all + + align:start position:0% +problem without killing off all + + + align:start position:0% +problem without killing off all +possibilities of inference true altering + + align:start position:0% +possibilities of inference true altering + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities of inference true altering +not good yeah no that's not quite that's + + align:start position:0% +not good yeah no that's not quite that's + + + align:start position:0% +not good yeah no that's not quite that's +not quite right there either there are + + align:start position:0% +not quite right there either there are + + + align:start position:0% +not quite right there either there are +ways to do logic of real nots there are + + align:start position:0% +ways to do logic of real nots there are + + + align:start position:0% +ways to do logic of real nots there are +actually ways to do that but they're + + align:start position:0% +actually ways to do that but they're + + + align:start position:0% +actually ways to do that but they're +very inefficient as far as anybody knows + + align:start position:0% +very inefficient as far as anybody knows + + + align:start position:0% +very inefficient as far as anybody knows +and they're much more they don't the the + + align:start position:0% +and they're much more they don't the the + + + align:start position:0% +and they're much more they don't the the +quote inference in here is built into + + align:start position:0% +quote inference in here is built into + + + align:start position:0% +quote inference in here is built into +this unifier and this pattern matching + + align:start position:0% +this unifier and this pattern matching + + + align:start position:0% +this unifier and this pattern matching +unification algorithm there are ways to + + align:start position:0% +unification algorithm there are ways to + + + align:start position:0% +unification algorithm there are ways to +automate real logical reasoning but it's + + align:start position:0% +automate real logical reasoning but it's + + + align:start position:0% +automate real logical reasoning but it's +not based on that and logic programming + + align:start position:0% +not based on that and logic programming + + + align:start position:0% +not based on that and logic programming +languages don't tend to do that because + + align:start position:0% +languages don't tend to do that because + + + align:start position:0% +languages don't tend to do that because +it's very inefficient as far as anybody + + align:start position:0% +it's very inefficient as far as anybody + + + align:start position:0% +it's very inefficient as far as anybody +knows + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cory thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Gho0bmTsnA4.txt b/Gho0bmTsnA4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..706a7c00cc07597d9de444c72fd967fbade52e25 --- /dev/null +++ b/Gho0bmTsnA4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10219 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so uh welcome back + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so uh welcome back + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so uh welcome back +uh I thought we'd start today sort of + + align:start position:0% +uh I thought we'd start today sort of + + + align:start position:0% +uh I thought we'd start today sort of +with a little bit of reflection + + align:start position:0% +with a little bit of reflection + + + align:start position:0% +with a little bit of reflection +since uh we have covered a lot of + + align:start position:0% +since uh we have covered a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +since uh we have covered a lot of +material even though we've kept it to + + align:start position:0% +material even though we've kept it to + + + align:start position:0% +material even though we've kept it to +simple systems we've actually covered a + + align:start position:0% +simple systems we've actually covered a + + + align:start position:0% +simple systems we've actually covered a +lot of material and we're about to blast + + align:start position:0% +lot of material and we're about to blast + + + align:start position:0% +lot of material and we're about to blast +off into some new material so I thought + + align:start position:0% +off into some new material so I thought + + + align:start position:0% +off into some new material so I thought +let's um let's make sure everybody knows + + align:start position:0% +let's um let's make sure everybody knows + + + align:start position:0% +let's um let's make sure everybody knows +what we've done roughly how it fits + + align:start position:0% +what we've done roughly how it fits + + + align:start position:0% +what we've done roughly how it fits +together and where we're going okay + + align:start position:0% +together and where we're going okay + + + align:start position:0% +together and where we're going okay +so I've been trying to carry through the + + align:start position:0% +so I've been trying to carry through the + + + align:start position:0% +so I've been trying to carry through the +course two main threads one of them is + + align:start position:0% +course two main threads one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +course two main threads one of them is +sort of the systems thread we're going + + align:start position:0% +sort of the systems thread we're going + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the systems thread we're going +to we start with pendula we're getting + + align:start position:0% +to we start with pendula we're getting + + + align:start position:0% +to we start with pendula we're getting +to acrobots cart Poes we're going to get + + align:start position:0% +to acrobots cart Poes we're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +to acrobots cart Poes we're going to get +more and more interesting systems in + + align:start position:0% +more and more interesting systems in + + + align:start position:0% +more and more interesting systems in +parallel I'm trying to design this + + align:start position:0% +parallel I'm trying to design this + + + align:start position:0% +parallel I'm trying to design this +optimal control thread which tells you + + align:start position:0% +optimal control thread which tells you + + + align:start position:0% +optimal control thread which tells you +the way I think you should be solving + + align:start position:0% +the way I think you should be solving + + + align:start position:0% +the way I think you should be solving +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +okay along the way I'm throwing in lots + + align:start position:0% +okay along the way I'm throwing in lots + + + align:start position:0% +okay along the way I'm throwing in lots +of puzzle pieces about partial feedback + + align:start position:0% +of puzzle pieces about partial feedback + + + align:start position:0% +of puzzle pieces about partial feedback +linearization energy shaping things like + + align:start position:0% +linearization energy shaping things like + + + align:start position:0% +linearization energy shaping things like +this right + + align:start position:0% +this right + + + align:start position:0% +this right +um this is that's because this is this + + align:start position:0% +um this is that's because this is this + + + align:start position:0% +um this is that's because this is this +is a hard thought decision right this is + + align:start position:0% +is a hard thought decision right this is + + + align:start position:0% +is a hard thought decision right this is +a I mean this is a research uh class + + align:start position:0% +a I mean this is a research uh class + + + align:start position:0% +a I mean this is a research uh class +really so I I'm I'm doing my very best + + align:start position:0% +really so I I'm I'm doing my very best + + + align:start position:0% +really so I I'm I'm doing my very best +to teach all this material to you as if + + align:start position:0% +to teach all this material to you as if + + + align:start position:0% +to teach all this material to you as if +there's a textbook on this right but in + + align:start position:0% +there's a textbook on this right but in + + + align:start position:0% +there's a textbook on this right but in +fact there's no textbook so what I've + + align:start position:0% +fact there's no textbook so what I've + + + align:start position:0% +fact there's no textbook so what I've +decided to do roughly is that um I'm + + align:start position:0% +decided to do roughly is that um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +decided to do roughly is that um I'm +trying to give you a very clean line of + + align:start position:0% +trying to give you a very clean line of + + + align:start position:0% +trying to give you a very clean line of +thinking through the optimal control but + + align:start position:0% +thinking through the optimal control but + + + align:start position:0% +thinking through the optimal control but +I do want to keep throwing in what other + + align:start position:0% +I do want to keep throwing in what other + + + align:start position:0% +I do want to keep throwing in what other +people do right the domain specific + + align:start position:0% +people do right the domain specific + + + align:start position:0% +people do right the domain specific +knowledge about acrobots and cart Poes + + align:start position:0% +knowledge about acrobots and cart Poes + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge about acrobots and cart Poes +and walking as we get to it because I + + align:start position:0% +and walking as we get to it because I + + + align:start position:0% +and walking as we get to it because I +think these puzzle pieces ultimately + + align:start position:0% +think these puzzle pieces ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +think these puzzle pieces ultimately +there's things we can't do with optimal + + align:start position:0% +there's things we can't do with optimal + + + align:start position:0% +there's things we can't do with optimal +control yet + + align:start position:0% +control yet + + + align:start position:0% +control yet +my guess is that ideas from partial + + align:start position:0% +my guess is that ideas from partial + + + align:start position:0% +my guess is that ideas from partial +feedback linearization are going to help + + align:start position:0% +feedback linearization are going to help + + + align:start position:0% +feedback linearization are going to help +I think ideas from energy shaping these + + align:start position:0% +I think ideas from energy shaping these + + + align:start position:0% +I think ideas from energy shaping these +kind of ideas are going to work together + + align:start position:0% +kind of ideas are going to work together + + + align:start position:0% +kind of ideas are going to work together +so even though those aren't going to + + align:start position:0% +so even though those aren't going to + + + align:start position:0% +so even though those aren't going to +connect up perfectly in this class what + + align:start position:0% +connect up perfectly in this class what + + + align:start position:0% +connect up perfectly in this class what +I'm hoping to do is give you all the + + align:start position:0% +I'm hoping to do is give you all the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm hoping to do is give you all the +pieces of a puzzle that nobody's + + align:start position:0% +pieces of a puzzle that nobody's + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of a puzzle that nobody's +actually solved yet right give you all + + align:start position:0% +actually solved yet right give you all + + + align:start position:0% +actually solved yet right give you all +the information I can give you about + + align:start position:0% +the information I can give you about + + + align:start position:0% +the information I can give you about +this class of problems so you can go off + + align:start position:0% +this class of problems so you can go off + + + align:start position:0% +this class of problems so you can go off +and write uh uh well final projects that + + align:start position:0% +and write uh uh well final projects that + + + align:start position:0% +and write uh uh well final projects that +are uh cited 100,00 times + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let me just make sure that's + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me just make sure that's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me just make sure that's +happening right so that's a that's a + + align:start position:0% +happening right so that's a that's a + + + align:start position:0% +happening right so that's a that's a +that's a tall order to sort of carry + + align:start position:0% +that's a tall order to sort of carry + + + align:start position:0% +that's a tall order to sort of carry +those threads so let's make sure that's + + align:start position:0% +those threads so let's make sure that's + + + align:start position:0% +those threads so let's make sure that's +happening maybe I'll even I use a whole + + align:start position:0% +happening maybe I'll even I use a whole + + + align:start position:0% +happening maybe I'll even I use a whole +board for it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so i' I think I've made no secret + + align:start position:0% +okay so i' I think I've made no secret + + + align:start position:0% +okay so i' I think I've made no secret +of the fact that I think optimal + + align:start position:0% +of the fact that I think optimal + + + align:start position:0% +of the fact that I think optimal +control is a sort of defining way to + + align:start position:0% +control is a sort of defining way to + + + align:start position:0% +control is a sort of defining way to +think about control for even these very + + align:start position:0% +think about control for even these very + + + align:start position:0% +think about control for even these very +complicated systems + + align:start position:0% +complicated systems + + + align:start position:0% +complicated systems +right so we've got one thread that we'll + + align:start position:0% +right so we've got one thread that we'll + + + align:start position:0% +right so we've got one thread that we'll +continue we'll get deeper and deeper in + + align:start position:0% +continue we'll get deeper and deeper in + + + align:start position:0% +continue we'll get deeper and deeper in +about optimal control methods right in + + align:start position:0% +about optimal control methods right in + + + align:start position:0% +about optimal control methods right in +particular we've already talked about + + align:start position:0% +particular we've already talked about + + + align:start position:0% +particular we've already talked about +sort of two fundamentally different + + align:start position:0% +sort of two fundamentally different + + + align:start position:0% +sort of two fundamentally different +approaches to Optimal control we've + + align:start position:0% +approaches to Optimal control we've + + + align:start position:0% +approaches to Optimal control we've +talked about optimal control based on + + align:start position:0% +talked about optimal control based on + + + align:start position:0% +talked about optimal control based on +the Hamilton jacobe Bellman + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations where we talked about the + + align:start position:0% +equations where we talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +equations where we talked about the +value function being described by a + + align:start position:0% +value function being described by a + + + align:start position:0% +value function being described by a +nonlinear partial differential equation + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear partial differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear partial differential equation +okay and then we also talked + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we also talked + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we also talked +about um Pagen it's minimum principle + + align:start position:0% +about um Pagen it's minimum principle + + + align:start position:0% +about um Pagen it's minimum principle +which you're probably all working on + + align:start position:0% +which you're probably all working on + + + align:start position:0% +which you're probably all working on +right now + + align:start position:0% +right now + + + align:start position:0% +right now +pantag it's minimum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +principle these were two sort of + + align:start position:0% +principle these were two sort of + + + align:start position:0% +principle these were two sort of +analytical um optimal control approaches + + align:start position:0% +analytical um optimal control approaches + + + align:start position:0% +analytical um optimal control approaches +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as such unfortunately we only showed you + + align:start position:0% +as such unfortunately we only showed you + + + align:start position:0% +as such unfortunately we only showed you +much of anything on linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +systems where we can actually solve + + align:start position:0% +systems where we can actually solve + + + align:start position:0% +systems where we can actually solve +those problems + + align:start position:0% +those problems + + + align:start position:0% +those problems +analytically + + align:start position:0% +analytically + + + align:start position:0% +analytically +right and what were the big + + align:start position:0% +right and what were the big + + + align:start position:0% +right and what were the big +differences maybe as I should just to + + align:start position:0% +differences maybe as I should just to + + + align:start position:0% +differences maybe as I should just to +motivate this so you make so make sure + + align:start position:0% +motivate this so you make so make sure + + + align:start position:0% +motivate this so you make so make sure +everybody pays attention I should also + + align:start position:0% +everybody pays attention I should also + + + align:start position:0% +everybody pays attention I should also +say a few things about what I hope you + + align:start position:0% +say a few things about what I hope you + + + align:start position:0% +say a few things about what I hope you +get out of the class and for instance + + align:start position:0% +get out of the class and for instance + + + align:start position:0% +get out of the class and for instance +what will be on the midterm when it + + align:start position:0% +what will be on the midterm when it + + + align:start position:0% +what will be on the midterm when it +comes around right so I I I know that + + align:start position:0% +comes around right so I I I know that + + + align:start position:0% +comes around right so I I I know that +we're throwing lots of ideas out I think + + align:start position:0% +we're throwing lots of ideas out I think + + + align:start position:0% +we're throwing lots of ideas out I think +if if there's one thing that happens one + + align:start position:0% +if if there's one thing that happens one + + + align:start position:0% +if if there's one thing that happens one +thing that you should be able to do off + + align:start position:0% +thing that you should be able to do off + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you should be able to do off +the top of your head is is think about + + align:start position:0% +the top of your head is is think about + + + align:start position:0% +the top of your head is is think about +and talk about how these how these + + align:start position:0% +and talk about how these how these + + + align:start position:0% +and talk about how these how these +different tools that we're putting out + + align:start position:0% +different tools that we're putting out + + + align:start position:0% +different tools that we're putting out +relate to different problems and for + + align:start position:0% +relate to different problems and for + + + align:start position:0% +relate to different problems and for +instance if I were to give you a problem + + align:start position:0% +instance if I were to give you a problem + + + align:start position:0% +instance if I were to give you a problem +um you could make some reasonable guess + + align:start position:0% +um you could make some reasonable guess + + + align:start position:0% +um you could make some reasonable guess +at what kind of what methods that we've + + align:start position:0% +at what kind of what methods that we've + + + align:start position:0% +at what kind of what methods that we've +talked about might be most suitable for + + align:start position:0% +talked about might be most suitable for + + + align:start position:0% +talked about might be most suitable for +that um that problem okay the details of + + align:start position:0% +that um that problem okay the details of + + + align:start position:0% +that um that problem okay the details of +what how you do a partial feedback + + align:start position:0% +what how you do a partial feedback + + + align:start position:0% +what how you do a partial feedback +linearization I won't expect you to + + align:start position:0% +linearization I won't expect you to + + + align:start position:0% +linearization I won't expect you to +absorb every piece of that right I would + + align:start position:0% +absorb every piece of that right I would + + + align:start position:0% +absorb every piece of that right I would +guide you through that on a problem but + + align:start position:0% +guide you through that on a problem but + + + align:start position:0% +guide you through that on a problem but +with the expectation that you've worked + + align:start position:0% +with the expectation that you've worked + + + align:start position:0% +with the expectation that you've worked +through it once on the problem set and + + align:start position:0% +through it once on the problem set and + + + align:start position:0% +through it once on the problem set and +sort of have some ability to to to do + + align:start position:0% +sort of have some ability to to to do + + + align:start position:0% +sort of have some ability to to to do +that right but if there's one thing I + + align:start position:0% +that right but if there's one thing I + + + align:start position:0% +that right but if there's one thing I +want you to come away from class with I + + align:start position:0% +want you to come away from class with I + + + align:start position:0% +want you to come away from class with I +want you to understand um the the sweep + + align:start position:0% +want you to understand um the the sweep + + + align:start position:0% +want you to understand um the the sweep +of tools we're talking about and have a + + align:start position:0% +of tools we're talking about and have a + + + align:start position:0% +of tools we're talking about and have a +sense for what you'd apply to what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem so in the Hamilton jacobe + + align:start position:0% +problem so in the Hamilton jacobe + + + align:start position:0% +problem so in the Hamilton jacobe +Bellman equation um we applied it to we + + align:start position:0% +Bellman equation um we applied it to we + + + align:start position:0% +Bellman equation um we applied it to we +applied that um which remember + + align:start position:0% +applied that um which remember + + + align:start position:0% +applied that um which remember +was was + + align:start position:0% +was was + + + align:start position:0% +was was +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um partial differential equation hard + + align:start position:0% +um partial differential equation hard + + + align:start position:0% +um partial differential equation hard +with a hard + + align:start position:0% +with a hard + + + align:start position:0% +with a hard +nonlinearity right which descri + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearity right which descri + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearity right which descri +describes the optimal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution I should put stars on here to + + align:start position:0% +solution I should put stars on here to + + + align:start position:0% +solution I should put stars on here to +be careful here the optimal cost to go + + align:start position:0% +be careful here the optimal cost to go + + + align:start position:0% +be careful here the optimal cost to go +is described by that equation so one + + align:start position:0% +is described by that equation so one + + + align:start position:0% +is described by that equation so one +approach to these things is to directly + + align:start position:0% +approach to these things is to directly + + + align:start position:0% +approach to these things is to directly +try to compute solutions to this partial + + align:start position:0% +try to compute solutions to this partial + + + align:start position:0% +try to compute solutions to this partial +differential equation right we did it + + align:start position:0% +differential equation right we did it + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation right we did it +analytically for the quadratic regulator + + align:start position:0% +analytically for the quadratic regulator + + + align:start position:0% +analytically for the quadratic regulator +problems the linear quadratic regulators + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right I didn't actually do it for the + + align:start position:0% +right I didn't actually do it for the + + + align:start position:0% +right I didn't actually do it for the +minimum time + + align:start position:0% +minimum time + + + align:start position:0% +minimum time +problem because um these the minimum + + align:start position:0% +problem because um these the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +problem because um these the minimum +time problem we know that the optimal + + align:start position:0% +time problem we know that the optimal + + + align:start position:0% +time problem we know that the optimal +solution in J is actually + + align:start position:0% +solution in J is actually + + + align:start position:0% +solution in J is actually +not um its gradients are not well def + + align:start position:0% +not um its gradients are not well def + + + align:start position:0% +not um its gradients are not well def +find across the entire for all X okay + + align:start position:0% +find across the entire for all X okay + + + align:start position:0% +find across the entire for all X okay +that's the only reason I didn't do it + + align:start position:0% +that's the only reason I didn't do it + + + align:start position:0% +that's the only reason I didn't do it +for that but for sort of smooth problems + + align:start position:0% +for that but for sort of smooth problems + + + align:start position:0% +for that but for sort of smooth problems +like the linear quadratic Regulators we + + align:start position:0% +like the linear quadratic Regulators we + + + align:start position:0% +like the linear quadratic Regulators we +could use these + + align:start position:0% +could use these + + + align:start position:0% +could use these +methods okay + + align:start position:0% +methods okay + + + align:start position:0% +methods okay +pontryagin is a little bit more General + + align:start position:0% +pontryagin is a little bit more General + + + align:start position:0% +pontryagin is a little bit more General +this General this is the one with the + + align:start position:0% +this General this is the one with the + + + align:start position:0% +this General this is the one with the +adjoint equation + + align:start position:0% +adjoint equation + + + align:start position:0% +adjoint equation +right so you define the the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hamiltonian is your some cost function + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian is your some cost function + + + align:start position:0% +hamiltonian is your some cost function +plus lrange variable lrange multiplier + + align:start position:0% +plus lrange variable lrange multiplier + + + align:start position:0% +plus lrange variable lrange multiplier +times your + + align:start position:0% +times your + + + align:start position:0% +times your +Dynamics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay Pentagon was more powerful in some + + align:start position:0% +okay Pentagon was more powerful in some + + + align:start position:0% +okay Pentagon was more powerful in some +sense we solved harder problems we + + align:start position:0% +sense we solved harder problems we + + + align:start position:0% +sense we solved harder problems we +solved for instance the minimum time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem for the double integrator at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +least the problem with it is just that + + align:start position:0% +least the problem with it is just that + + + align:start position:0% +least the problem with it is just that +it was too local right the pontryagin as + + align:start position:0% +it was too local right the pontryagin as + + + align:start position:0% +it was too local right the pontryagin as +are based on um are based on a + + align:start position:0% +are based on um are based on a + + + align:start position:0% +are based on um are based on a +gradient statement of local optimality + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so we said along some trajectory I + + align:start position:0% +right so we said along some trajectory I + + + align:start position:0% +right so we said along some trajectory I +can verify that if I change my control + + align:start position:0% +can verify that if I change my control + + + align:start position:0% +can verify that if I change my control +action a little bit along this + + align:start position:0% +action a little bit along this + + + align:start position:0% +action a little bit along this +trajectory my cost is only going to get + + align:start position:0% +trajectory my cost is only going to get + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory my cost is only going to get +worse okay so that's a necessary + + align:start position:0% +worse okay so that's a necessary + + + align:start position:0% +worse okay so that's a necessary +condition for optimality it's one we can + + align:start position:0% +condition for optimality it's one we can + + + align:start position:0% +condition for optimality it's one we can +do a lot of things with but it's only + + align:start position:0% +do a lot of things with but it's only + + + align:start position:0% +do a lot of things with but it's only +going to give me a local optimality + + align:start position:0% +going to give me a local optimality + + + align:start position:0% +going to give me a local optimality +statement are people sort of okay with + + align:start position:0% +statement are people sort of okay with + + + align:start position:0% +statement are people sort of okay with +those two methods we've been doing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay from the Hamilton jacobe way of + + align:start position:0% +okay from the Hamilton jacobe way of + + + align:start position:0% +okay from the Hamilton jacobe way of +thinking we ended up with our first + + align:start position:0% +thinking we ended up with our first + + + align:start position:0% +thinking we ended up with our first +algorithm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and we said that you could + + align:start position:0% +right and we said that you could + + + align:start position:0% +right and we said that you could +discretize the + + align:start position:0% +discretize the + + + align:start position:0% +discretize the +Dynamics and in the discrete Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics and in the discrete Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics and in the discrete Dynamics +solve whatever nonlinear problem you + + align:start position:0% +solve whatever nonlinear problem you + + + align:start position:0% +solve whatever nonlinear problem you +wanted pretty much right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and the reason we could do that is + + align:start position:0% +right and the reason we could do that is + + + align:start position:0% +right and the reason we could do that is +because these um these Bellman equations + + align:start position:0% +because these um these Bellman equations + + + align:start position:0% +because these um these Bellman equations +have this nice form that this nice + + align:start position:0% +have this nice form that this nice + + + align:start position:0% +have this nice form that this nice +recursive form was that J at some + + align:start position:0% +recursive form was that J at some + + + align:start position:0% +recursive form was that J at some +xn is just the Min over U this is now + + align:start position:0% +xn is just the Min over U this is now + + + align:start position:0% +xn is just the Min over U this is now +maybe I should be very careful careful + + align:start position:0% +maybe I should be very careful careful + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I should be very careful careful +and write it in discreet because that's + + align:start position:0% +and write it in discreet because that's + + + align:start position:0% +and write it in discreet because that's +what we talked about it in Min over + + align:start position:0% +what we talked about it in Min over + + + align:start position:0% +what we talked about it in Min over +actions a discreet actions a sa a + + align:start position:0% +actions a discreet actions a sa a + + + align:start position:0% +actions a discreet actions a sa a +plus the + + align:start position:0% +plus the + + + align:start position:0% +plus the +um J of S + + align:start position:0% +um J of S + + + align:start position:0% +um J of S +Prime where S Prime + + align:start position:0% +Prime where S Prime + + + align:start position:0% +Prime where S Prime +is what I get for doing this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so if you sort of look at where + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you sort of look at where + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you sort of look at where +there's white space left on this board + + align:start position:0% +there's white space left on this board + + + align:start position:0% +there's white space left on this board +you might be able to guess where what + + align:start position:0% +you might be able to guess where what + + + align:start position:0% +you might be able to guess where what +we're going to do next our next big + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do next our next big + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do next our next big +piece of the + + align:start position:0% +piece of the + + + align:start position:0% +piece of the +puzzle okay we're going to Drive our + + align:start position:0% +puzzle okay we're going to Drive our + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle okay we're going to Drive our +first set of algorithms now from the + + align:start position:0% +first set of algorithms now from the + + + align:start position:0% +first set of algorithms now from the +sort of Pagen + + align:start position:0% +sort of Pagen + + + align:start position:0% +sort of Pagen +methods + + align:start position:0% +methods + + + align:start position:0% +methods +okay and we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +okay and we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we're going to talk +about some policy search + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +methods the most important class being + + align:start position:0% +methods the most important class being + + + align:start position:0% +methods the most important class being +um of trajectory optimization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay along the way we've been sort of + + align:start position:0% +okay along the way we've been sort of + + + align:start position:0% +okay along the way we've been sort of +following this systems we're developing + + align:start position:0% +following this systems we're developing + + + align:start position:0% +following this systems we're developing +these systems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right in the um optim control the + + align:start position:0% +right in the um optim control the + + + align:start position:0% +right in the um optim control the +analytical optimal control we mostly + + align:start position:0% +analytical optimal control we mostly + + + align:start position:0% +analytical optimal control we mostly +just thought about double + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +integrators but those things could have + + align:start position:0% +integrators but those things could have + + + align:start position:0% +integrators but those things could have +applied to + + align:start position:0% +applied to + + + align:start position:0% +applied to +any + + align:start position:0% +any + + + align:start position:0% +any +um LTI + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system so that's supposed to be in line + + align:start position:0% +system so that's supposed to be in line + + + align:start position:0% +system so that's supposed to be in line +with that I'll do my best to not move + + align:start position:0% +with that I'll do my best to not move + + + align:start position:0% +with that I'll do my best to not move +the board too many times in + + align:start position:0% +the board too many times in + + + align:start position:0% +the board too many times in +this okay + + align:start position:0% +this okay + + + align:start position:0% +this okay +okay we moved on to sort + + align:start position:0% +okay we moved on to sort + + + align:start position:0% +okay we moved on to sort +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +pendulums pendula and + + align:start position:0% +pendulums pendula and + + + align:start position:0% +pendulums pendula and +uh we did the essential things this is + + align:start position:0% +uh we did the essential things this is + + + align:start position:0% +uh we did the essential things this is +where I used to sort of tell you about + + align:start position:0% +where I used to sort of tell you about + + + align:start position:0% +where I used to sort of tell you about +Dynamics right we talked about nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics right we talked about nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics right we talked about nonlinear +Dynamics basins of Attraction all these + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics basins of Attraction all these + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics basins of Attraction all these +things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then we D robots and cart Poes where + + align:start position:0% +and then we D robots and cart Poes where + + + align:start position:0% +and then we D robots and cart Poes where +we talked about a lot of interesting + + align:start position:0% +we talked about a lot of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about a lot of interesting +ideas we talked about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um controllability we talked + + align:start position:0% +um controllability we talked + + + align:start position:0% +um controllability we talked +about um partial feedback linear ation + + align:start position:0% +about um partial feedback linear ation + + + align:start position:0% +about um partial feedback linear ation +and we talked about energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shaping even task space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right lots of ideas in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there those + + align:start position:0% +there those + + + align:start position:0% +there those +ideas are my attempt to extract the most + + align:start position:0% +ideas are my attempt to extract the most + + + align:start position:0% +ideas are my attempt to extract the most +General General um but + + align:start position:0% +General General um but + + + align:start position:0% +General General um but +the the the main topics of the sort of + + align:start position:0% +the the the main topics of the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the the the main topics of the sort of +acrobot cpool world right in acrobots + + align:start position:0% +acrobot cpool world right in acrobots + + + align:start position:0% +acrobot cpool world right in acrobots +and cpols people talk about pfl heavily + + align:start position:0% +and cpols people talk about pfl heavily + + + align:start position:0% +and cpols people talk about pfl heavily +they talk about energy shaping they talk + + align:start position:0% +they talk about energy shaping they talk + + + align:start position:0% +they talk about energy shaping they talk +about these kind of things okay I only + + align:start position:0% +about these kind of things okay I only + + + align:start position:0% +about these kind of things okay I only +presented the ones that I think are + + align:start position:0% +presented the ones that I think are + + + align:start position:0% +presented the ones that I think are +going to be useful in + + align:start position:0% +going to be useful in + + + align:start position:0% +going to be useful in +general but to some extent right now you + + align:start position:0% +general but to some extent right now you + + + align:start position:0% +general but to some extent right now you +can think about these techniques as + + align:start position:0% +can think about these techniques as + + + align:start position:0% +can think about these techniques as +being orthogonal to our our main line of + + align:start position:0% +being orthogonal to our our main line of + + + align:start position:0% +being orthogonal to our our main line of +thinking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now like I said said this is a + + align:start position:0% +okay now like I said said this is a + + + align:start position:0% +okay now like I said said this is a +puzzle that that nobody has the answer + + align:start position:0% +puzzle that that nobody has the answer + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle that that nobody has the answer +to yet so so actually what I want you to + + align:start position:0% +to yet so so actually what I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +to yet so so actually what I want you to +be thinking here is um what can we do + + align:start position:0% +be thinking here is um what can we do + + + align:start position:0% +be thinking here is um what can we do +with all these things so + + align:start position:0% +with all these things so + + + align:start position:0% +with all these things so +um so for instance I told you that + + align:start position:0% +um so for instance I told you that + + + align:start position:0% +um so for instance I told you that +dynamic programming works well for for + + align:start position:0% +dynamic programming works well for for + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic programming works well for for +low-dimensional systems right nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +low-dimensional systems right nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +low-dimensional systems right nonlinear +systems no problem low dimensional I can + + align:start position:0% +systems no problem low dimensional I can + + + align:start position:0% +systems no problem low dimensional I can +discretize the space I can just run my + + align:start position:0% +discretize the space I can just run my + + + align:start position:0% +discretize the space I can just run my +algorithm B compute the um compute the + + align:start position:0% +algorithm B compute the um compute the + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm B compute the um compute the +optimal cost to go optimal policy okay + + align:start position:0% +optimal cost to go optimal policy okay + + + align:start position:0% +optimal cost to go optimal policy okay +but so maybe there's obvious things to + + align:start position:0% +but so maybe there's obvious things to + + + align:start position:0% +but so maybe there's obvious things to +do and I actually I think there are + + align:start position:0% +do and I actually I think there are + + + align:start position:0% +do and I actually I think there are +obvious things to think about um + + align:start position:0% +obvious things to think about um + + + align:start position:0% +obvious things to think about um +research questions that you could be + + align:start position:0% +research questions that you could be + + + align:start position:0% +research questions that you could be +thinking about for your final projects + + align:start position:0% +thinking about for your final projects + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about for your final projects +right so for instance you know we used + + align:start position:0% +right so for instance you know we used + + + align:start position:0% +right so for instance you know we used +partial feedback linearization to to + + align:start position:0% +partial feedback linearization to to + + + align:start position:0% +partial feedback linearization to to +take in least linearized part of the + + align:start position:0% +take in least linearized part of the + + + align:start position:0% +take in least linearized part of the +Dynamics of the system right so this is + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics of the system right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics of the system right so this is +this is wild speculation here but let's + + align:start position:0% +this is wild speculation here but let's + + + align:start position:0% +this is wild speculation here but let's +say let's say I have a problem um that I + + align:start position:0% +say let's say I have a problem um that I + + + align:start position:0% +say let's say I have a problem um that I +could then describe as X1 dot is A1 X1 + + + align:start position:0% +could then describe as X1 dot is A1 X1 + + + + align:start position:0% +could then describe as X1 dot is A1 X1 + +A2 X2 + bu + + align:start position:0% +A2 X2 + bu + + + align:start position:0% +A2 X2 + bu +U and then X2 do = F of X1 X2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where um let's say the + + align:start position:0% +where um let's say the + + + align:start position:0% +where um let's say the +dimension of X2 is much much less than + + align:start position:0% +dimension of X2 is much much less than + + + align:start position:0% +dimension of X2 is much much less than +the dimensions of the whole original + + align:start position:0% +the dimensions of the whole original + + + align:start position:0% +the dimensions of the whole original +system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is what I get that's the result + + align:start position:0% +which is what I get that's the result + + + align:start position:0% +which is what I get that's the result +well that's the result I would get from + + align:start position:0% +well that's the result I would get from + + + align:start position:0% +well that's the result I would get from +doing a partial three back linearization + + align:start position:0% +doing a partial three back linearization + + + align:start position:0% +doing a partial three back linearization +where I have let's say for little dog + + align:start position:0% +where I have let's say for little dog + + + align:start position:0% +where I have let's say for little dog +and I have you know five degrees of + + align:start position:0% +and I have you know five degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +and I have you know five degrees of +freedom and four + + align:start position:0% +freedom and four + + + align:start position:0% +freedom and four +actuators then I'd end up with sort of + + align:start position:0% +actuators then I'd end up with sort of + + + align:start position:0% +actuators then I'd end up with sort of +one very nonlinear thing right and then + + align:start position:0% +one very nonlinear thing right and then + + + align:start position:0% +one very nonlinear thing right and then +a bunch of very linear Dynamics after + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of very linear Dynamics after + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of very linear Dynamics after +doing a partial feedback linearization + + align:start position:0% +doing a partial feedback linearization + + + align:start position:0% +doing a partial feedback linearization +so fantastic research question so could + + align:start position:0% +so fantastic research question so could + + + align:start position:0% +so fantastic research question so could +I could I use that trick and combine it + + align:start position:0% +I could I use that trick and combine it + + + align:start position:0% +I could I use that trick and combine it +with dynamic programming let's say to + + align:start position:0% +with dynamic programming let's say to + + + align:start position:0% +with dynamic programming let's say to +use dynamic programming to solve the the + + align:start position:0% +use dynamic programming to solve the the + + + align:start position:0% +use dynamic programming to solve the the +hard part and do some sort of lqr to to + + align:start position:0% +hard part and do some sort of lqr to to + + + align:start position:0% +hard part and do some sort of lqr to to +solve the easy part I don't know + + align:start position:0% +solve the easy part I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +solve the easy part I don't know +probably you can I bet you can and I'd + + align:start position:0% +probably you can I bet you can and I'd + + + align:start position:0% +probably you can I bet you can and I'd +be excited to think about with any of + + align:start position:0% +be excited to think about with any of + + + align:start position:0% +be excited to think about with any of +you you know what you could do but these + + align:start position:0% +you you know what you could do but these + + + align:start position:0% +you you know what you could do but these +are the reasons I'm saying things like + + align:start position:0% +are the reasons I'm saying things like + + + align:start position:0% +are the reasons I'm saying things like +pfl right so imagine you know doing pfl + + align:start position:0% +pfl right so imagine you know doing pfl + + + align:start position:0% +pfl right so imagine you know doing pfl +plus dynamic programming right I bet you + + align:start position:0% +plus dynamic programming right I bet you + + + align:start position:0% +plus dynamic programming right I bet you +could do higher + + align:start position:0% +could do higher + + + align:start position:0% +could do higher +dimensional um optimization if you could + + align:start position:0% +dimensional um optimization if you could + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional um optimization if you could +exploit tricks like that okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +exploit tricks like that okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +exploit tricks like that okay so that's +a that' be a fantastic sort of research + + align:start position:0% +a that' be a fantastic sort of research + + + align:start position:0% +a that' be a fantastic sort of research +question to think about for your + + align:start position:0% +question to think about for your + + + align:start position:0% +question to think about for your +um for your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +project are people sort of okay with + + align:start position:0% +project are people sort of okay with + + + align:start position:0% +project are people sort of okay with +where with how this is + + align:start position:0% +where with how this is + + + align:start position:0% +where with how this is +going yeah any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of good okay um so they're not + + align:start position:0% +of good okay um so they're not + + + align:start position:0% +of good okay um so they're not +explicitly these are not explicitly + + align:start position:0% +explicitly these are not explicitly + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly these are not explicitly +targeted to solving an optimal control + + align:start position:0% +targeted to solving an optimal control + + + align:start position:0% +targeted to solving an optimal control +problem so proof of convergence we have + + align:start position:0% +problem so proof of convergence we have + + + align:start position:0% +problem so proof of convergence we have +to Define what we mean I mean pfl + + align:start position:0% +to Define what we mean I mean pfl + + + align:start position:0% +to Define what we mean I mean pfl +certifiably provides this sort of a + + align:start position:0% +certifiably provides this sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +certifiably provides this sort of a +Dynamics right the energy shaping under + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics right the energy shaping under + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics right the energy shaping under +some conditions we showed we could + + align:start position:0% +some conditions we showed we could + + + align:start position:0% +some conditions we showed we could +regulate the energy of our systems right + + align:start position:0% +regulate the energy of our systems right + + + align:start position:0% +regulate the energy of our systems right +um so there's all each of these have + + align:start position:0% +um so there's all each of these have + + + align:start position:0% +um so there's all each of these have +their own sort of + + align:start position:0% +their own sort of + + + align:start position:0% +their own sort of +proofs uh and task space but but but + + align:start position:0% +proofs uh and task space but but but + + + align:start position:0% +proofs uh and task space but but but +most of them are not directly aimed at + + align:start position:0% +most of them are not directly aimed at + + + align:start position:0% +most of them are not directly aimed at +proving that you obtained some optimal + + align:start position:0% +proving that you obtained some optimal + + + align:start position:0% +proving that you obtained some optimal +policy do you obtain any policy + + align:start position:0% +policy do you obtain any policy + + + align:start position:0% +policy do you obtain any policy +which if you have a specific state that + + align:start position:0% +which if you have a specific state that + + + align:start position:0% +which if you have a specific state that +you want to be + + align:start position:0% +you want to be + + + align:start position:0% +you want to be +in are appr to get you there maybe not + + align:start position:0% +in are appr to get you there maybe not + + + align:start position:0% +in are appr to get you there maybe not +good so in the energy shaping I talked + + align:start position:0% +good so in the energy shaping I talked + + + align:start position:0% +good so in the energy shaping I talked +about for the cart pole and with the the + + align:start position:0% +about for the cart pole and with the the + + + align:start position:0% +about for the cart pole and with the the +energy shaping plus pfl that I talked + + align:start position:0% +energy shaping plus pfl that I talked + + + align:start position:0% +energy shaping plus pfl that I talked +about for the cart pole and um swing up + + align:start position:0% +about for the cart pole and um swing up + + + align:start position:0% +about for the cart pole and um swing up +there's a citation in the notes of a guy + + align:start position:0% +there's a citation in the notes of a guy + + + align:start position:0% +there's a citation in the notes of a guy +that proved that for a set of parameters + + align:start position:0% +that proved that for a set of parameters + + + align:start position:0% +that proved that for a set of parameters +well it's I'm being a little flippant + + align:start position:0% +well it's I'm being a little flippant + + + align:start position:0% +well it's I'm being a little flippant +but that there's a little there's a + + align:start position:0% +but that there's a little there's a + + + align:start position:0% +but that there's a little there's a +there's a regime where that's guaranteed + + align:start position:0% +there's a regime where that's guaranteed + + + align:start position:0% +there's a regime where that's guaranteed +to work but the general proof that you'd + + align:start position:0% +to work but the general proof that you'd + + + align:start position:0% +to work but the general proof that you'd +like to have is not there for the + + align:start position:0% +like to have is not there for the + + + align:start position:0% +like to have is not there for the +acrobot I know about even less proofs to + + align:start position:0% +acrobot I know about even less proofs to + + + align:start position:0% +acrobot I know about even less proofs to +that there is a one particular + + align:start position:0% +that there is a one particular + + + align:start position:0% +that there is a one particular +controller that we implemented that + + align:start position:0% +controller that we implemented that + + + align:start position:0% +controller that we implemented that +someone who took the class um + + align:start position:0% +someone who took the class um + + + align:start position:0% +someone who took the class um +implemented before and uh um it does + + align:start position:0% +implemented before and uh um it does + + + align:start position:0% +implemented before and uh um it does +have a leop andov proof saying it'll get + + align:start position:0% +have a leop andov proof saying it'll get + + + align:start position:0% +have a leop andov proof saying it'll get +to the top but it it sort of works by + + align:start position:0% +to the top but it it sort of works by + + + align:start position:0% +to the top but it it sort of works by +going this is an acrobot it's going it's + + align:start position:0% +going this is an acrobot it's going it's + + + align:start position:0% +going this is an acrobot it's going it's +like really unattractive right it's a + + align:start position:0% +like really unattractive right it's a + + + align:start position:0% +like really unattractive right it's a +does something really stupid um you + + align:start position:0% +does something really stupid um you + + + align:start position:0% +does something really stupid um you +wouldn't want to run it on your real + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't want to run it on your real + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't want to run it on your real +robot probably unless you're very + + align:start position:0% +robot probably unless you're very + + + align:start position:0% +robot probably unless you're very +patient um but it has a proof to get to + + align:start position:0% +patient um but it has a proof to get to + + + align:start position:0% +patient um but it has a proof to get to +the top right so these are the + + align:start position:0% +the top right so these are the + + + align:start position:0% +the top right so these are the +trade-offs that people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +make okay right so I hope that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +make okay right so I hope that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +make okay right so I hope that's sort of +um I hope that was worth doing I just + + align:start position:0% +um I hope that was worth doing I just + + + align:start position:0% +um I hope that was worth doing I just +wanted to quickly make sure we're all + + align:start position:0% +wanted to quickly make sure we're all + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to quickly make sure we're all +calibrated um so let's talk a minute now + + align:start position:0% +calibrated um so let's talk a minute now + + + align:start position:0% +calibrated um so let's talk a minute now +about um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I said that for the dynamic program + + align:start position:0% +so I said that for the dynamic program + + + align:start position:0% +so I said that for the dynamic program +we showed it working on the pendulum I + + align:start position:0% +we showed it working on the pendulum I + + + align:start position:0% +we showed it working on the pendulum I +put a big asterisk saying that that um + + align:start position:0% +put a big asterisk saying that that um + + + align:start position:0% +put a big asterisk saying that that um +there's discretization errors present + + align:start position:0% +there's discretization errors present + + + align:start position:0% +there's discretization errors present +right so even for the pendulum it'll + + align:start position:0% +right so even for the pendulum it'll + + + align:start position:0% +right so even for the pendulum it'll +solve it lightning fast but it's solving + + align:start position:0% +solve it lightning fast but it's solving + + + align:start position:0% +solve it lightning fast but it's solving +the discretized system not the + + align:start position:0% +the discretized system not the + + + align:start position:0% +the discretized system not the +continuous system and the the optimal + + align:start position:0% +continuous system and the the optimal + + + align:start position:0% +continuous system and the the optimal +policy you get out could be different + + align:start position:0% +policy you get out could be different + + + align:start position:0% +policy you get out could be different +than the optimal policy for the + + align:start position:0% +than the optimal policy for the + + + align:start position:0% +than the optimal policy for the +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +system okay so can you do dynamic + + align:start position:0% +system okay so can you do dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +system okay so can you do dynamic +programming for the acrobot and cart + + align:start position:0% +programming for the acrobot and cart + + + align:start position:0% +programming for the acrobot and cart +Pole + + align:start position:0% +Pole + + + align:start position:0% +Pole +that's an obvious question so the answer + + align:start position:0% +that's an obvious question so the answer + + + align:start position:0% +that's an obvious question so the answer +is yes people have done it okay um my + + align:start position:0% +is yes people have done it okay um my + + + align:start position:0% +is yes people have done it okay um my +code on the acrobot and cart pole runs + + align:start position:0% +code on the acrobot and cart pole runs + + + align:start position:0% +code on the acrobot and cart pole runs +in a few seconds it's not a problem of + + align:start position:0% +in a few seconds it's not a problem of + + + align:start position:0% +in a few seconds it's not a problem of +dimensionality um but the results are + + align:start position:0% +dimensionality um but the results are + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionality um but the results are +not of my code are not satisfying + + align:start position:0% +not of my code are not satisfying + + + align:start position:0% +not of my code are not satisfying +because of of of exactly the the as + + align:start position:0% +because of of of exactly the the as + + + align:start position:0% +because of of of exactly the the as +risks that I put on the pendulum so um + + align:start position:0% +risks that I put on the pendulum so um + + + align:start position:0% +risks that I put on the pendulum so um +let's just sort of evaluate Dynamic + + align:start position:0% +let's just sort of evaluate Dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +let's just sort of evaluate Dynamic +program as we go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forward so absolutely the acrobot and + + align:start position:0% +forward so absolutely the acrobot and + + + align:start position:0% +forward so absolutely the acrobot and +the cor pole both have um + + align:start position:0% +the cor pole both have um + + + align:start position:0% +the cor pole both have um +four-dimensional State space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +onedimensional action + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional action + + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional action +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space easily discretized these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +days right + + align:start position:0% +days right + + + align:start position:0% +days right +that's still low dimensional enough that + + align:start position:0% +that's still low dimensional enough that + + + align:start position:0% +that's still low dimensional enough that +I can actually bin up the + + align:start position:0% +I can actually bin up the + + + align:start position:0% +I can actually bin up the +space that wasn't true when people were + + align:start position:0% +space that wasn't true when people were + + + align:start position:0% +space that wasn't true when people were +doing it in the 80s but it's true today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the only real problem with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it is that there's discretization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +error and essentially the + + align:start position:0% +error and essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +error and essentially the +um the discretized + + align:start position:0% +um the discretized + + + align:start position:0% +um the discretized +Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics +um can be a poor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +representation of the continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Dynamics if you spend a lot of time with + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics if you spend a lot of time with + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics if you spend a lot of time with +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +acrobot you find actually the acrobots + + align:start position:0% +acrobot you find actually the acrobots + + + align:start position:0% +acrobot you find actually the acrobots +Dynamics are pretty are sort of wicked + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics are pretty are sort of wicked + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics are pretty are sort of wicked +in a lot of ways right so actually + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of ways right so actually + + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of ways right so actually +spending a lot more time about it um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recently uh I mean even just sort of + + align:start position:0% +recently uh I mean even just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +recently uh I mean even just sort of +making sure that energy is conserved + + align:start position:0% +making sure that energy is conserved + + + align:start position:0% +making sure that energy is conserved +when you put no torque into your + + align:start position:0% +when you put no torque into your + + + align:start position:0% +when you put no torque into your +system this is the basic absolute thing + + align:start position:0% +system this is the basic absolute thing + + + align:start position:0% +system this is the basic absolute thing +you do to make sure you got your + + align:start position:0% +you do to make sure you got your + + + align:start position:0% +you do to make sure you got your +equations of motion right uh right the + + align:start position:0% +equations of motion right uh right the + + + align:start position:0% +equations of motion right uh right the +the acot you have to put your + + align:start position:0% +the acot you have to put your + + + align:start position:0% +the acot you have to put your +integration tolerances up to Wazoo to + + align:start position:0% +integration tolerances up to Wazoo to + + + align:start position:0% +integration tolerances up to Wazoo to +make sure you conserve energy okay I + + align:start position:0% +make sure you conserve energy okay I + + + align:start position:0% +make sure you conserve energy okay I +mean sort of e to the resolution the + + align:start position:0% +mean sort of e to the resolution the + + + align:start position:0% +mean sort of e to the resolution the +relative tolerance in the OD solver in + + align:start position:0% +relative tolerance in the OD solver in + + + align:start position:0% +relative tolerance in the OD solver in +mat lab had to be something like + + align:start position:0% +mat lab had to be something like + + + align:start position:0% +mat lab had to be something like +negative + + align:start position:0% +negative + + + align:start position:0% +negative +you know 1 to the ne9th or something to + + align:start position:0% +you know 1 to the ne9th or something to + + + align:start position:0% +you know 1 to the ne9th or something to +to to make this thing integrate and look + + align:start position:0% +to to make this thing integrate and look + + + align:start position:0% +to to make this thing integrate and look +like it had a flat line in energy as + + align:start position:0% +like it had a flat line in energy as + + + align:start position:0% +like it had a flat line in energy as +it's just swinging around with zero + + align:start position:0% +it's just swinging around with zero + + + align:start position:0% +it's just swinging around with zero +torque as a consequence when you + + align:start position:0% +torque as a consequence when you + + + align:start position:0% +torque as a consequence when you +discretize + + align:start position:0% +discretize + + + align:start position:0% +discretize +it and you run your optimal control + + align:start position:0% +it and you run your optimal control + + + align:start position:0% +it and you run your optimal control +which converges nicely on this uh on the + + align:start position:0% +which converges nicely on this uh on the + + + align:start position:0% +which converges nicely on this uh on the +discretized system uh the same disc you + + align:start position:0% +discretized system uh the same disc you + + + align:start position:0% +discretized system uh the same disc you +can't discretize it with sort of 10 the + + align:start position:0% +can't discretize it with sort of 10 the + + + align:start position:0% +can't discretize it with sort of 10 the +9th + + align:start position:0% +9th + + + align:start position:0% +9th +precision and you'll find that your + + align:start position:0% +precision and you'll find that your + + + align:start position:0% +precision and you'll find that your +discretized system doesn't conserve + + align:start position:0% +discretized system doesn't conserve + + + align:start position:0% +discretized system doesn't conserve +energy for instance that's that's what + + align:start position:0% +energy for instance that's that's what + + + align:start position:0% +energy for instance that's that's what +one of the major shortcomings + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay but and so for that reason I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay but and so for that reason I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay but and so for that reason I'm +going to move on in our when we're going + + align:start position:0% +going to move on in our when we're going + + + align:start position:0% +going to move on in our when we're going +to talk about the optimal control for + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the optimal control for + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about the optimal control for +the acrobot and the cart pole we're + + align:start position:0% +the acrobot and the cart pole we're + + + align:start position:0% +the acrobot and the cart pole we're +actually going to use some other methods + + align:start position:0% +actually going to use some other methods + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to use some other methods +but I don't want to move on without + + align:start position:0% +but I don't want to move on without + + + align:start position:0% +but I don't want to move on without +seeding the idea that there are good + + align:start position:0% +seeding the idea that there are good + + + align:start position:0% +seeding the idea that there are good +ways to there are ways to fix this + + align:start position:0% +ways to there are ways to fix this + + + align:start position:0% +ways to there are ways to fix this +potentially + + align:start position:0% +potentially + + + align:start position:0% +potentially +okay so for instance um I mean I think + + align:start position:0% +okay so for instance um I mean I think + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for instance um I mean I think +there's lots of good work to be done in + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of good work to be done in + + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of good work to be done in +sort of the dynamic programming world + + align:start position:0% +sort of the dynamic programming world + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the dynamic programming world +right I think there are there are ideas + + align:start position:0% +right I think there are there are ideas + + + align:start position:0% +right I think there are there are ideas +from um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from discrete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mechanics um and from finite element + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +methods where people have thought a lot + + align:start position:0% +methods where people have thought a lot + + + align:start position:0% +methods where people have thought a lot +about the consequences of discretizing + + align:start position:0% +about the consequences of discretizing + + + align:start position:0% +about the consequences of discretizing +pdes and trying to for instance conserve + + align:start position:0% +pdes and trying to for instance conserve + + + align:start position:0% +pdes and trying to for instance conserve +quantities like energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay my guess is if someone had any had + + align:start position:0% +okay my guess is if someone had any had + + + align:start position:0% +okay my guess is if someone had any had +uh some excitement or experience with + + align:start position:0% +uh some excitement or experience with + + + align:start position:0% +uh some excitement or experience with +these sort of methods I bet the next + + align:start position:0% +these sort of methods I bet the next + + + align:start position:0% +these sort of methods I bet the next +time I teach the class I can say it + + align:start position:0% +time I teach the class I can say it + + + align:start position:0% +time I teach the class I can say it +works for the + + align:start position:0% +works for the + + + align:start position:0% +works for the +acrobot okay so a great this would be a + + align:start position:0% +acrobot okay so a great this would be a + + + align:start position:0% +acrobot okay so a great this would be a +great final project + + align:start position:0% +great final project + + + align:start position:0% +great final project +yeah and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +publication just do a smarter + + align:start position:0% +publication just do a smarter + + + align:start position:0% +publication just do a smarter +discretization of the + + align:start position:0% +discretization of the + + + align:start position:0% +discretization of the +Dynamics than than sort of so the + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics than than sort of so the + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics than than sort of so the +discrete mechanics philosophy is that if + + align:start position:0% +discrete mechanics philosophy is that if + + + align:start position:0% +discrete mechanics philosophy is that if +you've taken your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lran and you've turned it into x doal f + + align:start position:0% +lran and you've turned it into x doal f + + + align:start position:0% +lran and you've turned it into x doal f +ofx + + align:start position:0% +ofx + + + align:start position:0% +ofx +u and then you discretize then you've + + align:start position:0% +u and then you discretize then you've + + + align:start position:0% +u and then you discretize then you've +done you've already it's too late you've + + align:start position:0% +done you've already it's too late you've + + + align:start position:0% +done you've already it's too late you've +already killed the beauty of the lran + + align:start position:0% +already killed the beauty of the lran + + + align:start position:0% +already killed the beauty of the lran +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the discret mechanics point of view + + align:start position:0% +um the discret mechanics point of view + + + align:start position:0% +um the discret mechanics point of view +is you should discretize the lran do + + align:start position:0% +is you should discretize the lran do + + + align:start position:0% +is you should discretize the lran do +your discretization up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and then carry that down to your + + align:start position:0% +here and then carry that down to your + + + align:start position:0% +here and then carry that down to your +equations of motion and these and sort + + align:start position:0% +equations of motion and these and sort + + + align:start position:0% +equations of motion and these and sort +discret mechanics principles tend to + + align:start position:0% +discret mechanics principles tend to + + + align:start position:0% +discret mechanics principles tend to +have much better properties than energy + + align:start position:0% +have much better properties than energy + + + align:start position:0% +have much better properties than energy +conserv conservation and stuff like that + + align:start position:0% +conserv conservation and stuff like that + + + align:start position:0% +conserv conservation and stuff like that +there's um um we might get to it in our + + align:start position:0% +there's um um we might get to it in our + + + align:start position:0% +there's um um we might get to it in our +trajectory optimization family but + + align:start position:0% +trajectory optimization family but + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory optimization family but +there's a a line of work now called um + + align:start position:0% +there's a a line of work now called um + + + align:start position:0% +there's a a line of work now called um +discrete mechanics and optimal control + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's been done by uh Marsden and all + + align:start position:0% +that's been done by uh Marsden and all + + + align:start position:0% +that's been done by uh Marsden and all +at at Caltech um that I think that's my + + align:start position:0% +at at Caltech um that I think that's my + + + align:start position:0% +at at Caltech um that I think that's my +best lead right now on how to fix these + + align:start position:0% +best lead right now on how to fix these + + + align:start position:0% +best lead right now on how to fix these +problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay there's another idea out there for + + align:start position:0% +okay there's another idea out there for + + + align:start position:0% +okay there's another idea out there for +how to fix these problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um if you if your problem is just that + + align:start position:0% +um if you if your problem is just that + + + align:start position:0% +um if you if your problem is just that +your discretization is bad um another + + align:start position:0% +your discretization is bad um another + + + align:start position:0% +your discretization is bad um another +big idea sort of is variable resolution + + align:start position:0% +big idea sort of is variable resolution + + + align:start position:0% +big idea sort of is variable resolution +methods + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which says let's stick to our guns + + align:start position:0% +which says let's stick to our guns + + + align:start position:0% +which says let's stick to our guns +discretization is going to work as long + + align:start position:0% +discretization is going to work as long + + + align:start position:0% +discretization is going to work as long +as I have enough resolution and because + + align:start position:0% +as I have enough resolution and because + + + align:start position:0% +as I have enough resolution and because +of computational limitations I'm just + + align:start position:0% +of computational limitations I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +of computational limitations I'm just +going to make sure I put the resolution + + align:start position:0% +going to make sure I put the resolution + + + align:start position:0% +going to make sure I put the resolution +in the right places right so if you + + align:start position:0% +in the right places right so if you + + + align:start position:0% +in the right places right so if you +discretize the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the pendulum or something like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and you do your optimal control + + align:start position:0% +right and you do your optimal control + + + align:start position:0% +right and you do your optimal control +Solution on this and you find out for + + align:start position:0% +Solution on this and you find out for + + + align:start position:0% +Solution on this and you find out for +instance that when you're transitioning + + align:start position:0% +instance that when you're transitioning + + + align:start position:0% +instance that when you're transitioning +from this point this way energy is not + + align:start position:0% +from this point this way energy is not + + + align:start position:0% +from this point this way energy is not +conserved or the value function at these + + align:start position:0% +conserved or the value function at these + + + align:start position:0% +conserved or the value function at these +Corners are very very different so it + + align:start position:0% +Corners are very very different so it + + + align:start position:0% +Corners are very very different so it +looks like there's something more going + + align:start position:0% +looks like there's something more going + + + align:start position:0% +looks like there's something more going +on there then let's just add more + + align:start position:0% +on there then let's just add more + + + align:start position:0% +on there then let's just add more +resolution there right until you know as + + align:start position:0% +resolution there right until you know as + + + align:start position:0% +resolution there right until you know as +as much as necessary sort of to to + + align:start position:0% +as much as necessary sort of to to + + + align:start position:0% +as much as necessary sort of to to +capture the dynamic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a nice line of work in this by + + align:start position:0% +there's a nice line of work in this by + + + align:start position:0% +there's a nice line of work in this by +Munos and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Moore same people I listed for doing the + + align:start position:0% +Moore same people I listed for doing the + + + align:start position:0% +Moore same people I listed for doing the +bicentric interpolation they talked + + align:start position:0% +bicentric interpolation they talked + + + align:start position:0% +bicentric interpolation they talked +about variable resolution DP methods + + align:start position:0% +about variable resolution DP methods + + + align:start position:0% +about variable resolution DP methods +okay I think Woody thinks that this is + + align:start position:0% +okay I think Woody thinks that this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay I think Woody thinks that this is +our this is the way to get um value + + align:start position:0% +our this is the way to get um value + + + align:start position:0% +our this is the way to get um value +iteration to work on the at least the + + align:start position:0% +iteration to work on the at least the + + + align:start position:0% +iteration to work on the at least the +minimum time problem for the pendulum + + align:start position:0% +minimum time problem for the pendulum + + + align:start position:0% +minimum time problem for the pendulum +and and for the brick + + align:start position:0% +and and for the brick + + + align:start position:0% +and and for the brick +that if you use the right splitting + + align:start position:0% +that if you use the right splitting + + + align:start position:0% +that if you use the right splitting +criteria and that's the big question I + + align:start position:0% +criteria and that's the big question I + + + align:start position:0% +criteria and that's the big question I +think in this work is um what's the + + align:start position:0% +think in this work is um what's the + + + align:start position:0% +think in this work is um what's the +right splitting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +criteria then you can actually maybe + + align:start position:0% +criteria then you can actually maybe + + + align:start position:0% +criteria then you can actually maybe +make serious progress on these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problems okay so I've given you a line + + align:start position:0% +problems okay so I've given you a line + + + align:start position:0% +problems okay so I've given you a line +of thinking about one class of + + align:start position:0% +of thinking about one class of + + + align:start position:0% +of thinking about one class of +algorithms dynamic programming we've + + align:start position:0% +algorithms dynamic programming we've + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms dynamic programming we've +showed how they could apply to the + + align:start position:0% +showed how they could apply to the + + + align:start position:0% +showed how they could apply to the +pendulums I'm I'm decided to not show + + align:start position:0% +pendulums I'm I'm decided to not show + + + align:start position:0% +pendulums I'm I'm decided to not show +how they don't quite work beautifully + + align:start position:0% +how they don't quite work beautifully + + + align:start position:0% +how they don't quite work beautifully +for the acrobot cart pole um if I build + + align:start position:0% +for the acrobot cart pole um if I build + + + align:start position:0% +for the acrobot cart pole um if I build +an algorithm that took overnight to run + + align:start position:0% +an algorithm that took overnight to run + + + align:start position:0% +an algorithm that took overnight to run +then I think it works but they don't run + + align:start position:0% +then I think it works but they don't run + + + align:start position:0% +then I think it works but they don't run +sort of in real time in the class so + + align:start position:0% +sort of in real time in the class so + + + align:start position:0% +sort of in real time in the class so +let's leave it as as future work to make + + align:start position:0% +let's leave it as as future work to make + + + align:start position:0% +let's leave it as as future work to make +better um better just dynamic + + align:start position:0% +better um better just dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +better um better just dynamic +programming algorithms for pendula and + + align:start position:0% +programming algorithms for pendula and + + + align:start position:0% +programming algorithms for pendula and +acrobots right and I'm very very serious + + align:start position:0% +acrobots right and I'm very very serious + + + align:start position:0% +acrobots right and I'm very very serious +about this these are not killer problems + + align:start position:0% +about this these are not killer problems + + + align:start position:0% +about this these are not killer problems +these are problems that + + align:start position:0% +these are problems that + + + align:start position:0% +these are problems that +um I mean these tools sort of that you + + align:start position:0% +um I mean these tools sort of that you + + + align:start position:0% +um I mean these tools sort of that you +see in the class I think just really + + align:start position:0% +see in the class I think just really + + + align:start position:0% +see in the class I think just really +haven't been put together before I think + + align:start position:0% +haven't been put together before I think + + + align:start position:0% +haven't been put together before I think +that um we're lining up all the tools to + + align:start position:0% +that um we're lining up all the tools to + + + align:start position:0% +that um we're lining up all the tools to +solve these these basic problems I wish + + align:start position:0% +solve these these basic problems I wish + + + align:start position:0% +solve these these basic problems I wish +they were all solved already right we + + align:start position:0% +they were all solved already right we + + + align:start position:0% +they were all solved already right we +just got too many problems and not + + align:start position:0% +just got too many problems and not + + + align:start position:0% +just got too many problems and not +enough time but uh uh I mean you could + + align:start position:0% +enough time but uh uh I mean you could + + + align:start position:0% +enough time but uh uh I mean you could +you could solve this problem in your + + align:start position:0% +you could solve this problem in your + + + align:start position:0% +you could solve this problem in your +final project right and and make serious + + align:start position:0% +final project right and and make serious + + + align:start position:0% +final project right and and make serious +contributions to the field this is this + + align:start position:0% +contributions to the field this is this + + + align:start position:0% +contributions to the field this is this +is the place the state that the Field's + + align:start position:0% +is the place the state that the Field's + + + align:start position:0% +is the place the state that the Field's +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +right okay good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so change the world do that for your + + align:start position:0% +um so change the world do that for your + + + align:start position:0% +um so change the world do that for your +final project + + align:start position:0% +final project + + + align:start position:0% +final project +ideally + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um that's where we've come from let's + + align:start position:0% +um that's where we've come from let's + + + align:start position:0% +um that's where we've come from let's +let's let's start thinking about let me + + align:start position:0% +let's let's start thinking about let me + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's start thinking about let me +just bite off today the next big chunk + + align:start position:0% +just bite off today the next big chunk + + + align:start position:0% +just bite off today the next big chunk +okay you're going to finish this class + + align:start position:0% +okay you're going to finish this class + + + align:start position:0% +okay you're going to finish this class +with sort of a a Chinese menu of tools + + align:start position:0% +with sort of a a Chinese menu of tools + + + align:start position:0% +with sort of a a Chinese menu of tools +that uh uh hopefully will help you solve + + align:start position:0% +that uh uh hopefully will help you solve + + + align:start position:0% +that uh uh hopefully will help you solve +all your problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so analytically and computationally + + align:start position:0% +okay so analytically and computationally + + + align:start position:0% +okay so analytically and computationally +there are two major approaches to + + align:start position:0% +there are two major approaches to + + + align:start position:0% +there are two major approaches to +solving these optimal control problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right let's let's even just say + + align:start position:0% +right let's let's even just say + + + align:start position:0% +right let's let's even just say +computational optimal control numerical + + align:start position:0% +computational optimal control numerical + + + align:start position:0% +computational optimal control numerical +optimal control + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the first one like I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +said is your you're trying to solve a + + align:start position:0% +said is your you're trying to solve a + + + align:start position:0% +said is your you're trying to solve a +pte + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right partial differential equation the + + align:start position:0% +right partial differential equation the + + + align:start position:0% +right partial differential equation the +particular name is the Hamilton + + align:start position:0% +particular name is the Hamilton + + + align:start position:0% +particular name is the Hamilton +jacobe Bellman equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right but there is a second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +approach the second approach is policy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +search direct policy search okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it very much still is um governed by the + + align:start position:0% +it very much still is um governed by the + + + align:start position:0% +it very much still is um governed by the +pral differential equations of + + align:start position:0% +pral differential equations of + + + align:start position:0% +pral differential equations of +optimality okay but the solution + + align:start position:0% +optimality okay but the solution + + + align:start position:0% +optimality okay but the solution +technique is + + align:start position:0% +technique is + + + align:start position:0% +technique is +different here's the idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's design not directly the I mean + + align:start position:0% +let's design not directly the I mean + + + align:start position:0% +let's design not directly the I mean +we've designed our cost function we have + + align:start position:0% +we've designed our cost function we have + + + align:start position:0% +we've designed our cost function we have +our cost function we have our Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +our cost function we have our Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +our cost function we have our Dynamics +um let's not let's design a family of + + align:start position:0% +um let's not let's design a family of + + + align:start position:0% +um let's not let's design a family of +control systems with a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +control systems with a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +control systems with a bunch of +parameters okay so the policy search + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +methods Define some class of feedback + + align:start position:0% +methods Define some class of feedback + + + align:start position:0% +methods Define some class of feedback +policies that you care about that are + + align:start position:0% +policies that you care about that are + + + align:start position:0% +policies that you care about that are +parameterized by some vector + + align:start position:0% +parameterized by some vector + + + align:start position:0% +parameterized by some vector +Alpha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right we define a class of feedback + + align:start position:0% +right we define a class of feedback + + + align:start position:0% +right we define a class of feedback +policy + + align:start position:0% +policy + + + align:start position:0% +policy +and then using the same exact um + + align:start position:0% +and then using the same exact um + + + align:start position:0% +and then using the same exact um +formulations we used before where we + + align:start position:0% +formulations we used before where we + + + align:start position:0% +formulations we used before where we +used + + align:start position:0% +used + + + align:start position:0% +used +J um to represent + + align:start position:0% +J um to represent + + + align:start position:0% +J um to represent +the um the long-term cost of taking and + + align:start position:0% +the um the long-term cost of taking and + + + align:start position:0% +the um the long-term cost of taking and +starting at some initial condition at + + align:start position:0% +starting at some initial condition at + + + align:start position:0% +starting at some initial condition at +some time which could be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is what I wrote down + + align:start position:0% +this is what I wrote down + + + align:start position:0% +this is what I wrote down +before now I'm going to be even more + + align:start position:0% +before now I'm going to be even more + + + align:start position:0% +before now I'm going to be even more +specific and say let's make J of + + align:start position:0% +specific and say let's make J of + + + align:start position:0% +specific and say let's make J of +alpha x0 T I'm going to say it's a + + align:start position:0% +alpha x0 T I'm going to say it's a + + + align:start position:0% +alpha x0 T I'm going to say it's a +function of the parameters and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +function of the parameters and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +function of the parameters and I'm going +to say + + align:start position:0% +to say + + + align:start position:0% +to say +that U is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now the cost of evaluating my control + + align:start position:0% +now the cost of evaluating my control + + + align:start position:0% +now the cost of evaluating my control +system with parameters Alpha + + align:start position:0% +system with parameters Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +system with parameters Alpha +so it's a little abstract right now but + + align:start position:0% +so it's a little abstract right now but + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a little abstract right now but +let's let's make it concrete so here's a + + align:start position:0% +let's let's make it concrete so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's make it concrete so here's a +here's a couple potential + + align:start position:0% +here's a couple potential + + + align:start position:0% +here's a couple potential +parameterizations right so we talked + + align:start position:0% +parameterizations right so we talked + + + align:start position:0% +parameterizations right so we talked +about the linear family of feedback + + align:start position:0% +about the linear family of feedback + + + align:start position:0% +about the linear family of feedback +policies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right linear feedback control with some + + align:start position:0% +right linear feedback control with some + + + align:start position:0% +right linear feedback control with some +Big Game Matrix K well that's a + + align:start position:0% +Big Game Matrix K well that's a + + + align:start position:0% +Big Game Matrix K well that's a +perfectly acceptable policy + + align:start position:0% +perfectly acceptable policy + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly acceptable policy +parameterization if I want to search + + align:start position:0% +parameterization if I want to search + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization if I want to search +over the class of feedback policies that + + align:start position:0% +over the class of feedback policies that + + + align:start position:0% +over the class of feedback policies that +are linear feedback policies then I + + align:start position:0% +are linear feedback policies then I + + + align:start position:0% +are linear feedback policies then I +could call that Pi of alpha + + align:start position:0% +could call that Pi of alpha + + + align:start position:0% +could call that Pi of alpha +X of T it just happens that that control + + align:start position:0% +X of T it just happens that that control + + + align:start position:0% +X of T it just happens that that control +policy is you know alpha 1 Alpha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 alpha + + align:start position:0% +2 alpha + + + align:start position:0% +2 alpha +n * + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X it's a perfectly reasonable class of + + align:start position:0% +X it's a perfectly reasonable class of + + + align:start position:0% +X it's a perfectly reasonable class of +control policies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and actually just to throw it out + + align:start position:0% +um and actually just to throw it out + + + align:start position:0% +um and actually just to throw it out +there it's probably a bad + + align:start position:0% +there it's probably a bad + + + align:start position:0% +there it's probably a bad +choice actually because I think people + + align:start position:0% +choice actually because I think people + + + align:start position:0% +choice actually because I think people +know that this that even sort of lqr + + align:start position:0% +know that this that even sort of lqr + + + align:start position:0% +know that this that even sort of lqr +problems are not convex in this + + align:start position:0% +problems are not convex in this + + + align:start position:0% +problems are not convex in this +parameterization I haven't told you how + + align:start position:0% +parameterization I haven't told you how + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization I haven't told you how +we're going to solve it yet but let me + + align:start position:0% +we're going to solve it yet but let me + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to solve it yet but let me +just throw out the fact that that I + + align:start position:0% +just throw out the fact that that I + + + align:start position:0% +just throw out the fact that that I +think most sort of serious control + + align:start position:0% +think most sort of serious control + + + align:start position:0% +think most sort of serious control +people wouldn't use this as a + + align:start position:0% +people wouldn't use this as a + + + align:start position:0% +people wouldn't use this as a +representation to search over because it + + align:start position:0% +representation to search over because it + + + align:start position:0% +representation to search over because it +turns out the relationship to + + align:start position:0% +turns out the relationship to + + + align:start position:0% +turns out the relationship to +Performance Based on these parameters is + + align:start position:0% +Performance Based on these parameters is + + + align:start position:0% +Performance Based on these parameters is +complicated maybe unnecessarily so okay + + align:start position:0% +complicated maybe unnecessarily so okay + + + align:start position:0% +complicated maybe unnecessarily so okay +um a much a very common um + + align:start position:0% +um a much a very common um + + + align:start position:0% +um a much a very common um +parameterization is sort of an open loop + + align:start position:0% +parameterization is sort of an open loop + + + align:start position:0% +parameterization is sort of an open loop +um controlled tape I'll call + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it where in the simplest form let's say + + align:start position:0% +it where in the simplest form let's say + + + align:start position:0% +it where in the simplest form let's say +U is just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that a reasonable way to write it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm right at every time I + + align:start position:0% +I'm right at every time I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm right at every time I +just this would be a zero order hold + + align:start position:0% +just this would be a zero order hold + + + align:start position:0% +just this would be a zero order hold +right at at any time I just find the + + align:start position:0% +right at at any time I just find the + + + align:start position:0% +right at at any time I just find the +closest sort of point in my control tape + + align:start position:0% +closest sort of point in my control tape + + + align:start position:0% +closest sort of point in my control tape +right and output you know so I've got + + align:start position:0% +right and output you know so I've got + + + align:start position:0% +right and output you know so I've got +Alpha at time one I've got Alpha time 2 + + align:start position:0% +Alpha at time one I've got Alpha time 2 + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha at time one I've got Alpha time 2 +Alpha time 3 just in the tape and I just + + align:start position:0% +Alpha time 3 just in the tape and I just + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha time 3 just in the tape and I just +as I run my policy I ignore State and + + align:start position:0% +as I run my policy I ignore State and + + + align:start position:0% +as I run my policy I ignore State and +just play play out an open loop + + align:start position:0% +just play play out an open loop + + + align:start position:0% +just play play out an open loop +tape okay that's a perfectly valid um + + align:start position:0% +tape okay that's a perfectly valid um + + + align:start position:0% +tape okay that's a perfectly valid um +policy + + align:start position:0% +policy + + + align:start position:0% +policy +representation um maybe a better one + + align:start position:0% +representation um maybe a better one + + + align:start position:0% +representation um maybe a better one +would be um something based on + + align:start position:0% +would be um something based on + + + align:start position:0% +would be um something based on +splines + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right or even just a smoother + + align:start position:0% +right or even just a smoother + + + align:start position:0% +right or even just a smoother +interpolation maybe that could be + + align:start position:0% +interpolation maybe that could be + + + align:start position:0% +interpolation maybe that could be +better people use things like neural + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +networks as policy representation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um um there's a lot of work on things + + align:start position:0% +um um there's a lot of work on things + + + align:start position:0% +um um there's a lot of work on things +like radial basis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions um and in general a lot of + + align:start position:0% +functions um and in general a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +functions um and in general a lot of +sort of Kernel methods in machine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +learning + + align:start position:0% +learning + + + align:start position:0% +learning +um you can use sort of the point of this + + align:start position:0% +um you can use sort of the point of this + + + align:start position:0% +um you can use sort of the point of this +line is you can use General + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +machine learning function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +approximators okay and those tend to be + + align:start position:0% +approximators okay and those tend to be + + + align:start position:0% +approximators okay and those tend to be +reasonable policy representations where + + align:start position:0% +reasonable policy representations where + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable policy representations where +maybe the the weights in the neural + + align:start position:0% +maybe the the weights in the neural + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the the weights in the neural +network even if you don't know what + + align:start position:0% +network even if you don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +network even if you don't know what +these things are I'm actually going to + + align:start position:0% +these things are I'm actually going to + + + align:start position:0% +these things are I'm actually going to +do a little bit of an introduction to + + align:start position:0% +do a little bit of an introduction to + + + align:start position:0% +do a little bit of an introduction to +function approximators once we start + + align:start position:0% +function approximators once we start + + + align:start position:0% +function approximators once we start +using them heavily in um in class but + + align:start position:0% +using them heavily in um in class but + + + align:start position:0% +using them heavily in um in class but +you just from seeing the words you if + + align:start position:0% +you just from seeing the words you if + + + align:start position:0% +you just from seeing the words you if +even if you've never used one you + + align:start position:0% +even if you've never used one you + + + align:start position:0% +even if you've never used one you +probably have a sense that these things + + align:start position:0% +probably have a sense that these things + + + align:start position:0% +probably have a sense that these things +are sort + + align:start position:0% +are sort + + + align:start position:0% +are sort +of you know ways to represent functions + + align:start position:0% +of you know ways to represent functions + + + align:start position:0% +of you know ways to represent functions +with a lot of parameters okay and uh um + + align:start position:0% +with a lot of parameters okay and uh um + + + align:start position:0% +with a lot of parameters okay and uh um +those are perfectly good + + align:start position:0% +those are perfectly good + + + align:start position:0% +those are perfectly good +candidates so the key idea here is if + + align:start position:0% +candidates so the key idea here is if + + + align:start position:0% +candidates so the key idea here is if +we're willing to parameterize our + + align:start position:0% +we're willing to parameterize our + + + align:start position:0% +we're willing to parameterize our +control system with a with a class of of + + align:start position:0% +control system with a with a class of of + + + align:start position:0% +control system with a with a class of of +some some parameters some finite + + align:start position:0% +some some parameters some finite + + + align:start position:0% +some some parameters some finite +parameters then I can turn my my optimal + + align:start position:0% +parameters then I can turn my my optimal + + + align:start position:0% +parameters then I can turn my my optimal +control problem into a simple parameter + + align:start position:0% +control problem into a simple parameter + + + align:start position:0% +control problem into a simple parameter +search right in general + + align:start position:0% +search right in general + + + align:start position:0% +search right in general +now if I want to + + align:start position:0% +now if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +now if I want to +minimize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the problem is to minimize over + + align:start position:0% +um the problem is to minimize over + + + align:start position:0% +um the problem is to minimize over +Alpha let's say J Alpha from the x0 I + + align:start position:0% +Alpha let's say J Alpha from the x0 I + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha let's say J Alpha from the x0 I +care about at time + + align:start position:0% +care about at time + + + align:start position:0% +care about at time +zero right I could + + align:start position:0% +zero right I could + + + align:start position:0% +zero right I could +describe J through those equations to + + align:start position:0% +describe J through those equations to + + + align:start position:0% +describe J through those equations to +some mat lab function let's say and just + + align:start position:0% +some mat lab function let's say and just + + + align:start position:0% +some mat lab function let's say and just +say find the minimum of this function + + align:start position:0% +say find the minimum of this function + + + align:start position:0% +say find the minimum of this function +right you can do it with sort of a f Min + + align:start position:0% +right you can do it with sort of a f Min + + + align:start position:0% +right you can do it with sort of a f Min +or or various any any old tools from + + align:start position:0% +or or various any any old tools from + + + align:start position:0% +or or various any any old tools from +from nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +from nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +from nonlinear +optimization okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reasonable it's important to make sure + + align:start position:0% +reasonable it's important to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable it's important to make sure +we understand why it's different okay so + + align:start position:0% +we understand why it's different okay so + + + align:start position:0% +we understand why it's different okay so +um did I still have this up on the board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potentially X and time as an input and U + + align:start position:0% +potentially X and time as an input and U + + + align:start position:0% +potentially X and time as an input and U +as an output right you're trying to the + + align:start position:0% +as an output right you're trying to the + + + align:start position:0% +as an output right you're trying to the +function of approximators + + align:start position:0% +function of approximators + + + align:start position:0% +function of approximators +represent this function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right they're a mapping which depends on + + align:start position:0% +right they're a mapping which depends on + + + align:start position:0% +right they're a mapping which depends on +parameters Alpha from X and T in the + + align:start position:0% +parameters Alpha from X and T in the + + + align:start position:0% +parameters Alpha from X and T in the +general case to U right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay in many ways this is um this is a + + align:start position:0% +okay in many ways this is um this is a + + + align:start position:0% +okay in many ways this is um this is a +very naive approach right the dynamic + + align:start position:0% +very naive approach right the dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +very naive approach right the dynamic +programming view of the world was very + + align:start position:0% +programming view of the world was very + + + align:start position:0% +programming view of the world was very +beautiful we turned um our our + + align:start position:0% +beautiful we turned um our our + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful we turned um our our +complicated long-term optimization of + + align:start position:0% +complicated long-term optimization of + + + align:start position:0% +complicated long-term optimization of +this function into a recursive + + align:start position:0% +this function into a recursive + + + align:start position:0% +this function into a recursive +form where at each step I only had to + + align:start position:0% +form where at each step I only had to + + + align:start position:0% +form where at each step I only had to +think about my instantaneous control + + align:start position:0% +think about my instantaneous control + + + align:start position:0% +think about my instantaneous control +action right I did a Min over U for that + + align:start position:0% +action right I did a Min over U for that + + + align:start position:0% +action right I did a Min over U for that +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +step and that was end and if I could + + align:start position:0% +step and that was end and if I could + + + align:start position:0% +step and that was end and if I could +solve my value function then that was + + align:start position:0% +solve my value function then that was + + + align:start position:0% +solve my value function then that was +enough I could I could use my my value + + align:start position:0% +enough I could I could use my my value + + + align:start position:0% +enough I could I could use my my value +function to turn my long-term + + align:start position:0% +function to turn my long-term + + + align:start position:0% +function to turn my long-term +optimization into a shortterm + + align:start position:0% +optimization into a shortterm + + + align:start position:0% +optimization into a shortterm +optimization Min over U + + align:start position:0% +optimization Min over U + + + align:start position:0% +optimization Min over U +okay tell me if I need to say things + + align:start position:0% +okay tell me if I need to say things + + + align:start position:0% +okay tell me if I need to say things +differently + + align:start position:0% +differently + + + align:start position:0% +differently +right in many ways this is the dumb + + align:start position:0% +right in many ways this is the dumb + + + align:start position:0% +right in many ways this is the dumb +approach right we're not we're throwing + + align:start position:0% +approach right we're not we're throwing + + + align:start position:0% +approach right we're not we're throwing +away the structure in the problem we're + + align:start position:0% +away the structure in the problem we're + + + align:start position:0% +away the structure in the problem we're +just going to directly search over + + align:start position:0% +just going to directly search over + + + align:start position:0% +just going to directly search over +parameters okay the Saving Grace is that + + align:start position:0% +parameters okay the Saving Grace is that + + + align:start position:0% +parameters okay the Saving Grace is that +I don't have to the value function can + + align:start position:0% +I don't have to the value function can + + + align:start position:0% +I don't have to the value function can +turn to turn out to be a hard thing to + + align:start position:0% +turn to turn out to be a hard thing to + + + align:start position:0% +turn to turn out to be a hard thing to +represent especially if with dynamic + + align:start position:0% +represent especially if with dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +represent especially if with dynamic +programming I can't represent it in 10 + + align:start position:0% +programming I can't represent it in 10 + + + align:start position:0% +programming I can't represent it in 10 +Dimensions let's say Okay so this dumb + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions let's say Okay so this dumb + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions let's say Okay so this dumb +approach can actually work in more + + align:start position:0% +approach can actually work in more + + + align:start position:0% +approach can actually work in more +complicated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +systems the only problem is um it + + align:start position:0% +systems the only problem is um it + + + align:start position:0% +systems the only problem is um it +doesn't guarantee global optimality + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like I said in some ways it's a very + + align:start position:0% +like I said in some ways it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +like I said in some ways it's a very +naive approach it tends to scale better + + align:start position:0% +naive approach it tends to scale better + + + align:start position:0% +naive approach it tends to scale better +it's not as sensitive explicitly to the + + align:start position:0% +it's not as sensitive explicitly to the + + + align:start position:0% +it's not as sensitive explicitly to the +dimensionality of the problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's another nice thing about it + + align:start position:0% +there's another nice thing about it + + + align:start position:0% +there's another nice thing about it +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +there's um there's no explicit need for + + align:start position:0% +there's um there's no explicit need for + + + align:start position:0% +there's um there's no explicit need for +discretization which I told you was a + + align:start position:0% +discretization which I told you was a + + + align:start position:0% +discretization which I told you was a +big problem in the dynamic programming + + align:start position:0% +big problem in the dynamic programming + + + align:start position:0% +big problem in the dynamic programming +thing except for you know there's + + align:start position:0% +thing except for you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +thing except for you know there's +discreation potentially in the um in the + + align:start position:0% +discreation potentially in the um in the + + + align:start position:0% +discreation potentially in the um in the +OD sort of integrator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that can make make AR we do know how + + align:start position:0% +so that can make make AR we do know how + + + align:start position:0% +so that can make make AR we do know how +to make that arbitrarily accurate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the only real killer of these methods is + + align:start position:0% +the only real killer of these methods is + + + align:start position:0% +the only real killer of these methods is +that they don't they're very subject to + + align:start position:0% +that they don't they're very subject to + + + align:start position:0% +that they don't they're very subject to +local Minima yeah please use function + + align:start position:0% +local Minima yeah please use function + + + align:start position:0% +local Minima yeah please use function +approximation is it isn't it like + + align:start position:0% +approximation is it isn't it like + + + align:start position:0% +approximation is it isn't it like +discreation of your state space not + + align:start position:0% +discreation of your state space not + + + align:start position:0% +discreation of your state space not +necessarily I mean but you essentially + + align:start position:0% +necessarily I mean but you essentially + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily I mean but you essentially +like you don't have a full control input + + align:start position:0% +like you don't have a full control input + + + align:start position:0% +like you don't have a full control input +are you available + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +normally it's a good question so um take + + align:start position:0% +normally it's a good question so um take + + + align:start position:0% +normally it's a good question so um take +the the your feedback example right if I + + align:start position:0% +the the your feedback example right if I + + + align:start position:0% +the the your feedback example right if I +have a problem that I know that the if I + + align:start position:0% +have a problem that I know that the if I + + + align:start position:0% +have a problem that I know that the if I +take an lqr problem and I solve it with + + align:start position:0% +take an lqr problem and I solve it with + + + align:start position:0% +take an lqr problem and I solve it with +policy search and I know the feedback + + align:start position:0% +policy search and I know the feedback + + + align:start position:0% +policy search and I know the feedback +policy should be exist in the class of + + align:start position:0% +policy should be exist in the class of + + + align:start position:0% +policy should be exist in the class of +linear po things then I I haven't lost + + align:start position:0% +linear po things then I I haven't lost + + + align:start position:0% +linear po things then I I haven't lost +anything by doing an + + align:start position:0% +anything by doing an + + + align:start position:0% +anything by doing an +approximation okay and in general these + + align:start position:0% +approximation okay and in general these + + + align:start position:0% +approximation okay and in general these +things are um so radial basis functions + + align:start position:0% +things are um so radial basis functions + + + align:start position:0% +things are um so radial basis functions +have the feeling of similar to + + align:start position:0% +have the feeling of similar to + + + align:start position:0% +have the feeling of similar to +discretization but some of them are much + + align:start position:0% +discretization but some of them are much + + + align:start position:0% +discretization but some of them are much +smoother in in much more continuous than + + align:start position:0% +smoother in in much more continuous than + + + align:start position:0% +smoother in in much more continuous than +these hard discretizations and the way + + align:start position:0% +these hard discretizations and the way + + + align:start position:0% +these hard discretizations and the way +that you evaluate them which is what's + + align:start position:0% +that you evaluate them which is what's + + + align:start position:0% +that you evaluate them which is what's +essential is is you're still going to + + align:start position:0% +essential is is you're still going to + + + align:start position:0% +essential is is you're still going to +find so if I evaluate the system by + + align:start position:0% +find so if I evaluate the system by + + + align:start position:0% +find so if I evaluate the system by +literally taking my parameters of my + + align:start position:0% +literally taking my parameters of my + + + align:start position:0% +literally taking my parameters of my +neural network radial basis function + + align:start position:0% +neural network radial basis function + + + align:start position:0% +neural network radial basis function +whatever running this function right + + align:start position:0% +whatever running this function right + + + align:start position:0% +whatever running this function right +without any + + align:start position:0% +without any + + + align:start position:0% +without any +discretization then it'll give me an + + align:start position:0% +discretization then it'll give me an + + + align:start position:0% +discretization then it'll give me an +accurate measurement of this function + + align:start position:0% +accurate measurement of this function + + + align:start position:0% +accurate measurement of this function +discretization comes into the doesn't + + align:start position:0% +discretization comes into the doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +discretization comes into the doesn't +come into the evaluation of the + + align:start position:0% +come into the evaluation of the + + + align:start position:0% +come into the evaluation of the +function and in dynamic programming it's + + align:start position:0% +function and in dynamic programming it's + + + align:start position:0% +function and in dynamic programming it's +fundamental it's discretization is right + + align:start position:0% +fundamental it's discretization is right + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental it's discretization is right +there we always operate directly on the + + align:start position:0% +there we always operate directly on the + + + align:start position:0% +there we always operate directly on the +discre discretized + + align:start position:0% +discre discretized + + + align:start position:0% +discre discretized +system okay so I do think these things + + align:start position:0% +system okay so I do think these things + + + align:start position:0% +system okay so I do think these things +are much closer to being continuous um + + align:start position:0% +are much closer to being continuous um + + + align:start position:0% +are much closer to being continuous um +solvers you might say another + + align:start position:0% +solvers you might say another + + + align:start position:0% +solvers you might say another +disadvantage is is that it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +disadvantage is is that it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +disadvantage is is that it doesn't +exploit um the recursion that we know to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exist in the + + align:start position:0% +exist in the + + + align:start position:0% +exist in the +problem so it sort of feels like we + + align:start position:0% +problem so it sort of feels like we + + + align:start position:0% +problem so it sort of feels like we +should be able to use that trick more + + align:start position:0% +should be able to use that trick more + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to use that trick more +generally and a lot of times these + + align:start position:0% +generally and a lot of times these + + + align:start position:0% +generally and a lot of times these +methods are going to be the very naive + + align:start position:0% +methods are going to be the very naive + + + align:start position:0% +methods are going to be the very naive +things which throw them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +away you said DP requires + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dis yep that's what I said do you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +disagree well then I would call that a + + align:start position:0% +disagree well then I would call that a + + + align:start position:0% +disagree well then I would call that a +um an approximate dynamic programming + + align:start position:0% +um an approximate dynamic programming + + + align:start position:0% +um an approximate dynamic programming +method which is these are the it's + + align:start position:0% +method which is these are the it's + + + align:start position:0% +method which is these are the it's +depends where you draw the line I'm + + align:start position:0% +depends where you draw the line I'm + + + align:start position:0% +depends where you draw the line I'm +going to talk about those in the the + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about those in the the + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about those in the the +reinforcement learning part of the + + align:start position:0% +reinforcement learning part of the + + + align:start position:0% +reinforcement learning part of the +course but the thing that I think people + + align:start position:0% +course but the thing that I think people + + + align:start position:0% +course but the thing that I think people +I think that we've talked about which is + + align:start position:0% +I think that we've talked about which is + + + align:start position:0% +I think that we've talked about which is +which is guaranteed results for the dis + + align:start position:0% +which is guaranteed results for the dis + + + align:start position:0% +which is guaranteed results for the dis +discrete system which is sort of really + + align:start position:0% +discrete system which is sort of really + + + align:start position:0% +discrete system which is sort of really +dynamic programming discreation is + + align:start position:0% +dynamic programming discreation is + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic programming discreation is +exactly fundamental so elor is pointing + + align:start position:0% +exactly fundamental so elor is pointing + + + align:start position:0% +exactly fundamental so elor is pointing +out that actually there are there are + + align:start position:0% +out that actually there are there are + + + align:start position:0% +out that actually there are there are +people that use function approximators + + align:start position:0% +people that use function approximators + + + align:start position:0% +people that use function approximators +in dynamic programming algorithms and + + align:start position:0% +in dynamic programming algorithms and + + + align:start position:0% +in dynamic programming algorithms and +we're going to talk about those in the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about those in the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about those in the +future but they tend to be approximate + + align:start position:0% +future but they tend to be approximate + + + align:start position:0% +future but they tend to be approximate +and they a lot of times they have weaker + + align:start position:0% +and they a lot of times they have weaker + + + align:start position:0% +and they a lot of times they have weaker +guarantees of of convergence but we'll + + align:start position:0% +guarantees of of convergence but we'll + + + align:start position:0% +guarantees of of convergence but we'll +we'll talk about those as they come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up okay good um so now we have a very + + align:start position:0% +up okay good um so now we have a very + + + align:start position:0% +up okay good um so now we have a very +simple problem we've taken our um + + align:start position:0% +simple problem we've taken our um + + + align:start position:0% +simple problem we've taken our um +optimal control problem that we've + + align:start position:0% +optimal control problem that we've + + + align:start position:0% +optimal control problem that we've +thrown all kinds of uh uh work into and + + align:start position:0% +thrown all kinds of uh uh work into and + + + align:start position:0% +thrown all kinds of uh uh work into and +we've we've talked about the recursion + + align:start position:0% +we've we've talked about the recursion + + + align:start position:0% +we've we've talked about the recursion +we talked about the bment equation now + + align:start position:0% +we talked about the bment equation now + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about the bment equation now +we just said okay might as well just + + align:start position:0% +we just said okay might as well just + + + align:start position:0% +we just said okay might as well just +think of it that um if I run my robot + + align:start position:0% +think of it that um if I run my robot + + + align:start position:0% +think of it that um if I run my robot +with three different parameters I'm + + align:start position:0% +with three different parameters I'm + + + align:start position:0% +with three different parameters I'm +going to get three different scores + + align:start position:0% +going to get three different scores + + + align:start position:0% +going to get three different scores +right if I literally take my acrobot and + + align:start position:0% +right if I literally take my acrobot and + + + align:start position:0% +right if I literally take my acrobot and +I make the parameters all one then I'm + + align:start position:0% +I make the parameters all one then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I make the parameters all one then I'm +going to + + align:start position:0% +going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to +get um some + + align:start position:0% +get um some + + + align:start position:0% +get um some +some score for that for running that + + align:start position:0% +some score for that for running that + + + align:start position:0% +some score for that for running that +policy if I change my parameters so the + + align:start position:0% +policy if I change my parameters so the + + + align:start position:0% +policy if I change my parameters so the +third parameter is two I'll get a + + align:start position:0% +third parameter is two I'll get a + + + align:start position:0% +third parameter is two I'll get a +different score and I'll get a different + + align:start position:0% +different score and I'll get a different + + + align:start position:0% +different score and I'll get a different +score if I run a different set of + + align:start position:0% +score if I run a different set of + + + align:start position:0% +score if I run a different set of +parameters I'm just going to run my + + align:start position:0% +parameters I'm just going to run my + + + align:start position:0% +parameters I'm just going to run my +trial for let's say for 10 seconds with + + align:start position:0% +trial for let's say for 10 seconds with + + + align:start position:0% +trial for let's say for 10 seconds with +different sets of parameters and this is + + align:start position:0% +different sets of parameters and this is + + + align:start position:0% +different sets of parameters and this is +going to give me + + align:start position:0% +going to give me + + + align:start position:0% +going to give me +some landscape right which is J of alpha + + align:start position:0% +some landscape right which is J of alpha + + + align:start position:0% +some landscape right which is J of alpha +now typically in these problems I'm + + align:start position:0% +now typically in these problems I'm + + + align:start position:0% +now typically in these problems I'm +going to be thinking about optimizing it + + align:start position:0% +going to be thinking about optimizing it + + + align:start position:0% +going to be thinking about optimizing it +from a particular initial condition we + + align:start position:0% +from a particular initial condition we + + + align:start position:0% +from a particular initial condition we +can talk about later how you if you want + + align:start position:0% +can talk about later how you if you want + + + align:start position:0% +can talk about later how you if you want +to get around that right but this is + + align:start position:0% +to get around that right but this is + + + align:start position:0% +to get around that right but this is +just some function J of alpha + + align:start position:0% +just some function J of alpha + + + align:start position:0% +just some function J of alpha +right so how do we optimize J of + + align:start position:0% +right so how do we optimize J of + + + align:start position:0% +right so how do we optimize J of +alpha well there's lots of good ways + + align:start position:0% +alpha well there's lots of good ways + + + align:start position:0% +alpha well there's lots of good ways +okay from nonlinear programming from + + align:start position:0% +okay from nonlinear programming from + + + align:start position:0% +okay from nonlinear programming from +nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear +optimization right what are some good + + align:start position:0% +optimization right what are some good + + + align:start position:0% +optimization right what are some good +ways to to find the minimum of of J of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alpha guess a lot of Alphas that's one + + align:start position:0% +alpha guess a lot of Alphas that's one + + + align:start position:0% +alpha guess a lot of Alphas that's one +approach right pick the the smallest one + + align:start position:0% +approach right pick the the smallest one + + + align:start position:0% +approach right pick the the smallest one +okay if we can form J in a way which is + + align:start position:0% +okay if we can form J in a way which is + + + align:start position:0% +okay if we can form J in a way which is +we can + + align:start position:0% +we can + + + align:start position:0% +we can +take we can solve okay good so let's say + + align:start position:0% +take we can solve okay good so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +take we can solve okay good so let's say +I have an initial G guess at J um and I + + align:start position:0% +I have an initial G guess at J um and I + + + align:start position:0% +I have an initial G guess at J um and I +can actually compute the derivative of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +J which I can always do because I could + + align:start position:0% +J which I can always do because I could + + + align:start position:0% +J which I can always do because I could +do it numerically if I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +do it numerically if I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +do it numerically if I wanted to +right I could just evaluate it a bunch + + align:start position:0% +right I could just evaluate it a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +right I could just evaluate it a bunch +of times to do it if I had to but if I + + align:start position:0% +of times to do it if I had to but if I + + + align:start position:0% +of times to do it if I had to but if I +can compute DJ d alpha then that'll tell + + align:start position:0% +can compute DJ d alpha then that'll tell + + + align:start position:0% +can compute DJ d alpha then that'll tell +me + + align:start position:0% +me + + + align:start position:0% +me +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +slope and I could for instance do + + align:start position:0% +slope and I could for instance do + + + align:start position:0% +slope and I could for instance do +gradient descent on that slope right I + + align:start position:0% +gradient descent on that slope right I + + + align:start position:0% +gradient descent on that slope right I +could do um Alpha my second Alpha that + + align:start position:0% +could do um Alpha my second Alpha that + + + align:start position:0% +could do um Alpha my second Alpha that +I'm going to try is going to be my my + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to try is going to be my my + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to try is going to be my my +first Alpha I tried minus + + align:start position:0% +first Alpha I tried minus + + + align:start position:0% +first Alpha I tried minus +some movement in the direction of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gradient right I could take this to + + align:start position:0% +gradient right I could take this to + + + align:start position:0% +gradient right I could take this to +estimate the gradient + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then take a motion that moves me + + align:start position:0% +and then take a motion that moves me + + + align:start position:0% +and then take a motion that moves me +down the + + align:start position:0% +down the + + + align:start position:0% +down the +gradient make a new update move down the + + align:start position:0% +gradient make a new update move down the + + + align:start position:0% +gradient make a new update move down the +gradient make a new + + align:start position:0% +gradient make a new + + + align:start position:0% +gradient make a new +update and eventually I'll get to the + + align:start position:0% +update and eventually I'll get to the + + + align:start position:0% +update and eventually I'll get to the +minimum where the gradient is equal to + + align:start position:0% +minimum where the gradient is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +minimum where the gradient is equal to +zero how many people have used gradient + + align:start position:0% +zero how many people have used gradient + + + align:start position:0% +zero how many people have used gradient +descent before in + + align:start position:0% +descent before in + + + align:start position:0% +descent before in +something okay + + align:start position:0% +something okay + + + align:start position:0% +something okay +good so nobody actually does that I + + align:start position:0% +good so nobody actually does that I + + + align:start position:0% +good so nobody actually does that I +don't think anymore um because we we + + align:start position:0% +don't think anymore um because we we + + + align:start position:0% +don't think anymore um because we we +have sort of I mean that's absolutely + + align:start position:0% +have sort of I mean that's absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +have sort of I mean that's absolutely +the right way to think about things and + + align:start position:0% +the right way to think about things and + + + align:start position:0% +the right way to think about things and +and gradient methods are are critical + + align:start position:0% +and gradient methods are are critical + + + align:start position:0% +and gradient methods are are critical +but optimal you know + + align:start position:0% +but optimal you know + + + align:start position:0% +but optimal you know +um optimal sort of optimization theory + + align:start position:0% +um optimal sort of optimization theory + + + align:start position:0% +um optimal sort of optimization theory +has gotten pretty good right so there's + + align:start position:0% +has gotten pretty good right so there's + + + align:start position:0% +has gotten pretty good right so there's +another way to do it um let's say I had + + align:start position:0% +another way to do it um let's say I had + + + align:start position:0% +another way to do it um let's say I had +um I couldn't just I not only could + + align:start position:0% +um I couldn't just I not only could + + + align:start position:0% +um I couldn't just I not only could +compute the first derivative but let's + + align:start position:0% +compute the first derivative but let's + + + align:start position:0% +compute the first derivative but let's +say I could compute the second + + align:start position:0% +say I could compute the second + + + align:start position:0% +say I could compute the second +derivative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I have my initial guess here I + + align:start position:0% +um I have my initial guess here I + + + align:start position:0% +um I have my initial guess here I +compute the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative and I compute the second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative then what could I do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +aaba to fit a parabola to it I didn't + + align:start position:0% +aaba to fit a parabola to it I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +aaba to fit a parabola to it I didn't +quite hear what you said is that what + + align:start position:0% +quite hear what you said is that what + + + align:start position:0% +quite hear what you said is that what +you said + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to absolutely let's fit a quadratic Bowl + + align:start position:0% +to absolutely let's fit a quadratic Bowl + + + align:start position:0% +to absolutely let's fit a quadratic Bowl +to it right and actually the problem I + + align:start position:0% +to it right and actually the problem I + + + align:start position:0% +to it right and actually the problem I +did right now I'm probably the quadratic + + align:start position:0% +did right now I'm probably the quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +did right now I'm probably the quadratic +bow is a pretty good match to the um + + align:start position:0% +bow is a pretty good match to the um + + + align:start position:0% +bow is a pretty good match to the um +real + + align:start position:0% +real + + + align:start position:0% +real +optimization right and why not move + + align:start position:0% +optimization right and why not move + + + align:start position:0% +optimization right and why not move +directly to this point and then fix find + + align:start position:0% +directly to this point and then fix find + + + align:start position:0% +directly to this point and then fix find +a new quadratic bowl and move directly + + align:start position:0% +a new quadratic bowl and move directly + + + align:start position:0% +a new quadratic bowl and move directly +to that point so this would be a second + + align:start position:0% +to that point so this would be a second + + + align:start position:0% +to that point so this would be a second +order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method okay and it's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Newton a lot of people call the Newton + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method turns out it works just as well + + align:start position:0% +method turns out it works just as well + + + align:start position:0% +method turns out it works just as well +in high dimensional systems if I have a + + align:start position:0% +in high dimensional systems if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +in high dimensional systems if I have a +bunch of Alphas right I can do these + + align:start position:0% +bunch of Alphas right I can do these + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of Alphas right I can do these +second order + + align:start position:0% +second order + + + align:start position:0% +second order +methods and doing this um in general um + + align:start position:0% +methods and doing this um in general um + + + align:start position:0% +methods and doing this um in general um +is was is called sequential quadratic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +programming + + align:start position:0% +programming + + + align:start position:0% +programming +yeah and they tend to converge there's + + align:start position:0% +yeah and they tend to converge there's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and they tend to converge there's +an additional cost potentially of + + align:start position:0% +an additional cost potentially of + + + align:start position:0% +an additional cost potentially of +computing that second derivative but you + + align:start position:0% +computing that second derivative but you + + + align:start position:0% +computing that second derivative but you +can do it by remembering the past the + + align:start position:0% +can do it by remembering the past the + + + align:start position:0% +can do it by remembering the past the +same way you can remember your you can + + align:start position:0% +same way you can remember your you can + + + align:start position:0% +same way you can remember your you can +estimate your gradient by remembering a + + align:start position:0% +estimate your gradient by remembering a + + + align:start position:0% +estimate your gradient by remembering a +couple samples and just doing a + + align:start position:0% +couple samples and just doing a + + + align:start position:0% +couple samples and just doing a +numerical gradient you can remember a + + align:start position:0% +numerical gradient you can remember a + + + align:start position:0% +numerical gradient you can remember a +couple samples and compute estimate the + + align:start position:0% +couple samples and compute estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +couple samples and compute estimate the +second derivative okay so I'd say + + align:start position:0% +second derivative okay so I'd say + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative okay so I'd say +probably the most um common method um + + align:start position:0% +probably the most um common method um + + + align:start position:0% +probably the most um common method um +used right + + align:start position:0% +used right + + + align:start position:0% +used right +now how can I say that but one of the + + align:start position:0% +now how can I say that but one of the + + + align:start position:0% +now how can I say that but one of the +very common methods is to um try to comp + + align:start position:0% +very common methods is to um try to comp + + + align:start position:0% +very common methods is to um try to comp +compute these um analytically because we + + align:start position:0% +compute these um analytically because we + + + align:start position:0% +compute these um analytically because we +I'll show you a good way to compute + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you a good way to compute + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you a good way to compute +those um and then these which could be + + align:start position:0% +those um and then these which could be + + + align:start position:0% +those um and then these which could be +could be potentially more trouble to + + align:start position:0% +could be potentially more trouble to + + + align:start position:0% +could be potentially more trouble to +compute we'll just use sort of a + + align:start position:0% +compute we'll just use sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +compute we'll just use sort of a +numerical cant method to to collect our + + align:start position:0% +numerical cant method to to collect our + + + align:start position:0% +numerical cant method to to collect our +second order terms and then use + + align:start position:0% +second order terms and then use + + + align:start position:0% +second order terms and then use +sequential quadratic + + align:start position:0% +sequential quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +sequential quadratic +programming okay the thing that makes + + align:start position:0% +programming okay the thing that makes + + + align:start position:0% +programming okay the thing that makes +sequential quadratic programming um + + align:start position:0% +sequential quadratic programming um + + + align:start position:0% +sequential quadratic programming um +better than sort of the naive gradient + + align:start position:0% +better than sort of the naive gradient + + + align:start position:0% +better than sort of the naive gradient +descent um is that it's faster but + + align:start position:0% +descent um is that it's faster but + + + align:start position:0% +descent um is that it's faster but +there's the real thing is that optimiz + + align:start position:0% +there's the real thing is that optimiz + + + align:start position:0% +there's the real thing is that optimiz +theory is is just this beautiful thing + + align:start position:0% +theory is is just this beautiful thing + + + align:start position:0% +theory is is just this beautiful thing +now I can take um constraints into uh + + align:start position:0% +now I can take um constraints into uh + + + align:start position:0% +now I can take um constraints into uh +account uh very simply okay so let's say + + align:start position:0% +account uh very simply okay so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +account uh very simply okay so let's say +I have um this is sort of a crash course + + align:start position:0% +I have um this is sort of a crash course + + + align:start position:0% +I have um this is sort of a crash course +in in optimization Theory but I think + + align:start position:0% +in in optimization Theory but I think + + + align:start position:0% +in in optimization Theory but I think +you can say in a few minutes you know + + align:start position:0% +you can say in a few minutes you know + + + align:start position:0% +you can say in a few minutes you know +most of the key ideas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I mean to be to be fair most of the + + align:start position:0% +okay I mean to be to be fair most of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay I mean to be to be fair most of the +lectures we've had um so far you could + + align:start position:0% +lectures we've had um so far you could + + + align:start position:0% +lectures we've had um so far you could +take an entire course on on each one of + + align:start position:0% +take an entire course on on each one of + + + align:start position:0% +take an entire course on on each one of +those lectures so pick your favor take + + align:start position:0% +those lectures so pick your favor take + + + align:start position:0% +those lectures so pick your favor take +take another course um but uh you know I + + align:start position:0% +take another course um but uh you know I + + + align:start position:0% +take another course um but uh you know I +think that's I think it's useful to have + + align:start position:0% +think that's I think it's useful to have + + + align:start position:0% +think that's I think it's useful to have +the courses that go over a lot of topics + + align:start position:0% +the courses that go over a lot of topics + + + align:start position:0% +the courses that go over a lot of topics +and that's what this is okay um so so + + align:start position:0% +and that's what this is okay um so so + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what this is okay um so so +what happens if I now have if I want to + + align:start position:0% +what happens if I now have if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if I now have if I want to +minimize um over Alpha J Alpha uh + + align:start position:0% +minimize um over Alpha J Alpha uh + + + align:start position:0% +minimize um over Alpha J Alpha uh +subject to some + + align:start position:0% +subject to some + + + align:start position:0% +subject to some +constraint uh let's say I'll just call + + align:start position:0% +constraint uh let's say I'll just call + + + align:start position:0% +constraint uh let's say I'll just call +it I'm running out of letters here + + align:start position:0% +it I'm running out of letters here + + + align:start position:0% +it I'm running out of letters here +um a ofx equals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0 we know how to formulate those with + + align:start position:0% +0 we know how to formulate those with + + + align:start position:0% +0 we know how to formulate those with +the Grange multipliers right but in + + align:start position:0% +the Grange multipliers right but in + + + align:start position:0% +the Grange multipliers right but in +general finding equality solving for + + align:start position:0% +general finding equality solving for + + + align:start position:0% +general finding equality solving for +equalities that's just root finding + + align:start position:0% +equalities that's just root finding + + + align:start position:0% +equalities that's just root finding +that's actually no more difficult than + + align:start position:0% +that's actually no more difficult than + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually no more difficult than +um than + + align:start position:0% +um than + + + align:start position:0% +um than +finding minimals you know I can use the + + align:start position:0% +finding minimals you know I can use the + + + align:start position:0% +finding minimals you know I can use the +same Newton method to find um to do root + + align:start position:0% +same Newton method to find um to do root + + + align:start position:0% +same Newton method to find um to do root +finding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so if I have some constraint let's + + align:start position:0% +right so if I have some constraint let's + + + align:start position:0% +right so if I have some constraint let's +say Alpha um oh that was a really bad + + align:start position:0% +say Alpha um oh that was a really bad + + + align:start position:0% +say Alpha um oh that was a really bad +choice let's let's call this um + + align:start position:0% +choice let's let's call this um + + + align:start position:0% +choice let's let's call this um +something other than a let's just call + + align:start position:0% +something other than a let's just call + + + align:start position:0% +something other than a let's just call +it f of um Alpha just so I keep my my + + align:start position:0% +it f of um Alpha just so I keep my my + + + align:start position:0% +it f of um Alpha just so I keep my my +dimensions in the same direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay if I want to find better make + + align:start position:0% +here okay if I want to find better make + + + align:start position:0% +here okay if I want to find better make +it go through zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if I want to find the zeros of that + + align:start position:0% +if I want to find the zeros of that + + + align:start position:0% +if I want to find the zeros of that +solution I can use the same exact + + align:start position:0% +solution I can use the same exact + + + align:start position:0% +solution I can use the same exact +gradient updates right I can uh to find + + align:start position:0% +gradient updates right I can uh to find + + + align:start position:0% +gradient updates right I can uh to find +the zero Crossing if I have an initial + + align:start position:0% +the zero Crossing if I have an initial + + + align:start position:0% +the zero Crossing if I have an initial +guess at this system I I take the + + align:start position:0% +guess at this system I I take the + + + align:start position:0% +guess at this system I I take the +linearization it's going to give me a + + align:start position:0% +linearization it's going to give me a + + + align:start position:0% +linearization it's going to give me a +new um guess for the zero point I take + + align:start position:0% +new um guess for the zero point I take + + + align:start position:0% +new um guess for the zero point I take +the derivative there that'll get me + + align:start position:0% +the derivative there that'll get me + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative there that'll get me +close that's a nude method for root + + align:start position:0% +close that's a nude method for root + + + align:start position:0% +close that's a nude method for root +finding right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so by knowing the gradients um + + align:start position:0% +okay so so by knowing the gradients um + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so by knowing the gradients um +you could sort of simultaneously do + + align:start position:0% +you could sort of simultaneously do + + + align:start position:0% +you could sort of simultaneously do +minimization and root finding to satisfy + + align:start position:0% +minimization and root finding to satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +minimization and root finding to satisfy +constraints long story short if you have + + align:start position:0% +constraints long story short if you have + + + align:start position:0% +constraints long story short if you have +a a + + align:start position:0% +a a + + + align:start position:0% +a a +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +um that has the form + + align:start position:0% +um that has the form + + + align:start position:0% +um that has the form +minimize + + align:start position:0% +minimize + + + align:start position:0% +minimize +Alpha subject you know some function J + + align:start position:0% +Alpha subject you know some function J + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha subject you know some function J +of alpha it's potentially nonlinear but + + align:start position:0% +of alpha it's potentially nonlinear but + + + align:start position:0% +of alpha it's potentially nonlinear but +you could take its gradients let's say + + align:start position:0% +you could take its gradients let's say + + + align:start position:0% +you could take its gradients let's say +um subject to linear um + + align:start position:0% +um subject to linear um + + + align:start position:0% +um subject to linear um +constraints equality + + align:start position:0% +constraints equality + + + align:start position:0% +constraints equality +constraints or even inequality + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constraints you can just hand that these + + align:start position:0% +constraints you can just hand that these + + + align:start position:0% +constraints you can just hand that these +days to some nice solver um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some sequential qu quadratic programming + + align:start position:0% +some sequential qu quadratic programming + + + align:start position:0% +some sequential qu quadratic programming +solver the one we use these days in in + + align:start position:0% +solver the one we use these days in in + + + align:start position:0% +solver the one we use these days in in +lab is called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +snapped sparse nonlinear optimization + + align:start position:0% +snapped sparse nonlinear optimization + + + align:start position:0% +snapped sparse nonlinear optimization +package something I don't + + align:start position:0% +package something I don't + + + align:start position:0% +package something I don't +know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so you could start solving optimal + + align:start position:0% +okay so you could start solving optimal + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you could start solving optimal +control Problems by literally saying um + + align:start position:0% +control Problems by literally saying um + + + align:start position:0% +control Problems by literally saying um +okay if I run this just telling it J + + align:start position:0% +okay if I run this just telling it J + + + align:start position:0% +okay if I run this just telling it J +telling it the gradients of J if you can + + align:start position:0% +telling it the gradients of J if you can + + + align:start position:0% +telling it the gradients of J if you can +that'll make it faster even if you + + align:start position:0% +that'll make it faster even if you + + + align:start position:0% +that'll make it faster even if you +didn't you could just say here's J find + + align:start position:0% +didn't you could just say here's J find + + + align:start position:0% +didn't you could just say here's J find +me the minimum of J you hand it to snot + + align:start position:0% +me the minimum of J you hand it to snot + + + align:start position:0% +me the minimum of J you hand it to snot +it'll go ahead and do a lot of work and + + align:start position:0% +it'll go ahead and do a lot of work and + + + align:start position:0% +it'll go ahead and do a lot of work and +come up with the best J which is going + + align:start position:0% +come up with the best J which is going + + + align:start position:0% +come up with the best J which is going +to be some Minima of this cost function + + align:start position:0% +to be some Minima of this cost function + + + align:start position:0% +to be some Minima of this cost function +right there's no guarantees that it + + align:start position:0% +right there's no guarantees that it + + + align:start position:0% +right there's no guarantees that it +won't find this + + align:start position:0% +won't find this + + + align:start position:0% +won't find this +one right it's subject to local Minima + + align:start position:0% +one right it's subject to local Minima + + + align:start position:0% +one right it's subject to local Minima +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +um sequential quadratic programming + + align:start position:0% +um sequential quadratic programming + + + align:start position:0% +um sequential quadratic programming +methods tend to be better than gradient + + align:start position:0% +methods tend to be better than gradient + + + align:start position:0% +methods tend to be better than gradient +methods in avoiding local Minima because + + align:start position:0% +methods in avoiding local Minima because + + + align:start position:0% +methods in avoiding local Minima because +you know for instance if I'm here and I + + align:start position:0% +you know for instance if I'm here and I + + + align:start position:0% +you know for instance if I'm here and I +estimate the quadratic Bowl it just I + + align:start position:0% +estimate the quadratic Bowl it just I + + + align:start position:0% +estimate the quadratic Bowl it just I +take bigger steps and I tend to jump + + align:start position:0% +take bigger steps and I tend to jump + + + align:start position:0% +take bigger steps and I tend to jump +over some small local Minima that a + + align:start position:0% +over some small local Minima that a + + + align:start position:0% +over some small local Minima that a +gradient method might get caught in so + + align:start position:0% +gradient method might get caught in so + + + align:start position:0% +gradient method might get caught in so +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +experimentally um you know people know a + + align:start position:0% +experimentally um you know people know a + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally um you know people know a +lot about what it how it works on + + align:start position:0% +lot about what it how it works on + + + align:start position:0% +lot about what it how it works on +quadratic programs if they're actually + + align:start position:0% +quadratic programs if they're actually + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic programs if they're actually +if the system is actually quadratic if + + align:start position:0% +if the system is actually quadratic if + + + align:start position:0% +if the system is actually quadratic if +it's a nonlinear system that you're + + align:start position:0% +it's a nonlinear system that you're + + + align:start position:0% +it's a nonlinear system that you're +approximating as quadratic programs then + + align:start position:0% +approximating as quadratic programs then + + + align:start position:0% +approximating as quadratic programs then +they sort of wave their hands but it + + align:start position:0% +they sort of wave their hands but it + + + align:start position:0% +they sort of wave their hands but it +works really well in practice yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +works really well in practice yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +works really well in practice yeah okay +so we have a new way of solving optimal + + align:start position:0% +so we have a new way of solving optimal + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a new way of solving optimal +control problems just write the function + + align:start position:0% +control problems just write the function + + + align:start position:0% +control problems just write the function +down in a m in a function that snapped + + align:start position:0% +down in a m in a function that snapped + + + align:start position:0% +down in a m in a function that snapped +can call give it a set of parameters + + align:start position:0% +can call give it a set of parameters + + + align:start position:0% +can call give it a set of parameters +Alpha it'll turn away and find + + align:start position:0% +Alpha it'll turn away and find + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha it'll turn away and find +Alpha all that's left for us to do in + + align:start position:0% +Alpha all that's left for us to do in + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha all that's left for us to do in +this class is figure out the best way to + + align:start position:0% +this class is figure out the best way to + + + align:start position:0% +this class is figure out the best way to +hand it to + + align:start position:0% +hand it to + + + align:start position:0% +hand it to +snapped okay we want to we want to make + + align:start position:0% +snapped okay we want to we want to make + + + align:start position:0% +snapped okay we want to we want to make +SN computation as effective as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +possible and there's a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +possible and there's a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +possible and there's a lot of different +ways to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it so the first way is literally + + align:start position:0% +it so the first way is literally + + + align:start position:0% +it so the first way is literally +parameterize your control system um call + + align:start position:0% +parameterize your control system um call + + + align:start position:0% +parameterize your control system um call +snapped but let's at least be smart + + align:start position:0% +snapped but let's at least be smart + + + align:start position:0% +snapped but let's at least be smart +about Computing the gradients let's + + align:start position:0% +about Computing the gradients let's + + + align:start position:0% +about Computing the gradients let's +avoid asking our nonlinear solver to + + align:start position:0% +avoid asking our nonlinear solver to + + + align:start position:0% +avoid asking our nonlinear solver to +compute + + align:start position:0% +compute + + + align:start position:0% +compute +the gradients for us numerically because + + align:start position:0% +the gradients for us numerically because + + + align:start position:0% +the gradients for us numerically because +we can compute those + + align:start position:0% +we can compute those + + + align:start position:0% +we can compute those +analytically exploiting the structure in + + align:start position:0% +analytically exploiting the structure in + + + align:start position:0% +analytically exploiting the structure in +the additive equations the the additive + + align:start position:0% +the additive equations the the additive + + + align:start position:0% +the additive equations the the additive +cost optimal control equations okay and + + align:start position:0% +cost optimal control equations okay and + + + align:start position:0% +cost optimal control equations okay and +it's it turns out it's a direct and + + align:start position:0% +it's it turns out it's a direct and + + + align:start position:0% +it's it turns out it's a direct and +clear descendant from the Pagen minimum + + align:start position:0% +clear descendant from the Pagen minimum + + + align:start position:0% +clear descendant from the Pagen minimum +principle + + align:start position:0% +principle + + + align:start position:0% +principle +okay so I'm going to show you lots of + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to show you lots of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to show you lots of +examples of these things working um on + + align:start position:0% +examples of these things working um on + + + align:start position:0% +examples of these things working um on +Thursday but I thought today + + align:start position:0% +Thursday but I thought today + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday but I thought today +let's let's just make sure that the the + + align:start position:0% +let's let's just make sure that the the + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's just make sure that the the +basic um idea of what we're doing here + + align:start position:0% +basic um idea of what we're doing here + + + align:start position:0% +basic um idea of what we're doing here +comes through this policy search and + + align:start position:0% +comes through this policy search and + + + align:start position:0% +comes through this policy search and +show you how to compute those gradients + + align:start position:0% +show you how to compute those gradients + + + align:start position:0% +show you how to compute those gradients +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay in fact let me even just tell you + + align:start position:0% +okay in fact let me even just tell you + + + align:start position:0% +okay in fact let me even just tell you +the result first I think that works + + align:start position:0% +the result first I think that works + + + align:start position:0% +the result first I think that works +sometimes okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um given J + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'll just I'll leave off that n + + align:start position:0% +I'll just I'll leave off that n + + + align:start position:0% +I'll just I'll leave off that n +condition for now the terminal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +condition I can the goal is to compute + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +partial J + + align:start position:0% +partial J + + + align:start position:0% +partial J +x0 partial Alpha my claim is I can + + align:start position:0% +x0 partial Alpha my claim is I can + + + align:start position:0% +x0 partial Alpha my claim is I can +compute that very efficiently by in + + align:start position:0% +compute that very efficiently by in + + + align:start position:0% +compute that very efficiently by in +integrating the system forward from Z to + + align:start position:0% +integrating the system forward from Z to + + + align:start position:0% +integrating the system forward from Z to +T backward from T to zero and then I'll + + align:start position:0% +T backward from T to zero and then I'll + + + align:start position:0% +T backward from T to zero and then I'll +get my gradient + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay you're going to integrate the + + align:start position:0% +okay you're going to integrate the + + + align:start position:0% +okay you're going to integrate the +system forward just like you would to do + + align:start position:0% +system forward just like you would to do + + + align:start position:0% +system forward just like you would to do +it run any old simulation but while you + + align:start position:0% +it run any old simulation but while you + + + align:start position:0% +it run any old simulation but while you +do it keep track of a few key variables + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +similarly G of x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody recognize that + + align:start position:0% +anybody recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +anybody recognize that +equation it's written in a little bit + + align:start position:0% +equation it's written in a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +equation it's written in a little bit +different form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but filter it's not a filter well it + + align:start position:0% +but filter it's not a filter well it + + + align:start position:0% +but filter it's not a filter well it +could be interpreted as a filter of + + align:start position:0% +could be interpreted as a filter of + + + align:start position:0% +could be interpreted as a filter of +something probably but + + align:start position:0% +something probably but + + + align:start position:0% +something probably but +uh it's an equation we've seen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +before it's the adjin equation from the + + align:start position:0% +before it's the adjin equation from the + + + align:start position:0% +before it's the adjin equation from the +pagon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay then the gradients + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so I'm done writing for a second + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm done writing for a second + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm done writing for a second +let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talk do you remember the story from the + + align:start position:0% +talk do you remember the story from the + + + align:start position:0% +talk do you remember the story from the +um uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Pentagon the derivation sketch I did + + align:start position:0% +Pentagon the derivation sketch I did + + + align:start position:0% +Pentagon the derivation sketch I did +it's we said that we had some functional + + align:start position:0% +it's we said that we had some functional + + + align:start position:0% +it's we said that we had some functional +right that that if we change our control + + align:start position:0% +right that that if we change our control + + + align:start position:0% +right that that if we change our control +actions um we want to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +actions um we want to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +actions um we want to make sure that +changing our control actions at all + + align:start position:0% +changing our control actions at all + + + align:start position:0% +changing our control actions at all +doesn't increase + + align:start position:0% +doesn't increase + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't increase +the doesn't change the constrained + + align:start position:0% +the doesn't change the constrained + + + align:start position:0% +the doesn't change the constrained +minimization of J subject to the + + align:start position:0% +minimization of J subject to the + + + align:start position:0% +minimization of J subject to the +constraints of the + + align:start position:0% +constraints of the + + + align:start position:0% +constraints of the +Dynamics right Y in that + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics right Y in that + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics right Y in that +derivation turned out to be the LR + + align:start position:0% +derivation turned out to be the LR + + + align:start position:0% +derivation turned out to be the LR +multipliers that enforce the + + align:start position:0% +multipliers that enforce the + + + align:start position:0% +multipliers that enforce the +constraint okay what they did was they + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay what they did was they + + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay what they did was they +put the system by by setting that making + + align:start position:0% +put the system by by setting that making + + + align:start position:0% +put the system by by setting that making +sure that this equation was satisfied + + align:start position:0% +sure that this equation was satisfied + + + align:start position:0% +sure that this equation was satisfied +and this equation was + + align:start position:0% +and this equation was + + + align:start position:0% +and this equation was +satisfied we made sure that we were at a + + align:start position:0% +satisfied we made sure that we were at a + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied we made sure that we were at a +stationary point at a + + align:start position:0% +stationary point at a + + + align:start position:0% +stationary point at a +Minima of our functional our constrained + + align:start position:0% +Minima of our functional our constrained + + + align:start position:0% +Minima of our functional our constrained +functional right of our lrange + + align:start position:0% +functional right of our lrange + + + align:start position:0% +functional right of our lrange +multiplier + + align:start position:0% +multiplier + + + align:start position:0% +multiplier +equation okay it's exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +equation okay it's exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +equation okay it's exactly the same +reason we're doing it here we now have a + + align:start position:0% +reason we're doing it here we now have a + + + align:start position:0% +reason we're doing it here we now have a +functional which depends on + + align:start position:0% +functional which depends on + + + align:start position:0% +functional which depends on +J this functional J the LR multiplier + + align:start position:0% +J this functional J the LR multiplier + + + align:start position:0% +J this functional J the LR multiplier +functional and the derivations of the + + align:start position:0% +functional and the derivations of the + + + align:start position:0% +functional and the derivations of the +notes I won't do it again okay by going + + align:start position:0% +notes I won't do it again okay by going + + + align:start position:0% +notes I won't do it again okay by going +backwards by by going integrating + + align:start position:0% +backwards by by going integrating + + + align:start position:0% +backwards by by going integrating +forward we sure that this constraint is + + align:start position:0% +forward we sure that this constraint is + + + align:start position:0% +forward we sure that this constraint is +Satisfied by anyra backwards we solve + + align:start position:0% +Satisfied by anyra backwards we solve + + + align:start position:0% +Satisfied by anyra backwards we solve +for the gr multiplier what we're left + + align:start position:0% +for the gr multiplier what we're left + + + align:start position:0% +for the gr multiplier what we're left +with is we can now since the gradient + + align:start position:0% +with is we can now since the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +with is we can now since the gradient +with respect to the grung multipliers is + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the grung multipliers is + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the grung multipliers is +zero the gradient with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +zero the gradient with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +zero the gradient with respect to the +state equations are zero the only thing + + align:start position:0% +state equations are zero the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +state equations are zero the only thing +left is the gradient with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +left is the gradient with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +left is the gradient with respect to the +parameters + + align:start position:0% +parameters + + + align:start position:0% +parameters +Alpha okay and it turns out to be this + + align:start position:0% +Alpha okay and it turns out to be this + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha okay and it turns out to be this +sort of very simple equation so it's + + align:start position:0% +sort of very simple equation so it's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of very simple equation so it's +this beautiful thing right that actually + + align:start position:0% +this beautiful thing right that actually + + + align:start position:0% +this beautiful thing right that actually +I hope this is you know it's a lot it's + + align:start position:0% +I hope this is you know it's a lot it's + + + align:start position:0% +I hope this is you know it's a lot it's +a lot to write on the board real quick + + align:start position:0% +a lot to write on the board real quick + + + align:start position:0% +a lot to write on the board real quick +but it's it's actually a pretty + + align:start position:0% +but it's it's actually a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +but it's it's actually a pretty +straightforward algorithm for computing + + align:start position:0% +straightforward algorithm for computing + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward algorithm for computing +the gradients efficiently Computing the + + align:start position:0% +the gradients efficiently Computing the + + + align:start position:0% +the gradients efficiently Computing the +gradients partial J partial Alpha right + + align:start position:0% +gradients partial J partial Alpha right + + + align:start position:0% +gradients partial J partial Alpha right +all I have to do is simulate the system + + align:start position:0% +all I have to do is simulate the system + + + align:start position:0% +all I have to do is simulate the system +forward simulate these this gradient + + align:start position:0% +forward simulate these this gradient + + + align:start position:0% +forward simulate these this gradient +equation backwards and I'm left with a + + align:start position:0% +equation backwards and I'm left with a + + + align:start position:0% +equation backwards and I'm left with a +direct function of + + align:start position:0% +direct function of + + + align:start position:0% +direct function of +alpha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay how many people have worked with + + align:start position:0% +okay how many people have worked with + + + align:start position:0% +okay how many people have worked with +neural networks + + align:start position:0% +neural networks + + + align:start position:0% +neural networks +before yeah + + align:start position:0% +before yeah + + + align:start position:0% +before yeah +okay um well this is the back + + align:start position:0% +okay um well this is the back + + + align:start position:0% +okay um well this is the back +propagation okay this is the back + + align:start position:0% +propagation okay this is the back + + + align:start position:0% +propagation okay this is the back +propagation algorithm for neural + + align:start position:0% +propagation algorithm for neural + + + align:start position:0% +propagation algorithm for neural +networks turns out to be exactly the + + align:start position:0% +networks turns out to be exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +networks turns out to be exactly the +same okay this is a continuous time form + + align:start position:0% +same okay this is a continuous time form + + + align:start position:0% +same okay this is a continuous time form +of it people have worked on it in backr + + align:start position:0% +of it people have worked on it in backr + + + align:start position:0% +of it people have worked on it in backr +through time for recurrent recurrent + + align:start position:0% +through time for recurrent recurrent + + + align:start position:0% +through time for recurrent recurrent +neural networks but the exact way the + + align:start position:0% +neural networks but the exact way the + + + align:start position:0% +neural networks but the exact way the +reason that back + + align:start position:0% +reason that back + + + align:start position:0% +reason that back +propagation um so there's this + + align:start position:0% +propagation um so there's this + + + align:start position:0% +propagation um so there's this +revolution in the mid 80s about that + + align:start position:0% +revolution in the mid 80s about that + + + align:start position:0% +revolution in the mid 80s about that +that basically suddenly everybody said + + align:start position:0% +that basically suddenly everybody said + + + align:start position:0% +that basically suddenly everybody said +neural networks will solve any problem + + align:start position:0% +neural networks will solve any problem + + + align:start position:0% +neural networks will solve any problem +right people some people still say that + + align:start position:0% +right people some people still say that + + + align:start position:0% +right people some people still say that +today um + + align:start position:0% +today um + + + align:start position:0% +today um +the thing the only thing really that + + align:start position:0% +the thing the only thing really that + + + align:start position:0% +the thing the only thing really that +happened I think from my point of view + + align:start position:0% +happened I think from my point of view + + + align:start position:0% +happened I think from my point of view +is that somebody came up with an + + align:start position:0% +is that somebody came up with an + + + align:start position:0% +is that somebody came up with an +efficient algorithm for computing the + + align:start position:0% +efficient algorithm for computing the + + + align:start position:0% +efficient algorithm for computing the +gradients of the um of the neural + + align:start position:0% +gradients of the um of the neural + + + align:start position:0% +gradients of the um of the neural +network weights as a function of the the + + align:start position:0% +network weights as a function of the the + + + align:start position:0% +network weights as a function of the the +input output data it's exactly this this + + align:start position:0% +input output data it's exactly this this + + + align:start position:0% +input output data it's exactly this this +idea that you can March the system + + align:start position:0% +idea that you can March the system + + + align:start position:0% +idea that you can March the system +forward and then integrate backwards in + + align:start position:0% +forward and then integrate backwards in + + + align:start position:0% +forward and then integrate backwards in +that case through a big neural network + + align:start position:0% +that case through a big neural network + + + align:start position:0% +that case through a big neural network +you to integrate these equations + + align:start position:0% +you to integrate these equations + + + align:start position:0% +you to integrate these equations +backwards okay being able to compute + + align:start position:0% +backwards okay being able to compute + + + align:start position:0% +backwards okay being able to compute +those gradients faster was enough the + + align:start position:0% +those gradients faster was enough the + + + align:start position:0% +those gradients faster was enough the +world starts saying neural networks are + + align:start position:0% +world starts saying neural networks are + + + align:start position:0% +world starts saying neural networks are +you know going to match the + + align:start position:0% +you know going to match the + + + align:start position:0% +you know going to match the +computational intelligence of the brain + + align:start position:0% +computational intelligence of the brain + + + align:start position:0% +computational intelligence of the brain +and uh and solve Ai and all these things + + align:start position:0% +and uh and solve Ai and all these things + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and solve Ai and all these things +right so it's a little dry maybe but + + align:start position:0% +right so it's a little dry maybe but + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's a little dry maybe but +this is potentially very enabling to be + + align:start position:0% +this is potentially very enabling to be + + + align:start position:0% +this is potentially very enabling to be +able to compute gradients efficiently + + align:start position:0% +able to compute gradients efficiently + + + align:start position:0% +able to compute gradients efficiently +okay it can + + align:start position:0% +okay it can + + + align:start position:0% +okay it can +change uh can change what problems you + + align:start position:0% +change uh can change what problems you + + + align:start position:0% +change uh can change what problems you +can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solve okay are people okay with the big + + align:start position:0% +solve okay are people okay with the big + + + align:start position:0% +solve okay are people okay with the big +picture of of where things are yeah good + + align:start position:0% +picture of of where things are yeah good + + + align:start position:0% +picture of of where things are yeah good +so on + + align:start position:0% +so on + + + align:start position:0% +so on +um Thursday I'm going to show you now + + align:start position:0% +um Thursday I'm going to show you now + + + align:start position:0% +um Thursday I'm going to show you now +that we know how to compute the the + + align:start position:0% +that we know how to compute the the + + + align:start position:0% +that we know how to compute the the +gradients efficiently I'm going to show + + align:start position:0% +gradients efficiently I'm going to show + + + align:start position:0% +gradients efficiently I'm going to show +you this put to work the intuition of + + align:start position:0% +you this put to work the intuition of + + + align:start position:0% +you this put to work the intuition of +sort of changing a policy searching in + + align:start position:0% +sort of changing a policy searching in + + + align:start position:0% +sort of changing a policy searching in +policy space to solve problems like the + + align:start position:0% +policy space to solve problems like the + + + align:start position:0% +policy space to solve problems like the +acrobot the cart pole okay and some + + align:start position:0% +acrobot the cart pole okay and some + + + align:start position:0% +acrobot the cart pole okay and some +simpler examples um and this the the + + align:start position:0% +simpler examples um and this the the + + + align:start position:0% +simpler examples um and this the the +dumb idea is let's just make it a + + align:start position:0% +dumb idea is let's just make it a + + + align:start position:0% +dumb idea is let's just make it a +straight nonlinear optimization problem + + align:start position:0% +straight nonlinear optimization problem + + + align:start position:0% +straight nonlinear optimization problem +over Alpha and I'll I'll try to help you + + align:start position:0% +over Alpha and I'll I'll try to help you + + + align:start position:0% +over Alpha and I'll I'll try to help you +compare and contrast the way that works + + align:start position:0% +compare and contrast the way that works + + + align:start position:0% +compare and contrast the way that works +compared to the dynamic programming + + align:start position:0% +compared to the dynamic programming + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the dynamic programming +see you then \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/GjoL2LwdAVU.txt b/GjoL2LwdAVU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08335e2ea779633455cbed7db0b884d605af4cd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/GjoL2LwdAVU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2459 @@ +align:start position:0% + +doing is these are uh cranberry bogs + + align:start position:0% +doing is these are uh cranberry bogs + + + align:start position:0% +doing is these are uh cranberry bogs +that are being flooded + + align:start position:0% +that are being flooded + + + align:start position:0% +that are being flooded +for harvest and so um this is just a uh + + align:start position:0% +for harvest and so um this is just a uh + + + align:start position:0% +for harvest and so um this is just a uh +a pond he uses to have a volume of water + + align:start position:0% +a pond he uses to have a volume of water + + + align:start position:0% +a pond he uses to have a volume of water +to be able to pump out + + align:start position:0% +to be able to pump out + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to pump out +and he's pumping it with the tractor + + align:start position:0% +and he's pumping it with the tractor + + + align:start position:0% +and he's pumping it with the tractor +right here that's a pump + + align:start position:0% +right here that's a pump + + + align:start position:0% +right here that's a pump +and he's flooding the bogs and and + + align:start position:0% +and he's flooding the bogs and and + + + align:start position:0% +and he's flooding the bogs and and +what they do is they get the water above + + align:start position:0% +what they do is they get the water above + + + align:start position:0% +what they do is they get the water above +the plants and we'll go a little further + + align:start position:0% +the plants and we'll go a little further + + + align:start position:0% +the plants and we'll go a little further +down and you'll see what they look like + + align:start position:0% +down and you'll see what they look like + + + align:start position:0% +down and you'll see what they look like +when they're not flooded + + align:start position:0% +when they're not flooded + + + align:start position:0% +when they're not flooded +the flagging indicates where the ditches + + align:start position:0% +the flagging indicates where the ditches + + + align:start position:0% +the flagging indicates where the ditches +are so when they come out with their + + align:start position:0% +are so when they come out with their + + + align:start position:0% +are so when they come out with their +machinery + + align:start position:0% +machinery + + + align:start position:0% +machinery +to get the berries they don't fall in + + align:start position:0% +to get the berries they don't fall in + + + align:start position:0% +to get the berries they don't fall in +the ditches that are now underwater + + align:start position:0% +the ditches that are now underwater + + + align:start position:0% +the ditches that are now underwater +okay all right so so + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so so + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so so +um and what they'll do is they come out + + align:start position:0% +um and what they'll do is they come out + + + align:start position:0% +um and what they'll do is they come out +with these machines that have beaters it + + align:start position:0% +with these machines that have beaters it + + + align:start position:0% +with these machines that have beaters it +almost looks like a paddle wheel on a + + align:start position:0% +almost looks like a paddle wheel on a + + + align:start position:0% +almost looks like a paddle wheel on a +boat + + align:start position:0% +boat + + + align:start position:0% +boat +and they'll drive them back and forth on + + align:start position:0% +and they'll drive them back and forth on + + + align:start position:0% +and they'll drive them back and forth on +here and it shakes the berry the bushes + + align:start position:0% +here and it shakes the berry the bushes + + + align:start position:0% +here and it shakes the berry the bushes +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +and the berries all float to the surface + + align:start position:0% +and the berries all float to the surface + + + align:start position:0% +and the berries all float to the surface +then they use booms and they bring them + + align:start position:0% +then they use booms and they bring them + + + align:start position:0% +then they use booms and they bring them +all to one place and they suck them into + + align:start position:0% +all to one place and they suck them into + + + align:start position:0% +all to one place and they suck them into +a truck + + align:start position:0% +a truck + + + align:start position:0% +a truck +so here's cranberries + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i i wouldn't um like any fruit you might + + align:start position:0% +i i wouldn't um like any fruit you might + + + align:start position:0% +i i wouldn't um like any fruit you might +want to wash + + align:start position:0% +want to wash + + + align:start position:0% +want to wash +it before you ate it plus a raw + + align:start position:0% +it before you ate it plus a raw + + + align:start position:0% +it before you ate it plus a raw +cranberry is a thing to + + align:start position:0% +cranberry is a thing to + + + align:start position:0% +cranberry is a thing to +remember like we always say have a few + + align:start position:0% +remember like we always say have a few + + + align:start position:0% +remember like we always say have a few +cranberries with your sugar + + align:start position:0% +cranberries with your sugar + + + align:start position:0% +cranberries with your sugar +it's a little bit like rhubarb you know + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit like rhubarb you know + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit like rhubarb you know +it's like incredibly bitter very high in + + align:start position:0% +it's like incredibly bitter very high in + + + align:start position:0% +it's like incredibly bitter very high in +vitamin c + + align:start position:0% +vitamin c + + + align:start position:0% +vitamin c +so uh the way the cranberry production + + align:start position:0% +so uh the way the cranberry production + + + align:start position:0% +so uh the way the cranberry production +works is usually they try to find low + + align:start position:0% +works is usually they try to find low + + + align:start position:0% +works is usually they try to find low +spots where they have access to a lot of + + align:start position:0% +spots where they have access to a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +spots where they have access to a lot of +water + + align:start position:0% +water + + + align:start position:0% +water +the word bog is a misnomer you'll see it + + align:start position:0% +the word bog is a misnomer you'll see it + + + align:start position:0% +the word bog is a misnomer you'll see it +a little bit later the plants actually + + align:start position:0% +a little bit later the plants actually + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit later the plants actually +don't like wet soil + + align:start position:0% +don't like wet soil + + + align:start position:0% +don't like wet soil +they like moist soil but they don't like + + align:start position:0% +they like moist soil but they don't like + + + align:start position:0% +they like moist soil but they don't like +wet soil and so + + align:start position:0% +wet soil and so + + + align:start position:0% +wet soil and so +um they like to be really close to the + + align:start position:0% +um they like to be really close to the + + + align:start position:0% +um they like to be really close to the +water + + align:start position:0% +water + + + align:start position:0% +water +this is quite a crowd coming in today + + align:start position:0% +this is quite a crowd coming in today + + + align:start position:0% +this is quite a crowd coming in today +and um what they do is they uh + + align:start position:0% +and um what they do is they uh + + + align:start position:0% +and um what they do is they uh +they they have the plants they're + + align:start position:0% +they they have the plants they're + + + align:start position:0% +they they have the plants they're +they're a plant + + align:start position:0% +they're a plant + + + align:start position:0% +they're a plant +that um you know it's monoculture like + + align:start position:0% +that um you know it's monoculture like + + + align:start position:0% +that um you know it's monoculture like +any other agriculture + + align:start position:0% +any other agriculture + + + align:start position:0% +any other agriculture +and they grow they grow the berries they + + align:start position:0% +and they grow they grow the berries they + + + align:start position:0% +and they grow they grow the berries they +irrigate them like you would any other + + align:start position:0% +irrigate them like you would any other + + + align:start position:0% +irrigate them like you would any other +crop + + align:start position:0% +crop + + + align:start position:0% +crop +and then they either harvest them with + + align:start position:0% +and then they either harvest them with + + + align:start position:0% +and then they either harvest them with +what they call a dry harvest which is + + align:start position:0% +what they call a dry harvest which is + + + align:start position:0% +what they call a dry harvest which is +machines that actually can rake up the + + align:start position:0% +machines that actually can rake up the + + + align:start position:0% +machines that actually can rake up the +berries you know + + align:start position:0% +berries you know + + + align:start position:0% +berries you know +or they use wet harvest like this and + + align:start position:0% +or they use wet harvest like this and + + + align:start position:0% +or they use wet harvest like this and +this is sort of the traditional method + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of the traditional method + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of the traditional method +that these bars were put in the 1800s + + align:start position:0% +that these bars were put in the 1800s + + + align:start position:0% +that these bars were put in the 1800s +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +it was a valley you can see the valley + + align:start position:0% +it was a valley you can see the valley + + + align:start position:0% +it was a valley you can see the valley +continues up across the road it's just a + + align:start position:0% +continues up across the road it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +continues up across the road it's just a +wetland up there + + align:start position:0% +wetland up there + + + align:start position:0% +wetland up there +they came into these wetland areas and + + align:start position:0% +they came into these wetland areas and + + + align:start position:0% +they came into these wetland areas and +they manipulated the land surface and + + align:start position:0% +they manipulated the land surface and + + + align:start position:0% +they manipulated the land surface and +made agricultural fuels out of them + + align:start position:0% +made agricultural fuels out of them + + + align:start position:0% +made agricultural fuels out of them +and they can control the water levels to + + align:start position:0% +and they can control the water levels to + + + align:start position:0% +and they can control the water levels to +cause uh flooding to to + + align:start position:0% +cause uh flooding to to + + + align:start position:0% +cause uh flooding to to +harvest the berries the other + + align:start position:0% +harvest the berries the other + + + align:start position:0% +harvest the berries the other +interesting thing is + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing is + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing is +you notice there's always sand piles all + + align:start position:0% +you notice there's always sand piles all + + + align:start position:0% +you notice there's always sand piles all +around cranberry bogs and you wonder + + align:start position:0% +around cranberry bogs and you wonder + + + align:start position:0% +around cranberry bogs and you wonder +what that's for + + align:start position:0% +what that's for + + + align:start position:0% +what that's for +well cranberries like any other berry + + align:start position:0% +well cranberries like any other berry + + + align:start position:0% +well cranberries like any other berry +plant + + align:start position:0% +plant + + + align:start position:0% +plant +how many of you've ever grown + + align:start position:0% +how many of you've ever grown + + + align:start position:0% +how many of you've ever grown +strawberries you know that after a while + + align:start position:0% +strawberries you know that after a while + + + align:start position:0% +strawberries you know that after a while +you're going to put in new + + align:start position:0% +you're going to put in new + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to put in new +plants because their productivity drops + + align:start position:0% +plants because their productivity drops + + + align:start position:0% +plants because their productivity drops +dramatically cranberries are the same + + align:start position:0% +dramatically cranberries are the same + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically cranberries are the same +way so what they do is + + align:start position:0% +way so what they do is + + + align:start position:0% +way so what they do is +cranberries evolves in the dunes they + + align:start position:0% +cranberries evolves in the dunes they + + + align:start position:0% +cranberries evolves in the dunes they +like to be buried by sand it gives them + + align:start position:0% +like to be buried by sand it gives them + + + align:start position:0% +like to be buried by sand it gives them +a competitive advantage so what they do + + align:start position:0% +a competitive advantage so what they do + + + align:start position:0% +a competitive advantage so what they do +is they + + align:start position:0% +is they + + + align:start position:0% +is they +they'll come out every three or four + + align:start position:0% +they'll come out every three or four + + + align:start position:0% +they'll come out every three or four +years and lay a layer of sand on the + + align:start position:0% +years and lay a layer of sand on the + + + align:start position:0% +years and lay a layer of sand on the +bogs + + align:start position:0% +bogs + + + align:start position:0% +bogs +so you don't see any plants and then new + + align:start position:0% +so you don't see any plants and then new + + + align:start position:0% +so you don't see any plants and then new +shoots come up and now you have good + + align:start position:0% +shoots come up and now you have good + + + align:start position:0% +shoots come up and now you have good +berries for a while + + align:start position:0% +berries for a while + + + align:start position:0% +berries for a while +so one of the parts of the of the + + align:start position:0% +so one of the parts of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +so one of the parts of the of the +culture of cranberries is to bury them + + align:start position:0% +culture of cranberries is to bury them + + + align:start position:0% +culture of cranberries is to bury them +with sand periodically + + align:start position:0% +with sand periodically + + + align:start position:0% +with sand periodically +so this combination of availability of + + align:start position:0% +so this combination of availability of + + + align:start position:0% +so this combination of availability of +water and then having sand around + + align:start position:0% +water and then having sand around + + + align:start position:0% +water and then having sand around +is is critical to cranberry production + + align:start position:0% +is is critical to cranberry production + + + align:start position:0% +is is critical to cranberry production +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +now we're at the very southern end of + + align:start position:0% +now we're at the very southern end of + + + align:start position:0% +now we're at the very southern end of +the ashuman valley plume which is the + + align:start position:0% +the ashuman valley plume which is the + + + align:start position:0% +the ashuman valley plume which is the +plume that starts up at the sewage + + align:start position:0% +plume that starts up at the sewage + + + align:start position:0% +plume that starts up at the sewage +treatment plant and the fire training + + align:start position:0% +treatment plant and the fire training + + + align:start position:0% +treatment plant and the fire training +area i don't know how many of you + + align:start position:0% +area i don't know how many of you + + + align:start position:0% +area i don't know how many of you +bothered to bring a handout out + + align:start position:0% +bothered to bring a handout out + + + align:start position:0% +bothered to bring a handout out +let me just take a quick look if you + + align:start position:0% +let me just take a quick look if you + + + align:start position:0% +let me just take a quick look if you +look at page + + align:start position:0% +look at page + + + align:start position:0% +look at page +18 that's a larger scale map of the + + align:start position:0% +18 that's a larger scale map of the + + + align:start position:0% +18 that's a larger scale map of the +whole area + + align:start position:0% +whole area + + + align:start position:0% +whole area +here's the pond where we did all of our + + align:start position:0% +here's the pond where we did all of our + + + align:start position:0% +here's the pond where we did all of our +we were before + + align:start position:0% +we were before + + + align:start position:0% +we were before +here's the schumit valley plume that's + + align:start position:0% +here's the schumit valley plume that's + + + align:start position:0% +here's the schumit valley plume that's +defined on the basis of volatile organic + + align:start position:0% +defined on the basis of volatile organic + + + align:start position:0% +defined on the basis of volatile organic +compounds + + align:start position:0% +compounds + + + align:start position:0% +compounds +the military doesn't care that much + + align:start position:0% +the military doesn't care that much + + + align:start position:0% +the military doesn't care that much +about the nitrate that's out here or + + align:start position:0% +about the nitrate that's out here or + + + align:start position:0% +about the nitrate that's out here or +anything + + align:start position:0% +anything + + + align:start position:0% +anything +else except for the phosphorus and the + + align:start position:0% +else except for the phosphorus and the + + + align:start position:0% +else except for the phosphorus and the +lake they're more worried about the + + align:start position:0% +lake they're more worried about the + + + align:start position:0% +lake they're more worried about the +volatile organic compounds the vocs + + align:start position:0% +volatile organic compounds the vocs + + + align:start position:0% +volatile organic compounds the vocs +and they they've known for many years + + align:start position:0% +and they they've known for many years + + + align:start position:0% +and they they've known for many years +that elevated levels of tce and pce are + + align:start position:0% +that elevated levels of tce and pce are + + + align:start position:0% +that elevated levels of tce and pce are +present in this area underneath the + + align:start position:0% +present in this area underneath the + + + align:start position:0% +present in this area underneath the +valley + + align:start position:0% +valley + + + align:start position:0% +valley +and we've always predicted that the + + align:start position:0% +and we've always predicted that the + + + align:start position:0% +and we've always predicted that the +groundwater discharge would take place + + align:start position:0% +groundwater discharge would take place + + + align:start position:0% +groundwater discharge would take place +up into here at some point well it turns + + align:start position:0% +up into here at some point well it turns + + + align:start position:0% +up into here at some point well it turns +out they're beginning to see the + + align:start position:0% +out they're beginning to see the + + + align:start position:0% +out they're beginning to see the +volatiles now + + align:start position:0% +volatiles now + + + align:start position:0% +volatiles now +show up in the surface waters in this + + align:start position:0% +show up in the surface waters in this + + + align:start position:0% +show up in the surface waters in this +this bog system + + align:start position:0% +this bog system + + + align:start position:0% +this bog system +and in the shallow ground waters so um + + align:start position:0% +and in the shallow ground waters so um + + + align:start position:0% +and in the shallow ground waters so um +they asked the usgs to get involved in + + align:start position:0% +they asked the usgs to get involved in + + + align:start position:0% +they asked the usgs to get involved in +this this summer + + align:start position:0% +this this summer + + + align:start position:0% +this this summer +for a number of reasons and so we came + + align:start position:0% +for a number of reasons and so we came + + + align:start position:0% +for a number of reasons and so we came +out here + + align:start position:0% +out here + + + align:start position:0% +out here +uh in june and july and we sampled + + align:start position:0% +uh in june and july and we sampled + + + align:start position:0% +uh in june and july and we sampled +extensively the surface waters in these + + align:start position:0% +extensively the surface waters in these + + + align:start position:0% +extensively the surface waters in these +bogs when we get down a little further + + align:start position:0% +bogs when we get down a little further + + + align:start position:0% +bogs when we get down a little further +it'll make a little bit more sense to + + align:start position:0% +it'll make a little bit more sense to + + + align:start position:0% +it'll make a little bit more sense to +you we'll probably have + + align:start position:0% +you we'll probably have + + + align:start position:0% +you we'll probably have +we don't really have time we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +we don't really have time we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we don't really have time we'll we'll +we'll cut across the bogs on one of the + + align:start position:0% +we'll cut across the bogs on one of the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll cut across the bogs on one of the +on the drive and you can look on both + + align:start position:0% +on the drive and you can look on both + + + align:start position:0% +on the drive and you can look on both +sides and see the bogs when they're not + + align:start position:0% +sides and see the bogs when they're not + + + align:start position:0% +sides and see the bogs when they're not +flooded + + align:start position:0% +flooded + + + align:start position:0% +flooded +we sample the surface waters and what we + + align:start position:0% +we sample the surface waters and what we + + + align:start position:0% +we sample the surface waters and what we +discovered is from top to bottom + + align:start position:0% +discovered is from top to bottom + + + align:start position:0% +discovered is from top to bottom +solvents at low concentrations in the + + align:start position:0% +solvents at low concentrations in the + + + align:start position:0% +solvents at low concentrations in the +surface waters + + align:start position:0% +surface waters + + + align:start position:0% +surface waters +and that's the plume discharging up into + + align:start position:0% +and that's the plume discharging up into + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the plume discharging up into +the river + + align:start position:0% +the river + + + align:start position:0% +the river +right so the berries clearly were being + + align:start position:0% +right so the berries clearly were being + + + align:start position:0% +right so the berries clearly were being +exposed to the solvents + + align:start position:0% +exposed to the solvents + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to the solvents +and then there's irrigation wells + + align:start position:0% +and then there's irrigation wells + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's irrigation wells +there's one over there there's another + + align:start position:0% +there's one over there there's another + + + align:start position:0% +there's one over there there's another +one down the road a bit + + align:start position:0% +one down the road a bit + + + align:start position:0% +one down the road a bit +they were also pumping the plume as well + + align:start position:0% +they were also pumping the plume as well + + + align:start position:0% +they were also pumping the plume as well +so he was irrigating the bogs + + align:start position:0% +so he was irrigating the bogs + + + align:start position:0% +so he was irrigating the bogs +with the solvents on page 14 you + + align:start position:0% +with the solvents on page 14 you + + + align:start position:0% +with the solvents on page 14 you +actually see + + align:start position:0% +actually see + + + align:start position:0% +actually see +the whole bog system and the + + align:start position:0% +the whole bog system and the + + + align:start position:0% +the whole bog system and the +concentrations that we were seeing in + + align:start position:0% +concentrations that we were seeing in + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations that we were seeing in +the surface waters + + align:start position:0% +the surface waters + + + align:start position:0% +the surface waters +below drinking water standards but still + + align:start position:0% +below drinking water standards but still + + + align:start position:0% +below drinking water standards but still +detectable + + align:start position:0% +detectable + + + align:start position:0% +detectable +um so then we went out with a little + + align:start position:0% +um so then we went out with a little + + + align:start position:0% +um so then we went out with a little +drill rig + + align:start position:0% +drill rig + + + align:start position:0% +drill rig +and um at a bunch of locations that you + + align:start position:0% +and um at a bunch of locations that you + + + align:start position:0% +and um at a bunch of locations that you +see on page 20 + + align:start position:0% +see on page 20 + + + align:start position:0% +see on page 20 +if you have your hand out this triangle + + align:start position:0% +if you have your hand out this triangle + + + align:start position:0% +if you have your hand out this triangle +see the little triangles on this map + + align:start position:0% +see the little triangles on this map + + + align:start position:0% +see the little triangles on this map +there uh there's several sections of + + align:start position:0% +there uh there's several sections of + + + align:start position:0% +there uh there's several sections of +three of them + + align:start position:0% +three of them + + + align:start position:0% +three of them +across the box and then a number of + + align:start position:0% +across the box and then a number of + + + align:start position:0% +across the box and then a number of +others one of those sites is right + + align:start position:0% +others one of those sites is right + + + align:start position:0% +others one of those sites is right +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +right in the middle of this berm right + + align:start position:0% +right in the middle of this berm right + + + align:start position:0% +right in the middle of this berm right +here we actually went out with a little + + align:start position:0% +here we actually went out with a little + + + align:start position:0% +here we actually went out with a little +drill rig and did profiles with depth to + + align:start position:0% +drill rig and did profiles with depth to + + + align:start position:0% +drill rig and did profiles with depth to +try to find the plume under the bogs + + align:start position:0% +try to find the plume under the bogs + + + align:start position:0% +try to find the plume under the bogs +okay looking for where this plume is + + align:start position:0% +okay looking for where this plume is + + + align:start position:0% +okay looking for where this plume is +that's discharging into the bogs + + align:start position:0% +that's discharging into the bogs + + + align:start position:0% +that's discharging into the bogs +and um if you look at the last page in + + align:start position:0% +and um if you look at the last page in + + + align:start position:0% +and um if you look at the last page in +your handout that shows you the profiles + + align:start position:0% +your handout that shows you the profiles + + + align:start position:0% +your handout that shows you the profiles +we got + + align:start position:0% +we got + + + align:start position:0% +we got +at one of the sections it's really kind + + align:start position:0% +at one of the sections it's really kind + + + align:start position:0% +at one of the sections it's really kind +of classic classic hydrogeology + + align:start position:0% +of classic classic hydrogeology + + + align:start position:0% +of classic classic hydrogeology +okay on the it isn't at this location + + align:start position:0% +okay on the it isn't at this location + + + align:start position:0% +okay on the it isn't at this location +because i can't take you down there + + align:start position:0% +because i can't take you down there + + + align:start position:0% +because i can't take you down there +unfortunately but it's right next to + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately but it's right next to + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately but it's right next to +that pump house over there + + align:start position:0% +that pump house over there + + + align:start position:0% +that pump house over there +on the left side of the bog right on the + + align:start position:0% +on the left side of the bog right on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the left side of the bog right on the +edge of the ditches so right + + align:start position:0% +edge of the ditches so right + + + align:start position:0% +edge of the ditches so right +about where that tractor is but on that + + align:start position:0% +about where that tractor is but on that + + + align:start position:0% +about where that tractor is but on that +side of the bog and on the right side of + + align:start position:0% +side of the bog and on the right side of + + + align:start position:0% +side of the bog and on the right side of +the bogs are the two profiles on the + + align:start position:0% +the bogs are the two profiles on the + + + align:start position:0% +the bogs are the two profiles on the +left and the right + + align:start position:0% +left and the right + + + align:start position:0% +left and the right +what we found was 40 or 50 feet of clean + + align:start position:0% +what we found was 40 or 50 feet of clean + + + align:start position:0% +what we found was 40 or 50 feet of clean +water + + align:start position:0% +water + + + align:start position:0% +water +right up to the edge of the bogs and + + align:start position:0% +right up to the edge of the bogs and + + + align:start position:0% +right up to the edge of the bogs and +then the plume at depth + + align:start position:0% +then the plume at depth + + + align:start position:0% +then the plume at depth +and that matches where we see it in the + + align:start position:0% +and that matches where we see it in the + + + align:start position:0% +and that matches where we see it in the +uplands when we drilled right in + + align:start position:0% +uplands when we drilled right in + + + align:start position:0% +uplands when we drilled right in +we took a little rig right in the middle + + align:start position:0% +we took a little rig right in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +we took a little rig right in the middle +of the bog so i'm gonna i'm gonna go + + align:start position:0% +of the bog so i'm gonna i'm gonna go + + + align:start position:0% +of the bog so i'm gonna i'm gonna go +right in here am i + + align:start position:0% +right in here am i + + + align:start position:0% +right in here am i +right in the middle of the bogs we found + + align:start position:0% +right in the middle of the bogs we found + + + align:start position:0% +right in the middle of the bogs we found +the plume top to bottom + + align:start position:0% +the plume top to bottom + + + align:start position:0% +the plume top to bottom +see the profile here we have solvents + + align:start position:0% +see the profile here we have solvents + + + align:start position:0% +see the profile here we have solvents +top to bottom you see that + + align:start position:0% +top to bottom you see that + + + align:start position:0% +top to bottom you see that +okay just imagine uh what's going on + + align:start position:0% +okay just imagine uh what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +okay just imagine uh what's going on +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +what you hold that uh the contaminant + + align:start position:0% +what you hold that uh the contaminant + + + align:start position:0% +what you hold that uh the contaminant +plume is coming from the north + + align:start position:0% +plume is coming from the north + + + align:start position:0% +plume is coming from the north +and it's overlaying by clean water + + align:start position:0% +and it's overlaying by clean water + + + align:start position:0% +and it's overlaying by clean water +remember how i showed you how but now + + align:start position:0% +remember how i showed you how but now + + + align:start position:0% +remember how i showed you how but now +it's had miles to have that water + + align:start position:0% +it's had miles to have that water + + + align:start position:0% +it's had miles to have that water +accumulate on it so there's 50 60 feet + + align:start position:0% +accumulate on it so there's 50 60 feet + + + align:start position:0% +accumulate on it so there's 50 60 feet +of water that's clean above it and then + + align:start position:0% +of water that's clean above it and then + + + align:start position:0% +of water that's clean above it and then +you have this zone + + align:start position:0% +you have this zone + + + align:start position:0% +you have this zone +at depth that contains the solvents + + align:start position:0% +at depth that contains the solvents + + + align:start position:0% +at depth that contains the solvents +and we in fact map that at about the + + align:start position:0% +and we in fact map that at about the + + + align:start position:0% +and we in fact map that at about the +same elevation everywhere we look to the + + align:start position:0% +same elevation everywhere we look to the + + + align:start position:0% +same elevation everywhere we look to the +east and west here right as this + + align:start position:0% +east and west here right as this + + + align:start position:0% +east and west here right as this +approaches the + + align:start position:0% +approaches the + + + align:start position:0% +approaches the +the beginning of the bog system it's + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the bog system it's + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the bog system it's +flooded right now it's too bad but + + align:start position:0% +flooded right now it's too bad but + + + align:start position:0% +flooded right now it's too bad but +there's actually + + align:start position:0% +there's actually + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually +there's a channel right here it's quite + + align:start position:0% +there's a channel right here it's quite + + + align:start position:0% +there's a channel right here it's quite +deep it's actually the river this is the + + align:start position:0% +deep it's actually the river this is the + + + align:start position:0% +deep it's actually the river this is the +beginning of the headwaters of the + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the headwaters of the + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the headwaters of the +bacchus river it's a the mighty bacchus + + align:start position:0% +bacchus river it's a the mighty bacchus + + + align:start position:0% +bacchus river it's a the mighty bacchus +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +flowing right here and it picks up water + + align:start position:0% +flowing right here and it picks up water + + + align:start position:0% +flowing right here and it picks up water +as it goes down the bogs because it's + + align:start position:0% +as it goes down the bogs because it's + + + align:start position:0% +as it goes down the bogs because it's +groundwater discharge so this + + align:start position:0% +groundwater discharge so this + + + align:start position:0% +groundwater discharge so this +groundwater is coming at the bogs from + + align:start position:0% +groundwater is coming at the bogs from + + + align:start position:0% +groundwater is coming at the bogs from +the north + + align:start position:0% +the north + + + align:start position:0% +the north +and there's a there's essentially a + + align:start position:0% +and there's a there's essentially a + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a there's essentially a +drain at the top + + align:start position:0% +drain at the top + + + align:start position:0% +drain at the top +and the water is going to leave through + + align:start position:0% +and the water is going to leave through + + + align:start position:0% +and the water is going to leave through +the drain so the groundwater begins to + + align:start position:0% +the drain so the groundwater begins to + + + align:start position:0% +the drain so the groundwater begins to +flow up + + align:start position:0% +flow up + + + align:start position:0% +flow up +and discharge into this drain does that + + align:start position:0% +and discharge into this drain does that + + + align:start position:0% +and discharge into this drain does that +make sense so it begins to scavenge that + + align:start position:0% +make sense so it begins to scavenge that + + + align:start position:0% +make sense so it begins to scavenge that +clean water off the top first and then + + align:start position:0% +clean water off the top first and then + + + align:start position:0% +clean water off the top first and then +gradually flow up into the drain + + align:start position:0% +gradually flow up into the drain + + + align:start position:0% +gradually flow up into the drain +and when you go a little bit further + + align:start position:0% +and when you go a little bit further + + + align:start position:0% +and when you go a little bit further +downstream and drill right in the middle + + align:start position:0% +downstream and drill right in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +downstream and drill right in the middle +of the bogs + + align:start position:0% +of the bogs + + + align:start position:0% +of the bogs +all the clean water off the top has been + + align:start position:0% +all the clean water off the top has been + + + align:start position:0% +all the clean water off the top has been +taken off and you're actually drilling + + align:start position:0% +taken off and you're actually drilling + + + align:start position:0% +taken off and you're actually drilling +through these flow lines that are + + align:start position:0% +through these flow lines that are + + + align:start position:0% +through these flow lines that are +turning upwards that's why we see + + align:start position:0% +turning upwards that's why we see + + + align:start position:0% +turning upwards that's why we see +solvents + + align:start position:0% +solvents + + + align:start position:0% +solvents +top to bottom in the middle of the bogs + + align:start position:0% +top to bottom in the middle of the bogs + + + align:start position:0% +top to bottom in the middle of the bogs +on the edges + + align:start position:0% +on the edges + + + align:start position:0% +on the edges +it's not and the edges are you know we + + align:start position:0% +it's not and the edges are you know we + + + align:start position:0% +it's not and the edges are you know we +don't see that but so the plum shape is + + align:start position:0% +don't see that but so the plum shape is + + + align:start position:0% +don't see that but so the plum shape is +actually like + + align:start position:0% +actually like + + + align:start position:0% +actually like +this does that make sense to you guys + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beautiful red tail hawk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these guys follow you around okay so + + align:start position:0% +these guys follow you around okay so + + + align:start position:0% +these guys follow you around okay so +does that make sense to you guys i know + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense to you guys i know + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense to you guys i know +it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of +quick and dirty but does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +quick and dirty but does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +quick and dirty but does that make sense +what's going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all on so what we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +all on so what we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +all on so what we're going to do is +we're going to leave here + + align:start position:0% +we're going to leave here + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to leave here +and we're going to go back up and we're + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to go back up and we're + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to go back up and we're +going to cross over the box and when we + + align:start position:0% +going to cross over the box and when we + + + align:start position:0% +going to cross over the box and when we +cross over + + align:start position:0% +cross over + + + align:start position:0% +cross over +hopefully they won't be flooded you'll + + align:start position:0% +hopefully they won't be flooded you'll + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully they won't be flooded you'll +see what the bogs really look like and + + align:start position:0% +see what the bogs really look like and + + + align:start position:0% +see what the bogs really look like and +you'll slow down when you go over the + + align:start position:0% +you'll slow down when you go over the + + + align:start position:0% +you'll slow down when you go over the +main channel you'll see the river coming + + align:start position:0% +main channel you'll see the river coming + + + align:start position:0% +main channel you'll see the river coming +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +and that river ultimately dumps into the + + align:start position:0% +and that river ultimately dumps into the + + + align:start position:0% +and that river ultimately dumps into the +ocean into one of the harbors + + align:start position:0% +ocean into one of the harbors + + + align:start position:0% +ocean into one of the harbors +uh just to let you know the reason why + + align:start position:0% +uh just to let you know the reason why + + + align:start position:0% +uh just to let you know the reason why +these other guys are here + + align:start position:0% +these other guys are here + + + align:start position:0% +these other guys are here +this truck just pulled up that's ch2m + + align:start position:0% +this truck just pulled up that's ch2m + + + align:start position:0% +this truck just pulled up that's ch2m +hill big consulting company they're the + + align:start position:0% +hill big consulting company they're the + + + align:start position:0% +hill big consulting company they're the +main contractors to the base + + align:start position:0% +main contractors to the base + + + align:start position:0% +main contractors to the base +um i was at a meeting a week and a half + + align:start position:0% +um i was at a meeting a week and a half + + + align:start position:0% +um i was at a meeting a week and a half +ago and the agreement is + + align:start position:0% +ago and the agreement is + + + align:start position:0% +ago and the agreement is +they've sampled the berries just before + + align:start position:0% +they've sampled the berries just before + + + align:start position:0% +they've sampled the berries just before +they started the harvest and they're + + align:start position:0% +they started the harvest and they're + + + align:start position:0% +they started the harvest and they're +going to sample and measure them for + + align:start position:0% +going to sample and measure them for + + + align:start position:0% +going to sample and measure them for +volatile organics + + align:start position:0% +volatile organics + + + align:start position:0% +volatile organics +they're going to sample them today and + + align:start position:0% +they're going to sample them today and + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to sample them today and +probably over the next week during the + + align:start position:0% +probably over the next week during the + + + align:start position:0% +probably over the next week during the +harvest + + align:start position:0% +harvest + + + align:start position:0% +harvest +they're going to sample at ocean spray + + align:start position:0% +they're going to sample at ocean spray + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to sample at ocean spray +when they arrive at the plant + + align:start position:0% +when they arrive at the plant + + + align:start position:0% +when they arrive at the plant +and then they're going to determine + + align:start position:0% +and then they're going to determine + + + align:start position:0% +and then they're going to determine +whether or not the ocean spray will + + align:start position:0% +whether or not the ocean spray will + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not the ocean spray will +accept the berries from this bog + + align:start position:0% +accept the berries from this bog + + + align:start position:0% +accept the berries from this bog +for use or not or they're going to + + align:start position:0% +for use or not or they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +for use or not or they're going to +dispose of them \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/GmSXXUu5qzQ.txt b/GmSXXUu5qzQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea010dfa2b6738350f21c74d1cb21f02ecc4b097 --- /dev/null +++ b/GmSXXUu5qzQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9635 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so what I'm going to do is I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm going to do is I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm going to do is I'm going to +do this two units of uh uh + + align:start position:0% +do this two units of uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +do this two units of uh uh +scheduling and I'll start with talking a + + align:start position:0% +scheduling and I'll start with talking a + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling and I'll start with talking a +little bit about uh um modern + + align:start position:0% +little bit about uh um modern + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about uh um modern +architecture so this is this lecture and + + align:start position:0% +architecture so this is this lecture and + + + align:start position:0% +architecture so this is this lecture and +next lecture we'll see how far we can go + + align:start position:0% +next lecture we'll see how far we can go + + + align:start position:0% +next lecture we'll see how far we can go +today and then introduce instruction + + align:start position:0% +today and then introduce instruction + + + align:start position:0% +today and then introduce instruction +scheduling what we are doing instruction + + align:start position:0% +scheduling what we are doing instruction + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling what we are doing instruction +scheduling uh talk about uh the most + + align:start position:0% +scheduling uh talk about uh the most + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling uh talk about uh the most +basic form of scheduling which is called + + align:start position:0% +basic form of scheduling which is called + + + align:start position:0% +basic form of scheduling which is called +Le scheduling uh at the beginning we'll + + align:start position:0% +Le scheduling uh at the beginning we'll + + + align:start position:0% +Le scheduling uh at the beginning we'll +talk about with a very simple + + align:start position:0% +talk about with a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +talk about with a very simple +architecture then we'll keep improving + + align:start position:0% +architecture then we'll keep improving + + + align:start position:0% +architecture then we'll keep improving +the architecture for example add + + align:start position:0% +the architecture for example add + + + align:start position:0% +the architecture for example add +resource constraints to the + + align:start position:0% +resource constraints to the + + + align:start position:0% +resource constraints to the +architecture and then up to this point + + align:start position:0% +architecture and then up to this point + + + align:start position:0% +architecture and then up to this point +we'll just work within basic blocks and + + align:start position:0% +we'll just work within basic blocks and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just work within basic blocks and +then we start going across basic blocks + + align:start position:0% +then we start going across basic blocks + + + align:start position:0% +then we start going across basic blocks +to see okay how do schedule large + + align:start position:0% +to see okay how do schedule large + + + align:start position:0% +to see okay how do schedule large +regions and in the same way we we one + + align:start position:0% +regions and in the same way we we one + + + align:start position:0% +regions and in the same way we we one +technique to doing across large regions + + align:start position:0% +technique to doing across large regions + + + align:start position:0% +technique to doing across large regions +is Trace scheduling I'll get into tra + + align:start position:0% +is Trace scheduling I'll get into tra + + + align:start position:0% +is Trace scheduling I'll get into tra +scheduling later bit and then switch + + align:start position:0% +scheduling later bit and then switch + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling later bit and then switch +topics a little bit to Fig out how to + + align:start position:0% +topics a little bit to Fig out how to + + + align:start position:0% +topics a little bit to Fig out how to +schedule Loops because a lot of times + + align:start position:0% +schedule Loops because a lot of times + + + align:start position:0% +schedule Loops because a lot of times +performance is mainly in Loops I will + + align:start position:0% +performance is mainly in Loops I will + + + align:start position:0% +performance is mainly in Loops I will +look at things like Loop unrolling and + + align:start position:0% +look at things like Loop unrolling and + + + align:start position:0% +look at things like Loop unrolling and +software pipelining for loops and and + + align:start position:0% +software pipelining for loops and and + + + align:start position:0% +software pipelining for loops and and +then uh go a little bit into + + align:start position:0% +then uh go a little bit into + + + align:start position:0% +then uh go a little bit into +interactions with register location how + + align:start position:0% +interactions with register location how + + + align:start position:0% +interactions with register location how +scheduling and register location + + align:start position:0% +scheduling and register location + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling and register location +interact with each other and finally uh + + align:start position:0% +interact with each other and finally uh + + + align:start position:0% +interact with each other and finally uh +conclude with scheduling done in + + align:start position:0% +conclude with scheduling done in + + + align:start position:0% +conclude with scheduling done in +Hardware versus compiler what are the + + align:start position:0% +Hardware versus compiler what are the + + + align:start position:0% +Hardware versus compiler what are the +tradeoffs and and what's interesting + + align:start position:0% +tradeoffs and and what's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +tradeoffs and and what's interesting +things in there so this is lot of things + + align:start position:0% +things in there so this is lot of things + + + align:start position:0% +things in there so this is lot of things +and hopefully we'll try to get to about + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully we'll try to get to about + + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully we'll try to get to about +halfway through in here + + align:start position:0% +halfway through in here + + + align:start position:0% +halfway through in here +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +so interesting thing is when we are + + align:start position:0% +so interesting thing is when we are + + + align:start position:0% +so interesting thing is when we are +compiling in a machine so till now most + + align:start position:0% +compiling in a machine so till now most + + + align:start position:0% +compiling in a machine so till now most +the optimizations you guys did didn't + + align:start position:0% +the optimizations you guys did didn't + + + align:start position:0% +the optimizations you guys did didn't +deal with the machine they they they + + align:start position:0% +deal with the machine they they they + + + align:start position:0% +deal with the machine they they they +will run faster in any machine no matter + + align:start position:0% +will run faster in any machine no matter + + + align:start position:0% +will run faster in any machine no matter +what okay now we are kind of switching + + align:start position:0% +what okay now we are kind of switching + + + align:start position:0% +what okay now we are kind of switching +into okay now the compiler actually has + + align:start position:0% +into okay now the compiler actually has + + + align:start position:0% +into okay now the compiler actually has +to know about the machine and how to + + align:start position:0% +to know about the machine and how to + + + align:start position:0% +to know about the machine and how to +take advantage of uh what's happening in + + align:start position:0% +take advantage of uh what's happening in + + + align:start position:0% +take advantage of uh what's happening in +the machine so you not do that first you + + align:start position:0% +the machine so you not do that first you + + + align:start position:0% +the machine so you not do that first you +need to understand what the machines + + align:start position:0% +need to understand what the machines + + + align:start position:0% +need to understand what the machines +looks like + + align:start position:0% +looks like + + + align:start position:0% +looks like +so so the machine basically a simple + + align:start position:0% +so so the machine basically a simple + + + align:start position:0% +so so the machine basically a simple +machine fetches decodes and executes + + align:start position:0% +machine fetches decodes and executes + + + align:start position:0% +machine fetches decodes and executes +instructions and story that's what it + + align:start position:0% +instructions and story that's what it + + + align:start position:0% +instructions and story that's what it +does one instruction at a time and if + + align:start position:0% +does one instruction at a time and if + + + align:start position:0% +does one instruction at a time and if +you have so you go instruction after + + align:start position:0% +you have so you go instruction after + + + align:start position:0% +you have so you go instruction after +instruction sometimes when you have + + align:start position:0% +instruction sometimes when you have + + + align:start position:0% +instruction sometimes when you have +Branch uh uh it might check the + + align:start position:0% +Branch uh uh it might check the + + + align:start position:0% +Branch uh uh it might check the +condition and might start switching from + + align:start position:0% +condition and might start switching from + + + align:start position:0% +condition and might start switching from +somewhere so sometimes this pipeline + + align:start position:0% +somewhere so sometimes this pipeline + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere so sometimes this pipeline +gets stall in a branch so if you look at + + align:start position:0% +gets stall in a branch so if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +gets stall in a branch so if you look at +a very simple pipeline this is things + + align:start position:0% +a very simple pipeline this is things + + + align:start position:0% +a very simple pipeline this is things +like4 pipeline you probably this in4 uh + + align:start position:0% +like4 pipeline you probably this in4 uh + + + align:start position:0% +like4 pipeline you probably this in4 uh +what happens is there five stages it's a + + align:start position:0% +what happens is there five stages it's a + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is there five stages it's a +fetch stage get the next instruction + + align:start position:0% +fetch stage get the next instruction + + + align:start position:0% +fetch stage get the next instruction +decode find out what this instruction + + align:start position:0% +decode find out what this instruction + + + align:start position:0% +decode find out what this instruction +actually want to do execute the AL + + align:start position:0% +actually want to do execute the AL + + + align:start position:0% +actually want to do execute the AL +operations interesting thing is you only + + align:start position:0% +operations interesting thing is you only + + + align:start position:0% +operations interesting thing is you only +need + + align:start position:0% +need + + + align:start position:0% +need +the values from the previous calculation + + align:start position:0% +the values from the previous calculation + + + align:start position:0% +the values from the previous calculation +at this stage so you can fetch an ex + + align:start position:0% +at this stage so you can fetch an ex + + + align:start position:0% +at this stage so you can fetch an ex +decode without knowing uh any kind of + + align:start position:0% +decode without knowing uh any kind of + + + align:start position:0% +decode without knowing uh any kind of +dependencies but now if you're using a + + align:start position:0% +dependencies but now if you're using a + + + align:start position:0% +dependencies but now if you're using a +result from a previous instruction it + + align:start position:0% +result from a previous instruction it + + + align:start position:0% +result from a previous instruction it +better be available at the execute type + + align:start position:0% +better be available at the execute type + + + align:start position:0% +better be available at the execute type +and if it is uh uh U for example if it + + align:start position:0% +and if it is uh uh U for example if it + + + align:start position:0% +and if it is uh uh U for example if it +is mem up it might just calculate the + + align:start position:0% +is mem up it might just calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +is mem up it might just calculate the +address uh you store it in the memory + + align:start position:0% +address uh you store it in the memory + + + align:start position:0% +address uh you store it in the memory +and if you want to write back to the + + align:start position:0% +and if you want to write back to the + + + align:start position:0% +and if you want to write back to the +register you write back at that State so + + align:start position:0% +register you write back at that State so + + + align:start position:0% +register you write back at that State so +this is basically the stage you go + + align:start position:0% +this is basically the stage you go + + + align:start position:0% +this is basically the stage you go +through so in a normal very simple + + align:start position:0% +through so in a normal very simple + + + align:start position:0% +through so in a normal very simple +machine one probably you did it in + + align:start position:0% +machine one probably you did it in + + + align:start position:0% +machine one probably you did it in +uh4 you basically do instruction at a + + align:start position:0% +uh4 you basically do instruction at a + + + align:start position:0% +uh4 you basically do instruction at a +time go to all the five stages of one + + align:start position:0% +time go to all the five stages of one + + + align:start position:0% +time go to all the five stages of one +instruction you're done with it you do + + align:start position:0% +instruction you're done with it you do + + + align:start position:0% +instruction you're done with it you do +the next + + align:start position:0% +the next + + + align:start position:0% +the next +instruction but this is very slow so the + + align:start position:0% +instruction but this is very slow so the + + + align:start position:0% +instruction but this is very slow so the +way you get lot of speed out of these + + align:start position:0% +way you get lot of speed out of these + + + align:start position:0% +way you get lot of speed out of these +machines is you actually uh pip them so + + align:start position:0% +machines is you actually uh pip them so + + + align:start position:0% +machines is you actually uh pip them so +what you do is each stage when you're + + align:start position:0% +what you do is each stage when you're + + + align:start position:0% +what you do is each stage when you're +done with the uh instruction fetch + + align:start position:0% +done with the uh instruction fetch + + + align:start position:0% +done with the uh instruction fetch +before the instruction fetch will go + + align:start position:0% +before the instruction fetch will go + + + align:start position:0% +before the instruction fetch will go +into the next instruction before the + + align:start position:0% +into the next instruction before the + + + align:start position:0% +into the next instruction before the +rest of the uh stages of the previous + + align:start position:0% +rest of the uh stages of the previous + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the uh stages of the previous +instruction is done so here what happens + + align:start position:0% +instruction is done so here what happens + + + align:start position:0% +instruction is done so here what happens +is oops what happened that's not the + + align:start position:0% +is oops what happened that's not the + + + align:start position:0% +is oops what happened that's not the +right button to + + align:start position:0% +right button to + + + align:start position:0% +right button to +press okay I thought there okay here's a + + align:start position:0% +press okay I thought there okay here's a + + + align:start position:0% +press okay I thought there okay here's a +laser so what happens is + + align:start position:0% +laser so what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +laser so what happens is +assume value produced by this + + align:start position:0% +assume value produced by this + + + align:start position:0% +assume value produced by this +instruction is going to be used by this + + align:start position:0% +instruction is going to be used by this + + + align:start position:0% +instruction is going to be used by this +instruction and at that point you can't + + align:start position:0% +instruction and at that point you can't + + + align:start position:0% +instruction and at that point you can't +just execute here because the data is + + align:start position:0% +just execute here because the data is + + + align:start position:0% +just execute here because the data is +not available until the right backstage + + align:start position:0% +not available until the right backstage + + + align:start position:0% +not available until the right backstage +so at that point there's a pipeline + + align:start position:0% +so at that point there's a pipeline + + + align:start position:0% +so at that point there's a pipeline +stall so that's basically what happened + + align:start position:0% +stall so that's basically what happened + + + align:start position:0% +stall so that's basically what happened +in pipeline stalls + + align:start position:0% +in pipeline stalls + + + align:start position:0% +in pipeline stalls +okay and so that's a very simple way but + + align:start position:0% +okay and so that's a very simple way but + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so that's a very simple way but +when you go to real machines model + + align:start position:0% +when you go to real machines model + + + align:start position:0% +when you go to real machines model +things get very lot more complicated so + + align:start position:0% +things get very lot more complicated so + + + align:start position:0% +things get very lot more complicated so +for example good old Pentium had a five + + align:start position:0% +for example good old Pentium had a five + + + align:start position:0% +for example good old Pentium had a five +stage pipeline just like that Pentium + + align:start position:0% +stage pipeline just like that Pentium + + + align:start position:0% +stage pipeline just like that Pentium +Pro had a 10 stage pipeline like Pentium + + align:start position:0% +Pro had a 10 stage pipeline like Pentium + + + align:start position:0% +Pro had a 10 stage pipeline like Pentium +first Pentium 4 has a 20 stage pipeline + + align:start position:0% +first Pentium 4 has a 20 stage pipeline + + + align:start position:0% +first Pentium 4 has a 20 stage pipeline +now a 31 stage pipeline so these things + + align:start position:0% +now a 31 stage pipeline so these things + + + align:start position:0% +now a 31 stage pipeline so these things +are going growing by the minute it's + + align:start position:0% +are going growing by the minute it's + + + align:start position:0% +are going growing by the minute it's +it's a much larger deeper pipelines so + + align:start position:0% +it's a much larger deeper pipelines so + + + align:start position:0% +it's a much larger deeper pipelines so +because of that scheduling and getting + + align:start position:0% +because of that scheduling and getting + + + align:start position:0% +because of that scheduling and getting +everything right is lot more useful and + + align:start position:0% +everything right is lot more useful and + + + align:start position:0% +everything right is lot more useful and +valuable in these + + align:start position:0% +valuable in these + + + align:start position:0% +valuable in these +machines and other thing is different + + align:start position:0% +machines and other thing is different + + + align:start position:0% +machines and other thing is different +instructions take different amount of + + align:start position:0% +instructions take different amount of + + + align:start position:0% +instructions take different amount of +time so if you do a add of two integers + + align:start position:0% +time so if you do a add of two integers + + + align:start position:0% +time so if you do a add of two integers +that from register and uh in a register + + align:start position:0% +that from register and uh in a register + + + align:start position:0% +that from register and uh in a register +it's very fast on the other hand if + + align:start position:0% +it's very fast on the other hand if + + + align:start position:0% +it's very fast on the other hand if +you're are loading from memory and doing + + align:start position:0% +you're are loading from memory and doing + + + align:start position:0% +you're are loading from memory and doing +a multiplication or a division it can + + align:start position:0% +a multiplication or a division it can + + + align:start position:0% +a multiplication or a division it can +take a lot longer + + align:start position:0% +take a lot longer + + + align:start position:0% +take a lot longer +so you need to know the the length in + + align:start position:0% +so you need to know the the length in + + + align:start position:0% +so you need to know the the length in +there it's not all all L same length and + + align:start position:0% +there it's not all all L same length and + + + align:start position:0% +there it's not all all L same length and +what happens is in Hardware if the + + align:start position:0% +what happens is in Hardware if the + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is in Hardware if the +results are not available pipeline + + align:start position:0% +results are not available pipeline + + + align:start position:0% +results are not available pipeline +installs so assume I did a device + + align:start position:0% +installs so assume I did a device + + + align:start position:0% +installs so assume I did a device +division instruction and immediately Lo + + align:start position:0% +division instruction and immediately Lo + + + align:start position:0% +division instruction and immediately Lo +use the result you look at it said oops + + align:start position:0% +use the result you look at it said oops + + + align:start position:0% +use the result you look at it said oops +results are not available I can't keep + + align:start position:0% +results are not available I can't keep + + + align:start position:0% +results are not available I can't keep +that executing that instruction I just + + align:start position:0% +that executing that instruction I just + + + align:start position:0% +that executing that instruction I just +have to store so this is a pro this is + + align:start position:0% +have to store so this is a pro this is + + + align:start position:0% +have to store so this is a pro this is +why instruction scheduling is very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important so there are other things in + + align:start position:0% +important so there are other things in + + + align:start position:0% +important so there are other things in +modern machines uh there are multiple + + align:start position:0% +modern machines uh there are multiple + + + align:start position:0% +modern machines uh there are multiple +execution which in a super scaler type + + align:start position:0% +execution which in a super scaler type + + + align:start position:0% +execution which in a super scaler type +machine if uh uh instructions are nicely + + align:start position:0% +machine if uh uh instructions are nicely + + + align:start position:0% +machine if uh uh instructions are nicely +sequenced they can execute parall get + + align:start position:0% +sequenced they can execute parall get + + + align:start position:0% +sequenced they can execute parall get +lot of parallel performance on the other + + align:start position:0% +lot of parallel performance on the other + + + align:start position:0% +lot of parallel performance on the other +hand if there are dependences if the + + align:start position:0% +hand if there are dependences if the + + + align:start position:0% +hand if there are dependences if the +instructions are not placed exactly the + + align:start position:0% +instructions are not placed exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +instructions are not placed exactly the +right way the machine can take advantage + + align:start position:0% +right way the machine can take advantage + + + align:start position:0% +right way the machine can take advantage +it's not just only stall it just m only + + align:start position:0% +it's not just only stall it just m only + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just only stall it just m only +few execution units can work in parallel + + align:start position:0% +few execution units can work in parallel + + + align:start position:0% +few execution units can work in parallel +instead of getting everybody to work so + + align:start position:0% +instead of getting everybody to work so + + + align:start position:0% +instead of getting everybody to work so +it's even more important to have the + + align:start position:0% +it's even more important to have the + + + align:start position:0% +it's even more important to have the +right set of instructions uh uh in the + + align:start position:0% +right set of instructions uh uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +right set of instructions uh uh in the +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +order and what instruction scheduling + + align:start position:0% +order and what instruction scheduling + + + align:start position:0% +order and what instruction scheduling +does is basically we re the instructions + + align:start position:0% +does is basically we re the instructions + + + align:start position:0% +does is basically we re the instructions +uh so that the pipeline stalls are + + align:start position:0% +uh so that the pipeline stalls are + + + align:start position:0% +uh so that the pipeline stalls are +minimized and also I can add you can get + + align:start position:0% +minimized and also I can add you can get + + + align:start position:0% +minimized and also I can add you can get +the maximum amount of parallelism so + + align:start position:0% +the maximum amount of parallelism so + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum amount of parallelism so +that's basically what we are trying to + + align:start position:0% +that's basically what we are trying to + + + align:start position:0% +that's basically what we are trying to +do in instruction + + align:start position:0% +do in instruction + + + align:start position:0% +do in instruction +scheduling so we can just go and keep + + align:start position:0% +scheduling so we can just go and keep + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling so we can just go and keep +reordering any instructions all over the + + align:start position:0% +reordering any instructions all over the + + + align:start position:0% +reordering any instructions all over the +place there's some you have to make sure + + align:start position:0% +place there's some you have to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +place there's some you have to make sure +that the original program behavior is + + align:start position:0% +that the original program behavior is + + + align:start position:0% +that the original program behavior is +maintained so the way we manage to + + align:start position:0% +maintained so the way we manage to + + + align:start position:0% +maintained so the way we manage to +maintain original program behavior is + + align:start position:0% +maintain original program behavior is + + + align:start position:0% +maintain original program behavior is +looking at uh three different + + align:start position:0% +looking at uh three different + + + align:start position:0% +looking at uh three different +constraints for example uh data + + align:start position:0% +constraints for example uh data + + + align:start position:0% +constraints for example uh data +dependencies uh uh control dependencies + + align:start position:0% +dependencies uh uh control dependencies + + + align:start position:0% +dependencies uh uh control dependencies +and resource constraints so there are + + align:start position:0% +and resource constraints so there are + + + align:start position:0% +and resource constraints so there are +three things you have to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +three things you have to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +three things you have to make sure that +the program that that you maintain in + + align:start position:0% +the program that that you maintain in + + + align:start position:0% +the program that that you maintain in +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +so data dependencies what it means is if + + align:start position:0% +so data dependencies what it means is if + + + align:start position:0% +so data dependencies what it means is if +two instructions access the same + + align:start position:0% +two instructions access the same + + + align:start position:0% +two instructions access the same +variable they can they are dependent and + + align:start position:0% +variable they can they are dependent and + + + align:start position:0% +variable they can they are dependent and +and you make sure that that access + + align:start position:0% +and you make sure that that access + + + align:start position:0% +and you make sure that that access +pattern to that variable is maintained + + align:start position:0% +pattern to that variable is maintained + + + align:start position:0% +pattern to that variable is maintained +properly so there are three types of + + align:start position:0% +properly so there are three types of + + + align:start position:0% +properly so there are three types of +access patterns dependencies is called + + align:start position:0% +access patterns dependencies is called + + + align:start position:0% +access patterns dependencies is called +true + + align:start position:0% +true + + + align:start position:0% +true +dependency uh true dependency means some + + align:start position:0% +dependency uh true dependency means some + + + align:start position:0% +dependency uh true dependency means some +guy rise to variable + + align:start position:0% +guy rise to variable + + + align:start position:0% +guy rise to variable +the next car the variable so you better + + align:start position:0% +the next car the variable so you better + + + align:start position:0% +the next car the variable so you better +make sure that the right happened before + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the right happened before + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that the right happened before +the read and the read in fact get the + + align:start position:0% +the read and the read in fact get the + + + align:start position:0% +the read and the read in fact get the +value of the right otherwise it's + + align:start position:0% +value of the right otherwise it's + + + align:start position:0% +value of the right otherwise it's +incorrect there are two other types of + + align:start position:0% +incorrect there are two other types of + + + align:start position:0% +incorrect there are two other types of +dependence anti and + + align:start position:0% +dependence anti and + + + align:start position:0% +dependence anti and +output uh so since we have a small class + + align:start position:0% +output uh so since we have a small class + + + align:start position:0% +output uh so since we have a small class +I'd like to keep see whe we can get + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to keep see whe we can get + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to keep see whe we can get +little bit uh discussion and interaction + + align:start position:0% +little bit uh discussion and interaction + + + align:start position:0% +little bit uh discussion and interaction +going on so what's anti why is anti- and + + align:start position:0% +going on so what's anti why is anti- and + + + align:start position:0% +going on so what's anti why is anti- and +output dependences I mean are they + + align:start position:0% +output dependences I mean are they + + + align:start position:0% +output dependences I mean are they +fundamental + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why is there anti- output depend let's + + align:start position:0% +why is there anti- output depend let's + + + align:start position:0% +why is there anti- output depend let's +look at anti- + + align:start position:0% +look at anti- + + + align:start position:0% +look at anti- +dependence so assume I read a variable + + align:start position:0% +dependence so assume I read a variable + + + align:start position:0% +dependence so assume I read a variable +and then I write it why do we have to + + align:start position:0% +and then I write it why do we have to + + + align:start position:0% +and then I write it why do we have to +maintain that that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dependence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so have chalk + + align:start position:0% +so have chalk + + + align:start position:0% +so have chalk +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +huh oh okay lot of ch + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so assume I have something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +say a = b + + + align:start position:0% +say a = b + + + + align:start position:0% +say a = b + +5 and B = + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3 okay so why do I have to maintain this + + align:start position:0% +3 okay so why do I have to maintain this + + + align:start position:0% +3 okay so why do I have to maintain this +dependence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why do you have to do this instruction + + align:start position:0% +why do you have to do this instruction + + + align:start position:0% +why do you have to do this instruction +before this you had process onl I don't + + align:start position:0% +before this you had process onl I don't + + + align:start position:0% +before this you had process onl I don't +think the five stage five it could be + + align:start position:0% +think the five stage five it could be + + + align:start position:0% +think the five stage five it could be +possible that since 3 is such a simple + + align:start position:0% +possible that since 3 is such a simple + + + align:start position:0% +possible that since 3 is such a simple +statement even though it comes later and + + align:start position:0% +statement even though it comes later and + + + align:start position:0% +statement even though it comes later and +begins execution it's fetched after the + + align:start position:0% +begins execution it's fetched after the + + + align:start position:0% +begins execution it's fetched after the +first instruction but it could be + + align:start position:0% +first instruction but it could be + + + align:start position:0% +first instruction but it could be +executed + + align:start position:0% +executed + + + align:start position:0% +executed +first yeah let's make oh if you want to + + align:start position:0% +first yeah let's make oh if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +first yeah let's make oh if you want to +make I can play 3 plus b so the here's + + align:start position:0% +make I can play 3 plus b so the here's + + + align:start position:0% +make I can play 3 plus b so the here's +the thing in here the thing here is all + + align:start position:0% +the thing in here the thing here is all + + + align:start position:0% +the thing in here the thing here is all +these variables have some location + + align:start position:0% +these variables have some location + + + align:start position:0% +these variables have some location +somewhere this is the location I keep + + align:start position:0% +somewhere this is the location I keep + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere this is the location I keep +B okay the thing is I better read this + + align:start position:0% +B okay the thing is I better read this + + + align:start position:0% +B okay the thing is I better read this +value here before I over write it + + align:start position:0% +value here before I over write it + + + align:start position:0% +value here before I over write it +because it's it's in the same location + + align:start position:0% +because it's it's in the same location + + + align:start position:0% +because it's it's in the same location +it's a location based dependency so if I + + align:start position:0% +it's a location based dependency so if I + + + align:start position:0% +it's a location based dependency so if I +have if I keep the value if I want to + + align:start position:0% +have if I keep the value if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +have if I keep the value if I want to +minute I do this this instruction finish + + align:start position:0% +minute I do this this instruction finish + + + align:start position:0% +minute I do this this instruction finish +it this value is gone I have new value + + align:start position:0% +it this value is gone I have new value + + + align:start position:0% +it this value is gone I have new value +here if somebody wants it I can't just + + align:start position:0% +here if somebody wants it I can't just + + + align:start position:0% +here if somebody wants it I can't just +get rid of the value because somebody + + align:start position:0% +get rid of the value because somebody + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of the value because somebody +else is going to want it so the + + align:start position:0% +else is going to want it so the + + + align:start position:0% +else is going to want it so the +anti-dependence means that if I'm + + align:start position:0% +anti-dependence means that if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +anti-dependence means that if I'm +actually using a value I better have all + + align:start position:0% +actually using a value I better have all + + + align:start position:0% +actually using a value I better have all +the instructions I use that value done + + align:start position:0% +the instructions I use that value done + + + align:start position:0% +the instructions I use that value done +before I actually go and modify that + + align:start position:0% +before I actually go and modify that + + + align:start position:0% +before I actually go and modify that +value get rid of the value so how do you + + align:start position:0% +value get rid of the value so how do you + + + align:start position:0% +value get rid of the value so how do you +get rid of an dependence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly because it's basically there's + + align:start position:0% +exactly because it's basically there's + + + align:start position:0% +exactly because it's basically there's +no real true use of the data the the the + + align:start position:0% +no real true use of the data the the the + + + align:start position:0% +no real true use of the data the the the +value but it just because it's both are + + align:start position:0% +value but it just because it's both are + + + align:start position:0% +value but it just because it's both are +trying to share the same location why + + align:start position:0% +trying to share the same location why + + + align:start position:0% +trying to share the same location why +don't I just instead of b i i i just + + align:start position:0% +don't I just instead of b i i i just + + + align:start position:0% +don't I just instead of b i i i just +allocate a new location I will say this + + align:start position:0% +allocate a new location I will say this + + + align:start position:0% +allocate a new location I will say this +should be b b Prime which actually gets + + align:start position:0% +should be b b Prime which actually gets + + + align:start position:0% +should be b b Prime which actually gets +another block + + align:start position:0% +another block + + + align:start position:0% +another block +here I'm pretty happy I can reorder this + + align:start position:0% +here I'm pretty happy I can reorder this + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm pretty happy I can reorder this +so output is the same output basically + + align:start position:0% +so output is the same output basically + + + align:start position:0% +so output is the same output basically +is if I writing twice the last value has + + align:start position:0% +is if I writing twice the last value has + + + align:start position:0% +is if I writing twice the last value has +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +survive so uh so so you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +survive so uh so so you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +survive so uh so so you don't want to +write in the wrong order and then the + + align:start position:0% +write in the wrong order and then the + + + align:start position:0% +write in the wrong order and then the +wrong value survives but if you have + + align:start position:0% +wrong value survives but if you have + + + align:start position:0% +wrong value survives but if you have +enough mechanism you can probably figure + + align:start position:0% +enough mechanism you can probably figure + + + align:start position:0% +enough mechanism you can probably figure +out out of of course if you're writing + + align:start position:0% +out out of of course if you're writing + + + align:start position:0% +out out of of course if you're writing +it twice and the first value is never + + align:start position:0% +it twice and the first value is never + + + align:start position:0% +it twice and the first value is never +used you can say wait a minute why am I + + align:start position:0% +used you can say wait a minute why am I + + + align:start position:0% +used you can say wait a minute why am I +writing that I mean I'm just writing + + align:start position:0% +writing that I mean I'm just writing + + + align:start position:0% +writing that I mean I'm just writing +dead value is dead anyways I can get rid + + align:start position:0% +dead value is dead anyways I can get rid + + + align:start position:0% +dead value is dead anyways I can get rid +of that so there are a lot of other + + align:start position:0% +of that so there are a lot of other + + + align:start position:0% +of that so there are a lot of other +things you can do whereas true + + align:start position:0% +things you can do whereas true + + + align:start position:0% +things you can do whereas true +dependence is actually true + + align:start position:0% +dependence is actually true + + + align:start position:0% +dependence is actually true +if if somebody is using my value I can't + + align:start position:0% +if if somebody is using my value I can't + + + align:start position:0% +if if somebody is using my value I can't +say I'm not going to produce it or I + + align:start position:0% +say I'm not going to produce it or I + + + align:start position:0% +say I'm not going to produce it or I +produce it later I better produce it + + align:start position:0% +produce it later I better produce it + + + align:start position:0% +produce it later I better produce it +because somebody's waiting for me other + + align:start position:0% +because somebody's waiting for me other + + + align:start position:0% +because somebody's waiting for me other +things are basically artifacts of how we + + align:start position:0% +things are basically artifacts of how we + + + align:start position:0% +things are basically artifacts of how we +store things in memory and how we use + + align:start position:0% +store things in memory and how we use + + + align:start position:0% +store things in memory and how we use +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so when what happens is when two + + align:start position:0% +so so when what happens is when two + + + align:start position:0% +so so when what happens is when two +instructions are dependent the order of + + align:start position:0% +instructions are dependent the order of + + + align:start position:0% +instructions are dependent the order of +execution uh cannot be reversed unless + + align:start position:0% +execution uh cannot be reversed unless + + + align:start position:0% +execution uh cannot be reversed unless +you do some kind of transformation I + + align:start position:0% +you do some kind of transformation I + + + align:start position:0% +you do some kind of transformation I +talk about so what it does is it reduces + + align:start position:0% +talk about so what it does is it reduces + + + align:start position:0% +talk about so what it does is it reduces +the possibility of scheduling so if + + align:start position:0% +the possibility of scheduling so if + + + align:start position:0% +the possibility of scheduling so if +there are two dependen in this we better + + align:start position:0% +there are two dependen in this we better + + + align:start position:0% +there are two dependen in this we better +maintain that order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so Computing dependencies basically what + + align:start position:0% +so Computing dependencies basically what + + + align:start position:0% +so Computing dependencies basically what +we want to do is in basic blocks it's + + align:start position:0% +we want to do is in basic blocks it's + + + align:start position:0% +we want to do is in basic blocks it's +easy you just walk one instruction after + + align:start position:0% +easy you just walk one instruction after + + + align:start position:0% +easy you just walk one instruction after +another and say okay is there a + + align:start position:0% +another and say okay is there a + + + align:start position:0% +another and say okay is there a +dependence between those two + + align:start position:0% +dependence between those two + + + align:start position:0% +dependence between those two +instructions and identify register + + align:start position:0% +instructions and identify register + + + align:start position:0% +instructions and identify register +dependen is are very simple it's the + + align:start position:0% +dependen is are very simple it's the + + + align:start position:0% +dependen is are very simple it's the +same register so if there are two same + + align:start position:0% +same register so if there are two same + + + align:start position:0% +same register so if there are two same +registers okay there's a dependency + + align:start position:0% +registers okay there's a dependency + + + align:start position:0% +registers okay there's a dependency +somewhere okay uh things get subtle in + + align:start position:0% +somewhere okay uh things get subtle in + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere okay uh things get subtle in +other things so for example memory + + align:start position:0% +other things so for example memory + + + align:start position:0% +other things so for example memory +access can become arbitr complicated so + + align:start position:0% +access can become arbitr complicated so + + + align:start position:0% +access can become arbitr complicated so +assume I do something like a base plus + + align:start position:0% +assume I do something like a base plus + + + align:start position:0% +assume I do something like a base plus +off weite okay I am getting from the + + align:start position:0% +off weite okay I am getting from the + + + align:start position:0% +off weite okay I am getting from the +stack and at that point it's like am I + + align:start position:0% +stack and at that point it's like am I + + + align:start position:0% +stack and at that point it's like am I +getting the same stack location okay + + align:start position:0% +getting the same stack location okay + + + align:start position:0% +getting the same stack location okay +this is something probably you guys have + + align:start position:0% +this is something probably you guys have + + + align:start position:0% +this is something probably you guys have +to do because you putting a lot of + + align:start position:0% +to do because you putting a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +to do because you putting a lot of +things in stack but you already know + + align:start position:0% +things in stack but you already know + + + align:start position:0% +things in stack but you already know +they are not dependent anyways but from + + align:start position:0% +they are not dependent anyways but from + + + align:start position:0% +they are not dependent anyways but from +other information but if you only know + + align:start position:0% +other information but if you only know + + + align:start position:0% +other information but if you only know +that I have accesses in the stack I say + + align:start position:0% +that I have accesses in the stack I say + + + align:start position:0% +that I have accesses in the stack I say +okay let me I'm accessing from the stack + + align:start position:0% +okay let me I'm accessing from the stack + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me I'm accessing from the stack +pointer there for different locations I + + align:start position:0% +pointer there for different locations I + + + align:start position:0% +pointer there for different locations I +can look at differently and then things + + align:start position:0% +can look at differently and then things + + + align:start position:0% +can look at differently and then things +get arbitr complicated when you go + + align:start position:0% +get arbitr complicated when you go + + + align:start position:0% +get arbitr complicated when you go +things like uh data dependence analysis + + align:start position:0% +things like uh data dependence analysis + + + align:start position:0% +things like uh data dependence analysis +so for example if I have two accesses 2 + + align:start position:0% +so for example if I have two accesses 2 + + + align:start position:0% +so for example if I have two accesses 2 +I and 2 I + + + align:start position:0% +I and 2 I + + + + align:start position:0% +I and 2 I + +1 is there any value of I that these + + align:start position:0% +1 is there any value of I that these + + + align:start position:0% +1 is there any value of I that these +things could be dependent or accessing + + align:start position:0% +things could be dependent or accessing + + + align:start position:0% +things could be dependent or accessing +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +value no how about I and I + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 instead of AI and a i + one what + + align:start position:0% +1 instead of AI and a i + one what + + + align:start position:0% +1 instead of AI and a i + one what +happened + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no I mean the thing is what that means + + align:start position:0% +no I mean the thing is what that means + + + align:start position:0% +no I mean the thing is what that means +is if if + + align:start position:0% +is if if + + + align:start position:0% +is if if +AI uh what you write in iteration + + align:start position:0% +AI uh what you write in iteration + + + align:start position:0% +AI uh what you write in iteration +one is going to be the same location + + align:start position:0% +one is going to be the same location + + + align:start position:0% +one is going to be the same location +that iteration z wres a i + 1 so at some + + align:start position:0% +that iteration z wres a i + 1 so at some + + + align:start position:0% +that iteration z wres a i + 1 so at some +point some some different iterations are + + align:start position:0% +point some some different iterations are + + + align:start position:0% +point some some different iterations are +right whereas 2 I and 2 I + 1 you no + + align:start position:0% +right whereas 2 I and 2 I + 1 you no + + + align:start position:0% +right whereas 2 I and 2 I + 1 you no +iterations so because it is completely + + align:start position:0% +iterations so because it is completely + + + align:start position:0% +iterations so because it is completely +accessing different set of uh locations + + align:start position:0% +accessing different set of uh locations + + + align:start position:0% +accessing different set of uh locations +so because of that so you that's what uh + + align:start position:0% +so because of that so you that's what uh + + + align:start position:0% +so because of that so you that's what uh +data dependence analysis does c up these + + align:start position:0% +data dependence analysis does c up these + + + align:start position:0% +data dependence analysis does c up these +access patterns and say are they + + align:start position:0% +access patterns and say are they + + + align:start position:0% +access patterns and say are they +overlapping if the overlap if there are + + align:start position:0% +overlapping if the overlap if there are + + + align:start position:0% +overlapping if the overlap if there are +some pattern for overlapping that I can + + align:start position:0% +some pattern for overlapping that I can + + + align:start position:0% +some pattern for overlapping that I can +still take advantage of stuff like + + align:start position:0% +still take advantage of stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +still take advantage of stuff like +that and then things get even + + align:start position:0% +that and then things get even + + + align:start position:0% +that and then things get even +complicated into procedural analysis so + + align:start position:0% +complicated into procedural analysis so + + + align:start position:0% +complicated into procedural analysis so +assume I get a I have a global and + + align:start position:0% +assume I get a I have a global and + + + align:start position:0% +assume I get a I have a global and +something get passed as a parameter to + + align:start position:0% +something get passed as a parameter to + + + align:start position:0% +something get passed as a parameter to +me Global variable are they the same if + + align:start position:0% +me Global variable are they the same if + + + align:start position:0% +me Global variable are they the same if +a and b get passed at a parameter can + + align:start position:0% +a and b get passed at a parameter can + + + align:start position:0% +a and b get passed at a parameter can +they be the same and differing in the + + align:start position:0% +they be the same and differing in the + + + align:start position:0% +they be the same and differing in the +language definition it could be the same + + align:start position:0% +language definition it could be the same + + + align:start position:0% +language definition it could be the same +unless you can prove otherwise so + + align:start position:0% +unless you can prove otherwise so + + + align:start position:0% +unless you can prove otherwise so +because of that you have to do globally + + align:start position:0% +because of that you have to do globally + + + align:start position:0% +because of that you have to do globally +you can say wait a minute where did this + + align:start position:0% +you can say wait a minute where did this + + + align:start position:0% +you can say wait a minute where did this +things originate how what I get passed + + align:start position:0% +things originate how what I get passed + + + align:start position:0% +things originate how what I get passed +and this can get arbit complicated and + + align:start position:0% +and this can get arbit complicated and + + + align:start position:0% +and this can get arbit complicated and +then then you go into Point alas + + align:start position:0% +then then you go into Point alas + + + align:start position:0% +then then you go into Point alas +analysis so if you have two different + + align:start position:0% +analysis so if you have two different + + + align:start position:0% +analysis so if you have two different +pointers are they poter to the same + + align:start position:0% +pointers are they poter to the same + + + align:start position:0% +pointers are they poter to the same +thing and and and and and and in a + + align:start position:0% +thing and and and and and and in a + + + align:start position:0% +thing and and and and and and in a +language like Java this is a very hard + + align:start position:0% +language like Java this is a very hard + + + align:start position:0% +language like Java this is a very hard +problem to solve because at some point + + align:start position:0% +problem to solve because at some point + + + align:start position:0% +problem to solve because at some point +it might some point it might not it + + align:start position:0% +it might some point it might not it + + + align:start position:0% +it might some point it might not it +depends on where it's coming from it + + align:start position:0% +depends on where it's coming from it + + + align:start position:0% +depends on where it's coming from it +depends on all the paths and and and and + + align:start position:0% +depends on all the paths and and and and + + + align:start position:0% +depends on all the paths and and and and +what what different classes does and + + align:start position:0% +what what different classes does and + + + align:start position:0% +what what different classes does and +stuff like that so this can get start + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that so this can get start + + + align:start position:0% +stuff like that so this can get start +getting very complicated in doing that + + align:start position:0% +getting very complicated in doing that + + + align:start position:0% +getting very complicated in doing that +analysis but this is what you have to do + + align:start position:0% +analysis but this is what you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +analysis but this is what you have to do +if you want to get the full full level + + align:start position:0% +if you want to get the full full level + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to get the full full level +of anal for you guys it's not that + + align:start position:0% +of anal for you guys it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +of anal for you guys it's not that +difficult because you don't have + + align:start position:0% +difficult because you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +difficult because you don't have +anything complicated in in your programs + + align:start position:0% +anything complicated in in your programs + + + align:start position:0% +anything complicated in in your programs +so so you don't have to do too much + + align:start position:0% +so so you don't have to do too much + + + align:start position:0% +so so you don't have to do too much +analysis to do + + align:start position:0% +analysis to do + + + align:start position:0% +analysis to do +this and so the key thing is how to you + + align:start position:0% +this and so the key thing is how to you + + + align:start position:0% +this and so the key thing is how to you +represent these things so the simple way + + align:start position:0% +represent these things so the simple way + + + align:start position:0% +represent these things so the simple way +to do is represent this dependence using + + align:start position:0% +to do is represent this dependence using + + + align:start position:0% +to do is represent this dependence using +a directed a click graph uh uh why is it + + align:start position:0% +a directed a click graph uh uh why is it + + + align:start position:0% +a directed a click graph uh uh why is it +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +click why is it not a arbitrary graph + + align:start position:0% +click why is it not a arbitrary graph + + + align:start position:0% +click why is it not a arbitrary graph +it was sickly then there's there's no + + align:start position:0% +it was sickly then there's there's no + + + align:start position:0% +it was sickly then there's there's no +first instruction I mean no something + + align:start position:0% +first instruction I mean no something + + + align:start position:0% +first instruction I mean no something +else already happen I mean yeah exactly + + align:start position:0% +else already happen I mean yeah exactly + + + align:start position:0% +else already happen I mean yeah exactly +if you can't have in a temporal ordering + + align:start position:0% +if you can't have in a temporal ordering + + + align:start position:0% +if you can't have in a temporal ordering +you assume the program what you're + + align:start position:0% +you assume the program what you're + + + align:start position:0% +you assume the program what you're +trying to maintain is the dependen in + + align:start position:0% +trying to maintain is the dependen in + + + align:start position:0% +trying to maintain is the dependen in +program execution in if you're doing + + align:start position:0% +program execution in if you're doing + + + align:start position:0% +program execution in if you're doing +temporal you can't have Cycles I that + + align:start position:0% +temporal you can't have Cycles I that + + + align:start position:0% +temporal you can't have Cycles I that +means you're violating the fact there + + align:start position:0% +means you're violating the fact there + + + align:start position:0% +means you're violating the fact there +there there has to be sequential + + align:start position:0% +there there has to be sequential + + + align:start position:0% +there there has to be sequential +ordering to execute and and sequential + + align:start position:0% +ordering to execute and and sequential + + + align:start position:0% +ordering to execute and and sequential +ordering say it there cannot be Cycles + + align:start position:0% +ordering say it there cannot be Cycles + + + align:start position:0% +ordering say it there cannot be Cycles +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +there and notes are instruction are + + align:start position:0% +there and notes are instruction are + + + align:start position:0% +there and notes are instruction are +dependencies so here's a simple uh uh + + align:start position:0% +dependencies so here's a simple uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +dependencies so here's a simple uh uh +program uh so what I'm doing is I'm + + align:start position:0% +program uh so what I'm doing is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +program uh so what I'm doing is I'm +reading uh uh uh two different values + + align:start position:0% +reading uh uh uh two different values + + + align:start position:0% +reading uh uh uh two different values +out of R1 to R2 and R3 and I am adding + + align:start position:0% +out of R1 to R2 and R3 and I am adding + + + align:start position:0% +out of R1 to R2 and R3 and I am adding +R2 R3 and putting it to R4 and I'm using + + align:start position:0% +R2 R3 and putting it to R4 and I'm using + + + align:start position:0% +R2 R3 and putting it to R4 and I'm using +R2 to do R5 so the simple dependence is + + align:start position:0% +R2 to do R5 so the simple dependence is + + + align:start position:0% +R2 to do R5 so the simple dependence is +this so uh what happens is instruction + + align:start position:0% +this so uh what happens is instruction + + + align:start position:0% +this so uh what happens is instruction +one produces R2 and both R3 and R4 sorry + + align:start position:0% +one produces R2 and both R3 and R4 sorry + + + align:start position:0% +one produces R2 and both R3 and R4 sorry +instruction three and instruction four + + align:start position:0% +instruction three and instruction four + + + align:start position:0% +instruction three and instruction four +depend + + align:start position:0% +depend + + + align:start position:0% +depend +depends on that value R2 is used in both + + align:start position:0% +depends on that value R2 is used in both + + + align:start position:0% +depends on that value R2 is used in both +instruction three and four and + + align:start position:0% +instruction three and four and + + + align:start position:0% +instruction three and four and +instruction two actually get R3 and + + align:start position:0% +instruction two actually get R3 and + + + align:start position:0% +instruction two actually get R3 and +instruction three depends on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay this is + + align:start position:0% +that okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +that okay this is +clear + + align:start position:0% +clear + + + align:start position:0% +clear +so the one thing you do in this one is + + align:start position:0% +so the one thing you do in this one is + + + align:start position:0% +so the one thing you do in this one is +we put a latency number on each of these + + align:start position:0% +we put a latency number on each of these + + + align:start position:0% +we put a latency number on each of these +edges the latency number says if the + + align:start position:0% +edges the latency number says if the + + + align:start position:0% +edges the latency number says if the +instruction the first instruction get + + align:start position:0% +instruction the first instruction get + + + align:start position:0% +instruction the first instruction get +start on in uh Time Zero o clock + + align:start position:0% +start on in uh Time Zero o clock + + + align:start position:0% +start on in uh Time Zero o clock +zero at what clock the earliest clock + + align:start position:0% +zero at what clock the earliest clock + + + align:start position:0% +zero at what clock the earliest clock +that you have to delay the next + + align:start position:0% +that you have to delay the next + + + align:start position:0% +that you have to delay the next +instruction so that there's not going to + + align:start position:0% +instruction so that there's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +instruction so that there's not going to +be any + + align:start position:0% +be any + + + align:start position:0% +be any +stall so assume both in first if you + + align:start position:0% +stall so assume both in first if you + + + align:start position:0% +stall so assume both in first if you +assume the one and four in here I say + + align:start position:0% +assume the one and four in here I say + + + align:start position:0% +assume the one and four in here I say +delay two that means if I start the + + align:start position:0% +delay two that means if I start the + + + align:start position:0% +delay two that means if I start the +instruction one in clock one clock zero + + align:start position:0% +instruction one in clock one clock zero + + + align:start position:0% +instruction one in clock one clock zero +and if I start instruction flow in clock + + align:start position:0% +and if I start instruction flow in clock + + + align:start position:0% +and if I start instruction flow in clock +one I I I won't I will stall it because + + align:start position:0% +one I I I won't I will stall it because + + + align:start position:0% +one I I I won't I will stall it because +I didn't have the delay of two so I have + + align:start position:0% +I didn't have the delay of two so I have + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't have the delay of two so I have +to start instruction flow in for in + + align:start position:0% +to start instruction flow in for in + + + align:start position:0% +to start instruction flow in for in +Clock Two because I need to at least + + align:start position:0% +Clock Two because I need to at least + + + align:start position:0% +Clock Two because I need to at least +have a delay of two because the value is + + align:start position:0% +have a delay of two because the value is + + + align:start position:0% +have a delay of two because the value is +not available it for it in order for it + + align:start position:0% +not available it for it in order for it + + + align:start position:0% +not available it for it in order for it +not to stall so we get this graph and + + align:start position:0% +not to stall so we get this graph and + + + align:start position:0% +not to stall so we get this graph and +that gives us a notion about how much + + align:start position:0% +that gives us a notion about how much + + + align:start position:0% +that gives us a notion about how much +stalling you have to + + align:start position:0% +stalling you have to + + + align:start position:0% +stalling you have to +do so here's an interesting thing so I + + align:start position:0% +do so here's an interesting thing so I + + + align:start position:0% +do so here's an interesting thing so I +did a very simple change to this program + + align:start position:0% +did a very simple change to this program + + + align:start position:0% +did a very simple change to this program +can you see the change I + + align:start position:0% +can you see the change I + + + align:start position:0% +can you see the change I +did okay what's the change I did what I + + align:start position:0% +did okay what's the change I did what I + + + align:start position:0% +did okay what's the change I did what I +did was in one and two I use the same + + align:start position:0% +did was in one and two I use the same + + + align:start position:0% +did was in one and two I use the same +regist register R1 R1 and here what I + + align:start position:0% +regist register R1 R1 and here what I + + + align:start position:0% +regist register R1 R1 and here what I +did was + + align:start position:0% +did was + + + align:start position:0% +did was +uh uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh +uh use R2 to get the get uh to get the + + align:start position:0% +uh use R2 to get the get uh to get the + + + align:start position:0% +uh use R2 to get the get uh to get the +next address and do you see the change + + align:start position:0% +next address and do you see the change + + + align:start position:0% +next address and do you see the change +in in the dependence graph that happened + + align:start position:0% +in in the dependence graph that happened + + + align:start position:0% +in in the dependence graph that happened +because now the R2 before you do the R2 + + align:start position:0% +because now the R2 before you do the R2 + + + align:start position:0% +because now the R2 before you do the R2 +what you have to do is uh um make sure + + align:start position:0% +what you have to do is uh um make sure + + + align:start position:0% +what you have to do is uh um make sure +that that uh the one get EX okay so let + + align:start position:0% +that that uh the one get EX okay so let + + + align:start position:0% +that that uh the one get EX okay so let +me do a small modification to this one + + align:start position:0% +me do a small modification to this one + + + align:start position:0% +me do a small modification to this one +so the second instruction instead of + + align:start position:0% +so the second instruction instead of + + + align:start position:0% +so the second instruction instead of +saying r 2 + 4 if I say say let me see + + align:start position:0% +saying r 2 + 4 if I say say let me see + + + align:start position:0% +saying r 2 + 4 if I say say let me see +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +works + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so instead of + + align:start position:0% +okay so instead of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so instead of +oops instead of saying this is R2 if I + + align:start position:0% +oops instead of saying this is R2 if I + + + align:start position:0% +oops instead of saying this is R2 if I +say this is to + + align:start position:0% +say this is to + + + align:start position:0% +say this is to +be say + + align:start position:0% +be say + + + align:start position:0% +be say +R to be uh we'll say + + align:start position:0% +R to be uh we'll say + + + align:start position:0% +R to be uh we'll say +are we'll say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +five okay if I do that what would happen + + align:start position:0% +five okay if I do that what would happen + + + align:start position:0% +five okay if I do that what would happen +to my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graph look like old you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see so what your okay we have answer + + align:start position:0% +see so what your okay we have answer + + + align:start position:0% +see so what your okay we have answer +that says this this thing goes + + align:start position:0% +that says this this thing goes + + + align:start position:0% +that says this this thing goes +yeah uh four has to happen + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh four has to happen + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh four has to happen +after two four has to happen oh so sorry + + align:start position:0% +after two four has to happen oh so sorry + + + align:start position:0% +after two four has to happen oh so sorry +I make it R six never mind R six I + + align:start position:0% +I make it R six never mind R six I + + + align:start position:0% +I make it R six never mind R six I +actually want get six okay can't write + + align:start position:0% +actually want get six okay can't write + + + align:start position:0% +actually want get six okay can't write +with this one but okay I make it R six + + align:start position:0% +with this one but okay I make it R six + + + align:start position:0% +with this one but okay I make it R six +some other regist that's not here what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happens so we have a one one suggestion + + align:start position:0% +happens so we have a one one suggestion + + + align:start position:0% +happens so we have a one one suggestion +says okay one to two goes + + align:start position:0% +says okay one to two goes + + + align:start position:0% +says okay one to two goes +away what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else the other instructions not miss it + + align:start position:0% +else the other instructions not miss it + + + align:start position:0% +else the other instructions not miss it +there so there might be other + + align:start position:0% +there so there might be other + + + align:start position:0% +there so there might be other +instructions after the fourth one but + + align:start position:0% +instructions after the fourth one but + + + align:start position:0% +instructions after the fourth one but +not miss it yeah but that's not even + + align:start position:0% +not miss it yeah but that's not even + + + align:start position:0% +not miss it yeah but that's not even +issue like think about instruction one + + align:start position:0% +issue like think about instruction one + + + align:start position:0% +issue like think about instruction one +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're right getting because I I I was + + align:start position:0% +you're right getting because I I I was + + + align:start position:0% +you're right getting because I I I was +trying to do something + + align:start position:0% +trying to do something + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do something +okay so so this is why W happen when you + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this is why W happen when you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so this is why W happen when you +try to do a question on the Run Okay so + + align:start position:0% +try to do a question on the Run Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +try to do a question on the Run Okay so +getting rid of this + + align:start position:0% +getting rid of this + + + align:start position:0% +getting rid of this +one it looks like the previous one yeah + + align:start position:0% +one it looks like the previous one yeah + + + align:start position:0% +one it looks like the previous one yeah +I was trying to see whether there's anti + + align:start position:0% +I was trying to see whether there's anti + + + align:start position:0% +I was trying to see whether there's anti +but it's since it's two reads it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +but it's since it's two reads it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +but it's since it's two reads it doesn't +have anything okay good so so you got it + + align:start position:0% +have anything okay good so so you got it + + + align:start position:0% +have anything okay good so so you got it +right first time do you see everything + + align:start position:0% +right first time do you see everything + + + align:start position:0% +right first time do you see everything +so on the other hand if this if there's + + align:start position:0% +so on the other hand if this if there's + + + align:start position:0% +so on the other hand if this if there's +a right in here then you had to make + + align:start position:0% +a right in here then you had to make + + + align:start position:0% +a right in here then you had to make +make sure that these two instruction if + + align:start position:0% +make sure that these two instruction if + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that these two instruction if +is a read and a write to memory you to + + align:start position:0% +is a read and a write to memory you to + + + align:start position:0% +is a read and a write to memory you to +maintain that there was there was anti- + + align:start position:0% +maintain that there was there was anti- + + + align:start position:0% +maintain that there was there was anti- +so I was expecting something but it was + + align:start position:0% +so I was expecting something but it was + + + align:start position:0% +so I was expecting something but it was +not there sorry okay this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one what are my edges let's try do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that what's the edge is there Edge + + align:start position:0% +that what's the edge is there Edge + + + align:start position:0% +that what's the edge is there Edge +between R1 to R2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah why cuz you can't overwrite exactly + + align:start position:0% +yeah why cuz you can't overwrite exactly + + + align:start position:0% +yeah why cuz you can't overwrite exactly +so there's a edge between R1 to R2 there + + align:start position:0% +so there's a edge between R1 to R2 there + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a edge between R1 to R2 there +Edge in here what + + align:start position:0% +Edge in here what + + + align:start position:0% +Edge in here what +else how about R1 to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R3 R1 to R3 + + align:start position:0% +R3 R1 to R3 + + + align:start position:0% +R3 R1 to R3 +why R3 uses R oop okay how about R1 to R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R4 yeah how about R2 to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R3 yeah yeah because of R3 actually uh + + align:start position:0% +R3 yeah yeah because of R3 actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +R3 yeah yeah because of R3 actually uh +uh is it a true dependence or anti- + + align:start position:0% +uh is it a true dependence or anti- + + + align:start position:0% +uh is it a true dependence or anti- +dependence anti + + align:start position:0% +dependence anti + + + align:start position:0% +dependence anti +dependence yeah because this is reading + + align:start position:0% +dependence yeah because this is reading + + + align:start position:0% +dependence yeah because this is reading +it this is modifying it you better R2 to + + align:start position:0% +it this is modifying it you better R2 to + + + align:start position:0% +it this is modifying it you better R2 to +R4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no nope okay so yeah this is basically + + align:start position:0% +no nope okay so yeah this is basically + + + align:start position:0% +no nope okay so yeah this is basically +the graph you + + align:start position:0% +the graph you + + + align:start position:0% +the graph you +get okay and I put some distances in + + align:start position:0% +get okay and I put some distances in + + + align:start position:0% +get okay and I put some distances in +there so here I have a problem okay so + + align:start position:0% +there so here I have a problem okay so + + + align:start position:0% +there so here I have a problem okay so +assume so now you probably even know the + + align:start position:0% +assume so now you probably even know the + + + align:start position:0% +assume so now you probably even know the +answer assume instead of this being R1 + + align:start position:0% +answer assume instead of this being R1 + + + align:start position:0% +answer assume instead of this being R1 +if this was R6 what happens we chain the + + align:start position:0% +if this was R6 what happens we chain the + + + align:start position:0% +if this was R6 what happens we chain the +graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this means I am reading the memory so I + + align:start position:0% +this means I am reading the memory so I + + + align:start position:0% +this means I am reading the memory so I +am calculating the address R4 has + + align:start position:0% +am calculating the address R4 has + + + align:start position:0% +am calculating the address R4 has +address I adding four to that address + + align:start position:0% +address I adding four to that address + + + align:start position:0% +address I adding four to that address +location I'm reading from memory yeah + + align:start position:0% +location I'm reading from memory yeah + + + align:start position:0% +location I'm reading from memory yeah +it's basically it's almost like a pointd + + align:start position:0% +it's basically it's almost like a pointd + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically it's almost like a pointd +reference okay sorry okay so if I have + + align:start position:0% +reference okay sorry okay so if I have + + + align:start position:0% +reference okay sorry okay so if I have +R6 + 4 what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happens can + + align:start position:0% +happens can + + + align:start position:0% +happens can +you so he's he is okay see okay so + + align:start position:0% +you so he's he is okay see okay so + + + align:start position:0% +you so he's he is okay see okay so +there's one one thing can you remove + + align:start position:0% +there's one one thing can you remove + + + align:start position:0% +there's one one thing can you remove +this Edge cuz R6 could be R1 R6 could be + + align:start position:0% +this Edge cuz R6 could be R1 R6 could be + + + align:start position:0% +this Edge cuz R6 could be R1 R6 could be +R1 if if you can prove R six is not R1 + + align:start position:0% +R1 if if you can prove R six is not R1 + + + align:start position:0% +R1 if if you can prove R six is not R1 +it's accessing two memory locations I + + align:start position:0% +it's accessing two memory locations I + + + align:start position:0% +it's accessing two memory locations I +can remove the edge but I don't have + + align:start position:0% +can remove the edge but I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +can remove the edge but I don't have +enough information to prove that R6 is + + align:start position:0% +enough information to prove that R6 is + + + align:start position:0% +enough information to prove that R6 is +not R1 this is basically what all the + + align:start position:0% +not R1 this is basically what all the + + + align:start position:0% +not R1 this is basically what all the +pointer alas analysis is all about + + align:start position:0% +pointer alas analysis is all about + + + align:start position:0% +pointer alas analysis is all about +because I am accessing two memory + + align:start position:0% +because I am accessing two memory + + + align:start position:0% +because I am accessing two memory +location is it sa don't I don't know at + + align:start position:0% +location is it sa don't I don't know at + + + align:start position:0% +location is it sa don't I don't know at +this point and if R6 is R1 there's + + align:start position:0% +this point and if R6 is R1 there's + + + align:start position:0% +this point and if R6 is R1 there's +actually dependence in there if R6 is + + align:start position:0% +actually dependence in there if R6 is + + + align:start position:0% +actually dependence in there if R6 is +not R1 I can get rid of that edge so as + + align:start position:0% +not R1 I can get rid of that edge so as + + + align:start position:0% +not R1 I can get rid of that edge so as +you go into more real program you have + + align:start position:0% +you go into more real program you have + + + align:start position:0% +you go into more real program you have +to do all these analysis to because + + align:start position:0% +to do all these analysis to because + + + align:start position:0% +to do all these analysis to because +otherwise there will be all these edges + + align:start position:0% +otherwise there will be all these edges + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise there will be all these edges +all over the place because I don't know + + align:start position:0% +all over the place because I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +all over the place because I don't know +and so that's that's the point I was + + align:start position:0% +and so that's that's the point I was + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's that's the point I was +going to do in previous example but this + + align:start position:0% +going to do in previous example but this + + + align:start position:0% +going to do in previous example but this +is actually the right want to + + align:start position:0% +is actually the right want to + + + align:start position:0% +is actually the right want to +do okay + + align:start position:0% +do okay + + + align:start position:0% +do okay +so so control dependencies and resource + + align:start position:0% +so so control dependencies and resource + + + align:start position:0% +so so control dependencies and resource +con for now we Let's ignore that okay we + + align:start position:0% +con for now we Let's ignore that okay we + + + align:start position:0% +con for now we Let's ignore that okay we +will get to that uh uh hopefully later + + align:start position:0% +will get to that uh uh hopefully later + + + align:start position:0% +will get to that uh uh hopefully later +today or on uh next + + align:start position:0% +today or on uh next + + + align:start position:0% +today or on uh next +lecture so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so here's example program I am + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's example program I am + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's example program I am +going to uh uh use uh for uh showing you + + align:start position:0% +going to uh uh use uh for uh showing you + + + align:start position:0% +going to uh uh use uh for uh showing you +what happens if we when you execute and + + align:start position:0% +what happens if we when you execute and + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if we when you execute and +then then go and show how to do some + + align:start position:0% +then then go and show how to do some + + + align:start position:0% +then then go and show how to do some +scheduling okay so so what happens is + + align:start position:0% +scheduling okay so so what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling okay so so what happens is +here's I I put some number of Cycles + + align:start position:0% +here's I I put some number of Cycles + + + align:start position:0% +here's I I put some number of Cycles +where the resulting register is going to + + align:start position:0% +where the resulting register is going to + + + align:start position:0% +where the resulting register is going to +be available value in the resulting + + align:start position:0% +be available value in the resulting + + + align:start position:0% +be available value in the resulting +register so load effective address into + + align:start position:0% +register so load effective address into + + + align:start position:0% +register so load effective address into +register it's one cycle and uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +register it's one cycle and uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +register it's one cycle and uh uh the +one I am the instruction for in what + + align:start position:0% +one I am the instruction for in what + + + align:start position:0% +one I am the instruction for in what +happens is here I am doing a load from + + align:start position:0% +happens is here I am doing a load from + + + align:start position:0% +happens is here I am doing a load from +uh uh memory because I'm doing this off + + align:start position:0% +uh uh memory because I'm doing this off + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh memory because I'm doing this off +uh the uh stack pointer at that point it + + align:start position:0% +uh the uh stack pointer at that point it + + + align:start position:0% +uh the uh stack pointer at that point it +takes three Cycles because I do load + + align:start position:0% +takes three Cycles because I do load + + + align:start position:0% +takes three Cycles because I do load +from memory this one since I'm writing + + align:start position:0% +from memory this one since I'm writing + + + align:start position:0% +from memory this one since I'm writing +to uh uh and reading and writing to + + align:start position:0% +to uh uh and reading and writing to + + + align:start position:0% +to uh uh and reading and writing to +memory I didn't actually put any value + + align:start position:0% +memory I didn't actually put any value + + + align:start position:0% +memory I didn't actually put any value +because because I'm I don't I don't have + + align:start position:0% +because because I'm I don't I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +because because I'm I don't I don't have +register value available at then I'm not + + align:start position:0% +register value available at then I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +register value available at then I'm not +changing a register basically in this + + align:start position:0% +changing a register basically in this + + + align:start position:0% +changing a register basically in this +one uh this one for Cycles because you + + align:start position:0% +one uh this one for Cycles because you + + + align:start position:0% +one uh this one for Cycles because you +have to not only just load it you have + + align:start position:0% +have to not only just load it you have + + + align:start position:0% +have to not only just load it you have +to actually do and operation also so you + + align:start position:0% +to actually do and operation also so you + + + align:start position:0% +to actually do and operation also so you +have three Cycles to load one cycle to + + align:start position:0% +have three Cycles to load one cycle to + + + align:start position:0% +have three Cycles to load one cycle to +and so I'm just kind of making up these + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm just kind of making up these + + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm just kind of making up these +numbers so at this point okay and this + + align:start position:0% +numbers so at this point okay and this + + + align:start position:0% +numbers so at this point okay and this +is a multiplication because + + align:start position:0% +is a multiplication because + + + align:start position:0% +is a multiplication because +multiplications are expensive operations + + align:start position:0% +multiplications are expensive operations + + + align:start position:0% +multiplications are expensive operations +so it takes some + + align:start position:0% +so it takes some + + + align:start position:0% +so it takes some +Cycles okay so what do you do so what + + align:start position:0% +Cycles okay so what do you do so what + + + align:start position:0% +Cycles okay so what do you do so what +you do is so first you take the first + + align:start position:0% +you do is so first you take the first + + + align:start position:0% +you do is so first you take the first +instruction no problem you can execute + + align:start position:0% +instruction no problem you can execute + + + align:start position:0% +instruction no problem you can execute +it so when you look at the second + + align:start position:0% +it so when you look at the second + + + align:start position:0% +it so when you look at the second +instruction what + + align:start position:0% +instruction what + + + align:start position:0% +instruction what +happens is there a + + align:start position:0% +happens is there a + + + align:start position:0% +happens is there a +dependency there's a dependency for + + align:start position:0% +dependency there's a dependency for + + + align:start position:0% +dependency there's a dependency for +instruction because it uses the same + + align:start position:0% +instruction because it uses the same + + + align:start position:0% +instruction because it uses the same +register RX okay and therefore but the + + align:start position:0% +register RX okay and therefore but the + + + align:start position:0% +register RX okay and therefore but the +value is available in one cycle so you + + align:start position:0% +value is available in one cycle so you + + + align:start position:0% +value is available in one cycle so you +don't have no problem you can execute it + + align:start position:0% +don't have no problem you can execute it + + + align:start position:0% +don't have no problem you can execute it +here uh third instruction basically it's + + align:start position:0% +here uh third instruction basically it's + + + align:start position:0% +here uh third instruction basically it's +not dependent on anything I can just go + + align:start position:0% +not dependent on anything I can just go + + + align:start position:0% +not dependent on anything I can just go +and execute it look at the fourth + + align:start position:0% +and execute it look at the fourth + + + align:start position:0% +and execute it look at the fourth +instruction uh it's not also dependent + + align:start position:0% +instruction uh it's not also dependent + + + align:start position:0% +instruction uh it's not also dependent +on anything I can go execute it Fifth + + align:start position:0% +on anything I can go execute it Fifth + + + align:start position:0% +on anything I can go execute it Fifth +instruction is it depend on anything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fourth instru yeah it depend on Fourth + + align:start position:0% +fourth instru yeah it depend on Fourth + + + align:start position:0% +fourth instru yeah it depend on Fourth +instruction how many cycles does it take + + align:start position:0% +instruction how many cycles does it take + + + align:start position:0% +instruction how many cycles does it take +for fourth instruction to have a + + align:start position:0% +for fourth instruction to have a + + + align:start position:0% +for fourth instruction to have a +value three Cycles so you can I if I + + align:start position:0% +value three Cycles so you can I if I + + + align:start position:0% +value three Cycles so you can I if I +execute fifth instruction now what + + align:start position:0% +execute fifth instruction now what + + + align:start position:0% +execute fifth instruction now what +happens it will stall for two cycles it + + align:start position:0% +happens it will stall for two cycles it + + + align:start position:0% +happens it will stall for two cycles it +has install two cycles and the real + + align:start position:0% +has install two cycles and the real + + + align:start position:0% +has install two cycles and the real +fifth instruction happens in this cycle + + align:start position:0% +fifth instruction happens in this cycle + + + align:start position:0% +fifth instruction happens in this cycle +because the value is not in so if you go + + align:start position:0% +because the value is not in so if you go + + + align:start position:0% +because the value is not in so if you go +to six instruction uh there's no + + align:start position:0% +to six instruction uh there's no + + + align:start position:0% +to six instruction uh there's no +dependency so it can go here but seventh + + align:start position:0% +dependency so it can go here but seventh + + + align:start position:0% +dependency so it can go here but seventh +instruction depends on two instructions + + align:start position:0% +instruction depends on two instructions + + + align:start position:0% +instruction depends on two instructions +two and six two fortunately was done + + align:start position:0% +two and six two fortunately was done + + + align:start position:0% +two and six two fortunately was done +long time ago the value is available but + + align:start position:0% +long time ago the value is available but + + + align:start position:0% +long time ago the value is available but +six I am just doing it the value is not + + align:start position:0% +six I am just doing it the value is not + + + align:start position:0% +six I am just doing it the value is not +going to be available for four Cycles so + + align:start position:0% +going to be available for four Cycles so + + + align:start position:0% +going to be available for four Cycles so +I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to +stall and S here so this is what happens + + align:start position:0% +stall and S here so this is what happens + + + align:start position:0% +stall and S here so this is what happens +when you actually just just naively keep + + align:start position:0% +when you actually just just naively keep + + + align:start position:0% +when you actually just just naively keep +executing because you execute something + + align:start position:0% +executing because you execute something + + + align:start position:0% +executing because you execute something +and the value is not available things + + align:start position:0% +and the value is not available things + + + align:start position:0% +and the value is not available things +are going to stop and this is not good + + align:start position:0% +are going to stop and this is not good + + + align:start position:0% +are going to stop and this is not good +so uh this is the pipe stages you get so + + align:start position:0% +so uh this is the pipe stages you get so + + + align:start position:0% +so uh this is the pipe stages you get so +this is when le le scheduling come about + + align:start position:0% +this is when le le scheduling come about + + + align:start position:0% +this is when le le scheduling come about +so the Le scheduling is a way to go + + align:start position:0% +so the Le scheduling is a way to go + + + align:start position:0% +so the Le scheduling is a way to go +around and and actually schedule so that + + align:start position:0% +around and and actually schedule so that + + + align:start position:0% +around and and actually schedule so that +we don't get the + + align:start position:0% +we don't get the + + + align:start position:0% +we don't get the +Stalls so algorithm is simple so the + + align:start position:0% +Stalls so algorithm is simple so the + + + align:start position:0% +Stalls so algorithm is simple so the +idea is you do a topological sort of + + align:start position:0% +idea is you do a topological sort of + + + align:start position:0% +idea is you do a topological sort of +this dependence + + align:start position:0% +this dependence + + + align:start position:0% +this dependence +dag and and then you have to consider + + align:start position:0% +dag and and then you have to consider + + + align:start position:0% +dag and and then you have to consider +instructions that can be scheduled + + align:start position:0% +instructions that can be scheduled + + + align:start position:0% +instructions that can be scheduled +without a stall because you you have a + + align:start position:0% +without a stall because you you have a + + + align:start position:0% +without a stall because you you have a +bunch of schedule uh instructions that + + align:start position:0% +bunch of schedule uh instructions that + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of schedule uh instructions that +can be scheduled uh uh and if if the in + + align:start position:0% +can be scheduled uh uh and if if the in + + + align:start position:0% +can be scheduled uh uh and if if the in +if this instruction don't cause a stall + + align:start position:0% +if this instruction don't cause a stall + + + align:start position:0% +if this instruction don't cause a stall +you go and uh schedule it so so you go + + align:start position:0% +you go and uh schedule it so so you go + + + align:start position:0% +you go and uh schedule it so so you go +down the lineing here and however the + + align:start position:0% +down the lineing here and however the + + + align:start position:0% +down the lineing here and however the +optimal is NP complete problem because + + align:start position:0% +optimal is NP complete problem because + + + align:start position:0% +optimal is NP complete problem because +what that means is a lot of times you + + align:start position:0% +what that means is a lot of times you + + + align:start position:0% +what that means is a lot of times you +have choices of which instruction select + + align:start position:0% +have choices of which instruction select + + + align:start position:0% +have choices of which instruction select +if you select the wrong instruction you + + align:start position:0% +if you select the wrong instruction you + + + align:start position:0% +if you select the wrong instruction you +might not end up in the optimal schedule + + align:start position:0% +might not end up in the optimal schedule + + + align:start position:0% +might not end up in the optimal schedule +can you can get get into stall situation + + align:start position:0% +can you can get get into stall situation + + + align:start position:0% +can you can get get into stall situation +okay there might be cases that no matter + + align:start position:0% +okay there might be cases that no matter + + + align:start position:0% +okay there might be cases that no matter +what there will be some stalls but but + + align:start position:0% +what there will be some stalls but but + + + align:start position:0% +what there will be some stalls but but +how to minimize that is the + + align:start position:0% +how to minimize that is the + + + align:start position:0% +how to minimize that is the +question so here's a simple algorithm + + align:start position:0% +question so here's a simple algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +question so here's a simple algorithm +you top do a topological Thro you have a + + align:start position:0% +you top do a topological Thro you have a + + + align:start position:0% +you top do a topological Thro you have a +ready list that means all the + + align:start position:0% +ready list that means all the + + + align:start position:0% +ready list that means all the +instruction right now that doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +instruction right now that doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +instruction right now that doesn't have +any dependencies that means all the + + align:start position:0% +any dependencies that means all the + + + align:start position:0% +any dependencies that means all the +predecessors that has a dependence + + align:start position:0% +predecessors that has a dependence + + + align:start position:0% +predecessors that has a dependence +already been scheduled so I can actually + + align:start position:0% +already been scheduled so I can actually + + + align:start position:0% +already been scheduled so I can actually +run that instruction now that's in the + + align:start position:0% +run that instruction now that's in the + + + align:start position:0% +run that instruction now that's in the +ready list and the thing is you have to + + align:start position:0% +ready list and the thing is you have to + + + align:start position:0% +ready list and the thing is you have to +pick + + align:start position:0% +pick + + + align:start position:0% +pick +up uh one from the ready list put it in + + align:start position:0% +up uh one from the ready list put it in + + + align:start position:0% +up uh one from the ready list put it in +there as an next instruction and the + + align:start position:0% +there as an next instruction and the + + + align:start position:0% +there as an next instruction and the +minute I schedule something bunch of + + align:start position:0% +minute I schedule something bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +minute I schedule something bunch of +other instructions might be also + + align:start position:0% +other instructions might be also + + + align:start position:0% +other instructions might be also +schedulable because you are depending on + + align:start position:0% +schedulable because you are depending on + + + align:start position:0% +schedulable because you are depending on +that one and minute you schedule that so + + align:start position:0% +that one and minute you schedule that so + + + align:start position:0% +that one and minute you schedule that so +you put those to ready list and you + + align:start position:0% +you put those to ready list and you + + + align:start position:0% +you put those to ready list and you +iterate the question is when you have + + align:start position:0% +iterate the question is when you have + + + align:start position:0% +iterate the question is when you have +multiple things in the ready list how do + + align:start position:0% +multiple things in the ready list how do + + + align:start position:0% +multiple things in the ready list how do +you pick so + + align:start position:0% +you pick so + + + align:start position:0% +you pick so +so if you have multiple instruction on + + align:start position:0% +so if you have multiple instruction on + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have multiple instruction on +the ready list what kind of Uris stics + + align:start position:0% +the ready list what kind of Uris stics + + + align:start position:0% +the ready list what kind of Uris stics +can we use to pick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one yeah so that's the interest good one + + align:start position:0% +one yeah so that's the interest good one + + + align:start position:0% +one yeah so that's the interest good one +that says if that means you want to bias + + align:start position:0% +that says if that means you want to bias + + + align:start position:0% +that says if that means you want to bias +loads to go first because load means + + align:start position:0% +loads to go first because load means + + + align:start position:0% +loads to go first because load means +somebody's going to use it anyways you + + align:start position:0% +somebody's going to use it anyways you + + + align:start position:0% +somebody's going to use it anyways you +you might as well put it there that's a + + align:start position:0% +you might as well put it there that's a + + + align:start position:0% +you might as well put it there that's a +good one what else how long instruction + + align:start position:0% +good one what else how long instruction + + + align:start position:0% +good one what else how long instruction +has been on the ready list that's + + align:start position:0% +has been on the ready list that's + + + align:start position:0% +has been on the ready list that's +interesting one to how long because that + + align:start position:0% +interesting one to how long because that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting one to how long because that +means if they have if you put ready list + + align:start position:0% +means if they have if you put ready list + + + align:start position:0% +means if they have if you put ready list +just Edge it and then get it there + + align:start position:0% +just Edge it and then get it there + + + align:start position:0% +just Edge it and then get it there +anything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else so so here are the uh uh three + + align:start position:0% +else so so here are the uh uh three + + + align:start position:0% +else so so here are the uh uh three +things that normally being used uh pick + + align:start position:0% +things that normally being used uh pick + + + align:start position:0% +things that normally being used uh pick +instruction with the longest path to the + + align:start position:0% +instruction with the longest path to the + + + align:start position:0% +instruction with the longest path to the +leaf + + align:start position:0% +leaf + + + align:start position:0% +leaf +node go that is the one in the critical + + align:start position:0% +node go that is the one in the critical + + + align:start position:0% +node go that is the one in the critical +part that means you need that value to + + align:start position:0% +part that means you need that value to + + + align:start position:0% +part that means you need that value to +get the next value to get the next value + + align:start position:0% +get the next value to get the next value + + + align:start position:0% +get the next value to get the next value +in there and so if it if it takes the + + align:start position:0% +in there and so if it if it takes the + + + align:start position:0% +in there and so if it if it takes the +longest path to the end you better get + + align:start position:0% +longest path to the end you better get + + + align:start position:0% +longest path to the end you better get +that path done FAS so if it is if + + align:start position:0% +that path done FAS so if it is if + + + align:start position:0% +that path done FAS so if it is if +there's something in the longest path + + align:start position:0% +there's something in the longest path + + + align:start position:0% +there's something in the longest path +get that + + align:start position:0% +get that + + + align:start position:0% +get that +first uh if there are multiple things + + align:start position:0% +first uh if there are multiple things + + + align:start position:0% +first uh if there are multiple things +the same longest path get something + + align:start position:0% +the same longest path get something + + + align:start position:0% +the same longest path get something +similar to what you said but get an + + align:start position:0% +similar to what you said but get an + + + align:start position:0% +similar to what you said but get an +instruction that will get lot more has + + align:start position:0% +instruction that will get lot more has + + + align:start position:0% +instruction that will get lot more has +lot of successes that means minute you + + align:start position:0% +lot of successes that means minute you + + + align:start position:0% +lot of successes that means minute you +get that you put more things lot more + + align:start position:0% +get that you put more things lot more + + + align:start position:0% +get that you put more things lot more +things in ready list if you take + + align:start position:0% +things in ready list if you take + + + align:start position:0% +things in ready list if you take +something that doesn't add anything to + + align:start position:0% +something that doesn't add anything to + + + align:start position:0% +something that doesn't add anything to +ready list you are reducing your + + align:start position:0% +ready list you are reducing your + + + align:start position:0% +ready list you are reducing your +schedule ability get things that + + align:start position:0% +schedule ability get things that + + + align:start position:0% +schedule ability get things that +actually being used multiple times + + align:start position:0% +actually being used multiple times + + + align:start position:0% +actually being used multiple times +because you want to get those things + + align:start position:0% +because you want to get those things + + + align:start position:0% +because you want to get those things +fast get more instruction + + align:start position:0% +fast get more instruction + + + align:start position:0% +fast get more instruction +executed other thing a little bit + + align:start position:0% +executed other thing a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +executed other thing a little bit +similar to is if there are multiple + + align:start position:0% +similar to is if there are multiple + + + align:start position:0% +similar to is if there are multiple +pipelines choose something that can + + align:start position:0% +pipelines choose something that can + + + align:start position:0% +pipelines choose something that can +shove into less busy pipeline so get + + align:start position:0% +shove into less busy pipeline so get + + + align:start position:0% +shove into less busy pipeline so get +those things pipelines filled up fast so + + align:start position:0% +those things pipelines filled up fast so + + + align:start position:0% +those things pipelines filled up fast so +this is in a super Scala type thing so + + align:start position:0% +this is in a super Scala type thing so + + + align:start position:0% +this is in a super Scala type thing so +so to to do these things the first thing + + align:start position:0% +so to to do these things the first thing + + + align:start position:0% +so to to do these things the first thing +is to pick a longest part to the leaf + + align:start position:0% +is to pick a longest part to the leaf + + + align:start position:0% +is to pick a longest part to the leaf +okay going doing that so you can do a + + align:start position:0% +okay going doing that so you can do a + + + align:start position:0% +okay going doing that so you can do a +simple algorithm to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +simple algorithm to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +simple algorithm to calculate the +longest path of the leaf uh the other + + align:start position:0% +longest path of the leaf uh the other + + + align:start position:0% +longest path of the leaf uh the other +thing calculation is the number of su + + align:start position:0% +thing calculation is the number of su + + + align:start position:0% +thing calculation is the number of su +ESS so for each node we'll calculate the + + align:start position:0% +ESS so for each node we'll calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +ESS so for each node we'll calculate the +longest part the Le the number of + + align:start position:0% +longest part the Le the number of + + + align:start position:0% +longest part the Le the number of +successes so here's a a small program I + + align:start position:0% +successes so here's a a small program I + + + align:start position:0% +successes so here's a a small program I +would just do this by example uh that + + align:start position:0% +would just do this by example uh that + + + align:start position:0% +would just do this by example uh that +basically previous program I actually + + align:start position:0% +basically previous program I actually + + + align:start position:0% +basically previous program I actually +added two instructions in here just to + + align:start position:0% +added two instructions in here just to + + + align:start position:0% +added two instructions in here just to +finish up and so here's the dependence + + align:start position:0% +finish up and so here's the dependence + + + align:start position:0% +finish up and so here's the dependence +CL dag so so in here here's a dag for + + align:start position:0% +CL dag so so in here here's a dag for + + + align:start position:0% +CL dag so so in here here's a dag for +this one so uh there are some large + + align:start position:0% +this one so uh there are some large + + + align:start position:0% +this one so uh there are some large +clump of instructions that are actually + + align:start position:0% +clump of instructions that are actually + + + align:start position:0% +clump of instructions that are actually +together in here and there's another two + + align:start position:0% +together in here and there's another two + + + align:start position:0% +together in here and there's another two +small Clump and this gu just is not + + align:start position:0% +small Clump and this gu just is not + + + align:start position:0% +small Clump and this gu just is not +dependent on + + align:start position:0% +dependent on + + + align:start position:0% +dependent on +anything so the first thing you want to + + align:start position:0% +anything so the first thing you want to + + + align:start position:0% +anything so the first thing you want to +do is uh to calculate the depth so so + + align:start position:0% +do is uh to calculate the depth so so + + + align:start position:0% +do is uh to calculate the depth so so +the things that are uh uh uh there's + + align:start position:0% +the things that are uh uh uh there's + + + align:start position:0% +the things that are uh uh uh there's +nothing dependent on this the depth is + + align:start position:0% +nothing dependent on this the depth is + + + align:start position:0% +nothing dependent on this the depth is +zero because if I mean if to execute it + + align:start position:0% +zero because if I mean if to execute it + + + align:start position:0% +zero because if I mean if to execute it +that path is done okay and then uh uh + + align:start position:0% +that path is done okay and then uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +that path is done okay and then uh uh +uh what are the other places what's the + + align:start position:0% +uh what are the other places what's the + + + align:start position:0% +uh what are the other places what's the +depth what's the depth of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one three + + align:start position:0% +one three + + + align:start position:0% +one three +okay I think I have that one + + align:start position:0% +okay I think I have that one + + + align:start position:0% +okay I think I have that one +next what's the next stth you can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +calculate three okay I think we got that + + align:start position:0% +calculate three okay I think we got that + + + align:start position:0% +calculate three okay I think we got that +okay and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what four and yeah okay now we've got + + align:start position:0% +what four and yeah okay now we've got + + + align:start position:0% +what four and yeah okay now we've got +the thing this has seven this has four + + align:start position:0% +the thing this has seven this has four + + + align:start position:0% +the thing this has seven this has four +this say five okay simple just calculate + + align:start position:0% +this say five okay simple just calculate + + + align:start position:0% +this say five okay simple just calculate +it up you can do that all the + + align:start position:0% +it up you can do that all the + + + align:start position:0% +it up you can do that all the +information available uh and then you + + align:start position:0% +information available uh and then you + + + align:start position:0% +information available uh and then you +get the fan out so most of the things in + + align:start position:0% +get the fan out so most of the things in + + + align:start position:0% +get the fan out so most of the things in +the fan out Z one you get the fan out in + + align:start position:0% +the fan out Z one you get the fan out in + + + align:start position:0% +the fan out Z one you get the fan out in +here and then you get to the fun part so + + align:start position:0% +here and then you get to the fun part so + + + align:start position:0% +here and then you get to the fun part so +now what you have is what's in the ready + + align:start position:0% +now what you have is what's in the ready + + + align:start position:0% +now what you have is what's in the ready +list what things are ready to execute + + align:start position:0% +list what things are ready to execute + + + align:start position:0% +list what things are ready to execute +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now yep you get 13 46 and if you order + + align:start position:0% +now yep you get 13 46 and if you order + + + align:start position:0% +now yep you get 13 46 and if you order +in this my order 6 comes 6143 so 6 has + + align:start position:0% +in this my order 6 comes 6143 so 6 has + + + align:start position:0% +in this my order 6 comes 6143 so 6 has +the highest depth one has the next uh uh + + align:start position:0% +the highest depth one has the next uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +the highest depth one has the next uh uh +uh uh four and four has the next depth + + align:start position:0% +uh uh four and four has the next depth + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh four and four has the next depth +and three has the last so I got that + + align:start position:0% +and three has the last so I got that + + + align:start position:0% +and three has the last so I got that +order so what I do is I get the six uh + + align:start position:0% +order so what I do is I get the six uh + + + align:start position:0% +order so what I do is I get the six uh +schedule six first no problem in there + + align:start position:0% +schedule six first no problem in there + + + align:start position:0% +schedule six first no problem in there +then I have 143 I get one I can schedule + + align:start position:0% +then I have 143 I get one I can schedule + + + align:start position:0% +then I have 143 I get one I can schedule +one no problem + + align:start position:0% +one no problem + + + align:start position:0% +one no problem +there and and and then minute you + + align:start position:0% +there and and and then minute you + + + align:start position:0% +there and and and then minute you +execute schedule one two becomes + + align:start position:0% +execute schedule one two becomes + + + align:start position:0% +execute schedule one two becomes +available okay because uh uh uh now the + + align:start position:0% +available okay because uh uh uh now the + + + align:start position:0% +available okay because uh uh uh now the +dependence so I can put two into the + + align:start position:0% +dependence so I can put two into the + + + align:start position:0% +dependence so I can put two into the +ready list and two goes to top top of + + align:start position:0% +ready list and two goes to top top of + + + align:start position:0% +ready list and two goes to top top of +this so now what I try to do is okay + + align:start position:0% +this so now what I try to do is okay + + + align:start position:0% +this so now what I try to do is okay +okay uh trying to schedule two and need + + align:start position:0% +okay uh trying to schedule two and need + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh trying to schedule two and need +try to schedule two I look at my + + align:start position:0% +try to schedule two I look at my + + + align:start position:0% +try to schedule two I look at my +dependencies because one two is + + align:start position:0% +dependencies because one two is + + + align:start position:0% +dependencies because one two is +dependent from + + align:start position:0% +dependent from + + + align:start position:0% +dependent from +one but since the distance is one I can + + align:start position:0% +one but since the distance is one I can + + + align:start position:0% +one but since the distance is one I can +go and schedule that because there's no + + align:start position:0% +go and schedule that because there's no + + + align:start position:0% +go and schedule that because there's no +problem it can go and then minute I do + + align:start position:0% +problem it can go and then minute I do + + + align:start position:0% +problem it can go and then minute I do +two and six I actually put seven into + + align:start position:0% +two and six I actually put seven into + + + align:start position:0% +two and six I actually put seven into +the radi list seven goes on the top so + + align:start position:0% +the radi list seven goes on the top so + + + align:start position:0% +the radi list seven goes on the top so +if now I can do is try to schedule seven + + align:start position:0% +if now I can do is try to schedule seven + + + align:start position:0% +if now I can do is try to schedule seven +there and look at seven what are the + + align:start position:0% +there and look at seven what are the + + + align:start position:0% +there and look at seven what are the +dependences to the seven from where and + + align:start position:0% +dependences to the seven from where and + + + align:start position:0% +dependences to the seven from where and +where + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seven depend on from two and six so from + + align:start position:0% +seven depend on from two and six so from + + + align:start position:0% +seven depend on from two and six so from +two and six I have dependence two the + + align:start position:0% +two and six I have dependence two the + + + align:start position:0% +two and six I have dependence two the +dependence one I am done but six I have + + align:start position:0% +dependence one I am done but six I have + + + align:start position:0% +dependence one I am done but six I have +I have to wait four Cycles but I have + + align:start position:0% +I have to wait four Cycles but I have + + + align:start position:0% +I have to wait four Cycles but I have +only done three so now I can't schedule + + align:start position:0% +only done three so now I can't schedule + + + align:start position:0% +only done three so now I can't schedule +it there because if I schedule it I am + + align:start position:0% +it there because if I schedule it I am + + + align:start position:0% +it there because if I schedule it I am +going to stall I had to put to stall so + + align:start position:0% +going to stall I had to put to stall so + + + align:start position:0% +going to stall I had to put to stall so +so because of that I had to give up on + + align:start position:0% +so because of that I had to give up on + + + align:start position:0% +so because of that I had to give up on +seven I look at four and I have no + + align:start position:0% +seven I look at four and I have no + + + align:start position:0% +seven I look at four and I have no +problem I can do four now and the minute + + align:start position:0% +problem I can do four now and the minute + + + align:start position:0% +problem I can do four now and the minute +I do four I add five into the + + align:start position:0% +I do four I add five into the + + + align:start position:0% +I do four I add five into the +list and then now I can pick up seven + + align:start position:0% +list and then now I can pick up seven + + + align:start position:0% +list and then now I can pick up seven +can I do seven + + align:start position:0% +can I do seven + + + align:start position:0% +can I do seven +now yeah I can do seven now I put seven + + align:start position:0% +now yeah I can do seven now I put seven + + + align:start position:0% +now yeah I can do seven now I put seven +in there and then a minut I do seven I + + align:start position:0% +in there and then a minut I do seven I + + + align:start position:0% +in there and then a minut I do seven I +get eight and nine into the list so can + + align:start position:0% +get eight and nine into the list so can + + + align:start position:0% +get eight and nine into the list so can +I do three now yeah no problem in here + + align:start position:0% +I do three now yeah no problem in here + + + align:start position:0% +I do three now yeah no problem in here +and then I get uh uh five I can do five + + align:start position:0% +and then I get uh uh five I can do five + + + align:start position:0% +and then I get uh uh five I can do five +there's no problem uh let me see they + + align:start position:0% +there's no problem uh let me see they + + + align:start position:0% +there's no problem uh let me see they +can do five yeah from four to I have + + align:start position:0% +can do five yeah from four to I have + + + align:start position:0% +can do five yeah from four to I have +three I have already done three I can do + + align:start position:0% +three I have already done three I can do + + + align:start position:0% +three I have already done three I can do +five uh I pick up eight can I do eight + + align:start position:0% +five uh I pick up eight can I do eight + + + align:start position:0% +five uh I pick up eight can I do eight +yeah I can do eight can I do nine I look + + align:start position:0% +yeah I can do eight can I do nine I look + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I can do eight can I do nine I look +at one I can do nine so at this point + + align:start position:0% +at one I can do nine so at this point + + + align:start position:0% +at one I can do nine so at this point +I got my schedule in here and in + + align:start position:0% +I got my schedule in here and in + + + align:start position:0% +I got my schedule in here and in +basically to schedule that it took nine + + align:start position:0% +basically to schedule that it took nine + + + align:start position:0% +basically to schedule that it took nine +Cycles compared to if I just do a KN run + + align:start position:0% +Cycles compared to if I just do a KN run + + + align:start position:0% +Cycles compared to if I just do a KN run +in the schedule Lo of 14 cycle because I + + align:start position:0% +in the schedule Lo of 14 cycle because I + + + align:start position:0% +in the schedule Lo of 14 cycle because I +had a bunch of stall slots in here uh + + align:start position:0% +had a bunch of stall slots in here uh + + + align:start position:0% +had a bunch of stall slots in here uh +fire stall you avoided five five cycles + + align:start position:0% +fire stall you avoided five five cycles + + + align:start position:0% +fire stall you avoided five five cycles +of stalling by doing that so this is a + + align:start position:0% +of stalling by doing that so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +of stalling by doing that so this is a +very simple way you just did some + + align:start position:0% +very simple way you just did some + + + align:start position:0% +very simple way you just did some +reordering of instructions uh uh but by + + align:start position:0% +reordering of instructions uh uh but by + + + align:start position:0% +reordering of instructions uh uh but by +doing that we actually make sure that we + + align:start position:0% +doing that we actually make sure that we + + + align:start position:0% +doing that we actually make sure that we +have a very tight + + align:start position:0% +have a very tight + + + align:start position:0% +have a very tight +schedule this is the very simp simple + + align:start position:0% +schedule this is the very simp simple + + + align:start position:0% +schedule this is the very simp simple +basic way I mean the key thing is there + + align:start position:0% +basic way I mean the key thing is there + + + align:start position:0% +basic way I mean the key thing is there +are lot of htics you can do you came up + + align:start position:0% +are lot of htics you can do you came up + + + align:start position:0% +are lot of htics you can do you came up +with a good htic there are lot of these + + align:start position:0% +with a good htic there are lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +with a good htic there are lot of these +things it's there's no set saying this + + align:start position:0% +things it's there's no set saying this + + + align:start position:0% +things it's there's no set saying this +not provably correct because this NP + + align:start position:0% +not provably correct because this NP + + + align:start position:0% +not provably correct because this NP +complete problem so so as you look at + + align:start position:0% +complete problem so so as you look at + + + align:start position:0% +complete problem so so as you look at +people have developed heuristics over + + align:start position:0% +people have developed heuristics over + + + align:start position:0% +people have developed heuristics over +time and this is a good set of + + align:start position:0% +time and this is a good set of + + + align:start position:0% +time and this is a good set of +humanistics okay any questions so far + + align:start position:0% +humanistics okay any questions so far + + + align:start position:0% +humanistics okay any questions so far +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +the would cause a stop I have no at that + + align:start position:0% +the would cause a stop I have no at that + + + align:start position:0% +the would cause a stop I have no at that +point I I have you just have to figure + + align:start position:0% +point I I have you just have to figure + + + align:start position:0% +point I I have you just have to figure +out the slow easiest stall or the + + align:start position:0% +out the slow easiest stall or the + + + align:start position:0% +out the slow easiest stall or the +minimal stall and do it I mean that's + + align:start position:0% +minimal stall and do it I mean that's + + + align:start position:0% +minimal stall and do it I mean that's +you will have situation that then + + align:start position:0% +you will have situation that then + + + align:start position:0% +you will have situation that then +especially they don't have that many + + align:start position:0% +especially they don't have that many + + + align:start position:0% +especially they don't have that many +things in the release it's going to + + align:start position:0% +things in the release it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +things in the release it's going to +stall but this is where it might be + + align:start position:0% +stall but this is where it might be + + + align:start position:0% +stall but this is where it might be +nonoptimal there might be optimal + + align:start position:0% +nonoptimal there might be optimal + + + align:start position:0% +nonoptimal there might be optimal +schedule if you do something differently + + align:start position:0% +schedule if you do something differently + + + align:start position:0% +schedule if you do something differently +with Global Knowledge that you can do + + align:start position:0% +with Global Knowledge that you can do + + + align:start position:0% +with Global Knowledge that you can do +without stall but since we are doing + + align:start position:0% +without stall but since we are doing + + + align:start position:0% +without stall but since we are doing +this very local algorithm you can run + + align:start position:0% +this very local algorithm you can run + + + align:start position:0% +this very local algorithm you can run +into SC stools yeah it doesn't guarantee + + align:start position:0% +into SC stools yeah it doesn't guarantee + + + align:start position:0% +into SC stools yeah it doesn't guarantee +eliminating + + align:start position:0% +eliminating + + + align:start position:0% +eliminating +stalls so the next thing is modern + + align:start position:0% +stalls so the next thing is modern + + + align:start position:0% +stalls so the next thing is modern +architectures a lot more complicated it + + align:start position:0% +architectures a lot more complicated it + + + align:start position:0% +architectures a lot more complicated it +has lot more resource resources it's not + + align:start position:0% +has lot more resource resources it's not + + + align:start position:0% +has lot more resource resources it's not +just one thing at a pipeline so you can + + align:start position:0% +just one thing at a pipeline so you can + + + align:start position:0% +just one thing at a pipeline so you can +run parallel operations but with some + + align:start position:0% +run parallel operations but with some + + + align:start position:0% +run parallel operations but with some +constraints and so if you have parallel + + align:start position:0% +constraints and so if you have parallel + + + align:start position:0% +constraints and so if you have parallel +operations you actually want to take + + align:start position:0% +operations you actually want to take + + + align:start position:0% +operations you actually want to take +advantage of that too so here's a very + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that too so here's a very + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that too so here's a very +simple example so assume I have two + + align:start position:0% +simple example so assume I have two + + + align:start position:0% +simple example so assume I have two +different execution units one I do only + + align:start position:0% +different execution units one I do only + + + align:start position:0% +different execution units one I do only +register to register operations so no + + align:start position:0% +register to register operations so no + + + align:start position:0% +register to register operations so no +memory operation involved and I can get + + align:start position:0% +memory operation involved and I can get + + + align:start position:0% +memory operation involved and I can get +everything done in one cycle and other + + align:start position:0% +everything done in one cycle and other + + + align:start position:0% +everything done in one cycle and other +one if I'm to register to memory + + align:start position:0% +one if I'm to register to memory + + + align:start position:0% +one if I'm to register to memory +operation memory to register register to + + align:start position:0% +operation memory to register register to + + + align:start position:0% +operation memory to register register to +memory so I'm reading from register + + align:start position:0% +memory so I'm reading from register + + + align:start position:0% +memory so I'm reading from register +putting it to memory Versa and assume if + + align:start position:0% +putting it to memory Versa and assume if + + + align:start position:0% +putting it to memory Versa and assume if +I'm loading it takes two cycles and I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm loading it takes two cycles and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm loading it takes two cycles and I'm +start storing it takes one cycle so so + + align:start position:0% +start storing it takes one cycle so so + + + align:start position:0% +start storing it takes one cycle so so +so if you had you to look at this very + + align:start position:0% +so if you had you to look at this very + + + align:start position:0% +so if you had you to look at this very +thick book of architecture in each + + align:start position:0% +thick book of architecture in each + + + align:start position:0% +thick book of architecture in each +architecture to figure out all these + + align:start position:0% +architecture to figure out all these + + + align:start position:0% +architecture to figure out all these +numbers I mean what how many cycles + + align:start position:0% +numbers I mean what how many cycles + + + align:start position:0% +numbers I mean what how many cycles +things take so in here uh so each + + align:start position:0% +things take so in here uh so each + + + align:start position:0% +things take so in here uh so each +pipeline uh you can represent the + + align:start position:0% +pipeline uh you can represent the + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline uh you can represent the +supercal with multiple pipelines before + + align:start position:0% +supercal with multiple pipelines before + + + align:start position:0% +supercal with multiple pipelines before +I only one pipeline each Pipeline with + + align:start position:0% +I only one pipeline each Pipeline with + + + align:start position:0% +I only one pipeline each Pipeline with +some some set of resources and so for + + align:start position:0% +some some set of resources and so for + + + align:start position:0% +some some set of resources and so for +example here what I do is the first ALU + + align:start position:0% +example here what I do is the first ALU + + + align:start position:0% +example here what I do is the first ALU +pipeline register to register I put this + + align:start position:0% +pipeline register to register I put this + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline register to register I put this +ALU and register to memory I put this + + align:start position:0% +ALU and register to memory I put this + + + align:start position:0% +ALU and register to memory I put this +two because it it can have two cycles so + + align:start position:0% +two because it it can have two cycles so + + + align:start position:0% +two because it it can have two cycles so +I put this two different uh pipelines in + + align:start position:0% +I put this two different uh pipelines in + + + align:start position:0% +I put this two different uh pipelines in +there okay and then what happens is now + + align:start position:0% +there okay and then what happens is now + + + align:start position:0% +there okay and then what happens is now +I modify my this algorithm a little bit + + align:start position:0% +I modify my this algorithm a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +I modify my this algorithm a little bit +to say now when I'm scheduling it it's + + align:start position:0% +to say now when I'm scheduling it it's + + + align:start position:0% +to say now when I'm scheduling it it's +not just going to the pipeline I to + + align:start position:0% +not just going to the pipeline I to + + + align:start position:0% +not just going to the pipeline I to +figure out the right Pipeline and figure + + align:start position:0% +figure out the right Pipeline and figure + + + align:start position:0% +figure out the right Pipeline and figure +out all the Precedence constraints in + + align:start position:0% +out all the Precedence constraints in + + + align:start position:0% +out all the Precedence constraints in +there because all the dependence + + align:start position:0% +there because all the dependence + + + align:start position:0% +there because all the dependence +maintain and plop it in the pipe right + + align:start position:0% +maintain and plop it in the pipe right + + + align:start position:0% +maintain and plop it in the pipe right +place in the + + align:start position:0% +place in the + + + align:start position:0% +place in the +pipeline + + align:start position:0% +pipeline + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline +okay so here's the same program + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's the same program + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's the same program +again now I change my uh dependences a + + align:start position:0% +again now I change my uh dependences a + + + align:start position:0% +again now I change my uh dependences a +little bit because uh to make the life + + align:start position:0% +little bit because uh to make the life + + + align:start position:0% +little bit because uh to make the life +easier for every one of us so now I have + + align:start position:0% +easier for every one of us so now I have + + + align:start position:0% +easier for every one of us so now I have +my uh uh uh D numbers uh uh uh distance + + align:start position:0% +my uh uh uh D numbers uh uh uh distance + + + align:start position:0% +my uh uh uh D numbers uh uh uh distance +from the bottom and fan out numbers and + + align:start position:0% +from the bottom and fan out numbers and + + + align:start position:0% +from the bottom and fan out numbers and +I have my ready list in here and so what + + align:start position:0% +I have my ready list in here and so what + + + align:start position:0% +I have my ready list in here and so what +happens is now I pick up the first + + align:start position:0% +happens is now I pick up the first + + + align:start position:0% +happens is now I pick up the first +instruction it's a arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +instruction it's a arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +instruction it's a arithmetic +instruction it's going to the a pipeline + + align:start position:0% +instruction it's going to the a pipeline + + + align:start position:0% +instruction it's going to the a pipeline +put it in there no problem and the + + align:start position:0% +put it in there no problem and the + + + align:start position:0% +put it in there no problem and the +minute I do that I can add two into the + + align:start position:0% +minute I do that I can add two into the + + + align:start position:0% +minute I do that I can add two into the +list I put two in the first because it + + align:start position:0% +list I put two in the first because it + + + align:start position:0% +list I put two in the first because it +has the highest distance in there now + + align:start position:0% +has the highest distance in there now + + + align:start position:0% +has the highest distance in there now +when I pick up two what type of + + align:start position:0% +when I pick up two what type of + + + align:start position:0% +when I pick up two what type of +instruction is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that it's a Memory operation so it has + + align:start position:0% +that it's a Memory operation so it has + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a Memory operation so it has +it's actually memory read so I have it + + align:start position:0% +it's actually memory read so I have it + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually memory read so I have it +has to go into this pipeline memory + + align:start position:0% +has to go into this pipeline memory + + + align:start position:0% +has to go into this pipeline memory +pipeline where can you put that I I'll + + align:start position:0% +pipeline where can you put that I I'll + + + align:start position:0% +pipeline where can you put that I I'll +do this one I'll ask this so the first + + align:start position:0% +do this one I'll ask this so the first + + + align:start position:0% +do this one I'll ask this so the first +thing is it also dependent on one so + + align:start position:0% +thing is it also dependent on one so + + + align:start position:0% +thing is it also dependent on one so +because of that only two can go only on + + align:start position:0% +because of that only two can go only on + + + align:start position:0% +because of that only two can go only on +these two because the first instruction + + align:start position:0% +these two because the first instruction + + + align:start position:0% +these two because the first instruction +has to be done before two is done two is + + align:start position:0% +has to be done before two is done two is + + + align:start position:0% +has to be done before two is done two is +started since it's two cycles it goes + + align:start position:0% +started since it's two cycles it goes + + + align:start position:0% +started since it's two cycles it goes +from in there so that the value is + + align:start position:0% +from in there so that the value is + + + align:start position:0% +from in there so that the value is +available in here okay and then you take + + align:start position:0% +available in here okay and then you take + + + align:start position:0% +available in here okay and then you take +the third instruction which is no sorry + + align:start position:0% +the third instruction which is no sorry + + + align:start position:0% +the third instruction which is no sorry +sixth instruction uh which is what which + + align:start position:0% +sixth instruction uh which is what which + + + align:start position:0% +sixth instruction uh which is what which +is arithmetic C where can I put it there + + align:start position:0% +is arithmetic C where can I put it there + + + align:start position:0% +is arithmetic C where can I put it there +is there dependenc in there where can I + + align:start position:0% +is there dependenc in there where can I + + + align:start position:0% +is there dependenc in there where can I +put + + align:start position:0% +put + + + align:start position:0% +put +it so here you can put it in here so you + + align:start position:0% +it so here you can put it in here so you + + + align:start position:0% +it so here you can put it in here so you +put it in here okay and then that makes + + align:start position:0% +put it in here okay and then that makes + + + align:start position:0% +put it in here okay and then that makes +you put seven into this thing and you + + align:start position:0% +you put seven into this thing and you + + + align:start position:0% +you put seven into this thing and you +when you pick up a four + + align:start position:0% +when you pick up a four + + + align:start position:0% +when you pick up a four +uh four is also low depure where can you + + align:start position:0% +uh four is also low depure where can you + + + align:start position:0% +uh four is also low depure where can you +put + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four + + align:start position:0% +four + + + align:start position:0% +four +here why not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here because I have no dependence in + + align:start position:0% +here because I have no dependence in + + + align:start position:0% +here because I have no dependence in +there I have some available slot put it + + align:start position:0% +there I have some available slot put it + + + align:start position:0% +there I have some available slot put it +in there so I can put it in that one + + align:start position:0% +in there so I can put it in that one + + + align:start position:0% +in there so I can put it in that one +that's need so now I have done + + align:start position:0% +that's need so now I have done + + + align:start position:0% +that's need so now I have done +reordering in here because I I realize I + + align:start position:0% +reordering in here because I I realize I + + + align:start position:0% +reordering in here because I I realize I +have this early slot without dependence + + align:start position:0% +have this early slot without dependence + + + align:start position:0% +have this early slot without dependence +just plug it in here and what that means + + align:start position:0% +just plug it in here and what that means + + + align:start position:0% +just plug it in here and what that means +is I make five available in pipeline + + align:start position:0% +is I make five available in pipeline + + + align:start position:0% +is I make five available in pipeline +pick up seven seven depends on seven is + + align:start position:0% +pick up seven seven depends on seven is + + + align:start position:0% +pick up seven seven depends on seven is +integer operation depend on six and two + + align:start position:0% +integer operation depend on six and two + + + align:start position:0% +integer operation depend on six and two +and you have to put it in here because + + align:start position:0% +and you have to put it in here because + + + align:start position:0% +and you have to put it in here because +the two has to be done before you can + + align:start position:0% +the two has to be done before you can + + + align:start position:0% +the two has to be done before you can +put it there and then that makes eight + + align:start position:0% +put it there and then that makes eight + + + align:start position:0% +put it there and then that makes eight +and nine go in and the next one is three + + align:start position:0% +and nine go in and the next one is three + + + align:start position:0% +and nine go in and the next one is three +three is arithmetic operation I can put + + align:start position:0% +three is arithmetic operation I can put + + + align:start position:0% +three is arithmetic operation I can put +it in here because there's no dependence + + align:start position:0% +it in here because there's no dependence + + + align:start position:0% +it in here because there's no dependence +in here + + align:start position:0% +in here + + + align:start position:0% +in here +and five depends on four so five is a + + align:start position:0% +and five depends on four so five is a + + + align:start position:0% +and five depends on four so five is a +store operation it goes here eight + + align:start position:0% +store operation it goes here eight + + + align:start position:0% +store operation it goes here eight +depends on seven so it goes here and 9 + + align:start position:0% +depends on seven so it goes here and 9 + + + align:start position:0% +depends on seven so it goes here and 9 +depend on seven but it's a Memory + + align:start position:0% +depend on seven but it's a Memory + + + align:start position:0% +depend on seven but it's a Memory +operation now we so it goes parall with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eight so do you see that how this works + + align:start position:0% +eight so do you see that how this works + + + align:start position:0% +eight so do you see that how this works +so we have this all the things got + + align:start position:0% +so we have this all the things got + + + align:start position:0% +so we have this all the things got +packed pretty nicely so this is my final + + align:start position:0% +packed pretty nicely so this is my final + + + align:start position:0% +packed pretty nicely so this is my final +schedu in for this one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's interesting uh in some sense you + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting uh in some sense you + + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting uh in some sense you +probably want to + + align:start position:0% +probably want to + + + align:start position:0% +probably want to +do uh 4 6 + + align:start position:0% +do uh 4 6 + + + align:start position:0% +do uh 4 6 +2 3 + + align:start position:0% +2 3 + + + align:start position:0% +2 3 +5 7 8 + + align:start position:0% +5 7 8 + + + align:start position:0% +5 7 8 +9 because for example in super scale + + align:start position:0% +9 because for example in super scale + + + align:start position:0% +9 because for example in super scale +super + + align:start position:0% +super + + + align:start position:0% +super +Scala the architecture will figure out + + align:start position:0% +Scala the architecture will figure out + + + align:start position:0% +Scala the architecture will figure out +and then if the parallelism do on the + + align:start position:0% +and then if the parallelism do on the + + + align:start position:0% +and then if the parallelism do on the +other hand if you have something like a + + align:start position:0% +other hand if you have something like a + + + align:start position:0% +other hand if you have something like a +VW you have to probably explicitly say + + align:start position:0% +VW you have to probably explicitly say + + + align:start position:0% +VW you have to probably explicitly say +that because VW doesn't automatically + + align:start position:0% +that because VW doesn't automatically + + + align:start position:0% +that because VW doesn't automatically +try architecture doesn't do that you + + align:start position:0% +try architecture doesn't do that you + + + align:start position:0% +try architecture doesn't do that you +have to explicitly say for the uh + + align:start position:0% +have to explicitly say for the uh + + + align:start position:0% +have to explicitly say for the uh +execution unit Al unit here are the + + align:start position:0% +execution unit Al unit here are the + + + align:start position:0% +execution unit Al unit here are the +instruction and memory here are the + + align:start position:0% +instruction and memory here are the + + + align:start position:0% +instruction and memory here are the +instructions parallel bundle so for + + align:start position:0% +instructions parallel bundle so for + + + align:start position:0% +instructions parallel bundle so for +example if you look at itanium machine + + align:start position:0% +example if you look at itanium machine + + + align:start position:0% +example if you look at itanium machine +you have bundles of instruction so this + + align:start position:0% +you have bundles of instruction so this + + + align:start position:0% +you have bundles of instruction so this +is my first bundle 1 and four my second + + align:start position:0% +is my first bundle 1 and four my second + + + align:start position:0% +is my first bundle 1 and four my second +bundle is 6 and two my third bundle is 3 + + align:start position:0% +bundle is 6 and two my third bundle is 3 + + + align:start position:0% +bundle is 6 and two my third bundle is 3 +and five my fourth bundle is only seven + + align:start position:0% +and five my fourth bundle is only seven + + + align:start position:0% +and five my fourth bundle is only seven +there's no op in here because there's + + align:start position:0% +there's no op in here because there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's no op in here because there's +nothing to put in that bundle and my + + align:start position:0% +nothing to put in that bundle and my + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to put in that bundle and my +fifth bundle is 8 and N so you actually + + align:start position:0% +fifth bundle is 8 and N so you actually + + + align:start position:0% +fifth bundle is 8 and N so you actually +give explicit bundles in there say in + + align:start position:0% +give explicit bundles in there say in + + + align:start position:0% +give explicit bundles in there say in +the first one go to the first unit and + + align:start position:0% +the first one go to the first unit and + + + align:start position:0% +the first one go to the first unit and +the second memory op go the other unit + + align:start position:0% +the second memory op go the other unit + + + align:start position:0% +the second memory op go the other unit +so if you have the architecture + + align:start position:0% +so if you have the architecture + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have the architecture +something like that you have to actually + + align:start position:0% +something like that you have to actually + + + align:start position:0% +something like that you have to actually +do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +so let's see how far you can push this + + align:start position:0% +so let's see how far you can push this + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see how far you can push this +one scheduling across basic blocks so + + align:start position:0% +one scheduling across basic blocks so + + + align:start position:0% +one scheduling across basic blocks so +what we did was we scheduled each basic + + align:start position:0% +what we did was we scheduled each basic + + + align:start position:0% +what we did was we scheduled each basic +block at a time but it would be fun + + align:start position:0% +block at a time but it would be fun + + + align:start position:0% +block at a time but it would be fun +because the basic block can be small and + + align:start position:0% +because the basic block can be small and + + + align:start position:0% +because the basic block can be small and +that means you don't get that much + + align:start position:0% +that means you don't get that much + + + align:start position:0% +that means you don't get that much +Freedom that many instructions to + + align:start position:0% +Freedom that many instructions to + + + align:start position:0% +Freedom that many instructions to +schedule you don't have a large of ready + + align:start position:0% +schedule you don't have a large of ready + + + align:start position:0% +schedule you don't have a large of ready +list you can still have stalls so if you + + align:start position:0% +list you can still have stalls so if you + + + align:start position:0% +list you can still have stalls so if you +want to get better quality want to + + align:start position:0% +want to get better quality want to + + + align:start position:0% +want to get better quality want to +actually go across basic + + align:start position:0% +actually go across basic + + + align:start position:0% +actually go across basic +blocks so uh yeah number of basic blocks + + align:start position:0% +blocks so uh yeah number of basic blocks + + + align:start position:0% +blocks so uh yeah number of basic blocks +instructions the basic blocks are small + + align:start position:0% +instructions the basic blocks are small + + + align:start position:0% +instructions the basic blocks are small +uh the key thing about going across + + align:start position:0% +uh the key thing about going across + + + align:start position:0% +uh the key thing about going across +basic blocks is there are controls + + align:start position:0% +basic blocks is there are controls + + + align:start position:0% +basic blocks is there are controls +branches so how do you have to actually + + align:start position:0% +branches so how do you have to actually + + + align:start position:0% +branches so how do you have to actually +schedule ACR control branches handle + + align:start position:0% +schedule ACR control branches handle + + + align:start position:0% +schedule ACR control branches handle +control branches + + align:start position:0% +control branches + + + align:start position:0% +control branches +properly so what does it mean so + + align:start position:0% +properly so what does it mean so + + + align:start position:0% +properly so what does it mean so +assume uh if you want to move + + align:start position:0% +assume uh if you want to move + + + align:start position:0% +assume uh if you want to move +instruction from above to + + align:start position:0% +instruction from above to + + + align:start position:0% +instruction from above to +below okay so I have a instruction from + + align:start position:0% +below okay so I have a instruction from + + + align:start position:0% +below okay so I have a instruction from +a that I want to move to I had to move + + align:start position:0% +a that I want to move to I had to move + + + align:start position:0% +a that I want to move to I had to move +to both B and C but can I move to B and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C can you move to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C no problem because if you if control + + align:start position:0% +C no problem because if you if control + + + align:start position:0% +C no problem because if you if control +goes through a it will go through C can + + align:start position:0% +goes through a it will go through C can + + + align:start position:0% +goes through a it will go through C can +I move to B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not really because there's a path that + + align:start position:0% +not really because there's a path that + + + align:start position:0% +not really because there's a path that +can reach B without executing a so if I + + align:start position:0% +can reach B without executing a so if I + + + align:start position:0% +can reach B without executing a so if I +get a instruction from a and move it to + + align:start position:0% +get a instruction from a and move it to + + + align:start position:0% +get a instruction from a and move it to +B I might actually come from somewhere + + align:start position:0% +B I might actually come from somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +B I might actually come from somewhere +else and and and and and execute extra + + align:start position:0% +else and and and and and execute extra + + + align:start position:0% +else and and and and and execute extra +instruction there and that's not doable + + align:start position:0% +instruction there and that's not doable + + + align:start position:0% +instruction there and that's not doable +so you have to make sure that if I move + + align:start position:0% +so you have to make sure that if I move + + + align:start position:0% +so you have to make sure that if I move +instruction that I will it's always the + + align:start position:0% +instruction that I will it's always the + + + align:start position:0% +instruction that I will it's always the +same same path happens because I can't + + align:start position:0% +same same path happens because I can't + + + align:start position:0% +same same path happens because I can't +come some from some else in there joints + + align:start position:0% +come some from some else in there joints + + + align:start position:0% +come some from some else in there joints +happening you can't do that are the same + + align:start position:0% +happening you can't do that are the same + + + align:start position:0% +happening you can't do that are the same +way in here if I want to move + + align:start position:0% +way in here if I want to move + + + align:start position:0% +way in here if I want to move +instruction up + + align:start position:0% +instruction up + + + align:start position:0% +instruction up +I want to make sure that instruction + + align:start position:0% +I want to make sure that instruction + + + align:start position:0% +I want to make sure that instruction +always get executed so from B to a of + + align:start position:0% +always get executed so from B to a of + + + align:start position:0% +always get executed so from B to a of +course there's a path always but on on + + align:start position:0% +course there's a path always but on on + + + align:start position:0% +course there's a path always but on on +than C to a uh uh there might be path + + align:start position:0% +than C to a uh uh there might be path + + + align:start position:0% +than C to a uh uh there might be path +from C that doesn't reach a so if I + + align:start position:0% +from C that doesn't reach a so if I + + + align:start position:0% +from C that doesn't reach a so if I +execute instruction that either wrong if + + align:start position:0% +execute instruction that either wrong if + + + align:start position:0% +execute instruction that either wrong if +I actually change State oh it's more + + align:start position:0% +I actually change State oh it's more + + + align:start position:0% +I actually change State oh it's more +work because it will never actually get + + align:start position:0% +work because it will never actually get + + + align:start position:0% +work because it will never actually get +executed if you go the other path so + + align:start position:0% +executed if you go the other path so + + + align:start position:0% +executed if you go the other path so +there are it's not just you can't just + + align:start position:0% +there are it's not just you can't just + + + align:start position:0% +there are it's not just you can't just +keep moving things up and down you have + + align:start position:0% +keep moving things up and down you have + + + align:start position:0% +keep moving things up and down you have +to have lot of correctness properties in + + align:start position:0% +to have lot of correctness properties in + + + align:start position:0% +to have lot of correctness properties in +and at worst case it's a correctness + + align:start position:0% +and at worst case it's a correctness + + + align:start position:0% +and at worst case it's a correctness +isue because you will write a wrong + + align:start position:0% +isue because you will write a wrong + + + align:start position:0% +isue because you will write a wrong +value in the + + align:start position:0% +value in the + + + align:start position:0% +value in the +normal case it's just extra work you + + align:start position:0% +normal case it's just extra work you + + + align:start position:0% +normal case it's just extra work you +just do work without just really + + align:start position:0% +just do work without just really + + + align:start position:0% +just do work without just really +requiring do + + align:start position:0% +requiring do + + + align:start position:0% +requiring do +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +so so these control dependency + + align:start position:0% +so so these control dependency + + + align:start position:0% +so so these control dependency +constraints what you can move across + + align:start position:0% +constraints what you can move across + + + align:start position:0% +constraints what you can move across +blocks so there are other interesting + + align:start position:0% +blocks so there are other interesting + + + align:start position:0% +blocks so there are other interesting +things so assume there's no control dep + + align:start position:0% +things so assume there's no control dep + + + align:start position:0% +things so assume there's no control dep +kind of so I I'm I doing something like + + align:start position:0% +kind of so I I'm I doing something like + + + align:start position:0% +kind of so I I'm I doing something like +this so there's no really uh uh data + + align:start position:0% +this so there's no really uh uh data + + + align:start position:0% +this so there's no really uh uh data +dependence because uh uh this condition + + align:start position:0% +dependence because uh uh this condition + + + align:start position:0% +dependence because uh uh this condition +doesn't write anything and assume + + align:start position:0% +doesn't write anything and assume + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't write anything and assume +condition doesn't is not a condition on + + align:start position:0% +condition doesn't is not a condition on + + + align:start position:0% +condition doesn't is not a condition on +a can you move things up so assum I have + + align:start position:0% +a can you move things up so assum I have + + + align:start position:0% +a can you move things up so assum I have +a condition which can read B and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C can I move AAL B of C up out of that + + align:start position:0% +C can I move AAL B of C up out of that + + + align:start position:0% +C can I move AAL B of C up out of that +uh condition what do you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think conditions can't write I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +think conditions can't write I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +think conditions can't write I'm saying +it's not even uh reading a it's only + + align:start position:0% +it's not even uh reading a it's only + + + align:start position:0% +it's not even uh reading a it's only +looking at B and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C can I move + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +yeah can't why + + align:start position:0% +yeah can't why + + + align:start position:0% +yeah can't why +un yeah I mean what's the reason assume + + align:start position:0% +un yeah I mean what's the reason assume + + + align:start position:0% +un yeah I mean what's the reason assume +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +just wrong so here's a possible process + + align:start position:0% +just wrong so here's a possible process + + + align:start position:0% +just wrong so here's a possible process +I'm going trying to move it here how + + align:start position:0% +I'm going trying to move it here how + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going trying to move it here how +about my my condition is c not equals z + + align:start position:0% +about my my condition is c not equals z + + + align:start position:0% +about my my condition is c not equals z +and do a + + align:start position:0% +and do a + + + align:start position:0% +and do a +division so you look at it and said hey + + align:start position:0% +division so you look at it and said hey + + + align:start position:0% +division so you look at it and said hey +it's only there's only read read + + align:start position:0% +it's only there's only read read + + + align:start position:0% +it's only there's only read read +dependence there's no data dependence in + + align:start position:0% +dependence there's no data dependence in + + + align:start position:0% +dependence there's no data dependence in +here but actually you really have to + + align:start position:0% +here but actually you really have to + + + align:start position:0% +here but actually you really have to +maintain that because uh because if + + align:start position:0% +maintain that because uh because if + + + align:start position:0% +maintain that because uh because if +actually do that condition and uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +actually do that condition and uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +actually do that condition and uh I'm +going to just do divide by zero + + align:start position:0% +going to just do divide by zero + + + align:start position:0% +going to just do divide by zero +otherwise so so things like that and so + + align:start position:0% +otherwise so so things like that and so + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise so so things like that and so +most case you can't you can't do so here + + align:start position:0% +most case you can't you can't do so here + + + align:start position:0% +most case you can't you can't do so here +I mean if I'm checking this a valid + + align:start position:0% +I mean if I'm checking this a valid + + + align:start position:0% +I mean if I'm checking this a valid +address I can't so so you're moving + + align:start position:0% +address I can't so so you're moving + + + align:start position:0% +address I can't so so you're moving +across branches you have be very careful + + align:start position:0% +across branches you have be very careful + + + align:start position:0% +across branches you have be very careful +okay that's that's the moral of the + + align:start position:0% +okay that's that's the moral of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's that's the moral of the +story is I mean it's not just simple + + align:start position:0% +story is I mean it's not just simple + + + align:start position:0% +story is I mean it's not just simple +dependence test there might lot more + + align:start position:0% +dependence test there might lot more + + + align:start position:0% +dependence test there might lot more +other things involved that is not a + + align:start position:0% +other things involved that is not a + + + align:start position:0% +other things involved that is not a +simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +test so lot of things we do earlier + + align:start position:0% +test so lot of things we do earlier + + + align:start position:0% +test so lot of things we do earlier +stage we actually do analyze and move in + + align:start position:0% +stage we actually do analyze and move in + + + align:start position:0% +stage we actually do analyze and move in +some sense we might do some things like + + align:start position:0% +some sense we might do some things like + + + align:start position:0% +some sense we might do some things like +uh data flow optimization can move + + align:start position:0% +uh data flow optimization can move + + + align:start position:0% +uh data flow optimization can move +something in there so I'm trying to see + + align:start position:0% +something in there so I'm trying to see + + + align:start position:0% +something in there so I'm trying to see +how we can do some movement in the + + align:start position:0% +how we can do some movement in the + + + align:start position:0% +how we can do some movement in the +scheduling stage so data flow + + align:start position:0% +scheduling stage so data flow + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling stage so data flow +optimization you probably have to + + align:start position:0% +optimization you probably have to + + + align:start position:0% +optimization you probably have to +validate uh whether it's doable + + align:start position:0% +validate uh whether it's doable + + + align:start position:0% +validate uh whether it's doable +so one thing you can do one thing people + + align:start position:0% +so one thing you can do one thing people + + + align:start position:0% +so one thing you can do one thing people +have done it's not a class project but + + align:start position:0% +have done it's not a class project but + + + align:start position:0% +have done it's not a class project but +is a thing called trade + + align:start position:0% +is a thing called trade + + + align:start position:0% +is a thing called trade +scheduling this is a popular technique + + align:start position:0% +scheduling this is a popular technique + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling this is a popular technique +what trade scheduling does is it finds + + align:start position:0% +what trade scheduling does is it finds + + + align:start position:0% +what trade scheduling does is it finds +the common path across a large part of + + align:start position:0% +the common path across a large part of + + + align:start position:0% +the common path across a large part of +the program okay and it combines this + + align:start position:0% +the program okay and it combines this + + + align:start position:0% +the program okay and it combines this +basic basic blocks of the common part to + + align:start position:0% +basic basic blocks of the common part to + + + align:start position:0% +basic basic blocks of the common part to +one single path and get a much larger Bo + + align:start position:0% +one single path and get a much larger Bo + + + align:start position:0% +one single path and get a much larger Bo +to optimize so and then you need some + + align:start position:0% +to optimize so and then you need some + + + align:start position:0% +to optimize so and then you need some +cleanup code because if you ex exit the + + align:start position:0% +cleanup code because if you ex exit the + + + align:start position:0% +cleanup code because if you ex exit the +PA so let me give you example I assume I + + align:start position:0% +PA so let me give you example I assume I + + + align:start position:0% +PA so let me give you example I assume I +have a program like that bunch of basic + + align:start position:0% +have a program like that bunch of basic + + + align:start position:0% +have a program like that bunch of basic +blocks conditions and you realize most + + align:start position:0% +blocks conditions and you realize most + + + align:start position:0% +blocks conditions and you realize most +of the common path is this you can do + + align:start position:0% +of the common path is this you can do + + + align:start position:0% +of the common path is this you can do +some kind of profile feedback or or the + + align:start position:0% +some kind of profile feedback or or the + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of profile feedback or or the +user tells you this is the common part + + align:start position:0% +user tells you this is the common part + + + align:start position:0% +user tells you this is the common part +the other two are uncommon so what you + + align:start position:0% +the other two are uncommon so what you + + + align:start position:0% +the other two are uncommon so what you +can do is you can basically uh take the + + align:start position:0% +can do is you can basically uh take the + + + align:start position:0% +can do is you can basically uh take the +uncommon things out and put it in here + + align:start position:0% +uncommon things out and put it in here + + + align:start position:0% +uncommon things out and put it in here +and and and basically create a nice + + align:start position:0% +and and and basically create a nice + + + align:start position:0% +and and and basically create a nice +large gigantic + + align:start position:0% +large gigantic + + + align:start position:0% +large gigantic +block but still there are problems + + align:start position:0% +block but still there are problems + + + align:start position:0% +block but still there are problems +because there are control going in and + + align:start position:0% +because there are control going in and + + + align:start position:0% +because there are control going in and +out of the block you can't move things + + align:start position:0% +out of the block you can't move things + + + align:start position:0% +out of the block you can't move things +around that that much so one thing a tra + + align:start position:0% +around that that much so one thing a tra + + + align:start position:0% +around that that much so one thing a tra +scheduling does is trying to create + + align:start position:0% +scheduling does is trying to create + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling does is trying to create +blocks where there's a single entry and + + align:start position:0% +blocks where there's a single entry and + + + align:start position:0% +blocks where there's a single entry and +multiple + + align:start position:0% +multiple + + + align:start position:0% +multiple +exits okay because because multiple + + align:start position:0% +exits okay because because multiple + + + align:start position:0% +exits okay because because multiple +entries create problems but single entry + + align:start position:0% +entries create problems but single entry + + + align:start position:0% +entries create problems but single entry +multiple exits and then what you do is + + align:start position:0% +multiple exits and then what you do is + + + align:start position:0% +multiple exits and then what you do is +each each exit uh basically try to do + + align:start position:0% +each each exit uh basically try to do + + + align:start position:0% +each each exit uh basically try to do +compensation code unless you exit from + + align:start position:0% +compensation code unless you exit from + + + align:start position:0% +compensation code unless you exit from +the bottom so in order to do that what + + align:start position:0% +the bottom so in order to do that what + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom so in order to do that what +you have to do is assume a piece of code + + align:start position:0% +you have to do is assume a piece of code + + + align:start position:0% +you have to do is assume a piece of code +like this you can actually do some + + align:start position:0% +like this you can actually do some + + + align:start position:0% +like this you can actually do some +duplication so if there a join instead + + align:start position:0% +duplication so if there a join instead + + + align:start position:0% +duplication so if there a join instead +of really joining and going to one plus + + align:start position:0% +of really joining and going to one plus + + + align:start position:0% +of really joining and going to one plus +you can actually duplicate a piece of + + align:start position:0% +you can actually duplicate a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually duplicate a piece of +code and after you duplicate what + + align:start position:0% +code and after you duplicate what + + + align:start position:0% +code and after you duplicate what +happens is uh you can optimize each BR + + align:start position:0% +happens is uh you can optimize each BR + + + align:start position:0% +happens is uh you can optimize each BR +separately so in here what happens is + + align:start position:0% +separately so in here what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +separately so in here what happens is +you can duplicate the exits out of each + + align:start position:0% +you can duplicate the exits out of each + + + align:start position:0% +you can duplicate the exits out of each +of the branches so so assume we go that + + align:start position:0% +of the branches so so assume we go that + + + align:start position:0% +of the branches so so assume we go that +branch and here's the code sequence in + + align:start position:0% +branch and here's the code sequence in + + + align:start position:0% +branch and here's the code sequence in +there if you go this Branch there are + + align:start position:0% +there if you go this Branch there are + + + align:start position:0% +there if you go this Branch there are +repeated patterns but now what happens + + align:start position:0% +repeated patterns but now what happens + + + align:start position:0% +repeated patterns but now what happens +is you created this middle block where + + align:start position:0% +is you created this middle block where + + + align:start position:0% +is you created this middle block where +where you have single entry and multiple + + align:start position:0% +where you have single entry and multiple + + + align:start position:0% +where you have single entry and multiple +only multiple exits in there so I can do + + align:start position:0% +only multiple exits in there so I can do + + + align:start position:0% +only multiple exits in there so I can do +lot more optimizations in that so I give + + align:start position:0% +lot more optimizations in that so I give + + + align:start position:0% +lot more optimizations in that so I give +lot more freedom to move code around + + align:start position:0% +lot more freedom to move code around + + + align:start position:0% +lot more freedom to move code around +that because what matters in the main BL + + align:start position:0% +that because what matters in the main BL + + + align:start position:0% +that because what matters in the main BL +anyway because this is where we know + + align:start position:0% +anyway because this is where we know + + + align:start position:0% +anyway because this is where we know +most of the time we are running and by + + align:start position:0% +most of the time we are running and by + + + align:start position:0% +most of the time we are running and by +doing that you can get this large block + + align:start position:0% +doing that you can get this large block + + + align:start position:0% +doing that you can get this large block +do you get lot more opportunities to + + align:start position:0% +do you get lot more opportunities to + + + align:start position:0% +do you get lot more opportunities to +move instructions around and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +move instructions around and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +move instructions around and sometimes +you can even move things across this so + + align:start position:0% +you can even move things across this so + + + align:start position:0% +you can even move things across this so +assume I move instruction that is oops + + align:start position:0% +assume I move instruction that is oops + + + align:start position:0% +assume I move instruction that is oops +you can't really see the exit so here's + + align:start position:0% +you can't really see the exit so here's + + + align:start position:0% +you can't really see the exit so here's +exitting assume there's exit there's + + align:start position:0% +exitting assume there's exit there's + + + align:start position:0% +exitting assume there's exit there's +exit uh here let's exit here so assume I + + align:start position:0% +exit uh here let's exit here so assume I + + + align:start position:0% +exit uh here let's exit here so assume I +move instruction from here to here + + align:start position:0% +move instruction from here to here + + + align:start position:0% +move instruction from here to here +sometimes you can even do it but if you + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you can even do it but if you + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you can even do it but if you +do it you might have to put some + + align:start position:0% +do it you might have to put some + + + align:start position:0% +do it you might have to put some +correction code into F so that means I I + + align:start position:0% +correction code into F so that means I I + + + align:start position:0% +correction code into F so that means I I +do some thing but on the hand if you do + + align:start position:0% +do some thing but on the hand if you do + + + align:start position:0% +do some thing but on the hand if you do +GC instruction and then to this exit + + align:start position:0% +GC instruction and then to this exit + + + align:start position:0% +GC instruction and then to this exit +then then I have to go and fix it up + + align:start position:0% +then then I have to go and fix it up + + + align:start position:0% +then then I have to go and fix it up +here since these things are not run that + + align:start position:0% +here since these things are not run that + + + align:start position:0% +here since these things are not run that +often it's okay to do fix up because + + align:start position:0% +often it's okay to do fix up because + + + align:start position:0% +often it's okay to do fix up because +it's do lot more work in there uh + + align:start position:0% +it's do lot more work in there uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's do lot more work in there uh +because once in a while you do that it's + + align:start position:0% +because once in a while you do that it's + + + align:start position:0% +because once in a while you do that it's +it's it's it doesn't uh make that much + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it doesn't uh make that much + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's it doesn't uh make that much +of so so by doing this you can actually + + align:start position:0% +of so so by doing this you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +of so so by doing this you can actually +do lot of uh uh uh get much larger + + align:start position:0% +do lot of uh uh uh get much larger + + + align:start position:0% +do lot of uh uh uh get much larger +scheduling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +regions okay where are + + align:start position:0% +regions okay where are + + + align:start position:0% +regions okay where are +we okay so I want to stop here and in + + align:start position:0% +we okay so I want to stop here and in + + + align:start position:0% +we okay so I want to stop here and in +the next lecture start focusing on loops + + align:start position:0% +the next lecture start focusing on loops + + + align:start position:0% +the next lecture start focusing on loops +and loop + + align:start position:0% +and loop + + + align:start position:0% +and loop +optimizations uh so I hope everybody had + + align:start position:0% +optimizations uh so I hope everybody had + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations uh so I hope everybody had +a good time in the last + + align:start position:0% +a good time in the last + + + align:start position:0% +a good time in the last +project lot of + + align:start position:0% +project lot of + + + align:start position:0% +project lot of +optimizations code runs + + align:start position:0% +optimizations code runs + + + align:start position:0% +optimizations code runs +fast can you see see it actually running + + align:start position:0% +fast can you see see it actually running + + + align:start position:0% +fast can you see see it actually running +faster what it's generating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we didn't really have test cases that + + align:start position:0% +we didn't really have test cases that + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't really have test cases that +check okay yeah yeah but I mean the + + align:start position:0% +check okay yeah yeah but I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +check okay yeah yeah but I mean the +interesting thing is as you said you did + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing is as you said you did + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing is as you said you did +all the stupid things in the front and + + align:start position:0% +all the stupid things in the front and + + + align:start position:0% +all the stupid things in the front and +did did created code that looks really + + align:start position:0% +did did created code that looks really + + + align:start position:0% +did did created code that looks really +ugly but now after this doing + + align:start position:0% +ugly but now after this doing + + + align:start position:0% +ugly but now after this doing +optimization they should start looking + + align:start position:0% +optimization they should start looking + + + align:start position:0% +optimization they should start looking +like the intelligent code that you would + + align:start position:0% +like the intelligent code that you would + + + align:start position:0% +like the intelligent code that you would +have written by hand instead of all the + + align:start position:0% +have written by hand instead of all the + + + align:start position:0% +have written by hand instead of all the +dumb code that that that that get + + align:start position:0% +dumb code that that that that get + + + align:start position:0% +dumb code that that that that get +generated in there so sometimes fun to + + align:start position:0% +generated in there so sometimes fun to + + + align:start position:0% +generated in there so sometimes fun to +actually look at the code generated and + + align:start position:0% +actually look at the code generated and + + + align:start position:0% +actually look at the code generated and +say wow that's interesting thing I would + + align:start position:0% +say wow that's interesting thing I would + + + align:start position:0% +say wow that's interesting thing I would +have never thought about it a lot of + + align:start position:0% +have never thought about it a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +have never thought about it a lot of +times when you combine this multiple + + align:start position:0% +times when you combine this multiple + + + align:start position:0% +times when you combine this multiple +things and you original program and + + align:start position:0% +things and you original program and + + + align:start position:0% +things and you original program and +generated code sometimes it can even + + align:start position:0% +generated code sometimes it can even + + + align:start position:0% +generated code sometimes it can even +even even surprise you so it's fun good + + align:start position:0% +even even surprise you so it's fun good + + + align:start position:0% +even even surprise you so it's fun good +so what I'm going to do next time is + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm going to do next time is + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'm going to do next time is +finish up scheduling and then the next + + align:start position:0% +finish up scheduling and then the next + + + align:start position:0% +finish up scheduling and then the next +lecture going to be on register + + align:start position:0% +lecture going to be on register + + + align:start position:0% +lecture going to be on register +allocation and then finally + + align:start position:0% +allocation and then finally + + + align:start position:0% +allocation and then finally +uh uh then next week we are going to + + align:start position:0% +uh uh then next week we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh then next week we are going to +do uh trying to put everything together + + align:start position:0% +do uh trying to put everything together + + + align:start position:0% +do uh trying to put everything together +and and and and and and and and + + align:start position:0% +and and and and and and and and + + + align:start position:0% +and and and and and and and and +basically close + + align:start position:0% +basically close + + + align:start position:0% +basically close +uh the course you're almost at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +end okay good \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Goi9xfybb80.txt b/Goi9xfybb80.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5677d58e9f2550095532d21f994547eb99254e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Goi9xfybb80.txt @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +Let us introduce +the method we use + +for predicting +the bucket number. + +It is called-- it is a +method called classification + +and regression trees. + +In this case, we use +multi-class classification. + +There are five classes, +buckets one to five. + +To give you an example, +let us consider + +patients that have two +types of diagnosis: + +coronary artery +disease and diabetes. + +So if a patient does not have +a coronary artery disease, + +we'd classify the +patient as bucket one. + +If it has coronary +artery disease, + +then we check whether the +person has diabetes or doesn't + +have diabetes. + +If it has diabetes, then it's +bucket five, very high risk. + +And if it doesn't have +diabetes, but given + +it has coronary +artery disease, it + +is classified as bucket three. + +So this is an example in which +we only have two diagnoses + +and we will state +how the method works. + +In the application of Hawkeye, +the most important factors + +were related to cost +in the beginning. + +So in the beginning, +the classification tree + +involved divisions +based on cost. + +For example, if the patient +had paid less than $4,000-- + +so this is bucket one +classification-- if it paid + +more than $4,000, +then we further + +investigate whether the +patient pays less than $40,000 + +or more than $40,000 +and so forth. + +As the tree grows, then +the secondary factor + +is utilized later in +the classification tree + +involve various +chronic illnesses + +and some of the medical +roles we discussed earlier. + +For example, whether +or not the patient + +has asthma and +depression or not. + +If it has asthma and depression, +then it's bucket five. + +If it doesn't, then we +consider a particular indicator + +indicating hylan +injection, which + +is an indication +of a possible knee + +replacement or arthroscopy. + +So if this indicator is equal +to 1, then it's bucket three. + +If it's indicator is equal +to 0, it's not present, + +then it's bucket one. + +So let us give some +examples of bucket five. + +So an example is as follows. + +The patient is +under 35 years old, + +he has between 3,300 and 3,900 +in claims, coronary artery + +disease as a diagnosis, but no +office visits in the last year. + +Another example of a +category of a patient that + +is classified as +bucket five are claims + +between $3,900 and $43,000 +with at least $8,000 + +paid in the last 12 months, +$4,300 in pharmacy claims, + +and acute cost profile +in cancer diagnosis. + +And another final example is +more than $58,000 in claims, + +but at least $50,000 paid +in the last 12 months, + +but not an accurate profile. + +Classification trees +have the major advantage + +as being interpretable +by the physicians who + +observe them and judge them. + +In other words, people +were able to identify + +these cases as reasonable. + +In other words, +the human intuition + +agreed with the output +of the analytics model. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/HS27vd1io8M.txt b/HS27vd1io8M.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f94ff29cb320e611649e36f8f71557ad8a8aef0 --- /dev/null +++ b/HS27vd1io8M.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3154 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay so today we're going to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so today we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay so today we're going to +go over the noise measurement experiment + + align:start position:0% +go over the noise measurement experiment + + + align:start position:0% +go over the noise measurement experiment +uh using the microfabricated can levers + + align:start position:0% +uh using the microfabricated can levers + + + align:start position:0% +uh using the microfabricated can levers +in the atomic Force microscope and uh + + align:start position:0% +in the atomic Force microscope and uh + + + align:start position:0% +in the atomic Force microscope and uh +we're going to use the high sensitivity + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use the high sensitivity + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use the high sensitivity +of these Scopes to try to make an + + align:start position:0% +of these Scopes to try to make an + + + align:start position:0% +of these Scopes to try to make an +estimate of boltzman's constant which is + + align:start position:0% +estimate of boltzman's constant which is + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of boltzman's constant which is +a physical constant that relates thermal + + align:start position:0% +a physical constant that relates thermal + + + align:start position:0% +a physical constant that relates thermal +energy to temperature so um the basic + + align:start position:0% +energy to temperature so um the basic + + + align:start position:0% +energy to temperature so um the basic +outline of the experiment is that we're + + align:start position:0% +outline of the experiment is that we're + + + align:start position:0% +outline of the experiment is that we're +simply going to try to take a uh + + align:start position:0% +simply going to try to take a uh + + + align:start position:0% +simply going to try to take a uh +measurement of the vibrational noise of + + align:start position:0% +measurement of the vibrational noise of + + + align:start position:0% +measurement of the vibrational noise of +the can lever in the air and then we're + + align:start position:0% +the can lever in the air and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +the can lever in the air and then we're +going to try to extract information from + + align:start position:0% +going to try to extract information from + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to extract information from +that vibrational Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +that vibrational Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +that vibrational Spectrum +to calculate boltzman's constant um this + + align:start position:0% +to calculate boltzman's constant um this + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate boltzman's constant um this +is based on two different ideas and uh + + align:start position:0% +is based on two different ideas and uh + + + align:start position:0% +is based on two different ideas and uh +let me describe them uh in a little bit + + align:start position:0% +let me describe them uh in a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +let me describe them uh in a little bit +of detail + + align:start position:0% +of detail + + + align:start position:0% +of detail +so what we're going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +so what we're going to be talking about +the whole time is if we look at a micro + + align:start position:0% +the whole time is if we look at a micro + + + align:start position:0% +the whole time is if we look at a micro +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +lever and you let it sit in air it's + + align:start position:0% +lever and you let it sit in air it's + + + align:start position:0% +lever and you let it sit in air it's +going to have some + + align:start position:0% +going to have some + + + align:start position:0% +going to have some +vibration um and what just to keep my + + align:start position:0% +vibration um and what just to keep my + + + align:start position:0% +vibration um and what just to keep my +varibles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Straight uh we're going to use Z for + + align:start position:0% +Straight uh we're going to use Z for + + + align:start position:0% +Straight uh we're going to use Z for +this for this vibrational uh uh + + align:start position:0% +this for this vibrational uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +this for this vibrational uh uh +positional variable okay so the Canever + + align:start position:0% +positional variable okay so the Canever + + + align:start position:0% +positional variable okay so the Canever +is going to vibrate and it's excited by + + align:start position:0% +is going to vibrate and it's excited by + + + align:start position:0% +is going to vibrate and it's excited by +thermal energy in the ambient air and + + align:start position:0% +thermal energy in the ambient air and + + + align:start position:0% +thermal energy in the ambient air and +nothing else is driving it and uh we can + + align:start position:0% +nothing else is driving it and uh we can + + + align:start position:0% +nothing else is driving it and uh we can +take a measurement of this vibration + + align:start position:0% +take a measurement of this vibration + + + align:start position:0% +take a measurement of this vibration +because we have a very sensitive + + align:start position:0% +because we have a very sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +because we have a very sensitive +detector and uh you can measure this in + + align:start position:0% +detector and uh you can measure this in + + + align:start position:0% +detector and uh you can measure this in +two different ways you can measure it in + + align:start position:0% +two different ways you can measure it in + + + align:start position:0% +two different ways you can measure it in +the time domain or in the frequency + + align:start position:0% +the time domain or in the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +the time domain or in the frequency +domain and you can interconvert between + + align:start position:0% +domain and you can interconvert between + + + align:start position:0% +domain and you can interconvert between +those two things so the simplest uh + + align:start position:0% +those two things so the simplest uh + + + align:start position:0% +those two things so the simplest uh +relation that we can take advantage of + + align:start position:0% +relation that we can take advantage of + + + align:start position:0% +relation that we can take advantage of +is the idea that in a second order + + align:start position:0% +is the idea that in a second order + + + align:start position:0% +is the idea that in a second order +system every degree of Freedom contains + + align:start position:0% +system every degree of Freedom contains + + + align:start position:0% +system every degree of Freedom contains +1/ 12 KBT of energy where KBT is + + align:start position:0% +1/ 12 KBT of energy where KBT is + + + align:start position:0% +1/ 12 KBT of energy where KBT is +bolman's constant that we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +bolman's constant that we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +bolman's constant that we're trying to +measure + + align:start position:0% +measure + + + align:start position:0% +measure +so again this you'll see this in your + + align:start position:0% +so again this you'll see this in your + + + align:start position:0% +so again this you'll see this in your +lab manual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but uh we're going to equate this to the + + align:start position:0% +but uh we're going to equate this to the + + + align:start position:0% +but uh we're going to equate this to the +energy present in the vibrational in in + + align:start position:0% +energy present in the vibrational in in + + + align:start position:0% +energy present in the vibrational in in +in this vibrational degree of Freedom + + align:start position:0% +in this vibrational degree of Freedom + + + align:start position:0% +in this vibrational degree of Freedom +that the candle has so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that the candle has so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that the candle has so we're going to +represent that as the kinetic energy of + + align:start position:0% +represent that as the kinetic energy of + + + align:start position:0% +represent that as the kinetic energy of +this little spring that uh that vibrates + + align:start position:0% +this little spring that uh that vibrates + + + align:start position:0% +this little spring that uh that vibrates +which is just going to be 1/2 time the + + align:start position:0% +which is just going to be 1/2 time the + + + align:start position:0% +which is just going to be 1/2 time the +spring constant and the mean Square uh + + align:start position:0% +spring constant and the mean Square uh + + + align:start position:0% +spring constant and the mean Square uh +vibration of the can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lever so + + align:start position:0% +lever so + + + align:start position:0% +lever so +um this is a very simple relation let's + + align:start position:0% +um this is a very simple relation let's + + + align:start position:0% +um this is a very simple relation let's +make sure we keep these straight this is + + align:start position:0% +make sure we keep these straight this is + + + align:start position:0% +make sure we keep these straight this is +Bolton's constant this is the spring + + align:start position:0% +Bolton's constant this is the spring + + + align:start position:0% +Bolton's constant this is the spring +constant of the can lever and uh all we + + align:start position:0% +constant of the can lever and uh all we + + + align:start position:0% +constant of the can lever and uh all we +would need to do to to make this + + align:start position:0% +would need to do to to make this + + + align:start position:0% +would need to do to to make this +measurement is simply measure + + align:start position:0% +measurement is simply measure + + + align:start position:0% +measurement is simply measure +this mean Square displacement and that's + + align:start position:0% +this mean Square displacement and that's + + + align:start position:0% +this mean Square displacement and that's +the uh that's what I've described just a + + align:start position:0% +the uh that's what I've described just a + + + align:start position:0% +the uh that's what I've described just a +Time trace of the vibrations and then we + + align:start position:0% +Time trace of the vibrations and then we + + + align:start position:0% +Time trace of the vibrations and then we +can make an an algebraic calculation and + + align:start position:0% +can make an an algebraic calculation and + + + align:start position:0% +can make an an algebraic calculation and +and get Bolt's constant and the + + align:start position:0% +and get Bolt's constant and the + + + align:start position:0% +and get Bolt's constant and the +difficulty of course is how accurately + + align:start position:0% +difficulty of course is how accurately + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty of course is how accurately +can we measure this and does it truly + + align:start position:0% +can we measure this and does it truly + + + align:start position:0% +can we measure this and does it truly +represent the vibrations of only the can + + align:start position:0% +represent the vibrations of only the can + + + align:start position:0% +represent the vibrations of only the can +lever or does it also include other + + align:start position:0% +lever or does it also include other + + + align:start position:0% +lever or does it also include other +noise that couples into the system and + + align:start position:0% +noise that couples into the system and + + + align:start position:0% +noise that couples into the system and +so in order to look at that we're going + + align:start position:0% +so in order to look at that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +so in order to look at that we're going +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +transform this into the frequency domain + + align:start position:0% +transform this into the frequency domain + + + align:start position:0% +transform this into the frequency domain +and think about it that way so it turns + + align:start position:0% +and think about it that way so it turns + + + align:start position:0% +and think about it that way so it turns +out that typically when you take the + + align:start position:0% +out that typically when you take the + + + align:start position:0% +out that typically when you take the +vibrational spectrum of of such a second + + align:start position:0% +vibrational spectrum of of such a second + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational spectrum of of such a second +order resonant device it looks something + + align:start position:0% +order resonant device it looks something + + + align:start position:0% +order resonant device it looks something +like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this okay so what this represents is the + + align:start position:0% +this okay so what this represents is the + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so what this represents is the +power spectral density + + align:start position:0% +power spectral density + + + align:start position:0% +power spectral density +plot of the displacement signal and + + align:start position:0% +plot of the displacement signal and + + + align:start position:0% +plot of the displacement signal and +uh I'm not going to go into the details + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm not going to go into the details + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm not going to go into the details +of what power spectral density means + + align:start position:0% +of what power spectral density means + + + align:start position:0% +of what power spectral density means +that's uh hopefully that has been + + align:start position:0% +that's uh hopefully that has been + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh hopefully that has been +covered in class um but what we'll + + align:start position:0% +covered in class um but what we'll + + + align:start position:0% +covered in class um but what we'll +normally see is there's a resonant Peak + + align:start position:0% +normally see is there's a resonant Peak + + + align:start position:0% +normally see is there's a resonant Peak +that that represents the first Resonance + + align:start position:0% +that that represents the first Resonance + + + align:start position:0% +that that represents the first Resonance +of the can lever and then there's a + + align:start position:0% +of the can lever and then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +of the can lever and then there's a +falloff but there's also some signal up + + align:start position:0% +falloff but there's also some signal up + + + align:start position:0% +falloff but there's also some signal up +here this section here that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +here this section here that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +here this section here that doesn't +really represent the vibrations of that + + align:start position:0% +really represent the vibrations of that + + + align:start position:0% +really represent the vibrations of that +can lever and is typically Ally coupled + + align:start position:0% +can lever and is typically Ally coupled + + + align:start position:0% +can lever and is typically Ally coupled +in from things like Electronics + + align:start position:0% +in from things like Electronics + + + align:start position:0% +in from things like Electronics +instrumentation and drift uh that comes + + align:start position:0% +instrumentation and drift uh that comes + + + align:start position:0% +instrumentation and drift uh that comes +from ambient effects in the room and so + + align:start position:0% +from ambient effects in the room and so + + + align:start position:0% +from ambient effects in the room and so +if we take just this time trace and we + + align:start position:0% +if we take just this time trace and we + + + align:start position:0% +if we take just this time trace and we +only record uh the mean Square + + align:start position:0% +only record uh the mean Square + + + align:start position:0% +only record uh the mean Square +displacement this is included in it uh + + align:start position:0% +displacement this is included in it uh + + + align:start position:0% +displacement this is included in it uh +by if you remember parel's theorem that + + align:start position:0% +by if you remember parel's theorem that + + + align:start position:0% +by if you remember parel's theorem that +relates the frequency domain content of + + align:start position:0% +relates the frequency domain content of + + + align:start position:0% +relates the frequency domain content of +a signal to its to its uh time domain + + align:start position:0% +a signal to its to its uh time domain + + + align:start position:0% +a signal to its to its uh time domain +power and basically if you integrate + + align:start position:0% +power and basically if you integrate + + + align:start position:0% +power and basically if you integrate +this PSD you'll get uh you'll get the + + align:start position:0% +this PSD you'll get uh you'll get the + + + align:start position:0% +this PSD you'll get uh you'll get the +mean Square displacement and so so + + align:start position:0% +mean Square displacement and so so + + + align:start position:0% +mean Square displacement and so so +essentially anything you see here will + + align:start position:0% +essentially anything you see here will + + + align:start position:0% +essentially anything you see here will +also be included in the mean Square + + align:start position:0% +also be included in the mean Square + + + align:start position:0% +also be included in the mean Square +displacement so this is not the most + + align:start position:0% +displacement so this is not the most + + + align:start position:0% +displacement so this is not the most +accurate way to do the measurement we + + align:start position:0% +accurate way to do the measurement we + + + align:start position:0% +accurate way to do the measurement we +want to do and we're going to go into + + align:start position:0% +want to do and we're going to go into + + + align:start position:0% +want to do and we're going to go into +the frequency domain to to make a more + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain to to make a more + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain to to make a more +accurate uh measurement and what we're + + align:start position:0% +accurate uh measurement and what we're + + + align:start position:0% +accurate uh measurement and what we're +going to try to do is record this + + align:start position:0% +going to try to do is record this + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to do is record this +spectrum and then fit a second order + + align:start position:0% +spectrum and then fit a second order + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum and then fit a second order +model that just represents the Motions + + align:start position:0% +model that just represents the Motions + + + align:start position:0% +model that just represents the Motions +of the C lever to it and hopefully + + align:start position:0% +of the C lever to it and hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +of the C lever to it and hopefully +that'll allow us to make a more accurate + + align:start position:0% +that'll allow us to make a more accurate + + + align:start position:0% +that'll allow us to make a more accurate +measurement so I'm just going to draw + + align:start position:0% +measurement so I'm just going to draw + + + align:start position:0% +measurement so I'm just going to draw +that on top of this graph + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this green curve + + align:start position:0% +so this green curve + + + align:start position:0% +so this green curve +is an idealized model system where I'm + + align:start position:0% +is an idealized model system where I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is an idealized model system where I'm +just representing the vibrations of a + + align:start position:0% +just representing the vibrations of a + + + align:start position:0% +just representing the vibrations of a +second order harmonic uh + + align:start position:0% +second order harmonic uh + + + align:start position:0% +second order harmonic uh +oscillator on this uh on this actual + + align:start position:0% +oscillator on this uh on this actual + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator on this uh on this actual +data so for reference I'm also going to + + align:start position:0% +data so for reference I'm also going to + + + align:start position:0% +data so for reference I'm also going to +draw in a second one of those curves and + + align:start position:0% +draw in a second one of those curves and + + + align:start position:0% +draw in a second one of those curves and +I'm going to refer to it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if I have a second can lever that has + + align:start position:0% +if I have a second can lever that has + + + align:start position:0% +if I have a second can lever that has +different dimensions so it has a higher + + align:start position:0% +different dimensions so it has a higher + + + align:start position:0% +different dimensions so it has a higher +resonant frequency and is a little bit + + align:start position:0% +resonant frequency and is a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +resonant frequency and is a little bit +stiffer what I'm going to see is that it + + align:start position:0% +stiffer what I'm going to see is that it + + + align:start position:0% +stiffer what I'm going to see is that it +has a simar shape to it but it's uh + + align:start position:0% +has a simar shape to it but it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +has a simar shape to it but it's uh +resonance frequency is going to shift + + align:start position:0% +resonance frequency is going to shift + + + align:start position:0% +resonance frequency is going to shift +and and the sort of the Baseline here + + align:start position:0% +and and the sort of the Baseline here + + + align:start position:0% +and and the sort of the Baseline here +which we're going to refer to as the + + align:start position:0% +which we're going to refer to as the + + + align:start position:0% +which we're going to refer to as the +thermomechanical noise limit is going to + + align:start position:0% +thermomechanical noise limit is going to + + + align:start position:0% +thermomechanical noise limit is going to +be lower again because of this physical + + align:start position:0% +be lower again because of this physical + + + align:start position:0% +be lower again because of this physical +principle that the thermal energy of + + align:start position:0% +principle that the thermal energy of + + + align:start position:0% +principle that the thermal energy of +this system should equal 1 12 KBT the + + align:start position:0% +this system should equal 1 12 KBT the + + + align:start position:0% +this system should equal 1 12 KBT the +integral under each of these curves for + + align:start position:0% +integral under each of these curves for + + + align:start position:0% +integral under each of these curves for +different types of can levers should + + align:start position:0% +different types of can levers should + + + align:start position:0% +different types of can levers should +have the same value + + align:start position:0% +have the same value + + + align:start position:0% +have the same value +so we're also going to get to see that + + align:start position:0% +so we're also going to get to see that + + + align:start position:0% +so we're also going to get to see that +when we test different sizes of can + + align:start position:0% +when we test different sizes of can + + + align:start position:0% +when we test different sizes of can +levers + + align:start position:0% +levers + + + align:start position:0% +levers +now that's uh pretty much what we need + + align:start position:0% +now that's uh pretty much what we need + + + align:start position:0% +now that's uh pretty much what we need +to know as far as the theory so uh now + + align:start position:0% +to know as far as the theory so uh now + + + align:start position:0% +to know as far as the theory so uh now +let's talk about the Practical concerns + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about the Practical concerns + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about the Practical concerns +of actually making the measurement and + + align:start position:0% +of actually making the measurement and + + + align:start position:0% +of actually making the measurement and +doing it accurately enough to be able to + + align:start position:0% +doing it accurately enough to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +doing it accurately enough to be able to +get a good value uh in order to do this + + align:start position:0% +get a good value uh in order to do this + + + align:start position:0% +get a good value uh in order to do this +you'll again from your lab manual + + align:start position:0% +you'll again from your lab manual + + + align:start position:0% +you'll again from your lab manual +there's an expression that describes + + align:start position:0% +there's an expression that describes + + + align:start position:0% +there's an expression that describes +this curve I'm not going to write it up + + align:start position:0% +this curve I'm not going to write it up + + + align:start position:0% +this curve I'm not going to write it up +here but what what the salian point is + + align:start position:0% +here but what what the salian point is + + + align:start position:0% +here but what what the salian point is +that we're going to want to + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to want to +we're going to want to do two things one + + align:start position:0% +we're going to want to do two things one + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to want to do two things one +is we're going to need to gather this + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to need to gather this + + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to need to gather this +power spectral data and fit the curve to + + align:start position:0% +power spectral data and fit the curve to + + + align:start position:0% +power spectral data and fit the curve to +it and then we're going to want to + + align:start position:0% +it and then we're going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +it and then we're going to want to +extract this value here the + + align:start position:0% +extract this value here the + + + align:start position:0% +extract this value here the +thermomechanical noise limit which we + + align:start position:0% +thermomechanical noise limit which we + + + align:start position:0% +thermomechanical noise limit which we +label as the small Delta for each of + + align:start position:0% +label as the small Delta for each of + + + align:start position:0% +label as the small Delta for each of +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +caners and this value then has a simple + + align:start position:0% +caners and this value then has a simple + + + align:start position:0% +caners and this value then has a simple +algebraic + + align:start position:0% +algebraic + + + align:start position:0% +algebraic +relationship uh to boltzman's constant + + align:start position:0% +relationship uh to boltzman's constant + + + align:start position:0% +relationship uh to boltzman's constant +including some other parameters of the + + align:start position:0% +including some other parameters of the + + + align:start position:0% +including some other parameters of the +can lever like the quality factor of the + + align:start position:0% +can lever like the quality factor of the + + + align:start position:0% +can lever like the quality factor of the +resonance and the spring + + align:start position:0% +resonance and the spring + + + align:start position:0% +resonance and the spring +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +so uh we the the steps of the experiment + + align:start position:0% +so uh we the the steps of the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +so uh we the the steps of the experiment +basically are to get a nice vibrational + + align:start position:0% +basically are to get a nice vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +basically are to get a nice vibrational +Spectrum correlate it to physical + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum correlate it to physical + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum correlate it to physical +reality meaning the vibrational Spectrum + + align:start position:0% +reality meaning the vibrational Spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +reality meaning the vibrational Spectrum +will be a voltage signal we need to + + align:start position:0% +will be a voltage signal we need to + + + align:start position:0% +will be a voltage signal we need to +convert that voltage into nanometers and + + align:start position:0% +convert that voltage into nanometers and + + + align:start position:0% +convert that voltage into nanometers and +then using that plus the other + + align:start position:0% +then using that plus the other + + + align:start position:0% +then using that plus the other +parameters which are quality factor and + + align:start position:0% +parameters which are quality factor and + + + align:start position:0% +parameters which are quality factor and +spring constant get your boltzman's + + align:start position:0% +spring constant get your boltzman's + + + align:start position:0% +spring constant get your boltzman's +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +um a few notes about taking a really + + align:start position:0% +um a few notes about taking a really + + + align:start position:0% +um a few notes about taking a really +good vibrational Spectrum So you you're + + align:start position:0% +good vibrational Spectrum So you you're + + + align:start position:0% +good vibrational Spectrum So you you're +pretty familiar by now with doing the + + align:start position:0% +pretty familiar by now with doing the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty familiar by now with doing the +running a force curve and looking at the + + align:start position:0% +running a force curve and looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +running a force curve and looking at the +contact and incon outut of contact modes + + align:start position:0% +contact and incon outut of contact modes + + + align:start position:0% +contact and incon outut of contact modes +of the can lever so it becomes extra + + align:start position:0% +of the can lever so it becomes extra + + + align:start position:0% +of the can lever so it becomes extra +important in this case because you want + + align:start position:0% +important in this case because you want + + + align:start position:0% +important in this case because you want +a really uh a really good + + align:start position:0% +a really uh a really good + + + align:start position:0% +a really uh a really good +calibration um you want to you want to + + align:start position:0% +calibration um you want to you want to + + + align:start position:0% +calibration um you want to you want to +have a a really nice shape to that Force + + align:start position:0% +have a a really nice shape to that Force + + + align:start position:0% +have a a really nice shape to that Force +curve so if you see any non idealities + + align:start position:0% +curve so if you see any non idealities + + + align:start position:0% +curve so if you see any non idealities +you want to try to minimize them by + + align:start position:0% +you want to try to minimize them by + + + align:start position:0% +you want to try to minimize them by +adjusting your detector position your + + align:start position:0% +adjusting your detector position your + + + align:start position:0% +adjusting your detector position your +laser focus perhaps you might need to + + align:start position:0% +laser focus perhaps you might need to + + + align:start position:0% +laser focus perhaps you might need to +change your candle or if the fingers + + align:start position:0% +change your candle or if the fingers + + + align:start position:0% +change your candle or if the fingers +aren't giving you the best defra modes + + align:start position:0% +aren't giving you the best defra modes + + + align:start position:0% +aren't giving you the best defra modes +but you'll want a really nice quality um + + align:start position:0% +but you'll want a really nice quality um + + + align:start position:0% +but you'll want a really nice quality um +Force + + align:start position:0% +Force + + + align:start position:0% +Force +curve which you can then use to uh to + + align:start position:0% +curve which you can then use to uh to + + + align:start position:0% +curve which you can then use to uh to +calibrate the value so let me go over + + align:start position:0% +calibrate the value so let me go over + + + align:start position:0% +calibrate the value so let me go over +that process a little + + align:start position:0% +that process a little + + + align:start position:0% +that process a little +bit uh in detail again so I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +bit uh in detail again so I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +bit uh in detail again so I'm just going +to draw that our our typical Force curve + + align:start position:0% +to draw that our our typical Force curve + + + align:start position:0% +to draw that our our typical Force curve +here again leaving out the retrace + + align:start position:0% +here again leaving out the retrace + + + align:start position:0% +here again leaving out the retrace +section of it okay so what we're + + align:start position:0% +section of it okay so what we're + + + align:start position:0% +section of it okay so what we're +interested in essentially here is this + + align:start position:0% +interested in essentially here is this + + + align:start position:0% +interested in essentially here is this +point the rest of the force curve + + align:start position:0% +point the rest of the force curve + + + align:start position:0% +point the rest of the force curve +doesn't matter to us today what we want + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter to us today what we want + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter to us today what we want +to know is what is the slope right at + + align:start position:0% +to know is what is the slope right at + + + align:start position:0% +to know is what is the slope right at +this beginning section when the can + + align:start position:0% +this beginning section when the can + + + align:start position:0% +this beginning section when the can +lever first comes into contact and the + + align:start position:0% +lever first comes into contact and the + + + align:start position:0% +lever first comes into contact and the +reason for that is we'll be making this + + align:start position:0% +reason for that is we'll be making this + + + align:start position:0% +reason for that is we'll be making this +measurement out of context so this very + + align:start position:0% +measurement out of context so this very + + + align:start position:0% +measurement out of context so this very +first point represents the sensitivity + + align:start position:0% +first point represents the sensitivity + + + align:start position:0% +first point represents the sensitivity +to any changes in signal right at that + + align:start position:0% +to any changes in signal right at that + + + align:start position:0% +to any changes in signal right at that +outof contact place so biasing your + + align:start position:0% +outof contact place so biasing your + + + align:start position:0% +outof contact place so biasing your +outof contact region to this middle part + + align:start position:0% +outof contact region to this middle part + + + align:start position:0% +outof contact region to this middle part +is going to become very important here + + align:start position:0% +is going to become very important here + + + align:start position:0% +is going to become very important here +so you don't want it to + + align:start position:0% +so you don't want it to + + + align:start position:0% +so you don't want it to +be anywhere towards the uh ends of the + + align:start position:0% +be anywhere towards the uh ends of the + + + align:start position:0% +be anywhere towards the uh ends of the +amplitude and something that you + + align:start position:0% +amplitude and something that you + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude and something that you +sometimes see is that this flat section + + align:start position:0% +sometimes see is that this flat section + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes see is that this flat section +is not as not so flat it might be curved + + align:start position:0% +is not as not so flat it might be curved + + + align:start position:0% +is not as not so flat it might be curved +or slanted somehow and again those are + + align:start position:0% +or slanted somehow and again those are + + + align:start position:0% +or slanted somehow and again those are +secondary effects that you'll want to + + align:start position:0% +secondary effects that you'll want to + + + align:start position:0% +secondary effects that you'll want to +minimize it might mean having to change + + align:start position:0% +minimize it might mean having to change + + + align:start position:0% +minimize it might mean having to change +the canle it might mean having to + + align:start position:0% +the canle it might mean having to + + + align:start position:0% +the canle it might mean having to +readjust the focus change your position + + align:start position:0% +readjust the focus change your position + + + align:start position:0% +readjust the focus change your position +the position of the sample that + + align:start position:0% +the position of the sample that + + + align:start position:0% +the position of the sample that +sometimes uh contributes other Optical + + align:start position:0% +sometimes uh contributes other Optical + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes uh contributes other Optical +effects and then the the mathematical + + align:start position:0% +effects and then the the mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +effects and then the the mathematical +conversion that you'll want to make + + align:start position:0% +conversion that you'll want to make + + + align:start position:0% +conversion that you'll want to make +again units become uh units are going to + + align:start position:0% +again units become uh units are going to + + + align:start position:0% +again units become uh units are going to +be very important to keep straight in + + align:start position:0% +be very important to keep straight in + + + align:start position:0% +be very important to keep straight in +this and they also will help you kind of + + align:start position:0% +this and they also will help you kind of + + + align:start position:0% +this and they also will help you kind of +uh guide you through what multiplication + + align:start position:0% +uh guide you through what multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +uh guide you through what multiplication +and division uh is is correct at each + + align:start position:0% +and division uh is is correct at each + + + align:start position:0% +and division uh is is correct at each +stage but + + align:start position:0% +stage but + + + align:start position:0% +stage but +essentially we know + + align:start position:0% +essentially we know + + + align:start position:0% +essentially we know +that this is the this is what we always + + align:start position:0% +that this is the this is what we always + + + align:start position:0% +that this is the this is what we always +know is that this distance here is 160 + + align:start position:0% +know is that this distance here is 160 + + + align:start position:0% +know is that this distance here is 160 +NM at the defract of + + align:start position:0% +NM at the defract of + + + align:start position:0% +NM at the defract of +grading um you can you can use the more + + align:start position:0% +grading um you can you can use the more + + + align:start position:0% +grading um you can you can use the more +precise value of I think it's it's + + align:start position:0% +precise value of I think it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +precise value of I think it's it's +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +um uh and that will give you the + + align:start position:0% +um uh and that will give you the + + + align:start position:0% +um uh and that will give you the +conversion factor between the voltage on + + align:start position:0% +conversion factor between the voltage on + + + align:start position:0% +conversion factor between the voltage on +the the so the voltage on this axis this + + align:start position:0% +the the so the voltage on this axis this + + + align:start position:0% +the the so the voltage on this axis this +is the uh Z displacement pzo + + align:start position:0% +is the uh Z displacement pzo + + + align:start position:0% +is the uh Z displacement pzo +displacement + + align:start position:0% +displacement + + + align:start position:0% +displacement +axis and so you'll see this plotted in + + align:start position:0% +axis and so you'll see this plotted in + + + align:start position:0% +axis and so you'll see this plotted in +volts on your on your oscilloscope and + + align:start position:0% +volts on your on your oscilloscope and + + + align:start position:0% +volts on your on your oscilloscope and +in your scanner uh software and that'll + + align:start position:0% +in your scanner uh software and that'll + + + align:start position:0% +in your scanner uh software and that'll +give you the conversion but then you + + align:start position:0% +give you the conversion but then you + + + align:start position:0% +give you the conversion but then you +also need the slope of the function + + align:start position:0% +also need the slope of the function + + + align:start position:0% +also need the slope of the function +right here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +boy I didn't draw that very well it's + + align:start position:0% +boy I didn't draw that very well it's + + + align:start position:0% +boy I didn't draw that very well it's +making my drawing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +difficult okay you'll also want to take + + align:start position:0% +difficult okay you'll also want to take + + + align:start position:0% +difficult okay you'll also want to take +the slope of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function which will give you an inter + + align:start position:0% +function which will give you an inter + + + align:start position:0% +function which will give you an inter +conversion between voltage on this axis + + align:start position:0% +conversion between voltage on this axis + + + align:start position:0% +conversion between voltage on this axis +and voltage on this axis so I call that + + align:start position:0% +and voltage on this axis so I call that + + + align:start position:0% +and voltage on this axis so I call that +VY versus + + align:start position:0% +VY versus + + + align:start position:0% +VY versus +VX and that and the reason that you want + + align:start position:0% +VX and that and the reason that you want + + + align:start position:0% +VX and that and the reason that you want +to do that of course is that the signal + + align:start position:0% +to do that of course is that the signal + + + align:start position:0% +to do that of course is that the signal +that you'll then be reading as a power + + align:start position:0% +that you'll then be reading as a power + + + align:start position:0% +that you'll then be reading as a power +Spectrum when you convert to the power + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum when you convert to the power + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum when you convert to the power +spectrum is the the Y voltage signal so + + align:start position:0% +spectrum is the the Y voltage signal so + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum is the the Y voltage signal so +it's important to remember that the + + align:start position:0% +it's important to remember that the + + + align:start position:0% +it's important to remember that the +slope uh the slope is what makes this + + align:start position:0% +slope uh the slope is what makes this + + + align:start position:0% +slope uh the slope is what makes this +relationship now another way to to do + + align:start position:0% +relationship now another way to to do + + + align:start position:0% +relationship now another way to to do +that is to just make a quick kind of + + align:start position:0% +that is to just make a quick kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that is to just make a quick kind of +back of the envelope estimate from + + align:start position:0% +back of the envelope estimate from + + + align:start position:0% +back of the envelope estimate from +basically the peak and trough points and + + align:start position:0% +basically the peak and trough points and + + + align:start position:0% +basically the peak and trough points and +just approximate this as a straight line + + align:start position:0% +just approximate this as a straight line + + + align:start position:0% +just approximate this as a straight line +um but you'll but obviously that's a + + align:start position:0% +um but you'll but obviously that's a + + + align:start position:0% +um but you'll but obviously that's a +little bit less + + align:start position:0% +little bit less + + + align:start position:0% +little bit less +accurate so that'll give you the the + + align:start position:0% +accurate so that'll give you the the + + + align:start position:0% +accurate so that'll give you the the +calibration ation + + align:start position:0% +calibration ation + + + align:start position:0% +calibration ation +for what the voltage to nanometer + + align:start position:0% +for what the voltage to nanometer + + + align:start position:0% +for what the voltage to nanometer +conversion is as the can lever vibrates + + align:start position:0% +conversion is as the can lever vibrates + + + align:start position:0% +conversion is as the can lever vibrates +then you also have to remember your + + align:start position:0% +then you also have to remember your + + + align:start position:0% +then you also have to remember your +geometric correction factor based on the + + align:start position:0% +geometric correction factor based on the + + + align:start position:0% +geometric correction factor based on the +position of the laser spot on the + + align:start position:0% +position of the laser spot on the + + + align:start position:0% +position of the laser spot on the +fingers compared to where the what how + + align:start position:0% +fingers compared to where the what how + + + align:start position:0% +fingers compared to where the what how +the tip motion uh uh how the tip + + align:start position:0% +the tip motion uh uh how the tip + + + align:start position:0% +the tip motion uh uh how the tip +moves and again uh it's useful to try to + + align:start position:0% +moves and again uh it's useful to try to + + + align:start position:0% +moves and again uh it's useful to try to +position uh try to position your laser + + align:start position:0% +position uh try to position your laser + + + align:start position:0% +position uh try to position your laser +spot as close to the edge of the + + align:start position:0% +spot as close to the edge of the + + + align:start position:0% +spot as close to the edge of the +defraction grading as possible so that + + align:start position:0% +defraction grading as possible so that + + + align:start position:0% +defraction grading as possible so that +you'll be able to more accurately + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to more accurately + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to more accurately +measure the position of that spot + + align:start position:0% +measure the position of that spot + + + align:start position:0% +measure the position of that spot +relative to the + + align:start position:0% +relative to the + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the +tip + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so and then the last uh the last two + + align:start position:0% +um so and then the last uh the last two + + + align:start position:0% +um so and then the last uh the last two +kind of variables that play into it are + + align:start position:0% +kind of variables that play into it are + + + align:start position:0% +kind of variables that play into it are +the quality factor which you'll be able + + align:start position:0% +the quality factor which you'll be able + + + align:start position:0% +the quality factor which you'll be able +to extract from making the fit to the + + align:start position:0% +to extract from making the fit to the + + + align:start position:0% +to extract from making the fit to the +power spectral density so that's a + + align:start position:0% +power spectral density so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +power spectral density so that's a +fairly easy thing to to accurately + + align:start position:0% +fairly easy thing to to accurately + + + align:start position:0% +fairly easy thing to to accurately +measure um in the resonant frequency of + + align:start position:0% +measure um in the resonant frequency of + + + align:start position:0% +measure um in the resonant frequency of +the canver of course and the spring + + align:start position:0% +the canver of course and the spring + + + align:start position:0% +the canver of course and the spring +constant so we're going to make the + + align:start position:0% +constant so we're going to make the + + + align:start position:0% +constant so we're going to make the +assumption that we can calculate the + + align:start position:0% +assumption that we can calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that we can calculate the +spring constant with with high + + align:start position:0% +spring constant with with high + + + align:start position:0% +spring constant with with high +accuracy um from the two different + + align:start position:0% +accuracy um from the two different + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy um from the two different +methods that are given in your lab + + align:start position:0% +methods that are given in your lab + + + align:start position:0% +methods that are given in your lab +manual one is based on measuring the + + align:start position:0% +manual one is based on measuring the + + + align:start position:0% +manual one is based on measuring the +frequency and one is based on Purely + + align:start position:0% +frequency and one is based on Purely + + + align:start position:0% +frequency and one is based on Purely +geometrical factors you can make all + + align:start position:0% +geometrical factors you can make all + + + align:start position:0% +geometrical factors you can make all +those calculations and compare them to + + align:start position:0% +those calculations and compare them to + + + align:start position:0% +those calculations and compare them to +each other and see how much you believe + + align:start position:0% +each other and see how much you believe + + + align:start position:0% +each other and see how much you believe +each of them um and then uh that'll play + + align:start position:0% +each of them um and then uh that'll play + + + align:start position:0% +each of them um and then uh that'll play +into your calculation for boltzman's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant that should take care of the + + align:start position:0% +constant that should take care of the + + + align:start position:0% +constant that should take care of the +introduction now let's get to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +measuring and + + align:start position:0% +measuring and + + + align:start position:0% +measuring and + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +high so this is B this is + + align:start position:0% +high so this is B this is + + + align:start position:0% +high so this is B this is +H I guess this is called Big + + align:start position:0% +H I guess this is called Big + + + align:start position:0% +H I guess this is called Big +L + + align:start position:0% +L + + + align:start position:0% +L +um what else do we need to know oh right + + align:start position:0% +um what else do we need to know oh right + + + align:start position:0% +um what else do we need to know oh right +just to make it easier on yourselves + + align:start position:0% +just to make it easier on yourselves + + + align:start position:0% +just to make it easier on yourselves +this is going to have an Omega knot of + + align:start position:0% +this is going to have an Omega knot of + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to have an Omega knot of +approximately 9 + + align:start position:0% +approximately 9 + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 9 +khz and this one + + align:start position:0% +khz and this one + + + align:start position:0% +khz and this one +approximately + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +um just so you a lot of people will put + + align:start position:0% +um just so you a lot of people will put + + + align:start position:0% +um just so you a lot of people will put +in a cand leave run the Spectrum what + + align:start position:0% +in a cand leave run the Spectrum what + + + align:start position:0% +in a cand leave run the Spectrum what +size do I have you can tell instantly by + + align:start position:0% +size do I have you can tell instantly by + + + align:start position:0% +size do I have you can tell instantly by +the resonant frequency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay then that's it and then the rest + + align:start position:0% +um okay then that's it and then the rest + + + align:start position:0% +um okay then that's it and then the rest +basically depends on a really nice Force + + align:start position:0% +basically depends on a really nice Force + + + align:start position:0% +basically depends on a really nice Force +curve and some careful + + align:start position:0% +curve and some careful + + + align:start position:0% +curve and some careful +math and do you give them the spring + + align:start position:0% +math and do you give them the spring + + + align:start position:0% +math and do you give them the spring +constants of each one no they they'll + + align:start position:0% +constants of each one no they they'll + + + align:start position:0% +constants of each one no they they'll +they can calculate them pretty well I + + align:start position:0% +they can calculate them pretty well I + + + align:start position:0% +they can calculate them pretty well I +mean once you measured the resonant + + align:start position:0% +mean once you measured the resonant + + + align:start position:0% +mean once you measured the resonant +frequency you can actually get the + + align:start position:0% +frequency you can actually get the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency you can actually get the +spring constant pretty well from that + + align:start position:0% +spring constant pretty well from that + + + align:start position:0% +spring constant pretty well from that +Sader seder expression + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay um so I want to say a quick word + + align:start position:0% +um okay um so I want to say a quick word + + + align:start position:0% +um okay um so I want to say a quick word +about uh about how to get your can + + align:start position:0% +about uh about how to get your can + + + align:start position:0% +about uh about how to get your can +levers + + align:start position:0% +levers + + + align:start position:0% +levers +uh to about how to position your can + + align:start position:0% +uh to about how to position your can + + + align:start position:0% +uh to about how to position your can +levers to get the force spe Force curve + + align:start position:0% +levers to get the force spe Force curve + + + align:start position:0% +levers to get the force spe Force curve +that you want so when we were using the + + align:start position:0% +that you want so when we were using the + + + align:start position:0% +that you want so when we were using the +Imaging C levers when we had the Long + + align:start position:0% +Imaging C levers when we had the Long + + + align:start position:0% +Imaging C levers when we had the Long +Middle beam it's easy to just deflect + + align:start position:0% +Middle beam it's easy to just deflect + + + align:start position:0% +Middle beam it's easy to just deflect +that Beam on its own and the side beams + + align:start position:0% +that Beam on its own and the side beams + + + align:start position:0% +that Beam on its own and the side beams +don't move but now that we have two + + align:start position:0% +don't move but now that we have two + + + align:start position:0% +don't move but now that we have two +identical candle levers for these + + align:start position:0% +identical candle levers for these + + + align:start position:0% +identical candle levers for these +measurements uh you need to deflect one + + align:start position:0% +measurements uh you need to deflect one + + + align:start position:0% +measurements uh you need to deflect one +and leave the other one unbent so that + + align:start position:0% +and leave the other one unbent so that + + + align:start position:0% +and leave the other one unbent so that +it acts as a reference when you're + + align:start position:0% +it acts as a reference when you're + + + align:start position:0% +it acts as a reference when you're +actually doing your calibration and your + + align:start position:0% +actually doing your calibration and your + + + align:start position:0% +actually doing your calibration and your +Force curves so as the picture shows in + + align:start position:0% +Force curves so as the picture shows in + + + align:start position:0% +Force curves so as the picture shows in +your lab manual I'm just going to do a + + align:start position:0% +your lab manual I'm just going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +your lab manual I'm just going to do a +sort of a dramatization here basically + + align:start position:0% +sort of a dramatization here basically + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a dramatization here basically +if you have the two can levers what you + + align:start position:0% +if you have the two can levers what you + + + align:start position:0% +if you have the two can levers what you +want to do is you want to so I'm going + + align:start position:0% +want to do is you want to so I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is you want to so I'm going +to lower them down but you want to bring + + align:start position:0% +to lower them down but you want to bring + + + align:start position:0% +to lower them down but you want to bring +up the stage with the sample such that + + align:start position:0% +up the stage with the sample such that + + + align:start position:0% +up the stage with the sample such that +one of the can levers will contact the + + align:start position:0% +one of the can levers will contact the + + + align:start position:0% +one of the can levers will contact the +sample and bend and the other one will + + align:start position:0% +sample and bend and the other one will + + + align:start position:0% +sample and bend and the other one will +remain unbent so that's all you're + + align:start position:0% +remain unbent so that's all you're + + + align:start position:0% +remain unbent so that's all you're +trying to do and with your stering + + align:start position:0% +trying to do and with your stering + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do and with your stering +microscope that should become reasonably + + align:start position:0% +microscope that should become reasonably + + + align:start position:0% +microscope that should become reasonably +easy so again just bring one down keep + + align:start position:0% +easy so again just bring one down keep + + + align:start position:0% +easy so again just bring one down keep +the other one straight and then release + + align:start position:0% +the other one straight and then release + + + align:start position:0% +the other one straight and then release +that's going to be your Force curve + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be your Force curve + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be your Force curve +okay I think these are them yeah so + + align:start position:0% +okay I think these are them yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +okay I think these are them yeah so +there're there's these little bits of + + align:start position:0% +there're there's these little bits of + + + align:start position:0% +there're there's these little bits of +glass that are mounted on the the pucks + + align:start position:0% +glass that are mounted on the the pucks + + + align:start position:0% +glass that are mounted on the the pucks +and you can just plug one of those in + + align:start position:0% +and you can just plug one of those in + + + align:start position:0% +and you can just plug one of those in +and then they'll typically have a nice + + align:start position:0% +and then they'll typically have a nice + + + align:start position:0% +and then they'll typically have a nice +sharp corner you can use otherwise it's + + align:start position:0% +sharp corner you can use otherwise it's + + + align:start position:0% +sharp corner you can use otherwise it's +kind of hard to find a corner on the + + align:start position:0% +kind of hard to find a corner on the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of hard to find a corner on the +regular samples so grab one of these and + + align:start position:0% +regular samples so grab one of these and + + + align:start position:0% +regular samples so grab one of these and +then grab whatever Cal size you like and + + align:start position:0% +then grab whatever Cal size you like and + + + align:start position:0% +then grab whatever Cal size you like and +uh go forth \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Hf1Ma9YkOMY.txt b/Hf1Ma9YkOMY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a50740c63ace3038e713a683e227d0e452a562e --- /dev/null +++ b/Hf1Ma9YkOMY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10259 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay good morning everyone so okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay good morning everyone so okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay good morning everyone so okay so +today we're going to continue with our a + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to continue with our a + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to continue with our a +plan for developing a powerful set of + + align:start position:0% +plan for developing a powerful set of + + + align:start position:0% +plan for developing a powerful set of +tools for analyzing the temporal + + align:start position:0% +tools for analyzing the temporal + + + align:start position:0% +tools for analyzing the temporal +structure of signals in particular + + align:start position:0% +structure of signals in particular + + + align:start position:0% +structure of signals in particular +periodic structure and signals and so + + align:start position:0% +periodic structure and signals and so + + + align:start position:0% +periodic structure and signals and so +this was the outline that we had for + + align:start position:0% +this was the outline that we had for + + + align:start position:0% +this was the outline that we had for +this series of three lectures last time + + align:start position:0% +this series of three lectures last time + + + align:start position:0% +this series of three lectures last time +we covered Fourier series complex + + align:start position:0% +we covered Fourier series complex + + + align:start position:0% +we covered Fourier series complex +Fourier series and the Fourier transform + + align:start position:0% +Fourier series and the Fourier transform + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier series and the Fourier transform +discrete Fourier transform and we + + align:start position:0% +discrete Fourier transform and we + + + align:start position:0% +discrete Fourier transform and we +started talking about the power spectrum + + align:start position:0% +started talking about the power spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +started talking about the power spectrum +and in that section we described how you + + align:start position:0% +and in that section we described how you + + + align:start position:0% +and in that section we described how you +can take any function and write it as a + + align:start position:0% +can take any function and write it as a + + + align:start position:0% +can take any function and write it as a +or any periodic function and write it as + + align:start position:0% +or any periodic function and write it as + + + align:start position:0% +or any periodic function and write it as +a sum of sinusoidal components so even + + align:start position:0% +a sum of sinusoidal components so even + + + align:start position:0% +a sum of sinusoidal components so even +functions we can write down as a sum of + + align:start position:0% +functions we can write down as a sum of + + + align:start position:0% +functions we can write down as a sum of +cosines and odd functions we can write + + align:start position:0% +cosines and odd functions we can write + + + align:start position:0% +cosines and odd functions we can write +down as a sum of sines today we're going + + align:start position:0% +down as a sum of sines today we're going + + + align:start position:0% +down as a sum of sines today we're going +to continue with that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +to continue with that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to continue with that we're going to +talk about the convolution theorem noise + + align:start position:0% +talk about the convolution theorem noise + + + align:start position:0% +talk about the convolution theorem noise +and filtering Shannon Nyquist sampling + + align:start position:0% +and filtering Shannon Nyquist sampling + + + align:start position:0% +and filtering Shannon Nyquist sampling +theorem and spectral estimation and next + + align:start position:0% +theorem and spectral estimation and next + + + align:start position:0% +theorem and spectral estimation and next +time we're going to move on to + + align:start position:0% +time we're going to move on to + + + align:start position:0% +time we're going to move on to +spectrograms and an important idea of + + align:start position:0% +spectrograms and an important idea of + + + align:start position:0% +spectrograms and an important idea of +windowing and tapering time bandwidth + + align:start position:0% +windowing and tapering time bandwidth + + + align:start position:0% +windowing and tapering time bandwidth +product and some more advanced filtering + + align:start position:0% +product and some more advanced filtering + + + align:start position:0% +product and some more advanced filtering +methods so last time I gave you this + + align:start position:0% +methods so last time I gave you this + + + align:start position:0% +methods so last time I gave you this +little piece of code that allows you to + + align:start position:0% +little piece of code that allows you to + + + align:start position:0% +little piece of code that allows you to +compute the discrete Fourier transform + + align:start position:0% +compute the discrete Fourier transform + + + align:start position:0% +compute the discrete Fourier transform +using this MATLAB function FFT and we + + align:start position:0% +using this MATLAB function FFT and we + + + align:start position:0% +using this MATLAB function FFT and we +talked about how in order to do this + + align:start position:0% +talked about how in order to do this + + + align:start position:0% +talked about how in order to do this +properly you should first circularly + + align:start position:0% +properly you should first circularly + + + align:start position:0% +properly you should first circularly +shift you have to take that the time + + align:start position:0% +shift you have to take that the time + + + align:start position:0% +shift you have to take that the time +series and actually the FFT algorithm is + + align:start position:0% +series and actually the FFT algorithm is + + + align:start position:0% +series and actually the FFT algorithm is +expecting the first half of the data in + + align:start position:0% +expecting the first half of the data in + + + align:start position:0% +expecting the first half of the data in +the second half of the data vector don't + + align:start position:0% +the second half of the data vector don't + + + align:start position:0% +the second half of the data vector don't +ask me why but we just do a circular + + align:start position:0% +ask me why but we just do a circular + + + align:start position:0% +ask me why but we just do a circular +shift we're on the FFT and then circular + + align:start position:0% +shift we're on the FFT and then circular + + + align:start position:0% +shift we're on the FFT and then circular +shift again to get the the negative + + align:start position:0% +shift again to get the the negative + + + align:start position:0% +shift again to get the the negative +frequencies in the first half of the + + align:start position:0% +frequencies in the first half of the + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies in the first half of the +vector and then you can plot the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +vector and then you can plot the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +vector and then you can plot the Fourier +transform of your function this shows an + + align:start position:0% +transform of your function this shows an + + + align:start position:0% +transform of your function this shows an +example where we took a cosine as a + + align:start position:0% +example where we took a cosine as a + + + align:start position:0% +example where we took a cosine as a +function of time at some frequency here + + align:start position:0% +function of time at some frequency here + + + align:start position:0% +function of time at some frequency here +20 Hertz we + + align:start position:0% +20 Hertz we + + + align:start position:0% +20 Hertz we +compute the Fourier transform of that + + align:start position:0% +compute the Fourier transform of that + + + align:start position:0% +compute the Fourier transform of that +and plot that so that's what this looks + + align:start position:0% +and plot that so that's what this looks + + + align:start position:0% +and plot that so that's what this looks +like here is a cosine ad 20 Hertz and + + align:start position:0% +like here is a cosine ad 20 Hertz and + + + align:start position:0% +like here is a cosine ad 20 Hertz and +you can see if you take the fast Fourier + + align:start position:0% +you can see if you take the fast Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +you can see if you take the fast Fourier +transform of that you can see that what + + align:start position:0% +transform of that you can see that what + + + align:start position:0% +transform of that you can see that what +you see is the real part as a function + + align:start position:0% +you see is the real part as a function + + + align:start position:0% +you see is the real part as a function +of frequency has two peaks one at plus + + align:start position:0% +of frequency has two peaks one at plus + + + align:start position:0% +of frequency has two peaks one at plus +20 Hertz one at minus 20 Hertz and the + + align:start position:0% +20 Hertz one at minus 20 Hertz and the + + + align:start position:0% +20 Hertz one at minus 20 Hertz and the +imaginary part is zero okay so we have + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part is zero okay so we have + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part is zero okay so we have +two peaks one produces a complex + + align:start position:0% +two peaks one produces a complex + + + align:start position:0% +two peaks one produces a complex +exponential that goes around the unit + + align:start position:0% +exponential that goes around the unit + + + align:start position:0% +exponential that goes around the unit +circle like this at 20 Hertz the other + + align:start position:0% +circle like this at 20 Hertz the other + + + align:start position:0% +circle like this at 20 Hertz the other +peak produces a complex exponential that + + align:start position:0% +peak produces a complex exponential that + + + align:start position:0% +peak produces a complex exponential that +goes around the other way at 20 Hertz + + align:start position:0% +goes around the other way at 20 Hertz + + + align:start position:0% +goes around the other way at 20 Hertz +the imaginary parts cancel and leave you + + align:start position:0% +the imaginary parts cancel and leave you + + + align:start position:0% +the imaginary parts cancel and leave you +with a real part that goes back and + + align:start position:0% +with a real part that goes back and + + + align:start position:0% +with a real part that goes back and +forth at 20 Hertz okay so that's what + + align:start position:0% +forth at 20 Hertz okay so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +forth at 20 Hertz okay so that's what +those two peaks are doing here is the + + align:start position:0% +those two peaks are doing here is the + + + align:start position:0% +those two peaks are doing here is the +the Fourier transform of a sine wave at + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform of a sine wave at + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform of a sine wave at +20 Hertz this is phase shifted so the + + align:start position:0% +20 Hertz this is phase shifted so the + + + align:start position:0% +20 Hertz this is phase shifted so the +cosine is a symmetric function or an + + align:start position:0% +cosine is a symmetric function or an + + + align:start position:0% +cosine is a symmetric function or an +even function the sine is an odd + + align:start position:0% +even function the sine is an odd + + + align:start position:0% +even function the sine is an odd +function and you can see that in this + + align:start position:0% +function and you can see that in this + + + align:start position:0% +function and you can see that in this +case the Fourier transform again has two + + align:start position:0% +case the Fourier transform again has two + + + align:start position:0% +case the Fourier transform again has two +peaks in this case the real part is zero + + align:start position:0% +peaks in this case the real part is zero + + + align:start position:0% +peaks in this case the real part is zero +and the two peaks are in the imaginary + + align:start position:0% +and the two peaks are in the imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +and the two peaks are in the imaginary +part the one at plus twenty Hertz is + + align:start position:0% +part the one at plus twenty Hertz is + + + align:start position:0% +part the one at plus twenty Hertz is +minus I and the one at minus twenty + + align:start position:0% +minus I and the one at minus twenty + + + align:start position:0% +minus I and the one at minus twenty +Hertz is plus I now the the interesting + + align:start position:0% +Hertz is plus I now the the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +Hertz is plus I now the the interesting +thing here the key thing is that the + + align:start position:0% +thing here the key thing is that the + + + align:start position:0% +thing here the key thing is that the +when you take the Fourier transform of a + + align:start position:0% +when you take the Fourier transform of a + + + align:start position:0% +when you take the Fourier transform of a +function symmetric functions even + + align:start position:0% +function symmetric functions even + + + align:start position:0% +function symmetric functions even +functions are always real the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +functions are always real the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +functions are always real the Fourier +transform of even functions is always + + align:start position:0% +transform of even functions is always + + + align:start position:0% +transform of even functions is always +real Fourier transform if you will that + + align:start position:0% +real Fourier transform if you will that + + + align:start position:0% +real Fourier transform if you will that +the Fourier series of the even part of + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier series of the even part of + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier series of the even part of +the function into the real part of the + + align:start position:0% +the function into the real part of the + + + align:start position:0% +the function into the real part of the +Fourier transform and the Fourier series + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform and the Fourier series + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform and the Fourier series +of the odd part of the function into the + + align:start position:0% +of the odd part of the function into the + + + align:start position:0% +of the odd part of the function into the +imaginary part of the Fourier transform + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part of the Fourier transform + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part of the Fourier transform +okay so okay now we introduce the idea + + align:start position:0% +okay so okay now we introduce the idea + + + align:start position:0% +okay so okay now we introduce the idea +of a power spectrum where we just take + + align:start position:0% +of a power spectrum where we just take + + + align:start position:0% +of a power spectrum where we just take +the Fourier transform and we take the + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform and we take the + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform and we take the +square magnitude of that Fourier + + align:start position:0% +square magnitude of that Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +square magnitude of that Fourier +transform and you can see that the power + + align:start position:0% +transform and you can see that the power + + + align:start position:0% +transform and you can see that the power +spectrum of the sine and cosine function + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of the sine and cosine function + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of the sine and cosine function +is just a single peak at the frequency + + align:start position:0% +is just a single peak at the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +is just a single peak at the frequency +of the sine or cosine + + align:start position:0% +of the sine or cosine + + + align:start position:0% +of the sine or cosine +okay and you can see why that is because + + align:start position:0% +okay and you can see why that is because + + + align:start position:0% +okay and you can see why that is because +the sine and cosine have a peak at plus + + align:start position:0% +the sine and cosine have a peak at plus + + + align:start position:0% +the sine and cosine have a peak at plus +20 Hertz for the cosine it's it's real + + align:start position:0% +20 Hertz for the cosine it's it's real + + + align:start position:0% +20 Hertz for the cosine it's it's real +and for the sine it's imaginary but the + + align:start position:0% +and for the sine it's imaginary but the + + + align:start position:0% +and for the sine it's imaginary but the +square magnitude of both of those is one + + align:start position:0% +square magnitude of both of those is one + + + align:start position:0% +square magnitude of both of those is one +at at that frequency okay any questions + + align:start position:0% +at at that frequency okay any questions + + + align:start position:0% +at at that frequency okay any questions +about that feel like I didn't say that + + align:start position:0% +about that feel like I didn't say that + + + align:start position:0% +about that feel like I didn't say that +quite as clearly as I could have okay so + + align:start position:0% +quite as clearly as I could have okay so + + + align:start position:0% +quite as clearly as I could have okay so +any questions about this okay let's take + + align:start position:0% +any questions about this okay let's take + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about this okay let's take +a look at another function that we've + + align:start position:0% +a look at another function that we've + + + align:start position:0% +a look at another function that we've +been talking about a square wave in this + + align:start position:0% +been talking about a square wave in this + + + align:start position:0% +been talking about a square wave in this +case you can see that this square wave + + align:start position:0% +case you can see that this square wave + + + align:start position:0% +case you can see that this square wave +is symmetric or even and you can see + + align:start position:0% +is symmetric or even and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +is symmetric or even and you can see +that the Fourier transform of that is + + align:start position:0% +that the Fourier transform of that is + + + align:start position:0% +that the Fourier transform of that is +all real the peaks are in the real part + + align:start position:0% +all real the peaks are in the real part + + + align:start position:0% +all real the peaks are in the real part +of the Fourier transform you can see the + + align:start position:0% +of the Fourier transform you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +of the Fourier transform you can see the +imaginary part in red is 0 everywhere + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part in red is 0 everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part in red is 0 everywhere +and you can see that the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that the Fourier +transform of this has multiple peaks at + + align:start position:0% +transform of this has multiple peaks at + + + align:start position:0% +transform of this has multiple peaks at +at intervals that are again equal to the + + align:start position:0% +at intervals that are again equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +at intervals that are again equal to the +frequency of this square wave okay if + + align:start position:0% +frequency of this square wave okay if + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of this square wave okay if +you look at the power spectrum of the + + align:start position:0% +you look at the power spectrum of the + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the power spectrum of the +square wave you can see again it's got + + align:start position:0% +square wave you can see again it's got + + + align:start position:0% +square wave you can see again it's got +multiple peaks at at regular intervals + + align:start position:0% +multiple peaks at at regular intervals + + + align:start position:0% +multiple peaks at at regular intervals +one thing that you often find when you + + align:start position:0% +one thing that you often find when you + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that you often find when you +look at power spectra of functions is + + align:start position:0% +look at power spectra of functions is + + + align:start position:0% +look at power spectra of functions is +that some of the peaks are very low + + align:start position:0% +that some of the peaks are very low + + + align:start position:0% +that some of the peaks are very low +amplitude or very low power so one of + + align:start position:0% +amplitude or very low power so one of + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude or very low power so one of +the things that we often do when we're + + align:start position:0% +the things that we often do when we're + + + align:start position:0% +the things that we often do when we're +plotting power spectra is to plot not + + align:start position:0% +plotting power spectra is to plot not + + + align:start position:0% +plotting power spectra is to plot not +power here but log power okay and so we + + align:start position:0% +power here but log power okay and so we + + + align:start position:0% +power here but log power okay and so we +plot power in log base 10 a difference + + align:start position:0% +plot power in log base 10 a difference + + + align:start position:0% +plot power in log base 10 a difference +of an order of magnitude in in two Peaks + + align:start position:0% +of an order of magnitude in in two Peaks + + + align:start position:0% +of an order of magnitude in in two Peaks +corresponds to a unit called a bell okay + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a unit called a bell okay + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a unit called a bell okay +beol so one Bell corresponds to a factor + + align:start position:0% +beol so one Bell corresponds to a factor + + + align:start position:0% +beol so one Bell corresponds to a factor +of ten difference in power so you can + + align:start position:0% +of ten difference in power so you can + + + align:start position:0% +of ten difference in power so you can +see this peak here is about one Bell + + align:start position:0% +see this peak here is about one Bell + + + align:start position:0% +see this peak here is about one Bell +lower than that peak right and more + + align:start position:0% +lower than that peak right and more + + + align:start position:0% +lower than that peak right and more +commonly used unit is called decibels + + align:start position:0% +commonly used unit is called decibels + + + align:start position:0% +commonly used unit is called decibels +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +are 10 decibels per Bell okay so + + align:start position:0% +are 10 decibels per Bell okay so + + + align:start position:0% +are 10 decibels per Bell okay so +decibels are given by 10 times the log + + align:start position:0% +decibels are given by 10 times the log + + + align:start position:0% +decibels are given by 10 times the log +base 10 of the power of the square + + align:start position:0% +base 10 of the power of the square + + + align:start position:0% +base 10 of the power of the square +magnitude of the Fourier transform okay + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the Fourier transform okay + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the Fourier transform okay +does that make sense yes no so you take + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense yes no so you take + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense yes no so you take +the square magnitude because okay + + align:start position:0% +the square magnitude because okay + + + align:start position:0% +the square magnitude because okay +remember last time we talked about power + + align:start position:0% +remember last time we talked about power + + + align:start position:0% +remember last time we talked about power +so if you have an electrical signal the + + align:start position:0% +so if you have an electrical signal the + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have an electrical signal the +power in the signal would be voltage + + align:start position:0% +power in the signal would be voltage + + + align:start position:0% +power in the signal would be voltage +squared over resistance okay power when + + align:start position:0% +squared over resistance okay power when + + + align:start position:0% +squared over resistance okay power when +you refer to signals is often kind of + + align:start position:0% +you refer to signals is often kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you refer to signals is often kind of +used synonymously with variance and + + align:start position:0% +used synonymously with variance and + + + align:start position:0% +used synonymously with variance and +variance is also this goes as the square + + align:start position:0% +variance is also this goes as the square + + + align:start position:0% +variance is also this goes as the square +of the signal now because the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +of the signal now because the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +of the signal now because the Fourier +transform is a complex number what we do + + align:start position:0% +transform is a complex number what we do + + + align:start position:0% +transform is a complex number what we do +is we don't just square it but we take + + align:start position:0% +is we don't just square it but we take + + + align:start position:0% +is we don't just square it but we take +the squared magnitude so we're measuring + + align:start position:0% +the squared magnitude so we're measuring + + + align:start position:0% +the squared magnitude so we're measuring +the distance from the origin in the + + align:start position:0% +the distance from the origin in the + + + align:start position:0% +the distance from the origin in the +complex plane okay good question all + + align:start position:0% +complex plane okay good question all + + + align:start position:0% +complex plane okay good question all +right any questions about this and what + + align:start position:0% +right any questions about this and what + + + align:start position:0% +right any questions about this and what +what the meaning of decibels is so if + + align:start position:0% +what the meaning of decibels is so if + + + align:start position:0% +what the meaning of decibels is so if +signal had ten times as much amplitude + + align:start position:0% +signal had ten times as much amplitude + + + align:start position:0% +signal had ten times as much amplitude +it would be one the power would be how + + align:start position:0% +it would be one the power would be how + + + align:start position:0% +it would be one the power would be how +much larger you had ten times as much + + align:start position:0% +much larger you had ten times as much + + + align:start position:0% +much larger you had ten times as much +amplitude how much increased power would + + align:start position:0% +amplitude how much increased power would + + + align:start position:0% +amplitude how much increased power would +they be would there be a hundred times + + align:start position:0% +they be would there be a hundred times + + + align:start position:0% +they be would there be a hundred times +which is how many bells log base 10 of + + align:start position:0% +which is how many bells log base 10 of + + + align:start position:0% +which is how many bells log base 10 of +100 is to how many decibels no it's it's + + align:start position:0% +100 is to how many decibels no it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +100 is to how many decibels no it's it's +ten decibels per bell deci just means a + + align:start position:0% +ten decibels per bell deci just means a + + + align:start position:0% +ten decibels per bell deci just means a +tenth of right remember those units so a + + align:start position:0% +tenth of right remember those units so a + + + align:start position:0% +tenth of right remember those units so a +factor of ten in signal is a factor of a + + align:start position:0% +factor of ten in signal is a factor of a + + + align:start position:0% +factor of ten in signal is a factor of a +hundred in power which is two bells + + align:start position:0% +hundred in power which is two bells + + + align:start position:0% +hundred in power which is two bells +which is 20 decibels okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right now I just want to show + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now I just want to show + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now I just want to show +you one important thing about Fourier + + align:start position:0% +you one important thing about Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +you one important thing about Fourier +transforms there's an interesting + + align:start position:0% +transforms there's an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +transforms there's an interesting +property about scaling in time and + + align:start position:0% +property about scaling in time and + + + align:start position:0% +property about scaling in time and +frequency so if you have a signal like + + align:start position:0% +frequency so if you have a signal like + + + align:start position:0% +frequency so if you have a signal like +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +that's periodic at about I don't looks + + align:start position:0% +that's periodic at about I don't looks + + + align:start position:0% +that's periodic at about I don't looks +like okay there it is about five Hertz + + align:start position:0% +like okay there it is about five Hertz + + + align:start position:0% +like okay there it is about five Hertz +if you look at the Fourier transform of + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the Fourier transform of + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the Fourier transform of +that you can see a series of Peaks + + align:start position:0% +that you can see a series of Peaks + + + align:start position:0% +that you can see a series of Peaks +because it's a periodic signal now if + + align:start position:0% +because it's a periodic signal now if + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a periodic signal now if +you take that same function and you make + + align:start position:0% +you take that same function and you make + + + align:start position:0% +you take that same function and you make +it go faster so now it's at about 10 + + align:start position:0% +it go faster so now it's at about 10 + + + align:start position:0% +it go faster so now it's at about 10 +Hertz instead of 5 Hertz you can see + + align:start position:0% +Hertz instead of 5 Hertz you can see + + + align:start position:0% +Hertz instead of 5 Hertz you can see +that the Fourier transform is exactly + + align:start position:0% +that the Fourier transform is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +that the Fourier transform is exactly +the same it's just scaled out so the + + align:start position:0% +the same it's just scaled out so the + + + align:start position:0% +the same it's just scaled out so the +faster something moves in time the more + + align:start position:0% +faster something moves in time the more + + + align:start position:0% +faster something moves in time the more +stretched out the frequencies are that + + align:start position:0% +stretched out the frequencies are that + + + align:start position:0% +stretched out the frequencies are that +makes sense so if I show you any + + align:start position:0% +makes sense so if I show you any + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense so if I show you any +periodic function at one frequency and I + + align:start position:0% +periodic function at one frequency and I + + + align:start position:0% +periodic function at one frequency and I +show you the Fourier transform of it you + + align:start position:0% +show you the Fourier transform of it you + + + align:start position:0% +show you the Fourier transform of it you +can immediately write down the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +can immediately write down the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +can immediately write down the Fourier +transform of any scaled version of that + + align:start position:0% +transform of any scaled version of that + + + align:start position:0% +transform of any scaled version of that +function right because if this goes + + align:start position:0% +function right because if this goes + + + align:start position:0% +function right because if this goes +faster if this same function but at a + + align:start position:0% +faster if this same function but at a + + + align:start position:0% +faster if this same function but at a +higher frequency you can write down the + + align:start position:0% +higher frequency you can write down the + + + align:start position:0% +higher frequency you can write down the +Fourier transform just by taking this + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform just by taking this + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform just by taking this +Fourier transform and stretching it out + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform and stretching it out + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform and stretching it out +by that same factor okay okay all right + + align:start position:0% +by that same factor okay okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +by that same factor okay okay all right +so here's that was just a brief review + + align:start position:0% +so here's that was just a brief review + + + align:start position:0% +so here's that was just a brief review +of what we covered last time and here's + + align:start position:0% +of what we covered last time and here's + + + align:start position:0% +of what we covered last time and here's +what we're going to cover today in a + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to cover today in a + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to cover today in a +little more detail so we're gonna talk + + align:start position:0% +little more detail so we're gonna talk + + + align:start position:0% +little more detail so we're gonna talk +some more about the idea of Fourier + + align:start position:0% +some more about the idea of Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +some more about the idea of Fourier +transform pairs these are functions + + align:start position:0% +transform pairs these are functions + + + align:start position:0% +transform pairs these are functions +where you you have a function you take + + align:start position:0% +where you you have a function you take + + + align:start position:0% +where you you have a function you take +the Fourier transform it of it you get a + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform it of it you get a + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform it of it you get a +different function if you take the + + align:start position:0% +different function if you take the + + + align:start position:0% +different function if you take the +Fourier transform of that you go back to + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of that you go back to + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of that you go back to +the original function okay so there are + + align:start position:0% +the original function okay so there are + + + align:start position:0% +the original function okay so there are +pairs of functions that are essentially + + align:start position:0% +pairs of functions that are essentially + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of functions that are essentially +Fourier transforms of each other okay an + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transforms of each other okay an + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transforms of each other okay an +example of that you saw here a square + + align:start position:0% +example of that you saw here a square + + + align:start position:0% +example of that you saw here a square +wave like this has a Fourier transform + + align:start position:0% +wave like this has a Fourier transform + + + align:start position:0% +wave like this has a Fourier transform +that's this funny function a set of + + align:start position:0% +that's this funny function a set of + + + align:start position:0% +that's this funny function a set of +Peaks if you take the Fourier transform + + align:start position:0% +Peaks if you take the Fourier transform + + + align:start position:0% +Peaks if you take the Fourier transform +of that you would get this square wave + + align:start position:0% +of that you would get this square wave + + + align:start position:0% +of that you would get this square wave +okay okay we're going to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +okay okay we're going to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay we're going to talk about the +convolution theorem which is a really + + align:start position:0% +convolution theorem which is a really + + + align:start position:0% +convolution theorem which is a really +cool theorem convolution and the time + + align:start position:0% +cool theorem convolution and the time + + + align:start position:0% +cool theorem convolution and the time +domain looks like multiplication in + + align:start position:0% +domain looks like multiplication in + + + align:start position:0% +domain looks like multiplication in +frequency domain multiplication in the + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain multiplication in the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain multiplication in the +time domain looks like convolution in + + align:start position:0% +time domain looks like convolution in + + + align:start position:0% +time domain looks like convolution in +the frequency domain and it allows you + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain and it allows you + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain and it allows you +to take a set of sort of Fourier + + align:start position:0% +to take a set of sort of Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +to take a set of sort of Fourier +transform pairs that that you know that + + align:start position:0% +transform pairs that that you know that + + + align:start position:0% +transform pairs that that you know that +we'll learn and and figure out what the + + align:start position:0% +we'll learn and and figure out what the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll learn and and figure out what the +what the Fourier transform is of any + + align:start position:0% +what the Fourier transform is of any + + + align:start position:0% +what the Fourier transform is of any +function that's either a product of + + align:start position:0% +function that's either a product of + + + align:start position:0% +function that's either a product of +those or a convolution of those kind of + + align:start position:0% +those or a convolution of those kind of + + + align:start position:0% +those or a convolution of those kind of +base functions alright it's very it's a + + align:start position:0% +base functions alright it's very it's a + + + align:start position:0% +base functions alright it's very it's a +very powerful theorem we're gonna talk + + align:start position:0% +very powerful theorem we're gonna talk + + + align:start position:0% +very powerful theorem we're gonna talk +about the Fourier transform of Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +about the Fourier transform of Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +about the Fourier transform of Gaussian +noise and this power spectrum of + + align:start position:0% +noise and this power spectrum of + + + align:start position:0% +noise and this power spectrum of +Gaussian noise we'll talk about how to + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian noise we'll talk about how to + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian noise we'll talk about how to +do spectral estimation and we'll end up + + align:start position:0% +do spectral estimation and we'll end up + + + align:start position:0% +do spectral estimation and we'll end up +on the Shannon Nyquist theorem and zero + + align:start position:0% +on the Shannon Nyquist theorem and zero + + + align:start position:0% +on the Shannon Nyquist theorem and zero +padding and there may be if there's time + + align:start position:0% +padding and there may be if there's time + + + align:start position:0% +padding and there may be if there's time +at the end I'll talk about a little + + align:start position:0% +at the end I'll talk about a little + + + align:start position:0% +at the end I'll talk about a little +trick for removing the line noise from + + align:start position:0% +trick for removing the line noise from + + + align:start position:0% +trick for removing the line noise from +from signals okay so let's start with + + align:start position:0% +from signals okay so let's start with + + + align:start position:0% +from signals okay so let's start with +Fourier transform pairs so one of the + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform pairs so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform pairs so one of the +most important functions to know the + + align:start position:0% +most important functions to know the + + + align:start position:0% +most important functions to know the +Fourier transform of is a square pulse + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of is a square pulse + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of is a square pulse +like this okay so let's just take a + + align:start position:0% +like this okay so let's just take a + + + align:start position:0% +like this okay so let's just take a +function of time it's zero everywhere + + align:start position:0% +function of time it's zero everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +function of time it's zero everywhere +zero everywhere but it's one if the time + + align:start position:0% +zero everywhere but it's one if the time + + + align:start position:0% +zero everywhere but it's one if the time +is within the interval plus delta T over + + align:start position:0% +is within the interval plus delta T over + + + align:start position:0% +is within the interval plus delta T over +two to minus delta T over two okay so a + + align:start position:0% +two to minus delta T over two okay so a + + + align:start position:0% +two to minus delta T over two okay so a +square pulse like that and let's just + + align:start position:0% +square pulse like that and let's just + + + align:start position:0% +square pulse like that and let's just +take the case where delta T is a hundred + + align:start position:0% +take the case where delta T is a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +take the case where delta T is a hundred +milliseconds the Fourier transform of a + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds the Fourier transform of a + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds the Fourier transform of a +square pulse is a function called a sinc + + align:start position:0% +square pulse is a function called a sinc + + + align:start position:0% +square pulse is a function called a sinc +function alright it looks a little bit + + align:start position:0% +function alright it looks a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +function alright it looks a little bit +messy but it's basically a sine wave + + align:start position:0% +messy but it's basically a sine wave + + + align:start position:0% +messy but it's basically a sine wave +that is weighted so that it's big in the + + align:start position:0% +that is weighted so that it's big in the + + + align:start position:0% +that is weighted so that it's big in the +middle and it decreases as you move away + + align:start position:0% +middle and it decreases as you move away + + + align:start position:0% +middle and it decreases as you move away +from zero okay and it decreases as 1 + + align:start position:0% +from zero okay and it decreases as 1 + + + align:start position:0% +from zero okay and it decreases as 1 +over F okay so this is frequency along + + align:start position:0% +over F okay so this is frequency along + + + align:start position:0% +over F okay so this is frequency along +this axis + + align:start position:0% +this axis + + + align:start position:0% +this axis +it's just imagine that you have a sine + + align:start position:0% +it's just imagine that you have a sine + + + align:start position:0% +it's just imagine that you have a sine +wave that gets smaller as you go away + + align:start position:0% +wave that gets smaller as you go away + + + align:start position:0% +wave that gets smaller as you go away +from the origin by an amount 1 over app + + align:start position:0% +from the origin by an amount 1 over app + + + align:start position:0% +from the origin by an amount 1 over app +that's all it is + + align:start position:0% +that's all it is + + + align:start position:0% +that's all it is +ok now a really important concept here + + align:start position:0% +ok now a really important concept here + + + align:start position:0% +ok now a really important concept here +remember we talked about how you can + + align:start position:0% +remember we talked about how you can + + + align:start position:0% +remember we talked about how you can +take a function of time so once you know + + align:start position:0% +take a function of time so once you know + + + align:start position:0% +take a function of time so once you know +that the Fourier transform of a square + + align:start position:0% +that the Fourier transform of a square + + + align:start position:0% +that the Fourier transform of a square +wave of this square wave of with 100 + + align:start position:0% +wave of this square wave of with 100 + + + align:start position:0% +wave of this square wave of with 100 +milliseconds is a sinc function you know + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds is a sinc function you know + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds is a sinc function you know +what the Fourier transform is of a + + align:start position:0% +what the Fourier transform is of a + + + align:start position:0% +what the Fourier transform is of a +square pulse that's longer right what is + + align:start position:0% +square pulse that's longer right what is + + + align:start position:0% +square pulse that's longer right what is +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember if you just take a function in + + align:start position:0% +remember if you just take a function in + + + align:start position:0% +remember if you just take a function in +time and you stretch it out before you + + align:start position:0% +time and you stretch it out before you + + + align:start position:0% +time and you stretch it out before you +transform just does what it compresses + + align:start position:0% +transform just does what it compresses + + + align:start position:0% +transform just does what it compresses +it shrinks and if you take this pulse + + align:start position:0% +it shrinks and if you take this pulse + + + align:start position:0% +it shrinks and if you take this pulse +and you make it narrower in time then + + align:start position:0% +and you make it narrower in time then + + + align:start position:0% +and you make it narrower in time then +the Fourier transform just stretches out + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform just stretches out + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform just stretches out +okay so if we take that pulse and we + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we take that pulse and we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we take that pulse and we +make it narrower all right 25 + + align:start position:0% +make it narrower all right 25 + + + align:start position:0% +make it narrower all right 25 +milliseconds then you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds then you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds then you can see that the +sinc function it's the same sinc + + align:start position:0% +sinc function it's the same sinc + + + align:start position:0% +sinc function it's the same sinc +function but it's just stretched out in + + align:start position:0% +function but it's just stretched out in + + + align:start position:0% +function but it's just stretched out in +the frequency domain + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain +all right so okay so you can see that + + align:start position:0% +all right so okay so you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +all right so okay so you can see that +here if it's 10 milliseconds the width + + align:start position:0% +here if it's 10 milliseconds the width + + + align:start position:0% +here if it's 10 milliseconds the width +of this is 12 Hertz the full width at + + align:start position:0% +of this is 12 Hertz the full width at + + + align:start position:0% +of this is 12 Hertz the full width at +half maximum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times narrower then this width will be 4 + + align:start position:0% +times narrower then this width will be 4 + + + align:start position:0% +times narrower then this width will be 4 +times wider + + align:start position:0% +times wider + + + align:start position:0% +times wider +okay what happens if we have a pulse + + align:start position:0% +okay what happens if we have a pulse + + + align:start position:0% +okay what happens if we have a pulse +here that is 500 milliseconds longer so + + align:start position:0% +here that is 500 milliseconds longer so + + + align:start position:0% +here that is 500 milliseconds longer so +five times longer what's the width of + + align:start position:0% +five times longer what's the width of + + + align:start position:0% +five times longer what's the width of +the sinc function here going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it'll be it'll be five times narrower + + align:start position:0% +it'll be it'll be five times narrower + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be it'll be five times narrower +than this so a little over two Hertz + + align:start position:0% +than this so a little over two Hertz + + + align:start position:0% +than this so a little over two Hertz +okay does that make sense okay so you + + align:start position:0% +okay does that make sense okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +okay does that make sense okay so you +should remember this Fourier transform + + align:start position:0% +should remember this Fourier transform + + + align:start position:0% +should remember this Fourier transform +pair a square pulse and a sinc function + + align:start position:0% +pair a square pulse and a sinc function + + + align:start position:0% +pair a square pulse and a sinc function +okay and there's a very important + + align:start position:0% +okay and there's a very important + + + align:start position:0% +okay and there's a very important +concept called the time bandwidth + + align:start position:0% +concept called the time bandwidth + + + align:start position:0% +concept called the time bandwidth +product you can see that as you make the + + align:start position:0% +product you can see that as you make the + + + align:start position:0% +product you can see that as you make the +width in time narrower the bandwidth in + + align:start position:0% +width in time narrower the bandwidth in + + + align:start position:0% +width in time narrower the bandwidth in +frequency gets bigger and as you make + + align:start position:0% +frequency gets bigger and as you make + + + align:start position:0% +frequency gets bigger and as you make +the pulse in time longer the bandwidth + + align:start position:0% +the pulse in time longer the bandwidth + + + align:start position:0% +the pulse in time longer the bandwidth +gets smaller and it turns out that the + + align:start position:0% +gets smaller and it turns out that the + + + align:start position:0% +gets smaller and it turns out that the +product of the width in time and the + + align:start position:0% +product of the width in time and the + + + align:start position:0% +product of the width in time and the +width in frequency is just a constant + + align:start position:0% +width in frequency is just a constant + + + align:start position:0% +width in frequency is just a constant +okay and for the for this square pulse + + align:start position:0% +okay and for the for this square pulse + + + align:start position:0% +okay and for the for this square pulse +sinc function that constant is 1.2 okay + + align:start position:0% +sinc function that constant is 1.2 okay + + + align:start position:0% +sinc function that constant is 1.2 okay +so so there's a limit if you make the + + align:start position:0% +so so there's a limit if you make the + + + align:start position:0% +so so there's a limit if you make the +square pulse smaller the sinc function + + align:start position:0% +square pulse smaller the sinc function + + + align:start position:0% +square pulse smaller the sinc function +gets broader okay all right let's look + + align:start position:0% +gets broader okay all right let's look + + + align:start position:0% +gets broader okay all right let's look +at it different Fourier transform pair + + align:start position:0% +at it different Fourier transform pair + + + align:start position:0% +at it different Fourier transform pair +it turns out that the Fourier transform + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that the Fourier transform + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that the Fourier transform +of a Gaussian is just a Gaussian okay so + + align:start position:0% +of a Gaussian is just a Gaussian okay so + + + align:start position:0% +of a Gaussian is just a Gaussian okay so +if you so here this the this Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +if you so here this the this Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +if you so here this the this Gaussian +pulse is 50 milliseconds long the + + align:start position:0% +pulse is 50 milliseconds long the + + + align:start position:0% +pulse is 50 milliseconds long the +Fourier transform of that is a Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of that is a Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of that is a Gaussian +pulse that's 20 Hertz wide if i make + + align:start position:0% +pulse that's 20 Hertz wide if i make + + + align:start position:0% +pulse that's 20 Hertz wide if i make +that Gaussian pulse in time narrower + + align:start position:0% +that Gaussian pulse in time narrower + + + align:start position:0% +that Gaussian pulse in time narrower +than the Gaussian in frequency gets + + align:start position:0% +than the Gaussian in frequency gets + + + align:start position:0% +than the Gaussian in frequency gets +wider okay and inversely if I make the + + align:start position:0% +wider okay and inversely if I make the + + + align:start position:0% +wider okay and inversely if I make the +pulse in time wider then then the + + align:start position:0% +pulse in time wider then then the + + + align:start position:0% +pulse in time wider then then the +Gaussian in frequency space gets + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian in frequency space gets + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian in frequency space gets +narrower yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes yep so so I'm trying it's a little + + align:start position:0% +yes yep so so I'm trying it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +yes yep so so I'm trying it's a little +bit unclear here but I'm measuring these + + align:start position:0% +bit unclear here but I'm measuring these + + + align:start position:0% +bit unclear here but I'm measuring these +widths at the half height yeah okay okay + + align:start position:0% +widths at the half height yeah okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +widths at the half height yeah okay okay +and so you can see that for a Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +and so you can see that for a Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can see that for a Gaussian +this time bandwidth product Delta F + + align:start position:0% +this time bandwidth product Delta F + + + align:start position:0% +this time bandwidth product Delta F +times delta T is just one so there's a + + align:start position:0% +times delta T is just one so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +times delta T is just one so there's a +time bandwidth product of one does this + + align:start position:0% +time bandwidth product of one does this + + + align:start position:0% +time bandwidth product of one does this +who who here has taken any quantum + + align:start position:0% +who who here has taken any quantum + + + align:start position:0% +who who here has taken any quantum +mechanics who here has heard of the + + align:start position:0% +mechanics who here has heard of the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics who here has heard of the +Heisenberg uncertainty principle yeah + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg uncertainty principle yeah + + + align:start position:0% +Heisenberg uncertainty principle yeah +this is just the Heisenberg uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +this is just the Heisenberg uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +this is just the Heisenberg uncertainty +principle this is where the Heisenberg + + align:start position:0% +principle this is where the Heisenberg + + + align:start position:0% +principle this is where the Heisenberg +uncertainty principle comes from because + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty principle comes from because + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty principle comes from because +wave functions are just you can think of + + align:start position:0% +wave functions are just you can think of + + + align:start position:0% +wave functions are just you can think of +wave functions as just functions in time + + align:start position:0% +wave functions as just functions in time + + + align:start position:0% +wave functions as just functions in time +okay so the spatial localization of an + + align:start position:0% +okay so the spatial localization of an + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the spatial localization of an +object is sum is sum the wave function + + align:start position:0% +object is sum is sum the wave function + + + align:start position:0% +object is sum is sum the wave function +is just some position of space right and + + align:start position:0% +is just some position of space right and + + + align:start position:0% +is just some position of space right and +the momentum of that particle can be + + align:start position:0% +the momentum of that particle can be + + + align:start position:0% +the momentum of that particle can be +computed as the Fourier transform of the + + align:start position:0% +computed as the Fourier transform of the + + + align:start position:0% +computed as the Fourier transform of the +wave function and so if the particle is + + align:start position:0% +wave function and so if the particle is + + + align:start position:0% +wave function and so if the particle is +more in space than if you compute the + + align:start position:0% +more in space than if you compute the + + + align:start position:0% +more in space than if you compute the +Fourier transform of that wave function + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of that wave function + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of that wave function +it's more dispersed in momentum okay so + + align:start position:0% +it's more dispersed in momentum okay so + + + align:start position:0% +it's more dispersed in momentum okay so +the uncertainty and momentum is larger + + align:start position:0% +the uncertainty and momentum is larger + + + align:start position:0% +the uncertainty and momentum is larger +so this concept of time bandwidth + + align:start position:0% +so this concept of time bandwidth + + + align:start position:0% +so this concept of time bandwidth +product in the fickle world what gives + + align:start position:0% +product in the fickle world what gives + + + align:start position:0% +product in the fickle world what gives +us that Heisenberg's uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +us that Heisenberg's uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +us that Heisenberg's uncertainty +principle it's very cool actually before + + align:start position:0% +principle it's very cool actually before + + + align:start position:0% +principle it's very cool actually before +I go on you can see that in this case + + align:start position:0% +I go on you can see that in this case + + + align:start position:0% +I go on you can see that in this case +the Fourier transform of this function + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform of this function + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform of this function +is the same function does anyone + + align:start position:0% +is the same function does anyone + + + align:start position:0% +is the same function does anyone +remember what a function is that the + + align:start position:0% +remember what a function is that the + + + align:start position:0% +remember what a function is that the +Fourier transform of it is another + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of it is another + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of it is another +version of that same function we talked + + align:start position:0% +version of that same function we talked + + + align:start position:0% +version of that same function we talked +about it last time + + align:start position:0% +about it last time + + + align:start position:0% +about it last time +pulse train that's right okay so a train + + align:start position:0% +pulse train that's right okay so a train + + + align:start position:0% +pulse train that's right okay so a train +of Delta functions as a Fourier + + align:start position:0% +of Delta functions as a Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +of Delta functions as a Fourier +transform that's just a train of Delta + + align:start position:0% +transform that's just a train of Delta + + + align:start position:0% +transform that's just a train of Delta +functions + + align:start position:0% +functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions +and one over spacing in the time domain + + align:start position:0% +and one over spacing in the time domain + + + align:start position:0% +and one over spacing in the time domain +is just equal to one over the spacing in + + align:start position:0% +is just equal to one over the spacing in + + + align:start position:0% +is just equal to one over the spacing in +the frequency domain okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain okay so that's +another Fourier transform pair that you + + align:start position:0% +another Fourier transform pair that you + + + align:start position:0% +another Fourier transform pair that you +should remember all right okay + + align:start position:0% +should remember all right okay + + + align:start position:0% +should remember all right okay +convolution theorem imagine that we have + + align:start position:0% +convolution theorem imagine that we have + + + align:start position:0% +convolution theorem imagine that we have +three functions of time okay Y of T okay + + align:start position:0% +three functions of time okay Y of T okay + + + align:start position:0% +three functions of time okay Y of T okay +like this one Y of T we could calculate + + align:start position:0% +like this one Y of T we could calculate + + + align:start position:0% +like this one Y of T we could calculate +the Fourier transform of that and that's + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform of that and that's + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform of that and that's +capital y of Omega alright and then we + + align:start position:0% +capital y of Omega alright and then we + + + align:start position:0% +capital y of Omega alright and then we +have some other function X of T and it's + + align:start position:0% +have some other function X of T and it's + + + align:start position:0% +have some other function X of T and it's +Fourier transform X of Omega alright and + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform X of Omega alright and + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform X of Omega alright and +another function G of tau and it's + + align:start position:0% +another function G of tau and it's + + + align:start position:0% +another function G of tau and it's +Fourier transform capital G of Omega so + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform capital G of Omega so + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform capital G of Omega so +remember we can write down the + + align:start position:0% +remember we can write down the + + + align:start position:0% +remember we can write down the +convolution of this time series X with + + align:start position:0% +convolution of this time series X with + + + align:start position:0% +convolution of this time series X with +this kernel G's follows so in this case + + align:start position:0% +this kernel G's follows so in this case + + + align:start position:0% +this kernel G's follows so in this case +we're defining Y as the convolution of G + + align:start position:0% +we're defining Y as the convolution of G + + + align:start position:0% +we're defining Y as the convolution of G +with X so Y of T equals this integral D + + align:start position:0% +with X so Y of T equals this integral D + + + align:start position:0% +with X so Y of T equals this integral D +tau G of tau X of t minus tau and + + align:start position:0% +tau G of tau X of t minus tau and + + + align:start position:0% +tau G of tau X of t minus tau and +integrating over all towel okay so + + align:start position:0% +integrating over all towel okay so + + + align:start position:0% +integrating over all towel okay so +that's a convolution the convolution + + align:start position:0% +that's a convolution the convolution + + + align:start position:0% +that's a convolution the convolution +theorem tells us that the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +theorem tells us that the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +theorem tells us that the Fourier +transform of Y is just the product of + + align:start position:0% +transform of Y is just the product of + + + align:start position:0% +transform of Y is just the product of +the Fourier transform of G and the + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform of G and the + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform of G and the +Fourier transform of X okay all right so + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of X okay all right so + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of X okay all right so +that you should remember all right going + + align:start position:0% +that you should remember all right going + + + align:start position:0% +that you should remember all right going +to walk you through how you derive that + + align:start position:0% +to walk you through how you derive that + + + align:start position:0% +to walk you through how you derive that +I don't expect you to be able to derive + + align:start position:0% +I don't expect you to be able to derive + + + align:start position:0% +I don't expect you to be able to derive +it but it's kind of the derivation is + + align:start position:0% +it but it's kind of the derivation is + + + align:start position:0% +it but it's kind of the derivation is +kind of cute and I enjoyed it so I + + align:start position:0% +kind of cute and I enjoyed it so I + + + align:start position:0% +kind of cute and I enjoyed it so I +thought I'd show you how it goes so + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd show you how it goes so + + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd show you how it goes so +here's the definition of the convolution + + align:start position:0% +here's the definition of the convolution + + + align:start position:0% +here's the definition of the convolution +what we're going to do is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is we're going to +just take the Fourier transform of Y + + align:start position:0% +just take the Fourier transform of Y + + + align:start position:0% +just take the Fourier transform of Y +okay so here's how you calculate the + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's how you calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's how you calculate the +Fourier transform of something Capital y + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of something Capital y + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of something Capital y +of Omega is just the integral over all + + align:start position:0% +of Omega is just the integral over all + + + align:start position:0% +of Omega is just the integral over all +time DT Y of T e to the minus I Omega T + + align:start position:0% +time DT Y of T e to the minus I Omega T + + + align:start position:0% +time DT Y of T e to the minus I Omega T +okay so we're going to substitute this + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're going to substitute this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're going to substitute this +into here + + align:start position:0% +into here + + + align:start position:0% +into here +all right now you can see that okay so + + align:start position:0% +all right now you can see that okay so + + + align:start position:0% +all right now you can see that okay so +the first is actually reverse the order + + align:start position:0% +the first is actually reverse the order + + + align:start position:0% +the first is actually reverse the order +of integration we're gonna integrate + + align:start position:0% +of integration we're gonna integrate + + + align:start position:0% +of integration we're gonna integrate +over T first rather than tau then what + + align:start position:0% +over T first rather than tau then what + + + align:start position:0% +over T first rather than tau then what +we're going to do is we can move the G + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is we can move the G + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is we can move the G +outside the integral over T because it's + + align:start position:0% +outside the integral over T because it's + + + align:start position:0% +outside the integral over T because it's +just a function of tau so we pull that + + align:start position:0% +just a function of tau so we pull that + + + align:start position:0% +just a function of tau so we pull that +out all right so now we have an integral + + align:start position:0% +out all right so now we have an integral + + + align:start position:0% +out all right so now we have an integral +DT X of t minus tau e to the minus I + + align:start position:0% +DT X of t minus tau e to the minus I + + + align:start position:0% +DT X of t minus tau e to the minus I +Omega T and what we can do is do a + + align:start position:0% +Omega T and what we can do is do a + + + align:start position:0% +Omega T and what we can do is do a +little modification here we're going to + + align:start position:0% +little modification here we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +little modification here we're going to +pull an e to the minus I Omega tau out + + align:start position:0% +pull an e to the minus I Omega tau out + + + align:start position:0% +pull an e to the minus I Omega tau out +of here okay so we have e to the minus I + + align:start position:0% +of here okay so we have e to the minus I + + + align:start position:0% +of here okay so we have e to the minus I +Omega tau times e to the minus I Omega t + + align:start position:0% +Omega tau times e to the minus I Omega t + + + align:start position:0% +Omega tau times e to the minus I Omega t +minus tau so you can see if you multiply + + align:start position:0% +minus tau so you can see if you multiply + + + align:start position:0% +minus tau so you can see if you multiply +those two things together you just get + + align:start position:0% +those two things together you just get + + + align:start position:0% +those two things together you just get +back to that okay now what we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +back to that okay now what we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +back to that okay now what we're gonna +do is because this is we're integrating + + align:start position:0% +do is because this is we're integrating + + + align:start position:0% +do is because this is we're integrating +over T but a function of tau we can pull + + align:start position:0% +over T but a function of tau we can pull + + + align:start position:0% +over T but a function of tau we can pull +that out of the integral and now we have + + align:start position:0% +that out of the integral and now we have + + + align:start position:0% +that out of the integral and now we have +integral DT X t minus tau e to the minus + + align:start position:0% +integral DT X t minus tau e to the minus + + + align:start position:0% +integral DT X t minus tau e to the minus +I Omega t minus tau and what do you + + align:start position:0% +I Omega t minus tau and what do you + + + align:start position:0% +I Omega t minus tau and what do you +think that is what is that what would it + + align:start position:0% +think that is what is that what would it + + + align:start position:0% +think that is what is that what would it +be if there were no tau there if you + + align:start position:0% +be if there were no tau there if you + + + align:start position:0% +be if there were no tau there if you +just cross that out and that what would + + align:start position:0% +just cross that out and that what would + + + align:start position:0% +just cross that out and that what would +that be anybody know what's that this is + + align:start position:0% +that be anybody know what's that this is + + + align:start position:0% +that be anybody know what's that this is +just the Fourier transform of X right + + align:start position:0% +just the Fourier transform of X right + + + align:start position:0% +just the Fourier transform of X right +and we're integrating from minus + + align:start position:0% +and we're integrating from minus + + + align:start position:0% +and we're integrating from minus +infinity to infinity so does it matter + + align:start position:0% +infinity to infinity so does it matter + + + align:start position:0% +infinity to infinity so does it matter +if we're shifting the inside by tau no + + align:start position:0% +if we're shifting the inside by tau no + + + align:start position:0% +if we're shifting the inside by tau no +it doesn't change the answer we're + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't change the answer we're + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't change the answer we're +integrating from minus infinity to + + align:start position:0% +integrating from minus infinity to + + + align:start position:0% +integrating from minus infinity to +infinity so shifting the inside of it by + + align:start position:0% +infinity so shifting the inside of it by + + + align:start position:0% +infinity so shifting the inside of it by +a small amount tau isn't gonna do + + align:start position:0% +a small amount tau isn't gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +a small amount tau isn't gonna do +anything okay so that's just the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +anything okay so that's just the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +anything okay so that's just the Fourier +transform of X good and what is this + + align:start position:0% +transform of X good and what is this + + + align:start position:0% +transform of X good and what is this +Fourier transform of G so + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of G so + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of G so +the Fourier transform of Y is just + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform of Y is just + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform of Y is just +Fourier transform of G times the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of G times the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of G times the Fourier +transform of X all right that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +transform of X all right that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +transform of X all right that's pretty +cool kind of cute but it's also really + + align:start position:0% +cool kind of cute but it's also really + + + align:start position:0% +cool kind of cute but it's also really +powerful okay so let me show you what + + align:start position:0% +powerful okay so let me show you what + + + align:start position:0% +powerful okay so let me show you what +you can do with that first let me just + + align:start position:0% +you can do with that first let me just + + + align:start position:0% +you can do with that first let me just +point out one thing that there's a + + align:start position:0% +point out one thing that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +point out one thing that there's a +convolution theorem that relates + + align:start position:0% +convolution theorem that relates + + + align:start position:0% +convolution theorem that relates +convolution in the time domain to + + align:start position:0% +convolution in the time domain to + + + align:start position:0% +convolution in the time domain to +multiplication in the frequency domain + + align:start position:0% +multiplication in the frequency domain + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication in the frequency domain +you can do exactly the same derivation + + align:start position:0% +you can do exactly the same derivation + + + align:start position:0% +you can do exactly the same derivation +and show that convolution of two + + align:start position:0% +and show that convolution of two + + + align:start position:0% +and show that convolution of two +functions in the frequency domain is the + + align:start position:0% +functions in the frequency domain is the + + + align:start position:0% +functions in the frequency domain is the +same as multiplication in the time + + align:start position:0% +same as multiplication in the time + + + align:start position:0% +same as multiplication in the time +domain okay all right so that's the + + align:start position:0% +domain okay all right so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +domain okay all right so that's the +convolution theorem okay so let's let's + + align:start position:0% +convolution theorem okay so let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +convolution theorem okay so let's let's +take an exceedance form of a Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +take an exceedance form of a Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +take an exceedance form of a Gaussian +right so what we're gonna do is we're + + align:start position:0% +right so what we're gonna do is we're + + + align:start position:0% +right so what we're gonna do is we're +gonna calculate the transform of a + + align:start position:0% +gonna calculate the transform of a + + + align:start position:0% +gonna calculate the transform of a +Gaussian times a sine wave so if you + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian times a sine wave so if you + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian times a sine wave so if you +take a Gaussian some window centered + + align:start position:0% +take a Gaussian some window centered + + + align:start position:0% +take a Gaussian some window centered +around zero and time this is a function + + align:start position:0% +around zero and time this is a function + + + align:start position:0% +around zero and time this is a function +of time now right so there's a little + + align:start position:0% +of time now right so there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +of time now right so there's a little +Gaussian pulse in time we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian pulse in time we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian pulse in time we're gonna +multiply that by this sine wave and when + + align:start position:0% +multiply that by this sine wave and when + + + align:start position:0% +multiply that by this sine wave and when +you multiply those together you get this + + align:start position:0% +you multiply those together you get this + + + align:start position:0% +you multiply those together you get this +little a little pulse of of sine okay + + align:start position:0% +little a little pulse of of sine okay + + + align:start position:0% +little a little pulse of of sine okay +sorry + + align:start position:0% +sorry + + + align:start position:0% +sorry +constant frequency boy that's harder to + + align:start position:0% +constant frequency boy that's harder to + + + align:start position:0% +constant frequency boy that's harder to +do than I thought okay just a little + + align:start position:0% +do than I thought okay just a little + + + align:start position:0% +do than I thought okay just a little +pulse of sine wave so what's the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +pulse of sine wave so what's the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +pulse of sine wave so what's the Fourier +transform of that well we don't know + + align:start position:0% +transform of that well we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +transform of that well we don't know +right we didn't calculate it but you can + + align:start position:0% +right we didn't calculate it but you can + + + align:start position:0% +right we didn't calculate it but you can +actually just figure it out very simply + + align:start position:0% +actually just figure it out very simply + + + align:start position:0% +actually just figure it out very simply +because you know the Fourier transform + + align:start position:0% +because you know the Fourier transform + + + align:start position:0% +because you know the Fourier transform +of a Gaussian what is that a Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +of a Gaussian what is that a Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +of a Gaussian what is that a Gaussian +you know the Fourier transform of a sine + + align:start position:0% +you know the Fourier transform of a sine + + + align:start position:0% +you know the Fourier transform of a sine +wave what is that yeah hold hold it up + + align:start position:0% +wave what is that yeah hold hold it up + + + align:start position:0% +wave what is that yeah hold hold it up +for me what does it look like son yes + + align:start position:0% +for me what does it look like son yes + + + align:start position:0% +for me what does it look like son yes +sine wave thank you like this okay and + + align:start position:0% +sine wave thank you like this okay and + + + align:start position:0% +sine wave thank you like this okay and +so what do you know what can you tell me + + align:start position:0% +so what do you know what can you tell me + + + align:start position:0% +so what do you know what can you tell me +right away what the Fourier transform of + + align:start position:0% +right away what the Fourier transform of + + + align:start position:0% +right away what the Fourier transform of +this is you take the Fourier transform + + align:start position:0% +this is you take the Fourier transform + + + align:start position:0% +this is you take the Fourier transform +of that and convolve it with the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +of that and convolve it with the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +of that and convolve it with the Fourier +transform of that so let's do that + + align:start position:0% +transform of that so let's do that + + + align:start position:0% +transform of that so let's do that +so there's the Fourier transform of this + + align:start position:0% +so there's the Fourier transform of this + + + align:start position:0% +so there's the Fourier transform of this +Gaussian if + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian if + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian if +this is 200 milliseconds wide then how + + align:start position:0% +this is 200 milliseconds wide then how + + + align:start position:0% +this is 200 milliseconds wide then how +wide is this it's one over 200 + + align:start position:0% +wide is this it's one over 200 + + + align:start position:0% +wide is this it's one over 200 +milliseconds which is what it's 5 Hertz + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds which is what it's 5 Hertz + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds which is what it's 5 Hertz +right 1 over point 2 is 5 the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +right 1 over point 2 is 5 the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +right 1 over point 2 is 5 the Fourier +transform of this sine wave and I think + + align:start position:0% +transform of this sine wave and I think + + + align:start position:0% +transform of this sine wave and I think +I made it a cosine instead of a sign + + align:start position:0% +I made it a cosine instead of a sign + + + align:start position:0% +I made it a cosine instead of a sign +sorry that's why I was going like this + + align:start position:0% +sorry that's why I was going like this + + + align:start position:0% +sorry that's why I was going like this +and you were going like this so I made + + align:start position:0% +and you were going like this so I made + + + align:start position:0% +and you were going like this so I made +it a a cosine function the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +it a a cosine function the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +it a a cosine function the Fourier +transform that the cosine function has + + align:start position:0% +transform that the cosine function has + + + align:start position:0% +transform that the cosine function has +two peaks one at 20 this is 20 Hertz so + + align:start position:0% +two peaks one at 20 this is 20 Hertz so + + + align:start position:0% +two peaks one at 20 this is 20 Hertz so +one peak at 21 at minus 20 and the + + align:start position:0% +one peak at 21 at minus 20 and the + + + align:start position:0% +one peak at 21 at minus 20 and the +Fourier transform of this it's just the + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of this it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of this it's just the +convolution of this with that right take + + align:start position:0% +convolution of this with that right take + + + align:start position:0% +convolution of this with that right take +this Gaussian and you slide it over + + align:start position:0% +this Gaussian and you slide it over + + + align:start position:0% +this Gaussian and you slide it over +those two peaks + + align:start position:0% +those two peaks + + + align:start position:0% +those two peaks +you essentially smooth this with that + + align:start position:0% +you essentially smooth this with that + + + align:start position:0% +you essentially smooth this with that +that makes sense cool so you didn't + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense cool so you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense cool so you didn't +actually have to stick this into MATLAB + + align:start position:0% +actually have to stick this into MATLAB + + + align:start position:0% +actually have to stick this into MATLAB +and compute the Fourier transform of + + align:start position:0% +and compute the Fourier transform of + + + align:start position:0% +and compute the Fourier transform of +that you can just know in your head that + + align:start position:0% +that you can just know in your head that + + + align:start position:0% +that you can just know in your head that +that's the product of a Gaussian and a + + align:start position:0% +that's the product of a Gaussian and a + + + align:start position:0% +that's the product of a Gaussian and a +sine wave or a cosine and therefore the + + align:start position:0% +sine wave or a cosine and therefore the + + + align:start position:0% +sine wave or a cosine and therefore the +Fourier transform of that is the + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of that is the + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of that is the +convolution of a Gaussian with these two + + align:start position:0% +convolution of a Gaussian with these two + + + align:start position:0% +convolution of a Gaussian with these two +peaks okay and there are many many + + align:start position:0% +peaks okay and there are many many + + + align:start position:0% +peaks okay and there are many many +examples of interesting and useful + + align:start position:0% +examples of interesting and useful + + + align:start position:0% +examples of interesting and useful +functions in the time domain that you + + align:start position:0% +functions in the time domain that you + + + align:start position:0% +functions in the time domain that you +can intuitively understand what their + + align:start position:0% +can intuitively understand what their + + + align:start position:0% +can intuitively understand what their +Fourier transform is just by having this + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform is just by having this + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform is just by having this +idea okay it's very powerful their + + align:start position:0% +idea okay it's very powerful their + + + align:start position:0% +idea okay it's very powerful their +example we're gonna calculate the + + align:start position:0% +example we're gonna calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +example we're gonna calculate the +Fourier transform of this square + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of this square + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of this square +windowed + + align:start position:0% +windowed + + + align:start position:0% +windowed +cosine function okay so it's a product + + align:start position:0% +cosine function okay so it's a product + + + align:start position:0% +cosine function okay so it's a product +of this square pulse with this cosine + + align:start position:0% +of this square pulse with this cosine + + + align:start position:0% +of this square pulse with this cosine +alright to give this so what is the + + align:start position:0% +alright to give this so what is the + + + align:start position:0% +alright to give this so what is the +Fourier transform of this what is that + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of this what is that + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of this what is that +so what is the Fourier transform of that + + align:start position:0% +so what is the Fourier transform of that + + + align:start position:0% +so what is the Fourier transform of that +it's the sinc function it's that kind of + + align:start position:0% +it's the sinc function it's that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it's the sinc function it's that kind of +Wiggly peaky thing and the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +Wiggly peaky thing and the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +Wiggly peaky thing and the Fourier +transform of that is just two peaks and + + align:start position:0% +transform of that is just two peaks and + + + align:start position:0% +transform of that is just two peaks and +so the Fourier transform of this is just + + align:start position:0% +so the Fourier transform of this is just + + + align:start position:0% +so the Fourier transform of this is just +like two peaks yeah with Wiggly stuff + + align:start position:0% +like two peaks yeah with Wiggly stuff + + + align:start position:0% +like two peaks yeah with Wiggly stuff +around them + + align:start position:0% +around them + + + align:start position:0% +around them +good that's exactly right all right any + + align:start position:0% +good that's exactly right all right any + + + align:start position:0% +good that's exactly right all right any +questions about that okay + + align:start position:0% +questions about that okay + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that okay +all right change of topic let's talk + + align:start position:0% +all right change of topic let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +all right change of topic let's talk +about Gaussian noise the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +about Gaussian noise the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +about Gaussian noise the Fourier +transform of noise and the power + + align:start position:0% +transform of noise and the power + + + align:start position:0% +transform of noise and the power +spectrum of noise and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of noise and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of noise and we're going to +eventually bring all these things back + + align:start position:0% +eventually bring all these things back + + + align:start position:0% +eventually bring all these things back +together okay + + align:start position:0% +together okay + + + align:start position:0% +together okay +all right so okay so what is Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +all right so okay so what is Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +all right so okay so what is Gaussian +noise so first of all Gaussian noise is + + align:start position:0% +noise so first of all Gaussian noise is + + + align:start position:0% +noise so first of all Gaussian noise is +is a signal in which the value at each + + align:start position:0% +is a signal in which the value at each + + + align:start position:0% +is a signal in which the value at each +time is randomly sampled from a Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +time is randomly sampled from a Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +time is randomly sampled from a Gaussian +distribution so you can do that in + + align:start position:0% +distribution so you can do that in + + + align:start position:0% +distribution so you can do that in +MATLAB that's it's a very simple + + align:start position:0% +MATLAB that's it's a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +MATLAB that's it's a very simple +function this returns a vector of length + + align:start position:0% +function this returns a vector of length + + + align:start position:0% +function this returns a vector of length +n sampled from a normal distribution + + align:start position:0% +n sampled from a normal distribution + + + align:start position:0% +n sampled from a normal distribution +okay was variance one so here's what + + align:start position:0% +okay was variance one so here's what + + + align:start position:0% +okay was variance one so here's what +that sounds like sounds noisy right okay + + align:start position:0% +that sounds like sounds noisy right okay + + + align:start position:0% +that sounds like sounds noisy right okay +I just wanted to show you what the + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to show you what the + + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to show you what the +autocorrelation function of this looks + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation function of this looks + + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation function of this looks +like which I think we saw before so if + + align:start position:0% +like which I think we saw before so if + + + align:start position:0% +like which I think we saw before so if +you look at the distribution of all + + align:start position:0% +you look at the distribution of all + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the distribution of all +samples it just gives you a distribution + + align:start position:0% +samples it just gives you a distribution + + + align:start position:0% +samples it just gives you a distribution +that it has the shape of a Gaussian and + + align:start position:0% +that it has the shape of a Gaussian and + + + align:start position:0% +that it has the shape of a Gaussian and +the standard deviation of that Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of that Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of that Gaussian +is one okay now what if you plot the + + align:start position:0% +is one okay now what if you plot the + + + align:start position:0% +is one okay now what if you plot the +correlation between the value of value + + align:start position:0% +correlation between the value of value + + + align:start position:0% +correlation between the value of value +of this function at time T and time T + + align:start position:0% +of this function at time T and time T + + + align:start position:0% +of this function at time T and time T +plus one + + align:start position:0% +plus one + + + align:start position:0% +plus one +is there any relation between the value + + align:start position:0% +is there any relation between the value + + + align:start position:0% +is there any relation between the value +of this function at any time T and + + align:start position:0% +of this function at any time T and + + + align:start position:0% +of this function at any time T and +another time T plus one so they're + + align:start position:0% +another time T plus one so they're + + + align:start position:0% +another time T plus one so they're +completely uncorrelated with with each + + align:start position:0% +completely uncorrelated with with each + + + align:start position:0% +completely uncorrelated with with each +other the value at time T is unquote + + align:start position:0% +other the value at time T is unquote + + + align:start position:0% +other the value at time T is unquote +with the value at time T plus one okay + + align:start position:0% +with the value at time T plus one okay + + + align:start position:0% +with the value at time T plus one okay +so there's zero correlations between + + align:start position:0% +so there's zero correlations between + + + align:start position:0% +so there's zero correlations between +neighboring samples what about the + + align:start position:0% +neighboring samples what about the + + + align:start position:0% +neighboring samples what about the +correlation of the signal at time T with + + align:start position:0% +correlation of the signal at time T with + + + align:start position:0% +correlation of the signal at time T with +the signal at time T well that's + + align:start position:0% +the signal at time T well that's + + + align:start position:0% +the signal at time T well that's +perfectly correlated obviously so we can + + align:start position:0% +perfectly correlated obviously so we can + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly correlated obviously so we can +plot the correlation of this function + + align:start position:0% +plot the correlation of this function + + + align:start position:0% +plot the correlation of this function +with itself at different time lags + + align:start position:0% +with itself at different time lags + + + align:start position:0% +with itself at different time lags +remember that was the autocorrelation + + align:start position:0% +remember that was the autocorrelation + + + align:start position:0% +remember that was the autocorrelation +function and if we do that you get a one + + align:start position:0% +function and if we do that you get a one + + + align:start position:0% +function and if we do that you get a one +at zero lag and zero at any other leg + + align:start position:0% +at zero lag and zero at any other leg + + + align:start position:0% +at zero lag and zero at any other leg +okay so that's the autocorrelation + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the autocorrelation + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the autocorrelation +function of Gaussian noise okay all + + align:start position:0% +function of Gaussian noise okay all + + + align:start position:0% +function of Gaussian noise okay all +right now the Fourier transform of + + align:start position:0% +right now the Fourier transform of + + + align:start position:0% +right now the Fourier transform of +Gaussian noise is just Gaussian noise + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian noise is just Gaussian noise + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian noise is just Gaussian noise +it's another kind of interesting Fourier + + align:start position:0% +it's another kind of interesting Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +it's another kind of interesting Fourier +transform pair right and it's a Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +transform pair right and it's a Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +transform pair right and it's a Gaussian +distribution it's a Gaussian random + + align:start position:0% +distribution it's a Gaussian random + + + align:start position:0% +distribution it's a Gaussian random +distribution in both the real and the + + align:start position:0% +distribution in both the real and the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution in both the real and the +imaginary part so you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part so you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part so you can see that the +blue and red the red here is the + + align:start position:0% +blue and red the red here is the + + + align:start position:0% +blue and red the red here is the +imaginary part are both just Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part are both just Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary part are both just Gaussian +noise okay all right now what is the + + align:start position:0% +noise okay all right now what is the + + + align:start position:0% +noise okay all right now what is the +power spectrum so we can take this thing + + align:start position:0% +power spectrum so we can take this thing + + + align:start position:0% +power spectrum so we can take this thing +alright and remember when we plot the + + align:start position:0% +alright and remember when we plot the + + + align:start position:0% +alright and remember when we plot the +power just plot the square magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +power just plot the square magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +power just plot the square magnitude of +just the positive frequencies why why is + + align:start position:0% +just the positive frequencies why why is + + + align:start position:0% +just the positive frequencies why why is +that again why do we only have to plot + + align:start position:0% +that again why do we only have to plot + + + align:start position:0% +that again why do we only have to plot +the square magnitude of the positive + + align:start position:0% +the square magnitude of the positive + + + align:start position:0% +the square magnitude of the positive +frequencies yep so it turns out that the + + align:start position:0% +frequencies yep so it turns out that the + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies yep so it turns out that the +that the Fourier transform in the + + align:start position:0% +that the Fourier transform in the + + + align:start position:0% +that the Fourier transform in the +positive frequencies it's just the + + align:start position:0% +positive frequencies it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +positive frequencies it's just the +complex conjugate of the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate of the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +complex conjugate of the Fourier +transform in the negative frequency so + + align:start position:0% +transform in the negative frequency so + + + align:start position:0% +transform in the negative frequency so +the square magnitude is identical okay + + align:start position:0% +the square magnitude is identical okay + + + align:start position:0% +the square magnitude is identical okay +so the power spectrum on this side is + + align:start position:0% +so the power spectrum on this side is + + + align:start position:0% +so the power spectrum on this side is +equal to the power spectrum on that side + + align:start position:0% +equal to the power spectrum on that side + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the power spectrum on that side +so we just plot half of it + + align:start position:0% +so we just plot half of it + + + align:start position:0% +so we just plot half of it +okay so that's what the power spectrum + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what the power spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's what the power spectrum +of this particular piece of signal looks + + align:start position:0% +of this particular piece of signal looks + + + align:start position:0% +of this particular piece of signal looks +like alright the power spectrum of noise + + align:start position:0% +like alright the power spectrum of noise + + + align:start position:0% +like alright the power spectrum of noise +is very noisy okay we're gonna come back + + align:start position:0% +is very noisy okay we're gonna come back + + + align:start position:0% +is very noisy okay we're gonna come back +and I'm gonna show you that that on + + align:start position:0% +and I'm gonna show you that that on + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm gonna show you that that on +average if you take many different + + align:start position:0% +average if you take many different + + + align:start position:0% +average if you take many different +signals many copies of this and + + align:start position:0% +signals many copies of this and + + + align:start position:0% +signals many copies of this and +calculate the power spectrum and average + + align:start position:0% +calculate the power spectrum and average + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the power spectrum and average +them all together it's going to be flat + + align:start position:0% +them all together it's going to be flat + + + align:start position:0% +them all together it's going to be flat +but for any given piece of noisy signal + + align:start position:0% +but for any given piece of noisy signal + + + align:start position:0% +but for any given piece of noisy signal +the power spectrum is very noisy okay + + align:start position:0% +the power spectrum is very noisy okay + + + align:start position:0% +the power spectrum is very noisy okay +any questions about that okay all right + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that okay all right +so now let's turn to spectral estimation + + align:start position:0% +so now let's turn to spectral estimation + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's turn to spectral estimation +how do we estimate the spectrum of a + + align:start position:0% +how do we estimate the spectrum of a + + + align:start position:0% +how do we estimate the spectrum of a +signal okay so let's say you have a + + align:start position:0% +signal okay so let's say you have a + + + align:start position:0% +signal okay so let's say you have a +signal s of T and you have a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +signal s of T and you have a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +signal s of T and you have a bunch of +short measurements of that signal so you + + align:start position:0% +short measurements of that signal so you + + + align:start position:0% +short measurements of that signal so you +have some signal let's say from the + + align:start position:0% +have some signal let's say from the + + + align:start position:0% +have some signal let's say from the +brain like you record some some local + + align:start position:0% +brain like you record some some local + + + align:start position:0% +brain like you record some some local +field potential or some ECG or something + + align:start position:0% +field potential or some ECG or something + + + align:start position:0% +field potential or some ECG or something +like that and you want to find you want + + align:start position:0% +like that and you want to find you want + + + align:start position:0% +like that and you want to find you want +to find the spectrum of that let's say + + align:start position:0% +to find the spectrum of that let's say + + + align:start position:0% +to find the spectrum of that let's say +you're interested in measuring the theta + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in measuring the theta + + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in measuring the theta +rhythm or some alpha rhythm or some + + align:start position:0% +rhythm or some alpha rhythm or some + + + align:start position:0% +rhythm or some alpha rhythm or some +other periodic signal in the brain what + + align:start position:0% +other periodic signal in the brain what + + + align:start position:0% +other periodic signal in the brain what +you would what you could do is you could + + align:start position:0% +you would what you could do is you could + + + align:start position:0% +you would what you could do is you could +have a bunch of independent measurements + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of independent measurements + + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of independent measurements +of that signal and it's in this case + + align:start position:0% +of that signal and it's in this case + + + align:start position:0% +of that signal and it's in this case +I've called them four trials a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +I've called them four trials a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +I've called them four trials a bunch of +trials what you can do is calculate the + + align:start position:0% +trials what you can do is calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +trials what you can do is calculate the +power spectrum just look for each of + + align:start position:0% +power spectrum just look for each of + + + align:start position:0% +power spectrum just look for each of +those signals so this is a little sample + + align:start position:0% +those signals so this is a little sample + + + align:start position:0% +those signals so this is a little sample +Y of T 1 y1 of T y2 of T you can + + align:start position:0% +Y of T 1 y1 of T y2 of T you can + + + align:start position:0% +Y of T 1 y1 of T y2 of T you can +calculate the square magnitude of the + + align:start position:0% +calculate the square magnitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the square magnitude of the +Fourier transform of each one of those + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of each one of those + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of each one of those +samples and you can estimate the + + align:start position:0% +samples and you can estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +samples and you can estimate the +spectrum of those signals by just + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of those signals by just + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of those signals by just +averaging together those separate + + align:start position:0% +averaging together those separate + + + align:start position:0% +averaging together those separate +independent estimates ok does that make + + align:start position:0% +independent estimates ok does that make + + + align:start position:0% +independent estimates ok does that make +sense so literally we just do what we + + align:start position:0% +sense so literally we just do what we + + + align:start position:0% +sense so literally we just do what we +did here we have a little bit of signal + + align:start position:0% +did here we have a little bit of signal + + + align:start position:0% +did here we have a little bit of signal +we Fourier transform it take the square + + align:start position:0% +we Fourier transform it take the square + + + align:start position:0% +we Fourier transform it take the square +magnitude and now you average together + + align:start position:0% +magnitude and now you average together + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude and now you average together +all of your different samples that make + + align:start position:0% +all of your different samples that make + + + align:start position:0% +all of your different samples that make +sense that's the simplest form of + + align:start position:0% +sense that's the simplest form of + + + align:start position:0% +sense that's the simplest form of +spectral estimation okay it's like if + + align:start position:0% +spectral estimation okay it's like if + + + align:start position:0% +spectral estimation okay it's like if +you want to estimate the the you know + + align:start position:0% +you want to estimate the the you know + + + align:start position:0% +you want to estimate the the you know +the average height of a population of + + align:start position:0% +the average height of a population of + + + align:start position:0% +the average height of a population of +people you take a bunch of different + + align:start position:0% +people you take a bunch of different + + + align:start position:0% +people you take a bunch of different +measurements you randomly sample you + + align:start position:0% +measurements you randomly sample you + + + align:start position:0% +measurements you randomly sample you +take a bunch of different measurements + + align:start position:0% +take a bunch of different measurements + + + align:start position:0% +take a bunch of different measurements +and you average them together that's all + + align:start position:0% +and you average them together that's all + + + align:start position:0% +and you average them together that's all +we're doing here okay okay now you can + + align:start position:0% +we're doing here okay okay now you can + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing here okay okay now you can +apply that same principle to long + + align:start position:0% +apply that same principle to long + + + align:start position:0% +apply that same principle to long +signals what you do is you just take + + align:start position:0% +signals what you do is you just take + + + align:start position:0% +signals what you do is you just take +that signal and you break it into short + + align:start position:0% +that signal and you break it into short + + + align:start position:0% +that signal and you break it into short +pieces and you compute the power + + align:start position:0% +pieces and you compute the power + + + align:start position:0% +pieces and you compute the power +spectrum in each one of those windows + + align:start position:0% +spectrum in each one of those windows + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum in each one of those windows +and again you average them together now + + align:start position:0% +and again you average them together now + + + align:start position:0% +and again you average them together now +come extract ingush longer signal is + + align:start position:0% +come extract ingush longer signal is + + + align:start position:0% +come extract ingush longer signal is +essentially the same as multiplying that + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same as multiplying that + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same as multiplying that +long signal by a square pulse right zero + + align:start position:0% +long signal by a square pulse right zero + + + align:start position:0% +long signal by a square pulse right zero +everywhere but one in here one here zero + + align:start position:0% +everywhere but one in here one here zero + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere but one in here one here zero +everywhere else right so that process of + + align:start position:0% +everywhere else right so that process of + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere else right so that process of +taking a long signal and extracting out + + align:start position:0% +taking a long signal and extracting out + + + align:start position:0% +taking a long signal and extracting out +one piece of it has a name it's called + + align:start position:0% +one piece of it has a name it's called + + + align:start position:0% +one piece of it has a name it's called +windowing it's sort of like you're + + align:start position:0% +windowing it's sort of like you're + + + align:start position:0% +windowing it's sort of like you're +looking seen through this window and + + align:start position:0% +looking seen through this window and + + + align:start position:0% +looking seen through this window and +that's all you can see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so one way to estimate the spectrum + + align:start position:0% +okay so one way to estimate the spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +okay so one way to estimate the spectrum +of this signal is to take the signal in + + align:start position:0% +of this signal is to take the signal in + + + align:start position:0% +of this signal is to take the signal in +this window compute the FFT of that take + + align:start position:0% +this window compute the FFT of that take + + + align:start position:0% +this window compute the FFT of that take +this power power spectrum and then apply + + align:start position:0% +this power power spectrum and then apply + + + align:start position:0% +this power power spectrum and then apply +this window to the next piece apply this + + align:start position:0% +this window to the next piece apply this + + + align:start position:0% +this window to the next piece apply this +window to the next piece and compute the + + align:start position:0% +window to the next piece and compute the + + + align:start position:0% +window to the next piece and compute the +spectrum and average them all together + + align:start position:0% +spectrum and average them all together + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum and average them all together +what's the problem with that why might + + align:start position:0% +what's the problem with that why might + + + align:start position:0% +what's the problem with that why might +that be a bad idea yeah good that's + + align:start position:0% +that be a bad idea yeah good that's + + + align:start position:0% +that be a bad idea yeah good that's +that's a very good example but there's + + align:start position:0% +that's a very good example but there's + + + align:start position:0% +that's a very good example but there's +sort of a general principle that we just + + align:start position:0% +sort of a general principle that we just + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a general principle that we just +learned that you can apply to this + + align:start position:0% +learned that you can apply to this + + + align:start position:0% +learned that you can apply to this +problem what what happens a transform of + + align:start position:0% +problem what what happens a transform of + + + align:start position:0% +problem what what happens a transform of +this signal when we multiply it by this + + align:start position:0% +this signal when we multiply it by this + + + align:start position:0% +this signal when we multiply it by this +square pulse + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're convolving the spectrum of this + + align:start position:0% +we're convolving the spectrum of this + + + align:start position:0% +we're convolving the spectrum of this +signal with a sinc function and the sinc + + align:start position:0% +signal with a sinc function and the sinc + + + align:start position:0% +signal with a sinc function and the sinc +function is really ugly right it's got + + align:start position:0% +function is really ugly right it's got + + + align:start position:0% +function is really ugly right it's got +lots of wiggles and so it turns out this + + align:start position:0% +lots of wiggles and so it turns out this + + + align:start position:0% +lots of wiggles and so it turns out this +process of windowing a piece of data + + align:start position:0% +process of windowing a piece of data + + + align:start position:0% +process of windowing a piece of data +with this square pulse actually does + + align:start position:0% +with this square pulse actually does + + + align:start position:0% +with this square pulse actually does +really horrible things to our spectral + + align:start position:0% +really horrible things to our spectral + + + align:start position:0% +really horrible things to our spectral +estimate okay and we're going to spend a + + align:start position:0% +estimate okay and we're going to spend a + + + align:start position:0% +estimate okay and we're going to spend a +lot of time in the next lecture + + align:start position:0% +lot of time in the next lecture + + + align:start position:0% +lot of time in the next lecture +addressing how you solve that problem in + + align:start position:0% +addressing how you solve that problem in + + + align:start position:0% +addressing how you solve that problem in +a principled way and make a good + + align:start position:0% +a principled way and make a good + + + align:start position:0% +a principled way and make a good +estimate of this signal by breaking it + + align:start position:0% +estimate of this signal by breaking it + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of this signal by breaking it +up into little pieces but instead of + + align:start position:0% +up into little pieces but instead of + + + align:start position:0% +up into little pieces but instead of +just taking the square window we do + + align:start position:0% +just taking the square window we do + + + align:start position:0% +just taking the square window we do +something called tapering so we instead + + align:start position:0% +something called tapering so we instead + + + align:start position:0% +something called tapering so we instead +of multiplying this signal by square + + align:start position:0% +of multiplying this signal by square + + + align:start position:0% +of multiplying this signal by square +pulses we sample the signal by blowing + + align:start position:0% +pulses we sample the signal by blowing + + + align:start position:0% +pulses we sample the signal by blowing +it by little things that look like + + align:start position:0% +it by little things that look like + + + align:start position:0% +it by little things that look like +little smooth functions like maybe a + + align:start position:0% +little smooth functions like maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +little smooth functions like maybe a +Gaussian or other functions that we'll + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian or other functions that we'll + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian or other functions that we'll +talk about there doing an even better + + align:start position:0% +talk about there doing an even better + + + align:start position:0% +talk about there doing an even better +job okay + + align:start position:0% +job okay + + + align:start position:0% +job okay +all right okay so that process is called + + align:start position:0% +all right okay so that process is called + + + align:start position:0% +all right okay so that process is called +tapering multiplying your data by a + + align:start position:0% +tapering multiplying your data by a + + + align:start position:0% +tapering multiplying your data by a +little paper that's smooth unlike a + + align:start position:0% +little paper that's smooth unlike a + + + align:start position:0% +little paper that's smooth unlike a +square window + + align:start position:0% +square window + + + align:start position:0% +square window +computing spectral estimates from each + + align:start position:0% +computing spectral estimates from each + + + align:start position:0% +computing spectral estimates from each +one of those windowed and tapered pieces + + align:start position:0% +one of those windowed and tapered pieces + + + align:start position:0% +one of those windowed and tapered pieces +of data gives you a very good estimate + + align:start position:0% +of data gives you a very good estimate + + + align:start position:0% +of data gives you a very good estimate +of the spectrum we're gonna come back to + + align:start position:0% +of the spectrum we're gonna come back to + + + align:start position:0% +of the spectrum we're gonna come back to +that how to really do that right on + + align:start position:0% +that how to really do that right on + + + align:start position:0% +that how to really do that right on +Thursday okay all right let me point out + + align:start position:0% +Thursday okay all right let me point out + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday okay all right let me point out +what why this this method of spectral + + align:start position:0% +what why this this method of spectral + + + align:start position:0% +what why this this method of spectral +estimation is very powerful so remember + + align:start position:0% +estimation is very powerful so remember + + + align:start position:0% +estimation is very powerful so remember +we talked about how you can see remember + + align:start position:0% +we talked about how you can see remember + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about how you can see remember +we talked about if you if you have a + + align:start position:0% +we talked about if you if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about if you if you have a +nosy signal that has a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +nosy signal that has a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +nosy signal that has a little bit of +underlying sine wave in it we talked + + align:start position:0% +underlying sine wave in it we talked + + + align:start position:0% +underlying sine wave in it we talked +about in in class if you take the + + align:start position:0% +about in in class if you take the + + + align:start position:0% +about in in class if you take the +autocorrelation of that function you get + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation of that function you get + + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation of that function you get +a delta function and then some little + + align:start position:0% +a delta function and then some little + + + align:start position:0% +a delta function and then some little +Wiggles so there are ways of pulling + + align:start position:0% +Wiggles so there are ways of pulling + + + align:start position:0% +Wiggles so there are ways of pulling +periodic signals periodic structure out + + align:start position:0% +periodic signals periodic structure out + + + align:start position:0% +periodic signals periodic structure out +of noisy signals but it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +of noisy signals but it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +of noisy signals but it turns out that +this method of spectra lies to maybe the + + align:start position:0% +this method of spectra lies to maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +this method of spectra lies to maybe the +most powerful way to do it and I mean + + align:start position:0% +most powerful way to do it and I mean + + + align:start position:0% +most powerful way to do it and I mean +I'm just gonna show you one example this + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna show you one example this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna show you one example this +blue function here is noise plus a + + align:start position:0% +blue function here is noise plus a + + + align:start position:0% +blue function here is noise plus a +little bit of a sine wave at I think + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a sine wave at I think + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a sine wave at I think +it's 10 Hertz okay yeah anyway I didn't + + align:start position:0% +it's 10 Hertz okay yeah anyway I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +it's 10 Hertz okay yeah anyway I didn't +write down the frequency but the blue + + align:start position:0% +write down the frequency but the blue + + + align:start position:0% +write down the frequency but the blue +function here is noise plus the red + + align:start position:0% +function here is noise plus the red + + + align:start position:0% +function here is noise plus the red +function okay so you can see the red + + align:start position:0% +function okay so you can see the red + + + align:start position:0% +function okay so you can see the red +function is small and it's buried in the + + align:start position:0% +function is small and it's buried in the + + + align:start position:0% +function is small and it's buried in the +noise so that you can't see it but when + + align:start position:0% +noise so that you can't see it but when + + + align:start position:0% +noise so that you can't see it but when +you do this process of spectral + + align:start position:0% +you do this process of spectral + + + align:start position:0% +you do this process of spectral +estimation that we're learning about you + + align:start position:0% +estimation that we're learning about you + + + align:start position:0% +estimation that we're learning about you +can see that that signal buried in that + + align:start position:0% +can see that that signal buried in that + + + align:start position:0% +can see that that signal buried in that +noise is now very easily visible so + + align:start position:0% +noise is now very easily visible so + + + align:start position:0% +noise is now very easily visible so +using these methods you can pull tiny + + align:start position:0% +using these methods you can pull tiny + + + align:start position:0% +using these methods you can pull tiny +signals out of noise at a very bad + + align:start position:0% +signals out of noise at a very bad + + + align:start position:0% +signals out of noise at a very bad +signal-to-noise ratio okay where the + + align:start position:0% +signal-to-noise ratio okay where the + + + align:start position:0% +signal-to-noise ratio okay where the +signal is really buried in the noise so + + align:start position:0% +signal is really buried in the noise so + + + align:start position:0% +signal is really buried in the noise so +it's a very powerful method and we're + + align:start position:0% +it's a very powerful method and we're + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very powerful method and we're +gonna spend more time talking about how + + align:start position:0% +gonna spend more time talking about how + + + align:start position:0% +gonna spend more time talking about how +to do that properly okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so let me spend a little bit + + align:start position:0% +all right so let me spend a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let me spend a little bit +more time talking about the power + + align:start position:0% +more time talking about the power + + + align:start position:0% +more time talking about the power +spectrum of noise so that you have a so + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of noise so that you have a so + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of noise so that you have a so +that we have a better sense of what that + + align:start position:0% +that we have a better sense of what that + + + align:start position:0% +that we have a better sense of what that +looks like so remember I told you if you + + align:start position:0% +looks like so remember I told you if you + + + align:start position:0% +looks like so remember I told you if you +take a sample of noise like this and you + + align:start position:0% +take a sample of noise like this and you + + + align:start position:0% +take a sample of noise like this and you +estimate the spectrum of it you compute + + align:start position:0% +estimate the spectrum of it you compute + + + align:start position:0% +estimate the spectrum of it you compute +the power spectrum of one sample of + + align:start position:0% +the power spectrum of one sample of + + + align:start position:0% +the power spectrum of one sample of +noise it's extremely noisy let's see I'm + + align:start position:0% +noise it's extremely noisy let's see I'm + + + align:start position:0% +noise it's extremely noisy let's see I'm +just gonna remind you what that looks + + align:start position:0% +just gonna remind you what that looks + + + align:start position:0% +just gonna remind you what that looks +like that's the perspective of one + + align:start position:0% +like that's the perspective of one + + + align:start position:0% +like that's the perspective of one +sample of noise okay in order to + + align:start position:0% +sample of noise okay in order to + + + align:start position:0% +sample of noise okay in order to +estimate what the spectrum of noise + + align:start position:0% +estimate what the spectrum of noise + + + align:start position:0% +estimate what the spectrum of noise +looks like you have to take many + + align:start position:0% +looks like you have to take many + + + align:start position:0% +looks like you have to take many +examples of that and average them + + align:start position:0% +examples of that and average them + + + align:start position:0% +examples of that and average them +together and when you do that what you + + align:start position:0% +together and when you do that what you + + + align:start position:0% +together and when you do that what you +find is that the power spectrum of noise + + align:start position:0% +find is that the power spectrum of noise + + + align:start position:0% +find is that the power spectrum of noise +is a constant it's flat I'll see annoys + + align:start position:0% +is a constant it's flat I'll see annoys + + + align:start position:0% +is a constant it's flat I'll see annoys +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +the power spectrum is really you should + + align:start position:0% +the power spectrum is really you should + + + align:start position:0% +the power spectrum is really you should +think about it properly as a power + + align:start position:0% +think about it properly as a power + + + align:start position:0% +think about it properly as a power +spectral density there's a certain + + align:start position:0% +spectral density there's a certain + + + align:start position:0% +spectral density there's a certain +amount of power at different frequencies + + align:start position:0% +amount of power at different frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +amount of power at different frequencies +in this signal so there's some power at + + align:start position:0% +in this signal so there's some power at + + + align:start position:0% +in this signal so there's some power at +low frequency some power intermediate + + align:start position:0% +low frequency some power intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +low frequency some power intermediate +frequencies some power at high + + align:start position:0% +frequencies some power at high + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies some power at high +frequencies and for Gaussian noise that + + align:start position:0% +frequencies and for Gaussian noise that + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies and for Gaussian noise that +power spectral density is flat it's + + align:start position:0% +power spectral density is flat it's + + + align:start position:0% +power spectral density is flat it's +constant as a function of frequency okay + + align:start position:0% +constant as a function of frequency okay + + + align:start position:0% +constant as a function of frequency okay +and the unit's here have units of + + align:start position:0% +and the unit's here have units of + + + align:start position:0% +and the unit's here have units of +variance per unit frequency variants per + + align:start position:0% +variance per unit frequency variants per + + + align:start position:0% +variance per unit frequency variants per +frequency okay or if it were an + + align:start position:0% +frequency okay or if it were an + + + align:start position:0% +frequency okay or if it were an +electrical signal going through a + + align:start position:0% +electrical signal going through a + + + align:start position:0% +electrical signal going through a +resistor it would be power per unit + + align:start position:0% +resistor it would be power per unit + + + align:start position:0% +resistor it would be power per unit +frequency okay + + align:start position:0% +frequency okay + + + align:start position:0% +frequency okay +so you can see that here the value here + + align:start position:0% +so you can see that here the value here + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see that here the value here +is 0.002 the the bandwidth of this + + align:start position:0% +is 0.002 the the bandwidth of this + + + align:start position:0% +is 0.002 the the bandwidth of this +signal is 500 Hertz and so the variance + + align:start position:0% +signal is 500 Hertz and so the variance + + + align:start position:0% +signal is 500 Hertz and so the variance +is the variance per unit per unit + + align:start position:0% +is the variance per unit per unit + + + align:start position:0% +is the variance per unit per unit +frequency times the bandwidth and that's + + align:start position:0% +frequency times the bandwidth and that's + + + align:start position:0% +frequency times the bandwidth and that's +one we started with a Gaussian noise + + align:start position:0% +one we started with a Gaussian noise + + + align:start position:0% +one we started with a Gaussian noise +that has variance one when we calculate + + align:start position:0% +that has variance one when we calculate + + + align:start position:0% +that has variance one when we calculate +the power spectrum of that we can + + align:start position:0% +the power spectrum of that we can + + + align:start position:0% +the power spectrum of that we can +correctly read out + + align:start position:0% +correctly read out + + + align:start position:0% +correctly read out +from the power spectrum how much + + align:start position:0% +from the power spectrum how much + + + align:start position:0% +from the power spectrum how much +variance there is per unit frequency in + + align:start position:0% +variance there is per unit frequency in + + + align:start position:0% +variance there is per unit frequency in +the signal okay + + align:start position:0% +the signal okay + + + align:start position:0% +the signal okay +all right it's kind of a subtle point I + + align:start position:0% +all right it's kind of a subtle point I + + + align:start position:0% +all right it's kind of a subtle point I +actually don't expect you to know this I + + align:start position:0% +actually don't expect you to know this I + + + align:start position:0% +actually don't expect you to know this I +just wanted you to see it and hear it so + + align:start position:0% +just wanted you to see it and hear it so + + + align:start position:0% +just wanted you to see it and hear it so +you know formally what it is that you're + + align:start position:0% +you know formally what it is that you're + + + align:start position:0% +you know formally what it is that you're +looking at when you look at a spectral + + align:start position:0% +looking at when you look at a spectral + + + align:start position:0% +looking at when you look at a spectral +estimate of a noisy signal okay all + + align:start position:0% +estimate of a noisy signal okay all + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of a noisy signal okay all +right let's talk about filtering in the + + align:start position:0% +right let's talk about filtering in the + + + align:start position:0% +right let's talk about filtering in the +frequency domain so remember we learned + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain so remember we learned + + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain so remember we learned +how to smooth a signal how to filter a + + align:start position:0% +how to smooth a signal how to filter a + + + align:start position:0% +how to smooth a signal how to filter a +signal either high pass or low pass by + + align:start position:0% +signal either high pass or low pass by + + + align:start position:0% +signal either high pass or low pass by +convolving a signal with a kernel right + + align:start position:0% +convolving a signal with a kernel right + + + align:start position:0% +convolving a signal with a kernel right +so you remember that the kernel for a + + align:start position:0% +so you remember that the kernel for a + + + align:start position:0% +so you remember that the kernel for a +low pass was something like this right + + align:start position:0% +low pass was something like this right + + + align:start position:0% +low pass was something like this right +so when you convolve that's the kernel + + align:start position:0% +so when you convolve that's the kernel + + + align:start position:0% +so when you convolve that's the kernel +for a low pass and for a high pass + + align:start position:0% +for a low pass and for a high pass + + + align:start position:0% +for a low pass and for a high pass +anybody remember what that looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep so sorry I should be a little more + + align:start position:0% +yep so sorry I should be a little more + + + align:start position:0% +yep so sorry I should be a little more +careful here not to mix up my axes with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have removed that so that's the + + align:start position:0% +we have removed that so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +we have removed that so that's the +kernel for a low pass filter the kernel + + align:start position:0% +kernel for a low pass filter the kernel + + + align:start position:0% +kernel for a low pass filter the kernel +for a high pass filter is a delta + + align:start position:0% +for a high pass filter is a delta + + + align:start position:0% +for a high pass filter is a delta +function that reproduces the function + + align:start position:0% +function that reproduces the function + + + align:start position:0% +function that reproduces the function +and then you subtract off a low pass + + align:start position:0% +and then you subtract off a low pass + + + align:start position:0% +and then you subtract off a low pass +filtered version of the signal okay so + + align:start position:0% +filtered version of the signal okay so + + + align:start position:0% +filtered version of the signal okay so +that's the kernel or a high pass okay so + + align:start position:0% +that's the kernel or a high pass okay so + + + align:start position:0% +that's the kernel or a high pass okay so +this was how you filter a signal by + + align:start position:0% +this was how you filter a signal by + + + align:start position:0% +this was how you filter a signal by +convolving your signal with a function + + align:start position:0% +convolving your signal with a function + + + align:start position:0% +convolving your signal with a function +with a linear kernel okay + + align:start position:0% +with a linear kernel okay + + + align:start position:0% +with a linear kernel okay +we're going to talk now about how you do + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk now about how you do + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk now about how you do +filtering in the frequency domain okay + + align:start position:0% +filtering in the frequency domain okay + + + align:start position:0% +filtering in the frequency domain okay +so if filtering in the time domain is + + align:start position:0% +so if filtering in the time domain is + + + align:start position:0% +so if filtering in the time domain is +convolving your width + + align:start position:0% +convolving your width + + + align:start position:0% +convolving your width +a function what is filtering in the + + align:start position:0% +a function what is filtering in the + + + align:start position:0% +a function what is filtering in the +frequency domain going to be right it's + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain going to be right it's + + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain going to be right it's +going to be multiplying the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +going to be multiplying the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +going to be multiplying the Fourier +transform of your signal times what the + + align:start position:0% +transform of your signal times what the + + + align:start position:0% +transform of your signal times what the +Fourier transform of things like that + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of things like that + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of things like that +okay all right so let's do that so okay + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so let's do that so okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so let's do that so okay +so this is what we just talked about we + + align:start position:0% +so this is what we just talked about we + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what we just talked about we +we introduced the idea before this was + + align:start position:0% +we introduced the idea before this was + + + align:start position:0% +we introduced the idea before this was +actually a neural signal that has spikes + + align:start position:0% +actually a neural signal that has spikes + + + align:start position:0% +actually a neural signal that has spikes +up here in local field potentials down + + align:start position:0% +up here in local field potentials down + + + align:start position:0% +up here in local field potentials down +here and we can extract the local field + + align:start position:0% +here and we can extract the local field + + + align:start position:0% +here and we can extract the local field +potentials by smoothing this hull by + + align:start position:0% +potentials by smoothing this hull by + + + align:start position:0% +potentials by smoothing this hull by +low-pass filtering it by convolving it + + align:start position:0% +low-pass filtering it by convolving it + + + align:start position:0% +low-pass filtering it by convolving it +with this kernel here okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +with this kernel here okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +with this kernel here okay so this is +what we just talked about + + align:start position:0% +what we just talked about + + + align:start position:0% +what we just talked about +so if filtering in the time domain is + + align:start position:0% +so if filtering in the time domain is + + + align:start position:0% +so if filtering in the time domain is +convolving your data with a signal then + + align:start position:0% +convolving your data with a signal then + + + align:start position:0% +convolving your data with a signal then +filtering in the frequency domain is + + align:start position:0% +filtering in the frequency domain is + + + align:start position:0% +filtering in the frequency domain is +multiplying before you transform in old + + align:start position:0% +multiplying before you transform in old + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying before you transform in old +times the Fourier transform of the + + align:start position:0% +times the Fourier transform of the + + + align:start position:0% +times the Fourier transform of the +kernel okay and you can see that what + + align:start position:0% +kernel okay and you can see that what + + + align:start position:0% +kernel okay and you can see that what +this does to the power spectrum is just + + align:start position:0% +this does to the power spectrum is just + + + align:start position:0% +this does to the power spectrum is just +what you would expect the power spectrum + + align:start position:0% +what you would expect the power spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +what you would expect the power spectrum +of the filtered signal is just the power + + align:start position:0% +of the filtered signal is just the power + + + align:start position:0% +of the filtered signal is just the power +spectrum of your original signal times + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of your original signal times + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of your original signal times +the power spectrum of the kernel alright + + align:start position:0% +the power spectrum of the kernel alright + + + align:start position:0% +the power spectrum of the kernel alright +so here's an example so in blue is the + + align:start position:0% +so here's an example so in blue is the + + + align:start position:0% +so here's an example so in blue is the +original Gaussian noise in green is the + + align:start position:0% +original Gaussian noise in green is the + + + align:start position:0% +original Gaussian noise in green is the +kernel that I'm smoothing it by + + align:start position:0% +kernel that I'm smoothing it by + + + align:start position:0% +kernel that I'm smoothing it by +filtering it by convolving the blue with + + align:start position:0% +filtering it by convolving the blue with + + + align:start position:0% +filtering it by convolving the blue with +the green gives you the red signal what + + align:start position:0% +the green gives you the red signal what + + + align:start position:0% +the green gives you the red signal what +kind of filter is that called again I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pass her low pass low pass good alright + + align:start position:0% +pass her low pass low pass good alright + + + align:start position:0% +pass her low pass low pass good alright +so let me play you what those sound like + + align:start position:0% +so let me play you what those sound like + + + align:start position:0% +so let me play you what those sound like +so here's the original Gaussian noise + + align:start position:0% +so here's the original Gaussian noise + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the original Gaussian noise +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +good and here's the low-pass Gaussian + + align:start position:0% +good and here's the low-pass Gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +good and here's the low-pass Gaussian +noise my frequency parts of the noise + + align:start position:0% +noise my frequency parts of the noise + + + align:start position:0% +noise my frequency parts of the noise +okay okay so here's the power spectrum + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so here's the power spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so here's the power spectrum +of the original signal in blue in order + + align:start position:0% +of the original signal in blue in order + + + align:start position:0% +of the original signal in blue in order +to get the power spectrum of the + + align:start position:0% +to get the power spectrum of the + + + align:start position:0% +to get the power spectrum of the +filtered signal in red we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +filtered signal in red we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +filtered signal in red we're gonna +multiply that by the magnitude squared + + align:start position:0% +multiply that by the magnitude squared + + + align:start position:0% +multiply that by the magnitude squared +Fourier transform of this what do you + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of this what do you + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of this what do you +think that looks like so this is a + + align:start position:0% +think that looks like so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +think that looks like so this is a +little Gaussian filter in time what is + + align:start position:0% +little Gaussian filter in time what is + + + align:start position:0% +little Gaussian filter in time what is +the Fourier transform of that going to + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform of that going to + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform of that going to +look like the Fourier transform of a + + align:start position:0% +look like the Fourier transform of a + + + align:start position:0% +look like the Fourier transform of a +Gaussian is a Gaussian so the power + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian is a Gaussian so the power + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian is a Gaussian so the power +spectrum of that o is going to just be a + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of that o is going to just be a + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of that o is going to just be a +Gaussian now how would I plot it it's + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian now how would I plot it it's + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian now how would I plot it it's +peaked where the Fourier transform of a + + align:start position:0% +peaked where the Fourier transform of a + + + align:start position:0% +peaked where the Fourier transform of a +Gaussian is peaked at zero so it's going + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian is peaked at zero so it's going + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian is peaked at zero so it's going +to be a Gaussian here centered at zero + + align:start position:0% +to be a Gaussian here centered at zero + + + align:start position:0% +to be a Gaussian here centered at zero +we're only plotting the positive + + align:start position:0% +we're only plotting the positive + + + align:start position:0% +we're only plotting the positive +frequencies so this we're ignoring and + + align:start position:0% +frequencies so this we're ignoring and + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies so this we're ignoring and +it's gonna be like that right so that's + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be like that right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be like that right so that's +the Fourier transform square magnitude + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform square magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform square magnitude +Fourier transform of that Gaussian it's + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of that Gaussian it's + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform of that Gaussian it's +just another Gaussian right and now if + + align:start position:0% +just another Gaussian right and now if + + + align:start position:0% +just another Gaussian right and now if +we multiply this power spectrum times + + align:start position:0% +we multiply this power spectrum times + + + align:start position:0% +we multiply this power spectrum times +that power spectrum we get the power + + align:start position:0% +that power spectrum we get the power + + + align:start position:0% +that power spectrum we get the power +spectrum of our filtered signal does + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of our filtered signal does + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of our filtered signal does +that make sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so convolving our original blue signal + + align:start position:0% +so convolving our original blue signal + + + align:start position:0% +so convolving our original blue signal +with this green Gaussian kernel smoothes + + align:start position:0% +with this green Gaussian kernel smoothes + + + align:start position:0% +with this green Gaussian kernel smoothes +the signal gets rid of high frequencies + + align:start position:0% +the signal gets rid of high frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +the signal gets rid of high frequencies +in the frequency domain that's like + + align:start position:0% +in the frequency domain that's like + + + align:start position:0% +in the frequency domain that's like +multiplying the spectrum of the blue + + align:start position:0% +multiplying the spectrum of the blue + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying the spectrum of the blue +signal by a function that's zero at high + + align:start position:0% +signal by a function that's zero at high + + + align:start position:0% +signal by a function that's zero at high +frequencies and one at low frequencies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that makes sense so filtering in the + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense so filtering in the + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense so filtering in the +frequency domain low filtering in the + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain low filtering in the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain low filtering in the +frequency domain means multiplying the + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain means multiplying the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain means multiplying the +power spectrum of your signal by a + + align:start position:0% +power spectrum of your signal by a + + + align:start position:0% +power spectrum of your signal by a +function that's low at high frequencies + + align:start position:0% +function that's low at high frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +function that's low at high frequencies +and big at low frequency so it passes + + align:start position:0% +and big at low frequency so it passes + + + align:start position:0% +and big at low frequency so it passes +the low frequencies and suppresses the + + align:start position:0% +the low frequencies and suppresses the + + + align:start position:0% +the low frequencies and suppresses the +high frequencies it's that simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions about that yes okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that yes okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that yes okay yeah +you can do that you can take a signal + + align:start position:0% +you can do that you can take a signal + + + align:start position:0% +you can do that you can take a signal +like this for you transform it multiply + + align:start position:0% +like this for you transform it multiply + + + align:start position:0% +like this for you transform it multiply +it by a square window yeah to suppress + + align:start position:0% +it by a square window yeah to suppress + + + align:start position:0% +it by a square window yeah to suppress +high frequencies + + align:start position:0% +high frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +high frequencies +what is that equivalent to it's what + + align:start position:0% +what is that equivalent to it's what + + + align:start position:0% +what is that equivalent to it's what +would be the corresponding temporal + + align:start position:0% +would be the corresponding temporal + + + align:start position:0% +would be the corresponding temporal +current that that would correspond to + + align:start position:0% +current that that would correspond to + + + align:start position:0% +current that that would correspond to +good it would be convolving your + + align:start position:0% +good it would be convolving your + + + align:start position:0% +good it would be convolving your +function with a sinc function okay it + + align:start position:0% +function with a sinc function okay it + + + align:start position:0% +function with a sinc function okay it +turns out that's the the the problem the + + align:start position:0% +turns out that's the the the problem the + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that's the the the problem the +only the the reason you wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +only the the reason you wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +only the the reason you wouldn't +normally do that is that is that it + + align:start position:0% +normally do that is that is that it + + + align:start position:0% +normally do that is that is that it +mixes the signal across all time right + + align:start position:0% +mixes the signal across all time right + + + align:start position:0% +mixes the signal across all time right +the sinc function goes on to infinity + + align:start position:0% +the sinc function goes on to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +the sinc function goes on to infinity +right so the nice thing about this is + + align:start position:0% +right so the nice thing about this is + + + align:start position:0% +right so the nice thing about this is +when you smooth a signal with a gaussian + + align:start position:0% +when you smooth a signal with a gaussian + + + align:start position:0% +when you smooth a signal with a gaussian +you're not adding so the signal here + + align:start position:0% +you're not adding so the signal here + + + align:start position:0% +you're not adding so the signal here +that we're over here that makes sense + + align:start position:0% +that we're over here that makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +that we're over here that makes sense +convolving where the sinc function kind + + align:start position:0% +convolving where the sinc function kind + + + align:start position:0% +convolving where the sinc function kind +of mixes things in time okay so normally + + align:start position:0% +of mixes things in time okay so normally + + + align:start position:0% +of mixes things in time okay so normally +you would you would smooth by functions + + align:start position:0% +you would you would smooth by functions + + + align:start position:0% +you would you would smooth by functions +that are kind of local in time local in + + align:start position:0% +that are kind of local in time local in + + + align:start position:0% +that are kind of local in time local in +frequency but not + + align:start position:0% +frequency but not + + + align:start position:0% +frequency but not +having sharp edges that make sense so + + align:start position:0% +having sharp edges that make sense so + + + align:start position:0% +having sharp edges that make sense so +we're gonna talk about how to smooth + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about how to smooth + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about how to smooth +things in frequency with signals with + + align:start position:0% +things in frequency with signals with + + + align:start position:0% +things in frequency with signals with +kernels that are optimal for that job + + align:start position:0% +kernels that are optimal for that job + + + align:start position:0% +kernels that are optimal for that job +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +that's Thursday what would a high-pass + + align:start position:0% +that's Thursday what would a high-pass + + + align:start position:0% +that's Thursday what would a high-pass +filter look like in the frequency domain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so a low-pass filter would high-pass + + align:start position:0% +so a low-pass filter would high-pass + + + align:start position:0% +so a low-pass filter would high-pass +filter would pass high frequencies and + + align:start position:0% +filter would pass high frequencies and + + + align:start position:0% +filter would pass high frequencies and +suppress low frequencies right you've + + align:start position:0% +suppress low frequencies right you've + + + align:start position:0% +suppress low frequencies right you've +probably not heard of it but what would + + align:start position:0% +probably not heard of it but what would + + + align:start position:0% +probably not heard of it but what would +a band pass filter look like it would + + align:start position:0% +a band pass filter look like it would + + + align:start position:0% +a band pass filter look like it would +just pass a band so it would be zero + + align:start position:0% +just pass a band so it would be zero + + + align:start position:0% +just pass a band so it would be zero +here would be big somewhere in the + + align:start position:0% +here would be big somewhere in the + + + align:start position:0% +here would be big somewhere in the +middle and then go to zero at higher + + align:start position:0% +middle and then go to zero at higher + + + align:start position:0% +middle and then go to zero at higher +frequencies okay that makes sense any + + align:start position:0% +frequencies okay that makes sense any + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies okay that makes sense any +questions about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay good if we plot this on a log plot + + align:start position:0% +okay good if we plot this on a log plot + + + align:start position:0% +okay good if we plot this on a log plot +in decibels you can see that on a log + + align:start position:0% +in decibels you can see that on a log + + + align:start position:0% +in decibels you can see that on a log +plot a Gaussian just eat this like F + + align:start position:0% +plot a Gaussian just eat this like F + + + align:start position:0% +plot a Gaussian just eat this like F +squared on a log plot that's minus F + + align:start position:0% +squared on a log plot that's minus F + + + align:start position:0% +squared on a log plot that's minus F +squared right that's why on the log plot + + align:start position:0% +squared right that's why on the log plot + + + align:start position:0% +squared right that's why on the log plot +this would look like an inverted + + align:start position:0% +this would look like an inverted + + + align:start position:0% +this would look like an inverted +parabola okay so that's the same plot + + align:start position:0% +parabola okay so that's the same plot + + + align:start position:0% +parabola okay so that's the same plot +here but but plotted on a log scale + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay any questions about that all right + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions about that all right + + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions about that all right +I want to tell you about a cool little + + align:start position:0% +I want to tell you about a cool little + + + align:start position:0% +I want to tell you about a cool little +theorem called the V noir khinchin + + align:start position:0% +theorem called the V noir khinchin + + + align:start position:0% +theorem called the V noir khinchin +theorem that relates the power spectrum + + align:start position:0% +theorem that relates the power spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +theorem that relates the power spectrum +of a signal with the autocorrelation of + + align:start position:0% +of a signal with the autocorrelation of + + + align:start position:0% +of a signal with the autocorrelation of +a signal okay so here is our in blue + + align:start position:0% +a signal okay so here is our in blue + + + align:start position:0% +a signal okay so here is our in blue +that that's our original Gaussian noise + + align:start position:0% +that that's our original Gaussian noise + + + align:start position:0% +that that's our original Gaussian noise +in red is our smooth Gaussian noise if + + align:start position:0% +in red is our smooth Gaussian noise if + + + align:start position:0% +in red is our smooth Gaussian noise if +you look at the correlation of + + align:start position:0% +you look at the correlation of + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the correlation of +neighboring time points in the blue + + align:start position:0% +neighboring time points in the blue + + + align:start position:0% +neighboring time points in the blue +signal you can see they're completely + + align:start position:0% +signal you can see they're completely + + + align:start position:0% +signal you can see they're completely +uncorrelated with each other but what + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated with each other but what + + + align:start position:0% +uncorrelated with each other but what +about neighboring time points on the + + align:start position:0% +about neighboring time points on the + + + align:start position:0% +about neighboring time points on the +smooth signal are they correlated with + + align:start position:0% +smooth signal are they correlated with + + + align:start position:0% +smooth signal are they correlated with +each other if we look at Y for the red + + align:start position:0% +each other if we look at Y for the red + + + align:start position:0% +each other if we look at Y for the red +signal Y of I and Y of I plus 1 what + + align:start position:0% +signal Y of I and Y of I plus 1 what + + + align:start position:0% +signal Y of I and Y of I plus 1 what +does that look like for the red signal + + align:start position:0% +does that look like for the red signal + + + align:start position:0% +does that look like for the red signal +they become correlated with each other + + align:start position:0% +they become correlated with each other + + + align:start position:0% +they become correlated with each other +right because each value of the red of + + align:start position:0% +right because each value of the red of + + + align:start position:0% +right because each value of the red of +the smooth signal is some sum over the + + align:start position:0% +the smooth signal is some sum over the + + + align:start position:0% +the smooth signal is some sum over the +blue points right so neighboring points + + align:start position:0% +blue points right so neighboring points + + + align:start position:0% +blue points right so neighboring points +here will be similar to each other + + align:start position:0% +here will be similar to each other + + + align:start position:0% +here will be similar to each other +that's what smoothness means right + + align:start position:0% +that's what smoothness means right + + + align:start position:0% +that's what smoothness means right +neighboring time points are close to + + align:start position:0% +neighboring time points are close to + + + align:start position:0% +neighboring time points are close to +each other so if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +each other so if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +each other so if you look at the +correlation of neighboring time points + + align:start position:0% +correlation of neighboring time points + + + align:start position:0% +correlation of neighboring time points +in the smooth signal it looks like this + + align:start position:0% +in the smooth signal it looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +in the smooth signal it looks like this +it has a strong correlation okay so if + + align:start position:0% +it has a strong correlation okay so if + + + align:start position:0% +it has a strong correlation okay so if +you look at the autocorrelation of the + + align:start position:0% +you look at the autocorrelation of the + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the autocorrelation of the +original Gaussian noise it has a delta + + align:start position:0% +original Gaussian noise it has a delta + + + align:start position:0% +original Gaussian noise it has a delta +function at 0 the autocorrelation of the + + align:start position:0% +function at 0 the autocorrelation of the + + + align:start position:0% +function at 0 the autocorrelation of the +smooth function has some width to it and + + align:start position:0% +smooth function has some width to it and + + + align:start position:0% +smooth function has some width to it and +the width to that autocorrelation + + align:start position:0% +the width to that autocorrelation + + + align:start position:0% +the width to that autocorrelation +function tells you the times this signal + + align:start position:0% +function tells you the times this signal + + + align:start position:0% +function tells you the times this signal +was smooth right ok now how does that + + align:start position:0% +was smooth right ok now how does that + + + align:start position:0% +was smooth right ok now how does that +relate to the power spectrum so it turns + + align:start position:0% +relate to the power spectrum so it turns + + + align:start position:0% +relate to the power spectrum so it turns +out that the power spectrum of a signal + + align:start position:0% +out that the power spectrum of a signal + + + align:start position:0% +out that the power spectrum of a signal +the magnitude squared + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude squared + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude squared +the Fourier transform the power spectrum + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform the power spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +the Fourier transform the power spectrum +of the signal is just the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +of the signal is just the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +of the signal is just the Fourier +transform of the autocorrelation so + + align:start position:0% +transform of the autocorrelation so + + + align:start position:0% +transform of the autocorrelation so +what's the Fourier transform of a delta + + align:start position:0% +what's the Fourier transform of a delta + + + align:start position:0% +what's the Fourier transform of a delta +function anybody remember that it's a + + align:start position:0% +function anybody remember that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +function anybody remember that it's a +constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and how about our smooth our smooth + + align:start position:0% +and how about our smooth our smooth + + + align:start position:0% +and how about our smooth our smooth +signal has a four it has a power + + align:start position:0% +signal has a four it has a power + + + align:start position:0% +signal has a four it has a power +spectrum that's a Gaussian in this case + + align:start position:0% +spectrum that's a Gaussian in this case + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum that's a Gaussian in this case +what's the Fourier transform of a + + align:start position:0% +what's the Fourier transform of a + + + align:start position:0% +what's the Fourier transform of a +Gaussian okay so if you have a signal + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian okay so if you have a signal + + + align:start position:0% +Gaussian okay so if you have a signal +that you have some sense of what the + + align:start position:0% +that you have some sense of what the + + + align:start position:0% +that you have some sense of what the +power spectrum is you immediately know + + align:start position:0% +power spectrum is you immediately know + + + align:start position:0% +power spectrum is you immediately know +what the autocorrelation is you just + + align:start position:0% +what the autocorrelation is you just + + + align:start position:0% +what the autocorrelation is you just +Fourier transform that and get the + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform that and get the + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform that and get the +autocorrelation what's the width of this + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation what's the width of this + + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation what's the width of this +in time how would I get that from here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how do the how does the width in time + + align:start position:0% +how do the how does the width in time + + + align:start position:0% +how do the how does the width in time +and how are the width and time and + + align:start position:0% +and how are the width and time and + + + align:start position:0% +and how are the width and time and +frequency related to each other for + + align:start position:0% +frequency related to each other for + + + align:start position:0% +frequency related to each other for +right the width of this in time is just + + align:start position:0% +right the width of this in time is just + + + align:start position:0% +right the width of this in time is just +one over the width of do you have to + + align:start position:0% +one over the width of do you have to + + + align:start position:0% +one over the width of do you have to +take the full width that makes sense + + align:start position:0% +take the full width that makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +take the full width that makes sense +okay being our khinchin theorem very + + align:start position:0% +okay being our khinchin theorem very + + + align:start position:0% +okay being our khinchin theorem very +cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay alright let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +okay alright let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +okay alright let's talk about the +Shannon Nyquist theorem anybody heard of + + align:start position:0% +Shannon Nyquist theorem anybody heard of + + + align:start position:0% +Shannon Nyquist theorem anybody heard of +the Nyquist limit like anybody heard of + + align:start position:0% +the Nyquist limit like anybody heard of + + + align:start position:0% +the Nyquist limit like anybody heard of +this okay all right so it's a very + + align:start position:0% +this okay all right so it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +this okay all right so it's a very +important theorem in basically anybody + + align:start position:0% +important theorem in basically anybody + + + align:start position:0% +important theorem in basically anybody +who's acquiring signals in the lab needs + + align:start position:0% +who's acquiring signals in the lab needs + + + align:start position:0% +who's acquiring signals in the lab needs +to know the Shannon Nyquist theorem okay + + align:start position:0% +to know the Shannon Nyquist theorem okay + + + align:start position:0% +to know the Shannon Nyquist theorem okay +it's very important alright so remember + + align:start position:0% +it's very important alright so remember + + + align:start position:0% +it's very important alright so remember +that when we have discrete Fourier + + align:start position:0% +that when we have discrete Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +that when we have discrete Fourier +transforms fast Fourier transforms our + + align:start position:0% +transforms fast Fourier transforms our + + + align:start position:0% +transforms fast Fourier transforms our +frequencies are discretized right and so + + align:start position:0% +frequencies are discretized right and so + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies are discretized right and so +is our our time but the the + + align:start position:0% +is our our time but the the + + + align:start position:0% +is our our time but the the +discretization in frequency means that + + align:start position:0% +discretization in frequency means that + + + align:start position:0% +discretization in frequency means that +the function is periodic right any + + align:start position:0% +the function is periodic right any + + + align:start position:0% +the function is periodic right any +signal that has discrete components in + + align:start position:0% +signal that has discrete components in + + + align:start position:0% +signal that has discrete components in +frequencies is periodic in time remember + + align:start position:0% +frequencies is periodic in time remember + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies is periodic in time remember +we started with Fourier series and we + + align:start position:0% +we started with Fourier series and we + + + align:start position:0% +we started with Fourier series and we +talked about how if you have a signal + + align:start position:0% +talked about how if you have a signal + + + align:start position:0% +talked about how if you have a signal +that's periodic in time that you can + + align:start position:0% +that's periodic in time that you can + + + align:start position:0% +that's periodic in time that you can +write it down as a set of frequencies + + align:start position:0% +write it down as a set of frequencies + + + align:start position:0% +write it down as a set of frequencies +that are integer multiples of each other + + align:start position:0% +that are integer multiples of each other + + + align:start position:0% +that are integer multiples of each other +okay now in these signals time is + + align:start position:0% +okay now in these signals time is + + + align:start position:0% +okay now in these signals time is +sampled discretely at regular time + + align:start position:0% +sampled discretely at regular time + + + align:start position:0% +sampled discretely at regular time +intervals so what does that tell us + + align:start position:0% +intervals so what does that tell us + + + align:start position:0% +intervals so what does that tell us +about the spectrum the Fourier transform + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's also periodic okay so discretely + + align:start position:0% +it's also periodic okay so discretely + + + align:start position:0% +it's also periodic okay so discretely +sampled in frequency at regular + + align:start position:0% +sampled in frequency at regular + + + align:start position:0% +sampled in frequency at regular +intervals means that the signal is + + align:start position:0% +intervals means that the signal is + + + align:start position:0% +intervals means that the signal is +periodic in time discretely sampled in + + align:start position:0% +periodic in time discretely sampled in + + + align:start position:0% +periodic in time discretely sampled in +time means that the Fourier transform is + + align:start position:0% +time means that the Fourier transform is + + + align:start position:0% +time means that the Fourier transform is +periodic okay now we don't usually think + + align:start position:0% +periodic okay now we don't usually think + + + align:start position:0% +periodic okay now we don't usually think +about this we've been taking these + + align:start position:0% +about this we've been taking these + + + align:start position:0% +about this we've been taking these +signals sines and cosines and square + + align:start position:0% +signals sines and cosines and square + + + align:start position:0% +signals sines and cosines and square +pulses and Gaussian things and I've been + + align:start position:0% +pulses and Gaussian things and I've been + + + align:start position:0% +pulses and Gaussian things and I've been +showing you discretely sampled versions + + align:start position:0% +showing you discretely sampled versions + + + align:start position:0% +showing you discretely sampled versions +of those signal + + align:start position:0% +of those signal + + + align:start position:0% +of those signal +and I've been showing you the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +and I've been showing you the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +and I've been showing you the Fourier +transforms of those signals but I've + + align:start position:0% +transforms of those signals but I've + + + align:start position:0% +transforms of those signals but I've +only been showing you this little part + + align:start position:0% +only been showing you this little part + + + align:start position:0% +only been showing you this little part +of it in fact really be thinking that + + align:start position:0% +of it in fact really be thinking that + + + align:start position:0% +of it in fact really be thinking that +those discretely sampled signals have us + + align:start position:0% +those discretely sampled signals have us + + + align:start position:0% +those discretely sampled signals have us +have a Fourier transform that's actually + + align:start position:0% +have a Fourier transform that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +have a Fourier transform that's actually +periodic there's another copy of that + + align:start position:0% +periodic there's another copy of that + + + align:start position:0% +periodic there's another copy of that +spectrum sitting up here at one over the + + align:start position:0% +spectrum sitting up here at one over the + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum sitting up here at one over the +sampling rate and another copy sitting + + align:start position:0% +sampling rate and another copy sitting + + + align:start position:0% +sampling rate and another copy sitting +up here remember this is like a train of + + align:start position:0% +up here remember this is like a train of + + + align:start position:0% +up here remember this is like a train of +Delta functions the Fourier transform of + + align:start position:0% +Delta functions the Fourier transform of + + + align:start position:0% +Delta functions the Fourier transform of +that is like another train of Delta + + align:start position:0% +that is like another train of Delta + + + align:start position:0% +that is like another train of Delta +functions so there are there are copies + + align:start position:0% +functions so there are there are copies + + + align:start position:0% +functions so there are there are copies +of this spectrum spaced of every one + + align:start position:0% +of this spectrum spaced of every one + + + align:start position:0% +of this spectrum spaced of every one +over delta T it's kind of kind of a + + align:start position:0% +over delta T it's kind of kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +over delta T it's kind of kind of a +strange concept + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the separation between those + + align:start position:0% +okay so the separation between those + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the separation between those +copies of the spectra in the frequency + + align:start position:0% +copies of the spectra in the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +copies of the spectra in the frequency +domain are given by one over the + + align:start position:0% +domain are given by one over the + + + align:start position:0% +domain are given by one over the +sampling rate okay all right any + + align:start position:0% +sampling rate okay all right any + + + align:start position:0% +sampling rate okay all right any +questions about that it's a little + + align:start position:0% +questions about that it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that it's a little +strange but Oshun cuz i think it's going + + align:start position:0% +strange but Oshun cuz i think it's going + + + align:start position:0% +strange but Oshun cuz i think it's going +to be more clear so what this says is + + align:start position:0% +to be more clear so what this says is + + + align:start position:0% +to be more clear so what this says is +that if you want to properly sample this + + align:start position:0% +that if you want to properly sample this + + + align:start position:0% +that if you want to properly sample this +signal in time you need these there + + align:start position:0% +signal in time you need these there + + + align:start position:0% +signal in time you need these there +copies of its spectrum to be far away so + + align:start position:0% +copies of its spectrum to be far away so + + + align:start position:0% +copies of its spectrum to be far away so +they don't interfere with each other + + align:start position:0% +they don't interfere with each other + + + align:start position:0% +they don't interfere with each other +okay so what that means is that what + + align:start position:0% +okay so what that means is that what + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what that means is that what +that means is that you need the sampling + + align:start position:0% +that means is that you need the sampling + + + align:start position:0% +that means is that you need the sampling +rate to be high enough the higher the + + align:start position:0% +rate to be high enough the higher the + + + align:start position:0% +rate to be high enough the higher the +sampling rate is the further these + + align:start position:0% +sampling rate is the further these + + + align:start position:0% +sampling rate is the further these +spectra are in time delta T is very + + align:start position:0% +spectra are in time delta T is very + + + align:start position:0% +spectra are in time delta T is very +small which means 1 over delta T is very + + align:start position:0% +small which means 1 over delta T is very + + + align:start position:0% +small which means 1 over delta T is very +big the sampling rate needs to be + + align:start position:0% +big the sampling rate needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +big the sampling rate needs to be +greater than twice the bandwidth of the + + align:start position:0% +greater than twice the bandwidth of the + + + align:start position:0% +greater than twice the bandwidth of the +signal okay and would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if the sampling rate is less than + + align:start position:0% +so if the sampling rate is less than + + + align:start position:0% +so if the sampling rate is less than +twice the bandwidth what happens that + + align:start position:0% +twice the bandwidth what happens that + + + align:start position:0% +twice the bandwidth what happens that +means delta T is too big these copies of + + align:start position:0% +means delta T is too big these copies of + + + align:start position:0% +means delta T is too big these copies of +the spectrum are too close to it and + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum are too close to it and + + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum are too close to it and +they overlap that overlap is called + + align:start position:0% +they overlap that overlap is called + + + align:start position:0% +they overlap that overlap is called +aliasing al Li a si ng okay so you can + + align:start position:0% +aliasing al Li a si ng okay so you can + + + align:start position:0% +aliasing al Li a si ng okay so you can +see that if you sample a signal at too + + align:start position:0% +see that if you sample a signal at too + + + align:start position:0% +see that if you sample a signal at too +low a sampling rate and you look at the + + align:start position:0% +low a sampling rate and you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +low a sampling rate and you look at the +spectrum of the signal you see that it + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of the signal you see that it + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of the signal you see that it +has like you'll see this part of the + + align:start position:0% +has like you'll see this part of the + + + align:start position:0% +has like you'll see this part of the +spectrum but you'll also see this other + + align:start position:0% +spectrum but you'll also see this other + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum but you'll also see this other +part of the spectrum kind of + + align:start position:0% +part of the spectrum kind of + + + align:start position:0% +part of the spectrum kind of +contaminating the top of your Fourier + + align:start position:0% +contaminating the top of your Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +contaminating the top of your Fourier +transform that makes sense okay so let + + align:start position:0% +transform that makes sense okay so let + + + align:start position:0% +transform that makes sense okay so let +me just say it again if your signal has + + align:start position:0% +me just say it again if your signal has + + + align:start position:0% +me just say it again if your signal has +some bandwidth be that in order to + + align:start position:0% +some bandwidth be that in order to + + + align:start position:0% +some bandwidth be that in order to +sample that signal properly your + + align:start position:0% +sample that signal properly your + + + align:start position:0% +sample that signal properly your +sampling rate needs to be greater than + + align:start position:0% +sampling rate needs to be greater than + + + align:start position:0% +sampling rate needs to be greater than +twice that bandwidth one two okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right any questions about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +actually this is there was actually + + align:start position:0% +actually this is there was actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually this is there was actually +recently a paper where somebody claimed + + align:start position:0% +recently a paper where somebody claimed + + + align:start position:0% +recently a paper where somebody claimed +I think I told you about this last time + + align:start position:0% +I think I told you about this last time + + + align:start position:0% +I think I told you about this last time +there was a paper where somebody claimed + + align:start position:0% +there was a paper where somebody claimed + + + align:start position:0% +there was a paper where somebody claimed +to be able to get around this limit and + + align:start position:0% +to be able to get around this limit and + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to get around this limit and +they were mercilessly treated in the + + align:start position:0% +they were mercilessly treated in the + + + align:start position:0% +they were mercilessly treated in the +responses to that paper so don't don't + + align:start position:0% +responses to that paper so don't don't + + + align:start position:0% +responses to that paper so don't don't +make that mistake + + align:start position:0% +make that mistake + + + align:start position:0% +make that mistake +okay all right now what's really cool is + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now what's really cool is + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right now what's really cool is +that if the sampling rate is greater + + align:start position:0% +that if the sampling rate is greater + + + align:start position:0% +that if the sampling rate is greater +than twice the bandwidth something + + align:start position:0% +than twice the bandwidth something + + + align:start position:0% +than twice the bandwidth something +amazing happens + + align:start position:0% +amazing happens + + + align:start position:0% +amazing happens +you can perfectly reconstruct the signal + + align:start position:0% +you can perfectly reconstruct the signal + + + align:start position:0% +you can perfectly reconstruct the signal +okay now that's an amazing claim right + + align:start position:0% +okay now that's an amazing claim right + + + align:start position:0% +okay now that's an amazing claim right +you have a time right it's wiggling + + align:start position:0% +you have a time right it's wiggling + + + align:start position:0% +you have a time right it's wiggling +around what this is saying is that I can + + align:start position:0% +around what this is saying is that I can + + + align:start position:0% +around what this is saying is that I can +sample that signal at regular intervals + + align:start position:0% +sample that signal at regular intervals + + + align:start position:0% +sample that signal at regular intervals +intervals and completely ignore what's + + align:start position:0% +intervals and completely ignore what's + + + align:start position:0% +intervals and completely ignore what's +happening between those samples have no + + align:start position:0% +happening between those samples have no + + + align:start position:0% +happening between those samples have no +knowledge of what's happening between + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of what's happening between + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of what's happening between +those samples and I can perfectly + + align:start position:0% +those samples and I can perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +those samples and I can perfectly +reconstruct the signal I'm sampling okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at every time point even though I didn't + + align:start position:0% +at every time point even though I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +at every time point even though I didn't +look there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how do you do that basically you're + + align:start position:0% +so how do you do that basically you're + + + align:start position:0% +so how do you do that basically you're +sampled signal your regularly sampled + + align:start position:0% +sampled signal your regularly sampled + + + align:start position:0% +sampled signal your regularly sampled +signal has this spectrum with as has + + align:start position:0% +signal has this spectrum with as has + + + align:start position:0% +signal has this spectrum with as has +this free transform with repeated copies + + align:start position:0% +this free transform with repeated copies + + + align:start position:0% +this free transform with repeated copies +of the signal right repeated copies of + + align:start position:0% +of the signal right repeated copies of + + + align:start position:0% +of the signal right repeated copies of +the spectrum so how would I recover the + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum so how would I recover the + + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum so how would I recover the +spectral regional signal well the + + align:start position:0% +spectral regional signal well the + + + align:start position:0% +spectral regional signal well the +spectrum of the original signal is just + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of the original signal is just + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of the original signal is just +this piece right here so all I do is in + + align:start position:0% +this piece right here so all I do is in + + + align:start position:0% +this piece right here so all I do is in +the frequency domain I take that part I + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain I take that part I + + + align:start position:0% +the frequency domain I take that part I +keep this and I throw away all those in + + align:start position:0% +keep this and I throw away all those in + + + align:start position:0% +keep this and I throw away all those in +other words I multiply my for a transfer + + align:start position:0% +other words I multiply my for a transfer + + + align:start position:0% +other words I multiply my for a transfer +single in the frequency domain by a + + align:start position:0% +single in the frequency domain by a + + + align:start position:0% +single in the frequency domain by a +square pulse that's one here and zero + + align:start position:0% +square pulse that's one here and zero + + + align:start position:0% +square pulse that's one here and zero +everywhere else that makes sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and when I in verse four transform that + + align:start position:0% +and when I in verse four transform that + + + align:start position:0% +and when I in verse four transform that +I've completely recovered my original + + align:start position:0% +I've completely recovered my original + + + align:start position:0% +I've completely recovered my original +signal what is that what is multiplying + + align:start position:0% +signal what is that what is multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +signal what is that what is multiplying +this spectrum by the square wave in the + + align:start position:0% +this spectrum by the square wave in the + + + align:start position:0% +this spectrum by the square wave in the +frequency domain equivalent to in the + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain equivalent to in the + + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain equivalent to in the +time domain you know yeah yep + + align:start position:0% +time domain you know yeah yep + + + align:start position:0% +time domain you know yeah yep +yeah so it's it's amazing right it's + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it's it's amazing right it's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so it's it's amazing right it's +cool so let me just say let me just say + + align:start position:0% +cool so let me just say let me just say + + + align:start position:0% +cool so let me just say let me just say +what what it is and then we can marvel + + align:start position:0% +what what it is and then we can marvel + + + align:start position:0% +what what it is and then we can marvel +it how that could possibly be + + align:start position:0% +it how that could possibly be + + + align:start position:0% +it how that could possibly be +multiplying this spectrum by this square + + align:start position:0% +multiplying this spectrum by this square + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying this spectrum by this square +wave throwing away all those copies of + + align:start position:0% +wave throwing away all those copies of + + + align:start position:0% +wave throwing away all those copies of +the spectrum and keeping that one is + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum and keeping that one is + + + align:start position:0% +the spectrum and keeping that one is +multiplying by a square wave in the + + align:start position:0% +multiplying by a square wave in the + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying by a square wave in the +frequency domain which is like doing + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain which is like doing + + + align:start position:0% +frequency domain which is like doing +what convolving the time domain sic that + + align:start position:0% +what convolving the time domain sic that + + + align:start position:0% +what convolving the time domain sic that +regular train of samples convolving that + + align:start position:0% +regular train of samples convolving that + + + align:start position:0% +regular train of samples convolving that +with a sinc function okay so let me just + + align:start position:0% +with a sinc function okay so let me just + + + align:start position:0% +with a sinc function okay so let me just +say that here we have a function that + + align:start position:0% +say that here we have a function that + + + align:start position:0% +say that here we have a function that +we've regularly sampled at at these + + align:start position:0% +we've regularly sampled at at these + + + align:start position:0% +we've regularly sampled at at these +intervals if we take that function which + + align:start position:0% +intervals if we take that function which + + + align:start position:0% +intervals if we take that function which +is a bunch of Delta functions here here + + align:start position:0% +is a bunch of Delta functions here here + + + align:start position:0% +is a bunch of Delta functions here here +here here just samples and we convolve + + align:start position:0% +here here just samples and we convolve + + + align:start position:0% +here here just samples and we convolve +that with a sinc function we perfectly + + align:start position:0% +that with a sinc function we perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +that with a sinc function we perfectly +reconstruct the original signal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pretty wild + + align:start position:0% +pretty wild + + + align:start position:0% +pretty wild +so that's the nyquist Shannon theorem + + align:start position:0% +so that's the nyquist Shannon theorem + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the nyquist Shannon theorem +what that says is that we can perfectly + + align:start position:0% +what that says is that we can perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +what that says is that we can perfectly +reconstruct the signal we've sampled as + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the signal we've sampled as + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the signal we've sampled as +long as we sample it at sampling rate + + align:start position:0% +long as we sample it at sampling rate + + + align:start position:0% +long as we sample it at sampling rate +that's greater than twice the bandwidth + + align:start position:0% +that's greater than twice the bandwidth + + + align:start position:0% +that's greater than twice the bandwidth +of the signal okay all right okay good + + align:start position:0% +of the signal okay all right okay good + + + align:start position:0% +of the signal okay all right okay good +okay so there's this cute trick called + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's this cute trick called + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's this cute trick called +zero padding where you can actually you + + align:start position:0% +zero padding where you can actually you + + + align:start position:0% +zero padding where you can actually you +don't + + align:start position:0% +don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't +perfectly reconstruct the original + + align:start position:0% +perfectly reconstruct the original + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly reconstruct the original +signal but basically you can interpolate + + align:start position:0% +signal but basically you can interpolate + + + align:start position:0% +signal but basically you can interpolate +okay so you can extract the values of + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can extract the values of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can extract the values of +the original signal times between where + + align:start position:0% +the original signal times between where + + + align:start position:0% +the original signal times between where +you actually sampled it okay and + + align:start position:0% +you actually sampled it okay and + + + align:start position:0% +you actually sampled it okay and +basically the trick is as follows we + + align:start position:0% +basically the trick is as follows we + + + align:start position:0% +basically the trick is as follows we +take the we take our sampled signal we + + align:start position:0% +take the we take our sampled signal we + + + align:start position:0% +take the we take our sampled signal we +Fourier transform it and what we do is + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform it and what we do is + + + align:start position:0% +Fourier transform it and what we do is +we just add zeroes we pad the Fourier + + align:start position:0% +we just add zeroes we pad the Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +we just add zeroes we pad the Fourier +transform with zeros okay so we just + + align:start position:0% +transform with zeros okay so we just + + + align:start position:0% +transform with zeros okay so we just +take positive frequencies and the + + align:start position:0% +take positive frequencies and the + + + align:start position:0% +take positive frequencies and the +negative frequencies and we just stick a + + align:start position:0% +negative frequencies and we just stick a + + + align:start position:0% +negative frequencies and we just stick a +bunch of zeros between and make a longer + + align:start position:0% +bunch of zeros between and make a longer + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of zeros between and make a longer +vector and then we inverse Fourier + + align:start position:0% +vector and then we inverse Fourier + + + align:start position:0% +vector and then we inverse Fourier +transform this you can see that you have + + align:start position:0% +transform this you can see that you have + + + align:start position:0% +transform this you can see that you have +a longer array when you inverse + + align:start position:0% +a longer array when you inverse + + + align:start position:0% +a longer array when you inverse +transform inverse for your tracks what + + align:start position:0% +transform inverse for your tracks what + + + align:start position:0% +transform inverse for your tracks what +you're gonna have is your original + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have is your original + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have is your original +samples back plus a bunch of samples in + + align:start position:0% +samples back plus a bunch of samples in + + + align:start position:0% +samples back plus a bunch of samples in +between that interpolate that are + + align:start position:0% +between that interpolate that are + + + align:start position:0% +between that interpolate that are +measures of the original signal at the + + align:start position:0% +measures of the original signal at the + + + align:start position:0% +measures of the original signal at the +times where you didn't measure it okay + + align:start position:0% +times where you didn't measure it okay + + + align:start position:0% +times where you didn't measure it okay +so you can art if you can essentially + + align:start position:0% +so you can art if you can essentially + + + align:start position:0% +so you can art if you can essentially +increase the sampling rate of your + + align:start position:0% +increase the sampling rate of your + + + align:start position:0% +increase the sampling rate of your +signal after the fact + + align:start position:0% +signal after the fact + + + align:start position:0% +signal after the fact +pretty cool right again it requires that + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool right again it requires that + + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool right again it requires that +you've sampled at twice the bandwidth of + + align:start position:0% +you've sampled at twice the bandwidth of + + + align:start position:0% +you've sampled at twice the bandwidth of +the original signal yes good question + + align:start position:0% +the original signal yes good question + + + align:start position:0% +the original signal yes good question +how how might you do that you could do + + align:start position:0% +how how might you do that you could do + + + align:start position:0% +how how might you do that you could do +that so what should from nearly all + + align:start position:0% +that so what should from nearly all + + + align:start position:0% +that so what should from nearly all +applications you have a pretty good + + align:start position:0% +applications you have a pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +applications you have a pretty good +sense of what frequencies are that + + align:start position:0% +sense of what frequencies are that + + + align:start position:0% +sense of what frequencies are that +you're interested in in a signal and + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in in a signal and + + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in in a signal and +then what you do is you have to put a + + align:start position:0% +then what you do is you have to put a + + + align:start position:0% +then what you do is you have to put a +filter between your experiment and your + + align:start position:0% +filter between your experiment and your + + + align:start position:0% +filter between your experiment and your +computer that's doing the sampling that + + align:start position:0% +computer that's doing the sampling that + + + align:start position:0% +computer that's doing the sampling that +guarantees that it's suppressed all the + + align:start position:0% +guarantees that it's suppressed all the + + + align:start position:0% +guarantees that it's suppressed all the +frequencies above some point okay and + + align:start position:0% +frequencies above some point okay and + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies above some point okay and +that kind of filter is called an + + align:start position:0% +that kind of filter is called an + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of filter is called an +anti-aliasing filter alright so in that + + align:start position:0% +anti-aliasing filter alright so in that + + + align:start position:0% +anti-aliasing filter alright so in that +case even if your signal had higher + + align:start position:0% +case even if your signal had higher + + + align:start position:0% +case even if your signal had higher +frequency components the anti-aliasing + + align:start position:0% +frequency components the anti-aliasing + + + align:start position:0% +frequency components the anti-aliasing +filter cuts it off so that there's + + align:start position:0% +filter cuts it off so that there's + + + align:start position:0% +filter cuts it off so that there's +nothing at higher frequencies does that + + align:start position:0% +nothing at higher frequencies does that + + + align:start position:0% +nothing at higher frequencies does that +make sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me give you an example of aliasing + + align:start position:0% +let me give you an example of aliasing + + + align:start position:0% +let me give you an example of aliasing +let's say I had this signal like this + + align:start position:0% +let's say I had this signal like this + + + align:start position:0% +let's say I had this signal like this +and I sample it here here here yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +and I sample it here here here yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +and I sample it here here here yeah yeah +yeah I need to do a regular intervals + + align:start position:0% +yeah I need to do a regular intervals + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I need to do a regular intervals +okay so you can see that if I have a + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can see that if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can see that if I have a +sine wave that is close in frequency to + + align:start position:0% +sine wave that is close in frequency to + + + align:start position:0% +sine wave that is close in frequency to +the sampling rate you can see that you + + align:start position:0% +the sampling rate you can see that you + + + align:start position:0% +the sampling rate you can see that you +can see that when I sample the signal + + align:start position:0% +can see that when I sample the signal + + + align:start position:0% +can see that when I sample the signal +I'm gonna see something at the wrong + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna see something at the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna see something at the wrong +frequency right that's an example of + + align:start position:0% +frequency right that's an example of + + + align:start position:0% +frequency right that's an example of +aliasing okay okay so here's an example + + align:start position:0% +aliasing okay okay so here's an example + + + align:start position:0% +aliasing okay okay so here's an example +we have a 20 Hertz cosine wave I've + + align:start position:0% +we have a 20 Hertz cosine wave I've + + + align:start position:0% +we have a 20 Hertz cosine wave I've +sampled it at a hundred Hertz so I'm you + + align:start position:0% +sampled it at a hundred Hertz so I'm you + + + align:start position:0% +sampled it at a hundred Hertz so I'm you +know five so what frequency would I have + + align:start position:0% +know five so what frequency would I have + + + align:start position:0% +know five so what frequency would I have +to sample this in order to reconstruct + + align:start position:0% +to sample this in order to reconstruct + + + align:start position:0% +to sample this in order to reconstruct +the cosine i'd have to sample at least + + align:start position:0% +the cosine i'd have to sample at least + + + align:start position:0% +the cosine i'd have to sample at least +40 Hertz here I'm sampling 100 the delta + + align:start position:0% +40 Hertz here I'm sampling 100 the delta + + + align:start position:0% +40 Hertz here I'm sampling 100 the delta +T is 10 milliseconds so those are the + + align:start position:0% +T is 10 milliseconds so those are the + + + align:start position:0% +T is 10 milliseconds so those are the +blue points and now if I do this zero + + align:start position:0% +blue points and now if I do this zero + + + align:start position:0% +blue points and now if I do this zero +padding trick I Fourier transform I do + + align:start position:0% +padding trick I Fourier transform I do + + + align:start position:0% +padding trick I Fourier transform I do +zero padding by a factor of four that + + align:start position:0% +zero padding by a factor of four that + + + align:start position:0% +zero padding by a factor of four that +means if I take the Fourier transform + + align:start position:0% +means if I take the Fourier transform + + + align:start position:0% +means if I take the Fourier transform +and I'm now making that vector four + + align:start position:0% +and I'm now making that vector four + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm now making that vector four +times as long by filling in zeros then I + + align:start position:0% +times as long by filling in zeros then I + + + align:start position:0% +times as long by filling in zeros then I +inverse Fourier transform you can see + + align:start position:0% +inverse Fourier transform you can see + + + align:start position:0% +inverse Fourier transform you can see +that the red points show the + + align:start position:0% +that the red points show the + + + align:start position:0% +that the red points show the +interpolated values of that function + + align:start position:0% +interpolated values of that function + + + align:start position:0% +interpolated values of that function +after zero padding okay so it's a it can + + align:start position:0% +after zero padding okay so it's a it can + + + align:start position:0% +after zero padding okay so it's a it can +be very a useful trick you can also + + align:start position:0% +be very a useful trick you can also + + + align:start position:0% +be very a useful trick you can also +sample the signal in the time domain and + + align:start position:0% +sample the signal in the time domain and + + + align:start position:0% +sample the signal in the time domain and +then add a bunch of zeros to it before + + align:start position:0% +then add a bunch of zeros to it before + + + align:start position:0% +then add a bunch of zeros to it before +you Fourier transform and that gives you + + align:start position:0% +you Fourier transform and that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +you Fourier transform and that gives you +finer samples in the frequency domain + + align:start position:0% +finer samples in the frequency domain + + + align:start position:0% +finer samples in the frequency domain +okay okay + + align:start position:0% +okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay +and I think that's so zero padding in + + align:start position:0% +and I think that's so zero padding in + + + align:start position:0% +and I think that's so zero padding in +the time domain gives you finer spacing + + align:start position:0% +the time domain gives you finer spacing + + + align:start position:0% +the time domain gives you finer spacing +in the frequency domain and I'll show + + align:start position:0% +in the frequency domain and I'll show + + + align:start position:0% +in the frequency domain and I'll show +you in more detail how to do this after + + align:start position:0% +you in more detail how to do this after + + + align:start position:0% +you in more detail how to do this after +we talked about tapering and it's very + + align:start position:0% +we talked about tapering and it's very + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about tapering and it's very +simple very simple code actually MATLAB + + align:start position:0% +simple very simple code actually MATLAB + + + align:start position:0% +simple very simple code actually MATLAB +has built into it the ability to do zero + + align:start position:0% +has built into it the ability to do zero + + + align:start position:0% +has built into it the ability to do zero +padding right in the FFT function okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's actually just stop there I feel + + align:start position:0% +let's actually just stop there I feel + + + align:start position:0% +let's actually just stop there I feel +like we had a like a lot of we covered a + + align:start position:0% +like we had a like a lot of we covered a + + + align:start position:0% +like we had a like a lot of we covered a +lot of stuff today + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ImzS_gSbjK4.txt b/ImzS_gSbjK4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49ec1a75732054cb073d701240b2d36409e32603 --- /dev/null +++ b/ImzS_gSbjK4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2384 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hi welcome back to recitation one of the + + align:start position:0% +hi welcome back to recitation one of the + + + align:start position:0% +hi welcome back to recitation one of the +things you've been learning about in + + align:start position:0% +things you've been learning about in + + + align:start position:0% +things you've been learning about in +lecture is how to solve some Max Min + + align:start position:0% +lecture is how to solve some Max Min + + + align:start position:0% +lecture is how to solve some Max Min +problems how to find the maximum or + + align:start position:0% +problems how to find the maximum or + + + align:start position:0% +problems how to find the maximum or +minimum of a given uh function or given + + align:start position:0% +minimum of a given uh function or given + + + align:start position:0% +minimum of a given uh function or given +some constraints and and and figure out + + align:start position:0% +some constraints and and and figure out + + + align:start position:0% +some constraints and and and figure out +where it where it reaches its largest or + + align:start position:0% +where it where it reaches its largest or + + + align:start position:0% +where it where it reaches its largest or +smallest value so here I have a a + + align:start position:0% +smallest value so here I have a a + + + align:start position:0% +smallest value so here I have a a +particular um example of such a problem + + align:start position:0% +particular um example of such a problem + + + align:start position:0% +particular um example of such a problem +so we're going to build a cardboard box + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to build a cardboard box + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to build a cardboard box +and our cardboard box has has to meet + + align:start position:0% +and our cardboard box has has to meet + + + align:start position:0% +and our cardboard box has has to meet +the following criteria so its volume has + + align:start position:0% +the following criteria so its volume has + + + align:start position:0% +the following criteria so its volume has +to be three units um the front and back + + align:start position:0% +to be three units um the front and back + + + align:start position:0% +to be three units um the front and back +of the I guess front and back of the + + align:start position:0% +of the I guess front and back of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the I guess front and back of the +cardboard box are going to be made just + + align:start position:0% +cardboard box are going to be made just + + + align:start position:0% +cardboard box are going to be made just +of of single thickness cardboard but the + + align:start position:0% +of of single thickness cardboard but the + + + align:start position:0% +of of single thickness cardboard but the +the two sides the left and right are + + align:start position:0% +the two sides the left and right are + + + align:start position:0% +the two sides the left and right are +going to be made double thick and the + + align:start position:0% +going to be made double thick and the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be made double thick and the +bottom is going to be made triple thick + + align:start position:0% +bottom is going to be made triple thick + + + align:start position:0% +bottom is going to be made triple thick +well we're not going to have a top it's + + align:start position:0% +well we're not going to have a top it's + + + align:start position:0% +well we're not going to have a top it's +just going to be an open box so it's + + align:start position:0% +just going to be an open box so it's + + + align:start position:0% +just going to be an open box so it's +going to have five sides um two of + + align:start position:0% +going to have five sides um two of + + + align:start position:0% +going to have five sides um two of +single thickness two of of double + + align:start position:0% +single thickness two of of double + + + align:start position:0% +single thickness two of of double +thickness with the bottom of of triple + + align:start position:0% +thickness with the bottom of of triple + + + align:start position:0% +thickness with the bottom of of triple +thickness so the question is there there + + align:start position:0% +thickness so the question is there there + + + align:start position:0% +thickness so the question is there there +are you know a lot of different shapes + + align:start position:0% +are you know a lot of different shapes + + + align:start position:0% +are you know a lot of different shapes +of box with with three total volume + + align:start position:0% +of box with with three total volume + + + align:start position:0% +of box with with three total volume +three units so the question is what what + + align:start position:0% +three units so the question is what what + + + align:start position:0% +three units so the question is what what +dimensions should this box have so that + + align:start position:0% +dimensions should this box have so that + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions should this box have so that +we use the the the minimum amount of + + align:start position:0% +we use the the the minimum amount of + + + align:start position:0% +we use the the the minimum amount of +cardboard possible all right so we we + + align:start position:0% +cardboard possible all right so we we + + + align:start position:0% +cardboard possible all right so we we +want the dimensions of the box that use + + align:start position:0% +want the dimensions of the box that use + + + align:start position:0% +want the dimensions of the box that use +the least total amount of cardboard so + + align:start position:0% +the least total amount of cardboard so + + + align:start position:0% +the least total amount of cardboard so +why didn't you pause the video work on + + align:start position:0% +why didn't you pause the video work on + + + align:start position:0% +why didn't you pause the video work on +that for a while come back and we can + + align:start position:0% +that for a while come back and we can + + + align:start position:0% +that for a while come back and we can +work on it together + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I hope you had some fun puzzling this + + align:start position:0% +I hope you had some fun puzzling this + + + align:start position:0% +I hope you had some fun puzzling this +one out let's let's have a go at it um + + align:start position:0% +one out let's let's have a go at it um + + + align:start position:0% +one out let's let's have a go at it um +so so to start I think I just like to + + align:start position:0% +so so to start I think I just like to + + + align:start position:0% +so so to start I think I just like to +draw a little picture of a box so here's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +my my cardboard box its top is going to + + align:start position:0% +my my cardboard box its top is going to + + + align:start position:0% +my my cardboard box its top is going to +be open say no so let's give it we we + + align:start position:0% +be open say no so let's give it we we + + + align:start position:0% +be open say no so let's give it we we +want to figure out what its Dimensions + + align:start position:0% +want to figure out what its Dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +want to figure out what its Dimensions +should be + + align:start position:0% +should be + + + align:start position:0% +should be +um in order to minimize some some + + align:start position:0% +um in order to minimize some some + + + align:start position:0% +um in order to minimize some some +expression so let's let's give them + + align:start position:0% +expression so let's let's give them + + + align:start position:0% +expression so let's let's give them +names right so I think a natural thing + + align:start position:0% +names right so I think a natural thing + + + align:start position:0% +names right so I think a natural thing +to call them is we can call one of them + + align:start position:0% +to call them is we can call one of them + + + align:start position:0% +to call them is we can call one of them +X and one of them Y and the and the + + align:start position:0% +X and one of them Y and the and the + + + align:start position:0% +X and one of them Y and the and the +height Z there so if we give the the Box + + align:start position:0% +height Z there so if we give the the Box + + + align:start position:0% +height Z there so if we give the the Box +these these Dimensions X Y and Z we need + + align:start position:0% +these these Dimensions X Y and Z we need + + + align:start position:0% +these these Dimensions X Y and Z we need +to ask well first of all what is its + + align:start position:0% +to ask well first of all what is its + + + align:start position:0% +to ask well first of all what is its +volume and second of all how much + + align:start position:0% +volume and second of all how much + + + align:start position:0% +volume and second of all how much +cardboard is used and as long as we can + + align:start position:0% +cardboard is used and as long as we can + + + align:start position:0% +cardboard is used and as long as we can +keep the volume equal to three what's + + align:start position:0% +keep the volume equal to three what's + + + align:start position:0% +keep the volume equal to three what's +the least amount of cardboard we can use + + align:start position:0% +the least amount of cardboard we can use + + + align:start position:0% +the least amount of cardboard we can use +so the volume of this box is just XYZ + + align:start position:0% +so the volume of this box is just XYZ + + + align:start position:0% +so the volume of this box is just XYZ +and that has to be three so we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +XYZ is equal to the volume which is + + align:start position:0% +XYZ is equal to the volume which is + + + align:start position:0% +XYZ is equal to the volume which is +equal to three so we have a constraint + + align:start position:0% +equal to three so we have a constraint + + + align:start position:0% +equal to three so we have a constraint +on X Y and Z here um and the thing that + + align:start position:0% +on X Y and Z here um and the thing that + + + align:start position:0% +on X Y and Z here um and the thing that +we want to to optimize that we want to + + align:start position:0% +we want to to optimize that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +we want to to optimize that we want to +find a minimum for is is the is the is + + align:start position:0% +find a minimum for is is the is the is + + + align:start position:0% +find a minimum for is is the is the is +the total amount of cardboard used want + + align:start position:0% +the total amount of cardboard used want + + + align:start position:0% +the total amount of cardboard used want +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to minimize so let's let's talk about + + align:start position:0% +to minimize so let's let's talk about + + + align:start position:0% +to minimize so let's let's talk about +how much cardboard is used so the bottom + + align:start position:0% +how much cardboard is used so the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +how much cardboard is used so the bottom +of the box is triple + + align:start position:0% +of the box is triple + + + align:start position:0% +of the box is triple +thick so its area is x * y so the total + + align:start position:0% +thick so its area is x * y so the total + + + align:start position:0% +thick so its area is x * y so the total +amount of cardboard used is + + align:start position:0% +amount of cardboard used is + + + align:start position:0% +amount of cardboard used is + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +XY now the front and back of the box are + + align:start position:0% +XY now the front and back of the box are + + + align:start position:0% +XY now the front and back of the box are +single + + align:start position:0% +single + + + align:start position:0% +single +thickness and they have area XY but + + align:start position:0% +thickness and they have area XY but + + + align:start position:0% +thickness and they have area XY but +they're there sorry not XY XZ right this + + align:start position:0% +they're there sorry not XY XZ right this + + + align:start position:0% +they're there sorry not XY XZ right this +height is is z so it's x x z and there + + align:start position:0% +height is is z so it's x x z and there + + + align:start position:0% +height is is z so it's x x z and there +are two of them so we have XZ total + + align:start position:0% +are two of them so we have XZ total + + + align:start position:0% +are two of them so we have XZ total +cardboard in front and XZ total + + align:start position:0% +cardboard in front and XZ total + + + align:start position:0% +cardboard in front and XZ total +cardboard in back oh I guess this has + + align:start position:0% +cardboard in back oh I guess this has + + + align:start position:0% +cardboard in back oh I guess this has +another segment there in back because + + align:start position:0% +another segment there in back because + + + align:start position:0% +another segment there in back because +it's an open box um so XZ and XZ so + + align:start position:0% +it's an open box um so XZ and XZ so + + + align:start position:0% +it's an open box um so XZ and XZ so +that's 2 + + align:start position:0% +that's 2 + + + align:start position:0% +that's 2 +XZ coming from the front and back and + + align:start position:0% +XZ coming from the front and back and + + + align:start position:0% +XZ coming from the front and back and +from the two sides well each side has + + align:start position:0% +from the two sides well each side has + + + align:start position:0% +from the two sides well each side has +area YZ there are two of them and + + align:start position:0% +area YZ there are two of them and + + + align:start position:0% +area YZ there are two of them and +they're double thick so that contributes + + align:start position:0% +they're double thick so that contributes + + + align:start position:0% +they're double thick so that contributes +4 y z to the to the total amount of + + align:start position:0% +4 y z to the to the total amount of + + + align:start position:0% +4 y z to the to the total amount of +cardboard used so this is the total + + align:start position:0% +cardboard used so this is the total + + + align:start position:0% +cardboard used so this is the total +amount of cardboard used we Al and we + + align:start position:0% +amount of cardboard used we Al and we + + + align:start position:0% +amount of cardboard used we Al and we +know uh XYZ is equal to three so we want + + align:start position:0% +know uh XYZ is equal to three so we want + + + align:start position:0% +know uh XYZ is equal to three so we want +to minimize this but we want to minimize + + align:start position:0% +to minimize this but we want to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +to minimize this but we want to minimize +this taking this into account taking + + align:start position:0% +this taking this into account taking + + + align:start position:0% +this taking this into account taking +this this restriction on the on the + + align:start position:0% +this this restriction on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +this this restriction on the on the +volume into account so what we can do is + + align:start position:0% +volume into account so what we can do is + + + align:start position:0% +volume into account so what we can do is +is you can realize that we can just + + align:start position:0% +is you can realize that we can just + + + align:start position:0% +is you can realize that we can just +eliminate one of these variables right + + align:start position:0% +eliminate one of these variables right + + + align:start position:0% +eliminate one of these variables right +we can we can say Z is equal to 3xy that + + align:start position:0% +we can we can say Z is equal to 3xy that + + + align:start position:0% +we can we can say Z is equal to 3xy that +always has to be true and if we make + + align:start position:0% +always has to be true and if we make + + + align:start position:0% +always has to be true and if we make +that substitution in here then then + + align:start position:0% +that substitution in here then then + + + align:start position:0% +that substitution in here then then +we'll be able to to minimize this + + align:start position:0% +we'll be able to to minimize this + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be able to to minimize this +expression without regard to to any + + align:start position:0% +expression without regard to to any + + + align:start position:0% +expression without regard to to any +constraint anymore so from X yal 3 we + + align:start position:0% +constraint anymore so from X yal 3 we + + + align:start position:0% +constraint anymore so from X yal 3 we +have Z = 3 over + + align:start position:0% +have Z = 3 over + + + align:start position:0% +have Z = 3 over +XY + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minimize to minimize what we get when we + + align:start position:0% +minimize to minimize what we get when we + + + align:start position:0% +minimize to minimize what we get when we +plug Z = 3xy into here so that's 3x + + align:start position:0% +plug Z = 3xy into here so that's 3x + + + align:start position:0% +plug Z = 3xy into here so that's 3x +y plus well 2x * 3x y is 6 over y plus + + align:start position:0% +y plus well 2x * 3x y is 6 over y plus + + + align:start position:0% +y plus well 2x * 3x y is 6 over y plus +and 4 y * 3xy is + + align:start position:0% +and 4 y * 3xy is + + + align:start position:0% +and 4 y * 3xy is +12x um and uh one other thing I guess we + + align:start position:0% +12x um and uh one other thing I guess we + + + align:start position:0% +12x um and uh one other thing I guess we +haven't mentioned explicitly is that + + align:start position:0% +haven't mentioned explicitly is that + + + align:start position:0% +haven't mentioned explicitly is that +this is a physical box it has actual + + align:start position:0% +this is a physical box it has actual + + + align:start position:0% +this is a physical box it has actual +dimensions so its Dimensions have to be + + align:start position:0% +dimensions so its Dimensions have to be + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions so its Dimensions have to be +you know they're lengths they have to be + + align:start position:0% +you know they're lengths they have to be + + + align:start position:0% +you know they're lengths they have to be +positive numbers um so we want + + align:start position:0% +positive numbers um so we want + + + align:start position:0% +positive numbers um so we want +for X to be zero uh + + align:start position:0% +for X to be zero uh + + + align:start position:0% +for X to be zero uh +positive and we want for y to be + + align:start position:0% +positive and we want for y to be + + + align:start position:0% +positive and we want for y to be +positive numbers okay so so now we've + + align:start position:0% +positive numbers okay so so now we've + + + align:start position:0% +positive numbers okay so so now we've +got this function and there aren't X and + + align:start position:0% +got this function and there aren't X and + + + align:start position:0% +got this function and there aren't X and +Y can be anything any value of X and Y + + align:start position:0% +Y can be anything any value of X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +Y can be anything any value of X and Y +we choose this describes the amount of + + align:start position:0% +we choose this describes the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +we choose this describes the amount of +cardboard used in a box with those + + align:start position:0% +cardboard used in a box with those + + + align:start position:0% +cardboard used in a box with those +dimensions on its base that has volume + + align:start position:0% +dimensions on its base that has volume + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions on its base that has volume +three all right so we want to we want to + + align:start position:0% +three all right so we want to we want to + + + align:start position:0% +three all right so we want to we want to +minimize that so now we get we we + + align:start position:0% +minimize that so now we get we we + + + align:start position:0% +minimize that so now we get we we +finally got to the point um of our + + align:start position:0% +finally got to the point um of our + + + align:start position:0% +finally got to the point um of our +calculus let's let's call this function + + align:start position:0% +calculus let's let's call this function + + + align:start position:0% +calculus let's let's call this function +let's give it a name like I don't know f + + align:start position:0% +let's give it a name like I don't know f + + + align:start position:0% +let's give it a name like I don't know f +f of XY um so we want to find the global + + align:start position:0% +f of XY um so we want to find the global + + + align:start position:0% +f of XY um so we want to find the global +minimum of f we want to find the + + align:start position:0% +minimum of f we want to find the + + + align:start position:0% +minimum of f we want to find the +absolute least amount of cardboard that + + align:start position:0% +absolute least amount of cardboard that + + + align:start position:0% +absolute least amount of cardboard that +we can use um so there are several + + align:start position:0% +we can use um so there are several + + + align:start position:0% +we can use um so there are several +possibilities for where a global minimum + + align:start position:0% +possibilities for where a global minimum + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities for where a global minimum +can occur it can occur on the some + + align:start position:0% +can occur it can occur on the some + + + align:start position:0% +can occur it can occur on the some +critical point of the function or it can + + align:start position:0% +critical point of the function or it can + + + align:start position:0% +critical point of the function or it can +occur on the boundary of the region + + align:start position:0% +occur on the boundary of the region + + + align:start position:0% +occur on the boundary of the region +where the function is defined and in + + align:start position:0% +where the function is defined and in + + + align:start position:0% +where the function is defined and in +this case that includes the possibility + + align:start position:0% +this case that includes the possibility + + + align:start position:0% +this case that includes the possibility +that it can occur as X or Y or both go + + align:start position:0% +that it can occur as X or Y or both go + + + align:start position:0% +that it can occur as X or Y or both go +off to + + align:start position:0% +off to + + + align:start position:0% +off to +Infinity all right so so we have to we + + align:start position:0% +Infinity all right so so we have to we + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity all right so so we have to we +have to look at those at those + + align:start position:0% +have to look at those at those + + + align:start position:0% +have to look at those at those +possibilities um in particular we have + + align:start position:0% +possibilities um in particular we have + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities um in particular we have +to look at the at the critical points + + align:start position:0% +to look at the at the critical points + + + align:start position:0% +to look at the at the critical points +that's one of the possibilities so so + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the possibilities so so + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the possibilities so so +the critical points of f so we need to + + align:start position:0% +the critical points of f so we need to + + + align:start position:0% +the critical points of f so we need to +we we need to find out what those points + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are so in order to find the critical + + align:start position:0% +are so in order to find the critical + + + align:start position:0% +are so in order to find the critical +points well what do we do we do the + + align:start position:0% +points well what do we do we do the + + + align:start position:0% +points well what do we do we do the +usual thing we look at its partial + + align:start position:0% +usual thing we look at its partial + + + align:start position:0% +usual thing we look at its partial +derivatives so we need the first and + + align:start position:0% +derivatives so we need the first and + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives so we need the first and +second sorry the first the the partial + + align:start position:0% +second sorry the first the the partial + + + align:start position:0% +second sorry the first the the partial +the first partial derivatives with + + align:start position:0% +the first partial derivatives with + + + align:start position:0% +the first partial derivatives with +respect to X and Y we need both of them + + align:start position:0% +respect to X and Y we need both of them + + + align:start position:0% +respect to X and Y we need both of them +to be equal to zero so we need + + align:start position:0% +to be equal to zero so we need + + + align:start position:0% +to be equal to zero so we need +FX equals 0 + + align:start position:0% +FX equals 0 + + + align:start position:0% +FX equals 0 +and FY equals 0 well what okay so let's + + align:start position:0% +and FY equals 0 well what okay so let's + + + align:start position:0% +and FY equals 0 well what okay so let's +let's um write down what that means over + + align:start position:0% +let's um write down what that means over + + + align:start position:0% +let's um write down what that means over +here um so what what is FX well we just + + align:start position:0% +here um so what what is FX well we just + + + align:start position:0% +here um so what what is FX well we just +take the the partials so it's 3 y plus + + align:start position:0% +take the the partials so it's 3 y plus + + + align:start position:0% +take the the partials so it's 3 y plus +we take the partial of 6 y with respect + + align:start position:0% +we take the partial of 6 y with respect + + + align:start position:0% +we take the partial of 6 y with respect +to X and we get zero we take the partial + + align:start position:0% +to X and we get zero we take the partial + + + align:start position:0% +to X and we get zero we take the partial +of 12 overx with respect to X and we get + + align:start position:0% +of 12 overx with respect to X and we get + + + align:start position:0% +of 12 overx with respect to X and we get +minus 12/ x^2 so that's the that's + + align:start position:0% +minus 12/ x^2 so that's the that's + + + align:start position:0% +minus 12/ x^2 so that's the that's +FX and we need that to be equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +FX and we need that to be equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +FX and we need that to be equal to zero +and FY is equal to + + align:start position:0% +and FY is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +and FY is equal to +3x - 6 over y^2 and we also need that to + + align:start position:0% +3x - 6 over y^2 and we also need that to + + + align:start position:0% +3x - 6 over y^2 and we also need that to +be equal to zero so if we solve this + + align:start position:0% +be equal to zero so if we solve this + + + align:start position:0% +be equal to zero so if we solve this +first equation for example we can solve + + align:start position:0% +first equation for example we can solve + + + align:start position:0% +first equation for example we can solve +it for y in terms of X and that tells me + + align:start position:0% +it for y in terms of X and that tells me + + + align:start position:0% +it for y in terms of X and that tells me +that Y is equal to I need let's see + + align:start position:0% +that Y is equal to I need let's see + + + align:start position:0% +that Y is equal to I need let's see +12x^2 / 3 so that's + + align:start position:0% +12x^2 / 3 so that's + + + align:start position:0% +12x^2 / 3 so that's +4 over x^2 + + align:start position:0% +4 over x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +4 over x^2 +now I can plug this 4x^2 in down here + + align:start position:0% +now I can plug this 4x^2 in down here + + + align:start position:0% +now I can plug this 4x^2 in down here +and so I get + + align:start position:0% +and so I get + + + align:start position:0% +and so I get +3x - 6 well 6 / 4 / x^2 2ar is 6 + + align:start position:0% +3x - 6 well 6 / 4 / x^2 2ar is 6 + + + align:start position:0% +3x - 6 well 6 / 4 / x^2 2ar is 6 +* X2 over 4^ 2ar that has to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +* X2 over 4^ 2ar that has to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +* X2 over 4^ 2ar that has to be equal to +zero and I can let's see I can rewrite + + align:start position:0% +zero and I can let's see I can rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +zero and I can let's see I can rewrite +this maybe I'll divide through by three + + align:start position:0% +this maybe I'll divide through by three + + + align:start position:0% +this maybe I'll divide through by three +that three isn't going to matter so it's + + align:start position:0% +that three isn't going to matter so it's + + + align:start position:0% +that three isn't going to matter so it's +X xus so then I'll be left with 2 * x 4/ + + align:start position:0% +X xus so then I'll be left with 2 * x 4/ + + + align:start position:0% +X xus so then I'll be left with 2 * x 4/ +16 so that's X 4th over 8 so X to 4th + + align:start position:0% +16 so that's X 4th over 8 so X to 4th + + + align:start position:0% +16 so that's X 4th over 8 so X to 4th +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +8 equals 0 and you can see in this + + align:start position:0% +8 equals 0 and you can see in this + + + align:start position:0% +8 equals 0 and you can see in this +equation that either X is equal to Z or + + align:start position:0% +equation that either X is equal to Z or + + + align:start position:0% +equation that either X is equal to Z or +we can divide by X and then we get X + + align:start position:0% +we can divide by X and then we get X + + + align:start position:0% +we can divide by X and then we get X +cubed = 8 so x = 0 or X Cub = 8 that + + align:start position:0% +cubed = 8 so x = 0 or X Cub = 8 that + + + align:start position:0% +cubed = 8 so x = 0 or X Cub = 8 that +only solution is x = + + align:start position:0% +only solution is x = + + + align:start position:0% +only solution is x = +2 now it's easy to see we can't have a + + align:start position:0% +2 now it's easy to see we can't have a + + + align:start position:0% +2 now it's easy to see we can't have a +box with x equal to zero right our our + + align:start position:0% +box with x equal to zero right our our + + + align:start position:0% +box with x equal to zero right our our +function is not actually defined at x + + align:start position:0% +function is not actually defined at x + + + align:start position:0% +function is not actually defined at x +equals z over here you'll see right our + + align:start position:0% +equals z over here you'll see right our + + + align:start position:0% +equals z over here you'll see right our +function had had had a 1 overx well 12 + + align:start position:0% +function had had had a 1 overx well 12 + + + align:start position:0% +function had had had a 1 overx well 12 +overx in it so we can't have x equals 0 + + align:start position:0% +overx in it so we can't have x equals 0 + + + align:start position:0% +overx in it so we can't have x equals 0 +so so that's not going to be a critical + + align:start position:0% +so so that's not going to be a critical + + + align:start position:0% +so so that's not going to be a critical +point of this function xals 0 isn't + + align:start position:0% +point of this function xals 0 isn't + + + align:start position:0% +point of this function xals 0 isn't +going to lead to a critical point so + + align:start position:0% +going to lead to a critical point so + + + align:start position:0% +going to lead to a critical point so +okay so we so we our only critical point + + align:start position:0% +okay so we so we our only critical point + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we so we our only critical point +are going to happen when X is equal to + + align:start position:0% +are going to happen when X is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +are going to happen when X is equal to +two um and when X is equal to 2 we can + + align:start position:0% +two um and when X is equal to 2 we can + + + align:start position:0% +two um and when X is equal to 2 we can +go back up here and we saw that y was + + align:start position:0% +go back up here and we saw that y was + + + align:start position:0% +go back up here and we saw that y was +equal to 4x^2 at our critical points so + + align:start position:0% +equal to 4x^2 at our critical points so + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 4x^2 at our critical points so +the only critical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +critical + + align:start position:0% +critical + + + align:start position:0% +critical +point is + + align:start position:0% +point is + + + align:start position:0% +point is +21 okay so that's our critical point so + + align:start position:0% +21 okay so that's our critical point so + + + align:start position:0% +21 okay so that's our critical point so +now we want to think about is this point + + align:start position:0% +now we want to think about is this point + + + align:start position:0% +now we want to think about is this point +going to be uh a maximum or a minimum or + + align:start position:0% +going to be uh a maximum or a minimum or + + + align:start position:0% +going to be uh a maximum or a minimum or +or or what and uh is it and where is the + + align:start position:0% +or or what and uh is it and where is the + + + align:start position:0% +or or what and uh is it and where is the +global minimum of this function going to + + align:start position:0% +global minimum of this function going to + + + align:start position:0% +global minimum of this function going to +occur so remember that the global + + align:start position:0% +occur so remember that the global + + + align:start position:0% +occur so remember that the global +minimum of this function can occur + + align:start position:0% +minimum of this function can occur + + + align:start position:0% +minimum of this function can occur +either on the critical points or on the + + align:start position:0% +either on the critical points or on the + + + align:start position:0% +either on the critical points or on the +boundary or at a point where where X or + + align:start position:0% +boundary or at a point where where X or + + + align:start position:0% +boundary or at a point where where X or +Y is going to + + align:start position:0% +Y is going to + + + align:start position:0% +Y is going to +Infinity in the limit I guess I mean um + + align:start position:0% +Infinity in the limit I guess I mean um + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity in the limit I guess I mean um +so let's go back here and take a look at + + align:start position:0% +so let's go back here and take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +so let's go back here and take a look at +our function here so we can see from the + + align:start position:0% +our function here so we can see from the + + + align:start position:0% +our function here so we can see from the +expression for this function + + align:start position:0% +expression for this function + + + align:start position:0% +expression for this function +that if X and Y are going to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +that if X and Y are going to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +that if X and Y are going to Infinity +this is no good this part's going to go + + align:start position:0% +this is no good this part's going to go + + + align:start position:0% +this is no good this part's going to go +to Infinity 3x y is going to go to + + align:start position:0% +to Infinity 3x y is going to go to + + + align:start position:0% +to Infinity 3x y is going to go to +infinity and these are going to be + + align:start position:0% +infinity and these are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and these are going to be +positive so f is going to go to + + align:start position:0% +positive so f is going to go to + + + align:start position:0% +positive so f is going to go to +Infinity okay so so as as as the + + align:start position:0% +Infinity okay so so as as as the + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity okay so so as as as the +dimensions of our box get very very + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of our box get very very + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions of our box get very very +large the total amount of cardboard used + + align:start position:0% +large the total amount of cardboard used + + + align:start position:0% +large the total amount of cardboard used +becomes infinite um also if x or y gets + + align:start position:0% +becomes infinite um also if x or y gets + + + align:start position:0% +becomes infinite um also if x or y gets +closer and closer to zero right that's + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer to zero right that's + + + align:start position:0% +closer and closer to zero right that's +at the boundary well if x gets closer + + align:start position:0% +at the boundary well if x gets closer + + + align:start position:0% +at the boundary well if x gets closer +and closer to zero then + + align:start position:0% +and closer to zero then + + + align:start position:0% +and closer to zero then +12x gets closer and closer to infinity + + align:start position:0% +12x gets closer and closer to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +12x gets closer and closer to infinity +and if y gets closer and closer to zero + + align:start position:0% +and if y gets closer and closer to zero + + + align:start position:0% +and if y gets closer and closer to zero +then 6 over y gets closer and closer to + + align:start position:0% +then 6 over y gets closer and closer to + + + align:start position:0% +then 6 over y gets closer and closer to +infinity and again all these terms are + + align:start position:0% +infinity and again all these terms are + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and again all these terms are +going to be positive because X and Y + + align:start position:0% +going to be positive because X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +going to be positive because X and Y +have to be positive so in those limiting + + align:start position:0% +have to be positive so in those limiting + + + align:start position:0% +have to be positive so in those limiting +cases the function f ofx y gets + + align:start position:0% +cases the function f ofx y gets + + + align:start position:0% +cases the function f ofx y gets +infinitely large so along the boundary + + align:start position:0% +infinitely large so along the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +infinitely large so along the boundary +and as X and Y go to Infinity this + + align:start position:0% +and as X and Y go to Infinity this + + + align:start position:0% +and as X and Y go to Infinity this +function blows up it gets very very big + + align:start position:0% +function blows up it gets very very big + + + align:start position:0% +function blows up it gets very very big +so that means the only place it could + + align:start position:0% +so that means the only place it could + + + align:start position:0% +so that means the only place it could +have a Glo so well it has a global + + align:start position:0% +have a Glo so well it has a global + + + align:start position:0% +have a Glo so well it has a global +minimum the only place that Global + + align:start position:0% +minimum the only place that Global + + + align:start position:0% +minimum the only place that Global +minimum can can be is is at a critical + + align:start position:0% +minimum can can be is is at a critical + + + align:start position:0% +minimum can can be is is at a critical +point and we saw if we walk back over + + align:start position:0% +point and we saw if we walk back over + + + align:start position:0% +point and we saw if we walk back over +here again that the only critical point + + align:start position:0% +here again that the only critical point + + + align:start position:0% +here again that the only critical point +is the point + + align:start position:0% +is the point + + + align:start position:0% +is the point +21 all right so that means this point + + align:start position:0% +21 all right so that means this point + + + align:start position:0% +21 all right so that means this point +has to be a global minimum for the + + align:start position:0% +has to be a global minimum for the + + + align:start position:0% +has to be a global minimum for the +function now you might out of curiosity + + align:start position:0% +function now you might out of curiosity + + + align:start position:0% +function now you might out of curiosity +you might ask how much cardboard are we + + align:start position:0% +you might ask how much cardboard are we + + + align:start position:0% +you might ask how much cardboard are we +actually talking about in that case um + + align:start position:0% +actually talking about in that case um + + + align:start position:0% +actually talking about in that case um +since that's really + + align:start position:0% +since that's really + + + align:start position:0% +since that's really +the one part I guess it wasn't really + + align:start position:0% +the one part I guess it wasn't really + + + align:start position:0% +the one part I guess it wasn't really +part of the question but it's an + + align:start position:0% +part of the question but it's an + + + align:start position:0% +part of the question but it's an +interesting thing to ask so in + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing to ask so in + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing to ask so in +this case + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +use f of 21 equals well let's see so + + align:start position:0% +use f of 21 equals well let's see so + + + align:start position:0% +use f of 21 equals well let's see so +that's 6 + 6 + 6 = 18 units squared of + + align:start position:0% +that's 6 + 6 + 6 = 18 units squared of + + + align:start position:0% +that's 6 + 6 + 6 = 18 units squared of +cardboard um now I guess one thing you + + align:start position:0% +cardboard um now I guess one thing you + + + align:start position:0% +cardboard um now I guess one thing you +might notice is we didn't use the second + + align:start position:0% +might notice is we didn't use the second + + + align:start position:0% +might notice is we didn't use the second +derivative test here and the question is + + align:start position:0% +derivative test here and the question is + + + align:start position:0% +derivative test here and the question is +why I mean we we concluded it was a a a + + align:start position:0% +why I mean we we concluded it was a a a + + + align:start position:0% +why I mean we we concluded it was a a a +global maximum without ever using the + + align:start position:0% +global maximum without ever using the + + + align:start position:0% +global maximum without ever using the +second derivative test but the second + + align:start position:0% +second derivative test but the second + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative test but the second +derivative test is the sorry Global + + align:start position:0% +derivative test is the sorry Global + + + align:start position:0% +derivative test is the sorry Global +minimum pardon me um and the second + + align:start position:0% +minimum pardon me um and the second + + + align:start position:0% +minimum pardon me um and the second +derivative test is the thing that tells + + align:start position:0% +derivative test is the thing that tells + + + align:start position:0% +derivative test is the thing that tells +us whether things are minimum or Maxim + + align:start position:0% +us whether things are minimum or Maxim + + + align:start position:0% +us whether things are minimum or Maxim +or saddle point so why didn't we use it + + align:start position:0% +or saddle point so why didn't we use it + + + align:start position:0% +or saddle point so why didn't we use it +um well the answer is the second + + align:start position:0% +um well the answer is the second + + + align:start position:0% +um well the answer is the second +derivative test tells you whether + + align:start position:0% +derivative test tells you whether + + + align:start position:0% +derivative test tells you whether +something is a local minimum or maximum + + align:start position:0% +something is a local minimum or maximum + + + align:start position:0% +something is a local minimum or maximum +or or or whether it's a saddle point um + + align:start position:0% +or or or whether it's a saddle point um + + + align:start position:0% +or or or whether it's a saddle point um +so if we had applied the second + + align:start position:0% +so if we had applied the second + + + align:start position:0% +so if we had applied the second +derivative test at this critical point + + align:start position:0% +derivative test at this critical point + + + align:start position:0% +derivative test at this critical point +what we would have learned is that this + + align:start position:0% +what we would have learned is that this + + + align:start position:0% +what we would have learned is that this +critical point is a local minimum but + + align:start position:0% +critical point is a local minimum but + + + align:start position:0% +critical point is a local minimum but +being a local minimum isn't enough to + + align:start position:0% +being a local minimum isn't enough to + + + align:start position:0% +being a local minimum isn't enough to +guarantee that it's a global Global + + align:start position:0% +guarantee that it's a global Global + + + align:start position:0% +guarantee that it's a global Global +minimum because we could have on the + + align:start position:0% +minimum because we could have on the + + + align:start position:0% +minimum because we could have on the +boundary or as X or Y goes to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +boundary or as X or Y goes to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +boundary or as X or Y goes to Infinity +we could have that the function value + + align:start position:0% +we could have that the function value + + + align:start position:0% +we could have that the function value +gets smaller and smaller without bound + + align:start position:0% +gets smaller and smaller without bound + + + align:start position:0% +gets smaller and smaller without bound +now in this case we showed that the + + align:start position:0% +now in this case we showed that the + + + align:start position:0% +now in this case we showed that the +function doesn't do that it gets larger + + align:start position:0% +function doesn't do that it gets larger + + + align:start position:0% +function doesn't do that it gets larger +and larger without bound and so that + + align:start position:0% +and larger without bound and so that + + + align:start position:0% +and larger without bound and so that +meant that that the that that minimum + + align:start position:0% +meant that that the that that minimum + + + align:start position:0% +meant that that the that that minimum +Point really is the global minimum um + + align:start position:0% +Point really is the global minimum um + + + align:start position:0% +Point really is the global minimum um +but the second derivative test isn't + + align:start position:0% +but the second derivative test isn't + + + align:start position:0% +but the second derivative test isn't +enough to conclude that something is a + + align:start position:0% +enough to conclude that something is a + + + align:start position:0% +enough to conclude that something is a +global minimum on its own you really do + + align:start position:0% +global minimum on its own you really do + + + align:start position:0% +global minimum on its own you really do +need that extra analysis that we did + + align:start position:0% +need that extra analysis that we did + + + align:start position:0% +need that extra analysis that we did +I'll end there \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/J4jMT49oaPI.txt b/J4jMT49oaPI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e5050d4a20cee967102cc32c538938ac0e2da24 --- /dev/null +++ b/J4jMT49oaPI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,587 @@ +align:start position:0% + +this is the grid now so we went from + + align:start position:0% +this is the grid now so we went from + + + align:start position:0% +this is the grid now so we went from +from small to very big right the growth + + align:start position:0% +from small to very big right the growth + + + align:start position:0% +from small to very big right the growth +in solar + + align:start position:0% +in solar + + + align:start position:0% +in solar +and wind has been incredible over the + + align:start position:0% +and wind has been incredible over the + + + align:start position:0% +and wind has been incredible over the +last uh + + align:start position:0% +last uh + + + align:start position:0% +last uh +10 20 years um the the problem as + + align:start position:0% +10 20 years um the the problem as + + + align:start position:0% +10 20 years um the the problem as +i think i've shown you is the + + align:start position:0% +i think i've shown you is the + + + align:start position:0% +i think i've shown you is the +variability and so this is like you know + + align:start position:0% +variability and so this is like you know + + + align:start position:0% +variability and so this is like you know +if you zoom in here that's the load + + align:start position:0% +if you zoom in here that's the load + + + align:start position:0% +if you zoom in here that's the load +the black line and this is like what + + align:start position:0% +the black line and this is like what + + + align:start position:0% +the black line and this is like what +these two resources give you and you can + + align:start position:0% +these two resources give you and you can + + + align:start position:0% +these two resources give you and you can +see that it doesn't match + + align:start position:0% +see that it doesn't match + + + align:start position:0% +see that it doesn't match +if you zoom in on a day then you really + + align:start position:0% +if you zoom in on a day then you really + + + align:start position:0% +if you zoom in on a day then you really +can see it right there's the load + + align:start position:0% +can see it right there's the load + + + align:start position:0% +can see it right there's the load +and there's what you would get from + + align:start position:0% +and there's what you would get from + + + align:start position:0% +and there's what you would get from +solar and wind and so here's the + + align:start position:0% +solar and wind and so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +solar and wind and so here's the +question i said well okay how do you + + align:start position:0% +question i said well okay how do you + + + align:start position:0% +question i said well okay how do you +how do you fix this you got to store it + + align:start position:0% +how do you fix this you got to store it + + + align:start position:0% +how do you fix this you got to store it +there's no way to use renewables at + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to use renewables at + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to use renewables at +large scales unless you store it in fact + + align:start position:0% +large scales unless you store it in fact + + + align:start position:0% +large scales unless you store it in fact +we're really at essentially the tipping + + align:start position:0% +we're really at essentially the tipping + + + align:start position:0% +we're really at essentially the tipping +point because if i look at the countries + + align:start position:0% +point because if i look at the countries + + + align:start position:0% +point because if i look at the countries +in the world and what there's pv + + align:start position:0% +in the world and what there's pv + + + align:start position:0% +in the world and what there's pv +penetration is and this is a couple + + align:start position:0% +penetration is and this is a couple + + + align:start position:0% +penetration is and this is a couple +years old but it's still + + align:start position:0% +years old but it's still + + + align:start position:0% +years old but it's still +pretty much the same germany greece + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same germany greece + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same germany greece +italy at the top + + align:start position:0% +italy at the top + + + align:start position:0% +italy at the top +uh uh frowny face here for the us of a + + align:start position:0% +uh uh frowny face here for the us of a + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh frowny face here for the us of a +um but but you know germany is at 7.1 + + align:start position:0% +um but but you know germany is at 7.1 + + + align:start position:0% +um but but you know germany is at 7.1 +percent as a few years ago + + align:start position:0% +percent as a few years ago + + + align:start position:0% +percent as a few years ago +that's a huge penetration of pv well + + align:start position:0% +that's a huge penetration of pv well + + + align:start position:0% +that's a huge penetration of pv well +here's the problem + + align:start position:0% +here's the problem + + + align:start position:0% +here's the problem +if you if you look at + + align:start position:0% +if you if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +if you if you look at +this is germany now huge penetration + + align:start position:0% +this is germany now huge penetration + + + align:start position:0% +this is germany now huge penetration +these are these + + align:start position:0% +these are these + + + align:start position:0% +these are these +six years right seven years of adding pv + + align:start position:0% +six years right seven years of adding pv + + + align:start position:0% +six years right seven years of adding pv +this is how much they had + + align:start position:0% +this is how much they had + + + align:start position:0% +this is how much they had +they're now at seven percent twenty + + align:start position:0% +they're now at seven percent twenty + + + align:start position:0% +they're now at seven percent twenty +sixteen seven percent this is how much + + align:start position:0% +sixteen seven percent this is how much + + + align:start position:0% +sixteen seven percent this is how much +the price of electricity was in germany + + align:start position:0% +the price of electricity was in germany + + + align:start position:0% +the price of electricity was in germany +when they added so + + align:start position:0% +when they added so + + + align:start position:0% +when they added so +notice that here's the sunlight + + align:start position:0% +notice that here's the sunlight + + + align:start position:0% +notice that here's the sunlight +electricity during the day + + align:start position:0% +electricity during the day + + + align:start position:0% +electricity during the day +they can sell it for a lot of money but + + align:start position:0% +they can sell it for a lot of money but + + + align:start position:0% +they can sell it for a lot of money but +as they add more and more of this + + align:start position:0% +as they add more and more of this + + + align:start position:0% +as they add more and more of this +renewable to the grid + + align:start position:0% +renewable to the grid + + + align:start position:0% +renewable to the grid +its price goes down when it's available + + align:start position:0% +its price goes down when it's available + + + align:start position:0% +its price goes down when it's available +in fact + + align:start position:0% +in fact + + + align:start position:0% +in fact +it's now not economical for them to add + + align:start position:0% +it's now not economical for them to add + + + align:start position:0% +it's now not economical for them to add +more pv + + align:start position:0% +more pv + + + align:start position:0% +more pv +unless they can add it with storage + + align:start position:0% +unless they can add it with storage + + + align:start position:0% +unless they can add it with storage +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +actually the price has gone down so much + + align:start position:0% +actually the price has gone down so much + + + align:start position:0% +actually the price has gone down so much +and it's gone up here when they're not + + align:start position:0% +and it's gone up here when they're not + + + align:start position:0% +and it's gone up here when they're not +generating any + + align:start position:0% +generating any + + + align:start position:0% +generating any +pb electricity so you can come up with + + align:start position:0% +pb electricity so you can come up with + + + align:start position:0% +pb electricity so you can come up with +and they did in this paper + + align:start position:0% +and they did in this paper + + + align:start position:0% +and they did in this paper +this sort of value factor which when it + + align:start position:0% +this sort of value factor which when it + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of value factor which when it +goes below one means there's no economic + + align:start position:0% +goes below one means there's no economic + + + align:start position:0% +goes below one means there's no economic +outcome that's positive here right you + + align:start position:0% +outcome that's positive here right you + + + align:start position:0% +outcome that's positive here right you +can't make money anymore + + align:start position:0% +can't make money anymore + + + align:start position:0% +can't make money anymore +and that look at where that happens it's + + align:start position:0% +and that look at where that happens it's + + + align:start position:0% +and that look at where that happens it's +right around where they are it's at five + + align:start position:0% +right around where they are it's at five + + + align:start position:0% +right around where they are it's at five +percent + + align:start position:0% +percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent +you can't solve renewables at the scale + + align:start position:0% +you can't solve renewables at the scale + + + align:start position:0% +you can't solve renewables at the scale +of the grid without storage and no + + align:start position:0% +of the grid without storage and no + + + align:start position:0% +of the grid without storage and no +option exists today it might be + + align:start position:0% +option exists today it might be + + + align:start position:0% +option exists today it might be +batteries it might be batteries but + + align:start position:0% +batteries it might be batteries but + + + align:start position:0% +batteries it might be batteries but +there's nothing that actually does it + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing that actually does it + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing that actually does it +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +at the scales that we need so that's a + + align:start position:0% +at the scales that we need so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +at the scales that we need so that's a +real challenge + + align:start position:0% +real challenge + + + align:start position:0% +real challenge +for chemistry + + align:start position:0% +for chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +for chemistry +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/JIOJRuzwJQw.txt b/JIOJRuzwJQw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..106821e868a911427e91bbf7d6ba4b7c2294d34d --- /dev/null +++ b/JIOJRuzwJQw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,728 @@ +Hey, guys. + +Welcome back. + +Today, we're going to do another +fun problem, which is + +a drill problem on joint PMFs. + +And the goal is that you will +feel more comfortable by the + +end of this problem, +manipulating joint PMFs. + +And we'll also review some ideas +about independents in + +the process. + +So just to go over what +I've drawn here, we + +are given an xy plane. + +And we're told what +the PMF is. + +And it's plotted for you here. + +What these stars indicate +is simply that + +there is a value there. + +But we don't know what it is. + +It could be anything +between 0 and 1. + +And so we're given this +list of questions. + +And we're just going +to work through + +them linearly together. + +So we start off pretty simply. + +We want to compute, in part a, +the probability that x takes + +on a value of 1. + +So for those of you who like +formulas, I'm going to use the + +formula, which is usually +referred to as + +marginalization. + +So the marginal over +x is given by + +summing over the joint. + +So here we are interested in the +probability that x is 1. + +So I'm just going to freeze +the value of 1 here. + +And we sum over y. + +And in particular, +1, 2, and 3. + +So carrying this out, this is +the Pxy of 1, 1, plus Pxy of + +1, 2, plus Pxy 1, 3. + +And this, of course, reading +from the graph, is 1/12 plus + +2/12 plus 1/12, which is +equal to 4/12, or 1/3. + +So now you guys know +the formula. + +Hopefully you'll remember the +term marginalization. + +But I want to point out that +intuitively you can come up + +with the answer much faster. + +So the probability that x is +equal to 1 is the probability + +that this dot happens +or this dot + +happens or this dot happens. + +Now, these dots, or outcomes, +they're disjoint. + +So you can just sum the +probability to get the + +probability of one of these +things happening. + +So it's the same computation. + +And you'll probably get there +a little bit faster. + +So we're done with a already, +which is great. + +So for part b, conditioning on +x is equal to 1, we want to + +sketch the PMF of y. + +So if x is equal to +1 we are suddenly + +living in this universe. + +y can take values of 1, 2, +or 3 with these relative + +frequencies. + +So let's draw this here. + +So this is y. + +I said, already, y can take on +a value of 1. y can take on a + +value of 2. + +Or it can take on +a value of 3. + +And we're plotting here, Py +given x, y, conditioned on x + +is equal to 1. + +OK, so what I mean by preserving +the relative + +frequencies is that in +unconditional world this is + +dot is twice as likely +to happen as either + +this dot or this dot. + +And that relative likelihood +remains the same after + +conditioning. + +And the reason why we have to +change these values is because + +they have to sum to 1. + +So in other words, we have +to scale them up. + +So you can use a formula. + +But again, I'm here to show +you faster ways of + +thinking about it. + +So my little algorithm for +figuring out conditional PMFs + +is to take the numerators-- + +so 1, 2, and 1-- + +and sum them. + +So here that gives us 4. + +And then to preserve the +relative frequency, you + +actually keep the same +numerators but divide it by + +the sum, which you +just computed. + +So I'm going fast. + +I'll review in a second. + +But this is what you will +end up getting. + +So to recap, I did 1 plus 2 +plus 1, which is 4, to get + +these denominators. + +And so I skipped a step here. + +This is really 2/4, which +is 1/2, obviously. + +So you add these +guys to get 4. + +And then you keep the +numerators and just + +divide them by 4. + +So 1/4, 2/4, which +is 1/2 and 1/4. + +And that's what we mean +by preserving + +the relative frequency. + +Except so this thing now sums +to 1, which is what we want. + +OK, so we're done with part b. + +Part c actually follows almost +immediately from part b. + +In part c we're interested in +computing the conditional + +expectation of y given +that x is equal to 1. + +So we've already done most of +the legwork because we have + +the conditional PMF +that we need. + +And so expectation, you guys +have calculated a bunch of + +these by now. + +So I'm just going to +appeal to your + +intuition and to symmetry. + +Expectation acts like +center of mass. + +This is a symmetrical +distribution of mass. + +And so the center is +right here at 2. + +So this is simply 2. + +And if that went too fast, +just convince yourselves. + +Use the normal formula +for expectations. + +And your answer will +agree with ours. + +OK, so d is a really +cool question. + +Because you can do +a lot of math. + +Or you can think and ask +yourself, at the most + +fundamental level, what +is independents? + +And if you think that +way you'll come to + +the answer very easily. + +So essentially, I rephrased this +to truncate it from the + +problem statement that +you guys are reading. + +But the idea is that +these stars are + +unknown probability masses. + +And this question is asking can +you figure out a way of + +assigning numbers between 0 +and 1 to these values such + +that you end up with a valid +probability mass function, so + +everything sums to 1 and such +that x and y are independent? + +So it seems hard a priori. + +But let's think about +it a bit. + +And in the meantime I'm +going to erase this + +so I have more room. + +What does it mean for x and +y to be independent? + +Well, it means that they don't, +essentially, have + +information about each other. + +So if I tell you something about +x and if x and y are + +independent, your belief about +y shouldn't change. + +In other words, if you're a +rational person, x shouldn't + +change your belief about y. + +So let's look more closely +at this diagram. + +Now, the number 0 should +be popping out to you. + +Because this essentially means +that the 0.31 can't happen. + +Or it happens with +0 probability. + +So let's say fix x equal to 3. + +If you condition on x is equal +to 3, as I just said, this + +outcome can't happen. + +So y could only take on +values of 2 or 3. + +However, if you condition on x +is equal to 1, y could take on + +a value of 1 with probability +1/4 as we computed in the + +other problem. + +It could take on a value of +2 with probability of 1/2. + +Or it could take on a value +of 3 with probability 1/4. + +So these are actually very +different cases, right? + +Because if you observe +x is equal to 3 y can + +only be 2 or 3. + +But if you observe x is equal +to 1, y can be 1, 2, or 3. + +So actually, x, no matter what +values these stars have on, x + +always tells you something +about y. + +Therefore, the answer to +this, part d, is no. + +So let's put a no with +an exclamation point. + +So I like that problem a lot. + +And hopefully it clarifies +independents for you guys. + +So parts e and f, we're going +to be thinking about + +independents again. + +To go over what the problem +statement gives you, we + +defined this event, b, which +is the event that x is less + +than or equal to 2 and y is +less than or equal to 2. + +So let's get some colors. + +So do bright pink. + +So that means we're essentially + +living in this world. + +There's only those four dots. + +And we're also told a very +important piece of information + +that conditions on B. x and y +are conditionally independent. + +OK, so part e, now that +we have this. + +And by the way, these two +assumptions apply to both + +parts e and part f. + +So in part e, we want to +find out Pxy of 2, 2. + +Or in English, what is the +probability that x takes on a + +value of 2 and y takes +on a value of 2? + +So determine the value +of this star. + +And the whole trick here is that +the possible values that + +this star could take on are +constrained by the fact that + +we need to make sure that x +and y are conditionally + +independent given B. + +So my claim is that if two +random variables are + +independent and you condition +on one of them, say we + +condition on x. + +If you condition on different +values of x, the relative + +frequencies of y should +be the same. + +So here, the relative frequency, +condition on x is + +equal to 1. + +The relative frequencies +of y are 2 to 1. + +This outcome is twice as likely +to happen as this one. + +If we condition on 2 this +outcome needs to be twice as + +likely to happen as +this outcome. + +If they weren't, x would tell +you information about y. + +Because you would know that the +distribution over 2 and 1 + +would be different. + +OK? + +So because the relative +frequencies have to be the + +same and 2/12 is 2 times +1/12 this guy must + +also be 2 times 2/12. + +So that gives us our +answer for part e. + +Let me write up here. + +Part e, we need Pxy 2, 2 +to be equal to 4/12. + +And again, the way we got this +is simply we need x and y to + +be conditionally independent +given B. And if this were + +anything other than 4 the +relative frequency of y is + +equal to 2 to 1 would be +different from over here. + +So here condition on +x is equal to 1. + +The outcome, y is equal to 2 +is twice as likely as x is + +equal to 1. + +Here, if we put a value of 4/12 +and you condition on x is + +equal to 2, the outcome y is +equal to 2 is still twice as + +likely as the outcome +y is equal to 1. + +And if you put any other number +there the relative + +frequencies would +be different. + +So x would be telling you +something about y. + +So there would not be +independent condition on B. + +OK, that was a mouthful. + +But hopefully you guys +have it now. + +And lastly, we have part f, +which follows pretty directly + +from part e. + +So we were still in the +unconditional universe. + +In part e, we were figuring out +what's the value of star + +in the whole unconditional +universe? + +Now, in part f, we want the +value of star in the + +conditional universe +where B occurred. + +So let's come over here and plot +a new graph so we don't + +confuse ourselves. + +So we have xy. + +x can be 1 or 2. + +Y could be 1 or 2. + +So we have a plot that looks +something like this. + +And so again, same argument +as before. + +Let me just fill this in. + +From part e, we have +that this is 4/12. + +And we're going to use +my algorithm again. + +So in the conditional world, +the relative frequencies of + +these four dots should +be the same. + +But you need to scale them up so +that if you sum over all of + +them the probability +sums to 1. + +So you have a valid PMF. + +So my algorithm from before +was to add up all the + +numerators. + +So 1 plus 2 plus 4 plus +2 gives you 9. + +And then to preserve the +relative frequency you keep + +the same numerator. + +So here we had a +numerator of 1. + +That becomes 1/9. + +Here we had a numerator of 2. + +This becomes 2/9. + +Here we had a numerator of 4. + +That becomes 4/9. + +Here we had a numerator +of 2, so 2/9. + +And indeed, the relative +frequencies are preserved. + +And they all sum to 1. + +So our answer for part f-- + +let's box it here-- + +is that Pxy 2, 2 conditioned +on B is equal to 4/9, + +is just that guy. + +So we're done. + +Hopefully that wasn't +too painful. + +And this is a good drill +problem, because we got more + +comfortable working with +PMFs, joint PMFs. + +We went over marginalization. + +We went over conditioning. + +We went over into +independents. + +And I also gave you this quick +algorithm for figuring out + +what conditional PMFs +are if you don't + +want to use the formulas. + +Namely, you sum all of the +numerators to get a new + +denominator and then divide all +the old numerators by the + +new denominator you computed. + +So I hope that was helpful. + +I'll see you next time. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/JPCA2qE9MSw.txt b/JPCA2qE9MSw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1db6048a02a7bac19a50ee6042db642f28d9972 --- /dev/null +++ b/JPCA2qE9MSw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15611 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions on homework one before we + + align:start position:0% +any questions on homework one before we + + + align:start position:0% +any questions on homework one before we +get started okay fire away + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so cycle time is just to review it's the + + align:start position:0% +so cycle time is just to review it's the + + + align:start position:0% +so cycle time is just to review it's the +it's a time that it takes a bus - from + + align:start position:0% +it's a time that it takes a bus - from + + + align:start position:0% +it's a time that it takes a bus - from +the time for a trip it goes all the way + + align:start position:0% +the time for a trip it goes all the way + + + align:start position:0% +the time for a trip it goes all the way +with one-way wait whatever it has to + + align:start position:0% +with one-way wait whatever it has to + + + align:start position:0% +with one-way wait whatever it has to +wait up the other other end to recover + + align:start position:0% +wait up the other other end to recover + + + align:start position:0% +wait up the other other end to recover +the schedule comes back waits to recover + + align:start position:0% +the schedule comes back waits to recover + + + align:start position:0% +the schedule comes back waits to recover +and is ready to begin the next round all + + align:start position:0% +and is ready to begin the next round all + + + align:start position:0% +and is ready to begin the next round all +right so that's a cycle so you wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +right so that's a cycle so you wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's a cycle so you wouldn't +need five buses if that's what you got + + align:start position:0% +need five buses if that's what you got + + + align:start position:0% +need five buses if that's what you got +or you would have to do what trade-off + + align:start position:0% +or you would have to do what trade-off + + + align:start position:0% +or you would have to do what trade-off +with reliability if that were to happen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the penultimate question correct + + align:start position:0% +this is the penultimate question correct + + + align:start position:0% +this is the penultimate question correct +so that's the hardest question in the + + align:start position:0% +so that's the hardest question in the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the hardest question in the +assignment it is a challenge questions + + align:start position:0% +assignment it is a challenge questions + + + align:start position:0% +assignment it is a challenge questions +because there are different cases that + + align:start position:0% +because there are different cases that + + + align:start position:0% +because there are different cases that +you have to analyze that's maybe the the + + align:start position:0% +you have to analyze that's maybe the the + + + align:start position:0% +you have to analyze that's maybe the the +hints right there are some cases and for + + align:start position:0% +hints right there are some cases and for + + + align:start position:0% +hints right there are some cases and for +each case there's a probability that + + align:start position:0% +each case there's a probability that + + + align:start position:0% +each case there's a probability that +that case will occur and see if it + + align:start position:0% +that case will occur and see if it + + + align:start position:0% +that case will occur and see if it +starts there's a probability that it + + align:start position:0% +starts there's a probability that it + + + align:start position:0% +starts there's a probability that it +will occur and then consequence or + + align:start position:0% +will occur and then consequence or + + + align:start position:0% +will occur and then consequence or +something that happens in that case so + + align:start position:0% +something that happens in that case so + + + align:start position:0% +something that happens in that case so +you have to look at each case and then + + align:start position:0% +you have to look at each case and then + + + align:start position:0% +you have to look at each case and then +okay gave the cases together does that + + align:start position:0% +okay gave the cases together does that + + + align:start position:0% +okay gave the cases together does that +make sense we're taking questions for + + align:start position:0% +make sense we're taking questions for + + + align:start position:0% +make sense we're taking questions for +assignment one which is the one Thursday + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it is due at 4:00 so like last time + + align:start position:0% +it is due at 4:00 so like last time + + + align:start position:0% +it is due at 4:00 so like last time +essentially yeah I actually you four I + + align:start position:0% +essentially yeah I actually you four I + + + align:start position:0% +essentially yeah I actually you four I +said 405 so you have five minutes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when what in what question yeah so + + align:start position:0% +when what in what question yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +when what in what question yeah so +that's question 3 correct so that's I + + align:start position:0% +that's question 3 correct so that's I + + + align:start position:0% +that's question 3 correct so that's I +can't really explain I can give you the + + align:start position:0% +can't really explain I can give you the + + + align:start position:0% +can't really explain I can give you the +answer to the question so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +answer to the question so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +answer to the question so what I'm +looking for there is your your intuition + + align:start position:0% +looking for there is your your intuition + + + align:start position:0% +looking for there is your your intuition +and your understanding of why you would + + align:start position:0% +and your understanding of why you would + + + align:start position:0% +and your understanding of why you would +pick which statistics from the I guess + + align:start position:0% +pick which statistics from the I guess + + + align:start position:0% +pick which statistics from the I guess +the question - or tells you calculate + + align:start position:0% +the question - or tells you calculate + + + align:start position:0% +the question - or tells you calculate +all these things now I'm saying pick + + align:start position:0% +all these things now I'm saying pick + + + align:start position:0% +all these things now I'm saying pick +from those statistics what you would use + + align:start position:0% +from those statistics what you would use + + + align:start position:0% +from those statistics what you would use +for T and for R and you make want to + + align:start position:0% +for T and for R and you make want to + + + align:start position:0% +for T and for R and you make want to +combine different statistics for the + + align:start position:0% +combine different statistics for the + + + align:start position:0% +combine different statistics for the +computation of our yeah yes + + align:start position:0% +computation of our yeah yes + + + align:start position:0% +computation of our yeah yes +some more valid than others but but some + + align:start position:0% +some more valid than others but but some + + + align:start position:0% +some more valid than others but but some +that are definitely invalid and some + + align:start position:0% +that are definitely invalid and some + + + align:start position:0% +that are definitely invalid and some +that are almost 100% valid but not 100% + + align:start position:0% +that are almost 100% valid but not 100% + + + align:start position:0% +that are almost 100% valid but not 100% +valid yeah so there are some there are + + align:start position:0% +valid yeah so there are some there are + + + align:start position:0% +valid yeah so there are some there are +several correct answers and some that + + align:start position:0% +several correct answers and some that + + + align:start position:0% +several correct answers and some that +are very good answers because you can + + align:start position:0% +are very good answers because you can + + + align:start position:0% +are very good answers because you can +justify the choice of the statistic + + align:start position:0% +justify the choice of the statistic + + + align:start position:0% +justify the choice of the statistic +conceptually yeah any other questions on + + align:start position:0% +conceptually yeah any other questions on + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually yeah any other questions on +homework one I can take more questions + + align:start position:0% +homework one I can take more questions + + + align:start position:0% +homework one I can take more questions +after class if that's okay right so we + + align:start position:0% +after class if that's okay right so we + + + align:start position:0% +after class if that's okay right so we +have snow day I had a good time and or + + align:start position:0% +have snow day I had a good time and or + + + align:start position:0% +have snow day I had a good time and or +at least you could use it to catch up so + + align:start position:0% +at least you could use it to catch up so + + + align:start position:0% +at least you could use it to catch up so +the schedule is a little different now + + align:start position:0% +the schedule is a little different now + + + align:start position:0% +the schedule is a little different now +I've posted an update about that under + + align:start position:0% +I've posted an update about that under + + + align:start position:0% +I've posted an update about that under +than you syllabus and we're gonna do + + align:start position:0% +than you syllabus and we're gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +than you syllabus and we're gonna do +some different well you make sure that + + align:start position:0% +some different well you make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +some different well you make sure that +we have three in three classes on topics + + align:start position:0% +we have three in three classes on topics + + + align:start position:0% +we have three in three classes on topics +of Qin and then we had model theorists + + align:start position:0% +of Qin and then we had model theorists + + + align:start position:0% +of Qin and then we had model theorists +and roles and then we're gonna shuffle a + + align:start position:0% +and roles and then we're gonna shuffle a + + + align:start position:0% +and roles and then we're gonna shuffle a +little bit microphone working so + + align:start position:0% +little bit microphone working so + + + align:start position:0% +little bit microphone working so +because the second assignment is on data + + align:start position:0% +because the second assignment is on data + + + align:start position:0% +because the second assignment is on data +collection we're gonna cover that today + + align:start position:0% +collection we're gonna cover that today + + + align:start position:0% +collection we're gonna cover that today +and we're gonna give you that homework + + align:start position:0% +and we're gonna give you that homework + + + align:start position:0% +and we're gonna give you that homework +today so that you can get started on the + + align:start position:0% +today so that you can get started on the + + + align:start position:0% +today so that you can get started on the +data collection side then we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +data collection side then we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +data collection side then we're gonna +cover some of the short-range tons of + + align:start position:0% +cover some of the short-range tons of + + + align:start position:0% +cover some of the short-range tons of +planning concepts and NEMA is gonna do + + align:start position:0% +planning concepts and NEMA is gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +planning concepts and NEMA is gonna do +that and you're gonna see her you might + + align:start position:0% +that and you're gonna see her you might + + + align:start position:0% +that and you're gonna see her you might +recall him from the previous lecture - + + align:start position:0% +recall him from the previous lecture - + + + align:start position:0% +recall him from the previous lecture - +with Moodle today and costs in March the + + align:start position:0% +with Moodle today and costs in March the + + + align:start position:0% +with Moodle today and costs in March the +second okay so and there's remember + + align:start position:0% +second okay so and there's remember + + + align:start position:0% +second okay so and there's remember +there's no class on Monday that's when + + align:start position:0% +there's no class on Monday that's when + + + align:start position:0% +there's no class on Monday that's when +he's first okay sorry yes Tuesday there + + align:start position:0% +he's first okay sorry yes Tuesday there + + + align:start position:0% +he's first okay sorry yes Tuesday there +is no class I think there's no class on + + align:start position:0% +is no class I think there's no class on + + + align:start position:0% +is no class I think there's no class on +Monday and then Tuesday there are + + align:start position:0% +Monday and then Tuesday there are + + + align:start position:0% +Monday and then Tuesday there are +classes but it's Monday schedule so we + + align:start position:0% +classes but it's Monday schedule so we + + + align:start position:0% +classes but it's Monday schedule so we +don't have to us that's thank you for + + align:start position:0% +don't have to us that's thank you for + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to us that's thank you for +yeah for bringing it up okay I'll leave + + align:start position:0% +yeah for bringing it up okay I'll leave + + + align:start position:0% +yeah for bringing it up okay I'll leave +home or two for after 4:00 when we + + align:start position:0% +home or two for after 4:00 when we + + + align:start position:0% +home or two for after 4:00 when we +finish with the lecture but I'll I'll + + align:start position:0% +finish with the lecture but I'll I'll + + + align:start position:0% +finish with the lecture but I'll I'll +distribute it later so let's just get + + align:start position:0% +distribute it later so let's just get + + + align:start position:0% +distribute it later so let's just get +started on that right so data collection + + align:start position:0% +started on that right so data collection + + + align:start position:0% +started on that right so data collection +techniques and program design that's the + + align:start position:0% +techniques and program design that's the + + + align:start position:0% +techniques and program design that's the +topic for today we have here's the + + align:start position:0% +topic for today we have here's the + + + align:start position:0% +topic for today we have here's the +outline so we're gonna cover a summary + + align:start position:0% +outline so we're gonna cover a summary + + + align:start position:0% +outline so we're gonna cover a summary +of current practice quite quickly then + + align:start position:0% +of current practice quite quickly then + + + align:start position:0% +of current practice quite quickly then +we're gonna talk about later collection + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about later collection + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about later collection +program design process the needs the + + align:start position:0% +program design process the needs the + + + align:start position:0% +program design process the needs the +data needs the techniques for data + + align:start position:0% +data needs the techniques for data + + + align:start position:0% +data needs the techniques for data +collection the sampling we're gonna get + + align:start position:0% +collection the sampling we're gonna get + + + align:start position:0% +collection the sampling we're gonna get +into the details of how we eat sample + + align:start position:0% +into the details of how we eat sample + + + align:start position:0% +into the details of how we eat sample +slices and we're gonna finish with + + align:start position:0% +slices and we're gonna finish with + + + align:start position:0% +slices and we're gonna finish with +special considerations for surveys and + + align:start position:0% +special considerations for surveys and + + + align:start position:0% +special considerations for surveys and +and surveying techniques so right so + + align:start position:0% +and surveying techniques so right so + + + align:start position:0% +and surveying techniques so right so +where are we where is the transit + + align:start position:0% +where are we where is the transit + + + align:start position:0% +where are we where is the transit +industry in terms of data collection and + + align:start position:0% +industry in terms of data collection and + + + align:start position:0% +industry in terms of data collection and +and sampling and these things largely + + align:start position:0% +and sampling and these things largely + + + align:start position:0% +and sampling and these things largely +there's been a transition from manual to + + align:start position:0% +there's been a transition from manual to + + + align:start position:0% +there's been a transition from manual to +automatic data collection as you might + + align:start position:0% +automatic data collection as you might + + + align:start position:0% +automatic data collection as you might +imagine with the Internet of Things and + + align:start position:0% +imagine with the Internet of Things and + + + align:start position:0% +imagine with the Internet of Things and +sensors on the internet and wireless it + + align:start position:0% +sensors on the internet and wireless it + + + align:start position:0% +sensors on the internet and wireless it +used to be that if you wanted to have + + align:start position:0% +used to be that if you wanted to have + + + align:start position:0% +used to be that if you wanted to have +statistics on your running times you + + align:start position:0% +statistics on your running times you + + + align:start position:0% +statistics on your running times you +have to send people out we call those + + align:start position:0% +have to send people out we call those + + + align:start position:0% +have to send people out we call those +those people checkers and those checkers + + align:start position:0% +those people checkers and those checkers + + + align:start position:0% +those people checkers and those checkers +would have notebooks and record running + + align:start position:0% +would have notebooks and record running + + + align:start position:0% +would have notebooks and record running +times and number of people boarding and + + align:start position:0% +times and number of people boarding and + + + align:start position:0% +times and number of people boarding and +in these things nowadays with the modern + + align:start position:0% +in these things nowadays with the modern + + + align:start position:0% +in these things nowadays with the modern +systems we the modern systems we have + + align:start position:0% +systems we the modern systems we have + + + align:start position:0% +systems we the modern systems we have +several sensors and types of sensors + + align:start position:0% +several sensors and types of sensors + + + align:start position:0% +several sensors and types of sensors +that collect some of that data for us so + + align:start position:0% +that collect some of that data for us so + + + align:start position:0% +that collect some of that data for us so +we're gonna cover both both approaches + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna cover both both approaches + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna cover both both approaches +oh data collection to supplement our + + align:start position:0% +oh data collection to supplement our + + + align:start position:0% +oh data collection to supplement our +later and if you happen to be consulting + + align:start position:0% +later and if you happen to be consulting + + + align:start position:0% +later and if you happen to be consulting +for a developing country that is working + + align:start position:0% +for a developing country that is working + + + align:start position:0% +for a developing country that is working +with a system that has not yet brought + + align:start position:0% +with a system that has not yet brought + + + align:start position:0% +with a system that has not yet brought +in all automatic data collection + + align:start position:0% +in all automatic data collection + + + align:start position:0% +in all automatic data collection +technologies it's also useful to know + + align:start position:0% +technologies it's also useful to know + + + align:start position:0% +technologies it's also useful to know +all about the manual design and manual + + align:start position:0% +all about the manual design and manual + + + align:start position:0% +all about the manual design and manual +data collection process so sir - took + + align:start position:0% +data collection process so sir - took + + + align:start position:0% +data collection process so sir - took +this class and ended up working in large + + align:start position:0% +this class and ended up working in large + + + align:start position:0% +this class and ended up working in large +consulting firms have gone off to help + + align:start position:0% +consulting firms have gone off to help + + + align:start position:0% +consulting firms have gone off to help +countries put in new transit systems and + + align:start position:0% +countries put in new transit systems and + + + align:start position:0% +countries put in new transit systems and +one of the first things they have to do + + align:start position:0% +one of the first things they have to do + + + align:start position:0% +one of the first things they have to do +is look at go back to these slides and + + align:start position:0% +is look at go back to these slides and + + + align:start position:0% +is look at go back to these slides and +see where what the plan is gonna be and + + align:start position:0% +see where what the plan is gonna be and + + + align:start position:0% +see where what the plan is gonna be and +how many people you need and how much + + align:start position:0% +how many people you need and how much + + + align:start position:0% +how many people you need and how much +it's going to cost right so very useful + + align:start position:0% +it's going to cost right so very useful + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to cost right so very useful +topic right so there's a they said + + align:start position:0% +topic right so there's a they said + + + align:start position:0% +topic right so there's a they said +there's automatic data collection + + align:start position:0% +there's automatic data collection + + + align:start position:0% +there's automatic data collection +there's manual data collection there's + + align:start position:0% +there's manual data collection there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's manual data collection there's +sometimes a mix of data collection + + align:start position:0% +sometimes a mix of data collection + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes a mix of data collection +techniques often what happens is that we + + align:start position:0% +techniques often what happens is that we + + + align:start position:0% +techniques often what happens is that we +just send people out and collect data or + + align:start position:0% +just send people out and collect data or + + + align:start position:0% +just send people out and collect data or +we just extract a sample of + + align:start position:0% +we just extract a sample of + + + align:start position:0% +we just extract a sample of +automatically collected data and we + + align:start position:0% +automatically collected data and we + + + align:start position:0% +automatically collected data and we +don't really think about sampling and + + align:start position:0% +don't really think about sampling and + + + align:start position:0% +don't really think about sampling and +the confidence interval and and how sure + + align:start position:0% +the confidence interval and and how sure + + + align:start position:0% +the confidence interval and and how sure +are we of that result that we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +are we of that result that we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +are we of that result that we're gonna +influence policy or make decisions of + + align:start position:0% +influence policy or make decisions of + + + align:start position:0% +influence policy or make decisions of +that will affect service how sure are we + + align:start position:0% +that will affect service how sure are we + + + align:start position:0% +that will affect service how sure are we +of those so statistical validity often + + align:start position:0% +of those so statistical validity often + + + align:start position:0% +of those so statistical validity often +there's an efficient use of data and + + align:start position:0% +there's an efficient use of data and + + + align:start position:0% +there's an efficient use of data and +ADCs which is automatic data collection + + align:start position:0% +ADCs which is automatic data collection + + + align:start position:0% +ADCs which is automatic data collection +systems will use that abbreviation + + align:start position:0% +systems will use that abbreviation + + + align:start position:0% +systems will use that abbreviation +throughout the course presents a major + + align:start position:0% +throughout the course presents a major + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the course presents a major +opportunity for strengthening data to + + align:start position:0% +opportunity for strengthening data to + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity for strengthening data to +support decision-making we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +support decision-making we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +support decision-making we'll talk about +how that happens + + align:start position:0% +how that happens + + + align:start position:0% +how that happens +let's first compare manual and automatic + + align:start position:0% +let's first compare manual and automatic + + + align:start position:0% +let's first compare manual and automatic +leader collection so what happens with + + align:start position:0% +leader collection so what happens with + + + align:start position:0% +leader collection so what happens with +manual data collection you hire people + + align:start position:0% +manual data collection you hire people + + + align:start position:0% +manual data collection you hire people +as I said you hire checkers and so + + align:start position:0% +as I said you hire checkers and so + + + align:start position:0% +as I said you hire checkers and so +initially there's no set-up cost right + + align:start position:0% +initially there's no set-up cost right + + + align:start position:0% +initially there's no set-up cost right +so there's a low capital cost to that + + align:start position:0% +so there's a low capital cost to that + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a low capital cost to that +but there's a high marginal cost because + + align:start position:0% +but there's a high marginal cost because + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a high marginal cost because +if you want to collect more data you + + align:start position:0% +if you want to collect more data you + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to collect more data you +have to hire more people does that make + + align:start position:0% +have to hire more people does that make + + + align:start position:0% +have to hire more people does that make +sense if you want to bring in an + + align:start position:0% +sense if you want to bring in an + + + align:start position:0% +sense if you want to bring in an +automatic data collection system you + + align:start position:0% +automatic data collection system you + + + align:start position:0% +automatic data collection system you +might have to retrofit all your buses + + align:start position:0% +might have to retrofit all your buses + + + align:start position:0% +might have to retrofit all your buses +with ADL sensors and and that's gonna + + align:start position:0% +with ADL sensors and and that's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +with ADL sensors and and that's gonna +cost you initially so that that's a high + + align:start position:0% +cost you initially so that that's a high + + + align:start position:0% +cost you initially so that that's a high +capital cost relatively but low marginal + + align:start position:0% +capital cost relatively but low marginal + + + align:start position:0% +capital cost relatively but low marginal +cost once you have those systems in + + align:start position:0% +cost once you have those systems in + + + align:start position:0% +cost once you have those systems in +place they keep clogging they yeah and + + align:start position:0% +place they keep clogging they yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +place they keep clogging they yeah and +it's almost three yeah you do need some + + align:start position:0% +it's almost three yeah you do need some + + + align:start position:0% +it's almost three yeah you do need some +maintenance on these equipments but + + align:start position:0% +maintenance on these equipments but + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance on these equipments but +comparing comparing to manual data + + align:start position:0% +comparing comparing to manual data + + + align:start position:0% +comparing comparing to manual data +collection you have low marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +collection you have low marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +collection you have low marginal cost +because of that marginal cost difference + + align:start position:0% +because of that marginal cost difference + + + align:start position:0% +because of that marginal cost difference +it tends to happen + + align:start position:0% +it tends to happen + + + align:start position:0% +it tends to happen +when you have manual data collection you + + align:start position:0% +when you have manual data collection you + + + align:start position:0% +when you have manual data collection you +only pay for checkers for small sample + + align:start position:0% +only pay for checkers for small sample + + + align:start position:0% +only pay for checkers for small sample +sizes just what you need + + align:start position:0% +sizes just what you need + + + align:start position:0% +sizes just what you need +whereas once you put in automatic data + + align:start position:0% +whereas once you put in automatic data + + + align:start position:0% +whereas once you put in automatic data +collection systems they keep collecting + + align:start position:0% +collection systems they keep collecting + + + align:start position:0% +collection systems they keep collecting +data all right so so you get much bigger + + align:start position:0% +data all right so so you get much bigger + + + align:start position:0% +data all right so so you get much bigger +data less yeah + + align:start position:0% +data less yeah + + + align:start position:0% +data less yeah +okay in both cases we can collect data + + align:start position:0% +okay in both cases we can collect data + + + align:start position:0% +okay in both cases we can collect data +and analyze it for aggregate analysis + + align:start position:0% +and analyze it for aggregate analysis + + + align:start position:0% +and analyze it for aggregate analysis +and thus aggregate analysis right so you + + align:start position:0% +and thus aggregate analysis right so you + + + align:start position:0% +and thus aggregate analysis right so you +might want passenger specific data on + + align:start position:0% +might want passenger specific data on + + + align:start position:0% +might want passenger specific data on +things or you might want things like you + + align:start position:0% +things or you might want things like you + + + align:start position:0% +things or you might want things like you +know just averages and aggregate things + + align:start position:0% +know just averages and aggregate things + + + align:start position:0% +know just averages and aggregate things +total number of passengers using the + + align:start position:0% +total number of passengers using the + + + align:start position:0% +total number of passengers using the +system in when you're doing manual data + + align:start position:0% +system in when you're doing manual data + + + align:start position:0% +system in when you're doing manual data +collection you can look at quantitative + + align:start position:0% +collection you can look at quantitative + + + align:start position:0% +collection you can look at quantitative +things things you can measure and count + + align:start position:0% +things things you can measure and count + + + align:start position:0% +things things you can measure and count +or you can also observe things + + align:start position:0% +or you can also observe things + + + align:start position:0% +or you can also observe things +qualitatively right one example that I + + align:start position:0% +qualitatively right one example that I + + + align:start position:0% +qualitatively right one example that I +saw in a recent paper was concerned + + align:start position:0% +saw in a recent paper was concerned + + + align:start position:0% +saw in a recent paper was concerned +considering the fare evasion by students + + align:start position:0% +considering the fare evasion by students + + + align:start position:0% +considering the fare evasion by students +in some country right and they didn't + + align:start position:0% +in some country right and they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +in some country right and they didn't +ask people if they were students they + + align:start position:0% +ask people if they were students they + + + align:start position:0% +ask people if they were students they +were looking at people more or less are + + align:start position:0% +were looking at people more or less are + + + align:start position:0% +were looking at people more or less are +they young or they were carrying a + + align:start position:0% +they young or they were carrying a + + + align:start position:0% +they young or they were carrying a +backpack and that would be the labeling + + align:start position:0% +backpack and that would be the labeling + + + align:start position:0% +backpack and that would be the labeling +for a year student so that's something + + align:start position:0% +for a year student so that's something + + + align:start position:0% +for a year student so that's something +that a sensor might not do so well right + + align:start position:0% +that a sensor might not do so well right + + + align:start position:0% +that a sensor might not do so well right +so although now with machine learning + + align:start position:0% +so although now with machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +so although now with machine learning +who knows but we haven't seen that so so + + align:start position:0% +who knows but we haven't seen that so so + + + align:start position:0% +who knows but we haven't seen that so so +you can do qualitative observations when + + align:start position:0% +you can do qualitative observations when + + + align:start position:0% +you can do qualitative observations when +you're doing manual data collection + + align:start position:0% +you're doing manual data collection + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing manual data collection +manual data collection tends to be + + align:start position:0% +manual data collection tends to be + + + align:start position:0% +manual data collection tends to be +unreliable especially when people aren't + + align:start position:0% +unreliable especially when people aren't + + + align:start position:0% +unreliable especially when people aren't +very well trained and when you have a + + align:start position:0% +very well trained and when you have a + + + align:start position:0% +very well trained and when you have a +group of different people collecting + + align:start position:0% +group of different people collecting + + + align:start position:0% +group of different people collecting +data right so each person might have + + align:start position:0% +data right so each person might have + + + align:start position:0% +data right so each person might have +different biases it's hard to reproduce + + align:start position:0% +different biases it's hard to reproduce + + + align:start position:0% +different biases it's hard to reproduce +the exact bias across persons with + + align:start position:0% +the exact bias across persons with + + + align:start position:0% +the exact bias across persons with +automatic data collection you do the + + align:start position:0% +automatic data collection you do the + + + align:start position:0% +automatic data collection you do the +errors and often they are not corrected + + align:start position:0% +errors and often they are not corrected + + + align:start position:0% +errors and often they are not corrected +but if you do correct them and you + + align:start position:0% +but if you do correct them and you + + + align:start position:0% +but if you do correct them and you +estimate those biases just for them you + + align:start position:0% +estimate those biases just for them you + + + align:start position:0% +estimate those biases just for them you +can end up with a better result because + + align:start position:0% +can end up with a better result because + + + align:start position:0% +can end up with a better result because +of the small sample sizes in manual data + + align:start position:0% +of the small sample sizes in manual data + + + align:start position:0% +of the small sample sizes in manual data +collection you have you tend to have + + align:start position:0% +collection you have you tend to have + + + align:start position:0% +collection you have you tend to have +limited + + align:start position:0% +limited + + + align:start position:0% +limited +spatial and temporal coverage of data so + + align:start position:0% +spatial and temporal coverage of data so + + + align:start position:0% +spatial and temporal coverage of data so +for example if you're interested in + + align:start position:0% +for example if you're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +for example if you're interested in +ridership in the system right it's + + align:start position:0% +ridership in the system right it's + + + align:start position:0% +ridership in the system right it's +unlikely that you will cover ridership + + align:start position:0% +unlikely that you will cover ridership + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely that you will cover ridership +in holidays for our system because there + + align:start position:0% +in holidays for our system because there + + + align:start position:0% +in holidays for our system because there +are only a few holidays and usually + + align:start position:0% +are only a few holidays and usually + + + align:start position:0% +are only a few holidays and usually +you're not mostly interested in holidays + + align:start position:0% +you're not mostly interested in holidays + + + align:start position:0% +you're not mostly interested in holidays +so chances are you won't have data + + align:start position:0% +so chances are you won't have data + + + align:start position:0% +so chances are you won't have data +collection for holidays whereas once you + + align:start position:0% +collection for holidays whereas once you + + + align:start position:0% +collection for holidays whereas once you +install automatic data collections + + align:start position:0% +install automatic data collections + + + align:start position:0% +install automatic data collections +they keep collecting data so you get + + align:start position:0% +they keep collecting data so you get + + + align:start position:0% +they keep collecting data so you get +data at midnight on Presidents Day right + + align:start position:0% +data at midnight on Presidents Day right + + + align:start position:0% +data at midnight on Presidents Day right +so they're always on there always + + align:start position:0% +so they're always on there always + + + align:start position:0% +so they're always on there always +collecting data manual data needs to be + + align:start position:0% +collecting data manual data needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +collecting data manual data needs to be +checked clean analyzed coded some things + + align:start position:0% +checked clean analyzed coded some things + + + align:start position:0% +checked clean analyzed coded some things +put into systems before they can be + + align:start position:0% +put into systems before they can be + + + align:start position:0% +put into systems before they can be +analyzed that could take a while you + + align:start position:0% +analyzed that could take a while you + + + align:start position:0% +analyzed that could take a while you +need to hire people to do that whereas + + align:start position:0% +need to hire people to do that whereas + + + align:start position:0% +need to hire people to do that whereas +automatic data collection systems often + + align:start position:0% +automatic data collection systems often + + + align:start position:0% +automatic data collection systems often +send their data to databases in real + + align:start position:0% +send their data to databases in real + + + align:start position:0% +send their data to databases in real +time or very close to real time meeting + + align:start position:0% +time or very close to real time meeting + + + align:start position:0% +time or very close to real time meeting +or you can start analyzing things the + + align:start position:0% +or you can start analyzing things the + + + align:start position:0% +or you can start analyzing things the +next day so you arrive in the morning to + + align:start position:0% +next day so you arrive in the morning to + + + align:start position:0% +next day so you arrive in the morning to +your desk at a transit agency and you + + align:start position:0% +your desk at a transit agency and you + + + align:start position:0% +your desk at a transit agency and you +have performance metrics for yesterday + + align:start position:0% +have performance metrics for yesterday + + + align:start position:0% +have performance metrics for yesterday +right so you wouldn't be able to do that + + align:start position:0% +right so you wouldn't be able to do that + + + align:start position:0% +right so you wouldn't be able to do that +unless you have people working very hard + + align:start position:0% +unless you have people working very hard + + + align:start position:0% +unless you have people working very hard +if you're using manual data collection + + align:start position:0% +if you're using manual data collection + + + align:start position:0% +if you're using manual data collection +system what we talk about automatic data + + align:start position:0% +system what we talk about automatic data + + + align:start position:0% +system what we talk about automatic data +collection systems there are many but + + align:start position:0% +collection systems there are many but + + + align:start position:0% +collection systems there are many but +there are three types that we refer to + + align:start position:0% +there are three types that we refer to + + + align:start position:0% +there are three types that we refer to +very very often and so the first one is + + align:start position:0% +very very often and so the first one is + + + align:start position:0% +very very often and so the first one is +AFC automatic fare collection systems + + align:start position:0% +AFC automatic fare collection systems + + + align:start position:0% +AFC automatic fare collection systems +this is your fare box or your fare gates + + align:start position:0% +this is your fare box or your fare gates + + + align:start position:0% +this is your fare box or your fare gates +and your smart card you're Charlie card + + align:start position:0% +and your smart card you're Charlie card + + + align:start position:0% +and your smart card you're Charlie card +here in Boston that you tap to enter the + + align:start position:0% +here in Boston that you tap to enter the + + + align:start position:0% +here in Boston that you tap to enter the +bus and you'd have to enter the subway + + align:start position:0% +bus and you'd have to enter the subway + + + align:start position:0% +bus and you'd have to enter the subway +system increasingly it's based on + + align:start position:0% +system increasingly it's based on + + + align:start position:0% +system increasingly it's based on +contactless smart cards and those + + align:start position:0% +contactless smart cards and those + + + align:start position:0% +contactless smart cards and those +contactless smart cards have some sort + + align:start position:0% +contactless smart cards have some sort + + + align:start position:0% +contactless smart cards have some sort +of RFID technology with a unique + + align:start position:0% +of RFID technology with a unique + + + align:start position:0% +of RFID technology with a unique +identifier when you tap that card to the + + align:start position:0% +identifier when you tap that card to the + + + align:start position:0% +identifier when you tap that card to the +sensor the sensor will read that item to + + align:start position:0% +sensor the sensor will read that item to + + + align:start position:0% +sensor the sensor will read that item to +fire and it'll do things like fare + + align:start position:0% +fire and it'll do things like fare + + + align:start position:0% +fire and it'll do things like fare +calculation for you but that record gets + + align:start position:0% +calculation for you but that record gets + + + align:start position:0% +calculation for you but that record gets +sent to a database and it's there for + + align:start position:0% +sent to a database and it's there for + + + align:start position:0% +sent to a database and it's there for +people like us to analyze and make good + + align:start position:0% +people like us to analyze and make good + + + align:start position:0% +people like us to analyze and make good +use of it for planning so it tends to + + align:start position:0% +use of it for planning so it tends to + + + align:start position:0% +use of it for planning so it tends to +provide entry information almost always + + align:start position:0% +provide entry information almost always + + + align:start position:0% +provide entry information almost always +in some systems like like the Washington + + align:start position:0% +in some systems like like the Washington + + + align:start position:0% +in some systems like like the Washington +DC metro or the TfL subway you tap in to + + align:start position:0% +DC metro or the TfL subway you tap in to + + + align:start position:0% +DC metro or the TfL subway you tap in to +enter and exit so you have both origin + + align:start position:0% +enter and exit so you have both origin + + + align:start position:0% +enter and exit so you have both origin +and destinations and if you always have + + align:start position:0% +and destinations and if you always have + + + align:start position:0% +and destinations and if you always have +the systems on then then you have full + + align:start position:0% +the systems on then then you have full + + + align:start position:0% +the systems on then then you have full +spatial and temporal coverage of all the + + align:start position:0% +spatial and temporal coverage of all the + + + align:start position:0% +spatial and temporal coverage of all the +use of the system at an individual + + align:start position:0% +use of the system at an individual + + + align:start position:0% +use of the system at an individual +passenger level so very this aggregate + + align:start position:0% +passenger level so very this aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +passenger level so very this aggregate +sorry about that + + align:start position:0% +sorry about that + + + align:start position:0% +sorry about that +traditionally these systems are not + + align:start position:0% +traditionally these systems are not + + + align:start position:0% +traditionally these systems are not +real-time so it it might take a while + + align:start position:0% +real-time so it it might take a while + + + align:start position:0% +real-time so it it might take a while +for those transactions to make it to the + + align:start position:0% +for those transactions to make it to the + + + align:start position:0% +for those transactions to make it to the +data warehouse where they're available + + align:start position:0% +data warehouse where they're available + + + align:start position:0% +data warehouse where they're available +for planners to analyze it the + + align:start position:0% +for planners to analyze it the + + + align:start position:0% +for planners to analyze it the +calculation of how much fare in some + + align:start position:0% +calculation of how much fare in some + + + align:start position:0% +calculation of how much fare in some +systems is were in real time in other + + align:start position:0% +systems is were in real time in other + + + align:start position:0% +systems is were in real time in other +systems like the Charlie card + + align:start position:0% +systems like the Charlie card + + + align:start position:0% +systems like the Charlie card +the stored value that you have is stored + + align:start position:0% +the stored value that you have is stored + + + align:start position:0% +the stored value that you have is stored +on your card so it may take a while if + + align:start position:0% +on your card so it may take a while if + + + align:start position:0% +on your card so it may take a while if +you tap at a bus for that bus to go to a + + align:start position:0% +you tap at a bus for that bus to go to a + + + align:start position:0% +you tap at a bus for that bus to go to a +garage and get probed and for the data + + align:start position:0% +garage and get probed and for the data + + + align:start position:0% +garage and get probed and for the data +that has been stored in that bus to be + + align:start position:0% +that has been stored in that bus to be + + + align:start position:0% +that has been stored in that bus to be +extracted from that bus to the central + + align:start position:0% +extracted from that bus to the central + + + align:start position:0% +extracted from that bus to the central +server there is a move and we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +server there is a move and we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +server there is a move and we'll talk +more about this when we get to fair + + align:start position:0% +more about this when we get to fair + + + align:start position:0% +more about this when we get to fair +policy and technology towards using + + align:start position:0% +policy and technology towards using + + + align:start position:0% +policy and technology towards using +mobile phone payments and using + + align:start position:0% +mobile phone payments and using + + + align:start position:0% +mobile phone payments and using +contactless bank card payment systems + + align:start position:0% +contactless bank card payment systems + + + align:start position:0% +contactless bank card payment systems +and those systems often do the full + + align:start position:0% +and those systems often do the full + + + align:start position:0% +and those systems often do the full +transaction over-the-air and real-time + + align:start position:0% +transaction over-the-air and real-time + + + align:start position:0% +transaction over-the-air and real-time +so we're starting to look at the + + align:start position:0% +so we're starting to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +so we're starting to look at the +possibility of having all this data in + + align:start position:0% +possibility of having all this data in + + + align:start position:0% +possibility of having all this data in +real time or almost in real time but + + align:start position:0% +real time or almost in real time but + + + align:start position:0% +real time or almost in real time but +it's not there yet yeah of course yeah + + align:start position:0% +it's not there yet yeah of course yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it's not there yet yeah of course yeah +definitely so so the Charlie card system + + align:start position:0% +definitely so so the Charlie card system + + + align:start position:0% +definitely so so the Charlie card system +is an example of I'm actually MIT + + align:start position:0% +is an example of I'm actually MIT + + + align:start position:0% +is an example of I'm actually MIT +students were the first to hack it and + + align:start position:0% +students were the first to hack it and + + + align:start position:0% +students were the first to hack it and +so so it's a you know that's a it's + + align:start position:0% +so so it's a you know that's a it's + + + align:start position:0% +so so it's a you know that's a it's +older technology it used a low bit + + align:start position:0% +older technology it used a low bit + + + align:start position:0% +older technology it used a low bit +encryption key it's a symmetric + + align:start position:0% +encryption key it's a symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +encryption key it's a symmetric +encryption key and they just brute + + align:start position:0% +encryption key and they just brute + + + align:start position:0% +encryption key and they just brute +forced it they figured what the key was + + align:start position:0% +forced it they figured what the key was + + + align:start position:0% +forced it they figured what the key was +they happen to help use the same key for + + align:start position:0% +they happen to help use the same key for + + + align:start position:0% +they happen to help use the same key for +every card so once you broke that key + + align:start position:0% +every card so once you broke that key + + + align:start position:0% +every card so once you broke that key +you could take any card and with the + + align:start position:0% +you could take any card and with the + + + align:start position:0% +you could take any card and with the +right hardware you could out how much + + align:start position:0% +right hardware you could out how much + + + align:start position:0% +right hardware you could out how much +however much value you want that card + + align:start position:0% +however much value you want that card + + + align:start position:0% +however much value you want that card +and yeah yeah exactly we don't think + + align:start position:0% +and yeah yeah exactly we don't think + + + align:start position:0% +and yeah yeah exactly we don't think +it's been a major problem I don't I + + align:start position:0% +it's been a major problem I don't I + + + align:start position:0% +it's been a major problem I don't I +haven't seen MIT students selling + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen MIT students selling + + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen MIT students selling +special MIT cards but that would be + + align:start position:0% +special MIT cards but that would be + + + align:start position:0% +special MIT cards but that would be +criminal of course and they yeah so + + align:start position:0% +criminal of course and they yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +criminal of course and they yeah so +newer systems have much stronger + + align:start position:0% +newer systems have much stronger + + + align:start position:0% +newer systems have much stronger +encryption and they have different + + align:start position:0% +encryption and they have different + + + align:start position:0% +encryption and they have different +encryption keys for each card so and + + align:start position:0% +encryption keys for each card so and + + + align:start position:0% +encryption keys for each card so and +certainly when we're moving towards + + align:start position:0% +certainly when we're moving towards + + + align:start position:0% +certainly when we're moving towards +contactless bank cards we're talking + + align:start position:0% +contactless bank cards we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +contactless bank cards we're talking +about much more secure encryption + + align:start position:0% +about much more secure encryption + + + align:start position:0% +about much more secure encryption +it's your credit card you're using the + + align:start position:0% +it's your credit card you're using the + + + align:start position:0% +it's your credit card you're using the +top or your Android or Apple pay account + + align:start position:0% +top or your Android or Apple pay account + + + align:start position:0% +top or your Android or Apple pay account +based and and essentially what you have + + align:start position:0% +based and and essentially what you have + + + align:start position:0% +based and and essentially what you have +is a token with an ID and then the + + align:start position:0% +is a token with an ID and then the + + + align:start position:0% +is a token with an ID and then the +balance is not even stored on your card + + align:start position:0% +balance is not even stored on your card + + + align:start position:0% +balance is not even stored on your card +the account server is handling the + + align:start position:0% +the account server is handling the + + + align:start position:0% +the account server is handling the +balance and and those things so much + + align:start position:0% +balance and and those things so much + + + align:start position:0% +balance and and those things so much +difficult much more difficult to break + + align:start position:0% +difficult much more difficult to break + + + align:start position:0% +difficult much more difficult to break +yeah okay a VL systems or automatic + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay a VL systems or automatic + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay a VL systems or automatic +vehicle location systems so these are + + align:start position:0% +vehicle location systems so these are + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle location systems so these are +systems that track vehicle movement so + + align:start position:0% +systems that track vehicle movement so + + + align:start position:0% +systems that track vehicle movement so +for bus they tend to be based on GPS + + align:start position:0% +for bus they tend to be based on GPS + + + align:start position:0% +for bus they tend to be based on GPS +right you have a GPS on a bus on a top + + align:start position:0% +right you have a GPS on a bus on a top + + + align:start position:0% +right you have a GPS on a bus on a top +of the bus a little hub and it it + + align:start position:0% +of the bus a little hub and it it + + + align:start position:0% +of the bus a little hub and it it +collects data every five seconds or + + align:start position:0% +collects data every five seconds or + + + align:start position:0% +collects data every five seconds or +every ten seconds and it's like these + + align:start position:0% +every ten seconds and it's like these + + + align:start position:0% +every ten seconds and it's like these +positions might get sent either in real + + align:start position:0% +positions might get sent either in real + + + align:start position:0% +positions might get sent either in real +time or maybe they get stored on on the + + align:start position:0% +time or maybe they get stored on on the + + + align:start position:0% +time or maybe they get stored on on the +on-board computer and then are extracted + + align:start position:0% +on-board computer and then are extracted + + + align:start position:0% +on-board computer and then are extracted +when the bus reaches the garage so just + + align:start position:0% +when the bus reaches the garage so just + + + align:start position:0% +when the bus reaches the garage so just +EPS sophisticated AVL systems for bus + + align:start position:0% +EPS sophisticated AVL systems for bus + + + align:start position:0% +EPS sophisticated AVL systems for bus +also have gyroscopes to do inertial + + align:start position:0% +also have gyroscopes to do inertial + + + align:start position:0% +also have gyroscopes to do inertial +navigation and dead reckoning when + + align:start position:0% +navigation and dead reckoning when + + + align:start position:0% +navigation and dead reckoning when +especially when the GPS position drops + + align:start position:0% +especially when the GPS position drops + + + align:start position:0% +especially when the GPS position drops +and that happens especially when with + + align:start position:0% +and that happens especially when with + + + align:start position:0% +and that happens especially when with +the urban Canyon effects if you have + + align:start position:0% +the urban Canyon effects if you have + + + align:start position:0% +the urban Canyon effects if you have +tall buildings GPS signal bounces around + + align:start position:0% +tall buildings GPS signal bounces around + + + align:start position:0% +tall buildings GPS signal bounces around +the dilution of precision messes up the + + align:start position:0% +the dilution of precision messes up the + + + align:start position:0% +the dilution of precision messes up the +position of the bus so or maybe you're + + align:start position:0% +position of the bus so or maybe you're + + + align:start position:0% +position of the bus so or maybe you're +entering a tunnel right and you want to + + align:start position:0% +entering a tunnel right and you want to + + + align:start position:0% +entering a tunnel right and you want to +continue to get updates of positions + + align:start position:0% +continue to get updates of positions + + + align:start position:0% +continue to get updates of positions +inside the tunnel so this is a temporary + + align:start position:0% +inside the tunnel so this is a temporary + + + align:start position:0% +inside the tunnel so this is a temporary +system that kicks in and sort of + + align:start position:0% +system that kicks in and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +system that kicks in and sort of +interpolates positions and figures out + + align:start position:0% +interpolates positions and figures out + + + align:start position:0% +interpolates positions and figures out +how the bus is moving for a train it's + + align:start position:0% +how the bus is moving for a train it's + + + align:start position:0% +how the bus is moving for a train it's +usually based on track circuits so we're + + align:start position:0% +usually based on track circuits so we're + + + align:start position:0% +usually based on track circuits so we're +going to talk more about track circuits + + align:start position:0% +going to talk more about track circuits + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk more about track circuits +but essentially a track knows if a train + + align:start position:0% +but essentially a track knows if a train + + + align:start position:0% +but essentially a track knows if a train +is occupying that segment or not + + align:start position:0% +is occupying that segment or not + + + align:start position:0% +is occupying that segment or not +occupying that segment and there are + + align:start position:0% +occupying that segment and there are + + + align:start position:0% +occupying that segment and there are +often some sensors that read with RFID + + align:start position:0% +often some sensors that read with RFID + + + align:start position:0% +often some sensors that read with RFID +technology or the ID number of a car and + + align:start position:0% +technology or the ID number of a car and + + + align:start position:0% +technology or the ID number of a car and +sometimes you have a sensor in the front + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you have a sensor in the front + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you have a sensor in the front +of each car and each car and so a + + align:start position:0% +of each car and each car and so a + + + align:start position:0% +of each car and each car and so a +computer will look up the readings + + align:start position:0% +computer will look up the readings + + + align:start position:0% +computer will look up the readings +sequence of readings and follow track + + align:start position:0% +sequence of readings and follow track + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of readings and follow track +circuits as they are being occupied and + + align:start position:0% +circuits as they are being occupied and + + + align:start position:0% +circuits as they are being occupied and +unoccupied and and in that manner track + + align:start position:0% +unoccupied and and in that manner track + + + align:start position:0% +unoccupied and and in that manner track +trains throughout the system these + + align:start position:0% +trains throughout the system these + + + align:start position:0% +trains throughout the system these +systems were put in place + + align:start position:0% +systems were put in place + + + align:start position:0% +systems were put in place +mostly for safety right to prevent train + + align:start position:0% +mostly for safety right to prevent train + + + align:start position:0% +mostly for safety right to prevent train +crashes and because of that you would + + align:start position:0% +crashes and because of that you would + + + align:start position:0% +crashes and because of that you would +need it to know where or buses or where + + align:start position:0% +need it to know where or buses or where + + + align:start position:0% +need it to know where or buses or where +a train system or a train was they are + + align:start position:0% +a train system or a train was they are + + + align:start position:0% +a train system or a train was they are +available in real time they were + + align:start position:0% +available in real time they were + + + align:start position:0% +available in real time they were +designed from the beginning to track + + align:start position:0% +designed from the beginning to track + + + align:start position:0% +designed from the beginning to track +vehicles in real time so that's what we + + align:start position:0% +vehicles in real time so that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles in real time so that's what we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +I guess what's newer is that we're now + + align:start position:0% +I guess what's newer is that we're now + + + align:start position:0% +I guess what's newer is that we're now +we're collecting them and keeping them + + align:start position:0% +we're collecting them and keeping them + + + align:start position:0% +we're collecting them and keeping them +in a data warehouse so that we can + + align:start position:0% +in a data warehouse so that we can + + + align:start position:0% +in a data warehouse so that we can +analyze running times they do and that's + + align:start position:0% +analyze running times they do and that's + + + align:start position:0% +analyze running times they do and that's +the newest thing that has happened that + + align:start position:0% +the newest thing that has happened that + + + align:start position:0% +the newest thing that has happened that +nobody thought about consumers when they + + align:start position:0% +nobody thought about consumers when they + + + align:start position:0% +nobody thought about consumers when they +were put in place so yeah we're talking + + align:start position:0% +were put in place so yeah we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +were put in place so yeah we're talking +about tracking knowing how how many + + align:start position:0% +about tracking knowing how how many + + + align:start position:0% +about tracking knowing how how many +minutes I have to wait for my bus for + + align:start position:0% +minutes I have to wait for my bus for + + + align:start position:0% +minutes I have to wait for my bus for +example those things are pushed through + + align:start position:0% +example those things are pushed through + + + align:start position:0% +example those things are pushed through +a public API so that if I'm most marked + + align:start position:0% +a public API so that if I'm most marked + + + align:start position:0% +a public API so that if I'm most marked +phone app developer I can go in and pull + + align:start position:0% +phone app developer I can go in and pull + + + align:start position:0% +phone app developer I can go in and pull +data from the next bus app and make an + + align:start position:0% +data from the next bus app and make an + + + align:start position:0% +data from the next bus app and make an +app and so people can download it and + + align:start position:0% +app and so people can download it and + + + align:start position:0% +app and so people can download it and +they know how many minutes they after we + + align:start position:0% +they know how many minutes they after we + + + align:start position:0% +they know how many minutes they after we +yeah so definitely we haven't seen so we + + align:start position:0% +yeah so definitely we haven't seen so we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so definitely we haven't seen so we +have seen a lot of AVL being pushed in + + align:start position:0% +have seen a lot of AVL being pushed in + + + align:start position:0% +have seen a lot of AVL being pushed in +that matter we have not seen so much + + align:start position:0% +that matter we have not seen so much + + + align:start position:0% +that matter we have not seen so much +AAFC data or a PC data being pushed + + align:start position:0% +AAFC data or a PC data being pushed + + + align:start position:0% +AAFC data or a PC data being pushed +obviously you wouldn't want all the + + align:start position:0% +obviously you wouldn't want all the + + + align:start position:0% +obviously you wouldn't want all the +details of AF seedings pushed but you + + align:start position:0% +details of AF seedings pushed but you + + + align:start position:0% +details of AF seedings pushed but you +might want to know how crowded is my + + align:start position:0% +might want to know how crowded is my + + + align:start position:0% +might want to know how crowded is my +next bus or how crowded is my next rain + + align:start position:0% +next bus or how crowded is my next rain + + + align:start position:0% +next bus or how crowded is my next rain +and you might actually alter your + + align:start position:0% +and you might actually alter your + + + align:start position:0% +and you might actually alter your +decision whether to wait for a crowded + + align:start position:0% +decision whether to wait for a crowded + + + align:start position:0% +decision whether to wait for a crowded +train or walk a longer time based on + + align:start position:0% +train or walk a longer time based on + + + align:start position:0% +train or walk a longer time based on +that information so that's coming if I + + align:start position:0% +that information so that's coming if I + + + align:start position:0% +that information so that's coming if I +think in the next few years that's gonna + + align:start position:0% +think in the next few years that's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +think in the next few years that's gonna +start happening + + align:start position:0% +start happening + + + align:start position:0% +start happening +alright so passenger counting many + + align:start position:0% +alright so passenger counting many + + + align:start position:0% +alright so passenger counting many +different technologies exists for bus we + + align:start position:0% +different technologies exists for bus we + + + align:start position:0% +different technologies exists for bus we +tend to have these optical sensors in + + align:start position:0% +tend to have these optical sensors in + + + align:start position:0% +tend to have these optical sensors in +the back you might see them if you pay + + align:start position:0% +the back you might see them if you pay + + + align:start position:0% +the back you might see them if you pay +attention broken beam sensors they look + + align:start position:0% +attention broken beam sensors they look + + + align:start position:0% +attention broken beam sensors they look +like two little eyes with two little + + align:start position:0% +like two little eyes with two little + + + align:start position:0% +like two little eyes with two little +mirrors on each door and so when you + + align:start position:0% +mirrors on each door and so when you + + + align:start position:0% +mirrors on each door and so when you +cross the beams if you press one beam + + align:start position:0% +cross the beams if you press one beam + + + align:start position:0% +cross the beams if you press one beam +first and then the other the bus will + + align:start position:0% +first and then the other the bus will + + + align:start position:0% +first and then the other the bus will +know that sensor will know is a person + + align:start position:0% +know that sensor will know is a person + + + align:start position:0% +know that sensor will know is a person +coming into the bus or as a person + + align:start position:0% +coming into the bus or as a person + + + align:start position:0% +coming into the bus or as a person +exiting the bus and you have that at + + align:start position:0% +exiting the bus and you have that at + + + align:start position:0% +exiting the bus and you have that at +each door and it counts those beams + + align:start position:0% +each door and it counts those beams + + + align:start position:0% +each door and it counts those beams +going in and going out and often this is + + align:start position:0% +going in and going out and often this is + + + align:start position:0% +going in and going out and often this is +slightly inaccurate so you might get + + align:start position:0% +slightly inaccurate so you might get + + + align:start position:0% +slightly inaccurate so you might get +more boardings and a Lighting's for a + + align:start position:0% +more boardings and a Lighting's for a + + + align:start position:0% +more boardings and a Lighting's for a +given trip so at the end of a trip + + align:start position:0% +given trip so at the end of a trip + + + align:start position:0% +given trip so at the end of a trip +whatever is remains in terms of + + align:start position:0% +whatever is remains in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +whatever is remains in terms of +imbalance between boardings and + + align:start position:0% +imbalance between boardings and + + + align:start position:0% +imbalance between boardings and +Lighting's gets zeroed out and the + + align:start position:0% +Lighting's gets zeroed out and the + + + align:start position:0% +Lighting's gets zeroed out and the +area's distributed throughout + + align:start position:0% +area's distributed throughout + + + align:start position:0% +area's distributed throughout +that trip that was just rung and often + + align:start position:0% +that trip that was just rung and often + + + align:start position:0% +that trip that was just rung and often +you still have to do some error + + align:start position:0% +you still have to do some error + + + align:start position:0% +you still have to do some error +correction after that but it's a way of + + align:start position:0% +correction after that but it's a way of + + + align:start position:0% +correction after that but it's a way of +counting people getting on and off and + + align:start position:0% +counting people getting on and off and + + + align:start position:0% +counting people getting on and off and +that's useful to get how many people are + + align:start position:0% +that's useful to get how many people are + + + align:start position:0% +that's useful to get how many people are +writing the system and also the + + align:start position:0% +writing the system and also the + + + align:start position:0% +writing the system and also the +passenger miles the passenger is x + + align:start position:0% +passenger miles the passenger is x + + + align:start position:0% +passenger miles the passenger is x +distance which is often a required + + align:start position:0% +distance which is often a required + + + align:start position:0% +distance which is often a required +reporting element in things like the NTV + + align:start position:0% +reporting element in things like the NTV + + + align:start position:0% +reporting element in things like the NTV +in the national transit database so for + + align:start position:0% +in the national transit database so for + + + align:start position:0% +in the national transit database so for +gates for for rail systems we have gates + + align:start position:0% +gates for for rail systems we have gates + + + align:start position:0% +gates for for rail systems we have gates +that count how many times they open and + + align:start position:0% +that count how many times they open and + + + align:start position:0% +that count how many times they open and +how many times they closed so you might + + align:start position:0% +how many times they closed so you might + + + align:start position:0% +how many times they closed so you might +have that kind of counting in rail you + + align:start position:0% +have that kind of counting in rail you + + + align:start position:0% +have that kind of counting in rail you +also have video based counting so camera + + align:start position:0% +also have video based counting so camera + + + align:start position:0% +also have video based counting so camera +feeds that can be hooked up to a system + + align:start position:0% +feeds that can be hooked up to a system + + + align:start position:0% +feeds that can be hooked up to a system +that will do will essentially track + + align:start position:0% +that will do will essentially track + + + align:start position:0% +that will do will essentially track +nodes moving inside the frame and you + + align:start position:0% +nodes moving inside the frame and you + + + align:start position:0% +nodes moving inside the frame and you +can count things that cross a certain + + align:start position:0% +can count things that cross a certain + + + align:start position:0% +can count things that cross a certain +line for example and you could do that + + align:start position:0% +line for example and you could do that + + + align:start position:0% +line for example and you could do that +to count flows and then for train we + + align:start position:0% +to count flows and then for train we + + + align:start position:0% +to count flows and then for train we +also have the weight systems so this is + + align:start position:0% +also have the weight systems so this is + + + align:start position:0% +also have the weight systems so this is +only in trains the braking systems and + + align:start position:0% +only in trains the braking systems and + + + align:start position:0% +only in trains the braking systems and +trains apply braking force in proportion + + align:start position:0% +trains apply braking force in proportion + + + align:start position:0% +trains apply braking force in proportion +to the load on each car so if you have a + + align:start position:0% +to the load on each car so if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +to the load on each car so if you have a +very heavy car you need to apply + + align:start position:0% +very heavy car you need to apply + + + align:start position:0% +very heavy car you need to apply +stronger braking force then in a car + + align:start position:0% +stronger braking force then in a car + + + align:start position:0% +stronger braking force then in a car +that is almost empty if you don't do + + align:start position:0% +that is almost empty if you don't do + + + align:start position:0% +that is almost empty if you don't do +that then you apply a lot more force per + + align:start position:0% +that then you apply a lot more force per + + + align:start position:0% +that then you apply a lot more force per +weight on the lighter car that car is + + align:start position:0% +weight on the lighter car that car is + + + align:start position:0% +weight on the lighter car that car is +going to be the one kind of pushing the + + align:start position:0% +going to be the one kind of pushing the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the one kind of pushing the +other cars or pulling the other cars + + align:start position:0% +other cars or pulling the other cars + + + align:start position:0% +other cars or pulling the other cars +through the coupling and that will + + align:start position:0% +through the coupling and that will + + + align:start position:0% +through the coupling and that will +eventually break the link at a faster + + align:start position:0% +eventually break the link at a faster + + + align:start position:0% +eventually break the link at a faster +rate so what you want is each car to + + align:start position:0% +rate so what you want is each car to + + + align:start position:0% +rate so what you want is each car to +slow down at the same rate by itself as + + align:start position:0% +slow down at the same rate by itself as + + + align:start position:0% +slow down at the same rate by itself as +much as possible and for that you need + + align:start position:0% +much as possible and for that you need + + + align:start position:0% +much as possible and for that you need +to brake in proportion to weight and + + align:start position:0% +to brake in proportion to weight and + + + align:start position:0% +to brake in proportion to weight and +therefore you have these weight systems + + align:start position:0% +therefore you have these weight systems + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you have these weight systems +they used to just do that and more + + align:start position:0% +they used to just do that and more + + + align:start position:0% +they used to just do that and more +recently we hook them up to a little + + align:start position:0% +recently we hook them up to a little + + + align:start position:0% +recently we hook them up to a little +storage device that keeps track of the + + align:start position:0% +storage device that keeps track of the + + + align:start position:0% +storage device that keeps track of the +weight and maybe Wi-Fi so that each time + + align:start position:0% +weight and maybe Wi-Fi so that each time + + + align:start position:0% +weight and maybe Wi-Fi so that each time +it reaches a station or the terminal it + + align:start position:0% +it reaches a station or the terminal it + + + align:start position:0% +it reaches a station or the terminal it +sends the data often we might have a + + align:start position:0% +sends the data often we might have a + + + align:start position:0% +sends the data often we might have a +rather somewhat someone precise but yeah + + align:start position:0% +rather somewhat someone precise but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +rather somewhat someone precise but yeah +it's an idea of how many people are in + + align:start position:0% +it's an idea of how many people are in + + + align:start position:0% +it's an idea of how many people are in +the in the car just based on an average + + align:start position:0% +the in the car just based on an average + + + align:start position:0% +the in the car just based on an average +weight of a person and these are + + align:start position:0% +weight of a person and these are + + + align:start position:0% +weight of a person and these are +traditionally not available in real time + + align:start position:0% +traditionally not available in real time + + + align:start position:0% +traditionally not available in real time +as I said you have questions yeah + + align:start position:0% +as I said you have questions yeah + + + align:start position:0% +as I said you have questions yeah +of course yeah yeah yeah yeah definitely + + align:start position:0% +of course yeah yeah yeah yeah definitely + + + align:start position:0% +of course yeah yeah yeah yeah definitely +yeah and that's so you know cutting-edge + + align:start position:0% +yeah and that's so you know cutting-edge + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and that's so you know cutting-edge +research that's happening right now how + + align:start position:0% +research that's happening right now how + + + align:start position:0% +research that's happening right now how +do you do data fusion and merge + + align:start position:0% +do you do data fusion and merge + + + align:start position:0% +do you do data fusion and merge +different systems they all have errors + + align:start position:0% +different systems they all have errors + + + align:start position:0% +different systems they all have errors +and how do you detect when one is more + + align:start position:0% +and how do you detect when one is more + + + align:start position:0% +and how do you detect when one is more +ruining on the other and how do you mix + + align:start position:0% +ruining on the other and how do you mix + + + align:start position:0% +ruining on the other and how do you mix +these data sources to get the most + + align:start position:0% +these data sources to get the most + + + align:start position:0% +these data sources to get the most +precise not just loads but paths within + + align:start position:0% +precise not just loads but paths within + + + align:start position:0% +precise not just loads but paths within +our network and things like that + + align:start position:0% +our network and things like that + + + align:start position:0% +our network and things like that +yeah so any questions on these three + + align:start position:0% +yeah so any questions on these three + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so any questions on these three +very important automatically to + + align:start position:0% +very important automatically to + + + align:start position:0% +very important automatically to +collection systems yep yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what make the question is what might + + align:start position:0% +so what make the question is what might + + + align:start position:0% +so what make the question is what might +be why might some of these technologies + + align:start position:0% +be why might some of these technologies + + + align:start position:0% +be why might some of these technologies +produce errors and in particular you're + + align:start position:0% +produce errors and in particular you're + + + align:start position:0% +produce errors and in particular you're +asking about AVL so each of these has a + + align:start position:0% +asking about AVL so each of these has a + + + align:start position:0% +asking about AVL so each of these has a +different behavior and within each of + + align:start position:0% +different behavior and within each of + + + align:start position:0% +different behavior and within each of +these categories of technologies each + + align:start position:0% +these categories of technologies each + + + align:start position:0% +these categories of technologies each +vendor system might have specific things + + align:start position:0% +vendor system might have specific things + + + align:start position:0% +vendor system might have specific things +that happen with AVL the most common + + align:start position:0% +that happen with AVL the most common + + + align:start position:0% +that happen with AVL the most common +thing is end of root problems detecting + + align:start position:0% +thing is end of root problems detecting + + + align:start position:0% +thing is end of root problems detecting +when when a trip actually begins and + + align:start position:0% +when when a trip actually begins and + + + align:start position:0% +when when a trip actually begins and +ends + + align:start position:0% +ends + + + align:start position:0% +ends +so AVL systems you have this GPS coming + + align:start position:0% +so AVL systems you have this GPS coming + + + align:start position:0% +so AVL systems you have this GPS coming +in every five seconds depending on your + + align:start position:0% +in every five seconds depending on your + + + align:start position:0% +in every five seconds depending on your +chipset you might get it more frequently + + align:start position:0% +chipset you might get it more frequently + + + align:start position:0% +chipset you might get it more frequently +than that but you also actually + + align:start position:0% +than that but you also actually + + + align:start position:0% +than that but you also actually +sometimes hook it to the doors so if the + + align:start position:0% +sometimes hook it to the doors so if the + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes hook it to the doors so if the +door is opening you say well it must be + + align:start position:0% +door is opening you say well it must be + + + align:start position:0% +door is opening you say well it must be +at a stop and therefore let me find + + align:start position:0% +at a stop and therefore let me find + + + align:start position:0% +at a stop and therefore let me find +which one is closest so there are ways + + align:start position:0% +which one is closest so there are ways + + + align:start position:0% +which one is closest so there are ways +to correct it but when you get to the + + align:start position:0% +to correct it but when you get to the + + + align:start position:0% +to correct it but when you get to the +end of the route it's not clear always + + align:start position:0% +end of the route it's not clear always + + + align:start position:0% +end of the route it's not clear always +have you finished your trip or or rather + + align:start position:0% +have you finished your trip or or rather + + + align:start position:0% +have you finished your trip or or rather +are you starting your trip already so + + align:start position:0% +are you starting your trip already so + + + align:start position:0% +are you starting your trip already so +maybe you if the terminal is at the same + + align:start position:0% +maybe you if the terminal is at the same + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you if the terminal is at the same +place I'm gonna trip beat started the + + align:start position:0% +place I'm gonna trip beat started the + + + align:start position:0% +place I'm gonna trip beat started the +previous trip ends are the same place + + align:start position:0% +previous trip ends are the same place + + + align:start position:0% +previous trip ends are the same place +that the next trip begins there might be + + align:start position:0% +that the next trip begins there might be + + + align:start position:0% +that the next trip begins there might be +a time where the doors open and close + + align:start position:0% +a time where the doors open and close + + + align:start position:0% +a time where the doors open and close +various times and the trip isn't ready + + align:start position:0% +various times and the trip isn't ready + + + align:start position:0% +various times and the trip isn't ready +to leave yet and so you really have to + + align:start position:0% +to leave yet and so you really have to + + + align:start position:0% +to leave yet and so you really have to +sort of wait to see the bus leaving that + + align:start position:0% +sort of wait to see the bus leaving that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of wait to see the bus leaving that +terminal and moving sometimes there are + + align:start position:0% +terminal and moving sometimes there are + + + align:start position:0% +terminal and moving sometimes there are +false starts so maybe another bus comes + + align:start position:0% +false starts so maybe another bus comes + + + align:start position:0% +false starts so maybe another bus comes +along and it needs that space so the + + align:start position:0% +along and it needs that space so the + + + align:start position:0% +along and it needs that space so the +driver you know moves the bus a few + + align:start position:0% +driver you know moves the bus a few + + + align:start position:0% +driver you know moves the bus a few +meters forward and the system + + align:start position:0% +meters forward and the system + + + align:start position:0% +meters forward and the system +things my trip has started and then when + + align:start position:0% +things my trip has started and then when + + + align:start position:0% +things my trip has started and then when +you're looking at aggregate data you're + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at aggregate data you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at aggregate data you're +looking at say running times for the + + align:start position:0% +looking at say running times for the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at say running times for the +trip level you see these outliers with + + align:start position:0% +trip level you see these outliers with + + + align:start position:0% +trip level you see these outliers with +very long times and if you were to plot + + align:start position:0% +very long times and if you were to plot + + + align:start position:0% +very long times and if you were to plot +them by stop you see all the link + + align:start position:0% +them by stop you see all the link + + + align:start position:0% +them by stop you see all the link +between the first stop and the second + + align:start position:0% +between the first stop and the second + + + align:start position:0% +between the first stop and the second +stop is sometimes very high 15 minutes + + align:start position:0% +stop is sometimes very high 15 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +stop is sometimes very high 15 minutes +and so you can throw those out or you + + align:start position:0% +and so you can throw those out or you + + + align:start position:0% +and so you can throw those out or you +can do some interpolation or imputation + + align:start position:0% +can do some interpolation or imputation + + + align:start position:0% +can do some interpolation or imputation +or data some systems that care very much + + align:start position:0% +or data some systems that care very much + + + align:start position:0% +or data some systems that care very much +above that will purposely place the + + align:start position:0% +above that will purposely place the + + + align:start position:0% +above that will purposely place the +terminal stops sufficiently far apart to + + align:start position:0% +terminal stops sufficiently far apart to + + + align:start position:0% +terminal stops sufficiently far apart to +prevent that from happening + + align:start position:0% +prevent that from happening + + + align:start position:0% +prevent that from happening +because it is a problem and this data is + + align:start position:0% +because it is a problem and this data is + + + align:start position:0% +because it is a problem and this data is +crucial to planning service and figuring + + align:start position:0% +crucial to planning service and figuring + + + align:start position:0% +crucial to planning service and figuring +out how much resource you're gonna put + + align:start position:0% +out how much resource you're gonna put + + + align:start position:0% +out how much resource you're gonna put +into each route so yep yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so yeah no examples of a come to mind + + align:start position:0% +so yeah no examples of a come to mind + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah no examples of a come to mind +you you might know one okay yeah Owen + + align:start position:0% +you you might know one okay yeah Owen + + + align:start position:0% +you you might know one okay yeah Owen +visited so yeah the other collection + + align:start position:0% +visited so yeah the other collection + + + align:start position:0% +visited so yeah the other collection +might be a reason to do that but I'll + + align:start position:0% +might be a reason to do that but I'll + + + align:start position:0% +might be a reason to do that but I'll +have to get back to you on why Marta did + + align:start position:0% +have to get back to you on why Marta did + + + align:start position:0% +have to get back to you on why Marta did +that but yeah most systems that have it + + align:start position:0% +that but yeah most systems that have it + + + align:start position:0% +that but yeah most systems that have it +controls in and out or are for fair + + align:start position:0% +controls in and out or are for fair + + + align:start position:0% +controls in and out or are for fair +policy reasons are not for data + + align:start position:0% +policy reasons are not for data + + + align:start position:0% +policy reasons are not for data +collection reasons we're starting to see + + align:start position:0% +collection reasons we're starting to see + + + align:start position:0% +collection reasons we're starting to see +more of more interest in data collection + + align:start position:0% +more of more interest in data collection + + + align:start position:0% +more of more interest in data collection +and in investing this on these + + align:start position:0% +and in investing this on these + + + align:start position:0% +and in investing this on these +technologies for just for data + + align:start position:0% +technologies for just for data + + + align:start position:0% +technologies for just for data +collection so maybe but I'll have to + + align:start position:0% +collection so maybe but I'll have to + + + align:start position:0% +collection so maybe but I'll have to +check and get back to you their terminal + + align:start position:0% +check and get back to you their terminal + + + align:start position:0% +check and get back to you their terminal +stops yeah TfL will do that in London + + align:start position:0% +stops yeah TfL will do that in London + + + align:start position:0% +stops yeah TfL will do that in London +yeah yeah so they'll monitor this and if + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so they'll monitor this and if + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so they'll monitor this and if +they see that this is occurring often + + align:start position:0% +they see that this is occurring often + + + align:start position:0% +they see that this is occurring often +they will they will separate the stops + + align:start position:0% +they will they will separate the stops + + + align:start position:0% +they will they will separate the stops +of it and the recently do that is + + align:start position:0% +of it and the recently do that is + + + align:start position:0% +of it and the recently do that is +because they have people whose job it is + + align:start position:0% +because they have people whose job it is + + + align:start position:0% +because they have people whose job it is +to impute data when it's incorrect right + + align:start position:0% +to impute data when it's incorrect right + + + align:start position:0% +to impute data when it's incorrect right +so if they don't do that and the system + + align:start position:0% +so if they don't do that and the system + + + align:start position:0% +so if they don't do that and the system +is consistently producing about data + + align:start position:0% +is consistently producing about data + + + align:start position:0% +is consistently producing about data +then that means that they're gonna have + + align:start position:0% +then that means that they're gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +then that means that they're gonna have +to spend resources human resources on + + align:start position:0% +to spend resources human resources on + + + align:start position:0% +to spend resources human resources on +correcting that data so at some point + + align:start position:0% +correcting that data so at some point + + + align:start position:0% +correcting that data so at some point +it's just easier to move the stop a + + align:start position:0% +it's just easier to move the stop a + + + align:start position:0% +it's just easier to move the stop a +little bit there's are to be a long + + align:start position:0% +little bit there's are to be a long + + + align:start position:0% +little bit there's are to be a long +distance it's just you know just not + + align:start position:0% +distance it's just you know just not + + + align:start position:0% +distance it's just you know just not +make it the same and make it far enough + + align:start position:0% +make it the same and make it far enough + + + align:start position:0% +make it the same and make it far enough +apart that the geofences are can be told + + align:start position:0% +apart that the geofences are can be told + + + align:start position:0% +apart that the geofences are can be told +apart from each other sorry + + align:start position:0% +apart from each other sorry + + + align:start position:0% +apart from each other sorry +Oh interesting + + align:start position:0% +Oh interesting + + + align:start position:0% +Oh interesting +yeah for real-time control + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah happens that's sounds about + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah happens that's sounds about + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah happens that's sounds about +right now okay if there are no more + + align:start position:0% +right now okay if there are no more + + + align:start position:0% +right now okay if there are no more +questions on the three sort of very + + align:start position:0% +questions on the three sort of very + + + align:start position:0% +questions on the three sort of very +important categories of data cultivated + + align:start position:0% +important categories of data cultivated + + + align:start position:0% +important categories of data cultivated +later collection systems let's talk of a + + align:start position:0% +later collection systems let's talk of a + + + align:start position:0% +later collection systems let's talk of a +little bit about the data collection + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the data collection + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the data collection +program design process so this comes + + align:start position:0% +program design process so this comes + + + align:start position:0% +program design process so this comes +from before automatic data collection + + align:start position:0% +from before automatic data collection + + + align:start position:0% +from before automatic data collection +and nowadays we think a little bit less + + align:start position:0% +and nowadays we think a little bit less + + + align:start position:0% +and nowadays we think a little bit less +about this but it's still important so + + align:start position:0% +about this but it's still important so + + + align:start position:0% +about this but it's still important so +if you do need to collect some data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a structure that you can follow + + align:start position:0% +there's a structure that you can follow + + + align:start position:0% +there's a structure that you can follow +to do it properly and to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +to do it properly and to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +to do it properly and to make sure that +you collect data efficiently so that you + + align:start position:0% +you collect data efficiently so that you + + + align:start position:0% +you collect data efficiently so that you +don't spend too much resources on the + + align:start position:0% +don't spend too much resources on the + + + align:start position:0% +don't spend too much resources on the +data collection and that you can answer + + align:start position:0% +data collection and that you can answer + + + align:start position:0% +data collection and that you can answer +your policy or your planning questions + + align:start position:0% +your policy or your planning questions + + + align:start position:0% +your policy or your planning questions +so based on your needs and the + + align:start position:0% +so based on your needs and the + + + align:start position:0% +so based on your needs and the +properties of your agency I say here + + align:start position:0% +properties of your agency I say here + + + align:start position:0% +properties of your agency I say here +determine property characteristics + + align:start position:0% +determine property characteristics + + + align:start position:0% +determine property characteristics +that's a North American term a property + + align:start position:0% +that's a North American term a property + + + align:start position:0% +that's a North American term a property +is an agency so if you see that that's + + align:start position:0% +is an agency so if you see that that's + + + align:start position:0% +is an agency so if you see that that's +an agency so based on the + + align:start position:0% +an agency so based on the + + + align:start position:0% +an agency so based on the +characteristics of the service you're + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of the service you're + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of the service you're +running and your data needs you can + + align:start position:0% +running and your data needs you can + + + align:start position:0% +running and your data needs you can +select some data collection technique + + align:start position:0% +select some data collection technique + + + align:start position:0% +select some data collection technique +we'll get into some what some of these + + align:start position:0% +we'll get into some what some of these + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get into some what some of these +are then you can develop route by Rupe + + align:start position:0% +are then you can develop route by Rupe + + + align:start position:0% +are then you can develop route by Rupe +sampling plans based on how variable the + + align:start position:0% +sampling plans based on how variable the + + + align:start position:0% +sampling plans based on how variable the +data is in each case and you can + + align:start position:0% +data is in each case and you can + + + align:start position:0% +data is in each case and you can +determine how many checkers do I need a + + align:start position:0% +determine how many checkers do I need a + + + align:start position:0% +determine how many checkers do I need a +checker is a person who goes out and + + align:start position:0% +checker is a person who goes out and + + + align:start position:0% +checker is a person who goes out and +collects data and then from that the + + align:start position:0% +collects data and then from that the + + + align:start position:0% +collects data and then from that the +cost right so Human Resources + + align:start position:0% +cost right so Human Resources + + + align:start position:0% +cost right so Human Resources +it's a planning exercise and what we do + + align:start position:0% +it's a planning exercise and what we do + + + align:start position:0% +it's a planning exercise and what we do +usually is that we conduct a baseline + + align:start position:0% +usually is that we conduct a baseline + + + align:start position:0% +usually is that we conduct a baseline +face so that's the first time you go out + + align:start position:0% +face so that's the first time you go out + + + align:start position:0% +face so that's the first time you go out +and collect data you need to you don't + + align:start position:0% +and collect data you need to you don't + + + align:start position:0% +and collect data you need to you don't +know much about what your one thing to + + align:start position:0% +know much about what your one thing to + + + align:start position:0% +know much about what your one thing to +collect data on right so it might be + + align:start position:0% +collect data on right so it might be + + + align:start position:0% +collect data on right so it might be +early matrices or loads people getting + + align:start position:0% +early matrices or loads people getting + + + align:start position:0% +early matrices or loads people getting +on and off right so so you have to go + + align:start position:0% +on and off right so so you have to go + + + align:start position:0% +on and off right so so you have to go +out and do a bigger X effort and that's + + align:start position:0% +out and do a bigger X effort and that's + + + align:start position:0% +out and do a bigger X effort and that's +called the baseline phase effort once + + align:start position:0% +called the baseline phase effort once + + + align:start position:0% +called the baseline phase effort once +you've done that and you established + + align:start position:0% +you've done that and you established + + + align:start position:0% +you've done that and you established +some tendencies you might want to + + align:start position:0% +some tendencies you might want to + + + align:start position:0% +some tendencies you might want to +monitor that to see if it changes right + + align:start position:0% +monitor that to see if it changes right + + + align:start position:0% +monitor that to see if it changes right +so then you do a lighter-weight + + align:start position:0% +so then you do a lighter-weight + + + align:start position:0% +so then you do a lighter-weight +data collection effort where you go out + + align:start position:0% +data collection effort where you go out + + + align:start position:0% +data collection effort where you go out +and less frequently using fewer + + align:start position:0% +and less frequently using fewer + + + align:start position:0% +and less frequently using fewer +resources you collect sometimes the same + + align:start position:0% +resources you collect sometimes the same + + + align:start position:0% +resources you collect sometimes the same +thing + + align:start position:0% +thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing +or sometimes another another sometimes + + align:start position:0% +or sometimes another another sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +or sometimes another another sometimes +you observe something else that is + + align:start position:0% +you observe something else that is + + + align:start position:0% +you observe something else that is +related or can be correlated with what + + align:start position:0% +related or can be correlated with what + + + align:start position:0% +related or can be correlated with what +you really want and then based on a + + align:start position:0% +you really want and then based on a + + + align:start position:0% +you really want and then based on a +relationship between the two you can + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the two you can + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the two you can +estimate what you really want right so + + align:start position:0% +estimate what you really want right so + + + align:start position:0% +estimate what you really want right so +you can monitor what you were collected + + align:start position:0% +you can monitor what you were collected + + + align:start position:0% +you can monitor what you were collected +and then if you detect that there's been + + align:start position:0% +and then if you detect that there's been + + + align:start position:0% +and then if you detect that there's been +a trend or a change and you need to + + align:start position:0% +a trend or a change and you need to + + + align:start position:0% +a trend or a change and you need to +investigate it further you might go + + align:start position:0% +investigate it further you might go + + + align:start position:0% +investigate it further you might go +ahead and repeat the baseline phase to + + align:start position:0% +ahead and repeat the baseline phase to + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and repeat the baseline phase to +increase your accuracy so one of the + + align:start position:0% +increase your accuracy so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +increase your accuracy so one of the +things one of the catches of this is + + align:start position:0% +things one of the catches of this is + + + align:start position:0% +things one of the catches of this is +that to determine sampling plans to + + align:start position:0% +that to determine sampling plans to + + + align:start position:0% +that to determine sampling plans to +determine some required sample sizes to + + align:start position:0% +determine some required sample sizes to + + + align:start position:0% +determine some required sample sizes to +achieve some some confidence interval + + align:start position:0% +achieve some some confidence interval + + + align:start position:0% +achieve some some confidence interval +you need to know how variable your data + + align:start position:0% +you need to know how variable your data + + + align:start position:0% +you need to know how variable your data +is and if you haven't collected it yet + + align:start position:0% +is and if you haven't collected it yet + + + align:start position:0% +is and if you haven't collected it yet +you don't know right so you might have + + align:start position:0% +you don't know right so you might have + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know right so you might have +some default values that you resort to + + align:start position:0% +some default values that you resort to + + + align:start position:0% +some default values that you resort to +and we'll get to that later in this + + align:start position:0% +and we'll get to that later in this + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll get to that later in this +lecture but you might also do a pretest + + align:start position:0% +lecture but you might also do a pretest + + + align:start position:0% +lecture but you might also do a pretest +where you send some people out and you + + align:start position:0% +where you send some people out and you + + + align:start position:0% +where you send some people out and you +collect some data to really start to get + + align:start position:0% +collect some data to really start to get + + + align:start position:0% +collect some data to really start to get +a sense of how variable is in and how + + align:start position:0% +a sense of how variable is in and how + + + align:start position:0% +a sense of how variable is in and how +how big will my sample requirements be + + align:start position:0% +how big will my sample requirements be + + + align:start position:0% +how big will my sample requirements be +right and how much will it cost for me + + align:start position:0% +right and how much will it cost for me + + + align:start position:0% +right and how much will it cost for me +to do this so this is the process that + + align:start position:0% +to do this so this is the process that + + + align:start position:0% +to do this so this is the process that +you might follow and there are different + + align:start position:0% +you might follow and there are different + + + align:start position:0% +you might follow and there are different +data needs by the question that you're + + align:start position:0% +data needs by the question that you're + + + align:start position:0% +data needs by the question that you're +trying to answer so one way of looking + + align:start position:0% +trying to answer so one way of looking + + + align:start position:0% +trying to answer so one way of looking +at that is are you collecting things + + align:start position:0% +at that is are you collecting things + + + align:start position:0% +at that is are you collecting things +that are for specific routes or for + + align:start position:0% +that are for specific routes or for + + + align:start position:0% +that are for specific routes or for +specific groups segments or at the stop + + align:start position:0% +specific groups segments or at the stop + + + align:start position:0% +specific groups segments or at the stop +level or using more aggregate system + + align:start position:0% +level or using more aggregate system + + + align:start position:0% +level or using more aggregate system +level data collection or are your + + align:start position:0% +level data collection or are your + + + align:start position:0% +level data collection or are your +questions more system level so system + + align:start position:0% +questions more system level so system + + + align:start position:0% +questions more system level so system +level things are more about reporting + + align:start position:0% +level things are more about reporting + + + align:start position:0% +level things are more about reporting +and they might be tied to things like + + align:start position:0% +and they might be tied to things like + + + align:start position:0% +and they might be tied to things like +federal funding right + + align:start position:0% +federal funding right + + + align:start position:0% +federal funding right +whereas root level things and stuff + + align:start position:0% +whereas root level things and stuff + + + align:start position:0% +whereas root level things and stuff +level things are more important for + + align:start position:0% +level things are more important for + + + align:start position:0% +level things are more important for +planning so when we talk about root and + + align:start position:0% +planning so when we talk about root and + + + align:start position:0% +planning so when we talk about root and +root segment level we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +root segment level we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +root segment level we're looking at +things like loads at the peak load point + + align:start position:0% +things like loads at the peak load point + + + align:start position:0% +things like loads at the peak load point +or some other key points how many people + + align:start position:0% +or some other key points how many people + + + align:start position:0% +or some other key points how many people +are in the bus right the running time by + + align:start position:0% +are in the bus right the running time by + + + align:start position:0% +are in the bus right the running time by +the segment to do schedule that has time + + align:start position:0% +the segment to do schedule that has time + + + align:start position:0% +the segment to do schedule that has time +points or maybe end to end to do your + + align:start position:0% +points or maybe end to end to do your + + + align:start position:0% +points or maybe end to end to do your +operations plan schedule adherence are + + align:start position:0% +operations plan schedule adherence are + + + align:start position:0% +operations plan schedule adherence are +these buses running on time or are my + + align:start position:0% +these buses running on time or are my + + + align:start position:0% +these buses running on time or are my +schedules not realistic + + align:start position:0% +schedules not realistic + + + align:start position:0% +schedules not realistic +total boardings our or revenue to things + + align:start position:0% +total boardings our or revenue to things + + + align:start position:0% +total boardings our or revenue to things +that are highly correlated so number of + + align:start position:0% +that are highly correlated so number of + + + align:start position:0% +that are highly correlated so number of +passenger trips + + align:start position:0% +passenger trips + + + align:start position:0% +passenger trips +boardings by fair category so you might + + align:start position:0% +boardings by fair category so you might + + + align:start position:0% +boardings by fair category so you might +say well I want boardings but I want to + + align:start position:0% +say well I want boardings but I want to + + + align:start position:0% +say well I want boardings but I want to +know how many seniors are using this and + + align:start position:0% +know how many seniors are using this and + + + align:start position:0% +know how many seniors are using this and +how many students are using this and how + + align:start position:0% +how many students are using this and how + + + align:start position:0% +how many students are using this and how +many people are using monthly passes and + + align:start position:0% +many people are using monthly passes and + + + align:start position:0% +many people are using monthly passes and +how many people are using paper ride + + align:start position:0% +how many people are using paper ride + + + align:start position:0% +how many people are using paper ride +right so you have different fare + + align:start position:0% +right so you have different fare + + + align:start position:0% +right so you have different fare +categories and you might want to psychic + + align:start position:0% +categories and you might want to psychic + + + align:start position:0% +categories and you might want to psychic +to segregate the data by that you might + + align:start position:0% +to segregate the data by that you might + + + align:start position:0% +to segregate the data by that you might +want passenger boarding and alighting by + + align:start position:0% +want passenger boarding and alighting by + + + align:start position:0% +want passenger boarding and alighting by +stop so that's what a PC would give you + + align:start position:0% +stop so that's what a PC would give you + + + align:start position:0% +stop so that's what a PC would give you +if you have an automated system but you + + align:start position:0% +if you have an automated system but you + + + align:start position:0% +if you have an automated system but you +might also use a write checker who sits + + align:start position:0% +might also use a write checker who sits + + + align:start position:0% +might also use a write checker who sits +on the bus and counts people boarding + + align:start position:0% +on the bus and counts people boarding + + + align:start position:0% +on the bus and counts people boarding +and alighting transfer rates between + + align:start position:0% +and alighting transfer rates between + + + align:start position:0% +and alighting transfer rates between +routes see maybe you're looking at the + + align:start position:0% +routes see maybe you're looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +routes see maybe you're looking at the +slide changing service so that people + + align:start position:0% +slide changing service so that people + + + align:start position:0% +slide changing service so that people +have to transfer passenger + + align:start position:0% +have to transfer passenger + + + align:start position:0% +have to transfer passenger +characteristics and attitudes this + + align:start position:0% +characteristics and attitudes this + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics and attitudes this +usually requires some degree of a survey + + align:start position:0% +usually requires some degree of a survey + + + align:start position:0% +usually requires some degree of a survey +where you ask people things passenger + + align:start position:0% +where you ask people things passenger + + + align:start position:0% +where you ask people things passenger +travel patterns at the system level we + + align:start position:0% +travel patterns at the system level we + + + align:start position:0% +travel patterns at the system level we +have things like unlinked passenger + + align:start position:0% +have things like unlinked passenger + + + align:start position:0% +have things like unlinked passenger +trips passenger miles linked to + + align:start position:0% +trips passenger miles linked to + + + align:start position:0% +trips passenger miles linked to +passenger trips this have the whole + + align:start position:0% +passenger trips this have the whole + + + align:start position:0% +passenger trips this have the whole +system level so sometimes you do route + + align:start position:0% +system level so sometimes you do route + + + align:start position:0% +system level so sometimes you do route +level or a route segment level analysis + + align:start position:0% +level or a route segment level analysis + + + align:start position:0% +level or a route segment level analysis +and then you aggregate to get the system + + align:start position:0% +and then you aggregate to get the system + + + align:start position:0% +and then you aggregate to get the system +level things that's usually how you + + align:start position:0% +level things that's usually how you + + + align:start position:0% +level things that's usually how you +proceed but the requirements in terms of + + align:start position:0% +proceed but the requirements in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +proceed but the requirements in terms of +how many of these you have to sample + + align:start position:0% +how many of these you have to sample + + + align:start position:0% +how many of these you have to sample +might be different so if you want to + + align:start position:0% +might be different so if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +might be different so if you want to +achieve a certain accuracy at the system + + align:start position:0% +achieve a certain accuracy at the system + + + align:start position:0% +achieve a certain accuracy at the system +level you don't need to achieve that + + align:start position:0% +level you don't need to achieve that + + + align:start position:0% +level you don't need to achieve that +accuracy for each of the routes that are + + align:start position:0% +accuracy for each of the routes that are + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy for each of the routes that are +in that system because you might have + + align:start position:0% +in that system because you might have + + + align:start position:0% +in that system because you might have +yeah so if you want to say 90 percent + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you want to say 90 percent + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you want to say 90 percent +confidence in some in some system level + + align:start position:0% +confidence in some in some system level + + + align:start position:0% +confidence in some in some system level +data element you might only need 80 + + align:start position:0% +data element you might only need 80 + + + align:start position:0% +data element you might only need 80 +percent or 70 percent at the element + + align:start position:0% +percent or 70 percent at the element + + + align:start position:0% +percent or 70 percent at the element +level and once you bring those all + + align:start position:0% +level and once you bring those all + + + align:start position:0% +level and once you bring those all +together you achieve the 90 percent that + + align:start position:0% +together you achieve the 90 percent that + + + align:start position:0% +together you achieve the 90 percent that +you need so data inference I talked + + align:start position:0% +you need so data inference I talked + + + align:start position:0% +you need so data inference I talked +about how sometimes we can infer items + + align:start position:0% +about how sometimes we can infer items + + + align:start position:0% +about how sometimes we can infer items +if we don't observe them directly so + + align:start position:0% +if we don't observe them directly so + + + align:start position:0% +if we don't observe them directly so +from a of C with AF C is the fare + + align:start position:0% +from a of C with AF C is the fare + + + align:start position:0% +from a of C with AF C is the fare +collection system we have boardings + + align:start position:0% +collection system we have boardings + + + align:start position:0% +collection system we have boardings +right because people are tapping into + + align:start position:0% +right because people are tapping into + + + align:start position:0% +right because people are tapping into +the bus or tapping into the subway + + align:start position:0% +the bus or tapping into the subway + + + align:start position:0% +the bus or tapping into the subway +system and if we have a PC we count + + align:start position:0% +system and if we have a PC we count + + + align:start position:0% +system and if we have a PC we count +people getting on so we can look at + + align:start position:0% +people getting on so we can look at + + + align:start position:0% +people getting on so we can look at +total number of boardings that way if + + align:start position:0% +total number of boardings that way if + + + align:start position:0% +total number of boardings that way if +that makes sense + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense +that's pretty direct sometimes you want + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty direct sometimes you want + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty direct sometimes you want +to correct for errors in the APC system + + align:start position:0% +to correct for errors in the APC system + + + align:start position:0% +to correct for errors in the APC system +or you + + align:start position:0% +or you + + + align:start position:0% +or you +might have things like fare evasion + + align:start position:0% +might have things like fare evasion + + + align:start position:0% +might have things like fare evasion +affecting that number like those from + + align:start position:0% +affecting that number like those from + + + align:start position:0% +affecting that number like those from +AFC to how many people were actually and + + align:start position:0% +AFC to how many people were actually and + + + align:start position:0% +AFC to how many people were actually and +I'm boss how many people actually + + align:start position:0% +I'm boss how many people actually + + + align:start position:0% +I'm boss how many people actually +boarded so you might do a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +boarded so you might do a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +boarded so you might do a little bit of +manual surveys to check what that + + align:start position:0% +manual surveys to check what that + + + align:start position:0% +manual surveys to check what that +relationship is and apply some + + align:start position:0% +relationship is and apply some + + + align:start position:0% +relationship is and apply some +correction for passenger miles we need + + align:start position:0% +correction for passenger miles we need + + + align:start position:0% +correction for passenger miles we need +to know how many people are at the bus + + align:start position:0% +to know how many people are at the bus + + + align:start position:0% +to know how many people are at the bus +between each stop pair right so AFC + + align:start position:0% +between each stop pair right so AFC + + + align:start position:0% +between each stop pair right so AFC +gives you boardings and only boardings + + align:start position:0% +gives you boardings and only boardings + + + align:start position:0% +gives you boardings and only boardings +APC gives you on and off if every bus + + align:start position:0% +APC gives you on and off if every bus + + + align:start position:0% +APC gives you on and off if every bus +had a PC then you could calculate + + align:start position:0% +had a PC then you could calculate + + + align:start position:0% +had a PC then you could calculate +passenger miles directly but often you + + align:start position:0% +passenger miles directly but often you + + + align:start position:0% +passenger miles directly but often you +have systems where only a portion of the + + align:start position:0% +have systems where only a portion of the + + + align:start position:0% +have systems where only a portion of the +fleet has a beat maybe 15% of your fleet + + align:start position:0% +fleet has a beat maybe 15% of your fleet + + + align:start position:0% +fleet has a beat maybe 15% of your fleet +equipped with a PC and from that you get + + align:start position:0% +equipped with a PC and from that you get + + + align:start position:0% +equipped with a PC and from that you get +the sample OD matrix right and you can + + align:start position:0% +the sample OD matrix right and you can + + + align:start position:0% +the sample OD matrix right and you can +use that OD matrix to convert from + + align:start position:0% +use that OD matrix to convert from + + + align:start position:0% +use that OD matrix to convert from +boardings only to the distribution and + + align:start position:0% +boardings only to the distribution and + + + align:start position:0% +boardings only to the distribution and +the ons and offs that all bus routes and + + align:start position:0% +the ons and offs that all bus routes and + + + align:start position:0% +the ons and offs that all bus routes and +from that you can get passenger miles or + + align:start position:0% +from that you can get passenger miles or + + + align:start position:0% +from that you can get passenger miles or +you might just use your buses that have + + align:start position:0% +you might just use your buses that have + + + align:start position:0% +you might just use your buses that have +a PC if that's suffices for your data + + align:start position:0% +a PC if that's suffices for your data + + + align:start position:0% +a PC if that's suffices for your data +collection need same thing with peak + + align:start position:0% +collection need same thing with peak + + + align:start position:0% +collection need same thing with peak +point notes similar similar idea the AFC + + align:start position:0% +point notes similar similar idea the AFC + + + align:start position:0% +point notes similar similar idea the AFC +only measures boardings so it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +only measures boardings so it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +only measures boardings so it doesn't +give you the peak point load + + align:start position:0% +give you the peak point load + + + align:start position:0% +give you the peak point load +automatically but from a PC you could + + align:start position:0% +automatically but from a PC you could + + + align:start position:0% +automatically but from a PC you could +get it and if you have if you can + + align:start position:0% +get it and if you have if you can + + + align:start position:0% +get it and if you have if you can +establish a relationship between + + align:start position:0% +establish a relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +establish a relationship between +boardings and the peak load point then + + align:start position:0% +boardings and the peak load point then + + + align:start position:0% +boardings and the peak load point then +you can use that model to infer the peak + + align:start position:0% +you can use that model to infer the peak + + + align:start position:0% +you can use that model to infer the peak +load point from just boardings so this + + align:start position:0% +load point from just boardings so this + + + align:start position:0% +load point from just boardings so this +is a key thing to be efficient about + + align:start position:0% +is a key thing to be efficient about + + + align:start position:0% +is a key thing to be efficient about +data collection any questions on on this + + align:start position:0% +data collection any questions on on this + + + align:start position:0% +data collection any questions on on this +idea yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +both yeah + + align:start position:0% +both yeah + + + align:start position:0% +both yeah +both what tends to happen is that the + + align:start position:0% +both what tends to happen is that the + + + align:start position:0% +both what tends to happen is that the +APC it'll come in and it'll say at this + + align:start position:0% +APC it'll come in and it'll say at this + + + align:start position:0% +APC it'll come in and it'll say at this +stop this many people boarded as many + + align:start position:0% +stop this many people boarded as many + + + align:start position:0% +stop this many people boarded as many +people alighted right so you have other + + align:start position:0% +people alighted right so you have other + + + align:start position:0% +people alighted right so you have other +layers in your in your database let's + + align:start position:0% +layers in your in your database let's + + + align:start position:0% +layers in your in your database let's +say where that buses and how many what + + align:start position:0% +say where that buses and how many what + + + align:start position:0% +say where that buses and how many what +the distance is between each stop yeah + + align:start position:0% +the distance is between each stop yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the distance is between each stop yeah +between stops so and the stop here level + + align:start position:0% +between stops so and the stop here level + + + align:start position:0% +between stops so and the stop here level +so you then essentially know how many + + align:start position:0% +so you then essentially know how many + + + align:start position:0% +so you then essentially know how many +people are writing on each link and how + + align:start position:0% +people are writing on each link and how + + + align:start position:0% +people are writing on each link and how +long that link is and you multiply it + + align:start position:0% +long that link is and you multiply it + + + align:start position:0% +long that link is and you multiply it +with you so you get past mere miles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's right yes yeah they can they can + + align:start position:0% +that's right yes yeah they can they can + + + align:start position:0% +that's right yes yeah they can they can +and maybe see sometimes has reliability + + align:start position:0% +and maybe see sometimes has reliability + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe see sometimes has reliability +problems especially when vehicles are + + align:start position:0% +problems especially when vehicles are + + + align:start position:0% +problems especially when vehicles are +very full because sometimes you people + + align:start position:0% +very full because sometimes you people + + + align:start position:0% +very full because sometimes you people +will block the sensor by the door so + + align:start position:0% +will block the sensor by the door so + + + align:start position:0% +will block the sensor by the door so +actually people like to stand by the + + align:start position:0% +actually people like to stand by the + + + align:start position:0% +actually people like to stand by the +door all the time even when the bus + + align:start position:0% +door all the time even when the bus + + + align:start position:0% +door all the time even when the bus +isn't full and that kind of affects a PC + + align:start position:0% +isn't full and that kind of affects a PC + + + align:start position:0% +isn't full and that kind of affects a PC +you might notice this on the one if you + + align:start position:0% +you might notice this on the one if you + + + align:start position:0% +you might notice this on the one if you +take the one so yeah so you sometimes + + align:start position:0% +take the one so yeah so you sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +take the one so yeah so you sometimes +have a little bit of a manual effort to + + align:start position:0% +have a little bit of a manual effort to + + + align:start position:0% +have a little bit of a manual effort to +figure out just learn about your a PC + + align:start position:0% +figure out just learn about your a PC + + + align:start position:0% +figure out just learn about your a PC +system and what are the errors and when + + align:start position:0% +system and what are the errors and when + + + align:start position:0% +system and what are the errors and when +do you see them it often happens that + + align:start position:0% +do you see them it often happens that + + + align:start position:0% +do you see them it often happens that +you have more variation when you have + + align:start position:0% +you have more variation when you have + + + align:start position:0% +you have more variation when you have +very high loads and that's when ABC is + + align:start position:0% +very high loads and that's when ABC is + + + align:start position:0% +very high loads and that's when ABC is +least accurate so it all have comes + + align:start position:0% +least accurate so it all have comes + + + align:start position:0% +least accurate so it all have comes +together right yeah questions on the + + align:start position:0% +together right yeah questions on the + + + align:start position:0% +together right yeah questions on the +back I think I saw a question no that's + + align:start position:0% +back I think I saw a question no that's + + + align:start position:0% +back I think I saw a question no that's +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +yeah yeah these double things but + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah these double things but + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah these double things but +somebody might be by the door just + + align:start position:0% +somebody might be by the door just + + + align:start position:0% +somebody might be by the door just +blocking the two little sensors right + + align:start position:0% +blocking the two little sensors right + + + align:start position:0% +blocking the two little sensors right +that's a little lies and that's it no + + align:start position:0% +that's a little lies and that's it no + + + align:start position:0% +that's a little lies and that's it no +records no records of people getting on + + align:start position:0% +records no records of people getting on + + + align:start position:0% +records no records of people getting on +or off yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so if you're doing leader + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you're doing leader + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you're doing leader +collection as I said we use that with + + align:start position:0% +collection as I said we use that with + + + align:start position:0% +collection as I said we use that with +checkers and actually your second + + align:start position:0% +checkers and actually your second + + + align:start position:0% +checkers and actually your second +assignment you will be checkers of some + + align:start position:0% +assignment you will be checkers of some + + + align:start position:0% +assignment you will be checkers of some +kind + + align:start position:0% +kind + + + align:start position:0% +kind +the typical checkers which you won't be + + align:start position:0% +the typical checkers which you won't be + + + align:start position:0% +the typical checkers which you won't be +in this assignment or write checkers and + + align:start position:0% +in this assignment or write checkers and + + + align:start position:0% +in this assignment or write checkers and +point checkers + + align:start position:0% +point checkers + + + align:start position:0% +point checkers +so our write checker sits in the vehicle + + align:start position:0% +so our write checker sits in the vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +so our write checker sits in the vehicle +and rides with the vehicle and the + + align:start position:0% +and rides with the vehicle and the + + + align:start position:0% +and rides with the vehicle and the +typical thing that these write checkers + + align:start position:0% +typical thing that these write checkers + + + align:start position:0% +typical thing that these write checkers +are are looking at is how long did it + + align:start position:0% +are are looking at is how long did it + + + align:start position:0% +are are looking at is how long did it +take to cover some distance so what was + + align:start position:0% +take to cover some distance so what was + + + align:start position:0% +take to cover some distance so what was +the running time for that trip and also + + align:start position:0% +the running time for that trip and also + + + align:start position:0% +the running time for that trip and also +people getting on and off so they act as + + align:start position:0% +people getting on and off so they act as + + + align:start position:0% +people getting on and off so they act as +a PC essentially and they act as a VL + + align:start position:0% +a PC essentially and they act as a VL + + + align:start position:0% +a PC essentially and they act as a VL +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so a VL any PC together might replace + + align:start position:0% +so a VL any PC together might replace + + + align:start position:0% +so a VL any PC together might replace +most of the functionality of a write + + align:start position:0% +most of the functionality of a write + + + align:start position:0% +most of the functionality of a write +checker although our right checker often + + align:start position:0% +checker although our right checker often + + + align:start position:0% +checker although our right checker often +can conduct an onboard survey asking + + align:start position:0% +can conduct an onboard survey asking + + + align:start position:0% +can conduct an onboard survey asking +passengers about where are they going or + + align:start position:0% +passengers about where are they going or + + + align:start position:0% +passengers about where are they going or +their trip purpose or things related to + + align:start position:0% +their trip purpose or things related to + + + align:start position:0% +their trip purpose or things related to +social demographic switch you are + + align:start position:0% +social demographic switch you are + + + align:start position:0% +social demographic switch you are +qualitative and cannot be collected with + + align:start position:0% +qualitative and cannot be collected with + + + align:start position:0% +qualitative and cannot be collected with +sensors right point checkers stand + + align:start position:0% +sensors right point checkers stand + + + align:start position:0% +sensors right point checkers stand +outside of the vehicle if they stay at a + + align:start position:0% +outside of the vehicle if they stay at a + + + align:start position:0% +outside of the vehicle if they stay at a +specific place and they can look at + + align:start position:0% +specific place and they can look at + + + align:start position:0% +specific place and they can look at +headways between buses so how long did + + align:start position:0% +headways between buses so how long did + + + align:start position:0% +headways between buses so how long did +it take between each bus to come by and + + align:start position:0% +it take between each bus to come by and + + + align:start position:0% +it take between each bus to come by and +how loaded were these buses so if you + + align:start position:0% +how loaded were these buses so if you + + + align:start position:0% +how loaded were these buses so if you +want if you're interested in the peak + + align:start position:0% +want if you're interested in the peak + + + align:start position:0% +want if you're interested in the peak +load point and you know where the peak + + align:start position:0% +load point and you know where the peak + + + align:start position:0% +load point and you know where the peak +load point is and you just want to say + + align:start position:0% +load point is and you just want to say + + + align:start position:0% +load point is and you just want to say +that or observe measure how many what + + align:start position:0% +that or observe measure how many what + + + align:start position:0% +that or observe measure how many what +are the loads of the peak load point + + align:start position:0% +are the loads of the peak load point + + + align:start position:0% +are the loads of the peak load point +then you can just station a point + + align:start position:0% +then you can just station a point + + + align:start position:0% +then you can just station a point +checker at the peak load point and that + + align:start position:0% +checker at the peak load point and that + + + align:start position:0% +checker at the peak load point and that +person if it if that person is trained + + align:start position:0% +person if it if that person is trained + + + align:start position:0% +person if it if that person is trained +will be able to more or less say how + + align:start position:0% +will be able to more or less say how + + + align:start position:0% +will be able to more or less say how +many people are in the vehicle from + + align:start position:0% +many people are in the vehicle from + + + align:start position:0% +many people are in the vehicle from +looking at the vehicle okay with + + align:start position:0% +looking at the vehicle okay with + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the vehicle okay with +automated data collection systems yeah + + align:start position:0% +automated data collection systems yeah + + + align:start position:0% +automated data collection systems yeah +with a fair system we have passenger + + align:start position:0% +with a fair system we have passenger + + + align:start position:0% +with a fair system we have passenger +counts we have transaction data which is + + align:start position:0% +counts we have transaction data which is + + + align:start position:0% +counts we have transaction data which is +very rich + + align:start position:0% +very rich + + + align:start position:0% +very rich +it'll tell you not only that somebody is + + align:start position:0% +it'll tell you not only that somebody is + + + align:start position:0% +it'll tell you not only that somebody is +entering or exiting but also what how + + align:start position:0% +entering or exiting but also what how + + + align:start position:0% +entering or exiting but also what how +much they're paying maybe sometimes + + align:start position:0% +much they're paying maybe sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +much they're paying maybe sometimes +information about the fare product type + + align:start position:0% +information about the fare product type + + + align:start position:0% +information about the fare product type +which might help you infer this person + + align:start position:0% +which might help you infer this person + + + align:start position:0% +which might help you infer this person +is a senior or a student or a frequent + + align:start position:0% +is a senior or a student or a frequent + + + align:start position:0% +is a senior or a student or a frequent +user an infrequent user so many things + + align:start position:0% +user an infrequent user so many things + + + align:start position:0% +user an infrequent user so many things +that are very useful for planning and + + align:start position:0% +that are very useful for planning and + + + align:start position:0% +that are very useful for planning and +will get to play with some of these + + align:start position:0% +will get to play with some of these + + + align:start position:0% +will get to play with some of these +later in the course and then there's a + + align:start position:0% +later in the course and then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +later in the course and then there's a +automatic passenger counters a PC so as + + align:start position:0% +automatic passenger counters a PC so as + + + align:start position:0% +automatic passenger counters a PC so as +more and more systems switch to + + align:start position:0% +more and more systems switch to + + + align:start position:0% +more and more systems switch to +automatic data + + align:start position:0% +automatic data + + + align:start position:0% +automatic data +collection we still use some annual data + + align:start position:0% +collection we still use some annual data + + + align:start position:0% +collection we still use some annual data +collection but not in the traditional + + align:start position:0% +collection but not in the traditional + + + align:start position:0% +collection but not in the traditional +sense right well now we have now we + + align:start position:0% +sense right well now we have now we + + + align:start position:0% +sense right well now we have now we +reserve those resources for things like + + align:start position:0% +reserve those resources for things like + + + align:start position:0% +reserve those resources for things like +surveys about social demographic sand + + align:start position:0% +surveys about social demographic sand + + + align:start position:0% +surveys about social demographic sand +and other things and we also carry out + + align:start position:0% +and other things and we also carry out + + + align:start position:0% +and other things and we also carry out +web-based surveys these which are or + + align:start position:0% +web-based surveys these which are or + + + align:start position:0% +web-based surveys these which are or +have some biases but you might if people + + align:start position:0% +have some biases but you might if people + + + align:start position:0% +have some biases but you might if people +registered their cards and you have + + align:start position:0% +registered their cards and you have + + + align:start position:0% +registered their cards and you have +email accounts you can maybe send a mass + + align:start position:0% +email accounts you can maybe send a mass + + + align:start position:0% +email accounts you can maybe send a mass +email to everyone and carry out surveys + + align:start position:0% +email to everyone and carry out surveys + + + align:start position:0% +email to everyone and carry out surveys +the MBTA does that maybe some of you are + + align:start position:0% +the MBTA does that maybe some of you are + + + align:start position:0% +the MBTA does that maybe some of you are +in the panel of people who are emailed + + align:start position:0% +in the panel of people who are emailed + + + align:start position:0% +in the panel of people who are emailed +every now and then is anybody in that + + align:start position:0% +every now and then is anybody in that + + + align:start position:0% +every now and then is anybody in that +panel no hands I'm in that panel but I + + align:start position:0% +panel no hands I'm in that panel but I + + + align:start position:0% +panel no hands I'm in that panel but I +know somebody must be right so so yeah + + align:start position:0% +know somebody must be right so so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +know somebody must be right so so yeah +they send an email and they ask about + + align:start position:0% +they send an email and they ask about + + + align:start position:0% +they send an email and they ask about +your last ride and they say where that + + align:start position:0% +your last ride and they say where that + + + align:start position:0% +your last ride and they say where that +you start from what were you doing this + + align:start position:0% +you start from what were you doing this + + + align:start position:0% +you start from what were you doing this +trip for how that you how long that you + + align:start position:0% +trip for how that you how long that you + + + align:start position:0% +trip for how that you how long that you +have to walk are you happy with the + + align:start position:0% +have to walk are you happy with the + + + align:start position:0% +have to walk are you happy with the +system with your boss on time or did you + + align:start position:0% +system with your boss on time or did you + + + align:start position:0% +system with your boss on time or did you +yeah things like that how satisfied are + + align:start position:0% +yeah things like that how satisfied are + + + align:start position:0% +yeah things like that how satisfied are +you and they they have a you know it's a + + align:start position:0% +you and they they have a you know it's a + + + align:start position:0% +you and they they have a you know it's a +survey with qualitative questions that + + align:start position:0% +survey with qualitative questions that + + + align:start position:0% +survey with qualitative questions that +you couldn't collect automatically it's + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't collect automatically it's + + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't collect automatically it's +not seeing things about your experience + + align:start position:0% +not seeing things about your experience + + + align:start position:0% +not seeing things about your experience +outside of the bus which there's an + + align:start position:0% +outside of the bus which there's an + + + align:start position:0% +outside of the bus which there's an +Oriole sensors for so all right sampling + + align:start position:0% +Oriole sensors for so all right sampling + + + align:start position:0% +Oriole sensors for so all right sampling +strategies a bunch of different ones and + + align:start position:0% +strategies a bunch of different ones and + + + align:start position:0% +strategies a bunch of different ones and +the simplest one is called simple random + + align:start position:0% +the simplest one is called simple random + + + align:start position:0% +the simplest one is called simple random +sampling very very simple so when you + + align:start position:0% +sampling very very simple so when you + + + align:start position:0% +sampling very very simple so when you +have simple random something what + + align:start position:0% +have simple random something what + + + align:start position:0% +have simple random something what +happens is that every trip if you're + + align:start position:0% +happens is that every trip if you're + + + align:start position:0% +happens is that every trip if you're +looking at surveying trips for things + + align:start position:0% +looking at surveying trips for things + + + align:start position:0% +looking at surveying trips for things +like how many people boarded this trip + + align:start position:0% +like how many people boarded this trip + + + align:start position:0% +like how many people boarded this trip +so let's take that as an example right + + align:start position:0% +so let's take that as an example right + + + align:start position:0% +so let's take that as an example right +then if you're using simple random + + align:start position:0% +then if you're using simple random + + + align:start position:0% +then if you're using simple random +sampling every trip has equal likelihood + + align:start position:0% +sampling every trip has equal likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +sampling every trip has equal likelihood +of being picked and being surveyed so if + + align:start position:0% +of being picked and being surveyed so if + + + align:start position:0% +of being picked and being surveyed so if +you're if you have if you go through + + align:start position:0% +you're if you have if you go through + + + align:start position:0% +you're if you have if you go through +your process and you determine that you + + align:start position:0% +your process and you determine that you + + + align:start position:0% +your process and you determine that you +need to observe 100 trips to get an + + align:start position:0% +need to observe 100 trips to get an + + + align:start position:0% +need to observe 100 trips to get an +average reliably and you're gonna use + + align:start position:0% +average reliably and you're gonna use + + + align:start position:0% +average reliably and you're gonna use +that to plan something then you need to + + align:start position:0% +that to plan something then you need to + + + align:start position:0% +that to plan something then you need to +look at a hundred trips so if you use + + align:start position:0% +look at a hundred trips so if you use + + + align:start position:0% +look at a hundred trips so if you use +simple random sampling you take your + + align:start position:0% +simple random sampling you take your + + + align:start position:0% +simple random sampling you take your +schedule and you randomly pick 100 trips + + align:start position:0% +schedule and you randomly pick 100 trips + + + align:start position:0% +schedule and you randomly pick 100 trips +and that's your sample those are the + + align:start position:0% +and that's your sample those are the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's your sample those are the +ones that you send people out to collect + + align:start position:0% +ones that you send people out to collect + + + align:start position:0% +ones that you send people out to collect +leads now that there's a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +leads now that there's a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +leads now that there's a little bit of a +problem with that it's not the most + + align:start position:0% +problem with that it's not the most + + + align:start position:0% +problem with that it's not the most +efficient method right because if you're + + align:start position:0% +efficient method right because if you're + + + align:start position:0% +efficient method right because if you're +gonna send someone out and that person + + align:start position:0% +gonna send someone out and that person + + + align:start position:0% +gonna send someone out and that person +is gonna be active and have some require + + align:start position:0% +is gonna be active and have some require + + + align:start position:0% +is gonna be active and have some require +some time to get to the site and some + + align:start position:0% +some time to get to the site and some + + + align:start position:0% +some time to get to the site and some +time to return then once they're out + + align:start position:0% +time to return then once they're out + + + align:start position:0% +time to return then once they're out +there you kind of want them to + + align:start position:0% +there you kind of want them to + + + align:start position:0% +there you kind of want them to +as much as they can right so that's not + + align:start position:0% +as much as they can right so that's not + + + align:start position:0% +as much as they can right so that's not +simple random sampling + + align:start position:0% +simple random sampling + + + align:start position:0% +simple random sampling +that's cluster sampling before we get to + + align:start position:0% +that's cluster sampling before we get to + + + align:start position:0% +that's cluster sampling before we get to +systematic sampling so typically so + + align:start position:0% +systematic sampling so typically so + + + align:start position:0% +systematic sampling so typically so +instead of picking randomly we say okay + + align:start position:0% +instead of picking randomly we say okay + + + align:start position:0% +instead of picking randomly we say okay +we need to get 10% of the other trips so + + align:start position:0% +we need to get 10% of the other trips so + + + align:start position:0% +we need to get 10% of the other trips so +let's just make it such that we count + + align:start position:0% +let's just make it such that we count + + + align:start position:0% +let's just make it such that we count +and maybe it's every five trips we have + + align:start position:0% +and maybe it's every five trips we have + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe it's every five trips we have +to survey it so now it's evenly spaced + + align:start position:0% +to survey it so now it's evenly spaced + + + align:start position:0% +to survey it so now it's evenly spaced +and this is useful for some things + + align:start position:0% +and this is useful for some things + + + align:start position:0% +and this is useful for some things +one example is weekday picking the + + align:start position:0% +one example is weekday picking the + + + align:start position:0% +one example is weekday picking the +weekday that you're going to survey on + + align:start position:0% +weekday that you're going to survey on + + + align:start position:0% +weekday that you're going to survey on +so the technique that is often use is + + align:start position:0% +so the technique that is often use is + + + align:start position:0% +so the technique that is often use is +sample every six days why would that be + + align:start position:0% +sample every six days why would that be + + + align:start position:0% +sample every six days why would that be +yeah so if you do it every seven that + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you do it every seven that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so if you do it every seven that +then you always have a Monday and that's + + align:start position:0% +then you always have a Monday and that's + + + align:start position:0% +then you always have a Monday and that's +going to get some bias if Monday's + + align:start position:0% +going to get some bias if Monday's + + + align:start position:0% +going to get some bias if Monday's +happened to be low ridership days or + + align:start position:0% +happened to be low ridership days or + + + align:start position:0% +happened to be low ridership days or +high ridership days so if you do six + + align:start position:0% +high ridership days so if you do six + + + align:start position:0% +high ridership days so if you do six +every sixth day over a year you have a + + align:start position:0% +every sixth day over a year you have a + + + align:start position:0% +every sixth day over a year you have a +good sample of every weekday right so + + align:start position:0% +good sample of every weekday right so + + + align:start position:0% +good sample of every weekday right so +that's an example of systematic sampling + + align:start position:0% +that's an example of systematic sampling + + + align:start position:0% +that's an example of systematic sampling +but you still have that issue of it + + align:start position:0% +but you still have that issue of it + + + align:start position:0% +but you still have that issue of it +might not be the most efficient cluster + + align:start position:0% +might not be the most efficient cluster + + + align:start position:0% +might not be the most efficient cluster +sampling is well sometimes it's more + + align:start position:0% +sampling is well sometimes it's more + + + align:start position:0% +sampling is well sometimes it's more +efficient once you send out a person to + + align:start position:0% +efficient once you send out a person to + + + align:start position:0% +efficient once you send out a person to +collect data to do as much as possible + + align:start position:0% +collect data to do as much as possible + + + align:start position:0% +collect data to do as much as possible +and you survey a cluster so one example + + align:start position:0% +and you survey a cluster so one example + + + align:start position:0% +and you survey a cluster so one example +is if you're distributing surveys to + + align:start position:0% +is if you're distributing surveys to + + + align:start position:0% +is if you're distributing surveys to +passengers and you need to distribute a + + align:start position:0% +passengers and you need to distribute a + + + align:start position:0% +passengers and you need to distribute a +hundred surveys if we do 100 random + + align:start position:0% +hundred surveys if we do 100 random + + + align:start position:0% +hundred surveys if we do 100 random +simple random sample then those people + + align:start position:0% +simple random sample then those people + + + align:start position:0% +simple random sample then those people +might be in different parts of the + + align:start position:0% +might be in different parts of the + + + align:start position:0% +might be in different parts of the +system and you know if one might be the + + align:start position:0% +system and you know if one might be the + + + align:start position:0% +system and you know if one might be the +first person you see getting off at + + align:start position:0% +first person you see getting off at + + + align:start position:0% +first person you see getting off at +South Station and another one by me + + align:start position:0% +South Station and another one by me + + + align:start position:0% +South Station and another one by me +might might be the first person you see + + align:start position:0% +might might be the first person you see + + + align:start position:0% +might might be the first person you see +getting off at ya Kendyl station so + + align:start position:0% +getting off at ya Kendyl station so + + + align:start position:0% +getting off at ya Kendyl station so +that's very inefficient so a cluster + + align:start position:0% +that's very inefficient so a cluster + + + align:start position:0% +that's very inefficient so a cluster +might be everybody on board a bus and + + align:start position:0% +might be everybody on board a bus and + + + align:start position:0% +might be everybody on board a bus and +that will get a bunch of people together + + align:start position:0% +that will get a bunch of people together + + + align:start position:0% +that will get a bunch of people together +however it's not as efficient + + align:start position:0% +however it's not as efficient + + + align:start position:0% +however it's not as efficient +statistically to do that so you can't + + align:start position:0% +statistically to do that so you can't + + + align:start position:0% +statistically to do that so you can't +just add up to a hundred and you're done + + align:start position:0% +just add up to a hundred and you're done + + + align:start position:0% +just add up to a hundred and you're done +because there might be some correlation + + align:start position:0% +because there might be some correlation + + + align:start position:0% +because there might be some correlation +you know with within the people writing + + align:start position:0% +you know with within the people writing + + + align:start position:0% +you know with within the people writing +that vehicle that they will tend to + + align:start position:0% +that vehicle that they will tend to + + + align:start position:0% +that vehicle that they will tend to +answer in a similar way so you may need + + align:start position:0% +answer in a similar way so you may need + + + align:start position:0% +answer in a similar way so you may need +to increase your sample size when you + + align:start position:0% +to increase your sample size when you + + + align:start position:0% +to increase your sample size when you +use this technique but still you might + + align:start position:0% +use this technique but still you might + + + align:start position:0% +use this technique but still you might +have a more efficient sampling time then + + align:start position:0% +have a more efficient sampling time then + + + align:start position:0% +have a more efficient sampling time then +there's the ratio estimation and + + align:start position:0% +there's the ratio estimation and + + + align:start position:0% +there's the ratio estimation and +conversions + + align:start position:0% +conversions + + + align:start position:0% +conversions +actors we gave examples of this already + + align:start position:0% +actors we gave examples of this already + + + align:start position:0% +actors we gave examples of this already +this is in the context of baseline phase + + align:start position:0% +this is in the context of baseline phase + + + align:start position:0% +this is in the context of baseline phase +and then monitoring phase so you started + + align:start position:0% +and then monitoring phase so you started + + + align:start position:0% +and then monitoring phase so you started +with a baseline phase and in the + + align:start position:0% +with a baseline phase and in the + + + align:start position:0% +with a baseline phase and in the +baseline face you collect the thing you + + align:start position:0% +baseline face you collect the thing you + + + align:start position:0% +baseline face you collect the thing you +really want and something that is very + + align:start position:0% +really want and something that is very + + + align:start position:0% +really want and something that is very +easily collected with lower resources + + align:start position:0% +easily collected with lower resources + + + align:start position:0% +easily collected with lower resources +and you make a model of the thing you + + align:start position:0% +and you make a model of the thing you + + + align:start position:0% +and you make a model of the thing you +really want as a function of the thing + + align:start position:0% +really want as a function of the thing + + + align:start position:0% +really want as a function of the thing +that is cheap and easy to collect and + + align:start position:0% +that is cheap and easy to collect and + + + align:start position:0% +that is cheap and easy to collect and +then in the monitoring phase you only + + align:start position:0% +then in the monitoring phase you only + + + align:start position:0% +then in the monitoring phase you only +measure the thing that is cheap and easy + + align:start position:0% +measure the thing that is cheap and easy + + + align:start position:0% +measure the thing that is cheap and easy +and quick and you then use the model to + + align:start position:0% +and quick and you then use the model to + + + align:start position:0% +and quick and you then use the model to +estimate though what you really want so + + align:start position:0% +estimate though what you really want so + + + align:start position:0% +estimate though what you really want so +converting AFC boarding so passenger + + align:start position:0% +converting AFC boarding so passenger + + + align:start position:0% +converting AFC boarding so passenger +miles we give it an example of that or + + align:start position:0% +miles we give it an example of that or + + + align:start position:0% +miles we give it an example of that or +converting loads at check points to load + + align:start position:0% +converting loads at check points to load + + + align:start position:0% +converting loads at check points to load +somewhere else right so maybe you only + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else right so maybe you only + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else right so maybe you only +measure loads with a point checker at + + align:start position:0% +measure loads with a point checker at + + + align:start position:0% +measure loads with a point checker at +the peak load point and you have some + + align:start position:0% +the peak load point and you have some + + + align:start position:0% +the peak load point and you have some +relationship to convert those loads to + + align:start position:0% +relationship to convert those loads to + + + align:start position:0% +relationship to convert those loads to +loads at other key transfer stations an + + align:start position:0% +loads at other key transfer stations an + + + align:start position:0% +loads at other key transfer stations an +example and then there's stratified + + align:start position:0% +example and then there's stratified + + + align:start position:0% +example and then there's stratified +sampling so one of the things that + + align:start position:0% +sampling so one of the things that + + + align:start position:0% +sampling so one of the things that +determines how big of a sample you need + + align:start position:0% +determines how big of a sample you need + + + align:start position:0% +determines how big of a sample you need +is the variability in the data that + + align:start position:0% +is the variability in the data that + + + align:start position:0% +is the variability in the data that +you're collecting right so correlation + + align:start position:0% +you're collecting right so correlation + + + align:start position:0% +you're collecting right so correlation +when you're looking at a whole system + + align:start position:0% +when you're looking at a whole system + + + align:start position:0% +when you're looking at a whole system +with multiple roots or multiple segments + + align:start position:0% +with multiple roots or multiple segments + + + align:start position:0% +with multiple roots or multiple segments +maybe when you look at one root there's + + align:start position:0% +maybe when you look at one root there's + + + align:start position:0% +maybe when you look at one root there's +some some variability of running times + + align:start position:0% +some some variability of running times + + + align:start position:0% +some some variability of running times +but they have a central tendency as well + + align:start position:0% +but they have a central tendency as well + + + align:start position:0% +but they have a central tendency as well +right and when you get a second root you + + align:start position:0% +right and when you get a second root you + + + align:start position:0% +right and when you get a second root you +have also some variability and a + + align:start position:0% +have also some variability and a + + + align:start position:0% +have also some variability and a +different central tendency if you bunch + + align:start position:0% +different central tendency if you bunch + + + align:start position:0% +different central tendency if you bunch +all the data together some of the + + align:start position:0% +all the data together some of the + + + align:start position:0% +all the data together some of the +variability across the data points in + + align:start position:0% +variability across the data points in + + + align:start position:0% +variability across the data points in +our data set are gonna be the inherent + + align:start position:0% +our data set are gonna be the inherent + + + align:start position:0% +our data set are gonna be the inherent +variability of each root and so some + + align:start position:0% +variability of each root and so some + + + align:start position:0% +variability of each root and so some +will be systematic the differences + + align:start position:0% +will be systematic the differences + + + align:start position:0% +will be systematic the differences +between both roots right so if you do a + + align:start position:0% +between both roots right so if you do a + + + align:start position:0% +between both roots right so if you do a +simple random sample and you don't + + align:start position:0% +simple random sample and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +simple random sample and you don't +separate the systematic variability from + + align:start position:0% +separate the systematic variability from + + + align:start position:0% +separate the systematic variability from +the inherent variability then you're + + align:start position:0% +the inherent variability then you're + + + align:start position:0% +the inherent variability then you're +gonna get a wider variability and we'll + + align:start position:0% +gonna get a wider variability and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get a wider variability and we'll +you will require a bigger sample size + + align:start position:0% +you will require a bigger sample size + + + align:start position:0% +you will require a bigger sample size +stratified sampling is an approach where + + align:start position:0% +stratified sampling is an approach where + + + align:start position:0% +stratified sampling is an approach where +you determine sample sizes for each of + + align:start position:0% +you determine sample sizes for each of + + + align:start position:0% +you determine sample sizes for each of +these separately and it's more efficient + + align:start position:0% +these separately and it's more efficient + + + align:start position:0% +these separately and it's more efficient +if you do it well because you you + + align:start position:0% +if you do it well because you you + + + align:start position:0% +if you do it well because you you +eliminate the need or you at least + + align:start position:0% +eliminate the need or you at least + + + align:start position:0% +eliminate the need or you at least +reduce the need to collect data for the + + align:start position:0% +reduce the need to collect data for the + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the need to collect data for the +sake of the systematic differences + + align:start position:0% +sake of the systematic differences + + + align:start position:0% +sake of the systematic differences +between different parts of the system + + align:start position:0% +between different parts of the system + + + align:start position:0% +between different parts of the system +any questions are + + align:start position:0% +any questions are + + + align:start position:0% +any questions are +these methods yes yeah so that's maybe + + align:start position:0% +these methods yes yeah so that's maybe + + + align:start position:0% +these methods yes yeah so that's maybe +pick another example okay let's say that + + align:start position:0% +pick another example okay let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +pick another example okay let's say that +you're looking at the proportion of + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at the proportion of + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at the proportion of +passengers in a bus who are students and + + align:start position:0% +passengers in a bus who are students and + + + align:start position:0% +passengers in a bus who are students and +you're distributing a survey and they + + align:start position:0% +you're distributing a survey and they + + + align:start position:0% +you're distributing a survey and they +they they tell you whether there are + + align:start position:0% +they they tell you whether there are + + + align:start position:0% +they they tell you whether there are +students or not okay if one were to do + + align:start position:0% +students or not okay if one were to do + + + align:start position:0% +students or not okay if one were to do +and you want this for the whole system + + align:start position:0% +and you want this for the whole system + + + align:start position:0% +and you want this for the whole system +or for at least a group of routes right + + align:start position:0% +or for at least a group of routes right + + + align:start position:0% +or for at least a group of routes right +and it tends to be that some routes + + align:start position:0% +and it tends to be that some routes + + + align:start position:0% +and it tends to be that some routes +don't serve universities and don't serve + + align:start position:0% +don't serve universities and don't serve + + + align:start position:0% +don't serve universities and don't serve +schools so they have a lower proportion + + align:start position:0% +schools so they have a lower proportion + + + align:start position:0% +schools so they have a lower proportion +of people right and then some routes + + align:start position:0% +of people right and then some routes + + + align:start position:0% +of people right and then some routes +that do go through universities and they + + align:start position:0% +that do go through universities and they + + + align:start position:0% +that do go through universities and they +have a higher proportion of students so + + align:start position:0% +have a higher proportion of students so + + + align:start position:0% +have a higher proportion of students so +if you just want the system-wide + + align:start position:0% +if you just want the system-wide + + + align:start position:0% +if you just want the system-wide +proportion of people who are students + + align:start position:0% +proportion of people who are students + + + align:start position:0% +proportion of people who are students +and you join all these data points + + align:start position:0% +and you join all these data points + + + align:start position:0% +and you join all these data points +together there's gonna be a lot of + + align:start position:0% +together there's gonna be a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +together there's gonna be a lot of +variability in what proportion that is + + align:start position:0% +variability in what proportion that is + + + align:start position:0% +variability in what proportion that is +across every trip that you survey + + align:start position:0% +across every trip that you survey + + + align:start position:0% +across every trip that you survey +correct okay so it that will be in some + + align:start position:0% +correct okay so it that will be in some + + + align:start position:0% +correct okay so it that will be in some +sense it will indicate that because of + + align:start position:0% +sense it will indicate that because of + + + align:start position:0% +sense it will indicate that because of +that variability + + align:start position:0% +that variability + + + align:start position:0% +that variability +you're gonna need a higher sampling size + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna need a higher sampling size + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna need a higher sampling size +you're gonna have to sample you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to sample you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to sample you're gonna +have to survey more trips to get at your + + align:start position:0% +have to survey more trips to get at your + + + align:start position:0% +have to survey more trips to get at your +desired accuracy level and tolerance + + align:start position:0% +desired accuracy level and tolerance + + + align:start position:0% +desired accuracy level and tolerance +okay but now if you say no I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +okay but now if you say no I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +okay but now if you say no I'm gonna +split routes into into two stratus one + + align:start position:0% +split routes into into two stratus one + + + align:start position:0% +split routes into into two stratus one +is the other routes that serve the + + align:start position:0% +is the other routes that serve the + + + align:start position:0% +is the other routes that serve the +universities and these tend to have + + align:start position:0% +universities and these tend to have + + + align:start position:0% +universities and these tend to have +around fifty percent proportion and then + + align:start position:0% +around fifty percent proportion and then + + + align:start position:0% +around fifty percent proportion and then +there's the certain routes that don't + + align:start position:0% +there's the certain routes that don't + + + align:start position:0% +there's the certain routes that don't +serve universities on these tend to have + + align:start position:0% +serve universities on these tend to have + + + align:start position:0% +serve universities on these tend to have +proportions near zero right so if you're + + align:start position:0% +proportions near zero right so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +proportions near zero right so if you're +near cereal you might require a lower + + align:start position:0% +near cereal you might require a lower + + + align:start position:0% +near cereal you might require a lower +sample size to cover those and you can + + align:start position:0% +sample size to cover those and you can + + + align:start position:0% +sample size to cover those and you can +just very efficiently cover most of your + + align:start position:0% +just very efficiently cover most of your + + + align:start position:0% +just very efficiently cover most of your +bus routes that way and then focus your + + align:start position:0% +bus routes that way and then focus your + + + align:start position:0% +bus routes that way and then focus your +efforts on just the ones that have + + align:start position:0% +efforts on just the ones that have + + + align:start position:0% +efforts on just the ones that have +higher proportion and you achieve your + + align:start position:0% +higher proportion and you achieve your + + + align:start position:0% +higher proportion and you achieve your +system level tolerance requirement with + + align:start position:0% +system level tolerance requirement with + + + align:start position:0% +system level tolerance requirement with +much fewer with yeah by far fewer + + align:start position:0% +much fewer with yeah by far fewer + + + align:start position:0% +much fewer with yeah by far fewer +resources required to collect the data + + align:start position:0% +resources required to collect the data + + + align:start position:0% +resources required to collect the data +does that answer your question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what I meant by inherent is that + + align:start position:0% +so what I meant by inherent is that + + + align:start position:0% +so what I meant by inherent is that +within each bus route or within each + + align:start position:0% +within each bus route or within each + + + align:start position:0% +within each bus route or within each +strata there will be some variability + + align:start position:0% +strata there will be some variability + + + align:start position:0% +strata there will be some variability +right even within the trips that are + + align:start position:0% +right even within the trips that are + + + align:start position:0% +right even within the trips that are +serving universities every trip might + + align:start position:0% +serving universities every trip might + + + align:start position:0% +serving universities every trip might +have a different proportion so there's + + align:start position:0% +have a different proportion so there's + + + align:start position:0% +have a different proportion so there's +gonna be a little bit of variability in + + align:start position:0% +gonna be a little bit of variability in + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be a little bit of variability in +that but if you mix that with trips that + + align:start position:0% +that but if you mix that with trips that + + + align:start position:0% +that but if you mix that with trips that +are not serving students then you pull + + align:start position:0% +are not serving students then you pull + + + align:start position:0% +are not serving students then you pull +all that data together then it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +all that data together then it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +all that data together then it's gonna +look like the variance of that data set + + align:start position:0% +look like the variance of that data set + + + align:start position:0% +look like the variance of that data set +is much higher all right so we've tossed + + align:start position:0% +is much higher all right so we've tossed + + + align:start position:0% +is much higher all right so we've tossed +these terms around tolerance confidence + + align:start position:0% +these terms around tolerance confidence + + + align:start position:0% +these terms around tolerance confidence +level accuracy so let's define them more + + align:start position:0% +level accuracy so let's define them more + + + align:start position:0% +level accuracy so let's define them more +precisely accuracy when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +precisely accuracy when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +precisely accuracy when we talk about +accuracy it has two dimensions so + + align:start position:0% +accuracy it has two dimensions so + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy it has two dimensions so +somebody might say the average boardings + + align:start position:0% +somebody might say the average boardings + + + align:start position:0% +somebody might say the average boardings +per trip is thirty three point one and + + align:start position:0% +per trip is thirty three point one and + + + align:start position:0% +per trip is thirty three point one and +then the question that follows is do you + + align:start position:0% +then the question that follows is do you + + + align:start position:0% +then the question that follows is do you +mean exactly thirty three point one is + + align:start position:0% +mean exactly thirty three point one is + + + align:start position:0% +mean exactly thirty three point one is +that how certain are you of that and how + + align:start position:0% +that how certain are you of that and how + + + align:start position:0% +that how certain are you of that and how +accurate is that so when you say when we + + align:start position:0% +accurate is that so when you say when we + + + align:start position:0% +accurate is that so when you say when we +talk about tolerance there's a relative + + align:start position:0% +talk about tolerance there's a relative + + + align:start position:0% +talk about tolerance there's a relative +tolerance and there's absolute tolerance + + align:start position:0% +tolerance and there's absolute tolerance + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance and there's absolute tolerance +relative tolerance is expressed in terms + + align:start position:0% +relative tolerance is expressed in terms + + + align:start position:0% +relative tolerance is expressed in terms +of a percent of the amount you were + + align:start position:0% +of a percent of the amount you were + + + align:start position:0% +of a percent of the amount you were +collecting or a fraction right so you + + align:start position:0% +collecting or a fraction right so you + + + align:start position:0% +collecting or a fraction right so you +might say mean boardings per trip is + + align:start position:0% +might say mean boardings per trip is + + + align:start position:0% +might say mean boardings per trip is +thirty three point one plus or minus ten + + align:start position:0% +thirty three point one plus or minus ten + + + align:start position:0% +thirty three point one plus or minus ten +percent and it's the ten percent of 33.1 + + align:start position:0% +percent and it's the ten percent of 33.1 + + + align:start position:0% +percent and it's the ten percent of 33.1 +that's why it's relative tolerance then + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's relative tolerance then + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's relative tolerance then +there's absolute silence so mean + + align:start position:0% +there's absolute silence so mean + + + align:start position:0% +there's absolute silence so mean +boardings per trips 31 plus or minus + + align:start position:0% +boardings per trips 31 plus or minus + + + align:start position:0% +boardings per trips 31 plus or minus +three point three now in this case these + + align:start position:0% +three point three now in this case these + + + align:start position:0% +three point three now in this case these +two are equivalent right three point + + align:start position:0% +two are equivalent right three point + + + align:start position:0% +two are equivalent right three point +three in absolute terms is ten percent + + align:start position:0% +three in absolute terms is ten percent + + + align:start position:0% +three in absolute terms is ten percent +of thirty three point one but this was + + align:start position:0% +of thirty three point one but this was + + + align:start position:0% +of thirty three point one but this was +expressed in absolute terms and the + + align:start position:0% +expressed in absolute terms and the + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in absolute terms and the +previous one was expressed in relative + + align:start position:0% +previous one was expressed in relative + + + align:start position:0% +previous one was expressed in relative +terms so don't always assume that if you + + align:start position:0% +terms so don't always assume that if you + + + align:start position:0% +terms so don't always assume that if you +see a percent it's relative because if + + align:start position:0% +see a percent it's relative because if + + + align:start position:0% +see a percent it's relative because if +what you're measuring is in itself a + + align:start position:0% +what you're measuring is in itself a + + + align:start position:0% +what you're measuring is in itself a +percent unless you're using a percent of + + align:start position:0% +percent unless you're using a percent of + + + align:start position:0% +percent unless you're using a percent of +a percent then it's absolute so here's + + align:start position:0% +a percent then it's absolute so here's + + + align:start position:0% +a percent then it's absolute so here's +an example mean percentage of students + + align:start position:0% +an example mean percentage of students + + + align:start position:0% +an example mean percentage of students +is twenty three percent plus or minus + + align:start position:0% +is twenty three percent plus or minus + + + align:start position:0% +is twenty three percent plus or minus +five percent that's absolute because + + align:start position:0% +five percent that's absolute because + + + align:start position:0% +five percent that's absolute because +it's five percent not five percent of + + align:start position:0% +it's five percent not five percent of + + + align:start position:0% +it's five percent not five percent of +twenty three percent okay okay the + + align:start position:0% +twenty three percent okay okay the + + + align:start position:0% +twenty three percent okay okay the +second question but first we talked + + align:start position:0% +second question but first we talked + + + align:start position:0% +second question but first we talked +about is that exactly thirty three point + + align:start position:0% +about is that exactly thirty three point + + + align:start position:0% +about is that exactly thirty three point +one or is it something different from + + align:start position:0% +one or is it something different from + + + align:start position:0% +one or is it something different from +thirty three point one and then the + + align:start position:0% +thirty three point one and then the + + + align:start position:0% +thirty three point one and then the +second question is how + + align:start position:0% +second question is how + + + align:start position:0% +second question is how +sure are you how confident are you that + + align:start position:0% +sure are you how confident are you that + + + align:start position:0% +sure are you how confident are you that +the number you give plus or minus the + + align:start position:0% +the number you give plus or minus the + + + align:start position:0% +the number you give plus or minus the +tolerance you give is is the right + + align:start position:0% +tolerance you give is is the right + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance you give is is the right +answer so now you say I'm 95% confident + + align:start position:0% +answer so now you say I'm 95% confident + + + align:start position:0% +answer so now you say I'm 95% confident +that the mean boardings per trip is 33 + + align:start position:0% +that the mean boardings per trip is 33 + + + align:start position:0% +that the mean boardings per trip is 33 +point 1 plus or minus 10% so now you + + align:start position:0% +point 1 plus or minus 10% so now you + + + align:start position:0% +point 1 plus or minus 10% so now you +combine the tolerance with a confidence + + align:start position:0% +combine the tolerance with a confidence + + + align:start position:0% +combine the tolerance with a confidence +level and that's the full expression of + + align:start position:0% +level and that's the full expression of + + + align:start position:0% +level and that's the full expression of +your accuracy and that's what you need + + align:start position:0% +your accuracy and that's what you need + + + align:start position:0% +your accuracy and that's what you need +when when we look out in data collection + + align:start position:0% +when when we look out in data collection + + + align:start position:0% +when when we look out in data collection +so you have two different things that + + align:start position:0% +so you have two different things that + + + align:start position:0% +so you have two different things that +you could play with and what happens + + align:start position:0% +you could play with and what happens + + + align:start position:0% +you could play with and what happens +typically is that you choose a high + + align:start position:0% +typically is that you choose a high + + + align:start position:0% +typically is that you choose a high +confidence level 90% 95% are typical and + + align:start position:0% +confidence level 90% 95% are typical and + + + align:start position:0% +confidence level 90% 95% are typical and +then you hold that fixed and you + + align:start position:0% +then you hold that fixed and you + + + align:start position:0% +then you hold that fixed and you +calculate what level of accuracy you + + align:start position:0% +calculate what level of accuracy you + + + align:start position:0% +calculate what level of accuracy you +need or rather you decide what level of + + align:start position:0% +need or rather you decide what level of + + + align:start position:0% +need or rather you decide what level of +accuracy you need depending on the + + align:start position:0% +accuracy you need depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy you need depending on the +question you want to answer and the + + align:start position:0% +question you want to answer and the + + + align:start position:0% +question you want to answer and the +impact it could have on the system right + + align:start position:0% +impact it could have on the system right + + + align:start position:0% +impact it could have on the system right +so if you're looking to something that + + align:start position:0% +so if you're looking to something that + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're looking to something that +will have very significant effects on + + align:start position:0% +will have very significant effects on + + + align:start position:0% +will have very significant effects on +the service plan and on or maybe on + + align:start position:0% +the service plan and on or maybe on + + + align:start position:0% +the service plan and on or maybe on +investment in the system then you might + + align:start position:0% +investment in the system then you might + + + align:start position:0% +investment in the system then you might +need a higher accuracy right but if + + align:start position:0% +need a higher accuracy right but if + + + align:start position:0% +need a higher accuracy right but if +you're collecting data just for + + align:start position:0% +you're collecting data just for + + + align:start position:0% +you're collecting data just for +reporting maybe it doesn't matter as + + align:start position:0% +reporting maybe it doesn't matter as + + + align:start position:0% +reporting maybe it doesn't matter as +much and you don't need to spend as much + + align:start position:0% +much and you don't need to spend as much + + + align:start position:0% +much and you don't need to spend as much +money on data collection so as I'm a + + align:start position:0% +money on data collection so as I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +money on data collection so as I'm a +second example here the national transit + + align:start position:0% +second example here the national transit + + + align:start position:0% +second example here the national transit +database though which NTD we call MTD + + align:start position:0% +database though which NTD we call MTD + + + align:start position:0% +database though which NTD we call MTD +for annual boardings and passenger miles + + align:start position:0% +for annual boardings and passenger miles + + + align:start position:0% +for annual boardings and passenger miles +it says you should collect data to + + align:start position:0% +it says you should collect data to + + + align:start position:0% +it says you should collect data to +achieve an accuracy of 10 percent + + align:start position:0% +achieve an accuracy of 10 percent + + + align:start position:0% +achieve an accuracy of 10 percent +relative tolerance at 95% confidence + + align:start position:0% +relative tolerance at 95% confidence + + + align:start position:0% +relative tolerance at 95% confidence +level you need both take-home message + + align:start position:0% +level you need both take-home message + + + align:start position:0% +level you need both take-home message +about this okay the other thing the + + align:start position:0% +about this okay the other thing the + + + align:start position:0% +about this okay the other thing the +t-distribution so this is a probability + + align:start position:0% +t-distribution so this is a probability + + + align:start position:0% +t-distribution so this is a probability +distribution that is bell-shaped it kind + + align:start position:0% +distribution that is bell-shaped it kind + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that is bell-shaped it kind +of looks like the normal distribution + + align:start position:0% +of looks like the normal distribution + + + align:start position:0% +of looks like the normal distribution +and it approaches the normal + + align:start position:0% +and it approaches the normal + + + align:start position:0% +and it approaches the normal +distribution as the sample size gets + + align:start position:0% +distribution as the sample size gets + + + align:start position:0% +distribution as the sample size gets +very large this is the distribution that + + align:start position:0% +very large this is the distribution that + + + align:start position:0% +very large this is the distribution that +arises naturally when you're estimating + + align:start position:0% +arises naturally when you're estimating + + + align:start position:0% +arises naturally when you're estimating +the mean of a population that is + + align:start position:0% +the mean of a population that is + + + align:start position:0% +the mean of a population that is +normally distributed with unknown mean + + align:start position:0% +normally distributed with unknown mean + + + align:start position:0% +normally distributed with unknown mean +and variance and some known sample size + + align:start position:0% +and variance and some known sample size + + + align:start position:0% +and variance and some known sample size +so to the right here we have your + + align:start position:0% +so to the right here we have your + + + align:start position:0% +so to the right here we have your +equations that you know I'm sure you've + + align:start position:0% +equations that you know I'm sure you've + + + align:start position:0% +equations that you know I'm sure you've +seen before for sample mean sample + + align:start position:0% +seen before for sample mean sample + + + align:start position:0% +seen before for sample mean sample +variance and I guess what's important to + + align:start position:0% +variance and I guess what's important to + + + align:start position:0% +variance and I guess what's important to +think about is that the distribution of + + align:start position:0% +think about is that the distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +think about is that the distribution of +what you're collecting for example we + + align:start position:0% +what you're collecting for example we + + + align:start position:0% +what you're collecting for example we +might be collecting data on a number of + + align:start position:0% +might be collecting data on a number of + + + align:start position:0% +might be collecting data on a number of +people boarding route 1 okay so that + + align:start position:0% +people boarding route 1 okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +people boarding route 1 okay so that +might have some distribution as you + + align:start position:0% +might have some distribution as you + + + align:start position:0% +might have some distribution as you +collect more and more data so as you + + align:start position:0% +collect more and more data so as you + + + align:start position:0% +collect more and more data so as you +survey more and more trips you're + + align:start position:0% +survey more and more trips you're + + + align:start position:0% +survey more and more trips you're +probably gonna get well the the + + align:start position:0% +probably gonna get well the the + + + align:start position:0% +probably gonna get well the the +distribution of how many people board + + align:start position:0% +distribution of how many people board + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of how many people board +each trip does not necessarily have to + + align:start position:0% +each trip does not necessarily have to + + + align:start position:0% +each trip does not necessarily have to +be normal right but it turns out from + + align:start position:0% +be normal right but it turns out from + + + align:start position:0% +be normal right but it turns out from +the central limit theorem and other yeah + + align:start position:0% +the central limit theorem and other yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the central limit theorem and other yeah +other sort of laws and properties of + + align:start position:0% +other sort of laws and properties of + + + align:start position:0% +other sort of laws and properties of +statistics and probability that the + + align:start position:0% +statistics and probability that the + + + align:start position:0% +statistics and probability that the +distribution of the estimator so the + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the estimator so the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the estimator so the +distribution of the mean that you + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the mean that you + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of the mean that you +calculate based on that sample that you + + align:start position:0% +calculate based on that sample that you + + + align:start position:0% +calculate based on that sample that you +collected is normally distributed as the + + align:start position:0% +collected is normally distributed as the + + + align:start position:0% +collected is normally distributed as the +sample size increases so if you have a + + align:start position:0% +sample size increases so if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +sample size increases so if you have a +lower sample size instead of using the + + align:start position:0% +lower sample size instead of using the + + + align:start position:0% +lower sample size instead of using the +normal distribution you use a T + + align:start position:0% +normal distribution you use a T + + + align:start position:0% +normal distribution you use a T +distribution and sometimes we call that + + align:start position:0% +distribution and sometimes we call that + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and sometimes we call that +a student at East Uddin distribution and + + align:start position:0% +a student at East Uddin distribution and + + + align:start position:0% +a student at East Uddin distribution and +this distribution gets wider as the + + align:start position:0% +this distribution gets wider as the + + + align:start position:0% +this distribution gets wider as the +variability increases right and and as + + align:start position:0% +variability increases right and and as + + + align:start position:0% +variability increases right and and as +the sample size gets smaller it has a + + align:start position:0% +the sample size gets smaller it has a + + + align:start position:0% +the sample size gets smaller it has a +property called degrees of freedom which + + align:start position:0% +property called degrees of freedom which + + + align:start position:0% +property called degrees of freedom which +is sample size minus 1 and you can see + + align:start position:0% +is sample size minus 1 and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +is sample size minus 1 and you can see +from this chart right here when you have + + align:start position:0% +from this chart right here when you have + + + align:start position:0% +from this chart right here when you have +degrees of freedom equals 1 which means + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom equals 1 which means + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom equals 1 which means +you collected two data points it's wider + + align:start position:0% +you collected two data points it's wider + + + align:start position:0% +you collected two data points it's wider +than when the approaches infinity and + + align:start position:0% +than when the approaches infinity and + + + align:start position:0% +than when the approaches infinity and +what you have in black here the thinnest + + align:start position:0% +what you have in black here the thinnest + + + align:start position:0% +what you have in black here the thinnest +and least variable of these is + + align:start position:0% +and least variable of these is + + + align:start position:0% +and least variable of these is +essentially a normal distribution and + + align:start position:0% +essentially a normal distribution and + + + align:start position:0% +essentially a normal distribution and +this is the distribution not of what you + + align:start position:0% +this is the distribution not of what you + + + align:start position:0% +this is the distribution not of what you +collected is not a distribution of the + + align:start position:0% +collected is not a distribution of the + + + align:start position:0% +collected is not a distribution of the +number of people who boarded route 1 + + align:start position:0% +number of people who boarded route 1 + + + align:start position:0% +number of people who boarded route 1 +it's the distribution of the mean that + + align:start position:0% +it's the distribution of the mean that + + + align:start position:0% +it's the distribution of the mean that +you estimate exactly + + align:start position:0% +you estimate exactly + + + align:start position:0% +you estimate exactly +it's a sampling distribution of the mean + + align:start position:0% +it's a sampling distribution of the mean + + + align:start position:0% +it's a sampling distribution of the mean +and if you were to repeat that + + align:start position:0% +and if you were to repeat that + + + align:start position:0% +and if you were to repeat that +experiment with the same number of trips + + align:start position:0% +experiment with the same number of trips + + + align:start position:0% +experiment with the same number of trips +but the different number of trips you + + align:start position:0% +but the different number of trips you + + + align:start position:0% +but the different number of trips you +might get a slightly different mean + + align:start position:0% +might get a slightly different mean + + + align:start position:0% +might get a slightly different mean +right so if you were to repeat that many + + align:start position:0% +right so if you were to repeat that many + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you were to repeat that many +many times the distribution of those + + align:start position:0% +many times the distribution of those + + + align:start position:0% +many times the distribution of those +means would be shaped in this manner + + align:start position:0% +means would be shaped in this manner + + + align:start position:0% +means would be shaped in this manner +yeah well student T distributes and and + + align:start position:0% +yeah well student T distributes and and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well student T distributes and and +as sample size increases to infinity + + align:start position:0% +as sample size increases to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +as sample size increases to infinity +normally distributed marry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for sorry six six yeah yes yeah so yeah + + align:start position:0% +for sorry six six yeah yes yeah so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +for sorry six six yeah yes yeah so yeah +so yeah I guess the the issue is that + + align:start position:0% +so yeah I guess the the issue is that + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah I guess the the issue is that +you don't know the you don't know the + + align:start position:0% +you don't know the you don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know the you don't know the +true mean so you're using an estimate to + + align:start position:0% +true mean so you're using an estimate to + + + align:start position:0% +true mean so you're using an estimate to +calculate the sample variance and + + align:start position:0% +calculate the sample variance and + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the sample variance and +therefore it's almost almost the sample + + align:start position:0% +therefore it's almost almost the sample + + + align:start position:0% +therefore it's almost almost the sample +variance you're using an estimator to + + align:start position:0% +variance you're using an estimator to + + + align:start position:0% +variance you're using an estimator to +that's what you have to do so ya know so + + align:start position:0% +that's what you have to do so ya know so + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you have to do so ya know so +n minus one that has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +n minus one that has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +n minus one that has to do with the +degrees of freedom issue and that's to + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom issue and that's to + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom issue and that's to +go from population variance to sample + + align:start position:0% +go from population variance to sample + + + align:start position:0% +go from population variance to sample +variance but the other thing that + + align:start position:0% +variance but the other thing that + + + align:start position:0% +variance but the other thing that +happens is that if your population if + + align:start position:0% +happens is that if your population if + + + align:start position:0% +happens is that if your population if +you're doing the population then you + + align:start position:0% +you're doing the population then you + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing the population then you +know exactly what you mean is you it's + + align:start position:0% +know exactly what you mean is you it's + + + align:start position:0% +know exactly what you mean is you it's +it's exact right and then in that case + + align:start position:0% +it's exact right and then in that case + + + align:start position:0% +it's exact right and then in that case +you would know what the exact variance + + align:start position:0% +you would know what the exact variance + + + align:start position:0% +you would know what the exact variance +is as well yeah so the N minus one is + + align:start position:0% +is as well yeah so the N minus one is + + + align:start position:0% +is as well yeah so the N minus one is +just to remove a bias that would arise + + align:start position:0% +just to remove a bias that would arise + + + align:start position:0% +just to remove a bias that would arise +from collecting only a sample yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +from collecting only a sample yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +from collecting only a sample yeah yeah +yeah yeah yeah in practice equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and therefore this becomes more and more + + align:start position:0% +and therefore this becomes more and more + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore this becomes more and more +accurate exactly yeah so what I guess + + align:start position:0% +accurate exactly yeah so what I guess + + + align:start position:0% +accurate exactly yeah so what I guess +what's important to realize is that this + + align:start position:0% +what's important to realize is that this + + + align:start position:0% +what's important to realize is that this +is it this is it an estimate of the + + align:start position:0% +is it this is it an estimate of the + + + align:start position:0% +is it this is it an estimate of the +population variance which in itself uses + + align:start position:0% +population variance which in itself uses + + + align:start position:0% +population variance which in itself uses +another estimate and that's I guess + + align:start position:0% +another estimate and that's I guess + + + align:start position:0% +another estimate and that's I guess +that's why that's there well it's a very + + align:start position:0% +that's why that's there well it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +that's why that's there well it's a very +small detail + + align:start position:0% +small detail + + + align:start position:0% +small detail +I didn't mean to distract you so so I'm + + align:start position:0% +I didn't mean to distract you so so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't mean to distract you so so I'm +sorry you don't ever repeat the + + align:start position:0% +sorry you don't ever repeat the + + + align:start position:0% +sorry you don't ever repeat the +experiment like this this is a more of a + + align:start position:0% +experiment like this this is a more of a + + + align:start position:0% +experiment like this this is a more of a +theoretical explanation to why there is + + align:start position:0% +theoretical explanation to why there is + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical explanation to why there is +a distribution to the mean even though + + align:start position:0% +a distribution to the mean even though + + + align:start position:0% +a distribution to the mean even though +you only have one you only have one mean + + align:start position:0% +you only have one you only have one mean + + + align:start position:0% +you only have one you only have one mean +right because you're gonna collect data + + align:start position:0% +right because you're gonna collect data + + + align:start position:0% +right because you're gonna collect data +and once you finish collecting data + + align:start position:0% +and once you finish collecting data + + + align:start position:0% +and once you finish collecting data +you're gonna calculate the mean of all + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna calculate the mean of all + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna calculate the mean of all +that data so you only have one mean if + + align:start position:0% +that data so you only have one mean if + + + align:start position:0% +that data so you only have one mean if +you were hypothetically to repeat that + + align:start position:0% +you were hypothetically to repeat that + + + align:start position:0% +you were hypothetically to repeat that +experiment and you calculated separate + + align:start position:0% +experiment and you calculated separate + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and you calculated separate +means for each one then you would get a + + align:start position:0% +means for each one then you would get a + + + align:start position:0% +means for each one then you would get a +distribution that would look like this + + align:start position:0% +distribution that would look like this + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that would look like this +in practice you would just increase your + + align:start position:0% +in practice you would just increase your + + + align:start position:0% +in practice you would just increase your +sample size and still compute one mean + + align:start position:0% +sample size and still compute one mean + + + align:start position:0% +sample size and still compute one mean +which would be more accurate yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +which would be more accurate yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +which would be more accurate yeah okay +let's move on so tolerant in confidence + + align:start position:0% +let's move on so tolerant in confidence + + + align:start position:0% +let's move on so tolerant in confidence +level so we have these distributions + + align:start position:0% +level so we have these distributions + + + align:start position:0% +level so we have these distributions +these are the distributions of the of + + align:start position:0% +these are the distributions of the of + + + align:start position:0% +these are the distributions of the of +the statistics right of the mean in this + + align:start position:0% +the statistics right of the mean in this + + + align:start position:0% +the statistics right of the mean in this +case they are bell-shaped as your sample + + align:start position:0% +case they are bell-shaped as your sample + + + align:start position:0% +case they are bell-shaped as your sample +size increases + + align:start position:0% +size increases + + + align:start position:0% +size increases +yeah the degrees of freedom goes up and + + align:start position:0% +yeah the degrees of freedom goes up and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the degrees of freedom goes up and +your accuracy goes up and the variance + + align:start position:0% +your accuracy goes up and the variance + + + align:start position:0% +your accuracy goes up and the variance +of that statistic distribution decreases + + align:start position:0% +of that statistic distribution decreases + + + align:start position:0% +of that statistic distribution decreases +so it gets thinner so here in red you + + align:start position:0% +so it gets thinner so here in red you + + + align:start position:0% +so it gets thinner so here in red you +have a what a distribution with a + + align:start position:0% +have a what a distribution with a + + + align:start position:0% +have a what a distribution with a +smaller sample and therefore less + + align:start position:0% +smaller sample and therefore less + + + align:start position:0% +smaller sample and therefore less +accuracy or less confidence would look + + align:start position:0% +accuracy or less confidence would look + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy or less confidence would look +like and then as you increase your + + align:start position:0% +like and then as you increase your + + + align:start position:0% +like and then as you increase your +sample size it you see that it becomes + + align:start position:0% +sample size it you see that it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +sample size it you see that it becomes +more more peaky so when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +more more peaky so when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +more more peaky so when we talk about +tolerance and let's come back to the + + align:start position:0% +tolerance and let's come back to the + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance and let's come back to the +concept of absolute tolerance in + + align:start position:0% +concept of absolute tolerance in + + + align:start position:0% +concept of absolute tolerance in +particular we're talking about the + + align:start position:0% +particular we're talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +particular we're talking about the +distance between the center of that + + align:start position:0% +distance between the center of that + + + align:start position:0% +distance between the center of that +distribution which is a symmetrical + + align:start position:0% +distribution which is a symmetrical + + + align:start position:0% +distribution which is a symmetrical +distribution and some limit right so + + align:start position:0% +distribution and some limit right so + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and some limit right so +we're saying if you have a tolerance of + + align:start position:0% +we're saying if you have a tolerance of + + + align:start position:0% +we're saying if you have a tolerance of +plus minus 10 then you're going to + + align:start position:0% +plus minus 10 then you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +plus minus 10 then you're going to +measure 10 say 10 board + + align:start position:0% +measure 10 say 10 board + + + align:start position:0% +measure 10 say 10 board +from the center to the right and from + + align:start position:0% +from the center to the right and from + + + align:start position:0% +from the center to the right and from +the center to the left and that's your + + align:start position:0% +the center to the left and that's your + + + align:start position:0% +the center to the left and that's your +absolute tolerance right so when you hug + + align:start position:0% +absolute tolerance right so when you hug + + + align:start position:0% +absolute tolerance right so when you hug +you the absolute tolerance you can + + align:start position:0% +you the absolute tolerance you can + + + align:start position:0% +you the absolute tolerance you can +express the tolerance as a function of + + align:start position:0% +express the tolerance as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +express the tolerance as a function of +the of the variance and or the standard + + align:start position:0% +the of the variance and or the standard + + + align:start position:0% +the of the variance and or the standard +deviation rather of your mean right so + + align:start position:0% +deviation rather of your mean right so + + + align:start position:0% +deviation rather of your mean right so +instead of saying 10 you could say 2 + + align:start position:0% +instead of saying 10 you could say 2 + + + align:start position:0% +instead of saying 10 you could say 2 +times the standard deviation of that + + align:start position:0% +times the standard deviation of that + + + align:start position:0% +times the standard deviation of that +distribution using the equation that we + + align:start position:0% +distribution using the equation that we + + + align:start position:0% +distribution using the equation that we +just calculated and that's very + + align:start position:0% +just calculated and that's very + + + align:start position:0% +just calculated and that's very +convenient why would we do that + + align:start position:0% +convenient why would we do that + + + align:start position:0% +convenient why would we do that +why why would I want to complicate + + align:start position:0% +why why would I want to complicate + + + align:start position:0% +why why would I want to complicate +things that way no I mean there's a + + align:start position:0% +things that way no I mean there's a + + + align:start position:0% +things that way no I mean there's a +mathematical convenience here what what + + align:start position:0% +mathematical convenience here what what + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical convenience here what what +is this a function of it's a function of + + align:start position:0% +is this a function of it's a function of + + + align:start position:0% +is this a function of it's a function of +the standard deviation of the thing you + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of the thing you + + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of the thing you +were collecting and n your sample size + + align:start position:0% +were collecting and n your sample size + + + align:start position:0% +were collecting and n your sample size +right and what do we want to do we want + + align:start position:0% +right and what do we want to do we want + + + align:start position:0% +right and what do we want to do we want +to determine how many things we need to + + align:start position:0% +to determine how many things we need to + + + align:start position:0% +to determine how many things we need to +collect right so here we go we have N + + align:start position:0% +collect right so here we go we have N + + + align:start position:0% +collect right so here we go we have N +and now we can solve for N and we have + + align:start position:0% +and now we can solve for N and we have + + + align:start position:0% +and now we can solve for N and we have +the sample size that we require for a + + align:start position:0% +the sample size that we require for a + + + align:start position:0% +the sample size that we require for a +given tolerance so we're gonna we're + + align:start position:0% +given tolerance so we're gonna we're + + + align:start position:0% +given tolerance so we're gonna we're +gonna decide what the tolerance is and + + align:start position:0% +gonna decide what the tolerance is and + + + align:start position:0% +gonna decide what the tolerance is and +calculate sample size a minimum required + + align:start position:0% +calculate sample size a minimum required + + + align:start position:0% +calculate sample size a minimum required +sample size you can always collect more + + align:start position:0% +sample size you can always collect more + + + align:start position:0% +sample size you can always collect more +data all right + + align:start position:0% +data all right + + + align:start position:0% +data all right +so again to review this is the same + + align:start position:0% +so again to review this is the same + + + align:start position:0% +so again to review this is the same +equation I had in the last slide you + + align:start position:0% +equation I had in the last slide you + + + align:start position:0% +equation I had in the last slide you +have absolutely cool absolute tolerance + + align:start position:0% +have absolutely cool absolute tolerance + + + align:start position:0% +have absolutely cool absolute tolerance +you can express that as as a fun times + + align:start position:0% +you can express that as as a fun times + + + align:start position:0% +you can express that as as a fun times +the standard deviation of the mean and + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of the mean and + + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of the mean and +then you solve for N and you get this + + align:start position:0% +then you solve for N and you get this + + + align:start position:0% +then you solve for N and you get this +equation right here T is your tolerance + + align:start position:0% +equation right here T is your tolerance + + + align:start position:0% +equation right here T is your tolerance +and you can up sorry T is the t is the + + align:start position:0% +and you can up sorry T is the t is the + + + align:start position:0% +and you can up sorry T is the t is the +number of standard deviations from the + + align:start position:0% +number of standard deviations from the + + + align:start position:0% +number of standard deviations from the +mean D is your tolerance which you + + align:start position:0% +mean D is your tolerance which you + + + align:start position:0% +mean D is your tolerance which you +choose and this is something that you + + align:start position:0% +choose and this is something that you + + + align:start position:0% +choose and this is something that you +know or collects or approximate so these + + align:start position:0% +know or collects or approximate so these + + + align:start position:0% +know or collects or approximate so these +are all given where does T come from + + align:start position:0% +are all given where does T come from + + + align:start position:0% +are all given where does T come from +well we said that we're gonna use the T + + align:start position:0% +well we said that we're gonna use the T + + + align:start position:0% +well we said that we're gonna use the T +distribution right so the T distribution + + align:start position:0% +distribution right so the T distribution + + + align:start position:0% +distribution right so the T distribution +has a table or it has a certain shape + + align:start position:0% +has a table or it has a certain shape + + + align:start position:0% +has a table or it has a certain shape +rather and using Excel or looking up at + + align:start position:0% +rather and using Excel or looking up at + + + align:start position:0% +rather and using Excel or looking up at +some table you can figure out what T is + + align:start position:0% +some table you can figure out what T is + + + align:start position:0% +some table you can figure out what T is +for two times the standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +for two times the standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +for two times the standard deviation +from the center so you can just plug it + + align:start position:0% +from the center so you can just plug it + + + align:start position:0% +from the center so you can just plug it +from from Excel or from it's a property + + align:start position:0% +from from Excel or from it's a property + + + align:start position:0% +from from Excel or from it's a property +of the distribution essentially once you + + align:start position:0% +of the distribution essentially once you + + + align:start position:0% +of the distribution essentially once you +pick a confidence interval you could in + + align:start position:0% +pick a confidence interval you could in + + + align:start position:0% +pick a confidence interval you could in +Ooty if you want to go to 95 it's a + + align:start position:0% +Ooty if you want to go to 95 it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Ooty if you want to go to 95 it's a +certain value if you want to go to 90 + + align:start position:0% +certain value if you want to go to 90 + + + align:start position:0% +certain value if you want to go to 90 +it's a different value okay when we look + + align:start position:0% +it's a different value okay when we look + + + align:start position:0% +it's a different value okay when we look +at relative tolerance relative tolerance + + align:start position:0% +at relative tolerance relative tolerance + + + align:start position:0% +at relative tolerance relative tolerance +is just absolute tolerance X divided by + + align:start position:0% +is just absolute tolerance X divided by + + + align:start position:0% +is just absolute tolerance X divided by +the mean that you were collecting + + align:start position:0% +the mean that you were collecting + + + align:start position:0% +the mean that you were collecting +correct because instead of saying plus + + align:start position:0% +correct because instead of saying plus + + + align:start position:0% +correct because instead of saying plus +or minus ten boardings we're saying plus + + align:start position:0% +or minus ten boardings we're saying plus + + + align:start position:0% +or minus ten boardings we're saying plus +or minus five percent of the mean so we + + align:start position:0% +or minus five percent of the mean so we + + + align:start position:0% +or minus five percent of the mean so we +just take absolute tolerance and divide + + align:start position:0% +just take absolute tolerance and divide + + + align:start position:0% +just take absolute tolerance and divide +by x-bar the sampling mean and the + + align:start position:0% +by x-bar the sampling mean and the + + + align:start position:0% +by x-bar the sampling mean and the +sample mean and we solve for n again so + + align:start position:0% +sample mean and we solve for n again so + + + align:start position:0% +sample mean and we solve for n again so +what we have now + + align:start position:0% +what we have now + + + align:start position:0% +what we have now +it looks very similar as to the equation + + align:start position:0% +it looks very similar as to the equation + + + align:start position:0% +it looks very similar as to the equation +right here but now we have the mean and + + align:start position:0% +right here but now we have the mean and + + + align:start position:0% +right here but now we have the mean and +the denominator okay + + align:start position:0% +the denominator okay + + + align:start position:0% +the denominator okay +this quantity standard deviation divided + + align:start position:0% +this quantity standard deviation divided + + + align:start position:0% +this quantity standard deviation divided +by mean sample standard deviation + + align:start position:0% +by mean sample standard deviation + + + align:start position:0% +by mean sample standard deviation +divided by sampling mean is called the + + align:start position:0% +divided by sampling mean is called the + + + align:start position:0% +divided by sampling mean is called the +coefficient of variation and there's a + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of variation and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of variation and there's a +convenience to this and there's actually + + align:start position:0% +convenience to this and there's actually + + + align:start position:0% +convenience to this and there's actually +a reason why sometimes relative + + align:start position:0% +a reason why sometimes relative + + + align:start position:0% +a reason why sometimes relative +tolerance is preferred to absolute + + align:start position:0% +tolerance is preferred to absolute + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance is preferred to absolute +silence it's because of this because + + align:start position:0% +silence it's because of this because + + + align:start position:0% +silence it's because of this because +there's a mathematically convenient + + align:start position:0% +there's a mathematically convenient + + + align:start position:0% +there's a mathematically convenient +characteristic or property coming out of + + align:start position:0% +characteristic or property coming out of + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic or property coming out of +this that you don't need to know the + + align:start position:0% +this that you don't need to know the + + + align:start position:0% +this that you don't need to know the +standard deviation of what you're + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation of what you're + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation of what you're +collecting to figure out your sample + + align:start position:0% +collecting to figure out your sample + + + align:start position:0% +collecting to figure out your sample +size we're kind of running in circles + + align:start position:0% +size we're kind of running in circles + + + align:start position:0% +size we're kind of running in circles +here right we're saying that to + + align:start position:0% +here right we're saying that to + + + align:start position:0% +here right we're saying that to +determine sample size you need to know + + align:start position:0% +determine sample size you need to know + + + align:start position:0% +determine sample size you need to know +the standard deviation well I haven't + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation well I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation well I haven't +collected data so I don't know how + + align:start position:0% +collected data so I don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +collected data so I don't know how +variable the data is so that's an issue + + align:start position:0% +variable the data is so that's an issue + + + align:start position:0% +variable the data is so that's an issue +now I have to estimate what that is it + + align:start position:0% +now I have to estimate what that is it + + + align:start position:0% +now I have to estimate what that is it +tends to happen that the coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +tends to happen that the coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +tends to happen that the coefficient of +variation is a more stable property than + + align:start position:0% +variation is a more stable property than + + + align:start position:0% +variation is a more stable property than +the variation in itself none of then the + + align:start position:0% +the variation in itself none of then the + + + align:start position:0% +the variation in itself none of then the +variance or the standard deviation in + + align:start position:0% +variance or the standard deviation in + + + align:start position:0% +variance or the standard deviation in +itself so you can you're more likely to + + align:start position:0% +itself so you can you're more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +itself so you can you're more likely to +get away with using default values for + + align:start position:0% +get away with using default values for + + + align:start position:0% +get away with using default values for +the coefficient variation than you are + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient variation than you are + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient variation than you are +with assuming a specific standard + + align:start position:0% +with assuming a specific standard + + + align:start position:0% +with assuming a specific standard +deviation yes it is unitless + + align:start position:0% +deviation yes it is unitless + + + align:start position:0% +deviation yes it is unitless +thank you okay so what happens is that + + align:start position:0% +thank you okay so what happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +thank you okay so what happens is that +relative tolerances are typically used + + align:start position:0% +relative tolerances are typically used + + + align:start position:0% +relative tolerances are typically used +for averages so here's an example you + + align:start position:0% +for averages so here's an example you + + + align:start position:0% +for averages so here's an example you +measured five thousand seven hundred and + + align:start position:0% +measured five thousand seven hundred and + + + align:start position:0% +measured five thousand seven hundred and +twenty boardings plus minus five percent + + align:start position:0% +twenty boardings plus minus five percent + + + align:start position:0% +twenty boardings plus minus five percent +so if you were to get the absolute if + + align:start position:0% +so if you were to get the absolute if + + + align:start position:0% +so if you were to get the absolute if +you will of the ups + + align:start position:0% +you will of the ups + + + align:start position:0% +you will of the ups +tolerance of that that would be 5% of + + align:start position:0% +tolerance of that that would be 5% of + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance of that that would be 5% of +5,007 20 that would be 286 passengers + + align:start position:0% +5,007 20 that would be 286 passengers + + + align:start position:0% +5,007 20 that would be 286 passengers +that's a weird thing to report the 5% is + + align:start position:0% +that's a weird thing to report the 5% is + + + align:start position:0% +that's a weird thing to report the 5% is +more understandable right and more it + + align:start position:0% +more understandable right and more it + + + align:start position:0% +more understandable right and more it +kind of makes more sense so that's what + + align:start position:0% +kind of makes more sense so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +kind of makes more sense so that's what +we want + + align:start position:0% +we want + + + align:start position:0% +we want +naturally anyway right so and as I said + + align:start position:0% +naturally anyway right so and as I said + + + align:start position:0% +naturally anyway right so and as I said +the coefficient variation is more is + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient variation is more is + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient variation is more is +typically easier to guess them the mean + + align:start position:0% +typically easier to guess them the mean + + + align:start position:0% +typically easier to guess them the mean +and the variance separately so we use + + align:start position:0% +and the variance separately so we use + + + align:start position:0% +and the variance separately so we use +that here's an example using the + + align:start position:0% +that here's an example using the + + + align:start position:0% +that here's an example using the +t-distribution where the sample is not + + align:start position:0% +t-distribution where the sample is not + + + align:start position:0% +t-distribution where the sample is not +large enough to assume a normal + + align:start position:0% +large enough to assume a normal + + + align:start position:0% +large enough to assume a normal +distribution we so we say let's have a + + align:start position:0% +distribution we so we say let's have a + + + align:start position:0% +distribution we so we say let's have a +relative tolerance of plus minus 5% the + + align:start position:0% +relative tolerance of plus minus 5% the + + + align:start position:0% +relative tolerance of plus minus 5% the +confidence level of 95% and a + + align:start position:0% +confidence level of 95% and a + + + align:start position:0% +confidence level of 95% and a +coefficient of variation of 0.3 so we + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of variation of 0.3 so we + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of variation of 0.3 so we +start out assuming large sample there + + align:start position:0% +start out assuming large sample there + + + align:start position:0% +start out assuming large sample there +for the grease of freedom is infinity we + + align:start position:0% +for the grease of freedom is infinity we + + + align:start position:0% +for the grease of freedom is infinity we +can use the normal distribution if we + + align:start position:0% +can use the normal distribution if we + + + align:start position:0% +can use the normal distribution if we +look at the normal distribution with + + align:start position:0% +look at the normal distribution with + + + align:start position:0% +look at the normal distribution with +plus minus 5 percent confidence level + + align:start position:0% +plus minus 5 percent confidence level + + + align:start position:0% +plus minus 5 percent confidence level +95% the T is 1.96 okay so we looked that + + align:start position:0% +95% the T is 1.96 okay so we looked that + + + align:start position:0% +95% the T is 1.96 okay so we looked that +up in a table or we use Excel normdist + + align:start position:0% +up in a table or we use Excel normdist + + + align:start position:0% +up in a table or we use Excel normdist +or yeah tea dust for tea and learn + + align:start position:0% +or yeah tea dust for tea and learn + + + align:start position:0% +or yeah tea dust for tea and learn +dist:4 and normal we got 1.96 we plug in + + align:start position:0% +dist:4 and normal we got 1.96 we plug in + + + align:start position:0% +dist:4 and normal we got 1.96 we plug in +the relative tolerance the 0.3 we at 140 + + align:start position:0% +the relative tolerance the 0.3 we at 140 + + + align:start position:0% +the relative tolerance the 0.3 we at 140 +140 is not quite infinity right so if we + + align:start position:0% +140 is not quite infinity right so if we + + + align:start position:0% +140 is not quite infinity right so if we +look at 140 as a sample size that would + + align:start position:0% +look at 140 as a sample size that would + + + align:start position:0% +look at 140 as a sample size that would +imply that the degrees of freedom is 139 + + align:start position:0% +imply that the degrees of freedom is 139 + + + align:start position:0% +imply that the degrees of freedom is 139 +now we go back and look at the T this we + + align:start position:0% +now we go back and look at the T this we + + + align:start position:0% +now we go back and look at the T this we +change 1.96 to the value from the T + + align:start position:0% +change 1.96 to the value from the T + + + align:start position:0% +change 1.96 to the value from the T +distribution for for that degrees of + + align:start position:0% +distribution for for that degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +distribution for for that degrees of +freedoms and we get 140 0.73 so you're + + align:start position:0% +freedoms and we get 140 0.73 so you're + + + align:start position:0% +freedoms and we get 140 0.73 so you're +sort of seeing that you were almost + + align:start position:0% +sort of seeing that you were almost + + + align:start position:0% +sort of seeing that you were almost +right 140 is very large in practice you + + align:start position:0% +right 140 is very large in practice you + + + align:start position:0% +right 140 is very large in practice you +would just round up a little bit and get + + align:start position:0% +would just round up a little bit and get + + + align:start position:0% +would just round up a little bit and get +a nice round number and you would even + + align:start position:0% +a nice round number and you would even + + + align:start position:0% +a nice round number and you would even +play with this once you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +play with this once you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +play with this once you're looking at +planning who are you gonna send out and + + align:start position:0% +planning who are you gonna send out and + + + align:start position:0% +planning who are you gonna send out and +how many hours you're gonna collect you + + align:start position:0% +how many hours you're gonna collect you + + + align:start position:0% +how many hours you're gonna collect you +want to get at least 141 but if you're + + align:start position:0% +want to get at least 141 but if you're + + + align:start position:0% +want to get at least 141 but if you're +gonna have people in units of 8 hours + + align:start position:0% +gonna have people in units of 8 hours + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have people in units of 8 hours +for example or units of 4 hours then you + + align:start position:0% +for example or units of 4 hours then you + + + align:start position:0% +for example or units of 4 hours then you +might as well finish the batch of four + + align:start position:0% +might as well finish the batch of four + + + align:start position:0% +might as well finish the batch of four +hours the last one + + align:start position:0% +hours the last one + + + align:start position:0% +hours the last one +maybe you'll get 150 160 from that + + align:start position:0% +maybe you'll get 150 160 from that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you'll get 150 160 from that +here's an example of that equation with + + align:start position:0% +here's an example of that equation with + + + align:start position:0% +here's an example of that equation with +different assumptions of confidence and + + align:start position:0% +different assumptions of confidence and + + + align:start position:0% +different assumptions of confidence and +tolerance + + align:start position:0% +tolerance + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance +and so we're using 90% confidence and + + align:start position:0% +and so we're using 90% confidence and + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're using 90% confidence and +we're assuming a certain sample size + + align:start position:0% +we're assuming a certain sample size + + + align:start position:0% +we're assuming a certain sample size +here so you can see that as the + + align:start position:0% +here so you can see that as the + + + align:start position:0% +here so you can see that as the +tolerance decreases which means that you + + align:start position:0% +tolerance decreases which means that you + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance decreases which means that you +require a greater accuracy for different + + align:start position:0% +require a greater accuracy for different + + + align:start position:0% +require a greater accuracy for different +coefficients of variation the sample + + align:start position:0% +coefficients of variation the sample + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients of variation the sample +size can get really large so if your + + align:start position:0% +size can get really large so if your + + + align:start position:0% +size can get really large so if your +data is not very variable then you can + + align:start position:0% +data is not very variable then you can + + + align:start position:0% +data is not very variable then you can +sample just a few of strips and you know + + align:start position:0% +sample just a few of strips and you know + + + align:start position:0% +sample just a few of strips and you know +because they don't vary that much what + + align:start position:0% +because they don't vary that much what + + + align:start position:0% +because they don't vary that much what +the mean is but if there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the mean is but if there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the mean is but if there's a lot of +variability of our strips then you need + + align:start position:0% +variability of our strips then you need + + + align:start position:0% +variability of our strips then you need +more right so that's what you see as you + + align:start position:0% +more right so that's what you see as you + + + align:start position:0% +more right so that's what you see as you +go down the rows on this table here we + + align:start position:0% +go down the rows on this table here we + + + align:start position:0% +go down the rows on this table here we +have tolerance if you only have to be + + align:start position:0% +have tolerance if you only have to be + + + align:start position:0% +have tolerance if you only have to be +you know 50% accurate plus minus 50% + + align:start position:0% +you know 50% accurate plus minus 50% + + + align:start position:0% +you know 50% accurate plus minus 50% +then you don't have to collect that much + + align:start position:0% +then you don't have to collect that much + + + align:start position:0% +then you don't have to collect that much +data if you want to be more precise and + + align:start position:0% +data if you want to be more precise and + + + align:start position:0% +data if you want to be more precise and +you want to say plus minus 5 percent + + align:start position:0% +you want to say plus minus 5 percent + + + align:start position:0% +you want to say plus minus 5 percent +then you need a bigger sample size right + + align:start position:0% +then you need a bigger sample size right + + + align:start position:0% +then you need a bigger sample size right +okay proportions and the homework + + align:start position:0% +okay proportions and the homework + + + align:start position:0% +okay proportions and the homework +actually is based on proportions so this + + align:start position:0% +actually is based on proportions so this + + + align:start position:0% +actually is based on proportions so this +is important + + align:start position:0% +is important + + + align:start position:0% +is important +consider something in group of + + align:start position:0% +consider something in group of + + + align:start position:0% +consider something in group of +passengers to us to me the proportion of + + align:start position:0% +passengers to us to me the proportion of + + + align:start position:0% +passengers to us to me the proportion of +passengers who are students so from + + align:start position:0% +passengers who are students so from + + + align:start position:0% +passengers who are students so from +probability when you are looking at an + + align:start position:0% +probability when you are looking at an + + + align:start position:0% +probability when you are looking at an +event that can either be 0 or 1 or black + + align:start position:0% +event that can either be 0 or 1 or black + + + align:start position:0% +event that can either be 0 or 1 or black +or white in this case student or non + + align:start position:0% +or white in this case student or non + + + align:start position:0% +or white in this case student or non +student there's a certain probability + + align:start position:0% +student there's a certain probability + + + align:start position:0% +student there's a certain probability +that that person is a student right and + + align:start position:0% +that that person is a student right and + + + align:start position:0% +that that person is a student right and +what you want to estimate is that + + align:start position:0% +what you want to estimate is that + + + align:start position:0% +what you want to estimate is that +probability or in other words what + + align:start position:0% +probability or in other words what + + + align:start position:0% +probability or in other words what +percent of the things you observe are + + align:start position:0% +percent of the things you observe are + + + align:start position:0% +percent of the things you observe are +our students so so the from the + + align:start position:0% +our students so so the from the + + + align:start position:0% +our students so so the from the +properties of the Bernoulli distribution + + align:start position:0% +properties of the Bernoulli distribution + + + align:start position:0% +properties of the Bernoulli distribution +the variance is P times 1 minus P so if + + align:start position:0% +the variance is P times 1 minus P so if + + + align:start position:0% +the variance is P times 1 minus P so if +everybody is a student or nobody is a + + align:start position:0% +everybody is a student or nobody is a + + + align:start position:0% +everybody is a student or nobody is a +student either way there's no + + align:start position:0% +student either way there's no + + + align:start position:0% +student either way there's no +variability right so you would have 1 + + align:start position:0% +variability right so you would have 1 + + + align:start position:0% +variability right so you would have 1 +times 1 minus 1 1 times 0 0 no + + align:start position:0% +times 1 minus 1 1 times 0 0 no + + + align:start position:0% +times 1 minus 1 1 times 0 0 no +variability though at it's the peak + + align:start position:0% +variability though at it's the peak + + + align:start position:0% +variability though at it's the peak +variability the the highest variance of + + align:start position:0% +variability the the highest variance of + + + align:start position:0% +variability the the highest variance of +this distribution and it's one 50% of + + align:start position:0% +this distribution and it's one 50% of + + + align:start position:0% +this distribution and it's one 50% of +your people our students so 0.5 times 1 + + align:start position:0% +your people our students so 0.5 times 1 + + + align:start position:0% +your people our students so 0.5 times 1 +minus 0.5 0.25 that's the highest + + align:start position:0% +minus 0.5 0.25 that's the highest + + + align:start position:0% +minus 0.5 0.25 that's the highest +variance okay so the tolerance is + + align:start position:0% +variance okay so the tolerance is + + + align:start position:0% +variance okay so the tolerance is +typically specified in absolute terms + + align:start position:0% +typically specified in absolute terms + + + align:start position:0% +typically specified in absolute terms +when you're estimating proportions + + align:start position:0% +when you're estimating proportions + + + align:start position:0% +when you're estimating proportions +because the proportion is in itself a + + align:start position:0% +because the proportion is in itself a + + + align:start position:0% +because the proportion is in itself a +percent so you use absolute vary with + + align:start position:0% +percent so you use absolute vary with + + + align:start position:0% +percent so you use absolute vary with +absolute tolerance + + align:start position:0% +absolute tolerance + + + align:start position:0% +absolute tolerance +and you just substitute essentially this + + align:start position:0% +and you just substitute essentially this + + + align:start position:0% +and you just substitute essentially this +variance you put in the variance of the + + align:start position:0% +variance you put in the variance of the + + + align:start position:0% +variance you put in the variance of the +Bernoulli distribution which is P times + + align:start position:0% +Bernoulli distribution which is P times + + + align:start position:0% +Bernoulli distribution which is P times +1 minus P and that's how you get the + + align:start position:0% +1 minus P and that's how you get the + + + align:start position:0% +1 minus P and that's how you get the +something equation sample size + + align:start position:0% +something equation sample size + + + align:start position:0% +something equation sample size +requirement equation okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's a problem we don't know in + + align:start position:0% +here's a problem we don't know in + + + align:start position:0% +here's a problem we don't know in +advance what the proportion will be + + align:start position:0% +advance what the proportion will be + + + align:start position:0% +advance what the proportion will be +right and that we need that to know how + + align:start position:0% +right and that we need that to know how + + + align:start position:0% +right and that we need that to know how +many people we need to survey to figure + + align:start position:0% +many people we need to survey to figure + + + align:start position:0% +many people we need to survey to figure +out or how many trips we need to survey + + align:start position:0% +out or how many trips we need to survey + + + align:start position:0% +out or how many trips we need to survey +to figure out sorry how many students + + align:start position:0% +to figure out sorry how many students + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out sorry how many students +means how many writers we need to survey + + align:start position:0% +means how many writers we need to survey + + + align:start position:0% +means how many writers we need to survey +to figure out what the average number of + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what the average number of + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what the average number of +students are okay so it is a constraint + + align:start position:0% +students are okay so it is a constraint + + + align:start position:0% +students are okay so it is a constraint +number and that's exactly where we're + + align:start position:0% +number and that's exactly where we're + + + align:start position:0% +number and that's exactly where we're +going so so we use something called + + align:start position:0% +going so so we use something called + + + align:start position:0% +going so so we use something called +absolutely cool intolerance instead of + + align:start position:0% +absolutely cool intolerance instead of + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely cool intolerance instead of +absolute tolerance we assume that P is + + align:start position:0% +absolute tolerance we assume that P is + + + align:start position:0% +absolute tolerance we assume that P is +0.5 that's the maximum it could be so + + align:start position:0% +0.5 that's the maximum it could be so + + + align:start position:0% +0.5 that's the maximum it could be so +let's go ahead with a worst case + + align:start position:0% +let's go ahead with a worst case + + + align:start position:0% +let's go ahead with a worst case +scenario and then what happens with P + + align:start position:0% +scenario and then what happens with P + + + align:start position:0% +scenario and then what happens with P +itself well if your percent is high then + + align:start position:0% +itself well if your percent is high then + + + align:start position:0% +itself well if your percent is high then +you can tolerate a bigger number right + + align:start position:0% +you can tolerate a bigger number right + + + align:start position:0% +you can tolerate a bigger number right +so if it's 32 percent you're probably ok + + align:start position:0% +so if it's 32 percent you're probably ok + + + align:start position:0% +so if it's 32 percent you're probably ok +with plus minus point plus 1 is 5 + + align:start position:0% +with plus minus point plus 1 is 5 + + + align:start position:0% +with plus minus point plus 1 is 5 +percent if your average were 1.2 plus + + align:start position:0% +percent if your average were 1.2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +percent if your average were 1.2 plus +minus 5 percent is not that good right + + align:start position:0% +minus 5 percent is not that good right + + + align:start position:0% +minus 5 percent is not that good right +you need a higher you need a much + + align:start position:0% +you need a higher you need a much + + + align:start position:0% +you need a higher you need a much +stricter tighter confidence interval for + + align:start position:0% +stricter tighter confidence interval for + + + align:start position:0% +stricter tighter confidence interval for +that so probably not good to the plus + + align:start position:0% +that so probably not good to the plus + + + align:start position:0% +that so probably not good to the plus +minus 5% in that case but absolutely + + align:start position:0% +minus 5% in that case but absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +minus 5% in that case but absolutely +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +negative which is possible but difficult + + align:start position:0% +negative which is possible but difficult + + + align:start position:0% +negative which is possible but difficult +to interpret yes it is not it is not yea + + align:start position:0% +to interpret yes it is not it is not yea + + + align:start position:0% +to interpret yes it is not it is not yea +it's absolute tolerance not relative + + align:start position:0% +it's absolute tolerance not relative + + + align:start position:0% +it's absolute tolerance not relative +tolerance right + + align:start position:0% +tolerance right + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance right +so what's convenient about this is that + + align:start position:0% +so what's convenient about this is that + + + align:start position:0% +so what's convenient about this is that +these two factors working opposite + + align:start position:0% +these two factors working opposite + + + align:start position:0% +these two factors working opposite +directions right so as you get bigger as + + align:start position:0% +directions right so as you get bigger as + + + align:start position:0% +directions right so as you get bigger as +the proportion gets closer to 50% the + + align:start position:0% +the proportion gets closer to 50% the + + + align:start position:0% +the proportion gets closer to 50% the +variance increases so oh we need a + + align:start position:0% +variance increases so oh we need a + + + align:start position:0% +variance increases so oh we need a +bigger sample but your tolerance + + align:start position:0% +bigger sample but your tolerance + + + align:start position:0% +bigger sample but your tolerance +increases as well so you don't need as a + + align:start position:0% +increases as well so you don't need as a + + + align:start position:0% +increases as well so you don't need as a +bigger sample and so it's convenient the + + align:start position:0% +bigger sample and so it's convenient the + + + align:start position:0% +bigger sample and so it's convenient the +practical solution is assumed P is 0.5 + + align:start position:0% +practical solution is assumed P is 0.5 + + + align:start position:0% +practical solution is assumed P is 0.5 +and work in terms of AB + + align:start position:0% +and work in terms of AB + + + align:start position:0% +and work in terms of AB +equivalent tolerance so you pick a + + align:start position:0% +equivalent tolerance so you pick a + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent tolerance so you pick a +tolerance under the assumption that the + + align:start position:0% +tolerance under the assumption that the + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance under the assumption that the +proportion is five fifty percent and + + align:start position:0% +proportion is five fifty percent and + + + align:start position:0% +proportion is five fifty percent and +here's what happens yeah if the expected + + align:start position:0% +here's what happens yeah if the expected + + + align:start position:0% +here's what happens yeah if the expected +proportion is fifty and you say plus + + align:start position:0% +proportion is fifty and you say plus + + + align:start position:0% +proportion is fifty and you say plus +minus five percent what you would get is + + align:start position:0% +minus five percent what you would get is + + + align:start position:0% +minus five percent what you would get is +as five percent if it turns out that P + + align:start position:0% +as five percent if it turns out that P + + + align:start position:0% +as five percent if it turns out that P +is five percent but if it were more to + + align:start position:0% +is five percent but if it were more to + + + align:start position:0% +is five percent but if it were more to +the extremes like five or ninety five + + align:start position:0% +the extremes like five or ninety five + + + align:start position:0% +the extremes like five or ninety five +what you would actually achieve from + + align:start position:0% +what you would actually achieve from + + + align:start position:0% +what you would actually achieve from +having planned the survey assuming 50 + + align:start position:0% +having planned the survey assuming 50 + + + align:start position:0% +having planned the survey assuming 50 +percent is to point to so much better + + align:start position:0% +percent is to point to so much better + + + align:start position:0% +percent is to point to so much better +much much more acceptable to say five + + align:start position:0% +much much more acceptable to say five + + + align:start position:0% +much much more acceptable to say five +percent plus minus two point two percent + + align:start position:0% +percent plus minus two point two percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent plus minus two point two percent +right so it works out and there's a + + align:start position:0% +right so it works out and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +right so it works out and there's a +convenient convenient equation if you + + align:start position:0% +convenient convenient equation if you + + + align:start position:0% +convenient convenient equation if you +assume a very large sample or large + + align:start position:0% +assume a very large sample or large + + + align:start position:0% +assume a very large sample or large +enough sample and you pick 95 percent + + align:start position:0% +enough sample and you pick 95 percent + + + align:start position:0% +enough sample and you pick 95 percent +point twenty five which is the variance + + align:start position:0% +point twenty five which is the variance + + + align:start position:0% +point twenty five which is the variance +times the normal distribution T squared + + align:start position:0% +times the normal distribution T squared + + + align:start position:0% +times the normal distribution T squared +is point ninety six which is almost one + + align:start position:0% +is point ninety six which is almost one + + + align:start position:0% +is point ninety six which is almost one +so then you get this equation you take + + align:start position:0% +so then you get this equation you take + + + align:start position:0% +so then you get this equation you take +one you divide it by the tolerance that + + align:start position:0% +one you divide it by the tolerance that + + + align:start position:0% +one you divide it by the tolerance that +you want your equivalent tolerance and + + align:start position:0% +you want your equivalent tolerance and + + + align:start position:0% +you want your equivalent tolerance and +that's your sample size so it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +that's your sample size so it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +that's your sample size so it doesn't +depend on thing about the data in itself + + align:start position:0% +depend on thing about the data in itself + + + align:start position:0% +depend on thing about the data in itself +you just say if I want on whatever I'm + + align:start position:0% +you just say if I want on whatever I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you just say if I want on whatever I'm +collecting whatever proportion I'm + + align:start position:0% +collecting whatever proportion I'm + + + align:start position:0% +collecting whatever proportion I'm +collecting a five percent absolutely + + align:start position:0% +collecting a five percent absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +collecting a five percent absolutely +cool intolerance then I need four + + align:start position:0% +cool intolerance then I need four + + + align:start position:0% +cool intolerance then I need four +hundred surveys to be answered to be + + align:start position:0% +hundred surveys to be answered to be + + + align:start position:0% +hundred surveys to be answered to be +answered yeah simple random sample yes a + + align:start position:0% +answered yeah simple random sample yes a + + + align:start position:0% +answered yeah simple random sample yes a +simple random sample so you would + + align:start position:0% +simple random sample so you would + + + align:start position:0% +simple random sample so you would +increase these numbers if you are using + + align:start position:0% +increase these numbers if you are using + + + align:start position:0% +increase these numbers if you are using +cluster sampling to account for + + align:start position:0% +cluster sampling to account for + + + align:start position:0% +cluster sampling to account for +correlation you would have to increase + + align:start position:0% +correlation you would have to increase + + + align:start position:0% +correlation you would have to increase +them if you're giving people survey and + + align:start position:0% +them if you're giving people survey and + + + align:start position:0% +them if you're giving people survey and +not all of them answer the survey + + align:start position:0% +not all of them answer the survey + + + align:start position:0% +not all of them answer the survey +because you need 400 surveys answered so + + align:start position:0% +because you need 400 surveys answered so + + + align:start position:0% +because you need 400 surveys answered so +if only half of the people and through + + align:start position:0% +if only half of the people and through + + + align:start position:0% +if only half of the people and through +the survey then you need to distribute + + align:start position:0% +the survey then you need to distribute + + + align:start position:0% +the survey then you need to distribute +800 surveys so yeah absolutely yeah you + + align:start position:0% +800 surveys so yeah absolutely yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +800 surveys so yeah absolutely yeah you +want to go back and check what the + + align:start position:0% +want to go back and check what the + + + align:start position:0% +want to go back and check what the +standard error and what your confidence + + align:start position:0% +standard error and what your confidence + + + align:start position:0% +standard error and what your confidence +interval is and and see if you made it + + align:start position:0% +interval is and and see if you made it + + + align:start position:0% +interval is and and see if you made it +or if you need to add a few days of data + + align:start position:0% +or if you need to add a few days of data + + + align:start position:0% +or if you need to add a few days of data +collection yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +collection yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +collection yeah okay +so with with proportions you need a very + + align:start position:0% +so with with proportions you need a very + + + align:start position:0% +so with with proportions you need a very +large sample size + + align:start position:0% +large sample size + + + align:start position:0% +large sample size +dimitr proportion he want accuracy if + + align:start position:0% +dimitr proportion he want accuracy if + + + align:start position:0% +dimitr proportion he want accuracy if +you say absolutely cool and tolerance of + + align:start position:0% +you say absolutely cool and tolerance of + + + align:start position:0% +you say absolutely cool and tolerance of +4% then you need 600 that's a big number + + align:start position:0% +4% then you need 600 that's a big number + + + align:start position:0% +4% then you need 600 that's a big number +so it gives you it just gives you an + + align:start position:0% +so it gives you it just gives you an + + + align:start position:0% +so it gives you it just gives you an +idea that if you get greedy with the + + align:start position:0% +idea that if you get greedy with the + + + align:start position:0% +idea that if you get greedy with the +tolerance you have to pay for that for + + align:start position:0% +tolerance you have to pay for that for + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance you have to pay for that for +those surveyors to go out okay so the + + align:start position:0% +those surveyors to go out okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +those surveyors to go out okay so the +process is you determine the needed + + align:start position:0% +process is you determine the needed + + + align:start position:0% +process is you determine the needed +sample size just with the discussion of + + align:start position:0% +sample size just with the discussion of + + + align:start position:0% +sample size just with the discussion of +the equations that we discussed then + + align:start position:0% +the equations that we discussed then + + + align:start position:0% +the equations that we discussed then +you've multiplied the sample sizes if + + align:start position:0% +you've multiplied the sample sizes if + + + align:start position:0% +you've multiplied the sample sizes if +you're using stratified sampling or if + + align:start position:0% +you're using stratified sampling or if + + + align:start position:0% +you're using stratified sampling or if +you have questions that have multiple + + align:start position:0% +you have questions that have multiple + + + align:start position:0% +you have questions that have multiple +variables you need to then make sure + + align:start position:0% +variables you need to then make sure + + + align:start position:0% +variables you need to then make sure +that you achieve that sample size for + + align:start position:0% +that you achieve that sample size for + + + align:start position:0% +that you achieve that sample size for +each combination of things that you're + + align:start position:0% +each combination of things that you're + + + align:start position:0% +each combination of things that you're +measuring so if you're for example + + align:start position:0% +measuring so if you're for example + + + align:start position:0% +measuring so if you're for example +looking at not just boardings but + + align:start position:0% +looking at not just boardings but + + + align:start position:0% +looking at not just boardings but +proportion of passengers that are car + + align:start position:0% +proportion of passengers that are car + + + align:start position:0% +proportion of passengers that are car +owning who are pleased so you could just + + align:start position:0% +owning who are pleased so you could just + + + align:start position:0% +owning who are pleased so you could just +independently measure pleased and the + + align:start position:0% +independently measure pleased and the + + + align:start position:0% +independently measure pleased and the +pendant Li measure passenger your + + align:start position:0% +pendant Li measure passenger your + + + align:start position:0% +pendant Li measure passenger your +passengers for who owned a car and you + + align:start position:0% +passengers for who owned a car and you + + + align:start position:0% +passengers for who owned a car and you +might have the tolerance you need on + + align:start position:0% +might have the tolerance you need on + + + align:start position:0% +might have the tolerance you need on +each one but if you want the combination + + align:start position:0% +each one but if you want the combination + + + align:start position:0% +each one but if you want the combination +of that now you need a higher sample + + align:start position:0% +of that now you need a higher sample + + + align:start position:0% +of that now you need a higher sample +right because you need that number for + + align:start position:0% +right because you need that number for + + + align:start position:0% +right because you need that number for +the combination of those things then + + align:start position:0% +the combination of those things then + + + align:start position:0% +the combination of those things then +there's a clustering effect so what's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a clustering effect so what's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a clustering effect so what's a +pickle thing if you're doing the + + align:start position:0% +pickle thing if you're doing the + + + align:start position:0% +pickle thing if you're doing the +clustering of a whole vehicle of + + align:start position:0% +clustering of a whole vehicle of + + + align:start position:0% +clustering of a whole vehicle of +passengers is to multiply by four and + + align:start position:0% +passengers is to multiply by four and + + + align:start position:0% +passengers is to multiply by four and +then for things like OD matrices the + + align:start position:0% +then for things like OD matrices the + + + align:start position:0% +then for things like OD matrices the +rule of thumb is 20 times the number of + + align:start position:0% +rule of thumb is 20 times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +rule of thumb is 20 times the number of +cells what does that mean that if you're + + align:start position:0% +cells what does that mean that if you're + + + align:start position:0% +cells what does that mean that if you're +only matrix is quite aggregate and + + align:start position:0% +only matrix is quite aggregate and + + + align:start position:0% +only matrix is quite aggregate and +inside the segment level so say you + + align:start position:0% +inside the segment level so say you + + + align:start position:0% +inside the segment level so say you +divide a route into two segments then + + align:start position:0% +divide a route into two segments then + + + align:start position:0% +divide a route into two segments then +your OD matrix has four cells four cells + + align:start position:0% +your OD matrix has four cells four cells + + + align:start position:0% +your OD matrix has four cells four cells +times 20 that's how many people you have + + align:start position:0% +times 20 that's how many people you have + + + align:start position:0% +times 20 that's how many people you have +to survey if you do ever at the stop + + align:start position:0% +to survey if you do ever at the stop + + + align:start position:0% +to survey if you do ever at the stop +level then you have many more stops and + + align:start position:0% +level then you have many more stops and + + + align:start position:0% +level then you have many more stops and +many therefore many more cells and + + align:start position:0% +many therefore many more cells and + + + align:start position:0% +many therefore many more cells and +therefore a much higher sample size if + + align:start position:0% +therefore a much higher sample size if + + + align:start position:0% +therefore a much higher sample size if +you have a response free there's not a + + align:start position:0% +you have a response free there's not a + + + align:start position:0% +you have a response free there's not a +hundred percent which is always the case + + align:start position:0% +hundred percent which is always the case + + + align:start position:0% +hundred percent which is always the case +then you have to expand by one minus + + align:start position:0% +then you have to expand by one minus + + + align:start position:0% +then you have to expand by one minus +that the reciprocal sorry one over that + + align:start position:0% +that the reciprocal sorry one over that + + + align:start position:0% +that the reciprocal sorry one over that +the reciprocal and then you get a very + + align:start position:0% +the reciprocal and then you get a very + + + align:start position:0% +the reciprocal and then you get a very +large number and you say I don't have + + align:start position:0% +large number and you say I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +large number and you say I don't have +the budget for that and you have to make + + align:start position:0% +the budget for that and you have to make + + + align:start position:0% +the budget for that and you have to make +trade-offs and figure out what we can do + + align:start position:0% +trade-offs and figure out what we can do + + + align:start position:0% +trade-offs and figure out what we can do +and maybe you have to maybe you can't + + align:start position:0% +and maybe you have to maybe you can't + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe you have to maybe you can't +collect this combination and know that + + align:start position:0% +collect this combination and know that + + + align:start position:0% +collect this combination and know that +accurately + + align:start position:0% +accurately + + + align:start position:0% +accurately +right so you revise your expectations + + align:start position:0% +right so you revise your expectations + + + align:start position:0% +right so you revise your expectations +okay with response rates you are + + align:start position:0% +okay with response rates you are + + + align:start position:0% +okay with response rates you are +concerned with getting the correct + + align:start position:0% +concerned with getting the correct + + + align:start position:0% +concerned with getting the correct +answers you also want to be getting a + + align:start position:0% +answers you also want to be getting a + + + align:start position:0% +answers you also want to be getting a +high response rate if you don't get a + + align:start position:0% +high response rate if you don't get a + + + align:start position:0% +high response rate if you don't get a +high response rate there might be a bias + + align:start position:0% +high response rate there might be a bias + + + align:start position:0% +high response rate there might be a bias +so you have to worry about that if you + + align:start position:0% +so you have to worry about that if you + + + align:start position:0% +so you have to worry about that if you +have low response rates that means you + + align:start position:0% +have low response rates that means you + + + align:start position:0% +have low response rates that means you +need to distribute more surveys and that + + align:start position:0% +need to distribute more surveys and that + + + align:start position:0% +need to distribute more surveys and that +cost money + + align:start position:0% +cost money + + + align:start position:0% +cost money +and that there's the bias that I just + + align:start position:0% +and that there's the bias that I just + + + align:start position:0% +and that there's the bias that I just +mentioned so people who don't respond + + align:start position:0% +mentioned so people who don't respond + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned so people who don't respond +might not be responding for a reason and + + align:start position:0% +might not be responding for a reason and + + + align:start position:0% +might not be responding for a reason and +then that might bias your results and it + + align:start position:0% +then that might bias your results and it + + + align:start position:0% +then that might bias your results and it +might make you decide something and + + align:start position:0% +might make you decide something and + + + align:start position:0% +might make you decide something and +planning that is not the right decision + + align:start position:0% +planning that is not the right decision + + + align:start position:0% +planning that is not the right decision +based on what actually happens so we + + align:start position:0% +based on what actually happens so we + + + align:start position:0% +based on what actually happens so we +call that the non-response bias okay so + + align:start position:0% +call that the non-response bias okay so + + + align:start position:0% +call that the non-response bias okay so +what happens people who don't respond + + align:start position:0% +what happens people who don't respond + + + align:start position:0% +what happens people who don't respond +might be different or might have + + align:start position:0% +might be different or might have + + + align:start position:0% +might be different or might have +responded differently to the question + + align:start position:0% +responded differently to the question + + + align:start position:0% +responded differently to the question +have they responded so here are some + + align:start position:0% +have they responded so here are some + + + align:start position:0% +have they responded so here are some +examples if you're surveying people who + + align:start position:0% +examples if you're surveying people who + + + align:start position:0% +examples if you're surveying people who +are standing they are less comfortable + + align:start position:0% +are standing they are less comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +are standing they are less comfortable +and it may be it's a crowded bus they + + align:start position:0% +and it may be it's a crowded bus they + + + align:start position:0% +and it may be it's a crowded bus they +are less comfortable or maybe they're + + align:start position:0% +are less comfortable or maybe they're + + + align:start position:0% +are less comfortable or maybe they're +getting off the one of those stops that + + align:start position:0% +getting off the one of those stops that + + + align:start position:0% +getting off the one of those stops that +is coming up so they are less likely to + + align:start position:0% +is coming up so they are less likely to + + + align:start position:0% +is coming up so they are less likely to +have the time to respond to your survey + + align:start position:0% +have the time to respond to your survey + + + align:start position:0% +have the time to respond to your survey +people with low literacy teenagers + + align:start position:0% +people with low literacy teenagers + + + align:start position:0% +people with low literacy teenagers +people who don't speak the language are + + align:start position:0% +people who don't speak the language are + + + align:start position:0% +people who don't speak the language are +less likely to respond and they might + + align:start position:0% +less likely to respond and they might + + + align:start position:0% +less likely to respond and they might +have different travel patterns so if you + + align:start position:0% +have different travel patterns so if you + + + align:start position:0% +have different travel patterns so if you +understand those things and you get + + align:start position:0% +understand those things and you get + + + align:start position:0% +understand those things and you get +lower samples for them you might be able + + align:start position:0% +lower samples for them you might be able + + + align:start position:0% +lower samples for them you might be able +to do some sort of correction to those + + align:start position:0% +to do some sort of correction to those + + + align:start position:0% +to do some sort of correction to those +biases but you have to pay attention how + + align:start position:0% +biases but you have to pay attention how + + + align:start position:0% +biases but you have to pay attention how +will you improve your response rate well + + align:start position:0% +will you improve your response rate well + + + align:start position:0% +will you improve your response rate well +you can make your questions shorter you + + align:start position:0% +you can make your questions shorter you + + + align:start position:0% +you can make your questions shorter you +can do a quick oral survey that's what + + align:start position:0% +can do a quick oral survey that's what + + + align:start position:0% +can do a quick oral survey that's what +we're gonna do for this homework you can + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do for this homework you can + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do for this homework you can +try to get information from automatic + + align:start position:0% +try to get information from automatic + + + align:start position:0% +try to get information from automatic +sources whenever possible so if you have + + align:start position:0% +sources whenever possible so if you have + + + align:start position:0% +sources whenever possible so if you have +an AAC system let's not collect + + align:start position:0% +an AAC system let's not collect + + + align:start position:0% +an AAC system let's not collect +boardings because we know that and then + + align:start position:0% +boardings because we know that and then + + + align:start position:0% +boardings because we know that and then +of course some training and just being + + align:start position:0% +of course some training and just being + + + align:start position:0% +of course some training and just being +kind and having supervision helps a lot + + align:start position:0% +kind and having supervision helps a lot + + + align:start position:0% +kind and having supervision helps a lot +okay here are some suggested tolerances + + align:start position:0% +okay here are some suggested tolerances + + + align:start position:0% +okay here are some suggested tolerances +for different things so we're looking + + align:start position:0% +for different things so we're looking + + + align:start position:0% +for different things so we're looking +here at boardings or the peak load and + + align:start position:0% +here at boardings or the peak load and + + + align:start position:0% +here at boardings or the peak load and +you see here that the suggested + + align:start position:0% +you see here that the suggested + + + align:start position:0% +you see here that the suggested +tolerance is 30% plus minus 30% when you + + align:start position:0% +tolerance is 30% plus minus 30% when you + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance is 30% plus minus 30% when you +have a route with one to three buses and + + align:start position:0% +have a route with one to three buses and + + + align:start position:0% +have a route with one to three buses and +then I see you have more and more buses + + align:start position:0% +then I see you have more and more buses + + + align:start position:0% +then I see you have more and more buses +the tolerance decreases that means you + + align:start position:0% +the tolerance decreases that means you + + + align:start position:0% +the tolerance decreases that means you +have you require a larger sample why is + + align:start position:0% +have you require a larger sample why is + + + align:start position:0% +have you require a larger sample why is +that why do you need a bigger sample if + + align:start position:0% +that why do you need a bigger sample if + + + align:start position:0% +that why do you need a bigger sample if +you have a bus with a route with more + + align:start position:0% +you have a bus with a route with more + + + align:start position:0% +you have a bus with a route with more +buses yes and and when you have higher + + align:start position:0% +buses yes and and when you have higher + + + align:start position:0% +buses yes and and when you have higher +when you have more buses you have you + + align:start position:0% +when you have more buses you have you + + + align:start position:0% +when you have more buses you have you +tend to have higher frequency there's + + align:start position:0% +tend to have higher frequency there's + + + align:start position:0% +tend to have higher frequency there's +bunching okay so so if you then survey + + align:start position:0% +bunching okay so so if you then survey + + + align:start position:0% +bunching okay so so if you then survey +loads for example and you only get a few + + align:start position:0% +loads for example and you only get a few + + + align:start position:0% +loads for example and you only get a few +because of the bunching effect and + + align:start position:0% +because of the bunching effect and + + + align:start position:0% +because of the bunching effect and +because there are more buses and you're + + align:start position:0% +because there are more buses and you're + + + align:start position:0% +because there are more buses and you're +observing a smaller percentage of them + + align:start position:0% +observing a smaller percentage of them + + + align:start position:0% +observing a smaller percentage of them +for a given time period saying you're + + align:start position:0% +for a given time period saying you're + + + align:start position:0% +for a given time period saying you're +less likely to have observed the bus + + align:start position:0% +less likely to have observed the bus + + + align:start position:0% +less likely to have observed the bus +that was really crowded right so that + + align:start position:0% +that was really crowded right so that + + + align:start position:0% +that was really crowded right so that +means that you need to decrease your + + align:start position:0% +means that you need to decrease your + + + align:start position:0% +means that you need to decrease your +your tolerance and therefore it's more + + align:start position:0% +your tolerance and therefore it's more + + + align:start position:0% +your tolerance and therefore it's more +expensive to survey that okay good trip + + align:start position:0% +expensive to survey that okay good trip + + + align:start position:0% +expensive to survey that okay good trip +time 10% for routes with less than 20 + + align:start position:0% +time 10% for routes with less than 20 + + + align:start position:0% +time 10% for routes with less than 20 +minutes 5% with routes of greater than + + align:start position:0% +minutes 5% with routes of greater than + + + align:start position:0% +minutes 5% with routes of greater than +20 minutes similar concept if you have + + align:start position:0% +20 minutes similar concept if you have + + + align:start position:0% +20 minutes similar concept if you have +greater than 20 minutes there's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +greater than 20 minutes there's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +greater than 20 minutes there's gonna be +a yeah there can be just more + + align:start position:0% +a yeah there can be just more + + + align:start position:0% +a yeah there can be just more +variability and you really want to get + + align:start position:0% +variability and you really want to get + + + align:start position:0% +variability and you really want to get +that to get that right when you have + + align:start position:0% +that to get that right when you have + + + align:start position:0% +that to get that right when you have +less than 20 minutes your decision on + + align:start position:0% +less than 20 minutes your decision on + + + align:start position:0% +less than 20 minutes your decision on +cycle times and things like this are not + + align:start position:0% +cycle times and things like this are not + + + align:start position:0% +cycle times and things like this are not +gonna have as much impact on the fleet + + align:start position:0% +gonna have as much impact on the fleet + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have as much impact on the fleet +size that you require as you get bigger + + align:start position:0% +size that you require as you get bigger + + + align:start position:0% +size that you require as you get bigger +running times you know a small + + align:start position:0% +running times you know a small + + + align:start position:0% +running times you know a small +percentage change in the mean could + + align:start position:0% +percentage change in the mean could + + + align:start position:0% +percentage change in the mean could +influence how many buses you need to + + align:start position:0% +influence how many buses you need to + + + align:start position:0% +influence how many buses you need to +dedicate to that and the cost of running + + align:start position:0% +dedicate to that and the cost of running + + + align:start position:0% +dedicate to that and the cost of running +that service so on-time performance 10 + + align:start position:0% +that service so on-time performance 10 + + + align:start position:0% +that service so on-time performance 10 +percent absolutely cool intolerance + + align:start position:0% +percent absolutely cool intolerance + + + align:start position:0% +percent absolutely cool intolerance +these are typical values don't take them + + align:start position:0% +these are typical values don't take them + + + align:start position:0% +these are typical values don't take them +as gospel please these are and these are + + align:start position:0% +as gospel please these are and these are + + + align:start position:0% +as gospel please these are and these are +for reporting not for anything that's + + align:start position:0% +for reporting not for anything that's + + + align:start position:0% +for reporting not for anything that's +very critical for operations some of + + align:start position:0% +very critical for operations some of + + + align:start position:0% +very critical for operations some of +them are this is why yeah + + align:start position:0% +them are this is why yeah + + + align:start position:0% +them are this is why yeah +the 30 percent at least I would say is + + align:start position:0% +the 30 percent at least I would say is + + + align:start position:0% +the 30 percent at least I would say is +for reporting I wouldn't make any + + align:start position:0% +for reporting I wouldn't make any + + + align:start position:0% +for reporting I wouldn't make any +critical decisions over 30 percent on + + align:start position:0% +critical decisions over 30 percent on + + + align:start position:0% +critical decisions over 30 percent on +plane performance we're talking here + + align:start position:0% +plane performance we're talking here + + + align:start position:0% +plane performance we're talking here +about whether a trip is on time or not + + align:start position:0% +about whether a trip is on time or not + + + align:start position:0% +about whether a trip is on time or not +on time so Bernoulli trials right and + + align:start position:0% +on time so Bernoulli trials right and + + + align:start position:0% +on time so Bernoulli trials right and +there's a proportion of trips that are + + align:start position:0% +there's a proportion of trips that are + + + align:start position:0% +there's a proportion of trips that are +on time and what we do is that we + + align:start position:0% +on time and what we do is that we + + + align:start position:0% +on time and what we do is that we +essentially we say plus if we say plus + + align:start position:0% +essentially we say plus if we say plus + + + align:start position:0% +essentially we say plus if we say plus +minus 10% then we're saying that the + + align:start position:0% +minus 10% then we're saying that the + + + align:start position:0% +minus 10% then we're saying that the +sample size should be 1 over a point 1 + + align:start position:0% +sample size should be 1 over a point 1 + + + align:start position:0% +sample size should be 1 over a point 1 +yeah all right default coefficient the + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right default coefficient the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right default coefficient the +default values for coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +default values for coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +default values for coefficient of +variation of + + align:start position:0% +variation of + + + align:start position:0% +variation of +data items ideally you have your own + + align:start position:0% +data items ideally you have your own + + + align:start position:0% +data items ideally you have your own +data that you look at and you don't + + align:start position:0% +data that you look at and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +data that you look at and you don't +resort to this but if you ever find + + align:start position:0% +resort to this but if you ever find + + + align:start position:0% +resort to this but if you ever find +yourself in a situation where you need + + align:start position:0% +yourself in a situation where you need + + + align:start position:0% +yourself in a situation where you need +to start out with something here some + + align:start position:0% +to start out with something here some + + + align:start position:0% +to start out with something here some +based on studies a preview + + align:start position:0% +based on studies a preview + + + align:start position:0% +based on studies a preview +they took different routes and looked at + + align:start position:0% +they took different routes and looked at + + + align:start position:0% +they took different routes and looked at +loads and running times for different + + align:start position:0% +loads and running times for different + + + align:start position:0% +loads and running times for different +time periods and found what the + + align:start position:0% +time periods and found what the + + + align:start position:0% +time periods and found what the +coefficients of variations or and here + + align:start position:0% +coefficients of variations or and here + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients of variations or and here +they are at a table for you to use right + + align:start position:0% +they are at a table for you to use right + + + align:start position:0% +they are at a table for you to use right +so in the interest of time since I want + + align:start position:0% +so in the interest of time since I want + + + align:start position:0% +so in the interest of time since I want +to discuss the homework I'm gonna stop + + align:start position:0% +to discuss the homework I'm gonna stop + + + align:start position:0% +to discuss the homework I'm gonna stop +here with slide 25 and I'm gonna not + + align:start position:0% +here with slide 25 and I'm gonna not + + + align:start position:0% +here with slide 25 and I'm gonna not +cover the whole process which includes + + align:start position:0% +cover the whole process which includes + + + align:start position:0% +cover the whole process which includes +the monitoring phase and in this in this + + align:start position:0% +the monitoring phase and in this in this + + + align:start position:0% +the monitoring phase and in this in this +slide here we have how you establish a + + align:start position:0% +slide here we have how you establish a + + + align:start position:0% +slide here we have how you establish a +conversion factor the conversion factor + + align:start position:0% +conversion factor the conversion factor + + + align:start position:0% +conversion factor the conversion factor +in itself has a variance so there's some + + align:start position:0% +in itself has a variance so there's some + + + align:start position:0% +in itself has a variance so there's some +uncertainty about the relationship that + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty about the relationship that + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty about the relationship that +you estimate between you know your + + align:start position:0% +you estimate between you know your + + + align:start position:0% +you estimate between you know your +baseline data item and your auxiliary + + align:start position:0% +baseline data item and your auxiliary + + + align:start position:0% +baseline data item and your auxiliary +data item so you need to consider that + + align:start position:0% +data item so you need to consider that + + + align:start position:0% +data item so you need to consider that +in your sample size and here are some + + align:start position:0% +in your sample size and here are some + + + align:start position:0% +in your sample size and here are some +tables with some examples of what + + align:start position:0% +tables with some examples of what + + + align:start position:0% +tables with some examples of what +happens when you require different well + + align:start position:0% +happens when you require different well + + + align:start position:0% +happens when you require different well +when your variability of or your yeah + + align:start position:0% +when your variability of or your yeah + + + align:start position:0% +when your variability of or your yeah +your coefficient of area of variation of + + align:start position:0% +your coefficient of area of variation of + + + align:start position:0% +your coefficient of area of variation of +your relationship increases or decreases + + align:start position:0% +your relationship increases or decreases + + + align:start position:0% +your relationship increases or decreases +okay let's look at the homework I really + + align:start position:0% +okay let's look at the homework I really + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's look at the homework I really +want these last five minutes for that so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please take one and pass okay so the + + align:start position:0% +please take one and pass okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +please take one and pass okay so the +mbta there's a proposal and here in + + align:start position:0% +mbta there's a proposal and here in + + + align:start position:0% +mbta there's a proposal and here in +Boston of taking route 70 and 70 a they + + align:start position:0% +Boston of taking route 70 and 70 a they + + + align:start position:0% +Boston of taking route 70 and 70 a they +run to 12 of them and they go into + + align:start position:0% +run to 12 of them and they go into + + + align:start position:0% +run to 12 of them and they go into +around Central Square and some people + + align:start position:0% +around Central Square and some people + + + align:start position:0% +around Central Square and some people +are saying that route those two routes + + align:start position:0% +are saying that route those two routes + + + align:start position:0% +are saying that route those two routes +should be extended to Kendall Square + + align:start position:0% +should be extended to Kendall Square + + + align:start position:0% +should be extended to Kendall Square +because a lot of people are actually + + align:start position:0% +because a lot of people are actually + + + align:start position:0% +because a lot of people are actually +going to MIT or Kendall Square or at the + + align:start position:0% +going to MIT or Kendall Square or at the + + + align:start position:0% +going to MIT or Kendall Square or at the +Kendall Square area not just Kendall + + align:start position:0% +Kendall Square area not just Kendall + + + align:start position:0% +Kendall Square area not just Kendall +Square station but the whole app be + + align:start position:0% +Square station but the whole app be + + + align:start position:0% +Square station but the whole app be +around so if it's true a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +around so if it's true a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +around so if it's true a lot of people +could benefit from that extension and we + + align:start position:0% +could benefit from that extension and we + + + align:start position:0% +could benefit from that extension and we +don't know so + + align:start position:0% +don't know so + + + align:start position:0% +don't know so +what are you gonna do you're gonna go to + + align:start position:0% +what are you gonna do you're gonna go to + + + align:start position:0% +what are you gonna do you're gonna go to +a specific stop where the it is very + + align:start position:0% +a specific stop where the it is very + + + align:start position:0% +a specific stop where the it is very +likely that the people who would be + + align:start position:0% +likely that the people who would be + + + align:start position:0% +likely that the people who would be +going to MIT or or those areas of + + align:start position:0% +going to MIT or or those areas of + + + align:start position:0% +going to MIT or or those areas of +Kendall Square that would benefit from + + align:start position:0% +Kendall Square that would benefit from + + + align:start position:0% +Kendall Square that would benefit from +this extension would alight and you're + + align:start position:0% +this extension would alight and you're + + + align:start position:0% +this extension would alight and you're +gonna ask people would you have to stay + + align:start position:0% +gonna ask people would you have to stay + + + align:start position:0% +gonna ask people would you have to stay +on your bus if this bus had continued to + + align:start position:0% +on your bus if this bus had continued to + + + align:start position:0% +on your bus if this bus had continued to +MIT in Kendall Square it's a simple oral + + align:start position:0% +MIT in Kendall Square it's a simple oral + + + align:start position:0% +MIT in Kendall Square it's a simple oral +serve a yes-or-no question one question + + align:start position:0% +serve a yes-or-no question one question + + + align:start position:0% +serve a yes-or-no question one question +you're gonna work in teams of four + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna work in teams of four + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna work in teams of four +people the the stop that you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +people the the stop that you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +people the the stop that you're gonna +station yourself in is shown in Figure + + align:start position:0% +station yourself in is shown in Figure + + + align:start position:0% +station yourself in is shown in Figure +three and you're gonna collect data for + + align:start position:0% +three and you're gonna collect data for + + + align:start position:0% +three and you're gonna collect data for +the a.m. peak from 7:30 to 9:30 + + align:start position:0% +the a.m. peak from 7:30 to 9:30 + + + align:start position:0% +the a.m. peak from 7:30 to 9:30 +you picked the day the teams are + + align:start position:0% +you picked the day the teams are + + + align:start position:0% +you picked the day the teams are +assigned on stellar so please log in to + + align:start position:0% +assigned on stellar so please log in to + + + align:start position:0% +assigned on stellar so please log in to +stellar and see what your team is and + + align:start position:0% +stellar and see what your team is and + + + align:start position:0% +stellar and see what your team is and +coordinate with them to pick a day and + + align:start position:0% +coordinate with them to pick a day and + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate with them to pick a day and +tell me what that day is because + + align:start position:0% +tell me what that day is because + + + align:start position:0% +tell me what that day is because +actually right after class I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +actually right after class I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +actually right after class I'm going to +set up a shared spreadsheet that you can + + align:start position:0% +set up a shared spreadsheet that you can + + + align:start position:0% +set up a shared spreadsheet that you can +all access and just go into that + + align:start position:0% +all access and just go into that + + + align:start position:0% +all access and just go into that +spreadsheet and and pick a day I'm going + + align:start position:0% +spreadsheet and and pick a day I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +spreadsheet and and pick a day I'm going +to put all the days that are available + + align:start position:0% +to put all the days that are available + + + align:start position:0% +to put all the days that are available +and you can say team one and Team two + + align:start position:0% +and you can say team one and Team two + + + align:start position:0% +and you can say team one and Team two +etc make sure that you don't two teams + + align:start position:0% +etc make sure that you don't two teams + + + align:start position:0% +etc make sure that you don't two teams +don't go on the same day we want data + + align:start position:0% +don't go on the same day we want data + + + align:start position:0% +don't go on the same day we want data +from different days and then you're + + align:start position:0% +from different days and then you're + + + align:start position:0% +from different days and then you're +gonna all bring that data together in + + align:start position:0% +gonna all bring that data together in + + + align:start position:0% +gonna all bring that data together in +that same spreadsheet and there are some + + align:start position:0% +that same spreadsheet and there are some + + + align:start position:0% +that same spreadsheet and there are some +questions for you to analyze the data + + align:start position:0% +questions for you to analyze the data + + + align:start position:0% +questions for you to analyze the data +that you collected all of the class + + align:start position:0% +that you collected all of the class + + + align:start position:0% +that you collected all of the class +collected together you're measuring the + + align:start position:0% +collected together you're measuring the + + + align:start position:0% +collected together you're measuring the +percent of people who would have stayed + + align:start position:0% +percent of people who would have stayed + + + align:start position:0% +percent of people who would have stayed +on the bus right so it's a proportion + + align:start position:0% +on the bus right so it's a proportion + + + align:start position:0% +on the bus right so it's a proportion +and one submission per team in PDF + + align:start position:0% +and one submission per team in PDF + + + align:start position:0% +and one submission per team in PDF +format to stellar this is due March 7 + + align:start position:0% +format to stellar this is due March 7 + + + align:start position:0% +format to stellar this is due March 7 +but in order to leave you enough time to + + align:start position:0% +but in order to leave you enough time to + + + align:start position:0% +but in order to leave you enough time to +do the analysis the data collection + + align:start position:0% +do the analysis the data collection + + + align:start position:0% +do the analysis the data collection +effort should be done by February 28th + + align:start position:0% +effort should be done by February 28th + + + align:start position:0% +effort should be done by February 28th +so please submit your data by the end of + + align:start position:0% +so please submit your data by the end of + + + align:start position:0% +so please submit your data by the end of +Tuesday February 28th at midnight say or + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday February 28th at midnight say or + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday February 28th at midnight say or +sometime before of the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +sometime before of the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +sometime before of the beginning of +March in the morning where a person + + align:start position:0% +March in the morning where a person + + + align:start position:0% +March in the morning where a person +would be trying to analyze your data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay if you have questions let me know + + align:start position:0% +okay if you have questions let me know + + + align:start position:0% +okay if you have questions let me know +and if not + + align:start position:0% +and if not + + + align:start position:0% +and if not +funny remember that assignment one is + + align:start position:0% +funny remember that assignment one is + + + align:start position:0% +funny remember that assignment one is +due Thursday Harry and going back to + + align:start position:0% +due Thursday Harry and going back to + + + align:start position:0% +due Thursday Harry and going back to +let's see I forget where I had it well I + + align:start position:0% +let's see I forget where I had it well I + + + align:start position:0% +let's see I forget where I had it well I +guess what there was a point I made + + align:start position:0% +guess what there was a point I made + + + align:start position:0% +guess what there was a point I made +earlier where we can measure that from + + align:start position:0% +earlier where we can measure that from + + + align:start position:0% +earlier where we can measure that from +automatically collected data right does + + align:start position:0% +automatically collected data right does + + + align:start position:0% +automatically collected data right does +that make sense so if I see you tapping + + align:start position:0% +that make sense so if I see you tapping + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense so if I see you tapping +at the 70 or the 70 a and then I see you + + align:start position:0% +at the 70 or the 70 a and then I see you + + + align:start position:0% +at the 70 or the 70 a and then I see you +tapping at Central Square I can infer + + align:start position:0% +tapping at Central Square I can infer + + + align:start position:0% +tapping at Central Square I can infer +that you were using the service to + + align:start position:0% +that you were using the service to + + + align:start position:0% +that you were using the service to +transfer to Central Square and then + + align:start position:0% +transfer to Central Square and then + + + align:start position:0% +transfer to Central Square and then +we'll cover odx which is an entrance + + align:start position:0% +we'll cover odx which is an entrance + + + align:start position:0% +we'll cover odx which is an entrance +model for destinations later in this + + align:start position:0% +model for destinations later in this + + + align:start position:0% +model for destinations later in this +course but looking at the sequence of + + align:start position:0% +course but looking at the sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +course but looking at the sequence of +taps I can infer we can infer what the + + align:start position:0% +taps I can infer we can infer what the + + + align:start position:0% +taps I can infer we can infer what the +destination of that bus trip was we can + + align:start position:0% +destination of that bus trip was we can + + + align:start position:0% +destination of that bus trip was we can +infer that it was stuff that was closest + + align:start position:0% +infer that it was stuff that was closest + + + align:start position:0% +infer that it was stuff that was closest +to central and later that they + + align:start position:0% +to central and later that they + + + align:start position:0% +to central and later that they +presumably look who might be going to + + align:start position:0% +presumably look who might be going to + + + align:start position:0% +presumably look who might be going to +Kendall Square station after work taps + + align:start position:0% +Kendall Square station after work taps + + + align:start position:0% +Kendall Square station after work taps +to Kendall Square so I might think oh + + align:start position:0% +to Kendall Square so I might think oh + + + align:start position:0% +to Kendall Square so I might think oh +you took the red line from central to + + align:start position:0% +you took the red line from central to + + + align:start position:0% +you took the red line from central to +Kendall so I don't need to ask those + + align:start position:0% +Kendall so I don't need to ask those + + + align:start position:0% +Kendall so I don't need to ask those +people where they're going and anyway + + align:start position:0% +people where they're going and anyway + + + align:start position:0% +people where they're going and anyway +they might not care about this extension + + align:start position:0% +they might not care about this extension + + + align:start position:0% +they might not care about this extension +so we're gonna stand on the bus stop + + align:start position:0% +so we're gonna stand on the bus stop + + + align:start position:0% +so we're gonna stand on the bus stop +that is after Central Square and see + + align:start position:0% +that is after Central Square and see + + + align:start position:0% +that is after Central Square and see +where those people are going and whether + + align:start position:0% +where those people are going and whether + + + align:start position:0% +where those people are going and whether +they would have stayed on that bus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some people are proposing it it is a + + align:start position:0% +some people are proposing it it is a + + + align:start position:0% +some people are proposing it it is a +real proposal + + align:start position:0% +real proposal + + + align:start position:0% +real proposal +the MBTA isn't a big organization so not + + align:start position:0% +the MBTA isn't a big organization so not + + + align:start position:0% +the MBTA isn't a big organization so not +you know I can't say that the MBTA is + + align:start position:0% +you know I can't say that the MBTA is + + + align:start position:0% +you know I can't say that the MBTA is +you know wants to do this or doesn't + + align:start position:0% +you know wants to do this or doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +you know wants to do this or doesn't +want to do this but some people are + + align:start position:0% +want to do this but some people are + + + align:start position:0% +want to do this but some people are +interested and it will get looked into + + align:start position:0% +interested and it will get looked into + + + align:start position:0% +interested and it will get looked into +so it's useful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah why not yeah and I guess one other + + align:start position:0% +yeah why not yeah and I guess one other + + + align:start position:0% +yeah why not yeah and I guess one other +thing that I so we're gonna probably + + align:start position:0% +thing that I so we're gonna probably + + + align:start position:0% +thing that I so we're gonna probably +make this make of this like a theme of + + align:start position:0% +make this make of this like a theme of + + + align:start position:0% +make this make of this like a theme of +assignments so there's gonna be another + + align:start position:0% +assignments so there's gonna be another + + + align:start position:0% +assignments so there's gonna be another +assignment on service planning on + + align:start position:0% +assignment on service planning on + + + align:start position:0% +assignment on service planning on +operations planning so we're gonna start + + align:start position:0% +operations planning so we're gonna start + + + align:start position:0% +operations planning so we're gonna start +looking at this combination of route 70 + + align:start position:0% +looking at this combination of route 70 + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this combination of route 70 +and 70 a and we're gonna essentially + + align:start position:0% +and 70 a and we're gonna essentially + + + align:start position:0% +and 70 a and we're gonna essentially +make a thread of this and do some + + align:start position:0% +make a thread of this and do some + + + align:start position:0% +make a thread of this and do some +service planning on some scenarios where + + align:start position:0% +service planning on some scenarios where + + + align:start position:0% +service planning on some scenarios where +the 70 and the 78 could be merged and + + align:start position:0% +the 70 and the 78 could be merged and + + + align:start position:0% +the 70 and the 78 could be merged and +they could maybe be terminated a little + + align:start position:0% +they could maybe be terminated a little + + + align:start position:0% +they could maybe be terminated a little +yeah we'll make some changes to a + + align:start position:0% +yeah we'll make some changes to a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we'll make some changes to a +service plan under some hypothetical + + align:start position:0% +service plan under some hypothetical + + + align:start position:0% +service plan under some hypothetical +scenarios and and you'll get a chance to + + align:start position:0% +scenarios and and you'll get a chance to + + + align:start position:0% +scenarios and and you'll get a chance to +do an operations plan on these and then + + align:start position:0% +do an operations plan on these and then + + + align:start position:0% +do an operations plan on these and then +the last homework will be on policy so + + align:start position:0% +the last homework will be on policy so + + + align:start position:0% +the last homework will be on policy so +there won't be some policy questions + + align:start position:0% +there won't be some policy questions + + + align:start position:0% +there won't be some policy questions +that I have in mind about what we could + + align:start position:0% +that I have in mind about what we could + + + align:start position:0% +that I have in mind about what we could +do about service outside and the outer + + align:start position:0% +do about service outside and the outer + + + align:start position:0% +do about service outside and the outer +parts of the 1778 all right \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/JbV0aUHvROc.txt b/JbV0aUHvROc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9082899e8df24fe29febe56e6e3d462bde33c359 --- /dev/null +++ b/JbV0aUHvROc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8939 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the last time we were finishing the + + align:start position:0% +the last time we were finishing the + + + align:start position:0% +the last time we were finishing the +first part of the reactive oxygen + + align:start position:0% +first part of the reactive oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +first part of the reactive oxygen +species module focused on how we as + + align:start position:0% +species module focused on how we as + + + align:start position:0% +species module focused on how we as +humans fight bacterial or viral + + align:start position:0% +humans fight bacterial or viral + + + align:start position:0% +humans fight bacterial or viral +infections using neutrophils the white + + align:start position:0% +infections using neutrophils the white + + + align:start position:0% +infections using neutrophils the white +blood cells and we I introduced you to + + align:start position:0% +blood cells and we I introduced you to + + + align:start position:0% +blood cells and we I introduced you to +this cartoon so here's our neutrophil + + align:start position:0% +this cartoon so here's our neutrophil + + + align:start position:0% +this cartoon so here's our neutrophil +all of this blue stuff it has an + + align:start position:0% +all of this blue stuff it has an + + + align:start position:0% +all of this blue stuff it has an +unusual-looking a nucleus neutrophils + + align:start position:0% +unusual-looking a nucleus neutrophils + + + align:start position:0% +unusual-looking a nucleus neutrophils +have weird nuclei they somehow sense the + + align:start position:0% +have weird nuclei they somehow sense the + + + align:start position:0% +have weird nuclei they somehow sense the +bacteria the bacteria getting chain + + align:start position:0% +bacteria the bacteria getting chain + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria the bacteria getting chain +chased by the neutrophil and then + + align:start position:0% +chased by the neutrophil and then + + + align:start position:0% +chased by the neutrophil and then +somebody asked me this question somebody + + align:start position:0% +somebody asked me this question somebody + + + align:start position:0% +somebody asked me this question somebody +asked me this question last time about + + align:start position:0% +asked me this question last time about + + + align:start position:0% +asked me this question last time about +where the knocks one knocks two proteins + + align:start position:0% +where the knocks one knocks two proteins + + + align:start position:0% +where the knocks one knocks two proteins +end up and let me reiterate again that + + align:start position:0% +end up and let me reiterate again that + + + align:start position:0% +end up and let me reiterate again that +they can be found in multiple membranes + + align:start position:0% +they can be found in multiple membranes + + + align:start position:0% +they can be found in multiple membranes +the predominant membrane and neutrophils + + align:start position:0% +the predominant membrane and neutrophils + + + align:start position:0% +the predominant membrane and neutrophils +is in these little vesicles within the + + align:start position:0% +is in these little vesicles within the + + + align:start position:0% +is in these little vesicles within the +cell okay but you know what the bacteria + + align:start position:0% +cell okay but you know what the bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +cell okay but you know what the bacteria +out here so they need to somehow engulf + + align:start position:0% +out here so they need to somehow engulf + + + align:start position:0% +out here so they need to somehow engulf +the bacteria so they can also be found + + align:start position:0% +the bacteria so they can also be found + + + align:start position:0% +the bacteria so they can also be found +in in the plasma membrane and they need + + align:start position:0% +in in the plasma membrane and they need + + + align:start position:0% +in in the plasma membrane and they need +to engulf the bacteria to form phagosome + + align:start position:0% +to engulf the bacteria to form phagosome + + + align:start position:0% +to engulf the bacteria to form phagosome +x' and so here you see them again so + + align:start position:0% +x' and so here you see them again so + + + align:start position:0% +x' and so here you see them again so +this is the phagosome with the knocks to + + align:start position:0% +this is the phagosome with the knocks to + + + align:start position:0% +this is the phagosome with the knocks to +protein with this predisposition where + + align:start position:0% +protein with this predisposition where + + + align:start position:0% +protein with this predisposition where +the nad pH is in the cytosol okay so you + + align:start position:0% +the nad pH is in the cytosol okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +the nad pH is in the cytosol okay so you +see that the location here the NADPH is + + align:start position:0% +see that the location here the NADPH is + + + align:start position:0% +see that the location here the NADPH is +also in the cytosol and so you need to + + align:start position:0% +also in the cytosol and so you need to + + + align:start position:0% +also in the cytosol and so you need to +think about where you're located and + + align:start position:0% +think about where you're located and + + + align:start position:0% +think about where you're located and +we'll see in a few minutes that there + + align:start position:0% +we'll see in a few minutes that there + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see in a few minutes that there +are lots of different kinds of Knox + + align:start position:0% +are lots of different kinds of Knox + + + align:start position:0% +are lots of different kinds of Knox +proteins than they all have different + + align:start position:0% +proteins than they all have different + + + align:start position:0% +proteins than they all have different +locations and all have different factors + + align:start position:0% +locations and all have different factors + + + align:start position:0% +locations and all have different factors +that control the regulation of all of + + align:start position:0% +that control the regulation of all of + + + align:start position:0% +that control the regulation of all of +these things okay so what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +these things okay so what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +these things okay so what I want to do +today is start out by looking talking + + align:start position:0% +today is start out by looking talking + + + align:start position:0% +today is start out by looking talking +about the knox complex what the + + align:start position:0% +about the knox complex what the + + + align:start position:0% +about the knox complex what the +chemistry is because it's not only + + align:start position:0% +chemistry is because it's not only + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry is because it's not only +involved in killing bacteria but we'll + + align:start position:0% +involved in killing bacteria but we'll + + + align:start position:0% +involved in killing bacteria but we'll +see and you've already seen in last + + align:start position:0% +see and you've already seen in last + + + align:start position:0% +see and you've already seen in last +week's recitation in the signaling + + align:start position:0% +week's recitation in the signaling + + + align:start position:0% +week's recitation in the signaling +process okay it's the same protein and + + align:start position:0% +process okay it's the same protein and + + + align:start position:0% +process okay it's the same protein and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +once the bacteria are engulfed you're + + align:start position:0% +once the bacteria are engulfed you're + + + align:start position:0% +once the bacteria are engulfed you're +now you now have a phagosome within the + + align:start position:0% +now you now have a phagosome within the + + + align:start position:0% +now you now have a phagosome within the +neutrophil and here's the NOx complex + + align:start position:0% +neutrophil and here's the NOx complex + + + align:start position:0% +neutrophil and here's the NOx complex +remember it's composed of two proteins + + align:start position:0% +remember it's composed of two proteins + + + align:start position:0% +remember it's composed of two proteins +the ninety kill it all 91 kill it on + + align:start position:0% +the ninety kill it all 91 kill it on + + + align:start position:0% +the ninety kill it all 91 kill it on +glycoprotein and 22 kill it all protein + + align:start position:0% +glycoprotein and 22 kill it all protein + + + align:start position:0% +glycoprotein and 22 kill it all protein +both membrane bound I drew those on the + + align:start position:0% +both membrane bound I drew those on the + + + align:start position:0% +both membrane bound I drew those on the +board last time and the NADPH and ATP is + + align:start position:0% +board last time and the NADPH and ATP is + + + align:start position:0% +board last time and the NADPH and ATP is +in the cytosol but all the chemistry is + + align:start position:0% +in the cytosol but all the chemistry is + + + align:start position:0% +in the cytosol but all the chemistry is +going to happen in the lumen of the + + align:start position:0% +going to happen in the lumen of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen in the lumen of the +phagosome okay so somehow the reducing + + align:start position:0% +phagosome okay so somehow the reducing + + + align:start position:0% +phagosome okay so somehow the reducing +equivalents from the NADPH need to be + + align:start position:0% +equivalents from the NADPH need to be + + + align:start position:0% +equivalents from the NADPH need to be +transferred into the lumen where oxygen + + align:start position:0% +transferred into the lumen where oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +transferred into the lumen where oxygen +is going to be reduced to superoxide so + + align:start position:0% +is going to be reduced to superoxide so + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be reduced to superoxide so +I want to talk a little bit about how + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk a little bit about how + + + align:start position:0% +I want to talk a little bit about how +that happens first given what we know + + align:start position:0% +that happens first given what we know + + + align:start position:0% +that happens first given what we know +about the cofactors and NOx tubes that + + align:start position:0% +about the cofactors and NOx tubes that + + + align:start position:0% +about the cofactors and NOx tubes that +are essential for this process and then + + align:start position:0% +are essential for this process and then + + + align:start position:0% +are essential for this process and then +what we'll do is look a little bit at + + align:start position:0% +what we'll do is look a little bit at + + + align:start position:0% +what we'll do is look a little bit at +how the superoxide that's generated in + + align:start position:0% +how the superoxide that's generated in + + + align:start position:0% +how the superoxide that's generated in +the phagosome gets converted to hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +the phagosome gets converted to hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +the phagosome gets converted to hydrogen +peroxide and ultimately with another + + align:start position:0% +peroxide and ultimately with another + + + align:start position:0% +peroxide and ultimately with another +protein we're briefly going to just + + align:start position:0% +protein we're briefly going to just + + + align:start position:0% +protein we're briefly going to just +discuss a heme dependent protein + + align:start position:0% +discuss a heme dependent protein + + + align:start position:0% +discuss a heme dependent protein +myeloperoxidase + + align:start position:0% +myeloperoxidase + + + align:start position:0% +myeloperoxidase +which uses chloride can form + + align:start position:0% +which uses chloride can form + + + align:start position:0% +which uses chloride can form +hypochlorous acid okay so that's what + + align:start position:0% +hypochlorous acid okay so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +hypochlorous acid okay so that's what +we're going this is the cartoon I drew + + align:start position:0% +we're going this is the cartoon I drew + + + align:start position:0% +we're going this is the cartoon I drew +on the boys the last time where you can + + align:start position:0% +on the boys the last time where you can + + + align:start position:0% +on the boys the last time where you can +see that we have a flavin domain a + + align:start position:0% +see that we have a flavin domain a + + + align:start position:0% +see that we have a flavin domain a +flavin domain is that low it's located + + align:start position:0% +flavin domain is that low it's located + + + align:start position:0% +flavin domain is that low it's located +in the cytosol and then you have two to + + align:start position:0% +in the cytosol and then you have two to + + + align:start position:0% +in the cytosol and then you have two to +two teams and the unusual part about + + align:start position:0% +two teams and the unusual part about + + + align:start position:0% +two teams and the unusual part about +this system is that these heme x' we've + + align:start position:0% +this system is that these heme x' we've + + + align:start position:0% +this system is that these heme x' we've +seen him before with reversible binding + + align:start position:0% +seen him before with reversible binding + + + align:start position:0% +seen him before with reversible binding +of oxygen and hemoglobin they're up + + align:start position:0% +of oxygen and hemoglobin they're up + + + align:start position:0% +of oxygen and hemoglobin they're up +there both hexa coordinate so there's no + + align:start position:0% +there both hexa coordinate so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +there both hexa coordinate so there's no +binding site for oxygen so the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +binding site for oxygen so the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +binding site for oxygen so the chemistry +is not happening by reversible binding + + align:start position:0% +is not happening by reversible binding + + + align:start position:0% +is not happening by reversible binding +of oxygen to the heme in fact you know + + align:start position:0% +of oxygen to the heme in fact you know + + + align:start position:0% +of oxygen to the heme in fact you know +how close this is located to the surface + + align:start position:0% +how close this is located to the surface + + + align:start position:0% +how close this is located to the surface +we don't have any structure of this but + + align:start position:0% +we don't have any structure of this but + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have any structure of this but +somehow this reduction has to occur by + + align:start position:0% +somehow this reduction has to occur by + + + align:start position:0% +somehow this reduction has to occur by +an electron transfer process that + + align:start position:0% +an electron transfer process that + + + align:start position:0% +an electron transfer process that +probably occurs through the edge of the + + align:start position:0% +probably occurs through the edge of the + + + align:start position:0% +probably occurs through the edge of the +porphyrin system so what you have here + + align:start position:0% +porphyrin system so what you have here + + + align:start position:0% +porphyrin system so what you have here +in and I think this is an important + + align:start position:0% +in and I think this is an important + + + align:start position:0% +in and I think this is an important +teaching point because I think there are + + align:start position:0% +teaching point because I think there are + + + align:start position:0% +teaching point because I think there are +only two ways inside the cell that you + + align:start position:0% +only two ways inside the cell that you + + + align:start position:0% +only two ways inside the cell that you +control all the redox balance the redox + + align:start position:0% +control all the redox balance the redox + + + align:start position:0% +control all the redox balance the redox +balance with NADPH and Flavin's really + + align:start position:0% +balance with NADPH and Flavin's really + + + align:start position:0% +balance with NADPH and Flavin's really +play a central role in everything so you + + align:start position:0% +play a central role in everything so you + + + align:start position:0% +play a central role in everything so you +really need to understand how these + + align:start position:0% +really need to understand how these + + + align:start position:0% +really need to understand how these +cofactors work and highly controlled and + + align:start position:0% +cofactors work and highly controlled and + + + align:start position:0% +cofactors work and highly controlled and +so if you have a flavin and you this is + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a flavin and you this is + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a flavin and you this is +also written you don't have to write + + align:start position:0% +also written you don't have to write + + + align:start position:0% +also written you don't have to write +this down this is written on the next + + align:start position:0% +this down this is written on the next + + + align:start position:0% +this down this is written on the next +handout so you don't have to draw all + + align:start position:0% +handout so you don't have to draw all + + + align:start position:0% +handout so you don't have to draw all +this stuff out okay so I'm going to draw + + align:start position:0% +this stuff out okay so I'm going to draw + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff out okay so I'm going to draw +the business end of the flavin okay so + + align:start position:0% +the business end of the flavin okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the business end of the flavin okay so +this can be flavin adenine dinucleotide + + align:start position:0% +this can be flavin adenine dinucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +this can be flavin adenine dinucleotide +so this is the oxidized state and the + + align:start position:0% +so this is the oxidized state and the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the oxidized state and the +two important places where redox + + align:start position:0% +two important places where redox + + + align:start position:0% +two important places where redox +chemistry docks chemists people look at + + align:start position:0% +chemistry docks chemists people look at + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry docks chemists people look at +flavin if you don't know anything about + + align:start position:0% +flavin if you don't know anything about + + + align:start position:0% +flavin if you don't know anything about +heterocyclic chemistry it's confusing + + align:start position:0% +heterocyclic chemistry it's confusing + + + align:start position:0% +heterocyclic chemistry it's confusing +but in fact we know a huge amount about + + align:start position:0% +but in fact we know a huge amount about + + + align:start position:0% +but in fact we know a huge amount about +flavin chemistry from studying model + + align:start position:0% +flavin chemistry from studying model + + + align:start position:0% +flavin chemistry from studying model +reactions in organic chemistry decades + + align:start position:0% +reactions in organic chemistry decades + + + align:start position:0% +reactions in organic chemistry decades +ago Tom Bruce did that and so the two + + align:start position:0% +ago Tom Bruce did that and so the two + + + align:start position:0% +ago Tom Bruce did that and so the two +places where the chemistry in general + + align:start position:0% +places where the chemistry in general + + + align:start position:0% +places where the chemistry in general +happen are either the inside so this is + + align:start position:0% +happen are either the inside so this is + + + align:start position:0% +happen are either the inside so this is +one two three four this is the n5 core + + align:start position:0% +one two three four this is the n5 core + + + align:start position:0% +one two three four this is the n5 core +the c-4 a position this is the c-4 a + + align:start position:0% +the c-4 a position this is the c-4 a + + + align:start position:0% +the c-4 a position this is the c-4 a +position here and I'm not going to go + + align:start position:0% +position here and I'm not going to go + + + align:start position:0% +position here and I'm not going to go +through this in detail but this is the + + align:start position:0% +through this in detail but this is the + + + align:start position:0% +through this in detail but this is the +oxidized form and what we have is a + + align:start position:0% +oxidized form and what we have is a + + + align:start position:0% +oxidized form and what we have is a +reaction of this oxidized form with the + + align:start position:0% +reaction of this oxidized form with the + + + align:start position:0% +reaction of this oxidized form with the +reduced form of NADPH and I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +reduced form of NADPH and I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +reduced form of NADPH and I'm not going +to draw out the whole structure here + + align:start position:0% +to draw out the whole structure here + + + align:start position:0% +to draw out the whole structure here +either but hopefully you all know now + + align:start position:0% +either but hopefully you all know now + + + align:start position:0% +either but hopefully you all know now +that NADPH and general works by hydride + + align:start position:0% +that NADPH and general works by hydride + + + align:start position:0% +that NADPH and general works by hydride +transfer so it's almost always a two + + align:start position:0% +transfer so it's almost always a two + + + align:start position:0% +transfer so it's almost always a two +electron transfer that one electron + + align:start position:0% +electron transfer that one electron + + + align:start position:0% +electron transfer that one electron +chemistry is really sort of outside the + + align:start position:0% +chemistry is really sort of outside the + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry is really sort of outside the +realm of where it would normally happen + + align:start position:0% +realm of where it would normally happen + + + align:start position:0% +realm of where it would normally happen +inside the cell so basically on the + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell so basically on the + + + align:start position:0% +inside the cell so basically on the +chemistry involves transfer of a hydride + + align:start position:0% +chemistry involves transfer of a hydride + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry involves transfer of a hydride +a hydrogen with a pair of electrons to + + align:start position:0% +a hydrogen with a pair of electrons to + + + align:start position:0% +a hydrogen with a pair of electrons to +the n5 position and so you go from the + + align:start position:0% +the n5 position and so you go from the + + + align:start position:0% +the n5 position and so you go from the +oxidase oxidized state to the reduced + + align:start position:0% +oxidase oxidized state to the reduced + + + align:start position:0% +oxidase oxidized state to the reduced +state and so again I'm not going to draw + + align:start position:0% +state and so again I'm not going to draw + + + align:start position:0% +state and so again I'm not going to draw +out the whole flavin the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +out the whole flavin the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +out the whole flavin the rest of the +guess I don't have a picture there but + + align:start position:0% +guess I don't have a picture there but + + + align:start position:0% +guess I don't have a picture there but +well let me just show you where we're + + align:start position:0% +well let me just show you where we're + + + align:start position:0% +well let me just show you where we're +going okay so the key is which is + + align:start position:0% +going okay so the key is which is + + + align:start position:0% +going okay so the key is which is +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +we need to get across a membrane so how + + align:start position:0% +we need to get across a membrane so how + + + align:start position:0% +we need to get across a membrane so how +do you get across a membrane so the + + align:start position:0% +do you get across a membrane so the + + + align:start position:0% +do you get across a membrane so the +flavin domain is way over here okay + + align:start position:0% +flavin domain is way over here okay + + + align:start position:0% +flavin domain is way over here okay +and we need to have two he member you + + align:start position:0% +and we need to have two he member you + + + align:start position:0% +and we need to have two he member you +can do electron transfer over 10 to 15 + + align:start position:0% +can do electron transfer over 10 to 15 + + + align:start position:0% +can do electron transfer over 10 to 15 +angstroms with very fast rate constants + + align:start position:0% +angstroms with very fast rate constants + + + align:start position:0% +angstroms with very fast rate constants +somehow these reducing equivalents from + + align:start position:0% +somehow these reducing equivalents from + + + align:start position:0% +somehow these reducing equivalents from +NADPH need to be transferred to the + + align:start position:0% +NADPH need to be transferred to the + + + align:start position:0% +NADPH need to be transferred to the +flavin and the major function of the + + align:start position:0% +flavin and the major function of the + + + align:start position:0% +flavin and the major function of the +flavin inside the cell is to mediate two + + align:start position:0% +flavin inside the cell is to mediate two + + + align:start position:0% +flavin inside the cell is to mediate two +electron one electron chemistry okay and + + align:start position:0% +electron one electron chemistry okay and + + + align:start position:0% +electron one electron chemistry okay and +here's an example of that the two + + align:start position:0% +here's an example of that the two + + + align:start position:0% +here's an example of that the two +electron chemistry is being provided by + + align:start position:0% +electron chemistry is being provided by + + + align:start position:0% +electron chemistry is being provided by +the NADPH as a hydride but what we have + + align:start position:0% +the NADPH as a hydride but what we have + + + align:start position:0% +the NADPH as a hydride but what we have +to do is the heme 's in this system are + + align:start position:0% +to do is the heme 's in this system are + + + align:start position:0% +to do is the heme 's in this system are +in the plus 3 oxidation state so what we + + align:start position:0% +in the plus 3 oxidation state so what we + + + align:start position:0% +in the plus 3 oxidation state so what we +need to do is be able to convert it + + align:start position:0% +need to do is be able to convert it + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is be able to convert it +ultimately we want to reduce oxygen to + + align:start position:0% +ultimately we want to reduce oxygen to + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately we want to reduce oxygen to +superoxide so we needed an electron okay + + align:start position:0% +superoxide so we needed an electron okay + + + align:start position:0% +superoxide so we needed an electron okay +so that electron is coming from NADPH so + + align:start position:0% +so that electron is coming from NADPH so + + + align:start position:0% +so that electron is coming from NADPH so +we need to have an electron transfer a + + align:start position:0% +we need to have an electron transfer a + + + align:start position:0% +we need to have an electron transfer a +single electron transfer to the heme + + align:start position:0% +single electron transfer to the heme + + + align:start position:0% +single electron transfer to the heme +okay because it only can prior and can + + align:start position:0% +okay because it only can prior and can + + + align:start position:0% +okay because it only can prior and can +only be reduced by one electron so we + + align:start position:0% +only be reduced by one electron so we + + + align:start position:0% +only be reduced by one electron so we +end up then with this system see so this + + align:start position:0% +end up then with this system see so this + + + align:start position:0% +end up then with this system see so this +is the reduced state of the flavin okay + + align:start position:0% +is the reduced state of the flavin okay + + + align:start position:0% +is the reduced state of the flavin okay +and you can draw a resonance structure + + align:start position:0% +and you can draw a resonance structure + + + align:start position:0% +and you can draw a resonance structure +this is you can draw all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +this is you can draw all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +this is you can draw all kinds of +resonance structures with Flavin's + + align:start position:0% +resonance structures with Flavin's + + + align:start position:0% +resonance structures with Flavin's +that's why could they can do one + + align:start position:0% +that's why could they can do one + + + align:start position:0% +that's why could they can do one +electron chemistry so one electron + + align:start position:0% +electron chemistry so one electron + + + align:start position:0% +electron chemistry so one electron +chemistry you can make the one electron + + align:start position:0% +chemistry you can make the one electron + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry you can make the one electron +oxidize to reduce state depending on + + align:start position:0% +oxidize to reduce state depending on + + + align:start position:0% +oxidize to reduce state depending on +which state you're starting in and the + + align:start position:0% +which state you're starting in and the + + + align:start position:0% +which state you're starting in and the +electrons are de-localized they turn out + + align:start position:0% +electrons are de-localized they turn out + + + align:start position:0% +electrons are de-localized they turn out +to be blue where they turn out to be red + + align:start position:0% +to be blue where they turn out to be red + + + align:start position:0% +to be blue where they turn out to be red +depending on the protonation States so + + align:start position:0% +depending on the protonation States so + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the protonation States so +what you can then do is let me just + + align:start position:0% +what you can then do is let me just + + + align:start position:0% +what you can then do is let me just +write that over here so I'm just drawing + + align:start position:0% +write that over here so I'm just drawing + + + align:start position:0% +write that over here so I'm just drawing +a resonance structure of that so you can + + align:start position:0% +a resonance structure of that so you can + + + align:start position:0% +a resonance structure of that so you can +see let me know and again let me just + + align:start position:0% +see let me know and again let me just + + + align:start position:0% +see let me know and again let me just +show you that that's there so you don't + + align:start position:0% +show you that that's there so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +show you that that's there so you don't +need to write that down you don't need + + align:start position:0% +need to write that down you don't need + + + align:start position:0% +need to write that down you don't need +to write this down it's all there okay + + align:start position:0% +to write this down it's all there okay + + + align:start position:0% +to write this down it's all there okay +so just pay attention to me so you're + + align:start position:0% +so just pay attention to me so you're + + + align:start position:0% +so just pay attention to me so you're +gonna do an electron transfer to reduce + + align:start position:0% +gonna do an electron transfer to reduce + + + align:start position:0% +gonna do an electron transfer to reduce +anion three two an iron two then you've + + align:start position:0% +anion three two an iron two then you've + + + align:start position:0% +anion three two an iron two then you've +got another iron three because we got to + + align:start position:0% +got another iron three because we got to + + + align:start position:0% +got another iron three because we got to +get through this membrane so that he and + + align:start position:0% +get through this membrane so that he and + + + align:start position:0% +get through this membrane so that he and +again this is where the redox potentials + + align:start position:0% +again this is where the redox potentials + + + align:start position:0% +again this is where the redox potentials +become critical can transfer an electron + + align:start position:0% +become critical can transfer an electron + + + align:start position:0% +become critical can transfer an electron +it gets now in the reduced state to the + + align:start position:0% +it gets now in the reduced state to the + + + align:start position:0% +it gets now in the reduced state to the +other heme + + align:start position:0% +other heme + + + align:start position:0% +other heme +so that becomes in the iron two state so + + align:start position:0% +so that becomes in the iron two state so + + + align:start position:0% +so that becomes in the iron two state so +the one out here is in the iron to the + + align:start position:0% +the one out here is in the iron to the + + + align:start position:0% +the one out here is in the iron to the +state now it can transfer an electron + + align:start position:0% +state now it can transfer an electron + + + align:start position:0% +state now it can transfer an electron +from oxygen to form superoxide but at + + align:start position:0% +from oxygen to form superoxide but at + + + align:start position:0% +from oxygen to form superoxide but at +the same time during this process we're + + align:start position:0% +the same time during this process we're + + + align:start position:0% +the same time during this process we're +transferring the two electrons that the + + align:start position:0% +transferring the two electrons that the + + + align:start position:0% +transferring the two electrons that the +flavin received from the NADPH one at a + + align:start position:0% +flavin received from the NADPH one at a + + + align:start position:0% +flavin received from the NADPH one at a +time so then we can repeat that process + + align:start position:0% +time so then we can repeat that process + + + align:start position:0% +time so then we can repeat that process +okay and that's why you get the + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's why you get the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's why you get the +stoichiometry of the overall reaction + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometry of the overall reaction + + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometry of the overall reaction +you get two super oxides produced so you + + align:start position:0% +you get two super oxides produced so you + + + align:start position:0% +you get two super oxides produced so you +have a resonance form of this see I + + align:start position:0% +have a resonance form of this see I + + + align:start position:0% +have a resonance form of this see I +think I get two right over here so + + align:start position:0% +think I get two right over here so + + + align:start position:0% +think I get two right over here so +anyhow + + align:start position:0% +anyhow + + + align:start position:0% +anyhow +you have a resonance form of this we are + + align:start position:0% +you have a resonance form of this we are + + + align:start position:0% +you have a resonance form of this we are +you and now what we're ready to so this + + align:start position:0% +you and now what we're ready to so this + + + align:start position:0% +you and now what we're ready to so this +is the same as this okay so this is a + + align:start position:0% +is the same as this okay so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as this okay so this is a +resonance form these are the same + + align:start position:0% +resonance form these are the same + + + align:start position:0% +resonance form these are the same +structures and in the flavin this is + + align:start position:0% +structures and in the flavin this is + + + align:start position:0% +structures and in the flavin this is +attached either to adenine or to a + + align:start position:0% +attached either to adenine or to a + + + align:start position:0% +attached either to adenine or to a +ribose 5-phosphate f MN vs fa d + + align:start position:0% +ribose 5-phosphate f MN vs fa d + + + align:start position:0% +ribose 5-phosphate f MN vs fa d +and now what you're ready to do is you + + align:start position:0% +and now what you're ready to do is you + + + align:start position:0% +and now what you're ready to do is you +have the heme and so the heme again is + + align:start position:0% +have the heme and so the heme again is + + + align:start position:0% +have the heme and so the heme again is +embedded in the membrane and so now what + + align:start position:0% +embedded in the membrane and so now what + + + align:start position:0% +embedded in the membrane and so now what +you're doing is electron transfer okay + + align:start position:0% +you're doing is electron transfer okay + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing is electron transfer okay +so you do an electron transfer reaction + + align:start position:0% +so you do an electron transfer reaction + + + align:start position:0% +so you do an electron transfer reaction +and you get this structure + + align:start position:0% +and you get this structure + + + align:start position:0% +and you get this structure +okay so make a big dot for their radical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and now we've reduced one of the + + align:start position:0% +okay and now we've reduced one of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now we've reduced one of the +heme to iron two and if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +heme to iron two and if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +heme to iron two and if you look at the +redox potentials I haven't never read + + align:start position:0% +redox potentials I haven't never read + + + align:start position:0% +redox potentials I haven't never read +these original papers but they're close + + align:start position:0% +these original papers but they're close + + + align:start position:0% +these original papers but they're close +to being matched in terms of redox + + align:start position:0% +to being matched in terms of redox + + + align:start position:0% +to being matched in terms of redox +potentials I haven't read how they + + align:start position:0% +potentials I haven't read how they + + + align:start position:0% +potentials I haven't read how they +measured these kinds of things but the + + align:start position:0% +measured these kinds of things but the + + + align:start position:0% +measured these kinds of things but the +system needs to be set up so you can do + + align:start position:0% +system needs to be set up so you can do + + + align:start position:0% +system needs to be set up so you can do +transfer the electrons across a membrane + + align:start position:0% +transfer the electrons across a membrane + + + align:start position:0% +transfer the electrons across a membrane +and ultimately reduce the superoxide + + align:start position:0% +and ultimately reduce the superoxide + + + align:start position:0% +and ultimately reduce the superoxide +over here and so now what happens then + + align:start position:0% +over here and so now what happens then + + + align:start position:0% +over here and so now what happens then +you've gotten to this stage so now you + + align:start position:0% +you've gotten to this stage so now you + + + align:start position:0% +you've gotten to this stage so now you +have a semi quinone form of the flavin + + align:start position:0% +have a semi quinone form of the flavin + + + align:start position:0% +have a semi quinone form of the flavin +okay this guy can then be ox reoxidized + + align:start position:0% +okay this guy can then be ox reoxidized + + + align:start position:0% +okay this guy can then be ox reoxidized +by the next team okay generating the ion + + align:start position:0% +by the next team okay generating the ion + + + align:start position:0% +by the next team okay generating the ion +to form and regenerating the iron three + + align:start position:0% +to form and regenerating the iron three + + + align:start position:0% +to form and regenerating the iron three +form so this guy then so let's to + + align:start position:0% +form so this guy then so let's to + + + align:start position:0% +form so this guy then so let's to +distinguish between them again I don't + + align:start position:0% +distinguish between them again I don't + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish between them again I don't +think this hopefully most of you were + + align:start position:0% +think this hopefully most of you were + + + align:start position:0% +think this hopefully most of you were +seeing this but you have you have + + align:start position:0% +seeing this but you have you have + + + align:start position:0% +seeing this but you have you have +another one so it donates an electron to + + align:start position:0% +another one so it donates an electron to + + + align:start position:0% +another one so it donates an electron to +convert the iron 3 form so we have an + + align:start position:0% +convert the iron 3 form so we have an + + + align:start position:0% +convert the iron 3 form so we have an +iron 3 core to the iron to form and it + + align:start position:0% +iron 3 core to the iron to form and it + + + align:start position:0% +iron 3 core to the iron to form and it +itself becomes reoxidized okay and so + + align:start position:0% +itself becomes reoxidized okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +itself becomes reoxidized okay and so +now what's happening is you're set up to + + align:start position:0% +now what's happening is you're set up to + + + align:start position:0% +now what's happening is you're set up to +do another electron transfer where this + + align:start position:0% +do another electron transfer where this + + + align:start position:0% +do another electron transfer where this +is gonna go to the iron 3 a transfer it + + align:start position:0% +is gonna go to the iron 3 a transfer it + + + align:start position:0% +is gonna go to the iron 3 a transfer it +again and in the end this guy is now in + + align:start position:0% +again and in the end this guy is now in + + + align:start position:0% +again and in the end this guy is now in +the lumen adjacent to the lumen I don't + + align:start position:0% +the lumen adjacent to the lumen I don't + + + align:start position:0% +the lumen adjacent to the lumen I don't +know where it's located we don't have a + + align:start position:0% +know where it's located we don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +know where it's located we don't have a +structure but this guy is probably + + align:start position:0% +structure but this guy is probably + + + align:start position:0% +structure but this guy is probably +through the heme edge gonna convert + + align:start position:0% +through the heme edge gonna convert + + + align:start position:0% +through the heme edge gonna convert +oxygen into superoxide okay so is + + align:start position:0% +oxygen into superoxide okay so is + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen into superoxide okay so is +everybody following that and the main + + align:start position:0% +everybody following that and the main + + + align:start position:0% +everybody following that and the main +point here is you you all hear about + + align:start position:0% +point here is you you all hear about + + + align:start position:0% +point here is you you all hear about +flavin being the major mediator between + + align:start position:0% +flavin being the major mediator between + + + align:start position:0% +flavin being the major mediator between +one electron chemistry and two electron + + align:start position:0% +one electron chemistry and two electron + + + align:start position:0% +one electron chemistry and two electron +chemistry most of the time people don't + + align:start position:0% +chemistry most of the time people don't + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry most of the time people don't +draw out the details of this but these + + align:start position:0% +draw out the details of this but these + + + align:start position:0% +draw out the details of this but these +things can all be observed + + align:start position:0% +things can all be observed + + + align:start position:0% +things can all be observed +spectroscopically because they're + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopically because they're + + + align:start position:0% +spectroscopically because they're +coloured yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the second iron yeah happens from the + + align:start position:0% +the second iron yeah happens from the + + + align:start position:0% +the second iron yeah happens from the +semi Quinto whatever right Gracie you're + + align:start position:0% +semi Quinto whatever right Gracie you're + + + align:start position:0% +semi Quinto whatever right Gracie you're +we are you regenerate the oxidized form + + align:start position:0% +we are you regenerate the oxidized form + + + align:start position:0% +we are you regenerate the oxidized form +so in the end don't we here so you you + + align:start position:0% +so in the end don't we here so you you + + + align:start position:0% +so in the end don't we here so you you +go all the way through this and again I + + align:start position:0% +go all the way through this and again I + + + align:start position:0% +go all the way through this and again I +haven't looked at the kinetics and the + + align:start position:0% +haven't looked at the kinetics and the + + + align:start position:0% +haven't looked at the kinetics and the +paper very carefully but it's very + + align:start position:0% +paper very carefully but it's very + + + align:start position:0% +paper very carefully but it's very +efficiently does this and shuttles the + + align:start position:0% +efficiently does this and shuttles the + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently does this and shuttles the +electron across so you're doing the same + + align:start position:0% +electron across so you're doing the same + + + align:start position:0% +electron across so you're doing the same +thing your reoxidized the reduced form + + align:start position:0% +thing your reoxidized the reduced form + + + align:start position:0% +thing your reoxidized the reduced form +of the flavin but you're doing it one + + align:start position:0% +of the flavin but you're doing it one + + + align:start position:0% +of the flavin but you're doing it one +electron at a time so here's the key + + align:start position:0% +electron at a time so here's the key + + + align:start position:0% +electron at a time so here's the key +take-home message okay so all of this + + align:start position:0% +take-home message okay so all of this + + + align:start position:0% +take-home message okay so all of this +then happens in the phagosome and so + + align:start position:0% +then happens in the phagosome and so + + + align:start position:0% +then happens in the phagosome and so +what you're generating then is + + align:start position:0% +what you're generating then is + + + align:start position:0% +what you're generating then is +superoxide okay now what happens to + + align:start position:0% +superoxide okay now what happens to + + + align:start position:0% +superoxide okay now what happens to +superoxide so superoxide could + + align:start position:0% +superoxide so superoxide could + + + align:start position:0% +superoxide so superoxide could +potentially do chemistry but we talked + + align:start position:0% +potentially do chemistry but we talked + + + align:start position:0% +potentially do chemistry but we talked +about last time what are the properties + + align:start position:0% +about last time what are the properties + + + align:start position:0% +about last time what are the properties +of superoxide it's not all that reactive + + align:start position:0% +of superoxide it's not all that reactive + + + align:start position:0% +of superoxide it's not all that reactive +and I frankly I having read a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and I frankly I having read a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and I frankly I having read a lot of +papers I think we don't really + + align:start position:0% +papers I think we don't really + + + align:start position:0% +papers I think we don't really +understand how the details of how the + + align:start position:0% +understand how the details of how the + + + align:start position:0% +understand how the details of how the +bacteria die when they're in around + + align:start position:0% +bacteria die when they're in around + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria die when they're in around +there and Gulf by the phagosome but a + + align:start position:0% +there and Gulf by the phagosome but a + + + align:start position:0% +there and Gulf by the phagosome but a +key player and all in this overall + + align:start position:0% +key player and all in this overall + + + align:start position:0% +key player and all in this overall +process and it's not it's certainly not + + align:start position:0% +process and it's not it's certainly not + + + align:start position:0% +process and it's not it's certainly not +the only player because you can actually + + align:start position:0% +the only player because you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +the only player because you can actually +wipe out my or peroxidase and you can + + align:start position:0% +wipe out my or peroxidase and you can + + + align:start position:0% +wipe out my or peroxidase and you can +still kill bacteria okay so it's much + + align:start position:0% +still kill bacteria okay so it's much + + + align:start position:0% +still kill bacteria okay so it's much +more complicated than what I'm telling + + align:start position:0% +more complicated than what I'm telling + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated than what I'm telling +you but a key player and when most + + align:start position:0% +you but a key player and when most + + + align:start position:0% +you but a key player and when most +people describe this is Milo peroxidase + + align:start position:0% +people describe this is Milo peroxidase + + + align:start position:0% +people describe this is Milo peroxidase +which is a heme protein I'll show you + + align:start position:0% +which is a heme protein I'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +which is a heme protein I'll show you +that in a minute + + align:start position:0% +that in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +that in a minute +but it turns out that these Milo + + align:start position:0% +but it turns out that these Milo + + + align:start position:0% +but it turns out that these Milo +peroxidases exist in little granules + + align:start position:0% +peroxidases exist in little granules + + + align:start position:0% +peroxidases exist in little granules +okay just like you saw the little + + align:start position:0% +okay just like you saw the little + + + align:start position:0% +okay just like you saw the little +vesicle with the NOx + + align:start position:0% +vesicle with the NOx + + + align:start position:0% +vesicle with the NOx +two in it that was predominantly sitting + + align:start position:0% +two in it that was predominantly sitting + + + align:start position:0% +two in it that was predominantly sitting +in the inside the neutrophil you also + + align:start position:0% +in the inside the neutrophil you also + + + align:start position:0% +in the inside the neutrophil you also +have little vesicles and the vesicles + + align:start position:0% +have little vesicles and the vesicles + + + align:start position:0% +have little vesicles and the vesicles +are stuffed with Milo peroxidase and + + align:start position:0% +are stuffed with Milo peroxidase and + + + align:start position:0% +are stuffed with Milo peroxidase and +somehow there's a signal and the Milo + + align:start position:0% +somehow there's a signal and the Milo + + + align:start position:0% +somehow there's a signal and the Milo +peroxidase then fuses with the phagosome + + align:start position:0% +peroxidase then fuses with the phagosome + + + align:start position:0% +peroxidase then fuses with the phagosome +so this is a phagosome and you can't you + + align:start position:0% +so this is a phagosome and you can't you + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a phagosome and you can't you +have a huge amount of protein in there + + align:start position:0% +have a huge amount of protein in there + + + align:start position:0% +have a huge amount of protein in there +gets dumped into the phagosome okay so + + align:start position:0% +gets dumped into the phagosome okay so + + + align:start position:0% +gets dumped into the phagosome okay so +you would have a heme protein outlets + + align:start position:0% +you would have a heme protein outlets + + + align:start position:0% +you would have a heme protein outlets +dumped in here inside the cell you + + align:start position:0% +dumped in here inside the cell you + + + align:start position:0% +dumped in here inside the cell you +generated a gradient so there's some + + align:start position:0% +generated a gradient so there's some + + + align:start position:0% +generated a gradient so there's some +complicated I + + align:start position:0% +complicated I + + + align:start position:0% +complicated I +independent reactions you need to sort + + align:start position:0% +independent reactions you need to sort + + + align:start position:0% +independent reactions you need to sort +of neutralize the pH which happens but + + align:start position:0% +of neutralize the pH which happens but + + + align:start position:0% +of neutralize the pH which happens but +once you get inside the cell the + + align:start position:0% +once you get inside the cell the + + + align:start position:0% +once you get inside the cell the +myeloperoxidase the protonation state is + + align:start position:0% +myeloperoxidase the protonation state is + + + align:start position:0% +myeloperoxidase the protonation state is +such that you can rapidly protonate + + align:start position:0% +such that you can rapidly protonate + + + align:start position:0% +such that you can rapidly protonate +superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and + + align:start position:0% +superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and + + + align:start position:0% +superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and +we'll see that hydrogen peroxide reacts + + align:start position:0% +we'll see that hydrogen peroxide reacts + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see that hydrogen peroxide reacts +with my low peroxidase my low peroxidase + + align:start position:0% +with my low peroxidase my low peroxidase + + + align:start position:0% +with my low peroxidase my low peroxidase +which then reacts with chloride which is + + align:start position:0% +which then reacts with chloride which is + + + align:start position:0% +which then reacts with chloride which is +also present okay and the hypochlorous + + align:start position:0% +also present okay and the hypochlorous + + + align:start position:0% +also present okay and the hypochlorous +acid we'll see is a key player and how + + align:start position:0% +acid we'll see is a key player and how + + + align:start position:0% +acid we'll see is a key player and how +can you tell that because if you isolate + + align:start position:0% +can you tell that because if you isolate + + + align:start position:0% +can you tell that because if you isolate +the proteins that come out of the + + align:start position:0% +the proteins that come out of the + + + align:start position:0% +the proteins that come out of the +phagosome they're all chlorinated okay + + align:start position:0% +phagosome they're all chlorinated okay + + + align:start position:0% +phagosome they're all chlorinated okay +so you generate high if you go back and + + align:start position:0% +so you generate high if you go back and + + + align:start position:0% +so you generate high if you go back and +you look at the little sheep I showed + + align:start position:0% +you look at the little sheep I showed + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the little sheep I showed +you about reactivity hypochlorous acid + + align:start position:0% +you about reactivity hypochlorous acid + + + align:start position:0% +you about reactivity hypochlorous acid +is really reactive okay it's reactive + + align:start position:0% +is really reactive okay it's reactive + + + align:start position:0% +is really reactive okay it's reactive +very reactive kinetically and also + + align:start position:0% +very reactive kinetically and also + + + align:start position:0% +very reactive kinetically and also +thermodynamically okay so so the + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamically okay so so the + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamically okay so so the +myeloperoxidase so once we get so we've + + align:start position:0% +myeloperoxidase so once we get so we've + + + align:start position:0% +myeloperoxidase so once we get so we've +gotten our superoxide so now we're in + + align:start position:0% +gotten our superoxide so now we're in + + + align:start position:0% +gotten our superoxide so now we're in +the phagosome okay and now we want to + + align:start position:0% +the phagosome okay and now we want to + + + align:start position:0% +the phagosome okay and now we want to +look at my low peroxidase and so that + + align:start position:0% +look at my low peroxidase and so that + + + align:start position:0% +look at my low peroxidase and so that +catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen +peroxide and chloride different type of + + align:start position:0% +peroxide and chloride different type of + + + align:start position:0% +peroxide and chloride different type of +Korus acid and this is my low for + + align:start position:0% +Korus acid and this is my low for + + + align:start position:0% +Korus acid and this is my low for +oxidase and it's a heme dependent + + align:start position:0% +oxidase and it's a heme dependent + + + align:start position:0% +oxidase and it's a heme dependent +protein okay and so the question is how + + align:start position:0% +protein okay and so the question is how + + + align:start position:0% +protein okay and so the question is how +does this work okay and so what do we + + align:start position:0% +does this work okay and so what do we + + + align:start position:0% +does this work okay and so what do we +know about my low peroxidase people have + + align:start position:0% +know about my low peroxidase people have + + + align:start position:0% +know about my low peroxidase people have +been studying this for decades and + + align:start position:0% +been studying this for decades and + + + align:start position:0% +been studying this for decades and +people you're gonna see the chemistry is + + align:start position:0% +people you're gonna see the chemistry is + + + align:start position:0% +people you're gonna see the chemistry is +actually quite complicated it's very + + align:start position:0% +actually quite complicated it's very + + + align:start position:0% +actually quite complicated it's very +important so people have are always + + align:start position:0% +important so people have are always + + + align:start position:0% +important so people have are always +trying to figure out the details of the + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out the details of the + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out the details of the +chemistry but the devil is in the + + align:start position:0% +chemistry but the devil is in the + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry but the devil is in the +kinetics in the environment of the + + align:start position:0% +kinetics in the environment of the + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics in the environment of the +phagosome okay so it's not so easy to + + align:start position:0% +phagosome okay so it's not so easy to + + + align:start position:0% +phagosome okay so it's not so easy to +sort all this out but if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +sort all this out but if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +sort all this out but if you look at the +structure number one you see this is + + align:start position:0% +structure number one you see this is + + + align:start position:0% +structure number one you see this is +this is from an x-ray structure it's + + align:start position:0% +this is from an x-ray structure it's + + + align:start position:0% +this is from an x-ray structure it's +bent so it has an unusual structure it + + align:start position:0% +bent so it has an unusual structure it + + + align:start position:0% +bent so it has an unusual structure it +has an axial idiom that's a histidine + + align:start position:0% +has an axial idiom that's a histidine + + + align:start position:0% +has an axial idiom that's a histidine +and there's no second axial ligand okay + + align:start position:0% +and there's no second axial ligand okay + + + align:start position:0% +and there's no second axial ligand okay +and it's covalently bound in two places + + align:start position:0% +and it's covalently bound in two places + + + align:start position:0% +and it's covalently bound in two places +there are parts of the heme that are + + align:start position:0% +there are parts of the heme that are + + + align:start position:0% +there are parts of the heme that are +hanging off the pro tempore for nine + + align:start position:0% +hanging off the pro tempore for nine + + + align:start position:0% +hanging off the pro tempore for nine +where it's covalently bound to the + + align:start position:0% +where it's covalently bound to the + + + align:start position:0% +where it's covalently bound to the +protein and the covalent attachments + + align:start position:0% +protein and the covalent attachments + + + align:start position:0% +protein and the covalent attachments +stinked from most other heem so that's + + align:start position:0% +stinked from most other heem so that's + + + align:start position:0% +stinked from most other heem so that's +all you need to know in terms of what + + align:start position:0% +all you need to know in terms of what + + + align:start position:0% +all you need to know in terms of what +we're gonna be talking about okay so + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna be talking about okay so + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna be talking about okay so +yeah he protein and you know most of the + + align:start position:0% +yeah he protein and you know most of the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah he protein and you know most of the +time i don't talk about the heme systems + + align:start position:0% +time i don't talk about the heme systems + + + align:start position:0% +time i don't talk about the heme systems +but I think the heme systems you guys + + align:start position:0% +but I think the heme systems you guys + + + align:start position:0% +but I think the heme systems you guys +ought to know something about games + + align:start position:0% +ought to know something about games + + + align:start position:0% +ought to know something about games +we've talked about games with worst of + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about games with worst of + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about games with worst of +all oxygen binding you've seen heaves + + align:start position:0% +all oxygen binding you've seen heaves + + + align:start position:0% +all oxygen binding you've seen heaves +and cholesterol biosynthesis in many of + + align:start position:0% +and cholesterol biosynthesis in many of + + + align:start position:0% +and cholesterol biosynthesis in many of +the the natural products biosynthetic + + align:start position:0% +the the natural products biosynthetic + + + align:start position:0% +the the natural products biosynthetic +pathways you have heaves that do + + align:start position:0% +pathways you have heaves that do + + + align:start position:0% +pathways you have heaves that do +hydroxylation reaction as a rep + + align:start position:0% +hydroxylation reaction as a rep + + + align:start position:0% +hydroxylation reaction as a rep +oxidation reaction venĂ­a he was playing + + align:start position:0% +oxidation reaction venĂ­a he was playing + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation reaction venĂ­a he was playing +a central role in many reactions inside + + align:start position:0% +a central role in many reactions inside + + + align:start position:0% +a central role in many reactions inside +the cell and this one the general + + align:start position:0% +the cell and this one the general + + + align:start position:0% +the cell and this one the general +reaction I think is pretty + + align:start position:0% +reaction I think is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +reaction I think is pretty +straightforward to understand so what + + align:start position:0% +straightforward to understand so what + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward to understand so what +you have and so again the straight line + + align:start position:0% +you have and so again the straight line + + + align:start position:0% +you have and so again the straight line +is pro tempore for nine so I'll just + + align:start position:0% +is pro tempore for nine so I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +is pro tempore for nine so I'll just +write protoporphyrin only okay and again + + align:start position:0% +write protoporphyrin only okay and again + + + align:start position:0% +write protoporphyrin only okay and again +it's like ated to histidine so this is + + align:start position:0% +it's like ated to histidine so this is + + + align:start position:0% +it's like ated to histidine so this is +part of the protein okay and there's no + + align:start position:0% +part of the protein okay and there's no + + + align:start position:0% +part of the protein okay and there's no +second second axial ligands so you take + + align:start position:0% +second second axial ligands so you take + + + align:start position:0% +second second axial ligands so you take +the superoxide which rapidly + + align:start position:0% +the superoxide which rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +the superoxide which rapidly +disproportion AIDS so this can be + + align:start position:0% +disproportion AIDS so this can be + + + align:start position:0% +disproportion AIDS so this can be +rapidly disproportion aided in the + + align:start position:0% +rapidly disproportion aided in the + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly disproportion aided in the +presence of protons to form hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +presence of protons to form hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +presence of protons to form hydrogen +peroxide and oxygen gas okay and we've + + align:start position:0% +peroxide and oxygen gas okay and we've + + + align:start position:0% +peroxide and oxygen gas okay and we've +already gone through that reaction and + + align:start position:0% +already gone through that reaction and + + + align:start position:0% +already gone through that reaction and +so now what happens is the peroxide is + + align:start position:0% +so now what happens is the peroxide is + + + align:start position:0% +so now what happens is the peroxide is +going to bind to the heme okay and so + + align:start position:0% +going to bind to the heme okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +going to bind to the heme okay and so +this is the key to the reaction so you + + align:start position:0% +this is the key to the reaction so you + + + align:start position:0% +this is the key to the reaction so you +have lose a proton and the oxygen binds + + align:start position:0% +have lose a proton and the oxygen binds + + + align:start position:0% +have lose a proton and the oxygen binds +to the heme okay and you generate that + + align:start position:0% +to the heme okay and you generate that + + + align:start position:0% +to the heme okay and you generate that +species okay now this species and again + + align:start position:0% +species okay now this species and again + + + align:start position:0% +species okay now this species and again +this is dependent this is where becomes + + align:start position:0% +this is dependent this is where becomes + + + align:start position:0% +this is dependent this is where becomes +distinct when you're trying to think + + align:start position:0% +distinct when you're trying to think + + + align:start position:0% +distinct when you're trying to think +about all the chemistry that hebes can + + align:start position:0% +about all the chemistry that hebes can + + + align:start position:0% +about all the chemistry that hebes can +do you need to look at the the two axial + + align:start position:0% +do you need to look at the the two axial + + + align:start position:0% +do you need to look at the the two axial +ligands and what the environment is + + align:start position:0% +ligands and what the environment is + + + align:start position:0% +ligands and what the environment is +around the ligands so that's another + + align:start position:0% +around the ligands so that's another + + + align:start position:0% +around the ligands so that's another +thing I've tried to stress how important + + align:start position:0% +thing I've tried to stress how important + + + align:start position:0% +thing I've tried to stress how important +these ligands are and make second + + align:start position:0% +these ligands are and make second + + + align:start position:0% +these ligands are and make second +coordination sphere around the system so + + align:start position:0% +coordination sphere around the system so + + + align:start position:0% +coordination sphere around the system so +what happens now in this system is in + + align:start position:0% +what happens now in this system is in + + + align:start position:0% +what happens now in this system is in +some way the enzyme catalyzes hetero + + align:start position:0% +some way the enzyme catalyzes hetero + + + align:start position:0% +some way the enzyme catalyzes hetero +etic cleavage of the on + + align:start position:0% +etic cleavage of the on + + + align:start position:0% +etic cleavage of the on +such an oxygen bond and forms what is + + align:start position:0% +such an oxygen bond and forms what is + + + align:start position:0% +such an oxygen bond and forms what is +formally an iron 5 species but it's not + + align:start position:0% +formally an iron 5 species but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +formally an iron 5 species but it's not +an iron 5 species so we've lost a + + align:start position:0% +an iron 5 species so we've lost a + + + align:start position:0% +an iron 5 species so we've lost a +molecule water somehow this Luth leaves + + align:start position:0% +molecule water somehow this Luth leaves + + + align:start position:0% +molecule water somehow this Luth leaves +as water so we have some groups in the + + align:start position:0% +as water so we have some groups in the + + + align:start position:0% +as water so we have some groups in the +active site that can facilitate that + + align:start position:0% +active site that can facilitate that + + + align:start position:0% +active site that can facilitate that +cleavage and this is formerly an iron + + align:start position:0% +cleavage and this is formerly an iron + + + align:start position:0% +cleavage and this is formerly an iron +sorry formerly an iron five species okay + + align:start position:0% +sorry formerly an iron five species okay + + + align:start position:0% +sorry formerly an iron five species okay +so we're using electrons from the iron + + align:start position:0% +so we're using electrons from the iron + + + align:start position:0% +so we're using electrons from the iron +porphyrin system to facilitate cleavage + + align:start position:0% +porphyrin system to facilitate cleavage + + + align:start position:0% +porphyrin system to facilitate cleavage +of that bond now how do we know this we + + align:start position:0% +of that bond now how do we know this we + + + align:start position:0% +of that bond now how do we know this we +know this because we know a lot about + + align:start position:0% +know this because we know a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +know this because we know a lot about +the spectroscopy of Hames and of the + + align:start position:0% +the spectroscopy of Hames and of the + + + align:start position:0% +the spectroscopy of Hames and of the +iron in the eaves and we can we can + + align:start position:0% +iron in the eaves and we can we can + + + align:start position:0% +iron in the eaves and we can we can +actually look at all of these + + align:start position:0% +actually look at all of these + + + align:start position:0% +actually look at all of these +intermediates and so what does this mean + + align:start position:0% +intermediates and so what does this mean + + + align:start position:0% +intermediates and so what does this mean +here what happens is remember your poor + + align:start position:0% +here what happens is remember your poor + + + align:start position:0% +here what happens is remember your poor +friend we can see the poor friend over + + align:start position:0% +friend we can see the poor friend over + + + align:start position:0% +friend we can see the poor friend over +there but you have this you have all + + align:start position:0% +there but you have this you have all + + + align:start position:0% +there but you have this you have all +these paroles okay and so iron 5 is a + + align:start position:0% +these paroles okay and so iron 5 is a + + + align:start position:0% +these paroles okay and so iron 5 is a +hot oxidant wait nobody's ever seen me + + align:start position:0% +hot oxidant wait nobody's ever seen me + + + align:start position:0% +hot oxidant wait nobody's ever seen me +on a 5 in any of these systems so what + + align:start position:0% +on a 5 in any of these systems so what + + + align:start position:0% +on a 5 in any of these systems so what +you see is spectroscopically you see an + + align:start position:0% +you see is spectroscopically you see an + + + align:start position:0% +you see is spectroscopically you see an +iron 4 and and one electron oxidize + + align:start position:0% +iron 4 and and one electron oxidize + + + align:start position:0% +iron 4 and and one electron oxidize +porphyrin ring ok so that's what this is + + align:start position:0% +porphyrin ring ok so that's what this is + + + align:start position:0% +porphyrin ring ok so that's what this is +this is a one electron oxidized + + align:start position:0% +this is a one electron oxidized + + + align:start position:0% +this is a one electron oxidized +porphyrin ring so now what do you want + + align:start position:0% +porphyrin ring so now what do you want + + + align:start position:0% +porphyrin ring so now what do you want +to do in the normal reaction what you + + align:start position:0% +to do in the normal reaction what you + + + align:start position:0% +to do in the normal reaction what you +want to do the one that forms + + align:start position:0% +want to do the one that forms + + + align:start position:0% +want to do the one that forms +hypochlorous acid it's a two electron + + align:start position:0% +hypochlorous acid it's a two electron + + + align:start position:0% +hypochlorous acid it's a two electron +reaction and the chloride can come in + + align:start position:0% +reaction and the chloride can come in + + + align:start position:0% +reaction and the chloride can come in +you're going to form hypochlorous acid + + align:start position:0% +you're going to form hypochlorous acid + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to form hypochlorous acid +okay so the chloride comes in and + + align:start position:0% +okay so the chloride comes in and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the chloride comes in and +attacks and one of the electrons goes + + align:start position:0% +attacks and one of the electrons goes + + + align:start position:0% +attacks and one of the electrons goes +back to the iron and the other goes back + + align:start position:0% +back to the iron and the other goes back + + + align:start position:0% +back to the iron and the other goes back +to the porphyrin so these one headed + + align:start position:0% +to the porphyrin so these one headed + + + align:start position:0% +to the porphyrin so these one headed +arrows means you're doing one electron + + align:start position:0% +arrows means you're doing one electron + + + align:start position:0% +arrows means you're doing one electron +transfers and so what you've generated + + align:start position:0% +transfers and so what you've generated + + + align:start position:0% +transfers and so what you've generated +then is hypochlorous acid PKA of this is + + align:start position:0% +then is hypochlorous acid PKA of this is + + + align:start position:0% +then is hypochlorous acid PKA of this is +7.4 and then you've generated back your + + align:start position:0% +7.4 and then you've generated back your + + + align:start position:0% +7.4 and then you've generated back your +iron 3 porphyrin so you're ready to + + align:start position:0% +iron 3 porphyrin so you're ready to + + + align:start position:0% +iron 3 porphyrin so you're ready to +start again + + align:start position:0% +start again + + + align:start position:0% +start again +okay so you're doing a two electron + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're doing a two electron + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you're doing a two electron +process and we know that the driving + + align:start position:0% +process and we know that the driving + + + align:start position:0% +process and we know that the driving +force for this reaction is large it's + + align:start position:0% +force for this reaction is large it's + + + align:start position:0% +force for this reaction is large it's +one point one six volts so this is a + + align:start position:0% +one point one six volts so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +one point one six volts so this is a +very favorable reaction now if any of + + align:start position:0% +very favorable reaction now if any of + + + align:start position:0% +very favorable reaction now if any of +you who have thought about heme + + align:start position:0% +you who have thought about heme + + + align:start position:0% +you who have thought about heme +dependent systems before if you have an + + align:start position:0% +dependent systems before if you have an + + + align:start position:0% +dependent systems before if you have an +iron Aqsa this is a hot oxidant it's + + align:start position:0% +iron Aqsa this is a hot oxidant it's + + + align:start position:0% +iron Aqsa this is a hot oxidant it's +dying to be reduced it can be 2 electron + + align:start position:0% +dying to be reduced it can be 2 electron + + + align:start position:0% +dying to be reduced it can be 2 electron +reduced but it can also be one electron + + align:start position:0% +reduced but it can also be one electron + + + align:start position:0% +reduced but it can also be one electron +reduced depending on what small + + align:start position:0% +reduced depending on what small + + + align:start position:0% +reduced depending on what small +molecules around here and Mylo + + align:start position:0% +molecules around here and Mylo + + + align:start position:0% +molecules around here and Mylo +peroxidase does both kinds of chemistry + + align:start position:0% +peroxidase does both kinds of chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +peroxidase does both kinds of chemistry +the predominant chemistry so this is + + align:start position:0% +the predominant chemistry so this is + + + align:start position:0% +the predominant chemistry so this is +what you need to look at the rate + + align:start position:0% +what you need to look at the rate + + + align:start position:0% +what you need to look at the rate +constants for the reaction the + + align:start position:0% +constants for the reaction the + + + align:start position:0% +constants for the reaction the +predominant chemistry is thought to be + + align:start position:0% +predominant chemistry is thought to be + + + align:start position:0% +predominant chemistry is thought to be +this but I will show you a slide where + + align:start position:0% +this but I will show you a slide where + + + align:start position:0% +this but I will show you a slide where +we know it can catalyze a lot of other + + align:start position:0% +we know it can catalyze a lot of other + + + align:start position:0% +we know it can catalyze a lot of other +chemistry's by one electron transfers as + + align:start position:0% +chemistry's by one electron transfers as + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry's by one electron transfers as +well and what's happening in the + + align:start position:0% +well and what's happening in the + + + align:start position:0% +well and what's happening in the +phagosome whether the cell if you want + + align:start position:0% +phagosome whether the cell if you want + + + align:start position:0% +phagosome whether the cell if you want +to look at that you went the winter my + + align:start position:0% +to look at that you went the winter my + + + align:start position:0% +to look at that you went the winter my +review article I gave you that spent a + + align:start position:0% +review article I gave you that spent a + + + align:start position:0% +review article I gave you that spent a +lot of time thinking about these kinds + + align:start position:0% +lot of time thinking about these kinds + + + align:start position:0% +lot of time thinking about these kinds +of reactions and I thought to sort of + + align:start position:0% +of reactions and I thought to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of reactions and I thought to sort of +think it's beyond the scope of what we + + align:start position:0% +think it's beyond the scope of what we + + + align:start position:0% +think it's beyond the scope of what we +need to talk about so here what we have + + align:start position:0% +need to talk about so here what we have + + + align:start position:0% +need to talk about so here what we have +happening so here now I'm just gonna + + align:start position:0% +happening so here now I'm just gonna + + + align:start position:0% +happening so here now I'm just gonna +I'll tell you what R is in a minute + + align:start position:0% +I'll tell you what R is in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +I'll tell you what R is in a minute +but what we're gonna do is have a one + + align:start position:0% +but what we're gonna do is have a one + + + align:start position:0% +but what we're gonna do is have a one +electron transfer and so instead of + + align:start position:0% +electron transfer and so instead of + + + align:start position:0% +electron transfer and so instead of +reducing this two electrons at a time + + align:start position:0% +reducing this two electrons at a time + + + align:start position:0% +reducing this two electrons at a time +we're gonna do 2 1 electron transfers ok + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do 2 1 electron transfers ok + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna do 2 1 electron transfers ok +so the system has to be set up you have + + align:start position:0% +so the system has to be set up you have + + + align:start position:0% +so the system has to be set up you have +to have the right our H you need to know + + align:start position:0% +to have the right our H you need to know + + + align:start position:0% +to have the right our H you need to know +what the redox potentials of these are + + align:start position:0% +what the redox potentials of these are + + + align:start position:0% +what the redox potentials of these are +that determined by the ligands all of + + align:start position:0% +that determined by the ligands all of + + + align:start position:0% +that determined by the ligands all of +that stuff you need to think about the + + align:start position:0% +that stuff you need to think about the + + + align:start position:0% +that stuff you need to think about the +one elect so now we're doing one + + align:start position:0% +one elect so now we're doing one + + + align:start position:0% +one elect so now we're doing one +electron chemistry so this is another + + align:start position:0% +electron chemistry so this is another + + + align:start position:0% +electron chemistry so this is another +possibility and this again depends on + + align:start position:0% +possibility and this again depends on + + + align:start position:0% +possibility and this again depends on +how much chloride you have around is a + + align:start position:0% +how much chloride you have around is a + + + align:start position:0% +how much chloride you have around is a +potent oxidant so it can be rapidly + + align:start position:0% +potent oxidant so it can be rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +potent oxidant so it can be rapidly +reduced depending on whether you have an + + align:start position:0% +reduced depending on whether you have an + + + align:start position:0% +reduced depending on whether you have an +RH around that's going to actually do + + align:start position:0% +RH around that's going to actually do + + + align:start position:0% +RH around that's going to actually do +the reduction and so what you generate + + align:start position:0% +the reduction and so what you generate + + + align:start position:0% +the reduction and so what you generate +then is you reduce the cation radical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you for man are gone okay so and + + align:start position:0% +and you for man are gone okay so and + + + align:start position:0% +and you for man are gone okay so and +then the next step what you can do is a + + align:start position:0% +then the next step what you can do is a + + + align:start position:0% +then the next step what you can do is a +second one electron reduction so you're + + align:start position:0% +second one electron reduction so you're + + + align:start position:0% +second one electron reduction so you're +doing to one electron reductions and + + align:start position:0% +doing to one electron reductions and + + + align:start position:0% +doing to one electron reductions and +it's this driving force it is not as + + align:start position:0% +it's this driving force it is not as + + + align:start position:0% +it's this driving force it is not as +large point nine seven volts so but + + align:start position:0% +large point nine seven volts so but + + + align:start position:0% +large point nine seven volts so but +again it's one electron and you're back + + align:start position:0% +again it's one electron and you're back + + + align:start position:0% +again it's one electron and you're back +then to iron three in water now being + + align:start position:0% +then to iron three in water now being + + + align:start position:0% +then to iron three in water now being +sloppy about where the protons have come + + align:start position:0% +sloppy about where the protons have come + + + align:start position:0% +sloppy about where the protons have come +from okay and you produce another dot so + + align:start position:0% +from okay and you produce another dot so + + + align:start position:0% +from okay and you produce another dot so +what could these are dots be one of + + align:start position:0% +what could these are dots be one of + + + align:start position:0% +what could these are dots be one of +these are dots is a score Beit vitamin C + + align:start position:0% +these are dots is a score Beit vitamin C + + + align:start position:0% +these are dots is a score Beit vitamin C +so one of the are H's which can be the + + align:start position:0% +so one of the are H's which can be the + + + align:start position:0% +so one of the are H's which can be the +score Beit can form radicals I'm not + + align:start position:0% +score Beit can form radicals I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +score Beit can form radicals I'm not +going to go through this in any detail + + align:start position:0% +going to go through this in any detail + + + align:start position:0% +going to go through this in any detail +another another RH could be tyrosines so + + align:start position:0% +another another RH could be tyrosines so + + + align:start position:0% +another another RH could be tyrosines so +this is the amino acid tyrosine and you + + align:start position:0% +this is the amino acid tyrosine and you + + + align:start position:0% +this is the amino acid tyrosine and you +form Tyra so radicals okay has anybody + + align:start position:0% +form Tyra so radicals okay has anybody + + + align:start position:0% +form Tyra so radicals okay has anybody +ever seen that before in our department + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody seen use of this before yeah so + + align:start position:0% +anybody seen use of this before yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +anybody seen use of this before yeah so +apex so this is the technology that is + + align:start position:0% +apex so this is the technology that is + + + align:start position:0% +apex so this is the technology that is +the basis she doesn't use + + align:start position:0% +the basis she doesn't use + + + align:start position:0% +the basis she doesn't use +myeloperoxidase but kings labs it uses a + + align:start position:0% +myeloperoxidase but kings labs it uses a + + + align:start position:0% +myeloperoxidase but kings labs it uses a +score paper oxidase which catalyzes a + + align:start position:0% +score paper oxidase which catalyzes a + + + align:start position:0% +score paper oxidase which catalyzes a +similar reaction so your are dot then + + align:start position:0% +similar reaction so your are dot then + + + align:start position:0% +similar reaction so your are dot then +becomes a phenoxide radical okay and + + align:start position:0% +becomes a phenoxide radical okay and + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a phenoxide radical okay and +that can then do for the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +that can then do for the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +that can then do for the chemistry +anyhow so what are you're generating + + align:start position:0% +anyhow so what are you're generating + + + align:start position:0% +anyhow so what are you're generating +most people believe the key bad player + + align:start position:0% +most people believe the key bad player + + + align:start position:0% +most people believe the key bad player +and all of this but I'm just telling you + + align:start position:0% +and all of this but I'm just telling you + + + align:start position:0% +and all of this but I'm just telling you +it's more complicated than that is the + + align:start position:0% +it's more complicated than that is the + + + align:start position:0% +it's more complicated than that is the +hypochlorous acid which clearly gets + + align:start position:0% +hypochlorous acid which clearly gets + + + align:start position:0% +hypochlorous acid which clearly gets +formed and can be evidenced by the + + align:start position:0% +formed and can be evidenced by the + + + align:start position:0% +formed and can be evidenced by the +chlorination reactions you see of all + + align:start position:0% +chlorination reactions you see of all + + + align:start position:0% +chlorination reactions you see of all +your proteins so you can isolate + + align:start position:0% +your proteins so you can isolate + + + align:start position:0% +your proteins so you can isolate +chlorinated um aromatics out of the + + align:start position:0% +chlorinated um aromatics out of the + + + align:start position:0% +chlorinated um aromatics out of the +phagosome so if we go through here this + + align:start position:0% +phagosome so if we go through here this + + + align:start position:0% +phagosome so if we go through here this +is I let me just give you this one first + + align:start position:0% +is I let me just give you this one first + + + align:start position:0% +is I let me just give you this one first +so I've written this out for you in some + + align:start position:0% +so I've written this out for you in some + + + align:start position:0% +so I've written this out for you in some +detail again it's two electrons one + + align:start position:0% +detail again it's two electrons one + + + align:start position:0% +detail again it's two electrons one +electron HOCl is two electrons okay and + + align:start position:0% +electron HOCl is two electrons okay and + + + align:start position:0% +electron HOCl is two electrons okay and +that's thought to be the predominant + + align:start position:0% +that's thought to be the predominant + + + align:start position:0% +that's thought to be the predominant +species + + align:start position:0% +species + + + align:start position:0% +species +but let me just tell you that so this is + + align:start position:0% +but let me just tell you that so this is + + + align:start position:0% +but let me just tell you that so this is +the one we're talking about in the + + align:start position:0% +the one we're talking about in the + + + align:start position:0% +the one we're talking about in the +handout this is the major reaction but + + align:start position:0% +handout this is the major reaction but + + + align:start position:0% +handout this is the major reaction but +you can do a lot of other reactions and + + align:start position:0% +you can do a lot of other reactions and + + + align:start position:0% +you can do a lot of other reactions and +so what you need to look at to see if + + align:start position:0% +so what you need to look at to see if + + + align:start position:0% +so what you need to look at to see if +these are important just like with + + align:start position:0% +these are important just like with + + + align:start position:0% +these are important just like with +superoxide you need to look at the + + align:start position:0% +superoxide you need to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +superoxide you need to look at the +kinetics of the reaction under the + + align:start position:0% +kinetics of the reaction under the + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics of the reaction under the +conditions where these molecules find + + align:start position:0% +conditions where these molecules find + + + align:start position:0% +conditions where these molecules find +themselves to figure out what's really + + align:start position:0% +themselves to figure out what's really + + + align:start position:0% +themselves to figure out what's really +going on and how much these other + + align:start position:0% +going on and how much these other + + + align:start position:0% +going on and how much these other +pathways contribute wintermeyer actually + + align:start position:0% +pathways contribute wintermeyer actually + + + align:start position:0% +pathways contribute wintermeyer actually +just there's a paper online and annual + + align:start position:0% +just there's a paper online and annual + + + align:start position:0% +just there's a paper online and annual +reviews of biochemistry which he talks + + align:start position:0% +reviews of biochemistry which he talks + + + align:start position:0% +reviews of biochemistry which he talks +about the neutrophils in a lot of detail + + align:start position:0% +about the neutrophils in a lot of detail + + + align:start position:0% +about the neutrophils in a lot of detail +and the complexity of all this radical + + align:start position:0% +and the complexity of all this radical + + + align:start position:0% +and the complexity of all this radical +chemistry so what I want you guys to + + align:start position:0% +chemistry so what I want you guys to + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry so what I want you guys to +take home from this is that we're + + align:start position:0% +take home from this is that we're + + + align:start position:0% +take home from this is that we're +working pretty hard with the NADPH + + align:start position:0% +working pretty hard with the NADPH + + + align:start position:0% +working pretty hard with the NADPH +oxidase --is to engulf a bacteria we're + + align:start position:0% +oxidase --is to engulf a bacteria we're + + + align:start position:0% +oxidase --is to engulf a bacteria we're +using reactive oxygen species superoxide + + align:start position:0% +using reactive oxygen species superoxide + + + align:start position:0% +using reactive oxygen species superoxide +and hypochlorous acid to try to do win + + align:start position:0% +and hypochlorous acid to try to do win + + + align:start position:0% +and hypochlorous acid to try to do win +of the bacteria inside the phagosome + + align:start position:0% +of the bacteria inside the phagosome + + + align:start position:0% +of the bacteria inside the phagosome +okay so that's all I want to say about + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's all I want to say about + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's all I want to say about +this section of reactive oxygen species + + align:start position:0% +this section of reactive oxygen species + + + align:start position:0% +this section of reactive oxygen species +and now what I want to do is talk about + + align:start position:0% +and now what I want to do is talk about + + + align:start position:0% +and now what I want to do is talk about +something we've already talked about + + align:start position:0% +something we've already talked about + + + align:start position:0% +something we've already talked about +because we've gone over this whoops + + align:start position:0% +because we've gone over this whoops + + + align:start position:0% +because we've gone over this whoops +because we've gone because we've gone + + align:start position:0% +because we've gone because we've gone + + + align:start position:0% +because we've gone because we've gone +over this in recitation we spent a + + align:start position:0% +over this in recitation we spent a + + + align:start position:0% +over this in recitation we spent a +couple of recitations on carol paper and + + align:start position:0% +couple of recitations on carol paper and + + + align:start position:0% +couple of recitations on carol paper and +so I told you all when I was introducing + + align:start position:0% +so I told you all when I was introducing + + + align:start position:0% +so I told you all when I was introducing +this to this and gave you an outline of + + align:start position:0% +this to this and gave you an outline of + + + align:start position:0% +this to this and gave you an outline of +where we're going we're going to + + align:start position:0% +where we're going we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +where we're going we're going to +reactive out-of-control versus + + align:start position:0% +reactive out-of-control versus + + + align:start position:0% +reactive out-of-control versus +controlled hydrogen peroxide superoxide + + align:start position:0% +controlled hydrogen peroxide superoxide + + + align:start position:0% +controlled hydrogen peroxide superoxide +production and signaling okay so again + + align:start position:0% +production and signaling okay so again + + + align:start position:0% +production and signaling okay so again +it's this thing all about it's all about + + align:start position:0% +it's this thing all about it's all about + + + align:start position:0% +it's this thing all about it's all about +homeostasis okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to get my act together here so where are + + align:start position:0% +to get my act together here so where are + + + align:start position:0% +to get my act together here so where are +we going with this this is the outline + + align:start position:0% +we going with this this is the outline + + + align:start position:0% +we going with this this is the outline +of where we're going to go and so I'm + + align:start position:0% +of where we're going to go and so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of where we're going to go and so I'm +not gonna write the outline because this + + align:start position:0% +not gonna write the outline because this + + + align:start position:0% +not gonna write the outline because this +will take me too long and I really want + + align:start position:0% +will take me too long and I really want + + + align:start position:0% +will take me too long and I really want +to get you could read the outline on my + + align:start position:0% +to get you could read the outline on my + + + align:start position:0% +to get you could read the outline on my +PowerPoint but what I want to do very + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint but what I want to do very + + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint but what I want to do very +briefly is give you an overview of how + + align:start position:0% +briefly is give you an overview of how + + + align:start position:0% +briefly is give you an overview of how +these reactions reactive oxygen species + + align:start position:0% +these reactions reactive oxygen species + + + align:start position:0% +these reactions reactive oxygen species +are thought in general to play a role in + + align:start position:0% +are thought in general to play a role in + + + align:start position:0% +are thought in general to play a role in +signaling okay a lot of people working + + align:start position:0% +signaling okay a lot of people working + + + align:start position:0% +signaling okay a lot of people working +on this there are many many proteins + + align:start position:0% +on this there are many many proteins + + + align:start position:0% +on this there are many many proteins +involved we're only looking at one of + + align:start position:0% +involved we're only looking at one of + + + align:start position:0% +involved we're only looking at one of +these proteins the epidermal growth + + align:start position:0% +these proteins the epidermal growth + + + align:start position:0% +these proteins the epidermal growth +factor receptor which we talked about in + + align:start position:0% +factor receptor which we talked about in + + + align:start position:0% +factor receptor which we talked about in +recitation I also want to sort of give + + align:start position:0% +recitation I also want to sort of give + + + align:start position:0% +recitation I also want to sort of give +you an overview of the importance of + + align:start position:0% +you an overview of the importance of + + + align:start position:0% +you an overview of the importance of +cysteines in general in the proteome and + + align:start position:0% +cysteines in general in the proteome and + + + align:start position:0% +cysteines in general in the proteome and +the role they play in the signaling + + align:start position:0% +the role they play in the signaling + + + align:start position:0% +the role they play in the signaling +process we'll see we are looking at one + + align:start position:0% +process we'll see we are looking at one + + + align:start position:0% +process we'll see we are looking at one +small modification Sophina Latian but + + align:start position:0% +small modification Sophina Latian but + + + align:start position:0% +small modification Sophina Latian but +we'll see that there are many other + + align:start position:0% +we'll see that there are many other + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see that there are many other +modifications and so I think one of the + + align:start position:0% +modifications and so I think one of the + + + align:start position:0% +modifications and so I think one of the +things through the future is figuring + + align:start position:0% +things through the future is figuring + + + align:start position:0% +things through the future is figuring +out like the Carroll paper did how + + align:start position:0% +out like the Carroll paper did how + + + align:start position:0% +out like the Carroll paper did how +biologically important are all these + + align:start position:0% +biologically important are all these + + + align:start position:0% +biologically important are all these +modifications that we can now identify + + align:start position:0% +modifications that we can now identify + + + align:start position:0% +modifications that we can now identify +because of the amazing power of mass + + align:start position:0% +because of the amazing power of mass + + + align:start position:0% +because of the amazing power of mass +spec and the creativity of chemists to + + align:start position:0% +spec and the creativity of chemists to + + + align:start position:0% +spec and the creativity of chemists to +figure out how to how to generate react + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to how to generate react + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to how to generate react +reagents and so then I'll specifically + + align:start position:0% +reagents and so then I'll specifically + + + align:start position:0% +reagents and so then I'll specifically +introduce you very quickly to Knox and + + align:start position:0% +introduce you very quickly to Knox and + + + align:start position:0% +introduce you very quickly to Knox and +growth factors in Knox to the big family + + align:start position:0% +growth factors in Knox to the big family + + + align:start position:0% +growth factors in Knox to the big family +of Knox - and then I'm going to talk + + align:start position:0% +of Knox - and then I'm going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +of Knox - and then I'm going to talk +about the general principles of + + align:start position:0% +about the general principles of + + + align:start position:0% +about the general principles of +signaling what what's required this is + + align:start position:0% +signaling what what's required this is + + + align:start position:0% +signaling what what's required this is +true of all signaling not just with Knox + + align:start position:0% +true of all signaling not just with Knox + + + align:start position:0% +true of all signaling not just with Knox +but I'll use Knox as an example and then + + align:start position:0% +but I'll use Knox as an example and then + + + align:start position:0% +but I'll use Knox as an example and then +I will probably spend no time on this at + + align:start position:0% +I will probably spend no time on this at + + + align:start position:0% +I will probably spend no time on this at +all the last part is how do we know all + + align:start position:0% +all the last part is how do we know all + + + align:start position:0% +all the last part is how do we know all +of this we spent two recitations on this + + align:start position:0% +of this we spent two recitations on this + + + align:start position:0% +of this we spent two recitations on this +okay so I'll tell you the key things I + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'll tell you the key things I + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'll tell you the key things I +want you to remember but we you've now + + align:start position:0% +want you to remember but we you've now + + + align:start position:0% +want you to remember but we you've now +read papers you've lied about this and + + align:start position:0% +read papers you've lied about this and + + + align:start position:0% +read papers you've lied about this and +hopefully you can go back and think + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you can go back and think + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you can go back and think +about it again and it will all sort of + + align:start position:0% +about it again and it will all sort of + + + align:start position:0% +about it again and it will all sort of +now make more sense to you okay so where + + align:start position:0% +now make more sense to you okay so where + + + align:start position:0% +now make more sense to you okay so where +are we going and so what I want you to + + align:start position:0% +are we going and so what I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +are we going and so what I want you to +see is sort of the big picture so again + + align:start position:0% +see is sort of the big picture so again + + + align:start position:0% +see is sort of the big picture so again +the overview + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the overview now is not of the bad + + align:start position:0% +and the overview now is not of the bad + + + align:start position:0% +and the overview now is not of the bad +radicals that we're talking about but + + align:start position:0% +radicals that we're talking about but + + + align:start position:0% +radicals that we're talking about but +they are still the bad radicals but + + align:start position:0% +they are still the bad radicals but + + + align:start position:0% +they are still the bad radicals but +controlling them in a way so in the + + align:start position:0% +controlling them in a way so in the + + + align:start position:0% +controlling them in a way so in the +radical systems we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +radical systems we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +radical systems we're going to be +looking at we're not going to be looking + + align:start position:0% +looking at we're not going to be looking + + + align:start position:0% +looking at we're not going to be looking +at all of them but the signaling agents + + align:start position:0% +at all of them but the signaling agents + + + align:start position:0% +at all of them but the signaling agents +that we're going to be looking at so + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to be looking at so + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to be looking at so +this is an overview of signaling the + + align:start position:0% +this is an overview of signaling the + + + align:start position:0% +this is an overview of signaling the +signaling agents were going to be + + align:start position:0% +signaling agents were going to be + + + align:start position:0% +signaling agents were going to be +looking at or superoxide hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +looking at or superoxide hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +looking at or superoxide hydrogen +peroxide and you know okay and we've + + align:start position:0% +peroxide and you know okay and we've + + + align:start position:0% +peroxide and you know okay and we've +already talked about the fact that we're + + align:start position:0% +already talked about the fact that we're + + + align:start position:0% +already talked about the fact that we're +not discussing NO but in our department + + align:start position:0% +not discussing NO but in our department + + + align:start position:0% +not discussing NO but in our department +and in biomedical engineering tennis + + align:start position:0% +and in biomedical engineering tennis + + + align:start position:0% +and in biomedical engineering tennis +Tannenbaum's lab has been a major player + + align:start position:0% +Tannenbaum's lab has been a major player + + + align:start position:0% +Tannenbaum's lab has been a major player +and figuring out how to look at the + + align:start position:0% +and figuring out how to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +and figuring out how to look at the +modifications of cystines + + align:start position:0% +modifications of cystines + + + align:start position:0% +modifications of cystines +by you know it's not by a nose it's by a + + align:start position:0% +by you know it's not by a nose it's by a + + + align:start position:0% +by you know it's not by a nose it's by a +metabolite of a know that then reacts + + align:start position:0% +metabolite of a know that then reacts + + + align:start position:0% +metabolite of a know that then reacts +with the cysteines + + align:start position:0% +with the cysteines + + + align:start position:0% +with the cysteines +so this is a very and he does that by + + align:start position:0% +so this is a very and he does that by + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a very and he does that by +mass spec so this is a very active area + + align:start position:0% +mass spec so this is a very active area + + + align:start position:0% +mass spec so this is a very active area +of research and I think so now we're + + align:start position:0% +of research and I think so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +of research and I think so now we're +looking at signaling not bad stuff and + + align:start position:0% +looking at signaling not bad stuff and + + + align:start position:0% +looking at signaling not bad stuff and +one of the things that where have we + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that where have we + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that where have we +seen this before we've seen although I + + align:start position:0% +seen this before we've seen although I + + + align:start position:0% +seen this before we've seen although I +don't think we realized it we were + + align:start position:0% +don't think we realized it we were + + + align:start position:0% +don't think we realized it we were +looking at iron homeostasis so how when + + align:start position:0% +looking at iron homeostasis so how when + + + align:start position:0% +looking at iron homeostasis so how when +you get up at four o'clock in the + + align:start position:0% +you get up at four o'clock in the + + + align:start position:0% +you get up at four o'clock in the +morning okay homey homeostasis + + align:start position:0% +morning okay homey homeostasis + + + align:start position:0% +morning okay homey homeostasis +homeostasis okay and we have two + + align:start position:0% +homeostasis okay and we have two + + + align:start position:0% +homeostasis okay and we have two +proteins the iron responsive binding + + align:start position:0% +proteins the iron responsive binding + + + align:start position:0% +proteins the iron responsive binding +protein one and two and what do we know + + align:start position:0% +protein one and two and what do we know + + + align:start position:0% +protein one and two and what do we know +about iron responsive binding protein + + align:start position:0% +about iron responsive binding protein + + + align:start position:0% +about iron responsive binding protein +one it has an iron sulfur cluster and + + align:start position:0% +one it has an iron sulfur cluster and + + + align:start position:0% +one it has an iron sulfur cluster and +remember it has to go from the a post + + align:start position:0% +remember it has to go from the a post + + + align:start position:0% +remember it has to go from the a post +eight to the iron cluster safe so we + + align:start position:0% +eight to the iron cluster safe so we + + + align:start position:0% +eight to the iron cluster safe so we +have IRP one and we go from the a PO to + + align:start position:0% +have IRP one and we go from the a PO to + + + align:start position:0% +have IRP one and we go from the a PO to +the four iron four sulfur cluster and + + align:start position:0% +the four iron four sulfur cluster and + + + align:start position:0% +the four iron four sulfur cluster and +it's believed but it has not been very + + align:start position:0% +it's believed but it has not been very + + + align:start position:0% +it's believed but it has not been very +well studied that this can be a sensor + + align:start position:0% +well studied that this can be a sensor + + + align:start position:0% +well studied that this can be a sensor +of oxidative stress and so both you know + + align:start position:0% +of oxidative stress and so both you know + + + align:start position:0% +of oxidative stress and so both you know +and reactive oxygen species such as + + align:start position:0% +and reactive oxygen species such as + + + align:start position:0% +and reactive oxygen species such as +hydrogen clocks + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen clocks + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen clocks +can can cost a metal center to be + + align:start position:0% +can can cost a metal center to be + + + align:start position:0% +can can cost a metal center to be +destroyed and somehow you get to the a + + align:start position:0% +destroyed and somehow you get to the a + + + align:start position:0% +destroyed and somehow you get to the a +post eight that's an active area of + + align:start position:0% +post eight that's an active area of + + + align:start position:0% +post eight that's an active area of +research and then we know what the + + align:start position:0% +research and then we know what the + + + align:start position:0% +research and then we know what the +signals are you have translational + + align:start position:0% +signals are you have translational + + + align:start position:0% +signals are you have translational +control by iron responsive elements at + + align:start position:0% +control by iron responsive elements at + + + align:start position:0% +control by iron responsive elements at +the five prime or the three prime end + + align:start position:0% +the five prime or the three prime end + + + align:start position:0% +the five prime or the three prime end +the same thing happens with IR PQ so I'm + + align:start position:0% +the same thing happens with IR PQ so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing happens with IR PQ so I'm +just trying to tie things together but + + align:start position:0% +just trying to tie things together but + + + align:start position:0% +just trying to tie things together but +does anybody remember what the sensor + + align:start position:0% +does anybody remember what the sensor + + + align:start position:0% +does anybody remember what the sensor +was with IRP - anybody remember what it + + align:start position:0% +was with IRP - anybody remember what it + + + align:start position:0% +was with IRP - anybody remember what it +did - what yeah so we had a little + + align:start position:0% +did - what yeah so we had a little + + + align:start position:0% +did - what yeah so we had a little +ubiquitin ligase domain with the sensor + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin ligase domain with the sensor + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin ligase domain with the sensor +that finds in ways we still don't + + align:start position:0% +that finds in ways we still don't + + + align:start position:0% +that finds in ways we still don't +understand so again this is something + + align:start position:0% +understand so again this is something + + + align:start position:0% +understand so again this is something +that's very much an active area of + + align:start position:0% +that's very much an active area of + + + align:start position:0% +that's very much an active area of +research you have iron in oxygen sorry + + align:start position:0% +research you have iron in oxygen sorry + + + align:start position:0% +research you have iron in oxygen sorry +LBX l5 leucine five domain of the + + align:start position:0% +LBX l5 leucine five domain of the + + + align:start position:0% +LBX l5 leucine five domain of the +ubiquitin ligase I'm not gonna draw all + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin ligase I'm not gonna draw all + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin ligase I'm not gonna draw all +of that out so again these are all tied + + align:start position:0% +of that out so again these are all tied + + + align:start position:0% +of that out so again these are all tied +what happens with iron oxygen it's all + + align:start position:0% +what happens with iron oxygen it's all + + + align:start position:0% +what happens with iron oxygen it's all +tied to oxidative these reactive oxygen + + align:start position:0% +tied to oxidative these reactive oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +tied to oxidative these reactive oxygen +species okay so what we've already + + align:start position:0% +species okay so what we've already + + + align:start position:0% +species okay so what we've already +talked about so this is the major focus + + align:start position:0% +talked about so this is the major focus + + + align:start position:0% +talked about so this is the major focus +our growth factors and I'll show you + + align:start position:0% +our growth factors and I'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +our growth factors and I'll show you +using power points but this is these + + align:start position:0% +using power points but this is these + + + align:start position:0% +using power points but this is these +this kind of signal is signaling is also + + align:start position:0% +this kind of signal is signaling is also + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of signal is signaling is also +involved in cell proliferation and cell + + align:start position:0% +involved in cell proliferation and cell + + + align:start position:0% +involved in cell proliferation and cell +differentiation so it's widely used and + + align:start position:0% +differentiation so it's widely used and + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation so it's widely used and +the example that we chose to use because + + align:start position:0% +the example that we chose to use because + + + align:start position:0% +the example that we chose to use because +it was one of the ones that's been most + + align:start position:0% +it was one of the ones that's been most + + + align:start position:0% +it was one of the ones that's been most +care carefully and recently + + align:start position:0% +care carefully and recently + + + align:start position:0% +care carefully and recently +characterizes G EGF receptor okay EGF + + align:start position:0% +characterizes G EGF receptor okay EGF + + + align:start position:0% +characterizes G EGF receptor okay EGF +receptor is also great interest because + + align:start position:0% +receptor is also great interest because + + + align:start position:0% +receptor is also great interest because +it's a target is the target for + + align:start position:0% +it's a target is the target for + + + align:start position:0% +it's a target is the target for +successful drugs use clinically in the + + align:start position:0% +successful drugs use clinically in the + + + align:start position:0% +successful drugs use clinically in the +treatment of cancer okay so we then have + + align:start position:0% +treatment of cancer okay so we then have + + + align:start position:0% +treatment of cancer okay so we then have +another so there are two other there are + + align:start position:0% +another so there are two other there are + + + align:start position:0% +another so there are two other there are +two other important signaling pathways + + align:start position:0% +two other important signaling pathways + + + align:start position:0% +two other important signaling pathways +that are proposed to be involved one is + + align:start position:0% +that are proposed to be involved one is + + + align:start position:0% +that are proposed to be involved one is +called the anti-oxidant pathway and it's + + align:start position:0% +called the anti-oxidant pathway and it's + + + align:start position:0% +called the anti-oxidant pathway and it's +a transcription factor some of you might + + align:start position:0% +a transcription factor some of you might + + + align:start position:0% +a transcription factor some of you might +have heard of it has anybody heard of + + align:start position:0% +have heard of it has anybody heard of + + + align:start position:0% +have heard of it has anybody heard of +nerf to you know so if you're a more + + align:start position:0% +nerf to you know so if you're a more + + + align:start position:0% +nerf to you know so if you're a more +biological or little our buddy + + align:start position:0% +biological or little our buddy + + + align:start position:0% +biological or little our buddy +have you heard of the antioxidant your + + align:start position:0% +have you heard of the antioxidant your + + + align:start position:0% +have you heard of the antioxidant your +biological nerve - no okay + + align:start position:0% +biological nerve - no okay + + + align:start position:0% +biological nerve - no okay +so anyhow so we have an antioxidant + + align:start position:0% +so anyhow so we have an antioxidant + + + align:start position:0% +so anyhow so we have an antioxidant +pathway and nrf2 + + align:start position:0% +pathway and nrf2 + + + align:start position:0% +pathway and nrf2 +is a transcription factor okay and it + + align:start position:0% +is a transcription factor okay and it + + + align:start position:0% +is a transcription factor okay and it +turns out I'm not going to go through + + align:start position:0% +turns out I'm not going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +turns out I'm not going to go through +the details of this but for those of you + + align:start position:0% +the details of this but for those of you + + + align:start position:0% +the details of this but for those of you +who want to read about the details of + + align:start position:0% +who want to read about the details of + + + align:start position:0% +who want to read about the details of +this though this is a cell signaling + + align:start position:0% +this though this is a cell signaling + + + align:start position:0% +this though this is a cell signaling +review article published where they + + align:start position:0% +review article published where they + + + align:start position:0% +review article published where they +going to all of the proposed mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +going to all of the proposed mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +going to all of the proposed mechanisms +of how these reactive oxygen species + + align:start position:0% +of how these reactive oxygen species + + + align:start position:0% +of how these reactive oxygen species +connect to signaling okay + + align:start position:0% +connect to signaling okay + + + align:start position:0% +connect to signaling okay +we're gonna focus on epidermal growth + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna focus on epidermal growth + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna focus on epidermal growth +factor receptor but I think you need to + + align:start position:0% +factor receptor but I think you need to + + + align:start position:0% +factor receptor but I think you need to +know the picture is much bigger it turns + + align:start position:0% +know the picture is much bigger it turns + + + align:start position:0% +know the picture is much bigger it turns +out that nerve - isn't a complex with an + + align:start position:0% +out that nerve - isn't a complex with an + + + align:start position:0% +out that nerve - isn't a complex with an +e3 ubiquitin ligase okay and part of + + align:start position:0% +e3 ubiquitin ligase okay and part of + + + align:start position:0% +e3 ubiquitin ligase okay and part of +that log is it's a multi-enzyme complex + + align:start position:0% +that log is it's a multi-enzyme complex + + + align:start position:0% +that log is it's a multi-enzyme complex +is keep-keep has a huge number of + + align:start position:0% +is keep-keep has a huge number of + + + align:start position:0% +is keep-keep has a huge number of +cysteines on it these systems get + + align:start position:0% +cysteines on it these systems get + + + align:start position:0% +cysteines on it these systems get +oxidized by some kind of reactive oxygen + + align:start position:0% +oxidized by some kind of reactive oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +oxidized by some kind of reactive oxygen +species and that one you want to turn on + + align:start position:0% +species and that one you want to turn on + + + align:start position:0% +species and that one you want to turn on +your antioxidant defense and so what + + align:start position:0% +your antioxidant defense and so what + + + align:start position:0% +your antioxidant defense and so what +happens when keep cysteines get oxidized + + align:start position:0% +happens when keep cysteines get oxidized + + + align:start position:0% +happens when keep cysteines get oxidized +it dissociates from nerf two and nerf + + align:start position:0% +it dissociates from nerf two and nerf + + + align:start position:0% +it dissociates from nerf two and nerf +two can go into the nucleus and turns on + + align:start position:0% +two can go into the nucleus and turns on + + + align:start position:0% +two can go into the nucleus and turns on +a whole bunch of genes okay so all so I + + align:start position:0% +a whole bunch of genes okay so all so I + + + align:start position:0% +a whole bunch of genes okay so all so I +mean you're just getting the idea I'm + + align:start position:0% +mean you're just getting the idea I'm + + + align:start position:0% +mean you're just getting the idea I'm +not going to go through any details but + + align:start position:0% +not going to go through any details but + + + align:start position:0% +not going to go through any details but +it plays a central role and this system + + align:start position:0% +it plays a central role and this system + + + align:start position:0% +it plays a central role and this system +if you google it you'll find there are + + align:start position:0% +if you google it you'll find there are + + + align:start position:0% +if you google it you'll find there are +hundreds of papers on this system this + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of papers on this system this + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of papers on this system this +is a very interesting system I Kate keep + + align:start position:0% +is a very interesting system I Kate keep + + + align:start position:0% +is a very interesting system I Kate keep +waiting for them to get to some stage + + align:start position:0% +waiting for them to get to some stage + + + align:start position:0% +waiting for them to get to some stage +where I can really talk about the + + align:start position:0% +where I can really talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +where I can really talk about the +biochemistry but we aren't at that stage + + align:start position:0% +biochemistry but we aren't at that stage + + + align:start position:0% +biochemistry but we aren't at that stage +yet in my opinion and then the other + + align:start position:0% +yet in my opinion and then the other + + + align:start position:0% +yet in my opinion and then the other +thing is DNA damage and repair + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and if you have DNA damage or + + align:start position:0% +okay and if you have DNA damage or + + + align:start position:0% +okay and if you have DNA damage or +you're starting to get oxidative stress + + align:start position:0% +you're starting to get oxidative stress + + + align:start position:0% +you're starting to get oxidative stress +and these things are out of control + + align:start position:0% +and these things are out of control + + + align:start position:0% +and these things are out of control +hydroxide radical is reacting with your + + align:start position:0% +hydroxide radical is reacting with your + + + align:start position:0% +hydroxide radical is reacting with your +new nucleic acids you need to do + + align:start position:0% +new nucleic acids you need to do + + + align:start position:0% +new nucleic acids you need to do +something okay so you turn on a + + align:start position:0% +something okay so you turn on a + + + align:start position:0% +something okay so you turn on a +signaling pathway and this is controlled + + align:start position:0% +signaling pathway and this is controlled + + + align:start position:0% +signaling pathway and this is controlled +by a kinase I'm not gonna go into this + + align:start position:0% +by a kinase I'm not gonna go into this + + + align:start position:0% +by a kinase I'm not gonna go into this +in detail but some of you might have + + align:start position:0% +in detail but some of you might have + + + align:start position:0% +in detail but some of you might have +heard of this this is controls is called + + align:start position:0% +heard of this this is controls is called + + + align:start position:0% +heard of this this is controls is called +the ATM pathway and what you see + + align:start position:0% +the ATM pathway and what you see + + + align:start position:0% +the ATM pathway and what you see +actually you'll see I think in the next + + align:start position:0% +actually you'll see I think in the next + + + align:start position:0% +actually you'll see I think in the next +ideas if you remain biochemist all these + + align:start position:0% +ideas if you remain biochemist all these + + + align:start position:0% +ideas if you remain biochemist all these +acronyms for all these pathways you're + + align:start position:0% +acronyms for all these pathways you're + + + align:start position:0% +acronyms for all these pathways you're +going to get it okay so because now + + align:start position:0% +going to get it okay so because now + + + align:start position:0% +going to get it okay so because now +we're seeing them over and over and over + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing them over and over and over + + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing them over and over and over +again there's first it was hard to see + + align:start position:0% +again there's first it was hard to see + + + align:start position:0% +again there's first it was hard to see +how this all fits together but we're + + align:start position:0% +how this all fits together but we're + + + align:start position:0% +how this all fits together but we're +getting there it's all fitting together + + align:start position:0% +getting there it's all fitting together + + + align:start position:0% +getting there it's all fitting together +I think in a interesting way so all I + + align:start position:0% +I think in a interesting way so all I + + + align:start position:0% +I think in a interesting way so all I +want you to get out of this we're going + + align:start position:0% +want you to get out of this we're going + + + align:start position:0% +want you to get out of this we're going +to be talking about growth factors but + + align:start position:0% +to be talking about growth factors but + + + align:start position:0% +to be talking about growth factors but +this is also a huge area just like we + + align:start position:0% +this is also a huge area just like we + + + align:start position:0% +this is also a huge area just like we +just saw with oxidative stress and + + align:start position:0% +just saw with oxidative stress and + + + align:start position:0% +just saw with oxidative stress and +trying to kill our bacteria okay so the + + align:start position:0% +trying to kill our bacteria okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +trying to kill our bacteria okay so the +next slide is one I took height of this + + align:start position:0% +next slide is one I took height of this + + + align:start position:0% +next slide is one I took height of this +article I'm not going to go through this + + align:start position:0% +article I'm not going to go through this + + + align:start position:0% +article I'm not going to go through this +in detail but we've already been through + + align:start position:0% +in detail but we've already been through + + + align:start position:0% +in detail but we've already been through +the iron responsive binding protein so + + align:start position:0% +the iron responsive binding protein so + + + align:start position:0% +the iron responsive binding protein so +this is a summary of that we spent a lot + + align:start position:0% +this is a summary of that we spent a lot + + + align:start position:0% +this is a summary of that we spent a lot +of time talking about this this is what + + align:start position:0% +of time talking about this this is what + + + align:start position:0% +of time talking about this this is what +we're going to talk about now + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about now + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about now +the role of self-immolation and + + align:start position:0% +the role of self-immolation and + + + align:start position:0% +the role of self-immolation and +controlling kinase activity and + + align:start position:0% +controlling kinase activity and + + + align:start position:0% +controlling kinase activity and +phosphatase activity that's what we + + align:start position:0% +phosphatase activity that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +phosphatase activity that's what we +spent the last two recitation sections + + align:start position:0% +spent the last two recitation sections + + + align:start position:0% +spent the last two recitation sections +talking about this is a generic approach + + align:start position:0% +talking about this is a generic approach + + + align:start position:0% +talking about this is a generic approach +to that and I'm going to show you there + + align:start position:0% +to that and I'm going to show you there + + + align:start position:0% +to that and I'm going to show you there +are many many AB growth factors that are + + align:start position:0% +are many many AB growth factors that are + + + align:start position:0% +are many many AB growth factors that are +thought to go through the same pathway + + align:start position:0% +thought to go through the same pathway + + + align:start position:0% +thought to go through the same pathway +okay and so I just want you to remember + + align:start position:0% +okay and so I just want you to remember + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so I just want you to remember +that okay so so this is a big area and + + align:start position:0% +that okay so so this is a big area and + + + align:start position:0% +that okay so so this is a big area and +so now the next thing is so there's + + align:start position:0% +so now the next thing is so there's + + + align:start position:0% +so now the next thing is so there's +another sort of overview picture I want + + align:start position:0% +another sort of overview picture I want + + + align:start position:0% +another sort of overview picture I want +you to get so there's a second overview + + align:start position:0% +you to get so there's a second overview + + + align:start position:0% +you to get so there's a second overview +picture that I think it's also important + + align:start position:0% +picture that I think it's also important + + + align:start position:0% +picture that I think it's also important +and that cystines really are playing a + + align:start position:0% +and that cystines really are playing a + + + align:start position:0% +and that cystines really are playing a +major role in all of these modifications + + align:start position:0% +major role in all of these modifications + + + align:start position:0% +major role in all of these modifications +they're the easiest to oxidize and so I + + align:start position:0% +they're the easiest to oxidize and so I + + + align:start position:0% +they're the easiest to oxidize and so I +think cysteine modifications + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are important okay and there are many + + align:start position:0% +are important okay and there are many + + + align:start position:0% +are important okay and there are many +many modifications the question is do + + align:start position:0% +many modifications the question is do + + + align:start position:0% +many modifications the question is do +they happen inside the cell okay do they + + align:start position:0% +they happen inside the cell okay do they + + + align:start position:0% +they happen inside the cell okay do they +happen inside the cell in a way that we + + align:start position:0% +happen inside the cell in a way that we + + + align:start position:0% +happen inside the cell in a way that we +can connect them to some interesting + + align:start position:0% +can connect them to some interesting + + + align:start position:0% +can connect them to some interesting +biology okay and so and then what + + align:start position:0% +biology okay and so and then what + + + align:start position:0% +biology okay and so and then what +triggers off ultimately what triggers + + align:start position:0% +triggers off ultimately what triggers + + + align:start position:0% +triggers off ultimately what triggers +off these modifications so we've been + + align:start position:0% +off these modifications so we've been + + + align:start position:0% +off these modifications so we've been +talking about the kinase --is and we've + + align:start position:0% +talking about the kinase --is and we've + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the kinase --is and we've +been talking about sophie malaysian + + align:start position:0% +been talking about sophie malaysian + + + align:start position:0% +been talking about sophie malaysian +that's what we spent two recitations on + + align:start position:0% +that's what we spent two recitations on + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we spent two recitations on +okay so that's one important thing but + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's one important thing but + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's one important thing but +somehow we're gonna see that one of the + + align:start position:0% +somehow we're gonna see that one of the + + + align:start position:0% +somehow we're gonna see that one of the +important things that I've tried to + + align:start position:0% +important things that I've tried to + + + align:start position:0% +important things that I've tried to +stress in recitations was these + + align:start position:0% +stress in recitations was these + + + align:start position:0% +stress in recitations was these +reactions need to be reversible so + + align:start position:0% +reactions need to be reversible so + + + align:start position:0% +reactions need to be reversible so +ultimately so phenol eish in some way + + align:start position:0% +ultimately so phenol eish in some way + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately so phenol eish in some way +come to this later but it's got to be + + align:start position:0% +come to this later but it's got to be + + + align:start position:0% +come to this later but it's got to be +able to be converted back into the + + align:start position:0% +able to be converted back into the + + + align:start position:0% +able to be converted back into the +reduced state we've seen and that you + + align:start position:0% +reduced state we've seen and that you + + + align:start position:0% +reduced state we've seen and that you +can form sulphonic houses okay this is + + align:start position:0% +can form sulphonic houses okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +can form sulphonic houses okay this is +also if you look at the Carroll paper + + align:start position:0% +also if you look at the Carroll paper + + + align:start position:0% +also if you look at the Carroll paper +carefully we didn't talk about this very + + align:start position:0% +carefully we didn't talk about this very + + + align:start position:0% +carefully we didn't talk about this very +much it's also reversible there are sets + + align:start position:0% +much it's also reversible there are sets + + + align:start position:0% +much it's also reversible there are sets +of enzymes hydrogen peroxide can do the + + align:start position:0% +of enzymes hydrogen peroxide can do the + + + align:start position:0% +of enzymes hydrogen peroxide can do the +oxidation the back reaction that people + + align:start position:0% +oxidation the back reaction that people + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation the back reaction that people +have discovered an enzyme they can do + + align:start position:0% +have discovered an enzyme they can do + + + align:start position:0% +have discovered an enzyme they can do +the back reaction and then there's an + + align:start position:0% +the back reaction and then there's an + + + align:start position:0% +the back reaction and then there's an +irreversible step so people don't know + + align:start position:0% +irreversible step so people don't know + + + align:start position:0% +irreversible step so people don't know +but because it's irreversible + + align:start position:0% +but because it's irreversible + + + align:start position:0% +but because it's irreversible +this is likely no not physiologically + + align:start position:0% +this is likely no not physiologically + + + align:start position:0% +this is likely no not physiologically +important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so in addition to these states if + + align:start position:0% +okay so in addition to these states if + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in addition to these states if +you start reading a literature or you + + align:start position:0% +you start reading a literature or you + + + align:start position:0% +you start reading a literature or you +read any literature now we have + + align:start position:0% +read any literature now we have + + + align:start position:0% +read any literature now we have +glutathione that we've talked about + + align:start position:0% +glutathione that we've talked about + + + align:start position:0% +glutathione that we've talked about +glutathione is this tripeptide with + + align:start position:0% +glutathione is this tripeptide with + + + align:start position:0% +glutathione is this tripeptide with +gamma gluten gluten meal cysteine + + align:start position:0% +gamma gluten gluten meal cysteine + + + align:start position:0% +gamma gluten gluten meal cysteine +glycine + + align:start position:0% +glycine + + + align:start position:0% +glycine +it is able to convert the self Enoch + + align:start position:0% +it is able to convert the self Enoch + + + align:start position:0% +it is able to convert the self Enoch +acid into a glutathione elated protein + + align:start position:0% +acid into a glutathione elated protein + + + align:start position:0% +acid into a glutathione elated protein +we're seeing these all over the place + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing these all over the place + + + align:start position:0% +we're seeing these all over the place +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +is this a signaling pathway how is it + + align:start position:0% +is this a signaling pathway how is it + + + align:start position:0% +is this a signaling pathway how is it +control what's going on with these I + + align:start position:0% +control what's going on with these I + + + align:start position:0% +control what's going on with these I +think we don't really answer to that so + + align:start position:0% +think we don't really answer to that so + + + align:start position:0% +think we don't really answer to that so +you can actually have glutathione react + + align:start position:0% +you can actually have glutathione react + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually have glutathione react +to give s s yi you can also have other + + align:start position:0% +to give s s yi you can also have other + + + align:start position:0% +to give s s yi you can also have other +kinds of proteins I think here so here + + align:start position:0% +kinds of proteins I think here so here + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of proteins I think here so here +they have our SH this could be a thyroid + + align:start position:0% +they have our SH this could be a thyroid + + + align:start position:0% +they have our SH this could be a thyroid +auxin protein which if we get to + + align:start position:0% +auxin protein which if we get to + + + align:start position:0% +auxin protein which if we get to +deoxynucleotide formation there are + + align:start position:0% +deoxynucleotide formation there are + + + align:start position:0% +deoxynucleotide formation there are +hundreds of fire toxins inside the cell + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of fire toxins inside the cell + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of fire toxins inside the cell +that do the same kind of thing and so + + align:start position:0% +that do the same kind of thing and so + + + align:start position:0% +that do the same kind of thing and so +one can also go from here so you can + + align:start position:0% +one can also go from here so you can + + + align:start position:0% +one can also go from here so you can +have a little protein called thyroid + + align:start position:0% +have a little protein called thyroid + + + align:start position:0% +have a little protein called thyroid +oxen and it has two cysteines and it can + + align:start position:0% +oxen and it has two cysteines and it can + + + align:start position:0% +oxen and it has two cysteines and it can +convert this back into the SH and it + + align:start position:0% +convert this back into the SH and it + + + align:start position:0% +convert this back into the SH and it +itself can become oxidized and there's a + + align:start position:0% +itself can become oxidized and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +itself can become oxidized and there's a +way of cycling the thyroid auxin okay so + + align:start position:0% +way of cycling the thyroid auxin okay so + + + align:start position:0% +way of cycling the thyroid auxin okay so +you're getting the idea okay over here + + align:start position:0% +you're getting the idea okay over here + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting the idea okay over here +in this model we're not gonna talk about + + align:start position:0% +in this model we're not gonna talk about + + + align:start position:0% +in this model we're not gonna talk about +this because I decided not to talk about + + align:start position:0% +this because I decided not to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +this because I decided not to talk about +reactive not a nitrogen species but + + align:start position:0% +reactive not a nitrogen species but + + + align:start position:0% +reactive not a nitrogen species but +nitrous oxide can get converted into + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +peroxy nitrite peroxy nitrate is able to + + align:start position:0% +peroxy nitrite peroxy nitrate is able to + + + align:start position:0% +peroxy nitrite peroxy nitrate is able to +actually catalyze formation of molecules + + align:start position:0% +actually catalyze formation of molecules + + + align:start position:0% +actually catalyze formation of molecules +like this which is thought to be + + align:start position:0% +like this which is thought to be + + + align:start position:0% +like this which is thought to be +involved in signaling they're also + + align:start position:0% +involved in signaling they're also + + + align:start position:0% +involved in signaling they're also +controlled reversibly by thyroid + + align:start position:0% +controlled reversibly by thyroid + + + align:start position:0% +controlled reversibly by thyroid +oxidants and again this is what the + + align:start position:0% +oxidants and again this is what the + + + align:start position:0% +oxidants and again this is what the +cannon bomb lab studies and these things + + align:start position:0% +cannon bomb lab studies and these things + + + align:start position:0% +cannon bomb lab studies and these things +can also cyclize to form these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +can also cyclize to form these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +can also cyclize to form these kinds of +structures these are called Sophina + + align:start position:0% +structures these are called Sophina + + + align:start position:0% +structures these are called Sophina +mites people have found they + + align:start position:0% +mites people have found they + + + align:start position:0% +mites people have found they +x-ray structures of them are they + + align:start position:0% +x-ray structures of them are they + + + align:start position:0% +x-ray structures of them are they +important in signaling I don't know but + + align:start position:0% +important in signaling I don't know but + + + align:start position:0% +important in signaling I don't know but +you can see you can see that you have + + align:start position:0% +you can see you can see that you have + + + align:start position:0% +you can see you can see that you have +many many kinds of modifications that's + + align:start position:0% +many many kinds of modifications that's + + + align:start position:0% +many many kinds of modifications that's +the take-home lesson from this and then + + align:start position:0% +the take-home lesson from this and then + + + align:start position:0% +the take-home lesson from this and then +the big question is how important to + + align:start position:0% +the big question is how important to + + + align:start position:0% +the big question is how important to +these in terms of controlling + + align:start position:0% +these in terms of controlling + + + align:start position:0% +these in terms of controlling +homeostasis okay so what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +homeostasis okay so what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +homeostasis okay so what I want to do +now is briefly look at the players + + align:start position:0% +now is briefly look at the players + + + align:start position:0% +now is briefly look at the players +racist the creeping look at the players + + align:start position:0% +racist the creeping look at the players + + + align:start position:0% +racist the creeping look at the players +we've already started to look at and + + align:start position:0% +we've already started to look at and + + + align:start position:0% +we've already started to look at and +make a few points and make the general + + align:start position:0% +make a few points and make the general + + + align:start position:0% +make a few points and make the general +points about the signaling process using + + align:start position:0% +points about the signaling process using + + + align:start position:0% +points about the signaling process using +epidermal growth factor receptor as an + + align:start position:0% +epidermal growth factor receptor as an + + + align:start position:0% +epidermal growth factor receptor as an +example and so I'm hitting you over the + + align:start position:0% +example and so I'm hitting you over the + + + align:start position:0% +example and so I'm hitting you over the +head with this again because we've + + align:start position:0% +head with this again because we've + + + align:start position:0% +head with this again because we've +already looked at this a couple of times + + align:start position:0% +already looked at this a couple of times + + + align:start position:0% +already looked at this a couple of times +so we have an overview of e G and NOx + + align:start position:0% +so we have an overview of e G and NOx + + + align:start position:0% +so we have an overview of e G and NOx +okay so we just looked at NOx this is + + align:start position:0% +okay so we just looked at NOx this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we just looked at NOx this is +also Knox - it's the same protein they + + align:start position:0% +also Knox - it's the same protein they + + + align:start position:0% +also Knox - it's the same protein they +found in different places and so + + align:start position:0% +found in different places and so + + + align:start position:0% +found in different places and so +remember with Knox - we had all these + + align:start position:0% +remember with Knox - we had all these + + + align:start position:0% +remember with Knox - we had all these +factors that I told you if we're + + align:start position:0% +factors that I told you if we're + + + align:start position:0% +factors that I told you if we're +involved in the phagosome you had a GT + + align:start position:0% +involved in the phagosome you had a GT + + + align:start position:0% +involved in the phagosome you had a GT +pas you had a phagosome oxidase okay now + + align:start position:0% +pas you had a phagosome oxidase okay now + + + align:start position:0% +pas you had a phagosome oxidase okay now +you have in some cases similar factors + + align:start position:0% +you have in some cases similar factors + + + align:start position:0% +you have in some cases similar factors +in other cases additional factors that + + align:start position:0% +in other cases additional factors that + + + align:start position:0% +in other cases additional factors that +play a role in these multi enzyme + + align:start position:0% +play a role in these multi enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +play a role in these multi enzyme +complexes that allow it to do something + + align:start position:0% +complexes that allow it to do something + + + align:start position:0% +complexes that allow it to do something +else + + align:start position:0% +else + + + align:start position:0% +else +okay so Nature reuses over and over + + align:start position:0% +okay so Nature reuses over and over + + + align:start position:0% +okay so Nature reuses over and over +again these different factors so this is + + align:start position:0% +again these different factors so this is + + + align:start position:0% +again these different factors so this is +the cartoon picture you guys have seen + + align:start position:0% +the cartoon picture you guys have seen + + + align:start position:0% +the cartoon picture you guys have seen +before we use this in recitation this is + + align:start position:0% +before we use this in recitation this is + + + align:start position:0% +before we use this in recitation this is +where I started to have you think about + + align:start position:0% +where I started to have you think about + + + align:start position:0% +where I started to have you think about +recitation 11 when we started this to + + align:start position:0% +recitation 11 when we started this to + + + align:start position:0% +recitation 11 when we started this to +try to introduce you to the system again + + align:start position:0% +try to introduce you to the system again + + + align:start position:0% +try to introduce you to the system again +and so I just want to make a couple of + + align:start position:0% +and so I just want to make a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +and so I just want to make a couple of +points about this but here's our + + align:start position:0% +points about this but here's our + + + align:start position:0% +points about this but here's our +epidermal growth factor receptor which + + align:start position:0% +epidermal growth factor receptor which + + + align:start position:0% +epidermal growth factor receptor which +you all know now is a tyrosine kinase + + align:start position:0% +you all know now is a tyrosine kinase + + + align:start position:0% +you all know now is a tyrosine kinase +here is the Knox protein in here you can + + align:start position:0% +here is the Knox protein in here you can + + + align:start position:0% +here is the Knox protein in here you can +see we have RAC 1 and if you go back and + + align:start position:0% +see we have RAC 1 and if you go back and + + + align:start position:0% +see we have RAC 1 and if you go back and +you look at your notes from last time + + align:start position:0% +you look at your notes from last time + + + align:start position:0% +you look at your notes from last time +rap one is a gtp a so you can control + + align:start position:0% +rap one is a gtp a so you can control + + + align:start position:0% +rap one is a gtp a so you can control +its activity with little proteins that + + align:start position:0% +its activity with little proteins that + + + align:start position:0% +its activity with little proteins that +can bind to it inhibit it and the funny + + align:start position:0% +can bind to it inhibit it and the funny + + + align:start position:0% +can bind to it inhibit it and the funny +thing about this + + align:start position:0% +thing about this + + + align:start position:0% +thing about this +and people were asking me questions + + align:start position:0% +and people were asking me questions + + + align:start position:0% +and people were asking me questions +about this is that the chemistry the + + align:start position:0% +about this is that the chemistry the + + + align:start position:0% +about this is that the chemistry the +tyrosine kinase is in the inside of the + + align:start position:0% +tyrosine kinase is in the inside of the + + + align:start position:0% +tyrosine kinase is in the inside of the +cell okay + + align:start position:0% +cell okay + + + align:start position:0% +cell okay +Knox one the NADPH and going to nad P is + + align:start position:0% +Knox one the NADPH and going to nad P is + + + align:start position:0% +Knox one the NADPH and going to nad P is +in the inside of the cell just like we + + align:start position:0% +in the inside of the cell just like we + + + align:start position:0% +in the inside of the cell just like we +just talked about okay but where is + + align:start position:0% +just talked about okay but where is + + + align:start position:0% +just talked about okay but where is +because of the predisposition of the + + align:start position:0% +because of the predisposition of the + + + align:start position:0% +because of the predisposition of the +flavin and the two heaves where does the + + align:start position:0% +flavin and the two heaves where does the + + + align:start position:0% +flavin and the two heaves where does the +where's superoxide produced on the + + align:start position:0% +where's superoxide produced on the + + + align:start position:0% +where's superoxide produced on the +outside of the cell okay + + align:start position:0% +outside of the cell okay + + + align:start position:0% +outside of the cell okay +that's rather bizarre okay this is still + + align:start position:0% +that's rather bizarre okay this is still + + + align:start position:0% +that's rather bizarre okay this is still +rather bizarre to me this is a model + + align:start position:0% +rather bizarre to me this is a model + + + align:start position:0% +rather bizarre to me this is a model +people have in the literature but you're + + align:start position:0% +people have in the literature but you're + + + align:start position:0% +people have in the literature but you're +using the reducing equivalents from + + align:start position:0% +using the reducing equivalents from + + + align:start position:0% +using the reducing equivalents from +NADPH to convert superoxide oxygen to + + align:start position:0% +NADPH to convert superoxide oxygen to + + + align:start position:0% +NADPH to convert superoxide oxygen to +superoxide which rapidly just + + align:start position:0% +superoxide which rapidly just + + + align:start position:0% +superoxide which rapidly just +proportionate to form hydrogen peroxide + + align:start position:0% +proportionate to form hydrogen peroxide + + + align:start position:0% +proportionate to form hydrogen peroxide +and so then the question is we're saying + + align:start position:0% +and so then the question is we're saying + + + align:start position:0% +and so then the question is we're saying +hydrogen peroxide is the key signal er + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen peroxide is the key signal er + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen peroxide is the key signal er +that's doing selphie no Latian how does + + align:start position:0% +that's doing selphie no Latian how does + + + align:start position:0% +that's doing selphie no Latian how does +it get into the cell okay so the model + + align:start position:0% +it get into the cell okay so the model + + + align:start position:0% +it get into the cell okay so the model +then is it gets into the cell through an + + align:start position:0% +then is it gets into the cell through an + + + align:start position:0% +then is it gets into the cell through an +aquaporin okay and is this an aquaporin + + align:start position:0% +aquaporin okay and is this an aquaporin + + + align:start position:0% +aquaporin okay and is this an aquaporin +just moving around in the membrane or is + + align:start position:0% +just moving around in the membrane or is + + + align:start position:0% +just moving around in the membrane or is +this some organization within the + + align:start position:0% +this some organization within the + + + align:start position:0% +this some organization within the +membrane so if this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +membrane so if this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +membrane so if this is going to be +useful we've already talked about the + + align:start position:0% +useful we've already talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +useful we've already talked about the +fact that hydrogen peroxide is not very + + align:start position:0% +fact that hydrogen peroxide is not very + + + align:start position:0% +fact that hydrogen peroxide is not very +reactive so one way you can get + + align:start position:0% +reactive so one way you can get + + + align:start position:0% +reactive so one way you can get +something to be more reactive is by + + align:start position:0% +something to be more reactive is by + + + align:start position:0% +something to be more reactive is by +increasing its concentration right so + + align:start position:0% +increasing its concentration right so + + + align:start position:0% +increasing its concentration right so +nature does nature does this all the + + align:start position:0% +nature does nature does this all the + + + align:start position:0% +nature does nature does this all the +time so if you can somehow stick things + + align:start position:0% +time so if you can somehow stick things + + + align:start position:0% +time so if you can somehow stick things +together and generate something in it + + align:start position:0% +together and generate something in it + + + align:start position:0% +together and generate something in it +and it's generated right adjacent to + + align:start position:0% +and it's generated right adjacent to + + + align:start position:0% +and it's generated right adjacent to +we're going to react it has a greater + + align:start position:0% +we're going to react it has a greater + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to react it has a greater +probability of reacting here then over + + align:start position:0% +probability of reacting here then over + + + align:start position:0% +probability of reacting here then over +here and we have you seen that before + + align:start position:0% +here and we have you seen that before + + + align:start position:0% +here and we have you seen that before +any of you thought about that + + align:start position:0% +any of you thought about that + + + align:start position:0% +any of you thought about that +graduate students should know this DNA + + align:start position:0% +graduate students should know this DNA + + + align:start position:0% +graduate students should know this DNA +what no yeah no say you do but I mean in + + align:start position:0% +what no yeah no say you do but I mean in + + + align:start position:0% +what no yeah no say you do but I mean in +terms of all of these raft or oxygen + + align:start position:0% +terms of all of these raft or oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +terms of all of these raft or oxygen +species The Ting lab that's what she + + align:start position:0% +species The Ting lab that's what she + + + align:start position:0% +species The Ting lab that's what she +does she generates these things in the + + align:start position:0% +does she generates these things in the + + + align:start position:0% +does she generates these things in the +middle of the cell and it's all + + align:start position:0% +middle of the cell and it's all + + + align:start position:0% +middle of the cell and it's all +dependent how long can this go we + + align:start position:0% +dependent how long can this go we + + + align:start position:0% +dependent how long can this go we +remember we talked about this diffusion + + align:start position:0% +remember we talked about this diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +remember we talked about this diffusion +question how far does it go before it + + align:start position:0% +question how far does it go before it + + + align:start position:0% +question how far does it go before it +actually reacts okay so the idea and the + + align:start position:0% +actually reacts okay so the idea and the + + + align:start position:0% +actually reacts okay so the idea and the +question you need to ask yourself is if + + align:start position:0% +question you need to ask yourself is if + + + align:start position:0% +question you need to ask yourself is if +you generate + + align:start position:0% +you generate + + + align:start position:0% +you generate +are these organized do you remember from + + align:start position:0% +are these organized do you remember from + + + align:start position:0% +are these organized do you remember from +the recitation how these guys organized + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what do we were in the last time in + + align:start position:0% +what do we were in the last time in + + + align:start position:0% +what do we were in the last time in +recitation so we talked about we had + + align:start position:0% +recitation so we talked about we had + + + align:start position:0% +recitation so we talked about we had +this cartoon and we talked about this + + align:start position:0% +this cartoon and we talked about this + + + align:start position:0% +this cartoon and we talked about this +you looked at the data what did the data + + align:start position:0% +you looked at the data what did the data + + + align:start position:0% +you looked at the data what did the data +tell you these guys organized in some + + align:start position:0% +tell you these guys organized in some + + + align:start position:0% +tell you these guys organized in some +way so that this hydrogen peroxide can + + align:start position:0% +way so that this hydrogen peroxide can + + + align:start position:0% +way so that this hydrogen peroxide can +actually do so phenyl Asian reactions so + + align:start position:0% +actually do so phenyl Asian reactions so + + + align:start position:0% +actually do so phenyl Asian reactions so +what was the evidence to that does + + align:start position:0% +what was the evidence to that does + + + align:start position:0% +what was the evidence to that does +anybody remember I mean this so if you + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember I mean this so if you + + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember I mean this so if you +don't remember this you need to go back + + align:start position:0% +don't remember this you need to go back + + + align:start position:0% +don't remember this you need to go back +and you need to read the paper again + + align:start position:0% +and you need to read the paper again + + + align:start position:0% +and you need to read the paper again +okay and I have all of this stuff on her + + align:start position:0% +okay and I have all of this stuff on her + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I have all of this stuff on her +PowerPoint but I'm not going to go + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint but I'm not going to go + + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint but I'm not going to go +through it again yeah right so there was + + align:start position:0% +through it again yeah right so there was + + + align:start position:0% +through it again yeah right so there was +co-localization between the NOx - and in + + align:start position:0% +co-localization between the NOx - and in + + + align:start position:0% +co-localization between the NOx - and in +the growth factor with the dermal growth + + align:start position:0% +the growth factor with the dermal growth + + + align:start position:0% +the growth factor with the dermal growth +action and what else was there + + align:start position:0% +action and what else was there + + + align:start position:0% +action and what else was there +co-localization from it's not shown here + + align:start position:0% +co-localization from it's not shown here + + + align:start position:0% +co-localization from it's not shown here +but there was also Co localization of a + + align:start position:0% +but there was also Co localization of a + + + align:start position:0% +but there was also Co localization of a +phosphatase which plays that's not shown + + align:start position:0% +phosphatase which plays that's not shown + + + align:start position:0% +phosphatase which plays that's not shown +in here but it's going to be shown in + + align:start position:0% +in here but it's going to be shown in + + + align:start position:0% +in here but it's going to be shown in +the next slide plays a key role in + + align:start position:0% +the next slide plays a key role in + + + align:start position:0% +the next slide plays a key role in +controlling the phosphorylation of state + + align:start position:0% +controlling the phosphorylation of state + + + align:start position:0% +controlling the phosphorylation of state +ok so this idea of I'm gonna write this + + align:start position:0% +ok so this idea of I'm gonna write this + + + align:start position:0% +ok so this idea of I'm gonna write this +down because I think this is a central + + align:start position:0% +down because I think this is a central + + + align:start position:0% +down because I think this is a central +idea in biology is how you will apply + + align:start position:0% +idea in biology is how you will apply + + + align:start position:0% +idea in biology is how you will apply +things to make them more reactive + + align:start position:0% +things to make them more reactive + + + align:start position:0% +things to make them more reactive +whether this makes it reactive enough it + + align:start position:0% +whether this makes it reactive enough it + + + align:start position:0% +whether this makes it reactive enough it +does make it reactive enough because we + + align:start position:0% +does make it reactive enough because we + + + align:start position:0% +does make it reactive enough because we +can clearly so phenolate but are we + + align:start position:0% +can clearly so phenolate but are we + + + align:start position:0% +can clearly so phenolate but are we +missing something on top of it to make + + align:start position:0% +missing something on top of it to make + + + align:start position:0% +missing something on top of it to make +it reactive enough to be able to do what + + align:start position:0% +it reactive enough to be able to do what + + + align:start position:0% +it reactive enough to be able to do what +we need to do so what we see with this + + align:start position:0% +we need to do so what we see with this + + + align:start position:0% +we need to do so what we see with this +system is EGF the growth factor clauses + + align:start position:0% +system is EGF the growth factor clauses + + + align:start position:0% +system is EGF the growth factor clauses +causes EGF dimerization ok that's what + + align:start position:0% +causes EGF dimerization ok that's what + + + align:start position:0% +causes EGF dimerization ok that's what +I've shown you in the cartoon over there + + align:start position:0% +I've shown you in the cartoon over there + + + align:start position:0% +I've shown you in the cartoon over there +I'm not going to draw out the cartoon + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to draw out the cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to draw out the cartoon +because you've seen this cartoon a bunch + + align:start position:0% +because you've seen this cartoon a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +because you've seen this cartoon a bunch +of times and what does that do the + + align:start position:0% +of times and what does that do the + + + align:start position:0% +of times and what does that do the +tyrosine kinase activates itself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by phosphorylation okay we're gonna come + + align:start position:0% +by phosphorylation okay we're gonna come + + + align:start position:0% +by phosphorylation okay we're gonna come +back to this but so one way again + + align:start position:0% +back to this but so one way again + + + align:start position:0% +back to this but so one way again +everybody has seen phosphorylations + + align:start position:0% +everybody has seen phosphorylations + + + align:start position:0% +everybody has seen phosphorylations +whether they activate or inactivate you + + align:start position:0% +whether they activate or inactivate you + + + align:start position:0% +whether they activate or inactivate you +need to study so here's the tyrosine + + align:start position:0% +need to study so here's the tyrosine + + + align:start position:0% +need to study so here's the tyrosine +kinase domain when they come together + + align:start position:0% +kinase domain when they come together + + + align:start position:0% +kinase domain when they come together +you need it has activity that can + + align:start position:0% +you need it has activity that can + + + align:start position:0% +you need it has activity that can +phosphorylate itself so you get into + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylate itself so you get into + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylate itself so you get into +this form which then triggers signaling + + align:start position:0% +this form which then triggers signaling + + + align:start position:0% +this form which then triggers signaling +Cascades okay so so the other thing we + + align:start position:0% +Cascades okay so so the other thing we + + + align:start position:0% +Cascades okay so so the other thing we +need to think about in this paper is so + + align:start position:0% +need to think about in this paper is so + + + align:start position:0% +need to think about in this paper is so +here we've going from the tyrosine to + + align:start position:0% +here we've going from the tyrosine to + + + align:start position:0% +here we've going from the tyrosine to +the phosphorylated tyrosine you should + + align:start position:0% +the phosphorylated tyrosine you should + + + align:start position:0% +the phosphorylated tyrosine you should +write down that this is active okay how + + align:start position:0% +write down that this is active okay how + + + align:start position:0% +write down that this is active okay how +do you Whitney activate a phosphorylated + + align:start position:0% +do you Whitney activate a phosphorylated + + + align:start position:0% +do you Whitney activate a phosphorylated +tyrosine if this is active use a + + align:start position:0% +tyrosine if this is active use a + + + align:start position:0% +tyrosine if this is active use a +phosphatase okay so this also we saw in + + align:start position:0% +phosphatase okay so this also we saw in + + + align:start position:0% +phosphatase okay so this also we saw in +this paper and in this paper at this + + align:start position:0% +this paper and in this paper at this + + + align:start position:0% +this paper and in this paper at this +Carroll paper she identified or she + + align:start position:0% +Carroll paper she identified or she + + + align:start position:0% +Carroll paper she identified or she +claims to have identified you can make + + align:start position:0% +claims to have identified you can make + + + align:start position:0% +claims to have identified you can make +your own judgment on that now the faucet + + align:start position:0% +your own judgment on that now the faucet + + + align:start position:0% +your own judgment on that now the faucet +ace in the cell type that she looked at + + align:start position:0% +ace in the cell type that she looked at + + + align:start position:0% +ace in the cell type that she looked at +that played a key role in the tyrosine + + align:start position:0% +that played a key role in the tyrosine + + + align:start position:0% +that played a key role in the tyrosine +kinase activity so you're converting it + + align:start position:0% +kinase activity so you're converting it + + + align:start position:0% +kinase activity so you're converting it +from an active form to an inactive form + + align:start position:0% +from an active form to an inactive form + + + align:start position:0% +from an active form to an inactive form +which is what you see by phosphorylation + + align:start position:0% +which is what you see by phosphorylation + + + align:start position:0% +which is what you see by phosphorylation +dephosphorylation all the time I'm going + + align:start position:0% +dephosphorylation all the time I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +dephosphorylation all the time I'm going +to come back to this in a minute so he + + align:start position:0% +to come back to this in a minute so he + + + align:start position:0% +to come back to this in a minute so he +is a protein tyrosine phosphatase so we + + align:start position:0% +is a protein tyrosine phosphatase so we + + + align:start position:0% +is a protein tyrosine phosphatase so we +have a protein tyrosine phosphatase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and so while I didn't write that + + align:start position:0% +okay and so while I didn't write that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so while I didn't write that +out these hands there are lots of + + align:start position:0% +out these hands there are lots of + + + align:start position:0% +out these hands there are lots of +different kinds of phosphatases but they + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of phosphatases but they + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of phosphatases but they +have a thiolate in their active site and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these things is attached to a tyrosine + + align:start position:0% +these things is attached to a tyrosine + + + align:start position:0% +these things is attached to a tyrosine +on a protein so here's our tyrosine + + align:start position:0% +on a protein so here's our tyrosine + + + align:start position:0% +on a protein so here's our tyrosine +kinase so what happens again is you use + + align:start position:0% +kinase so what happens again is you use + + + align:start position:0% +kinase so what happens again is you use +covalent catalysis in two steps so you + + align:start position:0% +covalent catalysis in two steps so you + + + align:start position:0% +covalent catalysis in two steps so you +phosphorylate and then you hydrolyze + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylate and then you hydrolyze + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylate and then you hydrolyze +okay so you phosphorylate and then you + + align:start position:0% +okay so you phosphorylate and then you + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you phosphorylate and then you +hydrolyze okay so you end up then with + + align:start position:0% +hydrolyze okay so you end up then with + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolyze okay so you end up then with +your tyrosine in the kinase and you end + + align:start position:0% +your tyrosine in the kinase and you end + + + align:start position:0% +your tyrosine in the kinase and you end +up back with ii guess - okay so there + + align:start position:0% +up back with ii guess - okay so there + + + align:start position:0% +up back with ii guess - okay so there +are many again there are many different + + align:start position:0% +are many again there are many different + + + align:start position:0% +are many again there are many different +kinds of phosphatases but all the ones + + align:start position:0% +kinds of phosphatases but all the ones + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of phosphatases but all the ones +involved apparently in the signaling + + align:start position:0% +involved apparently in the signaling + + + align:start position:0% +involved apparently in the signaling +processes if you go back and look at the + + align:start position:0% +processes if you go back and look at the + + + align:start position:0% +processes if you go back and look at the +Carroll paper are all all have cystines + + align:start position:0% +Carroll paper are all all have cystines + + + align:start position:0% +Carroll paper are all all have cystines +in their active site you've seen this + + align:start position:0% +in their active site you've seen this + + + align:start position:0% +in their active site you've seen this +covalent catalysis with cysteine over + + align:start position:0% +covalent catalysis with cysteine over + + + align:start position:0% +covalent catalysis with cysteine over +and over and over again now at this + + align:start position:0% +and over and over again now at this + + + align:start position:0% +and over and over again now at this +stage so this is going to be a key + + align:start position:0% +stage so this is going to be a key + + + align:start position:0% +stage so this is going to be a key +control this is the active state okay so + + align:start position:0% +control this is the active state okay so + + + align:start position:0% +control this is the active state okay so +this form is the active state and over + + align:start position:0% +this form is the active state and over + + + align:start position:0% +this form is the active state and over +here sorry yeah so what if you take this + + align:start position:0% +here sorry yeah so what if you take this + + + align:start position:0% +here sorry yeah so what if you take this +now and you treat this with hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +now and you treat this with hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +now and you treat this with hydrogen +peroxide this becomes so phenyl aided + + align:start position:0% +peroxide this becomes so phenyl aided + + + align:start position:0% +peroxide this becomes so phenyl aided +and this becomes the inactive state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so Sophie no Latian just like with the + + align:start position:0% +so Sophie no Latian just like with the + + + align:start position:0% +so Sophie no Latian just like with the +tyrosine kinase that we talked about in + + align:start position:0% +tyrosine kinase that we talked about in + + + align:start position:0% +tyrosine kinase that we talked about in +recitation can become activated the + + align:start position:0% +recitation can become activated the + + + align:start position:0% +recitation can become activated the +self-immolation in this case becomes + + align:start position:0% +self-immolation in this case becomes + + + align:start position:0% +self-immolation in this case becomes +inactivated so that's what it's all + + align:start position:0% +inactivated so that's what it's all + + + align:start position:0% +inactivated so that's what it's all +about in these post translational + + align:start position:0% +about in these post translational + + + align:start position:0% +about in these post translational +modifications and the question is re I'm + + align:start position:0% +modifications and the question is re I'm + + + align:start position:0% +modifications and the question is re I'm +over again but the question is are these + + align:start position:0% +over again but the question is are these + + + align:start position:0% +over again but the question is are these +models correct so what we'll do next + + align:start position:0% +models correct so what we'll do next + + + align:start position:0% +models correct so what we'll do next +time is spend a little bit of time + + align:start position:0% +time is spend a little bit of time + + + align:start position:0% +time is spend a little bit of time +talking about the six general principles + + align:start position:0% +talking about the six general principles + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the six general principles +of post translational modification in + + align:start position:0% +of post translational modification in + + + align:start position:0% +of post translational modification in +general and what the expectations are + + align:start position:0% +general and what the expectations are + + + align:start position:0% +general and what the expectations are +using what you've already which we've + + align:start position:0% +using what you've already which we've + + + align:start position:0% +using what you've already which we've +already seen in recitations eleven and + + align:start position:0% +already seen in recitations eleven and + + + align:start position:0% +already seen in recitations eleven and +twelve and then we're going to move on + + align:start position:0% +twelve and then we're going to move on + + + align:start position:0% +twelve and then we're going to move on +to the last module on nucleotide + + align:start position:0% +to the last module on nucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +to the last module on nucleotide +metabolism + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Jfq94mAiApU.txt b/Jfq94mAiApU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab19532b8fe836cf76dfc10cf9175047f2c1414e --- /dev/null +++ b/Jfq94mAiApU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,435 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Now, let me be clear for a second. I + + align:start position:0% +Now, let me be clear for a second. I + + + align:start position:0% +Now, let me be clear for a second. I +want to distinguish comparative + + align:start position:0% +want to distinguish comparative + + + align:start position:0% +want to distinguish comparative +advantage from just the term advantage + + align:start position:0% +advantage from just the term advantage + + + align:start position:0% +advantage from just the term advantage +or what we call absolute advantage. I + + align:start position:0% +or what we call absolute advantage. I + + + align:start position:0% +or what we call absolute advantage. I +want to distinguish those. The best way + + align:start position:0% +want to distinguish those. The best way + + + align:start position:0% +want to distinguish those. The best way +to distinguish those is of course think + + align:start position:0% +to distinguish those is of course think + + + align:start position:0% +to distinguish those is of course think +about LeBron James mowing his lawn. + + align:start position:0% +about LeBron James mowing his lawn. + + + align:start position:0% +about LeBron James mowing his lawn. +Okay, let's think about LeBron James + + align:start position:0% +Okay, let's think about LeBron James + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, let's think about LeBron James +mowing his lawn. Now, LeBron James does + + align:start position:0% +mowing his lawn. Now, LeBron James does + + + align:start position:0% +mowing his lawn. Now, LeBron James does +two things. Play basketball and mow his + + align:start position:0% +two things. Play basketball and mow his + + + align:start position:0% +two things. Play basketball and mow his +lawn. Okay, and let's assert LeBron + + align:start position:0% +lawn. Okay, and let's assert LeBron + + + align:start position:0% +lawn. Okay, and let's assert LeBron +James better than anyone in the world at + + align:start position:0% +James better than anyone in the world at + + + align:start position:0% +James better than anyone in the world at +both playing basketball and mowing his + + align:start position:0% +both playing basketball and mowing his + + + align:start position:0% +both playing basketball and mowing his +lawn. LeBron James awesome. I mean, the + + align:start position:0% +lawn. LeBron James awesome. I mean, the + + + align:start position:0% +lawn. LeBron James awesome. I mean, the +guy's built, right? He just crank on + + align:start position:0% +guy's built, right? He just crank on + + + align:start position:0% +guy's built, right? He just crank on +that lawn. Okay, so let's assert LeBron + + align:start position:0% +that lawn. Okay, so let's assert LeBron + + + align:start position:0% +that lawn. Okay, so let's assert LeBron +James is the best person at both mowing + + align:start position:0% +James is the best person at both mowing + + + align:start position:0% +James is the best person at both mowing +his lawn and playing basketball. He has + + align:start position:0% +his lawn and playing basketball. He has + + + align:start position:0% +his lawn and playing basketball. He has +an absolute advantage in both + + align:start position:0% +an absolute advantage in both + + + align:start position:0% +an absolute advantage in both +activities, + + align:start position:0% +activities, + + + align:start position:0% +activities, +but he has a comparative advantage in + + align:start position:0% +but he has a comparative advantage in + + + align:start position:0% +but he has a comparative advantage in +playing basketball. In other words, he's + + align:start position:0% +playing basketball. In other words, he's + + + align:start position:0% +playing basketball. In other words, he's +way better. Let's take LeBron James + + align:start position:0% +way better. Let's take LeBron James + + + align:start position:0% +way better. Let's take LeBron James +versus me. Now, there's two goods + + align:start position:0% +versus me. Now, there's two goods + + + align:start position:0% +versus me. Now, there's two goods +playing basketball, mowing lawns in two + + align:start position:0% +playing basketball, mowing lawns in two + + + align:start position:0% +playing basketball, mowing lawns in two +countries, LeBron James and Gruber. + + align:start position:0% +countries, LeBron James and Gruber. + + + align:start position:0% +countries, LeBron James and Gruber. +Okay, LeBron James has a massive + + align:start position:0% +Okay, LeBron James has a massive + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, LeBron James has a massive +comparative advantage in playing + + align:start position:0% +comparative advantage in playing + + + align:start position:0% +comparative advantage in playing +basketball. I suck at basketball. Okay, + + align:start position:0% +basketball. I suck at basketball. Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +basketball. I suck at basketball. Okay, +he's a un a billion to one comparative + + align:start position:0% +he's a un a billion to one comparative + + + align:start position:0% +he's a un a billion to one comparative +advantage in playing basketball. Mowing + + align:start position:0% +advantage in playing basketball. Mowing + + + align:start position:0% +advantage in playing basketball. Mowing +lawns, he's maybe five to one. He's + + align:start position:0% +lawns, he's maybe five to one. He's + + + align:start position:0% +lawns, he's maybe five to one. He's +certainly better than me at mowing a + + align:start position:0% +certainly better than me at mowing a + + + align:start position:0% +certainly better than me at mowing a +lawn, but is he more than five times? + + align:start position:0% +lawn, but is he more than five times? + + + align:start position:0% +lawn, but is he more than five times? +Could he do it five times faster than + + align:start position:0% +Could he do it five times faster than + + + align:start position:0% +Could he do it five times faster than +me? Probably not. + + align:start position:0% +me? Probably not. + + + align:start position:0% +me? Probably not. +So, LeBron James is an absolute + + align:start position:0% +So, LeBron James is an absolute + + + align:start position:0% +So, LeBron James is an absolute +advantage over me in basketball and lawn + + align:start position:0% +advantage over me in basketball and lawn + + + align:start position:0% +advantage over me in basketball and lawn +mowing. But his comparative advantage is + + align:start position:0% +mowing. But his comparative advantage is + + + align:start position:0% +mowing. But his comparative advantage is +basketball. LeBron James should, and + + align:start position:0% +basketball. LeBron James should, and + + + align:start position:0% +basketball. LeBron James should, and +this will be the hint of where we're + + align:start position:0% +this will be the hint of where we're + + + align:start position:0% +this will be the hint of where we're +going, LeBron James should specialize in + + align:start position:0% +going, LeBron James should specialize in + + + align:start position:0% +going, LeBron James should specialize in +basketball. Let me mow the lawn. + + align:start position:0% +basketball. Let me mow the lawn. + + + align:start position:0% +basketball. Let me mow the lawn. +Now, in fact, I shouldn't mow the lawn + + align:start position:0% +Now, in fact, I shouldn't mow the lawn + + + align:start position:0% +Now, in fact, I shouldn't mow the lawn +either + + align:start position:0% +either + + + align:start position:0% +either +because let's take me versus a a uh + + align:start position:0% +because let's take me versus a a uh + + + align:start position:0% +because let's take me versus a a uh +landscape contractor and let's do + + align:start position:0% +landscape contractor and let's do + + + align:start position:0% +landscape contractor and let's do +economics and lawnmowing. + + align:start position:0% +economics and lawnmowing. + + + align:start position:0% +economics and lawnmowing. +I am certainly better than the land the + + align:start position:0% +I am certainly better than the land the + + + align:start position:0% +I am certainly better than the land the +average landscape contractor at + + align:start position:0% +average landscape contractor at + + + align:start position:0% +average landscape contractor at +economics. + + align:start position:0% +economics. + + + align:start position:0% +economics. +I'm probably worse at lawnmowing. So, I + + align:start position:0% +I'm probably worse at lawnmowing. So, I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm probably worse at lawnmowing. So, I +should then hire the landscape + + align:start position:0% +should then hire the landscape + + + align:start position:0% +should then hire the landscape +contractor. It's all about comparative + + align:start position:0% +contractor. It's all about comparative + + + align:start position:0% +contractor. It's all about comparative +advantage. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/JuKKBf-uSDI.txt b/JuKKBf-uSDI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7fe9d8336b0825f5fa3681fbb8a8055e85a1ce32 --- /dev/null +++ b/JuKKBf-uSDI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17616 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +welcome back we're going to + + align:start position:0% +welcome back we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back we're going to +uh keep this journey going on fintech + + align:start position:0% +uh keep this journey going on fintech + + + align:start position:0% +uh keep this journey going on fintech +we spoke about payments in our last + + align:start position:0% +we spoke about payments in our last + + + align:start position:0% +we spoke about payments in our last +class + + align:start position:0% +class + + + align:start position:0% +class +and here in class + + align:start position:0% +and here in class + + + align:start position:0% +and here in class +seven we're going to dive into credit + + align:start position:0% +seven we're going to dive into credit + + + align:start position:0% +seven we're going to dive into credit +and there's a lot to cover + + align:start position:0% +and there's a lot to cover + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a lot to cover +there are so many different segments and + + align:start position:0% +there are so many different segments and + + + align:start position:0% +there are so many different segments and +sectors in the credit + + align:start position:0% +sectors in the credit + + + align:start position:0% +sectors in the credit +space and there's a lot going on with + + align:start position:0% +space and there's a lot going on with + + + align:start position:0% +space and there's a lot going on with +financial technology not just because of + + align:start position:0% +financial technology not just because of + + + align:start position:0% +financial technology not just because of +artificial intelligence + + align:start position:0% +artificial intelligence + + + align:start position:0% +artificial intelligence +open api but even the earlier + + align:start position:0% +open api but even the earlier + + + align:start position:0% +open api but even the earlier +things that were brought into the techno + + align:start position:0% +things that were brought into the techno + + + align:start position:0% +things that were brought into the techno +technology stock + + align:start position:0% +technology stock + + + align:start position:0% +technology stock +around mobile phones and and the like + + align:start position:0% +around mobile phones and and the like + + + align:start position:0% +around mobile phones and and the like +still gives a lot of opportunity to + + align:start position:0% +still gives a lot of opportunity to + + + align:start position:0% +still gives a lot of opportunity to +break in here + + align:start position:0% +break in here + + + align:start position:0% +break in here +and the use of alternative data um + + align:start position:0% +and the use of alternative data um + + + align:start position:0% +and the use of alternative data um +so i'm going to bring up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +share some slides and + + align:start position:0% +share some slides and + + + align:start position:0% +share some slides and +get going here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um uh first i should also say + + align:start position:0% +um uh first i should also say + + + align:start position:0% +um uh first i should also say +to those who uh celebrate such things + + align:start position:0% +to those who uh celebrate such things + + + align:start position:0% +to those who uh celebrate such things +happy earth day + + align:start position:0% +happy earth day + + + align:start position:0% +happy earth day +uh april 22nd it's also my daughter's + + align:start position:0% +uh april 22nd it's also my daughter's + + + align:start position:0% +uh april 22nd it's also my daughter's +birthday my eldest my first + + align:start position:0% +birthday my eldest my first + + + align:start position:0% +birthday my eldest my first +daughter out of three so today's a + + align:start position:0% +daughter out of three so today's a + + + align:start position:0% +daughter out of three so today's a +special day + + align:start position:0% +special day + + + align:start position:0% +special day +earth day and my daughter's birthday so + + align:start position:0% +earth day and my daughter's birthday so + + + align:start position:0% +earth day and my daughter's birthday so +happy birthday anna + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh so i'm gonna do a little update + + align:start position:0% +and uh so i'm gonna do a little update + + + align:start position:0% +and uh so i'm gonna do a little update +on facebook we spoke about facebook in + + align:start position:0% +on facebook we spoke about facebook in + + + align:start position:0% +on facebook we spoke about facebook in +our last class + + align:start position:0% +our last class + + + align:start position:0% +our last class +uh about payments and there were + + align:start position:0% +uh about payments and there were + + + align:start position:0% +uh about payments and there were +interesting announcements actually as we + + align:start position:0% +interesting announcements actually as we + + + align:start position:0% +interesting announcements actually as we +were + + align:start position:0% +were + + + align:start position:0% +were +together facebook was announcing some + + align:start position:0% +together facebook was announcing some + + + align:start position:0% +together facebook was announcing some +updates and then dive into the credit uh + + align:start position:0% +updates and then dive into the credit uh + + + align:start position:0% +updates and then dive into the credit uh +world and + + align:start position:0% +world and + + + align:start position:0% +world and +before we dive into fintech just talk a + + align:start position:0% +before we dive into fintech just talk a + + + align:start position:0% +before we dive into fintech just talk a +little bit about those credit sectors + + align:start position:0% +little bit about those credit sectors + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about those credit sectors +and the market design + + align:start position:0% +and the market design + + + align:start position:0% +and the market design +credit and that provides as we'll see + + align:start position:0% +credit and that provides as we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +credit and that provides as we'll see +some of the disruptive uh potential and + + align:start position:0% +some of the disruptive uh potential and + + + align:start position:0% +some of the disruptive uh potential and +how disruptive tech can break into the + + align:start position:0% +how disruptive tech can break into the + + + align:start position:0% +how disruptive tech can break into the +credit value check + + align:start position:0% +credit value check + + + align:start position:0% +credit value check +and what you're always looking for in a + + align:start position:0% +and what you're always looking for in a + + + align:start position:0% +and what you're always looking for in a +business + + align:start position:0% +business + + + align:start position:0% +business +whether it's about fintech or otherwise + + align:start position:0% +whether it's about fintech or otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's about fintech or otherwise +is somehow to break into + + align:start position:0% +is somehow to break into + + + align:start position:0% +is somehow to break into +another party's value chain or to create + + align:start position:0% +another party's value chain or to create + + + align:start position:0% +another party's value chain or to create +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +for customers either you can create + + align:start position:0% +for customers either you can create + + + align:start position:0% +for customers either you can create +value where others haven't seen it + + align:start position:0% +value where others haven't seen it + + + align:start position:0% +value where others haven't seen it +or you want to break into somebody + + align:start position:0% +or you want to break into somebody + + + align:start position:0% +or you want to break into somebody +else's value chain so we'll talk a + + align:start position:0% +else's value chain so we'll talk a + + + align:start position:0% +else's value chain so we'll talk a +little bit about that + + align:start position:0% +little bit about that + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about that +how we we see that particularly in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +area of financial technology and then + + align:start position:0% +area of financial technology and then + + + align:start position:0% +area of financial technology and then +a review of the competitive landscape by + + align:start position:0% +a review of the competitive landscape by + + + align:start position:0% +a review of the competitive landscape by +the different marketplaces a touch on + + align:start position:0% +the different marketplaces a touch on + + + align:start position:0% +the different marketplaces a touch on +marketplace lending and credit scoring + + align:start position:0% +marketplace lending and credit scoring + + + align:start position:0% +marketplace lending and credit scoring +and then i'll close with just a comment + + align:start position:0% +and then i'll close with just a comment + + + align:start position:0% +and then i'll close with just a comment +on professionalism and academic + + align:start position:0% +on professionalism and academic + + + align:start position:0% +on professionalism and academic +integrity as people were gearing up for + + align:start position:0% +integrity as people were gearing up for + + + align:start position:0% +integrity as people were gearing up for +their papers and group + + align:start position:0% +their papers and group + + + align:start position:0% +their papers and group +work and so forth again um + + align:start position:0% +work and so forth again um + + + align:start position:0% +work and so forth again um +there were the readings included a + + align:start position:0% +there were the readings included a + + + align:start position:0% +there were the readings included a +review of 12 fintech companies this was + + align:start position:0% +review of 12 fintech companies this was + + + align:start position:0% +review of 12 fintech companies this was +just a taste test there was one article + + align:start position:0% +just a taste test there was one article + + + align:start position:0% +just a taste test there was one article +in reaction to apple credit card and + + align:start position:0% +in reaction to apple credit card and + + + align:start position:0% +in reaction to apple credit card and +these were fintech companies in the + + align:start position:0% +these were fintech companies in the + + + align:start position:0% +these were fintech companies in the +credit card space but as we'll see today + + align:start position:0% +credit card space but as we'll see today + + + align:start position:0% +credit card space but as we'll see today +we're going to review a lot of the other + + align:start position:0% +we're going to review a lot of the other + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to review a lot of the other +spaces as well + + align:start position:0% +spaces as well + + + align:start position:0% +spaces as well +uh a brief article uh that i thought was + + align:start position:0% +uh a brief article uh that i thought was + + + align:start position:0% +uh a brief article uh that i thought was +helpful about + + align:start position:0% +helpful about + + + align:start position:0% +helpful about +how tech companies are seeing how to get + + align:start position:0% +how tech companies are seeing how to get + + + align:start position:0% +how tech companies are seeing how to get +into the lending business uh + + align:start position:0% +into the lending business uh + + + align:start position:0% +into the lending business uh +big tech particularly marketplace + + align:start position:0% +big tech particularly marketplace + + + align:start position:0% +big tech particularly marketplace +lenders will look at lending club + + align:start position:0% +lenders will look at lending club + + + align:start position:0% +lenders will look at lending club +uh more particularly and then + + align:start position:0% +uh more particularly and then + + + align:start position:0% +uh more particularly and then +alternative data + + align:start position:0% +alternative data + + + align:start position:0% +alternative data +um study questions again are just sort + + align:start position:0% +um study questions again are just sort + + + align:start position:0% +um study questions again are just sort +of not just for you to gear + + align:start position:0% +of not just for you to gear + + + align:start position:0% +of not just for you to gear +up and prepare for the class but this is + + align:start position:0% +up and prepare for the class but this is + + + align:start position:0% +up and prepare for the class but this is +sort of where i want to sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of where i want to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of where i want to sort of +end uh how we can think about this is + + align:start position:0% +end uh how we can think about this is + + + align:start position:0% +end uh how we can think about this is +really importantly how big tech firms + + align:start position:0% +really importantly how big tech firms + + + align:start position:0% +really importantly how big tech firms +are positioning the cell to offer credit + + align:start position:0% +are positioning the cell to offer credit + + + align:start position:0% +are positioning the cell to offer credit +and i don't know romaine if anybody + + align:start position:0% +and i don't know romaine if anybody + + + align:start position:0% +and i don't know romaine if anybody +anybody's gonna sort of + + align:start position:0% +anybody's gonna sort of + + + align:start position:0% +anybody's gonna sort of +uh get the cobwebs off and and give us + + align:start position:0% +uh get the cobwebs off and and give us + + + align:start position:0% +uh get the cobwebs off and and give us +some thoughts but + + align:start position:0% +some thoughts but + + + align:start position:0% +some thoughts but +uh i'm gonna turn it to romaine to see + + align:start position:0% +uh i'm gonna turn it to romaine to see + + + align:start position:0% +uh i'm gonna turn it to romaine to see +if there's anybody that wants to just + + align:start position:0% +if there's anybody that wants to just + + + align:start position:0% +if there's anybody that wants to just +give a thought + + align:start position:0% +give a thought + + + align:start position:0% +give a thought +broad overview of big tech in this space + + align:start position:0% +broad overview of big tech in this space + + + align:start position:0% +broad overview of big tech in this space +whether it's from + + align:start position:0% +whether it's from + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's from +china europe uh the us latin america + + align:start position:0% +china europe uh the us latin america + + + align:start position:0% +china europe uh the us latin america +okay let's go for today's class who + + align:start position:0% +okay let's go for today's class who + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's go for today's class who +would like to be the first volunteer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +michael thank you + + align:start position:0% +michael thank you + + + align:start position:0% +michael thank you +um i guess some from the articles with + + align:start position:0% +um i guess some from the articles with + + + align:start position:0% +um i guess some from the articles with +some of them + + align:start position:0% +some of them + + + align:start position:0% +some of them +just kind of seeing over the last decade + + align:start position:0% +just kind of seeing over the last decade + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of seeing over the last decade +what's going on there's been a lot more + + align:start position:0% +what's going on there's been a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on there's been a lot more +availability of funding i think lending + + align:start position:0% +availability of funding i think lending + + + align:start position:0% +availability of funding i think lending +club was + + align:start position:0% +club was + + + align:start position:0% +club was +i i kind of stopped more from like a + + align:start position:0% +i i kind of stopped more from like a + + + align:start position:0% +i i kind of stopped more from like a +personal investing point of view but + + align:start position:0% +personal investing point of view but + + + align:start position:0% +personal investing point of view but +kind of thinking of like who can + + align:start position:0% +kind of thinking of like who can + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thinking of like who can +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +have access to credit has been a huge + + align:start position:0% +have access to credit has been a huge + + + align:start position:0% +have access to credit has been a huge +position of + + align:start position:0% +position of + + + align:start position:0% +position of +tech in the u.s and also uh his speed + + align:start position:0% +tech in the u.s and also uh his speed + + + align:start position:0% +tech in the u.s and also uh his speed +i think like traditional um discredit + + align:start position:0% +i think like traditional um discredit + + + align:start position:0% +i think like traditional um discredit +process for consumers and small + + align:start position:0% +process for consumers and small + + + align:start position:0% +process for consumers and small +businesses it's been like + + align:start position:0% +businesses it's been like + + + align:start position:0% +businesses it's been like +kind of painful so that's definitely a + + align:start position:0% +kind of painful so that's definitely a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of painful so that's definitely a +big + + align:start position:0% +big + + + align:start position:0% +big +uh area that big tech is trying to + + align:start position:0% +uh area that big tech is trying to + + + align:start position:0% +uh area that big tech is trying to +tackle with + + align:start position:0% +tackle with + + + align:start position:0% +tackle with +ai and just automated processes + + align:start position:0% +ai and just automated processes + + + align:start position:0% +ai and just automated processes +right right but michael can you add to + + align:start position:0% +right right but michael can you add to + + + align:start position:0% +right right but michael can you add to +it sort of like think about big tech + + align:start position:0% +it sort of like think about big tech + + + align:start position:0% +it sort of like think about big tech +companies how + + align:start position:0% +companies how + + + align:start position:0% +companies how +how are big tech companies strategically + + align:start position:0% +how are big tech companies strategically + + + align:start position:0% +how are big tech companies strategically +positioning themselves + + align:start position:0% +positioning themselves + + + align:start position:0% +positioning themselves +i mean lending club and the marketplace + + align:start position:0% +i mean lending club and the marketplace + + + align:start position:0% +i mean lending club and the marketplace +lenders are a very important + + align:start position:0% +lenders are a very important + + + align:start position:0% +lenders are a very important +trend here um as well these these sort + + align:start position:0% +trend here um as well these these sort + + + align:start position:0% +trend here um as well these these sort +of more disruptive companies some of + + align:start position:0% +of more disruptive companies some of + + + align:start position:0% +of more disruptive companies some of +them becoming incumbents in their space + + align:start position:0% +them becoming incumbents in their space + + + align:start position:0% +them becoming incumbents in their space +but how about the big platforms i guess + + align:start position:0% +but how about the big platforms i guess + + + align:start position:0% +but how about the big platforms i guess +embedding it with their current + + align:start position:0% +embedding it with their current + + + align:start position:0% +embedding it with their current +services products that they already have + + align:start position:0% +services products that they already have + + + align:start position:0% +services products that they already have +but like apple pay was a good example + + align:start position:0% +but like apple pay was a good example + + + align:start position:0% +but like apple pay was a good example +where it's just kind of + + align:start position:0% +where it's just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +where it's just kind of +everybody's already using an iphone so + + align:start position:0% +everybody's already using an iphone so + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's already using an iphone so +if they can just make it seamless with + + align:start position:0% +if they can just make it seamless with + + + align:start position:0% +if they can just make it seamless with +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +existing processes and transactions so + + align:start position:0% +existing processes and transactions so + + + align:start position:0% +existing processes and transactions so +this is again remind uh + + align:start position:0% +this is again remind uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is again remind uh +well i see a couple other hands up so + + align:start position:0% +well i see a couple other hands up so + + + align:start position:0% +well i see a couple other hands up so +romaine + + align:start position:0% +romaine + + + align:start position:0% +romaine +alessandro yeah i think also + + align:start position:0% +alessandro yeah i think also + + + align:start position:0% +alessandro yeah i think also +amazon is a very interesting case where + + align:start position:0% +amazon is a very interesting case where + + + align:start position:0% +amazon is a very interesting case where +thanks to all the data they have + + align:start position:0% +thanks to all the data they have + + + align:start position:0% +thanks to all the data they have +gathered on sellers on their marketplace + + align:start position:0% +gathered on sellers on their marketplace + + + align:start position:0% +gathered on sellers on their marketplace +they're able to + + align:start position:0% +they're able to + + + align:start position:0% +they're able to +offer short-term lending to all the + + align:start position:0% +offer short-term lending to all the + + + align:start position:0% +offer short-term lending to all the +sellers on the marketplace + + align:start position:0% +sellers on the marketplace + + + align:start position:0% +sellers on the marketplace +and this also gives them a sort of + + align:start position:0% +and this also gives them a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and this also gives them a sort of +competitive advantage + + align:start position:0% +competitive advantage + + + align:start position:0% +competitive advantage +vis-a-vis banks commercial banks first + + align:start position:0% +vis-a-vis banks commercial banks first + + + align:start position:0% +vis-a-vis banks commercial banks first +of all because + + align:start position:0% +of all because + + + align:start position:0% +of all because +the notional of this landing is very + + align:start position:0% +the notional of this landing is very + + + align:start position:0% +the notional of this landing is very +small so it's + + align:start position:0% +small so it's + + + align:start position:0% +small so it's +comparable to sort of micro lending and + + align:start position:0% +comparable to sort of micro lending and + + + align:start position:0% +comparable to sort of micro lending and +second because + + align:start position:0% +second because + + + align:start position:0% +second because +they have access to a huge amount of + + align:start position:0% +they have access to a huge amount of + + + align:start position:0% +they have access to a huge amount of +data on the business + + align:start position:0% +data on the business + + + align:start position:0% +data on the business +of these sellers right and uh third + + align:start position:0% +of these sellers right and uh third + + + align:start position:0% +of these sellers right and uh third +they have a direct access to repayment + + align:start position:0% +they have a direct access to repayment + + + align:start position:0% +they have a direct access to repayment +because um basically these repayments + + align:start position:0% +because um basically these repayments + + + align:start position:0% +because um basically these repayments +are kind of + + align:start position:0% +are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +are kind of +automatic from the business of the + + align:start position:0% +automatic from the business of the + + + align:start position:0% +automatic from the business of the +sellers on the amazon marketplace + + align:start position:0% +sellers on the amazon marketplace + + + align:start position:0% +sellers on the amazon marketplace +right so what what michael and alexandro + + align:start position:0% +right so what what michael and alexandro + + + align:start position:0% +right so what what michael and alexandro +have sort of + + align:start position:0% +have sort of + + + align:start position:0% +have sort of +said is + + align:start position:0% +said is + + + align:start position:0% +said is +well first we talked a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +well first we talked a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +well first we talked a little bit about +uh the disruptors but in terms of big + + align:start position:0% +uh the disruptors but in terms of big + + + align:start position:0% +uh the disruptors but in terms of big +tech they have a lot of network + + align:start position:0% +tech they have a lot of network + + + align:start position:0% +tech they have a lot of network +advantages + + align:start position:0% +advantages + + + align:start position:0% +advantages +whether it's apple and there's so many + + align:start position:0% +whether it's apple and there's so many + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's apple and there's so many +people that have their phones and their + + align:start position:0% +people that have their phones and their + + + align:start position:0% +people that have their phones and their +products + + align:start position:0% +products + + + align:start position:0% +products +whether it's amazon in the case that + + align:start position:0% +whether it's amazon in the case that + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's amazon in the case that +alexander we can go to other countries + + align:start position:0% +alexander we can go to other countries + + + align:start position:0% +alexander we can go to other countries +as well this is certainly true + + align:start position:0% +as well this is certainly true + + + align:start position:0% +as well this is certainly true +in a very significant way in china but + + align:start position:0% +in a very significant way in china but + + + align:start position:0% +in a very significant way in china but +it's not just + + align:start position:0% +it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just +isolated in china in the u.s is that + + align:start position:0% +isolated in china in the u.s is that + + + align:start position:0% +isolated in china in the u.s is that +they have + + align:start position:0% +they have + + + align:start position:0% +they have +big networks of of users + + align:start position:0% +big networks of of users + + + align:start position:0% +big networks of of users +that collect data and particularly if + + align:start position:0% +that collect data and particularly if + + + align:start position:0% +that collect data and particularly if +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +marketplace like amazon or alibaba + + align:start position:0% +marketplace like amazon or alibaba + + + align:start position:0% +marketplace like amazon or alibaba +when you're selling product you're + + align:start position:0% +when you're selling product you're + + + align:start position:0% +when you're selling product you're +seeing + + align:start position:0% +seeing + + + align:start position:0% +seeing +both sides of a market you're seeing the + + align:start position:0% +both sides of a market you're seeing the + + + align:start position:0% +both sides of a market you're seeing the +consumer side + + align:start position:0% +consumer side + + + align:start position:0% +consumer side +the hundreds of millions of people in + + align:start position:0% +the hundreds of millions of people in + + + align:start position:0% +the hundreds of millions of people in +china the tens of millions of people in + + align:start position:0% +china the tens of millions of people in + + + align:start position:0% +china the tens of millions of people in +the us + + align:start position:0% +the us + + + align:start position:0% +the us +but you're seeing the merchant side and + + align:start position:0% +but you're seeing the merchant side and + + + align:start position:0% +but you're seeing the merchant side and +so that data + + align:start position:0% +so that data + + + align:start position:0% +so that data +and that flow and that activity gives + + align:start position:0% +and that flow and that activity gives + + + align:start position:0% +and that flow and that activity gives +you a natural + + align:start position:0% +you a natural + + + align:start position:0% +you a natural +competitive uh edge and then lastly + + align:start position:0% +competitive uh edge and then lastly + + + align:start position:0% +competitive uh edge and then lastly +what was just mentioned is automatic + + align:start position:0% +what was just mentioned is automatic + + + align:start position:0% +what was just mentioned is automatic +payment + + align:start position:0% +payment + + + align:start position:0% +payment +particularly if you're in an online + + align:start position:0% +particularly if you're in an online + + + align:start position:0% +particularly if you're in an online +platform + + align:start position:0% +platform + + + align:start position:0% +platform +selling something you see that + + align:start position:0% +selling something you see that + + + align:start position:0% +selling something you see that +merchant's payment stream but + + align:start position:0% +merchant's payment stream but + + + align:start position:0% +merchant's payment stream but +also you lower the credit risk because + + align:start position:0% +also you lower the credit risk because + + + align:start position:0% +also you lower the credit risk because +consumers are buying you take your piece + + align:start position:0% +consumers are buying you take your piece + + + align:start position:0% +consumers are buying you take your piece +to pay back + + align:start position:0% +to pay back + + + align:start position:0% +to pay back +whether it's a revolving or term loan to + + align:start position:0% +whether it's a revolving or term loan to + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's a revolving or term loan to +a merchant so a lot of competitive uh + + align:start position:0% +a merchant so a lot of competitive uh + + + align:start position:0% +a merchant so a lot of competitive uh +edges or even advantages in this space + + align:start position:0% +edges or even advantages in this space + + + align:start position:0% +edges or even advantages in this space +for them to sort of + + align:start position:0% +for them to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +for them to sort of +build upon to provide a credit product + + align:start position:0% +build upon to provide a credit product + + + align:start position:0% +build upon to provide a credit product +cg would also like to share a thought + + align:start position:0% +cg would also like to share a thought + + + align:start position:0% +cg would also like to share a thought +please + + align:start position:0% +please + + + align:start position:0% +please +um yeah i think the case of alibaba is + + align:start position:0% +um yeah i think the case of alibaba is + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah i think the case of alibaba is +really interesting because + + align:start position:0% +really interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting because +just like gary had mentioned there are a + + align:start position:0% +just like gary had mentioned there are a + + + align:start position:0% +just like gary had mentioned there are a +lot of transaction data + + align:start position:0% +lot of transaction data + + + align:start position:0% +lot of transaction data +and also user data in alibaba so right + + align:start position:0% +and also user data in alibaba so right + + + align:start position:0% +and also user data in alibaba so right +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +alibaba not only offer the um like the + + align:start position:0% +alibaba not only offer the um like the + + + align:start position:0% +alibaba not only offer the um like the +payment system it also offer a credit + + align:start position:0% +payment system it also offer a credit + + + align:start position:0% +payment system it also offer a credit +system like you can borrow money from + + align:start position:0% +system like you can borrow money from + + + align:start position:0% +system like you can borrow money from +alibaba + + align:start position:0% +alibaba + + + align:start position:0% +alibaba +actually it has its own credit system + + align:start position:0% +actually it has its own credit system + + + align:start position:0% +actually it has its own credit system +that can + + align:start position:0% +that can + + + align:start position:0% +that can +i mean the credit rating they can + + align:start position:0% +i mean the credit rating they can + + + align:start position:0% +i mean the credit rating they can +determine like how much money you can + + align:start position:0% +determine like how much money you can + + + align:start position:0% +determine like how much money you can +borrow + + align:start position:0% +borrow + + + align:start position:0% +borrow +from alibaba so i think this case is + + align:start position:0% +from alibaba so i think this case is + + + align:start position:0% +from alibaba so i think this case is +really interesting + + align:start position:0% +really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting +yeah so two things that i think i want + + align:start position:0% +yeah so two things that i think i want + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so two things that i think i want +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +tease out of that is the idea of + + align:start position:0% +tease out of that is the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +tease out of that is the idea of +building + + align:start position:0% +building + + + align:start position:0% +building +credit on top of payments now this is + + align:start position:0% +credit on top of payments now this is + + + align:start position:0% +credit on top of payments now this is +not a new phenomena this goes back + + align:start position:0% +not a new phenomena this goes back + + + align:start position:0% +not a new phenomena this goes back +centuries that any any good banker knew + + align:start position:0% +centuries that any any good banker knew + + + align:start position:0% +centuries that any any good banker knew +that if you were in the center of + + align:start position:0% +that if you were in the center of + + + align:start position:0% +that if you were in the center of +payments you had more + + align:start position:0% +payments you had more + + + align:start position:0% +payments you had more +information you had more data even in a + + align:start position:0% +information you had more data even in a + + + align:start position:0% +information you had more data even in a +pre-computer + + align:start position:0% +pre-computer + + + align:start position:0% +pre-computer +age but what we find is a lot + + align:start position:0% +age but what we find is a lot + + + align:start position:0% +age but what we find is a lot +of the big tech companies as well as the + + align:start position:0% +of the big tech companies as well as the + + + align:start position:0% +of the big tech companies as well as the +disruptors + + align:start position:0% +disruptors + + + align:start position:0% +disruptors +chose to get into the payment space and + + align:start position:0% +chose to get into the payment space and + + + align:start position:0% +chose to get into the payment space and +then build + + align:start position:0% +then build + + + align:start position:0% +then build +upon that credit now as it relates to + + align:start position:0% +upon that credit now as it relates to + + + align:start position:0% +upon that credit now as it relates to +alibaba + + align:start position:0% +alibaba + + + align:start position:0% +alibaba +what better way to do that than to + + align:start position:0% +what better way to do that than to + + + align:start position:0% +what better way to do that than to +provide a payment + + align:start position:0% +provide a payment + + + align:start position:0% +provide a payment +mechanism to purchase the products on + + align:start position:0% +mechanism to purchase the products on + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism to purchase the products on +your platform similar with amazon + + align:start position:0% +your platform similar with amazon + + + align:start position:0% +your platform similar with amazon +and then you can build credit upon that + + align:start position:0% +and then you can build credit upon that + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can build credit upon that +because you get an incredible amount of + + align:start position:0% +because you get an incredible amount of + + + align:start position:0% +because you get an incredible amount of +data + + align:start position:0% +data + + + align:start position:0% +data +but also you can provide credit in + + align:start position:0% +but also you can provide credit in + + + align:start position:0% +but also you can provide credit in +what's called point of sale + + align:start position:0% +what's called point of sale + + + align:start position:0% +what's called point of sale +credit uh buy something pay for it over + + align:start position:0% +credit uh buy something pay for it over + + + align:start position:0% +credit uh buy something pay for it over +six weeks eight weeks ten weeks + + align:start position:0% +six weeks eight weeks ten weeks + + + align:start position:0% +six weeks eight weeks ten weeks +when you're purchasing so uh a good + + align:start position:0% +when you're purchasing so uh a good + + + align:start position:0% +when you're purchasing so uh a good +points + + align:start position:0% +points + + + align:start position:0% +points +so what is marketplace lending this this + + align:start position:0% +so what is marketplace lending this this + + + align:start position:0% +so what is marketplace lending this this +phenomena that uh + + align:start position:0% +phenomena that uh + + + align:start position:0% +phenomena that uh +uh started out of the united kingdom + + align:start position:0% +uh started out of the united kingdom + + + align:start position:0% +uh started out of the united kingdom +we'll talk a little bit about lending + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk a little bit about lending + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk a little bit about lending +club here in the u.s + + align:start position:0% +club here in the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +club here in the u.s +uh started about a dozen to 15 years ago + + align:start position:0% +uh started about a dozen to 15 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +uh started about a dozen to 15 years ago +um what what what is it in its theory + + align:start position:0% +um what what what is it in its theory + + + align:start position:0% +um what what what is it in its theory +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +where where is it right now uh anybody + + align:start position:0% +where where is it right now uh anybody + + + align:start position:0% +where where is it right now uh anybody +want to + + align:start position:0% +want to + + + align:start position:0% +want to +uh chat about uh that for a minute + + align:start position:0% +uh chat about uh that for a minute + + + align:start position:0% +uh chat about uh that for a minute +lending club lending tree + + align:start position:0% +lending club lending tree + + + align:start position:0% +lending club lending tree +you know a lot of a lot of companies + + align:start position:0% +you know a lot of a lot of companies + + + align:start position:0% +you know a lot of a lot of companies +that we can chat about here + + align:start position:0% +that we can chat about here + + + align:start position:0% +that we can chat about here +alida + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so marketplace and peer-to-peer + + align:start position:0% +um so marketplace and peer-to-peer + + + align:start position:0% +um so marketplace and peer-to-peer +lending was kind of the concept of + + align:start position:0% +lending was kind of the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +lending was kind of the concept of +allowing um individuals to lend to + + align:start position:0% +allowing um individuals to lend to + + + align:start position:0% +allowing um individuals to lend to +other individuals or companies through a + + align:start position:0% +other individuals or companies through a + + + align:start position:0% +other individuals or companies through a +marketplace + + align:start position:0% +marketplace + + + align:start position:0% +marketplace +and well they've been on the ground for + + align:start position:0% +and well they've been on the ground for + + + align:start position:0% +and well they've been on the ground for +a while + + align:start position:0% +a while + + + align:start position:0% +a while +but they've really just turned into kind + + align:start position:0% +but they've really just turned into kind + + + align:start position:0% +but they've really just turned into kind +of lending platforms + + align:start position:0% +of lending platforms + + + align:start position:0% +of lending platforms +um and they're really supported by a + + align:start position:0% +um and they're really supported by a + + + align:start position:0% +um and they're really supported by a +securitization market behind them now + + align:start position:0% +securitization market behind them now + + + align:start position:0% +securitization market behind them now +rather than individuals um landing on + + align:start position:0% +rather than individuals um landing on + + + align:start position:0% +rather than individuals um landing on +the platform + + align:start position:0% +the platform + + + align:start position:0% +the platform +for the most part right right and + + align:start position:0% +for the most part right right and + + + align:start position:0% +for the most part right right and +michael spoke about this earlier as well + + align:start position:0% +michael spoke about this earlier as well + + + align:start position:0% +michael spoke about this earlier as well +i think it's an interesting concept but + + align:start position:0% +i think it's an interesting concept but + + + align:start position:0% +i think it's an interesting concept but +that it hasn't + + align:start position:0% +that it hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +that it hasn't +actually lived up to its early promise + + align:start position:0% +actually lived up to its early promise + + + align:start position:0% +actually lived up to its early promise +the promise + + align:start position:0% +the promise + + + align:start position:0% +the promise +when this came about in 2005 to 2007 + + align:start position:0% +when this came about in 2005 to 2007 + + + align:start position:0% +when this came about in 2005 to 2007 +was that you and i could use the + + align:start position:0% +was that you and i could use the + + + align:start position:0% +was that you and i could use the +internet to communicate and i could lend + + align:start position:0% +internet to communicate and i could lend + + + align:start position:0% +internet to communicate and i could lend +to you + + align:start position:0% +to you + + + align:start position:0% +to you +and you could borrow from a peer-to-peer + + align:start position:0% +and you could borrow from a peer-to-peer + + + align:start position:0% +and you could borrow from a peer-to-peer +without sort of a central uh + + align:start position:0% +without sort of a central uh + + + align:start position:0% +without sort of a central uh +intermediary now + + align:start position:0% +intermediary now + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary now +there was always going to be some + + align:start position:0% +there was always going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +there was always going to be some +intermediary because there was a + + align:start position:0% +intermediary because there was a + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary because there was a +platform + + align:start position:0% +platform + + + align:start position:0% +platform +a a a software provider + + align:start position:0% +a a a software provider + + + align:start position:0% +a a a software provider +taking a fee but somehow matching + + align:start position:0% +taking a fee but somehow matching + + + align:start position:0% +taking a fee but somehow matching +lenders to borrowers in a peer-to-peer + + align:start position:0% +lenders to borrowers in a peer-to-peer + + + align:start position:0% +lenders to borrowers in a peer-to-peer +network what we found over these 13 or + + align:start position:0% +network what we found over these 13 or + + + align:start position:0% +network what we found over these 13 or +15 years + + align:start position:0% +15 years + + + align:start position:0% +15 years +is that the marketplace lenders like + + align:start position:0% +is that the marketplace lenders like + + + align:start position:0% +is that the marketplace lenders like +lending club + + align:start position:0% +lending club + + + align:start position:0% +lending club +have shifted to securitization market + + align:start position:0% +have shifted to securitization market + + + align:start position:0% +have shifted to securitization market +to raise their money a highly organized + + align:start position:0% +to raise their money a highly organized + + + align:start position:0% +to raise their money a highly organized +and somewhat centralized market + + align:start position:0% +and somewhat centralized market + + + align:start position:0% +and somewhat centralized market +securitization market and on the lending + + align:start position:0% +securitization market and on the lending + + + align:start position:0% +securitization market and on the lending +side + + align:start position:0% +side + + + align:start position:0% +side +you're still very much seeing that + + align:start position:0% +you're still very much seeing that + + + align:start position:0% +you're still very much seeing that +you're going through + + align:start position:0% +you're going through + + + align:start position:0% +you're going through +a portal and that you know there's only + + align:start position:0% +a portal and that you know there's only + + + align:start position:0% +a portal and that you know there's only +so many of these portals so + + align:start position:0% +so many of these portals so + + + align:start position:0% +so many of these portals so +it's not that it's truly peer-to-peer + + align:start position:0% +it's not that it's truly peer-to-peer + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that it's truly peer-to-peer +and in fact often it's now called + + align:start position:0% +and in fact often it's now called + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact often it's now called +marketplace lending + + align:start position:0% +marketplace lending + + + align:start position:0% +marketplace lending +and its platforms um i think that it + + align:start position:0% +and its platforms um i think that it + + + align:start position:0% +and its platforms um i think that it +it it's still a very important part of + + align:start position:0% +it it's still a very important part of + + + align:start position:0% +it it's still a very important part of +the disruptive credit landscape + + align:start position:0% +the disruptive credit landscape + + + align:start position:0% +the disruptive credit landscape +uh but it's a small percentage of that + + align:start position:0% +uh but it's a small percentage of that + + + align:start position:0% +uh but it's a small percentage of that +marketplace + + align:start position:0% +marketplace + + + align:start position:0% +marketplace +and it and it's shifting very + + align:start position:0% +and it and it's shifting very + + + align:start position:0% +and it and it's shifting very +dramatically from peer-to-peer to + + align:start position:0% +dramatically from peer-to-peer to + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically from peer-to-peer to +uh online portals that still access + + align:start position:0% +uh online portals that still access + + + align:start position:0% +uh online portals that still access +centralized uh credit in many ways + + align:start position:0% +centralized uh credit in many ways + + + align:start position:0% +centralized uh credit in many ways +and we'll see we'll chat a little bit + + align:start position:0% +and we'll see we'll chat a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll see we'll chat a little bit +about lending club is even uh buying + + align:start position:0% +about lending club is even uh buying + + + align:start position:0% +about lending club is even uh buying +uh announced earlier in 2020 to buy + + align:start position:0% +uh announced earlier in 2020 to buy + + + align:start position:0% +uh announced earlier in 2020 to buy +a bank and merge with the bank uh + + align:start position:0% +a bank and merge with the bank uh + + + align:start position:0% +a bank and merge with the bank uh +itself um + + align:start position:0% +itself um + + + align:start position:0% +itself um +and then there's already been some uh + + align:start position:0% +and then there's already been some uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then there's already been some uh +discussion of alternative data but + + align:start position:0% +discussion of alternative data but + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of alternative data but +alternative data + + align:start position:0% +alternative data + + + align:start position:0% +alternative data +building upon a history history in + + align:start position:0% +building upon a history history in + + + align:start position:0% +building upon a history history in +many countries for four or five decades + + align:start position:0% +many countries for four or five decades + + + align:start position:0% +many countries for four or five decades +to use + + align:start position:0% +to use + + + align:start position:0% +to use +data to make credit decisions but + + align:start position:0% +data to make credit decisions but + + + align:start position:0% +data to make credit decisions but +changing it and i see a hand raised on + + align:start position:0% +changing it and i see a hand raised on + + + align:start position:0% +changing it and i see a hand raised on +this maybe romaine + + align:start position:0% +this maybe romaine + + + align:start position:0% +this maybe romaine +or no i don't see any hands raised i'm + + align:start position:0% +or no i don't see any hands raised i'm + + + align:start position:0% +or no i don't see any hands raised i'm +sure one will come up + + align:start position:0% +sure one will come up + + + align:start position:0% +sure one will come up +going down um so where does that take us + + align:start position:0% +going down um so where does that take us + + + align:start position:0% +going down um so where does that take us +um let me go back to facebook libra just + + align:start position:0% +um let me go back to facebook libra just + + + align:start position:0% +um let me go back to facebook libra just +for a moment + + align:start position:0% +for a moment + + + align:start position:0% +for a moment +and this is where we closed our last + + align:start position:0% +and this is where we closed our last + + + align:start position:0% +and this is where we closed our last +class is that facebook libra had + + align:start position:0% +class is that facebook libra had + + + align:start position:0% +class is that facebook libra had +announced in june of 2019 + + align:start position:0% +announced in june of 2019 + + + align:start position:0% +announced in june of 2019 +and then the people's bank of china + + align:start position:0% +and then the people's bank of china + + + align:start position:0% +and then the people's bank of china +had already been working on the digital + + align:start position:0% +had already been working on the digital + + + align:start position:0% +had already been working on the digital +currency project but then they sort of + + align:start position:0% +currency project but then they sort of + + + align:start position:0% +currency project but then they sort of +sped that up a bit and announced within + + align:start position:0% +sped that up a bit and announced within + + + align:start position:0% +sped that up a bit and announced within +a month or two that they were going to + + align:start position:0% +a month or two that they were going to + + + align:start position:0% +a month or two that they were going to +move forward with their currency project + + align:start position:0% +move forward with their currency project + + + align:start position:0% +move forward with their currency project +libra had announced a a token pegged to + + align:start position:0% +libra had announced a a token pegged to + + + align:start position:0% +libra had announced a a token pegged to +four or five other currencies + + align:start position:0% +four or five other currencies + + + align:start position:0% +four or five other currencies +so it was a multi-currency basket + + align:start position:0% +so it was a multi-currency basket + + + align:start position:0% +so it was a multi-currency basket +and there was a lot of pushback from + + align:start position:0% +and there was a lot of pushback from + + + align:start position:0% +and there was a lot of pushback from +central banks around the globe + + align:start position:0% +central banks around the globe + + + align:start position:0% +central banks around the globe +on this concept that they would create + + align:start position:0% +on this concept that they would create + + + align:start position:0% +on this concept that they would create +what facebook actually announced a + + align:start position:0% +what facebook actually announced a + + + align:start position:0% +what facebook actually announced a +global currency for billions of people + + align:start position:0% +global currency for billions of people + + + align:start position:0% +global currency for billions of people +there was concern amongst the g7 and g20 + + align:start position:0% +there was concern amongst the g7 and g20 + + + align:start position:0% +there was concern amongst the g7 and g20 +countries + + align:start position:0% +countries + + + align:start position:0% +countries +but there was also concern of a broader + + align:start position:0% +but there was also concern of a broader + + + align:start position:0% +but there was also concern of a broader +group of countries + + align:start position:0% +group of countries + + + align:start position:0% +group of countries +developing countries as well as to what + + align:start position:0% +developing countries as well as to what + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries as well as to what +this meant for their monetary policy how + + align:start position:0% +this meant for their monetary policy how + + + align:start position:0% +this meant for their monetary policy how +how stable this would really be + + align:start position:0% +how stable this would really be + + + align:start position:0% +how stable this would really be +and whether it would compete with fiat + + align:start position:0% +and whether it would compete with fiat + + + align:start position:0% +and whether it would compete with fiat +currencies in a + + align:start position:0% +currencies in a + + + align:start position:0% +currencies in a +not just a positive way but maybe a + + align:start position:0% +not just a positive way but maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +not just a positive way but maybe a +negative way and there were also a lot + + align:start position:0% +negative way and there were also a lot + + + align:start position:0% +negative way and there were also a lot +of concerns about whether it would + + align:start position:0% +of concerns about whether it would + + + align:start position:0% +of concerns about whether it would +support and and somehow become + + align:start position:0% +support and and somehow become + + + align:start position:0% +support and and somehow become +the domain of illicit activity uh drug + + align:start position:0% +the domain of illicit activity uh drug + + + align:start position:0% +the domain of illicit activity uh drug +runners and the like and so forth + + align:start position:0% +runners and the like and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +runners and the like and so forth +so facebook is a big company they're + + align:start position:0% +so facebook is a big company they're + + + align:start position:0% +so facebook is a big company they're +they're they they they stub their toes + + align:start position:0% +they're they they they stub their toes + + + align:start position:0% +they're they they they stub their toes +from time to time this might have been + + align:start position:0% +from time to time this might have been + + + align:start position:0% +from time to time this might have been +one of those times but it was an + + align:start position:0% +one of those times but it was an + + + align:start position:0% +one of those times but it was an +innovative + + align:start position:0% +innovative + + + align:start position:0% +innovative +project so they announced last week some + + align:start position:0% +project so they announced last week some + + + align:start position:0% +project so they announced last week some +changes + + align:start position:0% +changes + + + align:start position:0% +changes +and most importantly for this + + align:start position:0% +and most importantly for this + + + align:start position:0% +and most importantly for this +conversation and this is just a slide + + align:start position:0% +conversation and this is just a slide + + + align:start position:0% +conversation and this is just a slide +taken + + align:start position:0% +taken + + + align:start position:0% +taken +from i think it was a medium post i + + align:start position:0% +from i think it was a medium post i + + + align:start position:0% +from i think it was a medium post i +found uh + + align:start position:0% +found uh + + + align:start position:0% +found uh +they've said that libra would now be a + + align:start position:0% +they've said that libra would now be a + + + align:start position:0% +they've said that libra would now be a +platform and they would do + + align:start position:0% +platform and they would do + + + align:start position:0% +platform and they would do +single currency tokens a url token a us + + align:start position:0% +single currency tokens a url token a us + + + align:start position:0% +single currency tokens a url token a us +dollar token + + align:start position:0% +dollar token + + + align:start position:0% +dollar token +a sterling token etc etc they'll still + + align:start position:0% +a sterling token etc etc they'll still + + + align:start position:0% +a sterling token etc etc they'll still +have a multi-basket + + align:start position:0% +have a multi-basket + + + align:start position:0% +have a multi-basket +a monster currency basket coin called + + align:start position:0% +a monster currency basket coin called + + + align:start position:0% +a monster currency basket coin called +libra + + align:start position:0% +libra + + + align:start position:0% +libra +but they'll have what's in essence + + align:start position:0% +but they'll have what's in essence + + + align:start position:0% +but they'll have what's in essence +stable value tokens + + align:start position:0% +stable value tokens + + + align:start position:0% +stable value tokens +and they feel that there's still enough + + align:start position:0% +and they feel that there's still enough + + + align:start position:0% +and they feel that there's still enough +opportunity or is what we talked about + + align:start position:0% +opportunity or is what we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity or is what we talked about +pain points in the payment system that a + + align:start position:0% +pain points in the payment system that a + + + align:start position:0% +pain points in the payment system that a +dollar token euro token + + align:start position:0% +dollar token euro token + + + align:start position:0% +dollar token euro token +british sterling token um + + align:start position:0% +british sterling token um + + + align:start position:0% +british sterling token um +and and the like is relevant and + + align:start position:0% +and and the like is relevant and + + + align:start position:0% +and and the like is relevant and +important and an important layer + + align:start position:0% +important and an important layer + + + align:start position:0% +important and an important layer +what libra also announced is that + + align:start position:0% +what libra also announced is that + + + align:start position:0% +what libra also announced is that +they're taking a + + align:start position:0% +they're taking a + + + align:start position:0% +they're taking a +tiered approach to + + align:start position:0% +tiered approach to + + + align:start position:0% +tiered approach to +this whole topic of any money laundering + + align:start position:0% +this whole topic of any money laundering + + + align:start position:0% +this whole topic of any money laundering +and know your customer in essence + + align:start position:0% +and know your customer in essence + + + align:start position:0% +and know your customer in essence +working with governments around the + + align:start position:0% +working with governments around the + + + align:start position:0% +working with governments around the +globe they're saying + + align:start position:0% +globe they're saying + + + align:start position:0% +globe they're saying +they would only work with + + align:start position:0% +they would only work with + + + align:start position:0% +they would only work with +wallet providers this would be single + + align:start position:0% +wallet providers this would be single + + + align:start position:0% +wallet providers this would be single +currency wallet providers + + align:start position:0% +currency wallet providers + + + align:start position:0% +currency wallet providers +or multi-currency library wallet + + align:start position:0% +or multi-currency library wallet + + + align:start position:0% +or multi-currency library wallet +providers + + align:start position:0% +providers + + + align:start position:0% +providers +they'd only work with a digital wallet + + align:start position:0% +they'd only work with a digital wallet + + + align:start position:0% +they'd only work with a digital wallet +provider + + align:start position:0% +provider + + + align:start position:0% +provider +if it was in a jurisdiction that had + + align:start position:0% +if it was in a jurisdiction that had + + + align:start position:0% +if it was in a jurisdiction that had +regulation + + align:start position:0% +regulation + + + align:start position:0% +regulation +and those wallets and end exchanges if + + align:start position:0% +and those wallets and end exchanges if + + + align:start position:0% +and those wallets and end exchanges if +it was on a crypto exchange + + align:start position:0% +it was on a crypto exchange + + + align:start position:0% +it was on a crypto exchange +were well regulated within those + + align:start position:0% +were well regulated within those + + + align:start position:0% +were well regulated within those +countries or at least regulated and + + align:start position:0% +countries or at least regulated and + + + align:start position:0% +countries or at least regulated and +registered within those countries + + align:start position:0% +registered within those countries + + + align:start position:0% +registered within those countries +uh under the guidance around the globe + + align:start position:0% +uh under the guidance around the globe + + + align:start position:0% +uh under the guidance around the globe +that's issued by the + + align:start position:0% +that's issued by the + + + align:start position:0% +that's issued by the +fatf the financial action task force or + + align:start position:0% +fatf the financial action task force or + + + align:start position:0% +fatf the financial action task force or +sort of the + + align:start position:0% +sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the +anti-money laundering standard setters + + align:start position:0% +anti-money laundering standard setters + + + align:start position:0% +anti-money laundering standard setters +around the globe + + align:start position:0% +around the globe + + + align:start position:0% +around the globe +and they said that they wanted to take a + + align:start position:0% +and they said that they wanted to take a + + + align:start position:0% +and they said that they wanted to take a +tiered approach that would even include + + align:start position:0% +tiered approach that would even include + + + align:start position:0% +tiered approach that would even include +on the permission blockchain in the + + align:start position:0% +on the permission blockchain in the + + + align:start position:0% +on the permission blockchain in the +protocol layer in the software itself + + align:start position:0% +protocol layer in the software itself + + + align:start position:0% +protocol layer in the software itself +some protections against sanctions now + + align:start position:0% +some protections against sanctions now + + + align:start position:0% +some protections against sanctions now +they didn't say whether it was sanctions + + align:start position:0% +they didn't say whether it was sanctions + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't say whether it was sanctions +uh there were u.n sanctions european + + align:start position:0% +uh there were u.n sanctions european + + + align:start position:0% +uh there were u.n sanctions european +sanctions u.s + + align:start position:0% +sanctions u.s + + + align:start position:0% +sanctions u.s +sanctions and then you get into some + + align:start position:0% +sanctions and then you get into some + + + align:start position:0% +sanctions and then you get into some +interesting geopolitical issues as to + + align:start position:0% +interesting geopolitical issues as to + + + align:start position:0% +interesting geopolitical issues as to +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +libra the associations would sort + + align:start position:0% +libra the associations would sort + + + align:start position:0% +libra the associations would sort +through this + + align:start position:0% +through this + + + align:start position:0% +through this +but it's interesting facebook is not + + align:start position:0% +but it's interesting facebook is not + + + align:start position:0% +but it's interesting facebook is not +giving up just because there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +giving up just because there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +giving up just because there's a lot of +pushback + + align:start position:0% +pushback + + + align:start position:0% +pushback +and for those of you that might watch + + align:start position:0% +and for those of you that might watch + + + align:start position:0% +and for those of you that might watch +this online and might watch it in 2021 + + align:start position:0% +this online and might watch it in 2021 + + + align:start position:0% +this online and might watch it in 2021 +or 2022 because this + + align:start position:0% +or 2022 because this + + + align:start position:0% +or 2022 because this +uh course will have a life for a while + + align:start position:0% +uh course will have a life for a while + + + align:start position:0% +uh course will have a life for a while +offered online + + align:start position:0% +offered online + + + align:start position:0% +offered online +it will be interesting to look back and + + align:start position:0% +it will be interesting to look back and + + + align:start position:0% +it will be interesting to look back and +see what other adjustments have + + align:start position:0% +see what other adjustments have + + + align:start position:0% +see what other adjustments have +facebook and libra done in + + align:start position:0% +facebook and libra done in + + + align:start position:0% +facebook and libra done in +in 2020 and 2021 to continue to + + align:start position:0% +in 2020 and 2021 to continue to + + + align:start position:0% +in 2020 and 2021 to continue to +uh meet the official sector kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +uh meet the official sector kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh meet the official sector kind of uh +and and and bring this thing to life uh + + align:start position:0% +and and and bring this thing to life uh + + + align:start position:0% +and and and bring this thing to life uh +to life um going forward any questions + + align:start position:0% +to life um going forward any questions + + + align:start position:0% +to life um going forward any questions +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +on libra i i had the opportunity they + + align:start position:0% +on libra i i had the opportunity they + + + align:start position:0% +on libra i i had the opportunity they +actually reached out to me last week + + align:start position:0% +actually reached out to me last week + + + align:start position:0% +actually reached out to me last week +after our class and they + + align:start position:0% +after our class and they + + + align:start position:0% +after our class and they +they wanted to give a little briefing to + + align:start position:0% +they wanted to give a little briefing to + + + align:start position:0% +they wanted to give a little briefing to +your faculty member + + align:start position:0% +your faculty member + + + align:start position:0% +your faculty member +on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i don't see any hands raised scary all + + align:start position:0% +i don't see any hands raised scary all + + + align:start position:0% +i don't see any hands raised scary all +right so + + align:start position:0% +right so + + + align:start position:0% +right so +i'm gonna i'm gonna sneak into credit so + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna i'm gonna sneak into credit so + + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna i'm gonna sneak into credit so +what are the credit sectors i mean we + + align:start position:0% +what are the credit sectors i mean we + + + align:start position:0% +what are the credit sectors i mean we +all know them this this is + + align:start position:0% +all know them this this is + + + align:start position:0% +all know them this this is +uh uh pretty straightforward household + + align:start position:0% +uh uh pretty straightforward household + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh pretty straightforward household +sector + + align:start position:0% +sector + + + align:start position:0% +sector +and corporate sector but the household + + align:start position:0% +and corporate sector but the household + + + align:start position:0% +and corporate sector but the household +sector the big pieces and those of you + + align:start position:0% +sector the big pieces and those of you + + + align:start position:0% +sector the big pieces and those of you +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +took the uh half semester consumer + + align:start position:0% +took the uh half semester consumer + + + align:start position:0% +took the uh half semester consumer +finance course remember all this + + align:start position:0% +finance course remember all this + + + align:start position:0% +finance course remember all this +you know mortgages autos credit cards + + align:start position:0% +you know mortgages autos credit cards + + + align:start position:0% +you know mortgages autos credit cards +personal loans student loans and then + + align:start position:0% +personal loans student loans and then + + + align:start position:0% +personal loans student loans and then +you can have sub sectors + + align:start position:0% +you can have sub sectors + + + align:start position:0% +you can have sub sectors +if you're thinking about disrupting the + + align:start position:0% +if you're thinking about disrupting the + + + align:start position:0% +if you're thinking about disrupting the +space you would think all right + + align:start position:0% +space you would think all right + + + align:start position:0% +space you would think all right +where am i going to slice into am i + + align:start position:0% +where am i going to slice into am i + + + align:start position:0% +where am i going to slice into am i +going to try to do something in + + align:start position:0% +going to try to do something in + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to do something in +mortgages or credit cards or where am i + + align:start position:0% +mortgages or credit cards or where am i + + + align:start position:0% +mortgages or credit cards or where am i +going to try to go + + align:start position:0% +going to try to go + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to go +sort of to the high end the low credit + + align:start position:0% +sort of to the high end the low credit + + + align:start position:0% +sort of to the high end the low credit +risk + + align:start position:0% +risk + + + align:start position:0% +risk +super prime or am i going to try to be + + align:start position:0% +super prime or am i going to try to be + + + align:start position:0% +super prime or am i going to try to be +in the subprime marketplace + + align:start position:0% +in the subprime marketplace + + + align:start position:0% +in the subprime marketplace +and and these markets are fast they're + + align:start position:0% +and and these markets are fast they're + + + align:start position:0% +and and these markets are fast they're +vast in + + align:start position:0% +vast in + + + align:start position:0% +vast in +nearly every country so you'd sort of + + align:start position:0% +nearly every country so you'd sort of + + + align:start position:0% +nearly every country so you'd sort of +pick and target what you're actually + + align:start position:0% +pick and target what you're actually + + + align:start position:0% +pick and target what you're actually +going for + + align:start position:0% +going for + + + align:start position:0% +going for +and literally whether you're picking + + align:start position:0% +and literally whether you're picking + + + align:start position:0% +and literally whether you're picking +debt consolidation or + + align:start position:0% +debt consolidation or + + + align:start position:0% +debt consolidation or +point-of-sale lending matters as well + + align:start position:0% +point-of-sale lending matters as well + + + align:start position:0% +point-of-sale lending matters as well +the corporate sector is interesting + + align:start position:0% +the corporate sector is interesting + + + align:start position:0% +the corporate sector is interesting +in terms of fintech the corporate sector + + align:start position:0% +in terms of fintech the corporate sector + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of fintech the corporate sector +has been disrupted dramatically in + + align:start position:0% +has been disrupted dramatically in + + + align:start position:0% +has been disrupted dramatically in +earlier decades + + align:start position:0% +earlier decades + + + align:start position:0% +earlier decades +by the securitization markets and and + + align:start position:0% +by the securitization markets and and + + + align:start position:0% +by the securitization markets and and +asset securitizations happen + + align:start position:0% +asset securitizations happen + + + align:start position:0% +asset securitizations happen +primarily around the household sector + + align:start position:0% +primarily around the household sector + + + align:start position:0% +primarily around the household sector +but asset securitization or a way to + + align:start position:0% +but asset securitization or a way to + + + align:start position:0% +but asset securitization or a way to +fund + + align:start position:0% +fund + + + align:start position:0% +fund +lending through the securities markets + + align:start position:0% +lending through the securities markets + + + align:start position:0% +lending through the securities markets +has come to the real estate + + align:start position:0% +has come to the real estate + + + align:start position:0% +has come to the real estate +and more recently to the collateralized + + align:start position:0% +and more recently to the collateralized + + + align:start position:0% +and more recently to the collateralized +loan markets or + + align:start position:0% +loan markets or + + + align:start position:0% +loan markets or +clo markets but in fact when we really + + align:start position:0% +clo markets but in fact when we really + + + align:start position:0% +clo markets but in fact when we really +think about these markets what's been + + align:start position:0% +think about these markets what's been + + + align:start position:0% +think about these markets what's been +focused on in terms of financial + + align:start position:0% +focused on in terms of financial + + + align:start position:0% +focused on in terms of financial +disruption + + align:start position:0% +disruption + + + align:start position:0% +disruption +is primarily the household sector and + + align:start position:0% +is primarily the household sector and + + + align:start position:0% +is primarily the household sector and +then i + + align:start position:0% +then i + + + align:start position:0% +then i +circled the small business and small and + + align:start position:0% +circled the small business and small and + + + align:start position:0% +circled the small business and small and +medium-sized enterprise now + + align:start position:0% +medium-sized enterprise now + + + align:start position:0% +medium-sized enterprise now +sme mid-market companies can be defined + + align:start position:0% +sme mid-market companies can be defined + + + align:start position:0% +sme mid-market companies can be defined +all sorts of ways in the middle of this + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of ways in the middle of this + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of ways in the middle of this +corona crisis in the u.s + + align:start position:0% +corona crisis in the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +corona crisis in the u.s +we seem to have latched on to companies + + align:start position:0% +we seem to have latched on to companies + + + align:start position:0% +we seem to have latched on to companies +that are less than 500 employees + + align:start position:0% +that are less than 500 employees + + + align:start position:0% +that are less than 500 employees +it's not it's not a specific definition + + align:start position:0% +it's not it's not a specific definition + + + align:start position:0% +it's not it's not a specific definition +somewhere around the globe + + align:start position:0% +somewhere around the globe + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere around the globe +but large enterprises can access + + align:start position:0% +but large enterprises can access + + + align:start position:0% +but large enterprises can access +the securities markets directly large + + align:start position:0% +the securities markets directly large + + + align:start position:0% +the securities markets directly large +enterprises + + align:start position:0% +enterprises + + + align:start position:0% +enterprises +are by and large borrowing from big + + align:start position:0% +are by and large borrowing from big + + + align:start position:0% +are by and large borrowing from big +banks or securities markets + + align:start position:0% +banks or securities markets + + + align:start position:0% +banks or securities markets +and the greatest opportunities have + + align:start position:0% +and the greatest opportunities have + + + align:start position:0% +and the greatest opportunities have +really been in the small business + + align:start position:0% +really been in the small business + + + align:start position:0% +really been in the small business +or sme marketplace and it could be + + align:start position:0% +or sme marketplace and it could be + + + align:start position:0% +or sme marketplace and it could be +products like cash advanced products + + align:start position:0% +products like cash advanced products + + + align:start position:0% +products like cash advanced products +purchase credit + + align:start position:0% +purchase credit + + + align:start position:0% +purchase credit +working capital lines we'll get a little + + align:start position:0% +working capital lines we'll get a little + + + align:start position:0% +working capital lines we'll get a little +bit into this + + align:start position:0% +bit into this + + + align:start position:0% +bit into this +but again if you're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +but again if you're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +but again if you're thinking about +credit it's a vast market + + align:start position:0% +credit it's a vast market + + + align:start position:0% +credit it's a vast market +and it's not one to just forget about + + align:start position:0% +and it's not one to just forget about + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not one to just forget about +you know all the little pieces + + align:start position:0% +you know all the little pieces + + + align:start position:0% +you know all the little pieces +uh in there um romaine i think there + + align:start position:0% +uh in there um romaine i think there + + + align:start position:0% +uh in there um romaine i think there +were some questions sure + + align:start position:0% +were some questions sure + + + align:start position:0% +were some questions sure +yes we have a question from victor + + align:start position:0% +yes we have a question from victor + + + align:start position:0% +yes we have a question from victor +please + + align:start position:0% +please + + + align:start position:0% +please +to ask about tours + + align:start position:0% +to ask about tours + + + align:start position:0% +to ask about tours +we see the point of why it's interested + + align:start position:0% +we see the point of why it's interested + + + align:start position:0% +we see the point of why it's interested +in building + + align:start position:0% +in building + + + align:start position:0% +in building +um euro dollar whatever the dollar the + + align:start position:0% +um euro dollar whatever the dollar the + + + align:start position:0% +um euro dollar whatever the dollar the +stable + + align:start position:0% +stable + + + align:start position:0% +stable +the stable already exceeds the + + align:start position:0% +the stable already exceeds the + + + align:start position:0% +the stable already exceeds the +cryptocurrency market + + align:start position:0% +cryptocurrency market + + + align:start position:0% +cryptocurrency market +and i even in that case i don't fully + + align:start position:0% +and i even in that case i don't fully + + + align:start position:0% +and i even in that case i don't fully +understand what happens beyond trading + + align:start position:0% +understand what happens beyond trading + + + align:start position:0% +understand what happens beyond trading +with less fees so + + align:start position:0% +with less fees so + + + align:start position:0% +with less fees so +okay so romaine victor was cutting in + + align:start position:0% +okay so romaine victor was cutting in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so romaine victor was cutting in +and out i think + + align:start position:0% +and out i think + + + align:start position:0% +and out i think +i think if i understood the question is + + align:start position:0% +i think if i understood the question is + + + align:start position:0% +i think if i understood the question is +back to facebook and + + align:start position:0% +back to facebook and + + + align:start position:0% +back to facebook and +why they have the stable individual + + align:start position:0% +why they have the stable individual + + + align:start position:0% +why they have the stable individual +currencies + + align:start position:0% +currencies + + + align:start position:0% +currencies +but i'm not certain i'm sorry so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +around the globe there are definitely + + align:start position:0% +around the globe there are definitely + + + align:start position:0% +around the globe there are definitely +shortcomings of our fiat + + align:start position:0% +shortcomings of our fiat + + + align:start position:0% +shortcomings of our fiat +payment systems these pain points some + + align:start position:0% +payment systems these pain points some + + + align:start position:0% +payment systems these pain points some +of it just relates to whether the + + align:start position:0% +of it just relates to whether the + + + align:start position:0% +of it just relates to whether the +payment systems are 24 hours a day seven + + align:start position:0% +payment systems are 24 hours a day seven + + + align:start position:0% +payment systems are 24 hours a day seven +days a week + + align:start position:0% +days a week + + + align:start position:0% +days a week +in terms of the euro actually uh + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the euro actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the euro actually uh +the target payment system run by the + + align:start position:0% +the target payment system run by the + + + align:start position:0% +the target payment system run by the +european central bank + + align:start position:0% +european central bank + + + align:start position:0% +european central bank +does have attributes of 24 7. + + align:start position:0% +does have attributes of 24 7. + + + align:start position:0% +does have attributes of 24 7. +um the u.s we have more challenges in + + align:start position:0% +um the u.s we have more challenges in + + + align:start position:0% +um the u.s we have more challenges in +that regard + + align:start position:0% +that regard + + + align:start position:0% +that regard +but the bigger the bigger issue often in + + align:start position:0% +but the bigger the bigger issue often in + + + align:start position:0% +but the bigger the bigger issue often in +payment systems are costs + + align:start position:0% +payment systems are costs + + + align:start position:0% +payment systems are costs +and so what + + align:start position:0% +and so what + + + align:start position:0% +and so what +facebook libra is saying is we can + + align:start position:0% +facebook libra is saying is we can + + + align:start position:0% +facebook libra is saying is we can +provide + + align:start position:0% +provide + + + align:start position:0% +provide +something that can compete in this in + + align:start position:0% +something that can compete in this in + + + align:start position:0% +something that can compete in this in +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +space but money is already digital + + align:start position:0% +space but money is already digital + + + align:start position:0% +space but money is already digital +fiat money the euro is already digital + + align:start position:0% +fiat money the euro is already digital + + + align:start position:0% +fiat money the euro is already digital +so libra and facebook are not providing + + align:start position:0% +so libra and facebook are not providing + + + align:start position:0% +so libra and facebook are not providing +that they're saying this is a different + + align:start position:0% +that they're saying this is a different + + + align:start position:0% +that they're saying this is a different +digital url or a different digital + + align:start position:0% +digital url or a different digital + + + align:start position:0% +digital url or a different digital +dollar + + align:start position:0% +dollar + + + align:start position:0% +dollar +that can maybe move 24 hours a day seven + + align:start position:0% +that can maybe move 24 hours a day seven + + + align:start position:0% +that can maybe move 24 hours a day seven +days a week + + align:start position:0% +days a week + + + align:start position:0% +days a week +where you can get instantaneous + + align:start position:0% +where you can get instantaneous + + + align:start position:0% +where you can get instantaneous +settlement now the u.s federal reserve + + align:start position:0% +settlement now the u.s federal reserve + + + align:start position:0% +settlement now the u.s federal reserve +is moving there and we'll be there by + + align:start position:0% +is moving there and we'll be there by + + + align:start position:0% +is moving there and we'll be there by +2023 or 24 and in fact even in the u.s + + align:start position:0% +2023 or 24 and in fact even in the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +2023 or 24 and in fact even in the u.s +the clearinghouse as we talked about the + + align:start position:0% +the clearinghouse as we talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +the clearinghouse as we talked about the +organization of about 24 major banks + + align:start position:0% +organization of about 24 major banks + + + align:start position:0% +organization of about 24 major banks +habits a continuous real-time + + align:start position:0% +habits a continuous real-time + + + align:start position:0% +habits a continuous real-time +payment system europe is already moving + + align:start position:0% +payment system europe is already moving + + + align:start position:0% +payment system europe is already moving +to that continuous real-time payment + + align:start position:0% +to that continuous real-time payment + + + align:start position:0% +to that continuous real-time payment +system so you might say + + align:start position:0% +system so you might say + + + align:start position:0% +system so you might say +why would would a libra euro compete + + align:start position:0% +why would would a libra euro compete + + + align:start position:0% +why would would a libra euro compete +with that + + align:start position:0% +with that + + + align:start position:0% +with that +partly because it would be on the on the + + align:start position:0% +partly because it would be on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +partly because it would be on the on the +facebook + + align:start position:0% +facebook + + + align:start position:0% +facebook +platform and their thought is that + + align:start position:0% +platform and their thought is that + + + align:start position:0% +platform and their thought is that +facebook would embed it into their + + align:start position:0% +facebook would embed it into their + + + align:start position:0% +facebook would embed it into their +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +it's to some extent to try to compete + + align:start position:0% +it's to some extent to try to compete + + + align:start position:0% +it's to some extent to try to compete +with what amazon and alibaba and and + + align:start position:0% +with what amazon and alibaba and and + + + align:start position:0% +with what amazon and alibaba and and +tension are doing elsewhere as well um + + align:start position:0% +tension are doing elsewhere as well um + + + align:start position:0% +tension are doing elsewhere as well um +but i i i certainly implied and your + + align:start position:0% +but i i i certainly implied and your + + + align:start position:0% +but i i i certainly implied and your +question is + + align:start position:0% +question is + + + align:start position:0% +question is +so what why would this matter and i + + align:start position:0% +so what why would this matter and i + + + align:start position:0% +so what why would this matter and i +think it's a competitive landscape and + + align:start position:0% +think it's a competitive landscape and + + + align:start position:0% +think it's a competitive landscape and +time will tell us whether it will really + + align:start position:0% +time will tell us whether it will really + + + align:start position:0% +time will tell us whether it will really +matter + + align:start position:0% +matter + + + align:start position:0% +matter +because we already have digital euros + + align:start position:0% +because we already have digital euros + + + align:start position:0% +because we already have digital euros +this would be a different form of a + + align:start position:0% +this would be a different form of a + + + align:start position:0% +this would be a different form of a +digital url + + align:start position:0% +digital url + + + align:start position:0% +digital url +exactly kind of an overlap yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +exactly kind of an overlap yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +exactly kind of an overlap yeah that's +right that's right + + align:start position:0% +right that's right + + + align:start position:0% +right that's right +and i think gary on the same topic we + + align:start position:0% +and i think gary on the same topic we + + + align:start position:0% +and i think gary on the same topic we +might have a question from luke + + align:start position:0% +might have a question from luke + + + align:start position:0% +might have a question from luke +yes luke + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again luke's not coming through i don't + + align:start position:0% +again luke's not coming through i don't + + + align:start position:0% +again luke's not coming through i don't +know i am i'm here um + + align:start position:0% +know i am i'm here um + + + align:start position:0% +know i am i'm here um +so each question is what is the main + + align:start position:0% +so each question is what is the main + + + align:start position:0% +so each question is what is the main +difference between libra 1.0 + + align:start position:0% +difference between libra 1.0 + + + align:start position:0% +difference between libra 1.0 +and the 2.0 because 1.0 i believe was + + align:start position:0% +and the 2.0 because 1.0 i believe was + + + align:start position:0% +and the 2.0 because 1.0 i believe was +suggesting + + align:start position:0% +suggesting + + + align:start position:0% +suggesting +currency basket and second question was + + align:start position:0% +currency basket and second question was + + + align:start position:0% +currency basket and second question was +regarding lending club + + align:start position:0% +regarding lending club + + + align:start position:0% +regarding lending club +it's down a lot um 42 in three months + + align:start position:0% +it's down a lot um 42 in three months + + + align:start position:0% +it's down a lot um 42 in three months +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +93 since five years and + + align:start position:0% +93 since five years and + + + align:start position:0% +93 since five years and +will it drive during these consumer + + align:start position:0% +will it drive during these consumer + + + align:start position:0% +will it drive during these consumer +liquidity crunch + + align:start position:0% +liquidity crunch + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity crunch +that is the current thing recession we + + align:start position:0% +that is the current thing recession we + + + align:start position:0% +that is the current thing recession we +have now + + align:start position:0% +have now + + + align:start position:0% +have now +or suffered from high leverage because + + align:start position:0% +or suffered from high leverage because + + + align:start position:0% +or suffered from high leverage because +it acquired a brick and mortar bank + + align:start position:0% +it acquired a brick and mortar bank + + + align:start position:0% +it acquired a brick and mortar bank +which seems untimely + + align:start position:0% +which seems untimely + + + align:start position:0% +which seems untimely +these days and regarding the currency + + align:start position:0% +these days and regarding the currency + + + align:start position:0% +these days and regarding the currency +basket + + align:start position:0% +basket + + + align:start position:0% +basket +wouldn't it suffer during economic + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't it suffer during economic + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't it suffer during economic +downturns when there's a distortion + + align:start position:0% +downturns when there's a distortion + + + align:start position:0% +downturns when there's a distortion +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +safe currencies such as the us dollars + + align:start position:0% +safe currencies such as the us dollars + + + align:start position:0% +safe currencies such as the us dollars +switzerland + + align:start position:0% +switzerland + + + align:start position:0% +switzerland +and the emerging market + + align:start position:0% +and the emerging market + + + align:start position:0% +and the emerging market +emerging market currency that is r b + + align:start position:0% +emerging market currency that is r b + + + align:start position:0% +emerging market currency that is r b +or whatever they're really putting in + + align:start position:0% +or whatever they're really putting in + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever they're really putting in +the basket + + align:start position:0% +the basket + + + align:start position:0% +the basket +yeah first let me a compliment i love + + align:start position:0% +yeah first let me a compliment i love + + + align:start position:0% +yeah first let me a compliment i love +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +monk that you have behind you i i assume + + align:start position:0% +monk that you have behind you i i assume + + + align:start position:0% +monk that you have behind you i i assume +it's just a visual but if it's an + + align:start position:0% +it's just a visual but if it's an + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a visual but if it's an +original + + align:start position:0% +original + + + align:start position:0% +original +protect it safely um uh + + align:start position:0% +protect it safely um uh + + + align:start position:0% +protect it safely um uh +to your second question lending club i + + align:start position:0% +to your second question lending club i + + + align:start position:0% +to your second question lending club i +think that + + align:start position:0% +think that + + + align:start position:0% +think that +all of the marketplace lenders uh + + align:start position:0% +all of the marketplace lenders uh + + + align:start position:0% +all of the marketplace lenders uh +have some challenges in the middle of + + align:start position:0% +have some challenges in the middle of + + + align:start position:0% +have some challenges in the middle of +the corona crisis + + align:start position:0% +the corona crisis + + + align:start position:0% +the corona crisis +i think that their promise their early + + align:start position:0% +i think that their promise their early + + + align:start position:0% +i think that their promise their early +promise hasn't proved out completely so + + align:start position:0% +promise hasn't proved out completely so + + + align:start position:0% +promise hasn't proved out completely so +you're right that it went when it's a + + align:start position:0% +you're right that it went when it's a + + + align:start position:0% +you're right that it went when it's a +public company actually lending club it + + align:start position:0% +public company actually lending club it + + + align:start position:0% +public company actually lending club it +went public + + align:start position:0% +went public + + + align:start position:0% +went public +its stock came off dramatically 70 or 80 + + align:start position:0% +its stock came off dramatically 70 or 80 + + + align:start position:0% +its stock came off dramatically 70 or 80 +even before even well before this uh + + align:start position:0% +even before even well before this uh + + + align:start position:0% +even before even well before this uh +corona crisis + + align:start position:0% +corona crisis + + + align:start position:0% +corona crisis +then within the crisis it's come off + + align:start position:0% +then within the crisis it's come off + + + align:start position:0% +then within the crisis it's come off +some more as well + + align:start position:0% +some more as well + + + align:start position:0% +some more as well +um it's buying a bank it's not + + align:start position:0% +um it's buying a bank it's not + + + align:start position:0% +um it's buying a bank it's not +technically a bricks and mortar bank + + align:start position:0% +technically a bricks and mortar bank + + + align:start position:0% +technically a bricks and mortar bank +that bank i think has + + align:start position:0% +that bank i think has + + + align:start position:0% +that bank i think has +one location in massachusetts maybe in + + align:start position:0% +one location in massachusetts maybe in + + + align:start position:0% +one location in massachusetts maybe in +boston + + align:start position:0% +boston + + + align:start position:0% +boston +um it's an online bank and what they're + + align:start position:0% +um it's an online bank and what they're + + + align:start position:0% +um it's an online bank and what they're +trying to do + + align:start position:0% +trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do +their theory of the case is that they + + align:start position:0% +their theory of the case is that they + + + align:start position:0% +their theory of the case is that they +want to lower + + align:start position:0% +want to lower + + + align:start position:0% +want to lower +their borrowing costs because + + align:start position:0% +their borrowing costs because + + + align:start position:0% +their borrowing costs because +marketplace lenders + + align:start position:0% +marketplace lenders + + + align:start position:0% +marketplace lenders +and we'll see this in a moment arrange + + align:start position:0% +and we'll see this in a moment arrange + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll see this in a moment arrange +with some banks + + align:start position:0% +with some banks + + + align:start position:0% +with some banks +to borrow money so marketplace lenders + + align:start position:0% +to borrow money so marketplace lenders + + + align:start position:0% +to borrow money so marketplace lenders +are from the markets some of it's + + align:start position:0% +are from the markets some of it's + + + align:start position:0% +are from the markets some of it's +securitized some from banks + + align:start position:0% +securitized some from banks + + + align:start position:0% +securitized some from banks +and what they're saying is we can maybe + + align:start position:0% +and what they're saying is we can maybe + + + align:start position:0% +and what they're saying is we can maybe +lower our costs by + + align:start position:0% +lower our costs by + + + align:start position:0% +lower our costs by +embedding it back back to libra and + + align:start position:0% +embedding it back back to libra and + + + align:start position:0% +embedding it back back to libra and +facebook + + align:start position:0% +facebook + + + align:start position:0% +facebook +and the like the main difference between + + align:start position:0% +and the like the main difference between + + + align:start position:0% +and the like the main difference between +libra 1.0 and 2.0 or the two that i + + align:start position:0% +libra 1.0 and 2.0 or the two that i + + + align:start position:0% +libra 1.0 and 2.0 or the two that i +mentioned + + align:start position:0% +mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned +i mean they would say there's three or + + align:start position:0% +i mean they would say there's three or + + + align:start position:0% +i mean they would say there's three or +four other changes but one is + + align:start position:0% +four other changes but one is + + + align:start position:0% +four other changes but one is +rather than only be a multi-currency + + align:start position:0% +rather than only be a multi-currency + + + align:start position:0% +rather than only be a multi-currency +coin libra they're adding individual + + align:start position:0% +coin libra they're adding individual + + + align:start position:0% +coin libra they're adding individual +coins they're not getting rid of the + + align:start position:0% +coins they're not getting rid of the + + + align:start position:0% +coins they're not getting rid of the +multi-currency coin the multi-currency + + align:start position:0% +multi-currency coin the multi-currency + + + align:start position:0% +multi-currency coin the multi-currency +coin is still there + + align:start position:0% +coin is still there + + + align:start position:0% +coin is still there +it's still their aspiration have a + + align:start position:0% +it's still their aspiration have a + + + align:start position:0% +it's still their aspiration have a +multi-currency coin + + align:start position:0% +multi-currency coin + + + align:start position:0% +multi-currency coin +but they're adding the single coins to + + align:start position:0% +but they're adding the single coins to + + + align:start position:0% +but they're adding the single coins to +try to give a new digital + + align:start position:0% +try to give a new digital + + + align:start position:0% +try to give a new digital +euro digital dollar to it and secondly + + align:start position:0% +euro digital dollar to it and secondly + + + align:start position:0% +euro digital dollar to it and secondly +they're adding + + align:start position:0% +they're adding + + + align:start position:0% +they're adding +much more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know your customer anti-money laundering + + align:start position:0% +know your customer anti-money laundering + + + align:start position:0% +know your customer anti-money laundering +regimes by saying look we're only going + + align:start position:0% +regimes by saying look we're only going + + + align:start position:0% +regimes by saying look we're only going +to work with + + align:start position:0% +to work with + + + align:start position:0% +to work with +digital wallets and crypto exchanges + + align:start position:0% +digital wallets and crypto exchanges + + + align:start position:0% +digital wallets and crypto exchanges +in certain jurisdictions which are + + align:start position:0% +in certain jurisdictions which are + + + align:start position:0% +in certain jurisdictions which are +registered and following + + align:start position:0% +registered and following + + + align:start position:0% +registered and following +anti-money laundering law and + + align:start position:0% +anti-money laundering law and + + + align:start position:0% +anti-money laundering law and +additionally will + + align:start position:0% +additionally will + + + align:start position:0% +additionally will +embed in the software some protocols + + align:start position:0% +embed in the software some protocols + + + align:start position:0% +embed in the software some protocols +literally in the software to guard + + align:start position:0% +literally in the software to guard + + + align:start position:0% +literally in the software to guard +against + + align:start position:0% +against + + + align:start position:0% +against +either sanctions and some other things + + align:start position:0% +either sanctions and some other things + + + align:start position:0% +either sanctions and some other things +whether this will be enough to satisfy + + align:start position:0% +whether this will be enough to satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +whether this will be enough to satisfy +the official sector + + align:start position:0% +the official sector + + + align:start position:0% +the official sector +yet to be seen it looks like they're + + align:start position:0% +yet to be seen it looks like they're + + + align:start position:0% +yet to be seen it looks like they're +moving first with switzerland and trying + + align:start position:0% +moving first with switzerland and trying + + + align:start position:0% +moving first with switzerland and trying +to have switzerland's + + align:start position:0% +to have switzerland's + + + align:start position:0% +to have switzerland's +regulator finma uh captured and move + + align:start position:0% +regulator finma uh captured and move + + + align:start position:0% +regulator finma uh captured and move +forward + + align:start position:0% +forward + + + align:start position:0% +forward +i'll take one brief more question + + align:start position:0% +i'll take one brief more question + + + align:start position:0% +i'll take one brief more question +because we've got a lot to cover but + + align:start position:0% +because we've got a lot to cover but + + + align:start position:0% +because we've got a lot to cover but +sure + + align:start position:0% +sure + + + align:start position:0% +sure +so sally had her hand up for a while + + align:start position:0% +so sally had her hand up for a while + + + align:start position:0% +so sally had her hand up for a while +if you want to talk and mute yourself + + align:start position:0% +if you want to talk and mute yourself + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to talk and mute yourself +please yeah i'll just ask + + align:start position:0% +please yeah i'll just ask + + + align:start position:0% +please yeah i'll just ask +briefly but um with household + + align:start position:0% +briefly but um with household + + + align:start position:0% +briefly but um with household +private sectors how are they preventing + + align:start position:0% +private sectors how are they preventing + + + align:start position:0% +private sectors how are they preventing +against + + align:start position:0% +against + + + align:start position:0% +against +predatory lending because just through + + align:start position:0% +predatory lending because just through + + + align:start position:0% +predatory lending because just through +reading some of the articles um it seems + + align:start position:0% +reading some of the articles um it seems + + + align:start position:0% +reading some of the articles um it seems +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that becomes a gray line when you're + + align:start position:0% +that becomes a gray line when you're + + + align:start position:0% +that becomes a gray line when you're +targeting + + align:start position:0% +targeting + + + align:start position:0% +targeting +specific type of customer um who doesn't + + align:start position:0% +specific type of customer um who doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +specific type of customer um who doesn't +qualify + + align:start position:0% +qualify + + + align:start position:0% +qualify +for traditional loans so you're talking + + align:start position:0% +for traditional loans so you're talking + + + align:start position:0% +for traditional loans so you're talking +about more broadly just + + align:start position:0% +about more broadly just + + + align:start position:0% +about more broadly just +in terms of how do we guard in in any + + align:start position:0% +in terms of how do we guard in in any + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of how do we guard in in any +country + + align:start position:0% +country + + + align:start position:0% +country +uh against predatory lending it's it's + + align:start position:0% +uh against predatory lending it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh against predatory lending it's it's +it's hard + + align:start position:0% +it's hard + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard +it's hard the entire credit space + + align:start position:0% +it's hard the entire credit space + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard the entire credit space +has a lot of of protections and + + align:start position:0% +has a lot of of protections and + + + align:start position:0% +has a lot of of protections and +regulations starting in + + align:start position:0% +regulations starting in + + + align:start position:0% +regulations starting in +well i would say starting hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +well i would say starting hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +well i would say starting hundreds of +years ago + + align:start position:0% +years ago + + + align:start position:0% +years ago +really one would even go back to the + + align:start position:0% +really one would even go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +really one would even go back to the +hammurabi code and say there was + + align:start position:0% +hammurabi code and say there was + + + align:start position:0% +hammurabi code and say there was +regulation of interest rates but in the + + align:start position:0% +regulation of interest rates but in the + + + align:start position:0% +regulation of interest rates but in the +modern days + + align:start position:0% +modern days + + + align:start position:0% +modern days +we embedded let's take the u.s for a + + align:start position:0% +we embedded let's take the u.s for a + + + align:start position:0% +we embedded let's take the u.s for a +moment + + align:start position:0% +moment + + + align:start position:0% +moment +two really important things one was the + + align:start position:0% +two really important things one was the + + + align:start position:0% +two really important things one was the +equal credit opportunity act or + + align:start position:0% +equal credit opportunity act or + + + align:start position:0% +equal credit opportunity act or +what some people call ikoa which was in + + align:start position:0% +what some people call ikoa which was in + + + align:start position:0% +what some people call ikoa which was in +the late 1960s and then + + align:start position:0% +the late 1960s and then + + + align:start position:0% +the late 1960s and then +something called the fair credit + + align:start position:0% +something called the fair credit + + + align:start position:0% +something called the fair credit +reporting act i think by 1972. these two + + align:start position:0% +reporting act i think by 1972. these two + + + align:start position:0% +reporting act i think by 1972. these two +uh uh came out of an earlier wave + + align:start position:0% +uh uh came out of an earlier wave + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh came out of an earlier wave +of fintech an earlier wave of credit + + align:start position:0% +of fintech an earlier wave of credit + + + align:start position:0% +of fintech an earlier wave of credit +cards an earlier wave + + align:start position:0% +cards an earlier wave + + + align:start position:0% +cards an earlier wave +of of lending and + + align:start position:0% +of of lending and + + + align:start position:0% +of of lending and +and directly to this question about + + align:start position:0% +and directly to this question about + + + align:start position:0% +and directly to this question about +whether it was fair and whether it was + + align:start position:0% +whether it was fair and whether it was + + + align:start position:0% +whether it was fair and whether it was +equal everybody had the same + + align:start position:0% +equal everybody had the same + + + align:start position:0% +equal everybody had the same +access equal credit opportunity act that + + align:start position:0% +access equal credit opportunity act that + + + align:start position:0% +access equal credit opportunity act that +you couldn't differentiate because of + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't differentiate because of + + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't differentiate because of +gender or race or + + align:start position:0% +gender or race or + + + align:start position:0% +gender or race or +nationality and the like and + + align:start position:0% +nationality and the like and + + + align:start position:0% +nationality and the like and +fair credit reporting that those credit + + align:start position:0% +fair credit reporting that those credit + + + align:start position:0% +fair credit reporting that those credit +reports that the things that we + + align:start position:0% +reports that the things that we + + + align:start position:0% +reports that the things that we +came to know in about 30 countries rely + + align:start position:0% +came to know in about 30 countries rely + + + align:start position:0% +came to know in about 30 countries rely +on this this + + align:start position:0% +on this this + + + align:start position:0% +on this this +fico scores from a company called the + + align:start position:0% +fico scores from a company called the + + + align:start position:0% +fico scores from a company called the +fair isaac company + + align:start position:0% +fair isaac company + + + align:start position:0% +fair isaac company +uh that those scores we have to be able + + align:start position:0% +uh that those scores we have to be able + + + align:start position:0% +uh that those scores we have to be able +to know something about them and if we + + align:start position:0% +to know something about them and if we + + + align:start position:0% +to know something about them and if we +were turned down + + align:start position:0% +were turned down + + + align:start position:0% +were turned down +somebody has to explain to us how + + align:start position:0% +somebody has to explain to us how + + + align:start position:0% +somebody has to explain to us how +how we would turn down well now + + align:start position:0% +how we would turn down well now + + + align:start position:0% +how we would turn down well now +fast forward to 2020 absolutely the + + align:start position:0% +fast forward to 2020 absolutely the + + + align:start position:0% +fast forward to 2020 absolutely the +question is right + + align:start position:0% +question is right + + + align:start position:0% +question is right +how can we protect that we still have + + align:start position:0% +how can we protect that we still have + + + align:start position:0% +how can we protect that we still have +equal credit + + align:start position:0% +equal credit + + + align:start position:0% +equal credit +and that it's that it's explainable and + + align:start position:0% +and that it's that it's explainable and + + + align:start position:0% +and that it's that it's explainable and +why is somebody turned down and once + + align:start position:0% +why is somebody turned down and once + + + align:start position:0% +why is somebody turned down and once +somebody is not uh allowed to take + + align:start position:0% +somebody is not uh allowed to take + + + align:start position:0% +somebody is not uh allowed to take +credit it gets tougher with artificial + + align:start position:0% +credit it gets tougher with artificial + + + align:start position:0% +credit it gets tougher with artificial +intelligence and machine learning it + + align:start position:0% +intelligence and machine learning it + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence and machine learning it +also gets tougher when there's not a + + align:start position:0% +also gets tougher when there's not a + + + align:start position:0% +also gets tougher when there's not a +physical location + + align:start position:0% +physical location + + + align:start position:0% +physical location +and thirdly many of these companies are + + align:start position:0% +and thirdly many of these companies are + + + align:start position:0% +and thirdly many of these companies are +not regulated or registered as banks + + align:start position:0% +not regulated or registered as banks + + + align:start position:0% +not regulated or registered as banks +and regulators around the globe tended + + align:start position:0% +and regulators around the globe tended + + + align:start position:0% +and regulators around the globe tended +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +look to banks to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +look to banks to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +look to banks to make sure that +these laws were fairly applied now they + + align:start position:0% +these laws were fairly applied now they + + + align:start position:0% +these laws were fairly applied now they +also look to the credit reporting + + align:start position:0% +also look to the credit reporting + + + align:start position:0% +also look to the credit reporting +agencies + + align:start position:0% +agencies + + + align:start position:0% +agencies +so i think the real answer is in these + + align:start position:0% +so i think the real answer is in these + + + align:start position:0% +so i think the real answer is in these +changing times the + + align:start position:0% +changing times the + + + align:start position:0% +changing times the +the official sector around the globe has + + align:start position:0% +the official sector around the globe has + + + align:start position:0% +the official sector around the globe has +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +adapt and sometimes change a little bit + + align:start position:0% +adapt and sometimes change a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +adapt and sometimes change a little bit +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +who's regulated and even if you're a + + align:start position:0% +who's regulated and even if you're a + + + align:start position:0% +who's regulated and even if you're a +non-bank that you still have to comply + + align:start position:0% +non-bank that you still have to comply + + + align:start position:0% +non-bank that you still have to comply +with some of these + + align:start position:0% +with some of these + + + align:start position:0% +with some of these +things important um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me just give you a sense of the + + align:start position:0% +so let me just give you a sense of the + + + align:start position:0% +so let me just give you a sense of the +size and scope the household sector you + + align:start position:0% +size and scope the household sector you + + + align:start position:0% +size and scope the household sector you +can look at this later + + align:start position:0% +can look at this later + + + align:start position:0% +can look at this later +in the canvas slides but the household + + align:start position:0% +in the canvas slides but the household + + + align:start position:0% +in the canvas slides but the household +sector grown dramatically + + align:start position:0% +sector grown dramatically + + + align:start position:0% +sector grown dramatically +and if you look in the in the uh + + align:start position:0% +and if you look in the in the uh + + + align:start position:0% +and if you look in the in the uh +united states we're no longer the top + + align:start position:0% +united states we're no longer the top + + + align:start position:0% +united states we're no longer the top +the top + + align:start position:0% +the top + + + align:start position:0% +the top +percent of gdp uh in fact i think luke + + align:start position:0% +percent of gdp uh in fact i think luke + + + align:start position:0% +percent of gdp uh in fact i think luke +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +uh in korea now your country's now + + align:start position:0% +uh in korea now your country's now + + + align:start position:0% +uh in korea now your country's now +picked up to be number two but look at + + align:start position:0% +picked up to be number two but look at + + + align:start position:0% +picked up to be number two but look at +china china from + + align:start position:0% +china china from + + + align:start position:0% +china china from +10 to 20 of gdp just 15 years ago + + align:start position:0% +10 to 20 of gdp just 15 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +10 to 20 of gdp just 15 years ago +and all of a sudden 50 of gdp so these + + align:start position:0% +and all of a sudden 50 of gdp so these + + + align:start position:0% +and all of a sudden 50 of gdp so these +markets have grown a lot in many + + align:start position:0% +markets have grown a lot in many + + + align:start position:0% +markets have grown a lot in many +countries i wouldn't just think + + align:start position:0% +countries i wouldn't just think + + + align:start position:0% +countries i wouldn't just think +about this in in the us and brazil and + + align:start position:0% +about this in in the us and brazil and + + + align:start position:0% +about this in in the us and brazil and +india + + align:start position:0% +india + + + align:start position:0% +india +i would predict will grow significantly + + align:start position:0% +i would predict will grow significantly + + + align:start position:0% +i would predict will grow significantly +as well now in the u.s + + align:start position:0% +as well now in the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +as well now in the u.s +we've got about 14 trillion dollars of + + align:start position:0% +we've got about 14 trillion dollars of + + + align:start position:0% +we've got about 14 trillion dollars of +household debt + + align:start position:0% +household debt + + + align:start position:0% +household debt +before the corona crisis we had a 22 + + align:start position:0% +before the corona crisis we had a 22 + + + align:start position:0% +before the corona crisis we had a 22 +trillion dollar economy and so you could + + align:start position:0% +trillion dollar economy and so you could + + + align:start position:0% +trillion dollar economy and so you could +see it's about + + align:start position:0% +see it's about + + + align:start position:0% +see it's about +two-thirds of our economy the underlying + + align:start position:0% +two-thirds of our economy the underlying + + + align:start position:0% +two-thirds of our economy the underlying +consumer or household debt the corporate + + align:start position:0% +consumer or household debt the corporate + + + align:start position:0% +consumer or household debt the corporate +sector + + align:start position:0% +sector + + + align:start position:0% +sector +very important as well um + + align:start position:0% +very important as well um + + + align:start position:0% +very important as well um +uh but but it's the household sector + + align:start position:0% +uh but but it's the household sector + + + align:start position:0% +uh but but it's the household sector +dominated in the us by mortgages + + align:start position:0% +dominated in the us by mortgages + + + align:start position:0% +dominated in the us by mortgages +two-thirds of that two-thirds or about + + align:start position:0% +two-thirds of that two-thirds or about + + + align:start position:0% +two-thirds of that two-thirds or about +10 trillion 11 trillion dollars of + + align:start position:0% +10 trillion 11 trillion dollars of + + + align:start position:0% +10 trillion 11 trillion dollars of +mortgage market + + align:start position:0% +mortgage market + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage market +but each of these markets are really + + align:start position:0% +but each of these markets are really + + + align:start position:0% +but each of these markets are really +significant + + align:start position:0% +significant + + + align:start position:0% +significant +even the auto lending market it might + + align:start position:0% +even the auto lending market it might + + + align:start position:0% +even the auto lending market it might +look small + + align:start position:0% +look small + + + align:start position:0% +look small +at these numbers here might look small + + align:start position:0% +at these numbers here might look small + + + align:start position:0% +at these numbers here might look small +on here + + align:start position:0% +on here + + + align:start position:0% +on here +but they're not that's a big number when + + align:start position:0% +but they're not that's a big number when + + + align:start position:0% +but they're not that's a big number when +you sort of come come at it and if you + + align:start position:0% +you sort of come come at it and if you + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of come come at it and if you +wanted to pursue that business + + align:start position:0% +wanted to pursue that business + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to pursue that business +and a little bit on the non-financial + + align:start position:0% +and a little bit on the non-financial + + + align:start position:0% +and a little bit on the non-financial +corporate debt market + + align:start position:0% +corporate debt market + + + align:start position:0% +corporate debt market +um we'll see this shake out post the + + align:start position:0% +um we'll see this shake out post the + + + align:start position:0% +um we'll see this shake out post the +corona crisis a lot of these numbers + + align:start position:0% +corona crisis a lot of these numbers + + + align:start position:0% +corona crisis a lot of these numbers +will + + align:start position:0% +will + + + align:start position:0% +will +go up significantly and i would say one + + align:start position:0% +go up significantly and i would say one + + + align:start position:0% +go up significantly and i would say one +thing just + + align:start position:0% +thing just + + + align:start position:0% +thing just +off the topic of fintech i think that + + align:start position:0% +off the topic of fintech i think that + + + align:start position:0% +off the topic of fintech i think that +though we didn't enter + + align:start position:0% +though we didn't enter + + + align:start position:0% +though we didn't enter +we didn't enter this crisis with a + + align:start position:0% +we didn't enter this crisis with a + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't enter this crisis with a +household debt + + align:start position:0% +household debt + + + align:start position:0% +household debt +problem in most countries we had a real + + align:start position:0% +problem in most countries we had a real + + + align:start position:0% +problem in most countries we had a real +household debt problem going into 2008 + + align:start position:0% +household debt problem going into 2008 + + + align:start position:0% +household debt problem going into 2008 +crisis + + align:start position:0% +crisis + + + align:start position:0% +crisis +while we didn't enter this with a + + align:start position:0% +while we didn't enter this with a + + + align:start position:0% +while we didn't enter this with a +household debt crisis + + align:start position:0% +household debt crisis + + + align:start position:0% +household debt crisis +within three to six months in most + + align:start position:0% +within three to six months in most + + + align:start position:0% +within three to six months in most +countries we will have a household debt + + align:start position:0% +countries we will have a household debt + + + align:start position:0% +countries we will have a household debt +crisis i fear because + + align:start position:0% +crisis i fear because + + + align:start position:0% +crisis i fear because +the consumer sector can't you know + + align:start position:0% +the consumer sector can't you know + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer sector can't you know +be supporting their auto loans and + + align:start position:0% +be supporting their auto loans and + + + align:start position:0% +be supporting their auto loans and +credit card loans + + align:start position:0% +credit card loans + + + align:start position:0% +credit card loans +and one of the reasons i think this is + + align:start position:0% +and one of the reasons i think this is + + + align:start position:0% +and one of the reasons i think this is +unlikely to be a v + + align:start position:0% +unlikely to be a v + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely to be a v +recession but it's going to be a long + + align:start position:0% +recession but it's going to be a long + + + align:start position:0% +recession but it's going to be a long +you recession almost like it's a bathtub + + align:start position:0% +you recession almost like it's a bathtub + + + align:start position:0% +you recession almost like it's a bathtub +trying to get out the slippery slopes of + + align:start position:0% +trying to get out the slippery slopes of + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get out the slippery slopes of +this recession + + align:start position:0% +this recession + + + align:start position:0% +this recession +is around the globe households are going + + align:start position:0% +is around the globe households are going + + + align:start position:0% +is around the globe households are going +to have to repair their balance sheets + + align:start position:0% +to have to repair their balance sheets + + + align:start position:0% +to have to repair their balance sheets +you're going to have to slowly repair + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have to slowly repair + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have to slowly repair +balance sheets and it's not going to be + + align:start position:0% +balance sheets and it's not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +balance sheets and it's not going to be +easy + + align:start position:0% +easy + + + align:start position:0% +easy +so true also in the corporate sector + + align:start position:0% +so true also in the corporate sector + + + align:start position:0% +so true also in the corporate sector +most likely + + align:start position:0% +most likely + + + align:start position:0% +most likely +but the market design matters if you + + align:start position:0% +but the market design matters if you + + + align:start position:0% +but the market design matters if you +were creating a fintech company + + align:start position:0% +were creating a fintech company + + + align:start position:0% +were creating a fintech company +you would think about the market design + + align:start position:0% +you would think about the market design + + + align:start position:0% +you would think about the market design +and i'm not going to dive into this + + align:start position:0% +and i'm not going to dive into this + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm not going to dive into this +but each one of these pieces gives an + + align:start position:0% +but each one of these pieces gives an + + + align:start position:0% +but each one of these pieces gives an +opportunity to break into the credit + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to break into the credit + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to break into the credit +markets + + align:start position:0% +markets + + + align:start position:0% +markets +it might be around data you might have a + + align:start position:0% +it might be around data you might have a + + + align:start position:0% +it might be around data you might have a +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +area that you can do better data or like + + align:start position:0% +area that you can do better data or like + + + align:start position:0% +area that you can do better data or like +credit + + align:start position:0% +credit + + + align:start position:0% +credit +karma credit karma was really about + + align:start position:0% +karma credit karma was really about + + + align:start position:0% +karma credit karma was really about +providing + + align:start position:0% +providing + + + align:start position:0% +providing +free credit scoring think about this + + align:start position:0% +free credit scoring think about this + + + align:start position:0% +free credit scoring think about this +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +free credit scores and credit karma then + + align:start position:0% +free credit scores and credit karma then + + + align:start position:0% +free credit scores and credit karma then +could cross + + align:start position:0% +could cross + + + align:start position:0% +could cross +sell and market your products credit + + align:start position:0% +sell and market your products credit + + + align:start position:0% +sell and market your products credit +karma + + align:start position:0% +karma + + + align:start position:0% +karma +company that was formed less than 10 + + align:start position:0% +company that was formed less than 10 + + + align:start position:0% +company that was formed less than 10 +years ago + + align:start position:0% +years ago + + + align:start position:0% +years ago +sold earlier in 2020 for 5 billion + + align:start position:0% +sold earlier in 2020 for 5 billion + + + align:start position:0% +sold earlier in 2020 for 5 billion +dollars + + align:start position:0% +dollars + + + align:start position:0% +dollars +to intuit into it that has the tax turbo + + align:start position:0% +to intuit into it that has the tax turbo + + + align:start position:0% +to intuit into it that has the tax turbo +tax and this software uh uh + + align:start position:0% +tax and this software uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +tax and this software uh uh +accounting software and like but credit + + align:start position:0% +accounting software and like but credit + + + align:start position:0% +accounting software and like but credit +karma had 106 million + + align:start position:0% +karma had 106 million + + + align:start position:0% +karma had 106 million +files 106 million + + align:start position:0% +files 106 million + + + align:start position:0% +files 106 million +individual files on various folks not + + align:start position:0% +individual files on various folks not + + + align:start position:0% +individual files on various folks not +all of whom are their customers + + align:start position:0% +all of whom are their customers + + + align:start position:0% +all of whom are their customers +but they could cross sell they had + + align:start position:0% +but they could cross sell they had + + + align:start position:0% +but they could cross sell they had +nearly a billion dollars of revenue in + + align:start position:0% +nearly a billion dollars of revenue in + + + align:start position:0% +nearly a billion dollars of revenue in +2019. + + align:start position:0% +2019. + + + align:start position:0% +2019. +it might be on the funding side you + + align:start position:0% +it might be on the funding side you + + + align:start position:0% +it might be on the funding side you +might have a new way to do + + align:start position:0% +might have a new way to do + + + align:start position:0% +might have a new way to do +securitization + + align:start position:0% +securitization + + + align:start position:0% +securitization +or your issuer bank partnership we + + align:start position:0% +or your issuer bank partnership we + + + align:start position:0% +or your issuer bank partnership we +talked about lending club had an issuer + + align:start position:0% +talked about lending club had an issuer + + + align:start position:0% +talked about lending club had an issuer +bank partner + + align:start position:0% +bank partner + + + align:start position:0% +bank partner +now they're trying to buy a bank uh it + + align:start position:0% +now they're trying to buy a bank uh it + + + align:start position:0% +now they're trying to buy a bank uh it +might be on the funding side and that's + + align:start position:0% +might be on the funding side and that's + + + align:start position:0% +might be on the funding side and that's +what peer-to-peer lending tried to do + + align:start position:0% +what peer-to-peer lending tried to do + + + align:start position:0% +what peer-to-peer lending tried to do +and they haven't been as broadly + + align:start position:0% +and they haven't been as broadly + + + align:start position:0% +and they haven't been as broadly +successful + + align:start position:0% +successful + + + align:start position:0% +successful +most importantly i would say it's + + align:start position:0% +most importantly i would say it's + + + align:start position:0% +most importantly i would say it's +usually been on user experience and user + + align:start position:0% +usually been on user experience and user + + + align:start position:0% +usually been on user experience and user +interface + + align:start position:0% +interface + + + align:start position:0% +interface +and sometimes it's that you got in + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes it's that you got in + + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes it's that you got in +through the payment channels like + + align:start position:0% +through the payment channels like + + + align:start position:0% +through the payment channels like +toast getting into the restaurant sector + + align:start position:0% +toast getting into the restaurant sector + + + align:start position:0% +toast getting into the restaurant sector +through the payment toast was a company + + align:start position:0% +through the payment toast was a company + + + align:start position:0% +through the payment toast was a company +out of boston + + align:start position:0% +out of boston + + + align:start position:0% +out of boston +it was really about software it was + + align:start position:0% +it was really about software it was + + + align:start position:0% +it was really about software it was +about tablets and hardware as well + + align:start position:0% +about tablets and hardware as well + + + align:start position:0% +about tablets and hardware as well +that the restaurant server had a + + align:start position:0% +that the restaurant server had a + + + align:start position:0% +that the restaurant server had a +a better user experience and the + + align:start position:0% +a better user experience and the + + + align:start position:0% +a better user experience and the +restaurant had a better experience in + + align:start position:0% +restaurant had a better experience in + + + align:start position:0% +restaurant had a better experience in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +tablet and payment side and then they + + align:start position:0% +tablet and payment side and then they + + + align:start position:0% +tablet and payment side and then they +started to build + + align:start position:0% +started to build + + + align:start position:0% +started to build +toast credit to provide those + + align:start position:0% +toast credit to provide those + + + align:start position:0% +toast credit to provide those +restaurants credit + + align:start position:0% +restaurants credit + + + align:start position:0% +restaurants credit +now there's going to be a shake out + + align:start position:0% +now there's going to be a shake out + + + align:start position:0% +now there's going to be a shake out +there no doubt in terms of + + align:start position:0% +there no doubt in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +there no doubt in terms of +this crisis the corona crisis it might + + align:start position:0% +this crisis the corona crisis it might + + + align:start position:0% +this crisis the corona crisis it might +be that you're breaking into some slice + + align:start position:0% +be that you're breaking into some slice + + + align:start position:0% +be that you're breaking into some slice +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +risk uh and and this has been a case + + align:start position:0% +risk uh and and this has been a case + + + align:start position:0% +risk uh and and this has been a case +for a lot of companies that have broken + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of companies that have broken + + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of companies that have broken +in to manage one risk or another better + + align:start position:0% +in to manage one risk or another better + + + align:start position:0% +in to manage one risk or another better +and then lastly what role are you in in + + align:start position:0% +and then lastly what role are you in in + + + align:start position:0% +and then lastly what role are you in in +the mortgage markets here in the u.s and + + align:start position:0% +the mortgage markets here in the u.s and + + + align:start position:0% +the mortgage markets here in the u.s and +we found that origination has really + + align:start position:0% +we found that origination has really + + + align:start position:0% +we found that origination has really +changed and we'll look at the + + align:start position:0% +changed and we'll look at the + + + align:start position:0% +changed and we'll look at the +competitive landscape but companies like + + align:start position:0% +competitive landscape but companies like + + + align:start position:0% +competitive landscape but companies like +quicken loan + + align:start position:0% +quicken loan + + + align:start position:0% +quicken loan +and pennymac and others have broken in + + align:start position:0% +and pennymac and others have broken in + + + align:start position:0% +and pennymac and others have broken in +and they've broken in on the origination + + align:start position:0% +and they've broken in on the origination + + + align:start position:0% +and they've broken in on the origination +side and that's partly because the + + align:start position:0% +side and that's partly because the + + + align:start position:0% +side and that's partly because the +uniqueness in the u.s + + align:start position:0% +uniqueness in the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +uniqueness in the u.s +mortgage market that our + + align:start position:0% +mortgage market that our + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage market that our +government-sponsored enterprises + + align:start position:0% +government-sponsored enterprises + + + align:start position:0% +government-sponsored enterprises +guarantee + + align:start position:0% +guarantee + + + align:start position:0% +guarantee +the bulk of the market so the balance + + align:start position:0% +the bulk of the market so the balance + + + align:start position:0% +the bulk of the market so the balance +sheet + + align:start position:0% +sheet + + + align:start position:0% +sheet +credit risk is diminished and quicken + + align:start position:0% +credit risk is diminished and quicken + + + align:start position:0% +credit risk is diminished and quicken +loan + + align:start position:0% +loan + + + align:start position:0% +loan +and penny mac and others can come in and + + align:start position:0% +and penny mac and others can come in and + + + align:start position:0% +and penny mac and others can come in and +probably over + + align:start position:0% +probably over + + + align:start position:0% +probably over +half the market is originated by + + align:start position:0% +half the market is originated by + + + align:start position:0% +half the market is originated by +companies + + align:start position:0% +companies + + + align:start position:0% +companies +that are broadly speaking disruptors + + align:start position:0% +that are broadly speaking disruptors + + + align:start position:0% +that are broadly speaking disruptors +so again it could be data it could be + + align:start position:0% +so again it could be data it could be + + + align:start position:0% +so again it could be data it could be +funding it could be the user experience + + align:start position:0% +funding it could be the user experience + + + align:start position:0% +funding it could be the user experience +which is really a critical one + + align:start position:0% +which is really a critical one + + + align:start position:0% +which is really a critical one +maybe the risks the roles any piece of + + align:start position:0% +maybe the risks the roles any piece of + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the risks the roles any piece of +these might give an + + align:start position:0% +these might give an + + + align:start position:0% +these might give an +opportunity to break into a market or to + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to break into a market or to + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to break into a market or to +do something different than the + + align:start position:0% +do something different than the + + + align:start position:0% +do something different than the +financial incumbents + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so the the + + align:start position:0% +um so the the + + + align:start position:0% +um so the the +earlier fintech way back i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +earlier fintech way back i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +earlier fintech way back i'm going to +take you to a story about an earlier + + align:start position:0% +take you to a story about an earlier + + + align:start position:0% +take you to a story about an earlier +fintech that i like + + align:start position:0% +fintech that i like + + + align:start position:0% +fintech that i like +it's just credit cards the first use of + + align:start position:0% +it's just credit cards the first use of + + + align:start position:0% +it's just credit cards the first use of +the term credit card was in the 1880s in + + align:start position:0% +the term credit card was in the 1880s in + + + align:start position:0% +the term credit card was in the 1880s in +a in a + + align:start position:0% +a in a + + + align:start position:0% +a in a +sort of a dystopian i would call it but + + align:start position:0% +sort of a dystopian i would call it but + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a dystopian i would call it but +utopian book that was written by + + align:start position:0% +utopian book that was written by + + + align:start position:0% +utopian book that was written by +edward bellamy it was a new york times + + align:start position:0% +edward bellamy it was a new york times + + + align:start position:0% +edward bellamy it was a new york times +bestseller it was a bestseller in + + align:start position:0% +bestseller it was a bestseller in + + + align:start position:0% +bestseller it was a bestseller in +multiple languages around the globe + + align:start position:0% +multiple languages around the globe + + + align:start position:0% +multiple languages around the globe +talking about the year 2000. well + + align:start position:0% +talking about the year 2000. well + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the year 2000. well +bellamy + + align:start position:0% +bellamy + + + align:start position:0% +bellamy +you could go back and look at the book + + align:start position:0% +you could go back and look at the book + + + align:start position:0% +you could go back and look at the book +it's really science fiction + + align:start position:0% +it's really science fiction + + + align:start position:0% +it's really science fiction +but use the term credit card it's the + + align:start position:0% +but use the term credit card it's the + + + align:start position:0% +but use the term credit card it's the +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +known use of the concept that you would + + align:start position:0% +known use of the concept that you would + + + align:start position:0% +known use of the concept that you would +have a card + + align:start position:0% +have a card + + + align:start position:0% +have a card +for payments um well shortly thereafter + + align:start position:0% +for payments um well shortly thereafter + + + align:start position:0% +for payments um well shortly thereafter +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +really because of bellamy you saw a + + align:start position:0% +really because of bellamy you saw a + + + align:start position:0% +really because of bellamy you saw a +bunch of companies starting to use + + align:start position:0% +bunch of companies starting to use + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of companies starting to use +charge coins and charge cards and by the + + align:start position:0% +charge coins and charge cards and by the + + + align:start position:0% +charge coins and charge cards and by the +1920s + + align:start position:0% +1920s + + + align:start position:0% +1920s +these merchant cards you had an + + align:start position:0% +these merchant cards you had an + + + align:start position:0% +these merchant cards you had an +individual merchant + + align:start position:0% +individual merchant + + + align:start position:0% +individual merchant +providing credit and saying you can buy + + align:start position:0% +providing credit and saying you can buy + + + align:start position:0% +providing credit and saying you can buy +something on credit + + align:start position:0% +something on credit + + + align:start position:0% +something on credit +you could call that a point of sale + + align:start position:0% +you could call that a point of sale + + + align:start position:0% +you could call that a point of sale +credit earlier fintech about 100 years + + align:start position:0% +credit earlier fintech about 100 years + + + align:start position:0% +credit earlier fintech about 100 years +ago + + align:start position:0% +ago + + + align:start position:0% +ago +but in not in the 1940s + + align:start position:0% +but in not in the 1940s + + + align:start position:0% +but in not in the 1940s +one banker in brooklyn never made a lot + + align:start position:0% +one banker in brooklyn never made a lot + + + align:start position:0% +one banker in brooklyn never made a lot +of money for themselves + + align:start position:0% +of money for themselves + + + align:start position:0% +of money for themselves +one banker came up with the concept of + + align:start position:0% +one banker came up with the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +one banker came up with the concept of +a credit system where it was + + align:start position:0% +a credit system where it was + + + align:start position:0% +a credit system where it was +multiple merchants not one merchant + + align:start position:0% +multiple merchants not one merchant + + + align:start position:0% +multiple merchants not one merchant +but multiple merchants and that charge + + align:start position:0% +but multiple merchants and that charge + + + align:start position:0% +but multiple merchants and that charge +occurred + + align:start position:0% +occurred + + + align:start position:0% +occurred +75 years ago so a long time ago but + + align:start position:0% +75 years ago so a long time ago but + + + align:start position:0% +75 years ago so a long time ago but +still somewhat recent + + align:start position:0% +still somewhat recent + + + align:start position:0% +still somewhat recent +and that led to the 1940s and 50s all + + align:start position:0% +and that led to the 1940s and 50s all + + + align:start position:0% +and that led to the 1940s and 50s all +these innovations the first plastic card + + align:start position:0% +these innovations the first plastic card + + + align:start position:0% +these innovations the first plastic card +bank americart was from a california + + align:start position:0% +bank americart was from a california + + + align:start position:0% +bank americart was from a california +bank and that's where visa started + + align:start position:0% +bank and that's where visa started + + + align:start position:0% +bank and that's where visa started +so all of that was fintech of the time + + align:start position:0% +so all of that was fintech of the time + + + align:start position:0% +so all of that was fintech of the time +the only reason i mentioned it is that + + align:start position:0% +the only reason i mentioned it is that + + + align:start position:0% +the only reason i mentioned it is that +you think about what disruptions have + + align:start position:0% +you think about what disruptions have + + + align:start position:0% +you think about what disruptions have +come before that now we take for granted + + align:start position:0% +come before that now we take for granted + + + align:start position:0% +come before that now we take for granted +sometimes that's evidence of what you + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that's evidence of what you + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that's evidence of what you +might do now bank americart + + align:start position:0% +might do now bank americart + + + align:start position:0% +might do now bank americart +was a california bank that was trying to + + align:start position:0% +was a california bank that was trying to + + + align:start position:0% +was a california bank that was trying to +partner with other banks around the + + align:start position:0% +partner with other banks around the + + + align:start position:0% +partner with other banks around the +country + + align:start position:0% +country + + + align:start position:0% +country +and partnered with other countries to do + + align:start position:0% +and partnered with other countries to do + + + align:start position:0% +and partnered with other countries to do +something uh that was more universal for + + align:start position:0% +something uh that was more universal for + + + align:start position:0% +something uh that was more universal for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +country the diners club was literally + + align:start position:0% +country the diners club was literally + + + align:start position:0% +country the diners club was literally +about this restaurant concept you would + + align:start position:0% +about this restaurant concept you would + + + align:start position:0% +about this restaurant concept you would +consider it almost like a general + + align:start position:0% +consider it almost like a general + + + align:start position:0% +consider it almost like a general +merchant card an early toast + + align:start position:0% +merchant card an early toast + + + align:start position:0% +merchant card an early toast +the diners club did what maybe toast is + + align:start position:0% +the diners club did what maybe toast is + + + align:start position:0% +the diners club did what maybe toast is +trying to do now + + align:start position:0% +trying to do now + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do now +inside the restaurants providing more uh + + align:start position:0% +inside the restaurants providing more uh + + + align:start position:0% +inside the restaurants providing more uh +use of those at initially high-end + + align:start position:0% +use of those at initially high-end + + + align:start position:0% +use of those at initially high-end +restaurants on the east coast + + align:start position:0% +restaurants on the east coast + + + align:start position:0% +restaurants on the east coast +um so what what disruptions are + + align:start position:0% +um so what what disruptions are + + + align:start position:0% +um so what what disruptions are +in the value chain now and particularly + + align:start position:0% +in the value chain now and particularly + + + align:start position:0% +in the value chain now and particularly +this this little chart uh + + align:start position:0% +this this little chart uh + + + align:start position:0% +this this little chart uh +um i i borrow from + + align:start position:0% +um i i borrow from + + + align:start position:0% +um i i borrow from +uh interesting long paper on it is + + align:start position:0% +uh interesting long paper on it is + + + align:start position:0% +uh interesting long paper on it is +think about the different parts of the + + align:start position:0% +think about the different parts of the + + + align:start position:0% +think about the different parts of the +value chain whether you're sourcing + + align:start position:0% +value chain whether you're sourcing + + + align:start position:0% +value chain whether you're sourcing +capital + + align:start position:0% +capital + + + align:start position:0% +capital +you're actually assessing credit that's + + align:start position:0% +you're actually assessing credit that's + + + align:start position:0% +you're actually assessing credit that's +the underwriting of the credit + + align:start position:0% +the underwriting of the credit + + + align:start position:0% +the underwriting of the credit +or actually just servicing the credit + + align:start position:0% +or actually just servicing the credit + + + align:start position:0% +or actually just servicing the credit +like you're + + align:start position:0% +like you're + + + align:start position:0% +like you're +servicing a student loan it could be any + + align:start position:0% +servicing a student loan it could be any + + + align:start position:0% +servicing a student loan it could be any +part of the value chain + + align:start position:0% +part of the value chain + + + align:start position:0% +part of the value chain +and you could go in and disrupt and + + align:start position:0% +and you could go in and disrupt and + + + align:start position:0% +and you could go in and disrupt and +we're not going to dive into this chart + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to dive into this chart + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to dive into this chart +but i'll just take disbursements for a + + align:start position:0% +but i'll just take disbursements for a + + + align:start position:0% +but i'll just take disbursements for a +minute if you look at that vertical it + + align:start position:0% +minute if you look at that vertical it + + + align:start position:0% +minute if you look at that vertical it +could be digital wallets or virtual + + align:start position:0% +could be digital wallets or virtual + + + align:start position:0% +could be digital wallets or virtual +currency + + align:start position:0% +currency + + + align:start position:0% +currency +or the machine learning if it's in + + align:start position:0% +or the machine learning if it's in + + + align:start position:0% +or the machine learning if it's in +credit assessment + + align:start position:0% +credit assessment + + + align:start position:0% +credit assessment +it could be the alternative data so each + + align:start position:0% +it could be the alternative data so each + + + align:start position:0% +it could be the alternative data so each +of these provides + + align:start position:0% +of these provides + + + align:start position:0% +of these provides +a little opportunity to disrupt the + + align:start position:0% +a little opportunity to disrupt the + + + align:start position:0% +a little opportunity to disrupt the +current business model + + align:start position:0% +current business model + + + align:start position:0% +current business model +and so we talked about payments last + + align:start position:0% +and so we talked about payments last + + + align:start position:0% +and so we talked about payments last +class credit + + align:start position:0% +class credit + + + align:start position:0% +class credit +you sort of really have to get in a + + align:start position:0% +you sort of really have to get in a + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of really have to get in a +sense granular into which part of the + + align:start position:0% +sense granular into which part of the + + + align:start position:0% +sense granular into which part of the +value chain + + align:start position:0% +value chain + + + align:start position:0% +value chain +and then how do i bring a technology to + + align:start position:0% +and then how do i bring a technology to + + + align:start position:0% +and then how do i bring a technology to +it that maybe the big incumbents + + align:start position:0% +it that maybe the big incumbents + + + align:start position:0% +it that maybe the big incumbents +aren't yet doing in a in a sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +aren't yet doing in a in a sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +aren't yet doing in a in a sufficiently +sophisticated way + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated way + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated way +or you might just bring it to one sector + + align:start position:0% +or you might just bring it to one sector + + + align:start position:0% +or you might just bring it to one sector +like toasted to the restaurant sector + + align:start position:0% +like toasted to the restaurant sector + + + align:start position:0% +like toasted to the restaurant sector +it might be sector specific so where do + + align:start position:0% +it might be sector specific so where do + + + align:start position:0% +it might be sector specific so where do +we go + + align:start position:0% +we go + + + align:start position:0% +we go +well we've already seen big text there + + align:start position:0% +well we've already seen big text there + + + align:start position:0% +well we've already seen big text there +the payment unicorns + + align:start position:0% +the payment unicorns + + + align:start position:0% +the payment unicorns +there's hundreds of other payment + + align:start position:0% +there's hundreds of other payment + + + align:start position:0% +there's hundreds of other payment +companies that are building credit on + + align:start position:0% +companies that are building credit on + + + align:start position:0% +companies that are building credit on +top of payment + + align:start position:0% +top of payment + + + align:start position:0% +top of payment +and sometimes a payment company is + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes a payment company is + + + align:start position:0% +and sometimes a payment company is +really also a credit company like + + align:start position:0% +really also a credit company like + + + align:start position:0% +really also a credit company like +brex is both payment and credit + + align:start position:0% +brex is both payment and credit + + + align:start position:0% +brex is both payment and credit +avid exchange is mostly payment but is + + align:start position:0% +avid exchange is mostly payment but is + + + align:start position:0% +avid exchange is mostly payment but is +moving into credit + + align:start position:0% +moving into credit + + + align:start position:0% +moving into credit +um and then some that are built just on + + align:start position:0% +um and then some that are built just on + + + align:start position:0% +um and then some that are built just on +credit + + align:start position:0% +credit + + + align:start position:0% +credit +um and so i thought i would start with + + align:start position:0% +um and so i thought i would start with + + + align:start position:0% +um and so i thought i would start with +the business side + + align:start position:0% +the business side + + + align:start position:0% +the business side +small medium-sized enterprise lending + + align:start position:0% +small medium-sized enterprise lending + + + align:start position:0% +small medium-sized enterprise lending +again there's no + + align:start position:0% +again there's no + + + align:start position:0% +again there's no +really good definition of sme but the + + align:start position:0% +really good definition of sme but the + + + align:start position:0% +really good definition of sme but the +definition that these companies would + + align:start position:0% +definition that these companies would + + + align:start position:0% +definition that these companies would +take at it they would say + + align:start position:0% +take at it they would say + + + align:start position:0% +take at it they would say +these are companies that are having + + align:start position:0% +these are companies that are having + + + align:start position:0% +these are companies that are having +difficulty borrowing from the big banks + + align:start position:0% +difficulty borrowing from the big banks + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty borrowing from the big banks +they're + + align:start position:0% +they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're +it's either assessing credit + + align:start position:0% +it's either assessing credit + + + align:start position:0% +it's either assessing credit +or providing that credit in a in a + + align:start position:0% +or providing that credit in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +or providing that credit in a in a +timely and cost-effective way + + align:start position:0% +timely and cost-effective way + + + align:start position:0% +timely and cost-effective way +brex is an interesting company that + + align:start position:0% +brex is an interesting company that + + + align:start position:0% +brex is an interesting company that +started around the concept that i can't + + align:start position:0% +started around the concept that i can't + + + align:start position:0% +started around the concept that i can't +get it + + align:start position:0% +get it + + + align:start position:0% +get it +i can't get money as a startup + + align:start position:0% +i can't get money as a startup + + + align:start position:0% +i can't get money as a startup +how can i even get a credit card if i + + align:start position:0% +how can i even get a credit card if i + + + align:start position:0% +how can i even get a credit card if i +had a you know it's sort of a mixture of + + align:start position:0% +had a you know it's sort of a mixture of + + + align:start position:0% +had a you know it's sort of a mixture of +seed investing and + + align:start position:0% +seed investing and + + + align:start position:0% +seed investing and +and and um um + + align:start position:0% +and and um um + + + align:start position:0% +and and um um +credit card uh provisions some of these + + align:start position:0% +credit card uh provisions some of these + + + align:start position:0% +credit card uh provisions some of these +companies i put on here like + + align:start position:0% +companies i put on here like + + + align:start position:0% +companies i put on here like +amazon alipay or big tech i don't think + + align:start position:0% +amazon alipay or big tech i don't think + + + align:start position:0% +amazon alipay or big tech i don't think +you can leave them out + + align:start position:0% +you can leave them out + + + align:start position:0% +you can leave them out +some started in the payment side like + + align:start position:0% +some started in the payment side like + + + align:start position:0% +some started in the payment side like +square and strike + + align:start position:0% +square and strike + + + align:start position:0% +square and strike +and and toast which i mentioned earlier + + align:start position:0% +and and toast which i mentioned earlier + + + align:start position:0% +and and toast which i mentioned earlier +paypal + + align:start position:0% +paypal + + + align:start position:0% +paypal +all provide small and medium-sized + + align:start position:0% +all provide small and medium-sized + + + align:start position:0% +all provide small and medium-sized +enterprise + + align:start position:0% +enterprise + + + align:start position:0% +enterprise +lending some are really just uh + + align:start position:0% +lending some are really just uh + + + align:start position:0% +lending some are really just uh +like cabbage and lendio uh + + align:start position:0% +like cabbage and lendio uh + + + align:start position:0% +like cabbage and lendio uh +provide comparison that you can go on + + align:start position:0% +provide comparison that you can go on + + + align:start position:0% +provide comparison that you can go on +the lendio + + align:start position:0% +the lendio + + + align:start position:0% +the lendio +pro platform and you can sort of compare + + align:start position:0% +pro platform and you can sort of compare + + + align:start position:0% +pro platform and you can sort of compare +and contrast they're more like a broker + + align:start position:0% +and contrast they're more like a broker + + + align:start position:0% +and contrast they're more like a broker +or an agent than actually making the + + align:start position:0% +or an agent than actually making the + + + align:start position:0% +or an agent than actually making the +lending + + align:start position:0% +lending + + + align:start position:0% +lending +and funding circle is one of the only + + align:start position:0% +and funding circle is one of the only + + + align:start position:0% +and funding circle is one of the only +ones that is sort of in the in + + align:start position:0% +ones that is sort of in the in + + + align:start position:0% +ones that is sort of in the in +a little bit in the marketplace lending + + align:start position:0% +a little bit in the marketplace lending + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit in the marketplace lending +i see some questions remain i'm just i'm + + align:start position:0% +i see some questions remain i'm just i'm + + + align:start position:0% +i see some questions remain i'm just i'm +doing a sort of + + align:start position:0% +doing a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +doing a sort of +thumbnail taste test here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in the chat there's quite some + + align:start position:0% +so in the chat there's quite some + + + align:start position:0% +so in the chat there's quite some +activity about lending club perhaps you + + align:start position:0% +activity about lending club perhaps you + + + align:start position:0% +activity about lending club perhaps you +can provide the class with an + + align:start position:0% +can provide the class with an + + + align:start position:0% +can provide the class with an +overview of their business model and + + align:start position:0% +overview of their business model and + + + align:start position:0% +overview of their business model and +what are the challenges they've been + + align:start position:0% +what are the challenges they've been + + + align:start position:0% +what are the challenges they've been +facing all right + + align:start position:0% +facing all right + + + align:start position:0% +facing all right +i'm going to do that in about uh uh + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to do that in about uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to do that in about uh uh +10 minutes so i'll hold that if i can + + align:start position:0% +10 minutes so i'll hold that if i can + + + align:start position:0% +10 minutes so i'll hold that if i can +um lending club has been more about + + align:start position:0% +um lending club has been more about + + + align:start position:0% +um lending club has been more about +the household sector than the small + + align:start position:0% +the household sector than the small + + + align:start position:0% +the household sector than the small +medium size has anybody i'll ask this + + align:start position:0% +medium size has anybody i'll ask this + + + align:start position:0% +medium size has anybody i'll ask this +has anybody in the class actually worked + + align:start position:0% +has anybody in the class actually worked + + + align:start position:0% +has anybody in the class actually worked +at a startup + + align:start position:0% +at a startup + + + align:start position:0% +at a startup +worked at any corporation that's + + align:start position:0% +worked at any corporation that's + + + align:start position:0% +worked at any corporation that's +borrowed from one of these companies + + align:start position:0% +borrowed from one of these companies + + + align:start position:0% +borrowed from one of these companies +a leader you've unmuted yourself yeah + + align:start position:0% +a leader you've unmuted yourself yeah + + + align:start position:0% +a leader you've unmuted yourself yeah +um yeah so i was at citibank at the time + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so i was at citibank at the time + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so i was at citibank at the time +that citibank partners with c2fo + + align:start position:0% +that citibank partners with c2fo + + + align:start position:0% +that citibank partners with c2fo +um as a partner of their supply chain + + align:start position:0% +um as a partner of their supply chain + + + align:start position:0% +um as a partner of their supply chain +finance program + + align:start position:0% +finance program + + + align:start position:0% +finance program +you finance some of the smaller + + align:start position:0% +you finance some of the smaller + + + align:start position:0% +you finance some of the smaller +suppliers in those programs for large + + align:start position:0% +suppliers in those programs for large + + + align:start position:0% +suppliers in those programs for large +corporates + + align:start position:0% +corporates + + + align:start position:0% +corporates +so isn't that it's interesting could you + + align:start position:0% +so isn't that it's interesting could you + + + align:start position:0% +so isn't that it's interesting could you +give share why did citibank partner with + + align:start position:0% +give share why did citibank partner with + + + align:start position:0% +give share why did citibank partner with +ct + + align:start position:0% +ct + + + align:start position:0% +ct +c2fo rather than make those loans + + align:start position:0% +c2fo rather than make those loans + + + align:start position:0% +c2fo rather than make those loans +themselves and this is an important + + align:start position:0% +themselves and this is an important + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and this is an important +this the relationship with the + + align:start position:0% +this the relationship with the + + + align:start position:0% +this the relationship with the +incumbents between the disruptors + + align:start position:0% +incumbents between the disruptors + + + align:start position:0% +incumbents between the disruptors +why in that one circumstance do you + + align:start position:0% +why in that one circumstance do you + + + align:start position:0% +why in that one circumstance do you +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +city chose to partner rather than do it + + align:start position:0% +city chose to partner rather than do it + + + align:start position:0% +city chose to partner rather than do it +on their own + + align:start position:0% +on their own + + + align:start position:0% +on their own +um students goes in an interesting model + + align:start position:0% +um students goes in an interesting model + + + align:start position:0% +um students goes in an interesting model +that actually allows the + + align:start position:0% +that actually allows the + + + align:start position:0% +that actually allows the +corporate to lend to its suppliers um + + align:start position:0% +corporate to lend to its suppliers um + + + align:start position:0% +corporate to lend to its suppliers um +easiest way to say it kind of in + + align:start position:0% +easiest way to say it kind of in + + + align:start position:0% +easiest way to say it kind of in +short-term um form but um + + align:start position:0% +short-term um form but um + + + align:start position:0% +short-term um form but um +if you look at a supplier accompanies + + align:start position:0% +if you look at a supplier accompanies + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at a supplier accompanies +the firebase + + align:start position:0% +the firebase + + + align:start position:0% +the firebase +um you'll see the 80 20 rule applies + + align:start position:0% +um you'll see the 80 20 rule applies + + + align:start position:0% +um you'll see the 80 20 rule applies +fairly well so the top 20 suppliers are + + align:start position:0% +fairly well so the top 20 suppliers are + + + align:start position:0% +fairly well so the top 20 suppliers are +generally supplying a corporate with the + + align:start position:0% +generally supplying a corporate with the + + + align:start position:0% +generally supplying a corporate with the +majority + + align:start position:0% +majority + + + align:start position:0% +majority +of their inventory whatever it is that + + align:start position:0% +of their inventory whatever it is that + + + align:start position:0% +of their inventory whatever it is that +they're purchasing + + align:start position:0% +they're purchasing + + + align:start position:0% +they're purchasing +and that bottom tail of the suppliers is + + align:start position:0% +and that bottom tail of the suppliers is + + + align:start position:0% +and that bottom tail of the suppliers is +uh they're all very small businesses + + align:start position:0% +uh they're all very small businesses + + + align:start position:0% +uh they're all very small businesses +they're hard to lend to it's very hard + + align:start position:0% +they're hard to lend to it's very hard + + + align:start position:0% +they're hard to lend to it's very hard +to do the + + align:start position:0% +to do the + + + align:start position:0% +to do the +um it's very hard to do all of the kyc + + align:start position:0% +um it's very hard to do all of the kyc + + + align:start position:0% +um it's very hard to do all of the kyc +requirements which is really what + + align:start position:0% +requirements which is really what + + + align:start position:0% +requirements which is really what +citibank did not like doing was the kyc + + align:start position:0% +citibank did not like doing was the kyc + + + align:start position:0% +citibank did not like doing was the kyc +and so a company like c2fo could come in + + align:start position:0% +and so a company like c2fo could come in + + + align:start position:0% +and so a company like c2fo could come in +there and partner with the corporate and + + align:start position:0% +there and partner with the corporate and + + + align:start position:0% +there and partner with the corporate and +the city + + align:start position:0% +the city + + + align:start position:0% +the city +and lend to or extend credit um through + + align:start position:0% +and lend to or extend credit um through + + + align:start position:0% +and lend to or extend credit um through +supplier finance programs so this is an + + align:start position:0% +supplier finance programs so this is an + + + align:start position:0% +supplier finance programs so this is an +important aspect that elita just raised + + align:start position:0% +important aspect that elita just raised + + + align:start position:0% +important aspect that elita just raised +large incumbents sometimes don't feel + + align:start position:0% +large incumbents sometimes don't feel + + + align:start position:0% +large incumbents sometimes don't feel +that they can + + align:start position:0% +that they can + + + align:start position:0% +that they can +in a cost effective way assess the + + align:start position:0% +in a cost effective way assess the + + + align:start position:0% +in a cost effective way assess the +credit + + align:start position:0% +credit + + + align:start position:0% +credit +and reach the distribution to small + + align:start position:0% +and reach the distribution to small + + + align:start position:0% +and reach the distribution to small +businesses + + align:start position:0% +businesses + + + align:start position:0% +businesses +and then the disruptive companies sort + + align:start position:0% +and then the disruptive companies sort + + + align:start position:0% +and then the disruptive companies sort +of say well wait we can provide that's a + + align:start position:0% +of say well wait we can provide that's a + + + align:start position:0% +of say well wait we can provide that's a +little crack in the system + + align:start position:0% +little crack in the system + + + align:start position:0% +little crack in the system +that's something we can have more + + align:start position:0% +that's something we can have more + + + align:start position:0% +that's something we can have more +financial inclusion whether it's brex + + align:start position:0% +financial inclusion whether it's brex + + + align:start position:0% +financial inclusion whether it's brex +for the startup c2fo for a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +for the startup c2fo for a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +for the startup c2fo for a lot of the +small businesses + + align:start position:0% +small businesses + + + align:start position:0% +small businesses +and and and the like and and the + + align:start position:0% +and and and the like and and the + + + align:start position:0% +and and and the like and and the +incumbents say all right we can't but we + + align:start position:0% +incumbents say all right we can't but we + + + align:start position:0% +incumbents say all right we can't but we +can through + + align:start position:0% +can through + + + align:start position:0% +can through +see 2fo and others reach them + + align:start position:0% +see 2fo and others reach them + + + align:start position:0% +see 2fo and others reach them +and then it helps down the supply chain + + align:start position:0% +and then it helps down the supply chain + + + align:start position:0% +and then it helps down the supply chain +i think ivcn was up maybe yes correct + + align:start position:0% +i think ivcn was up maybe yes correct + + + align:start position:0% +i think ivcn was up maybe yes correct +ivy go ahead + + align:start position:0% +ivy go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +ivy go ahead +yeah so i used to work in securitization + + align:start position:0% +yeah so i used to work in securitization + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so i used to work in securitization +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +rex was one of my clients um and then + + align:start position:0% +rex was one of my clients um and then + + + align:start position:0% +rex was one of my clients um and then +also worked at a startup that + + align:start position:0% +also worked at a startup that + + + align:start position:0% +also worked at a startup that +uses blacks too and so i think they to + + align:start position:0% +uses blacks too and so i think they to + + + align:start position:0% +uses blacks too and so i think they to +your point of + + align:start position:0% +your point of + + + align:start position:0% +your point of +um like their user their user innovate + + align:start position:0% +um like their user their user innovate + + + align:start position:0% +um like their user their user innovate +interface is pretty amazing and + + align:start position:0% +interface is pretty amazing and + + + align:start position:0% +interface is pretty amazing and +um they've also just have like really + + align:start position:0% +um they've also just have like really + + + align:start position:0% +um they've also just have like really +identified this white space of you know + + align:start position:0% +identified this white space of you know + + + align:start position:0% +identified this white space of you know +startups + + align:start position:0% +startups + + + align:start position:0% +startups +um but i think where we got comfortable + + align:start position:0% +um but i think where we got comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +um but i think where we got comfortable +in terms of the diligence + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the diligence + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the diligence +um is that the fact that um + + align:start position:0% +um is that the fact that um + + + align:start position:0% +um is that the fact that um +you know they're they're pretty much + + align:start position:0% +you know they're they're pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +you know they're they're pretty much +it's a very elegant way of just like + + align:start position:0% +it's a very elegant way of just like + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very elegant way of just like +having + + align:start position:0% +having + + + align:start position:0% +having +these startups making sure that they + + align:start position:0% +these startups making sure that they + + + align:start position:0% +these startups making sure that they +have literally enough cash in the + + align:start position:0% +have literally enough cash in the + + + align:start position:0% +have literally enough cash in the +account + + align:start position:0% +account + + + align:start position:0% +account +um so they're monitoring that um + + align:start position:0% +um so they're monitoring that um + + + align:start position:0% +um so they're monitoring that um +basically they have access to + + align:start position:0% +basically they have access to + + + align:start position:0% +basically they have access to +the startups bank account day-to-day and + + align:start position:0% +the startups bank account day-to-day and + + + align:start position:0% +the startups bank account day-to-day and +they started with startups and they've + + align:start position:0% +they started with startups and they've + + + align:start position:0% +they started with startups and they've +been very um + + align:start position:0% +been very um + + + align:start position:0% +been very um +i think thoughtful about which sectors + + align:start position:0% +i think thoughtful about which sectors + + + align:start position:0% +i think thoughtful about which sectors +they're going into like life sciences + + align:start position:0% +they're going into like life sciences + + + align:start position:0% +they're going into like life sciences +and e-commerce and now um having cash + + align:start position:0% +and e-commerce and now um having cash + + + align:start position:0% +and e-commerce and now um having cash +management + + align:start position:0% +management + + + align:start position:0% +management +which also makes a lot of sense in terms + + align:start position:0% +which also makes a lot of sense in terms + + + align:start position:0% +which also makes a lot of sense in terms +of just having um + + align:start position:0% +of just having um + + + align:start position:0% +of just having um +yield so just wanted to offer a little + + align:start position:0% +yield so just wanted to offer a little + + + align:start position:0% +yield so just wanted to offer a little +bit more color there + + align:start position:0% +bit more color there + + + align:start position:0% +bit more color there +and brex rex started with this concept + + align:start position:0% +and brex rex started with this concept + + + align:start position:0% +and brex rex started with this concept +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +how does entrepreneurs get money when + + align:start position:0% +how does entrepreneurs get money when + + + align:start position:0% +how does entrepreneurs get money when +you don't have any track record + + align:start position:0% +you don't have any track record + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have any track record +like literally you don't have any track + + align:start position:0% +like literally you don't have any track + + + align:start position:0% +like literally you don't have any track +record they had to + + align:start position:0% +record they had to + + + align:start position:0% +record they had to +also rely on something we've talked + + align:start position:0% +also rely on something we've talked + + + align:start position:0% +also rely on something we've talked +about already open api they had to get + + align:start position:0% +about already open api they had to get + + + align:start position:0% +about already open api they had to get +data + + align:start position:0% +data + + + align:start position:0% +data +and they had to do it as you said in an + + align:start position:0% +and they had to do it as you said in an + + + align:start position:0% +and they had to do it as you said in an +efficient elegant way to get that data + + align:start position:0% +efficient elegant way to get that data + + + align:start position:0% +efficient elegant way to get that data +and get access uh do you have cash in + + align:start position:0% +and get access uh do you have cash in + + + align:start position:0% +and get access uh do you have cash in +your account so to speak + + align:start position:0% +your account so to speak + + + align:start position:0% +your account so to speak +and now they've grown up with certain + + align:start position:0% +and now they've grown up with certain + + + align:start position:0% +and now they've grown up with certain +expertise + + align:start position:0% +expertise + + + align:start position:0% +expertise +uh in that in that sort of startup world + + align:start position:0% +uh in that in that sort of startup world + + + align:start position:0% +uh in that in that sort of startup world +and and it's not equity that they're + + align:start position:0% +and and it's not equity that they're + + + align:start position:0% +and and it's not equity that they're +funding it's it's loans basically + + align:start position:0% +funding it's it's loans basically + + + align:start position:0% +funding it's it's loans basically +against the cash flow what you'll see + + align:start position:0% +against the cash flow what you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +against the cash flow what you'll see +also on here is + + align:start position:0% +also on here is + + + align:start position:0% +also on here is +as i said some of the big tech companies + + align:start position:0% +as i said some of the big tech companies + + + align:start position:0% +as i said some of the big tech companies +like amazon intention and alipay + + align:start position:0% +like amazon intention and alipay + + + align:start position:0% +like amazon intention and alipay +you see some of the really now incumbent + + align:start position:0% +you see some of the really now incumbent + + + align:start position:0% +you see some of the really now incumbent +fintechs as some + + align:start position:0% +fintechs as some + + + align:start position:0% +fintechs as some +folks would call them like stripe and + + align:start position:0% +folks would call them like stripe and + + + align:start position:0% +folks would call them like stripe and +square and paypal + + align:start position:0% +square and paypal + + + align:start position:0% +square and paypal +and intuit that that have built up a + + align:start position:0% +and intuit that that have built up a + + + align:start position:0% +and intuit that that have built up a +long history now + + align:start position:0% +long history now + + + align:start position:0% +long history now +either in the payment space or in the + + align:start position:0% +either in the payment space or in the + + + align:start position:0% +either in the payment space or in the +tax prep and accounting space so some + + align:start position:0% +tax prep and accounting space so some + + + align:start position:0% +tax prep and accounting space so some +have come from accounting + + align:start position:0% +have come from accounting + + + align:start position:0% +have come from accounting +some have come from the payment side + + align:start position:0% +some have come from the payment side + + + align:start position:0% +some have come from the payment side +where they're getting data + + align:start position:0% +where they're getting data + + + align:start position:0% +where they're getting data +and corporate business relationships + + align:start position:0% +and corporate business relationships + + + align:start position:0% +and corporate business relationships +what you don't see + + align:start position:0% +what you don't see + + + align:start position:0% +what you don't see +is a lot of the challenger banks that + + align:start position:0% +is a lot of the challenger banks that + + + align:start position:0% +is a lot of the challenger banks that +we're going to talk about in our next + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about in our next + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about in our next +class now prosper is here + + align:start position:0% +class now prosper is here + + + align:start position:0% +class now prosper is here +they've started to offer some lending + + align:start position:0% +they've started to offer some lending + + + align:start position:0% +they've started to offer some lending +side to the corporate side + + align:start position:0% +side to the corporate side + + + align:start position:0% +side to the corporate side +most of the challenger banks and nearly + + align:start position:0% +most of the challenger banks and nearly + + + align:start position:0% +most of the challenger banks and nearly +all of the marketplace lenders + + align:start position:0% +all of the marketplace lenders + + + align:start position:0% +all of the marketplace lenders +that are of size are in the household + + align:start position:0% +that are of size are in the household + + + align:start position:0% +that are of size are in the household +sector rather than the corporate sector + + align:start position:0% +sector rather than the corporate sector + + + align:start position:0% +sector rather than the corporate sector +which i find + + align:start position:0% +which i find + + + align:start position:0% +which i find +sort of of interest i don't know if + + align:start position:0% +sort of of interest i don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +sort of of interest i don't know if +there's a question + + align:start position:0% +there's a question + + + align:start position:0% +there's a question +uh uh we have two hands raised camilo + + align:start position:0% +uh uh we have two hands raised camilo + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh we have two hands raised camilo +and then carlos + + align:start position:0% +and then carlos + + + align:start position:0% +and then carlos +all right and then we're gonna we're + + align:start position:0% +all right and then we're gonna we're + + + align:start position:0% +all right and then we're gonna we're +gonna go to the household sector + + align:start position:0% +gonna go to the household sector + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go to the household sector +okay this is about the household um i'm + + align:start position:0% +okay this is about the household um i'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is about the household um i'm +sure you know about + + align:start position:0% +sure you know about + + + align:start position:0% +sure you know about +this brazilian unicorn called newbank + + align:start position:0% +this brazilian unicorn called newbank + + + align:start position:0% +this brazilian unicorn called newbank +oh absolutely yeah we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +oh absolutely yeah we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +oh absolutely yeah we're going to be +talking about new backup fair amount + + align:start position:0% +talking about new backup fair amount + + + align:start position:0% +talking about new backup fair amount +next + + align:start position:0% +next + + + align:start position:0% +next +monday as well okay i just want to know + + align:start position:0% +monday as well okay i just want to know + + + align:start position:0% +monday as well okay i just want to know +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +or maybe next class if you think that + + align:start position:0% +or maybe next class if you think that + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe next class if you think that +their business model + + align:start position:0% +their business model + + + align:start position:0% +their business model +about giving online credit cards to + + align:start position:0% +about giving online credit cards to + + + align:start position:0% +about giving online credit cards to +i don't know like i think it's like 8.5 + + align:start position:0% +i don't know like i think it's like 8.5 + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know like i think it's like 8.5 +million people already who who have a + + align:start position:0% +million people already who who have a + + + align:start position:0% +million people already who who have a +new bank + + align:start position:0% +new bank + + + align:start position:0% +new bank +credit card is uh sustainable because i + + align:start position:0% +credit card is uh sustainable because i + + + align:start position:0% +credit card is uh sustainable because i +don't know what's + + align:start position:0% +don't know what's + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what's +their specific innovation um apart from + + align:start position:0% +their specific innovation um apart from + + + align:start position:0% +their specific innovation um apart from +you know accepting applications online + + align:start position:0% +you know accepting applications online + + + align:start position:0% +you know accepting applications online +of credit cards + + align:start position:0% +of credit cards + + + align:start position:0% +of credit cards +it's just like i'm wondering if that's + + align:start position:0% +it's just like i'm wondering if that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's just like i'm wondering if that's +going to be a + + align:start position:0% +going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a +they're going to have uh some default + + align:start position:0% +they're going to have uh some default + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to have uh some default +problems + + align:start position:0% +problems + + + align:start position:0% +problems +we'll dive more into new bank in the + + align:start position:0% +we'll dive more into new bank in the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll dive more into new bank in the +next class but let me just generically + + align:start position:0% +next class but let me just generically + + + align:start position:0% +next class but let me just generically +say i think that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's the it's the reality of startups + + align:start position:0% +it's the it's the reality of startups + + + align:start position:0% +it's the it's the reality of startups +that more will fail than succeed + + align:start position:0% +that more will fail than succeed + + + align:start position:0% +that more will fail than succeed +now as it specifically relates to credit + + align:start position:0% +now as it specifically relates to credit + + + align:start position:0% +now as it specifically relates to credit +cards in the credit card space + + align:start position:0% +cards in the credit card space + + + align:start position:0% +cards in the credit card space +the big incumbents + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the big incumbents aren't going to keep + + align:start position:0% +the big incumbents aren't going to keep + + + align:start position:0% +the big incumbents aren't going to keep +the whole market and and maybe + + align:start position:0% +the whole market and and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +the whole market and and maybe +that leads me uh for for a minute i'm + + align:start position:0% +that leads me uh for for a minute i'm + + + align:start position:0% +that leads me uh for for a minute i'm +gonna i'm gonna come back + + align:start position:0% +gonna i'm gonna come back + + + align:start position:0% +gonna i'm gonna come back +to mortgages a second this is the u.s + + align:start position:0% +to mortgages a second this is the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +to mortgages a second this is the u.s +credit card system it's not + + align:start position:0% +credit card system it's not + + + align:start position:0% +credit card system it's not +brazil but the big seven what i + + align:start position:0% +brazil but the big seven what i + + + align:start position:0% +brazil but the big seven what i +car the big eight meaning the big four + + align:start position:0% +car the big eight meaning the big four + + + align:start position:0% +car the big eight meaning the big four +or five banks + + align:start position:0% +or five banks + + + align:start position:0% +or five banks +american express discover and cap one + + align:start position:0% +american express discover and cap one + + + align:start position:0% +american express discover and cap one +kind of control 80 78 + + align:start position:0% +kind of control 80 78 + + + align:start position:0% +kind of control 80 78 +uh as of last year credit card business + + align:start position:0% +uh as of last year credit card business + + + align:start position:0% +uh as of last year credit card business +there are a lot of economies of scale + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of economies of scale + + + align:start position:0% +there are a lot of economies of scale +there's a lot of economies of scale + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of economies of scale + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of economies of scale +back to managing risk and balance sheet + + align:start position:0% +back to managing risk and balance sheet + + + align:start position:0% +back to managing risk and balance sheet +credit cards as opposed to mortgages are + + align:start position:0% +credit cards as opposed to mortgages are + + + align:start position:0% +credit cards as opposed to mortgages are +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +guaranteed in any way by the us + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed in any way by the us + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed in any way by the us +government it has a very different + + align:start position:0% +government it has a very different + + + align:start position:0% +government it has a very different +risk profile this is about a a little + + align:start position:0% +risk profile this is about a a little + + + align:start position:0% +risk profile this is about a a little +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +one trillion dollar asset class market + + align:start position:0% +one trillion dollar asset class market + + + align:start position:0% +one trillion dollar asset class market +in the us + + align:start position:0% +in the us + + + align:start position:0% +in the us +but 22 percent are smaller providers + + align:start position:0% +but 22 percent are smaller providers + + + align:start position:0% +but 22 percent are smaller providers +and so amazon for instance partners with + + align:start position:0% +and so amazon for instance partners with + + + align:start position:0% +and so amazon for instance partners with +synchrony bank + + align:start position:0% +synchrony bank + + + align:start position:0% +synchrony bank +and amazon has the synchrony card amazon + + align:start position:0% +and amazon has the synchrony card amazon + + + align:start position:0% +and amazon has the synchrony card amazon +also i think has something with jp + + align:start position:0% +also i think has something with jp + + + align:start position:0% +also i think has something with jp +morgan as well + + align:start position:0% +morgan as well + + + align:start position:0% +morgan as well +you'd probably say amazon will be + + align:start position:0% +you'd probably say amazon will be + + + align:start position:0% +you'd probably say amazon will be +sustainable amazon + + align:start position:0% +sustainable amazon + + + align:start position:0% +sustainable amazon +is such a phenomenal uh profit generator + + align:start position:0% +is such a phenomenal uh profit generator + + + align:start position:0% +is such a phenomenal uh profit generator +particularly with the crisis now + + align:start position:0% +particularly with the crisis now + + + align:start position:0% +particularly with the crisis now +i can't speak to like any one startup + + align:start position:0% +i can't speak to like any one startup + + + align:start position:0% +i can't speak to like any one startup +can they chip away at this 22 + + align:start position:0% +can they chip away at this 22 + + + align:start position:0% +can they chip away at this 22 +yes they can by using alternative data + + align:start position:0% +yes they can by using alternative data + + + align:start position:0% +yes they can by using alternative data +but the big seven or eight are not + + align:start position:0% +but the big seven or eight are not + + + align:start position:0% +but the big seven or eight are not +asleep + + align:start position:0% +asleep + + + align:start position:0% +asleep +they're not ignoring alternative data + + align:start position:0% +they're not ignoring alternative data + + + align:start position:0% +they're not ignoring alternative data +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +but a new startup can sort of say maybe + + align:start position:0% +but a new startup can sort of say maybe + + + align:start position:0% +but a new startup can sort of say maybe +we can approach this in a different way + + align:start position:0% +we can approach this in a different way + + + align:start position:0% +we can approach this in a different way +and particularly provide a better user + + align:start position:0% +and particularly provide a better user + + + align:start position:0% +and particularly provide a better user +interface + + align:start position:0% +interface + + + align:start position:0% +interface +here in the us what's happening is + + align:start position:0% +here in the us what's happening is + + + align:start position:0% +here in the us what's happening is +rather than credit card products they're + + align:start position:0% +rather than credit card products they're + + + align:start position:0% +rather than credit card products they're +providing + + align:start position:0% +providing + + + align:start position:0% +providing +personal loans um but let me hold + + align:start position:0% +personal loans um but let me hold + + + align:start position:0% +personal loans um but let me hold +hold on that for a second because i want + + align:start position:0% +hold on that for a second because i want + + + align:start position:0% +hold on that for a second because i want +to go back to + + align:start position:0% +to go back to + + + align:start position:0% +to go back to +the mortgage market just i mentioned + + align:start position:0% +the mortgage market just i mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +the mortgage market just i mentioned +this in the mortgage market + + align:start position:0% +this in the mortgage market + + + align:start position:0% +this in the mortgage market +these are figures from 2018 these are + + align:start position:0% +these are figures from 2018 these are + + + align:start position:0% +these are figures from 2018 these are +the largest + + align:start position:0% +the largest + + + align:start position:0% +the largest +mortgage originators in the u.s it + + align:start position:0% +mortgage originators in the u.s it + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage originators in the u.s it +doesn't mean that they bought these + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean that they bought these + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean that they bought these +loans and held them on their balance + + align:start position:0% +loans and held them on their balance + + + align:start position:0% +loans and held them on their balance +sheet + + align:start position:0% +sheet + + + align:start position:0% +sheet +the yellow are sort of the non-banks + + align:start position:0% +the yellow are sort of the non-banks + + + align:start position:0% +the yellow are sort of the non-banks +and penny pennymac for some reason is + + align:start position:0% +and penny pennymac for some reason is + + + align:start position:0% +and penny pennymac for some reason is +not on here they should be + + align:start position:0% +not on here they should be + + + align:start position:0% +not on here they should be +but of the top ten five + + align:start position:0% +but of the top ten five + + + align:start position:0% +but of the top ten five +the yellow are non-banks now do we call + + align:start position:0% +the yellow are non-banks now do we call + + + align:start position:0% +the yellow are non-banks now do we call +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +fin tax absolutely they are giving a + + align:start position:0% +fin tax absolutely they are giving a + + + align:start position:0% +fin tax absolutely they are giving a +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +user interface with the public + + align:start position:0% +user interface with the public + + + align:start position:0% +user interface with the public +and and and they've just taken off part + + align:start position:0% +and and and they've just taken off part + + + align:start position:0% +and and and they've just taken off part +of it is regulatory part of it is since + + align:start position:0% +of it is regulatory part of it is since + + + align:start position:0% +of it is regulatory part of it is since +the 2008 crisis + + align:start position:0% +the 2008 crisis + + + align:start position:0% +the 2008 crisis +holding loans on a balance sheets become + + align:start position:0% +holding loans on a balance sheets become + + + align:start position:0% +holding loans on a balance sheets become +less attractive to the big banks + + align:start position:0% +less attractive to the big banks + + + align:start position:0% +less attractive to the big banks +in terms of their capital charges and + + align:start position:0% +in terms of their capital charges and + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of their capital charges and +the like + + align:start position:0% +the like + + + align:start position:0% +the like +part of it is also because in the u.s + + align:start position:0% +part of it is also because in the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +part of it is also because in the u.s +this is highly tied to + + align:start position:0% +this is highly tied to + + + align:start position:0% +this is highly tied to +the government-sponsored enterprises but + + align:start position:0% +the government-sponsored enterprises but + + + align:start position:0% +the government-sponsored enterprises but +big disruption in the last 12 years that + + align:start position:0% +big disruption in the last 12 years that + + + align:start position:0% +big disruption in the last 12 years that +about half of the loans are originated + + align:start position:0% +about half of the loans are originated + + + align:start position:0% +about half of the loans are originated +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +broadly speaking you know the non-bank + + align:start position:0% +broadly speaking you know the non-bank + + + align:start position:0% +broadly speaking you know the non-bank +sector + + align:start position:0% +sector + + + align:start position:0% +sector +who are largely then laying it off to + + align:start position:0% +who are largely then laying it off to + + + align:start position:0% +who are largely then laying it off to +the asset securitization marketplace + + align:start position:0% +the asset securitization marketplace + + + align:start position:0% +the asset securitization marketplace +disruption of the past i believe + + align:start position:0% +disruption of the past i believe + + + align:start position:0% +disruption of the past i believe +there'll still be disruption in the + + align:start position:0% +there'll still be disruption in the + + + align:start position:0% +there'll still be disruption in the +future in this space + + align:start position:0% +future in this space + + + align:start position:0% +future in this space +back to the credit card side what we + + align:start position:0% +back to the credit card side what we + + + align:start position:0% +back to the credit card side what we +were talking about there with camilo and + + align:start position:0% +were talking about there with camilo and + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about there with camilo and +i'll pause if there's other questions + + align:start position:0% +i'll pause if there's other questions + + + align:start position:0% +i'll pause if there's other questions +i just want to take a look also at china + + align:start position:0% +i just want to take a look also at china + + + align:start position:0% +i just want to take a look also at china +china's biggest credit card + + align:start position:0% +china's biggest credit card + + + align:start position:0% +china's biggest credit card +issuers all that are building upon that + + align:start position:0% +issuers all that are building upon that + + + align:start position:0% +issuers all that are building upon that +union pay platform we talked about union + + align:start position:0% +union pay platform we talked about union + + + align:start position:0% +union pay platform we talked about union +pay was started by + + align:start position:0% +pay was started by + + + align:start position:0% +pay was started by +i think 84 banks in china really with + + align:start position:0% +i think 84 banks in china really with + + + align:start position:0% +i think 84 banks in china really with +the people's bank of china bringing that + + align:start position:0% +the people's bank of china bringing that + + + align:start position:0% +the people's bank of china bringing that +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +union pays that one sort of backbone of + + align:start position:0% +union pays that one sort of backbone of + + + align:start position:0% +union pays that one sort of backbone of +their whole + + align:start position:0% +their whole + + + align:start position:0% +their whole +credit card payment system interestingly + + align:start position:0% +credit card payment system interestingly + + + align:start position:0% +credit card payment system interestingly +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +dominant and as strong as alipay and + + align:start position:0% +dominant and as strong as alipay and + + + align:start position:0% +dominant and as strong as alipay and +wechat + + align:start position:0% +wechat + + + align:start position:0% +wechat +pay are and in since wechat pay and ally + + align:start position:0% +pay are and in since wechat pay and ally + + + align:start position:0% +pay are and in since wechat pay and ally +leapfrog the banking system there's + + align:start position:0% +leapfrog the banking system there's + + + align:start position:0% +leapfrog the banking system there's +there's real growth going on in the + + align:start position:0% +there's real growth going on in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's real growth going on in the +credit card business + + align:start position:0% +credit card business + + + align:start position:0% +credit card business +but not from disruptors and startups + + align:start position:0% +but not from disruptors and startups + + + align:start position:0% +but not from disruptors and startups +it's sort of like the commercial banks + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of like the commercial banks + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of like the commercial banks +getting back + + align:start position:0% +getting back + + + align:start position:0% +getting back +into it romaine were there some + + align:start position:0% +into it romaine were there some + + + align:start position:0% +into it romaine were there some +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +yes alessandro please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes gary i'd like to get your point of + + align:start position:0% +yes gary i'd like to get your point of + + + align:start position:0% +yes gary i'd like to get your point of +view on um + + align:start position:0% +view on um + + + align:start position:0% +view on um +on the following topic so i was thinking + + align:start position:0% +on the following topic so i was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +on the following topic so i was thinking +about how this + + align:start position:0% +about how this + + + align:start position:0% +about how this +new credit card fintech companies work + + align:start position:0% +new credit card fintech companies work + + + align:start position:0% +new credit card fintech companies work +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +most of them not all of them they have + + align:start position:0% +most of them not all of them they have + + + align:start position:0% +most of them not all of them they have +they gotta partner up with the bank + + align:start position:0% +they gotta partner up with the bank + + + align:start position:0% +they gotta partner up with the bank +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +because unless they have huge amount of + + align:start position:0% +because unless they have huge amount of + + + align:start position:0% +because unless they have huge amount of +cash to anticipate they gotta partner up + + align:start position:0% +cash to anticipate they gotta partner up + + + align:start position:0% +cash to anticipate they gotta partner up +with the bank that gives + + align:start position:0% +with the bank that gives + + + align:start position:0% +with the bank that gives +it's extra let me just pause for them + + align:start position:0% +it's extra let me just pause for them + + + align:start position:0% +it's extra let me just pause for them +they either have to partner with a bank + + align:start position:0% +they either have to partner with a bank + + + align:start position:0% +they either have to partner with a bank +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +is the issuer bank partner model and + + align:start position:0% +is the issuer bank partner model and + + + align:start position:0% +is the issuer bank partner model and +we're gonna get to lending club i + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna get to lending club i + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna get to lending club i +promise that has that issue or partner + + align:start position:0% +promise that has that issue or partner + + + align:start position:0% +promise that has that issue or partner +that bank that's a partner or they tap + + align:start position:0% +that bank that's a partner or they tap + + + align:start position:0% +that bank that's a partner or they tap +into the securitization markets yeah + + align:start position:0% +into the securitization markets yeah + + + align:start position:0% +into the securitization markets yeah +exactly so and + + align:start position:0% +exactly so and + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so and +for those who are not familiar asset + + align:start position:0% +for those who are not familiar asset + + + align:start position:0% +for those who are not familiar asset +securitization is the concept that the + + align:start position:0% +securitization is the concept that the + + + align:start position:0% +securitization is the concept that the +securities markets + + align:start position:0% +securities markets + + + align:start position:0% +securities markets +are the investors in the loans rather + + align:start position:0% +are the investors in the loans rather + + + align:start position:0% +are the investors in the loans rather +than holding it on a bank's balance + + align:start position:0% +than holding it on a bank's balance + + + align:start position:0% +than holding it on a bank's balance +sheet + + align:start position:0% +sheet + + + align:start position:0% +sheet +or a finance company's balance sheet and + + align:start position:0% +or a finance company's balance sheet and + + + align:start position:0% +or a finance company's balance sheet and +that innovation + + align:start position:0% +that innovation + + + align:start position:0% +that innovation +asset securitization starting in the + + align:start position:0% +asset securitization starting in the + + + align:start position:0% +asset securitization starting in the +mortgage markets 40 plus years ago + + align:start position:0% +mortgage markets 40 plus years ago + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage markets 40 plus years ago +uh moved to the credit card markets by + + align:start position:0% +uh moved to the credit card markets by + + + align:start position:0% +uh moved to the credit card markets by +in in a robust way by the 1990s + + align:start position:0% +in in a robust way by the 1990s + + + align:start position:0% +in in a robust way by the 1990s +uh is a very real way to sort of + + align:start position:0% +uh is a very real way to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +uh is a very real way to sort of +lay off that side meaning find somebody + + align:start position:0% +lay off that side meaning find somebody + + + align:start position:0% +lay off that side meaning find somebody +else to be the investors rather than + + align:start position:0% +else to be the investors rather than + + + align:start position:0% +else to be the investors rather than +have a balance sheet so back to you + + align:start position:0% +have a balance sheet so back to you + + + align:start position:0% +have a balance sheet so back to you +alexandra it's either either a partner + + align:start position:0% +alexandra it's either either a partner + + + align:start position:0% +alexandra it's either either a partner +bank or asset securitization + + align:start position:0% +bank or asset securitization + + + align:start position:0% +bank or asset securitization +so in the end these guys these fintech + + align:start position:0% +so in the end these guys these fintech + + + align:start position:0% +so in the end these guys these fintech +companies are + + align:start position:0% +companies are + + + align:start position:0% +companies are +a second intermediary right so how much + + align:start position:0% +a second intermediary right so how much + + + align:start position:0% +a second intermediary right so how much +money do they actually make because + + align:start position:0% +money do they actually make because + + + align:start position:0% +money do they actually make because +i i'm thinking like the more and more + + align:start position:0% +i i'm thinking like the more and more + + + align:start position:0% +i i'm thinking like the more and more +companies we can see + + align:start position:0% +companies we can see + + + align:start position:0% +companies we can see +the fees are going to go down so + + align:start position:0% +the fees are going to go down so + + + align:start position:0% +the fees are going to go down so +competition will drive their fees down + + align:start position:0% +competition will drive their fees down + + + align:start position:0% +competition will drive their fees down +they also have to pay a fee to it's + + align:start position:0% +they also have to pay a fee to it's + + + align:start position:0% +they also have to pay a fee to it's +either a balance sheet bank or + + align:start position:0% +either a balance sheet bank or + + + align:start position:0% +either a balance sheet bank or +um in the case of securitization too + + align:start position:0% +um in the case of securitization too + + + align:start position:0% +um in the case of securitization too +so so you're absolutely right but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +financial intermediation has multiple + + align:start position:0% +financial intermediation has multiple + + + align:start position:0% +financial intermediation has multiple +layers + + align:start position:0% +layers + + + align:start position:0% +layers +and the more advanced an economy is + + align:start position:0% +and the more advanced an economy is + + + align:start position:0% +and the more advanced an economy is +usually the more the layers and the more + + align:start position:0% +usually the more the layers and the more + + + align:start position:0% +usually the more the layers and the more +com more competition in the market + + align:start position:0% +com more competition in the market + + + align:start position:0% +com more competition in the market +more of the layers and you might think + + align:start position:0% +more of the layers and you might think + + + align:start position:0% +more of the layers and you might think +of layers as + + align:start position:0% +of layers as + + + align:start position:0% +of layers as +inefficiency it might be but often + + align:start position:0% +inefficiency it might be but often + + + align:start position:0% +inefficiency it might be but often +layers + + align:start position:0% +layers + + + align:start position:0% +layers +bring efficiency and competition so some + + align:start position:0% +bring efficiency and competition so some + + + align:start position:0% +bring efficiency and competition so some +financial firm is doing the origination + + align:start position:0% +financial firm is doing the origination + + + align:start position:0% +financial firm is doing the origination +this is brokering and selling and + + align:start position:0% +this is brokering and selling and + + + align:start position:0% +this is brokering and selling and +providing a user interface + + align:start position:0% +providing a user interface + + + align:start position:0% +providing a user interface +and they might not want to be the + + align:start position:0% +and they might not want to be the + + + align:start position:0% +and they might not want to be the +balance sheet lender they might say + + align:start position:0% +balance sheet lender they might say + + + align:start position:0% +balance sheet lender they might say +i'm going to partner with the bank to be + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to partner with the bank to be + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to partner with the bank to be +the balance sheet lender what we're + + align:start position:0% +the balance sheet lender what we're + + + align:start position:0% +the balance sheet lender what we're +going to do is we're going to compete + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we're going to compete + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we're going to compete +and give the most remarkable robust user + + align:start position:0% +and give the most remarkable robust user + + + align:start position:0% +and give the most remarkable robust user +interface in brokerage + + align:start position:0% +interface in brokerage + + + align:start position:0% +interface in brokerage +in the mortgage market back to that the + + align:start position:0% +in the mortgage market back to that the + + + align:start position:0% +in the mortgage market back to that the +quickens and united wholesale mortgage + + align:start position:0% +quickens and united wholesale mortgage + + + align:start position:0% +quickens and united wholesale mortgage +and pennymac that aren't on here by and + + align:start position:0% +and pennymac that aren't on here by and + + + align:start position:0% +and pennymac that aren't on here by and +large + + align:start position:0% +large + + + align:start position:0% +large +only hold the mortgage for a few weeks + + align:start position:0% +only hold the mortgage for a few weeks + + + align:start position:0% +only hold the mortgage for a few weeks +a few days maybe a couple months they + + align:start position:0% +a few days maybe a couple months they + + + align:start position:0% +a few days maybe a couple months they +have a warehouse line of credit to do + + align:start position:0% +have a warehouse line of credit to do + + + align:start position:0% +have a warehouse line of credit to do +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +and then they securitize the rest but + + align:start position:0% +and then they securitize the rest but + + + align:start position:0% +and then they securitize the rest but +the mortgage market in the u.s has a + + align:start position:0% +the mortgage market in the u.s has a + + + align:start position:0% +the mortgage market in the u.s has a +very robust + + align:start position:0% +very robust + + + align:start position:0% +very robust +securitization market you asked about + + align:start position:0% +securitization market you asked about + + + align:start position:0% +securitization market you asked about +credit cards credit cards this 22 + + align:start position:0% +credit cards credit cards this 22 + + + align:start position:0% +credit cards credit cards this 22 +percent that + + align:start position:0% +percent that + + + align:start position:0% +percent that +that's competing with the rest does not + + align:start position:0% +that's competing with the rest does not + + + align:start position:0% +that's competing with the rest does not +have as big a robust + + align:start position:0% +have as big a robust + + + align:start position:0% +have as big a robust +securitization market of the trillion + + align:start position:0% +securitization market of the trillion + + + align:start position:0% +securitization market of the trillion +dollars in the us + + align:start position:0% +dollars in the us + + + align:start position:0% +dollars in the us +i think the credit card securitization + + align:start position:0% +i think the credit card securitization + + + align:start position:0% +i think the credit card securitization +markets + + align:start position:0% +markets + + + align:start position:0% +markets +about 150 to 200 billion if i recall + + align:start position:0% +about 150 to 200 billion if i recall + + + align:start position:0% +about 150 to 200 billion if i recall +um so so it's harder + + align:start position:0% +um so so it's harder + + + align:start position:0% +um so so it's harder +but you also might be that company the + + align:start position:0% +but you also might be that company the + + + align:start position:0% +but you also might be that company the +new bank as camilo asks + + align:start position:0% +new bank as camilo asks + + + align:start position:0% +new bank as camilo asks +that has a better use of underwriting + + align:start position:0% +that has a better use of underwriting + + + align:start position:0% +that has a better use of underwriting +and data + + align:start position:0% +and data + + + align:start position:0% +and data +and so forth um what somebody wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +and so forth um what somebody wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth um what somebody wouldn't +give for credit karma's data with 106 + + align:start position:0% +give for credit karma's data with 106 + + + align:start position:0% +give for credit karma's data with 106 +million files + + align:start position:0% +million files + + + align:start position:0% +million files +that's a robust data set now into it + + align:start position:0% +that's a robust data set now into it + + + align:start position:0% +that's a robust data set now into it +we know paid five billion so maybe we do + + align:start position:0% +we know paid five billion so maybe we do + + + align:start position:0% +we know paid five billion so maybe we do +know what somebody would pay for it + + align:start position:0% +know what somebody would pay for it + + + align:start position:0% +know what somebody would pay for it +um i wouldn't i wouldn't diminish being + + align:start position:0% +um i wouldn't i wouldn't diminish being + + + align:start position:0% +um i wouldn't i wouldn't diminish being +at one particular slice if you can find + + align:start position:0% +at one particular slice if you can find + + + align:start position:0% +at one particular slice if you can find +the slice in the value chain + + align:start position:0% +the slice in the value chain + + + align:start position:0% +the slice in the value chain +and compete away some of the incumbent's + + align:start position:0% +and compete away some of the incumbent's + + + align:start position:0% +and compete away some of the incumbent's +margin + + align:start position:0% +margin + + + align:start position:0% +margin +credit cards are very big business + + align:start position:0% +credit cards are very big business + + + align:start position:0% +credit cards are very big business +trillion dollars in the u.s very big in + + align:start position:0% +trillion dollars in the u.s very big in + + + align:start position:0% +trillion dollars in the u.s very big in +europe and asia as well growing in china + + align:start position:0% +europe and asia as well growing in china + + + align:start position:0% +europe and asia as well growing in china +rapidly + + align:start position:0% +rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly +and there's a lot of margin i would say + + align:start position:0% +and there's a lot of margin i would say + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a lot of margin i would say +the thing that's competing the most and + + align:start position:0% +the thing that's competing the most and + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that's competing the most and +i'm going to jump ahead but alexander + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to jump ahead but alexander + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to jump ahead but alexander +stay with us + + align:start position:0% +stay with us + + + align:start position:0% +stay with us +for a minute is is the personal loan + + align:start position:0% +for a minute is is the personal loan + + + align:start position:0% +for a minute is is the personal loan +business + + align:start position:0% +business + + + align:start position:0% +business +personal loans differ from credit cards + + align:start position:0% +personal loans differ from credit cards + + + align:start position:0% +personal loans differ from credit cards +in an important way is that credit cards + + align:start position:0% +in an important way is that credit cards + + + align:start position:0% +in an important way is that credit cards +are what's known as a revolving + + align:start position:0% +are what's known as a revolving + + + align:start position:0% +are what's known as a revolving +line of credit each each purchase + + align:start position:0% +line of credit each each purchase + + + align:start position:0% +line of credit each each purchase +adds to your credit balance you have a + + align:start position:0% +adds to your credit balance you have a + + + align:start position:0% +adds to your credit balance you have a +limit if you're + + align:start position:0% +limit if you're + + + align:start position:0% +limit if you're +high uh if you're super prime or prime + + align:start position:0% +high uh if you're super prime or prime + + + align:start position:0% +high uh if you're super prime or prime +borrower your limits higher if your + + align:start position:0% +borrower your limits higher if your + + + align:start position:0% +borrower your limits higher if your +subprime your limits lower + + align:start position:0% +subprime your limits lower + + + align:start position:0% +subprime your limits lower +that business of revolving credit + + align:start position:0% +that business of revolving credit + + + align:start position:0% +that business of revolving credit +about a trillion dollars in the u.s we + + align:start position:0% +about a trillion dollars in the u.s we + + + align:start position:0% +about a trillion dollars in the u.s we +now have this personal loan business + + align:start position:0% +now have this personal loan business + + + align:start position:0% +now have this personal loan business +it's only about one-sixth the size about + + align:start position:0% +it's only about one-sixth the size about + + + align:start position:0% +it's only about one-sixth the size about +160 billion in the u.s + + align:start position:0% +160 billion in the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +160 billion in the u.s +that personal loan business is generally + + align:start position:0% +that personal loan business is generally + + + align:start position:0% +that personal loan business is generally +term + + align:start position:0% +term + + + align:start position:0% +term +financing a specific term that you have + + align:start position:0% +financing a specific term that you have + + + align:start position:0% +financing a specific term that you have +to have an installment loan + + align:start position:0% +to have an installment loan + + + align:start position:0% +to have an installment loan +and pay once every month for 36 months + + align:start position:0% +and pay once every month for 36 months + + + align:start position:0% +and pay once every month for 36 months +or for 48 or 60 months + + align:start position:0% +or for 48 or 60 months + + + align:start position:0% +or for 48 or 60 months +the underwriting risk of a term loan is + + align:start position:0% +the underwriting risk of a term loan is + + + align:start position:0% +the underwriting risk of a term loan is +lower + + align:start position:0% +lower + + + align:start position:0% +lower +than the underwriting risk of credit + + align:start position:0% +than the underwriting risk of credit + + + align:start position:0% +than the underwriting risk of credit +card business + + align:start position:0% +card business + + + align:start position:0% +card business +of revolving credit the personal loan + + align:start position:0% +of revolving credit the personal loan + + + align:start position:0% +of revolving credit the personal loan +business is where + + align:start position:0% +business is where + + + align:start position:0% +business is where +most of the disruptors are the sofis and + + align:start position:0% +most of the disruptors are the sofis and + + + align:start position:0% +most of the disruptors are the sofis and +the prosperous and the new banks and the + + align:start position:0% +the prosperous and the new banks and the + + + align:start position:0% +the prosperous and the new banks and the +and so forth they're trying to + + align:start position:0% +and so forth they're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth they're trying to +break in in the personal loan side as + + align:start position:0% +break in in the personal loan side as + + + align:start position:0% +break in in the personal loan side as +much + + align:start position:0% +much + + + align:start position:0% +much +or even more than the credit card side + + align:start position:0% +or even more than the credit card side + + + align:start position:0% +or even more than the credit card side +um but i don't know if alexandro did you + + align:start position:0% +um but i don't know if alexandro did you + + + align:start position:0% +um but i don't know if alexandro did you +want to follow up on anything + + align:start position:0% +want to follow up on anything + + + align:start position:0% +want to follow up on anything +no no my point was just uh i i i don't + + align:start position:0% +no no my point was just uh i i i don't + + + align:start position:0% +no no my point was just uh i i i don't +know if you agree on the fact that + + align:start position:0% +know if you agree on the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +know if you agree on the fact that +we will see a massive uh wave of + + align:start position:0% +we will see a massive uh wave of + + + align:start position:0% +we will see a massive uh wave of +uh mergers between these these companies + + align:start position:0% +uh mergers between these these companies + + + align:start position:0% +uh mergers between these these companies +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +uh i mean in my mind there is uh there + + align:start position:0% +uh i mean in my mind there is uh there + + + align:start position:0% +uh i mean in my mind there is uh there +is not much room for + + align:start position:0% +is not much room for + + + align:start position:0% +is not much room for +um all these hundreds of companies that + + align:start position:0% +um all these hundreds of companies that + + + align:start position:0% +um all these hundreds of companies that +are just popping up + + align:start position:0% +are just popping up + + + align:start position:0% +are just popping up +like mushrooms i think i think we'll see + + align:start position:0% +like mushrooms i think i think we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +like mushrooms i think i think we'll see +mergers and i think + + align:start position:0% +mergers and i think + + + align:start position:0% +mergers and i think +we'll see failures but the question is + + align:start position:0% +we'll see failures but the question is + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see failures but the question is +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +is there an opportunity in the midst of + + align:start position:0% +is there an opportunity in the midst of + + + align:start position:0% +is there an opportunity in the midst of +all that is there an opportunity + + align:start position:0% +all that is there an opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +all that is there an opportunity +along the way we've seen in the payment + + align:start position:0% +along the way we've seen in the payment + + + align:start position:0% +along the way we've seen in the payment +space a lot of consolidation in the + + align:start position:0% +space a lot of consolidation in the + + + align:start position:0% +space a lot of consolidation in the +payment system providers the psp + + align:start position:0% +payment system providers the psp + + + align:start position:0% +payment system providers the psp +but there's still a lot of opportunity + + align:start position:0% +but there's still a lot of opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +but there's still a lot of opportunity +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +sector specific payment companies and + + align:start position:0% +sector specific payment companies and + + + align:start position:0% +sector specific payment companies and +we've even seen that the the + + align:start position:0% +we've even seen that the the + + + align:start position:0% +we've even seen that the the +data aggregators in the payment space + + align:start position:0% +data aggregators in the payment space + + + align:start position:0% +data aggregators in the payment space +have started to + + align:start position:0% +have started to + + + align:start position:0% +have started to +combine and and and be bought + + align:start position:0% +combine and and and be bought + + + align:start position:0% +combine and and and be bought +we're at that sort of phase of things i + + align:start position:0% +we're at that sort of phase of things i + + + align:start position:0% +we're at that sort of phase of things i +think in the credit space + + align:start position:0% +think in the credit space + + + align:start position:0% +think in the credit space +in the household credit space we're + + align:start position:0% +in the household credit space we're + + + align:start position:0% +in the household credit space we're +going to see still a lot of competition + + align:start position:0% +going to see still a lot of competition + + + align:start position:0% +going to see still a lot of competition +personal loan and i think in the + + align:start position:0% +personal loan and i think in the + + + align:start position:0% +personal loan and i think in the +personal loan sign they will be chipping + + align:start position:0% +personal loan sign they will be chipping + + + align:start position:0% +personal loan sign they will be chipping +away at some of the profit margins + + align:start position:0% +away at some of the profit margins + + + align:start position:0% +away at some of the profit margins +will be trying to at least of the + + align:start position:0% +will be trying to at least of the + + + align:start position:0% +will be trying to at least of the +incumbents + + align:start position:0% +incumbents + + + align:start position:0% +incumbents +in the credit card space and + + align:start position:0% +in the credit card space and + + + align:start position:0% +in the credit card space and +interestingly in china + + align:start position:0% +interestingly in china + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly in china +the credit card space is trying to chip + + align:start position:0% +the credit card space is trying to chip + + + align:start position:0% +the credit card space is trying to chip +away at what alipay and wechat pay + + align:start position:0% +away at what alipay and wechat pay + + + align:start position:0% +away at what alipay and wechat pay +built up because you know there was a + + align:start position:0% +built up because you know there was a + + + align:start position:0% +built up because you know there was a +like a reverse + + align:start position:0% +like a reverse + + + align:start position:0% +like a reverse +over there that's happened um whether + + align:start position:0% +over there that's happened um whether + + + align:start position:0% +over there that's happened um whether +they'll be completely successful another + + align:start position:0% +they'll be completely successful another + + + align:start position:0% +they'll be completely successful another +story + + align:start position:0% +story + + + align:start position:0% +story +um thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah sorry also i have a question on + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry also i have a question on + + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry also i have a question on +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +point that you brought up on union pay + + align:start position:0% +point that you brought up on union pay + + + align:start position:0% +point that you brought up on union pay +being uh + + align:start position:0% +being uh + + + align:start position:0% +being uh +uh an attractive alternative to alipay + + align:start position:0% +uh an attractive alternative to alipay + + + align:start position:0% +uh an attractive alternative to alipay +and which i pay + + align:start position:0% +and which i pay + + + align:start position:0% +and which i pay +do you know i'm just gonna say they're + + align:start position:0% +do you know i'm just gonna say they're + + + align:start position:0% +do you know i'm just gonna say they're +it's been growing + + align:start position:0% +it's been growing + + + align:start position:0% +it's been growing +more quickly than i might have thought + + align:start position:0% +more quickly than i might have thought + + + align:start position:0% +more quickly than i might have thought +like you know that that + + align:start position:0% +like you know that that + + + align:start position:0% +like you know that that +i wouldn't count out credit cards uh in + + align:start position:0% +i wouldn't count out credit cards uh in + + + align:start position:0% +i wouldn't count out credit cards uh in +china they've been great would you know + + align:start position:0% +china they've been great would you know + + + align:start position:0% +china they've been great would you know +what were the value propositions of uh + + align:start position:0% +what were the value propositions of uh + + + align:start position:0% +what were the value propositions of uh +unionp that kind of like tell consumers + + align:start position:0% +unionp that kind of like tell consumers + + + align:start position:0% +unionp that kind of like tell consumers +to opt to it so you didn't pay + + align:start position:0% +to opt to it so you didn't pay + + + align:start position:0% +to opt to it so you didn't pay +well i'm not i mean maybe some of our + + align:start position:0% +well i'm not i mean maybe some of our + + + align:start position:0% +well i'm not i mean maybe some of our +fellow students know + + align:start position:0% +fellow students know + + + align:start position:0% +fellow students know +uh better than i but i think listen you + + align:start position:0% +uh better than i but i think listen you + + + align:start position:0% +uh better than i but i think listen you +can't count out that there's a + + align:start position:0% +can't count out that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +can't count out that there's a +distribution channel when you have + + align:start position:0% +distribution channel when you have + + + align:start position:0% +distribution channel when you have +84 banks and particularly the six or + + align:start position:0% +84 banks and particularly the six or + + + align:start position:0% +84 banks and particularly the six or +eight big banks in china that + + align:start position:0% +eight big banks in china that + + + align:start position:0% +eight big banks in china that +own a piece and + + align:start position:0% +own a piece and + + + align:start position:0% +own a piece and +and all the hundreds of millions of + + align:start position:0% +and all the hundreds of millions of + + + align:start position:0% +and all the hundreds of millions of +people there they're not asleep + + align:start position:0% +people there they're not asleep + + + align:start position:0% +people there they're not asleep +as big tech comes in the incumbents + + align:start position:0% +as big tech comes in the incumbents + + + align:start position:0% +as big tech comes in the incumbents +don't rest + + align:start position:0% +don't rest + + + align:start position:0% +don't rest +it's competition so but they do have the + + align:start position:0% +it's competition so but they do have the + + + align:start position:0% +it's competition so but they do have the +advantages of incredible distribution + + align:start position:0% +advantages of incredible distribution + + + align:start position:0% +advantages of incredible distribution +channel meaning + + align:start position:0% +channel meaning + + + align:start position:0% +channel meaning +the the depositors and clients of those + + align:start position:0% +the the depositors and clients of those + + + align:start position:0% +the the depositors and clients of those +banks + + align:start position:0% +banks + + + align:start position:0% +banks +the product itself the revolving credit + + align:start position:0% +the product itself the revolving credit + + + align:start position:0% +the product itself the revolving credit +product the classic credit card product + + align:start position:0% +product the classic credit card product + + + align:start position:0% +product the classic credit card product +uh has a little bit more flexibility + + align:start position:0% +uh has a little bit more flexibility + + + align:start position:0% +uh has a little bit more flexibility +than something just on an e-money wallet + + align:start position:0% +than something just on an e-money wallet + + + align:start position:0% +than something just on an e-money wallet +and it doesn't mean + + align:start position:0% +and it doesn't mean + + + align:start position:0% +and it doesn't mean +alipay and wechat pay can't offer + + align:start position:0% +alipay and wechat pay can't offer + + + align:start position:0% +alipay and wechat pay can't offer +something that is + + align:start position:0% +something that is + + + align:start position:0% +something that is +pretty much identical to a credit card + + align:start position:0% +pretty much identical to a credit card + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much identical to a credit card +but you know their balances in the life + + align:start position:0% +but you know their balances in the life + + + align:start position:0% +but you know their balances in the life +might be different + + align:start position:0% +might be different + + + align:start position:0% +might be different +as well but i'm not sufficiently close + + align:start position:0% +as well but i'm not sufficiently close + + + align:start position:0% +as well but i'm not sufficiently close +to it okay + + align:start position:0% +to it okay + + + align:start position:0% +to it okay +thanks good um + + align:start position:0% +thanks good um + + + align:start position:0% +thanks good um +and i might pull this i might pull some + + align:start position:0% +and i might pull this i might pull some + + + align:start position:0% +and i might pull this i might pull some +data for next class i'll show you + + align:start position:0% +data for next class i'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +data for next class i'll show you +what i'm talking about there um personal + + align:start position:0% +what i'm talking about there um personal + + + align:start position:0% +what i'm talking about there um personal +loan business just to give you a + + align:start position:0% +loan business just to give you a + + + align:start position:0% +loan business just to give you a +percentage + + align:start position:0% +percentage + + + align:start position:0% +percentage +of unsecured personal loans who's making + + align:start position:0% +of unsecured personal loans who's making + + + align:start position:0% +of unsecured personal loans who's making +unsecured personal loan and again a + + align:start position:0% +unsecured personal loan and again a + + + align:start position:0% +unsecured personal loan and again a +personal loan + + align:start position:0% +personal loan + + + align:start position:0% +personal loan +is not tied to a credit card it's + + align:start position:0% +is not tied to a credit card it's + + + align:start position:0% +is not tied to a credit card it's +usually an installment or term loan but + + align:start position:0% +usually an installment or term loan but + + + align:start position:0% +usually an installment or term loan but +you can see the shift just in these five + + align:start position:0% +you can see the shift just in these five + + + align:start position:0% +you can see the shift just in these five +years + + align:start position:0% +years + + + align:start position:0% +years +that the the the disruptors are sort of + + align:start position:0% +that the the the disruptors are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that the the the disruptors are sort of +eating into the market share in this + + align:start position:0% +eating into the market share in this + + + align:start position:0% +eating into the market share in this +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +here are some of the personal loan + + align:start position:0% +here are some of the personal loan + + + align:start position:0% +here are some of the personal loan +companies not alana overlap + + align:start position:0% +companies not alana overlap + + + align:start position:0% +companies not alana overlap +prospers on both lists but not a lot of + + align:start position:0% +prospers on both lists but not a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +prospers on both lists but not a lot of +overlap with the list to the small + + align:start position:0% +overlap with the list to the small + + + align:start position:0% +overlap with the list to the small +and medium size and camilo i'm glad i + + align:start position:0% +and medium size and camilo i'm glad i + + + align:start position:0% +and medium size and camilo i'm glad i +have new bank on here but we'll come + + align:start position:0% +have new bank on here but we'll come + + + align:start position:0% +have new bank on here but we'll come +back to a few of these when we talk + + align:start position:0% +back to a few of these when we talk + + + align:start position:0% +back to a few of these when we talk +about challenger banks revolut + + align:start position:0% +about challenger banks revolut + + + align:start position:0% +about challenger banks revolut +new bank uh a number of these are really + + align:start position:0% +new bank uh a number of these are really + + + align:start position:0% +new bank uh a number of these are really +what we also call + + align:start position:0% +what we also call + + + align:start position:0% +what we also call +as challenger banks um student loans + + align:start position:0% +as challenger banks um student loans + + + align:start position:0% +as challenger banks um student loans +i could probably ask for a show of hands + + align:start position:0% +i could probably ask for a show of hands + + + align:start position:0% +i could probably ask for a show of hands +how many of you have a student loan buy + + align:start position:0% +how many of you have a student loan buy + + + align:start position:0% +how many of you have a student loan buy +one of these + + align:start position:0% +one of these + + + align:start position:0% +one of these +and and and the in the u.s the private + + align:start position:0% +and and and the in the u.s the private + + + align:start position:0% +and and and the in the u.s the private +student loan market is only a small + + align:start position:0% +student loan market is only a small + + + align:start position:0% +student loan market is only a small +share student loans in the us are + + align:start position:0% +share student loans in the us are + + + align:start position:0% +share student loans in the us are +dominated by our department of education + + align:start position:0% +dominated by our department of education + + + align:start position:0% +dominated by our department of education +uh over 92 percent of student loans in + + align:start position:0% +uh over 92 percent of student loans in + + + align:start position:0% +uh over 92 percent of student loans in +america are either guaranteed or direct + + align:start position:0% +america are either guaranteed or direct + + + align:start position:0% +america are either guaranteed or direct +loans + + align:start position:0% +loans + + + align:start position:0% +loans +from the department of education but of + + align:start position:0% +from the department of education but of + + + align:start position:0% +from the department of education but of +course the private loan market + + align:start position:0% +course the private loan market + + + align:start position:0% +course the private loan market +where graduate students and particularly + + align:start position:0% +where graduate students and particularly + + + align:start position:0% +where graduate students and particularly +those who are not us citizens are more + + align:start position:0% +those who are not us citizens are more + + + align:start position:0% +those who are not us citizens are more +likely in the private student loan + + align:start position:0% +likely in the private student loan + + + align:start position:0% +likely in the private student loan +market + + align:start position:0% +market + + + align:start position:0% +market +these are probably familiar names to + + align:start position:0% +these are probably familiar names to + + + align:start position:0% +these are probably familiar names to +many of you whether you used empire + + align:start position:0% +many of you whether you used empire + + + align:start position:0% +many of you whether you used empire +prodigy or or others basically to shop + + align:start position:0% +prodigy or or others basically to shop + + + align:start position:0% +prodigy or or others basically to shop +for a student loan + + align:start position:0% +for a student loan + + + align:start position:0% +for a student loan +or a traditional bank like sun trust in + + align:start position:0% +or a traditional bank like sun trust in + + + align:start position:0% +or a traditional bank like sun trust in +wells fargo + + align:start position:0% +wells fargo + + + align:start position:0% +wells fargo +um and that eight percent of that market + + align:start position:0% +um and that eight percent of that market + + + align:start position:0% +um and that eight percent of that market +is still about a hundred plus trillion + + align:start position:0% +is still about a hundred plus trillion + + + align:start position:0% +is still about a hundred plus trillion +a hundred plus billion dollars sorry + + align:start position:0% +a hundred plus billion dollars sorry + + + align:start position:0% +a hundred plus billion dollars sorry +because the overall student loan market + + align:start position:0% +because the overall student loan market + + + align:start position:0% +because the overall student loan market +is uh 1.6 trillion um so not + + align:start position:0% +is uh 1.6 trillion um so not + + + align:start position:0% +is uh 1.6 trillion um so not +small numbers um so marketplace lending + + align:start position:0% +small numbers um so marketplace lending + + + align:start position:0% +small numbers um so marketplace lending +i did say we would get to this um it's + + align:start position:0% +i did say we would get to this um it's + + + align:start position:0% +i did say we would get to this um it's +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +online platform connecting borrowers and + + align:start position:0% +online platform connecting borrowers and + + + align:start position:0% +online platform connecting borrowers and +investors + + align:start position:0% +investors + + + align:start position:0% +investors +so it's sort of a platform in the in the + + align:start position:0% +so it's sort of a platform in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +so it's sort of a platform in the in the +middle started with this concept of + + align:start position:0% +middle started with this concept of + + + align:start position:0% +middle started with this concept of +being peer-to-peer + + align:start position:0% +being peer-to-peer + + + align:start position:0% +being peer-to-peer +and so this is a look at lending club + + align:start position:0% +and so this is a look at lending club + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is a look at lending club +from their own documents from last + + align:start position:0% +from their own documents from last + + + align:start position:0% +from their own documents from last +summer + + align:start position:0% +summer + + + align:start position:0% +summer +lending club three million plus + + align:start position:0% +lending club three million plus + + + align:start position:0% +lending club three million plus +borrowers on one side of the platform + + align:start position:0% +borrowers on one side of the platform + + + align:start position:0% +borrowers on one side of the platform +economics + + align:start position:0% +economics + + + align:start position:0% +economics +200 000 plus investors on the other side + + align:start position:0% +200 000 plus investors on the other side + + + align:start position:0% +200 000 plus investors on the other side +now don't think of it as 3 million and + + align:start position:0% +now don't think of it as 3 million and + + + align:start position:0% +now don't think of it as 3 million and +200 000 because it gets more + + align:start position:0% +200 000 because it gets more + + + align:start position:0% +200 000 because it gets more +concentrated + + align:start position:0% +concentrated + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated +than that but lending club sits in the + + align:start position:0% +than that but lending club sits in the + + + align:start position:0% +than that but lending club sits in the +middle between + + align:start position:0% +middle between + + + align:start position:0% +middle between +borrowers and investors or you might + + align:start position:0% +borrowers and investors or you might + + + align:start position:0% +borrowers and investors or you might +call + + align:start position:0% +call + + + align:start position:0% +call +lenders but investors but they partner + + align:start position:0% +lenders but investors but they partner + + + align:start position:0% +lenders but investors but they partner +with issuing back + + align:start position:0% +with issuing back + + + align:start position:0% +with issuing back +they don't want to take a lot of this on + + align:start position:0% +they don't want to take a lot of this on + + + align:start position:0% +they don't want to take a lot of this on +their balance sheet they take some of it + + align:start position:0% +their balance sheet they take some of it + + + align:start position:0% +their balance sheet they take some of it +onto their balance sheet + + align:start position:0% +onto their balance sheet + + + align:start position:0% +onto their balance sheet +but they want to basically have issuing + + align:start position:0% +but they want to basically have issuing + + + align:start position:0% +but they want to basically have issuing +bank + + align:start position:0% +bank + + + align:start position:0% +bank +partners plural because they keep some + + align:start position:0% +partners plural because they keep some + + + align:start position:0% +partners plural because they keep some +banks in competition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so what lending club is providing is + + align:start position:0% +and so what lending club is providing is + + + align:start position:0% +and so what lending club is providing is +the platform + + align:start position:0% +the platform + + + align:start position:0% +the platform +and some of those issuing banks they're + + align:start position:0% +and some of those issuing banks they're + + + align:start position:0% +and some of those issuing banks they're +not the bank of america's but they're + + align:start position:0% +not the bank of america's but they're + + + align:start position:0% +not the bank of america's but they're +much smaller banks + + align:start position:0% +much smaller banks + + + align:start position:0% +much smaller banks +say all right we don't have that front + + align:start position:0% +say all right we don't have that front + + + align:start position:0% +say all right we don't have that front +end we don't have that platform that + + align:start position:0% +end we don't have that platform that + + + align:start position:0% +end we don't have that platform that +user experience lending club provides + + align:start position:0% +user experience lending club provides + + + align:start position:0% +user experience lending club provides +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the investors on the other side of a + + align:start position:0% +and the investors on the other side of a + + + align:start position:0% +and the investors on the other side of a +lending club + + align:start position:0% +lending club + + + align:start position:0% +lending club +are often hedge funds + + align:start position:0% +are often hedge funds + + + align:start position:0% +are often hedge funds +and asset managers who are saying we can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +invest lending lendinghub is providing + + align:start position:0% +invest lending lendinghub is providing + + + align:start position:0% +invest lending lendinghub is providing +us a portfolio + + align:start position:0% +us a portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +us a portfolio +of loans and you can see the numbers + + align:start position:0% +of loans and you can see the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +of loans and you can see the numbers +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +16 month average duration one in + + align:start position:0% +16 month average duration one in + + + align:start position:0% +16 month average duration one in +1.6 to 75 range of returns that's a + + align:start position:0% +1.6 to 75 range of returns that's a + + + align:start position:0% +1.6 to 75 range of returns that's a +pretty wide range of returns + + align:start position:0% +pretty wide range of returns + + + align:start position:0% +pretty wide range of returns +and who are they managed accounts means + + align:start position:0% +and who are they managed accounts means + + + align:start position:0% +and who are they managed accounts means +it could be + + align:start position:0% +it could be + + + align:start position:0% +it could be +it could be an account at blackrock or + + align:start position:0% +it could be an account at blackrock or + + + align:start position:0% +it could be an account at blackrock or +fidelity that says we're going to put a + + align:start position:0% +fidelity that says we're going to put a + + + align:start position:0% +fidelity that says we're going to put a +little bit of money into this + + align:start position:0% +little bit of money into this + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of money into this +this credit market and the life + + align:start position:0% +this credit market and the life + + + align:start position:0% +this credit market and the life +um now luke was right lending club and + + align:start position:0% +um now luke was right lending club and + + + align:start position:0% +um now luke was right lending club and +many of the other marketplace lenders + + align:start position:0% +many of the other marketplace lenders + + + align:start position:0% +many of the other marketplace lenders +were quite a dream + + align:start position:0% +were quite a dream + + + align:start position:0% +were quite a dream +lending club having to go public and + + align:start position:0% +lending club having to go public and + + + align:start position:0% +lending club having to go public and +then their + + align:start position:0% +then their + + + align:start position:0% +then their +market value came down quite a bit uh as + + align:start position:0% +market value came down quite a bit uh as + + + align:start position:0% +market value came down quite a bit uh as +they had to sort of prove out whether + + align:start position:0% +they had to sort of prove out whether + + + align:start position:0% +they had to sort of prove out whether +they could make money + + align:start position:0% +they could make money + + + align:start position:0% +they could make money +where have they been in these last 10 + + align:start position:0% +where have they been in these last 10 + + + align:start position:0% +where have they been in these last 10 +years just to give you a sense in 2010 + + align:start position:0% +years just to give you a sense in 2010 + + + align:start position:0% +years just to give you a sense in 2010 +only it was 100 million dollars of + + align:start position:0% +only it was 100 million dollars of + + + align:start position:0% +only it was 100 million dollars of +originations but it was + + align:start position:0% +originations but it was + + + align:start position:0% +originations but it was +all retail originations by and large by + + align:start position:0% +all retail originations by and large by + + + align:start position:0% +all retail originations by and large by + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +the retail which is a very small part of + + align:start position:0% +the retail which is a very small part of + + + align:start position:0% +the retail which is a very small part of +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +they're they're originating very quite + + align:start position:0% +they're they're originating very quite + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're originating very quite +quite a different bit of + + align:start position:0% +quite a different bit of + + + align:start position:0% +quite a different bit of +of loans how they're originating these + + align:start position:0% +of loans how they're originating these + + + align:start position:0% +of loans how they're originating these +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +um and china i just want to mention + + align:start position:0% +um and china i just want to mention + + + align:start position:0% +um and china i just want to mention +china went through a remarkable wave + + align:start position:0% +china went through a remarkable wave + + + align:start position:0% +china went through a remarkable wave +of peer-to-peer lending + + align:start position:0% +of peer-to-peer lending + + + align:start position:0% +of peer-to-peer lending +and then the people's bank of china felt + + align:start position:0% +and then the people's bank of china felt + + + align:start position:0% +and then the people's bank of china felt +no we've gotta we gotta get control of + + align:start position:0% +no we've gotta we gotta get control of + + + align:start position:0% +no we've gotta we gotta get control of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +i mean literally there was 2700 + + align:start position:0% +i mean literally there was 2700 + + + align:start position:0% +i mean literally there was 2700 +lending platforms in china just 40 years + + align:start position:0% +lending platforms in china just 40 years + + + align:start position:0% +lending platforms in china just 40 years +ago + + align:start position:0% +ago + + + align:start position:0% +ago +and and most recent statistics down to + + align:start position:0% +and and most recent statistics down to + + + align:start position:0% +and and most recent statistics down to +about 300 plus + + align:start position:0% +about 300 plus + + + align:start position:0% +about 300 plus +uh and in november of 2019 + + align:start position:0% +uh and in november of 2019 + + + align:start position:0% +uh and in november of 2019 +uh the official sector in china still + + align:start position:0% +uh the official sector in china still + + + align:start position:0% +uh the official sector in china still +said + + align:start position:0% +said + + + align:start position:0% +said +this isn't right the peer-to-peer + + align:start position:0% +this isn't right the peer-to-peer + + + align:start position:0% +this isn't right the peer-to-peer +lenders need more regulation + + align:start position:0% +lenders need more regulation + + + align:start position:0% +lenders need more regulation +in essence they need bank-like + + align:start position:0% +in essence they need bank-like + + + align:start position:0% +in essence they need bank-like +regulation + + align:start position:0% +regulation + + + align:start position:0% +regulation +and what's interesting is back to + + align:start position:0% +and what's interesting is back to + + + align:start position:0% +and what's interesting is back to +lending club lending club has actually + + align:start position:0% +lending club lending club has actually + + + align:start position:0% +lending club lending club has actually +announced the + + align:start position:0% +announced the + + + align:start position:0% +announced the +purchase of a back um + + align:start position:0% +purchase of a back um + + + align:start position:0% +purchase of a back um +remain i think i saw a hand go up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i don't see any gary okay um + + align:start position:0% +i don't see any gary okay um + + + align:start position:0% +i don't see any gary okay um +but there were questions earlier about + + align:start position:0% +but there were questions earlier about + + + align:start position:0% +but there were questions earlier about +lending club so + + align:start position:0% +lending club so + + + align:start position:0% +lending club so +yeah so now we have two hands raised + + align:start position:0% +yeah so now we have two hands raised + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so now we have two hands raised +let's go first with jose + + align:start position:0% +let's go first with jose + + + align:start position:0% +let's go first with jose +yeah so i'm not super familiar with + + align:start position:0% +yeah so i'm not super familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so i'm not super familiar with +lending club uh but + + align:start position:0% +lending club uh but + + + align:start position:0% +lending club uh but +i'm familiar with another one in europe + + align:start position:0% +i'm familiar with another one in europe + + + align:start position:0% +i'm familiar with another one in europe +i think that the way it works is a bit + + align:start position:0% +i think that the way it works is a bit + + + align:start position:0% +i think that the way it works is a bit +different and + + align:start position:0% +different and + + + align:start position:0% +different and +i i would like to hear your opinion on + + align:start position:0% +i i would like to hear your opinion on + + + align:start position:0% +i i would like to hear your opinion on +that model um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry yeah i'm listening yes so so it's + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah i'm listening yes so so it's + + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah i'm listening yes so so it's +called mintos + + align:start position:0% +called mintos + + + align:start position:0% +called mintos +and i think it's the biggest one in + + align:start position:0% +and i think it's the biggest one in + + + align:start position:0% +and i think it's the biggest one in +europe and basically what they do is + + align:start position:0% +europe and basically what they do is + + + align:start position:0% +europe and basically what they do is +there's a group of loan originators + + align:start position:0% +there's a group of loan originators + + + align:start position:0% +there's a group of loan originators +there are independent companies + + align:start position:0% +there are independent companies + + + align:start position:0% +there are independent companies +that create these loans and give out + + align:start position:0% +that create these loans and give out + + + align:start position:0% +that create these loans and give out +these loans and then + + align:start position:0% +these loans and then + + + align:start position:0% +these loans and then +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they have the loans to independent + + align:start position:0% +they have the loans to independent + + + align:start position:0% +they have the loans to independent +investors but they guarantee + + align:start position:0% +investors but they guarantee + + + align:start position:0% +investors but they guarantee +the payment of the loan so if the + + align:start position:0% +the payment of the loan so if the + + + align:start position:0% +the payment of the loan so if the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +if the person that asked for the loan + + align:start position:0% +if the person that asked for the loan + + + align:start position:0% +if the person that asked for the loan +doesn't pay the loan originator pays for + + align:start position:0% +doesn't pay the loan originator pays for + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't pay the loan originator pays for +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +uh for that payment to the to the + + align:start position:0% +uh for that payment to the to the + + + align:start position:0% +uh for that payment to the to the +investor + + align:start position:0% +investor + + + align:start position:0% +investor +so basically the risk for the investor + + align:start position:0% +so basically the risk for the investor + + + align:start position:0% +so basically the risk for the investor +is that the loan originators + + align:start position:0% +is that the loan originators + + + align:start position:0% +is that the loan originators +uh go bankrupt although there's + + align:start position:0% +uh go bankrupt although there's + + + align:start position:0% +uh go bankrupt although there's +something similar in the us + + align:start position:0% +something similar in the us + + + align:start position:0% +something similar in the us +to that well so what you're saying is is + + align:start position:0% +to that well so what you're saying is is + + + align:start position:0% +to that well so what you're saying is is +how they are + + align:start position:0% +how they are + + + align:start position:0% +how they are +managing the risk uh the investors are + + align:start position:0% +managing the risk uh the investors are + + + align:start position:0% +managing the risk uh the investors are +taking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a credit risk on the platform + + align:start position:0% +a credit risk on the platform + + + align:start position:0% +a credit risk on the platform +the originator rather than taking a + + align:start position:0% +the originator rather than taking a + + + align:start position:0% +the originator rather than taking a +credit risk on the portfolio of loans + + align:start position:0% +credit risk on the portfolio of loans + + + align:start position:0% +credit risk on the portfolio of loans +themselves + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you basically like one more layer in + + align:start position:0% +so you basically like one more layer in + + + align:start position:0% +so you basically like one more layer in +between so there's like + + align:start position:0% +between so there's like + + + align:start position:0% +between so there's like +the lower originators that there's like + + align:start position:0% +the lower originators that there's like + + + align:start position:0% +the lower originators that there's like +hundreds of companies then the platform + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of companies then the platform + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of companies then the platform +that connects the loan originators with + + align:start position:0% +that connects the loan originators with + + + align:start position:0% +that connects the loan originators with +investors and + + align:start position:0% +investors and + + + align:start position:0% +investors and +basically the investors invest in + + align:start position:0% +basically the investors invest in + + + align:start position:0% +basically the investors invest in +specific loans but that are guaranteed + + align:start position:0% +specific loans but that are guaranteed + + + align:start position:0% +specific loans but that are guaranteed +by the loan originators why why don't we + + align:start position:0% +by the loan originators why why don't we + + + align:start position:0% +by the loan originators why why don't we +do this why don't you + + align:start position:0% +do this why don't you + + + align:start position:0% +do this why don't you +shoot me an email and i'll try to take + + align:start position:0% +shoot me an email and i'll try to take + + + align:start position:0% +shoot me an email and i'll try to take +this up in our next class and i'll look + + align:start position:0% +this up in our next class and i'll look + + + align:start position:0% +this up in our next class and i'll look +at the company more specifically + + align:start position:0% +at the company more specifically + + + align:start position:0% +at the company more specifically +but to the point there's no + + align:start position:0% +but to the point there's no + + + align:start position:0% +but to the point there's no +reason you can't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +find a new model as to who takes the + + align:start position:0% +find a new model as to who takes the + + + align:start position:0% +find a new model as to who takes the +credit risk + + align:start position:0% +credit risk + + + align:start position:0% +credit risk +credit risk is inherent in lending + + align:start position:0% +credit risk is inherent in lending + + + align:start position:0% +credit risk is inherent in lending +somebody is going to repay on time and + + align:start position:0% +somebody is going to repay on time and + + + align:start position:0% +somebody is going to repay on time and +others are going to + + align:start position:0% +others are going to + + + align:start position:0% +others are going to +fall into delinquency or even default + + align:start position:0% +fall into delinquency or even default + + + align:start position:0% +fall into delinquency or even default +and so then the + + align:start position:0% +and so then the + + + align:start position:0% +and so then the +the structure of of a market whether + + align:start position:0% +the structure of of a market whether + + + align:start position:0% +the structure of of a market whether +it's mortgages + + align:start position:0% +it's mortgages + + + align:start position:0% +it's mortgages +credit cards personal loans small + + align:start position:0% +credit cards personal loans small + + + align:start position:0% +credit cards personal loans small +businesses + + align:start position:0% +businesses + + + align:start position:0% +businesses +the structure of a market might uh + + align:start position:0% +the structure of a market might uh + + + align:start position:0% +the structure of a market might uh +evolve as to how to how to + + align:start position:0% +evolve as to how to how to + + + align:start position:0% +evolve as to how to how to +slice up who bears that credit risk and + + align:start position:0% +slice up who bears that credit risk and + + + align:start position:0% +slice up who bears that credit risk and +there's not just credit risk there's + + align:start position:0% +there's not just credit risk there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's not just credit risk there's +prepayment risk there's + + align:start position:0% +prepayment risk there's + + + align:start position:0% +prepayment risk there's +there's interest rate risk there's + + align:start position:0% +there's interest rate risk there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's interest rate risk there's +numerous financial risks + + align:start position:0% +numerous financial risks + + + align:start position:0% +numerous financial risks +and so what's just being highlighted by + + align:start position:0% +and so what's just being highlighted by + + + align:start position:0% +and so what's just being highlighted by +jose and i apologize i just don't know + + align:start position:0% +jose and i apologize i just don't know + + + align:start position:0% +jose and i apologize i just don't know +that model + + align:start position:0% +that model + + + align:start position:0% +that model +is that that the investors rather than + + align:start position:0% +is that that the investors rather than + + + align:start position:0% +is that that the investors rather than +bearing the direct + + align:start position:0% +bearing the direct + + + align:start position:0% +bearing the direct +credit risk of the borrowers are are + + align:start position:0% +credit risk of the borrowers are are + + + align:start position:0% +credit risk of the borrowers are are +having some of that + + align:start position:0% +having some of that + + + align:start position:0% +having some of that +held by others and they're bearing the + + align:start position:0% +held by others and they're bearing the + + + align:start position:0% +held by others and they're bearing the +risk of the + + align:start position:0% +risk of the + + + align:start position:0% +risk of the +intermediary in between the platform in + + align:start position:0% +intermediary in between the platform in + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary in between the platform in +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +and in essence that's true in the u.s + + align:start position:0% +and in essence that's true in the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +and in essence that's true in the u.s +mortgage market a very different part + + align:start position:0% +mortgage market a very different part + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage market a very different part +than what you asked about + + align:start position:0% +than what you asked about + + + align:start position:0% +than what you asked about +but the u.s mortgage market conforming + + align:start position:0% +but the u.s mortgage market conforming + + + align:start position:0% +but the u.s mortgage market conforming +loans + + align:start position:0% +loans + + + align:start position:0% +loans +are guaranteed by the + + align:start position:0% +are guaranteed by the + + + align:start position:0% +are guaranteed by the +government or by the government + + align:start position:0% +government or by the government + + + align:start position:0% +government or by the government +sponsored enterprises so that your risks + + align:start position:0% +sponsored enterprises so that your risks + + + align:start position:0% +sponsored enterprises so that your risks +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +are a little bit different it's not the + + align:start position:0% +are a little bit different it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +are a little bit different it's not the +credit risk in the + + align:start position:0% +credit risk in the + + + align:start position:0% +credit risk in the +u.s mortgage market you have prepayment + + align:start position:0% +u.s mortgage market you have prepayment + + + align:start position:0% +u.s mortgage market you have prepayment +risk will somebody + + align:start position:0% +risk will somebody + + + align:start position:0% +risk will somebody +pay the mortgage early as interest rates + + align:start position:0% +pay the mortgage early as interest rates + + + align:start position:0% +pay the mortgage early as interest rates +might go down and so forth + + align:start position:0% +might go down and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +might go down and so forth +and then in parts of the u.s mortgage + + align:start position:0% +and then in parts of the u.s mortgage + + + align:start position:0% +and then in parts of the u.s mortgage +market that are not the conforming + + align:start position:0% +market that are not the conforming + + + align:start position:0% +market that are not the conforming +mortgage market you did have credit risk + + align:start position:0% +mortgage market you did have credit risk + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage market you did have credit risk +because the government wasn't + + align:start position:0% +because the government wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +because the government wasn't +guaranteeing + + align:start position:0% +guaranteeing + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteeing +and a lot of the subprime mortgage mess + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of the subprime mortgage mess + + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of the subprime mortgage mess +that we got into in 2008 was around that + + align:start position:0% +that we got into in 2008 was around that + + + align:start position:0% +that we got into in 2008 was around that +but rather than taking time now why + + align:start position:0% +but rather than taking time now why + + + align:start position:0% +but rather than taking time now why +don't you shoot me an email i'll look at + + align:start position:0% +don't you shoot me an email i'll look at + + + align:start position:0% +don't you shoot me an email i'll look at +this specific company + + align:start position:0% +this specific company + + + align:start position:0% +this specific company +and come back um romaine were there + + align:start position:0% +and come back um romaine were there + + + align:start position:0% +and come back um romaine were there +other hands up + + align:start position:0% +other hands up + + + align:start position:0% +other hands up +yes let's go with akshay uh hi professor + + align:start position:0% +yes let's go with akshay uh hi professor + + + align:start position:0% +yes let's go with akshay uh hi professor +so i had a question with the business + + align:start position:0% +so i had a question with the business + + + align:start position:0% +so i had a question with the business +model of + + align:start position:0% +model of + + + align:start position:0% +model of +uh lending club so what is the role of + + align:start position:0% +uh lending club so what is the role of + + + align:start position:0% +uh lending club so what is the role of +uh issuing banks + + align:start position:0% +uh issuing banks + + + align:start position:0% +uh issuing banks +uh in this case so issuing banks + + align:start position:0% +uh in this case so issuing banks + + + align:start position:0% +uh in this case so issuing banks +basically are lending + + align:start position:0% +basically are lending + + + align:start position:0% +basically are lending +their balance sheet so let's say an + + align:start position:0% +their balance sheet so let's say an + + + align:start position:0% +their balance sheet so let's say an +issuing bank + + align:start position:0% +issuing bank + + + align:start position:0% +issuing bank +has its own availability of depositors + + align:start position:0% +has its own availability of depositors + + + align:start position:0% +has its own availability of depositors +and has not built the front end of to + + align:start position:0% +and has not built the front end of to + + + align:start position:0% +and has not built the front end of to +the borrowers + + align:start position:0% +the borrowers + + + align:start position:0% +the borrowers +so the issuing bank is standing in to do + + align:start position:0% +so the issuing bank is standing in to do + + + align:start position:0% +so the issuing bank is standing in to do +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +in addition in addition they're actually + + align:start position:0% +in addition in addition they're actually + + + align:start position:0% +in addition in addition they're actually +papering and documenting the loans so as + + align:start position:0% +papering and documenting the loans so as + + + align:start position:0% +papering and documenting the loans so as +you see on this chart here the issuing + + align:start position:0% +you see on this chart here the issuing + + + align:start position:0% +you see on this chart here the issuing +bank + + align:start position:0% +bank + + + align:start position:0% +bank +is sending the the loans + + align:start position:0% +is sending the the loans + + + align:start position:0% +is sending the the loans +out and taking it in so there's a + + align:start position:0% +out and taking it in so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +out and taking it in so there's a +regulatory reason that the issuing bank + + align:start position:0% +regulatory reason that the issuing bank + + + align:start position:0% +regulatory reason that the issuing bank +is there so the issuing bank might + + align:start position:0% +is there so the issuing bank might + + + align:start position:0% +is there so the issuing bank might +issue the loans and hold them or the + + align:start position:0% +issue the loans and hold them or the + + + align:start position:0% +issue the loans and hold them or the +issuing bank might + + align:start position:0% +issuing bank might + + + align:start position:0% +issuing bank might +issue the loans and then literally as + + align:start position:0% +issue the loans and then literally as + + + align:start position:0% +issue the loans and then literally as +this chart shows + + align:start position:0% +this chart shows + + + align:start position:0% +this chart shows +resell them to lending club and lending + + align:start position:0% +resell them to lending club and lending + + + align:start position:0% +resell them to lending club and lending +club sells them to investors + + align:start position:0% +club sells them to investors + + + align:start position:0% +club sells them to investors +so there's a bit of + + align:start position:0% +so there's a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a bit of +it's similar to what's called a + + align:start position:0% +it's similar to what's called a + + + align:start position:0% +it's similar to what's called a +warehouse line + + align:start position:0% +warehouse line + + + align:start position:0% +warehouse line +the the issuing bank is standing there + + align:start position:0% +the the issuing bank is standing there + + + align:start position:0% +the the issuing bank is standing there +ready to take + + align:start position:0% +ready to take + + + align:start position:0% +ready to take +loans but then resell them + + align:start position:0% +loans but then resell them + + + align:start position:0% +loans but then resell them +because they're only there their + + align:start position:0% +because they're only there their + + + align:start position:0% +because they're only there their +capabilities only a certain size lending + + align:start position:0% +capabilities only a certain size lending + + + align:start position:0% +capabilities only a certain size lending +club says they did 10 billion dollars of + + align:start position:0% +club says they did 10 billion dollars of + + + align:start position:0% +club says they did 10 billion dollars of +loans + + align:start position:0% +loans + + + align:start position:0% +loans +in 2018 if i recall the number the + + align:start position:0% +in 2018 if i recall the number the + + + align:start position:0% +in 2018 if i recall the number the +issuing bank doesn't want to put + + align:start position:0% +issuing bank doesn't want to put + + + align:start position:0% +issuing bank doesn't want to put +10 billion on but they're providing the + + align:start position:0% +10 billion on but they're providing the + + + align:start position:0% +10 billion on but they're providing the +liquidity for the first few days or + + align:start position:0% +liquidity for the first few days or + + + align:start position:0% +liquidity for the first few days or +weeks + + align:start position:0% +weeks + + + align:start position:0% +weeks +until lending club then provides the + + align:start position:0% +until lending club then provides the + + + align:start position:0% +until lending club then provides the +investor to buy the loan + + align:start position:0% +investor to buy the loan + + + align:start position:0% +investor to buy the loan +so it's it's similar to a warehouse line + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's similar to a warehouse line + + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's similar to a warehouse line +but it's actually a purchase + + align:start position:0% +but it's actually a purchase + + + align:start position:0% +but it's actually a purchase +and sale they purchase the loan + + align:start position:0% +and sale they purchase the loan + + + align:start position:0% +and sale they purchase the loan +or issue the loan and sell there's also + + align:start position:0% +or issue the loan and sell there's also + + + align:start position:0% +or issue the loan and sell there's also +a bit of regulation that you actually + + align:start position:0% +a bit of regulation that you actually + + + align:start position:0% +a bit of regulation that you actually +have a bank + + align:start position:0% +have a bank + + + align:start position:0% +have a bank +involved and part of what part of what + + align:start position:0% +involved and part of what part of what + + + align:start position:0% +involved and part of what part of what +was going on both in the uk and the u.s + + align:start position:0% +was going on both in the uk and the u.s + + + align:start position:0% +was going on both in the uk and the u.s +is this + + align:start position:0% +is this + + + align:start position:0% +is this +these marketplace lending started + + align:start position:0% +these marketplace lending started + + + align:start position:0% +these marketplace lending started +peer-to-peer lending + + align:start position:0% +peer-to-peer lending + + + align:start position:0% +peer-to-peer lending +started is the platforms didn't want to + + align:start position:0% +started is the platforms didn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +started is the platforms didn't want to +frankly register and be regulated like + + align:start position:0% +frankly register and be regulated like + + + align:start position:0% +frankly register and be regulated like +banks + + align:start position:0% +banks + + + align:start position:0% +banks +they needed somebody else to make the + + align:start position:0% +they needed somebody else to make the + + + align:start position:0% +they needed somebody else to make the +loan to have that interface + + align:start position:0% +loan to have that interface + + + align:start position:0% +loan to have that interface +i've oversimplified that probably a + + align:start position:0% +i've oversimplified that probably a + + + align:start position:0% +i've oversimplified that probably a +lawyer would tell me i've gotten it a + + align:start position:0% +lawyer would tell me i've gotten it a + + + align:start position:0% +lawyer would tell me i've gotten it a +little bit wrong but + + align:start position:0% +little bit wrong but + + + align:start position:0% +little bit wrong but +you know and then we have adam who would + + align:start position:0% +you know and then we have adam who would + + + align:start position:0% +you know and then we have adam who would +like to provide some insight on union + + align:start position:0% +like to provide some insight on union + + + align:start position:0% +like to provide some insight on union +pay + + align:start position:0% +pay + + + align:start position:0% +pay +please please and then kind of close on + + align:start position:0% +please please and then kind of close on + + + align:start position:0% +please please and then kind of close on +alternative data + + align:start position:0% +alternative data + + + align:start position:0% +alternative data +yeah what in response to iqba's earlier + + align:start position:0% +yeah what in response to iqba's earlier + + + align:start position:0% +yeah what in response to iqba's earlier +question about union pay + + align:start position:0% +question about union pay + + + align:start position:0% +question about union pay +um so union pay is a state-owned credit + + align:start position:0% +um so union pay is a state-owned credit + + + align:start position:0% +um so union pay is a state-owned credit +and debit card network right + + align:start position:0% +and debit card network right + + + align:start position:0% +and debit card network right +so the one thing that + + align:start position:0% +so the one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +so the one thing that +separates them from the two duopoly + + align:start position:0% +separates them from the two duopoly + + + align:start position:0% +separates them from the two duopoly +between alipan and wechat pay which + + align:start position:0% +between alipan and wechat pay which + + + align:start position:0% +between alipan and wechat pay which +dominates 90 of the market is that + + align:start position:0% +dominates 90 of the market is that + + + align:start position:0% +dominates 90 of the market is that +it can be well among other things um + + align:start position:0% +it can be well among other things um + + + align:start position:0% +it can be well among other things um +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +they can be used for all mobile devices + + align:start position:0% +they can be used for all mobile devices + + + align:start position:0% +they can be used for all mobile devices +and computer browsers so technology wise + + align:start position:0% +and computer browsers so technology wise + + + align:start position:0% +and computer browsers so technology wise +they do have an advantage because for + + align:start position:0% +they do have an advantage because for + + + align:start position:0% +they do have an advantage because for +wechat pay uh + + align:start position:0% +wechat pay uh + + + align:start position:0% +wechat pay uh +it's it's quite restrictive in terms of + + align:start position:0% +it's it's quite restrictive in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's quite restrictive in terms of +uh technology because they use mostly on + + align:start position:0% +uh technology because they use mostly on + + + align:start position:0% +uh technology because they use mostly on +mobile and + + align:start position:0% +mobile and + + + align:start position:0% +mobile and +unlike alipay and wechat pay union pay + + align:start position:0% +unlike alipay and wechat pay union pay + + + align:start position:0% +unlike alipay and wechat pay union pay +actually supports + + align:start position:0% +actually supports + + + align:start position:0% +actually supports +almost all currencies and operates in + + align:start position:0% +almost all currencies and operates in + + + align:start position:0% +almost all currencies and operates in +many countries besides + + align:start position:0% +many countries besides + + + align:start position:0% +many countries besides +china also a feature that both alipe and + + align:start position:0% +china also a feature that both alipe and + + + align:start position:0% +china also a feature that both alipe and +wechat players struggling with + + align:start position:0% +wechat players struggling with + + + align:start position:0% +wechat players struggling with +due to the sort of the peculiarities of + + align:start position:0% +due to the sort of the peculiarities of + + + align:start position:0% +due to the sort of the peculiarities of +the chinese + + align:start position:0% +the chinese + + + align:start position:0% +the chinese +legislation and + + align:start position:0% +legislation and + + + align:start position:0% +legislation and +the one thing is that what union pay + + align:start position:0% +the one thing is that what union pay + + + align:start position:0% +the one thing is that what union pay +focuses on + + align:start position:0% +focuses on + + + align:start position:0% +focuses on +is the fact that they focus on the um + + align:start position:0% +is the fact that they focus on the um + + + align:start position:0% +is the fact that they focus on the um +the efforts of those chinese account + + align:start position:0% +the efforts of those chinese account + + + align:start position:0% +the efforts of those chinese account +holders because most people in fact + + align:start position:0% +holders because most people in fact + + + align:start position:0% +holders because most people in fact +the majority of the people who owns a + + align:start position:0% +the majority of the people who owns a + + + align:start position:0% +the majority of the people who owns a +credit card will be a union pay + + align:start position:0% +credit card will be a union pay + + + align:start position:0% +credit card will be a union pay +holders they're focusing on people who + + align:start position:0% +holders they're focusing on people who + + + align:start position:0% +holders they're focusing on people who +travel abroad + + align:start position:0% +travel abroad + + + align:start position:0% +travel abroad +predominantly to the us in fact so if + + align:start position:0% +predominantly to the us in fact so if + + + align:start position:0% +predominantly to the us in fact so if +you see + + align:start position:0% +you see + + + align:start position:0% +you see +you know a lot of shops that are + + align:start position:0% +you know a lot of shops that are + + + align:start position:0% +you know a lot of shops that are +targeting for chinese customers and + + align:start position:0% +targeting for chinese customers and + + + align:start position:0% +targeting for chinese customers and +travelers + + align:start position:0% +travelers + + + align:start position:0% +travelers +you would see that sort of union pay + + align:start position:0% +you would see that sort of union pay + + + align:start position:0% +you would see that sort of union pay +they could actually pay by union pay so + + align:start position:0% +they could actually pay by union pay so + + + align:start position:0% +they could actually pay by union pay so +these are the edge + + align:start position:0% +these are the edge + + + align:start position:0% +these are the edge +that they have over alipay and we japan + + align:start position:0% +that they have over alipay and we japan + + + align:start position:0% +that they have over alipay and we japan +that's just in response to the earlier + + align:start position:0% +that's just in response to the earlier + + + align:start position:0% +that's just in response to the earlier +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah what i'm going to do is because we + + align:start position:0% +yeah what i'm going to do is because we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah what i'm going to do is because we +only have two minutes is i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +only have two minutes is i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +only have two minutes is i'm going to +hold off and talk about + + align:start position:0% +hold off and talk about + + + align:start position:0% +hold off and talk about +alternative data when we start up our + + align:start position:0% +alternative data when we start up our + + + align:start position:0% +alternative data when we start up our +next session on challenger banks + + align:start position:0% +next session on challenger banks + + + align:start position:0% +next session on challenger banks +and and the like and just uh close out + + align:start position:0% +and and the like and just uh close out + + + align:start position:0% +and and the like and just uh close out +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +um a a little comment if if i might + + align:start position:0% +um a a little comment if if i might + + + align:start position:0% +um a a little comment if if i might +on um uh just to sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +on um uh just to sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +on um uh just to sort of uh +uh what i've already said in our first + + align:start position:0% +uh what i've already said in our first + + + align:start position:0% +uh what i've already said in our first +class on professionalism i hope this + + align:start position:0% +class on professionalism i hope this + + + align:start position:0% +class on professionalism i hope this +slide is there but uh + + align:start position:0% +slide is there but uh + + + align:start position:0% +slide is there but uh +um um + + align:start position:0% +um um + + + align:start position:0% +um um +again is that i i just want to sort of + + align:start position:0% +again is that i i just want to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +again is that i i just want to sort of +lend to you again from my years of + + align:start position:0% +lend to you again from my years of + + + align:start position:0% +lend to you again from my years of +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +um we're in a very unusual time now + + align:start position:0% +um we're in a very unusual time now + + + align:start position:0% +um we're in a very unusual time now +with the corona crisis and we're even at + + align:start position:0% +with the corona crisis and we're even at + + + align:start position:0% +with the corona crisis and we're even at +mit + + align:start position:0% +mit + + + align:start position:0% +mit +and this is this zoom classes and + + align:start position:0% +and this is this zoom classes and + + + align:start position:0% +and this is this zoom classes and +a pass emergency no credit emergency in + + align:start position:0% +a pass emergency no credit emergency in + + + align:start position:0% +a pass emergency no credit emergency in +the life + + align:start position:0% +the life + + + align:start position:0% +the life +but i would just sort of share with you + + align:start position:0% +but i would just sort of share with you + + + align:start position:0% +but i would just sort of share with you +my own observation that for those of you + + align:start position:0% +my own observation that for those of you + + + align:start position:0% +my own observation that for those of you +trying to get the most out of this mit + + align:start position:0% +trying to get the most out of this mit + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get the most out of this mit +experience it's not easy + + align:start position:0% +experience it's not easy + + + align:start position:0% +experience it's not easy +in some ways it's just frustrating as + + align:start position:0% +in some ways it's just frustrating as + + + align:start position:0% +in some ways it's just frustrating as +heck i'm sure + + align:start position:0% +heck i'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +heck i'm sure +but again to the extent that you can to + + align:start position:0% +but again to the extent that you can to + + + align:start position:0% +but again to the extent that you can to +the extent you can come prepared and be + + align:start position:0% +the extent you can come prepared and be + + + align:start position:0% +the extent you can come prepared and be +curious and + + align:start position:0% +curious and + + + align:start position:0% +curious and +and reach out to faculty members like + + align:start position:0% +and reach out to faculty members like + + + align:start position:0% +and reach out to faculty members like +myself and leverage off of our + + align:start position:0% +myself and leverage off of our + + + align:start position:0% +myself and leverage off of our +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +take office hours i would do it i know + + align:start position:0% +take office hours i would do it i know + + + align:start position:0% +take office hours i would do it i know +this is like a lousy time + + align:start position:0% +this is like a lousy time + + + align:start position:0% +this is like a lousy time +a lousy time i'm just sort of reminding + + align:start position:0% +a lousy time i'm just sort of reminding + + + align:start position:0% +a lousy time i'm just sort of reminding +us all of that and saying + + align:start position:0% +us all of that and saying + + + align:start position:0% +us all of that and saying +take whatever you can out of this mit + + align:start position:0% +take whatever you can out of this mit + + + align:start position:0% +take whatever you can out of this mit +experience + + align:start position:0% +experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience +even if it's diminished in some way i + + align:start position:0% +even if it's diminished in some way i + + + align:start position:0% +even if it's diminished in some way i +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +i want to make myself available again + + align:start position:0% +i want to make myself available again + + + align:start position:0% +i want to make myself available again +if you find the readings of interest + + align:start position:0% +if you find the readings of interest + + + align:start position:0% +if you find the readings of interest +do them if you can't get through them + + align:start position:0% +do them if you can't get through them + + + align:start position:0% +do them if you can't get through them +because you're distracted and you're + + align:start position:0% +because you're distracted and you're + + + align:start position:0% +because you're distracted and you're +looking for a job i get that + + align:start position:0% +looking for a job i get that + + + align:start position:0% +looking for a job i get that +i get that i'm just saying the more you + + align:start position:0% +i get that i'm just saying the more you + + + align:start position:0% +i get that i'm just saying the more you +engage the more + + align:start position:0% +engage the more + + + align:start position:0% +engage the more +you will invest in yourselves and get + + align:start position:0% +you will invest in yourselves and get + + + align:start position:0% +you will invest in yourselves and get +out of it + + align:start position:0% +out of it + + + align:start position:0% +out of it +and on plagiarism and i say this just to + + align:start position:0% +and on plagiarism and i say this just to + + + align:start position:0% +and on plagiarism and i say this just to +remind people again + + align:start position:0% +remind people again + + + align:start position:0% +remind people again +there's probably it's going to be hard + + align:start position:0% +there's probably it's going to be hard + + + align:start position:0% +there's probably it's going to be hard +for any of you get + + align:start position:0% +for any of you get + + + align:start position:0% +for any of you get +no credit emergency but somebody might + + align:start position:0% +no credit emergency but somebody might + + + align:start position:0% +no credit emergency but somebody might +get no credit emergency if you submit + + align:start position:0% +get no credit emergency if you submit + + + align:start position:0% +get no credit emergency if you submit +like a thousand word paper and six or + + align:start position:0% +like a thousand word paper and six or + + + align:start position:0% +like a thousand word paper and six or +800 words are plagiarized + + align:start position:0% +800 words are plagiarized + + + align:start position:0% +800 words are plagiarized +that's kind of your pathway right into + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of your pathway right into + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of your pathway right into +that no credit emergency + + align:start position:0% +that no credit emergency + + + align:start position:0% +that no credit emergency +it's easy to avoid because you know if + + align:start position:0% +it's easy to avoid because you know if + + + align:start position:0% +it's easy to avoid because you know if +you're taking + + align:start position:0% +you're taking + + + align:start position:0% +you're taking +like a lot from something else and i + + align:start position:0% +like a lot from something else and i + + + align:start position:0% +like a lot from something else and i +just say this because + + align:start position:0% +just say this because + + + align:start position:0% +just say this because +i have had those experiences i just + + align:start position:0% +i have had those experiences i just + + + align:start position:0% +i have had those experiences i just +mentioned it again just because i want + + align:start position:0% +mentioned it again just because i want + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned it again just because i want +to do you the favor + + align:start position:0% +to do you the favor + + + align:start position:0% +to do you the favor +of helping you make sure that even in + + align:start position:0% +of helping you make sure that even in + + + align:start position:0% +of helping you make sure that even in +these unusual times that you protect + + align:start position:0% +these unusual times that you protect + + + align:start position:0% +these unusual times that you protect +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +yourself if you want to get these nine + + align:start position:0% +yourself if you want to get these nine + + + align:start position:0% +yourself if you want to get these nine +credits on your + + align:start position:0% +credits on your + + + align:start position:0% +credits on your +on your transcript um but + + align:start position:0% +on your transcript um but + + + align:start position:0% +on your transcript um but +mostly i i put this up again at this + + align:start position:0% +mostly i i put this up again at this + + + align:start position:0% +mostly i i put this up again at this +part of the semester just to say + + align:start position:0% +part of the semester just to say + + + align:start position:0% +part of the semester just to say +we want to make this mit experiences as + + align:start position:0% +we want to make this mit experiences as + + + align:start position:0% +we want to make this mit experiences as +good given all the challenges as we can + + align:start position:0% +good given all the challenges as we can + + + align:start position:0% +good given all the challenges as we can +and and we know it's just like a heck of + + align:start position:0% +and and we know it's just like a heck of + + + align:start position:0% +and and we know it's just like a heck of +a crazy time + + align:start position:0% +a crazy time + + + align:start position:0% +a crazy time +um um but to the extent you want me + + align:start position:0% +um um but to the extent you want me + + + align:start position:0% +um um but to the extent you want me +off hours or another time or you've got + + align:start position:0% +off hours or another time or you've got + + + align:start position:0% +off hours or another time or you've got +questions that i'll further research + + align:start position:0% +questions that i'll further research + + + align:start position:0% +questions that i'll further research +just let me know or if you have a + + align:start position:0% +just let me know or if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +just let me know or if you have a +fintech startup + + align:start position:0% +fintech startup + + + align:start position:0% +fintech startup +let me know and i'll be all in i'll read + + align:start position:0% +let me know and i'll be all in i'll read + + + align:start position:0% +let me know and i'll be all in i'll read +that too had one student recently sent + + align:start position:0% +that too had one student recently sent + + + align:start position:0% +that too had one student recently sent +me a whole paper on a fintech startup + + align:start position:0% +me a whole paper on a fintech startup + + + align:start position:0% +me a whole paper on a fintech startup +you know just outside of this it's not + + align:start position:0% +you know just outside of this it's not + + + align:start position:0% +you know just outside of this it's not +an assignment but they're + + align:start position:0% +an assignment but they're + + + align:start position:0% +an assignment but they're +engaged in a startup and i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +engaged in a startup and i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +engaged in a startup and i'm going to +review it and give some feedback so \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Jy5XpZqy56U.txt b/Jy5XpZqy56U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..184fbbc688e210ae733b232546ff219288680c41 --- /dev/null +++ b/Jy5XpZqy56U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3179 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay uh here's an example that's more or + + align:start position:0% +okay uh here's an example that's more or + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh here's an example that's more or +less for fun because you you'll see me + + align:start position:0% +less for fun because you you'll see me + + + align:start position:0% +less for fun because you you'll see me +try to do it you can do it better uh + + align:start position:0% +try to do it you can do it better uh + + + align:start position:0% +try to do it you can do it better uh +it's I call the problem the tumbling box + + align:start position:0% +it's I call the problem the tumbling box + + + align:start position:0% +it's I call the problem the tumbling box +only in this example in my demonstration + + align:start position:0% +only in this example in my demonstration + + + align:start position:0% +only in this example in my demonstration +it's going to be a tumbling book I'm + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a tumbling book I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a tumbling book I'm +going to take a book The Sacred Book and + + align:start position:0% +going to take a book The Sacred Book and + + + align:start position:0% +going to take a book The Sacred Book and +throw it in the air and I'll throw it + + align:start position:0% +throw it in the air and I'll throw it + + + align:start position:0% +throw it in the air and I'll throw it +three different ways and the question is + + align:start position:0% +three different ways and the question is + + + align:start position:0% +three different ways and the question is +are those spinning is the spinning book + + align:start position:0% +are those spinning is the spinning book + + + align:start position:0% +are those spinning is the spinning book +stable or not and let me tell you the + + align:start position:0% +stable or not and let me tell you the + + + align:start position:0% +stable or not and let me tell you the +three ways and then give you the three + + align:start position:0% +three ways and then give you the three + + + align:start position:0% +three ways and then give you the three +equations that came from Oilers so those + + align:start position:0% +equations that came from Oilers so those + + + align:start position:0% +equations that came from Oilers so those +are the three equations you see that + + align:start position:0% +are the three equations you see that + + + align:start position:0% +are the three equations you see that +they're not + + align:start position:0% +they're not + + + align:start position:0% +they're not +linear and uh those are for the angular + + align:start position:0% +linear and uh those are for the angular + + + align:start position:0% +linear and uh those are for the angular +momentum so there's a little physics + + align:start position:0% +momentum so there's a little physics + + + align:start position:0% +momentum so there's a little physics +behind the equations but for us those + + align:start position:0% +behind the equations but for us those + + + align:start position:0% +behind the equations but for us those +are three equations + + align:start position:0% +are three equations + + + align:start position:0% +are three equations +so the first throw will + + align:start position:0% +so the first throw will + + + align:start position:0% +so the first throw will +be uh will spin around the very short + + align:start position:0% +be uh will spin around the very short + + + align:start position:0% +be uh will spin around the very short +axis just the thickness of the book + + align:start position:0% +axis just the thickness of the book + + + align:start position:0% +axis just the thickness of the book +maybe an + + align:start position:0% +maybe an + + + align:start position:0% +maybe an +inch so when I toss that as I'll do now + + align:start position:0% +inch so when I toss that as I'll do now + + + align:start position:0% +inch so when I toss that as I'll do now +you will see whether if I can toss it + + align:start position:0% +you will see whether if I can toss it + + + align:start position:0% +you will see whether if I can toss it +not too nervously I hope it + + align:start position:0% +not too nervously I hope it + + + align:start position:0% +not too nervously I hope it +came un it it it it was stable the the + + align:start position:0% +came un it it it it was stable the the + + + align:start position:0% +came un it it it it was stable the the +book came back to me in uh without + + align:start position:0% +book came back to me in uh without + + + align:start position:0% +book came back to me in uh without +wobbling so if I of course my nerves + + align:start position:0% +wobbling so if I of course my nerves + + + align:start position:0% +wobbling so if I of course my nerves +would give it a little wobble and that + + align:start position:0% +would give it a little wobble and that + + + align:start position:0% +would give it a little wobble and that +wobble would continue it'll be only + + align:start position:0% +wobble would continue it'll be only + + + align:start position:0% +wobble would continue it'll be only +neutrally stable the wobble doesn't + + align:start position:0% +neutrally stable the wobble doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +neutrally stable the wobble doesn't +disappear but it doesn't grow into a + + align:start position:0% +disappear but it doesn't grow into a + + + align:start position:0% +disappear but it doesn't grow into a +tumble okay so that's one axis the short + + align:start position:0% +tumble okay so that's one axis the short + + + align:start position:0% +tumble okay so that's one axis the short +axis then I'll throw it around the also + + align:start position:0% +axis then I'll throw it around the also + + + align:start position:0% +axis then I'll throw it around the also +around the long axis flip like this this + + align:start position:0% +around the long axis flip like this this + + + align:start position:0% +around the long axis flip like this this +I think that will be stable too and then + + align:start position:0% +I think that will be stable too and then + + + align:start position:0% +I think that will be stable too and then +finally on the intermediate axis this + + align:start position:0% +finally on the intermediate axis this + + + align:start position:0% +finally on the intermediate axis this +middle length axis notice the rubber + + align:start position:0% +middle length axis notice the rubber + + + align:start position:0% +middle length axis notice the rubber +band that's holding the book together + + align:start position:0% +band that's holding the book together + + + align:start position:0% +band that's holding the book together +holding without so the pages don't open + + align:start position:0% +holding without so the pages don't open + + + align:start position:0% +holding without so the pages don't open +and this we'll see I think will be + + align:start position:0% +and this we'll see I think will be + + + align:start position:0% +and this we'll see I think will be +unstable and similarly throwing a + + align:start position:0% +unstable and similarly throwing a + + + align:start position:0% +unstable and similarly throwing a +football throwing other uh frisbees + + align:start position:0% +football throwing other uh frisbees + + + align:start position:0% +football throwing other uh frisbees +whatever you throw uh it whatever any 3D + + align:start position:0% +whatever you throw uh it whatever any 3D + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you throw uh it whatever any 3D +object has got these three axes a short + + align:start position:0% +object has got these three axes a short + + + align:start position:0% +object has got these three axes a short +one a medium one and a long axis and the + + align:start position:0% +one a medium one and a long axis and the + + + align:start position:0% +one a medium one and a long axis and the +equations will tell us short and long + + align:start position:0% +equations will tell us short and long + + + align:start position:0% +equations will tell us short and long +axes are give a stable turning and the + + align:start position:0% +axes are give a stable turning and the + + + align:start position:0% +axes are give a stable turning and the +in between axis is unstable well how do + + align:start position:0% +in between axis is unstable well how do + + + align:start position:0% +in between axis is unstable well how do +we decide for a differential + + align:start position:0% +we decide for a differential + + + align:start position:0% +we decide for a differential +equation whether the fixed point a fixed + + align:start position:0% +equation whether the fixed point a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +equation whether the fixed point a fixed +point a critical point a steady state we + + align:start position:0% +point a critical point a steady state we + + + align:start position:0% +point a critical point a steady state we +have to find the steady States and then + + align:start position:0% +have to find the steady States and then + + + align:start position:0% +have to find the steady States and then +for each steady state we linearize we + + align:start position:0% +for each steady state we linearize we + + + align:start position:0% +for each steady state we linearize we +find the derivatives at that steady + + align:start position:0% +find the derivatives at that steady + + + align:start position:0% +find the derivatives at that steady +state and that gives us a a constant + + align:start position:0% +state and that gives us a a constant + + + align:start position:0% +state and that gives us a a constant +Matrix at that steady state and then the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix at that steady state and then the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix at that steady state and then the +igen value is decided so first find the + + align:start position:0% +igen value is decided so first find the + + + align:start position:0% +igen value is decided so first find the +critical points second find the + + align:start position:0% +critical points second find the + + + align:start position:0% +critical points second find the +derivatives at the critical points third + + align:start position:0% +derivatives at the critical points third + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives at the critical points third +for that Matrix of derivatives find the + + align:start position:0% +for that Matrix of derivatives find the + + + align:start position:0% +for that Matrix of derivatives find the +igen values and decide stability that + + align:start position:0% +igen values and decide stability that + + + align:start position:0% +igen values and decide stability that +that's the that's the sequence of steps + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the sequence of steps + + + align:start position:0% +that's the that's the sequence of steps +okay and first time we've ever done a + + align:start position:0% +okay and first time we've ever done a + + + align:start position:0% +okay and first time we've ever done a +3X3 Matrix maybe the last time + + align:start position:0% +3X3 Matrix maybe the last time + + + align:start position:0% +3X3 Matrix maybe the last time +okay uh let me before I start before I + + align:start position:0% +okay uh let me before I start before I + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh let me before I start before I +find the critical points notice a little + + align:start position:0% +find the critical points notice a little + + + align:start position:0% +find the critical points notice a little +a little uh some nice properties If I + + align:start position:0% +a little uh some nice properties If I + + + align:start position:0% +a little uh some nice properties If I +multiply this equation by by X this one + + align:start position:0% +multiply this equation by by X this one + + + align:start position:0% +multiply this equation by by X this one +by y this one by Z and + + align:start position:0% +by y this one by Z and + + + align:start position:0% +by y this one by Z and +add those will add to zero when there's + + align:start position:0% +add those will add to zero when there's + + + align:start position:0% +add those will add to zero when there's +an X there a y there and a z there I get + + align:start position:0% +an X there a y there and a z there I get + + + align:start position:0% +an X there a y there and a z there I get +a one minus 2 and a one they add to zero + + align:start position:0% +a one minus 2 and a one they add to zero + + + align:start position:0% +a one minus 2 and a one they add to zero +so x * DX DT y * dydt Z * DZ DT adds to + + align:start position:0% +so x * DX DT y * dydt Z * DZ DT adds to + + + align:start position:0% +so x * DX DT y * dydt Z * DZ DT adds to +zero that's an important fact that's + + align:start position:0% +zero that's an important fact that's + + + align:start position:0% +zero that's an important fact that's +telling me that the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +telling me that the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +telling me that the derivative of +something is zero something that + + align:start position:0% +something is zero something that + + + align:start position:0% +something is zero something that +something will be a constant so I'm + + align:start position:0% +something will be a constant so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +something will be a constant so I'm +seeing here the derivative + + align:start position:0% +seeing here the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +seeing here the derivative +of uh this is that whole business would + + align:start position:0% +of uh this is that whole business would + + + align:start position:0% +of uh this is that whole business would +be the derivative of a half probably X + + align:start position:0% +be the derivative of a half probably X + + + align:start position:0% +be the derivative of a half probably X +SAR because the derivative of X2 will + + align:start position:0% +SAR because the derivative of X2 will + + + align:start position:0% +SAR because the derivative of X2 will +be with a half the derivative will be X + + align:start position:0% +be with a half the derivative will be X + + + align:start position:0% +be with a half the derivative will be X +dxdt and y^2 and + + align:start position:0% +dxdt and y^2 and + + + align:start position:0% +dxdt and y^2 and +z^2 is that + + align:start position:0% +z^2 is that + + + align:start position:0% +z^2 is that +derivative is zero + + align:start position:0% +derivative is zero + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is zero +the derivative the derivative of that + + align:start position:0% +the derivative the derivative of that + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative the derivative of that +line is just this + + align:start position:0% +line is just this + + + align:start position:0% +line is just this +line it's zero so this is a constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant no doubt that's probably + + align:start position:0% +constant no doubt that's probably + + + align:start position:0% +constant no doubt that's probably +telling me that the total + + align:start position:0% +telling me that the total + + + align:start position:0% +telling me that the total +energy the kinetic energy is constant + + align:start position:0% +energy the kinetic energy is constant + + + align:start position:0% +energy the kinetic energy is constant +when I after I've tossed that book up in + + align:start position:0% +when I after I've tossed that book up in + + + align:start position:0% +when I after I've tossed that book up in +the air I'm not touching it it's doing + + align:start position:0% +the air I'm not touching it it's doing + + + align:start position:0% +the air I'm not touching it it's doing +its thing and it's not going to change + + align:start position:0% +its thing and it's not going to change + + + align:start position:0% +its thing and it's not going to change +energy because nothing is happening to + + align:start position:0% +energy because nothing is happening to + + + align:start position:0% +energy because nothing is happening to +it it's just out there now there are + + align:start position:0% +it it's just out there now there are + + + align:start position:0% +it it's just out there now there are +other so that's a a rather nice thing th + + align:start position:0% +other so that's a a rather nice thing th + + + align:start position:0% +other so that's a a rather nice thing th +this is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +now there's another one if I multiply + + align:start position:0% +now there's another one if I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +now there's another one if I multiply +this one by + + align:start position:0% +this one by + + + align:start position:0% +this one by +2X and I multiply this one by + + align:start position:0% +2X and I multiply this one by + + + align:start position:0% +2X and I multiply this one by +Y and add those just those two that + + align:start position:0% +Y and add those just those two that + + + align:start position:0% +Y and add those just those two that +cancels so so 2x DX DT 2x * the first + + align:start position:0% +cancels so so 2x DX DT 2x * the first + + + align:start position:0% +cancels so so 2x DX DT 2x * the first +one and y * the second one gives zero + + align:start position:0% +one and y * the second one gives zero + + + align:start position:0% +one and y * the second one gives zero +again I'm seeing something is constant + + align:start position:0% +again I'm seeing something is constant + + + align:start position:0% +again I'm seeing something is constant +the derivative of something and that + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of something and that + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of something and that +something is + + align:start position:0% +something is + + + align:start position:0% +something is +X2 + + align:start position:0% +X2 + + + align:start position:0% +X2 ++ y^2 is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant another nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fact another quantity that's conserved + + align:start position:0% +fact another quantity that's conserved + + + align:start position:0% +fact another quantity that's conserved +in as I flying around in space this + + align:start position:0% +in as I flying around in space this + + + align:start position:0% +in as I flying around in space this +quantity x^2 + a half y^2 does not + + align:start position:0% +quantity x^2 + a half y^2 does not + + + align:start position:0% +quantity x^2 + a half y^2 does not +change this sort of + + align:start position:0% +change this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +change this sort of +that involved all of XYZ and of course + + align:start position:0% +that involved all of XYZ and of course + + + align:start position:0% +that involved all of XYZ and of course +that's the equation of a sphere so in + + align:start position:0% +that's the equation of a sphere so in + + + align:start position:0% +that's the equation of a sphere so in +energy space or in in XYZ space that Sol + + align:start position:0% +energy space or in in XYZ space that Sol + + + align:start position:0% +energy space or in in XYZ space that Sol +our solution is wandering around a + + align:start position:0% +our solution is wandering around a + + + align:start position:0% +our solution is wandering around a +sphere and this is the equation for I + + align:start position:0% +sphere and this is the equation for I + + + align:start position:0% +sphere and this is the equation for I +guess it's an ellipse so there's an + + align:start position:0% +guess it's an ellipse so there's an + + + align:start position:0% +guess it's an ellipse so there's an +Elipse on that sphere that it's actually + + align:start position:0% +Elipse on that sphere that it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +Elipse on that sphere that it's actually +staying on that ellipse and in fact + + align:start position:0% +staying on that ellipse and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +staying on that ellipse and in fact +there's another ellipse because I could + + align:start position:0% +there's another ellipse because I could + + + align:start position:0% +there's another ellipse because I could +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +multiplied this one by 2 + + align:start position:0% +multiplied this one by 2 + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied this one by 2 +Z and this one by Y and added and then + + align:start position:0% +Z and this one by Y and added and then + + + align:start position:0% +Z and this one by Y and added and then +those would have canceled Min - 2x YZ + + align:start position:0% +those would have canceled Min - 2x YZ + + + align:start position:0% +those would have canceled Min - 2x YZ +plus 2 XYZ so that also tells me that + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 XYZ so that also tells me that + + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 XYZ so that also tells me that +uh it would be probably + + align:start position:0% +uh it would be probably + + + align:start position:0% +uh it would be probably +z^2 + 12 + + align:start position:0% +z^2 + 12 + + + align:start position:0% +z^2 + 12 +y^2 equals a constant that's another + + align:start position:0% +y^2 equals a constant that's another + + + align:start position:0% +y^2 equals a constant that's another +ellipse z^2 + a half y^2 do you see this + + align:start position:0% +ellipse z^2 + a half y^2 do you see this + + + align:start position:0% +ellipse z^2 + a half y^2 do you see this +if if I take the derivative of that I + + align:start position:0% +if if I take the derivative of that I + + + align:start position:0% +if if I take the derivative of that I +have 2 Z * dzdt + y * Dy DT adding gives + + align:start position:0% +have 2 Z * dzdt + y * Dy DT adding gives + + + align:start position:0% +have 2 Z * dzdt + y * Dy DT adding gives +zero the itive is zero the thing is a + + align:start position:0% +zero the itive is zero the thing is a + + + align:start position:0% +zero the itive is zero the thing is a +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +but but but but if I subtract this one + + align:start position:0% +but but but but if I subtract this one + + + align:start position:0% +but but but but if I subtract this one +from this one take the difference of + + align:start position:0% +from this one take the difference of + + + align:start position:0% +from this one take the difference of +these two suppose I take this one minus + + align:start position:0% +these two suppose I take this one minus + + + align:start position:0% +these two suppose I take this one minus +this one the half y^2 will go so that + + align:start position:0% +this one the half y^2 will go so that + + + align:start position:0% +this one the half y^2 will go so that +will tell me that X2 - z^2 is a constant + + align:start position:0% +will tell me that X2 - z^2 is a constant + + + align:start position:0% +will tell me that X2 - z^2 is a constant +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +boy I + + align:start position:0% +boy I + + + align:start position:0% +boy I +haven't I haven't solved my three + + align:start position:0% +haven't I haven't solved my three + + + align:start position:0% +haven't I haven't solved my three +equations but I found out a whole lot + + align:start position:0% +equations but I found out a whole lot + + + align:start position:0% +equations but I found out a whole lot +about the solution the solution stays on + + align:start position:0% +about the solution the solution stays on + + + align:start position:0% +about the solution the solution stays on +a sphere wanders around somehow it also + + align:start position:0% +a sphere wanders around somehow it also + + + align:start position:0% +a sphere wanders around somehow it also +at the same time stays on that ellipse + + align:start position:0% +at the same time stays on that ellipse + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time stays on that ellipse +and it stays on that ellipse but this is + + align:start position:0% +and it stays on that ellipse but this is + + + align:start position:0% +and it stays on that ellipse but this is +not an ellipse not an ellipse that's the + + align:start position:0% +not an ellipse not an ellipse that's the + + + align:start position:0% +not an ellipse not an ellipse that's the +equation of a hyperbola and that's why + + align:start position:0% +equation of a hyperbola and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +equation of a hyperbola and that's why +which of course goes off to infinity and + + align:start position:0% +which of course goes off to infinity and + + + align:start position:0% +which of course goes off to infinity and +that's why the well goes off to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +that's why the well goes off to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +that's why the well goes off to Infinity +but it has to stay on the sphere it + + align:start position:0% +but it has to stay on the sphere it + + + align:start position:0% +but it has to stay on the sphere it +wanders this will be the responsible for + + align:start position:0% +wanders this will be the responsible for + + + align:start position:0% +wanders this will be the responsible for +the unstable motion Professor tumy LR + + align:start position:0% +the unstable motion Professor tumy LR + + + align:start position:0% +the unstable motion Professor tumy LR +tumy who I wish was who would do this + + align:start position:0% +tumy who I wish was who would do this + + + align:start position:0% +tumy who I wish was who would do this +far better than me uh his great lecture + + align:start position:0% +far better than me uh his great lecture + + + align:start position:0% +far better than me uh his great lecture +in 1803 differential equations was + + align:start position:0% +in 1803 differential equations was + + + align:start position:0% +in 1803 differential equations was +exactly this the full hour to tell you + + align:start position:0% +exactly this the full hour to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +exactly this the full hour to tell you +everything about the tumbling box so + + align:start position:0% +everything about the tumbling box so + + + align:start position:0% +everything about the tumbling box so +I'm not I'm I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +I'm not I'm I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not I'm I'm going to +do the + + align:start position:0% +do the + + + align:start position:0% +do the +demonstration and write down the main + + align:start position:0% +demonstration and write down the main + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration and write down the main +facts and understand the stability the + + align:start position:0% +facts and understand the stability the + + + align:start position:0% +facts and understand the stability the +discussion of stability I'm ready to + + align:start position:0% +discussion of stability I'm ready to + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of stability I'm ready to +move on to the discussion of stability + + align:start position:0% +move on to the discussion of stability + + + align:start position:0% +move on to the discussion of stability +again how here are my three + + align:start position:0% +again how here are my three + + + align:start position:0% +again how here are my three +equations they're up to three equations + + align:start position:0% +equations they're up to three equations + + + align:start position:0% +equations they're up to three equations +so we're going to have a 3X3 Matrix and + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to have a 3X3 Matrix and + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to have a 3X3 Matrix and +first I have to find out the + + align:start position:0% +first I have to find out the + + + align:start position:0% +first I have to find out the +critical points the steady states of + + align:start position:0% +critical points the steady states of + + + align:start position:0% +critical points the steady states of +this motion where how could I toss it so + + align:start position:0% +this motion where how could I toss it so + + + align:start position:0% +this motion where how could I toss it so +that if I toss it perfectly it stays + + align:start position:0% +that if I toss it perfectly it stays + + + align:start position:0% +that if I toss it perfectly it stays +exactly as tossed and if I the answer is + + align:start position:0% +exactly as tossed and if I the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +exactly as tossed and if I the answer is +around the axis if I toss this perfectly + + align:start position:0% +around the axis if I toss this perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +around the axis if I toss this perfectly +with no nerves it'll just spin exactly + + align:start position:0% +with no nerves it'll just spin exactly + + + align:start position:0% +with no nerves it'll just spin exactly +as I'm throwing it the the X Y and + + align:start position:0% +as I'm throwing it the the X Y and + + + align:start position:0% +as I'm throwing it the the X Y and +Z will all be constant now when I toss + + align:start position:0% +Z will all be constant now when I toss + + + align:start position:0% +Z will all be constant now when I toss +it on that axis so I'm I'm looking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for I'm looking for here are my right + + align:start position:0% +for I'm looking for here are my right + + + align:start position:0% +for I'm looking for here are my right +hand sides + + align:start position:0% +hand sides + + + align:start position:0% +hand sides +YZ - 2 + + align:start position:0% +YZ - 2 + + + align:start position:0% +YZ - 2 +XZ and + + align:start position:0% +XZ and + + + align:start position:0% +XZ and +XY and I wrote those in capital letters + + align:start position:0% +XY and I wrote those in capital letters + + + align:start position:0% +XY and I wrote those in capital letters +because those are going to be my steady + + align:start position:0% +because those are going to be my steady + + + align:start position:0% +because those are going to be my steady +States so I'm looking for points where + + align:start position:0% +States so I'm looking for points where + + + align:start position:0% +States so I'm looking for points where +nothing's happening + + align:start position:0% +nothing's happening + + + align:start position:0% +nothing's happening +if if those three right hand sides of + + align:start position:0% +if if those three right hand sides of + + + align:start position:0% +if if those three right hand sides of +the equation are zero I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +the equation are zero I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +the equation are zero I'm not going to +move XY Z will stay where they are so + + align:start position:0% +move XY Z will stay where they are so + + + align:start position:0% +move XY Z will stay where they are so +can you see Solutions of those three + + align:start position:0% +can you see Solutions of those three + + + align:start position:0% +can you see Solutions of those three +equations well they're pretty special + + align:start position:0% +equations well they're pretty special + + + align:start position:0% +equations well they're pretty special +equations I get a solution when for + + align:start position:0% +equations I get a solution when for + + + align:start position:0% +equations I get a solution when for +example uh solutions could be one0 + + align:start position:0% +example uh solutions could be one0 + + + align:start position:0% +example uh solutions could be one0 +0 if if two of the three if y and Z are + + align:start position:0% +0 if if two of the three if y and Z are + + + align:start position:0% +0 if if two of the three if y and Z are +zero Y is Zer Z is zero Y and Z is zero + + align:start position:0% +zero Y is Zer Z is zero Y and Z is zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero Y is Zer Z is zero Y and Z is zero +I get zero so that is a certainly uh + + align:start position:0% +I get zero so that is a certainly uh + + + align:start position:0% +I get zero so that is a certainly uh +steady state xal 1 y y and z equal 0 and + + align:start position:0% +steady state xal 1 y y and z equal 0 and + + + align:start position:0% +steady state xal 1 y y and z equal 0 and +zero and that steady state is uh + + align:start position:0% +zero and that steady state is uh + + + align:start position:0% +zero and that steady state is uh +spinning around one axis and and + + align:start position:0% +spinning around one axis and and + + + align:start position:0% +spinning around one axis and and +actually I could have also a minus one + + align:start position:0% +actually I could have also a minus one + + + align:start position:0% +actually I could have also a minus one +would also be so I found actually two + + align:start position:0% +would also be so I found actually two + + + align:start position:0% +would also be so I found actually two +steady states with Y and z0 and then + + align:start position:0% +steady states with Y and z0 and then + + + align:start position:0% +steady states with Y and z0 and then +there'll be two more + + align:start position:0% +there'll be two more + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be two more +with X and z0 and this could be that'll + + align:start position:0% +with X and z0 and this could be that'll + + + align:start position:0% +with X and z0 and this could be that'll +be spinning around the middle axis and + + align:start position:0% +be spinning around the middle axis and + + + align:start position:0% +be spinning around the middle axis and +then 0 + + align:start position:0% +then 0 + + + align:start position:0% +then 0 +0 one or minus one that would be + + align:start position:0% +0 one or minus one that would be + + + align:start position:0% +0 one or minus one that would be +spinning around the third axis the long + + align:start position:0% +spinning around the third axis the long + + + align:start position:0% +spinning around the third axis the long +axis so so those are my steady States + + align:start position:0% +axis so so those are my steady States + + + align:start position:0% +axis so so those are my steady States +and I guess come to think of it 0 00 0 + + align:start position:0% +and I guess come to think of it 0 00 0 + + + align:start position:0% +and I guess come to think of it 0 00 0 +would be also be a steady + + align:start position:0% +would be also be a steady + + + align:start position:0% +would be also be a steady +state I think I found them all these are + + align:start position:0% +state I think I found them all these are + + + align:start position:0% +state I think I found them all these are +the X Y these are the x y + + align:start position:0% +the X Y these are the x y + + + align:start position:0% +the X Y these are the x y +z the steady States okay so now once you + + align:start position:0% +z the steady States okay so now once you + + + align:start position:0% +z the steady States okay so now once you +know the steady States that's usually + + align:start position:0% +know the steady States that's usually + + + align:start position:0% +know the steady States that's usually +fun as it was here now the slightly less + + align:start position:0% +fun as it was here now the slightly less + + + align:start position:0% +fun as it was here now the slightly less +fun step is find all the derivatives + + align:start position:0% +fun step is find all the derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +fun step is find all the derivatives +find that Jacobian matrix of derivatives + + align:start position:0% +find that Jacobian matrix of derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +find that Jacobian matrix of derivatives +so I've got three equations three + + align:start position:0% +so I've got three equations three + + + align:start position:0% +so I've got three equations three +unknown + + align:start position:0% +unknown + + + align:start position:0% +unknown +XYZ three fun three right hand sides and + + align:start position:0% +XYZ three fun three right hand sides and + + + align:start position:0% +XYZ three fun three right hand sides and +I have + + align:start position:0% +I have + + + align:start position:0% +I have +to find I'm going to have a 3X3 + + align:start position:0% +to find I'm going to have a 3X3 + + + align:start position:0% +to find I'm going to have a 3X3 +Matrix of derivatives this Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +Matrix of derivatives this Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix of derivatives this Jacobian +matrix so J for the Jacobian the the the + + align:start position:0% +matrix so J for the Jacobian the the the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix so J for the Jacobian the the the +Matrix of first derivatives so what goes + + align:start position:0% +Matrix of first derivatives so what goes + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix of first derivatives so what goes +into the Matrix of first + + align:start position:0% +into the Matrix of first + + + align:start position:0% +into the Matrix of first +derivatives let me write + + align:start position:0% +derivatives let me write + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives let me write +Jacobian it's it's named after jacobe + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian it's it's named after jacobe + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian it's it's named after jacobe +it's the Matrix of first derivatives on + + align:start position:0% +it's the Matrix of first derivatives on + + + align:start position:0% +it's the Matrix of first derivatives on +the top row are the derivatives of the + + align:start position:0% +the top row are the derivatives of the + + + align:start position:0% +the top row are the derivatives of the +first function with respect to X well + + align:start position:0% +first function with respect to X well + + + align:start position:0% +first function with respect to X well +the derivative respect to X is zero the + + align:start position:0% +the derivative respect to X is zero the + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative respect to X is zero the +derivative respect to Y is z the + + align:start position:0% +derivative respect to Y is z the + + + align:start position:0% +derivative respect to Y is z the +derivative respect to Z is + + align:start position:0% +derivative respect to Z is + + + align:start position:0% +derivative respect to Z is +y those were partial derivatives partial + + align:start position:0% +y those were partial derivatives partial + + + align:start position:0% +y those were partial derivatives partial +derivatives they tell me how much uh the + + align:start position:0% +derivatives they tell me how much uh the + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives they tell me how much uh the +first unknown X moves they tell me + + align:start position:0% +first unknown X moves they tell me + + + align:start position:0% +first unknown X moves they tell me +what's happening with the first unknown + + align:start position:0% +what's happening with the first unknown + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening with the first unknown +X around the critical point okay where + + align:start position:0% +X around the critical point okay where + + + align:start position:0% +X around the critical point okay where +whichever it is okay what about + + align:start position:0% +whichever it is okay what about + + + align:start position:0% +whichever it is okay what about +the partial derivatives of the second in + + align:start position:0% +the partial derivatives of the second in + + + align:start position:0% +the partial derivatives of the second in +from the second equation its partial + + align:start position:0% +from the second equation its partial + + + align:start position:0% +from the second equation its partial +derivatives will go into this row so X + + align:start position:0% +derivatives will go into this row so X + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives will go into this row so X +has a minus 2 z y derivative is zero X + + align:start position:0% +has a minus 2 z y derivative is zero X + + + align:start position:0% +has a minus 2 z y derivative is zero X +derivative is minus Z derivative is - 2x + + align:start position:0% +derivative is minus Z derivative is - 2x + + + align:start position:0% +derivative is minus Z derivative is - 2x +and the third one the Z derivative is + + align:start position:0% +and the third one the Z derivative is + + + align:start position:0% +and the third one the Z derivative is +zero here the Y derivative is X and the + + align:start position:0% +zero here the Y derivative is X and the + + + align:start position:0% +zero here the Y derivative is X and the +X derivative is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +y I've found the 3X3 Matrix with the + + align:start position:0% +y I've found the 3X3 Matrix with the + + + align:start position:0% +y I've found the 3X3 Matrix with the +nine partial partial first derivatives + + align:start position:0% +nine partial partial first derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +nine partial partial first derivatives +okay it's the igen values of that Matrix + + align:start position:0% +okay it's the igen values of that Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's the igen values of that Matrix +at these points that decide stability so + + align:start position:0% +at these points that decide stability so + + + align:start position:0% +at these points that decide stability so +should I write that down down I value of + + align:start position:0% +should I write that down down I value of + + + align:start position:0% +should I write that down down I value of +J at the critical points x y z that's + + align:start position:0% +J at the critical points x y z that's + + + align:start position:0% +J at the critical points x y z that's +what I need that's what decides + + align:start position:0% +what I need that's what decides + + + align:start position:0% +what I need that's what decides +stability let me just take uh the + + align:start position:0% +stability let me just take uh the + + + align:start position:0% +stability let me just take uh the +first critical point what what is my + + align:start position:0% +first critical point what what is my + + + align:start position:0% +first critical point what what is my +Matrix I have to figure out what is the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I have to figure out what is the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I have to figure out what is the +Matrix at that point and I'll just take + + align:start position:0% +Matrix at that point and I'll just take + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix at that point and I'll just take +one 0 one 0 0 if x is 1 so I'm getting + + align:start position:0% +one 0 one 0 0 if x is 1 so I'm getting + + + align:start position:0% +one 0 one 0 0 if x is 1 so I'm getting +this is this is at the point x = 1 Y and + + align:start position:0% +this is this is at the point x = 1 Y and + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is at the point x = 1 Y and +Z and Z zero so if x is one then then + + align:start position:0% +Z and Z zero so if x is one then then + + + align:start position:0% +Z and Z zero so if x is one then then +that's a minus two and a one and I think + + align:start position:0% +that's a minus two and a one and I think + + + align:start position:0% +that's a minus two and a one and I think +everything else is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero so it'll be the igon values of that + + align:start position:0% +zero so it'll be the igon values of that + + + align:start position:0% +zero so it'll be the igon values of that +Matrix that decide the the stability + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that decide the the stability + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that decide the the stability +of one 0 of that fix point and remember + + align:start position:0% +of one 0 of that fix point and remember + + + align:start position:0% +of one 0 of that fix point and remember +that's the toss around + + align:start position:0% +that's the toss around + + + align:start position:0% +that's the toss around +the narrow axis that's the toss around + + align:start position:0% +the narrow axis that's the toss around + + + align:start position:0% +the narrow axis that's the toss around +the the short + + align:start position:0% +the the short + + + align:start position:0% +the the short +axis okay what what about the values of + + align:start position:0% +axis okay what what about the values of + + + align:start position:0% +axis okay what what about the values of +that Matrix well I can see here that + + align:start position:0% +that Matrix well I can see here that + + + align:start position:0% +that Matrix well I can see here that +really it's it's 3x3 but really with all + + align:start position:0% +really it's it's 3x3 but really with all + + + align:start position:0% +really it's it's 3x3 but really with all +those zeros that gives me an igen value + + align:start position:0% +those zeros that gives me an igen value + + + align:start position:0% +those zeros that gives me an igen value +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +so I'm going to have the an IG value + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to have the an IG value + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to have the an IG value +zero here and then I'm going to have + + align:start position:0% +zero here and then I'm going to have + + + align:start position:0% +zero here and then I'm going to have +igen values from + + align:start position:0% +igen values from + + + align:start position:0% +igen values from +the part of that Matrix which is 2 by + + align:start position:0% +the part of that Matrix which is 2 by + + + align:start position:0% +the part of that Matrix which is 2 by +two so I'll have Lambda equals Zer here + + align:start position:0% +two so I'll have Lambda equals Zer here + + + align:start position:0% +two so I'll have Lambda equals Zer here +and two I values from here and I look at + + align:start position:0% +and two I values from here and I look at + + + align:start position:0% +and two I values from here and I look at +that and what do I see now this is a 2X + + align:start position:0% +that and what do I see now this is a 2X + + + align:start position:0% +that and what do I see now this is a 2X +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +problem I see the trace adding the trace + + align:start position:0% +problem I see the trace adding the trace + + + align:start position:0% +problem I see the trace adding the trace +is zero + + align:start position:0% +is zero + + + align:start position:0% +is zero +0 plus 0 my igen values are plus and + + align:start position:0% +0 plus 0 my igen values are plus and + + + align:start position:0% +0 plus 0 my igen values are plus and +minus pair because they add to zero they + + align:start position:0% +minus pair because they add to zero they + + + align:start position:0% +minus pair because they add to zero they +multiply to give the determinant the + + align:start position:0% +multiply to give the determinant the + + + align:start position:0% +multiply to give the determinant the +determinant of that Matrix is two the + + align:start position:0% +determinant of that Matrix is two the + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of that Matrix is two the +determinant of that Matrix is two okay + + align:start position:0% +determinant of that Matrix is two okay + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of that Matrix is two okay +so it has a positive determinant that's + + align:start position:0% +so it has a positive determinant that's + + + align:start position:0% +so it has a positive determinant that's +good for stability but the trace is only + + align:start position:0% +good for stability but the trace is only + + + align:start position:0% +good for stability but the trace is only +zero it's not quite negative it's not + + align:start position:0% +zero it's not quite negative it's not + + + align:start position:0% +zero it's not quite negative it's not +positive it's just at Zero so this is + + align:start position:0% +positive it's just at Zero so this is + + + align:start position:0% +positive it's just at Zero so this is +going to be a case of neutral stability + + align:start position:0% +going to be a case of neutral stability + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a case of neutral stability +the IG values will be the IG Val I'll + + align:start position:0% +the IG values will be the IG Val I'll + + + align:start position:0% +the IG values will be the IG Val I'll +have a zero igen value from there the IG + + align:start position:0% +have a zero igen value from there the IG + + + align:start position:0% +have a zero igen value from there the IG +values from this 2x two will be there'll + + align:start position:0% +values from this 2x two will be there'll + + + align:start position:0% +values from this 2x two will be there'll +be a square < TK of 2 * I and a minus + + align:start position:0% +be a square < TK of 2 * I and a minus + + + align:start position:0% +be a square < TK of 2 * I and a minus +the < TK 2 * I I think those are the + + align:start position:0% +the < TK 2 * I I think those are the + + + align:start position:0% +the < TK 2 * I I think those are the +igen values and what I see there is + + align:start position:0% +igen values and what I see there is + + + align:start position:0% +igen values and what I see there is +they're all imaginary this is a pure + + align:start position:0% +they're all imaginary this is a pure + + + align:start position:0% +they're all imaginary this is a pure +oscillation the wobbling keeps wobbling + + align:start position:0% +oscillation the wobbling keeps wobbling + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation the wobbling keeps wobbling +doesn't get worse doesn't go away it's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get worse doesn't go away it's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get worse doesn't go away it's +neutral stability at this point so + + align:start position:0% +neutral stability at this point so + + + align:start position:0% +neutral stability at this point so +neutral stability is this what we + + align:start position:0% +neutral stability is this what we + + + align:start position:0% +neutral stability is this what we +hopefully will see again yes and I think + + align:start position:0% +hopefully will see again yes and I think + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully will see again yes and I think +also if I flip on the long + + align:start position:0% +also if I flip on the long + + + align:start position:0% +also if I flip on the long +axis good did you see that brilliant + + align:start position:0% +axis good did you see that brilliant + + + align:start position:0% +axis good did you see that brilliant +throw it's neutral stability it came + + align:start position:0% +throw it's neutral stability it came + + + align:start position:0% +throw it's neutral stability it came +back without doing + + align:start position:0% +back without doing + + + align:start position:0% +back without doing +anything too bad + + align:start position:0% +anything too bad + + + align:start position:0% +anything too bad +and I finally have to do + + align:start position:0% +and I finally have to do + + + align:start position:0% +and I finally have to do +the axis that we're all intensely + + align:start position:0% +the axis that we're all intensely + + + align:start position:0% +the axis that we're all intensely +waiting for the middle axis and the + + align:start position:0% +waiting for the middle axis and the + + + align:start position:0% +waiting for the middle axis and the +middle axis is when the book starts + + align:start position:0% +middle axis is when the book starts + + + align:start position:0% +middle axis is when the book starts +tumbling and it's going to be a question + + align:start position:0% +tumbling and it's going to be a question + + + align:start position:0% +tumbling and it's going to be a question +of whether I can catch it or not may I + + align:start position:0% +of whether I can catch it or not may I + + + align:start position:0% +of whether I can catch it or not may I +try and then may I find what am I + + align:start position:0% +try and then may I find what am I + + + align:start position:0% +try and then may I find what am I +expecting on the neutral axis I'm + + align:start position:0% +expecting on the neutral axis I'm + + + align:start position:0% +expecting on the neutral axis I'm +expecting instability I think actually + + align:start position:0% +expecting instability I think actually + + + align:start position:0% +expecting instability I think actually +be a saddle point but there'll be a a + + align:start position:0% +be a saddle point but there'll be a a + + + align:start position:0% +be a saddle point but there'll be a a +there'll be a positive IG value there + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a positive IG value there + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a positive IG value there +will be a positive IG value and it is + + align:start position:0% +will be a positive IG value and it is + + + align:start position:0% +will be a positive IG value and it is +responsible for the tumbling the wild + + align:start position:0% +responsible for the tumbling the wild + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for the tumbling the wild +tumbling that you will see and it's + + align:start position:0% +tumbling that you will see and it's + + + align:start position:0% +tumbling that you will see and it's +connected with the point staying on this + + align:start position:0% +connected with the point staying on this + + + align:start position:0% +connected with the point staying on this +hyperbola that wanders away from so it's + + align:start position:0% +hyperbola that wanders away from so it's + + + align:start position:0% +hyperbola that wanders away from so it's +this one now that I'm doing this guy is + + align:start position:0% +this one now that I'm doing this guy is + + + align:start position:0% +this one now that I'm doing this guy is +the I'll put a box around a double box + + align:start position:0% +the I'll put a box around a double box + + + align:start position:0% +the I'll put a box around a double box +around it that's that's the unstable one + + align:start position:0% +around it that's that's the unstable one + + + align:start position:0% +around it that's that's the unstable one +which I'm about to + + align:start position:0% +which I'm about to + + + align:start position:0% +which I'm about to +demonstrate + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate +ready + + align:start position:0% +ready + + + align:start position:0% +ready +okay whoops okay I took two hands to + + align:start position:0% +okay whoops okay I took two hands to + + + align:start position:0% +okay whoops okay I took two hands to +catch it let let me try it + + align:start position:0% +catch it let let me try it + + + align:start position:0% +catch it let let me try it +again the point is it + + align:start position:0% +again the point is it + + + align:start position:0% +again the point is it +doesn't it it takes it starts tumbling + + align:start position:0% +doesn't it it takes it starts tumbling + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't it it takes it starts tumbling +and it goes in all directions it's like + + align:start position:0% +and it goes in all directions it's like + + + align:start position:0% +and it goes in all directions it's like +a football a really badly thrown + + align:start position:0% +a football a really badly thrown + + + align:start position:0% +a football a really badly thrown +football uh it just is + + align:start position:0% +football uh it just is + + + align:start position:0% +football uh it just is +you know it's like a football being + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like a football being + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like a football being +thrown that goes end to end it it the + + align:start position:0% +thrown that goes end to end it it the + + + align:start position:0% +thrown that goes end to end it it the +whole flight breaks up and and the ball + + align:start position:0% +whole flight breaks up and and the ball + + + align:start position:0% +whole flight breaks up and and the ball +the ball is a mess catching it is a is a + + align:start position:0% +the ball is a mess catching it is a is a + + + align:start position:0% +the ball is a mess catching it is a is a +is ridiculous and I'm doing it with a + + align:start position:0% +is ridiculous and I'm doing it with a + + + align:start position:0% +is ridiculous and I'm doing it with a +book yes you you saw that by watching + + align:start position:0% +book yes you you saw that by watching + + + align:start position:0% +book yes you you saw that by watching +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +closely + + align:start position:0% +closely + + + align:start position:0% +closely +okay better if you do it I'll end with + + align:start position:0% +okay better if you do it I'll end with + + + align:start position:0% +okay better if you do it I'll end with +the igen values at this point so the + + align:start position:0% +the igen values at this point so the + + + align:start position:0% +the igen values at this point so the +igen values at that Point can I just + + align:start position:0% +igen values at that Point can I just + + + align:start position:0% +igen values at that Point can I just +erase my Matrix so this was a a + + align:start position:0% +erase my Matrix so this was a a + + + align:start position:0% +erase my Matrix so this was a a +neutrally stable one a center in the + + align:start position:0% +neutrally stable one a center in the + + + align:start position:0% +neutrally stable one a center in the +language of stability that's a center + + align:start position:0% +language of stability that's a center + + + align:start position:0% +language of stability that's a center +which you just go round and round and + + align:start position:0% +which you just go round and round and + + + align:start position:0% +which you just go round and round and +round but now I'm going to take x and z + + align:start position:0% +round but now I'm going to take x and z + + + align:start position:0% +round but now I'm going to take x and z +to be zero and Y to be one so can I + + align:start position:0% +to be zero and Y to be one so can I + + + align:start position:0% +to be zero and Y to be one so can I +erase that Matrix and take if x and z + + align:start position:0% +erase that Matrix and take if x and z + + + align:start position:0% +erase that Matrix and take if x and z +are zero and Y is one so I get a one + + align:start position:0% +are zero and Y is one so I get a one + + + align:start position:0% +are zero and Y is one so I get a one +down here and I get a one up there and + + align:start position:0% +down here and I get a one up there and + + + align:start position:0% +down here and I get a one up there and +nothing else everything else is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +okay that's my 3x3 Matrix what are its + + align:start position:0% +okay that's my 3x3 Matrix what are its + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's my 3x3 Matrix what are its +IG values what are the igen values of + + align:start position:0% +IG values what are the igen values of + + + align:start position:0% +IG values what are the igen values of +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +3x3 very special Matrix this is now the + + align:start position:0% +3x3 very special Matrix this is now the + + + align:start position:0% +3x3 very special Matrix this is now the +the uh this this was the first + + align:start position:0% +the uh this this was the first + + + align:start position:0% +the uh this this was the first +derivative Matrix the Jacobian matrix at + + align:start position:0% +derivative Matrix the Jacobian matrix at + + + align:start position:0% +derivative Matrix the Jacobian matrix at +this point + + align:start position:0% +this point + + + align:start position:0% +this point +corresponding to the middle axis okay + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the middle axis okay + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to the middle axis okay +again I'm + + align:start position:0% +again I'm + + + align:start position:0% +again I'm +seeing uh that I'm seeing some zeros and + + align:start position:0% +seeing uh that I'm seeing some zeros and + + + align:start position:0% +seeing uh that I'm seeing some zeros and +then I'm I'm I'm I'll reduce this to a + + align:start position:0% +then I'm I'm I'm I'll reduce this to a + + + align:start position:0% +then I'm I'm I'm I'll reduce this to a +to that 2x two Matrix and and this + + align:start position:0% +to that 2x two Matrix and and this + + + align:start position:0% +to that 2x two Matrix and and this +Matrix really I have I have this 2x two + + align:start position:0% +Matrix really I have I have this 2x two + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix really I have I have this 2x two +Matrix in the XZ and this one in the Y + + align:start position:0% +Matrix in the XZ and this one in the Y + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix in the XZ and this one in the Y +how about that guy you recognize what we + + align:start position:0% +how about that guy you recognize what we + + + align:start position:0% +how about that guy you recognize what we +what we're looking at with with this + + align:start position:0% +what we're looking at with with this + + + align:start position:0% +what we're looking at with with this +Matrix so uh with that Matrix I can tell + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so uh with that Matrix I can tell + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so uh with that Matrix I can tell +you the igen + + align:start position:0% +you the igen + + + align:start position:0% +you the igen +values we can see the trace is zero the + + align:start position:0% +values we can see the trace is zero the + + + align:start position:0% +values we can see the trace is zero the +igen values add to zero they multiply to + + align:start position:0% +igen values add to zero they multiply to + + + align:start position:0% +igen values add to zero they multiply to +the determinant and the determinant is + + align:start position:0% +the determinant and the determinant is + + + align:start position:0% +the determinant and the determinant is +minus1 so the IG values here are 1 and + + align:start position:0% +minus1 so the IG values here are 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +minus1 so the IG values here are 1 and +minus1 and then this guy gives zero and + + align:start position:0% +minus1 and then this guy gives zero and + + + align:start position:0% +minus1 and then this guy gives zero and +it's that IG value of one that's + + align:start position:0% +it's that IG value of one that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's that IG value of one that's +unstable that I value of one is unstable + + align:start position:0% +unstable that I value of one is unstable + + + align:start position:0% +unstable that I value of one is unstable +okay so uh mathematics shows what the + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh mathematics shows what the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh mathematics shows what the +experiment shows uh an + + align:start position:0% +experiment shows uh an + + + align:start position:0% +experiment shows uh an +unstable uh rotation tumbling around + + align:start position:0% +unstable uh rotation tumbling around + + + align:start position:0% +unstable uh rotation tumbling around +that middle axis thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/K1pxJVdqlxw.txt b/K1pxJVdqlxw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be60dfd4e316204bf21b853e99b16febe2b3a780 --- /dev/null +++ b/K1pxJVdqlxw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11915 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today we're going to continue developing + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to continue developing + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to continue developing +our equivalent circuit model the + + align:start position:0% +our equivalent circuit model the + + + align:start position:0% +our equivalent circuit model the +hodgkin-huxley model of of a neuron and + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley model of of a neuron and + + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley model of of a neuron and +we're still focusing on the mechanism + + align:start position:0% +we're still focusing on the mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +we're still focusing on the mechanism +that generates spikes as you recall + + align:start position:0% +that generates spikes as you recall + + + align:start position:0% +that generates spikes as you recall +there are two conductances ion + + align:start position:0% +there are two conductances ion + + + align:start position:0% +there are two conductances ion +conductances that lead to action + + align:start position:0% +conductances that lead to action + + + align:start position:0% +conductances that lead to action +potential generation there's a sodium + + align:start position:0% +potential generation there's a sodium + + + align:start position:0% +potential generation there's a sodium +conductance that is connected to a + + align:start position:0% +conductance that is connected to a + + + align:start position:0% +conductance that is connected to a +sodium battery that has a high + + align:start position:0% +sodium battery that has a high + + + align:start position:0% +sodium battery that has a high +equilibrium potential there's a + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potential there's a + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potential there's a +potassium conductance that is connected + + align:start position:0% +potassium conductance that is connected + + + align:start position:0% +potassium conductance that is connected +to a potassium battery that has a + + align:start position:0% +to a potassium battery that has a + + + align:start position:0% +to a potassium battery that has a +negative equilibrium potential and those + + align:start position:0% +negative equilibrium potential and those + + + align:start position:0% +negative equilibrium potential and those +two conductances together have voltage + + align:start position:0% +two conductances together have voltage + + + align:start position:0% +two conductances together have voltage +and time dependents that lead to the + + align:start position:0% +and time dependents that lead to the + + + align:start position:0% +and time dependents that lead to the +generation of a positive going followed + + align:start position:0% +generation of a positive going followed + + + align:start position:0% +generation of a positive going followed +by a negative going fluctuation and the + + align:start position:0% +by a negative going fluctuation and the + + + align:start position:0% +by a negative going fluctuation and the +voltage that is the action potential and + + align:start position:0% +voltage that is the action potential and + + + align:start position:0% +voltage that is the action potential and +as you recall the way that happens there + + align:start position:0% +as you recall the way that happens there + + + align:start position:0% +as you recall the way that happens there +is a time dependence to these + + align:start position:0% +is a time dependence to these + + + align:start position:0% +is a time dependence to these +conductances so that when the sodium + + align:start position:0% +conductances so that when the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +conductances so that when the sodium +conductance turns on this resistor gets + + align:start position:0% +conductance turns on this resistor gets + + + align:start position:0% +conductance turns on this resistor gets +really small and basically connects the + + align:start position:0% +really small and basically connects the + + + align:start position:0% +really small and basically connects the +inside of the cell to that positive + + align:start position:0% +inside of the cell to that positive + + + align:start position:0% +inside of the cell to that positive +battery when the sodium conductance + + align:start position:0% +battery when the sodium conductance + + + align:start position:0% +battery when the sodium conductance +turns off and the potassium conductance + + align:start position:0% +turns off and the potassium conductance + + + align:start position:0% +turns off and the potassium conductance +turns on were disconnecting the sodium + + align:start position:0% +turns on were disconnecting the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +turns on were disconnecting the sodium +battery and connecting the potassium + + align:start position:0% +battery and connecting the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +battery and connecting the potassium +battery which has a negative voltage and + + align:start position:0% +battery which has a negative voltage and + + + align:start position:0% +battery which has a negative voltage and +the voltage of the cell then is driven + + align:start position:0% +the voltage of the cell then is driven + + + align:start position:0% +the voltage of the cell then is driven +toward the negative potassium + + align:start position:0% +toward the negative potassium + + + align:start position:0% +toward the negative potassium +equilibrium potential so last time we + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potential so last time we + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potential so last time we +worked out the voltage and time + + align:start position:0% +worked out the voltage and time + + + align:start position:0% +worked out the voltage and time +dependence of the potassium conductance + + align:start position:0% +dependence of the potassium conductance + + + align:start position:0% +dependence of the potassium conductance +today we're going to focus on the sorry + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to focus on the sorry + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to focus on the sorry +focus here on the sodium conductance and + + align:start position:0% +focus here on the sodium conductance and + + + align:start position:0% +focus here on the sodium conductance and +explain various aspects of the voltage + + align:start position:0% +explain various aspects of the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +explain various aspects of the voltage +and time dependence of the sodium + + align:start position:0% +and time dependence of the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +and time dependence of the sodium +conductance and and then once we do that + + align:start position:0% +conductance and and then once we do that + + + align:start position:0% +conductance and and then once we do that +we're going to turn in the second half + + align:start position:0% +we're going to turn in the second half + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to turn in the second half +of the lecture to a a really beautiful + + align:start position:0% +of the lecture to a a really beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +of the lecture to a a really beautiful +simple model of a disease related to a + + align:start position:0% +simple model of a disease related to a + + + align:start position:0% +simple model of a disease related to a +defect in the sodium channel and it's + + align:start position:0% +defect in the sodium channel and it's + + + align:start position:0% +defect in the sodium channel and it's +and it's an example of how we can use + + align:start position:0% +and it's an example of how we can use + + + align:start position:0% +and it's an example of how we can use +modeling to test and elaborate on + + align:start position:0% +modeling to test and elaborate on + + + align:start position:0% +modeling to test and elaborate on +hypotheses about how defects in in a + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses about how defects in in a + + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses about how defects in in a +circuit or in an ion + + align:start position:0% +circuit or in an ion + + + align:start position:0% +circuit or in an ion +can lead to very complex phenotypes in a + + align:start position:0% +can lead to very complex phenotypes in a + + + align:start position:0% +can lead to very complex phenotypes in a +whole animal okay so as you recall our + + align:start position:0% +whole animal okay so as you recall our + + + align:start position:0% +whole animal okay so as you recall our +hodgkin-huxley model has three + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley model has three + + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley model has three +conductances and a capacitance that + + align:start position:0% +conductances and a capacitance that + + + align:start position:0% +conductances and a capacitance that +represents a capacitor that represents + + align:start position:0% +represents a capacitor that represents + + + align:start position:0% +represents a capacitor that represents +the capacitance of the membrane the + + align:start position:0% +the capacitance of the membrane the + + + align:start position:0% +the capacitance of the membrane the +total membrane ionic current is just a + + align:start position:0% +total membrane ionic current is just a + + + align:start position:0% +total membrane ionic current is just a +sum of the sodium current the potassium + + align:start position:0% +sum of the sodium current the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +sum of the sodium current the potassium +current and this voltage independent + + align:start position:0% +current and this voltage independent + + + align:start position:0% +current and this voltage independent +time independent fixed leak current okay + + align:start position:0% +time independent fixed leak current okay + + + align:start position:0% +time independent fixed leak current okay +so the equation for the membrane + + align:start position:0% +so the equation for the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +so the equation for the membrane +potential the differential equation for + + align:start position:0% +potential the differential equation for + + + align:start position:0% +potential the differential equation for +the membrane potential in the + + align:start position:0% +the membrane potential in the + + + align:start position:0% +the membrane potential in the +hodgkin-huxley model is just a simple + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley model is just a simple + + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley model is just a simple +first-order linear differential equation + + align:start position:0% +first-order linear differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +first-order linear differential equation +that relates the membrane current and + + align:start position:0% +that relates the membrane current and + + + align:start position:0% +that relates the membrane current and +the membrane potential so last time we + + align:start position:0% +the membrane potential so last time we + + + align:start position:0% +the membrane potential so last time we +described a set of experiments that + + align:start position:0% +described a set of experiments that + + + align:start position:0% +described a set of experiments that +we're done by hodgkin and huxley to + + align:start position:0% +we're done by hodgkin and huxley to + + + align:start position:0% +we're done by hodgkin and huxley to +study the voltage and time dependence of + + align:start position:0% +study the voltage and time dependence of + + + align:start position:0% +study the voltage and time dependence of +these conductances in the squid giant + + align:start position:0% +these conductances in the squid giant + + + align:start position:0% +these conductances in the squid giant +axon and as you remember this axon is + + align:start position:0% +axon and as you remember this axon is + + + align:start position:0% +axon and as you remember this axon is +very large it's one millimeter in + + align:start position:0% +very large it's one millimeter in + + + align:start position:0% +very large it's one millimeter in +diameter which makes it very easy to put + + align:start position:0% +diameter which makes it very easy to put + + + align:start position:0% +diameter which makes it very easy to put +wires into it and change the voltage and + + align:start position:0% +wires into it and change the voltage and + + + align:start position:0% +wires into it and change the voltage and +measure the currents and so on okay so + + align:start position:0% +measure the currents and so on okay so + + + align:start position:0% +measure the currents and so on okay so +the experiment they did was a voltage + + align:start position:0% +the experiment they did was a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +the experiment they did was a voltage +clamp experiment where you can + + align:start position:0% +clamp experiment where you can + + + align:start position:0% +clamp experiment where you can +hyperpolarize and depolarize the cell + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarize and depolarize the cell + + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarize and depolarize the cell +there's a very fast feedback system that + + align:start position:0% +there's a very fast feedback system that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a very fast feedback system that +allows you to set a command voltage and + + align:start position:0% +allows you to set a command voltage and + + + align:start position:0% +allows you to set a command voltage and +this operational amplifier injects + + align:start position:0% +this operational amplifier injects + + + align:start position:0% +this operational amplifier injects +however much current is needed to hold + + align:start position:0% +however much current is needed to hold + + + align:start position:0% +however much current is needed to hold +the cell at whatever membrane potential + + align:start position:0% +the cell at whatever membrane potential + + + align:start position:0% +the cell at whatever membrane potential +you command and the typical experiment + + align:start position:0% +you command and the typical experiment + + + align:start position:0% +you command and the typical experiment +that they would do would be to + + align:start position:0% +that they would do would be to + + + align:start position:0% +that they would do would be to +hyperpolarize or depolarize the cell to + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarize or depolarize the cell to + + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarize or depolarize the cell to +fixed membrane potentials and measure + + align:start position:0% +fixed membrane potentials and measure + + + align:start position:0% +fixed membrane potentials and measure +how much current passes through the + + align:start position:0% +how much current passes through the + + + align:start position:0% +how much current passes through the +membrane during and after that transient + + align:start position:0% +membrane during and after that transient + + + align:start position:0% +membrane during and after that transient +change in the command voltage so if you + + align:start position:0% +change in the command voltage so if you + + + align:start position:0% +change in the command voltage so if you +take a squid giant axon you start at + + align:start position:0% +take a squid giant axon you start at + + + align:start position:0% +take a squid giant axon you start at +minus 65 millivolts and you + + align:start position:0% +minus 65 millivolts and you + + + align:start position:0% +minus 65 millivolts and you +hyperpolarize the cell not much happens + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarize the cell not much happens + + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarize the cell not much happens +and that's because all of those currents + + align:start position:0% +and that's because all of those currents + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because all of those currents +are already off when the cell is + + align:start position:0% +are already off when the cell is + + + align:start position:0% +are already off when the cell is +hyperpolarized at minus 65 or at low + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarized at minus 65 or at low + + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarized at minus 65 or at low +voltages on the other hand if you start + + align:start position:0% +voltages on the other hand if you start + + + align:start position:0% +voltages on the other hand if you start +at minus 65 millivolts and depolarize + + align:start position:0% +at minus 65 millivolts and depolarize + + + align:start position:0% +at minus 65 millivolts and depolarize +the cell up to zero millivolts all of a + + align:start position:0% +the cell up to zero millivolts all of a + + + align:start position:0% +the cell up to zero millivolts all of a +sudden you see a very large transient + + align:start position:0% +sudden you see a very large transient + + + align:start position:0% +sudden you see a very large transient +current + + align:start position:0% +current + + + align:start position:0% +current +that first goes negative which is + + align:start position:0% +that first goes negative which is + + + align:start position:0% +that first goes negative which is +corresponds to positive charges going + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to positive charges going + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to positive charges going +into the cell followed by a positive + + align:start position:0% +into the cell followed by a positive + + + align:start position:0% +into the cell followed by a positive +current that's associated with positive + + align:start position:0% +current that's associated with positive + + + align:start position:0% +current that's associated with positive +charges leaving this out okay and last + + align:start position:0% +charges leaving this out okay and last + + + align:start position:0% +charges leaving this out okay and last +time we talked about how we can detect + + align:start position:0% +time we talked about how we can detect + + + align:start position:0% +time we talked about how we can detect +these two phases of the current this + + align:start position:0% +these two phases of the current this + + + align:start position:0% +these two phases of the current this +negative phase in this positive phase + + align:start position:0% +negative phase in this positive phase + + + align:start position:0% +negative phase in this positive phase +into two different ionic conductances + + align:start position:0% +into two different ionic conductances + + + align:start position:0% +into two different ionic conductances +that they did that experiment by + + align:start position:0% +that they did that experiment by + + + align:start position:0% +that they did that experiment by +replacing the sodium in the + + align:start position:0% +replacing the sodium in the + + + align:start position:0% +replacing the sodium in the +extracellular solution that the axon was + + align:start position:0% +extracellular solution that the axon was + + + align:start position:0% +extracellular solution that the axon was +sitting in with a solution that has no + + align:start position:0% +sitting in with a solution that has no + + + align:start position:0% +sitting in with a solution that has no +sodium in it they replaced that with + + align:start position:0% +sodium in it they replaced that with + + + align:start position:0% +sodium in it they replaced that with +choline chloride so it's choline as a + + align:start position:0% +choline chloride so it's choline as a + + + align:start position:0% +choline chloride so it's choline as a +positive ionic it has a positive charge + + align:start position:0% +positive ionic it has a positive charge + + + align:start position:0% +positive ionic it has a positive charge +and chloride of course has a negative + + align:start position:0% +and chloride of course has a negative + + + align:start position:0% +and chloride of course has a negative +charge and so you can replace the sodium + + align:start position:0% +charge and so you can replace the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +charge and so you can replace the sodium +chloride with choline chloride and now + + align:start position:0% +chloride with choline chloride and now + + + align:start position:0% +chloride with choline chloride and now +when you depolarize your cell you can + + align:start position:0% +when you depolarize your cell you can + + + align:start position:0% +when you depolarize your cell you can +see that that negative part is gone and + + align:start position:0% +see that that negative part is gone and + + + align:start position:0% +see that that negative part is gone and +the only current you see is this + + align:start position:0% +the only current you see is this + + + align:start position:0% +the only current you see is this +positive is kind of slowly ramping up + + align:start position:0% +positive is kind of slowly ramping up + + + align:start position:0% +positive is kind of slowly ramping up +positive current and they identified + + align:start position:0% +positive current and they identified + + + align:start position:0% +positive current and they identified +that as being due to potassium ions and + + align:start position:0% +that as being due to potassium ions and + + + align:start position:0% +that as being due to potassium ions and +if you subtract the current curve + + align:start position:0% +if you subtract the current curve + + + align:start position:0% +if you subtract the current curve +without sodium from the current curve + + align:start position:0% +without sodium from the current curve + + + align:start position:0% +without sodium from the current curve +with sodium the difference is obviously + + align:start position:0% +with sodium the difference is obviously + + + align:start position:0% +with sodium the difference is obviously +due to sodium and so if you plot the + + align:start position:0% +due to sodium and so if you plot the + + + align:start position:0% +due to sodium and so if you plot the +difference between those two curves you + + align:start position:0% +difference between those two curves you + + + align:start position:0% +difference between those two curves you +can you can see that the sodium current + + align:start position:0% +can you can see that the sodium current + + + align:start position:0% +can you can see that the sodium current +turns on very rapidly and then decays + + align:start position:0% +turns on very rapidly and then decays + + + align:start position:0% +turns on very rapidly and then decays +very rapidly that that transient sodium + + align:start position:0% +very rapidly that that transient sodium + + + align:start position:0% +very rapidly that that transient sodium +current happens very quickly almost + + align:start position:0% +current happens very quickly almost + + + align:start position:0% +current happens very quickly almost +before the potassium current even gets + + align:start position:0% +before the potassium current even gets + + + align:start position:0% +before the potassium current even gets +started okay and we talked about how + + align:start position:0% +started okay and we talked about how + + + align:start position:0% +started okay and we talked about how +that fast sodium current followed by a + + align:start position:0% +that fast sodium current followed by a + + + align:start position:0% +that fast sodium current followed by a +slower potassium current is exactly the + + align:start position:0% +slower potassium current is exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +slower potassium current is exactly the +profile that we showed here that + + align:start position:0% +profile that we showed here that + + + align:start position:0% +profile that we showed here that +generates depolarizing changing the + + align:start position:0% +generates depolarizing changing the + + + align:start position:0% +generates depolarizing changing the +voltage followed by a hyper-partisan + + align:start position:0% +voltage followed by a hyper-partisan + + + align:start position:0% +voltage followed by a hyper-partisan +changing the voltage that looks like an + + align:start position:0% +changing the voltage that looks like an + + + align:start position:0% +changing the voltage that looks like an +action potential okay + + align:start position:0% +action potential okay + + + align:start position:0% +action potential okay +so now let's just review quickly how we + + align:start position:0% +so now let's just review quickly how we + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's just review quickly how we +took these current curves and from those + + align:start position:0% +took these current curves and from those + + + align:start position:0% +took these current curves and from those +extracted the conductance of the sodium + + align:start position:0% +extracted the conductance of the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +extracted the conductance of the sodium +and potassium ion channels as a function + + align:start position:0% +and potassium ion channels as a function + + + align:start position:0% +and potassium ion channels as a function +of voltage and time okay + + align:start position:0% +of voltage and time okay + + + align:start position:0% +of voltage and time okay +so what we did was we we looked at the + + align:start position:0% +so what we did was we we looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +so what we did was we we looked at the +case where we do our voltage clamp + + align:start position:0% +case where we do our voltage clamp + + + align:start position:0% +case where we do our voltage clamp +experiment two different voltages we + + align:start position:0% +experiment two different voltages we + + + align:start position:0% +experiment two different voltages we +start hyper pause we step up to minus 40 + + align:start position:0% +start hyper pause we step up to minus 40 + + + align:start position:0% +start hyper pause we step up to minus 40 +and measure this potassium current we + + align:start position:0% +and measure this potassium current we + + + align:start position:0% +and measure this potassium current we +step up to minus two zero and you see + + align:start position:0% +step up to minus two zero and you see + + + align:start position:0% +step up to minus two zero and you see +this larger potassium current if you + + align:start position:0% +this larger potassium current if you + + + align:start position:0% +this larger potassium current if you +step from minus 40 to 40 you see an even + + align:start position:0% +step from minus 40 to 40 you see an even + + + align:start position:0% +step from minus 40 to 40 you see an even +larger potassium current and you can + + align:start position:0% +larger potassium current and you can + + + align:start position:0% +larger potassium current and you can +plot the this peak current or the steady + + align:start position:0% +plot the this peak current or the steady + + + align:start position:0% +plot the this peak current or the steady +state current as a function of voltage + + align:start position:0% +state current as a function of voltage + + + align:start position:0% +state current as a function of voltage +all right that gives you an IV curve and + + align:start position:0% +all right that gives you an IV curve and + + + align:start position:0% +all right that gives you an IV curve and +we'll look at that in a second if you do + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at that in a second if you do + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at that in a second if you do +the same thing for the sodium currents + + align:start position:0% +the same thing for the sodium currents + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing for the sodium currents +you see something different that's + + align:start position:0% +you see something different that's + + + align:start position:0% +you see something different that's +initially very confusing if you step + + align:start position:0% +initially very confusing if you step + + + align:start position:0% +initially very confusing if you step +from minus 82 minus 40 you see a small + + align:start position:0% +from minus 82 minus 40 you see a small + + + align:start position:0% +from minus 82 minus 40 you see a small +sodium current you should make a larger + + align:start position:0% +sodium current you should make a larger + + + align:start position:0% +sodium current you should make a larger +voltage step up to zero you see this + + align:start position:0% +voltage step up to zero you see this + + + align:start position:0% +voltage step up to zero you see this +bigger volt sodium current but then if + + align:start position:0% +bigger volt sodium current but then if + + + align:start position:0% +bigger volt sodium current but then if +you step up to from minus eighty + + align:start position:0% +you step up to from minus eighty + + + align:start position:0% +you step up to from minus eighty +millivolts to 40 millivolts now you see + + align:start position:0% +millivolts to 40 millivolts now you see + + + align:start position:0% +millivolts to 40 millivolts now you see +you just have a tiny little sodium + + align:start position:0% +you just have a tiny little sodium + + + align:start position:0% +you just have a tiny little sodium +current anybody remember why that would + + align:start position:0% +current anybody remember why that would + + + align:start position:0% +current anybody remember why that would +be why is it that you would see only a + + align:start position:0% +be why is it that you would see only a + + + align:start position:0% +be why is it that you would see only a +very tiny sodium current if you step up + + align:start position:0% +very tiny sodium current if you step up + + + align:start position:0% +very tiny sodium current if you step up +to 40 millivolts what is the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +to 40 millivolts what is the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +to 40 millivolts what is the equilibrium +potential for sodium good good so what + + align:start position:0% +potential for sodium good good so what + + + align:start position:0% +potential for sodium good good so what +would the what would the sodium current + + align:start position:0% +would the what would the sodium current + + + align:start position:0% +would the what would the sodium current +be if I had stepped this voltage up + + align:start position:0% +be if I had stepped this voltage up + + + align:start position:0% +be if I had stepped this voltage up +exactly 250 millivolts B 0 so this is + + align:start position:0% +exactly 250 millivolts B 0 so this is + + + align:start position:0% +exactly 250 millivolts B 0 so this is +pretty close to 50 millivolts which is + + align:start position:0% +pretty close to 50 millivolts which is + + + align:start position:0% +pretty close to 50 millivolts which is +why the sodium current is actually + + align:start position:0% +why the sodium current is actually + + + align:start position:0% +why the sodium current is actually +pretty small okay all right so now let's + + align:start position:0% +pretty small okay all right so now let's + + + align:start position:0% +pretty small okay all right so now let's +plot the peak current as a function of + + align:start position:0% +plot the peak current as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +plot the peak current as a function of +voltage for potassium and the peak + + align:start position:0% +voltage for potassium and the peak + + + align:start position:0% +voltage for potassium and the peak +current here as a function of voltage + + align:start position:0% +current here as a function of voltage + + + align:start position:0% +current here as a function of voltage +for sodium that's what that looks like + + align:start position:0% +for sodium that's what that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +for sodium that's what that looks like +so you can see that the potassium + + align:start position:0% +so you can see that the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see that the potassium +current is 0 for these voltages down + + align:start position:0% +current is 0 for these voltages down + + + align:start position:0% +current is 0 for these voltages down +here and grow + + align:start position:0% +here and grow + + + align:start position:0% +here and grow +it's actually stay zero for even more + + align:start position:0% +it's actually stay zero for even more + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually stay zero for even more +negative voltages the sodium current on + + align:start position:0% +negative voltages the sodium current on + + + align:start position:0% +negative voltages the sodium current on +the other hand has this very kind of + + align:start position:0% +the other hand has this very kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand has this very kind of +funny shape it's linear + + align:start position:0% +funny shape it's linear + + + align:start position:0% +funny shape it's linear +appear around high voltages around the + + align:start position:0% +appear around high voltages around the + + + align:start position:0% +appear around high voltages around the +sodium equilibrium or reversal potential + + align:start position:0% +sodium equilibrium or reversal potential + + + align:start position:0% +sodium equilibrium or reversal potential +and then it drops to zero the sodium + + align:start position:0% +and then it drops to zero the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +and then it drops to zero the sodium +current stays at zero for negative + + align:start position:0% +current stays at zero for negative + + + align:start position:0% +current stays at zero for negative +voltages alright and you were called it + + align:start position:0% +voltages alright and you were called it + + + align:start position:0% +voltages alright and you were called it +we use this to think about what the + + align:start position:0% +we use this to think about what the + + + align:start position:0% +we use this to think about what the +conductance must be so let me just walk + + align:start position:0% +conductance must be so let me just walk + + + align:start position:0% +conductance must be so let me just walk +you through that + + align:start position:0% +you through that + + + align:start position:0% +you through that +that logic again so remember that the + + align:start position:0% +that logic again so remember that the + + + align:start position:0% +that logic again so remember that the +current is just a conductance times the + + align:start position:0% +current is just a conductance times the + + + align:start position:0% +current is just a conductance times the +driving potential make the driving + + align:start position:0% +driving potential make the driving + + + align:start position:0% +driving potential make the driving +potential is positive when you're above + + align:start position:0% +potential is positive when you're above + + + align:start position:0% +potential is positive when you're above +the equilibrium potential it's negative + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium potential it's negative + + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium potential it's negative +when you're below so the so this term + + align:start position:0% +when you're below so the so this term + + + align:start position:0% +when you're below so the so this term +here is a straight line it's linear in + + align:start position:0% +here is a straight line it's linear in + + + align:start position:0% +here is a straight line it's linear in +voltage and it goes through zero when V + + align:start position:0% +voltage and it goes through zero when V + + + align:start position:0% +voltage and it goes through zero when V +is equal to e K all right so there is + + align:start position:0% +is equal to e K all right so there is + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to e K all right so there is +the driving potential for potassium as a + + align:start position:0% +the driving potential for potassium as a + + + align:start position:0% +the driving potential for potassium as a +function of voltage now you can see + + align:start position:0% +function of voltage now you can see + + + align:start position:0% +function of voltage now you can see +clearly that the conductance as a + + align:start position:0% +clearly that the conductance as a + + + align:start position:0% +clearly that the conductance as a +function of voltage has some voltage + + align:start position:0% +function of voltage has some voltage + + + align:start position:0% +function of voltage has some voltage +dependence because this doesn't look + + align:start position:0% +dependence because this doesn't look + + + align:start position:0% +dependence because this doesn't look +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +so the difference between this and this + + align:start position:0% +so the difference between this and this + + + align:start position:0% +so the difference between this and this +is captured by this voltage dependent + + align:start position:0% +is captured by this voltage dependent + + + align:start position:0% +is captured by this voltage dependent +conductance and does anyone remember + + align:start position:0% +conductance and does anyone remember + + + align:start position:0% +conductance and does anyone remember +what that conductance that G K as a + + align:start position:0% +what that conductance that G K as a + + + align:start position:0% +what that conductance that G K as a +function of V looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep sigmoid 'el and what is it down here + + align:start position:0% +yep sigmoid 'el and what is it down here + + + align:start position:0% +yep sigmoid 'el and what is it down here +what it's zero so the way that you can + + align:start position:0% +what it's zero so the way that you can + + + align:start position:0% +what it's zero so the way that you can +get a zero current even with a very + + align:start position:0% +get a zero current even with a very + + + align:start position:0% +get a zero current even with a very +negative driving potential is if the + + align:start position:0% +negative driving potential is if the + + + align:start position:0% +negative driving potential is if the +conductance is zero you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +conductance is zero you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +conductance is zero you can see that the +current is linear up here and the + + align:start position:0% +current is linear up here and the + + + align:start position:0% +current is linear up here and the +driving potential is linear up here so + + align:start position:0% +driving potential is linear up here so + + + align:start position:0% +driving potential is linear up here so +the conductance has to be constant and + + align:start position:0% +the conductance has to be constant and + + + align:start position:0% +the conductance has to be constant and +so we have a conductance that has to be + + align:start position:0% +so we have a conductance that has to be + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a conductance that has to be +zero down here and a constant non zero + + align:start position:0% +zero down here and a constant non zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero down here and a constant non zero +up here right yes why doesn't this curve + + align:start position:0% +up here right yes why doesn't this curve + + + align:start position:0% +up here right yes why doesn't this curve +do something else so what is it that + + align:start position:0% +do something else so what is it that + + + align:start position:0% +do something else so what is it that +you're why doesn't it keep going because + + align:start position:0% +you're why doesn't it keep going because + + + align:start position:0% +you're why doesn't it keep going because +we can okay that's a great question so + + align:start position:0% +we can okay that's a great question so + + + align:start position:0% +we can okay that's a great question so +maybe you can answer it how would I + + align:start position:0% +maybe you can answer it how would I + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you can answer it how would I +change the conductance curve to make + + align:start position:0% +change the conductance curve to make + + + align:start position:0% +change the conductance curve to make +this look more like this I could do + + align:start position:0% +this look more like this I could do + + + align:start position:0% +this look more like this I could do +something very simple to this the + + align:start position:0% +something very simple to this the + + + align:start position:0% +something very simple to this the +voltage dependence of the potassium + + align:start position:0% +voltage dependence of the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +voltage dependence of the potassium +conductance to actually make it look + + align:start position:0% +conductance to actually make it look + + + align:start position:0% +conductance to actually make it look +like that what would I do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the reason this goes to zero and stays + + align:start position:0% +the reason this goes to zero and stays + + + align:start position:0% +the reason this goes to zero and stays +at zero is because the voltage + + align:start position:0% +at zero is because the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +at zero is because the voltage +dependence of the conductance turns it + + align:start position:0% +dependence of the conductance turns it + + + align:start position:0% +dependence of the conductance turns it +off before the driving potential can go + + align:start position:0% +off before the driving potential can go + + + align:start position:0% +off before the driving potential can go +negative so what would I do to the + + align:start position:0% +negative so what would I do to the + + + align:start position:0% +negative so what would I do to the +conductance to make this current dip + + align:start position:0% +conductance to make this current dip + + + align:start position:0% +conductance to make this current dip +below zero before it comes back any + + align:start position:0% +below zero before it comes back any + + + align:start position:0% +below zero before it comes back any +suggestions yeah which way + + align:start position:0% +suggestions yeah which way + + + align:start position:0% +suggestions yeah which way +good exactly so if I took this curve and + + align:start position:0% +good exactly so if I took this curve and + + + align:start position:0% +good exactly so if I took this curve and +I shifted it that way if I made the + + align:start position:0% +I shifted it that way if I made the + + + align:start position:0% +I shifted it that way if I made the +potassium conductance turn off at a more + + align:start position:0% +potassium conductance turn off at a more + + + align:start position:0% +potassium conductance turn off at a more +negative potential then this would go + + align:start position:0% +negative potential then this would go + + + align:start position:0% +negative potential then this would go +down before it got turned off by the + + align:start position:0% +down before it got turned off by the + + + align:start position:0% +down before it got turned off by the +conductance is that makes sense great + + align:start position:0% +conductance is that makes sense great + + + align:start position:0% +conductance is that makes sense great +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +any other questions so the answer is the + + align:start position:0% +any other questions so the answer is the + + + align:start position:0% +any other questions so the answer is the +reason this doesn't go negative is + + align:start position:0% +reason this doesn't go negative is + + + align:start position:0% +reason this doesn't go negative is +because the voltage dependence of the + + align:start position:0% +because the voltage dependence of the + + + align:start position:0% +because the voltage dependence of the +potassium conductance turns off the + + align:start position:0% +potassium conductance turns off the + + + align:start position:0% +potassium conductance turns off the +conductance before or on the positive + + align:start position:0% +conductance before or on the positive + + + align:start position:0% +conductance before or on the positive +side of the equilibrium potential of + + align:start position:0% +side of the equilibrium potential of + + + align:start position:0% +side of the equilibrium potential of +potassium yes yep okay so if G were + + align:start position:0% +potassium yes yep okay so if G were + + + align:start position:0% +potassium yes yep okay so if G were +constant if G had no voltage dependence + + align:start position:0% +constant if G had no voltage dependence + + + align:start position:0% +constant if G had no voltage dependence +and it was just a constant what would + + align:start position:0% +and it was just a constant what would + + + align:start position:0% +and it was just a constant what would +this current look like what would it + + align:start position:0% +this current look like what would it + + + align:start position:0% +this current look like what would it +look like if this G were just a constant + + align:start position:0% +look like if this G were just a constant + + + align:start position:0% +look like if this G were just a constant +no no dependence on voltage good it + + align:start position:0% +no no dependence on voltage good it + + + align:start position:0% +no no dependence on voltage good it +would look just like this right so the + + align:start position:0% +would look just like this right so the + + + align:start position:0% +would look just like this right so the +reason this curve shuts off and goes to + + align:start position:0% +reason this curve shuts off and goes to + + + align:start position:0% +reason this curve shuts off and goes to +zero is that the conductance goes to + + align:start position:0% +zero is that the conductance goes to + + + align:start position:0% +zero is that the conductance goes to +zero down here and it's constant up here + + align:start position:0% +zero down here and it's constant up here + + + align:start position:0% +zero down here and it's constant up here +that makes sense and that curve just + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense and that curve just + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense and that curve just +looks like that it's zero down here and + + align:start position:0% +looks like that it's zero down here and + + + align:start position:0% +looks like that it's zero down here and +constant up here yeah good question + + align:start position:0% +constant up here yeah good question + + + align:start position:0% +constant up here yeah good question +any other there was another hand up here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no it's G K as a function of V yeah + + align:start position:0% +no it's G K as a function of V yeah + + + align:start position:0% +no it's G K as a function of V yeah +that's the notation is sometimes a + + align:start position:0% +that's the notation is sometimes a + + + align:start position:0% +that's the notation is sometimes a +little bit confusing you kind of have to + + align:start position:0% +little bit confusing you kind of have to + + + align:start position:0% +little bit confusing you kind of have to +read it out of common you know from the + + align:start position:0% +read it out of common you know from the + + + align:start position:0% +read it out of common you know from the +context okay any other questions okay so + + align:start position:0% +context okay any other questions okay so + + + align:start position:0% +context okay any other questions okay so +now you can see why this curve looks the + + align:start position:0% +now you can see why this curve looks the + + + align:start position:0% +now you can see why this curve looks the +way it does + + align:start position:0% +way it does + + + align:start position:0% +way it does +so now let's plot the the driving + + align:start position:0% +so now let's plot the the driving + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's plot the the driving +potential v- ena that's this curve right + + align:start position:0% +potential v- ena that's this curve right + + + align:start position:0% +potential v- ena that's this curve right +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +it's Ohm's law but it has a battery that + + align:start position:0% +it's Ohm's law but it has a battery that + + + align:start position:0% +it's Ohm's law but it has a battery that +makes it centered it makes it give zero + + align:start position:0% +makes it centered it makes it give zero + + + align:start position:0% +makes it centered it makes it give zero +current at when V is equal to ena which + + align:start position:0% +current at when V is equal to ena which + + + align:start position:0% +current at when V is equal to ena which +is positive right so that's why that + + align:start position:0% +is positive right so that's why that + + + align:start position:0% +is positive right so that's why that +curve looks like that and what is it + + align:start position:0% +curve looks like that and what is it + + + align:start position:0% +curve looks like that and what is it +that makes the sodium current go to zero + + align:start position:0% +that makes the sodium current go to zero + + + align:start position:0% +that makes the sodium current go to zero +down here it must be that at the what + + align:start position:0% +down here it must be that at the what + + + align:start position:0% +down here it must be that at the what +what about the conductance good the + + align:start position:0% +what about the conductance good the + + + align:start position:0% +what about the conductance good the +conductance the sodium conductance has + + align:start position:0% +conductance the sodium conductance has + + + align:start position:0% +conductance the sodium conductance has +to turn off down here okay and what + + align:start position:0% +to turn off down here okay and what + + + align:start position:0% +to turn off down here okay and what +about up here this is linear this is + + align:start position:0% +about up here this is linear this is + + + align:start position:0% +about up here this is linear this is +linear so the sodium conductance has to + + align:start position:0% +linear so the sodium conductance has to + + + align:start position:0% +linear so the sodium conductance has to +be what up here constant good so you can + + align:start position:0% +be what up here constant good so you can + + + align:start position:0% +be what up here constant good so you can +see that the sodium conductance has + + align:start position:0% +see that the sodium conductance has + + + align:start position:0% +see that the sodium conductance has +exactly the same shape as the potassium + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same shape as the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same shape as the potassium +conductance it's not exactly at the same + + align:start position:0% +conductance it's not exactly at the same + + + align:start position:0% +conductance it's not exactly at the same +voltage but it's close okay all right + + align:start position:0% +voltage but it's close okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +voltage but it's close okay all right +good so now you can see where this kind + + align:start position:0% +good so now you can see where this kind + + + align:start position:0% +good so now you can see where this kind +of weird shape of these sodium and + + align:start position:0% +of weird shape of these sodium and + + + align:start position:0% +of weird shape of these sodium and +potassium currents comes from it's + + align:start position:0% +potassium currents comes from it's + + + align:start position:0% +potassium currents comes from it's +actually very simple it's just a + + align:start position:0% +actually very simple it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +actually very simple it's just a +resistor in series with a battery that + + align:start position:0% +resistor in series with a battery that + + + align:start position:0% +resistor in series with a battery that +gives you this driving potential offset + + align:start position:0% +gives you this driving potential offset + + + align:start position:0% +gives you this driving potential offset +from zero and that's multiplied by this + + align:start position:0% +from zero and that's multiplied by this + + + align:start position:0% +from zero and that's multiplied by this +voltage dependent conductance okay + + align:start position:0% +voltage dependent conductance okay + + + align:start position:0% +voltage dependent conductance okay +now the time dependence of the + + align:start position:0% +now the time dependence of the + + + align:start position:0% +now the time dependence of the +conductance is entirely due sorry the + + align:start position:0% +conductance is entirely due sorry the + + + align:start position:0% +conductance is entirely due sorry the +time dependence of the current that + + align:start position:0% +time dependence of the current that + + + align:start position:0% +time dependence of the current that +ramping up current that turns on and + + align:start position:0% +ramping up current that turns on and + + + align:start position:0% +ramping up current that turns on and +then stays constant for the potassium is + + align:start position:0% +then stays constant for the potassium is + + + align:start position:0% +then stays constant for the potassium is +entirely due to the time too + + align:start position:0% +entirely due to the time too + + + align:start position:0% +entirely due to the time too +hence of the potassium conductance okay + + align:start position:0% +hence of the potassium conductance okay + + + align:start position:0% +hence of the potassium conductance okay +so the potassium conductance just turns + + align:start position:0% +so the potassium conductance just turns + + + align:start position:0% +so the potassium conductance just turns +on that process of the conductance + + align:start position:0% +on that process of the conductance + + + align:start position:0% +on that process of the conductance +turning on is called activation same for + + align:start position:0% +turning on is called activation same for + + + align:start position:0% +turning on is called activation same for +the sodium the sodium conductance turns + + align:start position:0% +the sodium the sodium conductance turns + + + align:start position:0% +the sodium the sodium conductance turns +on quickly + + align:start position:0% +on quickly + + + align:start position:0% +on quickly +that's called activation the sodium + + align:start position:0% +that's called activation the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +that's called activation the sodium +conductance turns on very fast and the + + align:start position:0% +conductance turns on very fast and the + + + align:start position:0% +conductance turns on very fast and the +potassium conductance turns on slowly + + align:start position:0% +potassium conductance turns on slowly + + + align:start position:0% +potassium conductance turns on slowly +now we talked about how the voltage + + align:start position:0% +now we talked about how the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +now we talked about how the voltage +gates work in a voltage dependent ionic + + align:start position:0% +gates work in a voltage dependent ionic + + + align:start position:0% +gates work in a voltage dependent ionic +ion channel and the idea is that you + + align:start position:0% +ion channel and the idea is that you + + + align:start position:0% +ion channel and the idea is that you +have some gating charges that are + + align:start position:0% +have some gating charges that are + + + align:start position:0% +have some gating charges that are +literally charged residues charged amino + + align:start position:0% +literally charged residues charged amino + + + align:start position:0% +literally charged residues charged amino +acids in the protein when the membrane + + align:start position:0% +acids in the protein when the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +acids in the protein when the membrane +potential is very negative when the cell + + align:start position:0% +potential is very negative when the cell + + + align:start position:0% +potential is very negative when the cell +is at rest you can see that there's a + + align:start position:0% +is at rest you can see that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +is at rest you can see that there's a +large electric field pointing that way + + align:start position:0% +large electric field pointing that way + + + align:start position:0% +large electric field pointing that way +inside the membrane and that pushes the + + align:start position:0% +inside the membrane and that pushes the + + + align:start position:0% +inside the membrane and that pushes the +charges pushes those gating charges + + align:start position:0% +charges pushes those gating charges + + + align:start position:0% +charges pushes those gating charges +toward the inside of the cell and that + + align:start position:0% +toward the inside of the cell and that + + + align:start position:0% +toward the inside of the cell and that +closes the gate when you depolarize the + + align:start position:0% +closes the gate when you depolarize the + + + align:start position:0% +closes the gate when you depolarize the +cell this membrane potential goes to + + align:start position:0% +cell this membrane potential goes to + + + align:start position:0% +cell this membrane potential goes to +closer to zero the electric field drops + + align:start position:0% +closer to zero the electric field drops + + + align:start position:0% +closer to zero the electric field drops +and those gating charges are no longer + + align:start position:0% +and those gating charges are no longer + + + align:start position:0% +and those gating charges are no longer +being pushed into the cell and they + + align:start position:0% +being pushed into the cell and they + + + align:start position:0% +being pushed into the cell and they +relax back in the gate opens okay okay + + align:start position:0% +relax back in the gate opens okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +relax back in the gate opens okay okay +so that is the basic sort of a cartoon + + align:start position:0% +so that is the basic sort of a cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +so that is the basic sort of a cartoon +picture of the mechanism by which iron + + align:start position:0% +picture of the mechanism by which iron + + + align:start position:0% +picture of the mechanism by which iron +voltage-dependent ion channels acquire + + align:start position:0% +voltage-dependent ion channels acquire + + + align:start position:0% +voltage-dependent ion channels acquire +that voltage dependence okay + + align:start position:0% +that voltage dependence okay + + + align:start position:0% +that voltage dependence okay +so remember we talked about how the + + align:start position:0% +so remember we talked about how the + + + align:start position:0% +so remember we talked about how the +Potemkin model that time dependence we + + align:start position:0% +Potemkin model that time dependence we + + + align:start position:0% +Potemkin model that time dependence we +can model that open and closed state of + + align:start position:0% +can model that open and closed state of + + + align:start position:0% +can model that open and closed state of +the ion channel as two states an open + + align:start position:0% +the ion channel as two states an open + + + align:start position:0% +the ion channel as two states an open +state and a closed state where the + + align:start position:0% +state and a closed state where the + + + align:start position:0% +state and a closed state where the +probability and of being in the open + + align:start position:0% +probability and of being in the open + + + align:start position:0% +probability and of being in the open +state probability of one - and being in + + align:start position:0% +state probability of one - and being in + + + align:start position:0% +state probability of one - and being in +the closed state remember this was for + + align:start position:0% +the closed state remember this was for + + + align:start position:0% +the closed state remember this was for +one subunit for the potassium channel + + align:start position:0% +one subunit for the potassium channel + + + align:start position:0% +one subunit for the potassium channel +there are four subunits and all of them + + align:start position:0% +there are four subunits and all of them + + + align:start position:0% +there are four subunits and all of them +have to be open okay and we wrote down a + + align:start position:0% +have to be open okay and we wrote down a + + + align:start position:0% +have to be open okay and we wrote down a +differential equation for that gating + + align:start position:0% +differential equation for that gating + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation for that gating +variable n there's an N in + + align:start position:0% +variable n there's an N in + + + align:start position:0% +variable n there's an N in +steady-state that's a function of + + align:start position:0% +steady-state that's a function of + + + align:start position:0% +steady-state that's a function of +voltage and remember for for the + + align:start position:0% +voltage and remember for for the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage and remember for for the +potassium and infinity is negative down + + align:start position:0% +potassium and infinity is negative down + + + align:start position:0% +potassium and infinity is negative down +here and increases as a function of + + align:start position:0% +here and increases as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +here and increases as a function of +voltage to get close to one at voltages + + align:start position:0% +voltage to get close to one at voltages + + + align:start position:0% +voltage to get close to one at voltages +above you know minus 50 or somewhere + + align:start position:0% +above you know minus 50 or somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +above you know minus 50 or somewhere +between minus 50 and zero millivolts + + align:start position:0% +between minus 50 and zero millivolts + + + align:start position:0% +between minus 50 and zero millivolts +that gating variable and an infinity of + + align:start position:0% +that gating variable and an infinity of + + + align:start position:0% +that gating variable and an infinity of +that gating variable end goes from being + + align:start position:0% +that gating variable end goes from being + + + align:start position:0% +that gating variable end goes from being +very small to being large okay okay now + + align:start position:0% +very small to being large okay okay now + + + align:start position:0% +very small to being large okay okay now +so that's potassium we we went through + + align:start position:0% +so that's potassium we we went through + + + align:start position:0% +so that's potassium we we went through +that last time and now let's talk about + + align:start position:0% +that last time and now let's talk about + + + align:start position:0% +that last time and now let's talk about +sodium sodium looks exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +sodium sodium looks exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +sodium sodium looks exactly the same +okay there the sodium conductance can be + + align:start position:0% +okay there the sodium conductance can be + + + align:start position:0% +okay there the sodium conductance can be +modeled as having two states an open + + align:start position:0% +modeled as having two states an open + + + align:start position:0% +modeled as having two states an open +state and a closed state remember if you + + align:start position:0% +state and a closed state remember if you + + + align:start position:0% +state and a closed state remember if you +we did a patch recording on a single + + align:start position:0% +we did a patch recording on a single + + + align:start position:0% +we did a patch recording on a single +sodium channel you can see that it + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel you can see that it + + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel you can see that it +flickers back and forth between open and + + align:start position:0% +flickers back and forth between open and + + + align:start position:0% +flickers back and forth between open and +closed so we can model that process in + + align:start position:0% +closed so we can model that process in + + + align:start position:0% +closed so we can model that process in +exactly the same way that we did for + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same way that we did for + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same way that we did for +this for the potassium conductance we + + align:start position:0% +this for the potassium conductance we + + + align:start position:0% +this for the potassium conductance we +have an open state a closed state a + + align:start position:0% +have an open state a closed state a + + + align:start position:0% +have an open state a closed state a +probability M of being in the open state + + align:start position:0% +probability M of being in the open state + + + align:start position:0% +probability M of being in the open state +so M is our gating variable for our + + align:start position:0% +so M is our gating variable for our + + + align:start position:0% +so M is our gating variable for our +activation gating variable for the + + align:start position:0% +activation gating variable for the + + + align:start position:0% +activation gating variable for the +sodium conductance probability of being + + align:start position:0% +sodium conductance probability of being + + + align:start position:0% +sodium conductance probability of being +in the closed state is 1 minus M there's + + align:start position:0% +in the closed state is 1 minus M there's + + + align:start position:0% +in the closed state is 1 minus M there's +the same kind of differential equation + + align:start position:0% +the same kind of differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +the same kind of differential equation +for the M gating variable and an M + + align:start position:0% +for the M gating variable and an M + + + align:start position:0% +for the M gating variable and an M +infinity that has a voltage dependence + + align:start position:0% +infinity that has a voltage dependence + + + align:start position:0% +infinity that has a voltage dependence +that looks very much like the voltage + + align:start position:0% +that looks very much like the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +that looks very much like the voltage +dependence of n infinity okay so so far + + align:start position:0% +dependence of n infinity okay so so far + + + align:start position:0% +dependence of n infinity okay so so far +the sodium and potassium conductances + + align:start position:0% +the sodium and potassium conductances + + + align:start position:0% +the sodium and potassium conductances +look very similar right they both have + + align:start position:0% +look very similar right they both have + + + align:start position:0% +look very similar right they both have +but they both have this same kind of + + align:start position:0% +but they both have this same kind of + + + align:start position:0% +but they both have this same kind of +activation gate gating variable the same + + align:start position:0% +activation gate gating variable the same + + + align:start position:0% +activation gate gating variable the same +simple model for how they turn on and + + align:start position:0% +simple model for how they turn on and + + + align:start position:0% +simple model for how they turn on and +turn off same differential equation same + + align:start position:0% +turn off same differential equation same + + + align:start position:0% +turn off same differential equation same +gating variable that has this sigmoid + + align:start position:0% +gating variable that has this sigmoid + + + align:start position:0% +gating variable that has this sigmoid +'el dependence on voltage any questions + + align:start position:0% +'el dependence on voltage any questions + + + align:start position:0% +'el dependence on voltage any questions +about that okay + + align:start position:0% +about that okay + + + align:start position:0% +about that okay +all right so you remember the way we + + align:start position:0% +all right so you remember the way we + + + align:start position:0% +all right so you remember the way we +thought about this the time dependence + + align:start position:0% +thought about this the time dependence + + + align:start position:0% +thought about this the time dependence +of these is we simply integrate this + + align:start position:0% +of these is we simply integrate this + + + align:start position:0% +of these is we simply integrate this +differential equation over time it's a + + align:start position:0% +differential equation over time it's a + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation over time it's a +first-order linear differential equation + + align:start position:0% +first-order linear differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +first-order linear differential equation +and you can think about the N the gating + + align:start position:0% +and you can think about the N the gating + + + align:start position:0% +and you can think about the N the gating +variable as always relaxing + + align:start position:0% +variable as always relaxing + + + align:start position:0% +variable as always relaxing +exponentially toward whatever an + + align:start position:0% +exponentially toward whatever an + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially toward whatever an +infinity is at that moment and infinity + + align:start position:0% +infinity is at that moment and infinity + + + align:start position:0% +infinity is at that moment and infinity +is a function of voltage okay and any + + align:start position:0% +is a function of voltage okay and any + + + align:start position:0% +is a function of voltage okay and any +time dependence it gets comes from + + align:start position:0% +time dependence it gets comes from + + + align:start position:0% +time dependence it gets comes from +changes in the voltage so we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +changes in the voltage so we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +changes in the voltage so we're gonna +simplify things and just consider + + align:start position:0% +simplify things and just consider + + + align:start position:0% +simplify things and just consider +piecewise constant changes in the + + align:start position:0% +piecewise constant changes in the + + + align:start position:0% +piecewise constant changes in the +voltage okay so let's do a simple + + align:start position:0% +voltage okay so let's do a simple + + + align:start position:0% +voltage okay so let's do a simple +experiment we're gonna hyper pie + + align:start position:0% +experiment we're gonna hyper pie + + + align:start position:0% +experiment we're gonna hyper pie +hyperpolarize the voltage to minus 80 + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarize the voltage to minus 80 + + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarize the voltage to minus 80 +what is an infinity going to be big or + + align:start position:0% +what is an infinity going to be big or + + + align:start position:0% +what is an infinity going to be big or +small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember what an Infiniti looks like as + + align:start position:0% +remember what an Infiniti looks like as + + + align:start position:0% +remember what an Infiniti looks like as +a function of voltage good so it + + align:start position:0% +a function of voltage good so it + + + align:start position:0% +a function of voltage good so it +hyperpolarized voltages and infinity is + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarized voltages and infinity is + + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarized voltages and infinity is +going to be small and so is M infinity + + align:start position:0% +going to be small and so is M infinity + + + align:start position:0% +going to be small and so is M infinity +right those ion channels are closed at + + align:start position:0% +right those ion channels are closed at + + + align:start position:0% +right those ion channels are closed at +hyperpolarized voltages so the gating + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarized voltages so the gating + + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarized voltages so the gating +variables that represent how what the + + align:start position:0% +variables that represent how what the + + + align:start position:0% +variables that represent how what the +probability is of being open those + + align:start position:0% +probability is of being open those + + + align:start position:0% +probability is of being open those +gating variables are small when the + + align:start position:0% +gating variables are small when the + + + align:start position:0% +gating variables are small when the +voltage is negative very negative okay + + align:start position:0% +voltage is negative very negative okay + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is negative very negative okay +okay so then we're gonna step the + + align:start position:0% +okay so then we're gonna step the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so then we're gonna step the +voltage up and what is an infinity going + + align:start position:0% +voltage up and what is an infinity going + + + align:start position:0% +voltage up and what is an infinity going +to do anybody want to just draw for me + + align:start position:0% +to do anybody want to just draw for me + + + align:start position:0% +to do anybody want to just draw for me +what it's going to do in the air starts + + align:start position:0% +what it's going to do in the air starts + + + align:start position:0% +what it's going to do in the air starts +out small so is it going to ramp up + + align:start position:0% +out small so is it going to ramp up + + + align:start position:0% +out small so is it going to ramp up +slowly is it going to jump up I kind of + + align:start position:0% +slowly is it going to jump up I kind of + + + align:start position:0% +slowly is it going to jump up I kind of +wiggle around what's it going to do so + + align:start position:0% +wiggle around what's it going to do so + + + align:start position:0% +wiggle around what's it going to do so +why is it so I have several different + + align:start position:0% +why is it so I have several different + + + align:start position:0% +why is it so I have several different +answers I have some people saying that + + align:start position:0% +answers I have some people saying that + + + align:start position:0% +answers I have some people saying that +it's gonna ring I'm asking about n + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna ring I'm asking about n + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna ring I'm asking about n +infinity now not n so how many people + + align:start position:0% +infinity now not n so how many people + + + align:start position:0% +infinity now not n so how many people +say it's gonna jump up suddenly okay + + align:start position:0% +say it's gonna jump up suddenly okay + + + align:start position:0% +say it's gonna jump up suddenly okay +good that's what it's gonna do it's + + align:start position:0% +good that's what it's gonna do it's + + + align:start position:0% +good that's what it's gonna do it's +gonna start out at a small value and + + align:start position:0% +gonna start out at a small value and + + + align:start position:0% +gonna start out at a small value and +jump up to a larger value when you + + align:start position:0% +jump up to a larger value when you + + + align:start position:0% +jump up to a larger value when you +depolarize the cell okay and then what + + align:start position:0% +depolarize the cell okay and then what + + + align:start position:0% +depolarize the cell okay and then what +is n going to do good and is going to + + align:start position:0% +is n going to do good and is going to + + + align:start position:0% +is n going to do good and is going to +start at some initial condition and + + align:start position:0% +start at some initial condition and + + + align:start position:0% +start at some initial condition and +relax exponentially toward and infinity + + align:start position:0% +relax exponentially toward and infinity + + + align:start position:0% +relax exponentially toward and infinity +and then when you turn the voltage back + + align:start position:0% +and then when you turn the voltage back + + + align:start position:0% +and then when you turn the voltage back +down and infinity is going to go from + + align:start position:0% +down and infinity is going to go from + + + align:start position:0% +down and infinity is going to go from +this large value back down to a small + + align:start position:0% +this large value back down to a small + + + align:start position:0% +this large value back down to a small +value and n is going to relax + + align:start position:0% +value and n is going to relax + + + align:start position:0% +value and n is going to relax +exponentially to that smaller value of + + align:start position:0% +exponentially to that smaller value of + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially to that smaller value of +an infinity okay any questions about + + align:start position:0% +an infinity okay any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +an infinity okay any questions about +that we saw that last time now what is + + align:start position:0% +that we saw that last time now what is + + + align:start position:0% +that we saw that last time now what is +what is the conductance going to do this + + align:start position:0% +what is the conductance going to do this + + + align:start position:0% +what is the conductance going to do this +the conductance depend on n anybody + + align:start position:0% +the conductance depend on n anybody + + + align:start position:0% +the conductance depend on n anybody +remember for potassium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how many how many subunits are there in + + align:start position:0% +how many how many subunits are there in + + + align:start position:0% +how many how many subunits are there in +a potassium 4 and so if the probability + + align:start position:0% +a potassium 4 and so if the probability + + + align:start position:0% +a potassium 4 and so if the probability +that each one is open is N and there are + + align:start position:0% +that each one is open is N and there are + + + align:start position:0% +that each one is open is N and there are +four independent so what's the + + align:start position:0% +four independent so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +four independent so what's the +probability that they're all going to be + + align:start position:0% +probability that they're all going to be + + + align:start position:0% +probability that they're all going to be +open good + + align:start position:0% +open good + + + align:start position:0% +open good +and so the conductance is going to turn + + align:start position:0% +and so the conductance is going to turn + + + align:start position:0% +and so the conductance is going to turn +on as this relaxing exponential to the + + align:start position:0% +on as this relaxing exponential to the + + + align:start position:0% +on as this relaxing exponential to the +fourth and it's going to have that that + + align:start position:0% +fourth and it's going to have that that + + + align:start position:0% +fourth and it's going to have that that +kind of gradual ramping up okay good + + align:start position:0% +kind of gradual ramping up okay good + + + align:start position:0% +kind of gradual ramping up okay good +looks exactly the same for sodium okay + + align:start position:0% +looks exactly the same for sodium okay + + + align:start position:0% +looks exactly the same for sodium okay +so if you start hyper paused you + + align:start position:0% +so if you start hyper paused you + + + align:start position:0% +so if you start hyper paused you +depolarize the cell that M infinity is + + align:start position:0% +depolarize the cell that M infinity is + + + align:start position:0% +depolarize the cell that M infinity is +going to start small it's going to jump + + align:start position:0% +going to start small it's going to jump + + + align:start position:0% +going to start small it's going to jump +up to a high value M is going to start + + align:start position:0% +up to a high value M is going to start + + + align:start position:0% +up to a high value M is going to start +small and it's going to relax extra + + align:start position:0% +small and it's going to relax extra + + + align:start position:0% +small and it's going to relax extra +toward that higher value of M infinity + + align:start position:0% +toward that higher value of M infinity + + + align:start position:0% +toward that higher value of M infinity +okay now anybody want to guess at what + + align:start position:0% +okay now anybody want to guess at what + + + align:start position:0% +okay now anybody want to guess at what +the sodium conductance will look like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's going to be some function of M + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be some function of M + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be some function of M +right turns out that it M cubed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the reason is that even though there + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is that even though there + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason is that even though there +are four things that have to all be open + + align:start position:0% +are four things that have to all be open + + + align:start position:0% +are four things that have to all be open +they're not independent of each other + + align:start position:0% +they're not independent of each other + + + align:start position:0% +they're not independent of each other +and so that the exponent the exponent is + + align:start position:0% +and so that the exponent the exponent is + + + align:start position:0% +and so that the exponent the exponent is +not M to the fourth its M cubed okay and + + align:start position:0% +not M to the fourth its M cubed okay and + + + align:start position:0% +not M to the fourth its M cubed okay and +hodgkin and huxley figured that out + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin and huxley figured that out + + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin and huxley figured that out +simply by plotting these relaxing + + align:start position:0% +simply by plotting these relaxing + + + align:start position:0% +simply by plotting these relaxing +Exponential's to different powers you + + align:start position:0% +Exponential's to different powers you + + + align:start position:0% +Exponential's to different powers you +know i'm imagine them you know saying oh + + align:start position:0% +know i'm imagine them you know saying oh + + + align:start position:0% +know i'm imagine them you know saying oh +the potassium is four let's take em to + + align:start position:0% +the potassium is four let's take em to + + + align:start position:0% +the potassium is four let's take em to +the four but it doesn't it didn't fit so + + align:start position:0% +the four but it doesn't it didn't fit so + + + align:start position:0% +the four but it doesn't it didn't fit so +they tried to mother and they found that + + align:start position:0% +they tried to mother and they found that + + + align:start position:0% +they tried to mother and they found that +m cubed fits okay okay so that's that's + + align:start position:0% +m cubed fits okay okay so that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +m cubed fits okay okay so that's that's +it now the problem with this model is + + align:start position:0% +it now the problem with this model is + + + align:start position:0% +it now the problem with this model is +what what is the problem with this model + + align:start position:0% +what what is the problem with this model + + + align:start position:0% +what what is the problem with this model +is that when you depolarize the cell the + + align:start position:0% +is that when you depolarize the cell the + + + align:start position:0% +is that when you depolarize the cell the +potassium current turns on the potassium + + align:start position:0% +potassium current turns on the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +potassium current turns on the potassium +conductance turns on but then what + + align:start position:0% +conductance turns on but then what + + + align:start position:0% +conductance turns on but then what +happens + + align:start position:0% +happens + + + align:start position:0% +happens +what is sorry the sodium don't what + + align:start position:0% +what is sorry the sodium don't what + + + align:start position:0% +what is sorry the sodium don't what +happens what it doesn't do this it + + align:start position:0% +happens what it doesn't do this it + + + align:start position:0% +happens what it doesn't do this it +doesn't turn on and stay on right the + + align:start position:0% +doesn't turn on and stay on right the + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't turn on and stay on right the +potassium when you depart as turns on + + align:start position:0% +potassium when you depart as turns on + + + align:start position:0% +potassium when you depart as turns on +and stays on just like that model but + + align:start position:0% +and stays on just like that model but + + + align:start position:0% +and stays on just like that model but +the sodium does something else what does + + align:start position:0% +the sodium does something else what does + + + align:start position:0% +the sodium does something else what does +it do what's that this is a voltage + + align:start position:0% +it do what's that this is a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +it do what's that this is a voltage +clamp so it's it's work controlling the + + align:start position:0% +clamp so it's it's work controlling the + + + align:start position:0% +clamp so it's it's work controlling the +voltage M is already a maximum here so + + align:start position:0% +voltage M is already a maximum here so + + + align:start position:0% +voltage M is already a maximum here so +it can't shoot up anymore right so what + + align:start position:0% +it can't shoot up anymore right so what + + + align:start position:0% +it can't shoot up anymore right so what +anybody remember what sodium does that's + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember what sodium does that's + + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember what sodium does that's +really weird it inactivates so the + + align:start position:0% +really weird it inactivates so the + + + align:start position:0% +really weird it inactivates so the +current turns on conductance turns on + + align:start position:0% +current turns on conductance turns on + + + align:start position:0% +current turns on conductance turns on +but it doesn't stay on it's off okay and + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't stay on it's off okay and + + + align:start position:0% +but it doesn't stay on it's off okay and +that's what we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're going to talk about +next + + align:start position:0% +next + + + align:start position:0% +next +all right and once we have that we've + + align:start position:0% +all right and once we have that we've + + + align:start position:0% +all right and once we have that we've +got the whole hodgkin-huxley model okay + + align:start position:0% +got the whole hodgkin-huxley model okay + + + align:start position:0% +got the whole hodgkin-huxley model okay +and that'll set us up for this really + + align:start position:0% +and that'll set us up for this really + + + align:start position:0% +and that'll set us up for this really +interesting sodium channel defect that + + align:start position:0% +interesting sodium channel defect that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting sodium channel defect that +we're going to talk about okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that process there of shutting off is + + align:start position:0% +that process there of shutting off is + + + align:start position:0% +that process there of shutting off is +called inactivation right this process + + align:start position:0% +called inactivation right this process + + + align:start position:0% +called inactivation right this process +of em turning on is called activation + + align:start position:0% +of em turning on is called activation + + + align:start position:0% +of em turning on is called activation +and turning off is called deactivation + + align:start position:0% +and turning off is called deactivation + + + align:start position:0% +and turning off is called deactivation +em turning on is called activation em + + align:start position:0% +em turning on is called activation em + + + align:start position:0% +em turning on is called activation em +turning off is called deactivation but + + align:start position:0% +turning off is called deactivation but + + + align:start position:0% +turning off is called deactivation but +this other thing has a different name + + align:start position:0% +this other thing has a different name + + + align:start position:0% +this other thing has a different name +it's called inactivation alright it's + + align:start position:0% +it's called inactivation alright it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's called inactivation alright it's +kind of little tricky + + align:start position:0% +kind of little tricky + + + align:start position:0% +kind of little tricky +terminology okay so the potassium the + + align:start position:0% +terminology okay so the potassium the + + + align:start position:0% +terminology okay so the potassium the +probability of the potato of the sodium + + align:start position:0% +probability of the potato of the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +probability of the potato of the sodium +current being the sodium channel being + + align:start position:0% +current being the sodium channel being + + + align:start position:0% +current being the sodium channel being +open actually it goes like M cubed times + + align:start position:0% +open actually it goes like M cubed times + + + align:start position:0% +open actually it goes like M cubed times +some other gating variable that + + align:start position:0% +some other gating variable that + + + align:start position:0% +some other gating variable that +describes how this turns off okay and so + + align:start position:0% +describes how this turns off okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +describes how this turns off okay and so +there's another gating variable called H + + align:start position:0% +there's another gating variable called H + + + align:start position:0% +there's another gating variable called H +called the inactivation gate invaluable + + align:start position:0% +called the inactivation gate invaluable + + + align:start position:0% +called the inactivation gate invaluable +for sodium and so now we're gonna figure + + align:start position:0% +for sodium and so now we're gonna figure + + + align:start position:0% +for sodium and so now we're gonna figure +out how to think about H and how to + + align:start position:0% +out how to think about H and how to + + + align:start position:0% +out how to think about H and how to +describe it mathematically you probably + + align:start position:0% +describe it mathematically you probably + + + align:start position:0% +describe it mathematically you probably +wouldn't be surprised to hear that it's + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be surprised to hear that it's + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be surprised to hear that it's +just another first-order linear + + align:start position:0% +just another first-order linear + + + align:start position:0% +just another first-order linear +differential equation okay activation + + align:start position:0% +differential equation okay activation + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation okay activation +gating variable M inactivation gating + + align:start position:0% +gating variable M inactivation gating + + + align:start position:0% +gating variable M inactivation gating +variable H okay so how do we think about + + align:start position:0% +variable H okay so how do we think about + + + align:start position:0% +variable H okay so how do we think about +inactivation inactivation is literally + + align:start position:0% +inactivation inactivation is literally + + + align:start position:0% +inactivation inactivation is literally +just a little loop of goo or snot on the + + align:start position:0% +just a little loop of goo or snot on the + + + align:start position:0% +just a little loop of goo or snot on the +inside of the sodium channel when and + + align:start position:0% +inside of the sodium channel when and + + + align:start position:0% +inside of the sodium channel when and +it's charged and when the sodium channel + + align:start position:0% +it's charged and when the sodium channel + + + align:start position:0% +it's charged and when the sodium channel +opens it just falls in and plugs up the + + align:start position:0% +opens it just falls in and plugs up the + + + align:start position:0% +opens it just falls in and plugs up the +port that's it okay so when the membrane + + align:start position:0% +port that's it okay so when the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +port that's it okay so when the membrane +potential is very negative the inside of + + align:start position:0% +potential is very negative the inside of + + + align:start position:0% +potential is very negative the inside of +the cell is negative there's an electric + + align:start position:0% +the cell is negative there's an electric + + + align:start position:0% +the cell is negative there's an electric +field pointing this way and that and the + + align:start position:0% +field pointing this way and that and the + + + align:start position:0% +field pointing this way and that and the +inactivation particle is slightly + + align:start position:0% +inactivation particle is slightly + + + align:start position:0% +inactivation particle is slightly +positively charged and that push keeps + + align:start position:0% +positively charged and that push keeps + + + align:start position:0% +positively charged and that push keeps +it out of the out of the way okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +turns out that that's a real thing it + + align:start position:0% +turns out that that's a real thing it + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that that's a real thing it +turns out it's just a loop of amino + + align:start position:0% +turns out it's just a loop of amino + + + align:start position:0% +turns out it's just a loop of amino +acids on the inside of the ion channel + + align:start position:0% +acids on the inside of the ion channel + + + align:start position:0% +acids on the inside of the ion channel +hodgkin and huxley of course they didn't + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin and huxley of course they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin and huxley of course they didn't +have the structure of the sodium channel + + align:start position:0% +have the structure of the sodium channel + + + align:start position:0% +have the structure of the sodium channel +but they actually predicted the + + align:start position:0% +but they actually predicted the + + + align:start position:0% +but they actually predicted the +existence of these this thing that they + + align:start position:0% +existence of these this thing that they + + + align:start position:0% +existence of these this thing that they +call the inactivation particle okay okay + + align:start position:0% +call the inactivation particle okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +call the inactivation particle okay okay +when you depolarize the cell when the + + align:start position:0% +when you depolarize the cell when the + + + align:start position:0% +when you depolarize the cell when the +membrane potential inside the cell goes + + align:start position:0% +membrane potential inside the cell goes + + + align:start position:0% +membrane potential inside the cell goes +more positive that positive charge is no + + align:start position:0% +more positive that positive charge is no + + + align:start position:0% +more positive that positive charge is no +longer actively kept out of the pore and + + align:start position:0% +longer actively kept out of the pore and + + + align:start position:0% +longer actively kept out of the pore and +so it falls in and blocks the pore and + + align:start position:0% +so it falls in and blocks the pore and + + + align:start position:0% +so it falls in and blocks the pore and +that prevents ions from flowing through + + align:start position:0% +that prevents ions from flowing through + + + align:start position:0% +that prevents ions from flowing through +the ion channel okay so how would you + + align:start position:0% +the ion channel okay so how would you + + + align:start position:0% +the ion channel okay so how would you +model this there's a open state and a + + align:start position:0% +model this there's a open state and a + + + align:start position:0% +model this there's a open state and a +closed state with energy levels how + + align:start position:0% +closed state with energy levels how + + + align:start position:0% +closed state with energy levels how +would you want to do that yeah you could + + align:start position:0% +would you want to do that yeah you could + + + align:start position:0% +would you want to do that yeah you could +use the Boltzmann distribution to + + align:start position:0% +use the Boltzmann distribution to + + + align:start position:0% +use the Boltzmann distribution to +compute the voltage dependence I haven't + + align:start position:0% +compute the voltage dependence I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +compute the voltage dependence I haven't +done that but I'm sure it would work + + align:start position:0% +done that but I'm sure it would work + + + align:start position:0% +done that but I'm sure it would work +pretty well well how would you model the + + align:start position:0% +pretty well well how would you model the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty well well how would you model the +time dependence so let me ask you this + + align:start position:0% +time dependence so let me ask you this + + + align:start position:0% +time dependence so let me ask you this +if there's a gating variable let's start + + align:start position:0% +if there's a gating variable let's start + + + align:start position:0% +if there's a gating variable let's start +with this if there's a gating variable H + + align:start position:0% +with this if there's a gating variable H + + + align:start position:0% +with this if there's a gating variable H +that we're going to use to describe this + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to use to describe this + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to use to describe this +thing getting opener open and closed + + align:start position:0% +thing getting opener open and closed + + + align:start position:0% +thing getting opener open and closed +what is the voltage dependence of H + + align:start position:0% +what is the voltage dependence of H + + + align:start position:0% +what is the voltage dependence of H +going to of H infinity going to look + + align:start position:0% +going to of H infinity going to look + + + align:start position:0% +going to of H infinity going to look +like when when the voltage is very + + align:start position:0% +like when when the voltage is very + + + align:start position:0% +like when when the voltage is very +negative what is H doing you think it's + + align:start position:0% +negative what is H doing you think it's + + + align:start position:0% +negative what is H doing you think it's +big or small here's the equation M cubed + + align:start position:0% +big or small here's the equation M cubed + + + align:start position:0% +big or small here's the equation M cubed +H so in those yeah right H has to start + + align:start position:0% +H so in those yeah right H has to start + + + align:start position:0% +H so in those yeah right H has to start +out high and go small in order to + + align:start position:0% +out high and go small in order to + + + align:start position:0% +out high and go small in order to +explain this thing turning off right + + align:start position:0% +explain this thing turning off right + + + align:start position:0% +explain this thing turning off right +does that make sense so what we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so what we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense so what we're gonna +do is we're gonna have we're gonna model + + align:start position:0% +do is we're gonna have we're gonna model + + + align:start position:0% +do is we're gonna have we're gonna model +this again with two states an open state + + align:start position:0% +this again with two states an open state + + + align:start position:0% +this again with two states an open state +and a closed state H is the probability + + align:start position:0% +and a closed state H is the probability + + + align:start position:0% +and a closed state H is the probability +that this inactivation particle is in + + align:start position:0% +that this inactivation particle is in + + + align:start position:0% +that this inactivation particle is in +the open state turns out that there's + + align:start position:0% +the open state turns out that there's + + + align:start position:0% +the open state turns out that there's +only one of these particles and so + + align:start position:0% +only one of these particles and so + + + align:start position:0% +only one of these particles and so +that explains why it's just times h + + align:start position:0% +that explains why it's just times h + + + align:start position:0% +that explains why it's just times h +naught times h to some power right and + + align:start position:0% +naught times h to some power right and + + + align:start position:0% +naught times h to some power right and +we have a differential equation that + + align:start position:0% +we have a differential equation that + + + align:start position:0% +we have a differential equation that +describes how h changes as a function of + + align:start position:0% +describes how h changes as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +describes how h changes as a function of +time in a way that depends on h infinity + + align:start position:0% +time in a way that depends on h infinity + + + align:start position:0% +time in a way that depends on h infinity +and aditya why don't you draw what H + + align:start position:0% +and aditya why don't you draw what H + + + align:start position:0% +and aditya why don't you draw what H +infinity probably looks like as a + + align:start position:0% +infinity probably looks like as a + + + align:start position:0% +infinity probably looks like as a +function of voltage yeah it just starts + + align:start position:0% +function of voltage yeah it just starts + + + align:start position:0% +function of voltage yeah it just starts +high and goes down how would how would + + align:start position:0% +high and goes down how would how would + + + align:start position:0% +high and goes down how would how would +we actually measure that let me show you + + align:start position:0% +we actually measure that let me show you + + + align:start position:0% +we actually measure that let me show you +an experiment how you'd measure that so + + align:start position:0% +an experiment how you'd measure that so + + + align:start position:0% +an experiment how you'd measure that so +first let me just show you this so when + + align:start position:0% +first let me just show you this so when + + + align:start position:0% +first let me just show you this so when +you depolarize the the cell H starts out + + align:start position:0% +you depolarize the the cell H starts out + + + align:start position:0% +you depolarize the the cell H starts out +high because H infinity is high and then + + align:start position:0% +high because H infinity is high and then + + + align:start position:0% +high because H infinity is high and then +when you deploy as this out H infinity + + align:start position:0% +when you deploy as this out H infinity + + + align:start position:0% +when you deploy as this out H infinity +gets small and H just relaxes + + align:start position:0% +gets small and H just relaxes + + + align:start position:0% +gets small and H just relaxes +exponentially toward the new smaller H + + align:start position:0% +exponentially toward the new smaller H + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially toward the new smaller H +infinity and what's really cool is that + + align:start position:0% +infinity and what's really cool is that + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and what's really cool is that +the tail this this in activation the way + + align:start position:0% +the tail this this in activation the way + + + align:start position:0% +the tail this this in activation the way +that conductance or the current turns + + align:start position:0% +that conductance or the current turns + + + align:start position:0% +that conductance or the current turns +off is just a single exponential as + + align:start position:0% +off is just a single exponential as + + + align:start position:0% +off is just a single exponential as +Falls like e to the minus some time + + align:start position:0% +Falls like e to the minus some time + + + align:start position:0% +Falls like e to the minus some time +constant okay so it's it's just given by + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so it's it's just given by + + + align:start position:0% +constant okay so it's it's just given by +of this first-order linear differential + + align:start position:0% +of this first-order linear differential + + + align:start position:0% +of this first-order linear differential +equation ok good + + align:start position:0% +equation ok good + + + align:start position:0% +equation ok good +this H getting smaller is called + + align:start position:0% +this H getting smaller is called + + + align:start position:0% +this H getting smaller is called +inactivation anybody want to take a + + align:start position:0% +inactivation anybody want to take a + + + align:start position:0% +inactivation anybody want to take a +guess at what this is called d + + align:start position:0% +guess at what this is called d + + + align:start position:0% +guess at what this is called d +inactivation good so there's activation + + align:start position:0% +inactivation good so there's activation + + + align:start position:0% +inactivation good so there's activation +and deactivation there's in activation + + align:start position:0% +and deactivation there's in activation + + + align:start position:0% +and deactivation there's in activation +and deactivation okay those are + + align:start position:0% +and deactivation okay those are + + + align:start position:0% +and deactivation okay those are +different things okay just remember + + align:start position:0% +different things okay just remember + + + align:start position:0% +different things okay just remember +activation can is easy right it's just + + align:start position:0% +activation can is easy right it's just + + + align:start position:0% +activation can is easy right it's just +things turning on and then there's the + + align:start position:0% +things turning on and then there's the + + + align:start position:0% +things turning on and then there's the +same process that undoes the turning on + + align:start position:0% +same process that undoes the turning on + + + align:start position:0% +same process that undoes the turning on +that's deactivation and there's + + align:start position:0% +that's deactivation and there's + + + align:start position:0% +that's deactivation and there's +inactivation which is a separate + + align:start position:0% +inactivation which is a separate + + + align:start position:0% +inactivation which is a separate +particle and it has a process of you + + align:start position:0% +particle and it has a process of you + + + align:start position:0% +particle and it has a process of you +know blocking and unblocking so it's + + align:start position:0% +know blocking and unblocking so it's + + + align:start position:0% +know blocking and unblocking so it's +inactivation of D in activation okay any + + align:start position:0% +inactivation of D in activation okay any + + + align:start position:0% +inactivation of D in activation okay any +questions about that yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +so so when when here let's just go back + + align:start position:0% +so so when when here let's just go back + + + align:start position:0% +so so when when here let's just go back +to this picture here when you default + + align:start position:0% +to this picture here when you default + + + align:start position:0% +to this picture here when you default +when when the cell is hyperpolarized + + align:start position:0% +when when the cell is hyperpolarized + + + align:start position:0% +when when the cell is hyperpolarized +thing is hanging out outside not doing + + align:start position:0% +thing is hanging out outside not doing + + + align:start position:0% +thing is hanging out outside not doing +not getting in the way when you deploys + + align:start position:0% +not getting in the way when you deploys + + + align:start position:0% +not getting in the way when you deploys +the cell that electric field is not + + align:start position:0% +the cell that electric field is not + + + align:start position:0% +the cell that electric field is not +pushing it out anymore and it falls in + + align:start position:0% +pushing it out anymore and it falls in + + + align:start position:0% +pushing it out anymore and it falls in +but when you hyperpolarize the cell + + align:start position:0% +but when you hyperpolarize the cell + + + align:start position:0% +but when you hyperpolarize the cell +again that electric field turns back on + + align:start position:0% +again that electric field turns back on + + + align:start position:0% +again that electric field turns back on +and what is it going to do it pushes the + + align:start position:0% +and what is it going to do it pushes the + + + align:start position:0% +and what is it going to do it pushes the +particle back out to the other state to + + align:start position:0% +particle back out to the other state to + + + align:start position:0% +particle back out to the other state to +the open state any other questions okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pretty simple right kind of very + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple right kind of very + + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple right kind of very +machine-like and then what we're going + + align:start position:0% +machine-like and then what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +machine-like and then what we're going +to talk about soon is how this thing + + align:start position:0% +to talk about soon is how this thing + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about soon is how this thing +sometimes doesn't work this thing there + + align:start position:0% +sometimes doesn't work this thing there + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes doesn't work this thing there +are there are genetic mutations that + + align:start position:0% +are there are genetic mutations that + + + align:start position:0% +are there are genetic mutations that +turn out to be fairly common act where + + align:start position:0% +turn out to be fairly common act where + + + align:start position:0% +turn out to be fairly common act where +this doesn't reliably block the poor + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't reliably block the poor + + + align:start position:0% +this doesn't reliably block the poor +okay and what we're gonna see what + + align:start position:0% +okay and what we're gonna see what + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what we're gonna see what +happens + + align:start position:0% +happens + + + align:start position:0% +happens +okay first-order linear differential + + align:start position:0% +okay first-order linear differential + + + align:start position:0% +okay first-order linear differential +equation exponential relaxation toward + + align:start position:0% +equation exponential relaxation toward + + + align:start position:0% +equation exponential relaxation toward +new H infinity we can actually measure + + align:start position:0% +new H infinity we can actually measure + + + align:start position:0% +new H infinity we can actually measure +this a Trinity as a function of voltage + + align:start position:0% +this a Trinity as a function of voltage + + + align:start position:0% +this a Trinity as a function of voltage +by doing the following experiment what + + align:start position:0% +by doing the following experiment what + + + align:start position:0% +by doing the following experiment what +we do is we hold the cell hyperpolarized + + align:start position:0% +we do is we hold the cell hyperpolarized + + + align:start position:0% +we do is we hold the cell hyperpolarized +we can then step the cell up to + + align:start position:0% +we can then step the cell up to + + + align:start position:0% +we can then step the cell up to +different membrane potentials very low + + align:start position:0% +different membrane potentials very low + + + align:start position:0% +different membrane potentials very low +or very high and then what we do is we + + align:start position:0% +or very high and then what we do is we + + + align:start position:0% +or very high and then what we do is we +jump the membrane potential up to turn + + align:start position:0% +jump the membrane potential up to turn + + + align:start position:0% +jump the membrane potential up to turn +on the Bayesian gating variable and now + + align:start position:0% +on the Bayesian gating variable and now + + + align:start position:0% +on the Bayesian gating variable and now +we can see what you see is that + + align:start position:0% +we can see what you see is that + + + align:start position:0% +we can see what you see is that +depending on where you held the voltage + + align:start position:0% +depending on where you held the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +depending on where you held the voltage +before you did this big voltage step you + + align:start position:0% +before you did this big voltage step you + + + align:start position:0% +before you did this big voltage step you +get sodium currents of different size + + align:start position:0% +get sodium currents of different size + + + align:start position:0% +get sodium currents of different size +and you can guess that if you hold the + + align:start position:0% +and you can guess that if you hold the + + + align:start position:0% +and you can guess that if you hold the +voltage very negative and then turn it + + align:start position:0% +voltage very negative and then turn it + + + align:start position:0% +voltage very negative and then turn it +on that activation gating variable for + + align:start position:0% +on that activation gating variable for + + + align:start position:0% +on that activation gating variable for +all those ion channels is + + align:start position:0% +all those ion channels is + + + align:start position:0% +all those ion channels is +and when you turn on the sodium turn on + + align:start position:0% +and when you turn on the sodium turn on + + + align:start position:0% +and when you turn on the sodium turn on +the gating variable you're gonna get a + + align:start position:0% +the gating variable you're gonna get a + + + align:start position:0% +the gating variable you're gonna get a +big current right if you hold the cell + + align:start position:0% +big current right if you hold the cell + + + align:start position:0% +big current right if you hold the cell +for a while here at a higher voltage + + align:start position:0% +for a while here at a higher voltage + + + align:start position:0% +for a while here at a higher voltage +most of those ions at most those sodium + + align:start position:0% +most of those ions at most those sodium + + + align:start position:0% +most of those ions at most those sodium +channels are going to have that + + align:start position:0% +channels are going to have that + + + align:start position:0% +channels are going to have that +inactivation gate already closed and so + + align:start position:0% +inactivation gate already closed and so + + + align:start position:0% +inactivation gate already closed and so +now when you when you step the voltage + + align:start position:0% +now when you when you step the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +now when you when you step the voltage +up turn on em you're gonna get a much + + align:start position:0% +up turn on em you're gonna get a much + + + align:start position:0% +up turn on em you're gonna get a much +smaller current okay and so if you just + + align:start position:0% +smaller current okay and so if you just + + + align:start position:0% +smaller current okay and so if you just +plot the current size as a function of + + align:start position:0% +plot the current size as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +plot the current size as a function of +this holding potential you can see that + + align:start position:0% +this holding potential you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +this holding potential you can see that +H is big the low voltages and goes to + + align:start position:0% +H is big the low voltages and goes to + + + align:start position:0% +H is big the low voltages and goes to +zero for higher voltages what this means + + align:start position:0% +zero for higher voltages what this means + + + align:start position:0% +zero for higher voltages what this means +is that when a cell spikes that voltage + + align:start position:0% +is that when a cell spikes that voltage + + + align:start position:0% +is that when a cell spikes that voltage +goes up and H starts falling and the + + align:start position:0% +goes up and H starts falling and the + + + align:start position:0% +goes up and H starts falling and the +sodium channels many of the sodium + + align:start position:0% +sodium channels many of the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +sodium channels many of the sodium +channels in the cell becomes inactivated + + align:start position:0% +channels in the cell becomes inactivated + + + align:start position:0% +channels in the cell becomes inactivated +become inactivated yes that's the + + align:start position:0% +become inactivated yes that's the + + + align:start position:0% +become inactivated yes that's the +absolute voltage during this holding + + align:start position:0% +absolute voltage during this holding + + + align:start position:0% +absolute voltage during this holding +yeah that's right you can actually see + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right you can actually see + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right you can actually see +that at rest most cells actually have a + + align:start position:0% +that at rest most cells actually have a + + + align:start position:0% +that at rest most cells actually have a +substantial fraction of the sodium + + align:start position:0% +substantial fraction of the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +substantial fraction of the sodium +channels already inactivated okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so here's the plan we now have + + align:start position:0% +all right so here's the plan we now have + + + align:start position:0% +all right so here's the plan we now have +a full description of the potassium and + + align:start position:0% +a full description of the potassium and + + + align:start position:0% +a full description of the potassium and +the sodium conductances as a function of + + align:start position:0% +the sodium conductances as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +the sodium conductances as a function of +voltage and time so we're gonna put it + + align:start position:0% +voltage and time so we're gonna put it + + + align:start position:0% +voltage and time so we're gonna put it +all together and make a full + + align:start position:0% +all together and make a full + + + align:start position:0% +all together and make a full +quantitative description of the + + align:start position:0% +quantitative description of the + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative description of the +hodgkin-huxley model our probability of + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley model our probability of + + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley model our probability of +the potassium of the sodium current + + align:start position:0% +the potassium of the sodium current + + + align:start position:0% +the potassium of the sodium current +sodium channel being open is M cubed H + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel being open is M cubed H + + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel being open is M cubed H +we just want to mention that that this M + + align:start position:0% +we just want to mention that that this M + + + align:start position:0% +we just want to mention that that this M +cubed H assumes one thing about the + + align:start position:0% +cubed H assumes one thing about the + + + align:start position:0% +cubed H assumes one thing about the +gating very and the inactivation very + + align:start position:0% +gating very and the inactivation very + + + align:start position:0% +gating very and the inactivation very +the mechanism for activation and the + + align:start position:0% +the mechanism for activation and the + + + align:start position:0% +the mechanism for activation and the +mechanism for inactivation it assumes + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for inactivation it assumes + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism for inactivation it assumes +what about them they're independent and + + align:start position:0% +what about them they're independent and + + + align:start position:0% +what about them they're independent and +it turns out that that's not quite true + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that that's not quite true + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that that's not quite true +it's one of one of the very few things + + align:start position:0% +it's one of one of the very few things + + + align:start position:0% +it's one of one of the very few things +that hutch can actually didn't get + + align:start position:0% +that hutch can actually didn't get + + + align:start position:0% +that hutch can actually didn't get +spot-on okay so it's not exactly + + align:start position:0% +spot-on okay so it's not exactly + + + align:start position:0% +spot-on okay so it's not exactly +independent but it's really not bad + + align:start position:0% +independent but it's really not bad + + + align:start position:0% +independent but it's really not bad +either okay so it's a pretty still a + + align:start position:0% +either okay so it's a pretty still a + + + align:start position:0% +either okay so it's a pretty still a +pretty good model okay we can write down + + align:start position:0% +pretty good model okay we can write down + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good model okay we can write down +the sodium conductance as just the + + align:start position:0% +the sodium conductance as just the + + + align:start position:0% +the sodium conductance as just the +conductance of the sodium channel when + + align:start position:0% +conductance of the sodium channel when + + + align:start position:0% +conductance of the sodium channel when +it's all the way open times M cubed H + + align:start position:0% +it's all the way open times M cubed H + + + align:start position:0% +it's all the way open times M cubed H +yes yeah we're gonna see in a second + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah we're gonna see in a second + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah we're gonna see in a second +I'll show you exactly what it looks like + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you exactly what it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you exactly what it looks like +and where these mutations are that have + + align:start position:0% +and where these mutations are that have + + + align:start position:0% +and where these mutations are that have +this effect on the inactivation okay so + + align:start position:0% +this effect on the inactivation okay so + + + align:start position:0% +this effect on the inactivation okay so +we can write down the conductance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we can write down the current the + + align:start position:0% +we can write down the current the + + + align:start position:0% +we can write down the current the +current is just the open conductance + + align:start position:0% +current is just the open conductance + + + align:start position:0% +current is just the open conductance +times M cubed H times the driving + + align:start position:0% +times M cubed H times the driving + + + align:start position:0% +times M cubed H times the driving +potential okay and that's our sodium + + align:start position:0% +potential okay and that's our sodium + + + align:start position:0% +potential okay and that's our sodium +current yes yeah that's right it's one + + align:start position:0% +current yes yeah that's right it's one + + + align:start position:0% +current yes yeah that's right it's one +one single protein but it has these + + align:start position:0% +one single protein but it has these + + + align:start position:0% +one single protein but it has these +transmembrane alpha helixes that that + + align:start position:0% +transmembrane alpha helixes that that + + + align:start position:0% +transmembrane alpha helixes that that +act multiple voltage sensors and they + + align:start position:0% +act multiple voltage sensors and they + + + align:start position:0% +act multiple voltage sensors and they +act somewhat independently but still a + + align:start position:0% +act somewhat independently but still a + + + align:start position:0% +act somewhat independently but still a +little bit cooperatively and that's + + align:start position:0% +little bit cooperatively and that's + + + align:start position:0% +little bit cooperatively and that's +where this M cubed comes from but you're + + align:start position:0% +where this M cubed comes from but you're + + + align:start position:0% +where this M cubed comes from but you're +right the potassium channel actually has + + align:start position:0% +right the potassium channel actually has + + + align:start position:0% +right the potassium channel actually has +four separate subunits that form a tetra + + align:start position:0% +four separate subunits that form a tetra + + + align:start position:0% +four separate subunits that form a tetra +mer the sodium channel that it's all one + + align:start position:0% +mer the sodium channel that it's all one + + + align:start position:0% +mer the sodium channel that it's all one +big protein that's right yeah you you + + align:start position:0% +big protein that's right yeah you you + + + align:start position:0% +big protein that's right yeah you you +should really think of this I mean the N + + align:start position:0% +should really think of this I mean the N + + + align:start position:0% +should really think of this I mean the N +and the M were both it was empirically + + align:start position:0% +and the M were both it was empirically + + + align:start position:0% +and the M were both it was empirically +discovered that one goes as n to the + + align:start position:0% +discovered that one goes as n to the + + + align:start position:0% +discovered that one goes as n to the +fourth and the other one goes as M cubed + + align:start position:0% +fourth and the other one goes as M cubed + + + align:start position:0% +fourth and the other one goes as M cubed +and it turns out for a potassium in it + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out for a potassium in it + + + align:start position:0% +and it turns out for a potassium in it +has a really beautiful relation to the + + align:start position:0% +has a really beautiful relation to the + + + align:start position:0% +has a really beautiful relation to the +structure for sodium it's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +structure for sodium it's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +structure for sodium it's a little bit +Messier and I'm sure there are people + + align:start position:0% +Messier and I'm sure there are people + + + align:start position:0% +Messier and I'm sure there are people +who actually understand more about why + + align:start position:0% +who actually understand more about why + + + align:start position:0% +who actually understand more about why +it's exactly M cubed but I'm not one of + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly M cubed but I'm not one of + + + align:start position:0% +it's exactly M cubed but I'm not one of +those people so I'm gonna I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +those people so I'm gonna I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +those people so I'm gonna I'm gonna +refer you to the literature and I'm + + align:start position:0% +refer you to the literature and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +refer you to the literature and I'm +happy maybe I can find a good reference + + align:start position:0% +happy maybe I can find a good reference + + + align:start position:0% +happy maybe I can find a good reference +for that okay so now that we have the + + align:start position:0% +for that okay so now that we have the + + + align:start position:0% +for that okay so now that we have the +sodium conductance and the sodium + + align:start position:0% +sodium conductance and the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +sodium conductance and the sodium +current let's put this all together so + + align:start position:0% +current let's put this all together so + + + align:start position:0% +current let's put this all together so +here's how we're going to know here's + + align:start position:0% +here's how we're going to know here's + + + align:start position:0% +here's how we're going to know here's +the algorithm for generating an action + + align:start position:0% +the algorithm for generating an action + + + align:start position:0% +the algorithm for generating an action +potential and we introduced this last + + align:start position:0% +potential and we introduced this last + + + align:start position:0% +potential and we introduced this last +time but let's just flush it out for the + + align:start position:0% +time but let's just flush it out for the + + + align:start position:0% +time but let's just flush it out for the +full story so given an initial voltage + + align:start position:0% +full story so given an initial voltage + + + align:start position:0% +full story so given an initial voltage +compute and infinity tau n m infinity + + align:start position:0% +compute and infinity tau n m infinity + + + align:start position:0% +compute and infinity tau n m infinity +tau M and H infinity and tau H as a + + align:start position:0% +tau M and H infinity and tau H as a + + + align:start position:0% +tau M and H infinity and tau H as a +function of that voltage those are just + + align:start position:0% +function of that voltage those are just + + + align:start position:0% +function of that voltage those are just +those algebraic expressions that give + + align:start position:0% +those algebraic expressions that give + + + align:start position:0% +those algebraic expressions that give +you the alpha N and + + align:start position:0% +you the alpha N and + + + align:start position:0% +you the alpha N and +betta and for each of those things one + + align:start position:0% +betta and for each of those things one + + + align:start position:0% +betta and for each of those things one +for potassium one for sodium the admin + + align:start position:0% +for potassium one for sodium the admin + + + align:start position:0% +for potassium one for sodium the admin +one for the H okay so we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +one for the H okay so we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +one for the H okay so we're gonna +calculate all of those steady-state + + align:start position:0% +calculate all of those steady-state + + + align:start position:0% +calculate all of those steady-state +gating variables as a function of + + align:start position:0% +gating variables as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +gating variables as a function of +voltage we're going to start from our + + align:start position:0% +voltage we're going to start from our + + + align:start position:0% +voltage we're going to start from our +initial condition of n m and H and + + align:start position:0% +initial condition of n m and H and + + + align:start position:0% +initial condition of n m and H and +integrate that differential equation one + + align:start position:0% +integrate that differential equation one + + + align:start position:0% +integrate that differential equation one +time step using it's going to it's going + + align:start position:0% +time step using it's going to it's going + + + align:start position:0% +time step using it's going to it's going +to relax exponential and infinity + + align:start position:0% +to relax exponential and infinity + + + align:start position:0% +to relax exponential and infinity +okay we're going to plug that n m and H + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to plug that n m and H + + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to plug that n m and H +into our equations for the potassium + + align:start position:0% +into our equations for the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +into our equations for the potassium +current sodium current and and leak + + align:start position:0% +current sodium current and and leak + + + align:start position:0% +current sodium current and and leak +which doesn't have those gating + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't have those gating + + + align:start position:0% +which doesn't have those gating +variables so the potassium current is G + + align:start position:0% +variables so the potassium current is G + + + align:start position:0% +variables so the potassium current is G +and to the 4 times the driving potential + + align:start position:0% +and to the 4 times the driving potential + + + align:start position:0% +and to the 4 times the driving potential +sodium current is G M cubed H doesn't + + align:start position:0% +sodium current is G M cubed H doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +sodium current is G M cubed H doesn't +potential we're gonna add all of those + + align:start position:0% +potential we're gonna add all of those + + + align:start position:0% +potential we're gonna add all of those +currents together to give the total + + align:start position:0% +currents together to give the total + + + align:start position:0% +currents together to give the total +membrane current that membrane current + + align:start position:0% +membrane current that membrane current + + + align:start position:0% +membrane current that membrane current +is going to give us a V infinity for our + + align:start position:0% +is going to give us a V infinity for our + + + align:start position:0% +is going to give us a V infinity for our +cell right remember the V infinity is + + align:start position:0% +cell right remember the V infinity is + + + align:start position:0% +cell right remember the V infinity is +just the current times the effective + + align:start position:0% +just the current times the effective + + + align:start position:0% +just the current times the effective +resistance we can use that to also + + align:start position:0% +resistance we can use that to also + + + align:start position:0% +resistance we can use that to also +calculate the membrane time constant and + + align:start position:0% +calculate the membrane time constant and + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the membrane time constant and +then we integrate the voltage one time + + align:start position:0% +then we integrate the voltage one time + + + align:start position:0% +then we integrate the voltage one time +step go back and re compute those N and + + align:start position:0% +step go back and re compute those N and + + + align:start position:0% +step go back and re compute those N and +H infinities okay and then we just keep + + align:start position:0% +H infinities okay and then we just keep + + + align:start position:0% +H infinities okay and then we just keep +cycling through this and you do that and + + align:start position:0% +cycling through this and you do that and + + + align:start position:0% +cycling through this and you do that and +you plot the voltage you get an action + + align:start position:0% +you plot the voltage you get an action + + + align:start position:0% +you plot the voltage you get an action +potential now you can do that in like a + + align:start position:0% +potential now you can do that in like a + + + align:start position:0% +potential now you can do that in like a +hundredth of a second in MATLAB + + align:start position:0% +hundredth of a second in MATLAB + + + align:start position:0% +hundredth of a second in MATLAB +hodgkin-huxley we're doing this on there + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley we're doing this on there + + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley we're doing this on there +slide rules and they got two-thirds of + + align:start position:0% +slide rules and they got two-thirds of + + + align:start position:0% +slide rules and they got two-thirds of +the way through an action potential I + + align:start position:0% +the way through an action potential I + + + align:start position:0% +the way through an action potential I +said let's just publish okay so here's + + align:start position:0% +said let's just publish okay so here's + + + align:start position:0% +said let's just publish okay so here's +what that looks like here's V as a + + align:start position:0% +what that looks like here's V as a + + + align:start position:0% +what that looks like here's V as a +function of time for when you when you + + align:start position:0% +function of time for when you when you + + + align:start position:0% +function of time for when you when you +implement that loop in MATLAB okay so + + align:start position:0% +implement that loop in MATLAB okay so + + + align:start position:0% +implement that loop in MATLAB okay so +you can see what you did so this is the + + align:start position:0% +you can see what you did so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +you can see what you did so this is the +injected current through the electrode + + align:start position:0% +injected current through the electrode + + + align:start position:0% +injected current through the electrode +you can see it starts to depolarize to + + align:start position:0% +you can see it starts to depolarize to + + + align:start position:0% +you can see it starts to depolarize to +the cell a little bit and at some point + + align:start position:0% +the cell a little bit and at some point + + + align:start position:0% +the cell a little bit and at some point +what happens is this + + align:start position:0% +what happens is this + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is this +this is just a copy over here so you can + + align:start position:0% +this is just a copy over here so you can + + + align:start position:0% +this is just a copy over here so you can +line things up when you when you inject + + align:start position:0% +line things up when you when you inject + + + align:start position:0% +line things up when you when you inject +current the cell starts to depolarize + + align:start position:0% +current the cell starts to depolarize + + + align:start position:0% +current the cell starts to depolarize +and you can see that M starts to grow + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that M starts to grow + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that M starts to grow +the sodium current is starting to turn + + align:start position:0% +the sodium current is starting to turn + + + align:start position:0% +the sodium current is starting to turn +on and at some point M gets big enough + + align:start position:0% +on and at some point M gets big enough + + + align:start position:0% +on and at some point M gets big enough +that it's turning on a substantial + + align:start position:0% +that it's turning on a substantial + + + align:start position:0% +that it's turning on a substantial +amount of sodium current into the cell + + align:start position:0% +amount of sodium current into the cell + + + align:start position:0% +amount of sodium current into the cell +and what does that do it depolarize the + + align:start position:0% +and what does that do it depolarize the + + + align:start position:0% +and what does that do it depolarize the +cell more which causes m to grow faster + + align:start position:0% +cell more which causes m to grow faster + + + align:start position:0% +cell more which causes m to grow faster +which causes more current which deploys + + align:start position:0% +which causes more current which deploys + + + align:start position:0% +which causes more current which deploys +is the cell faster and it just runs away + + align:start position:0% +is the cell faster and it just runs away + + + align:start position:0% +is the cell faster and it just runs away +BAM + + align:start position:0% +BAM + + + align:start position:0% +BAM +until you reach essentially the + + align:start position:0% +until you reach essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +until you reach essentially the +equilibrium potential of sodium ok and + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potential of sodium ok and + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potential of sodium ok and +then what is the sodium current do the + + align:start position:0% +then what is the sodium current do the + + + align:start position:0% +then what is the sodium current do the +sodium current actually stops okay even + + align:start position:0% +sodium current actually stops okay even + + + align:start position:0% +sodium current actually stops okay even +though the channel is open then what + + align:start position:0% +though the channel is open then what + + + align:start position:0% +though the channel is open then what +happens is during that whole time and as + + align:start position:0% +happens is during that whole time and as + + + align:start position:0% +happens is during that whole time and as +in this hyperpolarized voltage the soda + + align:start position:0% +in this hyperpolarized voltage the soda + + + align:start position:0% +in this hyperpolarized voltage the soda +the potassium channel is starting to + + align:start position:0% +the potassium channel is starting to + + + align:start position:0% +the potassium channel is starting to +open and grows potassium current + + align:start position:0% +open and grows potassium current + + + align:start position:0% +open and grows potassium current +conductance turns on and that starts + + align:start position:0% +conductance turns on and that starts + + + align:start position:0% +conductance turns on and that starts +hyperpolarizing the cell right during + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarizing the cell right during + + + align:start position:0% +hyperpolarizing the cell right during +that whole time the inactivation gate + + align:start position:0% +that whole time the inactivation gate + + + align:start position:0% +that whole time the inactivation gate +this voltage this cell is very + + align:start position:0% +this voltage this cell is very + + + align:start position:0% +this voltage this cell is very +depolarize very positive that little bit + + align:start position:0% +depolarize very positive that little bit + + + align:start position:0% +depolarize very positive that little bit +of goo falls in H drops that shuts off + + align:start position:0% +of goo falls in H drops that shuts off + + + align:start position:0% +of goo falls in H drops that shuts off +the sodium conductance potassium + + align:start position:0% +the sodium conductance potassium + + + align:start position:0% +the sodium conductance potassium +conductance finishes bringing this cell + + align:start position:0% +conductance finishes bringing this cell + + + align:start position:0% +conductance finishes bringing this cell +back ok beautiful right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes time-dependent in exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +yes time-dependent in exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +yes time-dependent in exactly the same +way that N and M are time-dependent + + align:start position:0% +way that N and M are time-dependent + + + align:start position:0% +way that N and M are time-dependent +there's a H infinity changes as a sum as + + align:start position:0% +there's a H infinity changes as a sum as + + + align:start position:0% +there's a H infinity changes as a sum as +a function of voltage and that H relaxes + + align:start position:0% +a function of voltage and that H relaxes + + + align:start position:0% +a function of voltage and that H relaxes +exponentially toward H infinity okay any + + align:start position:0% +exponentially toward H infinity okay any + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially toward H infinity okay any +questions about that so for the problems + + align:start position:0% +questions about that so for the problems + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that so for the problems +that you'll have code for this and you + + align:start position:0% +that you'll have code for this and you + + + align:start position:0% +that you'll have code for this and you +can you can play around with this and + + align:start position:0% +can you can play around with this and + + + align:start position:0% +can you can play around with this and +try different things and then there's a + + align:start position:0% +try different things and then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +try different things and then there's a +particular problem that that Daniel and + + align:start position:0% +particular problem that that Daniel and + + + align:start position:0% +particular problem that that Daniel and +I cooked up for you for this + + align:start position:0% +I cooked up for you for this + + + align:start position:0% +I cooked up for you for this +particularly show you what that looks + + align:start position:0% +particularly show you what that looks + + + align:start position:0% +particularly show you what that looks +like here's here's the crux of it if you + + align:start position:0% +like here's here's the crux of it if you + + + align:start position:0% +like here's here's the crux of it if you +inject a little bit of current into the + + align:start position:0% +inject a little bit of current into the + + + align:start position:0% +inject a little bit of current into the +hodgkin-huxley neuron you get a spike + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley neuron you get a spike + + + align:start position:0% +hodgkin-huxley neuron you get a spike +and then if you wait a few milliseconds + + align:start position:0% +and then if you wait a few milliseconds + + + align:start position:0% +and then if you wait a few milliseconds +and inject another current pulse what + + align:start position:0% +and inject another current pulse what + + + align:start position:0% +and inject another current pulse what +happens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +don't get a spike right anybody anybody + + align:start position:0% +don't get a spike right anybody anybody + + + align:start position:0% +don't get a spike right anybody anybody +guess why that is yeah that thing is + + align:start position:0% +guess why that is yeah that thing is + + + align:start position:0% +guess why that is yeah that thing is +still stuck in there and hasn't had time + + align:start position:0% +still stuck in there and hasn't had time + + + align:start position:0% +still stuck in there and hasn't had time +to fall out yet okay and if you plot + + align:start position:0% +to fall out yet okay and if you plot + + + align:start position:0% +to fall out yet okay and if you plot +eight you can see that it hasn't + + align:start position:0% +eight you can see that it hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +eight you can see that it hasn't +recovered back to the state it was at + + align:start position:0% +recovered back to the state it was at + + + align:start position:0% +recovered back to the state it was at +the beginning okay so that's called a + + align:start position:0% +the beginning okay so that's called a + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning okay so that's called a +refractory period so cells don't like to + + align:start position:0% +refractory period so cells don't like to + + + align:start position:0% +refractory period so cells don't like to +spike two times in a row too close yeah + + align:start position:0% +spike two times in a row too close yeah + + + align:start position:0% +spike two times in a row too close yeah +so you're not just like what would be + + align:start position:0% +so you're not just like what would be + + + align:start position:0% +so you're not just like what would be +the intuitive answer it's so so there's + + align:start position:0% +the intuitive answer it's so so there's + + + align:start position:0% +the intuitive answer it's so so there's +not there's not a hard cutoff right if H + + align:start position:0% +not there's not a hard cutoff right if H + + + align:start position:0% +not there's not a hard cutoff right if H +is right here it will be much harder + + align:start position:0% +is right here it will be much harder + + + align:start position:0% +is right here it will be much harder +you'd have to inject a lot more current + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to inject a lot more current + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to inject a lot more current +like if HS were covered to here + + align:start position:0% +like if HS were covered to here + + + align:start position:0% +like if HS were covered to here +then it would take a little bit less + + align:start position:0% +then it would take a little bit less + + + align:start position:0% +then it would take a little bit less +current to make it spike so grab + + align:start position:0% +current to make it spike so grab + + + align:start position:0% +current to make it spike so grab +basically there's a gradual decrease in + + align:start position:0% +basically there's a gradual decrease in + + + align:start position:0% +basically there's a gradual decrease in +the amount of current it would take to + + align:start position:0% +the amount of current it would take to + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of current it would take to +make the neuron spike again okay so + + align:start position:0% +make the neuron spike again okay so + + + align:start position:0% +make the neuron spike again okay so +there's no one answer okay all right so + + align:start position:0% +there's no one answer okay all right so + + + align:start position:0% +there's no one answer okay all right so +let's let's take a look at what happens + + align:start position:0% +let's let's take a look at what happens + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's take a look at what happens +when sodium channels go bad most of the + + align:start position:0% +when sodium channels go bad most of the + + + align:start position:0% +when sodium channels go bad most of the +animals on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then there are the guns myotonic + + align:start position:0% +and then there are the guns myotonic + + + align:start position:0% +and then there are the guns myotonic +goats to be specific more commonly known + + align:start position:0% +goats to be specific more commonly known + + + align:start position:0% +goats to be specific more commonly known +as stiff-leg goats wooden leg goats + + align:start position:0% +as stiff-leg goats wooden leg goats + + + align:start position:0% +as stiff-leg goats wooden leg goats +nervous goats fainting goats bleating + + align:start position:0% +nervous goats fainting goats bleating + + + align:start position:0% +nervous goats fainting goats bleating +goats are indigenous to North America + + align:start position:0% +goats are indigenous to North America + + + align:start position:0% +goats are indigenous to North America +but that name is a bit of a misnomer + + align:start position:0% +but that name is a bit of a misnomer + + + align:start position:0% +but that name is a bit of a misnomer +because they never lose consciousness + + align:start position:0% +because they never lose consciousness + + + align:start position:0% +because they never lose consciousness +when they keel over if they're startled + + align:start position:0% +when they keel over if they're startled + + + align:start position:0% +when they keel over if they're startled +a genetic condition causes their muscles + + align:start position:0% +a genetic condition causes their muscles + + + align:start position:0% +a genetic condition causes their muscles +to lock up but it only lasts a few + + align:start position:0% +to lock up but it only lasts a few + + + align:start position:0% +to lock up but it only lasts a few +moments and then they're back on their + + align:start position:0% +moments and then they're back on their + + + align:start position:0% +moments and then they're back on their +feet now till the next time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so so these fainting goats have + + align:start position:0% +okay so so these fainting goats have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so these fainting goats have +particular mutation in their sodium + + align:start position:0% +particular mutation in their sodium + + + align:start position:0% +particular mutation in their sodium +channel now it turns out that the sodium + + align:start position:0% +channel now it turns out that the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +channel now it turns out that the sodium +channels that are that are in your brain + + align:start position:0% +channels that are that are in your brain + + + align:start position:0% +channels that are that are in your brain +that control action potentials are a + + align:start position:0% +that control action potentials are a + + + align:start position:0% +that control action potentials are a +different gene than the sodium channels + + align:start position:0% +different gene than the sodium channels + + + align:start position:0% +different gene than the sodium channels +that are in your muscles that produce + + align:start position:0% +that are in your muscles that produce + + + align:start position:0% +that are in your muscles that produce +muscle contractions so you can have a + + align:start position:0% +muscle contractions so you can have a + + + align:start position:0% +muscle contractions so you can have a +mutation in the skeletal isoform of the + + align:start position:0% +mutation in the skeletal isoform of the + + + align:start position:0% +mutation in the skeletal isoform of the +sodium channel that produces these + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel that produces these + + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel that produces these +muscular effects without having any + + align:start position:0% +muscular effects without having any + + + align:start position:0% +muscular effects without having any +effect on on brain function okay that + + align:start position:0% +effect on on brain function okay that + + + align:start position:0% +effect on on brain function okay that +same in the brain + + align:start position:0% +same in the brain + + + align:start position:0% +same in the brain +eisah form of the sodium channel is + + align:start position:0% +eisah form of the sodium channel is + + + align:start position:0% +eisah form of the sodium channel is +lethal okay so this is actually a + + align:start position:0% +lethal okay so this is actually a + + + align:start position:0% +lethal okay so this is actually a +condition that exists in humans it's + + align:start position:0% +condition that exists in humans it's + + + align:start position:0% +condition that exists in humans it's +called + + align:start position:0% +called + + + align:start position:0% +called +they're actually a whole set of these + + align:start position:0% +they're actually a whole set of these + + + align:start position:0% +they're actually a whole set of these +what are called sodium channel myotonia + + align:start position:0% +what are called sodium channel myotonia + + + align:start position:0% +what are called sodium channel myotonia +is one of them is called hyperkalemic + + align:start position:0% +is one of them is called hyperkalemic + + + align:start position:0% +is one of them is called hyperkalemic +periodic paralysis and this just shows a + + align:start position:0% +periodic paralysis and this just shows a + + + align:start position:0% +periodic paralysis and this just shows a +different this is a different phenotype + + align:start position:0% +different this is a different phenotype + + + align:start position:0% +different this is a different phenotype +of one of these sodium channel defects + + align:start position:0% +of one of these sodium channel defects + + + align:start position:0% +of one of these sodium channel defects +so that the goats became very stiff and + + align:start position:0% +so that the goats became very stiff and + + + align:start position:0% +so that the goats became very stiff and +fell over it turns out there's a + + align:start position:0% +fell over it turns out there's a + + + align:start position:0% +fell over it turns out there's a +different phenotype that looks like so + + align:start position:0% +different phenotype that looks like so + + + align:start position:0% +different phenotype that looks like so +basically it causes extreme weakness the + + align:start position:0% +basically it causes extreme weakness the + + + align:start position:0% +basically it causes extreme weakness the +muscles are completely paralyzed they + + align:start position:0% +muscles are completely paralyzed they + + + align:start position:0% +muscles are completely paralyzed they +can't contract anymore okay and it seems + + align:start position:0% +can't contract anymore okay and it seems + + + align:start position:0% +can't contract anymore okay and it seems +like that would be completely different + + align:start position:0% +like that would be completely different + + + align:start position:0% +like that would be completely different +right like what would cause muscles to + + align:start position:0% +right like what would cause muscles to + + + align:start position:0% +right like what would cause muscles to +just go rigid and a very similar thing + + align:start position:0% +just go rigid and a very similar thing + + + align:start position:0% +just go rigid and a very similar thing +would cause paralysis but it turns out + + align:start position:0% +would cause paralysis but it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +would cause paralysis but it turns out +that actually those two things have a + + align:start position:0% +that actually those two things have a + + + align:start position:0% +that actually those two things have a +very similar cause the hyperkalemic + + align:start position:0% +very similar cause the hyperkalemic + + + align:start position:0% +very similar cause the hyperkalemic +Kalima Kragh first two potassium okay + + align:start position:0% +Kalima Kragh first two potassium okay + + + align:start position:0% +Kalima Kragh first two potassium okay +and so this condition is very sensitive + + align:start position:0% +and so this condition is very sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +and so this condition is very sensitive +to potassium levels at high potassium + + align:start position:0% +to potassium levels at high potassium + + + align:start position:0% +to potassium levels at high potassium +levels it's much worse than at low + + align:start position:0% +levels it's much worse than at low + + + align:start position:0% +levels it's much worse than at low +potassium levels okay so there can be a + + align:start position:0% +potassium levels okay so there can be a + + + align:start position:0% +potassium levels okay so there can be a +an attack of of weakness or paralysis + + align:start position:0% +an attack of of weakness or paralysis + + + align:start position:0% +an attack of of weakness or paralysis +and then just a few minutes later + + align:start position:0% +and then just a few minutes later + + + align:start position:0% +and then just a few minutes later +somebody's all better and that paralysis + + align:start position:0% +somebody's all better and that paralysis + + + align:start position:0% +somebody's all better and that paralysis +goes away okay so understand what's + + align:start position:0% +goes away okay so understand what's + + + align:start position:0% +goes away okay so understand what's +going on in this condition we need to + + align:start position:0% +going on in this condition we need to + + + align:start position:0% +going on in this condition we need to +take a look at how muscle fibers + + align:start position:0% +take a look at how muscle fibers + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at how muscle fibers +actually work okay so let's take a + + align:start position:0% +actually work okay so let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +actually work okay so let's take a +little detour in that so basically let's + + align:start position:0% +little detour in that so basically let's + + + align:start position:0% +little detour in that so basically let's +start here with the with the action + + align:start position:0% +start here with the with the action + + + align:start position:0% +start here with the with the action +potential that drives muscle twitches so + + align:start position:0% +potential that drives muscle twitches so + + + align:start position:0% +potential that drives muscle twitches so +the way this works is that it potential + + align:start position:0% +the way this works is that it potential + + + align:start position:0% +the way this works is that it potential +will propagate down an axon toward the + + align:start position:0% +will propagate down an axon toward the + + + align:start position:0% +will propagate down an axon toward the +neuromuscular Junction that action + + align:start position:0% +neuromuscular Junction that action + + + align:start position:0% +neuromuscular Junction that action +potential will cause the release of + + align:start position:0% +potential will cause the release of + + + align:start position:0% +potential will cause the release of +neurotransmitter that then causes + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter that then causes + + + align:start position:0% +neurotransmitter that then causes +current to flow into the muscle fiber + + align:start position:0% +current to flow into the muscle fiber + + + align:start position:0% +current to flow into the muscle fiber +that current flowing into the muscle + + align:start position:0% +that current flowing into the muscle + + + align:start position:0% +that current flowing into the muscle +fiber depolarizes it turns on sodium + + align:start position:0% +fiber depolarizes it turns on sodium + + + align:start position:0% +fiber depolarizes it turns on sodium +channels and that causes an action + + align:start position:0% +channels and that causes an action + + + align:start position:0% +channels and that causes an action +potential in the muscle fiber that looks + + align:start position:0% +potential in the muscle fiber that looks + + + align:start position:0% +potential in the muscle fiber that looks +very much like the action potential that + + align:start position:0% +very much like the action potential that + + + align:start position:0% +very much like the action potential that +we just saw for a neural for the squid + + align:start position:0% +we just saw for a neural for the squid + + + align:start position:0% +we just saw for a neural for the squid +giant axon now there's this famous + + align:start position:0% +giant axon now there's this famous + + + align:start position:0% +giant axon now there's this famous +problem called the excitation + + align:start position:0% +problem called the excitation + + + align:start position:0% +problem called the excitation +contraction coupling problem which is + + align:start position:0% +contraction coupling problem which is + + + align:start position:0% +contraction coupling problem which is +how does an action potential here on the + + align:start position:0% +how does an action potential here on the + + + align:start position:0% +how does an action potential here on the +surface of a muscle fiber get down into + + align:start position:0% +surface of a muscle fiber get down into + + + align:start position:0% +surface of a muscle fiber get down into +the myofibril and cause a contraction of + + align:start position:0% +the myofibril and cause a contraction of + + + align:start position:0% +the myofibril and cause a contraction of +the muscle okay so okay so we'll get to + + align:start position:0% +the muscle okay so okay so we'll get to + + + align:start position:0% +the muscle okay so okay so we'll get to +that question but let me just describe + + align:start position:0% +that question but let me just describe + + + align:start position:0% +that question but let me just describe +what these things are so the myofibrils + + align:start position:0% +what these things are so the myofibrils + + + align:start position:0% +what these things are so the myofibrils +the the myofibril is this little element + + align:start position:0% +the the myofibril is this little element + + + align:start position:0% +the the myofibril is this little element +inside of the muscle fiber itself and + + align:start position:0% +inside of the muscle fiber itself and + + + align:start position:0% +inside of the muscle fiber itself and +these are bundles of thick fibers and + + align:start position:0% +these are bundles of thick fibers and + + + align:start position:0% +these are bundles of thick fibers and +thin fibers that essentially here I + + align:start position:0% +thin fibers that essentially here I + + + align:start position:0% +thin fibers that essentially here I +think it's on the next slide so let me + + align:start position:0% +think it's on the next slide so let me + + + align:start position:0% +think it's on the next slide so let me +just finish the story about how the + + align:start position:0% +just finish the story about how the + + + align:start position:0% +just finish the story about how the +action potential gets inside so the + + align:start position:0% +action potential gets inside so the + + + align:start position:0% +action potential gets inside so the +action potential propagates through + + align:start position:0% +action potential propagates through + + + align:start position:0% +action potential propagates through +these little structures called + + align:start position:0% +these little structures called + + + align:start position:0% +these little structures called +transverse tubules these are little + + align:start position:0% +transverse tubules these are little + + + align:start position:0% +transverse tubules these are little +tubes that go from the surface of the + + align:start position:0% +tubes that go from the surface of the + + + align:start position:0% +tubes that go from the surface of the +muscle fiber down into the muscle cell + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber down into the muscle cell + + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber down into the muscle cell +they're like axons but instead of going + + align:start position:0% +they're like axons but instead of going + + + align:start position:0% +they're like axons but instead of going +out from the cell body they go in + + align:start position:0% +out from the cell body they go in + + + align:start position:0% +out from the cell body they go in +to the cell body right that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +to the cell body right that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +to the cell body right that's pretty +cool this thing is huge this this this + + align:start position:0% +cool this thing is huge this this this + + + align:start position:0% +cool this thing is huge this this this +muscle fiber is about a hundred microns + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber is about a hundred microns + + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber is about a hundred microns +across so in order for that signal to + + align:start position:0% +across so in order for that signal to + + + align:start position:0% +across so in order for that signal to +get into the Maya to cause contraction + + align:start position:0% +get into the Maya to cause contraction + + + align:start position:0% +get into the Maya to cause contraction +it actually has to propagate down an + + align:start position:0% +it actually has to propagate down an + + + align:start position:0% +it actually has to propagate down an +axon that goes into this into the muscle + + align:start position:0% +axon that goes into this into the muscle + + + align:start position:0% +axon that goes into this into the muscle +fiber okay okay + + align:start position:0% +fiber okay okay + + + align:start position:0% +fiber okay okay +so that action potential propagates down + + align:start position:0% +so that action potential propagates down + + + align:start position:0% +so that action potential propagates down +into the t tubules that's a voltage + + align:start position:0% +into the t tubules that's a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +into the t tubules that's a voltage +pulse that opens up voltage-dependent + + align:start position:0% +pulse that opens up voltage-dependent + + + align:start position:0% +pulse that opens up voltage-dependent +calcium channels that activate calcium + + align:start position:0% +calcium channels that activate calcium + + + align:start position:0% +calcium channels that activate calcium +release in something called the + + align:start position:0% +release in something called the + + + align:start position:0% +release in something called the +sarcoplasmic reticulum so you may + + align:start position:0% +sarcoplasmic reticulum so you may + + + align:start position:0% +sarcoplasmic reticulum so you may +remember that in neurons the endoplasmic + + align:start position:0% +remember that in neurons the endoplasmic + + + align:start position:0% +remember that in neurons the endoplasmic +reticulum sequester's calcium in a + + align:start position:0% +reticulum sequester's calcium in a + + + align:start position:0% +reticulum sequester's calcium in a +muscle fiber the sarcoplasmic reticulum + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber the sarcoplasmic reticulum + + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber the sarcoplasmic reticulum +does the same thing at sequester's + + align:start position:0% +does the same thing at sequester's + + + align:start position:0% +does the same thing at sequester's +calcium but when this voltage pulse + + align:start position:0% +calcium but when this voltage pulse + + + align:start position:0% +calcium but when this voltage pulse +comes down the t tube you'll its + + align:start position:0% +comes down the t tube you'll its + + + align:start position:0% +comes down the t tube you'll its +voltage-dependent calcium channels which + + align:start position:0% +voltage-dependent calcium channels which + + + align:start position:0% +voltage-dependent calcium channels which +caused the release of calcium which then + + align:start position:0% +caused the release of calcium which then + + + align:start position:0% +caused the release of calcium which then +activates calcium dependent calcium + + align:start position:0% +activates calcium dependent calcium + + + align:start position:0% +activates calcium dependent calcium +release through another set of channels + + align:start position:0% +release through another set of channels + + + align:start position:0% +release through another set of channels +and it basically floods the myofibrils + + align:start position:0% +and it basically floods the myofibrils + + + align:start position:0% +and it basically floods the myofibrils +with calcium okay and that triggers the + + align:start position:0% +with calcium okay and that triggers the + + + align:start position:0% +with calcium okay and that triggers the +contraction and here's how that works + + align:start position:0% +contraction and here's how that works + + + align:start position:0% +contraction and here's how that works +within these myofibrils are bundles of + + align:start position:0% +within these myofibrils are bundles of + + + align:start position:0% +within these myofibrils are bundles of +thick filaments which are myosin and + + align:start position:0% +thick filaments which are myosin and + + + align:start position:0% +thick filaments which are myosin and +thin filaments which are actin the thick + + align:start position:0% +thin filaments which are actin the thick + + + align:start position:0% +thin filaments which are actin the thick +filaments are these structures right + + align:start position:0% +filaments are these structures right + + + align:start position:0% +filaments are these structures right +here the actin are filaments thin + + align:start position:0% +here the actin are filaments thin + + + align:start position:0% +here the actin are filaments thin +filaments that intercalate between the + + align:start position:0% +filaments that intercalate between the + + + align:start position:0% +filaments that intercalate between the +the myosin thick filaments the myosin + + align:start position:0% +the myosin thick filaments the myosin + + + align:start position:0% +the myosin thick filaments the myosin +thick filaments are covered with these + + align:start position:0% +thick filaments are covered with these + + + align:start position:0% +thick filaments are covered with these +myosin molecules that stick out the + + align:start position:0% +myosin molecules that stick out the + + + align:start position:0% +myosin molecules that stick out the +myosin heads that are like little feet + + align:start position:0% +myosin heads that are like little feet + + + align:start position:0% +myosin heads that are like little feet +reach out and if they bind to the actin + + align:start position:0% +reach out and if they bind to the actin + + + align:start position:0% +reach out and if they bind to the actin +then these things basically grab the + + align:start position:0% +then these things basically grab the + + + align:start position:0% +then these things basically grab the +actin and start walking along and they + + align:start position:0% +actin and start walking along and they + + + align:start position:0% +actin and start walking along and they +pull the actin they pull this actin + + align:start position:0% +pull the actin they pull this actin + + + align:start position:0% +pull the actin they pull this actin +filament this way the ones over here + + align:start position:0% +filament this way the ones over here + + + align:start position:0% +filament this way the ones over here +walk this direction and pull this actin + + align:start position:0% +walk this direction and pull this actin + + + align:start position:0% +walk this direction and pull this actin +filament that way and that caught these + + align:start position:0% +filament that way and that caught these + + + align:start position:0% +filament that way and that caught these +two end plates to Paul + + align:start position:0% +two end plates to Paul + + + align:start position:0% +two end plates to Paul +sorry these two what are called z disks + + align:start position:0% +sorry these two what are called z disks + + + align:start position:0% +sorry these two what are called z disks +to pull together and the thing shortens + + align:start position:0% +to pull together and the thing shortens + + + align:start position:0% +to pull together and the thing shortens +does that make sense and then when the + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense and then when the + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense and then when the +contraction stops these little feet stop + + align:start position:0% +contraction stops these little feet stop + + + align:start position:0% +contraction stops these little feet stop +walking they relax and those those actin + + align:start position:0% +walking they relax and those those actin + + + align:start position:0% +walking they relax and those those actin +filaments now can relax and we're track + + align:start position:0% +filaments now can relax and we're track + + + align:start position:0% +filaments now can relax and we're track +okay pretty cool right so how does the + + align:start position:0% +okay pretty cool right so how does the + + + align:start position:0% +okay pretty cool right so how does the +calcium connect to that so the calcium + + align:start position:0% +calcium connect to that so the calcium + + + align:start position:0% +calcium connect to that so the calcium +goes in floods this myofibril the + + align:start position:0% +goes in floods this myofibril the + + + align:start position:0% +goes in floods this myofibril the +calcium goes in and binds to these + + align:start position:0% +calcium goes in and binds to these + + + align:start position:0% +calcium goes in and binds to these +little molecules called troponin that + + align:start position:0% +little molecules called troponin that + + + align:start position:0% +little molecules called troponin that +are sitting in grooves of the actin + + align:start position:0% +are sitting in grooves of the actin + + + align:start position:0% +are sitting in grooves of the actin +filaments and when the calcium binds to + + align:start position:0% +filaments and when the calcium binds to + + + align:start position:0% +filaments and when the calcium binds to +troponin it moves out of the way and + + align:start position:0% +troponin it moves out of the way and + + + align:start position:0% +troponin it moves out of the way and +opens up the binding site for these + + align:start position:0% +opens up the binding site for these + + + align:start position:0% +opens up the binding site for these +myosin heads to grab onto the actin + + align:start position:0% +myosin heads to grab onto the actin + + + align:start position:0% +myosin heads to grab onto the actin +filament they grab on and they pull and + + align:start position:0% +filament they grab on and they pull and + + + align:start position:0% +filament they grab on and they pull and +as soon as they pull an ATP comes off + + align:start position:0% +as soon as they pull an ATP comes off + + + align:start position:0% +as soon as they pull an ATP comes off +these things open up ATP binds boom they + + align:start position:0% +these things open up ATP binds boom they + + + align:start position:0% +these things open up ATP binds boom they +pull again so they just walk along with + + align:start position:0% +pull again so they just walk along with + + + align:start position:0% +pull again so they just walk along with +one ATP per cycle okay then when the + + align:start position:0% +one ATP per cycle okay then when the + + + align:start position:0% +one ATP per cycle okay then when the +calcium what happens is that the calcium + + align:start position:0% +calcium what happens is that the calcium + + + align:start position:0% +calcium what happens is that the calcium +starts being sequestered back into the + + align:start position:0% +starts being sequestered back into the + + + align:start position:0% +starts being sequestered back into the +sarcoplasmic reticulum the unbinds from + + align:start position:0% +sarcoplasmic reticulum the unbinds from + + + align:start position:0% +sarcoplasmic reticulum the unbinds from +the troponin troponin falls back into + + align:start position:0% +the troponin troponin falls back into + + + align:start position:0% +the troponin troponin falls back into +the groove and the myosin heads can no + + align:start position:0% +the groove and the myosin heads can no + + + align:start position:0% +the groove and the myosin heads can no +longer connect to the actin and that's + + align:start position:0% +longer connect to the actin and that's + + + align:start position:0% +longer connect to the actin and that's +the end of the muscle twitch okay + + align:start position:0% +the end of the muscle twitch okay + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the muscle twitch okay +pretty amazing right okay so what goes + + align:start position:0% +pretty amazing right okay so what goes + + + align:start position:0% +pretty amazing right okay so what goes +wrong when sodium channels are + + align:start position:0% +wrong when sodium channels are + + + align:start position:0% +wrong when sodium channels are +inactivated and that's what we're going + + align:start position:0% +inactivated and that's what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +inactivated and that's what we're going +to talk about next when sodium channels + + align:start position:0% +to talk about next when sodium channels + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about next when sodium channels +fail to inactivate so here's what the + + align:start position:0% +fail to inactivate so here's what the + + + align:start position:0% +fail to inactivate so here's what the +sodium channel looks like there are + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel looks like there are + + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel looks like there are +these clusters of transmembrane alpha + + align:start position:0% +these clusters of transmembrane alpha + + + align:start position:0% +these clusters of transmembrane alpha +helixes these things together these four + + align:start position:0% +helixes these things together these four + + + align:start position:0% +helixes these things together these four +things together form the pore and + + align:start position:0% +things together form the pore and + + + align:start position:0% +things together form the pore and +there's a loop between them here that + + align:start position:0% +there's a loop between them here that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a loop between them here that +produces the inactivation okay and you + + align:start position:0% +produces the inactivation okay and you + + + align:start position:0% +produces the inactivation okay and you +can see if you look at the sites of + + align:start position:0% +can see if you look at the sites of + + + align:start position:0% +can see if you look at the sites of +different mutations of the sodium + + align:start position:0% +different mutations of the sodium + + + align:start position:0% +different mutations of the sodium +channel that Purdue + + align:start position:0% +channel that Purdue + + + align:start position:0% +channel that Purdue +defects of inactivation they tend to be + + align:start position:0% +defects of inactivation they tend to be + + + align:start position:0% +defects of inactivation they tend to be +clustered in these cytoplasmic loops of + + align:start position:0% +clustered in these cytoplasmic loops of + + + align:start position:0% +clustered in these cytoplasmic loops of +this sodium channel okay so myotonia and + + align:start position:0% +this sodium channel okay so myotonia and + + + align:start position:0% +this sodium channel okay so myotonia and +and the periodic paralysis that we just + + align:start position:0% +and the periodic paralysis that we just + + + align:start position:0% +and the periodic paralysis that we just +saw those movies are caused by these + + align:start position:0% +saw those movies are caused by these + + + align:start position:0% +saw those movies are caused by these +different sets of mutations on those + + align:start position:0% +different sets of mutations on those + + + align:start position:0% +different sets of mutations on those +loops okay and again that for these + + align:start position:0% +loops okay and again that for these + + + align:start position:0% +loops okay and again that for these +myotonia is these mutations are in the + + align:start position:0% +myotonia is these mutations are in the + + + align:start position:0% +myotonia is these mutations are in the +skeletal isoform of the sodium channel + + align:start position:0% +skeletal isoform of the sodium channel + + + align:start position:0% +skeletal isoform of the sodium channel +okay so now what is that mean what are + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what is that mean what are + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now what is that mean what are +those mutations actually due to this so + + align:start position:0% +those mutations actually due to this so + + + align:start position:0% +those mutations actually due to this so +now let's take a look at let's do a + + align:start position:0% +now let's take a look at let's do a + + + align:start position:0% +now let's take a look at let's do a +patch clamp experiment where we take + + align:start position:0% +patch clamp experiment where we take + + + align:start position:0% +patch clamp experiment where we take +muscle fiber from a wild-type so you can + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber from a wild-type so you can + + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber from a wild-type so you can +just take a muscle biopsy extract a + + align:start position:0% +just take a muscle biopsy extract a + + + align:start position:0% +just take a muscle biopsy extract a +little pinch of muscle you can culture + + align:start position:0% +little pinch of muscle you can culture + + + align:start position:0% +little pinch of muscle you can culture +it in a dish and you can do that for a + + align:start position:0% +it in a dish and you can do that for a + + + align:start position:0% +it in a dish and you can do that for a +wild-type normal human muscle fibers and + + align:start position:0% +wild-type normal human muscle fibers and + + + align:start position:0% +wild-type normal human muscle fibers and +you can do it for muscle fibers from a + + align:start position:0% +you can do it for muscle fibers from a + + + align:start position:0% +you can do it for muscle fibers from a +person with this particular mutation of + + align:start position:0% +person with this particular mutation of + + + align:start position:0% +person with this particular mutation of +this of this sodium channel and you can + + align:start position:0% +this of this sodium channel and you can + + + align:start position:0% +this of this sodium channel and you can +see that just like for the neurons just + + align:start position:0% +see that just like for the neurons just + + + align:start position:0% +see that just like for the neurons just +like for the sodium channels in neurons + + align:start position:0% +like for the sodium channels in neurons + + + align:start position:0% +like for the sodium channels in neurons +you can see that depolarizing this ion + + align:start position:0% +you can see that depolarizing this ion + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that depolarizing this ion +channel produces brief openings that are + + align:start position:0% +channel produces brief openings that are + + + align:start position:0% +channel produces brief openings that are +aligned at the time when you do the + + align:start position:0% +aligned at the time when you do the + + + align:start position:0% +aligned at the time when you do the +depolarization step and then there are + + align:start position:0% +depolarization step and then there are + + + align:start position:0% +depolarization step and then there are +no more openings ok the sodium channels + + align:start position:0% +no more openings ok the sodium channels + + + align:start position:0% +no more openings ok the sodium channels +turn on and then that gating variable + + align:start position:0% +turn on and then that gating variable + + + align:start position:0% +turn on and then that gating variable +that that inactivation gets off the + + align:start position:0% +that that inactivation gets off the + + + align:start position:0% +that that inactivation gets off the +pores and there are no more openings + + align:start position:0% +pores and there are no more openings + + + align:start position:0% +pores and there are no more openings +okay but in the in the muscle fiber that + + align:start position:0% +okay but in the in the muscle fiber that + + + align:start position:0% +okay but in the in the muscle fiber that +has this mutation you can see that you + + align:start position:0% +has this mutation you can see that you + + + align:start position:0% +has this mutation you can see that you +get this burst of openings right at the + + align:start position:0% +get this burst of openings right at the + + + align:start position:0% +get this burst of openings right at the +time of depolarization but you keep + + align:start position:0% +time of depolarization but you keep + + + align:start position:0% +time of depolarization but you keep +getting openings at later times okay and + + align:start position:0% +getting openings at later times okay and + + + align:start position:0% +getting openings at later times okay and +if you plot the average current over + + align:start position:0% +if you plot the average current over + + + align:start position:0% +if you plot the average current over +many trials you can see in normal fibers + + align:start position:0% +many trials you can see in normal fibers + + + align:start position:0% +many trials you can see in normal fibers +there's this very brief pulse of opening + + align:start position:0% +there's this very brief pulse of opening + + + align:start position:0% +there's this very brief pulse of opening +and in these fibers muscle fibers with + + align:start position:0% +and in these fibers muscle fibers with + + + align:start position:0% +and in these fibers muscle fibers with +the mutation + + align:start position:0% +the mutation + + + align:start position:0% +the mutation +there is a constant extended high + + align:start position:0% +there is a constant extended high + + + align:start position:0% +there is a constant extended high +probability of that sodium channel + + align:start position:0% +probability of that sodium channel + + + align:start position:0% +probability of that sodium channel +turning on opening up and that's what + + align:start position:0% +turning on opening up and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +turning on opening up and that's what +causes all the problems right there okay + + align:start position:0% +causes all the problems right there okay + + + align:start position:0% +causes all the problems right there okay +in these conditions that only represents + + align:start position:0% +in these conditions that only represents + + + align:start position:0% +in these conditions that only represents +about a 2% 0.02 probability of turning + + align:start position:0% +about a 2% 0.02 probability of turning + + + align:start position:0% +about a 2% 0.02 probability of turning +on at a time when a normal muscle fiber + + align:start position:0% +on at a time when a normal muscle fiber + + + align:start position:0% +on at a time when a normal muscle fiber +would be inactivated okay okay so you + + align:start position:0% +would be inactivated okay okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +would be inactivated okay okay so you +can actually study these things in more + + align:start position:0% +can actually study these things in more + + + align:start position:0% +can actually study these things in more +detail so this shows a set of + + align:start position:0% +detail so this shows a set of + + + align:start position:0% +detail so this shows a set of +experiments that were done in rat fast + + align:start position:0% +experiments that were done in rat fast + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that were done in rat fast +twitch muscle + + align:start position:0% +twitch muscle + + + align:start position:0% +twitch muscle +this shows a control and this shows a + + align:start position:0% +this shows a control and this shows a + + + align:start position:0% +this shows a control and this shows a +muscle fiber that's been treated with a + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber that's been treated with a + + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber that's been treated with a +toxin that comes from the sea anemone + + align:start position:0% +toxin that comes from the sea anemone + + + align:start position:0% +toxin that comes from the sea anemone +that produces a toxin that causes that + + align:start position:0% +that produces a toxin that causes that + + + align:start position:0% +that produces a toxin that causes that +uses this toxin to actually help catch + + align:start position:0% +uses this toxin to actually help catch + + + align:start position:0% +uses this toxin to actually help catch +prey and it turns out what that toxin + + align:start position:0% +prey and it turns out what that toxin + + + align:start position:0% +prey and it turns out what that toxin +does is it mimics the effect of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blockage of the inactivation of the + + align:start position:0% +blockage of the inactivation of the + + + align:start position:0% +blockage of the inactivation of the +sodium channel okay so you can see that + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel okay so you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel okay so you can see that +applying this toxin also produces these + + align:start position:0% +applying this toxin also produces these + + + align:start position:0% +applying this toxin also produces these +extended openings or failures to + + align:start position:0% +extended openings or failures to + + + align:start position:0% +extended openings or failures to +inactivate if you take that toxin and + + align:start position:0% +inactivate if you take that toxin and + + + align:start position:0% +inactivate if you take that toxin and +you'll do a muscle fiber you see + + align:start position:0% +you'll do a muscle fiber you see + + + align:start position:0% +you'll do a muscle fiber you see +something really interesting you take a + + align:start position:0% +something really interesting you take a + + + align:start position:0% +something really interesting you take a +muscle fiber you can you can hook it up + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber you can you can hook it up + + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber you can you can hook it up +to you tie a string to one end and tie a + + align:start position:0% +to you tie a string to one end and tie a + + + align:start position:0% +to you tie a string to one end and tie a +string to the other end and kind of pull + + align:start position:0% +string to the other end and kind of pull + + + align:start position:0% +string to the other end and kind of pull +it tight a little bit and measure the + + align:start position:0% +it tight a little bit and measure the + + + align:start position:0% +it tight a little bit and measure the +force that that muscle fiber is exerting + + align:start position:0% +force that that muscle fiber is exerting + + + align:start position:0% +force that that muscle fiber is exerting +so you can measure force as a function + + align:start position:0% +so you can measure force as a function + + + align:start position:0% +so you can measure force as a function +of time if you stimulate that muscle + + align:start position:0% +of time if you stimulate that muscle + + + align:start position:0% +of time if you stimulate that muscle +fiber with a little electrical shock you + + align:start position:0% +fiber with a little electrical shock you + + + align:start position:0% +fiber with a little electrical shock you +can elicit what's called a muscle twitch + + align:start position:0% +can elicit what's called a muscle twitch + + + align:start position:0% +can elicit what's called a muscle twitch +and in the presence of this a tx2 toxin + + align:start position:0% +and in the presence of this a tx2 toxin + + + align:start position:0% +and in the presence of this a tx2 toxin +you can see that that twitch is very + + align:start position:0% +you can see that that twitch is very + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that that twitch is very +extended in time okay question did I see + + align:start position:0% +extended in time okay question did I see + + + align:start position:0% +extended in time okay question did I see +a hand okay + + align:start position:0% +a hand okay + + + align:start position:0% +a hand okay +so what's going on so you can now record + + align:start position:0% +so what's going on so you can now record + + + align:start position:0% +so what's going on so you can now record +from this muscle fiber when it's been + + align:start position:0% +from this muscle fiber when it's been + + + align:start position:0% +from this muscle fiber when it's been +treated with this toxin that produces + + align:start position:0% +treated with this toxin that produces + + + align:start position:0% +treated with this toxin that produces +this what's called a myotonic run okay + + align:start position:0% +this what's called a myotonic run okay + + + align:start position:0% +this what's called a myotonic run okay +and you can see that all muscle fiber + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that all muscle fiber + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that all muscle fiber +produces a single or maybe two action + + align:start position:0% +produces a single or maybe two action + + + align:start position:0% +produces a single or maybe two action +potentials when you depolarize it okay + + align:start position:0% +potentials when you depolarize it okay + + + align:start position:0% +potentials when you depolarize it okay +that's what a muscle fiber normally does + + align:start position:0% +that's what a muscle fiber normally does + + + align:start position:0% +that's what a muscle fiber normally does +but when you treat it with this a tx2 it + + align:start position:0% +but when you treat it with this a tx2 it + + + align:start position:0% +but when you treat it with this a tx2 it +generates many action potentials what + + align:start position:0% +generates many action potentials what + + + align:start position:0% +generates many action potentials what +why would that be does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +why would that be does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +why would that be does that make sense +we're gonna we're gonna explore why that + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna we're gonna explore why that + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna we're gonna explore why that +is I'm going to look at a particular + + align:start position:0% +is I'm going to look at a particular + + + align:start position:0% +is I'm going to look at a particular +model for how the sodium the failure to + + align:start position:0% +model for how the sodium the failure to + + + align:start position:0% +model for how the sodium the failure to +inactivated the sodium channel produces + + align:start position:0% +inactivated the sodium channel produces + + + align:start position:0% +inactivated the sodium channel produces +these monotonic runs what's really crazy + + align:start position:0% +these monotonic runs what's really crazy + + + align:start position:0% +these monotonic runs what's really crazy +is that after you turn off current + + align:start position:0% +is that after you turn off current + + + align:start position:0% +is that after you turn off current +injection that that activates the muscle + + align:start position:0% +injection that that activates the muscle + + + align:start position:0% +injection that that activates the muscle +fiber the neuron keeps spiking that + + align:start position:0% +fiber the neuron keeps spiking that + + + align:start position:0% +fiber the neuron keeps spiking that +muscle fiber keeps spiking that + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber keeps spiking that + + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber keeps spiking that +continued spiking corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +continued spiking corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +continued spiking corresponds to +continued contraction of the muscle so + + align:start position:0% +continued contraction of the muscle so + + + align:start position:0% +continued contraction of the muscle so +you can trigger the muscle to generate + + align:start position:0% +you can trigger the muscle to generate + + + align:start position:0% +you can trigger the muscle to generate +some action potentials and a normal + + align:start position:0% +some action potentials and a normal + + + align:start position:0% +some action potentials and a normal +muscle that produces a very brief twitch + + align:start position:0% +muscle that produces a very brief twitch + + + align:start position:0% +muscle that produces a very brief twitch +but in these muscles with this mutated + + align:start position:0% +but in these muscles with this mutated + + + align:start position:0% +but in these muscles with this mutated +sodium channel in this case it's with + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel in this case it's with + + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel in this case it's with +the toxin but the same thing happens in + + align:start position:0% +the toxin but the same thing happens in + + + align:start position:0% +the toxin but the same thing happens in +the mute muscle fibers with the mutated + + align:start position:0% +the mute muscle fibers with the mutated + + + align:start position:0% +the mute muscle fibers with the mutated +sodium channel it produces continued + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel it produces continued + + + align:start position:0% +sodium channel it produces continued +contraction of the muscle and that's + + align:start position:0% +contraction of the muscle and that's + + + align:start position:0% +contraction of the muscle and that's +what was happening to the goats their + + align:start position:0% +what was happening to the goats their + + + align:start position:0% +what was happening to the goats their +muscles contracted and then they didn't + + align:start position:0% +muscles contracted and then they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +muscles contracted and then they didn't +relax and so they were stiff like this + + align:start position:0% +relax and so they were stiff like this + + + align:start position:0% +relax and so they were stiff like this +and then they follow okay now that + + align:start position:0% +and then they follow okay now that + + + align:start position:0% +and then they follow okay now that +that's called a myotonic running it's + + align:start position:0% +that's called a myotonic running it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's called a myotonic running it's +really interesting and was a big clue to + + align:start position:0% +really interesting and was a big clue to + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting and was a big clue to +how what the mechanism is that produces + + align:start position:0% +how what the mechanism is that produces + + + align:start position:0% +how what the mechanism is that produces +this you get if you take these muscle + + align:start position:0% +this you get if you take these muscle + + + align:start position:0% +this you get if you take these muscle +fibers and you put them into a salut + + align:start position:0% +fibers and you put them into a salut + + + align:start position:0% +fibers and you put them into a salut +that doesn't have the right oz molarity + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't have the right oz molarity + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't have the right oz molarity +okay so too much like too many ions too + + align:start position:0% +okay so too much like too many ions too + + + align:start position:0% +okay so too much like too many ions too +like too high in osmolarity or too low + + align:start position:0% +like too high in osmolarity or too low + + + align:start position:0% +like too high in osmolarity or too low +in osmolarity just like pure water for + + align:start position:0% +in osmolarity just like pure water for + + + align:start position:0% +in osmolarity just like pure water for +example produces what's called an + + align:start position:0% +example produces what's called an + + + align:start position:0% +example produces what's called an +osmotic shock and what it does is it + + align:start position:0% +osmotic shock and what it does is it + + + align:start position:0% +osmotic shock and what it does is it +breaks all the t tubules from the + + align:start position:0% +breaks all the t tubules from the + + + align:start position:0% +breaks all the t tubules from the +membrane okay so it doesn't break the + + align:start position:0% +membrane okay so it doesn't break the + + + align:start position:0% +membrane okay so it doesn't break the +membrane but it it disconnects all the t + + align:start position:0% +membrane but it it disconnects all the t + + + align:start position:0% +membrane but it it disconnects all the t +tubules from the membrane okay and what + + align:start position:0% +tubules from the membrane okay and what + + + align:start position:0% +tubules from the membrane okay and what +happens is you see the myotonic run goes + + align:start position:0% +happens is you see the myotonic run goes + + + align:start position:0% +happens is you see the myotonic run goes +away okay so something about the t + + align:start position:0% +away okay so something about the t + + + align:start position:0% +away okay so something about the t +tubules is causing this myotonic run + + align:start position:0% +tubules is causing this myotonic run + + + align:start position:0% +tubules is causing this myotonic run +okay okay so there's a really beautiful + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so there's a really beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so there's a really beautiful +set of papers from David quarry and + + align:start position:0% +set of papers from David quarry and + + + align:start position:0% +set of papers from David quarry and +person named cannon who proposed a + + align:start position:0% +person named cannon who proposed a + + + align:start position:0% +person named cannon who proposed a +hypothesis for why this actually happens + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis for why this actually happens + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis for why this actually happens +okay and I'll walk you through the + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'll walk you through the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and I'll walk you through the +hypothesis right now so here's the idea + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis right now so here's the idea + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis right now so here's the idea +so when you have a input from a motor + + align:start position:0% +so when you have a input from a motor + + + align:start position:0% +so when you have a input from a motor +neuron onto the muscle fiber you get + + align:start position:0% +neuron onto the muscle fiber you get + + + align:start position:0% +neuron onto the muscle fiber you get +synaptic input Depot muscle fiber so + + align:start position:0% +synaptic input Depot muscle fiber so + + + align:start position:0% +synaptic input Depot muscle fiber so +this is the motor neuron synapse that's + + align:start position:0% +this is the motor neuron synapse that's + + + align:start position:0% +this is the motor neuron synapse that's +the muscle fiber so you can you should + + align:start position:0% +the muscle fiber so you can you should + + + align:start position:0% +the muscle fiber so you can you should +think about this as being a very long + + align:start position:0% +think about this as being a very long + + + align:start position:0% +think about this as being a very long +cell here and here's a t tube you'll + + align:start position:0% +cell here and here's a t tube you'll + + + align:start position:0% +cell here and here's a t tube you'll +that's represented by kind of a channel + + align:start position:0% +that's represented by kind of a channel + + + align:start position:0% +that's represented by kind of a channel +coming in from the surface okay so this + + align:start position:0% +coming in from the surface okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +coming in from the surface okay so this +is a cross-section of the muscle fiber + + align:start position:0% +is a cross-section of the muscle fiber + + + align:start position:0% +is a cross-section of the muscle fiber +so yeah is that that current injection + + align:start position:0% +so yeah is that that current injection + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah is that that current injection +causes an action potential which + + align:start position:0% +causes an action potential which + + + align:start position:0% +causes an action potential which +produces which causes sodium to flow + + align:start position:0% +produces which causes sodium to flow + + + align:start position:0% +produces which causes sodium to flow +into the cell and on the hyperpolarizing + + align:start position:0% +into the cell and on the hyperpolarizing + + + align:start position:0% +into the cell and on the hyperpolarizing +phase of the action potential potassium + + align:start position:0% +phase of the action potential potassium + + + align:start position:0% +phase of the action potential potassium +goes out of the cell to bring himself + + align:start position:0% +goes out of the cell to bring himself + + + align:start position:0% +goes out of the cell to bring himself +back down to a negative voltage now that + + align:start position:0% +back down to a negative voltage now that + + + align:start position:0% +back down to a negative voltage now that +action potential propagates into the t + + align:start position:0% +action potential propagates into the t + + + align:start position:0% +action potential propagates into the t +tubules which means you're going to have + + align:start position:0% +tubules which means you're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +tubules which means you're going to have +sodium flowing into the cell and + + align:start position:0% +sodium flowing into the cell and + + + align:start position:0% +sodium flowing into the cell and +potassium flowing out of the cell but + + align:start position:0% +potassium flowing out of the cell but + + + align:start position:0% +potassium flowing out of the cell but +out of the cell means into the t tube + + align:start position:0% +out of the cell means into the t tube + + + align:start position:0% +out of the cell means into the t tube +you'll right + + align:start position:0% +you'll right + + + align:start position:0% +you'll right +so what normally happens is after an + + align:start position:0% +so what normally happens is after an + + + align:start position:0% +so what normally happens is after an +action potential you're left with an + + align:start position:0% +action potential you're left with an + + + align:start position:0% +action potential you're left with an +excess of potassium in the t tubules so + + align:start position:0% +excess of potassium in the t tubules so + + + align:start position:0% +excess of potassium in the t tubules so +what happens think it's gonna happen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody think back to the first lecture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah there's gonna be some pumping + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah there's gonna be some pumping + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah there's gonna be some pumping +going on here but but actually most of + + align:start position:0% +going on here but but actually most of + + + align:start position:0% +going on here but but actually most of +the potassium gets out of the t tubules + + align:start position:0% +the potassium gets out of the t tubules + + + align:start position:0% +the potassium gets out of the t tubules +by a different mechanism it gets out by + + align:start position:0% +by a different mechanism it gets out by + + + align:start position:0% +by a different mechanism it gets out by +diffusion so these extra potassium ions + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so these extra potassium ions + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so these extra potassium ions +diffuse out through that t tubules back + + align:start position:0% +diffuse out through that t tubules back + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse out through that t tubules back +into the extracellular space okay now + + align:start position:0% +into the extracellular space okay now + + + align:start position:0% +into the extracellular space okay now +can we estimate that long it takes that + + align:start position:0% +can we estimate that long it takes that + + + align:start position:0% +can we estimate that long it takes that +to happen any any idea how we would do + + align:start position:0% +to happen any any idea how we would do + + + align:start position:0% +to happen any any idea how we would do +that we sort of anybody want to take a + + align:start position:0% +that we sort of anybody want to take a + + + align:start position:0% +that we sort of anybody want to take a +guess remember does anyone remember how + + align:start position:0% +guess remember does anyone remember how + + + align:start position:0% +guess remember does anyone remember how +long it takes an ion to diffuse across + + align:start position:0% +long it takes an ion to diffuse across + + + align:start position:0% +long it takes an ion to diffuse across +let's say a cell body ten microns kind + + align:start position:0% +let's say a cell body ten microns kind + + + align:start position:0% +let's say a cell body ten microns kind +of a few tens of milliseconds right + + align:start position:0% +of a few tens of milliseconds right + + + align:start position:0% +of a few tens of milliseconds right +fifty milliseconds this thing is about + + align:start position:0% +fifty milliseconds this thing is about + + + align:start position:0% +fifty milliseconds this thing is about +25 microns long and so it will be maybe + + align:start position:0% +25 microns long and so it will be maybe + + + align:start position:0% +25 microns long and so it will be maybe +four times that okay so that timescale + + align:start position:0% +four times that okay so that timescale + + + align:start position:0% +four times that okay so that timescale +we can calculate by just using this our + + align:start position:0% +we can calculate by just using this our + + + align:start position:0% +we can calculate by just using this our +equation for the relation between time + + align:start position:0% +equation for the relation between time + + + align:start position:0% +equation for the relation between time +distance for diffusion and you find that + + align:start position:0% +distance for diffusion and you find that + + + align:start position:0% +distance for diffusion and you find that +that's about three to four hundred + + align:start position:0% +that's about three to four hundred + + + align:start position:0% +that's about three to four hundred +milliseconds okay so that's how long it + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds okay so that's how long it + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds okay so that's how long it +takes those potassium ions to diffuse + + align:start position:0% +takes those potassium ions to diffuse + + + align:start position:0% +takes those potassium ions to diffuse +out of the T Tauri + + align:start position:0% +out of the T Tauri + + + align:start position:0% +out of the T Tauri +now what happens when we have a sodium + + align:start position:0% +now what happens when we have a sodium + + + align:start position:0% +now what happens when we have a sodium +ion that isn't inactivating what happens + + align:start position:0% +ion that isn't inactivating what happens + + + align:start position:0% +ion that isn't inactivating what happens +is you're gonna get a lot more spikes + + align:start position:0% +is you're gonna get a lot more spikes + + + align:start position:0% +is you're gonna get a lot more spikes +right you're gonna get a lot more spikes + + align:start position:0% +right you're gonna get a lot more spikes + + + align:start position:0% +right you're gonna get a lot more spikes +generated because this sodium current + + align:start position:0% +generated because this sodium current + + + align:start position:0% +generated because this sodium current +turns on but now it's not properly + + align:start position:0% +turns on but now it's not properly + + + align:start position:0% +turns on but now it's not properly +inactivating so you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +inactivating so you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +inactivating so you're going to get +extra spikes and those failure to enact + + align:start position:0% +extra spikes and those failure to enact + + + align:start position:0% +extra spikes and those failure to enact +extra spikes and extra spikes means + + align:start position:0% +extra spikes and extra spikes means + + + align:start position:0% +extra spikes and extra spikes means +you're gonna have a lot more potassium + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have a lot more potassium + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have a lot more potassium +going into the Tito Buell + + align:start position:0% +going into the Tito Buell + + + align:start position:0% +going into the Tito Buell +right so what is what is all that and + + align:start position:0% +right so what is what is all that and + + + align:start position:0% +right so what is what is all that and +remember we now have three or four + + align:start position:0% +remember we now have three or four + + + align:start position:0% +remember we now have three or four +hundred milliseconds before that + + align:start position:0% +hundred milliseconds before that + + + align:start position:0% +hundred milliseconds before that +potassium can get out of the tea to a + + align:start position:0% +potassium can get out of the tea to a + + + align:start position:0% +potassium can get out of the tea to a +build by diffusion so what's what what's + + align:start position:0% +build by diffusion so what's what what's + + + align:start position:0% +build by diffusion so what's what what's +going to happen when you have all that + + align:start position:0% +going to happen when you have all that + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen when you have all that +extra potassium in the tea tube you'll + + align:start position:0% +extra potassium in the tea tube you'll + + + align:start position:0% +extra potassium in the tea tube you'll +what's it gonna do yeah so remember that + + align:start position:0% +what's it gonna do yeah so remember that + + + align:start position:0% +what's it gonna do yeah so remember that +equilibrium potential the negative + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potential the negative + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potential the negative +equilibrium potential of the muscle + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potential of the muscle + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium potential of the muscle +fiber is normally like any cell is down + + align:start position:0% +fiber is normally like any cell is down + + + align:start position:0% +fiber is normally like any cell is down +around minus eighty that's that negative + + align:start position:0% +around minus eighty that's that negative + + + align:start position:0% +around minus eighty that's that negative +potential is caused because so much more + + align:start position:0% +potential is caused because so much more + + + align:start position:0% +potential is caused because so much more +potassium inside the cell than outside + + align:start position:0% +potassium inside the cell than outside + + + align:start position:0% +potassium inside the cell than outside +the cell and so the potassium ions are + + align:start position:0% +the cell and so the potassium ions are + + + align:start position:0% +the cell and so the potassium ions are +normally kind of leaking out of a cell + + align:start position:0% +normally kind of leaking out of a cell + + + align:start position:0% +normally kind of leaking out of a cell +and that keeps the membrane potential + + align:start position:0% +and that keeps the membrane potential + + + align:start position:0% +and that keeps the membrane potential +low but now if you set it remember this + + align:start position:0% +low but now if you set it remember this + + + align:start position:0% +low but now if you set it remember this +is outside the cell so you have now + + align:start position:0% +is outside the cell so you have now + + + align:start position:0% +is outside the cell so you have now +suddenly a very high concentration of + + align:start position:0% +suddenly a very high concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly a very high concentration of +potassium ions outside the cell and what + + align:start position:0% +potassium ions outside the cell and what + + + align:start position:0% +potassium ions outside the cell and what +do they do they push their way back in + + align:start position:0% +do they do they push their way back in + + + align:start position:0% +do they do they push their way back in +they start diffusing back in which does + + align:start position:0% +they start diffusing back in which does + + + align:start position:0% +they start diffusing back in which does +what to the cell you have now have + + align:start position:0% +what to the cell you have now have + + + align:start position:0% +what to the cell you have now have +potassium ions going the wrong way + + align:start position:0% +potassium ions going the wrong way + + + align:start position:0% +potassium ions going the wrong way +yeah which does what I think you already + + align:start position:0% +yeah which does what I think you already + + + align:start position:0% +yeah which does what I think you already +gave the answer say it against deployers + + align:start position:0% +gave the answer say it against deployers + + + align:start position:0% +gave the answer say it against deployers +is this hell potassium i back in and + + align:start position:0% +is this hell potassium i back in and + + + align:start position:0% +is this hell potassium i back in and +then depolarize the cell okay and what + + align:start position:0% +then depolarize the cell okay and what + + + align:start position:0% +then depolarize the cell okay and what +is that going to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cause more spikes just going to do what + + align:start position:0% +cause more spikes just going to do what + + + align:start position:0% +cause more spikes just going to do what +push more potassium into the tea tube + + align:start position:0% +push more potassium into the tea tube + + + align:start position:0% +push more potassium into the tea tube +you'll it's kind of runaway instability + + align:start position:0% +you'll it's kind of runaway instability + + + align:start position:0% +you'll it's kind of runaway instability +okay so that's a kind of a cool + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a kind of a cool + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a kind of a cool +hypothesis right this you know you could + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis right this you know you could + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis right this you know you could +imagine all sorts of experiments to test + + align:start position:0% +imagine all sorts of experiments to test + + + align:start position:0% +imagine all sorts of experiments to test +this like you could put a little thing + + align:start position:0% +this like you could put a little thing + + + align:start position:0% +this like you could put a little thing +in there to measure potassium + + align:start position:0% +in there to measure potassium + + + align:start position:0% +in there to measure potassium +concentration in the t-tubule look + + align:start position:0% +concentration in the t-tubule look + + + align:start position:0% +concentration in the t-tubule look +that's only like a few microns across + + align:start position:0% +that's only like a few microns across + + + align:start position:0% +that's only like a few microns across +and how do you test this hypothesis how + + align:start position:0% +and how do you test this hypothesis how + + + align:start position:0% +and how do you test this hypothesis how +would you like it's a great idea but how + + align:start position:0% +would you like it's a great idea but how + + + align:start position:0% +would you like it's a great idea but how +do you know if it even makes any sense + + align:start position:0% +do you know if it even makes any sense + + + align:start position:0% +do you know if it even makes any sense +when you put it all together + + align:start position:0% +when you put it all together + + + align:start position:0% +when you put it all together +any suggestions yeah yep + + align:start position:0% +any suggestions yeah yep + + + align:start position:0% +any suggestions yeah yep +so it's already known that at low + + align:start position:0% +so it's already known that at low + + + align:start position:0% +so it's already known that at low +potassium this is this problem is less + + align:start position:0% +potassium this is this problem is less + + + align:start position:0% +potassium this is this problem is less +severe the disease is even named after + + align:start position:0% +severe the disease is even named after + + + align:start position:0% +severe the disease is even named after +that observation hyperkalemic periodic + + align:start position:0% +that observation hyperkalemic periodic + + + align:start position:0% +that observation hyperkalemic periodic +paralysis any other suggestions what's + + align:start position:0% +paralysis any other suggestions what's + + + align:start position:0% +paralysis any other suggestions what's +what it what are we here for was class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +introduction to neural computation right + + align:start position:0% +introduction to neural computation right + + + align:start position:0% +introduction to neural computation right +so what can we do like this is a word + + align:start position:0% +so what can we do like this is a word + + + align:start position:0% +so what can we do like this is a word +model right when you actually put it all + + align:start position:0% +model right when you actually put it all + + + align:start position:0% +model right when you actually put it all +together you could you could do all this + + align:start position:0% +together you could you could do all this + + + align:start position:0% +together you could you could do all this +and like when you model it it makes no + + align:start position:0% +and like when you model it it makes no + + + align:start position:0% +and like when you model it it makes no +sense whatsoever there's something wrong + + align:start position:0% +sense whatsoever there's something wrong + + + align:start position:0% +sense whatsoever there's something wrong +with this word model neuroscience is + + align:start position:0% +with this word model neuroscience is + + + align:start position:0% +with this word model neuroscience is +full of word models okay + + align:start position:0% +full of word models okay + + + align:start position:0% +full of word models okay +the only way to know if a word model + + align:start position:0% +the only way to know if a word model + + + align:start position:0% +the only way to know if a word model +makes any sense is to actually write + + align:start position:0% +makes any sense is to actually write + + + align:start position:0% +makes any sense is to actually write +down some equations and see if it works + + align:start position:0% +down some equations and see if it works + + + align:start position:0% +down some equations and see if it works +the way you think it is gonna work see + + align:start position:0% +the way you think it is gonna work see + + + align:start position:0% +the way you think it is gonna work see +if your word model translates into math + + align:start position:0% +if your word model translates into math + + + align:start position:0% +if your word model translates into math +okay and so that's what David Cory and + + align:start position:0% +okay and so that's what David Cory and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so that's what David Cory and +and Canon did they they took this + + align:start position:0% +and Canon did they they took this + + + align:start position:0% +and Canon did they they took this +picture and they developed a model for + + align:start position:0% +picture and they developed a model for + + + align:start position:0% +picture and they developed a model for +what that looks like and started with + + align:start position:0% +what that looks like and started with + + + align:start position:0% +what that looks like and started with +just the hodgkin-huxley model + + align:start position:0% +just the hodgkin-huxley model + + + align:start position:0% +just the hodgkin-huxley model +here's hodgkin-huxley that's what we've + + align:start position:0% +here's hodgkin-huxley that's what we've + + + align:start position:0% +here's hodgkin-huxley that's what we've +been using all along + + align:start position:0% +been using all along + + + align:start position:0% +been using all along +they added another little compartment + + align:start position:0% +they added another little compartment + + + align:start position:0% +they added another little compartment +that represents the conductances and the + + align:start position:0% +that represents the conductances and the + + + align:start position:0% +that represents the conductances and the +batteries associated with the membrane + + align:start position:0% +batteries associated with the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +batteries associated with the membrane +in the tea tube you'll and notice + + align:start position:0% +in the tea tube you'll and notice + + + align:start position:0% +in the tea tube you'll and notice +there's a EK here + + align:start position:0% +there's a EK here + + + align:start position:0% +there's a EK here +what is EK depend on say it again EK + + align:start position:0% +what is EK depend on say it again EK + + + align:start position:0% +what is EK depend on say it again EK +depends on of potassium ions and + + align:start position:0% +depends on of potassium ions and + + + align:start position:0% +depends on of potassium ions and +potassium ions are changing right so + + align:start position:0% +potassium ions are changing right so + + + align:start position:0% +potassium ions are changing right so +let's let's actually so this part you + + align:start position:0% +let's let's actually so this part you + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's actually so this part you +already know that that's just hodgkin + + align:start position:0% +already know that that's just hodgkin + + + align:start position:0% +already know that that's just hodgkin +and huxley with a few extra resistors + + align:start position:0% +and huxley with a few extra resistors + + + align:start position:0% +and huxley with a few extra resistors +attached to the side of it okay what + + align:start position:0% +attached to the side of it okay what + + + align:start position:0% +attached to the side of it okay what +about the potassium part let's just + + align:start position:0% +about the potassium part let's just + + + align:start position:0% +about the potassium part let's just +flesh out that model a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +flesh out that model a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +flesh out that model a little bit more +okay to see how spiking activity would + + align:start position:0% +okay to see how spiking activity would + + + align:start position:0% +okay to see how spiking activity would +lead to changes in potassium how that + + align:start position:0% +lead to changes in potassium how that + + + align:start position:0% +lead to changes in potassium how that +change in potassium would change the + + align:start position:0% +change in potassium would change the + + + align:start position:0% +change in potassium would change the +back and how that would feed back and + + align:start position:0% +back and how that would feed back and + + + align:start position:0% +back and how that would feed back and +change the spiking activity okay so + + align:start position:0% +change the spiking activity okay so + + + align:start position:0% +change the spiking activity okay so +let's do that so we're going to imagine + + align:start position:0% +let's do that so we're going to imagine + + + align:start position:0% +let's do that so we're going to imagine +that we are going to model our potassium + + align:start position:0% +that we are going to model our potassium + + + align:start position:0% +that we are going to model our potassium +conductance in here so we're gonna write + + align:start position:0% +conductance in here so we're gonna write + + + align:start position:0% +conductance in here so we're gonna write +down a variable that's the potassium + + align:start position:0% +down a variable that's the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +down a variable that's the potassium +concentration inside the t tube you'll + + align:start position:0% +concentration inside the t tube you'll + + + align:start position:0% +concentration inside the t tube you'll +okay and what is going to affect that + + align:start position:0% +okay and what is going to affect that + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what is going to affect that +potassium concentration what what's what + + align:start position:0% +potassium concentration what what's what + + + align:start position:0% +potassium concentration what what's what +are the sources of potassium what are + + align:start position:0% +are the sources of potassium what are + + + align:start position:0% +are the sources of potassium what are +the sinks of potassium anybody well one + + align:start position:0% +the sinks of potassium anybody well one + + + align:start position:0% +the sinks of potassium anybody well one +is just diffusion right so we can model + + align:start position:0% +is just diffusion right so we can model + + + align:start position:0% +is just diffusion right so we can model +that and that's that's looks an awful + + align:start position:0% +that and that's that's looks an awful + + + align:start position:0% +that and that's that's looks an awful +lot actually like ficks first law okay + + align:start position:0% +lot actually like ficks first law okay + + + align:start position:0% +lot actually like ficks first law okay +so the change in potassium concentration + + align:start position:0% +so the change in potassium concentration + + + align:start position:0% +so the change in potassium concentration +as a function of time has a contribution + + align:start position:0% +as a function of time has a contribution + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of time has a contribution +from the difference between the + + align:start position:0% +from the difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +from the difference between the +potassium concentration inside and + + align:start position:0% +potassium concentration inside and + + + align:start position:0% +potassium concentration inside and +outside right that rate of change + + align:start position:0% +outside right that rate of change + + + align:start position:0% +outside right that rate of change +through diffusion is proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +through diffusion is proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +through diffusion is proportional to the +difference of concentration inside and + + align:start position:0% +difference of concentration inside and + + + align:start position:0% +difference of concentration inside and +outside divided by that time constant + + align:start position:0% +outside divided by that time constant + + + align:start position:0% +outside divided by that time constant +that we just calculated okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what so that's how potassium leaves us + + align:start position:0% +what so that's how potassium leaves us + + + align:start position:0% +what so that's how potassium leaves us +one way that potassium leaves so the + + align:start position:0% +one way that potassium leaves so the + + + align:start position:0% +one way that potassium leaves so the +potassium gets into the Tito Buell at a + + align:start position:0% +potassium gets into the Tito Buell at a + + + align:start position:0% +potassium gets into the Tito Buell at a +rate that's just proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +rate that's just proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +rate that's just proportional to the +potassium current right the rate of + + align:start position:0% +potassium current right the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +potassium current right the rate of +change of the potassium concentration is + + align:start position:0% +change of the potassium concentration is + + + align:start position:0% +change of the potassium concentration is +proportionate proportional to the + + align:start position:0% +proportionate proportional to the + + + align:start position:0% +proportionate proportional to the +potassium current and the potassium + + align:start position:0% +potassium current and the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +potassium current and the potassium +current so let's just flush this out a + + align:start position:0% +current so let's just flush this out a + + + align:start position:0% +current so let's just flush this out a +little bit more this we already + + align:start position:0% +little bit more this we already + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more this we already +calculated right this is the conductance + + align:start position:0% +calculated right this is the conductance + + + align:start position:0% +calculated right this is the conductance +times the driving potential but that + + align:start position:0% +times the driving potential but that + + + align:start position:0% +times the driving potential but that +current we have to do a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +current we have to do a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +current we have to do a little bit of +changes of units to get current into the + + align:start position:0% +changes of units to get current into the + + + align:start position:0% +changes of units to get current into the +right units for change in potassium + + align:start position:0% +right units for change in potassium + + + align:start position:0% +right units for change in potassium +concentration as a function of time so + + align:start position:0% +concentration as a function of time so + + + align:start position:0% +concentration as a function of time so +current is Coulomb's per second here we + + align:start position:0% +current is Coulomb's per second here we + + + align:start position:0% +current is Coulomb's per second here we +have mole per liter per second so we + + align:start position:0% +have mole per liter per second so we + + + align:start position:0% +have mole per liter per second so we +need to divide by two things we need the + + align:start position:0% +need to divide by two things we need the + + + align:start position:0% +need to divide by two things we need the +volume of the T to Buhl and we need + + align:start position:0% +volume of the T to Buhl and we need + + + align:start position:0% +volume of the T to Buhl and we need +Faraday's constant which is just + + align:start position:0% +Faraday's constant which is just + + + align:start position:0% +Faraday's constant which is just +coulombs per mole that's a well known + + align:start position:0% +coulombs per mole that's a well known + + + align:start position:0% +coulombs per mole that's a well known +number that you can just look up + + align:start position:0% +number that you can just look up + + + align:start position:0% +number that you can just look up +multiply those two things together and + + align:start position:0% +multiply those two things together and + + + align:start position:0% +multiply those two things together and +get the contribution of the potassium + + align:start position:0% +get the contribution of the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +get the contribution of the potassium +current to the rate of change of the + + align:start position:0% +current to the rate of change of the + + + align:start position:0% +current to the rate of change of the +potassium concentration okay + + align:start position:0% +potassium concentration okay + + + align:start position:0% +potassium concentration okay +the potassium current is just + + align:start position:0% +the potassium current is just + + + align:start position:0% +the potassium current is just +conductance times driving potential + + align:start position:0% +conductance times driving potential + + + align:start position:0% +conductance times driving potential +notice that EK is a function of + + align:start position:0% +notice that EK is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +notice that EK is a function of +potassium concentration I haven't + + align:start position:0% +potassium concentration I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +potassium concentration I haven't +written it in here but that's just the + + align:start position:0% +written it in here but that's just the + + + align:start position:0% +written it in here but that's just the +Nernst potential and so we have a + + align:start position:0% +Nernst potential and so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +Nernst potential and so we have a +differential equation for the potassium + + align:start position:0% +differential equation for the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation for the potassium +concentration as a function of time it's + + align:start position:0% +concentration as a function of time it's + + + align:start position:0% +concentration as a function of time it's +a function of the potassium + + align:start position:0% +a function of the potassium + + + align:start position:0% +a function of the potassium +concentration voltage and equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +concentration voltage and equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +concentration voltage and equilibrium +potentials okay and now we just take + + align:start position:0% +potentials okay and now we just take + + + align:start position:0% +potentials okay and now we just take +that and add it to the code that we + + align:start position:0% +that and add it to the code that we + + + align:start position:0% +that and add it to the code that we +already have or hodgkin and huxley okay + + align:start position:0% +already have or hodgkin and huxley okay + + + align:start position:0% +already have or hodgkin and huxley okay +and here's what you get so here's a + + align:start position:0% +and here's what you get so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +and here's what you get so here's a +normal muscle fiber you get a single + + align:start position:0% +normal muscle fiber you get a single + + + align:start position:0% +normal muscle fiber you get a single +action potential what they did was they + + align:start position:0% +action potential what they did was they + + + align:start position:0% +action potential what they did was they +modeled they made some fraction of those + + align:start position:0% +modeled they made some fraction of those + + + align:start position:0% +modeled they made some fraction of those +ion channels fail to inactivate and + + align:start position:0% +ion channels fail to inactivate and + + + align:start position:0% +ion channels fail to inactivate and +here's what happens to the model when + + align:start position:0% +here's what happens to the model when + + + align:start position:0% +here's what happens to the model when +you make two percent sodium channels + + align:start position:0% +you make two percent sodium channels + + + align:start position:0% +you make two percent sodium channels +failed to inactivate you see that you + + align:start position:0% +failed to inactivate you see that you + + + align:start position:0% +failed to inactivate you see that you +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +a large number of action potentials + + align:start position:0% +a large number of action potentials + + + align:start position:0% +a large number of action potentials +because the sodium channels are not in + + align:start position:0% +because the sodium channels are not in + + + align:start position:0% +because the sodium channels are not in +activating properly + + align:start position:0% +activating properly + + + align:start position:0% +activating properly +and when you turn the carton off you get + + align:start position:0% +and when you turn the carton off you get + + + align:start position:0% +and when you turn the carton off you get +this high potassium concentration in the + + align:start position:0% +this high potassium concentration in the + + + align:start position:0% +this high potassium concentration in the +Tito Buell it's now causing additional + + align:start position:0% +Tito Buell it's now causing additional + + + align:start position:0% +Tito Buell it's now causing additional +spikes okay that is continued + + align:start position:0% +spikes okay that is continued + + + align:start position:0% +spikes okay that is continued +contraction of the muscle okay that is + + align:start position:0% +contraction of the muscle okay that is + + + align:start position:0% +contraction of the muscle okay that is +this myotonia the model is exhibiting + + align:start position:0% +this myotonia the model is exhibiting + + + align:start position:0% +this myotonia the model is exhibiting +myotonia how do you explain periodic + + align:start position:0% +myotonia how do you explain periodic + + + align:start position:0% +myotonia how do you explain periodic +process that's totally different right + + align:start position:0% +process that's totally different right + + + align:start position:0% +process that's totally different right +now the muscle just goes completely limp + + align:start position:0% +now the muscle just goes completely limp + + + align:start position:0% +now the muscle just goes completely limp +how do you do that any any thoughts + + align:start position:0% +how do you do that any any thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +how do you do that any any thoughts +about this what do you think would + + align:start position:0% +about this what do you think would + + + align:start position:0% +about this what do you think would +happen if we made a slightly larger + + align:start position:0% +happen if we made a slightly larger + + + align:start position:0% +happen if we made a slightly larger +fraction of the sodium channels fail to + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the sodium channels fail to + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the sodium channels fail to +inactivate theirs what happens you get + + align:start position:0% +inactivate theirs what happens you get + + + align:start position:0% +inactivate theirs what happens you get +more and more action potentials and at + + align:start position:0% +more and more action potentials and at + + + align:start position:0% +more and more action potentials and at +some point what happens is the voltage + + align:start position:0% +some point what happens is the voltage + + + align:start position:0% +some point what happens is the voltage +just locks up the sodium channels go + + align:start position:0% +just locks up the sodium channels go + + + align:start position:0% +just locks up the sodium channels go +into a different state where there the + + align:start position:0% +into a different state where there the + + + align:start position:0% +into a different state where there the +system is no longer oscillating it's + + align:start position:0% +system is no longer oscillating it's + + + align:start position:0% +system is no longer oscillating it's +just fixed at a highway it's called + + align:start position:0% +just fixed at a highway it's called + + + align:start position:0% +just fixed at a highway it's called +depolarization block okay and it's what + + align:start position:0% +depolarization block okay and it's what + + + align:start position:0% +depolarization block okay and it's what +happens when there's no longer enough + + align:start position:0% +happens when there's no longer enough + + + align:start position:0% +happens when there's no longer enough +there aren't enough sodium channels + + align:start position:0% +there aren't enough sodium channels + + + align:start position:0% +there aren't enough sodium channels +active to to give you spiking but there + + align:start position:0% +active to to give you spiking but there + + + align:start position:0% +active to to give you spiking but there +are enough non inactivated sodium else + + align:start position:0% +are enough non inactivated sodium else + + + align:start position:0% +are enough non inactivated sodium else +to just hold the voltage high and this + + align:start position:0% +to just hold the voltage high and this + + + align:start position:0% +to just hold the voltage high and this +muscle fiber is no longer able to + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber is no longer able to + + + align:start position:0% +muscle fiber is no longer able to +contract and it's completely flaccid + + align:start position:0% +contract and it's completely flaccid + + + align:start position:0% +contract and it's completely flaccid +it's completely loose and so this is the + + align:start position:0% +it's completely loose and so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +it's completely loose and so this is the +hyper Kaleem ik periodic paralysis okay + + align:start position:0% +hyper Kaleem ik periodic paralysis okay + + + align:start position:0% +hyper Kaleem ik periodic paralysis okay +so you get both of these relisting + + align:start position:0% +so you get both of these relisting + + + align:start position:0% +so you get both of these relisting +phenotypes in this disease just + + align:start position:0% +phenotypes in this disease just + + + align:start position:0% +phenotypes in this disease just +depending on one little parameter which + + align:start position:0% +depending on one little parameter which + + + align:start position:0% +depending on one little parameter which +is how what fraction of these sodium + + align:start position:0% +is how what fraction of these sodium + + + align:start position:0% +is how what fraction of these sodium +channels are failing to inactivate okay + + align:start position:0% +channels are failing to inactivate okay + + + align:start position:0% +channels are failing to inactivate okay +so you can see you get this very complex + + align:start position:0% +so you can see you get this very complex + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see you get this very complex +phenotype from simple mutation of an ion + + align:start position:0% +phenotype from simple mutation of an ion + + + align:start position:0% +phenotype from simple mutation of an ion +channel okay and in order to understand + + align:start position:0% +channel okay and in order to understand + + + align:start position:0% +channel okay and in order to understand +really how it's behaving you you have to + + align:start position:0% +really how it's behaving you you have to + + + align:start position:0% +really how it's behaving you you have to +do modeling like this it's the way you + + align:start position:0% +do modeling like this it's the way you + + + align:start position:0% +do modeling like this it's the way you +understand a system and how it works + + align:start position:0% +understand a system and how it works + + + align:start position:0% +understand a system and how it works +okay until you do this you don't really + + align:start position:0% +okay until you do this you don't really + + + align:start position:0% +okay until you do this you don't really +understand it okay alright so I'll leave + + align:start position:0% +understand it okay alright so I'll leave + + + align:start position:0% +understand it okay alright so I'll leave +it there thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/K4LPH0VDpaY.txt b/K4LPH0VDpaY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb9b8d55110019044d474bdf9149046dfcb5b2c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/K4LPH0VDpaY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1347 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +we usually cook bite we don't use cups + + align:start position:0% +we usually cook bite we don't use cups + + + align:start position:0% +we usually cook bite we don't use cups +we don't use spoons and if we want to + + align:start position:0% +we don't use spoons and if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +we don't use spoons and if we want to +measure something we wait it so this + + align:start position:0% +measure something we wait it so this + + + align:start position:0% +measure something we wait it so this +is the + + align:start position:0% +is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the +scale yeah so for example when you want + + align:start position:0% +scale yeah so for example when you want + + + align:start position:0% +scale yeah so for example when you want +to cook pasta for one person on average + + align:start position:0% +to cook pasta for one person on average + + + align:start position:0% +to cook pasta for one person on average +you cook 100 gram so most people would + + align:start position:0% +you cook 100 gram so most people would + + + align:start position:0% +you cook 100 gram so most people would +wait it or you just bu ey you look at + + align:start position:0% +wait it or you just bu ey you look at + + + align:start position:0% +wait it or you just bu ey you look at +the box and you say fine I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +the box and you say fine I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +the box and you say fine I'm going to do +about 100 gr I'm very hungry 120 I'm not + + align:start position:0% +about 100 gr I'm very hungry 120 I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +about 100 gr I'm very hungry 120 I'm not +that I'm hungry 70 G of pasta will be + + align:start position:0% +that I'm hungry 70 G of pasta will be + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm hungry 70 G of pasta will be +enough so we we start with the + + align:start position:0% +enough so we we start with the + + + align:start position:0% +enough so we we start with the +nonvegetarian but the vegetarians can + + align:start position:0% +nonvegetarian but the vegetarians can + + + align:start position:0% +nonvegetarian but the vegetarians can +learn something useful because you can + + align:start position:0% +learn something useful because you can + + + align:start position:0% +learn something useful because you can +do the same recipe without the petta and + + align:start position:0% +do the same recipe without the petta and + + + align:start position:0% +do the same recipe without the petta and +it's equally + + align:start position:0% +it's equally + + + align:start position:0% +it's equally +tasty okay so what we will do you will + + align:start position:0% +tasty okay so what we will do you will + + + align:start position:0% +tasty okay so what we will do you will +have to chop onions how thin it depends + + align:start position:0% +have to chop onions how thin it depends + + + align:start position:0% +have to chop onions how thin it depends +on your taste people who are really + + align:start position:0% +on your taste people who are really + + + align:start position:0% +on your taste people who are really +picky in the kitchen they would say no + + align:start position:0% +picky in the kitchen they would say no + + + align:start position:0% +picky in the kitchen they would say no +they have to be super super thin but + + align:start position:0% +they have to be super super thin but + + + align:start position:0% +they have to be super super thin but +maybe you like the texture of the onions + + align:start position:0% +maybe you like the texture of the onions + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you like the texture of the onions +then you just leave them a little bit + + align:start position:0% +then you just leave them a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +then you just leave them a little bit +more Co okay so you have to clean the + + align:start position:0% +more Co okay so you have to clean the + + + align:start position:0% +more Co okay so you have to clean the +onions and chop chop chop chop chop chop + + align:start position:0% +onions and chop chop chop chop chop chop + + + align:start position:0% +onions and chop chop chop chop chop chop +chop + + align:start position:0% +chop + + + align:start position:0% +chop +and then in a pan we'll make a sweat + + align:start position:0% +and then in a pan we'll make a sweat + + + align:start position:0% +and then in a pan we'll make a sweat +what's a + + align:start position:0% +what's a + + + align:start position:0% +what's a +sweat it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +aoo now it's much more clear right sweat + + align:start position:0% +aoo now it's much more clear right sweat + + + align:start position:0% +aoo now it's much more clear right sweat +um you make a sweat when you chop + + align:start position:0% +um you make a sweat when you chop + + + align:start position:0% +um you make a sweat when you chop +something like onions for example or the + + align:start position:0% +something like onions for example or the + + + align:start position:0% +something like onions for example or the +garlic and then you put it in a pan with + + align:start position:0% +garlic and then you put it in a pan with + + + align:start position:0% +garlic and then you put it in a pan with +some olive oil just enough that it + + align:start position:0% +some olive oil just enough that it + + + align:start position:0% +some olive oil just enough that it +doesn't stick and then you make it cook + + align:start position:0% +doesn't stick and then you make it cook + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't stick and then you make it cook +with the at low temperature with a at a + + align:start position:0% +with the at low temperature with a at a + + + align:start position:0% +with the at low temperature with a at a +very low temper temperature until when + + align:start position:0% +very low temper temperature until when + + + align:start position:0% +very low temper temperature until when +it becomes nice and soft then you can + + align:start position:0% +it becomes nice and soft then you can + + + align:start position:0% +it becomes nice and soft then you can +add the other ingredients so for the + + align:start position:0% +add the other ingredients so for the + + + align:start position:0% +add the other ingredients so for the +nonvegetarians we will start by chopping + + align:start position:0% +nonvegetarians we will start by chopping + + + align:start position:0% +nonvegetarians we will start by chopping +the onions make a sweat and then we will + + align:start position:0% +the onions make a sweat and then we will + + + align:start position:0% +the onions make a sweat and then we will +add the P the recipe that we are doing + + align:start position:0% +add the P the recipe that we are doing + + + align:start position:0% +add the P the recipe that we are doing +is called pasta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Alana the name deres from the city the + + align:start position:0% +Alana the name deres from the city the + + + align:start position:0% +Alana the name deres from the city the +town actually of amrie it's the town in + + align:start position:0% +town actually of amrie it's the town in + + + align:start position:0% +town actually of amrie it's the town in +central Italy in the region named + + align:start position:0% +central Italy in the region named + + + align:start position:0% +central Italy in the region named +Lao Lao Rome for example is in this + + align:start position:0% +Lao Lao Rome for example is in this + + + align:start position:0% +Lao Lao Rome for example is in this +region um and they say that the recipe + + align:start position:0% +region um and they say that the recipe + + + align:start position:0% +region um and they say that the recipe +was invented in the city of + + align:start position:0% +was invented in the city of + + + align:start position:0% +was invented in the city of +amrie that's why it's called pasta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +al y so we start here vegetarians so you + + align:start position:0% +al y so we start here vegetarians so you + + + align:start position:0% +al y so we start here vegetarians so you +will also start with a sweat but this + + align:start position:0% +will also start with a sweat but this + + + align:start position:0% +will also start with a sweat but this +time with garlic you don't need to do + + align:start position:0% +time with garlic you don't need to do + + + align:start position:0% +time with garlic you don't need to do +all this garlic a little too much + + align:start position:0% +all this garlic a little too much + + + align:start position:0% +all this garlic a little too much +considering that we want to make about + + align:start position:0% +considering that we want to make about + + + align:start position:0% +considering that we want to make about +one kilo of pasta uh per type this is + + align:start position:0% +one kilo of pasta uh per type this is + + + align:start position:0% +one kilo of pasta uh per type this is +too much so you will just make four or + + align:start position:0% +too much so you will just make four or + + + align:start position:0% +too much so you will just make four or +five cloths and again based on your + + align:start position:0% +five cloths and again based on your + + + align:start position:0% +five cloths and again based on your +taste you can either chop it or you can + + align:start position:0% +taste you can either chop it or you can + + + align:start position:0% +taste you can either chop it or you can +simply squeeze it I can show you how so + + align:start position:0% +simply squeeze it I can show you how so + + + align:start position:0% +simply squeeze it I can show you how so +that when it's a little roasted with the + + align:start position:0% +that when it's a little roasted with the + + + align:start position:0% +that when it's a little roasted with the +olive oil you can remove the garlic and + + align:start position:0% +olive oil you can remove the garlic and + + + align:start position:0% +olive oil you can remove the garlic and +then you don't eat it but maybe you love + + align:start position:0% +then you don't eat it but maybe you love + + + align:start position:0% +then you don't eat it but maybe you love +eating Garlic and then you just chop + + align:start position:0% +eating Garlic and then you just chop + + + align:start position:0% +eating Garlic and then you just chop +chop chop okay and um and the broccoli + + align:start position:0% +chop chop okay and um and the broccoli + + + align:start position:0% +chop chop okay and um and the broccoli +we will actually cook the broccoli with + + align:start position:0% +we will actually cook the broccoli with + + + align:start position:0% +we will actually cook the broccoli with +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +pasta okay ready set go so again you can + + align:start position:0% +pasta okay ready set go so again you can + + + align:start position:0% +pasta okay ready set go so again you can +uh cut it just in a this direction make + + align:start position:0% +uh cut it just in a this direction make + + + align:start position:0% +uh cut it just in a this direction make +small yeah like + + align:start position:0% +small yeah like + + + align:start position:0% +small yeah like +that to add the petta then it's yeah so + + align:start position:0% +that to add the petta then it's yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +that to add the petta then it's yeah so +you just want to put a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +you just want to put a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +you just want to put a little bit of +olive oil so that it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +olive oil so that it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +olive oil so that it doesn't +stick while one part of the group starts + + align:start position:0% +stick while one part of the group starts + + + align:start position:0% +stick while one part of the group starts +to sweat the second half can start + + align:start position:0% +to sweat the second half can start + + + align:start position:0% +to sweat the second half can start +cutting the bacon in + + align:start position:0% +cutting the bacon in + + + align:start position:0% +cutting the bacon in +kuti curl your fingers fing you don't + + align:start position:0% +kuti curl your fingers fing you don't + + + align:start position:0% +kuti curl your fingers fing you don't +need so you don't cut + + align:start position:0% +need so you don't cut + + + align:start position:0% +need so you don't cut +yourself do your fingers like this like + + align:start position:0% +yourself do your fingers like this like + + + align:start position:0% +yourself do your fingers like this like +that anyone + + align:start position:0% +that anyone + + + align:start position:0% +that anyone +not is there a knife not being used yes + + align:start position:0% +not is there a knife not being used yes + + + align:start position:0% +not is there a knife not being used yes +that might be good so we don't I mean + + align:start position:0% +that might be good so we don't I mean + + + align:start position:0% +that might be good so we don't I mean +Brown + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just probably + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pretty yeah they're a little softer at + + align:start position:0% +pretty yeah they're a little softer at + + + align:start position:0% +pretty yeah they're a little softer at +this point you can add the + + align:start position:0% +this point you can add the + + + align:start position:0% +this point you can add the +bacon all right it's your turn to show + + align:start position:0% +bacon all right it's your turn to show + + + align:start position:0% +bacon all right it's your turn to show +you what to cook you again I think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's I just like cook around kitchen + + align:start position:0% +that's I just like cook around kitchen + + + align:start position:0% +that's I just like cook around kitchen +is so beautiful amaz I think I'm going + + align:start position:0% +is so beautiful amaz I think I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +is so beautiful amaz I think I'm going +to come bring it it's the so this is + + align:start position:0% +to come bring it it's the so this is + + + align:start position:0% +to come bring it it's the so this is +what we want the garlic is brown brown + + align:start position:0% +what we want the garlic is brown brown + + + align:start position:0% +what we want the garlic is brown brown +it's just a little bit Brown it didn't + + align:start position:0% +it's just a little bit Brown it didn't + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a little bit Brown it didn't +burn maybe you you are cooking for + + align:start position:0% +burn maybe you you are cooking for + + + align:start position:0% +burn maybe you you are cooking for +somebody who is not so eager about + + align:start position:0% +somebody who is not so eager about + + + align:start position:0% +somebody who is not so eager about +eating Garlic then at this point you + + align:start position:0% +eating Garlic then at this point you + + + align:start position:0% +eating Garlic then at this point you +remove the big piece of garlic but this + + align:start position:0% +remove the big piece of garlic but this + + + align:start position:0% +remove the big piece of garlic but this +is perfect you just want it to be little + + align:start position:0% +is perfect you just want it to be little + + + align:start position:0% +is perfect you just want it to be little +bit Brown + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh oh yeah yeah okay all right + + align:start position:0% +oh oh yeah yeah okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +oh oh yeah yeah okay all right +start that's where you were next to and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then wow Sor + + align:start position:0% +then wow Sor + + + align:start position:0% +then wow Sor +wow okay is work it's the St here check + + align:start position:0% +wow okay is work it's the St here check + + + align:start position:0% +wow okay is work it's the St here check +it out okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for ah for for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perfect when is when then you have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we are making one with straight + + align:start position:0% +so we are making one with straight + + + align:start position:0% +so we are making one with straight +tomato and the other with chopped tomato + + align:start position:0% +tomato and the other with chopped tomato + + + align:start position:0% +tomato and the other with chopped tomato +both + + align:start position:0% +both + + + align:start position:0% +both +work I want to + + align:start position:0% +work I want to + + + align:start position:0% +work I want to +ask at this point you can add the + + align:start position:0% +ask at this point you can add the + + + align:start position:0% +ask at this point you can add the +spices so in this recipe usually we may + + align:start position:0% +spices so in this recipe usually we may + + + align:start position:0% +spices so in this recipe usually we may +add the black pepper and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +peeroo Pono you like Pono you you guys I + + align:start position:0% +peeroo Pono you like Pono you you guys I + + + align:start position:0% +peeroo Pono you like Pono you you guys I +like it yeah how + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +Thea we're going to + + align:start position:0% +Thea we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Thea we're going to +use I think you know that right one + + align:start position:0% +use I think you know that right one + + + align:start position:0% +use I think you know that right one +should use + + align:start position:0% +should use + + + align:start position:0% +should use +butini butini they are sort of spaghetti + + align:start position:0% +butini butini they are sort of spaghetti + + + align:start position:0% +butini butini they are sort of spaghetti +but they're thicker and they have a + + align:start position:0% +but they're thicker and they have a + + + align:start position:0% +but they're thicker and they have a +whole + + align:start position:0% +whole + + + align:start position:0% +whole +longitudinal bu means + + align:start position:0% +longitudinal bu means + + + align:start position:0% +longitudinal bu means +holeo is black + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +holeo yeah and + + align:start position:0% +holeo yeah and + + + align:start position:0% +holeo yeah and +butini this pasta but it's very + + align:start position:0% +butini this pasta but it's very + + + align:start position:0% +butini this pasta but it's very +difficult to find in a regular grocery + + align:start position:0% +difficult to find in a regular grocery + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to find in a regular grocery +store in the US so I thought it didn't + + align:start position:0% +store in the US so I thought it didn't + + + align:start position:0% +store in the US so I thought it didn't +make sense to get something that you + + align:start position:0% +make sense to get something that you + + + align:start position:0% +make sense to get something that you +will never find unless you you go to an + + align:start position:0% +will never find unless you you go to an + + + align:start position:0% +will never find unless you you go to an +Italian store and you can use fetu along + + align:start position:0% +Italian store and you can use fetu along + + + align:start position:0% +Italian store and you can use fetu along +pasta you can also use any other kind of + + align:start position:0% +pasta you can also use any other kind of + + + align:start position:0% +pasta you can also use any other kind of +pasta whatever you have at home but + + align:start position:0% +pasta whatever you have at home but + + + align:start position:0% +pasta whatever you have at home but +traditionally you would use B + + align:start position:0% +traditionally you would use B + + + align:start position:0% +traditionally you would use B +and for the pasta con broccoli we will + + align:start position:0% +and for the pasta con broccoli we will + + + align:start position:0% +and for the pasta con broccoli we will +use instead short pastas who wants to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +try here we + + align:start position:0% +try here we + + + align:start position:0% +try here we +have yeah actually in Italy these are + + align:start position:0% +have yeah actually in Italy these are + + + align:start position:0% +have yeah actually in Italy these are +called I don't know why here they're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +called I like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but they call themi and here is another + + align:start position:0% +but they call themi and here is another + + + align:start position:0% +but they call themi and here is another +example of how important it is to + + align:start position:0% +example of how important it is to + + + align:start position:0% +example of how important it is to +pronounce the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we already + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah was about to was about to add + + align:start position:0% +yeah was about to was about to add + + + align:start position:0% +yeah was about to was about to add +another one then you you might wonder + + align:start position:0% +another one then you you might wonder + + + align:start position:0% +another one then you you might wonder +how much sugar should I add well what + + align:start position:0% +how much sugar should I add well what + + + align:start position:0% +how much sugar should I add well what +you do you mix yeah and you taste it + + align:start position:0% +you do you mix yeah and you taste it + + + align:start position:0% +you do you mix yeah and you taste it +exactly so we have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +exactly so we have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so we have a lot of +C we have a lot of C here of little + + align:start position:0% +C we have a lot of C here of little + + + align:start position:0% +C we have a lot of C here of little +spoons to is that each of you take a + + align:start position:0% +spoons to is that each of you take a + + + align:start position:0% +spoons to is that each of you take a +little spoon and you can taste + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when the oil is still warm you will see + + align:start position:0% +when the oil is still warm you will see + + + align:start position:0% +when the oil is still warm you will see +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +melt + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes just 1 minute before the pasta they + + align:start position:0% +yes just 1 minute before the pasta they + + + align:start position:0% +yes just 1 minute before the pasta they +need to cook for + + align:start position:0% +need to cook for + + + align:start position:0% +need to cook for +about um 13 minutes we really cook them + + align:start position:0% +about um 13 minutes we really cook them + + + align:start position:0% +about um 13 minutes we really cook them +till they get dark green and soft + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/K7jYPfOSmqk.txt b/K7jYPfOSmqk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9a9aa148d3e7e29c9d25b4917c2267815958b76 --- /dev/null +++ b/K7jYPfOSmqk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8080 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so let's review prominence a little + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's review prominence a little + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's review prominence a little +bit the first thing you want to think + + align:start position:0% +bit the first thing you want to think + + + align:start position:0% +bit the first thing you want to think +about is content words versus function + + align:start position:0% +about is content words versus function + + + align:start position:0% +about is content words versus function +words all right you see a sentence okay + + align:start position:0% +words all right you see a sentence okay + + + align:start position:0% +words all right you see a sentence okay +how many stresses uh different stress + + align:start position:0% +how many stresses uh different stress + + + align:start position:0% +how many stresses uh different stress +how many levels of stresses do we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have four right first one unstressed + + align:start position:0% +have four right first one unstressed + + + align:start position:0% +have four right first one unstressed +right so which words do you not stress + + align:start position:0% +right so which words do you not stress + + + align:start position:0% +right so which words do you not stress +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +syllables function words function words + + align:start position:0% +syllables function words function words + + + align:start position:0% +syllables function words function words +and when you do not stress function + + align:start position:0% +and when you do not stress function + + + align:start position:0% +and when you do not stress function +words what happens what's the most + + align:start position:0% +words what happens what's the most + + + align:start position:0% +words what happens what's the most +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +thing vales get reduced right vales get + + align:start position:0% +thing vales get reduced right vales get + + + align:start position:0% +thing vales get reduced right vales get +reduced that's the most important thing + + align:start position:0% +reduced that's the most important thing + + + align:start position:0% +reduced that's the most important thing +vales get reduced okay and what happens + + align:start position:0% +vales get reduced okay and what happens + + + align:start position:0% +vales get reduced okay and what happens +to the content word every content + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +word there is some stress right there is + + align:start position:0% +word there is some stress right there is + + + align:start position:0% +word there is some stress right there is +some stress on every content work which + + align:start position:0% +some stress on every content work which + + + align:start position:0% +some stress on every content work which +means you're not going to reduce the Val + + align:start position:0% +means you're not going to reduce the Val + + + align:start position:0% +means you're not going to reduce the Val +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +the third level you need to find out if + + align:start position:0% +the third level you need to find out if + + + align:start position:0% +the third level you need to find out if +you put equal amount of stress on every + + align:start position:0% +you put equal amount of stress on every + + + align:start position:0% +you put equal amount of stress on every +content word you're going to + + align:start position:0% +content word you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +content word you're going to +go it's G to sound too you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +go it's G to sound too you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +go it's G to sound too you don't want to +sound that way right so you're going to + + align:start position:0% +sound that way right so you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +sound that way right so you're going to +put most stress which is called + + align:start position:0% +put most stress which is called + + + align:start position:0% +put most stress which is called +prominence on one word right and the + + align:start position:0% +prominence on one word right and the + + + align:start position:0% +prominence on one word right and the +fourth level is lymphatic stress where + + align:start position:0% +fourth level is lymphatic stress where + + + align:start position:0% +fourth level is lymphatic stress where +you go up really high now we talked + + align:start position:0% +you go up really high now we talked + + + align:start position:0% +you go up really high now we talked +about three instances three three + + align:start position:0% +about three instances three three + + + align:start position:0% +about three instances three three +categories that affect placement of + + align:start position:0% +categories that affect placement of + + + align:start position:0% +categories that affect placement of +prominence right three things the first + + align:start position:0% +prominence right three things the first + + + align:start position:0% +prominence right three things the first +thing last content last content word + + align:start position:0% +thing last content last content word + + + align:start position:0% +thing last content last content word +last content words new information okay + + align:start position:0% +last content words new information okay + + + align:start position:0% +last content words new information okay +and they usually come at new information + + align:start position:0% +and they usually come at new information + + + align:start position:0% +and they usually come at new information +is usually carried by last content work + + align:start position:0% +is usually carried by last content work + + + align:start position:0% +is usually carried by last content work +right not function work information new + + align:start position:0% +right not function work information new + + + align:start position:0% +right not function work information new +information last content work the second + + align:start position:0% +information last content work the second + + + align:start position:0% +information last content work the second +one and the example example was + + align:start position:0% +one and the example example was + + + align:start position:0% +one and the example example was +something like + + align:start position:0% +something like + + + align:start position:0% +something like +here's a package for you not here's a + + align:start position:0% +here's a package for you not here's a + + + align:start position:0% +here's a package for you not here's a +package for you right here's a package + + align:start position:0% +package for you right here's a package + + + align:start position:0% +package for you right here's a package +for you the second one emphasis emphasis + + align:start position:0% +for you the second one emphasis emphasis + + + align:start position:0% +for you the second one emphasis emphasis +emphatic + + align:start position:0% +emphatic + + + align:start position:0% +emphatic +right and the example was I am listening + + align:start position:0% +right and the example was I am listening + + + align:start position:0% +right and the example was I am listening +I am listening I am listening I am + + align:start position:0% +I am listening I am listening I am + + + align:start position:0% +I am listening I am listening I am +listening you you would usually say I'm + + align:start position:0% +listening you you would usually say I'm + + + align:start position:0% +listening you you would usually say I'm +listening but if you're going to + + align:start position:0% +listening but if you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +listening but if you're going to +emphasize and I am listening Okay the + + align:start position:0% +emphasize and I am listening Okay the + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize and I am listening Okay the +third one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +huh + + align:start position:0% +huh + + + align:start position:0% +huh +con no contrastive contrastive right is + + align:start position:0% +con no contrastive contrastive right is + + + align:start position:0% +con no contrastive contrastive right is +this high or low is this high or low + + align:start position:0% +this high or low is this high or low + + + align:start position:0% +this high or low is this high or low +intermediate English + + align:start position:0% +intermediate English + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate English +class so three categories but the basic + + align:start position:0% +class so three categories but the basic + + + align:start position:0% +class so three categories but the basic +principle + + align:start position:0% +principle + + + align:start position:0% +principle +is you emphasize the most important + + align:start position:0% +is you emphasize the most important + + + align:start position:0% +is you emphasize the most important +information okay that's the basic uh + + align:start position:0% +information okay that's the basic uh + + + align:start position:0% +information okay that's the basic uh +principle you emphasize most important + + align:start position:0% +principle you emphasize most important + + + align:start position:0% +principle you emphasize most important +from read and English is kind of + + align:start position:0% +from read and English is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +from read and English is kind of +uh unique in the sense that we use + + align:start position:0% +uh unique in the sense that we use + + + align:start position:0% +uh unique in the sense that we use +stress to uh differentiate the meaning + + align:start position:0% +stress to uh differentiate the meaning + + + align:start position:0% +stress to uh differentiate the meaning +okay the for + + align:start position:0% +okay the for + + + align:start position:0% +okay the for +a who did it then you would say I did I + + align:start position:0% +a who did it then you would say I did I + + + align:start position:0% +a who did it then you would say I did I +did you would say I did you put stress + + align:start position:0% +did you would say I did you put stress + + + align:start position:0% +did you would say I did you put stress +on I did + + align:start position:0% +on I did + + + align:start position:0% +on I did +right I mean no what going to + + align:start position:0% +right I mean no what going to + + + align:start position:0% +right I mean no what going to +say who did it and it was I who did it + + align:start position:0% +say who did it and it was I who did it + + + align:start position:0% +say who did it and it was I who did it +it was I I mean it sounds very nobody + + align:start position:0% +it was I I mean it sounds very nobody + + + align:start position:0% +it was I I mean it sounds very nobody +speaks that way all right but some other + + align:start position:0% +speaks that way all right but some other + + + align:start position:0% +speaks that way all right but some other +languages uh Italian kind of does it + + align:start position:0% +languages uh Italian kind of does it + + + align:start position:0% +languages uh Italian kind of does it +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +way okay let's get some more + + align:start position:0% +way okay let's get some more + + + align:start position:0% +way okay let's get some more +uh exercise + + align:start position:0% +uh exercise + + + align:start position:0% +uh exercise +with the first PR first uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +category stressing the what's the first + + align:start position:0% +category stressing the what's the first + + + align:start position:0% +category stressing the what's the first +stressing last last content word I mean + + align:start position:0% +stressing last last content word I mean + + + align:start position:0% +stressing last last content word I mean +but that's + + align:start position:0% +but that's + + + align:start position:0% +but that's +not so basic principle for the first one + + align:start position:0% +not so basic principle for the first one + + + align:start position:0% +not so basic principle for the first one +is stressing new information okay new + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +information + + align:start position:0% +information + + + align:start position:0% +information +so this one where which word gets stress + + align:start position:0% +so this one where which word gets stress + + + align:start position:0% +so this one where which word gets stress +or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prominent this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay read this + + align:start position:0% +one okay read this + + + align:start position:0% +one okay read this +one two + + align:start position:0% +one two + + + align:start position:0% +one two +three so the promus is head right I lost + + align:start position:0% +three so the promus is head right I lost + + + align:start position:0% +three so the promus is head right I lost +my head and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B what kind of + + align:start position:0% +B what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +B what kind of +hat okay we're going to get rid of okay + + align:start position:0% +hat okay we're going to get rid of okay + + + align:start position:0% +hat okay we're going to get rid of okay +in fast speech in fast speech we're + + align:start position:0% +in fast speech in fast speech we're + + + align:start position:0% +in fast speech in fast speech we're +going to get rid of D okay link this + + align:start position:0% +going to get rid of D okay link this + + + align:start position:0% +going to get rid of D okay link this +together and get rid + + align:start position:0% +together and get rid + + + align:start position:0% +together and get rid +of the too so what kind of hat what kind + + align:start position:0% +of the too so what kind of hat what kind + + + align:start position:0% +of the too so what kind of hat what kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +hat + + align:start position:0% +hat + + + align:start position:0% +hat +kind what kind of hat what kind okay B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +A One More Time 1 two + + align:start position:0% +A One More Time 1 two + + + align:start position:0% +A One More Time 1 two +3 okay was a okay this + + align:start position:0% +3 okay was a okay this + + + align:start position:0% +3 okay was a okay this +becomes it was it was bot stop it was a + + align:start position:0% +becomes it was it was bot stop it was a + + + align:start position:0% +becomes it was it was bot stop it was a +rain + + align:start position:0% +rain + + + align:start position:0% +rain +hat okay + + align:start position:0% +hat okay + + + align:start position:0% +hat okay +next col what color + + align:start position:0% +next col what color + + + align:start position:0% +next col what color +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +color color okay what's the valve here + + align:start position:0% +color color okay what's the valve here + + + align:start position:0% +color color okay what's the valve here +the valve is + + align:start position:0% +the valve is + + + align:start position:0% +the valve is +it one + + align:start position:0% +it one + + + align:start position:0% +it one +or two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or this one one or two one what color + + align:start position:0% +or this one one or two one what color + + + align:start position:0% +or this one one or two one what color +color color what are you hearing a or + + align:start position:0% +color color what are you hearing a or + + + align:start position:0% +color color what are you hearing a or +one or two what color color color one + + align:start position:0% +one or two what color color color one + + + align:start position:0% +one or two what color color color one +color color this oneor color color okay + + align:start position:0% +color color this oneor color color okay + + + align:start position:0% +color color this oneor color color okay +what color coloror what color + + align:start position:0% +what color coloror what color + + + align:start position:0% +what color coloror what color +color uh in our textbook they're using + + align:start position:0% +color uh in our textbook they're using + + + align:start position:0% +color uh in our textbook they're using +thew okay what color rain hat uh eight + + align:start position:0% +thew okay what color rain hat uh eight + + + align:start position:0% +thew okay what color rain hat uh eight +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +was it + + align:start position:0% +was it + + + align:start position:0% +was it +was white + + align:start position:0% +was white + + + align:start position:0% +was white +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next what about B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so which one car car right in the + + align:start position:0% +okay so which one car car right in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so which one car car right in the +car there was a white hat with stripes + + align:start position:0% +car there was a white hat with stripes + + + align:start position:0% +car there was a white hat with stripes +in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +car okay there was a white + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hat there was a white hat with stripes + + align:start position:0% +hat there was a white hat with stripes + + + align:start position:0% +hat there was a white hat with stripes +in the car there was a white hat + + align:start position:0% +in the car there was a white hat + + + align:start position:0% +in the car there was a white hat +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +car which car + + align:start position:0% +car which car + + + align:start position:0% +car which car +right next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one the one I the one I sold the one + + align:start position:0% +one the one I the one I sold the one + + + align:start position:0% +one the one I the one I sold the one +I okay okay uh with your neighbor uh to + + align:start position:0% +I okay okay uh with your neighbor uh to + + + align:start position:0% +I okay okay uh with your neighbor uh to +the next one so you two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two uh + + align:start position:0% +two uh + + + align:start position:0% +two uh +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I want + + align:start position:0% +I want + + + align:start position:0% +I want +red shining red + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are there and R and the FL together so + + align:start position:0% +are there and R and the FL together so + + + align:start position:0% +are there and R and the FL together so +it's hard + + align:start position:0% +it's hard + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard +high higher yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +higher or last one + + align:start position:0% +higher or last one + + + align:start position:0% +higher or last one +huh should or last one + + align:start position:0% +huh should or last one + + + align:start position:0% +huh should or last one +what do you + + align:start position:0% +what do you + + + align:start position:0% +what do you +think both both not both both both both + + align:start position:0% +think both both not both both both both + + + align:start position:0% +think both both not both both both both +right both + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why yes contrastive contrastive right + + align:start position:0% +why yes contrastive contrastive right + + + align:start position:0% +why yes contrastive contrastive right +contrastive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stress + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay oh there was a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question here over + + align:start position:0% +question here over + + + align:start position:0% +question here over +here what's the pronunciation of t e how + + align:start position:0% +here what's the pronunciation of t e how + + + align:start position:0% +here what's the pronunciation of t e how +do you say + + align:start position:0% +do you say + + + align:start position:0% +do you say +this the one the one right and the + + align:start position:0% +this the one the one right and the + + + align:start position:0% +this the one the one right and the +question was I mean wait why shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +question was I mean wait why shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +question was I mean wait why shouldn't +that be + + align:start position:0% +that be + + + align:start position:0% +that be +the1 because that's a Val + + align:start position:0% +the1 because that's a Val + + + align:start position:0% +the1 because that's a Val +right well I'm confused it's a Val but + + align:start position:0% +right well I'm confused it's a Val but + + + align:start position:0% +right well I'm confused it's a Val but +how come you don't say the why do you + + align:start position:0% +how come you don't say the why do you + + + align:start position:0% +how come you don't say the why do you +say Val here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +look at + + align:start position:0% +look at + + + align:start position:0% +look at +the yes it starts with a w one starts + + align:start position:0% +the yes it starts with a w one starts + + + align:start position:0% +the yes it starts with a w one starts +with it's not about it's not about the + + align:start position:0% +with it's not about it's not about the + + + align:start position:0% +with it's not about it's not about the +spelling you say the when it's followed + + align:start position:0% +spelling you say the when it's followed + + + align:start position:0% +spelling you say the when it's followed +by a vowel sound not spelling okay one + + align:start position:0% +by a vowel sound not spelling okay one + + + align:start position:0% +by a vowel sound not spelling okay one +starts with the w w it's one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is like this + + align:start position:0% +is like this + + + align:start position:0% +is like this +or one one okay it starts with a w sound + + align:start position:0% +or one one okay it starts with a w sound + + + align:start position:0% +or one one okay it starts with a w sound +okay so Europe the word Europe + + align:start position:0% +okay so Europe the word Europe + + + align:start position:0% +okay so Europe the word Europe +University it's a university not it's un + + align:start position:0% +University it's a university not it's un + + + align:start position:0% +University it's a university not it's un +University right a un a university + + align:start position:0% +University right a un a university + + + align:start position:0% +University right a un a university +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh this is a European + + align:start position:0% +uh this is a European + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is a European +style a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +European I think about this in Korea + + align:start position:0% +European I think about this in Korea + + + align:start position:0% +European I think about this in Korea +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +okay this oneth ask question huh uh uh + + align:start position:0% +okay this oneth ask question huh uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay this oneth ask question huh uh uh +when I listen to the radio some people + + align:start position:0% +when I listen to the radio some people + + + align:start position:0% +when I listen to the radio some people +say the the United States instead of the + + align:start position:0% +say the the United States instead of the + + + align:start position:0% +say the the United States instead of the +United States I'm + + align:start position:0% +United States I'm + + + align:start position:0% +United States I'm +confused it's supposed to be the United + + align:start position:0% +confused it's supposed to be the United + + + align:start position:0% +confused it's supposed to be the United +States the the + + align:start position:0% +States the the + + + align:start position:0% +States the the +United the United + + align:start position:0% +United the United + + + align:start position:0% +United the United +the some people say the United + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +States uh I + + align:start position:0% +States uh I + + + align:start position:0% +States uh I +why would you emphasize the United + + align:start position:0% +why would you emphasize the United + + + align:start position:0% +why would you emphasize the United +States + + align:start position:0% +States + + + align:start position:0% +States +uh I mean yes when you when you want to + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean yes when you when you want to + + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean yes when you when you want to +emphasize the you say the did you see + + align:start position:0% +emphasize the you say the did you see + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize the you say the did you see +the M for + + align:start position:0% +the M for + + + align:start position:0% +the M for +instance uh let's + + align:start position:0% +instance uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +instance uh let's +say uh two days ago I I was watching + + align:start position:0% +say uh two days ago I I was watching + + + align:start position:0% +say uh two days ago I I was watching +ESPN and they were talking about + + align:start position:0% +ESPN and they were talking about + + + align:start position:0% +ESPN and they were talking about +basketball players I mean nowadays + + align:start position:0% +basketball players I mean nowadays + + + align:start position:0% +basketball players I mean nowadays +everybody's talking about basketball + + align:start position:0% +everybody's talking about basketball + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's talking about basketball +players right you know you know what + + align:start position:0% +players right you know you know what + + + align:start position:0% +players right you know you know what +happened uh the Pistons against uh the + + align:start position:0% +happened uh the Pistons against uh the + + + align:start position:0% +happened uh the Pistons against uh the +Pacers right so was talking about uh + + align:start position:0% +Pacers right so was talking about uh + + + align:start position:0% +Pacers right so was talking about uh +basketball and this person named Mark + + align:start position:0% +basketball and this person named Mark + + + align:start position:0% +basketball and this person named Mark +Jackson and he was talking about how he + + align:start position:0% +Jackson and he was talking about how he + + + align:start position:0% +Jackson and he was talking about how he +beat this person named Mike Mike right + + align:start position:0% +beat this person named Mike Mike right + + + align:start position:0% +beat this person named Mike Mike right +and then so yeah I beat Mike when I was + + align:start position:0% +and then so yeah I beat Mike when I was + + + align:start position:0% +and then so yeah I beat Mike when I was +in high school so then the other guy was + + align:start position:0% +in high school so then the other guy was + + + align:start position:0% +in high school so then the other guy was +saying oh you're not talking about the + + align:start position:0% +saying oh you're not talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +saying oh you're not talking about the +mik are you the mik who's the + + align:start position:0% +mik are you the mik who's the + + + align:start position:0% +mik are you the mik who's the +mik Michael Jordan Michael Jordan so + + align:start position:0% +mik Michael Jordan Michael Jordan so + + + align:start position:0% +mik Michael Jordan Michael Jordan so +when you want to emphasize the person + + align:start position:0% +when you want to emphasize the person + + + align:start position:0% +when you want to emphasize the person +the m i for instance I said I saw Tom + + align:start position:0% +the m i for instance I said I saw Tom + + + align:start position:0% +the m i for instance I said I saw Tom +Cruz last night what you mean the Tom + + align:start position:0% +Cruz last night what you mean the Tom + + + align:start position:0% +Cruz last night what you mean the Tom +Cruz you would emphasize the and you + + align:start position:0% +Cruz you would emphasize the and you + + + align:start position:0% +Cruz you would emphasize the and you +would say the right but I can't imagine + + align:start position:0% +would say the right but I can't imagine + + + align:start position:0% +would say the right but I can't imagine +why you would want to emphasize the + + align:start position:0% +why you would want to emphasize the + + + align:start position:0% +why you would want to emphasize the +United + + align:start position:0% +United + + + align:start position:0% +United +States so I think it's a confusion + + align:start position:0% +States so I think it's a confusion + + + align:start position:0% +States so I think it's a confusion +confusion like because it starts with + + align:start position:0% +confusion like because it starts with + + + align:start position:0% +confusion like because it starts with +the uh u university so people okay you I + + align:start position:0% +the uh u university so people okay you I + + + align:start position:0% +the uh u university so people okay you I +see a vow so maybe I should say the + + align:start position:0% +see a vow so maybe I should say the + + + align:start position:0% +see a vow so maybe I should say the +United States + + align:start position:0% +United States + + + align:start position:0% +United States +I also heard sometimes they pronounce a + + align:start position:0% +I also heard sometimes they pronounce a + + + align:start position:0% +I also heard sometimes they pronounce a +as a yeah like when you want like + + align:start position:0% +as a yeah like when you want like + + + align:start position:0% +as a yeah like when you want like +emphasize like when you want to + + align:start position:0% +emphasize like when you want to + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize like when you want to +emphasize the when you + + align:start position:0% +emphasize the when you + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize the when you +emphasize when you emphasize the it + + align:start position:0% +emphasize when you emphasize the it + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize when you emphasize the it +becomes the right when you + + align:start position:0% +becomes the right when you + + + align:start position:0% +becomes the right when you +emphasize O then you say a how many how + + align:start position:0% +emphasize O then you say a how many how + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize O then you say a how many how +many apples do you want no I want I want + + align:start position:0% +many apples do you want no I want I want + + + align:start position:0% +many apples do you want no I want I want +I want I want + + align:start position:0% +I want I want + + + align:start position:0% +I want I want +one how many I need a apple oh no it + + align:start position:0% +one how many I need a apple oh no it + + + align:start position:0% +one how many I need a apple oh no it +sounds weird but when you when you want + + align:start position:0% +sounds weird but when you when you want + + + align:start position:0% +sounds weird but when you when you want +to emphasize a then it becomes a + + align:start position:0% +to emphasize a then it becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +to emphasize a then it becomes a +okay okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so +here x which one gets + + align:start position:0% +here x which one gets + + + align:start position:0% +here x which one gets +prominent I want some shoes right want + + align:start position:0% +prominent I want some shoes right want + + + align:start position:0% +prominent I want some shoes right want +some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +shoes what kind of shoes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get in the habit of saying Ka make your + + align:start position:0% +get in the habit of saying Ka make your + + + align:start position:0% +get in the habit of saying Ka make your +life a lot + + align:start position:0% +life a lot + + + align:start position:0% +life a lot +easier what kind + + align:start position:0% +easier what kind + + + align:start position:0% +easier what kind +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay what's what's the Conant + + align:start position:0% +okay what's what's the Conant + + + align:start position:0% +okay what's what's the Conant +here casual usual us usual usually + + align:start position:0% +here casual usual us usual usually + + + align:start position:0% +here casual usual us usual usually +casual casual + + align:start position:0% +casual casual + + + align:start position:0% +casual casual +juice why is a little tricky next one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +black black or brown black or we haven't + + align:start position:0% +black black or brown black or we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +black black or brown black or we haven't +talked about this we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +talked about this we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +talked about this we're going to talk +about this uh uh after we come back from + + align:start position:0% +about this uh uh after we come back from + + + align:start position:0% +about this uh uh after we come back from +Thanksgiving on Tuesday we talk about + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving on Tuesday we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +Thanksgiving on Tuesday we talk about +intonation + + align:start position:0% +intonation + + + align:start position:0% +intonation +here question so many people go black or + + align:start position:0% +here question so many people go black or + + + align:start position:0% +here question so many people go black or +BR black or BR no that's not right you + + align:start position:0% +BR black or BR no that's not right you + + + align:start position:0% +BR black or BR no that's not right you +want to go black or brown okay this is + + align:start position:0% +want to go black or brown okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +want to go black or brown okay this is +not it black or brown black or brown + + align:start position:0% +not it black or brown black or brown + + + align:start position:0% +not it black or brown black or brown +when it's a closed Choice when you're + + align:start position:0% +when it's a closed Choice when you're + + + align:start position:0% +when it's a closed Choice when you're +giving two choices black or ground black + + align:start position:0% +giving two choices black or ground black + + + align:start position:0% +giving two choices black or ground black +or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ground tired of black and brown right + + align:start position:0% +ground tired of black and brown right + + + align:start position:0% +ground tired of black and brown right +tired of black and + + align:start position:0% +tired of black and + + + align:start position:0% +tired of black and +brown I + + align:start 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one + + align:start position:0% +okay each of you represent one + + + align:start position:0% +okay each of you represent one +syllable okay so if your sentence is + + align:start position:0% +syllable okay so if your sentence is + + + align:start position:0% +syllable okay so if your sentence is +John's car is white that's four + + align:start position:0% +John's car is white that's four + + + align:start position:0% +John's car is white that's four +syllables right John's car is white four + + align:start position:0% +syllables right John's car is white four + + + align:start position:0% +syllables right John's car is white four +syllable uh if you have he can go that's + + align:start position:0% +syllable uh if you have he can go that's + + + align:start position:0% +syllable uh if you have he can go that's +three syllables okay now I want you and + + align:start position:0% +three syllables okay now I want you and + + + align:start position:0% +three syllables okay now I want you and +I there's I wrote the question and the + + align:start position:0% +I there's I wrote the question and the + + + align:start position:0% +I there's I wrote the question and the +answer all the all the answers are going + + align:start position:0% +answer all the all the answers are going + + + align:start position:0% +answer all the all the answers are going +to be either John's car's white or he + + align:start position:0% +to be either John's car's white or he + + + align:start position:0% +to be either John's car's white or he +can't go but you need to figure out + + align:start position:0% +can't go but you need to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +can't go but you need to figure out +according to the question according to + + align:start position:0% +according to the question according to + + + align:start position:0% +according to the question according to +the question which words you're going to + + align:start position:0% +the question which words you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the question which words you're going to +put prominent on + + align:start position:0% +put prominent on + + + align:start position:0% +put prominent on +okay is that clear and what was the + + align:start position:0% +okay is that clear and what was the + + + align:start position:0% +okay is that clear and what was the +drill um unstressed + + align:start position:0% +drill um unstressed + + + align:start position:0% +drill um unstressed +syllable this okay unstress syllable + + align:start position:0% +syllable this okay unstress syllable + + + align:start position:0% +syllable this okay unstress syllable +some stress this prominence this okay + + align:start position:0% +some stress this prominence this okay + + + align:start position:0% +some stress this prominence this okay +prominence this some stress so content + + align:start position:0% +prominence this some stress so content + + + align:start position:0% +prominence this some stress so content +word stress no + + align:start position:0% +word stress no + + + align:start position:0% +word stress no +stress + + align:start position:0% +stress + + + align:start position:0% +stress +okay so figure that + + align:start position:0% +okay so figure that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so figure that +out then you can watch + + align:start position:0% +out then you can watch + + + align:start position:0% +out then you can watch +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do not abuse your index cards + + align:start position:0% +do not abuse your index cards + + + align:start position:0% +do not abuse your index cards +okay this is abusing your index card + + align:start position:0% +okay this is abusing your index card + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is abusing your index card +look at this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next that's domestic + + align:start position:0% +next that's domestic + + + align:start position:0% +next that's domestic +violation okay are you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ready oh no no you represent the answer + + align:start position:0% +ready oh no no you represent the answer + + + align:start position:0% +ready oh no no you represent the answer +you represent the + + align:start position:0% +you represent the + + + align:start position:0% +you represent the +answer the red EG you represent the red + + align:start position:0% +answer the red EG you represent the red + + + align:start position:0% +answer the red EG you represent the red +egg + + align:start position:0% +egg + + + align:start position:0% +egg +so either he can't go or John's Car + + align:start position:0% +so either he can't go or John's Car + + + align:start position:0% +so either he can't go or John's Car +white okay he can't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go okay so when I + + align:start position:0% +go okay so when I + + + align:start position:0% +go okay so when I +said + + align:start position:0% +said + + + align:start position:0% +said +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ready ready everyone ready + + align:start position:0% +ready ready everyone ready + + + align:start position:0% +ready ready everyone ready +ready okay now so when I say I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +ready okay now so when I say I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +ready okay now so when I say I'm I'm +point to one group when I say ready go + + align:start position:0% +point to one group when I say ready go + + + align:start position:0% +point to one group when I say ready go +you guys do your thing okay and as a + + align:start position:0% +you guys do your thing okay and as a + + + align:start position:0% +you guys do your thing okay and as a +class we're trying to figure + + align:start position:0% +class we're trying to figure + + + align:start position:0% +class we're trying to figure +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +why uh they have that prominence so + + align:start position:0% +why uh they have that prominence so + + + align:start position:0% +why uh they have that prominence so +we're going to try to figure out the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to try to figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to try to figure out the +question okay we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +question okay we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +question okay we're going to try to +forance it was I am listening then the + + align:start position:0% +forance it was I am listening then the + + + align:start position:0% +forance it was I am listening then the +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +is why why no why listening is I'm + + align:start position:0% +is why why no why listening is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is why why no why listening is I'm +listening okay I am listening is why + + align:start position:0% +listening okay I am listening is why + + + align:start position:0% +listening okay I am listening is why +aren't you listening okay so we're going + + align:start position:0% +aren't you listening okay so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +aren't you listening okay so we're going +to try to we're going to uh try to + + align:start position:0% +to try to we're going to uh try to + + + align:start position:0% +to try to we're going to uh try to +figure out the question okay this group + + align:start position:0% +figure out the question okay this group + + + align:start position:0% +figure out the question okay this group +four so they have number one question + + align:start position:0% +four so they have number one question + + + align:start position:0% +four so they have number one question +okay ready I I think you need to stand + + align:start position:0% +okay ready I I think you need to stand + + + align:start position:0% +okay ready I I think you need to stand +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +up I'm the first okay first first so we + + align:start position:0% +up I'm the first okay first first so we + + + align:start position:0% +up I'm the first okay first first so we +have to puton together do your thing and + + align:start position:0% +have to puton together do your thing and + + + align:start position:0% +have to puton together do your thing and +we we'll figure out ready get set + + align:start position:0% +we we'll figure out ready get set + + + align:start position:0% +we we'll figure out ready get set +go okay so say the sentence for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +us okay all all of it together one 2 + + align:start position:0% +us okay all all of it together one 2 + + + align:start position:0% +us okay all all of it together one 2 +3 one 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +3 one 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +3 one 1 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay John's car is + + align:start position:0% +okay John's car is + + + align:start position:0% +okay John's car is +white is the question is whose car is + + align:start position:0% +white is the question is whose car is + + + align:start position:0% +white is the question is whose car is +white whose car is white whose car is + + align:start position:0% +white whose car is white whose car is + + + align:start position:0% +white whose car is white whose car is +white very good you sit down thanks uh + + align:start position:0% +white very good you sit down thanks uh + + + align:start position:0% +white very good you sit down thanks uh +next + + align:start position:0% +next + + + align:start position:0% +next +request + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +okay ready yeah stand + + align:start position:0% +okay ready yeah stand + + + align:start position:0% +okay ready yeah stand +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +up okay ready get set go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay one two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3 one two three John's car is white okay + + align:start position:0% +3 one two three John's car is white okay + + + align:start position:0% +3 one two three John's car is white okay +now so John's car is those those those + + align:start position:0% +now so John's car is those those those + + + align:start position:0% +now so John's car is those those those +stress on + + align:start position:0% +stress on + + + align:start position:0% +stress on +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +yes + + align:start position:0% +yes + + + align:start position:0% +yes +no there say one was telling us there's + + align:start position:0% +no there say one was telling us there's + + + align:start position:0% +no there say one was telling us there's +no stress on + + align:start position:0% +no stress on + + + align:start position:0% +no stress on +S and prominence on white you can put + + align:start position:0% +S and prominence on white you can put + + + align:start position:0% +S and prominence on white you can put +your hands + + align:start position:0% +your hands + + + align:start position:0% +your hands +down yes is + + align:start position:0% +down yes is + + + align:start position:0% +down yes is +is is is considered a fun okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +is is is considered a fun okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +is is is considered a fun okay so that's +very good so what what is what is + + align:start position:0% +very good so what what is what is + + + align:start position:0% +very good so what what is what is +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question yes it's like what color is + + align:start position:0% +question yes it's like what color is + + + align:start position:0% +question yes it's like what color is +John's Car John's car is white but the + + align:start position:0% +John's Car John's car is white but the + + + align:start position:0% +John's Car John's car is white but the +question was you're supposed to do okay + + align:start position:0% +question was you're supposed to do okay + + + align:start position:0% +question was you're supposed to do okay +John's + + align:start position:0% +John's + + + align:start position:0% +John's +car okay you're the prent + + align:start position:0% +car okay you're the prent + + + align:start position:0% +car okay you're the prent +and and so what about white you become + + align:start position:0% +and and so what about white you become + + + align:start position:0% +and and so what about white you become +some stress some stress + + align:start position:0% +some stress some stress + + + align:start position:0% +some stress some stress +okay one more time one two three John + + align:start position:0% +okay one more time one two three John + + + align:start position:0% +okay one more time one two three John +car is + + align:start position:0% +car is + + + align:start position:0% +car is +white John car is white and what's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay yes John's C is not white John's + + align:start position:0% +okay yes John's C is not white John's + + + align:start position:0% +okay yes John's C is not white John's +car is not white and what what are you + + align:start position:0% +car is not white and what what are you + + + align:start position:0% +car is not white and what what are you +talking about John's car is white John's + + align:start position:0% +talking about John's car is white John's + + + align:start position:0% +talking about John's car is white John's +car is white okay John's car is white it + + align:start position:0% +car is white okay John's car is white it + + + align:start position:0% +car is white okay John's car is white it +means what color is John's car okay sit + + align:start position:0% +means what color is John's car okay sit + + + align:start position:0% +means what color is John's car okay sit +down um who is John anybody else John + + align:start position:0% +down um who is John anybody else John + + + align:start position:0% +down um who is John anybody else John +okay stand up + + align:start position:0% +okay stand up + + + align:start position:0% +okay stand up +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +please ready okay okay T John + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay one look ready get set + + align:start position:0% +okay one look ready get set + + + align:start position:0% +okay one look ready get set +go okay one two + + align:start position:0% +go okay one two + + + align:start position:0% +go okay one two +three all you together all you together + + align:start position:0% +three all you together all you together + + + align:start position:0% +three all you together all you together +one two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three what what's what's going on here + + align:start position:0% +three what what's what's going on here + + + align:start position:0% +three what what's what's going on here +something's wrong well what's wrong + + align:start position:0% +something's wrong well what's wrong + + + align:start position:0% +something's wrong well what's wrong +John some stress some stress because + + align:start position:0% +John some stress some stress because + + + align:start position:0% +John some stress some stress because +John is a noun right noun is a Content + + align:start position:0% +John is a noun right noun is a Content + + + align:start position:0% +John is a noun right noun is a Content +word or function word content so there + + align:start position:0% +word or function word content so there + + + align:start position:0% +word or function word content so there +is some stress all the time so okay one + + align:start position:0% +is some stress all the time so okay one + + + align:start position:0% +is some stress all the time so okay one +more time John's car is white John's car + + align:start position:0% +more time John's car is white John's car + + + align:start position:0% +more time John's car is white John's car +is white so do your do your thing John's + + align:start position:0% +is white so do your do your thing John's + + + align:start position:0% +is white so do your do your thing John's +car is white John's car is John's car is + + align:start position:0% +car is white John's car is John's car is + + + align:start position:0% +car is white John's car is John's car is +white okay so what's the question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay okay John's car is white so + + align:start position:0% +okay okay okay John's car is white so + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay okay John's car is white so +what what what do you think was the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +fich is fight no car is white okay is is + + align:start position:0% +fich is fight no car is white okay is is + + + align:start position:0% +fich is fight no car is white okay is is +bicycle white the car is white okay I + + align:start position:0% +bicycle white the car is white okay I + + + align:start position:0% +bicycle white the car is white okay I +have a I have a red bicycle I have a red + + align:start position:0% +have a I have a red bicycle I have a red + + + align:start position:0% +have a I have a red bicycle I have a red +bicycle okay yes Red Bicycle I don't + + align:start position:0% +bicycle okay yes Red Bicycle I don't + + + align:start position:0% +bicycle okay yes Red Bicycle I don't +have a red car but I have a red + + align:start position:0% +have a red car but I have a red + + + align:start position:0% +have a red car but I have a red +B I've always wanted to have a red red + + align:start position:0% +B I've always wanted to have a red red + + + align:start position:0% +B I've always wanted to have a red red +sports + + align:start position:0% +sports + + + align:start position:0% +sports +car but I have I have a blue one so I I + + align:start position:0% +car but I have I have a blue one so I I + + + align:start position:0% +car but I have I have a blue one so I I +I bought a red B okay uh who has what a + + align:start position:0% +I bought a red B okay uh who has what a + + + align:start position:0% +I bought a red B okay uh who has what a +question the question okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question I wrote this but I don't + + align:start position:0% +question I wrote this but I don't + + + align:start position:0% +question I wrote this but I don't +remember + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh oh the the the pre uh + + align:start position:0% +uh oh the the the pre uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh oh the the the pre uh +the uh the the sentence that came before + + align:start position:0% +the uh the the sentence that came before + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the the sentence that came before +that was I heard John has a white truck + + align:start position:0% +that was I heard John has a white truck + + + align:start position:0% +that was I heard John has a white truck +and a red car white truck and a red car + + align:start position:0% +and a red car white truck and a red car + + + align:start position:0% +and a red car white truck and a red car +white truck anded what what what are you + + align:start position:0% +white truck anded what what what are you + + + align:start position:0% +white truck anded what what what are you +talking about John's car is white not + + align:start position:0% +talking about John's car is white not + + + align:start position:0% +talking about John's car is white not +his truck + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Tru + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay one 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +okay he can so one two three he go he + + align:start position:0% +okay he can so one two three he go he + + + align:start position:0% +okay he can so one two three he go he +can't go okay + + align:start position:0% +can't go okay + + + align:start position:0% +can't go okay +uh correct correct + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he but who's he and who's go oh he he he + + align:start position:0% +he but who's he and who's go oh he he he + + + align:start position:0% +he but who's he and who's go oh he he he +can't go okay he can't go he some + + align:start position:0% +can't go okay he can't go he some + + + align:start position:0% +can't go okay he can't go he some +stress why + + align:start position:0% +stress why + + + align:start position:0% +stress why +stress he is what what part of speech is + + align:start position:0% +stress he is what what part of speech is + + + align:start position:0% +stress he is what what part of speech is +he is it a noun pronoun verb it's a + + align:start position:0% +he is it a noun pronoun verb it's a + + + align:start position:0% +he is it a noun pronoun verb it's a +pronoun right pronoun is a function word + + align:start position:0% +pronoun right pronoun is a function word + + + align:start position:0% +pronoun right pronoun is a function word +so go stress he can't go they're saying + + align:start position:0% +so go stress he can't go they're saying + + + align:start position:0% +so go stress he can't go they're saying +he can't go they're putting stressing + + align:start position:0% +he can't go they're putting stressing + + + align:start position:0% +he can't go they're putting stressing +can he can go so what is the question + + align:start position:0% +can he can go so what is the question + + + align:start position:0% +can he can go so what is the question +can he + + align:start position:0% +can he + + + align:start position:0% +can he +go can he + + align:start position:0% +go can he + + + align:start position:0% +go can he +go can he go can he go can he go no he + + align:start position:0% +go can he go can he go can he go no he + + + align:start position:0% +go can he go can he go can he go no he +can't go can he go he can't go can he go + + align:start position:0% +can't go can he go he can't go can he go + + + align:start position:0% +can't go can he go he can't go can he go +can he go can he go no can he can he go + + align:start position:0% +can he go can he go no can he can he go + + + align:start position:0% +can he go can he go no can he can he go +no then you would say he can't go can he + + align:start position:0% +no then you would say he can't go can he + + + align:start position:0% +no then you would say he can't go can he +go he can't go the question this was a + + align:start position:0% +go he can't go the question this was a + + + align:start position:0% +go he can't go the question this was a +little tricky the question was why + + align:start position:0% +little tricky the question was why + + + align:start position:0% +little tricky the question was why +doesn't John go why doesn't he go why + + align:start position:0% +doesn't John go why doesn't he go why + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't John go why doesn't he go why +doesn't he go no it's not that he + + align:start position:0% +doesn't he go no it's not that he + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't he go no it's not that he +doesn't go it's not that he doesn't want + + align:start position:0% +doesn't go it's not that he doesn't want + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't go it's not that he doesn't want +to go he can't go okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay one 2 + + align:start position:0% +okay one 2 + + + align:start position:0% +okay one 2 +three I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I I messed up I I should say Ready + + align:start position:0% +okay I I messed up I I should say Ready + + + align:start position:0% +okay I I messed up I I should say Ready +Get Go 1 2 one 2 3 and you say that + + align:start position:0% +Get Go 1 2 one 2 3 and you say that + + + align:start position:0% +Get Go 1 2 one 2 3 and you say that +sentence together okay one two three he + + align:start position:0% +sentence together okay one two three he + + + align:start position:0% +sentence together okay one two three he +can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go one two three he can't go he can't go + + align:start position:0% +go one two three he can't go he can't go + + + align:start position:0% +go one two three he can't go he can't go +okay so he prominence can and go some + + align:start position:0% +okay so he prominence can and go some + + + align:start position:0% +okay so he prominence can and go some +stress now what is the question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +who can go right who can go he can go + + align:start position:0% +who can go right who can go he can go + + + align:start position:0% +who can go right who can go he can go +but that's not the question that you got + + align:start position:0% +but that's not the question that you got + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not the question that you got +so it actually supposed to be he can't + + align:start position:0% +so it actually supposed to be he can't + + + align:start position:0% +so it actually supposed to be he can't +go that's what I thought + + align:start position:0% +go that's what I thought + + + align:start position:0% +go that's what I thought +okay okay do okay stand up again okay do + + align:start position:0% +okay okay do okay stand up again okay do + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay do okay stand up again okay do +his do do un's version okay do un's + + align:start position:0% +his do do un's version okay do un's + + + align:start position:0% +his do do un's version okay do un's +version okay ready get set + + align:start position:0% +version okay ready get set + + + align:start position:0% +version okay ready get set +go he he can go he can go he can't go he + + align:start position:0% +go he he can go he can go he can't go he + + + align:start position:0% +go he he can go he can go he can't go he +can't go okay the question was what + + align:start position:0% +can't go okay the question was what + + + align:start position:0% +can't go okay the question was what +about John what about John he can't go + + align:start position:0% +about John what about John he can't go + + + align:start position:0% +about John what about John he can't go +okay and they did a very good job go has + + align:start position:0% +okay and they did a very good job go has + + + align:start position:0% +okay and they did a very good job go has +more stress go has the parameters not + + align:start position:0% +more stress go has the parameters not + + + align:start position:0% +more stress go has the parameters not +can't okay go because go is the last + + align:start position:0% +can't okay go because go is the last + + + align:start position:0% +can't okay go because go is the last +content word okay okay thank you sit + + align:start position:0% +content word okay okay thank you sit + + + align:start position:0% +content word okay okay thank you sit +down any questions about + + align:start position:0% +down any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +down any questions about +prominence emphatic stress I mean + + align:start position:0% +prominence emphatic stress I mean + + + align:start position:0% +prominence emphatic stress I mean +contrastive is easy right but you have + + align:start position:0% +contrastive is easy right but you have + + + align:start position:0% +contrastive is easy right but you have +two things black or ground but emphatic + + align:start position:0% +two things black or ground but emphatic + + + align:start position:0% +two things black or ground but emphatic +a little tricky and old information we + + align:start position:0% +a little tricky and old information we + + + align:start position:0% +a little tricky and old information we +we we have to any questions about + + align:start position:0% +we we have to any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +we we have to any questions about +parameters okay if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's let's turn to page uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +95 okay so what we have here is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and the second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +thing okay I need to volunteer to write + + align:start position:0% +thing okay I need to volunteer to write + + + align:start position:0% +thing okay I need to volunteer to write +thetic transer and of + + align:start position:0% +thetic transer and of + + + align:start position:0% +thetic transer and of +this and this what what happens to the + + align:start position:0% +this and this what what happens to the + + + align:start position:0% +this and this what what happens to the +valve + + align:start position:0% +valve + + + align:start position:0% +valve +here right yeah + + align:start position:0% +here right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +here right yeah +and um imagine if Wall Street Wall + + align:start position:0% +and um imagine if Wall Street Wall + + + align:start position:0% +and um imagine if Wall Street Wall +Street head had known that had known + + align:start position:0% +Street head had known that had known + + + align:start position:0% +Street head had known that had known +that head head she she definitely did + + align:start position:0% +that head head she she definitely did + + + align:start position:0% +that head head she she definitely did +not say what's the + + align:start position:0% +not say what's the + + + align:start position:0% +not say what's the +valve this one is ha right a but since h + + align:start position:0% +valve this one is ha right a but since h + + + align:start position:0% +valve this one is ha right a but since h +a is content or function wordun function + + align:start position:0% +a is content or function wordun function + + + align:start position:0% +a is content or function wordun function +word the Val gets reduced okay it known + + align:start position:0% +word the Val gets reduced okay it known + + + align:start position:0% +word the Val gets reduced okay it known +that it known that here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please + + align:start position:0% +please + + + align:start position:0% +please +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +huh should be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but I think I heard H + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there or it could be a flat it should be + + align:start position:0% +there or it could be a flat it should be + + + align:start position:0% +there or it could be a flat it should be +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flat so + + align:start position:0% +flat so + + + align:start position:0% +flat so +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +one you can sit + + align:start position:0% +one you can sit + + + align:start position:0% +one you can sit +down supposed to be a h mark homework + + align:start position:0% +down supposed to be a h mark homework + + + align:start position:0% +down supposed to be a h mark homework +who did the homework homework okay + + align:start position:0% +who did the homework homework okay + + + align:start position:0% +who did the homework homework okay +please come up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here you did do the homework right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +usually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have okay now prominence prominence + + align:start position:0% +have okay now prominence prominence + + + align:start position:0% +have okay now prominence prominence +which one in in this in this phrase in + + align:start position:0% +which one in in this in this phrase in + + + align:start position:0% +which one in in this in this phrase in +this prominent where s right s okay so + + align:start position:0% +this prominent where s right s okay so + + + align:start position:0% +this prominent where s right s okay so +they very we get rid of H okay we get + + align:start position:0% +they very we get rid of H okay we get + + + align:start position:0% +they very we get rid of H okay we get +rid of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T + + align:start position:0% +T + + + align:start position:0% +T +okay this one or H so we're going to say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +louder oh yes what about the you want to + + align:start position:0% +louder oh yes what about the you want to + + + align:start position:0% +louder oh yes what about the you want to +get rid of this yes you can get rid of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this but she did you uh yes you can get + + align:start position:0% +this but she did you uh yes you can get + + + align:start position:0% +this but she did you uh yes you can get +rid of the V but she did say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so dat s that's one uh alternative you + + align:start position:0% +so dat s that's one uh alternative you + + + align:start position:0% +so dat s that's one uh alternative you +can also say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they like this right can you say + + align:start position:0% +they like this right can you say + + + align:start position:0% +they like this right can you say +w they would have sent they would sent + + align:start position:0% +w they would have sent they would sent + + + align:start position:0% +w they would have sent they would sent +it they would have sent it + + align:start position:0% +it they would have sent it + + + align:start position:0% +it they would have sent it +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now what can you do with if I had + + align:start position:0% +now what can you do with if I had + + + align:start position:0% +now what can you do with if I had +known if I had known if I had known if I + + align:start position:0% +known if I had known if I had known if I + + + align:start position:0% +known if I had known if I had known if I +had known you could say if I had known + + align:start position:0% +had known you could say if I had known + + + align:start position:0% +had known you could say if I had known +but you could Al grammatically speaking + + align:start position:0% +but you could Al grammatically speaking + + + align:start position:0% +but you could Al grammatically speaking +you couldn't get you can put have in + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't get you can put have in + + + align:start position:0% +you couldn't get you can put have in +front and get rid of if right so you + + align:start position:0% +front and get rid of if right so you + + + align:start position:0% +front and get rid of if right so you +would + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say had I known I known and this becomes + + align:start position:0% +say had I known I known and this becomes + + + align:start position:0% +say had I known I known and this becomes +a flap okay I KN I I KN I I KN okay I + + align:start position:0% +a flap okay I KN I I KN I I KN okay I + + + align:start position:0% +a flap okay I KN I I KN I I KN okay I +know now that's unreal past situation + + align:start position:0% +know now that's unreal past situation + + + align:start position:0% +know now that's unreal past situation +right remember we talked about um unreal + + align:start position:0% +right remember we talked about um unreal + + + align:start position:0% +right remember we talked about um unreal +present situation if I were Spider-man I + + align:start position:0% +present situation if I were Spider-man I + + + align:start position:0% +present situation if I were Spider-man I +wouldn't be living in Boston right this + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be living in Boston right this + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be living in Boston right this +one so with the unreal present situation + + align:start position:0% +one so with the unreal present situation + + + align:start position:0% +one so with the unreal present situation +you have to use a past tense verb right + + align:start position:0% +you have to use a past tense verb right + + + align:start position:0% +you have to use a past tense verb right +I would not be living if I were + + align:start position:0% +I would not be living if I were + + + align:start position:0% +I would not be living if I were +Spider-man if you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +Spider-man if you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +Spider-man if you're talking about +unreal past situation you have to use + + align:start position:0% +unreal past situation you have to use + + + align:start position:0% +unreal past situation you have to use +the past perfect tense past perfect + + align:start position:0% +the past perfect tense past perfect + + + align:start position:0% +the past perfect tense past perfect +tense in the main + + align:start position:0% +tense in the main + + + align:start position:0% +tense in the main +Clause okay no no in the E Clause past + + align:start position:0% +Clause okay no no in the E Clause past + + + align:start position:0% +Clause okay no no in the E Clause past +perfect tense in in the E Clause so if + + align:start position:0% +perfect tense in in the E Clause so if + + + align:start position:0% +perfect tense in in the E Clause so if +someone asked you + + align:start position:0% +someone asked you + + + align:start position:0% +someone asked you +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +J uh did you know there did you know + + align:start position:0% +J uh did you know there did you know + + + align:start position:0% +J uh did you know there did you know +that there was a test + + align:start position:0% +that there was a test + + + align:start position:0% +that there was a test +yesterday and your answer is no + + align:start position:0% +yesterday and your answer is no + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday and your answer is no +no had I had I know + + align:start position:0% +no had I had I know + + + align:start position:0% +no had I had I know +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +I I would have + + align:start position:0% +I I would have + + + align:start position:0% +I I would have +studi okay one more time one more time + + align:start position:0% +studi okay one more time one more time + + + align:start position:0% +studi okay one more time one more time +did you know that there was a test + + align:start position:0% +did you know that there was a test + + + align:start position:0% +did you know that there was a test +yesterday no + + align:start position:0% +yesterday no + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday no +no if I + + align:start position:0% +no if I + + + align:start position:0% +no if I +had I would + + align:start position:0% +had I would + + + align:start position:0% +had I would +have I'm + + align:start position:0% +have I'm + + + align:start position:0% +have I'm +confused your grar is good but I want + + align:start position:0% +confused your grar is good but I want + + + align:start position:0% +confused your grar is good but I want +you I want you to say say no if I known + + align:start position:0% +you I want you to say say no if I known + + + align:start position:0% +you I want you to say say no if I known +that or no had I known that I would have + + align:start position:0% +that or no had I known that I would have + + + align:start position:0% +that or no had I known that I would have +would have studied I would have studied + + align:start position:0% +would have studied I would have studied + + + align:start position:0% +would have studied I would have studied +you're trying to say have say have would + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to say have say have would + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to say have say have would +study I would study I would study stud I + + align:start position:0% +study I would study I would study stud I + + + align:start position:0% +study I would study I would study stud I +stud study tamy Tam did you know that + + align:start position:0% +stud study tamy Tam did you know that + + + align:start position:0% +stud study tamy Tam did you know that +there was a test yesterday no I know I + + align:start position:0% +there was a test yesterday no I know I + + + align:start position:0% +there was a test yesterday no I know I +would study I I would have studed I + + align:start position:0% +would study I I would have studed I + + + align:start position:0% +would study I I would have studed I +would would have stud would have stud + + align:start position:0% +would would have stud would have stud + + + align:start position:0% +would would have stud would have stud +very hard + + align:start position:0% +very hard + + + align:start position:0% +very hard +okay did you + + align:start position:0% +okay did you + + + align:start position:0% +okay did you +know uh did you know that I was in + + align:start position:0% +know uh did you know that I was in + + + align:start position:0% +know uh did you know that I was in +hospital over the weekend Hospital + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes don't think of the answer is always + + align:start position:0% +yes don't think of the answer is always + + + align:start position:0% +yes don't think of the answer is always +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +sorry okay no I know that no had I known + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay no I know that no had I known + + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay no I know that no had I known +that okay you always start your answer + + align:start position:0% +that okay you always start your answer + + + align:start position:0% +that okay you always start your answer +by saying no had I know that I I would + + align:start position:0% +by saying no had I know that I I would + + + align:start position:0% +by saying no had I know that I I would +have had I known that I would have okay + + align:start position:0% +have had I known that I would have okay + + + align:start position:0% +have had I known that I would have okay +did you know that I was in the hospital + + align:start position:0% +did you know that I was in the hospital + + + align:start position:0% +did you know that I was in the hospital +over the weekend no had I known that I + + align:start position:0% +over the weekend no had I known that I + + + align:start position:0% +over the weekend no had I known that I +haven't going to your apartment I + + align:start position:0% +haven't going to your apartment I + + + align:start position:0% +haven't going to your apartment I +haven't no would have I would have gone + + align:start position:0% +haven't no would have I would have gone + + + align:start position:0% +haven't no would have I would have gone +I would have gone I would have no I was + + align:start position:0% +I would have gone I would have no I was + + + align:start position:0% +I would have gone I would have no I was +in the hospital why I come to my + + align:start position:0% +in the hospital why I come to my + + + align:start position:0% +in the hospital why I come to my +apartment right right I would have so I + + align:start position:0% +apartment right right I would have so I + + + align:start position:0% +apartment right right I would have so I +could + + align:start position:0% +could + + + align:start position:0% +could +have see you in the hospital would have + + align:start position:0% +have see you in the hospital would have + + + align:start position:0% +have see you in the hospital would have +seen you I would have seen you I would + + align:start position:0% +seen you I would have seen you I would + + + align:start position:0% +seen you I would have seen you I would +have visited you I would have you I want + + align:start position:0% +have visited you I would have you I want + + + align:start position:0% +have visited you I would have you I want +to visit you okay okay now this is a + + align:start position:0% +to visit you okay okay now this is a + + + align:start position:0% 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have the index + + align:start position:0% +envelope okay and you have the index + + + align:start position:0% +envelope okay and you have the index +card okay so the first task as a group + + align:start position:0% +card okay so the first task as a group + + + align:start position:0% +card okay so the first task as a group +is so each each of you should take like + + align:start position:0% +is so each each of you should take like + + + align:start position:0% +is so each each of you should take like +three or four index cards and try to + + align:start position:0% +three or four index cards and try to + + + align:start position:0% +three or four index cards and try to +place them under the right category okay + + align:start position:0% +place them under the right category okay + + + align:start position:0% +place them under the right category okay +do that as a group that the + + align:start position:0% +do that as a group that the + + + align:start position:0% +do that as a group that the +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +group so what you should do first is + + align:start position:0% +group so what you should do first is + + + align:start position:0% +group so what you should do first is +that's why I asked you to clear the + + align:start position:0% +that's why I asked you to clear the + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I asked you to clear the +table + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +please okay like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this a group you can stand up stand + + align:start position:0% +this a group you can stand up stand + + + align:start position:0% +this a group you can stand up stand +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +up yeah you you can see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this see yeah you could yeah look at + + align:start position:0% 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+of the department the teacher has + + + align:start position:0% +of the department the teacher has +already said he W consider louder please + + align:start position:0% +already said he W consider louder please + + + align:start position:0% +already said he W consider louder please +louder the teacher has already said he + + align:start position:0% +louder the teacher has already said he + + + align:start position:0% +louder the teacher has already said he +wouldn't he w't consider a great + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't he w't consider a great + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't he w't consider a great +change in this native country the + + align:start position:0% +change in this native country the + + + align:start position:0% +change in this native country the +authority of the + + align:start position:0% +authority of the + + + align:start position:0% +authority of the +teachers is very + + align:start position:0% +teachers is very + + + align:start position:0% +teachers is very +challenged okay however in the United + + align:start position:0% +challenged okay however in the United + + + align:start position:0% +challenged okay however in the United +States he has he has observed several + + align:start position:0% +States he has he has observed several + + + align:start position:0% +States he has he has observed several +students Ching the the te + + align:start position:0% +students Ching the the te + + + align:start position:0% +students Ching the the te +author of author authority authority + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +auth they have asked Lee to join them Le + + align:start position:0% +auth they have asked Lee to join them Le + + + align:start position:0% +auth they have asked Lee to join them Le +thingss he he may have to take another + + align:start position:0% +thingss he he may have to take another + + + align:start position:0% +thingss he he may have to take another +class with this teacher next year with + + align:start position:0% +class with this teacher next year with + + + align:start position:0% +class with this teacher next year with +this with this teacher with this with + + align:start position:0% +this with this teacher with this with + + + align:start position:0% +this with this teacher with this with +this teacher with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this he must decide whether to press the + + align:start position:0% +this he must decide whether to press the + + + align:start position:0% +this he must decide whether to press the +log or keep Cloud keep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Qui it's check okay so that's the + + align:start position:0% +Qui it's check okay so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +Qui it's check okay so that's the +situation okay you know the rules you + + align:start position:0% +situation okay you know the rules you + + + align:start position:0% +situation okay you know the rules you +need to participate at + + align:start position:0% +need to participate at + + + align:start position:0% +need to participate at +least uh have 15 + + align:start position:0% +least uh have 15 + + + align:start position:0% +least uh have 15 +minutes 10 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minutes so the rule + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is we're going to start with the yes + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to start with the yes + + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to start with the yes +group yes he should + + align:start position:0% +group yes he should + + + align:start position:0% +group yes he should +protest the gr yes group and no group + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay you need to par participate at + + align:start position:0% +okay you need to par participate at + + + align:start position:0% +okay you need to par participate at +least + + align:start position:0% +least + + + align:start position:0% +least +twice and you need to use at least three + + align:start position:0% +twice and you need to use at least three + + + align:start position:0% +twice and you need to use at least three +gambits okay and if you use the Gambit + + align:start position:0% +gambits okay and if you use the Gambit + + + align:start position:0% +gambits okay and if you use the Gambit +you get to keep it okay you say oh + + align:start position:0% +you get to keep it okay you say oh + + + align:start position:0% +you get to keep it okay you say oh +that's a good point you keep + + align:start position:0% +that's a good point you keep + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good point you keep +it okay so if if you already use it you + + align:start position:0% +it okay so if if you already use it you + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so if if you already use it you +can say it but you're not going to it's + + align:start position:0% +can say it but you're not going to it's + + + align:start position:0% +can say it but you're not going to it's +not going to count you need to have at + + align:start position:0% +not going to count you need to have at + + + align:start position:0% +not going to count you need to have at +least three gambits okay you need to + + align:start position:0% +least three gambits okay you need to + + + align:start position:0% +least three gambits okay you need to +collect at least three gambits to get + + align:start position:0% +collect at least three gambits to get + + + align:start position:0% +collect at least three gambits to get +credit for this so it's better to + + align:start position:0% +credit for this so it's better to + + + align:start position:0% +credit for this so it's better to +participate as soon as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +possible + + align:start position:0% +possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible +that that Gambit doesn't count twice no + + align:start position:0% +that that Gambit doesn't count twice no + + + align:start position:0% +that that Gambit doesn't count twice no +that Gambit is not going to it's not + + align:start position:0% +that Gambit is not going to it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that Gambit is not going to it's not +going to be counted as one of your three + + align:start position:0% +going to be counted as one of your three + + + align:start position:0% +going to be counted as one of your three +gambits yes it's almost as it yeah you + + align:start position:0% +gambits yes it's almost as it yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +gambits yes it's almost as it yeah you +could use it you could definitely say it + + align:start position:0% +could use it you could definitely say it + + + align:start position:0% +could use it you could definitely say it +again but it's not going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you could + + align:start position:0% +so you could + + + align:start position:0% +so you could +set new pH + + align:start position:0% +set new pH + + + align:start position:0% +set new pH +you you could sit over there you sit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +together we didn't have enough time to + + align:start position:0% +together we didn't have enough time to + + + align:start position:0% +together we didn't have enough time to +set up the table so the configuration is + + align:start position:0% +set up the table so the configuration is + + + align:start position:0% +set up the table so the configuration is +not that great + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay everyone ready to + + align:start position:0% +okay everyone ready to + + + align:start position:0% +okay everyone ready to +begin okay so first we're going to hear + + align:start position:0% +begin okay so first we're going to hear + + + align:start position:0% +begin okay so first we're going to hear +from the yes grou so someone tell us why + + align:start position:0% +from the yes grou so someone tell us why + + + align:start position:0% +from the yes grou so someone tell us why +he should pretend that that his + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bra + + align:start position:0% +bra + + + align:start position:0% +bra +okay my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +opinion I think he should Pro protest + + align:start position:0% +opinion I think he should Pro protest + + + align:start position:0% +opinion I think he should Pro protest +because the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thanking criteria is not clear + + align:start position:0% +thanking criteria is not clear + + + align:start position:0% +thanking criteria is not clear +so that's that's teacher + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's teacher + + + align:start position:0% +so that's that's teacher +for uh so he's not good teacher + + align:start position:0% +for uh so he's not good teacher + + + align:start position:0% +for uh so he's not good teacher +look at this uh this class syllabus uh + + align:start position:0% +look at this uh this class syllabus uh + + + align:start position:0% +look at this uh this class syllabus uh +idea make it make the graving criteria + + align:start position:0% +idea make it make the graving criteria + + + align:start position:0% +idea make it make the graving criteria +so here like attendance and + + align:start position:0% +so here like attendance and + + + align:start position:0% +so here like attendance and +participation 20% so he's a good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +teacher you still have to use three + + align:start position:0% +teacher you still have to use three + + + align:start position:0% +teacher you still have to use three +G I Still Point out uh that he has a + + align:start position:0% +G I Still Point out uh that he has a + + + align:start position:0% +G I Still Point out uh that he has a +right to uh ask ask the professor about + + align:start position:0% +right to uh ask ask the professor about + + + align:start position:0% +right to uh ask ask the professor about +the criteria he has a right + + align:start position:0% +the criteria he has a right + + + align:start position:0% +the criteria he has a right +I don't know what you mean but uh it + + align:start position:0% +I don't know what you mean but uh it + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know what you mean but uh it +seems it seems to me that uh there's no + + align:start position:0% +seems it seems to me that uh there's no + + + align:start position:0% +seems it seems to me that uh there's no +room for uh protest man because you know + + align:start position:0% +room for uh protest man because you know + + + align:start position:0% +room for uh protest man because you know +he already mentioned that he won't + + align:start position:0% +he already mentioned that he won't + + + align:start position:0% +he already mentioned that he won't +consider a great change so it's no use + + align:start position:0% +consider a great change so it's no use + + + align:start position:0% +consider a great change so it's no use +if you if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay go ahead go bring up another point + + align:start position:0% +okay go ahead go bring up another point + + + align:start position:0% +okay go ahead go bring up another point +if you um you said that the point the + + align:start position:0% +if you um you said that the point the + + + align:start position:0% +if you um you said that the point the +grade is not onfair because the teacher + + align:start position:0% +grade is not onfair because the teacher + + + align:start position:0% +grade is not onfair because the teacher +has obligation to to indicate how grade + + align:start position:0% +has obligation to to indicate how grade + + + align:start position:0% +has obligation to to indicate how grade +is made right but to bring out another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point also a student has obligation to + + align:start position:0% +point also a student has obligation to + + + align:start position:0% +point also a student has obligation to +check GR how great is made dur a class + + align:start position:0% +check GR how great is made dur a class + + + align:start position:0% +check GR how great is made dur a class +so he has has a responsibility of that + + align:start position:0% +so he has has a responsibility of that + + + align:start position:0% +so he has has a responsibility of that +so the r is made out of a reason so he + + align:start position:0% +so the r is made out of a reason so he + + + align:start position:0% +so the r is made out of a reason so he +can't he can't + + align:start position:0% +can't he can't + + + align:start position:0% +can't he can't +complain okay that's a good point but + + align:start position:0% +complain okay that's a good point but + + + align:start position:0% +complain okay that's a good point but +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +professor but the professor should + + align:start position:0% +professor but the professor should + + + align:start position:0% +professor but the professor should +announce the criteria the uh the ging + + align:start position:0% +announce the criteria the uh the ging + + + align:start position:0% +announce the criteria the uh the ging +system at the very beginning of the + + align:start position:0% +system at the very beginning of the + + + align:start position:0% +system at the very beginning of the +semester but it didn't so I don't know + + align:start position:0% +semester but it didn't so I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +semester but it didn't so I don't know +it until I finish my final exam so I + + align:start position:0% +it until I finish my final exam so I + + + align:start position:0% +it until I finish my final exam so I +don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think I agree with you completely + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but oh yeah I also like to point out + + align:start position:0% +but oh yeah I also like to point out + + + align:start position:0% +but oh yeah I also like to point out +that the students the K is need um I + + align:start position:0% +that the students the K is need um I + + + align:start position:0% +that the students the K is need um I +would rather say that the + + align:start position:0% +would rather say that the + + + align:start position:0% +would rather say that the +um the students didn't pay too much + + align:start position:0% +um the students didn't pay too much + + + align:start position:0% +um the students didn't pay too much +attention to the what the teacher said + + align:start position:0% +attention to the what the teacher said + + + align:start position:0% +attention to the what the teacher said +rather uh the teacher made a + + align:start position:0% +rather uh the teacher made a + + + align:start position:0% +rather uh the teacher made a +clear clear make it clear how important + + align:start position:0% +clear clear make it clear how important + + + align:start position:0% +clear clear make it clear how important +the participation is is I think the most + + align:start position:0% +the participation is is I think the most + + + align:start position:0% +the participation is is I think the most +students um blame other people's on that + + align:start position:0% +students um blame other people's on that + + + align:start position:0% +students um blame other people's on that +saying they + + align:start position:0% +saying they + + + align:start position:0% +saying they +P okay remember there are index cards + + align:start position:0% +P okay remember there are index cards + + + align:start position:0% +P okay remember there are index cards +that let you express partial agreement + + align:start position:0% +that let you express partial agreement + + + align:start position:0% +that let you express partial agreement +okay you don't want to agree + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +completely I have some syy with with + + align:start position:0% +completely I have some syy with with + + + align:start position:0% +completely I have some syy with with +your but I think um to protest to the + + align:start position:0% +your but I think um to protest to the + + + align:start position:0% +your but I think um to protest to the +professor is not a good idea because B + + align:start position:0% +professor is not a good idea because B + + + align:start position:0% +professor is not a good idea because B +grade doesn't kill + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you okay I'll give you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that it's not prohibited + + align:start position:0% +that it's not prohibited + + + align:start position:0% +that it's not prohibited +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to complain about that his grade and + + align:start position:0% +to complain about that his grade and + + + align:start position:0% +to complain about that his grade and +there are some similar student who are + + align:start position:0% +there are some similar student who are + + + align:start position:0% +there are some similar student who are +thinking to go to the teacher teacher + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +place okay + + align:start position:0% +place okay + + + align:start position:0% +place okay +yeah I just I'm afraid I have disagree + + align:start position:0% +yeah I just I'm afraid I have disagree + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I just I'm afraid I have disagree +with you because to protest is is your + + align:start position:0% +with you because to protest is is your + + + align:start position:0% +with you because to protest is is your +right to protect you so we must do + + align:start position:0% +right to protect you so we must do + + + align:start position:0% +right to protect you so we must do +something because the cre is + + align:start position:0% +something because the cre is + + + align:start position:0% +something because the cre is +UNF okay disagree with + + align:start position:0% +UNF okay disagree with + + + align:start position:0% +UNF okay disagree with +food + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh a bad idea + + align:start position:0% +uh a bad idea + + + align:start position:0% +uh a bad idea +okay I'm not sure you're getting it + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm not sure you're getting it + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm not sure you're getting it +because in my opinion as uh J + + align:start position:0% +because in my opinion as uh J + + + align:start position:0% +because in my opinion as uh J +said students responsibility that check + + align:start position:0% +said students responsibility that check + + + align:start position:0% +said students responsibility that check +the criteria of the class and Professor + + align:start position:0% +the criteria of the class and Professor + + + align:start position:0% +the criteria of the class and Professor +so it's if he or she get got a bad grade + + align:start position:0% +so it's if he or she get got a bad grade + + + align:start position:0% +so it's if he or she get got a bad grade +because of his um he didn't what he had + + align:start position:0% +because of his um he didn't what he had + + + align:start position:0% +because of his um he didn't what he had +to do so it's not it's not good to + + align:start position:0% +to do so it's not it's not good to + + + align:start position:0% +to do so it's not it's not good to +protect the Prof about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +it's I think thater said information is + + align:start position:0% +it's I think thater said information is + + + align:start position:0% +it's I think thater said information is +very important in the but he didn't + + align:start position:0% +very important in the but he didn't + + + align:start position:0% +very important in the but he didn't +participate the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the am I person assuming that you are + + align:start position:0% +the am I person assuming that you are + + + align:start position:0% +the am I person assuming that you are +you you you mean that the professor said + + align:start position:0% +you you you mean that the professor said + + + align:start position:0% +you you you mean that the professor said +that the participation important but Lee + + align:start position:0% +that the participation important but Lee + + + align:start position:0% +that the participation important but Lee +didn't he listen to that listen to him + + align:start position:0% +didn't he listen to that listen to him + + + align:start position:0% +didn't he listen to that listen to him +during during the place during the place + + align:start position:0% +during during the place during the place + + + align:start position:0% +during during the place during the place +he has to check his + + align:start position:0% +he has to check his + + + align:start position:0% +he has to check his +ready you could you could + + align:start position:0% +ready you could you could + + + align:start position:0% +ready you could you could +use Professor didn't didn't make clear + + align:start position:0% +use Professor didn't didn't make clear + + + align:start position:0% +use Professor didn't didn't make clear +how important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the as as I'm concern in case of or in + + align:start position:0% +the as as I'm concern in case of or in + + + align:start position:0% +the as as I'm concern in case of or in +case of that all student has same has + + align:start position:0% +case of that all student has same has + + + align:start position:0% +case of that all student has same has +similar grade in the course and the + + align:start position:0% +similar grade in the course and the + + + align:start position:0% +similar grade in the course and the +participation will be a good factor to + + align:start position:0% +participation will be a good factor to + + + align:start position:0% +participation will be a good factor to +decide who be get good gr good credit in + + align:start position:0% +decide who be get good gr good credit in + + + align:start position:0% +decide who be get good gr good credit in +the course and it's going to be a low + + align:start position:0% +the course and it's going to be a low + + + align:start position:0% +the course and it's going to be a low +grade in the course so + + align:start position:0% +grade in the course so + + + align:start position:0% +grade in the course so +so so student should be more prepared + + align:start position:0% +so so student should be more prepared + + + align:start position:0% +so so student should be more prepared +for their + + align:start position:0% +for their + + + align:start position:0% +for their +grade + + align:start position:0% +grade + + + align:start position:0% +grade +Cas the kind of this special + + align:start position:0% +Cas the kind of this special + + + align:start position:0% +Cas the kind of this special +case I see what you mean but I think uh + + align:start position:0% +case I see what you mean but I think uh + + + align:start position:0% +case I see what you mean but I think uh +the teacher teacher also think the + + align:start position:0% +the teacher teacher also think the + + + align:start position:0% +the teacher teacher also think the +participation is important so I think + + align:start position:0% +participation is important so I think + + + align:start position:0% +participation is important so I think +the pur is not not uh not an iring it's + + align:start position:0% +the pur is not not uh not an iring it's + + + align:start position:0% +the pur is not not uh not an iring it's +it's kind of suggested so uh he can + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of suggested so uh he can + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of suggested so uh he can +participate to + + align:start position:0% +participate to + + + align:start position:0% +participate to +the class with suggesting his opinion + + align:start position:0% +the class with suggesting his opinion + + + align:start position:0% +the class with suggesting his opinion +and about the grade also so I think the + + align:start position:0% +and about the grade also so I think the + + + align:start position:0% +and about the grade also so I think the +talk with the teacher about the grade + + align:start position:0% +talk with the teacher about the grade + + + align:start position:0% +talk with the teacher about the grade +even though it is it life change it is + + align:start position:0% +even though it is it life change it is + + + align:start position:0% +even though it is it life change it is +also good participation in the class and + + align:start position:0% +also good participation in the class and + + + align:start position:0% +also good participation in the class and +also is put uh put imp plus to another + + align:start position:0% +also is put uh put imp plus to another + + + align:start position:0% +also is put uh put imp plus to another +next semester next class I don't follow + + align:start position:0% +next semester next class I don't follow + + + align:start position:0% +next semester next class I don't follow +how you stand could you say that again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he didn't even listen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this my my point is my point + + align:start position:0% +this my my point is my point + + + align:start position:0% +this my my point is my point +is uh protesting is not an arguing is + + align:start position:0% +is uh protesting is not an arguing is + + + align:start position:0% +is uh protesting is not an arguing is +also a kind of suggesting his opinion + + align:start position:0% +also a kind of suggesting his opinion + + + align:start position:0% +also a kind of suggesting his opinion +and he can be participating in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pr I'm ICT assuming that part uh + + align:start position:0% +pr I'm ICT assuming that part uh + + + align:start position:0% +pr I'm ICT assuming that part uh +complain complaining to the teacher is + + align:start position:0% +complain complaining to the teacher is + + + align:start position:0% +complain complaining to the teacher is +also partici in the + + align:start position:0% +also partici in the + + + align:start position:0% +also partici in the +class yeah I think so but I cannot agree + + align:start position:0% +class yeah I think so but I cannot agree + + + align:start position:0% +class yeah I think so but I cannot agree +with your H because I think that's after + + align:start position:0% +with your H because I think that's after + + + align:start position:0% +with your H because I think that's after +class not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +class can I bring up another Point as I + + align:start position:0% +class can I bring up another Point as I + + + align:start position:0% +class can I bring up another Point as I +see uh the he going to complain to the + + align:start position:0% +see uh the he going to complain to the + + + align:start position:0% +see uh the he going to complain to the +head of the department not the teacher I + + align:start position:0% +head of the department not the teacher I + + + align:start position:0% +head of the department not the teacher I +think you know he should complain uh + + align:start position:0% +think you know he should complain uh + + + align:start position:0% +think you know he should complain uh +directory to the teacher + + align:start position:0% +directory to the teacher + + + align:start position:0% +directory to the teacher +first than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you complain directly to teacher would + + align:start position:0% +you complain directly to teacher would + + + align:start position:0% +you complain directly to teacher would +give him give to students some + + align:start position:0% +give him give to students some + + + align:start position:0% +give him give to students some +disant so I think it's better + + align:start position:0% +disant so I think it's better + + + align:start position:0% +disant so I think it's better +to to the headquarter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inad okay I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think yeah well in my opinion everybody + + align:start position:0% +think yeah well in my opinion everybody + + + align:start position:0% +think yeah well in my opinion everybody +be one important fact that the Miss + + align:start position:0% +be one important fact that the Miss + + + align:start position:0% +be one important fact that the Miss +already sat with the teacher and the + + align:start position:0% +already sat with the teacher and the + + + align:start position:0% +already sat with the teacher and the +teacher said he won't consider a great + + align:start position:0% +teacher said he won't consider a great + + + align:start position:0% +teacher said he won't consider a great +change and so that's the reason why the + + align:start position:0% +change and so that's the reason why the + + + align:start position:0% +change and so that's the reason why the +Le is going to the head the head + + align:start position:0% +Le is going to the head the head + + + align:start position:0% +Le is going to the head the head +Department to discuss discuss this kind + + align:start position:0% +Department to discuss discuss this kind + + + align:start position:0% +Department to discuss discuss this kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +issue okay we're going to stop today + + align:start position:0% +issue okay we're going to stop today + + + align:start position:0% +issue okay we're going to stop today +we're going to continue our debate next + + align:start position:0% +we're going to continue our debate next + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to continue our debate next +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +so no today was a practice round okay so + + align:start position:0% +so no today was a practice round okay so + + + align:start position:0% +so no today was a practice round okay so +next time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/KvtLWgCTwn4.txt b/KvtLWgCTwn4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..119f5b4e9afcb0eec1f1b9cef7c5d9ec328b28c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/KvtLWgCTwn4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2355 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the idea of congruence was introduced to + + align:start position:0% +the idea of congruence was introduced to + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of congruence was introduced to +the World by gaus in the early 18th + + align:start position:0% +the World by gaus in the early 18th + + + align:start position:0% +the World by gaus in the early 18th +century um you've heard of him before I + + align:start position:0% +century um you've heard of him before I + + + align:start position:0% +century um you've heard of him before I +think he's responsible for some work on + + align:start position:0% +think he's responsible for some work on + + + align:start position:0% +think he's responsible for some work on +magnetism + + align:start position:0% +magnetism + + + align:start position:0% +magnetism +also and it turns out that this idea + + align:start position:0% +also and it turns out that this idea + + + align:start position:0% +also and it turns out that this idea +after several centuries remains an + + align:start position:0% +after several centuries remains an + + + align:start position:0% +after several centuries remains an +active field of application and research + + align:start position:0% +active field of application and research + + + align:start position:0% +active field of application and research +uh and particular in computer science + + align:start position:0% +uh and particular in computer science + + + align:start position:0% +uh and particular in computer science +it's used uh significantly in crypto + + align:start position:0% +it's used uh significantly in crypto + + + align:start position:0% +it's used uh significantly in crypto +which is what we're going to be leading + + align:start position:0% +which is what we're going to be leading + + + align:start position:0% +which is what we're going to be leading +up to now uh in this unit uh it's also + + align:start position:0% +up to now uh in this unit uh it's also + + + align:start position:0% +up to now uh in this unit uh it's also +plays a role in uh hashing which is a + + align:start position:0% +plays a role in uh hashing which is a + + + align:start position:0% +plays a role in uh hashing which is a +key uh method for uh managing data in + + align:start position:0% +key uh method for uh managing data in + + + align:start position:0% +key uh method for uh managing data in +memory but we are not going to go into + + align:start position:0% +memory but we are not going to go into + + + align:start position:0% +memory but we are not going to go into +that application anyway uh the + + align:start position:0% +that application anyway uh the + + + align:start position:0% +that application anyway uh the +definition of congruence is real simple + + align:start position:0% +definition of congruence is real simple + + + align:start position:0% +definition of congruence is real simple +congruence is a a relation between two + + align:start position:0% +congruence is a a relation between two + + + align:start position:0% +congruence is a a relation between two +numbers um A and B it's determined by + + align:start position:0% +numbers um A and B it's determined by + + + align:start position:0% +numbers um A and B it's determined by +another parameter n where n is + + align:start position:0% +another parameter n where n is + + + align:start position:0% +another parameter n where n is +considered to be greater than one all of + + align:start position:0% +considered to be greater than one all of + + + align:start position:0% +considered to be greater than one all of +these as usual are integers and the + + align:start position:0% +these as usual are integers and the + + + align:start position:0% +these as usual are integers and the +definition is simp simp L that a is + + align:start position:0% +definition is simp simp L that a is + + + align:start position:0% +definition is simp simp L that a is +congruent to B mod n if n divides a + + align:start position:0% +congruent to B mod n if n divides a + + + align:start position:0% +congruent to B mod n if n divides a +minus b or a minus B is a multiple of + + align:start position:0% +minus b or a minus B is a multiple of + + + align:start position:0% +minus b or a minus B is a multiple of +n um so that's a key definition to + + align:start position:0% +n um so that's a key definition to + + + align:start position:0% +n um so that's a key definition to +remember there's other ways to Define it + + align:start position:0% +remember there's other ways to Define it + + + align:start position:0% +remember there's other ways to Define it +we'll see very shortly an equivalent + + align:start position:0% +we'll see very shortly an equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see very shortly an equivalent +formulation that could equally well have + + align:start position:0% +formulation that could equally well have + + + align:start position:0% +formulation that could equally well have +been used as a definition but this is a + + align:start position:0% +been used as a definition but this is a + + + align:start position:0% +been used as a definition but this is a +standard one uh a is equivalent to b + + align:start position:0% +standard one uh a is equivalent to b + + + align:start position:0% +standard one uh a is equivalent to b +means that a minus B is a multiple of n + + align:start position:0% +means that a minus B is a multiple of n + + + align:start position:0% +means that a minus B is a multiple of n +well let's just practice um 30 is + + align:start position:0% +well let's just practice um 30 is + + + align:start position:0% +well let's just practice um 30 is +equivalent to 12 mod 9 uh because uh 30 + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to 12 mod 9 uh because uh 30 + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to 12 mod 9 uh because uh 30 +minus 12 is 18 and 9 divides + + align:start position:0% +minus 12 is 18 and 9 divides + + + align:start position:0% +minus 12 is 18 and 9 divides +18 okay an immediate application is that + + align:start position:0% +18 okay an immediate application is that + + + align:start position:0% +18 okay an immediate application is that +this number with a lot of sixes ending + + align:start position:0% +this number with a lot of sixes ending + + + align:start position:0% +this number with a lot of sixes ending +in a three is equivalent to uh 788 253 + + align:start position:0% +in a three is equivalent to uh 788 253 + + + align:start position:0% +in a three is equivalent to uh 788 253 +modulo + + align:start position:0% +modulo + + + align:start position:0% +modulo +10 now why is that well there's a very + + align:start position:0% +10 now why is that well there's a very + + + align:start position:0% +10 now why is that well there's a very +simple reason if you think about + + align:start position:0% +simple reason if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +simple reason if you think about +subtracting the six number ending in + + align:start position:0% +subtracting the six number ending in + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting the six number ending in +three from the seven number ending in + + align:start position:0% +three from the seven number ending in + + + align:start position:0% +three from the seven number ending in +three what you can immediately see + + align:start position:0% +three what you can immediately see + + + align:start position:0% +three what you can immediately see +without doing much of any of the + + align:start position:0% +without doing much of any of the + + + align:start position:0% +without doing much of any of the +subtraction just do the low order digits + + align:start position:0% +subtraction just do the low order digits + + + align:start position:0% +subtraction just do the low order digits +um when you subtract these you're going + + align:start position:0% +um when you subtract these you're going + + + align:start position:0% +um when you subtract these you're going +to get a number that ends in zero which + + align:start position:0% +to get a number that ends in zero which + + + align:start position:0% +to get a number that ends in zero which +means that it's divisible by 10 and + + align:start position:0% +means that it's divisible by 10 and + + + align:start position:0% +means that it's divisible by 10 and +therefore those two numbers are + + align:start position:0% +therefore those two numbers are + + + align:start position:0% +therefore those two numbers are +congruent it's very easy to tell when + + align:start position:0% +congruent it's very easy to tell when + + + align:start position:0% +congruent it's very easy to tell when +two numbers are congruent mod 10 because + + align:start position:0% +two numbers are congruent mod 10 because + + + align:start position:0% +two numbers are congruent mod 10 because +they just have the same lower + + align:start position:0% +they just have the same lower + + + align:start position:0% +they just have the same lower +digit okay + + align:start position:0% +digit okay + + + align:start position:0% +digit okay +um another way to understand congruence + + align:start position:0% +um another way to understand congruence + + + align:start position:0% +um another way to understand congruence +and what it's really all about is the + + align:start position:0% +and what it's really all about is the + + + align:start position:0% +and what it's really all about is the +so-called remainder lmma which says that + + align:start position:0% +so-called remainder lmma which says that + + + align:start position:0% +so-called remainder lmma which says that +uh a is congruent to B mod n if and only + + align:start position:0% +uh a is congruent to B mod n if and only + + + align:start position:0% +uh a is congruent to B mod n if and only +if a and b have the same remainder on + + align:start position:0% +if a and b have the same remainder on + + + align:start position:0% +if a and b have the same remainder on +division by n so let's work with that + + align:start position:0% +division by n so let's work with that + + + align:start position:0% +division by n so let's work with that +definition we can conclude using this + + align:start position:0% +definition we can conclude using this + + + align:start position:0% +definition we can conclude using this +formulation equivalent formulation that + + align:start position:0% +formulation equivalent formulation that + + + align:start position:0% +formulation equivalent formulation that +30 is uh equivalent to 12 mod 9 because + + align:start position:0% +30 is uh equivalent to 12 mod 9 because + + + align:start position:0% +30 is uh equivalent to 12 mod 9 because +the remainder of 30 / 9 well it's it's 3 + + align:start position:0% +the remainder of 30 / 9 well it's it's 3 + + + align:start position:0% +the remainder of 30 / 9 well it's it's 3 +* 9 is 27 remainder three and the + + align:start position:0% +* 9 is 27 remainder three and the + + + align:start position:0% +* 9 is 27 remainder three and the +remainder of 12 by 9 is three so they do + + align:start position:0% +remainder of 12 by 9 is three so they do + + + align:start position:0% +remainder of 12 by 9 is three so they do +indeed have the same remainder three and + + align:start position:0% +indeed have the same remainder three and + + + align:start position:0% +indeed have the same remainder three and +they're congruent by the way the this + + align:start position:0% +they're congruent by the way the this + + + align:start position:0% +they're congruent by the way the this +sign uh this equivalent sign with the + + align:start position:0% +sign uh this equivalent sign with the + + + align:start position:0% +sign uh this equivalent sign with the +three horizontal bars is read is both + + align:start position:0% +three horizontal bars is read is both + + + align:start position:0% +three horizontal bars is read is both +equivalent and congruent and I will be + + align:start position:0% +equivalent and congruent and I will be + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent and congruent and I will be +bouncing in fact between the two + + align:start position:0% +bouncing in fact between the two + + + align:start position:0% +bouncing in fact between the two +pronunciations indiscriminately they + + align:start position:0% +pronunciations indiscriminately they + + + align:start position:0% +pronunciations indiscriminately they +synonyms okay um let's think about + + align:start position:0% +synonyms okay um let's think about + + + align:start position:0% +synonyms okay um let's think about +proving this remainder limra just for + + align:start position:0% +proving this remainder limra just for + + + align:start position:0% +proving this remainder limra just for +practice um and in order to fit on the + + align:start position:0% +practice um and in order to fit on the + + + align:start position:0% +practice um and in order to fit on the +slide I'm going to have to abbreviate + + align:start position:0% +slide I'm going to have to abbreviate + + + align:start position:0% +slide I'm going to have to abbreviate +this idea of the remainder of B divided + + align:start position:0% +this idea of the remainder of B divided + + + align:start position:0% +this idea of the remainder of B divided +by n with a shorter notation R sub n + + align:start position:0% +by n with a shorter notation R sub n + + + align:start position:0% +by n with a shorter notation R sub n +just to fit okay so the if direction of + + align:start position:0% +just to fit okay so the if direction of + + + align:start position:0% +just to fit okay so the if direction of +proving the remainder limma that they're + + align:start position:0% +proving the remainder limma that they're + + + align:start position:0% +proving the remainder limma that they're +congruent if and only if they have the + + align:start position:0% +congruent if and only if they have the + + + align:start position:0% +congruent if and only if they have the +same remainder the if Direction here in + + align:start position:0% +same remainder the if Direction here in + + + align:start position:0% +same remainder the if Direction here in +an if and only if is from right to left + + align:start position:0% +an if and only if is from right to left + + + align:start position:0% +an if and only if is from right to left +is that um I've got to prove that uh if + + align:start position:0% +is that um I've got to prove that uh if + + + align:start position:0% +is that um I've got to prove that uh if +they have the same remainder then + + align:start position:0% +they have the same remainder then + + + align:start position:0% +they have the same remainder then +they're congruent so there are the two + + align:start position:0% +they're congruent so there are the two + + + align:start position:0% +they're congruent so there are the two +numbers by A and B by the division uh + + align:start position:0% +numbers by A and B by the division uh + + + align:start position:0% +numbers by A and B by the division uh +theorem or division algorithm they can + + align:start position:0% +theorem or division algorithm they can + + + align:start position:0% +theorem or division algorithm they can +each be expressed as a quotient uh of a + + align:start position:0% +each be expressed as a quotient uh of a + + + align:start position:0% +each be expressed as a quotient uh of a +/ n * the quotient + + align:start position:0% +/ n * the quotient + + + align:start position:0% +/ n * the quotient +uh sub a plus the remainder of a / n and + + align:start position:0% +uh sub a plus the remainder of a / n and + + + align:start position:0% +uh sub a plus the remainder of a / n and +likewise B can be expressed in terms of + + align:start position:0% +likewise B can be expressed in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +likewise B can be expressed in terms of +quotient and remainder and what we're + + align:start position:0% +quotient and remainder and what we're + + + align:start position:0% +quotient and remainder and what we're +given here is that the remainders are + + align:start position:0% +given here is that the remainders are + + + align:start position:0% +given here is that the remainders are +equal but if the remainders are equal + + align:start position:0% +equal but if the remainders are equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal but if the remainders are equal +then clearly when I subtract a minus B I + + align:start position:0% +then clearly when I subtract a minus B I + + + align:start position:0% +then clearly when I subtract a minus B I +get QA minus QB * n sure enough a minus + + align:start position:0% +get QA minus QB * n sure enough a minus + + + align:start position:0% +get QA minus QB * n sure enough a minus +B is a multiple of N and that takes care + + align:start position:0% +B is a multiple of N and that takes care + + + align:start position:0% +B is a multiple of N and that takes care +of that one the only if Direction now + + align:start position:0% +of that one the only if Direction now + + + align:start position:0% +of that one the only if Direction now +goes from left to right so in the + + align:start position:0% +goes from left to right so in the + + + align:start position:0% +goes from left to right so in the +converse I'm going to assume that n + + align:start position:0% +converse I'm going to assume that n + + + align:start position:0% +converse I'm going to assume that n +divides a minus B where A and B are + + align:start position:0% +divides a minus B where A and B are + + + align:start position:0% +divides a minus B where A and B are +expressed in this form by the uh + + align:start position:0% +expressed in this form by the uh + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in this form by the uh +division algorithm or division theorem + + align:start position:0% +division algorithm or division theorem + + + align:start position:0% +division algorithm or division theorem +so if n divides a minus B looking at a + + align:start position:0% +so if n divides a minus B looking at a + + + align:start position:0% +so if n divides a minus B looking at a +minus B in that form what we what we're + + align:start position:0% +minus B in that form what we what we're + + + align:start position:0% +minus B in that form what we what we're +seeing is that n divides this uh QA + + align:start position:0% +seeing is that n divides this uh QA + + + align:start position:0% +seeing is that n divides this uh QA +minus QB * n plus the difference of the + + align:start position:0% +minus QB * n plus the difference of the + + + align:start position:0% +minus QB * n plus the difference of the +remainders that's what I get just by + + align:start position:0% +remainders that's what I get just by + + + align:start position:0% +remainders that's what I get just by +subtracting A and B but if you look at + + align:start position:0% +subtracting A and B but if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting A and B but if you look at +this um n divides that term the quotient + + align:start position:0% +this um n divides that term the quotient + + + align:start position:0% +this um n divides that term the quotient +uh uh times n uh and uh it therefore has + + align:start position:0% +uh uh times n uh and uh it therefore has + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh times n uh and uh it therefore has +to divide the other term as well cu the + + align:start position:0% +to divide the other term as well cu the + + + align:start position:0% +to divide the other term as well cu the +only way that n can divide a sum when it + + align:start position:0% +only way that n can divide a sum when it + + + align:start position:0% +only way that n can divide a sum when it +divides one of the sum ands is if it + + align:start position:0% +divides one of the sum ands is if it + + + align:start position:0% +divides one of the sum ands is if it +divides the other sum and so n divides + + align:start position:0% +divides the other sum and so n divides + + + align:start position:0% +divides the other sum and so n divides +ra minus uh the remainder of a ID n from + + align:start position:0% +ra minus uh the remainder of a ID n from + + + align:start position:0% +ra minus uh the remainder of a ID n from +B / n but remember these are remainders + + align:start position:0% +B / n but remember these are remainders + + + align:start position:0% +B / n but remember these are remainders +so that means that they're both in the + + align:start position:0% +so that means that they're both in the + + + align:start position:0% +so that means that they're both in the +interval from 0 to n minus one inclusive + + align:start position:0% +interval from 0 to n minus one inclusive + + + align:start position:0% +interval from 0 to n minus one inclusive +and the distance between them has got to + + align:start position:0% +and the distance between them has got to + + + align:start position:0% +and the distance between them has got to +be less than one so if n divides a + + align:start position:0% +be less than one so if n divides a + + + align:start position:0% +be less than one so if n divides a +number that's uh between zero and N + + align:start position:0% +number that's uh between zero and N + + + align:start position:0% +number that's uh between zero and N +minus one that number has to be zero + + align:start position:0% +minus one that number has to be zero + + + align:start position:0% +minus one that number has to be zero +because it's the only number that n + + align:start position:0% +because it's the only number that n + + + align:start position:0% +because it's the only number that n +divides in there so in fact uh the + + align:start position:0% +divides in there so in fact uh the + + + align:start position:0% +divides in there so in fact uh the +difference of the remainders is zero and + + align:start position:0% +difference of the remainders is zero and + + + align:start position:0% +difference of the remainders is zero and +therefore the remainders are equal and + + align:start position:0% +therefore the remainders are equal and + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the remainders are equal and +we've knocked that one + + align:start position:0% +we've knocked that one + + + align:start position:0% +we've knocked that one +off so there it is restated the + + align:start position:0% +off so there it is restated the + + + align:start position:0% +off so there it is restated the +remainder Lemma says that if they're + + align:start position:0% +remainder Lemma says that if they're + + + align:start position:0% +remainder Lemma says that if they're +they're congruent if and only if they + + align:start position:0% +they're congruent if and only if they + + + align:start position:0% +they're congruent if and only if they +have the same remainders and that's + + align:start position:0% +have the same remainders and that's + + + align:start position:0% +have the same remainders and that's +worth putting a box around to highlight + + align:start position:0% +worth putting a box around to highlight + + + align:start position:0% +worth putting a box around to highlight +this crucial fact which could equally + + align:start position:0% +this crucial fact which could equally + + + align:start position:0% +this crucial fact which could equally +well have been used as a definition of + + align:start position:0% +well have been used as a definition of + + + align:start position:0% +well have been used as a definition of +congruence um and then you'd prove the + + align:start position:0% +congruence um and then you'd prove the + + + align:start position:0% +congruence um and then you'd prove the +division definition that we began with + + align:start position:0% +division definition that we began with + + + align:start position:0% +division definition that we began with +now some immediate consequences of this + + align:start position:0% +now some immediate consequences of this + + + align:start position:0% +now some immediate consequences of this +uh remainder Lemma are that a congruence + + align:start position:0% +uh remainder Lemma are that a congruence + + + align:start position:0% +uh remainder Lemma are that a congruence +uh inherits from a lot of properties of + + align:start position:0% +uh inherits from a lot of properties of + + + align:start position:0% +uh inherits from a lot of properties of +equality because it means nothing more + + align:start position:0% +equality because it means nothing more + + + align:start position:0% +equality because it means nothing more +than that the remainders are equal so + + align:start position:0% +than that the remainders are equal so + + + align:start position:0% +than that the remainders are equal so +for example we can say that congruence + + align:start position:0% +for example we can say that congruence + + + align:start position:0% +for example we can say that congruence +is symmetric meaning that if a is + + align:start position:0% +is symmetric meaning that if a is + + + align:start position:0% +is symmetric meaning that if a is +congruent to B then B is congruent to a + + align:start position:0% +congruent to B then B is congruent to a + + + align:start position:0% +congruent to B then B is congruent to a +and that's obvious because a congruent + + align:start position:0% +and that's obvious because a congruent + + + align:start position:0% +and that's obvious because a congruent +to b means that A and B have the same + + align:start position:0% +to b means that A and B have the same + + + align:start position:0% +to b means that A and B have the same +remainder so b and a have the same + + align:start position:0% +remainder so b and a have the same + + + align:start position:0% +remainder so b and a have the same +remainder um uh one that would actually + + align:start position:0% +remainder um uh one that would actually + + + align:start position:0% +remainder um uh one that would actually +take a little bit of work to prove from + + align:start position:0% +take a little bit of work to prove from + + + align:start position:0% +take a little bit of work to prove from +the division definition not a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the division definition not a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the division definition not a lot of +work but a little bit would be that if a + + align:start position:0% +work but a little bit would be that if a + + + align:start position:0% +work but a little bit would be that if a +is congruent to B and B is congruent to + + align:start position:0% +is congruent to B and B is congruent to + + + align:start position:0% +is congruent to B and B is congruent to +C then a is congruent to C but we can + + align:start position:0% +C then a is congruent to C but we can + + + align:start position:0% +C then a is congruent to C but we can +read it as saying the first says that A + + align:start position:0% +read it as saying the first says that A + + + align:start position:0% +read it as saying the first says that A +and B have the same remainder the second + + align:start position:0% +and B have the same remainder the second + + + align:start position:0% +and B have the same remainder the second +says that B and C have the same + + align:start position:0% +says that B and C have the same + + + align:start position:0% +says that B and C have the same +remainder so obviously A and C have the + + align:start position:0% +remainder so obviously A and C have the + + + align:start position:0% +remainder so obviously A and C have the +same remainder and we've proved this + + align:start position:0% +same remainder and we've proved this + + + align:start position:0% +same remainder and we've proved this +property that's known as transitivity of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +congruence another simple consequence of + + align:start position:0% +congruence another simple consequence of + + + align:start position:0% +congruence another simple consequence of +the remainder theorem is a little + + align:start position:0% +the remainder theorem is a little + + + align:start position:0% +the remainder theorem is a little +technical result that's enormously + + align:start position:0% +technical result that's enormously + + + align:start position:0% +technical result that's enormously +useful called the remainder lmma which + + align:start position:0% +useful called the remainder lmma which + + + align:start position:0% +useful called the remainder lmma which +says simply that a number is congruent + + align:start position:0% +says simply that a number is congruent + + + align:start position:0% +says simply that a number is congruent +to its own remainder modulo n um the + + align:start position:0% +to its own remainder modulo n um the + + + align:start position:0% +to its own remainder modulo n um the +proof is um is easy uh let's prove it by + + align:start position:0% +proof is um is easy uh let's prove it by + + + align:start position:0% +proof is um is easy uh let's prove it by +showing that a and the remainder of a + + align:start position:0% +showing that a and the remainder of a + + + align:start position:0% +showing that a and the remainder of a +have the same remainder well if I take + + align:start position:0% +have the same remainder well if I take + + + align:start position:0% +have the same remainder well if I take +remainders of both sides the left hand + + align:start position:0% +remainders of both sides the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +remainders of both sides the left hand +side becomes the remainder of a / n the + + align:start position:0% +side becomes the remainder of a / n the + + + align:start position:0% +side becomes the remainder of a / n the +right hand side is the remainder of the + + align:start position:0% +right hand side is the remainder of the + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side is the remainder of the +remainder but the point is that the + + align:start position:0% +remainder but the point is that the + + + align:start position:0% +remainder but the point is that the +remainder is in the interval from 0 to n + + align:start position:0% +remainder is in the interval from 0 to n + + + align:start position:0% +remainder is in the interval from 0 to n +and that means when you take its + + align:start position:0% +and that means when you take its + + + align:start position:0% +and that means when you take its +remainder mod and it's itself and + + align:start position:0% +remainder mod and it's itself and + + + align:start position:0% +remainder mod and it's itself and +therefore uh the left hand side is the + + align:start position:0% +therefore uh the left hand side is the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore uh the left hand side is the +remainder of a divided n and the right + + align:start position:0% +remainder of a divided n and the right + + + align:start position:0% +remainder of a divided n and the right +hand side is also the remainder of the a + + align:start position:0% +hand side is also the remainder of the a + + + align:start position:0% +hand side is also the remainder of the a +ided n and we have + + align:start position:0% +ided n and we have + + + align:start position:0% +ided n and we have +proved uh the uh this corollary That's + + align:start position:0% +proved uh the uh this corollary That's + + + align:start position:0% +proved uh the uh this corollary That's +the basis of remainder arithmetic which + + align:start position:0% +the basis of remainder arithmetic which + + + align:start position:0% +the basis of remainder arithmetic which +will basically allow us whenever we feel + + align:start position:0% +will basically allow us whenever we feel + + + align:start position:0% +will basically allow us whenever we feel +like it to replace numbers by their + + align:start position:0% +like it to replace numbers by their + + + align:start position:0% +like it to replace numbers by their +remainders and that way keep the numbers + + align:start position:0% +remainders and that way keep the numbers + + + align:start position:0% +remainders and that way keep the numbers +small um and that also merits a + + align:start position:0% +small um and that also merits a + + + align:start position:0% +small um and that also merits a +highlight okay now in addition to these + + align:start position:0% +highlight okay now in addition to these + + + align:start position:0% +highlight okay now in addition to these +properties like equality uh that + + align:start position:0% +properties like equality uh that + + + align:start position:0% +properties like equality uh that +congruence has it also interacts very + + align:start position:0% +congruence has it also interacts very + + + align:start position:0% +congruence has it also interacts very +well with the operations which is why + + align:start position:0% +well with the operations which is why + + + align:start position:0% +well with the operations which is why +it's called a congruence a congruence is + + align:start position:0% +it's called a congruence a congruence is + + + align:start position:0% +it's called a congruence a congruence is +a is an equality like relation that + + align:start position:0% +a is an equality like relation that + + + align:start position:0% +a is an equality like relation that +respects the operations that are + + align:start position:0% +respects the operations that are + + + align:start position:0% +respects the operations that are +relevant to the discussion in this case + + align:start position:0% +relevant to the discussion in this case + + + align:start position:0% +relevant to the discussion in this case +we're going to be talking about plus and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be talking about plus and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be talking about plus and +times and the congr the first fact about + + align:start position:0% +times and the congr the first fact about + + + align:start position:0% +times and the congr the first fact about +congruent says that if a and b are + + align:start position:0% +congruent says that if a and b are + + + align:start position:0% +congruent says that if a and b are +congruent then A+ C and B+ C are + + align:start position:0% +congruent then A+ C and B+ C are + + + align:start position:0% +congruent then A+ C and B+ C are +congruent the proof of that follows + + align:start position:0% +congruent the proof of that follows + + + align:start position:0% +congruent the proof of that follows +trivially from the definition because + + align:start position:0% +trivially from the definition because + + + align:start position:0% +trivially from the definition because +the a congruent to B mod n says that n + + align:start position:0% +the a congruent to B mod n says that n + + + align:start position:0% +the a congruent to B mod n says that n +divides a minus B and if n divides a + + align:start position:0% +divides a minus B and if n divides a + + + align:start position:0% +divides a minus B and if n divides a +minus B obviously n divides a plus c + + align:start position:0% +minus B obviously n divides a plus c + + + align:start position:0% +minus B obviously n divides a plus c +minus B plus C because a plus c minus B + + align:start position:0% +minus B plus C because a plus c minus B + + + align:start position:0% +minus B plus C because a plus c minus B +plus C is equal to a minus B that one is + + align:start position:0% +plus C is equal to a minus B that one is + + + align:start position:0% +plus C is equal to a minus B that one is +deceptively trivial + + align:start position:0% +deceptively trivial + + + align:start position:0% +deceptively trivial +um uh it's also the case that if a is + + align:start position:0% +um uh it's also the case that if a is + + + align:start position:0% +um uh it's also the case that if a is +congruent to B then a * C is congruent + + align:start position:0% +congruent to B then a * C is congruent + + + align:start position:0% +congruent to B then a * C is congruent +to B * C uh this one takes a oneline + + align:start position:0% +to B * C uh this one takes a oneline + + + align:start position:0% +to B * C uh this one takes a oneline +proof um we're given that n divides a + + align:start position:0% +proof um we're given that n divides a + + + align:start position:0% +proof um we're given that n divides a +minus B um that certainly implies that n + + align:start position:0% +minus B um that certainly implies that n + + + align:start position:0% +minus B um that certainly implies that n +divides any multiple of a minus B so + + align:start position:0% +divides any multiple of a minus B so + + + align:start position:0% +divides any multiple of a minus B so +multiply it by C and then apply + + align:start position:0% +multiply it by C and then apply + + + align:start position:0% +multiply it by C and then apply +distributivity and you discover that n + + align:start position:0% +distributivity and you discover that n + + + align:start position:0% +distributivity and you discover that n +divides AC minus BC which means AC is + + align:start position:0% +divides AC minus BC which means AC is + + + align:start position:0% +divides AC minus BC which means AC is +congruent to BC modulo + + align:start position:0% +congruent to BC modulo + + + align:start position:0% +congruent to BC modulo +n um it's a small step that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +n um it's a small step that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +n um it's a small step that I'm going to +Omit to go from adding the same constant + + align:start position:0% +Omit to go from adding the same constant + + + align:start position:0% +Omit to go from adding the same constant +to both sides to adding any two + + align:start position:0% +to both sides to adding any two + + + align:start position:0% +to both sides to adding any two +congruent numbers to the same size so if + + align:start position:0% +congruent numbers to the same size so if + + + align:start position:0% +congruent numbers to the same size so if +a is congruent to B and C is congruent + + align:start position:0% +a is congruent to B and C is congruent + + + align:start position:0% +a is congruent to B and C is congruent +to D then in fact a plus c is congruent + + align:start position:0% +to D then in fact a plus c is congruent + + + align:start position:0% +to D then in fact a plus c is congruent +to B plus d so again congruence is + + align:start position:0% +to B plus d so again congruence is + + + align:start position:0% +to B plus d so again congruence is +acting a lot like ordinary equality if + + align:start position:0% +acting a lot like ordinary equality if + + + align:start position:0% +acting a lot like ordinary equality if +you add equals to equals you get equals + + align:start position:0% +you add equals to equals you get equals + + + align:start position:0% +you add equals to equals you get equals +uh and of course the same uh fact + + align:start position:0% +uh and of course the same uh fact + + + align:start position:0% +uh and of course the same uh fact +applies to multiplication if you + + align:start position:0% +applies to multiplication if you + + + align:start position:0% +applies to multiplication if you +multiply equals by equals you get + + align:start position:0% +multiply equals by equals you get + + + align:start position:0% +multiply equals by equals you get +equals um a corollary of this is that if + + align:start position:0% +equals um a corollary of this is that if + + + align:start position:0% +equals um a corollary of this is that if +I have two numbers that are congruent + + align:start position:0% +I have two numbers that are congruent + + + align:start position:0% +I have two numbers that are congruent +modulo n then if I have any kind of + + align:start position:0% +modulo n then if I have any kind of + + + align:start position:0% +modulo n then if I have any kind of +arithmetic formula involving plus and + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic formula involving plus and + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic formula involving plus and +times and minus uh and what I want to + + align:start position:0% +times and minus uh and what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +times and minus uh and what I want to +know is what it's equivalent to modulo N + + align:start position:0% +know is what it's equivalent to modulo N + + + align:start position:0% +know is what it's equivalent to modulo N +I can figure that out freely + + align:start position:0% +I can figure that out freely + + + align:start position:0% +I can figure that out freely +substituting uh a by a prime or a prime + + align:start position:0% +substituting uh a by a prime or a prime + + + align:start position:0% +substituting uh a by a prime or a prime +by a I can replace any number by a + + align:start position:0% +by a I can replace any number by a + + + align:start position:0% +by a I can replace any number by a +number that it's congruent to and the + + align:start position:0% +number that it's congruent to and the + + + align:start position:0% +number that it's congruent to and the +final congruence uh result of of the + + align:start position:0% +final congruence uh result of of the + + + align:start position:0% +final congruence uh result of of the +formula is going to remain + + align:start position:0% +formula is going to remain + + + align:start position:0% +formula is going to remain +unchanged so overall what this shows is + + align:start position:0% +unchanged so overall what this shows is + + + align:start position:0% +unchanged so overall what this shows is +that arithmetic modulo N is a lot like + + align:start position:0% +that arithmetic modulo N is a lot like + + + align:start position:0% +that arithmetic modulo N is a lot like +ordinary arithmetic and the other + + align:start position:0% +ordinary arithmetic and the other + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary arithmetic and the other +crucial point though that follows from + + align:start position:0% +crucial point though that follows from + + + align:start position:0% +crucial point though that follows from +this fact about remainders is that um + + align:start position:0% +this fact about remainders is that um + + + align:start position:0% +this fact about remainders is that um +because a is congruent to the remainder + + align:start position:0% +because a is congruent to the remainder + + + align:start position:0% +because a is congruent to the remainder +of a / n then when I'm doing arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +of a / n then when I'm doing arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +of a / n then when I'm doing arithmetic +on congruences I can always keep the + + align:start position:0% +on congruences I can always keep the + + + align:start position:0% +on congruences I can always keep the +numbers involved in the remainder + + align:start position:0% +numbers involved in the remainder + + + align:start position:0% +numbers involved in the remainder +interval that is in the remainder range + + align:start position:0% +interval that is in the remainder range + + + align:start position:0% +interval that is in the remainder range +from 0 to n minus one and we use this + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to n minus one and we use this + + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to n minus one and we use this +standard closed open notation interval + + align:start position:0% +standard closed open notation interval + + + align:start position:0% +standard closed open notation interval +notation um to mean uh the interval from + + align:start position:0% +notation um to mean uh the interval from + + + align:start position:0% +notation um to mean uh the interval from +0 to n so this is R this is it's + + align:start position:0% +0 to n so this is R this is it's + + + align:start position:0% +0 to n so this is R this is it's +sometimes used in analysis to mean the + + align:start position:0% +sometimes used in analysis to mean the + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes used in analysis to mean the +real interval of reals but we're always + + align:start position:0% +real interval of reals but we're always + + + align:start position:0% +real interval of reals but we're always +talking about integers so this means the + + align:start position:0% +talking about integers so this means the + + + align:start position:0% +talking about integers so this means the +integers that square bracket means zero + + align:start position:0% +integers that square bracket means zero + + + align:start position:0% +integers that square bracket means zero +is included and round parenthesis means + + align:start position:0% +is included and round parenthesis means + + + align:start position:0% +is included and round parenthesis means +that n is excl included so it's the + + align:start position:0% +that n is excl included so it's the + + + align:start position:0% +that n is excl included so it's the +that's exactly a description of the + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly a description of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly a description of the +integers that are greater than or equal + + align:start position:0% +integers that are greater than or equal + + + align:start position:0% +integers that are greater than or equal +to Zer and less than + + align:start position:0% +to Zer and less than + + + align:start position:0% +to Zer and less than +n Let's do an application of this uh + + align:start position:0% +n Let's do an application of this uh + + + align:start position:0% +n Let's do an application of this uh +remainder arithmetic idea suppose I want + + align:start position:0% +remainder arithmetic idea suppose I want + + + align:start position:0% +remainder arithmetic idea suppose I want +to figure out what's 2 to the 287 to the + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what's 2 to the 287 to the + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what's 2 to the 287 to the +9th power modulo + + align:start position:0% +9th power modulo + + + align:start position:0% +9th power modulo +4 well for a start uh if I take the + + align:start position:0% +4 well for a start uh if I take the + + + align:start position:0% +4 well for a start uh if I take the +remainder of 287 / 4 it's not very hard + + align:start position:0% +remainder of 287 / 4 it's not very hard + + + align:start position:0% +remainder of 287 / 4 it's not very hard +to check that that that's three and that + + align:start position:0% +to check that that that's three and that + + + align:start position:0% +to check that that that's three and that +means that 287 to the 9th is congruent + + align:start position:0% +means that 287 to the 9th is congruent + + + align:start position:0% +means that 287 to the 9th is congruent +mod 4 to 3 to the 9th so already I got + + align:start position:0% +mod 4 to 3 to the 9th so already I got + + + align:start position:0% +mod 4 to 3 to the 9th so already I got +rid of the three-digit number at the + + align:start position:0% +rid of the three-digit number at the + + + align:start position:0% +rid of the three-digit number at the +base of the exponent and replaced it + + align:start position:0% +base of the exponent and replaced it + + + align:start position:0% +base of the exponent and replaced it +just by a one-digit number three that's + + align:start position:0% +just by a one-digit number three that's + + + align:start position:0% +just by a one-digit number three that's +progress well we can make more progress + + align:start position:0% +progress well we can make more progress + + + align:start position:0% +progress well we can make more progress +because 3 to the 9th can be expressed as + + align:start position:0% +because 3 to the 9th can be expressed as + + + align:start position:0% +because 3 to the 9th can be expressed as +3^ 2^ 2 s * 3 right because when you're + + align:start position:0% +3^ 2^ 2 s * 3 right because when you're + + + align:start position:0% +3^ 2^ 2 s * 3 right because when you're +when you iterate taking Powers it means + + align:start position:0% +when you iterate taking Powers it means + + + align:start position:0% +when you iterate taking Powers it means +that the exponents multiply so this is 3 + + align:start position:0% +that the exponents multiply so this is 3 + + + align:start position:0% +that the exponents multiply so this is 3 +2 * 2 * 2 or 8 * 3 which adds one to the + + align:start position:0% +2 * 2 * 2 or 8 * 3 which adds one to the + + + align:start position:0% +2 * 2 * 2 or 8 * 3 which adds one to the +exponent or N9 so that's simple um + + align:start position:0% +exponent or N9 so that's simple um + + + align:start position:0% +exponent or N9 so that's simple um +exponent arithmetic but uh notice that + + align:start position:0% +exponent arithmetic but uh notice that + + + align:start position:0% +exponent arithmetic but uh notice that +um 3 + + align:start position:0% +um 3 + + + align:start position:0% +um 3 +squared uh is n and nine is congruent to + + align:start position:0% +squared uh is n and nine is congruent to + + + align:start position:0% +squared uh is n and nine is congruent to +1 mod 4 so that means I can replace 3^ + + align:start position:0% +1 mod 4 so that means I can replace 3^ + + + align:start position:0% +1 mod 4 so that means I can replace 3^ +squ by by one and it becomes the outer + + align:start position:0% +squ by by one and it becomes the outer + + + align:start position:0% +squ by by one and it becomes the outer +two squar stays it becomes 1^ 2 squared + + align:start position:0% +two squar stays it becomes 1^ 2 squared + + + align:start position:0% +two squar stays it becomes 1^ 2 squared +but that's 1 * 3 and the punch line is + + align:start position:0% +but that's 1 * 3 and the punch line is + + + align:start position:0% +but that's 1 * 3 and the punch line is +that 287 to the 9th is congruent to 3 + + align:start position:0% +that 287 to the 9th is congruent to 3 + + + align:start position:0% +that 287 to the 9th is congruent to 3 +mod 4 uh by a a really easy calculation + + align:start position:0% +mod 4 uh by a a really easy calculation + + + align:start position:0% +mod 4 uh by a a really easy calculation +that did not Volve involve taking + + align:start position:0% +that did not Volve involve taking + + + align:start position:0% +that did not Volve involve taking +anything to the ninth power \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/KvxNqMMZ-2w.txt b/KvxNqMMZ-2w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a58f7caa101ae46e208faa7d3f1a5901aee8ab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/KvxNqMMZ-2w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,587 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in a material that is uniformly + + align:start position:0% +in a material that is uniformly + + + align:start position:0% +in a material that is uniformly +conducting free charges tend to + + align:start position:0% +conducting free charges tend to + + + align:start position:0% +conducting free charges tend to +accumulate at interfaces + + align:start position:0% +accumulate at interfaces + + + align:start position:0% +accumulate at interfaces +in regions where the conductivity + + align:start position:0% +in regions where the conductivity + + + align:start position:0% +in regions where the conductivity +changes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +abruptly the slightly conducting oil in + + align:start position:0% +abruptly the slightly conducting oil in + + + align:start position:0% +abruptly the slightly conducting oil in +this tank allows us to further + + align:start position:0% +this tank allows us to further + + + align:start position:0% +this tank allows us to further +illustrate the sheer stresses caused by + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the sheer stresses caused by + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the sheer stresses caused by +the accumulation of surface charge and a + + align:start position:0% +the accumulation of surface charge and a + + + align:start position:0% +the accumulation of surface charge and a +tangential + + align:start position:0% +tangential + + + align:start position:0% +tangential +field the left electrode is grounded the + + align:start position:0% +field the left electrode is grounded the + + + align:start position:0% +field the left electrode is grounded the +right electrode as well as the slanted + + align:start position:0% +right electrode as well as the slanted + + + align:start position:0% +right electrode as well as the slanted +plate is to be raised to a potential of + + align:start position:0% +plate is to be raised to a potential of + + + align:start position:0% +plate is to be raised to a potential of +10 to 20 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Kilts the fluid moves to the right near + + align:start position:0% +Kilts the fluid moves to the right near + + + align:start position:0% +Kilts the fluid moves to the right near +the interface and is returned near the + + align:start position:0% +the interface and is returned near the + + + align:start position:0% +the interface and is returned near the +bottom the motion suggests that there is + + align:start position:0% +bottom the motion suggests that there is + + + align:start position:0% +bottom the motion suggests that there is +an electrical shearing surface force + + align:start position:0% +an electrical shearing surface force + + + align:start position:0% +an electrical shearing surface force +acting at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interface the potential between the end + + align:start position:0% +interface the potential between the end + + + align:start position:0% +interface the potential between the end +electrodes causes a uniform current + + align:start position:0% +electrodes causes a uniform current + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes causes a uniform current +density throughout the liquid with an + + align:start position:0% +density throughout the liquid with an + + + align:start position:0% +density throughout the liquid with an +attendant electric field intensity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +both the right and upper electrodes are + + align:start position:0% +both the right and upper electrodes are + + + align:start position:0% +both the right and upper electrodes are +raised to the positive + + align:start position:0% +raised to the positive + + + align:start position:0% +raised to the positive +potential while the potential increases + + align:start position:0% +potential while the potential increases + + + align:start position:0% +potential while the potential increases +linearly from the left to right along + + align:start position:0% +linearly from the left to right along + + + align:start position:0% +linearly from the left to right along +the fluid + + align:start position:0% +the fluid + + + align:start position:0% +the fluid +interface this interface acts as the + + align:start position:0% +interface this interface acts as the + + + align:start position:0% +interface this interface acts as the +lower plate of a distributed capacitor + + align:start position:0% +lower plate of a distributed capacitor + + + align:start position:0% +lower plate of a distributed capacitor +with the upper electrode the opposite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plate that is the slanted plate induces + + align:start position:0% +plate that is the slanted plate induces + + + align:start position:0% +plate that is the slanted plate induces +surface charges on the + + align:start position:0% +surface charges on the + + + align:start position:0% +surface charges on the +interface these surface charges are + + align:start position:0% +interface these surface charges are + + + align:start position:0% +interface these surface charges are +acted on by the tangential component of + + align:start position:0% +acted on by the tangential component of + + + align:start position:0% +acted on by the tangential component of +electric field at the interface to + + align:start position:0% +electric field at the interface to + + + align:start position:0% +electric field at the interface to +produce a shearing Force at the + + align:start position:0% +produce a shearing Force at the + + + align:start position:0% +produce a shearing Force at the +interface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as a check to see that the charges + + align:start position:0% +as a check to see that the charges + + + align:start position:0% +as a check to see that the charges +really are at the interface we place a + + align:start position:0% +really are at the interface we place a + + + align:start position:0% +really are at the interface we place a +plastic sheet on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surface the sheet prevents the interface + + align:start position:0% +surface the sheet prevents the interface + + + align:start position:0% +surface the sheet prevents the interface +from moving while not altering the field + + align:start position:0% +from moving while not altering the field + + + align:start position:0% +from moving while not altering the field +in the fluid volume + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in this experiment the free surface + + align:start position:0% +so in this experiment the free surface + + + align:start position:0% +so in this experiment the free surface +is essential to the cellular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +motion both the electrical Shear forces + + align:start position:0% +motion both the electrical Shear forces + + + align:start position:0% +motion both the electrical Shear forces +operating here and the normal forces on + + align:start position:0% +operating here and the normal forces on + + + align:start position:0% +operating here and the normal forces on +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +drops can be used in a practical way in + + align:start position:0% +drops can be used in a practical way in + + + align:start position:0% +drops can be used in a practical way in +an electrostatic paint + + align:start position:0% +an electrostatic paint + + + align:start position:0% +an electrostatic paint +sprayer rotation spreads paint to the + + align:start position:0% +sprayer rotation spreads paint to the + + + align:start position:0% +sprayer rotation spreads paint to the +edge where mechanical acceleration and + + align:start position:0% +edge where mechanical acceleration and + + + align:start position:0% +edge where mechanical acceleration and +electrical forces break the fluid film + + align:start position:0% +electrical forces break the fluid film + + + align:start position:0% +electrical forces break the fluid film +into + + align:start position:0% +into + + + align:start position:0% +into +droplets the disc is charged to about + + align:start position:0% +droplets the disc is charged to about + + + align:start position:0% +droplets the disc is charged to about +100 kilovolts with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +100 kilovolts with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +100 kilovolts with respect to the +workpiece so the resulting electric + + align:start position:0% +workpiece so the resulting electric + + + align:start position:0% +workpiece so the resulting electric +surface forces produce a fine even spray + + align:start position:0% +surface forces produce a fine even spray + + + align:start position:0% +surface forces produce a fine even spray +which actually seeks out the workpiece + + align:start position:0% +which actually seeks out the workpiece + + + align:start position:0% +which actually seeks out the workpiece +leaving ungrounded areas nearly paint + + align:start position:0% +leaving ungrounded areas nearly paint + + + align:start position:0% +leaving ungrounded areas nearly paint +free a still picture of the dis Edge + + align:start position:0% +free a still picture of the dis Edge + + + align:start position:0% +free a still picture of the dis Edge +shows that the electric field first + + align:start position:0% +shows that the electric field first + + + align:start position:0% +shows that the electric field first +shapes the paint film into tiny Jets and + + align:start position:0% +shapes the paint film into tiny Jets and + + + align:start position:0% +shapes the paint film into tiny Jets and +it is these that break into the fine + + align:start position:0% +it is these that break into the fine + + + align:start position:0% +it is these that break into the fine +droplets \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/L5jhg4q1Xvo.txt b/L5jhg4q1Xvo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00b922c9c83d361a0cd2178452f19580aa64c03b --- /dev/null +++ b/L5jhg4q1Xvo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we would like to now + + align:start position:0% +we would like to now + + + align:start position:0% +we would like to now +apply the momentum + + align:start position:0% +apply the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +apply the momentum +principle to examples of + + align:start position:0% +principle to examples of + + + align:start position:0% +principle to examples of +recoil so recall that the me momentum + + align:start position:0% +recoil so recall that the me momentum + + + align:start position:0% +recoil so recall that the me momentum +principle is that the external force + + align:start position:0% +principle is that the external force + + + align:start position:0% +principle is that the external force +causes the momentum of the system to + + align:start position:0% +causes the momentum of the system to + + + align:start position:0% +causes the momentum of the system to +change now this is a vector equation so + + align:start position:0% +change now this is a vector equation so + + + align:start position:0% +change now this is a vector equation so +for example if the external force in the + + align:start position:0% +for example if the external force in the + + + align:start position:0% +for example if the external force in the +X direction is zero + + align:start position:0% +X direction is zero + + + align:start position:0% +X direction is zero +then the momentum of the system in the X + + align:start position:0% +then the momentum of the system in the X + + + align:start position:0% +then the momentum of the system in the X +Direction let's say the final momentum + + align:start position:0% +Direction let's say the final momentum + + + align:start position:0% +Direction let's say the final momentum +will be equal + + align:start position:0% +will be equal + + + align:start position:0% +will be equal +to the initial momentum I would like to + + align:start position:0% +to the initial momentum I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +to the initial momentum I would like to +now apply the momentum principle to an + + align:start position:0% +now apply the momentum principle to an + + + align:start position:0% +now apply the momentum principle to an +example of + + align:start position:0% +example of + + + align:start position:0% +example of +recoil and in our recoil example we have + + align:start position:0% +recoil and in our recoil example we have + + + align:start position:0% +recoil and in our recoil example we have +a person jumping off a cart so let's + + align:start position:0% +a person jumping off a cart so let's + + + align:start position:0% +a person jumping off a cart so let's +just look at how + + align:start position:0% +just look at how + + + align:start position:0% +just look at how +this example can work if we draw + + align:start position:0% +this example can work if we draw + + + align:start position:0% +this example can work if we draw +momentum diagrams so so suppose we + + align:start position:0% +momentum diagrams so so suppose we + + + align:start position:0% +momentum diagrams so so suppose we +choose a ground + + align:start position:0% +choose a ground + + + align:start position:0% +choose a ground +frame and in that ground frame we have a + + align:start position:0% +frame and in that ground frame we have a + + + align:start position:0% +frame and in that ground frame we have a +cart and a person person is standing on + + align:start position:0% +cart and a person person is standing on + + + align:start position:0% +cart and a person person is standing on +the cart and this is T + + align:start position:0% +the cart and this is T + + + align:start position:0% +the cart and this is T +initial and here they are at + + align:start position:0% +initial and here they are at + + + align:start position:0% +initial and here they are at +rest now the person we're going to + + align:start position:0% +rest now the person we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +rest now the person we're going to +assume to jump horizontally off the cart + + align:start position:0% +assume to jump horizontally off the cart + + + align:start position:0% +assume to jump horizontally off the cart +and the cart will recoil in the opposite + + align:start position:0% +and the cart will recoil in the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +and the cart will recoil in the opposite +direction so after the jump we can + + align:start position:0% +direction so after the jump we can + + + align:start position:0% +direction so after the jump we can +describe this picture the cart the + + align:start position:0% +describe this picture the cart the + + + align:start position:0% +describe this picture the cart the +person is moving with a velocity V the + + align:start position:0% +person is moving with a velocity V the + + + align:start position:0% +person is moving with a velocity V the +cart is moving with VC and the person + + align:start position:0% +cart is moving with VC and the person + + + align:start position:0% +cart is moving with VC and the person +has jumped with the velocity + + align:start position:0% +has jumped with the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +has jumped with the velocity +VP now + + align:start position:0% +VP now + + + align:start position:0% +VP now +suppose I choose a different reference + + align:start position:0% +suppose I choose a different reference + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I choose a different reference +frame that instead of choosing a ground + + align:start position:0% +frame that instead of choosing a ground + + + align:start position:0% +frame that instead of choosing a ground +frame as a reference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame + + align:start position:0% +frame + + + align:start position:0% +frame +moving + + align:start position:0% +moving + + + align:start position:0% +moving +with the velocity VC + + align:start position:0% +with the velocity VC + + + align:start position:0% +with the velocity VC +you can imagine that maybe I have a car + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine that maybe I have a car + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine that maybe I have a car +here and that car you're inside that car + + align:start position:0% +here and that car you're inside that car + + + align:start position:0% +here and that car you're inside that car +moving with velocity VC and you're + + align:start position:0% +moving with velocity VC and you're + + + align:start position:0% +moving with velocity VC and you're +looking at this picture then what would + + align:start position:0% +looking at this picture then what would + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this picture then what would +our momentum diagrams look like well if + + align:start position:0% +our momentum diagrams look like well if + + + align:start position:0% +our momentum diagrams look like well if +I'm moving in a car this way and in the + + align:start position:0% +I'm moving in a car this way and in the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm moving in a car this way and in the +ground frame the initial picture is the + + align:start position:0% +ground frame the initial picture is the + + + align:start position:0% +ground frame the initial picture is the +person in the cart is at rest then in my + + align:start position:0% +person in the cart is at rest then in my + + + align:start position:0% +person in the cart is at rest then in my +moving frame it actually looks as if the + + align:start position:0% +moving frame it actually looks as if the + + + align:start position:0% +moving frame it actually looks as if the +cart and the person are moving in the + + align:start position:0% +cart and the person are moving in the + + + align:start position:0% +cart and the person are moving in the +opposite direction so let's write + + align:start position:0% +opposite direction so let's write + + + align:start position:0% +opposite direction so let's write +that this way here's the initial picture + + align:start position:0% +that this way here's the initial picture + + + align:start position:0% +that this way here's the initial picture +T + + align:start position:0% +T + + + align:start position:0% +T +initial and in this Frame the person in + + align:start position:0% +initial and in this Frame the person in + + + align:start position:0% +initial and in this Frame the person in +the cart are moving with VC minus BC I + + align:start position:0% +the cart are moving with VC minus BC I + + + align:start position:0% +the cart are moving with VC minus BC I +put an arrow here to indicate that it's + + align:start position:0% +put an arrow here to indicate that it's + + + align:start position:0% +put an arrow here to indicate that it's +opposite the direction of VC there but + + align:start position:0% +opposite the direction of VC there but + + + align:start position:0% +opposite the direction of VC there but +their velocity is minus the velocity of + + align:start position:0% +their velocity is minus the velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +their velocity is minus the velocity of +the reference frame after the + + align:start position:0% +the reference frame after the + + + align:start position:0% +the reference frame after the +jump so here's the person now the cart + + align:start position:0% +jump so here's the person now the cart + + + align:start position:0% +jump so here's the person now the cart +is at + + align:start position:0% +is at + + + align:start position:0% +is at +rest why because we're in the reference + + align:start position:0% +rest why because we're in the reference + + + align:start position:0% +rest why because we're in the reference +frame moving with VC so if you're in a + + align:start position:0% +frame moving with VC so if you're in a + + + align:start position:0% +frame moving with VC so if you're in a +car and you're moving at the same speed + + align:start position:0% +car and you're moving at the same speed + + + align:start position:0% +car and you're moving at the same speed +that the cart has with the ground frame + + align:start position:0% +that the cart has with the ground frame + + + align:start position:0% +that the cart has with the ground frame +then in your frame this car looks this + + align:start position:0% +then in your frame this car looks this + + + align:start position:0% +then in your frame this car looks this +cart looks like it's at rest what about + + align:start position:0% +cart looks like it's at rest what about + + + align:start position:0% +cart looks like it's at rest what about +the person jumping off well + + align:start position:0% +the person jumping off well + + + align:start position:0% +the person jumping off well +that's let's write it this way so this + + align:start position:0% +that's let's write it this way so this + + + align:start position:0% +that's let's write it this way so this +is the velocity I'm going to use a + + align:start position:0% +is the velocity I'm going to use a + + + align:start position:0% +is the velocity I'm going to use a +symbol U now U this is what we mean by + + align:start position:0% +symbol U now U this is what we mean by + + + align:start position:0% +symbol U now U this is what we mean by +that this is the + + align:start position:0% +that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +that this is the +velocity of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +person in the moving + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame that's moving with velocity VC + + align:start position:0% +frame that's moving with velocity VC + + + align:start position:0% +frame that's moving with velocity VC +that's the velocity of the person as + + align:start position:0% +that's the velocity of the person as + + + align:start position:0% +that's the velocity of the person as +seen by a card sometimes we call this + + align:start position:0% +seen by a card sometimes we call this + + + align:start position:0% +seen by a card sometimes we call this +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +velocity of the + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of the +person relative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +cart what does that word relative to the + + align:start position:0% +cart what does that word relative to the + + + align:start position:0% +cart what does that word relative to the +cart mean well you can see in this + + align:start position:0% +cart mean well you can see in this + + + align:start position:0% +cart mean well you can see in this +picture in this moving frame the cart is + + align:start position:0% +picture in this moving frame the cart is + + + align:start position:0% +picture in this moving frame the cart is +at rest and the person jumps with a + + align:start position:0% +at rest and the person jumps with a + + + align:start position:0% +at rest and the person jumps with a +speed U velocity U relative to the cart + + align:start position:0% +speed U velocity U relative to the cart + + + align:start position:0% +speed U velocity U relative to the cart +so these are our momentum diagrams for a + + align:start position:0% +so these are our momentum diagrams for a + + + align:start position:0% +so these are our momentum diagrams for a +ground frame in which the person in the + + align:start position:0% +ground frame in which the person in the + + + align:start position:0% +ground frame in which the person in the +cart start at rest the person jumps off + + align:start position:0% +cart start at rest the person jumps off + + + align:start position:0% +cart start at rest the person jumps off +I can put an arrow here but it's really + + align:start position:0% +I can put an arrow here but it's really + + + align:start position:0% +I can put an arrow here but it's really +information is in that Vector the card + + align:start position:0% +information is in that Vector the card + + + align:start position:0% +information is in that Vector the card +is moving + + align:start position:0% +is moving + + + align:start position:0% +is moving +in a frame moving with the velocity of + + align:start position:0% +in a frame moving with the velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +in a frame moving with the velocity of +the cart then what does my picture looks + + align:start position:0% +the cart then what does my picture looks + + + align:start position:0% +the cart then what does my picture looks +like well the cart and the person + + align:start position:0% +like well the cart and the person + + + align:start position:0% +like well the cart and the person +initially are moving opposite + + align:start position:0% +initially are moving opposite + + + align:start position:0% +initially are moving opposite +direction again you're moving this way + + align:start position:0% +direction again you're moving this way + + + align:start position:0% +direction again you're moving this way +the cart looks like it's moving that way + + align:start position:0% +the cart looks like it's moving that way + + + align:start position:0% +the cart looks like it's moving that way +if you're inside the car and the final + + align:start position:0% +if you're inside the car and the final + + + align:start position:0% +if you're inside the car and the final +State person cart is at rest and the + + align:start position:0% +State person cart is at rest and the + + + align:start position:0% +State person cart is at rest and the +person is jumping with the velocity U + + align:start position:0% +person is jumping with the velocity U + + + align:start position:0% +person is jumping with the velocity U +relative to the cart now our question + + align:start position:0% +relative to the cart now our question + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the cart now our question +now is how do we relate these two + + align:start position:0% +now is how do we relate these two + + + align:start position:0% +now is how do we relate these two +velocities U and + + align:start position:0% +velocities U and + + + align:start position:0% +velocities U and +VP what are U and VP VP is the velocity + + align:start position:0% +VP what are U and VP VP is the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +VP what are U and VP VP is the velocity +of the person in the ground frame and U + + align:start position:0% +of the person in the ground frame and U + + + align:start position:0% +of the person in the ground frame and U +is the velocity of the person in the + + align:start position:0% +is the velocity of the person in the + + + align:start position:0% +is the velocity of the person in the +moving frame well we've already seen our + + align:start position:0% +moving frame well we've already seen our + + + align:start position:0% +moving frame well we've already seen our +equation for how to get velocities in + + align:start position:0% +equation for how to get velocities in + + + align:start position:0% +equation for how to get velocities in +different frames we have that VP equals + + align:start position:0% +different frames we have that VP equals + + + align:start position:0% +different frames we have that VP equals +the relative velocity of the two frames + + align:start position:0% +the relative velocity of the two frames + + + align:start position:0% +the relative velocity of the two frames +plus the Velocity in the moving frame so + + align:start position:0% +plus the Velocity in the moving frame so + + + align:start position:0% +plus the Velocity in the moving frame so +what we have is this is the velocity + + align:start position:0% +what we have is this is the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +what we have is this is the velocity +in of the + + align:start position:0% +in of the + + + align:start position:0% +in of the +person we just clean that up of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +person in the ground + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame the is the relative velocity of + + align:start position:0% +frame the is the relative velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +frame the is the relative velocity of +the two frames so here we have that V is + + align:start position:0% +the two frames so here we have that V is + + + align:start position:0% +the two frames so here we have that V is +the velocity of the cart because you're + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of the cart because you're + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of the cart because you're +inner frame moving with VC with respect + + align:start position:0% +inner frame moving with VC with respect + + + align:start position:0% +inner frame moving with VC with respect +to the ground and + + align:start position:0% +to the ground and + + + align:start position:0% +to the ground and +U is the velocity + + align:start position:0% +U is the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +U is the velocity +of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +person in the moving + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frame so this is how we can show the + + align:start position:0% +frame so this is how we can show the + + + align:start position:0% +frame so this is how we can show the +same type of interaction in two + + align:start position:0% +same type of interaction in two + + + align:start position:0% +same type of interaction in two +different reference + + align:start position:0% +different reference + + + align:start position:0% +different reference +frames next we'll figure out what these + + align:start position:0% +frames next we'll figure out what these + + + align:start position:0% +frames next we'll figure out what these +velocities are \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LInWiab7q6Q.txt b/LInWiab7q6Q.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f844b4232e42758b6ad166a6d4d24ce3eec3ba5a --- /dev/null +++ b/LInWiab7q6Q.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14203 @@ +align:start position:0% + +to calculate Ensemble averages that is + + align:start position:0% +to calculate Ensemble averages that is + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate Ensemble averages that is +to calculate thermodynamical properties + + align:start position:0% +to calculate thermodynamical properties + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate thermodynamical properties +uh and we have seen and you have seen + + align:start position:0% +uh and we have seen and you have seen + + + align:start position:0% +uh and we have seen and you have seen +also a few movies on how we can + + align:start position:0% +also a few movies on how we can + + + align:start position:0% +also a few movies on how we can +calculate U reaction barriers and how we + + align:start position:0% +calculate U reaction barriers and how we + + + align:start position:0% +calculate U reaction barriers and how we +can follow in real time uh chemical + + align:start position:0% +can follow in real time uh chemical + + + align:start position:0% +can follow in real time uh chemical +kinetics U the last application of + + align:start position:0% +kinetics U the last application of + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics U the last application of +molecular Dynamics uh is slightly more + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics uh is slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics uh is slightly more +different uh in particular one can use + + align:start position:0% +different uh in particular one can use + + + align:start position:0% +different uh in particular one can use +finite temperature classical molecular + + align:start position:0% +finite temperature classical molecular + + + align:start position:0% +finite temperature classical molecular +Dynamics as an optimization scheme um in + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics as an optimization scheme um in + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics as an optimization scheme um in +general suppose that you have a a + + align:start position:0% +general suppose that you have a a + + + align:start position:0% +general suppose that you have a a +complex potential energy surface uh this + + align:start position:0% +complex potential energy surface uh this + + + align:start position:0% +complex potential energy surface uh this +is obviously in one dimension but you + + align:start position:0% +is obviously in one dimension but you + + + align:start position:0% +is obviously in one dimension but you +could think this as being in a + + align:start position:0% +could think this as being in a + + + align:start position:0% +could think this as being in a +multi-dimensional space and actually + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional space and actually + + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional space and actually +your potential energy function could + + align:start position:0% +your potential energy function could + + + align:start position:0% +your potential energy function could +represent a complex cost function again + + align:start position:0% +represent a complex cost function again + + + align:start position:0% +represent a complex cost function again +it could be say the problem of + + align:start position:0% +it could be say the problem of + + + align:start position:0% +it could be say the problem of +optimizing the usage of your planes on + + align:start position:0% +optimizing the usage of your planes on + + + align:start position:0% +optimizing the usage of your planes on +several routes for an airline company + + align:start position:0% +several routes for an airline company + + + align:start position:0% +several routes for an airline company +and obviously depending on where you put + + align:start position:0% +and obviously depending on where you put + + + align:start position:0% +and obviously depending on where you put +your planes you have a certain cost and + + align:start position:0% +your planes you have a certain cost and + + + align:start position:0% +your planes you have a certain cost and +so this cost function tends to be very + + align:start position:0% +so this cost function tends to be very + + + align:start position:0% +so this cost function tends to be very +complex depending on your coordinates + + align:start position:0% +complex depending on your coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +complex depending on your coordinates +how you arrange your planes and finding + + align:start position:0% +how you arrange your planes and finding + + + align:start position:0% +how you arrange your planes and finding +either the global minimum or sort of one + + align:start position:0% +either the global minimum or sort of one + + + align:start position:0% +either the global minimum or sort of one +of the lowest minim can be a very + + align:start position:0% +of the lowest minim can be a very + + + align:start position:0% +of the lowest minim can be a very +complex Affair and one of the powerful + + align:start position:0% +complex Affair and one of the powerful + + + align:start position:0% +complex Affair and one of the powerful +techniques that has been introduced uh + + align:start position:0% +techniques that has been introduced uh + + + align:start position:0% +techniques that has been introduced uh +in the early 80s is something called + + align:start position:0% +in the early 80s is something called + + + align:start position:0% +in the early 80s is something called +simulated aning that is basically um a + + align:start position:0% +simulated aning that is basically um a + + + align:start position:0% +simulated aning that is basically um a +technique that based itself on a + + align:start position:0% +technique that based itself on a + + + align:start position:0% +technique that based itself on a +thermodynamical analogy that is suppose + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamical analogy that is suppose + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamical analogy that is suppose +that you want to find this minimum and + + align:start position:0% +that you want to find this minimum and + + + align:start position:0% +that you want to find this minimum and +if you were to use a deterministic + + align:start position:0% +if you were to use a deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +if you were to use a deterministic +recipe it would be very difficult you + + align:start position:0% +recipe it would be very difficult you + + + align:start position:0% +recipe it would be very difficult you +would start from a certain point and + + align:start position:0% +would start from a certain point and + + + align:start position:0% +would start from a certain point and +then go down according to the gradient + + align:start position:0% +then go down according to the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +then go down according to the gradient +until you end up in what would be a + + align:start position:0% +until you end up in what would be a + + + align:start position:0% +until you end up in what would be a +local Minima and so what in particular K + + align:start position:0% +local Minima and so what in particular K + + + align:start position:0% +local Minima and so what in particular K +part K Patrick Gat introduced was a + + align:start position:0% +part K Patrick Gat introduced was a + + + align:start position:0% +part K Patrick Gat introduced was a +thermodynamical techniques in which + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamical techniques in which + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamical techniques in which +really populate your face space u with + + align:start position:0% +really populate your face space u with + + + align:start position:0% +really populate your face space u with +what we call Walkers so these are sort + + align:start position:0% +what we call Walkers so these are sort + + + align:start position:0% +what we call Walkers so these are sort +of you know dynamical systems those are + + align:start position:0% +of you know dynamical systems those are + + + align:start position:0% +of you know dynamical systems those are +the points that represent those + + align:start position:0% +the points that represent those + + + align:start position:0% +the points that represent those +dynamical systems you give them some + + align:start position:0% +dynamical systems you give them some + + + align:start position:0% +dynamical systems you give them some +coordinates that is they are going to + + align:start position:0% +coordinates that is they are going to + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates that is they are going to +have some potential energy and then you + + align:start position:0% +have some potential energy and then you + + + align:start position:0% +have some potential energy and then you +give them some temperature so they are + + align:start position:0% +give them some temperature so they are + + + align:start position:0% +give them some temperature so they are +going to have some kinetic energy you + + align:start position:0% +going to have some kinetic energy you + + + align:start position:0% +going to have some kinetic energy you +can think this as a swarm of skiers sort + + align:start position:0% +can think this as a swarm of skiers sort + + + align:start position:0% +can think this as a swarm of skiers sort +of going around your phas space and if + + align:start position:0% +of going around your phas space and if + + + align:start position:0% +of going around your phas space and if +you have a lot of them and if these have + + align:start position:0% +you have a lot of them and if these have + + + align:start position:0% +you have a lot of them and if these have +a lot of temperature uh they will move + + align:start position:0% +a lot of temperature uh they will move + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of temperature uh they will move +all over phas bace but by the time you + + align:start position:0% +all over phas bace but by the time you + + + align:start position:0% +all over phas bace but by the time you +start sort of very slowly cooling these + + align:start position:0% +start sort of very slowly cooling these + + + align:start position:0% +start sort of very slowly cooling these +dynamical systems down you start + + align:start position:0% +dynamical systems down you start + + + align:start position:0% +dynamical systems down you start +removing temperature for them they're + + align:start position:0% +removing temperature for them they're + + + align:start position:0% +removing temperature for them they're +going to condensate really in whichever + + align:start position:0% +going to condensate really in whichever + + + align:start position:0% +going to condensate really in whichever +local Minima they find so you know some + + align:start position:0% +local Minima they find so you know some + + + align:start position:0% +local Minima they find so you know some +of them might end up say here and you + + align:start position:0% +of them might end up say here and you + + + align:start position:0% +of them might end up say here and you +know you cool them down and slowly they + + align:start position:0% +know you cool them down and slowly they + + + align:start position:0% +know you cool them down and slowly they +find themselves here but but you know if + + align:start position:0% +find themselves here but but you know if + + + align:start position:0% +find themselves here but but you know if +you cool them sufficiently slow and + + align:start position:0% +you cool them sufficiently slow and + + + align:start position:0% +you cool them sufficiently slow and +really in order to make this into an + + align:start position:0% +really in order to make this into an + + + align:start position:0% +really in order to make this into an +exact scheme you have to cool them + + align:start position:0% +exact scheme you have to cool them + + + align:start position:0% +exact scheme you have to cool them +almost infinitely slowly so it's never + + align:start position:0% +almost infinitely slowly so it's never + + + align:start position:0% +almost infinitely slowly so it's never +going to be a an exact approach but just + + align:start position:0% +going to be a an exact approach but just + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a an exact approach but just +a stochastic approach but you know with + + align:start position:0% +a stochastic approach but you know with + + + align:start position:0% +a stochastic approach but you know with +some luck you'll find that some of them + + align:start position:0% +some luck you'll find that some of them + + + align:start position:0% +some luck you'll find that some of them +starts condensing in interesting Minima + + align:start position:0% +starts condensing in interesting Minima + + + align:start position:0% +starts condensing in interesting Minima +and then you choose basically your + + align:start position:0% +and then you choose basically your + + + align:start position:0% +and then you choose basically your +lowest minum possible and this is + + align:start position:0% +lowest minum possible and this is + + + align:start position:0% +lowest minum possible and this is +actually a very sort of practical and um + + align:start position:0% +actually a very sort of practical and um + + + align:start position:0% +actually a very sort of practical and um +uh use useful approach and so it's sort + + align:start position:0% +uh use useful approach and so it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +uh use useful approach and so it's sort +of you know fairly widely used in + + align:start position:0% +of you know fairly widely used in + + + align:start position:0% +of you know fairly widely used in +optimization problems okay so this sort + + align:start position:0% +optimization problems okay so this sort + + + align:start position:0% +optimization problems okay so this sort +of concludes the sort of set of + + align:start position:0% +of concludes the sort of set of + + + align:start position:0% +of concludes the sort of set of +applications of molecular Dynamics now I + + align:start position:0% +applications of molecular Dynamics now I + + + align:start position:0% +applications of molecular Dynamics now I +wanted to sort of hint at some of the + + align:start position:0% +wanted to sort of hint at some of the + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to sort of hint at some of the +advanced uh statistical mechanics + + align:start position:0% +advanced uh statistical mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +advanced uh statistical mechanics +techniques that you'll actually see + + align:start position:0% +techniques that you'll actually see + + + align:start position:0% +techniques that you'll actually see +later in the class uh that generally + + align:start position:0% +later in the class uh that generally + + + align:start position:0% +later in the class uh that generally +speaking go under the umbrella name of + + align:start position:0% +speaking go under the umbrella name of + + + align:start position:0% +speaking go under the umbrella name of +green Kubo techniques and uh sort of you + + align:start position:0% +green Kubo techniques and uh sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +green Kubo techniques and uh sort of you +know I'm taking a one of the simplest + + align:start position:0% +know I'm taking a one of the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +know I'm taking a one of the simplest +examples uh in which actually Albert + + align:start position:0% +examples uh in which actually Albert + + + align:start position:0% +examples uh in which actually Albert +Einstein was was involved so it's an + + align:start position:0% +Einstein was was involved so it's an + + + align:start position:0% +Einstein was was involved so it's an +interesting it's an interesting approach + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's an interesting approach + + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's an interesting approach +um well this is this is to do on uh + + align:start position:0% +um well this is this is to do on uh + + + align:start position:0% +um well this is this is to do on uh +studying uh a macroscopic property that + + align:start position:0% +studying uh a macroscopic property that + + + align:start position:0% +studying uh a macroscopic property that +is really diffusion in a solid say you + + align:start position:0% +is really diffusion in a solid say you + + + align:start position:0% +is really diffusion in a solid say you +could think at a silicon crystal and you + + align:start position:0% +could think at a silicon crystal and you + + + align:start position:0% +could think at a silicon crystal and you +are doping that silicon with Gallum or + + align:start position:0% +are doping that silicon with Gallum or + + + align:start position:0% +are doping that silicon with Gallum or +phosphorus and so you're interested in + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus and so you're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorus and so you're interested in +studying how the impurities in this + + align:start position:0% +studying how the impurities in this + + + align:start position:0% +studying how the impurities in this +system move around and so if you want + + align:start position:0% +system move around and so if you want + + + align:start position:0% +system move around and so if you want +what you have is that you have a + + align:start position:0% +what you have is that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +what you have is that you have a +perturbation you put a sort of Gallum on + + align:start position:0% +perturbation you put a sort of Gallum on + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation you put a sort of Gallum on +the surface of silicon and then this + + align:start position:0% +the surface of silicon and then this + + + align:start position:0% +the surface of silicon and then this +diffuses into the solid and sort of the + + align:start position:0% +diffuses into the solid and sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +diffuses into the solid and sort of the +general green Kubo approach is a + + align:start position:0% +general green Kubo approach is a + + + align:start position:0% +general green Kubo approach is a +formalism that relates uh some of these + + align:start position:0% +formalism that relates uh some of these + + + align:start position:0% +formalism that relates uh some of these +macroscopic properties like a diffusion + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic properties like a diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic properties like a diffusion +coefficient a transport property to + + align:start position:0% +coefficient a transport property to + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient a transport property to +microscopic properties and you'll see + + align:start position:0% +microscopic properties and you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic properties and you'll see +that as as a sort of fluctuations of the + + align:start position:0% +that as as a sort of fluctuations of the + + + align:start position:0% +that as as a sort of fluctuations of the +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +distribution okay so you know suppose + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay so you know suppose + + + align:start position:0% +distribution okay so you know suppose +that uh that we are looking at the + + align:start position:0% +that uh that we are looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +that uh that we are looking at the +diffusion uh of again something like + + align:start position:0% +diffusion uh of again something like + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion uh of again something like +gallium in Silicon what you would Define + + align:start position:0% +gallium in Silicon what you would Define + + + align:start position:0% +gallium in Silicon what you would Define +as your sort of fundamental variable is + + align:start position:0% +as your sort of fundamental variable is + + + align:start position:0% +as your sort of fundamental variable is +the concentration of impurities so + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of impurities so + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of impurities so +that's a sort of four dimensional + + align:start position:0% +that's a sort of four dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +that's a sort of four dimensional +function is a concentration function of + + align:start position:0% +function is a concentration function of + + + align:start position:0% +function is a concentration function of +the pointing space you're interested and + + align:start position:0% +the pointing space you're interested and + + + align:start position:0% +the pointing space you're interested and +function function of time and then + + align:start position:0% +function function of time and then + + + align:start position:0% +function function of time and then +obviously there is of the diffusion law + + align:start position:0% +obviously there is of the diffusion law + + + align:start position:0% +obviously there is of the diffusion law +for for this that says that basically + + align:start position:0% +for for this that says that basically + + + align:start position:0% +for for this that says that basically +the current is really proportional to + + align:start position:0% +the current is really proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +the current is really proportional to +the gradient of the + + align:start position:0% +the gradient of the + + + align:start position:0% +the gradient of the +concentration and then you put this + + align:start position:0% +concentration and then you put this + + + align:start position:0% +concentration and then you put this +together with a um sort of continuity + + align:start position:0% +together with a um sort of continuity + + + align:start position:0% +together with a um sort of continuity +equation that tells you that the uh + + align:start position:0% +equation that tells you that the uh + + + align:start position:0% +equation that tells you that the uh +derivative of the concentration with + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the concentration with + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the concentration with +respect to time plus the + + align:start position:0% +respect to time plus the + + + align:start position:0% +respect to time plus the +Divergence of your current that is your + + align:start position:0% +Divergence of your current that is your + + + align:start position:0% +Divergence of your current that is your +flux needs to be constant particular + + align:start position:0% +flux needs to be constant particular + + + align:start position:0% +flux needs to be constant particular +let's say it's going to be equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +let's say it's going to be equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +let's say it's going to be equal to zero +I mean this is sort of very simply says + + align:start position:0% +I mean this is sort of very simply says + + + align:start position:0% +I mean this is sort of very simply says +that if in an infinitesimal volume the + + align:start position:0% +that if in an infinitesimal volume the + + + align:start position:0% +that if in an infinitesimal volume the +concentration changes is that because + + align:start position:0% +concentration changes is that because + + + align:start position:0% +concentration changes is that because +there is a current going out of that + + align:start position:0% +there is a current going out of that + + + align:start position:0% +there is a current going out of that +infinitesimal volume and so the + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal volume and so the + + + align:start position:0% +infinitesimal volume and so the +Divergence of the current measures + + align:start position:0% +Divergence of the current measures + + + align:start position:0% +Divergence of the current measures +measures measures this and uh and with + + align:start position:0% +measures measures this and uh and with + + + align:start position:0% +measures measures this and uh and with +fix the fusion law we can put the two + + align:start position:0% +fix the fusion law we can put the two + + + align:start position:0% +fix the fusion law we can put the two +and two together and basically obtain a + + align:start position:0% +and two together and basically obtain a + + + align:start position:0% +and two together and basically obtain a +deser of relation this differential + + align:start position:0% +deser of relation this differential + + + align:start position:0% +deser of relation this differential +equation for the concentration profile + + align:start position:0% +equation for the concentration profile + + + align:start position:0% +equation for the concentration profile +in time okay so this is if you want is + + align:start position:0% +in time okay so this is if you want is + + + align:start position:0% +in time okay so this is if you want is +our starting uh + + align:start position:0% +our starting uh + + + align:start position:0% +our starting uh +macroscopic relationship and then sort + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic relationship and then sort + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic relationship and then sort +of you know what becomes interesting is + + align:start position:0% +of you know what becomes interesting is + + + align:start position:0% +of you know what becomes interesting is +the derivation that sort of Einstein did + + align:start position:0% +the derivation that sort of Einstein did + + + align:start position:0% +the derivation that sort of Einstein did +in order to recover sort of the + + align:start position:0% +in order to recover sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +in order to recover sort of the +connection with the microscopic Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +connection with the microscopic Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +connection with the microscopic Dynamics +and this is just a little bit of algebra + + align:start position:0% +and this is just a little bit of algebra + + + align:start position:0% +and this is just a little bit of algebra +of which I sort of will go over fairly + + align:start position:0% +of which I sort of will go over fairly + + + align:start position:0% +of which I sort of will go over fairly +quickly um but basically what we are + + align:start position:0% +quickly um but basically what we are + + + align:start position:0% +quickly um but basically what we are +doing here we are actually multiplying + + align:start position:0% +doing here we are actually multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +doing here we are actually multiplying +the left term and the right hand terms + + align:start position:0% +the left term and the right hand terms + + + align:start position:0% +the left term and the right hand terms +by R square and integrating it over + + align:start position:0% +by R square and integrating it over + + + align:start position:0% +by R square and integrating it over +overall space and um once we do that + + align:start position:0% +overall space and um once we do that + + + align:start position:0% +overall space and um once we do that +well what we have is that on the right + + align:start position:0% +well what we have is that on the right + + + align:start position:0% +well what we have is that on the right +hand side this requires sort of some + + align:start position:0% +hand side this requires sort of some + + + align:start position:0% +hand side this requires sort of some +calculus so I won't go really into the + + align:start position:0% +calculus so I won't go really into the + + + align:start position:0% +calculus so I won't go really into the +derivation but by sort of integration by + + align:start position:0% +derivation but by sort of integration by + + + align:start position:0% +derivation but by sort of integration by +parts you can actually show that this + + align:start position:0% +parts you can actually show that this + + + align:start position:0% +parts you can actually show that this +integral provided say the concentration + + align:start position:0% +integral provided say the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +integral provided say the concentration +is normalized to one when integrated in + + align:start position:0% +is normalized to one when integrated in + + + align:start position:0% +is normalized to one when integrated in +Old space what you really obtain is that + + align:start position:0% +Old space what you really obtain is that + + + align:start position:0% +Old space what you really obtain is that +two times the dimensionality of your + + align:start position:0% +two times the dimensionality of your + + + align:start position:0% +two times the dimensionality of your +problem that is if you are in one + + align:start position:0% +problem that is if you are in one + + + align:start position:0% +problem that is if you are in one +dimension sort of small D is going to be + + align:start position:0% +dimension sort of small D is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +dimension sort of small D is going to be +equal to one you're two Dimension is + + align:start position:0% +equal to one you're two Dimension is + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one you're two Dimension is +going to be equal to two to three and so + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal to two to three and so + + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal to two to three and so +on and so forth so this integral really + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth so this integral really + + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth so this integral really +just gives us the dimension of the space + + align:start position:0% +just gives us the dimension of the space + + + align:start position:0% +just gives us the dimension of the space +and again you know we won't go into how + + align:start position:0% +and again you know we won't go into how + + + align:start position:0% +and again you know we won't go into how +we prove this um what we have on the uh + + align:start position:0% +we prove this um what we have on the uh + + + align:start position:0% +we prove this um what we have on the uh +left hand side on the contrary is really + + align:start position:0% +left hand side on the contrary is really + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side on the contrary is really +you see the average value of our Square + + align:start position:0% +you see the average value of our Square + + + align:start position:0% +you see the average value of our Square +what we mean by this bracket you see is + + align:start position:0% +what we mean by this bracket you see is + + + align:start position:0% +what we mean by this bracket you see is +the integral over all space of r squ + + align:start position:0% +the integral over all space of r squ + + + align:start position:0% +the integral over all space of r squ +with sort of you know the probability if + + align:start position:0% +with sort of you know the probability if + + + align:start position:0% +with sort of you know the probability if +you want the concentration is identical + + align:start position:0% +you want the concentration is identical + + + align:start position:0% +you want the concentration is identical +to the probability of having a certain + + align:start position:0% +to the probability of having a certain + + + align:start position:0% +to the probability of having a certain +particle in a certain position and a + + align:start position:0% +particle in a certain position and a + + + align:start position:0% +particle in a certain position and a +certain time so what this uh integral + + align:start position:0% +certain time so what this uh integral + + + align:start position:0% +certain time so what this uh integral +means + + align:start position:0% +means + + + align:start position:0% +means +is really the average value over all + + align:start position:0% +is really the average value over all + + + align:start position:0% +is really the average value over all +space of R square how much your + + align:start position:0% +space of R square how much your + + + align:start position:0% +space of R square how much your +particles have moved and we have the + + align:start position:0% +particles have moved and we have the + + + align:start position:0% +particles have moved and we have the +derivative under time and so you see we + + align:start position:0% +derivative under time and so you see we + + + align:start position:0% +derivative under time and so you see we +start seeing somehow a connection + + align:start position:0% +start seeing somehow a connection + + + align:start position:0% +start seeing somehow a connection +between a diffusion coefficient that's + + align:start position:0% +between a diffusion coefficient that's + + + align:start position:0% +between a diffusion coefficient that's +the microscopic property and the + + align:start position:0% +the microscopic property and the + + + align:start position:0% +the microscopic property and the +microscopic property the Dynamics that + + align:start position:0% +microscopic property the Dynamics that + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic property the Dynamics that +is how much the particles are moving + + align:start position:0% +is how much the particles are moving + + + align:start position:0% +is how much the particles are moving +once you put them somewhere + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me give you an example of sort of + + align:start position:0% +let me give you an example of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +let me give you an example of sort of +you know what would this quantity look + + align:start position:0% +you know what would this quantity look + + + align:start position:0% +you know what would this quantity look +like and how we would calculate it in a + + align:start position:0% +like and how we would calculate it in a + + + align:start position:0% +like and how we would calculate it in a +molecular Dynamic simulation again you + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamic simulation again you + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamic simulation again you +can think of your Gallum atoms being at + + align:start position:0% +can think of your Gallum atoms being at + + + align:start position:0% +can think of your Gallum atoms being at +the surface at the beginning you put + + align:start position:0% +the surface at the beginning you put + + + align:start position:0% +the surface at the beginning you put +everything in motion and they are going + + align:start position:0% +everything in motion and they are going + + + align:start position:0% +everything in motion and they are going +to move with you know a sort of random + + align:start position:0% +to move with you know a sort of random + + + align:start position:0% +to move with you know a sort of random +walk towards the inside and if you want + + align:start position:0% +walk towards the inside and if you want + + + align:start position:0% +walk towards the inside and if you want +to calculate that this sort of average + + align:start position:0% +to calculate that this sort of average + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate that this sort of average +value of the what is called the mean + + align:start position:0% +value of the what is called the mean + + + align:start position:0% +value of the what is called the mean +Square displacement the average value of + + align:start position:0% +Square displacement the average value of + + + align:start position:0% +Square displacement the average value of +R square well you need really to do the + + align:start position:0% +R square well you need really to do the + + + align:start position:0% +R square well you need really to do the +average over all your particle at a + + align:start position:0% +average over all your particle at a + + + align:start position:0% +average over all your particle at a +certain time of Delta R square Delta R + + align:start position:0% +certain time of Delta R square Delta R + + + align:start position:0% +certain time of Delta R square Delta R +square is really how far all these + + align:start position:0% +square is really how far all these + + + align:start position:0% +square is really how far all these +particles have moved and you know this + + align:start position:0% +particles have moved and you know this + + + align:start position:0% +particles have moved and you know this +would look something like this in a + + align:start position:0% +would look something like this in a + + + align:start position:0% +would look something like this in a +typical say solid actually the example + + align:start position:0% +typical say solid actually the example + + + align:start position:0% +typical say solid actually the example +that I have here is slly more exotic but + + align:start position:0% +that I have here is slly more exotic but + + + align:start position:0% +that I have here is slly more exotic but +it was a sort of good example to show + + align:start position:0% +it was a sort of good example to show + + + align:start position:0% +it was a sort of good example to show +you the difference between a liquid and + + align:start position:0% +you the difference between a liquid and + + + align:start position:0% +you the difference between a liquid and +a solid and is the case of silver iodide + + align:start position:0% +a solid and is the case of silver iodide + + + align:start position:0% +a solid and is the case of silver iodide +that is in particular an ionic crystal + + align:start position:0% +that is in particular an ionic crystal + + + align:start position:0% +that is in particular an ionic crystal +in which the blue iodine atoms sit on a + + align:start position:0% +in which the blue iodine atoms sit on a + + + align:start position:0% +in which the blue iodine atoms sit on a +BCC lce and for each iodine there is a + + align:start position:0% +BCC lce and for each iodine there is a + + + align:start position:0% +BCC lce and for each iodine there is a +silver atom but above say 420 Kelvin + + align:start position:0% +silver atom but above say 420 Kelvin + + + align:start position:0% +silver atom but above say 420 Kelvin +this system is in a very peculiar state + + align:start position:0% +this system is in a very peculiar state + + + align:start position:0% +this system is in a very peculiar state +of matter what is called a a super ionic + + align:start position:0% +of matter what is called a a super ionic + + + align:start position:0% +of matter what is called a a super ionic +state in which this iodine atoms + + align:start position:0% +state in which this iodine atoms + + + align:start position:0% +state in which this iodine atoms +oscillates around their equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +oscillates around their equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +oscillates around their equilibrium +position exactly as atoms do in a solid + + align:start position:0% +position exactly as atoms do in a solid + + + align:start position:0% +position exactly as atoms do in a solid +while the silver atoms sort of move + + align:start position:0% +while the silver atoms sort of move + + + align:start position:0% +while the silver atoms sort of move +around exactly like a liquid so it's a + + align:start position:0% +around exactly like a liquid so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +around exactly like a liquid so it's a +system that is really solid it's + + align:start position:0% +system that is really solid it's + + + align:start position:0% +system that is really solid it's +crystalline but one saatis the silver + + align:start position:0% +crystalline but one saatis the silver + + + align:start position:0% +crystalline but one saatis the silver +saatis is sort of moving around as a + + align:start position:0% +saatis is sort of moving around as a + + + align:start position:0% +saatis is sort of moving around as a +liquid and so if you calculate what are + + align:start position:0% +liquid and so if you calculate what are + + + align:start position:0% +liquid and so if you calculate what are +the average mean Square displacement + + align:start position:0% +the average mean Square displacement + + + align:start position:0% +the average mean Square displacement +that is if you average on say all the + + align:start position:0% +that is if you average on say all the + + + align:start position:0% +that is if you average on say all the +iodine atoms what is their average Delta + + align:start position:0% +iodine atoms what is their average Delta + + + align:start position:0% +iodine atoms what is their average Delta +R squ how much they move around well + + align:start position:0% +R squ how much they move around well + + + align:start position:0% +R squ how much they move around well +you'll discover that really you know + + align:start position:0% +you'll discover that really you know + + + align:start position:0% +you'll discover that really you know +since that they are as crystalling solid + + align:start position:0% +since that they are as crystalling solid + + + align:start position:0% +since that they are as crystalling solid +they're just going to oscillate around + + align:start position:0% +they're just going to oscillate around + + + align:start position:0% +they're just going to oscillate around +their equilibrium position and so you + + align:start position:0% +their equilibrium position and so you + + + align:start position:0% +their equilibrium position and so you +you calculate that average during a + + align:start position:0% +you calculate that average during a + + + align:start position:0% +you calculate that average during a +molecular Dynamic simulation you see + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamic simulation you see + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamic simulation you see +there is a sort of you know first very + + align:start position:0% +there is a sort of you know first very + + + align:start position:0% +there is a sort of you know first very +short period of thermal ation the atom + + align:start position:0% +short period of thermal ation the atom + + + align:start position:0% +short period of thermal ation the atom +starts moving but then they are just + + align:start position:0% +starts moving but then they are just + + + align:start position:0% +starts moving but then they are just +oscillating around they are not going + + align:start position:0% +oscillating around they are not going + + + align:start position:0% +oscillating around they are not going +anywhere so they're instantaneous mean + + align:start position:0% +anywhere so they're instantaneous mean + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere so they're instantaneous mean +Square displacement as a value that is + + align:start position:0% +Square displacement as a value that is + + + align:start position:0% +Square displacement as a value that is +just a constant so this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +just a constant so this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +just a constant so this is sort of +typical of a crystalline solid if you do + + align:start position:0% +typical of a crystalline solid if you do + + + align:start position:0% +typical of a crystalline solid if you do +the same thing for the silvers you see + + align:start position:0% +the same thing for the silvers you see + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing for the silvers you see +that as a function of increasing + + align:start position:0% +that as a function of increasing + + + align:start position:0% +that as a function of increasing +temperature you see at 250 Kelvin below + + align:start position:0% +temperature you see at 250 Kelvin below + + + align:start position:0% +temperature you see at 250 Kelvin below +the super iic transition also the silver + + align:start position:0% +the super iic transition also the silver + + + align:start position:0% +the super iic transition also the silver +a sort of you know look more or less + + align:start position:0% +a sort of you know look more or less + + + align:start position:0% +a sort of you know look more or less +flat but when you increase the + + align:start position:0% +flat but when you increase the + + + align:start position:0% +flat but when you increase the +temperature their mean Square + + align:start position:0% +temperature their mean Square + + + align:start position:0% +temperature their mean Square +displacement starts becoming a linear + + align:start position:0% +displacement starts becoming a linear + + + align:start position:0% +displacement starts becoming a linear +function of time so the silvers are + + align:start position:0% +function of time so the silvers are + + + align:start position:0% +function of time so the silvers are +really moving around they are diffusing + + align:start position:0% +really moving around they are diffusing + + + align:start position:0% +really moving around they are diffusing +away as a liquid and so in the sort of + + align:start position:0% +away as a liquid and so in the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +away as a liquid and so in the sort of +you know mean Square displacement you + + align:start position:0% +you know mean Square displacement you + + + align:start position:0% +you know mean Square displacement you +can see the signature of a liquid when + + align:start position:0% +can see the signature of a liquid when + + + align:start position:0% +can see the signature of a liquid when +they sort of increase linearly with time + + align:start position:0% +they sort of increase linearly with time + + + align:start position:0% +they sort of increase linearly with time +or you can see the signature of a solid + + align:start position:0% +or you can see the signature of a solid + + + align:start position:0% +or you can see the signature of a solid +where they just are not going anywhere + + align:start position:0% +where they just are not going anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +where they just are not going anywhere +they just vibrate and around their + + align:start position:0% +they just vibrate and around their + + + align:start position:0% +they just vibrate and around their +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +position and so this is the quantity + + align:start position:0% +position and so this is the quantity + + + align:start position:0% +position and so this is the quantity +that you know we could calculate in our + + align:start position:0% +that you know we could calculate in our + + + align:start position:0% +that you know we could calculate in our +molecular Dynamic simulation the average + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamic simulation the average + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamic simulation the average +of the mean Square displacement I + + align:start position:0% +of the mean Square displacement I + + + align:start position:0% +of the mean Square displacement I +written it here remember that it's going + + align:start position:0% +written it here remember that it's going + + + align:start position:0% +written it here remember that it's going +to be equal to two times the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +to be equal to two times the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +to be equal to two times the diffusion +coefficient times the dimensionality of + + align:start position:0% +coefficient times the dimensionality of + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient times the dimensionality of +your system and now we sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +your system and now we sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +your system and now we sort of you know +um work a little bit with this and in + + align:start position:0% +um work a little bit with this and in + + + align:start position:0% +um work a little bit with this and in +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +sort of you know we introduced this sort + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know we introduced this sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know we introduced this sort +of alternative definition of the + + align:start position:0% +of alternative definition of the + + + align:start position:0% +of alternative definition of the +displacement of an atom this is actually + + align:start position:0% +displacement of an atom this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +displacement of an atom this is actually +very useful uh if you are sort of + + align:start position:0% +very useful uh if you are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +very useful uh if you are sort of +working in periodic boundary conditions + + align:start position:0% +working in periodic boundary conditions + + + align:start position:0% +working in periodic boundary conditions +uh you need to be careful often your um + + align:start position:0% +uh you need to be careful often your um + + + align:start position:0% +uh you need to be careful often your um +molecular Dynamics codes for Simplicity + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics codes for Simplicity + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics codes for Simplicity +always sort of show you the coordinates + + align:start position:0% +always sort of show you the coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +always sort of show you the coordinates +of the ions as they were sitting in your + + align:start position:0% +of the ions as they were sitting in your + + + align:start position:0% +of the ions as they were sitting in your +first unit cell so if an atom is + + align:start position:0% +first unit cell so if an atom is + + + align:start position:0% +first unit cell so if an atom is +diffusing as a liquid and it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +diffusing as a liquid and it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +diffusing as a liquid and it's sort of +moves around and from one unit cell + + align:start position:0% +moves around and from one unit cell + + + align:start position:0% +moves around and from one unit cell +moves in the second unit cell your code + + align:start position:0% +moves in the second unit cell your code + + + align:start position:0% +moves in the second unit cell your code +usually will actually sort of Bring It + + align:start position:0% +usually will actually sort of Bring It + + + align:start position:0% +usually will actually sort of Bring It +Back by a ltis translation in the first + + align:start position:0% +Back by a ltis translation in the first + + + align:start position:0% +Back by a ltis translation in the first +unit cell so a universal way to sort of + + align:start position:0% +unit cell so a universal way to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +unit cell so a universal way to sort of +take into account um what the actual + + align:start position:0% +take into account um what the actual + + + align:start position:0% +take into account um what the actual +position of an atom is is actually write + + align:start position:0% +position of an atom is is actually write + + + align:start position:0% +position of an atom is is actually write +the uh position that is usually a vector + + align:start position:0% +the uh position that is usually a vector + + + align:start position:0% +the uh position that is usually a vector +that satisfies this periodic boundary + + align:start position:0% +that satisfies this periodic boundary + + + align:start position:0% +that satisfies this periodic boundary +condition as an integral of the Velocity + + align:start position:0% +condition as an integral of the Velocity + + + align:start position:0% +condition as an integral of the Velocity +so in that sense the position of your + + align:start position:0% +so in that sense the position of your + + + align:start position:0% +so in that sense the position of your +particle is always taking correctly into + + align:start position:0% +particle is always taking correctly into + + + align:start position:0% +particle is always taking correctly into +account all the distance that has been + + align:start position:0% +account all the distance that has been + + + align:start position:0% +account all the distance that has been +traversed so if you have a unit cell + + align:start position:0% +traversed so if you have a unit cell + + + align:start position:0% +traversed so if you have a unit cell +really and your particle is moving + + align:start position:0% +really and your particle is moving + + + align:start position:0% +really and your particle is moving +you'll sort of you know integrate + + align:start position:0% +you'll sort of you know integrate + + + align:start position:0% +you'll sort of you know integrate +correctly your trajectory by doing the + + align:start position:0% +correctly your trajectory by doing the + + + align:start position:0% +correctly your trajectory by doing the +integral of the Velocity while sort of + + align:start position:0% +integral of the Velocity while sort of + + + align:start position:0% +integral of the Velocity while sort of +you know your algorithm would actually + + align:start position:0% +you know your algorithm would actually + + + align:start position:0% +you know your algorithm would actually +bring back the particle once it crosses + + align:start position:0% +bring back the particle once it crosses + + + align:start position:0% +bring back the particle once it crosses +a bound okay nothing deep here we are + + align:start position:0% +a bound okay nothing deep here we are + + + align:start position:0% +a bound okay nothing deep here we are +just sort of writing the position as the + + align:start position:0% +just sort of writing the position as the + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of writing the position as the +integral of the Velocity but sort of + + align:start position:0% +integral of the Velocity but sort of + + + align:start position:0% +integral of the Velocity but sort of +with this definition we can actually go + + align:start position:0% +with this definition we can actually go + + + align:start position:0% +with this definition we can actually go +back and look at what is the expression + + align:start position:0% +back and look at what is the expression + + + align:start position:0% +back and look at what is the expression +for the average of the mean Square + + align:start position:0% +for the average of the mean Square + + + align:start position:0% +for the average of the mean Square +displacement that is the Delta x square + + align:start position:0% +displacement that is the Delta x square + + + align:start position:0% +displacement that is the Delta x square +and now we write it actually as the + + align:start position:0% +and now we write it actually as the + + + align:start position:0% +and now we write it actually as the +square as the of the integral of the + + align:start position:0% +square as the of the integral of the + + + align:start position:0% +square as the of the integral of the +Velocity at the instant T and so I'm + + align:start position:0% +Velocity at the instant T and so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Velocity at the instant T and so I'm +just sort of writing this integral out + + align:start position:0% +just sort of writing this integral out + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of writing this integral out +explicitly when I sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +explicitly when I sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly when I sort of you know +expand the square have an integral in T + + align:start position:0% +expand the square have an integral in T + + + align:start position:0% +expand the square have an integral in T +and T Prime and again the bracket means + + align:start position:0% +and T Prime and again the bracket means + + + align:start position:0% +and T Prime and again the bracket means +just The Ensemble average on all your + + align:start position:0% +just The Ensemble average on all your + + + align:start position:0% +just The Ensemble average on all your +particles so it commutes with the + + align:start position:0% +particles so it commutes with the + + + align:start position:0% +particles so it commutes with the +integral and so what we are calculating + + align:start position:0% +integral and so what we are calculating + + + align:start position:0% +integral and so what we are calculating +here is really the sum over all the + + align:start position:0% +here is really the sum over all the + + + align:start position:0% +here is really the sum over all the +particles and averaging that that is + + align:start position:0% +particles and averaging that that is + + + align:start position:0% +particles and averaging that that is +dividing by the number of the total + + align:start position:0% +dividing by the number of the total + + + align:start position:0% +dividing by the number of the total +number of particles of the Velocity at a + + align:start position:0% +number of particles of the Velocity at a + + + align:start position:0% +number of particles of the Velocity at a +certain instant T Prime Times the + + align:start position:0% +certain instant T Prime Times the + + + align:start position:0% +certain instant T Prime Times the +velocity of a certain instant T2 + + align:start position:0% +velocity of a certain instant T2 + + + align:start position:0% +velocity of a certain instant T2 +Prime and U you know we can actually for + + align:start position:0% +Prime and U you know we can actually for + + + align:start position:0% +Prime and U you know we can actually for +computational convenience this is really + + align:start position:0% +computational convenience this is really + + + align:start position:0% +computational convenience this is really +an integral on a square integral from 0 + + align:start position:0% +an integral on a square integral from 0 + + + align:start position:0% +an integral on a square integral from 0 +to T in one dimension and integral from + + align:start position:0% +to T in one dimension and integral from + + + align:start position:0% +to T in one dimension and integral from +0 to T in the other dimension but this + + align:start position:0% +0 to T in the other dimension but this + + + align:start position:0% +0 to T in the other dimension but this +expression is symmetric so we can + + align:start position:0% +expression is symmetric so we can + + + align:start position:0% +expression is symmetric so we can +actually integrate this only on half the + + align:start position:0% +actually integrate this only on half the + + + align:start position:0% +actually integrate this only on half the +square we are integrating it only on the + + align:start position:0% +square we are integrating it only on the + + + align:start position:0% +square we are integrating it only on the +triangle so of this where T and T Prime + + align:start position:0% +triangle so of this where T and T Prime + + + align:start position:0% +triangle so of this where T and T Prime +and our a sort of integration interval + + align:start position:0% +and our a sort of integration interval + + + align:start position:0% +and our a sort of integration interval +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +we can just s of for Simplicity + + align:start position:0% +we can just s of for Simplicity + + + align:start position:0% +we can just s of for Simplicity +integrate into half of this okay um so + + align:start position:0% +integrate into half of this okay um so + + + align:start position:0% +integrate into half of this okay um so +what we have achieved here is we have + + align:start position:0% +what we have achieved here is we have + + + align:start position:0% +what we have achieved here is we have +written this average mean Square + + align:start position:0% +written this average mean Square + + + align:start position:0% +written this average mean Square +displacement as an integral of the + + align:start position:0% +displacement as an integral of the + + + align:start position:0% +displacement as an integral of the +average product between the velocity at + + align:start position:0% +average product between the velocity at + + + align:start position:0% +average product between the velocity at +a certain instant and the velocity at a + + align:start position:0% +a certain instant and the velocity at a + + + align:start position:0% +a certain instant and the velocity at a +different instant and this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +different instant and this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +different instant and this is sort of +you know where our connection with the + + align:start position:0% +you know where our connection with the + + + align:start position:0% +you know where our connection with the +equilibrium properties is starting to + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium properties is starting to + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium properties is starting to +emerge and you'll see this in a moment + + align:start position:0% +emerge and you'll see this in a moment + + + align:start position:0% +emerge and you'll see this in a moment +this is this is called velocity + + align:start position:0% +this is this is called velocity + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is called velocity +autocorrelation function and I'm writing + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation function and I'm writing + + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation function and I'm writing +it sort of more explicitly all of this + + align:start position:0% +it sort of more explicitly all of this + + + align:start position:0% +it sort of more explicitly all of this +has been done again sort of to keep the + + align:start position:0% +has been done again sort of to keep the + + + align:start position:0% +has been done again sort of to keep the +algebra simple in two Dimensions so + + align:start position:0% +algebra simple in two Dimensions so + + + align:start position:0% +algebra simple in two Dimensions so +remember the Einstein relation we are in + + align:start position:0% +remember the Einstein relation we are in + + + align:start position:0% +remember the Einstein relation we are in +sorry we are in one dimension so + + align:start position:0% +sorry we are in one dimension so + + + align:start position:0% +sorry we are in one dimension so +remember the Einstein relation the small + + align:start position:0% +remember the Einstein relation the small + + + align:start position:0% +remember the Einstein relation the small +D the dimensionality of your system is + + align:start position:0% +D the dimensionality of your system is + + + align:start position:0% +D the dimensionality of your system is +one so we have the two + + align:start position:0% +one so we have the two + + + align:start position:0% +one so we have the two +times the diffusion coefficient is equal + + align:start position:0% +times the diffusion coefficient is equal + + + align:start position:0% +times the diffusion coefficient is equal +to the derivative of the mean Square + + align:start position:0% +to the derivative of the mean Square + + + align:start position:0% +to the derivative of the mean Square +displacement and the mean Square + + align:start position:0% +displacement and the mean Square + + + align:start position:0% +displacement and the mean Square +displacement in itself has been written + + align:start position:0% +displacement in itself has been written + + + align:start position:0% +displacement in itself has been written +as the double integral but when you take + + align:start position:0% +as the double integral but when you take + + + align:start position:0% +as the double integral but when you take +the derivative with respect to T one of + + align:start position:0% +the derivative with respect to T one of + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative with respect to T one of +the integral cancels cancels out so if + + align:start position:0% +the integral cancels cancels out so if + + + align:start position:0% +the integral cancels cancels out so if +you want this is our final relation let + + align:start position:0% +you want this is our final relation let + + + align:start position:0% +you want this is our final relation let +me actually sort of write it write it + + align:start position:0% +me actually sort of write it write it + + + align:start position:0% +me actually sort of write it write it +write it earlier and of remove the + + align:start position:0% +write it earlier and of remove the + + + align:start position:0% +write it earlier and of remove the +factor of two we have that the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +factor of two we have that the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +factor of two we have that the diffusion +coefficient is written as this integral + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is written as this integral + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is written as this integral +we can sort of exploit a translational + + align:start position:0% +we can sort of exploit a translational + + + align:start position:0% +we can sort of exploit a translational +invariance in time really if we are + + align:start position:0% +invariance in time really if we are + + + align:start position:0% +invariance in time really if we are +looking at what is the average value of + + align:start position:0% +looking at what is the average value of + + + align:start position:0% +looking at what is the average value of +the product of the Velocity at a certain + + align:start position:0% +the product of the Velocity at a certain + + + align:start position:0% +the product of the Velocity at a certain +instant T Prime Times the velocity of + + align:start position:0% +instant T Prime Times the velocity of + + + align:start position:0% +instant T Prime Times the velocity of +another instant T2 Prime well that + + align:start position:0% +another instant T2 Prime well that + + + align:start position:0% +another instant T2 Prime well that +average product is not going to be + + align:start position:0% +average product is not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +average product is not going to be +different if we translate it in time so + + align:start position:0% +different if we translate it in time so + + + align:start position:0% +different if we translate it in time so +we can sort of refer it to an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +we can sort of refer it to an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +we can sort of refer it to an arbitrary +origin and so we just do a translation + + align:start position:0% +origin and so we just do a translation + + + align:start position:0% +origin and so we just do a translation +in which we shift the 2 Prime into zero + + align:start position:0% +in which we shift the 2 Prime into zero + + + align:start position:0% +in which we shift the 2 Prime into zero +and so on so this is sort of our final + + align:start position:0% +and so on so this is sort of our final + + + align:start position:0% +and so on so this is sort of our final +expression and this is what is called a + + align:start position:0% +expression and this is what is called a + + + align:start position:0% +expression and this is what is called a +velocity velocity out of correlation + + align:start position:0% +velocity velocity out of correlation + + + align:start position:0% +velocity velocity out of correlation +function so you see what we have is that + + align:start position:0% +function so you see what we have is that + + + align:start position:0% +function so you see what we have is that +the macroscopic property the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +the macroscopic property the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +the macroscopic property the diffusion +coefficient that is really telling you + + align:start position:0% +coefficient that is really telling you + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient that is really telling you +how a system respond to a perturbation + + align:start position:0% +how a system respond to a perturbation + + + align:start position:0% +how a system respond to a perturbation +you put some + + align:start position:0% +you put some + + + align:start position:0% +you put some +Gallum on your surface of silicon and + + align:start position:0% +Gallum on your surface of silicon and + + + align:start position:0% +Gallum on your surface of silicon and +then there is this macroscopic diffusion + + align:start position:0% +then there is this macroscopic diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +then there is this macroscopic diffusion +prop transport process that is there is + + align:start position:0% +prop transport process that is there is + + + align:start position:0% +prop transport process that is there is +a perturbation and the system evolves + + align:start position:0% +a perturbation and the system evolves + + + align:start position:0% +a perturbation and the system evolves +can actually be related to an + + align:start position:0% +can actually be related to an + + + align:start position:0% +can actually be related to an +equilibrium property of the system that + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium property of the system that + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium property of the system that +is really ultimately what are the mean + + align:start position:0% +is really ultimately what are the mean + + + align:start position:0% +is really ultimately what are the mean +Square displacements how atom + + align:start position:0% +Square displacements how atom + + + align:start position:0% +Square displacements how atom +microscopically move around and in + + align:start position:0% +microscopically move around and in + + + align:start position:0% +microscopically move around and in +particular uh sort of you know the + + align:start position:0% +particular uh sort of you know the + + + align:start position:0% +particular uh sort of you know the +quantity that is sort of plain here is + + align:start position:0% +quantity that is sort of plain here is + + + align:start position:0% +quantity that is sort of plain here is +this velocity velocity autocorrelation + + align:start position:0% +this velocity velocity autocorrelation + + + align:start position:0% +this velocity velocity autocorrelation +you see what this is what this is + + align:start position:0% +you see what this is what this is + + + align:start position:0% +you see what this is what this is +looking at is suppose that you have a + + align:start position:0% +looking at is suppose that you have a + + + align:start position:0% +looking at is suppose that you have a +velocity at a certain instant and then + + align:start position:0% +velocity at a certain instant and then + + + align:start position:0% +velocity at a certain instant and then +you look at that instant that is sort of + + align:start position:0% +you look at that instant that is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you look at that instant that is sort of +tow away in time from sort of your + + align:start position:0% +tow away in time from sort of your + + + align:start position:0% +tow away in time from sort of your +instant zero and you look at the product + + align:start position:0% +instant zero and you look at the product + + + align:start position:0% +instant zero and you look at the product +of these two + + align:start position:0% +of these two + + + align:start position:0% +of these two +velocities now if C is very small the + + align:start position:0% +velocities now if C is very small the + + + align:start position:0% +velocities now if C is very small the +velocity is not going to have changed + + align:start position:0% +velocity is not going to have changed + + + align:start position:0% +velocity is not going to have changed +very much so in the sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +very much so in the sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +very much so in the sort of you know +limit of small to your velocity at zero + + align:start position:0% +limit of small to your velocity at zero + + + align:start position:0% +limit of small to your velocity at zero +and your velocity at to are going to be + + align:start position:0% +and your velocity at to are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and your velocity at to are going to be +very similar so if you wonder there is a + + align:start position:0% +very similar so if you wonder there is a + + + align:start position:0% +very similar so if you wonder there is a +lot of correlation when you take this + + align:start position:0% +lot of correlation when you take this + + + align:start position:0% +lot of correlation when you take this +product it's going to look a lot like v0 + + align:start position:0% +product it's going to look a lot like v0 + + + align:start position:0% +product it's going to look a lot like v0 +squared and then all these things are + + align:start position:0% +squared and then all these things are + + + align:start position:0% +squared and then all these things are +normalized properly so you know it could + + align:start position:0% +normalized properly so you know it could + + + align:start position:0% +normalized properly so you know it could +look like one but as you sort of move + + align:start position:0% +look like one but as you sort of move + + + align:start position:0% +look like one but as you sort of move +away in time you go towards longer and + + align:start position:0% +away in time you go towards longer and + + + align:start position:0% +away in time you go towards longer and +longer times there is going to be no + + align:start position:0% +longer times there is going to be no + + + align:start position:0% +longer times there is going to be no +correlation your velocity at zero and + + align:start position:0% +correlation your velocity at zero and + + + align:start position:0% +correlation your velocity at zero and +your velocity at an instant that is very + + align:start position:0% +your velocity at an instant that is very + + + align:start position:0% +your velocity at an instant that is very +far away in time it's not going to be + + align:start position:0% +far away in time it's not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +far away in time it's not going to be +correlated and so the product of this + + align:start position:0% +correlated and so the product of this + + + align:start position:0% +correlated and so the product of this +can be if you want any number and when + + align:start position:0% +can be if you want any number and when + + + align:start position:0% +can be if you want any number and when +you take the average you see the sort of + + align:start position:0% +you take the average you see the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you take the average you see the sort of +Ensemble average the bracket when you + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble average the bracket when you + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble average the bracket when you +average this quantity on all your + + align:start position:0% +average this quantity on all your + + + align:start position:0% +average this quantity on all your +particles in the system this is just + + align:start position:0% +particles in the system this is just + + + align:start position:0% +particles in the system this is just +going to be zero because this thing can + + align:start position:0% +going to be zero because this thing can + + + align:start position:0% +going to be zero because this thing can +have any positive or negative value + + align:start position:0% +have any positive or negative value + + + align:start position:0% +have any positive or negative value +because there is no correlation between + + align:start position:0% +because there is no correlation between + + + align:start position:0% +because there is no correlation between +the velocity at a large to and so this + + align:start position:0% +the velocity at a large to and so this + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity at a large to and so this +thing is going to be zero okay so the + + align:start position:0% +thing is going to be zero okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +thing is going to be zero okay so the +limit of this velocity velocity a of + + align:start position:0% +limit of this velocity velocity a of + + + align:start position:0% +limit of this velocity velocity a of +correlation for very large to is going + + align:start position:0% +correlation for very large to is going + + + align:start position:0% +correlation for very large to is going +to be equal to zero the limit for sort + + align:start position:0% +to be equal to zero the limit for sort + + + align:start position:0% +to be equal to zero the limit for sort +of very small tow is going to be equal + + align:start position:0% +of very small tow is going to be equal + + + align:start position:0% +of very small tow is going to be equal +to one or whatever your normalization + + align:start position:0% +to one or whatever your normalization + + + align:start position:0% +to one or whatever your normalization +factor is and then there could be some + + align:start position:0% +factor is and then there could be some + + + align:start position:0% +factor is and then there could be some +interesting structure at a certain times + + align:start position:0% +interesting structure at a certain times + + + align:start position:0% +interesting structure at a certain times +and sort of we'll see see it in a moment + + align:start position:0% +and sort of we'll see see it in a moment + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of we'll see see it in a moment +but suppose your system is actually sort + + align:start position:0% +but suppose your system is actually sort + + + align:start position:0% +but suppose your system is actually sort +of oscillating it's you're looking not + + align:start position:0% +of oscillating it's you're looking not + + + align:start position:0% +of oscillating it's you're looking not +at the liquid part of your silver iodide + + align:start position:0% +at the liquid part of your silver iodide + + + align:start position:0% +at the liquid part of your silver iodide +but you're looking just at the sort of + + align:start position:0% +but you're looking just at the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +but you're looking just at the sort of +crystalline iodines sort of oscillating + + align:start position:0% +crystalline iodines sort of oscillating + + + align:start position:0% +crystalline iodines sort of oscillating +around well suppose that your iodine + + align:start position:0% +around well suppose that your iodine + + + align:start position:0% +around well suppose that your iodine +atom has a certain period of oscillation + + align:start position:0% +atom has a certain period of oscillation + + + align:start position:0% +atom has a certain period of oscillation +so it sort of keeps going back and forth + + align:start position:0% +so it sort of keeps going back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +so it sort of keeps going back and forth +well then there will be a lot of + + align:start position:0% +well then there will be a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +well then there will be a lot of +correlation if you look at your velocity + + align:start position:0% +correlation if you look at your velocity + + + align:start position:0% +correlation if you look at your velocity +at a time zero and your velocity at a + + align:start position:0% +at a time zero and your velocity at a + + + align:start position:0% +at a time zero and your velocity at a +instant that is roughly equal to a + + align:start position:0% +instant that is roughly equal to a + + + align:start position:0% +instant that is roughly equal to a +period of oscillation because if this + + align:start position:0% +period of oscillation because if this + + + align:start position:0% +period of oscillation because if this +thing were to oscillate exactly around + + align:start position:0% +thing were to oscillate exactly around + + + align:start position:0% +thing were to oscillate exactly around +its equilibrium every sort of period you + + align:start position:0% +its equilibrium every sort of period you + + + align:start position:0% +its equilibrium every sort of period you +would have that the velocity has become + + align:start position:0% +would have that the velocity has become + + + align:start position:0% +would have that the velocity has become +the same okay so you will see a very + + align:start position:0% +the same okay so you will see a very + + + align:start position:0% +the same okay so you will see a very +definite structure in this uh + + align:start position:0% +definite structure in this uh + + + align:start position:0% +definite structure in this uh +correlation function if your system is + + align:start position:0% +correlation function if your system is + + + align:start position:0% +correlation function if your system is +not a crystal if your system is you know + + align:start position:0% +not a crystal if your system is you know + + + align:start position:0% +not a crystal if your system is you know +sort of diffusing away as a liquid as + + align:start position:0% +sort of diffusing away as a liquid as + + + align:start position:0% +sort of diffusing away as a liquid as +your time increases the correlation + + align:start position:0% +your time increases the correlation + + + align:start position:0% +your time increases the correlation +becomes zero and even if it a crystal + + align:start position:0% +becomes zero and even if it a crystal + + + align:start position:0% +becomes zero and even if it a crystal +but it's not really you know oscillating + + align:start position:0% +but it's not really you know oscillating + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not really you know oscillating +perfectly like a harmonic oscilla um + + align:start position:0% +perfectly like a harmonic oscilla um + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly like a harmonic oscilla um +harmonic oscillator around that period + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator around that period + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator around that period +when you really go to very very long + + align:start position:0% +when you really go to very very long + + + align:start position:0% +when you really go to very very long +time away you start losing this + + align:start position:0% +time away you start losing this + + + align:start position:0% +time away you start losing this +correlation that sort of takes place at + + align:start position:0% +correlation that sort of takes place at + + + align:start position:0% +correlation that sort of takes place at +every bit and that average quantity + + align:start position:0% +every bit and that average quantity + + + align:start position:0% +every bit and that average quantity +starts in itself to be zero so how does + + align:start position:0% +starts in itself to be zero so how does + + + align:start position:0% +starts in itself to be zero so how does +a sort of you know velocity velocity + + align:start position:0% +a sort of you know velocity velocity + + + align:start position:0% +a sort of you know velocity velocity +autocorrelation function looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well it looks like something like this I + + align:start position:0% +well it looks like something like this I + + + align:start position:0% +well it looks like something like this I +need to sort of graph it here so again + + align:start position:0% +need to sort of graph it here so again + + + align:start position:0% +need to sort of graph it here so again +when you're really sort of far away in + + align:start position:0% +when you're really sort of far away in + + + align:start position:0% +when you're really sort of far away in +time so you know what we are plotting is + + align:start position:0% +time so you know what we are plotting is + + + align:start position:0% +time so you know what we are plotting is +The Ensemble average of you know vdt + + align:start position:0% +The Ensemble average of you know vdt + + + align:start position:0% +The Ensemble average of you know vdt +time vd0 V of Z so very very far away in + + align:start position:0% +time vd0 V of Z so very very far away in + + + align:start position:0% +time vd0 V of Z so very very far away in +time it's going to be zero there is no + + align:start position:0% +time it's going to be zero there is no + + + align:start position:0% +time it's going to be zero there is no +correlation between the velocity of the + + align:start position:0% +correlation between the velocity of the + + + align:start position:0% +correlation between the velocity of the +atoms at sort of you know very very + + align:start position:0% +atoms at sort of you know very very + + + align:start position:0% +atoms at sort of you know very very +small times there is really maximum + + align:start position:0% +small times there is really maximum + + + align:start position:0% +small times there is really maximum +correlation and then sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +correlation and then sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +correlation and then sort of you know +what is in between really depends on the + + align:start position:0% +what is in between really depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +what is in between really depends on the +Dynamics of the system and it can sort + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics of the system and it can sort + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics of the system and it can sort +of look very different in different + + align:start position:0% +of look very different in different + + + align:start position:0% +of look very different in different +systems uh but Einstein relation and the + + align:start position:0% +systems uh but Einstein relation and the + + + align:start position:0% +systems uh but Einstein relation and the +green Cubo formula that you have seen + + align:start position:0% +green Cubo formula that you have seen + + + align:start position:0% +green Cubo formula that you have seen +before actually relates first of all the + + align:start position:0% +before actually relates first of all the + + + align:start position:0% +before actually relates first of all the +integral from 0er to Infinity of this + + align:start position:0% +integral from 0er to Infinity of this + + + align:start position:0% +integral from 0er to Infinity of this +function to the diffusion coefficient + + align:start position:0% +function to the diffusion coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +function to the diffusion coefficient +so again this function really represent + + align:start position:0% +so again this function really represent + + + align:start position:0% +so again this function really represent +what are your microscopic fluctuation at + + align:start position:0% +what are your microscopic fluctuation at + + + align:start position:0% +what are your microscopic fluctuation at +equilibrium sort of how the velocities + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium sort of how the velocities + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium sort of how the velocities +are correlated so how your atom vibrate + + align:start position:0% +are correlated so how your atom vibrate + + + align:start position:0% +are correlated so how your atom vibrate +around but all the sort of algebra you + + align:start position:0% +around but all the sort of algebra you + + + align:start position:0% +around but all the sort of algebra you +have seen before shows also that the + + align:start position:0% +have seen before shows also that the + + + align:start position:0% +have seen before shows also that the +integral of this quantity gives you the + + align:start position:0% +integral of this quantity gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +integral of this quantity gives you the +diffusion coefficient in the problem and + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient in the problem and + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient in the problem and +that's one way of calculating the + + align:start position:0% +that's one way of calculating the + + + align:start position:0% +that's one way of calculating the +diffusion coefficient the other way if + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient the other way if + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient the other way if +you go back to your slides would be just + + align:start position:0% +you go back to your slides would be just + + + align:start position:0% +you go back to your slides would be just +calculating the derivative with respect + + align:start position:0% +calculating the derivative with respect + + + align:start position:0% +calculating the derivative with respect +to time of the mean square displacements + + align:start position:0% +to time of the mean square displacements + + + align:start position:0% +to time of the mean square displacements +and so in a liquid you have seen that + + align:start position:0% +and so in a liquid you have seen that + + + align:start position:0% +and so in a liquid you have seen that +your mean Square displacements sort of + + align:start position:0% +your mean Square displacements sort of + + + align:start position:0% +your mean Square displacements sort of +become linear if you sort of wait enough + + align:start position:0% +become linear if you sort of wait enough + + + align:start position:0% +become linear if you sort of wait enough +time with respect to time and so the + + align:start position:0% +time with respect to time and so the + + + align:start position:0% +time with respect to time and so the +diffusion coefficient is also + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient is also + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient is also +equivalently given by the slope of this + + align:start position:0% +equivalently given by the slope of this + + + align:start position:0% +equivalently given by the slope of this +system um one of the interesting things + + align:start position:0% +system um one of the interesting things + + + align:start position:0% +system um one of the interesting things +that you obtain from the sort of + + align:start position:0% +that you obtain from the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that you obtain from the sort of +velocity Auto velocity velocity + + align:start position:0% +velocity Auto velocity velocity + + + align:start position:0% +velocity Auto velocity velocity +autocorrelation function that you don't + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation function that you don't + + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation function that you don't +obtain from you know the slope of your + + align:start position:0% +obtain from you know the slope of your + + + align:start position:0% +obtain from you know the slope of your +mean Square displacement is that you can + + align:start position:0% +mean Square displacement is that you can + + + align:start position:0% +mean Square displacement is that you can +obtain what we call the power spectrum + + align:start position:0% +obtain what we call the power spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +obtain what we call the power spectrum +that is you can look at a system like a + + align:start position:0% +that is you can look at a system like a + + + align:start position:0% +that is you can look at a system like a +liquid and figure out what are the + + align:start position:0% +liquid and figure out what are the + + + align:start position:0% +liquid and figure out what are the +typical vibrations in your system again + + align:start position:0% +typical vibrations in your system again + + + align:start position:0% +typical vibrations in your system again +this is because what you know what we + + align:start position:0% +this is because what you know what we + + + align:start position:0% +this is because what you know what we +have said if a system if an atom is + + align:start position:0% +have said if a system if an atom is + + + align:start position:0% +have said if a system if an atom is +oscillating around say an equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +oscillating around say an equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +oscillating around say an equilibrium +position there is going to be a lot of + + align:start position:0% +position there is going to be a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +position there is going to be a lot of +correlation that is if we look at time + + align:start position:0% +correlation that is if we look at time + + + align:start position:0% +correlation that is if we look at time +zero and if you look after a period T + + align:start position:0% +zero and if you look after a period T + + + align:start position:0% +zero and if you look after a period T +the velocities are again going to be + + align:start position:0% +the velocities are again going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the velocities are again going to be +very similar if you look again at time + + align:start position:0% +very similar if you look again at time + + + align:start position:0% +very similar if you look again at time +2T they are again going to be similar if + + align:start position:0% +2T they are again going to be similar if + + + align:start position:0% +2T they are again going to be similar if +you look at a time 3T they are again + + align:start position:0% +you look at a time 3T they are again + + + align:start position:0% +you look at a time 3T they are again +going to be similar so in the velocity + + align:start position:0% +going to be similar so in the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +going to be similar so in the velocity +velocity Auto correlation function + + align:start position:0% +velocity Auto correlation function + + + align:start position:0% +velocity Auto correlation function +actually you will see not only a PE at + + align:start position:0% +actually you will see not only a PE at + + + align:start position:0% +actually you will see not only a PE at +zero but at Pi at T at 2T and 3T and so + + align:start position:0% +zero but at Pi at T at 2T and 3T and so + + + align:start position:0% +zero but at Pi at T at 2T and 3T and so +on and they will sort of slowly Decay + + align:start position:0% +on and they will sort of slowly Decay + + + align:start position:0% +on and they will sort of slowly Decay +but so that means that the velocity + + align:start position:0% +but so that means that the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +but so that means that the velocity +velocity autocorrelation function + + align:start position:0% +velocity autocorrelation function + + + align:start position:0% +velocity autocorrelation function +will sort of show somehow some periodic + + align:start position:0% +will sort of show somehow some periodic + + + align:start position:0% +will sort of show somehow some periodic +features that are related to what is the + + align:start position:0% +features that are related to what is the + + + align:start position:0% +features that are related to what is the +typical dynamics of your particles and + + align:start position:0% +typical dynamics of your particles and + + + align:start position:0% +typical dynamics of your particles and +so if you do the Fier transform of that + + align:start position:0% +so if you do the Fier transform of that + + + align:start position:0% +so if you do the Fier transform of that +the Fier transform of a function picks + + align:start position:0% +the Fier transform of a function picks + + + align:start position:0% +the Fier transform of a function picks +up what are the relevant frequencies in + + align:start position:0% +up what are the relevant frequencies in + + + align:start position:0% +up what are the relevant frequencies in +that function and so if you do that you + + align:start position:0% +that function and so if you do that you + + + align:start position:0% +that function and so if you do that you +actually find out what is the + + align:start position:0% +actually find out what is the + + + align:start position:0% +actually find out what is the +vibrational density of States so what + + align:start position:0% +vibrational density of States so what + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational density of States so what +are the typical frequencies of your + + align:start position:0% +are the typical frequencies of your + + + align:start position:0% +are the typical frequencies of your +system and this is you know sort of an + + align:start position:0% +system and this is you know sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +system and this is you know sort of an +example that comes from a molecular + + align:start position:0% +example that comes from a molecular + + + align:start position:0% +example that comes from a molecular +Dynamic simulation of water so what you + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic simulation of water so what you + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic simulation of water so what you +have is you have you know your liquid + + align:start position:0% +have is you have you know your liquid + + + align:start position:0% +have is you have you know your liquid +water remember that you know sort of in + + align:start position:0% +water remember that you know sort of in + + + align:start position:0% +water remember that you know sort of in +a system like liquid water you actually + + align:start position:0% +a system like liquid water you actually + + + align:start position:0% +a system like liquid water you actually +need only 30 40 50 molecules in a unit + + align:start position:0% +need only 30 40 50 molecules in a unit + + + align:start position:0% +need only 30 40 50 molecules in a unit +cell to basically simulate the infinite + + align:start position:0% +cell to basically simulate the infinite + + + align:start position:0% +cell to basically simulate the infinite +system as long as you are sort of enough + + align:start position:0% +system as long as you are sort of enough + + + align:start position:0% +system as long as you are sort of enough +far away from the melting or freezing uh + + align:start position:0% +far away from the melting or freezing uh + + + align:start position:0% +far away from the melting or freezing uh +transition so you take this system you + + align:start position:0% +transition so you take this system you + + + align:start position:0% +transition so you take this system you +let it evolve and then you calculate at + + align:start position:0% +let it evolve and then you calculate at + + + align:start position:0% +let it evolve and then you calculate at +every instant in time T the product of + + align:start position:0% +every instant in time T the product of + + + align:start position:0% +every instant in time T the product of +the Velocity you average that on all the + + align:start position:0% +the Velocity you average that on all the + + + align:start position:0% +the Velocity you average that on all the +molecules and you have the velocity + + align:start position:0% +molecules and you have the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +molecules and you have the velocity +velocity autocorrelation function and + + align:start position:0% +velocity autocorrelation function and + + + align:start position:0% +velocity autocorrelation function and +that as a function of time will show + + align:start position:0% +that as a function of time will show + + + align:start position:0% +that as a function of time will show +typical beatings that have to do with + + align:start position:0% +typical beatings that have to do with + + + align:start position:0% +typical beatings that have to do with +the frequencies in your system you do + + align:start position:0% +the frequencies in your system you do + + + align:start position:0% +the frequencies in your system you do +the Fier transform of this and you find + + align:start position:0% +the Fier transform of this and you find + + + align:start position:0% +the Fier transform of this and you find +a power Spectrum you find a vibrational + + align:start position:0% +a power Spectrum you find a vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +a power Spectrum you find a vibrational +spectrum of your liquid in which you see + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of your liquid in which you see + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of your liquid in which you see +you can identify a very large speak a + + align:start position:0% +you can identify a very large speak a + + + align:start position:0% +you can identify a very large speak a +very sort of you know typical set of + + align:start position:0% +very sort of you know typical set of + + + align:start position:0% +very sort of you know typical set of +vibrations that have really to do this + + align:start position:0% +vibrations that have really to do this + + + align:start position:0% +vibrations that have really to do this +is actually heavy water so it's got deum + + align:start position:0% +is actually heavy water so it's got deum + + + align:start position:0% +is actually heavy water so it's got deum +that have to do with the stretching mode + + align:start position:0% +that have to do with the stretching mode + + + align:start position:0% +that have to do with the stretching mode +of the deum oxygen distance in the water + + align:start position:0% +of the deum oxygen distance in the water + + + align:start position:0% +of the deum oxygen distance in the water +molecule so the modes in which the two + + align:start position:0% +molecule so the modes in which the two + + + align:start position:0% +molecule so the modes in which the two +atoms vibrate one against the other so + + align:start position:0% +atoms vibrate one against the other so + + + align:start position:0% +atoms vibrate one against the other so +this would be sort of the optical + + align:start position:0% +this would be sort of the optical + + + align:start position:0% +this would be sort of the optical +intramolecular modes and then you see + + align:start position:0% +intramolecular modes and then you see + + + align:start position:0% +intramolecular modes and then you see +another Pi that has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +another Pi that has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +another Pi that has to do with the +libration modes the fact that the water + + align:start position:0% +libration modes the fact that the water + + + align:start position:0% +libration modes the fact that the water +molecule act as scissors and then you + + align:start position:0% +molecule act as scissors and then you + + + align:start position:0% +molecule act as scissors and then you +sort of find a lot of sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +sort of find a lot of sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +sort of find a lot of sort of you know +lower energy modes but again just the F + + align:start position:0% +lower energy modes but again just the F + + + align:start position:0% +lower energy modes but again just the F +transform of this velocity velocity + + align:start position:0% +transform of this velocity velocity + + + align:start position:0% +transform of this velocity velocity +autocorrelation function gives you right + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation function gives you right + + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation function gives you right +away what is the vibrational density of + + align:start position:0% +away what is the vibrational density of + + + align:start position:0% +away what is the vibrational density of +states and again sort of you know a + + align:start position:0% +states and again sort of you know a + + + align:start position:0% +states and again sort of you know a +snapshot of you know what are the + + align:start position:0% +snapshot of you know what are the + + + align:start position:0% +snapshot of you know what are the +important vibration in your system and a + + align:start position:0% +important vibration in your system and a + + + align:start position:0% +important vibration in your system and a +lot of spectroscopic properties would be + + align:start position:0% +lot of spectroscopic properties would be + + + align:start position:0% +lot of spectroscopic properties would be +correlated with this vibrational density + + align:start position:0% +correlated with this vibrational density + + + align:start position:0% +correlated with this vibrational density +of States because suppose that you know + + align:start position:0% +of States because suppose that you know + + + align:start position:0% +of States because suppose that you know +some of these states are say what we + + align:start position:0% +some of these states are say what we + + + align:start position:0% +some of these states are say what we +call infrared active that is when the + + align:start position:0% +call infrared active that is when the + + + align:start position:0% +call infrared active that is when the +atoms move around they create a little + + align:start position:0% +atoms move around they create a little + + + align:start position:0% +atoms move around they create a little +polarization they create a little local + + align:start position:0% +polarization they create a little local + + + align:start position:0% +polarization they create a little local +electric field well then those M modes + + align:start position:0% +electric field well then those M modes + + + align:start position:0% +electric field well then those M modes +would interact and couple very strongly + + align:start position:0% +would interact and couple very strongly + + + align:start position:0% +would interact and couple very strongly +with sort of electromagnetic radiation + + align:start position:0% +with sort of electromagnetic radiation + + + align:start position:0% +with sort of electromagnetic radiation +and so depending on your frequency of + + align:start position:0% +and so depending on your frequency of + + + align:start position:0% +and so depending on your frequency of +your electromagnetic radiation you would + + align:start position:0% +your electromagnetic radiation you would + + + align:start position:0% +your electromagnetic radiation you would +couple very strongly with you know the + + align:start position:0% +couple very strongly with you know the + + + align:start position:0% +couple very strongly with you know the +appropriate frequencies of your liquid + + align:start position:0% +appropriate frequencies of your liquid + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate frequencies of your liquid +system and so this is again one of the + + align:start position:0% +system and so this is again one of the + + + align:start position:0% +system and so this is again one of the +sort of you know very important + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know very important + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know very important +quantities that you might want to + + align:start position:0% +quantities that you might want to + + + align:start position:0% +quantities that you might want to +extract from a molecular Dynamic + + align:start position:0% +extract from a molecular Dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +extract from a molecular Dynamic +simulation and if instead of having a + + align:start position:0% +simulation and if instead of having a + + + align:start position:0% +simulation and if instead of having a +liquid you add a solid again that would + + align:start position:0% +liquid you add a solid again that would + + + align:start position:0% +liquid you add a solid again that would +be the sort of you know vibrational + + align:start position:0% +be the sort of you know vibrational + + + align:start position:0% +be the sort of you know vibrational +density of states of your pH on modes + + align:start position:0% +density of states of your pH on modes + + + align:start position:0% +density of states of your pH on modes +okay this sort of concludes this + + align:start position:0% +okay this sort of concludes this + + + align:start position:0% +okay this sort of concludes this +parenthesis on green Kubo sort of + + align:start position:0% +parenthesis on green Kubo sort of + + + align:start position:0% +parenthesis on green Kubo sort of +approach you'll see more of this in sort + + align:start position:0% +approach you'll see more of this in sort + + + align:start position:0% +approach you'll see more of this in sort +of one of the later classes but again if + + align:start position:0% +of one of the later classes but again if + + + align:start position:0% +of one of the later classes but again if +there is one thing that you need to + + align:start position:0% +there is one thing that you need to + + + align:start position:0% +there is one thing that you need to +remember is this that this General sort + + align:start position:0% +remember is this that this General sort + + + align:start position:0% +remember is this that this General sort +of set of relation uh make a connection + + align:start position:0% +of set of relation uh make a connection + + + align:start position:0% +of set of relation uh make a connection +between a macroscopic property and in + + align:start position:0% +between a macroscopic property and in + + + align:start position:0% +between a macroscopic property and in +particular a response property of the + + align:start position:0% +particular a response property of the + + + align:start position:0% +particular a response property of the +system the diffusion coefficient is a + + align:start position:0% +system the diffusion coefficient is a + + + align:start position:0% +system the diffusion coefficient is a +response property of the system to a + + align:start position:0% +response property of the system to a + + + align:start position:0% +response property of the system to a +concentration in homogene in homogeneity + + align:start position:0% +concentration in homogene in homogeneity + + + align:start position:0% +concentration in homogene in homogeneity +and this microscopic property this + + align:start position:0% +and this microscopic property this + + + align:start position:0% +and this microscopic property this +response properties can be connected to + + align:start position:0% +response properties can be connected to + + + align:start position:0% +response properties can be connected to +equilibrium fluctuations something like + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium fluctuations something like + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium fluctuations something like +the velocity velocity autoc relation + + align:start position:0% +the velocity velocity autoc relation + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity velocity autoc relation +function and you know there are a lot of + + align:start position:0% +function and you know there are a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +function and you know there are a lot of +sort of interesting quantities that you + + align:start position:0% +sort of interesting quantities that you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of interesting quantities that you +can obtain from Green Kubo relations + + align:start position:0% +can obtain from Green Kubo relations + + + align:start position:0% +can obtain from Green Kubo relations +besides the diffusion coefficient so in + + align:start position:0% +besides the diffusion coefficient so in + + + align:start position:0% +besides the diffusion coefficient so in +particular you could sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +particular you could sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +particular you could sort of you know +find out the viscosity of your system + + align:start position:0% +find out the viscosity of your system + + + align:start position:0% +find out the viscosity of your system +suppose that you want to study liquid + + align:start position:0% +suppose that you want to study liquid + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that you want to study liquid +iron because you want to understand how + + align:start position:0% +iron because you want to understand how + + + align:start position:0% +iron because you want to understand how +sismic waves propagate in the sort of + + align:start position:0% +sismic waves propagate in the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sismic waves propagate in the sort of +liquid inner core of Earth well you are + + align:start position:0% +liquid inner core of Earth well you are + + + align:start position:0% +liquid inner core of Earth well you are +very interested in the viscosity of this + + align:start position:0% +very interested in the viscosity of this + + + align:start position:0% +very interested in the viscosity of this +system because you want to know how sort + + align:start position:0% +system because you want to know how sort + + + align:start position:0% +system because you want to know how sort +of sheer propagation takes place and you + + align:start position:0% +of sheer propagation takes place and you + + + align:start position:0% +of sheer propagation takes place and you +know just from the + + align:start position:0% +know just from the + + + align:start position:0% +know just from the +fluctuations in the stress tensor if you + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in the stress tensor if you + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in the stress tensor if you +have your unit cell with all the iron + + align:start position:0% +have your unit cell with all the iron + + + align:start position:0% +have your unit cell with all the iron +liquid atoms moving around the + + align:start position:0% +liquid atoms moving around the + + + align:start position:0% +liquid atoms moving around the +fluctuations instantaneous due to the + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations instantaneous due to the + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations instantaneous due to the +thermal Motion in the stress tensor for + + align:start position:0% +thermal Motion in the stress tensor for + + + align:start position:0% +thermal Motion in the stress tensor for +that system give you the sheer viscosity + + align:start position:0% +that system give you the sheer viscosity + + + align:start position:0% +that system give you the sheer viscosity +or say you want to study uh how say one + + align:start position:0% +or say you want to study uh how say one + + + align:start position:0% +or say you want to study uh how say one +of the systems like water would couple + + align:start position:0% +of the systems like water would couple + + + align:start position:0% +of the systems like water would couple +and what would be its infrared + + align:start position:0% +and what would be its infrared + + + align:start position:0% +and what would be its infrared +absorption well you can actually look at + + align:start position:0% +absorption well you can actually look at + + + align:start position:0% +absorption well you can actually look at +the instantaneous fluctuations in the + + align:start position:0% +the instantaneous fluctuations in the + + + align:start position:0% +the instantaneous fluctuations in the +total polarization in your system which + + align:start position:0% +total polarization in your system which + + + align:start position:0% +total polarization in your system which +is you know what is the microscopic + + align:start position:0% +is you know what is the microscopic + + + align:start position:0% +is you know what is the microscopic +local electric field there and how it + + align:start position:0% +local electric field there and how it + + + align:start position:0% +local electric field there and how it +couples so again you can sort of you + + align:start position:0% +couples so again you can sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +couples so again you can sort of you +know find the microscopic properties + + align:start position:0% +know find the microscopic properties + + + align:start position:0% +know find the microscopic properties +from microscopic fluctuation or sort of + + align:start position:0% +from microscopic fluctuation or sort of + + + align:start position:0% +from microscopic fluctuation or sort of +electrical or thermal conductivities + + align:start position:0% +electrical or thermal conductivities + + + align:start position:0% +electrical or thermal conductivities +again sort of macroscopic Transport + + align:start position:0% +again sort of macroscopic Transport + + + align:start position:0% +again sort of macroscopic Transport +properties can be find out from + + align:start position:0% +properties can be find out from + + + align:start position:0% +properties can be find out from +fluctuations in the autocorrelation + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in the autocorrelation + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in the autocorrelation +functions for the sort of electrical + + align:start position:0% +functions for the sort of electrical + + + align:start position:0% +functions for the sort of electrical +charge or uh thermal carrier + + align:start position:0% +charge or uh thermal carrier + + + align:start position:0% +charge or uh thermal carrier +in your + + align:start position:0% +in your + + + align:start position:0% +in your +systems okay uh this basically + + align:start position:0% +systems okay uh this basically + + + align:start position:0% +systems okay uh this basically +concludes the classical molecular + + align:start position:0% +concludes the classical molecular + + + align:start position:0% +concludes the classical molecular +Dynamics part and what I wanted to show + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics part and what I wanted to show + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics part and what I wanted to show +you next is how we actually do first + + align:start position:0% +you next is how we actually do first + + + align:start position:0% +you next is how we actually do first +principle molecular dynamics that is how + + align:start position:0% +principle molecular dynamics that is how + + + align:start position:0% +principle molecular dynamics that is how +we sort of evolve atoms in times not + + align:start position:0% +we sort of evolve atoms in times not + + + align:start position:0% +we sort of evolve atoms in times not +using a classic force field but using + + align:start position:0% +using a classic force field but using + + + align:start position:0% +using a classic force field but using +sort of you know our favorite electronic + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know our favorite electronic + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know our favorite electronic +structure methods that actually for most + + align:start position:0% +structure methods that actually for most + + + align:start position:0% +structure methods that actually for most +of these class has been d Theory but + + align:start position:0% +of these class has been d Theory but + + + align:start position:0% +of these class has been d Theory but +doesn't really have to be density + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really have to be density + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really have to be density +functional Theory any of your electronic + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory any of your electronic + + + align:start position:0% +functional Theory any of your electronic +structure methods would would work + + align:start position:0% +structure methods would would work + + + align:start position:0% +structure methods would would work +density functional Theory tends to be + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory tends to be + + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory tends to be +the simplest and most efficient to + + align:start position:0% +the simplest and most efficient to + + + align:start position:0% +the simplest and most efficient to +implement uh sadly in order to do this I + + align:start position:0% +implement uh sadly in order to do this I + + + align:start position:0% +implement uh sadly in order to do this I +need to give you some other reminders of + + align:start position:0% +need to give you some other reminders of + + + align:start position:0% +need to give you some other reminders of +sort of you know formal classical + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know formal classical + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know formal classical +mechanics because especially in first + + align:start position:0% +mechanics because especially in first + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics because especially in first +principle molecular Dynamics we use a + + align:start position:0% +principle molecular Dynamics we use a + + + align:start position:0% +principle molecular Dynamics we use a +lot of the concept of extended lran and + + align:start position:0% +lot of the concept of extended lran and + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the concept of extended lran and +Ed aonian that is we'll derive the + + align:start position:0% +Ed aonian that is we'll derive the + + + align:start position:0% +Ed aonian that is we'll derive the +equation of motion from an appropriate + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion from an appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion from an appropriate +functional that includes sometimes very + + align:start position:0% +functional that includes sometimes very + + + align:start position:0% +functional that includes sometimes very +exotic degrees of freedom so let me + + align:start position:0% +exotic degrees of freedom so let me + + + align:start position:0% +exotic degrees of freedom so let me +actually sort of you know remind you + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of you know remind you + + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of you know remind you +probably you have seen this in some of + + align:start position:0% +probably you have seen this in some of + + + align:start position:0% +probably you have seen this in some of +your physics or mechanics class but sort + + align:start position:0% +your physics or mechanics class but sort + + + align:start position:0% +your physics or mechanics class but sort +of you know let me show you how in + + align:start position:0% +of you know let me show you how in + + + align:start position:0% +of you know let me show you how in +general one can think at you know + + align:start position:0% +general one can think at you know + + + align:start position:0% +general one can think at you know +evolution in phas space and sort of find + + align:start position:0% +evolution in phas space and sort of find + + + align:start position:0% +evolution in phas space and sort of find +out the equations that integrate the + + align:start position:0% +out the equations that integrate the + + + align:start position:0% +out the equations that integrate the +trajectory and you know up to now we + + align:start position:0% +trajectory and you know up to now we + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory and you know up to now we +have really just in Newton equation of + + align:start position:0% +have really just in Newton equation of + + + align:start position:0% +have really just in Newton equation of +motion force is equal to the mass times + + align:start position:0% +motion force is equal to the mass times + + + align:start position:0% +motion force is equal to the mass times +acceleration but there is a sort of more + + align:start position:0% +acceleration but there is a sort of more + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration but there is a sort of more +complex and if you want more elegant + + align:start position:0% +complex and if you want more elegant + + + align:start position:0% +complex and if you want more elegant +formalism to derive the equation of + + align:start position:0% +formalism to derive the equation of + + + align:start position:0% +formalism to derive the equation of +motion for a system and in particular + + align:start position:0% +motion for a system and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +motion for a system and in particular +what I'm showing here is sort of you + + align:start position:0% +what I'm showing here is sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm showing here is sort of you +know what is called lran dynamics that + + align:start position:0% +know what is called lran dynamics that + + + align:start position:0% +know what is called lran dynamics that +in practice is actually very very simple + + align:start position:0% +in practice is actually very very simple + + + align:start position:0% +in practice is actually very very simple +and the way lran Dynamics works is this + + align:start position:0% +and the way lran Dynamics works is this + + + align:start position:0% +and the way lran Dynamics works is this +um first of all you have to construct + + align:start position:0% +um first of all you have to construct + + + align:start position:0% +um first of all you have to construct +your lran that is the functional that + + align:start position:0% +your lran that is the functional that + + + align:start position:0% +your lran that is the functional that +drives the evolution of your systems and + + align:start position:0% +drives the evolution of your systems and + + + align:start position:0% +drives the evolution of your systems and +sort of there are various ways in which + + align:start position:0% +sort of there are various ways in which + + + align:start position:0% +sort of there are various ways in which +one constructs these these functionals + + align:start position:0% +one constructs these these functionals + + + align:start position:0% +one constructs these these functionals +and there are even sort of equivalent + + align:start position:0% +and there are even sort of equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +and there are even sort of equivalent +ways you can construct different lrange + + align:start position:0% +ways you can construct different lrange + + + align:start position:0% +ways you can construct different lrange +that give you sort of the same equation + + align:start position:0% +that give you sort of the same equation + + + align:start position:0% +that give you sort of the same equation +of motion or the same trajectories but + + align:start position:0% +of motion or the same trajectories but + + + align:start position:0% +of motion or the same trajectories but +say what is important here is sort of + + align:start position:0% +say what is important here is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +say what is important here is sort of +you know the standard way that is the + + align:start position:0% +you know the standard way that is the + + + align:start position:0% +you know the standard way that is the +way we construct this functional is not + + align:start position:0% +way we construct this functional is not + + + align:start position:0% +way we construct this functional is not +very from thermodynamics we just take + + align:start position:0% +very from thermodynamics we just take + + + align:start position:0% +very from thermodynamics we just take +the kinetic energy of the system T we + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy of the system T we + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy of the system T we +subtract the potential energy of the + + align:start position:0% +subtract the potential energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +subtract the potential energy of the +system and this is sort of ARR T minus V + + align:start position:0% +system and this is sort of ARR T minus V + + + align:start position:0% +system and this is sort of ARR T minus V +in general this you know the potential + + align:start position:0% +in general this you know the potential + + + align:start position:0% +in general this you know the potential +energy as you have seen it tends to be a + + align:start position:0% +energy as you have seen it tends to be a + + + align:start position:0% +energy as you have seen it tends to be a +function of position only so usually we + + align:start position:0% +function of position only so usually we + + + align:start position:0% +function of position only so usually we +written as a function of you know if we + + align:start position:0% +written as a function of you know if we + + + align:start position:0% +written as a function of you know if we +have n particles R1 to RN so you know + + align:start position:0% +have n particles R1 to RN so you know + + + align:start position:0% +have n particles R1 to RN so you know +this is what is called a con + + align:start position:0% +this is what is called a con + + + align:start position:0% +this is what is called a con +conservative field if you are sort of + + align:start position:0% +conservative field if you are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +conservative field if you are sort of +you know a particle living in a + + align:start position:0% +you know a particle living in a + + + align:start position:0% +you know a particle living in a +gravitation field well you're going to + + align:start position:0% +gravitation field well you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +gravitation field well you're going to +be in a certain position you're going to + + align:start position:0% +be in a certain position you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +be in a certain position you're going to +feel a certain potential or you're going + + align:start position:0% +feel a certain potential or you're going + + + align:start position:0% +feel a certain potential or you're going +to feel a certain Force that's the + + align:start position:0% +to feel a certain Force that's the + + + align:start position:0% +to feel a certain Force that's the +gradient of that potential you go + + align:start position:0% +gradient of that potential you go + + + align:start position:0% +gradient of that potential you go +somewhere else you feel a different + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else you feel a different + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere else you feel a different +potential you see a different force and + + align:start position:0% +potential you see a different force and + + + align:start position:0% +potential you see a different force and +the work that you sort of making going + + align:start position:0% +the work that you sort of making going + + + align:start position:0% +the work that you sort of making going +from one place to the other is just the + + align:start position:0% +from one place to the other is just the + + + align:start position:0% +from one place to the other is just the +integral of that force and it's + + align:start position:0% +integral of that force and it's + + + align:start position:0% +integral of that force and it's +independent of the trajectory so this is + + align:start position:0% +independent of the trajectory so this is + + + align:start position:0% +independent of the trajectory so this is +sort of you know a very general sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know a very general sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know a very general sort of +potential function that you have seen + + align:start position:0% +potential function that you have seen + + + align:start position:0% +potential function that you have seen +and you know again the kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +and you know again the kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +and you know again the kinetic energy +you seen it and tends to be a function + + align:start position:0% +you seen it and tends to be a function + + + align:start position:0% +you seen it and tends to be a function +of the square of the velocities H + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so again if you have only one + + align:start position:0% +okay so again if you have only one + + + align:start position:0% +okay so again if you have only one +particle uh its kinetic energy is going + + align:start position:0% +particle uh its kinetic energy is going + + + align:start position:0% +particle uh its kinetic energy is going +to be 1 12 * the mass time the square + + align:start position:0% +to be 1 12 * the mass time the square + + + align:start position:0% +to be 1 12 * the mass time the square +velocity um we usually in the lran + + align:start position:0% +velocity um we usually in the lran + + + align:start position:0% +velocity um we usually in the lran +formulation don't use the sort of uh not + + align:start position:0% +formulation don't use the sort of uh not + + + align:start position:0% +formulation don't use the sort of uh not +ation for the positions R1 RN but + + align:start position:0% +ation for the positions R1 RN but + + + align:start position:0% +ation for the positions R1 RN but +instead say in particular we use here + + align:start position:0% +instead say in particular we use here + + + align:start position:0% +instead say in particular we use here +the notation in which the coordinates + + align:start position:0% +the notation in which the coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +the notation in which the coordinates +are given by q1 Q2 qn and then the + + align:start position:0% +are given by q1 Q2 qn and then the + + + align:start position:0% +are given by q1 Q2 qn and then the +velocities we just indicate them as Q + + align:start position:0% +velocities we just indicate them as Q + + + align:start position:0% +velocities we just indicate them as Q +Dot and the reason we call them Q is + + align:start position:0% +Dot and the reason we call them Q is + + + align:start position:0% +Dot and the reason we call them Q is +that uh what you sometimes want to do is + + align:start position:0% +that uh what you sometimes want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +that uh what you sometimes want to do is +not use your regular coordinates as the + + align:start position:0% +not use your regular coordinates as the + + + align:start position:0% +not use your regular coordinates as the +description of your you know position + + align:start position:0% +description of your you know position + + + align:start position:0% +description of your you know position +for your dynamical system but you might + + align:start position:0% +for your dynamical system but you might + + + align:start position:0% +for your dynamical system but you might +want to use generalized coordinates I + + align:start position:0% +want to use generalized coordinates I + + + align:start position:0% +want to use generalized coordinates I +say if you study you know water + + align:start position:0% +say if you study you know water + + + align:start position:0% +say if you study you know water +molecules and all of a sudden you want + + align:start position:0% +molecules and all of a sudden you want + + + align:start position:0% +molecules and all of a sudden you want +to describe this liquid of water + + align:start position:0% +to describe this liquid of water + + + align:start position:0% +to describe this liquid of water +molecules as rigid molecules so you want + + align:start position:0% +molecules as rigid molecules so you want + + + align:start position:0% +molecules as rigid molecules so you want +to say that you know the angle between + + align:start position:0% +to say that you know the angle between + + + align:start position:0% +to say that you know the angle between +the hydrogen oxygen and the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen oxygen and the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen oxygen and the hydrogen +doesn't change and if you want to say + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change and if you want to say + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change and if you want to say +that you know the distance between the + + align:start position:0% +that you know the distance between the + + + align:start position:0% +that you know the distance between the +hydrogen and the oxygen doesn't change + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and the oxygen doesn't change + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and the oxygen doesn't change +well then you want to sort of develop a + + align:start position:0% +well then you want to sort of develop a + + + align:start position:0% +well then you want to sort of develop a +dynamic + + align:start position:0% +dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic +in which what you really move around are + + align:start position:0% +in which what you really move around are + + + align:start position:0% +in which what you really move around are +not the position of the atoms but you + + align:start position:0% +not the position of the atoms but you + + + align:start position:0% +not the position of the atoms but you +move around the center of mass of your + + align:start position:0% +move around the center of mass of your + + + align:start position:0% +move around the center of mass of your +water molecules and you move around + + align:start position:0% +water molecules and you move around + + + align:start position:0% +water molecules and you move around +their orientation this is actually very + + align:start position:0% +their orientation this is actually very + + + align:start position:0% +their orientation this is actually very +important if you remember in s of last + + align:start position:0% +important if you remember in s of last + + + align:start position:0% +important if you remember in s of last +class I've told you that when we study + + align:start position:0% +class I've told you that when we study + + + align:start position:0% +class I've told you that when we study +water uh actually because water at + + align:start position:0% +water uh actually because water at + + + align:start position:0% +water uh actually because water at +regular temperature is still a Quantum + + align:start position:0% +regular temperature is still a Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +regular temperature is still a Quantum +system is still a system that has most + + align:start position:0% +system is still a system that has most + + + align:start position:0% +system is still a system that has most +of its vibrational States fr in their + + align:start position:0% +of its vibrational States fr in their + + + align:start position:0% +of its vibrational States fr in their +sort of Zer Point motion Quantum State + + align:start position:0% +sort of Zer Point motion Quantum State + + + align:start position:0% +sort of Zer Point motion Quantum State +you actually tend to describe better + + align:start position:0% +you actually tend to describe better + + + align:start position:0% +you actually tend to describe better +liquid water if you describe it as a set + + align:start position:0% +liquid water if you describe it as a set + + + align:start position:0% +liquid water if you describe it as a set +of rigid molecules moving around this is + + align:start position:0% +of rigid molecules moving around this is + + + align:start position:0% +of rigid molecules moving around this is +again you know an approximation but is + + align:start position:0% +again you know an approximation but is + + + align:start position:0% +again you know an approximation but is +actually a better approximation of the + + align:start position:0% +actually a better approximation of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually a better approximation of the +true dynamics of the system then an + + align:start position:0% +true dynamics of the system then an + + + align:start position:0% +true dynamics of the system then an +approximation in which you let also the + + align:start position:0% +approximation in which you let also the + + + align:start position:0% +approximation in which you let also the +internal degrees of freedom change so + + align:start position:0% +internal degrees of freedom change so + + + align:start position:0% +internal degrees of freedom change so +suppose you want to sort of simulate + + align:start position:0% +suppose you want to sort of simulate + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you want to sort of simulate +rigid water around you need to find out + + align:start position:0% +rigid water around you need to find out + + + align:start position:0% +rigid water around you need to find out +what are the equation of motion for this + + align:start position:0% +what are the equation of motion for this + + + align:start position:0% +what are the equation of motion for this +General is the set of coordinates in + + align:start position:0% +General is the set of coordinates in + + + align:start position:0% +General is the set of coordinates in +which what you really move around when + + align:start position:0% +which what you really move around when + + + align:start position:0% +which what you really move around when +you move water it's their Center of mass + + align:start position:0% +you move water it's their Center of mass + + + align:start position:0% +you move water it's their Center of mass +and their orientation and you know it + + align:start position:0% +and their orientation and you know it + + + align:start position:0% +and their orientation and you know it +would be very difficult to do sort of + + align:start position:0% +would be very difficult to do sort of + + + align:start position:0% +would be very difficult to do sort of +using Newton's equation of motion with a + + align:start position:0% +using Newton's equation of motion with a + + + align:start position:0% +using Newton's equation of motion with a +constraint and so what you do you use + + align:start position:0% +constraint and so what you do you use + + + align:start position:0% +constraint and so what you do you use +really a lran formulation in a + + align:start position:0% +really a lran formulation in a + + + align:start position:0% +really a lran formulation in a +generalized formalism of generalized + + align:start position:0% +generalized formalism of generalized + + + align:start position:0% +generalized formalism of generalized +coordinates q and generalized velocity Q + + align:start position:0% +coordinates q and generalized velocity Q + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates q and generalized velocity Q +dot so what lran Dynamics tell us is + + align:start position:0% +dot so what lran Dynamics tell us is + + + align:start position:0% +dot so what lran Dynamics tell us is +that we construct our lran function T + + align:start position:0% +that we construct our lran function T + + + align:start position:0% +that we construct our lran function T +minus V and then the equation of motion + + align:start position:0% +minus V and then the equation of motion + + + align:start position:0% +minus V and then the equation of motion +are given by these These are the lrange + + align:start position:0% +are given by these These are the lrange + + + align:start position:0% +are given by these These are the lrange +equation we won't derive them but s of + + align:start position:0% +equation we won't derive them but s of + + + align:start position:0% +equation we won't derive them but s of +this how they are written the derivative + + align:start position:0% +this how they are written the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +this how they are written the derivative +with respect to time of the partial + + align:start position:0% +with respect to time of the partial + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to time of the partial +derivatives of the lran with respect to + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of the lran with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of the lran with respect to +the generalized velocity Q do minus the + + align:start position:0% +the generalized velocity Q do minus the + + + align:start position:0% +the generalized velocity Q do minus the +partial derivatives of the lran with + + align:start position:0% +partial derivatives of the lran with + + + align:start position:0% +partial derivatives of the lran with +respect to the generalized coordinates + + align:start position:0% +respect to the generalized coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the generalized coordinates +needs to be equal to zero and you know s + + align:start position:0% +needs to be equal to zero and you know s + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be equal to zero and you know s +of this also focuses us on just + + align:start position:0% +of this also focuses us on just + + + align:start position:0% +of this also focuses us on just +constructing the two scar function + + align:start position:0% +constructing the two scar function + + + align:start position:0% +constructing the two scar function +kinetic energy and um potential energy + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy and um potential energy + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy and um potential energy +for a system and then it's just you know + + align:start position:0% +for a system and then it's just you know + + + align:start position:0% +for a system and then it's just you know +straightfor algebra to derive this + + align:start position:0% +straightfor algebra to derive this + + + align:start position:0% +straightfor algebra to derive this +equation and I've actually done the + + align:start position:0% +equation and I've actually done the + + + align:start position:0% +equation and I've actually done the +derivation for the sort of simple case + + align:start position:0% +derivation for the sort of simple case + + + align:start position:0% +derivation for the sort of simple case +of Newtonian Dynamics in which you see + + align:start position:0% +of Newtonian Dynamics in which you see + + + align:start position:0% +of Newtonian Dynamics in which you see +sort of you know how + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know how + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know how +trivially the lrange equation that is + + align:start position:0% +trivially the lrange equation that is + + + align:start position:0% +trivially the lrange equation that is +written here turns into Newton equation + + align:start position:0% +written here turns into Newton equation + + + align:start position:0% +written here turns into Newton equation +of motion when you plug in for your lran + + align:start position:0% +of motion when you plug in for your lran + + + align:start position:0% +of motion when you plug in for your lran +12 MV s minus your potential energy and + + align:start position:0% +12 MV s minus your potential energy and + + + align:start position:0% +12 MV s minus your potential energy and +you see when you take the partial + + align:start position:0% +you see when you take the partial + + + align:start position:0% +you see when you take the partial +derivatives of the lran with respect to + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of the lran with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of the lran with respect to +the generalized velocity since it is a + + align:start position:0% +the generalized velocity since it is a + + + align:start position:0% +the generalized velocity since it is a +partial derivatives you only need to + + align:start position:0% +partial derivatives you only need to + + + align:start position:0% +partial derivatives you only need to +take the derivative of the kinetic + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative of the kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative of the kinetic +energy with respect to the velocity with + + align:start position:0% +energy with respect to the velocity with + + + align:start position:0% +energy with respect to the velocity with +respect to x dot and then you need to + + align:start position:0% +respect to x dot and then you need to + + + align:start position:0% +respect to x dot and then you need to +take the partial derivatives with + + align:start position:0% +take the partial derivatives with + + + align:start position:0% +take the partial derivatives with +respect to the position and there is no + + align:start position:0% +respect to the position and there is no + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the position and there is no +position in the kinetic energy function + + align:start position:0% +position in the kinetic energy function + + + align:start position:0% +position in the kinetic energy function +so there is only the position in the + + align:start position:0% +so there is only the position in the + + + align:start position:0% +so there is only the position in the +potential energy so what you see is that + + align:start position:0% +potential energy so what you see is that + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy so what you see is that +from the left and the term you have the + + align:start position:0% +from the left and the term you have the + + + align:start position:0% +from the left and the term you have the +derivative with respect to time of mass + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to time of mass + + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to time of mass +times velocity and so that's nothing + + align:start position:0% +times velocity and so that's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +times velocity and so that's nothing +else than mass time acceleration and + + align:start position:0% +else than mass time acceleration and + + + align:start position:0% +else than mass time acceleration and +then on the right um right hand term you + + align:start position:0% +then on the right um right hand term you + + + align:start position:0% +then on the right um right hand term you +have minus the gradient of your + + align:start position:0% +have minus the gradient of your + + + align:start position:0% +have minus the gradient of your +conservative potential field and so this + + align:start position:0% +conservative potential field and so this + + + align:start position:0% +conservative potential field and so this +is nothing El than the force so we have + + align:start position:0% +is nothing El than the force so we have + + + align:start position:0% +is nothing El than the force so we have +first force equal to mass time + + align:start position:0% +first force equal to mass time + + + align:start position:0% +first force equal to mass time +acceleration and we have recovered just + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and we have recovered just + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and we have recovered just +by applying lrange equations to the lran + + align:start position:0% +by applying lrange equations to the lran + + + align:start position:0% +by applying lrange equations to the lran +of sort of you know classical Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +of sort of you know classical Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +of sort of you know classical Dynamics +kinetics minus potential we have derived + + align:start position:0% +kinetics minus potential we have derived + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics minus potential we have derived +the Newton equation of motion so this is + + align:start position:0% +the Newton equation of motion so this is + + + align:start position:0% +the Newton equation of motion so this is +sort of one way of uh deriving equation + + align:start position:0% +sort of one way of uh deriving equation + + + align:start position:0% +sort of one way of uh deriving equation +of motion that again are going to be + + align:start position:0% +of motion that again are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +of motion that again are going to be +second order differential equation with + + align:start position:0% +second order differential equation with + + + align:start position:0% +second order differential equation with +respect to time because if you think + + align:start position:0% +respect to time because if you think + + + align:start position:0% +respect to time because if you think +you're are taking the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +you're are taking the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +you're are taking the derivative of +kinetic energy with respect to Q DOTA + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy with respect to Q DOTA + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy with respect to Q DOTA +there is a second formulation of + + align:start position:0% +there is a second formulation of + + + align:start position:0% +there is a second formulation of +classical mechanics and I also need to + + align:start position:0% +classical mechanics and I also need to + + + align:start position:0% +classical mechanics and I also need to +sort of present this here that is called + + align:start position:0% +sort of present this here that is called + + + align:start position:0% +sort of present this here that is called +the aonian formulation and uh it's sort + + align:start position:0% +the aonian formulation and uh it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +the aonian formulation and uh it's sort +of uh again very easy to see this if you + + align:start position:0% +of uh again very easy to see this if you + + + align:start position:0% +of uh again very easy to see this if you +think at a thermodynamic analogy say + + align:start position:0% +think at a thermodynamic analogy say + + + align:start position:0% +think at a thermodynamic analogy say +when you're sort of you know looking at + + align:start position:0% +when you're sort of you know looking at + + + align:start position:0% +when you're sort of you know looking at +thermodynamics uh suppose that you are + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamics uh suppose that you are + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamics uh suppose that you are +in The microcanonical Ensemble your + + align:start position:0% +in The microcanonical Ensemble your + + + align:start position:0% +in The microcanonical Ensemble your +thermodynamical functional is the energy + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamical functional is the energy + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamical functional is the energy +and so when you sort of you know look at + + align:start position:0% +and so when you sort of you know look at + + + align:start position:0% +and so when you sort of you know look at +that sort of thermodynamical Ensemble it + + align:start position:0% +that sort of thermodynamical Ensemble it + + + align:start position:0% +that sort of thermodynamical Ensemble it +means that say you're looking at a + + align:start position:0% +means that say you're looking at a + + + align:start position:0% +means that say you're looking at a +system that has a constant energy + + align:start position:0% +system that has a constant energy + + + align:start position:0% +system that has a constant energy +constant number of particle and constant + + align:start position:0% +constant number of particle and constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant number of particle and constant +volume but you know many times it + + align:start position:0% +volume but you know many times it + + + align:start position:0% +volume but you know many times it +becomes appropriate to look at actually + + align:start position:0% +becomes appropriate to look at actually + + + align:start position:0% +becomes appropriate to look at actually +sort of a system that lives at constant + + align:start position:0% +sort of a system that lives at constant + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a system that lives at constant +pressure or constant temperature and so + + align:start position:0% +pressure or constant temperature and so + + + align:start position:0% +pressure or constant temperature and so +you transform your thermodynamical + + align:start position:0% +you transform your thermodynamical + + + align:start position:0% +you transform your thermodynamical +functional from the energy to one say of + + align:start position:0% +functional from the energy to one say of + + + align:start position:0% +functional from the energy to one say of +the elol or give free energies you do e + + align:start position:0% +the elol or give free energies you do e + + + align:start position:0% +the elol or give free energies you do e +minus PS to obtain a thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +minus PS to obtain a thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +minus PS to obtain a thermodynamic +functional that depends on temperature + + align:start position:0% +functional that depends on temperature + + + align:start position:0% +functional that depends on temperature +instead of depending on entropy or you + + align:start position:0% +instead of depending on entropy or you + + + align:start position:0% +instead of depending on entropy or you +do e plus PV to obtain the enthalpy that + + align:start position:0% +do e plus PV to obtain the enthalpy that + + + align:start position:0% +do e plus PV to obtain the enthalpy that +sort of depends on pressure and not on + + align:start position:0% +sort of depends on pressure and not on + + + align:start position:0% +sort of depends on pressure and not on +volume and this is you know this General + + align:start position:0% +volume and this is you know this General + + + align:start position:0% +volume and this is you know this General +concept of Leander transformation if you + + align:start position:0% +concept of Leander transformation if you + + + align:start position:0% +concept of Leander transformation if you +have a function let's say for the lran + + align:start position:0% +have a function let's say for the lran + + + align:start position:0% +have a function let's say for the lran +was a functional of Q and Q dot you can + + align:start position:0% +was a functional of Q and Q dot you can + + + align:start position:0% +was a functional of Q and Q dot you can +construct a new one that doesn't depend + + align:start position:0% +construct a new one that doesn't depend + + + align:start position:0% +construct a new one that doesn't depend +say on Q Dot but depends only on a new + + align:start position:0% +say on Q Dot but depends only on a new + + + align:start position:0% +say on Q Dot but depends only on a new +variable that we call it the conjugate + + align:start position:0% +variable that we call it the conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +variable that we call it the conjugate +variable to Q do so pressure and volume + + align:start position:0% +variable to Q do so pressure and volume + + + align:start position:0% +variable to Q do so pressure and volume +temperature and entropy chemical + + align:start position:0% +temperature and entropy chemical + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and entropy chemical +potential and number of particles are + + align:start position:0% +potential and number of particles are + + + align:start position:0% +potential and number of particles are +all conjugate variables and so say if + + align:start position:0% +all conjugate variables and so say if + + + align:start position:0% +all conjugate variables and so say if +you take the lran and you derive it with + + align:start position:0% +you take the lran and you derive it with + + + align:start position:0% +you take the lran and you derive it with +respect to Q dot remember the LR is a + + align:start position:0% +respect to Q dot remember the LR is a + + + align:start position:0% +respect to Q dot remember the LR is a +function of Q do what you obtain is a + + align:start position:0% +function of Q do what you obtain is a + + + align:start position:0% +function of Q do what you obtain is a +conjugate variable that we call call a + + align:start position:0% +conjugate variable that we call call a + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate variable that we call call a +conjugate momentum and then if you do + + align:start position:0% +conjugate momentum and then if you do + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate momentum and then if you do +this operation this Leandra transform in + + align:start position:0% +this operation this Leandra transform in + + + align:start position:0% +this operation this Leandra transform in +which you take you know the sign doesn't + + align:start position:0% +which you take you know the sign doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +which you take you know the sign doesn't +really matter in this case you take a + + align:start position:0% +really matter in this case you take a + + + align:start position:0% +really matter in this case you take a +minus sign and you sum the product of + + align:start position:0% +minus sign and you sum the product of + + + align:start position:0% +minus sign and you sum the product of +the conjugate variable time your + + align:start position:0% +the conjugate variable time your + + + align:start position:0% +the conjugate variable time your +original variable you get a new function + + align:start position:0% +original variable you get a new function + + + align:start position:0% +original variable you get a new function +that doesn't depend on your original Q + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't depend on your original Q + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't depend on your original Q +do variable but depends only on its + + align:start position:0% +do variable but depends only on its + + + align:start position:0% +do variable but depends only on its +conjugate variable P that's how you move + + align:start position:0% +conjugate variable P that's how you move + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate variable P that's how you move +the dependence say on the volume and you + + align:start position:0% +the dependence say on the volume and you + + + align:start position:0% +the dependence say on the volume and you +put in the dependence on the pressure + + align:start position:0% +put in the dependence on the pressure + + + align:start position:0% +put in the dependence on the pressure +making the Lan transformation in which + + align:start position:0% +making the Lan transformation in which + + + align:start position:0% +making the Lan transformation in which +you add PV or that's how you sort of + + align:start position:0% +you add PV or that's how you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you add PV or that's how you sort of +move from entropy to temperature in the + + align:start position:0% +move from entropy to temperature in the + + + align:start position:0% +move from entropy to temperature in the +Elmo Elmo free energy and this is just + + align:start position:0% +Elmo Elmo free energy and this is just + + + align:start position:0% +Elmo Elmo free energy and this is just +very simple to do when you take sort of + + align:start position:0% +very simple to do when you take sort of + + + align:start position:0% +very simple to do when you take sort of +the differential of this uh of this + + align:start position:0% +the differential of this uh of this + + + align:start position:0% +the differential of this uh of this +quantity because you're going to see + + align:start position:0% +quantity because you're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +quantity because you're going to see +that really because of this relation you + + align:start position:0% +that really because of this relation you + + + align:start position:0% +that really because of this relation you +remove all the dependence in Q Dot and + + align:start position:0% +remove all the dependence in Q Dot and + + + align:start position:0% +remove all the dependence in Q Dot and +you put in into your system and + + align:start position:0% +you put in into your system and + + + align:start position:0% +you put in into your system and +dependence on P well why do we do this + + align:start position:0% +dependence on P well why do we do this + + + align:start position:0% +dependence on P well why do we do this +well because again with some algebra we + + align:start position:0% +well because again with some algebra we + + + align:start position:0% +well because again with some algebra we +can find for this new sort of function + + align:start position:0% +can find for this new sort of function + + + align:start position:0% +can find for this new sort of function +that is now called the amoni another + + align:start position:0% +that is now called the amoni another + + + align:start position:0% +that is now called the amoni another +alternative sets of equation of motions + + align:start position:0% +alternative sets of equation of motions + + + align:start position:0% +alternative sets of equation of motions +remember from from the lran we had + + align:start position:0% +remember from from the lran we had + + + align:start position:0% +remember from from the lran we had +obtain equation of motion basically for + + align:start position:0% +obtain equation of motion basically for + + + align:start position:0% +obtain equation of motion basically for +Q Dot and Q and from the aonian + + align:start position:0% +Q Dot and Q and from the aonian + + + align:start position:0% +Q Dot and Q and from the aonian +formulation if we work this out we + + align:start position:0% +formulation if we work this out we + + + align:start position:0% +formulation if we work this out we +obtain equation of motion for q and for + + align:start position:0% +obtain equation of motion for q and for + + + align:start position:0% +obtain equation of motion for q and for +p and sort of the slight difference is + + align:start position:0% +p and sort of the slight difference is + + + align:start position:0% +p and sort of the slight difference is +that instead of having basically a sort + + align:start position:0% +that instead of having basically a sort + + + align:start position:0% +that instead of having basically a sort +of second order differential equation + + align:start position:0% +of second order differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +of second order differential equation +from the lran formulation now we have a + + align:start position:0% +from the lran formulation now we have a + + + align:start position:0% +from the lran formulation now we have a +double a set of differential equation + + align:start position:0% +double a set of differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +double a set of differential equation +that are only first order so depending + + align:start position:0% +that are only first order so depending + + + align:start position:0% +that are only first order so depending +on set of your problem they can actually + + align:start position:0% +on set of your problem they can actually + + + align:start position:0% +on set of your problem they can actually +be easier to solve they can actually be + + align:start position:0% +be easier to solve they can actually be + + + align:start position:0% +be easier to solve they can actually be +different but they could lead to the + + align:start position:0% +different but they could lead to the + + + align:start position:0% +different but they could lead to the +same trajectories so again all this + + align:start position:0% +same trajectories so again all this + + + align:start position:0% +same trajectories so again all this +formalism of lran and aonian is just a + + align:start position:0% +formalism of lran and aonian is just a + + + align:start position:0% +formalism of lran and aonian is just a +sort of you know very general way to + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know very general way to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know very general way to +construct functions either the lran T + + align:start position:0% +construct functions either the lran T + + + align:start position:0% +construct functions either the lran T +minus V or the aonian via the Leandra + + align:start position:0% +minus V or the aonian via the Leandra + + + align:start position:0% +minus V or the aonian via the Leandra +transform that give us equation of + + align:start position:0% +transform that give us equation of + + + align:start position:0% +transform that give us equation of +motion in Q and Q dot for the case of + + align:start position:0% +motion in Q and Q dot for the case of + + + align:start position:0% +motion in Q and Q dot for the case of +the lran and in Q andp for the case of + + align:start position:0% +the lran and in Q andp for the case of + + + align:start position:0% +the lran and in Q andp for the case of +the aonian and if you actually work this + + align:start position:0% +the aonian and if you actually work this + + + align:start position:0% +the aonian and if you actually work this +out for the sort of standard case of + + align:start position:0% +out for the sort of standard case of + + + align:start position:0% +out for the sort of standard case of +Newtonian Dynamics you find out that + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian Dynamics you find out that + + + align:start position:0% +Newtonian Dynamics you find out that +your aonian is again something very + + align:start position:0% +your aonian is again something very + + + align:start position:0% +your aonian is again something very +trivial is that the kinetic energy plus + + align:start position:0% +trivial is that the kinetic energy plus + + + align:start position:0% +trivial is that the kinetic energy plus +the potential energy so at the end of + + align:start position:0% +the potential energy so at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +the potential energy so at the end of +all of this for all the cases of + + align:start position:0% +all of this for all the cases of + + + align:start position:0% +all of this for all the cases of +interest to you you'll see that either + + align:start position:0% +interest to you you'll see that either + + + align:start position:0% +interest to you you'll see that either +you construct a lran T minus V and you + + align:start position:0% +you construct a lran T minus V and you + + + align:start position:0% +you construct a lran T minus V and you +have the lran equation of motion or you + + align:start position:0% +have the lran equation of motion or you + + + align:start position:0% +have the lran equation of motion or you +construct your aonian t + V and you have + + align:start position:0% +construct your aonian t + V and you have + + + align:start position:0% +construct your aonian t + V and you have +the sort of aonian equation of motion + + align:start position:0% +the sort of aonian equation of motion + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of aonian equation of motion +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +I written here and + + align:start position:0% +I written here and + + + align:start position:0% +I written here and +uh one of the reasons that we do + + align:start position:0% +uh one of the reasons that we do + + + align:start position:0% +uh one of the reasons that we do +this um so this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is is that often we want actually to + + align:start position:0% +is is that often we want actually to + + + align:start position:0% +is is that often we want actually to +simulate the microscopic Dynamics not in + + align:start position:0% +simulate the microscopic Dynamics not in + + + align:start position:0% +simulate the microscopic Dynamics not in +the micro canonical Ensemble but in + + align:start position:0% +the micro canonical Ensemble but in + + + align:start position:0% +the micro canonical Ensemble but in +different thermodynamical ensembles say + + align:start position:0% +different thermodynamical ensembles say + + + align:start position:0% +different thermodynamical ensembles say +in which we control the temperature or + + align:start position:0% +in which we control the temperature or + + + align:start position:0% +in which we control the temperature or +we control the pressure or maybe we + + align:start position:0% +we control the pressure or maybe we + + + align:start position:0% +we control the pressure or maybe we +control the number of particles or maybe + + align:start position:0% +control the number of particles or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +control the number of particles or maybe +we control the chemical potential and so + + align:start position:0% +we control the chemical potential and so + + + align:start position:0% +we control the chemical potential and so +we need to have some of this sort of + + align:start position:0% +we need to have some of this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +we need to have some of this sort of +formalism to do this effectively in + + align:start position:0% +formalism to do this effectively in + + + align:start position:0% +formalism to do this effectively in +particular remember when we have + + align:start position:0% +particular remember when we have + + + align:start position:0% +particular remember when we have +discussed the sort of control of + + align:start position:0% +discussed the sort of control of + + + align:start position:0% +discussed the sort of control of +temperature I've told you that there are + + align:start position:0% +temperature I've told you that there are + + + align:start position:0% +temperature I've told you that there are +sort of three different approaches in + + align:start position:0% +sort of three different approaches in + + + align:start position:0% +sort of three different approaches in +which you can do a canonical simulation + + align:start position:0% +which you can do a canonical simulation + + + align:start position:0% +which you can do a canonical simulation +in which you can control the temperature + + align:start position:0% +in which you can control the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +in which you can control the temperature +in your system and you could have a l + + align:start position:0% +in your system and you could have a l + + + align:start position:0% +in your system and you could have a l +event Dynamics you could have a St + + align:start position:0% +event Dynamics you could have a St + + + align:start position:0% +event Dynamics you could have a St +fastic approach in which you randomly + + align:start position:0% +fastic approach in which you randomly + + + align:start position:0% +fastic approach in which you randomly +kick atoms in order to accelerate them + + align:start position:0% +kick atoms in order to accelerate them + + + align:start position:0% +kick atoms in order to accelerate them +or to slow them down so that in analogy + + align:start position:0% +or to slow them down so that in analogy + + + align:start position:0% +or to slow them down so that in analogy +with a thermal bath they sort of you + + align:start position:0% +with a thermal bath they sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +with a thermal bath they sort of you +know on average have the right kinetic + + align:start position:0% +know on average have the right kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +know on average have the right kinetic +Target kinetic energy for for your + + align:start position:0% +Target kinetic energy for for your + + + align:start position:0% +Target kinetic energy for for your +problem or you could do something that + + align:start position:0% +problem or you could do something that + + + align:start position:0% +problem or you could do something that +is probably even more brutal although it + + align:start position:0% +is probably even more brutal although it + + + align:start position:0% +is probably even more brutal although it +tends to be very efficient in + + align:start position:0% +tends to be very efficient in + + + align:start position:0% +tends to be very efficient in +thermalizing effective in your system + + align:start position:0% +thermalizing effective in your system + + + align:start position:0% +thermalizing effective in your system +you could actually do a Dynamics in + + align:start position:0% +you could actually do a Dynamics in + + + align:start position:0% +you could actually do a Dynamics in +which every time you have got new + + align:start position:0% +which every time you have got new + + + align:start position:0% +which every time you have got new +position you renormalize those new + + align:start position:0% +position you renormalize those new + + + align:start position:0% +position you renormalize those new +position by renormalizing the velocity + + align:start position:0% +position by renormalizing the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +position by renormalizing the velocity +of the particle so that the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +of the particle so that the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the particle so that the sum of the +kinetic energy is actually a constant so + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy is actually a constant so + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy is actually a constant so +a constraint method would actually keep + + align:start position:0% +a constraint method would actually keep + + + align:start position:0% +a constraint method would actually keep +strictly speaking the temperature of + + align:start position:0% +strictly speaking the temperature of + + + align:start position:0% +strictly speaking the temperature of +your system s of constant to your target + + align:start position:0% +your system s of constant to your target + + + align:start position:0% +your system s of constant to your target +value that can be actually very + + align:start position:0% +value that can be actually very + + + align:start position:0% +value that can be actually very +effective to thermalize your system to + + align:start position:0% +effective to thermalize your system to + + + align:start position:0% +effective to thermalize your system to +bring it really very close to your + + align:start position:0% +bring it really very close to your + + + align:start position:0% +bring it really very close to your +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +distribution uh but it does have some uh + + align:start position:0% +distribution uh but it does have some uh + + + align:start position:0% +distribution uh but it does have some uh +counter effects that is if you actually + + align:start position:0% +counter effects that is if you actually + + + align:start position:0% +counter effects that is if you actually +look at what is going to be your + + align:start position:0% +look at what is going to be your + + + align:start position:0% +look at what is going to be your +equilibrium distribution in positions is + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium distribution in positions is + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium distribution in positions is +really going to sort of be a canonical + + align:start position:0% +really going to sort of be a canonical + + + align:start position:0% +really going to sort of be a canonical +distribution according to the boltzman + + align:start position:0% +distribution according to the boltzman + + + align:start position:0% +distribution according to the boltzman +canonical Ensemble but if you look at + + align:start position:0% +canonical Ensemble but if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +canonical Ensemble but if you look at +your distribution of velocity is only + + align:start position:0% +your distribution of velocity is only + + + align:start position:0% +your distribution of velocity is only +pseudo canonical so often people + + align:start position:0% +pseudo canonical so often people + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo canonical so often people +especially those that do sort of you + + align:start position:0% +especially those that do sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +especially those that do sort of you +know very complex and long molecular + + align:start position:0% +know very complex and long molecular + + + align:start position:0% +know very complex and long molecular +Dynamics use the sort of most an and + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics use the sort of most an and + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics use the sort of most an and +most accurate approach that is really + + align:start position:0% +most accurate approach that is really + + + align:start position:0% +most accurate approach that is really +coupling your system to an additional + + align:start position:0% +coupling your system to an additional + + + align:start position:0% +coupling your system to an additional +dynamical variable using an extended + + align:start position:0% +dynamical variable using an extended + + + align:start position:0% +dynamical variable using an extended +lran or an extended amoni so you know we + + align:start position:0% +lran or an extended amoni so you know we + + + align:start position:0% +lran or an extended amoni so you know we +have written our sort of lran or aonian + + align:start position:0% +have written our sort of lran or aonian + + + align:start position:0% +have written our sort of lran or aonian +in terms of generalized coordinates all + + align:start position:0% +in terms of generalized coordinates all + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of generalized coordinates all +of a sudden you can add one more + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden you can add one more + + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden you can add one more +generalized coordinate so you can add if + + align:start position:0% +generalized coordinate so you can add if + + + align:start position:0% +generalized coordinate so you can add if +you want a pseudo particle in your + + align:start position:0% +you want a pseudo particle in your + + + align:start position:0% +you want a pseudo particle in your +system with its own sort of kinetic + + align:start position:0% +system with its own sort of kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +system with its own sort of kinetic +energy and with its own potential energy + + align:start position:0% +energy and with its own potential energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy and with its own potential energy +and you can construct the kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +and you can construct the kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +and you can construct the kinetic energy +and in particular you can construct the + + align:start position:0% +and in particular you can construct the + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular you can construct the +potential energy so that this additional + + align:start position:0% +potential energy so that this additional + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy so that this additional +dynamical system this additional + + align:start position:0% +dynamical system this additional + + + align:start position:0% +dynamical system this additional +dynamical variable interacts with the + + align:start position:0% +dynamical variable interacts with the + + + align:start position:0% +dynamical variable interacts with the +other dynamical variables basically + + align:start position:0% +other dynamical variables basically + + + align:start position:0% +other dynamical variables basically +exchanging temperature with Theta so + + align:start position:0% +exchanging temperature with Theta so + + + align:start position:0% +exchanging temperature with Theta so +that to bring the sort of average + + align:start position:0% +that to bring the sort of average + + + align:start position:0% +that to bring the sort of average +temperature of the real classical + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the real classical + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the real classical +particles to the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +particles to the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +particles to the equilibrium +distribution and so this is actually how + + align:start position:0% +distribution and so this is actually how + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and so this is actually how +you would write the extended lran for + + align:start position:0% +you would write the extended lran for + + + align:start position:0% +you would write the extended lran for +the case of a canonic simulation + + align:start position:0% +the case of a canonic simulation + + + align:start position:0% +the case of a canonic simulation +something in which we want to keep the + + align:start position:0% +something in which we want to keep the + + + align:start position:0% +something in which we want to keep the +temperature constant and so you see + + align:start position:0% +temperature constant and so you see + + + align:start position:0% +temperature constant and so you see +that's where sort of you know the power + + align:start position:0% +that's where sort of you know the power + + + align:start position:0% +that's where sort of you know the power +of all this generalized system comes + + align:start position:0% +of all this generalized system comes + + + align:start position:0% +of all this generalized system comes +into play and again you sort of write + + align:start position:0% +into play and again you sort of write + + + align:start position:0% +into play and again you sort of write +now your kinetic energy and not that + + align:start position:0% +now your kinetic energy and not that + + + align:start position:0% +now your kinetic energy and not that +there is this sort of s squ that sort of + + align:start position:0% +there is this sort of s squ that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +there is this sort of s squ that sort of +you know couples the kinetic energy of + + align:start position:0% +you know couples the kinetic energy of + + + align:start position:0% +you know couples the kinetic energy of +your real particles with the kinetic + + align:start position:0% +your real particles with the kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +your real particles with the kinetic +energy of this new sort of thermostat as + + align:start position:0% +energy of this new sort of thermostat as + + + align:start position:0% +energy of this new sort of thermostat as +we call it so we have kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +we call it so we have kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +we call it so we have kinetic energy +minus potential energy and then this is + + align:start position:0% +minus potential energy and then this is + + + align:start position:0% +minus potential energy and then this is +the new particle this is the new sort of + + align:start position:0% +the new particle this is the new sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the new particle this is the new sort of +extended coordinate that is described by + + align:start position:0% +extended coordinate that is described by + + + align:start position:0% +extended coordinate that is described by +a generalized position s and a + + align:start position:0% +a generalized position s and a + + + align:start position:0% +a generalized position s and a +generalized velocity s dot and so if you + + align:start position:0% +generalized velocity s dot and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +generalized velocity s dot and so if you +want its kinetic energy is sort of + + align:start position:0% +want its kinetic energy is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +want its kinetic energy is sort of +written in a trivial way 1 half a + + align:start position:0% +written in a trivial way 1 half a + + + align:start position:0% +written in a trivial way 1 half a +generalized mass time the square + + align:start position:0% +generalized mass time the square + + + align:start position:0% +generalized mass time the square +velocity and this is how no figure out + + align:start position:0% +velocity and this is how no figure out + + + align:start position:0% +velocity and this is how no figure out +the potential energy should look like + + align:start position:0% +the potential energy should look like + + + align:start position:0% +the potential energy should look like +for a system of n classical particles + + align:start position:0% +for a system of n classical particles + + + align:start position:0% +for a system of n classical particles +that you want to keep at an inverse + + align:start position:0% +that you want to keep at an inverse + + + align:start position:0% +that you want to keep at an inverse +temperature beta remember beta is just + + align:start position:0% +temperature beta remember beta is just + + + align:start position:0% +temperature beta remember beta is just +one over the boltzman constant times the + + align:start position:0% +one over the boltzman constant times the + + + align:start position:0% +one over the boltzman constant times the +temperature and so it's a very exotic + + align:start position:0% +temperature and so it's a very exotic + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and so it's a very exotic +potential energy and it's sort of you + + align:start position:0% +potential energy and it's sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy and it's sort of you +know the logarithm of this generalized + + align:start position:0% +know the logarithm of this generalized + + + align:start position:0% +know the logarithm of this generalized +coordinate and so if you use this lran + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and so if you use this lran + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate and so if you use this lran +you can construct the lran equation of + + align:start position:0% +you can construct the lran equation of + + + align:start position:0% +you can construct the lran equation of +motion so you will have equation of + + align:start position:0% +motion so you will have equation of + + + align:start position:0% +motion so you will have equation of +motion for your 3 n particles that will + + align:start position:0% +motion for your 3 n particles that will + + + align:start position:0% +motion for your 3 n particles that will +be very similar to your standard + + align:start position:0% +be very similar to your standard + + + align:start position:0% +be very similar to your standard +equation of motion but we have in there + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion but we have in there + + + align:start position:0% +equation of motion but we have in there +also terms that contain s and then you + + align:start position:0% +also terms that contain s and then you + + + align:start position:0% +also terms that contain s and then you +will have a sort of an equation of + + align:start position:0% +will have a sort of an equation of + + + align:start position:0% +will have a sort of an equation of +motion for your no or nose Hoover + + align:start position:0% +motion for your no or nose Hoover + + + align:start position:0% +motion for your no or nose Hoover +variable that is an equation of motion + + align:start position:0% +variable that is an equation of motion + + + align:start position:0% +variable that is an equation of motion +for S and you let all this system evolve + + align:start position:0% +for S and you let all this system evolve + + + align:start position:0% +for S and you let all this system evolve +and what will happen is that the uh + + align:start position:0% +and what will happen is that the uh + + + align:start position:0% +and what will happen is that the uh +kinetic energies of your + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energies of your + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energies of your +um classical particles will start to + + align:start position:0% +um classical particles will start to + + + align:start position:0% +um classical particles will start to +sort of distribute themselves according + + align:start position:0% +sort of distribute themselves according + + + align:start position:0% +sort of distribute themselves according +to a Max B and distribution that is + + align:start position:0% +to a Max B and distribution that is + + + align:start position:0% +to a Max B and distribution that is +according to the canonical Ensemble and + + align:start position:0% +according to the canonical Ensemble and + + + align:start position:0% +according to the canonical Ensemble and +people have worked out all the + + align:start position:0% +people have worked out all the + + + align:start position:0% +people have worked out all the +statistical mechanics of your problem + + align:start position:0% +statistical mechanics of your problem + + + align:start position:0% +statistical mechanics of your problem +and so you know worked out that you know + + align:start position:0% +and so you know worked out that you know + + + align:start position:0% +and so you know worked out that you know +in the appropriate coordinate you would + + align:start position:0% +in the appropriate coordinate you would + + + align:start position:0% +in the appropriate coordinate you would +need to have a sort of you know Maxwell + + align:start position:0% +need to have a sort of you know Maxwell + + + align:start position:0% +need to have a sort of you know Maxwell +boltman distribution this is in the modu + + align:start position:0% +boltman distribution this is in the modu + + + align:start position:0% +boltman distribution this is in the modu +of your system and really if you do all + + align:start position:0% +of your system and really if you do all + + + align:start position:0% +of your system and really if you do all +of this and you sort of you know take an + + align:start position:0% +of this and you sort of you know take an + + + align:start position:0% +of this and you sort of you know take an +average uh from your molecular Dynamic + + align:start position:0% +average uh from your molecular Dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +average uh from your molecular Dynamic +simulation you really see that both the + + align:start position:0% +simulation you really see that both the + + + align:start position:0% +simulation you really see that both the +position and the velocity of your + + align:start position:0% +position and the velocity of your + + + align:start position:0% +position and the velocity of your +classical particles are distributed in + + align:start position:0% +classical particles are distributed in + + + align:start position:0% +classical particles are distributed in +the appropriate way so it's very sort of + + align:start position:0% +the appropriate way so it's very sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the appropriate way so it's very sort of +useful to calculate say response + + align:start position:0% +useful to calculate say response + + + align:start position:0% +useful to calculate say response +property of the system say again if you + + align:start position:0% +property of the system say again if you + + + align:start position:0% +property of the system say again if you +want to calculate a diffusion + + align:start position:0% +want to calculate a diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +want to calculate a diffusion +coefficient from the velocity velocity + + align:start position:0% +coefficient from the velocity velocity + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient from the velocity velocity +autocorrelation function you really need + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation function you really need + + + align:start position:0% +autocorrelation function you really need +to have your velocity distributed + + align:start position:0% +to have your velocity distributed + + + align:start position:0% +to have your velocity distributed +according to the appropriate + + align:start position:0% +according to the appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +according to the appropriate +thermodynamical emble so it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamical emble so it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamical emble so it's sort of +you know they if you want most accurate + + align:start position:0% +you know they if you want most accurate + + + align:start position:0% +you know they if you want most accurate +and careful way of doing the + + align:start position:0% +and careful way of doing the + + + align:start position:0% +and careful way of doing the +Dynamics uh no h so it's probably the + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics uh no h so it's probably the + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics uh no h so it's probably the +most common way of thermostating your + + align:start position:0% +most common way of thermostating your + + + align:start position:0% +most common way of thermostating your +problem uh it's not the most robust it's + + align:start position:0% +problem uh it's not the most robust it's + + + align:start position:0% +problem uh it's not the most robust it's +sort of you know it's the approach that + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know it's the approach that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know it's the approach that +gives you uh the sort of you know Long + + align:start position:0% +gives you uh the sort of you know Long + + + align:start position:0% +gives you uh the sort of you know Long +Time thermodynamical Properties + + align:start position:0% +Time thermodynamical Properties + + + align:start position:0% +Time thermodynamical Properties +correctly but it tends to be very poorly + + align:start position:0% +correctly but it tends to be very poorly + + + align:start position:0% +correctly but it tends to be very poorly +say for something + + align:start position:0% +say for something + + + align:start position:0% +say for something +for a system that is very harmonic okay + + align:start position:0% +for a system that is very harmonic okay + + + align:start position:0% +for a system that is very harmonic okay +a system is very harmonic when it's its + + align:start position:0% +a system is very harmonic when it's its + + + align:start position:0% +a system is very harmonic when it's its +potential energy is really a quadratic + + align:start position:0% +potential energy is really a quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy is really a quadratic +function of its coordinate so if you + + align:start position:0% +function of its coordinate so if you + + + align:start position:0% +function of its coordinate so if you +have say a single particle that sits in + + align:start position:0% +have say a single particle that sits in + + + align:start position:0% +have say a single particle that sits in +a parabolic well what we call a harmonic + + align:start position:0% +a parabolic well what we call a harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +a parabolic well what we call a harmonic +oscillator or sort of a standard + + align:start position:0% +oscillator or sort of a standard + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator or sort of a standard +pendulum that is a perfect harmonic + + align:start position:0% +pendulum that is a perfect harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +pendulum that is a perfect harmonic +system a solid at very very low + + align:start position:0% +system a solid at very very low + + + align:start position:0% +system a solid at very very low +temperature is also very harmonic if you + + align:start position:0% +temperature is also very harmonic if you + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is also very harmonic if you +want the PO potential energy of each + + align:start position:0% +want the PO potential energy of each + + + align:start position:0% +want the PO potential energy of each +particle is just a quadratic function of + + align:start position:0% +particle is just a quadratic function of + + + align:start position:0% +particle is just a quadratic function of +the the displacement from its + + align:start position:0% +the the displacement from its + + + align:start position:0% +the the displacement from its +equilibrium position and so what are the + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium position and so what are the + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium position and so what are the +trajectories in a harmonic + + align:start position:0% +trajectories in a harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories in a harmonic +oscillator well they look something like + + align:start position:0% +oscillator well they look something like + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator well they look something like +this if you look now if you go back to a + + align:start position:0% +this if you look now if you go back to a + + + align:start position:0% +this if you look now if you go back to a +onedimensional + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +onedimensional +position and momentum + + align:start position:0% +position and momentum + + + align:start position:0% +position and momentum +representation + + align:start position:0% +representation + + + align:start position:0% +representation +well you know a pendulum does really + + align:start position:0% +well you know a pendulum does really + + + align:start position:0% +well you know a pendulum does really +this over and over again so + + align:start position:0% +this over and over again so + + + align:start position:0% +this over and over again so +the position so this would be the + + align:start position:0% +the position so this would be the + + + align:start position:0% +the position so this would be the +trajectory moving in time so the + + align:start position:0% +trajectory moving in time so the + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory moving in time so the +position sort of oscillates back and + + align:start position:0% +position sort of oscillates back and + + + align:start position:0% +position sort of oscillates back and +forth and the momentum or the velocity + + align:start position:0% +forth and the momentum or the velocity + + + align:start position:0% +forth and the momentum or the velocity +oscillate back and forth and they are in + + align:start position:0% +oscillate back and forth and they are in + + + align:start position:0% +oscillate back and forth and they are in +opposition of pH when the elongation is + + align:start position:0% +opposition of pH when the elongation is + + + align:start position:0% +opposition of pH when the elongation is +maximum your momentum is minimum and so + + align:start position:0% +maximum your momentum is minimum and so + + + align:start position:0% +maximum your momentum is minimum and so +on I actually sort of uh made an I guess + + align:start position:0% +on I actually sort of uh made an I guess + + + align:start position:0% +on I actually sort of uh made an I guess +an + + align:start position:0% +an + + + align:start position:0% +an +incorrect uh an incorrect axis but + + align:start position:0% +incorrect uh an incorrect axis but + + + align:start position:0% +incorrect uh an incorrect axis but +thanks to the power of the syntic tablet + + align:start position:0% +thanks to the power of the syntic tablet + + + align:start position:0% +thanks to the power of the syntic tablet +now now this uh this looks this looks + + align:start position:0% +now now this uh this looks this looks + + + align:start position:0% +now now this uh this looks this looks +much better okay now suppose that you're + + align:start position:0% +much better okay now suppose that you're + + + align:start position:0% +much better okay now suppose that you're +sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know +studing a sort of not a single + + align:start position:0% +studing a sort of not a single + + + align:start position:0% +studing a sort of not a single +oscillator but you're studying a solid + + align:start position:0% +oscillator but you're studying a solid + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator but you're studying a solid +at very low temperature what you know + + align:start position:0% +at very low temperature what you know + + + align:start position:0% +at very low temperature what you know +your nose Hoover thermostat would give + + align:start position:0% +your nose Hoover thermostat would give + + + align:start position:0% +your nose Hoover thermostat would give +you is something that is very different + + align:start position:0% +you is something that is very different + + + align:start position:0% +you is something that is very different +from the equilibrium distribution so the + + align:start position:0% +from the equilibrium distribution so the + + + align:start position:0% +from the equilibrium distribution so the +sort of equilibrium canonical + + align:start position:0% +sort of equilibrium canonical + + + align:start position:0% +sort of equilibrium canonical +distribution is going to look something + + align:start position:0% +distribution is going to look something + + + align:start position:0% +distribution is going to look something +in which you know the the sort of moment + + align:start position:0% +in which you know the the sort of moment + + + align:start position:0% +in which you know the the sort of moment +and velocity of the particle are + + align:start position:0% +and velocity of the particle are + + + align:start position:0% +and velocity of the particle are +distributed because now there is + + align:start position:0% +distributed because now there is + + + align:start position:0% +distributed because now there is +obviously if we have a real solid a + + align:start position:0% +obviously if we have a real solid a + + + align:start position:0% +obviously if we have a real solid a +small amount of interaction so each atom + + align:start position:0% +small amount of interaction so each atom + + + align:start position:0% +small amount of interaction so each atom +each harmonic oscillator is going to be + + align:start position:0% +each harmonic oscillator is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +each harmonic oscillator is going to be +talking with its neighbors and so there + + align:start position:0% +talking with its neighbors and so there + + + align:start position:0% +talking with its neighbors and so there +is they're not going to be all in phase + + align:start position:0% +is they're not going to be all in phase + + + align:start position:0% +is they're not going to be all in phase +and perpetually in Phase but they are + + align:start position:0% +and perpetually in Phase but they are + + + align:start position:0% +and perpetually in Phase but they are +going to sort of you know exchange + + align:start position:0% +going to sort of you know exchange + + + align:start position:0% +going to sort of you know exchange +energy between one and the other and so + + align:start position:0% +energy between one and the other and so + + + align:start position:0% +energy between one and the other and so +you know sort of a large sort of + + align:start position:0% +you know sort of a large sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you know sort of a large sort of +harmonic solid but you know at a + + align:start position:0% +harmonic solid but you know at a + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic solid but you know at a +slightly sort of different from zero + + align:start position:0% +slightly sort of different from zero + + + align:start position:0% +slightly sort of different from zero +temperature we'll have a distribution of + + align:start position:0% +temperature we'll have a distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +temperature we'll have a distribution of +Velo momentum that doesn't sit in a + + align:start position:0% +Velo momentum that doesn't sit in a + + + align:start position:0% +Velo momentum that doesn't sit in a +perfect circle but is sort of + + align:start position:0% +perfect circle but is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +perfect circle but is sort of +distributed around if you do this with a + + align:start position:0% +distributed around if you do this with a + + + align:start position:0% +distributed around if you do this with a +no Hoover thermostat sadly there will be + + align:start position:0% +no Hoover thermostat sadly there will be + + + align:start position:0% +no Hoover thermostat sadly there will be +no exchange of energy there will be no + + align:start position:0% +no exchange of energy there will be no + + + align:start position:0% +no exchange of energy there will be no +thermalization between all different + + align:start position:0% +thermalization between all different + + + align:start position:0% +thermalization between all different +atoms they are going to be doing + + align:start position:0% +atoms they are going to be doing + + + align:start position:0% +atoms they are going to be doing +perpetually their own thing in synchron + + align:start position:0% +perpetually their own thing in synchron + + + align:start position:0% +perpetually their own thing in synchron +and so the no hover thermostat works + + align:start position:0% +and so the no hover thermostat works + + + align:start position:0% +and so the no hover thermostat works +very poorly for systems the more AR the + + align:start position:0% +very poorly for systems the more AR the + + + align:start position:0% +very poorly for systems the more AR the +more armonic your system is the poorer + + align:start position:0% +more armonic your system is the poorer + + + align:start position:0% +more armonic your system is the poorer +the equilibration that comes from the no + + align:start position:0% +the equilibration that comes from the no + + + align:start position:0% +the equilibration that comes from the no +therat is and so you have to pay a lot + + align:start position:0% +therat is and so you have to pay a lot + + + align:start position:0% +therat is and so you have to pay a lot +of attention to system at low + + align:start position:0% +of attention to system at low + + + align:start position:0% +of attention to system at low +temperature and so the one of the usual + + align:start position:0% +temperature and so the one of the usual + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and so the one of the usual +solution that people mention is calling + + align:start position:0% +solution that people mention is calling + + + align:start position:0% +solution that people mention is calling +no is using no Hoover chains in which + + align:start position:0% +no is using no Hoover chains in which + + + align:start position:0% +no is using no Hoover chains in which +you actually have your dynamical system + + align:start position:0% +you actually have your dynamical system + + + align:start position:0% +you actually have your dynamical system +you have your thermostat and then you + + align:start position:0% +you have your thermostat and then you + + + align:start position:0% +you have your thermostat and then you +have another thermostat that + + align:start position:0% +have another thermostat that + + + align:start position:0% +have another thermostat that +thermostating your thermostat the + + align:start position:0% +thermostating your thermostat the + + + align:start position:0% +thermostating your thermostat the +thermostat your particle and then you + + align:start position:0% +thermostat your particle and then you + + + align:start position:0% +thermostat your particle and then you +have a third thermostat the thermostat + + align:start position:0% +have a third thermostat the thermostat + + + align:start position:0% +have a third thermostat the thermostat +the second ther and sadly you have to do + + align:start position:0% +the second ther and sadly you have to do + + + align:start position:0% +the second ther and sadly you have to do +this and uh it's a it's you know + + align:start position:0% +this and uh it's a it's you know + + + align:start position:0% +this and uh it's a it's you know +harmonic solids are actually very + + align:start position:0% +harmonic solids are actually very + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic solids are actually very +important so there is a reason why s of + + align:start position:0% +important so there is a reason why s of + + + align:start position:0% +important so there is a reason why s of +you know a lot of effort has been put + + align:start position:0% +you know a lot of effort has been put + + + align:start position:0% +you know a lot of effort has been put +into this because in particular and this + + align:start position:0% +into this because in particular and this + + + align:start position:0% +into this because in particular and this +is again something that we see one of + + align:start position:0% +is again something that we see one of + + + align:start position:0% +is again something that we see one of +the last classes in order to calculate + + align:start position:0% +the last classes in order to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +the last classes in order to calculate +the free energy of a system at a + + align:start position:0% +the free energy of a system at a + + + align:start position:0% +the free energy of a system at a +temperature often you need to do an + + align:start position:0% +temperature often you need to do an + + + align:start position:0% +temperature often you need to do an +integration from zero temperature to the + + align:start position:0% +integration from zero temperature to the + + + align:start position:0% +integration from zero temperature to the +present temperature and so you really + + align:start position:0% +present temperature and so you really + + + align:start position:0% +present temperature and so you really +need to start from a harmonic solid that + + align:start position:0% +need to start from a harmonic solid that + + + align:start position:0% +need to start from a harmonic solid that +you need to describe correctly and if + + align:start position:0% +you need to describe correctly and if + + + align:start position:0% +you need to describe correctly and if +you don't do that and so if you don't + + align:start position:0% +you don't do that and so if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you don't do that and so if you don't +use your proper thermostating techniques + + align:start position:0% +use your proper thermostating techniques + + + align:start position:0% +use your proper thermostating techniques +uh this is not going to work out and you + + align:start position:0% +uh this is not going to work out and you + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is not going to work out and you +know there is really a lot of dark + + align:start position:0% +know there is really a lot of dark + + + align:start position:0% +know there is really a lot of dark +hearts in all of this you really need to + + align:start position:0% +hearts in all of this you really need to + + + align:start position:0% +hearts in all of this you really need to +be careful because you know sort of the + + align:start position:0% +be careful because you know sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +be careful because you know sort of the +temperature is a global quantity but if + + align:start position:0% +temperature is a global quantity but if + + + align:start position:0% +temperature is a global quantity but if +you have say a system with 100 particles + + align:start position:0% +you have say a system with 100 particles + + + align:start position:0% +you have say a system with 100 particles +you can have a temperature of 300 kelv + + align:start position:0% +you can have a temperature of 300 kelv + + + align:start position:0% +you can have a temperature of 300 kelv +by having sort of you know all particles + + align:start position:0% +by having sort of you know all particles + + + align:start position:0% +by having sort of you know all particles +distributed along the same temperature + + align:start position:0% +distributed along the same temperature + + + align:start position:0% +distributed along the same temperature +but you can have also the same + + align:start position:0% +but you can have also the same + + + align:start position:0% +but you can have also the same +temperature If part of your system is + + align:start position:0% +temperature If part of your system is + + + align:start position:0% +temperature If part of your system is +very cold and part of your system is + + align:start position:0% +very cold and part of your system is + + + align:start position:0% +very cold and part of your system is +very hot and if you want the thermostat + + align:start position:0% +very hot and if you want the thermostat + + + align:start position:0% +very hot and if you want the thermostat +has this role of making sure that the + + align:start position:0% +has this role of making sure that the + + + align:start position:0% +has this role of making sure that the +energy flow goes around so that all part + + align:start position:0% +energy flow goes around so that all part + + + align:start position:0% +energy flow goes around so that all part +of your system are really at equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +of your system are really at equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +of your system are really at equilibrium +and you know this can can be actually a + + align:start position:0% +and you know this can can be actually a + + + align:start position:0% +and you know this can can be actually a +trickier thing than than sort of it + + align:start position:0% +trickier thing than than sort of it + + + align:start position:0% +trickier thing than than sort of it +actually seems um obviously all these + + align:start position:0% +actually seems um obviously all these + + + align:start position:0% +actually seems um obviously all these +dots and sents are fantum threee into + + align:start position:0% +dots and sents are fantum threee into + + + align:start position:0% +dots and sents are fantum threee into +sort of frantic saving okay these are + + align:start position:0% +sort of frantic saving okay these are + + + align:start position:0% +sort of frantic saving okay these are +sort of you know uh summary of all the + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know uh summary of all the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know uh summary of all the +books in which you can find a + + align:start position:0% +books in which you can find a + + + align:start position:0% +books in which you can find a +description of these Concepts uh if you + + align:start position:0% +description of these Concepts uh if you + + + align:start position:0% +description of these Concepts uh if you +have to read one for this class the sort + + align:start position:0% +have to read one for this class the sort + + + align:start position:0% +have to read one for this class the sort +of free primer that fuor Coles has put + + align:start position:0% +of free primer that fuor Coles has put + + + align:start position:0% +of free primer that fuor Coles has put +on on his um website I'm actually very + + align:start position:0% +on on his um website I'm actually very + + + align:start position:0% +on on his um website I'm actually very +proud of this because fu moved recently + + align:start position:0% +proud of this because fu moved recently + + + align:start position:0% +proud of this because fu moved recently +to this very small town in Northern + + align:start position:0% +to this very small town in Northern + + + align:start position:0% +to this very small town in Northern +Italy that is sort of my hometown but + + align:start position:0% +Italy that is sort of my hometown but + + + align:start position:0% +Italy that is sort of my hometown but +anyhow this is this is available in free + + align:start position:0% +anyhow this is this is available in free + + + align:start position:0% +anyhow this is this is available in free +30 or 40 pages I've posted it also on + + align:start position:0% +30 or 40 pages I've posted it also on + + + align:start position:0% +30 or 40 pages I've posted it also on +the Stellar website and it gives you a + + align:start position:0% +the Stellar website and it gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +the Stellar website and it gives you a +very clean introduction to molecular + + align:start position:0% +very clean introduction to molecular + + + align:start position:0% +very clean introduction to molecular +Dynamics and then I think this is a + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics and then I think this is a + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics and then I think this is a +field in which there are in particular + + align:start position:0% +field in which there are in particular + + + align:start position:0% +field in which there are in particular +two exemplary books so if you really + + align:start position:0% +two exemplary books so if you really + + + align:start position:0% +two exemplary books so if you really +want to do this for a living uh there + + align:start position:0% +want to do this for a living uh there + + + align:start position:0% +want to do this for a living uh there +are a couple of books that are very very + + align:start position:0% +are a couple of books that are very very + + + align:start position:0% +are a couple of books that are very very +good uh the all fly book that by now is + + align:start position:0% +good uh the all fly book that by now is + + + align:start position:0% +good uh the all fly book that by now is +very old is sort of you know from really + + align:start position:0% +very old is sort of you know from really + + + align:start position:0% +very old is sort of you know from really +written at the beginning of the 80s uh + + align:start position:0% +written at the beginning of the 80s uh + + + align:start position:0% +written at the beginning of the 80s uh +when you can imagine computer + + align:start position:0% +when you can imagine computer + + + align:start position:0% +when you can imagine computer +capabilities were very different and + + align:start position:0% +capabilities were very different and + + + align:start position:0% +capabilities were very different and +it's actually remarkable you know + + align:start position:0% +it's actually remarkable you know + + + align:start position:0% +it's actually remarkable you know +somehow how the clarity that you develop + + align:start position:0% +somehow how the clarity that you develop + + + align:start position:0% +somehow how the clarity that you develop +by dealing with systems that are you + + align:start position:0% +by dealing with systems that are you + + + align:start position:0% +by dealing with systems that are you +know very primitive from the + + align:start position:0% +know very primitive from the + + + align:start position:0% +know very primitive from the +computational point of view actually + + align:start position:0% +computational point of view actually + + + align:start position:0% +computational point of view actually +develops your intellectual skills so + + align:start position:0% +develops your intellectual skills so + + + align:start position:0% +develops your intellectual skills so +this is really very very good and + + align:start position:0% +this is really very very good and + + + align:start position:0% +this is really very very good and +equally good is a much more recent book + + align:start position:0% +equally good is a much more recent book + + + align:start position:0% +equally good is a much more recent book +that's is in this Third Edition from + + align:start position:0% +that's is in this Third Edition from + + + align:start position:0% +that's is in this Third Edition from +last year the Franklin smth that also + + align:start position:0% +last year the Franklin smth that also + + + align:start position:0% +last year the Franklin smth that also +has many more advanced topics but either + + align:start position:0% +has many more advanced topics but either + + + align:start position:0% +has many more advanced topics but either +of this are really sort of very very + + align:start position:0% +of this are really sort of very very + + + align:start position:0% +of this are really sort of very very +good reference and now sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +good reference and now sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +good reference and now sort of you know +in the last 20 minutes I'll give you + + align:start position:0% +in the last 20 minutes I'll give you + + + align:start position:0% +in the last 20 minutes I'll give you +really the flavor on how we do first + + align:start position:0% +really the flavor on how we do first + + + align:start position:0% +really the flavor on how we do first +principal molecular dynamics that is + + align:start position:0% +principal molecular dynamics that is + + + align:start position:0% +principal molecular dynamics that is +really nothing else than a classical + + align:start position:0% +really nothing else than a classical + + + align:start position:0% +really nothing else than a classical +molecular Dynamics with a lot of uh + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics with a lot of uh + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics with a lot of uh +additional variables so we use this + + align:start position:0% +additional variables so we use this + + + align:start position:0% +additional variables so we use this +concept of extended + + align:start position:0% +concept of extended + + + align:start position:0% +concept of extended +antonians and you know this is somehow + + align:start position:0% +antonians and you know this is somehow + + + align:start position:0% +antonians and you know this is somehow +it's by now a little bit old but I sort + + align:start position:0% +it's by now a little bit old but I sort + + + align:start position:0% +it's by now a little bit old but I sort +of you know once downloaded this this is + + align:start position:0% +of you know once downloaded this this is + + + align:start position:0% +of you know once downloaded this this is +actually the sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +actually the sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +actually the sort of you know +citations of sort of first principal + + align:start position:0% +citations of sort of first principal + + + align:start position:0% +citations of sort of first principal +molecular Dynamics abinal molecular + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics abinal molecular + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics abinal molecular +Dynamics or the citation of the first + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics or the citation of the first + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics or the citation of the first +paper that developed this concept that + + align:start position:0% +paper that developed this concept that + + + align:start position:0% +paper that developed this concept that +goes under the name of the car parino + + align:start position:0% +goes under the name of the car parino + + + align:start position:0% +goes under the name of the car parino +techniques that is from 1985 and you see + + align:start position:0% +techniques that is from 1985 and you see + + + align:start position:0% +techniques that is from 1985 and you see +we are sort of very pleased with this + + align:start position:0% +we are sort of very pleased with this + + + align:start position:0% +we are sort of very pleased with this +exponential explosion that means that + + align:start position:0% +exponential explosion that means that + + + align:start position:0% +exponential explosion that means that +basically the there's a lot of useless + + align:start position:0% +basically the there's a lot of useless + + + align:start position:0% +basically the there's a lot of useless +literature out there that you you can + + align:start position:0% +literature out there that you you can + + + align:start position:0% +literature out there that you you can +look at so in order to do first + + align:start position:0% +look at so in order to do first + + + align:start position:0% +look at so in order to do first +principal microdynamics I need to give + + align:start position:0% +principal microdynamics I need to give + + + align:start position:0% +principal microdynamics I need to give +you a reminder of sort of your favorite + + align:start position:0% +you a reminder of sort of your favorite + + + align:start position:0% +you a reminder of sort of your favorite +topic that is the expansion in plain + + align:start position:0% +topic that is the expansion in plain + + + align:start position:0% +topic that is the expansion in plain +waves of the total energy of a system + + align:start position:0% +waves of the total energy of a system + + + align:start position:0% +waves of the total energy of a system +and you know sort of hopefully you still + + align:start position:0% +and you know sort of hopefully you still + + + align:start position:0% +and you know sort of hopefully you still +remind something about this but if you + + align:start position:0% +remind something about this but if you + + + align:start position:0% +remind something about this but if you +have a crystal that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +have a crystal that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +have a crystal that's going to be +defined by the three primitive direct + + align:start position:0% +defined by the three primitive direct + + + align:start position:0% +defined by the three primitive direct +ltis vectors so you know we could have + + align:start position:0% +ltis vectors so you know we could have + + + align:start position:0% +ltis vectors so you know we could have +an FCC Crystal and they point to you + + align:start position:0% +an FCC Crystal and they point to you + + + align:start position:0% +an FCC Crystal and they point to you +know 1 12 1 12 Z 0 1 12 Z and the third + + align:start position:0% +know 1 12 1 12 Z 0 1 12 Z and the third + + + align:start position:0% +know 1 12 1 12 Z 0 1 12 Z and the third +one and then we can Define um reciprocal + + align:start position:0% +one and then we can Define um reciprocal + + + align:start position:0% +one and then we can Define um reciprocal +space and a reciprocal Lattis uh whose + + align:start position:0% +space and a reciprocal Lattis uh whose + + + align:start position:0% +space and a reciprocal Lattis uh whose +three primitive vectors these G vectors + + align:start position:0% +three primitive vectors these G vectors + + + align:start position:0% +three primitive vectors these G vectors +are just defined as the duals of your + + align:start position:0% +are just defined as the duals of your + + + align:start position:0% +are just defined as the duals of your +direct lace vectors so the scalar + + align:start position:0% +direct lace vectors so the scalar + + + align:start position:0% +direct lace vectors so the scalar +product between the reciprocal and the + + align:start position:0% +product between the reciprocal and the + + + align:start position:0% +product between the reciprocal and the +direct lace vectors needs to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +direct lace vectors needs to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +direct lace vectors needs to be equal to +zero or 2 pi okay so this is the + + align:start position:0% +zero or 2 pi okay so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +zero or 2 pi okay so this is the +definition + + align:start position:0% +definition + + + align:start position:0% +definition +once we have this reciprocal ltis + + align:start position:0% +once we have this reciprocal ltis + + + align:start position:0% +once we have this reciprocal ltis +vectors that for Simplicity I'll draw + + align:start position:0% +vectors that for Simplicity I'll draw + + + align:start position:0% +vectors that for Simplicity I'll draw +here as being a two dimensional and + + align:start position:0% +here as being a two dimensional and + + + align:start position:0% +here as being a two dimensional and +square what we have is again you know + + align:start position:0% +square what we have is again you know + + + align:start position:0% +square what we have is again you know +sort of these points here + + align:start position:0% +sort of these points here + + + align:start position:0% +sort of these points here +represent all possible integer + + align:start position:0% +represent all possible integer + + + align:start position:0% +represent all possible integer +combination of reciprocal latis vectors + + align:start position:0% +combination of reciprocal latis vectors + + + align:start position:0% +combination of reciprocal latis vectors +so that for my problem at hand here uh + + align:start position:0% +so that for my problem at hand here uh + + + align:start position:0% +so that for my problem at hand here uh +would be say this would be the R zone + + align:start position:0% +would be say this would be the R zone + + + align:start position:0% +would be say this would be the R zone +this would be the unit cell of the + + align:start position:0% +this would be the unit cell of the + + + align:start position:0% +this would be the unit cell of the +reciprocal lce and so all these G + + align:start position:0% +reciprocal lce and so all these G + + + align:start position:0% +reciprocal lce and so all these G +vectors in blue remember are such that + + align:start position:0% +vectors in blue remember are such that + + + align:start position:0% +vectors in blue remember are such that +the function the complex function e to + + align:start position:0% +the function the complex function e to + + + align:start position:0% +the function the complex function e to +the i g * R where G is any of these + + align:start position:0% +the i g * R where G is any of these + + + align:start position:0% +the i g * R where G is any of these +vectors represented by one of this point + + align:start position:0% +vectors represented by one of this point + + + align:start position:0% +vectors represented by one of this point +this function in real space is + + align:start position:0% +this function in real space is + + + align:start position:0% +this function in real space is +compatible with your periodic boundary + + align:start position:0% +compatible with your periodic boundary + + + align:start position:0% +compatible with your periodic boundary +Condition it's going going to have + + align:start position:0% +Condition it's going going to have + + + align:start position:0% +Condition it's going going to have +either one oscillation inside your cell + + align:start position:0% +either one oscillation inside your cell + + + align:start position:0% +either one oscillation inside your cell +two oscillation three oscillation 10 + + align:start position:0% +two oscillation three oscillation 10 + + + align:start position:0% +two oscillation three oscillation 10 +oscillations and you know sort of it's + + align:start position:0% +oscillations and you know sort of it's + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations and you know sort of it's +going to be generally speaking in three + + align:start position:0% +going to be generally speaking in three + + + align:start position:0% +going to be generally speaking in three +dimension and so if you remember we + + align:start position:0% +dimension and so if you remember we + + + align:start position:0% +dimension and so if you remember we +expand our wave function into linear + + align:start position:0% +expand our wave function into linear + + + align:start position:0% +expand our wave function into linear +combination of these plain waves because + + align:start position:0% +combination of these plain waves because + + + align:start position:0% +combination of these plain waves because +these plain waves are all the possible + + align:start position:0% +these plain waves are all the possible + + + align:start position:0% +these plain waves are all the possible +it's a complete set of function that + + align:start position:0% +it's a complete set of function that + + + align:start position:0% +it's a complete set of function that +describe orbitals that have the + + align:start position:0% +describe orbitals that have the + + + align:start position:0% +describe orbitals that have the +periodicity of the direct lus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what was are sort of quantum + + align:start position:0% +okay so what was are sort of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what was are sort of quantum +mechanical system we keep it simple we + + align:start position:0% +mechanical system we keep it simple we + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical system we keep it simple we +won't go into density functional Theory + + align:start position:0% +won't go into density functional Theory + + + align:start position:0% +won't go into density functional Theory +we'll just sort of you know think again + + align:start position:0% +we'll just sort of you know think again + + + align:start position:0% +we'll just sort of you know think again +at the operator you see the aonian + + align:start position:0% +at the operator you see the aonian + + + align:start position:0% +at the operator you see the aonian +raises his head again it's just going to + + align:start position:0% +raises his head again it's just going to + + + align:start position:0% +raises his head again it's just going to +be the quantum kinetic energy minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +be the quantum kinetic energy minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +be the quantum kinetic energy minus 1 +half the laan plus the potential energy + + align:start position:0% +half the laan plus the potential energy + + + align:start position:0% +half the laan plus the potential energy +and with the caveat that we develop + + align:start position:0% +and with the caveat that we develop + + + align:start position:0% +and with the caveat that we develop +expand the periodic part of your wave + + align:start position:0% +expand the periodic part of your wave + + + align:start position:0% +expand the periodic part of your wave +function what we call sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +function what we call sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +function what we call sort of you know +via the block theorem the periodic uh + + align:start position:0% +via the block theorem the periodic uh + + + align:start position:0% +via the block theorem the periodic uh +sometimes I call it U but sort of you + + align:start position:0% +sometimes I call it U but sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes I call it U but sort of you +know what is the sort of periodic + + align:start position:0% +know what is the sort of periodic + + + align:start position:0% +know what is the sort of periodic +component we expand that we write it as + + align:start position:0% +component we expand that we write it as + + + align:start position:0% +component we expand that we write it as +a linear combination of plain waves with + + align:start position:0% +a linear combination of plain waves with + + + align:start position:0% +a linear combination of plain waves with +appropriate coefficients so if you want + + align:start position:0% +appropriate coefficients so if you want + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate coefficients so if you want +your quantum mechanical problem is yet + + align:start position:0% +your quantum mechanical problem is yet + + + align:start position:0% +your quantum mechanical problem is yet +again nothing else than trying to find + + align:start position:0% +again nothing else than trying to find + + + align:start position:0% +again nothing else than trying to find +these numbers once you have defined your + + align:start position:0% +these numbers once you have defined your + + + align:start position:0% +these numbers once you have defined your +basis set then you have written an + + align:start position:0% +basis set then you have written an + + + align:start position:0% +basis set then you have written an +expansion and then all your algebra and + + align:start position:0% +expansion and then all your algebra and + + + align:start position:0% +expansion and then all your algebra and +all your computational problem is + + align:start position:0% +all your computational problem is + + + align:start position:0% +all your computational problem is +finding out what this coefficient should + + align:start position:0% +finding out what this coefficient should + + + align:start position:0% +finding out what this coefficient should +be and this tends to be a very good + + align:start position:0% +be and this tends to be a very good + + + align:start position:0% +be and this tends to be a very good +basis set because it can be made more + + align:start position:0% +basis set because it can be made more + + + align:start position:0% +basis set because it can be made more +and more accurate by including G vectors + + align:start position:0% +and more accurate by including G vectors + + + align:start position:0% +and more accurate by including G vectors +of larger and larger modulus that + + align:start position:0% +of larger and larger modulus that + + + align:start position:0% +of larger and larger modulus that +corresponds to plane waves of higher and + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to plane waves of higher and + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to plane waves of higher and +higher + + align:start position:0% +higher + + + align:start position:0% +higher +resolution not only that but it's + + align:start position:0% +resolution not only that but it's + + + align:start position:0% +resolution not only that but it's +actually a very manageable basic set to + + align:start position:0% +actually a very manageable basic set to + + + align:start position:0% +actually a very manageable basic set to +use because it's very easy to take first + + align:start position:0% +use because it's very easy to take first + + + align:start position:0% +use because it's very easy to take first +derivatives second derivatives of a wave + + align:start position:0% +derivatives second derivatives of a wave + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives second derivatives of a wave +function or Square Modi because say if + + align:start position:0% +function or Square Modi because say if + + + align:start position:0% +function or Square Modi because say if +we take a first derivative of s with + + align:start position:0% +we take a first derivative of s with + + + align:start position:0% +we take a first derivative of s with +respect to R the only thing that we have + + align:start position:0% +respect to R the only thing that we have + + + align:start position:0% +respect to R the only thing that we have +is that each term in G gets down from + + align:start position:0% +is that each term in G gets down from + + + align:start position:0% +is that each term in G gets down from +here a factor I * G and the second + + align:start position:0% +here a factor I * G and the second + + + align:start position:0% +here a factor I * G and the second +derivatives gives us a factor i g scalar + + align:start position:0% +derivatives gives us a factor i g scalar + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives gives us a factor i g scalar +product IG that is minus g s okay so our + + align:start position:0% +product IG that is minus g s okay so our + + + align:start position:0% +product IG that is minus g s okay so our +quantum mechanical problem bases for our + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanical problem bases for our + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanical problem bases for our +first principle molecular Dynamics has + + align:start position:0% +first principle molecular Dynamics has + + + align:start position:0% +first principle molecular Dynamics has +really you know nothing else to do than + + align:start position:0% +really you know nothing else to do than + + + align:start position:0% +really you know nothing else to do than +finding what is the ground state energy + + align:start position:0% +finding what is the ground state energy + + + align:start position:0% +finding what is the ground state energy +that not really in a density functional + + align:start position:0% +that not really in a density functional + + + align:start position:0% +that not really in a density functional +formalism but in a sort of simplified + + align:start position:0% +formalism but in a sort of simplified + + + align:start position:0% +formalism but in a sort of simplified +formalism I'll write out just as a sum + + align:start position:0% +formalism I'll write out just as a sum + + + align:start position:0% +formalism I'll write out just as a sum +of the igen values of our single + + align:start position:0% +of the igen values of our single + + + align:start position:0% +of the igen values of our single +particle orbitals that is just the sum + + align:start position:0% +particle orbitals that is just the sum + + + align:start position:0% +particle orbitals that is just the sum +of all the the electrons of this + + align:start position:0% +of all the the electrons of this + + + align:start position:0% +of all the the electrons of this +expectation value if you remember in + + align:start position:0% +expectation value if you remember in + + + align:start position:0% +expectation value if you remember in +density functional Theory the energy is + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory the energy is + + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory the energy is +slightly different because the + + align:start position:0% +slightly different because the + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different because the +amian in sort of that approach has + + align:start position:0% +amian in sort of that approach has + + + align:start position:0% +amian in sort of that approach has +actually become + + align:start position:0% +actually become + + + align:start position:0% +actually become +self-consistent the aonian depends on + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent the aonian depends on + + + align:start position:0% +self-consistent the aonian depends on +the charge density in itself and so + + align:start position:0% +the charge density in itself and so + + + align:start position:0% +the charge density in itself and so +there are some additional corrective + + align:start position:0% +there are some additional corrective + + + align:start position:0% +there are some additional corrective +terms but you know from the point of + + align:start position:0% +terms but you know from the point of + + + align:start position:0% +terms but you know from the point of +view of you know our sort of formalin + + align:start position:0% +view of you know our sort of formalin + + + align:start position:0% +view of you know our sort of formalin +here it doesn't really matter that we + + align:start position:0% +here it doesn't really matter that we + + + align:start position:0% +here it doesn't really matter that we +include this additional terms and so you + + align:start position:0% +include this additional terms and so you + + + align:start position:0% +include this additional terms and so you +know what is that you know we have to + + align:start position:0% +know what is that you know we have to + + + align:start position:0% +know what is that you know we have to +deal with here well we have again a + + align:start position:0% +deal with here well we have again a + + + align:start position:0% +deal with here well we have again a +Quantum kinetic energy term and a + + align:start position:0% +Quantum kinetic energy term and a + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum kinetic energy term and a +potential energy term and so the quantum + + align:start position:0% +potential energy term and so the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy term and so the quantum +kinetic energy is going to be the sum of + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy is going to be the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy is going to be the sum of +the kinetic energy of each orbitals I + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy of each orbitals I + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy of each orbitals I +written it here and you know what I was + + align:start position:0% +written it here and you know what I was + + + align:start position:0% +written it here and you know what I was +saying before is actually trivial to + + align:start position:0% +saying before is actually trivial to + + + align:start position:0% +saying before is actually trivial to +calculate the kinetic energy if you have + + align:start position:0% +calculate the kinetic energy if you have + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the kinetic energy if you have +a wave function that is expanded in + + align:start position:0% +a wave function that is expanded in + + + align:start position:0% +a wave function that is expanded in +plane waves because this is it this is + + align:start position:0% +plane waves because this is it this is + + + align:start position:0% +plane waves because this is it this is +the expectation value remember it's the + + align:start position:0% +the expectation value remember it's the + + + align:start position:0% +the expectation value remember it's the +integral over all your hbert space that + + align:start position:0% +integral over all your hbert space that + + + align:start position:0% +integral over all your hbert space that +is the integral in space of this this is + + align:start position:0% +is the integral in space of this this is + + + align:start position:0% +is the integral in space of this this is +the bra so this is the complex conjugate + + align:start position:0% +the bra so this is the complex conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +the bra so this is the complex conjugate +of the plane waves e to the igr so it's + + align:start position:0% +of the plane waves e to the igr so it's + + + align:start position:0% +of the plane waves e to the igr so it's +e to the minus igr times the action of + + align:start position:0% +e to the minus igr times the action of + + + align:start position:0% +e to the minus igr times the action of +this operator to the plane wave e to the + + align:start position:0% +this operator to the plane wave e to the + + + align:start position:0% +this operator to the plane wave e to the +i g Prime R and so you know this second + + align:start position:0% +i g Prime R and so you know this second + + + align:start position:0% +i g Prime R and so you know this second +derivative so with respect to R gives us + + align:start position:0% +derivative so with respect to R gives us + + + align:start position:0% +derivative so with respect to R gives us +an IG Prime * IG Prime that is a minus G + + align:start position:0% +an IG Prime * IG Prime that is a minus G + + + align:start position:0% +an IG Prime * IG Prime that is a minus G +sare the minus sign cancels out and so + + align:start position:0% +sare the minus sign cancels out and so + + + align:start position:0% +sare the minus sign cancels out and so +we have 12 G ² times the integral with + + align:start position:0% +we have 12 G ² times the integral with + + + align:start position:0% +we have 12 G ² times the integral with +respect to space of e to Theus i g r * e + + align:start position:0% +respect to space of e to Theus i g r * e + + + align:start position:0% +respect to space of e to Theus i g r * e +to the i g Prime R and actually if G is + + align:start position:0% +to the i g Prime R and actually if G is + + + align:start position:0% +to the i g Prime R and actually if G is +equal to G Prime that is just going to + + align:start position:0% +equal to G Prime that is just going to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to G Prime that is just going to +be one and so the integral it's actually + + align:start position:0% +be one and so the integral it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +be one and so the integral it's actually +I skip all the normalization so the + + align:start position:0% +I skip all the normalization so the + + + align:start position:0% +I skip all the normalization so the +integral is going to be one you can work + + align:start position:0% +integral is going to be one you can work + + + align:start position:0% +integral is going to be one you can work +out the algebra if G is different from G + + align:start position:0% +out the algebra if G is different from G + + + align:start position:0% +out the algebra if G is different from G +Prime is going to be zero so this + + align:start position:0% +Prime is going to be zero so this + + + align:start position:0% +Prime is going to be zero so this +expectation value of the kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +expectation value of the kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +expectation value of the kinetic energy +operator between two plane waves is just + + align:start position:0% +operator between two plane waves is just + + + align:start position:0% +operator between two plane waves is just +going to be 1 12 G squ between two + + align:start position:0% +going to be 1 12 G squ between two + + + align:start position:0% +going to be 1 12 G squ between two +identical plane waves and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +identical plane waves and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +identical plane waves and it's going to +be zero if the plane waves are different + + align:start position:0% +be zero if the plane waves are different + + + align:start position:0% +be zero if the plane waves are different +this is you know what we say when we say + + align:start position:0% +this is you know what we say when we say + + + align:start position:0% +this is you know what we say when we say +that the kinetic energy operator in a + + align:start position:0% +that the kinetic energy operator in a + + + align:start position:0% +that the kinetic energy operator in a +matrix representation in which a sort of + + align:start position:0% +matrix representation in which a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +matrix representation in which a sort of +you know the row and the columns are the + + align:start position:0% +you know the row and the columns are the + + + align:start position:0% +you know the row and the columns are the +different plane waves is actually + + align:start position:0% +different plane waves is actually + + + align:start position:0% +different plane waves is actually +diagonal that is if you calculate this + + align:start position:0% +diagonal that is if you calculate this + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal that is if you calculate this +so you would have say G here and G Prime + + align:start position:0% +so you would have say G here and G Prime + + + align:start position:0% +so you would have say G here and G Prime +here all the terms in this Matrix + + align:start position:0% +here all the terms in this Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +here all the terms in this Matrix +function of G and G Prime are zero + + align:start position:0% +function of G and G Prime are zero + + + align:start position:0% +function of G and G Prime are zero +outside the diagonal and the diagonal is + + align:start position:0% +outside the diagonal and the diagonal is + + + align:start position:0% +outside the diagonal and the diagonal is +1 half g s so very trivial to do in + + align:start position:0% +1 half g s so very trivial to do in + + + align:start position:0% +1 half g s so very trivial to do in +plain + + align:start position:0% +plain + + + align:start position:0% +plain +waves um if we want to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +waves um if we want to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +waves um if we want to calculate the +second term in the energy we need to + + align:start position:0% +second term in the energy we need to + + + align:start position:0% +second term in the energy we need to +calculate the potential energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the potential energy is going to be + + align:start position:0% +and the potential energy is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and the potential energy is going to be +again sort of the sum over all the sort + + align:start position:0% +again sort of the sum over all the sort + + + align:start position:0% +again sort of the sum over all the sort +of you know single particle terms in the + + align:start position:0% +of you know single particle terms in the + + + align:start position:0% +of you know single particle terms in the +potential energy and I'm doing the same + + align:start position:0% +potential energy and I'm doing the same + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy and I'm doing the same +thing here I'm writing this expectation + + align:start position:0% +thing here I'm writing this expectation + + + align:start position:0% +thing here I'm writing this expectation +value between two plane waves and so I + + align:start position:0% +value between two plane waves and so I + + + align:start position:0% +value between two plane waves and so I +have same as before the exponential of + + align:start position:0% +have same as before the exponential of + + + align:start position:0% +have same as before the exponential of +the complex conjugate minus * V of R * + + align:start position:0% +the complex conjugate minus * V of R * + + + align:start position:0% +the complex conjugate minus * V of R * +to the i g Prime R and if you look at + + align:start position:0% +to the i g Prime R and if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +to the i g Prime R and if you look at +this this is nothing else than the + + align:start position:0% +this this is nothing else than the + + + align:start position:0% +this this is nothing else than the +definition of the F transform + + align:start position:0% +definition of the F transform + + + align:start position:0% +definition of the F transform +coefficient of your potential energy + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of your potential energy + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of your potential energy +with respect to the wave Vector G minus + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the wave Vector G minus + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the wave Vector G minus +G Prime so now this part the potential + + align:start position:0% +G Prime so now this part the potential + + + align:start position:0% +G Prime so now this part the potential +energy in a plain wave basis set is not + + align:start position:0% +energy in a plain wave basis set is not + + + align:start position:0% +energy in a plain wave basis set is not +anymore diagonal it's going to be sort + + align:start position:0% +anymore diagonal it's going to be sort + + + align:start position:0% +anymore diagonal it's going to be sort +of you know it's going to have off + + align:start position:0% +of you know it's going to have off + + + align:start position:0% +of you know it's going to have off +diagonal terms the + + align:start position:0% +diagonal terms the + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal terms the +if you look in the previous sort of you + + align:start position:0% +if you look in the previous sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +if you look in the previous sort of you +know Matrix representation in G and G + + align:start position:0% +know Matrix representation in G and G + + + align:start position:0% +know Matrix representation in G and G +Prime what we have along the diagonal is + + align:start position:0% +Prime what we have along the diagonal is + + + align:start position:0% +Prime what we have along the diagonal is +just the kinetic energy terms T that are + + align:start position:0% +just the kinetic energy terms T that are + + + align:start position:0% +just the kinetic energy terms T that are +1 12 g s but we are going to have a + + align:start position:0% +1 12 g s but we are going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +1 12 g s but we are going to have a +number of of diagonal terms and also on + + align:start position:0% +number of of diagonal terms and also on + + + align:start position:0% +number of of diagonal terms and also on +diagonal diagonal terms from the + + align:start position:0% +diagonal diagonal terms from the + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal diagonal terms from the +potential obviously the more you go + + align:start position:0% +potential obviously the more you go + + + align:start position:0% +potential obviously the more you go +outside the diagonal the more G minus G + + align:start position:0% +outside the diagonal the more G minus G + + + align:start position:0% +outside the diagonal the more G minus G +Prime is going to be large so the more + + align:start position:0% +Prime is going to be large so the more + + + align:start position:0% +Prime is going to be large so the more +you're going to look at high frequency + + align:start position:0% +you're going to look at high frequency + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to look at high frequency +components of your potential and in + + align:start position:0% +components of your potential and in + + + align:start position:0% +components of your potential and in +general you know unless your potential + + align:start position:0% +general you know unless your potential + + + align:start position:0% +general you know unless your potential +is really IL defined the high frequency + + align:start position:0% +is really IL defined the high frequency + + + align:start position:0% +is really IL defined the high frequency +components are going to be smaller and + + align:start position:0% +components are going to be smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +components are going to be smaller and +smaller so again sort of the overall + + align:start position:0% +smaller so again sort of the overall + + + align:start position:0% +smaller so again sort of the overall +aonian Matrix kinetic plus potential in + + align:start position:0% +aonian Matrix kinetic plus potential in + + + align:start position:0% +aonian Matrix kinetic plus potential in +a plane wave basis tends to be + + align:start position:0% +a plane wave basis tends to be + + + align:start position:0% +a plane wave basis tends to be +diagonally dominant As you move farther + + align:start position:0% +diagonally dominant As you move farther + + + align:start position:0% +diagonally dominant As you move farther +and further away tends to be smaller and + + align:start position:0% +and further away tends to be smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +and further away tends to be smaller and +smaller so we have actually WR all the + + align:start position:0% +smaller so we have actually WR all the + + + align:start position:0% +smaller so we have actually WR all the +terms and then we can take the sum over + + align:start position:0% +terms and then we can take the sum over + + + align:start position:0% +terms and then we can take the sum over +all these expectation value and so we + + align:start position:0% +all these expectation value and so we + + + align:start position:0% +all these expectation value and so we +have here sort of you know our Levan if + + align:start position:0% +have here sort of you know our Levan if + + + align:start position:0% +have here sort of you know our Levan if +you want the total energy as a function + + align:start position:0% +you want the total energy as a function + + + align:start position:0% +you want the total energy as a function +of this coefficient of the plane waves + + align:start position:0% +of this coefficient of the plane waves + + + align:start position:0% +of this coefficient of the plane waves +so we have the kinetic energy term and + + align:start position:0% +so we have the kinetic energy term and + + + align:start position:0% +so we have the kinetic energy term and +the potential energy term and sort of + + align:start position:0% +the potential energy term and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the potential energy term and sort of +you know the fundamental approach that + + align:start position:0% +you know the fundamental approach that + + + align:start position:0% +you know the fundamental approach that +we take in first principle calculation + + align:start position:0% +we take in first principle calculation + + + align:start position:0% +we take in first principle calculation +is not trying to diagonalize this aonian + + align:start position:0% +is not trying to diagonalize this aonian + + + align:start position:0% +is not trying to diagonalize this aonian +to find igen values and igen vectors + + align:start position:0% +to find igen values and igen vectors + + + align:start position:0% +to find igen values and igen vectors +because that operation would scale as + + align:start position:0% +because that operation would scale as + + + align:start position:0% +because that operation would scale as +the cube of the number of plane waves + + align:start position:0% +the cube of the number of plane waves + + + align:start position:0% +the cube of the number of plane waves +and it gives us not only sort of you + + align:start position:0% +and it gives us not only sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +and it gives us not only sort of you +know the 10 or 20 lowest IG values that + + align:start position:0% +know the 10 or 20 lowest IG values that + + + align:start position:0% +know the 10 or 20 lowest IG values that +are the occupied States but say if we + + align:start position:0% +are the occupied States but say if we + + + align:start position:0% +are the occupied States but say if we +have a simple system like the silicon + + align:start position:0% +have a simple system like the silicon + + + align:start position:0% +have a simple system like the silicon +atom remember you have sort of seen + + align:start position:0% +atom remember you have sort of seen + + + align:start position:0% +atom remember you have sort of seen +semiconductors in your lab too where you + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors in your lab too where you + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors in your lab too where you +know at the end what you need is really + + align:start position:0% +know at the end what you need is really + + + align:start position:0% +know at the end what you need is really +the four lowest igen values and the four + + align:start position:0% +the four lowest igen values and the four + + + align:start position:0% +the four lowest igen values and the four +lowest igen vectors well if if you + + align:start position:0% +lowest igen vectors well if if you + + + align:start position:0% +lowest igen vectors well if if you +diagonalize this aonian and you have an + + align:start position:0% +diagonalize this aonian and you have an + + + align:start position:0% +diagonalize this aonian and you have an +you know plain wave basic set with a + + align:start position:0% +you know plain wave basic set with a + + + align:start position:0% +you know plain wave basic set with a +th000 elements you get all 1,000 I + + align:start position:0% +th000 elements you get all 1,000 I + + + align:start position:0% +th000 elements you get all 1,000 I +values and I vectors we don't need that + + align:start position:0% +values and I vectors we don't need that + + + align:start position:0% +values and I vectors we don't need that +it's too expensive we need only four out + + align:start position:0% +it's too expensive we need only four out + + + align:start position:0% +it's too expensive we need only four out +of a th okay so the approach that you + + align:start position:0% +of a th okay so the approach that you + + + align:start position:0% +of a th okay so the approach that you +know most or all electronic structure + + align:start position:0% +know most or all electronic structure + + + align:start position:0% +know most or all electronic structure +approaches take is actually an approach + + align:start position:0% +approaches take is actually an approach + + + align:start position:0% +approaches take is actually an approach +in which we find what are this + + align:start position:0% +in which we find what are this + + + align:start position:0% +in which we find what are this +coefficient of the relevant occupied + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of the relevant occupied + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of the relevant occupied +orbitals you see here the total energy + + align:start position:0% +orbitals you see here the total energy + + + align:start position:0% +orbitals you see here the total energy +is just a function of the occupied + + align:start position:0% +is just a function of the occupied + + + align:start position:0% +is just a function of the occupied +orbital so for silicon we would sum only + + align:start position:0% +orbital so for silicon we would sum only + + + align:start position:0% +orbital so for silicon we would sum only +on the four lowest orbitals and by + + align:start position:0% +on the four lowest orbitals and by + + + align:start position:0% +on the four lowest orbitals and by +minimizing this quantity we find what + + align:start position:0% +minimizing this quantity we find what + + + align:start position:0% +minimizing this quantity we find what +are the coefficients so the electron + + align:start position:0% +are the coefficients so the electron + + + align:start position:0% +are the coefficients so the electron +such a problem again it's a minimum + + align:start position:0% +such a problem again it's a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +such a problem again it's a minimum +problem in which you have you know an + + align:start position:0% +problem in which you have you know an + + + align:start position:0% +problem in which you have you know an +expression for the energy that in + + align:start position:0% +expression for the energy that in + + + align:start position:0% +expression for the energy that in +density functional theory is slightly + + align:start position:0% +density functional theory is slightly + + + align:start position:0% +density functional theory is slightly +more complex but at the end depends only + + align:start position:0% +more complex but at the end depends only + + + align:start position:0% +more complex but at the end depends only +on the coefficients of your plane wave + + align:start position:0% +on the coefficients of your plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +on the coefficients of your plane wave +expansion and on The Matrix elements of + + align:start position:0% +expansion and on The Matrix elements of + + + align:start position:0% +expansion and on The Matrix elements of +the potential between plane waves and of + + align:start position:0% +the potential between plane waves and of + + + align:start position:0% +the potential between plane waves and of +the kinetic energy between plan WS you + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy between plan WS you + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetic energy between plan WS you +calculate this once for all or in + + align:start position:0% +calculate this once for all or in + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this once for all or in +density functional Theory at every step + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory at every step + + + align:start position:0% +density functional Theory at every step +because your potential being + + align:start position:0% +because your potential being + + + align:start position:0% +because your potential being +selfconsistent changes at every time + + align:start position:0% +selfconsistent changes at every time + + + align:start position:0% +selfconsistent changes at every time +step but sort of if you have this and + + align:start position:0% +step but sort of if you have this and + + + align:start position:0% +step but sort of if you have this and +you have this is nothing else than a + + align:start position:0% +you have this is nothing else than a + + + align:start position:0% +you have this is nothing else than a +problem of finding the minimum with + + align:start position:0% +problem of finding the minimum with + + + align:start position:0% +problem of finding the minimum with +respect to these variables sadly you + + align:start position:0% +respect to these variables sadly you + + + align:start position:0% +respect to these variables sadly you +have sort of you know thousands or tens + + align:start position:0% +have sort of you know thousands or tens + + + align:start position:0% +have sort of you know thousands or tens +of thousands or hundreds of thousands of + + align:start position:0% +of thousands or hundreds of thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +of thousands or hundreds of thousands of +them so it tends to be you know a very + + align:start position:0% +them so it tends to be you know a very + + + align:start position:0% +them so it tends to be you know a very +expensive problem of minimization of a + + align:start position:0% +expensive problem of minimization of a + + + align:start position:0% +expensive problem of minimization of a +nonlinear function that depends on + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear function that depends on + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear function that depends on +basically billions of variables so how + + align:start position:0% +basically billions of variables so how + + + align:start position:0% +basically billions of variables so how +do we do + + align:start position:0% +do we do + + + align:start position:0% +do we do +this well let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see we use a molecular Dynamics idea + + align:start position:0% +see we use a molecular Dynamics idea + + + align:start position:0% +see we use a molecular Dynamics idea +that is we have an energy a function you + + align:start position:0% +that is we have an energy a function you + + + align:start position:0% +that is we have an energy a function you +know of thousands of variables so we + + align:start position:0% +know of thousands of variables so we + + + align:start position:0% +know of thousands of variables so we +have a multi-dimensional space with + + align:start position:0% +have a multi-dimensional space with + + + align:start position:0% +have a multi-dimensional space with +really thousands of + + align:start position:0% +really thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +really thousands of +coordinates and as a function of those + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and as a function of those + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and as a function of those +thousands of coordinates these + + align:start position:0% +thousands of coordinates these + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of coordinates these +CNG um variables what we have is a total + + align:start position:0% +CNG um variables what we have is a total + + + align:start position:0% +CNG um variables what we have is a total +energy surface so our problem looks + + align:start position:0% +energy surface so our problem looks + + + align:start position:0% +energy surface so our problem looks +nothing else like this we have a total + + align:start position:0% +nothing else like this we have a total + + + align:start position:0% +nothing else like this we have a total +energy that is this sort of hyper + + align:start position:0% +energy that is this sort of hyper + + + align:start position:0% +energy that is this sort of hyper +surface in Black that is a nonlinear + + align:start position:0% +surface in Black that is a nonlinear + + + align:start position:0% +surface in Black that is a nonlinear +functional of these things uh in + + align:start position:0% +functional of these things uh in + + + align:start position:0% +functional of these things uh in +functional theory for a standard LDA GJ + + align:start position:0% +functional theory for a standard LDA GJ + + + align:start position:0% +functional theory for a standard LDA GJ +calculation this system tends to have + + align:start position:0% +calculation this system tends to have + + + align:start position:0% +calculation this system tends to have +only one minimum if you're doing a spin + + align:start position:0% +only one minimum if you're doing a spin + + + align:start position:0% +only one minimum if you're doing a spin +polarized calculation it will have + + align:start position:0% +polarized calculation it will have + + + align:start position:0% +polarized calculation it will have +different Minima that corresponds to a + + align:start position:0% +different Minima that corresponds to a + + + align:start position:0% +different Minima that corresponds to a +sort + + align:start position:0% +sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort +of non-magnetic solution or all the + + align:start position:0% +of non-magnetic solution or all the + + + align:start position:0% +of non-magnetic solution or all the +magnetic solution with different set of + + align:start position:0% +magnetic solution with different set of + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic solution with different set of +values for the magnetization or maybe + + align:start position:0% +values for the magnetization or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +values for the magnetization or maybe +you have antifom magnetic solution with + + align:start position:0% +you have antifom magnetic solution with + + + align:start position:0% +you have antifom magnetic solution with +a total magnetization of zero but + + align:start position:0% +a total magnetization of zero but + + + align:start position:0% +a total magnetization of zero but +different spins and so on and so forth + + align:start position:0% +different spins and so on and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +different spins and so on and so forth +so this potential energ surface can + + align:start position:0% +so this potential energ surface can + + + align:start position:0% +so this potential energ surface can +start to develop some of the complex + + align:start position:0% +start to develop some of the complex + + + align:start position:0% +start to develop some of the complex +Minima that I was showing you when we + + align:start position:0% +Minima that I was showing you when we + + + align:start position:0% +Minima that I was showing you when we +were talking about simulated anding and + + align:start position:0% +were talking about simulated anding and + + + align:start position:0% +were talking about simulated anding and +that's why actually finding the ground + + align:start position:0% +that's why actually finding the ground + + + align:start position:0% +that's why actually finding the ground +state of magnetic system tend to become + + align:start position:0% +state of magnetic system tend to become + + + align:start position:0% +state of magnetic system tend to become +very quickly much more complex in LDA or + + align:start position:0% +very quickly much more complex in LDA or + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly much more complex in LDA or +GGA it has only one minimum and we need + + align:start position:0% +GGA it has only one minimum and we need + + + align:start position:0% +GGA it has only one minimum and we need +to find that minimum as a function of + + align:start position:0% +to find that minimum as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +to find that minimum as a function of +these very many coordinates and so we + + align:start position:0% +these very many coordinates and so we + + + align:start position:0% +these very many coordinates and so we +use sort of you know molecular Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +use sort of you know molecular Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +use sort of you know molecular Dynamics +techniques and molecular Dynamic + + align:start position:0% +techniques and molecular Dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +techniques and molecular Dynamic +analogies and you know I'll do this in + + align:start position:0% +analogies and you know I'll do this in + + + align:start position:0% +analogies and you know I'll do this in +one Dimensions but really what we want + + align:start position:0% +one Dimensions but really what we want + + + align:start position:0% +one Dimensions but really what we want +to do is find an equation of motion + + align:start position:0% +to do is find an equation of motion + + + align:start position:0% +to do is find an equation of motion +something that evolves our + + align:start position:0% +something that evolves our + + + align:start position:0% +something that evolves our +coefficients CG so that they move + + align:start position:0% +coefficients CG so that they move + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients CG so that they move +towards the minimum of that potential + + align:start position:0% +towards the minimum of that potential + + + align:start position:0% +towards the minimum of that potential +energy surface and in order to do that + + align:start position:0% +energy surface and in order to do that + + + align:start position:0% +energy surface and in order to do that +we have you know nothing else to do than + + align:start position:0% +we have you know nothing else to do than + + + align:start position:0% +we have you know nothing else to do than +to calculate the derivative of that + + align:start position:0% +to calculate the derivative of that + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate the derivative of that +black potential energy surface with + + align:start position:0% +black potential energy surface with + + + align:start position:0% +black potential energy surface with +respect to each and every variable with + + align:start position:0% +respect to each and every variable with + + + align:start position:0% +respect to each and every variable with +respect to each and every plane wave + + align:start position:0% +respect to each and every plane wave + + + align:start position:0% +respect to each and every plane wave +coefficient uh again sort of lots of + + align:start position:0% +coefficient uh again sort of lots of + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient uh again sort of lots of +algebra that I'm hiding in there but + + align:start position:0% +algebra that I'm hiding in there but + + + align:start position:0% +algebra that I'm hiding in there but +actually and very pleasantly it's + + align:start position:0% +actually and very pleasantly it's + + + align:start position:0% +actually and very pleasantly it's +actually very simple and we sort of you + + align:start position:0% +actually very simple and we sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +actually very simple and we sort of you +know write this generalized force that + + align:start position:0% +know write this generalized force that + + + align:start position:0% +know write this generalized force that +is the derivative with the minus signs + + align:start position:0% +is the derivative with the minus signs + + + align:start position:0% +is the derivative with the minus signs +the gradient of the energy with respect + + align:start position:0% +the gradient of the energy with respect + + + align:start position:0% +the gradient of the energy with respect +to each and every coefficient and is you + + align:start position:0% +to each and every coefficient and is you + + + align:start position:0% +to each and every coefficient and is you +know by chance nothing else than the + + align:start position:0% +know by chance nothing else than the + + + align:start position:0% +know by chance nothing else than the +application of the aonian itself to the + + align:start position:0% +application of the aonian itself to the + + + align:start position:0% +application of the aonian itself to the +wave function coefficient by coefficient + + align:start position:0% +wave function coefficient by coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +wave function coefficient by coefficient +and so it's actually sort of very easy + + align:start position:0% +and so it's actually sort of very easy + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's actually sort of very easy +to calculate and + + align:start position:0% +to calculate and + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate and +then once we have that well so if we + + align:start position:0% +then once we have that well so if we + + + align:start position:0% +then once we have that well so if we +look at this problem in one dimension + + align:start position:0% +look at this problem in one dimension + + + align:start position:0% +look at this problem in one dimension +what we have is our black potential + + align:start position:0% +what we have is our black potential + + + align:start position:0% +what we have is our black potential +energy surface and we need to find the + + align:start position:0% +energy surface and we need to find the + + + align:start position:0% +energy surface and we need to find the +minimum so this is the energy as a + + align:start position:0% +minimum so this is the energy as a + + + align:start position:0% +minimum so this is the energy as a +function of all this coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +function of all this coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +function of all this coefficient of +plane waves and uh we can choose a + + align:start position:0% +plane waves and uh we can choose a + + + align:start position:0% +plane waves and uh we can choose a +random value for this coefficient + + align:start position:0% +random value for this coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +random value for this coefficient +calculate the energy and what we will + + align:start position:0% +calculate the energy and what we will + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the energy and what we will +have is a value for this energy and now + + align:start position:0% +have is a value for this energy and now + + + align:start position:0% +have is a value for this energy and now +what we want is really to evolve to move + + align:start position:0% +what we want is really to evolve to move + + + align:start position:0% +what we want is really to evolve to move +the value of each and every + + align:start position:0% +the value of each and every + + + align:start position:0% +the value of each and every +coefficient so that the total energy of + + align:start position:0% +coefficient so that the total energy of + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient so that the total energy of +our system reaches the minimum and in + + align:start position:0% +our system reaches the minimum and in + + + align:start position:0% +our system reaches the minimum and in +order to do that we need the gradient + + align:start position:0% +order to do that we need the gradient + + + align:start position:0% +order to do that we need the gradient +that we have written in the previous in + + align:start position:0% +that we have written in the previous in + + + align:start position:0% +that we have written in the previous in +the previous expression that is nothing + + align:start position:0% +the previous expression that is nothing + + + align:start position:0% +the previous expression that is nothing +else that minus the aonian applied to + + align:start position:0% +else that minus the aonian applied to + + + align:start position:0% +else that minus the aonian applied to +the wave function that is the force and + + align:start position:0% +the wave function that is the force and + + + align:start position:0% +the wave function that is the force and +it's you know a perfect uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +it's you know a perfect uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know a perfect uh sort of +dynamical analogy if you are somewhere + + align:start position:0% +dynamical analogy if you are somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +dynamical analogy if you are somewhere +and you know what is the force that + + align:start position:0% +and you know what is the force that + + + align:start position:0% +and you know what is the force that +drives you down here well then you have + + align:start position:0% +drives you down here well then you have + + + align:start position:0% +drives you down here well then you have +molecular Dynamics techniques to get to + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics techniques to get to + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics techniques to get to +the bottom of your potential energy + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of your potential energy + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of your potential energy +surface and this is particularly easy if + + align:start position:0% +surface and this is particularly easy if + + + align:start position:0% +surface and this is particularly easy if +as in LDA or GGA your potential energy + + align:start position:0% +as in LDA or GGA your potential energy + + + align:start position:0% +as in LDA or GGA your potential energy +surface is only one minimum and you know + + align:start position:0% +surface is only one minimum and you know + + + align:start position:0% +surface is only one minimum and you know +there are actually sort of two different + + align:start position:0% +there are actually sort of two different + + + align:start position:0% +there are actually sort of two different +approaches that you could use um you + + align:start position:0% +approaches that you could use um you + + + align:start position:0% +approaches that you could use um you +could use a sort of you know standard + + align:start position:0% +could use a sort of you know standard + + + align:start position:0% +could use a sort of you know standard +molecular Dynamics so if you are here + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics so if you are here + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics so if you are here +you put yourself in motion and what you + + align:start position:0% +you put yourself in motion and what you + + + align:start position:0% +you put yourself in motion and what you +start doing is going down but in a pure + + align:start position:0% +start doing is going down but in a pure + + + align:start position:0% +start doing is going down but in a pure +conservative molecular Dynamics you're + + align:start position:0% +conservative molecular Dynamics you're + + + align:start position:0% +conservative molecular Dynamics you're +going to overshoot your minimum go back + + align:start position:0% +going to overshoot your minimum go back + + + align:start position:0% +going to overshoot your minimum go back +and oscillate perennially so what you do + + align:start position:0% +and oscillate perennially so what you do + + + align:start position:0% +and oscillate perennially so what you do +you actually put some friction so that + + align:start position:0% +you actually put some friction so that + + + align:start position:0% +you actually put some friction so that +you sort of you know slowly sort of lose + + align:start position:0% +you sort of you know slowly sort of lose + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of you know slowly sort of lose +energy and you basically again condense + + align:start position:0% +energy and you basically again condense + + + align:start position:0% +energy and you basically again condense +down to your sort of lowest lowest + + align:start position:0% +down to your sort of lowest lowest + + + align:start position:0% +down to your sort of lowest lowest +Energy Solution and so as standard + + align:start position:0% +Energy Solution and so as standard + + + align:start position:0% +Energy Solution and so as standard +molecular Dynamics technique applied on + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics technique applied on + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamics technique applied on +the coefficient of the plane waves with + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient of the plane waves with + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient of the plane waves with +a friction term added is one approach + + align:start position:0% +a friction term added is one approach + + + align:start position:0% +a friction term added is one approach +that brings all these additional degrees + + align:start position:0% +that brings all these additional degrees + + + align:start position:0% +that brings all these additional degrees +of freedom of plane waves down to the + + align:start position:0% +of freedom of plane waves down to the + + + align:start position:0% +of freedom of plane waves down to the +ground state this would be one approach + + align:start position:0% +ground state this would be one approach + + + align:start position:0% +ground state this would be one approach +uh the other approach would be actually + + align:start position:0% +uh the other approach would be actually + + + align:start position:0% +uh the other approach would be actually +evolving your system in a way in which + + align:start position:0% +evolving your system in a way in which + + + align:start position:0% +evolving your system in a way in which +the velocity is proportional to the the + + align:start position:0% +the velocity is proportional to the the + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity is proportional to the the +force and so again you can think that + + align:start position:0% +force and so again you can think that + + + align:start position:0% +force and so again you can think that +when you are at the minimum your force + + align:start position:0% +when you are at the minimum your force + + + align:start position:0% +when you are at the minimum your force +is zero and so your velocity is zero and + + align:start position:0% +is zero and so your velocity is zero and + + + align:start position:0% +is zero and so your velocity is zero and +so if instead of accelerating your + + align:start position:0% +so if instead of accelerating your + + + align:start position:0% +so if instead of accelerating your +system proportionally to the force and + + align:start position:0% +system proportionally to the force and + + + align:start position:0% +system proportionally to the force and +putting a friction that is something + + align:start position:0% +putting a friction that is something + + + align:start position:0% +putting a friction that is something +that will s of you know oscillates and + + align:start position:0% +that will s of you know oscillates and + + + align:start position:0% +that will s of you know oscillates and +dump down to the minimum you move with a + + align:start position:0% +dump down to the minimum you move with a + + + align:start position:0% +dump down to the minimum you move with a +velocity that is proportional to your + + align:start position:0% +velocity that is proportional to your + + + align:start position:0% +velocity that is proportional to your +force is something that again it will + + align:start position:0% +force is something that again it will + + + align:start position:0% +force is something that again it will +sort of move you towards the ground sta + + align:start position:0% +sort of move you towards the ground sta + + + align:start position:0% +sort of move you towards the ground sta +once you are here your sort of driving + + align:start position:0% +once you are here your sort of driving + + + align:start position:0% +once you are here your sort of driving +force is going to be zero so your + + align:start position:0% +force is going to be zero so your + + + align:start position:0% +force is going to be zero so your +velocity is going to be zero so somehow + + align:start position:0% +velocity is going to be zero so somehow + + + align:start position:0% +velocity is going to be zero so somehow +it's a different approach that also + + align:start position:0% +it's a different approach that also + + + align:start position:0% +it's a different approach that also +brings you to the zero and sort of the + + align:start position:0% +brings you to the zero and sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +brings you to the zero and sort of the +two approaches have a sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +two approaches have a sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +two approaches have a sort of you know +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +um sort of slightly different + + align:start position:0% +um sort of slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +um sort of slightly different +performance depending on on the kind of + + align:start position:0% +performance depending on on the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +performance depending on on the kind of +system that you're doing in this case in + + align:start position:0% +system that you're doing in this case in + + + align:start position:0% +system that you're doing in this case in +the sort of dynamical way you need to + + align:start position:0% +the sort of dynamical way you need to + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of dynamical way you need to +make sure that your friction is good + + align:start position:0% +make sure that your friction is good + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that your friction is good +enough that is you don't use too much + + align:start position:0% +enough that is you don't use too much + + + align:start position:0% +enough that is you don't use too much +friction so you sort of slow down and + + align:start position:0% +friction so you sort of slow down and + + + align:start position:0% +friction so you sort of slow down and +never reach the minimum and you have to + + align:start position:0% +never reach the minimum and you have to + + + align:start position:0% +never reach the minimum and you have to +be sure that there is sort of enough + + align:start position:0% +be sure that there is sort of enough + + + align:start position:0% +be sure that there is sort of enough +friction so you don't oscillat forever + + align:start position:0% +friction so you don't oscillat forever + + + align:start position:0% +friction so you don't oscillat forever +and that's one way in this sort of + + align:start position:0% +and that's one way in this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and that's one way in this sort of +approach you need to make sure that your + + align:start position:0% +approach you need to make sure that your + + + align:start position:0% +approach you need to make sure that your +sort of system again doesn't really sort + + align:start position:0% +sort of system again doesn't really sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort of system again doesn't really sort +of stop short of getting to the minimum + + align:start position:0% +of stop short of getting to the minimum + + + align:start position:0% +of stop short of getting to the minimum +because the closer you get to the + + align:start position:0% +because the closer you get to the + + + align:start position:0% +because the closer you get to the +minimum the Clos closer your velocity is + + align:start position:0% +minimum the Clos closer your velocity is + + + align:start position:0% +minimum the Clos closer your velocity is +to zero and so you tend sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +to zero and so you tend sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +to zero and so you tend sort of you know +to just get very close but not rightly + + align:start position:0% +to just get very close but not rightly + + + align:start position:0% +to just get very close but not rightly +there and there are sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +there and there are sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +there and there are sort of you know +Advanced Techniques to deal with both of + + align:start position:0% +Advanced Techniques to deal with both of + + + align:start position:0% +Advanced Techniques to deal with both of +these systems and uh with this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh think I'll actually conclude uh + + align:start position:0% +uh think I'll actually conclude uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh think I'll actually conclude uh +conclude here because I wanted to sort + + align:start position:0% +conclude here because I wanted to sort + + + align:start position:0% +conclude here because I wanted to sort +of tell you um more about how we + + align:start position:0% +of tell you um more about how we + + + align:start position:0% +of tell you um more about how we +actually evolve in time this problem + + align:start position:0% +actually evolve in time this problem + + + align:start position:0% +actually evolve in time this problem +when we we start moving the atoms up to + + align:start position:0% +when we we start moving the atoms up to + + + align:start position:0% +when we we start moving the atoms up to +now we were sort of you know thinking at + + align:start position:0% +now we were sort of you know thinking at + + + align:start position:0% +now we were sort of you know thinking at +just how to get to the ground state + + align:start position:0% +just how to get to the ground state + + + align:start position:0% +just how to get to the ground state +solution but then we have the additional + + align:start position:0% +solution but then we have the additional + + + align:start position:0% +solution but then we have the additional +problem of sort of you know having the + + align:start position:0% +problem of sort of you know having the + + + align:start position:0% +problem of sort of you know having the +atoms move so our potential starts + + align:start position:0% +atoms move so our potential starts + + + align:start position:0% +atoms move so our potential starts +changing in real time and we need to + + align:start position:0% +changing in real time and we need to + + + align:start position:0% +changing in real time and we need to +sort of you know follow in real time + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know follow in real time + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know follow in real time +what happens to the solution and again + + align:start position:0% +what happens to the solution and again + + + align:start position:0% +what happens to the solution and again +there are sort of two general approaches + + align:start position:0% +there are sort of two general approaches + + + align:start position:0% +there are sort of two general approaches +that go under the name of sort of borop + + align:start position:0% +that go under the name of sort of borop + + + align:start position:0% +that go under the name of sort of borop +pimer molecular Dynamics or uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +pimer molecular Dynamics or uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +pimer molecular Dynamics or uh sort of +carpar in molecular Dynamics and I think + + align:start position:0% +carpar in molecular Dynamics and I think + + + align:start position:0% +carpar in molecular Dynamics and I think +we'll leave that at this stage for a for + + align:start position:0% +we'll leave that at this stage for a for + + + align:start position:0% +we'll leave that at this stage for a for +um one of the next lectures so let me + + align:start position:0% +um one of the next lectures so let me + + + align:start position:0% +um one of the next lectures so let me +just sort of remind you that another of + + align:start position:0% +just sort of remind you that another of + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of remind you that another of +the terms that you'll see for this kind + + align:start position:0% +the terms that you'll see for this kind + + + align:start position:0% +the terms that you'll see for this kind +of Dynamics in which the velocity drives + + align:start position:0% +of Dynamics in which the velocity drives + + + align:start position:0% +of Dynamics in which the velocity drives +the system towards uh towards the + + align:start position:0% +the system towards uh towards the + + + align:start position:0% +the system towards uh towards the +minimum uh goes actually under the name + + align:start position:0% +minimum uh goes actually under the name + + + align:start position:0% +minimum uh goes actually under the name +of steepest descent or conjugate + + align:start position:0% +of steepest descent or conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +of steepest descent or conjugate +gradient minimization and that's again a + + align:start position:0% +gradient minimization and that's again a + + + align:start position:0% +gradient minimization and that's again a +sort of you know technique that you see + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know technique that you see + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know technique that you see +very often in minimization problem while + + align:start position:0% +very often in minimization problem while + + + align:start position:0% +very often in minimization problem while +sort of this is really a sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of this is really a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of this is really a sort of +molecular Dynamic kind of simulated an + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamic kind of simulated an + + + align:start position:0% +molecular Dynamic kind of simulated an +with this I conclude we'll keep some of + + align:start position:0% +with this I conclude we'll keep some of + + + align:start position:0% +with this I conclude we'll keep some of +the sort of uh abin molecular Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +the sort of uh abin molecular Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of uh abin molecular Dynamics +techniques for one of the last lectures + + align:start position:0% +techniques for one of the last lectures + + + align:start position:0% +techniques for one of the last lectures +when we actually sort of go back and + + align:start position:0% +when we actually sort of go back and + + + align:start position:0% +when we actually sort of go back and +look at case studies of this and in the + + align:start position:0% +look at case studies of this and in the + + + align:start position:0% +look at case studies of this and in the +last transparencies in the last view + + align:start position:0% +last transparencies in the last view + + + align:start position:0% +last transparencies in the last view +graph of your notes you have again some + + align:start position:0% +graph of your notes you have again some + + + align:start position:0% +graph of your notes you have again some +freely available uh biblography of + + align:start position:0% +freely available uh biblography of + + + align:start position:0% +freely available uh biblography of +quantum molecular Dynamics um uh primers + + align:start position:0% +quantum molecular Dynamics um uh primers + + + align:start position:0% +quantum molecular Dynamics um uh primers +in particular the sort of primer of + + align:start position:0% +in particular the sort of primer of + + + align:start position:0% +in particular the sort of primer of +Dominique Marx on his website the last + + align:start position:0% +Dominique Marx on his website the last + + + align:start position:0% +Dominique Marx on his website the last +the last note is something very + + align:start position:0% +the last note is something very + + + align:start position:0% +the last note is something very +completely and very well written with + + align:start position:0% +completely and very well written with + + + align:start position:0% +completely and very well written with +this I conclude um have a very happy + + align:start position:0% +this I conclude um have a very happy + + + align:start position:0% +this I conclude um have a very happy +weekend and we'll see you on Tuesday in + + align:start position:0% +weekend and we'll see you on Tuesday in + + + align:start position:0% +weekend and we'll see you on Tuesday in +the lab in 115 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LYudSLnQEkY.txt b/LYudSLnQEkY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..194302c6c964d92f5f5560cc50703aab460e6238 --- /dev/null +++ b/LYudSLnQEkY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9965 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu we start the last C + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu we start the last C + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu we start the last C +of the about is about a month + + align:start position:0% +of the about is about a month + + + align:start position:0% +of the about is about a month +left and I want to try + + align:start position:0% +left and I want to try + + + align:start position:0% +left and I want to try +to deal + + align:start position:0% +to deal + + + align:start position:0% +to deal +with as much of the current + + align:start position:0% +with as much of the current + + + align:start position:0% +with as much of the current +understanding of + + align:start position:0% +understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of +urbanism as we can squeeze into it my + + align:start position:0% +urbanism as we can squeeze into it my + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism as we can squeeze into it my +focus will be very much on architecture + + align:start position:0% +focus will be very much on architecture + + + align:start position:0% +focus will be very much on architecture +and urbanism and not on as much on + + align:start position:0% +and urbanism and not on as much on + + + align:start position:0% +and urbanism and not on as much on +advantage is on Urban economics or Urban + + align:start position:0% +advantage is on Urban economics or Urban + + + align:start position:0% +advantage is on Urban economics or Urban +social policy + + align:start position:0% +social policy + + + align:start position:0% +social policy +or this class is really about the form + + align:start position:0% +or this class is really about the form + + + align:start position:0% +or this class is really about the form +of cities and we have + + align:start position:0% +of cities and we have + + + align:start position:0% +of cities and we have +to I'll be relying on on for today's + + align:start position:0% +to I'll be relying on on for today's + + + align:start position:0% +to I'll be relying on on for today's +class + + align:start position:0% +class + + + align:start position:0% +class +on a number of people's + + align:start position:0% +on a number of people's + + + align:start position:0% +on a number of people's +writing um but uh if you want + + align:start position:0% +writing um but uh if you want + + + align:start position:0% +writing um but uh if you want +in the required reading there's a piece + + align:start position:0% +in the required reading there's a piece + + + align:start position:0% +in the required reading there's a piece +from Eric buford's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +book I don't if you never run into the + + align:start position:0% +book I don't if you never run into the + + + align:start position:0% +book I don't if you never run into the +book at + + align:start position:0% +book at + + + align:start position:0% +book at +all the CM the cim discourse on urbanism + + align:start position:0% +all the CM the cim discourse on urbanism + + + align:start position:0% +all the CM the cim discourse on urbanism +1928 to + + align:start position:0% +1928 to + + + align:start position:0% +1928 to +1960 it's an excellent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +book M mord I think did his PhD year and + + align:start position:0% +book M mord I think did his PhD year and + + + align:start position:0% +book M mord I think did his PhD year and +teaches in St Louis at Washington + + align:start position:0% +teaches in St Louis at Washington + + + align:start position:0% +teaches in St Louis at Washington +University + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for those who don't know what CIA stands + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for it was + + align:start position:0% +for it was + + + align:start position:0% +for it was +the Assembly of modern Architects + + align:start position:0% +the Assembly of modern Architects + + + align:start position:0% +the Assembly of modern Architects +starting in laras in 1928 and meeting + + align:start position:0% +starting in laras in 1928 and meeting + + + align:start position:0% +starting in laras in 1928 and meeting +regularly until they disbanded in + + align:start position:0% +regularly until they disbanded in + + + align:start position:0% +regularly until they disbanded in + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +um a great deal of + + align:start position:0% +um a great deal of + + + align:start position:0% +um a great deal of +information comes from the udes of these + + align:start position:0% +information comes from the udes of these + + + align:start position:0% +information comes from the udes of these +people towards modernism and I will + + align:start position:0% +people towards modernism and I will + + + align:start position:0% +people towards modernism and I will +quote from a number of + + align:start position:0% +quote from a number of + + + align:start position:0% +quote from a number of +them um my own + + align:start position:0% +them um my own + + + align:start position:0% +them um my own +connection is that I studied + + align:start position:0% +connection is that I studied + + + align:start position:0% +connection is that I studied +history at Geer Harvard under Gideon + + align:start position:0% +history at Geer Harvard under Gideon + + + align:start position:0% +history at Geer Harvard under Gideon +secred Gideon who wrote SpaceTime and + + align:start position:0% +secred Gideon who wrote SpaceTime and + + + align:start position:0% +secred Gideon who wrote SpaceTime and +architecture probably the most important + + align:start position:0% +architecture probably the most important + + + align:start position:0% +architecture probably the most important +book of modern + + align:start position:0% +book of modern + + + align:start position:0% +book of modern +architecture and was a key figure with + + align:start position:0% +architecture and was a key figure with + + + align:start position:0% +architecture and was a key figure with +Cor + + align:start position:0% +Cor + + + align:start position:0% +Cor +and Jose Lis s who became Dean at + + align:start position:0% +and Jose Lis s who became Dean at + + + align:start position:0% +and Jose Lis s who became Dean at +Harvard uh in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cim what I've handed out to you just a + + align:start position:0% +cim what I've handed out to you just a + + + align:start position:0% +cim what I've handed out to you just a +fragment of uh some of + + align:start position:0% +fragment of uh some of + + + align:start position:0% +fragment of uh some of +the topics + + align:start position:0% +the topics + + + align:start position:0% +the topics +what my ambition is today is to give you + + align:start position:0% +what my ambition is today is to give you + + + align:start position:0% +what my ambition is today is to give you +some idea of the content of + + align:start position:0% +some idea of the content of + + + align:start position:0% +some idea of the content of +modernism as + + align:start position:0% +modernism as + + + align:start position:0% +modernism as +so I've broken it down into 10 + + align:start position:0% +so I've broken it down into 10 + + + align:start position:0% +so I've broken it down into 10 +categories or 10 thematic ideas which + + align:start position:0% +categories or 10 thematic ideas which + + + align:start position:0% +categories or 10 thematic ideas which +are part of modern + + align:start position:0% +are part of modern + + + align:start position:0% +are part of modern +urbanism or were were set forth as ideas + + align:start position:0% +urbanism or were were set forth as ideas + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism or were were set forth as ideas +which were important to + + align:start position:0% +which were important to + + + align:start position:0% +which were important to +urbanism the second page deals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with the response to sar's plan in Alona + + align:start position:0% +with the response to sar's plan in Alona + + + align:start position:0% +with the response to sar's plan in Alona +by by modern + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +urbanism the third page is a page of + + align:start position:0% +urbanism the third page is a page of + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism the third page is a page of +drawing by + + align:start position:0% +drawing by + + + align:start position:0% +drawing by +gropius characterizing how you delimit + + align:start position:0% +gropius characterizing how you delimit + + + align:start position:0% +gropius characterizing how you delimit +the space between buildings by virtue of + + align:start position:0% +the space between buildings by virtue of + + + align:start position:0% +the space between buildings by virtue of +light or the presence of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Light how it didn't strike gropus that + + align:start position:0% +Light how it didn't strike gropus that + + + align:start position:0% +Light how it didn't strike gropus that +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +Manon nobody cares about which direction + + align:start position:0% +Manon nobody cares about which direction + + + align:start position:0% +Manon nobody cares about which direction +your building + + align:start position:0% +your building + + + align:start position:0% +your building +faces I suppose if you have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +faces I suppose if you have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +faces I suppose if you have a lot of +money you can choose a building it faces + + align:start position:0% +money you can choose a building it faces + + + align:start position:0% +money you can choose a building it faces +South or your view faces South as you + + align:start position:0% +South or your view faces South as you + + + align:start position:0% +South or your view faces South as you +can choose a building which faces onto + + align:start position:0% +can choose a building which faces onto + + + align:start position:0% +can choose a building which faces onto +Central Park or + + align:start position:0% +Central Park or + + + align:start position:0% +Central Park or +whatever U but that's an option for very + + align:start position:0% +whatever U but that's an option for very + + + align:start position:0% +whatever U but that's an option for very +few + + align:start position:0% +few + + + align:start position:0% +few +people I don't know people in Manhattan + + align:start position:0% +people I don't know people in Manhattan + + + align:start position:0% +people I don't know people in Manhattan +talking about light + + align:start position:0% +talking about light + + + align:start position:0% +talking about light +now what is the how + + align:start position:0% +now what is the how + + + align:start position:0% +now what is the how +he's how is this diagram of any use to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody well I mean it + + align:start position:0% +anybody well I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +anybody well I mean it +is I know people talk about like people + + align:start position:0% +is I know people talk about like people + + + align:start position:0% +is I know people talk about like people +still in their ring Apartments they're + + align:start position:0% +still in their ring Apartments they're + + + align:start position:0% +still in their ring Apartments they're +curious about the light it gets good + + align:start position:0% +curious about the light it gets good + + + align:start position:0% +curious about the light it gets good +yeah and and I guess if you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +yeah and and I guess if you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and and I guess if you're thinking +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +about rather than design of buildings + + align:start position:0% +about rather than design of buildings + + + align:start position:0% +about rather than design of buildings +but design of + + align:start position:0% +but design of + + + align:start position:0% +but design of +streets you know this diagram could be + + align:start position:0% +streets you know this diagram could be + + + align:start position:0% +streets you know this diagram could be +useful + + align:start position:0% +useful + + + align:start position:0% +useful +yes grus didn't know that in the early + + align:start position:0% +yes grus didn't know that in the early + + + align:start position:0% +yes grus didn't know that in the early +town planning legislation of Manhattan + + align:start position:0% +town planning legislation of Manhattan + + + align:start position:0% +town planning legislation of Manhattan +light to the streets was always taken + + align:start position:0% +light to the streets was always taken + + + align:start position:0% +light to the streets was always taken +into account in fact there's a good + + align:start position:0% +into account in fact there's a good + + + align:start position:0% +into account in fact there's a good +thesis done by British woman here a few + + align:start position:0% +thesis done by British woman here a few + + + align:start position:0% +thesis done by British woman here a few +years ago looking at that phenomenon + + align:start position:0% +years ago looking at that phenomenon + + + align:start position:0% +years ago looking at that phenomenon +that streets sidewalks were always + + align:start position:0% +that streets sidewalks were always + + + align:start position:0% +that streets sidewalks were always +important in the Judgment of rules about + + align:start position:0% +important in the Judgment of rules about + + + align:start position:0% +important in the Judgment of rules about +tall buildings in + + align:start position:0% +tall buildings in + + + align:start position:0% +tall buildings in +Manhattan um unlike + + align:start position:0% +Manhattan um unlike + + + align:start position:0% +Manhattan um unlike +Tokyo + + align:start position:0% +Tokyo + + + align:start position:0% +Tokyo +Tokyo it's very seldom that you + + align:start position:0% +Tokyo it's very seldom that you + + + align:start position:0% +Tokyo it's very seldom that you +find dens in overwhelming density on any + + align:start position:0% +find dens in overwhelming density on any + + + align:start position:0% +find dens in overwhelming density on any +of the major streets in in Manhattan + + align:start position:0% +of the major streets in in Manhattan + + + align:start position:0% +of the major streets in in Manhattan +part of the my theory is that a grid + + align:start position:0% +part of the my theory is that a grid + + + align:start position:0% +part of the my theory is that a grid +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +system articulates people + + align:start position:0% +system articulates people + + + align:start position:0% +system articulates people +in different ways than linear systems + + align:start position:0% +in different ways than linear systems + + + align:start position:0% +in different ways than linear systems +do there are there's not only one Main + + align:start position:0% +do there are there's not only one Main + + + align:start position:0% +do there are there's not only one Main +Street in + + align:start position:0% +Street in + + + align:start position:0% +Street in +Manhattan it's a it prevails as a good + + align:start position:0% +Manhattan it's a it prevails as a good + + + align:start position:0% +Manhattan it's a it prevails as a good +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +but it's not true in Tokyo where + + align:start position:0% +but it's not true in Tokyo where + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not true in Tokyo where +densities on the street level is so + + align:start position:0% +densities on the street level is so + + + align:start position:0% +densities on the street level is so +overwhelming + + align:start position:0% +overwhelming + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelming +uh that uh you can't walk AC in the + + align:start position:0% +uh that uh you can't walk AC in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh that uh you can't walk AC in the +opposite direction to to traffic + + align:start position:0% +opposite direction to to traffic + + + align:start position:0% +opposite direction to to traffic +at 6:00 in the + + align:start position:0% +at 6:00 in the + + + align:start position:0% +at 6:00 in the +evening particularly trying to get to + + align:start position:0% +evening particularly trying to get to + + + align:start position:0% +evening particularly trying to get to +subway station this is silly + + align:start position:0% +subway station this is silly + + + align:start position:0% +subway station this is silly +stuff but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um gropus + + align:start position:0% +um gropus + + + align:start position:0% +um gropus +was a strange + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +man he he came to speak in our class at + + align:start position:0% +man he he came to speak in our class at + + + align:start position:0% +man he he came to speak in our class at +at in Gideon's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +CL let me just finish going through + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this the next page is something that + + align:start position:0% +this the next page is something that + + + align:start position:0% +this the next page is something that +we'll go through a little carefully + + align:start position:0% +we'll go through a little carefully + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go through a little carefully +together it's David Harvey's + + align:start position:0% +together it's David Harvey's + + + align:start position:0% +together it's David Harvey's +con contrast between modernity and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +postmodernity I don't agree with the + + align:start position:0% +postmodernity I don't agree with the + + + align:start position:0% +postmodernity I don't agree with the +term postmodern postmodern really place + + align:start position:0% +term postmodern postmodern really place + + + align:start position:0% +term postmodern postmodern really place +to The Styling of architecture and + + align:start position:0% +to The Styling of architecture and + + + align:start position:0% +to The Styling of architecture and +literature and mostly it doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +literature and mostly it doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +literature and mostly it doesn't have +much counterpart in + + align:start position:0% +much counterpart in + + + align:start position:0% +much counterpart in +urbanism the next page is one of the + + align:start position:0% +urbanism the next page is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism the next page is one of the +existence + + align:start position:0% +existence + + + align:start position:0% +existence +minimium systems that c were very + + align:start position:0% +minimium systems that c were very + + + align:start position:0% +minimium systems that c were very +preoccupied with it was trying to + + align:start position:0% +preoccupied with it was trying to + + + align:start position:0% +preoccupied with it was trying to +deduce the minimum amount of space for + + align:start position:0% +deduce the minimum amount of space for + + + align:start position:0% +deduce the minimum amount of space for +family along the notion that Minima + + align:start position:0% +family along the notion that Minima + + + align:start position:0% +family along the notion that Minima +would contribute to the problem of size + + align:start position:0% +would contribute to the problem of size + + + align:start position:0% +would contribute to the problem of size +not size of unit but size of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +population the next page is a summary of + + align:start position:0% +population the next page is a summary of + + + align:start position:0% +population the next page is a summary of +193 versus 1950 in cm discussions I'll + + align:start position:0% +193 versus 1950 in cm discussions I'll + + + align:start position:0% +193 versus 1950 in cm discussions I'll +go through that with you as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well what was extraordinary about + + align:start position:0% +well what was extraordinary about + + + align:start position:0% +well what was extraordinary about +Gideon's class at Harvard + + align:start position:0% +Gideon's class at Harvard + + + align:start position:0% +Gideon's class at Harvard +was the absence of what we've been + + align:start position:0% +was the absence of what we've been + + + align:start position:0% +was the absence of what we've been +spending all our time on dealing with + + align:start position:0% +spending all our time on dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +spending all our time on dealing with +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +origins of modernism from 1750 + + align:start position:0% +origins of modernism from 1750 + + + align:start position:0% +origins of modernism from 1750 +onwards there was no notion that there + + align:start position:0% +onwards there was no notion that there + + + align:start position:0% +onwards there was no notion that there +had been changes in in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +demography you'll recall my + + align:start position:0% +demography you'll recall my + + + align:start position:0% +demography you'll recall my +quoting the British historian + + align:start position:0% +quoting the British historian + + + align:start position:0% +quoting the British historian +dellan I'm saying that modernism starts + + align:start position:0% +dellan I'm saying that modernism starts + + + align:start position:0% +dellan I'm saying that modernism starts +with the + + align:start position:0% +with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the +increase in the life expectancy of old + + align:start position:0% +increase in the life expectancy of old + + + align:start position:0% +increase in the life expectancy of old +people and the decrease in infant + + align:start position:0% +people and the decrease in infant + + + align:start position:0% +people and the decrease in infant +mortality we get people like malus along + + align:start position:0% +mortality we get people like malus along + + + align:start position:0% +mortality we get people like malus along +the way these are fundamental aspects of + + align:start position:0% +the way these are fundamental aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +the way these are fundamental aspects of +urbanism to my + + align:start position:0% +urbanism to my + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism to my +mind Gideon was only interested in two + + align:start position:0% +mind Gideon was only interested in two + + + align:start position:0% +mind Gideon was only interested in two +first of all he hated the 19th century + + align:start position:0% +first of all he hated the 19th century + + + align:start position:0% +first of all he hated the 19th century +because it didn't produce any + + align:start position:0% +because it didn't produce any + + + align:start position:0% +because it didn't produce any +architecture of significance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Gideon would fly in from Switzerland to + + align:start position:0% +Gideon would fly in from Switzerland to + + + align:start position:0% +Gideon would fly in from Switzerland to +give our lectures and he'd say on Sunday + + align:start position:0% +give our lectures and he'd say on Sunday + + + align:start position:0% +give our lectures and he'd say on Sunday +afternoon he walked around + + align:start position:0% +afternoon he walked around + + + align:start position:0% +afternoon he walked around +Boston and uh looked at the terrible + + align:start position:0% +Boston and uh looked at the terrible + + + align:start position:0% +Boston and uh looked at the terrible +neoclassical Furniture in the windows of + + align:start position:0% +neoclassical Furniture in the windows of + + + align:start position:0% +neoclassical Furniture in the windows of +the department stores he couldn't + + align:start position:0% +the department stores he couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +the department stores he couldn't +understand why modern modern furniture + + align:start position:0% +understand why modern modern furniture + + + align:start position:0% +understand why modern modern furniture +wasn't available in Boston of course it + + align:start position:0% +wasn't available in Boston of course it + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't available in Boston of course it +was available but it wasn't particular + + align:start position:0% +was available but it wasn't particular + + + align:start position:0% +was available but it wasn't particular +popular but instead of talking about + + align:start position:0% +popular but instead of talking about + + + align:start position:0% +popular but instead of talking about +his for Gideon + + align:start position:0% +his for Gideon + + + align:start position:0% +his for Gideon +modernism in architecture had two + + align:start position:0% +modernism in architecture had two + + + align:start position:0% +modernism in architecture had two +important 19th century + + align:start position:0% +important 19th century + + + align:start position:0% +important 19th century +ancestries one was in the adventure of + + align:start position:0% +ancestries one was in the adventure of + + + align:start position:0% +ancestries one was in the adventure of +painting the fact that painting + + align:start position:0% +painting the fact that painting + + + align:start position:0% +painting the fact that painting +impressionism took account of the lack + + align:start position:0% +impressionism took account of the lack + + + align:start position:0% +impressionism took account of the lack +of according to him took account of the + + align:start position:0% +of according to him took account of the + + + align:start position:0% +of according to him took account of the +lack of light in the industrial city and + + align:start position:0% +lack of light in the industrial city and + + + align:start position:0% +lack of light in the industrial city and +through pointilism and + + align:start position:0% +through pointilism and + + + align:start position:0% +through pointilism and +through opening up the canvas to light a + + align:start position:0% +through opening up the canvas to light a + + + align:start position:0% +through opening up the canvas to light a +preoccupation that kizzi also with his + + align:start position:0% +preoccupation that kizzi also with his + + + align:start position:0% +preoccupation that kizzi also with his +Helo therapeutic interests + + align:start position:0% +Helo therapeutic interests + + + align:start position:0% +Helo therapeutic interests +emphasized the second one was the Advent + + align:start position:0% +emphasized the second one was the Advent + + + align:start position:0% +emphasized the second one was the Advent +of modern + + align:start position:0% +of modern + + + align:start position:0% +of modern +Engineers Gideon spoke endlessly about + + align:start position:0% +Engineers Gideon spoke endlessly about + + + align:start position:0% +Engineers Gideon spoke endlessly about +my building bridges in + + align:start position:0% +my building bridges in + + + align:start position:0% +my building bridges in +Switzerland and there were two + + align:start position:0% +Switzerland and there were two + + + align:start position:0% +Switzerland and there were two +two themes to modernism which + + align:start position:0% +two themes to modernism which + + + align:start position:0% +two themes to modernism which +architecture had + + align:start position:0% +architecture had + + + align:start position:0% +architecture had +bypassed in the 19th + + align:start position:0% +bypassed in the 19th + + + align:start position:0% +bypassed in the 19th +century let it Lear the history of + + align:start position:0% +century let it Lear the history of + + + align:start position:0% +century let it Lear the history of +London or Paris or Harman or Engles in + + align:start position:0% +London or Paris or Harman or Engles in + + + align:start position:0% +London or Paris or Harman or Engles in +Manchester or the growth of + + align:start position:0% +Manchester or the growth of + + + align:start position:0% +Manchester or the growth of +population the class the taking over by + + align:start position:0% +population the class the taking over by + + + align:start position:0% +population the class the taking over by +the state of many of the social social + + align:start position:0% +the state of many of the social social + + + align:start position:0% +the state of many of the social social +functions of the + + align:start position:0% +functions of the + + + align:start position:0% +functions of the +church uh the the Advent of social + + align:start position:0% +church uh the the Advent of social + + + align:start position:0% +church uh the the Advent of social +housing by the state for the first time + + align:start position:0% +housing by the state for the first time + + + align:start position:0% +housing by the state for the first time +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +history and so on and so on and so on + + align:start position:0% +history and so on and so on and so on + + + align:start position:0% +history and so on and so on and so on +there was just a + + align:start position:0% +there was just a + + + align:start position:0% +there was just a +blank and much of urbanism in + + align:start position:0% +blank and much of urbanism in + + + align:start position:0% +blank and much of urbanism in +architecture has followed that style of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rhetoric that you SK skip from the 18th + + align:start position:0% +rhetoric that you SK skip from the 18th + + + align:start position:0% +rhetoric that you SK skip from the 18th +century to the 21st century + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whereas my argument I hope I've + + align:start position:0% +whereas my argument I hope I've + + + align:start position:0% +whereas my argument I hope I've +convinced you that the 19th century is + + align:start position:0% +convinced you that the 19th century is + + + align:start position:0% +convinced you that the 19th century is +as significant in our understanding of a + + align:start position:0% +as significant in our understanding of a + + + align:start position:0% +as significant in our understanding of a +number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +issues that is still + + align:start position:0% +issues that is still + + + align:start position:0% +issues that is still +relevant anyway what I'd like to do is + + align:start position:0% +relevant anyway what I'd like to do is + + + align:start position:0% +relevant anyway what I'd like to do is +just go through these 10 items and make + + align:start position:0% +just go through these 10 items and make + + + align:start position:0% +just go through these 10 items and make +some comments on each and quote from + + align:start position:0% +some comments on each and quote from + + + align:start position:0% +some comments on each and quote from +sources + + align:start position:0% +sources + + + align:start position:0% +sources +the first is the scientific + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Origins there was a sense that science + + align:start position:0% +Origins there was a sense that science + + + align:start position:0% +Origins there was a sense that science +was emerging in a way which + + align:start position:0% +was emerging in a way which + + + align:start position:0% +was emerging in a way which +could not + + align:start position:0% +could not + + + align:start position:0% +could not +only play a role in individual design + + align:start position:0% +only play a role in individual design + + + align:start position:0% +only play a role in individual design +decisions but provide a + + align:start position:0% +decisions but provide a + + + align:start position:0% +decisions but provide a +collective + + align:start position:0% +collective + + + align:start position:0% +collective +understanding which art preps didn't + + align:start position:0% +understanding which art preps didn't + + + align:start position:0% +understanding which art preps didn't +have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instance many architects of their time + + align:start position:0% +instance many architects of their time + + + align:start position:0% +instance many architects of their time +adopted the n and nurt of an elite + + align:start position:0% +adopted the n and nurt of an elite + + + align:start position:0% +adopted the n and nurt of an elite +community of artists who would discover + + align:start position:0% +community of artists who would discover + + + align:start position:0% +community of artists who would discover +spiritual truth in the uniting of Art + + align:start position:0% +spiritual truth in the uniting of Art + + + align:start position:0% +spiritual truth in the uniting of Art +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +Science and then reveal the truth to the + + align:start position:0% +Science and then reveal the truth to the + + + align:start position:0% +Science and then reveal the truth to the +rest of man + + align:start position:0% +rest of man + + + align:start position:0% +rest of man +kind so it's both Art and Science that + + align:start position:0% +kind so it's both Art and Science that + + + align:start position:0% +kind so it's both Art and Science that +are necessary for for an elite group of + + align:start position:0% +are necessary for for an elite group of + + + align:start position:0% +are necessary for for an elite group of +thinkers + + align:start position:0% +thinkers + + + align:start position:0% +thinkers +to come to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conclusions man brings into place + + align:start position:0% +conclusions man brings into place + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions man brings into place +unlimited power for the calculating + + align:start position:0% +unlimited power for the calculating + + + align:start position:0% +unlimited power for the calculating +planning and molding of all things + + align:start position:0% +planning and molding of all things + + + align:start position:0% +planning and molding of all things +science as research is an absolutely + + align:start position:0% +science as research is an absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +science as research is an absolutely +necessary form of this establishing of + + align:start position:0% +necessary form of this establishing of + + + align:start position:0% +necessary form of this establishing of +Self in the world it is one of the + + align:start position:0% +Self in the world it is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +Self in the world it is one of the +pathways upon which the Modern Age rages + + align:start position:0% +pathways upon which the Modern Age rages + + + align:start position:0% +pathways upon which the Modern Age rages +towards full fulfillment of its essence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the existence Mo in the + + align:start position:0% +the existence Mo in the + + + align:start position:0% +the existence Mo in the +scientific study of + + align:start position:0% +scientific study of + + + align:start position:0% +scientific study of +space Kia + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +writes in in the C Conference in + + align:start position:0% +writes in in the C Conference in + + + align:start position:0% +writes in in the C Conference in +Frankfurt in 1929 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he writes about the minimum heart + + align:start position:0% +he writes about the minimum heart + + + align:start position:0% +he writes about the minimum heart +problem in his + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +book The Talk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stressed the talk stretched the + + align:start position:0% +stressed the talk stretched the + + + align:start position:0% +stressed the talk stretched the +biological nature of dwelling the + + align:start position:0% +biological nature of dwelling the + + + align:start position:0% +biological nature of dwelling the +poverty and insufficiency of traditional + + align:start position:0% +poverty and insufficiency of traditional + + + align:start position:0% +poverty and insufficiency of traditional +technique the need for standardization + + align:start position:0% +technique the need for standardization + + + align:start position:0% +technique the need for standardization +industrialization and tailor + + align:start position:0% +industrialization and tailor + + + align:start position:0% +industrialization and tailor +iation it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a phenomenon which modern 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at a time when these + + align:start position:0% +indeterminacy at a time when these + + + align:start position:0% +indeterminacy at a time when these +people were made trying to use science + + align:start position:0% +people were made trying to use science + + + align:start position:0% +people were made trying to use science +as an ally in making formal decisions + + align:start position:0% +as an ally in making formal decisions + + + align:start position:0% +as an ally in making formal decisions +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +urbanism in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Germany I've mentioned their names + + align:start position:0% +Germany I've mentioned their names + + + align:start position:0% +Germany I've mentioned their names +before the great theorist B Meister 1833 + + align:start position:0% +before the great theorist B Meister 1833 + + + align:start position:0% +before the great theorist B Meister 1833 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today we are interested +in relativistic relationships between + + align:start position:0% +in relativistic relationships between + + + align:start position:0% +in relativistic relationships between +public transportation and private + + align:start position:0% +public transportation and private + + + align:start position:0% +public transportation and private +transportation in this discourse of + + align:start position:0% +transportation in this discourse of + + + align:start position:0% +transportation in this discourse of +modernism public trans exportation + + align:start position:0% +modernism public trans exportation + + + align:start position:0% +modernism public trans exportation +doesn't appear as a phenomenon with + + align:start position:0% +doesn't appear as a phenomenon with + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't appear as a phenomenon with +taking into + + align:start position:0% +taking into + + + align:start position:0% +taking into +account stuan the Traffic Systems and + + align:start position:0% +account stuan the Traffic Systems and + + + align:start position:0% +account stuan the Traffic Systems and +direction of their FL flow form the + + align:start position:0% +direction of their FL flow form the + + + align:start position:0% +direction of their FL flow form the +basis for the construction of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cities Germany played a role in the + + align:start position:0% +cities Germany played a role in the + + + align:start position:0% +cities Germany played a role in the +development of Public + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Health also in the origins of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zoning zoning was a necessary device to + + align:start position:0% +zoning zoning was a necessary device to + + + align:start position:0% +zoning zoning was a necessary device to +maintain some sense of order and to + + align:start position:0% +maintain some sense of order and to + + + align:start position:0% +maintain some sense of order and to +protect the general public in a period + + align:start position:0% +protect the general public in a period + + + align:start position:0% +protect the general public in a period +of uncontrolled growth and unbridged + + align:start position:0% +of uncontrolled growth and unbridged + + + align:start position:0% +of uncontrolled growth and unbridged +land + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +speculation well that sounds very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +German but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this notion that science could be an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ally was very deeply + + align:start position:0% +ally was very deeply + + + align:start position:0% +ally was very deeply +rooted in the idea + + align:start position:0% +rooted in the idea + + + align:start position:0% +rooted in the idea +of the scientific study of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +second was the breaking up of life into + + align:start position:0% +second was the breaking up of life into + + + align:start position:0% +second was the breaking up of life into +cat + + align:start position:0% +cat + + + align:start position:0% +cat +atories + + align:start position:0% +atories + + + align:start position:0% +atories +cim4 in + + align:start position:0% +cim4 in + + + align:start position:0% +cim4 in +Athens published the chter of + + align:start position:0% +Athens published the chter of + + + align:start position:0% +Athens published the chter of +Athens which + + align:start position:0% +Athens which + + + align:start position:0% +Athens which +became the subject of much + + align:start position:0% +became the subject of much + + + align:start position:0% +became the subject of much +debate I quote the keys to urbanism were + + align:start position:0% +debate I quote the keys to urbanism were + + + align:start position:0% +debate I quote the keys to urbanism were +number one a place to work a place for + + align:start position:0% +number one a place to work a place for + + + align:start position:0% +number one a place to work a place for +recreation and the circulation + + align:start position:0% +recreation and the circulation + + + align:start position:0% +recreation and the circulation +system a place to live a place to work a + + align:start position:0% +system a place to live a place to work a + + + align:start position:0% +system a place to live a place to work a +place for recreation and the circulation + + align:start position:0% +place for recreation and the circulation + + + align:start position:0% +place for recreation and the circulation +system linking all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three today the relationship between + + align:start position:0% +three today the relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +three today the relationship between +these is not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +categorical even at the time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Lewis Mumford responded to this Athens + + align:start position:0% +Lewis Mumford responded to this Athens + + + align:start position:0% +Lewis Mumford responded to this Athens +Charter he was asked by Jose Lou sir to + + align:start position:0% +Charter he was asked by Jose Lou sir to + + + align:start position:0% +Charter he was asked by Jose Lou sir to +be then be later became Dean at the GSD + + align:start position:0% +be then be later became Dean at the GSD + + + align:start position:0% +be then be later became Dean at the GSD +at Harvard to write a forward to s's + + align:start position:0% +at Harvard to write a forward to s's + + + align:start position:0% +at Harvard to write a forward to s's +book should can our city + + align:start position:0% +book should can our city + + + align:start position:0% +book should can our city +survive can our city survive is about + + align:start position:0% +survive can our city survive is about + + + align:start position:0% +survive can our city survive is about +as perfect a document of modern urbanism + + align:start position:0% +as perfect a document of modern urbanism + + + align:start position:0% +as perfect a document of modern urbanism +as exists and if you're interested in + + align:start position:0% +as exists and if you're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +as exists and if you're interested in +the subject you should look at + + align:start position:0% +the subject you should look at + + + align:start position:0% +the subject you should look at +it mford replied wrote a letter to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +S the four functions of the city do not + + align:start position:0% +S the four functions of the city do not + + + align:start position:0% +S the four functions of the city do not +seem to me to adequately cover the + + align:start position:0% +seem to me to adequately cover the + + + align:start position:0% +seem to me to adequately cover the +ground of City Planning dwelling work + + align:start position:0% +ground of City Planning dwelling work + + + align:start position:0% +ground of City Planning dwelling work +Recreation and transportation are all + + align:start position:0% +Recreation and transportation are all + + + align:start position:0% +Recreation and transportation are all +important but what of the political + + align:start position:0% +important but what of the political + + + align:start position:0% +important but what of the political +educational cultural function of the + + align:start position:0% +educational cultural function of the + + + align:start position:0% +educational cultural function of the +city what of the part played by the + + align:start position:0% +city what of the part played by the + + + align:start position:0% +city what of the part played by the +disposition plan of the buildings + + align:start position:0% +disposition plan of the buildings + + + align:start position:0% +disposition plan of the buildings +concerned with these functions in the + + align:start position:0% +concerned with these functions in the + + + align:start position:0% +concerned with these functions in the +whole evolution of the city + + align:start position:0% +whole evolution of the city + + + align:start position:0% +whole evolution of the city +design the organs of political and + + align:start position:0% +design the organs of political and + + + align:start position:0% +design the organs of political and +Cultural Association are from my + + align:start position:0% +Cultural Association are from my + + + align:start position:0% +Cultural Association are from my +standpoint the distinguishing marks of + + align:start position:0% +standpoint the distinguishing marks of + + + align:start position:0% +standpoint the distinguishing marks of +the city without them there's only an + + align:start position:0% +the city without them there's only an + + + align:start position:0% +the city without them there's only an +urban + + align:start position:0% +urban + + + align:start position:0% +urban +mass I regard their mission is this I + + align:start position:0% +mass I regard their mission is this I + + + align:start position:0% +mass I regard their mission is this I +find their their mission is almost + + align:start position:0% +find their their mission is almost + + + align:start position:0% +find their their mission is almost +inexplicable unless some attention is + + align:start position:0% +inexplicable unless some attention is + + + align:start position:0% +inexplicable unless some attention is +paid to this + + align:start position:0% +paid to this + + + align:start position:0% +paid to this +I have to decline writing the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forward the + + align:start position:0% +forward the + + + align:start position:0% +forward the +third is the modern + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Spirit modernism + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was associated with a different way of + + align:start position:0% +was associated with a different way of + + + align:start position:0% +was associated with a different way of +thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the +world it was it was not linked to + + align:start position:0% +world it was it was not linked to + + + align:start position:0% +world it was it was not linked to +anything before + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it gropius didn't teach history at + + align:start position:0% +it gropius didn't teach history at + + + align:start position:0% +it gropius didn't teach history at +Harvard when he was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Dean no advocacy of the dynamic role of + + align:start position:0% +Dean no advocacy of the dynamic role of + + + align:start position:0% +Dean no advocacy of the dynamic role of +what exists in what is to be modern but + + align:start position:0% +what exists in what is to be modern but + + + align:start position:0% +what exists in what is to be modern but +most of all the zeit gist the essential + + align:start position:0% +most of all the zeit gist the essential + + + align:start position:0% +most of all the zeit gist the essential +quality of being modern was what became + + align:start position:0% +quality of being modern was what became + + + align:start position:0% +quality of being modern was what became +culturally associated + + align:start position:0% +culturally associated + + + align:start position:0% +culturally associated +with architecture and urbanism although + + align:start position:0% +with architecture and urbanism although + + + align:start position:0% +with architecture and urbanism although +much more with architecture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +idea that + + align:start position:0% +idea that + + + align:start position:0% +idea that +buildings made of volcanicalubak + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +required an antihistorical and a + + align:start position:0% +required an antihistorical and a + + + align:start position:0% +required an antihistorical and a +Zeitgeist + + align:start position:0% +Zeitgeist + + + align:start position:0% +Zeitgeist +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phenomenon this proposed a schismatic + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon this proposed a 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position:0% + +protagonists + + align:start position:0% +protagonists + + + align:start position:0% +protagonists +that modernism was a shared phenomenon + + align:start position:0% +that modernism was a shared phenomenon + + + align:start position:0% +that modernism was a shared phenomenon +which it was it was shared with other + + align:start position:0% +which it was it was shared with other + + + align:start position:0% +which it was it was shared with other +cultural + + align:start position:0% +cultural + + + align:start position:0% +cultural +forms but other cultural + + align:start position:0% +forms but other cultural + + + align:start position:0% +forms but other cultural +forms didn't have the obligation ation + + align:start position:0% +forms didn't have the obligation ation + + + align:start position:0% +forms didn't have the obligation ation +to deal as cam in + + align:start position:0% +to deal as cam in + + + align:start position:0% +to deal as cam in +1928 at its first conf conference spoke + + align:start position:0% +1928 at its first conf conference spoke + + + align:start position:0% +1928 at its first conf conference spoke +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +urbanism it was possible in Vienna for + + align:start position:0% +urbanism it was possible in Vienna for + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism it was possible in Vienna for +brahs to die in + + align:start position:0% +brahs to die in + + + align:start position:0% +brahs to die in +1894 somewhere around there but for + + align:start position:0% +1894 somewhere around there but for + + + align:start position:0% +1894 somewhere around there but for +revolution modern Revolution to take + + align:start position:0% +revolution modern Revolution to take + + + align:start position:0% +revolution modern Revolution to take +place which + + align:start position:0% +place which + + + align:start position:0% +place which +included Marlo St shenberg and alberg + + align:start position:0% +included Marlo St shenberg and alberg + + + align:start position:0% +included Marlo St shenberg and alberg +and a number of people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this event in modernism had didn't have + + align:start position:0% +this event in modernism had didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +this event in modernism had didn't have +much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continuity the Boston Symphony orust + + align:start position:0% +continuity the Boston Symphony orust + + + align:start position:0% +continuity the Boston Symphony orust +still plays + + align:start position:0% +still plays + + + align:start position:0% +still plays +P perplexedly To + + align:start position:0% +P perplexedly To + + + align:start position:0% +P perplexedly To +Me music which was written in the late + + align:start position:0% +Me music which was written in the late + + + align:start position:0% +Me music which was written in the late +18th century and early 19th century in + + align:start position:0% +18th century and early 19th century in + + + align:start position:0% +18th century and early 19th century in +the mid 19th + + align:start position:0% +the mid 19th + + + align:start position:0% +the mid 19th +century Mar music has + + align:start position:0% +century Mar music has + + + align:start position:0% +century Mar music has +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +persisted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh for reasons which are not that + + align:start position:0% +uh for reasons which are not that + + + align:start position:0% +uh for reasons which are not that +associated with urbanism + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but modern literature has had a much + + align:start position:0% +but modern literature has had a much + + + align:start position:0% +but modern literature has had a much +more successful + + align:start position:0% +more successful + + + align:start position:0% +more successful +penetration as for the Advent Advent of + + align:start position:0% +penetration as for the Advent Advent of + + + align:start position:0% +penetration as for the Advent Advent of +new form forms of cultural expression + + align:start position:0% +new form forms of cultural expression + + + align:start position:0% +new form forms of cultural expression +the film for instance television and so + + align:start position:0% +the film for instance television and so + + + align:start position:0% +the film for instance television and so +on these are + + align:start position:0% +on these are + + + align:start position:0% +on these are +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +postmodern I mean in + + align:start position:0% +postmodern I mean in + + + align:start position:0% +postmodern I mean in +1928 there were fewer cars in Europe + + align:start position:0% +1928 there were fewer cars in Europe + + + align:start position:0% +1928 there were fewer cars in Europe +than there were in Los + + align:start position:0% +than there were in Los + + + align:start position:0% +than there were in Los +Angeles per + + align:start position:0% +Angeles per + + + align:start position:0% +Angeles per +capita I'm sure I haven't checked my + + align:start position:0% +capita I'm sure I haven't checked my + + + align:start position:0% +capita I'm sure I haven't checked my +figures but I think it's around round + + align:start position:0% +figures but I think it's around round + + + align:start position:0% +figures but I think it's around round +about that + + align:start position:0% +about that + + + align:start position:0% +about that +corre so + + align:start position:0% +corre so + + + align:start position:0% +corre so +the notion that modernism was a + + align:start position:0% +the notion that modernism was a + + + align:start position:0% +the notion that modernism was a +permanent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exercise and had a Dogma associated with + + align:start position:0% +exercise and had a Dogma associated with + + + align:start position:0% +exercise and had a Dogma associated with +its + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +presence gave the sense + + align:start position:0% +presence gave the sense + + + align:start position:0% +presence gave the sense +that to be modern was + + align:start position:0% +that to be modern was + + + align:start position:0% +that to be modern was +a a + + align:start position:0% +a a + + + align:start position:0% +a a +unique + + align:start position:0% +unique + + + align:start position:0% +unique +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +time and one that was endless + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if it wasn't endless you didn't care + + align:start position:0% +if it wasn't endless you didn't care + + + align:start position:0% +if it wasn't endless you didn't care +that it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wasn't SpaceTime was selected out of a + + align:start position:0% +wasn't SpaceTime was selected out of a + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't SpaceTime was selected out of a +spread of + + align:start position:0% +spread of + + + align:start position:0% +spread of +time and not related backwards nor + + align:start position:0% +time and not related backwards nor + + + align:start position:0% +time and not related backwards nor +forwards the idea of + + align:start position:0% +forwards the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +forwards the idea of +change was not a significant function of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modernism we'll go into this some of + + 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align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the notion of constant + + align:start position:0% +the notion of constant + + + align:start position:0% +the notion of constant +Improvement the Utopia of European + + align:start position:0% +Improvement the Utopia of European + + + align:start position:0% +Improvement the Utopia of European +social + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +democracy the polities of + + align:start position:0% +democracy the polities of + + + align:start position:0% +democracy the polities of +equity the + + align:start position:0% +equity the + + + align:start position:0% +equity the +Russians it's extraordinary + + align:start position:0% +Russians it's extraordinary + + + align:start position:0% +Russians it's extraordinary +that in 1924 litski the Russian paint + + align:start position:0% +that in 1924 litski the Russian paint + + + align:start position:0% +that in 1924 litski the Russian paint +and constructivist 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a + + align:start position:0% +by the pretentions of a + + + align:start position:0% +by the pretentions of a +preexist aestheticism forget about + + align:start position:0% +preexist aestheticism forget about + + + align:start position:0% +preexist aestheticism forget about +history its Essence is of a functional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +order the third Point under urbanism + + align:start position:0% +order the third Point under urbanism + + + align:start position:0% +order the third Point under urbanism +insists that the chaotic division of + + align:start position:0% +insists that the chaotic division of + + + align:start position:0% +insists that the chaotic division of +land resulting from sales speculations + + align:start position:0% +land resulting from sales speculations + + + align:start position:0% +land resulting from sales speculations +inheritance must be abolished by the + + align:start position:0% +inheritance must be abolished by 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before at the history of the ten + + + align:start position:0% +said before at the history of the ten +Tennesse Valley Authority first of all R + + align:start position:0% +Tennesse Valley Authority first of all R + + + align:start position:0% +Tennesse Valley Authority first of all R +roselt is rejected by the southern + + align:start position:0% +roselt is rejected by the southern + + + align:start position:0% +roselt is rejected by the southern +urbanists the southern + + align:start position:0% +urbanists the southern + + + align:start position:0% +urbanists the southern +aarian community because he doesn't + + align:start position:0% +aarian community because he doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +aarian community because he doesn't +understand their way of + + align:start position:0% +understand their way of + + + align:start position:0% +understand their way of +living Roosevelt's + + align:start position:0% +living Roosevelt's + + + align:start position:0% +living Roosevelt's +modernism is based on a mixture of water + + align:start position:0% +modernism is based on a mixture of water + + + align:start position:0% +modernism is based on a mixture of water +green and rebuilding and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +resuscitation the tennessy Valley + + align:start position:0% +resuscitation the tennessy Valley + + + align:start position:0% +resuscitation the tennessy Valley +Authority runs out of in elect by virtue + + align:start position:0% +Authority runs out of in elect by virtue + + + align:start position:0% +Authority runs out of in elect by virtue +of its success runs out of the capacity + + align:start position:0% +of its success runs out of the capacity + + + align:start position:0% +of its success runs out of the capacity +of its water elect Supply + + align:start position:0% +of its water elect Supply + + + align:start position:0% +of its water elect Supply +to provide enough electricity for + + align:start position:0% +to provide enough electricity for + + + align:start position:0% +to provide enough electricity for +industry so it switches to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coal Coal is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ruthless + + align:start position:0% +ruthless + + + align:start position:0% +ruthless +Energy + + align:start position:0% +Energy + + + align:start position:0% +Energy +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +System this the largest ecological + + align:start position:0% +System this the largest ecological + + + align:start position:0% +System this the largest ecological +disaster in in in the United + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +States called strip m is slowly + + align:start position:0% +States called strip m is slowly + + + align:start position:0% +States called strip m is slowly +prohibited the snail daughter + + 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number + + + align:start position:0% +late number +five + + align:start position:0% +five + + + align:start position:0% +five +universalization of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modernity one has to remember that the + + align:start position:0% +modernity one has to remember that the + + + align:start position:0% +modernity one has to remember that the +notion that the world could be one + + align:start position:0% +notion that the world could be one + + + align:start position:0% +notion that the world could be one +system was much more powerful at a time + + align:start position:0% +system was much more powerful at a time + + + align:start position:0% +system was much more powerful at a time +when C was in its + + align:start position:0% +when C was in its + + + align:start position:0% +when C was in its +infancy you remember that WRA Wilson in + + align:start position:0% +infancy you remember that WRA Wilson in + + + align:start position:0% +infancy 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position:0% +C never spoke about poverty it spoke +about the poor condition of housing but + + align:start position:0% +about the poor condition of housing but + + + align:start position:0% +about the poor condition of housing but +never examined the issue of resource + + align:start position:0% +never examined the issue of resource + + + align:start position:0% +never examined the issue of resource +distribution in the world + + align:start position:0% +distribution in the world + + + align:start position:0% +distribution in the world +it took till + + align:start position:0% +it took till + + + align:start position:0% +it took till +1950 which was virtually the end of + + align:start position:0% +1950 which was virtually the end of + + + align:start position:0% +1950 which was virtually the end of +cim for the first book to appear on the + + align:start position:0% +cim for the first book to appear on the + + + align:start position:0% +cim for the first book to appear on the +third world + + align:start position:0% +third world + + + align:start position:0% +third world +city Charlie abrams's book man struggle + + align:start position:0% +city Charlie abrams's book man struggle + + + align:start position:0% +city Charlie abrams's book man struggle +for shelter in the urbanizing + + align:start position:0% +for shelter in the urbanizing + + + align:start position:0% +for shelter in the urbanizing +world it + + align:start position:0% +world it + + + align:start position:0% +world it +was a notion of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +universalism which was very parallel to + + align:start position:0% +universalism which was very parallel to + + + align:start position:0% +universalism which was very parallel to +the conditions that were operating in + + align:start position:0% +the conditions that were operating in + + + align:start position:0% +the conditions that were operating in +Europe and + + align:start position:0% + + + + 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build now + + align:start position:0% +picture the word picture or build now + + + align:start position:0% +picture the word picture or build now +means the structured image that is the + + align:start position:0% +means the structured image that is the + + + align:start position:0% +means the structured image that is the +creation of man's producing which man + + align:start position:0% +creation of man's producing which man + + + align:start position:0% +creation of man's producing which man +represents + + align:start position:0% +represents + + + align:start position:0% +represents +which represents in sets + + align:start position:0% +which represents in sets + + + align:start position:0% +which represents in sets +before in such producing man contents + + align:start position:0% +before in such producing man contents + + + align:start position:0% +before in such producing man contents +for the position which he can be that PO + + align:start position:0% +for the position which he 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align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same classical quality which then gets + + align:start position:0% +same classical quality which then gets + + + align:start position:0% +same classical quality which then gets +lost with Cecil Taylor and others as + + align:start position:0% +lost with Cecil Taylor and others as + + + align:start position:0% +lost with Cecil Taylor and others as +free music becomes more possible for the + + align:start position:0% +free music becomes more possible for the + + + align:start position:0% +free music becomes more possible for the +early + + align:start position:0% +early + + + align:start position:0% +early +modernists they were on the edge of this + + align:start position:0% +modernists they were on the edge of this + + + align:start position:0% +modernists they were on the edge of this +trying to understand this freedom but + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand this freedom but + + + align:start position:0% +trying 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Conflict + + align:start position:0% +the absence of Multiplicity in Conflict + + + align:start position:0% +the absence of Multiplicity in Conflict +the lack of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diversity + + align:start position:0% +diversity + + + align:start position:0% +diversity +the benignness of open space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the eradication of distinctions between + + align:start position:0% +the eradication of distinctions between + + + align:start position:0% +the eradication of distinctions between +public and private + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space this is what kabua says + + align:start position:0% +space this is what kabua says + + + align:start position:0% +space this is what kabua says +about the traditional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Street a street street is a roadway that + + align:start position:0% +Street a street street is a roadway that + + + align:start position:0% +Street a street street is a roadway that +is usually barded by Pavements narrow + + align:start position:0% +is usually barded by Pavements narrow + + + align:start position:0% +is usually barded by Pavements narrow +wide as the case may be the sky is a + + align:start position:0% +wide as the case may be the sky is a + + + align:start position:0% +wide as the case may be the sky is a +remote hope far far above it the street + + align:start position:0% +remote hope far far above it the street + + + align:start position:0% +remote hope far far above it the street +is no more than a trench a deep Cliff a + + align:start position:0% +is no more than a trench a deep Cliff a + + + align:start position:0% +is no more than a trench a deep Cliff a +narrow passage our hearts are always + + align:start position:0% +narrow passage our hearts are always + + + align:start position:0% +narrow passage our hearts are always +oppressed by the constriction of its + + align:start position:0% +oppressed by the constriction of its + + + align:start position:0% +oppressed by the constriction of its +enclosing walls the street wears us out + + align:start position:0% +enclosing walls the street wears us out + + + align:start position:0% +enclosing walls the street wears us out +and when all is said and done we have to + + align:start position:0% +and when all is said and done we have to + + + align:start position:0% +and when all is said and done we have to +admit it disgusts + + align:start position:0% +admit it disgusts + + + align:start position:0% +admit it disgusts +us then why does it still + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exist how do you explain the + + align:start position:0% +exist how do you explain the + + + align:start position:0% +exist how do you explain the +preoccupation with the street is one of + + align:start position:0% +preoccupation with the street is one of + + + align:start position:0% +preoccupation with the street is one of +the urbanistic + + align:start position:0% +the urbanistic + + + align:start position:0% +the urbanistic +slogans of cultural + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +urbanism that kind of is the street is + + align:start position:0% +urbanism that kind of is the street is + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism that kind of is the street is +the main perception of any urbanistic + + align:start position:0% +the main perception of any urbanistic + + + align:start position:0% +the main perception of any urbanistic +experience because when you're not in + + align:start position:0% +experience because when you're not in + + + align:start position:0% +experience because when you're not in +the street grer in you know when you're + + align:start position:0% +the street grer in you know when you're + + + align:start position:0% +the street grer in you know when you're +not in the street of the Plaza then + + align:start position:0% +not in the street of the Plaza then + + + align:start position:0% +not in the street of the Plaza then +you're in a private space I understand + + align:start position:0% +you're in a private space I understand + + + align:start position:0% +you're in a private space I understand +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +these people that we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +these people that we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +these people that we're talking about +all of these people sitting around these + + align:start position:0% +all of these people sitting around these + + + align:start position:0% +all of these people sitting around these +conferences C weren't + + align:start position:0% +conferences C weren't + + + align:start position:0% +conferences C weren't +fools they were some of the smartest + + align:start position:0% +fools they were some of the smartest + + + align:start position:0% +fools they were some of the smartest +people of their time they had adequate + + align:start position:0% +people of their time they had adequate + + + align:start position:0% +people of their time they had adequate +sensibility about the + + align:start position:0% +sensibility about the + + + align:start position:0% +sensibility about the +street why + + align:start position:0% +street why + + + align:start position:0% +street why +does gpac one of the subgroup working + + align:start position:0% +does gpac one of the subgroup working + + + align:start position:0% +does gpac one of the subgroup working +groups of + + align:start position:0% +groups of + + + align:start position:0% +groups of +C propose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the abolition of the street in sar's + + align:start position:0% +the abolition of the street in sar's + + + align:start position:0% +the abolition of the street in sar's +plan and the creation of the cobu radier + + align:start position:0% +plan and the creation of the cobu radier + + + align:start position:0% +plan and the creation of the cobu radier +system of a elevated Highway 5 m up in + + align:start position:0% +system of a elevated Highway 5 m up in + + + align:start position:0% +system of a elevated Highway 5 m up in +the sky and the flat plane of the city + + align:start position:0% +the sky and the flat plane of the city + + + align:start position:0% +the sky and the flat plane of the city +being a continuous green space with no + + align:start position:0% +being a continuous green space with no + + + align:start position:0% +being a continuous green space with no +distinction between private and public + + align:start position:0% +distinction between private and public + + + align:start position:0% +distinction between private and public +space it's a radical change + + align:start position:0% +space it's a radical change + + + align:start position:0% +space it's a radical change +kisia wrote a lot of nonsense as well as + + align:start position:0% +kisia wrote a lot of nonsense as well as + + + align:start position:0% +kisia wrote a lot of nonsense as well as +being a great + + align:start position:0% +being a great + + + align:start position:0% +being a great +architect so one must deny a lot of his + + align:start position:0% +architect so one must deny a lot of his + + + align:start position:0% +architect so one must deny a lot of his +words as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rubbish but it is remarkable that so + + align:start position:0% +rubbish but it is remarkable that so + + + align:start position:0% +rubbish but it is remarkable that so +many people could accept that modernism + + align:start position:0% +many people could accept that modernism + + + align:start position:0% +many people could accept that modernism +lay in speed for + + align:start position:0% +lay in speed for + + + align:start position:0% +lay in speed for +automobiles untrammeled conflicts with + + align:start position:0% +automobiles untrammeled conflicts with + + + align:start position:0% +automobiles untrammeled conflicts with +automobile + + align:start position:0% +automobile + + + align:start position:0% +automobile +uh the street is being an outmoded + + align:start position:0% +uh the street is being an outmoded + + + align:start position:0% +uh the street is being an outmoded +spatial + + align:start position:0% +spatial + + + align:start position:0% +spatial +item If you deny history you must easily + + align:start position:0% +item If you deny history you must easily + + + align:start position:0% +item If you deny history you must easily +deny its artifacts as well and its + + align:start position:0% +deny its artifacts as well and its + + + align:start position:0% +deny its artifacts as well and its +artifacts are + + align:start position:0% +artifacts are + + + align:start position:0% +artifacts are +cranky difficult to + + align:start position:0% +cranky difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +cranky difficult to +negotiate non-rectangular + + align:start position:0% +negotiate non-rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +negotiate non-rectangular +Urban + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +systems it's difficult to understand + + align:start position:0% +systems it's difficult to understand + + + align:start position:0% +systems it's difficult to understand +but this is where + + align:start position:0% +but this is where + + + align:start position:0% +but this is where +your heritage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +starts in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +modernism the complete appropriation of + + align:start position:0% +modernism the complete appropriation of + + + align:start position:0% +modernism the complete appropriation of +an industrial phenomenon pH + + align:start position:0% +an industrial phenomenon pH + + + align:start position:0% +an industrial phenomenon pH +phenotype the idea that the world could + + align:start position:0% +phenotype the idea that the world could + + + align:start position:0% +phenotype the idea that the world could +be made more equal more + + align:start position:0% +be made more equal more + + + align:start position:0% +be made more equal more +efficient more advanced through science + + align:start position:0% +efficient more advanced through science + + + align:start position:0% +efficient more advanced through science +if only it + + align:start position:0% +if only it + + + align:start position:0% +if only it +took up the same techniques that + + align:start position:0% +took up the same techniques that + + + align:start position:0% +took up the same techniques that +produced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +automobiles we live in a completely + + align:start position:0% +automobiles we live in a completely + + + align:start position:0% +automobiles we live in a completely +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +time that's why I go back to start with + + align:start position:0% +time that's why I go back to start with + + + align:start position:0% +time that's why I go back to start with +with this dialogue about the Advent of + + align:start position:0% +with this dialogue about the Advent of + + + align:start position:0% +with this dialogue about the Advent of +urbanism modern + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +urbanism Mar real estate friends say + + align:start position:0% +urbanism Mar real estate friends say + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism Mar real estate friends say +it's impossible to sell a modern house + + align:start position:0% +it's impossible to sell a modern house + + + align:start position:0% +it's impossible to sell a modern house +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cambridge modern house is rated way + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge modern house is rated way + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge modern house is rated way +below below Victorian house which has + + align:start position:0% +below below Victorian house which has + + + align:start position:0% +below below Victorian house which has +decorative systems which are driven out + + align:start position:0% +decorative systems which are driven out + + + align:start position:0% +decorative systems which are driven out +of FL around the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bin most interesting to me is + + align:start position:0% +bin most interesting to me is + + + align:start position:0% +bin most interesting to me is +the cataloging of cult + + align:start position:0% +the cataloging of cult + + + align:start position:0% +the cataloging of cult +culture so that we understand where we + + align:start position:0% +culture so that we understand where we + + + align:start position:0% +culture so that we understand where we +are who could have predicted the + + align:start position:0% +are who could have predicted the + + + align:start position:0% +are who could have predicted the +that the quaintness and + + align:start position:0% +that the quaintness and + + + align:start position:0% +that the quaintness and +re re Rec conservatism of the new + + align:start position:0% +re re Rec conservatism of the new + + + align:start position:0% +re re Rec conservatism of the new +urbanism would have such an incredible + + align:start position:0% +urbanism would have such an incredible + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism would have such an incredible +Market in in relation to these advents + + align:start position:0% +Market in in relation to these advents + + + align:start position:0% +Market in in relation to these advents +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +modernism it stands almost in opposition + + align:start position:0% +modernism it stands almost in opposition + + + align:start position:0% +modernism it stands almost in opposition +to every aspect of modern urbanism that + + align:start position:0% +to every aspect of modern urbanism that + + + align:start position:0% +to every aspect of modern urbanism that +I can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +imagine + + align:start position:0% +imagine + + + align:start position:0% +imagine +it's attempted historicism amongst + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +others + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let's leave CRM and this stuff of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Umberto eeko is + + align:start position:0% +Umberto eeko is + + + align:start position:0% +Umberto eeko is +a very smart + + align:start position:0% +a very smart + + + align:start position:0% +a very smart +philosopher says I believe the city is a + + align:start position:0% +philosopher says I believe the city is a + + + align:start position:0% +philosopher says I believe the city is a +kind of organism which forms haggardly + + align:start position:0% +kind of organism which forms haggardly + + + align:start position:0% +kind of organism which forms haggardly +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +itself and at certain point acquires + + align:start position:0% +itself and at certain point acquires + + + align:start position:0% +itself and at certain point acquires +certain lines of + + align:start position:0% +certain lines of + + + align:start position:0% +certain lines of +Tendencies the architect is the one who + + align:start position:0% +Tendencies the architect is the one who + + + align:start position:0% +Tendencies the architect is the one who +can interpret these lines of Tendencies + + align:start position:0% +can interpret these lines of Tendencies + + + align:start position:0% +can interpret these lines of Tendencies +to correct the city to reshape it but + + align:start position:0% +to correct the city to reshape it but + + + align:start position:0% +to correct the city to reshape it but +never globally + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a postmodern view + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of I would conclude therefore that my + + align:start position:0% +of I would conclude therefore that my + + + align:start position:0% +of I would conclude therefore that my +view of the epistemology of architect is + + align:start position:0% +view of the epistemology of architect is + + + align:start position:0% +view of the epistemology of architect is +the notion of adjustment and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conjecture the Apostle of postmodern + + align:start position:0% +conjecture the Apostle of postmodern + + + align:start position:0% +conjecture the Apostle of postmodern +urbanism not postmodern in the + + align:start position:0% +urbanism not postmodern in the + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism not postmodern in the +architectural sense but in the + + align:start position:0% +architectural sense but in the + + + align:start position:0% +architectural sense but in the +in the Reconstruction of + + align:start position:0% +in the Reconstruction of + + + align:start position:0% +in the Reconstruction of +modernism you can read quas and we can + + align:start position:0% +modernism you can read quas and we can + + + align:start position:0% +modernism you can read quas and we can +leave the story + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with modernism alchemistic promise to + + align:start position:0% +with modernism alchemistic promise to + + + align:start position:0% +with modernism alchemistic promise to +transform quantity into quality through + + align:start position:0% +transform quantity into quality through + + + align:start position:0% +transform quantity into quality through +abstraction and repetition has been a + + align:start position:0% +abstraction and repetition has been a + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction and repetition has been a +failure a + + align:start position:0% +failure a + + + align:start position:0% +failure a +hoax magic that didn't work its ideas + + align:start position:0% +hoax magic that didn't work its ideas + + + align:start position:0% +hoax magic that didn't work its ideas +aesthetic strategies are + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic strategies are + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic strategies are +finished together all attempts to make a + + align:start position:0% +finished together all attempts to make a + + + align:start position:0% +finished together all attempts to make a +new beginning have only discredited the + + align:start position:0% +new beginning have only discredited the + + + align:start position:0% +new beginning have only discredited the +idea of a new + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +beginning if if there is to be a new + + align:start position:0% +beginning if if there is to be a new + + + align:start position:0% +beginning if if there is to be a new +urbanism it will not be based on the + + align:start position:0% +urbanism it will not be based on the + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism it will not be based on the +twin fantasies of order and an + + align:start position:0% +twin fantasies of order and an + + + align:start position:0% +twin fantasies of order and an +omnipotence it will be the staging of + + align:start position:0% +omnipotence it will be the staging of + + + align:start position:0% +omnipotence it will be the staging of +uncertainty it will no longer aim for + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty it will no longer aim for + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty it will no longer aim for +stable + + align:start position:0% +stable + + + align:start position:0% +stable +configurations but for the creation of + + align:start position:0% +configurations but for the creation of + + + align:start position:0% +configurations but for the creation of +enabling fields that accommodate + + align:start position:0% +enabling fields that accommodate + + + align:start position:0% +enabling fields that accommodate +processes that refuse to be crystallized + + align:start position:0% +processes that refuse to be crystallized + + + align:start position:0% +processes that refuse to be crystallized +into defense a form it will no longer be + + align:start position:0% +into defense a form it will no longer be + + + align:start position:0% +into defense a form it will no longer be +about meticulous + + align:start position:0% +about meticulous + + + align:start position:0% +about meticulous +definition definition the imposition of + + align:start position:0% +definition definition the imposition of + + + align:start position:0% +definition definition the imposition of +limits but about expanding dig Notions + + align:start position:0% +limits but about expanding dig Notions + + + align:start position:0% +limits but about expanding dig Notions +denying boundaries not about separating + + align:start position:0% +denying boundaries not about separating + + + align:start position:0% +denying boundaries not about separating +and identifying + + align:start position:0% +and identifying + + + align:start position:0% +and identifying +entities but about discovering unnamable + + align:start position:0% +entities but about discovering unnamable + + + align:start position:0% +entities but about discovering unnamable +hybrids it will no longer be obsessed + + align:start position:0% +hybrids it will no longer be obsessed + + + align:start position:0% +hybrids it will no longer be obsessed +with a city but with a manipulation + + align:start position:0% +with a city but with a manipulation + + + align:start position:0% +with a city but with a manipulation +infrastruct for Endless + + align:start position:0% +infrastruct for Endless + + + align:start position:0% +infrastruct for Endless +intensification and diversification + + align:start position:0% +intensification and diversification + + + align:start position:0% +intensification and diversification +shortcuts and + + align:start position:0% +shortcuts and + + + align:start position:0% +shortcuts and +distributions the reinvention of + + align:start position:0% +distributions the reinvention of + + + align:start position:0% +distributions the reinvention of +psychological + + align:start position:0% +psychological + + + align:start position:0% +psychological +space and one last sentence from this + + align:start position:0% +space and one last sentence from this + + + align:start position:0% +space and one last sentence from this +great + + align:start position:0% +great + + + align:start position:0% +great +gentleman how to explain the Paradox + + align:start position:0% +gentleman how to explain the Paradox + + + align:start position:0% +gentleman how to explain the Paradox +that urbanism as a profession has + + align:start position:0% +that urbanism as a profession has + + + align:start position:0% +that urbanism as a profession has +disappeared at the moment when + + align:start position:0% +disappeared at the moment when + + + align:start position:0% +disappeared at the moment when +urbanization is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everywhere brings us to the current + + align:start position:0% +everywhere brings us to the current + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere brings us to the current +condition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the extent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that let's perhaps look + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at how perhaps we haven't got + + align:start position:0% +at how perhaps we haven't got + + + align:start position:0% +at how perhaps we haven't got +time we need to look at a few images + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +architectural history is never taught or + + align:start position:0% +architectural history is never taught or + + + align:start position:0% +architectural history is never taught or +history is never taught about the + + align:start position:0% +history is never taught about the + + + align:start position:0% +history is never taught about the +present because there isn't enough + + align:start position:0% +present because there isn't enough + + + align:start position:0% +present because there isn't enough +evidence to con to make a come to a + + align:start position:0% +evidence to con to make a come to a + + + align:start position:0% +evidence to con to make a come to a +conclusion about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it kuras is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as vigorous of use of language as lo + + align:start position:0% +as vigorous of use of language as lo + + + align:start position:0% +as vigorous of use of language as lo +lo hundreds of thousands of words + + align:start position:0% +lo hundreds of thousands of words + + + align:start position:0% +lo hundreds of thousands of words +published everything he could documented + + align:start position:0% +published everything he could documented + + + align:start position:0% +published everything he could documented +his work in books that are now very + + align:start position:0% +his work in books that are now very + + + align:start position:0% +his work in books that are now very +valuable kolas is trying to do the + + align:start position:0% +valuable kolas is trying to do the + + + align:start position:0% +valuable kolas is trying to do the +same trying to articulate a universal + + align:start position:0% +same trying to articulate a universal + + + align:start position:0% +same trying to articulate a universal +attitude when universalism is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +relatively + + align:start position:0% +relatively + + + align:start position:0% +relatively +absent we cannot find an + + align:start position:0% +absent we cannot find an + + + align:start position:0% +absent we cannot find an +international agreement about climate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +change so International Agreements + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +but what is correct about k k this + + align:start position:0% +but what is correct about k k this + + + align:start position:0% +but what is correct about k k this +proposition + + align:start position:0% +proposition + + + align:start position:0% +proposition +that modern urbanism is dead all of + + align:start position:0% +that modern urbanism is dead all of + + + align:start position:0% +that modern urbanism is dead all of +these propositions that I put forward + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are not to be taken seriously any + + align:start position:0% +are not to be taken seriously any + + + align:start position:0% +are not to be taken seriously any +longer what are we left + + align:start position:0% +longer what are we left + + + align:start position:0% +longer what are we left +with what have we developed in our + + align:start position:0% +with what have we developed in our + + + align:start position:0% +with what have we developed in our +own I'll try to articulate as best I can + + align:start position:0% +own I'll try to articulate as best I can + + + align:start position:0% +own I'll try to articulate as best I can +some of these in the next few + + align:start position:0% +some of these in the next few + + + align:start position:0% +some of these in the next few +classes the anti + + align:start position:0% +classes the anti + + + align:start position:0% +classes the anti +the the developments + + align:start position:0% +the the developments + + + align:start position:0% +the the developments +theistic de idea developments after + + align:start position:0% +theistic de idea developments after + + + align:start position:0% +theistic de idea developments after +1960 when cim fell + + align:start position:0% +1960 when cim fell + + + align:start position:0% +1960 when cim fell +apart at duik and a at the conferences + + align:start position:0% +apart at duik and a at the conferences + + + align:start position:0% +apart at duik and a at the conferences +at dnik and + + align:start position:0% +at dnik and + + + align:start position:0% +at dnik and +U in + + align:start position:0% +U in + + + align:start position:0% +U in +1960 uh was replaced by a group of + + align:start position:0% +1960 uh was replaced by a group of + + + align:start position:0% +1960 uh was replaced by a group of +European young European architects + + align:start position:0% +European young European architects + + + align:start position:0% +European young European architects +at the 10th Congress of cm and called + + align:start position:0% +at the 10th Congress of cm and called + + + align:start position:0% +at the 10th Congress of cm and called +themselves team 10 we look at their + + align:start position:0% +themselves team 10 we look at their + + + align:start position:0% +themselves team 10 we look at their +preoccupations we look at the + + align:start position:0% +preoccupations we look at the + + + align:start position:0% +preoccupations we look at the +rationalist + + align:start position:0% +rationalist + + + align:start position:0% +rationalist +preoccupations of Leon ker and Alo Rossi + + align:start position:0% +preoccupations of Leon ker and Alo Rossi + + + align:start position:0% +preoccupations of Leon ker and Alo Rossi +and people of this kind to see whether + + align:start position:0% +and people of this kind to see whether + + + align:start position:0% +and people of this kind to see whether +there's any generation + + align:start position:0% +there's any generation + + + align:start position:0% +there's any generation +of accumulated wisdom about + + align:start position:0% +of accumulated wisdom about + + + align:start position:0% +of accumulated wisdom about +evanism what is + + align:start position:0% +evanism what is + + + align:start position:0% +evanism what is +the is there any permanence in our + + align:start position:0% +the is there any permanence in our + + + align:start position:0% +the is there any permanence in our +preoccupation + + align:start position:0% +preoccupation + + + align:start position:0% +preoccupation +with traditional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +streets you interested Michael + + align:start position:0% +streets you interested Michael + + + align:start position:0% +streets you interested Michael +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +in preservation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Theory are we at the height of a + + align:start position:0% +Theory are we at the height of a + + + align:start position:0% +Theory are we at the height of a +preservation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phenomenon how how is it that Jane + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon how how is it that Jane + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon how how is it that Jane +Jacobs in fighting Robert Moses around + + align:start position:0% +Jacobs in fighting Robert Moses around + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobs in fighting Robert Moses around +the future of some + + align:start position:0% +the future of some + + + align:start position:0% +the future of some +housing about housing + + align:start position:0% +housing about housing + + + align:start position:0% +housing about housing +in in New York which Moses wished to + + align:start position:0% +in in New York which Moses wished to + + + align:start position:0% +in in New York which Moses wished to +dispatch and pro and replace with modern + + align:start position:0% +dispatch and pro and replace with modern + + + align:start position:0% +dispatch and pro and replace with modern +apartment + + align:start position:0% +apartment + + + align:start position:0% +apartment +blocks we wouldn't allow that to happen + + align:start position:0% +blocks we wouldn't allow that to happen + + + align:start position:0% +blocks we wouldn't allow that to happen +now we wouldn't have allow the West End + + align:start position:0% +now we wouldn't have allow the West End + + + align:start position:0% +now we wouldn't have allow the West End +to be removed through urban + + align:start position:0% +to be removed through urban + + + align:start position:0% +to be removed through urban +renewal why + + align:start position:0% +renewal why + + + align:start position:0% +renewal why +this a fairly + + align:start position:0% +this a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +this a fairly +new the value of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +preservation it's a fairly recent + + align:start position:0% +preservation it's a fairly recent + + + align:start position:0% +preservation it's a fairly recent +phenomenon I mean many centuries cities + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon I mean many centuries cities + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon I mean many centuries cities +were just they were very they destroyed + + align:start position:0% +were just they were very they destroyed + + + align:start position:0% +were just they were very they destroyed +parts of the city in order to build + + align:start position:0% +parts of the city in order to build + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the city in order to build +something new on top of it I mean I + + align:start position:0% +something new on top of it I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +something new on top of it I mean I +think the big difference with the modern + + align:start position:0% +think the big difference with the modern + + + align:start position:0% +think the big difference with the modern +era is scale you know like I mean you + + align:start position:0% +era is scale you know like I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +era is scale you know like I mean you +can't you can't it's not just destroying + + align:start position:0% +can't you can't it's not just destroying + + + align:start position:0% +can't you can't it's not just destroying +and building it's wiping out whole + + align:start position:0% +and building it's wiping out whole + + + align:start position:0% +and building it's wiping out whole +neighborhoods and Building Things that + + align:start position:0% +neighborhoods and Building Things that + + + align:start position:0% +neighborhoods and Building Things that +function on a different scale yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +function on a different scale yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +function on a different scale yeah yeah +that's that's the big change between + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the big change between + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the big change between +what had happened before no I I I + + align:start position:0% +what had happened before no I I I + + + align:start position:0% +what had happened before no I I I +understand the function of scale + + align:start position:0% +understand the function of scale + + + align:start position:0% +understand the function of scale +but the notion between an entity having + + align:start position:0% +but the notion between an entity having + + + align:start position:0% +but the notion between an entity having +the capability of of destroying that + + align:start position:0% +the capability of of destroying that + + + align:start position:0% +the capability of of destroying that +value whether it's small or large comes + + align:start position:0% +value whether it's small or large comes + + + align:start position:0% +value whether it's small or large comes +from the appreciation of the value + + align:start position:0% +from the appreciation of the value + + + align:start position:0% +from the appreciation of the value +within Society because Society + + align:start position:0% +within Society because Society + + + align:start position:0% +within Society because Society +ultimately allows for that to happen + + align:start position:0% +ultimately allows for that to happen + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately allows for that to happen +regardless of the + + align:start position:0% +regardless of the + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of the +scale I mean what when you go when you + + align:start position:0% +scale I mean what when you go when you + + + align:start position:0% +scale I mean what when you go when you +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +big it's just more you know it can be + + align:start position:0% +big it's just more you know it can be + + + align:start position:0% +big it's just more you know it can be +more scandalous if you want it but it's + + align:start position:0% +more scandalous if you want it but it's + + + align:start position:0% +more scandalous if you want it but it's +not just scale of the project it's scale + + align:start position:0% +not just scale of the project it's scale + + + align:start position:0% +not just scale of the project it's scale +of how the resulting urbanism is used + + align:start position:0% +of how the resulting urbanism is used + + + align:start position:0% +of how the resulting urbanism is used +yeah you know I mean and that's that's + + align:start position:0% +yeah you know I mean and that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you know I mean and that's that's +what the modernists weren't thinking on + + align:start position:0% +what the modernists weren't thinking on + + + align:start position:0% +what the modernists weren't thinking on +a human scale they thinking on an auto + + align:start position:0% +a human scale they thinking on an auto + + + align:start position:0% +a human scale they thinking on an auto +scale yeah and so that changes the + + align:start position:0% +scale yeah and so that changes the + + + align:start position:0% +scale yeah and so that changes the +function yes I I agree with that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's still perplexing as a young + + align:start position:0% +it's still perplexing as a young + + + align:start position:0% +it's still perplexing as a young +modernist + + align:start position:0% +modernist + + + align:start position:0% +modernist +myself to be living in a + + align:start position:0% +myself to be living in a + + + align:start position:0% +myself to be living in a +culture which has so many dissonances + + align:start position:0% +culture which has so many dissonances + + + align:start position:0% +culture which has so many dissonances +with what I was taught to believe + + align:start position:0% +with what I was taught to believe + + + align:start position:0% +with what I was taught to believe +in either one lives too long which is a + + align:start position:0% +in either one lives too long which is a + + + align:start position:0% +in either one lives too long which is a +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +uh or one has to try to make some + + align:start position:0% +uh or one has to try to make some + + + align:start position:0% +uh or one has to try to make some +sense the new urbanism couldn't have + + align:start position:0% +sense the new urbanism couldn't have + + + align:start position:0% +sense the new urbanism couldn't have +existed uh in this in in the Orthodoxy + + align:start position:0% +existed uh in this in in the Orthodoxy + + + align:start position:0% +existed uh in this in in the Orthodoxy +of C first of all they were all mainly + + align:start position:0% +of C first of all they were all mainly + + + align:start position:0% +of C first of all they were all mainly +Europeans uh and didn't understand the + + align:start position:0% +Europeans uh and didn't understand the + + + align:start position:0% +Europeans uh and didn't understand the +Nostalgia for the small community of the + + align:start position:0% +Nostalgia for the small community of the + + + align:start position:0% +Nostalgia for the small community of the +American + + align:start position:0% +American + + + align:start position:0% +American +Suburban all the new urbanism and done + + align:start position:0% +Suburban all the new urbanism and done + + + align:start position:0% +Suburban all the new urbanism and done +is done cosmetic + + align:start position:0% +is done cosmetic + + + align:start position:0% +is done cosmetic +rouching of the face of Suburbia + + align:start position:0% +rouching of the face of Suburbia + + + align:start position:0% +rouching of the face of Suburbia +it hasn't been able to deal with any of + + align:start position:0% +it hasn't been able to deal with any of + + + align:start position:0% +it hasn't been able to deal with any of +the fundamental problems of American + + align:start position:0% +the fundamental problems of American + + + align:start position:0% +the fundamental problems of American +urbanism + + align:start position:0% +urbanism + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism +race + + align:start position:0% +race + + + align:start position:0% +race +numbers Social + + align:start position:0% +numbers Social + + + align:start position:0% +numbers Social +equity and above all the + + align:start position:0% +equity and above all the + + + align:start position:0% +equity and above all the +automobile the + + align:start position:0% +automobile the + + + align:start position:0% +automobile the +densities which the new urbanists + + align:start position:0% +densities which the new urbanists + + + align:start position:0% +densities which the new urbanists +continue to Proclaim or automobile + + align:start position:0% +continue to Proclaim or automobile + + + align:start position:0% +continue to Proclaim or automobile +densities they cannot justify public + + align:start position:0% +densities they cannot justify public + + + align:start position:0% +densities they cannot justify public +transportation so the Dilemma as to what + + align:start position:0% +transportation so the Dilemma as to what + + + align:start position:0% +transportation so the Dilemma as to what +the notion of density is in the + + align:start position:0% +the notion of density is in the + + + align:start position:0% +the notion of density is in the +Contemporary American city is + + align:start position:0% +Contemporary American city is + + + align:start position:0% +Contemporary American city is +fundamental around a number of + + align:start position:0% +fundamental around a number of + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental around a number of +properties which the new humanists just + + align:start position:0% +properties which the new humanists just + + + align:start position:0% +properties which the new humanists just +decline to deal with let's look at some + + align:start position:0% +decline to deal with let's look at some + + + align:start position:0% +decline to deal with let's look at some +of these images there only a + + align:start position:0% +of these images there only a + + + align:start position:0% +of these images there only a +few a typical modernist + + align:start position:0% +few a typical modernist + + + align:start position:0% +few a typical modernist +proposition first of all the building is + + align:start position:0% +proposition first of all the building is + + + align:start position:0% +proposition first of all the building is +an autonomous object it's stands by + + align:start position:0% +an autonomous object it's stands by + + + align:start position:0% +an autonomous object it's stands by +itself it is not seen as related to + + align:start position:0% +itself it is not seen as related to + + + align:start position:0% +itself it is not seen as related to +anything else but + + align:start position:0% +anything else but + + + align:start position:0% +anything else but +circulation + + align:start position:0% +circulation + + + align:start position:0% +circulation +circulation consists of a a highspeed + + align:start position:0% +circulation consists of a a highspeed + + + align:start position:0% +circulation consists of a a highspeed +system which feeds with a major + + align:start position:0% +system which feeds with a major + + + align:start position:0% +system which feeds with a major +intersection down to a local + + align:start position:0% +intersection down to a local + + + align:start position:0% +intersection down to a local +Road there's an open space in front of + + align:start position:0% +Road there's an open space in front of + + + align:start position:0% +Road there's an open space in front of +this building which is uncounted + + align:start position:0% +this building which is uncounted + + + align:start position:0% +this building which is uncounted +accounted for why do you need an open + + align:start position:0% +accounted for why do you need an open + + + align:start position:0% +accounted for why do you need an open +space in front of that building there's + + align:start position:0% +space in front of that building there's + + + align:start position:0% +space in front of that building there's +no there's an attempt to access + + align:start position:0% +no there's an attempt to access + + + align:start position:0% +no there's an attempt to access +pedestrians along these White Stripes + + align:start position:0% +pedestrians along these White Stripes + + + align:start position:0% +pedestrians along these White Stripes +which presumably are pedestrian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +routs there's + + align:start position:0% +routs there's + + + align:start position:0% +routs there's +another highway + + align:start position:0% +another highway + + + align:start position:0% +another highway +intersection a few + + align:start position:0% +intersection a few + + + align:start position:0% +intersection a few +kilometers or maybe not even that on the + + align:start position:0% +kilometers or maybe not even that on the + + + align:start position:0% +kilometers or maybe not even that on the +much too close + + align:start position:0% +much too close + + + align:start position:0% +much too close +together his naivity about the design of + + align:start position:0% +together his naivity about the design of + + + align:start position:0% +together his naivity about the design of +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +systems where one can forgive people for + + align:start position:0% +systems where one can forgive people for + + + align:start position:0% +systems where one can forgive people for +that I've already discussed gropius's + + align:start position:0% +that I've already discussed gropius's + + + align:start position:0% +that I've already discussed gropius's +notion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that buildings separated by at a certain + + align:start position:0% +that buildings separated by at a certain + + + align:start position:0% +that buildings separated by at a certain +distance uh given their height + + align:start position:0% +distance uh given their height + + + align:start position:0% +distance uh given their height +is needs to be studied + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next the preoccupation with the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +type this is a an interesting + + align:start position:0% +type this is a an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +type this is a an interesting +question Jon Bren feels that the type is + + align:start position:0% +question Jon Bren feels that the type is + + + align:start position:0% +question Jon Bren feels that the type is +a is a necessary cultural phenomenon + + align:start position:0% +a is a necessary cultural phenomenon + + + align:start position:0% +a is a necessary cultural phenomenon +that we need to study it in order that + + align:start position:0% +that we need to study it in order that + + + align:start position:0% +that we need to study it in order that +we can can maintain + + align:start position:0% +we can can maintain + + + align:start position:0% +we can can maintain +continuity uh in our + + align:start position:0% +continuity uh in our + + + align:start position:0% +continuity uh in our +culture year type is studied as a + + align:start position:0% +culture year type is studied as a + + + align:start position:0% +culture year type is studied as a +scientific + + align:start position:0% +scientific + + + align:start position:0% +scientific +system to show that you can create + + align:start position:0% +system to show that you can create + + + align:start position:0% +system to show that you can create +housing of for large numbers of people + + align:start position:0% +housing of for large numbers of people + + + align:start position:0% +housing of for large numbers of people +once you identify the DNA the + + align:start position:0% +once you identify the DNA the + + + align:start position:0% +once you identify the DNA the +essential spatial or formal DNA of the + + align:start position:0% +essential spatial or formal DNA of the + + + align:start position:0% +essential spatial or formal DNA of the +plan we know this one + + align:start position:0% +plan we know this one + + + align:start position:0% +plan we know this one +ridiculous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assumptions denying the existence of SAR + + align:start position:0% +assumptions denying the existence of SAR + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions denying the existence of SAR +streets which are one of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remarkable the successful pieces of + + align:start position:0% +remarkable the successful pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable the successful pieces of +urbanism late 19th century urbanism and + + align:start position:0% +urbanism late 19th century urbanism and + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism late 19th century urbanism and +replacing it with this staggeringly + + align:start position:0% +replacing it with this staggeringly + + + align:start position:0% +replacing it with this staggeringly +stupid proposition of K's D or teeth + + align:start position:0% +stupid proposition of K's D or teeth + + + align:start position:0% +stupid proposition of K's D or teeth +systems next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just a few + + align:start position:0% +just a few + + + align:start position:0% +just a few +slides of + + align:start position:0% +slides of + + + align:start position:0% +slides of +numbers this is they all in + + align:start position:0% +numbers this is they all in + + + align:start position:0% +numbers this is they all in +Italy and I put them as a + + align:start position:0% +Italy and I put them as a + + + align:start position:0% +Italy and I put them as a +sequence traditional Urban house poor + + align:start position:0% +sequence traditional Urban house poor + + + align:start position:0% +sequence traditional Urban house poor +Urban housing could be for the rich as + + align:start position:0% +Urban housing could be for the rich as + + + align:start position:0% +Urban housing could be for the rich as +well in Milan on the left the first + + align:start position:0% +well in Milan on the left the first + + + align:start position:0% +well in Milan on the left the first +attempt in aaza to build + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +State + + align:start position:0% +State + + + align:start position:0% +State +supported public + + align:start position:0% +supported public + + + align:start position:0% +supported public +housing walk UPS + + align:start position:0% +housing walk UPS + + + align:start position:0% +housing walk UPS +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Totino walk UPS stretching four floors + + align:start position:0% +Totino walk UPS stretching four floors + + + align:start position:0% +Totino walk UPS stretching four floors +as much as you can and giving a modern + + align:start position:0% +as much as you can and giving a modern + + + align:start position:0% +as much as you can and giving a modern +facade to the apparatus the fala project + + align:start position:0% +facade to the apparatus the fala project + + + align:start position:0% +facade to the apparatus the fala project +by aeno jaavan + + align:start position:0% +by aeno jaavan + + + align:start position:0% +by aeno jaavan +aeno uh showing the layout of these + + align:start position:0% +aeno uh showing the layout of these + + + align:start position:0% +aeno uh showing the layout of these +blocks in relation + + align:start position:0% +blocks in relation + + + align:start position:0% +blocks in relation +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +un un uh uncultivated open + + align:start position:0% +un un uh uncultivated open + + + align:start position:0% +un un uh uncultivated open +space uh the open space is a trivial + + align:start position:0% +space uh the open space is a trivial + + + align:start position:0% +space uh the open space is a trivial +remainder of the + + align:start position:0% +remainder of the + + + align:start position:0% +remainder of the +design uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next Antonio + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Milano now building buildings with + + align:start position:0% +Milano now building buildings with + + + align:start position:0% +Milano now building buildings with +elevators close together and attempt to + + align:start position:0% +elevators close together and attempt to + + + align:start position:0% +elevators close together and attempt to +create density but the density is still + + align:start position:0% +create density but the density is still + + + align:start position:0% +create density but the density is still +remarkably absent of + + align:start position:0% +remarkably absent of + + + align:start position:0% +remarkably absent of +producing uh uh a city + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next and finally the attempt to deal + + align:start position:0% +next and finally the attempt to deal + + + align:start position:0% +next and finally the attempt to deal +with numbers by extending the Prototype + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +endlessly this is one project in I think + + align:start position:0% +endlessly this is one project in I think + + + align:start position:0% +endlessly this is one project in I think +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +Rome on the left and I think it's Genoa + + align:start position:0% +Rome on the left and I think it's Genoa + + + align:start position:0% +Rome on the left and I think it's Genoa +on the right I'm not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sure kolas is correct in looking at this + + align:start position:0% +sure kolas is correct in looking at this + + + align:start position:0% +sure kolas is correct in looking at this +and saying what have we + + align:start position:0% +and saying what have we + + + align:start position:0% +and saying what have we +learned about the problem of + + align:start position:0% +learned about the problem of + + + align:start position:0% +learned about the problem of +number very little \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Lt2Y6fLJ09Q.txt b/Lt2Y6fLJ09Q.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..736ae40a121cdde98c5e0bf2847da9e2c21d4b72 --- /dev/null +++ b/Lt2Y6fLJ09Q.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2520 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we're talking about angular momentum we + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about angular momentum we + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about angular momentum we +motivated angular momentum as a set of + + align:start position:0% +motivated angular momentum as a set of + + + align:start position:0% +motivated angular momentum as a set of +operators that provided observables + + align:start position:0% +operators that provided observables + + + align:start position:0% +operators that provided observables +things we can measure therefore they are + + align:start position:0% +things we can measure therefore they are + + + align:start position:0% +things we can measure therefore they are +important and they're particularly + + align:start position:0% +important and they're particularly + + + align:start position:0% +important and they're particularly +important for systems in which you have + + align:start position:0% +important for systems in which you have + + + align:start position:0% +important for systems in which you have +Central potentials potentials that um + + align:start position:0% +Central potentials potentials that um + + + align:start position:0% +Central potentials potentials that um +depend just on the magnitude of the + + align:start position:0% +depend just on the magnitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +depend just on the magnitude of the +radial variable a v of r that depends + + align:start position:0% +radial variable a v of r that depends + + + align:start position:0% +radial variable a v of r that depends +just on the magnitude of the vector R + + align:start position:0% +just on the magnitude of the vector R + + + align:start position:0% +just on the magnitude of the vector R +relevant to cases where you have two + + align:start position:0% +relevant to cases where you have two + + + align:start position:0% +relevant to cases where you have two +bodies + + align:start position:0% +bodies + + + align:start position:0% +bodies +interacting through a potential that + + align:start position:0% +interacting through a potential that + + + align:start position:0% +interacting through a potential that +just depends on the distance between the + + align:start position:0% +just depends on the distance between the + + + align:start position:0% +just depends on the distance between the +particles so what did we develop well we + + align:start position:0% +particles so what did we develop well we + + + align:start position:0% +particles so what did we develop well we +discussed the definition of the angular + + align:start position:0% +discussed the definition of the angular + + + align:start position:0% +discussed the definition of the angular +momentum operators we saw they were her + + align:start position:0% +momentum operators we saw they were her + + + align:start position:0% +momentum operators we saw they were her +Mission we found that they satisfi the + + align:start position:0% +Mission we found that they satisfi the + + + align:start position:0% +Mission we found that they satisfi the +series of + + align:start position:0% +series of + + + align:start position:0% +series of +commutators in which LX with l y gave I + + align:start position:0% +commutators in which LX with l y gave I + + + align:start position:0% +commutators in which LX with l y gave I +bar LZ and + + align:start position:0% +bar LZ and + + + align:start position:0% +bar LZ and +cyclically cyclical versions of that + + align:start position:0% +cyclically cyclical versions of that + + + align:start position:0% +cyclically cyclical versions of that +equation which ensure that actually you + + align:start position:0% +equation which ensure that actually you + + + align:start position:0% +equation which ensure that actually you +cannot measure + + align:start position:0% +cannot measure + + + align:start position:0% +cannot measure +simultaneously the three components of + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously the three components of + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously the three components of +angular momentum you can measure in fact + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum you can measure in fact + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum you can measure in fact +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +one happily we found there was another + + align:start position:0% +one happily we found there was another + + + align:start position:0% +one happily we found there was another +object we could measure which was the + + align:start position:0% +object we could measure which was the + + + align:start position:0% +object we could measure which was the +square of the total angular momentum now + + align:start position:0% +square of the total angular momentum now + + + align:start position:0% +square of the total angular momentum now +you should understand understand this + + align:start position:0% +you should understand understand this + + + align:start position:0% +you should understand understand this +symbol is not a vector it is just a + + align:start position:0% +symbol is not a vector it is just a + + + align:start position:0% +symbol is not a vector it is just a +single operator l s is by definition LX + + align:start position:0% +single operator l s is by definition LX + + + align:start position:0% +single operator l s is by definition LX +* LX Plus l y * l y plus l z * LZ that + + align:start position:0% +* LX Plus l y * l y plus l z * LZ that + + + align:start position:0% +* LX Plus l y * l y plus l z * LZ that +is this operator and we show that any + + align:start position:0% +is this operator and we show that any + + + align:start position:0% +is this operator and we show that any +component of angular momentum be it LX l + + align:start position:0% +component of angular momentum be it LX l + + + align:start position:0% +component of angular momentum be it LX l +y or LZ commutes with l + + align:start position:0% +y or LZ commutes with l + + + align:start position:0% +y or LZ commutes with l +squared given that they commute it's a + + align:start position:0% +squared given that they commute it's a + + + align:start position:0% +squared given that they commute it's a +general theorem that two Herm Mission + + align:start position:0% +general theorem that two Herm Mission + + + align:start position:0% +general theorem that two Herm Mission +operators that commute you can find + + align:start position:0% +operators that commute you can find + + + align:start position:0% +operators that commute you can find +simultaneous I states of those two + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous I states of those two + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneous I states of those two +operators and therefore we set up for + + align:start position:0% +operators and therefore we set up for + + + align:start position:0% +operators and therefore we set up for +the search of those wave functions that + + align:start position:0% +the search of those wave functions that + + + align:start position:0% +the search of those wave functions that +are simultaneous ion state of one of the + + align:start position:0% +are simultaneous ion state of one of the + + + align:start position:0% +are simultaneous ion state of one of the +three components of angular momentum + + align:start position:0% +three components of angular momentum + + + align:start position:0% +three components of angular momentum +everybody chooses l Z and L + + align:start position:0% +everybody chooses l Z and L + + + align:start position:0% +everybody chooses l Z and L +S LZ being proportional to angular + + align:start position:0% +S LZ being proportional to angular + + + align:start position:0% +S LZ being proportional to angular +momentum has an H Bar M we figured out + + align:start position:0% +momentum has an H Bar M we figured out + + + align:start position:0% +momentum has an H Bar M we figured out +by looking at this differential equation + + align:start position:0% +by looking at this differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at this differential equation +that if we wanted single valued wave + + align:start position:0% +that if we wanted single valued wave + + + align:start position:0% +that if we wanted single valued wave +functions wave function that would be + + align:start position:0% +functions wave function that would be + + + align:start position:0% +functions wave function that would be +the same at five and at 5 + 2 pi which + + align:start position:0% +the same at five and at 5 + 2 pi which + + + align:start position:0% +the same at five and at 5 + 2 pi which +is the same point you must choose M to + + align:start position:0% +is the same point you must choose M to + + + align:start position:0% +is the same point you must choose M to +be an + + align:start position:0% +be an + + + align:start position:0% +be an +integer for the l s operator we also Al + + align:start position:0% +integer for the l s operator we also Al + + + align:start position:0% +integer for the l s operator we also Al +explain that the IG value of this + + align:start position:0% +explain that the IG value of this + + + align:start position:0% +explain that the IG value of this +operator should be positive that is + + align:start position:0% +operator should be positive that is + + + align:start position:0% +operator should be positive that is +achieved when L whatever it is is + + align:start position:0% +achieved when L whatever it is is + + + align:start position:0% +achieved when L whatever it is is +greater than zero greater or equal than + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero greater or equal than + + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero greater or equal than +zero and uh the discussion that led to + + align:start position:0% +zero and uh the discussion that led to + + + align:start position:0% +zero and uh the discussion that led to +the quantization of L was a little + + align:start position:0% +the quantization of L was a little + + + align:start position:0% +the quantization of L was a little +longer took a bit more + + align:start position:0% +longer took a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +longer took a bit more +work and + + align:start position:0% +work and + + + align:start position:0% +work and +uh this uh happily we have this operator + + align:start position:0% +uh this uh happily we have this operator + + + align:start position:0% +uh this uh happily we have this operator +that is an operator we can + + align:start position:0% +that is an operator we can + + + align:start position:0% +that is an operator we can +diagonalize or we can find ion States + + align:start position:0% +diagonalize or we can find ion States + + + align:start position:0% +diagonalize or we can find ion States +for it um because the laan as was + + align:start position:0% +for it um because the laan as was + + + align:start position:0% +for it um because the laan as was +written in the previous lecture um laan + + align:start position:0% +written in the previous lecture um laan + + + align:start position:0% +written in the previous lecture um laan +entering in the shinger equation has a + + align:start position:0% +entering in the shinger equation has a + + + align:start position:0% +entering in the shinger equation has a +radial part and an angular part where + + align:start position:0% +radial part and an angular part where + + + align:start position:0% +radial part and an angular part where +you had DD thetas and sin thetas and D + + align:start position:0% +you had DD thetas and sin thetas and D + + + align:start position:0% +you had DD thetas and sin thetas and D +second D5 s all these things were taken + + align:start position:0% +second D5 s all these things were taken + + + align:start position:0% +second D5 s all these things were taken +care L + + align:start position:0% +care L + + + align:start position:0% +care L +2 and uh that's very + + align:start position:0% +2 and uh that's very + + + align:start position:0% +2 and uh that's very +useful well the differential equation + + align:start position:0% +useful well the differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +useful well the differential equation +for l s this can be thought as a + + align:start position:0% +for l s this can be thought as a + + + align:start position:0% +for l s this can be thought as a +differential equation ended up being of + + align:start position:0% +differential equation ended up being of + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation ended up being of +this form which is an equation for the + + align:start position:0% +this form which is an equation for the + + + align:start position:0% +this form which is an equation for the +socalled associate uh LeAndre + + align:start position:0% +socalled associate uh LeAndre + + + align:start position:0% +socalled associate uh LeAndre +functions and for the case of m equals z + + align:start position:0% +functions and for the case of m equals z + + + align:start position:0% +functions and for the case of m equals z +it simplifies very much so that it + + align:start position:0% +it simplifies very much so that it + + + align:start position:0% +it simplifies very much so that it +becomes an equation for what we're + + align:start position:0% +becomes an equation for what we're + + + align:start position:0% +becomes an equation for what we're +eventually call the genre pols we look + + align:start position:0% +eventually call the genre pols we look + + + align:start position:0% +eventually call the genre pols we look +at that differential equation with m + + align:start position:0% +at that differential equation with m + + + align:start position:0% +at that differential equation with m +equals z we call the pl Zer we don't + + align:start position:0% +equals z we call the pl Zer we don't + + + align:start position:0% +equals z we call the pl Zer we don't +write the zeros everybody writes PL for + + align:start position:0% +write the zeros everybody writes PL for + + + align:start position:0% +write the zeros everybody writes PL for +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +pols and looking at the differential + + align:start position:0% +pols and looking at the differential + + + align:start position:0% +pols and looking at the differential +equation one finds that uh they have + + align:start position:0% +equation one finds that uh they have + + + align:start position:0% +equation one finds that uh they have +divergences at Theta equal Z and at + + align:start position:0% +divergences at Theta equal Z and at + + + align:start position:0% +divergences at Theta equal Z and at +Theta equal Pi North and South Pole of + + align:start position:0% +Theta equal Pi North and South Pole of + + + align:start position:0% +Theta equal Pi North and South Pole of +the spherical coordinate system there + + align:start position:0% +the spherical coordinate system there + + + align:start position:0% +the spherical coordinate system there +are divergences unless this differential + + align:start position:0% +are divergences unless this differential + + + align:start position:0% +are divergences unless this differential +equation has a polom solution that is if + + align:start position:0% +equation has a polom solution that is if + + + align:start position:0% +equation has a polom solution that is if +a serious the recursion relations + + align:start position:0% +a serious the recursion relations + + + align:start position:0% +a serious the recursion relations +terminate and that gave for us the + + align:start position:0% +terminate and that gave for us the + + + align:start position:0% +terminate and that gave for us the +quantization of L and uh that's where we + + align:start position:0% +quantization of L and uh that's where we + + + align:start position:0% +quantization of L and uh that's where we +stopped these are the Leandra polinomial + + align:start position:0% +stopped these are the Leandra polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +stopped these are the Leandra polinomial +solve this equation for n equal Z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z are there any + + align:start position:0% +Z are there any + + + align:start position:0% +Z are there any +questions anything about this + + align:start position:0% +questions anything about this + + + align:start position:0% +questions anything about this +definitions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or yes why we care about simultaneous + + align:start position:0% +or yes why we care about simultaneous + + + align:start position:0% +or yes why we care about simultaneous +States uh + + align:start position:0% +States uh + + + align:start position:0% +States uh +well the question is why do we care + + align:start position:0% +well the question is why do we care + + + align:start position:0% +well the question is why do we care +about simultaneous igen States + + align:start position:0% +about simultaneous igen States + + + align:start position:0% +about simultaneous igen States +um the answer answer is that uh if you + + align:start position:0% +um the answer answer is that uh if you + + + align:start position:0% +um the answer answer is that uh if you +have a + + align:start position:0% +have a + + + align:start position:0% +have a +system you want to figure out what are + + align:start position:0% +system you want to figure out what are + + + align:start position:0% +system you want to figure out what are +the properties of the + + align:start position:0% +the properties of the + + + align:start position:0% +the properties of the +states and uh you know you could begin + + align:start position:0% +states and uh you know you could begin + + + align:start position:0% +states and uh you know you could begin +by saying the only thing I can know + + align:start position:0% +by saying the only thing I can know + + + align:start position:0% +by saying the only thing I can know +about this state is its + + align:start position:0% +about this state is its + + + align:start position:0% +about this state is its +energy say okay well I know the energy + + align:start position:0% +energy say okay well I know the energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy say okay well I know the energy +at least but maybe thinking harder you + + align:start position:0% +at least but maybe thinking harder you + + + align:start position:0% +at least but maybe thinking harder you +can figure out that oh you can also know + + align:start position:0% +can figure out that oh you can also know + + + align:start position:0% +can figure out that oh you can also know +the momentum that's problema + + align:start position:0% +the momentum that's problema + + + align:start position:0% +the momentum that's problema +if you can also know the angular + + align:start position:0% +if you can also know the angular + + + align:start position:0% +if you can also know the angular +momentum you learn more about the + + align:start position:0% +momentum you learn more about the + + + align:start position:0% +momentum you learn more about the +physics of the state so in general you + + align:start position:0% +physics of the state so in general you + + + align:start position:0% +physics of the state so in general you +will be led in any physical crme to look + + align:start position:0% +will be led in any physical crme to look + + + align:start position:0% +will be led in any physical crme to look +for the maximal set of commuting + + align:start position:0% +for the maximal set of commuting + + + align:start position:0% +for the maximal set of commuting +operators the most number of operators + + align:start position:0% +operators the most number of operators + + + align:start position:0% +operators the most number of operators +that you could possibly + + align:start position:0% +that you could possibly + + + align:start position:0% +that you could possibly +measure and uh you know you have success + + align:start position:0% +measure and uh you know you have success + + + align:start position:0% +measure and uh you know you have success +at the very least if you can + + align:start position:0% +at the very least if you can + + + align:start position:0% +at the very least if you can +uniquely characterize the states of a + + align:start position:0% +uniquely characterize the states of a + + + align:start position:0% +uniquely characterize the states of a +system by + + align:start position:0% +system by + + + align:start position:0% +system by +observables suppose you have let let's + + align:start position:0% +observables suppose you have let let's + + + align:start position:0% +observables suppose you have let let's +assume you have the particle in a + + align:start position:0% +assume you have the particle in a + + + align:start position:0% +assume you have the particle in a +circle remember that the free particle + + align:start position:0% +circle remember that the free particle + + + align:start position:0% +circle remember that the free particle +in a circle has degenerate energy I + + align:start position:0% +in a circle has degenerate energy I + + + align:start position:0% +in a circle has degenerate energy I +States so you had two energy I States + + align:start position:0% +States so you had two energy I States + + + align:start position:0% +States so you had two energy I States +for every allowed energy except for Zero + + align:start position:0% +for every allowed energy except for Zero + + + align:start position:0% +for every allowed energy except for Zero +Energy you had two energy I States and + + align:start position:0% +Energy you had two energy I States and + + + align:start position:0% +Energy you had two energy I States and +you would be baffled you would say why + + align:start position:0% +you would be baffled you would say why + + + align:start position:0% +you would be baffled you would say why +do I have two there must be some + + align:start position:0% +do I have two there must be some + + + align:start position:0% +do I have two there must be some +difference between these two states if + + align:start position:0% +difference between these two states if + + + align:start position:0% +difference between these two states if +there are two states there must be some + + align:start position:0% +there are two states there must be some + + + align:start position:0% +there are two states there must be some +property that distinguishes them if + + align:start position:0% +property that distinguishes them if + + + align:start position:0% +property that distinguishes them if +there's no property that distinguishes + + align:start position:0% +there's no property that distinguishes + + + align:start position:0% +there's no property that distinguishes +them they should be the same state so + + align:start position:0% +them they should be the same state so + + + align:start position:0% +them they should be the same state so +you're led to search for another thing + + align:start position:0% +you're led to search for another thing + + + align:start position:0% +you're led to search for another thing +and in that case the answer was simple + + align:start position:0% +and in that case the answer was simple + + + align:start position:0% +and in that case the answer was simple +it was the momentum you had a moment a + + align:start position:0% +it was the momentum you had a moment a + + + align:start position:0% +it was the momentum you had a moment a +particle with some momentum in One + + align:start position:0% +particle with some momentum in One + + + align:start position:0% +particle with some momentum in One +Direction or in the reverse Direction + + align:start position:0% +Direction or in the reverse Direction + + + align:start position:0% +Direction or in the reverse Direction +so in general um it's the most important + + align:start position:0% +so in general um it's the most important + + + align:start position:0% +so in general um it's the most important +question to try to enlarge the set of + + align:start position:0% +question to try to enlarge the set of + + + align:start position:0% +question to try to enlarge the set of +commuting + + align:start position:0% +commuting + + + align:start position:0% +commuting +observables leading finally to what is + + align:start position:0% +observables leading finally to what is + + + align:start position:0% +observables leading finally to what is +usually called a complete set of + + align:start position:0% +usually called a complete set of + + + align:start position:0% +usually called a complete set of +commuting observables so what do we have + + align:start position:0% +commuting observables so what do we have + + + align:start position:0% +commuting observables so what do we have +to do today we want to complete this + + align:start position:0% +to do today we want to complete this + + + align:start position:0% +to do today we want to complete this +analysis uh we'll work back to this + + align:start position:0% +analysis uh we'll work back to this + + + align:start position:0% +analysis uh we'll work back to this +equation and then work back to the sh + + align:start position:0% +equation and then work back to the sh + + + align:start position:0% +equation and then work back to the sh +equation to finally obtain the different + + align:start position:0% +equation to finally obtain the different + + + align:start position:0% +equation to finally obtain the different +the relevant differential equation we + + align:start position:0% +the relevant differential equation we + + + align:start position:0% +the relevant differential equation we +have to solve if you have a spherically + + align:start position:0% +have to solve if you have a spherically + + + align:start position:0% +have to solve if you have a spherically +symmetric potential so the equation will + + align:start position:0% +symmetric potential so the equation will + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric potential so the equation will +be there in a little + + align:start position:0% +be there in a little + + + align:start position:0% +be there in a little +while then we'll look at the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +while then we'll look at the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +while then we'll look at the hydrogen +atom we'll begin the hydrogen atom and + + align:start position:0% +atom we'll begin the hydrogen atom and + + + align:start position:0% +atom we'll begin the hydrogen atom and +discuss why having a proton and an + + align:start position:0% +discuss why having a proton and an + + + align:start position:0% +discuss why having a proton and an +electron we can reduce this system to as + + align:start position:0% +electron we can reduce this system to as + + + align:start position:0% +electron we can reduce this system to as +if we had one particle in a central + + align:start position:0% +if we had one particle in a central + + + align:start position:0% +if we had one particle in a central +potential so that will be also very + + align:start position:0% +potential so that will be also very + + + align:start position:0% +potential so that will be also very +important physically so let's uh move + + align:start position:0% +important physically so let's uh move + + + align:start position:0% +important physically so let's uh move +ahead and here there is a a + + align:start position:0% +ahead and here there is a a + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and here there is a a +simple + + align:start position:0% +simple + + + align:start position:0% +simple +observation that one can make is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh the differential equation for uh + + align:start position:0% +uh the differential equation for uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh the differential equation for uh +PLM depends on M squared + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we need values we expect to need + + align:start position:0% +and we need values we expect to need + + + align:start position:0% +and we need values we expect to need +values of M that are positive and + + align:start position:0% +values of M that are positive and + + + align:start position:0% +values of M that are positive and +negative they have you have wave + + align:start position:0% +negative they have you have wave + + + align:start position:0% +negative they have you have wave +functions + + align:start position:0% +functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions +here of this form the complex conjugate + + align:start position:0% +here of this form the complex conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +here of this form the complex conjugate +ones should be thought as having M + + align:start position:0% +ones should be thought as having M + + + align:start position:0% +ones should be thought as having M +negative so we expect positive and + + align:start position:0% +negative so we expect positive and + + + align:start position:0% +negative so we expect positive and +negative M's to be allowed so uh how did + + align:start position:0% +negative M's to be allowed so uh how did + + + align:start position:0% +negative M's to be allowed so uh how did +people figure this out they in fact + + align:start position:0% +people figure this out they in fact + + + align:start position:0% +people figure this out they in fact +figured out that if you have these + + align:start position:0% +figured out that if you have these + + + align:start position:0% +figured out that if you have these +pols you can create + + align:start position:0% +pols you can create + + + align:start position:0% +pols you can create +automatically the solutions for this + + align:start position:0% +automatically the solutions for this + + + align:start position:0% +automatically the solutions for this +equation there's a rule a simple rule + + align:start position:0% +equation there's a rule a simple rule + + + align:start position:0% +equation there's a rule a simple rule +that leads to Solutions you put P LM of + + align:start position:0% +that leads to Solutions you put P LM of + + + align:start position:0% +that leads to Solutions you put P LM of +X is equal to 1 - + + align:start position:0% +X is equal to 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +X is equal to 1 - +x² to the absolute value of x m / 2 so + + align:start position:0% +x² to the absolute value of x m / 2 so + + + align:start position:0% +x² to the absolute value of x m / 2 so +there's square roots here + + align:start position:0% +there's square roots here + + + align:start position:0% +there's square roots here +possibly an absolute value of m means + + align:start position:0% +possibly an absolute value of m means + + + align:start position:0% +possibly an absolute value of m means +that this is always in the numerator + + align:start position:0% +that this is always in the numerator + + + align:start position:0% +that this is always in the numerator +whether m is positive or negative and + + align:start position:0% +whether m is positive or negative and + + + align:start position:0% +whether m is positive or negative and +DDX acting exactly absolute value of M * + + align:start position:0% +DDX acting exactly absolute value of M * + + + align:start position:0% +DDX acting exactly absolute value of M * +on p l + + align:start position:0% +on p l + + + align:start position:0% +on p l +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +x the fact is that this definition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solves the differential + + align:start position:0% +solves the differential + + + align:start position:0% +solves the differential +equation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +star this takes a little work to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +check I will not check it nor the notes + + align:start position:0% +check I will not check it nor the notes + + + align:start position:0% +check I will not check it nor the notes +will check it it's probably something + + align:start position:0% +will check it it's probably something + + + align:start position:0% +will check it it's probably something +you can find the calculation in some + + align:start position:0% +you can find the calculation in some + + + align:start position:0% +you can find the calculation in some +books but it's not all that important + + align:start position:0% +books but it's not all that important + + + align:start position:0% +books but it's not all that important +the important thing to note here is the + + align:start position:0% +the important thing to note here is the + + + align:start position:0% +the important thing to note here is the +following that this provides + + align:start position:0% +following that this provides + + + align:start position:0% +following that this provides +Solutions since this + + align:start position:0% +Solutions since this + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions since this +polom is like x to the L + x l - 2 + + + align:start position:0% +polom is like x to the L + x l - 2 + + + + align:start position:0% +polom is like x to the L + x l - 2 + +coefficients like + + align:start position:0% +coefficients like + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients like +this you can take at most m equal L + + align:start position:0% +this you can take at most m equal L + + + align:start position:0% +this you can take at most m equal L +derivatives if you if you take more than + + align:start position:0% +derivatives if you if you take more than + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives if you if you take more than +L derivatives you get zero and there's + + align:start position:0% +L derivatives you get zero and there's + + + align:start position:0% +L derivatives you get zero and there's +no great honor in finding Zero Solutions + + align:start position:0% +no great honor in finding Zero Solutions + + + align:start position:0% +no great honor in finding Zero Solutions +of this equation these are no + + align:start position:0% +of this equation these are no + + + align:start position:0% +of this equation these are no +Solutions so this produces + + align:start position:0% +Solutions so this produces + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions so this produces +solutions for M absolute value of M less + + align:start position:0% +solutions for M absolute value of M less + + + align:start position:0% +solutions for M absolute value of M less +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +l so produces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solutions for absolute value of M less + + align:start position:0% +solutions for absolute value of M less + + + align:start position:0% +solutions for absolute value of M less +or equal to + + align:start position:0% +or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +or equal to +l and therefore m in between L and - + + align:start position:0% +l and therefore m in between L and - + + + align:start position:0% +l and therefore m in between L and - +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +L but that's not all that happens uh + + align:start position:0% +L but that's not all that happens uh + + + align:start position:0% +L but that's not all that happens uh +there's a little more that takes + + align:start position:0% +there's a little more that takes + + + align:start position:0% +there's a little more that takes +mathematicians or some skill to do is to + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians or some skill to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians or some skill to do is to +show that there no more solutions you + + align:start position:0% +show that there no more solutions you + + + align:start position:0% +show that there no more solutions you +might seem like you were very clever and + + align:start position:0% +might seem like you were very clever and + + + align:start position:0% +might seem like you were very clever and +you found some + + align:start position:0% +you found some + + + align:start position:0% +you found some +solutions but it's a theorem that there + + align:start position:0% +solutions but it's a theorem that there + + + align:start position:0% +solutions but it's a theorem that there +are no more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solutions no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +additional + + align:start position:0% +additional + + + align:start position:0% +additional +regular + + align:start position:0% +regular + + + align:start position:0% +regular +Solutions mean solutions that don't + + align:start position:0% +Solutions mean solutions that don't + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions mean solutions that don't +diverge so this is very important + + align:start position:0% +diverge so this is very important + + + align:start position:0% +diverge so this is very important +important it shows that uh there is one + + align:start position:0% +important it shows that uh there is one + + + align:start position:0% +important it shows that uh there is one +more constraint on your quantum numbers + + align:start position:0% +more constraint on your quantum numbers + + + align:start position:0% +more constraint on your quantum numbers +the result you know this formula you may + + align:start position:0% +the result you know this formula you may + + + align:start position:0% +the result you know this formula you may +forget but you should never forget this + + align:start position:0% +forget but you should never forget this + + + align:start position:0% +forget but you should never forget this +one this one says that if you choose + + align:start position:0% +one this one says that if you choose + + + align:start position:0% +one this one says that if you choose +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +L which corresponds to choing the + + align:start position:0% +L which corresponds to choing the + + + align:start position:0% +L which corresponds to choing the +magnitude of the angular + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the angular + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of the angular +momentum L is the value that tells you + + align:start position:0% +momentum L is the value that tells you + + + align:start position:0% +momentum L is the value that tells you +about the magnitude of the angular + + align:start position:0% +about the magnitude of the angular + + + align:start position:0% +about the magnitude of the angular +momentum you will have several + + align:start position:0% +momentum you will have several + + + align:start position:0% +momentum you will have several +possibilities for n there will be + + align:start position:0% +possibilities for n there will be + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities for n there will be +several states that have the same L but + + align:start position:0% +several states that have the same L but + + + align:start position:0% +several states that have the same L but +n different so for example you can have + + align:start position:0% +n different so for example you can have + + + align:start position:0% +n different so for example you can have +L equal Z in which case M must be equal + + align:start position:0% +L equal Z in which case M must be equal + + + align:start position:0% +L equal Z in which case M must be equal +to zero but if you choose state with l = + + align:start position:0% +to zero but if you choose state with l = + + + align:start position:0% +to zero but if you choose state with l = +1 or I functions with l = 1 there is the + + align:start position:0% +1 or I functions with l = 1 there is the + + + align:start position:0% +1 or I functions with l = 1 there is the +possibility of having M = -1 0 or one so + + align:start position:0% +possibility of having M = -1 0 or one so + + + align:start position:0% +possibility of having M = -1 0 or one so +there are three wave functions in that + + align:start position:0% +there are three wave functions in that + + + align:start position:0% +there are three wave functions in that +case SI one + + align:start position:0% +case SI one + + + align:start position:0% +case SI one +-1 1 0 and P 1 + + align:start position:0% +-1 1 0 and P 1 + + + align:start position:0% +-1 1 0 and P 1 +1 so in general when you choose a + + align:start position:0% +1 so in general when you choose a + + + align:start position:0% +1 so in general when you choose a +general L you go from if you choose an + + align:start position:0% +general L you go from if you choose an + + + align:start position:0% +general L you go from if you choose an +arbitrary L then M goes go from - l - L + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary L then M goes go from - l - L + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary L then M goes go from - l - L ++ 1 all the way up to L these are all + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 all the way up to L these are all + + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 all the way up to L these are all +the values which are 2 L + + + align:start position:0% +the values which are 2 L + + + + align:start position:0% +the values which are 2 L + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +values 2 L and the zero value in between + + align:start position:0% +values 2 L and the zero value in between + + + align:start position:0% +values 2 L and the zero value in between +so it's 2 L + one values so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the + + align:start position:0% +um the + + + align:start position:0% +um the +quantization in some sense is done now + + align:start position:0% +quantization in some sense is done now + + + align:start position:0% +quantization in some sense is done now +and let me recap about these functions + + align:start position:0% +and let me recap about these functions + + + align:start position:0% +and let me recap about these functions +now we mentioned up there that the Y LMS + + align:start position:0% +now we mentioned up there that the Y LMS + + + align:start position:0% +now we mentioned up there that the Y LMS +are the objects the spherical harmonics + + align:start position:0% +are the objects the spherical harmonics + + + align:start position:0% +are the objects the spherical harmonics +are going to be those weight functions + + align:start position:0% +are going to be those weight functions + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be those weight functions +and they have a + + align:start position:0% +and they have a + + + align:start position:0% +and they have a +normalization nlm an exponential and all + + align:start position:0% +normalization nlm an exponential and all + + + align:start position:0% +normalization nlm an exponential and all +that so let me write just for the record + + align:start position:0% +that so let me write just for the record + + + align:start position:0% +that so let me write just for the record +what the ym looks + + align:start position:0% +what the ym looks + + + align:start position:0% +what the ym looks +like with all the constants well the + + align:start position:0% +like with all the constants well the + + + align:start position:0% +like with all the constants well the +normalization constant is + + align:start position:0% +normalization constant is + + + align:start position:0% +normalization constant is +complicated and it's kind of a thing you + + align:start position:0% +complicated and it's kind of a thing you + + + align:start position:0% +complicated and it's kind of a thing you +can never remember by heart or would be + + align:start position:0% +can never remember by heart or would be + + + align:start position:0% +can never remember by heart or would be +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +pointless okay all of that then Min -1 + + align:start position:0% +pointless okay all of that then Min -1 + + + align:start position:0% +pointless okay all of that then Min -1 +to the m seems useful e to the I + + align:start position:0% +to the m seems useful e to the I + + + align:start position:0% +to the m seems useful e to the I +M5 p l m of of + + align:start position:0% +M5 p l m of of + + + align:start position:0% +M5 p l m of of +cosine Thea and this is all valid for 0 + + align:start position:0% +cosine Thea and this is all valid for 0 + + + align:start position:0% +cosine Thea and this is all valid for 0 +less than + + align:start position:0% +less than + + + align:start position:0% +less than +M positive + + align:start position:0% +M positive + + + align:start position:0% +M positive +M when you have negative M you must do a + + align:start position:0% +M when you have negative M you must do a + + + align:start position:0% +M when you have negative M you must do a +little variation for M less than + + align:start position:0% +little variation for M less than + + + align:start position:0% +little variation for M less than +zero y + + align:start position:0% +zero y + + + align:start position:0% +zero y +LM of the + + align:start position:0% +LM of the + + + align:start position:0% +LM of the +5 is -1 to the + + align:start position:0% +5 is -1 to the + + + align:start position:0% +5 is -1 to the +m y l - M of Thea and F complex + + align:start position:0% +m y l - M of Thea and F complex + + + align:start position:0% +m y l - M of Thea and F complex +conjugated well U if m is + + align:start position:0% +conjugated well U if m is + + + align:start position:0% +conjugated well U if m is +negative minus m is positive so you know + + align:start position:0% +negative minus m is positive so you know + + + align:start position:0% +negative minus m is positive so you know +what that is so you could plug this + + align:start position:0% +what that is so you could plug this + + + align:start position:0% +what that is so you could plug this +whole mess here I don't advise it it's + + align:start position:0% +whole mess here I don't advise it it's + + + align:start position:0% +whole mess here I don't advise it it's +just for the record this uh pols are + + align:start position:0% +just for the record this uh pols are + + + align:start position:0% +just for the record this uh pols are +complicated but they are normalized + + align:start position:0% +complicated but they are normalized + + + align:start position:0% +complicated but they are normalized +nicely and uh we just need need to + + align:start position:0% +nicely and uh we just need need to + + + align:start position:0% +nicely and uh we just need need to +understand what it means to be + + align:start position:0% +understand what it means to be + + + align:start position:0% +understand what it means to be +normalized nicely that is important for + + align:start position:0% +normalized nicely that is important for + + + align:start position:0% +normalized nicely that is important for +us the specific forms of these pols um + + align:start position:0% +us the specific forms of these pols um + + + align:start position:0% +us the specific forms of these pols um +we can find them um and they're + + align:start position:0% +we can find them um and they're + + + align:start position:0% +we can find them um and they're +not the only one I really remember is + + align:start position:0% +not the only one I really remember is + + + align:start position:0% +not the only one I really remember is +that y 0 0 is a constant it's 1 over 4 + + align:start position:0% +that y 0 0 is a constant it's 1 over 4 + + + align:start position:0% +that y 0 0 is a constant it's 1 over 4 +Pi that's simple enough no dependence L + + align:start position:0% +Pi that's simple enough no dependence L + + + align:start position:0% +Pi that's simple enough no dependence L += 0 m = 0 + + align:start position:0% += 0 m = 0 + + + align:start position:0% += 0 m = 0 +um here is another one y1 + -1 is - + < + + align:start position:0% +um here is another one y1 + -1 is - + < + + + align:start position:0% +um here is another one y1 + -1 is - + < +TK 3/ 8 piun e to the + - I 5 sin + + align:start position:0% +TK 3/ 8 piun e to the + - I 5 sin + + + align:start position:0% +TK 3/ 8 piun e to the + - I 5 sin +Theta and the last one so we're giving + + align:start position:0% +Theta and the last one so we're giving + + + align:start position:0% +Theta and the last one so we're giving +um all the spherical harmonics with l = + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +1 so with L equal one remember we + + align:start position:0% +1 so with L equal one remember we + + + align:start position:0% +1 so with L equal one remember we +mentioned that you would have three + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that you would have three + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned that you would have three +values of + + align:start position:0% +values of + + + align:start position:0% +values of +M here they + + align:start position:0% +M here they + + + align:start position:0% +M here they +are plus or minus one and zero \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/MK_0QHbUnIA.txt b/MK_0QHbUnIA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..790608f996b0e6cf5523192c5402392ae397a55a --- /dev/null +++ b/MK_0QHbUnIA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6883 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today we're continuing with improper + + align:start position:0% +today we're continuing with improper + + + align:start position:0% +today we're continuing with improper +integrals I still have a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +integrals I still have a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +integrals I still have a little bit more +to tell you about them what we were + + align:start position:0% +to tell you about them what we were + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you about them what we were +discussing at the very end of last time + + align:start position:0% +discussing at the very end of last time + + + align:start position:0% +discussing at the very end of last time +was improper integrals and these were + + align:start position:0% +was improper integrals and these were + + + align:start position:0% +was improper integrals and these were +going to be into improper integrals of + + align:start position:0% +going to be into improper integrals of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be into improper integrals of +the second kind by second kind I mean + + align:start position:0% +the second kind by second kind I mean + + + align:start position:0% +the second kind by second kind I mean +that they have a singularity at a finite + + align:start position:0% +that they have a singularity at a finite + + + align:start position:0% +that they have a singularity at a finite +place that would be something like this + + align:start position:0% +place that would be something like this + + + align:start position:0% +place that would be something like this +so here's the definition if you like + + align:start position:0% +so here's the definition if you like + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the definition if you like +same sort of thing as we did when the + + align:start position:0% +same sort of thing as we did when the + + + align:start position:0% +same sort of thing as we did when the +singularity was in infinity so if you + + align:start position:0% +singularity was in infinity so if you + + + align:start position:0% +singularity was in infinity so if you +have the integral from zero to one of f + + align:start position:0% +have the integral from zero to one of f + + + align:start position:0% +have the integral from zero to one of f +of X this is going to be the same thing + + align:start position:0% +of X this is going to be the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +of X this is going to be the same thing +as the limit as a goes to zero from + + align:start position:0% +as the limit as a goes to zero from + + + align:start position:0% +as the limit as a goes to zero from +above the integral from a to one of f of + + align:start position:0% +above the integral from a to one of f of + + + align:start position:0% +above the integral from a to one of f of +X DX the idea here is the same one that + + align:start position:0% +X DX the idea here is the same one that + + + align:start position:0% +X DX the idea here is the same one that +we had at infinity let me draw a picture + + align:start position:0% +we had at infinity let me draw a picture + + + align:start position:0% +we had at infinity let me draw a picture +of it you have imagined a function which + + align:start position:0% +of it you have imagined a function which + + + align:start position:0% +of it you have imagined a function which +is coming down like this and here's the + + align:start position:0% +is coming down like this and here's the + + + align:start position:0% +is coming down like this and here's the +point one and we don't know whether the + + align:start position:0% +point one and we don't know whether the + + + align:start position:0% +point one and we don't know whether the +area enclosed is going to be infinite or + + align:start position:0% +area enclosed is going to be infinite or + + + align:start position:0% +area enclosed is going to be infinite or +finite and so we cut it off at some + + align:start position:0% +finite and so we cut it off at some + + + align:start position:0% +finite and so we cut it off at some +place a and we let a go to zero from + + align:start position:0% +place a and we let a go to zero from + + + align:start position:0% +place a and we let a go to zero from +above so really it's zero plus so it's + + align:start position:0% +above so really it's zero plus so it's + + + align:start position:0% +above so really it's zero plus so it's +we're coming in from the right here and + + align:start position:0% +we're coming in from the right here and + + + align:start position:0% +we're coming in from the right here and +we're counting up the area in this chunk + + align:start position:0% +we're counting up the area in this chunk + + + align:start position:0% +we're counting up the area in this chunk +and we're seeing as it expands whether + + align:start position:0% +and we're seeing as it expands whether + + + align:start position:0% +and we're seeing as it expands whether +it goes to infinity or whether it tends + + align:start position:0% +it goes to infinity or whether it tends + + + align:start position:0% +it goes to infinity or whether it tends +to some finite limit right so this is + + align:start position:0% +to some finite limit right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +to some finite limit right so this is +the example and this is the the + + align:start position:0% +the example and this is the the + + + align:start position:0% +the example and this is the the +definition and just as we did for the + + align:start position:0% +definition and just as we did for the + + + align:start position:0% +definition and just as we did for the +other kind of improper integral we say + + align:start position:0% +other kind of improper integral we say + + + align:start position:0% +other kind of improper integral we say +that this converges that's the key word + + align:start position:0% +that this converges that's the key word + + + align:start position:0% +that this converges that's the key word +here if the limit is finite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exists maybe I should just say and + + align:start position:0% +exists maybe I should just say and + + + align:start position:0% +exists maybe I should just say and +diverges if not if not let's just take + + align:start position:0% +diverges if not if not let's just take + + + align:start position:0% +diverges if not if not let's just take +care of the basic examples first of all + + align:start position:0% +care of the basic examples first of all + + + align:start position:0% +care of the basic examples first of all +I wrote this one down last time we're + + align:start position:0% +I wrote this one down last time we're + + + align:start position:0% +I wrote this one down last time we're +going to evaluate this one the integral + + align:start position:0% +going to evaluate this one the integral + + + align:start position:0% +going to evaluate this one the integral +from 0 to 1 of 1 over the square root of + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to 1 of 1 over the square root of + + + align:start position:0% +from 0 to 1 of 1 over the square root of +x and this just almost you almost don't + + align:start position:0% +x and this just almost you almost don't + + + align:start position:0% +x and this just almost you almost don't +notice the fact that it goes to infinity + + align:start position:0% +notice the fact that it goes to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +notice the fact that it goes to infinity +this goes to infinity as X goes to 0 but + + align:start position:0% +this goes to infinity as X goes to 0 but + + + align:start position:0% +this goes to infinity as X goes to 0 but +if you evaluate it first of all we we + + align:start position:0% +if you evaluate it first of all we we + + + align:start position:0% +if you evaluate it first of all we we +always write this as a power right to + + align:start position:0% +always write this as a power right to + + + align:start position:0% +always write this as a power right to +get the evaluation and then I'm not even + + align:start position:0% +get the evaluation and then I'm not even + + + align:start position:0% +get the evaluation and then I'm not even +going to replace the zero by an a I'm + + align:start position:0% +going to replace the zero by an a I'm + + + align:start position:0% +going to replace the zero by an a I'm +just going to leave it as zero the + + align:start position:0% +just going to leave it as zero the + + + align:start position:0% +just going to leave it as zero the +antiderivative here is X to the one half + + align:start position:0% +antiderivative here is X to the one half + + + align:start position:0% +antiderivative here is X to the one half +times two and then I evaluate that at + + align:start position:0% +times two and then I evaluate that at + + + align:start position:0% +times two and then I evaluate that at +zero and one and and I get to two minus + + align:start position:0% +zero and one and and I get to two minus + + + align:start position:0% +zero and one and and I get to two minus +zero which is two + + align:start position:0% +zero which is two + + + align:start position:0% +zero which is two +all right so this one is convergent and + + align:start position:0% +all right so this one is convergent and + + + align:start position:0% +all right so this one is convergent and +if not only is it convergent but we can + + align:start position:0% +if not only is it convergent but we can + + + align:start position:0% +if not only is it convergent but we can +evaluate the second example being not + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the second example being not + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the second example being not +systematic but really giving you the + + align:start position:0% +systematic but really giving you the + + + align:start position:0% +systematic but really giving you the +principal examples that we'll be + + align:start position:0% +principal examples that we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +principal examples that we'll be +thinking about is this one here DX over + + align:start position:0% +thinking about is this one here DX over + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about is this one here DX over +X and this one gives you the + + align:start position:0% +X and this one gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +X and this one gives you the +antiderivative is the logarithm + + align:start position:0% +antiderivative is the logarithm + + + align:start position:0% +antiderivative is the logarithm +evaluated at zero and one and now again + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at zero and one and now again + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at zero and one and now again +you have to have this thought process in + + align:start position:0% +you have to have this thought process in + + + align:start position:0% +you have to have this thought process in +your mind that you're really taking the + + align:start position:0% +your mind that you're really taking the + + + align:start position:0% +your mind that you're really taking the +limit but this is going to be the log of + + align:start position:0% +limit but this is going to be the log of + + + align:start position:0% +limit but this is going to be the log of +1 minus the log of 0 really the log of 0 + + align:start position:0% +1 minus the log of 0 really the log of 0 + + + align:start position:0% +1 minus the log of 0 really the log of 0 +from above there is no such thing as the + + align:start position:0% +from above there is no such thing as the + + + align:start position:0% +from above there is no such thing as the +log of 0 from below and this is minus + + align:start position:0% +log of 0 from below and this is minus + + + align:start position:0% +log of 0 from below and this is minus +infinity so it's 0 minus minus infinity + + align:start position:0% +infinity so it's 0 minus minus infinity + + + align:start position:0% +infinity so it's 0 minus minus infinity +which is plus infinity and so this one + + align:start position:0% +which is plus infinity and so this one + + + align:start position:0% +which is plus infinity and so this one +diverges + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so what's the general so more + + align:start position:0% +all right so what's the general so more + + + align:start position:0% +all right so what's the general so more +or less in general let's just for powers + + align:start position:0% +or less in general let's just for powers + + + align:start position:0% +or less in general let's just for powers +anyway if you workout this thing for DX + + align:start position:0% +anyway if you workout this thing for DX + + + align:start position:0% +anyway if you workout this thing for DX +over X to the P from zero to one what + + align:start position:0% +over X to the P from zero to one what + + + align:start position:0% +over X to the P from zero to one what +you're going to find is that it's 1 over + + align:start position:0% +you're going to find is that it's 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to find is that it's 1 over +1 minus P when P is less than 1 and it + + align:start position:0% +1 minus P when P is less than 1 and it + + + align:start position:0% +1 minus P when P is less than 1 and it +diverges for P bigger than or equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +diverges for P bigger than or equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +diverges for P bigger than or equal to 1 +now that's the the final result if you + + align:start position:0% +now that's the the final result if you + + + align:start position:0% +now that's the the final result if you +if you carry out this integration it's + + align:start position:0% +if you carry out this integration it's + + + align:start position:0% +if you carry out this integration it's +it's not difficult alright so now I just + + align:start position:0% +it's not difficult alright so now I just + + + align:start position:0% +it's not difficult alright so now I just +want to try to help you to remember this + + align:start position:0% +want to try to help you to remember this + + + align:start position:0% +want to try to help you to remember this +and to think about how you should think + + align:start position:0% +and to think about how you should think + + + align:start position:0% +and to think about how you should think +about it so I'm going to say it in a few + + align:start position:0% +about it so I'm going to say it in a few + + + align:start position:0% +about it so I'm going to say it in a few +more ways all right just just repeat + + align:start position:0% +more ways all right just just repeat + + + align:start position:0% +more ways all right just just repeat +what I've said already but try to get it + + align:start position:0% +what I've said already but try to get it + + + align:start position:0% +what I've said already but try to get it +to percolate and and absorb itself and + + align:start position:0% +to percolate and and absorb itself and + + + align:start position:0% +to percolate and and absorb itself and +in order to do that I have to make the + + align:start position:0% +in order to do that I have to make the + + + align:start position:0% +in order to do that I have to make the +contrast between the kind of improper + + align:start position:0% +contrast between the kind of improper + + + align:start position:0% +contrast between the kind of improper +integral that I was dealing with before + + align:start position:0% +integral that I was dealing with before + + + align:start position:0% +integral that I was dealing with before +which was not as as X goes to 0 here but + + align:start position:0% +which was not as as X goes to 0 here but + + + align:start position:0% +which was not as as X goes to 0 here but +as X goes to infinity the other side + + align:start position:0% +as X goes to infinity the other side + + + align:start position:0% +as X goes to infinity the other side +let's make this contrast first of all if + + align:start position:0% +let's make this contrast first of all if + + + align:start position:0% +let's make this contrast first of all if +I look at the angle that we've been + + align:start position:0% +I look at the angle that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +I look at the angle that we've been +paying attention to right now we've just + + align:start position:0% +paying attention to right now we've just + + + align:start position:0% +paying attention to right now we've just +considered things like this 1 over X to + + align:start position:0% +considered things like this 1 over X to + + + align:start position:0% +considered things like this 1 over X to +the 1/2 which is a lot smaller than 1 + + align:start position:0% +the 1/2 which is a lot smaller than 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the 1/2 which is a lot smaller than 1 +over X which is a lot smaller than say 1 + + align:start position:0% +over X which is a lot smaller than say 1 + + + align:start position:0% +over X which is a lot smaller than say 1 +over x squared which would be another + + align:start position:0% +over x squared which would be another + + + align:start position:0% +over x squared which would be another +example this is as X goes to 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this one's the smallest one this + + align:start position:0% +so this one's the smallest one this + + + align:start position:0% +so this one's the smallest one this +one's next smallest and this one is very + + align:start position:0% +one's next smallest and this one is very + + + align:start position:0% +one's next smallest and this one is very +large on the other hand it goes the + + align:start position:0% +large on the other hand it goes the + + + align:start position:0% +large on the other hand it goes the +other way at infinity as X tends to + + align:start position:0% +other way at infinity as X tends to + + + align:start position:0% +other way at infinity as X tends to +infinity right so so try to keep that in + + align:start position:0% +infinity right so so try to keep that in + + + align:start position:0% +infinity right so so try to keep that in +mind and now I'm going to put a little + + align:start position:0% +mind and now I'm going to put a little + + + align:start position:0% +mind and now I'm going to put a little +box around the bad guys here this one is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +divergent and this one is divergent and + + align:start position:0% +divergent and this one is divergent and + + + align:start position:0% +divergent and this one is divergent and +this one is divergent and this one is + + align:start position:0% +this one is divergent and this one is + + + align:start position:0% +this one is divergent and this one is +divergent when we the crossover point is + + align:start position:0% +divergent when we the crossover point is + + + align:start position:0% +divergent when we the crossover point is +1 over X when we get smaller than that + + align:start position:0% +1 over X when we get smaller than that + + + align:start position:0% +1 over X when we get smaller than that +we get to things which are convergent + + align:start position:0% +we get to things which are convergent + + + align:start position:0% +we get to things which are convergent +when we get smaller than it on this + + align:start position:0% +when we get smaller than it on this + + + align:start position:0% +when we get smaller than it on this +other scale its convergent all right so + + align:start position:0% +other scale its convergent all right so + + + align:start position:0% +other scale its convergent all right so +these guys are divergent so they + + align:start position:0% +these guys are divergent so they + + + align:start position:0% +these guys are divergent so they +associate associated with divergent + + align:start position:0% +associate associated with divergent + + + align:start position:0% +associate associated with divergent +integrals the the functions themselves + + align:start position:0% +integrals the the functions themselves + + + align:start position:0% +integrals the the functions themselves +are are just tending towards well this + + align:start position:0% +are are just tending towards well this + + + align:start position:0% +are are just tending towards well this +one these tend to infinity in these 10 + + align:start position:0% +one these tend to infinity in these 10 + + + align:start position:0% +one these tend to infinity in these 10 +towards 0 I'm not talking about the the + + align:start position:0% +towards 0 I'm not talking about the the + + + align:start position:0% +towards 0 I'm not talking about the the +functions themselves but the integrals + + align:start position:0% +functions themselves but the integrals + + + align:start position:0% +functions themselves but the integrals +now I want to draw this again here not + + align:start position:0% +now I want to draw this again here not + + + align:start position:0% +now I want to draw this again here not +small enough I want to draw this again + + align:start position:0% +small enough I want to draw this again + + + align:start position:0% +small enough I want to draw this again +and so I'm going to just draw a picture + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm going to just draw a picture + + + align:start position:0% +and so I'm going to just draw a picture +of what it what it is that I have here + + align:start position:0% +of what it what it is that I have here + + + align:start position:0% +of what it what it is that I have here +but I'm going to combine these two + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to combine these two + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to combine these two +pictures so here's the picture for + + align:start position:0% +pictures so here's the picture for + + + align:start position:0% +pictures so here's the picture for +example of y equals 1 over X all right + + align:start position:0% +example of y equals 1 over X all right + + + align:start position:0% +example of y equals 1 over X all right +that's y equals 1 over X and that + + align:start position:0% +that's y equals 1 over X and that + + + align:start position:0% +that's y equals 1 over X and that +picture is very balanced it's symmetric + + align:start position:0% +picture is very balanced it's symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +picture is very balanced it's symmetric +on the two ends if I cut it in half then + + align:start position:0% +on the two ends if I cut it in half then + + + align:start position:0% +on the two ends if I cut it in half then +what I get here is two halves and this + + align:start position:0% +what I get here is two halves and this + + + align:start position:0% +what I get here is two halves and this +one has infinite area that corresponds + + align:start position:0% +one has infinite area that corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +one has infinite area that corresponds +to the integral from 1 to infinity DX + + align:start position:0% +to the integral from 1 to infinity DX + + + align:start position:0% +to the integral from 1 to infinity DX +over X being infinite and the other + + align:start position:0% +over X being infinite and the other + + + align:start position:0% +over X being infinite and the other +piece + + align:start position:0% +piece + + + align:start position:0% +piece +which this one we calculated last time + + align:start position:0% +which this one we calculated last time + + + align:start position:0% +which this one we calculated last time +this is the one that we just calculated + + align:start position:0% +this is the one that we just calculated + + + align:start position:0% +this is the one that we just calculated +over here in example two has the same + + align:start position:0% +over here in example two has the same + + + align:start position:0% +over here in example two has the same +property it's infinite and that's the + + align:start position:0% +property it's infinite and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +property it's infinite and that's the +fact that the integral from zero to one + + align:start position:0% +fact that the integral from zero to one + + + align:start position:0% +fact that the integral from zero to one +of DX over X is infinite + + align:start position:0% +of DX over X is infinite + + + align:start position:0% +of DX over X is infinite +all right so both we lose on both ends + + align:start position:0% +all right so both we lose on both ends + + + align:start position:0% +all right so both we lose on both ends +on the other hand if I take something + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand if I take something + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand if I take something +like drawing it the same way but it's + + align:start position:0% +like drawing it the same way but it's + + + align:start position:0% +like drawing it the same way but it's +really not the same y equals 1 over the + + align:start position:0% +really not the same y equals 1 over the + + + align:start position:0% +really not the same y equals 1 over the +square root of XY y equals 1 over X to + + align:start position:0% +square root of XY y equals 1 over X to + + + align:start position:0% +square root of XY y equals 1 over X to +the 1/2 and if I cut that in half here + + align:start position:0% +the 1/2 and if I cut that in half here + + + align:start position:0% +the 1/2 and if I cut that in half here +then the X to the 1/2 is actually bigger + + align:start position:0% +then the X to the 1/2 is actually bigger + + + align:start position:0% +then the X to the 1/2 is actually bigger +than this guy so this piece is infinite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this part over here actually is + + align:start position:0% +and this part over here actually is + + + align:start position:0% +and this part over here actually is +going to give us an honest number in + + align:start position:0% +going to give us an honest number in + + + align:start position:0% +going to give us an honest number in +fact this one is finite and we just + + align:start position:0% +fact this one is finite and we just + + + align:start position:0% +fact this one is finite and we just +checked what the number is it actually + + align:start position:0% +checked what the number is it actually + + + align:start position:0% +checked what the number is it actually +happens to have area 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what's happening here is if you if + + align:start position:0% +and what's happening here is if you if + + + align:start position:0% +and what's happening here is if you if +you would super impose this graph on the + + align:start position:0% +you would super impose this graph on the + + + align:start position:0% +you would super impose this graph on the +other graph what you would see is that + + align:start position:0% +other graph what you would see is that + + + align:start position:0% +other graph what you would see is that +they cross and the this one sits on top + + align:start position:0% +they cross and the this one sits on top + + + align:start position:0% +they cross and the this one sits on top +so it if I if I drew this one and let's + + align:start position:0% +so it if I if I drew this one and let's + + + align:start position:0% +so it if I if I drew this one and let's +have another color here orange let's say + + align:start position:0% +have another color here orange let's say + + + align:start position:0% +have another color here orange let's say +if this were orange if I set it on top + + align:start position:0% +if this were orange if I set it on top + + + align:start position:0% +if this were orange if I set it on top +here it would go this way okay and + + align:start position:0% +here it would go this way okay and + + + align:start position:0% +here it would go this way okay and +underneath the orange is still infinite + + align:start position:0% +underneath the orange is still infinite + + + align:start position:0% +underneath the orange is still infinite +so both of these are infinite on here on + + align:start position:0% +so both of these are infinite on here on + + + align:start position:0% +so both of these are infinite on here on +the other hand underneath the orange is + + align:start position:0% +the other hand underneath the orange is + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand underneath the orange is +infinite but underneath where the green + + align:start position:0% +infinite but underneath where the green + + + align:start position:0% +infinite but underneath where the green +is is is finite that's a smaller + + align:start position:0% +is is is finite that's a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +is is is finite that's a smaller +quantity infinity is a lot bigger than + + align:start position:0% +quantity infinity is a lot bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +quantity infinity is a lot bigger than +two two is a lot less than infinity all + + align:start position:0% +two two is a lot less than infinity all + + + align:start position:0% +two two is a lot less than infinity all +right so that's reflected in these + + align:start position:0% +right so that's reflected in these + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's reflected in these +comparisons here if you like if I want + + align:start position:0% +comparisons here if you like if I want + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons here if you like if I want +to do these in green this guy is good + + align:start position:0% +to do these in green this guy is good + + + align:start position:0% +to do these in green this guy is good +and this guy is good now let me just + + align:start position:0% +and this guy is good now let me just + + + align:start position:0% +and this guy is good now let me just +repeat that idea over here in this sort + + align:start position:0% +repeat that idea over here in this sort + + + align:start position:0% +repeat that idea over here in this sort +of reverse picture with y equals one + + align:start position:0% +of reverse picture with y equals one + + + align:start position:0% +of reverse picture with y equals one +over x squared if I chop that in half + + align:start position:0% +over x squared if I chop that in half + + + align:start position:0% +over x squared if I chop that in half +then the good part is this end here this + + align:start position:0% +then the good part is this end here this + + + align:start position:0% +then the good part is this end here this +is finite and the bad part is this part + + align:start position:0% +is finite and the bad part is this part + + + align:start position:0% +is finite and the bad part is this part +of here which is way more singular and + + align:start position:0% +of here which is way more singular and + + + align:start position:0% +of here which is way more singular and +is infinite all right so again what I've + + align:start position:0% +is infinite all right so again what I've + + + align:start position:0% +is infinite all right so again what I've +just tried to do is to give you some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +geometric sense and also some some + + align:start position:0% +geometric sense and also some some + + + align:start position:0% +geometric sense and also some some +visceral sense this guy it's tail as it + + align:start position:0% +visceral sense this guy it's tail as it + + + align:start position:0% +visceral sense this guy it's tail as it +goes out to infinity is much lower it's + + align:start position:0% +goes out to infinity is much lower it's + + + align:start position:0% +goes out to infinity is much lower it's +much smaller than 1 over X and these + + align:start position:0% +much smaller than 1 over X and these + + + align:start position:0% +much smaller than 1 over X and these +guys trap an infinite amount of area + + align:start position:0% +guys trap an infinite amount of area + + + align:start position:0% +guys trap an infinite amount of area +this one traps only a finite amount of + + align:start position:0% +this one traps only a finite amount of + + + align:start position:0% +this one traps only a finite amount of +area + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alright so now I'm just going to give + + align:start position:0% +alright so now I'm just going to give + + + align:start position:0% +alright so now I'm just going to give +one last example which combines these + + align:start position:0% +one last example which combines these + + + align:start position:0% +one last example which combines these +two types of pictures it's really + + align:start position:0% +two types of pictures it's really + + + align:start position:0% +two types of pictures it's really +practically the same as what I've said + + align:start position:0% +practically the same as what I've said + + + align:start position:0% +practically the same as what I've said +before but I have to erase this one too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so here's another example if + + align:start position:0% +all right so here's another example if + + + align:start position:0% +all right so here's another example if +you're if you're if you're in let's + + align:start position:0% +you're if you're if you're in let's + + + align:start position:0% +you're if you're if you're in let's +let's take the following example this is + + align:start position:0% +let's take the following example this is + + + align:start position:0% +let's take the following example this is +somewhat related to the first one that I + + align:start position:0% +somewhat related to the first one that I + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat related to the first one that I +gave last time if you take the function + + align:start position:0% +gave last time if you take the function + + + align:start position:0% +gave last time if you take the function +y equals 1 over X minus 3 squared you + + align:start position:0% +y equals 1 over X minus 3 squared you + + + align:start position:0% +y equals 1 over X minus 3 squared you +think about its integral so let's think + + align:start position:0% +think about its integral so let's think + + + align:start position:0% +think about its integral so let's think +about the integral from 0 to infinity DX + + align:start position:0% +about the integral from 0 to infinity DX + + + align:start position:0% +about the integral from 0 to infinity DX +over X -3 squared and suppose you were + + align:start position:0% +over X -3 squared and suppose you were + + + align:start position:0% +over X -3 squared and suppose you were +faced with this integral in order to + + align:start position:0% +faced with this integral in order to + + + align:start position:0% +faced with this integral in order to +understand what it's doing you have to + + align:start position:0% +understand what it's doing you have to + + + align:start position:0% +understand what it's doing you have to +pay attention to two places where it can + + align:start position:0% +pay attention to two places where it can + + + align:start position:0% +pay attention to two places where it can +go wrong we're going to split it into + + align:start position:0% +go wrong we're going to split it into + + + align:start position:0% +go wrong we're going to split it into +two pieces I'm going to say break it up + + align:start position:0% +two pieces I'm going to say break it up + + + align:start position:0% +two pieces I'm going to say break it up +into this one here the up to five for + + align:start position:0% +into this one here the up to five for + + + align:start position:0% +into this one here the up to five for +the sake of argument and say from 5 to + + align:start position:0% +the sake of argument and say from 5 to + + + align:start position:0% +the sake of argument and say from 5 to +infinity all right so these are the two + + align:start position:0% +infinity all right so these are the two + + + align:start position:0% +infinity all right so these are the two +chunks now why did I break it up into + + align:start position:0% +chunks now why did I break it up into + + + align:start position:0% +chunks now why did I break it up into +those two pieces because what's + + align:start position:0% +those two pieces because what's + + + align:start position:0% +those two pieces because what's +happening with this function is that + + align:start position:0% +happening with this function is that + + + align:start position:0% +happening with this function is that +it's going up like this + + align:start position:0% +it's going up like this + + + align:start position:0% +it's going up like this +at 3 and so if I look at the two halves + + align:start position:0% +at 3 and so if I look at the two halves + + + align:start position:0% +at 3 and so if I look at the two halves +here I'm going to draw them again and + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to draw them again and + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm going to draw them again and +I'm going to illustrate them with the + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to illustrate them with the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to illustrate them with the +colors we've chosen which are I guess + + align:start position:0% +colors we've chosen which are I guess + + + align:start position:0% +colors we've chosen which are I guess +red and green what you'll discover is + + align:start position:0% +red and green what you'll discover is + + + align:start position:0% +red and green what you'll discover is +that this one here which corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +that this one here which corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +that this one here which corresponds to +this piece here is infinite and it's + + align:start position:0% +this piece here is infinite and it's + + + align:start position:0% +this piece here is infinite and it's +infinite because there's a square in the + + align:start position:0% +infinite because there's a square in the + + + align:start position:0% +infinite because there's a square in the +denominator and as X goes to 3 this is + + align:start position:0% +denominator and as X goes to 3 this is + + + align:start position:0% +denominator and as X goes to 3 this is +very much like if it shifted the 3 to 0 + + align:start position:0% +very much like if it shifted the 3 to 0 + + + align:start position:0% +very much like if it shifted the 3 to 0 +very much like this 1 over x squared + + align:start position:0% +very much like this 1 over x squared + + + align:start position:0% +very much like this 1 over x squared +here but not in this context in the + + align:start position:0% +here but not in this context in the + + + align:start position:0% +here but not in this context in the +other context where it's going to + + align:start position:0% +other context where it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +other context where it's going to +infinity + + align:start position:0% +infinity + + + align:start position:0% +infinity +this is where it this is the same as as + + align:start position:0% +this is where it this is the same as as + + + align:start position:0% +this is where it this is the same as as +the picture directly above with the + + align:start position:0% +the picture directly above with the + + + align:start position:0% +the picture directly above with the +infinite part in red alright and this + + align:start position:0% +infinite part in red alright and this + + + align:start position:0% +infinite part in red alright and this +part here this part is finite alright so + + align:start position:0% +part here this part is finite alright so + + + align:start position:0% +part here this part is finite alright so +since we have an infinite par plus a + + align:start position:0% +since we have an infinite par plus a + + + align:start position:0% +since we have an infinite par plus a +finite part the conclusion is that this + + align:start position:0% +finite part the conclusion is that this + + + align:start position:0% +finite part the conclusion is that this +thing well this guy converges then this + + align:start position:0% +thing well this guy converges then this + + + align:start position:0% +thing well this guy converges then this +one diverges but the total unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +one diverges but the total unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +one diverges but the total unfortunately +diverges right because it's got one + + align:start position:0% +diverges right because it's got one + + + align:start position:0% +diverges right because it's got one +infinity in it so this thing this thing + + align:start position:0% +infinity in it so this thing this thing + + + align:start position:0% +infinity in it so this thing this thing +diverges and that's what happened last + + align:start position:0% +diverges and that's what happened last + + + align:start position:0% +diverges and that's what happened last +time when we got a crazy number + + align:start position:0% +time when we got a crazy number + + + align:start position:0% +time when we got a crazy number +if you integrated this you would get + + align:start position:0% +if you integrated this you would get + + + align:start position:0% +if you integrated this you would get +some negative number if you wrote down + + align:start position:0% +some negative number if you wrote down + + + align:start position:0% +some negative number if you wrote down +the formulas carelessly and the reason + + align:start position:0% +the formulas carelessly and the reason + + + align:start position:0% +the formulas carelessly and the reason +is that the calculation actually is + + align:start position:0% +is that the calculation actually is + + + align:start position:0% +is that the calculation actually is +nonsense you've got to be aware when + + align:start position:0% +nonsense you've got to be aware when + + + align:start position:0% +nonsense you've got to be aware when +you're going to if you encounter a + + align:start position:0% +you're going to if you encounter a + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to if you encounter a +singularity in the middle not to ignore + + align:start position:0% +singularity in the middle not to ignore + + + align:start position:0% +singularity in the middle not to ignore +it yeah question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why do we say that the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +why do we say that the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +why do we say that the whole thing +diverges the the reason why we say that + + align:start position:0% +diverges the the reason why we say that + + + align:start position:0% +diverges the the reason why we say that +is the area under the whole curve is + + align:start position:0% +is the area under the whole curve is + + + align:start position:0% +is the area under the whole curve is +infinite it's the sum of this piece plus + + align:start position:0% +infinite it's the sum of this piece plus + + + align:start position:0% +infinite it's the sum of this piece plus +this piece and so the total is infinite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're stuck this is an ill-defined + + align:start position:0% +we're stuck this is an ill-defined + + + align:start position:0% +we're stuck this is an ill-defined +integral it's one where your red + + align:start position:0% +integral it's one where your red + + + align:start position:0% +integral it's one where your red +flashing warning signs should be on + + align:start position:0% +flashing warning signs should be on + + + align:start position:0% +flashing warning signs should be on +because you're not going to get the + + align:start position:0% +because you're not going to get the + + + align:start position:0% +because you're not going to get the +right answer by computing it you'll + + align:start position:0% +right answer by computing it you'll + + + align:start position:0% +right answer by computing it you'll +never get an answer similarly you'll + + align:start position:0% +never get an answer similarly you'll + + + align:start position:0% +never get an answer similarly you'll +never get an answer with this and you + + align:start position:0% +never get an answer with this and you + + + align:start position:0% +never get an answer with this and you +will get an answer with that okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +will get an answer with that okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +will get an answer with that okay yeah +another question so the question is if + + align:start position:0% +another question so the question is if + + + align:start position:0% +another question so the question is if +you have a little if you have a little + + align:start position:0% +you have a little if you have a little + + + align:start position:0% +you have a little if you have a little +glance at an integral how are you going + + align:start position:0% +glance at an integral how are you going + + + align:start position:0% +glance at an integral how are you going +to decide where you should be heading so + + align:start position:0% +to decide where you should be heading so + + + align:start position:0% +to decide where you should be heading so +I'm going to answer that orally although + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to answer that orally although + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to answer that orally although +you know but I'll say one little little + + align:start position:0% +you know but I'll say one little little + + + align:start position:0% +you know but I'll say one little little +hint here so you always have to check X + + align:start position:0% +hint here so you always have to check X + + + align:start position:0% +hint here so you always have to check X +going to infinity and X going to minus + + align:start position:0% +going to infinity and X going to minus + + + align:start position:0% +going to infinity and X going to minus +infinity if they're if they're in there + + align:start position:0% +infinity if they're if they're in there + + + align:start position:0% +infinity if they're if they're in there +and you also have to check any any + + align:start position:0% +and you also have to check any any + + + align:start position:0% +and you also have to check any any +singularity like X going to three for + + align:start position:0% +singularity like X going to three for + + + align:start position:0% +singularity like X going to three for +sure in this case you have to pay + + align:start position:0% +sure in this case you have to pay + + + align:start position:0% +sure in this case you have to pay +attention to all the places where the + + align:start position:0% +attention to all the places where the + + + align:start position:0% +attention to all the places where the +thing is infinite and then you want to + + align:start position:0% +thing is infinite and then you want to + + + align:start position:0% +thing is infinite and then you want to +focus in on each one separately and + + align:start position:0% +focus in on each one separately and + + + align:start position:0% +focus in on each one separately and +decide what's going on it at that + + align:start position:0% +decide what's going on it at that + + + align:start position:0% +decide what's going on it at that +particular place when it's a negative + + align:start position:0% +particular place when it's a negative + + + align:start position:0% +particular place when it's a negative +power so remember + + align:start position:0% +power so remember + + + align:start position:0% +power so remember +DX over X as X goes to zero is bad and + + align:start position:0% +DX over X as X goes to zero is bad and + + + align:start position:0% +DX over X as X goes to zero is bad and +DX over x squared is bad DX over X cubed + + align:start position:0% +DX over x squared is bad DX over X cubed + + + align:start position:0% +DX over x squared is bad DX over X cubed +is bad all of them are even worse + + align:start position:0% +is bad all of them are even worse + + + align:start position:0% +is bad all of them are even worse +so anything of this form is bad N equals + + align:start position:0% +so anything of this form is bad N equals + + + align:start position:0% +so anything of this form is bad N equals +one two three these are the these are + + align:start position:0% +one two three these are the these are + + + align:start position:0% +one two three these are the these are +the Redbox kinds all right that means + + align:start position:0% +the Redbox kinds all right that means + + + align:start position:0% +the Redbox kinds all right that means +that any of the integrals that we did in + + align:start position:0% +that any of the integrals that we did in + + + align:start position:0% +that any of the integrals that we did in +partial fractions which had a root which + + align:start position:0% +partial fractions which had a root which + + + align:start position:0% +partial fractions which had a root which +had a factor of something the + + align:start position:0% +had a factor of something the + + + align:start position:0% +had a factor of something the +denominator those are all divergent + + align:start position:0% +denominator those are all divergent + + + align:start position:0% +denominator those are all divergent +integrals if you cross the singularity + + align:start position:0% +integrals if you cross the singularity + + + align:start position:0% +integrals if you cross the singularity +not a single one of them makes sense + + align:start position:0% +not a single one of them makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +not a single one of them makes sense +across the singularity right if you have + + align:start position:0% +across the singularity right if you have + + + align:start position:0% +across the singularity right if you have +square roots and things like that then + + align:start position:0% +square roots and things like that then + + + align:start position:0% +square roots and things like that then +you can repair things like that and + + align:start position:0% +you can repair things like that and + + + align:start position:0% +you can repair things like that and +there are some interesting examples of + + align:start position:0% +there are some interesting examples of + + + align:start position:0% +there are some interesting examples of +that such as with the arc sine function + + align:start position:0% +that such as with the arc sine function + + + align:start position:0% +that such as with the arc sine function +and so forth + + align:start position:0% +and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth +where you have an improper integral + + align:start position:0% +where you have an improper integral + + + align:start position:0% +where you have an improper integral +which is really okay all right so that's + + align:start position:0% +which is really okay all right so that's + + + align:start position:0% +which is really okay all right so that's +that's the best I can do it's + + align:start position:0% +that's the best I can do it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the best I can do it's +it's obviously something you get + + align:start position:0% +it's obviously something you get + + + align:start position:0% +it's obviously something you get +experience with alright now I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +experience with alright now I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +experience with alright now I'm going to +move on and and this is more or less our + + align:start position:0% +move on and and this is more or less our + + + align:start position:0% +move on and and this is more or less our +last topic yay but not quite well so I + + align:start position:0% +last topic yay but not quite well so I + + + align:start position:0% +last topic yay but not quite well so I +should say it's our penultimate topic + + align:start position:0% +should say it's our penultimate topic + + + align:start position:0% +should say it's our penultimate topic +right because we have one more lecture + + align:start position:0% +right because we have one more lecture + + + align:start position:0% +right because we have one more lecture +all right so that our next topic is + + align:start position:0% +all right so that our next topic is + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that our next topic is +series now we'll do it in a sort of a + + align:start position:0% +series now we'll do it in a sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +series now we'll do it in a sort of a +concrete way today and then we'll do + + align:start position:0% +concrete way today and then we'll do + + + align:start position:0% +concrete way today and then we'll do +whatever known as power series tomorrow + + align:start position:0% +whatever known as power series tomorrow + + + align:start position:0% +whatever known as power series tomorrow +so let me tell you about series remember + + align:start position:0% +so let me tell you about series remember + + + align:start position:0% +so let me tell you about series remember +we're talking about infinity and dealing + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about infinity and dealing + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about infinity and dealing +with infinity so we're not just talking + + align:start position:0% +with infinity so we're not just talking + + + align:start position:0% +with infinity so we're not just talking +about any old series we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +about any old series we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +about any old series we're talking about +infinite series there is one infinite + + align:start position:0% +infinite series there is one infinite + + + align:start position:0% +infinite series there is one infinite +series which is probably I which is + + align:start position:0% +series which is probably I which is + + + align:start position:0% +series which is probably I which is +without question the most important and + + align:start position:0% +without question the most important and + + + align:start position:0% +without question the most important and +useful series and that's the geometric + + align:start position:0% +useful series and that's the geometric + + + align:start position:0% +useful series and that's the geometric +series but I'm going to introduce it + + align:start position:0% +series but I'm going to introduce it + + + align:start position:0% +series but I'm going to introduce it +concretely first in a particular case if + + align:start position:0% +concretely first in a particular case if + + + align:start position:0% +concretely first in a particular case if +I draw a picture of this sum which in + + align:start position:0% +I draw a picture of this sum which in + + + align:start position:0% +I draw a picture of this sum which in +principle goes on forever you can see + + align:start position:0% +principle goes on forever you can see + + + align:start position:0% +principle goes on forever you can see +that it goes someplace fairly easily by + + align:start position:0% +that it goes someplace fairly easily by + + + align:start position:0% +that it goes someplace fairly easily by +marking out what's happening on the + + align:start position:0% +marking out what's happening on the + + + align:start position:0% +marking out what's happening on the +number line the first step takes us to + + align:start position:0% +number line the first step takes us to + + + align:start position:0% +number line the first step takes us to +one from zero and then if I add this + + align:start position:0% +one from zero and then if I add this + + + align:start position:0% +one from zero and then if I add this +half I get to three halves right so the + + align:start position:0% +half I get to three halves right so the + + + align:start position:0% +half I get to three halves right so the +first step was 1 and the second step was + + align:start position:0% +first step was 1 and the second step was + + + align:start position:0% +first step was 1 and the second step was +1/2 now if I add this quarter in which + + align:start position:0% +1/2 now if I add this quarter in which + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 now if I add this quarter in which +is the next piece then I get someplace + + align:start position:0% +is the next piece then I get someplace + + + align:start position:0% +is the next piece then I get someplace +here but what I want to observe is that + + align:start position:0% +here but what I want to observe is that + + + align:start position:0% +here but what I want to observe is that +is that I got I can look at it from the + + align:start position:0% +is that I got I can look at it from the + + + align:start position:0% +is that I got I can look at it from the +other point of view I got when I move + + align:start position:0% +other point of view I got when I move + + + align:start position:0% +other point of view I got when I move +this quarter I got halfway to two here + + align:start position:0% +this quarter I got halfway to two here + + + align:start position:0% +this quarter I got halfway to two here +I'm putting two in green because I want + + align:start position:0% +I'm putting two in green because I want + + + align:start position:0% +I'm putting two in green because I want +you to think of it as being the good + + align:start position:0% +you to think of it as being the good + + + align:start position:0% +you to think of it as being the good +kind right + + align:start position:0% +kind right + + + align:start position:0% +kind right +the kind that has a number they're not + + align:start position:0% +the kind that has a number they're not + + + align:start position:0% +the kind that has a number they're not +one of the red kinds we're getting there + + align:start position:0% +one of the red kinds we're getting there + + + align:start position:0% +one of the red kinds we're getting there +and we're almost there so the next stage + + align:start position:0% +and we're almost there so the next stage + + + align:start position:0% +and we're almost there so the next stage +we get halfway again that's the eighth + + align:start position:0% +we get halfway again that's the eighth + + + align:start position:0% +we get halfway again that's the eighth +and so forth and eventually we get to + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and eventually we get to + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and eventually we get to +two so this sum we write equals two all + + align:start position:0% +two so this sum we write equals two all + + + align:start position:0% +two so this sum we write equals two all +right that's kind of a paradox because + + align:start position:0% +right that's kind of a paradox because + + + align:start position:0% +right that's kind of a paradox because +we never get to two this is the paradox + + align:start position:0% +we never get to two this is the paradox + + + align:start position:0% +we never get to two this is the paradox +that Zeno fussed with and his conclusion + + align:start position:0% +that Zeno fussed with and his conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +that Zeno fussed with and his conclusion +you know with the rabbit and the hare + + align:start position:0% +you know with the rabbit and the hare + + + align:start position:0% +you know with the rabbit and the hare +that would know the rabbit and the + + align:start position:0% +that would know the rabbit and the + + + align:start position:0% +that would know the rabbit and the +tortoise sorry because hare tasted + + align:start position:0% +tortoise sorry because hare tasted + + + align:start position:0% +tortoise sorry because hare tasted +throwing up anyway + + align:start position:0% +throwing up anyway + + + align:start position:0% +throwing up anyway +the rabbit chasing the the tortoise his + + align:start position:0% +the rabbit chasing the the tortoise his + + + align:start position:0% +the rabbit chasing the the tortoise his +conclusion you know I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +conclusion you know I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion you know I don't know if +you're aware of this but he understood + + align:start position:0% +you're aware of this but he understood + + + align:start position:0% +you're aware of this but he understood +this paradox he said you know it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +this paradox he said you know it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +this paradox he said you know it doesn't +look like it ever gets there because + + align:start position:0% +look like it ever gets there because + + + align:start position:0% +look like it ever gets there because +they're infinitely many times between + + align:start position:0% +they're infinitely many times between + + + align:start position:0% +they're infinitely many times between +the time you know that the tortoise is + + align:start position:0% +the time you know that the tortoise is + + + align:start position:0% +the time you know that the tortoise is +always behind always behind always + + align:start position:0% +always behind always behind always + + + align:start position:0% +always behind always behind always +behind always behind so therefore it's + + align:start position:0% +behind always behind so therefore it's + + + align:start position:0% +behind always behind so therefore it's +impossible that the tortoise catches up + + align:start position:0% +impossible that the tortoise catches up + + + align:start position:0% +impossible that the tortoise catches up +right so do you know what his conclusion + + align:start position:0% +right so do you know what his conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +right so do you know what his conclusion +was time does not exist + + align:start position:0% +was time does not exist + + + align:start position:0% +was time does not exist +that was actually literally his + + align:start position:0% +that was actually literally his + + + align:start position:0% +that was actually literally his +conclusion because he didn't understand + + align:start position:0% +conclusion because he didn't understand + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion because he didn't understand +the possibility of continuum of time + + align:start position:0% +the possibility of continuum of time + + + align:start position:0% +the possibility of continuum of time +because there are infinitely many things + + align:start position:0% +because there are infinitely many things + + + align:start position:0% +because there are infinitely many things +that happen before + + align:start position:0% +that happen before + + + align:start position:0% +that happen before +the tortoise caught up that was that was + + align:start position:0% +the tortoise caught up that was that was + + + align:start position:0% +the tortoise caught up that was that was +the reason he I mean it's a long time + + align:start position:0% +the reason he I mean it's a long time + + + align:start position:0% +the reason he I mean it's a long time +ago but you know people then he didn't + + align:start position:0% +ago but you know people then he didn't + + + align:start position:0% +ago but you know people then he didn't +believe in continuum all right so anyway + + align:start position:0% +believe in continuum all right so anyway + + + align:start position:0% +believe in continuum all right so anyway +that's a small point now the general + + align:start position:0% +that's a small point now the general + + + align:start position:0% +that's a small point now the general +case here of geometric series is where I + + align:start position:0% +case here of geometric series is where I + + + align:start position:0% +case here of geometric series is where I +put in a number a instead of a half here + + align:start position:0% +put in a number a instead of a half here + + + align:start position:0% +put in a number a instead of a half here +so we had before so that's one plus a + + align:start position:0% +so we had before so that's one plus a + + + align:start position:0% +so we had before so that's one plus a +plus a squared isn't quite the most + + align:start position:0% +plus a squared isn't quite the most + + + align:start position:0% +plus a squared isn't quite the most +general but anyway I'll write this down + + align:start position:0% +general but anyway I'll write this down + + + align:start position:0% +general but anyway I'll write this down +and you're certainly going to want to + + align:start position:0% +and you're certainly going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +and you're certainly going to want to +remember that the formula for this and + + align:start position:0% +remember that the formula for this and + + + align:start position:0% +remember that the formula for this and +the limit is 1 over 1 minus a and I + + align:start position:0% +the limit is 1 over 1 minus a and I + + + align:start position:0% +the limit is 1 over 1 minus a and I +remind you that this only works when the + + align:start position:0% +remind you that this only works when the + + + align:start position:0% +remind you that this only works when the +absolute value of a is strictly less + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of a is strictly less + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of a is strictly less +than 1 in other words when minus 1 is + + align:start position:0% +than 1 in other words when minus 1 is + + + align:start position:0% +than 1 in other words when minus 1 is +strictly less than a is less than 1 and + + align:start position:0% +strictly less than a is less than 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +strictly less than a is less than 1 and +that's really the issue that we're going + + align:start position:0% +that's really the issue that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +that's really the issue that we're going +to want to worry about now we're + + align:start position:0% +to want to worry about now we're + + + align:start position:0% +to want to worry about now we're +worrying about is this notion of convert + + align:start position:0% +worrying about is this notion of convert + + + align:start position:0% +worrying about is this notion of convert +virgins and what goes wrong when when + + align:start position:0% +virgins and what goes wrong when when + + + align:start position:0% +virgins and what goes wrong when when +there isn't convergence when there's a + + align:start position:0% +there isn't convergence when there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there isn't convergence when there's a +when there's a divergence so let me + + align:start position:0% +when there's a divergence so let me + + + align:start position:0% +when there's a divergence so let me +illustrate the divergences before going + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the divergences before going + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the divergences before going +on and this is what we have to avoid if + + align:start position:0% +on and this is what we have to avoid if + + + align:start position:0% +on and this is what we have to avoid if +we're going to understand series so + + align:start position:0% +we're going to understand series so + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to understand series so +here's an example when a is equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +here's an example when a is equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +here's an example when a is equal to 1 +you get 1 plus 1 plus 1 plus etc and + + align:start position:0% +you get 1 plus 1 plus 1 plus etc and + + + align:start position:0% +you get 1 plus 1 plus 1 plus etc and +that's equal to 1 over 1 minus 1 which + + align:start position:0% +that's equal to 1 over 1 minus 1 which + + + align:start position:0% +that's equal to 1 over 1 minus 1 which +is 1 over 0 so this is not bad it's + + align:start position:0% +is 1 over 0 so this is not bad it's + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 over 0 so this is not bad it's +almost right right it's sort of infinity + + align:start position:0% +almost right right it's sort of infinity + + + align:start position:0% +almost right right it's sort of infinity +equals infinity at the edge here we + + align:start position:0% +equals infinity at the edge here we + + + align:start position:0% +equals infinity at the edge here we +managed to get something which is sort + + align:start position:0% +managed to get something which is sort + + + align:start position:0% +managed to get something which is sort +of almost right but you know it's we + + align:start position:0% +of almost right but you know it's we + + + align:start position:0% +of almost right but you know it's we +don't consider this to be logically to + + align:start position:0% +don't consider this to be logically to + + + align:start position:0% +don't consider this to be logically to +make complete sense so it's it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +make complete sense so it's it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +make complete sense so it's it's it's a +little dangerous and so we just say that + + align:start position:0% +little dangerous and so we just say that + + + align:start position:0% +little dangerous and so we just say that +it diverges and we get rid of this so + + align:start position:0% +it diverges and we get rid of this so + + + align:start position:0% +it diverges and we get rid of this so +we're still putting it in red alright a + + align:start position:0% +we're still putting it in red alright a + + + align:start position:0% +we're still putting it in red alright a +bad guy here so this one diverges + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +similarly if I take a equals minus 1 I + + align:start position:0% +similarly if I take a equals minus 1 I + + + align:start position:0% +similarly if I take a equals minus 1 I +get 1 minus 1 plus 1 minus 1 plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +get 1 minus 1 plus 1 minus 1 plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +get 1 minus 1 plus 1 minus 1 plus 1 +because the odd and the even powers in + + align:start position:0% +because the odd and the even powers in + + + align:start position:0% +because the odd and the even powers in +that formula alternate sign and this + + align:start position:0% +that formula alternate sign and this + + + align:start position:0% +that formula alternate sign and this +bounces back and forth it never settles + + align:start position:0% +bounces back and forth it never settles + + + align:start position:0% +bounces back and forth it never settles +down it's it it starts at 1 and then it + + align:start position:0% +down it's it it starts at 1 and then it + + + align:start position:0% +down it's it it starts at 1 and then it +gets down to 0 and then it goes back up + + align:start position:0% +gets down to 0 and then it goes back up + + + align:start position:0% +gets down to 0 and then it goes back up +to one down to zero back up to 1 it + + align:start position:0% +to one down to zero back up to 1 it + + + align:start position:0% +to one down to zero back up to 1 it +doesn't settle down it bounces back and + + align:start position:0% +doesn't settle down it bounces back and + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't settle down it bounces back and +forth it oscillates on the other hand if + + align:start position:0% +forth it oscillates on the other hand if + + + align:start position:0% +forth it oscillates on the other hand if +you compare the right hand side what's + + align:start position:0% +you compare the right hand side what's + + + align:start position:0% +you compare the right hand side what's +the right hand side it's 1 over 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side it's 1 over 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side it's 1 over 1 minus +minus 1 which is 1/2 all right so if you + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 which is 1/2 all right so if you + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 which is 1/2 all right so if you +just paid attention to the formula which + + align:start position:0% +just paid attention to the formula which + + + align:start position:0% +just paid attention to the formula which +is what we were doing when we integrated + + align:start position:0% +is what we were doing when we integrated + + + align:start position:0% +is what we were doing when we integrated +without thinking too hard about this you + + align:start position:0% +without thinking too hard about this you + + + align:start position:0% +without thinking too hard about this you +get a number here but in fact that's + + align:start position:0% +get a number here but in fact that's + + + align:start position:0% +get a number here but in fact that's +wrong actually it's kind of an + + align:start position:0% +wrong actually it's kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +wrong actually it's kind of an +interesting number it's halfway between + + align:start position:0% +interesting number it's halfway between + + + align:start position:0% +interesting number it's halfway between +the two between 0 & 1 + + align:start position:0% +the two between 0 & 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the two between 0 & 1 +so again there's some sort of vague + + align:start position:0% +so again there's some sort of vague + + + align:start position:0% +so again there's some sort of vague +sense in which this is trying to be this + + align:start position:0% +sense in which this is trying to be this + + + align:start position:0% +sense in which this is trying to be this +answer all right it's not it's not so + + align:start position:0% +answer all right it's not it's not so + + + align:start position:0% +answer all right it's not it's not so +bad but we're still going to put this in + + align:start position:0% +bad but we're still going to put this in + + + align:start position:0% +bad but we're still going to put this in +a red box all right because this is + + align:start position:0% +a red box all right because this is + + + align:start position:0% +a red box all right because this is +what we call diverges so both of these + + align:start position:0% +what we call diverges so both of these + + + align:start position:0% +what we call diverges so both of these +cases are divergent it only really works + + align:start position:0% +cases are divergent it only really works + + + align:start position:0% +cases are divergent it only really works +when alpha is x1 a is less than 1 I'm + + align:start position:0% +when alpha is x1 a is less than 1 I'm + + + align:start position:0% +when alpha is x1 a is less than 1 I'm +going to add one more case just to see + + align:start position:0% +going to add one more case just to see + + + align:start position:0% +going to add one more case just to see +that mathematicians are slightly curious + + align:start position:0% +that mathematicians are slightly curious + + + align:start position:0% +that mathematicians are slightly curious +about what goes goes on in other cases + + align:start position:0% +about what goes goes on in other cases + + + align:start position:0% +about what goes goes on in other cases +so this is 1 plus 2 plus 2 squared plus + + align:start position:0% +so this is 1 plus 2 plus 2 squared plus + + + align:start position:0% +so this is 1 plus 2 plus 2 squared plus +2 2 cube plus etc and that should be + + align:start position:0% +2 2 cube plus etc and that should be + + + align:start position:0% +2 2 cube plus etc and that should be +equal to according to this formula 1 + + align:start position:0% +equal to according to this formula 1 + + + align:start position:0% +equal to according to this formula 1 +over 1 minus 2 which is negative 1 right + + align:start position:0% +over 1 minus 2 which is negative 1 right + + + align:start position:0% +over 1 minus 2 which is negative 1 right +now this one is clearly wrong right this + + align:start position:0% +now this one is clearly wrong right this + + + align:start position:0% +now this one is clearly wrong right this +one is totally wrong it certainly + + align:start position:0% +one is totally wrong it certainly + + + align:start position:0% +one is totally wrong it certainly +diverges the right-hand side the + + align:start position:0% +diverges the right-hand side the + + + align:start position:0% +diverges the right-hand side the +left-hand side is obviously infinite the + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side is obviously infinite the + + + align:start position:0% +left-hand side is obviously infinite the +right-hand side is way off it's it's + + align:start position:0% +right-hand side is way off it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +right-hand side is way off it's it's +negative 1 on the other hand it turns + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 on the other hand it turns + + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 on the other hand it turns +out actually that mathematicians have + + align:start position:0% +out actually that mathematicians have + + + align:start position:0% +out actually that mathematicians have +ways of making sense out of these in + + align:start position:0% +ways of making sense out of these in + + + align:start position:0% +ways of making sense out of these in +number theory there's a strange system + + align:start position:0% +number theory there's a strange system + + + align:start position:0% +number theory there's a strange system +where this is actually true and what + + align:start position:0% +where this is actually true and what + + + align:start position:0% +where this is actually true and what +what happens in that system is that what + + align:start position:0% +what happens in that system is that what + + + align:start position:0% +what happens in that system is that what +you have to throw out is the idea that 0 + + align:start position:0% +you have to throw out is the idea that 0 + + + align:start position:0% +you have to throw out is the idea that 0 +is less than 1 there are is no such + + align:start position:0% +is less than 1 there are is no such + + + align:start position:0% +is less than 1 there are is no such +thing as negative numbers so this number + + align:start position:0% +thing as negative numbers so this number + + + align:start position:0% +thing as negative numbers so this number +exists and it's it's the the additive + + align:start position:0% +exists and it's it's the the additive + + + align:start position:0% +exists and it's it's the the additive +inverse of 1 it has this arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +inverse of 1 it has this arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +inverse of 1 it has this arithmetic +property but the the statement that this + + align:start position:0% +property but the the statement that this + + + align:start position:0% +property but the the statement that this +is 1 as bigger than 0 does not make + + align:start position:0% +is 1 as bigger than 0 does not make + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 as bigger than 0 does not make +sense so you have your choice either + + align:start position:0% +sense so you have your choice either + + + align:start position:0% +sense so you have your choice either +this diverges or you have to throw out + + align:start position:0% +this diverges or you have to throw out + + + align:start position:0% +this diverges or you have to throw out +something like this so that's a very + + align:start position:0% +something like this so that's a very + + + align:start position:0% +something like this so that's a very +curious thing in higher mathematics + + align:start position:0% +curious thing in higher mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +curious thing in higher mathematics +which if you get to number theory + + align:start position:0% +which if you get to number theory + + + align:start position:0% +which if you get to number theory +there's fun stuff there all right ok but + + align:start position:0% +there's fun stuff there all right ok but + + + align:start position:0% +there's fun stuff there all right ok but +for our purposes these things are all + + align:start position:0% +for our purposes these things are all + + + align:start position:0% +for our purposes these things are all +out all right they're gone we're not + + align:start position:0% +out all right they're gone we're not + + + align:start position:0% +out all right they're gone we're not +considering them only a between negative + + align:start position:0% +considering them only a between negative + + + align:start position:0% +considering them only a between negative +1 and 1 all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now I want to do something systemic and + + align:start position:0% +now I want to do something systemic and + + + align:start position:0% +now I want to do something systemic and +it's more or less on the lines of the + + align:start position:0% +it's more or less on the lines of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's more or less on the lines of the +powers that I'm erasing right now I want + + align:start position:0% +powers that I'm erasing right now I want + + + align:start position:0% +powers that I'm erasing right now I want +to tell you about series which are kind + + align:start position:0% +to tell you about series which are kind + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you about series which are kind +of borderline convergent and then next + + align:start position:0% +of borderline convergent and then next + + + align:start position:0% +of borderline convergent and then next +time when we talk about power series + + align:start position:0% +time when we talk about power series + + + align:start position:0% +time when we talk about power series +we'll come back to this very important + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back to this very important + + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back to this very important +series which is the most important one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now let's talk about some series + + align:start position:0% +so now let's talk about some series + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's talk about some series +general notations and this will help you + + align:start position:0% +general notations and this will help you + + + align:start position:0% +general notations and this will help you +with the last bit this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +with the last bit this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +with the last bit this is going to be +pretty much the same as what we did for + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same as what we did for + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much the same as what we did for +improper integrals namely first of all + + align:start position:0% +improper integrals namely first of all + + + align:start position:0% +improper integrals namely first of all +I'm going to have capital SN which is + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have capital SN which is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have capital SN which is +the sum of a n n equals 0 to capital n + + align:start position:0% +the sum of a n n equals 0 to capital n + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of a n n equals 0 to capital n +and this is what we're calling a partial + + align:start position:0% +and this is what we're calling a partial + + + align:start position:0% +and this is what we're calling a partial +sum and then the full limit which is + + align:start position:0% +sum and then the full limit which is + + + align:start position:0% +sum and then the full limit which is +capital s if you like and N equals 0 to + + align:start position:0% +capital s if you like and N equals 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +capital s if you like and N equals 0 to +infinity is just the limit as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +infinity is just the limit as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +infinity is just the limit as n goes to +infinity of the SS and then we have the + + align:start position:0% +infinity of the SS and then we have the + + + align:start position:0% +infinity of the SS and then we have the +same kind of notation that we had before + + align:start position:0% +same kind of notation that we had before + + + align:start position:0% +same kind of notation that we had before +which is there at these two choices + + align:start position:0% +which is there at these two choices + + + align:start position:0% +which is there at these two choices +which is that it if the limit exists + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's the green choice and we say it + + align:start position:0% +that's the green choice and we say it + + + align:start position:0% +that's the green choice and we say it +converges so we say the series converges + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the series converges and then the other + + align:start position:0% +the series converges and then the other + + + align:start position:0% +the series converges and then the other +case which is the limit does not exist + + align:start position:0% +case which is the limit does not exist + + + align:start position:0% +case which is the limit does not exist +and we can say the series diverges + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question the question was how did I get + + align:start position:0% +question the question was how did I get + + + align:start position:0% +question the question was how did I get +to this and I will do that next time but + + align:start position:0% +to this and I will do that next time but + + + align:start position:0% +to this and I will do that next time but +in fact of course you've seen it in high + + align:start position:0% +in fact of course you've seen it in high + + + align:start position:0% +in fact of course you've seen it in high +school right this is a yeah yeah well + + align:start position:0% +school right this is a yeah yeah well + + + align:start position:0% +school right this is a yeah yeah well +we'll do that next time the question was + + align:start position:0% +we'll do that next time the question was + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do that next time the question was +how did we arrive sorry I didn't tell + + align:start position:0% +how did we arrive sorry I didn't tell + + + align:start position:0% +how did we arrive sorry I didn't tell +you the question the question was how do + + align:start position:0% +you the question the question was how do + + + align:start position:0% +you the question the question was how do +we arrive at this formula on the right + + align:start position:0% +we arrive at this formula on the right + + + align:start position:0% +we arrive at this formula on the right +hand side here but we'll talk about that + + align:start position:0% +hand side here but we'll talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +hand side here but we'll talk about that +next time all right so here's the basic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +definition and and and what we're going + + align:start position:0% +definition and and and what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +definition and and and what we're going +to recognize about series and I mean + + align:start position:0% +to recognize about series and I mean + + + align:start position:0% +to recognize about series and I mean +give you a few examples and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +give you a few examples and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +give you a few examples and then we'll +do something systematic so the first + + align:start position:0% +do something systematic so the first + + + align:start position:0% +do something systematic so the first +example well the first example is the + + align:start position:0% +example well the first example is the + + + align:start position:0% +example well the first example is the +geometric series but the first example + + align:start position:0% +geometric series but the first example + + + align:start position:0% +geometric series but the first example +that I'm going to discuss now in a + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to discuss now in a + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to discuss now in a +little bit of detail is the sum 1 over N + + align:start position:0% +little bit of detail is the sum 1 over N + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of detail is the sum 1 over N +squared N equals 1 to infinity it turns + + align:start position:0% +squared N equals 1 to infinity it turns + + + align:start position:0% +squared N equals 1 to infinity it turns +out that this series is very analogous + + align:start position:0% +out that this series is very analogous + + + align:start position:0% +out that this series is very analogous +and we'll develop this analogy carefully + + align:start position:0% +and we'll develop this analogy carefully + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll develop this analogy carefully +this series the integral from 1 to X DX + + align:start position:0% +this series the integral from 1 to X DX + + + align:start position:0% +this series the integral from 1 to X DX +over x squared and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +over x squared and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +over x squared and we're going to +develop this analogy in detail later in + + align:start position:0% +develop this analogy in detail later in + + + align:start position:0% +develop this analogy in detail later in +this lecture and this one is one of the + + align:start position:0% +this lecture and this one is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture and this one is one of the +ones so now you have to go back and + + align:start position:0% +ones so now you have to go back and + + + align:start position:0% +ones so now you have to go back and +actually remember this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +actually remember this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually remember this is one of the +ones you really want to memorize and you + + align:start position:0% +ones you really want to memorize and you + + + align:start position:0% +ones you really want to memorize and you +should especially pay attention to the + + align:start position:0% +should especially pay attention to the + + + align:start position:0% +should especially pay attention to the +ones with an infinity in them this one + + align:start position:0% +ones with an infinity in them this one + + + align:start position:0% +ones with an infinity in them this one +is convergent and this series is + + align:start position:0% +is convergent and this series is + + + align:start position:0% +is convergent and this series is +convergent now it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +convergent now it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +convergent now it turns out that +evaluating this is very easy this is one + + align:start position:0% +evaluating this is very easy this is one + + + align:start position:0% +evaluating this is very easy this is one +it's easy to calculate evaluating this + + align:start position:0% +it's easy to calculate evaluating this + + + align:start position:0% +it's easy to calculate evaluating this +is very tricky and euler did it and the + + align:start position:0% +is very tricky and euler did it and the + + + align:start position:0% +is very tricky and euler did it and the +answer is PI squared over 6 now that's + + align:start position:0% +answer is PI squared over 6 now that's + + + align:start position:0% +answer is PI squared over 6 now that's +an amazing calculation when it was done + + align:start position:0% +an amazing calculation when it was done + + + align:start position:0% +an amazing calculation when it was done +very early in history of mathematics if + + align:start position:0% +very early in history of mathematics if + + + align:start position:0% +very early in history of mathematics if +you look at another example + + align:start position:0% +you look at another example + + + align:start position:0% +you look at another example +so maybe example 2 here if you look at 1 + + align:start position:0% +so maybe example 2 here if you look at 1 + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe example 2 here if you look at 1 +over n cubed and equals well you can't + + align:start position:0% +over n cubed and equals well you can't + + + align:start position:0% +over n cubed and equals well you can't +start here at 0 by the way I get to + + align:start position:0% +start here at 0 by the way I get to + + + align:start position:0% +start here at 0 by the way I get to +start wherever I want in these series + + align:start position:0% +start wherever I want in these series + + + align:start position:0% +start wherever I want in these series +here I started with 0 here I started + + align:start position:0% +here I started with 0 here I started + + + align:start position:0% +here I started with 0 here I started +with 1 and notice the reason why I + + align:start position:0% +with 1 and notice the reason why I + + + align:start position:0% +with 1 and notice the reason why I +started is a bad idea to start with 0 + + align:start position:0% +started is a bad idea to start with 0 + + + align:start position:0% +started is a bad idea to start with 0 +was that 1 over 0 is undefined all right + + align:start position:0% +was that 1 over 0 is undefined all right + + + align:start position:0% +was that 1 over 0 is undefined all right +so I'm just starting where it's + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just starting where it's + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just starting where it's +convenient for me and since I'm + + align:start position:0% +convenient for me and since I'm + + + align:start position:0% +convenient for me and since I'm +interested mostly in the tail behavior + + align:start position:0% +interested mostly in the tail behavior + + + align:start position:0% +interested mostly in the tail behavior +it doesn't matter to me so much where I + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter to me so much where I + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter to me so much where I +start although if I want an exact answer + + align:start position:0% +start although if I want an exact answer + + + align:start position:0% +start although if I want an exact answer +I need to start exactly at N equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +I need to start exactly at N equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +I need to start exactly at N equals 1 +all right this one is is similar to this + + align:start position:0% +all right this one is is similar to this + + + align:start position:0% +all right this one is is similar to this +integral here all right which is + + align:start position:0% +integral here all right which is + + + align:start position:0% +integral here all right which is +convergent again so there's a number + + align:start position:0% +convergent again so there's a number + + + align:start position:0% +convergent again so there's a number +that you get and let's see what is it + + align:start position:0% +that you get and let's see what is it + + + align:start position:0% +that you get and let's see what is it +something like 2/3 or something like + + align:start position:0% +something like 2/3 or something like + + + align:start position:0% +something like 2/3 or something like +that alright for this for this number or + + align:start position:0% +that alright for this for this number or + + + align:start position:0% +that alright for this for this number or +1/3 what does it know 1/2 I guess it's + + align:start position:0% +1/3 what does it know 1/2 I guess it's + + + align:start position:0% +1/3 what does it know 1/2 I guess it's +1/2 this 1 is 1/2 you check that I'm not + + align:start position:0% +1/2 this 1 is 1/2 you check that I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 this 1 is 1/2 you check that I'm not +positive but anyway just doing it in my + + align:start position:0% +positive but anyway just doing it in my + + + align:start position:0% +positive but anyway just doing it in my +head quickly it seems to be 1/2 anyway + + align:start position:0% +head quickly it seems to be 1/2 anyway + + + align:start position:0% +head quickly it seems to be 1/2 anyway +it's a easy number to calculate this one + + align:start position:0% +it's a easy number to calculate this one + + + align:start position:0% +it's a easy number to calculate this one +over here stumped mathematicians + + align:start position:0% +over here stumped mathematicians + + + align:start position:0% +over here stumped mathematicians +basically for all time it doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +basically for all time it doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +basically for all time it doesn't have +any kind of elementary form like this + + align:start position:0% +any kind of elementary form like this + + + align:start position:0% +any kind of elementary form like this +and it was only very recently proved to + + align:start position:0% +and it was only very recently proved to + + + align:start position:0% +and it was only very recently proved to +be rational people don't didn't even + + align:start position:0% +be rational people don't didn't even + + + align:start position:0% +be rational people don't didn't even +couldn't even decide whether this was a + + align:start position:0% +couldn't even decide whether this was a + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't even decide whether this was a +rational number or not but anyway that's + + align:start position:0% +rational number or not but anyway that's + + + align:start position:0% +rational number or not but anyway that's +been resolved it is an irrational number + + align:start position:0% +been resolved it is an irrational number + + + align:start position:0% +been resolved it is an irrational number +which is what people suspected yeah + + align:start position:0% +which is what people suspected yeah + + + align:start position:0% +which is what people suspected yeah +question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah sorry okay I the rule of a rule of + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry okay I the rule of a rule of + + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry okay I the rule of a rule of +mathematics you said why is this similar + + align:start position:0% +mathematics you said why is this similar + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics you said why is this similar +I thought that similar was something + + align:start position:0% +I thought that similar was something + + + align:start position:0% +I thought that similar was something +else and you're absolutely right and I + + align:start position:0% +else and you're absolutely right and I + + + align:start position:0% +else and you're absolutely right and I +violated a rule of mathematics which is + + align:start position:0% +violated a rule of mathematics which is + + + align:start position:0% +violated a rule of mathematics which is +that I used the this symbol for two + + align:start position:0% +that I used the this symbol for two + + + align:start position:0% +that I used the this symbol for two +different things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these I should have written this symbol + + align:start position:0% +these I should have written this symbol + + + align:start position:0% +these I should have written this symbol +here all right I'll create a new symbol + + align:start position:0% +here all right I'll create a new symbol + + + align:start position:0% +here all right I'll create a new symbol +here the question of whether this + + align:start position:0% +here the question of whether this + + + align:start position:0% +here the question of whether this +converges or this converges is these are + + align:start position:0% +converges or this converges is these are + + + align:start position:0% +converges or this converges is these are +this the same type of question and we'll + + align:start position:0% +this the same type of question and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +this the same type of question and we'll +see why they're the same question in a + + align:start position:0% +see why they're the same question in a + + + align:start position:0% +see why they're the same question in a +few minutes but in fact the wiggle I + + align:start position:0% +few minutes but in fact the wiggle I + + + align:start position:0% +few minutes but in fact the wiggle I +used similar I used for the connection + + align:start position:0% +used similar I used for the connection + + + align:start position:0% +used similar I used for the connection +between functions what the things that + + align:start position:0% +between functions what the things that + + + align:start position:0% +between functions what the things that +are really similar are that 1 over n + + align:start position:0% +are really similar are that 1 over n + + + align:start position:0% +are really similar are that 1 over n +resembles Y over x squared so I + + align:start position:0% +resembles Y over x squared so I + + + align:start position:0% +resembles Y over x squared so I +apologize I didn't and you thought that + + align:start position:0% +apologize I didn't and you thought that + + + align:start position:0% +apologize I didn't and you thought that +that that this was the definition of + + align:start position:0% +that that this was the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +that that this was the definition of +that that's actually the reason why + + align:start position:0% +that that's actually the reason why + + + align:start position:0% +that that's actually the reason why +these things correspond so closely that + + align:start position:0% +these things correspond so closely that + + + align:start position:0% +these things correspond so closely that +is that that the Riemann sum is close to + + align:start position:0% +is that that the Riemann sum is close to + + + align:start position:0% +is that that the Riemann sum is close to +this but that doesn't mean they're equal + + align:start position:0% +this but that doesn't mean they're equal + + + align:start position:0% +this but that doesn't mean they're equal +the Riemann sum only works when the + + align:start position:0% +the Riemann sum only works when the + + + align:start position:0% +the Riemann sum only works when the +Delta X goes to 0 the way that we're + + align:start position:0% +Delta X goes to 0 the way that we're + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X goes to 0 the way that we're +going to get a connection between these + + align:start position:0% +going to get a connection between these + + + align:start position:0% +going to get a connection between these +two as we will in just a second is with + + align:start position:0% +two as we will in just a second is with + + + align:start position:0% +two as we will in just a second is with +a Riemann sum with we're going to what + + align:start position:0% +a Riemann sum with we're going to what + + + align:start position:0% +a Riemann sum with we're going to what +we're going to do use is a Riemann sum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with Delta X plus 1 all right and then + + align:start position:0% +with Delta X plus 1 all right and then + + + align:start position:0% +with Delta X plus 1 all right and then +that will be the connection between all + + align:start position:0% +that will be the connection between all + + + align:start position:0% +that will be the connection between all +right that's absolutely right + + align:start position:0% +right that's absolutely right + + + align:start position:0% +right that's absolutely right +all right so in order to illustrate + + align:start position:0% +all right so in order to illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +all right so in order to illustrate +exactly this idea that we've just that + + align:start position:0% +exactly this idea that we've just that + + + align:start position:0% +exactly this idea that we've just that +you've just come up with and in fact + + align:start position:0% +you've just come up with and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +you've just come up with and in fact +that we're going to use we'll do this + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to use we'll do this + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to use we'll do this +same thing but we're going to do it on + + align:start position:0% +same thing but we're going to do it on + + + align:start position:0% +same thing but we're going to do it on +the example sum 1 over N + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here's example 3 and it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +so here's example 3 and it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +so here's example 3 and it's going to be +sum 1 over N N equals 1 to infinity and + + align:start position:0% +sum 1 over N N equals 1 to infinity and + + + align:start position:0% +sum 1 over N N equals 1 to infinity and +what we're now going to see is that it + + align:start position:0% +what we're now going to see is that it + + + align:start position:0% +what we're now going to see is that it +corresponds to this integral here and + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to this integral here and + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to this integral here and +we're going to show therefore that this + + align:start position:0% +we're going to show therefore that this + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to show therefore that this +thing diverges but we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +thing diverges but we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +thing diverges but we're going to do +this in more carefully we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +this in more carefully we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +this in more carefully we're going to do +this in some detail so that you see what + + align:start position:0% +this in some detail so that you see what + + + align:start position:0% +this in some detail so that you see what +it is that the correspondence is between + + align:start position:0% +it is that the correspondence is between + + + align:start position:0% +it is that the correspondence is between +these quantities and the same sort of + + align:start position:0% +these quantities and the same sort of + + + align:start position:0% +these quantities and the same sort of +reasoning applies to these other + + align:start position:0% +reasoning applies to these other + + + align:start position:0% +reasoning applies to these other +examples so here we go + + align:start position:0% +examples so here we go + + + align:start position:0% +examples so here we go +I'm going to take the integral and draw + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to take the integral and draw + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to take the integral and draw +the picture of the Riemann sum so here's + + align:start position:0% +the picture of the Riemann sum so here's + + + align:start position:0% +the picture of the Riemann sum so here's +the level 1 and here's the function y + + align:start position:0% +the level 1 and here's the function y + + + align:start position:0% +the level 1 and here's the function y +equals 1 over X and I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 over X and I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 over X and I'm going to take +the Riemann sum with Delta x equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +the Riemann sum with Delta x equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the Riemann sum with Delta x equals 1 +and that's going to be closely connected + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to be closely connected + + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to be closely connected +to the series that I have but now I have + + align:start position:0% +to the series that I have but now I have + + + align:start position:0% +to the series that I have but now I have +to decide whether I want a lower Riemann + + align:start position:0% +to decide whether I want a lower Riemann + + + align:start position:0% +to decide whether I want a lower Riemann +sum or an upper Riemann sum and actually + + align:start position:0% +sum or an upper Riemann sum and actually + + + align:start position:0% +sum or an upper Riemann sum and actually +I'm going to check both of them because + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to check both of them because + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to check both of them because +both of them are illuminating first + + align:start position:0% +both of them are illuminating first + + + align:start position:0% +both of them are illuminating first +we'll do the upper Riemann sum well + + align:start position:0% +we'll do the upper Riemann sum well + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do the upper Riemann sum well +that's this staircase here so we'll call + + align:start position:0% +that's this staircase here so we'll call + + + align:start position:0% +that's this staircase here so we'll call +this the upper Riemann sum and let's + + align:start position:0% +this the upper Riemann sum and let's + + + align:start position:0% +this the upper Riemann sum and let's +check what its levels are this is not to + + align:start position:0% +check what its levels are this is not to + + + align:start position:0% +check what its levels are this is not to +scale this level should be 1/2 so if + + align:start position:0% +scale this level should be 1/2 so if + + + align:start position:0% +scale this level should be 1/2 so if +this is 1 and this is 2 then that levels + + align:start position:0% +this is 1 and this is 2 then that levels + + + align:start position:0% +this is 1 and this is 2 then that levels +supposed to be 1/2 and this next level + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be 1/2 and this next level + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be 1/2 and this next level +should be 1/3 that's that's how the + + align:start position:0% +should be 1/3 that's that's how the + + + align:start position:0% +should be 1/3 that's that's how the +Riemann sums are working out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now I have the following phenomenon + + align:start position:0% +and now I have the following phenomenon + + + align:start position:0% +and now I have the following phenomenon +let's just look let's cut it off at the + + align:start position:0% +let's just look let's cut it off at the + + + align:start position:0% +let's just look let's cut it off at the +end stage so that means that I'm going + + align:start position:0% +end stage so that means that I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +end stage so that means that I'm going +the integral is from 1 to n DX over X + + align:start position:0% +the integral is from 1 to n DX over X + + + align:start position:0% +the integral is from 1 to n DX over X +and the Riemann sum is something that's + + align:start position:0% +and the Riemann sum is something that's + + + align:start position:0% +and the Riemann sum is something that's +bigger than it because the area's are + + align:start position:0% +bigger than it because the area's are + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than it because the area's are +enclosing the area of the curved region + + align:start position:0% +enclosing the area of the curved region + + + align:start position:0% +enclosing the area of the curved region +and that's going to be the area of the + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to be the area of the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to be the area of the +first box which is 1 plus the area of + + align:start position:0% +first box which is 1 plus the area of + + + align:start position:0% +first box which is 1 plus the area of +the second box which is 1/2 plus the + + align:start position:0% +the second box which is 1/2 plus the + + + align:start position:0% +the second box which is 1/2 plus the +area of the third box which is 1/3 all + + align:start position:0% +area of the third box which is 1/3 all + + + align:start position:0% +area of the third box which is 1/3 all +the way up to the last one but the last + + align:start position:0% +the way up to the last one but the last + + + align:start position:0% +the way up to the last one but the last +one is is is starts at n minus 1 so it + + align:start position:0% +one is is is starts at n minus 1 so it + + + align:start position:0% +one is is is starts at n minus 1 so it +has 1 over n minus 1 there are not n + + align:start position:0% +has 1 over n minus 1 there are not n + + + align:start position:0% +has 1 over n minus 1 there are not n +boxes here there are only n minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +boxes here there are only n minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +boxes here there are only n minus 1 +boxes because the distance between 1 and + + align:start position:0% +boxes because the distance between 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +boxes because the distance between 1 and +n is n minus 1 all right so this is n + + align:start position:0% +n is n minus 1 all right so this is n + + + align:start position:0% +n is n minus 1 all right so this is n +minus 1 terms however if I use the + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 terms however if I use the + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 terms however if I use the +notation for partial sum which is 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +notation for partial sum which is 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +notation for partial sum which is 1 plus +1 over 2 plus all the way up to 1 over n + + align:start position:0% +1 over 2 plus all the way up to 1 over n + + + align:start position:0% +1 over 2 plus all the way up to 1 over n +minus 1 plus 1 over N in other words I + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 plus 1 over N in other words I + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 plus 1 over N in other words I +go out to the nth one which is what I + + align:start position:0% +go out to the nth one which is what I + + + align:start position:0% +go out to the nth one which is what I +would ordinarily do then this sum that I + + align:start position:0% +would ordinarily do then this sum that I + + + align:start position:0% +would ordinarily do then this sum that I +have here is certainly less than I said + + align:start position:0% +have here is certainly less than I said + + + align:start position:0% +have here is certainly less than I said +because there's one more term there and + + align:start position:0% +because there's one more term there and + + + align:start position:0% +because there's one more term there and +so here I have an integral which is + + align:start position:0% +so here I have an integral which is + + + align:start position:0% +so here I have an integral which is +underneath this sum SN + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now this is going to allow us to prove + + align:start position:0% +now this is going to allow us to prove + + + align:start position:0% +now this is going to allow us to prove +conclusively that the so I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +conclusively that the so I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +conclusively that the so I'm just going +to rewrite this prove conclusively that + + align:start position:0% +to rewrite this prove conclusively that + + + align:start position:0% +to rewrite this prove conclusively that +the sum diverges why is that because + + align:start position:0% +the sum diverges why is that because + + + align:start position:0% +the sum diverges why is that because +this term here we can calculate this is + + align:start position:0% +this term here we can calculate this is + + + align:start position:0% +this term here we can calculate this is +log X evaluated at 1 and n which is the + + align:start position:0% +log X evaluated at 1 and n which is the + + + align:start position:0% +log X evaluated at 1 and n which is the +same thing as log and minus 0 + + align:start position:0% +same thing as log and minus 0 + + + align:start position:0% +same thing as log and minus 0 +all right the quantity log n minus log + + align:start position:0% +all right the quantity log n minus log + + + align:start position:0% +all right the quantity log n minus log +log 1 which is 0 and so what we have + + align:start position:0% +log 1 which is 0 and so what we have + + + align:start position:0% +log 1 which is 0 and so what we have +here is that log n is less than SN all + + align:start position:0% +here is that log n is less than SN all + + + align:start position:0% +here is that log n is less than SN all +right and clearly this goes to infinity + + align:start position:0% +right and clearly this goes to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +right and clearly this goes to infinity +right as n goes to infinity this thing + + align:start position:0% +right as n goes to infinity this thing + + + align:start position:0% +right as n goes to infinity this thing +goes to infinity so we're done + + align:start position:0% +goes to infinity so we're done + + + align:start position:0% +goes to infinity so we're done +all right we've shown divergence now the + + align:start position:0% +all right we've shown divergence now the + + + align:start position:0% +all right we've shown divergence now the +way I'm going to use the lower Riemann + + align:start position:0% +way I'm going to use the lower Riemann + + + align:start position:0% +way I'm going to use the lower Riemann +sum is to recognize that we've captured + + align:start position:0% +sum is to recognize that we've captured + + + align:start position:0% +sum is to recognize that we've captured +the rate appropriately that is not only + + align:start position:0% +the rate appropriately that is not only + + + align:start position:0% +the rate appropriately that is not only +do I have a lower bound like this but I + + align:start position:0% +do I have a lower bound like this but I + + + align:start position:0% +do I have a lower bound like this but I +have an upper bound which is very + + align:start position:0% +have an upper bound which is very + + + align:start position:0% +have an upper bound which is very +similar so if I use the upper Riemann + + align:start position:0% +similar so if I use the upper Riemann + + + align:start position:0% +similar so if I use the upper Riemann +sorry the lower Riemann sum again with + + align:start position:0% +sorry the lower Riemann sum again with + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the lower Riemann sum again with +Delta x equals 1 then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I have that the integral from 1 to n of + + align:start position:0% +I have that the integral from 1 to n of + + + align:start position:0% +I have that the integral from 1 to n of +DX over X is bigger than well what are + + align:start position:0% +DX over X is bigger than well what are + + + align:start position:0% +DX over X is bigger than well what are +the terms going to be if I fit them + + align:start position:0% +the terms going to be if I fit them + + + align:start position:0% +the terms going to be if I fit them +underneath if I fit them underneath I'm + + align:start position:0% +underneath if I fit them underneath I'm + + + align:start position:0% +underneath if I fit them underneath I'm +missing the first term that is the box + + align:start position:0% +missing the first term that is the box + + + align:start position:0% +missing the first term that is the box +is going to be 1/2 height it's going to + + align:start position:0% +is going to be 1/2 height it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be 1/2 height it's going to +be this this lower piece so I'm missing + + align:start position:0% +be this this lower piece so I'm missing + + + align:start position:0% +be this this lower piece so I'm missing +this first term so it'll be 1/2 plus 1/3 + + align:start position:0% +this first term so it'll be 1/2 plus 1/3 + + + align:start position:0% +this first term so it'll be 1/2 plus 1/3 +plus all right we'll keep on going but + + align:start position:0% +plus all right we'll keep on going but + + + align:start position:0% +plus all right we'll keep on going but +now the last one instead of being 1 over + + align:start position:0% +now the last one instead of being 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +now the last one instead of being 1 over +n minus 1 is going to be 1 over n this + + align:start position:0% +n minus 1 is going to be 1 over n this + + + align:start position:0% +n minus 1 is going to be 1 over n this +is again a total of n minus 1 terms so + + align:start position:0% +is again a total of n minus 1 terms so + + + align:start position:0% +is again a total of n minus 1 terms so +this is the lower Riemann sum and now we + + align:start position:0% +this is the lower Riemann sum and now we + + + align:start position:0% +this is the lower Riemann sum and now we +can recognize that this is exactly equal + + align:start position:0% +can recognize that this is exactly equal + + + align:start position:0% +can recognize that this is exactly equal +to well so I'll put it over here this is + + align:start position:0% +to well so I'll put it over here this is + + + align:start position:0% +to well so I'll put it over here this is +exactly equal to SN minus 1 minus the + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to SN minus 1 minus the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to SN minus 1 minus the +first term so we missed the first term + + align:start position:0% +first term so we missed the first term + + + align:start position:0% +first term so we missed the first term +but we got all the rest of them so if I + + align:start position:0% +but we got all the rest of them so if I + + + align:start position:0% +but we got all the rest of them so if I +put this to the other side remember this + + align:start position:0% +put this to the other side remember this + + + align:start position:0% +put this to the other side remember this +is the login if I put this to the other + + align:start position:0% +is the login if I put this to the other + + + align:start position:0% +is the login if I put this to the other +side I have the other side of this bound + + align:start position:0% +side I have the other side of this bound + + + align:start position:0% +side I have the other side of this bound +I have that SN is less than if I reverse + + align:start position:0% +I have that SN is less than if I reverse + + + align:start position:0% +I have that SN is less than if I reverse +it log n plus 1 and so I've trapped it + + align:start position:0% +it log n plus 1 and so I've trapped it + + + align:start position:0% +it log n plus 1 and so I've trapped it +on the other side here I have the lower + + align:start position:0% +on the other side here I have the lower + + + align:start position:0% +on the other side here I have the lower +bound so I'm going to combine that those + + align:start position:0% +bound so I'm going to combine that those + + + align:start position:0% +bound so I'm going to combine that those +together so all told I have this this + + align:start position:0% +together so all told I have this this + + + align:start position:0% +together so all told I have this this +correspondence here it is the size of + + align:start position:0% +correspondence here it is the size of + + + align:start position:0% +correspondence here it is the size of +log n is trapped between sorry the size + + align:start position:0% +log n is trapped between sorry the size + + + align:start position:0% +log n is trapped between sorry the size +of SN which is relatively hard to + + align:start position:0% +of SN which is relatively hard to + + + align:start position:0% +of SN which is relatively hard to +calculate and understand exactly is + + align:start position:0% +calculate and understand exactly is + + + align:start position:0% +calculate and understand exactly is +trapped between log N and log n plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +trapped between log N and log n plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +trapped between log N and log n plus 1 +yeah question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this step here is the step that you're + + align:start position:0% +this step here is the step that you're + + + align:start position:0% +this step here is the step that you're +concerned about so this step is a + + align:start position:0% +concerned about so this step is a + + + align:start position:0% +concerned about so this step is a +geometric argument which is analogous to + + align:start position:0% +geometric argument which is analogous to + + + align:start position:0% +geometric argument which is analogous to +this step alright it's the it's the same + + align:start position:0% +this step alright it's the it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +this step alright it's the it's the same +type of argument and in this case it's + + align:start position:0% +type of argument and in this case it's + + + align:start position:0% +type of argument and in this case it's +that the rectangles are on top and so + + align:start position:0% +that the rectangles are on top and so + + + align:start position:0% +that the rectangles are on top and so +the area represented on the right hand + + align:start position:0% +the area represented on the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +the area represented on the right hand +side is less than the area represented + + align:start position:0% +side is less than the area represented + + + align:start position:0% +side is less than the area represented +on the on this side and this is the same + + align:start position:0% +on the on this side and this is the same + + + align:start position:0% +on the on this side and this is the same +type of thing except that the rectangles + + align:start position:0% +type of thing except that the rectangles + + + align:start position:0% +type of thing except that the rectangles +are underneath so the sum of the areas + + align:start position:0% +are underneath so the sum of the areas + + + align:start position:0% +are underneath so the sum of the areas +of the rectangles is less than the area + + align:start position:0% +of the rectangles is less than the area + + + align:start position:0% +of the rectangles is less than the area +under the curve all right so I've now + + align:start position:0% +under the curve all right so I've now + + + align:start position:0% +under the curve all right so I've now +trapped this this quantity and I'm now + + align:start position:0% +trapped this this quantity and I'm now + + + align:start position:0% +trapped this this quantity and I'm now +going to state the the sort of general + + align:start position:0% +going to state the the sort of general + + + align:start position:0% +going to state the the sort of general +results so here's what's known as + + align:start position:0% +results so here's what's known as + + + align:start position:0% +results so here's what's known as +integral comparison it's this it's this + + align:start position:0% +integral comparison it's this it's this + + + align:start position:0% +integral comparison it's this it's this +double arrow correspondence in the + + align:start position:0% +double arrow correspondence in the + + + align:start position:0% +double arrow correspondence in the +general case or in a very general case + + align:start position:0% +general case or in a very general case + + + align:start position:0% +general case or in a very general case +there's actually even more cases where + + align:start position:0% +there's actually even more cases where + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually even more cases where +it works but this is a good case and + + align:start position:0% +it works but this is a good case and + + + align:start position:0% +it works but this is a good case and +convenient this is called integral + + align:start position:0% +convenient this is called integral + + + align:start position:0% +convenient this is called integral +comparison and it has how it comes with + + align:start position:0% +comparison and it has how it comes with + + + align:start position:0% +comparison and it has how it comes with +hypotheses but it follows the same + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses but it follows the same + + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses but it follows the same +argument that I just gave if f of X is + + align:start position:0% +argument that I just gave if f of X is + + + align:start position:0% +argument that I just gave if f of X is +decreasing and it's positive then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the some F n N equals one to infinity + + align:start position:0% +the some F n N equals one to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +the some F n N equals one to infinity +minus the integral from 1 to infinity of + + align:start position:0% +minus the integral from 1 to infinity of + + + align:start position:0% +minus the integral from 1 to infinity of +f of X DX is less than F of 1 that's + + align:start position:0% +f of X DX is less than F of 1 that's + + + align:start position:0% +f of X DX is less than F of 1 that's +basically what we showed we showed that + + align:start position:0% +basically what we showed we showed that + + + align:start position:0% +basically what we showed we showed that +the difference between SN and log n was + + align:start position:0% +the difference between SN and log n was + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between SN and log n was +at most 1 all right now if both of them + + align:start position:0% +at most 1 all right now if both of them + + + align:start position:0% +at most 1 all right now if both of them +are and and the sum and the integral + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +converge or diverge together that is + + align:start position:0% +converge or diverge together that is + + + align:start position:0% +converge or diverge together that is +they either both converge or both + + align:start position:0% +they either both converge or both + + + align:start position:0% +they either both converge or both +diverge this is the type of test that we + + align:start position:0% +diverge this is the type of test that we + + + align:start position:0% +diverge this is the type of test that we +like because then we can just convert + + align:start position:0% +like because then we can just convert + + + align:start position:0% +like because then we can just convert +the question of convergence over here to + + align:start position:0% +the question of convergence over here to + + + align:start position:0% +the question of convergence over here to +this question of convergence over on the + + align:start position:0% +this question of convergence over on the + + + align:start position:0% +this question of convergence over on the +other side now I remind you that it's + + align:start position:0% +other side now I remind you that it's + + + align:start position:0% +other side now I remind you that it's +incredibly hard to calculate these + + align:start position:0% +incredibly hard to calculate these + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly hard to calculate these +numbers whereas these numbers are easier + + align:start position:0% +numbers whereas these numbers are easier + + + align:start position:0% +numbers whereas these numbers are easier +to calculate our goal is to have this to + + align:start position:0% +to calculate our goal is to have this to + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate our goal is to have this to +reduce things to simpler things and in + + align:start position:0% +reduce things to simpler things and in + + + align:start position:0% +reduce things to simpler things and in +this case sums infinite sums are much + + align:start position:0% +this case sums infinite sums are much + + + align:start position:0% +this case sums infinite sums are much +harder than infinite integrals all right + + align:start position:0% +harder than infinite integrals all right + + + align:start position:0% +harder than infinite integrals all right +so that's the integral comparison and + + align:start position:0% +so that's the integral comparison and + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the integral comparison and +now I have one last bit on comparisons + + align:start position:0% +now I have one last bit on comparisons + + + align:start position:0% +now I have one last bit on comparisons +that I need to tell you about and this + + align:start position:0% +that I need to tell you about and this + + + align:start position:0% +that I need to tell you about and this +is very much like what we did with + + align:start position:0% +is very much like what we did with + + + align:start position:0% +is very much like what we did with +integrals which is a so called limit + + align:start position:0% +integrals which is a so called limit + + + align:start position:0% +integrals which is a so called limit +comparison the limit comparison says the + + align:start position:0% +comparison the limit comparison says the + + + align:start position:0% +comparison the limit comparison says the +following if F of n is similar to G of n + + align:start position:0% +following if F of n is similar to G of n + + + align:start position:0% +following if F of n is similar to G of n +we recall that that means F of n over G + + align:start position:0% +we recall that that means F of n over G + + + align:start position:0% +we recall that that means F of n over G +of n tends to 1 as n goes to infinity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we're in the positive case so let's + + align:start position:0% +and we're in the positive case so let's + + + align:start position:0% +and we're in the positive case so let's +just say GN is positive then no it + + align:start position:0% +just say GN is positive then no it + + + align:start position:0% +just say GN is positive then no it +doesn't even well then um some FN some G + + align:start position:0% +doesn't even well then um some FN some G + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't even well then um some FN some G +uh even both same thing is above either + + align:start position:0% +uh even both same thing is above either + + + align:start position:0% +uh even both same thing is above either +both converge we're both alright this is + + align:start position:0% +both converge we're both alright this is + + + align:start position:0% +both converge we're both alright this is +just saying that if the if they's behave + + align:start position:0% +just saying that if the if they's behave + + + align:start position:0% +just saying that if the if they's behave +the same way in the tail which is all we + + align:start position:0% +the same way in the tail which is all we + + + align:start position:0% +the same way in the tail which is all we +really care about then they have similar + + align:start position:0% +really care about then they have similar + + + align:start position:0% +really care about then they have similar +behavior similar convergence properties + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and let me give you a couple examples so + + align:start position:0% +and let me give you a couple examples so + + + align:start position:0% +and let me give you a couple examples so +here's one example if you take the sum 1 + + align:start position:0% +here's one example if you take the sum 1 + + + align:start position:0% +here's one example if you take the sum 1 +over N squared plus 1 square root + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is going to be replaced by + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be replaced by + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be replaced by +something simpler which is the main term + + align:start position:0% +something simpler which is the main term + + + align:start position:0% +something simpler which is the main term +here which is one over square root of N + + align:start position:0% +here which is one over square root of N + + + align:start position:0% +here which is one over square root of N +squared which we recognize as some 1 + + align:start position:0% +squared which we recognize as some 1 + + + align:start position:0% +squared which we recognize as some 1 +over N which diverges so this guy is one + + align:start position:0% +over N which diverges so this guy is one + + + align:start position:0% +over N which diverges so this guy is one +of the red guys on the red team now we + + align:start position:0% +of the red guys on the red team now we + + + align:start position:0% +of the red guys on the red team now we +have another example which is let's say + + align:start position:0% +have another example which is let's say + + + align:start position:0% +have another example which is let's say +the square root of n I don't know to the + + align:start position:0% +the square root of n I don't know to the + + + align:start position:0% +the square root of n I don't know to the +fifth minus M Squared now if you have + + align:start position:0% +fifth minus M Squared now if you have + + + align:start position:0% +fifth minus M Squared now if you have +something where that's negative in the + + align:start position:0% +something where that's negative in the + + + align:start position:0% +something where that's negative in the +drama you kind of do have to watch out + + align:start position:0% +drama you kind of do have to watch out + + + align:start position:0% +drama you kind of do have to watch out +that the denominator makes sense it + + align:start position:0% +that the denominator makes sense it + + + align:start position:0% +that the denominator makes sense it +isn't zero so we're going to be careful + + align:start position:0% +isn't zero so we're going to be careful + + + align:start position:0% +isn't zero so we're going to be careful +and start this at N equals two in which + + align:start position:0% +and start this at N equals two in which + + + align:start position:0% +and start this at N equals two in which +case the first term is you know right I + + align:start position:0% +case the first term is you know right I + + + align:start position:0% +case the first term is you know right I +don't I don't like one over zero is a + + align:start position:0% +don't I don't like one over zero is a + + + align:start position:0% +don't I don't like one over zero is a +term in my series so I'm just gonna be a + + align:start position:0% +term in my series so I'm just gonna be a + + + align:start position:0% +term in my series so I'm just gonna be a +little careful about how I said I was + + align:start position:0% +little careful about how I said I was + + + align:start position:0% +little careful about how I said I was +kind of lazy here I could have started + + align:start position:0% +kind of lazy here I could have started + + + align:start position:0% +kind of lazy here I could have started +this one at zero for instance all right + + align:start position:0% +this one at zero for instance all right + + + align:start position:0% +this one at zero for instance all right +so here's the here's a picture now this + + align:start position:0% +so here's the here's a picture now this + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the here's a picture now this +I get I just replaced by its main term + + align:start position:0% +I get I just replaced by its main term + + + align:start position:0% +I get I just replaced by its main term +which is 1 over N to the fifth square + + align:start position:0% +which is 1 over N to the fifth square + + + align:start position:0% +which is 1 over N to the fifth square +root which is some 1 over N to the 5 + + align:start position:0% +root which is some 1 over N to the 5 + + + align:start position:0% +root which is some 1 over N to the 5 +halves which converges all right the + + align:start position:0% +halves which converges all right the + + + align:start position:0% +halves which converges all right the +power is bigger than 1 1 is the divider + + align:start position:0% +power is bigger than 1 1 is the divider + + + align:start position:0% +power is bigger than 1 1 is the divider +for these things in it and it just + + align:start position:0% +for these things in it and it just + + + align:start position:0% +for these things in it and it just +misses this one converges all right so + + align:start position:0% +misses this one converges all right so + + + align:start position:0% +misses this one converges all right so +these are the typical ways in which in + + align:start position:0% +these are the typical ways in which in + + + align:start position:0% +these are the typical ways in which in +which these convergence processes are + + align:start position:0% +which these convergence processes are + + + align:start position:0% +which these convergence processes are +used all right so I have one more thing + + align:start position:0% +used all right so I have one more thing + + + align:start position:0% +used all right so I have one more thing +for you which is an advertisement for + + align:start position:0% +for you which is an advertisement for + + + align:start position:0% +for you which is an advertisement for +next time + + align:start position:0% +next time + + + align:start position:0% +next time +and I have this demo here which I can + + align:start position:0% +and I have this demo here which I can + + + align:start position:0% +and I have this demo here which I can +grant okay but you will see this next + + align:start position:0% +grant okay but you will see this next + + + align:start position:0% +grant okay but you will see this next +time so here's a question for you to + + align:start position:0% +time so here's a question for you to + + + align:start position:0% +time so here's a question for you to +think about overnight but don't ask + + align:start position:0% +think about overnight but don't ask + + + align:start position:0% +think about overnight but don't ask +friends you have to think about yourself + + align:start position:0% +friends you have to think about yourself + + + align:start position:0% +friends you have to think about yourself +so here's the problem + + align:start position:0% +so here's the problem + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the problem +here are some blocks which I acquired + + align:start position:0% +here are some blocks which I acquired + + + align:start position:0% +here are some blocks which I acquired +one of my kids left home + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anyway yeah + + align:start position:0% +anyway yeah + + + align:start position:0% +anyway yeah +now that that will happen to you too in + + align:start position:0% +now that that will happen to you too in + + + align:start position:0% +now that that will happen to you too in +about 40 years so now so now here you + + align:start position:0% +about 40 years so now so now here you + + + align:start position:0% +about 40 years so now so now here you +are these are blocks so now here's the + + align:start position:0% +are these are blocks so now here's the + + + align:start position:0% +are these are blocks so now here's the +question that we're going to deal with + + align:start position:0% +question that we're going to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +question that we're going to deal with +next time I'm going to build it maybe + + align:start position:0% +next time I'm going to build it maybe + + + align:start position:0% +next time I'm going to build it maybe +I'll put it over here because I want to + + align:start position:0% +I'll put it over here because I want to + + + align:start position:0% +I'll put it over here because I want to +have some room to head this way I want + + align:start position:0% +have some room to head this way I want + + + align:start position:0% +have some room to head this way I want +to I want to stack them up so that Oh + + align:start position:0% +to I want to stack them up so that Oh + + + align:start position:0% +to I want to stack them up so that Oh +didn't work going to stack them up in + + align:start position:0% +didn't work going to stack them up in + + + align:start position:0% +didn't work going to stack them up in +the following way + + align:start position:0% +the following way + + + align:start position:0% +the following way +I want to do it so that the top one is + + align:start position:0% +I want to do it so that the top one is + + + align:start position:0% +I want to do it so that the top one is +completely to the right of the bottom + + align:start position:0% +completely to the right of the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +completely to the right of the bottom +one that's the question can it can I do + + align:start position:0% +one that's the question can it can I do + + + align:start position:0% +one that's the question can it can I do +that can I get can I build this up so + + align:start position:0% +that can I get can I build this up so + + + align:start position:0% +that can I get can I build this up so +let's let's see here ah it's just I just + + align:start position:0% +let's let's see here ah it's just I just + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's see here ah it's just I just +seem to be missing but anyway what I'm + + align:start position:0% +seem to be missing but anyway what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +seem to be missing but anyway what I'm +going to do is I'm going to try to build + + align:start position:0% +going to do is I'm going to try to build + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is I'm going to try to build +this and we're going to see how far we + + align:start position:0% +this and we're going to see how far we + + + align:start position:0% +this and we're going to see how far we +can get with this next time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/MR_Dwrf9yII.txt b/MR_Dwrf9yII.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..668c249b7a15ef376a40800ac33532e8a8a6f79b --- /dev/null +++ b/MR_Dwrf9yII.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13979 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu we want to talk about uh + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu we want to talk about uh + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu we want to talk about uh +theoretical models they tell us + + align:start position:0% +theoretical models they tell us + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical models they tell us +Stories the key variables are very much + + align:start position:0% +Stories the key variables are very much + + + align:start position:0% +Stories the key variables are very much +of Interest growth inequality + + align:start position:0% +of Interest growth inequality + + + align:start position:0% +of Interest growth inequality +poverty but just telling a story as + + align:start position:0% +poverty but just telling a story as + + + align:start position:0% +poverty but just telling a story as +elegant as it may be even with surprises + + align:start position:0% +elegant as it may be even with surprises + + + align:start position:0% +elegant as it may be even with surprises +does not even necessarily tell us that + + align:start position:0% +does not even necessarily tell us that + + + align:start position:0% +does not even necessarily tell us that +it matches up to reality and therefore + + align:start position:0% +it matches up to reality and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +it matches up to reality and therefore +one might be a little bit cautious in + + align:start position:0% +one might be a little bit cautious in + + + align:start position:0% +one might be a little bit cautious in +terms of formulation of policy now it is + + align:start position:0% +terms of formulation of policy now it is + + + align:start position:0% +terms of formulation of policy now it is +true that uh having + + align:start position:0% +true that uh having + + + align:start position:0% +true that uh having +sort of a good conceptual Foundation a + + align:start position:0% +sort of a good conceptual Foundation a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a good conceptual Foundation a +good well articulated theoretical model + + align:start position:0% +good well articulated theoretical model + + + align:start position:0% +good well articulated theoretical model +is a very important step I'm not + + align:start position:0% +is a very important step I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +is a very important step I'm not +demeaning that step at all what I'm + + align:start position:0% +demeaning that step at all what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +demeaning that step at all what I'm +trying to say is uh it's a very useful + + align:start position:0% +trying to say is uh it's a very useful + + + align:start position:0% +trying to say is uh it's a very useful +First Step but in the literature we're + + align:start position:0% +First Step but in the literature we're + + + align:start position:0% +First Step but in the literature we're +going to review today we've gone beyond + + align:start position:0% +going to review today we've gone beyond + + + align:start position:0% +going to review today we've gone beyond +that and to try to take the next step + + align:start position:0% +that and to try to take the next step + + + align:start position:0% +that and to try to take the next step +and see how well it fits uh and how are + + align:start position:0% +and see how well it fits uh and how are + + + align:start position:0% +and see how well it fits uh and how are +we going to quote fit it uh we're going + + align:start position:0% +we going to quote fit it uh we're going + + + align:start position:0% +we going to quote fit it uh we're going +to take the assumed micro Financial + + align:start position:0% +to take the assumed micro Financial + + + align:start position:0% +to take the assumed micro Financial +underpinnings uh and uh estimate those + + align:start position:0% +underpinnings uh and uh estimate those + + + align:start position:0% +underpinnings uh and uh estimate those +underpinnings uh and get the bulk of the + + align:start position:0% +underpinnings uh and get the bulk of the + + + align:start position:0% +underpinnings uh and get the bulk of the +key parameters of the model pinned down + + align:start position:0% +key parameters of the model pinned down + + + align:start position:0% +key parameters of the model pinned down +that in that way from the Micro + + align:start position:0% +that in that way from the Micro + + + align:start position:0% +that in that way from the Micro +Data uh there'll be a few remaining + + align:start position:0% +Data uh there'll be a few remaining + + + align:start position:0% +Data uh there'll be a few remaining +parameters that we can't get from + + align:start position:0% +parameters that we can't get from + + + align:start position:0% +parameters that we can't get from +household choice or business choice and + + align:start position:0% +household choice or business choice and + + + align:start position:0% +household choice or business choice and +we'll calibrate those + + align:start position:0% +we'll calibrate those + + + align:start position:0% +we'll calibrate those +uh and then we'll simulate the models + + align:start position:0% +uh and then we'll simulate the models + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then we'll simulate the models +uh and get what the model would predict + + align:start position:0% +uh and get what the model would predict + + + align:start position:0% +uh and get what the model would predict +for growth + + align:start position:0% +for growth + + + align:start position:0% +for growth +inequality income + + align:start position:0% +inequality income + + + align:start position:0% +inequality income +savings labor share of GDP and actually + + align:start position:0% +savings labor share of GDP and actually + + + align:start position:0% +savings labor share of GDP and actually +also some of the key underpinnings of + + align:start position:0% +also some of the key underpinnings of + + + align:start position:0% +also some of the key underpinnings of +each model in the first one it's going + + align:start position:0% +each model in the first one it's going + + + align:start position:0% +each model in the first one it's going +to be the fraction of households running + + align:start position:0% +to be the fraction of households running + + + align:start position:0% +to be the fraction of households running +businesses and the second one is going + + align:start position:0% +businesses and the second one is going + + + align:start position:0% +businesses and the second one is going +to be the fraction of households + + align:start position:0% +to be the fraction of households + + + align:start position:0% +to be the fraction of households +participating in the financial sector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so what do we do with these + + align:start position:0% +so what do we do with these + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we do with these +uh each each one then we can after we + + align:start position:0% +uh each each one then we can after we + + + align:start position:0% +uh each each one then we can after we +get done looking at the goodness of fit + + align:start position:0% +get done looking at the goodness of fit + + + align:start position:0% +get done looking at the goodness of fit +uh we can do welfare uh analysis of of + + align:start position:0% +uh we can do welfare uh analysis of of + + + align:start position:0% +uh we can do welfare uh analysis of of +policy intervention the the first model + + align:start position:0% +policy intervention the the first model + + + align:start position:0% +policy intervention the the first model +has to make it easier an exogeneously + + align:start position:0% +has to make it easier an exogeneously + + + align:start position:0% +has to make it easier an exogeneously +expanding Financial SE sector at exactly + + align:start position:0% +expanding Financial SE sector at exactly + + + align:start position:0% +expanding Financial SE sector at exactly +the rate we see it in the + + align:start position:0% +the rate we see it in the + + + align:start position:0% +the rate we see it in the +data um and that's going to create + + align:start position:0% +data um and that's going to create + + + align:start position:0% +data um and that's going to create +winners or + + align:start position:0% +winners or + + + align:start position:0% +winners or +losers as the financial system + + align:start position:0% +losers as the financial system + + + align:start position:0% +losers as the financial system +expands uh we'll get changes on the + + align:start position:0% +expands uh we'll get changes on the + + + align:start position:0% +expands uh we'll get changes on the +extensive margin because some households + + align:start position:0% +extensive margin because some households + + + align:start position:0% +extensive margin because some households +will go into + + align:start position:0% +will go into + + + align:start position:0% +will go into +business uh we'll get changes as wealth + + align:start position:0% +business uh we'll get changes as wealth + + + align:start position:0% +business uh we'll get changes as wealth +accumulates in the amount that they can + + align:start position:0% +accumulates in the amount that they can + + + align:start position:0% +accumulates in the amount that they can +invest in + + align:start position:0% +invest in + + + align:start position:0% +invest in +business and also because it's going to + + align:start position:0% +business and also because it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +business and also because it's going to +be a general equilibrium model we're + + align:start position:0% +be a general equilibrium model we're + + + align:start position:0% +be a general equilibrium model we're +going to get changes in equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +going to get changes in equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +going to get changes in equilibrium +wages and interest rates which have + + align:start position:0% +wages and interest rates which have + + + align:start position:0% +wages and interest rates which have +effects uh even beyond the Direct + + align:start position:0% +effects uh even beyond the Direct + + + align:start position:0% +effects uh even beyond the Direct +effects + + align:start position:0% +effects + + + align:start position:0% +effects +often quite big in + + align:start position:0% +often quite big in + + + align:start position:0% +often quite big in +fact you know there's a debate depending + + align:start position:0% +fact you know there's a debate depending + + + align:start position:0% +fact you know there's a debate depending +on which + + align:start position:0% +on which + + + align:start position:0% +on which +political position you take about + + align:start position:0% +political position you take about + + + align:start position:0% +political position you take about +uh uh you know trickle + + align:start position:0% +uh uh you know trickle + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh you know trickle +down uh you know which is sometimes + + align:start position:0% +down uh you know which is sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +down uh you know which is sometimes +taken negatively trickle down meaning + + align:start position:0% +taken negatively trickle down meaning + + + align:start position:0% +taken negatively trickle down meaning +you know only the rich benefit from + + align:start position:0% +you know only the rich benefit from + + + align:start position:0% +you know only the rich benefit from +various things and the poor workers are + + align:start position:0% +various things and the poor workers are + + + align:start position:0% +various things and the poor workers are +lucky to get anything uh a better way to + + align:start position:0% +lucky to get anything uh a better way to + + + align:start position:0% +lucky to get anything uh a better way to +say it is a rising tide raises all + + align:start position:0% +say it is a rising tide raises all + + + align:start position:0% +say it is a rising tide raises all +boats um the model kind of takes a stand + + align:start position:0% +boats um the model kind of takes a stand + + + align:start position:0% +boats um the model kind of takes a stand +on these things and in particular the + + align:start position:0% +on these things and in particular the + + + align:start position:0% +on these things and in particular the +wage when you have Financial deepening + + align:start position:0% +wage when you have Financial deepening + + + align:start position:0% +wage when you have Financial deepening +can uh can go up and that is an enormous + + align:start position:0% +can uh can go up and that is an enormous + + + align:start position:0% +can uh can go up and that is an enormous +benefit to uh poor people even unskilled + + align:start position:0% +benefit to uh poor people even unskilled + + + align:start position:0% +benefit to uh poor people even unskilled +poor people who have better employment + + align:start position:0% +poor people who have better employment + + + align:start position:0% +poor people who have better employment +and better wage opport unities the + + align:start position:0% +and better wage opport unities the + + + align:start position:0% +and better wage opport unities the +second welfare experiment is when in the + + align:start position:0% +second welfare experiment is when in the + + + align:start position:0% +second welfare experiment is when in the +second model the government takes over + + align:start position:0% +second model the government takes over + + + align:start position:0% +second model the government takes over +the banking + + align:start position:0% +the banking + + + align:start position:0% +the banking +system uh I alluded to this at the end + + align:start position:0% +system uh I alluded to this at the end + + + align:start position:0% +system uh I alluded to this at the end +of last time and again when they + + align:start position:0% +of last time and again when they + + + align:start position:0% +of last time and again when they +liberalize the system turn it back over + + align:start position:0% +liberalize the system turn it back over + + + align:start position:0% +liberalize the system turn it back over +to the commercial sector that also + + align:start position:0% +to the commercial sector that also + + + align:start position:0% +to the commercial sector that also +creates uh welfare gains which can be + + align:start position:0% +creates uh welfare gains which can be + + + align:start position:0% +creates uh welfare gains which can be +quite large and we can the point is we + + align:start position:0% +quite large and we can the point is we + + + align:start position:0% +quite large and we can the point is we +can use each of these models if we + + align:start position:0% +can use each of these models if we + + + align:start position:0% +can use each of these models if we +believe the model and we believe more or + + align:start position:0% +believe the model and we believe more or + + + align:start position:0% +believe the model and we believe more or +less the numbers we've put in for the + + align:start position:0% +less the numbers we've put in for the + + + align:start position:0% +less the numbers we've put in for the +parameters we can quantify these welfare + + align:start position:0% +parameters we can quantify these welfare + + + align:start position:0% +parameters we can quantify these welfare +gains and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +losses uh there's some corollaries that + + align:start position:0% +losses uh there's some corollaries that + + + align:start position:0% +losses uh there's some corollaries that +come out of this + + align:start position:0% +come out of this + + + align:start position:0% +come out of this +um first of all growth doesn't + + align:start position:0% +um first of all growth doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +um first of all growth doesn't +necessarily have to go up as the + + align:start position:0% +necessarily have to go up as the + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily have to go up as the +financial system + + align:start position:0% +financial system + + + align:start position:0% +financial system +expands we reviewed some literature last + + align:start position:0% +expands we reviewed some literature last + + + align:start position:0% +expands we reviewed some literature last +time about Finance causes growth it + + align:start position:0% +time about Finance causes growth it + + + align:start position:0% +time about Finance causes growth it +seemed plausible reasonable and at least + + align:start position:0% +seemed plausible reasonable and at least + + + align:start position:0% +seemed plausible reasonable and at least +At A reduced form sense it seemed uh to + + align:start position:0% +At A reduced form sense it seemed uh to + + + align:start position:0% +At A reduced form sense it seemed uh to +fit the data but in the second + + align:start position:0% +fit the data but in the second + + + align:start position:0% +fit the data but in the second +model as opportunities expand you can + + align:start position:0% +model as opportunities expand you can + + + align:start position:0% +model as opportunities expand you can +create endogenously more financial + + align:start position:0% +create endogenously more financial + + + align:start position:0% +create endogenously more financial +infrastructure but it comes at a cost + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure but it comes at a cost + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure but it comes at a cost +and just like anything else uh + + align:start position:0% +and just like anything else uh + + + align:start position:0% +and just like anything else uh +investment not may not pay off right + + align:start position:0% +investment not may not pay off right + + + align:start position:0% +investment not may not pay off right +away so some resources quote unquote + + align:start position:0% +away so some resources quote unquote + + + align:start position:0% +away so some resources quote unquote +disappear in this creation of financial + + align:start position:0% +disappear in this creation of financial + + + align:start position:0% +disappear in this creation of financial +infrastructure and so in effect the + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure and so in effect the + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure and so in effect the +growth rate levels go down and growth + + align:start position:0% +growth rate levels go down and growth + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate levels go down and growth +rates are slower for a while than they + + align:start position:0% +rates are slower for a while than they + + + align:start position:0% +rates are slower for a while than they +would have been without the + + align:start position:0% +would have been without the + + + align:start position:0% +would have been without the +liberalization um another caveat coming + + align:start position:0% +liberalization um another caveat coming + + + align:start position:0% +liberalization um another caveat coming +from the model is both models today are + + align:start position:0% +from the model is both models today are + + + align:start position:0% +from the model is both models today are +transition models that is to say they're + + align:start position:0% +transition models that is to say they're + + + align:start position:0% +transition models that is to say they're +not yet in steady state although if I + + align:start position:0% +not yet in steady state although if I + + + align:start position:0% +not yet in steady state although if I +remember I'll try to say something about + + align:start position:0% +remember I'll try to say something about + + + align:start position:0% +remember I'll try to say something about +steady States of each of these and so in + + align:start position:0% +steady States of each of these and so in + + + align:start position:0% +steady States of each of these and so in +some respect effects the models are not + + align:start position:0% +some respect effects the models are not + + + align:start position:0% +some respect effects the models are not +generating stationary time series + + align:start position:0% +generating stationary time series + + + align:start position:0% +generating stationary time series +implicitly when you run a + + align:start position:0% +implicitly when you run a + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly when you run a +regression you know OS and so on you're + + align:start position:0% +regression you know OS and so on you're + + + align:start position:0% +regression you know OS and so on you're +kind of assuming you're getting data + + align:start position:0% +kind of assuming you're getting data + + + align:start position:0% +kind of assuming you're getting data +drawn from as station as stationary time + + align:start position:0% +drawn from as station as stationary time + + + align:start position:0% +drawn from as station as stationary time +series uh so we run regressions on some + + align:start position:0% +series uh so we run regressions on some + + + align:start position:0% +series uh so we run regressions on some +of these model generated data where we + + align:start position:0% +of these model generated data where we + + + align:start position:0% +of these model generated data where we +know exactly what's going on and sure + + align:start position:0% +know exactly what's going on and sure + + + align:start position:0% +know exactly what's going on and sure +enough you get kind of spurious bogus or + + align:start position:0% +enough you get kind of spurious bogus or + + + align:start position:0% +enough you get kind of spurious bogus or +erratic coefficients on the very same + + align:start position:0% +erratic coefficients on the very same + + + align:start position:0% +erratic coefficients on the very same +regressions that the literature has been + + align:start position:0% +regressions that the literature has been + + + align:start position:0% +regressions that the literature has been +running with actual CrossCountry + + align:start position:0% +running with actual CrossCountry + + + align:start position:0% +running with actual CrossCountry +data so it's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +data so it's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +data so it's sort of a +caution um now toward the end you know + + align:start position:0% +caution um now toward the end you know + + + align:start position:0% +caution um now toward the end you know +there's a tendency to in any + + align:start position:0% +there's a tendency to in any + + + align:start position:0% +there's a tendency to in any +class any lecture for any course you see + + align:start position:0% +class any lecture for any course you see + + + align:start position:0% +class any lecture for any course you see +models and you'll see oh there's a model + + align:start position:0% +models and you'll see oh there's a model + + + align:start position:0% +models and you'll see oh there's a model +let's learn how to manipulate that one + + align:start position:0% +let's learn how to manipulate that one + + + align:start position:0% +let's learn how to manipulate that one +and maybe do a few extensions of it or a + + align:start position:0% +and maybe do a few extensions of it or a + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe do a few extensions of it or a +second class with a second model uh + + align:start position:0% +second class with a second model uh + + + align:start position:0% +second class with a second model uh +toward the end I will deliberately try + + align:start position:0% +toward the end I will deliberately try + + + align:start position:0% +toward the end I will deliberately try +to engage you in a comparison of these + + align:start position:0% +to engage you in a comparison of these + + + align:start position:0% +to engage you in a comparison of these +two models to make the point that the + + align:start position:0% +two models to make the point that the + + + align:start position:0% +two models to make the point that the +real research that goes on is trying to + + align:start position:0% +real research that goes on is trying to + + + align:start position:0% +real research that goes on is trying to +decide not just how to an extend a given + + align:start position:0% +decide not just how to an extend a given + + + align:start position:0% +decide not just how to an extend a given +model but sort of what we learn + + align:start position:0% +model but sort of what we learn + + + align:start position:0% +model but sort of what we learn +overall it's uh not typically published + + align:start position:0% +overall it's uh not typically published + + + align:start position:0% +overall it's uh not typically published +this stuff actually you know mostly + + align:start position:0% +this stuff actually you know mostly + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff actually you know mostly +these conversations take place in + + align:start position:0% +these conversations take place in + + + align:start position:0% +these conversations take place in +offices and hallways or you know over + + align:start position:0% +offices and hallways or you know over + + + align:start position:0% +offices and hallways or you know over +beer and so on + + align:start position:0% +beer and so on + + + align:start position:0% +beer and so on +uh but it's actually a big part of the + + align:start position:0% +uh but it's actually a big part of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh but it's actually a big part of the +research + + align:start position:0% +research + + + align:start position:0% +research +process so as an introduction overall + + align:start position:0% +process so as an introduction overall + + + align:start position:0% +process so as an introduction overall +um a few words from uh paper I wrote + + align:start position:0% +um a few words from uh paper I wrote + + + align:start position:0% +um a few words from uh paper I wrote +with hayuk Jung + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um which repeats all what I've said + + align:start position:0% +um which repeats all what I've said + + + align:start position:0% +um which repeats all what I've said +already basically we're not grabbing + + align:start position:0% +already basically we're not grabbing + + + align:start position:0% +already basically we're not grabbing +parameters out of thin air we're going + + align:start position:0% +parameters out of thin air we're going + + + align:start position:0% +parameters out of thin air we're going +to estimate them with the Micro + + align:start position:0% +to estimate them with the Micro + + + align:start position:0% +to estimate them with the Micro +Data uh we compare the predictions of + + align:start position:0% +Data uh we compare the predictions of + + + align:start position:0% +Data uh we compare the predictions of +the model with the actual + + align:start position:0% +the model with the actual + + + align:start position:0% +the model with the actual +Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics +um there is a well established tradition + + align:start position:0% +um there is a well established tradition + + + align:start position:0% +um there is a well established tradition +in other + + align:start position:0% +in other + + + align:start position:0% +in other +Sciences uh that has to do with model + + align:start position:0% +Sciences uh that has to do with model + + + align:start position:0% +Sciences uh that has to do with model +Vari uh validation so it's quite common + + align:start position:0% +Vari uh validation so it's quite common + + + align:start position:0% +Vari uh validation so it's quite common +to basically + + align:start position:0% +to basically + + + align:start position:0% +to basically +calibrate the machine or the model or + + align:start position:0% +calibrate the machine or the model or + + + align:start position:0% +calibrate the machine or the model or +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +process uh and then sort of simulate and + + align:start position:0% +process uh and then sort of simulate and + + + align:start position:0% +process uh and then sort of simulate and +see how well it works without being + + align:start position:0% +see how well it works without being + + + align:start position:0% +see how well it works without being +re-calibrated uh or put it in another + + align:start position:0% +re-calibrated uh or put it in another + + + align:start position:0% +re-calibrated uh or put it in another +way if you have enough degrees of + + align:start position:0% +way if you have enough degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +way if you have enough degrees of +freedom and enough parameters and you're + + align:start position:0% +freedom and enough parameters and you're + + + align:start position:0% +freedom and enough parameters and you're +constantly tinkering you know there's a + + align:start position:0% +constantly tinkering you know there's a + + + align:start position:0% +constantly tinkering you know there's a +tendency to be able to fit + + align:start position:0% +tendency to be able to fit + + + align:start position:0% +tendency to be able to fit +stuff you've seen this in your probably + + align:start position:0% +stuff you've seen this in your probably + + + align:start position:0% +stuff you've seen this in your probably +in your first + + align:start position:0% +in your first + + + align:start position:0% +in your first +course in statistics and ordinary leas + + align:start position:0% +course in statistics and ordinary leas + + + align:start position:0% +course in statistics and ordinary leas +squares you know if you run out of + + align:start position:0% +squares you know if you run out of + + + align:start position:0% +squares you know if you run out of +degrees of you can + + align:start position:0% +degrees of you can + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of you can +fit you know a line to two points you + + align:start position:0% +fit you know a line to two points you + + + align:start position:0% +fit you know a line to two points you +can perfectly well or you can fit a + + align:start position:0% +can perfectly well or you can fit a + + + align:start position:0% +can perfectly well or you can fit a +polom you know even with nonlinear data + + align:start position:0% +polom you know even with nonlinear data + + + align:start position:0% +polom you know even with nonlinear data +but then out of sample you want to + + align:start position:0% +but then out of sample you want to + + + align:start position:0% +but then out of sample you want to +predict some more and it's just crazy + + align:start position:0% +predict some more and it's just crazy + + + align:start position:0% +predict some more and it's just crazy +it's just completely off so here we + + align:start position:0% +it's just completely off so here we + + + align:start position:0% +it's just completely off so here we +follow the tradition of kind of not + + align:start position:0% +follow the tradition of kind of not + + + align:start position:0% +follow the tradition of kind of not +deliberately not using all of the + + align:start position:0% +deliberately not using all of the + + + align:start position:0% +deliberately not using all of the +data uh it is a matter of choice though + + align:start position:0% +data uh it is a matter of choice though + + + align:start position:0% +data uh it is a matter of choice though +what data to use and what to set aside + + align:start position:0% +what data to use and what to set aside + + + align:start position:0% +what data to use and what to set aside +and I could imagine more quote + + align:start position:0% +and I could imagine more quote + + + align:start position:0% +and I could imagine more quote +experiments than we actually did so + + align:start position:0% +experiments than we actually did so + + + align:start position:0% +experiments than we actually did so +there isn't a fixed rule for how to do + + align:start position:0% +there isn't a fixed rule for how to do + + + align:start position:0% +there isn't a fixed rule for how to do +this and it's not even as commonly used + + align:start position:0% +this and it's not even as commonly used + + + align:start position:0% +this and it's not even as commonly used +in economics as I think it probably + + align:start position:0% +in economics as I think it probably + + + align:start position:0% +in economics as I think it probably +ought to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be uh and I guess you know the main + + align:start position:0% +be uh and I guess you know the main + + + align:start position:0% +be uh and I guess you know the main +theme today is this + + align:start position:0% +theme today is this + + + align:start position:0% +theme today is this +marriage of + + align:start position:0% +marriage of + + + align:start position:0% +marriage of +Theory and and data frish uh very early + + align:start position:0% +Theory and and data frish uh very early + + + align:start position:0% +Theory and and data frish uh very early +on in the 30s was a big champion of the + + align:start position:0% +on in the 30s was a big champion of the + + + align:start position:0% +on in the 30s was a big champion of the +mutual penetration of quantitative + + align:start position:0% +mutual penetration of quantitative + + + align:start position:0% +mutual penetration of quantitative +economic theory with statistical + + align:start position:0% +economic theory with statistical + + + align:start position:0% +economic theory with statistical +observations I think that's actually on + + align:start position:0% +observations I think that's actually on + + + align:start position:0% +observations I think that's actually on +the econometric uh you + + align:start position:0% +the econometric uh you + + + align:start position:0% +the econometric uh you +know cover uh if not their website and + + align:start position:0% +know cover uh if not their website and + + + align:start position:0% +know cover uh if not their website and +uh in + + align:start position:0% +uh in + + + align:start position:0% +uh in +particular you know we somewhere between + + align:start position:0% +particular you know we somewhere between + + + align:start position:0% +particular you know we somewhere between +Theory without measurement and + + align:start position:0% +Theory without measurement and + + + align:start position:0% +Theory without measurement and +measurement without + + align:start position:0% +measurement without + + + align:start position:0% +measurement without +Theory um a big a big controversy in + + align:start position:0% +Theory um a big a big controversy in + + + align:start position:0% +Theory um a big a big controversy in +business cycle analysis along that line + + align:start position:0% +business cycle analysis along that line + + + align:start position:0% +business cycle analysis along that line +of big debate + + align:start position:0% +of big debate + + + align:start position:0% +of big debate +between uh coumans and burns and + + align:start position:0% +between uh coumans and burns and + + + align:start position:0% +between uh coumans and burns and +Mitchell um okay so we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +Mitchell um okay so we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +Mitchell um okay so we're going to do +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +two papers that came from the literature + + align:start position:0% +two papers that came from the literature + + + align:start position:0% +two papers that came from the literature +it's kind of a plus and a + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of a plus and a + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of a plus and a +minus uh one is Lloyd Ellis and Dan + + align:start position:0% +minus uh one is Lloyd Ellis and Dan + + + align:start position:0% +minus uh one is Lloyd Ellis and Dan +burnhard the other is Greenwood and + + align:start position:0% +burnhard the other is Greenwood and + + + align:start position:0% +burnhard the other is Greenwood and +javanovich each tell a plausible story + + align:start position:0% +javanovich each tell a plausible story + + + align:start position:0% +javanovich each tell a plausible story +about what lies behind the growth + + align:start position:0% +about what lies behind the growth + + + align:start position:0% +about what lies behind the growth +process and the relationship between + + align:start position:0% +process and the relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +process and the relationship between +growth inequality Financial deepening + + align:start position:0% +growth inequality Financial deepening + + + align:start position:0% +growth inequality Financial deepening +and those other variables that I listed + + align:start position:0% +and those other variables that I listed + + + align:start position:0% +and those other variables that I listed +that and we're going to try to estimate + + align:start position:0% +that and we're going to try to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +that and we're going to try to estimate +those models well the negative part of + + align:start position:0% +those models well the negative part of + + + align:start position:0% +those models well the negative part of +this thing is we learned how to do + + align:start position:0% +this thing is we learned how to do + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is we learned how to do +statistics and econometrics in part + + align:start position:0% +statistics and econometrics in part + + + align:start position:0% +statistics and econometrics in part +through the lens of these models by + + align:start position:0% +through the lens of these models by + + + align:start position:0% +through the lens of these models by +realizing how problematic certain parts + + align:start position:0% +realizing how problematic certain parts + + + align:start position:0% +realizing how problematic certain parts +of those models are and I would not + + align:start position:0% +of those models are and I would not + + + align:start position:0% +of those models are and I would not +start this way if I were starting + + align:start position:0% +start this way if I were starting + + + align:start position:0% +start this way if I were starting +over um and I as I go through the + + align:start position:0% +over um and I as I go through the + + + align:start position:0% +over um and I as I go through the +lecture I will try to point out which + + align:start position:0% +lecture I will try to point out which + + + align:start position:0% +lecture I will try to point out which +particularly worrisome or problematic + + align:start position:0% +particularly worrisome or problematic + + + align:start position:0% +particularly worrisome or problematic +Parts I have in mind in terms of taking + + align:start position:0% +Parts I have in mind in terms of taking + + + align:start position:0% +Parts I have in mind in terms of taking +these models to the data but anyway + + align:start position:0% +these models to the data but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +these models to the data but anyway +again back on on the positive side + + align:start position:0% +again back on on the positive side + + + align:start position:0% +again back on on the positive side +that's literally what we did we + + align:start position:0% +that's literally what we did we + + + align:start position:0% +that's literally what we did we +adopted wholesale without any + + align:start position:0% +adopted wholesale without any + + + align:start position:0% +adopted wholesale without any +modification or qualification exactly + + align:start position:0% +modification or qualification exactly + + + align:start position:0% +modification or qualification exactly +the equations that these theoretical + + align:start position:0% +the equations that these theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +the equations that these theoretical +authors used in their + + align:start position:0% +authors used in their + + + align:start position:0% +authors used in their +models uh + + align:start position:0% +models uh + + + align:start position:0% +models uh +oh that's not good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so Lloyd Ellison bernhart lb for + + align:start position:0% +okay so Lloyd Ellison bernhart lb for + + + align:start position:0% +okay so Lloyd Ellison bernhart lb for +short uh there are three + + align:start position:0% +short uh there are three + + + align:start position:0% +short uh there are three +occupations Farmers workers and + + align:start position:0% +occupations Farmers workers and + + + align:start position:0% +occupations Farmers workers and +entrepreneurs + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs +and it's costly to set up a + + align:start position:0% +and it's costly to set up a + + + align:start position:0% +and it's costly to set up a +firm but these costs are like Talent + + align:start position:0% +firm but these costs are like Talent + + + align:start position:0% +firm but these costs are like Talent +they vary with the individual the more + + align:start position:0% +they vary with the individual the more + + + align:start position:0% +they vary with the individual the more +talented you are the less cost costly it + + align:start position:0% +talented you are the less cost costly it + + + align:start position:0% +talented you are the less cost costly it +is it's assumed that + + align:start position:0% +is it's assumed that + + + align:start position:0% +is it's assumed that +the cumulative distribution of talent is + + align:start position:0% +the cumulative distribution of talent is + + + align:start position:0% +the cumulative distribution of talent is +distributed according to Capital H here + + align:start position:0% +distributed according to Capital H here + + + align:start position:0% +distributed according to Capital H here +where X is the level of uh + + align:start position:0% +where X is the level of uh + + + align:start position:0% +where X is the level of uh +cost + + align:start position:0% +cost + + + align:start position:0% +cost +um and uh you have to be careful with + + align:start position:0% +um and uh you have to be careful with + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh you have to be careful with +the notation you know where we're + + align:start position:0% +the notation you know where we're + + + align:start position:0% +the notation you know where we're +talking about densities versus + + align:start position:0% +talking about densities versus + + + align:start position:0% +talking about densities versus +cumulative + + align:start position:0% +cumulative + + + align:start position:0% +cumulative +distributions so just kind of bear that + + align:start position:0% +distributions so just kind of bear that + + + align:start position:0% +distributions so just kind of bear that +in mind there's also an IAL distribution + + align:start position:0% +in mind there's also an IAL distribution + + + align:start position:0% +in mind there's also an IAL distribution +of wealth that starts off the model you + + align:start position:0% +of wealth that starts off the model you + + + align:start position:0% +of wealth that starts off the model you +know G of B where B is sort of + + align:start position:0% +know G of B where B is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +know G of B where B is sort of +bqu just to alert you this model has a + + align:start position:0% +bqu just to alert you this model has a + + + align:start position:0% +bqu just to alert you this model has a +relatively naive Dynamic part people + + align:start position:0% +relatively naive Dynamic part people + + + align:start position:0% +relatively naive Dynamic part people +essentially live for two periods they + + align:start position:0% +essentially live for two periods they + + + align:start position:0% +essentially live for two periods they +eat today and they leave money for their + + align:start position:0% +eat today and they leave money for their + + + align:start position:0% +eat today and they leave money for their +their kids or + + align:start position:0% +their kids or + + + align:start position:0% +their kids or +their tomorrow's Next Period as if + + align:start position:0% +their tomorrow's Next Period as if + + + align:start position:0% +their tomorrow's Next Period as if +leaving a bequest hence the notation B + + align:start position:0% +leaving a bequest hence the notation B + + + align:start position:0% +leaving a bequest hence the notation B +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +bequest so what earnings do people have + + align:start position:0% +bequest so what earnings do people have + + + align:start position:0% +bequest so what earnings do people have +in a given period Farmers earn kind of a + + align:start position:0% +in a given period Farmers earn kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +in a given period Farmers earn kind of a +subsistence uh living in farming and uh + + align:start position:0% +subsistence uh living in farming and uh + + + align:start position:0% +subsistence uh living in farming and uh +they carry their wealth over and have it + + align:start position:0% +they carry their wealth over and have it + + + align:start position:0% +they carry their wealth over and have it +at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the +period workers earn wages excuse me and + + align:start position:0% +period workers earn wages excuse me and + + + align:start position:0% +period workers earn wages excuse me and +uh and entrepreneurs make profits + + align:start position:0% +uh and entrepreneurs make profits + + + align:start position:0% +uh and entrepreneurs make profits +everybody has this initial wealth which + + align:start position:0% +everybody has this initial wealth which + + + align:start position:0% +everybody has this initial wealth which +can vary across individuals + + align:start position:0% +can vary across individuals + + + align:start position:0% +can vary across individuals +carried over to the end of the + + align:start position:0% +carried over to the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +carried over to the end of the +period uh + + align:start position:0% +period uh + + + align:start position:0% +period uh +essentially um a little bit of an + + align:start position:0% +essentially um a little bit of an + + + align:start position:0% +essentially um a little bit of an +exception for the entrepreneurs when + + align:start position:0% +exception for the entrepreneurs when + + + align:start position:0% +exception for the entrepreneurs when +Dan uh wrote his model he kind of had in + + align:start position:0% +Dan uh wrote his model he kind of had in + + + align:start position:0% +Dan uh wrote his model he kind of had in +mind an earlier development literature + + align:start position:0% +mind an earlier development literature + + + align:start position:0% +mind an earlier development literature +which makes you know agriculture out + + align:start position:0% +which makes you know agriculture out + + + align:start position:0% +which makes you know agriculture out +there in the rural + + align:start position:0% +there in the rural + + + align:start position:0% +there in the rural +areas uh versus you know factories and + + align:start position:0% +areas uh versus you know factories and + + + align:start position:0% +areas uh versus you know factories and +Manufacturing in the cities so they had + + align:start position:0% +Manufacturing in the cities so they had + + + align:start position:0% +Manufacturing in the cities so they had +in mind a kind of cost of living + + align:start position:0% +in mind a kind of cost of living + + + align:start position:0% +in mind a kind of cost of living +adjustment uh + + align:start position:0% +adjustment uh + + + align:start position:0% +adjustment uh +so you know + + align:start position:0% +so you know + + + align:start position:0% +so you know +basically workers earn their wage but + + align:start position:0% +basically workers earn their wage but + + + align:start position:0% +basically workers earn their wage but +they have to pay this cost of living + + align:start position:0% +they have to pay this cost of living + + + align:start position:0% +they have to pay this cost of living +which gives a little bit advantage to + + align:start position:0% +which gives a little bit advantage to + + + align:start position:0% +which gives a little bit advantage to +being uh being in the subsistence sector + + align:start position:0% +being uh being in the subsistence sector + + + align:start position:0% +being uh being in the subsistence sector +actually you can see it right away down + + align:start position:0% +actually you can see it right away down + + + align:start position:0% +actually you can see it right away down +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +um you know if + + align:start position:0% +um you know if + + + align:start position:0% +um you know if +uh uh sort of in equilibrium to have + + align:start position:0% +uh uh sort of in equilibrium to have + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh sort of in equilibrium to have +both farmers and workers coexisting + + align:start position:0% +both farmers and workers coexisting + + + align:start position:0% +both farmers and workers coexisting +these two equations have to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +these two equations have to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +these two equations have to be equal to +each other so as long as the wage does + + align:start position:0% +each other so as long as the wage does + + + align:start position:0% +each other so as long as the wage does +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +exceed uh the wage less this cost of + + align:start position:0% +exceed uh the wage less this cost of + + + align:start position:0% +exceed uh the wage less this cost of +living does not exceed gamma then a + + align:start position:0% +living does not exceed gamma then a + + + align:start position:0% +living does not exceed gamma then a +housle would be indifferent about + + align:start position:0% +housle would be indifferent about + + + align:start position:0% +housle would be indifferent about +whether to migrate to the city for a + + align:start position:0% +whether to migrate to the city for a + + + align:start position:0% +whether to migrate to the city for a +wage and pay that cost versus stay in + + align:start position:0% +wage and pay that cost versus stay in + + + align:start position:0% +wage and pay that cost versus stay in +farming yes so is this completely + + align:start position:0% +farming yes so is this completely + + + align:start position:0% +farming yes so is this completely +abstracting all the way from Land + + align:start position:0% +abstracting all the way from Land + + + align:start position:0% +abstracting all the way from Land +markets yes it + + align:start position:0% +markets yes it + + + align:start position:0% +markets yes it +is um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and okay let's get to the firm oh well + + align:start position:0% +and okay let's get to the firm oh well + + + align:start position:0% +and okay let's get to the firm oh well +let me just follow up on that the the + + align:start position:0% +let me just follow up on that the the + + + align:start position:0% +let me just follow up on that the the +model as estimated and calibrated will + + align:start position:0% +model as estimated and calibrated will + + + align:start position:0% +model as estimated and calibrated will +actually deliver the fact that for + + align:start position:0% +actually deliver the fact that for + + + align:start position:0% +actually deliver the fact that for +Fairly long periods of time the wage + + align:start position:0% +Fairly long periods of time the wage + + + align:start position:0% +Fairly long periods of time the wage +stays relatively low and you have all + + align:start position:0% +stays relatively low and you have all + + + align:start position:0% +stays relatively low and you have all +three sectors coexisting although there + + align:start position:0% +three sectors coexisting although there + + + align:start position:0% +three sectors coexisting although there +will come this knife edge time where the + + align:start position:0% +will come this knife edge time where the + + + align:start position:0% +will come this knife edge time where the +wage starts to pop up and then quite + + align:start position:0% +wage starts to pop up and then quite + + + align:start position:0% +wage starts to pop up and then quite +unrealistically you know there should be + + align:start position:0% +unrealistically you know there should be + + + align:start position:0% +unrealistically you know there should be +no more + + align:start position:0% +no more + + + align:start position:0% +no more +Farmers uh you would think this model's + + align:start position:0% +Farmers uh you would think this model's + + + align:start position:0% +Farmers uh you would think this model's +doomed to fail with that kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +doomed to fail with that kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +doomed to fail with that kind of uh +knife edge but surprisingly in Thailand + + align:start position:0% +knife edge but surprisingly in Thailand + + + align:start position:0% +knife edge but surprisingly in Thailand +it's there are still + + align:start position:0% +it's there are still + + + align:start position:0% +it's there are still +Farmers but uh but the wage did stay + + align:start position:0% +Farmers but uh but the wage did stay + + + align:start position:0% +Farmers but uh but the wage did stay +relatively flat for quite a long time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and then grew rather quickly what + + align:start position:0% +uh and then grew rather quickly what + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then grew rather quickly what +about firms so firms maximize + + align:start position:0% +about firms so firms maximize + + + align:start position:0% +about firms so firms maximize +basically profit the price of the output + + align:start position:0% +basically profit the price of the output + + + align:start position:0% +basically profit the price of the output +or the consumption good is normalized to + + align:start position:0% +or the consumption good is normalized to + + + align:start position:0% +or the consumption good is normalized to +one so firms have output which is + + align:start position:0% +one so firms have output which is + + + align:start position:0% +one so firms have output which is +produced + + align:start position:0% +produced + + + align:start position:0% +produced +using uh capital and + + align:start position:0% +using uh capital and + + + align:start position:0% +using uh capital and +labor labor can be hired those of the + + align:start position:0% +labor labor can be hired those of the + + + align:start position:0% +labor labor can be hired those of the +workers you have to pay them a + + align:start position:0% +workers you have to pay them a + + + align:start position:0% +workers you have to pay them a +wage + + align:start position:0% +wage + + + align:start position:0% +wage +and capital + + align:start position:0% +and capital + + + align:start position:0% +and capital +basically is coming out of initial + + align:start position:0% +basically is coming out of initial + + + align:start position:0% +basically is coming out of initial +wealth uh so capital and consumption are + + align:start position:0% +wealth uh so capital and consumption are + + + align:start position:0% +wealth uh so capital and consumption are +kind of one to + + align:start position:0% +kind of one to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of one to +one um so you have your sort of initial + + align:start position:0% +one um so you have your sort of initial + + + align:start position:0% +one um so you have your sort of initial +wealth uh and that and the capital has + + align:start position:0% +wealth uh and that and the capital has + + + align:start position:0% +wealth uh and that and the capital has +to be financed by that it capital cannot + + align:start position:0% +to be financed by that it capital cannot + + + align:start position:0% +to be financed by that it capital cannot +exceed that + + align:start position:0% +exceed that + + + align:start position:0% +exceed that +amount and actually there's this fixed + + align:start position:0% +amount and actually there's this fixed + + + align:start position:0% +amount and actually there's this fixed +cost and that also has has to get paid + + align:start position:0% +cost and that also has has to get paid + + + align:start position:0% +cost and that also has has to get paid +there's a lot going on right here + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot going on right here + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot going on right here +because there's + + align:start position:0% +because there's + + + align:start position:0% +because there's +two constraints one is you have to pay X + + align:start position:0% +two constraints one is you have to pay X + + + align:start position:0% +two constraints one is you have to pay X +to get started and the second is that um + + align:start position:0% +to get started and the second is that um + + + align:start position:0% +to get started and the second is that um +you can't borrow at all all the all the + + align:start position:0% +you can't borrow at all all the all the + + + align:start position:0% +you can't borrow at all all the all the +investment is basically self- financed + + align:start position:0% +investment is basically self- financed + + + align:start position:0% +investment is basically self- financed +now that said you could imagine kind of + + align:start position:0% +now that said you could imagine kind of + + + align:start position:0% +now that said you could imagine kind of +weakening this a bit and allowing the + + align:start position:0% +weakening this a bit and allowing the + + + align:start position:0% +weakening this a bit and allowing the +amount you could be borrowing to be some + + align:start position:0% +amount you could be borrowing to be some + + + align:start position:0% +amount you could be borrowing to be some +multiple of of + + align:start position:0% +multiple of of + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of of +B and and uh you know next class we'll + + align:start position:0% +B and and uh you know next class we'll + + + align:start position:0% +B and and uh you know next class we'll +talk about many models that do something + + align:start position:0% +talk about many models that do something + + + align:start position:0% +talk about many models that do something +exactly like that + + align:start position:0% +exactly like that + + + align:start position:0% +exactly like that +but for now no no credit at all + + align:start position:0% +but for now no no credit at all + + + align:start position:0% +but for now no no credit at all +uh so this just these cost just subtract + + align:start position:0% +uh so this just these cost just subtract + + + align:start position:0% +uh so this just these cost just subtract +right off of output as if at the end of + + align:start position:0% +right off of output as if at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +right off of output as if at the end of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +period um or B minus these things is is + + align:start position:0% +period um or B minus these things is is + + + align:start position:0% +period um or B minus these things is is +what you have um at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +what you have um at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +what you have um at the end of the +period Then you get you get the output + + align:start position:0% +period Then you get you get the output + + + align:start position:0% +period Then you get you get the output +and you pay the workers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so the key in this paper and so many + + align:start position:0% +um so the key in this paper and so many + + + align:start position:0% +um so the key in this paper and so many +other papers is an occupation Choice map + + align:start position:0% +other papers is an occupation Choice map + + + align:start position:0% +other papers is an occupation Choice map +that really + + align:start position:0% +that really + + + align:start position:0% +that really +summarizes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um the possibilities so the two key + + align:start position:0% +um the possibilities so the two key + + + align:start position:0% +um the possibilities so the two key +variables from a household's point of + + align:start position:0% +variables from a household's point of + + + align:start position:0% +variables from a household's point of +view is the initial wealth that they + + align:start position:0% +view is the initial wealth that they + + + align:start position:0% +view is the initial wealth that they +have at the beginning of the + + align:start position:0% +have at the beginning of the + + + align:start position:0% +have at the beginning of the +period uh could be high or low and this + + align:start position:0% +period uh could be high or low and this + + + align:start position:0% +period uh could be high or low and this +setup cost X to running a + + align:start position:0% +setup cost X to running a + + + align:start position:0% +setup cost X to running a +business and you know naturally if your + + align:start position:0% +business and you know naturally if your + + + align:start position:0% +business and you know naturally if your +wealth is high and your costs are low + + align:start position:0% +wealth is high and your costs are low + + + align:start position:0% +wealth is high and your costs are low +you're a talented person you're say uh + + align:start position:0% +you're a talented person you're say uh + + + align:start position:0% +you're a talented person you're say uh +not only likely to go into + + align:start position:0% +not only likely to go into + + + align:start position:0% +not only likely to go into +business but that Finance constraint is + + align:start position:0% +business but that Finance constraint is + + + align:start position:0% +business but that Finance constraint is +not going to be binding either you're + + align:start position:0% +not going to be binding either you're + + + align:start position:0% +not going to be binding either you're +you're going to run the marginal product + + align:start position:0% +you're going to run the marginal product + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to run the marginal product +of capital down to one and you still + + align:start position:0% +of capital down to one and you still + + + align:start position:0% +of capital down to one and you still +have more money left over so you kind of + + align:start position:0% +have more money left over so you kind of + + + align:start position:0% +have more money left over so you kind of +carry it off to the end of the period + + align:start position:0% +carry it off to the end of the period + + + align:start position:0% +carry it off to the end of the period +there is a region + + align:start position:0% +there is a region + + + align:start position:0% +there is a region +of lower + + align:start position:0% +of lower + + + align:start position:0% +of lower +wealth but yet somewhat talented people + + align:start position:0% +wealth but yet somewhat talented people + + + align:start position:0% +wealth but yet somewhat talented people +who are constrained entrepreneurs they + + align:start position:0% +who are constrained entrepreneurs they + + + align:start position:0% +who are constrained entrepreneurs they +would actually like to employ higher + + align:start position:0% +would actually like to employ higher + + + align:start position:0% +would actually like to employ higher +levels of capital K than than they are + + align:start position:0% +levels of capital K than than they are + + + align:start position:0% +levels of capital K than than they are +able to uh Finance out of their own + + align:start position:0% +able to uh Finance out of their own + + + align:start position:0% +able to uh Finance out of their own +wealth they would borrow if they could + + align:start position:0% +wealth they would borrow if they could + + + align:start position:0% +wealth they would borrow if they could +but there's no credit yet and uh + + align:start position:0% +but there's no credit yet and uh + + + align:start position:0% +but there's no credit yet and uh +actually this straight line is + + align:start position:0% +actually this straight line is + + + align:start position:0% +actually this straight line is +when when they can't even cover their + + align:start position:0% +when when they can't even cover their + + + align:start position:0% +when when they can't even cover their +setup cost or on the margin they're just + + align:start position:0% +setup cost or on the margin they're just + + + align:start position:0% +setup cost or on the margin they're just +able to set to cover their setup cost X + + align:start position:0% +able to set to cover their setup cost X + + + align:start position:0% +able to set to cover their setup cost X +out of their wealth B and there's + + align:start position:0% +out of their wealth B and there's + + + align:start position:0% +out of their wealth B and there's +nothing left over so they can't even run + + align:start position:0% +nothing left over so they can't even run + + + align:start position:0% +nothing left over so they can't even run +the firm on the on the Intensive + + align:start position:0% +the firm on the on the Intensive + + + align:start position:0% +the firm on the on the Intensive +margin and then the rest of the guys you + + align:start position:0% +margin and then the rest of the guys you + + + align:start position:0% +margin and then the rest of the guys you +know they're kind of workers or + + align:start position:0% +know they're kind of workers or + + + align:start position:0% +know they're kind of workers or +agriculturalists so the shape of this is + + align:start position:0% +agriculturalists so the shape of this is + + + align:start position:0% +agriculturalists so the shape of this is +intuitively reasonable right the higher + + align:start position:0% +intuitively reasonable right the higher + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively reasonable right the higher +Is wealth and the lower is Talent the + + align:start position:0% +Is wealth and the lower is Talent the + + + align:start position:0% +Is wealth and the lower is Talent the +more likely you'd be a firm or an + + align:start position:0% +more likely you'd be a firm or an + + + align:start position:0% +more likely you'd be a firm or an +unconstrained firm or you know the lower + + align:start position:0% +unconstrained firm or you know the lower + + + align:start position:0% +unconstrained firm or you know the lower +is your wealth and the um the more + + align:start position:0% +is your wealth and the um the more + + + align:start position:0% +is your wealth and the um the more +likely you are to be a worker and the + + align:start position:0% +likely you are to be a worker and the + + + align:start position:0% +likely you are to be a worker and the +thing is even when your talent is + + align:start position:0% +thing is even when your talent is + + + align:start position:0% +thing is even when your talent is +low if your wealth is quite low you + + align:start position:0% +low if your wealth is quite low you + + + align:start position:0% +low if your wealth is quite low you +can't be in business these These are + + align:start position:0% +can't be in business these These are + + + align:start position:0% +can't be in business these These are +potentially profitable entrepreneurs who + + align:start position:0% +potentially profitable entrepreneurs who + + + align:start position:0% +potentially profitable entrepreneurs who +are constrained on the extensive margin + + align:start position:0% +are constrained on the extensive margin + + + align:start position:0% +are constrained on the extensive margin +at these parameter values now you say + + align:start position:0% +at these parameter values now you say + + + align:start position:0% +at these parameter values now you say +what par parameter values well I drew + + align:start position:0% +what par parameter values well I drew + + + align:start position:0% +what par parameter values well I drew +some lines the point of the micro + + align:start position:0% +some lines the point of the micro + + + align:start position:0% +some lines the point of the micro +estimation is to + + align:start position:0% +estimation is to + + + align:start position:0% +estimation is to +actually be able + + align:start position:0% +actually be able + + + align:start position:0% +actually be able +to draw those lines based on the Micro + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Data so oh my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +goodness I don't know how often this is + + align:start position:0% +goodness I don't know how often this is + + + align:start position:0% +goodness I don't know how often this is +going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me just grab three equations and + + align:start position:0% +so let me just grab three equations and + + + align:start position:0% +so let me just grab three equations and +let you focus on + + align:start position:0% +let you focus on + + + align:start position:0% +let you focus on +this uh here are the functions the + + align:start position:0% +this uh here are the functions the + + + align:start position:0% +this uh here are the functions the +structural functions of the model + + align:start position:0% +structural functions of the model + + + align:start position:0% +structural functions of the model +there's a trade-off between consumption + + align:start position:0% +there's a trade-off between consumption + + + align:start position:0% +there's a trade-off between consumption +and bequest under this utility function + + align:start position:0% +and bequest under this utility function + + + align:start position:0% +and bequest under this utility function +it's basically cob Douglas in today's + + align:start position:0% +it's basically cob Douglas in today's + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically cob Douglas in today's +consumption and tomorrow's wealth this + + align:start position:0% +consumption and tomorrow's wealth this + + + align:start position:0% +consumption and tomorrow's wealth this +little parameter here is omega omega is + + align:start position:0% +little parameter here is omega omega is + + + align:start position:0% +little parameter here is omega omega is +basically going to determine the savings + + align:start position:0% +basically going to determine the savings + + + align:start position:0% +basically going to determine the savings +rate and we're going to have to + + align:start position:0% +rate and we're going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +rate and we're going to have to +calibrate + + align:start position:0% +calibrate + + + align:start position:0% +calibrate +it um this production function is + + align:start position:0% +it um this production function is + + + align:start position:0% +it um this production function is +ugly uh it was meant to be + + align:start position:0% +ugly uh it was meant to be + + + align:start position:0% +ugly uh it was meant to be +general which sounds good so it has + + align:start position:0% +general which sounds good so it has + + + align:start position:0% +general which sounds good so it has +Capital it has labor it has the square + + align:start position:0% +Capital it has labor it has the square + + + align:start position:0% +Capital it has labor it has the square +of each of them and it has an + + align:start position:0% +of each of them and it has an + + + align:start position:0% +of each of them and it has an +interaction term unfortun so it's like + + align:start position:0% +interaction term unfortun so it's like + + + align:start position:0% +interaction term unfortun so it's like +trans log you know + + align:start position:0% +trans log you know + + + align:start position:0% +trans log you know +approximately it can approximate almost + + align:start position:0% +approximately it can approximate almost + + + align:start position:0% +approximately it can approximate almost +any function reasonably well but the + + align:start position:0% +any function reasonably well but the + + + align:start position:0% +any function reasonably well but the +problem is it carries with it five + + align:start position:0% +problem is it carries with it five + + + align:start position:0% +problem is it carries with it five +parameters you know alphabetic Z row + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and an unreadable script I'm + + align:start position:0% +and an unreadable script I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and an unreadable script I'm +sorry I thought it was Sigma but it + + align:start position:0% +sorry I thought it was Sigma but it + + + align:start position:0% +sorry I thought it was Sigma but it +doesn't look like + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't look like +Sigma + + align:start position:0% +Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +and and this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +and and this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +and and this is one of the +regrets that I have about you know + + align:start position:0% +regrets that I have about you know + + + align:start position:0% +regrets that I have about you know +pushing so hard in these models because + + align:start position:0% +pushing so hard in these models because + + + align:start position:0% +pushing so hard in these models because +it turns out you + + align:start position:0% +it turns out you + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out you +know in hindsight we generated data from + + align:start position:0% +know in hindsight we generated data from + + + align:start position:0% +know in hindsight we generated data from +that production + + align:start position:0% +that production + + + align:start position:0% +that production +function knowing the model and it's + + align:start position:0% +function knowing the model and it's + + + align:start position:0% +function knowing the model and it's +still hard to recover these parameters + + align:start position:0% +still hard to recover these parameters + + + align:start position:0% +still hard to recover these parameters +that's something you should get into the + + align:start position:0% +that's something you should get into the + + + align:start position:0% +that's something you should get into the +habit of doing you know it's hard enough + + align:start position:0% +habit of doing you know it's hard enough + + + align:start position:0% +habit of doing you know it's hard enough +with with real data and you already know + + align:start position:0% +with with real data and you already know + + + align:start position:0% +with with real data and you already know +the actual world is not like your model + + align:start position:0% +the actual world is not like your model + + + align:start position:0% +the actual world is not like your model +it's an abstraction but at least you + + align:start position:0% +it's an abstraction but at least you + + + align:start position:0% +it's an abstraction but at least you +ought to make sure that and that you + + align:start position:0% +ought to make sure that and that you + + + align:start position:0% +ought to make sure that and that you +can't really do you know too too much + + align:start position:0% +can't really do you know too too much + + + align:start position:0% +can't really do you know too too much +about because you have to make decisions + + align:start position:0% +about because you have to make decisions + + + align:start position:0% +about because you have to make decisions +about your model but at least you should + + align:start position:0% +about your model but at least you should + + + align:start position:0% +about your model but at least you should +make sure your estimation routine works + + align:start position:0% +make sure your estimation routine works + + + align:start position:0% +make sure your estimation routine works +well if the model if the world were + + align:start position:0% +well if the model if the world were + + + align:start position:0% +well if the model if the world were +exactly like the model and generated the + + align:start position:0% +exactly like the model and generated the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly like the model and generated the +data that you're about to + + align:start position:0% +data that you're about to + + + align:start position:0% +data that you're about to +use anyway we did the best we could on + + align:start position:0% +use anyway we did the best we could on + + + align:start position:0% +use anyway we did the best we could on +that and this is this distribution of uh + + align:start position:0% +that and this is this distribution of uh + + + align:start position:0% +that and this is this distribution of uh +set up cost the cumulative distribution + + align:start position:0% +set up cost the cumulative distribution + + + align:start position:0% +set up cost the cumulative distribution +the easiest way to disentangle this is + + align:start position:0% +the easiest way to disentangle this is + + + align:start position:0% +the easiest way to disentangle this is +to say suppose m is equal to zero then + + align:start position:0% +to say suppose m is equal to zero then + + + align:start position:0% +to say suppose m is equal to zero then +this disappears and the the cumulative + + align:start position:0% +this disappears and the the cumulative + + + align:start position:0% +this disappears and the the cumulative +distribution is just rising linearly in + + align:start position:0% +distribution is just rising linearly in + + + align:start position:0% +distribution is just rising linearly in +X in other words the density is flat so + + align:start position:0% +X in other words the density is flat so + + + align:start position:0% +X in other words the density is flat so +this is just a standard uniform + + align:start position:0% +this is just a standard uniform + + + align:start position:0% +this is just a standard uniform +distribution that's also kind of nice on + + align:start position:0% +distribution that's also kind of nice on + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that's also kind of nice on +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +diagram uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because although I don't want to en + + align:start position:0% +because although I don't want to en + + + align:start position:0% +because although I don't want to en +enlarge this basically you want to know + + align:start position:0% +enlarge this basically you want to know + + + align:start position:0% +enlarge this basically you want to know +how many people of a certain X there are + + align:start position:0% +how many people of a certain X there are + + + align:start position:0% +how many people of a certain X there are +given a certain B how many people of a + + align:start position:0% +given a certain B how many people of a + + + align:start position:0% +given a certain B how many people of a +certain X there are before you go from + + align:start position:0% +certain X there are before you go from + + + align:start position:0% +certain X there are before you go from +firms to workers and that's just the + + align:start position:0% +firms to workers and that's just the + + + align:start position:0% +firms to workers and that's just the +length of that line and so a uh a + + align:start position:0% +length of that line and so a uh a + + + align:start position:0% +length of that line and so a uh a +uniform density is convenient for the + + align:start position:0% +uniform density is convenient for the + + + align:start position:0% +uniform density is convenient for the +sort of + + align:start position:0% +sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of +the geometry of of of that + + align:start position:0% +the geometry of of of that + + + align:start position:0% +the geometry of of of that +figure however if m is you know more + + align:start position:0% +figure however if m is you know more + + + align:start position:0% +figure however if m is you know more +than zero then you get that squared term + + align:start position:0% +than zero then you get that squared term + + + align:start position:0% +than zero then you get that squared term +it just means the distribution of talent + + align:start position:0% +it just means the distribution of talent + + + align:start position:0% +it just means the distribution of talent +is skewed to to the uh really the + + align:start position:0% +is skewed to to the uh really the + + + align:start position:0% +is skewed to to the uh really the +distribution of cost is skewed to the + + align:start position:0% +distribution of cost is skewed to the + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of cost is skewed to the +right so there are some very untalented + + align:start position:0% +right so there are some very untalented + + + align:start position:0% +right so there are some very untalented +people and conversely when m is below + + align:start position:0% +people and conversely when m is below + + + align:start position:0% +people and conversely when m is below +zero now all this big Tod do about micro + + align:start position:0% +zero now all this big Tod do about micro + + + align:start position:0% +zero now all this big Tod do about micro +underpinnings what do we see in the data + + align:start position:0% +underpinnings what do we see in the data + + + align:start position:0% +underpinnings what do we see in the data +well let's imagine we see the + + align:start position:0% +well let's imagine we see the + + + align:start position:0% +well let's imagine we see the +wage and we also see sort of the net + + align:start position:0% +wage and we also see sort of the net + + + align:start position:0% +wage and we also see sort of the net +worth or wealth of the + + align:start position:0% +worth or wealth of the + + + align:start position:0% +worth or wealth of the +household and and we know their + + align:start position:0% +household and and we know their + + + align:start position:0% +household and and we know their +occupation + + align:start position:0% +occupation + + + align:start position:0% +occupation +so what does the model + + align:start position:0% +so what does the model + + + align:start position:0% +so what does the model +predict the model predicts that the + + align:start position:0% +predict the model predicts that the + + + align:start position:0% +predict the model predicts that the +occupation is say + + align:start position:0% +occupation is say + + + align:start position:0% +occupation is say +firm or y i equals one in a binary sense + + align:start position:0% +firm or y i equals one in a binary sense + + + align:start position:0% +firm or y i equals one in a binary sense +when that distribution of cost is let + + align:start position:0% +when that distribution of cost is let + + + align:start position:0% +when that distribution of cost is let +you should read this as an X is on or + + align:start position:0% +you should read this as an X is on or + + + align:start position:0% +you should read this as an X is on or +below + + align:start position:0% +below + + + align:start position:0% +below +that partition between workers and firms + + align:start position:0% +that partition between workers and firms + + + align:start position:0% +that partition between workers and firms +so you add up as I was just + + align:start position:0% +so you add up as I was just + + + align:start position:0% +so you add up as I was just +doing all those households with Talent + + align:start position:0% +doing all those households with Talent + + + align:start position:0% +doing all those households with Talent +less than that likewise if you're not + + align:start position:0% +less than that likewise if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +less than that likewise if you're not +going to be y i equal to one you're + + align:start position:0% +going to be y i equal to one you're + + + align:start position:0% +going to be y i equal to one you're +going to be y i equal to zero and a wage + + align:start position:0% +going to be y i equal to zero and a wage + + + align:start position:0% +going to be y i equal to zero and a wage +earner and that's the rest that's the + + align:start position:0% +earner and that's the rest that's the + + + align:start position:0% +earner and that's the rest that's the +residual mass or one minus the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probability so what is the likelihood + + align:start position:0% +probability so what is the likelihood + + + align:start position:0% +probability so what is the likelihood +you know so just quick review you know + + align:start position:0% +you know so just quick review you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know so just quick review you know +imagine you have a + + align:start position:0% +imagine you have a + + + align:start position:0% +imagine you have a +coin and you know usually coins are fair + + align:start position:0% +coin and you know usually coins are fair + + + align:start position:0% +coin and you know usually coins are fair +coins so I'm not sure about the Super + + align:start position:0% +coins so I'm not sure about the Super + + + align:start position:0% +coins so I'm not sure about the Super +Bowl uh you know equal probability of + + align:start position:0% +Bowl uh you know equal probability of + + + align:start position:0% +Bowl uh you know equal probability of +being heads or + + align:start position:0% +being heads or + + + align:start position:0% +being heads or +tails and uh and you see a bunch of data + + align:start position:0% +tails and uh and you see a bunch of data + + + align:start position:0% +tails and uh and you see a bunch of data +you know four heads and six tails and + + align:start position:0% +you know four heads and six tails and + + + align:start position:0% +you know four heads and six tails and +you say well what were the odds of that + + align:start position:0% +you say well what were the odds of that + + + align:start position:0% +you say well what were the odds of that +actually it's a bit more interesting if + + align:start position:0% +actually it's a bit more interesting if + + + align:start position:0% +actually it's a bit more interesting if +the T if the coin is not fair you know + + align:start position:0% +the T if the coin is not fair you know + + + align:start position:0% +the T if the coin is not fair you know +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +then it's not probability 1/2 for + + align:start position:0% +then it's not probability 1/2 for + + + align:start position:0% +then it's not probability 1/2 for +everything that turns up but you just + + align:start position:0% +everything that turns up but you just + + + align:start position:0% +everything that turns up but you just +basically take the data which is heads + + align:start position:0% +basically take the data which is heads + + + align:start position:0% +basically take the data which is heads +Tails Tails heads and so on or worker + + align:start position:0% +Tails Tails heads and so on or worker + + + align:start position:0% +Tails Tails heads and so on or worker +firm firm worker and start adding up the + + align:start position:0% +firm firm worker and start adding up the + + + align:start position:0% +firm firm worker and start adding up the +probabilities they're independent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +events so this says log here but if you + + align:start position:0% +events so this says log here but if you + + + align:start position:0% +events so this says log here but if you +undid the log log you would have the + + align:start position:0% +undid the log log you would have the + + + align:start position:0% +undid the log log you would have the +probability of being a firm and then + + align:start position:0% +probability of being a firm and then + + + align:start position:0% +probability of being a firm and then +this Yi would just be the a zero or one + + align:start position:0% +this Yi would just be the a zero or one + + + align:start position:0% +this Yi would just be the a zero or one +and when it's equal to one you're just + + align:start position:0% +and when it's equal to one you're just + + + align:start position:0% +and when it's equal to one you're just +getting the number of say heads or the + + align:start position:0% +getting the number of say heads or the + + + align:start position:0% +getting the number of say heads or the +number of firms in the sample and + + align:start position:0% +number of firms in the sample and + + + align:start position:0% +number of firms in the sample and +likewise for the number of workers it's + + align:start position:0% +likewise for the number of workers it's + + + align:start position:0% +likewise for the number of workers it's +very convenient to take the + + align:start position:0% +very convenient to take the + + + align:start position:0% +very convenient to take the +logs and uh and then it takes this form + + align:start position:0% +logs and uh and then it takes this form + + + align:start position:0% +logs and uh and then it takes this form +because you know logs bring the exponent + + align:start position:0% +because you know logs bring the exponent + + + align:start position:0% +because you know logs bring the exponent +down in front of the + + align:start position:0% +down in front of the + + + align:start position:0% +down in front of the +variable + + align:start position:0% +variable + + + align:start position:0% +variable +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um it's a cute trick too because you + + align:start position:0% +um it's a cute trick too because you + + + align:start position:0% +um it's a cute trick too because you +want to maximize a likelihood logs and + + align:start position:0% +want to maximize a likelihood logs and + + + align:start position:0% +want to maximize a likelihood logs and +levels are monotone in each other you + + align:start position:0% +levels are monotone in each other you + + + align:start position:0% +levels are monotone in each other you +find the max of one you're going to find + + align:start position:0% +find the max of one you're going to find + + + align:start position:0% +find the max of one you're going to find +the max of the other so you know + + align:start position:0% +the max of the other so you know + + + align:start position:0% +the max of the other so you know +econometricians usually maximize + + align:start position:0% +econometricians usually maximize + + + align:start position:0% +econometricians usually maximize +logs uh for reasons like + + align:start position:0% +logs uh for reasons like + + + align:start position:0% +logs uh for reasons like +this and it turns out with all + + align:start position:0% +this and it turns out with all + + + align:start position:0% +this and it turns out with all +that algebra those particular functional + + align:start position:0% +that algebra those particular functional + + + align:start position:0% +that algebra those particular functional +forms you know for any set of parameters + + align:start position:0% +forms you know for any set of parameters + + + align:start position:0% +forms you know for any set of parameters +in the production function Alpha Beta + + align:start position:0% +in the production function Alpha Beta + + + align:start position:0% +in the production function Alpha Beta +row Sigma C Etc right you + + align:start position:0% +row Sigma C Etc right you + + + align:start position:0% +row Sigma C Etc right you +can draw all those lines and therefore + + align:start position:0% +can draw all those lines and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +can draw all those lines and therefore +determine all these + + align:start position:0% +determine all these + + + align:start position:0% +determine all these +probabilities so for a given guess about + + align:start position:0% +probabilities so for a given guess about + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities so for a given guess about +the parameters you'll have a certain + + align:start position:0% +the parameters you'll have a certain + + + align:start position:0% +the parameters you'll have a certain +value for the log likelihood and then + + align:start position:0% +value for the log likelihood and then + + + align:start position:0% +value for the log likelihood and then +you just maximize + + align:start position:0% +you just maximize + + + align:start position:0% +you just maximize +that log likelihood by choosing those + + align:start position:0% +that log likelihood by choosing those + + + align:start position:0% +that log likelihood by choosing those +parameters essentially the data come + + align:start position:0% +parameters essentially the data come + + + align:start position:0% +parameters essentially the data come +first there on the diagram you have sort + + align:start position:0% +first there on the diagram you have sort + + + align:start position:0% +first there on the diagram you have sort +of wealth thousands of data points but + + align:start position:0% +of wealth thousands of data points but + + + align:start position:0% +of wealth thousands of data points but +you have wealth and uh you don't see + + align:start position:0% +you have wealth and uh you don't see + + + align:start position:0% +you have wealth and uh you don't see +Talent that's an + + align:start position:0% +Talent that's an + + + align:start position:0% +Talent that's an +unobservable um but you do see their + + align:start position:0% +unobservable um but you do see their + + + align:start position:0% +unobservable um but you do see their +occupation so you're moving those curves + + align:start position:0% +occupation so you're moving those curves + + + align:start position:0% +occupation so you're moving those curves +around to try to fit as many data points + + align:start position:0% +around to try to fit as many data points + + + align:start position:0% +around to try to fit as many data points +as possible here are the estimated + + align:start position:0% +as possible here are the estimated + + + align:start position:0% +as possible here are the estimated +parameters Alpha Beta c row Sigma Etc m + + align:start position:0% +parameters Alpha Beta c row Sigma Etc m + + + align:start position:0% +parameters Alpha Beta c row Sigma Etc m +is also + + align:start position:0% +is also + + + align:start position:0% +is also +estimated naturally because that's kind + + align:start position:0% +estimated naturally because that's kind + + + align:start position:0% +estimated naturally because that's kind +of telling you whether there's a large + + align:start position:0% +of telling you whether there's a large + + + align:start position:0% +of telling you whether there's a large +mass of high or low cost people in the + + align:start position:0% +mass of high or low cost people in the + + + align:start position:0% +mass of high or low cost people in the +population so the line of matter is just + + align:start position:0% +population so the line of matter is just + + + align:start position:0% +population so the line of matter is just +the boundary between entrepreneur work + + align:start position:0% +the boundary between entrepreneur work + + + align:start position:0% +the boundary between entrepreneur work +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +line doesn't matter not in this case no + + align:start position:0% +line doesn't matter not in this case no + + + align:start position:0% +line doesn't matter not in this case no +we didn't you now if I had from the data + + align:start position:0% +we didn't you now if I had from the data + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't you now if I had from the data +households answering or firms answering + + align:start position:0% +households answering or firms answering + + + align:start position:0% +households answering or firms answering +the question are we + + align:start position:0% +the question are we + + + align:start position:0% +the question are we +constrained uh and and you could even + + align:start position:0% +constrained uh and and you could even + + + align:start position:0% +constrained uh and and you could even +get more sophisticated running + + align:start position:0% +get more sophisticated running + + + align:start position:0% +get more sophisticated running +businesses would we like to invest more + + align:start position:0% +businesses would we like to invest more + + + align:start position:0% +businesses would we like to invest more +given this Shadow price + + align:start position:0% +given this Shadow price + + + align:start position:0% +given this Shadow price +I've asked questions like that Alp in + + align:start position:0% +I've asked questions like that Alp in + + + align:start position:0% +I've asked questions like that Alp in +the macro lecture you know half an hour + + align:start position:0% +the macro lecture you know half an hour + + + align:start position:0% +the macro lecture you know half an hour +ago was describing something like that + + align:start position:0% +ago was describing something like that + + + align:start position:0% +ago was describing something like that +in the US for + + align:start position:0% +in the US for + + + align:start position:0% +in the US for +firms uh right before the during the + + align:start position:0% +firms uh right before the during the + + + align:start position:0% +firms uh right before the during the +financial crisis and you could even do + + align:start position:0% +financial crisis and you could even do + + + align:start position:0% +financial crisis and you could even do +something on the extensive margin in + + align:start position:0% +something on the extensive margin in + + + align:start position:0% +something on the extensive margin in +principle you're worried that those are + + align:start position:0% +principle you're worried that those are + + + align:start position:0% +principle you're worried that those are +lousy questions like are you constrained + + align:start position:0% +lousy questions like are you constrained + + + align:start position:0% +lousy questions like are you constrained +you uh but anyway seems to act actually + + align:start position:0% +you uh but anyway seems to act actually + + + align:start position:0% +you uh but anyway seems to act actually +work better in in practice than you + + align:start position:0% +work better in in practice than you + + + align:start position:0% +work better in in practice than you +think it would might might in reality uh + + align:start position:0% +think it would might might in reality uh + + + align:start position:0% +think it would might might in reality uh +in the classroom calibration uh not + + align:start position:0% +in the classroom calibration uh not + + + align:start position:0% +in the classroom calibration uh not +everything can be gotten from those + + align:start position:0% +everything can be gotten from those + + + align:start position:0% +everything can be gotten from those +occupation Choice + + align:start position:0% +occupation Choice + + + align:start position:0% +occupation Choice +diagrams + + align:start position:0% +diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams +so and actually we changed the model + + align:start position:0% +so and actually we changed the model + + + align:start position:0% +so and actually we changed the model +this slightly we're going to allow a + + align:start position:0% +this slightly we're going to allow a + + + align:start position:0% +this slightly we're going to allow a +very slight growth rate in subsistence + + align:start position:0% +very slight growth rate in subsistence + + + align:start position:0% +very slight growth rate in subsistence +income as if there were some + + align:start position:0% +income as if there were some + + + align:start position:0% +income as if there were some +technological progress in in + + align:start position:0% +technological progress in in + + + align:start position:0% +technological progress in in +agriculture um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that savings rate is not + + align:start position:0% +that savings rate is not + + + align:start position:0% +that savings rate is not +uh not estimable from the Micro Data the + + align:start position:0% +uh not estimable from the Micro Data the + + + align:start position:0% +uh not estimable from the Micro Data the +way we were doing it and neither is the + + align:start position:0% +way we were doing it and neither is the + + + align:start position:0% +way we were doing it and neither is the +subsistence income in farming the level + + align:start position:0% +subsistence income in farming the level + + + align:start position:0% +subsistence income in farming the level +of subsistence income we get from a + + align:start position:0% +of subsistence income we get from a + + + align:start position:0% +of subsistence income we get from a +socioeconomic survey done in Thailand in + + align:start position:0% +socioeconomic survey done in Thailand in + + + align:start position:0% +socioeconomic survey done in Thailand in +1976 basically matching to the + + align:start position:0% +1976 basically matching to the + + + align:start position:0% +1976 basically matching to the +reservation + + align:start position:0% +reservation + + + align:start position:0% +reservation +wage + + align:start position:0% +wage + + + align:start position:0% +wage +um there is a slight growth very small + + align:start position:0% +um there is a slight growth very small + + + align:start position:0% +um there is a slight growth very small +Trend in those over time in that wage + + align:start position:0% +Trend in those over time in that wage + + + align:start position:0% +Trend in those over time in that wage +rate so we let it grow exogenously at + + align:start position:0% +rate so we let it grow exogenously at + + + align:start position:0% +rate so we let it grow exogenously at +5.5% per year less than + + align:start position:0% +5.5% per year less than + + + align:start position:0% +5.5% per year less than +1% and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and the cob Douglas is the savings + + align:start position:0% +uh and the cob Douglas is the savings + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the cob Douglas is the savings +rate and again we're going to get we're + + align:start position:0% +rate and again we're going to get we're + + + align:start position:0% +rate and again we're going to get we're +going to set it high + + align:start position:0% +going to set it high + + + align:start position:0% +going to set it high +basically uh at basically one quarter + + align:start position:0% +basically uh at basically one quarter + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh at basically one quarter +but that that matches evidence and + + align:start position:0% +but that that matches evidence and + + + align:start position:0% +but that that matches evidence and +you'll see this in China and many of the + + align:start position:0% +you'll see this in China and many of the + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see this in China and many of the +countries are about to study the savings + + align:start position:0% +countries are about to study the savings + + + align:start position:0% +countries are about to study the savings +rates are very high in these + + align:start position:0% +rates are very high in these + + + align:start position:0% +rates are very high in these +countries so that's actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +realistic learning by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doing uh so from the + + align:start position:0% +doing uh so from the + + + align:start position:0% +doing uh so from the +original burnhard and Ellis paper you + + align:start position:0% +original burnhard and Ellis paper you + + + align:start position:0% +original burnhard and Ellis paper you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +um you begin to see a little bit of the + + align:start position:0% +um you begin to see a little bit of the + + + align:start position:0% +um you begin to see a little bit of the +Dynamics and also their take on the + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics and also their take on the + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics and also their take on the +development literature at the time they + + align:start position:0% +development literature at the time they + + + align:start position:0% +development literature at the time they +they wrote the paper + + align:start position:0% +they wrote the paper + + + align:start position:0% +they wrote the paper +um first of + + align:start position:0% +um first of + + + align:start position:0% +um first of +all you know why that myopic savings + + align:start position:0% +all you know why that myopic savings + + + align:start position:0% +all you know why that myopic savings +rate you know why just care about today + + align:start position:0% +rate you know why just care about today + + + align:start position:0% +rate you know why just care about today +and then tomorrow oh it just helps + + align:start position:0% +and then tomorrow oh it just helps + + + align:start position:0% +and then tomorrow oh it just helps +enormously in Computing the solutions to + + align:start position:0% +enormously in Computing the solutions to + + + align:start position:0% +enormously in Computing the solutions to +these models it's like every day is a + + align:start position:0% +these models it's like every day is a + + + align:start position:0% +these models it's like every day is a +new day here's your wealth I how much am + + align:start position:0% +new day here's your wealth I how much am + + + align:start position:0% +new day here's your wealth I how much am +I going to save that's a number that's + + align:start position:0% +I going to save that's a number that's + + + align:start position:0% +I going to save that's a number that's +the action of wealth you're going to + + align:start position:0% +the action of wealth you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the action of wealth you're going to +save and the rest of it you know you + + align:start position:0% +save and the rest of it you know you + + + align:start position:0% +save and the rest of it you know you +you've got available for consumption so + + align:start position:0% +you've got available for consumption so + + + align:start position:0% +you've got available for consumption so +uh after you make your occupation + + align:start position:0% +uh after you make your occupation + + + align:start position:0% +uh after you make your occupation +decision so you know every period you + + align:start position:0% +decision so you know every period you + + + align:start position:0% +decision so you know every period you +kind of have like a static model where + + align:start position:0% +kind of have like a static model where + + + align:start position:0% +kind of have like a static model where +you're deciding on the occupation how + + align:start position:0% +you're deciding on the occupation how + + + align:start position:0% +you're deciding on the occupation how +well you do Etc depending on your + + align:start position:0% +well you do Etc depending on your + + + align:start position:0% +well you do Etc depending on your +occupation choice and your talent + + align:start position:0% +occupation choice and your talent + + + align:start position:0% +occupation choice and your talent +determines your end of period wealth and + + align:start position:0% +determines your end of period wealth and + + + align:start position:0% +determines your end of period wealth and +that you carry over to tomorrow right + + align:start position:0% +that you carry over to tomorrow right + + + align:start position:0% +that you carry over to tomorrow right +and tomorrow is a new day and the whole + + align:start position:0% +and tomorrow is a new day and the whole + + + align:start position:0% +and tomorrow is a new day and the whole +thing starts over again no I don't + + align:start position:0% +thing starts over again no I don't + + + align:start position:0% +thing starts over again no I don't +believe these guys only live two two + + align:start position:0% +believe these guys only live two two + + + align:start position:0% +believe these guys only live two two +periods although you will see this + + align:start position:0% +periods although you will see this + + + align:start position:0% +periods although you will see this +tension in the + + align:start position:0% +tension in the + + + align:start position:0% +tension in the +literature you know between realism and + + align:start position:0% +literature you know between realism and + + + align:start position:0% +literature you know between realism and +tractability people still use quite + + align:start position:0% +tractability people still use quite + + + align:start position:0% +tractability people still use quite +heavily overlapping Generations models + + align:start position:0% +heavily overlapping Generations models + + + align:start position:0% +heavily overlapping Generations models +and and some of and I mean like with + + align:start position:0% +and and some of and I mean like with + + + align:start position:0% +and and some of and I mean like with +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +periods um so it's kind of hard to match + + align:start position:0% +periods um so it's kind of hard to match + + + align:start position:0% +periods um so it's kind of hard to match +year-to-year data that way but it you + + align:start position:0% +year-to-year data that way but it you + + + align:start position:0% +year-to-year data that way but it you +can tell interesting stories about the + + align:start position:0% +can tell interesting stories about the + + + align:start position:0% +can tell interesting stories about the +distribution of wealth and the impact of + + align:start position:0% +distribution of wealth and the impact of + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of wealth and the impact of +credit + + align:start position:0% +credit + + + align:start position:0% +credit +constraints uh this is a extreme version + + align:start position:0% +constraints uh this is a extreme version + + + align:start position:0% +constraints uh this is a extreme version +of that this is like Rostow's takeoff + + align:start position:0% +of that this is like Rostow's takeoff + + + align:start position:0% +of that this is like Rostow's takeoff +you remember he worked for Kennedy and + + align:start position:0% +you remember he worked for Kennedy and + + + align:start position:0% +you remember he worked for Kennedy and +so this he he says at first you know + + align:start position:0% +so this he he says at first you know + + + align:start position:0% +so this he he says at first you know +nothing much is happening and then you + + align:start position:0% +nothing much is happening and then you + + + align:start position:0% +nothing much is happening and then you +get in this transition wages begin to + + align:start position:0% +get in this transition wages begin to + + + align:start position:0% +get in this transition wages begin to +rise but uh income and wealth are still + + align:start position:0% +rise but uh income and wealth are still + + + align:start position:0% +rise but uh income and wealth are still +growing first order and then you get the + + align:start position:0% +growing first order and then you get the + + + align:start position:0% +growing first order and then you get the +advanced Economic Development and wages + + align:start position:0% +advanced Economic Development and wages + + + align:start position:0% +advanced Economic Development and wages +take off and incomes and wealth + + align:start position:0% +take off and incomes and wealth + + + align:start position:0% +take off and incomes and wealth +basically you know really really + + align:start position:0% +basically you know really really + + + align:start position:0% +basically you know really really +uh become quite + + align:start position:0% +uh become quite + + + align:start position:0% +uh become quite +high and I'll forget to say it but you + + align:start position:0% +high and I'll forget to say it but you + + + align:start position:0% +high and I'll forget to say it but you +know if you let this model run long + + align:start position:0% +know if you let this model run long + + + align:start position:0% +know if you let this model run long +enough it will converge to a steady + + align:start position:0% +enough it will converge to a steady + + + align:start position:0% +enough it will converge to a steady +state uh in which there's no more any + + align:start position:0% +state uh in which there's no more any + + + align:start position:0% +state uh in which there's no more any +growth in wealth it's no longer a growth + + align:start position:0% +growth in wealth it's no longer a growth + + + align:start position:0% +growth in wealth it's no longer a growth +economy uh in that steady state because + + align:start position:0% +economy uh in that steady state because + + + align:start position:0% +economy uh in that steady state because +of this weird assumption + + align:start position:0% +of this weird assumption + + + align:start position:0% +of this weird assumption +about two periods and these costs you + + align:start position:0% +about two periods and these costs you + + + align:start position:0% +about two periods and these costs you +will PE see people making + + align:start position:0% +will PE see people making + + + align:start position:0% +will PE see people making +transitions they will have a certain + + align:start position:0% +transitions they will have a certain + + + align:start position:0% +transitions they will have a certain +wealth and they're going to be talented + + align:start position:0% +wealth and they're going to be talented + + + align:start position:0% +wealth and they're going to be talented +or not talented in certain things then + + align:start position:0% +or not talented in certain things then + + + align:start position:0% +or not talented in certain things then +they will decide to say forget what they + + align:start position:0% +they will decide to say forget what they + + + align:start position:0% +they will decide to say forget what they +were doing last period and do something + + align:start position:0% +were doing last period and do something + + + align:start position:0% +were doing last period and do something +new today so you'll see a lot of + + align:start position:0% +new today so you'll see a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +new today so you'll see a lot of +churning in the occupation distribution + + align:start position:0% +churning in the occupation distribution + + + align:start position:0% +churning in the occupation distribution +but you will not see any Trends in + + align:start position:0% +but you will not see any Trends in + + + align:start position:0% +but you will not see any Trends in +anything in the steady state this is + + align:start position:0% +anything in the steady state this is + + + align:start position:0% +anything in the steady state this is +going to be a recurrent theme when we go + + align:start position:0% +going to be a recurrent theme when we go + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a recurrent theme when we go +through these papers as to which ones + + align:start position:0% +through these papers as to which ones + + + align:start position:0% +through these papers as to which ones +are essentially in steady state and + + align:start position:0% +are essentially in steady state and + + + align:start position:0% +are essentially in steady state and +maybe we're + + align:start position:0% +maybe we're + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we're +looking across a cross-section of + + align:start position:0% +looking across a cross-section of + + + align:start position:0% +looking across a cross-section of +economies that vary in some way all of + + align:start position:0% +economies that vary in some way all of + + + align:start position:0% +economies that vary in some way all of +each of which country is in a steady + + align:start position:0% +each of which country is in a steady + + + align:start position:0% +each of which country is in a steady +state versus transitions today is about + + align:start position:0% +state versus transitions today is about + + + align:start position:0% +state versus transitions today is about +Transitions and I'm not going to spend a + + align:start position:0% +Transitions and I'm not going to spend a + + + align:start position:0% +Transitions and I'm not going to spend a +lot of + + align:start position:0% +lot of + + + align:start position:0% +lot of +attention to the steady state of this + + align:start position:0% +attention to the steady state of this + + + align:start position:0% +attention to the steady state of this +model which is probably relatively + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uninteresting okay + + align:start position:0% +uninteresting okay + + + align:start position:0% +uninteresting okay +so now we get to the financial deepening + + align:start position:0% +so now we get to the financial deepening + + + align:start position:0% +so now we get to the financial deepening +part so what we do is create an + + align:start position:0% +part so what we do is create an + + + align:start position:0% +part so what we do is create an +exogenous financial sector under which + + align:start position:0% +exogenous financial sector under which + + + align:start position:0% +exogenous financial sector under which +everybody's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mediated it's like one of these dual + + align:start position:0% +mediated it's like one of these dual + + + align:start position:0% +mediated it's like one of these dual +economies except for us it's like you + + align:start position:0% +economies except for us it's like you + + + align:start position:0% +economies except for us it's like you +have free banks in Access or you have + + align:start position:0% +have free banks in Access or you have + + + align:start position:0% +have free banks in Access or you have +zero access it's very + + align:start position:0% +zero access it's very + + + align:start position:0% +zero access it's very +extreme in the banking sector so to + + align:start position:0% +extreme in the banking sector so to + + + align:start position:0% +extreme in the banking sector so to +speak it's not just about credit it's + + align:start position:0% +speak it's not just about credit it's + + + align:start position:0% +speak it's not just about credit it's +about lending so there's an equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +about lending so there's an equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +about lending so there's an equilibrium +interest rate that's going to + + align:start position:0% +interest rate that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate that's going to +clear uh the market where savings is + + align:start position:0% +clear uh the market where savings is + + + align:start position:0% +clear uh the market where savings is +equal to borrowing + + align:start position:0% +equal to borrowing + + + align:start position:0% +equal to borrowing +and uh and now you look at the return to + + align:start position:0% +and uh and now you look at the return to + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and now you look at the return to +Farmers Farmers have their s subsistence + + align:start position:0% +Farmers Farmers have their s subsistence + + + align:start position:0% +Farmers Farmers have their s subsistence +income but they put their money in the + + align:start position:0% +income but they put their money in the + + + align:start position:0% +income but they put their money in the +bank so they get you know one plus + + align:start position:0% +bank so they get you know one plus + + + align:start position:0% +bank so they get you know one plus +little r or Big R rate of return on that + + align:start position:0% +little r or Big R rate of return on that + + + align:start position:0% +little r or Big R rate of return on that +everybody when you + + align:start position:0% +everybody when you + + + align:start position:0% +everybody when you +have complete Mark there's no + + align:start position:0% +have complete Mark there's no + + + align:start position:0% +have complete Mark there's no +uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty +here essentially so you have a + + align:start position:0% +here essentially so you have a + + + align:start position:0% +here essentially so you have a +neoclassical separation between + + align:start position:0% +neoclassical separation between + + + align:start position:0% +neoclassical separation between +households and + + align:start position:0% +households and + + + align:start position:0% +households and +firms which essentially means + + align:start position:0% +firms which essentially means + + + align:start position:0% +firms which essentially means +the financing decisions of firms have + + align:start position:0% +the financing decisions of firms have + + + align:start position:0% +the financing decisions of firms have +nothing to do with households another + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with households another + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with households another +way to put this is just put all your + + align:start position:0% +way to put this is just put all your + + + align:start position:0% +way to put this is just put all your +money in the bank and then borrow what + + align:start position:0% +money in the bank and then borrow what + + + align:start position:0% +money in the bank and then borrow what +you need if you need to borrow at all so + + align:start position:0% +you need if you need to borrow at all so + + + align:start position:0% +you need if you need to borrow at all so +all these guys are putting their money + + align:start position:0% +all these guys are putting their money + + + align:start position:0% +all these guys are putting their money +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +bank including the firms and then they + + align:start position:0% +bank including the firms and then they + + + align:start position:0% +bank including the firms and then they +borrow back what they + + align:start position:0% +borrow back what they + + + align:start position:0% +borrow back what they +need now it is true that you know the + + align:start position:0% +need now it is true that you know the + + + align:start position:0% +need now it is true that you know the +borrowing and lending rate are the same + + align:start position:0% +borrowing and lending rate are the same + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing and lending rate are the same +here and that's how I'm getting away + + align:start position:0% +here and that's how I'm getting away + + + align:start position:0% +here and that's how I'm getting away +with this + + align:start position:0% +with this + + + align:start position:0% +with this +trick and two lectures from now we'll + + align:start position:0% +trick and two lectures from now we'll + + + align:start position:0% +trick and two lectures from now we'll +have a paper focusing quite a bit on the + + align:start position:0% +have a paper focusing quite a bit on the + + + align:start position:0% +have a paper focusing quite a bit on the +spread between borrowing and lending as + + align:start position:0% +spread between borrowing and lending as + + + align:start position:0% +spread between borrowing and lending as +a measure of the cost of + + align:start position:0% +a measure of the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +a measure of the cost of +intermediation this paper doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +intermediation this paper doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +intermediation this paper doesn't have +that this paper just assumes perfectly + + align:start position:0% +that this paper just assumes perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +that this paper just assumes perfectly +Costless + + align:start position:0% +Costless + + + align:start position:0% +Costless +intermediation and these rates are the + + align:start position:0% +intermediation and these rates are the + + + align:start position:0% +intermediation and these rates are the +same okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +Alpha fraction of household s are in + + align:start position:0% +Alpha fraction of household s are in + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha fraction of household s are in +this intermediated sector at this date + + align:start position:0% +this intermediated sector at this date + + + align:start position:0% +this intermediated sector at this date +so how much is in the savings accounts + + align:start position:0% +so how much is in the savings accounts + + + align:start position:0% +so how much is in the savings accounts +say you know you take the total + + align:start position:0% +say you know you take the total + + + align:start position:0% +say you know you take the total +population Alpha fraction of the + + align:start position:0% +population Alpha fraction of the + + + align:start position:0% +population Alpha fraction of the +population intermediated everybody's + + align:start position:0% +population intermediated everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +population intermediated everybody's +putting in that sector putting B in the + + align:start position:0% +putting in that sector putting B in the + + + align:start position:0% +putting in that sector putting B in the +bank so Alpha times B is the + + align:start position:0% +bank so Alpha times B is the + + + align:start position:0% +bank so Alpha times B is the +saving and what's uh basically the + + align:start position:0% +saving and what's uh basically the + + + align:start position:0% +saving and what's uh basically the +um the uh borrowing level well firms if + + align:start position:0% +um the uh borrowing level well firms if + + + align:start position:0% +um the uh borrowing level well firms if +you are a firm you're going to borrow to + + align:start position:0% +you are a firm you're going to borrow to + + + align:start position:0% +you are a firm you're going to borrow to +finance both your setup costs and your + + align:start position:0% +finance both your setup costs and your + + + align:start position:0% +finance both your setup costs and your +Capital + + align:start position:0% +Capital + + + align:start position:0% +Capital +so so basically we add up or integrate + + align:start position:0% +so so basically we add up or integrate + + + align:start position:0% +so so basically we add up or integrate +up over the two characteristics that is + + align:start position:0% +up over the two characteristics that is + + + align:start position:0% +up over the two characteristics that is +to say the setup costs themselves as + + align:start position:0% +to say the setup costs themselves as + + + align:start position:0% +to say the setup costs themselves as +well as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wealth you will only integrate up over + + align:start position:0% +wealth you will only integrate up over + + + align:start position:0% +wealth you will only integrate up over +firms when X is below some threshold + + align:start position:0% +firms when X is below some threshold + + + align:start position:0% +firms when X is below some threshold +now this this + + align:start position:0% +now this this + + + align:start position:0% +now this this +threshold no long I should actually have + + align:start position:0% +threshold no long I should actually have + + + align:start position:0% +threshold no long I should actually have +drawn it on the other diagram it's a + + align:start position:0% +drawn it on the other diagram it's a + + + align:start position:0% +drawn it on the other diagram it's a +completely + + align:start position:0% +completely + + + align:start position:0% +completely +Flatline you know whether or not you're + + align:start position:0% +Flatline you know whether or not you're + + + align:start position:0% +Flatline you know whether or not you're +a firm or a worker I said this has + + align:start position:0% +a firm or a worker I said this has + + + align:start position:0% +a firm or a worker I said this has +nothing to do with your wealth it just + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with your wealth it just + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to do with your wealth it just +has to do with your cost so if your + + align:start position:0% +has to do with your cost so if your + + + align:start position:0% +has to do with your cost so if your +costs are high above this threshold + + align:start position:0% +costs are high above this threshold + + + align:start position:0% +costs are high above this threshold +you're not going to be a firm and if + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to be a firm and if + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to be a firm and if +it's below you are if you don't have a + + align:start position:0% +it's below you are if you don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +it's below you are if you don't have a +lot of wealth you're going to have to + + align:start position:0% +lot of wealth you're going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +lot of wealth you're going to have to +borrow a lot so this is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +borrow a lot so this is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +borrow a lot so this is sort of the +demand for funds fs and + + align:start position:0% +demand for funds fs and + + + align:start position:0% +demand for funds fs and +then you know basically you're going to + + align:start position:0% +then you know basically you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +then you know basically you're going to +set the demand for funds equal to the + + align:start position:0% +set the demand for funds equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +set the demand for funds equal to the +supply for funds and find an interest + + align:start position:0% +supply for funds and find an interest + + + align:start position:0% +supply for funds and find an interest +rate that does + + align:start position:0% +rate that does + + + align:start position:0% +rate that does +that there's an inequality here only + + align:start position:0% +that there's an inequality here only + + + align:start position:0% +that there's an inequality here only +because again you know the one plus + + align:start position:0% +because again you know the one plus + + + align:start position:0% +because again you know the one plus +little r could go to one basically so + + align:start position:0% +little r could go to one basically so + + + align:start position:0% +little r could go to one basically so +the cost of funds is basically like + + align:start position:0% +the cost of funds is basically like + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of funds is basically like +storing grain in the backyard in which + + align:start position:0% +storing grain in the backyard in which + + + align:start position:0% +storing grain in the backyard in which +case there's some indeterminacy you + + align:start position:0% +case there's some indeterminacy you + + + align:start position:0% +case there's some indeterminacy you +might as well just carry it over rather + + align:start position:0% +might as well just carry it over rather + + + align:start position:0% +might as well just carry it over rather +than put it in a bank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but interest rates can be higher than + + align:start position:0% +but interest rates can be higher than + + + align:start position:0% +but interest rates can be higher than +that and likewise + + align:start position:0% +that and likewise + + + align:start position:0% +that and likewise +employment we've got we just integrate + + align:start position:0% +employment we've got we just integrate + + + align:start position:0% +employment we've got we just integrate +up the demand for work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um employment is + + align:start position:0% +um employment is + + + align:start position:0% +um employment is +tricky people have + + align:start position:0% +tricky people have + + + align:start position:0% +tricky people have +jobs you're either going to be a farmer + + align:start position:0% +jobs you're either going to be a farmer + + + align:start position:0% +jobs you're either going to be a farmer +or a worker or an + + align:start position:0% +or a worker or an + + + align:start position:0% +or a worker or an +entrepreneur there's only so many people + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur there's only so many people + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur there's only so many people +in the population + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if the size of the population is + + align:start position:0% +so if the size of the population is + + + align:start position:0% +so if the size of the population is +normalized to one you've got basically + + align:start position:0% +normalized to one you've got basically + + + align:start position:0% +normalized to one you've got basically +the number of entrepreneurs and the + + align:start position:0% +the number of entrepreneurs and the + + + align:start position:0% +the number of entrepreneurs and the +number of work uh + + align:start position:0% +number of work uh + + + align:start position:0% +number of work uh +workers the number of workers is just + + align:start position:0% +workers the number of workers is just + + + align:start position:0% +workers the number of workers is just +comes from employment of the existing + + align:start position:0% +comes from employment of the existing + + + align:start position:0% +comes from employment of the existing +firms where L is the labor + + align:start position:0% +firms where L is the labor + + + align:start position:0% +firms where L is the labor +hired of a firm P facing r as the + + align:start position:0% +hired of a firm P facing r as the + + + align:start position:0% +hired of a firm P facing r as the +interest rate and W as the + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and W as the + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate and W as the +wage there's two sectors here + + align:start position:0% +wage there's two sectors here + + + align:start position:0% +wage there's two sectors here +intermediated and non- intermediated + + align:start position:0% +intermediated and non- intermediated + + + align:start position:0% +intermediated and non- intermediated +they're different from each other but + + align:start position:0% +they're different from each other but + + + align:start position:0% +they're different from each other but +the labor market is + + align:start position:0% +the labor market is + + + align:start position:0% +the labor market is +perfect again not so credible but makes + + align:start position:0% +perfect again not so credible but makes + + + align:start position:0% +perfect again not so credible but makes +it much + + align:start position:0% +it much + + + align:start position:0% +it much +easier so you can work for any firm + + align:start position:0% +easier so you can work for any firm + + + align:start position:0% +easier so you can work for any firm +there's not even any real migration cost + + align:start position:0% +there's not even any real migration cost + + + align:start position:0% +there's not even any real migration cost +maybe that cost of living cost that's + + align:start position:0% +maybe that cost of living cost that's + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that cost of living cost that's +it um so you'll be indifferent at a + + align:start position:0% +it um so you'll be indifferent at a + + + align:start position:0% +it um so you'll be indifferent at a +given wage where you work so you just + + align:start position:0% +given wage where you work so you just + + + align:start position:0% +given wage where you work so you just +add up all the employment add up the + + align:start position:0% +add up all the employment add up the + + + align:start position:0% +add up all the employment add up the +number of firms and again lots of the + + align:start position:0% +number of firms and again lots of the + + + align:start position:0% +number of firms and again lots of the +time this thing will be equal to one you + + align:start position:0% +time this thing will be equal to one you + + + align:start position:0% +time this thing will be equal to one you +used up all the people and and you'll + + align:start position:0% +used up all the people and and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +used up all the people and and you'll +have to find a wage that equates the + + align:start position:0% +have to find a wage that equates the + + + align:start position:0% +have to find a wage that equates the +demand and the supply for + + align:start position:0% +demand and the supply for + + + align:start position:0% +demand and the supply for +workers so on Friday Yan will kind of + + align:start position:0% +workers so on Friday Yan will kind of + + + align:start position:0% +workers so on Friday Yan will kind of +talk you through a bit more easy to say + + align:start position:0% +talk you through a bit more easy to say + + + align:start position:0% +talk you through a bit more easy to say +maybe not so easy to do even though it's + + align:start position:0% +maybe not so easy to do even though it's + + + align:start position:0% +maybe not so easy to do even though it's +a static model you have to find these + + align:start position:0% +a static model you have to find these + + + align:start position:0% +a static model you have to find these +equilibrium interest rates and wages + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium interest rates and wages + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium interest rates and wages +that clear the market you need an Al for + + align:start position:0% +that clear the market you need an Al for + + + align:start position:0% +that clear the market you need an Al for +doing that you need to have a good guess + + align:start position:0% +doing that you need to have a good guess + + + align:start position:0% +doing that you need to have a good guess +about how to search and and how to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +iterate question yes maybe all of these + + align:start position:0% +iterate question yes maybe all of these + + + align:start position:0% +iterate question yes maybe all of these +so I want to think about investments in + + align:start position:0% +so I want to think about investments in + + + align:start position:0% +so I want to think about investments in +human capital should we think that as + + align:start position:0% +human capital should we think that as + + + align:start position:0% +human capital should we think that as +that goes into X or should we think of + + align:start position:0% +that goes into X or should we think of + + + align:start position:0% +that goes into X or should we think of +that as a different kind of investment + + align:start position:0% +that as a different kind of investment + + + align:start position:0% +that as a different kind of investment +which there really isn't any realistic + + align:start position:0% +which there really isn't any realistic + + + align:start position:0% +which there really isn't any realistic +human capital in this + + align:start position:0% +human capital in this + + + align:start position:0% +human capital in this +model uh these guys are choosing whether + + align:start position:0% +model uh these guys are choosing whether + + + align:start position:0% +model uh these guys are choosing whether +to be you know set up a firm or have or + + align:start position:0% +to be you know set up a firm or have or + + + align:start position:0% +to be you know set up a firm or have or +what occupation you could imagine a + + align:start position:0% +what occupation you could imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +what occupation you could imagine a +model where the choice is whether or not + + align:start position:0% +model where the choice is whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +model where the choice is whether or not +to go to school but it's just not here + + align:start position:0% +to go to school but it's just not here + + + align:start position:0% +to go to school but it's just not here +and it's not even realistic in the sense + + align:start position:0% +and it's not even realistic in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not even realistic in the sense +that you know those exes you might say + + align:start position:0% +that you know those exes you might say + + + align:start position:0% +that you know those exes you might say +well I went to school I'm pretty + + align:start position:0% +well I went to school I'm pretty + + + align:start position:0% +well I went to school I'm pretty +talented I know how to run a business + + align:start position:0% +talented I know how to run a business + + + align:start position:0% +talented I know how to run a business +you know you might want to do that but + + align:start position:0% +you know you might want to do that but + + + align:start position:0% +you know you might want to do that but +the talent can change from one period to + + align:start position:0% +the talent can change from one period to + + + align:start position:0% +the talent can change from one period to +the next so it's not great for human + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +capital um okay so here are in income + + align:start position:0% +capital um okay so here are in income + + + align:start position:0% +capital um okay so here are in income +savings labor share the fraction of + + align:start position:0% +savings labor share the fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +savings labor share the fraction of +entrepreneurs and a measure of + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs and a measure of + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs and a measure of +inequality the genie as both predicted + + align:start position:0% +inequality the genie as both predicted + + + align:start position:0% +inequality the genie as both predicted +by the model and what is actually in the + + align:start position:0% +by the model and what is actually in the + + + align:start position:0% +by the model and what is actually in the +data um the data are up here actually so + + align:start position:0% +data um the data are up here actually so + + + align:start position:0% +data um the data are up here actually so +this didn't work too well income growth + + align:start position:0% +this didn't work too well income growth + + + align:start position:0% +this didn't work too well income growth +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +model is always less than it is in the + + align:start position:0% +model is always less than it is in the + + + align:start position:0% +model is always less than it is in the +in the actual data remember my little + + align:start position:0% +in the actual data remember my little + + + align:start position:0% +in the actual data remember my little +bit for science where I said let's see + + align:start position:0% +bit for science where I said let's see + + + align:start position:0% +bit for science where I said let's see +how well a model + + align:start position:0% +how well a model + + + align:start position:0% +how well a model +does yeah we can match these things much + + align:start position:0% +does yeah we can match these things much + + + align:start position:0% +does yeah we can match these things much +better if we also choose the parameters + + align:start position:0% +better if we also choose the parameters + + + align:start position:0% +better if we also choose the parameters +to try to match them but we didn't do + + align:start position:0% +to try to match them but we didn't do + + + align:start position:0% +to try to match them but we didn't do +that we're completely under you know + + align:start position:0% +that we're completely under you know + + + align:start position:0% +that we're completely under you know +it's amazing it's doing in some sense as + + align:start position:0% +it's amazing it's doing in some sense as + + + align:start position:0% +it's amazing it's doing in some sense as +well as it does at all like look at + + align:start position:0% +well as it does at all like look at + + + align:start position:0% +well as it does at all like look at +Inequality For example you can't + + align:start position:0% +Inequality For example you can't + + + align:start position:0% +Inequality For example you can't +probably tell from the back row the + + align:start position:0% +probably tell from the back row the + + + align:start position:0% +probably tell from the back row the +difference between the model and the + + align:start position:0% +difference between the model and the + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the model and the +data there's some intervals here + + align:start position:0% +data there's some intervals here + + + align:start position:0% +data there's some intervals here +basically you know when you estimate + + align:start position:0% +basically you know when you estimate + + + align:start position:0% +basically you know when you estimate +things things you have standard errors + + align:start position:0% +things things you have standard errors + + + align:start position:0% +things things you have standard errors +on the parameter estimat so there's a + + align:start position:0% +on the parameter estimat so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +on the parameter estimat so there's a +whole confidence interval around all + + align:start position:0% +whole confidence interval around all + + + align:start position:0% +whole confidence interval around all +those curves I'm drawing on the + + align:start position:0% +those curves I'm drawing on the + + + align:start position:0% +those curves I'm drawing on the +occupation choice so we generated lots + + align:start position:0% +occupation choice so we generated lots + + + align:start position:0% +occupation choice so we generated lots +of different paths drawing + + align:start position:0% +of different paths drawing + + + align:start position:0% +of different paths drawing +parameters within you know standard + + align:start position:0% +parameters within you know standard + + + align:start position:0% +parameters within you know standard +confidence + + align:start position:0% +confidence + + + align:start position:0% +confidence +intervals uh but but the actual mean + + align:start position:0% +intervals uh but but the actual mean + + + align:start position:0% +intervals uh but but the actual mean +path is right here and the actual tie + + align:start position:0% +path is right here and the actual tie + + + align:start position:0% +path is right here and the actual tie +data is right here so you know this this + + align:start position:0% +data is right here so you know this this + + + align:start position:0% +data is right here so you know this this +uh inequality is kind of basically um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +very well tracked and eventually goes + + align:start position:0% +very well tracked and eventually goes + + + align:start position:0% +very well tracked and eventually goes +down when does this start going down you + + align:start position:0% +down when does this start going down you + + + align:start position:0% +down when does this start going down you +know that's when there are no more + + align:start position:0% +know that's when there are no more + + + align:start position:0% +know that's when there are no more +Farms well that's kind of the model + + align:start position:0% +Farms well that's kind of the model + + + align:start position:0% +Farms well that's kind of the model +version of it there's a sharp increase + + align:start position:0% +version of it there's a sharp increase + + + align:start position:0% +version of it there's a sharp increase +in the wage uh at around + + align:start position:0% +in the wage uh at around + + + align:start position:0% +in the wage uh at around +1992 in + + align:start position:0% +1992 in + + + align:start position:0% +1992 in +Thailand I think when I don't know when + + align:start position:0% +Thailand I think when I don't know when + + + align:start position:0% +Thailand I think when I don't know when +the turning point was in China but this + + align:start position:0% +the turning point was in China but this + + + align:start position:0% +the turning point was in China but this +is pretty + + align:start position:0% +is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty +typical uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh fraction of entrepreneurs we're under + + align:start position:0% +uh fraction of entrepreneurs we're under + + + align:start position:0% +uh fraction of entrepreneurs we're under +predicting although eventually it rises + + align:start position:0% +predicting although eventually it rises + + + align:start position:0% +predicting although eventually it rises +labor share we do quite + + align:start position:0% +labor share we do quite + + + align:start position:0% +labor share we do quite +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +uh and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on so so now with the model with its + + align:start position:0% +on so so now with the model with its + + + align:start position:0% +on so so now with the model with its +pluses and minuses we can um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do some welfare + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experiments and and what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +experiments and and what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and and what I want to do +essentially is a couple of + + align:start position:0% +essentially is a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +essentially is a couple of +experiments you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rcts one partial equilibrium and one + + align:start position:0% +rcts one partial equilibrium and one + + + align:start position:0% +rcts one partial equilibrium and one +General + + align:start position:0% +General + + + align:start position:0% +General +equilibrium so here's my randomized + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so here's my randomized + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium so here's my randomized +control trial for partial + + align:start position:0% +control trial for partial + + + align:start position:0% +control trial for partial +equilibrium I'm going to take a + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I'm going to take a + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I'm going to take a +household and move it from the non- + + align:start position:0% +household and move it from the non- + + + align:start position:0% +household and move it from the non- +intermediated sector and put it in the + + align:start position:0% +intermediated sector and put it in the + + + align:start position:0% +intermediated sector and put it in the +intermediated + + align:start position:0% +intermediated + + + align:start position:0% +intermediated +sector and then look at the welfare + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gains now now + + align:start position:0% +gains now now + + + align:start position:0% +gains now now +actually uh in before + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1992 the wage in Thailand is the + + align:start position:0% +1992 the wage in Thailand is the + + + align:start position:0% +1992 the wage in Thailand is the +same um it's still at the subsistence + + align:start position:0% +same um it's still at the subsistence + + + align:start position:0% +same um it's still at the subsistence +level regardless of this expanding + + align:start position:0% +level regardless of this expanding + + + align:start position:0% +level regardless of this expanding +financial + + align:start position:0% +financial + + + align:start position:0% +financial +sector so it's both a partial and a + + align:start position:0% +sector so it's both a partial and a + + + align:start position:0% +sector so it's both a partial and a +general equilibrium model but I don't + + align:start position:0% +general equilibrium model but I don't + + + align:start position:0% +general equilibrium model but I don't +have to worry about the general + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about the general + + + align:start position:0% +have to worry about the general +equilibrium effects of of the wage it's + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium effects of of the wage it's + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium effects of of the wage it's +not like I'm giving the economy + + align:start position:0% +not like I'm giving the economy + + + align:start position:0% +not like I'm giving the economy +intermediation or not it or it's + + align:start position:0% +intermediation or not it or it's + + + align:start position:0% +intermediation or not it or it's +equivalent with having a guy moved from + + align:start position:0% +equivalent with having a guy moved from + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent with having a guy moved from +autarchy to financial intermediation + + align:start position:0% +autarchy to financial intermediation + + + align:start position:0% +autarchy to financial intermediation +because the wage is the same so what the + + align:start position:0% +because the wage is the same so what the + + + align:start position:0% +because the wage is the same so what the +hell is + + align:start position:0% +hell is + + + align:start position:0% +hell is +this this huge Spike + + align:start position:0% +this this huge Spike + + + align:start position:0% +this this huge Spike +here are the basically the + + align:start position:0% +here are the basically the + + + align:start position:0% +here are the basically the +gains + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um equivalent you know consumption gains + + align:start position:0% +um equivalent you know consumption gains + + + align:start position:0% +um equivalent you know consumption gains +or or wealth gains for households of low + + align:start position:0% +or or wealth gains for households of low + + + align:start position:0% +or or wealth gains for households of low +wealth but High + + align:start position:0% +wealth but High + + + align:start position:0% +wealth but High +Talent so I you know I pinpointed them + + align:start position:0% +Talent so I you know I pinpointed them + + + align:start position:0% +Talent so I you know I pinpointed them +earlier in the occupation Choice diagram + + align:start position:0% +earlier in the occupation Choice diagram + + + align:start position:0% +earlier in the occupation Choice diagram +so they are no longer constrained so + + align:start position:0% +so they are no longer constrained so + + + align:start position:0% +so they are no longer constrained so +there are some very talented people who + + align:start position:0% +there are some very talented people who + + + align:start position:0% +there are some very talented people who +will allow set up businesses and even + + align:start position:0% +will allow set up businesses and even + + + align:start position:0% +will allow set up businesses and even +high + + align:start position:0% +high + + + align:start position:0% +high +workers and make uh a lot of + + align:start position:0% +workers and make uh a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +workers and make uh a lot of +money after all the flip side of the + + align:start position:0% +money after all the flip side of the + + + align:start position:0% +money after all the flip side of the +wage being + + align:start position:0% +wage being + + + align:start position:0% +wage being +low is that when you're a firm you don't + + align:start position:0% +low is that when you're a firm you don't + + + align:start position:0% +low is that when you're a firm you don't +have to pay high costs you make a ton of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +money so so these gains are so big that + + align:start position:0% +money so so these gains are so big that + + + align:start position:0% +money so so these gains are so big that +they make the other + + align:start position:0% +they make the other + + + align:start position:0% +they make the other +things small in comparison + + align:start position:0% +things small in comparison + + + align:start position:0% +things small in comparison +actually these uh these sort of orang + + align:start position:0% +actually these uh these sort of orang + + + align:start position:0% +actually these uh these sort of orang +people are switching from workers to + + align:start position:0% +people are switching from workers to + + + align:start position:0% +people are switching from workers to +firms and + + align:start position:0% +firms and + + + align:start position:0% +firms and +these blue light blue people those were + + align:start position:0% +these blue light blue people those were + + + align:start position:0% +these blue light blue people those were +I don't know if this will surprise you + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if this will surprise you + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if this will surprise you +those are inefficient firms going out of + + align:start position:0% +those are inefficient firms going out of + + + align:start position:0% +those are inefficient firms going out of +business I mean they're an + + align:start position:0% +business I mean they're an + + + align:start position:0% +business I mean they're an +autarchy not much to do with your money + + align:start position:0% +autarchy not much to do with your money + + + align:start position:0% +autarchy not much to do with your money +throw it back into the business Drive + + align:start position:0% +throw it back into the business Drive + + + align:start position:0% +throw it back into the business Drive +the marginal return down to the carrying + + align:start position:0% +the marginal return down to the carrying + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal return down to the carrying +costs of grain and uh that's the best + + align:start position:0% +costs of grain and uh that's the best + + + align:start position:0% +costs of grain and uh that's the best +thing you know other than than being + + align:start position:0% +thing you know other than than being + + + align:start position:0% +thing you know other than than being +a a farmer that you can do uh but when + + align:start position:0% +a a farmer that you can do uh but when + + + align:start position:0% +a a farmer that you can do uh but when +the interest rate goes up early on and + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate goes up early on and + + + align:start position:0% +the interest rate goes up early on and +early on the interest rate in this + + align:start position:0% +early on the interest rate in this + + + align:start position:0% +early on the interest rate in this +economy will be high because there there + + align:start position:0% +economy will be high because there there + + + align:start position:0% +economy will be high because there there +isn't that much wealth and there's + + align:start position:0% +isn't that much wealth and there's + + + align:start position:0% +isn't that much wealth and there's +relatively High marginal product in + + align:start position:0% +relatively High marginal product in + + + align:start position:0% +relatively High marginal product in +production so these lazy untalented + + align:start position:0% +production so these lazy untalented + + + align:start position:0% +production so these lazy untalented +richer people sorry lazy was excessive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they don't have a choice about it + + align:start position:0% +they don't have a choice about it + + + align:start position:0% +they don't have a choice about it +they're just not good at + + align:start position:0% +they're just not good at + + + align:start position:0% +they're just not good at +anything they they take their money and + + align:start position:0% +anything they they take their money and + + + align:start position:0% +anything they they take their money and +they put it in the + + align:start position:0% +they put it in the + + + align:start position:0% +they put it in the +bank and they get a higher + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +return you know we'll come back to this + + align:start position:0% +return you know we'll come back to this + + + align:start position:0% +return you know we'll come back to this +later in the class when we actually come + + align:start position:0% +later in the class when we actually come + + + align:start position:0% +later in the class when we actually come +back to rcts and and IV and all of that + + align:start position:0% +back to rcts and and IV and all of that + + + align:start position:0% +back to rcts and and IV and all of that +you know but there is already a caution + + align:start position:0% +you know but there is already a caution + + + align:start position:0% +you know but there is already a caution +here some things are not monotonic the + + align:start position:0% +here some things are not monotonic the + + + align:start position:0% +here some things are not monotonic the +treatment effect is not monotonic in + + align:start position:0% +treatment effect is not monotonic in + + + align:start position:0% +treatment effect is not monotonic in +this model intermediation is a good + + align:start position:0% +this model intermediation is a good + + + align:start position:0% +this model intermediation is a good +thing in the sense that everyone can + + align:start position:0% +thing in the sense that everyone can + + + align:start position:0% +thing in the sense that everyone can +earn higher income at least when there + + align:start position:0% +earn higher income at least when there + + + align:start position:0% +earn higher income at least when there +are no General equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +are no General equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +are no General equilibrium +effects but the way in which you earn + + align:start position:0% +effects but the way in which you earn + + + align:start position:0% +effects but the way in which you earn +higher income may involve occupation + + align:start position:0% +higher income may involve occupation + + + align:start position:0% +higher income may involve occupation +shifts some people going into business + + align:start position:0% +shifts some people going into business + + + align:start position:0% +shifts some people going into business +and some people going out of + + align:start position:0% +and some people going out of + + + align:start position:0% +and some people going out of +business so in a very simple way you can + + align:start position:0% +business so in a very simple way you can + + + align:start position:0% +business so in a very simple way you can +see how you would + + align:start position:0% +see how you would + + + align:start position:0% +see how you would +lose uh monoton monotonicity of the + + align:start position:0% +lose uh monoton monotonicity of the + + + align:start position:0% +lose uh monoton monotonicity of the +treatment but we'll come back to that in + + align:start position:0% +treatment but we'll come back to that in + + + align:start position:0% +treatment but we'll come back to that in +a later + + align:start position:0% +a later + + + align:start position:0% +a later +day + + align:start position:0% +day + + + align:start position:0% +day +um so this is a + + align:start position:0% +um so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +um so this is a +prediction oh now let's jump + + align:start position:0% +prediction oh now let's jump + + + align:start position:0% +prediction oh now let's jump +countries I'll go to Mexico actually I + + align:start position:0% +countries I'll go to Mexico actually I + + + align:start position:0% +countries I'll go to Mexico actually I +think the next slide + + align:start position:0% +think the next slide + + + align:start position:0% +think the next slide +is oh how annoying okay I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +learning we won't have this I'll try to + + align:start position:0% +learning we won't have this I'll try to + + + align:start position:0% +learning we won't have this I'll try to +avoid this problem in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +future uh these in + + align:start position:0% +future uh these in + + + align:start position:0% +future uh these in +Mexico the fractions of + + align:start position:0% +Mexico the fractions of + + + align:start position:0% +Mexico the fractions of +uh basically wage earners the fraction + + align:start position:0% +uh basically wage earners the fraction + + + align:start position:0% +uh basically wage earners the fraction +of uh agriculturalists or subsistance + + align:start position:0% +of uh agriculturalists or subsistance + + + align:start position:0% +of uh agriculturalists or subsistance +people and the fraction of + + align:start position:0% +people and the fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +people and the fraction of +entrepreneurs and the earlier one I + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs and the earlier one I + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs and the earlier one I +didn't show you on that scale actually + + align:start position:0% +didn't show you on that scale actually + + + align:start position:0% +didn't show you on that scale actually +shows these can be slightly different + + align:start position:0% +shows these can be slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +shows these can be slightly different +but on this scale with all the + + align:start position:0% +but on this scale with all the + + + align:start position:0% +but on this scale with all the +occupations it it works quite well so + + align:start position:0% +occupations it it works quite well so + + + align:start position:0% +occupations it it works quite well so +yes imag + + align:start position:0% +yes imag + + + align:start position:0% +yes imag +the the fractions in each equation but + + align:start position:0% +the the fractions in each equation but + + + align:start position:0% +the the fractions in each equation but +you mention some that there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you mention some that there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you mention some that there's a lot of +movements across the Pati that probably + + align:start position:0% +movements across the Pati that probably + + + align:start position:0% +movements across the Pati that probably +is you is different from the + + align:start position:0% +is you is different from the + + + align:start position:0% +is you is different from the +data yeah we're not time to time right + + align:start position:0% +data yeah we're not time to time right + + + align:start position:0% +data yeah we're not time to time right +we are not actually looking at the panel + + align:start position:0% +we are not actually looking at the panel + + + align:start position:0% +we are not actually looking at the panel +of a given + + align:start position:0% +of a given + + + align:start position:0% +of a given +household at their career choice or + + align:start position:0% +household at their career choice or + + + align:start position:0% +household at their career choice or +occupation + + align:start position:0% +occupation + + + align:start position:0% +occupation +Choice over many time periods we're just + + align:start position:0% +Choice over many time periods we're just + + + align:start position:0% +Choice over many time periods we're just +only using the + + align:start position:0% +only using the + + + align:start position:0% +only using the +crosssection to do the + + align:start position:0% +crosssection to do the + + + align:start position:0% +crosssection to do the +estimation um so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so even though I think your point is + + align:start position:0% +so even though I think your point is + + + align:start position:0% +so even though I think your point is +even though this seems to fit well + + align:start position:0% +even though this seems to fit well + + + align:start position:0% +even though this seems to fit well +beneath this picture there may be + + align:start position:0% +beneath this picture there may be + + + align:start position:0% +beneath this picture there may be +households uh you know flipping from one + + align:start position:0% +households uh you know flipping from one + + + align:start position:0% +households uh you know flipping from one +to the other and the model doesn't say + + align:start position:0% +to the other and the model doesn't say + + + align:start position:0% +to the other and the model doesn't say +they should + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now actually when we get to buera and + + align:start position:0% +so now actually when we get to buera and + + + align:start position:0% +so now actually when we get to buera and +shin and so on that will be at center + + align:start position:0% +shin and so on that will be at center + + + align:start position:0% +shin and so on that will be at center +stage they're going to be more realistic + + align:start position:0% +stage they're going to be more realistic + + + align:start position:0% +stage they're going to be more realistic +about the talent + + align:start position:0% +about the talent + + + align:start position:0% +about the talent +distribution and they're going to even + + align:start position:0% +distribution and they're going to even + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and they're going to even +have forward looking Dynamics so you'll + + align:start position:0% +have forward looking Dynamics so you'll + + + align:start position:0% +have forward looking Dynamics so you'll +they'll anticipate the way in which + + align:start position:0% +they'll anticipate the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +they'll anticipate the way in which +their Talent May evolve in the + + align:start position:0% +their Talent May evolve in the + + + align:start position:0% +their Talent May evolve in the +future and it will remedy + + align:start position:0% +future and it will remedy + + + align:start position:0% +future and it will remedy +this this + + align:start position:0% +this this + + + align:start position:0% +this this +shortcoming now it looks like I'm + + align:start position:0% +shortcoming now it looks like I'm + + + align:start position:0% +shortcoming now it looks like I'm +claiming a big success success here in + + align:start position:0% +claiming a big success success here in + + + align:start position:0% +claiming a big success success here in +the sense of jumping to Mexico and all + + align:start position:0% +the sense of jumping to Mexico and all + + + align:start position:0% +the sense of jumping to Mexico and all +of a sudden showing you you know the + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden showing you you know the + + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden showing you you know the +outcome after all the same steps but let + + align:start position:0% +outcome after all the same steps but let + + + align:start position:0% +outcome after all the same steps but let +me show you something + + align:start position:0% +me show you something + + + align:start position:0% +me show you something +else um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so this + + align:start position:0% +so so this + + + align:start position:0% +so so this +um this line is the model predicted uh + + align:start position:0% +um this line is the model predicted uh + + + align:start position:0% +um this line is the model predicted uh +number of entrepreneurs in the sector + + align:start position:0% +number of entrepreneurs in the sector + + + align:start position:0% +number of entrepreneurs in the sector +without credit and this is the one with + + align:start position:0% +without credit and this is the one with + + + align:start position:0% +without credit and this is the one with +credit it's bad news it's kind of the + + align:start position:0% +credit it's bad news it's kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +credit it's bad news it's kind of the +opposite of what you think Financial + + align:start position:0% +opposite of what you think Financial + + + align:start position:0% +opposite of what you think Financial +autarchy turns out to + + align:start position:0% +autarchy turns out to + + + align:start position:0% +autarchy turns out to +be better in some in this sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now normal people don't show you this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stuff but I'm showing it to you for a + + align:start position:0% +stuff but I'm showing it to you for a + + + align:start position:0% +stuff but I'm showing it to you for a +reason and it's in that book that I + + align:start position:0% +reason and it's in that book that I + + + align:start position:0% +reason and it's in that book that I +mentioned the one we're writing on + + align:start position:0% +mentioned the one we're writing on + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned the one we're writing on +Mexico so what went wrong well I went + + align:start position:0% +Mexico so what went wrong well I went + + + align:start position:0% +Mexico so what went wrong well I went +back and I've been worried about this + + align:start position:0% +back and I've been worried about this + + + align:start position:0% +back and I've been worried about this +for quite a long time I went back and + + align:start position:0% +for quite a long time I went back and + + + align:start position:0% +for quite a long time I went back and +looked at the chapters + + align:start position:0% +looked at the chapters + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the chapters +again am I going to put this book in the + + align:start position:0% +again am I going to put this book in the + + + align:start position:0% +again am I going to put this book in the +trash can + + align:start position:0% +trash can + + + align:start position:0% +trash can +and what I realized was that occupation + + align:start position:0% +and what I realized was that occupation + + + align:start position:0% +and what I realized was that occupation +choice where you do these probits of + + align:start position:0% +choice where you do these probits of + + + align:start position:0% +choice where you do these probits of +uh the the variables like credit weren't + + align:start position:0% +uh the the variables like credit weren't + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the variables like credit weren't +even showing up there as being + + align:start position:0% +even showing up there as being + + + align:start position:0% +even showing up there as being +significant so whereas they do in + + align:start position:0% +significant so whereas they do in + + + align:start position:0% +significant so whereas they do in +Thailand so the data the Micro Data were + + align:start position:0% +Thailand so the data the Micro Data were + + + align:start position:0% +Thailand so the data the Micro Data were +essentially speaking to me and I wasn't + + align:start position:0% +essentially speaking to me and I wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +essentially speaking to me and I wasn't +hearing it for a + + align:start position:0% +hearing it for a + + + align:start position:0% +hearing it for a +while it makes the point of the lecture + + align:start position:0% +while it makes the point of the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +while it makes the point of the lecture +which is you've got to take the micro + + align:start position:0% +which is you've got to take the micro + + + align:start position:0% +which is you've got to take the micro +underpinning seriously + + align:start position:0% +underpinning seriously + + + align:start position:0% +underpinning seriously +and I I followed an algorithm as if I'd + + align:start position:0% +and I I followed an algorithm as if I'd + + + align:start position:0% +and I I followed an algorithm as if I'd +figured something out in Thailand and I + + align:start position:0% +figured something out in Thailand and I + + + align:start position:0% +figured something out in Thailand and I +could do it in Mexico but now I know why + + align:start position:0% +could do it in Mexico but now I know why + + + align:start position:0% +could do it in Mexico but now I know why +it wasn't working so well in Mexico it + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't working so well in Mexico it + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't working so well in Mexico it +doesn't tell you what the next step is + + align:start position:0% +doesn't tell you what the next step is + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't tell you what the next step is +by the way but clearly you know Leb + + align:start position:0% +by the way but clearly you know Leb + + + align:start position:0% +by the way but clearly you know Leb +isn't going to work there very + + align:start position:0% +isn't going to work there very + + + align:start position:0% +isn't going to work there very +well isn't the firm bigger in in the + + align:start position:0% +well isn't the firm bigger in in the + + + align:start position:0% +well isn't the firm bigger in in the +credit sector in the model yeah the firm + + align:start position:0% +credit sector in the model yeah the firm + + + align:start position:0% +credit sector in the model yeah the firm +yeah the model doesn't work no but so if + + align:start position:0% +yeah the model doesn't work no but so if + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the model doesn't work no but so if +there is a lower percentage entrepreneur + + align:start position:0% +there is a lower percentage entrepreneur + + + align:start position:0% +there is a lower percentage entrepreneur +but the firm is bigger that's fine oh + + align:start position:0% +but the firm is bigger that's fine oh + + + align:start position:0% +but the firm is bigger that's fine oh +all right I don't have firm + + align:start position:0% +all right I don't have firm + + + align:start position:0% +all right I don't have firm +size I'll go back and look if we + + align:start position:0% +size I'll go back and look if we + + + align:start position:0% +size I'll go back and look if we +actually oh I should say also something + + align:start position:0% +actually oh I should say also something + + + align:start position:0% +actually oh I should say also something +related we have like I have for Thailand + + align:start position:0% +related we have like I have for Thailand + + + align:start position:0% +related we have like I have for Thailand +and it's available to you on data verse + + align:start position:0% +and it's available to you on data verse + + + align:start position:0% +and it's available to you on data verse +we have a massive Archive of Mexican + + align:start position:0% +we have a massive Archive of Mexican + + + align:start position:0% +we have a massive Archive of Mexican +data it it uh it should + + align:start position:0% +data it it uh it should + + + align:start position:0% +data it it uh it should +be on data verse and I am meant to incl + + align:start position:0% +be on data verse and I am meant to incl + + + align:start position:0% +be on data verse and I am meant to incl +I hope there is included already Jorge + + align:start position:0% +I hope there is included already Jorge + + + align:start position:0% +I hope there is included already Jorge +Moreno's summary of the Mexican + + align:start position:0% +Moreno's summary of the Mexican + + + align:start position:0% +Moreno's summary of the Mexican +data and this book will will kind of + + align:start position:0% +data and this book will will kind of + + + align:start position:0% +data and this book will will kind of +give you a sense of the the great + + align:start position:0% +give you a sense of the the great + + + align:start position:0% +give you a sense of the the great +variety of data we have in wh I can go + + align:start position:0% +variety of data we have in wh I can go + + + align:start position:0% +variety of data we have in wh I can go +back and look and see whether we would + + align:start position:0% +back and look and see whether we would + + + align:start position:0% +back and look and see whether we would +actually plotted firm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size okay another model so this is uh + + align:start position:0% +size okay another model so this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +size okay another model so this is uh +the one with endogenous Financial + + align:start position:0% +the one with endogenous Financial + + + align:start position:0% +the one with endogenous Financial +deepening and I'm leading off with a + + align:start position:0% +deepening and I'm leading off with a + + + align:start position:0% +deepening and I'm leading off with a +picture that should remind you uh of the + + align:start position:0% +picture that should remind you uh of the + + + align:start position:0% +picture that should remind you uh of the +lecture of last time which is this + + align:start position:0% +lecture of last time which is this + + + align:start position:0% +lecture of last time which is this +tradeoff + + align:start position:0% +tradeoff + + + align:start position:0% +tradeoff +between um potentially between growth + + align:start position:0% +between um potentially between growth + + + align:start position:0% +between um potentially between growth +and the and uh levels and also the + + align:start position:0% +and the and uh levels and also the + + + align:start position:0% +and the and uh levels and also the +variability of growth + + align:start position:0% +variability of growth + + + align:start position:0% +variability of growth +um in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case at low levels of + + align:start position:0% +case at low levels of + + + align:start position:0% +case at low levels of +income you have higher + + align:start position:0% +income you have higher + + + align:start position:0% +income you have higher +variability which is kind of a fact that + + align:start position:0% +variability which is kind of a fact that + + + align:start position:0% +variability which is kind of a fact that +seems to be true in the + + align:start position:0% +seems to be true in the + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be true in the +data however this is a model generated + + align:start position:0% +data however this is a model generated + + + align:start position:0% +data however this is a model generated +path in which you know over time per + + align:start position:0% +path in which you know over time per + + + align:start position:0% +path in which you know over time per +capita income is going to be + + align:start position:0% +capita income is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +capita income is going to be +changing and that from those points on + + align:start position:0% +changing and that from those points on + + + align:start position:0% +changing and that from those points on +is going to change the statistics of the + + align:start position:0% +is going to change the statistics of the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to change the statistics of the +model in terms of expected future growth + + align:start position:0% +model in terms of expected future growth + + + align:start position:0% +model in terms of expected future growth +and the uh and the variance of growth + + align:start position:0% +and the uh and the variance of growth + + + align:start position:0% +and the uh and the variance of growth +so how does this model + + align:start position:0% +so how does this model + + + align:start position:0% +so how does this model +work well it is this one is + + align:start position:0% +work well it is this one is + + + align:start position:0% +work well it is this one is +forward-looking + + align:start position:0% +forward-looking + + + align:start position:0% +forward-looking +so households don't just care about + + align:start position:0% +so households don't just care about + + + align:start position:0% +so households don't just care about +today and tomorrow they care about the + + align:start position:0% +today and tomorrow they care about the + + + align:start position:0% +today and tomorrow they care about the +discounted expected + + align:start position:0% +discounted expected + + + align:start position:0% +discounted expected +future and they care about in this case + + align:start position:0% +future and they care about in this case + + + align:start position:0% +future and they care about in this case +the log of consumption at every + + align:start position:0% +the log of consumption at every + + + align:start position:0% +the log of consumption at every +date in a minute we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +date in a minute we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +date in a minute we're going to talk +about some only slightly more general + + align:start position:0% +about some only slightly more general + + + align:start position:0% +about some only slightly more general +power functions beta is a discount rate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +uh and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +uh and we're going to +simplify sectors and occupation choices + + align:start position:0% +simplify sectors and occupation choices + + + align:start position:0% +simplify sectors and occupation choices +almost like telling uh the + + align:start position:0% +almost like telling uh the + + + align:start position:0% +almost like telling uh the +usual riskless and risky asset rather + + align:start position:0% +usual riskless and risky asset rather + + + align:start position:0% +usual riskless and risky asset rather +than thinking of them as occupations + + align:start position:0% +than thinking of them as occupations + + + align:start position:0% +than thinking of them as occupations +there's a riskless asset so when you + + align:start position:0% +there's a riskless asset so when you + + + align:start position:0% +there's a riskless asset so when you +invest at T minus one a certain amount + + align:start position:0% +invest at T minus one a certain amount + + + align:start position:0% +invest at T minus one a certain amount +you get + + align:start position:0% +you get + + + align:start position:0% +you get +Delta times that amount back in the + + align:start position:0% +Delta times that amount back in the + + + align:start position:0% +Delta times that amount back in the +following period + + align:start position:0% +following period + + + align:start position:0% +following period +a constant rate of return and the risky + + align:start position:0% +a constant rate of return and the risky + + + align:start position:0% +a constant rate of return and the risky +technology when you invest at uh the + + align:start position:0% +technology when you invest at uh the + + + align:start position:0% +technology when you invest at uh the +amount I at T minus one you get it back + + align:start position:0% +amount I at T minus one you get it back + + + align:start position:0% +amount I at T minus one you get it back +plus or minus two components there's an + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus two components there's an + + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus two components there's an +aggregate shock Theta t no eye on it + + align:start position:0% +aggregate shock Theta t no eye on it + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate shock Theta t no eye on it +it's common across every household it's + + align:start position:0% +it's common across every household it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's common across every household it's +like aggregate risk and there's an + + align:start position:0% +like aggregate risk and there's an + + + align:start position:0% +like aggregate risk and there's an +Epsilon which does have um + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon which does have um + + + align:start position:0% +Epsilon which does have um +this is household J sorry not I I is + + align:start position:0% +this is household J sorry not I I is + + + align:start position:0% +this is household J sorry not I I is +investment J is household this Epsilon J + + align:start position:0% +investment J is household this Epsilon J + + + align:start position:0% +investment J is household this Epsilon J +is the idiosyncratic shock that's + + align:start position:0% +is the idiosyncratic shock that's + + + align:start position:0% +is the idiosyncratic shock that's +hitting household J and definitely + + align:start position:0% +hitting household J and definitely + + + align:start position:0% +hitting household J and definitely +different across different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +households + + align:start position:0% +households + + + align:start position:0% +households +so if you're lucky enough or you've paid + + align:start position:0% +so if you're lucky enough or you've paid + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're lucky enough or you've paid +the money to be in the club of the + + align:start position:0% +the money to be in the club of the + + + align:start position:0% +the money to be in the club of the +financial + + align:start position:0% +financial + + + align:start position:0% +financial +intermediary um there's an + + align:start position:0% +intermediary um there's an + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary um there's an +advantage uh two advantages + + align:start position:0% +advantage uh two advantages + + + align:start position:0% +advantage uh two advantages +actually uh + + align:start position:0% +actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually uh +information and pooling of idiosyncratic + + align:start position:0% +information and pooling of idiosyncratic + + + align:start position:0% +information and pooling of idiosyncratic +risk + + align:start position:0% +risk + + + align:start position:0% +risk +so the uh the return you get at T minus + + align:start position:0% +so the uh the return you get at T minus + + + align:start position:0% +so the uh the return you get at T minus +one for carrying stuff over is the + + align:start position:0% +one for carrying stuff over is the + + + align:start position:0% +one for carrying stuff over is the +maximum largely of either the safe + + align:start position:0% +maximum largely of either the safe + + + align:start position:0% +maximum largely of either the safe +return or the risky return return but + + align:start position:0% +return or the risky return return but + + + align:start position:0% +return or the risky return return but +the risky return Isn't risky anymore + + align:start position:0% +the risky return Isn't risky anymore + + + align:start position:0% +the risky return Isn't risky anymore +this model goes too far you see it + + align:start position:0% +this model goes too far you see it + + + align:start position:0% +this model goes too far you see it +perfectly in advance so you can kind of + + align:start position:0% +perfectly in advance so you can kind of + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly in advance so you can kind of +pick off what to do it's an extreme + + align:start position:0% +pick off what to do it's an extreme + + + align:start position:0% +pick off what to do it's an extreme +version of inform intermediaries have an + + align:start position:0% +version of inform intermediaries have an + + + align:start position:0% +version of inform intermediaries have an +information advantage and they can + + align:start position:0% +information advantage and they can + + + align:start position:0% +information advantage and they can +advise clients because they have have + + align:start position:0% +advise clients because they have have + + + align:start position:0% +advise clients because they have have +have that + + align:start position:0% +have that + + + align:start position:0% +have that +Advantage + + align:start position:0% +Advantage + + + align:start position:0% +Advantage +um well not quite there's kind of an + + align:start position:0% +um well not quite there's kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +um well not quite there's kind of an +intermediation cost and that's + + align:start position:0% +intermediation cost and that's + + + align:start position:0% +intermediation cost and that's +gamma so this is a wedge this is an + + align:start position:0% +gamma so this is a wedge this is an + + + align:start position:0% +gamma so this is a wedge this is an +inefficiency it's use it's not modeled + + align:start position:0% +inefficiency it's use it's not modeled + + + align:start position:0% +inefficiency it's use it's not modeled +in a deep way but it uses up + + align:start position:0% +in a deep way but it uses up + + + align:start position:0% +in a deep way but it uses up +resources we'll come back to that + + align:start position:0% +resources we'll come back to that + + + align:start position:0% +resources we'll come back to that +momentarily + + align:start position:0% +momentarily + + + align:start position:0% +momentarily +and the other thing is it's costly to + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing is it's costly to + + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing is it's costly to +get into the investment club and it + + align:start position:0% +get into the investment club and it + + + align:start position:0% +get into the investment club and it +costs basically + + align:start position:0% +costs basically + + + align:start position:0% +costs basically +Alpha not the alpha the previous slide + + align:start position:0% +Alpha not the alpha the previous slide + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha not the alpha the previous slide +just some new + + align:start position:0% +just some new + + + align:start position:0% +just some new +number there's perfect competition among + + align:start position:0% +number there's perfect competition among + + + align:start position:0% +number there's perfect competition among +Financial intermediaries they might be + + align:start position:0% +Financial intermediaries they might be + + + align:start position:0% +Financial intermediaries they might be +tempted to try to make profits but + + align:start position:0% +tempted to try to make profits but + + + align:start position:0% +tempted to try to make profits but +they're going to be driven down to + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be driven down to + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be driven down to +basically making people pay the fixed + + align:start position:0% +basically making people pay the fixed + + + align:start position:0% +basically making people pay the fixed +cost to enter the financial system at + + align:start position:0% +cost to enter the financial system at + + + align:start position:0% +cost to enter the financial system at +the true cost and to give them a return + + align:start position:0% +the true cost and to give them a return + + + align:start position:0% +the true cost and to give them a return +that exactly covers the the wedge and is + + align:start position:0% +that exactly covers the the wedge and is + + + align:start position:0% +that exactly covers the the wedge and is +otherwise equal to the to the real rate + + align:start position:0% +otherwise equal to the to the real rate + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise equal to the to the real rate +of return on the Investments oh where + + align:start position:0% +of return on the Investments oh where + + + align:start position:0% +of return on the Investments oh where +did the Epsilon go + + align:start position:0% +did the Epsilon go + + + align:start position:0% +did the Epsilon go +um you know I said they get the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +risk I didn't quite say it right you get + + align:start position:0% +risk I didn't quite say it right you get + + + align:start position:0% +risk I didn't quite say it right you get +the risky thing for + + align:start position:0% +the risky thing for + + + align:start position:0% +the risky thing for +sure not only because you know Theta but + + align:start position:0% +sure not only because you know Theta but + + + align:start position:0% +sure not only because you know Theta but +because these epsilons disappear and the + + align:start position:0% +because these epsilons disappear and the + + + align:start position:0% +because these epsilons disappear and the +the epsilons are pooling across many + + align:start position:0% +the epsilons are pooling across many + + + align:start position:0% +the epsilons are pooling across many +many many households it's IID + + align:start position:0% +many many households it's IID + + + align:start position:0% +many many households it's IID +essentially so it goes to zero as you + + align:start position:0% +essentially so it goes to zero as you + + + align:start position:0% +essentially so it goes to zero as you +have more and more households so it's + + align:start position:0% +have more and more households so it's + + + align:start position:0% +have more and more households so it's +like a mutual + + align:start position:0% +like a mutual + + + align:start position:0% +like a mutual +fund it's not just a bank with you know + + align:start position:0% +fund it's not just a bank with you know + + + align:start position:0% +fund it's not just a bank with you know +fixed borrowing it's more like equity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you put your money in the bank it gets + + align:start position:0% +you put your money in the bank it gets + + + align:start position:0% +you put your money in the bank it gets +kind of the average return on the bank's + + align:start position:0% +kind of the average return on the bank's + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the average return on the bank's +portfolio you might want to borrow some + + align:start position:0% +portfolio you might want to borrow some + + + align:start position:0% +portfolio you might want to borrow some +to finance investment but that's kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +separate so this looks like a discret + + align:start position:0% +separate so this looks like a discret + + + align:start position:0% +separate so this looks like a discret +choice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem and if you bear with me it's not + + align:start position:0% +problem and if you bear with me it's not + + + align:start position:0% +problem and if you bear with me it's not +as bad as it may + + align:start position:0% +as bad as it may + + + align:start position:0% +as bad as it may +seem suppose that at T you've already + + align:start position:0% +seem suppose that at T you've already + + + align:start position:0% +seem suppose that at T you've already +made a decision to keep yourself out of + + align:start position:0% +made a decision to keep yourself out of + + + align:start position:0% +made a decision to keep yourself out of +the financial system so then you have a + + align:start position:0% +the financial system so then you have a + + + align:start position:0% +the financial system so then you have a +value function that depends on your + + align:start position:0% +value function that depends on your + + + align:start position:0% +value function that depends on your +wealth which is not B here but k at date + + align:start position:0% +wealth which is not B here but k at date + + + align:start position:0% +wealth which is not B here but k at date +T and you're going to decide what to do + + align:start position:0% +T and you're going to decide what to do + + + align:start position:0% +T and you're going to decide what to do +with that you can save some of it and + + align:start position:0% +with that you can save some of it and + + + align:start position:0% +with that you can save some of it and +the difference between what you had and + + align:start position:0% +the difference between what you had and + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between what you had and +what you saved you + + align:start position:0% +what you saved you + + + align:start position:0% +what you saved you +eat and the amount that you + + align:start position:0% +eat and the amount that you + + + align:start position:0% +eat and the amount that you +save you get to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +put + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +into + + align:start position:0% +into + + + align:start position:0% +into +um some fraction into the risky thing + + align:start position:0% +um some fraction into the risky thing + + + align:start position:0% +um some fraction into the risky thing +and some fraction into the safe thing + + align:start position:0% +and some fraction into the safe thing + + + align:start position:0% +and some fraction into the safe thing +now you're not in the bank by the the + + align:start position:0% +now you're not in the bank by the the + + + align:start position:0% +now you're not in the bank by the the +decision here so you're definitely going + + align:start position:0% +decision here so you're definitely going + + + align:start position:0% +decision here so you're definitely going +to be experiencing this idiosyncratic + + align:start position:0% +to be experiencing this idiosyncratic + + + align:start position:0% +to be experiencing this idiosyncratic +risk uh may make the safe return more + + align:start position:0% +risk uh may make the safe return more + + + align:start position:0% +risk uh may make the safe return more +attractive but we'll + + align:start position:0% +attractive but we'll + + + align:start position:0% +attractive but we'll +see okay so + + align:start position:0% +see okay so + + + align:start position:0% +see okay so +you know then next period rolls around + + align:start position:0% +you know then next period rolls around + + + align:start position:0% +you know then next period rolls around +and uh and then at the very very + + align:start position:0% +and uh and then at the very very + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and then at the very very +beginning you kind of get to decide + + align:start position:0% +beginning you kind of get to decide + + + align:start position:0% +beginning you kind of get to decide +whether to join the financial system or + + align:start position:0% +whether to join the financial system or + + + align:start position:0% +whether to join the financial system or +not at that + + align:start position:0% +not at that + + + align:start position:0% +not at that +date you're forward + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +looking + + align:start position:0% +looking + + + align:start position:0% +looking +so the value to say not joining the + + align:start position:0% +so the value to say not joining the + + + align:start position:0% +so the value to say not joining the +financial system is is this W that was + + align:start position:0% +financial system is is this W that was + + + align:start position:0% +financial system is is this W that was +over here w means withdrawn or not + + align:start position:0% +over here w means withdrawn or not + + + align:start position:0% +over here w means withdrawn or not +participating + + align:start position:0% +participating + + + align:start position:0% +participating +but if you do decide to join you're + + align:start position:0% +but if you do decide to join you're + + + align:start position:0% +but if you do decide to join you're +going to get the other Branch the value + + align:start position:0% +going to get the other Branch the value + + + align:start position:0% +going to get the other Branch the value +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +participating and that's basically going + + align:start position:0% +participating and that's basically going + + + align:start position:0% +participating and that's basically going +to be something called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V however not quite V because that + + align:start position:0% +V however not quite V because that + + + align:start position:0% +V however not quite V because that +instant that you join you're going to + + align:start position:0% +instant that you join you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +instant that you join you're going to +have to subtract off those fixed costs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +q and in this model it's once and never + + align:start position:0% +q and in this model it's once and never + + + align:start position:0% +q and in this model it's once and never +more actually once you pay to be in you + + align:start position:0% +more actually once you pay to be in you + + + align:start position:0% +more actually once you pay to be in you +stay in + + align:start position:0% +stay in + + + align:start position:0% +stay in +forever so this could have been a + + align:start position:0% +forever so this could have been a + + + align:start position:0% +forever so this could have been a +simpler slide in the sense that once you + + align:start position:0% +simpler slide in the sense that once you + + + align:start position:0% +simpler slide in the sense that once you +join and you join the V Branch you'll + + align:start position:0% +join and you join the V Branch you'll + + + align:start position:0% +join and you join the V Branch you'll +never again have to choose you know to + + align:start position:0% +never again have to choose you know to + + + align:start position:0% +never again have to choose you know to +with to withdraw you'll just stay in the + + align:start position:0% +with to withdraw you'll just stay in the + + + align:start position:0% +with to withdraw you'll just stay in the +financial system you reap all the + + align:start position:0% +financial system you reap all the + + + align:start position:0% +financial system you reap all the +advantages of information and risk + + align:start position:0% +advantages of information and risk + + + align:start position:0% +advantages of information and risk +pooling and there's no reason to leave + + align:start position:0% +pooling and there's no reason to leave + + + align:start position:0% +pooling and there's no reason to leave +you'd have to change this model to get + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to change this model to get + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to change this model to get +dis + + align:start position:0% +dis + + + align:start position:0% +dis +intermediation but the focus here was on + + align:start position:0% +intermediation but the focus here was on + + + align:start position:0% +intermediation but the focus here was on +increasing intermediation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so this + + align:start position:0% +so so this + + + align:start position:0% +so so this +is probably something you've seen I'm + + align:start position:0% +is probably something you've seen I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is probably something you've seen I'm +not quite so sure what you've had in + + align:start position:0% +not quite so sure what you've had in + + + align:start position:0% +not quite so sure what you've had in +your other courses this is a dynamic + + align:start position:0% +your other courses this is a dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +your other courses this is a dynamic +discrete Choice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +and and basically you have this value + + align:start position:0% +and and basically you have this value + + + align:start position:0% +and and basically you have this value +function w + + align:start position:0% +function w + + + align:start position:0% +function w +for low wealth it's it's the highest + + align:start position:0% +for low wealth it's it's the highest + + + align:start position:0% +for low wealth it's it's the highest +curve and then you say no well this is + + align:start position:0% +curve and then you say no well this is + + + align:start position:0% +curve and then you say no well this is +above it no not really because at the + + align:start position:0% +above it no not really because at the + + + align:start position:0% +above it no not really because at the +instant you join you have to subtract Q + + align:start position:0% +instant you join you have to subtract Q + + + align:start position:0% +instant you join you have to subtract Q +so you take this V and subtract Q off of + + align:start position:0% +so you take this V and subtract Q off of + + + align:start position:0% +so you take this V and subtract Q off of +the capital level it brings the whole + + align:start position:0% +the capital level it brings the whole + + + align:start position:0% +the capital level it brings the whole +curve down so you know where these to + + align:start position:0% +curve down so you know where these to + + + align:start position:0% +curve down so you know where these to +this so you know where this thing + + align:start position:0% +this so you know where this thing + + + align:start position:0% +this so you know where this thing +crosses that's kind of the key entry + + align:start position:0% +crosses that's kind of the key entry + + + align:start position:0% +crosses that's kind of the key entry +point at K at 15 given the way I've + + align:start position:0% +point at K at 15 given the way I've + + + align:start position:0% +point at K at 15 given the way I've +drawn these curves to the left of 15 you + + align:start position:0% +drawn these curves to the left of 15 you + + + align:start position:0% +drawn these curves to the left of 15 you +won't be participating and to the right + + align:start position:0% +won't be participating and to the right + + + align:start position:0% +won't be participating and to the right +of 15 you will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be now remember there's not a whole lot + + align:start position:0% +be now remember there's not a whole lot + + + align:start position:0% +be now remember there's not a whole lot +of heterogeneity either sort of wealth + + align:start position:0% +of heterogeneity either sort of wealth + + + align:start position:0% +of heterogeneity either sort of wealth +is the key unique State variable at the + + align:start position:0% +is the key unique State variable at the + + + align:start position:0% +is the key unique State variable at the +beginning of the period + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the period + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the period +so wealth alone is going to predict if + + align:start position:0% +so wealth alone is going to predict if + + + align:start position:0% +so wealth alone is going to predict if +the model is accurate whether or not + + align:start position:0% +the model is accurate whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +the model is accurate whether or not +you're in the financial + + align:start position:0% +you're in the financial + + + align:start position:0% +you're in the financial +system and I'll come back to that here + + align:start position:0% +system and I'll come back to that here + + + align:start position:0% +system and I'll come back to that here +here are + + align:start position:0% +here are + + + align:start position:0% +here are +these savings functions and uh portfolio + + align:start position:0% +these savings functions and uh portfolio + + + align:start position:0% +these savings functions and uh portfolio +choices and you know 15 or I guess I I + + align:start position:0% +choices and you know 15 or I guess I I + + + align:start position:0% +choices and you know 15 or I guess I I +said you know this is kind of the key + + align:start position:0% +said you know this is kind of the key + + + align:start position:0% +said you know this is kind of the key +mark uh one thing that makes sense is + + align:start position:0% +mark uh one thing that makes sense is + + + align:start position:0% +mark uh one thing that makes sense is +the Dynamics which is you're saving up + + align:start position:0% +the Dynamics which is you're saving up + + + align:start position:0% +the Dynamics which is you're saving up +more and more in advance for this + + align:start position:0% +more and more in advance for this + + + align:start position:0% +more and more in advance for this +eventual entry into the financial system + + align:start position:0% +eventual entry into the financial system + + + align:start position:0% +eventual entry into the financial system +exactly when you will go in depends on + + align:start position:0% +exactly when you will go in depends on + + + align:start position:0% +exactly when you will go in depends on +the sequence of shocks that you + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of shocks that you + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence of shocks that you +experience and you may experience + + align:start position:0% +experience and you may experience + + + align:start position:0% +experience and you may experience +setbacks that push your wealth down even + + align:start position:0% +setbacks that push your wealth down even + + + align:start position:0% +setbacks that push your wealth down even +though ex an your investment decision + + align:start position:0% +though ex an your investment decision + + + align:start position:0% +though ex an your investment decision +made sense but kind of slowly over time + + align:start position:0% +made sense but kind of slowly over time + + + align:start position:0% +made sense but kind of slowly over time +there's this pressure moving off to the + + align:start position:0% +there's this pressure moving off to the + + + align:start position:0% +there's this pressure moving off to the +right so it + + align:start position:0% +right so it + + + align:start position:0% +right so it +makes but there's discounting right so + + align:start position:0% +makes but there's discounting right so + + + align:start position:0% +makes but there's discounting right so +you don't want to save up too much early + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to save up too much early + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to save up too much early +on you kind of want to be close and then + + align:start position:0% +on you kind of want to be close and then + + + align:start position:0% +on you kind of want to be close and then +you don't want to take all that fixed + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to take all that fixed + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to take all that fixed +cost out of your wealth at that date you + + align:start position:0% +cost out of your wealth at that date you + + + align:start position:0% +cost out of your wealth at that date you +save up to finance + + align:start position:0% +save up to finance + + + align:start position:0% +save up to finance +it this is + + align:start position:0% +it this is + + + align:start position:0% +it this is +unexpected X Ane + + align:start position:0% +unexpected X Ane + + + align:start position:0% +unexpected X Ane +so the closer you get the riskier you + + align:start position:0% +so the closer you get the riskier you + + + align:start position:0% +so the closer you get the riskier you +go so you would think people who can't + + align:start position:0% +go so you would think people who can't + + + align:start position:0% +go so you would think people who can't +diversify outside the financial system + + align:start position:0% +diversify outside the financial system + + + align:start position:0% +diversify outside the financial system +would be doing the safe thing but + + align:start position:0% +would be doing the safe thing but + + + align:start position:0% +would be doing the safe thing but +actually this fixed cost is creating a + + align:start position:0% +actually this fixed cost is creating a + + + align:start position:0% +actually this fixed cost is creating a +non-convexity if you remember way back + + align:start position:0% +non-convexity if you remember way back + + + align:start position:0% +non-convexity if you remember way back +when you see fredman and Savage sort of + + align:start position:0% +when you see fredman and Savage sort of + + + align:start position:0% +when you see fredman and Savage sort of +that you know utility function which is + + align:start position:0% +that you know utility function which is + + + align:start position:0% +that you know utility function which is +not concave everywhere well you've got + + align:start position:0% +not concave everywhere well you've got + + + align:start position:0% +not concave everywhere well you've got +two branches you got this value function + + align:start position:0% +two branches you got this value function + + + align:start position:0% +two branches you got this value function +for participating + + align:start position:0% +for participating + + + align:start position:0% +for participating +uh and the value function for not + + align:start position:0% +uh and the value function for not + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the value function for not +participating and in principle they kind + + align:start position:0% +participating and in principle they kind + + + align:start position:0% +participating and in principle they kind +of cross like a butterfly right so then + + align:start position:0% +of cross like a butterfly right so then + + + align:start position:0% +of cross like a butterfly right so then +you're getting + + align:start position:0% +you're getting + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting +this non-concave part in the middle and + + align:start position:0% +this non-concave part in the middle and + + + align:start position:0% +this non-concave part in the middle and +that's creating this kind of + + align:start position:0% +that's creating this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that's creating this kind of +risk behavior where they start doing + + align:start position:0% +risk behavior where they start doing + + + align:start position:0% +risk behavior where they start doing +riskier risky things to kind of span + + align:start position:0% +riskier risky things to kind of span + + + align:start position:0% +riskier risky things to kind of span +take a chance of you know grabbing the + + align:start position:0% +take a chance of you know grabbing the + + + align:start position:0% +take a chance of you know grabbing the +brass ring and bootstrapping up to a + + align:start position:0% +brass ring and bootstrapping up to a + + + align:start position:0% +brass ring and bootstrapping up to a +higher + + align:start position:0% +higher + + + align:start position:0% +higher +level we didn't see that coming actually + + align:start position:0% +level we didn't see that coming actually + + + align:start position:0% +level we didn't see that coming actually +you know those d look like they they + + align:start position:0% +you know those d look like they they + + + align:start position:0% +you know those d look like they they +paste smoothly into one another in those + + align:start position:0% +paste smoothly into one another in those + + + align:start position:0% +paste smoothly into one another in those +value functions that's after this + + align:start position:0% +value functions that's after this + + + align:start position:0% +value functions that's after this +randomization is going + + align:start position:0% +randomization is going + + + align:start position:0% +randomization is going +on otherwise and so the butterfly kind + + align:start position:0% +on otherwise and so the butterfly kind + + + align:start position:0% +on otherwise and so the butterfly kind +of disappears + + align:start position:0% +of disappears + + + align:start position:0% +of disappears +but only after this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +randomization so + + align:start position:0% +randomization so + + + align:start position:0% +randomization so +so let me say a few more in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +so let me say a few more in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +so let me say a few more in terms of the +actual functional forms constant + + align:start position:0% +actual functional forms constant + + + align:start position:0% +actual functional forms constant +relative risk verion of essentially + + align:start position:0% +relative risk verion of essentially + + + align:start position:0% +relative risk verion of essentially +degree Sigma beta I said was a discount + + align:start position:0% +degree Sigma beta I said was a discount + + + align:start position:0% +degree Sigma beta I said was a discount +rate uh sorry this is now EXC rather + + align:start position:0% +rate uh sorry this is now EXC rather + + + align:start position:0% +rate uh sorry this is now EXC rather +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +Theta um but in in any event we have to + + align:start position:0% +Theta um but in in any event we have to + + + align:start position:0% +Theta um but in in any event we have to +specify and they're uniformly + + align:start position:0% +specify and they're uniformly + + + align:start position:0% +specify and they're uniformly +distributed again not my favorite Choice + + align:start position:0% +distributed again not my favorite Choice + + + align:start position:0% +distributed again not my favorite Choice +anymore uh if something uniformly + + align:start position:0% +anymore uh if something uniformly + + + align:start position:0% +anymore uh if something uniformly +distributed you have to have an upper + + align:start position:0% +distributed you have to have an upper + + + align:start position:0% +distributed you have to have an upper +and lower bound so we have picked up two + + align:start position:0% +and lower bound so we have picked up two + + + align:start position:0% +and lower bound so we have picked up two +more parameters for the Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +more parameters for the Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +more parameters for the Epsilon +distribution and + + align:start position:0% +distribution and + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and +uh and and even even something for the + + align:start position:0% +uh and and even even something for the + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and even even something for the +uh for the risky + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so discrete Choice D for I guess + + align:start position:0% +so discrete Choice D for I guess + + + align:start position:0% +so discrete Choice D for I guess +discrete choice you know basically + + align:start position:0% +discrete choice you know basically + + + align:start position:0% +discrete choice you know basically +you're going to enter or not enter + + align:start position:0% +you're going to enter or not enter + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to enter or not enter +depending on whether your value of + + align:start position:0% +depending on whether your value of + + + align:start position:0% +depending on whether your value of +participating is higher than not + + align:start position:0% +participating is higher than not + + + align:start position:0% +participating is higher than not +participating and vice versa the model + + align:start position:0% +participating and vice versa the model + + + align:start position:0% +participating and vice versa the model +at those parameters is going to give you + + align:start position:0% +at those parameters is going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +at those parameters is going to give you +the K star which again in the example + + align:start position:0% +the K star which again in the example + + + align:start position:0% +the K star which again in the example +was 15 in general Kar is going to depend + + align:start position:0% +was 15 in general Kar is going to depend + + + align:start position:0% +was 15 in general Kar is going to depend +on this all these list of parameters and + + align:start position:0% +on this all these list of parameters and + + + align:start position:0% +on this all these list of parameters and +and this this list of parameters you + + align:start position:0% +and this this list of parameters you + + + align:start position:0% +and this this list of parameters you +know the fixed cost the discount rate + + align:start position:0% +know the fixed cost the discount rate + + + align:start position:0% +know the fixed cost the discount rate +aversion and + + align:start position:0% +aversion and + + + align:start position:0% +aversion and +utility the wedge and + + align:start position:0% +utility the wedge and + + + align:start position:0% +utility the wedge and +intermediation the upper and lower + + align:start position:0% +intermediation the upper and lower + + + align:start position:0% +intermediation the upper and lower +bounds on those + + align:start position:0% +bounds on those + + + align:start position:0% +bounds on those +distributions all of those things Theta + + align:start position:0% +distributions all of those things Theta + + + align:start position:0% +distributions all of those things Theta +for GJ basically determine + + align:start position:0% +for GJ basically determine + + + align:start position:0% +for GJ basically determine +Kar and uh and + + align:start position:0% +Kar and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +Kar and uh and +Kar you know is going to + + align:start position:0% +Kar you know is going to + + + align:start position:0% +Kar you know is going to +determine you know whether you at a + + align:start position:0% +determine you know whether you at a + + + align:start position:0% +determine you know whether you at a +given wealth choose to enter or not + + align:start position:0% +given wealth choose to enter or not + + + align:start position:0% +given wealth choose to enter or not +enter so I'll skip this but you know + + align:start position:0% +enter so I'll skip this but you know + + + align:start position:0% +enter so I'll skip this but you know +basically there's a complicated way in + + align:start position:0% +basically there's a complicated way in + + + align:start position:0% +basically there's a complicated way in +which the parameters of the model + + align:start position:0% +which the parameters of the model + + + align:start position:0% +which the parameters of the model +through the lens of the model are + + align:start position:0% +through the lens of the model are + + + align:start position:0% +through the lens of the model are +generating this sort of uh threshold + + align:start position:0% +generating this sort of uh threshold + + + align:start position:0% +generating this sort of uh threshold +value um and + + align:start position:0% +value um and + + + align:start position:0% +value um and +likewise therefore you can imagine if at + + align:start position:0% +likewise therefore you can imagine if at + + + align:start position:0% +likewise therefore you can imagine if at +a given wealth you kind of see the + + align:start position:0% +a given wealth you kind of see the + + + align:start position:0% +a given wealth you kind of see the +fractions participating and not + + align:start position:0% +fractions participating and not + + + align:start position:0% +fractions participating and not +participating in the + + align:start position:0% +participating in the + + + align:start position:0% +participating in the +cross-section that you would be able to + + align:start position:0% +cross-section that you would be able to + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section that you would be able to +sort of invert things and uh and + + align:start position:0% +sort of invert things and uh and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of invert things and uh and +estimate these parameters it's a bit + + align:start position:0% +estimate these parameters it's a bit + + + align:start position:0% +estimate these parameters it's a bit +tricky because that Theta the level of + + align:start position:0% +tricky because that Theta the level of + + + align:start position:0% +tricky because that Theta the level of +the aggregate shock kind of matters so + + align:start position:0% +the aggregate shock kind of matters so + + + align:start position:0% +the aggregate shock kind of matters so +we have to integrate up over that too + + align:start position:0% +we have to integrate up over that too + + + align:start position:0% +we have to integrate up over that too +but when we do the + + align:start position:0% +but when we do the + + + align:start position:0% +but when we do the +estimation using a socioeconomic survey + + align:start position:0% +estimation using a socioeconomic survey + + + align:start position:0% +estimation using a socioeconomic survey +the papers online you know we ended up + + align:start position:0% +the papers online you know we ended up + + + align:start position:0% +the papers online you know we ended up +estimating and actually + + align:start position:0% +estimating and actually + + + align:start position:0% +estimating and actually +comfortingly a lot of the parameters + + align:start position:0% +comfortingly a lot of the parameters + + + align:start position:0% +comfortingly a lot of the parameters +make sense the discount ratees close to + + align:start position:0% +make sense the discount ratees close to + + + align:start position:0% +make sense the discount ratees close to +one but not EX exactly uh degree of risk + + align:start position:0% +one but not EX exactly uh degree of risk + + + align:start position:0% +one but not EX exactly uh degree of risk +aversion is like + + align:start position:0% +aversion is like + + + align:start position:0% +aversion is like +almost the log case and uh depreciation + + align:start position:0% +almost the log case and uh depreciation + + + align:start position:0% +almost the log case and uh depreciation +rate was 4% and so on and so forth quite + + align:start position:0% +rate was 4% and so on and so forth quite + + + align:start position:0% +rate was 4% and so on and so forth quite +remarkable yes so is that am I reading + + align:start position:0% +remarkable yes so is that am I reading + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable yes so is that am I reading +this correctly is that gamma was + + align:start position:0% +this correctly is that gamma was + + + align:start position:0% +this correctly is that gamma was +estimated to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one in this case yes okay so would that + + align:start position:0% +one in this case yes okay so would that + + + align:start position:0% +one in this case yes okay so would that +imply efficient like there's no wedge + + align:start position:0% +imply efficient like there's no wedge + + + align:start position:0% +imply efficient like there's no wedge +yeah no + + align:start position:0% +yeah no + + + align:start position:0% +yeah no +wedge yeah that I'll come back to that + + align:start position:0% +wedge yeah that I'll come back to that + + + align:start position:0% +wedge yeah that I'll come back to that +momentarily + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so again we can simulate the model + + align:start position:0% +so so again we can simulate the model + + + align:start position:0% +so so again we can simulate the model +and uh under + + align:start position:0% +and uh under + + + align:start position:0% +and uh under +various estimated or you know robustness + + align:start position:0% +various estimated or you know robustness + + + align:start position:0% +various estimated or you know robustness +checks parameter values to get the + + align:start position:0% +checks parameter values to get the + + + align:start position:0% +checks parameter values to get the +growth rate the participation rate and + + align:start position:0% +growth rate the participation rate and + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate the participation rate and +the and the tile index of + + align:start position:0% +the and the tile index of + + + align:start position:0% +the and the tile index of +inequality now one caution on the growth + + align:start position:0% +inequality now one caution on the growth + + + align:start position:0% +inequality now one caution on the growth +rate and I always have to check to make + + align:start position:0% +rate and I always have to check to make + + + align:start position:0% +rate and I always have to check to make +sure this model has aggregate + + align:start position:0% +sure this model has aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +sure this model has aggregate +shocks so if you integrate out over the + + align:start position:0% +shocks so if you integrate out over the + + + align:start position:0% +shocks so if you integrate out over the +expected shocks you're going to get a + + align:start position:0% +expected shocks you're going to get a + + + align:start position:0% +expected shocks you're going to get a +smoother growth rate path than in the + + align:start position:0% +smoother growth rate path than in the + + + align:start position:0% +smoother growth rate path than in the +actual data and what is it that I have + + align:start position:0% +actual data and what is it that I have + + + align:start position:0% +actual data and what is it that I have +to check I always have to go back and + + align:start position:0% +to check I always have to go back and + + + align:start position:0% +to check I always have to go back and +see whether this was one where we used + + align:start position:0% +see whether this was one where we used + + + align:start position:0% +see whether this was one where we used +simulated values of theta or we took the + + align:start position:0% +simulated values of theta or we took the + + + align:start position:0% +simulated values of theta or we took the +average over those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thetas we missed this upturn here in the + + align:start position:0% +thetas we missed this upturn here in the + + + align:start position:0% +thetas we missed this upturn here in the +growth rate and that's related to the + + align:start position:0% +growth rate and that's related to the + + + align:start position:0% +growth rate and that's related to the +fact that Financial participation goes + + align:start position:0% +fact that Financial participation goes + + + align:start position:0% +fact that Financial participation goes +flat right here this model is great at + + align:start position:0% +flat right here this model is great at + + + align:start position:0% +flat right here this model is great at +the trends it gives you this very smooth + + align:start position:0% +the trends it gives you this very smooth + + + align:start position:0% +the trends it gives you this very smooth +ever increasing participation in the + + align:start position:0% +ever increasing participation in the + + + align:start position:0% +ever increasing participation in the +financial system and actually it gives + + align:start position:0% +financial system and actually it gives + + + align:start position:0% +financial system and actually it gives +you for a while a good shot at the + + align:start position:0% +you for a while a good shot at the + + + align:start position:0% +you for a while a good shot at the +increasing + + align:start position:0% +increasing + + + align:start position:0% +increasing +inequality as those firms made a lot + + align:start position:0% +inequality as those firms made a lot + + + align:start position:0% +inequality as those firms made a lot +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +money but it misses the downturn in fact + + align:start position:0% +money but it misses the downturn in fact + + + align:start position:0% +money but it misses the downturn in fact +there are no real prices there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +there are no real prices there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +there are no real prices there's nothing +like a wage or an interest rate that's a + + align:start position:0% +like a wage or an interest rate that's a + + + align:start position:0% +like a wage or an interest rate that's a +defect + + align:start position:0% +defect + + + align:start position:0% +defect +and so you know it's almost like a + + align:start position:0% +and so you know it's almost like a + + + align:start position:0% +and so you know it's almost like a +linear World in some sense and we can't + + align:start position:0% +linear World in some sense and we can't + + + align:start position:0% +linear World in some sense and we can't +get inequality to go down in this model + + align:start position:0% +get inequality to go down in this model + + + align:start position:0% +get inequality to go down in this model +but we can get the trends right for a + + align:start position:0% +but we can get the trends right for a + + + align:start position:0% +but we can get the trends right for a +while this this participation thing is + + align:start position:0% +while this this participation thing is + + + align:start position:0% +while this this participation thing is +going to bring me back to the wedge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +wow + + align:start position:0% +wow + + + align:start position:0% +wow +so so what do we do we're going to do a + + align:start position:0% +so so what do we do we're going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +so so what do we do we're going to do a +policy experiment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basically uh we look at the government's + + align:start position:0% +basically uh we look at the government's + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh we look at the government's +control of the banking + + align:start position:0% +control of the banking + + + align:start position:0% +control of the banking +system in terms of the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +system in terms of the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +system in terms of the ratio of +credit it's it's moving around a bit but + + align:start position:0% +credit it's it's moving around a bit but + + + align:start position:0% +credit it's it's moving around a bit but +essentially it's flat it goes up and + + align:start position:0% +essentially it's flat it goes up and + + + align:start position:0% +essentially it's flat it goes up and +then it comes down again this is the + + align:start position:0% +then it comes down again this is the + + + align:start position:0% +then it comes down again this is the +liberalization and this is the + + align:start position:0% +liberalization and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +liberalization and this is the +retrenchment that happened before it so + + align:start position:0% +retrenchment that happened before it so + + + align:start position:0% +retrenchment that happened before it so +what we do is you know we vary that + + align:start position:0% +what we do is you know we vary that + + + align:start position:0% +what we do is you know we vary that +parameter gamma it's not going to be + + align:start position:0% +parameter gamma it's not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +parameter gamma it's not going to be +Costless intermediation in fact we're + + align:start position:0% +Costless intermediation in fact we're + + + align:start position:0% +Costless intermediation in fact we're +going to subtract off I think it was + + align:start position:0% +going to subtract off I think it was + + + align:start position:0% +going to subtract off I think it was +something like uh 3 or + + align:start position:0% +something like uh 3 or + + + align:start position:0% +something like uh 3 or +4% uh when the intermediation is being + + align:start position:0% +4% uh when the intermediation is being + + + align:start position:0% +4% uh when the intermediation is being +done by government + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Banks and we don't change the model + + align:start position:0% +Banks and we don't change the model + + + align:start position:0% +Banks and we don't change the model +otherwise and + + align:start position:0% +otherwise and + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise and +amazingly we get this almost perfectly + + align:start position:0% +amazingly we get this almost perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +amazingly we get this almost perfectly +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we can actually get the + + align:start position:0% +so we can actually get the + + + align:start position:0% +so we can actually get the +slowdown in the economy you know as a + + align:start position:0% +slowdown in the economy you know as a + + + align:start position:0% +slowdown in the economy you know as a +function of this quote bad policy + + align:start position:0% +function of this quote bad policy + + + align:start position:0% +function of this quote bad policy +experiment where the government for one + + align:start position:0% +experiment where the government for one + + + align:start position:0% +experiment where the government for one +reason or another essentially took over + + align:start position:0% +reason or another essentially took over + + + align:start position:0% +reason or another essentially took over +the banking system by the + + align:start position:0% +the banking system by the + + + align:start position:0% +the banking system by the +way we don't do very well with growth + + align:start position:0% +way we don't do very well with growth + + + align:start position:0% +way we don't do very well with growth +differences even after liberalization + + align:start position:0% +differences even after liberalization + + + align:start position:0% +differences even after liberalization +and we + + align:start position:0% +and we + + + align:start position:0% +and we +can and the reason is part + + align:start position:0% +can and the reason is part + + + align:start position:0% +can and the reason is part +because at least through the lens of os + + align:start position:0% +because at least through the lens of os + + + align:start position:0% +because at least through the lens of os +regressions it's I've alluded to this + + align:start position:0% +regressions it's I've alluded to this + + + align:start position:0% +regressions it's I've alluded to this +before it's just basically junk I mean + + align:start position:0% +before it's just basically junk I mean + + + align:start position:0% +before it's just basically junk I mean +it's not a stationary model the decision + + align:start position:0% +it's not a stationary model the decision + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a stationary model the decision +rules are stationary but Aggregates like + + align:start position:0% +rules are stationary but Aggregates like + + + align:start position:0% +rules are stationary but Aggregates like +growth rates are + + align:start position:0% +growth rates are + + + align:start position:0% +growth rates are +not and uh and you can use these value + + align:start position:0% +not and uh and you can use these value + + + align:start position:0% +not and uh and you can use these value +functions to back out the welfare + + align:start position:0% +functions to back out the welfare + + + align:start position:0% +functions to back out the welfare +gains there are a number of ways to do + + align:start position:0% +gains there are a number of ways to do + + + align:start position:0% +gains there are a number of ways to do +that one thing we could do is just + + align:start position:0% +that one thing we could do is just + + + align:start position:0% +that one thing we could do is just +surprise people they think the banking + + align:start position:0% +surprise people they think the banking + + + align:start position:0% +surprise people they think the banking +system is going to stay say restricted + + align:start position:0% +system is going to stay say restricted + + + align:start position:0% +system is going to stay say restricted +and they've made their Dynamic plans and + + align:start position:0% +and they've made their Dynamic plans and + + + align:start position:0% +and they've made their Dynamic plans and +then we surprise them and + + align:start position:0% +then we surprise them and + + + align:start position:0% +then we surprise them and +liberalize and they're better off and we + + align:start position:0% +liberalize and they're better off and we + + + align:start position:0% +liberalize and they're better off and we +can calculate through the value + + align:start position:0% +can calculate through the value + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate through the value +functions it's a bit complicated and I'm + + align:start position:0% +functions it's a bit complicated and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +functions it's a bit complicated and I'm +not going to take you through these + + align:start position:0% +not going to take you through these + + + align:start position:0% +not going to take you through these +slides but the welfare gains can be + + align:start position:0% +slides but the welfare gains can be + + + align:start position:0% +slides but the welfare gains can be +quite large now we can imagine + + align:start position:0% +quite large now we can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +quite large now we can imagine +surprising them like varrying that wedge + + align:start position:0% +surprising them like varrying that wedge + + + align:start position:0% +surprising them like varrying that wedge +or varying the fixed cost and it + + align:start position:0% +or varying the fixed cost and it + + + align:start position:0% +or varying the fixed cost and it +actually matters a bit and we can take + + align:start position:0% +actually matters a bit and we can take + + + align:start position:0% +actually matters a bit and we can take +this model to Mexico + + align:start position:0% +this model to Mexico + + + align:start position:0% +this model to Mexico +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh and it does pretty + + align:start position:0% +uh and it does pretty + + + align:start position:0% +uh and it does pretty +well with the trend of the growth rate + + align:start position:0% +well with the trend of the growth rate + + + align:start position:0% +well with the trend of the growth rate +but um around + + align:start position:0% +but um around + + + align:start position:0% +but um around +1992 Mexico had yet another + + align:start position:0% +1992 Mexico had yet another + + + align:start position:0% +1992 Mexico had yet another +crisis and you know not surprising this + + align:start position:0% +crisis and you know not surprising this + + + align:start position:0% +crisis and you know not surprising this +model is just very ill equipped to + + align:start position:0% +model is just very ill equipped to + + + align:start position:0% +model is just very ill equipped to +handle that kind of + + align:start position:0% +handle that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +handle that kind of +stuff um actually things started going + + align:start position:0% +stuff um actually things started going + + + align:start position:0% +stuff um actually things started going +better with vente Fox around 2002 we + + align:start position:0% +better with vente Fox around 2002 we + + + align:start position:0% +better with vente Fox around 2002 we +could restart the model over here here + + align:start position:0% +could restart the model over here here + + + align:start position:0% +could restart the model over here here +and it will it will do well but it's not + + align:start position:0% +and it will it will do well but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +and it will it will do well but it's not +going to explain this is why Mexico is + + align:start position:0% +going to explain this is why Mexico is + + + align:start position:0% +going to explain this is why Mexico is +still poor I mean they go upstairs they + + align:start position:0% +still poor I mean they go upstairs they + + + align:start position:0% +still poor I mean they go upstairs they +go upstairs and then they fall down + + align:start position:0% +go upstairs and then they fall down + + + align:start position:0% +go upstairs and then they fall down +again and they've been doing this since + + align:start position:0% +again and they've been doing this since + + + align:start position:0% +again and they've been doing this since +the early 80s you know hopefully they're + + align:start position:0% +the early 80s you know hopefully they're + + + align:start position:0% +the early 80s you know hopefully they're +not going to fall down again but the + + align:start position:0% +not going to fall down again but the + + + align:start position:0% +not going to fall down again but the +model I promised you shortcomings right + + align:start position:0% +model I promised you shortcomings right + + + align:start position:0% +model I promised you shortcomings right +the mod this model is not designed to + + align:start position:0% +the mod this model is not designed to + + + align:start position:0% +the mod this model is not designed to +get it sudden stops or or things along + + align:start position:0% +get it sudden stops or or things along + + + align:start position:0% +get it sudden stops or or things along +that line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the last thing I want to show you + + align:start position:0% +so the last thing I want to show you + + + align:start position:0% +so the last thing I want to show you +quickly is another kind of + + align:start position:0% +quickly is another kind of + + + align:start position:0% +quickly is another kind of +uh experiment instead of going to a new + + align:start position:0% +uh experiment instead of going to a new + + + align:start position:0% +uh experiment instead of going to a new +country like Mexico we started to look + + align:start position:0% +country like Mexico we started to look + + + align:start position:0% +country like Mexico we started to look +interior to the country of Thailand this + + align:start position:0% +interior to the country of Thailand this + + + align:start position:0% +interior to the country of Thailand this +is a picture + + align:start position:0% +is a picture + + + align:start position:0% +is a picture +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +basically wealth used + + align:start position:0% +basically wealth used + + + align:start position:0% +basically wealth used +a principal component you can see in and + + align:start position:0% +a principal component you can see in and + + + align:start position:0% +a principal component you can see in and +around Bangkok and going north to + + align:start position:0% +around Bangkok and going north to + + + align:start position:0% +around Bangkok and going north to +shingai you know the the wealth Corridor + + align:start position:0% +shingai you know the the wealth Corridor + + + align:start position:0% +shingai you know the the wealth Corridor +if you want of the country these green + + align:start position:0% +if you want of the country these green + + + align:start position:0% +if you want of the country these green +things are the provinces of my + + align:start position:0% +things are the provinces of my + + + align:start position:0% +things are the provinces of my +survey + + align:start position:0% +survey + + + align:start position:0% +survey +and looking at them again you can + + align:start position:0% +and looking at them again you can + + + align:start position:0% +and looking at them again you can +actually see where the villages are you + + align:start position:0% +actually see where the villages are you + + + align:start position:0% +actually see where the villages are you +can see the road Network at least the + + align:start position:0% +can see the road Network at least the + + + align:start position:0% +can see the road Network at least the +major highways you can see the district + + align:start position:0% +major highways you can see the district + + + align:start position:0% +major highways you can see the district +centers I promised I would ask you this + + align:start position:0% +centers I promised I would ask you this + + + align:start position:0% +centers I promised I would ask you this +uh I mentioned it before if you have an + + align:start position:0% +uh I mentioned it before if you have an + + + align:start position:0% +uh I mentioned it before if you have an +interest in going through some of the + + align:start position:0% +interest in going through some of the + + + align:start position:0% +interest in going through some of the +gis + + align:start position:0% +gis + + + align:start position:0% +gis +capabilities I'm more than happy to + + align:start position:0% +capabilities I'm more than happy to + + + align:start position:0% +capabilities I'm more than happy to +schedule an extra + + align:start position:0% +schedule an extra + + + align:start position:0% +schedule an extra +session I have to check my GIS person I + + align:start position:0% +session I have to check my GIS person I + + + align:start position:0% +session I have to check my GIS person I +see some of you shaking your heads you + + align:start position:0% +see some of you shaking your heads you + + + align:start position:0% +see some of you shaking your heads you +don't all have to go so that's enough + + align:start position:0% +don't all have to go so that's enough + + + align:start position:0% +don't all have to go so that's enough +for me so let me check with her and + + align:start position:0% +for me so let me check with her and + + + align:start position:0% +for me so let me check with her and +maybe we can possibly do that um Friday + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can possibly do that um Friday + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we can possibly do that um Friday +of next week um but it would be over and + + align:start position:0% +of next week um but it would be over and + + + align:start position:0% +of next week um but it would be over and +above the regular recitation section + + align:start position:0% +above the regular recitation section + + + align:start position:0% +above the regular recitation section +um and so here's a picture of where the + + align:start position:0% +um and so here's a picture of where the + + + align:start position:0% +um and so here's a picture of where the +where the businesses are in + + align:start position:0% +where the businesses are in + + + align:start position:0% +where the businesses are in +Thailand uh and through this GIS + + align:start position:0% +Thailand uh and through this GIS + + + align:start position:0% +Thailand uh and through this GIS +something called the Moran you can see + + align:start position:0% +something called the Moran you can see + + + align:start position:0% +something called the Moran you can see +whether areas which have high levels of + + align:start position:0% +whether areas which have high levels of + + + align:start position:0% +whether areas which have high levels of +Enterprise are surrounded by other areas + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise are surrounded by other areas + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise are surrounded by other areas +with high uh levels of Enterprise or low + + align:start position:0% +with high uh levels of Enterprise or low + + + align:start position:0% +with high uh levels of Enterprise or low +levels surrounded by + + align:start position:0% +levels surrounded by + + + align:start position:0% +levels surrounded by +low and so you see + + align:start position:0% +low and so you see + + + align:start position:0% +low and so you see +this uh quite Salient Geographic + + align:start position:0% +this uh quite Salient Geographic + + + align:start position:0% +this uh quite Salient Geographic +picture and uh and here we took levels + + align:start position:0% +picture and uh and here we took levels + + + align:start position:0% +picture and uh and here we took levels +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +Enterprise in + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise in + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise in +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +1986 and uh and looked at the growth + + align:start position:0% +1986 and uh and looked at the growth + + + align:start position:0% +1986 and uh and looked at the growth +rate of Enterprise between 1986 and + + align:start position:0% +rate of Enterprise between 1986 and + + + align:start position:0% +rate of Enterprise between 1986 and +1996 um this area in here the colors are + + align:start position:0% +1996 um this area in here the colors are + + + align:start position:0% +1996 um this area in here the colors are +a bit pale it doesn't come out too well + + align:start position:0% +a bit pale it doesn't come out too well + + + align:start position:0% +a bit pale it doesn't come out too well +are areas of convergence in the sense + + align:start position:0% +are areas of convergence in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +are areas of convergence in the sense +that they started at high levels but + + align:start position:0% +that they started at high levels but + + + align:start position:0% +that they started at high levels but +then they shrink to lower + + align:start position:0% +then they shrink to lower + + + align:start position:0% +then they shrink to lower +levels uh + + align:start position:0% +levels uh + + + align:start position:0% +levels uh +these this area around it though these + + align:start position:0% +these this area around it though these + + + align:start position:0% +these this area around it though these +Reds those are areas of glomeration they + + align:start position:0% +Reds those are areas of glomeration they + + + align:start position:0% +Reds those are areas of glomeration they +have high levels and high growth rates + + align:start position:0% +have high levels and high growth rates + + + align:start position:0% +have high levels and high growth rates +there's an ever increasing concentration + + align:start position:0% +there's an ever increasing concentration + + + align:start position:0% +there's an ever increasing concentration +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +Enterprise uh these um pink areas are + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise uh these um pink areas are + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise uh these um pink areas are +catch-up areas along the corridor which + + align:start position:0% +catch-up areas along the corridor which + + + align:start position:0% +catch-up areas along the corridor which +had low levels and now they're gaining a + + align:start position:0% +had low levels and now they're gaining a + + + align:start position:0% +had low levels and now they're gaining a +lot of + + align:start position:0% +lot of + + + align:start position:0% +lot of +Enterprise and these blue areas out here + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise and these blue areas out here + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise and these blue areas out here +are kind of like the boonies you know + + align:start position:0% +are kind of like the boonies you know + + + align:start position:0% +are kind of like the boonies you know +they have low levels and low growth + + align:start position:0% +they have low levels and low growth + + + align:start position:0% +they have low levels and low growth +rates so it's not a uniform picture in + + align:start position:0% +rates so it's not a uniform picture in + + + align:start position:0% +rates so it's not a uniform picture in +fact you can take this down to the + + align:start position:0% +fact you can take this down to the + + + align:start position:0% +fact you can take this down to the +provinces and look in the data at the + + align:start position:0% +provinces and look in the data at the + + + align:start position:0% +provinces and look in the data at the +the areas of Gomer and relative uh low + + align:start position:0% +the areas of Gomer and relative uh low + + + align:start position:0% +the areas of Gomer and relative uh low +levels and + + align:start position:0% +levels and + + + align:start position:0% +levels and +and that looks like almost the same + + align:start position:0% +and that looks like almost the same + + + align:start position:0% +and that looks like almost the same +picture that's a model generated picture + + align:start position:0% +picture that's a model generated picture + + + align:start position:0% +picture that's a model generated picture +so we actually projected took Lloyd + + align:start position:0% +so we actually projected took Lloyd + + + align:start position:0% +so we actually projected took Lloyd +Ellis and burnhard and projected it down + + align:start position:0% +Ellis and burnhard and projected it down + + + align:start position:0% +Ellis and burnhard and projected it down +at the Village level and and here you + + align:start position:0% +at the Village level and and here you + + + align:start position:0% +at the Village level and and here you +can see a + + align:start position:0% +can see a + + + align:start position:0% +can see a +glomeration it's not exactly + + align:start position:0% +glomeration it's not exactly + + + align:start position:0% +glomeration it's not exactly +identical there are certain + + align:start position:0% +identical there are certain + + + align:start position:0% +identical there are certain +predictions in the model that don't + + align:start position:0% +predictions in the model that don't + + + align:start position:0% +predictions in the model that don't +happen in the data but + + align:start position:0% +happen in the data but + + + align:start position:0% +happen in the data but +largely you know these sort of favorable + + align:start position:0% +largely you know these sort of favorable + + + align:start position:0% +largely you know these sort of favorable +areas subset of the candidate of + + align:start position:0% +areas subset of the candidate of + + + align:start position:0% +areas subset of the candidate of +favorable areas are the ones that + + align:start position:0% +favorable areas are the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +favorable areas are the ones that +actually start growing like crazy in + + align:start position:0% +actually start growing like crazy in + + + align:start position:0% +actually start growing like crazy in +Thailand + + align:start position:0% +Thailand + + + align:start position:0% +Thailand +um and here at that same level is + + align:start position:0% +um and here at that same level is + + + align:start position:0% +um and here at that same level is +Greenwood and javanovich + + align:start position:0% +Greenwood and javanovich + + + align:start position:0% +Greenwood and javanovich +and uh and here these red + + align:start position:0% +and uh and here these red + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and here these red +areas are areas where the model + + align:start position:0% +areas are areas where the model + + + align:start position:0% +areas are areas where the model +overpredicts the data and the green + + align:start position:0% +overpredicts the data and the green + + + align:start position:0% +overpredicts the data and the green +areas are places where the model is + + align:start position:0% +areas are places where the model is + + + align:start position:0% +areas are places where the model is +underpredicting in other words these red + + align:start position:0% +underpredicting in other words these red + + + align:start position:0% +underpredicting in other words these red +areas which turn out to be the the same + + align:start position:0% +areas which turn out to be the the same + + + align:start position:0% +areas which turn out to be the the same +urban + + align:start position:0% +urban + + + align:start position:0% +urban +areas Greenwood and javanovich is + + align:start position:0% +areas Greenwood and javanovich is + + + align:start position:0% +areas Greenwood and javanovich is +predicting they should have more Banks + + align:start position:0% +predicting they should have more Banks + + + align:start position:0% +predicting they should have more Banks +than they actually + + align:start position:0% +than they actually + + + align:start position:0% +than they actually +do so in some sense even though they're + + align:start position:0% +do so in some sense even though they're + + + align:start position:0% +do so in some sense even though they're +higher wealth they're underserved + + align:start position:0% +higher wealth they're underserved + + + align:start position:0% +higher wealth they're underserved +relative to what the model would predict + + align:start position:0% +relative to what the model would predict + + + align:start position:0% +relative to what the model would predict +and these green + + align:start position:0% +and these green + + + align:start position:0% +and these green +areas those are areas where there's more + + align:start position:0% +areas those are areas where there's more + + + align:start position:0% +areas those are areas where there's more +access to credit than Greenwood and + + align:start position:0% +access to credit than Greenwood and + + + align:start position:0% +access to credit than Greenwood and +javanovich would predict now it turns + + align:start position:0% +javanovich would predict now it turns + + + align:start position:0% +javanovich would predict now it turns +out this this story has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +out this this story has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +out this this story has to do with the +interplay between commercial banks that + + align:start position:0% +interplay between commercial banks that + + + align:start position:0% +interplay between commercial banks that +operate in urban areas and the bank for + + align:start position:0% +operate in urban areas and the bank for + + + align:start position:0% +operate in urban areas and the bank for +agriculture which is operating in rural + + align:start position:0% +agriculture which is operating in rural + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture which is operating in rural +areas and we'll come back to that in the + + align:start position:0% +areas and we'll come back to that in the + + + align:start position:0% +areas and we'll come back to that in the +last the last lecture of the class so um + + align:start position:0% +last the last lecture of the class so um + + + align:start position:0% +last the last lecture of the class so um +I'm done + + align:start position:0% +I'm done + + + align:start position:0% +I'm done +essentially I'll just point you to the + + align:start position:0% +essentially I'll just point you to the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially I'll just point you to the +to the rest of the slides basically we + + align:start position:0% +to the rest of the slides basically we + + + align:start position:0% +to the rest of the slides basically we +did kind of a rigorous + + align:start position:0% +did kind of a rigorous + + + align:start position:0% +did kind of a rigorous +comparison of + + align:start position:0% +comparison of + + + align:start position:0% +comparison of +uh the successes and the + + align:start position:0% +uh the successes and the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the successes and the +failures so you can actually go through + + align:start position:0% +failures so you can actually go through + + + align:start position:0% +failures so you can actually go through +each of the models and see on which data + + align:start position:0% +each of the models and see on which data + + + align:start position:0% +each of the models and see on which data +which model is doing well and which data + + align:start position:0% +which model is doing well and which data + + + align:start position:0% +which model is doing well and which data +models are doing + + align:start position:0% +models are doing + + + align:start position:0% +models are doing +poorly which feeds + + align:start position:0% +poorly which feeds + + + align:start position:0% +poorly which feeds +into the issue of model selection and + + align:start position:0% +into the issue of model selection and + + + align:start position:0% +into the issue of model selection and +next steps in the research so okay with + + align:start position:0% +next steps in the research so okay with + + + align:start position:0% +next steps in the research so okay with +that I'm slightly two minutes Beyond \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/MRy8xxvsZA4.txt b/MRy8xxvsZA4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db6945146b6dc84643991f245a38f3e3c937068f --- /dev/null +++ b/MRy8xxvsZA4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7203 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so today uh the idea is to + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so today uh the idea is to + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so today uh the idea is to +think about CT systems in exactly the + + align:start position:0% +think about CT systems in exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +think about CT systems in exactly the +same way that we thought about DT + + align:start position:0% +same way that we thought about DT + + + align:start position:0% +same way that we thought about DT +systems last time + + align:start position:0% +systems last time + + + align:start position:0% +systems last time +for the past couple weeks we've been + + align:start position:0% +for the past couple weeks we've been + + + align:start position:0% +for the past couple weeks we've been +looking at many representations of both + + align:start position:0% +looking at many representations of both + + + align:start position:0% +looking at many representations of both +CT and DT systems last + + align:start position:0% +CT and DT systems last + + + align:start position:0% +CT and DT systems last +lecture we made a picture of a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +lecture we made a picture of a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we made a picture of a bunch of +different ways to think about DT systems + + align:start position:0% +different ways to think about DT systems + + + align:start position:0% +different ways to think about DT systems +and we tried to think about relations + + align:start position:0% +and we tried to think about relations + + + align:start position:0% +and we tried to think about relations +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +them the the new thing from last time + + align:start position:0% +them the the new thing from last time + + + align:start position:0% +them the the new thing from last time +was this idea of a z transform which + + align:start position:0% +was this idea of a z transform which + + + align:start position:0% +was this idea of a z transform which +forly is the link between a system + + align:start position:0% +forly is the link between a system + + + align:start position:0% +forly is the link between a system +function a function of Z and a unit + + align:start position:0% +function a function of Z and a unit + + + align:start position:0% +function a function of Z and a unit +sample response a function of n + + align:start position:0% +sample response a function of n + + + align:start position:0% +sample response a function of n +we showed last time that because we + + align:start position:0% +we showed last time that because we + + + align:start position:0% +we showed last time that because we +already understand a whole lot of these + + align:start position:0% +already understand a whole lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +already understand a whole lot of these +other connections that connection is + + align:start position:0% +other connections that connection is + + + align:start position:0% +other connections that connection is +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +straightforward what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +straightforward what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward what we're going to do +today is precisely the same thing for + + align:start position:0% +today is precisely the same thing for + + + align:start position:0% +today is precisely the same thing for +CTE the boxes barely changed you should + + align:start position:0% +CTE the boxes barely changed you should + + + align:start position:0% +CTE the boxes barely changed you should +see the relationship immediately between + + align:start position:0% +see the relationship immediately between + + + align:start position:0% +see the relationship immediately between +the former set of boxes and this set of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +boxes and we'll do a very similar thing + + align:start position:0% +boxes and we'll do a very similar thing + + + align:start position:0% +boxes and we'll do a very similar thing +we'll look at a relationship between the + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at a relationship between the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at a relationship between the +system function which is a function of s + + align:start position:0% +system function which is a function of s + + + align:start position:0% +system function which is a function of s +and the impulse response which is a + + align:start position:0% +and the impulse response which is a + + + align:start position:0% +and the impulse response which is a +function of T we'll look at that similar + + align:start position:0% +function of T we'll look at that similar + + + align:start position:0% +function of T we'll look at that similar +function for CT the thing that's + + align:start position:0% +function for CT the thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +function for CT the thing that's +analogous to the Z transform in DT so + + align:start position:0% +analogous to the Z transform in DT so + + + align:start position:0% +analogous to the Z transform in DT so +theuse + + align:start position:0% +theuse + + + align:start position:0% +theuse +transform uh just like in DT where it + + align:start position:0% +transform uh just like in DT where it + + + align:start position:0% +transform uh just like in DT where it +Maps a function of time to a function of + + align:start position:0% +Maps a function of time to a function of + + + align:start position:0% +Maps a function of time to a function of +Z here it Maps a function of time which + + align:start position:0% +Z here it Maps a function of time which + + + align:start position:0% +Z here it Maps a function of time which +in CT we'll write that way it maps that + + align:start position:0% +in CT we'll write that way it maps that + + + align:start position:0% +in CT we'll write that way it maps that +to a + + align:start position:0% +to a + + + align:start position:0% +to a +function of s so s is going to be + + align:start position:0% +function of s so s is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +function of s so s is going to be +something like e uh X of t + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eus + + align:start position:0% +eus + + + align:start position:0% +eus +stdt uh so the idea is going to be that + + align:start position:0% +stdt uh so the idea is going to be that + + + align:start position:0% +stdt uh so the idea is going to be that +this was function of time this is only a + + align:start position:0% +this was function of time this is only a + + + align:start position:0% +this was function of time this is only a +function of s we get the function of s + + align:start position:0% +function of s we get the function of s + + + align:start position:0% +function of s we get the function of s +by integrating some function of time but + + align:start position:0% +by integrating some function of time but + + + align:start position:0% +by integrating some function of time but +we integrate time out so time disappears + + align:start position:0% +we integrate time out so time disappears + + + align:start position:0% +we integrate time out so time disappears +so the idea then is that we end up with + + align:start position:0% +so the idea then is that we end up with + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea then is that we end up with +a map linking a function of time to a + + align:start position:0% +a map linking a function of time to a + + + align:start position:0% +a map linking a function of time to a +function of of uh + + align:start position:0% +function of of uh + + + align:start position:0% +function of of uh +s presumably you've seen this before + + align:start position:0% +s presumably you've seen this before + + + align:start position:0% +s presumably you've seen this before +this is a topic in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1803 smile nod your head make me feel + + align:start position:0% +1803 smile nod your head make me feel + + + align:start position:0% +1803 smile nod your head make me feel +like I'm connecting to you right right + + align:start position:0% +like I'm connecting to you right right + + + align:start position:0% +like I'm connecting to you right right +so you've all seen this before nothing's + + align:start position:0% +so you've all seen this before nothing's + + + align:start position:0% +so you've all seen this before nothing's +new actually there is one tiny thing + + align:start position:0% +new actually there is one tiny thing + + + align:start position:0% +new actually there is one tiny thing +that's new in 1803 they use a variant of + + align:start position:0% +that's new in 1803 they use a variant of + + + align:start position:0% +that's new in 1803 they use a variant of +the transform that we will call the + + align:start position:0% +the transform that we will call the + + + align:start position:0% +the transform that we will call the +unilateral Lao transform which means + + align:start position:0% +unilateral Lao transform which means + + + align:start position:0% +unilateral Lao transform which means +they started their integrals at + + align:start position:0% +they started their integrals at + + + align:start position:0% +they started their integrals at +zero for reasons that will be clear at + + align:start position:0% +zero for reasons that will be clear at + + + align:start position:0% +zero for reasons that will be clear at +the very end of the course when we do 48 + + align:start position:0% +the very end of the course when we do 48 + + + align:start position:0% +the very end of the course when we do 48 +transforms to make the transition + + align:start position:0% +transforms to make the transition + + + align:start position:0% +transforms to make the transition +between this kind of a transform and a + + align:start position:0% +between this kind of a transform and a + + + align:start position:0% +between this kind of a transform and a +48 transform easier + + align:start position:0% +48 transform easier + + + align:start position:0% +48 transform easier +we will do something called a bilateral + + align:start position:0% +we will do something called a bilateral + + + align:start position:0% +we will do something called a bilateral +transform the only difference being that + + align:start position:0% +transform the only difference being that + + + align:start position:0% +transform the only difference being that +we will start our integrals at minus + + align:start position:0% +we will start our integrals at minus + + + align:start position:0% +we will start our integrals at minus +infinity there are subtle differences + + align:start position:0% +infinity there are subtle differences + + + align:start position:0% +infinity there are subtle differences +between those two + + align:start position:0% +between those two + + + align:start position:0% +between those two +transforms rest assured that the big + + align:start position:0% +transforms rest assured that the big + + + align:start position:0% +transforms rest assured that the big +picture is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identical and when there is an important + + align:start position:0% +identical and when there is an important + + + align:start position:0% +identical and when there is an important +difference we will we'll we'll point + + align:start position:0% +difference we will we'll we'll point + + + align:start position:0% +difference we will we'll we'll point +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +out so for the rest of today and for the + + align:start position:0% +out so for the rest of today and for the + + + align:start position:0% +out so for the rest of today and for the +rest of two weeks I will only talk about + + align:start position:0% +rest of two weeks I will only talk about + + + align:start position:0% +rest of two weeks I will only talk about +bilateral transforms the kind that's we + + align:start position:0% +bilateral transforms the kind that's we + + + align:start position:0% +bilateral transforms the kind that's we +integrate over all of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time and the easiest way I know to get + + align:start position:0% +time and the easiest way I know to get + + + align:start position:0% +time and the easiest way I know to get +started is to just try some right you + + align:start position:0% +started is to just try some right you + + + align:start position:0% +started is to just try some right you +could study properties of the math but + + align:start position:0% +could study properties of the math but + + + align:start position:0% +could study properties of the math but +that's probably the way it was studied + + align:start position:0% +that's probably the way it was studied + + + align:start position:0% +that's probably the way it was studied +in 1803 I find it + + align:start position:0% +in 1803 I find it + + + align:start position:0% +in 1803 I find it +easier to develop some intuition for + + align:start position:0% +easier to develop some intuition for + + + align:start position:0% +easier to develop some intuition for +what's going on here by just doing + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here by just doing + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on here by just doing +something so here's probably the + + align:start position:0% +something so here's probably the + + + align:start position:0% +something so here's probably the +simplest luse transform we'll look + + align:start position:0% +simplest luse transform we'll look + + + align:start position:0% +simplest luse transform we'll look +at what's the luse transform of a time + + align:start position:0% +at what's the luse transform of a time + + + align:start position:0% +at what's the luse transform of a time +of a function of time that exponen + + align:start position:0% +of a function of time that exponen + + + align:start position:0% +of a function of time that exponen +decays with positive time and is zero + + align:start position:0% +decays with positive time and is zero + + + align:start position:0% +decays with positive time and is zero +for time less than + + align:start position:0% +for time less than + + + align:start position:0% +for time less than +zero as you might expect the first + + align:start position:0% +zero as you might expect the first + + + align:start position:0% +zero as you might expect the first +transform will do involves simply + + align:start position:0% +transform will do involves simply + + + align:start position:0% +transform will do involves simply +plugging that mathematical formula into + + align:start position:0% +plugging that mathematical formula into + + + align:start position:0% +plugging that mathematical formula into +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +definition so the x of s the llao + + align:start position:0% +definition so the x of s the llao + + + align:start position:0% +definition so the x of s the llao +transform is always the function of time + + align:start position:0% +transform is always the function of time + + + align:start position:0% +transform is always the function of time +integrated against e to the minus + + align:start position:0% +integrated against e to the minus + + + align:start position:0% +integrated against e to the minus +St we're only doing bilateral but notice + + align:start position:0% +St we're only doing bilateral but notice + + + align:start position:0% +St we're only doing bilateral but notice +that the zero for T less than zero cuts + + align:start position:0% +that the zero for T less than zero cuts + + + align:start position:0% +that the zero for T less than zero cuts +off the bottom so in fact you would get + + align:start position:0% +off the bottom so in fact you would get + + + align:start position:0% +off the bottom so in fact you would get +the same answer if you did bilateral or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unilateral and then we're left with + + align:start position:0% +unilateral and then we're left with + + + align:start position:0% +unilateral and then we're left with +integrating an infinite running this + + align:start position:0% +integrating an infinite running this + + + align:start position:0% +integrating an infinite running this +integral over infinite time of this kind + + align:start position:0% +integral over infinite time of this kind + + + align:start position:0% +integral over infinite time of this kind +of a function which comes out looking + + align:start position:0% +of a function which comes out looking + + + align:start position:0% +of a function which comes out looking +like this the only tricky + + align:start position:0% +like this the only tricky + + + align:start position:0% +like this the only tricky +thing is thinking about the implications + + align:start position:0% +thing is thinking about the implications + + + align:start position:0% +thing is thinking about the implications +of that Infinity + + align:start position:0% +of that Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +of that Infinity +thing there's going to be certain values + + align:start position:0% +thing there's going to be certain values + + + align:start position:0% +thing there's going to be certain values +of s for which that integral diverges + + align:start position:0% +of s for which that integral diverges + + + align:start position:0% +of s for which that integral diverges +so to think about that think about uh + + align:start position:0% +so to think about that think about uh + + + align:start position:0% +so to think about that think about uh +the thing that we're integrating we're + + align:start position:0% +the thing that we're integrating we're + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that we're integrating we're +integrating something that looks like + + align:start position:0% +integrating something that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +integrating something that looks like +say e to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PT we're integrating against some + + align:start position:0% +PT we're integrating against some + + + align:start position:0% +PT we're integrating against some +function so the fun the original + + align:start position:0% +function so the fun the original + + + align:start position:0% +function so the fun the original +function of time is e to the minus minus + + align:start position:0% +function of time is e to the minus minus + + + align:start position:0% +function of time is e to the minus minus +t here we have eus St let's just focus + + align:start position:0% +t here we have eus St let's just focus + + + align:start position:0% +t here we have eus St let's just focus +on that one for a moment the e to the St + + align:start position:0% +on that one for a moment the e to the St + + + align:start position:0% +on that one for a moment the e to the St +thing we're going to generally be + + align:start position:0% +thing we're going to generally be + + + align:start position:0% +thing we're going to generally be +worried about values of s or here values + + align:start position:0% +worried about values of s or here values + + + align:start position:0% +worried about values of s or here values +of P that have complex values we're + + align:start position:0% +of P that have complex values we're + + + align:start position:0% +of P that have complex values we're +going to be looking at the s plane just + + align:start position:0% +going to be looking at the s plane just + + + align:start position:0% +going to be looking at the s plane just +the same as last time we looked at the Z + + align:start position:0% +the same as last time we looked at the Z + + + align:start position:0% +the same as last time we looked at the Z +plane so we're going to think about this + + align:start position:0% +plane so we're going to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +plane so we're going to think about this +thing might have a real and imaginary + + align:start position:0% +thing might have a real and imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +thing might have a real and imaginary +component so we might have something + + align:start position:0% +component so we might have something + + + align:start position:0% +component so we might have something +that looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this Sigma would be the real part of P + + align:start position:0% +this Sigma would be the real part of P + + + align:start position:0% +this Sigma would be the real part of P +Omega would be the imaginary part of + + align:start position:0% +Omega would be the imaginary part of + + + align:start position:0% +Omega would be the imaginary part of +p and + + align:start position:0% +p and + + + align:start position:0% +p and +uh somebody want a hazard a guess what + + align:start position:0% +uh somebody want a hazard a guess what + + + align:start position:0% +uh somebody want a hazard a guess what +that might look like as um if I tried to + + align:start position:0% +that might look like as um if I tried to + + + align:start position:0% +that might look like as um if I tried to +expand it as a real and imaginary + + align:start position:0% +expand it as a real and imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +expand it as a real and imaginary +part someone want a hazard Des at the + + align:start position:0% +part someone want a hazard Des at the + + + align:start position:0% +part someone want a hazard Des at the +name of the equation I might + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use o equation sure so I would expand + + align:start position:0% +use o equation sure so I would expand + + + align:start position:0% +use o equation sure so I would expand +this by Oilers equation and I get + + align:start position:0% +this by Oilers equation and I get + + + align:start position:0% +this by Oilers equation and I get +something of the form e to the sigma T + + align:start position:0% +something of the form e to the sigma T + + + align:start position:0% +something of the form e to the sigma T +cos Omega + + align:start position:0% +cos Omega + + + align:start position:0% +cos Omega +t plus + + align:start position:0% +t plus + + + align:start position:0% +t plus +j s Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T the point of writing that out is that + + align:start position:0% +T the point of writing that out is that + + + align:start position:0% +T the point of writing that out is that +I hope it's clear that convergence of + + align:start position:0% +I hope it's clear that convergence of + + + align:start position:0% +I hope it's clear that convergence of +the integral is going to depend + + align:start position:0% +the integral is going to depend + + + align:start position:0% +the integral is going to depend +critically on the real or the imaginary + + align:start position:0% +critically on the real or the imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +critically on the real or the imaginary +part + + align:start position:0% +part + + + align:start position:0% +part +real right so the convergence is going + + align:start position:0% +real right so the convergence is going + + + align:start position:0% +real right so the convergence is going +to be determined by this this is the + + align:start position:0% +to be determined by this this is the + + + align:start position:0% +to be determined by this this is the +thing that's affecting the magnitude + + align:start position:0% +thing that's affecting the magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's affecting the magnitude +that's the thing that's getting smaller + + align:start position:0% +that's the thing that's getting smaller + + + align:start position:0% +that's the thing that's getting smaller +or bigger as I go to infinity or minus + + align:start position:0% +or bigger as I go to infinity or minus + + + align:start position:0% +or bigger as I go to infinity or minus +infinity the cosine term the sign term + + align:start position:0% +infinity the cosine term the sign term + + + align:start position:0% +infinity the cosine term the sign term +those are + + align:start position:0% +those are + + + align:start position:0% +those are +oscillating they don't make the function + + align:start position:0% +oscillating they don't make the function + + + align:start position:0% +oscillating they don't make the function +be more or less convergent than it was + + align:start position:0% +be more or less convergent than it was + + + align:start position:0% +be more or less convergent than it was +originally so when I'm thinking about + + align:start position:0% +originally so when I'm thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +originally so when I'm thinking about +convergence I'm going to be thinking + + align:start position:0% +convergence I'm going to be thinking + + + align:start position:0% +convergence I'm going to be thinking +about the real part + + align:start position:0% +about the real part + + + align:start position:0% +about the real part +so over here if I want to make this + + align:start position:0% +so over here if I want to make this + + + align:start position:0% +so over here if I want to make this +integral converge I want to be thinking + + align:start position:0% +integral converge I want to be thinking + + + align:start position:0% +integral converge I want to be thinking +about t going from zero to Infinity well + + align:start position:0% +about t going from zero to Infinity well + + + align:start position:0% +about t going from zero to Infinity well +zero is not a problem e to the 0o is one + + align:start position:0% +zero is not a problem e to the 0o is one + + + align:start position:0% +zero is not a problem e to the 0o is one +that's going to work it's the Infinity + + align:start position:0% +that's going to work it's the Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to work it's the Infinity +part that's a problem so if I have uh + + align:start position:0% +part that's a problem so if I have uh + + + align:start position:0% +part that's a problem so if I have uh +infinity plugged in for T what's the + + align:start position:0% +infinity plugged in for T what's the + + + align:start position:0% +infinity plugged in for T what's the +range of values for s for plus one that + + align:start position:0% +range of values for s for plus one that + + + align:start position:0% +range of values for s for plus one that +make sense that's that's the important + + align:start position:0% +make sense that's that's the important + + + align:start position:0% +make sense that's that's the important +question right so I'm going to want to + + align:start position:0% +question right so I'm going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +question right so I'm going to want to +constrain the real part of that number + + align:start position:0% +constrain the real part of that number + + + align:start position:0% +constrain the real part of that number +s+ one to be bigger than zero if the + + align:start position:0% +s+ one to be bigger than zero if the + + + align:start position:0% +s+ one to be bigger than zero if the +real part of that number is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +real part of that number is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +real part of that number is bigger than +zero then this thing will converge to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero if that converges to zero then I + + align:start position:0% +zero if that converges to zero then I + + + align:start position:0% +zero if that converges to zero then I +have a simple answer it's just the + + align:start position:0% +have a simple answer it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +have a simple answer it's just the +answer in the bottom it's in the bottom + + align:start position:0% +answer in the bottom it's in the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +answer in the bottom it's in the bottom +so I have to put a minus sign that kills + + align:start position:0% +so I have to put a minus sign that kills + + + align:start position:0% +so I have to put a minus sign that kills +that minus sign and So my answer is 1/ + + align:start position:0% +that minus sign and So my answer is 1/ + + + align:start position:0% +that minus sign and So my answer is 1/ +s+ one easy right and we will say that + + align:start position:0% +s+ one easy right and we will say that + + + align:start position:0% +s+ one easy right and we will say that +the laas transform has a functional Form + + align:start position:0% +the laas transform has a functional Form + + + align:start position:0% +the laas transform has a functional Form +1 / s + 1 and has region of convergence + + align:start position:0% +1 / s + 1 and has region of convergence + + + align:start position:0% +1 / s + 1 and has region of convergence +real part of s bigger than minus one + + align:start position:0% +real part of s bigger than minus one + + + align:start position:0% +real part of s bigger than minus one +just solving that inequality for the + + align:start position:0% +just solving that inequality for the + + + align:start position:0% +just solving that inequality for the +real part of s so I can draw it on an S + + align:start position:0% +real part of s so I can draw it on an S + + + align:start position:0% +real part of s so I can draw it on an S +plane so we'll associate then with this + + align:start position:0% +plane so we'll associate then with this + + + align:start position:0% +plane so we'll associate then with this +s transform a + + align:start position:0% +s transform a + + + align:start position:0% +s transform a +picture which we will commonly call the + + align:start position:0% +picture which we will commonly call the + + + align:start position:0% +picture which we will commonly call the +pole zero pattern it's just a picture of + + align:start position:0% +pole zero pattern it's just a picture of + + + align:start position:0% +pole zero pattern it's just a picture of +the S plane which shows me uh the + + align:start position:0% +the S plane which shows me uh the + + + align:start position:0% +the S plane which shows me uh the +singularities the poles and zeros of + + align:start position:0% +singularities the poles and zeros of + + + align:start position:0% +singularities the poles and zeros of +Theo transform and the region of + + align:start position:0% +Theo transform and the region of + + + align:start position:0% +Theo transform and the region of +convergence so there's a single pole + + align:start position:0% +convergence so there's a single pole + + + align:start position:0% +convergence so there's a single pole +there's a pole at s equal minus one so I + + align:start position:0% +there's a pole at s equal minus one so I + + + align:start position:0% +there's a pole at s equal minus one so I +indicate that by the X + + align:start position:0% +indicate that by the X + + + align:start position:0% +indicate that by the X +and I have a region of convergence which + + align:start position:0% +and I have a region of convergence which + + + align:start position:0% +and I have a region of convergence which +I'll illustrate but here with the U gray + + align:start position:0% +I'll illustrate but here with the U gray + + + align:start position:0% +I'll illustrate but here with the U gray +area so it converges for all values of s + + align:start position:0% +area so it converges for all values of s + + + align:start position:0% +area so it converges for all values of s +that are in the gray area Okay easy + + align:start position:0% +that are in the gray area Okay easy + + + align:start position:0% +that are in the gray area Okay easy +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +trivial okay so now you get to talk to + + align:start position:0% +trivial okay so now you get to talk to + + + align:start position:0% +trivial okay so now you get to talk to +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +neighbor okay turn to your neighbor say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi and figure out the llao transform of + + align:start position:0% +hi and figure out the llao transform of + + + align:start position:0% +hi and figure out the llao transform of +a slightly more but not very complicated + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +so what's the + + align:start position:0% +so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the +answer everybody raise your hands show + + align:start position:0% +answer everybody raise your hands show + + + align:start position:0% +answer everybody raise your hands show +some number of fingers equal to the + + align:start position:0% +some number of fingers equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +some number of fingers equal to the +number of the + + align:start position:0% +number of the + + + align:start position:0% +number of the +solution wonderful the + + align:start position:0% +solution wonderful the + + + align:start position:0% +solution wonderful the +universal the universal answer I think + + align:start position:0% +universal the universal answer I think + + + align:start position:0% +universal the universal answer I think +it was Universal was one so how do you + + align:start position:0% +it was Universal was one so how do you + + + align:start position:0% +it was Universal was one so how do you +get one what do I + + align:start position:0% +get one what do I + + + align:start position:0% +get one what do I +do how do I figure the how do I find the + + align:start position:0% +do how do I figure the how do I find the + + + align:start position:0% +do how do I figure the how do I find the +plus Transformer of the top + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function precisely so what I do is just + + align:start position:0% +function precisely so what I do is just + + + align:start position:0% +function precisely so what I do is just +stick it in the formula do it twice lla + + align:start position:0% +stick it in the formula do it twice lla + + + align:start position:0% +stick it in the formula do it twice lla +transform like the Z transform is linear + + align:start position:0% +transform like the Z transform is linear + + + align:start position:0% +transform like the Z transform is linear +it will turn out that the llao of a sum + + align:start position:0% +it will turn out that the llao of a sum + + + align:start position:0% +it will turn out that the llao of a sum +is the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +is the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the sum of the +lasses so uh if I simply stick the + + align:start position:0% +lasses so uh if I simply stick the + + + align:start position:0% +lasses so uh if I simply stick the +formula if I simply stick the expression + + align:start position:0% +formula if I simply stick the expression + + + align:start position:0% +formula if I simply stick the expression +for X2 into the definition you can see + + align:start position:0% +for X2 into the definition you can see + + + align:start position:0% +for X2 into the definition you can see +it splits into two + + align:start position:0% +it splits into two + + + align:start position:0% +it splits into two +pieces and I get two two parts one / s + + align:start position:0% +pieces and I get two two parts one / s + + + align:start position:0% +pieces and I get two two parts one / s +plus one just like I got for so the + + align:start position:0% +plus one just like I got for so the + + + align:start position:0% +plus one just like I got for so the +first part looks just like X1 the first + + align:start position:0% +first part looks just like X1 the first + + + align:start position:0% +first part looks just like X1 the first +example the second one looks almost the + + align:start position:0% +example the second one looks almost the + + + align:start position:0% +example the second one looks almost the +same except there's a two where there + + align:start position:0% +same except there's a two where there + + + align:start position:0% +same except there's a two where there +used to be a one shockingly it changes + + align:start position:0% +used to be a one shockingly it changes + + + align:start position:0% +used to be a one shockingly it changes +one of the ones into a + + align:start position:0% +one of the ones into a + + + align:start position:0% +one of the ones into a +two and then the only issue is where is + + align:start position:0% +two and then the only issue is where is + + + align:start position:0% +two and then the only issue is where is +the region of + + align:start position:0% +the region of + + + align:start position:0% +the region of +convergence so this part converges if s + + align:start position:0% +convergence so this part converges if s + + + align:start position:0% +convergence so this part converges if s +is bigger if the real part of s is + + align:start position:0% +is bigger if the real part of s is + + + align:start position:0% +is bigger if the real part of s is +bigger than minus + + align:start position:0% +bigger than minus + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than minus +one this converges if the real part of s + + align:start position:0% +one this converges if the real part of s + + + align:start position:0% +one this converges if the real part of s +is bigger than minus + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than minus + + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than minus +two so they both converge if the real + + align:start position:0% +two so they both converge if the real + + + align:start position:0% +two so they both converge if the real +part of s is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +part of s is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +part of s is bigger than +minus one right if I'm in the region of + + align:start position:0% +minus one right if I'm in the region of + + + align:start position:0% +minus one right if I'm in the region of +conver if in the region of s where both + + align:start position:0% +conver if in the region of s where both + + + align:start position:0% +conver if in the region of s where both +the first part and the second part + + align:start position:0% +the first part and the second part + + + align:start position:0% +the first part and the second part +converges then I'm + + align:start position:0% +converges then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +converges then I'm +fine okay so that was all very + + align:start position:0% +fine okay so that was all very + + + align:start position:0% +fine okay so that was all very +straightforward I get a an answer that + + align:start position:0% +straightforward I get a an answer that + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward I get a an answer that +was number + + align:start position:0% +was number + + + align:start position:0% +was number +one okay uh so the uh transform is just + + align:start position:0% +one okay uh so the uh transform is just + + + align:start position:0% +one okay uh so the uh transform is just +the sum of those two pieces and the + + align:start position:0% +the sum of those two pieces and the + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of those two pieces and the +region is the region of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +overlap the more interesting CA uh a + + align:start position:0% +overlap the more interesting CA uh a + + + align:start position:0% +overlap the more interesting CA uh a +more interesting case and where things + + align:start position:0% +more interesting case and where things + + + align:start position:0% +more interesting case and where things +are a little bit different when we think + + align:start position:0% +are a little bit different when we think + + + align:start position:0% +are a little bit different when we think +about the bilateral theuse transform + + align:start position:0% +about the bilateral theuse transform + + + align:start position:0% +about the bilateral theuse transform +than the unilateral is that the regions + + align:start position:0% +than the unilateral is that the regions + + + align:start position:0% +than the unilateral is that the regions +can be more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +complicated so here's an example where + + align:start position:0% +complicated so here's an example where + + + align:start position:0% +complicated so here's an example where +I've got a backwards traveling wave a + + align:start position:0% +I've got a backwards traveling wave a + + + align:start position:0% +I've got a backwards traveling wave a +backwards traveling function so now the + + align:start position:0% +backwards traveling function so now the + + + align:start position:0% +backwards traveling function so now the +function only exists for T less than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero as you might expect just stick it + + align:start position:0% +zero as you might expect just stick it + + + align:start position:0% +zero as you might expect just stick it +in the formula and see what happens so + + align:start position:0% +in the formula and see what happens so + + + align:start position:0% +in the formula and see what happens so +stick this uh uh expression into here + + align:start position:0% +stick this uh uh expression into here + + + align:start position:0% +stick this uh uh expression into here +now it lops off the top + + align:start position:0% +now it lops off the top + + + align:start position:0% +now it lops off the top +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +integral but when you're grinding + + align:start position:0% +integral but when you're grinding + + + align:start position:0% +integral but when you're grinding +through integrals it's hard to tell the + + align:start position:0% +through integrals it's hard to tell the + + + align:start position:0% +through integrals it's hard to tell the +difference you get something that looks + + align:start position:0% +difference you get something that looks + + + align:start position:0% +difference you get something that looks +very much the same the thing that is + + align:start position:0% +very much the same the thing that is + + + align:start position:0% +very much the same the thing that is +different notice that the function was + + align:start position:0% +different notice that the function was + + + align:start position:0% +different notice that the function was +upside down it was minus something + + align:start position:0% +upside down it was minus something + + + align:start position:0% +upside down it was minus something +rather than plus something like the + + align:start position:0% +rather than plus something like the + + + align:start position:0% +rather than plus something like the +first example + + align:start position:0% +first example + + + align:start position:0% +first example +was so the first example was e to the + + align:start position:0% +was so the first example was e to the + + + align:start position:0% +was so the first example was e to the +minus t t bigger than zero this example + + align:start position:0% +minus t t bigger than zero this example + + + align:start position:0% +minus t t bigger than zero this example +is minus eus t t less than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero that gave me a minus sign here but + + align:start position:0% +zero that gave me a minus sign here but + + + align:start position:0% +zero that gave me a minus sign here but +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +non-trivial limit is at the top rather + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial limit is at the top rather + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial limit is at the top rather +than at the bottom that's the reason I + + align:start position:0% +than at the bottom that's the reason I + + + align:start position:0% +than at the bottom that's the reason I +put the minus sign in so it would kill + + align:start position:0% +put the minus sign in so it would kill + + + align:start position:0% +put the minus sign in so it would kill +the other minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sign also since I need convergence at + + align:start position:0% +sign also since I need convergence at + + + align:start position:0% +sign also since I need convergence at +tal minus + + align:start position:0% +tal minus + + + align:start position:0% +tal minus +infinity the region + + align:start position:0% +infinity the region + + + align:start position:0% +infinity the region +flips I still need to have that sort of + + align:start position:0% +flips I still need to have that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +flips I still need to have that sort of +a thing + + align:start position:0% +a thing + + + align:start position:0% +a thing +Decay so that the integral exists + + align:start position:0% +Decay so that the integral exists + + + align:start position:0% +Decay so that the integral exists +but now the functions are flipped in + + align:start position:0% +but now the functions are flipped in + + + align:start position:0% +but now the functions are flipped in +time so the the the important value the + + align:start position:0% +time so the the the important value the + + + align:start position:0% +time so the the the important value the +important range of s is now + + align:start position:0% +important range of s is now + + + align:start position:0% +important range of s is now +flipped so now I get the same functional + + align:start position:0% +flipped so now I get the same functional + + + align:start position:0% +flipped so now I get the same functional +form exactly but a region that's on the + + align:start position:0% +form exactly but a region that's on the + + + align:start position:0% +form exactly but a region that's on the +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +side that's one of the central + + align:start position:0% +side that's one of the central + + + align:start position:0% +side that's one of the central +differences between the bilateral and + + align:start position:0% +differences between the bilateral and + + + align:start position:0% +differences between the bilateral and +the unilateral transformation uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transform I need to tell you the region + + align:start position:0% +transform I need to tell you the region + + + align:start position:0% +transform I need to tell you the region +of convergence for you to know which of + + align:start position:0% +of convergence for you to know which of + + + align:start position:0% +of convergence for you to know which of +those two functions that I'm talking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about okay so the important thing from + + align:start position:0% +about okay so the important thing from + + + align:start position:0% +about okay so the important thing from +this example is the functional form + + align:start position:0% +this example is the functional form + + + align:start position:0% +this example is the functional form +looks exactly the same I had a + + align:start position:0% +looks exactly the same I had a + + + align:start position:0% +looks exactly the same I had a +functional form in time eus t e Theus T + + align:start position:0% +functional form in time eus t e Theus T + + + align:start position:0% +functional form in time eus t e Theus T +it was that functional form of time that + + align:start position:0% +it was that functional form of time that + + + align:start position:0% +it was that functional form of time that +I cranked through the integration for + + align:start position:0% +I cranked through the integration for + + + align:start position:0% +I cranked through the integration for +and it's not surprising then that I get + + align:start position:0% +and it's not surprising then that I get + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not surprising then that I get +a functional form for the S transform + + align:start position:0% +a functional form for the S transform + + + align:start position:0% +a functional form for the S transform +that looks the same + + align:start position:0% +that looks the same + + + align:start position:0% +that looks the same +if you start with functional forms in + + align:start position:0% +if you start with functional forms in + + + align:start position:0% +if you start with functional forms in +time that look the same you get + + align:start position:0% +time that look the same you get + + + align:start position:0% +time that look the same you get +functional forms in in + + align:start position:0% +functional forms in in + + + align:start position:0% +functional forms in in +s that look the + + align:start position:0% +s that look the + + + align:start position:0% +s that look the +same however since the region of T was + + align:start position:0% +same however since the region of T was + + + align:start position:0% +same however since the region of T was +different for the two functions the + + align:start position:0% +different for the two functions the + + + align:start position:0% +different for the two functions the +region of s is + + align:start position:0% +region of s is + + + align:start position:0% +region of s is +different there's also the negative sign + + align:start position:0% +different there's also the negative sign + + + align:start position:0% +different there's also the negative sign +there's the fact that this + + align:start position:0% +there's the fact that this + + + align:start position:0% +there's the fact that this +flipped this + + align:start position:0% +flipped this + + + align:start position:0% +flipped this +way and that's related to the fact that + + align:start position:0% +way and that's related to the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +way and that's related to the fact that +my region of integration extends from + + align:start position:0% +my region of integration extends from + + + align:start position:0% +my region of integration extends from +minus infinity to 0o versus 0 to + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity to 0o versus 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +minus infinity to 0o versus 0 to +Infinity the + + align:start position:0% +Infinity the + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity the +important uh limit flip from being the + + align:start position:0% +important uh limit flip from being the + + + align:start position:0% +important uh limit flip from being the +bottom limit to the top + + align:start position:0% +bottom limit to the top + + + align:start position:0% +bottom limit to the top +limit okay that's roughly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it so just to make sure that everybody's + + align:start position:0% +it so just to make sure that everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +it so just to make sure that everybody's +with me what's the llao transform of the + + align:start position:0% +with me what's the llao transform of the + + + align:start position:0% +with me what's the llao transform of the +symmetric looking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so which of those functions is the L + + align:start position:0% +so which of those functions is the L + + + align:start position:0% +so which of those functions is the L +transform of the symmetric + + align:start position:0% +transform of the symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +transform of the symmetric +function right it's about three calories + + align:start position:0% +function right it's about three calories + + + align:start position:0% +function right it's about three calories +to raise your hand hand right right good + + align:start position:0% +to raise your hand hand right right good + + + align:start position:0% +to raise your hand hand right right good +exercise makes you + + align:start position:0% +exercise makes you + + + align:start position:0% +exercise makes you +breathe the answer + + align:start position:0% +breathe the answer + + + align:start position:0% +breathe the answer +is oh come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on okay it's more like uh 90% correct uh + + align:start position:0% +on okay it's more like uh 90% correct uh + + + align:start position:0% +on okay it's more like uh 90% correct uh +so not everybody has it right what am I + + align:start position:0% +so not everybody has it right what am I + + + align:start position:0% +so not everybody has it right what am I +going to + + align:start position:0% +going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to +do just like the last one right just + + align:start position:0% +do just like the last one right just + + + align:start position:0% +do just like the last one right just +stick it in + + align:start position:0% +stick it in + + + align:start position:0% +stick it in +right uh if you think + + align:start position:0% +right uh if you think + + + align:start position:0% +right uh if you think +about writing the Ral of this the + + align:start position:0% +about writing the Ral of this the + + + align:start position:0% +about writing the Ral of this the +complicated part is this absolute value + + align:start position:0% +complicated part is this absolute value + + + align:start position:0% +complicated part is this absolute value +sign thing so split it into two parts + + align:start position:0% +sign thing so split it into two parts + + + align:start position:0% +sign thing so split it into two parts +that way the absolute value is one thing + + align:start position:0% +that way the absolute value is one thing + + + align:start position:0% +that way the absolute value is one thing +when T is bigger than zero and it's a + + align:start position:0% +when T is bigger than zero and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +when T is bigger than zero and it's a +different thing when T is less than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero now it looks like just the sum of + + align:start position:0% +zero now it looks like just the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +zero now it looks like just the sum of +two functions that are both trivial + + align:start position:0% +two functions that are both trivial + + + align:start position:0% +two functions that are both trivial +right one is right sided the other is + + align:start position:0% +right one is right sided the other is + + + align:start position:0% +right one is right sided the other is +left-sided so we might be expecting + + align:start position:0% +left-sided so we might be expecting + + + align:start position:0% +left-sided so we might be expecting +something a little funky compared to the + + align:start position:0% +something a little funky compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +something a little funky compared to the +last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one so uh so this guy that is left side + + align:start position:0% +one so uh so this guy that is left side + + + align:start position:0% +one so uh so this guy that is left side +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +time ends up with a left-sided + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transform just like the previous + + align:start position:0% +transform just like the previous + + + align:start position:0% +transform just like the previous +examples so we see that this this part + + align:start position:0% +examples so we see that this this part + + + align:start position:0% +examples so we see that this this part +which looks like a pole at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one so we're going to get a part of the + + align:start position:0% +one so we're going to get a part of the + + + align:start position:0% +one so we're going to get a part of the +transform that has a pole at one and + + align:start position:0% +transform that has a pole at one and + + + align:start position:0% +transform that has a pole at one and +it's going to be valid for regions in s + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be valid for regions in s + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be valid for regions in s +space for S magnitude less than one okay + + align:start position:0% +space for S magnitude less than one okay + + + align:start position:0% +space for S magnitude less than one okay +then we're going to get this other piece + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to get this other piece + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to get this other piece +which comes from uh that corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +which comes from uh that corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +which comes from uh that corresponds to +a pole at minus + + align:start position:0% +a pole at minus + + + align:start position:0% +a pole at minus +one and it's right sided so like the + + align:start position:0% +one and it's right sided so like the + + + align:start position:0% +one and it's right sided so like the +right sided examples that we saw before + + align:start position:0% +right sided examples that we saw before + + + align:start position:0% +right sided examples that we saw before +there's a right sided region of + + align:start position:0% +there's a right sided region of + + + align:start position:0% +there's a right sided region of +convergence here so it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +convergence here so it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +convergence here so it's going to be +right of its pole but its pole is minus + + align:start position:0% +right of its pole but its pole is minus + + + align:start position:0% +right of its pole but its pole is minus +one so In Sum the region is going to be + + align:start position:0% +one so In Sum the region is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +one so In Sum the region is going to be +to the right of the pole at minus1 and + + align:start position:0% +to the right of the pole at minus1 and + + + align:start position:0% +to the right of the pole at minus1 and +to the left of the pole at one because + + align:start position:0% +to the left of the pole at one because + + + align:start position:0% +to the left of the pole at one because +we have to be in part of s space where + + align:start position:0% +we have to be in part of s space where + + + align:start position:0% +we have to be in part of s space where +both of those two uh integrals + + align:start position:0% +both of those two uh integrals + + + align:start position:0% +both of those two uh integrals +converged so we end up with the ROC + + align:start position:0% +converged so we end up with the ROC + + + align:start position:0% +converged so we end up with the ROC +being the + + align:start position:0% +being the + + + align:start position:0% +being the +intersection okay so we get a pole zero + + align:start position:0% +intersection okay so we get a pole zero + + + align:start position:0% +intersection okay so we get a pole zero +pattern that looks like this there are + + align:start position:0% +pattern that looks like this there are + + + align:start position:0% +pattern that looks like this there are +two poles now when you add together a + + align:start position:0% +two poles now when you add together a + + + align:start position:0% +two poles now when you add together a +part that looks like a pole at minus one + + align:start position:0% +part that looks like a pole at minus one + + + align:start position:0% +part that looks like a pole at minus one +and a part that looks like a pole at one + + align:start position:0% +and a part that looks like a pole at one + + + align:start position:0% +and a part that looks like a pole at one +you get two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +poles and the region becomes the band in + + align:start position:0% +poles and the region becomes the band in + + + align:start position:0% +poles and the region becomes the band in +between again because the regions of s + + align:start position:0% +between again because the regions of s + + + align:start position:0% +between again because the regions of s +transforms because of Oilers expression + + align:start position:0% +transforms because of Oilers expression + + + align:start position:0% +transforms because of Oilers expression +is determined by the real + + align:start position:0% +is determined by the real + + + align:start position:0% +is determined by the real +part of s so we're always going to get + + align:start position:0% +part of s so we're always going to get + + + align:start position:0% +part of s so we're always going to get +some kind of a vertical + + align:start position:0% +some kind of a vertical + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of a vertical +band the band's always going to be + + align:start position:0% +band the band's always going to be + + + align:start position:0% +band the band's always going to be +delimited by a pole just like it was in + + align:start position:0% +delimited by a pole just like it was in + + + align:start position:0% +delimited by a pole just like it was in +a z + + align:start position:0% +a z + + + align:start position:0% +a z +transform there's two poles so all we + + align:start position:0% +transform there's two poles so all we + + + align:start position:0% +transform there's two poles so all we +really need to worry about is which + + align:start position:0% +really need to worry about is which + + + align:start position:0% +really need to worry about is which +region bounded by Two Poles we're going + + align:start position:0% +region bounded by Two Poles we're going + + + align:start position:0% +region bounded by Two Poles we're going +to correspond + + align:start position:0% +to correspond + + + align:start position:0% +to correspond +to okay so it's so the answer was two + + align:start position:0% +to okay so it's so the answer was two + + + align:start position:0% +to okay so it's so the answer was two +written in a little bit of a funky form + + align:start position:0% +written in a little bit of a funky form + + + align:start position:0% +written in a little bit of a funky form +but if you factor this you can see that + + align:start position:0% +but if you factor this you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +but if you factor this you can see that +there's two poles one at one and one at + + align:start position:0% +there's two poles one at one and one at + + + align:start position:0% +there's two poles one at one and one at +minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay so what I want to do so + + align:start position:0% +one okay so what I want to do so + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so what I want to do so +hopefully that's all trivial right + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that's all trivial right + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that's all trivial right +that's all stuff you can do in your + + align:start position:0% +that's all stuff you can do in your + + + align:start position:0% +that's all stuff you can do in your +sleep right what I want to do is think a + + align:start position:0% +sleep right what I want to do is think a + + + align:start position:0% +sleep right what I want to do is think a +little bit about what what the + + align:start position:0% +little bit about what what the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about what what the +implications are what are we doing what + + align:start position:0% +implications are what are we doing what + + + align:start position:0% +implications are what are we doing what +is a region of convergence so I want to + + align:start position:0% +is a region of convergence so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +is a region of convergence so I want to +think now about uh four different + + align:start position:0% +think now about uh four different + + + align:start position:0% +think now about uh four different +functions and four different po zero + + align:start position:0% +functions and four different po zero + + + align:start position:0% +functions and four different po zero +patterns in four different + + align:start position:0% +patterns in four different + + + align:start position:0% +patterns in four different +regions and I want to think about the + + align:start position:0% +regions and I want to think about the + + + align:start position:0% +regions and I want to think about the +defining integral that one up there + + align:start position:0% +defining integral that one up there + + + align:start position:0% +defining integral that one up there +right I want to think about X of + + align:start position:0% +right I want to think about X of + + + align:start position:0% +right I want to think about X of +s is the integral over all of time of X + + align:start position:0% +s is the integral over all of time of X + + + align:start position:0% +s is the integral over all of time of X +of T eus + + align:start position:0% +of T eus + + + align:start position:0% +of T eus +sdt what are we doing when we take a + + align:start position:0% +sdt what are we doing when we take a + + + align:start position:0% +sdt what are we doing when we take a +transform and what are we doing when we + + align:start position:0% +transform and what are we doing when we + + + align:start position:0% +transform and what are we doing when we +specify a region of + + align:start position:0% +specify a region of + + + align:start position:0% +specify a region of +convergence because that can help you + + align:start position:0% +convergence because that can help you + + + align:start position:0% +convergence because that can help you +think about what should the answer be + + align:start position:0% +think about what should the answer be + + + align:start position:0% +think about what should the answer be +which is helpful when you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +which is helpful when you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +which is helpful when you're trying to +think about does my answer make any + + align:start position:0% +think about does my answer make any + + + align:start position:0% +think about does my answer make any +sense or what am I doing + + align:start position:0% +sense or what am I doing + + + align:start position:0% +sense or what am I doing +anyway so let's so X1 this was uh e the + + align:start position:0% +anyway so let's so X1 this was uh e the + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so let's so X1 this was uh e the +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +t so it had a pole at minus one and the + + align:start position:0% +t so it had a pole at minus one and the + + + align:start position:0% +t so it had a pole at minus one and the +region to the right right sided function + + align:start position:0% +region to the right right sided function + + + align:start position:0% +region to the right right sided function +right sided + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region here we have a more complicated + + align:start position:0% +region here we have a more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +region here we have a more complicated +function which can be the sum of two + + align:start position:0% +function which can be the sum of two + + + align:start position:0% +function which can be the sum of two +poles one at minus one and one at minus + + align:start position:0% +poles one at minus one and one at minus + + + align:start position:0% +poles one at minus one and one at minus +two and we got a region that was to the + + align:start position:0% +two and we got a region that was to the + + + align:start position:0% +two and we got a region that was to the +right or the rightmost Pole right sided + + align:start position:0% +right or the rightmost Pole right sided + + + align:start position:0% +right or the rightmost Pole right sided +function right sided + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region uh here was X3 which was the + + align:start position:0% +region uh here was X3 which was the + + + align:start position:0% +region uh here was X3 which was the +negative part of that one we got the + + align:start position:0% +negative part of that one we got the + + + align:start position:0% +negative part of that one we got the +same pole at minus one on a left-sided + + align:start position:0% +same pole at minus one on a left-sided + + + align:start position:0% +same pole at minus one on a left-sided +region and here was the symmetric one + + align:start position:0% +region and here was the symmetric one + + + align:start position:0% +region and here was the symmetric one +where we found that the region was in + + align:start position:0% +where we found that the region was in + + + align:start position:0% +where we found that the region was in +between so what I want to think now is + + align:start position:0% +between so what I want to think now is + + + align:start position:0% +between so what I want to think now is +what happens when we have a particular + + align:start position:0% +what happens when we have a particular + + + align:start position:0% +what happens when we have a particular +value of s that is inside or outside + + align:start position:0% +value of s that is inside or outside + + + align:start position:0% +value of s that is inside or outside +those regions what's really going + + align:start position:0% +those regions what's really going + + + align:start position:0% +those regions what's really going +on so let's start by thinking about what + + align:start position:0% +on so let's start by thinking about what + + + align:start position:0% +on so let's start by thinking about what +would happen if I considered an S + + align:start position:0% +would happen if I considered an S + + + align:start position:0% +would happen if I considered an S +depicted by this uh Red X I probably + + align:start position:0% +depicted by this uh Red X I probably + + + align:start position:0% +depicted by this uh Red X I probably +shouldn't have used X I should have + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have used X I should have + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have used X I should have +probably used a star that's not a pole + + align:start position:0% +probably used a star that's not a pole + + + align:start position:0% +probably used a star that's not a pole +that's the value of s in this + + align:start position:0% +that's the value of s in this + + + align:start position:0% +that's the value of s in this +integral what happens if I choose to + + align:start position:0% +integral what happens if I choose to + + + align:start position:0% +integral what happens if I choose to +integrate against the function e to the + + align:start position:0% +integrate against the function e to the + + + align:start position:0% +integrate against the function e to the +minus s where s is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero if I choose to integrate against + + align:start position:0% +zero if I choose to integrate against + + + align:start position:0% +zero if I choose to integrate against +that function that function is depicted + + align:start position:0% +that function that function is depicted + + + align:start position:0% +that function that function is depicted +by Red + + align:start position:0% +by Red + + + align:start position:0% +by Red +here so the convergence of the integral + + align:start position:0% +here so the convergence of the integral + + + align:start position:0% +here so the convergence of the integral +the convergence of the thing that I'm + + align:start position:0% +the convergence of the thing that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the convergence of the thing that I'm +calling the transform depends entirely + + align:start position:0% +calling the transform depends entirely + + + align:start position:0% +calling the transform depends entirely +on the convergence of + + align:start position:0% +on the convergence of + + + align:start position:0% +on the convergence of +X that's what s equal 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +means s equals 0 says the convergence of + + align:start position:0% +means s equals 0 says the convergence of + + + align:start position:0% +means s equals 0 says the convergence of +the function the convergence of the + + align:start position:0% +the function the convergence of the + + + align:start position:0% +the function the convergence of the +transform depends entirely on the + + align:start position:0% +transform depends entirely on the + + + align:start position:0% +transform depends entirely on the +convergence of the + + align:start position:0% +convergence of the + + + align:start position:0% +convergence of the +function so that means that this + + align:start position:0% +function so that means that this + + + align:start position:0% +function so that means that this +function converges it's in the it's in + + align:start position:0% +function converges it's in the it's in + + + align:start position:0% +function converges it's in the it's in +the region of + + align:start position:0% +the region of + + + align:start position:0% +the region of +convergence this one converges it's in + + align:start position:0% +convergence this one converges it's in + + + align:start position:0% +convergence this one converges it's in +the region of + + align:start position:0% +the region of + + + align:start position:0% +the region of +convergence this one does not converge + + align:start position:0% +convergence this one does not converge + + + align:start position:0% +convergence this one does not converge +this one diverges + + align:start position:0% +this one diverges + + + align:start position:0% +this one diverges +as you go to minus infinity the function + + align:start position:0% +as you go to minus infinity the function + + + align:start position:0% +as you go to minus infinity the function +gets is + + align:start position:0% +gets is + + + align:start position:0% +gets is +unbounded the transform doesn't exist s + + align:start position:0% +unbounded the transform doesn't exist s + + + align:start position:0% +unbounded the transform doesn't exist s +equals z is not in the + + align:start position:0% +equals z is not in the + + + align:start position:0% +equals z is not in the +region that's what it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +means here if I integrate against e to + + align:start position:0% +means here if I integrate against e to + + + align:start position:0% +means here if I integrate against e to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +zero both sides converge there's no + + align:start position:0% +zero both sides converge there's no + + + align:start position:0% +zero both sides converge there's no +problem I'm in the + + align:start position:0% +problem I'm in the + + + align:start position:0% +problem I'm in the +region okay so now if I think about a + + align:start position:0% +region okay so now if I think about a + + + align:start position:0% +region okay so now if I think about a +different s what if I move s a little + + align:start position:0% +different s what if I move s a little + + + align:start position:0% +different s what if I move s a little +bit to the left say minus a + + align:start position:0% +bit to the left say minus a + + + align:start position:0% +bit to the left say minus a +half if I'm thinking about integrating + + align:start position:0% +half if I'm thinking about integrating + + + align:start position:0% +half if I'm thinking about integrating +against e to the minus s and if s is + + align:start position:0% +against e to the minus s and if s is + + + align:start position:0% +against e to the minus s and if s is +minus a half that's e to the half + + align:start position:0% +minus a half that's e to the half + + + align:start position:0% +minus a half that's e to the half +t e to the half T is a function that for + + align:start position:0% +t e to the half T is a function that for + + + align:start position:0% +t e to the half T is a function that for +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +time becomes greater as I go toward + + align:start position:0% +time becomes greater as I go toward + + + align:start position:0% +time becomes greater as I go toward +positive Infinity exponentially greater + + align:start position:0% +positive Infinity exponentially greater + + + align:start position:0% +positive Infinity exponentially greater +so if I think about what happens if I + + align:start position:0% +so if I think about what happens if I + + + align:start position:0% +so if I think about what happens if I +multiply this x of T by that waiting + + align:start position:0% +multiply this x of T by that waiting + + + align:start position:0% +multiply this x of T by that waiting +function does the product converge or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diverge it converges because the + + align:start position:0% +diverge it converges because the + + + align:start position:0% +diverge it converges because the +convergence of the blue line is faster + + align:start position:0% +convergence of the blue line is faster + + + align:start position:0% +convergence of the blue line is faster +than the Divergence of the red + + align:start position:0% +than the Divergence of the red + + + align:start position:0% +than the Divergence of the red +line even though the red line is + + align:start position:0% +line even though the red line is + + + align:start position:0% +line even though the red line is +diverging the product is overall + + align:start position:0% +diverging the product is overall + + + align:start position:0% +diverging the product is overall +convergent okay that's because of the + + align:start position:0% +convergent okay that's because of the + + + align:start position:0% +convergent okay that's because of the +relative positions of the Red X and the + + align:start position:0% +relative positions of the Red X and the + + + align:start position:0% +relative positions of the Red X and the +blue + + align:start position:0% +blue + + + align:start position:0% +blue +X the blue function is is converging + + align:start position:0% +X the blue function is is converging + + + align:start position:0% +X the blue function is is converging +faster than the red function is + + align:start position:0% +faster than the red function is + + + align:start position:0% +faster than the red function is +diverging the product + + align:start position:0% +diverging the product + + + align:start position:0% +diverging the product +converges so this x is in the region of + + align:start position:0% +converges so this x is in the region of + + + align:start position:0% +converges so this x is in the region of +convergence that's what it + + align:start position:0% +convergence that's what it + + + align:start position:0% +convergence that's what it +means similarly here this is diverging + + align:start position:0% +means similarly here this is diverging + + + align:start position:0% +means similarly here this is diverging +the red curve is still diverging it's + + align:start position:0% +the red curve is still diverging it's + + + align:start position:0% +the red curve is still diverging it's +the same red curves so all these red + + align:start position:0% +the same red curves so all these red + + + align:start position:0% +the same red curves so all these red +curves are diverging to the right this + + align:start position:0% +curves are diverging to the right this + + + align:start position:0% +curves are diverging to the right this +one is converging it's ultimately + + align:start position:0% +one is converging it's ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +one is converging it's ultimately +converging as the sum of two things e to + + align:start position:0% +converging as the sum of two things e to + + + align:start position:0% +converging as the sum of two things e to +the minus t and eus 2 T both of which + + align:start position:0% +the minus t and eus 2 T both of which + + + align:start position:0% +the minus t and eus 2 T both of which +are fast + + align:start position:0% +are fast + + + align:start position:0% +are fast +compared to the explosion e to the half + + align:start position:0% +compared to the explosion e to the half + + + align:start position:0% +compared to the explosion e to the half +T so I'm in the + + align:start position:0% +T so I'm in the + + + align:start position:0% +T so I'm in the +region + + align:start position:0% +region + + + align:start position:0% +region +here it's exploding in a region of time + + align:start position:0% +here it's exploding in a region of time + + + align:start position:0% +here it's exploding in a region of time +that I don't care + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about and it's convergent for this + + align:start position:0% +about and it's convergent for this + + + align:start position:0% +about and it's convergent for this +region of time that I do care about but + + align:start position:0% +region of time that I do care about but + + + align:start position:0% +region of time that I do care about but +it's not convergent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +enough so the integral still diverges + + align:start position:0% +enough so the integral still diverges + + + align:start position:0% +enough so the integral still diverges +I'm not in the + + align:start position:0% +I'm not in the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not in the +region and finally this one is more + + align:start position:0% +region and finally this one is more + + + align:start position:0% +region and finally this one is more +complicated the inte the integr this + + align:start position:0% +complicated the inte the integr this + + + align:start position:0% +complicated the inte the integr this +this thing that I'm integrating against + + align:start position:0% +this thing that I'm integrating against + + + align:start position:0% +this thing that I'm integrating against +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +always uh becoming greater as I go + + align:start position:0% +always uh becoming greater as I go + + + align:start position:0% +always uh becoming greater as I go +toward positive Infinity that tends to + + align:start position:0% +toward positive Infinity that tends to + + + align:start position:0% +toward positive Infinity that tends to +be convergent on this + + align:start position:0% +be convergent on this + + + align:start position:0% +be convergent on this +side and Divergent on that side but it's + + align:start position:0% +side and Divergent on that side but it's + + + align:start position:0% +side and Divergent on that side but it's +not Divergent + + align:start position:0% +not Divergent + + + align:start position:0% +not Divergent +enough to make the function not converge + + align:start position:0% +enough to make the function not converge + + + align:start position:0% +enough to make the function not converge +so I'm in the + + align:start position:0% +so I'm in the + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm in the +region if I make an even bigger pole so + + align:start position:0% +region if I make an even bigger pole so + + + align:start position:0% +region if I make an even bigger pole so +say say I put the U uh the SC if I put + + align:start position:0% +say say I put the U uh the SC if I put + + + align:start position:0% +say say I put the U uh the SC if I put +that at minus one a + + align:start position:0% +that at minus one a + + + align:start position:0% +that at minus one a +half then that is fast enough that it + + align:start position:0% +half then that is fast enough that it + + + align:start position:0% +half then that is fast enough that it +breaks the product the product is no + + align:start position:0% +breaks the product the product is no + + + align:start position:0% +breaks the product the product is no +longer + + align:start position:0% +longer + + + align:start position:0% +longer +integrable so this Divergent trend is + + align:start position:0% +integrable so this Divergent trend is + + + align:start position:0% +integrable so this Divergent trend is +enough to make that diverge I'm not in + + align:start position:0% +enough to make that diverge I'm not in + + + align:start position:0% +enough to make that diverge I'm not in +the region + + align:start position:0% +the region + + + align:start position:0% +the region +anymore similarly here I'm not in the + + align:start position:0% +anymore similarly here I'm not in the + + + align:start position:0% +anymore similarly here I'm not in the +region because I've made it fast enough + + align:start position:0% +region because I've made it fast enough + + + align:start position:0% +region because I've made it fast enough +that one of the parts diverges + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of the parts converges but they have + + align:start position:0% +one of the parts converges but they have + + + align:start position:0% +one of the parts converges but they have +to both D they have to both converge in + + align:start position:0% +to both D they have to both converge in + + + align:start position:0% +to both D they have to both converge in +order for the integral to + + align:start position:0% +order for the integral to + + + align:start position:0% +order for the integral to +converge uh here I have finally made the + + align:start position:0% +converge uh here I have finally made the + + + align:start position:0% +converge uh here I have finally made the +left hand side convergent enough to make + + align:start position:0% +left hand side convergent enough to make + + + align:start position:0% +left hand side convergent enough to make +the product + + align:start position:0% +the product + + + align:start position:0% +the product +converge so that's + + align:start position:0% +converge so that's + + + align:start position:0% +converge so that's +fine and here this is accelerating so + + align:start position:0% +fine and here this is accelerating so + + + align:start position:0% +fine and here this is accelerating so +fast that although it was stabilizing + + align:start position:0% +fast that although it was stabilizing + + + align:start position:0% +fast that although it was stabilizing +here it became uh non-con convergent + + align:start position:0% +here it became uh non-con convergent + + + align:start position:0% +here it became uh non-con convergent +over here so the idea then what I want + + align:start position:0% +over here so the idea then what I want + + + align:start position:0% +over here so the idea then what I want +you to get from this is the idea that + + align:start position:0% +you to get from this is the idea that + + + align:start position:0% +you to get from this is the idea that +you can think physically about what the + + align:start position:0% +you can think physically about what the + + + align:start position:0% +you can think physically about what the +region of convergence is the region of + + align:start position:0% +region of convergence is the region of + + + align:start position:0% +region of convergence is the region of +convergence is a function that I stick + + align:start position:0% +convergence is a function that I stick + + + align:start position:0% +convergence is a function that I stick +into the integral to make X to make the + + align:start position:0% +into the integral to make X to make the + + + align:start position:0% +into the integral to make X to make the +integral converge so the region of + + align:start position:0% +integral converge so the region of + + + align:start position:0% +integral converge so the region of +convergence corresponds to those + + align:start position:0% +convergence corresponds to those + + + align:start position:0% +convergence corresponds to those +exponents that make + + align:start position:0% +exponents that make + + + align:start position:0% +exponents that make +sense for which the integral will + + align:start position:0% +sense for which the integral will + + + align:start position:0% +sense for which the integral will +converge okay with that vast new insight + + align:start position:0% +converge okay with that vast new insight + + + align:start position:0% +converge okay with that vast new insight +uh this problem is now + + align:start position:0% +uh this problem is now + + + align:start position:0% +uh this problem is now +trivial enumerate all possible functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X of t for which that's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transform + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how many functions are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there keep going keep going I'm still + + align:start position:0% +there keep going keep going I'm still + + + align:start position:0% +there keep going keep going I'm still +looking for a right + + align:start position:0% +looking for a right + + + align:start position:0% +looking for a right +answer that's a clue right I don't see a + + align:start position:0% +answer that's a clue right I don't see a + + + align:start position:0% +answer that's a clue right I don't see a +right answer yet so keep going keep + + align:start position:0% +right answer yet so keep going keep + + + align:start position:0% +right answer yet so keep going keep +going uh actually I do + + align:start position:0% +going uh actually I do + + + align:start position:0% +going uh actually I do +now I see two right answers can we get + + align:start position:0% +now I see two right answers can we get + + + align:start position:0% +now I see two right answers can we get +make it three going once going twice two + + align:start position:0% +make it three going once going twice two + + + align:start position:0% +make it three going once going twice two +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +answers okay the right answer is + + align:start position:0% +answers okay the right answer is + + + align:start position:0% +answers okay the right answer is +three so now that I've told you the + + align:start position:0% +three so now that I've told you the + + + align:start position:0% +three so now that I've told you the +right answer you rationalize for me why + + align:start position:0% +right answer you rationalize for me why + + + align:start position:0% +right answer you rationalize for me why +is the right answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three talk to your neighbor why is the + + align:start position:0% +three talk to your neighbor why is the + + + align:start position:0% +three talk to your neighbor why is the +right answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay who can volunteer a concise + + align:start position:0% +okay who can volunteer a concise + + + align:start position:0% +okay who can volunteer a concise +statement for why the right answer is + + align:start position:0% +statement for why the right answer is + + + align:start position:0% +statement for why the right answer is +three and not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes that's exactly right there are two + + align:start position:0% +yes that's exactly right there are two + + + align:start position:0% +yes that's exactly right there are two +poles and there are three ways you can + + align:start position:0% +poles and there are three ways you can + + + align:start position:0% +poles and there are three ways you can +divide up the S plane by Two + + align:start position:0% +divide up the S plane by Two + + + align:start position:0% +divide up the S plane by Two +Poles so let's think about uh there's + + align:start position:0% +Poles so let's think about uh there's + + + align:start position:0% +Poles so let's think about uh there's +four functions here let's think about um + + align:start position:0% +four functions here let's think about um + + + align:start position:0% +four functions here let's think about um +four S + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +planes so each of these functions so + + align:start position:0% +planes so each of these functions so + + + align:start position:0% +planes so each of these functions so +here's a pole at minus two here's a pole + + align:start position:0% +here's a pole at minus two here's a pole + + + align:start position:0% +here's a pole at minus two here's a pole +at two- 22 - 22- 22 they all have the + + align:start position:0% +at two- 22 - 22- 22 they all have the + + + align:start position:0% +at two- 22 - 22- 22 they all have the +same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +poles okay where's the region that + + align:start position:0% +poles okay where's the region that + + + align:start position:0% +poles okay where's the region that +corresponds to function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one so here's the poll that cor here's + + align:start position:0% +one so here's the poll that cor here's + + + align:start position:0% +one so here's the poll that cor here's +the poll at minus 2 eus 2 T corresponds + + align:start position:0% +the poll at minus 2 eus 2 T corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +the poll at minus 2 eus 2 T corresponds +to a pole at minus two U of T is right + + align:start position:0% +to a pole at minus two U of T is right + + + align:start position:0% +to a pole at minus two U of T is right +sided function where's the region that + + align:start position:0% +sided function where's the region that + + + align:start position:0% +sided function where's the region that +corresponds to the pole minus + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the pole minus + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the pole minus +two to the right of minus + + align:start position:0% +two to the right of minus + + + align:start position:0% +two to the right of minus +two right so this first function + + align:start position:0% +two right so this first function + + + align:start position:0% +two right so this first function +converges to the right of minus + + align:start position:0% +converges to the right of minus + + + align:start position:0% +converges to the right of minus +two this function is a pole at two e to + + align:start position:0% +two this function is a pole at two e to + + + align:start position:0% +two this function is a pole at two e to +2T and it's + + align:start position:0% +2T and it's + + + align:start position:0% +2T and it's +um right + + align:start position:0% +um right + + + align:start position:0% +um right +sided so it's right sided with regard to + + align:start position:0% +sided so it's right sided with regard to + + + align:start position:0% +sided so it's right sided with regard to +a pole at + + align:start position:0% +a pole at + + + align:start position:0% +a pole at +two so what's the region that + + align:start position:0% +two so what's the region that + + + align:start position:0% +two so what's the region that +corresponds to a right-sided Time + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a right-sided Time + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a right-sided Time +function that corresponds to a pole at + + align:start position:0% +function that corresponds to a pole at + + + align:start position:0% +function that corresponds to a pole at +two or that's right sided with regard to + + align:start position:0% +two or that's right sided with regard to + + + align:start position:0% +two or that's right sided with regard to +here so the net region of convergence is + + align:start position:0% +here so the net region of convergence is + + + align:start position:0% +here so the net region of convergence is +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +region make sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so then I have a pole at minus two with + + align:start position:0% +so then I have a pole at minus two with + + + align:start position:0% +so then I have a pole at minus two with +a right sided okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +a right sided okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +a right sided okay so that's +this and a pole at two which is + + align:start position:0% +this and a pole at two which is + + + align:start position:0% +this and a pole at two which is +left-sided + + align:start position:0% +left-sided + + + align:start position:0% +left-sided +so that's + + align:start position:0% +so that's + + + align:start position:0% +so that's +this so that corresponds to a region + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here then the third one I have uh a pole + + align:start position:0% +here then the third one I have uh a pole + + + align:start position:0% +here then the third one I have uh a pole +at minus two which is left-sided + + align:start position:0% +at minus two which is left-sided + + + align:start position:0% +at minus two which is left-sided +so that means I want to have convergence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here and I have a pole at two which is + + align:start position:0% +here and I have a pole at two which is + + + align:start position:0% +here and I have a pole at two which is +right sided and I need convergence here + + align:start position:0% +right sided and I need convergence here + + + align:start position:0% +right sided and I need convergence here +there's no way to make that + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to make that + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to make that +convergent if I choose my S to make the + + align:start position:0% +convergent if I choose my S to make the + + + align:start position:0% +convergent if I choose my S to make the +first part convergent then my second + + align:start position:0% +first part convergent then my second + + + align:start position:0% +first part convergent then my second +part is not convergent and vice versa so + + align:start position:0% +part is not convergent and vice versa so + + + align:start position:0% +part is not convergent and vice versa so +there's no way to do that + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to do that + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to do that +one so this is no this is yes this is + + align:start position:0% +one so this is no this is yes this is + + + align:start position:0% +one so this is no this is yes this is +yes and then finally this is a pole at + + align:start position:0% +yes and then finally this is a pole at + + + align:start position:0% +yes and then finally this is a pole at +minus two to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +left and a pole at two to the + + align:start position:0% +left and a pole at two to the + + + align:start position:0% +left and a pole at two to the +left so that's that one so that's okay + + align:start position:0% +left so that's that one so that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +left so that's that one so that's okay +so the idea is that there's only three + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is that there's only three + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea is that there's only three +ways to chop up a space delimited by Two + + align:start position:0% +ways to chop up a space delimited by Two + + + align:start position:0% +ways to chop up a space delimited by Two +Poles okay so it looks like you ought to + + align:start position:0% +Poles okay so it looks like you ought to + + + align:start position:0% +Poles okay so it looks like you ought to +have four because we're used to thinking + + align:start position:0% +have four because we're used to thinking + + + align:start position:0% +have four because we're used to thinking +about the 2 x two Matrix that's not the + + align:start position:0% +about the 2 x two Matrix that's not the + + + align:start position:0% +about the 2 x two Matrix that's not the +way it + + align:start position:0% +way it + + + align:start position:0% +way it +works okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay one uh two last things first last + + align:start position:0% +okay one uh two last things first last + + + align:start position:0% +okay one uh two last things first last +thing probably the most important thing + + align:start position:0% +thing probably the most important thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing probably the most important thing +about the lass transform probably the + + align:start position:0% +about the lass transform probably the + + + align:start position:0% +about the lass transform probably the +only reason we bother with it whatever + + align:start position:0% +only reason we bother with it whatever + + + align:start position:0% +only reason we bother with it whatever +is that you can use it to solve + + align:start position:0% +is that you can use it to solve + + + align:start position:0% +is that you can use it to solve +differential equations that's probably + + align:start position:0% +differential equations that's probably + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations that's probably +the most important reason that for even + + align:start position:0% +the most important reason that for even + + + align:start position:0% +the most important reason that for even +talking about it the fact that we can + + align:start position:0% +talking about it the fact that we can + + + align:start position:0% +talking about it the fact that we can +take it is of zero consequence right we + + align:start position:0% +take it is of zero consequence right we + + + align:start position:0% +take it is of zero consequence right we +can take lots of + + align:start position:0% +can take lots of + + + align:start position:0% +can take lots of +integrals the interesting thing about + + align:start position:0% +integrals the interesting thing about + + + align:start position:0% +integrals the interesting thing about +this integral that is that it helps us + + align:start position:0% +this integral that is that it helps us + + + align:start position:0% +this integral that is that it helps us +to solve differential equations and the + + align:start position:0% +to solve differential equations and the + + + align:start position:0% +to solve differential equations and the +trick is that we if we start with the + + align:start position:0% +trick is that we if we start with the + + + align:start position:0% +trick is that we if we start with the +differential equation we can take the + + align:start position:0% +differential equation we can take the + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation we can take the +the llao transform of the whole + + align:start position:0% +the llao transform of the whole + + + align:start position:0% +the llao transform of the whole +differential equation and that'll end up + + align:start position:0% +differential equation and that'll end up + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation and that'll end up +making sense just like the Z transform + + align:start position:0% +making sense just like the Z transform + + + align:start position:0% +making sense just like the Z transform +the L transform is linear the transform + + align:start position:0% +the L transform is linear the transform + + + align:start position:0% +the L transform is linear the transform +of a sum is sum of the + + align:start position:0% +of a sum is sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +of a sum is sum of the +transforms that's pretty simple just by + + align:start position:0% +transforms that's pretty simple just by + + + align:start position:0% +transforms that's pretty simple just by +looking at the definition because we can + + align:start position:0% +looking at the definition because we can + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the definition because we can +distribute the e to the minus St over a + + align:start position:0% +distribute the e to the minus St over a + + + align:start position:0% +distribute the e to the minus St over a +sum if x were a sum it + + align:start position:0% +sum if x were a sum it + + + align:start position:0% +sum if x were a sum it +distributes so that's easy the other + + align:start position:0% +distributes so that's easy the other + + + align:start position:0% +distributes so that's easy the other +important thing is the derivative what's + + align:start position:0% +important thing is the derivative what's + + + align:start position:0% +important thing is the derivative what's +the Lao transform of a derivative that + + align:start position:0% +the Lao transform of a derivative that + + + align:start position:0% +the Lao transform of a derivative that +turns out to be easy if that weren't + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be easy if that weren't + + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be easy if that weren't +easy we wouldn't even bother with it but + + align:start position:0% +easy we wouldn't even bother with it but + + + align:start position:0% +easy we wouldn't even bother with it but +it is + + align:start position:0% +it is + + + align:start position:0% +it is +easy you can see that if we make the + + align:start position:0% +easy you can see that if we make the + + + align:start position:0% +easy you can see that if we make the +assumption that X is the L transform of + + align:start position:0% +assumption that X is the L transform of + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that X is the L transform of +X and then if we define y is the + + align:start position:0% +X and then if we define y is the + + + align:start position:0% +X and then if we define y is the +derivative of x we can ask what's Theos + + align:start position:0% +derivative of x we can ask what's Theos + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of x we can ask what's Theos +transform of Y and that'll tell us + + align:start position:0% +transform of Y and that'll tell us + + + align:start position:0% +transform of Y and that'll tell us +what's the Transformer of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative take the definition of + + align:start position:0% +derivative take the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +derivative take the definition of +transform stick in yal x + + align:start position:0% +transform stick in yal x + + + align:start position:0% +transform stick in yal x +dot and integrate by + + align:start position:0% +dot and integrate by + + + align:start position:0% +dot and integrate by +Parts you all can integrate by Parts + + align:start position:0% +Parts you all can integrate by Parts + + + align:start position:0% +Parts you all can integrate by Parts +much better than I can right because I + + align:start position:0% +much better than I can right because I + + + align:start position:0% +much better than I can right because I +took it 35 years + + align:start position:0% +took it 35 years + + + align:start position:0% +took it 35 years +ago but it's very easy to see that if we + + align:start position:0% +ago but it's very easy to see that if we + + + align:start position:0% +ago but it's very easy to see that if we +call this U and this V Dot integral of U + + align:start position:0% +call this U and this V Dot integral of U + + + align:start position:0% +call this U and this V Dot integral of U +DV is u v minus the integral V to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U the trick is that taking integrals and + + align:start position:0% +U the trick is that taking integrals and + + + align:start position:0% +U the trick is that taking integrals and +derivatives of this part is easy it's an + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of this part is easy it's an + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives of this part is easy it's an +exponential exponentials are the one + + align:start position:0% +exponential exponentials are the one + + + align:start position:0% +exponential exponentials are the one +function whose derivative has the same + + align:start position:0% +function whose derivative has the same + + + align:start position:0% +function whose derivative has the same +shape as the function that's the reason + + align:start position:0% +shape as the function that's the reason + + + align:start position:0% +shape as the function that's the reason +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +easy so that means that + + align:start position:0% +easy so that means that + + + align:start position:0% +easy so that means that +uh I can I can uh easily integrate that + + align:start position:0% +uh I can I can uh easily integrate that + + + align:start position:0% +uh I can I can uh easily integrate that +part I can easily differentiate that + + align:start position:0% +part I can easily differentiate that + + + align:start position:0% +part I can easily differentiate that +part to get something that looks just + + align:start position:0% +part to get something that looks just + + + align:start position:0% +part to get something that looks just +like this except it's multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +like this except it's multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +like this except it's multiplied by +minus s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that minus s is the only thing that + + align:start position:0% +and that minus s is the only thing that + + + align:start position:0% +and that minus s is the only thing that +ends up uh being important the the plus + + align:start position:0% +ends up uh being important the the plus + + + align:start position:0% +ends up uh being important the the plus +transform of the derivative is s times + + align:start position:0% +transform of the derivative is s times + + + align:start position:0% +transform of the derivative is s times +the the transform of the original + + align:start position:0% +the the transform of the original + + + align:start position:0% +the the transform of the original +function okay differentiating time is + + align:start position:0% +function okay differentiating time is + + + align:start position:0% +function okay differentiating time is +the same as multiplying by s in AO + + align:start position:0% +the same as multiplying by s in AO + + + align:start position:0% +the same as multiplying by s in AO +transform because of that it's trivial + + align:start position:0% +transform because of that it's trivial + + + align:start position:0% +transform because of that it's trivial +to think about the llao transform of a + + align:start position:0% +to think about the llao transform of a + + + align:start position:0% +to think about the llao transform of a +differential + + align:start position:0% +differential + + + align:start position:0% +differential +equation linearity says you can do a + + align:start position:0% +equation linearity says you can do a + + + align:start position:0% +equation linearity says you can do a +term wise and a differential equation is + + align:start position:0% +term wise and a differential equation is + + + align:start position:0% +term wise and a differential equation is +something that has a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +something that has a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +something that has a bunch of +derivatives in it those all turn into + + align:start position:0% +derivatives in it those all turn into + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives in it those all turn into +multiply by S so you end up then with + + align:start position:0% +multiply by S so you end up then with + + + align:start position:0% +multiply by S so you end up then with +this differential equation being + + align:start position:0% +this differential equation being + + + align:start position:0% +this differential equation being +replaced by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this okay the so I replace the U so the + + align:start position:0% +this okay the so I replace the U so the + + + align:start position:0% +this okay the so I replace the U so the +L transform of the derivative is s * y + + align:start position:0% +L transform of the derivative is s * y + + + align:start position:0% +L transform of the derivative is s * y +Theo transform of Y is y now I have to + + align:start position:0% +Theo transform of Y is y now I have to + + + align:start position:0% +Theo transform of Y is y now I have to +figure out Theo trans form of + + align:start position:0% +figure out Theo trans form of + + + align:start position:0% +figure out Theo trans form of +Delta okay it turns out that's easy + + align:start position:0% +Delta okay it turns out that's easy + + + align:start position:0% +Delta okay it turns out that's easy +what's the lass transform of Delta + + align:start position:0% +what's the lass transform of Delta + + + align:start position:0% +what's the lass transform of Delta +that's why we like Delta functions Delta + + align:start position:0% +that's why we like Delta functions Delta + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we like Delta functions Delta +functions seem mathematically bizarre + + align:start position:0% +functions seem mathematically bizarre + + + align:start position:0% +functions seem mathematically bizarre +but they're so easy to work with that's + + align:start position:0% +but they're so easy to work with that's + + + align:start position:0% +but they're so easy to work with that's +the only reason we use them if you think + + align:start position:0% +the only reason we use them if you think + + + align:start position:0% +the only reason we use them if you think +about the lass transform of Delta just + + align:start position:0% +about the lass transform of Delta just + + + align:start position:0% +about the lass transform of Delta just +stick it in the + + align:start position:0% +stick it in the + + + align:start position:0% +stick it in the +formula the interesting thing about the + + align:start position:0% +formula the interesting thing about the + + + align:start position:0% +formula the interesting thing about the +Delta function is that it's zero almost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everywhere so we don't need to worry + + align:start position:0% +everywhere so we don't need to worry + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere so we don't need to worry +about the product except where the Delta + + align:start position:0% +about the product except where the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +about the product except where the Delta +function is not zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because the Delta function makes the + + align:start position:0% +because the Delta function makes the + + + align:start position:0% +because the Delta function makes the +time axis mostly + + align:start position:0% +time axis mostly + + + align:start position:0% +time axis mostly +zero the only place that's not zero is + + align:start position:0% +zero the only place that's not zero is + + + align:start position:0% +zero the only place that's not zero is +zero so the only value of this function + + align:start position:0% +zero so the only value of this function + + + align:start position:0% +zero so the only value of this function +that matters in the + + align:start position:0% +that matters in the + + + align:start position:0% +that matters in the +least is its value at + + align:start position:0% +least is its value at + + + align:start position:0% +least is its value at +zero if you think about what that looks + + align:start position:0% +zero if you think about what that looks + + + align:start position:0% +zero if you think about what that looks +like as a as a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +picture so if we have something that + + align:start position:0% +picture so if we have something that + + + align:start position:0% +picture so if we have something that +looks like eus + + align:start position:0% +looks like eus + + + align:start position:0% +looks like eus +St and if we multiply by an imp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the impulse is zero except at zero the + + align:start position:0% +the impulse is zero except at zero the + + + align:start position:0% +the impulse is zero except at zero the +only thing that survives that + + align:start position:0% +only thing that survives that + + + align:start position:0% +only thing that survives that +multiplication is the value of eus St at + + align:start position:0% +multiplication is the value of eus St at + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication is the value of eus St at +tal + + align:start position:0% +tal + + + align:start position:0% +tal +Z we can think about that as a limit + + align:start position:0% +Z we can think about that as a limit + + + align:start position:0% +Z we can think about that as a limit +right we thought about the Delta + + align:start position:0% +right we thought about the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +right we thought about the Delta +function as a limit of a function that + + align:start position:0% +function as a limit of a function that + + + align:start position:0% +function as a limit of a function that +looks like this minus Epsilon Epsilon T + + align:start position:0% +looks like this minus Epsilon Epsilon T + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this minus Epsilon Epsilon T +1 over 2 Epsilon so that the limit as + + align:start position:0% +1 over 2 Epsilon so that the limit as + + + align:start position:0% +1 over 2 Epsilon so that the limit as +that as Epsilon goes to zero becomes a + + align:start position:0% +that as Epsilon goes to zero becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +that as Epsilon goes to zero becomes a +Delta that's how we defined the impulse + + align:start position:0% +Delta that's how we defined the impulse + + + align:start position:0% +Delta that's how we defined the impulse +function if we think about that + + align:start position:0% +function if we think about that + + + align:start position:0% +function if we think about that +definition + + align:start position:0% +definition + + + align:start position:0% +definition +in terms of this + + align:start position:0% +in terms of this + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of this +product you can see that you get exactly + + align:start position:0% +product you can see that you get exactly + + + align:start position:0% +product you can see that you get exactly +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +expression as you imagine so as you keep + + align:start position:0% +expression as you imagine so as you keep + + + align:start position:0% +expression as you imagine so as you keep +so if you multiply this times this all + + align:start position:0% +so if you multiply this times this all + + + align:start position:0% +so if you multiply this times this all +you pick out is this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +part as you make Epsilon smaller and + + align:start position:0% +part as you make Epsilon smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +part as you make Epsilon smaller and +smaller and smaller you focus just on + + align:start position:0% +smaller and smaller you focus just on + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and smaller you focus just on +that point right at + + align:start position:0% +that point right at + + + align:start position:0% +that point right at +zero the area of the impulse is one + + align:start position:0% +zero the area of the impulse is one + + + align:start position:0% +zero the area of the impulse is one +therefore the integral the integral of + + align:start position:0% +therefore the integral the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the integral the integral of +this thing is every everywhere one so + + align:start position:0% +this thing is every everywhere one so + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is every everywhere one so +this sifts out that's what we'll call it + + align:start position:0% +this sifts out that's what we'll call it + + + align:start position:0% +this sifts out that's what we'll call it +so this is called the sifting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +property it's the nice part about the + + align:start position:0% +property it's the nice part about the + + + align:start position:0% +property it's the nice part about the +Delta function if you integrate a + + align:start position:0% +Delta function if you integrate a + + + align:start position:0% +Delta function if you integrate a +function with regard to time where the + + align:start position:0% +function with regard to time where the + + + align:start position:0% +function with regard to time where the +function is multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +function is multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +function is multiplied by +Delta that integral is the value of the + + align:start position:0% +Delta that integral is the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +Delta that integral is the value of the +function at zero it sifts out the zero + + align:start position:0% +function at zero it sifts out the zero + + + align:start position:0% +function at zero it sifts out the zero +value that means that the llao transform + + align:start position:0% +value that means that the llao transform + + + align:start position:0% +value that means that the llao transform +of the Delta function is + + align:start position:0% +of the Delta function is + + + align:start position:0% +of the Delta function is +one it's the most simple function you + + align:start position:0% +one it's the most simple function you + + + align:start position:0% +one it's the most simple function you +can imagine so the net effect of that is + + align:start position:0% +can imagine so the net effect of that is + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine so the net effect of that is +that this differential equation the Laos + + align:start position:0% +that this differential equation the Laos + + + align:start position:0% +that this differential equation the Laos +transform of the differential equation + + align:start position:0% +transform of the differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +transform of the differential equation +becomes an algebraic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation that means that we can solve it + + align:start position:0% +equation that means that we can solve it + + + align:start position:0% +equation that means that we can solve it +by doing + + align:start position:0% +by doing + + + align:start position:0% +by doing +algebra so in particular we can easily + + align:start position:0% +algebra so in particular we can easily + + + align:start position:0% +algebra so in particular we can easily +we can readily solve the equation to + + align:start position:0% +we can readily solve the equation to + + + align:start position:0% +we can readily solve the equation to +find an expression for y we saw that + + align:start position:0% +find an expression for y we saw that + + + align:start position:0% +find an expression for y we saw that +previously + + align:start position:0% +previously + + + align:start position:0% +previously +we recognize Ys by sorry it's a a + + align:start position:0% +we recognize Ys by sorry it's a a + + + align:start position:0% +we recognize Ys by sorry it's a a +recognition thing it's a table lookup + + align:start position:0% +recognition thing it's a table lookup + + + align:start position:0% +recognition thing it's a table lookup +sort of thing we know the for the form + + align:start position:0% +sort of thing we know the for the form + + + align:start position:0% +sort of thing we know the for the form +one over um s+ one so we know the time + + align:start position:0% +one over um s+ one so we know the time + + + align:start position:0% +one over um s+ one so we know the time +function that is the + + align:start position:0% +function that is the + + + align:start position:0% +function that is the +answer and when we so notice that when + + align:start position:0% +answer and when we so notice that when + + + align:start position:0% +answer and when we so notice that when +we do this just the way that happened + + align:start position:0% +we do this just the way that happened + + + align:start position:0% +we do this just the way that happened +with the Z transform when we solve a + + align:start position:0% +with the Z transform when we solve a + + + align:start position:0% +with the Z transform when we solve a +differential equation by using a + + align:start position:0% +differential equation by using a + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation by using a +transform we basically don't use + + align:start position:0% +transform we basically don't use + + + align:start position:0% +transform we basically don't use +calculus we use the transform to turn + + align:start position:0% +calculus we use the transform to turn + + + align:start position:0% +calculus we use the transform to turn +the differential equation + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +the differential equation +which is calculus in 1803 and that kind + + align:start position:0% +which is calculus in 1803 and that kind + + + align:start position:0% +which is calculus in 1803 and that kind +of stuff into algebra which is high + + align:start position:0% +of stuff into algebra which is high + + + align:start position:0% +of stuff into algebra which is high +school and we do everything with algebra + + align:start position:0% +school and we do everything with algebra + + + align:start position:0% +school and we do everything with algebra +the only annoying thing is this table + + align:start position:0% +the only annoying thing is this table + + + align:start position:0% +the only annoying thing is this table +lookup thing it's a little Annoying that + + align:start position:0% +lookup thing it's a little Annoying that + + + align:start position:0% +lookup thing it's a little Annoying that +we had to do the inverse llas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transform by table lookup it's a little + + align:start position:0% +transform by table lookup it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +transform by table lookup it's a little +dissatisfying uh so I'll just mention + + align:start position:0% +dissatisfying uh so I'll just mention + + + align:start position:0% +dissatisfying uh so I'll just mention +that there is a formal way of not doing + + align:start position:0% +that there is a formal way of not doing + + + align:start position:0% +that there is a formal way of not doing +table lookup + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for the kinds of problems we will look + + align:start position:0% +for the kinds of problems we will look + + + align:start position:0% +for the kinds of problems we will look +at using this formula is so much more + + align:start position:0% +at using this formula is so much more + + + align:start position:0% +at using this formula is so much more +difficult than table + + align:start position:0% +difficult than table + + + align:start position:0% +difficult than table +lookup that we will never use that + + align:start position:0% +lookup that we will never use that + + + align:start position:0% +lookup that we will never use that +formula okay it will be useful for + + align:start position:0% +formula okay it will be useful for + + + align:start position:0% +formula okay it will be useful for +proving things it will not be useful for + + align:start position:0% +proving things it will not be useful for + + + align:start position:0% +proving things it will not be useful for +inverting + + align:start position:0% +inverting + + + align:start position:0% +inverting +things because of the form of the things + + align:start position:0% +things because of the form of the things + + + align:start position:0% +things because of the form of the things +we do linear differential equations with + + align:start position:0% +we do linear differential equations with + + + align:start position:0% +we do linear differential equations with +constant coefficients it will always be + + align:start position:0% +constant coefficients it will always be + + + align:start position:0% +constant coefficients it will always be +easier to do table lookup than it will + + align:start position:0% +easier to do table lookup than it will + + + align:start position:0% +easier to do table lookup than it will +be to run this integral if you're + + align:start position:0% +be to run this integral if you're + + + align:start position:0% +be to run this integral if you're +interested in that integral fine take + + align:start position:0% +interested in that integral fine take + + + align:start position:0% +interested in that integral fine take +1804 there's a bunch of people who know + + align:start position:0% +1804 there's a bunch of people who know + + + align:start position:0% +1804 there's a bunch of people who know +all about how that integral works it's + + align:start position:0% +all about how that integral works it's + + + align:start position:0% +all about how that integral works it's +spectacularly interesting but we won't + + align:start position:0% +spectacularly interesting but we won't + + + align:start position:0% +spectacularly interesting but we won't +use it + + align:start position:0% +use it + + + align:start position:0% +use it +here so the upshot then is that the Lao + + align:start position:0% +here so the upshot then is that the Lao + + + align:start position:0% +here so the upshot then is that the Lao +transform we learn about + + align:start position:0% +transform we learn about + + + align:start position:0% +transform we learn about +it because it's very + + align:start position:0% +it because it's very + + + align:start position:0% +it because it's very +useful and its utility comes from a + + align:start position:0% +useful and its utility comes from a + + + align:start position:0% +useful and its utility comes from a +bunch of + + align:start position:0% +bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of +properties the ones we Illustrated today + + align:start position:0% +properties the ones we Illustrated today + + + align:start position:0% +properties the ones we Illustrated today +we used the fact that it was uh here and + + align:start position:0% +we used the fact that it was uh here and + + + align:start position:0% +we used the fact that it was uh here and +we use the fact that there's a simple + + align:start position:0% +we use the fact that there's a simple + + + align:start position:0% +we use the fact that there's a simple +relationship with + + align:start position:0% +relationship with + + + align:start position:0% +relationship with +differentiation using just those facts + + align:start position:0% +differentiation using just those facts + + + align:start position:0% +differentiation using just those facts +it turns out easy to do differential + + align:start position:0% +it turns out easy to do differential + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out easy to do differential +equations using the LA transform and + + align:start position:0% +equations using the LA transform and + + + align:start position:0% +equations using the LA transform and +there's many other things I've + + align:start position:0% +there's many other things I've + + + align:start position:0% +there's many other things I've +Illustrated in the last two slides but I + + align:start position:0% +Illustrated in the last two slides but I + + + align:start position:0% +Illustrated in the last two slides but I +won't go over them right + + align:start position:0% +won't go over them right + + + align:start position:0% +won't go over them right +now the idea of taking limits using llao + + align:start position:0% +now the idea of taking limits using llao + + + align:start position:0% +now the idea of taking limits using llao +transforms it turns out that the Lao + + align:start position:0% +transforms it turns out that the Lao + + + align:start position:0% +transforms it turns out that the Lao +transform is what we call a reciprocal + + align:start position:0% +transform is what we call a reciprocal + + + align:start position:0% +transform is what we call a reciprocal +function since the interr depends on the + + align:start position:0% +function since the interr depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +function since the interr depends on the +product of s and t s gets large + + align:start position:0% +product of s and t s gets large + + + align:start position:0% +product of s and t s gets large +corresponds to T gets + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to T gets + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to T gets +small so you can take the limit for + + align:start position:0% +small so you can take the limit for + + + align:start position:0% +small so you can take the limit for +things uh uh with time getting small by + + align:start position:0% +things uh uh with time getting small by + + + align:start position:0% +things uh uh with time getting small by +looking at s getting + + align:start position:0% +looking at s getting + + + align:start position:0% +looking at s getting +big similarly you can do the + + align:start position:0% +big similarly you can do the + + + align:start position:0% +big similarly you can do the +reverse you can look at time gets big by + + align:start position:0% +reverse you can look at time gets big by + + + align:start position:0% +reverse you can look at time gets big by +looking at s gets + + align:start position:0% +looking at s gets + + + align:start position:0% +looking at s gets +small that's just properties of the llas + + align:start position:0% +small that's just properties of the llas + + + align:start position:0% +small that's just properties of the llas +transform and there's lots of others + + align:start position:0% +transform and there's lots of others + + + align:start position:0% +transform and there's lots of others +besides the table there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +besides the table there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +besides the table there's lots of +properties we won't have time to go over + + align:start position:0% +properties we won't have time to go over + + + align:start position:0% +properties we won't have time to go over +but I will hint at some of them and in + + align:start position:0% +but I will hint at some of them and in + + + align:start position:0% +but I will hint at some of them and in +particular there's a very useful + + align:start position:0% +particular there's a very useful + + + align:start position:0% +particular there's a very useful +transformation where you take the little + + align:start position:0% +transformation where you take the little + + + align:start position:0% +transformation where you take the little +plus transform of a circuit and that's + + align:start position:0% +plus transform of a circuit and that's + + + align:start position:0% +plus transform of a circuit and that's +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +homework so that's extremely useful and + + align:start position:0% +homework so that's extremely useful and + + + align:start position:0% +homework so that's extremely useful and +the the major point then is just that + + align:start position:0% +the the major point then is just that + + + align:start position:0% +the the major point then is just that +there's lots of relationships there's + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of relationships there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's lots of relationships there's +lots of ways we think about CT systems + + align:start position:0% +lots of ways we think about CT systems + + + align:start position:0% +lots of ways we think about CT systems +this llast transform is a new one and + + align:start position:0% +this llast transform is a new one and + + + align:start position:0% +this llast transform is a new one and +it's very useful because of the + + align:start position:0% +it's very useful because of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's very useful because of the +properties in that + + align:start position:0% +properties in that + + + align:start position:0% +properties in that +table okay thanks a lot \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/N3byulM6JJ8.txt b/N3byulM6JJ8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..603926c7137e7d839a3a5e42dca66aa9692b528b --- /dev/null +++ b/N3byulM6JJ8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +PROFESSOR: So have you guys +seen the elephant toothpaste + +reaction before? + +So we're going to react hydrogen +peroxide with potassium iodide, + +in this case, and +I'm going to pour out + +about 10 milliliters of +this and then dilute it + +so that our new +concentration is about 7%. + +So what's happening in there? + +It's bubbling. + +All right, so it's +taking its time. + +So while that is going, +we can set up another one. + +We said that concentration +effects rate, right? + +So if that was 7% +hydrogen peroxide, + +what do we think is going +to happen if we use 30%? + +Let's find out. + +[AUDIENCE EXCLAIMING] + +AUDIENCE: Whoa. + +PROFESSOR: So hydrogen peroxide +naturally decomposes over time, + +so this reaction is +always happening. + +So you can be +thinking about that + +when you are thinking +about what happens + +in the cells of your body, +because you are forming + +these superoxide radicals +and hydrogen peroxide + +all the time in your cells. + +And the reaction +that you just saw + +is happening this +many times faster + +in the cells of your body. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/NH5DNjFMpWA.txt b/NH5DNjFMpWA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f9d1deb964e264d7f67e8983eaf06b3280b2651 --- /dev/null +++ b/NH5DNjFMpWA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9179 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is a work of popular imagination so + + align:start position:0% +this is a work of popular imagination so + + + align:start position:0% +this is a work of popular imagination so +know it's it's it's Robert Lewis + + align:start position:0% +know it's it's it's Robert Lewis + + + align:start position:0% +know it's it's it's Robert Lewis +Stevenson's take on um his his creation + + align:start position:0% +Stevenson's take on um his his creation + + + align:start position:0% +Stevenson's take on um his his creation +of uh an incredibly clever + + align:start position:0% +of uh an incredibly clever + + + align:start position:0% +of uh an incredibly clever +story uh this book has been widely read + + align:start position:0% +story uh this book has been widely read + + + align:start position:0% +story uh this book has been widely read +it's could be one of the most famous uh + + align:start position:0% +it's could be one of the most famous uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's could be one of the most famous uh +novelas ever written who doesn't know + + align:start position:0% +novelas ever written who doesn't know + + + align:start position:0% +novelas ever written who doesn't know +Jacqueline Hyde I mean people who' never + + align:start position:0% +Jacqueline Hyde I mean people who' never + + + align:start position:0% +Jacqueline Hyde I mean people who' never +even read the book you say jaon Hy oh + + align:start position:0% +even read the book you say jaon Hy oh + + + align:start position:0% +even read the book you say jaon Hy oh +yeah jaon Hy so it's it's uh deeply + + align:start position:0% +yeah jaon Hy so it's it's uh deeply + + + align:start position:0% +yeah jaon Hy so it's it's uh deeply +connected to popular + + align:start position:0% +connected to popular + + + align:start position:0% +connected to popular +culture widely known and um uh uh + + align:start position:0% +culture widely known and um uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +culture widely known and um uh uh +certainly one of uh Stevenson's most + + align:start position:0% +certainly one of uh Stevenson's most + + + align:start position:0% +certainly one of uh Stevenson's most +successful Works + + align:start position:0% +successful Works + + + align:start position:0% +successful Works +um um it sold something like 40,000 + + align:start position:0% +um um it sold something like 40,000 + + + align:start position:0% +um um it sold something like 40,000 +copies in you know the first few months + + align:start position:0% +copies in you know the first few months + + + align:start position:0% +copies in you know the first few months +uh and it was an immediate sensation and + + align:start position:0% +uh and it was an immediate sensation and + + + align:start position:0% +uh and it was an immediate sensation and +very uh High + + align:start position:0% +very uh High + + + align:start position:0% +very uh High +highly reflective intellectuals uh + + align:start position:0% +highly reflective intellectuals uh + + + align:start position:0% +highly reflective intellectuals uh +thought of this book as a an amazing + + align:start position:0% +thought of this book as a an amazing + + + align:start position:0% +thought of this book as a an amazing +revelation of something about the + + align:start position:0% +revelation of something about the + + + align:start position:0% +revelation of something about the +fundamental duality of of people that + + align:start position:0% +fundamental duality of of people that + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental duality of of people that +you know people contained more than just + + align:start position:0% +you know people contained more than just + + + align:start position:0% +you know people contained more than just +these uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +these uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +these uh sort of +rational selves they contain these other + + align:start position:0% +rational selves they contain these other + + + align:start position:0% +rational selves they contain these other +parts to their fundamental + + align:start position:0% +parts to their fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +parts to their fundamental +nature and in some ways um uh Stevenson + + align:start position:0% +nature and in some ways um uh Stevenson + + + align:start position:0% +nature and in some ways um uh Stevenson +is probing deeper into the psyche trying + + align:start position:0% +is probing deeper into the psyche trying + + + align:start position:0% +is probing deeper into the psyche trying +to understand uh you know some of the uh + + align:start position:0% +to understand uh you know some of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +to understand uh you know some of the uh +some of the elements that uh are are + + align:start position:0% +some of the elements that uh are are + + + align:start position:0% +some of the elements that uh are are +present even though they may not be + + align:start position:0% +present even though they may not be + + + align:start position:0% +present even though they may not be +expressed so what is the uh so what is + + align:start position:0% +expressed so what is the uh so what is + + + align:start position:0% +expressed so what is the uh so what is +Jaqueline Hyde what what's the story + + align:start position:0% +Jaqueline Hyde what what's the story + + + align:start position:0% +Jaqueline Hyde what what's the story +what's the basic + + align:start position:0% +what's the basic + + + align:start position:0% +what's the basic +story what happens in the + + align:start position:0% +story what happens in the + + + align:start position:0% +story what happens in the +book Charles well the author seems takes + + align:start position:0% +book Charles well the author seems takes + + + align:start position:0% +book Charles well the author seems takes +a long time to get to the actual + + align:start position:0% +a long time to get to the actual + + + align:start position:0% +a long time to get to the actual +transformation yeah yeah so he + + align:start position:0% +transformation yeah yeah so he + + + align:start position:0% +transformation yeah yeah so he +so there's a buildup isn't there the the + + align:start position:0% +so there's a buildup isn't there the the + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a buildup isn't there the the +first part is this buildup this mystery + + align:start position:0% +first part is this buildup this mystery + + + align:start position:0% +first part is this buildup this mystery +uh the dark Streets of London at night + + align:start position:0% +uh the dark Streets of London at night + + + align:start position:0% +uh the dark Streets of London at night +and uh you know these are the streets + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know these are the streets + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know these are the streets +where uh + + align:start position:0% +where uh + + + align:start position:0% +where uh +unknown entities people walk where + + align:start position:0% +unknown entities people walk where + + + align:start position:0% +unknown entities people walk where +strange things can happen detective + + align:start position:0% +strange things can happen detective + + + align:start position:0% +strange things can happen detective +story yeah + + align:start position:0% +story yeah + + + align:start position:0% +story yeah +iery it's a it's yeah it has the + + align:start position:0% +iery it's a it's yeah it has the + + + align:start position:0% +iery it's a it's yeah it has the +elements of a of a mystery novel it's + + align:start position:0% +elements of a of a mystery novel it's + + + align:start position:0% +elements of a of a mystery novel it's +it's uh certainly + + align:start position:0% +it's uh certainly + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh certainly +uh presented as a series of uh you know + + align:start position:0% +uh presented as a series of uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh presented as a series of uh you know +strange + + align:start position:0% +strange + + + align:start position:0% +strange +events how do we understand these + + align:start position:0% +events how do we understand these + + + align:start position:0% +events how do we understand these +strange events the trampling of the + + align:start position:0% +strange events the trampling of the + + + align:start position:0% +strange events the trampling of the +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +girl uh the uh tra the killing of uh s + + align:start position:0% +girl uh the uh tra the killing of uh s + + + align:start position:0% +girl uh the uh tra the killing of uh s +Dan ver keru uh and all this scurrying + + align:start position:0% +Dan ver keru uh and all this scurrying + + + align:start position:0% +Dan ver keru uh and all this scurrying +about in the + + align:start position:0% +about in the + + + align:start position:0% +about in the +laboratory + + align:start position:0% +laboratory + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory +so yeah almost all of it comes to us + + align:start position:0% +so yeah almost all of it comes to us + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah almost all of it comes to us +through narrative or story whether it be + + align:start position:0% +through narrative or story whether it be + + + align:start position:0% +through narrative or story whether it be +letters or about going on walks with + + align:start position:0% +letters or about going on walks with + + + align:start position:0% +letters or about going on walks with +someone and you know relaying you know + + align:start position:0% +someone and you know relaying you know + + + align:start position:0% +someone and you know relaying you know +you're not going to believe what I saw + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to believe what I saw + + + align:start position:0% +you're not going to believe what I saw +the other night or such and such and I + + align:start position:0% +the other night or such and such and I + + + align:start position:0% +the other night or such and such and I +personally found that to be such a + + align:start position:0% +personally found that to be such a + + + align:start position:0% +personally found that to be such a +powerful way to convey it because you're + + align:start position:0% +powerful way to convey it because you're + + + align:start position:0% +powerful way to convey it because you're +just you're wanting to know you you + + align:start position:0% +just you're wanting to know you you + + + align:start position:0% +just you're wanting to know you you +really you're already getting secondhand + + align:start position:0% +really you're already getting secondhand + + + align:start position:0% +really you're already getting secondhand +information so really I thought that was + + align:start position:0% +information so really I thought that was + + + align:start position:0% +information so really I thought that was +a very powerful technique Stevenson is + + align:start position:0% +a very powerful technique Stevenson is + + + align:start position:0% +a very powerful technique Stevenson is +an absolutely brilliant writer and the + + align:start position:0% +an absolutely brilliant writer and the + + + align:start position:0% +an absolutely brilliant writer and the +funny thing was is when I read I don't + + align:start position:0% +funny thing was is when I read I don't + + + align:start position:0% +funny thing was is when I read I don't +know if Wikipedia is on the Mark here + + align:start position:0% +know if Wikipedia is on the Mark here + + + align:start position:0% +know if Wikipedia is on the Mark here +but I said Apparently after you know you + + align:start position:0% +but I said Apparently after you know you + + + align:start position:0% +but I said Apparently after you know you +know decades after it was published + + align:start position:0% +know decades after it was published + + + align:start position:0% +know decades after it was published +these liter literary you know + + align:start position:0% +these liter literary you know + + + align:start position:0% +these liter literary you know +well people decided uh that oh maybe + + align:start position:0% +well people decided uh that oh maybe + + + align:start position:0% +well people decided uh that oh maybe +maybe he really wasn't that great of a + + align:start position:0% +maybe he really wasn't that great of a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe he really wasn't that great of a +writer and they kind of dismissed it and + + align:start position:0% +writer and they kind of dismissed it and + + + align:start position:0% +writer and they kind of dismissed it and +that apparently he's been um he's been + + align:start position:0% +that apparently he's been um he's been + + + align:start position:0% +that apparently he's been um he's been +left out of a lot of American literature + + align:start position:0% +left out of a lot of American literature + + + align:start position:0% +left out of a lot of American literature +studies both in educational curricul + + align:start position:0% +studies both in educational curricul + + + align:start position:0% +studies both in educational curricul +like you know and otherwise because some + + align:start position:0% +like you know and otherwise because some + + + align:start position:0% +like you know and otherwise because some +pretentious you know people thought he + + align:start position:0% +pretentious you know people thought he + + + align:start position:0% +pretentious you know people thought he +wasn't worth it and only now are they + + align:start position:0% +wasn't worth it and only now are they + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't worth it and only now are they +starting to look back and I don't see + + align:start position:0% +starting to look back and I don't see + + + align:start position:0% +starting to look back and I don't see +how anyone could read that book and + + align:start position:0% +how anyone could read that book and + + + align:start position:0% +how anyone could read that book and +possibly say that that's the work of a + + align:start position:0% +possibly say that that's the work of a + + + align:start position:0% +possibly say that that's the work of a +second rate writer really you know I + + align:start position:0% +second rate writer really you know I + + + align:start position:0% +second rate writer really you know I +agree I I have a quote in there uh + + align:start position:0% +agree I I have a quote in there uh + + + align:start position:0% +agree I I have a quote in there uh +Nabokov said U uh it was a fable + + align:start position:0% +Nabokov said U uh it was a fable + + + align:start position:0% +Nabokov said U uh it was a fable +belonging to the same order of art as + + align:start position:0% +belonging to the same order of art as + + + align:start position:0% +belonging to the same order of art as +Madame B the the sort of the moral well + + align:start position:0% +Madame B the the sort of the moral well + + + align:start position:0% +Madame B the the sort of the moral well +the the moral complexity and the moral + + align:start position:0% +the the moral complexity and the moral + + + align:start position:0% +the the moral complexity and the moral +uh you know the the sort of penetrating + + align:start position:0% +uh you know the the sort of penetrating + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know the the sort of penetrating +revelation of uh at the at the core of + + align:start position:0% +revelation of uh at the at the core of + + + align:start position:0% +revelation of uh at the at the core of +uh the psych of this very + + align:start position:0% +uh the psych of this very + + + align:start position:0% +uh the psych of this very +complex set of uh tensions and the fact + + align:start position:0% +complex set of uh tensions and the fact + + + align:start position:0% +complex set of uh tensions and the fact +that uh there was more in the + + align:start position:0% +that uh there was more in the + + + align:start position:0% +that uh there was more in the +unconscious than people had formerly + + align:start position:0% +unconscious than people had formerly + + + align:start position:0% +unconscious than people had formerly +thought and + + align:start position:0% +thought and + + + align:start position:0% +thought and +somehow uh Jacqueline Hyde pulls out of + + align:start position:0% +somehow uh Jacqueline Hyde pulls out of + + + align:start position:0% +somehow uh Jacqueline Hyde pulls out of +this this deep self this this this other + + align:start position:0% +this this deep self this this this other + + + align:start position:0% +this this deep self this this this other +self and we say oh yeah this is an + + align:start position:0% +self and we say oh yeah this is an + + + align:start position:0% +self and we say oh yeah this is an +exaggeration but you + + align:start position:0% +exaggeration but you + + + align:start position:0% +exaggeration but you +know we have Expressions uh I mean if + + align:start position:0% +know we have Expressions uh I mean if + + + align:start position:0% +know we have Expressions uh I mean if +you if you follow the popular news uh or + + align:start position:0% +you if you follow the popular news uh or + + + align:start position:0% +you if you follow the popular news uh or +the news accounts of any year cycle you + + align:start position:0% +the news accounts of any year cycle you + + + align:start position:0% +the news accounts of any year cycle you +will find a number of brutal murders and + + align:start position:0% +will find a number of brutal murders and + + + align:start position:0% +will find a number of brutal murders and +things of that sort that happen I mean + + align:start position:0% +things of that sort that happen I mean + + + align:start position:0% +things of that sort that happen I mean +it it's not as though uh this is a + + align:start position:0% +it it's not as though uh this is a + + + align:start position:0% +it it's not as though uh this is a +completely unique uh + + align:start position:0% +completely unique uh + + + align:start position:0% +completely unique uh +tale uh I mean look what's happening in + + align:start position:0% +tale uh I mean look what's happening in + + + align:start position:0% +tale uh I mean look what's happening in +the uh the trial up in New Hampshire + + align:start position:0% +the uh the trial up in New Hampshire + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the trial up in New Hampshire +right now this kid who hacked this poor + + align:start position:0% +right now this kid who hacked this poor + + + align:start position:0% +right now this kid who hacked this poor +lady uh at night while she was sleeping + + align:start position:0% +lady uh at night while she was sleeping + + + align:start position:0% +lady uh at night while she was sleeping +uh I mean humans humans have these + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean humans humans have these + + + align:start position:0% +uh I mean humans humans have these +potentials and and uh somehow Stephenson + + align:start position:0% +potentials and and uh somehow Stephenson + + + align:start position:0% +potentials and and uh somehow Stephenson +got at something um there another + + align:start position:0% +got at something um there another + + + align:start position:0% +got at something um there another +comment here by Jan Gerard Manley + + align:start position:0% +comment here by Jan Gerard Manley + + + align:start position:0% +comment here by Jan Gerard Manley +Hopkins who wrote to a friend Hopkins + + align:start position:0% +Hopkins who wrote to a friend Hopkins + + + align:start position:0% +Hopkins who wrote to a friend Hopkins +was an incredible poet um he said uh you + + align:start position:0% +was an incredible poet um he said uh you + + + align:start position:0% +was an incredible poet um he said uh you +are certainly wrong about hide being + + align:start position:0% +are certainly wrong about hide being + + + align:start position:0% +are certainly wrong about hide being +overdrawn my hide is + + align:start position:0% +overdrawn my hide is + + + align:start position:0% +overdrawn my hide is +worse I mean people really uh really + + align:start position:0% +worse I mean people really uh really + + + align:start position:0% +worse I mean people really uh really +identified with this this other + + align:start position:0% +identified with this this other + + + align:start position:0% +identified with this this other +self and um it fit into a lot of the uh + + align:start position:0% +self and um it fit into a lot of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +self and um it fit into a lot of the uh +a lot of the uh sort of out from + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the uh sort of out from + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the uh sort of out from +Darwin's work I mean it's not a direct + + align:start position:0% +Darwin's work I mean it's not a direct + + + align:start position:0% +Darwin's work I mean it's not a direct +interp interpretation of Darwin or you + + align:start position:0% +interp interpretation of Darwin or you + + + align:start position:0% +interp interpretation of Darwin or you +know it's it's but Darwin kind of + + align:start position:0% +know it's it's but Darwin kind of + + + align:start position:0% +know it's it's but Darwin kind of +connected the natural world with the + + align:start position:0% +connected the natural world with the + + + align:start position:0% +connected the natural world with the +world of civilization and brought the + + align:start position:0% +world of civilization and brought the + + + align:start position:0% +world of civilization and brought the +the the he he he pulled a psyche + + align:start position:0% +the the he he he pulled a psyche + + + align:start position:0% +the the he he he pulled a psyche +together in his work in a way that uh + + align:start position:0% +together in his work in a way that uh + + + align:start position:0% +together in his work in a way that uh +made it impossible to + + align:start position:0% +made it impossible to + + + align:start position:0% +made it impossible to +separate the civilized from the + + align:start position:0% +separate the civilized from the + + + align:start position:0% +separate the civilized from the +natural and he connected ancestral forms + + align:start position:0% +natural and he connected ancestral forms + + + align:start position:0% +natural and he connected ancestral forms +with uh forms of uh contemporary time + + align:start position:0% +with uh forms of uh contemporary time + + + align:start position:0% +with uh forms of uh contemporary time +yeah David yeah I was + + align:start position:0% +yeah David yeah I was + + + align:start position:0% +yeah David yeah I was +wondering like as the story progressed + + align:start position:0% +wondering like as the story progressed + + + align:start position:0% +wondering like as the story progressed +um jeal sort of didn't sort of felt + + align:start position:0% +um jeal sort of didn't sort of felt + + + align:start position:0% +um jeal sort of didn't sort of felt +compelled to keep becoming hide so I was + + align:start position:0% +compelled to keep becoming hide so I was + + + align:start position:0% +compelled to keep becoming hide so I was +wondering if that was commentary on how + + align:start position:0% +wondering if that was commentary on how + + + align:start position:0% +wondering if that was commentary on how +despite civilizations sort of + + align:start position:0% +despite civilizations sort of + + + align:start position:0% +despite civilizations sort of +restrictions prot itive restrictions + + align:start position:0% +restrictions prot itive restrictions + + + align:start position:0% +restrictions prot itive restrictions +that like human nature will eventually + + align:start position:0% +that like human nature will eventually + + + align:start position:0% +that like human nature will eventually +Prevail or not I don't know if that was + + align:start position:0% +Prevail or not I don't know if that was + + + align:start position:0% +Prevail or not I don't know if that was +well it's a good question now I mean it + + align:start position:0% +well it's a good question now I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +well it's a good question now I mean it +absolutely is one of the key questions + + align:start position:0% +absolutely is one of the key questions + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely is one of the key questions +here is what uh what is being what's + + align:start position:0% +here is what uh what is being what's + + + align:start position:0% +here is what uh what is being what's +what's what is being explored here what + + align:start position:0% +what's what is being explored here what + + + align:start position:0% +what's what is being explored here what +are some of the you know uh + + align:start position:0% +are some of the you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +are some of the you know uh +attractions to okay so we have this this + + align:start position:0% +attractions to okay so we have this this + + + align:start position:0% +attractions to okay so we have this this +this very urbane + + align:start position:0% +this very urbane + + + align:start position:0% +this very urbane +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +gentleman uh Dr + + align:start position:0% +gentleman uh Dr + + + align:start position:0% +gentleman uh Dr +Jackal who you know is at the top of + + align:start position:0% +Jackal who you know is at the top of + + + align:start position:0% +Jackal who you know is at the top of +he's I mean he's he's got everything he + + align:start position:0% +he's I mean he's he's got everything he + + + align:start position:0% +he's I mean he's he's got everything he +a person could want he's he's successful + + align:start position:0% +a person could want he's he's successful + + + align:start position:0% +a person could want he's he's successful +he's he's uh got friends he's got uh + + align:start position:0% +he's he's uh got friends he's got uh + + + align:start position:0% +he's he's uh got friends he's got uh +wealth what else does he what + + align:start position:0% +wealth what else does he what + + + align:start position:0% +wealth what else does he what +else what else does he need why is he + + align:start position:0% +else what else does he need why is he + + + align:start position:0% +else what else does he need why is he +attracted into this kind kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +attracted into this kind kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +attracted into this kind kind of uh +bizarre experiment I mean you know + + align:start position:0% +bizarre experiment I mean you know + + + align:start position:0% +bizarre experiment I mean you know +obviously the chemicals or whatever they + + align:start position:0% +obviously the chemicals or whatever they + + + align:start position:0% +obviously the chemicals or whatever they +are that's just a kind of a de SM I mean + + align:start position:0% +are that's just a kind of a de SM I mean + + + align:start position:0% +are that's just a kind of a de SM I mean +it's just + + align:start position:0% +it's just + + + align:start position:0% +it's just +a who knows what what Stephenson had in + + align:start position:0% +a who knows what what Stephenson had in + + + align:start position:0% +a who knows what what Stephenson had in +mind there you couldn't describe the + + align:start position:0% +mind there you couldn't describe the + + + align:start position:0% +mind there you couldn't describe the +exact his letter he's like I can't go + + align:start position:0% +exact his letter he's like I can't go + + + align:start position:0% +exact his letter he's like I can't go +into the exact detail well I you know uh + + align:start position:0% +into the exact detail well I you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +into the exact detail well I you know uh +so so it's intriguing though are there + + align:start position:0% +so so it's intriguing though are there + + + align:start position:0% +so so it's intriguing though are there +chemicals that can transform people's + + align:start position:0% +chemicals that can transform people's + + + align:start position:0% +chemicals that can transform people's +psyche + + align:start position:0% +psyche + + + align:start position:0% +psyche +are there Jennifer anpress are yeah huh + + align:start position:0% +are there Jennifer anpress are yeah huh + + + align:start position:0% +are there Jennifer anpress are yeah huh +that's antidepressants are okay + + align:start position:0% +that's antidepressants are okay + + + align:start position:0% +that's antidepressants are okay +antidepressants which uh I don't think + + align:start position:0% +antidepressants which uh I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +antidepressants which uh I don't think +we're around in those days but what was + + align:start position:0% +we're around in those days but what was + + + align:start position:0% +we're around in those days but what was +around in those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +days opium opium oh yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +days opium opium oh yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +days opium opium oh yeah yeah +so what about opium does opium + + align:start position:0% +so what about opium does opium + + + align:start position:0% +so what about opium does opium +uh I consider the possibility of like + + align:start position:0% +uh I consider the possibility of like + + + align:start position:0% +uh I consider the possibility of like +when you're reading this book and like + + align:start position:0% +when you're reading this book and like + + + align:start position:0% +when you're reading this book and like +you kind of have taken into account how + + align:start position:0% +you kind of have taken into account how + + + align:start position:0% +you kind of have taken into account how +Stevenson presents the use of this + + align:start position:0% +Stevenson presents the use of this + + + align:start position:0% +Stevenson presents the use of this +unknown drug over a period of time and + + align:start position:0% +unknown drug over a period of time and + + + align:start position:0% +unknown drug over a period of time and +how um and how Dr Jackal kind of lapses + + align:start position:0% +how um and how Dr Jackal kind of lapses + + + align:start position:0% +how um and how Dr Jackal kind of lapses +into like a really bad and like a really + + align:start position:0% +into like a really bad and like a really + + + align:start position:0% +into like a really bad and like a really +bad state that he can't escape from I I + + align:start position:0% +bad state that he can't escape from I I + + + align:start position:0% +bad state that he can't escape from I I +was thinking about whether or not this + + align:start position:0% +was thinking about whether or not this + + + align:start position:0% +was thinking about whether or not this +was like a commentary on like uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +was like a commentary on like uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +was like a commentary on like uh kind of +the effects that drugs can have on + + align:start position:0% +the effects that drugs can have on + + + align:start position:0% +the effects that drugs can have on +people and how they affect people like + + align:start position:0% +people and how they affect people like + + + align:start position:0% +people and how they affect people like +just mentally and maybe physically um + + align:start position:0% +just mentally and maybe physically um + + + align:start position:0% +just mentally and maybe physically um +and obviously here would be an + + align:start position:0% +and obviously here would be an + + + align:start position:0% +and obviously here would be an +exaggeration but I think that like I was + + align:start position:0% +exaggeration but I think that like I was + + + align:start position:0% +exaggeration but I think that like I was +thinking about that question and I + + align:start position:0% +thinking about that question and I + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about that question and I +thought at the very end like no it's not + + align:start position:0% +thought at the very end like no it's not + + + align:start position:0% +thought at the very end like no it's not +that's not the point of it's not to like + + align:start position:0% +that's not the point of it's not to like + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the point of it's not to like +say oh drugs are bad for you right + + align:start position:0% +say oh drugs are bad for you right + + + align:start position:0% +say oh drugs are bad for you right +beside the point like so but as a + + align:start position:0% +beside the point like so but as a + + + align:start position:0% +beside the point like so but as a +mechanism as a mechanism to you know + + align:start position:0% +mechanism as a mechanism to you know + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism as a mechanism to you know +support to uh to advance the plot + + align:start position:0% +support to uh to advance the plot + + + align:start position:0% +support to uh to advance the plot +MH uh yeah there were opium dens all + + align:start position:0% +MH uh yeah there were opium dens all + + + align:start position:0% +MH uh yeah there were opium dens all +over London and people went there and uh + + align:start position:0% +over London and people went there and uh + + + align:start position:0% +over London and people went there and uh +respectable people quote and uh uh I + + align:start position:0% +respectable people quote and uh uh I + + + align:start position:0% +respectable people quote and uh uh I +have a slide here from yeah this is uh + + align:start position:0% +have a slide here from yeah this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +have a slide here from yeah this is uh +uh confessions of an opium eer by Thomas + + align:start position:0% +uh confessions of an opium eer by Thomas + + + align:start position:0% +uh confessions of an opium eer by Thomas +D Quincy one of the great + + align:start position:0% +D Quincy one of the great + + + align:start position:0% +D Quincy one of the great +Classics of uh of of 19th century + + align:start position:0% +Classics of uh of of 19th century + + + align:start position:0% +Classics of uh of of 19th century +literature and uh DeQuincy became + + align:start position:0% +literature and uh DeQuincy became + + + align:start position:0% +literature and uh DeQuincy became +addicted to Opium and he sort of uh uh + + align:start position:0% +addicted to Opium and he sort of uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +addicted to Opium and he sort of uh uh +he he explored the world of + + align:start position:0% +he he explored the world of + + + align:start position:0% +he he explored the world of +addiction and in his exploration of this + + align:start position:0% +addiction and in his exploration of this + + + align:start position:0% +addiction and in his exploration of this +world he wrote this this account it's a + + align:start position:0% +world he wrote this this account it's a + + + align:start position:0% +world he wrote this this account it's a +it's a very famous wonderful little book + + align:start position:0% +it's a very famous wonderful little book + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very famous wonderful little book +if you ever get a chance uh do read it + + align:start position:0% +if you ever get a chance uh do read it + + + align:start position:0% +if you ever get a chance uh do read it +it's it's a classic says uh but here's + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a classic says uh but here's + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a classic says uh but here's +here's just one little quote from + + align:start position:0% +here's just one little quote from + + + align:start position:0% +here's just one little quote from +it uh I thus give the reader some slight + + align:start position:0% +it uh I thus give the reader some slight + + + align:start position:0% +it uh I thus give the reader some slight +abstraction of my Oriental dreams so + + align:start position:0% +abstraction of my Oriental dreams so + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction of my Oriental dreams so +this is kind of uh the way he puts it + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of uh the way he puts it + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of uh the way he puts it +which always filled me with such + + align:start position:0% +which always filled me with such + + + align:start position:0% +which always filled me with such +amazement at the monstr scenery that + + align:start position:0% +amazement at the monstr scenery that + + + align:start position:0% +amazement at the monstr scenery that +horror seemed absorbed for a while in + + align:start position:0% +horror seemed absorbed for a while in + + + align:start position:0% +horror seemed absorbed for a while in +sheer + + align:start position:0% +sheer + + + align:start position:0% +sheer +astonishment sooner or later came a + + align:start position:0% +astonishment sooner or later came a + + + align:start position:0% +astonishment sooner or later came a +reflux of feeling that swallowed up the + + align:start position:0% +reflux of feeling that swallowed up the + + + align:start position:0% +reflux of feeling that swallowed up the +astonishment and left me not so much in + + align:start position:0% +astonishment and left me not so much in + + + align:start position:0% +astonishment and left me not so much in +Terror as in hatred and Abomination what + + align:start position:0% +Terror as in hatred and Abomination what + + + align:start position:0% +Terror as in hatred and Abomination what +I + + align:start position:0% +I + + + align:start position:0% +I +saw over every form and threat and + + align:start position:0% +saw over every form and threat and + + + align:start position:0% +saw over every form and threat and +Punishment and dim and sightless + + align:start position:0% +Punishment and dim and sightless + + + align:start position:0% +Punishment and dim and sightless +incarceration brooded a sense of + + align:start position:0% +incarceration brooded a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +incarceration brooded a sense of +Eternity an Infinity that drove me into + + align:start position:0% +Eternity an Infinity that drove me into + + + align:start position:0% +Eternity an Infinity that drove me into +an oppression as of + + align:start position:0% +an oppression as of + + + align:start position:0% +an oppression as of +Madness into these dreams only it was + + align:start position:0% +Madness into these dreams only it was + + + align:start position:0% +Madness into these dreams only it was +with one or two slight exceptions that + + align:start position:0% +with one or two slight exceptions that + + + align:start position:0% +with one or two slight exceptions that +any circumstances of physical horror + + align:start position:0% +any circumstances of physical horror + + + align:start position:0% +any circumstances of physical horror +entered all before had been moral and + + align:start position:0% +entered all before had been moral and + + + align:start position:0% +entered all before had been moral and +spiritual Terrors but here the main + + align:start position:0% +spiritual Terrors but here the main + + + align:start position:0% +spiritual Terrors but here the main +agents were ugly birds or snakes or + + align:start position:0% +agents were ugly birds or snakes or + + + align:start position:0% +agents were ugly birds or snakes or +crocodiles especially the last while + + align:start position:0% +crocodiles especially the last while + + + align:start position:0% +crocodiles especially the last while +he's you know he's hallucinating he's + + align:start position:0% +he's you know he's hallucinating he's + + + align:start position:0% +he's you know he's hallucinating he's +gone into uh but it was you know it it + + align:start position:0% +gone into uh but it was you know it it + + + align:start position:0% +gone into uh but it was you know it it +was something in the undercurrent of + + align:start position:0% +was something in the undercurrent of + + + align:start position:0% +was something in the undercurrent of +Victorian society that you know there + + align:start position:0% +Victorian society that you know there + + + align:start position:0% +Victorian society that you know there +were opium dens + + align:start position:0% +were opium dens + + + align:start position:0% +were opium dens +that people uh I mean opium was widely + + align:start position:0% +that people uh I mean opium was widely + + + align:start position:0% +that people uh I mean opium was widely +used there were no restrictions on it as + + align:start position:0% +used there were no restrictions on it as + + + align:start position:0% +used there were no restrictions on it as +as there are now was used for medical + + align:start position:0% +as there are now was used for medical + + + align:start position:0% +as there are now was used for medical +purposes too but these these dens and + + align:start position:0% +purposes too but these these dens and + + + align:start position:0% +purposes too but these these dens and +you have here uh uh gust uh dory's uh uh + + align:start position:0% +you have here uh uh gust uh dory's uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +you have here uh uh gust uh dory's uh uh +etching of uh opium den and uh you can + + align:start position:0% +etching of uh opium den and uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +etching of uh opium den and uh you can +see the kind of uh you know the mystery + + align:start position:0% +see the kind of uh you know the mystery + + + align:start position:0% +see the kind of uh you know the mystery +the night and the the dark um + + align:start position:0% +the night and the the dark um + + + align:start position:0% +the night and the the dark um +sort of um uh + + align:start position:0% +sort of um uh + + + align:start position:0% +sort of um uh +brooding uh obscurity of it so so these + + align:start position:0% +brooding uh obscurity of it so so these + + + align:start position:0% +brooding uh obscurity of it so so these +were these were things that were + + align:start position:0% +were these were things that were + + + align:start position:0% +were these were things that were +definitely known and + + align:start position:0% +definitely known and + + + align:start position:0% +definitely known and +Stevenson was + + align:start position:0% +Stevenson was + + + align:start position:0% +Stevenson was +a was the type of person who would uh + + align:start position:0% +a was the type of person who would uh + + + align:start position:0% +a was the type of person who would uh +would have explored to the fullest all + + align:start position:0% +would have explored to the fullest all + + + align:start position:0% +would have explored to the fullest all +these different + + align:start position:0% +these different + + + align:start position:0% +these different +Realms I mean Stevenson himself was a a + + align:start position:0% +Realms I mean Stevenson himself was a a + + + align:start position:0% +Realms I mean Stevenson himself was a a +traveler of the same scope + + align:start position:0% +traveler of the same scope + + + align:start position:0% +traveler of the same scope +as Darwin and Wallace and all these + + align:start position:0% +as Darwin and Wallace and all these + + + align:start position:0% +as Darwin and Wallace and all these +other uh victorians who were studying + + align:start position:0% +other uh victorians who were studying + + + align:start position:0% +other uh victorians who were studying +science Stevenson traveled the world + + align:start position:0% +science Stevenson traveled the world + + + align:start position:0% +science Stevenson traveled the world +over and he lived in many many different + + align:start position:0% +over and he lived in many many different + + + align:start position:0% +over and he lived in many many different +parts of the world so he was uh and he + + align:start position:0% +parts of the world so he was uh and he + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the world so he was uh and he +obviously had come across uh opium in in + + align:start position:0% +obviously had come across uh opium in in + + + align:start position:0% +obviously had come across uh opium in in +the in the East and also in + + align:start position:0% +the in the East and also in + + + align:start position:0% +the in the East and also in +London so some of these uh when we read + + align:start position:0% +London so some of these uh when we read + + + align:start position:0% +London so some of these uh when we read +uh when we read Hyde + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh just just one of the + + align:start position:0% +uh just just one of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh just just one of the +Transformations so this is just you know + + align:start position:0% +Transformations so this is just you know + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations so this is just you know +just to compare here uh this is just + + align:start position:0% +just to compare here uh this is just + + + align:start position:0% +just to compare here uh this is just +after he uh uh this is in chapter uh the + + align:start position:0% +after he uh uh this is in chapter uh the + + + align:start position:0% +after he uh uh this is in chapter uh the +chapter where jackal's full statement of + + align:start position:0% +chapter where jackal's full statement of + + + align:start position:0% +chapter where jackal's full statement of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +case and just after he he describes his + + align:start position:0% +case and just after he he describes his + + + align:start position:0% +case and just after he he describes his +feeling after he drank the potion the + + align:start position:0% +feeling after he drank the potion the + + + align:start position:0% +feeling after he drank the potion the +most racking pangs succeeded a grinding + + align:start position:0% +most racking pangs succeeded a grinding + + + align:start position:0% +most racking pangs succeeded a grinding +in the bones deadly nausea and a horror + + align:start position:0% +in the bones deadly nausea and a horror + + + align:start position:0% +in the bones deadly nausea and a horror +of the spirit that cannot be exceeded at + + align:start position:0% +of the spirit that cannot be exceeded at + + + align:start position:0% +of the spirit that cannot be exceeded at +the hour of birth or death think of the + + align:start position:0% +the hour of birth or death think of the + + + align:start position:0% +the hour of birth or death think of the +Quincy here uh that these agonies began + + align:start position:0% +Quincy here uh that these agonies began + + + align:start position:0% +Quincy here uh that these agonies began +swiftly to subside and I I came to + + align:start position:0% +swiftly to subside and I I came to + + + align:start position:0% +swiftly to subside and I I came to +myself as if out of a great + + align:start position:0% +myself as if out of a great + + + align:start position:0% +myself as if out of a great +sickness there was something strange in + + align:start position:0% +sickness there was something strange in + + + align:start position:0% +sickness there was something strange in +my + + align:start position:0% +my + + + align:start position:0% +my +sensation sensation something + + align:start position:0% +sensation sensation something + + + align:start position:0% +sensation sensation something +indescribably new and from his very nov + + align:start position:0% +indescribably new and from his very nov + + + align:start position:0% +indescribably new and from his very nov +novelty incredibly sweet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I felt younger lighter happier in body + + align:start position:0% +I felt younger lighter happier in body + + + align:start position:0% +I felt younger lighter happier in body +within I was conscious of a heady + + align:start position:0% +within I was conscious of a heady + + + align:start position:0% +within I was conscious of a heady +recklessness a current of disordered + + align:start position:0% +recklessness a current of disordered + + + align:start position:0% +recklessness a current of disordered +sensual images running like a mill rce + + align:start position:0% +sensual images running like a mill rce + + + align:start position:0% +sensual images running like a mill rce +in my fancy a solution of the bonds of + + align:start position:0% +in my fancy a solution of the bonds of + + + align:start position:0% +in my fancy a solution of the bonds of +obligation an unknown but not an + + align:start position:0% +obligation an unknown but not an + + + align:start position:0% +obligation an unknown but not an +innocent freedom of the + + align:start position:0% +innocent freedom of the + + + align:start position:0% +innocent freedom of the +soul I knew myself at the first breath + + align:start position:0% +soul I knew myself at the first breath + + + align:start position:0% +soul I knew myself at the first breath +of this new life to be more wicked + + align:start position:0% +of this new life to be more wicked + + + align:start position:0% +of this new life to be more wicked +tenfold more wicked sold a Slave to my + + align:start position:0% +tenfold more wicked sold a Slave to my + + + align:start position:0% +tenfold more wicked sold a Slave to my +original + + align:start position:0% +original + + + align:start position:0% +original +evil and thought in that moment braced + + align:start position:0% +evil and thought in that moment braced + + + align:start position:0% +evil and thought in that moment braced +and delighted me like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wine I stretched out my hands exalting + + align:start position:0% +wine I stretched out my hands exalting + + + align:start position:0% +wine I stretched out my hands exalting +in the freshness of Sensations and in + + align:start position:0% +in the freshness of Sensations and in + + + align:start position:0% +in the freshness of Sensations and in +fact I was suddenly aware that I had + + align:start position:0% +fact I was suddenly aware that I had + + + align:start position:0% +fact I was suddenly aware that I had +lost in + + align:start position:0% +lost in + + + align:start position:0% +lost in +stature it's a it's a but it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +stature it's a it's a but it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +stature it's a it's a but it's a it's a +it's quite a passage because it kind + + align:start position:0% +it's quite a passage because it kind + + + align:start position:0% +it's quite a passage because it kind +of it it it duplicates this kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +of it it it duplicates this kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +of it it it duplicates this kind of uh +uh this this sense of U um drug induced + + align:start position:0% +uh this this sense of U um drug induced + + + align:start position:0% +uh this this sense of U um drug induced +tase and and + + align:start position:0% +tase and and + + + align:start position:0% +tase and and +transformation but in doing that what + + align:start position:0% +transformation but in doing that what + + + align:start position:0% +transformation but in doing that what +else does + + align:start position:0% +else does + + + align:start position:0% +else does +it what are some of the other what's + + align:start position:0% +it what are some of the other what's + + + align:start position:0% +it what are some of the other what's +some of the other imagery that's coming + + align:start position:0% +some of the other imagery that's coming + + + align:start position:0% +some of the other imagery that's coming +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +here Jake well it's the like he said he + + align:start position:0% +here Jake well it's the like he said he + + + align:start position:0% +here Jake well it's the like he said he +felt like more free but like in an evil + + align:start position:0% +felt like more free but like in an evil + + + align:start position:0% +felt like more free but like in an evil +way he doesn't he doesn't have to deal + + align:start position:0% +way he doesn't he doesn't have to deal + + + align:start position:0% +way he doesn't he doesn't have to deal +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Society excuse me society's like orders + + align:start position:0% +Society excuse me society's like orders + + + align:start position:0% +Society excuse me society's like orders +and laws and that just kind of free to + + align:start position:0% +and laws and that just kind of free to + + + align:start position:0% +and laws and that just kind of free to +do what you want but at the same time he + + align:start position:0% +do what you want but at the same time he + + + align:start position:0% +do what you want but at the same time he +says it's not like a like a good happy + + align:start position:0% +says it's not like a like a good happy + + + align:start position:0% +says it's not like a like a good happy +free it's like a I'm completely free to + + align:start position:0% +free it's like a I'm completely free to + + + align:start position:0% +free it's like a I'm completely free to +do like anything I want which includes + + align:start position:0% +do like anything I want which includes + + + align:start position:0% +do like anything I want which includes +all those things that are protected + + align:start position:0% +all those things that are protected + + + align:start position:0% +all those things that are protected +against by society's laws Mor customs + + align:start position:0% +against by society's laws Mor customs + + + align:start position:0% +against by society's laws Mor customs +and all that + + align:start position:0% +and all that + + + align:start position:0% +and all that +stuff yeah so this this sense of freedom + + align:start position:0% +stuff yeah so this this sense of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +stuff yeah so this this sense of freedom +is freedom from the bonds of society + + align:start position:0% +is freedom from the bonds of society + + + align:start position:0% +is freedom from the bonds of society +what what are the bonds of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +society well uh the well the law is + + align:start position:0% +society well uh the well the law is + + + align:start position:0% +society well uh the well the law is +cited as like the written law obviously + + align:start position:0% +cited as like the written law obviously + + + align:start position:0% +cited as like the written law obviously +but also + + align:start position:0% +but also + + + align:start position:0% +but also +uh excuse me uh like the social contract + + align:start position:0% +uh excuse me uh like the social contract + + + align:start position:0% +uh excuse me uh like the social contract +like how you interact with people and + + align:start position:0% +like how you interact with people and + + + align:start position:0% +like how you interact with people and +then uh every s has its own uh customs + + align:start position:0% +then uh every s has its own uh customs + + + align:start position:0% +then uh every s has its own uh customs +and mores and all those things like the + + align:start position:0% +and mores and all those things like the + + + align:start position:0% +and mores and all those things like the +the unspoken laws that you wear clothes + + align:start position:0% +the unspoken laws that you wear clothes + + + align:start position:0% +the unspoken laws that you wear clothes +when you meet someone and you shake + + align:start position:0% +when you meet someone and you shake + + + align:start position:0% +when you meet someone and you shake +their hand things like that I do wear + + align:start position:0% +their hand things like that I do wear + + + align:start position:0% +their hand things like that I do wear +clothes too big for well no no but but + + align:start position:0% +clothes too big for well no no but but + + + align:start position:0% +clothes too big for well no no but but +it's it's a good point it's it's all + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a good point it's it's all + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a good point it's it's all +that stuff that Alice is learning as + + align:start position:0% +that stuff that Alice is learning as + + + align:start position:0% +that stuff that Alice is learning as +she's becoming from a little girl up + + align:start position:0% +she's becoming from a little girl up + + + align:start position:0% +she's becoming from a little girl up +into you know it's it's what children + + align:start position:0% +into you know it's it's what children + + + align:start position:0% +into you know it's it's what children +learn I mean think of think of what + + align:start position:0% +learn I mean think of think of what + + + align:start position:0% +learn I mean think of think of what +children learn in order to be members of + + align:start position:0% +children learn in order to be members of + + + align:start position:0% +children learn in order to be members of +society I mean there's an incredible + + align:start position:0% +society I mean there's an incredible + + + align:start position:0% +society I mean there's an incredible +amount of I mean you've most of us have + + align:start position:0% +amount of I mean you've most of us have + + + align:start position:0% +amount of I mean you've most of us have +forgotten it it's become so ingrained in + + align:start position:0% +forgotten it it's become so ingrained in + + + align:start position:0% +forgotten it it's become so ingrained in +the way that we operate but we once had + + align:start position:0% +the way that we operate but we once had + + + align:start position:0% +the way that we operate but we once had +to learn it I mean have you ever watched + + align:start position:0% +to learn it I mean have you ever watched + + + align:start position:0% +to learn it I mean have you ever watched +little tiny kids in the sandbox you know + + align:start position:0% +little tiny kids in the sandbox you know + + + align:start position:0% +little tiny kids in the sandbox you know +you have to watch and make sure they + + align:start position:0% +you have to watch and make sure they + + + align:start position:0% +you have to watch and make sure they +don't Bop each other over the head you + + align:start position:0% +don't Bop each other over the head you + + + align:start position:0% +don't Bop each other over the head you +know when they want something uh there's + + align:start position:0% +know when they want something uh there's + + + align:start position:0% +know when they want something uh there's +there's this there's all this learning + + align:start position:0% +there's this there's all this learning + + + align:start position:0% +there's this there's all this learning +that we do in order to become adults and + + align:start position:0% +that we do in order to become adults and + + + align:start position:0% +that we do in order to become adults and +members of + + align:start position:0% +members of + + + align:start position:0% +members of +society + + align:start position:0% +society + + + align:start position:0% +society +and that also constrains our ction does + + align:start position:0% +and that also constrains our ction does + + + align:start position:0% +and that also constrains our ction does +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +not I mean we don't we don't agree that + + align:start position:0% +not I mean we don't we don't agree that + + + align:start position:0% +not I mean we don't we don't agree that +people should go out and you know do + + align:start position:0% +people should go out and you know do + + + align:start position:0% +people should go out and you know do +whatever they feel like we all agree + + align:start position:0% +whatever they feel like we all agree + + + align:start position:0% +whatever they feel like we all agree +that there as as Jake says there's a + + align:start position:0% +that there as as Jake says there's a + + + align:start position:0% +that there as as Jake says there's a +there's a kind of a contract we we agree + + align:start position:0% +there's a kind of a contract we we agree + + + align:start position:0% +there's a kind of a contract we we agree +to behave within some reasonable + + align:start position:0% +to behave within some reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +to behave within some reasonable +boundary but the possibilities of + + align:start position:0% +boundary but the possibilities of + + + align:start position:0% +boundary but the possibilities of +ourselves and action are you know much + + align:start position:0% +ourselves and action are you know much + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves and action are you know much +greater than that so and so in some + + align:start position:0% +greater than that so and so in some + + + align:start position:0% +greater than that so and so in some +sense Hyde is + + align:start position:0% +sense Hyde is + + + align:start position:0% +sense Hyde is +feeling released from these + + align:start position:0% +feeling released from these + + + align:start position:0% +feeling released from these +boundaries and the feeling of + + align:start position:0% +boundaries and the feeling of + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries and the feeling of +Freedom he describes as uh a sense of + + align:start position:0% +Freedom he describes as uh a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +Freedom he describes as uh a sense of +whne or a sense of you know + + align:start position:0% +whne or a sense of you know + + + align:start position:0% +whne or a sense of you know +exhilaration did you I don't know when + + align:start position:0% +exhilaration did you I don't know when + + + align:start position:0% +exhilaration did you I don't know when +tell time to bring this up is + + align:start position:0% +tell time to bring this up is + + + align:start position:0% +tell time to bring this up is +but the most terrifying part about this + + align:start position:0% +but the most terrifying part about this + + + align:start position:0% +but the most terrifying part about this +whole book I found is that sure + + align:start position:0% +whole book I found is that sure + + + align:start position:0% +whole book I found is that sure +discusses this notion of separating the + + align:start position:0% +discusses this notion of separating the + + + align:start position:0% +discusses this notion of separating the +good and a man from the bad but what I + + align:start position:0% +good and a man from the bad but what I + + + align:start position:0% +good and a man from the bad but what I +what really Disturbed me is that when I + + align:start position:0% +what really Disturbed me is that when I + + + align:start position:0% +what really Disturbed me is that when I +took a closer inspection of it when you + + align:start position:0% +took a closer inspection of it when you + + + align:start position:0% +took a closer inspection of it when you +in that separation over time hide just + + align:start position:0% +in that separation over time hide just + + + align:start position:0% +in that separation over time hide just +becomes more powerful and Jackal just + + align:start position:0% +becomes more powerful and Jackal just + + + align:start position:0% +becomes more powerful and Jackal just +stays in this kind of miserable state so + + align:start position:0% +stays in this kind of miserable state so + + + align:start position:0% +stays in this kind of miserable state so +even once you try even through the use + + align:start position:0% +even once you try even through the use + + + align:start position:0% +even once you try even through the use +of of you know chemical induced you know + + align:start position:0% +of of you know chemical induced you know + + + align:start position:0% +of of you know chemical induced you know +separation the good in the person still + + align:start position:0% +separation the good in the person still + + + align:start position:0% +separation the good in the person still +becomes this kind of mess ball of you + + align:start position:0% +becomes this kind of mess ball of you + + + align:start position:0% +becomes this kind of mess ball of you +know just misery and it just I don't + + align:start position:0% +know just misery and it just I don't + + + align:start position:0% +know just misery and it just I don't +know quite what the what the final + + align:start position:0% +know quite what the what the final + + + align:start position:0% +know quite what the what the final +message was there because you know Hyde + + align:start position:0% +message was there because you know Hyde + + + align:start position:0% +message was there because you know Hyde +goes off and is continuing to just ramp + + align:start position:0% +goes off and is continuing to just ramp + + + align:start position:0% +goes off and is continuing to just ramp +up energy and Jackal is just falling + + align:start position:0% +up energy and Jackal is just falling + + + align:start position:0% +up energy and Jackal is just falling +apart as a man and you know it's I that + + align:start position:0% +apart as a man and you know it's I that + + + align:start position:0% +apart as a man and you know it's I that +that was really disturbing to me you + + align:start position:0% +that was really disturbing to me you + + + align:start position:0% +that was really disturbing to me you +know and I I don't know if the answer is + + align:start position:0% +know and I I don't know if the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +know and I I don't know if the answer is +as simple as that they just can't be + + align:start position:0% +as simple as that they just can't be + + + align:start position:0% +as simple as that they just can't be +separated or this kind of you know + + align:start position:0% +separated or this kind of you know + + + align:start position:0% +separated or this kind of you know +Universal suffering regardless of how + + align:start position:0% +Universal suffering regardless of how + + + align:start position:0% +Universal suffering regardless of how +you you know separate out good from bad + + align:start position:0% +you you know separate out good from bad + + + align:start position:0% +you you know separate out good from bad +so you be H kept growing in stature you + + align:start position:0% +so you be H kept growing in stature you + + + align:start position:0% +so you be H kept growing in stature you +mentioned at the end like he he was + + align:start position:0% +mentioned at the end like he he was + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned at the end like he he was +still smaller than jaal but it said that + + align:start position:0% +still smaller than jaal but it said that + + + align:start position:0% +still smaller than jaal but it said that +he was growing and so I think maybe like + + align:start position:0% +he was growing and so I think maybe like + + + align:start position:0% +he was growing and so I think maybe like +at the beginning he represented like + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning he represented like + + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning he represented like +that one tenth of his nature and then + + align:start position:0% +that one tenth of his nature and then + + + align:start position:0% +that one tenth of his nature and then +all of a sudden he was growing and + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden he was growing and + + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden he was growing and +taking it over gradually as jaal was + + align:start position:0% +taking it over gradually as jaal was + + + align:start position:0% +taking it over gradually as jaal was +line yeah it's a yeah there there + + align:start position:0% +line yeah it's a yeah there there + + + align:start position:0% +line yeah it's a yeah there there +there's some complexity in this this + + align:start position:0% +there's some complexity in this this + + + align:start position:0% +there's some complexity in this this +question of how to interpret the tale + + align:start position:0% +question of how to interpret the tale + + + align:start position:0% +question of how to interpret the tale +cuz you know uh clearly uh Jackal once + + align:start position:0% +cuz you know uh clearly uh Jackal once + + + align:start position:0% +cuz you know uh clearly uh Jackal once +he loses the ability + + align:start position:0% +he loses the ability + + + align:start position:0% +he loses the ability +to uh transform himself back he can't + + align:start position:0% +to uh transform himself back he can't + + + align:start position:0% +to uh transform himself back he can't +find the right chemicals and so forth + + align:start position:0% +find the right chemicals and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +find the right chemicals and so forth +and there's that whole episode in in in + + align:start position:0% +and there's that whole episode in in in + + + align:start position:0% +and there's that whole episode in in in +the cabinet in in in in the laboratory + + align:start position:0% +the cabinet in in in in the laboratory + + + align:start position:0% +the cabinet in in in in the laboratory +where you know this height is running + + align:start position:0% +where you know this height is running + + + align:start position:0% +where you know this height is running +around desperately trying to figure out + + align:start position:0% +around desperately trying to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +around desperately trying to figure out +how to rec concoct the potion that will + + align:start position:0% +how to rec concoct the potion that will + + + align:start position:0% +how to rec concoct the potion that will +enable him to transform back into Jackal + + align:start position:0% +enable him to transform back into Jackal + + + align:start position:0% +enable him to transform back into Jackal +um you + + align:start position:0% +um you + + + align:start position:0% +um you +realize there is uh at least in the + + align:start position:0% +realize there is uh at least in the + + + align:start position:0% +realize there is uh at least in the +story there's a loss of + + align:start position:0% +story there's a loss of + + + align:start position:0% +story there's a loss of +control the controlled experiment of + + align:start position:0% +control the controlled experiment of + + + align:start position:0% +control the controlled experiment of +losing oneself in in by removing the + + align:start position:0% +losing oneself in in by removing the + + + align:start position:0% +losing oneself in in by removing the +bonds of + + align:start position:0% +bonds of + + + align:start position:0% +bonds of +society loses it it it it it becomes + + align:start position:0% +society loses it it it it it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +society loses it it it it it becomes +something that gets out of + + align:start position:0% +something that gets out of + + + align:start position:0% +something that gets out of +control and you know it's in some ways + + align:start position:0% +control and you know it's in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +control and you know it's in some ways +it's it's a tale there are elements in + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a tale there are elements in + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a tale there are elements in +this tale that are not unlike Weiner and + + align:start position:0% +this tale that are not unlike Weiner and + + + align:start position:0% +this tale that are not unlike Weiner and +you know the the magic of uh what was + + align:start position:0% +you know the the magic of uh what was + + + align:start position:0% +you know the the magic of uh what was +Weiner's + + align:start position:0% +Weiner's + + + align:start position:0% +Weiner's +take on magic and science you know the + + align:start position:0% +take on magic and science you know the + + + align:start position:0% +take on magic and science you know the +the uh the sense of of course weener is + + align:start position:0% +the uh the sense of of course weener is + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the sense of of course weener is +much later but the the sense that you + + align:start position:0% +much later but the the sense that you + + + align:start position:0% +much later but the the sense that you +know we look + + align:start position:0% +know we look + + + align:start position:0% +know we look +for uh shortcuts and easy ways to + + align:start position:0% +for uh shortcuts and easy ways to + + + align:start position:0% +for uh shortcuts and easy ways to +achieve things sometimes through uh + + align:start position:0% +achieve things sometimes through uh + + + align:start position:0% +achieve things sometimes through uh +various kinds of mechanisms and + + align:start position:0% +various kinds of mechanisms and + + + align:start position:0% +various kinds of mechanisms and +Magic but I mean isn't this parallel in + + align:start position:0% +Magic but I mean isn't this parallel in + + + align:start position:0% +Magic but I mean isn't this parallel in +some ways to The Sorcerer's + + align:start position:0% +some ways to The Sorcerer's + + + align:start position:0% +some ways to The Sorcerer's +Apprentice I mean he lost he you know he + + align:start position:0% +Apprentice I mean he lost he you know he + + + align:start position:0% +Apprentice I mean he lost he you know he +he became The Apprentice he he he he + + align:start position:0% +he became The Apprentice he he he he + + + align:start position:0% +he became The Apprentice he he he he +lost the ability to find the way back + + align:start position:0% +lost the ability to find the way back + + + align:start position:0% +lost the ability to find the way back +and in that state he couldn't face or + + align:start position:0% +and in that state he couldn't face or + + + align:start position:0% +and in that state he couldn't face or +couldn't + + align:start position:0% +couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't +endure the uh the future he couldn't + + align:start position:0% +endure the uh the future he couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +endure the uh the future he couldn't +live as + + align:start position:0% +live as + + + align:start position:0% +live as +Hyde so Hyde at first was this kind of + + align:start position:0% +Hyde so Hyde at first was this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Hyde so Hyde at first was this kind of +evening thing and it also maps on to + + align:start position:0% +evening thing and it also maps on to + + + align:start position:0% +evening thing and it also maps on to +addiction of various + + align:start position:0% +addiction of various + + + align:start position:0% +addiction of various +sorts you know the the first stage of + + align:start position:0% +sorts you know the the first stage of + + + align:start position:0% +sorts you know the the first stage of +addiction being you know this incredible + + align:start position:0% +addiction being you know this incredible + + + align:start position:0% +addiction being you know this incredible +sense of uh freedom and so on I'm + + align:start position:0% +sense of uh freedom and so on I'm + + + align:start position:0% +sense of uh freedom and so on I'm +talking like I know right + + align:start position:0% +talking like I know right + + + align:start position:0% +talking like I know right +uh but you know it's it's it's we know + + align:start position:0% +uh but you know it's it's it's we know + + + align:start position:0% +uh but you know it's it's it's we know +the we know the the tale the The + + align:start position:0% +the we know the the tale the The + + + align:start position:0% +the we know the the tale the The +Narrative of the addicted one and that + + align:start position:0% +Narrative of the addicted one and that + + + align:start position:0% +Narrative of the addicted one and that +is you know the the the first stage is + + align:start position:0% +is you know the the the first stage is + + + align:start position:0% +is you know the the the first stage is +this incredible sense of newness and + + align:start position:0% +this incredible sense of newness and + + + align:start position:0% +this incredible sense of newness and +freedom and so on and so forth and then + + align:start position:0% +freedom and so on and so forth and then + + + align:start position:0% +freedom and so on and so forth and then +gradually + + align:start position:0% +gradually + + + align:start position:0% +gradually +the dependency becomes greater and the + + align:start position:0% +the dependency becomes greater and the + + + align:start position:0% +the dependency becomes greater and the +ability to rescue oneself from the + + align:start position:0% +ability to rescue oneself from the + + + align:start position:0% +ability to rescue oneself from the +addiction becomes weaker and + + align:start position:0% +addiction becomes weaker and + + + align:start position:0% +addiction becomes weaker and +weaker so this could also be like I said + + align:start position:0% +weaker so this could also be like I said + + + align:start position:0% +weaker so this could also be like I said +mapped on to uh opium + + align:start position:0% +mapped on to uh opium + + + align:start position:0% +mapped on to uh opium +addiction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay yeah I have one question because + + align:start position:0% +um okay yeah I have one question because + + + align:start position:0% +um okay yeah I have one question because +we were talking about like hide running + + align:start position:0% +we were talking about like hide running + + + align:start position:0% +we were talking about like hide running +around the the lab trying to find the + + align:start position:0% +around the the lab trying to find the + + + align:start position:0% +around the the lab trying to find the +chemicals to go back to jaal but what I + + align:start position:0% +chemicals to go back to jaal but what I + + + align:start position:0% +chemicals to go back to jaal but what I +didn't quite understand there was like + + align:start position:0% +didn't quite understand there was like + + + align:start position:0% +didn't quite understand there was like +so he could be in Hyde's form but then + + align:start position:0% +so he could be in Hyde's form but then + + + align:start position:0% +so he could be in Hyde's form but then +have jaal's frame of mind that's where I + + align:start position:0% +have jaal's frame of mind that's where I + + + align:start position:0% +have jaal's frame of mind that's where I +got a little bit he was uh he was unable + + align:start position:0% +got a little bit he was uh he was unable + + + align:start position:0% +got a little bit he was uh he was unable +to uh he was unable to transform back to + + align:start position:0% +to uh he was unable to transform back to + + + align:start position:0% +to uh he was unable to transform back to +jaal why didn't he like why would Hy + + align:start position:0% +jaal why didn't he like why would Hy + + + align:start position:0% +jaal why didn't he like why would Hy +want to be jaal good question what what + + align:start position:0% +want to be jaal good question what what + + + align:start position:0% +want to be jaal good question what what +are some of the why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the I mean it's it's it's a it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +the I mean it's it's it's a it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +the I mean it's it's it's a it's it's a +discussible question and that is uh it + + align:start position:0% +discussible question and that is uh it + + + align:start position:0% +discussible question and that is uh it +could be that uh you know 100% High just + + align:start position:0% +could be that uh you know 100% High just + + + align:start position:0% +could be that uh you know 100% High just +was too too much too too uh uh punishing + + align:start position:0% +was too too much too too uh uh punishing + + + align:start position:0% +was too too much too too uh uh punishing +or too difficult to sustain what are + + align:start position:0% +or too difficult to sustain what are + + + align:start position:0% +or too difficult to sustain what are +some other + + align:start position:0% +some other + + + align:start position:0% +some other +possibilities the book describes having + + align:start position:0% +possibilities the book describes having + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities the book describes having +the same memory and so they share the + + align:start position:0% +the same memory and so they share the + + + align:start position:0% +the same memory and so they share the +same memory maybe like to some lesser + + align:start position:0% +same memory maybe like to some lesser + + + align:start position:0% +same memory maybe like to some lesser +extent they share same like + + align:start position:0% +extent they share same like + + + align:start position:0% +extent they share same like +Consciousness and like same like + + align:start position:0% +Consciousness and like same like + + + align:start position:0% +Consciousness and like same like +maybe different they have different + + align:start position:0% +maybe different they have different + + + align:start position:0% +maybe different they have different +impulses but they still have the same + + align:start position:0% +impulses but they still have the same + + + align:start position:0% +impulses but they still have the same +rationality like just the original like + + align:start position:0% +rationality like just the original like + + + align:start position:0% +rationality like just the original like +Dr jackal's mind but just with his + + align:start position:0% +Dr jackal's mind but just with his + + + align:start position:0% +Dr jackal's mind but just with his +nature Twisted when he's Mr hide and so + + align:start position:0% +nature Twisted when he's Mr hide and so + + + align:start position:0% +nature Twisted when he's Mr hide and so +like he can still think clear he needs + + align:start position:0% +like he can still think clear he needs + + + align:start position:0% +like he can still think clear he needs +to escape from but he knows that when + + align:start position:0% +to escape from but he knows that when + + + align:start position:0% +to escape from but he knows that when +he's in Mr hide for he knows that he's + + align:start position:0% +he's in Mr hide for he knows that he's + + + align:start position:0% +he's in Mr hide for he knows that he's +going to get punished because maybe did + + align:start position:0% +going to get punished because maybe did + + + align:start position:0% +going to get punished because maybe did +something bad he after night he clubbed + + align:start position:0% +something bad he after night he clubbed + + + align:start position:0% +something bad he after night he clubbed +someone to death maybe he didn't escape + + align:start position:0% +someone to death maybe he didn't escape + + + align:start position:0% +someone to death maybe he didn't escape +and so maybe finds like to survive for + + align:start position:0% +and so maybe finds like to survive for + + + align:start position:0% +and so maybe finds like to survive for +his for Mr Hyde's survival okay maybe + + align:start position:0% +his for Mr Hyde's survival okay maybe + + + align:start position:0% +his for Mr Hyde's survival okay maybe +that's uh yeah Hyde himself doesn't seem + + align:start position:0% +that's uh yeah Hyde himself doesn't seem + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh yeah Hyde himself doesn't seem +to I mean it it's he he has no problem + + align:start position:0% +to I mean it it's he he has no problem + + + align:start position:0% +to I mean it it's he he has no problem +with these events uh these uh violent + + align:start position:0% +with these events uh these uh violent + + + align:start position:0% +with these events uh these uh violent +things that he's done he tries to cover + + align:start position:0% +things that he's done he tries to cover + + + align:start position:0% +things that he's done he tries to cover +his tracks David + + align:start position:0% +his tracks David + + + align:start position:0% +his tracks David +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +thing to keep in mind maybe + + align:start position:0% +thing to keep in mind maybe + + + align:start position:0% +thing to keep in mind maybe +is maybe to hide like he's not evil and + + align:start position:0% +is maybe to hide like he's not evil and + + + align:start position:0% +is maybe to hide like he's not evil and +that the definition of evil was set by + + align:start position:0% +that the definition of evil was set by + + + align:start position:0% +that the definition of evil was set by +Society so like when people say they + + align:start position:0% +Society so like when people say they + + + align:start position:0% +Society so like when people say they +looked upon the face of + + align:start position:0% +looked upon the face of + + + align:start position:0% +looked upon the face of +evil you + + align:start position:0% +evil you + + + align:start position:0% +evil you +know maybe to them but not to Hyde + + align:start position:0% +know maybe to them but not to Hyde + + + align:start position:0% +know maybe to them but not to Hyde +himself and so when Hyde is trying to + + align:start position:0% +himself and so when Hyde is trying to + + + align:start position:0% +himself and so when Hyde is trying to +look for the The Cure the medicine to + + align:start position:0% +look for the The Cure the medicine to + + + align:start position:0% +look for the The Cure the medicine to +become Jackal again maybe that was + + align:start position:0% +become Jackal again maybe that was + + + align:start position:0% +become Jackal again maybe that was +Society sort of act societal pressures + + align:start position:0% +Society sort of act societal pressures + + + align:start position:0% +Society sort of act societal pressures +acting on the more primitive nature + + align:start position:0% +acting on the more primitive nature + + + align:start position:0% +acting on the more primitive nature +hum I I can see reasons as well that + + align:start position:0% +hum I I can see reasons as well that + + + align:start position:0% +hum I I can see reasons as well that +don't need to resort to any kind of you + + align:start position:0% +don't need to resort to any kind of you + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to resort to any kind of you +know um intellectual consideration + + align:start position:0% +know um intellectual consideration + + + align:start position:0% +know um intellectual consideration +because Hyde lives in jaal's lab and + + align:start position:0% +because Hyde lives in jaal's lab and + + + align:start position:0% +because Hyde lives in jaal's lab and +Hyde is also remarkably parasitic and we + + align:start position:0% +Hyde is also remarkably parasitic and we + + + align:start position:0% +Hyde is also remarkably parasitic and we +scenes in the book where whenever Hyde + + align:start position:0% +scenes in the book where whenever Hyde + + + align:start position:0% +scenes in the book where whenever Hyde +is out in you know public and is running + + align:start position:0% +is out in you know public and is running + + + align:start position:0% +is out in you know public and is running +about rampid crowds gather around him + + align:start position:0% +about rampid crowds gather around him + + + align:start position:0% +about rampid crowds gather around him +and they're very upset and that Hyde + + align:start position:0% +and they're very upset and that Hyde + + + align:start position:0% +and they're very upset and that Hyde +still very much has an umbilical cord + + align:start position:0% +still very much has an umbilical cord + + + align:start position:0% +still very much has an umbilical cord +attached to jaal because while people in + + align:start position:0% +attached to jaal because while people in + + + align:start position:0% +attached to jaal because while people in +the while you know Mr pool and all that + + align:start position:0% +the while you know Mr pool and all that + + + align:start position:0% +the while you know Mr pool and all that +are told you know you let Hyde in you do + + align:start position:0% +are told you know you let Hyde in you do + + + align:start position:0% +are told you know you let Hyde in you do +whatever you want as soon as Jackal + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want as soon as Jackal + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want as soon as Jackal +starts is if Jackal were to disappear + + align:start position:0% +starts is if Jackal were to disappear + + + align:start position:0% +starts is if Jackal were to disappear +from the landscape there would be a + + align:start position:0% +from the landscape there would be a + + + align:start position:0% +from the landscape there would be a +problem and Mr pool and all these other + + align:start position:0% +problem and Mr pool and all these other + + + align:start position:0% +problem and Mr pool and all these other +people would start going into the + + align:start position:0% +people would start going into the + + + align:start position:0% +people would start going into the +laboratory and if they find this kind of + + align:start position:0% +laboratory and if they find this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory and if they find this kind of +enraged creature in there hi for I mean + + align:start position:0% +enraged creature in there hi for I mean + + + align:start position:0% +enraged creature in there hi for I mean +he can run all he wants but once there's + + align:start position:0% +he can run all he wants but once there's + + + align:start position:0% +he can run all he wants but once there's +an angry London mob him he's screwed so + + align:start position:0% +an angry London mob him he's screwed so + + + align:start position:0% +an angry London mob him he's screwed so +he knows he needs jeal to to feed off of + + align:start position:0% +he knows he needs jeal to to feed off of + + + align:start position:0% +he knows he needs jeal to to feed off of +you know to be able to give in from + + align:start position:0% +you know to be able to give in from + + + align:start position:0% +you know to be able to give in from +societal pressures yeah so it's like I + + align:start position:0% +societal pressures yeah so it's like I + + + align:start position:0% +societal pressures yeah so it's like I +don't I mean I think the other points + + align:start position:0% +don't I mean I think the other points + + + align:start position:0% +don't I mean I think the other points +are completely valid but on a very basic + + align:start position:0% +are completely valid but on a very basic + + + align:start position:0% +are completely valid but on a very basic +level he needs Jackal to be able to + + align:start position:0% +level he needs Jackal to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +level he needs Jackal to be able to +survive and you know masquerade is his + + align:start position:0% +survive and you know masquerade is his + + + align:start position:0% +survive and you know masquerade is his +yeah yeah he he can't endure with + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah he he can't endure with + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah he he can't endure with +himself cuz uh he can't you know + + align:start position:0% +himself cuz uh he can't you know + + + align:start position:0% +himself cuz uh he can't you know +theoretically uh he has been in the Will + + align:start position:0% +theoretically uh he has been in the Will + + + align:start position:0% +theoretically uh he has been in the Will +May out as the recipient of jaal's + + align:start position:0% +May out as the recipient of jaal's + + + align:start position:0% +May out as the recipient of jaal's +Fortune you actually to + + align:start position:0% +Fortune you actually to + + + align:start position:0% +Fortune you actually to +go too + + align:start position:0% +go too + + + align:start position:0% +go too +well but he can't yeah he's uh he needs + + align:start position:0% +well but he can't yeah he's uh he needs + + + align:start position:0% +well but he can't yeah he's uh he needs +an enabling uh entity and that's that's + + align:start position:0% +an enabling uh entity and that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +an enabling uh entity and that's that's +jeal so in some sense they're they're um + + align:start position:0% +jeal so in some sense they're they're um + + + align:start position:0% +jeal so in some sense they're they're um +mutually + + align:start position:0% +mutually + + + align:start position:0% +mutually +dependent uh maybe parasitic isn't the + + align:start position:0% +dependent uh maybe parasitic isn't the + + + align:start position:0% +dependent uh maybe parasitic isn't the +right term but in like a a bacterial + + align:start position:0% +right term but in like a a bacterial + + + align:start position:0% +right term but in like a a bacterial +sense almost you know that he's thriving + + align:start position:0% +sense almost you know that he's thriving + + + align:start position:0% +sense almost you know that he's thriving +off of jaal's own you know I think + + align:start position:0% +off of jaal's own you know I think + + + align:start position:0% +off of jaal's own you know I think +respectability and so forth is something + + align:start position:0% +respectability and so forth is something + + + align:start position:0% +respectability and so forth is something +he can escape back into and thus escape + + align:start position:0% +he can escape back into and thus escape + + + align:start position:0% +he can escape back into and thus escape +the uh the uh uh consequences of his + + align:start position:0% +the uh the uh uh consequences of his + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the uh uh consequences of his +deeds so what is the uh let's what is + + align:start position:0% +deeds so what is the uh let's what is + + + align:start position:0% +deeds so what is the uh let's what is +the what is the connection then to + + align:start position:0% +the what is the connection then to + + + align:start position:0% +the what is the connection then to +Darwin and Darwinism and things of that + + align:start position:0% +Darwin and Darwinism and things of that + + + align:start position:0% +Darwin and Darwinism and things of that +sort I mean it's not it's not being + + align:start position:0% +sort I mean it's not it's not being + + + align:start position:0% +sort I mean it's not it's not being +offered as a direct interpretation of + + align:start position:0% +offered as a direct interpretation of + + + align:start position:0% +offered as a direct interpretation of +Dar but it's it's it's you know cultural + + align:start position:0% +Dar but it's it's it's you know cultural + + + align:start position:0% +Dar but it's it's it's you know cultural +references to Scientific + + align:start position:0% +references to Scientific + + + align:start position:0% +references to Scientific +works are not literal in the sense of uh + + align:start position:0% +works are not literal in the sense of uh + + + align:start position:0% +works are not literal in the sense of uh +you know they don't just try + + align:start position:0% +you know they don't just try + + + align:start position:0% +you know they don't just try +to uh do something uh straightforward + + align:start position:0% +to uh do something uh straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +to uh do something uh straightforward +with them they it's generally highly + + align:start position:0% +with them they it's generally highly + + + align:start position:0% +with them they it's generally highly +suggestive um so what are some of the + + align:start position:0% +suggestive um so what are some of the + + + align:start position:0% +suggestive um so what are some of the +elements that get reflected in this what + + align:start position:0% +elements that get reflected in this what + + + align:start position:0% +elements that get reflected in this what +about Instinct how does instinct figure + + align:start position:0% +about Instinct how does instinct figure + + + align:start position:0% +about Instinct how does instinct figure +into this does + + align:start position:0% +into this does + + + align:start position:0% +into this does +it are any of these things yeah correct + + align:start position:0% +it are any of these things yeah correct + + + align:start position:0% +it are any of these things yeah correct +um that we still have still have this + + align:start position:0% +um that we still have still have this + + + align:start position:0% +um that we still have still have this +kind of animal Instinct that maybe we're + + align:start position:0% +kind of animal Instinct that maybe we're + + + align:start position:0% +kind of animal Instinct that maybe we're +not quite as involved as we tend to + + align:start position:0% +not quite as involved as we tend to + + + align:start position:0% +not quite as involved as we tend to +think of ourselves so we still retain + + align:start position:0% +think of ourselves so we still retain + + + align:start position:0% +think of ourselves so we still retain +this part of like animal the part of + + align:start position:0% +this part of like animal the part of + + + align:start position:0% +this part of like animal the part of +this Beast Within us that just always + + align:start position:0% +this Beast Within us that just always + + + align:start position:0% +this Beast Within us that just always +wants to get out no matter how how + + align:start position:0% +wants to get out no matter how how + + + align:start position:0% +wants to get out no matter how how +rational and how sophisticated we think + + align:start position:0% +rational and how sophisticated we think + + + align:start position:0% +rational and how sophisticated we think +we are okay that's fun yeah you had your + + align:start position:0% +we are okay that's fun yeah you had your + + + align:start position:0% +we are okay that's fun yeah you had your +hand up um I guess like hide kind of + + align:start position:0% +hand up um I guess like hide kind of + + + align:start position:0% +hand up um I guess like hide kind of +just represents that like instinct like + + align:start position:0% +just represents that like instinct like + + + align:start position:0% +just represents that like instinct like +the basic animal Instinct that we all + + align:start position:0% +the basic animal Instinct that we all + + + align:start position:0% +the basic animal Instinct that we all +had at some point before we evolved into + + align:start position:0% +had at some point before we evolved into + + + align:start position:0% +had at some point before we evolved into +but animals that's like my problem with + + align:start position:0% +but animals that's like my problem with + + + align:start position:0% +but animals that's like my problem with +the whole thing animals aren't like + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing animals aren't like + + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing animals aren't like +super aggressive all animals are like + + align:start position:0% +super aggressive all animals are like + + + align:start position:0% +super aggressive all animals are like +nice and cute yeah + + align:start position:0% +nice and cute yeah + + + align:start position:0% +nice and cute yeah +have but but but we all know that you + + align:start position:0% +have but but but we all know that you + + + align:start position:0% +have but but but we all know that you +know there are animals and instincts + + align:start position:0% +know there are animals and instincts + + + align:start position:0% +know there are animals and instincts +that are very power alligators and + + align:start position:0% +that are very power alligators and + + + align:start position:0% +that are very power alligators and +crocodiles + + align:start position:0% +crocodiles + + + align:start position:0% +crocodiles +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +youal hi just kind of runs around for + + align:start position:0% +youal hi just kind of runs around for + + + align:start position:0% +youal hi just kind of runs around for +pleasure yeah he takes it a little too + + align:start position:0% +pleasure yeah he takes it a little too + + + align:start position:0% +pleasure yeah he takes it a little too +far definely but I mean I can like it + + align:start position:0% +far definely but I mean I can like it + + + align:start position:0% +far definely but I mean I can like it +would be like a basis but but but but + + align:start position:0% +would be like a basis but but but but + + + align:start position:0% +would be like a basis but but but but +and and keep in mind this is uh you know + + align:start position:0% +and and keep in mind this is uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +and and keep in mind this is uh you know +this is sort of uh uh we're in the realm + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of uh uh we're in the realm + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of uh uh we're in the realm +of fantasy here too detective and + + align:start position:0% +of fantasy here too detective and + + + align:start position:0% +of fantasy here too detective and +fantasy and all these things so things + + align:start position:0% +fantasy and all these things so things + + + align:start position:0% +fantasy and all these things so things +do get exaggerated but um you know the + + align:start position:0% +do get exaggerated but um you know the + + + align:start position:0% +do get exaggerated but um you know the +the powerful + + align:start position:0% +the powerful + + + align:start position:0% +the powerful +impulses this is this is nonrational + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +behavior not so I mean this is this is + + align:start position:0% +behavior not so I mean this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +behavior not so I mean this is this is +uh behavior that has to be connected to + + align:start position:0% +uh behavior that has to be connected to + + + align:start position:0% +uh behavior that has to be connected to +something other than you know the + + align:start position:0% +something other than you know the + + + align:start position:0% +something other than you know the +rational mind of what to do you know the + + align:start position:0% +rational mind of what to do you know the + + + align:start position:0% +rational mind of what to do you know the +because that's the world of the ethic + + align:start position:0% +because that's the world of the ethic + + + align:start position:0% +because that's the world of the ethic +and so forth so yeah it was commenting + + align:start position:0% +and so forth so yeah it was commenting + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth so yeah it was commenting +on how Society evolved + + align:start position:0% +on how Society evolved + + + align:start position:0% +on how Society evolved +individual like with with all the rules + + align:start position:0% +individual like with with all the rules + + + align:start position:0% +individual like with with all the rules +and the laws like without them we'd just + + align:start position:0% +and the laws like without them we'd just + + + align:start position:0% +and the laws like without them we'd just +all become hi + + align:start position:0% +all become hi + + + align:start position:0% +all become hi +and well almost but it's saying that uh + + align:start position:0% +and well almost but it's saying that uh + + + align:start position:0% +and well almost but it's saying that uh +without without some kind of structure + + align:start position:0% +without without some kind of structure + + + align:start position:0% +without without some kind of structure +we all we're all primitive even and even + + align:start position:0% +we all we're all primitive even and even + + + align:start position:0% +we all we're all primitive even and even +with the structure it it can still break + + align:start position:0% +with the structure it it can still break + + + align:start position:0% +with the structure it it can still break +out of us at some + + align:start position:0% +out of us at some + + + align:start position:0% +out of us at some +level okay that's certainly that's + + align:start position:0% +level okay that's certainly that's + + + align:start position:0% +level okay that's certainly that's +certainly what uh I think most people in + + align:start position:0% +certainly what uh I think most people in + + + align:start position:0% +certainly what uh I think most people in +in in in Stevenson's time that's how + + align:start position:0% +in in in Stevenson's time that's how + + + align:start position:0% +in in in Stevenson's time that's how +they would have that's how they + + align:start position:0% +they would have that's how they + + + align:start position:0% +they would have that's how they +interpreted this work as you know + + align:start position:0% +interpreted this work as you know + + + align:start position:0% +interpreted this work as you know +identifying the boundary between good + + align:start position:0% +identifying the boundary between good + + + align:start position:0% +identifying the boundary between good +and evil because there was still a very + + align:start position:0% +and evil because there was still a very + + + align:start position:0% +and evil because there was still a very +powerful sense of uh of you know the the + + align:start position:0% +powerful sense of uh of you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +powerful sense of uh of you know the the +religious basis of + + align:start position:0% +religious basis of + + + align:start position:0% +religious basis of +culture yeah in mind with + + align:start position:0% +culture yeah in mind with + + + align:start position:0% +culture yeah in mind with +non-rationality I think here we see a + + align:start position:0% +non-rationality I think here we see a + + + align:start position:0% +non-rationality I think here we see a +reflection of mouth this compound + + align:start position:0% +reflection of mouth this compound + + + align:start position:0% +reflection of mouth this compound +being okay we're back to mouth this too + + align:start position:0% +being okay we're back to mouth this too + + + align:start position:0% +being okay we're back to mouth this too +yes in which in which you know we + + align:start position:0% +yes in which in which you know we + + + align:start position:0% +yes in which in which you know we +shouldn't always think of man as just + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't always think of man as just + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't always think of man as just +linear + + align:start position:0% +linear + + + align:start position:0% +linear +rational okay also you may also + + align:start position:0% +rational okay also you may also + + + align:start position:0% +rational okay also you may also +deviate yeah there's there's some kind + + align:start position:0% +deviate yeah there's there's some kind + + + align:start position:0% +deviate yeah there's there's some kind +of content in the mind that are + + align:start position:0% +of content in the mind that are + + + align:start position:0% +of content in the mind that are +not uh necessarily aware + + align:start position:0% +not uh necessarily aware + + + align:start position:0% +not uh necessarily aware +of but that under certain + + align:start position:0% +of but that under certain + + + align:start position:0% +of but that under certain +circumstances uh + + align:start position:0% +circumstances uh + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances uh +gains uh the potential for + + align:start position:0% +gains uh the potential for + + + align:start position:0% +gains uh the potential for +expression and this can be uh something + + align:start position:0% +expression and this can be uh something + + + align:start position:0% +expression and this can be uh something +of of great surprise and catastrophe + + align:start position:0% +of of great surprise and catastrophe + + + align:start position:0% +of of great surprise and catastrophe +yeah I was earlier but I think that one + + align:start position:0% +yeah I was earlier but I think that one + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I was earlier but I think that one +of the things that is is explored in + + align:start position:0% +of the things that is is explored in + + + align:start position:0% +of the things that is is explored in +this book is the one like I think if you + + align:start position:0% +this book is the one like I think if you + + + align:start position:0% +this book is the one like I think if you +if we were talking just now about the + + align:start position:0% +if we were talking just now about the + + + align:start position:0% +if we were talking just now about the +rules or like the bounds that society + + align:start position:0% +rules or like the bounds that society + + + align:start position:0% +rules or like the bounds that society +places on people I think that one key + + align:start position:0% +places on people I think that one key + + + align:start position:0% +places on people I think that one key +thing is that every person is associated + + align:start position:0% +thing is that every person is associated + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that every person is associated +with one credit or with one uh + + align:start position:0% +with one credit or with one uh + + + align:start position:0% +with one credit or with one uh +reputation and like that's one of the + + align:start position:0% +reputation and like that's one of the + + + align:start position:0% +reputation and like that's one of the +things I feel that goes on in this book + + align:start position:0% +things I feel that goes on in this book + + + align:start position:0% +things I feel that goes on in this book +and it's not just with Dr Jacko it's + + align:start position:0% +and it's not just with Dr Jacko it's + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not just with Dr Jacko it's +also with um some of his friends um + + align:start position:0% +also with um some of his friends um + + + align:start position:0% +also with um some of his friends um +forget the + + align:start position:0% +forget the + + + align:start position:0% +forget the +name uncommon name but like just people + + align:start position:0% +name uncommon name but like just people + + + align:start position:0% +name uncommon name but like just people +are concerned about the reputation and + + align:start position:0% +are concerned about the reputation and + + + align:start position:0% +are concerned about the reputation and +like it's like it's and in introducing + + align:start position:0% +like it's like it's and in introducing + + + align:start position:0% +like it's like it's and in introducing +Mr H it's like an escape from having to + + align:start position:0% +Mr H it's like an escape from having to + + + align:start position:0% +Mr H it's like an escape from having to +be this a well- behaved person like Dr + + align:start position:0% +be this a well- behaved person like Dr + + + align:start position:0% +be this a well- behaved person like Dr +Jacko can't just start misbehaving and + + align:start position:0% +Jacko can't just start misbehaving and + + + align:start position:0% +Jacko can't just start misbehaving and +doing whatever he wants cuz he built a + + align:start position:0% +doing whatever he wants cuz he built a + + + align:start position:0% +doing whatever he wants cuz he built a +reputation and all of that is going to + + align:start position:0% +reputation and all of that is going to + + + align:start position:0% +reputation and all of that is going to +fall apart and he's not going to become + + align:start position:0% +fall apart and he's not going to become + + + align:start position:0% +fall apart and he's not going to become +he's not going to stay the same Society + + align:start position:0% +he's not going to stay the same Society + + + align:start position:0% +he's not going to stay the same Society +is not going to see him as the same + + align:start position:0% +is not going to see him as the same + + + align:start position:0% +is not going to see him as the same +person if he just do does random stuff + + align:start position:0% +person if he just do does random stuff + + + align:start position:0% +person if he just do does random stuff +and like goes around like killing people + + align:start position:0% +and like goes around like killing people + + + align:start position:0% +and like goes around like killing people +and stuff + + align:start position:0% +and stuff + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff +and so like it's kind of like we're only + + align:start position:0% +and so like it's kind of like we're only + + + align:start position:0% +and so like it's kind of like we're only +assigned one credit and that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +assigned one credit and that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +assigned one credit and that's kind of +boring and we build up to be something + + align:start position:0% +boring and we build up to be something + + + align:start position:0% +boring and we build up to be something +that's um that's like accept accepted + + align:start position:0% +that's um that's like accept accepted + + + align:start position:0% +that's um that's like accept accepted +that can be accepted in society because + + align:start position:0% +that can be accepted in society because + + + align:start position:0% +that can be accepted in society because +that's how we want to live we want to + + align:start position:0% +that's how we want to live we want to + + + align:start position:0% +that's how we want to live we want to +live where people respect us and like we + + align:start position:0% +live where people respect us and like we + + + align:start position:0% +live where people respect us and like we +we are in a position of power we have + + align:start position:0% +we are in a position of power we have + + + align:start position:0% +we are in a position of power we have +money right and like people like when + + align:start position:0% +money right and like people like when + + + align:start position:0% +money right and like people like when +you're well respected people feel nice + + align:start position:0% +you're well respected people feel nice + + + align:start position:0% +you're well respected people feel nice +to be right but then like occasionally + + align:start position:0% +to be right but then like occasionally + + + align:start position:0% +to be right but then like occasionally +maybe it gets boring and then you want a + + align:start position:0% +maybe it gets boring and then you want a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it gets boring and then you want a +different credit you can't just like + + align:start position:0% +different credit you can't just like + + + align:start position:0% +different credit you can't just like +change characters on certainly is part + + align:start position:0% +change characters on certainly is part + + + align:start position:0% +change characters on certainly is part +of what you know he is he is kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +of what you know he is he is kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +of what you know he is he is kind of uh +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +he there's an aspect of of U + + align:start position:0% +he there's an aspect of of U + + + align:start position:0% +he there's an aspect of of U +fatigue in the jaal that we first + + align:start position:0% +fatigue in the jaal that we first + + + align:start position:0% +fatigue in the jaal that we first +encounter I mean he's he's he's had it + + align:start position:0% +encounter I mean he's he's he's had it + + + align:start position:0% +encounter I mean he's he's he's had it +all he's succeeded he's and so in some + + align:start position:0% +all he's succeeded he's and so in some + + + align:start position:0% +all he's succeeded he's and so in some +kind of uh diletant way he wants to + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh diletant way he wants to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh diletant way he wants to +explore these other possibilities + + align:start position:0% +explore these other possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +explore these other possibilities +because he has arrived at a point where + + align:start position:0% +because he has arrived at a point where + + + align:start position:0% +because he has arrived at a point where +his life does not offer much that is new + + align:start position:0% +his life does not offer much that is new + + + align:start position:0% +his life does not offer much that is new +or exciting and uh of course his his uh + + align:start position:0% +or exciting and uh of course his his uh + + + align:start position:0% +or exciting and uh of course his his uh +scientific researches such as they are + + align:start position:0% +scientific researches such as they are + + + align:start position:0% +scientific researches such as they are +they never never get too clear about + + align:start position:0% +they never never get too clear about + + + align:start position:0% +they never never get too clear about +that in here but uh this is one of his + + align:start position:0% +that in here but uh this is one of his + + + align:start position:0% +that in here but uh this is one of his +areas of + + align:start position:0% +areas of + + + align:start position:0% +areas of +interest and it has led him into this + + align:start position:0% +interest and it has led him into this + + + align:start position:0% +interest and it has led him into this +world of uh possibility where he can + + align:start position:0% +world of uh possibility where he can + + + align:start position:0% +world of uh possibility where he can +become something else what is it I mean + + align:start position:0% +become something else what is it I mean + + + align:start position:0% +become something else what is it I mean +to become some someone else uh what is + + align:start position:0% +to become some someone else uh what is + + + align:start position:0% +to become some someone else uh what is +the attraction becoming someone + + align:start position:0% +the attraction becoming someone + + + align:start position:0% +the attraction becoming someone +else Casey + + align:start position:0% +else Casey + + + align:start position:0% +else Casey +I mean like maybe you don't like + + align:start position:0% +I mean like maybe you don't like + + + align:start position:0% +I mean like maybe you don't like +everything about yourself and you wish + + align:start position:0% +everything about yourself and you wish + + + align:start position:0% +everything about yourself and you wish +you could just you know behave in a + + align:start position:0% +you could just you know behave in a + + + align:start position:0% +you could just you know behave in a +different way but you're so like set in + + align:start position:0% +different way but you're so like set in + + + align:start position:0% +different way but you're so like set in +your ways so you can't just be like oh + + align:start position:0% +your ways so you can't just be like oh + + + align:start position:0% +your ways so you can't just be like oh +today I'm going to do this instead you + + align:start position:0% +today I'm going to do this instead you + + + align:start position:0% +today I'm going to do this instead you +know but if you're like becoming a + + align:start position:0% +know but if you're like becoming a + + + align:start position:0% +know but if you're like becoming a +completely different person you know you + + align:start position:0% +completely different person you know you + + + align:start position:0% +completely different person you know you +can act completely differently than you + + align:start position:0% +can act completely differently than you + + + align:start position:0% +can act completely differently than you +normally would Without Really the + + align:start position:0% +normally would Without Really the + + + align:start position:0% +normally would Without Really the +consequences of how it would be in your + + align:start position:0% +consequences of how it would be in your + + + align:start position:0% +consequences of how it would be in your +real life you can you know go into a + + align:start position:0% +real life you can you know go into a + + + align:start position:0% +real life you can you know go into a +second life and get your avatar up and + + align:start position:0% +second life and get your avatar up and + + + align:start position:0% +second life and get your avatar up and +hey go off and uh do fantastic things + + align:start position:0% +hey go off and uh do fantastic things + + + align:start position:0% +hey go off and uh do fantastic things +or World of Warcraft and go out and you + + align:start position:0% +or World of Warcraft and go out and you + + + align:start position:0% +or World of Warcraft and go out and you +know uh syn a couple of uh I mean yeah + + align:start position:0% +know uh syn a couple of uh I mean yeah + + + align:start position:0% +know uh syn a couple of uh I mean yeah +there's something attractive about + + align:start position:0% +there's something attractive about + + + align:start position:0% +there's something attractive about +becoming somebody else I mean I don't + + align:start position:0% +becoming somebody else I mean I don't + + + align:start position:0% +becoming somebody else I mean I don't +know if you ever uh uh gone to some kind + + align:start position:0% +know if you ever uh uh gone to some kind + + + align:start position:0% +know if you ever uh uh gone to some kind +of a costume party or something like + + align:start position:0% +of a costume party or something like + + + align:start position:0% +of a costume party or something like +that but uh certainly little children + + align:start position:0% +that but uh certainly little children + + + align:start position:0% +that but uh certainly little children +absolutely love dressing up and doing + + align:start position:0% +absolutely love dressing up and doing + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely love dressing up and doing +this and doing that and it sort of + + align:start position:0% +this and doing that and it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this and doing that and it sort of +reveals something fundamental about us + + align:start position:0% +reveals something fundamental about us + + + align:start position:0% +reveals something fundamental about us +the ability to escape ourselves don't + + align:start position:0% +the ability to escape ourselves don't + + + align:start position:0% +the ability to escape ourselves don't +you get bored with yourself sometime or + + align:start position:0% +you get bored with yourself sometime or + + + align:start position:0% +you get bored with yourself sometime or +or you know over + + align:start position:0% +or you know over + + + align:start position:0% +or you know over +over there's something about the world + + align:start position:0% +over there's something about the world + + + align:start position:0% +over there's something about the world +that you inhabit sometimes becomes you + + align:start position:0% +that you inhabit sometimes becomes you + + + align:start position:0% +that you inhabit sometimes becomes you +know it's just + + align:start position:0% +know it's just + + + align:start position:0% +know it's just +so depends on self absorb you I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guess well everybody has this impulse + + align:start position:0% +guess well everybody has this impulse + + + align:start position:0% +guess well everybody has this impulse +sometime I'm sure but uh so it it builds + + align:start position:0% +sometime I'm sure but uh so it it builds + + + align:start position:0% +sometime I'm sure but uh so it it builds +on that a little bit yeah and there's + + align:start position:0% +on that a little bit yeah and there's + + + align:start position:0% +on that a little bit yeah and there's +some sense in there that he's purged + + align:start position:0% +some sense in there that he's purged + + + align:start position:0% +some sense in there that he's purged +himself or that he's you he he's somehow + + align:start position:0% +himself or that he's you he he's somehow + + + align:start position:0% +himself or that he's you he he's somehow +gotten rid of some urge or need and + + align:start position:0% +gotten rid of some urge or need and + + + align:start position:0% +gotten rid of some urge or need and +there's no that he can't express as jaal + + align:start position:0% +there's no that he can't express as jaal + + + align:start position:0% +there's no that he can't express as jaal +Jake it uh that whole what you said + + align:start position:0% +Jake it uh that whole what you said + + + align:start position:0% +Jake it uh that whole what you said +about uh purging that need and like + + align:start position:0% +about uh purging that need and like + + + align:start position:0% +about uh purging that need and like +feeling refreshed uh really made me + + align:start position:0% +feeling refreshed uh really made me + + + align:start position:0% +feeling refreshed uh really made me +think about the + + align:start position:0% +think about the + + + align:start position:0% +think about the +vacations yeah because I mean he he's + + align:start position:0% +vacations yeah because I mean he he's + + + align:start position:0% +vacations yeah because I mean he he's +like vacationing I guess from his Dr ja + + align:start position:0% +like vacationing I guess from his Dr ja + + + align:start position:0% +like vacationing I guess from his Dr ja +self + + align:start position:0% +self + + + align:start position:0% +self +at the same time well he's he's not you + + align:start position:0% +at the same time well he's he's not you + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time well he's he's not you +don't act the same way on vacation as + + align:start position:0% +don't act the same way on vacation as + + + align:start position:0% +don't act the same way on vacation as +you do in your real life you don't sleep + + align:start position:0% +you do in your real life you don't sleep + + + align:start position:0% +you do in your real life you don't sleep +until noon and then stay out all night + + align:start position:0% +until noon and then stay out all night + + + align:start position:0% +until noon and then stay out all night +at the bar on the beach or go swimming + + align:start position:0% +at the bar on the beach or go swimming + + + align:start position:0% +at the bar on the beach or go swimming +and just lay whatever but uh at the same + + align:start position:0% +and just lay whatever but uh at the same + + + align:start position:0% +and just lay whatever but uh at the same +time you can't always be on vacation you + + align:start position:0% +time you can't always be on vacation you + + + align:start position:0% +time you can't always be on vacation you +need to also go to work your seven days + + align:start position:0% +need to also go to work your seven days + + + align:start position:0% +need to also go to work your seven days +or days a week if you're five days a + + align:start position:0% +or days a week if you're five days a + + + align:start position:0% +or days a week if you're five days a +week uh however otherwise vacation + + align:start position:0% +week uh however otherwise vacation + + + align:start position:0% +week uh however otherwise vacation +seases vacation anym so it's a CH well I + + align:start position:0% +seases vacation anym so it's a CH well I + + + align:start position:0% +seases vacation anym so it's a CH well I +mean it it brings us back to Devon's + + align:start position:0% +mean it it brings us back to Devon's + + + align:start position:0% +mean it it brings us back to Devon's +question is what is a takeaway from the + + align:start position:0% +question is what is a takeaway from the + + + align:start position:0% +question is what is a takeaway from the +book because it's a it's obviously + + align:start position:0% +book because it's a it's obviously + + + align:start position:0% +book because it's a it's obviously +complex in many different ways even + + align:start position:0% +complex in many different ways even + + + align:start position:0% +complex in many different ways even +though the tale itself it's it's it's + + align:start position:0% +though the tale itself it's it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +though the tale itself it's it's it's +actually very I mean the pros is is very + + align:start position:0% +actually very I mean the pros is is very + + + align:start position:0% +actually very I mean the pros is is very +it's it's excellent Pros it's it's + + align:start position:0% +it's it's excellent Pros it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's excellent Pros it's it's +smooth and and supple and you know these + + align:start position:0% +smooth and and supple and you know these + + + align:start position:0% +smooth and and supple and you know these +characters uh even though they + + align:start position:0% +characters uh even though they + + + align:start position:0% +characters uh even though they +I mean they're not drawn with a lot of + + align:start position:0% +I mean they're not drawn with a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +I mean they're not drawn with a lot of +complexity are they I mean is this a + + align:start position:0% +complexity are they I mean is this a + + + align:start position:0% +complexity are they I mean is this a +little more isn't this a little the the + + align:start position:0% +little more isn't this a little the the + + + align:start position:0% +little more isn't this a little the the +character well let me ask you what what + + align:start position:0% +character well let me ask you what what + + + align:start position:0% +character well let me ask you what what +do you think of the complex of the + + align:start position:0% +do you think of the complex of the + + + align:start position:0% +do you think of the complex of the +character are we in the realm of U say + + align:start position:0% +character are we in the realm of U say + + + align:start position:0% +character are we in the realm of U say +candid these sort of comic book matchick + + align:start position:0% +candid these sort of comic book matchick + + + align:start position:0% +candid these sort of comic book matchick +characters or are we in a more complex + + align:start position:0% +characters or are we in a more complex + + + align:start position:0% +characters or are we in a more complex +world what are what would you say about + + align:start position:0% +world what are what would you say about + + + align:start position:0% +world what are what would you say about +you know the way in which he the kind of + + align:start position:0% +you know the way in which he the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you know the way in which he the kind of +world that he he he creates you know the + + align:start position:0% +world that he he he creates you know the + + + align:start position:0% +world that he he he creates you know the +the big canvas here what's what's what + + align:start position:0% +the big canvas here what's what's what + + + align:start position:0% +the big canvas here what's what's what +are some of the things that uh we can + + align:start position:0% +are some of the things that uh we can + + + align:start position:0% +are some of the things that uh we can +take away just as far as you know what + + align:start position:0% +take away just as far as you know what + + + align:start position:0% +take away just as far as you know what +this world that at the end of the book + + align:start position:0% +this world that at the end of the book + + + align:start position:0% +this world that at the end of the book +that has emerged + + align:start position:0% +that has emerged + + + align:start position:0% +that has emerged +is have we been somehow told well you + + align:start position:0% +is have we been somehow told well you + + + align:start position:0% +is have we been somehow told well you +know humans should really explore their + + align:start position:0% +know humans should really explore their + + + align:start position:0% +know humans should really explore their +their uh evil selves this is good or + + align:start position:0% +their uh evil selves this is good or + + + align:start position:0% +their uh evil selves this is good or +have we been told that know doing this + + align:start position:0% +have we been told that know doing this + + + align:start position:0% +have we been told that know doing this +you do it your peril and that Society + + align:start position:0% +you do it your peril and that Society + + + align:start position:0% +you do it your peril and that Society +will punish you so what what's Stevenson + + align:start position:0% +will punish you so what what's Stevenson + + + align:start position:0% +will punish you so what what's Stevenson +telling us if + + align:start position:0% +telling us if + + + align:start position:0% +telling us if +anything maybe he's just trying to tell + + align:start position:0% +anything maybe he's just trying to tell + + + align:start position:0% +anything maybe he's just trying to tell +a great tale La maybe he didn't over + + align:start position:0% +a great tale La maybe he didn't over + + + align:start position:0% +a great tale La maybe he didn't over +complexify the characters so that a + + align:start position:0% +complexify the characters so that a + + + align:start position:0% +complexify the characters so that a +person could easily project themselves + + align:start position:0% +person could easily project themselves + + + align:start position:0% +person could easily project themselves +into the story and think about + + align:start position:0% +into the story and think about + + + align:start position:0% +into the story and think about +how the story might fit into their own + + align:start position:0% +how the story might fit into their own + + + align:start position:0% +how the story might fit into their own +lives or like oh do I have this evil + + align:start position:0% +lives or like oh do I have this evil + + + align:start position:0% +lives or like oh do I have this evil +side or do I know people like this um + + align:start position:0% +side or do I know people like this um + + + align:start position:0% +side or do I know people like this um +just because it's easier to compare when + + align:start position:0% +just because it's easier to compare when + + + align:start position:0% +just because it's easier to compare when +yeah okay yeah it's it's it's simplified + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay yeah it's it's it's simplified + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay yeah it's it's it's simplified +it's a it's a simplified Story the + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a simplified Story the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a simplified Story the +characters are + + align:start position:0% +characters are + + + align:start position:0% +characters are +not that + + align:start position:0% +not that + + + align:start position:0% +not that +complex uh and it's a short + + align:start position:0% +complex uh and it's a short + + + align:start position:0% +complex uh and it's a short +Nolla uh very very accessible very + + align:start position:0% +Nolla uh very very accessible very + + + align:start position:0% +Nolla uh very very accessible very +readable um and it pulls you through it + + align:start position:0% +readable um and it pulls you through it + + + align:start position:0% +readable um and it pulls you through it +with uh you know fair amount if you + + align:start position:0% +with uh you know fair amount if you + + + align:start position:0% +with uh you know fair amount if you +haven't read it before uh I mean when I + + align:start position:0% +haven't read it before uh I mean when I + + + align:start position:0% +haven't read it before uh I mean when I +reread it I I'm always you know I get + + align:start position:0% +reread it I I'm always you know I get + + + align:start position:0% +reread it I I'm always you know I get +into that chapter on you know jackal's + + align:start position:0% +into that chapter on you know jackal's + + + align:start position:0% +into that chapter on you know jackal's +uh you know account of him himself and + + align:start position:0% +uh you know account of him himself and + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know account of him himself and +it always grabs me again um but uh even + + align:start position:0% +it always grabs me again um but uh even + + + align:start position:0% +it always grabs me again um but uh even +so it's the the these are not + + align:start position:0% +so it's the the these are not + + + align:start position:0% +so it's the the these are not +complicated characters in the sense of + + align:start position:0% +complicated characters in the sense of + + + align:start position:0% +complicated characters in the sense of +you know finely textured and all these + + align:start position:0% +you know finely textured and all these + + + align:start position:0% +you know finely textured and all these +different interactions and so forth that + + align:start position:0% +different interactions and so forth that + + + align:start position:0% +different interactions and so forth that +bring out the nuances of character but + + align:start position:0% +bring out the nuances of character but + + + align:start position:0% +bring out the nuances of character but +the most dangerous ideas should be + + align:start position:0% +the most dangerous ideas should be + + + align:start position:0% +the most dangerous ideas should be +expressed in the simplest terms + + align:start position:0% +expressed in the simplest terms + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in the simplest terms +Stevenson seems to speak to even though + + align:start position:0% +Stevenson seems to speak to even though + + + align:start position:0% +Stevenson seems to speak to even though +the story is not what we would say is uh + + align:start position:0% +the story is not what we would say is uh + + + align:start position:0% +the story is not what we would say is uh +you know highly + + align:start position:0% +you know highly + + + align:start position:0% +you know highly +rot somehow he's touched a nerve that + + align:start position:0% +rot somehow he's touched a nerve that + + + align:start position:0% +rot somehow he's touched a nerve that +speaks + + align:start position:0% +speaks + + + align:start position:0% +speaks +to people who have uh you know lots and + + align:start position:0% +to people who have uh you know lots and + + + align:start position:0% +to people who have uh you know lots and +lots of U who are highly sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +lots of U who are highly sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +lots of U who are highly sophisticated +and yet this tale pulls them back into + + align:start position:0% +and yet this tale pulls them back into + + + align:start position:0% +and yet this tale pulls them back into +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +because it says something fundamentally + + align:start position:0% +because it says something fundamentally + + + align:start position:0% +because it says something fundamentally +true about self and the + + align:start position:0% +true about self and the + + + align:start position:0% +true about self and the +self-reflection in the sense that you + + align:start position:0% +self-reflection in the sense that you + + + align:start position:0% +self-reflection in the sense that you +know we + + align:start position:0% +know we + + + align:start position:0% +know we +all we all wonder about you know + + align:start position:0% +all we all wonder about you know + + + align:start position:0% +all we all wonder about you know +ourselves and whether we are + + align:start position:0% +ourselves and whether we are + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves and whether we are +within the realm of acceptability or you + + align:start position:0% +within the realm of acceptability or you + + + align:start position:0% +within the realm of acceptability or you +know so this is this is a natural human + + align:start position:0% +know so this is this is a natural human + + + align:start position:0% +know so this is this is a natural human +anxiety people uh like Gerard Manley + + align:start position:0% +anxiety people uh like Gerard Manley + + + align:start position:0% +anxiety people uh like Gerard Manley +Hopkins who was a Catholic priest uh he + + align:start position:0% +Hopkins who was a Catholic priest uh he + + + align:start position:0% +Hopkins who was a Catholic priest uh he +read it and he said his hide was much + + align:start position:0% +read it and he said his hide was much + + + align:start position:0% +read it and he said his hide was much +worse and you think hey come on Gerard + + align:start position:0% +worse and you think hey come on Gerard + + + align:start position:0% +worse and you think hey come on Gerard +what did you do that was so I mean you + + align:start position:0% +what did you do that was so I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +what did you do that was so I mean you +know the man was uh + + align:start position:0% +know the man was uh + + + align:start position:0% +know the man was uh +absolutely phenomenal poet uh he uh you + + align:start position:0% +absolutely phenomenal poet uh he uh you + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely phenomenal poet uh he uh you +know he wrote uh beautiful letters uh he + + align:start position:0% +know he wrote uh beautiful letters uh he + + + align:start position:0% +know he wrote uh beautiful letters uh he +was a Catholic priest and yet he + + align:start position:0% +was a Catholic priest and yet he + + + align:start position:0% +was a Catholic priest and yet he +identified as somebody who has the + + align:start position:0% +identified as somebody who has the + + + align:start position:0% +identified as somebody who has the +problem of hid so it just shows it just + + align:start position:0% +problem of hid so it just shows it just + + + align:start position:0% +problem of hid so it just shows it just +reveals that there there there are + + align:start position:0% +reveals that there there there are + + + align:start position:0% +reveals that there there there are +fundamental senses we all have of uh + + align:start position:0% +fundamental senses we all have of uh + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental senses we all have of uh +many people have of um you know guilt + + align:start position:0% +many people have of um you know guilt + + + align:start position:0% +many people have of um you know guilt +and uh you know a sense that uh they + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know a sense that uh they + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you know a sense that uh they +have transgressed even when by normal + + align:start position:0% +have transgressed even when by normal + + + align:start position:0% +have transgressed even when by normal +standards you look you'd say you know + + align:start position:0% +standards you look you'd say you know + + + align:start position:0% +standards you look you'd say you know +there's there's no evidence to that just + + align:start position:0% +there's there's no evidence to that just + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's no evidence to that just +going back to our like discussions + + align:start position:0% +going back to our like discussions + + + align:start position:0% +going back to our like discussions +before on machines kind of + + align:start position:0% +before on machines kind of + + + align:start position:0% +before on machines kind of +becoming beings with their intentions it + + align:start position:0% +becoming beings with their intentions it + + + align:start position:0% +becoming beings with their intentions it +seems like almost in society now we're + + align:start position:0% +seems like almost in society now we're + + + align:start position:0% +seems like almost in society now we're +allowing ourselves to create hides um + + align:start position:0% +allowing ourselves to create hides um + + + align:start position:0% +allowing ourselves to create hides um +that can coexist at the same time with + + align:start position:0% +that can coexist at the same time with + + + align:start position:0% +that can coexist at the same time with +machines like I was just thinking cuz my + + align:start position:0% +machines like I was just thinking cuz my + + + align:start position:0% +machines like I was just thinking cuz my +grandpa was in World War II and he flew + + align:start position:0% +grandpa was in World War II and he flew + + + align:start position:0% +grandpa was in World War II and he flew +bombing planes and he said that like + + align:start position:0% +bombing planes and he said that like + + + align:start position:0% +bombing planes and he said that like +while there was an objective and he knew + + align:start position:0% +while there was an objective and he knew + + + align:start position:0% +while there was an objective and he knew +that he had to do something for his + + align:start position:0% +that he had to do something for his + + + align:start position:0% +that he had to do something for his +country and for a certain cause there + + align:start position:0% +country and for a certain cause there + + + align:start position:0% +country and for a certain cause there +was like a certain guil guilt that he + + align:start position:0% +was like a certain guil guilt that he + + + align:start position:0% +was like a certain guil guilt that he +felt because he had been the one up + + align:start position:0% +felt because he had been the one up + + + align:start position:0% +felt because he had been the one up +there like dropping bombs on supposedly + + align:start position:0% +there like dropping bombs on supposedly + + + align:start position:0% +there like dropping bombs on supposedly +like some very innocent people that + + align:start position:0% +like some very innocent people that + + + align:start position:0% +like some very innocent people that +didn't deserve anything like that but + + align:start position:0% +didn't deserve anything like that but + + + align:start position:0% +didn't deserve anything like that but +now there are robots like planes that + + align:start position:0% +now there are robots like planes that + + + align:start position:0% +now there are robots like planes that +are mechanized and people are just + + align:start position:0% +are mechanized and people are just + + + align:start position:0% +are mechanized and people are just +sitting thousands of miles away pressing + + align:start position:0% +sitting thousands of miles away pressing + + + align:start position:0% +sitting thousands of miles away pressing +buttons and all of a sudden like the + + align:start position:0% +buttons and all of a sudden like the + + + align:start position:0% +buttons and all of a sudden like the +conscience again is separated from it + + align:start position:0% +conscience again is separated from it + + + align:start position:0% +conscience again is separated from it +and it's like at least + + align:start position:0% +and it's like at least + + + align:start position:0% +and it's like at least +with Hyde and Jackal like they were + + align:start position:0% +with Hyde and Jackal like they were + + + align:start position:0% +with Hyde and Jackal like they were +distinct and they couldn't coexist all + + align:start position:0% +distinct and they couldn't coexist all + + + align:start position:0% +distinct and they couldn't coexist all +once but then now people with + + align:start position:0% +once but then now people with + + + align:start position:0% +once but then now people with +machines it's a little bit of a scary + + align:start position:0% +machines it's a little bit of a scary + + + align:start position:0% +machines it's a little bit of a scary +thought that they could in a way create + + align:start position:0% +thought that they could in a way create + + + align:start position:0% +thought that they could in a way create +a hide and satisfy those cravings and at + + align:start position:0% +a hide and satisfy those cravings and at + + + align:start position:0% +a hide and satisfy those cravings and at +the same time be completely morally + + align:start position:0% +the same time be completely morally + + + align:start position:0% +the same time be completely morally +separated from it and our machines + + align:start position:0% +separated from it and our machines + + + align:start position:0% +separated from it and our machines +become our Heights so exactly that's a + + align:start position:0% +become our Heights so exactly that's a + + + align:start position:0% +become our Heights so exactly that's a +very good topic for + + align:start position:0% +very good topic for + + + align:start position:0% +very good topic for +paper going to do a paper on uh + + align:start position:0% +paper going to do a paper on uh + + + align:start position:0% +paper going to do a paper on uh +jackeline Hyde and Weiner and uh you + + align:start position:0% +jackeline Hyde and Weiner and uh you + + + align:start position:0% +jackeline Hyde and Weiner and uh you +know uh and and in Butler's machines uh + + align:start position:0% +know uh and and in Butler's machines uh + + + align:start position:0% +know uh and and in Butler's machines uh +this this would be a great uh way to + + align:start position:0% +this this would be a great uh way to + + + align:start position:0% +this this would be a great uh way to +pull it together yeah no that's that's a + + align:start position:0% +pull it together yeah no that's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +pull it together yeah no that's that's a +good point I mean these mechanical + + align:start position:0% +good point I mean these mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +good point I mean these mechanical +devices are expressions of ourselves and + + align:start position:0% +devices are expressions of ourselves and + + + align:start position:0% +devices are expressions of ourselves and +they're in some sense expressions of our + + align:start position:0% +they're in some sense expressions of our + + + align:start position:0% +they're in some sense expressions of our +psyche and our + + align:start position:0% +psyche and our + + + align:start position:0% +psyche and our +psyche + + align:start position:0% +psyche + + + align:start position:0% +psyche +uh has content that is not always + + align:start position:0% +uh has content that is not always + + + align:start position:0% +uh has content that is not always +conscious and a lot of it isn't + + align:start position:0% +conscious and a lot of it isn't + + + align:start position:0% +conscious and a lot of it isn't +conscious and we know that some of this + + align:start position:0% +conscious and we know that some of this + + + align:start position:0% +conscious and we know that some of this +content is full of aggression we're + + align:start position:0% +content is full of aggression we're + + + align:start position:0% +content is full of aggression we're +going to read Huxley for next class so + + align:start position:0% +going to read Huxley for next class so + + + align:start position:0% +going to read Huxley for next class so +huxley's uh Evolution and ethics and + + align:start position:0% +huxley's uh Evolution and ethics and + + + align:start position:0% +huxley's uh Evolution and ethics and +Huxley sort of explores this this + + align:start position:0% +Huxley sort of explores this this + + + align:start position:0% +Huxley sort of explores this this +problem of uh you know aggression and + + align:start position:0% +problem of uh you know aggression and + + + align:start position:0% +problem of uh you know aggression and +the fact that uh part of the instinctual + + align:start position:0% +the fact that uh part of the instinctual + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that uh part of the instinctual +behavior of organisms is uh uh as Casey + + align:start position:0% +behavior of organisms is uh uh as Casey + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of organisms is uh uh as Casey +was saying is is can be violent and + + align:start position:0% +was saying is is can be violent and + + + align:start position:0% +was saying is is can be violent and +aggressive it's it's there um and it's + + align:start position:0% +aggressive it's it's there um and it's + + + align:start position:0% +aggressive it's it's there um and it's +it's a natural part of uh it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's a natural part of uh it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a natural part of uh it's it's a +natural part of itself um uh well just a + + align:start position:0% +natural part of itself um uh well just a + + + align:start position:0% +natural part of itself um uh well just a +few words on this whole + + align:start position:0% +few words on this whole + + + align:start position:0% +few words on this whole +you know this this novel in some ways uh + + align:start position:0% +you know this this novel in some ways uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know this this novel in some ways uh +partakes of a uh a kind of discourse + + align:start position:0% +partakes of a uh a kind of discourse + + + align:start position:0% +partakes of a uh a kind of discourse +that was taking place at the end of uh + + align:start position:0% +that was taking place at the end of uh + + + align:start position:0% +that was taking place at the end of uh +at the end of this + + align:start position:0% +at the end of this + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of this +Century that did some kind of variation + + align:start position:0% +Century that did some kind of variation + + + align:start position:0% +Century that did some kind of variation +it drew a little bit from evolutionary + + align:start position:0% +it drew a little bit from evolutionary + + + align:start position:0% +it drew a little bit from evolutionary +theory because there was this notion in + + align:start position:0% +theory because there was this notion in + + + align:start position:0% +theory because there was this notion in +evolution as CLA mentioned of uh + + align:start position:0% +evolution as CLA mentioned of uh + + + align:start position:0% +evolution as CLA mentioned of uh +reversion and adism this this sense of + + align:start position:0% +reversion and adism this this sense of + + + align:start position:0% +reversion and adism this this sense of +expression of more uh primal + + align:start position:0% +expression of more uh primal + + + align:start position:0% +expression of more uh primal +characteristics and the fact that within + + align:start position:0% +characteristics and the fact that within + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics and the fact that within +the self the + + align:start position:0% +the self the + + + align:start position:0% +the self the +self contained the entire + + align:start position:0% +self contained the entire + + + align:start position:0% +self contained the entire +Repertory of uh psychological and + + align:start position:0% +Repertory of uh psychological and + + + align:start position:0% +Repertory of uh psychological and +instinctual uh + + align:start position:0% +instinctual uh + + + align:start position:0% +instinctual uh +behavior and yes we had developed these + + align:start position:0% +behavior and yes we had developed these + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and yes we had developed these +these filters through civilization and + + align:start position:0% +these filters through civilization and + + + align:start position:0% +these filters through civilization and +culture for it but you know they're + + align:start position:0% +culture for it but you know they're + + + align:start position:0% +culture for it but you know they're +still there someplace and this this + + align:start position:0% +still there someplace and this this + + + align:start position:0% +still there someplace and this this +hooked into a lot of discussion at the + + align:start position:0% +hooked into a lot of discussion at the + + + align:start position:0% +hooked into a lot of discussion at the +end of uh + + align:start position:0% +end of uh + + + align:start position:0% +end of uh +the century of uh what has sometimes + + align:start position:0% +the century of uh what has sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +the century of uh what has sometimes +been called fondal cultural thinking and + + align:start position:0% +been called fondal cultural thinking and + + + align:start position:0% +been called fondal cultural thinking and +that is at the end of the century there + + align:start position:0% +that is at the end of the century there + + + align:start position:0% +that is at the end of the century there +was this sense that there of of of + + align:start position:0% +was this sense that there of of of + + + align:start position:0% +was this sense that there of of of +apocalyptic you know that things were + + align:start position:0% +apocalyptic you know that things were + + + align:start position:0% +apocalyptic you know that things were +coming to an end and uh a lot of this + + align:start position:0% +coming to an end and uh a lot of this + + + align:start position:0% +coming to an end and uh a lot of this +was inspired + + align:start position:0% +was inspired + + + align:start position:0% +was inspired +by uh certain kinds of metaphors built + + align:start position:0% +by uh certain kinds of metaphors built + + + align:start position:0% +by uh certain kinds of metaphors built +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +Evolution uh one of Darwin's colleagues + + align:start position:0% +Evolution uh one of Darwin's colleagues + + + align:start position:0% +Evolution uh one of Darwin's colleagues +a younger colleague uh e Lancaster wrote + + align:start position:0% +a younger colleague uh e Lancaster wrote + + + align:start position:0% +a younger colleague uh e Lancaster wrote +a book uh titled degeneration a chapter + + align:start position:0% +a book uh titled degeneration a chapter + + + align:start position:0% +a book uh titled degeneration a chapter +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +Darwinism in which he uh he he gave an + + align:start position:0% +Darwinism in which he uh he he gave an + + + align:start position:0% +Darwinism in which he uh he he gave an +account it's an interesting little book + + align:start position:0% +account it's an interesting little book + + + align:start position:0% +account it's an interesting little book +U he sort of uh there's a lot of biology + + align:start position:0% +U he sort of uh there's a lot of biology + + + align:start position:0% +U he sort of uh there's a lot of biology +in it and he talks a lot about uh forms + + align:start position:0% +in it and he talks a lot about uh forms + + + align:start position:0% +in it and he talks a lot about uh forms +that are degenerated + + align:start position:0% +that are degenerated + + + align:start position:0% +that are degenerated +forms and + + align:start position:0% +forms and + + + align:start position:0% +forms and +U uh we have to be careful with his + + align:start position:0% +U uh we have to be careful with his + + + align:start position:0% +U uh we have to be careful with his +language here because we sometimes come + + align:start position:0% +language here because we sometimes come + + + align:start position:0% +language here because we sometimes come +back to this question of uh devolution + + align:start position:0% +back to this question of uh devolution + + + align:start position:0% +back to this question of uh devolution +is there such a thing as Devolution I + + align:start position:0% +is there such a thing as Devolution I + + + align:start position:0% +is there such a thing as Devolution I +mean Evolution continues to go forward + + align:start position:0% +mean Evolution continues to go forward + + + align:start position:0% +mean Evolution continues to go forward +and whatever whatever + + align:start position:0% +and whatever whatever + + + align:start position:0% +and whatever whatever +species uh change takes place is an + + align:start position:0% +species uh change takes place is an + + + align:start position:0% +species uh change takes place is an +advance of some kind on what took place + + align:start position:0% +advance of some kind on what took place + + + align:start position:0% +advance of some kind on what took place +before because it's it's more able to + + align:start position:0% +before because it's it's more able to + + + align:start position:0% +before because it's it's more able to +succeed and in some of these uh highly + + align:start position:0% +succeed and in some of these uh highly + + + align:start position:0% +succeed and in some of these uh highly +stable + + align:start position:0% +stable + + + align:start position:0% +stable +environments what happens is organisms + + align:start position:0% +environments what happens is organisms + + + align:start position:0% +environments what happens is organisms +that live in highly stable environments + + align:start position:0% +that live in highly stable environments + + + align:start position:0% +that live in highly stable environments +with you know very uh predictable food + + align:start position:0% +with you know very uh predictable food + + + align:start position:0% +with you know very uh predictable food +sources and means of + + align:start position:0% +sources and means of + + + align:start position:0% +sources and means of +survival will sometimes uh become more + + align:start position:0% +survival will sometimes uh become more + + + align:start position:0% +survival will sometimes uh become more +simplified in their adult forms + + align:start position:0% +simplified in their adult forms + + + align:start position:0% +simplified in their adult forms +and uh this this process was called + + align:start position:0% +and uh this this process was called + + + align:start position:0% +and uh this this process was called +degeneration uh Darwin called it + + align:start position:0% +degeneration uh Darwin called it + + + align:start position:0% +degeneration uh Darwin called it +reversion and what it really meant was + + align:start position:0% +reversion and what it really meant was + + + align:start position:0% +reversion and what it really meant was +uh the change from a more complex form + + align:start position:0% +uh the change from a more complex form + + + align:start position:0% +uh the change from a more complex form +to a simpler form uh Through Time and + + align:start position:0% +to a simpler form uh Through Time and + + + align:start position:0% +to a simpler form uh Through Time and +like I said it was it was largely the + + align:start position:0% +like I said it was it was largely the + + + align:start position:0% +like I said it was it was largely the +result of Highly stable environments so + + align:start position:0% +result of Highly stable environments so + + + align:start position:0% +result of Highly stable environments so +if you're sitting at the bottom of the + + align:start position:0% +if you're sitting at the bottom of the + + + align:start position:0% +if you're sitting at the bottom of the +ocean in a nutrient + + align:start position:0% +ocean in a nutrient + + + align:start position:0% +ocean in a nutrient +stream where you really don't have to + + align:start position:0% +stream where you really don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +stream where you really don't have to +move that much to get your source of + + align:start position:0% +move that much to get your source of + + + align:start position:0% +move that much to get your source of +food what happens to your biology over + + align:start position:0% +food what happens to your biology over + + + align:start position:0% +food what happens to your biology over +long periods of time Millennia we're + + align:start position:0% +long periods of time Millennia we're + + + align:start position:0% +long periods of time Millennia we're +talking well huge huge periods of time + + align:start position:0% +talking well huge huge periods of time + + + align:start position:0% +talking well huge huge periods of time +thousands of generations what's likely + + align:start position:0% +thousands of generations what's likely + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of generations what's likely +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +happen Chris stabilizes because there's + + align:start position:0% +happen Chris stabilizes because there's + + + align:start position:0% +happen Chris stabilizes because there's +no need to change there's no need for + + align:start position:0% +no need to change there's no need for + + + align:start position:0% +no need to change there's no need for +natural + + align:start position:0% +natural + + + align:start position:0% +natural +selection well the yeah there there + + align:start position:0% +selection well the yeah there there + + + align:start position:0% +selection well the yeah there there +there's no need to uh + + align:start position:0% +there's no need to uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's no need to uh +retain as complex a function set if you + + align:start position:0% +retain as complex a function set if you + + + align:start position:0% +retain as complex a function set if you +will as you would need in your ancestral + + align:start position:0% +will as you would need in your ancestral + + + align:start position:0% +will as you would need in your ancestral +form if it were more competitive and + + align:start position:0% +form if it were more competitive and + + + align:start position:0% +form if it were more competitive and +More in in environments where there were + + align:start position:0% +More in in environments where there were + + + align:start position:0% +More in in environments where there were +more uh where there was more change so + + align:start position:0% +more uh where there was more change so + + + align:start position:0% +more uh where there was more change so +these highly stable environments one is + + align:start position:0% +these highly stable environments one is + + + align:start position:0% +these highly stable environments one is +the inside of the + + align:start position:0% +the inside of the + + + align:start position:0% +the inside of the +body huge parasites uh lots and lots of + + align:start position:0% +body huge parasites uh lots and lots of + + + align:start position:0% +body huge parasites uh lots and lots of +parasites have developed in the body + + align:start position:0% +parasites have developed in the body + + + align:start position:0% +parasites have developed in the body +that uh have lost a lot of their their + + align:start position:0% +that uh have lost a lot of their their + + + align:start position:0% +that uh have lost a lot of their their +functionality in terms of ability to + + align:start position:0% +functionality in terms of ability to + + + align:start position:0% +functionality in terms of ability to +move and so forth tapeworms things of + + align:start position:0% +move and so forth tapeworms things of + + + align:start position:0% +move and so forth tapeworms things of +this sort uh they simply attach to a + + align:start position:0% +this sort uh they simply attach to a + + + align:start position:0% +this sort uh they simply attach to a +steady flow of food source and basically + + align:start position:0% +steady flow of food source and basically + + + align:start position:0% +steady flow of food source and basically +just open their mouths and uh or partake + + align:start position:0% +just open their mouths and uh or partake + + + align:start position:0% +just open their mouths and uh or partake +of the food stream and you know over + + align:start position:0% +of the food stream and you know over + + + align:start position:0% +of the food stream and you know over +thousands of generations they become + + align:start position:0% +thousands of generations they become + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of generations they become +simplified CU it takes more energy to + + align:start position:0% +simplified CU it takes more energy to + + + align:start position:0% +simplified CU it takes more energy to +maintain a more complex + + align:start position:0% +maintain a more complex + + + align:start position:0% +maintain a more complex +organism you know more complex nervous + + align:start position:0% +organism you know more complex nervous + + + align:start position:0% +organism you know more complex nervous +system and so forth and these little + + align:start position:0% +system and so forth and these little + + + align:start position:0% +system and so forth and these little +tunicates were were talked about uh uh + + align:start position:0% +tunicates were were talked about uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +tunicates were were talked about uh uh +Lancaster talked about in his + + align:start position:0% +Lancaster talked about in his + + + align:start position:0% +Lancaster talked about in his +degeneration and their their juvenile + + align:start position:0% +degeneration and their their juvenile + + + align:start position:0% +degeneration and their their juvenile +forms had all this complexity you see + + align:start position:0% +forms had all this complexity you see + + + align:start position:0% +forms had all this complexity you see +the juvenile at the top and then um + + align:start position:0% +the juvenile at the top and then um + + + align:start position:0% +the juvenile at the top and then um +and then the uh then in the more adult + + align:start position:0% +and then the uh then in the more adult + + + align:start position:0% +and then the uh then in the more adult +forms uh the maturing forms they + + align:start position:0% +forms uh the maturing forms they + + + align:start position:0% +forms uh the maturing forms they +actually became highly simplified they + + align:start position:0% +actually became highly simplified they + + + align:start position:0% +actually became highly simplified they +lost nervous a part of the nervous + + align:start position:0% +lost nervous a part of the nervous + + + align:start position:0% +lost nervous a part of the nervous +system and so on and so forth this this + + align:start position:0% +system and so on and so forth this this + + + align:start position:0% +system and so on and so forth this this +and and they lost ability to move uh and + + align:start position:0% +and and they lost ability to move uh and + + + align:start position:0% +and and they lost ability to move uh and +you know to uh they uh they changed + + align:start position:0% +you know to uh they uh they changed + + + align:start position:0% +you know to uh they uh they changed +their their their physiology changed to + + align:start position:0% +their their their physiology changed to + + + align:start position:0% +their their their physiology changed to +Something in in the adult stage that was + + align:start position:0% +Something in in the adult stage that was + + + align:start position:0% +Something in in the adult stage that was +much simp much more simplified than the + + align:start position:0% +much simp much more simplified than the + + + align:start position:0% +much simp much more simplified than the +Ju juile stage so uh Lancaster took this + + align:start position:0% +Ju juile stage so uh Lancaster took this + + + align:start position:0% +Ju juile stage so uh Lancaster took this +as an example and in the size of the uh + + align:start position:0% +as an example and in the size of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +as an example and in the size of the uh +of the organism uh populations of + + align:start position:0% +of the organism uh populations of + + + align:start position:0% +of the organism uh populations of +degenerated + + align:start position:0% +degenerated + + + align:start position:0% +degenerated +organisms I'm using Lancaster's term + + align:start position:0% +organisms I'm using Lancaster's term + + + align:start position:0% +organisms I'm using Lancaster's term +here now is is huge parasites are just + + align:start position:0% +here now is is huge parasites are just + + + align:start position:0% +here now is is huge parasites are just +it's it's a vast field and almost all + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a vast field and almost all + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a vast field and almost all +parasites and certain types of uh + + align:start position:0% +parasites and certain types of uh + + + align:start position:0% +parasites and certain types of uh +organism like tunicates that live at the + + align:start position:0% +organism like tunicates that live at the + + + align:start position:0% +organism like tunicates that live at the +bottom in the ocean and they all they do + + align:start position:0% +bottom in the ocean and they all they do + + + align:start position:0% +bottom in the ocean and they all they do +is they just sort of filter the stream + + align:start position:0% +is they just sort of filter the stream + + + align:start position:0% +is they just sort of filter the stream +as it comes uh past them and they get + + align:start position:0% +as it comes uh past them and they get + + + align:start position:0% +as it comes uh past them and they get +everything they need from that so they + + align:start position:0% +everything they need from that so they + + + align:start position:0% +everything they need from that so they +can become uh much more viable with far + + align:start position:0% +can become uh much more viable with far + + + align:start position:0% +can become uh much more viable with far +less uh + + align:start position:0% +less uh + + + align:start position:0% +less uh +physiology and so they they actually + + align:start position:0% +physiology and so they they actually + + + align:start position:0% +physiology and so they they actually +become simplified and it it's a huge + + align:start position:0% +become simplified and it it's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +become simplified and it it's a huge +phenomenon um but then uh Lancaster + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon um but then uh Lancaster + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon um but then uh Lancaster +studying this + + align:start position:0% +studying this + + + align:start position:0% +studying this +form applied it to civilization and + + align:start position:0% +form applied it to civilization and + + + align:start position:0% +form applied it to civilization and +culture and uh somewhat outrageously + + align:start position:0% +culture and uh somewhat outrageously + + + align:start position:0% +culture and uh somewhat outrageously +because it was he was trying to argue + + align:start position:0% +because it was he was trying to argue + + + align:start position:0% +because it was he was trying to argue +for more uh for investment in scientific + + align:start position:0% +for more uh for investment in scientific + + + align:start position:0% +for more uh for investment in scientific +education + + align:start position:0% +education + + + align:start position:0% +education +actually the concept that uh + + align:start position:0% +actually the concept that uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually the concept that uh +degeneration + + align:start position:0% +degeneration + + + align:start position:0% +degeneration +expresses is sort of uh it's almost + + align:start position:0% +expresses is sort of uh it's almost + + + align:start position:0% +expresses is sort of uh it's almost +moral it's it's almost like applying + + align:start position:0% +moral it's it's almost like applying + + + align:start position:0% +moral it's it's almost like applying +morality to biological change because + + align:start position:0% +morality to biological change because + + + align:start position:0% +morality to biological change because +degenerate and + + align:start position:0% +degenerate and + + + align:start position:0% +degenerate and +degeneration is a a uh you know a phrase + + align:start position:0% +degeneration is a a uh you know a phrase + + + align:start position:0% +degeneration is a a uh you know a phrase +that is kind of it's a highly negative + + align:start position:0% +that is kind of it's a highly negative + + + align:start position:0% +that is kind of it's a highly negative +concept that something degenerated + + align:start position:0% +concept that something degenerated + + + align:start position:0% +concept that something degenerated +something became less than it could be + + align:start position:0% +something became less than it could be + + + align:start position:0% +something became less than it could be +and so on so uh Lancaster's book which + + align:start position:0% +and so on so uh Lancaster's book which + + + align:start position:0% +and so on so uh Lancaster's book which +you know the as much as I know of the + + align:start position:0% +you know the as much as I know of the + + + align:start position:0% +you know the as much as I know of the +biology of it uh uh is is a pretty good + + align:start position:0% +biology of it uh uh is is a pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +biology of it uh uh is is a pretty good +little book but then he kind of gets off + + align:start position:0% +little book but then he kind of gets off + + + align:start position:0% +little book but then he kind of gets off +into this whole Riff on on how you know + + align:start position:0% +into this whole Riff on on how you know + + + align:start position:0% +into this whole Riff on on how you know +cultures and societies if they don't if + + align:start position:0% +cultures and societies if they don't if + + + align:start position:0% +cultures and societies if they don't if +they don't uh strive to improve + + align:start position:0% +they don't uh strive to improve + + + align:start position:0% +they don't uh strive to improve +themselves and educate themselves and + + align:start position:0% +themselves and educate themselves and + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and educate themselves and +become more knowledgeable will + + align:start position:0% +become more knowledgeable will + + + align:start position:0% +become more knowledgeable will +degenerate into simpler uh societies + + align:start position:0% +degenerate into simpler uh societies + + + align:start position:0% +degenerate into simpler uh societies +that will become in some sense corrupt + + align:start position:0% +that will become in some sense corrupt + + + align:start position:0% +that will become in some sense corrupt +and this fit into these some of these + + align:start position:0% +and this fit into these some of these + + + align:start position:0% +and this fit into these some of these +Notions that at the end of the century + + align:start position:0% +Notions that at the end of the century + + + align:start position:0% +Notions that at the end of the century +you know societies were becoming + + align:start position:0% +you know societies were becoming + + + align:start position:0% +you know societies were becoming +degenerated they were becoming more + + align:start position:0% +degenerated they were becoming more + + + align:start position:0% +degenerated they were becoming more +corrupt they were becoming uh less uh + + align:start position:0% +corrupt they were becoming uh less uh + + + align:start position:0% +corrupt they were becoming uh less uh +moral morally uh + + align:start position:0% +moral morally uh + + + align:start position:0% +moral morally uh +uh uh efficient or effective I didn't + + align:start position:0% +uh uh efficient or effective I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh efficient or effective I didn't +quite find the right word there but this + + align:start position:0% +quite find the right word there but this + + + align:start position:0% +quite find the right word there but this +this notion of cultural atrophy which + + align:start position:0% +this notion of cultural atrophy which + + + align:start position:0% +this notion of cultural atrophy which +was just a totally crazy idea it's it's + + align:start position:0% +was just a totally crazy idea it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +was just a totally crazy idea it's it's +sort of but it it fit in with his notion + + align:start position:0% +sort of but it it fit in with his notion + + + align:start position:0% +sort of but it it fit in with his notion +then part of his argument was that well + + align:start position:0% +then part of his argument was that well + + + align:start position:0% +then part of his argument was that well +we need to invest in Science Education + + align:start position:0% +we need to invest in Science Education + + + align:start position:0% +we need to invest in Science Education +so we can educate people uh and uh you + + align:start position:0% +so we can educate people uh and uh you + + + align:start position:0% +so we can educate people uh and uh you +know teach them + + align:start position:0% +know teach them + + + align:start position:0% +know teach them +uh uh we can spread the educational U uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh we can spread the educational U uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh we can spread the educational U uh +resources and and the and his conclusion + + align:start position:0% +resources and and the and his conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +resources and and the and his conclusion +is that this will improve the society + + align:start position:0% +is that this will improve the society + + + align:start position:0% +is that this will improve the society +and prevent it from degenerating so was + + align:start position:0% +and prevent it from degenerating so was + + + align:start position:0% +and prevent it from degenerating so was +uh it just shows you the way in which + + align:start position:0% +uh it just shows you the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +uh it just shows you the way in which +some of these these + + align:start position:0% +some of these these + + + align:start position:0% +some of these these +metaphors in culture were based on + + align:start position:0% +metaphors in culture were based on + + + align:start position:0% +metaphors in culture were based on +biological Origins but often times in + + align:start position:0% +biological Origins but often times in + + + align:start position:0% +biological Origins but often times in +really crazy way in ways that are not + + align:start position:0% +really crazy way in ways that are not + + + align:start position:0% +really crazy way in ways that are not +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +uh defensible and the only reason + + align:start position:0% +uh defensible and the only reason + + + align:start position:0% +uh defensible and the only reason +Lancaster could get away with it was + + align:start position:0% +Lancaster could get away with it was + + + align:start position:0% +Lancaster could get away with it was +because he was a very fine scientist and + + align:start position:0% +because he was a very fine scientist and + + + align:start position:0% +because he was a very fine scientist and +he could make these arguments and you + + align:start position:0% +he could make these arguments and you + + + align:start position:0% +he could make these arguments and you +know uh he he was uh he was he was + + align:start position:0% +know uh he he was uh he was he was + + + align:start position:0% +know uh he he was uh he was he was +respected but it was it was a case of uh + + align:start position:0% +respected but it was it was a case of uh + + + align:start position:0% +respected but it was it was a case of uh +you know somebody making an argument + + align:start position:0% +you know somebody making an argument + + + align:start position:0% +you know somebody making an argument +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +um had some meaning in biology and + + align:start position:0% +um had some meaning in biology and + + + align:start position:0% +um had some meaning in biology and +biological framework but then when they + + align:start position:0% +biological framework but then when they + + + align:start position:0% +biological framework but then when they +pulled out into trying to apply it to + + align:start position:0% +pulled out into trying to apply it to + + + align:start position:0% +pulled out into trying to apply it to +cultural + + align:start position:0% +cultural + + + align:start position:0% +cultural +sort of became nonsensical almost \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Nc2qMVsHkgc.txt b/Nc2qMVsHkgc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46dab5c699a013f68638046332e2a1657eaf5b24 --- /dev/null +++ b/Nc2qMVsHkgc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5171 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +hi + + align:start position:0% +hi + + + align:start position:0% +hi +my name is odas nakesh mana i am an + + align:start position:0% +my name is odas nakesh mana i am an + + + align:start position:0% +my name is odas nakesh mana i am an +undergraduate student and researcher at + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate student and researcher at + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate student and researcher at +mit + + align:start position:0% +mit + + + align:start position:0% +mit +in this video we'll continue exploring + + align:start position:0% +in this video we'll continue exploring + + + align:start position:0% +in this video we'll continue exploring +fairness in machine learning + + align:start position:0% +fairness in machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +fairness in machine learning +by looking at techniques for mitigating + + align:start position:0% +by looking at techniques for mitigating + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at techniques for mitigating +bias throughout the course we'll start + + align:start position:0% +bias throughout the course we'll start + + + align:start position:0% +bias throughout the course we'll start +by illustrating bias in machine learning + + align:start position:0% +by illustrating bias in machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +by illustrating bias in machine learning +then we look at techniques for + + align:start position:0% +then we look at techniques for + + + align:start position:0% +then we look at techniques for +mitigating bias specifically we'll + + align:start position:0% +mitigating bias specifically we'll + + + align:start position:0% +mitigating bias specifically we'll +explore + + align:start position:0% +explore + + + align:start position:0% +explore +two types of techniques the database + + align:start position:0% +two types of techniques the database + + + align:start position:0% +two types of techniques the database +techniques that + + align:start position:0% +techniques that + + + align:start position:0% +techniques that +where we look at how to calibrate and + + align:start position:0% +where we look at how to calibrate and + + + align:start position:0% +where we look at how to calibrate and +augment our data set + + align:start position:0% +augment our data set + + + align:start position:0% +augment our data set +to mitigate bias in machine learning and + + align:start position:0% +to mitigate bias in machine learning and + + + align:start position:0% +to mitigate bias in machine learning and +then we look at model-based techniques + + align:start position:0% +then we look at model-based techniques + + + align:start position:0% +then we look at model-based techniques +in which explore different model types + + align:start position:0% +in which explore different model types + + + align:start position:0% +in which explore different model types +and architectures + + align:start position:0% +and architectures + + + align:start position:0% +and architectures +that help us to get to a less biased + + align:start position:0% +that help us to get to a less biased + + + align:start position:0% +that help us to get to a less biased +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +and we'll do this by applying these + + align:start position:0% +and we'll do this by applying these + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll do this by applying these +techniques on the uci adult data set + + align:start position:0% +techniques on the uci adult data set + + + align:start position:0% +techniques on the uci adult data set +in this module we'll explore different + + align:start position:0% +in this module we'll explore different + + + align:start position:0% +in this module we'll explore different +steps and principles involved in + + align:start position:0% +steps and principles involved in + + + align:start position:0% +steps and principles involved in +building less biased machine learning + + align:start position:0% +building less biased machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +building less biased machine learning +applications + + align:start position:0% +applications + + + align:start position:0% +applications +we look at two main classes of + + align:start position:0% +we look at two main classes of + + + align:start position:0% +we look at two main classes of +techniques specifically data and model + + align:start position:0% +techniques specifically data and model + + + align:start position:0% +techniques specifically data and model +based techniques for mitigating bias in + + align:start position:0% +based techniques for mitigating bias in + + + align:start position:0% +based techniques for mitigating bias in +machine learning + + align:start position:0% +machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +machine learning +we'll be applying these techniques on + + align:start position:0% +we'll be applying these techniques on + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be applying these techniques on +the uci adult data set + + align:start position:0% +the uci adult data set + + + align:start position:0% +the uci adult data set +with the purpose of mitigating gender + + align:start position:0% +with the purpose of mitigating gender + + + align:start position:0% +with the purpose of mitigating gender +bias in predicting income category + + align:start position:0% +bias in predicting income category + + + align:start position:0% +bias in predicting income category +this module is comprised of seven main + + align:start position:0% +this module is comprised of seven main + + + align:start position:0% +this module is comprised of seven main +parts + + align:start position:0% +parts + + + align:start position:0% +parts +in part one we're going to look at an + + align:start position:0% +in part one we're going to look at an + + + align:start position:0% +in part one we're going to look at an +overview of algorithmic bias + + align:start position:0% +overview of algorithmic bias + + + align:start position:0% +overview of algorithmic bias +in the second part we will explore the + + align:start position:0% +in the second part we will explore the + + + align:start position:0% +in the second part we will explore the +uci adult data set + + align:start position:0% +uci adult data set + + + align:start position:0% +uci adult data set +in the third part we look at different + + align:start position:0% +in the third part we look at different + + + align:start position:0% +in the third part we look at different +data preparation steps for machine + + align:start position:0% +data preparation steps for machine + + + align:start position:0% +data preparation steps for machine +learning + + align:start position:0% +learning + + + align:start position:0% +learning +in part 4 we're going to look at an + + align:start position:0% +in part 4 we're going to look at an + + + align:start position:0% +in part 4 we're going to look at an +example of gender bias + + align:start position:0% +example of gender bias + + + align:start position:0% +example of gender bias +and in part 5 we're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +and in part 5 we're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +and in part 5 we're going to look at +different database + + align:start position:0% +different database + + + align:start position:0% +different database +approaches for mitigating gender bias + + align:start position:0% +approaches for mitigating gender bias + + + align:start position:0% +approaches for mitigating gender bias +and in part 6 we're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +and in part 6 we're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +and in part 6 we're going to look at +different model based approaches + + align:start position:0% +different model based approaches + + + align:start position:0% +different model based approaches +and in the last part we'll conclude by + + align:start position:0% +and in the last part we'll conclude by + + + align:start position:0% +and in the last part we'll conclude by +looking at the possible next steps + + align:start position:0% +looking at the possible next steps + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the possible next steps +recommended prerequisites for this + + align:start position:0% +recommended prerequisites for this + + + align:start position:0% +recommended prerequisites for this +module are familiarity with the fields + + align:start position:0% +module are familiarity with the fields + + + align:start position:0% +module are familiarity with the fields +of data science statistics or machine + + align:start position:0% +of data science statistics or machine + + + align:start position:0% +of data science statistics or machine +learning + + align:start position:0% +learning + + + align:start position:0% +learning +and familiarity with the programming + + align:start position:0% +and familiarity with the programming + + + align:start position:0% +and familiarity with the programming +tools that we'll be using + + align:start position:0% +tools that we'll be using + + + align:start position:0% +tools that we'll be using +these are python pandas and the psychic + + align:start position:0% +these are python pandas and the psychic + + + align:start position:0% +these are python pandas and the psychic +learn + + align:start position:0% +learn + + + align:start position:0% +learn +library in part one of this module we + + align:start position:0% +library in part one of this module we + + + align:start position:0% +library in part one of this module we +will start by understanding algorithmic + + align:start position:0% +will start by understanding algorithmic + + + align:start position:0% +will start by understanding algorithmic +bias + + align:start position:0% +bias + + + align:start position:0% +bias +we will define it and look at its + + align:start position:0% +we will define it and look at its + + + align:start position:0% +we will define it and look at its +sources and implications + + align:start position:0% +sources and implications + + + align:start position:0% +sources and implications +throughout the module we will use the + + align:start position:0% +throughout the module we will use the + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the module we will use the +term bias algorithmic bias or model bias + + align:start position:0% +term bias algorithmic bias or model bias + + + align:start position:0% +term bias algorithmic bias or model bias +to describe systematic errors in + + align:start position:0% +to describe systematic errors in + + + align:start position:0% +to describe systematic errors in +algorithms or models that could lead to + + align:start position:0% +algorithms or models that could lead to + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms or models that could lead to +potentially unfair outcomes + + align:start position:0% +potentially unfair outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +potentially unfair outcomes +we will identify bias qualitatively and + + align:start position:0% +we will identify bias qualitatively and + + + align:start position:0% +we will identify bias qualitatively and +quantitatively + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively + + + align:start position:0% +quantitatively +by looking at modal errors disparities + + align:start position:0% +by looking at modal errors disparities + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at modal errors disparities +across different gender demographics + + align:start position:0% +across different gender demographics + + + align:start position:0% +across different gender demographics +and notes that throughout the module we + + align:start position:0% +and notes that throughout the module we + + + align:start position:0% +and notes that throughout the module we +will use gender to describe biological + + align:start position:0% +will use gender to describe biological + + + align:start position:0% +will use gender to describe biological +sex + + align:start position:0% +sex + + + align:start position:0% +sex +at birth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what are some potential sources of + + align:start position:0% +so what are some potential sources of + + + align:start position:0% +so what are some potential sources of +algorithmic bias + + align:start position:0% +algorithmic bias + + + align:start position:0% +algorithmic bias +first bias can come during data + + align:start position:0% +first bias can come during data + + + align:start position:0% +first bias can come during data +collection and this could happen + + align:start position:0% +collection and this could happen + + + align:start position:0% +collection and this could happen +when the data that you collect already + + align:start position:0% +when the data that you collect already + + + align:start position:0% +when the data that you collect already +contains some systematic biases or + + align:start position:0% +contains some systematic biases or + + + align:start position:0% +contains some systematic biases or +stereotypes about some demographics + + align:start position:0% +stereotypes about some demographics + + + align:start position:0% +stereotypes about some demographics +this could also happen if different + + align:start position:0% +this could also happen if different + + + align:start position:0% +this could also happen if different +demographics in our data set are not + + align:start position:0% +demographics in our data set are not + + + align:start position:0% +demographics in our data set are not +equally represented + + align:start position:0% +equally represented + + + align:start position:0% +equally represented +the second example of how bias could + + align:start position:0% +the second example of how bias could + + + align:start position:0% +the second example of how bias could +come in machine learning + + align:start position:0% +come in machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +come in machine learning +is in the training process when our + + align:start position:0% +is in the training process when our + + + align:start position:0% +is in the training process when our +models are not penalized for being + + align:start position:0% +models are not penalized for being + + + align:start position:0% +models are not penalized for being +biased + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algorithmic bias is a problem because of + + align:start position:0% +algorithmic bias is a problem because of + + + align:start position:0% +algorithmic bias is a problem because of +different reasons + + align:start position:0% +different reasons + + + align:start position:0% +different reasons +it leads to unfair outcomes towards some + + align:start position:0% +it leads to unfair outcomes towards some + + + align:start position:0% +it leads to unfair outcomes towards some +individuals or demographics + + align:start position:0% +individuals or demographics + + + align:start position:0% +individuals or demographics +and it leads to further bias propagation + + align:start position:0% +and it leads to further bias propagation + + + align:start position:0% +and it leads to further bias propagation +creating a feedback cycle of bias + + align:start position:0% +creating a feedback cycle of bias + + + align:start position:0% +creating a feedback cycle of bias +in the second part of this module we + + align:start position:0% +in the second part of this module we + + + align:start position:0% +in the second part of this module we +will explore the uci adult dataset + + align:start position:0% +will explore the uci adult dataset + + + align:start position:0% +will explore the uci adult dataset +by establishing familiarity with the + + align:start position:0% +by establishing familiarity with the + + + align:start position:0% +by establishing familiarity with the +dataset and looking at different + + align:start position:0% +dataset and looking at different + + + align:start position:0% +dataset and looking at different +distributions in the dataset + + align:start position:0% +distributions in the dataset + + + align:start position:0% +distributions in the dataset +the uci adult dataset is one of the most + + align:start position:0% +the uci adult dataset is one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +the uci adult dataset is one of the most +popular machine learning datasets + + align:start position:0% +popular machine learning datasets + + + align:start position:0% +popular machine learning datasets +it is available on the internet on the + + align:start position:0% +it is available on the internet on the + + + align:start position:0% +it is available on the internet on the +uci machine learning repository + + align:start position:0% +uci machine learning repository + + + align:start position:0% +uci machine learning repository +the data set is comprised of more than + + align:start position:0% +the data set is comprised of more than + + + align:start position:0% +the data set is comprised of more than +48 000 data points + + align:start position:0% +48 000 data points + + + align:start position:0% +48 000 data points +that were extracted from the 1994 census + + align:start position:0% +that were extracted from the 1994 census + + + align:start position:0% +that were extracted from the 1994 census +database in the united states + + align:start position:0% +database in the united states + + + align:start position:0% +database in the united states +each data point in the data set is + + align:start position:0% +each data point in the data set is + + + align:start position:0% +each data point in the data set is +comprised of 15 features + + align:start position:0% +comprised of 15 features + + + align:start position:0% +comprised of 15 features +these include age work class education + + align:start position:0% +these include age work class education + + + align:start position:0% +these include age work class education +relationship rates + + align:start position:0% +relationship rates + + + align:start position:0% +relationship rates +sex salary and others + + align:start position:0% +sex salary and others + + + align:start position:0% +sex salary and others +if you look at the gender distribution + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the gender distribution + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the gender distribution +in the data set + + align:start position:0% +in the data set + + + align:start position:0% +in the data set +we can see that about 16 000 individuals + + align:start position:0% +we can see that about 16 000 individuals + + + align:start position:0% +we can see that about 16 000 individuals +identify + + align:start position:0% +identify + + + align:start position:0% +identify +as female and about 32 000 individuals + + align:start position:0% +as female and about 32 000 individuals + + + align:start position:0% +as female and about 32 000 individuals +identify as male + + align:start position:0% +identify as male + + + align:start position:0% +identify as male +if you look at the race distribution you + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the race distribution you + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the race distribution you +can see that slightly more than 40 000 + + align:start position:0% +can see that slightly more than 40 000 + + + align:start position:0% +can see that slightly more than 40 000 +individuals identify as white + + align:start position:0% +individuals identify as white + + + align:start position:0% +individuals identify as white +and about four to five thousand + + align:start position:0% +and about four to five thousand + + + align:start position:0% +and about four to five thousand +individuals identify as black + + align:start position:0% +individuals identify as black + + + align:start position:0% +individuals identify as black +the rest is other minorities + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if we look at the distribution of income + + align:start position:0% +if we look at the distribution of income + + + align:start position:0% +if we look at the distribution of income +category in the general population we + + align:start position:0% +category in the general population we + + + align:start position:0% +category in the general population we +can see that + + align:start position:0% +can see that + + + align:start position:0% +can see that +about 37 000 individuals earned less or + + align:start position:0% +about 37 000 individuals earned less or + + + align:start position:0% +about 37 000 individuals earned less or +equal to 50 000 dollars + + align:start position:0% +equal to 50 000 dollars + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 50 000 dollars +and only about between 12 000 and 13 000 + + align:start position:0% +and only about between 12 000 and 13 000 + + + align:start position:0% +and only about between 12 000 and 13 000 +individuals earned more than 50 000 + + align:start position:0% +individuals earned more than 50 000 + + + align:start position:0% +individuals earned more than 50 000 +dollars by looking at the income level + + align:start position:0% +dollars by looking at the income level + + + align:start position:0% +dollars by looking at the income level +distribution across different levels + + align:start position:0% +distribution across different levels + + + align:start position:0% +distribution across different levels +we can see that the ratio of male + + align:start position:0% +we can see that the ratio of male + + + align:start position:0% +we can see that the ratio of male +individuals that make more than fifty + + align:start position:0% +individuals that make more than fifty + + + align:start position:0% +individuals that make more than fifty +thousand dollars + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars + + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars +is about a third but for the female + + align:start position:0% +is about a third but for the female + + + align:start position:0% +is about a third but for the female +demographic + + align:start position:0% +demographic + + + align:start position:0% +demographic +this ratio drops to about 20 percent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +an important observation from what we've + + align:start position:0% +an important observation from what we've + + + align:start position:0% +an important observation from what we've +seen so far + + align:start position:0% +seen so far + + + align:start position:0% +seen so far +is that the number of data points in the + + align:start position:0% +is that the number of data points in the + + + align:start position:0% +is that the number of data points in the +male population is significantly higher + + align:start position:0% +male population is significantly higher + + + align:start position:0% +male population is significantly higher +than the number of data points in the + + align:start position:0% +than the number of data points in the + + + align:start position:0% +than the number of data points in the +female population + + align:start position:0% +female population + + + align:start position:0% +female population +exceeding it by more than three times in + + align:start position:0% +exceeding it by more than three times in + + + align:start position:0% +exceeding it by more than three times in +the higher income category + + align:start position:0% +the higher income category + + + align:start position:0% +the higher income category +therefore it is very important to think + + align:start position:0% +therefore it is very important to think + + + align:start position:0% +therefore it is very important to think +about how this representation disparity + + align:start position:0% +about how this representation disparity + + + align:start position:0% +about how this representation disparity +might affect predictions of a model + + align:start position:0% +might affect predictions of a model + + + align:start position:0% +might affect predictions of a model +trend from this data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the third part of this module we are + + align:start position:0% +in the third part of this module we are + + + align:start position:0% +in the third part of this module we are +going to explore different steps + + align:start position:0% +going to explore different steps + + + align:start position:0% +going to explore different steps +involved in transforming our data from + + align:start position:0% +involved in transforming our data from + + + align:start position:0% +involved in transforming our data from +raw representation to appropriate + + align:start position:0% +raw representation to appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +raw representation to appropriate +numerical or categorical representation + + align:start position:0% +numerical or categorical representation + + + align:start position:0% +numerical or categorical representation +in order to be able to perform machine + + align:start position:0% +in order to be able to perform machine + + + align:start position:0% +in order to be able to perform machine +learning tasks + + align:start position:0% +learning tasks + + + align:start position:0% +learning tasks +an example of transformation to be made + + align:start position:0% +an example of transformation to be made + + + align:start position:0% +an example of transformation to be made +is the conversion of native country from + + align:start position:0% +is the conversion of native country from + + + align:start position:0% +is the conversion of native country from +raw representation to binary + + align:start position:0% +raw representation to binary + + + align:start position:0% +raw representation to binary +in this example we decided to assign a + + align:start position:0% +in this example we decided to assign a + + + align:start position:0% +in this example we decided to assign a +binary label + + align:start position:0% +binary label + + + align:start position:0% +binary label +to individuals who come from the united + + align:start position:0% +to individuals who come from the united + + + align:start position:0% +to individuals who come from the united +states + + align:start position:0% +states + + + align:start position:0% +states +and another binary reliable to + + align:start position:0% +and another binary reliable to + + + align:start position:0% +and another binary reliable to +individuals who come outside of the + + align:start position:0% +individuals who come outside of the + + + align:start position:0% +individuals who come outside of the +united states + + align:start position:0% +united states + + + align:start position:0% +united states +we apply the same transformation to the + + align:start position:0% +we apply the same transformation to the + + + align:start position:0% +we apply the same transformation to the +sex and salary attribute + + align:start position:0% +sex and salary attribute + + + align:start position:0% +sex and salary attribute +since each one of these attributes has + + align:start position:0% +since each one of these attributes has + + + align:start position:0% +since each one of these attributes has +two possible values in the data set + + align:start position:0% +two possible values in the data set + + + align:start position:0% +two possible values in the data set +therefore making binary representation + + align:start position:0% +therefore making binary representation + + + align:start position:0% +therefore making binary representation +appropriate + + align:start position:0% +appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate +there are more than two possible values + + align:start position:0% +there are more than two possible values + + + align:start position:0% +there are more than two possible values +that the relationship attribute can take + + align:start position:0% +that the relationship attribute can take + + + align:start position:0% +that the relationship attribute can take +therefore for this attribute we use one + + align:start position:0% +therefore for this attribute we use one + + + align:start position:0% +therefore for this attribute we use one +hot encoding + + align:start position:0% +hot encoding + + + align:start position:0% +hot encoding +which is more powerful than binary + + align:start position:0% +which is more powerful than binary + + + align:start position:0% +which is more powerful than binary +encoding because it can encode an + + align:start position:0% +encoding because it can encode an + + + align:start position:0% +encoding because it can encode an +alphabet of any size + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we apply the same transformation from + + align:start position:0% +we apply the same transformation from + + + align:start position:0% +we apply the same transformation from +raw representation to binary or one + + align:start position:0% +raw representation to binary or one + + + align:start position:0% +raw representation to binary or one +heart to all other categorical attribute + + align:start position:0% +heart to all other categorical attribute + + + align:start position:0% +heart to all other categorical attribute +in most cases we chose binary encoding + + align:start position:0% +in most cases we chose binary encoding + + + align:start position:0% +in most cases we chose binary encoding +for simplicity + + align:start position:0% +for simplicity + + + align:start position:0% +for simplicity +but this is often a decision that has to + + align:start position:0% +but this is often a decision that has to + + + align:start position:0% +but this is often a decision that has to +be made on case-by-case basis depending + + align:start position:0% +be made on case-by-case basis depending + + + align:start position:0% +be made on case-by-case basis depending +on the application + + align:start position:0% +on the application + + + align:start position:0% +on the application +it is also important to note that + + align:start position:0% +it is also important to note that + + + align:start position:0% +it is also important to note that +converting features like work class to + + align:start position:0% +converting features like work class to + + + align:start position:0% +converting features like work class to +binary can be programmatic + + align:start position:0% +binary can be programmatic + + + align:start position:0% +binary can be programmatic +if individuals from different categories + + align:start position:0% +if individuals from different categories + + + align:start position:0% +if individuals from different categories +have systematically different levels of + + align:start position:0% +have systematically different levels of + + + align:start position:0% +have systematically different levels of +income + + align:start position:0% +income + + + align:start position:0% +income +on the other hand not doing this might + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand not doing this might + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand not doing this might +be a problem if one category has very + + align:start position:0% +be a problem if one category has very + + + align:start position:0% +be a problem if one category has very +few people in needs that we can + + align:start position:0% +few people in needs that we can + + + align:start position:0% +few people in needs that we can +generalize from + + align:start position:0% +generalize from + + + align:start position:0% +generalize from +in the fourth part of this module we are + + align:start position:0% +in the fourth part of this module we are + + + align:start position:0% +in the fourth part of this module we are +going to illustrate gender bias + + align:start position:0% +going to illustrate gender bias + + + align:start position:0% +going to illustrate gender bias +we'll apply the standard machine + + align:start position:0% +we'll apply the standard machine + + + align:start position:0% +we'll apply the standard machine +learning approach to our data + + align:start position:0% +learning approach to our data + + + align:start position:0% +learning approach to our data +and then evaluate the bias in the task + + align:start position:0% +and then evaluate the bias in the task + + + align:start position:0% +and then evaluate the bias in the task +of predicting income + + align:start position:0% +of predicting income + + + align:start position:0% +of predicting income +category we start by splitting the data + + align:start position:0% +category we start by splitting the data + + + align:start position:0% +category we start by splitting the data +set + + align:start position:0% +set + + + align:start position:0% +set +into the training and test data we then + + align:start position:0% +into the training and test data we then + + + align:start position:0% +into the training and test data we then +fit + + align:start position:0% +fit + + + align:start position:0% +fit +mlp classifier on training data then use + + align:start position:0% +mlp classifier on training data then use + + + align:start position:0% +mlp classifier on training data then use +the model to make prediction on the test + + align:start position:0% +the model to make prediction on the test + + + align:start position:0% +the model to make prediction on the test +data + + align:start position:0% +data + + + align:start position:0% +data +in case you're not familiar with the + + align:start position:0% +in case you're not familiar with the + + + align:start position:0% +in case you're not familiar with the +multiplayer perceptron or mlp classifier + + align:start position:0% +multiplayer perceptron or mlp classifier + + + align:start position:0% +multiplayer perceptron or mlp classifier +this model belongs to the class of fit + + align:start position:0% +this model belongs to the class of fit + + + align:start position:0% +this model belongs to the class of fit +void neural networks + + align:start position:0% +void neural networks + + + align:start position:0% +void neural networks +each node uses a nonlinear activation + + align:start position:0% +each node uses a nonlinear activation + + + align:start position:0% +each node uses a nonlinear activation +function giving the motor ability to + + align:start position:0% +function giving the motor ability to + + + align:start position:0% +function giving the motor ability to +separate non-linear data + + align:start position:0% +separate non-linear data + + + align:start position:0% +separate non-linear data +the model is trained using back + + align:start position:0% +the model is trained using back + + + align:start position:0% +the model is trained using back +propagation technique + + align:start position:0% +propagation technique + + + align:start position:0% +propagation technique +however a few downsides is that the + + align:start position:0% +however a few downsides is that the + + + align:start position:0% +however a few downsides is that the +model suffers overfeeding and it is not + + align:start position:0% +model suffers overfeeding and it is not + + + align:start position:0% +model suffers overfeeding and it is not +easily interpretable + + align:start position:0% +easily interpretable + + + align:start position:0% +easily interpretable +before we evaluate our model let's start + + align:start position:0% +before we evaluate our model let's start + + + align:start position:0% +before we evaluate our model let's start +by establishing some terminology + + align:start position:0% +by establishing some terminology + + + align:start position:0% +by establishing some terminology +throughout the rest of the module we + + align:start position:0% +throughout the rest of the module we + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the rest of the module we +will refer to the positive category as a + + align:start position:0% +will refer to the positive category as a + + + align:start position:0% +will refer to the positive category as a +group of individuals that earn more than + + align:start position:0% +group of individuals that earn more than + + + align:start position:0% +group of individuals that earn more than +fifty thousand dollars a year or the + + align:start position:0% +fifty thousand dollars a year or the + + + align:start position:0% +fifty thousand dollars a year or the +high income category + + align:start position:0% +high income category + + + align:start position:0% +high income category +and we will refer to the negative + + align:start position:0% +and we will refer to the negative + + + align:start position:0% +and we will refer to the negative +category as a group of + + align:start position:0% +category as a group of + + + align:start position:0% +category as a group of +individuals that earn fifty thousand + + align:start position:0% +individuals that earn fifty thousand + + + align:start position:0% +individuals that earn fifty thousand +dollars a year or less + + align:start position:0% +dollars a year or less + + + align:start position:0% +dollars a year or less +we also refer to it as the low income + + align:start position:0% +we also refer to it as the low income + + + align:start position:0% +we also refer to it as the low income +category + + align:start position:0% +category + + + align:start position:0% +category +now that we've established important + + align:start position:0% +now that we've established important + + + align:start position:0% +now that we've established important +terminology let's look at different + + align:start position:0% +terminology let's look at different + + + align:start position:0% +terminology let's look at different +errored metrics for the model that we + + align:start position:0% +errored metrics for the model that we + + + align:start position:0% +errored metrics for the model that we +trend previously across different gender + + align:start position:0% +trend previously across different gender + + + align:start position:0% +trend previously across different gender +demographics + + align:start position:0% +demographics + + + align:start position:0% +demographics +if you look at accuracy you can see that + + align:start position:0% +if you look at accuracy you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at accuracy you can see that +the accuracy for the male demographic is + + align:start position:0% +the accuracy for the male demographic is + + + align:start position:0% +the accuracy for the male demographic is +about 0.8 + + align:start position:0% +about 0.8 + + + align:start position:0% +about 0.8 +all the accuracy for the female + + align:start position:0% +all the accuracy for the female + + + align:start position:0% +all the accuracy for the female +demographic is about 90 + + align:start position:0% +demographic is about 90 + + + align:start position:0% +demographic is about 90 +or 0.9 if you look at the positive rate + + align:start position:0% +or 0.9 if you look at the positive rate + + + align:start position:0% +or 0.9 if you look at the positive rate +and the true positive rate + + align:start position:0% +and the true positive rate + + + align:start position:0% +and the true positive rate +you can see that both of these metrics + + align:start position:0% +you can see that both of these metrics + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that both of these metrics +are higher for the male demographic than + + align:start position:0% +are higher for the male demographic than + + + align:start position:0% +are higher for the male demographic than +for the female demographic + + align:start position:0% +for the female demographic + + + align:start position:0% +for the female demographic +however if you cut negative rate and the + + align:start position:0% +however if you cut negative rate and the + + + align:start position:0% +however if you cut negative rate and the +tri-negative rate + + align:start position:0% +tri-negative rate + + + align:start position:0% +tri-negative rate +you can see that these metrics are + + align:start position:0% +you can see that these metrics are + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that these metrics are +higher for the female demographic than + + align:start position:0% +higher for the female demographic than + + + align:start position:0% +higher for the female demographic than +for the male demographic instead + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the metrics that we just saw indicate + + align:start position:0% +the metrics that we just saw indicate + + + align:start position:0% +the metrics that we just saw indicate +consistent disparity in error rate + + align:start position:0% +consistent disparity in error rate + + + align:start position:0% +consistent disparity in error rate +between the male and the female + + align:start position:0% +between the male and the female + + + align:start position:0% +between the male and the female +demographic + + align:start position:0% +demographic + + + align:start position:0% +demographic +this is what we will define as gender + + align:start position:0% +this is what we will define as gender + + + align:start position:0% +this is what we will define as gender +bias mitigating gender bias in this case + + align:start position:0% +bias mitigating gender bias in this case + + + align:start position:0% +bias mitigating gender bias in this case +is equivalent to using different + + align:start position:0% +is equivalent to using different + + + align:start position:0% +is equivalent to using different +techniques to minimize this disparity + + align:start position:0% +techniques to minimize this disparity + + + align:start position:0% +techniques to minimize this disparity +and this will be the forecast of the + + align:start position:0% +and this will be the forecast of the + + + align:start position:0% +and this will be the forecast of the +rest of the module + + align:start position:0% +rest of the module + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the module +in part 5 of our module we are going to + + align:start position:0% +in part 5 of our module we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +in part 5 of our module we are going to +explore different database debian + + align:start position:0% +explore different database debian + + + align:start position:0% +explore different database debian +techniques + + align:start position:0% +techniques + + + align:start position:0% +techniques +more specifically we will look at + + align:start position:0% +more specifically we will look at + + + align:start position:0% +more specifically we will look at +different ways we can recalibrate or + + align:start position:0% +different ways we can recalibrate or + + + align:start position:0% +different ways we can recalibrate or +augment our data sets in a way that + + align:start position:0% +augment our data sets in a way that + + + align:start position:0% +augment our data sets in a way that +makes predictions less biased + + align:start position:0% +makes predictions less biased + + + align:start position:0% +makes predictions less biased +the motivation behind this is from our + + align:start position:0% +the motivation behind this is from our + + + align:start position:0% +the motivation behind this is from our +hypothesis that the gender bias could + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that the gender bias could + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis that the gender bias could +come from anecdotal representation of + + align:start position:0% +come from anecdotal representation of + + + align:start position:0% +come from anecdotal representation of +male and female demographics in our + + align:start position:0% +male and female demographics in our + + + align:start position:0% +male and female demographics in our +dataset + + align:start position:0% +dataset + + + align:start position:0% +dataset +we therefore make an attempt to + + align:start position:0% +we therefore make an attempt to + + + align:start position:0% +we therefore make an attempt to +recalibrate or augment the data set with + + align:start position:0% +recalibrate or augment the data set with + + + align:start position:0% +recalibrate or augment the data set with +the aim of equalizing general + + align:start position:0% +the aim of equalizing general + + + align:start position:0% +the aim of equalizing general +representation in our training data + + align:start position:0% +representation in our training data + + + align:start position:0% +representation in our training data +the first database technique that we are + + align:start position:0% +the first database technique that we are + + + align:start position:0% +the first database technique that we are +going to explore is called devising by + + align:start position:0% +going to explore is called devising by + + + align:start position:0% +going to explore is called devising by +unawareness + + align:start position:0% +unawareness + + + align:start position:0% +unawareness +and in this technique we mitigate gender + + align:start position:0% +and in this technique we mitigate gender + + + align:start position:0% +and in this technique we mitigate gender +bias by removing + + align:start position:0% +bias by removing + + + align:start position:0% +bias by removing +gender from the attributes that we train + + align:start position:0% +gender from the attributes that we train + + + align:start position:0% +gender from the attributes that we train +on the code snippet shows our + + align:start position:0% +on the code snippet shows our + + + align:start position:0% +on the code snippet shows our +implementation + + align:start position:0% +implementation + + + align:start position:0% +implementation +by looking at the results for our + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the results for our + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the results for our +debussing by unawareness technique + + align:start position:0% +debussing by unawareness technique + + + align:start position:0% +debussing by unawareness technique +we can say that although there is not a + + align:start position:0% +we can say that although there is not a + + + align:start position:0% +we can say that although there is not a +significant improvement in reducing the + + align:start position:0% +significant improvement in reducing the + + + align:start position:0% +significant improvement in reducing the +gap for accuracy + + align:start position:0% +gap for accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +gap for accuracy +we are able to reduce the gap for other + + align:start position:0% +we are able to reduce the gap for other + + + align:start position:0% +we are able to reduce the gap for other +metrics like the positive rates the + + align:start position:0% +metrics like the positive rates the + + + align:start position:0% +metrics like the positive rates the +negative rate the true positive rate and + + align:start position:0% +negative rate the true positive rate and + + + align:start position:0% +negative rate the true positive rate and +the true negative rate + + align:start position:0% +the true negative rate + + + align:start position:0% +the true negative rate +and this is an example of how a + + align:start position:0% +and this is an example of how a + + + align:start position:0% +and this is an example of how a +depressing technique might not be able + + align:start position:0% +depressing technique might not be able + + + align:start position:0% +depressing technique might not be able +to achieve an improvement in all the + + align:start position:0% +to achieve an improvement in all the + + + align:start position:0% +to achieve an improvement in all the +metrics + + align:start position:0% +metrics + + + align:start position:0% +metrics +although it might see a significant + + align:start position:0% +although it might see a significant + + + align:start position:0% +although it might see a significant +reduction in the gap for other metrics + + align:start position:0% +reduction in the gap for other metrics + + + align:start position:0% +reduction in the gap for other metrics +of interest + + align:start position:0% +of interest + + + align:start position:0% +of interest +the biasing by analysis can be one + + align:start position:0% +the biasing by analysis can be one + + + align:start position:0% +the biasing by analysis can be one +approach to mitigate gender bias to some + + align:start position:0% +approach to mitigate gender bias to some + + + align:start position:0% +approach to mitigate gender bias to some +extent as we saw in our results + + align:start position:0% +extent as we saw in our results + + + align:start position:0% +extent as we saw in our results +however studies have shown that this + + align:start position:0% +however studies have shown that this + + + align:start position:0% +however studies have shown that this +method can be ineffective + + align:start position:0% +method can be ineffective + + + align:start position:0% +method can be ineffective +especially if there are other features + + align:start position:0% +especially if there are other features + + + align:start position:0% +especially if there are other features +in the datasets that have some + + align:start position:0% +in the datasets that have some + + + align:start position:0% +in the datasets that have some +correlation with the protected + + align:start position:0% +correlation with the protected + + + align:start position:0% +correlation with the protected +attributes that we are dropping + + align:start position:0% +attributes that we are dropping + + + align:start position:0% +attributes that we are dropping +these type of attributes are referred to + + align:start position:0% +these type of attributes are referred to + + + align:start position:0% +these type of attributes are referred to +as proxy variables + + align:start position:0% +as proxy variables + + + align:start position:0% +as proxy variables +the second database technique that we + + align:start position:0% +the second database technique that we + + + align:start position:0% +the second database technique that we +are going to explore is equalizing the + + align:start position:0% +are going to explore is equalizing the + + + align:start position:0% +are going to explore is equalizing the +number of data points + + align:start position:0% +number of data points + + + align:start position:0% +number of data points +and in this approach we will attempt to + + align:start position:0% +and in this approach we will attempt to + + + align:start position:0% +and in this approach we will attempt to +equalize representation + + align:start position:0% +equalize representation + + + align:start position:0% +equalize representation +by using equal number or equal ratio of + + align:start position:0% +by using equal number or equal ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +by using equal number or equal ratio of +male and female individuals + + align:start position:0% +male and female individuals + + + align:start position:0% +male and female individuals +in our data set or within each income + + align:start position:0% +in our data set or within each income + + + align:start position:0% +in our data set or within each income +category + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we will start by attempting to equalize + + align:start position:0% +we will start by attempting to equalize + + + align:start position:0% +we will start by attempting to equalize +the number of data points for gender + + align:start position:0% +the number of data points for gender + + + align:start position:0% +the number of data points for gender +category + + align:start position:0% +category + + + align:start position:0% +category +and in this approach we are going to + + align:start position:0% +and in this approach we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +and in this approach we are going to +draw a sample in which there is equal + + align:start position:0% +draw a sample in which there is equal + + + align:start position:0% +draw a sample in which there is equal +number of data points from the male + + align:start position:0% +number of data points from the male + + + align:start position:0% +number of data points from the male +demographic and from the female + + align:start position:0% +demographic and from the female + + + align:start position:0% +demographic and from the female +demographic + + align:start position:0% +demographic + + + align:start position:0% +demographic +feel free to pause the video to + + align:start position:0% +feel free to pause the video to + + + align:start position:0% +feel free to pause the video to +understand the implementation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these are the results that we got from + + align:start position:0% +these are the results that we got from + + + align:start position:0% +these are the results that we got from +training an mlp + + align:start position:0% +training an mlp + + + align:start position:0% +training an mlp +classifier on a data set in which there + + align:start position:0% +classifier on a data set in which there + + + align:start position:0% +classifier on a data set in which there +is an equal number of data points per + + align:start position:0% +is an equal number of data points per + + + align:start position:0% +is an equal number of data points per +agenda category + + align:start position:0% +agenda category + + + align:start position:0% +agenda category +feel free to pause the video to + + align:start position:0% +feel free to pause the video to + + + align:start position:0% +feel free to pause the video to +understand the results in more detail + + align:start position:0% +understand the results in more detail + + + align:start position:0% +understand the results in more detail +the next attempt will be to equalize the + + align:start position:0% +the next attempt will be to equalize the + + + align:start position:0% +the next attempt will be to equalize the +number of data points per income level + + align:start position:0% +number of data points per income level + + + align:start position:0% +number of data points per income level +in each gender category + + align:start position:0% +in each gender category + + + align:start position:0% +in each gender category +and what this means is that the number + + align:start position:0% +and what this means is that the number + + + align:start position:0% +and what this means is that the number +of high-income and low-income honors + + align:start position:0% +of high-income and low-income honors + + + align:start position:0% +of high-income and low-income honors +is the same in the male and the female + + align:start position:0% +is the same in the male and the female + + + align:start position:0% +is the same in the male and the female +demographic for the sample that you're + + align:start position:0% +demographic for the sample that you're + + + align:start position:0% +demographic for the sample that you're +going to use to train + + align:start position:0% +going to use to train + + + align:start position:0% +going to use to train +are the key metrics from a model that + + align:start position:0% +are the key metrics from a model that + + + align:start position:0% +are the key metrics from a model that +was trend on the sample of the data set + + align:start position:0% +was trend on the sample of the data set + + + align:start position:0% +was trend on the sample of the data set +in which there is an eco number of data + + align:start position:0% +in which there is an eco number of data + + + align:start position:0% +in which there is an eco number of data +points per income level + + align:start position:0% +points per income level + + + align:start position:0% +points per income level +in each gender category + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one downside to this methodology of + + align:start position:0% +one downside to this methodology of + + + align:start position:0% +one downside to this methodology of +equalizing the number of data points per + + align:start position:0% +equalizing the number of data points per + + + align:start position:0% +equalizing the number of data points per +demographic + + align:start position:0% +demographic + + + align:start position:0% +demographic +is that the size of the resulting data + + align:start position:0% +is that the size of the resulting data + + + align:start position:0% +is that the size of the resulting data +set depends on the size of the smallest + + align:start position:0% +set depends on the size of the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +set depends on the size of the smallest +demographic therefore if the smallest + + align:start position:0% +demographic therefore if the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +demographic therefore if the smallest +demographic has + + align:start position:0% +demographic has + + + align:start position:0% +demographic has +a very small number of data points + + align:start position:0% +a very small number of data points + + + align:start position:0% +a very small number of data points +you're going to end up with a very small + + align:start position:0% +you're going to end up with a very small + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to end up with a very small +training set + + align:start position:0% +training set + + + align:start position:0% +training set +therefore in some cases you might find + + align:start position:0% +therefore in some cases you might find + + + align:start position:0% +therefore in some cases you might find +that equalizing the ratio instead of the + + align:start position:0% +that equalizing the ratio instead of the + + + align:start position:0% +that equalizing the ratio instead of the +number of data points per demographic + + align:start position:0% +number of data points per demographic + + + align:start position:0% +number of data points per demographic +can lead to a higher resulting sample + + align:start position:0% +can lead to a higher resulting sample + + + align:start position:0% +can lead to a higher resulting sample +size and that's what we're going to look + + align:start position:0% +size and that's what we're going to look + + + align:start position:0% +size and that's what we're going to look +at in the next + + align:start position:0% +at in the next + + + align:start position:0% +at in the next +approach in this methodology of + + align:start position:0% +approach in this methodology of + + + align:start position:0% +approach in this methodology of +equalizing the ratio of the number of + + align:start position:0% +equalizing the ratio of the number of + + + align:start position:0% +equalizing the ratio of the number of +data points per income level in each + + align:start position:0% +data points per income level in each + + + align:start position:0% +data points per income level in each +category + + align:start position:0% +category + + + align:start position:0% +category +we equalize the ratio of male + + align:start position:0% +we equalize the ratio of male + + + align:start position:0% +we equalize the ratio of male +individuals with high income to + + align:start position:0% +individuals with high income to + + + align:start position:0% +individuals with high income to +male individuals with low income and we + + align:start position:0% +male individuals with low income and we + + + align:start position:0% +male individuals with low income and we +do this for the female demographic + + align:start position:0% +do this for the female demographic + + + align:start position:0% +do this for the female demographic +as well this results into a higher + + align:start position:0% +as well this results into a higher + + + align:start position:0% +as well this results into a higher +sample size and to see how this is the + + align:start position:0% +sample size and to see how this is the + + + align:start position:0% +sample size and to see how this is the +case + + align:start position:0% +case + + + align:start position:0% +case +i encourage you to look at the notebook + + align:start position:0% +i encourage you to look at the notebook + + + align:start position:0% +i encourage you to look at the notebook +for this work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the plot for the results of this + + align:start position:0% +this is the plot for the results of this + + + align:start position:0% +this is the plot for the results of this +methodology + + align:start position:0% +methodology + + + align:start position:0% +methodology +and you can see that although there is + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that although there is + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that although there is +some gap for the accuracy + + align:start position:0% +some gap for the accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +some gap for the accuracy +and true positive rate the gap is way + + align:start position:0% +and true positive rate the gap is way + + + align:start position:0% +and true positive rate the gap is way +smaller for positive rate and negative + + align:start position:0% +smaller for positive rate and negative + + + align:start position:0% +smaller for positive rate and negative +rate or true negative rate + + align:start position:0% +rate or true negative rate + + + align:start position:0% +rate or true negative rate +the next technique that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +the next technique that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the next technique that we're going to +look at is counterfactual augmentation + + align:start position:0% +look at is counterfactual augmentation + + + align:start position:0% +look at is counterfactual augmentation +and in this approach for each data point + + align:start position:0% +and in this approach for each data point + + + align:start position:0% +and in this approach for each data point +x i with a given gender + + align:start position:0% +x i with a given gender + + + align:start position:0% +x i with a given gender +we generate a new data point y i that + + align:start position:0% +we generate a new data point y i that + + + align:start position:0% +we generate a new data point y i that +differs with x i + + align:start position:0% +differs with x i + + + align:start position:0% +differs with x i +only at the gender attribute and we add + + align:start position:0% +only at the gender attribute and we add + + + align:start position:0% +only at the gender attribute and we add +y i to our training data set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i encourage you to pause a little bit + + align:start position:0% +i encourage you to pause a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +i encourage you to pause a little bit +and convince yourself that the resulting + + align:start position:0% +and convince yourself that the resulting + + + align:start position:0% +and convince yourself that the resulting +data set from counterfactual + + align:start position:0% +data set from counterfactual + + + align:start position:0% +data set from counterfactual +augmentation + + align:start position:0% +augmentation + + + align:start position:0% +augmentation +will satisfy all the following + + align:start position:0% +will satisfy all the following + + + align:start position:0% +will satisfy all the following +constraints shown here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the code snippet shown here shows our + + align:start position:0% +the code snippet shown here shows our + + + align:start position:0% +the code snippet shown here shows our +implementation of counterfactual + + align:start position:0% +implementation of counterfactual + + + align:start position:0% +implementation of counterfactual +augmentation on the data set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by looking at the results of counter + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the results of counter + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the results of counter +fracture augmentation on our data set + + align:start position:0% +fracture augmentation on our data set + + + align:start position:0% +fracture augmentation on our data set +you can see that the gap for all the + + align:start position:0% +you can see that the gap for all the + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that the gap for all the +metrics that we're looking at for the + + align:start position:0% +metrics that we're looking at for the + + + align:start position:0% +metrics that we're looking at for the +male and female demographic is pretty + + align:start position:0% +male and female demographic is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +male and female demographic is pretty +much gone + + align:start position:0% +much gone + + + align:start position:0% +much gone +and this is what we want and expect from + + align:start position:0% +and this is what we want and expect from + + + align:start position:0% +and this is what we want and expect from +a fair machine learning model + + align:start position:0% +a fair machine learning model + + + align:start position:0% +a fair machine learning model +so let's compare all the metrics of + + align:start position:0% +so let's compare all the metrics of + + + align:start position:0% +so let's compare all the metrics of +interest on all the approaches that + + align:start position:0% +interest on all the approaches that + + + align:start position:0% +interest on all the approaches that +we've carried out so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by looking at the metric of overall + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the metric of overall + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the metric of overall +accuracy you can see that some + + align:start position:0% +accuracy you can see that some + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy you can see that some +techniques like equal number of data + + align:start position:0% +techniques like equal number of data + + + align:start position:0% +techniques like equal number of data +points per agenda or counterfactual + + align:start position:0% +points per agenda or counterfactual + + + align:start position:0% +points per agenda or counterfactual +augmentation + + align:start position:0% +augmentation + + + align:start position:0% +augmentation +lead to higher degrees of accuracy but + + align:start position:0% +lead to higher degrees of accuracy but + + + align:start position:0% +lead to higher degrees of accuracy but +you can see that some techniques like + + align:start position:0% +you can see that some techniques like + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that some techniques like +gender and awareness do not always + + align:start position:0% +gender and awareness do not always + + + align:start position:0% +gender and awareness do not always +guarantee higher accuracy + + align:start position:0% +guarantee higher accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +guarantee higher accuracy +by looking at accuracy across gender you + + align:start position:0% +by looking at accuracy across gender you + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at accuracy across gender you +can see that + + align:start position:0% +can see that + + + align:start position:0% +can see that +the count of actual augmentation + + align:start position:0% +the count of actual augmentation + + + align:start position:0% +the count of actual augmentation +technique still has the smallest gap + + align:start position:0% +technique still has the smallest gap + + + align:start position:0% +technique still has the smallest gap +between male and female + + align:start position:0% +between male and female + + + align:start position:0% +between male and female +but you can see that some techniques + + align:start position:0% +but you can see that some techniques + + + align:start position:0% +but you can see that some techniques +like tinder and awareness still have + + align:start position:0% +like tinder and awareness still have + + + align:start position:0% +like tinder and awareness still have +a significantly higher gap between the + + align:start position:0% +a significantly higher gap between the + + + align:start position:0% +a significantly higher gap between the +accuracy + + align:start position:0% +accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy +in male versus female demographics + + align:start position:0% +in male versus female demographics + + + align:start position:0% +in male versus female demographics +the plots shown here show the comparison + + align:start position:0% +the plots shown here show the comparison + + + align:start position:0% +the plots shown here show the comparison +between the positive rates across + + align:start position:0% +between the positive rates across + + + align:start position:0% +between the positive rates across +gender and the comparison between the + + align:start position:0% +gender and the comparison between the + + + align:start position:0% +gender and the comparison between the +negative rates across gender + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the plots shown here show the comparison + + align:start position:0% +the plots shown here show the comparison + + + align:start position:0% +the plots shown here show the comparison +between true positive rates across + + align:start position:0% +between true positive rates across + + + align:start position:0% +between true positive rates across +gender and the comparison between + + align:start position:0% +gender and the comparison between + + + align:start position:0% +gender and the comparison between +true negative rates across gender for + + align:start position:0% +true negative rates across gender for + + + align:start position:0% +true negative rates across gender for +all the techniques that we covered so + + align:start position:0% +all the techniques that we covered so + + + align:start position:0% +all the techniques that we covered so +far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in this part we are going to explore + + align:start position:0% +in this part we are going to explore + + + align:start position:0% +in this part we are going to explore +model-based debian techniques + + align:start position:0% +model-based debian techniques + + + align:start position:0% +model-based debian techniques +and specifically we will look at + + align:start position:0% +and specifically we will look at + + + align:start position:0% +and specifically we will look at +different model types and architectures + + align:start position:0% +different model types and architectures + + + align:start position:0% +different model types and architectures +and examine how each one of them + + align:start position:0% +and examine how each one of them + + + align:start position:0% +and examine how each one of them +performs for the male versus female + + align:start position:0% +performs for the male versus female + + + align:start position:0% +performs for the male versus female +demographic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the motivation for this is that we + + align:start position:0% +the motivation for this is that we + + + align:start position:0% +the motivation for this is that we +should expect different models to have + + align:start position:0% +should expect different models to have + + + align:start position:0% +should expect different models to have +different degrees of bias + + align:start position:0% +different degrees of bias + + + align:start position:0% +different degrees of bias +therefore by changing the model type or + + align:start position:0% +therefore by changing the model type or + + + align:start position:0% +therefore by changing the model type or +architecture you can observe which ones + + align:start position:0% +architecture you can observe which ones + + + align:start position:0% +architecture you can observe which ones +tend to be inherently less biased + + align:start position:0% +tend to be inherently less biased + + + align:start position:0% +tend to be inherently less biased +and these are the ones that we are going + + align:start position:0% +and these are the ones that we are going + + + align:start position:0% +and these are the ones that we are going +to choose in our application + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we start by examining single model + + align:start position:0% +we start by examining single model + + + align:start position:0% +we start by examining single model +architectures + + align:start position:0% +architectures + + + align:start position:0% +architectures +and for each of the model families shown + + align:start position:0% +and for each of the model families shown + + + align:start position:0% +and for each of the model families shown +here we picked one model + + align:start position:0% +here we picked one model + + + align:start position:0% +here we picked one model +and trended on the data that we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this code snippet shows different models + + align:start position:0% +this code snippet shows different models + + + align:start position:0% +this code snippet shows different models +and parameters that we used + + align:start position:0% +and parameters that we used + + + align:start position:0% +and parameters that we used +for simplicity we use default parameters + + align:start position:0% +for simplicity we use default parameters + + + align:start position:0% +for simplicity we use default parameters +for different models + + align:start position:0% +for different models + + + align:start position:0% +for different models +but in a practical setting we would have + + align:start position:0% +but in a practical setting we would have + + + align:start position:0% +but in a practical setting we would have +to use a technique like cross validation + + align:start position:0% +to use a technique like cross validation + + + align:start position:0% +to use a technique like cross validation +or hyper parameter search + + align:start position:0% +or hyper parameter search + + + align:start position:0% +or hyper parameter search +to find the best parameter to use for + + align:start position:0% +to find the best parameter to use for + + + align:start position:0% +to find the best parameter to use for +each module + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we also examined multimodal + + align:start position:0% +we also examined multimodal + + + align:start position:0% +we also examined multimodal +architectures in this approach we train + + align:start position:0% +architectures in this approach we train + + + align:start position:0% +architectures in this approach we train +a group of different models on the same + + align:start position:0% +a group of different models on the same + + + align:start position:0% +a group of different models on the same +data + + align:start position:0% +data + + + align:start position:0% +data +and then make a final prediction based + + align:start position:0% +and then make a final prediction based + + + align:start position:0% +and then make a final prediction based +on consensus + + align:start position:0% +on consensus + + + align:start position:0% +on consensus +we compared two types of consensus the + + align:start position:0% +we compared two types of consensus the + + + align:start position:0% +we compared two types of consensus the +hard voting consensus + + align:start position:0% +hard voting consensus + + + align:start position:0% +hard voting consensus +is the one in which the final prediction + + align:start position:0% +is the one in which the final prediction + + + align:start position:0% +is the one in which the final prediction +is the majority prediction among all + + align:start position:0% +is the majority prediction among all + + + align:start position:0% +is the majority prediction among all +models + + align:start position:0% +models + + + align:start position:0% +models +and in the soft voting consensus the + + align:start position:0% +and in the soft voting consensus the + + + align:start position:0% +and in the soft voting consensus the +final prediction is the average + + align:start position:0% +final prediction is the average + + + align:start position:0% +final prediction is the average +prediction + + align:start position:0% +prediction + + + align:start position:0% +prediction +across all models in consideration + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we use scikit-learn's wording classifier + + align:start position:0% +we use scikit-learn's wording classifier + + + align:start position:0% +we use scikit-learn's wording classifier +to combine single models and trend them + + align:start position:0% +to combine single models and trend them + + + align:start position:0% +to combine single models and trend them +all at once + + align:start position:0% +all at once + + + align:start position:0% +all at once +the code snippet shown here shows the + + align:start position:0% +the code snippet shown here shows the + + + align:start position:0% +the code snippet shown here shows the +models that we used and how we trained + + align:start position:0% +models that we used and how we trained + + + align:start position:0% +models that we used and how we trained +the voting classifiers on our data let's + + align:start position:0% +the voting classifiers on our data let's + + + align:start position:0% +the voting classifiers on our data let's +now evaluate and compare the metrics of + + align:start position:0% +now evaluate and compare the metrics of + + + align:start position:0% +now evaluate and compare the metrics of +interest on all model types and + + align:start position:0% +interest on all model types and + + + align:start position:0% +interest on all model types and +architectures that we've trained on + + align:start position:0% +architectures that we've trained on + + + align:start position:0% +architectures that we've trained on +so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this plot shows results for overall + + align:start position:0% +this plot shows results for overall + + + align:start position:0% +this plot shows results for overall +accuracy + + align:start position:0% +accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy +you can see that the random forex + + align:start position:0% +you can see that the random forex + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that the random forex +classifier has the highest degree of + + align:start position:0% +classifier has the highest degree of + + + align:start position:0% +classifier has the highest degree of +accuracy + + align:start position:0% +accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy +which is about 94 percent you can also + + align:start position:0% +which is about 94 percent you can also + + + align:start position:0% +which is about 94 percent you can also +see that the gaussian knife based model + + align:start position:0% +see that the gaussian knife based model + + + align:start position:0% +see that the gaussian knife based model +has about 72 percent of accuracy and you + + align:start position:0% +has about 72 percent of accuracy and you + + + align:start position:0% +has about 72 percent of accuracy and you +can also see that all the other models + + align:start position:0% +can also see that all the other models + + + align:start position:0% +can also see that all the other models +fall in between + + align:start position:0% +fall in between + + + align:start position:0% +fall in between +this plot shows accuracy across gender + + align:start position:0% +this plot shows accuracy across gender + + + align:start position:0% +this plot shows accuracy across gender +and you can see that there are different + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that there are different + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see that there are different +levels of the gap between the male + + align:start position:0% +levels of the gap between the male + + + align:start position:0% +levels of the gap between the male +and female demographic depending on the + + align:start position:0% +and female demographic depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +and female demographic depending on the +model type + + align:start position:0% +model type + + + align:start position:0% +model type +and this is an example that indicates + + align:start position:0% +and this is an example that indicates + + + align:start position:0% +and this is an example that indicates +that different + + align:start position:0% +that different + + + align:start position:0% +that different +models inherently have different levels + + align:start position:0% +models inherently have different levels + + + align:start position:0% +models inherently have different levels +of bias + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these plots show the positive and + + align:start position:0% +these plots show the positive and + + + align:start position:0% +these plots show the positive and +negative rates across gender + + align:start position:0% +negative rates across gender + + + align:start position:0% +negative rates across gender +if you look at the plot for the positive + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the plot for the positive + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the plot for the positive +rate you observe that the positive rate + + align:start position:0% +rate you observe that the positive rate + + + align:start position:0% +rate you observe that the positive rate +is always higher for the male + + align:start position:0% +is always higher for the male + + + align:start position:0% +is always higher for the male +demographic than the female demographic + + align:start position:0% +demographic than the female demographic + + + align:start position:0% +demographic than the female demographic +for all the models that we've looked at + + align:start position:0% +for all the models that we've looked at + + + align:start position:0% +for all the models that we've looked at +and this can be programmatic if we + + align:start position:0% +and this can be programmatic if we + + + align:start position:0% +and this can be programmatic if we +deploy + + align:start position:0% +deploy + + + align:start position:0% +deploy +any of these models in the real world + + align:start position:0% +any of these models in the real world + + + align:start position:0% +any of these models in the real world +because you end up in a scenario in + + align:start position:0% +because you end up in a scenario in + + + align:start position:0% +because you end up in a scenario in +which the modal just systematically + + align:start position:0% +which the modal just systematically + + + align:start position:0% +which the modal just systematically +predicts more favorable outcome for the + + align:start position:0% +predicts more favorable outcome for the + + + align:start position:0% +predicts more favorable outcome for the +male demographic than the female + + align:start position:0% +male demographic than the female + + + align:start position:0% +male demographic than the female +demographic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these plots show the true positive and + + align:start position:0% +these plots show the true positive and + + + align:start position:0% +these plots show the true positive and +true negative rates across gender + + align:start position:0% +true negative rates across gender + + + align:start position:0% +true negative rates across gender +if you look at the plot for the true + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the plot for the true + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the plot for the true +positive rate we observe that the true + + align:start position:0% +positive rate we observe that the true + + + align:start position:0% +positive rate we observe that the true +positive rate is always higher for the + + align:start position:0% +positive rate is always higher for the + + + align:start position:0% +positive rate is always higher for the +male + + align:start position:0% +male + + + align:start position:0% +male +in individuals than female individuals + + align:start position:0% +in individuals than female individuals + + + align:start position:0% +in individuals than female individuals +and if you look at the plot for the true + + align:start position:0% +and if you look at the plot for the true + + + align:start position:0% +and if you look at the plot for the true +negative rate + + align:start position:0% +negative rate + + + align:start position:0% +negative rate +it's the other way around the + + align:start position:0% +it's the other way around the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the other way around the +tri-negative rate is always higher for + + align:start position:0% +tri-negative rate is always higher for + + + align:start position:0% +tri-negative rate is always higher for +the female demographic than for the male + + align:start position:0% +the female demographic than for the male + + + align:start position:0% +the female demographic than for the male +demographic + + align:start position:0% +demographic + + + align:start position:0% +demographic +and this can especially be problematic + + align:start position:0% +and this can especially be problematic + + + align:start position:0% +and this can especially be problematic +because it shows that + + align:start position:0% +because it shows that + + + align:start position:0% +because it shows that +our models have learned how to better + + align:start position:0% +our models have learned how to better + + + align:start position:0% +our models have learned how to better +classify high-income male honors than + + align:start position:0% +classify high-income male honors than + + + align:start position:0% +classify high-income male honors than +high-income female honors + + align:start position:0% +high-income female honors + + + align:start position:0% +high-income female honors +and to classify low-income female honors + + align:start position:0% +and to classify low-income female honors + + + align:start position:0% +and to classify low-income female honors +than low-income male hunters + + align:start position:0% +than low-income male hunters + + + align:start position:0% +than low-income male hunters +which means they could be widening the + + align:start position:0% +which means they could be widening the + + + align:start position:0% +which means they could be widening the +gap between the male + + align:start position:0% +gap between the male + + + align:start position:0% +gap between the male +anders and the female annas to account + + align:start position:0% +anders and the female annas to account + + + align:start position:0% +anders and the female annas to account +for randomness we ran the previous + + align:start position:0% +for randomness we ran the previous + + + align:start position:0% +for randomness we ran the previous +experiment + + align:start position:0% +experiment + + + align:start position:0% +experiment +five more times in order to get a better + + align:start position:0% +five more times in order to get a better + + + align:start position:0% +five more times in order to get a better +idea of the average model behavior + + align:start position:0% +idea of the average model behavior + + + align:start position:0% +idea of the average model behavior +to compare the metrics across multiple + + align:start position:0% +to compare the metrics across multiple + + + align:start position:0% +to compare the metrics across multiple +training sessions + + align:start position:0% +training sessions + + + align:start position:0% +training sessions +we created five instances of each model + + align:start position:0% +we created five instances of each model + + + align:start position:0% +we created five instances of each model +type and we trained each one of them on + + align:start position:0% +type and we trained each one of them on + + + align:start position:0% +type and we trained each one of them on +the data + + align:start position:0% +the data + + + align:start position:0% +the data +then for each one of these instances we + + align:start position:0% +then for each one of these instances we + + + align:start position:0% +then for each one of these instances we +evaluated the absolute value of the + + align:start position:0% +evaluated the absolute value of the + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated the absolute value of the +difference in each metric of interest + + align:start position:0% +difference in each metric of interest + + + align:start position:0% +difference in each metric of interest +between the male and the female + + align:start position:0% +between the male and the female + + + align:start position:0% +between the male and the female +demographics from the test data + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you look at the plot for the accuracy + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the plot for the accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the plot for the accuracy +disparity comparison + + align:start position:0% +disparity comparison + + + align:start position:0% +disparity comparison +you can see that models like logistic + + align:start position:0% +you can see that models like logistic + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that models like logistic +regression or hard voting or + + align:start position:0% +regression or hard voting or + + + align:start position:0% +regression or hard voting or +svc have significantly lower accuracy + + align:start position:0% +svc have significantly lower accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +svc have significantly lower accuracy +disparity + + align:start position:0% +disparity + + + align:start position:0% +disparity +than gaussian knife based or random + + align:start position:0% +than gaussian knife based or random + + + align:start position:0% +than gaussian knife based or random +forest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we see a similar trend by looking at the + + align:start position:0% +we see a similar trend by looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +we see a similar trend by looking at the +positive and negative rate disparity + + align:start position:0% +positive and negative rate disparity + + + align:start position:0% +positive and negative rate disparity +if you look at models like logistic + + align:start position:0% +if you look at models like logistic + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at models like logistic +regression or svc or hard + + align:start position:0% +regression or svc or hard + + + align:start position:0% +regression or svc or hard +voting you can see that they have + + align:start position:0% +voting you can see that they have + + + align:start position:0% +voting you can see that they have +significantly lower disparity + + align:start position:0% +significantly lower disparity + + + align:start position:0% +significantly lower disparity +than gnb surprisingly + + align:start position:0% +than gnb surprisingly + + + align:start position:0% +than gnb surprisingly +we see a significantly different result + + align:start position:0% +we see a significantly different result + + + align:start position:0% +we see a significantly different result +by looking at the true positive and to + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the true positive and to + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the true positive and to +negative rate disparity + + align:start position:0% +negative rate disparity + + + align:start position:0% +negative rate disparity +if you look at a true positive red + + align:start position:0% +if you look at a true positive red + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at a true positive red +disparity you can see that models like + + align:start position:0% +disparity you can see that models like + + + align:start position:0% +disparity you can see that models like +logistic regression or svc + + align:start position:0% +logistic regression or svc + + + align:start position:0% +logistic regression or svc +now have higher disparity and higher + + align:start position:0% +now have higher disparity and higher + + + align:start position:0% +now have higher disparity and higher +variability than models like g + + align:start position:0% +variability than models like g + + + align:start position:0% +variability than models like g +and b but if you look at the plot for + + align:start position:0% +and b but if you look at the plot for + + + align:start position:0% +and b but if you look at the plot for +the true negative rate + + align:start position:0% +the true negative rate + + + align:start position:0% +the true negative rate +you can see that it tends to follow the + + align:start position:0% +you can see that it tends to follow the + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that it tends to follow the +previous trend where logistic regression + + align:start position:0% +previous trend where logistic regression + + + align:start position:0% +previous trend where logistic regression +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +svc have lower variability and lower + + align:start position:0% +svc have lower variability and lower + + + align:start position:0% +svc have lower variability and lower +disparity than g and b + + align:start position:0% +disparity than g and b + + + align:start position:0% +disparity than g and b +it is therefore very important to see + + align:start position:0% +it is therefore very important to see + + + align:start position:0% +it is therefore very important to see +that these models have + + align:start position:0% +that these models have + + + align:start position:0% +that these models have +different inherent behaviors when it + + align:start position:0% +different inherent behaviors when it + + + align:start position:0% +different inherent behaviors when it +comes to bias + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the last part we conclude by looking + + align:start position:0% +in the last part we conclude by looking + + + align:start position:0% +in the last part we conclude by looking +at possible next steps that will allow + + align:start position:0% +at possible next steps that will allow + + + align:start position:0% +at possible next steps that will allow +us to strengthen our understanding and + + align:start position:0% +us to strengthen our understanding and + + + align:start position:0% +us to strengthen our understanding and +application of + + align:start position:0% +application of + + + align:start position:0% +application of +ethics in machine learning from the + + align:start position:0% +ethics in machine learning from the + + + align:start position:0% +ethics in machine learning from the +technical perspective now that you've + + align:start position:0% +technical perspective now that you've + + + align:start position:0% +technical perspective now that you've +gone through the entire module + + align:start position:0% +gone through the entire module + + + align:start position:0% +gone through the entire module +we invite you to check out our github + + align:start position:0% +we invite you to check out our github + + + align:start position:0% +we invite you to check out our github +repository + + align:start position:0% +repository + + + align:start position:0% +repository +this will help you deepen your + + align:start position:0% +this will help you deepen your + + + align:start position:0% +this will help you deepen your +understanding of the work that's being + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the work that's being + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of the work that's being +done + + align:start position:0% +done + + + align:start position:0% +done +in addition we also encourage you to + + align:start position:0% +in addition we also encourage you to + + + align:start position:0% +in addition we also encourage you to +explore more advanced + + align:start position:0% +explore more advanced + + + align:start position:0% +explore more advanced +biasing techniques and we also recommend + + align:start position:0% +biasing techniques and we also recommend + + + align:start position:0% +biasing techniques and we also recommend +sharing and discussing these across your + + align:start position:0% +sharing and discussing these across your + + + align:start position:0% +sharing and discussing these across your +team + + align:start position:0% +team + + + align:start position:0% +team +organization or community and of course + + align:start position:0% +organization or community and of course + + + align:start position:0% +organization or community and of course +we all need to take action by applying + + align:start position:0% +we all need to take action by applying + + + align:start position:0% +we all need to take action by applying +what we learned + + align:start position:0% +what we learned + + + align:start position:0% +what we learned +in what we do every day + + align:start position:0% +in what we do every day + + + align:start position:0% +in what we do every day +finally here are the references to the + + align:start position:0% +finally here are the references to the + + + align:start position:0% +finally here are the references to the +materials that we consulted while making + + align:start position:0% +materials that we consulted while making + + + align:start position:0% +materials that we consulted while making +the module + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you for following this course on + + align:start position:0% +thank you for following this course on + + + align:start position:0% +thank you for following this course on +mitigating bias in machine learning + + align:start position:0% +mitigating bias in machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +mitigating bias in machine learning +and i hope that this helps you build + + align:start position:0% +and i hope that this helps you build + + + align:start position:0% +and i hope that this helps you build +less biased machine learning + + align:start position:0% +less biased machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +less biased machine learning +applications in the future + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/O1_f7Pu60Bk.txt b/O1_f7Pu60Bk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c95f664c74f60a4bb598d3dcbec528462c09d53 --- /dev/null +++ b/O1_f7Pu60Bk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8339 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the last lecture we were focused on + + align:start position:0% +in the last lecture we were focused on + + + align:start position:0% +in the last lecture we were focused on +the proteasome and we were focusing on + + align:start position:0% +the proteasome and we were focusing on + + + align:start position:0% +the proteasome and we were focusing on +how you targeted the protein of interest + + align:start position:0% +how you targeted the protein of interest + + + align:start position:0% +how you targeted the protein of interest +for degradation by attachment of + + align:start position:0% +for degradation by attachment of + + + align:start position:0% +for degradation by attachment of +ubiquitin so here's the model that I + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin so here's the model that I + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin so here's the model that I +presented at the very beginning and + + align:start position:0% +presented at the very beginning and + + + align:start position:0% +presented at the very beginning and +right now we're focused on how do you + + align:start position:0% +right now we're focused on how do you + + + align:start position:0% +right now we're focused on how do you +attach ubiquitin to a protein of + + align:start position:0% +attach ubiquitin to a protein of + + + align:start position:0% +attach ubiquitin to a protein of +interest that's going to be degraded + + align:start position:0% +interest that's going to be degraded + + + align:start position:0% +interest that's going to be degraded +okay and so here's the protein of + + align:start position:0% +okay and so here's the protein of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so here's the protein of +interest the last time we talked about + + align:start position:0% +interest the last time we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +interest the last time we talked about +all the linkages we're going to be ISO + + align:start position:0% +all the linkages we're going to be ISO + + + align:start position:0% +all the linkages we're going to be ISO +peptides where you have lysine on the + + align:start position:0% +peptides where you have lysine on the + + + align:start position:0% +peptides where you have lysine on the +surface or a lysine that's accessible + + align:start position:0% +surface or a lysine that's accessible + + + align:start position:0% +surface or a lysine that's accessible +that can then get attached to ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +that can then get attached to ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +that can then get attached to ubiquitin +which is C terminal end has glycine + + align:start position:0% +which is C terminal end has glycine + + + align:start position:0% +which is C terminal end has glycine +which is C terminal end has a glycine so + + align:start position:0% +which is C terminal end has a glycine so + + + align:start position:0% +which is C terminal end has a glycine so +that's glycine 76 that's the linkage + + align:start position:0% +that's glycine 76 that's the linkage + + + align:start position:0% +that's glycine 76 that's the linkage +common to everything and then this + + align:start position:0% +common to everything and then this + + + align:start position:0% +common to everything and then this +ubiquitin you can see from the structure + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin you can see from the structure + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin you can see from the structure +has a number of lysines attached + + align:start position:0% +has a number of lysines attached + + + align:start position:0% +has a number of lysines attached +depending on what the function is of + + align:start position:0% +depending on what the function is of + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what the function is of +ubiquity it can be attached on what's + + align:start position:0% +ubiquity it can be attached on what's + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquity it can be attached on what's +anywhere for the proteasome we're + + align:start position:0% +anywhere for the proteasome we're + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere for the proteasome we're +focused on lysine 48 okay which again + + align:start position:0% +focused on lysine 48 okay which again + + + align:start position:0% +focused on lysine 48 okay which again +makes a nice Oh peptide linkage here and + + align:start position:0% +makes a nice Oh peptide linkage here and + + + align:start position:0% +makes a nice Oh peptide linkage here and +you need multiple ubiquitous to be able + + align:start position:0% +you need multiple ubiquitous to be able + + + align:start position:0% +you need multiple ubiquitous to be able +to get your protein of interest degraded + + align:start position:0% +to get your protein of interest degraded + + + align:start position:0% +to get your protein of interest degraded +okay so what I want to do now is talk + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I want to do now is talk + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I want to do now is talk +about the equipment that's required to + + align:start position:0% +about the equipment that's required to + + + align:start position:0% +about the equipment that's required to +attach this ubiquitin molecule through + + align:start position:0% +attach this ubiquitin molecule through + + + align:start position:0% +attach this ubiquitin molecule through +the glycine to the protein of interest + + align:start position:0% +the glycine to the protein of interest + + + align:start position:0% +the glycine to the protein of interest +and so what we're focused on is the + + align:start position:0% +and so what we're focused on is the + + + align:start position:0% +and so what we're focused on is the +three enzymes II 1 e 2 e 3 so we want to + + align:start position:0% +three enzymes II 1 e 2 e 3 so we want to + + + align:start position:0% +three enzymes II 1 e 2 e 3 so we want to +look at the attachment and we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +look at the attachment and we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +look at the attachment and we're gonna +look at E 1 e 2 e 3 and what their + + align:start position:0% +look at E 1 e 2 e 3 and what their + + + align:start position:0% +look at E 1 e 2 e 3 and what their +function is in general and so e1 and it + + align:start position:0% +function is in general and so e1 and it + + + align:start position:0% +function is in general and so e1 and it +turns out in human systems there are + + align:start position:0% +turns out in human systems there are + + + align:start position:0% +turns out in human systems there are +only two of these proteins by again by + + align:start position:0% +only two of these proteins by again by + + + align:start position:0% +only two of these proteins by again by +homology and this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +homology and this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +homology and this is going to be +what they call the activating enzyme + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and so so e1 is going to be so + + align:start position:0% +okay and so so e1 is going to be so + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so so e1 is going to be so +since we have thousands of proteins that + + align:start position:0% +since we have thousands of proteins that + + + align:start position:0% +since we have thousands of proteins that +are going to be integrated and only one + + align:start position:0% +are going to be integrated and only one + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be integrated and only one +of these he wants it's going to play a + + align:start position:0% +of these he wants it's going to play a + + + align:start position:0% +of these he wants it's going to play a +role in many many reactions it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +role in many many reactions it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +role in many many reactions it's sort of +the linchpin over there there's a + + align:start position:0% +the linchpin over there there's a + + + align:start position:0% +the linchpin over there there's a +cartoon of what I'm going to write on + + align:start position:0% +cartoon of what I'm going to write on + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon of what I'm going to write on +the board but II won and when we look at + + align:start position:0% +the board but II won and when we look at + + + align:start position:0% +the board but II won and when we look at +the chemistry a key player in the + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry a key player in the + + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry a key player in the +chemistry our cystines and covalent + + align:start position:0% +chemistry our cystines and covalent + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry our cystines and covalent +catalysis by forming saya Westers okay + + align:start position:0% +catalysis by forming saya Westers okay + + + align:start position:0% +catalysis by forming saya Westers okay +you've now seen this many times in the + + align:start position:0% +you've now seen this many times in the + + + align:start position:0% +you've now seen this many times in the +polyketide synthases you've seen it + + align:start position:0% +polyketide synthases you've seen it + + + align:start position:0% +polyketide synthases you've seen it +fatty acid synthase as you've seen it + + align:start position:0% +fatty acid synthase as you've seen it + + + align:start position:0% +fatty acid synthase as you've seen it +cysteine proteases this is a motif that + + align:start position:0% +cysteine proteases this is a motif that + + + align:start position:0% +cysteine proteases this is a motif that +nature uses over and over again and what + + align:start position:0% +nature uses over and over again and what + + + align:start position:0% +nature uses over and over again and what +she does is takes ATP and then she takes + + align:start position:0% +she does is takes ATP and then she takes + + + align:start position:0% +she does is takes ATP and then she takes +ubiquitin and I'm just gonna put G is G + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin and I'm just gonna put G is G + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin and I'm just gonna put G is G +76 at the c-terminal end okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +76 at the c-terminal end okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +76 at the c-terminal end okay so this is +the C terminal carboxylate and what she + + align:start position:0% +the C terminal carboxylate and what she + + + align:start position:0% +the C terminal carboxylate and what she +does then is uses ATP to activate the + + align:start position:0% +does then is uses ATP to activate the + + + align:start position:0% +does then is uses ATP to activate the +carboxylate so that it can be attached + + align:start position:0% +carboxylate so that it can be attached + + + align:start position:0% +carboxylate so that it can be attached +to the cysteine which then forms the + + align:start position:0% +to the cysteine which then forms the + + + align:start position:0% +to the cysteine which then forms the +fire Western okay and sort of the + + align:start position:0% +fire Western okay and sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +fire Western okay and sort of the +strategy is the same I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +strategy is the same I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +strategy is the same I'm not going to +write out the details of this strategy + + align:start position:0% +write out the details of this strategy + + + align:start position:0% +write out the details of this strategy +but there are two ways ATP can be used + + align:start position:0% +but there are two ways ATP can be used + + + align:start position:0% +but there are two ways ATP can be used +how what does ATP use to activate this + + align:start position:0% +how what does ATP use to activate this + + + align:start position:0% +how what does ATP use to activate this +into a good dehydrating agent what it + + align:start position:0% +into a good dehydrating agent what it + + + align:start position:0% +into a good dehydrating agent what it +what does nature do what with it what + + align:start position:0% +what does nature do what with it what + + + align:start position:0% +what does nature do what with it what +are the two options so or dental aid or + + align:start position:0% +are the two options so or dental aid or + + + align:start position:0% +are the two options so or dental aid or +phosphorylate alpha or gamma you see + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylate alpha or gamma you see + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylate alpha or gamma you see +this over and over and over again you've + + align:start position:0% +this over and over and over again you've + + + align:start position:0% +this over and over and over again you've +seen this used many many times and the + + align:start position:0% +seen this used many many times and the + + + align:start position:0% +seen this used many many times and the +first half of this course we've talked + + align:start position:0% +first half of this course we've talked + + + align:start position:0% +first half of this course we've talked +about that he RNA synthesis the the + + align:start position:0% +about that he RNA synthesis the the + + + align:start position:0% +about that he RNA synthesis the the +activating domains of the non-ribosomal + + align:start position:0% +activating domains of the non-ribosomal + + + align:start position:0% +activating domains of the non-ribosomal +peptide synthesis and so what you've + + align:start position:0% +peptide synthesis and so what you've + + + align:start position:0% +peptide synthesis and so what you've +done in this reaction + + align:start position:0% +done in this reaction + + + align:start position:0% +done in this reaction +is activated that carboxylate and just + + align:start position:0% +is activated that carboxylate and just + + + align:start position:0% +is activated that carboxylate and just +remember this so I don't have to keep + + align:start position:0% +remember this so I don't have to keep + + + align:start position:0% +remember this so I don't have to keep +writing this down the G is there it's + + align:start position:0% +writing this down the G is there it's + + + align:start position:0% +writing this down the G is there it's +always attached to the c-terminus of + + align:start position:0% +always attached to the c-terminus of + + + align:start position:0% +always attached to the c-terminus of +ubiquitin and now what happens so this + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin and now what happens so this + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin and now what happens so this +is activated and so you have a base you + + align:start position:0% +is activated and so you have a base you + + + align:start position:0% +is activated and so you have a base you +never do any chemistry with a thigh all + + align:start position:0% +never do any chemistry with a thigh all + + + align:start position:0% +never do any chemistry with a thigh all +and so one then forms at the i/o ester + + align:start position:0% +and so one then forms at the i/o ester + + + align:start position:0% +and so one then forms at the i/o ester +by nucleophilic attack on the carbon you + + align:start position:0% +by nucleophilic attack on the carbon you + + + align:start position:0% +by nucleophilic attack on the carbon you +okay so what one ends up within and the + + align:start position:0% +okay so what one ends up within and the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what one ends up within and the +first step is ubiquitous at a covalently + + align:start position:0% +first step is ubiquitous at a covalently + + + align:start position:0% +first step is ubiquitous at a covalently +to e1 okay + + align:start position:0% +to e1 okay + + + align:start position:0% +to e1 okay +so put that up again all of this all of + + align:start position:0% +so put that up again all of this all of + + + align:start position:0% +so put that up again all of this all of +this is written down and in your + + align:start position:0% +this is written down and in your + + + align:start position:0% +this is written down and in your +handouts and so what we have now is e1 + + align:start position:0% +handouts and so what we have now is e1 + + + align:start position:0% +handouts and so what we have now is e1 +where we have s attached to ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +where we have s attached to ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +where we have s attached to ubiquitin +okay so that's the activating step the + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the activating step the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the activating step the +second step is involves an e2 and that's + + align:start position:0% +second step is involves an e2 and that's + + + align:start position:0% +second step is involves an e2 and that's +called the ubiquitin is called the + + align:start position:0% +called the ubiquitin is called the + + + align:start position:0% +called the ubiquitin is called the +ubiquitin conjugating enzyme so this is + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin conjugating enzyme so this is + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin conjugating enzyme so this is +going to react with E to the ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +going to react with E to the ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +going to react with E to the ubiquitin +conjugating enzyme and we'll what we see + + align:start position:0% +conjugating enzyme and we'll what we see + + + align:start position:0% +conjugating enzyme and we'll what we see +in humans again that there are about 40 + + align:start position:0% +in humans again that there are about 40 + + + align:start position:0% +in humans again that there are about 40 +of these proteins okay we still have + + align:start position:0% +of these proteins okay we still have + + + align:start position:0% +of these proteins okay we still have +thousands of proteins that are going to + + align:start position:0% +thousands of proteins that are going to + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of proteins that are going to +be targeted for degradation so that + + align:start position:0% +be targeted for degradation so that + + + align:start position:0% +be targeted for degradation so that +would imply that these e 2 s can be used + + align:start position:0% +would imply that these e 2 s can be used + + + align:start position:0% +would imply that these e 2 s can be used +in multiple processes and during the + + align:start position:0% +in multiple processes and during the + + + align:start position:0% +in multiple processes and during the +targeting process for degradation so + + align:start position:0% +targeting process for degradation so + + + align:start position:0% +targeting process for degradation so +we're gonna see that e 2 and so there + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna see that e 2 and so there + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna see that e 2 and so there +are 40 of these ok and we'll see that e + + align:start position:0% +are 40 of these ok and we'll see that e + + + align:start position:0% +are 40 of these ok and we'll see that e +2 also has has a self Hydra group that + + align:start position:0% +2 also has has a self Hydra group that + + + align:start position:0% +2 also has has a self Hydra group that +is going to play a key role in this + + align:start position:0% +is going to play a key role in this + + + align:start position:0% +is going to play a key role in this +reaction so what we're gonna do now is a + + align:start position:0% +reaction so what we're gonna do now is a + + + align:start position:0% +reaction so what we're gonna do now is a +simple bio + + align:start position:0% +simple bio + + + align:start position:0% +simple bio +trans stair + + align:start position:0% +trans stair + + + align:start position:0% +trans stair +vacation so we're going to transfer the + + align:start position:0% +vacation so we're going to transfer the + + + align:start position:0% +vacation so we're going to transfer the +ubiquitin to e2 okay by thio + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin to e2 okay by thio + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin to e2 okay by thio +transesterification so again you have + + align:start position:0% +transesterification so again you have + + + align:start position:0% +transesterification so again you have +bass and you liberate u1 and now what + + align:start position:0% +bass and you liberate u1 and now what + + + align:start position:0% +bass and you liberate u1 and now what +you have is e 2 with the attached + + align:start position:0% +you have is e 2 with the attached + + + align:start position:0% +you have is e 2 with the attached +ubiquitin okay so there were 40 of these + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin okay so there were 40 of these + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin okay so there were 40 of these +things and what does that have to tell + + align:start position:0% +things and what does that have to tell + + + align:start position:0% +things and what does that have to tell +you what does that tell you about u 1 + + align:start position:0% +you what does that tell you about u 1 + + + align:start position:0% +you what does that tell you about u 1 +and E 2 and I haven't given you any + + align:start position:0% +and E 2 and I haven't given you any + + + align:start position:0% +and E 2 and I haven't given you any +information about structure but there + + align:start position:0% +information about structure but there + + + align:start position:0% +information about structure but there +are 40 e2 so they obviously all have + + align:start position:0% +are 40 e2 so they obviously all have + + + align:start position:0% +are 40 e2 so they obviously all have +different structures but these things + + align:start position:0% +different structures but these things + + + align:start position:0% +different structures but these things +that got to be really flexible and so we + + align:start position:0% +that got to be really flexible and so we + + + align:start position:0% +that got to be really flexible and so we +have a few structures but I don't think + + align:start position:0% +have a few structures but I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +have a few structures but I don't think +it even comes close to allowing us to + + align:start position:0% +it even comes close to allowing us to + + + align:start position:0% +it even comes close to allowing us to +understand really sort of the + + align:start position:0% +understand really sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +understand really sort of the +specificity of this these process season + + align:start position:0% +specificity of this these process season + + + align:start position:0% +specificity of this these process season +this is a major focus of many people now + + align:start position:0% +this is a major focus of many people now + + + align:start position:0% +this is a major focus of many people now +they've been discovered for a long time + + align:start position:0% +they've been discovered for a long time + + + align:start position:0% +they've been discovered for a long time +but people are still messing around and + + align:start position:0% +but people are still messing around and + + + align:start position:0% +but people are still messing around and +I think part of the complexity relates + + align:start position:0% +I think part of the complexity relates + + + align:start position:0% +I think part of the complexity relates +to the flexibility which makes them + + align:start position:0% +to the flexibility which makes them + + + align:start position:0% +to the flexibility which makes them +harder harder to crystallize okay and so + + align:start position:0% +harder harder to crystallize okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +harder harder to crystallize okay and so +III are the ubiquitin ligases and the + + align:start position:0% +III are the ubiquitin ligases and the + + + align:start position:0% +III are the ubiquitin ligases and the +latest paper I read I they keep finding + + align:start position:0% +latest paper I read I they keep finding + + + align:start position:0% +latest paper I read I they keep finding +new ones but there are greater than 600 + + align:start position:0% +new ones but there are greater than 600 + + + align:start position:0% +new ones but there are greater than 600 +of these guys ok so even there since + + align:start position:0% +of these guys ok so even there since + + + align:start position:0% +of these guys ok so even there since +more proteins are targeted for + + align:start position:0% +more proteins are targeted for + + + align:start position:0% +more proteins are targeted for +degradation than 6-hundred III s are + + align:start position:0% +degradation than 6-hundred III s are + + + align:start position:0% +degradation than 6-hundred III s are +going to be used multiple times and III + + align:start position:0% +going to be used multiple times and III + + + align:start position:0% +going to be used multiple times and III +s are able to form protein complexes and + + align:start position:0% +s are able to form protein complexes and + + + align:start position:0% +s are able to form protein complexes and +I'm again I'm giving you a sort of a + + align:start position:0% +I'm again I'm giving you a sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm again I'm giving you a sort of a +generic overview but you'll see in the + + align:start position:0% +generic overview but you'll see in the + + + align:start position:0% +generic overview but you'll see in the +next module one of the key proteins + + align:start position:0% +next module one of the key proteins + + + align:start position:0% +next module one of the key proteins +involved and now iron homeostasis gets + + align:start position:0% +involved and now iron homeostasis gets + + + align:start position:0% +involved and now iron homeostasis gets +targeted for degradation by a ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +targeted for degradation by a ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +targeted for degradation by a ubiquitin +light is that it exists in a complicated + + align:start position:0% +light is that it exists in a complicated + + + align:start position:0% +light is that it exists in a complicated +protein complex so that it then adds to + + align:start position:0% +protein complex so that it then adds to + + + align:start position:0% +protein complex so that it then adds to +the complexity you need to target all of + + align:start position:0% +the complexity you need to target all of + + + align:start position:0% +the complexity you need to target all of +your proteins specifically for + + align:start position:0% +your proteins specifically for + + + align:start position:0% +your proteins specifically for +degradation in some fashion okay so what + + align:start position:0% +degradation in some fashion okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +degradation in some fashion okay so what +is III do so so we have an e 2 and we + + align:start position:0% +is III do so so we have an e 2 and we + + + align:start position:0% +is III do so so we have an e 2 and we +have an e 2 with ubiquity attached in e + + align:start position:0% +have an e 2 with ubiquity attached in e + + + align:start position:0% +have an e 2 with ubiquity attached in e +2 needs to interact with III okay on + + align:start position:0% +2 needs to interact with III okay on + + + align:start position:0% +2 needs to interact with III okay on +this again is complex it's not a single + + align:start position:0% +this again is complex it's not a single + + + align:start position:0% +this again is complex it's not a single +necessarily a single polypeptide and III + + align:start position:0% +necessarily a single polypeptide and III + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily a single polypeptide and III +interacts ultimately we want to do is + + align:start position:0% +interacts ultimately we want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +interacts ultimately we want to do is +attach Ubiquiti into our protein of + + align:start position:0% +attach Ubiquiti into our protein of + + + align:start position:0% +attach Ubiquiti into our protein of +interest so III interacts with the + + align:start position:0% +interest so III interacts with the + + + align:start position:0% +interest so III interacts with the +protein of interest and as I alluded to + + align:start position:0% +protein of interest and as I alluded to + + + align:start position:0% +protein of interest and as I alluded to +before but I'm not going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +before but I'm not going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +before but I'm not going to talk about +in any detail what is the basis of + + align:start position:0% +in any detail what is the basis of + + + align:start position:0% +in any detail what is the basis of +interaction of a protein you know it's + + align:start position:0% +interaction of a protein you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +interaction of a protein you know it's +going on it's doing its function how do + + align:start position:0% +going on it's doing its function how do + + + align:start position:0% +going on it's doing its function how do +you target it for degradation and + + align:start position:0% +you target it for degradation and + + + align:start position:0% +you target it for degradation and +generally target for degradation by the + + align:start position:0% +generally target for degradation by the + + + align:start position:0% +generally target for degradation by the +n-terminal modification or by post + + align:start position:0% +n-terminal modification or by post + + + align:start position:0% +n-terminal modification or by post +translational modification and every + + align:start position:0% +translational modification and every + + + align:start position:0% +translational modification and every +protein is different so you might + + align:start position:0% +protein is different so you might + + + align:start position:0% +protein is different so you might +phosphorylate you might had rocks elated + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylate you might had rocks elated + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylate you might had rocks elated +in fact I told you and Liz I told you in + + align:start position:0% +in fact I told you and Liz I told you in + + + align:start position:0% +in fact I told you and Liz I told you in +the section on clip X and Clippy that + + align:start position:0% +the section on clip X and Clippy that + + + align:start position:0% +the section on clip X and Clippy that +there was this thing called the N end + + align:start position:0% +there was this thing called the N end + + + align:start position:0% +there was this thing called the N end +rule okay + + align:start position:0% +rule okay + + + align:start position:0% +rule okay +so one of the things you can do is you + + align:start position:0% +so one of the things you can do is you + + + align:start position:0% +so one of the things you can do is you +can attach different amino acids to the + + align:start position:0% +can attach different amino acids to the + + + align:start position:0% +can attach different amino acids to the +n-terminus and in fact tRNAs are + + align:start position:0% +n-terminus and in fact tRNAs are + + + align:start position:0% +n-terminus and in fact tRNAs are +actually used to do that and we're not + + align:start position:0% +actually used to do that and we're not + + + align:start position:0% +actually used to do that and we're not +going to talk about the details of that + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about the details of that + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about the details of that +but these things you know you have so + + align:start position:0% +but these things you know you have so + + + align:start position:0% +but these things you know you have so +many proteins they're floating around + + align:start position:0% +many proteins they're floating around + + + align:start position:0% +many proteins they're floating around +how you're gonna subtly control when + + align:start position:0% +how you're gonna subtly control when + + + align:start position:0% +how you're gonna subtly control when +you're going to degrade it is not to + + align:start position:0% +you're going to degrade it is not to + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to degrade it is not to +reveal and that's the focus of many + + align:start position:0% +reveal and that's the focus of many + + + align:start position:0% +reveal and that's the focus of many +people's attention so the model here is + + align:start position:0% +people's attention so the model here is + + + align:start position:0% +people's attention so the model here is +that remember everything we're doing is + + align:start position:0% +that remember everything we're doing is + + + align:start position:0% +that remember everything we're doing is +ISO peptide linkages okay so this needs + + align:start position:0% +ISO peptide linkages okay so this needs + + + align:start position:0% +ISO peptide linkages okay so this needs +to be set up this complex needs to be + + align:start position:0% +to be set up this complex needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be set up this complex needs to be +set up so the lysine to which the + + align:start position:0% +set up so the lysine to which the + + + align:start position:0% +set up so the lysine to which the +ubiquitin is going to be attached needs + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin is going to be attached needs + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin is going to be attached needs +to be adjacent to the ubiquitin so you + + align:start position:0% +to be adjacent to the ubiquitin so you + + + align:start position:0% +to be adjacent to the ubiquitin so you +have lysine + + align:start position:0% +have lysine + + + align:start position:0% +have lysine +needs to be activated for nucleophilic + + align:start position:0% +needs to be activated for nucleophilic + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be activated for nucleophilic +attack and now you've attached your + + align:start position:0% +attack and now you've attached your + + + align:start position:0% +attack and now you've attached your +ubiquitin okay so so this is a direct + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin okay so so this is a direct + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin okay so so this is a direct +transfer again you're forming the ISO + + align:start position:0% +transfer again you're forming the ISO + + + align:start position:0% +transfer again you're forming the ISO +peptides and remember that we said in + + align:start position:0% +peptides and remember that we said in + + + align:start position:0% +peptides and remember that we said in +the very beginning you don't just have + + align:start position:0% +the very beginning you don't just have + + + align:start position:0% +the very beginning you don't just have +one ubiquitin you have many ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +one ubiquitin you have many ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +one ubiquitin you have many ubiquitin +somebody asked me after class how do you + + align:start position:0% +somebody asked me after class how do you + + + align:start position:0% +somebody asked me after class how do you +get the many ubiquitin x' attached it + + align:start position:0% +get the many ubiquitin x' attached it + + + align:start position:0% +get the many ubiquitin x' attached it +turns out that people have started to + + align:start position:0% +turns out that people have started to + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that people have started to +study this in some detail and in many + + align:start position:0% +study this in some detail and in many + + + align:start position:0% +study this in some detail and in many +cases the e2 s and E 3 s interact in a + + align:start position:0% +cases the e2 s and E 3 s interact in a + + + align:start position:0% +cases the e2 s and E 3 s interact in a +processive way to attach multiple + + align:start position:0% +processive way to attach multiple + + + align:start position:0% +processive way to attach multiple +ubiquitous it was I give you a reference + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitous it was I give you a reference + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitous it was I give you a reference +and um a reference if anybody wants to + + align:start position:0% +and um a reference if anybody wants to + + + align:start position:0% +and um a reference if anybody wants to +read about this that was published a + + align:start position:0% +read about this that was published a + + + align:start position:0% +read about this that was published a +couple of years ago about how you + + align:start position:0% +couple of years ago about how you + + + align:start position:0% +couple of years ago about how you +controlled poly ubiquitination and one + + align:start position:0% +controlled poly ubiquitination and one + + + align:start position:0% +controlled poly ubiquitination and one +of the handouts they had an e4 there + + align:start position:0% +of the handouts they had an e4 there + + + align:start position:0% +of the handouts they had an e4 there +could be ephors that also act processive + + align:start position:0% +could be ephors that also act processive + + + align:start position:0% +could be ephors that also act processive +lee to attach ubiquitin so you can + + align:start position:0% +lee to attach ubiquitin so you can + + + align:start position:0% +lee to attach ubiquitin so you can +attach more than one to give you + + align:start position:0% +attach more than one to give you + + + align:start position:0% +attach more than one to give you +basically the protein of interest with + + align:start position:0% +basically the protein of interest with + + + align:start position:0% +basically the protein of interest with +the bickmans actually attached okay so + + align:start position:0% +the bickmans actually attached okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the bickmans actually attached okay so +that is the machinery we know quite a + + align:start position:0% +that is the machinery we know quite a + + + align:start position:0% +that is the machinery we know quite a +bit about this machinery but that's all + + align:start position:0% +bit about this machinery but that's all + + + align:start position:0% +bit about this machinery but that's all +I'm gonna actually say in this class but + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna actually say in this class but + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna actually say in this class but +every system there are a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +every system there are a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +every system there are a lot of people +studying this and there are very few of + + align:start position:0% +studying this and there are very few of + + + align:start position:0% +studying this and there are very few of +these that are understood in really sort + + align:start position:0% +these that are understood in really sort + + + align:start position:0% +these that are understood in really sort +of molecular detail so the here again is + + align:start position:0% +of molecular detail so the here again is + + + align:start position:0% +of molecular detail so the here again is +again that you have these kinds of I I + + align:start position:0% +again that you have these kinds of I I + + + align:start position:0% +again that you have these kinds of I I +so peptide linkages here's the ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +so peptide linkages here's the ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +so peptide linkages here's the ubiquitin +with the carboxylate and here's a + + align:start position:0% +with the carboxylate and here's a + + + align:start position:0% +with the carboxylate and here's a +ubiquitin with a lysine 48 which you can + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin with a lysine 48 which you can + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin with a lysine 48 which you can +attach additional ubiquitin stew and + + align:start position:0% +attach additional ubiquitin stew and + + + align:start position:0% +attach additional ubiquitin stew and +here's another cartoon of this overall + + align:start position:0% +here's another cartoon of this overall + + + align:start position:0% +here's another cartoon of this overall +process so what I didn't tell you in + + align:start position:0% +process so what I didn't tell you in + + + align:start position:0% +process so what I didn't tell you in +general is that ether ease come in + + align:start position:0% +general is that ether ease come in + + + align:start position:0% +general is that ether ease come in +flavors so they have little domains in + + align:start position:0% +flavors so they have little domains in + + + align:start position:0% +flavors so they have little domains in +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +they have happened is that what it's + + align:start position:0% +they have happened is that what it's + + + align:start position:0% +they have happened is that what it's +called I can't remember the names of + + align:start position:0% +called I can't remember the names of + + + align:start position:0% +called I can't remember the names of +these domains Ivan yeah HEC h ec t + + align:start position:0% +these domains Ivan yeah HEC h ec t + + + align:start position:0% +these domains Ivan yeah HEC h ec t +domains HEC domains ring domains u + + align:start position:0% +domains HEC domains ring domains u + + + align:start position:0% +domains HEC domains ring domains u +domains all of which are distinct and + + align:start position:0% +domains all of which are distinct and + + + align:start position:0% +domains all of which are distinct and +play a role in the details of how this + + align:start position:0% +play a role in the details of how this + + + align:start position:0% +play a role in the details of how this +process actually works so again this is + + align:start position:0% +process actually works so again this is + + + align:start position:0% +process actually works so again this is +something I don't expect you to remember + + align:start position:0% +something I don't expect you to remember + + + align:start position:0% +something I don't expect you to remember +the details from but this is what you + + align:start position:0% +the details from but this is what you + + + align:start position:0% +the details from but this is what you +can imagine happening so in the cartoon + + align:start position:0% +can imagine happening so in the cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine happening so in the cartoon +over here this is what I just described + + align:start position:0% +over here this is what I just described + + + align:start position:0% +over here this is what I just described +that we have an e2 that has this little + + align:start position:0% +that we have an e2 that has this little + + + align:start position:0% +that we have an e2 that has this little +ball as ubiquitin okay here's our + + align:start position:0% +ball as ubiquitin okay here's our + + + align:start position:0% +ball as ubiquitin okay here's our +protein of interest s and so what + + align:start position:0% +protein of interest s and so what + + + align:start position:0% +protein of interest s and so what +happens is e 2 is attaching ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +happens is e 2 is attaching ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +happens is e 2 is attaching ubiquitin +onto the protein of interest ok so + + align:start position:0% +onto the protein of interest ok so + + + align:start position:0% +onto the protein of interest ok so +that's one possibility and in this case + + align:start position:0% +that's one possibility and in this case + + + align:start position:0% +that's one possibility and in this case +the transfer is directly from e 2 and + + align:start position:0% +the transfer is directly from e 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +the transfer is directly from e 2 and +that's what the ones that have been + + align:start position:0% +that's what the ones that have been + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the ones that have been +studied the ring finger could containing + + align:start position:0% +studied the ring finger could containing + + + align:start position:0% +studied the ring finger could containing +domains do ok + + align:start position:0% +domains do ok + + + align:start position:0% +domains do ok +alternatively you can imagine that e 2 + + align:start position:0% +alternatively you can imagine that e 2 + + + align:start position:0% +alternatively you can imagine that e 2 +could transfer ubiquitin 283 ok so and + + align:start position:0% +could transfer ubiquitin 283 ok so and + + + align:start position:0% +could transfer ubiquitin 283 ok so and +once it attaches it to e3 e3 could + + align:start position:0% +once it attaches it to e3 e3 could + + + align:start position:0% +once it attaches it to e3 e3 could +attach it to the protein of interest so + + align:start position:0% +attach it to the protein of interest so + + + align:start position:0% +attach it to the protein of interest so +all of those are possible and there's + + align:start position:0% +all of those are possible and there's + + + align:start position:0% +all of those are possible and there's +been one case where that's been studied + + align:start position:0% +been one case where that's been studied + + + align:start position:0% +been one case where that's been studied +where III attaches the equipment so I + + align:start position:0% +where III attaches the equipment so I + + + align:start position:0% +where III attaches the equipment so I +think you're going to find actually many + + align:start position:0% +think you're going to find actually many + + + align:start position:0% +think you're going to find actually many +variations of this theme this is an old + + align:start position:0% +variations of this theme this is an old + + + align:start position:0% +variations of this theme this is an old +paper I think and I think the more + + align:start position:0% +paper I think and I think the more + + + align:start position:0% +paper I think and I think the more +people study it probably the more + + align:start position:0% +people study it probably the more + + + align:start position:0% +people study it probably the more +complex it will end up getting and so + + align:start position:0% +complex it will end up getting and so + + + align:start position:0% +complex it will end up getting and so +that's basically sort of the machinery + + align:start position:0% +that's basically sort of the machinery + + + align:start position:0% +that's basically sort of the machinery +with the major consideration which i + + align:start position:0% +with the major consideration which i + + + align:start position:0% +with the major consideration which i +think is is actually quite interesting + + align:start position:0% +think is is actually quite interesting + + + align:start position:0% +think is is actually quite interesting +from a biochemical point of view is the + + align:start position:0% +from a biochemical point of view is the + + + align:start position:0% +from a biochemical point of view is the +N and rule how do you modify the end to + + align:start position:0% +N and rule how do you modify the end to + + + align:start position:0% +N and rule how do you modify the end to +target it for degradation does it have a + + align:start position:0% +target it for degradation does it have a + + + align:start position:0% +target it for degradation does it have a +half-life of 2 minutes does it have a + + align:start position:0% +half-life of 2 minutes does it have a + + + align:start position:0% +half-life of 2 minutes does it have a +half-life of 2 hours and what governs + + align:start position:0% +half-life of 2 hours and what governs + + + align:start position:0% +half-life of 2 hours and what governs +all of that and you can imagine the post + + align:start position:0% +all of that and you can imagine the post + + + align:start position:0% +all of that and you can imagine the post +translational modification also governs + + align:start position:0% +translational modification also governs + + + align:start position:0% +translational modification also governs +the half-life so both of those possible + + align:start position:0% +the half-life so both of those possible + + + align:start position:0% +the half-life so both of those possible +and those of you interested in poly + + align:start position:0% +and those of you interested in poly + + + align:start position:0% +and those of you interested in poly +ubiquitination can look at that + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitination can look at that + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitination can look at that +reference + + align:start position:0% +reference + + + align:start position:0% +reference +in fact that paper uses methodologies + + align:start position:0% +in fact that paper uses methodologies + + + align:start position:0% +in fact that paper uses methodologies +we've talked about class and recitation + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about class and recitation + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about class and recitation +- they use rapid chemical quench + + align:start position:0% +- they use rapid chemical quench + + + align:start position:0% +- they use rapid chemical quench +technology to measure the rate constants + + align:start position:0% +technology to measure the rate constants + + + align:start position:0% +technology to measure the rate constants +for putting on multiple ubiquitin so + + align:start position:0% +for putting on multiple ubiquitin so + + + align:start position:0% +for putting on multiple ubiquitin so +this rapid chemical quench technology + + align:start position:0% +this rapid chemical quench technology + + + align:start position:0% +this rapid chemical quench technology +continues to appear over and over again + + align:start position:0% +continues to appear over and over again + + + align:start position:0% +continues to appear over and over again +when you want to look at more details + + align:start position:0% +when you want to look at more details + + + align:start position:0% +when you want to look at more details +about how these systems actually work + + align:start position:0% +about how these systems actually work + + + align:start position:0% +about how these systems actually work +okay so that is allowing us to get to + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is allowing us to get to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is allowing us to get to +the stage where the ubiquitin is + + align:start position:0% +the stage where the ubiquitin is + + + align:start position:0% +the stage where the ubiquitin is +attached to the protein of interest so + + align:start position:0% +attached to the protein of interest so + + + align:start position:0% +attached to the protein of interest so +and that is via the chamber of doom xx + + align:start position:0% +and that is via the chamber of doom xx + + + align:start position:0% +and that is via the chamber of doom xx +Prodi + + align:start position:0% +Prodi + + + align:start position:0% +Prodi +the 20s proteasome but now what we also + + align:start position:0% +the 20s proteasome but now what we also + + + align:start position:0% +the 20s proteasome but now what we also +would like to look at a little bit and + + align:start position:0% +would like to look at a little bit and + + + align:start position:0% +would like to look at a little bit and +this is a very active area of research + + align:start position:0% +this is a very active area of research + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very active area of research +is the lid okay and you saw clip x in + + align:start position:0% +is the lid okay and you saw clip x in + + + align:start position:0% +is the lid okay and you saw clip x in +addition to clip P before and so I just + + align:start position:0% +addition to clip P before and so I just + + + align:start position:0% +addition to clip P before and so I just +want to spend a minute so on the 19's + + align:start position:0% +want to spend a minute so on the 19's + + + align:start position:0% +want to spend a minute so on the 19's +lid of the proteasome and this lid has + + align:start position:0% +lid of the proteasome and this lid has + + + align:start position:0% +lid of the proteasome and this lid has +proteins coming and going and when you + + align:start position:0% +proteins coming and going and when you + + + align:start position:0% +proteins coming and going and when you +isolate it you probably lose proteins + + align:start position:0% +isolate it you probably lose proteins + + + align:start position:0% +isolate it you probably lose proteins +that are loosely bound okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +that are loosely bound okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +that are loosely bound okay so this is +again complex you can tell that from + + align:start position:0% +again complex you can tell that from + + + align:start position:0% +again complex you can tell that from +this cartoon over here a machine of 15 + + align:start position:0% +this cartoon over here a machine of 15 + + + align:start position:0% +this cartoon over here a machine of 15 +to 20 proteins okay and if you look at + + align:start position:0% +to 20 proteins okay and if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +to 20 proteins okay and if you look at +this machine there's been a lot of + + align:start position:0% +this machine there's been a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +this machine there's been a lot of +people actually one of Bob sours + + align:start position:0% +people actually one of Bob sours + + + align:start position:0% +people actually one of Bob sours +students at Berkeley has spent a lot of + + align:start position:0% +students at Berkeley has spent a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +students at Berkeley has spent a lot of +time studying this human counterpart and + + align:start position:0% +time studying this human counterpart and + + + align:start position:0% +time studying this human counterpart and +has done a lot of really beautiful + + align:start position:0% +has done a lot of really beautiful + + + align:start position:0% +has done a lot of really beautiful +cryo-em + + align:start position:0% +cryo-em + + + align:start position:0% +cryo-em +on this so again this methodology we've + + align:start position:0% +on this so again this methodology we've + + + align:start position:0% +on this so again this methodology we've +been talking about has been used why + + align:start position:0% +been talking about has been used why + + + align:start position:0% +been talking about has been used why +they you think right we um because you + + align:start position:0% +they you think right we um because you + + + align:start position:0% +they you think right we um because you +can imagine this is really hard to get a + + align:start position:0% +can imagine this is really hard to get a + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine this is really hard to get a +picture of because it's moving around a + + align:start position:0% +picture of because it's moving around a + + + align:start position:0% +picture of because it's moving around a +lot so if we look over here what you + + align:start position:0% +lot so if we look over here what you + + + align:start position:0% +lot so if we look over here what you +will see is that you have a species + + align:start position:0% +will see is that you have a species + + + align:start position:0% +will see is that you have a species +called RP - our PT which and there are + + align:start position:0% +called RP - our PT which and there are + + + align:start position:0% +called RP - our PT which and there are +six of these okay so they're all + + align:start position:0% +six of these okay so they're all + + + align:start position:0% +six of these okay so they're all +slightly different and this is part of + + align:start position:0% +slightly different and this is part of + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different and this is part of +an AEA a ATPase system so + + align:start position:0% +an AEA a ATPase system so + + + align:start position:0% +an AEA a ATPase system so +have the RPG equivalent one through six + + align:start position:0% +have the RPG equivalent one through six + + + align:start position:0% +have the RPG equivalent one through six +and this is an ATPase and it sits on top + + align:start position:0% +and this is an ATPase and it sits on top + + + align:start position:0% +and this is an ATPase and it sits on top +of the proteasome okay so its function + + align:start position:0% +of the proteasome okay so its function + + + align:start position:0% +of the proteasome okay so its function +is exactly like what you guys learned + + align:start position:0% +is exactly like what you guys learned + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly like what you guys learned +about with clip 2x and Clippy what does + + align:start position:0% +about with clip 2x and Clippy what does + + + align:start position:0% +about with clip 2x and Clippy what does +it do it's going to pull to try to + + align:start position:0% +it do it's going to pull to try to + + + align:start position:0% +it do it's going to pull to try to +unfold the protein and it's going to use + + align:start position:0% +unfold the protein and it's going to use + + + align:start position:0% +unfold the protein and it's going to use +ATP hydrolysis to them try to thread the + + align:start position:0% +ATP hydrolysis to them try to thread the + + + align:start position:0% +ATP hydrolysis to them try to thread the +protein into the chamber of doom + + align:start position:0% +protein into the chamber of doom + + + align:start position:0% +protein into the chamber of doom +so the model which hasn't been anywhere + + align:start position:0% +so the model which hasn't been anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +so the model which hasn't been anywhere +near as well study the best-studied + + align:start position:0% +near as well study the best-studied + + + align:start position:0% +near as well study the best-studied +system is the one that liz talked about + + align:start position:0% +system is the one that liz talked about + + + align:start position:0% +system is the one that liz talked about +that's why we chose so look at this is + + align:start position:0% +that's why we chose so look at this is + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we chose so look at this is +sort of doing the same thing as just + + align:start position:0% +sort of doing the same thing as just + + + align:start position:0% +sort of doing the same thing as just +there's orders a little more complexity + + align:start position:0% +there's orders a little more complexity + + + align:start position:0% +there's orders a little more complexity +associated with this you can imagine how + + align:start position:0% +associated with this you can imagine how + + + align:start position:0% +associated with this you can imagine how +complicated this is in terms of thinking + + align:start position:0% +complicated this is in terms of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +complicated this is in terms of thinking +about from from the saunders single + + align:start position:0% +about from from the saunders single + + + align:start position:0% +about from from the saunders single +molecule talk you can imagine this is + + align:start position:0% +molecule talk you can imagine this is + + + align:start position:0% +molecule talk you can imagine this is +even more complicated so what do you + + align:start position:0% +even more complicated so what do you + + + align:start position:0% +even more complicated so what do you +have here that's also similar to the + + align:start position:0% +have here that's also similar to the + + + align:start position:0% +have here that's also similar to the +clip X clip P system here's a hexamer + + align:start position:0% +clip X clip P system here's a hexamer + + + align:start position:0% +clip X clip P system here's a hexamer +and remember that we looked at beta and + + align:start position:0% +and remember that we looked at beta and + + + align:start position:0% +and remember that we looked at beta and +alpha that they were seven MERS so again + + align:start position:0% +alpha that they were seven MERS so again + + + align:start position:0% +alpha that they were seven MERS so again +just like with clip x and Clippy you + + align:start position:0% +just like with clip x and Clippy you + + + align:start position:0% +just like with clip x and Clippy you +have a mismatch so we have a hexamer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +heptamer mismatch just like you did + + align:start position:0% +heptamer mismatch just like you did + + + align:start position:0% +heptamer mismatch just like you did +before and why Nature has chosen to do + + align:start position:0% +before and why Nature has chosen to do + + + align:start position:0% +before and why Nature has chosen to do +this I don't know but remember even the + + align:start position:0% +this I don't know but remember even the + + + align:start position:0% +this I don't know but remember even the +beta subunit the alpha subunits are + + align:start position:0% +beta subunit the alpha subunits are + + + align:start position:0% +beta subunit the alpha subunits are +inactive the beta subunits they're only + + align:start position:0% +inactive the beta subunits they're only + + + align:start position:0% +inactive the beta subunits they're only +three out of the seven are active so + + align:start position:0% +three out of the seven are active so + + + align:start position:0% +three out of the seven are active so +it's just really quite complex now what + + align:start position:0% +it's just really quite complex now what + + + align:start position:0% +it's just really quite complex now what +are the other things that could be + + align:start position:0% +are the other things that could be + + + align:start position:0% +are the other things that could be +involved these other proteins could be + + align:start position:0% +involved these other proteins could be + + + align:start position:0% +involved these other proteins could be +involved in well now what's distinct + + align:start position:0% +involved in well now what's distinct + + + align:start position:0% +involved in well now what's distinct +from the two we you had in the clip XP + + align:start position:0% +from the two we you had in the clip XP + + + align:start position:0% +from the two we you had in the clip XP +system you had something that recognized + + align:start position:0% +system you had something that recognized + + + align:start position:0% +system you had something that recognized +the SS are a tag so you had an adapter + + align:start position:0% +the SS are a tag so you had an adapter + + + align:start position:0% +the SS are a tag so you had an adapter +proteins so here what we need is + + align:start position:0% +proteins so here what we need is + + + align:start position:0% +proteins so here what we need is +something that recognizes the ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +something that recognizes the ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +something that recognizes the ubiquitin +x' and these could be + + align:start position:0% +x' and these could be + + + align:start position:0% +x' and these could be +in the handouts I've given you they tell + + align:start position:0% +in the handouts I've given you they tell + + + align:start position:0% +in the handouts I've given you they tell +you which one of these is which I'm not + + align:start position:0% +you which one of these is which I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +you which one of these is which I'm not +going to talk about that detail but you + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about that detail but you + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about that detail but you +have our PN proteins that recognize + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ubiquitous okay and I have another + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitous okay and I have another + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitous okay and I have another +people are starting to get cryo-em + + align:start position:0% +people are starting to get cryo-em + + + align:start position:0% +people are starting to get cryo-em +pictures of all of this this is a paper + + align:start position:0% +pictures of all of this this is a paper + + + align:start position:0% +pictures of all of this this is a paper +in 2012 here's the protein of interest + + align:start position:0% +in 2012 here's the protein of interest + + + align:start position:0% +in 2012 here's the protein of interest +here is the AAA + + align:start position:0% +here is the AAA + + + align:start position:0% +here is the AAA +type ATP a system that needs to unfold + + align:start position:0% +type ATP a system that needs to unfold + + + align:start position:0% +type ATP a system that needs to unfold +the protein of interest and thread it + + align:start position:0% +the protein of interest and thread it + + + align:start position:0% +the protein of interest and thread it +into the chamber of doom and you have + + align:start position:0% +into the chamber of doom and you have + + + align:start position:0% +into the chamber of doom and you have +binding sites for the poly ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +binding sites for the poly ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +binding sites for the poly ubiquitin +okay so that's one thing you need to do + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's one thing you need to do + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's one thing you need to do +to do with your lid proteins a second + + align:start position:0% +to do with your lid proteins a second + + + align:start position:0% +to do with your lid proteins a second +thing you need to do is that nature + + align:start position:0% +thing you need to do is that nature + + + align:start position:0% +thing you need to do is that nature +recycles the ubiquitous so what you have + + align:start position:0% +recycles the ubiquitous so what you have + + + align:start position:0% +recycles the ubiquitous so what you have +is enzymes that are called D ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +is enzymes that are called D ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +is enzymes that are called D ubiquitin +enzymes I think that's whatever they + + align:start position:0% +enzymes I think that's whatever they + + + align:start position:0% +enzymes I think that's whatever they +label down here our 11 in this molecule + + align:start position:0% +label down here our 11 in this molecule + + + align:start position:0% +label down here our 11 in this molecule +you p6 Rd ubiquitin sorry okay spear + + align:start position:0% +you p6 Rd ubiquitin sorry okay spear + + + align:start position:0% +you p6 Rd ubiquitin sorry okay spear +dubs okay yeah so they are both of these + + align:start position:0% +dubs okay yeah so they are both of these + + + align:start position:0% +dubs okay yeah so they are both of these +guys are involved in clipping off the + + align:start position:0% +guys are involved in clipping off the + + + align:start position:0% +guys are involved in clipping off the +abit Witten's and recycling so you have + + align:start position:0% +abit Witten's and recycling so you have + + + align:start position:0% +abit Witten's and recycling so you have +another set of proteins D ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +another set of proteins D ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +another set of proteins D ubiquitin +aiding enzymes and you have an ISO + + align:start position:0% +aiding enzymes and you have an ISO + + + align:start position:0% +aiding enzymes and you have an ISO +peptide linkage remember and what kind + + align:start position:0% +peptide linkage remember and what kind + + + align:start position:0% +peptide linkage remember and what kind +of an enzyme might you expect a DVI + + align:start position:0% +of an enzyme might you expect a DVI + + + align:start position:0% +of an enzyme might you expect a DVI +coding and D ubiquity enzyme to be what + + align:start position:0% +coding and D ubiquity enzyme to be what + + + align:start position:0% +coding and D ubiquity enzyme to be what +kind of activity would it have I want to + + align:start position:0% +kind of activity would it have I want to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of activity would it have I want to +cut these things off what are you going + + align:start position:0% +cut these things off what are you going + + + align:start position:0% +cut these things off what are you going +to do + + align:start position:0% +to do + + + align:start position:0% +to do +protease okay and it turns out almost + + align:start position:0% +protease okay and it turns out almost + + + align:start position:0% +protease okay and it turns out almost +all of them there again we're + + align:start position:0% +all of them there again we're + + + align:start position:0% +all of them there again we're +identifying them continually than not so + + align:start position:0% +identifying them continually than not so + + + align:start position:0% +identifying them continually than not so +sequence identifiable by looking at + + align:start position:0% +sequence identifiable by looking at + + + align:start position:0% +sequence identifiable by looking at +bioinformatics there were the ones that + + align:start position:0% +bioinformatics there were the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +bioinformatics there were the ones that +have been looked at at all cysteine + + align:start position:0% +have been looked at at all cysteine + + + align:start position:0% +have been looked at at all cysteine +proteases so the ones that have been + + align:start position:0% +proteases so the ones that have been + + + align:start position:0% +proteases so the ones that have been +studied in detail + + align:start position:0% +studied in detail + + + align:start position:0% +studied in detail +our cysteine proteases but remember + + align:start position:0% +our cysteine proteases but remember + + + align:start position:0% +our cysteine proteases but remember +they're recognizing ISO peptide linkages + + align:start position:0% +they're recognizing ISO peptide linkages + + + align:start position:0% +they're recognizing ISO peptide linkages +not peptide linkages and as in the case + + align:start position:0% +not peptide linkages and as in the case + + + align:start position:0% +not peptide linkages and as in the case +of cysteine proteases what do they + + align:start position:0% +of cysteine proteases what do they + + + align:start position:0% +of cysteine proteases what do they +involve they involve covalent catalysis + + align:start position:0% +involve they involve covalent catalysis + + + align:start position:0% +involve they involve covalent catalysis +so again here's another example of stuff + + align:start position:0% +so again here's another example of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +so again here's another example of stuff +you learned in the first part of the + + align:start position:0% +you learned in the first part of the + + + align:start position:0% +you learned in the first part of the +courses you're gonna you see over and + + align:start position:0% +courses you're gonna you see over and + + + align:start position:0% +courses you're gonna you see over and +over and over again in nature and + + align:start position:0% +over and over again in nature and + + + align:start position:0% +over and over again in nature and +hopefully this is now becoming a second + + align:start position:0% +hopefully this is now becoming a second + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully this is now becoming a second +nature to you guys that these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +nature to you guys that these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +nature to you guys that these kinds of +processes actually happen okay so so + + align:start position:0% +processes actually happen okay so so + + + align:start position:0% +processes actually happen okay so so +this is the lid I'm not going to say any + + align:start position:0% +this is the lid I'm not going to say any + + + align:start position:0% +this is the lid I'm not going to say any +more about that you see the equipment + + align:start position:0% +more about that you see the equipment + + + align:start position:0% +more about that you see the equipment +you see how complicated it is and every + + align:start position:0% +you see how complicated it is and every + + + align:start position:0% +you see how complicated it is and every +system you study in biology and if you + + align:start position:0% +system you study in biology and if you + + + align:start position:0% +system you study in biology and if you +care about the regulation you're + + align:start position:0% +care about the regulation you're + + + align:start position:0% +care about the regulation you're +probably gonna have to think about + + align:start position:0% +probably gonna have to think about + + + align:start position:0% +probably gonna have to think about +degradation and you're gonna have to + + align:start position:0% +degradation and you're gonna have to + + + align:start position:0% +degradation and you're gonna have to +individually look at the proteins of + + align:start position:0% +individually look at the proteins of + + + align:start position:0% +individually look at the proteins of +interest and figure out what the e to s + + align:start position:0% +interest and figure out what the e to s + + + align:start position:0% +interest and figure out what the e to s +and the e threes are and what the + + align:start position:0% +and the e threes are and what the + + + align:start position:0% +and the e threes are and what the +signals are that control this overall + + align:start position:0% +signals are that control this overall + + + align:start position:0% +signals are that control this overall +process so this was just taken out of + + align:start position:0% +process so this was just taken out of + + + align:start position:0% +process so this was just taken out of +some recent review but it just gives you + + align:start position:0% +some recent review but it just gives you + + + align:start position:0% +some recent review but it just gives you +an idea of where you see this is a + + align:start position:0% +an idea of where you see this is a + + + align:start position:0% +an idea of where you see this is a +couple of years old now but where you + + align:start position:0% +couple of years old now but where you + + + align:start position:0% +couple of years old now but where you +see this kind of machinery we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +see this kind of machinery we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +see this kind of machinery we're gonna +see it in the next section we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +see it in the next section we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +see it in the next section we're gonna +see a key player and sensing iron is + + align:start position:0% +see a key player and sensing iron is + + + align:start position:0% +see a key player and sensing iron is +degraded by ubiquitination okay + + align:start position:0% +degraded by ubiquitination okay + + + align:start position:0% +degraded by ubiquitination okay +in addition you can imagine progression + + align:start position:0% +in addition you can imagine progression + + + align:start position:0% +in addition you can imagine progression +through the cell cycle apoptosis immune + + align:start position:0% +through the cell cycle apoptosis immune + + + align:start position:0% +through the cell cycle apoptosis immune +surveillance they're all regulated by + + align:start position:0% +surveillance they're all regulated by + + + align:start position:0% +surveillance they're all regulated by +protein mediated degradation so this is + + align:start position:0% +protein mediated degradation so this is + + + align:start position:0% +protein mediated degradation so this is +a fundamental mechanism of regulation + + align:start position:0% +a fundamental mechanism of regulation + + + align:start position:0% +a fundamental mechanism of regulation +and so having I think a cartoon overview + + align:start position:0% +and so having I think a cartoon overview + + + align:start position:0% +and so having I think a cartoon overview +that I've given you in class is really + + align:start position:0% +that I've given you in class is really + + + align:start position:0% +that I've given you in class is really +important to have in the back of your + + align:start position:0% +important to have in the back of your + + + align:start position:0% +important to have in the back of your +mind when you're thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +mind when you're thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +mind when you're thinking about the +system that you might be working on and + + align:start position:0% +system that you might be working on and + + + align:start position:0% +system that you might be working on and +this was a paper that was very recently + + align:start position:0% +this was a paper that was very recently + + + align:start position:0% +this was a paper that was very recently +published and so we've been focusing on + + align:start position:0% +published and so we've been focusing on + + + align:start position:0% +published and so we've been focusing on +cholesterol homeostasis and remember + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol homeostasis and remember + + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol homeostasis and remember +when I introduced this topic we were + + align:start position:0% +when I introduced this topic we were + + + align:start position:0% +when I introduced this topic we were +talking about insig and HMG co-reductase + + align:start position:0% +talking about insig and HMG co-reductase + + + align:start position:0% +talking about insig and HMG co-reductase +okay and hmg-coa reductase is targeted + + align:start position:0% +okay and hmg-coa reductase is targeted + + + align:start position:0% +okay and hmg-coa reductase is targeted +for degradation by insig that's why we + + align:start position:0% +for degradation by insig that's why we + + + align:start position:0% +for degradation by insig that's why we +made this + + align:start position:0% +made this + + + align:start position:0% +made this +aggression and if you go back now and + + align:start position:0% +aggression and if you go back now and + + + align:start position:0% +aggression and if you go back now and +look at what people have pulled out of + + align:start position:0% +look at what people have pulled out of + + + align:start position:0% +look at what people have pulled out of +the literature we're going to look today + + align:start position:0% +the literature we're going to look today + + + align:start position:0% +the literature we're going to look today +very briefly at GP 78 and your problem + + align:start position:0% +very briefly at GP 78 and your problem + + + align:start position:0% +very briefly at GP 78 and your problem +set due this week will see that GP 78 + + align:start position:0% +set due this week will see that GP 78 + + + align:start position:0% +set due this week will see that GP 78 +which people thought was a whole story + + align:start position:0% +which people thought was a whole story + + + align:start position:0% +which people thought was a whole story +is not the whole story that there's + + align:start position:0% +is not the whole story that there's + + + align:start position:0% +is not the whole story that there's +another ECE 3 hopefully you'll get that + + align:start position:0% +another ECE 3 hopefully you'll get that + + + align:start position:0% +another ECE 3 hopefully you'll get that +out of the data that I've given you in + + align:start position:0% +out of the data that I've given you in + + + align:start position:0% +out of the data that I've given you in +problem set 3 and there's yet another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another system involved in cholesterol + + align:start position:0% +another system involved in cholesterol + + + align:start position:0% +another system involved in cholesterol +degradation of hmg-coa reductase but + + align:start position:0% +degradation of hmg-coa reductase but + + + align:start position:0% +degradation of hmg-coa reductase but +it's not limited to HMG co-reductase + + align:start position:0% +it's not limited to HMG co-reductase + + + align:start position:0% +it's not limited to HMG co-reductase +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +one also has degradation of the + + align:start position:0% +one also has degradation of the + + + align:start position:0% +one also has degradation of the +transcription factors srebp we talked + + align:start position:0% +transcription factors srebp we talked + + + align:start position:0% +transcription factors srebp we talked +about those they used different + + align:start position:0% +about those they used different + + + align:start position:0% +about those they used different +targeting enzymes and furthermore a lot + + align:start position:0% +targeting enzymes and furthermore a lot + + + align:start position:0% +targeting enzymes and furthermore a lot +of people have been studying the enzymes + + align:start position:0% +of people have been studying the enzymes + + + align:start position:0% +of people have been studying the enzymes +involved in cholesterol efj locks and + + align:start position:0% +involved in cholesterol efj locks and + + + align:start position:0% +involved in cholesterol efj locks and +again these enzymes here are also + + align:start position:0% +again these enzymes here are also + + + align:start position:0% +again these enzymes here are also +targeted for degradation so the timing + + align:start position:0% +targeted for degradation so the timing + + + align:start position:0% +targeted for degradation so the timing +of all with and what's recognized it's + + align:start position:0% +of all with and what's recognized it's + + + align:start position:0% +of all with and what's recognized it's +central to think people thinking about + + align:start position:0% +central to think people thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +central to think people thinking about +regulation not only in systems in + + align:start position:0% +regulation not only in systems in + + + align:start position:0% +regulation not only in systems in +general but cholesterol specifically + + align:start position:0% +general but cholesterol specifically + + + align:start position:0% +general but cholesterol specifically +okay so that's a summary of everything + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a summary of everything + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's a summary of everything +we've said and finally what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +we've said and finally what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +we've said and finally what I want to do +now is just come back to where we + + align:start position:0% +now is just come back to where we + + + align:start position:0% +now is just come back to where we +started in this section and to finish up + + align:start position:0% +started in this section and to finish up + + + align:start position:0% +started in this section and to finish up +and where we started was we were looking + + align:start position:0% +and where we started was we were looking + + + align:start position:0% +and where we started was we were looking +at the second mechanism of regulation + + align:start position:0% +at the second mechanism of regulation + + + align:start position:0% +at the second mechanism of regulation +and the key role of in the SIG's that + + align:start position:0% +and the key role of in the SIG's that + + + align:start position:0% +and the key role of in the SIG's that +you've already set seen plays a key role + + align:start position:0% +you've already set seen plays a key role + + + align:start position:0% +you've already set seen plays a key role +and srebp control keeping it in the + + align:start position:0% +and srebp control keeping it in the + + + align:start position:0% +and srebp control keeping it in the +endoplasmic reticulum so now we're + + align:start position:0% +endoplasmic reticulum so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +endoplasmic reticulum so now we're +coming back and looking at H and G + + align:start position:0% +coming back and looking at H and G + + + align:start position:0% +coming back and looking at H and G +reductase and the role of insig in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +targeting + + align:start position:0% +targeting + + + align:start position:0% +targeting +it's degradation okay + + align:start position:0% +it's degradation okay + + + align:start position:0% +it's degradation okay +and so we've seen these players now over + + align:start position:0% +and so we've seen these players now over + + + align:start position:0% +and so we've seen these players now over +and over and over again so I'm not going + + align:start position:0% +and over and over again so I'm not going + + + align:start position:0% +and over and over again so I'm not going +to keep drawing the structures out on + + align:start position:0% +to keep drawing the structures out on + + + align:start position:0% +to keep drawing the structures out on +the board but remember if you have high + + align:start position:0% +the board but remember if you have high + + + align:start position:0% +the board but remember if you have high +cholesterol what do you what do you want + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol what do you what do you want + + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol what do you what do you want +to do with HMG co-reductase if you have + + align:start position:0% +to do with HMG co-reductase if you have + + + align:start position:0% +to do with HMG co-reductase if you have +high cholesterol what yeah you want to + + align:start position:0% +high cholesterol what yeah you want to + + + align:start position:0% +high cholesterol what yeah you want to +inhibit it and so the way you inhibit it + + align:start position:0% +inhibit it and so the way you inhibit it + + + align:start position:0% +inhibit it and so the way you inhibit it +is you target it to remain in the ER + + align:start position:0% +is you target it to remain in the ER + + + align:start position:0% +is you target it to remain in the ER +okay and so the question then is then + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the question then is then + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the question then is then +how does in insig and HMG are in the + + align:start position:0% +how does in insig and HMG are in the + + + align:start position:0% +how does in insig and HMG are in the +presence of cholesterol and it turns out + + align:start position:0% +presence of cholesterol and it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +presence of cholesterol and it turns out +the signal is not cholesterol itself but + + align:start position:0% +the signal is not cholesterol itself but + + + align:start position:0% +the signal is not cholesterol itself but +the signal is on Austral and we talked + + align:start position:0% +the signal is on Austral and we talked + + + align:start position:0% +the signal is on Austral and we talked +about that very briefly a couple of + + align:start position:0% +about that very briefly a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +about that very briefly a couple of +times where do you see when Austral if + + align:start position:0% +times where do you see when Austral if + + + align:start position:0% +times where do you see when Austral if +you go back to the biosynthetic pathway + + align:start position:0% +you go back to the biosynthetic pathway + + + align:start position:0% +you go back to the biosynthetic pathway +it's sort of in the middle okay so this + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of in the middle okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of in the middle okay so this +is so you have you have acetyl co a you + + align:start position:0% +is so you have you have acetyl co a you + + + align:start position:0% +is so you have you have acetyl co a you +have one Austral and you have another 19 + + align:start position:0% +have one Austral and you have another 19 + + + align:start position:0% +have one Austral and you have another 19 +steps before you get to cholesterol and + + align:start position:0% +steps before you get to cholesterol and + + + align:start position:0% +steps before you get to cholesterol and +somehow this senses this census one + + align:start position:0% +somehow this senses this census one + + + align:start position:0% +somehow this senses this census one +Oster all and people are trying to + + align:start position:0% +Oster all and people are trying to + + + align:start position:0% +Oster all and people are trying to +understand the details of that how do + + align:start position:0% +understand the details of that how do + + + align:start position:0% +understand the details of that how do +you really know that's true that's not + + align:start position:0% +you really know that's true that's not + + + align:start position:0% +you really know that's true that's not +such an easy thing as we've talked about + + align:start position:0% +such an easy thing as we've talked about + + + align:start position:0% +such an easy thing as we've talked about +in recitation so what we want to do then + + align:start position:0% +in recitation so what we want to do then + + + align:start position:0% +in recitation so what we want to do then +is retain HMG co-reductase in the ER so + + align:start position:0% +is retain HMG co-reductase in the ER so + + + align:start position:0% +is retain HMG co-reductase in the ER so +these are both ER bound and in the + + align:start position:0% +these are both ER bound and in the + + + align:start position:0% +these are both ER bound and in the +presence of lannister all we want to + + align:start position:0% +presence of lannister all we want to + + + align:start position:0% +presence of lannister all we want to +target + + align:start position:0% +target + + + align:start position:0% +target +HMG co-reductase for degradation okay + + align:start position:0% +HMG co-reductase for degradation okay + + + align:start position:0% +HMG co-reductase for degradation okay +that's the goal okay and that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's the goal okay and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the goal okay and that's the +question is is how did people go about + + align:start position:0% +question is is how did people go about + + + align:start position:0% +question is is how did people go about +studying that okay and so it turns out + + align:start position:0% +studying that okay and so it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +studying that okay and so it turns out +that they have discovered three proteins + + align:start position:0% +that they have discovered three proteins + + + align:start position:0% +that they have discovered three proteins +at least in one of these systems and the + + align:start position:0% +at least in one of these systems and the + + + align:start position:0% +at least in one of these systems and the +protein that I'm going to talk about for + + align:start position:0% +protein that I'm going to talk about for + + + align:start position:0% +protein that I'm going to talk about for +a very brief period of time is GP 78 + + align:start position:0% +a very brief period of time is GP 78 + + + align:start position:0% +a very brief period of time is GP 78 +that was like Oh protein 78 tells you + + align:start position:0% +that was like Oh protein 78 tells you + + + align:start position:0% +that was like Oh protein 78 tells you +something about its molecular weight + + align:start position:0% +something about its molecular weight + + + align:start position:0% +something about its molecular weight +again I don't expect you to remember the + + align:start position:0% +again I don't expect you to remember the + + + align:start position:0% +again I don't expect you to remember the +details but GP 78 interacts with insig + + align:start position:0% +details but GP 78 interacts with insig + + + align:start position:0% +details but GP 78 interacts with insig +okay and if you go back and you look at + + align:start position:0% +okay and if you go back and you look at + + + align:start position:0% +okay and if you go back and you look at +the little cartoons I've given you in + + align:start position:0% +the little cartoons I've given you in + + + align:start position:0% +the little cartoons I've given you in +sig again has lots of transmembrane + + align:start position:0% +sig again has lots of transmembrane + + + align:start position:0% +sig again has lots of transmembrane +helix YZ and is stuck in the ER okay so + + align:start position:0% +helix YZ and is stuck in the ER okay so + + + align:start position:0% +helix YZ and is stuck in the ER okay so +what do we know about GP 78 and again + + align:start position:0% +what do we know about GP 78 and again + + + align:start position:0% +what do we know about GP 78 and again +you see these cartoons that liz is used + + align:start position:0% +you see these cartoons that liz is used + + + align:start position:0% +you see these cartoons that liz is used +and I've been using since we really know + + align:start position:0% +and I've been using since we really know + + + align:start position:0% +and I've been using since we really know +nothing about the detail structures of + + align:start position:0% +nothing about the detail structures of + + + align:start position:0% +nothing about the detail structures of +these systems what we know is at the + + align:start position:0% +these systems what we know is at the + + + align:start position:0% +these systems what we know is at the +n-terminus we have an insignia site okay + + align:start position:0% +n-terminus we have an insignia site okay + + + align:start position:0% +n-terminus we have an insignia site okay +and so people had to study that and how + + align:start position:0% +and so people had to study that and how + + + align:start position:0% +and so people had to study that and how +do they study that probably by + + align:start position:0% +do they study that probably by + + + align:start position:0% +do they study that probably by +mechanisms similar to what you had a to + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms similar to what you had a to + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms similar to what you had a to +which you thought about looking at + + align:start position:0% +which you thought about looking at + + + align:start position:0% +which you thought about looking at +problem set seven it turns out that GP + + align:start position:0% +problem set seven it turns out that GP + + + align:start position:0% +problem set seven it turns out that GP +78 is a ubiquitin ligase + + align:start position:0% +78 is a ubiquitin ligase + + + align:start position:0% +78 is a ubiquitin ligase +so it's an e 3 so this is an e3 + + align:start position:0% +so it's an e 3 so this is an e3 + + + align:start position:0% +so it's an e 3 so this is an e3 +ubiquitin ligase okay so this is GP 78 + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin ligase okay so this is GP 78 + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin ligase okay so this is GP 78 +is an e3 ubiquitin ligase it has a ring + + align:start position:0% +is an e3 ubiquitin ligase it has a ring + + + align:start position:0% +is an e3 ubiquitin ligase it has a ring +domain remember we said there were + + align:start position:0% +domain remember we said there were + + + align:start position:0% +domain remember we said there were +little domains that alter the way you + + align:start position:0% +little domains that alter the way you + + + align:start position:0% +little domains that alter the way you +stick the ubiquitin on again we don't + + align:start position:0% +stick the ubiquitin on again we don't + + + align:start position:0% +stick the ubiquitin on again we don't +know but the details about this it has + + align:start position:0% +know but the details about this it has + + + align:start position:0% +know but the details about this it has +another little domain called UB c7 we're + + align:start position:0% +another little domain called UB c7 we're + + + align:start position:0% +another little domain called UB c7 we're +really into acronym morals but what you + + align:start position:0% +really into acronym morals but what you + + + align:start position:0% +really into acronym morals but what you +need to know is that this is an e2 + + align:start position:0% +need to know is that this is an e2 + + + align:start position:0% +need to know is that this is an e2 +conjugating enzyme so what you have now + + align:start position:0% +conjugating enzyme so what you have now + + + align:start position:0% +conjugating enzyme so what you have now +is an e3 that combined an E - that's the + + align:start position:0% +is an e3 that combined an E - that's the + + + align:start position:0% +is an e3 that combined an E - that's the +cartoons we just went through we went + + align:start position:0% +cartoons we just went through we went + + + align:start position:0% +cartoons we just went through we went +through over here III binding to e2 e3 + + align:start position:0% +through over here III binding to e2 e3 + + + align:start position:0% +through over here III binding to e2 e3 +the GP 78 eetu is this little protein + + align:start position:0% +the GP 78 eetu is this little protein + + + align:start position:0% +the GP 78 eetu is this little protein +domain and I think what's really + + align:start position:0% +domain and I think what's really + + + align:start position:0% +domain and I think what's really +interesting about this protein is it has + + align:start position:0% +interesting about this protein is it has + + + align:start position:0% +interesting about this protein is it has +another little domain called V PC and + + align:start position:0% +another little domain called V PC and + + + align:start position:0% +another little domain called V PC and +this is an ATPase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if you think about this if you want + + align:start position:0% +and if you think about this if you want + + + align:start position:0% +and if you think about this if you want +to target something for degradation + + align:start position:0% +to target something for degradation + + + align:start position:0% +to target something for degradation +where where is the proteasome located + + align:start position:0% +where where is the proteasome located + + + align:start position:0% +where where is the proteasome located +that we've been talking about what where + + align:start position:0% +that we've been talking about what where + + + align:start position:0% +that we've been talking about what where +is it located in the cell actually there + + align:start position:0% +is it located in the cell actually there + + + align:start position:0% +is it located in the cell actually there +are multiple Proteus ohms but the ones + + align:start position:0% +are multiple Proteus ohms but the ones + + + align:start position:0% +are multiple Proteus ohms but the ones +we've been focused on where's it located + + align:start position:0% +we've been focused on where's it located + + + align:start position:0% +we've been focused on where's it located +yeah cytosol so this is a membrane + + align:start position:0% +yeah cytosol so this is a membrane + + + align:start position:0% +yeah cytosol so this is a membrane +protein so how do you get this membrane + + align:start position:0% +protein so how do you get this membrane + + + align:start position:0% +protein so how do you get this membrane +protein into the proteasome okay that's + + align:start position:0% +protein into the proteasome okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +protein into the proteasome okay that's +not trivial and this protein this VPC + + align:start position:0% +not trivial and this protein this VPC + + + align:start position:0% +not trivial and this protein this VPC +domain uses energy somehow to pull this + + align:start position:0% +domain uses energy somehow to pull this + + + align:start position:0% +domain uses energy somehow to pull this +out of the membrane so it can get + + align:start position:0% +out of the membrane so it can get + + + align:start position:0% +out of the membrane so it can get +degraded in the proteasome + + align:start position:0% +degraded in the proteasome + + + align:start position:0% +degraded in the proteasome +so the VPC domain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +so the BPC domain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well pulls + + align:start position:0% +well pulls + + + align:start position:0% +well pulls +HMG our ode of membrane and so it gets + + align:start position:0% +HMG our ode of membrane and so it gets + + + align:start position:0% +HMG our ode of membrane and so it gets +degraded in the cytosol by the + + align:start position:0% +degraded in the cytosol by the + + + align:start position:0% +degraded in the cytosol by the +proteasome okay I'm complicated + + align:start position:0% +proteasome okay I'm complicated + + + align:start position:0% +proteasome okay I'm complicated +absolutely quite interesting yeah I + + align:start position:0% +absolutely quite interesting yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely quite interesting yeah I +don't you know maybe I don't I don't + + align:start position:0% +don't you know maybe I don't I don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't you know maybe I don't I don't +know how I haven't found anything but I + + align:start position:0% +know how I haven't found anything but I + + + align:start position:0% +know how I haven't found anything but I +haven't looked through the literature of + + align:start position:0% +haven't looked through the literature of + + + align:start position:0% +haven't looked through the literature of +any any of this but details my guess is + + align:start position:0% +any any of this but details my guess is + + + align:start position:0% +any any of this but details my guess is +the answer is no but you can go look it + + align:start position:0% +the answer is no but you can go look it + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is no but you can go look it +up and one of the questions you can ask + + align:start position:0% +up and one of the questions you can ask + + + align:start position:0% +up and one of the questions you can ask +is how frequent does that happen how + + align:start position:0% +is how frequent does that happen how + + + align:start position:0% +is how frequent does that happen how +often do you want it to grade do you + + align:start position:0% +often do you want it to grade do you + + + align:start position:0% +often do you want it to grade do you +have this domain and how often is that + + align:start position:0% +have this domain and how often is that + + + align:start position:0% +have this domain and how often is that +domain use them what are the + + align:start position:0% +domain use them what are the + + + align:start position:0% +domain use them what are the +characteristics of that domain probably + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of that domain probably + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of that domain probably +a lot more is known I don't really know + + align:start position:0% +a lot more is known I don't really know + + + align:start position:0% +a lot more is known I don't really know +what to talk my head okay so this is a + + align:start position:0% +what to talk my head okay so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +what to talk my head okay so this is a +cartoon model and so I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +cartoon model and so I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +cartoon model and so I'm not going to +draw the model out so I'll say the model + + align:start position:0% +draw the model out so I'll say the model + + + align:start position:0% +draw the model out so I'll say the model +you see your PowerPoint okay and so this + + align:start position:0% +you see your PowerPoint okay and so this + + + align:start position:0% +you see your PowerPoint okay and so this +is the same kind of cartoon we've been + + align:start position:0% +is the same kind of cartoon we've been + + + align:start position:0% +is the same kind of cartoon we've been +using over and over again so insig is + + align:start position:0% +using over and over again so insig is + + + align:start position:0% +using over and over again so insig is +the center guy in cig interacts with + + align:start position:0% +the center guy in cig interacts with + + + align:start position:0% +the center guy in cig interacts with +scalp and cholesterol to keep srebp in + + align:start position:0% +scalp and cholesterol to keep srebp in + + + align:start position:0% +scalp and cholesterol to keep srebp in +the ER membrane so you don't activate + + align:start position:0% +the ER membrane so you don't activate + + + align:start position:0% +the ER membrane so you don't activate +transcription of cholesterol + + align:start position:0% +transcription of cholesterol + + + align:start position:0% +transcription of cholesterol +biosynthesis or the LDL receptor we + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis or the LDL receptor we + + + align:start position:0% +biosynthesis or the LDL receptor we +spent a lot of time on this so here in + + align:start position:0% +spent a lot of time on this so here in + + + align:start position:0% +spent a lot of time on this so here in +sig is here again and it interacts with + + align:start position:0% +sig is here again and it interacts with + + + align:start position:0% +sig is here again and it interacts with +GP 78 which interacts lizzi's are the + + align:start position:0% +GP 78 which interacts lizzi's are the + + + align:start position:0% +GP 78 which interacts lizzi's are the +two proteins the e 2 and whatever this + + align:start position:0% +two proteins the e 2 and whatever this + + + align:start position:0% +two proteins the e 2 and whatever this +protein is that helps extract it from + + align:start position:0% +protein is that helps extract it from + + + align:start position:0% +protein is that helps extract it from +the membrane a key player and all of + + align:start position:0% +the membrane a key player and all of + + + align:start position:0% +the membrane a key player and all of +this is one Austral so when you have 'ln + + align:start position:0% +this is one Austral so when you have 'ln + + + align:start position:0% +this is one Austral so when you have 'ln +Oster all in the membranes so you could + + align:start position:0% +Oster all in the membranes so you could + + + align:start position:0% +Oster all in the membranes so you could +do potentially a similar study that we + + align:start position:0% +do potentially a similar study that we + + + align:start position:0% +do potentially a similar study that we +talked about + + align:start position:0% +talked about + + + align:start position:0% +talked about +in recitation this past week to look at + + align:start position:0% +in recitation this past week to look at + + + align:start position:0% +in recitation this past week to look at +do you see a switch with lanosterol what + + align:start position:0% +do you see a switch with lanosterol what + + + align:start position:0% +do you see a switch with lanosterol what +are the linen Austral concentrations + + align:start position:0% +are the linen Austral concentrations + + + align:start position:0% +are the linen Austral concentrations +what are the concentration is that one + + align:start position:0% +what are the concentration is that one + + + align:start position:0% +what are the concentration is that one +austere all and the this is a cartoon + + align:start position:0% +austere all and the this is a cartoon + + + align:start position:0% +austere all and the this is a cartoon +showing this I have no idea about the + + align:start position:0% +showing this I have no idea about the + + + align:start position:0% +showing this I have no idea about the +details of this cartoon but what you're + + align:start position:0% +details of this cartoon but what you're + + + align:start position:0% +details of this cartoon but what you're +going to do then is attach the ubiquitin + + align:start position:0% +going to do then is attach the ubiquitin + + + align:start position:0% +going to do then is attach the ubiquitin +using this me - III machinery on to HMG + + align:start position:0% +using this me - III machinery on to HMG + + + align:start position:0% +using this me - III machinery on to HMG +co-reductase and remember that protein + + align:start position:0% +co-reductase and remember that protein + + + align:start position:0% +co-reductase and remember that protein +we've looked at that know a number of + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at that know a number of + + + align:start position:0% +we've looked at that know a number of +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +has a steroid sterile sensor domain + + align:start position:0% +has a steroid sterile sensor domain + + + align:start position:0% +has a steroid sterile sensor domain +which is long austere all okay and it + + align:start position:0% +which is long austere all okay and it + + + align:start position:0% +which is long austere all okay and it +also has a cytoplasmic face that's the + + align:start position:0% +also has a cytoplasmic face that's the + + + align:start position:0% +also has a cytoplasmic face that's the +hmg-coa reductase you can cut this off + + align:start position:0% +hmg-coa reductase you can cut this off + + + align:start position:0% +hmg-coa reductase you can cut this off +it's also active and we've talked about + + align:start position:0% +it's also active and we've talked about + + + align:start position:0% +it's also active and we've talked about +that a number of times and so what they + + align:start position:0% +that a number of times and so what they + + + align:start position:0% +that a number of times and so what they +have here is just a cartoon of attaching + + align:start position:0% +have here is just a cartoon of attaching + + + align:start position:0% +have here is just a cartoon of attaching +ubiquitin which then in the end magic + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin which then in the end magic + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitin which then in the end magic +you end up with degradation of your + + align:start position:0% +you end up with degradation of your + + + align:start position:0% +you end up with degradation of your +membrane bound system so this is a major + + align:start position:0% +membrane bound system so this is a major + + + align:start position:0% +membrane bound system so this is a major +mechanism of regulation of involved in + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of regulation of involved in + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism of regulation of involved in +cholesterol homeostasis but what you see + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol homeostasis but what you see + + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol homeostasis but what you see +when you look at the problem set that + + align:start position:0% +when you look at the problem set that + + + align:start position:0% +when you look at the problem set that +I've given you is that it's more + + align:start position:0% +I've given you is that it's more + + + align:start position:0% +I've given you is that it's more +complicated than that so you can knock + + align:start position:0% +complicated than that so you can knock + + + align:start position:0% +complicated than that so you can knock +out genes and you still get it degraded + + align:start position:0% +out genes and you still get it degraded + + + align:start position:0% +out genes and you still get it degraded +what is the time scale how do you do the + + align:start position:0% +what is the time scale how do you do the + + + align:start position:0% +what is the time scale how do you do the +experiments and I think that's what + + align:start position:0% +experiments and I think that's what + + + align:start position:0% +experiments and I think that's what +people are seeing with all of these + + align:start position:0% +people are seeing with all of these + + + align:start position:0% +people are seeing with all of these +things and in part it becomes + + align:start position:0% +things and in part it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +things and in part it becomes +complicated because if these proteins + + align:start position:0% +complicated because if these proteins + + + align:start position:0% +complicated because if these proteins +need to be modified in some way it's not + + align:start position:0% +need to be modified in some way it's not + + + align:start position:0% +need to be modified in some way it's not +so easy to tell whether they've been + + align:start position:0% +so easy to tell whether they've been + + + align:start position:0% +so easy to tell whether they've been +modified and what it is that is + + align:start position:0% +modified and what it is that is + + + align:start position:0% +modified and what it is that is +recognized by the III ligase okay so I + + align:start position:0% +recognized by the III ligase okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +recognized by the III ligase okay so I +think this is sort of an exciting and + + align:start position:0% +think this is sort of an exciting and + + + align:start position:0% +think this is sort of an exciting and +interesting area and we need some new + + align:start position:0% +interesting area and we need some new + + + align:start position:0% +interesting area and we need some new +breakthroughs so that we can better + + align:start position:0% +breakthroughs so that we can better + + + align:start position:0% +breakthroughs so that we can better +understand how these degradation systems + + align:start position:0% +understand how these degradation systems + + + align:start position:0% +understand how these degradation systems +integrated into regulation in general so + + align:start position:0% +integrated into regulation in general so + + + align:start position:0% +integrated into regulation in general so +that's just a summary of the role of + + align:start position:0% +that's just a summary of the role of + + + align:start position:0% +that's just a summary of the role of +insig in the presence of cholesterol + + align:start position:0% +insig in the presence of cholesterol + + + align:start position:0% +insig in the presence of cholesterol +Orlin Austral and keeping the levels of + + align:start position:0% +Orlin Austral and keeping the levels of + + + align:start position:0% +Orlin Austral and keeping the levels of +cholesterol low okay so + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol low okay so + + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol low okay so +we finished the section on cholesterol I + + align:start position:0% +we finished the section on cholesterol I + + + align:start position:0% +we finished the section on cholesterol I +think I've introduced you to a lot of + + align:start position:0% +think I've introduced you to a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +think I've introduced you to a lot of +different kinds of concepts I've told + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of concepts I've told + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of concepts I've told +you how important it is in terms of + + align:start position:0% +you how important it is in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +you how important it is in terms of +therapeutics to people continually + + align:start position:0% +therapeutics to people continually + + + align:start position:0% +therapeutics to people continually +studying this as you saw by the news + + align:start position:0% +studying this as you saw by the news + + + align:start position:0% +studying this as you saw by the news +article that Liz had given me last time + + align:start position:0% +article that Liz had given me last time + + + align:start position:0% +article that Liz had given me last time +we have this pcsk9 that's in clinical + + align:start position:0% +we have this pcsk9 that's in clinical + + + align:start position:0% +we have this pcsk9 that's in clinical +trials in addition to the statins and I + + align:start position:0% +trials in addition to the statins and I + + + align:start position:0% +trials in addition to the statins and I +think it's going to be on people's radar + + align:start position:0% +think it's going to be on people's radar + + + align:start position:0% +think it's going to be on people's radar +screens for a long time to come so I + + align:start position:0% +screens for a long time to come so I + + + align:start position:0% +screens for a long time to come so I +think cholesterol is cool because as a + + align:start position:0% +think cholesterol is cool because as a + + + align:start position:0% +think cholesterol is cool because as a +spectacular discoveries of receptor + + align:start position:0% +spectacular discoveries of receptor + + + align:start position:0% +spectacular discoveries of receptor +mediated endocytosis of transcription + + align:start position:0% +mediated endocytosis of transcription + + + align:start position:0% +mediated endocytosis of transcription +factors that are found in the ER as + + align:start position:0% +factors that are found in the ER as + + + align:start position:0% +factors that are found in the ER as +opposed to being found in the nucleus + + align:start position:0% +opposed to being found in the nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to being found in the nucleus +and we've also introduced you to another + + align:start position:0% +and we've also introduced you to another + + + align:start position:0% +and we've also introduced you to another +generic mechanism of control that by + + align:start position:0% +generic mechanism of control that by + + + align:start position:0% +generic mechanism of control that by +protein mediated degradation okay so + + align:start position:0% +protein mediated degradation okay so + + + align:start position:0% +protein mediated degradation okay so +that's the end of module five and what + + align:start position:0% +that's the end of module five and what + + + align:start position:0% +that's the end of module five and what +I'm gonna do now and we posted this + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna do now and we posted this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna do now and we posted this +information again the information will + + align:start position:0% +information again the information will + + + align:start position:0% +information again the information will +always be posted ahead of class so that + + align:start position:0% +always be posted ahead of class so that + + + align:start position:0% +always be posted ahead of class so that +you can actually have the powerpoints + + align:start position:0% +you can actually have the powerpoints + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually have the powerpoints +out there so that some things I'm not + + align:start position:0% +out there so that some things I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +out there so that some things I'm not +going to write down there's a lot more + + align:start position:0% +going to write down there's a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +going to write down there's a lot more +in this section there's a lot more + + align:start position:0% +in this section there's a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +in this section there's a lot more +phenomenology okay what I'll try to do + + align:start position:0% +phenomenology okay what I'll try to do + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenology okay what I'll try to do +is give you an overview of why I picked + + align:start position:0% +is give you an overview of why I picked + + + align:start position:0% +is give you an overview of why I picked +this phenomenology but I'm not going to + + align:start position:0% +this phenomenology but I'm not going to + + + align:start position:0% +this phenomenology but I'm not going to +write down it takes a long time to write + + align:start position:0% +write down it takes a long time to write + + + align:start position:0% +write down it takes a long time to write +down all the phonology font + + align:start position:0% +down all the phonology font + + + align:start position:0% +down all the phonology font +phenomenology on the blackboard and I'm + + align:start position:0% +phenomenology on the blackboard and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenology on the blackboard and I'm +not going to do that so integrating your + + align:start position:0% +not going to do that so integrating your + + + align:start position:0% +not going to do that so integrating your +notes of the things I'm gonna write down + + align:start position:0% +notes of the things I'm gonna write down + + + align:start position:0% +notes of the things I'm gonna write down +with your PowerPoint I think is really + + align:start position:0% +with your PowerPoint I think is really + + + align:start position:0% +with your PowerPoint I think is really +important for you do and I would suggest + + align:start position:0% +important for you do and I would suggest + + + align:start position:0% +important for you do and I would suggest +that you bring the powerpoints you can + + align:start position:0% +that you bring the powerpoints you can + + + align:start position:0% +that you bring the powerpoints you can +see what's written down and what you + + align:start position:0% +see what's written down and what you + + + align:start position:0% +see what's written down and what you +might want to stick in a piece of paper + + align:start position:0% +might want to stick in a piece of paper + + + align:start position:0% +might want to stick in a piece of paper +where I expand on something or really + + align:start position:0% +where I expand on something or really + + + align:start position:0% +where I expand on something or really +tell you something and much more + + align:start position:0% +tell you something and much more + + + align:start position:0% +tell you something and much more +detailed than what's written in the + + align:start position:0% +detailed than what's written in the + + + align:start position:0% +detailed than what's written in the +powerpoints okay so module six so would + + align:start position:0% +powerpoints okay so module six so would + + + align:start position:0% +powerpoints okay so module six so would +as as I told you at the very beginning + + align:start position:0% +as as I told you at the very beginning + + + align:start position:0% +as as I told you at the very beginning +these modules are not really linked + + align:start position:0% +these modules are not really linked + + + align:start position:0% +these modules are not really linked +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +X + + align:start position:0% +X + + + align:start position:0% +X +up through thinking about homeostasis + + align:start position:0% +up through thinking about homeostasis + + + align:start position:0% +up through thinking about homeostasis +everything in the cell is homeostasis + + align:start position:0% +everything in the cell is homeostasis + + + align:start position:0% +everything in the cell is homeostasis +and we're going to be in the first + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to be in the first + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to be in the first +lecture we're going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +lecture we're going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we're going to be talking about +metals and metal homeostasis in general + + align:start position:0% +metals and metal homeostasis in general + + + align:start position:0% +metals and metal homeostasis in general +using the periodic table okay but then + + align:start position:0% +using the periodic table okay but then + + + align:start position:0% +using the periodic table okay but then +what I'm going to do is focus on a + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do is focus on a + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to do is focus on a +single metal and the single metal I'm + + align:start position:0% +single metal and the single metal I'm + + + align:start position:0% +single metal and the single metal I'm +going to be focused on its iron and so + + align:start position:0% +going to be focused on its iron and so + + + align:start position:0% +going to be focused on its iron and so +the reading is also posted and there are + + align:start position:0% +the reading is also posted and there are + + + align:start position:0% +the reading is also posted and there are +three things for you to read one is to + + align:start position:0% +three things for you to read one is to + + + align:start position:0% +three things for you to read one is to +think about iron in the geochemical + + align:start position:0% +think about iron in the geochemical + + + align:start position:0% +think about iron in the geochemical +world you know why is iron so important + + align:start position:0% +world you know why is iron so important + + + align:start position:0% +world you know why is iron so important +you look at the periodic table why + + align:start position:0% +you look at the periodic table why + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the periodic table why +aren't we using aluminum it's the most + + align:start position:0% +aren't we using aluminum it's the most + + + align:start position:0% +aren't we using aluminum it's the most +abundant in the Earth's crust + + align:start position:0% +abundant in the Earth's crust + + + align:start position:0% +abundant in the Earth's crust +okay why are using an iron and not + + align:start position:0% +okay why are using an iron and not + + + align:start position:0% +okay why are using an iron and not +aluminum well as chemists we have to be + + align:start position:0% +aluminum well as chemists we have to be + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum well as chemists we have to be +able to think about that this silicon is + + align:start position:0% +able to think about that this silicon is + + + align:start position:0% +able to think about that this silicon is +the other thing that's one of the most + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that's one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing that's one of the most +abundant things in the Earth's crust why + + align:start position:0% +abundant things in the Earth's crust why + + + align:start position:0% +abundant things in the Earth's crust why +aren't we using silica and alumina as + + align:start position:0% +aren't we using silica and alumina as + + + align:start position:0% +aren't we using silica and alumina as +life as a basis for life and this + + align:start position:0% +life as a basis for life and this + + + align:start position:0% +life as a basis for life and this +article I think is very interesting from + + align:start position:0% +article I think is very interesting from + + + align:start position:0% +article I think is very interesting from +a chemical perspective telling you about + + align:start position:0% +a chemical perspective telling you about + + + align:start position:0% +a chemical perspective telling you about +how to think about these kinds of things + + align:start position:0% +how to think about these kinds of things + + + align:start position:0% +how to think about these kinds of things +why is it true and I'll give you a + + align:start position:0% +why is it true and I'll give you a + + + align:start position:0% +why is it true and I'll give you a +little bit of background of that and + + align:start position:0% +little bit of background of that and + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of background of that and +then you could do as much or as little + + align:start position:0% +then you could do as much or as little + + + align:start position:0% +then you could do as much or as little +thinking about it as you choose the + + align:start position:0% +thinking about it as you choose the + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about it as you choose the +second um we're going to sell the first + + align:start position:0% +second um we're going to sell the first + + + align:start position:0% +second um we're going to sell the first +one I'm just going to give you an + + align:start position:0% +one I'm just going to give you an + + + align:start position:0% +one I'm just going to give you an +overview of why metals are so darn + + align:start position:0% +overview of why metals are so darn + + + align:start position:0% +overview of why metals are so darn +important okay and try to convince you + + align:start position:0% +important okay and try to convince you + + + align:start position:0% +important okay and try to convince you +that you should all know more about + + align:start position:0% +that you should all know more about + + + align:start position:0% +that you should all know more about +metals and probably most of you have + + align:start position:0% +metals and probably most of you have + + + align:start position:0% +metals and probably most of you have +thought about from an introductory + + align:start position:0% +thought about from an introductory + + + align:start position:0% +thought about from an introductory +course then in lecture 2 or I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +course then in lecture 2 or I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +course then in lecture 2 or I'm going to +talk about metal homeostasis in general + + align:start position:0% +talk about metal homeostasis in general + + + align:start position:0% +talk about metal homeostasis in general +okay and that's going to be that would + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's going to be that would + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's going to be that would +could be applied to any of the metals + + align:start position:0% +could be applied to any of the metals + + + align:start position:0% +could be applied to any of the metals +I'm going to show you in the periodic + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show you in the periodic + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show you in the periodic +table but I'm going to focus on iron + + align:start position:0% +table but I'm going to focus on iron + + + align:start position:0% +table but I'm going to focus on iron +okay and then in the second lecture + + align:start position:0% +okay and then in the second lecture + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then in the second lecture +we're going to focus on iron homeostasis + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on iron homeostasis + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on iron homeostasis +in humans and we're going to look at ion + + align:start position:0% +in humans and we're going to look at ion + + + align:start position:0% +in humans and we're going to look at ion +transport from the diet where we heard + + align:start position:0% +transport from the diet where we heard + + + align:start position:0% +transport from the diet where we heard +this from I doesn't get taken into the + + align:start position:0% +this from I doesn't get taken into the + + + align:start position:0% +this from I doesn't get taken into the +cell it can get taken into the cells in + + align:start position:0% +cell it can get taken into the cells in + + + align:start position:0% +cell it can get taken into the cells in +number of ways but receptor mediated + + align:start position:0% +number of ways but receptor mediated + + + align:start position:0% +number of ways but receptor mediated +endocytosis we have we seen that so we + + align:start position:0% +endocytosis we have we seen that so we + + + align:start position:0% +endocytosis we have we seen that so we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +there's a protein that allows iron to be + + align:start position:0% +there's a protein that allows iron to be + + + align:start position:0% +there's a protein that allows iron to be +transferred around just like with + + align:start position:0% +transferred around just like with + + + align:start position:0% +transferred around just like with +cholesterol you had to figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol you had to figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +cholesterol you had to figure out how to +keep this insoluble thing soluble with + + align:start position:0% +keep this insoluble thing soluble with + + + align:start position:0% +keep this insoluble thing soluble with +we're gonna see this a lot of problems + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna see this a lot of problems + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna see this a lot of problems +with iron so we need to figure out how + + align:start position:0% +with iron so we need to figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +with iron so we need to figure out how +to control irons chemical reactivity so + + align:start position:0% +to control irons chemical reactivity so + + + align:start position:0% +to control irons chemical reactivity so +we use a protein to do that it's a + + align:start position:0% +we use a protein to do that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +we use a protein to do that it's a +transfer and it's a little protein + + align:start position:0% +transfer and it's a little protein + + + align:start position:0% +transfer and it's a little protein +called transferrin there's a transferrin + + align:start position:0% +called transferrin there's a transferrin + + + align:start position:0% +called transferrin there's a transferrin +receptor we'll talk about that and then + + align:start position:0% +receptor we'll talk about that and then + + + align:start position:0% +receptor we'll talk about that and then +there are many levels at which iron is + + align:start position:0% +there are many levels at which iron is + + + align:start position:0% +there are many levels at which iron is +regulated there a peptide probably the + + align:start position:0% +regulated there a peptide probably the + + + align:start position:0% +regulated there a peptide probably the +most important regulation is a peptide + + align:start position:0% +most important regulation is a peptide + + + align:start position:0% +most important regulation is a peptide +hormone that I'll briefly mention but + + align:start position:0% +hormone that I'll briefly mention but + + + align:start position:0% +hormone that I'll briefly mention but +that's not what I'm going to focus on + + align:start position:0% +that's not what I'm going to focus on + + + align:start position:0% +that's not what I'm going to focus on +what I'm going to focus on is a new kind + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to focus on is a new kind + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm going to focus on is a new kind +of regulation based on regulation of the + + align:start position:0% +of regulation based on regulation of the + + + align:start position:0% +of regulation based on regulation of the +translational process and proteins + + align:start position:0% +translational process and proteins + + + align:start position:0% +translational process and proteins +binding to RNA and right now that's a + + align:start position:0% +binding to RNA and right now that's a + + + align:start position:0% +binding to RNA and right now that's a +very active area of research it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +very active area of research it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +very active area of research it doesn't +have to be a protein binding to RNA but + + align:start position:0% +have to be a protein binding to RNA but + + + align:start position:0% +have to be a protein binding to RNA but +small molecules binding to iron a ribose + + align:start position:0% +small molecules binding to iron a ribose + + + align:start position:0% +small molecules binding to iron a ribose +witches are being found all over the + + align:start position:0% +witches are being found all over the + + + align:start position:0% +witches are being found all over the +place and so I'm going to introduce you + + align:start position:0% +place and so I'm going to introduce you + + + align:start position:0% +place and so I'm going to introduce you +to translational control by proteins + + align:start position:0% +to translational control by proteins + + + align:start position:0% +to translational control by proteins +binding to RNA and then the third and + + align:start position:0% +binding to RNA and then the third and + + + align:start position:0% +binding to RNA and then the third and +fourth lectures are going to be focused + + align:start position:0% +fourth lectures are going to be focused + + + align:start position:0% +fourth lectures are going to be focused +on more on bacteria we know a lot about + + align:start position:0% +on more on bacteria we know a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +on more on bacteria we know a lot about +bacterial systems this is bacteria + + align:start position:0% +bacterial systems this is bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +bacterial systems this is bacteria +almost all bacteria require iron to + + align:start position:0% +almost all bacteria require iron to + + + align:start position:0% +almost all bacteria require iron to +survive and liz is the expert so she can + + align:start position:0% +survive and liz is the expert so she can + + + align:start position:0% +survive and liz is the expert so she can +correct anything I say incorrectly + + align:start position:0% +correct anything I say incorrectly + + + align:start position:0% +correct anything I say incorrectly +during this lecture but it's really + + align:start position:0% +during this lecture but it's really + + + align:start position:0% +during this lecture but it's really +bacteria we added bacteria get their + + align:start position:0% +bacteria we added bacteria get their + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria we added bacteria get their +iron from some bacteria get their iron + + align:start position:0% +iron from some bacteria get their iron + + + align:start position:0% +iron from some bacteria get their iron +from rocks okay how the heck do you get + + align:start position:0% +from rocks okay how the heck do you get + + + align:start position:0% +from rocks okay how the heck do you get +iron out of a rock okay well bacteria + + align:start position:0% +iron out of a rock okay well bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +iron out of a rock okay well bacteria +have figured that out we on the other + + align:start position:0% +have figured that out we on the other + + + align:start position:0% +have figured that out we on the other +hand are way up here we can eat bacteria + + align:start position:0% +hand are way up here we can eat bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +hand are way up here we can eat bacteria +we can eat plants they've already + + align:start position:0% +we can eat plants they've already + + + align:start position:0% +we can eat plants they've already +figured out how to get the iron out of + + align:start position:0% +figured out how to get the iron out of + + + align:start position:0% +figured out how to get the iron out of +the rocks and so our problem is much + + align:start position:0% +the rocks and so our problem is much + + + align:start position:0% +the rocks and so our problem is much +easier but so bacteria amazingly + + align:start position:0% +easier but so bacteria amazingly + + + align:start position:0% +easier but so bacteria amazingly +creative and I've just chosen one of the + + align:start position:0% +creative and I've just chosen one of the + + + align:start position:0% +creative and I've just chosen one of the +creative ways to look at how iron is + + align:start position:0% +creative ways to look at how iron is + + + align:start position:0% +creative ways to look at how iron is +obtained so we're going to talk a little + + align:start position:0% +obtained so we're going to talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +obtained so we're going to talk a little +bit about the host pathogen + + align:start position:0% +bit about the host pathogen + + + align:start position:0% +bit about the host pathogen +battle and I'm going to use specifically + + align:start position:0% +battle and I'm going to use specifically + + + align:start position:0% +battle and I'm going to use specifically +Staphylococcus aureus as an example + + align:start position:0% +Staphylococcus aureus as an example + + + align:start position:0% +Staphylococcus aureus as an example +because of the resistance problems we + + align:start position:0% +because of the resistance problems we + + + align:start position:0% +because of the resistance problems we +currently have in the clinic and we're + + align:start position:0% +currently have in the clinic and we're + + + align:start position:0% +currently have in the clinic and we're +going to focus on you can get an iron in + + align:start position:0% +going to focus on you can get an iron in + + + align:start position:0% +going to focus on you can get an iron in +many forms we're going to focus on + + align:start position:0% +many forms we're going to focus on + + + align:start position:0% +many forms we're going to focus on +getting iron in the form of team which + + align:start position:0% +getting iron in the form of team which + + + align:start position:0% +getting iron in the form of team which +is a major source of iron for this + + align:start position:0% +is a major source of iron for this + + + align:start position:0% +is a major source of iron for this +organism okay so that's what we're going + + align:start position:0% +organism okay so that's what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +organism okay so that's what we're going +okay will we get finished in four + + align:start position:0% +okay will we get finished in four + + + align:start position:0% +okay will we get finished in four +lectures probably not okay + + align:start position:0% +lectures probably not okay + + + align:start position:0% +lectures probably not okay +anyhow so what I'm going to do today is + + align:start position:0% +anyhow so what I'm going to do today is + + + align:start position:0% +anyhow so what I'm going to do today is +the first five or six slides are + + align:start position:0% +the first five or six slides are + + + align:start position:0% +the first five or six slides are +PowerPoint and it's more phenomenology + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint and it's more phenomenology + + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint and it's more phenomenology +okay and then we'll get into it the more + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we'll get into it the more + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then we'll get into it the more +details in the next lecture okay so + + align:start position:0% +details in the next lecture okay so + + + align:start position:0% +details in the next lecture okay so +here's the vitamin bottle that do any of + + align:start position:0% +here's the vitamin bottle that do any of + + + align:start position:0% +here's the vitamin bottle that do any of +you take Flintstone vitamins and we're + + align:start position:0% +you take Flintstone vitamins and we're + + + align:start position:0% +you take Flintstone vitamins and we're +not supposed to digress I can't swallow + + align:start position:0% +not supposed to digress I can't swallow + + + align:start position:0% +not supposed to digress I can't swallow +vitamins so I like them because they + + align:start position:0% +vitamins so I like them because they + + + align:start position:0% +vitamins so I like them because they +taste good okay you remember it did does + + align:start position:0% +taste good okay you remember it did does + + + align:start position:0% +taste good okay you remember it did does +anybody remember with you this guy is no + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember with you this guy is no + + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember with you this guy is no +okay well you know I always have this + + align:start position:0% +okay well you know I always have this + + + align:start position:0% +okay well you know I always have this +generation guy watch holes in you anyhow + + align:start position:0% +generation guy watch holes in you anyhow + + + align:start position:0% +generation guy watch holes in you anyhow +so anyhow I mean what you learned about + + align:start position:0% +so anyhow I mean what you learned about + + + align:start position:0% +so anyhow I mean what you learned about +in introductory course five or seven is + + align:start position:0% +in introductory course five or seven is + + + align:start position:0% +in introductory course five or seven is +you learned a lot about the vitamin + + align:start position:0% +you learned a lot about the vitamin + + + align:start position:0% +you learned a lot about the vitamin +bottle really had the vitamins that you + + align:start position:0% +bottle really had the vitamins that you + + + align:start position:0% +bottle really had the vitamins that you +have vitamin A vitamin c vitamin all the + + align:start position:0% +have vitamin A vitamin c vitamin all the + + + align:start position:0% +have vitamin A vitamin c vitamin all the +vitamin B's etc what they do is greatly + + align:start position:0% +vitamin B's etc what they do is greatly + + + align:start position:0% +vitamin B's etc what they do is greatly +expand the repertoire of reactions that + + align:start position:0% +expand the repertoire of reactions that + + + align:start position:0% +expand the repertoire of reactions that +enzymes can catalyze in all your + + align:start position:0% +enzymes can catalyze in all your + + + align:start position:0% +enzymes can catalyze in all your +metabolic pathways what you don't learn + + align:start position:0% +metabolic pathways what you don't learn + + + align:start position:0% +metabolic pathways what you don't learn +about in most introductory courses is + + align:start position:0% +about in most introductory courses is + + + align:start position:0% +about in most introductory courses is +the minerals okay so they're on the + + align:start position:0% +the minerals okay so they're on the + + + align:start position:0% +the minerals okay so they're on the +bottle too but you sort of ignore all of + + align:start position:0% +bottle too but you sort of ignore all of + + + align:start position:0% +bottle too but you sort of ignore all of +that stuff and you know you know you + + align:start position:0% +that stuff and you know you know you + + + align:start position:0% +that stuff and you know you know you +need iron you need copper you need + + align:start position:0% +need iron you need copper you need + + + align:start position:0% +need iron you need copper you need +calcium you think etc and so what I want + + align:start position:0% +calcium you think etc and so what I want + + + align:start position:0% +calcium you think etc and so what I want +to do is to try to give you very briefly + + align:start position:0% +to do is to try to give you very briefly + + + align:start position:0% +to do is to try to give you very briefly +an overview of why these metals are so + + align:start position:0% +an overview of why these metals are so + + + align:start position:0% +an overview of why these metals are so +important and again the focus is going + + align:start position:0% +important and again the focus is going + + + align:start position:0% +important and again the focus is going +to be on iron okay okay so here's our + + align:start position:0% +to be on iron okay okay so here's our + + + align:start position:0% +to be on iron okay okay so here's our +periodic table and these are the metals + + align:start position:0% +periodic table and these are the metals + + + align:start position:0% +periodic table and these are the metals +that are found inside of us or yeah I + + align:start position:0% +that are found inside of us or yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +that are found inside of us or yeah I +guess maybe do we have + + align:start position:0% +guess maybe do we have + + + align:start position:0% +guess maybe do we have +we don't have tungsten Liz do we have + + align:start position:0% +we don't have tungsten Liz do we have + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have tungsten Liz do we have +tungsten we don't have tungsten + + align:start position:0% +tungsten we don't have tungsten + + + align:start position:0% +tungsten we don't have tungsten +so any I don't think we have tungsten in + + align:start position:0% +so any I don't think we have tungsten in + + + align:start position:0% +so any I don't think we have tungsten in +us so these are found in bacteria and us + + align:start position:0% +us so these are found in bacteria and us + + + align:start position:0% +us so these are found in bacteria and us +okay and so if you look at this all of + + align:start position:0% +okay and so if you look at this all of + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so if you look at this all of +these guys over here where are we seeing + + align:start position:0% +these guys over here where are we seeing + + + align:start position:0% +these guys over here where are we seeing +magnesium before I've been talking about + + align:start position:0% +magnesium before I've been talking about + + + align:start position:0% +magnesium before I've been talking about +that over and over again magnesium is + + align:start position:0% +that over and over again magnesium is + + + align:start position:0% +that over and over again magnesium is +bound to all nucleotides we're going to + + align:start position:0% +bound to all nucleotides we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +bound to all nucleotides we're going to +see this again and again we're going to + + align:start position:0% +see this again and again we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +see this again and again we're going to +talk about a little bit about the + + align:start position:0% +talk about a little bit about the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about a little bit about the +properties of magnesium which makes it + + align:start position:0% +properties of magnesium which makes it + + + align:start position:0% +properties of magnesium which makes it +function in that capacity to neutralize + + align:start position:0% +function in that capacity to neutralize + + + align:start position:0% +function in that capacity to neutralize +the charge on nucleotides sodium and + + align:start position:0% +the charge on nucleotides sodium and + + + align:start position:0% +the charge on nucleotides sodium and +potassium and iron conduction calcium + + align:start position:0% +potassium and iron conduction calcium + + + align:start position:0% +potassium and iron conduction calcium +involved in signaling but what we're + + align:start position:0% +involved in signaling but what we're + + + align:start position:0% +involved in signaling but what we're +going to be focusing on are the + + align:start position:0% +going to be focusing on are the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be focusing on are the +transition metals okay and specifically + + align:start position:0% +transition metals okay and specifically + + + align:start position:0% +transition metals okay and specifically +within the transition metals what we're + + align:start position:0% +within the transition metals what we're + + + align:start position:0% +within the transition metals what we're +going to be focusing on is iron and this + + align:start position:0% +going to be focusing on is iron and this + + + align:start position:0% +going to be focusing on is iron and this +is it's hard to measure the + + align:start position:0% +is it's hard to measure the + + + align:start position:0% +is it's hard to measure the +concentrations in the localizations + + align:start position:0% +concentrations in the localizations + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations in the localizations +within the cell but you can measure the + + align:start position:0% +within the cell but you can measure the + + + align:start position:0% +within the cell but you can measure the +total concentration by just taking your + + align:start position:0% +total concentration by just taking your + + + align:start position:0% +total concentration by just taking your +cell and then submitting it to some kind + + align:start position:0% +cell and then submitting it to some kind + + + align:start position:0% +cell and then submitting it to some kind +of mass spec analysis where you can see + + align:start position:0% +of mass spec analysis where you can see + + + align:start position:0% +of mass spec analysis where you can see +iron versus manganese and we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +iron versus manganese and we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +iron versus manganese and we're gonna +again be focused on iron which accounts + + align:start position:0% +again be focused on iron which accounts + + + align:start position:0% +again be focused on iron which accounts +for about eight percent and it's been + + align:start position:0% +for about eight percent and it's been + + + align:start position:0% +for about eight percent and it's been +estimated in this article that + + align:start position:0% +estimated in this article that + + + align:start position:0% +estimated in this article that +approximately 50 percent of all the + + align:start position:0% +approximately 50 percent of all the + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 50 percent of all the +proteins have some kind of metal bound + + align:start position:0% +proteins have some kind of metal bound + + + align:start position:0% +proteins have some kind of metal bound +okay it might be in falling catalysis it + + align:start position:0% +okay it might be in falling catalysis it + + + align:start position:0% +okay it might be in falling catalysis it +might not in fact the metals more likely + + align:start position:0% +might not in fact the metals more likely + + + align:start position:0% +might not in fact the metals more likely +are not involved in catalysis and we'll + + align:start position:0% +are not involved in catalysis and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +are not involved in catalysis and we'll +look at that distribution so we'll come + + align:start position:0% +look at that distribution so we'll come + + + align:start position:0% +look at that distribution so we'll come +back to this a couple of times what + + align:start position:0% +back to this a couple of times what + + + align:start position:0% +back to this a couple of times what +we're going to be focusing over here and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be focusing over here and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be focusing over here and +what are the properties of metals that + + align:start position:0% +what are the properties of metals that + + + align:start position:0% +what are the properties of metals that +make them so special to increase the + + align:start position:0% +make them so special to increase the + + + align:start position:0% +make them so special to increase the +repertoire of reactions that can be + + align:start position:0% +repertoire of reactions that can be + + + align:start position:0% +repertoire of reactions that can be +catalyzed inside our bodies okay so + + align:start position:0% +catalyzed inside our bodies okay so + + + align:start position:0% +catalyzed inside our bodies okay so +these guys are unique from a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +these guys are unique from a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +these guys are unique from a lot of the +reactions you've already studied in your + + align:start position:0% +reactions you've already studied in your + + + align:start position:0% +reactions you've already studied in your +introductory biochemistry course and so + + align:start position:0% +introductory biochemistry course and so + + + align:start position:0% +introductory biochemistry course and so +what I want to do is sort of just give + + align:start position:0% +what I want to do is sort of just give + + + align:start position:0% +what I want to do is sort of just give +you a general overview of where you see + + align:start position:0% +you a general overview of where you see + + + align:start position:0% +you a general overview of where you see +metals involved in catalysis and then + + align:start position:0% +metals involved in catalysis and then + + + align:start position:0% +metals involved in catalysis and then +we're going to focus on iron only okay + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on iron only okay + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus on iron only okay +okay so where do we see catalysis we see + + align:start position:0% +okay so where do we see catalysis we see + + + align:start position:0% +okay so where do we see catalysis we see +iron transport we need to get our iron + + align:start position:0% +iron transport we need to get our iron + + + align:start position:0% +iron transport we need to get our iron +pit out + + align:start position:0% +pit out + + + align:start position:0% +pit out +Sam and sodium in the right places and + + align:start position:0% +Sam and sodium in the right places and + + + align:start position:0% +Sam and sodium in the right places and +we're in trouble + + align:start position:0% +we're in trouble + + + align:start position:0% +we're in trouble +signalling signal transduction we use + + align:start position:0% +signalling signal transduction we use + + + align:start position:0% +signalling signal transduction we use +calcium all the time there's huge + + align:start position:0% +calcium all the time there's huge + + + align:start position:0% +calcium all the time there's huge +numbers of people setting calcium + + align:start position:0% +numbers of people setting calcium + + + align:start position:0% +numbers of people setting calcium +signaling where have you seen oxygen + + align:start position:0% +signaling where have you seen oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +signaling where have you seen oxygen +transport in us we're in serious trouble + + align:start position:0% +transport in us we're in serious trouble + + + align:start position:0% +transport in us we're in serious trouble +if oxygen can't be carried by our + + align:start position:0% +if oxygen can't be carried by our + + + align:start position:0% +if oxygen can't be carried by our +haemoglobin - I kisses and I'll show you + + align:start position:0% +haemoglobin - I kisses and I'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +haemoglobin - I kisses and I'll show you +a little bit about that so oxygen + + align:start position:0% +a little bit about that so oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit about that so oxygen +transport is really important of central + + align:start position:0% +transport is really important of central + + + align:start position:0% +transport is really important of central +importance is electron transfer and + + align:start position:0% +importance is electron transfer and + + + align:start position:0% +importance is electron transfer and +proton coupled electron transfer where + + align:start position:0% +proton coupled electron transfer where + + + align:start position:0% +proton coupled electron transfer where +have you seen that you've seen that in + + align:start position:0% +have you seen that you've seen that in + + + align:start position:0% +have you seen that you've seen that in +the respiratory chain if you go back and + + align:start position:0% +the respiratory chain if you go back and + + + align:start position:0% +the respiratory chain if you go back and +you look at complex wine complex - + + align:start position:0% +you look at complex wine complex - + + + align:start position:0% +you look at complex wine complex - +complex so you see all these metals and + + align:start position:0% +complex so you see all these metals and + + + align:start position:0% +complex so you see all these metals and +there what are they doing they're doing + + align:start position:0% +there what are they doing they're doing + + + align:start position:0% +there what are they doing they're doing +electron transfer reactions we'll talk a + + align:start position:0% +electron transfer reactions we'll talk a + + + align:start position:0% +electron transfer reactions we'll talk a +little bit but not much about that so + + align:start position:0% +little bit but not much about that so + + + align:start position:0% +little bit but not much about that so +not only is electron transfer involved + + align:start position:0% +not only is electron transfer involved + + + align:start position:0% +not only is electron transfer involved +in respiration electron transfer plays a + + align:start position:0% +in respiration electron transfer plays a + + + align:start position:0% +in respiration electron transfer plays a +central role in all of the environmental + + align:start position:0% +central role in all of the environmental + + + align:start position:0% +central role in all of the environmental +chemistry and so while in many + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and so while in many + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry and so while in many +introductory classes they don't talk + + align:start position:0% +introductory classes they don't talk + + + align:start position:0% +introductory classes they don't talk +about this we talk about humans because + + align:start position:0% +about this we talk about humans because + + + align:start position:0% +about this we talk about humans because +most people are more interested in + + align:start position:0% +most people are more interested in + + + align:start position:0% +most people are more interested in +disease the coolest chemistry without + + align:start position:0% +disease the coolest chemistry without + + + align:start position:0% +disease the coolest chemistry without +question hands down is absolutely + + align:start position:0% +question hands down is absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +question hands down is absolutely +associated with the bacteria and the + + align:start position:0% +associated with the bacteria and the + + + align:start position:0% +associated with the bacteria and the +Archaea + + align:start position:0% +Archaea + + + align:start position:0% +Archaea +okay they do like amazing things how do + + align:start position:0% +okay they do like amazing things how do + + + align:start position:0% +okay they do like amazing things how do +you take nitrogen and do an eight + + align:start position:0% +you take nitrogen and do an eight + + + align:start position:0% +you take nitrogen and do an eight +electron reduction to ammonia okay how + + align:start position:0% +electron reduction to ammonia okay how + + + align:start position:0% +electron reduction to ammonia okay how +do we do that as chemists 200-ounce + + align:start position:0% +do we do that as chemists 200-ounce + + + align:start position:0% +do we do that as chemists 200-ounce +feels pressure and a 400 degrees okay + + align:start position:0% +feels pressure and a 400 degrees okay + + + align:start position:0% +feels pressure and a 400 degrees okay +it's very this is an incredibly + + align:start position:0% +it's very this is an incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +it's very this is an incredibly +important reaction where does all the + + align:start position:0% +important reaction where does all the + + + align:start position:0% +important reaction where does all the +nitrogen from our me know acids come + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen from our me know acids come + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen from our me know acids come +from what are by our nucleic acids and + + align:start position:0% +from what are by our nucleic acids and + + + align:start position:0% +from what are by our nucleic acids and +we skip all this stuff this is like I + + align:start position:0% +we skip all this stuff this is like I + + + align:start position:0% +we skip all this stuff this is like I +mean this to me is sort of like amazing + + align:start position:0% +mean this to me is sort of like amazing + + + align:start position:0% +mean this to me is sort of like amazing +another thing we skip all the time as + + align:start position:0% +another thing we skip all the time as + + + align:start position:0% +another thing we skip all the time as +weird as oxygen why does oxygen where do + + align:start position:0% +weird as oxygen why does oxygen where do + + + align:start position:0% +weird as oxygen why does oxygen where do +we how does light take water and make + + align:start position:0% +we how does light take water and make + + + align:start position:0% +we how does light take water and make +oxygen gas without that we'd be in + + align:start position:0% +oxygen gas without that we'd be in + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen gas without that we'd be in +serious trouble + + align:start position:0% +serious trouble + + + align:start position:0% +serious trouble +the bacteria would definitely be taking + + align:start position:0% +the bacteria would definitely be taking + + + align:start position:0% +the bacteria would definitely be taking +over the world right and so did end this + + align:start position:0% +over the world right and so did end this + + + align:start position:0% +over the world right and so did end this +I'll show you is sort of an amazing + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you is sort of an amazing + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you is sort of an amazing +reaction nucleotide reduction we may + + align:start position:0% +reaction nucleotide reduction we may + + + align:start position:0% +reaction nucleotide reduction we may +never get there but the last module is + + align:start position:0% +never get there but the last module is + + + align:start position:0% +never get there but the last module is +I'm going to show you you're making + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show you you're making + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to show you you're making +deoxynucleotides right + + align:start position:0% +deoxynucleotides right + + + align:start position:0% +deoxynucleotides right +the enzymes can use manganese iron + + align:start position:0% +the enzymes can use manganese iron + + + align:start position:0% +the enzymes can use manganese iron +cobalt and iron sulfur so they use a + + align:start position:0% +cobalt and iron sulfur so they use a + + + align:start position:0% +cobalt and iron sulfur so they use a +wide range of metals to make the + + align:start position:0% +wide range of metals to make the + + + align:start position:0% +wide range of metals to make the +building blocks required for DNA + + align:start position:0% +building blocks required for DNA + + + align:start position:0% +building blocks required for DNA +okay signaling we've all I just talked + + align:start position:0% +okay signaling we've all I just talked + + + align:start position:0% +okay signaling we've all I just talked +about calcium as a signaling agent but + + align:start position:0% +about calcium as a signaling agent but + + + align:start position:0% +about calcium as a signaling agent but +now it's becoming clear because of + + align:start position:0% +now it's becoming clear because of + + + align:start position:0% +now it's becoming clear because of +studies from from the Lippert group and + + align:start position:0% +studies from from the Lippert group and + + + align:start position:0% +studies from from the Lippert group and +studies from Chris Chang who is a former + + align:start position:0% +studies from Chris Chang who is a former + + + align:start position:0% +studies from Chris Chang who is a former +lipid group member signaling of metals + + align:start position:0% +lipid group member signaling of metals + + + align:start position:0% +lipid group member signaling of metals +is much more common that we thought and + + align:start position:0% +is much more common that we thought and + + + align:start position:0% +is much more common that we thought and +people are proposing that not only does + + align:start position:0% +people are proposing that not only does + + + align:start position:0% +people are proposing that not only does +zinc a signaling agent but also copper + + align:start position:0% +zinc a signaling agent but also copper + + + align:start position:0% +zinc a signaling agent but also copper +so I think you've been in there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +so I think you've been in there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +so I think you've been in there's a lot +of problems and nerve cells with + + align:start position:0% +of problems and nerve cells with + + + align:start position:0% +of problems and nerve cells with +oxidative damage which we're going to + + align:start position:0% +oxidative damage which we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +oxidative damage which we're going to +come back to so thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +come back to so thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +come back to so thinking about the +levels and sensing of these levels I + + align:start position:0% +levels and sensing of these levels I + + + align:start position:0% +levels and sensing of these levels I +think is going to be a future area + + align:start position:0% +think is going to be a future area + + + align:start position:0% +think is going to be a future area +that's gonna be very exciting to study + + align:start position:0% +that's gonna be very exciting to study + + + align:start position:0% +that's gonna be very exciting to study +you have to regulate these metals + + align:start position:0% +you have to regulate these metals + + + align:start position:0% +you have to regulate these metals +transcriptional translational levels + + align:start position:0% +transcriptional translational levels + + + align:start position:0% +transcriptional translational levels +we're going to talk about and they're + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about and they're + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about and they're +involved in many kinds of catalysis so + + align:start position:0% +involved in many kinds of catalysis so + + + align:start position:0% +involved in many kinds of catalysis so +let me just close by showing you one + + align:start position:0% +let me just close by showing you one + + + align:start position:0% +let me just close by showing you one +last slide oxygen carriers okay + + align:start position:0% +last slide oxygen carriers okay + + + align:start position:0% +last slide oxygen carriers okay +you've seen this before that's + + align:start position:0% +you've seen this before that's + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen this before that's +hemoglobin you've all studied hopefully + + align:start position:0% +hemoglobin you've all studied hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +hemoglobin you've all studied hopefully +hemoglobin and the cooperative binding + + align:start position:0% +hemoglobin and the cooperative binding + + + align:start position:0% +hemoglobin and the cooperative binding +of oxygen how it binds how it's released + + align:start position:0% +of oxygen how it binds how it's released + + + align:start position:0% +of oxygen how it binds how it's released +sort of an amazing machine that's not + + align:start position:0% +sort of an amazing machine that's not + + + align:start position:0% +sort of an amazing machine that's not +the only way that organisms reversibly + + align:start position:0% +the only way that organisms reversibly + + + align:start position:0% +the only way that organisms reversibly +bind oxygen this guy is a horseshoe crab + + align:start position:0% +bind oxygen this guy is a horseshoe crab + + + align:start position:0% +bind oxygen this guy is a horseshoe crab +it uses copper okay this guy these are + + align:start position:0% +it uses copper okay this guy these are + + + align:start position:0% +it uses copper okay this guy these are +worms these are found in this in in the + + align:start position:0% +worms these are found in this in in the + + + align:start position:0% +worms these are found in this in in the +front of the sea right this may you've + + align:start position:0% +front of the sea right this may you've + + + align:start position:0% +front of the sea right this may you've +got you go to Woods Hole and they'll + + align:start position:0% +got you go to Woods Hole and they'll + + + align:start position:0% +got you go to Woods Hole and they'll +extract these worms for you anyhow what + + align:start position:0% +extract these worms for you anyhow what + + + align:start position:0% +extract these worms for you anyhow what +do they have they have add iron cluster + + align:start position:0% +do they have they have add iron cluster + + + align:start position:0% +do they have they have add iron cluster +and the strategies of a bow they all + + align:start position:0% +and the strategies of a bow they all + + + align:start position:0% +and the strategies of a bow they all +have to be reversal you bind oxygen and + + align:start position:0% +have to be reversal you bind oxygen and + + + align:start position:0% +have to be reversal you bind oxygen and +they've all adapted to their + + align:start position:0% +they've all adapted to their + + + align:start position:0% +they've all adapted to their +environments to be able to do this in an + + align:start position:0% +environments to be able to do this in an + + + align:start position:0% +environments to be able to do this in an +efficient way + + align:start position:0% +efficient way + + + align:start position:0% +efficient way +so what I'll do next time is come back + + align:start position:0% +so what I'll do next time is come back + + + align:start position:0% +so what I'll do next time is come back +and let me just do one more thing anyhow + + align:start position:0% +and let me just do one more thing anyhow + + + align:start position:0% +and let me just do one more thing anyhow +this is it think about this + + align:start position:0% +this is it think about this + + + align:start position:0% +this is it think about this +put it on your pillow think about how it + + align:start position:0% +put it on your pillow think about how it + + + align:start position:0% +put it on your pillow think about how it +works look at this this is the cofactor + + align:start position:0% +works look at this this is the cofactor + + + align:start position:0% +works look at this this is the cofactor +of nitrogenase not only does it have + + align:start position:0% +of nitrogenase not only does it have + + + align:start position:0% +of nitrogenase not only does it have +iron and molybdenum look at that guy in + + align:start position:0% +iron and molybdenum look at that guy in + + + align:start position:0% +iron and molybdenum look at that guy in +the center carbon-carbon 4 minus + + align:start position:0% +the center carbon-carbon 4 minus + + + align:start position:0% +the center carbon-carbon 4 minus +think about that we'll come back next + + align:start position:0% +think about that we'll come back next + + + align:start position:0% +think about that we'll come back next +time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/OaT9zGXjAmQ.txt b/OaT9zGXjAmQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b00ba0a0d0ae5df70a36fa9b8ca11016fb2b2a94 --- /dev/null +++ b/OaT9zGXjAmQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,891 @@ +align:start position:0% + +to solve our engineering problem we will + + align:start position:0% +to solve our engineering problem we will + + + align:start position:0% +to solve our engineering problem we will +introduce what we'll call the digital + + align:start position:0% +introduce what we'll call the digital + + + align:start position:0% +introduce what we'll call the digital +abstraction the key insight is to use + + align:start position:0% +abstraction the key insight is to use + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction the key insight is to use +the continuous world of voltages to + + align:start position:0% +the continuous world of voltages to + + + align:start position:0% +the continuous world of voltages to +represent some small finite set of + + align:start position:0% +represent some small finite set of + + + align:start position:0% +represent some small finite set of +values in our case the two binary values + + align:start position:0% +values in our case the two binary values + + + align:start position:0% +values in our case the two binary values +0 & 1 keep in mind that the world is not + + align:start position:0% +0 & 1 keep in mind that the world is not + + + align:start position:0% +0 & 1 keep in mind that the world is not +inherently digital we would simply like + + align:start position:0% +inherently digital we would simply like + + + align:start position:0% +inherently digital we would simply like +to engineer it to behave that way using + + align:start position:0% +to engineer it to behave that way using + + + align:start position:0% +to engineer it to behave that way using +continuous physical phenomenon to + + align:start position:0% +continuous physical phenomenon to + + + align:start position:0% +continuous physical phenomenon to +implement digital designs as a quick + + align:start position:0% +implement digital designs as a quick + + + align:start position:0% +implement digital designs as a quick +aside let me mention that there are a + + align:start position:0% +aside let me mention that there are a + + + align:start position:0% +aside let me mention that there are a +physical phenomenon that are naturally + + align:start position:0% +physical phenomenon that are naturally + + + align:start position:0% +physical phenomenon that are naturally +digital in other words that are observed + + align:start position:0% +digital in other words that are observed + + + align:start position:0% +digital in other words that are observed +to have one of several quantized values + + align:start position:0% +to have one of several quantized values + + + align:start position:0% +to have one of several quantized values +for example the spin of an electron this + + align:start position:0% +for example the spin of an electron this + + + align:start position:0% +for example the spin of an electron this +came as a surprise to classical + + align:start position:0% +came as a surprise to classical + + + align:start position:0% +came as a surprise to classical +physicists who thought measurements of + + align:start position:0% +physicists who thought measurements of + + + align:start position:0% +physicists who thought measurements of +physical values were continuous the + + align:start position:0% +physical values were continuous the + + + align:start position:0% +physical values were continuous the +development of quantum theory to + + align:start position:0% +development of quantum theory to + + + align:start position:0% +development of quantum theory to +describe the finite number of degrees of + + align:start position:0% +describe the finite number of degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +describe the finite number of degrees of +freedom experienced by subatomic + + align:start position:0% +freedom experienced by subatomic + + + align:start position:0% +freedom experienced by subatomic +particles completely change the world of + + align:start position:0% +particles completely change the world of + + + align:start position:0% +particles completely change the world of +classical physics we're just now + + align:start position:0% +classical physics we're just now + + + align:start position:0% +classical physics we're just now +starting to research how to apply + + align:start position:0% +starting to research how to apply + + + align:start position:0% +starting to research how to apply +quantum physics to computation and + + align:start position:0% +quantum physics to computation and + + + align:start position:0% +quantum physics to computation and +there's interesting progress to report + + align:start position:0% +there's interesting progress to report + + + align:start position:0% +there's interesting progress to report +on building quantum computers but for + + align:start position:0% +on building quantum computers but for + + + align:start position:0% +on building quantum computers but for +this course we'll focus on how to use + + align:start position:0% +this course we'll focus on how to use + + + align:start position:0% +this course we'll focus on how to use +classical continuous phenomenon to + + align:start position:0% +classical continuous phenomenon to + + + align:start position:0% +classical continuous phenomenon to +create digital systems the key idea in + + align:start position:0% +create digital systems the key idea in + + + align:start position:0% +create digital systems the key idea in +using voltages digitally is to have a + + align:start position:0% +using voltages digitally is to have a + + + align:start position:0% +using voltages digitally is to have a +signaling convention that encodes only + + align:start position:0% +signaling convention that encodes only + + + align:start position:0% +signaling convention that encodes only +one bit of information at a time in + + align:start position:0% +one bit of information at a time in + + + align:start position:0% +one bit of information at a time in +other words one of two values 0 or 1 + + align:start position:0% +other words one of two values 0 or 1 + + + align:start position:0% +other words one of two values 0 or 1 +we'll use the same uniform + + align:start position:0% +we'll use the same uniform + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use the same uniform +representation for every component and + + align:start position:0% +representation for every component and + + + align:start position:0% +representation for every component and +wire in our digital system it'll take us + + align:start position:0% +wire in our digital system it'll take us + + + align:start position:0% +wire in our digital system it'll take us +three attempts to arrive at a voltage + + align:start position:0% +three attempts to arrive at a voltage + + + align:start position:0% +three attempts to arrive at a voltage +representation that solves all the + + align:start position:0% +representation that solves all the + + + align:start position:0% +representation that solves all the +problems our first cut is the obvious + + align:start position:0% +problems our first cut is the obvious + + + align:start position:0% +problems our first cut is the obvious +one simply divide the range of voltages + + align:start position:0% +one simply divide the range of voltages + + + align:start position:0% +one simply divide the range of voltages +into two sub ranges one range to + + align:start position:0% +into two sub ranges one range to + + + align:start position:0% +into two sub ranges one range to +represent 0 the other to represent 1 + + align:start position:0% +represent 0 the other to represent 1 + + + align:start position:0% +represent 0 the other to represent 1 +pick some threshold voltage V sub th to + + align:start position:0% +pick some threshold voltage V sub th to + + + align:start position:0% +pick some threshold voltage V sub th to +divide the range into when a voltage V + + align:start position:0% +divide the range into when a voltage V + + + align:start position:0% +divide the range into when a voltage V +is less than the threshold voltage we'll + + align:start position:0% +is less than the threshold voltage we'll + + + align:start position:0% +is less than the threshold voltage we'll +take it to represent a bit value of 0 + + align:start position:0% +take it to represent a bit value of 0 + + + align:start position:0% +take it to represent a bit value of 0 +when a voltage V is greater than or + + align:start position:0% +when a voltage V is greater than or + + + align:start position:0% +when a voltage V is greater than or +equal to the threshold voltage it will + + align:start position:0% +equal to the threshold voltage it will + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the threshold voltage it will +represent a bit value of 1 this + + align:start position:0% +represent a bit value of 1 this + + + align:start position:0% +represent a bit value of 1 this +representation assigns a digital value + + align:start position:0% +representation assigns a digital value + + + align:start position:0% +representation assigns a digital value +to all possible voltages the problematic + + align:start position:0% +to all possible voltages the problematic + + + align:start position:0% +to all possible voltages the problematic +part of this definition is the + + align:start position:0% +part of this definition is the + + + align:start position:0% +part of this definition is the +difficulty in interpreting voltages near + + align:start position:0% +difficulty in interpreting voltages near + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty in interpreting voltages near +the threshold + + align:start position:0% +the threshold + + + align:start position:0% +the threshold +given the numeric value for a particular + + align:start position:0% +given the numeric value for a particular + + + align:start position:0% +given the numeric value for a particular +voltage it's easy to apply the rules and + + align:start position:0% +voltage it's easy to apply the rules and + + + align:start position:0% +voltage it's easy to apply the rules and +come up with a corresponding digital + + align:start position:0% +come up with a corresponding digital + + + align:start position:0% +come up with a corresponding digital +value but determining the correct + + align:start position:0% +value but determining the correct + + + align:start position:0% +value but determining the correct +numeric value accurately gets more + + align:start position:0% +numeric value accurately gets more + + + align:start position:0% +numeric value accurately gets more +time-consuming and expensive as the + + align:start position:0% +time-consuming and expensive as the + + + align:start position:0% +time-consuming and expensive as the +voltage gets closer and closer to the + + align:start position:0% +voltage gets closer and closer to the + + + align:start position:0% +voltage gets closer and closer to the +threshold the circuits involved would + + align:start position:0% +threshold the circuits involved would + + + align:start position:0% +threshold the circuits involved would +have to be made of precision components + + align:start position:0% +have to be made of precision components + + + align:start position:0% +have to be made of precision components +and run in precisely controlled physical + + align:start position:0% +and run in precisely controlled physical + + + align:start position:0% +and run in precisely controlled physical +environments hard to accomplish when we + + align:start position:0% +environments hard to accomplish when we + + + align:start position:0% +environments hard to accomplish when we +consider the multitude of environments + + align:start position:0% +consider the multitude of environments + + + align:start position:0% +consider the multitude of environments +and the modest cost expectations for the + + align:start position:0% +and the modest cost expectations for the + + + align:start position:0% +and the modest cost expectations for the +systems we want to build so although + + align:start position:0% +systems we want to build so although + + + align:start position:0% +systems we want to build so although +this definition has an appealing + + align:start position:0% +this definition has an appealing + + + align:start position:0% +this definition has an appealing +mathematical simplicity is not workable + + align:start position:0% +mathematical simplicity is not workable + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical simplicity is not workable +on practical grounds this one gets a big + + align:start position:0% +on practical grounds this one gets a big + + + align:start position:0% +on practical grounds this one gets a big +red X in our second attempt we'll + + align:start position:0% +red X in our second attempt we'll + + + align:start position:0% +red X in our second attempt we'll +introduce two threshold voltages V sub L + + align:start position:0% +introduce two threshold voltages V sub L + + + align:start position:0% +introduce two threshold voltages V sub L +and V sub H voltages is less than or + + align:start position:0% +and V sub H voltages is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +and V sub H voltages is less than or +equal to V sub L will be interpreted to + + align:start position:0% +equal to V sub L will be interpreted to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to V sub L will be interpreted to +zero and voltage is greater than or + + align:start position:0% +zero and voltage is greater than or + + + align:start position:0% +zero and voltage is greater than or +equal to V sub H will be interpreted as + + align:start position:0% +equal to V sub H will be interpreted as + + + align:start position:0% +equal to V sub H will be interpreted as +1 the range of voltages between V sub L + + align:start position:0% +1 the range of voltages between V sub L + + + align:start position:0% +1 the range of voltages between V sub L +and V sub H is called the Forbidden Zone + + align:start position:0% +and V sub H is called the Forbidden Zone + + + align:start position:0% +and V sub H is called the Forbidden Zone +where we are forbidden to ask for any + + align:start position:0% +where we are forbidden to ask for any + + + align:start position:0% +where we are forbidden to ask for any +particular behavior of our digital + + align:start position:0% +particular behavior of our digital + + + align:start position:0% +particular behavior of our digital +system a particular system can interpret + + align:start position:0% +system a particular system can interpret + + + align:start position:0% +system a particular system can interpret +a voltage in the Forbidden Zone is + + align:start position:0% +a voltage in the Forbidden Zone is + + + align:start position:0% +a voltage in the Forbidden Zone is +either a 0 or a 1 and is not even + + align:start position:0% +either a 0 or a 1 and is not even + + + align:start position:0% +either a 0 or a 1 and is not even +required to be consistent in its + + align:start position:0% +required to be consistent in its + + + align:start position:0% +required to be consistent in its +interpretation in fact the system is not + + align:start position:0% +interpretation in fact the system is not + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation in fact the system is not +required to produce any interpretation + + align:start position:0% +required to produce any interpretation + + + align:start position:0% +required to produce any interpretation +at all for voltages in this range how + + align:start position:0% +at all for voltages in this range how + + + align:start position:0% +at all for voltages in this range how +does this help now we can build a quick + + align:start position:0% +does this help now we can build a quick + + + align:start position:0% +does this help now we can build a quick +and dirty voltage 2 bit converter say by + + align:start position:0% +and dirty voltage 2 bit converter say by + + + align:start position:0% +and dirty voltage 2 bit converter say by +using a high gain op-amp and reference + + align:start position:0% +using a high gain op-amp and reference + + + align:start position:0% +using a high gain op-amp and reference +voltage somewhere in the Forbidden Zone + + align:start position:0% +voltage somewhere in the Forbidden Zone + + + align:start position:0% +voltage somewhere in the Forbidden Zone +to decide if a given voltage is above or + + align:start position:0% +to decide if a given voltage is above or + + + align:start position:0% +to decide if a given voltage is above or +below the threshold voltage this + + align:start position:0% +below the threshold voltage this + + + align:start position:0% +below the threshold voltage this +reference voltage doesn't have to be + + align:start position:0% +reference voltage doesn't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +reference voltage doesn't have to be +super accurate so it could be generated + + align:start position:0% +super accurate so it could be generated + + + align:start position:0% +super accurate so it could be generated +with say a voltage divider built from + + align:start position:0% +with say a voltage divider built from + + + align:start position:0% +with say a voltage divider built from +low-cost 10 percent accurate resistors + + align:start position:0% +low-cost 10 percent accurate resistors + + + align:start position:0% +low-cost 10 percent accurate resistors +the reference could change slightly as + + align:start position:0% +the reference could change slightly as + + + align:start position:0% +the reference could change slightly as +the operating temperature varied or the + + align:start position:0% +the operating temperature varied or the + + + align:start position:0% +the operating temperature varied or the +power supply voltage changed and so on + + align:start position:0% +power supply voltage changed and so on + + + align:start position:0% +power supply voltage changed and so on +we only need to guarantee the correct + + align:start position:0% +we only need to guarantee the correct + + + align:start position:0% +we only need to guarantee the correct +behavior of our converter for voltages + + align:start position:0% +behavior of our converter for voltages + + + align:start position:0% +behavior of our converter for voltages +below V sub L or above V sub H this + + align:start position:0% +below V sub L or above V sub H this + + + align:start position:0% +below V sub L or above V sub H this +representation is pretty promising + + align:start position:0% +representation is pretty promising + + + align:start position:0% +representation is pretty promising +and we'll tentatively give it a green + + align:start position:0% +and we'll tentatively give it a green + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll tentatively give it a green +checkmark for now after a bit more + + align:start position:0% +checkmark for now after a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +checkmark for now after a bit more +discussion we'll need to make one more + + align:start position:0% +discussion we'll need to make one more + + + align:start position:0% +discussion we'll need to make one more +small tweak before we get to where we + + align:start position:0% +small tweak before we get to where we + + + align:start position:0% +small tweak before we get to where we +want to go \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Om_5b29d_9g.txt b/Om_5b29d_9g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c1fd6ecb738517af502502126f8452d977b42dd --- /dev/null +++ b/Om_5b29d_9g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3456 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu so again the equivalence + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so again the equivalence + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu so again the equivalence +point is where you've added all of the + + align:start position:0% +point is where you've added all of the + + + align:start position:0% +point is where you've added all of the +moles of your strong base that you need + + align:start position:0% +moles of your strong base that you need + + + align:start position:0% +moles of your strong base that you need +to convert all the moles you had of the + + align:start position:0% +to convert all the moles you had of the + + + align:start position:0% +to convert all the moles you had of the +weak acid to its conjugate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +base so if we have this type of problem + + align:start position:0% +base so if we have this type of problem + + + align:start position:0% +base so if we have this type of problem +a strong base titrating a weak acid the + + align:start position:0% +a strong base titrating a weak acid the + + + align:start position:0% +a strong base titrating a weak acid the +pH is going to be greater than seven at + + align:start position:0% +pH is going to be greater than seven at + + + align:start position:0% +pH is going to be greater than seven at +this equivalence or stochiometric point + + align:start position:0% +this equivalence or stochiometric point + + + align:start position:0% +this equivalence or stochiometric point +and we can see that in the plot here's + + align:start position:0% +and we can see that in the plot here's + + + align:start position:0% +and we can see that in the plot here's +ph7 little arrow going up in indicating + + align:start position:0% +ph7 little arrow going up in indicating + + + align:start position:0% +ph7 little arrow going up in indicating +it's going to be greater than seven and + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be greater than seven and + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be greater than seven and +that's because we have just the + + align:start position:0% +that's because we have just the + + + align:start position:0% +that's because we have just the +conjugate base left at this point so + + align:start position:0% +conjugate base left at this point so + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate base left at this point so +again pH depends on the property of the + + align:start position:0% +again pH depends on the property of the + + + align:start position:0% +again pH depends on the property of the +salt that's formed at the equivalence + + align:start position:0% +salt that's formed at the equivalence + + + align:start position:0% +salt that's formed at the equivalence +point and when it is a weak acid being + + align:start position:0% +point and when it is a weak acid being + + + align:start position:0% +point and when it is a weak acid being +titrated with a strong base then and + + align:start position:0% +titrated with a strong base then and + + + align:start position:0% +titrated with a strong base then and +that's what we have here weak acid + + align:start position:0% +that's what we have here weak acid + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we have here weak acid +strong base you're going to get a salt + + align:start position:0% +strong base you're going to get a salt + + + align:start position:0% +strong base you're going to get a salt +and water but this salt now is going to + + align:start position:0% +and water but this salt now is going to + + + align:start position:0% +and water but this salt now is going to +have basic properties + + align:start position:0% +have basic properties + + + align:start position:0% +have basic properties +and we saw this before that sodium has + + align:start position:0% +and we saw this before that sodium has + + + align:start position:0% +and we saw this before that sodium has +no effect on ph things in group one are + + align:start position:0% +no effect on ph things in group one are + + + align:start position:0% +no effect on ph things in group one are +not going to have any effect on ph but + + align:start position:0% +not going to have any effect on ph but + + + align:start position:0% +not going to have any effect on ph but +hc2 minus is a conjugate base of a weak + + align:start position:0% +hc2 minus is a conjugate base of a weak + + + align:start position:0% +hc2 minus is a conjugate base of a weak +acid it is a weak base itself so this is + + align:start position:0% +acid it is a weak base itself so this is + + + align:start position:0% +acid it is a weak base itself so this is +going to be basic and so that's why the + + align:start position:0% +going to be basic and so that's why the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be basic and so that's why the +pH is going to be greater than seven + + align:start position:0% +pH is going to be greater than seven + + + align:start position:0% +pH is going to be greater than seven +remember salt and water problems really + + align:start position:0% +remember salt and water problems really + + + align:start position:0% +remember salt and water problems really +break down to weak acid in water or weak + + align:start position:0% +break down to weak acid in water or weak + + + align:start position:0% +break down to weak acid in water or weak +base in water problems depending on what + + align:start position:0% +base in water problems depending on what + + + align:start position:0% +base in water problems depending on what +went in to form that particular salt + + align:start position:0% +went in to form that particular salt + + + align:start position:0% +went in to form that particular salt +so when you're doing these problems and + + align:start position:0% +so when you're doing these problems and + + + align:start position:0% +so when you're doing these problems and +if you're in exam and you get to the end + + align:start position:0% +if you're in exam and you get to the end + + + align:start position:0% +if you're in exam and you get to the end +and you're you know that the pH should + + align:start position:0% +and you're you know that the pH should + + + align:start position:0% +and you're you know that the pH should +be greater than seven but the pH you + + align:start position:0% +be greater than seven but the pH you + + + align:start position:0% +be greater than seven but the pH you +calculated for some reason and you don't + + align:start position:0% +calculated for some reason and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +calculated for some reason and you don't +know where you made the mistake is less + + align:start position:0% +know where you made the mistake is less + + + align:start position:0% +know where you made the mistake is less +than seven if you say to me this doesn't + + align:start position:0% +than seven if you say to me this doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +than seven if you say to me this doesn't +make sense it should be greater than + + align:start position:0% +make sense it should be greater than + + + align:start position:0% +make sense it should be greater than +seven because it should be basic at this + + align:start position:0% +seven because it should be basic at this + + + align:start position:0% +seven because it should be basic at this +point I should just have conjugate base + + align:start position:0% +point I should just have conjugate base + + + align:start position:0% +point I should just have conjugate base +around you will get points back for + + align:start position:0% +around you will get points back for + + + align:start position:0% +around you will get points back for +recognizing um that that's what it the + + align:start position:0% +recognizing um that that's what it the + + + align:start position:0% +recognizing um that that's what it the +that the answer you gave me can't be + + align:start position:0% +that the answer you gave me can't be + + + align:start position:0% +that the answer you gave me can't be +right so always pay attention to what + + align:start position:0% +right so always pay attention to what + + + align:start position:0% +right so always pay attention to what +answer you're getting does that answer + + align:start position:0% +answer you're getting does that answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer you're getting does that answer +make sense I I really care more about um + + align:start position:0% +make sense I I really care more about um + + + align:start position:0% +make sense I I really care more about um +that people understand what's going on + + align:start position:0% +that people understand what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +that people understand what's going on +than they can do the math perfectly in a + + align:start position:0% +than they can do the math perfectly in a + + + align:start position:0% +than they can do the math perfectly in a +very short amount of time all right so + + align:start position:0% +very short amount of time all right so + + + align:start position:0% +very short amount of time all right so +but you'll often be asked to calculate + + align:start position:0% +but you'll often be asked to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +but you'll often be asked to calculate +the pH so let's think about how we would + + align:start position:0% +the pH so let's think about how we would + + + align:start position:0% +the pH so let's think about how we would +calculate the pH we know it's greater + + align:start position:0% +calculate the pH we know it's greater + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the pH we know it's greater +than seven but what is it exactly for + + align:start position:0% +than seven but what is it exactly for + + + align:start position:0% +than seven but what is it exactly for +this problem and to do that we need to + + align:start position:0% +this problem and to do that we need to + + + align:start position:0% +this problem and to do that we need to +first know what the volume is going to + + align:start position:0% +first know what the volume is going to + + + align:start position:0% +first know what the volume is going to +be what volume of the that strong base + + align:start position:0% +be what volume of the that strong base + + + align:start position:0% +be what volume of the that strong base +do we need to add to reach the um stokom + + align:start position:0% +do we need to add to reach the um stokom + + + align:start position:0% +do we need to add to reach the um stokom +metric or equivalence point so we had in + + align:start position:0% +metric or equivalence point so we had in + + + align:start position:0% +metric or equivalence point so we had in +the beginning uh 2.5 * 10 Theus 3 moles + + align:start position:0% +the beginning uh 2.5 * 10 Theus 3 moles + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning uh 2.5 * 10 Theus 3 moles +of our weak acid um so that means that + + align:start position:0% +of our weak acid um so that means that + + + align:start position:0% +of our weak acid um so that means that +at the stochiometric point we're going + + align:start position:0% +at the stochiometric point we're going + + + align:start position:0% +at the stochiometric point we're going +to form that number of moles of + + align:start position:0% +to form that number of moles of + + + align:start position:0% +to form that number of moles of +conjugate base and that also means that + + align:start position:0% +conjugate base and that also means that + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate base and that also means that +to do that we need to add that number of + + align:start position:0% +to do that we need to add that number of + + + align:start position:0% +to do that we need to add that number of +moles of the strong base so we need to + + align:start position:0% +moles of the strong base so we need to + + + align:start position:0% +moles of the strong base so we need to +add 2.5 * 10us 3 moles of our strong + + align:start position:0% +add 2.5 * 10us 3 moles of our strong + + + align:start position:0% +add 2.5 * 10us 3 moles of our strong +base we know the concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +base we know the concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +base we know the concentration of the +strong base 0.15 molar so we can + + align:start position:0% +strong base 0.15 molar so we can + + + align:start position:0% +strong base 0.15 molar so we can +calculate that the volume we need is + + align:start position:0% +calculate that the volume we need is + + + align:start position:0% +calculate that the volume we need is +16.7 + + align:start position:0% +16.7 + + + align:start position:0% +16.7 +milliters now the total volume to get to + + align:start position:0% +milliters now the total volume to get to + + + align:start position:0% +milliters now the total volume to get to +the stochiometric point was 25 that's + + align:start position:0% +the stochiometric point was 25 that's + + + align:start position:0% +the stochiometric point was 25 that's +what we had originally plus this + + align:start position:0% +what we had originally plus this + + + align:start position:0% +what we had originally plus this +16.7 um so 41.7 milliliters or + + align:start position:0% +16.7 um so 41.7 milliliters or + + + align:start position:0% +16.7 um so 41.7 milliliters or + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +lers we can calculate the marity of the + + align:start position:0% +lers we can calculate the marity of the + + + align:start position:0% +lers we can calculate the marity of the +conjugate base that's formed how many + + align:start position:0% +conjugate base that's formed how many + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate base that's formed how many +moles in this total volume gives us a + + align:start position:0% +moles in this total volume gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +moles in this total volume gives us a +marity of + + align:start position:0% +marity of + + + align:start position:0% +marity of +06 molar and now we can go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +06 molar and now we can go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +06 molar and now we can go ahead and +solve the problem but why don't you tell + + align:start position:0% +solve the problem but why don't you tell + + + align:start position:0% +solve the problem but why don't you tell +me how we're going to solve the problem + + align:start position:0% +me how we're going to solve the problem + + + align:start position:0% +me how we're going to solve the problem +what are we going to use to solve this + + align:start position:0% +what are we going to use to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +what are we going to use to solve this +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right let's just do 10 more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seconds all right yep so + + align:start position:0% +seconds all right yep so + + + align:start position:0% +seconds all right yep so +KB and so if we look at this problem for + + align:start position:0% +KB and so if we look at this problem for + + + align:start position:0% +KB and so if we look at this problem for +a minute so this is a + + align:start position:0% +a minute so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +a minute so this is a +again the type of + + align:start position:0% +again the type of + + + align:start position:0% +again the type of +problem it's a weak base problem we've + + align:start position:0% +problem it's a weak base problem we've + + + align:start position:0% +problem it's a weak base problem we've +converted all the weak acid we had to + + align:start position:0% +converted all the weak acid we had to + + + align:start position:0% +converted all the weak acid we had to +its conjugate base because we added + + align:start position:0% +its conjugate base because we added + + + align:start position:0% +its conjugate base because we added +enough moles of the strong base to + + align:start position:0% +enough moles of the strong base to + + + align:start position:0% +enough moles of the strong base to +convert all the weak acid to the + + align:start position:0% +convert all the weak acid to the + + + align:start position:0% +convert all the weak acid to the +conjugate base so the at the equivalence + + align:start position:0% +conjugate base so the at the equivalence + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate base so the at the equivalence +point all we have is the weak base so + + align:start position:0% +point all we have is the weak base so + + + align:start position:0% +point all we have is the weak base so +this is a base in water problem so we + + align:start position:0% +this is a base in water problem so we + + + align:start position:0% +this is a base in water problem so we +write our base plus water going to the + + align:start position:0% +write our base plus water going to the + + + align:start position:0% +write our base plus water going to the +conjugate acid plus hydroxide and when + + align:start position:0% +conjugate acid plus hydroxide and when + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate acid plus hydroxide and when +it's a base and water problem you should + + align:start position:0% +it's a base and water problem you should + + + align:start position:0% +it's a base and water problem you should +have hydroxide on the other side so we + + align:start position:0% +have hydroxide on the other side so we + + + align:start position:0% +have hydroxide on the other side so we +can set up this expression we had 06 + + align:start position:0% +can set up this expression we had 06 + + + align:start position:0% +can set up this expression we had 06 +molar - x x + x and we can use KB to + + align:start position:0% +molar - x x + x and we can use KB to + + + align:start position:0% +molar - x x + x and we can use KB to +solve the problem and KB in this case is + + align:start position:0% +solve the problem and KB in this case is + + + align:start position:0% +solve the problem and KB in this case is +5.6 * + + align:start position:0% +5.6 * + + + align:start position:0% +5.6 * +10-1 that's going to be equal to x^2 + + align:start position:0% +10-1 that's going to be equal to x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +10-1 that's going to be equal to x^2 +over 6 + + align:start position:0% +over 6 + + + align:start position:0% +over 6 +06 - x so if I was given Ka and I now + + align:start position:0% +06 - x so if I was given Ka and I now + + + align:start position:0% +06 - x so if I was given Ka and I now +need KB what do I use to convert Ka and + + align:start position:0% +need KB what do I use to convert Ka and + + + align:start position:0% +need KB what do I use to convert Ka and +KB + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right you're G to use kW to solve it + + align:start position:0% +right you're G to use kW to solve it + + + align:start position:0% +right you're G to use kW to solve it +yeah so we can easily convert between + + align:start position:0% +yeah so we can easily convert between + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so we can easily convert between +these two not a problem all right so + + align:start position:0% +these two not a problem all right so + + + align:start position:0% +these two not a problem all right so +this is how you would do the problem and + + align:start position:0% +this is how you would do the problem and + + + align:start position:0% +this is how you would do the problem and +always remember ask yourself what type + + align:start position:0% +always remember ask yourself what type + + + align:start position:0% +always remember ask yourself what type +of problem is it if it's weak base and + + align:start position:0% +of problem is it if it's weak base and + + + align:start position:0% +of problem is it if it's weak base and +water you want a KB so can I use + + align:start position:0% +water you want a KB so can I use + + + align:start position:0% +water you want a KB so can I use +Henderson hosbach for this no I + + align:start position:0% +Henderson hosbach for this no I + + + align:start position:0% +Henderson hosbach for this no I +can't and you should not as well all + + align:start position:0% +can't and you should not as well all + + + align:start position:0% +can't and you should not as well all +right so what do you do after this you + + align:start position:0% +right so what do you do after this you + + + align:start position:0% +right so what do you do after this you +should be able to go from here we're not + + align:start position:0% +should be able to go from here we're not + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to go from here we're not +going to go through all the steps um we + + align:start position:0% +going to go through all the steps um we + + + align:start position:0% +going to go through all the steps um we +can simplify pretend X is small make + + align:start position:0% +can simplify pretend X is small make + + + align:start position:0% +can simplify pretend X is small make +sure X is small and in this case X is + + align:start position:0% +sure X is small and in this case X is + + + align:start position:0% +sure X is small and in this case X is +quite small 1.83 * 10us 6 molar from + + align:start position:0% +quite small 1.83 * 10us 6 molar from + + + align:start position:0% +quite small 1.83 * 10us 6 molar from +that we have to remember that X now is + + align:start position:0% +that we have to remember that X now is + + + align:start position:0% +that we have to remember that X now is +the hydroxide ion concentration so we're + + align:start position:0% +the hydroxide ion concentration so we're + + + align:start position:0% +the hydroxide ion concentration so we're +going to calculate po first and then + + align:start position:0% +going to calculate po first and then + + + align:start position:0% +going to calculate po first and then +calculate pH um by subtract + + align:start position:0% +calculate pH um by subtract + + + align:start position:0% +calculate pH um by subtract +14.00 minus p + + align:start position:0% +14.00 minus p + + + align:start position:0% +14.00 minus p +to get us the ph and now it's + + align:start position:0% +to get us the ph and now it's + + + align:start position:0% +to get us the ph and now it's +8.26 that's above seven that number + + align:start position:0% +8.26 that's above seven that number + + + align:start position:0% +8.26 that's above seven that number +makes sense if I had stopped and + + align:start position:0% +makes sense if I had stopped and + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense if I had stopped and +forgotten what x was and realized the pH + + align:start position:0% +forgotten what x was and realized the pH + + + align:start position:0% +forgotten what x was and realized the pH +was 5.74 I should have realized there + + align:start position:0% +was 5.74 I should have realized there + + + align:start position:0% +was 5.74 I should have realized there +was a problem there all right so weak + + align:start position:0% +was a problem there all right so weak + + + align:start position:0% +was a problem there all right so weak +base in water + + align:start position:0% +base in water + + + align:start position:0% +base in water +problem so we go up here that's Point s + + align:start position:0% +problem so we go up here that's Point s + + + align:start position:0% +problem so we go up here that's Point s +the stochiometric point we have a pH of + + align:start position:0% +the stochiometric point we have a pH of + + + align:start position:0% +the stochiometric point we have a pH of +8.26 now we've added this little e at + + align:start position:0% +8.26 now we've added this little e at + + + align:start position:0% +8.26 now we've added this little e at +the the end we're just going to think + + align:start position:0% +the the end we're just going to think + + + align:start position:0% +the the end we're just going to think +about the last type of problem you might + + align:start position:0% +about the last type of problem you might + + + align:start position:0% +about the last type of problem you might +see which is past the equivalence point + + align:start position:0% +see which is past the equivalence point + + + align:start position:0% +see which is past the equivalence point +so here you're at a volume beyond the + + align:start position:0% +so here you're at a volume beyond the + + + align:start position:0% +so here you're at a volume beyond the +volume needed to get you to the + + align:start position:0% +volume needed to get you to the + + + align:start position:0% +volume needed to get you to the +equivalence point and at this point you + + align:start position:0% +equivalence point and at this point you + + + align:start position:0% +equivalence point and at this point you +have your conjugate Bas in solution but + + align:start position:0% +have your conjugate Bas in solution but + + + align:start position:0% +have your conjugate Bas in solution but +you're adding a lot of concentrated base + + align:start position:0% +you're adding a lot of concentrated base + + + align:start position:0% +you're adding a lot of concentrated base +of sodium hydroxide to that solution so + + align:start position:0% +of sodium hydroxide to that solution so + + + align:start position:0% +of sodium hydroxide to that solution so +the amount of the conjugate base that + + align:start position:0% +the amount of the conjugate base that + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of the conjugate base that +you have there is really not going to + + align:start position:0% +you have there is really not going to + + + align:start position:0% +you have there is really not going to +contribute to pH anymore not compare to + + align:start position:0% +contribute to pH anymore not compare to + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to pH anymore not compare to +the pH change that's going to be caused + + align:start position:0% +the pH change that's going to be caused + + + align:start position:0% +the pH change that's going to be caused +by just putting extra strong base into + + align:start position:0% +by just putting extra strong base into + + + align:start position:0% +by just putting extra strong base into +solution so the pH is really going to be + + align:start position:0% +solution so the pH is really going to be + + + align:start position:0% +solution so the pH is really going to be +determined by the excess amount of NaOH + + align:start position:0% +determined by the excess amount of NaOH + + + align:start position:0% +determined by the excess amount of NaOH +you have and you can pretty much forget + + align:start position:0% +you have and you can pretty much forget + + + align:start position:0% +you have and you can pretty much forget +all the work you just did in calculating + + align:start position:0% +all the work you just did in calculating + + + align:start position:0% +all the work you just did in calculating +what the pH was due to the conjugate + + align:start position:0% +what the pH was due to the conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +what the pH was due to the conjugate +base because that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +base because that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +base because that's going to be +overwhelmed by this and I'll show you + + align:start position:0% +overwhelmed by this and I'll show you + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelmed by this and I'll show you +that that's true so what this is then is + + align:start position:0% +that that's true so what this is then is + + + align:start position:0% +that that's true so what this is then is +a strong base in water problem so beyond + + align:start position:0% +a strong base in water problem so beyond + + + align:start position:0% +a strong base in water problem so beyond +the equivalence point now we're a strong + + align:start position:0% +the equivalence point now we're a strong + + + align:start position:0% +the equivalence point now we're a strong +base in water problem so how do we do + + align:start position:0% +base in water problem so how do we do + + + align:start position:0% +base in water problem so how do we do +this and we saw this already but we'll + + align:start position:0% +this and we saw this already but we'll + + + align:start position:0% +this and we saw this already but we'll +just review it one more time so we five + + align:start position:0% +just review it one more time so we five + + + align:start position:0% +just review it one more time so we five +Ms past the equivalence + + align:start position:0% +Ms past the equivalence + + + align:start position:0% +Ms past the equivalence +point so we are going to figure out how + + align:start position:0% +point so we are going to figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +point so we are going to figure out how +many extra moles of O we added uh 5 Ms + + align:start position:0% +many extra moles of O we added uh 5 Ms + + + align:start position:0% +many extra moles of O we added uh 5 Ms +times our concentration so we have 7.5 * + + align:start position:0% +times our concentration so we have 7.5 * + + + align:start position:0% +times our concentration so we have 7.5 * +10us 4 moles that are + + align:start position:0% +10us 4 moles that are + + + align:start position:0% +10us 4 moles that are +extra and now we need to calculate the + + align:start position:0% +extra and now we need to calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +extra and now we need to calculate the +concentration and we have to remember + + align:start position:0% +concentration and we have to remember + + + align:start position:0% +concentration and we have to remember +our volume so we added five extra Ms we + + align:start position:0% +our volume so we added five extra Ms we + + + align:start position:0% +our volume so we added five extra Ms we +had 25 to begin with and we use 16.7 to + + align:start position:0% +had 25 to begin with and we use 16.7 to + + + align:start position:0% +had 25 to begin with and we use 16.7 to +get to the equivalence point and so when + + align:start position:0% +get to the equivalence point and so when + + + align:start position:0% +get to the equivalence point and so when +you have the whole volume in there you + + align:start position:0% +you have the whole volume in there you + + + align:start position:0% +you have the whole volume in there you +can calculate that your concentration is + + align:start position:0% +can calculate that your concentration is + + + align:start position:0% +can calculate that your concentration is +016 molar um O then from that we can + + align:start position:0% +016 molar um O then from that we can + + + align:start position:0% +016 molar um O then from that we can +calculate + + align:start position:0% +calculate + + + align:start position:0% +calculate +p and from that we calculate pH and it's + + align:start position:0% +p and from that we calculate pH and it's + + + align:start position:0% +p and from that we calculate pH and it's +12 uh 2 one and just to convince you + + align:start position:0% +12 uh 2 one and just to convince you + + + align:start position:0% +12 uh 2 one and just to convince you +that it was okay that I forgot all about + + align:start position:0% +that it was okay that I forgot all about + + + align:start position:0% +that it was okay that I forgot all about +that conjugate base remember the + + align:start position:0% +that conjugate base remember the + + + align:start position:0% +that conjugate base remember the +concentration that we had calculated um + + align:start position:0% +concentration that we had calculated um + + + align:start position:0% +concentration that we had calculated um +that of O that's due to that weak base + + align:start position:0% +that of O that's due to that weak base + + + align:start position:0% +that of O that's due to that weak base +and solution um this number really small + + align:start position:0% +and solution um this number really small + + + align:start position:0% +and solution um this number really small +compared to that number and if you want + + align:start position:0% +compared to that number and if you want + + + align:start position:0% +compared to that number and if you want +to be very particular you can add this + + align:start position:0% +to be very particular you can add this + + + align:start position:0% +to be very particular you can add this +to this before calculating this but it's + + align:start position:0% +to this before calculating this but it's + + + align:start position:0% +to this before calculating this but it's +really not going to give you to the + + align:start position:0% +really not going to give you to the + + + align:start position:0% +really not going to give you to the +number of significant figures you have + + align:start position:0% +number of significant figures you have + + + align:start position:0% +number of significant figures you have +it's not going to make any difference + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to make any difference + + + align:start position:0% +it's not going to make any difference +whatsoever so this is a strong Basin + + align:start position:0% +whatsoever so this is a strong Basin + + + align:start position:0% +whatsoever so this is a strong Basin +water problem we're only going to think + + align:start position:0% +water problem we're only going to think + + + align:start position:0% +water problem we're only going to think +about how many moles extra of O do we + + align:start position:0% +about how many moles extra of O do we + + + align:start position:0% +about how many moles extra of O do we +have and what is the total volume and + + align:start position:0% +have and what is the total volume and + + + align:start position:0% +have and what is the total volume and +then you're + + align:start position:0% +then you're + + + align:start position:0% +then you're +done all right so now we've done this + + align:start position:0% +done all right so now we've done this + + + align:start position:0% +done all right so now we've done this +whole curve um we started at the + + align:start position:0% +whole curve um we started at the + + + align:start position:0% +whole curve um we started at the +beginning it was a weak acid problem + + align:start position:0% +beginning it was a weak acid problem + + + align:start position:0% +beginning it was a weak acid problem +down here we went into the buffering + + align:start position:0% +down here we went into the buffering + + + align:start position:0% +down here we went into the buffering +region we can use Henderson hosbach here + + align:start position:0% +region we can use Henderson hosbach here + + + align:start position:0% +region we can use Henderson hosbach here +we can do a very simple calculation at + + align:start position:0% +we can do a very simple calculation at + + + align:start position:0% +we can do a very simple calculation at +the half equivalence point pH equals PKA + + align:start position:0% +the half equivalence point pH equals PKA + + + align:start position:0% +the half equivalence point pH equals PKA +then at the stochiometric point we're a + + align:start position:0% +then at the stochiometric point we're a + + + align:start position:0% +then at the stochiometric point we're a +weak based problem and then we're a + + align:start position:0% +weak based problem and then we're a + + + align:start position:0% +weak based problem and then we're a +strong based + + align:start position:0% +strong based + + + align:start position:0% +strong based +problem all right so you can now do the + + align:start position:0% +problem all right so you can now do the + + + align:start position:0% +problem all right so you can now do the +same thing the other way yeah question + + align:start position:0% +same thing the other way yeah question + + + align:start position:0% +same thing the other way yeah question +were need to figure out what the bu + + align:start position:0% +were need to figure out what the bu + + + align:start position:0% +were need to figure out what the bu +never yeah so right so we skipped D + + align:start position:0% +never yeah so right so we skipped D + + + align:start position:0% +never yeah so right so we skipped D +because there was a lot of different + + align:start position:0% +because there was a lot of different + + + align:start position:0% +because there was a lot of different +points um yeah so if you're if you're in + + align:start position:0% +points um yeah so if you're if you're in + + + align:start position:0% +points um yeah so if you're if you're in +a region where you have a you know a + + align:start position:0% +a region where you have a you know a + + + align:start position:0% +a region where you have a you know a +more than uh where you have both + + align:start position:0% +more than uh where you have both + + + align:start position:0% +more than uh where you have both +conjugate acid conjugate base you can + + align:start position:0% +conjugate acid conjugate base you can + + + align:start position:0% +conjugate acid conjugate base you can +assume that's in the buffering region so + + align:start position:0% +assume that's in the buffering region so + + + align:start position:0% +assume that's in the buffering region so +you need to have both to be in the + + align:start position:0% +you need to have both to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +you need to have both to be in the +buffering region if the problem only has + + align:start position:0% +buffering region if the problem only has + + + align:start position:0% +buffering region if the problem only has +your weak acid in water and initially + + align:start position:0% +your weak acid in water and initially + + + align:start position:0% +your weak acid in water and initially +you have sort of zero of the other but + + align:start position:0% +you have sort of zero of the other but + + + align:start position:0% +you have sort of zero of the other but +if you've added some of the strong acid + + align:start position:0% +if you've added some of the strong acid + + + align:start position:0% +if you've added some of the strong acid +strong base that means you've converted + + align:start position:0% +strong base that means you've converted + + + align:start position:0% +strong base that means you've converted +some but you're and you know you're not + + align:start position:0% +some but you're and you know you're not + + + align:start position:0% +some but you're and you know you're not +at the equivalence point yet you can + + align:start position:0% +at the equivalence point yet you can + + + align:start position:0% +at the equivalence point yet you can +assume a bruer problem and then um + + align:start position:0% +assume a bruer problem and then um + + + align:start position:0% +assume a bruer problem and then um +pretty much it's kind of in the + + align:start position:0% +pretty much it's kind of in the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much it's kind of in the +buffering region unless it's right here + + align:start position:0% +buffering region unless it's right here + + + align:start position:0% +buffering region unless it's right here +or right there so pretty much anywhere + + align:start position:0% +or right there so pretty much anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +or right there so pretty much anywhere +in here you can assume it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +in here you can assume it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +in here you can assume it's going to be +a buffer problem and when you do the + + align:start position:0% +a buffer problem and when you do the + + + align:start position:0% +a buffer problem and when you do the +subtraction you should see that you had + + align:start position:0% +subtraction you should see that you had + + + align:start position:0% +subtraction you should see that you had +you know your weak your weak acid and + + align:start position:0% +you know your weak your weak acid and + + + align:start position:0% +you know your weak your weak acid and +you've converted some to the conjugate + + align:start position:0% +you've converted some to the conjugate + + + align:start position:0% +you've converted some to the conjugate +you can see that you have amounts of + + align:start position:0% +you can see that you have amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that you have amounts of +both when you uh do that subtraction and + + align:start position:0% +both when you uh do that subtraction and + + + align:start position:0% +both when you uh do that subtraction and +when you have concentrations of both + + align:start position:0% +when you have concentrations of both + + + align:start position:0% +when you have concentrations of both +then you're in the buffering + + align:start position:0% +then you're in the buffering + + + align:start position:0% +then you're in the buffering +region so you would do you would do D + + align:start position:0% +region so you would do you would do D + + + align:start position:0% +region so you would do you would do D +the same way that you did B yeah that + + align:start position:0% +the same way that you did B yeah that + + + align:start position:0% +the same way that you did B yeah that +would be the same and then if you want + + align:start position:0% +would be the same and then if you want + + + align:start position:0% +would be the same and then if you want +to make make sure that you're not there + + align:start position:0% +to make make sure that you're not there + + + align:start position:0% +to make make sure that you're not there +but you should know that when you start + + align:start position:0% +but you should know that when you start + + + align:start position:0% +but you should know that when you start +the problem because you know how many + + align:start position:0% +the problem because you know how many + + + align:start position:0% +the problem because you know how many +you calculate be when you start doing + + align:start position:0% +you calculate be when you start doing + + + align:start position:0% +you calculate be when you start doing +these problems you're going to calculate + + align:start position:0% +these problems you're going to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +these problems you're going to calculate +say how much moles of the weak acid you + + align:start position:0% +say how much moles of the weak acid you + + + align:start position:0% +say how much moles of the weak acid you +had and then you calculate how many + + align:start position:0% +had and then you calculate how many + + + align:start position:0% +had and then you calculate how many +moles of the base you added and if + + align:start position:0% +moles of the base you added and if + + + align:start position:0% +moles of the base you added and if +they're equal then you're like oh I'm + + align:start position:0% +they're equal then you're like oh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +they're equal then you're like oh I'm +not in the buffering region I'm at the + + align:start position:0% +not in the buffering region I'm at the + + + align:start position:0% +not in the buffering region I'm at the +equivalence point if they're not equal + + align:start position:0% +equivalence point if they're not equal + + + align:start position:0% +equivalence point if they're not equal +if the number of moles you've added are + + align:start position:0% +if the number of moles you've added are + + + align:start position:0% +if the number of moles you've added are +less of the strong base but non zero + + align:start position:0% +less of the strong base but non zero + + + align:start position:0% +less of the strong base but non zero +then you're in the buffering + + align:start position:0% +then you're in the buffering + + + align:start position:0% +then you're in the buffering +region other any other good questions + + align:start position:0% +region other any other good questions + + + align:start position:0% +region other any other good questions +and we're not going to go the other + + align:start position:0% +and we're not going to go the other + + + align:start position:0% +and we're not going to go the other +direction we're not going to do all the + + align:start position:0% +direction we're not going to do all the + + + align:start position:0% +direction we're not going to do all the +points in the other one but there's a + + align:start position:0% +points in the other one but there's a + + + align:start position:0% +points in the other one but there's a +problem set for that so all right but + + align:start position:0% +problem set for that so all right but + + + align:start position:0% +problem set for that so all right but +not going to leave acid base quite yet + + align:start position:0% +not going to leave acid base quite yet + + + align:start position:0% +not going to leave acid base quite yet +we're almost there but not quite yet + + align:start position:0% +we're almost there but not quite yet + + + align:start position:0% +we're almost there but not quite yet +because I got to say a little more about + + align:start position:0% +because I got to say a little more about + + + align:start position:0% +because I got to say a little more about +PKA so PKA are not just important in + + align:start position:0% +PKA so PKA are not just important in + + + align:start position:0% +PKA so PKA are not just important in +titration problems and I want to share + + align:start position:0% +titration problems and I want to share + + + align:start position:0% +titration problems and I want to share +with you one of my favorite videos um + + align:start position:0% +with you one of my favorite videos um + + + align:start position:0% +with you one of my favorite videos um +about why PKA are important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Samuel Thompson I'm a rising senior at + + align:start position:0% +Samuel Thompson I'm a rising senior at + + + align:start position:0% +Samuel Thompson I'm a rising senior at +MIT and for the past three years I've + + align:start position:0% +MIT and for the past three years I've + + + align:start position:0% +MIT and for the past three years I've +been working with Alice Ting my project + + align:start position:0% +been working with Alice Ting my project + + + align:start position:0% +been working with Alice Ting my project +is in the field of chemical biology + + align:start position:0% +is in the field of chemical biology + + + align:start position:0% +is in the field of chemical biology +which means that I'm a tool maker and + + align:start position:0% +which means that I'm a tool maker and + + + align:start position:0% +which means that I'm a tool maker and +I've been making tools to allow people + + align:start position:0% +I've been making tools to allow people + + + align:start position:0% +I've been making tools to allow people +to look at proteins we want to see where + + align:start position:0% +to look at proteins we want to see where + + + align:start position:0% +to look at proteins we want to see where +they are what they're doing what they're + + align:start position:0% +they are what they're doing what they're + + + align:start position:0% +they are what they're doing what they're +interacting + + align:start position:0% +interacting + + + align:start position:0% +interacting +with but all proteins and all cells are + + align:start position:0% +with but all proteins and all cells are + + + align:start position:0% +with but all proteins and all cells are +completely transparent whenever you look + + align:start position:0% +completely transparent whenever you look + + + align:start position:0% +completely transparent whenever you look +at them under a + + align:start position:0% +at them under a + + + align:start position:0% +at them under a +microscope so we use an enzyme to attach + + align:start position:0% +microscope so we use an enzyme to attach + + + align:start position:0% +microscope so we use an enzyme to attach +an organic molecule a very very small + + align:start position:0% +an organic molecule a very very small + + + align:start position:0% +an organic molecule a very very small +molecule to the protein so that we get + + align:start position:0% +molecule to the protein so that we get + + + align:start position:0% +molecule to the protein so that we get +the same fluorescent output we see a + + align:start position:0% +the same fluorescent output we see a + + + align:start position:0% +the same fluorescent output we see a +bright light whenever we shine laser + + align:start position:0% +bright light whenever we shine laser + + + align:start position:0% +bright light whenever we shine laser +light on it and look at it under a + + align:start position:0% +light on it and look at it under a + + + align:start position:0% +light on it and look at it under a +microscope after some very complicated + + align:start position:0% +microscope after some very complicated + + + align:start position:0% +microscope after some very complicated +research we came up with a very basic + + align:start position:0% +research we came up with a very basic + + + align:start position:0% +research we came up with a very basic +problem in our design we had a mismatch + + align:start position:0% +problem in our design we had a mismatch + + + align:start position:0% +problem in our design we had a mismatch +between our probe and the pH of the + + align:start position:0% +between our probe and the pH of the + + + align:start position:0% +between our probe and the pH of the +cells cells typically exist at about 7.2 + + align:start position:0% +cells cells typically exist at about 7.2 + + + align:start position:0% +cells cells typically exist at about 7.2 +to 7.5 pH that's what's healthy for and + + align:start position:0% +to 7.5 pH that's what's healthy for and + + + align:start position:0% +to 7.5 pH that's what's healthy for and +they need that and you go outside those + + align:start position:0% +they need that and you go outside those + + + align:start position:0% +they need that and you go outside those +boundaries they're very unhealthy and + + align:start position:0% +boundaries they're very unhealthy and + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries they're very unhealthy and +they behave abnormally and the pka of + + align:start position:0% +they behave abnormally and the pka of + + + align:start position:0% +they behave abnormally and the pka of +our probe is also + + align:start position:0% +our probe is also + + + align:start position:0% +our probe is also +7.5 PKA is the point where any sort of + + align:start position:0% +7.5 PKA is the point where any sort of + + + align:start position:0% +7.5 PKA is the point where any sort of +species is half proteinated half + + align:start position:0% +species is half proteinated half + + + align:start position:0% +species is half proteinated half +deprotonated and our probe needs to be + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated and our probe needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated and our probe needs to be +deprotonated it needs to be in some sort + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated it needs to be in some sort + + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated it needs to be in some sort +of basic solution compared to its PKA in + + align:start position:0% +of basic solution compared to its PKA in + + + align:start position:0% +of basic solution compared to its PKA in +order for it to be visible in order for + + align:start position:0% +order for it to be visible in order for + + + align:start position:0% +order for it to be visible in order for +it to + + align:start position:0% +it to + + + align:start position:0% +it to +Glow since our pka of our fluorescent + + align:start position:0% +Glow since our pka of our fluorescent + + + align:start position:0% +Glow since our pka of our fluorescent +molecule and the pH of the cells exactly + + align:start position:0% +molecule and the pH of the cells exactly + + + align:start position:0% +molecule and the pH of the cells exactly +match up that means that our probe is + + align:start position:0% +match up that means that our probe is + + + align:start position:0% +match up that means that our probe is +half proteinated half + + align:start position:0% +half proteinated half + + + align:start position:0% +half proteinated half +deprotonated this is a huge problem for + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated this is a huge problem for + + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated this is a huge problem for +our labeling because it immediately + + align:start position:0% +our labeling because it immediately + + + align:start position:0% +our labeling because it immediately +means that we're at 50% efficiency we + + align:start position:0% +means that we're at 50% efficiency we + + + align:start position:0% +means that we're at 50% efficiency we +couldn't get more than half of these + + align:start position:0% +couldn't get more than half of these + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't get more than half of these +molecules to glow and we couldn't see + + align:start position:0% +molecules to glow and we couldn't see + + + align:start position:0% +molecules to glow and we couldn't see +more than half of our proteins our + + align:start position:0% +more than half of our proteins our + + + align:start position:0% +more than half of our proteins our +solution was to change the pka of the + + align:start position:0% +solution was to change the pka of the + + + align:start position:0% +solution was to change the pka of the +probe so we changed to a different + + align:start position:0% +probe so we changed to a different + + + align:start position:0% +probe so we changed to a different +molecule that's very very similar and we + + align:start position:0% +molecule that's very very similar and we + + + align:start position:0% +molecule that's very very similar and we +hoped would work with our system but has + + align:start position:0% +hoped would work with our system but has + + + align:start position:0% +hoped would work with our system but has +a much lower PKA 3.5 which allows us to + + align:start position:0% +a much lower PKA 3.5 which allows us to + + + align:start position:0% +a much lower PKA 3.5 which allows us to +work through all these neutral PHS and + + align:start position:0% +work through all these neutral PHS and + + + align:start position:0% +work through all these neutral PHS and +these physiological PHS and still be + + align:start position:0% +these physiological PHS and still be + + + align:start position:0% +these physiological PHS and still be +very bright and still be completely + + align:start position:0% +very bright and still be completely + + + align:start position:0% +very bright and still be completely +deprotonated a lot of diseases are + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated a lot of diseases are + + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated a lot of diseases are +caused by mutations which change where + + align:start position:0% +caused by mutations which change where + + + align:start position:0% +caused by mutations which change where +proteins are going it either locks them + + align:start position:0% +proteins are going it either locks them + + + align:start position:0% +proteins are going it either locks them +into a specific compartment or puts them + + align:start position:0% +into a specific compartment or puts them + + + align:start position:0% +into a specific compartment or puts them +in places that they don't need to be I + + align:start position:0% +in places that they don't need to be I + + + align:start position:0% +in places that they don't need to be I +hope that my work can be used by other + + align:start position:0% +hope that my work can be used by other + + + align:start position:0% +hope that my work can be used by other +people to study their own systems they + + align:start position:0% +people to study their own systems they + + + align:start position:0% +people to study their own systems they +can use my process to label that protein + + align:start position:0% +can use my process to label that protein + + + align:start position:0% +can use my process to label that protein +and then look at disease cells and find + + align:start position:0% +and then look at disease cells and find + + + align:start position:0% +and then look at disease cells and find +out where that protein is and what it's + + align:start position:0% +out where that protein is and what it's + + + align:start position:0% +out where that protein is and what it's +doing hopefully this can be used to + + align:start position:0% +doing hopefully this can be used to + + + align:start position:0% +doing hopefully this can be used to +unlock the keys to new therapeutic + + align:start position:0% +unlock the keys to new therapeutic + + + align:start position:0% +unlock the keys to new therapeutic +methods in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +medicine so that was Samuel um he + + align:start position:0% +medicine so that was Samuel um he + + + align:start position:0% +medicine so that was Samuel um he +graduated he's now at UCSF in graduate + + align:start position:0% +graduated he's now at UCSF in graduate + + + align:start position:0% +graduated he's now at UCSF in graduate +school and uh talking about his research + + align:start position:0% +school and uh talking about his research + + + align:start position:0% +school and uh talking about his research +in Alice Tings lab Samuel was my + + align:start position:0% +in Alice Tings lab Samuel was my + + + align:start position:0% +in Alice Tings lab Samuel was my +academic advise um he's a chemistry + + align:start position:0% +academic advise um he's a chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +academic advise um he's a chemistry +major and then in the later part of + + align:start position:0% +major and then in the later part of + + + align:start position:0% +major and then in the later part of +graduate school he actually switched and + + align:start position:0% +graduate school he actually switched and + + + align:start position:0% +graduate school he actually switched and +did research in my lab and so uh it was + + align:start position:0% +did research in my lab and so uh it was + + + align:start position:0% +did research in my lab and so uh it was +one of my favorite videos and I miss + + align:start position:0% +one of my favorite videos and I miss + + + align:start position:0% +one of my favorite videos and I miss +Samuel um anyway so it shows an + + align:start position:0% +Samuel um anyway so it shows an + + + align:start position:0% +Samuel um anyway so it shows an +undergraduate just like you caring about + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate just like you caring about + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate just like you caring about +PKA that's why it's one of my favorites + + align:start position:0% +PKA that's why it's one of my favorites + + + align:start position:0% +PKA that's why it's one of my favorites +okay so let's do a couple clicker + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's do a couple clicker + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's do a couple clicker +questions related uh to Samuel's video + + align:start position:0% +questions related uh to Samuel's video + + + align:start position:0% +questions related uh to Samuel's video +um and so now consider what if the pka + + align:start position:0% +um and so now consider what if the pka + + + align:start position:0% +um and so now consider what if the pka +of the probe had been 10 how much of it + + align:start position:0% +of the probe had been 10 how much of it + + + align:start position:0% +of the probe had been 10 how much of it +would glow um at physiological pH what + + align:start position:0% +would glow um at physiological pH what + + + align:start position:0% +would glow um at physiological pH what +can you say about that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probe okay 10 more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seconds all right so let's take a look + + align:start position:0% +seconds all right so let's take a look + + + align:start position:0% +seconds all right so let's take a look +at the answer so most of it um not much + + align:start position:0% +at the answer so most of it um not much + + + align:start position:0% +at the answer so most of it um not much +of it is going to be glowing is the + + align:start position:0% +of it is going to be glowing is the + + + align:start position:0% +of it is going to be glowing is the +answer to that part and let's just look + + align:start position:0% +answer to that part and let's just look + + + align:start position:0% +answer to that part and let's just look +at why that's true for a minute okay so + + align:start position:0% +at why that's true for a minute okay so + + + align:start position:0% +at why that's true for a minute okay so +in this is what Samuel talked about um + + align:start position:0% +in this is what Samuel talked about um + + + align:start position:0% +in this is what Samuel talked about um +in his video that at + + align:start position:0% +in his video that at + + + align:start position:0% +in his video that at +ph7 um or the pH physiological pH they + + align:start position:0% +ph7 um or the pH physiological pH they + + + align:start position:0% +ph7 um or the pH physiological pH they +had one probe where the pka was equal to + + align:start position:0% +had one probe where the pka was equal to + + + align:start position:0% +had one probe where the pka was equal to +the pH they were using and so as Samuel + + align:start position:0% +the pH they were using and so as Samuel + + + align:start position:0% +the pH they were using and so as Samuel +told you um if we think about Henderson + + align:start position:0% +told you um if we think about Henderson + + + align:start position:0% +told you um if we think about Henderson +hasselbach that's going to mean that the + + align:start position:0% +hasselbach that's going to mean that the + + + align:start position:0% +hasselbach that's going to mean that the +ratio of ha to a is going to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +ratio of ha to a is going to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of ha to a is going to be equal to +one it's one to one and so that's going + + align:start position:0% +one it's one to one and so that's going + + + align:start position:0% +one it's one to one and so that's going +to mean only 50% maximum efficiency and + + align:start position:0% +to mean only 50% maximum efficiency and + + + align:start position:0% +to mean only 50% maximum efficiency and +so here you see that when the pH is + + align:start position:0% +so here you see that when the pH is + + + align:start position:0% +so here you see that when the pH is +equal to the pka you have equal moles of + + align:start position:0% +equal to the pka you have equal moles of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the pka you have equal moles of +ha as you have a minus so you're not + + align:start position:0% +ha as you have a minus so you're not + + + align:start position:0% +ha as you have a minus so you're not +going to have more you can't possibly + + align:start position:0% +going to have more you can't possibly + + + align:start position:0% +going to have more you can't possibly +have more than 50% efficiency 50% more + + align:start position:0% +have more than 50% efficiency 50% more + + + align:start position:0% +have more than 50% efficiency 50% more +um glowing but then in their design + + align:start position:0% +um glowing but then in their design + + + align:start position:0% +um glowing but then in their design +strategy what they did was they used + + align:start position:0% +strategy what they did was they used + + + align:start position:0% +strategy what they did was they used +another molecule with a different PKA + + align:start position:0% +another molecule with a different PKA + + + align:start position:0% +another molecule with a different PKA +one of 3.5 and now the pH is much + + align:start position:0% +one of 3.5 and now the pH is much + + + align:start position:0% +one of 3.5 and now the pH is much +greater than the pka and so as you go + + align:start position:0% +greater than the pka and so as you go + + + align:start position:0% +greater than the pka and so as you go +above pH is above the pka you get more + + align:start position:0% +above pH is above the pka you get more + + + align:start position:0% +above pH is above the pka you get more +and more deprotonated species so if you + + align:start position:0% +and more deprotonated species so if you + + + align:start position:0% +and more deprotonated species so if you +use Henderson hosok here you could + + align:start position:0% +use Henderson hosok here you could + + + align:start position:0% +use Henderson hosok here you could +calculate the ratio is one to 8,000 so + + align:start position:0% +calculate the ratio is one to 8,000 so + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the ratio is one to 8,000 so +you're going to have a lot of glowing + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have a lot of glowing + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have a lot of glowing +probe um under those circum ances and + + align:start position:0% +probe um under those circum ances and + + + align:start position:0% +probe um under those circum ances and +then the clicker question that I just + + align:start position:0% +then the clicker question that I just + + + align:start position:0% +then the clicker question that I just +asked you is what happens then if your + + align:start position:0% +asked you is what happens then if your + + + align:start position:0% +asked you is what happens then if your +PKA was 10 so now you have a situation + + align:start position:0% +PKA was 10 so now you have a situation + + + align:start position:0% +PKA was 10 so now you have a situation +where the pH is below the + + align:start position:0% +where the pH is below the + + + align:start position:0% +where the pH is below the +pka and if we did the math we would see + + align:start position:0% +pka and if we did the math we would see + + + align:start position:0% +pka and if we did the math we would see +that the ratio now of protonated to + + align:start position:0% +that the ratio now of protonated to + + + align:start position:0% +that the ratio now of protonated to +deprotonated is 400 to one so very + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated is 400 to one so very + + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated is 400 to one so very +little glowing so this is an important + + align:start position:0% +little glowing so this is an important + + + align:start position:0% +little glowing so this is an important +thing to think about in doing these + + align:start position:0% +thing to think about in doing these + + + align:start position:0% +thing to think about in doing these +other kinds of problems when the pH + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of problems when the pH + + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of problems when the pH +equals the pka you have equal amounts of + + align:start position:0% +equals the pka you have equal amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +equals the pka you have equal amounts of +ha and a minus pH is above more + + align:start position:0% +ha and a minus pH is above more + + + align:start position:0% +ha and a minus pH is above more +deprotonated pH is below more + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated pH is below more + + + align:start position:0% +deprotonated pH is below more +protonated all right so let's uh try one + + align:start position:0% +protonated all right so let's uh try one + + + align:start position:0% +protonated all right so let's uh try one +more um clicker question and see now + + align:start position:0% +more um clicker question and see now + + + align:start position:0% +more um clicker question and see now +thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the +pka of three different groups here for + + align:start position:0% +pka of three different groups here for + + + align:start position:0% +pka of three different groups here for +this amino acid which structure would + + align:start position:0% +this amino acid which structure would + + + align:start position:0% +this amino acid which structure would +you get should this amino group be + + align:start position:0% +you get should this amino group be + + + align:start position:0% +you get should this amino group be +proteinated or deprotonated um NH3 Plus + + align:start position:0% +proteinated or deprotonated um NH3 Plus + + + align:start position:0% +proteinated or deprotonated um NH3 Plus +or nh2 o or o minus and o or o minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here all right let's just take 10 more + + align:start position:0% +here all right let's just take 10 more + + + align:start position:0% +here all right let's just take 10 more +seconds I know a lot of people AR not + + align:start position:0% +seconds I know a lot of people AR not + + + align:start position:0% +seconds I know a lot of people AR not +done but we have a demo that we need to + + align:start position:0% +done but we have a demo that we need to + + + align:start position:0% +done but we have a demo that we need to +get to and a t-shirt vote to get to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right not + + align:start position:0% +all right not + + + align:start position:0% +all right not +bad oh we have no answer to it but it is + + align:start position:0% +bad oh we have no answer to it but it is + + + align:start position:0% +bad oh we have no answer to it but it is +D um so uh so this is the structure so + + align:start position:0% +D um so uh so this is the structure so + + + align:start position:0% +D um so uh so this is the structure so +here for these two we have PKA that are + + align:start position:0% +here for these two we have PKA that are + + + align:start position:0% +here for these two we have PKA that are +high they're above the PA above the pH + + align:start position:0% +high they're above the PA above the pH + + + align:start position:0% +high they're above the PA above the pH +so we expect them to be protonated and + + align:start position:0% +so we expect them to be protonated and + + + align:start position:0% +so we expect them to be protonated and +here we have a PKA that's below the pH + + align:start position:0% +here we have a PKA that's below the pH + + + align:start position:0% +here we have a PKA that's below the pH +so we expect that to be deprotonated so + + align:start position:0% +so we expect that to be deprotonated so + + + align:start position:0% +so we expect that to be deprotonated so +again you want to think about how does + + align:start position:0% +again you want to think about how does + + + align:start position:0% +again you want to think about how does +the pka relate to the + + align:start position:0% +the pka relate to the + + + align:start position:0% +the pka relate to the +pH all right so that is now um the end + + align:start position:0% +pH all right so that is now um the end + + + align:start position:0% +pH all right so that is now um the end +of the acid bases end of exam 3 material \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/PUOXaLYiQNg.txt b/PUOXaLYiQNg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..443819ac4964628aa0aeae248d1fe1846dd2362b --- /dev/null +++ b/PUOXaLYiQNg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2875 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I think it's a really basic point of + + align:start position:0% +I think it's a really basic point of + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's a really basic point of +curiosity in the world and people that + + align:start position:0% +curiosity in the world and people that + + + align:start position:0% +curiosity in the world and people that +come to MIT are very passionate and want + + align:start position:0% +come to MIT are very passionate and want + + + align:start position:0% +come to MIT are very passionate and want +to change the world should know how + + align:start position:0% +to change the world should know how + + + align:start position:0% +to change the world should know how +airplanes fly some information about + + align:start position:0% +airplanes fly some information about + + + align:start position:0% +airplanes fly some information about +aviation and the incredible feats of + + align:start position:0% +aviation and the incredible feats of + + + align:start position:0% +aviation and the incredible feats of +humankind to be able to fly through the + + align:start position:0% +humankind to be able to fly through the + + + align:start position:0% +humankind to be able to fly through the +air today on the podcast we're talking + + align:start position:0% +air today on the podcast we're talking + + + align:start position:0% +air today on the podcast we're talking +flight specifically how a course has + + align:start position:0% +flight specifically how a course has + + + align:start position:0% +flight specifically how a course has +been designed and refined to allow + + align:start position:0% +been designed and refined to allow + + + align:start position:0% +been designed and refined to allow +hundreds of students to pursue a path + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of students to pursue a path + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of students to pursue a path +toward flying I thought that it was very + + align:start position:0% +toward flying I thought that it was very + + + align:start position:0% +toward flying I thought that it was very +important that anything that's + + align:start position:0% +important that anything that's + + + align:start position:0% +important that anything that's +interested in this have the opportunity + + align:start position:0% +interested in this have the opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +interested in this have the opportunity +to learn about airplanes and learn how + + align:start position:0% +to learn about airplanes and learn how + + + align:start position:0% +to learn about airplanes and learn how +to become a pilot themselves + + align:start position:0% +to become a pilot themselves + + + align:start position:0% +to become a pilot themselves +welcome to choc Radio a podcast about + + align:start position:0% +welcome to choc Radio a podcast about + + + align:start position:0% +welcome to choc Radio a podcast about +inspired teaching at MIT + + align:start position:0% +inspired teaching at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +inspired teaching at MIT +I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT + + align:start position:0% +I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT + + + align:start position:0% +I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT +OpenCourseWare in this episode we'll be + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare in this episode we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare in this episode we'll be +talking about MIT s flight school with + + align:start position:0% +talking about MIT s flight school with + + + align:start position:0% +talking about MIT s flight school with +two of its instructors philip greenspan + + align:start position:0% +two of its instructors philip greenspan + + + align:start position:0% +two of its instructors philip greenspan +and tina shrivastava in our conversation + + align:start position:0% +and tina shrivastava in our conversation + + + align:start position:0% +and tina shrivastava in our conversation +they share how a number of innovations + + align:start position:0% +they share how a number of innovations + + + align:start position:0% +they share how a number of innovations +have made the course incredibly popular + + align:start position:0% +have made the course incredibly popular + + + align:start position:0% +have made the course incredibly popular +both in and outside of the MIT community + + align:start position:0% +both in and outside of the MIT community + + + align:start position:0% +both in and outside of the MIT community +part of why we want to highlight this + + align:start position:0% +part of why we want to highlight this + + + align:start position:0% +part of why we want to highlight this +class is that its evolution has allowed + + align:start position:0% +class is that its evolution has allowed + + + align:start position:0% +class is that its evolution has allowed +for a nimbleness of structure without + + align:start position:0% +for a nimbleness of structure without + + + align:start position:0% +for a nimbleness of structure without +sacrificing the effectiveness of its + + align:start position:0% +sacrificing the effectiveness of its + + + align:start position:0% +sacrificing the effectiveness of its +instruction it's truly fascinating that + + align:start position:0% +instruction it's truly fascinating that + + + align:start position:0% +instruction it's truly fascinating that +something as seemingly technical as + + align:start position:0% +something as seemingly technical as + + + align:start position:0% +something as seemingly technical as +flight school can take so many different + + align:start position:0% +flight school can take so many different + + + align:start position:0% +flight school can take so many different +shapes + + align:start position:0% +shapes + + + align:start position:0% +shapes +I wanted to dig into how it's possible + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to dig into how it's possible + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to dig into how it's possible +to find flexibility and instruction with + + align:start position:0% +to find flexibility and instruction with + + + align:start position:0% +to find flexibility and instruction with +such high risks and also what made this + + align:start position:0% +such high risks and also what made this + + + align:start position:0% +such high risks and also what made this +course so successful at attracting and + + align:start position:0% +course so successful at attracting and + + + align:start position:0% +course so successful at attracting and +preparing future pilots we'll pick up + + align:start position:0% +preparing future pilots we'll pick up + + + align:start position:0% +preparing future pilots we'll pick up +our conversation with Philip and Tina + + align:start position:0% +our conversation with Philip and Tina + + + align:start position:0% +our conversation with Philip and Tina +explaining what it means to have access + + align:start position:0% +explaining what it means to have access + + + align:start position:0% +explaining what it means to have access +to flight school and what it really + + align:start position:0% +to flight school and what it really + + + align:start position:0% +to flight school and what it really +takes to take flight people have been + + align:start position:0% +takes to take flight people have been + + + align:start position:0% +takes to take flight people have been +wanting to fly for thousands of years + + align:start position:0% +wanting to fly for thousands of years + + + align:start position:0% +wanting to fly for thousands of years +and only in the last hundred years has + + align:start position:0% +and only in the last hundred years has + + + align:start position:0% +and only in the last hundred years has +it become a practical reality and the + + align:start position:0% +it become a practical reality and the + + + align:start position:0% +it become a practical reality and the +u.s. is unique in that it's you know + + align:start position:0% +u.s. is unique in that it's you know + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. is unique in that it's you know +half our third the price here and much + + align:start position:0% +half our third the price here and much + + + align:start position:0% +half our third the price here and much +easier to do in the US than any other + + align:start position:0% +easier to do in the US than any other + + + align:start position:0% +easier to do in the US than any other +country so as long as people are here in + + align:start position:0% +country so as long as people are here in + + + align:start position:0% +country so as long as people are here in +the US for whatever reason you know + + align:start position:0% +the US for whatever reason you know + + + align:start position:0% +the US for whatever reason you know +they're never going to be probably more + + align:start position:0% +they're never going to be probably more + + + align:start position:0% +they're never going to be probably more +than half an hour's drive or an hour's + + align:start position:0% +than half an hour's drive or an hour's + + + align:start position:0% +than half an hour's drive or an hour's +drive from flight school they're going + + align:start position:0% +drive from flight school they're going + + + align:start position:0% +drive from flight school they're going +to you know have the ability just as + + align:start position:0% +to you know have the ability just as + + + align:start position:0% +to you know have the ability just as +ordinary consumer with a credit card to + + align:start position:0% +ordinary consumer with a credit card to + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary consumer with a credit card to +spend five or ten hours mastering the + + align:start position:0% +spend five or ten hours mastering the + + + align:start position:0% +spend five or ten hours mastering the +basics of flying so you know one thing + + align:start position:0% +basics of flying so you know one thing + + + align:start position:0% +basics of flying so you know one thing +that I've tried to stress in the class + + align:start position:0% +that I've tried to stress in the class + + + align:start position:0% +that I've tried to stress in the class +is that you know they don't have to + + align:start position:0% +is that you know they don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +is that you know they don't have to +commit to getting an FAA pilot + + align:start position:0% +commit to getting an FAA pilot + + + align:start position:0% +commit to getting an FAA pilot +certificate which means that you're safe + + align:start position:0% +certificate which means that you're safe + + + align:start position:0% +certificate which means that you're safe +to be the only pilot in the aircraft you + + align:start position:0% +to be the only pilot in the aircraft you + + + align:start position:0% +to be the only pilot in the aircraft you +can go down the flight school you can + + align:start position:0% +can go down the flight school you can + + + align:start position:0% +can go down the flight school you can +get your hands on the controls and + + align:start position:0% +get your hands on the controls and + + + align:start position:0% +get your hands on the controls and +within five or ten hours learn to take + + align:start position:0% +within five or ten hours learn to take + + + align:start position:0% +within five or ten hours learn to take +off fly around land without the + + align:start position:0% +off fly around land without the + + + align:start position:0% +off fly around land without the +instructor having to touch anything or + + align:start position:0% +instructor having to touch anything or + + + align:start position:0% +instructor having to touch anything or +say anything and that's doable for both + + align:start position:0% +say anything and that's doable for both + + + align:start position:0% +say anything and that's doable for both +airplanes and helicopters just + + align:start position:0% +airplanes and helicopters just + + + align:start position:0% +airplanes and helicopters just +motivating people to you know try to get + + align:start position:0% +motivating people to you know try to get + + + align:start position:0% +motivating people to you know try to get +up in the air and enjoy this unusual + + align:start position:0% +up in the air and enjoy this unusual + + + align:start position:0% +up in the air and enjoy this unusual +freedom that we have here in the US I + + align:start position:0% +freedom that we have here in the US I + + + align:start position:0% +freedom that we have here in the US I +jumped in as part of the staff a year + + align:start position:0% +jumped in as part of the staff a year + + + align:start position:0% +jumped in as part of the staff a year +ago and I spent about a month going + + align:start position:0% +ago and I spent about a month going + + + align:start position:0% +ago and I spent about a month going +through the powerpoints to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +through the powerpoints to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +through the powerpoints to emphasize +that this is an activity that can be + + align:start position:0% +that this is an activity that can be + + + align:start position:0% +that this is an activity that can be +done safely especially with a two pilot + + align:start position:0% +done safely especially with a two pilot + + + align:start position:0% +done safely especially with a two pilot +crew you know maybe it's the instructor + + align:start position:0% +crew you know maybe it's the instructor + + + align:start position:0% +crew you know maybe it's the instructor +and the student or maybe it's a + + align:start position:0% +and the student or maybe it's a + + + align:start position:0% +and the student or maybe it's a +certificated pilot and another friend + + align:start position:0% +certificated pilot and another friend + + + align:start position:0% +certificated pilot and another friend +who happens also to be a pilot so I I + + align:start position:0% +who happens also to be a pilot so I I + + + align:start position:0% +who happens also to be a pilot so I I +did that and then some of it was just + + align:start position:0% +did that and then some of it was just + + + align:start position:0% +did that and then some of it was just +wording people naturally who are pilots + + align:start position:0% +wording people naturally who are pilots + + + align:start position:0% +wording people naturally who are pilots +unfortunately they'll tend to stress the + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately they'll tend to stress the + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately they'll tend to stress the +hazards and how they avoided them I + + align:start position:0% +hazards and how they avoided them I + + + align:start position:0% +hazards and how they avoided them I +think part of it as it makes them seem + + align:start position:0% +think part of it as it makes them seem + + + align:start position:0% +think part of it as it makes them seem +more impressive so there were a lot of + + align:start position:0% +more impressive so there were a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +more impressive so there were a lot of +powerpoints that says well you know they + + align:start position:0% +powerpoints that says well you know they + + + align:start position:0% +powerpoints that says well you know they +have they had the form of you will die + + align:start position:0% +have they had the form of you will die + + + align:start position:0% +have they had the form of you will die +if you will do X so I just added them to + + align:start position:0% +if you will do X so I just added them to + + + align:start position:0% +if you will do X so I just added them to +say you'll be safe if you're not X but + + align:start position:0% +say you'll be safe if you're not X but + + + align:start position:0% +say you'll be safe if you're not X but +it was it was still hard we had a guest + + align:start position:0% +it was it was still hard we had a guest + + + align:start position:0% +it was it was still hard we had a guest +lecturers an aerobatic instructor it + + align:start position:0% +lecturers an aerobatic instructor it + + + align:start position:0% +lecturers an aerobatic instructor it +okay you know he spent some time talking + + align:start position:0% +okay you know he spent some time talking + + + align:start position:0% +okay you know he spent some time talking +about you know the hazards of mid-air + + align:start position:0% +about you know the hazards of mid-air + + + align:start position:0% +about you know the hazards of mid-air +collisions and how people avoid them but + + align:start position:0% +collisions and how people avoid them but + + + align:start position:0% +collisions and how people avoid them but +you know if you look at the data that's + + align:start position:0% +you know if you look at the data that's + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you look at the data that's +only 2% of accidents it's not a common + + align:start position:0% +only 2% of accidents it's not a common + + + align:start position:0% +only 2% of accidents it's not a common +way to have an accident at all so you + + align:start position:0% +way to have an accident at all so you + + + align:start position:0% +way to have an accident at all so you +know why do I scare people about it + + align:start position:0% +know why do I scare people about it + + + align:start position:0% +know why do I scare people about it +obviously it's good to avoid any + + align:start position:0% +obviously it's good to avoid any + + + align:start position:0% +obviously it's good to avoid any +accident but he didn't he didn't share + + align:start position:0% +accident but he didn't he didn't share + + + align:start position:0% +accident but he didn't he didn't share +with the students like I'm telling you + + align:start position:0% +with the students like I'm telling you + + + align:start position:0% +with the students like I'm telling you +about something that accounts for only + + align:start position:0% +about something that accounts for only + + + align:start position:0% +about something that accounts for only +2% of accidents right + + align:start position:0% +2% of accidents right + + + align:start position:0% +2% of accidents right +they're sitting there terrified I would + + align:start position:0% +they're sitting there terrified I would + + + align:start position:0% +they're sitting there terrified I would +be flying on and all of a sudden + + align:start position:0% +be flying on and all of a sudden + + + align:start position:0% +be flying on and all of a sudden +somebody lo smashing them the course + + align:start position:0% +somebody lo smashing them the course + + + align:start position:0% +somebody lo smashing them the course +format has evolved from a weekly + + align:start position:0% +format has evolved from a weekly + + + align:start position:0% +format has evolved from a weekly +two-hour course taking place or an + + align:start position:0% +two-hour course taking place or an + + + align:start position:0% +two-hour course taking place or an +entire semester and turned into an + + align:start position:0% +entire semester and turned into an + + + align:start position:0% +entire semester and turned into an +intensive three-day program this change + + align:start position:0% +intensive three-day program this change + + + align:start position:0% +intensive three-day program this change +has created more interest in the program + + align:start position:0% +has created more interest in the program + + + align:start position:0% +has created more interest in the program +and allowed more and more students to + + align:start position:0% +and allowed more and more students to + + + align:start position:0% +and allowed more and more students to +not only pass the FAA exam which is the + + align:start position:0% +not only pass the FAA exam which is the + + + align:start position:0% +not only pass the FAA exam which is the +courses intended goal but to go on and + + align:start position:0% +courses intended goal but to go on and + + + align:start position:0% +courses intended goal but to go on and +actually earn their private pilot's + + align:start position:0% +actually earn their private pilot's + + + align:start position:0% +actually earn their private pilot's +certificate so I got engaged in the + + align:start position:0% +certificate so I got engaged in the + + + align:start position:0% +certificate so I got engaged in the +course 1667 the private pilot ground + + align:start position:0% +course 1667 the private pilot ground + + + align:start position:0% +course 1667 the private pilot ground +school in 2015 at the time I was + + align:start position:0% +school in 2015 at the time I was + + + align:start position:0% +school in 2015 at the time I was +completing my doctorate at MIT and as we + + align:start position:0% +completing my doctorate at MIT and as we + + + align:start position:0% +completing my doctorate at MIT and as we +continued to teach the course over time + + align:start position:0% +continued to teach the course over time + + + align:start position:0% +continued to teach the course over time +we discussed the potential of changing + + align:start position:0% +we discussed the potential of changing + + + align:start position:0% +we discussed the potential of changing +the structure of the course and last + + align:start position:0% +the structure of the course and last + + + align:start position:0% +the structure of the course and last +year was the first time we changed the + + align:start position:0% +year was the first time we changed the + + + align:start position:0% +year was the first time we changed the +structure of the course the stead of + + align:start position:0% +structure of the course the stead of + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the course the stead of +being to our lectures in the evenings + + align:start position:0% +being to our lectures in the evenings + + + align:start position:0% +being to our lectures in the evenings +over the full spring semester it became + + align:start position:0% +over the full spring semester it became + + + align:start position:0% +over the full spring semester it became +a three-day intensive course in the new + + align:start position:0% +a three-day intensive course in the new + + + align:start position:0% +a three-day intensive course in the new +learning format I think the advantages + + align:start position:0% +learning format I think the advantages + + + align:start position:0% +learning format I think the advantages +are that the students can focus + + align:start position:0% +are that the students can focus + + + align:start position:0% +are that the students can focus +exclusively on this course for three + + align:start position:0% +exclusively on this course for three + + + align:start position:0% +exclusively on this course for three +days so they're not distracted with + + align:start position:0% +days so they're not distracted with + + + align:start position:0% +days so they're not distracted with +other courses or other activities + + align:start position:0% +other courses or other activities + + + align:start position:0% +other courses or other activities +they're just focused and living and + + align:start position:0% +they're just focused and living and + + + align:start position:0% +they're just focused and living and +breathing everything about becoming a + + align:start position:0% +breathing everything about becoming a + + + align:start position:0% +breathing everything about becoming a +pilot that's necessary and I think that + + align:start position:0% +pilot that's necessary and I think that + + + align:start position:0% +pilot that's necessary and I think that +level of engagement has a different set + + align:start position:0% +level of engagement has a different set + + + align:start position:0% +level of engagement has a different set +of advantages and the last year was the + + align:start position:0% +of advantages and the last year was the + + + align:start position:0% +of advantages and the last year was the +pilot of the new format and it was very + + align:start position:0% +pilot of the new format and it was very + + + align:start position:0% +pilot of the new format and it was very +successful in many ways we had about 101 + + align:start position:0% +successful in many ways we had about 101 + + + align:start position:0% +successful in many ways we had about 101 +students on the first day and we + + align:start position:0% +students on the first day and we + + + align:start position:0% +students on the first day and we +completed the course with about 98 + + align:start position:0% +completed the course with about 98 + + + align:start position:0% +completed the course with about 98 +students that was a big accomplishment + + align:start position:0% +students that was a big accomplishment + + + align:start position:0% +students that was a big accomplishment +and we engaged a lot of the students to + + align:start position:0% +and we engaged a lot of the students to + + + align:start position:0% +and we engaged a lot of the students to +get in terms of not only completing and + + align:start position:0% +get in terms of not only completing and + + + align:start position:0% +get in terms of not only completing and +passing the FAA exam but continuing that + + align:start position:0% +passing the FAA exam but continuing that + + + align:start position:0% +passing the FAA exam but continuing that +enthusiasm and getting their private + + align:start position:0% +enthusiasm and getting their private + + + align:start position:0% +enthusiasm and getting their private +pilot certificate in my conversation + + align:start position:0% +pilot certificate in my conversation + + + align:start position:0% +pilot certificate in my conversation +with Phillip and Tina it became clear + + align:start position:0% +with Phillip and Tina it became clear + + + align:start position:0% +with Phillip and Tina it became clear +that there was something important about + + align:start position:0% +that there was something important about + + + align:start position:0% +that there was something important about +having this class meet in person it + + align:start position:0% +having this class meet in person it + + + align:start position:0% +having this class meet in person it +seems like exactly the kind of + + align:start position:0% +seems like exactly the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +seems like exactly the kind of +content that might easily be converted + + align:start position:0% +content that might easily be converted + + + align:start position:0% +content that might easily be converted +to an online format but there was + + align:start position:0% +to an online format but there was + + + align:start position:0% +to an online format but there was +something that made an in-person + + align:start position:0% +something that made an in-person + + + align:start position:0% +something that made an in-person +gathering not just useful but essential + + align:start position:0% +gathering not just useful but essential + + + align:start position:0% +gathering not just useful but essential +here so I asked them why not just do + + align:start position:0% +here so I asked them why not just do + + + align:start position:0% +here so I asked them why not just do +this online so MIT students are really + + align:start position:0% +this online so MIT students are really + + + align:start position:0% +this online so MIT students are really +good at reading books and this material + + align:start position:0% +good at reading books and this material + + + align:start position:0% +good at reading books and this material +to pass the test you can self-study + + align:start position:0% +to pass the test you can self-study + + + align:start position:0% +to pass the test you can self-study +successfully you know people do that at + + align:start position:0% +successfully you know people do that at + + + align:start position:0% +successfully you know people do that at +commercial flight schools they must go + + align:start position:0% +commercial flight schools they must go + + + align:start position:0% +commercial flight schools they must go +home they read all the FAA books which + + align:start position:0% +home they read all the FAA books which + + + align:start position:0% +home they read all the FAA books which +are available online in PDF so yes you + + align:start position:0% +are available online in PDF so yes you + + + align:start position:0% +are available online in PDF so yes you +have to ask yourself you know what is + + align:start position:0% +have to ask yourself you know what is + + + align:start position:0% +have to ask yourself you know what is +the what's the purpose of even having + + align:start position:0% +the what's the purpose of even having + + + align:start position:0% +the what's the purpose of even having +lecture halls and a university when + + align:start position:0% +lecture halls and a university when + + + align:start position:0% +lecture halls and a university when +there's so much available online and + + align:start position:0% +there's so much available online and + + + align:start position:0% +there's so much available online and +when you have a population of people who + + align:start position:0% +when you have a population of people who + + + align:start position:0% +when you have a population of people who +are great readers and reading this three + + align:start position:0% +are great readers and reading this three + + + align:start position:0% +are great readers and reading this three +times faster than listening in terms of + + align:start position:0% +times faster than listening in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +times faster than listening in terms of +you know just being able to get through + + align:start position:0% +you know just being able to get through + + + align:start position:0% +you know just being able to get through +information so that was part of why we + + align:start position:0% +information so that was part of why we + + + align:start position:0% +information so that was part of why we +said well look we can do this in three + + align:start position:0% +said well look we can do this in three + + + align:start position:0% +said well look we can do this in three +days because we're not going to try to + + align:start position:0% +days because we're not going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +days because we're not going to try to +cover everything and spoon-feed it to + + align:start position:0% +cover everything and spoon-feed it to + + + align:start position:0% +cover everything and spoon-feed it to +people they can read the book so I asked + + align:start position:0% +people they can read the book so I asked + + + align:start position:0% +people they can read the book so I asked +them to do a little bit of pre reading + + align:start position:0% +them to do a little bit of pre reading + + + align:start position:0% +them to do a little bit of pre reading +and then we'll inspire them we hope with + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll inspire them we hope with + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll inspire them we hope with +the in-person experience and then they + + align:start position:0% +the in-person experience and then they + + + align:start position:0% +the in-person experience and then they +can go back to the books whereas they + + align:start position:0% +can go back to the books whereas they + + + align:start position:0% +can go back to the books whereas they +think the traditional class you know + + align:start position:0% +think the traditional class you know + + + align:start position:0% +think the traditional class you know +assumes that people don't have access to + + align:start position:0% +assumes that people don't have access to + + + align:start position:0% +assumes that people don't have access to +a lot of information outside of the + + align:start position:0% +a lot of information outside of the + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of information outside of the +course sure if they or they have to be + + align:start position:0% +course sure if they or they have to be + + + align:start position:0% +course sure if they or they have to be +decided with a row spoon-feed you with + + align:start position:0% +decided with a row spoon-feed you with + + + align:start position:0% +decided with a row spoon-feed you with +the problem set or a reading assignment + + align:start position:0% +the problem set or a reading assignment + + + align:start position:0% +the problem set or a reading assignment +yes absolutely + + align:start position:0% +yes absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +yes absolutely +I would even say that less than half of + + align:start position:0% +I would even say that less than half of + + + align:start position:0% +I would even say that less than half of +the course was about the FPAA knowledge + + align:start position:0% +the course was about the FPAA knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +the course was about the FPAA knowledge +exam and the reason I would say that is + + align:start position:0% +exam and the reason I would say that is + + + align:start position:0% +exam and the reason I would say that is +that I think that so much more of the + + align:start position:0% +that I think that so much more of the + + + align:start position:0% +that I think that so much more of the +course was about becoming a pilot a lot + + align:start position:0% +course was about becoming a pilot a lot + + + align:start position:0% +course was about becoming a pilot a lot +of the discussion and the interaction + + align:start position:0% +of the discussion and the interaction + + + align:start position:0% +of the discussion and the interaction +and the interactive discussions were + + align:start position:0% +and the interactive discussions were + + + align:start position:0% +and the interactive discussions were +really focused on decision making which + + align:start position:0% +really focused on decision making which + + + align:start position:0% +really focused on decision making which +is very critical for a pilot just + + align:start position:0% +is very critical for a pilot just + + + align:start position:0% +is very critical for a pilot just +because you can answer a factual + + align:start position:0% +because you can answer a factual + + + align:start position:0% +because you can answer a factual +question about the weather for example + + align:start position:0% +question about the weather for example + + + align:start position:0% +question about the weather for example +doesn't necessary + + align:start position:0% +doesn't necessary + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't necessary +you're fully evaluated whether it is + + align:start position:0% +you're fully evaluated whether it is + + + align:start position:0% +you're fully evaluated whether it is +safe to fly whether there are alternate + + align:start position:0% +safe to fly whether there are alternate + + + align:start position:0% +safe to fly whether there are alternate +options available how you go through + + align:start position:0% +options available how you go through + + + align:start position:0% +options available how you go through +that full decision-making process we + + align:start position:0% +that full decision-making process we + + + align:start position:0% +that full decision-making process we +discussed everything from aircraft + + align:start position:0% +discussed everything from aircraft + + + align:start position:0% +discussed everything from aircraft +ownership shared rentals flying with + + align:start position:0% +ownership shared rentals flying with + + + align:start position:0% +ownership shared rentals flying with +friends going on vacations to really try + + align:start position:0% +friends going on vacations to really try + + + align:start position:0% +friends going on vacations to really try +to share with students how they could be + + align:start position:0% +to share with students how they could be + + + align:start position:0% +to share with students how they could be +empowered as a pilot and we provided a + + align:start position:0% +empowered as a pilot and we provided a + + + align:start position:0% +empowered as a pilot and we provided a +lot of tips and insight from our own + + align:start position:0% +lot of tips and insight from our own + + + align:start position:0% +lot of tips and insight from our own +flying experience for example in the + + align:start position:0% +flying experience for example in the + + + align:start position:0% +flying experience for example in the +case of night flying the idea of trying + + align:start position:0% +case of night flying the idea of trying + + + align:start position:0% +case of night flying the idea of trying +to take off before the Sun has set is + + align:start position:0% +to take off before the Sun has set is + + + align:start position:0% +to take off before the Sun has set is +that you begin to acclimate to the night + + align:start position:0% +that you begin to acclimate to the night + + + align:start position:0% +that you begin to acclimate to the night +environment over time these types of + + align:start position:0% +environment over time these types of + + + align:start position:0% +environment over time these types of +insights and experiences are not part of + + align:start position:0% +insights and experiences are not part of + + + align:start position:0% +insights and experiences are not part of +the FAA knowledge exam but were some of + + align:start position:0% +the FAA knowledge exam but were some of + + + align:start position:0% +the FAA knowledge exam but were some of +the most important pieces of the course + + align:start position:0% +the most important pieces of the course + + + align:start position:0% +the most important pieces of the course +based on the student feedback you + + align:start position:0% +based on the student feedback you + + + align:start position:0% +based on the student feedback you +received so it's really about what the + + align:start position:0% +received so it's really about what the + + + align:start position:0% +received so it's really about what the +students are interested in and engaged + + align:start position:0% +students are interested in and engaged + + + align:start position:0% +students are interested in and engaged +in throughout the three-day class we + + align:start position:0% +in throughout the three-day class we + + + align:start position:0% +in throughout the three-day class we +also have a number of breaks and at + + align:start position:0% +also have a number of breaks and at + + + align:start position:0% +also have a number of breaks and at +every single break we would have + + align:start position:0% +every single break we would have + + + align:start position:0% +every single break we would have +students come up and either share an + + align:start position:0% +students come up and either share an + + + align:start position:0% +students come up and either share an +experience or ask a question or for + + align:start position:0% +experience or ask a question or for + + + align:start position:0% +experience or ask a question or for +clarification and that type of feedback + + align:start position:0% +clarification and that type of feedback + + + align:start position:0% +clarification and that type of feedback +also helped us inform how we talk to + + align:start position:0% +also helped us inform how we talk to + + + align:start position:0% +also helped us inform how we talk to +class and how we connected different + + align:start position:0% +class and how we connected different + + + align:start position:0% +class and how we connected different +elements of the course together to help + + align:start position:0% +elements of the course together to help + + + align:start position:0% +elements of the course together to help +answer or provide some enlightenment on + + align:start position:0% +answer or provide some enlightenment on + + + align:start position:0% +answer or provide some enlightenment on +a particular topic and how it relates to + + align:start position:0% +a particular topic and how it relates to + + + align:start position:0% +a particular topic and how it relates to +other topics one of the things I was + + align:start position:0% +other topics one of the things I was + + + align:start position:0% +other topics one of the things I was +most curious about was how Tina and + + align:start position:0% +most curious about was how Tina and + + + align:start position:0% +most curious about was how Tina and +Phillip were able to bring over 100 + + align:start position:0% +Phillip were able to bring over 100 + + + align:start position:0% +Phillip were able to bring over 100 +students working at different paces + + align:start position:0% +students working at different paces + + + align:start position:0% +students working at different paces +through this material these classes are + + align:start position:0% +through this material these classes are + + + align:start position:0% +through this material these classes are +often so full that there's a whole other + + align:start position:0% +often so full that there's a whole other + + + align:start position:0% +often so full that there's a whole other +overflow classroom to accommodate the + + align:start position:0% +overflow classroom to accommodate the + + + align:start position:0% +overflow classroom to accommodate the +numbers what does it take to do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of the ways that we engage them is + + align:start position:0% +one of the ways that we engage them is + + + align:start position:0% +one of the ways that we engage them is +you know a traditional method of just + + align:start position:0% +you know a traditional method of just + + + align:start position:0% +you know a traditional method of just +asking a lot of questions and we would + + align:start position:0% +asking a lot of questions and we would + + + align:start position:0% +asking a lot of questions and we would +call up students to answer them + + align:start position:0% +call up students to answer them + + + align:start position:0% +call up students to answer them +we had a very engaged group group of + + align:start position:0% +we had a very engaged group group of + + + align:start position:0% +we had a very engaged group group of +folks sometimes we'd ask questions where + + align:start position:0% +folks sometimes we'd ask questions where + + + align:start position:0% +folks sometimes we'd ask questions where +we asked students to raise their hand to + + align:start position:0% +we asked students to raise their hand to + + + align:start position:0% +we asked students to raise their hand to +give us an answer and sometimes we ask + + align:start position:0% +give us an answer and sometimes we ask + + + align:start position:0% +give us an answer and sometimes we ask +students to shout out an answer okay a + + align:start position:0% +students to shout out an answer okay a + + + align:start position:0% +students to shout out an answer okay a +couple of times we used some FAA + + align:start position:0% +couple of times we used some FAA + + + align:start position:0% +couple of times we used some FAA +practice exam questions and we would + + align:start position:0% +practice exam questions and we would + + + align:start position:0% +practice exam questions and we would +have students kind of raise their hands + + align:start position:0% +have students kind of raise their hands + + + align:start position:0% +have students kind of raise their hands +whether they thought it was you know a B + + align:start position:0% +whether they thought it was you know a B + + + align:start position:0% +whether they thought it was you know a B +or C and depending on how divided dudes + + align:start position:0% +or C and depending on how divided dudes + + + align:start position:0% +or C and depending on how divided dudes +were on the answer we knew whether we + + align:start position:0% +were on the answer we knew whether we + + + align:start position:0% +were on the answer we knew whether we +needed to spend more time on the topic + + align:start position:0% +needed to spend more time on the topic + + + align:start position:0% +needed to spend more time on the topic +or not so for example one of the + + align:start position:0% +or not so for example one of the + + + align:start position:0% +or not so for example one of the +questions that we asked them was a real + + align:start position:0% +questions that we asked them was a real + + + align:start position:0% +questions that we asked them was a real +question from the FAA exam and a + + align:start position:0% +question from the FAA exam and a + + + align:start position:0% +question from the FAA exam and a +question that I got on my own FAA exam + + align:start position:0% +question that I got on my own FAA exam + + + align:start position:0% +question that I got on my own FAA exam +which was about right-of-way when you're + + align:start position:0% +which was about right-of-way when you're + + + align:start position:0% +which was about right-of-way when you're +flying okay so it was if you're flying + + align:start position:0% +flying okay so it was if you're flying + + + align:start position:0% +flying okay so it was if you're flying +and there is an aircraft refueling + + align:start position:0% +and there is an aircraft refueling + + + align:start position:0% +and there is an aircraft refueling +another aircraft a glider and a blimp + + align:start position:0% +another aircraft a glider and a blimp + + + align:start position:0% +another aircraft a glider and a blimp +which has the right-of-way and this was + + align:start position:0% +which has the right-of-way and this was + + + align:start position:0% +which has the right-of-way and this was +a really good question + + align:start position:0% +a really good question + + + align:start position:0% +a really good question +generated a lot of differences of + + align:start position:0% +generated a lot of differences of + + + align:start position:0% +generated a lot of differences of +opinion we had basically a split + + align:start position:0% +opinion we had basically a split + + + align:start position:0% +opinion we had basically a split +students guessing all three options so + + align:start position:0% +students guessing all three options so + + + align:start position:0% +students guessing all three options so +I'll I'll leave that interesting + + align:start position:0% +I'll I'll leave that interesting + + + align:start position:0% +I'll I'll leave that interesting +question there without the answer so + + align:start position:0% +question there without the answer so + + + align:start position:0% +question there without the answer so +you'll have to view the course to find + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to view the course to find + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to view the course to find +out yeah I guess what I would add is + + align:start position:0% +out yeah I guess what I would add is + + + align:start position:0% +out yeah I guess what I would add is +that you know it was good to have we had + + align:start position:0% +that you know it was good to have we had + + + align:start position:0% +that you know it was good to have we had +fairly frequent coffee breaks and meets + + align:start position:0% +fairly frequent coffee breaks and meets + + + align:start position:0% +fairly frequent coffee breaks and meets +a break but a lot of it was you know the + + align:start position:0% +a break but a lot of it was you know the + + + align:start position:0% +a break but a lot of it was you know the +the slide presentation to the students + + align:start position:0% +the slide presentation to the students + + + align:start position:0% +the slide presentation to the students +was really there to set the stage and + + align:start position:0% +was really there to set the stage and + + + align:start position:0% +was really there to set the stage and +you know just having Tina there or the + + align:start position:0% +you know just having Tina there or the + + + align:start position:0% +you know just having Tina there or the +PhD and aero-astro that's way above the + + align:start position:0% +PhD and aero-astro that's way above the + + + align:start position:0% +PhD and aero-astro that's way above the +beyond you know what people would have + + align:start position:0% +beyond you know what people would have + + + align:start position:0% +beyond you know what people would have +available at a typical flight school + + align:start position:0% +available at a typical flight school + + + align:start position:0% +available at a typical flight school +really look at the engineering + + align:start position:0% +really look at the engineering + + + align:start position:0% +really look at the engineering +trade-offs instead of you're saying this + + align:start position:0% +trade-offs instead of you're saying this + + + align:start position:0% +trade-offs instead of you're saying this +is how it works this is your here's your + + align:start position:0% +is how it works this is your here's your + + + align:start position:0% +is how it works this is your here's your +cessna you know it converged on this + + align:start position:0% +cessna you know it converged on this + + + align:start position:0% +cessna you know it converged on this +design sometime between the 30s and 40s + + align:start position:0% +design sometime between the 30s and 40s + + + align:start position:0% +design sometime between the 30s and 40s +you know one good thing about aviation + + align:start position:0% +you know one good thing about aviation + + + align:start position:0% +you know one good thing about aviation +is there's a huge amount of government + + align:start position:0% +is there's a huge amount of government + + + align:start position:0% +is there's a huge amount of government +to produce stuff + + align:start position:0% +to produce stuff + + + align:start position:0% +to produce stuff +has done a you know a good to great job + + align:start position:0% +has done a you know a good to great job + + + align:start position:0% +has done a you know a good to great job +about making graphics available for + + align:start position:0% +about making graphics available for + + + align:start position:0% +about making graphics available for +every kind of aviation topic so we mined + + align:start position:0% +every kind of aviation topic so we mined + + + align:start position:0% +every kind of aviation topic so we mined +a lot of this public domain material + + align:start position:0% +a lot of this public domain material + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of this public domain material +from from the FAA while having these + + align:start position:0% +from from the FAA while having these + + + align:start position:0% +from from the FAA while having these +materials accessible in the public + + align:start position:0% +materials accessible in the public + + + align:start position:0% +materials accessible in the public +domain can be a real boon to anyone + + align:start position:0% +domain can be a real boon to anyone + + + align:start position:0% +domain can be a real boon to anyone +teaching complex materials it's rarely + + align:start position:0% +teaching complex materials it's rarely + + + align:start position:0% +teaching complex materials it's rarely +enough just to point to the resources + + align:start position:0% +enough just to point to the resources + + + align:start position:0% +enough just to point to the resources +and expect the knowledge to sink in I + + align:start position:0% +and expect the knowledge to sink in I + + + align:start position:0% +and expect the knowledge to sink in I +wanted to know how these elaborate and + + align:start position:0% +wanted to know how these elaborate and + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to know how these elaborate and +math intensive concepts were conveyed to + + align:start position:0% +math intensive concepts were conveyed to + + + align:start position:0% +math intensive concepts were conveyed to +students in a way that empowered them + + align:start position:0% +students in a way that empowered them + + + align:start position:0% +students in a way that empowered them +not only to pass the FAA knowledge test + + align:start position:0% +not only to pass the FAA knowledge test + + + align:start position:0% +not only to pass the FAA knowledge test +but to be informed practicing pilots to + + align:start position:0% +but to be informed practicing pilots to + + + align:start position:0% +but to be informed practicing pilots to +conclude our conversation I asked Tina + + align:start position:0% +conclude our conversation I asked Tina + + + align:start position:0% +conclude our conversation I asked Tina +and Phillip how they go about creating + + align:start position:0% +and Phillip how they go about creating + + + align:start position:0% +and Phillip how they go about creating +clear and useful instruction on complex + + align:start position:0% +clear and useful instruction on complex + + + align:start position:0% +clear and useful instruction on complex +topics and they told me about a critical + + align:start position:0% +topics and they told me about a critical + + + align:start position:0% +topics and they told me about a critical +lesson in the class weight and balance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're weight and balance what you're + + align:start position:0% +we're weight and balance what you're + + + align:start position:0% +we're weight and balance what you're +talking about is you know how you load + + align:start position:0% +talking about is you know how you load + + + align:start position:0% +talking about is you know how you load +the aircraft in terms of the fuel the + + align:start position:0% +the aircraft in terms of the fuel the + + + align:start position:0% +the aircraft in terms of the fuel the +passengers the baggage and how that + + align:start position:0% +passengers the baggage and how that + + + align:start position:0% +passengers the baggage and how that +affects the flight and so we used a + + align:start position:0% +affects the flight and so we used a + + + align:start position:0% +affects the flight and so we used a +physical model airplane to really + + align:start position:0% +physical model airplane to really + + + align:start position:0% +physical model airplane to really +demonstrate the effect on an airplane if + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate the effect on an airplane if + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate the effect on an airplane if +your center of gravity was too far asked + + align:start position:0% +your center of gravity was too far asked + + + align:start position:0% +your center of gravity was too far asked +on the airplane we also solicited input + + align:start position:0% +on the airplane we also solicited input + + + align:start position:0% +on the airplane we also solicited input +from the classroom regarding their + + align:start position:0% +from the classroom regarding their + + + align:start position:0% +from the classroom regarding their +weight and weight the bags we give them + + align:start position:0% +weight and weight the bags we give them + + + align:start position:0% +weight and weight the bags we give them +insights and tips that whenever they're + + align:start position:0% +insights and tips that whenever they're + + + align:start position:0% +insights and tips that whenever they're +flying to not necessarily trust what + + align:start position:0% +flying to not necessarily trust what + + + align:start position:0% +flying to not necessarily trust what +their passengers tell them is the weight + + align:start position:0% +their passengers tell them is the weight + + + align:start position:0% +their passengers tell them is the weight +of their own weight so to be safety + + align:start position:0% +of their own weight so to be safety + + + align:start position:0% +of their own weight so to be safety +conscious maybe apply effects or safety + + align:start position:0% +conscious maybe apply effects or safety + + + align:start position:0% +conscious maybe apply effects or safety +on what your friends tell you that they + + align:start position:0% +on what your friends tell you that they + + + align:start position:0% +on what your friends tell you that they +weigh and we used a book to show how you + + align:start position:0% +weigh and we used a book to show how you + + + align:start position:0% +weigh and we used a book to show how you +can do calculations and we also went + + align:start position:0% +can do calculations and we also went + + + align:start position:0% +can do calculations and we also went +live on online to the website of certain + + align:start position:0% +live on online to the website of certain + + + align:start position:0% +live on online to the website of certain +flight schools to show how you can find + + align:start position:0% +flight schools to show how you can find + + + align:start position:0% +flight schools to show how you can find +the exact gross weight and loading + + align:start position:0% +the exact gross weight and loading + + + align:start position:0% +the exact gross weight and loading +characteristics of different aircraft + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of different aircraft + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics of different aircraft +and different online calculators that + + align:start position:0% +and different online calculators that + + + align:start position:0% +and different online calculators that +calculate weight balance for you and + + align:start position:0% +calculate weight balance for you and + + + align:start position:0% +calculate weight balance for you and +project that and then finally we also + + align:start position:0% +project that and then finally we also + + + align:start position:0% +project that and then finally we also +showed how to do those calculations on + + align:start position:0% +showed how to do those calculations on + + + align:start position:0% +showed how to do those calculations on +an iPad with form flight so we showed + + align:start position:0% +an iPad with form flight so we showed + + + align:start position:0% +an iPad with form flight so we showed +again different ways to approach the + + align:start position:0% +again different ways to approach the + + + align:start position:0% +again different ways to approach the +same information and materials so that + + align:start position:0% +same information and materials so that + + + align:start position:0% +same information and materials so that +it wasn't just a an academic description + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't just a an academic description + + + align:start position:0% +it wasn't just a an academic description +of how to calculate weight balance but + + align:start position:0% +of how to calculate weight balance but + + + align:start position:0% +of how to calculate weight balance but +truly how they would do that as a pilot + + align:start position:0% +truly how they would do that as a pilot + + + align:start position:0% +truly how they would do that as a pilot +not just the FAA regulations for it but + + align:start position:0% +not just the FAA regulations for it but + + + align:start position:0% +not just the FAA regulations for it but +how they would go about doing that for a + + align:start position:0% +how they would go about doing that for a + + + align:start position:0% +how they would go about doing that for a +flight that they say fly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you're interested in learning more + + align:start position:0% +if you're interested in learning more + + + align:start position:0% +if you're interested in learning more +about becoming a pilot or just about the + + align:start position:0% +about becoming a pilot or just about the + + + align:start position:0% +about becoming a pilot or just about the +flight school itself you can find the + + align:start position:0% +flight school itself you can find the + + + align:start position:0% +flight school itself you can find the +flight school materials on our website + + align:start position:0% +flight school materials on our website + + + align:start position:0% +flight school materials on our website +at ocw.mit.edu and if you're an educator + + align:start position:0% +at ocw.mit.edu and if you're an educator + + + align:start position:0% +at ocw.mit.edu and if you're an educator +check out our special portal on the site + + align:start position:0% +check out our special portal on the site + + + align:start position:0% +check out our special portal on the site +just real at ocw.mit.edu slash educator + + align:start position:0% +just real at ocw.mit.edu slash educator + + + align:start position:0% +just real at ocw.mit.edu slash educator +thank you so much for listening and if + + align:start position:0% +thank you so much for listening and if + + + align:start position:0% +thank you so much for listening and if +you like what you've heard so far please + + align:start position:0% +you like what you've heard so far please + + + align:start position:0% +you like what you've heard so far please +consider subscribing and leaving us a + + align:start position:0% +consider subscribing and leaving us a + + + align:start position:0% +consider subscribing and leaving us a +review until next time I'm Sarah Hansen + + align:start position:0% +review until next time I'm Sarah Hansen + + + align:start position:0% +review until next time I'm Sarah Hansen +from OCW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/PjpLw1iqr4E.txt b/PjpLw1iqr4E.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..136de363f6dff75d5b955f1f297cc17d79308e81 --- /dev/null +++ b/PjpLw1iqr4E.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7624 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay +so the the goal is to get a little bit + + align:start position:0% +so the the goal is to get a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +so the the goal is to get a little bit +of a sense of what do we do when + + align:start position:0% +of a sense of what do we do when + + + align:start position:0% +of a sense of what do we do when +molecules are not + + align:start position:0% +molecules are not + + + align:start position:0% +molecules are not +rigid um and the way I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +rigid um and the way I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +rigid um and the way I'm going to +approach this is to show that there is + + align:start position:0% +approach this is to show that there is + + + align:start position:0% +approach this is to show that there is +in fact a serious problem that you would + + align:start position:0% +in fact a serious problem that you would + + + align:start position:0% +in fact a serious problem that you would +have encountered in + + align:start position:0% +have encountered in + + + align:start position:0% +have encountered in +562 um and you would have been wondering + + align:start position:0% +562 um and you would have been wondering + + + align:start position:0% +562 um and you would have been wondering +about how you deal with this and uh then + + align:start position:0% +about how you deal with this and uh then + + + align:start position:0% +about how you deal with this and uh then +I'm going to see what we can do so we're + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to see what we can do so we're + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to see what we can do so we're +going to start with nuclear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spins and we're going to be talking + + align:start position:0% +spins and we're going to be talking + + + align:start position:0% +spins and we're going to be talking +about ortho + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Parra States and nuclear statistical + + align:start position:0% +Parra States and nuclear statistical + + + align:start position:0% +Parra States and nuclear statistical +weights and I will quickly go through + + align:start position:0% +weights and I will quickly go through + + + align:start position:0% +weights and I will quickly go through +the standard material from the + + align:start position:0% +the standard material from the + + + align:start position:0% +the standard material from the +elementary statistical mechanics course + + align:start position:0% +elementary statistical mechanics course + + + align:start position:0% +elementary statistical mechanics course +where you end up seeing a rotational + + align:start position:0% +where you end up seeing a rotational + + + align:start position:0% +where you end up seeing a rotational +intensity alternation in homonuclear + + align:start position:0% +intensity alternation in homonuclear + + + align:start position:0% +intensity alternation in homonuclear +molecules and we think we understand + + align:start position:0% +molecules and we think we understand + + + align:start position:0% +molecules and we think we understand +that beautifully it seems to be a + + align:start position:0% +that beautifully it seems to be a + + + align:start position:0% +that beautifully it seems to be a +wonderful thing and then I'll say Okay + + align:start position:0% +wonderful thing and then I'll say Okay + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful thing and then I'll say Okay +suppose we go from + + align:start position:0% +suppose we go from + + + align:start position:0% +suppose we go from +hydrogen which is two + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen which is two + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen which is two +fans to acetylene which is two fans and + + align:start position:0% +fans to acetylene which is two fans and + + + align:start position:0% +fans to acetylene which is two fans and +two bosons what do we + + align:start position:0% +two bosons what do we + + + align:start position:0% +two bosons what do we +do all the the simple ideas we had in + + align:start position:0% +do all the the simple ideas we had in + + + align:start position:0% +do all the the simple ideas we had in +562 or whatever of course you've seen + + align:start position:0% +562 or whatever of course you've seen + + + align:start position:0% +562 or whatever of course you've seen +this go out the window because it's not + + align:start position:0% +this go out the window because it's not + + + align:start position:0% +this go out the window because it's not +possible to classify levels or to + + align:start position:0% +possible to classify levels or to + + + align:start position:0% +possible to classify levels or to +construct levels which satisfy the uh + + align:start position:0% +construct levels which satisfy the uh + + + align:start position:0% +construct levels which satisfy the uh +permutation symmetry for both hydrogens + + align:start position:0% +permutation symmetry for both hydrogens + + + align:start position:0% +permutation symmetry for both hydrogens +or and carbons so the next step will + + align:start position:0% +or and carbons so the next step will + + + align:start position:0% +or and carbons so the next step will +be to talk about symmetric double + + align:start position:0% +be to talk about symmetric double + + + align:start position:0% +be to talk about symmetric double +minimum + + align:start position:0% +minimum + + + align:start position:0% +minimum +problems to see to to show that when + + align:start position:0% +problems to see to to show that when + + + align:start position:0% +problems to see to to show that when +there are symmetric double Minima + + align:start position:0% +there are symmetric double Minima + + + align:start position:0% +there are symmetric double Minima +there's de levels come and degenerate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pairs when the barrier is really high + + align:start position:0% +pairs when the barrier is really high + + + align:start position:0% +pairs when the barrier is really high +the the genery is perfect and one could + + align:start position:0% +the the genery is perfect and one could + + + align:start position:0% +the the genery is perfect and one could +almost think they're not that only one + + align:start position:0% +almost think they're not that only one + + + align:start position:0% +almost think they're not that only one +level is there this is the way around + + align:start position:0% +level is there this is the way around + + + align:start position:0% +level is there this is the way around +the problem whenever there are + + align:start position:0% +the problem whenever there are + + + align:start position:0% +the problem whenever there are +um two or + + align:start position:0% +um two or + + + align:start position:0% +um two or +more identical + + align:start position:0% +more identical + + + align:start position:0% +more identical +species the true degeneracy of the level + + align:start position:0% +species the true degeneracy of the level + + + align:start position:0% +species the true degeneracy of the level +can be + + align:start position:0% +can be + + + align:start position:0% +can be +two and this is how we we get around the + + align:start position:0% +two and this is how we we get around the + + + align:start position:0% +two and this is how we we get around the +the initial problem so then I will start + + align:start position:0% +the initial problem so then I will start + + + align:start position:0% +the initial problem so then I will start +talking above my head about cnpi group + + align:start position:0% +talking above my head about cnpi group + + + align:start position:0% +talking above my head about cnpi group +Theory but only very briefly unless the + + align:start position:0% +Theory but only very briefly unless the + + + align:start position:0% +Theory but only very briefly unless the +questions uh there are questions and + + align:start position:0% +questions uh there are questions and + + + align:start position:0% +questions uh there are questions and +they elicit some greater knowledge than + + align:start position:0% +they elicit some greater knowledge than + + + align:start position:0% +they elicit some greater knowledge than +I thought I had + + align:start position:0% +I thought I had + + + align:start position:0% +I thought I had +okay so we start out with + + align:start position:0% +okay so we start out with + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we start out with +hydrogen and uh + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and uh + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and uh +hydrogen we + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen we + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen we +classify the nuclei of molecules + + align:start position:0% +classify the nuclei of molecules + + + align:start position:0% +classify the nuclei of molecules +according to Bo whether they're bans or + + align:start position:0% +according to Bo whether they're bans or + + + align:start position:0% +according to Bo whether they're bans or +fans and we ask about operations where + + align:start position:0% +fans and we ask about operations where + + + align:start position:0% +fans and we ask about operations where +nuclei identical nuclei not chemically + + align:start position:0% +nuclei identical nuclei not chemically + + + align:start position:0% +nuclei identical nuclei not chemically +identical but identical uh uh where when + + align:start position:0% +identical but identical uh uh where when + + + align:start position:0% +identical but identical uh uh where when +they are exchange permuted and because + + align:start position:0% +they are exchange permuted and because + + + align:start position:0% +they are exchange permuted and because +you have identical particles the wave + + align:start position:0% +you have identical particles the wave + + + align:start position:0% +you have identical particles the wave +function has to be odd with respect to + + align:start position:0% +function has to be odd with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +function has to be odd with respect to +permutation of fans and even with + + align:start position:0% +permutation of fans and even with + + + align:start position:0% +permutation of fans and even with +respect to permutation of bosons and uh + + align:start position:0% +respect to permutation of bosons and uh + + + align:start position:0% +respect to permutation of bosons and uh +if it's not uh even or odd with respect + + align:start position:0% +if it's not uh even or odd with respect + + + align:start position:0% +if it's not uh even or odd with respect +to all such permutations you've WR WR + + align:start position:0% +to all such permutations you've WR WR + + + align:start position:0% +to all such permutations you've WR WR +something which is not a legitimate wave + + align:start position:0% +something which is not a legitimate wave + + + align:start position:0% +something which is not a legitimate wave +function so uh for hydrogen we have two + + align:start position:0% +function so uh for hydrogen we have two + + + align:start position:0% +function so uh for hydrogen we have two +Fons and the spin of each is 1/2 and so + + align:start position:0% +Fons and the spin of each is 1/2 and so + + + align:start position:0% +Fons and the spin of each is 1/2 and so +the total nuclear spin is either zero or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one now it's + + align:start position:0% +one now it's + + + align:start position:0% +one now it's +required that uh um the the overall + + align:start position:0% +required that uh um the the overall + + + align:start position:0% +required that uh um the the overall +permutation symmetry E12 for the wave + + align:start position:0% +permutation symmetry E12 for the wave + + + align:start position:0% +permutation symmetry E12 for the wave +function the total wave function has to + + align:start position:0% +function the total wave function has to + + + align:start position:0% +function the total wave function has to +be equal -1 * the wave + + align:start position:0% +be equal -1 * the wave + + + align:start position:0% +be equal -1 * the wave +function for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fans the total wave + + align:start position:0% +fans the total wave + + + align:start position:0% +fans the total wave +function is a product of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +translation uh + + align:start position:0% +translation uh + + + align:start position:0% +translation uh +rotation + + align:start position:0% +rotation + + + align:start position:0% +rotation +vibration + + align:start position:0% +vibration + + + align:start position:0% +vibration +electronic and nuclear spin I should + + align:start position:0% +electronic and nuclear spin I should + + + align:start position:0% +electronic and nuclear spin I should +have putle nuclear spin earlier in the + + align:start position:0% +have putle nuclear spin earlier in the + + + align:start position:0% +have putle nuclear spin earlier in the +the list we don't ever have to worry + + align:start position:0% +the list we don't ever have to worry + + + align:start position:0% +the list we don't ever have to worry +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +translation because all translational + + align:start position:0% +translation because all translational + + + align:start position:0% +translation because all translational +wave functions are symmetric with + + align:start position:0% +wave functions are symmetric with + + + align:start position:0% +wave functions are symmetric with +respect to + + align:start position:0% +respect to + + + align:start position:0% +respect to +permutation for homonuclear diatomic + + align:start position:0% +permutation for homonuclear diatomic + + + align:start position:0% +permutation for homonuclear diatomic +molecules we don't have to worry about + + align:start position:0% +molecules we don't have to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +molecules we don't have to worry about +vibrations in fact for all diatomic + + align:start position:0% +vibrations in fact for all diatomic + + + align:start position:0% +vibrations in fact for all diatomic +molecules vibrations are totally + + align:start position:0% +molecules vibrations are totally + + + align:start position:0% +molecules vibrations are totally +symetric but this is not true for + + align:start position:0% +symetric but this is not true for + + + align:start position:0% +symetric but this is not true for +polyatomic molecules but we're going to + + align:start position:0% +polyatomic molecules but we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +polyatomic molecules but we're going to +initially just talk about hydrogen and + + align:start position:0% +initially just talk about hydrogen and + + + align:start position:0% +initially just talk about hydrogen and +dyum and oxygen and think we understand + + align:start position:0% +dyum and oxygen and think we understand + + + align:start position:0% +dyum and oxygen and think we understand +and then I will introduce acetylene and + + align:start position:0% +and then I will introduce acetylene and + + + align:start position:0% +and then I will introduce acetylene and +we will realize we + + align:start position:0% +we will realize we + + + align:start position:0% +we will realize we +don't okay + + align:start position:0% +don't okay + + + align:start position:0% +don't okay +so uh the electronic + + align:start position:0% +so uh the electronic + + + align:start position:0% +so uh the electronic +symmetry uh the permutation Sy that's + + align:start position:0% +symmetry uh the permutation Sy that's + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry uh the permutation Sy that's +always a little puzzling and I I thought + + align:start position:0% +always a little puzzling and I I thought + + + align:start position:0% +always a little puzzling and I I thought +I would have an answer to that too with + + align:start position:0% +I would have an answer to that too with + + + align:start position:0% +I would have an answer to that too with +a nice picture but I don't have an + + align:start position:0% +a nice picture but I don't have an + + + align:start position:0% +a nice picture but I don't have an +answer to this I can only say that for + + align:start position:0% +answer to this I can only say that for + + + align:start position:0% +answer to this I can only say that for +diatomic molecules States of uh Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +diatomic molecules States of uh Sigma + + + + align:start position:0% +diatomic molecules States of uh Sigma + +G and sigma minus U are have positive + + align:start position:0% +G and sigma minus U are have positive + + + align:start position:0% +G and sigma minus U are have positive +permutation Symmetry and states of Sigma + + align:start position:0% +permutation Symmetry and states of Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +permutation Symmetry and states of Sigma +u+ and sigma G minus so these are + + align:start position:0% +u+ and sigma G minus so these are + + + align:start position:0% +u+ and sigma G minus so these are +positive and these are negative with + + align:start position:0% +positive and these are negative with + + + align:start position:0% +positive and these are negative with +respect to the + + align:start position:0% +respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the +permutation that's only for diic modules + + align:start position:0% +permutation that's only for diic modules + + + align:start position:0% +permutation that's only for diic modules +well that's the only thing I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +well that's the only thing I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +well that's the only thing I'm I'm +willing + + align:start position:0% +willing + + + align:start position:0% +willing +to to say with authority + + align:start position:0% +to to say with authority + + + align:start position:0% +to to say with authority +but I can't I'd like to be able to say + + align:start position:0% +but I can't I'd like to be able to say + + + align:start position:0% +but I can't I'd like to be able to say +why this is true and it would be nice to + + align:start position:0% +why this is true and it would be nice to + + + align:start position:0% +why this is true and it would be nice to +be able to say this with a diagram and + + align:start position:0% +be able to say this with a diagram and + + + align:start position:0% +be able to say this with a diagram and +uh I thought I had it but I don't and so + + align:start position:0% +uh I thought I had it but I don't and so + + + align:start position:0% +uh I thought I had it but I don't and so +all I can do is assert this this is + + align:start position:0% +all I can do is assert this this is + + + align:start position:0% +all I can do is assert this this is +important for being able to judge the + + align:start position:0% +important for being able to judge the + + + align:start position:0% +important for being able to judge the +permutation symmetry of polyatomic + + align:start position:0% +permutation symmetry of polyatomic + + + align:start position:0% +permutation symmetry of polyatomic +molecule electronic States and also + + align:start position:0% +molecule electronic States and also + + + align:start position:0% +molecule electronic States and also +vibrational States especially when + + align:start position:0% +vibrational States especially when + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational States especially when +they're vibrational angular momentum so + + align:start position:0% +they're vibrational angular momentum so + + + align:start position:0% +they're vibrational angular momentum so +but this I can stay say is true when you + + align:start position:0% +but this I can stay say is true when you + + + align:start position:0% +but this I can stay say is true when you +have doubly degenerate States there's + + align:start position:0% +have doubly degenerate States there's + + + align:start position:0% +have doubly degenerate States there's +always one plus and one minus so the + + align:start position:0% +always one plus and one minus so the + + + align:start position:0% +always one plus and one minus so the +critical thing is when there's no + + align:start position:0% +critical thing is when there's no + + + align:start position:0% +critical thing is when there's no +degeneracy and so this is something that + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy and so this is something that + + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy and so this is something that +you can remember and whether that helps + + align:start position:0% +you can remember and whether that helps + + + align:start position:0% +you can remember and whether that helps +you for other situations we remains to + + align:start position:0% +you for other situations we remains to + + + align:start position:0% +you for other situations we remains to +be seen okay so + + align:start position:0% +be seen okay so + + + align:start position:0% +be seen okay so +now for datomic + + align:start position:0% +now for datomic + + + align:start position:0% +now for datomic +molecules the rotation the permutation + + align:start position:0% +molecules the rotation the permutation + + + align:start position:0% +molecules the rotation the permutation +symmetry for S rotation is + + align:start position:0% +symmetry for S rotation is + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry for S rotation is +-1 to the + + align:start position:0% +-1 to the + + + align:start position:0% +-1 to the +N not + + align:start position:0% +N not + + + align:start position:0% +N not +J because n has to do with the Ang total + + align:start position:0% +J because n has to do with the Ang total + + + align:start position:0% +J because n has to do with the Ang total +angular momentum exclusive of + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum exclusive of + + + align:start position:0% +angular momentum exclusive of +Spin and it's the per it's the nuclei + + align:start position:0% +Spin and it's the per it's the nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +Spin and it's the per it's the nuclei +that are being permuted in a rotation + + align:start position:0% +that are being permuted in a rotation + + + align:start position:0% +that are being permuted in a rotation +labeled by n now for singlets n is the + + align:start position:0% +labeled by n now for singlets n is the + + + align:start position:0% +labeled by n now for singlets n is the +same thing as J so that's just a subtle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point and so + + align:start position:0% +point and so + + + align:start position:0% +point and so +in the elementary statistical mechanics + + align:start position:0% +in the elementary statistical mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +in the elementary statistical mechanics +course you're told + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and it seems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reasonable and so + + align:start position:0% +reasonable and so + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable and so +now since everything else is pretty + + align:start position:0% +now since everything else is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +now since everything else is pretty +simple in order to get the right + + align:start position:0% +simple in order to get the right + + + align:start position:0% +simple in order to get the right +symmetry you have to pair the rotational + + align:start position:0% +symmetry you have to pair the rotational + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry you have to pair the rotational +wave function with the correct nuclear + + align:start position:0% +wave function with the correct nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +wave function with the correct nuclear +wave function + + align:start position:0% +wave function + + + align:start position:0% +wave function +so if you have spin a half then we have + + align:start position:0% +so if you have spin a half then we have + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have spin a half then we have +a neonic for writing the spin wave + + align:start position:0% +a neonic for writing the spin wave + + + align:start position:0% +a neonic for writing the spin wave +functions we can write alpha 1 beta 2 + + align:start position:0% +functions we can write alpha 1 beta 2 + + + align:start position:0% +functions we can write alpha 1 beta 2 +plus or minus Alpha 2 beta 1 and we can + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus Alpha 2 beta 1 and we can + + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus Alpha 2 beta 1 and we can +write alpha 1 Alpha 2 and beta + + align:start position:0% +write alpha 1 Alpha 2 and beta + + + align:start position:0% +write alpha 1 Alpha 2 and beta +1 beta + + align:start position:0% +1 beta + + + align:start position:0% +1 beta +2 okay spin up spin down uh uh so + + align:start position:0% +2 okay spin up spin down uh uh so + + + align:start position:0% +2 okay spin up spin down uh uh so +permutation on this positive permutation + + align:start position:0% +permutation on this positive permutation + + + align:start position:0% +permutation on this positive permutation +on this positive permutation on the + + align:start position:0% +on this positive permutation on the + + + align:start position:0% +on this positive permutation on the +positive sign positive permutation on + + align:start position:0% +positive sign positive permutation on + + + align:start position:0% +positive sign positive permutation on +the negative + + align:start position:0% +the negative + + + align:start position:0% +the negative +sign negative so what we have is three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +states where p12 sin + + align:start position:0% +states where p12 sin + + + align:start position:0% +states where p12 sin +nuclear uh is plus s nuclear and those + + align:start position:0% +nuclear uh is plus s nuclear and those + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear uh is plus s nuclear and those +are called + + align:start position:0% +are called + + + align:start position:0% +are called +triplet Believe It or Not nuclear spin + + align:start position:0% +triplet Believe It or Not nuclear spin + + + align:start position:0% +triplet Believe It or Not nuclear spin +triplets and one + + align:start position:0% +triplets and one + + + align:start position:0% +triplets and one +state where + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +p12 where the uh nuclear spin is + + align:start position:0% +p12 where the uh nuclear spin is + + + align:start position:0% +p12 where the uh nuclear spin is +negative and that's called nuclear spin + + align:start position:0% +negative and that's called nuclear spin + + + align:start position:0% +negative and that's called nuclear spin +singlet for the triplet I total + + align:start position:0% +singlet for the triplet I total + + + align:start position:0% +singlet for the triplet I total +is equal to one and for the singlet I + + align:start position:0% +is equal to one and for the singlet I + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to one and for the singlet I +total is equal to zero again big + + align:start position:0% +total is equal to zero again big + + + align:start position:0% +total is equal to zero again big +surprise singlet and triplet 2 s + one + + align:start position:0% +surprise singlet and triplet 2 s + one + + + align:start position:0% +surprise singlet and triplet 2 s + one +or 2 I + + + align:start position:0% +or 2 I + + + + align:start position:0% +or 2 I + +1 okay + + align:start position:0% +1 okay + + + align:start position:0% +1 okay +so what about uh uh all right so for + + align:start position:0% +so what about uh uh all right so for + + + align:start position:0% +so what about uh uh all right so for +hydrogen then that means that we have uh + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen then that means that we have uh + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen then that means that we have uh +we need a state it's I total + + align:start position:0% +we need a state it's I total + + + align:start position:0% +we need a state it's I total +p12 is minus s + + align:start position:0% +p12 is minus s + + + align:start position:0% +p12 is minus s +total and so + + align:start position:0% +total and so + + + align:start position:0% +total and so +even J have + + align:start position:0% +even J have + + + align:start position:0% +even J have +even uh so I wrote so they must have + + align:start position:0% +even uh so I wrote so they must have + + + align:start position:0% +even uh so I wrote so they must have +odd uh nuclear spin odd uh permutation + + align:start position:0% +odd uh nuclear spin odd uh permutation + + + align:start position:0% +odd uh nuclear spin odd uh permutation +symmetry + + align:start position:0% +symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry +nuclear and so well uh + + align:start position:0% +nuclear and so well uh + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear and so well uh +so the + + align:start position:0% +so the + + + align:start position:0% +so the +even uh I mean the odd symmetry nuclear + + align:start position:0% +even uh I mean the odd symmetry nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +even uh I mean the odd symmetry nuclear +spin is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +singlet and uh so it has a nuclear + + align:start position:0% +singlet and uh so it has a nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +singlet and uh so it has a nuclear +degeneracy of + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy of + + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy of +one and uh uh the + + align:start position:0% +one and uh uh the + + + align:start position:0% +one and uh uh the +odd + + align:start position:0% +odd + + + align:start position:0% +odd +Ro rotational + + align:start position:0% +Ro rotational + + + align:start position:0% +Ro rotational +levels uh will have will require an even + + align:start position:0% +levels uh will have will require an even + + + align:start position:0% +levels uh will have will require an even +symmetry + + align:start position:0% +symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry +sin + + align:start position:0% +sin + + + align:start position:0% +sin +nuclear and those are the triplets + + align:start position:0% +nuclear and those are the triplets + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear and those are the triplets +nuclear spin equals + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin equals + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin equals +3 these are called + + align:start position:0% +3 these are called + + + align:start position:0% +3 these are called +ortho and these are called + + align:start position:0% +ortho and these are called + + + align:start position:0% +ortho and these are called +parah and it's always true that this the + + align:start position:0% +parah and it's always true that this the + + + align:start position:0% +parah and it's always true that this the +nuclear spin modification called ortho + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin modification called ortho + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin modification called ortho +is the one with the higher nuclear spin + + align:start position:0% +is the one with the higher nuclear spin + + + align:start position:0% +is the one with the higher nuclear spin +degeneracy there's more letters in Ortho + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy there's more letters in Ortho + + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy there's more letters in Ortho +than perah you'll never forget it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I mean it's really hard to remember but + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's really hard to remember but + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's really hard to remember but +you know one little stupid pneumonic + + align:start position:0% +you know one little stupid pneumonic + + + align:start position:0% +you know one little stupid pneumonic +like that and you can't forget + + align:start position:0% +like that and you can't forget + + + align:start position:0% +like that and you can't forget +it I mean par is like parallel but that + + align:start position:0% +it I mean par is like parallel but that + + + align:start position:0% +it I mean par is like parallel but that +doesn't help + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or unless you want to do something so + + align:start position:0% +or unless you want to do something so + + + align:start position:0% +or unless you want to do something so +the one that has the higher nuclear spin + + align:start position:0% +the one that has the higher nuclear spin + + + align:start position:0% +the one that has the higher nuclear spin +statistical weight is always + + align:start position:0% +statistical weight is always + + + align:start position:0% +statistical weight is always +Ortho so uh for hydrogen we + + align:start position:0% +Ortho so uh for hydrogen we + + + align:start position:0% +Ortho so uh for hydrogen we +have uh + + align:start position:0% +have uh + + + align:start position:0% +have uh +even J odd J and the even J uh have odd + + align:start position:0% +even J odd J and the even J uh have odd + + + align:start position:0% +even J odd J and the even J uh have odd +nuclear spin + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin +symmetry the odd nuclear spin symmetry + + align:start position:0% +symmetry the odd nuclear spin symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry the odd nuclear spin symmetry +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +singlet and it has a and is + + align:start position:0% +singlet and it has a and is + + + align:start position:0% +singlet and it has a and is +parah G nucleus spin one whereas the + + align:start position:0% +parah G nucleus spin one whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +parah G nucleus spin one whereas the +OJ have the opposite + + align:start position:0% +OJ have the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +OJ have the opposite +Ortho G and S = + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3 so for the ground state of + + align:start position:0% +3 so for the ground state of + + + align:start position:0% +3 so for the ground state of +hydrogen you + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen you + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen you +have a single Sigma G Plus State and the + + align:start position:0% +have a single Sigma G Plus State and the + + + align:start position:0% +have a single Sigma G Plus State and the +rotational + + align:start position:0% +rotational + + + align:start position:0% +rotational +levels + + align:start position:0% +levels + + + align:start position:0% +levels +uh 0 1 2 which we can label them + + align:start position:0% +uh 0 1 2 which we can label them + + + align:start position:0% +uh 0 1 2 which we can label them +according to parody as + + align:start position:0% +according to parody as + + + align:start position:0% +according to parody as +well and we can label them according to + + align:start position:0% +well and we can label them according to + + + align:start position:0% +well and we can label them according to +nuclear Spin and so this this guy uh has + + align:start position:0% +nuclear Spin and so this this guy uh has + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear Spin and so this this guy uh has +a nuclear spin Signet it's + + align:start position:0% +a nuclear spin Signet it's + + + align:start position:0% +a nuclear spin Signet it's +par another way of uh or NG + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equals okay way of remembering this is + + align:start position:0% +equals okay way of remembering this is + + + align:start position:0% +equals okay way of remembering this is +that it's always possible to make pure + + align:start position:0% +that it's always possible to make pure + + + align:start position:0% +that it's always possible to make pure +parahydrogen + + align:start position:0% +parahydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +parahydrogen +and that's because using a catalyst you + + align:start position:0% +and that's because using a catalyst you + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because using a catalyst you +can always convert all of the hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +can always convert all of the hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +can always convert all of the hydrogen +to J equals z and this is also a good + + align:start position:0% +to J equals z and this is also a good + + + align:start position:0% +to J equals z and this is also a good +thing because J equals z has uh a + + align:start position:0% +thing because J equals z has uh a + + + align:start position:0% +thing because J equals z has uh a +degeneracy rotational and nuclear of + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy rotational and nuclear of + + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy rotational and nuclear of +one which means that you can make a + + align:start position:0% +one which means that you can make a + + + align:start position:0% +one which means that you can make a +perfect Quantum solid because every + + align:start position:0% +perfect Quantum solid because every + + + align:start position:0% +perfect Quantum solid because every +particle in the solid is in the same + + align:start position:0% +particle in the solid is in the same + + + align:start position:0% +particle in the solid is in the same +state + + align:start position:0% +state + + + align:start position:0% +state +and they're closed + + align:start position:0% +and they're closed + + + align:start position:0% +and they're closed +together and so it is an isotropic + + align:start position:0% +together and so it is an isotropic + + + align:start position:0% +together and so it is an isotropic +medium uh Bar None + + align:start position:0% +medium uh Bar None + + + align:start position:0% +medium uh Bar None +and uh but so you've heard of + + align:start position:0% +and uh but so you've heard of + + + align:start position:0% +and uh but so you've heard of +parahydrogen you can make orthohydrogen + + align:start position:0% +parahydrogen you can make orthohydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +parahydrogen you can make orthohydrogen +but you can't make it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pure this you can make incredibly pure + + align:start position:0% +pure this you can make incredibly pure + + + align:start position:0% +pure this you can make incredibly pure +and you can make an incredibly perfect + + align:start position:0% +and you can make an incredibly perfect + + + align:start position:0% +and you can make an incredibly perfect +Quantum solid what do you mean by + + align:start position:0% +Quantum solid what do you mean by + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum solid what do you mean by +Quantum solid every particle is is + + align:start position:0% +Quantum solid every particle is is + + + align:start position:0% +Quantum solid every particle is is +spherical every particles in the same + + align:start position:0% +spherical every particles in the same + + + align:start position:0% +spherical every particles in the same +state and they're close together and so + + align:start position:0% +state and they're close together and so + + + align:start position:0% +state and they're close together and so +they they know about each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other and so it's the best possible + + align:start position:0% +other and so it's the best possible + + + align:start position:0% +other and so it's the best possible +Matrix that you can put something into + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that you can put something into + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that you can put something into +because the + + align:start position:0% +because the + + + align:start position:0% +because the +Matrix uh uh is totally + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +isotropic and there's some wonderful + + align:start position:0% +isotropic and there's some wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +isotropic and there's some wonderful +Matrix isolation spectroscopy on + + align:start position:0% +Matrix isolation spectroscopy on + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix isolation spectroscopy on +parahydrogen and also on orthohydrogen + + align:start position:0% +parahydrogen and also on orthohydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +parahydrogen and also on orthohydrogen +but it's uh uh not quite so simple okay + + align:start position:0% +but it's uh uh not quite so simple okay + + + align:start position:0% +but it's uh uh not quite so simple okay +so we have hydrogen next to hydrogen we + + align:start position:0% +so we have hydrogen next to hydrogen we + + + align:start position:0% +so we have hydrogen next to hydrogen we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +duum and + + align:start position:0% +duum and + + + align:start position:0% +duum and +dyum the nuclei have spin of one so the + + align:start position:0% +dyum the nuclei have spin of one so the + + + align:start position:0% +dyum the nuclei have spin of one so the +nuclei for detarium are bons instead of + + align:start position:0% +nuclei for detarium are bons instead of + + + align:start position:0% +nuclei for detarium are bons instead of +Fons and so uh it turns out just the + + align:start position:0% +Fons and so uh it turns out just the + + + align:start position:0% +Fons and so uh it turns out just the +other way around so for uh we can work + + align:start position:0% +other way around so for uh we can work + + + align:start position:0% +other way around so for uh we can work +this out but what you can do is you can + + align:start position:0% +this out but what you can do is you can + + + align:start position:0% +this out but what you can do is you can +also describe the nucle the various + + align:start position:0% +also describe the nucle the various + + + align:start position:0% +also describe the nucle the various +nuclear spins uh of one instead of Alpha + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spins uh of one instead of Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spins uh of one instead of Alpha +and beta you can use three symbols Alpha + + align:start position:0% +and beta you can use three symbols Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +and beta you can use three symbols Alpha +B alpha beta and gamma or whatever you + + align:start position:0% +B alpha beta and gamma or whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +B alpha beta and gamma or whatever you +want and classify the states and you can + + align:start position:0% +want and classify the states and you can + + + align:start position:0% +want and classify the states and you can +construct symmetric and antisymmetric + + align:start position:0% +construct symmetric and antisymmetric + + + align:start position:0% +construct symmetric and antisymmetric +States and what you find is the states + + align:start position:0% +States and what you find is the states + + + align:start position:0% +States and what you find is the states +with I + + align:start position:0% +with I + + + align:start position:0% +with I +total equals 0 and + + align:start position:0% +total equals 0 and + + + align:start position:0% +total equals 0 and +two are uh symmetric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +um and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh that's + + align:start position:0% +uh that's + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's +right um and I + + align:start position:0% +right um and I + + + align:start position:0% +right um and I +total of one are + + align:start position:0% +total of one are + + + align:start position:0% +total of one are +anti-symmetric total degeneracy 1 + 5 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +six and three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so uh here we have 13 1 for + + align:start position:0% +so uh here we have 13 1 for + + + align:start position:0% +so uh here we have 13 1 for +dyum we have + + align:start position:0% +dyum we have + + + align:start position:0% +dyum we have +six 6 3 + + align:start position:0% +six 6 3 + + + align:start position:0% +six 6 3 +6 so we have a 3:1 intensity + + align:start position:0% +6 so we have a 3:1 intensity + + + align:start position:0% +6 so we have a 3:1 intensity +alternation and a one to 1:2 intensity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alternation this uh this state is + + align:start position:0% +alternation this uh this state is + + + align:start position:0% +alternation this uh this state is +Ortho and so you can + + align:start position:0% +Ortho and so you can + + + align:start position:0% +Ortho and so you can +in principle make pure orthod + + align:start position:0% +in principle make pure orthod + + + align:start position:0% +in principle make pure orthod +dyum but + + align:start position:0% +dyum but + + + align:start position:0% +dyum but +Ortho has two values of the nuclear spin + + align:start position:0% +Ortho has two values of the nuclear spin + + + align:start position:0% +Ortho has two values of the nuclear spin +total nuclear spin one of them has I + + align:start position:0% +total nuclear spin one of them has I + + + align:start position:0% +total nuclear spin one of them has I +equals 0 the other one has I equal 2 so + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 the other one has I equal 2 so + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 the other one has I equal 2 so +they're really six distinct Quantum + + align:start position:0% +they're really six distinct Quantum + + + align:start position:0% +they're really six distinct Quantum +States associated with D2 and so even + + align:start position:0% +States associated with D2 and so even + + + align:start position:0% +States associated with D2 and so even +though you can completely cool all of + + align:start position:0% +though you can completely cool all of + + + align:start position:0% +though you can completely cool all of +the duum into J equals z it's not as + + align:start position:0% +the duum into J equals z it's not as + + + align:start position:0% +the duum into J equals z it's not as +it's not a good Quantum solid because + + align:start position:0% +it's not a good Quantum solid because + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a good Quantum solid because +there's six states and zero and two are + + align:start position:0% +there's six states and zero and two are + + + align:start position:0% +there's six states and zero and two are +not even quite the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +generate not big deal okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +generate not big deal okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +generate not big deal okay so this is +all very simple and you know people get + + align:start position:0% +all very simple and you know people get + + + align:start position:0% +all very simple and you know people get +very excited in 562 when they you know + + align:start position:0% +very excited in 562 when they you know + + + align:start position:0% +very excited in 562 when they you know +when they see this and and there is this + + align:start position:0% +when they see this and and there is this + + + align:start position:0% +when they see this and and there is this +incredible thing when you look at the + + align:start position:0% +incredible thing when you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +incredible thing when you look at the +Spectrum of hydrogen and dyum you see an + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum of hydrogen and dyum you see an + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum of hydrogen and dyum you see an +intensity + + align:start position:0% +intensity + + + align:start position:0% +intensity +alternation uh this was not notice first + + align:start position:0% +alternation uh this was not notice first + + + align:start position:0% +alternation uh this was not notice first +because um the spectrum of hydrogen is + + align:start position:0% +because um the spectrum of hydrogen is + + + align:start position:0% +because um the spectrum of hydrogen is +in the vacuum ultraviolet where there is + + align:start position:0% +in the vacuum ultraviolet where there is + + + align:start position:0% +in the vacuum ultraviolet where there is +I mean it might have been noticed in the + + align:start position:0% +I mean it might have been noticed in the + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it might have been noticed in the +Raman Spectrum uh but the the key the + + align:start position:0% +Raman Spectrum uh but the the key the + + + align:start position:0% +Raman Spectrum uh but the the key the +killer was not hydrogen and dyum but the + + align:start position:0% +killer was not hydrogen and dyum but the + + + align:start position:0% +killer was not hydrogen and dyum but the +intensity alternation was first really + + align:start position:0% +intensity alternation was first really + + + align:start position:0% +intensity alternation was first really +understood and observed + + align:start position:0% +understood and observed + + + align:start position:0% +understood and observed +unambiguously in the spectrum of oxygen + + align:start position:0% +unambiguously in the spectrum of oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +unambiguously in the spectrum of oxygen +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +oxygen uh the oxygen nuclei are + + align:start position:0% +oxygen uh the oxygen nuclei are + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen uh the oxygen nuclei are +bans the ground state of + + align:start position:0% +bans the ground state of + + + align:start position:0% +bans the ground state of +oxygen is singlet Sigma G + + align:start position:0% +oxygen is singlet Sigma G + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen is singlet Sigma G +minus so this classifies as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +odd I covered it up somewhere no it's up + + align:start position:0% +odd I covered it up somewhere no it's up + + + align:start position:0% +odd I covered it up somewhere no it's up +there so this is + + align:start position:0% +there so this is + + + align:start position:0% +there so this is +odd and now we have bons and so uh we + + align:start position:0% +odd and now we have bons and so uh we + + + align:start position:0% +odd and now we have bons and so uh we +need an overall p12 s + + align:start position:0% +need an overall p12 s + + + align:start position:0% +need an overall p12 s +total equals plus s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +total and so if the electronic wave + + align:start position:0% +total and so if the electronic wave + + + align:start position:0% +total and so if the electronic wave +function is + + align:start position:0% +function is + + + align:start position:0% +function is +odd and there's no nuclear spins the + + align:start position:0% +odd and there's no nuclear spins the + + + align:start position:0% +odd and there's no nuclear spins the +nuclear spin function is even it has + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin function is even it has + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin function is even it has +degeneracy of one and it's even it's a + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy of one and it's even it's a + + + align:start position:0% +degeneracy of one and it's even it's a +singlet it's Ortho because there's only + + align:start position:0% +singlet it's Ortho because there's only + + + align:start position:0% +singlet it's Ortho because there's only +one you can't have a a par spin function + + align:start position:0% +one you can't have a a par spin function + + + align:start position:0% +one you can't have a a par spin function +for a pair of nuclei okay it's Ortho and + + align:start position:0% +for a pair of nuclei okay it's Ortho and + + + align:start position:0% +for a pair of nuclei okay it's Ortho and +uh so in order for this to come out you + + align:start position:0% +uh so in order for this to come out you + + + align:start position:0% +uh so in order for this to come out you +have to have U for for the overall + + align:start position:0% +have to have U for for the overall + + + align:start position:0% +have to have U for for the overall +nuclear spin to come out to be + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin to come out to be + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin to come out to be +positive you can only have odd + + align:start position:0% +positive you can only have odd + + + align:start position:0% +positive you can only have odd +rotational + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +levels so you have an energy level + + align:start position:0% +levels so you have an energy level + + + align:start position:0% +levels so you have an energy level +diagram for + + align:start position:0% +diagram for + + + align:start position:0% +diagram for +oxygen and uh uh we have 0 1 2 this is + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and uh uh we have 0 1 2 this is + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and uh uh we have 0 1 2 this is +n remember oxygen has a triplet Sigma + + align:start position:0% +n remember oxygen has a triplet Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +n remember oxygen has a triplet Sigma +state so there there are going to be J + + align:start position:0% +state so there there are going to be J + + + align:start position:0% +state so there there are going to be J +sub + + align:start position:0% +sub + + + align:start position:0% +sub +levels of some of + + align:start position:0% +levels of some of + + + align:start position:0% +levels of some of +these and this one doesn't + + align:start position:0% +these and this one doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +these and this one doesn't +exist and this one doesn't exist so we + + align:start position:0% +exist and this one doesn't exist so we + + + align:start position:0% +exist and this one doesn't exist so we +only have half of the rotational levels + + align:start position:0% +only have half of the rotational levels + + + align:start position:0% +only have half of the rotational levels +of oxygen existing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um and so if you were going to look at a + + align:start position:0% +um and so if you were going to look at a + + + align:start position:0% +um and so if you were going to look at a +spectrum an electronic Spectrum there + + align:start position:0% +spectrum an electronic Spectrum there + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum an electronic Spectrum there +isn't any other spectrum of oxygen + + align:start position:0% +isn't any other spectrum of oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +isn't any other spectrum of oxygen +although uh there is a magnetic dipole + + align:start position:0% +although uh there is a magnetic dipole + + + align:start position:0% +although uh there is a magnetic dipole +allowed uh microwave + + align:start position:0% +allowed uh microwave + + + align:start position:0% +allowed uh microwave +Spectrum but those are transitions among + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum but those are transitions among + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum but those are transitions among +the J levels associated with a given + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n because there's no there's no state of + + align:start position:0% +n because there's no there's no state of + + + align:start position:0% +n because there's no there's no state of +of even + + align:start position:0% +of even + + + align:start position:0% +of even +n in ordinary oxygen now if you had + + align:start position:0% +n in ordinary oxygen now if you had + + + align:start position:0% +n in ordinary oxygen now if you had +Oxygen 16 oxygen + + align:start position:0% +Oxygen 16 oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +Oxygen 16 oxygen +18 uh then every level would be + + align:start position:0% +18 uh then every level would be + + + align:start position:0% +18 uh then every level would be +present now one of the really wonderful + + align:start position:0% +present now one of the really wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +present now one of the really wonderful +things about this nuclear + + align:start position:0% +things about this nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +things about this nuclear +symmetry + + align:start position:0% +symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +that if you have an allowed transition + + align:start position:0% +that if you have an allowed transition + + + align:start position:0% +that if you have an allowed transition +let's say you have a TR a transition + + align:start position:0% +let's say you have a TR a transition + + + align:start position:0% +let's say you have a TR a transition +from the triplet Sigma G minus ground + + align:start position:0% +from the triplet Sigma G minus ground + + + align:start position:0% +from the triplet Sigma G minus ground +state you could have a transition to + + align:start position:0% +state you could have a transition to + + + align:start position:0% +state you could have a transition to +states that have U Symmetry and the only + + align:start position:0% +states that have U Symmetry and the only + + + align:start position:0% +states that have U Symmetry and the only +possible states are uh Sigma U minus or + + align:start position:0% +possible states are uh Sigma U minus or + + + align:start position:0% +possible states are uh Sigma U minus or +triplet Pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U well in triplet Sigma U minus half the + + align:start position:0% +U well in triplet Sigma U minus half the + + + align:start position:0% +U well in triplet Sigma U minus half the +levels will be missing + + align:start position:0% +levels will be missing + + + align:start position:0% +levels will be missing +also uh and but this you see a minus and + + align:start position:0% +also uh and but this you see a minus and + + + align:start position:0% +also uh and but this you see a minus and +a u so this is this is an even State and + + align:start position:0% +a u so this is this is an even State and + + + align:start position:0% +a u so this is this is an even State and +so what's going to happen is + + align:start position:0% +so what's going to happen is + + + align:start position:0% +so what's going to happen is +only the states with even n are present + + align:start position:0% +only the states with even n are present + + + align:start position:0% +only the states with even n are present +only States of Oden are + + align:start position:0% +only States of Oden are + + + align:start position:0% +only States of Oden are +present and if you didn't know about + + align:start position:0% +present and if you didn't know about + + + align:start position:0% +present and if you didn't know about +nuclear spin you'd know there's no Q + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin you'd know there's no Q + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin you'd know there's no Q +branches + + align:start position:0% +branches + + + align:start position:0% +branches +here and those are precisely the + + align:start position:0% +here and those are precisely the + + + align:start position:0% +here and those are precisely the +transitions that can't exist because of + + align:start position:0% +transitions that can't exist because of + + + align:start position:0% +transitions that can't exist because of +the nuclear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +spin so one of the things that if you've + + align:start position:0% +spin so one of the things that if you've + + + align:start position:0% +spin so one of the things that if you've +forgotten some of the group Theory or + + align:start position:0% +forgotten some of the group Theory or + + + align:start position:0% +forgotten some of the group Theory or +forgotten some stuff and you need to you + + align:start position:0% +forgotten some stuff and you need to you + + + align:start position:0% +forgotten some stuff and you need to you +want to check you say okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +want to check you say okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +want to check you say okay I'm +interested in an allowed + + align:start position:0% +interested in an allowed + + + align:start position:0% +interested in an allowed +transition I know + + align:start position:0% +transition I know + + + align:start position:0% +transition I know +from other less sophisticated Stuff how + + align:start position:0% +from other less sophisticated Stuff how + + + align:start position:0% +from other less sophisticated Stuff how +to predict which are going to be the + + align:start position:0% +to predict which are going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +to predict which are going to be the +transitions that are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +allowed a photon can't flip nuclear + + align:start position:0% +allowed a photon can't flip nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +allowed a photon can't flip nuclear +spins and so the allowed + + align:start position:0% +spins and so the allowed + + + align:start position:0% +spins and so the allowed +transitions will be to the same nuclear + + align:start position:0% +transitions will be to the same nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +transitions will be to the same nuclear +spin + + align:start position:0% +spin + + + align:start position:0% +spin +species oxygen has nothing but orthos + + align:start position:0% +species oxygen has nothing but orthos + + + align:start position:0% +species oxygen has nothing but orthos +spins and the excited state will have + + align:start position:0% +spins and the excited state will have + + + align:start position:0% +spins and the excited state will have +nothing but ortho spins orost States + + align:start position:0% +nothing but ortho spins orost States + + + align:start position:0% +nothing but ortho spins orost States +rotational States um and uh the states + + align:start position:0% +rotational States um and uh the states + + + align:start position:0% +rotational States um and uh the states +that are not the transitions that are + + align:start position:0% +that are not the transitions that are + + + align:start position:0% +that are not the transitions that are +forbidden by simple rules are also + + align:start position:0% +forbidden by simple rules are also + + + align:start position:0% +forbidden by simple rules are also +forbidden because of the nuclear + + align:start position:0% +forbidden because of the nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +forbidden because of the nuclear +statistical weight rules and so this is + + align:start position:0% +statistical weight rules and so this is + + + align:start position:0% +statistical weight rules and so this is +a way you can surprise people because + + align:start position:0% +a way you can surprise people because + + + align:start position:0% +a way you can surprise people because +you know something that's far more + + align:start position:0% +you know something that's far more + + + align:start position:0% +you know something that's far more +sophisticated than you're supposed to + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated than you're supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated than you're supposed to +know or that you can figure out in a + + align:start position:0% +know or that you can figure out in a + + + align:start position:0% +know or that you can figure out in a +short time because it's easier to know + + align:start position:0% +short time because it's easier to know + + + align:start position:0% +short time because it's easier to know +about rot selection rules and that sort + + align:start position:0% +about rot selection rules and that sort + + + align:start position:0% +about rot selection rules and that sort +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +stuff okay so I've now lulled you into a + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay so I've now lulled you into a + + + align:start position:0% +stuff okay so I've now lulled you into a +sense of + + align:start position:0% +sense of + + + align:start position:0% +sense of +confidence that bring it on I'll + + align:start position:0% +confidence that bring it on I'll + + + align:start position:0% +confidence that bring it on I'll +classify the levels and I'll tell you + + align:start position:0% +classify the levels and I'll tell you + + + align:start position:0% +classify the levels and I'll tell you +which what are the nuclear statistical + + align:start position:0% +which what are the nuclear statistical + + + align:start position:0% +which what are the nuclear statistical +weights and which are going to be the + + align:start position:0% +weights and which are going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +weights and which are going to be the +existing levels and non-existing levels + + align:start position:0% +existing levels and non-existing levels + + + align:start position:0% +existing levels and non-existing levels +and all I have to do now is write this + + align:start position:0% +and all I have to do now is write this + + + align:start position:0% +and all I have to do now is write this +molecule on the board and you will say + + align:start position:0% +molecule on the board and you will say + + + align:start position:0% +molecule on the board and you will say +uhoh I'm I don't know yes what if we + + align:start position:0% +uhoh I'm I don't know yes what if we + + + align:start position:0% +uhoh I'm I don't know yes what if we +were to do + + align:start position:0% +were to do + + + align:start position:0% +were to do +HD all the levels exist all the levels + + align:start position:0% +HD all the levels exist all the levels + + + align:start position:0% +HD all the levels exist all the levels +have the same nuclear stal weights + + align:start position:0% +have the same nuclear stal weights + + + align:start position:0% +have the same nuclear stal weights +there's no permutation symmetry in HD + + align:start position:0% +there's no permutation symmetry in HD + + + align:start position:0% +there's no permutation symmetry in HD +because the protons and the deuterons + + align:start position:0% +because the protons and the deuterons + + + align:start position:0% +because the protons and the deuterons +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +different so uh you have a nuclear spin + + align:start position:0% +different so uh you have a nuclear spin + + + align:start position:0% +different so uh you have a nuclear spin +of one for the detarium and a half for + + align:start position:0% +of one for the detarium and a half for + + + align:start position:0% +of one for the detarium and a half for +the hydrogen and so you can have total + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen and so you can have total + + + align:start position:0% +the hydrogen and so you can have total +nuclear spin of three halves and one2 + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin of three halves and one2 + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear spin of three halves and one2 +and so the degeneracy for the three + + align:start position:0% +and so the degeneracy for the three + + + align:start position:0% +and so the degeneracy for the three +halves is four and for the two 1/2 is + + align:start position:0% +halves is four and for the two 1/2 is + + + align:start position:0% +halves is four and for the two 1/2 is +two so every level will have a nuclear + + align:start position:0% +two so every level will have a nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +two so every level will have a nuclear +spin degeneracy of + + align:start position:0% +spin degeneracy of + + + align:start position:0% +spin degeneracy of +six and there's no intensity alternation + + align:start position:0% +six and there's no intensity alternation + + + align:start position:0% +six and there's no intensity alternation +or nothing it's trivial and that turns + + align:start position:0% +or nothing it's trivial and that turns + + + align:start position:0% +or nothing it's trivial and that turns +out to be a very useful thing + + align:start position:0% +out to be a very useful thing + + + align:start position:0% +out to be a very useful thing +because for example in the attempt to + + align:start position:0% +because for example in the attempt to + + + align:start position:0% +because for example in the attempt to +assign the Spectra of a molecule + + align:start position:0% +assign the Spectra of a molecule + + + align:start position:0% +assign the Spectra of a molecule +permutation symmetry you always going to + + align:start position:0% +permutation symmetry you always going to + + + align:start position:0% +permutation symmetry you always going to +have intensity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alternation but if you have an + + align:start position:0% +alternation but if you have an + + + align:start position:0% +alternation but if you have an +isotopically sub stituted molecule you + + align:start position:0% +isotopically sub stituted molecule you + + + align:start position:0% +isotopically sub stituted molecule you +won't and so there is a uh an easy way + + align:start position:0% +won't and so there is a uh an easy way + + + align:start position:0% +won't and so there is a uh an easy way +it's not foolproof because if you have a + + align:start position:0% +it's not foolproof because if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +it's not foolproof because if you have a +transition starting from initial State + + align:start position:0% +transition starting from initial State + + + align:start position:0% +transition starting from initial State +say k equal 2 where the asymmetry + + align:start position:0% +say k equal 2 where the asymmetry + + + align:start position:0% +say k equal 2 where the asymmetry +splitting is small well then you will + + align:start position:0% +splitting is small well then you will + + + align:start position:0% +splitting is small well then you will +also uh not resolve the nuclear spin + + align:start position:0% +also uh not resolve the nuclear spin + + + align:start position:0% +also uh not resolve the nuclear spin +species and you will not see intensity + + align:start position:0% +species and you will not see intensity + + + align:start position:0% +species and you will not see intensity +alternation but if you have fully + + align:start position:0% +alternation but if you have fully + + + align:start position:0% +alternation but if you have fully +resolved rotational + + align:start position:0% +resolved rotational + + + align:start position:0% +resolved rotational +transitions the presence of intensity + + align:start position:0% +transitions the presence of intensity + + + align:start position:0% +transitions the presence of intensity +alternation uh is a unique sign you have + + align:start position:0% +alternation uh is a unique sign you have + + + align:start position:0% +alternation uh is a unique sign you have +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +homonuclear a molecule with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +symmetry okay so we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have two bons two + + align:start position:0% +have two bons two + + + align:start position:0% +have two bons two +fans what do we do how do we write + + align:start position:0% +fans what do we do how do we write + + + align:start position:0% +fans what do we do how do we write +rotational + + align:start position:0% +rotational + + + align:start position:0% +rotational +levels that are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +classified uh uh that that have the + + align:start position:0% +classified uh uh that that have the + + + align:start position:0% +classified uh uh that that have the +right uh permutation symmetry you + + align:start position:0% +right uh permutation symmetry you + + + align:start position:0% +right uh permutation symmetry you +permute two hydrogens it the overall + + align:start position:0% +permute two hydrogens it the overall + + + align:start position:0% +permute two hydrogens it the overall +wave function has to be odd you permute + + align:start position:0% +wave function has to be odd you permute + + + align:start position:0% +wave function has to be odd you permute +the two carbons the overall wave + + align:start position:0% +the two carbons the overall wave + + + align:start position:0% +the two carbons the overall wave +function has to be even how can you do + + align:start position:0% +function has to be even how can you do + + + align:start position:0% +function has to be even how can you do +that because our naive idea is we rotate + + align:start position:0% +that because our naive idea is we rotate + + + align:start position:0% +that because our naive idea is we rotate +the molecule AJ are odd even JS are even + + align:start position:0% +the molecule AJ are odd even JS are even + + + align:start position:0% +the molecule AJ are odd even JS are even +with respect to permutations + + align:start position:0% +with respect to permutations + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to permutations +and you're sort of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stuck half the level do half the levels + + align:start position:0% +stuck half the level do half the levels + + + align:start position:0% +stuck half the level do half the levels +not exist because of oxygen analogy or + + align:start position:0% +not exist because of oxygen analogy or + + + align:start position:0% +not exist because of oxygen analogy or +do half the levels have nuclear spin of + + align:start position:0% +do half the levels have nuclear spin of + + + align:start position:0% +do half the levels have nuclear spin of +one have degeneracy of one and the other + + align:start position:0% +one have degeneracy of one and the other + + + align:start position:0% +one have degeneracy of one and the other +half have degeneracy of + + align:start position:0% +half have degeneracy of + + + align:start position:0% +half have degeneracy of +three these two possibilities are not + + align:start position:0% +three these two possibilities are not + + + align:start position:0% +three these two possibilities are not +compatible + + align:start position:0% +compatible + + + align:start position:0% +compatible +so how do we resolve this and the way we + + align:start position:0% +so how do we resolve this and the way we + + + align:start position:0% +so how do we resolve this and the way we +resolve this is we resort to uh + + align:start position:0% +resolve this is we resort to uh + + + align:start position:0% +resolve this is we resort to uh +something else that we know what we know + + align:start position:0% +something else that we know what we know + + + align:start position:0% +something else that we know what we know +is about symmetric double Minima + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potentials suppose we have a nice fat + + align:start position:0% +potentials suppose we have a nice fat + + + align:start position:0% +potentials suppose we have a nice fat +potential and so here is V = 0 V = 1 V = + + align:start position:0% +potential and so here is V = 0 V = 1 V = + + + align:start position:0% +potential and so here is V = 0 V = 1 V = + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +V equals + + align:start position:0% +V equals + + + align:start position:0% +V equals +3 and suppose + + align:start position:0% +3 and suppose + + + align:start position:0% +3 and suppose +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +we either chop this in half or just put + + align:start position:0% +we either chop this in half or just put + + + align:start position:0% +we either chop this in half or just put +in a nice big barrier let's just put in + + align:start position:0% +in a nice big barrier let's just put in + + + align:start position:0% +in a nice big barrier let's just put in +a nice big barrier in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +middle + + align:start position:0% +middle + + + align:start position:0% +middle +okay well V equals + + align:start position:0% +okay well V equals + + + align:start position:0% +okay well V equals +1 hardly sees the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +barrier and V equals + + align:start position:0% +barrier and V equals + + + align:start position:0% +barrier and V equals +four hardly sees the bar three hardly + + align:start position:0% +four hardly sees the bar three hardly + + + align:start position:0% +four hardly sees the bar three hardly +sees the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +barrier because it's zero the barer + + align:start position:0% +barrier because it's zero the barer + + + align:start position:0% +barrier because it's zero the barer +yeah so half the levels are not very + + align:start position:0% +yeah so half the levels are not very + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so half the levels are not very +much affected by the + + align:start position:0% +much affected by the + + + align:start position:0% +much affected by the +barrier and if we chopped the potential + + align:start position:0% +barrier and if we chopped the potential + + + align:start position:0% +barrier and if we chopped the potential +in half those levels would still exist + + align:start position:0% +in half those levels would still exist + + + align:start position:0% +in half those levels would still exist +and the other levels would be blown into + + align:start position:0% +and the other levels would be blown into + + + align:start position:0% +and the other levels would be blown into +the stratosphere they would no longer + + align:start position:0% +the stratosphere they would no longer + + + align:start position:0% +the stratosphere they would no longer +exist + + align:start position:0% +exist + + + align:start position:0% +exist +if we said it's only a half + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +okay remember something about that I + + align:start position:0% +okay remember something about that I + + + align:start position:0% +okay remember something about that I +told you probably and that is you can + + align:start position:0% +told you probably and that is you can + + + align:start position:0% +told you probably and that is you can +tell the vibrational quantum number from + + align:start position:0% +tell the vibrational quantum number from + + + align:start position:0% +tell the vibrational quantum number from +the number of + + align:start position:0% +the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the number of +nodes and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so uh well what's going to happen + + align:start position:0% +so uh well what's going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +so uh well what's going to happen +here well suppose we draw the wave + + align:start position:0% +here well suppose we draw the wave + + + align:start position:0% +here well suppose we draw the wave +function it's going to hit the + + align:start position:0% +function it's going to hit the + + + align:start position:0% +function it's going to hit the +barrier + + align:start position:0% +barrier + + + align:start position:0% +barrier +it's clearly not going to + + align:start position:0% +it's clearly not going to + + + align:start position:0% +it's clearly not going to +work uh it might tunnel through the + + align:start position:0% +work uh it might tunnel through the + + + align:start position:0% +work uh it might tunnel through the +barrier but it can't possibly go to zero + + align:start position:0% +barrier but it can't possibly go to zero + + + align:start position:0% +barrier but it can't possibly go to zero +at the other turning point so how do you + + align:start position:0% +at the other turning point so how do you + + + align:start position:0% +at the other turning point so how do you +fix that well if you raise this level + + align:start position:0% +fix that well if you raise this level + + + align:start position:0% +fix that well if you raise this level +then it can start to be + + align:start position:0% +then it can start to be + + + align:start position:0% +then it can start to be +decreasing and if you raise it more you + + align:start position:0% +decreasing and if you raise it more you + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing and if you raise it more you +can to this + + align:start position:0% +can to this + + + align:start position:0% +can to this +energy you can get to the point where + + align:start position:0% +energy you can get to the point where + + + align:start position:0% +energy you can get to the point where +it's almost going to zero when it gets + + align:start position:0% +it's almost going to zero when it gets + + + align:start position:0% +it's almost going to zero when it gets +to the barrier + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so what you do is you keep raising + + align:start position:0% +and so what you do is you keep raising + + + align:start position:0% +and so what you do is you keep raising +it so that it can tunnel without + + align:start position:0% +it so that it can tunnel without + + + align:start position:0% +it so that it can tunnel without +Crossing zero and you end up having a + + align:start position:0% +Crossing zero and you end up having a + + + align:start position:0% +Crossing zero and you end up having a +state that looks like that instead of a + + align:start position:0% +state that looks like that instead of a + + + align:start position:0% +state that looks like that instead of a +state that looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and they're at the same energy or + + align:start position:0% +this and they're at the same energy or + + + align:start position:0% +this and they're at the same energy or +depending on how big the barrier is + + align:start position:0% +depending on how big the barrier is + + + align:start position:0% +depending on how big the barrier is +there'll be a small splitting but the + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a small splitting but the + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be a small splitting but the +beautiful thing is when you approach it + + align:start position:0% +beautiful thing is when you approach it + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful thing is when you approach it +this way you see that the node count is + + align:start position:0% +this way you see that the node count is + + + align:start position:0% +this way you see that the node count is +still the the thing that tells you the + + align:start position:0% +still the the thing that tells you the + + + align:start position:0% +still the the thing that tells you the +order of the states the lowest level + + align:start position:0% +order of the states the lowest level + + + align:start position:0% +order of the states the lowest level +will have no + + align:start position:0% +will have no + + + align:start position:0% +will have no +nodes but it will happen to be almost + + align:start position:0% +nodes but it will happen to be almost + + + align:start position:0% +nodes but it will happen to be almost +perfectly degenerate with the next level + + align:start position:0% +perfectly degenerate with the next level + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly degenerate with the next level +that has one + + align:start position:0% +that has one + + + align:start position:0% +that has one +node and the same thing happens here + + align:start position:0% +node and the same thing happens here + + + align:start position:0% +node and the same thing happens here +this next state is gets pushed up and so + + align:start position:0% +this next state is gets pushed up and so + + + align:start position:0% +this next state is gets pushed up and so +what you end up having instead of + + align:start position:0% +what you end up having instead of + + + align:start position:0% +what you end up having instead of +equally + + align:start position:0% +equally + + + align:start position:0% +equally +spaced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +levels as you did did without the the + + align:start position:0% +levels as you did did without the the + + + align:start position:0% +levels as you did did without the the +barrier you have + + align:start position:0% +barrier you have + + + align:start position:0% +barrier you have +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +levels which arrange themselves like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this 0 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +this 0 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +this 0 1 2 +3 and the spacing of these two is two + + align:start position:0% +3 and the spacing of these two is two + + + align:start position:0% +3 and the spacing of these two is two +Omega y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is equal to 1 Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +narrow so if you took half the + + align:start position:0% +narrow so if you took half the + + + align:start position:0% +narrow so if you took half the +potential you would have States uh that + + align:start position:0% +potential you would have States uh that + + + align:start position:0% +potential you would have States uh that +are separated by twice the frequency and + + align:start position:0% +are separated by twice the frequency and + + + align:start position:0% +are separated by twice the frequency and +this is qualitatively reasonable when + + align:start position:0% +this is qualitatively reasonable when + + + align:start position:0% +this is qualitatively reasonable when +you make a potential uh narrower the + + align:start position:0% +you make a potential uh narrower the + + + align:start position:0% +you make a potential uh narrower the +levels get farther apart when you make + + align:start position:0% +levels get farther apart when you make + + + align:start position:0% +levels get farther apart when you make +the potential half as wide you might + + align:start position:0% +the potential half as wide you might + + + align:start position:0% +the potential half as wide you might +expect that the levels will get twice as + + align:start position:0% +expect that the levels will get twice as + + + align:start position:0% +expect that the levels will get twice as +far apart although that requires using + + align:start position:0% +far apart although that requires using + + + align:start position:0% +far apart although that requires using +the wp wkb quantization condition to + + align:start position:0% +the wp wkb quantization condition to + + + align:start position:0% +the wp wkb quantization condition to +prove you know about + + align:start position:0% +prove you know about + + + align:start position:0% +prove you know about +that uh okay so can I ask a question + + align:start position:0% +that uh okay so can I ask a question + + + align:start position:0% +that uh okay so can I ask a question +right now yes so I understand the sort + + align:start position:0% +right now yes so I understand the sort + + + align:start position:0% +right now yes so I understand the sort +of idea that you can you can shift up + + align:start position:0% +of idea that you can you can shift up + + + align:start position:0% +of idea that you can you can shift up +this wave function and you know it sort + + align:start position:0% +this wave function and you know it sort + + + align:start position:0% +this wave function and you know it sort +of has to end up looking like that + + align:start position:0% +of has to end up looking like that + + + align:start position:0% +of has to end up looking like that +all um I guess I don't understand what + + align:start position:0% +all um I guess I don't understand what + + + align:start position:0% +all um I guess I don't understand what +it is + + align:start position:0% +it is + + + align:start position:0% +it is +about I mean so so I can imagine you + + align:start position:0% +about I mean so so I can imagine you + + + align:start position:0% +about I mean so so I can imagine you +have a potential and then you you start + + align:start position:0% +have a potential and then you you start + + + align:start position:0% +have a potential and then you you start +putting a barrier in yeah the barrier + + align:start position:0% +putting a barrier in yeah the barrier + + + align:start position:0% +putting a barrier in yeah the barrier +imagine to give a barrier that you + + align:start position:0% +imagine to give a barrier that you + + + align:start position:0% +imagine to give a barrier that you +continuously you know bring up so what + + align:start position:0% +continuously you know bring up so what + + + align:start position:0% +continuously you know bring up so what +is it about the barrier coming in that + + align:start position:0% +is it about the barrier coming in that + + + align:start position:0% +is it about the barrier coming in that +actually pushes the + + align:start position:0% +actually pushes the + + + align:start position:0% +actually pushes the +level + + align:start position:0% +level + + + align:start position:0% +level +up like that that was just well um there + + align:start position:0% +up like that that was just well um there + + + align:start position:0% +up like that that was just well um there +I don't there's many ways to answer that + + align:start position:0% +I don't there's many ways to answer that + + + align:start position:0% +I don't there's many ways to answer that +question one is that the wave functions + + align:start position:0% +question one is that the wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +question one is that the wave functions +have to go to zero at + + align:start position:0% +have to go to zero at + + + align:start position:0% +have to go to zero at +infinity and so once they penetrate into + + align:start position:0% +infinity and so once they penetrate into + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and so once they penetrate into +the Forbidden region they have to have + + align:start position:0% +the Forbidden region they have to have + + + align:start position:0% +the Forbidden region they have to have +the right slope so that they can go to + + align:start position:0% +the right slope so that they can go to + + + align:start position:0% +the right slope so that they can go to +zero at Infinity if they can't do that + + align:start position:0% +zero at Infinity if they can't do that + + + align:start position:0% +zero at Infinity if they can't do that +they'll go to Infinity at + + align:start position:0% +they'll go to Infinity at + + + align:start position:0% +they'll go to Infinity at +infinity and so there's an exactly right + + align:start position:0% +infinity and so there's an exactly right + + + align:start position:0% +infinity and so there's an exactly right +slope that they have to have here and so + + align:start position:0% +slope that they have to have here and so + + + align:start position:0% +slope that they have to have here and so +they have to + + align:start position:0% +they have to + + + align:start position:0% +they have to +fit and so you you know how to calculate + + align:start position:0% +fit and so you you know how to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +fit and so you you know how to calculate +a tunneling integral you know you can + + align:start position:0% +a tunneling integral you know you can + + + align:start position:0% +a tunneling integral you know you can +propagate the wave function into the + + align:start position:0% +propagate the wave function into the + + + align:start position:0% +propagate the wave function into the +Forbidden region and so you just have to + + align:start position:0% +Forbidden region and so you just have to + + + align:start position:0% +Forbidden region and so you just have to +move it up and so if if you can't use up + + align:start position:0% +move it up and so if if you can't use up + + + align:start position:0% +move it up and so if if you can't use up +much action in + + align:start position:0% +much action in + + + align:start position:0% +much action in +here then you have to pretty much go up + + align:start position:0% +here then you have to pretty much go up + + + align:start position:0% +here then you have to pretty much go up +to the level of the next higher state + + align:start position:0% +to the level of the next higher state + + + align:start position:0% +to the level of the next higher state +and this gives you this wonderful + + align:start position:0% +and this gives you this wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +and this gives you this wonderful +picture that this and + + align:start position:0% +picture that this and + + + align:start position:0% +picture that this and +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +are exactly degenerate and we normally + + align:start position:0% +are exactly degenerate and we normally + + + align:start position:0% +are exactly degenerate and we normally +think of this as an oscillator on the + + align:start position:0% +think of this as an oscillator on the + + + align:start position:0% +think of this as an oscillator on the +left and oscillator on the right and we + + align:start position:0% +left and oscillator on the right and we + + + align:start position:0% +left and oscillator on the right and we +can take linear combinations of them and + + align:start position:0% +can take linear combinations of them and + + + align:start position:0% +can take linear combinations of them and +so we can have a local mode on the left + + align:start position:0% +so we can have a local mode on the left + + + align:start position:0% +so we can have a local mode on the left +and a local mode on the right but those + + align:start position:0% +and a local mode on the right but those + + + align:start position:0% +and a local mode on the right but those +aren't igen States the igen states have + + align:start position:0% +aren't igen States the igen states have + + + align:start position:0% +aren't igen States the igen states have +to re respect the symmetry of the + + align:start position:0% +to re respect the symmetry of the + + + align:start position:0% +to re respect the symmetry of the +problem and so the real states are + + align:start position:0% +problem and so the real states are + + + align:start position:0% +problem and so the real states are +these but by taking sums and differences + + align:start position:0% +these but by taking sums and differences + + + align:start position:0% +these but by taking sums and differences +of these you can have something on the + + align:start position:0% +of these you can have something on the + + + align:start position:0% +of these you can have something on the +left or something on the + + align:start position:0% +left or something on the + + + align:start position:0% +left or something on the +right and that also says well if you + + align:start position:0% +right and that also says well if you + + + align:start position:0% +right and that also says well if you +have a big barrier they don't know + + align:start position:0% +have a big barrier they don't know + + + align:start position:0% +have a big barrier they don't know +nobody knows that there's anybody on + + align:start position:0% +nobody knows that there's anybody on + + + align:start position:0% +nobody knows that there's anybody on +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side so what ends up happening is that + + align:start position:0% +side so what ends up happening is that + + + align:start position:0% +side so what ends up happening is that +when you have a large barrier between + + align:start position:0% +when you have a large barrier between + + + align:start position:0% +when you have a large barrier between +two symmetrically equivalent structures + + align:start position:0% +two symmetrically equivalent structures + + + align:start position:0% +two symmetrically equivalent structures +you get two levels that are degenerate + + align:start position:0% +you get two levels that are degenerate + + + align:start position:0% +you get two levels that are degenerate +they are degenerate but they have + + align:start position:0% +they are degenerate but they have + + + align:start position:0% +they are degenerate but they have +different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Symmetry and so for acetylene if we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +label the + + align:start position:0% +label the + + + align:start position:0% +label the +levels H1 c a CB + + align:start position:0% +levels H1 c a CB + + + align:start position:0% +levels H1 c a CB +H2 there's another molecule H1 CB C A + + align:start position:0% +H2 there's another molecule H1 CB C A + + + align:start position:0% +H2 there's another molecule H1 CB C A +H2 they're two identical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +structures two bonded networks which are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identical and there are only two as far + + align:start position:0% +identical and there are only two as far + + + align:start position:0% +identical and there are only two as far +as I can figure out and so that means + + align:start position:0% +as I can figure out and so that means + + + align:start position:0% +as I can figure out and so that means +that every level of + + align:start position:0% +that every level of + + + align:start position:0% +that every level of +acetylene + + align:start position:0% +acetylene + + + align:start position:0% +acetylene +is uh a symmetric and antisymmetric + + align:start position:0% +is uh a symmetric and antisymmetric + + + align:start position:0% +is uh a symmetric and antisymmetric +combination of these two bonded + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +structures and so they are going to have + + align:start position:0% +structures and so they are going to have + + + align:start position:0% +structures and so they are going to have +different symmetries according to plus + + align:start position:0% +different symmetries according to plus + + + align:start position:0% +different symmetries according to plus +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +minus and this is the answer to the + + align:start position:0% +minus and this is the answer to the + + + align:start position:0% +minus and this is the answer to the +problem that if you write a wave + + align:start position:0% +problem that if you write a wave + + + align:start position:0% +problem that if you write a wave +function as the symmetric or anti- + + align:start position:0% +function as the symmetric or anti- + + + align:start position:0% +function as the symmetric or anti- +symmetric combination of two bonded + + align:start position:0% +symmetric combination of two bonded + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric combination of two bonded +networks you can write wave functions + + align:start position:0% +networks you can write wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +networks you can write wave functions +which satisfy the condition for ban or + + align:start position:0% +which satisfy the condition for ban or + + + align:start position:0% +which satisfy the condition for ban or +Fon or ban and Fon as you have in + + align:start position:0% +Fon or ban and Fon as you have in + + + align:start position:0% +Fon or ban and Fon as you have in +acetylene and so what you find is that + + align:start position:0% +acetylene and so what you find is that + + + align:start position:0% +acetylene and so what you find is that +in the case of normal + + align:start position:0% +in the case of normal + + + align:start position:0% +in the case of normal +acetylene every level is doubled every + + align:start position:0% +acetylene every level is doubled every + + + align:start position:0% +acetylene every level is doubled every +rotational level is doubled but in the + + align:start position:0% +rotational level is doubled but in the + + + align:start position:0% +rotational level is doubled but in the +case of a settling one doesn't exist it + + align:start position:0% +case of a settling one doesn't exist it + + + align:start position:0% +case of a settling one doesn't exist it +has zero statistical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +weight and the other one + + align:start position:0% +weight and the other one + + + align:start position:0% +weight and the other one +has statistical weight of + + align:start position:0% +has statistical weight of + + + align:start position:0% +has statistical weight of +three because that's what the hydrogens + + align:start position:0% +three because that's what the hydrogens + + + align:start position:0% +three because that's what the hydrogens +do for + + align:start position:0% +do for + + + align:start position:0% +do for +you or + + align:start position:0% +you or + + + align:start position:0% +you or +one one of + + align:start position:0% +one one of + + + align:start position:0% +one one of +them I'm sorry I said it + + align:start position:0% +them I'm sorry I said it + + + align:start position:0% +them I'm sorry I said it +wrong one of the pair always doesn't + + align:start position:0% +wrong one of the pair always doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +wrong one of the pair always doesn't +exist the other one of the pair has a + + align:start position:0% +exist the other one of the pair has a + + + align:start position:0% +exist the other one of the pair has a +statistical weight of either three or + + align:start position:0% +statistical weight of either three or + + + align:start position:0% +statistical weight of either three or +one so acetylene looks exactly like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hydrogen but what's hidden is there's + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen but what's hidden is there's + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen but what's hidden is there's +really two levels and when you uh you + + align:start position:0% +really two levels and when you uh you + + + align:start position:0% +really two levels and when you uh you +have to do the group Theory right and + + align:start position:0% +have to do the group Theory right and + + + align:start position:0% +have to do the group Theory right and +all sorts of thing additional insights + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of thing additional insights + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of thing additional insights +come out but but you know + + align:start position:0% +come out but but you know + + + align:start position:0% +come out but but you know +superficially uh acetylene treated as a + + align:start position:0% +superficially uh acetylene treated as a + + + align:start position:0% +superficially uh acetylene treated as a +linear molecule a rigid not vibrating + + align:start position:0% +linear molecule a rigid not vibrating + + + align:start position:0% +linear molecule a rigid not vibrating +linear molecule + + align:start position:0% +linear molecule + + + align:start position:0% +linear molecule +uh um it it rotates like this and the + + align:start position:0% +uh um it it rotates like this and the + + + align:start position:0% +uh um it it rotates like this and the +rotational levels are classified exactly + + align:start position:0% +rotational levels are classified exactly + + + align:start position:0% +rotational levels are classified exactly +the same way that the rotational levels + + align:start position:0% +the same way that the rotational levels + + + align:start position:0% +the same way that the rotational levels +of hydrogen are classified and it just + + align:start position:0% +of hydrogen are classified and it just + + + align:start position:0% +of hydrogen are classified and it just +happens that one member of each + + align:start position:0% +happens that one member of each + + + align:start position:0% +happens that one member of each +tunneling pair each well you can call it + + align:start position:0% +tunneling pair each well you can call it + + + align:start position:0% +tunneling pair each well you can call it +tunneling pair each member of each uh + + align:start position:0% +tunneling pair each member of each uh + + + align:start position:0% +tunneling pair each member of each uh +degenerate pair uh one of them is always + + align:start position:0% +degenerate pair uh one of them is always + + + align:start position:0% +degenerate pair uh one of them is always +absent which one is absent requires + + align:start position:0% +absent which one is absent requires + + + align:start position:0% +absent which one is absent requires +something that I had hoped that I could + + align:start position:0% +something that I had hoped that I could + + + align:start position:0% +something that I had hoped that I could +do for + + align:start position:0% +do for + + + align:start position:0% +do for +you so + + align:start position:0% +you so + + + align:start position:0% +you so +anyway + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um this brings us to the + + align:start position:0% +um this brings us to the + + + align:start position:0% +um this brings us to the +formal + + align:start position:0% +formal + + + align:start position:0% +formal +uh uh tool that enables us to deal with + + align:start position:0% +uh uh tool that enables us to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh tool that enables us to deal with +uh identical particles in the same + + align:start position:0% +uh identical particles in the same + + + align:start position:0% +uh identical particles in the same +molecule + + align:start position:0% +molecule + + + align:start position:0% +molecule +and it's called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cnpi complete nuclear permutation + + align:start position:0% +cnpi complete nuclear permutation + + + align:start position:0% +cnpi complete nuclear permutation +inversion group + + align:start position:0% +inversion group + + + align:start position:0% +inversion group +Theory and + + align:start position:0% +Theory and + + + align:start position:0% +Theory and +uh the beautiful thing about + + align:start position:0% +uh the beautiful thing about + + + align:start position:0% +uh the beautiful thing about +cnpi is that it's based on rigorous + + align:start position:0% +cnpi is that it's based on rigorous + + + align:start position:0% +cnpi is that it's based on rigorous +symmetries group theory that we all + + align:start position:0% +symmetries group theory that we all + + + align:start position:0% +symmetries group theory that we all +learn Point group theory is based on a + + align:start position:0% +learn Point group theory is based on a + + + align:start position:0% +learn Point group theory is based on a +fiction it's based on the idea that + + align:start position:0% +fiction it's based on the idea that + + + align:start position:0% +fiction it's based on the idea that +molecules are rigid and Frozen at their + + align:start position:0% +molecules are rigid and Frozen at their + + + align:start position:0% +molecules are rigid and Frozen at their +equilibrium geom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R it's very powerful and we've learned + + align:start position:0% +R it's very powerful and we've learned + + + align:start position:0% +R it's very powerful and we've learned +it and we can do magical tricks with it + + align:start position:0% +it and we can do magical tricks with it + + + align:start position:0% +it and we can do magical tricks with it +and all the tricks are + + align:start position:0% +and all the tricks are + + + align:start position:0% +and all the tricks are +right but that's an + + align:start position:0% +right but that's an + + + align:start position:0% +right but that's an +accident the rigorous symmetries are + + align:start position:0% +accident the rigorous symmetries are + + + align:start position:0% +accident the rigorous symmetries are +permutations of all identical atoms all + + align:start position:0% +permutations of all identical atoms all + + + align:start position:0% +permutations of all identical atoms all +possible permutations of identical + + align:start position:0% +possible permutations of identical + + + align:start position:0% +possible permutations of identical +atoms and + + align:start position:0% +atoms and + + + align:start position:0% +atoms and +inversion space inversion not body + + align:start position:0% +inversion space inversion not body + + + align:start position:0% +inversion space inversion not body +inversion + + align:start position:0% +inversion + + + align:start position:0% +inversion +so uh and now here I'm starting to go + + align:start position:0% +so uh and now here I'm starting to go + + + align:start position:0% +so uh and now here I'm starting to go +beyond my current + + align:start position:0% +beyond my current + + + align:start position:0% +beyond my current +knowledge space inversion is not about + + align:start position:0% +knowledge space inversion is not about + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge space inversion is not about +inversion through the center of + + align:start position:0% +inversion through the center of + + + align:start position:0% +inversion through the center of +coordinates uh space inversion is like + + align:start position:0% +coordinates uh space inversion is like + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates uh space inversion is like +going from a right-handed to a + + align:start position:0% +going from a right-handed to a + + + align:start position:0% +going from a right-handed to a +left-handed laboratory frame but this is + + align:start position:0% +left-handed laboratory frame but this is + + + align:start position:0% +left-handed laboratory frame but this is +something that I'm not so sure about and + + align:start position:0% +something that I'm not so sure about and + + + align:start position:0% +something that I'm not so sure about and +I I'd rather not say much except that + + align:start position:0% +I I'd rather not say much except that + + + align:start position:0% +I I'd rather not say much except that +you know in the case of + + align:start position:0% +you know in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +you know in the case of +acetylene uh where we have we're + + align:start position:0% +acetylene uh where we have we're + + + align:start position:0% +acetylene uh where we have we're +labeling the hydrogens as one and two + + align:start position:0% +labeling the hydrogens as one and two + + + align:start position:0% +labeling the hydrogens as one and two +and the carbons As A and B so we would + + align:start position:0% +and the carbons As A and B so we would + + + align:start position:0% +and the carbons As A and B so we would +want to consider things like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so these are obvious these are + + align:start position:0% +this so these are obvious these are + + + align:start position:0% +this so these are obvious these are +permutations of the + + align:start position:0% +permutations of the + + + align:start position:0% +permutations of the +I can never remember the hydrogens these + + align:start position:0% +I can never remember the hydrogens these + + + align:start position:0% +I can never remember the hydrogens these +are permutations of the carbons and + + align:start position:0% +are permutations of the carbons and + + + align:start position:0% +are permutations of the carbons and +these are not feasible because that + + align:start position:0% +these are not feasible because that + + + align:start position:0% +these are not feasible because that +would involve breaking two + + align:start position:0% +would involve breaking two + + + align:start position:0% +would involve breaking two +bonds but there are legitimate questions + + align:start position:0% +bonds but there are legitimate questions + + + align:start position:0% +bonds but there are legitimate questions +if we had a bag of atoms that we that + + align:start position:0% +if we had a bag of atoms that we that + + + align:start position:0% +if we had a bag of atoms that we that +would be something that we'd care about + + align:start position:0% +would be something that we'd care about + + + align:start position:0% +would be something that we'd care about +this is legitimate so this is identity + + align:start position:0% +this is legitimate so this is identity + + + align:start position:0% +this is legitimate so this is identity +this is end over end + + align:start position:0% +this is end over end + + + align:start position:0% +this is end over end +rotation or it's equivalent to that and + + align:start position:0% +rotation or it's equivalent to that and + + + align:start position:0% +rotation or it's equivalent to that and +this is these are the uh inversion times + + align:start position:0% +this is these are the uh inversion times + + + align:start position:0% +this is these are the uh inversion times +this operation there are eight of + + align:start position:0% +this operation there are eight of + + + align:start position:0% +this operation there are eight of +them this is called this group is called + + align:start position:0% +them this is called this group is called + + + align:start position:0% +them this is called this group is called +G8 the complete permutation inversion + + align:start position:0% +G8 the complete permutation inversion + + + align:start position:0% +G8 the complete permutation inversion +group for HF dier + + align:start position:0% +group for HF dier + + + align:start position:0% +group for HF dier +acetylene uh um + + align:start position:0% +acetylene uh um + + + align:start position:0% +acetylene uh um +vanilline uh anything that has two pairs + + align:start position:0% +vanilline uh anything that has two pairs + + + align:start position:0% +vanilline uh anything that has two pairs +of identical + + align:start position:0% +of identical + + + align:start position:0% +of identical +atoms is G8 it doesn't matter what the + + align:start position:0% +atoms is G8 it doesn't matter what the + + + align:start position:0% +atoms is G8 it doesn't matter what the +rigid structure is and this is one of + + align:start position:0% +rigid structure is and this is one of + + + align:start position:0% +rigid structure is and this is one of +the beauties of it because this is what + + align:start position:0% +the beauties of it because this is what + + + align:start position:0% +the beauties of it because this is what +enables you to go + + align:start position:0% +enables you to go + + + align:start position:0% +enables you to go +between uh states of one potential where + + align:start position:0% +between uh states of one potential where + + + align:start position:0% +between uh states of one potential where +you have one qualitative type of rigid + + align:start position:0% +you have one qualitative type of rigid + + + align:start position:0% +you have one qualitative type of rigid +structure and another potential where + + align:start position:0% +structure and another potential where + + + align:start position:0% +structure and another potential where +you have a different qualitative type of + + align:start position:0% +you have a different qualitative type of + + + align:start position:0% +you have a different qualitative type of +structure because you don't care about + + align:start position:0% +structure because you don't care about + + + align:start position:0% +structure because you don't care about +the usual Point group + + align:start position:0% +the usual Point group + + + align:start position:0% +the usual Point group +operations you care about things that + + align:start position:0% +operations you care about things that + + + align:start position:0% +operations you care about things that +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +rigorous and that have con consquences + + align:start position:0% +rigorous and that have con consquences + + + align:start position:0% +rigorous and that have con consquences +in terms of uh the fundamental symmetry + + align:start position:0% +in terms of uh the fundamental symmetry + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of uh the fundamental symmetry +of bosons and fans and stuff like + + align:start position:0% +of bosons and fans and stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +of bosons and fans and stuff like +that so is it obvious that one can never + + align:start position:0% +that so is it obvious that one can never + + + align:start position:0% +that so is it obvious that one can never +have breaking two bonds at the same + + align:start position:0% +have breaking two bonds at the same + + + align:start position:0% +have breaking two bonds at the same +time well you can actually you know the + + align:start position:0% +time well you can actually you know the + + + align:start position:0% +time well you can actually you know the +uh well suppose we uh we start with + + align:start position:0% +uh well suppose we uh we start with + + + align:start position:0% +uh well suppose we uh we start with +this and we go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to okay Okay so we've taken one hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +to okay Okay so we've taken one hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +to okay Okay so we've taken one hydrogen +around made vanilline and then we take + + align:start position:0% +around made vanilline and then we take + + + align:start position:0% +around made vanilline and then we take +the other hydrogen back to where the + + align:start position:0% +the other hydrogen back to where the + + + align:start position:0% +the other hydrogen back to where the +first one came and we've we've permuted + + align:start position:0% +first one came and we've we've permuted + + + align:start position:0% +first one came and we've we've permuted +so we've used vanilline as a transition + + align:start position:0% +so we've used vanilline as a transition + + + align:start position:0% +so we've used vanilline as a transition +state uh in the conversion of this to + + align:start position:0% +state uh in the conversion of this to + + + align:start position:0% +state uh in the conversion of this to +that so yeah you can have it it just + + align:start position:0% +that so yeah you can have it it just + + + align:start position:0% +that so yeah you can have it it just +happens at very high energy it just + + align:start position:0% +happens at very high energy it just + + + align:start position:0% +happens at very high energy it just +happens that we're really interested in + + align:start position:0% +happens that we're really interested in + + + align:start position:0% +happens that we're really interested in +it happening because when this happens + + align:start position:0% +it happening because when this happens + + + align:start position:0% +it happening because when this happens +it tells us that this is happening we're + + align:start position:0% +it tells us that this is happening we're + + + align:start position:0% +it tells us that this is happening we're +really interested in this we're not so + + align:start position:0% +really interested in this we're not so + + + align:start position:0% +really interested in this we're not so +interested in that so when the uh the + + align:start position:0% +interested in that so when the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +interested in that so when the uh the +tunneling through the barrier between + + align:start position:0% +tunneling through the barrier between + + + align:start position:0% +tunneling through the barrier between +this structure and that structure starts + + align:start position:0% +this structure and that structure starts + + + align:start position:0% +this structure and that structure starts +it's because of a level of this that we + + align:start position:0% +it's because of a level of this that we + + + align:start position:0% +it's because of a level of this that we +want to know about and cnpi group theory + + align:start position:0% +want to know about and cnpi group theory + + + align:start position:0% +want to know about and cnpi group theory +is going to tell us how to get that + + align:start position:0% +is going to tell us how to get that + + + align:start position:0% +is going to tell us how to get that +information in fact whenever you start + + align:start position:0% +information in fact whenever you start + + + align:start position:0% +information in fact whenever you start +to have tunneling between qualitative + + align:start position:0% +to have tunneling between qualitative + + + align:start position:0% +to have tunneling between qualitative +structures uh there will be a group + + align:start position:0% +structures uh there will be a group + + + align:start position:0% +structures uh there will be a group +theoretical signature of that that I can + + align:start position:0% +theoretical signature of that that I can + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical signature of that that I can +say with confidence what that signature + + align:start position:0% +say with confidence what that signature + + + align:start position:0% +say with confidence what that signature +is I wish I could say but I leave that + + align:start position:0% +is I wish I could say but I leave that + + + align:start position:0% +is I wish I could say but I leave that +to the smart people in the room rather + + align:start position:0% +to the smart people in the room rather + + + align:start position:0% +to the smart people in the room rather +than the uh someone who can't learn + + align:start position:0% +than the uh someone who can't learn + + + align:start position:0% +than the uh someone who can't learn +anything anymore uh okay + + align:start position:0% +anything anymore uh okay + + + align:start position:0% +anything anymore uh okay +so uh we have a + + align:start position:0% +so uh we have a + + + align:start position:0% +so uh we have a +group and since there are eight + + align:start position:0% +group and since there are eight + + + align:start position:0% +group and since there are eight +operations there are there are eight + + align:start position:0% +operations there are there are eight + + + align:start position:0% +operations there are there are eight +irreducible representations all one + + align:start position:0% +irreducible representations all one + + + align:start position:0% +irreducible representations all one +dimension + + align:start position:0% +dimension + + + align:start position:0% +dimension +uh and uh so we need to classify all of + + align:start position:0% +uh and uh so we need to classify all of + + + align:start position:0% +uh and uh so we need to classify all of +the interesting things electronic wave + + align:start position:0% +the interesting things electronic wave + + + align:start position:0% +the interesting things electronic wave +function vibrational wave function + + align:start position:0% +function vibrational wave function + + + align:start position:0% +function vibrational wave function +rotational wave function nuclear spin + + align:start position:0% +rotational wave function nuclear spin + + + align:start position:0% +rotational wave function nuclear spin +functions according to the irreducible + + align:start position:0% +functions according to the irreducible + + + align:start position:0% +functions according to the irreducible +representations of + + align:start position:0% +representations of + + + align:start position:0% +representations of +G8 now there's two ways + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of labeling + + align:start position:0% +of labeling + + + align:start position:0% +of labeling +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +uh the the old-fashioned way which is + + align:start position:0% +uh the the old-fashioned way which is + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the old-fashioned way which is +reminiscent of ordinary Point group + + align:start position:0% +reminiscent of ordinary Point group + + + align:start position:0% +reminiscent of ordinary Point group +Symmetry and then a different way where + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry and then a different way where + + + align:start position:0% +Symmetry and then a different way where +we we have a symbol here which is either + + align:start position:0% +we we have a symbol here which is either + + + align:start position:0% +we we have a symbol here which is either +s or a and a symbol here which is either + + align:start position:0% +s or a and a symbol here which is either + + + align:start position:0% +s or a and a symbol here which is either +lowercase s or lowercase a and a symbol + + align:start position:0% +lowercase s or lowercase a and a symbol + + + align:start position:0% +lowercase s or lowercase a and a symbol +here plus and + + align:start position:0% +here plus and + + + align:start position:0% +here plus and +minus 2 * 2 * 2 + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 * 2 * 2 + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 * 2 * 2 +8 so this is more useful label because + + align:start position:0% +8 so this is more useful label because + + + align:start position:0% +8 so this is more useful label because +it reminds you of what it's for whereas + + align:start position:0% +it reminds you of what it's for whereas + + + align:start position:0% +it reminds you of what it's for whereas +here you have to sort of remember some + + align:start position:0% +here you have to sort of remember some + + + align:start position:0% +here you have to sort of remember some +stuff and so and except I don't remember + + align:start position:0% +stuff and so and except I don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and so and except I don't remember +which is the capital letter and which is + + align:start position:0% +which is the capital letter and which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is the capital letter and which is +the lowercase letter and I have written + + align:start position:0% +the lowercase letter and I have written + + + align:start position:0% +the lowercase letter and I have written +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +somewhere um I hope yeah here it is so + + align:start position:0% +somewhere um I hope yeah here it is so + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere um I hope yeah here it is so +this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the +carbons and this is for the hydrogens + + align:start position:0% +carbons and this is for the hydrogens + + + align:start position:0% +carbons and this is for the hydrogens +and this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parody so we have eight irreducible + + align:start position:0% +parody so we have eight irreducible + + + align:start position:0% +parody so we have eight irreducible +represent ations that can be labeled in + + align:start position:0% +represent ations that can be labeled in + + + align:start position:0% +represent ations that can be labeled in +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +way and our job is to put these + + align:start position:0% +way and our job is to put these + + + align:start position:0% +way and our job is to put these +irreducible representation labels onto + + align:start position:0% +irreducible representation labels onto + + + align:start position:0% +irreducible representation labels onto +the vibrations and rotations of the + + align:start position:0% +the vibrations and rotations of the + + + align:start position:0% +the vibrations and rotations of the +various isomers of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +AET and the easy thing is + + align:start position:0% +AET and the easy thing is + + + align:start position:0% +AET and the easy thing is +vibrations the hard thing is + + align:start position:0% +vibrations the hard thing is + + + align:start position:0% +vibrations the hard thing is +rotations and I really did expect that I + + align:start position:0% +rotations and I really did expect that I + + + align:start position:0% +rotations and I really did expect that I +could do this and I can't can't uh but + + align:start position:0% +could do this and I can't can't uh but + + + align:start position:0% +could do this and I can't can't uh but +there is one thing that I can tell you + + align:start position:0% +there is one thing that I can tell you + + + align:start position:0% +there is one thing that I can tell you +and that + + align:start position:0% +and that + + + align:start position:0% +and that +is when we talked about asymmetric tops + + align:start position:0% +is when we talked about asymmetric tops + + + align:start position:0% +is when we talked about asymmetric tops +or any kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we had labels j k a or KP K C or + + align:start position:0% +uh we had labels j k a or KP K C or + + + align:start position:0% +uh we had labels j k a or KP K C or +KO and these + + align:start position:0% +KO and these + + + align:start position:0% +KO and these +labels are sufficient to map onto the + + align:start position:0% +labels are sufficient to map onto the + + + align:start position:0% +labels are sufficient to map onto the +four irreducible representations of the + + align:start position:0% +four irreducible representations of the + + + align:start position:0% +four irreducible representations of the +molecular rotation group and K A K + + align:start position:0% +molecular rotation group and K A K + + + align:start position:0% +molecular rotation group and K A K +C even even even odd odd even odd odd we + + align:start position:0% +C even even even odd odd even odd odd we + + + align:start position:0% +C even even even odd odd even odd odd we +factored the rotational hamiltonian into + + align:start position:0% +factored the rotational hamiltonian into + + + align:start position:0% +factored the rotational hamiltonian into +four blocks the four blocks had labels + + align:start position:0% +four blocks the four blocks had labels + + + align:start position:0% +four blocks the four blocks had labels +according to the uh odd or evenness of + + align:start position:0% +according to the uh odd or evenness of + + + align:start position:0% +according to the uh odd or evenness of +the KA and KC basis functions there are + + align:start position:0% +the KA and KC basis functions there are + + + align:start position:0% +the KA and KC basis functions there are +no inter block Matrix elements and there + + align:start position:0% +no inter block Matrix elements and there + + + align:start position:0% +no inter block Matrix elements and there +is a onetoone correspondence between + + align:start position:0% +is a onetoone correspondence between + + + align:start position:0% +is a onetoone correspondence between +these symbols and irreducible + + align:start position:0% +these symbols and irreducible + + + align:start position:0% +these symbols and irreducible +representation + + align:start position:0% +representation + + + align:start position:0% +representation +labels in + + align:start position:0% +labels in + + + align:start position:0% +labels in +G8 + + align:start position:0% +G8 + + + align:start position:0% +G8 +uh and that's where I I I can't act as + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's where I I I can't act as + + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's where I I I can't act as +your guide because I thought I had it + + align:start position:0% +your guide because I thought I had it + + + align:start position:0% +your guide because I thought I had it +worked out but every pneumonic I've used + + align:start position:0% +worked out but every pneumonic I've used + + + align:start position:0% +worked out but every pneumonic I've used +has inconsistency so I would really + + align:start position:0% +has inconsistency so I would really + + + align:start position:0% +has inconsistency so I would really +suggest that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that you spend some + + align:start position:0% +that you spend some + + + align:start position:0% +that you spend some +time with this paper by Jim + + align:start position:0% +time with this paper by Jim + + + align:start position:0% +time with this paper by Jim +Lundberg + + align:start position:0% +Lundberg + + + align:start position:0% +Lundberg +which I find at the time when he wrote + + align:start position:0% +which I find at the time when he wrote + + + align:start position:0% +which I find at the time when he wrote +it I thought it was wonderful because I + + align:start position:0% +it I thought it was wonderful because I + + + align:start position:0% +it I thought it was wonderful because I +I thought I + + align:start position:0% +I thought I + + + align:start position:0% +I thought I +understood but it's not wonderful enough + + align:start position:0% +understood but it's not wonderful enough + + + align:start position:0% +understood but it's not wonderful enough +because I can't get an understanding of + + align:start position:0% +because I can't get an understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +because I can't get an understanding of +the subject to lecture to you from this + + align:start position:0% +the subject to lecture to you from this + + + align:start position:0% +the subject to lecture to you from this +paper uh this is paper is from my + + align:start position:0% +paper uh this is paper is from my + + + align:start position:0% +paper uh this is paper is from my +Highland dies in my stimulated Mission + + align:start position:0% +Highland dies in my stimulated Mission + + + align:start position:0% +Highland dies in my stimulated Mission +pumping book I do not have it + + align:start position:0% +pumping book I do not have it + + + align:start position:0% +pumping book I do not have it +electronically but I do have uh copies + + align:start position:0% +electronically but I do have uh copies + + + align:start position:0% +electronically but I do have uh copies +that I can give you uh and uh uh who + + align:start position:0% +that I can give you uh and uh uh who + + + align:start position:0% +that I can give you uh and uh uh who +would like such well you can just come + + align:start position:0% +would like such well you can just come + + + align:start position:0% +would like such well you can just come +to my office and get a copy + + align:start position:0% +to my office and get a copy + + + align:start position:0% +to my office and get a copy +um if there's only one person who wants + + align:start position:0% +um if there's only one person who wants + + + align:start position:0% +um if there's only one person who wants +a copy how many people want + + align:start position:0% +a copy how many people want + + + align:start position:0% +a copy how many people want +copies uh okay I have some copies I did + + align:start position:0% +copies uh okay I have some copies I did + + + align:start position:0% +copies uh okay I have some copies I did +some xeroxing and there's a little cut + + align:start position:0% +some xeroxing and there's a little cut + + + align:start position:0% +some xeroxing and there's a little cut +off on the edge but it's and that's + + align:start position:0% +off on the edge but it's and that's + + + align:start position:0% +off on the edge but it's and that's +Susan and I'm not going to answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that it is she should know that I'm + + align:start position:0% +that it is she should know that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that it is she should know that I'm +lecturing at this time is it after + + align:start position:0% +lecturing at this time is it after + + + align:start position:0% +lecturing at this time is it after +6 it's two it's two it's two minutes + + align:start position:0% +6 it's two it's two it's two minutes + + + align:start position:0% +6 it's two it's two it's two minutes +well she's just going to have to wait + + align:start position:0% +well she's just going to have to wait + + + align:start position:0% +well she's just going to have to wait +till I finish uh anyway so I have some + + align:start position:0% +till I finish uh anyway so I have some + + + align:start position:0% +till I finish uh anyway so I have some +copies in my office and there it + + align:start position:0% +copies in my office and there it + + + align:start position:0% +copies in my office and there it +is uh and uh uh so what where do I want + + align:start position:0% +is uh and uh uh so what where do I want + + + align:start position:0% +is uh and uh uh so what where do I want +to leave this oh well I have evaluation + + align:start position:0% +to leave this oh well I have evaluation + + + align:start position:0% +to leave this oh well I have evaluation +forms uh and so I'd appreciate if you + + align:start position:0% +forms uh and so I'd appreciate if you + + + align:start position:0% +forms uh and so I'd appreciate if you +would say some nice things about me on + + align:start position:0% +would say some nice things about me on + + + align:start position:0% +would say some nice things about me on +these because nobody ever I always get + + align:start position:0% +these because nobody ever I always get + + + align:start position:0% +these because nobody ever I always get +these terrible + + align:start position:0% +these terrible + + + align:start position:0% +these terrible +evaluations + + align:start position:0% +evaluations + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations +and and so we can hand them in uh + + align:start position:0% +and and so we can hand them in uh + + + align:start position:0% +and and so we can hand them in uh +Analise will take + + align:start position:0% +Analise will take + + + align:start position:0% +Analise will take +responsibil responsibility for them at + + align:start position:0% +responsibil responsibility for them at + + + align:start position:0% +responsibil responsibility for them at +some point okay you can give them to her + + align:start position:0% +some point okay you can give them to her + + + align:start position:0% +some point okay you can give them to her +in the office uh or whatever but uh she + + align:start position:0% +in the office uh or whatever but uh she + + + align:start position:0% +in the office uh or whatever but uh she +will take respons okay so there will be + + align:start position:0% +will take respons okay so there will be + + + align:start position:0% +will take respons okay so there will be +no more lectures in this course and + + align:start position:0% +no more lectures in this course and + + + align:start position:0% +no more lectures in this course and +everybody who's registered for the + + align:start position:0% +everybody who's registered for the + + + align:start position:0% +everybody who's registered for the +course is going to get an + + align:start position:0% +course is going to get an + + + align:start position:0% +course is going to get an +A and that's that that's the end um I + + align:start position:0% +A and that's that that's the end um I + + + align:start position:0% +A and that's that that's the end um I +wish I could give this course again and + + align:start position:0% +wish I could give this course again and + + + align:start position:0% +wish I could give this course again and +I wish I could kill this topic + + align:start position:0% +I wish I could kill this topic + + + align:start position:0% +I wish I could kill this topic +especially because of Adam who came to + + align:start position:0% +especially because of Adam who came to + + + align:start position:0% +especially because of Adam who came to +hear + + align:start position:0% +hear + + + align:start position:0% +hear +me convey Insight on a subject which is + + align:start position:0% +me convey Insight on a subject which is + + + align:start position:0% +me convey Insight on a subject which is +difficult and I have disappointed him as + + align:start position:0% +difficult and I have disappointed him as + + + align:start position:0% +difficult and I have disappointed him as +well as the rest of you but uh it is a + + align:start position:0% +well as the rest of you but uh it is a + + + align:start position:0% +well as the rest of you but uh it is a +beautiful subject and we will understand + + align:start position:0% +beautiful subject and we will understand + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful subject and we will understand +it all together or some of us together + + align:start position:0% +it all together or some of us together + + + align:start position:0% +it all together or some of us together +okay thank you for coming to my lectures + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you for coming to my lectures + + + align:start position:0% +okay thank you for coming to my lectures +and I wish we could go on + + align:start position:0% +and I wish we could go on + + + align:start position:0% +and I wish we could go on +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/QvK6YdFKMY8.txt b/QvK6YdFKMY8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b02ea54deff4e6cc1e33d02a46a020e7c0b4af0 --- /dev/null +++ b/QvK6YdFKMY8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3362 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Last time, we talked +about attention and the + +idea that attention has +got some properties. + +We're very limited in what +we can focus on. + +We attend to less than +we might guess in our + +environment. + +On the other hand, there are +channels of information that + +sneak into us unconsciously +or with minimal attention. + +And experimental research has +shown us what requires our + +focused attention to be noticed +and what can sneak in + +through pathways, things like +features in our environment. + +And so I want to talk to you +today about two kinds of + +spectacular disorders of +attention in a higher level + +vision and insight they +give us into the + +brain basis of attention. + +And again, the message is how +much we construct by the rules + +of our mind and brain +the environment that + +we see around us. + +So we'll talk about +blindsight. + +That's a great name, the +paradoxical state that people + +are cortically blind, but they +kind of perceive some things. + +So we'll talk about that. + +What is it? + +What do we know about +its brain basis? + +What system of unconscious +perception + +might be in our brains? + +In these patients, it's their +only visual system. + +In you and I, it's something +in us, and we don't know + +exactly what it's doing relative +to our conscious + +visual system. + +But we have the same brain +system available to us. + +And then neglect, what it is, +its brain basis, and how it + +teaches us again how we +construct the world around us + +to know what space we're in +and what's around us. + +So a reminder, and I think you +know this well by now that the + +world out there is divided into +a left and right visual + +field as we look for it in the +middle, that the information + +from the left visual field goes +through your brain and + +ends up shown in the right +primary visual cortex, from + +the right visual field +into your left + +primary visual cortex. + +But there's one other pathway +we haven't talked about very + +much which goes to a structure +called the superior + +colliculus. + +It's part of your midbrain. + +And it's the system we think +gives rise to the possibility + +of sensation without +perception. + +That phrase, sensation without +perception, is a good one to + +describe blindsight. + +And we'll describe +it in a moment. + +So from your retina, where all +vision has to go through, a + +little bit of information-- + +a small number of fibers-- go +to part of your brain that + +controls your pupillary +reflexes, what makes your + +pupils get wider or +smaller to see. + +90% of the fibers coming in, the +fibers come from your eye + +and go through the lateral +geniculate or through the + +major system that you've heard +about from Melissa that + +connect to your primary +visual cortex. + +And then, there's one other +small visual pathway from your + +retina to this superior +colliculus sometimes called a + +tectopulvinar system. + +So it's a small pathway from +your eyes in terms of the + +number of nerve fibers. + +And so people said, well, can we +say what's not done by the + +major visual pathway that goes +from the eye to the cortex? + +What's done by this other +small pathway? + +And one of the ways they looked +at it originally all + +the way back in 1881 was to +create in dogs bilateral + +occipital lesions. + +So now, they're cortically +blind. + +They're not retinally blind. + +They're cortically blind. + +It's in the cortex. + +And what could these +animals do? + +And they were very impressed. + +Although these animals didn't +recognize many things, they + +could steer their way around +their environment. + +They wouldn't bump +into things. + +If you had a blindfold on or +if you were retinally blind + +and weren't given any +opportunity to know your + +environment, you would bump +into things, right? + +But these animals seemed to +steer their way around things + +pretty well. + +And they can do some other very +simple tasks even though + +they ought to have been +seeing nothing. + +So this is a suggestion in +animals that there's something + +in the brains of primates that +gives you some information + +that doesn't go through +your conscious cortex. + +And then, a number of patient +studies in patients with + +naturally occurring injuries +have really shown us, given us + +a chance to experiment on them +in a human and relate them to + +human experience. + +So here's a patient who had a +large injury, a large bleed, + +in the right visual cortex. + +So because of this, this +patient, this man was blind in + +the left visual field. + +This field was fine. + +This field was blind. + +Cortically blind. + +And the way that people figure +out in what way are you blind, + +what parts of the world do you +see and do you not see, is + +they'll put you in front +of a computer monitor. + +And they'll turn on lights +in various locations. + +And they'll create a map like +this, which shows you where + +you respond when a light comes +on and where you don't see it. + +So your job, basically you +just look in the middle. + +And you say, push a button +when a light comes on. + +So you're waiting. + +And a light comes on somewhere +on the monitor. + +So what this picture is showing +you is that the person + +could respond when the lights +came on anywhere on the left + +side, but never responded, never +said a light came on on + +the right side. + +People call this perimetry. + +It's a standard neurological +test of visual difficulty. + +Here's a person whose injury +harms only a quadrant of their + +visual field. + +So they never respond when a +light turns on in that quarter + +of the world out there. + +But the other three quarters, +they respond to. + +So that's a way of testing +what do you do. + +And you're not asking them +anything sophisticated, just + +did a light come on. + +Is that OK? + +So for this patient, +here's the mapping. + +This patient was fine in +the right visual field. + +This is one eye. + +This is the other eye. + +And terrible-- + +with a few spots a little bit +better-- because lesions + +occurring naturally in people +are seldom perfect lesions. + +But you can see that all this +area that's dark are areas + +that, when a light came on in +the left visual field, this + +man never responded that +anything had turned on. + +There's nothing simpler, +right, than a light + +turning on and off. + +He did not experience anything +turning on in that way in the + +left half of the world. + +So they noticed as they gave +this test that even though he + +was saying, I don't see +anything, nothing's happening, + +that when they flash something +in that cortically blind + +field, he would move his eyes +in that direction as if + +something in his mind +and brain felt + +something had happened. + +Not only something happened, but +roughly where it happened. + +But that information was +not available to + +his conscious mind. + +He's never pushing a button +that he says he saw it. + +He always says nothing. + +I'm waiting for something +to come on. + +And if it comes on in his +good field, he responds. + +Does that make sense, OK? + +But something seemed to do it. + +And when they found that it was +better than chance in the + +left visual field, about things +like if they put on a + +bigger patch of light. + +He could tell if they gave him +a short line or a long line. + +Now, he would never say, +I see the line. + +You would have to make +him make a guess. + +So when you read the papers, +it's something like, I don't + +see anything. + +I don't see anything. + +Well, you must guess. + +Is it a short line +or a long line? + +I don't see it. + +There's no basis for +me to guess. + +It'll be a completely +random guess. + +But you must guess, OK? + +Short or long? + +And then, if the lines are far +enough apart in size, he's + +almost 100%-- + +97% accurate. + +If he's forced to guess but he +never has the experience that + +he sees the line, he's just +forced to guess and told that + +it's two lines. + +Or he can judge things like, +is it a circle or a cross? + +Is it an x or an o? + +But he can't do something like +a square versus a rectangle. + +It's very limited. + +Subjectively, he always +feels he sees nothing. + +If he's given two choices, for +some things he can make the + +correct choice if he's forced +to make a guess. + +And there's other sophisticated +ways, again, to + +show that even though he's +unconscious of anything in his + +blind field, something in his +mind and brain is processing + +information there. + +So here, they had a thing where +he pushed a button when + +a light came on. + +This is his good field. + +And it takes him, on average, +359 milliseconds. + +Now, they do the same thing. + +This is his good field. + +But they put on at the +same time a light + +in his blind field. + +And when they do that, his time +goes up by about a tenth + +of a second as if the +distraction in the blind field + +was slightly distracting him +from making that button press. + +So another objective way of +demonstrating that some + +information has been processed +in the blind field even though + +he never says he feels like +something's happening there. + +So here's one more patient, and +the last one I'll show you + +of this kind, who had the +unfortunate occurrence of + +having two strokes, one in the +left occipital cortex and one + +in the right occipital cortex, +about 36 days apart. + +So now, he was blind in both +fields by the time he had had + +both of his strokes. + +So he was a very +unlucky person. + +Here in the dark is +the missing cortex + +that has died away. + +Now, always the problems with +humans is the injuries are not + +controlled and precise. + +And so here's two examples, one +in monkeys, an incredibly + +clever experiment to get a +monkey to tell you what he or + +she is thinking about. + +And then, one with infants +as well, human infants. + +And how do you get a monkey +to talk to you about their + +subjective experience? + +The striking thing about +blindside is the person's + +saying, I see nothing. + +I see nothing. + +I see nothing, even as he walks +past obstacles with + +precision and carefulness. + +So here, what it is, they took +monkeys and made unilateral + +lesions in them. + +There's a control monkey and +three where they surgically + +removed, as precisely as they +could, the left occipital + +visual cortex and the corpus +callosum that connects the + +left and the right. + +And the first task-- and I'll +show you in a moment-- was to + +touch a light when +it comes on. + +And the second half is the +clever design to get the + +monkey to tell you what +he or she subjectively + +feels is going on. + +So here's the video they would +make of the monkey. + +And in one case, here's +the light coming on. + +So the monkeys had +left removal. + +So this is the blind side. + +These bars show you how often +they point correctly to a + +light going on. + +And under this circumstance, +forced to point, forced to + +point, here's the +control animal. + +And you can see that the animals +who are blind in this + +field do almost perfectly. + +When they're forced to point, +they pick almost perfectly + +which stimulus comes on +in the blind field. + +Now, they add one more thing +to the experiment. + +They have a number of lights +on the good side. + +Here is a response that they +can push to signal "I saw + +nothing." And if they truly +saw nothing, they get the + +juice reward for which +they're working for. + +But there's a light that can +come on here in their bad + +field on their right side. + +Now, what happens? + +Here's the control monkey doing +perfectly well for the + +lights on this side, lights on +this side, and when nothing is + +happening pushing this +bar to signal + +that nothing is happening. + +Sometimes, no light comes on. + +So now, the monkeys will have +to say, "I see nothing," by + +pushing this big panel up +here if nothing seems + +to have turned on. + +But look what happens to the +monkeys with the cortical + +lesions on the left. + +When this light comes on, they +almost never say they saw it. + +They almost always push, +"I saw nothing." + +When they're allowed to say "I +saw nothing" by the response, + +then even though this thing that +you know they can see-- + +because you see here +they're responding + +perfectly well over here-- + +but when allowed to consciously +respond what they + +see, then these black bars +are all the way down. + +They almost never indicate +they saw something. + +They almost always pick the +response, "I saw nothing." So + +the monkey is telling you what +his subjective experience is, + +which is like the humans with +the cortical lesions. + +They're reporting they see +nothing, even though some part + +of their brain can pick it up. + +How about in humans? + +So sometimes humans, children, +infants, for medical reasons + +have to have hemispherectomies +in the first year. + +These are unfortunate infants +who have severe brain + +injuries, severe epilepsy. + +And it's considered better to +help them by removing an + +entire hemisphere than to let +them have the severity of the + +epilepsy they were having. + +These are rare cases in very +unfortunate infants. + +And in these infants who got +this for purely medical + +reasons to make their lives +better, they also did an + +experiment to show you something +not only about, I + +think, again, what happens in +our conscious visual system, + +but also how that system grows +in infancy and the growth of a + +conscious cortical +visual system. + +So here's what they did. + +Infants this young-- because +they're in their first year-- + +can't even point and you can't +tell them to point. + +So again, you have to be +clever experimentally. + +And what they did is they +watched where their eyes moved + +and recorded that information. + +And that was the behavior. + +Sometimes, they would +have a fixation. + +They've always had a fixation. + +You're looking in the middle. + +And then, something would come +on out of side or this side, + +in the blind field or +in the intact field. + +And they would see how often +would their eyes move to a + +stimulus in their good +field, which they + +expected all the time. + +But how often would it move to +the stimulus in the blind + +field, the eye movement? + +Then, they had a competition +condition where you have a dot + +in the middle. + +And that fixation dot would stay +on while a box appeared + +here or here. + +So the only sense-- + +the only difference between +these two is there's a dot in + +the middle that can compete +for what you look at. + +OK? + +It's not a big competition. + +It's just a boring dot +that stays on. + +But there's a big consequence. + +So here's how often they moved +their eyes to the target in + +the non-competition condition. + +The dot goes on. + +It goes off. + +And the box comes on in your +good field or your bad field. + +And all these bars are +up at the top. + +And practically every trial, at +eight weeks, 10 weeks, and + +12 weeks of age, the infant +moves his or her eyes to the + +stimulus whether it's in the +blind field or the good field. + +So something in their mind and +brain is letting them identify + +something and moves their eyes +to the good field, much like + +we talked about before +for the adults. + +Now, in the competition +condition, you can already see + +it's not quite the same. + +If there's a dot on and the +box comes on their blind + +field, they don't always +make it to the box. + +That dot is capturing their +conscious cortical attention + +and diminishing the likelihood +they notice the box coming on + +in the blind field. + +And as the weeks pass from +eight to 10 to 12, just a + +month of development, +look what happens. + +This bar goes from a little +lower, a lot lower, near zero. + +That is, from eight to 12 weeks, +what it looks like is + +happening is that as the +cortical system matures and + +the infant's consciousness is +growing in some sense, now + +it's no longer tending to +process the information in the + +blind field if there's +competition. + +Because the growth of that +consciousness in the cortex is + +suppressing the ability of the +infant to communicate with + +unconscious systems or be guided +by unconscious systems + +in the brain. + +So the cool thing is the +implication of this, is all of + +us have this collicular +system in us. + +It's a visual system +that's been around + +long through evolution. + +All of us have this massive +conscious geniculate, the one + +that goes into your +cortex system. + +And that dominates this +other system. + +And so we only see it +revealed in these + +patients as guiding behavior. + +But who knows what it +really does in us? + +Because it's quietly +sitting there. + +We don't have conscious +access to it. + +And who knows how much it's +guiding our behavior? + +And it's very hard to +figure that out. + +But it's definitely disappearing +from our + +conscious life within the first +couple months of our + +development. + +So now, I'm going to switch to +the second major disorder + +we'll talk about, attention and +neglect, and go through + +anosagnosia, a spectacular +version of that disorder, + +something about how it's +behaviorally measured, its + +brain basis, and then +a few more analyses. + +But in the book, there's +a very nice + +chapter about these patients. + +Now, patients with blindsight +are extremely rare. + +You have to have exactly the +right kind of injury to damage + +a lot of your occipital +cortex. + +And those kinds of injuries +rarely occur on that scale. + +Attention and neglect, what I'm +about to describe to you, + +if any of you become physicians +or work in hospital + +settings, you are guaranteed +to see this a lot. + +A lot-- it's very, very common +for patients who've had things + +like stroke or brain injuries +of some kind or another. + +And a pretty typical example +is from Oliver Sacks. + +Most of the Sacks cases are +pretty rare, prosopagnosia, + +pretty rare. + +Neglect? + +Incredibly common in +the hospital ward, + +in neurology service. + +So here, he talks about a woman, +an intelligent woman in + +her 60s, massive stroke +affecting deep or inner back + +portions of her right cerebral +hemisphere, good + +intelligence and humor. + +And what happens to her when +they bring her her dessert or + +coffee on her tray +in the hospital? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, she complains +that she's not getting enough + +food because she's only +eating food on the + +right half of her plate. + +The left half of the plate, +it's as if it + +weren't present for her. + +When they say, "But Mrs. S., +it is right there on the + +left," she seems not to +understand what they say and + +does not look to the left. + +If her head is gently turned +so the dessert comes into + +sight in the preserved right +half of her field, she says, + +"Oh, there it is! + +It wasn't there before." + +You understand? + +It's as if the left half of +the plate did not exist. + +And if they swivel her head and +now that left half of her + +plate is in her right field, +now she goes, oh my gosh! + +Who snuck that on my plate? + +Now I can finish my meal. + +And it's not just that. + +She also only puts on makeup +on half her face looking in + +the mirror, which can lead +to comical impressions. + +So she ignores the left +half of her world. + +And it's not just that +it isn't there. + +It's as if it couldn't +be there. + +It's as if, what are you talking +about there's a left + +half of something? + +I see everything. + +So we'll talk a little about +this and understand more + +of it coming up. + +So neglect means a failure to +respond or report to something + +that's opposite to the lesion-- +contralateral means + +opposite to the lesion-- + +that can't be accounted +for by simple things. + +These patients don't have +primary visual problems. + +They understand language. + +They're paying attention. + +They're the ones who deny the +left half of their body. + +They dress on one side. + +They eat from one side +of the plate. + +And they also have something +that I'll show you in a + +moment, the example because it +comes back a couple times. + +And it sounds fancy, +but it's simple. + +There's extinction to double +simultaneous stimulation seen + +in the late stages. + +So here's what the neurologist +does-- and you'll see at least + +one neurologist doing this in +a film clip coming up-- and + +they do this all the time +in the hospital. + +They'll wiggle their fingers. + +They'll try to get it in the +middle of the patient. + +This isn't carefully controlled, +but it's done on + +the bedside. + +They'll wiggle one side +and say, do you + +see anything moving? + +Or the other side, and sometimes +they wiggle both. + +And the typical response +in neglect is already + +fascinating. + +So past the early stages of the +disorder, they'll notice + +the thing on the left side. + +From their perspective, that's +their neglected side. + +They'll notice it on +the right side. + +That's their good side. + +They're noticing this +finger wiggling. + +They're noticing that +finger wiggling. + +But when the physician wiggles +both fingers at the same time, + +then the patient will +only notice the + +one on the good side. + +It's as if this is extinguished +because this one + +grabs your attention. + +And you know they can +see it by itself. + +So it's only when it's both +sides that it's extinguished. + +And we'll come back to that. + +It's interesting. + +It's not that their +mind can't see. + +But when there's competition +in the two fields-- which + +reminds me a little bit +of blindsight -- + +then their mind can't see it. + +So a strong, a fascinating and +rarer piece of this, but again + +not very rare, is something +called anosagnosia where they + +not only have the neglect that +I just described, but they + +deny any problem at all. + +So typically, the patient has a +big, right lesions, about 5% + +of neglect cases. + +And a very fascinating +neuroscientist, you may have + +read some of his stuff. + +He's a very creative mind, +Ramachandran at UCSD, did some + +semi-experiments with some +of these patients. + +So these are patients with +right sided lesions. + +It says they have weakness or +non-use of their left hand. + +And so here's his dialogue +with them. + +Can you use your right hand? + +And that patient's +hand is fine. + +Yes. + +Can use your left hand? + +Yes. + +The patient can't use +her left hand. + +Are your hands equally strong? + +Yes. + +Can you point to my nose +with your right hand? + +And she does. + +Her right hand is fine. + +Can you point to my nose +with your left hand? + +The paralyzed left hand-- it's +the left hand because it's a + +right hemisphere stroke-- + +does not move at all. + +Are you pointing to my nose? + +Yes. + +Can clearly see it pointing? + +Yes, it's about two inches +from your nose. + +Can you clap? + +Of course I can clap. + +And here's what she does. + +Are you clapping? + +Yes, I'm clapping. + +She can't move her left side. + +But in every way in this +patient's reports, she seems + +to deny in a deep sense that +there's any problem in her + +performance or any weakness +of any kind. + +So he wanted to do a couple +little experiments to show + +that it's not just that they're +saying, but they'll + +follow all the way through. + +So imagine that you had +injured your left + +arm, was in a cast. + +And somebody asked you, I'm +going to give you two choices. + +I'm going to give you $5 to +screw in a light bulb-- + +your left arm is +in a cast now-- + +or $10 to tie your shoe laces. + +Which would you take? + +The light bulb, right? + +Because it's going to be hard +to tie your shoe laces with + +one arm out of action. + +This person is the same way. + +She's had a stroke. + +Her left arm's not +functioning. + +She should definitely +take the light bulb. + +She takes the shoe laces. + +When the physician, +Ramachandran, describes as she + +sits there with one hand trying +to flop the laces + +together making no progress at +all, he says finally he has to + +end the exercise. + +He can't take it anymore. + +She'll just keep going until-- + +So she just doesn't process +that her left side of her + +body's not working. + +And then, he does another +experiment more impressive. + +I can use one of +these, I think. + +So imagine this was a tray of +cocktail glasses full of + +water, let's say to +the very brim. + +Imagine there's three here +and three-- six things. + +You can see they're +right at the top. + +And you're just hoping that the +person bringing it to you + +doesn't spill it on you. + +And the person brings it over +to you, actually filled with + +water and asks a patient +to hold the tray. + +OK, can I pick on you +for one second? + +Imagine you had only-- + +how would you hold the +tray if one arm was + +unavailable for you? + +OK, I'm bringing this over. + +You have to watch, +very exciting. + +There's water. + +Yes, OK. + +How would you had if two hands +were available to you? + +OK, thank you. + +OK, right? + +That's easy for you to imagine +how you would hold it. + +They walk over to the patient +with all this stuff. + +They hand it to her. + +And what does the patient do? + +She puts out her right hand +on the right side. + +And the whole thing +falls over. + +They're trying to demonstrate +it goes all the way through. + +This person really believes +there's not a problem. + +And they can be doused in water +for a moment-- and I'm + +sure dried appropriately-- + +and still deny there's +any problem at all. + +Now, one thing they can do-- +and this is a weird line of + +research, but there's a number +of papers that show this. + +And I'm not recommending you +do this at home because + +actually, it's worse +than it sounds. + +They take a syringe with cold +water, and they put it into + +the left ear, the +image is here. + +The patient's eye +starts to move. + +They get a nystagmus. + +And they ask them +how they feel. + +And then she says, my +ear is very cold. + +But other than that, I'm fine. + +But they've given her +a little bit of a + +shock in the left ear. + +And now, he does the interesting +experiment. + +Do you feel OK? + +She says her ear is cold. + +Can you use your hands? + +At this moment when they've done +something in the left ear + +that wakes up the opposite +right hemisphere. + +I can use my right arm, +but not my left arm. + +I want to move it, but +it doesn't move. + +This happens just in a +moment from the cold + +syringe in her ear. + +Whose arm is this? holding +up the paralyzed arm. + +It's mine, of course. + +Can you use it? + +No, it's paralyzed-- like, what +kind of doctor do I have? + +It's paralyzed, of course. + +Now, here's something +really fun in a + +Sherlock Holmesian sense. + +How long has your arm +been paralyzed? + +Did it start just now? + +Because what he's asking is, +does she have a memory + +somewhere in her mind of her +entire experience, or does she + +say it just started right now? + +I don't know how +this happened. + +It's just not working. + +And she says, it's been +paralyzed for + +several days now. + +About 90 minutes later when they +redo this, she's back to + +just how she was. + +So they can temporarily +alleviate this by this + +irrigation to the ear. + +So this denial of the left half +of your body, this denial + +that you have any disorder +whatsoever is a + +very striking thing. + +In most patients, +it clears up. + +You saw pictures of +it from Melissa. + +You saw movies of patients +with object disorders. + +Those don't clear up. + +Balint's syndrome, spatial +disorders-- + +those don't clear up. + +Anosagnosia patients +grow out of it. + +Somehow, their brains +recover over time. + +But again, it shows you +how much attention is + +constructed, right? + +Because they have the +stuff to represent + +their arm, their disease. + +That's all in their +mind and brain. + +But the state they're in because +of the brain injury + +lets them not construct +that reality. + +So now, I'm going to show +you measures of neglect. + +This is in your list just for +your notes, but sort of fun + +just to look at the examples. + +So here's a patient. + +With these patients, they +typically have right sided + +lesions, so the neglect is to +the left half of the world. + +And here's a patient going to +the bathroom as if all you can + +do is make right turns instead +of going this way, as if the + +world weren't there, to +proceed on the left. + +Here's another test +that happens + +every day in a hospital. + +The physician has drawn +these lines and says, + +cross out the lines. + +It's not perfect. + +The patient does that one. + +But look, they cross out +all these lines. + +And the left half ones are +mostly left uncrossed. + +It's as if they weren't there. + +Here's what's called a +cancellation test. + +There's lots of letters here. + +And their job is to cross +out all the A's. + +Now, let me start +with neglect. + +You see over here, +this whole area? + +Nothing is circled +or crossed out. + +And you could say, well, what +would happen if instead of + +neglect, you were like one of +those blindsight patients who + +had a big lesion in the +cortex and you were + +blind on one side? + +What would you do there? + +Well, it's easy for those +patients because what they do + +is they don't see part +of the world. + +But what do they do? + +They turn their head, just +like you would do. + +They turn their head. + +They don't see it, but they +know they don't see it. + +And they turn their head. + +And a patient who's blind on one +side, loss in the visual + +field, gets all the lines +because all you have to do if + +you're blind on one side +is turn your head. + +It's not that hard in +a practical sense. + +But if you don't imagine the +left half of the world exists, + +where would you turn +your head to? + +And that's what these neglect +patients do, don't imagine the + +left half of the world exists. + +So here's an example of a +patient reading a text. + +They're handed this text. + +The slash lines here are where +this patient seems to think + +the left side of +the page stops. + +OK So they're overcoming +everything they know about how + +a sentence should be and +reading this passage. + +The patient says, "had to pass +the windows whom good morning + +message for the ground his with +all his and he bottle." + +Thank you very much. + +It's right in front of them, but +the left half of the page + +is just not present for +this person's mind. + +Here is a person copying +a flower. + +A psychologist or a neurologist +draws this flower + +or has a flower ready to go, +a drawing, and says copy + +everything you see. + +And it's not always totally +perfect exactly how it works. + +But you can see there's a lot +of the left side of this + +flower missing-- + +right in front of them. + +Here's a very simple one, too. + +Copy everything you see here. + +And what they see is these +three things up here. + +Their job's to copy everything +down here. + +They have all the +time they want. + +Left side is neglected. + +And all they copy +is the triangle. + +That's all they draw. + +And the tester will always +say, are you done? + +Are you sure you're done? + +The person says, I'm +sure I'm done. + +Thank you very much. + +Sometimes, they do something +remarkable. + +They're shown a scene +like this. + +Here's four trees with a +house in the middle. + +And you can see this patient +starts over here. + +They say, oh, there's a +tree over, draws this. + +There's a house over here. + +And they jump from location +to location. + +Every time their attention +lands, they draw the right + +half of it. + +It's always as if the +left were missing. + +And again, this idea of how +constructed this is. + +Here's two more examples. + +And the clock thing, we'll +talk a fair bit about. + +Here's a patient writing +to dictation. + +The first sentence, they +sort of stay-- + +but now, it's as if they +were running out + +of room on the page. + +It's like they're reading, +but it's writing. + +The left half of the +page doesn't exist. + +Clocks are used a lot in this +land, because it's kind of + +impressive. + +And we'll come back in a couple +different versions + +about this. + +But look at that. + +They were asked to draw +the time on a clock. + +And it's as if they could draw +the time on the right side, + +their good side. + +But it's as if the left half +of the clock didn't exist. + +Here's another patient asked +to draw the time. + +And you see almost what seems +like a struggle in the + +patient, right? + +They start on the right side. + +And then here, they're +running out of space. + +They've got to cram +in that 10. + +Their mind knows it +goes to 12, right? + +But there's no space +to put it in. + +And so you put them, in a sense, +in a sense of conflict. + +And that's the top version. + +The bottom, they were given +numbers one at a time. + +They were given, it tells +you here, 12 and 6. + +So they put those in +the right spots. + +Here comes 11. + +Already, 11 is like, +uh-oh, right? + +And then, they get 4, 9. + +9 is not going to make it. + +And 10, they know it has to come +after-- you can see that + +they put them actually in a +struggle between what they + +know, something about where the +numbers ought to go, but + +the impossibility of the +left half existing. + +Now, here's something-- and +we'll come back to this in a + +few minutes-- + +what happens if you just give +them a piece of paper and say, + +write down 1 o'clock. + +And then, you take that +piece of paper away. + +Write down 2 o'clock. + +Take that piece of paper away. + +Then look-- + +6, 7, 8, 9, 10, those +are not bad, right? + +If they just do one of them, the +very same patient who had + +to crowd everything on the right +is quite comfortable in + +putting down a pretty good +9, 10, and 11 if + +it's just one of them. + +We'll come back in a little bit +to experiments that help + +understand what's going on this +case because we don't + +only want a scientist +to say, wow, this is + +unbelievable and amazing. + +We like to say something more +about how the mind is doing + +this and what part of their +brain is important. + +And kind of impressively, here's +a patient with eyes + +open mostly crowding +on the right. + +Got the 10 on the left, but +doing a better job when their + +eyes are closed. + +They missed the dial +altogether. + +Their eyes are closed. + +But they actually do it-- +the same patient + +does a better job. + +OK, so how does that work? + +And one more thing to mention is +that neglect occurs across + +modalities. + +That is, when these patients +have neglect, I + +focused on the visual. + +But these patients also don't do +very well if they're doing + +things like reaching +for things. + +It's not just vision. + +It's pretty much everything in +the left half of the world. + +And you can do these kinds of +things which, again, show not + +only their neglect but the +constructed psychological + +nature of the neglect. + +It varies in ways that +are interesting. + +So they're given a line +like this and say + +mark the exact middle. + +You would draw something here. + +They draw here because they're +going to neglect + +that part of the line. + +Then, they say read the A. +So they draw the person's + +attention to A. And now draw +it, and they get better. + +Then, they're asked to +mark the middle. + +Not too good. + +Mark the middle-- but you +see the difference here. + +The A is present or +the B is present. + +And if the B is present, it +pulls them over here. + +If the A is present, it pulls +their attention over here. + +They put their hand at +the middle and say. + +Now, please mark the middle. + +Their hand goes over here +for the middle. + +But if they start them all the +way over here, their hand will + +only go this far. + +So as you see, all these +different movements are + +telling you that the mind +is interpreting what the + +world is out there. + +If you pull a little bit the +person to the left, they'll + +notice a little bit +more of the left. + +Where is the injury? + +So almost everywhere you read +still in neurology books to + +this day that it's in +the parietal cortex. + +But in the last few years, +people have mostly come to + +this idea that the damage +tends to be in + +the temporal lobe. + +And what happens when the +temporal lobe is injured, it + +knocks of the balance of +attention in the left and + +right parietal cortex. + +And there's something about +the activity in the right + +parietal cortex goes way down. + +That's paying attention to the +left half of the world. + +And as patients recover from +this, the balance comes back. + +And that's actually been +measured now by brain imaging. + +Their attention comes back +clinically, and it does in + +most patients. + +Then, the balance between the +two parietal cortices get + +reestablished. + +So even though people thought +the site of damage was here, + +the interpretation's usually +here in the temporal lobe. + +But the consequence of that is +reduced activity in this part + +of the brain, even if it's +not physically injured. + +The fantastic thing is-- + +think about this for a second-- +in order to ignore + +the left half of the flower, the +left half of a design, the + +left half of a page, the left +half of a clock, what do you + +have to know? + +Where the left and right are. + +It's not as if his +eyes were closed. + +If your eyes were closed, you +wouldn't know where left and + +right are on a page, right? + +He has to represent in his mind +what is left and right + +reasonably accurately. + +And then, he extinguishes +awareness that anything in the + +left could exist. + +But part of his mind has to know +what is left for that to + +work, right? + +Otherwise, the digits would be +all over the piece of paper, + +not even on the paper. + +He centers on the paper. + +He centers on the circle. + +Centering means I know +what's left. + +I know what's the center. + +And then boom, the left +disappears as a place that + +could exist. + +So these are all tasks +in front of you. + +There's been some incredibly +Sherlock Holmes like clever + +experiments asking whether you +also neglect your imagination. + +Not what's in front of you, +but your imagination. + +So here's the way they did it. + +Have any of you been in Milan? + +There's a central cathedral +in part of town. + +It's a big deal. + +So they took Milanese patients, +people who lived in + +Milan their whole lives who +had strokes in the right + +hemisphere who had neglect, and +they asked them to imagine + +the Piazza del Duomo, the major +church there, looking at + +it from one side of the square +or from entering from the + +opposite side of the square. + +And I'll show you the +other experiment. + +Here's the idea. + +They said imagine that you're +entering the square this + +direction so that the church +is behind you, or this + +direction so that the church +is in front of you. + +So you're entering the square +from one side or from the + +other side. + +Now, the square that you've been +too many times, that you + +know very well, tell me +everything that's in the + +square as you imagine entering +from one side. + +And here's what the +patient reports. + +They're imagining coming +out facing the church. + +And they report these kinds +of things from this side. + +If that's only on the +right side, they're + +ignoring the thing. + +So they say there's a cafe. + +There's a bookstore or whatever +else there is here. + +That's everything that's +in the square. + +Everything that's in the +square is shown in red? + +Everything that's +in the square. + +They wait just moments. + +And they say, now imagine +instead you were coming out + +from the church, opposite +view of the square. + +Tell me everything that's +in the square. + +And here's what they tell you. + +The items that are in blue-- +and they don't tell you the + +items they just told you, the +locations they've just told + +you circled in red. + +So they're sitting their +imagining their square. + +And then, they will ignore +everything on the left, + +whatever's their subject +of left. + +And you know they know it +because all they have to do is + +imagine they're on the opposite +side of the square, + +and then they report. + +Does that make sense? + +They're ignoring the left half +of what they imagine the + +square looks like when they've +been to it many times. + +And here's another patient doing +exactly the same thing. + +Imagine you're coming +out of the church. + +What's in the square? + +Well, here's some specific +places I know. + +That's it? + +That's it. + +Wait a minute. + +Imagine you come this way into +the square facing the church. + +What's everything +in the square? + +And they only report the +things on this side. + +So they're ignoring-- yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Does the patient +realize after a few seconds? + +PROFESSOR: No, they never do. + +It's an excellent question. + +They just answered a moment +ago one side, right? + +Why don't they tell you, I just +told you the stuff on the + +other side? + +Because it's as if it +couldn't exist. + +It's a little bit analogous +to the patient + +whose arm isn't moving. + +And you go, do you +have any problem? + +And they go, no, I don't +have any problem. + +It's as if there couldn't +be a problem. + +What are you talking +about, right? + +So it overcomes all their +knowledge and all their + +intelligence. + +It's as if I forced you to guess +in detail what's in the + +back of the room if something +new was there. + +And you go, there's no way. + +I can't see. + +I have no eyes in the +back of my head. + +It's sort of like that. + +It's as if the left half +couldn't exist. + +The contradiction they +could note-- + +just a moment ago I told you +the other one-- they don't + +notice it because something +about this neglect swallows up + +all of your judgment. + +It's beautifully phrased by some +neurologist as, it's as + +if the left half could +not exist. + +Whenever you're thinking +left, it doesn't exist. + +And ironically, you have to +think left for that to work. + +That's the amazing thing. + +You have to go, I'm +in the middle. + +There's a left. + +There's a right. + +Now, the left doesn't exist. + +And it couldn't exist. + +And every hint I get that it +does exist, like there's food + +on that side or the pages +usually go all the way here + +and makes the sentences make +sense, it all disappears on + +you because it couldn't +possibly exist. + +And the neat thing about +that is it's striking + +neurologically. + +But that means in our own heads +as we go around, we're + +constructing the world this way, +building up two separate + +sides of our brain that are +gluing together a picture of + +the world around us. + +And these patients lose +that glue on one + +side of their brain. + +Is that OK? + +Here's another version. + +It's less flashy, but +it's the same idea. + +Now, neglect can't +get small enough. + +If you make something +very tiny, then you + +don't ignore the left. + +Once it gets tiny enough, +you can't do it. + +So they took advantage +of that. + +And they show cloud like +stimulus of these. + +But they didn't show +them like this. + +They only had a slit. + +So you only saw the cloud +a bit at a time. + +And you see one cloud, and then +you see another cloud. + +Perhaps you'd see this cloud +go by, and you see + +this cloud go by. + +And your job was to say were +they identical clouds or not? + +And if they were not identical, +on which side do + +they differ? + +So because of all your visual +experiences through the slit-- + +which is too small for +neglect to happen-- + +what you do is you create in +your mind's eye what does that + +whole cloud look like as it +passed through the slit in + +your mind's eye? + +And then, you see another one. + +And you put that up in +your mind's eye. + +And you compare these two +things that are in your + +imagination in your +mind's eyes. + +And what happens is if these two +things differ on the left + +side, the patients rarely can +make that distinction. + +It's not because they +can't see it. + +It's always in that +narrow slit. + +But once they put the pieces +together, they put it up in + +their mind, the left half +disappears on them in their + +mind's eyes. + +So here's an experimental +approach to think about what + +might be going wrong +in these patients. + +So they used a very simple task, +which is when a light + +comes on, you push a button. + +That's all the task is. + +Any light comes on, +you push a button. + +And sometimes, they'll +put an arrow. + +And sometimes, you have +no information. + +The light comes on on the +left or the right. + +And sometimes, they'll put on +an arrow in the middle that + +will warn you whether the light +is likely to come on in + +the left or the right. + +So sometimes, you have +neutral things. + +You get a cross in the middle. + +Then, a light comes on. + +You don't have to say +left and right. + +You just push a button when +one of those goes on. + +Sometimes, he gets an error +that's called valid that, 80% + +of the time if it's pointing +this way, it will turn out on + +that side, 80% it will +turn on this side. + +So 80% of the time, +it's honest. + +And 20% of the time, +it's dishonest. + +So here's what it looks like. + +You're looking here at +a computer display. + +That thing disappears. + +And then, either an +x is here or here. + +And you push a button. + +That's all. + +Or a light comes on, and +you just push a button. + +That's all. + +If it came on on the left or +the right, I push button. + +When an arrow appears, 80% of +the time it's warning you + +where that light will appear. + +20%, it's dishonest and it +appears on the opposite side. + +So you will know, how good an +experimental psychologist you + +are right now, if I ask you +which condition do you think + +you're the fastest to push the +button, when you have an arrow + +that's truly telling you where +the light will come on, an + +arrow that's misleading +you, or an x + +that tells you nothing? + +Which do you think you'll +be fastest? + +PROFESSOR: Where the arrow's +pointing, right? + +Like, here's the answer, +over here! + +OK, thank you very much. + +Which do you think you'll +be slowest on? + +The dishonest arrow, right? + +The arrow says, look over +here, look over here! + +And you're looking over there. + +And you go, oh no! + +It came on the other side. + +You lied to me! + +And the x is the middle. + +And here's the data. + +And it's a very simple +experiment, right? + +How fast are you? + +This is reaction time just +to push a button + +when it comes on. + +Here's the neutral condition +in the middle. + +You're a little bit faster +if it's an honest arrow. + +You're a little bit +slower if it's a + +dishonest, misleading arrow. + +So now, you do this +exact experiment. + +And I'll show you the data. + +And then, I'll simplify it for +you with patients who have + +right sided damage, left +sided neglect. + +And you can see as you look at +these lines that the arrow can + +be honest or dishonest, +and it can be on the + +left or right side. + +Now, if you were always bad on +the neglected side, you go, + +well, that's not +a big surprise. + +But here's a surprise. + +Patients were only bad-- + +the times were way up here only +when they had a dishonest + +arrow that sent them into +their good side. + +That's when they were +really bad. + +So let's take a look +at this again. + +So here's the bad side. + +Here's the good side. + +When that arrow comes on +that's honest, good. + +When an arrow comes on that's +honest this way, they do fine. + +That's their bad field, +but they do fine. + +Tiny bit slower, but +just a tiny bit. + +Arrow comes on that moves them +into their bad field but + +really the light is on +here, they do fine. + +But if an arrow sends them into +their good field, then + +they're really, really slow +to get back here. + +So Posner argued that when you +move your attention in the + +world, you have three steps +you have to do. + +You have to disengage your +attention from where you're + +paying attention, +just logically. + +I'm paying attention +here right now. + +I'm going to pay attention +over here. + +I have to pull myself up from +here, move my attention over + +here, and then focus here. + +So you disengage, get out from +where you are, move to where + +you need to go, and land +and then focus + +what you want to do. + +And the only condition where +they're bad is where they have + +to get their attention out of +the good field as if once + +they're in that good field, once +their mind is landed in + +that good field, they're +in quicksand. + +And it's going to be really hard +to get their attention to + +move into the bad field. + +So think about this. + +The clocks are perfect for this +because when you draw a + +clock mostly-- + +think about that as +intuitively-- + +if I was to ask you to draw the +numbers on a clock, you + +start with a 12 typically. + +Then, what's the next +one you would draw? + +One, because that's how we're +taught to do clocks. + +Disaster if you have neglect. + +You're in the good field. + +Now, the left half of the clock +has disappeared on you + +because the clock has made you +land your attention on the + +good field. + +And now, you can't +pull out of it. + +But what happens if you only +have to draw 8 o'clock? + +Your attention never got moved +into the good field. + +It's just starting from +middle, so to speak. + +And this very same patient can +draw the 8 o'clock or 10 + +o'clock pretty well. + +Does that makes sense? + +Because they never got stuck +in the good field. + +They only moved into +the bad field. + +They can move into +the bad field. + +And so if their eyes are +closed, that's better. + +They get less stuck. + +And now, we understand +this thing. + +Why is it these patients, if +both fingers are moving-- + +because once their attention is +drawn into the good field, + +it's as if the bad field +disappeared on them. + +But if they only get stimulated +in the bad field, + +so right side here, then they're +OK because they never + +paid that much attention +to the good field. + +So this is a nice experiment. + +It shows you what +is the problem. + +The problem is once you're +paying attention to the good + +field, the normal, healthy +field, it's so powerful + +compared to the weakened +representation here, that you + +never leave it because it just +seems like everything. + +Now, here's a clever one. + +Again, this shows you how much +of attention is created by our + +minds as opposed to just +simply defined by the + +environment. + +So what if you show a display +to somebody with neglect and + +then rotate the display right +in front of them? + +So initially, the neglect is +going to be on the left side. + +But imagine the thing is turning +over like this, right + +in front of them. + +Will the neglect travel with +the initial assignment? + +So this is from Marlene +Behrmann, a very clever + +experiment. + +They have to pay attention +if the light + +comes on here or here. + +But what they do is while the +experiment's going on, right + +in front of you, it slowly +rotates over to here. + +And sure enough, then +the light comes on. + +Sure enough, the neglect now +moves into the good field + +because once you've assigned +left and right, you + +know this is left. + +So OK, you turn it over. + +That's still really left. + +But think how weird that is. + +The mind is deciding that. + +In an absolute sense, this +thing is on the right. + +But the mind said, this +is the leftward one. + +And you can flip it over, but +you're not tricking me. + +I know it's on the left, and +I'm considering it the + +leftward one. + +The mind is deciding what +counts as left and + +right, not the world. + +And what other kinds of +information is being processed + +that's not reaching +attention levels? + +So here's a cute experiment. + +They would say to these +patients, any difference + +between these two things? + +No. + +But if you had to live in one of +these houses, which one do + +you think you'd live? + +Well, I don't know. + +They're pretty much the same. + +Why would I pick one? + +Well, pick one! + +They go, ah, this looks like a +little better place to live if + +I have to pick one. + +Which vase do you want? + +I don't know. + +They look the same. + +You have to pick. + +I pick this one. + +Which glass to drink from? + +You have to pick. + +Pick this one. + +So they consciously are not +aware of what's going on here + +when there's information to +the opposite side to draw + +their attention. + +But something in their mind +somewhere is picking up + +information. + +So the last question-- and I'll +show you a final video-- + +is this. + +What kind of information is +picked up in the neglected + +field as you decide, some part +of your mind, to neglect it? + +So imagine if I showed +you two forks versus + +a fork and a spoon. + +In order for that to make a +difference whether you report + +both are present-- so again, +if you have a right sided + +lesion, you might tend not to +report this fork or not to + +report this key. + +If you just don't report either +one, OK, left is left + +and you're bad at reporting +that one. + +There's something competing +in the good field. + +Your attention gets drawn +here, hard to disengage. + +But if it makes a difference +what this thing is, that means + +that your mind kind of +knows what it is. + +And your mind is saying, well, +if it's a key, that's + +different enough that I can +still pay attention to it. + +But if it's another fork, those +are really similar. + +And now, my mind is really +sucked into this fork. + +But in order for that to make a +difference, do you see that + +you have to know somewhere in +your mind what's different on + +the left for that to affect +your performance? + +So now, we'll see a video of +a patient, the last one. + +This is a neurologist, Bob +Rafal, and a patient. + +It's a hugely nice thing of the +patients, most of all, but + +also the physicians to make +these tapes available for + +teaching purposes. + +So you understand-- + +just review for one month +and we're done-- + +that when the same object came +up, did he pretty much notice + +the one on the bad side and +the right side for him? + +No. + +Same object, he almost +always said it's one. + +If they're different objects, he +typically reported slightly + +sluggishly the one +on his bad side. + +That means part of his mind has +to know what the object is + +so that he ignores it if it's +identical and he reports it if + +it's different. + +Well, you have to know +what it is to base + +your answer on that. + +Yet, the logic of neglect is +that if they're identical, + +then he's going to ignore the +one that he spotted on the + +left in part of his mind but +squashed from his awareness on + +the other side. + +OK, thanks very much. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/QzSCf62kzjE.txt b/QzSCf62kzjE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4187db00b7c9bdde4a28c90ea7485ed82728733 --- /dev/null +++ b/QzSCf62kzjE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2435 @@ +align:start position:0% + +cardinality is the word that's used to + + align:start position:0% +cardinality is the word that's used to + + + align:start position:0% +cardinality is the word that's used to +refer to the size of infinite sets and + + align:start position:0% +refer to the size of infinite sets and + + + align:start position:0% +refer to the size of infinite sets and +before we go further let's take a quick + + align:start position:0% +before we go further let's take a quick + + + align:start position:0% +before we go further let's take a quick +look at why we're interested in infinite + + align:start position:0% +look at why we're interested in infinite + + + align:start position:0% +look at why we're interested in infinite +sets in a course that's mathematics for + + align:start position:0% +sets in a course that's mathematics for + + + align:start position:0% +sets in a course that's mathematics for +computer scientists why does computer + + align:start position:0% +computer scientists why does computer + + + align:start position:0% +computer scientists why does computer +science care about infinite sets well + + align:start position:0% +science care about infinite sets well + + + align:start position:0% +science care about infinite sets well +you know like every data structure that + + align:start position:0% +you know like every data structure that + + + align:start position:0% +you know like every data structure that +you'd examine in computer memory is + + align:start position:0% +you'd examine in computer memory is + + + align:start position:0% +you'd examine in computer memory is +finite and uh the integers uh + + align:start position:0% +finite and uh the integers uh + + + align:start position:0% +finite and uh the integers uh +individually are finite you only + + align:start position:0% +individually are finite you only + + + align:start position:0% +individually are finite you only +calculate with finite things but the + + align:start position:0% +calculate with finite things but the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate with finite things but the +infinite abstraction uh happens right at + + align:start position:0% +infinite abstraction uh happens right at + + + align:start position:0% +infinite abstraction uh happens right at +the beginning although any given integer + + align:start position:0% +the beginning although any given integer + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning although any given integer +is finite the set of all integers is + + align:start position:0% +is finite the set of all integers is + + + align:start position:0% +is finite the set of all integers is +infinite and although any given Matrix + + align:start position:0% +infinite and although any given Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +infinite and although any given Matrix +uh is finite a set of all the matrices + + align:start position:0% +uh is finite a set of all the matrices + + + align:start position:0% +uh is finite a set of all the matrices +that might be represented uh in a + + align:start position:0% +that might be represented uh in a + + + align:start position:0% +that might be represented uh in a +computation are find our an infinite Set + + align:start position:0% +computation are find our an infinite Set + + + align:start position:0% +computation are find our an infinite Set +uh so we we we take infinite sets for + + align:start position:0% +uh so we we we take infinite sets for + + + align:start position:0% +uh so we we we take infinite sets for +granted and reason about them all the + + align:start position:0% +granted and reason about them all the + + + align:start position:0% +granted and reason about them all the +time uh the second from a pedagogical + + align:start position:0% +time uh the second from a pedagogical + + + align:start position:0% +time uh the second from a pedagogical +point of view um introducing the concept + + align:start position:0% +point of view um introducing the concept + + + align:start position:0% +point of view um introducing the concept +of infinite sets and reasoning about + + align:start position:0% +of infinite sets and reasoning about + + + align:start position:0% +of infinite sets and reasoning about +them carefully forces you to go beyond + + align:start position:0% +them carefully forces you to go beyond + + + align:start position:0% +them carefully forces you to go beyond +your intuition and really follow the + + align:start position:0% +your intuition and really follow the + + + align:start position:0% +your intuition and really follow the +rules and reason in a careful + + align:start position:0% +rules and reason in a careful + + + align:start position:0% +rules and reason in a careful +mathematical way because although some + + align:start position:0% +mathematical way because although some + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical way because although some +properties that you're familiar with + + align:start position:0% +properties that you're familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +properties that you're familiar with +from finite sets carry over to infinite + + align:start position:0% +from finite sets carry over to infinite + + + align:start position:0% +from finite sets carry over to infinite +sets others don't and in order to know + + align:start position:0% +sets others don't and in order to know + + + align:start position:0% +sets others don't and in order to know +which is which you have to be thinking + + align:start position:0% +which is which you have to be thinking + + + align:start position:0% +which is which you have to be thinking +carefully about the rules and properties + + align:start position:0% +carefully about the rules and properties + + + align:start position:0% +carefully about the rules and properties +that they have as opposed to just going + + align:start position:0% +that they have as opposed to just going + + + align:start position:0% +that they have as opposed to just going +by intuition and familiar properties and + + align:start position:0% +by intuition and familiar properties and + + + align:start position:0% +by intuition and familiar properties and +finally uh the reasoning that uh goes uh + + align:start position:0% +finally uh the reasoning that uh goes uh + + + align:start position:0% +finally uh the reasoning that uh goes uh +goes into comparing the sizes of + + align:start position:0% +goes into comparing the sizes of + + + align:start position:0% +goes into comparing the sizes of +infinite sets which is the topic of + + align:start position:0% +infinite sets which is the topic of + + + align:start position:0% +infinite sets which is the topic of +today's video uh has profound + + align:start position:0% +today's video uh has profound + + + align:start position:0% +today's video uh has profound +implications in computer science because + + align:start position:0% +implications in computer science because + + + align:start position:0% +implications in computer science because +it leads to the insight about The + + align:start position:0% +it leads to the insight about The + + + align:start position:0% +it leads to the insight about The +Logical limits of + + align:start position:0% +Logical limits of + + + align:start position:0% +Logical limits of +computation and examples of specific + + align:start position:0% +computation and examples of specific + + + align:start position:0% +computation and examples of specific +problems that computers can't solve + + align:start position:0% +problems that computers can't solve + + + align:start position:0% +problems that computers can't solve +which we'll be taking up in a later + + align:start position:0% +which we'll be taking up in a later + + + align:start position:0% +which we'll be taking up in a later +video but for now uh let's go back to + + align:start position:0% +video but for now uh let's go back to + + + align:start position:0% +video but for now uh let's go back to +the topic of + + align:start position:0% +the topic of + + + align:start position:0% +the topic of +cardinality so um there was this uh + + align:start position:0% +cardinality so um there was this uh + + + align:start position:0% +cardinality so um there was this uh +mathematician in the 19th century late + + align:start position:0% +mathematician in the 19th century late + + + align:start position:0% +mathematician in the 19th century late +19th century named caner um who was + + align:start position:0% +19th century named caner um who was + + + align:start position:0% +19th century named caner um who was +actually working on uh Fier series and + + align:start position:0% +actually working on uh Fier series and + + + align:start position:0% +actually working on uh Fier series and +he discovered that the the kind of + + align:start position:0% +he discovered that the the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +he discovered that the the kind of +series that he was working with uh + + align:start position:0% +series that he was working with uh + + + align:start position:0% +series that he was working with uh +diverged at infinitely many places which + + align:start position:0% +diverged at infinitely many places which + + + align:start position:0% +diverged at infinitely many places which +sounds kind of bad but he wanted to get + + align:start position:0% +sounds kind of bad but he wanted to get + + + align:start position:0% +sounds kind of bad but he wanted to get +across the idea that it didn't diverge + + align:start position:0% +across the idea that it didn't diverge + + + align:start position:0% +across the idea that it didn't diverge +at very many infinite places and that + + align:start position:0% +at very many infinite places and that + + + align:start position:0% +at very many infinite places and that +led him to this idea of comparing the + + align:start position:0% +led him to this idea of comparing the + + + align:start position:0% +led him to this idea of comparing the +sizes of infinite sets so this is + + align:start position:0% +sizes of infinite sets so this is + + + align:start position:0% +sizes of infinite sets so this is +Canter's idea what you know from the + + align:start position:0% +Canter's idea what you know from the + + + align:start position:0% +Canter's idea what you know from the +mapping Lemma that if you're looking at + + align:start position:0% +mapping Lemma that if you're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +mapping Lemma that if you're looking at +finite sets A and B then the size of a + + align:start position:0% +finite sets A and B then the size of a + + + align:start position:0% +finite sets A and B then the size of a +is greater than or equal to the size of + + align:start position:0% +is greater than or equal to the size of + + + align:start position:0% +is greater than or equal to the size of +B if and only if a surge B where surge + + align:start position:0% +B if and only if a surge B where surge + + + align:start position:0% +B if and only if a surge B where surge +is this technical relation which means + + align:start position:0% +is this technical relation which means + + + align:start position:0% +is this technical relation which means +there exists a surjective function uh + + align:start position:0% +there exists a surjective function uh + + + align:start position:0% +there exists a surjective function uh +from A to B that is a function with + + align:start position:0% +from A to B that is a function with + + + align:start position:0% +from A to B that is a function with +greater than or equal to one Arrow into + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to one Arrow into + + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to one Arrow into +every element of + + align:start position:0% +every element of + + + align:start position:0% +every element of +B um and Ker's idea was saying well it + + align:start position:0% +B um and Ker's idea was saying well it + + + align:start position:0% +B um and Ker's idea was saying well it +works fine for finite sets why don't we + + align:start position:0% +works fine for finite sets why don't we + + + align:start position:0% +works fine for finite sets why don't we +take this as the definition of what we + + align:start position:0% +take this as the definition of what we + + + align:start position:0% +take this as the definition of what we +mean by um a is at least the size of B + + align:start position:0% +mean by um a is at least the size of B + + + align:start position:0% +mean by um a is at least the size of B +for infinite sets so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +for infinite sets so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +for infinite sets so we're going to +think of a surge B now as saying a is as + + align:start position:0% +think of a surge B now as saying a is as + + + align:start position:0% +think of a surge B now as saying a is as +big as B um and for finite sets we could + + align:start position:0% +big as B um and for finite sets we could + + + align:start position:0% +big as B um and for finite sets we could +it's literally true that a surge B if + + align:start position:0% +it's literally true that a surge B if + + + align:start position:0% +it's literally true that a surge B if +and only if the size of a is greater + + align:start position:0% +and only if the size of a is greater + + + align:start position:0% +and only if the size of a is greater +than equal to the size of B now let me + + align:start position:0% +than equal to the size of B now let me + + + align:start position:0% +than equal to the size of B now let me +uh take a moment to say that there's no + + align:start position:0% +uh take a moment to say that there's no + + + align:start position:0% +uh take a moment to say that there's no +of size or + + align:start position:0% +of size or + + + align:start position:0% +of size or +cardinality um when you're talking about + + align:start position:0% +cardinality um when you're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +cardinality um when you're talking about +infinite sets it's kind of a no no + + align:start position:0% +infinite sets it's kind of a no no + + + align:start position:0% +infinite sets it's kind of a no no +there's a an abstract concept of of the + + align:start position:0% +there's a an abstract concept of of the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a an abstract concept of of the +of what cardinal numbers are what these + + align:start position:0% +of what cardinal numbers are what these + + + align:start position:0% +of what cardinal numbers are what these +infinite numbers are but the truth is + + align:start position:0% +infinite numbers are but the truth is + + + align:start position:0% +infinite numbers are but the truth is +they're Technical and not of very much + + align:start position:0% +they're Technical and not of very much + + + align:start position:0% +they're Technical and not of very much +use so we will never actually be talking + + align:start position:0% +use so we will never actually be talking + + + align:start position:0% +use so we will never actually be talking +about uh the cardinality or size of an + + align:start position:0% +about uh the cardinality or size of an + + + align:start position:0% +about uh the cardinality or size of an +infinite set but what we will do is + + align:start position:0% +infinite set but what we will do is + + + align:start position:0% +infinite set but what we will do is +compare them we're going to have a nice + + align:start position:0% +compare them we're going to have a nice + + + align:start position:0% +compare them we're going to have a nice +ele theory of the idea that uh the + + align:start position:0% +ele theory of the idea that uh the + + + align:start position:0% +ele theory of the idea that uh the +cardinality of one set is greater than + + align:start position:0% +cardinality of one set is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +cardinality of one set is greater than +or equal to the cardinality of another + + align:start position:0% +or equal to the cardinality of another + + + align:start position:0% +or equal to the cardinality of another +set and the basic definition is going to + + align:start position:0% +set and the basic definition is going to + + + align:start position:0% +set and the basic definition is going to +be based on + + align:start position:0% +be based on + + + align:start position:0% +be based on +surge um similarly bje is even easier uh + + align:start position:0% +surge um similarly bje is even easier uh + + + align:start position:0% +surge um similarly bje is even easier uh +a b b uh means that there's a bje from A + + align:start position:0% +a b b uh means that there's a bje from A + + + align:start position:0% +a b b uh means that there's a bje from A +to B and we're going to interpret that + + align:start position:0% +to B and we're going to interpret that + + + align:start position:0% +to B and we're going to interpret that +as saying that A and B are the same size + + align:start position:0% +as saying that A and B are the same size + + + align:start position:0% +as saying that A and B are the same size +that is for finite sets it literally + + align:start position:0% +that is for finite sets it literally + + + align:start position:0% +that is for finite sets it literally +means A and B have the same number of + + align:start position:0% +means A and B have the same number of + + + align:start position:0% +means A and B have the same number of +elements and we're going to adopt the + + align:start position:0% +elements and we're going to adopt the + + + align:start position:0% +elements and we're going to adopt the +notion of a bjective relation for + + align:start position:0% +notion of a bjective relation for + + + align:start position:0% +notion of a bjective relation for +infinite sets as meaning okay I don't + + align:start position:0% +infinite sets as meaning okay I don't + + + align:start position:0% +infinite sets as meaning okay I don't +know what their size is but I know it's + + align:start position:0% +know what their size is but I know it's + + + align:start position:0% +know what their size is but I know it's +the same because there's a bje between + + align:start position:0% +the same because there's a bje between + + + align:start position:0% +the same because there's a bje between +them there's a perfect on to one + + align:start position:0% +them there's a perfect on to one + + + align:start position:0% +them there's a perfect on to one +correspondence between A's and + + align:start position:0% +correspondence between A's and + + + align:start position:0% +correspondence between A's and +B's um let's look at um an example of + + align:start position:0% +B's um let's look at um an example of + + + align:start position:0% +B's um let's look at um an example of +where a bje comes up the power set of n + + align:start position:0% +where a bje comes up the power set of n + + + align:start position:0% +where a bje comes up the power set of n +if n is the non- negative integers the + + align:start position:0% +if n is the non- negative integers the + + + align:start position:0% +if n is the non- negative integers the +power set of end is all the subsets of + + align:start position:0% +power set of end is all the subsets of + + + align:start position:0% +power set of end is all the subsets of +non- negative integers and let me just + + align:start position:0% +non- negative integers and let me just + + + align:start position:0% +non- negative integers and let me just +remark that there's an obvious bje + + align:start position:0% +remark that there's an obvious bje + + + align:start position:0% +remark that there's an obvious bje +between the subsets of integers and the + + align:start position:0% +between the subsets of integers and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the subsets of integers and the +infinite bit strings the infinite + + align:start position:0% +infinite bit strings the infinite + + + align:start position:0% +infinite bit strings the infinite +strings of zeros and ones so n is the + + align:start position:0% +strings of zeros and ones so n is the + + + align:start position:0% +strings of zeros and ones so n is the +set of non- negative + + align:start position:0% +set of non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +set of non- negative +012 um if you take any subset of and + + align:start position:0% +012 um if you take any subset of and + + + align:start position:0% +012 um if you take any subset of and +here's one with has zero missing one has + + align:start position:0% +here's one with has zero missing one has + + + align:start position:0% +here's one with has zero missing one has +two and three missing four five has six + + align:start position:0% +two and three missing four five has six + + + align:start position:0% +two and three missing four five has six +and so on then what I can do is + + align:start position:0% +and so on then what I can do is + + + align:start position:0% +and so on then what I can do is +represent uh such a subset possibly an + + align:start position:0% +represent uh such a subset possibly an + + + align:start position:0% +represent uh such a subset possibly an +infinite subset Now by an infinite + + align:start position:0% +infinite subset Now by an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +infinite subset Now by an infinite +sequence of ones and zeros put in ones + + align:start position:0% +sequence of ones and zeros put in ones + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of ones and zeros put in ones +in the position where elements in the + + align:start position:0% +in the position where elements in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the position where elements in the +subset occur and zeros in positions + + align:start position:0% +subset occur and zeros in positions + + + align:start position:0% +subset occur and zeros in positions +where elements don't occur this was + + align:start position:0% +where elements don't occur this was + + + align:start position:0% +where elements don't occur this was +exactly the same bje that we had found + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same bje that we had found + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same bje that we had found +between uh the non- negative + + align:start position:0% +between uh the non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +between uh the non- negative +uh uh the bit strings and the subs and + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the bit strings and the subs and + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the bit strings and the subs and +the finite subsets of the non- negative + + align:start position:0% +the finite subsets of the non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +the finite subsets of the non- negative +integers but now we're just extending it + + align:start position:0% +integers but now we're just extending it + + + align:start position:0% +integers but now we're just extending it +to arbitrary subsets of the non- + + align:start position:0% +to arbitrary subsets of the non- + + + align:start position:0% +to arbitrary subsets of the non- +negative integers so this defines a bje + + align:start position:0% +negative integers so this defines a bje + + + align:start position:0% +negative integers so this defines a bje +between any subset of integers + + align:start position:0% +between any subset of integers + + + align:start position:0% +between any subset of integers +corresponds to an infinite bit strings + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to an infinite bit strings + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to an infinite bit strings +and conversely from any infinite bit + + align:start position:0% +and conversely from any infinite bit + + + align:start position:0% +and conversely from any infinite bit +string you can reconstruct what subset + + align:start position:0% +string you can reconstruct what subset + + + align:start position:0% +string you can reconstruct what subset +it refers to so we use this notation 01 + + align:start position:0% +it refers to so we use this notation 01 + + + align:start position:0% +it refers to so we use this notation 01 +to the Omega meaning the infinite bit + + align:start position:0% +to the Omega meaning the infinite bit + + + align:start position:0% +to the Omega meaning the infinite bit +strings that are infinite to the right + + align:start position:0% +strings that are infinite to the right + + + align:start position:0% +strings that are infinite to the right +they have a beginning uh in comparison + + align:start position:0% +they have a beginning uh in comparison + + + align:start position:0% +they have a beginning uh in comparison +to 01 superscript star which refers to + + align:start position:0% +to 01 superscript star which refers to + + + align:start position:0% +to 01 superscript star which refers to +the finite sets of bit + + align:start position:0% +the finite sets of bit + + + align:start position:0% +the finite sets of bit +strings so now let's examine the uh + + align:start position:0% +strings so now let's examine the uh + + + align:start position:0% +strings so now let's examine the uh +standard size properties that you'd + + align:start position:0% +standard size properties that you'd + + + align:start position:0% +standard size properties that you'd +expect if these relationships of Serge + + align:start position:0% +expect if these relationships of Serge + + + align:start position:0% +expect if these relationships of Serge +and big behaved like uh relationships + + align:start position:0% +and big behaved like uh relationships + + + align:start position:0% +and big behaved like uh relationships +between sizes so one basic property that + + align:start position:0% +between sizes so one basic property that + + + align:start position:0% +between sizes so one basic property that +finite sizes have is that if a is equal + + align:start position:0% +finite sizes have is that if a is equal + + + align:start position:0% +finite sizes have is that if a is equal +to B and B is equal to C in size then + + align:start position:0% +to B and B is equal to C in size then + + + align:start position:0% +to B and B is equal to C in size then +the size of a and the size of c are the + + align:start position:0% +the size of a and the size of c are the + + + align:start position:0% +the size of a and the size of c are the +same that's certainly true for finite + + align:start position:0% +same that's certainly true for finite + + + align:start position:0% +same that's certainly true for finite +sets does it hold for infinite sets + + align:start position:0% +sets does it hold for infinite sets + + + align:start position:0% +sets does it hold for infinite sets +where now equality is going to be + + align:start position:0% +where now equality is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +where now equality is going to be +replaced by B well we have to check it + + align:start position:0% +replaced by B well we have to check it + + + align:start position:0% +replaced by B well we have to check it +is it true that if a b b and b by C + + align:start position:0% +is it true that if a b b and b by C + + + align:start position:0% +is it true that if a b b and b by C +implies a by C well how do you prove + + align:start position:0% +implies a by C well how do you prove + + + align:start position:0% +implies a by C well how do you prove +that well it's true and here's how uh by + + align:start position:0% +that well it's true and here's how uh by + + + align:start position:0% +that well it's true and here's how uh by +definition since a b b that means that + + align:start position:0% +definition since a b b that means that + + + align:start position:0% +definition since a b b that means that +you have a bje f uh G from A to B + + align:start position:0% +you have a bje f uh G from A to B + + + align:start position:0% +you have a bje f uh G from A to B +and since B by C you have a bje f from B + + align:start position:0% +and since B by C you have a bje f from B + + + align:start position:0% +and since B by C you have a bje f from B +to C now I need from these two BS that + + align:start position:0% +to C now I need from these two BS that + + + align:start position:0% +to C now I need from these two BS that +I'm given uh I need to find a bje + + align:start position:0% +I'm given uh I need to find a bje + + + align:start position:0% +I'm given uh I need to find a bje +between a and C well that's easy what + + align:start position:0% +between a and C well that's easy what + + + align:start position:0% +between a and C well that's easy what +you do is you use G to go from A to B + + align:start position:0% +you do is you use G to go from A to B + + + align:start position:0% +you do is you use G to go from A to B +and then you use f to go from B to C and + + align:start position:0% +and then you use f to go from B to C and + + + align:start position:0% +and then you use f to go from B to C and +you compose them and that gives you the + + align:start position:0% +you compose them and that gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +you compose them and that gives you the +needed bje from a to c so you find H to + + align:start position:0% +needed bje from a to c so you find H to + + + align:start position:0% +needed bje from a to c so you find H to +be the composition of f and g and it's + + align:start position:0% +be the composition of f and g and it's + + + align:start position:0% +be the composition of f and g and it's +easy to check that if G and F are BS + + align:start position:0% +easy to check that if G and F are BS + + + align:start position:0% +easy to check that if G and F are BS +then their composition is a bje so + + align:start position:0% +then their composition is a bje so + + + align:start position:0% +then their composition is a bje so +that's how I find the needed bje from a + + align:start position:0% +that's how I find the needed bje from a + + + align:start position:0% +that's how I find the needed bje from a +to c so this property works out just + + align:start position:0% +to c so this property works out just + + + align:start position:0% +to c so this property works out just +fine uh the ne the similar property + + align:start position:0% +fine uh the ne the similar property + + + align:start position:0% +fine uh the ne the similar property +applies to uh at least as big as greater + + align:start position:0% +applies to uh at least as big as greater + + + align:start position:0% +applies to uh at least as big as greater +than or equal to for finite sets if a is + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to for finite sets if a is + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to for finite sets if a is +greater than equal to B and B is greater + + align:start position:0% +greater than equal to B and B is greater + + + align:start position:0% +greater than equal to B and B is greater +than equal to C in size then a is + + align:start position:0% +than equal to C in size then a is + + + align:start position:0% +than equal to C in size then a is +greater than equal to C and actually the + + align:start position:0% +greater than equal to C and actually the + + + align:start position:0% +greater than equal to C and actually the +same argument that worked for equ for + + align:start position:0% +same argument that worked for equ for + + + align:start position:0% +same argument that worked for equ for +bient works for surge because the + + align:start position:0% +bient works for surge because the + + + align:start position:0% +bient works for surge because the +composition of surjection of surjective + + align:start position:0% +composition of surjection of surjective + + + align:start position:0% +composition of surjection of surjective +functions is a surjective function so if + + align:start position:0% +functions is a surjective function so if + + + align:start position:0% +functions is a surjective function so if +a a surge B and B surge C implies a + + align:start position:0% +a a surge B and B surge C implies a + + + align:start position:0% +a a surge B and B surge C implies a +surge C now again remember although + + align:start position:0% +surge C now again remember although + + + align:start position:0% +surge C now again remember although +we're thinking of surge as meaning + + align:start position:0% +we're thinking of surge as meaning + + + align:start position:0% +we're thinking of surge as meaning +greater than or equal to in size uh you + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to in size uh you + + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to in size uh you +cannot take these size properties for + + align:start position:0% +cannot take these size properties for + + + align:start position:0% +cannot take these size properties for +granted they have to be proved surge has + + align:start position:0% +granted they have to be proved surge has + + + align:start position:0% +granted they have to be proved surge has +a technical definition having to do with + + align:start position:0% +a technical definition having to do with + + + align:start position:0% +a technical definition having to do with +subjective functions functions with + + align:start position:0% +subjective functions functions with + + + align:start position:0% +subjective functions functions with +greater or equal to one arrow in that uh + + align:start position:0% +greater or equal to one arrow in that uh + + + align:start position:0% +greater or equal to one arrow in that uh +is not the same as talking about + + align:start position:0% +is not the same as talking about + + + align:start position:0% +is not the same as talking about +equality of some kind of sizes well + + align:start position:0% +equality of some kind of sizes well + + + align:start position:0% +equality of some kind of sizes well +let's look at an example where uh size + + align:start position:0% +let's look at an example where uh size + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at an example where uh size +properties hold but they're less obvious + + align:start position:0% +properties hold but they're less obvious + + + align:start position:0% +properties hold but they're less obvious +because uh here's a another familiar + + align:start position:0% +because uh here's a another familiar + + + align:start position:0% +because uh here's a another familiar +size property if a and b are each of + + align:start position:0% +size property if a and b are each of + + + align:start position:0% +size property if a and b are each of +size greater than equal to the other one + + align:start position:0% +size greater than equal to the other one + + + align:start position:0% +size greater than equal to the other one +then they're the same size so if the + + align:start position:0% +then they're the same size so if the + + + align:start position:0% +then they're the same size so if the +size of a is greater than equal to the + + align:start position:0% +size of a is greater than equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +size of a is greater than equal to the +size of B and the size of B is greater + + align:start position:0% +size of B and the size of B is greater + + + align:start position:0% +size of B and the size of B is greater +thanal to the size of a then a and b are + + align:start position:0% +thanal to the size of a then a and b are + + + align:start position:0% +thanal to the size of a then a and b are +the same size now this is certainly true + + align:start position:0% +the same size now this is certainly true + + + align:start position:0% +the same size now this is certainly true +for finite sets it's kind of you don't + + align:start position:0% +for finite sets it's kind of you don't + + + align:start position:0% +for finite sets it's kind of you don't +even think about the that fact um and uh + + align:start position:0% +even think about the that fact um and uh + + + align:start position:0% +even think about the that fact um and uh +it holds for infinite sets but it's not + + align:start position:0% +it holds for infinite sets but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +it holds for infinite sets but it's not +so obvious so what we're saying is that + + align:start position:0% +so obvious so what we're saying is that + + + align:start position:0% +so obvious so what we're saying is that +if I have a subjective function from A + + align:start position:0% +if I have a subjective function from A + + + align:start position:0% +if I have a subjective function from A +to B and I have another subjective + + align:start position:0% +to B and I have another subjective + + + align:start position:0% +to B and I have another subjective +function from B to a then there's a bje + + align:start position:0% +function from B to a then there's a bje + + + align:start position:0% +function from B to a then there's a bje +between a and b and the problem here is + + align:start position:0% +between a and b and the problem here is + + + align:start position:0% +between a and b and the problem here is +that this surjection from A to B might + + align:start position:0% +that this surjection from A to B might + + + align:start position:0% +that this surjection from A to B might +not be a bje and this surjection from B + + align:start position:0% +not be a bje and this surjection from B + + + align:start position:0% +not be a bje and this surjection from B +to a might also not be a bje so where's + + align:start position:0% +to a might also not be a bje so where's + + + align:start position:0% +to a might also not be a bje so where's +the bje going to come from I have to + + align:start position:0% +the bje going to come from I have to + + + align:start position:0% +the bje going to come from I have to +build it and so this is not an obvious + + align:start position:0% +build it and so this is not an obvious + + + align:start position:0% +build it and so this is not an obvious +property it's true it's called The + + align:start position:0% +property it's true it's called The + + + align:start position:0% +property it's true it's called The +schroer Bernstein theorem and the trick + + align:start position:0% +schroer Bernstein theorem and the trick + + + align:start position:0% +schroer Bernstein theorem and the trick +basically is you take the uh bje from A + + align:start position:0% +basically is you take the uh bje from A + + + align:start position:0% +basically is you take the uh bje from A +to B and the bijection from B to a and + + align:start position:0% +to B and the bijection from B to a and + + + align:start position:0% +to B and the bijection from B to a and +you take parts of one and combine it + + align:start position:0% +you take parts of one and combine it + + + align:start position:0% +you take parts of one and combine it +with parts of the other and in + + align:start position:0% +with parts of the other and in + + + align:start position:0% +with parts of the other and in +a a slightly ingenious way that actually + + align:start position:0% +a a slightly ingenious way that actually + + + align:start position:0% +a a slightly ingenious way that actually +is contained in a problem in the text + + align:start position:0% +is contained in a problem in the text + + + align:start position:0% +is contained in a problem in the text +you can find the bje from A to B but it + + align:start position:0% +you can find the bje from A to B but it + + + align:start position:0% +you can find the bje from A to B but it +does take a little bit of Ingenuity so + + align:start position:0% +does take a little bit of Ingenuity so + + + align:start position:0% +does take a little bit of Ingenuity so +this is a size property that works for + + align:start position:0% +this is a size property that works for + + + align:start position:0% +this is a size property that works for +Surge and BGE but uh it's you can't say + + align:start position:0% +Surge and BGE but uh it's you can't say + + + align:start position:0% +Surge and BGE but uh it's you can't say +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +obvious well let's look at an unfamiliar + + align:start position:0% +obvious well let's look at an unfamiliar + + + align:start position:0% +obvious well let's look at an unfamiliar +sized property something that's not true + + align:start position:0% +sized property something that's not true + + + align:start position:0% +sized property something that's not true +of finite sets where we have to start + + align:start position:0% +of finite sets where we have to start + + + align:start position:0% +of finite sets where we have to start +being careful and not just handwave and + + align:start position:0% +being careful and not just handwave and + + + align:start position:0% +being careful and not just handwave and +use our intuition about finite sets + + align:start position:0% +use our intuition about finite sets + + + align:start position:0% +use our intuition about finite sets +namely for infinite sizes uh size plus + + align:start position:0% +namely for infinite sizes uh size plus + + + align:start position:0% +namely for infinite sizes uh size plus +one is equal to size now what exactly + + align:start position:0% +one is equal to size now what exactly + + + align:start position:0% +one is equal to size now what exactly +does that mean well let's just + + align:start position:0% +does that mean well let's just + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean well let's just +illustrate it with an example in fact in + + align:start position:0% +illustrate it with an example in fact in + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate it with an example in fact in +some ways you could say the definition + + align:start position:0% +some ways you could say the definition + + + align:start position:0% +some ways you could say the definition +of an infinite set is that uh its size + + align:start position:0% +of an infinite set is that uh its size + + + align:start position:0% +of an infinite set is that uh its size +plus one is equal to its size um let's + + align:start position:0% +plus one is equal to its size um let's + + + align:start position:0% +plus one is equal to its size um let's +look at a simple example so on the + + align:start position:0% +look at a simple example so on the + + + align:start position:0% +look at a simple example so on the +bottom I have the non- negative integers + + align:start position:0% +bottom I have the non- negative integers + + + align:start position:0% +bottom I have the non- negative integers +and on the top I have the positive + + align:start position:0% +and on the top I have the positive + + + align:start position:0% +and on the top I have the positive +integers so I can get from the positive + + align:start position:0% +integers so I can get from the positive + + + align:start position:0% +integers so I can get from the positive +integers to the non- negative integers + + align:start position:0% +integers to the non- negative integers + + + align:start position:0% +integers to the non- negative integers +just by throwing in zero so that's where + + align:start position:0% +just by throwing in zero so that's where + + + align:start position:0% +just by throwing in zero so that's where +the plus one comes from here's a nice + + align:start position:0% +the plus one comes from here's a nice + + + align:start position:0% +the plus one comes from here's a nice +infinite set I add another element to it + + align:start position:0% +infinite set I add another element to it + + + align:start position:0% +infinite set I add another element to it +and I get another infinite set but they + + align:start position:0% +and I get another infinite set but they + + + align:start position:0% +and I get another infinite set but they +are the same size I have to show a bje + + align:start position:0% +are the same size I have to show a bje + + + align:start position:0% +are the same size I have to show a bje +between them to show they're the same + + align:start position:0% +between them to show they're the same + + + align:start position:0% +between them to show they're the same +size well you know what the bje is map 0 + + align:start position:0% +size well you know what the bje is map 0 + + + align:start position:0% +size well you know what the bje is map 0 +to one 1: two 2: three uh this is a bje + + align:start position:0% +to one 1: two 2: three uh this is a bje + + + align:start position:0% +to one 1: two 2: three uh this is a bje +which you know as the Ed R function the + + align:start position:0% +which you know as the Ed R function the + + + align:start position:0% +which you know as the Ed R function the +ed1 function Maps the non- negative + + align:start position:0% +ed1 function Maps the non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +ed1 function Maps the non- negative +integers to the positive integers and + + align:start position:0% +integers to the positive integers and + + + align:start position:0% +integers to the positive integers and +it's a perfect bje therefore adding one + + align:start position:0% +it's a perfect bje therefore adding one + + + align:start position:0% +it's a perfect bje therefore adding one +element to the non- negative integers to + + align:start position:0% +element to the non- negative integers to + + + align:start position:0% +element to the non- negative integers to +the positive integers does not get me a + + align:start position:0% +the positive integers does not get me a + + + align:start position:0% +the positive integers does not get me a +larger set it gets me another set of the + + align:start position:0% +larger set it gets me another set of the + + + align:start position:0% +larger set it gets me another set of the +same size and this argument actually + + align:start position:0% +same size and this argument actually + + + align:start position:0% +same size and this argument actually +generalizes uh to uh any infinite set if + + align:start position:0% +generalizes uh to uh any infinite set if + + + align:start position:0% +generalizes uh to uh any infinite set if +you throw in one extra element you could + + align:start position:0% +you throw in one extra element you could + + + align:start position:0% +you throw in one extra element you could +still find a bje between the original + + align:start position:0% +still find a bje between the original + + + align:start position:0% +still find a bje between the original +set and the set with one extra + + align:start position:0% +set and the set with one extra + + + align:start position:0% +set and the set with one extra +element so and is the same size as the + + align:start position:0% +element so and is the same size as the + + + align:start position:0% +element so and is the same size as the +positive integers well in fact let's + + align:start position:0% +positive integers well in fact let's + + + align:start position:0% +positive integers well in fact let's +look at this one um uh I can enumerate + + align:start position:0% +look at this one um uh I can enumerate + + + align:start position:0% +look at this one um uh I can enumerate +on the top all the integers both + + align:start position:0% +on the top all the integers both + + + align:start position:0% +on the top all the integers both +positive and negative right 0 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +positive and negative right 0 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +positive and negative right 0 1 minus +one 2 min-2 and so on and that gives me + + align:start position:0% +one 2 min-2 and so on and that gives me + + + align:start position:0% +one 2 min-2 and so on and that gives me +uh the set consisting of all the + + align:start position:0% +uh the set consisting of all the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the set consisting of all the +integers and over here I can have 0 one + + align:start position:0% +integers and over here I can have 0 one + + + align:start position:0% +integers and over here I can have 0 one +to just a non- negative integers and you + + align:start position:0% +to just a non- negative integers and you + + + align:start position:0% +to just a non- negative integers and you +can see the orderly way in which I've + + align:start position:0% +can see the orderly way in which I've + + + align:start position:0% +can see the orderly way in which I've +listed the uh integers at the top that + + align:start position:0% +listed the uh integers at the top that + + + align:start position:0% +listed the uh integers at the top that +implicitly defines a by ejection I'm + + align:start position:0% +implicitly defines a by ejection I'm + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly defines a by ejection I'm +going to map zero to the zeroth element + + align:start position:0% +going to map zero to the zeroth element + + + align:start position:0% +going to map zero to the zeroth element +of the of the sequence above 1: 1 2 to + + align:start position:0% +of the of the sequence above 1: 1 2 to + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the sequence above 1: 1 2 to +minus one 3 to 2 four to minus two and + + align:start position:0% +minus one 3 to 2 four to minus two and + + + align:start position:0% +minus one 3 to 2 four to minus two and +in this way I have actually defined a + + align:start position:0% +in this way I have actually defined a + + + align:start position:0% +in this way I have actually defined a +bje between the non- negative integers + + align:start position:0% +bje between the non- negative integers + + + align:start position:0% +bje between the non- negative integers +and all the integers in other words you + + align:start position:0% +and all the integers in other words you + + + align:start position:0% +and all the integers in other words you +take a half of the integers namely the + + align:start position:0% +take a half of the integers namely the + + + align:start position:0% +take a half of the integers namely the +non- negative integers and it's still + + align:start position:0% +non- negative integers and it's still + + + align:start position:0% +non- negative integers and it's still +the same size as all of them there's a + + align:start position:0% +the same size as all of them there's a + + + align:start position:0% +the same size as all of them there's a +bje between n and z now the for you + + align:start position:0% +bje between n and z now the for you + + + align:start position:0% +bje between n and z now the for you +could write a formula actually if you + + align:start position:0% +could write a formula actually if you + + + align:start position:0% +could write a formula actually if you +were trying to figure out what does the + + align:start position:0% +were trying to figure out what does the + + + align:start position:0% +were trying to figure out what does the +number n go to what positive or negative + + align:start position:0% +number n go to what positive or negative + + + align:start position:0% +number n go to what positive or negative +integer there's some not very hard + + align:start position:0% +integer there's some not very hard + + + align:start position:0% +integer there's some not very hard +formula involving uh dividing n by two + + align:start position:0% +formula involving uh dividing n by two + + + align:start position:0% +formula involving uh dividing n by two +and rounding but that doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +and rounding but that doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +and rounding but that doesn't matter +once I've figured out uh some uh + + align:start position:0% +once I've figured out uh some uh + + + align:start position:0% +once I've figured out uh some uh +sensible way to list all the elements of + + align:start position:0% +sensible way to list all the elements of + + + align:start position:0% +sensible way to list all the elements of +the integers in a row then I can line + + align:start position:0% +the integers in a row then I can line + + + align:start position:0% +the integers in a row then I can line +them up against the non- negative + + align:start position:0% +them up against the non- negative + + + align:start position:0% +them up against the non- negative +integers and and that listing in effect + + align:start position:0% +integers and and that listing in effect + + + align:start position:0% +integers and and that listing in effect +defines the mapping in a perfectly clear + + align:start position:0% +defines the mapping in a perfectly clear + + + align:start position:0% +defines the mapping in a perfectly clear +way without necessarily having a formula \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/RJi1GsObmWQ.txt b/RJi1GsObmWQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..275944f39b69c06ad31408798c266784ab0c9ccb --- /dev/null +++ b/RJi1GsObmWQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9075 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to talk about +externalities and we'll start with + + align:start position:0% +externalities and we'll start with + + + align:start position:0% +externalities and we'll start with +simple theory so the theory of + + align:start position:0% +simple theory so the theory of + + + align:start position:0% +simple theory so the theory of +externalities now as I've said before + + align:start position:0% +externalities now as I've said before + + + align:start position:0% +externalities now as I've said before +the sort of fundamental mantra of most + + align:start position:0% +the sort of fundamental mantra of most + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of fundamental mantra of most +discourses that markets know best + + align:start position:0% +discourses that markets know best + + + align:start position:0% +discourses that markets know best +indeed as I said the first fundamental + + align:start position:0% +indeed as I said the first fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +indeed as I said the first fundamental +theorem of welfare economics that + + align:start position:0% +theorem of welfare economics that + + + align:start position:0% +theorem of welfare economics that +powerful sounding name is the conclusion + + align:start position:0% +powerful sounding name is the conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +powerful sounding name is the conclusion +that the perfectly competitive private + + align:start position:0% +that the perfectly competitive private + + + align:start position:0% +that the perfectly competitive private +market will deliver the welfare + + align:start position:0% +market will deliver the welfare + + + align:start position:0% +market will deliver the welfare +maximizing outcome so standard economics + + align:start position:0% +maximizing outcome so standard economics + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing outcome so standard economics +starts from the proposition the market + + align:start position:0% +starts from the proposition the market + + + align:start position:0% +starts from the proposition the market +knows best in that world the government + + align:start position:0% +knows best in that world the government + + + align:start position:0% +knows best in that world the government +can only screw things up okay all the + + align:start position:0% +can only screw things up okay all the + + + align:start position:0% +can only screw things up okay all the +government does sort of mess up the + + align:start position:0% +government does sort of mess up the + + + align:start position:0% +government does sort of mess up the +first best now either + + align:start position:0% +first best now either + + + align:start position:0% +first best now either +despite this the government is in the + + align:start position:0% +despite this the government is in the + + + align:start position:0% +despite this the government is in the +typical developed economy at least + + align:start position:0% +typical developed economy at least + + + align:start position:0% +typical developed economy at least +typically 25 to 30 percent of the + + align:start position:0% +typically 25 to 30 percent of the + + + align:start position:0% +typically 25 to 30 percent of the +economy is the government so either + + align:start position:0% +economy is the government so either + + + align:start position:0% +economy is the government so either +these developed economies have it + + align:start position:0% +these developed economies have it + + + align:start position:0% +these developed economies have it +totally wrong where there are some + + align:start position:0% +totally wrong where there are some + + + align:start position:0% +totally wrong where there are some +reasons why we might actually depart + + align:start position:0% +reasons why we might actually depart + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why we might actually depart +from the standard fortune one model and + + align:start position:0% +from the standard fortune one model and + + + align:start position:0% +from the standard fortune one model and +think for reasons for government now we + + align:start position:0% +think for reasons for government now we + + + align:start position:0% +think for reasons for government now we +didn't cover one which was imperfect + + align:start position:0% +didn't cover one which was imperfect + + + align:start position:0% +didn't cover one which was imperfect +competition we talked about imperfectly + + align:start position:0% +competition we talked about imperfectly + + + align:start position:0% +competition we talked about imperfectly +competitive markets government policy + + align:start position:0% +competitive markets government policy + + + align:start position:0% +competitive markets government policy +can make things better what I'll do in + + align:start position:0% +can make things better what I'll do in + + + align:start position:0% +can make things better what I'll do in +the next two lectures talk about two + + align:start position:0% +the next two lectures talk about two + + + align:start position:0% +the next two lectures talk about two +other kinds of ration oh I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of ration oh I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of ration oh I'm sorry +so it's for garage metals we talked + + align:start position:0% +so it's for garage metals we talked + + + align:start position:0% +so it's for garage metals we talked +about a perfect competition obviously + + align:start position:0% +about a perfect competition obviously + + + align:start position:0% +about a perfect competition obviously +this redistribution is another rationale + + align:start position:0% +this redistribution is another rationale + + + align:start position:0% +this redistribution is another rationale +for govern we talked about that last + + align:start position:0% +for govern we talked about that last + + + align:start position:0% +for govern we talked about that last +time - if we think that social welfare + + align:start position:0% +time - if we think that social welfare + + + align:start position:0% +time - if we think that social welfare +is increased by redistributing from rich + + align:start position:0% +is increased by redistributing from rich + + + align:start position:0% +is increased by redistributing from rich +to poor despite some likud so we've + + align:start position:0% +to poor despite some likud so we've + + + align:start position:0% +to poor despite some likud so we've +covered two roles there's fixing + + align:start position:0% +covered two roles there's fixing + + + align:start position:0% +covered two roles there's fixing +imperfect markets and there's + + align:start position:0% +imperfect markets and there's + + + align:start position:0% +imperfect markets and there's +redistribution in the next two lectures + + align:start position:0% +redistribution in the next two lectures + + + align:start position:0% +redistribution in the next two lectures +talk about two other roles for + + align:start position:0% +talk about two other roles for + + + align:start position:0% +talk about two other roles for +government and if it's wets your + + align:start position:0% +government and if it's wets your + + + align:start position:0% +government and if it's wets your +appetite you want to learn more you can + + align:start position:0% +appetite you want to learn more you can + + + align:start position:0% +appetite you want to learn more you can +take 1441 which is of course all about + + align:start position:0% +take 1441 which is of course all about + + + align:start position:0% +take 1441 which is of course all about +public policy you can learn a lot more + + align:start position:0% +public policy you can learn a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +public policy you can learn a lot more +but we'll talk about two other reasons + + align:start position:0% +but we'll talk about two other reasons + + + align:start position:0% +but we'll talk about two other reasons +today we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to talk about +externalities which is another + + align:start position:0% +externalities which is another + + + align:start position:0% +externalities which is another +justification for government involvement + + align:start position:0% +justification for government involvement + + + align:start position:0% +justification for government involvement +and we're going to dive right in with an + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to dive right in with an + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to dive right in with an +example so well that's what what's an + + align:start position:0% +example so well that's what what's an + + + align:start position:0% +example so well that's what what's an +externality an externality occurs + + align:start position:0% +externality an externality occurs + + + align:start position:0% +externality an externality occurs +whenever the actions of one party impact + + align:start position:0% +whenever the actions of one party impact + + + align:start position:0% +whenever the actions of one party impact +another party in a way for which the + + align:start position:0% +another party in a way for which the + + + align:start position:0% +another party in a way for which the +first party does not receive the costs + + align:start position:0% +first party does not receive the costs + + + align:start position:0% +first party does not receive the costs +and benefits so if my actions impact you + + align:start position:0% +and benefits so if my actions impact you + + + align:start position:0% +and benefits so if my actions impact you +but I don't where the costs if they're + + align:start position:0% +but I don't where the costs if they're + + + align:start position:0% +but I don't where the costs if they're +negative actions or the benefits of the + + align:start position:0% +negative actions or the benefits of the + + + align:start position:0% +negative actions or the benefits of the +positive actions + + align:start position:0% +positive actions + + + align:start position:0% +positive actions +than that's an externality so anytime + + align:start position:0% +than that's an externality so anytime + + + align:start position:0% +than that's an externality so anytime +one parties actions affect another party + + align:start position:0% +one parties actions affect another party + + + align:start position:0% +one parties actions affect another party +but the first part is not reads receive + + align:start position:0% +but the first part is not reads receive + + + align:start position:0% +but the first part is not reads receive +you the costs or the benefits of that + + align:start position:0% +you the costs or the benefits of that + + + align:start position:0% +you the costs or the benefits of that +impact that's an externality let's start + + align:start position:0% +impact that's an externality let's start + + + align:start position:0% +impact that's an externality let's start +with the standard theory example okay + + align:start position:0% +with the standard theory example okay + + + align:start position:0% +with the standard theory example okay +we've the standard examples teach + + align:start position:0% +we've the standard examples teach + + + align:start position:0% +we've the standard examples teach +exercise is the example the steel plants + + align:start position:0% +exercise is the example the steel plants + + + align:start position:0% +exercise is the example the steel plants +dumping sludge in a river so imagine + + align:start position:0% +dumping sludge in a river so imagine + + + align:start position:0% +dumping sludge in a river so imagine +somewhere in America there's a steel + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in America there's a steel + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in America there's a steel +plant located on a river and they + + align:start position:0% +plant located on a river and they + + + align:start position:0% +plant located on a river and they +produce steel and the production process + + align:start position:0% +produce steel and the production process + + + align:start position:0% +produce steel and the production process +has a certain production function and + + align:start position:0% +has a certain production function and + + + align:start position:0% +has a certain production function and +one features production functions for + + align:start position:0% +one features production functions for + + + align:start position:0% +one features production functions for +every unit of steel produced a unit of + + align:start position:0% +every unit of steel produced a unit of + + + align:start position:0% +every unit of steel produced a unit of +sludge a liter of waste is produced and + + align:start position:0% +sludge a liter of waste is produced and + + + align:start position:0% +sludge a liter of waste is produced and +the steel plate dumps that into the + + align:start position:0% +the steel plate dumps that into the + + + align:start position:0% +the steel plate dumps that into the +river so just given the nature of their + + align:start position:0% +river so just given the nature of their + + + align:start position:0% +river so just given the nature of their +production process 1u2 field was one you + + align:start position:0% +production process 1u2 field was one you + + + align:start position:0% +production process 1u2 field was one you +two sludge is dumped in the river now + + align:start position:0% +two sludge is dumped in the river now + + + align:start position:0% +two sludge is dumped in the river now +let's imagine that down this river + + align:start position:0% +let's imagine that down this river + + + align:start position:0% +let's imagine that down this river +there's a set of fishermen and these + + align:start position:0% +there's a set of fishermen and these + + + align:start position:0% +there's a set of fishermen and these +fishermen make their living fishing in + + align:start position:0% +fishermen make their living fishing in + + + align:start position:0% +fishermen make their living fishing in +the river and that when the steel plant + + align:start position:0% +the river and that when the steel plant + + + align:start position:0% +the river and that when the steel plant +dumps sludge in the river + + align:start position:0% +dumps sludge in the river + + + align:start position:0% +dumps sludge in the river +it floats downriver and kills their fish + + align:start position:0% +it floats downriver and kills their fish + + + align:start position:0% +it floats downriver and kills their fish +kill some of their fish okay now it's + + align:start position:0% +kill some of their fish okay now it's + + + align:start position:0% +kill some of their fish okay now it's +the classic example what we call a + + align:start position:0% +the classic example what we call a + + + align:start position:0% +the classic example what we call a +negative production externality its + + align:start position:0% +negative production externality its + + + align:start position:0% +negative production externality its +production in the sense it's coming from + + align:start position:0% +production in the sense it's coming from + + + align:start position:0% +production in the sense it's coming from +the supply side it's coming from the the + + align:start position:0% +the supply side it's coming from the the + + + align:start position:0% +the supply side it's coming from the the +production of the steel it's producing + + align:start position:0% +production of the steel it's producing + + + align:start position:0% +production of the steel it's producing +this externality it's negative because + + align:start position:0% +this externality it's negative because + + + align:start position:0% +this externality it's negative because +it's negatively impacting the fishermen + + align:start position:0% +it's negatively impacting the fishermen + + + align:start position:0% +it's negatively impacting the fishermen +down the stream and it's an externality + + align:start position:0% +down the stream and it's an externality + + + align:start position:0% +down the stream and it's an externality +because the steel plant doesn't give a + + align:start position:0% +because the steel plant doesn't give a + + + align:start position:0% +because the steel plant doesn't give a + okay they dumped their sludge it + + align:start position:0% + okay they dumped their sludge it + + + align:start position:0% + okay they dumped their sludge it +goes down to kill some but they don't + + align:start position:0% +goes down to kill some but they don't + + + align:start position:0% +goes down to kill some but they don't +bear the cost of doing so the fisherman + + align:start position:0% +bear the cost of doing so the fisherman + + + align:start position:0% +bear the cost of doing so the fisherman +bear the cost to do a personality + + align:start position:0% +bear the cost to do a personality + + + align:start position:0% +bear the cost to do a personality +because the fish because the plant dumps + + align:start position:0% +because the fish because the plant dumps + + + align:start position:0% +because the fish because the plant dumps +the sludge force officially to where the + + align:start position:0% +the sludge force officially to where the + + + align:start position:0% +the sludge force officially to where the +consequences it's a classic negative + + align:start position:0% +consequences it's a classic negative + + + align:start position:0% +consequences it's a classic negative +production of negative things bad + + align:start position:0% +production of negative things bad + + + align:start position:0% +production of negative things bad +products because the country supply side + + align:start position:0% +products because the country supply side + + + align:start position:0% +products because the country supply side +externality because the cost of one by + + align:start position:0% +externality because the cost of one by + + + align:start position:0% +externality because the cost of one by +another party not by the party being yes + + align:start position:0% +another party not by the party being yes + + + align:start position:0% +another party not by the party being yes +graphically we can analyze that sub like + + align:start position:0% +graphically we can analyze that sub like + + + align:start position:0% +graphically we can analyze that sub like +figure 23 one is the classic extra now + + align:start position:0% +figure 23 one is the classic extra now + + + align:start position:0% +figure 23 one is the classic extra now +and divert + + align:start position:0% +and divert + + + align:start position:0% +and divert +here we have the market for steel look + + align:start position:0% +here we have the market for steel look + + + align:start position:0% +here we have the market for steel look +at the market for steel because the + + align:start position:0% +at the market for steel because the + + + align:start position:0% +at the market for steel because the +production field it generates these + + align:start position:0% +production field it generates these + + + align:start position:0% +production field it generates these +negative externalities see this is the + + align:start position:0% +negative externalities see this is the + + + align:start position:0% +negative externalities see this is the +market for fear + + align:start position:0% +market for fear + + + align:start position:0% +market for fear +you've got a quantity of steel being + + align:start position:0% +you've got a quantity of steel being + + + align:start position:0% +you've got a quantity of steel being +produced and a price of fear standard + + align:start position:0% +produced and a price of fear standard + + + align:start position:0% +produced and a price of fear standard +market you've got a supply curve in + + align:start position:0% +market you've got a supply curve in + + + align:start position:0% +market you've got a supply curve in +demand + + align:start position:0% +demand + + + align:start position:0% +demand +so in our analysis today and let's say + + align:start position:0% +so in our analysis today and let's say + + + align:start position:0% +so in our analysis today and let's say +it's part of the competitive analysis + + align:start position:0% +it's part of the competitive analysis + + + align:start position:0% +it's part of the competitive analysis +agency where supply equals demand is at + + align:start position:0% +agency where supply equals demand is at + + + align:start position:0% +agency where supply equals demand is at +Point a with a quantity q1 and the price + + align:start position:0% +Point a with a quantity q1 and the price + + + align:start position:0% +Point a with a quantity q1 and the price +p1 and we would say that and see welfare + + align:start position:0% +p1 and we would say that and see welfare + + + align:start position:0% +p1 and we would say that and see welfare +maximizing our perfectly competitive + + align:start position:0% +maximizing our perfectly competitive + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing our perfectly competitive +market what this miss is however is that + + align:start position:0% +market what this miss is however is that + + + align:start position:0% +market what this miss is however is that +the supply curve s is the private + + align:start position:0% +the supply curve s is the private + + + align:start position:0% +the supply curve s is the private +marginal cost that's the cost of the + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost that's the cost of the + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost that's the cost of the +essenes and the building and the workers + + align:start position:0% +essenes and the building and the workers + + + align:start position:0% +essenes and the building and the workers +that makes us feel but we as a society + + align:start position:0% +that makes us feel but we as a society + + + align:start position:0% +that makes us feel but we as a society +don't just care about the private cost + + align:start position:0% +don't just care about the private cost + + + align:start position:0% +don't just care about the private cost +we care about the social cost we care + + align:start position:0% +we care about the social cost we care + + + align:start position:0% +we care about the social cost we care +about the fact as a sick of a society to + + align:start position:0% +about the fact as a sick of a society to + + + align:start position:0% +about the fact as a sick of a society to +the social welfare function that suppose + + align:start position:0% +the social welfare function that suppose + + + align:start position:0% +the social welfare function that suppose +your function incorporates both the + + align:start position:0% +your function incorporates both the + + + align:start position:0% +your function incorporates both the +steel plant and the picture so we don't + + align:start position:0% +steel plant and the picture so we don't + + + align:start position:0% +steel plant and the picture so we don't +just care about the steel plants cost + + align:start position:0% +just care about the steel plants cost + + + align:start position:0% +just care about the steel plants cost +and the scenes and the workers we care + + align:start position:0% +and the scenes and the workers we care + + + align:start position:0% +and the scenes and the workers we care +about the cost in the fisherman - we + + align:start position:0% +about the cost in the fisherman - we + + + align:start position:0% +about the cost in the fisherman - we +care about social marginal farmers what + + align:start position:0% +care about social marginal farmers what + + + align:start position:0% +care about social marginal farmers what +are social marginal cost that is private + + align:start position:0% +are social marginal cost that is private + + + align:start position:0% +are social marginal cost that is private +marginal cost plus the damage done to + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost plus the damage done to + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost plus the damage done to +the negative externality and what we're + + align:start position:0% +the negative externality and what we're + + + align:start position:0% +the negative externality and what we're +going to do is we just tune that's a + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we just tune that's a + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we just tune that's a +hundred dollars for you to steal for you + + align:start position:0% +hundred dollars for you to steal for you + + + align:start position:0% +hundred dollars for you to steal for you +where's making that up + + align:start position:0% +where's making that up + + + align:start position:0% +where's making that up +we're just assume that every seal unit + + align:start position:0% +we're just assume that every seal unit + + + align:start position:0% +we're just assume that every seal unit +produced delivers a hundred dollars in + + align:start position:0% +produced delivers a hundred dollars in + + + align:start position:0% +produced delivers a hundred dollars in +negative x finale has the fish killed + + align:start position:0% +negative x finale has the fish killed + + + align:start position:0% +negative x finale has the fish killed +downstream now that that does not have + + align:start position:0% +downstream now that that does not have + + + align:start position:0% +downstream now that that does not have +I've assumed this constant does not to + + align:start position:0% +I've assumed this constant does not to + + + align:start position:0% +I've assumed this constant does not to +be costly to imagine little floods of do + + align:start position:0% +be costly to imagine little floods of do + + + align:start position:0% +be costly to imagine little floods of do +much damage + + align:start position:0% +much damage + + + align:start position:0% +much damage +these young we're slugs does more damage + + align:start position:0% +these young we're slugs does more damage + + + align:start position:0% +these young we're slugs does more damage +that be a nonlinear wouldn't you have a + + align:start position:0% +that be a nonlinear wouldn't you have a + + + align:start position:0% +that be a nonlinear wouldn't you have a +process but to make life easy + + align:start position:0% +process but to make life easy + + + align:start position:0% +process but to make life easy +imagine every imagine sort of in this + + align:start position:0% +imagine every imagine sort of in this + + + align:start position:0% +imagine every imagine sort of in this +region every unit of steel reefs is a + + align:start position:0% +region every unit of steel reefs is a + + + align:start position:0% +region every unit of steel reefs is a +universe flood that killed 100 all of + + align:start position:0% +universe flood that killed 100 all of + + + align:start position:0% +universe flood that killed 100 all of +the fish okay so these and meanwhile now + + align:start position:0% +the fish okay so these and meanwhile now + + + align:start position:0% +the fish okay so these and meanwhile now +on the other hand the demand curve so + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand the demand curve so + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand the demand curve so +the supply curve is the private marginal + + align:start position:0% +the supply curve is the private marginal + + + align:start position:0% +the supply curve is the private marginal +cost the main service of private + + align:start position:0% +cost the main service of private + + + align:start position:0% +cost the main service of private +marginal benefit but in this case that + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit but in this case that + + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit but in this case that +is the same as the social motivation + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the social motivation + + + align:start position:0% +is the same as the social motivation +because there's no extra mounts from the + + align:start position:0% +because there's no extra mounts from the + + + align:start position:0% +because there's no extra mounts from the +consumption of steel + + align:start position:0% +consumption of steel + + + align:start position:0% +consumption of steel +we'll come back in a minute to the + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back in a minute to the + + + align:start position:0% +we'll come back in a minute to the +subjects guys but let's tune for a + + align:start position:0% +subjects guys but let's tune for a + + + align:start position:0% +subjects guys but let's tune for a +minute that like my private benefit + + align:start position:0% +minute that like my private benefit + + + align:start position:0% +minute that like my private benefit +students feel society sentence has been + + align:start position:0% +students feel society sentence has been + + + align:start position:0% +students feel society sentence has been +skewed it's not like psychic unique feel + + align:start position:0% +skewed it's not like psychic unique feel + + + align:start position:0% +skewed it's not like psychic unique feel +I create some positive energy lecture + + align:start position:0% +I create some positive energy lecture + + + align:start position:0% +I create some positive energy lecture +okay so the demand curve is both the + + align:start position:0% +okay so the demand curve is both the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the demand curve is both the +private and social multi-vector but the + + align:start position:0% +private and social multi-vector but the + + + align:start position:0% +private and social multi-vector but the +private marginal cost is below the + + align:start position:0% +private marginal cost is below the + + + align:start position:0% +private marginal cost is below the +social marginal cost the social mores + + align:start position:0% +social marginal cost the social mores + + + align:start position:0% +social marginal cost the social mores +foster five market cause plus the + + align:start position:0% +foster five market cause plus the + + + align:start position:0% +foster five market cause plus the +externality game now what does this mean + + align:start position:0% +externality game now what does this mean + + + align:start position:0% +externality game now what does this mean +this means that the optimal level of + + align:start position:0% +this means that the optimal level of + + + align:start position:0% +this means that the optimal level of +production from society's perspective is + + align:start position:0% +production from society's perspective is + + + align:start position:0% +production from society's perspective is +not point a it's point P from society's + + align:start position:0% +not point a it's point P from society's + + + align:start position:0% +not point a it's point P from society's +perception incorporating to damage to + + align:start position:0% +perception incorporating to damage to + + + align:start position:0% +perception incorporating to damage to +the fisherman along with the cost of the + + align:start position:0% +the fisherman along with the cost of the + + + align:start position:0% +the fisherman along with the cost of the +steel plant then the occupants were + + align:start position:0% +steel plant then the occupants were + + + align:start position:0% +steel plant then the occupants were +those social marks are possible for + + align:start position:0% +those social marks are possible for + + + align:start position:0% +those social marks are possible for +equal price equals social marginal + + align:start position:0% +equal price equals social marginal + + + align:start position:0% +equal price equals social marginal +benefit which is point C so from + + align:start position:0% +benefit which is point C so from + + + align:start position:0% +benefit which is point C so from +society's perspective there should be + + align:start position:0% +society's perspective there should be + + + align:start position:0% +society's perspective there should be +less steel production okay add in the + + align:start position:0% +less steel production okay add in the + + + align:start position:0% +less steel production okay add in the +mouse to - this is low if you want but + + align:start position:0% +mouse to - this is low if you want but + + + align:start position:0% +mouse to - this is low if you want but +the steel plant doesn't care the steel + + align:start position:0% +the steel plant doesn't care the steel + + + align:start position:0% +the steel plant doesn't care the steel +plant produces - one they don't care + + align:start position:0% +plant produces - one they don't care + + + align:start position:0% +plant produces - one they don't care +about some fisherman downstream sooner + + align:start position:0% +about some fisherman downstream sooner + + + align:start position:0% +about some fisherman downstream sooner +but overproduction and a deadweight loss + + align:start position:0% +but overproduction and a deadweight loss + + + align:start position:0% +but overproduction and a deadweight loss +now here's the key thing about + + align:start position:0% +now here's the key thing about + + + align:start position:0% +now here's the key thing about +deadweight loss you talk about their + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss you talk about their + + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss you talk about their +loss before but here we started a loss + + align:start position:0% +loss before but here we started a loss + + + align:start position:0% +loss before but here we started a loss +deadweight loss is always drawn with + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss is always drawn with + + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss is always drawn with +reference to social marginal benefit + + align:start position:0% +reference to social marginal benefit + + + align:start position:0% +reference to social marginal benefit +costs players not Friday but deadweight + + align:start position:0% +costs players not Friday but deadweight + + + align:start position:0% +costs players not Friday but deadweight +loss is relative to what's best for + + align:start position:0% +loss is relative to what's best for + + + align:start position:0% +loss is relative to what's best for +society not special one for to go after + + align:start position:0% +society not special one for to go after + + + align:start position:0% +society not special one for to go after +in society + + align:start position:0% +in society + + + align:start position:0% +in society +so the deadweight loss is all the units + + align:start position:0% +so the deadweight loss is all the units + + + align:start position:0% +so the deadweight loss is all the units +between q2 and q1 where the social + + align:start position:0% +between q2 and q1 where the social + + + align:start position:0% +between q2 and q1 where the social +marginal cost exceeds the social + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost exceeds the social + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost exceeds the social +marginal benefit so for that first unit + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit so for that first unit + + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit so for that first unit +to the right of q2 there's a tiny + + align:start position:0% +to the right of q2 there's a tiny + + + align:start position:0% +to the right of q2 there's a tiny +deadweight loss but as you move further + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss but as you move further + + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss but as you move further +and farther from q2 q1 the deadweight + + align:start position:0% +and farther from q2 q1 the deadweight + + + align:start position:0% +and farther from q2 q1 the deadweight +loss grows because those in units with + + align:start position:0% +loss grows because those in units with + + + align:start position:0% +loss grows because those in units with +is a bigger and bigger gap between the + + align:start position:0% +is a bigger and bigger gap between the + + + align:start position:0% +is a bigger and bigger gap between the +social marginal cost and the social + + align:start position:0% +social marginal cost and the social + + + align:start position:0% +social marginal cost and the social +market investment the bottom line is + + align:start position:0% +market investment the bottom line is + + + align:start position:0% +market investment the bottom line is +we're back to the chain of logic the + + align:start position:0% +we're back to the chain of logic the + + + align:start position:0% +we're back to the chain of logic the +private steel plant does was privately + + align:start position:0% +private steel plant does was privately + + + align:start position:0% +private steel plant does was privately +options that's where it's private + + align:start position:0% +options that's where it's private + + + align:start position:0% +options that's where it's private +marginal cost equal to private marginal + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost equal to private marginal + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost equal to private marginal +benefit that's the point + + align:start position:0% +benefit that's the point + + + align:start position:0% +benefit that's the point +from a social perspective we care about + + align:start position:0% +from a social perspective we care about + + + align:start position:0% +from a social perspective we care about +social marginal cost for social + + align:start position:0% +social marginal cost for social + + + align:start position:0% +social marginal cost for social +motivation though so marginal benefit is + + align:start position:0% +motivation though so marginal benefit is + + + align:start position:0% +motivation though so marginal benefit is +the famous private marginal benefit + + align:start position:0% +the famous private marginal benefit + + + align:start position:0% +the famous private marginal benefit +example but social marginal cost + + align:start position:0% +example but social marginal cost + + + align:start position:0% +example but social marginal cost +includes the cost the fisherman so it's + + align:start position:0% +includes the cost the fisherman so it's + + + align:start position:0% +includes the cost the fisherman so it's +higher given that it's higher we + + align:start position:0% +higher given that it's higher we + + + align:start position:0% +higher given that it's higher we +socially optimal EEP reduce left feel + + align:start position:0% +socially optimal EEP reduce left feel + + + align:start position:0% +socially optimal EEP reduce left feel +okay and therefore we would want less + + align:start position:0% +okay and therefore we would want less + + + align:start position:0% +okay and therefore we would want less +production now once again there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +production now once again there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +production now once again there's a lot +of complications here for example what + + align:start position:0% +of complications here for example what + + + align:start position:0% +of complications here for example what +if we instead of using let's see we just + + align:start position:0% +if we instead of using let's see we just + + + align:start position:0% +if we instead of using let's see we just +stop them from polluting well that would + + align:start position:0% +stop them from polluting well that would + + + align:start position:0% +stop them from polluting well that would +be another way you know there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +be another way you know there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +be another way you know there's lots of +competition but for now just assume it's + + align:start position:0% +competition but for now just assume it's + + + align:start position:0% +competition but for now just assume it's +the way the production function it's + + align:start position:0% +the way the production function it's + + + align:start position:0% +the way the production function it's +gonna make feel you're gonna see okay so + + align:start position:0% +gonna make feel you're gonna see okay so + + + align:start position:0% +gonna make feel you're gonna see okay so +that that's the outcome that's what we + + align:start position:0% +that that's the outcome that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +that that's the outcome that's what we +call a that's how is anybody negative + + align:start position:0% +call a that's how is anybody negative + + + align:start position:0% +call a that's how is anybody negative +thruster now externalities can also + + align:start position:0% +thruster now externalities can also + + + align:start position:0% +thruster now externalities can also +happen on the consumption side and the + + align:start position:0% +happen on the consumption side and the + + + align:start position:0% +happen on the consumption side and the +classes have a negative consumption + + align:start position:0% +classes have a negative consumption + + + align:start position:0% +classes have a negative consumption +action ally is smoking so let's put a + + align:start position:0% +action ally is smoking so let's put a + + + align:start position:0% +action ally is smoking so let's put a +figure 23 - now we have the market for + + align:start position:0% +figure 23 - now we have the market for + + + align:start position:0% +figure 23 - now we have the market for +cigarettes + + align:start position:0% +cigarettes + + + align:start position:0% +cigarettes +there's the quantity cigarettes on the + + align:start position:0% +there's the quantity cigarettes on the + + + align:start position:0% +there's the quantity cigarettes on the +x-axis the price cigarettes on the wire + + align:start position:0% +x-axis the price cigarettes on the wire + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis the price cigarettes on the wire +now here we're going to assume the + + align:start position:0% +now here we're going to assume the + + + align:start position:0% +now here we're going to assume the +private marginal cost or as equal or + + align:start position:0% +private marginal cost or as equal or + + + align:start position:0% +private marginal cost or as equal or +social moral conference that is there's + + align:start position:0% +social moral conference that is there's + + + align:start position:0% +social moral conference that is there's +no maybe when they make tobacco + + align:start position:0% +no maybe when they make tobacco + + + align:start position:0% +no maybe when they make tobacco +cigarettes they police bowl ignore that + + align:start position:0% +cigarettes they police bowl ignore that + + + align:start position:0% +cigarettes they police bowl ignore that +for now okay we're just gonna assume + + align:start position:0% +for now okay we're just gonna assume + + + align:start position:0% +for now okay we're just gonna assume +that there's no pollution from the + + align:start position:0% +that there's no pollution from the + + + align:start position:0% +that there's no pollution from the +production side but on the consumption + + align:start position:0% +production side but on the consumption + + + align:start position:0% +production side but on the consumption +side when I smoke a cigarette I do + + align:start position:0% +side when I smoke a cigarette I do + + + align:start position:0% +side when I smoke a cigarette I do +damage to other people okay + + align:start position:0% +damage to other people okay + + + align:start position:0% +damage to other people okay +most pernicious most obviously to + + align:start position:0% +most pernicious most obviously to + + + align:start position:0% +most pernicious most obviously to +secondhand smoke I'm very sensitive to + + align:start position:0% +secondhand smoke I'm very sensitive to + + + align:start position:0% +secondhand smoke I'm very sensitive to +this right now because my mom's my + + align:start position:0% +this right now because my mom's my + + + align:start position:0% +this right now because my mom's my +wife's mom smokes three packs a day my + + align:start position:0% +wife's mom smokes three packs a day my + + + align:start position:0% +wife's mom smokes three packs a day my +wife now is COPD heart coronary + + align:start position:0% +wife now is COPD heart coronary + + + align:start position:0% +wife now is COPD heart coronary +obstructive pulmonary disease or just in + + align:start position:0% +obstructive pulmonary disease or just in + + + align:start position:0% +obstructive pulmonary disease or just in +the hospital pneumonia because her mom + + align:start position:0% +the hospital pneumonia because her mom + + + align:start position:0% +the hospital pneumonia because her mom +smokes three packs a day + + align:start position:0% +smokes three packs a day + + + align:start position:0% +smokes three packs a day +and so her lungs ELISA so this is the + + align:start position:0% +and so her lungs ELISA so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +and so her lungs ELISA so this is the +definitely negative to subsection a Li + + align:start position:0% +definitely negative to subsection a Li + + + align:start position:0% +definitely negative to subsection a Li +her mom smokes and smoke to the point of + + align:start position:0% +her mom smokes and smoke to the point of + + + align:start position:0% +her mom smokes and smoke to the point of +point a where her where her back private + + align:start position:0% +point a where her where her back private + + + align:start position:0% +point a where her where her back private +benefit equal to private cost but the + + align:start position:0% +benefit equal to private cost but the + + + align:start position:0% +benefit equal to private cost but the +social cost between my wife I like to + + align:start position:0% +social cost between my wife I like to + + + align:start position:0% +social cost between my wife I like to +think and therefore the song aside the + + align:start position:0% +think and therefore the song aside the + + + align:start position:0% +think and therefore the song aside the +benefit includes the negative impact on + + align:start position:0% +benefit includes the negative impact on + + + align:start position:0% +benefit includes the negative impact on +my wife so this led my wife's mom to + + align:start position:0% +my wife so this led my wife's mom to + + + align:start position:0% +my wife so this led my wife's mom to +over smoke or in general people over + + align:start position:0% +over smoke or in general people over + + + align:start position:0% +over smoke or in general people over +smoke because they don't account for the + + align:start position:0% +smoke because they don't account for the + + + align:start position:0% +smoke because they don't account for the +fact that there's damage on other + + align:start position:0% +fact that there's damage on other + + + align:start position:0% +fact that there's damage on other +therefore there is too much smoking + + align:start position:0% +therefore there is too much smoking + + + align:start position:0% +therefore there is too much smoking +too much smoke into you doesn't account + + align:start position:0% +too much smoke into you doesn't account + + + align:start position:0% +too much smoke into you doesn't account +for the damage on others but in this + + align:start position:0% +for the damage on others but in this + + + align:start position:0% +for the damage on others but in this +case this is not a changed supply curve + + align:start position:0% +case this is not a changed supply curve + + + align:start position:0% +case this is not a changed supply curve +it's a reduction the benefit because the + + align:start position:0% +it's a reduction the benefit because the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a reduction the benefit because the +production cigarette hasn't changed it's + + align:start position:0% +production cigarette hasn't changed it's + + + align:start position:0% +production cigarette hasn't changed it's +just a value consuming cigarette system + + align:start position:0% +just a value consuming cigarette system + + + align:start position:0% +just a value consuming cigarette system +cigarettes are less valuable to consume + + align:start position:0% +cigarettes are less valuable to consume + + + align:start position:0% +cigarettes are less valuable to consume +because you get to join them from + + align:start position:0% +because you get to join them from + + + align:start position:0% +because you get to join them from +smoking at least some people think it's + + align:start position:0% +smoking at least some people think it's + + + align:start position:0% +smoking at least some people think it's +enjoyable but offsetting that is the + + align:start position:0% +enjoyable but offsetting that is the + + + align:start position:0% +enjoyable but offsetting that is the +damage you're doing to others so that's + + align:start position:0% +damage you're doing to others so that's + + + align:start position:0% +damage you're doing to others so that's +the shift downwards of the marginal + + align:start position:0% +the shift downwards of the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +the shift downwards of the marginal +benefit curve now the social marginal + + align:start position:0% +benefit curve now the social marginal + + + align:start position:0% +benefit curve now the social marginal +benefit is below the private marginal + + align:start position:0% +benefit is below the private marginal + + + align:start position:0% +benefit is below the private marginal +benefit and the new equilibrium is where + + align:start position:0% +benefit and the new equilibrium is where + + + align:start position:0% +benefit and the new equilibrium is where +the social marginal benefit equals the + + align:start position:0% +the social marginal benefit equals the + + + align:start position:0% +the social marginal benefit equals the +social marginal cost okay and therefore + + align:start position:0% +social marginal cost okay and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +social marginal cost okay and therefore +the optimal level of smoking is lower + + align:start position:0% +the optimal level of smoking is lower + + + align:start position:0% +the optimal level of smoking is lower +than what individual privately + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes this is not this I'm gonna come back + + align:start position:0% +yes this is not this I'm gonna come back + + + align:start position:0% +yes this is not this I'm gonna come back +to what happens when you depart worse to + + align:start position:0% +to what happens when you depart worse to + + + align:start position:0% +to what happens when you depart worse to +be perfectly rational people the first + + align:start position:0% +be perfectly rational people the first + + + align:start position:0% +be perfectly rational people the first +difference I'll come back to this is + + align:start position:0% +difference I'll come back to this is + + + align:start position:0% +difference I'll come back to this is +more complicated ultimately this is a + + align:start position:0% +more complicated ultimately this is a + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated ultimately this is a +part of the reference information even + + align:start position:0% +part of the reference information even + + + align:start position:0% +part of the reference information even +before they knew it I'm not saying it's + + align:start position:0% +before they knew it I'm not saying it's + + + align:start position:0% +before they knew it I'm not saying it's +I'm not saying they're bad people who + + align:start position:0% +I'm not saying they're bad people who + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not saying they're bad people who +think so bees are bad people because + + align:start position:0% +think so bees are bad people because + + + align:start position:0% +think so bees are bad people because +they're doing what's 5 the Optima + + align:start position:0% +they're doing what's 5 the Optima + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing what's 5 the Optima +there's nothing bad about doing it five + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing bad about doing it five + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing bad about doing it five +of the outfit but doesn't matter if they + + align:start position:0% +of the outfit but doesn't matter if they + + + align:start position:0% +of the outfit but doesn't matter if they +knew or not the point is there to lead + + align:start position:0% +knew or not the point is there to lead + + + align:start position:0% +knew or not the point is there to lead +in from a social perspective is too much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay this is think about the exercises + + align:start position:0% +okay this is think about the exercises + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is think about the exercises +smoking so for example or you get sick + + align:start position:0% +smoking so for example or you get sick + + + align:start position:0% +smoking so for example or you get sick +of your medical costs are higher + + align:start position:0% +of your medical costs are higher + + + align:start position:0% +of your medical costs are higher +actually if you just saw passive smokers + + align:start position:0% +actually if you just saw passive smokers + + + align:start position:0% +actually if you just saw passive smokers +start a lot of fires thousands of people + + align:start position:0% +start a lot of fires thousands of people + + + align:start position:0% +start a lot of fires thousands of people +die every year in Americans fire started + + align:start position:0% +die every year in Americans fire started + + + align:start position:0% +die every year in Americans fire started +by smokers that's until a possibility + + align:start position:0% +by smokers that's until a possibility + + + align:start position:0% +by smokers that's until a possibility +for buying the fire department things + + align:start position:0% +for buying the fire department things + + + align:start position:0% +for buying the fire department things +like that smokers are less productive so + + align:start position:0% +like that smokers are less productive so + + + align:start position:0% +like that smokers are less productive so +firms make less money so they take smoke + + align:start position:0% +firms make less money so they take smoke + + + align:start position:0% +firms make less money so they take smoke +breaks and things like that you add all + + align:start position:0% +breaks and things like that you add all + + + align:start position:0% +breaks and things like that you add all +that up and now that's without + + align:start position:0% +that up and now that's without + + + align:start position:0% +that up and now that's without +secondhand smoke the promise that guys + + align:start position:0% +secondhand smoke the promise that guys + + + align:start position:0% +secondhand smoke the promise that guys +hope if you don't know how big that + + align:start position:0% +hope if you don't know how big that + + + align:start position:0% +hope if you don't know how big that +affected that's what the summers you + + align:start position:0% +affected that's what the summers you + + + align:start position:0% +affected that's what the summers you +make sent a package $2 back + + align:start position:0% +make sent a package $2 back + + + align:start position:0% +make sent a package $2 back +so we just really really hard to measure + + align:start position:0% +so we just really really hard to measure + + + align:start position:0% +so we just really really hard to measure +and it's really hard to measure partly + + align:start position:0% +and it's really hard to measure partly + + + align:start position:0% +and it's really hard to measure partly +because of a really interesting + + align:start position:0% +because of a really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +because of a really interesting +phenomenon which is you might have come + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon which is you might have come + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon which is you might have come +back to me and said wait a second what + + align:start position:0% +back to me and said wait a second what + + + align:start position:0% +back to me and said wait a second what +happened to your wife is not an + + align:start position:0% +happened to your wife is not an + + + align:start position:0% +happened to your wife is not an +externality + + align:start position:0% +externality + + + align:start position:0% +externality +why would went under what situation + + align:start position:0% +why would went under what situation + + + align:start position:0% +why would went under what situation +here's a hard question under what set of + + align:start position:0% +here's a hard question under what set of + + + align:start position:0% +here's a hard question under what set of +assumptions would the damage done to my + + align:start position:0% +assumptions would the damage done to my + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions would the damage done to my +wife by her mom smoking not be enough + + align:start position:0% +wife by her mom smoking not be enough + + + align:start position:0% +wife by her mom smoking not be enough +let's say your mom was still wide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly it's only Senator Boozman for + + align:start position:0% +exactly it's only Senator Boozman for + + + align:start position:0% +exactly it's only Senator Boozman for +the cost but as a mom knew that by + + align:start position:0% +the cost but as a mom knew that by + + + align:start position:0% +the cost but as a mom knew that by +smoking this would be information + + align:start position:0% +smoking this would be information + + + align:start position:0% +smoking this would be information +something new that by smoking she'd make + + align:start position:0% +something new that by smoking she'd make + + + align:start position:0% +something new that by smoking she'd make +her daughter sick and chose to smoke + + align:start position:0% +her daughter sick and chose to smoke + + + align:start position:0% +her daughter sick and chose to smoke +anyway then it's not next finale in that + + align:start position:0% +anyway then it's not next finale in that + + + align:start position:0% +anyway then it's not next finale in that +case in the marginal benefits for the + + align:start position:0% +case in the marginal benefits for the + + + align:start position:0% +case in the marginal benefits for the +mom would be included the damage done to + + align:start position:0% +mom would be included the damage done to + + + align:start position:0% +mom would be included the damage done to +the daughter so what's really doing + + align:start position:0% +the daughter so what's really doing + + + align:start position:0% +the daughter so what's really doing +externalities of is not a strictly easy + + align:start position:0% +externalities of is not a strictly easy + + + align:start position:0% +externalities of is not a strictly easy +thing to measure it depends on now + + align:start position:0% +thing to measure it depends on now + + + align:start position:0% +thing to measure it depends on now +so fishermen downtown floods down the + + align:start position:0% +so fishermen downtown floods down the + + + align:start position:0% +so fishermen downtown floods down the +river that's different but here the + + align:start position:0% +river that's different but here the + + + align:start position:0% +river that's different but here the +externality is only true as a mom + + align:start position:0% +externality is only true as a mom + + + align:start position:0% +externality is only true as a mom +seeking account so the key thing the key + + align:start position:0% +seeking account so the key thing the key + + + align:start position:0% +seeking account so the key thing the key +question have to ask a judge is do + + align:start position:0% +question have to ask a judge is do + + + align:start position:0% +question have to ask a judge is do +families maximize a family utility + + align:start position:0% +families maximize a family utility + + + align:start position:0% +families maximize a family utility +function or an individual utility + + align:start position:0% +function or an individual utility + + + align:start position:0% +function or an individual utility +function if her mom was max on your + + align:start position:0% +function if her mom was max on your + + + align:start position:0% +function if her mom was max on your +individual ragam like if she was + + align:start position:0% +individual ragam like if she was + + + align:start position:0% +individual ragam like if she was +measuring if she was just focusing on + + align:start position:0% +measuring if she was just focusing on + + + align:start position:0% +measuring if she was just focusing on +her individual utility then she should + + align:start position:0% +her individual utility then she should + + + align:start position:0% +her individual utility then she should +just consider the benefits were smoking + + align:start position:0% +just consider the benefits were smoking + + + align:start position:0% +just consider the benefits were smoking +for his the cost intact cigarette but if + + align:start position:0% +for his the cost intact cigarette but if + + + align:start position:0% +for his the cost intact cigarette but if +she's maximizing family utility do you + + align:start position:0% +she's maximizing family utility do you + + + align:start position:0% +she's maximizing family utility do you +think the benefit earth smoking - the + + align:start position:0% +think the benefit earth smoking - the + + + align:start position:0% +think the benefit earth smoking - the +damage goes for daughters + + align:start position:0% +damage goes for daughters + + + align:start position:0% +damage goes for daughters +versus the cost effective yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well know that you're soon I mean you + + align:start position:0% +well know that you're soon I mean you + + + align:start position:0% +well know that you're soon I mean you +care about the poignancy now basically + + align:start position:0% +care about the poignancy now basically + + + align:start position:0% +care about the poignancy now basically +the interesting question is in other + + align:start position:0% +the interesting question is in other + + + align:start position:0% +the interesting question is in other +words it's just about wait let's say I + + align:start position:0% +words it's just about wait let's say I + + + align:start position:0% +words it's just about wait let's say I +wanted to you are purchasing the + + align:start position:0% +wanted to you are purchasing the + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to you are purchasing the +function I don't care about anywhere my + + align:start position:0% +function I don't care about anywhere my + + + align:start position:0% +function I don't care about anywhere my +family a whole family's only function I + + align:start position:0% +family a whole family's only function I + + + align:start position:0% +family a whole family's only function I +treat them as if they're myself I give + + align:start position:0% +treat them as if they're myself I give + + + align:start position:0% +treat them as if they're myself I give +up usually to the mom where do people + + align:start position:0% +up usually to the mom where do people + + + align:start position:0% +up usually to the mom where do people +lie in between now in fact there's some + + align:start position:0% +lie in between now in fact there's some + + + align:start position:0% +lie in between now in fact there's some +evidence on this and the evidence is + + align:start position:0% +evidence on this and the evidence is + + + align:start position:0% +evidence on this and the evidence is +basically that women care about their + + align:start position:0% +basically that women care about their + + + align:start position:0% +basically that women care about their +families in Windows so there's actually + + align:start position:0% +families in Windows so there's actually + + + align:start position:0% +families in Windows so there's actually +a number of studies developing countries + + align:start position:0% +a number of studies developing countries + + + align:start position:0% +a number of studies developing countries +there's a cool way to test them and the + + align:start position:0% +there's a cool way to test them and the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a cool way to test them and the +way you tack this is you say if family + + align:start position:0% +way you tack this is you say if family + + + align:start position:0% +way you tack this is you say if family +total emasculation holds then it + + align:start position:0% +total emasculation holds then it + + + align:start position:0% +total emasculation holds then it +shouldn't matter who controls the + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't matter who controls the + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't matter who controls the +resources in the family if I take a + + align:start position:0% +resources in the family if I take a + + + align:start position:0% +resources in the family if I take a +dollar from a wife and give it to a + + align:start position:0% +dollar from a wife and give it to a + + + align:start position:0% +dollar from a wife and give it to a +husband that shouldn't change anything + + align:start position:0% +husband that shouldn't change anything + + + align:start position:0% +husband that shouldn't change anything +because we're both maximizing family so + + align:start position:0% +because we're both maximizing family so + + + align:start position:0% +because we're both maximizing family so +much but if there's individual sylheti + + align:start position:0% +much but if there's individual sylheti + + + align:start position:0% +much but if there's individual sylheti +function the new controls for resources + + align:start position:0% +function the new controls for resources + + + align:start position:0% +function the new controls for resources +will determine how the money gets spent + + align:start position:0% +will determine how the money gets spent + + + align:start position:0% +will determine how the money gets spent +there's a quite a striking example from + + align:start position:0% +there's a quite a striking example from + + + align:start position:0% +there's a quite a striking example from +the UK where they had a tax break for + + align:start position:0% +the UK where they had a tax break for + + + align:start position:0% +the UK where they had a tax break for +children and it used to be what happened + + align:start position:0% +children and it used to be what happened + + + align:start position:0% +children and it used to be what happened +this is back in the 7th used to me that + + align:start position:0% +this is back in the 7th used to me that + + + align:start position:0% +this is back in the 7th used to me that +what happened was for every child in the + + align:start position:0% +what happened was for every child in the + + + align:start position:0% +what happened was for every child in the +household at the end of the year check + + align:start position:0% +household at the end of the year check + + + align:start position:0% +household at the end of the year check +that sense of the house okay + + align:start position:0% +that sense of the house okay + + + align:start position:0% +that sense of the house okay +well typically women were home and + + align:start position:0% +well typically women were home and + + + align:start position:0% +well typically women were home and +control the money in the house so the + + align:start position:0% +control the money in the house so the + + + align:start position:0% +control the money in the house so the +women got that right then change the law + + align:start position:0% +women got that right then change the law + + + align:start position:0% +women got that right then change the law +and said no instead we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +and said no instead we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +and said no instead we're just going to +let state take home pay a bit higher so + + align:start position:0% +let state take home pay a bit higher so + + + align:start position:0% +let state take home pay a bit higher so +instead of saying techniques here each + + align:start position:0% +instead of saying techniques here each + + + align:start position:0% +instead of saying techniques here each +week will include in your take-home pay + + align:start position:0% +week will include in your take-home pay + + + align:start position:0% +week will include in your take-home pay +well the take-home pay went to the men + + align:start position:0% +well the take-home pay went to the men + + + align:start position:0% +well the take-home pay went to the men +then we're working women work so it's + + align:start position:0% +then we're working women work so it's + + + align:start position:0% +then we're working women work so it's +shifted from women controlling the money + + align:start position:0% +shifted from women controlling the money + + + align:start position:0% +shifted from women controlling the money +to mention formulas and what they found + + align:start position:0% +to mention formulas and what they found + + + align:start position:0% +to mention formulas and what they found +was this ship led to much less being + + align:start position:0% +was this ship led to much less being + + + align:start position:0% +was this ship led to much less being +spent on children's clothes and books + + align:start position:0% +spent on children's clothes and books + + + align:start position:0% +spent on children's clothes and books +and much more being present alcohol and + + align:start position:0% +and much more being present alcohol and + + + align:start position:0% +and much more being present alcohol and +tobacco which is inconsistent with a + + align:start position:0% +tobacco which is inconsistent with a + + + align:start position:0% +tobacco which is inconsistent with a +family function repetition okay + + align:start position:0% +family function repetition okay + + + align:start position:0% +family function repetition okay +the bottom line is we don't have a + + align:start position:0% +the bottom line is we don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom line is we don't have a +perfect game until you function probably + + align:start position:0% +perfect game until you function probably + + + align:start position:0% +perfect game until you function probably +you have a perfectly busy once you + + align:start position:0% +you have a perfectly busy once you + + + align:start position:0% +you have a perfectly busy once you +divide people kissed someone about their + + align:start position:0% +divide people kissed someone about their + + + align:start position:0% +divide people kissed someone about their +family but as long as kind of perfectly + + align:start position:0% +family but as long as kind of perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +family but as long as kind of perfectly +family silly functions then there's some + + align:start position:0% +family silly functions then there's some + + + align:start position:0% +family silly functions then there's some +extra now we have family members + + align:start position:0% +extra now we have family members + + + align:start position:0% +extra now we have family members +affected the $0.40 is fully too low we + + align:start position:0% +affected the $0.40 is fully too low we + + + align:start position:0% +affected the $0.40 is fully too low we +just go in the house okay now + + align:start position:0% +just go in the house okay now + + + align:start position:0% +just go in the house okay now +externalities don't have to be negative + + align:start position:0% +externalities don't have to be negative + + + align:start position:0% +externalities don't have to be negative +they can also be positive okay let's + + align:start position:0% +they can also be positive okay let's + + + align:start position:0% +they can also be positive okay let's +think about a positive consumption and + + align:start position:0% +think about a positive consumption and + + + align:start position:0% +think about a positive consumption and +let's come to UM one of my favorite + + align:start position:0% +let's come to UM one of my favorite + + + align:start position:0% +let's come to UM one of my favorite +people I like talking the state of + + align:start position:0% +people I like talking the state of + + + align:start position:0% +people I like talking the state of +kibbutz throwing shade to which is my + + align:start position:0% +kibbutz throwing shade to which is my + + + align:start position:0% +kibbutz throwing shade to which is my +neighbor okay I don't get along with my + + align:start position:0% +neighbor okay I don't get along with my + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor okay I don't get along with my +neighbor at all + + align:start position:0% +neighbor at all + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor at all +and um and basically part of the note + + align:start position:0% +and um and basically part of the note + + + align:start position:0% +and um and basically part of the note +that one of my neighbors because my + + align:start position:0% +that one of my neighbors because my + + + align:start position:0% +that one of my neighbors because my +neighbor has a tendency to start massive + + align:start position:0% +neighbor has a tendency to start massive + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor has a tendency to start massive +Lansing projects and then leave them + + align:start position:0% +Lansing projects and then leave them + + + align:start position:0% +Lansing projects and then leave them +half done + + align:start position:0% +half done + + + align:start position:0% +half done +and just not doing and it's unattractive + + align:start position:0% +and just not doing and it's unattractive + + + align:start position:0% +and just not doing and it's unattractive +and so basically let's imagine that my + + align:start position:0% +and so basically let's imagine that my + + + align:start position:0% +and so basically let's imagine that my +neighbor is looking at the outside his + + align:start position:0% +neighbor is looking at the outside his + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor is looking at the outside his +yard you think about the landscaping + + align:start position:0% +yard you think about the landscaping + + + align:start position:0% +yard you think about the landscaping +thinking what's it works to me to fix + + align:start position:0% +thinking what's it works to me to fix + + + align:start position:0% +thinking what's it works to me to fix +this dirt pile in my yard + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's it worth me to fix the sphere + + align:start position:0% +what's it worth me to fix the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +what's it worth me to fix the sphere +pile in my life okay + + align:start position:0% +pile in my life okay + + + align:start position:0% +pile in my life okay +well imagine that the dirt pile will + + align:start position:0% +well imagine that the dirt pile will + + + align:start position:0% +well imagine that the dirt pile will +cost a thousand dollars to call away but + + align:start position:0% +cost a thousand dollars to call away but + + + align:start position:0% +cost a thousand dollars to call away but +he only gets a hundred dollars of + + align:start position:0% +he only gets a hundred dollars of + + + align:start position:0% +he only gets a hundred dollars of +digitally from work so let's say I get + + align:start position:0% +digitally from work so let's say I get + + + align:start position:0% +digitally from work so let's say I get +$500 personally and let's say it's a + + align:start position:0% +$500 personally and let's say it's a + + + align:start position:0% +$500 personally and let's say it's a +silly tree doesn't care about me then + + align:start position:0% +silly tree doesn't care about me then + + + align:start position:0% +silly tree doesn't care about me then +he'll say privately I should move the + + align:start position:0% +he'll say privately I should move the + + + align:start position:0% +he'll say privately I should move the +dirt pile my benefits are noon so is + + align:start position:0% +dirt pile my benefits are noon so is + + + align:start position:0% +dirt pile my benefits are noon so is +$800 my cost of doing so is $1,000 okay + + align:start position:0% +$800 my cost of doing so is $1,000 okay + + + align:start position:0% +$800 my cost of doing so is $1,000 okay +so the cost is about if I won't do it + + align:start position:0% +so the cost is about if I won't do it + + + align:start position:0% +so the cost is about if I won't do it +but so slowly + + align:start position:0% +but so slowly + + + align:start position:0% +but so slowly +you should get rid of the dirt pile + + align:start position:0% +you should get rid of the dirt pile + + + align:start position:0% +you should get rid of the dirt pile +because the benefits is decides to even + + align:start position:0% +because the benefits is decides to even + + + align:start position:0% +because the benefits is decides to even +tritium and the 500 to me so if you + + align:start position:0% +tritium and the 500 to me so if you + + + align:start position:0% +tritium and the 500 to me so if you +remove the dirt pile there of a positive + + align:start position:0% +remove the dirt pile there of a positive + + + align:start position:0% +remove the dirt pile there of a positive +externality for him consuming + + align:start position:0% +externality for him consuming + + + align:start position:0% +externality for him consuming +landscaping services there be a positive + + align:start position:0% +landscaping services there be a positive + + + align:start position:0% +landscaping services there be a positive +externality which is my increase you so + + align:start position:0% +externality which is my increase you so + + + align:start position:0% +externality which is my increase you so +the opossums assumption that you know + + align:start position:0% +the opossums assumption that you know + + + align:start position:0% +the opossums assumption that you know +okay so that is you can think of this + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is you can think of this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is you can think of this +big figure 23 - but just flip it now + + align:start position:0% +big figure 23 - but just flip it now + + + align:start position:0% +big figure 23 - but just flip it now +think of my consumption having a + + align:start position:0% +think of my consumption having a + + + align:start position:0% +think of my consumption having a +marginal social benefit in that case + + align:start position:0% +marginal social benefit in that case + + + align:start position:0% +marginal social benefit in that case +unlike the case of cigarettes where + + align:start position:0% +unlike the case of cigarettes where + + + align:start position:0% +unlike the case of cigarettes where +there's too much consumption now there's + + align:start position:0% +there's too much consumption now there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's too much consumption now there's +two little consumption landscaping + + align:start position:0% +two little consumption landscaping + + + align:start position:0% +two little consumption landscaping +services by my name is not accounting + + align:start position:0% +services by my name is not accounting + + + align:start position:0% +services by my name is not accounting +for the benefits + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nobody come that one minute okay now um + + align:start position:0% +nobody come that one minute okay now um + + + align:start position:0% +nobody come that one minute okay now um +finally there's one last example which + + align:start position:0% +finally there's one last example which + + + align:start position:0% +finally there's one last example which +is you can have a positive production + + align:start position:0% +is you can have a positive production + + + align:start position:0% +is you can have a positive production +action in the class level positive + + align:start position:0% +action in the class level positive + + + align:start position:0% +action in the class level positive +structure nationality is researcher + + align:start position:0% +structure nationality is researcher + + + align:start position:0% +structure nationality is researcher +development by companies when companies + + align:start position:0% +development by companies when companies + + + align:start position:0% +development by companies when companies +who are in deep it benefits them but it + + align:start position:0% +who are in deep it benefits them but it + + + align:start position:0% +who are in deep it benefits them but it +also loses general knowledge and said if + + align:start position:0% +also loses general knowledge and said if + + + align:start position:0% +also loses general knowledge and said if +it's everyone including their + + align:start position:0% +it's everyone including their + + + align:start position:0% +it's everyone including their +competitors as a result if you go back + + align:start position:0% +competitors as a result if you go back + + + align:start position:0% +competitors as a result if you go back +to figure twenty two twenty three one my + + align:start position:0% +to figure twenty two twenty three one my + + + align:start position:0% +to figure twenty two twenty three one my +social marginal cost of doing R&D are + + align:start position:0% +social marginal cost of doing R&D are + + + align:start position:0% +social marginal cost of doing R&D are +actually lower than my private marginal + + align:start position:0% +actually lower than my private marginal + + + align:start position:0% +actually lower than my private marginal +cost because I'm producing I'm reducing + + align:start position:0% +cost because I'm producing I'm reducing + + + align:start position:0% +cost because I'm producing I'm reducing +the I'm reduced I'm producing benefits + + align:start position:0% +the I'm reduced I'm producing benefits + + + align:start position:0% +the I'm reduced I'm producing benefits +for other creatures it's the opposite + + align:start position:0% +for other creatures it's the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +for other creatures it's the opposite +dumping sludge machine I'm dumping + + align:start position:0% +dumping sludge machine I'm dumping + + + align:start position:0% +dumping sludge machine I'm dumping +ecology okay and that now its benefits + + align:start position:0% +ecology okay and that now its benefits + + + align:start position:0% +ecology okay and that now its benefits +everybody downstream + + align:start position:0% +everybody downstream + + + align:start position:0% +everybody downstream +indeed the estimates are that a dollar + + align:start position:0% +indeed the estimates are that a dollar + + + align:start position:0% +indeed the estimates are that a dollar +of R&D is worth about twice as much to + + align:start position:0% +of R&D is worth about twice as much to + + + align:start position:0% +of R&D is worth about twice as much to +society you need to go further to do it + + align:start position:0% +society you need to go further to do it + + + align:start position:0% +society you need to go further to do it +if you'd like to learn more about this + + align:start position:0% +if you'd like to learn more about this + + + align:start position:0% +if you'd like to learn more about this +you can see you order my new book + + align:start position:0% +you can see you order my new book + + + align:start position:0% +you can see you order my new book +jump-starting America which talks about + + align:start position:0% +jump-starting America which talks about + + + align:start position:0% +jump-starting America which talks about +how we're gonna make America running run + + align:start position:0% +how we're gonna make America running run + + + align:start position:0% +how we're gonna make America running run +better again by investing a public R&D I + + align:start position:0% +better again by investing a public R&D I + + + align:start position:0% +better again by investing a public R&D I +talk all about it very exciting about + + align:start position:0% +talk all about it very exciting about + + + align:start position:0% +talk all about it very exciting about +that right now so um so those the kinds + + align:start position:0% +that right now so um so those the kinds + + + align:start position:0% +that right now so um so those the kinds +of externalities positive and negative + + align:start position:0% +of externalities positive and negative + + + align:start position:0% +of externalities positive and negative +now the question mani active so what so + + align:start position:0% +now the question mani active so what so + + + align:start position:0% +now the question mani active so what so +these things exist why can't people just + + align:start position:0% +these things exist why can't people just + + + align:start position:0% +these things exist why can't people just +figured out take me and my neighbor's + + align:start position:0% +figured out take me and my neighbor's + + + align:start position:0% +figured out take me and my neighbor's +okay there's an easy solution here I + + align:start position:0% +okay there's an easy solution here I + + + align:start position:0% +okay there's an easy solution here I +just go to my neighbor and I take him + + align:start position:0% +just go to my neighbor and I take him + + + align:start position:0% +just go to my neighbor and I take him +towards your bus or Georgian one dollar + + align:start position:0% +towards your bus or Georgian one dollar + + + align:start position:0% +towards your bus or Georgian one dollar +he's a dollar better off I'm Georgia $99 + + align:start position:0% +he's a dollar better off I'm Georgia $99 + + + align:start position:0% +he's a dollar better off I'm Georgia $99 +level off problem solved + + align:start position:0% +level off problem solved + + + align:start position:0% +level off problem solved +indeed there's a famous economist named + + align:start position:0% +indeed there's a famous economist named + + + align:start position:0% +indeed there's a famous economist named +Ron and co-host for suppose that there + + align:start position:0% +Ron and co-host for suppose that there + + + align:start position:0% +Ron and co-host for suppose that there +is no such thing really as an + + align:start position:0% +is no such thing really as an + + + align:start position:0% +is no such thing really as an +externality + + align:start position:0% +externality + + + align:start position:0% +externality +because all externalities can be + + align:start position:0% +because all externalities can be + + + align:start position:0% +because all externalities can be +internalized through private negotiation + + align:start position:0% +internalized through private negotiation + + + align:start position:0% +internalized through private negotiation +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +as long as you keep saying as long as as + + align:start position:0% +as long as you keep saying as long as as + + + align:start position:0% +as long as you keep saying as long as as +well-defined properly so in the case my + + align:start position:0% +well-defined properly so in the case my + + + align:start position:0% +well-defined properly so in the case my +name is a well defined property right + + align:start position:0% +name is a well defined property right + + + align:start position:0% +name is a well defined property right +he owns the dirt pile so I go to him and + + align:start position:0% +he owns the dirt pile so I go to him and + + + align:start position:0% +he owns the dirt pile so I go to him and +offer money to things to get rid of it + + align:start position:0% +offer money to things to get rid of it + + + align:start position:0% +offer money to things to get rid of it +likewise imagine the fisherman owns the + + align:start position:0% +likewise imagine the fisherman owns the + + + align:start position:0% +likewise imagine the fisherman owns the +river they can then go to the steel + + align:start position:0% +river they can then go to the steel + + + align:start position:0% +river they can then go to the steel +plant and say we are going to charge you + + align:start position:0% +plant and say we are going to charge you + + + align:start position:0% +plant and say we are going to charge you +for dumping sludge into the river and + + align:start position:0% +for dumping sludge into the river and + + + align:start position:0% +for dumping sludge into the river and +we'll charge you enough so that your + + align:start position:0% +we'll charge you enough so that your + + + align:start position:0% +we'll charge you enough so that your +private costs go to the Social Fund + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so basically tow said there's no problem + + align:start position:0% +so basically tow said there's no problem + + + align:start position:0% +so basically tow said there's no problem +there's no need for government the + + align:start position:0% +there's no need for government the + + + align:start position:0% +there's no need for government the +private market is here well that's a + + align:start position:0% +private market is here well that's a + + + align:start position:0% +private market is here well that's a +really cute argument in theory but in + + align:start position:0% +really cute argument in theory but in + + + align:start position:0% +really cute argument in theory but in +fact the breakstep because think about + + align:start position:0% +fact the breakstep because think about + + + align:start position:0% +fact the breakstep because think about +that argument for the biggest exercise I + + align:start position:0% +that argument for the biggest exercise I + + + align:start position:0% +that argument for the biggest exercise I +think the whooping ancient mobile one + + align:start position:0% +think the whooping ancient mobile one + + + align:start position:0% +think the whooping ancient mobile one +okay mobile warming happens because I + + align:start position:0% +okay mobile warming happens because I + + + align:start position:0% +okay mobile warming happens because I +Drive my car + + align:start position:0% +Drive my car + + + align:start position:0% +Drive my car +he's on dangerous ground how much how + + align:start position:0% +he's on dangerous ground how much how + + + align:start position:0% +he's on dangerous ground how much how +they supposed to come to me and say John + + align:start position:0% +they supposed to come to me and say John + + + align:start position:0% +they supposed to come to me and say John +should drive less I'm gonna pay you to + + align:start position:0% +should drive less I'm gonna pay you to + + + align:start position:0% +should drive less I'm gonna pay you to +drive left so I don't drown that's crazy + + align:start position:0% +drive left so I don't drown that's crazy + + + align:start position:0% +drive left so I don't drown that's crazy +right it doesn't work for big + + align:start position:0% +right it doesn't work for big + + + align:start position:0% +right it doesn't work for big +externality those who wants a little + + align:start position:0% +externality those who wants a little + + + align:start position:0% +externality those who wants a little +externalities well think about yourself + + align:start position:0% +externalities well think about yourself + + + align:start position:0% +externalities well think about yourself +say think about your neighbor playing + + align:start position:0% +say think about your neighbor playing + + + align:start position:0% +say think about your neighbor playing +music see less class you you have a 1401 + + align:start position:0% +music see less class you you have a 1401 + + + align:start position:0% +music see less class you you have a 1401 +test the next day your neighbor son was + + align:start position:0% +test the next day your neighbor son was + + + align:start position:0% +test the next day your neighbor son was +finals their party is playing the music + + align:start position:0% +finals their party is playing the music + + + align:start position:0% +finals their party is playing the music +too loud that's a classic negative + + align:start position:0% +too loud that's a classic negative + + + align:start position:0% +too loud that's a classic negative +externality on you now I'm principal you + + align:start position:0% +externality on you now I'm principal you + + + align:start position:0% +externality on you now I'm principal you +should say well I consider how much it's + + align:start position:0% +should say well I consider how much it's + + + align:start position:0% +should say well I consider how much it's +worth to me and I'll pay them turn the + + align:start position:0% +worth to me and I'll pay them turn the + + + align:start position:0% +worth to me and I'll pay them turn the +music down there's a famous story about + + align:start position:0% +music down there's a famous story about + + + align:start position:0% +music down there's a famous story about +an economist chemistry books a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +an economist chemistry books a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +an economist chemistry books a wonderful +story who was on a plane trying to get + + align:start position:0% +story who was on a plane trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +story who was on a plane trying to get +worked on the perspective wouldn't stop + + align:start position:0% +worked on the perspective wouldn't stop + + + align:start position:0% +worked on the perspective wouldn't stop +talking so you offer them five bucks to + + align:start position:0% +talking so you offer them five bucks to + + + align:start position:0% +talking so you offer them five bucks to +set up now that that would be the + + align:start position:0% +set up now that that would be the + + + align:start position:0% +set up now that that would be the +coaching solution but in reality life + + align:start position:0% +coaching solution but in reality life + + + align:start position:0% +coaching solution but in reality life +doesn't work that way + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work that way + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work that way +so in fact the private markets unlike + + align:start position:0% +so in fact the private markets unlike + + + align:start position:0% +so in fact the private markets unlike +going to solve these kinds of bum kind + + align:start position:0% +going to solve these kinds of bum kind + + + align:start position:0% +going to solve these kinds of bum kind +of problem yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's another nothing on the problem + + align:start position:0% +that's another nothing on the problem + + + align:start position:0% +that's another nothing on the problem +there's water there's no way you can + + align:start position:0% +there's water there's no way you can + + + align:start position:0% +there's water there's no way you can +close bless your soul would not think + + align:start position:0% +close bless your soul would not think + + + align:start position:0% +close bless your soul would not think +the physician's office okay so that + + align:start position:0% +the physician's office okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +the physician's office okay so that +means we needs a big bad government you + + align:start position:0% +means we needs a big bad government you + + + align:start position:0% +means we needs a big bad government you +need government seizes because the + + align:start position:0% +need government seizes because the + + + align:start position:0% +need government seizes because the +private market has failed the private + + align:start position:0% +private market has failed the private + + + align:start position:0% +private market has failed the private +market has failed because the scribe at + + align:start position:0% +market has failed because the scribe at + + + align:start position:0% +market has failed because the scribe at +equilibrium is not welfare maximizing + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is not welfare maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium is not welfare maximizing +okay so if you go back to twenty two + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you go back to twenty two + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you go back to twenty two +three one the private market has failed + + align:start position:0% +three one the private market has failed + + + align:start position:0% +three one the private market has failed +because the private market overproduces + + align:start position:0% +because the private market overproduces + + + align:start position:0% +because the private market overproduces +here therefore there is a role for the + + align:start position:0% +here therefore there is a role for the + + + align:start position:0% +here therefore there is a role for the +government sanction fixes marketers it + + align:start position:0% +government sanction fixes marketers it + + + align:start position:0% +government sanction fixes marketers it +doesn't mean the government will okay + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean the government will okay + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean the government will okay +this is the key thing is I just in my + + align:start position:0% +this is the key thing is I just in my + + + align:start position:0% +this is the key thing is I just in my +course the waves about the logic of + + align:start position:0% +course the waves about the logic of + + + align:start position:0% +course the waves about the logic of +government involvement economies do two + + align:start position:0% +government involvement economies do two + + + align:start position:0% +government involvement economies do two +steps one is is there a market failure + + align:start position:0% +steps one is is there a market failure + + + align:start position:0% +steps one is is there a market failure +that is will the private market fail to + + align:start position:0% +that is will the private market fail to + + + align:start position:0% +that is will the private market fail to +maximize welfare and two is ten the + + align:start position:0% +maximize welfare and two is ten the + + + align:start position:0% +maximize welfare and two is ten the +government actually make it better + + align:start position:0% +government actually make it better + + + align:start position:0% +government actually make it better +post making it work so just because + + align:start position:0% +post making it work so just because + + + align:start position:0% +post making it work so just because +prime market failure doesn't mean as a + + align:start position:0% +prime market failure doesn't mean as a + + + align:start position:0% +prime market failure doesn't mean as a +role for the government it means as a + + align:start position:0% +role for the government it means as a + + + align:start position:0% +role for the government it means as a +potential role for today well let's talk + + align:start position:0% +potential role for today well let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +potential role for today well let's talk +about senior ethically what the + + align:start position:0% +about senior ethically what the + + + align:start position:0% +about senior ethically what the +government might do and then factoring + + align:start position:0% +government might do and then factoring + + + align:start position:0% +government might do and then factoring +with the government actually goes + + align:start position:0% +with the government actually goes + + + align:start position:0% +with the government actually goes +through so theoretically the government + + align:start position:0% +through so theoretically the government + + + align:start position:0% +through so theoretically the government +is two options the first option is + + align:start position:0% +is two options the first option is + + + align:start position:0% +is two options the first option is +regulation so go into figs are 23 one + + align:start position:0% +regulation so go into figs are 23 one + + + align:start position:0% +regulation so go into figs are 23 one +the government's of someone to say hey + + align:start position:0% +the government's of someone to say hey + + + align:start position:0% +the government's of someone to say hey +steel plants we've done the math and + + align:start position:0% +steel plants we've done the math and + + + align:start position:0% +steel plants we've done the math and +your optimal levels steel production is + + align:start position:0% +your optimal levels steel production is + + + align:start position:0% +your optimal levels steel production is +to two so produced we're not cut it + + align:start position:0% +to two so produced we're not cut it + + + align:start position:0% +to two so produced we're not cut it +we're going to not we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to not we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to not we're going to +regulate you if they can't produce for + + align:start position:0% +regulate you if they can't produce for + + + align:start position:0% +regulate you if they can't produce for +the future and the government did that + + align:start position:0% +the future and the government did that + + + align:start position:0% +the future and the government did that +we would get to the optimal outcome the + + align:start position:0% +we would get to the optimal outcome the + + + align:start position:0% +we would get to the optimal outcome the +government said I'm setting up Maxo q2 + + align:start position:0% +government said I'm setting up Maxo q2 + + + align:start position:0% +government said I'm setting up Maxo q2 +then we get the optimal outcome which is + + align:start position:0% +then we get the optimal outcome which is + + + align:start position:0% +then we get the optimal outcome which is +to to do for you the problem with that + + align:start position:0% +to to do for you the problem with that + + + align:start position:0% +to to do for you the problem with that +is exactly the problem we talk about + + align:start position:0% +is exactly the problem we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly the problem we talk about +regulating monopoly which is that + + align:start position:0% +regulating monopoly which is that + + + align:start position:0% +regulating monopoly which is that +requires a huge amount of government + + align:start position:0% +requires a huge amount of government + + + align:start position:0% +requires a huge amount of government +information they need to know the shapes + + align:start position:0% +information they need to know the shapes + + + align:start position:0% +information they need to know the shapes +and supplied me to those shapers of my + + align:start position:0% +and supplied me to those shapers of my + + + align:start position:0% +and supplied me to those shapers of my +curve the shape is the demand curve and + + align:start position:0% +curve the shape is the demand curve and + + + align:start position:0% +curve the shape is the demand curve and +the size the externality we built all + + align:start position:0% +the size the externality we built all + + + align:start position:0% +the size the externality we built all +three things they fly demand in the + + align:start position:0% +three things they fly demand in the + + + align:start position:0% +three things they fly demand in the +sides externality in order + + align:start position:0% +sides externality in order + + + align:start position:0% +sides externality in order +that right and if you get it wrong they + + align:start position:0% +that right and if you get it wrong they + + + align:start position:0% +that right and if you get it wrong they +could lead to if they get to own they + + align:start position:0% +could lead to if they get to own they + + + align:start position:0% +could lead to if they get to own they +get stuck down a steel plant that's + + align:start position:0% +get stuck down a steel plant that's + + + align:start position:0% +get stuck down a steel plant that's +still close to be valuable to have + + align:start position:0% +still close to be valuable to have + + + align:start position:0% +still close to be valuable to have +running but we have this conversation + + align:start position:0% +running but we have this conversation + + + align:start position:0% +running but we have this conversation +that linked with monocular education all + + align:start position:0% +that linked with monocular education all + + + align:start position:0% +that linked with monocular education all +the same problems arising + + align:start position:0% +the same problems arising + + + align:start position:0% +the same problems arising +that's why condom is typically prefer a + + align:start position:0% +that's why condom is typically prefer a + + + align:start position:0% +that's why condom is typically prefer a +simple equation which is taxation or + + align:start position:0% +simple equation which is taxation or + + + align:start position:0% +simple equation which is taxation or +what we call an economic corrective + + align:start position:0% +what we call an economic corrective + + + align:start position:0% +what we call an economic corrective +taxes and this is exciting because when + + align:start position:0% +taxes and this is exciting because when + + + align:start position:0% +taxes and this is exciting because when +I took when I talk taxes last time in + + align:start position:0% +I took when I talk taxes last time in + + + align:start position:0% +I took when I talk taxes last time in +the time before taxes cause deadweight + + align:start position:0% +the time before taxes cause deadweight + + + align:start position:0% +the time before taxes cause deadweight +loss taxes cause inefficiency but + + align:start position:0% +loss taxes cause inefficiency but + + + align:start position:0% +loss taxes cause inefficiency but +actually in the case of externalities + + align:start position:0% +actually in the case of externalities + + + align:start position:0% +actually in the case of externalities +taxes can reduce deadweight loss how's + + align:start position:0% +taxes can reduce deadweight loss how's + + + align:start position:0% +taxes can reduce deadweight loss how's +that let's put a finger 23:3 back to the + + align:start position:0% +that let's put a finger 23:3 back to the + + + align:start position:0% +that let's put a finger 23:3 back to the +steel market imagine + + align:start position:0% +steel market imagine + + + align:start position:0% +steel market imagine +I don't know supply and demand curve I + + align:start position:0% +I don't know supply and demand curve I + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know supply and demand curve I +just know the size the externality it's + + align:start position:0% +just know the size the externality it's + + + align:start position:0% +just know the size the externality it's +$100 at spirit of fear so I simply go to + + align:start position:0% +$100 at spirit of fear so I simply go to + + + align:start position:0% +$100 at spirit of fear so I simply go to +the steel plant and say look for every + + align:start position:0% +the steel plant and say look for every + + + align:start position:0% +the steel plant and say look for every +unit of steel you produce I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +unit of steel you produce I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +unit of steel you produce I'm gonna +charge you $100 you do what you want I + + align:start position:0% +charge you $100 you do what you want I + + + align:start position:0% +charge you $100 you do what you want I +don't know where you get enough but I + + align:start position:0% +don't know where you get enough but I + + + align:start position:0% +don't know where you get enough but I +charge you $100 that means that the + + align:start position:0% +charge you $100 that means that the + + + align:start position:0% +charge you $100 that means that the +steel plant is the steel plant private + + align:start position:0% +steel plant is the steel plant private + + + align:start position:0% +steel plant is the steel plant private +marginal cost curve will now align with + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost curve will now align with + + + align:start position:0% +marginal cost curve will now align with +the social marginal cost right you've + + align:start position:0% +the social marginal cost right you've + + + align:start position:0% +the social marginal cost right you've +essentially done what Coast wanted us to + + align:start position:0% +essentially done what Coast wanted us to + + + align:start position:0% +essentially done what Coast wanted us to +do you've internalized hips and alleys + + align:start position:0% +do you've internalized hips and alleys + + + align:start position:0% +do you've internalized hips and alleys +but dollars of government action rather + + align:start position:0% +but dollars of government action rather + + + align:start position:0% +but dollars of government action rather +than private Association you said you're + + align:start position:0% +than private Association you said you're + + + align:start position:0% +than private Association you said you're +imposing a social cost above me on your + + align:start position:0% +imposing a social cost above me on your + + + align:start position:0% +imposing a social cost above me on your +private car we are going to essentially + + align:start position:0% +private car we are going to essentially + + + align:start position:0% +private car we are going to essentially +make you consider it's like in your + + align:start position:0% +make you consider it's like in your + + + align:start position:0% +make you consider it's like in your +family's daily function we're gonna make + + align:start position:0% +family's daily function we're gonna make + + + align:start position:0% +family's daily function we're gonna make +you consider all society a decision or + + align:start position:0% +you consider all society a decision or + + + align:start position:0% +you consider all society a decision or +make you internalize the damage you're + + align:start position:0% +make you internalize the damage you're + + + align:start position:0% +make you internalize the damage you're +imposing the decisions we're going to + + align:start position:0% +imposing the decisions we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +imposing the decisions we're going to +turn allows that it's by charging you + + align:start position:0% +turn allows that it's by charging you + + + align:start position:0% +turn allows that it's by charging you +for the extra cost of imposing on + + align:start position:0% +for the extra cost of imposing on + + + align:start position:0% +for the extra cost of imposing on +society so that is what we call + + align:start position:0% +society so that is what we call + + + align:start position:0% +society so that is what we call +corrective taxation + + align:start position:0% +corrective taxation + + + align:start position:0% +corrective taxation +okay and corrective taxation leads to + + align:start position:0% +okay and corrective taxation leads to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and corrective taxation leads to +the Optima laptops if we stay in a steel + + align:start position:0% +the Optima laptops if we stay in a steel + + + align:start position:0% +the Optima laptops if we stay in a steel +plant for every unit you produce we're + + align:start position:0% +plant for every unit you produce we're + + + align:start position:0% +plant for every unit you produce we're +not going to catch you by the map MD + + align:start position:0% +not going to catch you by the map MD + + + align:start position:0% +not going to catch you by the map MD +which is the marginal damage then it + + align:start position:0% +which is the marginal damage then it + + + align:start position:0% +which is the marginal damage then it +leaves them can actually choose point B + + align:start position:0% +leaves them can actually choose point B + + + align:start position:0% +leaves them can actually choose point B +which is confusing cuz it would point to + + align:start position:0% +which is confusing cuz it would point to + + + align:start position:0% +which is confusing cuz it would point to +see on the other dress okay + + align:start position:0% +see on the other dress okay + + + align:start position:0% +see on the other dress okay +the choose Point C which is the optimal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is the optimal outcome it will + + align:start position:0% +which is the optimal outcome it will + + + align:start position:0% +which is the optimal outcome it will +cause them to choose the optimal outcome + + align:start position:0% +cause them to choose the optimal outcome + + + align:start position:0% +cause them to choose the optimal outcome +okay so we've essentially got the + + align:start position:0% +okay so we've essentially got the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we've essentially got the +private market to do the right thing by + + align:start position:0% +private market to do the right thing by + + + align:start position:0% +private market to do the right thing by +forcing them to turn Eliza personality + + align:start position:0% +forcing them to turn Eliza personality + + + align:start position:0% +forcing them to turn Eliza personality +much a toast would hoping to happen + + align:start position:0% +much a toast would hoping to happen + + + align:start position:0% +much a toast would hoping to happen +subscribe to negotiation we've caused to + + align:start position:0% +subscribe to negotiation we've caused to + + + align:start position:0% +subscribe to negotiation we've caused to +happen like why do you think of the same + + align:start position:0% +happen like why do you think of the same + + + align:start position:0% +happen like why do you think of the same +thing with smoking so go back to figure + + align:start position:0% +thing with smoking so go back to figure + + + align:start position:0% +thing with smoking so go back to figure +23 to imagine i levy the tax of 40 cents + + align:start position:0% +23 to imagine i levy the tax of 40 cents + + + align:start position:0% +23 to imagine i levy the tax of 40 cents +a pack on cigarettes then the marginal + + align:start position:0% +a pack on cigarettes then the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +a pack on cigarettes then the marginal +benefit of smoking was followed by 40 + + align:start position:0% +benefit of smoking was followed by 40 + + + align:start position:0% +benefit of smoking was followed by 40 +cents my willingness to pay memories + + align:start position:0% +cents my willingness to pay memories + + + align:start position:0% +cents my willingness to pay memories +oxidize taxes they might when we send + + align:start position:0% +oxidize taxes they might when we send + + + align:start position:0% +oxidize taxes they might when we send +your taxes since we shift down with a + + align:start position:0% +your taxes since we shift down with a + + + align:start position:0% +your taxes since we shift down with a +man for tax on consumers it lowers my + + align:start position:0% +man for tax on consumers it lowers my + + + align:start position:0% +man for tax on consumers it lowers my +willingness to pay + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay + + + align:start position:0% +willingness to pay +I'm only now only pay 40 cents left to + + align:start position:0% +I'm only now only pay 40 cents left to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm only now only pay 40 cents left to +pack to decide to pay 40 cents in packs + + align:start position:0% +pack to decide to pay 40 cents in packs + + + align:start position:0% +pack to decide to pay 40 cents in packs +of attack that ships my demand curve + + align:start position:0% +of attack that ships my demand curve + + + align:start position:0% +of attack that ships my demand curve +down such the private marginal benefit + + align:start position:0% +down such the private marginal benefit + + + align:start position:0% +down such the private marginal benefit +Alex waits the closer motivation food no + + align:start position:0% +Alex waits the closer motivation food no + + + align:start position:0% +Alex waits the closer motivation food no +more smoking so here's the crazy thing + + align:start position:0% +more smoking so here's the crazy thing + + + align:start position:0% +more smoking so here's the crazy thing +taxes have now where you remove the + + align:start position:0% +taxes have now where you remove the + + + align:start position:0% +taxes have now where you remove the +deadweight loss tax I'm afraid of the + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss tax I'm afraid of the + + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss tax I'm afraid of the +deadweight loss actually route + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss actually route + + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss actually route +deadweight loss so in a perfectly + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss so in a perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +deadweight loss so in a perfectly +competitive market with no market + + align:start position:0% +competitive market with no market + + + align:start position:0% +competitive market with no market +failure taxes trees everyone but once + + align:start position:0% +failure taxes trees everyone but once + + + align:start position:0% +failure taxes trees everyone but once +there's market failure and that's the + + align:start position:0% +there's market failure and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +there's market failure and that's the +theoretical case for for our for + + align:start position:0% +theoretical case for for our for + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical case for for our for +government or for government relations + + align:start position:0% +government or for government relations + + + align:start position:0% +government or for government relations +theoretically the government can make + + align:start position:0% +theoretically the government can make + + + align:start position:0% +theoretically the government can make +things better for imposing corrected + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah like if it's from the it's really + + align:start position:0% +yeah like if it's from the it's really + + + align:start position:0% +yeah like if it's from the it's really +in elapsing yes so basically the way + + align:start position:0% +in elapsing yes so basically the way + + + align:start position:0% +in elapsing yes so basically the way +elasticity plays into it now if they're + + align:start position:0% +elasticity plays into it now if they're + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity plays into it now if they're +totally inelastic you'd have to work + + align:start position:0% +totally inelastic you'd have to work + + + align:start position:0% +totally inelastic you'd have to work +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +but nothing's ever perfect but + + align:start position:0% +but nothing's ever perfect but + + + align:start position:0% +but nothing's ever perfect but +essentially you could take this diagram + + align:start position:0% +essentially you could take this diagram + + + align:start position:0% +essentially you could take this diagram +and and essentially no I'm sorry no let + + align:start position:0% +and and essentially no I'm sorry no let + + + align:start position:0% +and and essentially no I'm sorry no let +me back up I said that incorrectly big + + align:start position:0% +me back up I said that incorrectly big + + + align:start position:0% +me back up I said that incorrectly big +breakfast elasticity doesn't matter for + + align:start position:0% +breakfast elasticity doesn't matter for + + + align:start position:0% +breakfast elasticity doesn't matter for +the awful government policy all I want + + align:start position:0% +the awful government policy all I want + + + align:start position:0% +the awful government policy all I want +to do is impose the size get tsunami + + align:start position:0% +to do is impose the size get tsunami + + + align:start position:0% +to do is impose the size get tsunami +okay if the man is inelastic that + + align:start position:0% +okay if the man is inelastic that + + + align:start position:0% +okay if the man is inelastic that +suddenly people love smoking and as a + + align:start position:0% +suddenly people love smoking and as a + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly people love smoking and as a +result you won't reduce smoking that + + align:start position:0% +result you won't reduce smoking that + + + align:start position:0% +result you won't reduce smoking that +much but that's okay because baseball we + + align:start position:0% +much but that's okay because baseball we + + + align:start position:0% +much but that's okay because baseball we +care about correcting the externalities + + align:start position:0% +care about correcting the externalities + + + align:start position:0% +care about correcting the externalities +okay we're not trying to punish smokers + + align:start position:0% +okay we're not trying to punish smokers + + + align:start position:0% +okay we're not trying to punish smokers +what I'm trying to achieve an optimal + + align:start position:0% +what I'm trying to achieve an optimal + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm trying to achieve an optimal +and back from the difference between + + align:start position:0% +and back from the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +and back from the difference between +regulation taxation regulation says no I + + align:start position:0% +regulation taxation regulation says no I + + + align:start position:0% +regulation taxation regulation says no I +know what the right little cookies I'm + + align:start position:0% +know what the right little cookies I'm + + + align:start position:0% +know what the right little cookies I'm +gonna impose a taxation look I don't + + align:start position:0% +gonna impose a taxation look I don't + + + align:start position:0% +gonna impose a taxation look I don't +throw a lovely smoking it they people + + align:start position:0% +throw a lovely smoking it they people + + + align:start position:0% +throw a lovely smoking it they people +freaking love smoking imagine those + + align:start position:0% +freaking love smoking imagine those + + + align:start position:0% +freaking love smoking imagine those +extra knows to consumption influence + + align:start position:0% +extra knows to consumption influence + + + align:start position:0% +extra knows to consumption influence +that's one thing no less insulin because + + align:start position:0% +that's one thing no less insulin because + + + align:start position:0% +that's one thing no less insulin because +the one things no we have to have a + + align:start position:0% +the one things no we have to have a + + + align:start position:0% +the one things no we have to have a +tongueless inform we say no we should + + align:start position:0% +tongueless inform we say no we should + + + align:start position:0% +tongueless inform we say no we should +tax even for their sounds be impose but + + align:start position:0% +tax even for their sounds be impose but + + + align:start position:0% +tax even for their sounds be impose but +if they so choose to do a lot of + + align:start position:0% +if they so choose to do a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +if they so choose to do a lot of +influence then they're still doing the + + align:start position:0% +influence then they're still doing the + + + align:start position:0% +influence then they're still doing the +socially optimal decision the really + + align:start position:0% +socially optimal decision the really + + + align:start position:0% +socially optimal decision the really +good questions are the highlights the + + align:start position:0% +good questions are the highlights the + + + align:start position:0% +good questions are the highlights the +key nature here if this is why this + + align:start position:0% +key nature here if this is why this + + + align:start position:0% +key nature here if this is why this +framework furnishing was very + + align:start position:0% +framework furnishing was very + + + align:start position:0% +framework furnishing was very +controversy with environmental advocates + + align:start position:0% +controversy with environmental advocates + + + align:start position:0% +controversy with environmental advocates +environmental advocates heated different + + align:start position:0% +environmental advocates heated different + + + align:start position:0% +environmental advocates heated different +but they're like they called it a + + align:start position:0% +but they're like they called it a + + + align:start position:0% +but they're like they called it a +pollution absolution guess what + + align:start position:0% +pollution absolution guess what + + + align:start position:0% +pollution absolution guess what +absolution is it the sing it these are + + align:start position:0% +absolution is it the sing it these are + + + align:start position:0% +absolution is it the sing it these are +these are up monks used to give before + + align:start position:0% +these are up monks used to give before + + + align:start position:0% +these are up monks used to give before +Martinez came along before in the church + + align:start position:0% +Martinez came along before in the church + + + align:start position:0% +Martinez came along before in the church +back in the 1400s + + align:start position:0% +back in the 1400s + + + align:start position:0% +back in the 1400s +monks and come along and say yeah I know + + align:start position:0% +monks and come along and say yeah I know + + + align:start position:0% +monks and come along and say yeah I know +you sin but to give me like like one one + + align:start position:0% +you sin but to give me like like one one + + + align:start position:0% +you sin but to give me like like one one +point or whatever I'll say your sins + + align:start position:0% +point or whatever I'll say your sins + + + align:start position:0% +point or whatever I'll say your sins +will absolve Susie monthly sort of + + align:start position:0% +will absolve Susie monthly sort of + + + align:start position:0% +will absolve Susie monthly sort of +bribes you can get into heaven okay so + + align:start position:0% +bribes you can get into heaven okay so + + + align:start position:0% +bribes you can get into heaven okay so +that's so for many is this blue snap + + align:start position:0% +that's so for many is this blue snap + + + align:start position:0% +that's so for many is this blue snap +solution environment of safest way think + + align:start position:0% +solution environment of safest way think + + + align:start position:0% +solution environment of safest way think +about they're like wait your legs you'll + + align:start position:0% +about they're like wait your legs you'll + + + align:start position:0% +about they're like wait your legs you'll +pay to get out of the damage they're + + align:start position:0% +pay to get out of the damage they're + + + align:start position:0% +pay to get out of the damage they're +doing and the answer is yes the right + + align:start position:0% +doing and the answer is yes the right + + + align:start position:0% +doing and the answer is yes the right +thing to do because in fact if people + + align:start position:0% +thing to do because in fact if people + + + align:start position:0% +thing to do because in fact if people +pay and don't change their behavior that + + align:start position:0% +pay and don't change their behavior that + + + align:start position:0% +pay and don't change their behavior that +means they just + + align:start position:0% +means they just + + + align:start position:0% +means they just +doing that activity and watching teen + + align:start position:0% +doing that activity and watching teen + + + align:start position:0% +doing that activity and watching teen +Elias I'm just cuz they loved you in + + align:start position:0% +Elias I'm just cuz they loved you in + + + align:start position:0% +Elias I'm just cuz they loved you in +that activity which is penalized them to + + align:start position:0% +that activity which is penalized them to + + + align:start position:0% +that activity which is penalized them to +the sense they're hurting others not + + align:start position:0% +the sense they're hurting others not + + + align:start position:0% +the sense they're hurting others not +care about the enjoyment they get so + + align:start position:0% +care about the enjoyment they get so + + + align:start position:0% +care about the enjoyment they get so +people for some reason just love smoking + + align:start position:0% +people for some reason just love smoking + + + align:start position:0% +people for some reason just love smoking +let me smoke but making account for the + + align:start position:0% +let me smoke but making account for the + + + align:start position:0% +let me smoke but making account for the +damage you do the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let me talk that's a great segue + + align:start position:0% +okay let me talk that's a great segue + + + align:start position:0% +okay let me talk that's a great segue +I'll talk about now which is let's move + + align:start position:0% +I'll talk about now which is let's move + + + align:start position:0% +I'll talk about now which is let's move +from theory to practice let's talk about + + align:start position:0% +from theory to practice let's talk about + + + align:start position:0% +from theory to practice let's talk about +actual government power and what + + align:start position:0% +actual government power and what + + + align:start position:0% +actual government power and what +governments do and how its swarmed by + + align:start position:0% +governments do and how its swarmed by + + + align:start position:0% +governments do and how its swarmed by +this country okay let's start with + + align:start position:0% +this country okay let's start with + + + align:start position:0% +this country okay let's start with +environmental external the plastic piece + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the classic case of negative solution + + align:start position:0% +the classic case of negative solution + + + align:start position:0% +the classic case of negative solution +environment okay so if I'm in our size + + align:start position:0% +environment okay so if I'm in our size + + + align:start position:0% +environment okay so if I'm in our size +for example when produce electricity the + + align:start position:0% +for example when produce electricity the + + + align:start position:0% +for example when produce electricity the +emissions from live electricity the + + align:start position:0% +emissions from live electricity the + + + align:start position:0% +emissions from live electricity the +chauffeur and the nitrous oxide sulfur + + align:start position:0% +chauffeur and the nitrous oxide sulfur + + + align:start position:0% +chauffeur and the nitrous oxide sulfur +dioxide nitrous oxide go into the air + + align:start position:0% +dioxide nitrous oxide go into the air + + + align:start position:0% +dioxide nitrous oxide go into the air +they form particulate switch get in our + + align:start position:0% +they form particulate switch get in our + + + align:start position:0% +they form particulate switch get in our +lungs and cause us to get sick it cause + + align:start position:0% +lungs and cause us to get sick it cause + + + align:start position:0% +lungs and cause us to get sick it cause +acid rain which falls in a rose forests + + align:start position:0% +acid rain which falls in a rose forests + + + align:start position:0% +acid rain which falls in a rose forests +and buildings and things like that and + + align:start position:0% +and buildings and things like that and + + + align:start position:0% +and buildings and things like that and +then of course we have global warming + + align:start position:0% +then of course we have global warming + + + align:start position:0% +then of course we have global warming +which is the single biggest issue facing + + align:start position:0% +which is the single biggest issue facing + + + align:start position:0% +which is the single biggest issue facing +maybe not you almost certainly your kids + + align:start position:0% +maybe not you almost certainly your kids + + + align:start position:0% +maybe not you almost certainly your kids +and definitely there's a probably not + + align:start position:0% +and definitely there's a probably not + + + align:start position:0% +and definitely there's a probably not +you like your kids when they're old and + + align:start position:0% +you like your kids when they're old and + + + align:start position:0% +you like your kids when they're old and +your grandkids for sure + + align:start position:0% +your grandkids for sure + + + align:start position:0% +your grandkids for sure +which is it basically um the amount of + + align:start position:0% +which is it basically um the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +which is it basically um the amount of +fossil fuels we burn is exploded we now + + align:start position:0% +fossil fuels we burn is exploded we now + + + align:start position:0% +fossil fuels we burn is exploded we now +and the amount of carbon dioxide in the + + align:start position:0% +and the amount of carbon dioxide in the + + + align:start position:0% +and the amount of carbon dioxide in the +atmosphere is now the high for 2000 + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere is now the high for 2000 + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere is now the high for 2000 +years and by estimates including from + + align:start position:0% +years and by estimates including from + + + align:start position:0% +years and by estimates including from +the Trump administration this will lead + + align:start position:0% +the Trump administration this will lead + + + align:start position:0% +the Trump administration this will lead +to massive warming of the earth and by + + align:start position:0% +to massive warming of the earth and by + + + align:start position:0% +to massive warming of the earth and by +the year 2100 global temperatures could + + align:start position:0% +the year 2100 global temperatures could + + + align:start position:0% +the year 2100 global temperatures could +rise as much as 10 degree family now for + + align:start position:0% +rise as much as 10 degree family now for + + + align:start position:0% +rise as much as 10 degree family now for +those of you from North Dakota that + + align:start position:0% +those of you from North Dakota that + + + align:start position:0% +those of you from North Dakota that +might not sound so bad right now I'm + + align:start position:0% +might not sound so bad right now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +might not sound so bad right now I'm +boss but basically the truth is it's + + align:start position:0% +boss but basically the truth is it's + + + align:start position:0% +boss but basically the truth is it's +very bad because basically it leads to + + align:start position:0% +very bad because basically it leads to + + + align:start position:0% +very bad because basically it leads to +enormous rises in sea levels by as much + + align:start position:0% +enormous rises in sea levels by as much + + + align:start position:0% +enormous rises in sea levels by as much +as potentially as 3 C and um you know + + align:start position:0% +as potentially as 3 C and um you know + + + align:start position:0% +as potentially as 3 C and um you know +just think about that that means for + + align:start position:0% +just think about that that means for + + + align:start position:0% +just think about that that means for +example Bangladeshis Cape Cod gone New + + align:start position:0% +example Bangladeshis Cape Cod gone New + + + align:start position:0% +example Bangladeshis Cape Cod gone New +York City launches on Florida's on + + align:start position:0% +York City launches on Florida's on + + + align:start position:0% +York City launches on Florida's on +they face America becomes a sort of + + align:start position:0% +they face America becomes a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +they face America becomes a sort of +Midwest okay basically uh essentially + + align:start position:0% +Midwest okay basically uh essentially + + + align:start position:0% +Midwest okay basically uh essentially +you've got you've got um and in putting + + align:start position:0% +you've got you've got um and in putting + + + align:start position:0% +you've got you've got um and in putting +economic terms the Trump administration + + align:start position:0% +economic terms the Trump administration + + + align:start position:0% +economic terms the Trump administration +calculation suggests the u.s. to be 10 + + align:start position:0% +calculation suggests the u.s. to be 10 + + + align:start position:0% +calculation suggests the u.s. to be 10 +percent for by 2100 as a result of the + + align:start position:0% +percent for by 2100 as a result of the + + + align:start position:0% +percent for by 2100 as a result of the +real but it's a classic finality because + + align:start position:0% +real but it's a classic finality because + + + align:start position:0% +real but it's a classic finality because +it's the ultimate externality because + + align:start position:0% +it's the ultimate externality because + + + align:start position:0% +it's the ultimate externality because +every single time you drive you + + align:start position:0% +every single time you drive you + + + align:start position:0% +every single time you drive you +contribute to it and you can in every + + align:start position:0% +contribute to it and you can in every + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to it and you can in every +single time someone in Australia drives + + align:start position:0% +single time someone in Australia drives + + + align:start position:0% +single time someone in Australia drives +they can see because it all just goes in + + align:start position:0% +they can see because it all just goes in + + + align:start position:0% +they can see because it all just goes in +the air mixes together and creates one + + align:start position:0% +the air mixes together and creates one + + + align:start position:0% +the air mixes together and creates one +level of global warming since a + + align:start position:0% +level of global warming since a + + + align:start position:0% +level of global warming since a +completely global externalities any + + align:start position:0% +completely global externalities any + + + align:start position:0% +completely global externalities any +pollution emissions anywhere has the + + align:start position:0% +pollution emissions anywhere has the + + + align:start position:0% +pollution emissions anywhere has the +same effect and the effect is very + + align:start position:0% +same effect and the effect is very + + + align:start position:0% +same effect and the effect is very +different in in space so if you're in + + align:start position:0% +different in in space so if you're in + + + align:start position:0% +different in in space so if you're in +Minnesota the effect is not nearly + + align:start position:0% +Minnesota the effect is not nearly + + + align:start position:0% +Minnesota the effect is not nearly +status you're in Bangladesh it's it's it + + align:start position:0% +status you're in Bangladesh it's it's it + + + align:start position:0% +status you're in Bangladesh it's it's it +in time because the effects in the way + + align:start position:0% +in time because the effects in the way + + + align:start position:0% +in time because the effects in the way +in the future not on you it's a classic + + align:start position:0% +in the future not on you it's a classic + + + align:start position:0% +in the future not on you it's a classic +externality because the effect truly + + align:start position:0% +externality because the effect truly + + + align:start position:0% +externality because the effect truly +don't affect you and they arise from + + align:start position:0% +don't affect you and they arise from + + + align:start position:0% +don't affect you and they arise from +your consumption what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh yeah well it's not the time part is + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah well it's not the time part is + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah well it's not the time part is +only is what makes of a tectonic today + + align:start position:0% +only is what makes of a tectonic today + + + align:start position:0% +only is what makes of a tectonic today +as long as when I Drive I do not take + + align:start position:0% +as long as when I Drive I do not take + + + align:start position:0% +as long as when I Drive I do not take +any extra cost for the mark avenge on + + align:start position:0% +any extra cost for the mark avenge on + + + align:start position:0% +any extra cost for the mark avenge on +these new buyers benefit internet + + align:start position:0% +these new buyers benefit internet + + + align:start position:0% +these new buyers benefit internet +doesn't matter if it's in effect now in + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter if it's in effect now in + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter if it's in effect now in +the future okay + + align:start position:0% +the future okay + + + align:start position:0% +the future okay +the bottom line is when you drive you + + align:start position:0% +the bottom line is when you drive you + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom line is when you drive you +are slightly making the environment work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay you live in that environment but + + align:start position:0% +okay you live in that environment but + + + align:start position:0% +okay you live in that environment but +the problem is you particularly here in + + align:start position:0% +the problem is you particularly here in + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is you particularly here in +Boston aren't going to feel next so the + + align:start position:0% +Boston aren't going to feel next so the + + + align:start position:0% +Boston aren't going to feel next so the +consequence is global warming at least + + align:start position:0% +consequence is global warming at least + + + align:start position:0% +consequence is global warming at least +initially so you're right if you went to + + align:start position:0% +initially so you're right if you went to + + + align:start position:0% +initially so you're right if you went to +your own little world + + align:start position:0% +your own little world + + + align:start position:0% +your own little world +that's a great three-point number + + align:start position:0% +that's a great three-point number + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great three-point number +exercise if you bury these heels you + + align:start position:0% +exercise if you bury these heels you + + + align:start position:0% +exercise if you bury these heels you +know own little world where you drove + + align:start position:0% +know own little world where you drove + + + align:start position:0% +know own little world where you drove +and they joined the rain cloud by + + align:start position:0% +and they joined the rain cloud by + + + align:start position:0% +and they joined the rain cloud by +Charlie Brown and it like and it like + + align:start position:0% +Charlie Brown and it like and it like + + + align:start position:0% +Charlie Brown and it like and it like +you covered all the conflicts that it + + align:start position:0% +you covered all the conflicts that it + + + align:start position:0% +you covered all the conflicts that it +wouldn't be acting out but the truth is + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be acting out but the truth is + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be acting out but the truth is +sets off for many many people now how do + + align:start position:0% +sets off for many many people now how do + + + align:start position:0% +sets off for many many people now how do +you think about discounting when the + + align:start position:0% +you think about discounting when the + + + align:start position:0% +you think about discounting when the +damage is 100 years from now so let's + + align:start position:0% +damage is 100 years from now so let's + + + align:start position:0% +damage is 100 years from now so let's +say you took a standard interest rate + + align:start position:0% +say you took a standard interest rate + + + align:start position:0% +say you took a standard interest rate +may increase or low resources + + align:start position:0% +may increase or low resources + + + align:start position:0% +may increase or low resources +well so true that a hundred years from + + align:start position:0% +well so true that a hundred years from + + + align:start position:0% +well so true that a hundred years from +now that means damages are worth like + + align:start position:0% +now that means damages are worth like + + + align:start position:0% +now that means damages are worth like +twenty percent of what they're worth + + align:start position:0% +twenty percent of what they're worth + + + align:start position:0% +twenty percent of what they're worth +today at a higher de cerveza what's + + align:start position:0% +today at a higher de cerveza what's + + + align:start position:0% +today at a higher de cerveza what's +affected in hero Basin saying if you + + align:start position:0% +affected in hero Basin saying if you + + + align:start position:0% +affected in hero Basin saying if you +have any form of discount of an original + + align:start position:0% +have any form of discount of an original + + + align:start position:0% +have any form of discount of an original +magnitude basically your great rankings + + align:start position:0% +magnitude basically your great rankings + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude basically your great rankings +don't matter today let's be sort of + + align:start position:0% +don't matter today let's be sort of + + + align:start position:0% +don't matter today let's be sort of +implausible so there's a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +implausible so there's a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +implausible so there's a lot of people +work on sort of multi-generational + + align:start position:0% +work on sort of multi-generational + + + align:start position:0% +work on sort of multi-generational +discounting how do we think about + + align:start position:0% +discounting how do we think about + + + align:start position:0% +discounting how do we think about +discounting for hazards which are way + + align:start position:0% +discounting for hazards which are way + + + align:start position:0% +discounting for hazards which are way +way off in the future now turns out he + + align:start position:0% +way off in the future now turns out he + + + align:start position:0% +way off in the future now turns out he +would reasonable discount rates you + + align:start position:0% +would reasonable discount rates you + + + align:start position:0% +would reasonable discount rates you +process the fuse today because they're + + align:start position:0% +process the fuse today because they're + + + align:start position:0% +process the fuse today because they're +so enormous future even discount them + + align:start position:0% +so enormous future even discount them + + + align:start position:0% +so enormous future even discount them +back that's still big today but that's + + align:start position:0% +back that's still big today but that's + + + align:start position:0% +back that's still big today but that's +the kind of difficult issue really + + align:start position:0% +the kind of difficult issue really + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of difficult issue really +exciting interesting stuff so what do we + + align:start position:0% +exciting interesting stuff so what do we + + + align:start position:0% +exciting interesting stuff so what do we +do well in Europe they've gone the + + align:start position:0% +do well in Europe they've gone the + + + align:start position:0% +do well in Europe they've gone the +taxation rep for Jack a gallon of gas in + + align:start position:0% +taxation rep for Jack a gallon of gas in + + + align:start position:0% +taxation rep for Jack a gallon of gas in +France was $7.00 McCrone is just + + align:start position:0% +France was $7.00 McCrone is just + + + align:start position:0% +France was $7.00 McCrone is just +proposed increasing the tax and it's + + align:start position:0% +proposed increasing the tax and it's + + + align:start position:0% +proposed increasing the tax and it's +project hours to burn ironically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but um it's typically in Europe that + + align:start position:0% +but um it's typically in Europe that + + + align:start position:0% +but um it's typically in Europe that +leaves many many times more expensive + + align:start position:0% +leaves many many times more expensive + + + align:start position:0% +leaves many many times more expensive +the US and basically they have Farben + + align:start position:0% +the US and basically they have Farben + + + align:start position:0% +the US and basically they have Farben +taxes they try to control it but it's + + align:start position:0% +taxes they try to control it but it's + + + align:start position:0% +taxes they try to control it but it's +proved very difficult to that and you + + align:start position:0% +proved very difficult to that and you + + + align:start position:0% +proved very difficult to that and you +have to be when bill clinton opposed the + + align:start position:0% +have to be when bill clinton opposed the + + + align:start position:0% +have to be when bill clinton opposed the +threesome bathroom first elected in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gas tax are very hard to imposing yes so + + align:start position:0% +gas tax are very hard to imposing yes so + + + align:start position:0% +gas tax are very hard to imposing yes so +that's why there's been a move toward a + + align:start position:0% +that's why there's been a move toward a + + + align:start position:0% +that's why there's been a move toward a +way from a taxation approach towards a + + align:start position:0% +way from a taxation approach towards a + + + align:start position:0% +way from a taxation approach towards a +regulation even though regulation + + align:start position:0% +regulation even though regulation + + + align:start position:0% +regulation even though regulation +approaches have the other weaknesses + + align:start position:0% +approaches have the other weaknesses + + + align:start position:0% +approaches have the other weaknesses +there's been a move towards trying to + + align:start position:0% +there's been a move towards trying to + + + align:start position:0% +there's been a move towards trying to +cap global emissions trying to regulate + + align:start position:0% +cap global emissions trying to regulate + + + align:start position:0% +cap global emissions trying to regulate +a cap of global emissions and this began + + align:start position:0% +a cap of global emissions and this began + + + align:start position:0% +a cap of global emissions and this began +with the first agreement was negotiated + + align:start position:0% +with the first agreement was negotiated + + + align:start position:0% +with the first agreement was negotiated +Kyoto in 1997 97 I was at that Houston + + align:start position:0% +Kyoto in 1997 97 I was at that Houston + + + align:start position:0% +Kyoto in 1997 97 I was at that Houston +pool I was part of the clinton + + align:start position:0% +pool I was part of the clinton + + + align:start position:0% +pool I was part of the clinton +ministration delegation that went over + + align:start position:0% +ministration delegation that went over + + + align:start position:0% +ministration delegation that went over +there and think about how hard this is + + align:start position:0% +there and think about how hard this is + + + align:start position:0% +there and think about how hard this is +free to negotiate so let's say you're + + align:start position:0% +free to negotiate so let's say you're + + + align:start position:0% +free to negotiate so let's say you're +india you come in you say wait a second + + align:start position:0% +india you come in you say wait a second + + + align:start position:0% +india you come in you say wait a second +a nice eclipse in 1997 of all the stuff + + align:start position:0% +a nice eclipse in 1997 of all the stuff + + + align:start position:0% +a nice eclipse in 1997 of all the stuff +in the air the u.s. is responsible for + + align:start position:0% +in the air the u.s. is responsible for + + + align:start position:0% +in the air the u.s. is responsible for +about 30 percent and the rest the world + + align:start position:0% +about 30 percent and the rest the world + + + align:start position:0% +about 30 percent and the rest the world +combined the seventy Senate even said + + align:start position:0% +combined the seventy Senate even said + + + align:start position:0% +combined the seventy Senate even said +wait a second we haven't done anything + + align:start position:0% +wait a second we haven't done anything + + + align:start position:0% +wait a second we haven't done anything +in the environment okay we're ready to + + align:start position:0% +in the environment okay we're ready to + + + align:start position:0% +in the environment okay we're ready to +grow we want to earth conditions we want + + align:start position:0% +grow we want to earth conditions we want + + + align:start position:0% +grow we want to earth conditions we want +our cars you want and you say you says + + align:start position:0% +our cars you want and you say you says + + + align:start position:0% +our cars you want and you say you says +now wait a second I can't have back as + + align:start position:0% +now wait a second I can't have back as + + + align:start position:0% +now wait a second I can't have back as +we stood up being by are you okay you + + align:start position:0% +we stood up being by are you okay you + + + align:start position:0% +we stood up being by are you okay you +guys screwed up you guys think it's a + + align:start position:0% +guys screwed up you guys think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +guys screwed up you guys think it's a +pretty hard the negotiation yes do + + align:start position:0% +pretty hard the negotiation yes do + + + align:start position:0% +pretty hard the negotiation yes do +what's the cost of quite laws so it's + + align:start position:0% +what's the cost of quite laws so it's + + + align:start position:0% +what's the cost of quite laws so it's +actually pretty cool I was there for I + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty cool I was there for I + + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty cool I was there for I +was there for four days I slept four + + align:start position:0% +was there for four days I slept four + + + align:start position:0% +was there for four days I slept four +hours and Japan they have this cool + + align:start position:0% +hours and Japan they have this cool + + + align:start position:0% +hours and Japan they have this cool +coffee in a can you just put a live on + + align:start position:0% +coffee in a can you just put a live on + + + align:start position:0% +coffee in a can you just put a live on +and we negotiated agreement which was + + align:start position:0% +and we negotiated agreement which was + + + align:start position:0% +and we negotiated agreement which was +not going to solve the problem was to + + align:start position:0% +not going to solve the problem was to + + + align:start position:0% +not going to solve the problem was to +slow the growth of it but America was + + align:start position:0% +slow the growth of it but America was + + + align:start position:0% +slow the growth of it but America was +never actually went to ratify these + + align:start position:0% +never actually went to ratify these + + + align:start position:0% +never actually went to ratify these +heavily fast forward to 20 years later + + align:start position:0% +heavily fast forward to 20 years later + + + align:start position:0% +heavily fast forward to 20 years later +to three years ago and terrace we sat we + + align:start position:0% +to three years ago and terrace we sat we + + + align:start position:0% +to three years ago and terrace we sat we +signed another climate agreement called + + align:start position:0% +signed another climate agreement called + + + align:start position:0% +signed another climate agreement called +the Paris climate force + + align:start position:0% +the Paris climate force + + + align:start position:0% +the Paris climate force +which was similar to Kyoto and the set + + align:start position:0% +which was similar to Kyoto and the set + + + align:start position:0% +which was similar to Kyoto and the set +targets the countries to meet and we + + align:start position:0% +targets the countries to meet and we + + + align:start position:0% +targets the countries to meet and we +were successful at more countries + + align:start position:0% +were successful at more countries + + + align:start position:0% +were successful at more countries +participated in Kyoto comes like Indian + + align:start position:0% +participated in Kyoto comes like Indian + + + align:start position:0% +participated in Kyoto comes like Indian +Chinese in four different but now most + + align:start position:0% +Chinese in four different but now most + + + align:start position:0% +Chinese in four different but now most +countries are participated in the Paris + + align:start position:0% +countries are participated in the Paris + + + align:start position:0% +countries are participated in the Paris +agreement limiting emissions the u.s. in + + align:start position:0% +agreement limiting emissions the u.s. in + + + align:start position:0% +agreement limiting emissions the u.s. in +that case find it + + align:start position:0% +that case find it + + + align:start position:0% +that case find it +but now the troubled ministration in + + align:start position:0% +but now the troubled ministration in + + + align:start position:0% +but now the troubled ministration in +fact often they're not as conservative + + align:start position:0% +fact often they're not as conservative + + + align:start position:0% +fact often they're not as conservative +now you can completely understand + + align:start position:0% +now you can completely understand + + + align:start position:0% +now you can completely understand +politically why a leader would not want + + align:start position:0% +politically why a leader would not want + + + align:start position:0% +politically why a leader would not want +to enforce the agreement like this + + align:start position:0% +to enforce the agreement like this + + + align:start position:0% +to enforce the agreement like this +you're imposing pain today for the + + align:start position:0% +you're imposing pain today for the + + + align:start position:0% +you're imposing pain today for the +benefits of people you'll never even + + align:start position:0% +benefits of people you'll never even + + + align:start position:0% +benefits of people you'll never even +meet okay first of all they live in + + align:start position:0% +meet okay first of all they live in + + + align:start position:0% +meet okay first of all they live in +other countries by enlarge second of all + + align:start position:0% +other countries by enlarge second of all + + + align:start position:0% +other countries by enlarge second of all +in the 100 years so politically is is + + align:start position:0% +in the 100 years so politically is is + + + align:start position:0% +in the 100 years so politically is is +unbelievably challenging but the problem + + align:start position:0% +unbelievably challenging but the problem + + + align:start position:0% +unbelievably challenging but the problem +is by the time those people are drowning + + align:start position:0% +is by the time those people are drowning + + + align:start position:0% +is by the time those people are drowning +it's too late okay basically even if + + align:start position:0% +it's too late okay basically even if + + + align:start position:0% +it's too late okay basically even if +today the but if sudden stop using any + + align:start position:0% +today the but if sudden stop using any + + + align:start position:0% +today the but if sudden stop using any +fossil fuel today let's say phony + + align:start position:0% +fossil fuel today let's say phony + + + align:start position:0% +fossil fuel today let's say phony +something any possible today + + align:start position:0% +something any possible today + + + align:start position:0% +something any possible today +temperatures would still rise for + + align:start position:0% +temperatures would still rise for + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures would still rise for +something like 300 years before they + + align:start position:0% +something like 300 years before they + + + align:start position:0% +something like 300 years before they +start to follow me I think so basically + + align:start position:0% +start to follow me I think so basically + + + align:start position:0% +start to follow me I think so basically +this is an incredibly hard problem + + align:start position:0% +this is an incredibly hard problem + + + align:start position:0% +this is an incredibly hard problem +because that he cost us to Perdition the + + align:start position:0% +because that he cost us to Perdition the + + + align:start position:0% +because that he cost us to Perdition the +benefits of pictures who didn't accost + + align:start position:0% +benefits of pictures who didn't accost + + + align:start position:0% +benefits of pictures who didn't accost +my post today and that's a very very + + align:start position:0% +my post today and that's a very very + + + align:start position:0% +my post today and that's a very very +hard problem that's why this is why the + + align:start position:0% +hard problem that's why this is why the + + + align:start position:0% +hard problem that's why this is why the +single biggest local problem facing the + + align:start position:0% +single biggest local problem facing the + + + align:start position:0% +single biggest local problem facing the +world over the next hundred years is how + + align:start position:0% +world over the next hundred years is how + + + align:start position:0% +world over the next hundred years is how +do we deal with economics in the answer + + align:start position:0% +do we deal with economics in the answer + + + align:start position:0% +do we deal with economics in the answer +is easy I mean it says what to do with + + align:start position:0% +is easy I mean it says what to do with + + + align:start position:0% +is easy I mean it says what to do with +easy you post tax or regulation useless + + align:start position:0% +easy you post tax or regulation useless + + + align:start position:0% +easy you post tax or regulation useless +you essentially phased out of seeing the + + align:start position:0% +you essentially phased out of seeing the + + + align:start position:0% +you essentially phased out of seeing the +fossil fuel based economy okay so + + align:start position:0% +fossil fuel based economy okay so + + + align:start position:0% +fossil fuel based economy okay so +theoretically is no problem the problem + + align:start position:0% +theoretically is no problem the problem + + + align:start position:0% +theoretically is no problem the problem +is all political which is basically how + + align:start position:0% +is all political which is basically how + + + align:start position:0% +is all political which is basically how +do you get usually learning to Bader the + + align:start position:0% +do you get usually learning to Bader the + + + align:start position:0% +do you get usually learning to Bader the +cost in the near-term Nevada State and + + align:start position:0% +cost in the near-term Nevada State and + + + align:start position:0% +cost in the near-term Nevada State and +that's just anymore Michelle yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well got to be questioned about the + + align:start position:0% +well got to be questioned about the + + + align:start position:0% +well got to be questioned about the +nature especially essentially there's a + + align:start position:0% +nature especially essentially there's a + + + align:start position:0% +nature especially essentially there's a +different area where they have more + + align:start position:0% +different area where they have more + + + align:start position:0% +different area where they have more +faith in the government to be doing yes + + align:start position:0% +faith in the government to be doing yes + + + align:start position:0% +faith in the government to be doing yes +maybe that's because you're settled by + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's because you're settled by + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's because you're settled by +frontier adventurous teaching he's never + + align:start position:0% +frontier adventurous teaching he's never + + + align:start position:0% +frontier adventurous teaching he's never +likes you told what to do I don't quite + + align:start position:0% +likes you told what to do I don't quite + + + align:start position:0% +likes you told what to do I don't quite +know what it is but in any case there's + + align:start position:0% +know what it is but in any case there's + + + align:start position:0% +know what it is but in any case there's +a different attitude before government + + align:start position:0% +a different attitude before government + + + align:start position:0% +a different attitude before government +in general and I think essentially think + + align:start position:0% +in general and I think essentially think + + + align:start position:0% +in general and I think essentially think +of a social welfare function which he + + align:start position:0% +of a social welfare function which he + + + align:start position:0% +of a social welfare function which he +thought everybody say but everyone needs + + align:start position:0% +thought everybody say but everyone needs + + + align:start position:0% +thought everybody say but everyone needs +a whole future with some form of + + align:start position:0% +a whole future with some form of + + + align:start position:0% +a whole future with some form of +discount you've gotta trust that social + + align:start position:0% +discount you've gotta trust that social + + + align:start position:0% +discount you've gotta trust that social +welfare function this is the government + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but look I don't want to minimize how + + align:start position:0% +but look I don't want to minimize how + + + align:start position:0% +but look I don't want to minimize how +hard this is okay there's just there's a + + align:start position:0% +hard this is okay there's just there's a + + + align:start position:0% +hard this is okay there's just there's a +normative agreement about how fast we + + align:start position:0% +normative agreement about how fast we + + + align:start position:0% +normative agreement about how fast we +should go many of in fact I was + + align:start position:0% +should go many of in fact I was + + + align:start position:0% +should go many of in fact I was +originally one of these I went to Kyoto + + align:start position:0% +originally one of these I went to Kyoto + + + align:start position:0% +originally one of these I went to Kyoto +is the autonomous equivalent station + + align:start position:0% +is the autonomous equivalent station + + + align:start position:0% +is the autonomous equivalent station +were opposed how strict the Kyoto + + align:start position:0% +were opposed how strict the Kyoto + + + align:start position:0% +were opposed how strict the Kyoto +targets were severe actually the very + + align:start position:0% +targets were severe actually the very + + + align:start position:0% +targets were severe actually the very +first spam attack I got stand by + + align:start position:0% +first spam attack I got stand by + + + align:start position:0% +first spam attack I got stand by +hundreds that that points the enormous + + align:start position:0% +hundreds that that points the enormous + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds that that points the enormous +of environmental activists saying how + + align:start position:0% +of environmental activists saying how + + + align:start position:0% +of environmental activists saying how +terrible I was because I didn't want to + + align:start position:0% +terrible I was because I didn't want to + + + align:start position:0% +terrible I was because I didn't want to +restrict emissions no okay basically + + align:start position:0% +restrict emissions no okay basically + + + align:start position:0% +restrict emissions no okay basically +this huge disagree in this but it + + align:start position:0% +this huge disagree in this but it + + + align:start position:0% +this huge disagree in this but it +becomes 150 to top of the canopy it's a + + align:start position:0% +becomes 150 to top of the canopy it's a + + + align:start position:0% +becomes 150 to top of the canopy it's a +critical problem likewise another + + align:start position:0% +critical problem likewise another + + + align:start position:0% +critical problem likewise another +critical source of externalities now we + + align:start position:0% +critical source of externalities now we + + + align:start position:0% +critical source of externalities now we +talked about smoking but there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +talked about smoking but there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +talked about smoking but there's lots of +extra knowledge so smoking the extra + + align:start position:0% +extra knowledge so smoking the extra + + + align:start position:0% +extra knowledge so smoking the extra +nodes are actually not that large forty + + align:start position:0% +nodes are actually not that large forty + + + align:start position:0% +nodes are actually not that large forty +cents a pack is not that large potential + + align:start position:0% +cents a pack is not that large potential + + + align:start position:0% +cents a pack is not that large potential +you secondhand smoke so bring that to + + align:start position:0% +you secondhand smoke so bring that to + + + align:start position:0% +you secondhand smoke so bring that to +drinking the access our drinking are + + align:start position:0% +drinking the access our drinking are + + + align:start position:0% +drinking the access our drinking are +enormous because drunk drivers guilty + + align:start position:0% +enormous because drunk drivers guilty + + + align:start position:0% +enormous because drunk drivers guilty +okay indeed um there are 13,000 deaths + + align:start position:0% +okay indeed um there are 13,000 deaths + + + align:start position:0% +okay indeed um there are 13,000 deaths +per year + + align:start position:0% +per year + + + align:start position:0% +per year +these were the correct incorrect let me + + align:start position:0% +these were the correct incorrect let me + + + align:start position:0% +these were the correct incorrect let me +say it that is for 9/11 every year from + + align:start position:0% +say it that is for 9/11 every year from + + + align:start position:0% +say it that is for 9/11 every year from +people drunk drivers + + align:start position:0% +people drunk drivers + + + align:start position:0% +people drunk drivers +400,000 people are injured every year + + align:start position:0% +400,000 people are injured every year + + + align:start position:0% +400,000 people are injured every year +that's a classic analogy if I kill + + align:start position:0% +that's a classic analogy if I kill + + + align:start position:0% +that's a classic analogy if I kill +someone in my car made my life people to + + align:start position:0% +someone in my car made my life people to + + + align:start position:0% +someone in my car made my life people to +take it away but clearly I'm not bearing + + align:start position:0% +take it away but clearly I'm not bearing + + + align:start position:0% +take it away but clearly I'm not bearing +the full pots of killer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a great question I'm trying to + + align:start position:0% +that's a great question I'm trying to + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great question I'm trying to +compress my home courts in one luxury + + align:start position:0% +compress my home courts in one luxury + + + align:start position:0% +compress my home courts in one luxury +cigars but there is there are estimates + + align:start position:0% +cigars but there is there are estimates + + + align:start position:0% +cigars but there is there are estimates +of value like typically we say a life + + align:start position:0% +of value like typically we say a life + + + align:start position:0% +of value like typically we say a life +worth about ten minutes but basically + + align:start position:0% +worth about ten minutes but basically + + + align:start position:0% +worth about ten minutes but basically +you take those valuations the + + align:start position:0% +you take those valuations the + + + align:start position:0% +you take those valuations the +externalities from drunk driving or + + align:start position:0% +externalities from drunk driving or + + + align:start position:0% +externalities from drunk driving or +enormous and yet we have very very low + + align:start position:0% +enormous and yet we have very very low + + + align:start position:0% +enormous and yet we have very very low +taxes on out yeah great great quite + + align:start position:0% +taxes on out yeah great great quite + + + align:start position:0% +taxes on out yeah great great quite +disease we could go all the other + + align:start position:0% +disease we could go all the other + + + align:start position:0% +disease we could go all the other +absolutely they are and this is like + + align:start position:0% +absolutely they are and this is like + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely they are and this is like +nobody likes economist for example we + + align:start position:0% +nobody likes economist for example we + + + align:start position:0% +nobody likes economist for example we +think sages lies aren't worth as much as + + align:start position:0% +think sages lies aren't worth as much as + + + align:start position:0% +think sages lies aren't worth as much as +your life is your life so kind of an + + align:start position:0% +your life is your life so kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +your life is your life so kind of an +evil ok so there's all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +evil ok so there's all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +evil ok so there's all sorts of +interesting and difficult issues in + + align:start position:0% +interesting and difficult issues in + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and difficult issues in +valuing life the whole field but in any + + align:start position:0% +valuing life the whole field but in any + + + align:start position:0% +valuing life the whole field but in any +case the bottom line is since White's + + align:start position:0% +case the bottom line is since White's + + + align:start position:0% +case the bottom line is since White's +valuable ok there is a great um there is + + align:start position:0% +valuable ok there is a great um there is + + + align:start position:0% +valuable ok there is a great um there is +there is an important externality + + align:start position:0% +there is an important externality + + + align:start position:0% +there is an important externality +now let's come to the interesting case a + + align:start position:0% +now let's come to the interesting case a + + + align:start position:0% +now let's come to the interesting case a +phrase hop-hop which is illegal drugs + + align:start position:0% +phrase hop-hop which is illegal drugs + + + align:start position:0% +phrase hop-hop which is illegal drugs +now let's think about cigarettes per day + + align:start position:0% +now let's think about cigarettes per day + + + align:start position:0% +now let's think about cigarettes per day +cigarettes impose externalities but I + + align:start position:0% +cigarettes impose externalities but I + + + align:start position:0% +cigarettes impose externalities but I +never said the answer with the fancy or + + align:start position:0% +never said the answer with the fancy or + + + align:start position:0% +never said the answer with the fancy or +make them illegal I said the answer was + + align:start position:0% +make them illegal I said the answer was + + + align:start position:0% +make them illegal I said the answer was +to tax them so lets them to properly + + align:start position:0% +to tax them so lets them to properly + + + align:start position:0% +to tax them so lets them to properly +measure secondhand smokes or whatever we + + align:start position:0% +measure secondhand smokes or whatever we + + + align:start position:0% +measure secondhand smokes or whatever we +do it indeed so thanks indeed cigarette + + align:start position:0% +do it indeed so thanks indeed cigarette + + + align:start position:0% +do it indeed so thanks indeed cigarette +taxes today probably see any of these + + align:start position:0% +taxes today probably see any of these + + + align:start position:0% +taxes today probably see any of these +were that you know I'm one of the + + align:start position:0% +were that you know I'm one of the + + + align:start position:0% +were that you know I'm one of the +biggest things I hope you have a good + + align:start position:0% +biggest things I hope you have a good + + + align:start position:0% +biggest things I hope you have a good +outfit and I would admit bigger + + align:start position:0% +outfit and I would admit bigger + + + align:start position:0% +outfit and I would admit bigger +attackers today which average national + + align:start position:0% +attackers today which average national + + + align:start position:0% +attackers today which average national +several dollars a pack probably easy + + align:start position:0% +several dollars a pack probably easy + + + align:start position:0% +several dollars a pack probably easy +that's the analysis moreover going to + + align:start position:0% +that's the analysis moreover going to + + + align:start position:0% +that's the analysis moreover going to +legal drugs we don't attack that we + + align:start position:0% +legal drugs we don't attack that we + + + align:start position:0% +legal drugs we don't attack that we +think so we simply in all safeties and + + align:start position:0% +think so we simply in all safeties and + + + align:start position:0% +think so we simply in all safeties and +marijuana + + align:start position:0% +marijuana + + + align:start position:0% +marijuana +we still ban all you know other drugs + + align:start position:0% +we still ban all you know other drugs + + + align:start position:0% +we still ban all you know other drugs +everywhere + + align:start position:0% +everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere +what think about it the framework that's + + align:start position:0% +what think about it the framework that's + + + align:start position:0% +what think about it the framework that's +what you so far does not say should ban + + align:start position:0% +what you so far does not say should ban + + + align:start position:0% +what you so far does not say should ban +anything if I love doing cocaine we + + align:start position:0% +anything if I love doing cocaine we + + + align:start position:0% +anything if I love doing cocaine we +should taxes the extra miles I do indeed + + align:start position:0% +should taxes the extra miles I do indeed + + + align:start position:0% +should taxes the extra miles I do indeed +let's go further + + align:start position:0% +let's go further + + + align:start position:0% +let's go further +there aren't any extra now the most + + align:start position:0% +there aren't any extra now the most + + + align:start position:0% +there aren't any extra now the most +illegal oh okay sighs you cocaine + + align:start position:0% +illegal oh okay sighs you cocaine + + + align:start position:0% +illegal oh okay sighs you cocaine +they may get car accidents or heroin but + + align:start position:0% +they may get car accidents or heroin but + + + align:start position:0% +they may get car accidents or heroin but +they largely to kill themselves they + + align:start position:0% +they largely to kill themselves they + + + align:start position:0% +they largely to kill themselves they +don't do a lot of sorts of it enlarges + + align:start position:0% +don't do a lot of sorts of it enlarges + + + align:start position:0% +don't do a lot of sorts of it enlarges +kill themselves indeed of you what are + + align:start position:0% +kill themselves indeed of you what are + + + align:start position:0% +kill themselves indeed of you what are +the exercise of illegal drugs they come + + align:start position:0% +the exercise of illegal drugs they come + + + align:start position:0% +the exercise of illegal drugs they come +from fighting illegal drugs it's the + + align:start position:0% +from fighting illegal drugs it's the + + + align:start position:0% +from fighting illegal drugs it's the +crime the comfort of the drugs are + + align:start position:0% +crime the comfort of the drugs are + + + align:start position:0% +crime the comfort of the drugs are +illegal okay that's the biggest that + + align:start position:0% +illegal okay that's the biggest that + + + align:start position:0% +illegal okay that's the biggest that +I've come drugs so without using + + align:start position:0% +I've come drugs so without using + + + align:start position:0% +I've come drugs so without using +economists for decades have are these + + align:start position:0% +economists for decades have are these + + + align:start position:0% +economists for decades have are these +drugs should be legal ultra but if you + + align:start position:0% +drugs should be legal ultra but if you + + + align:start position:0% +drugs should be legal ultra but if you +think about it they should be legal and + + align:start position:0% +think about it they should be legal and + + + align:start position:0% +think about it they should be legal and +tax because the externalities more to + + align:start position:0% +tax because the externalities more to + + + align:start position:0% +tax because the externalities more to +come to the fact is they're illlegal you + + align:start position:0% +come to the fact is they're illlegal you + + + align:start position:0% +come to the fact is they're illlegal you +think about all the jacks in Mexico you + + align:start position:0% +think about all the jacks in Mexico you + + + align:start position:0% +think about all the jacks in Mexico you +know what would happen in Mexico + + align:start position:0% +know what would happen in Mexico + + + align:start position:0% +know what would happen in Mexico +if drugs are legal in America + + align:start position:0% +if drugs are legal in America + + + align:start position:0% +if drugs are legal in America +the prices collapse the cartels what + + align:start position:0% +the prices collapse the cartels what + + + align:start position:0% +the prices collapse the cartels what +I've no money to make and they break up + + align:start position:0% +I've no money to make and they break up + + + align:start position:0% +I've no money to make and they break up +and there would be all these deaths the + + align:start position:0% +and there would be all these deaths the + + + align:start position:0% +and there would be all these deaths the +next day those deaths the next one are + + align:start position:0% +next day those deaths the next one are + + + align:start position:0% +next day those deaths the next one are +on us it's on the US consumers who + + align:start position:0% +on us it's on the US consumers who + + + align:start position:0% +on us it's on the US consumers who +demand was illegal good for Mexico that + + align:start position:0% +demand was illegal good for Mexico that + + + align:start position:0% +demand was illegal good for Mexico that +creates demand for priming medicine + + align:start position:0% +creates demand for priming medicine + + + align:start position:0% +creates demand for priming medicine +price drugs illegal so why not legalize + + align:start position:0% +price drugs illegal so why not legalize + + + align:start position:0% +price drugs illegal so why not legalize +drugs well you'll never one minute so + + align:start position:0% +drugs well you'll never one minute so + + + align:start position:0% +drugs well you'll never one minute so +the answer is because these don't think + + align:start position:0% +the answer is because these don't think + + + align:start position:0% +the answer is because these don't think +this model applies also to fix the + + align:start position:0% +this model applies also to fix the + + + align:start position:0% +this model applies also to fix the +particular we don't think people always + + align:start position:0% +particular we don't think people always + + + align:start position:0% +particular we don't think people always +they dragged over see in this framework + + align:start position:0% +they dragged over see in this framework + + + align:start position:0% +they dragged over see in this framework +to see rational decision we think that + + align:start position:0% +to see rational decision we think that + + + align:start position:0% +to see rational decision we think that +people make mistakes and if the mistakes + + align:start position:0% +people make mistakes and if the mistakes + + + align:start position:0% +people make mistakes and if the mistakes +are severe enough then taxation is not + + align:start position:0% +are severe enough then taxation is not + + + align:start position:0% +are severe enough then taxation is not +the right answer using that right there + + align:start position:0% +the right answer using that right there + + + align:start position:0% +the right answer using that right there +okay and that's why that's why we say + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's why that's why we say + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's why that's why we say +look we think that people most people + + align:start position:0% +look we think that people most people + + + align:start position:0% +look we think that people most people +try illegal drugs at one time they're 18 + + align:start position:0% +try illegal drugs at one time they're 18 + + + align:start position:0% +try illegal drugs at one time they're 18 +we think the people before they're 18 + + align:start position:0% +we think the people before they're 18 + + + align:start position:0% +we think the people before they're 18 +are not police don't have fully swarm + + align:start position:0% +are not police don't have fully swarm + + + align:start position:0% +are not police don't have fully swarm +prefrontal cortexes and I probably that + + align:start position:0% +prefrontal cortexes and I probably that + + + align:start position:0% +prefrontal cortexes and I probably that +they get addicted and that has lifelong + + align:start position:0% +they get addicted and that has lifelong + + + align:start position:0% +they get addicted and that has lifelong +consequences therefore we make the drug + + align:start position:0% +consequences therefore we make the drug + + + align:start position:0% +consequences therefore we make the drug +illegal because we think the cost those + + align:start position:0% +illegal because we think the cost those + + + align:start position:0% +illegal because we think the cost those +clusters are so large that we don't take + + align:start position:0% +clusters are so large that we don't take + + + align:start position:0% +clusters are so large that we don't take +a chance but that raises the whole + + align:start position:0% +a chance but that raises the whole + + + align:start position:0% +a chance but that raises the whole +debate that you all we have that + + align:start position:0% +debate that you all we have that + + + align:start position:0% +debate that you all we have that +marijuana legally is that suze now I + + align:start position:0% +marijuana legally is that suze now I + + + align:start position:0% +marijuana legally is that suze now I +want the X 2000 I want are really small + + align:start position:0% +want the X 2000 I want are really small + + + align:start position:0% +want the X 2000 I want are really small +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +indeed the damage in yourself is + + align:start position:0% +indeed the damage in yourself is + + + align:start position:0% +indeed the damage in yourself is +actually pretty small much less than + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty small much less than + + + align:start position:0% +actually pretty small much less than +smoking so how do we think about whether + + align:start position:0% +smoking so how do we think about whether + + + align:start position:0% +smoking so how do we think about whether +marijuana to be legal or illegal versus + + align:start position:0% +marijuana to be legal or illegal versus + + + align:start position:0% +marijuana to be legal or illegal versus +cocaine and heroin and how much could be + + align:start position:0% +cocaine and heroin and how much could be + + + align:start position:0% +cocaine and heroin and how much could be +taxed so that's the kind of spending to + + align:start position:0% +taxed so that's the kind of spending to + + + align:start position:0% +taxed so that's the kind of spending to +see if you do way we talk about this so + + align:start position:0% +see if you do way we talk about this so + + + align:start position:0% +see if you do way we talk about this so +anyway find that more interesting take + + align:start position:0% +anyway find that more interesting take + + + align:start position:0% +anyway find that more interesting take +1441 will spend many lectures talking + + align:start position:0% +1441 will spend many lectures talking + + + align:start position:0% +1441 will spend many lectures talking +about \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/S-BaPQR1ZRU.txt b/S-BaPQR1ZRU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d95c529456f7912c3d93f27e6adf1dc2b433cba --- /dev/null +++ b/S-BaPQR1ZRU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18203 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right i'm going to get started this + + align:start position:0% +all right i'm going to get started this + + + align:start position:0% +all right i'm going to get started this +is lecture 19 of 1413 uh i'm gonna first + + align:start position:0% +is lecture 19 of 1413 uh i'm gonna first + + + align:start position:0% +is lecture 19 of 1413 uh i'm gonna first +finish up um + + align:start position:0% +finish up um + + + align:start position:0% +finish up um +uh some of what we discussed last time + + align:start position:0% +uh some of what we discussed last time + + + align:start position:0% +uh some of what we discussed last time +on uh gender + + align:start position:0% +on uh gender + + + align:start position:0% +on uh gender +discrimination and identity and then + + align:start position:0% +discrimination and identity and then + + + align:start position:0% +discrimination and identity and then +then we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +then we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +then we're gonna +talk about uh nudges and uh default + + align:start position:0% +talk about uh nudges and uh default + + + align:start position:0% +talk about uh nudges and uh default +effects + + align:start position:0% +effects + + + align:start position:0% +effects +um so uh let me sort of fairly quickly + + align:start position:0% +um so uh let me sort of fairly quickly + + + align:start position:0% +um so uh let me sort of fairly quickly +go through the remaining slides of + + align:start position:0% +go through the remaining slides of + + + align:start position:0% +go through the remaining slides of +lecture 18 and then move to the + + align:start position:0% +lecture 18 and then move to the + + + align:start position:0% +lecture 18 and then move to the +lecture slides so remember we talked + + align:start position:0% +lecture slides so remember we talked + + + align:start position:0% +lecture slides so remember we talked +last time about + + align:start position:0% +last time about + + + align:start position:0% +last time about +the study by betron did all about gender + + align:start position:0% +the study by betron did all about gender + + + align:start position:0% +the study by betron did all about gender +identity norms + + align:start position:0% +identity norms + + + align:start position:0% +identity norms +where we talked about uh because um so + + align:start position:0% +where we talked about uh because um so + + + align:start position:0% +where we talked about uh because um so +the authors argue there's this norm that + + align:start position:0% +the authors argue there's this norm that + + + align:start position:0% +the authors argue there's this norm that +some men perceive perhaps even + + align:start position:0% +some men perceive perhaps even + + + align:start position:0% +some men perceive perhaps even +some women that men should be earning + + align:start position:0% +some women that men should be earning + + + align:start position:0% +some women that men should be earning +more than their wives + + align:start position:0% +more than their wives + + + align:start position:0% +more than their wives +there's this clip this missing mass of + + align:start position:0% +there's this clip this missing mass of + + + align:start position:0% +there's this clip this missing mass of +households + + align:start position:0% +households + + + align:start position:0% +households +or couples in the us we talked about um + + align:start position:0% +or couples in the us we talked about um + + + align:start position:0% +or couples in the us we talked about um +different reasons for that uh missing + + align:start position:0% +different reasons for that uh missing + + + align:start position:0% +different reasons for that uh missing +couples did not form in the first place + + align:start position:0% +couples did not form in the first place + + + align:start position:0% +couples did not form in the first place +that such + + align:start position:0% +that such + + + align:start position:0% +that such +marriage is a couple service uh happy + + align:start position:0% +marriage is a couple service uh happy + + + align:start position:0% +marriage is a couple service uh happy +and stable + + align:start position:0% +and stable + + + align:start position:0% +and stable +um so like they end up in divorce um and + + align:start position:0% +um so like they end up in divorce um and + + + align:start position:0% +um so like they end up in divorce um and +you know there's also + + align:start position:0% +you know there's also + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's also +uh even for existing couples that form + + align:start position:0% +uh even for existing couples that form + + + align:start position:0% +uh even for existing couples that form +whether the wife uh + + align:start position:0% +whether the wife uh + + + align:start position:0% +whether the wife uh +the woman has more earnings potential um + + align:start position:0% +the woman has more earnings potential um + + + align:start position:0% +the woman has more earnings potential um +uh in some cases at least um uh women + + align:start position:0% +uh in some cases at least um uh women + + + align:start position:0% +uh in some cases at least um uh women +tend to either sort of work less a few + + align:start position:0% +tend to either sort of work less a few + + + align:start position:0% +tend to either sort of work less a few +hours + + align:start position:0% +hours + + + align:start position:0% +hours +and therefore perhaps could less promote + + align:start position:0% +and therefore perhaps could less promote + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore perhaps could less promote +it and the like and in addition i might + + align:start position:0% +it and the like and in addition i might + + + align:start position:0% +it and the like and in addition i might +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +uh involved in more non-market and child + + align:start position:0% +uh involved in more non-market and child + + + align:start position:0% +uh involved in more non-market and child +care + + align:start position:0% +care + + + align:start position:0% +care +work which you should have called the + + align:start position:0% +work which you should have called the + + + align:start position:0% +work which you should have called the +second shift they have to do more work + + align:start position:0% +second shift they have to do more work + + + align:start position:0% +second shift they have to do more work +um because you know the husband is very + + align:start position:0% +um because you know the husband is very + + + align:start position:0% +um because you know the husband is very +unhappy about her anymore + + align:start position:0% +unhappy about her anymore + + + align:start position:0% +unhappy about her anymore +which then of course uh holds + + align:start position:0% +which then of course uh holds + + + align:start position:0% +which then of course uh holds +potentially um + + align:start position:0% +potentially um + + + align:start position:0% +potentially um +uh uh the wife back at at her work + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the wife back at at her work + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the wife back at at her work +now uh somebody was asking last time i i + + align:start position:0% +now uh somebody was asking last time i i + + + align:start position:0% +now uh somebody was asking last time i i +believe justin about or + + align:start position:0% +believe justin about or + + + align:start position:0% +believe justin about or +others about um the arrival of children + + align:start position:0% +others about um the arrival of children + + + align:start position:0% +others about um the arrival of children +and the gender gap + + align:start position:0% +and the gender gap + + + align:start position:0% +and the gender gap +um this system so there's quite a few + + align:start position:0% +um this system so there's quite a few + + + align:start position:0% +um this system so there's quite a few +studies like this one so i added this + + align:start position:0% +studies like this one so i added this + + + align:start position:0% +studies like this one so i added this +here which is the study by clavin at all + + align:start position:0% +here which is the study by clavin at all + + + align:start position:0% +here which is the study by clavin at all +in denmark + + align:start position:0% +in denmark + + + align:start position:0% +in denmark +and uh these studies essentially show + + align:start position:0% +and uh these studies essentially show + + + align:start position:0% +and uh these studies essentially show +there's like a substantial + + align:start position:0% +there's like a substantial + + + align:start position:0% +there's like a substantial +um what they call child penalty for + + align:start position:0% +um what they call child penalty for + + + align:start position:0% +um what they call child penalty for +for women which is when you look at uh + + align:start position:0% +for women which is when you look at uh + + + align:start position:0% +for women which is when you look at uh +men's and women's earnings on the left + + align:start position:0% +men's and women's earnings on the left + + + align:start position:0% +men's and women's earnings on the left +hand side um there's a figure shows + + align:start position:0% +hand side um there's a figure shows + + + align:start position:0% +hand side um there's a figure shows +earnings this is sort of yearly data + + align:start position:0% +earnings this is sort of yearly data + + + align:start position:0% +earnings this is sort of yearly data +over time + + align:start position:0% +over time + + + align:start position:0% +over time +on the right hand side um you see hours + + align:start position:0% +on the right hand side um you see hours + + + align:start position:0% +on the right hand side um you see hours +work similarly you + + align:start position:0% +work similarly you + + + align:start position:0% +work similarly you +see productivity but essentially you + + align:start position:0% +see productivity but essentially you + + + align:start position:0% +see productivity but essentially you +tend to see is that for men and this is + + align:start position:0% +tend to see is that for men and this is + + + align:start position:0% +tend to see is that for men and this is +sort of the gray bar here on top + + align:start position:0% +sort of the gray bar here on top + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the gray bar here on top +um you know you see essentially before + + align:start position:0% +um you know you see essentially before + + + align:start position:0% +um you know you see essentially before +the child is born you sort of match + + align:start position:0% +the child is born you sort of match + + + align:start position:0% +the child is born you sort of match +mental women um to have sort of similar + + align:start position:0% +mental women um to have sort of similar + + + align:start position:0% +mental women um to have sort of similar +earnings the trajectory looked very + + align:start position:0% +earnings the trajectory looked very + + + align:start position:0% +earnings the trajectory looked very +similar + + align:start position:0% +similar + + + align:start position:0% +similar +and and then from then perhaps you know + + align:start position:0% +and and then from then perhaps you know + + + align:start position:0% +and and then from then perhaps you know +there's a slight decline or no + + align:start position:0% +there's a slight decline or no + + + align:start position:0% +there's a slight decline or no +like for the increase over time um but + + align:start position:0% +like for the increase over time um but + + + align:start position:0% +like for the increase over time um but +for for for women there's like a clear + + align:start position:0% +for for for women there's like a clear + + + align:start position:0% +for for for women there's like a clear +drop in + + align:start position:0% +drop in + + + align:start position:0% +drop in +earnings and that drop persists for many + + align:start position:0% +earnings and that drop persists for many + + + align:start position:0% +earnings and that drop persists for many +many years so it's not just like there's + + align:start position:0% +many years so it's not just like there's + + + align:start position:0% +many years so it's not just like there's +a year after birth you know there's + + align:start position:0% +a year after birth you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +a year after birth you know there's +lower earnings for + + align:start position:0% +lower earnings for + + + align:start position:0% +lower earnings for +on average for women but there's a + + align:start position:0% +on average for women but there's a + + + align:start position:0% +on average for women but there's a +persistent gap overall + + align:start position:0% +persistent gap overall + + + align:start position:0% +persistent gap overall +that has to be presumably with like some + + align:start position:0% +that has to be presumably with like some + + + align:start position:0% +that has to be presumably with like some +women never returning back to + + align:start position:0% +women never returning back to + + + align:start position:0% +women never returning back to +to work some women remaining part-time + + align:start position:0% +to work some women remaining part-time + + + align:start position:0% +to work some women remaining part-time +just some women working a few hours when + + align:start position:0% +just some women working a few hours when + + + align:start position:0% +just some women working a few hours when +they have children + + align:start position:0% +they have children + + + align:start position:0% +they have children +notice that that's not just about like + + align:start position:0% +notice that that's not just about like + + + align:start position:0% +notice that that's not just about like +hours works so when you look at the + + align:start position:0% +hours works so when you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +hours works so when you look at the +earnings + + align:start position:0% +earnings + + + align:start position:0% +earnings +gap it's about something like 20 percent + + align:start position:0% +gap it's about something like 20 percent + + + align:start position:0% +gap it's about something like 20 percent +the long-run child penalty here is + + align:start position:0% +the long-run child penalty here is + + + align:start position:0% +the long-run child penalty here is +like 20 uh it's also for hours worth of + + align:start position:0% +like 20 uh it's also for hours worth of + + + align:start position:0% +like 20 uh it's also for hours worth of +something like 10 + + align:start position:0% +something like 10 + + + align:start position:0% +something like 10 +which must mean that like the there's an + + align:start position:0% +which must mean that like the there's an + + + align:start position:0% +which must mean that like the there's an +additional 10 percent coming from like + + align:start position:0% +additional 10 percent coming from like + + + align:start position:0% +additional 10 percent coming from like +productivity or wages conditional on + + align:start position:0% +productivity or wages conditional on + + + align:start position:0% +productivity or wages conditional on +hours work so it's not only that women + + align:start position:0% +hours work so it's not only that women + + + align:start position:0% +hours work so it's not only that women +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +working few hours but they're also paid + + align:start position:0% +working few hours but they're also paid + + + align:start position:0% +working few hours but they're also paid +less per hour which presumably is like + + align:start position:0% +less per hour which presumably is like + + + align:start position:0% +less per hour which presumably is like +once + + align:start position:0% +once + + + align:start position:0% +once +um people start quite working a few + + align:start position:0% +um people start quite working a few + + + align:start position:0% +um people start quite working a few +hours + + align:start position:0% +hours + + + align:start position:0% +hours +take more breaks or just take a break + + align:start position:0% +take more breaks or just take a break + + + align:start position:0% +take more breaks or just take a break +for a few years they're becoming + + align:start position:0% +for a few years they're becoming + + + align:start position:0% +for a few years they're becoming +uh they're getting less promotions and + + align:start position:0% +uh they're getting less promotions and + + + align:start position:0% +uh they're getting less promotions and +so on and that sort of carries through + + align:start position:0% +so on and that sort of carries through + + + align:start position:0% +so on and that sort of carries through +for a long time + + align:start position:0% +for a long time + + + align:start position:0% +for a long time +now interestingly some of these child + + align:start position:0% +now interestingly some of these child + + + align:start position:0% +now interestingly some of these child +penalties are transmitted through + + align:start position:0% +penalties are transmitted through + + + align:start position:0% +penalties are transmitted through +generations meaning that from parents to + + align:start position:0% +generations meaning that from parents to + + + align:start position:0% +generations meaning that from parents to +daughters + + align:start position:0% +daughters + + + align:start position:0% +daughters +sort of suggesting essentially in the + + align:start position:0% +sort of suggesting essentially in the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of suggesting essentially in the +same family where there's um + + align:start position:0% +same family where there's um + + + align:start position:0% +same family where there's um +child penalties from the parents like i + + align:start position:0% +child penalties from the parents like i + + + align:start position:0% +child penalties from the parents like i +said like if the woman + + align:start position:0% +said like if the woman + + + align:start position:0% +said like if the woman +uh the is a child penalty for uh + + align:start position:0% +uh the is a child penalty for uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh the is a child penalty for uh +the mother um the daughter will also be + + align:start position:0% +the mother um the daughter will also be + + + align:start position:0% +the mother um the daughter will also be +likely to have a child penetrate penalty + + align:start position:0% +likely to have a child penetrate penalty + + + align:start position:0% +likely to have a child penetrate penalty +later on like 20 30 years when she's + + align:start position:0% +later on like 20 30 years when she's + + + align:start position:0% +later on like 20 30 years when she's +been actually working so there seems to + + align:start position:0% +been actually working so there seems to + + + align:start position:0% +been actually working so there seems to +be something to do with like the child + + align:start position:0% +be something to do with like the child + + + align:start position:0% +be something to do with like the child +uh environment and sort of gender + + align:start position:0% +uh environment and sort of gender + + + align:start position:0% +uh environment and sort of gender +identity which is sort of the norm that + + align:start position:0% +identity which is sort of the norm that + + + align:start position:0% +identity which is sort of the norm that +the woman is supposed to take care of + + align:start position:0% +the woman is supposed to take care of + + + align:start position:0% +the woman is supposed to take care of +the children um versus the husband is + + align:start position:0% +the children um versus the husband is + + + align:start position:0% +the children um versus the husband is +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +and that seems to be sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +and that seems to be sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +and that seems to be sort of uh +permeated to generations + + align:start position:0% +permeated to generations + + + align:start position:0% +permeated to generations +um in the child environment um + + align:start position:0% +um in the child environment um + + + align:start position:0% +um in the child environment um +now you might sort of say well then + + align:start position:0% +now you might sort of say well then + + + align:start position:0% +now you might sort of say well then +couldn't we just do some policies that + + align:start position:0% +couldn't we just do some policies that + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't we just do some policies that +um support women or support parents to + + align:start position:0% +um support women or support parents to + + + align:start position:0% +um support women or support parents to +sort of help them deal with children um + + align:start position:0% +sort of help them deal with children um + + + align:start position:0% +sort of help them deal with children um +uh better and you know wouldn't that um + + align:start position:0% +uh better and you know wouldn't that um + + + align:start position:0% +uh better and you know wouldn't that um +help and there are some policies that + + align:start position:0% +help and there are some policies that + + + align:start position:0% +help and there are some policies that +people have done in particular in + + align:start position:0% +people have done in particular in + + + align:start position:0% +people have done in particular in +academia you might + + align:start position:0% +academia you might + + + align:start position:0% +academia you might +say well if a woman has a child or a + + align:start position:0% +say well if a woman has a child or a + + + align:start position:0% +say well if a woman has a child or a +couple as a child in general + + align:start position:0% +couple as a child in general + + + align:start position:0% +couple as a child in general +um you know that's that's surely a hint + + align:start position:0% +um you know that's that's surely a hint + + + align:start position:0% +um you know that's that's surely a hint +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +uh uh productivity and so therefore you + + align:start position:0% +uh uh productivity and so therefore you + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh productivity and so therefore you +know one could sort of say well that's + + align:start position:0% +know one could sort of say well that's + + + align:start position:0% +know one could sort of say well that's +where that's in fact what people have + + align:start position:0% +where that's in fact what people have + + + align:start position:0% +where that's in fact what people have +been doing is sort of let's + + align:start position:0% +been doing is sort of let's + + + align:start position:0% +been doing is sort of let's +stop 10-year clock which essentially is + + align:start position:0% +stop 10-year clock which essentially is + + + align:start position:0% +stop 10-year clock which essentially is +you know as an assistant professor + + align:start position:0% +you know as an assistant professor + + + align:start position:0% +you know as an assistant professor +people have something like seven eight + + align:start position:0% +people have something like seven eight + + + align:start position:0% +people have something like seven eight +nine years + + align:start position:0% +nine years + + + align:start position:0% +nine years +uh to do research until tenure she might + + align:start position:0% +uh to do research until tenure she might + + + align:start position:0% +uh to do research until tenure she might +say let's give people another year + + align:start position:0% +say let's give people another year + + + align:start position:0% +say let's give people another year +um if they have a child now one proposal + + align:start position:0% +um if they have a child now one proposal + + + align:start position:0% +um if they have a child now one proposal +is to have gender neutral um + + align:start position:0% +is to have gender neutral um + + + align:start position:0% +is to have gender neutral um +clock-stopping policies now these + + align:start position:0% +clock-stopping policies now these + + + align:start position:0% +clock-stopping policies now these +policies are intended to involve these + + align:start position:0% +policies are intended to involve these + + + align:start position:0% +policies are intended to involve these +gender-neutral policies meaning that + + align:start position:0% +gender-neutral policies meaning that + + + align:start position:0% +gender-neutral policies meaning that +like both + + align:start position:0% +like both + + + align:start position:0% +like both +parents regardless of um who's + + align:start position:0% +parents regardless of um who's + + + align:start position:0% +parents regardless of um who's +giving or you know not just the person + + align:start position:0% +giving or you know not just the person + + + align:start position:0% +giving or you know not just the person +who's giving birth but also the other + + align:start position:0% +who's giving birth but also the other + + + align:start position:0% +who's giving birth but also the other +person who's taking care of the child + + align:start position:0% +person who's taking care of the child + + + align:start position:0% +person who's taking care of the child +potentially + + align:start position:0% +potentially + + + align:start position:0% +potentially +is getting an additional um a year on + + align:start position:0% +is getting an additional um a year on + + + align:start position:0% +is getting an additional um a year on +the tenure clock + + align:start position:0% +the tenure clock + + + align:start position:0% +the tenure clock +so the intention is here in particular + + align:start position:0% +so the intention is here in particular + + + align:start position:0% +so the intention is here in particular +to involve men more in in child care + + align:start position:0% +to involve men more in in child care + + + align:start position:0% +to involve men more in in child care +but you know um those kinds of policies + + align:start position:0% +but you know um those kinds of policies + + + align:start position:0% +but you know um those kinds of policies +tend to be not enforced and + + align:start position:0% +tend to be not enforced and + + + align:start position:0% +tend to be not enforced and +potentially they might even enhance + + align:start position:0% +potentially they might even enhance + + + align:start position:0% +potentially they might even enhance +gender inequality + + align:start position:0% +gender inequality + + + align:start position:0% +gender inequality +if it's the case that like both men and + + align:start position:0% +if it's the case that like both men and + + + align:start position:0% +if it's the case that like both men and +women get another year + + align:start position:0% +women get another year + + + align:start position:0% +women get another year +but the man essentially takes that as a + + align:start position:0% +but the man essentially takes that as a + + + align:start position:0% +but the man essentially takes that as a +year off where you can do + + align:start position:0% +year off where you can do + + + align:start position:0% +year off where you can do +um additional work while the woman is + + align:start position:0% +um additional work while the woman is + + + align:start position:0% +um additional work while the woman is +back taking care of + + align:start position:0% +back taking care of + + + align:start position:0% +back taking care of +of the household and the child then such + + align:start position:0% +of the household and the child then such + + + align:start position:0% +of the household and the child then such +policies in some ways + + align:start position:0% +policies in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +policies in some ways +might make things worse and this is + + align:start position:0% +might make things worse and this is + + + align:start position:0% +might make things worse and this is +exactly what some studies find + + align:start position:0% +exactly what some studies find + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what some studies find +that these gender mutual policies in + + align:start position:0% +that these gender mutual policies in + + + align:start position:0% +that these gender mutual policies in +particular sort of + + align:start position:0% +particular sort of + + + align:start position:0% +particular sort of +in economics that's also some examples + + align:start position:0% +in economics that's also some examples + + + align:start position:0% +in economics that's also some examples +from other settings + + align:start position:0% +from other settings + + + align:start position:0% +from other settings +uh but essentially uh uh introducing + + align:start position:0% +uh but essentially uh uh introducing + + + align:start position:0% +uh but essentially uh uh introducing +such policies substantially uh reduce + + align:start position:0% +such policies substantially uh reduce + + + align:start position:0% +such policies substantially uh reduce +female attendant rates while increasing + + align:start position:0% +female attendant rates while increasing + + + align:start position:0% +female attendant rates while increasing +male tenure rates + + align:start position:0% +male tenure rates + + + align:start position:0% +male tenure rates +so here's a policy that looks actually a + + align:start position:0% +so here's a policy that looks actually a + + + align:start position:0% +so here's a policy that looks actually a +good policy it's gender-neutral and so + + align:start position:0% +good policy it's gender-neutral and so + + + align:start position:0% +good policy it's gender-neutral and so +on um but in fact it might not be + + align:start position:0% +on um but in fact it might not be + + + align:start position:0% +on um but in fact it might not be +depending on who takes advantage of that + + align:start position:0% +depending on who takes advantage of that + + + align:start position:0% +depending on who takes advantage of that +and doesn't + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +and doesn't +so it's a very tricky question because + + align:start position:0% +so it's a very tricky question because + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a very tricky question because +you know um some of these things are not + + align:start position:0% +you know um some of these things are not + + + align:start position:0% +you know um some of these things are not +um enforceable + + align:start position:0% +um enforceable + + + align:start position:0% +um enforceable +if instead you gave only um these + + align:start position:0% +if instead you gave only um these + + + align:start position:0% +if instead you gave only um these +10-year extensions to women then you + + align:start position:0% +10-year extensions to women then you + + + align:start position:0% +10-year extensions to women then you +could get issues like in + + align:start position:0% +could get issues like in + + + align:start position:0% +could get issues like in +households that then like women are sort + + align:start position:0% +households that then like women are sort + + + align:start position:0% +households that then like women are sort +of pushed out of work um which in part i + + align:start position:0% +of pushed out of work um which in part i + + + align:start position:0% +of pushed out of work um which in part i +think some of these + + align:start position:0% +think some of these + + + align:start position:0% +think some of these +neutral tenure clocks try to avoid in + + align:start position:0% +neutral tenure clocks try to avoid in + + + align:start position:0% +neutral tenure clocks try to avoid in +the first place so it's not unclear what + + align:start position:0% +the first place so it's not unclear what + + + align:start position:0% +the first place so it's not unclear what +to do here but i think + + align:start position:0% +to do here but i think + + + align:start position:0% +to do here but i think +it's important to understand that some + + align:start position:0% +it's important to understand that some + + + align:start position:0% +it's important to understand that some +policies that look uh like they + + align:start position:0% +policies that look uh like they + + + align:start position:0% +policies that look uh like they +are uh in fact mutual or gender neutral + + align:start position:0% +are uh in fact mutual or gender neutral + + + align:start position:0% +are uh in fact mutual or gender neutral +they might in fact + + align:start position:0% +they might in fact + + + align:start position:0% +they might in fact +um not be now let me tell you + + align:start position:0% +um not be now let me tell you + + + align:start position:0% +um not be now let me tell you +uh uh uh about one more people related + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh about one more people related + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh uh about one more people related +to gender and the labor market or + + align:start position:0% +to gender and the labor market or + + + align:start position:0% +to gender and the labor market or +identity + + align:start position:0% +identity + + + align:start position:0% +identity +which is a very nice people by + + align:start position:0% +which is a very nice people by + + + align:start position:0% +which is a very nice people by +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +which asks the question when women avoid + + align:start position:0% +which asks the question when women avoid + + + align:start position:0% +which asks the question when women avoid +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +career enhancing actions because these + + align:start position:0% +career enhancing actions because these + + + align:start position:0% +career enhancing actions because these +actions signal undesirable + + align:start position:0% +actions signal undesirable + + + align:start position:0% +actions signal undesirable +traits so in particular women might be + + align:start position:0% +traits so in particular women might be + + + align:start position:0% +traits so in particular women might be +or ambitious women might be perceived as + + align:start position:0% +or ambitious women might be perceived as + + + align:start position:0% +or ambitious women might be perceived as +not attractive partners + + align:start position:0% +not attractive partners + + + align:start position:0% +not attractive partners +um in the labor market among some + + align:start position:0% +um in the labor market among some + + + align:start position:0% +um in the labor market among some +in particular in some settings uh such + + align:start position:0% +in particular in some settings uh such + + + align:start position:0% +in particular in some settings uh such +as among mba students + + align:start position:0% +as among mba students + + + align:start position:0% +as among mba students +um and so in particular um as you as you + + align:start position:0% +um and so in particular um as you as you + + + align:start position:0% +um and so in particular um as you as you +might be familiar with + + align:start position:0% +might be familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +might be familiar with +um there's lots of dating happening or + + align:start position:0% +um there's lots of dating happening or + + + align:start position:0% +um there's lots of dating happening or +among + + align:start position:0% +among + + + align:start position:0% +among +mba students where people try to + + align:start position:0% +mba students where people try to + + + align:start position:0% +mba students where people try to +essentially find um + + align:start position:0% +essentially find um + + + align:start position:0% +essentially find um +partners are somebody to get married to + + align:start position:0% +partners are somebody to get married to + + + align:start position:0% +partners are somebody to get married to +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +um it appears to be the case that being + + align:start position:0% +um it appears to be the case that being + + + align:start position:0% +um it appears to be the case that being +ambitious who being + + align:start position:0% +ambitious who being + + + align:start position:0% +ambitious who being +perhaps overly ambitious is perceived as + + align:start position:0% +perhaps overly ambitious is perceived as + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps overly ambitious is perceived as +uh negatively and as an undesirable + + align:start position:0% +uh negatively and as an undesirable + + + align:start position:0% +uh negatively and as an undesirable +trait uh on the + + align:start position:0% +trait uh on the + + + align:start position:0% +trait uh on the +dating market for mbas now what we're + + align:start position:0% +dating market for mbas now what we're + + + align:start position:0% +dating market for mbas now what we're +seeing and i'll find and this is + + align:start position:0% +seeing and i'll find and this is + + + align:start position:0% +seeing and i'll find and this is +um a joint work with um amanda palais + + align:start position:0% +um a joint work with um amanda palais + + + align:start position:0% +um a joint work with um amanda palais +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +um uh toomas for jivara um they find + + align:start position:0% +um uh toomas for jivara um they find + + + align:start position:0% +um uh toomas for jivara um they find +that married and unmarried female mba + + align:start position:0% +that married and unmarried female mba + + + align:start position:0% +that married and unmarried female mba +students perform similarly um when their + + align:start position:0% +students perform similarly um when their + + + align:start position:0% +students perform similarly um when their +performance is unobserved by classes so + + align:start position:0% +performance is unobserved by classes so + + + align:start position:0% +performance is unobserved by classes so +these are things like exams + + align:start position:0% +these are things like exams + + + align:start position:0% +these are things like exams +problem sets these are things that only + + align:start position:0% +problem sets these are things that only + + + align:start position:0% +problem sets these are things that only +the professor sees but not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +the professor sees but not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +the professor sees but not necessarily +their classmates + + align:start position:0% +their classmates + + + align:start position:0% +their classmates +so here male and sorry unmarried and + + align:start position:0% +so here male and sorry unmarried and + + + align:start position:0% +so here male and sorry unmarried and +married + + align:start position:0% +married + + + align:start position:0% +married +female mba students do similarly well + + align:start position:0% +female mba students do similarly well + + + align:start position:0% +female mba students do similarly well +when comparing them + + align:start position:0% +when comparing them + + + align:start position:0% +when comparing them +but unmarried women have lower + + align:start position:0% +but unmarried women have lower + + + align:start position:0% +but unmarried women have lower +participation grades so these are + + align:start position:0% +participation grades so these are + + + align:start position:0% +participation grades so these are +essentially things that you know what + + align:start position:0% +essentially things that you know what + + + align:start position:0% +essentially things that you know what +do you say something in class and as you + + align:start position:0% +do you say something in class and as you + + + align:start position:0% +do you say something in class and as you +might know in mba classes + + align:start position:0% +might know in mba classes + + + align:start position:0% +might know in mba classes +in some at least there's somebody + + align:start position:0% +in some at least there's somebody + + + align:start position:0% +in some at least there's somebody +sitting in the back actually recording + + align:start position:0% +sitting in the back actually recording + + + align:start position:0% +sitting in the back actually recording +each interaction each participation + + align:start position:0% +each interaction each participation + + + align:start position:0% +each interaction each participation +um very sort of carefully so you know + + align:start position:0% +um very sort of carefully so you know + + + align:start position:0% +um very sort of carefully so you know +exactly who says + + align:start position:0% +exactly who says + + + align:start position:0% +exactly who says +uh how many things um and how often + + align:start position:0% +uh how many things um and how often + + + align:start position:0% +uh how many things um and how often +and so on so it seems to me that like uh + + align:start position:0% +and so on so it seems to me that like uh + + + align:start position:0% +and so on so it seems to me that like uh +unmarried women tend to not want + + align:start position:0% +unmarried women tend to not want + + + align:start position:0% +unmarried women tend to not want +to look too ambitious and too hard + + align:start position:0% +to look too ambitious and too hard + + + align:start position:0% +to look too ambitious and too hard +working in class + + align:start position:0% +working in class + + + align:start position:0% +working in class +now that's of course only suggestive um + + align:start position:0% +now that's of course only suggestive um + + + align:start position:0% +now that's of course only suggestive um +so then they also have a field + + align:start position:0% +so then they also have a field + + + align:start position:0% +so then they also have a field +experiment + + align:start position:0% +experiment + + + align:start position:0% +experiment +um where they ask people about their + + align:start position:0% +um where they ask people about their + + + align:start position:0% +um where they ask people about their +desired salaries and willingness to + + align:start position:0% +desired salaries and willingness to + + + align:start position:0% +desired salaries and willingness to +travel and work long hours + + align:start position:0% +travel and work long hours + + + align:start position:0% +travel and work long hours +in a real estate's placement + + align:start position:0% +in a real estate's placement + + + align:start position:0% +in a real estate's placement +questionnaire so this is essentially at + + align:start position:0% +questionnaire so this is essentially at + + + align:start position:0% +questionnaire so this is essentially at +the end there's like these placement + + align:start position:0% +the end there's like these placement + + + align:start position:0% +the end there's like these placement +or these career fairs but people ask + + align:start position:0% +or these career fairs but people ask + + + align:start position:0% +or these career fairs but people ask +kind of about + + align:start position:0% +kind of about + + + align:start position:0% +kind of about +these questions about like what salary + + align:start position:0% +these questions about like what salary + + + align:start position:0% +these questions about like what salary +are you expecting are you willing to + + align:start position:0% +are you expecting are you willing to + + + align:start position:0% +are you expecting are you willing to +travel really far + + align:start position:0% +travel really far + + + align:start position:0% +travel really far +are you willing to work long hours and + + align:start position:0% +are you willing to work long hours and + + + align:start position:0% +are you willing to work long hours and +so on and of course these questions + + align:start position:0% +so on and of course these questions + + + align:start position:0% +so on and of course these questions +would have all signal + + align:start position:0% +would have all signal + + + align:start position:0% +would have all signal +um ambition and then the really um + + align:start position:0% +um ambition and then the really um + + + align:start position:0% +um ambition and then the really um +interesting part in the experiment is + + align:start position:0% +interesting part in the experiment is + + + align:start position:0% +interesting part in the experiment is +then they vary whether this information + + align:start position:0% +then they vary whether this information + + + align:start position:0% +then they vary whether this information +is perceived to be + + align:start position:0% +is perceived to be + + + align:start position:0% +is perceived to be +private so you're just saying it's like + + align:start position:0% +private so you're just saying it's like + + + align:start position:0% +private so you're just saying it's like +a recruiter but nobody else in your + + align:start position:0% +a recruiter but nobody else in your + + + align:start position:0% +a recruiter but nobody else in your +class or anybody else might find out + + align:start position:0% +class or anybody else might find out + + + align:start position:0% +class or anybody else might find out +versus whether there's some expectation + + align:start position:0% +versus whether there's some expectation + + + align:start position:0% +versus whether there's some expectation +of some of their classmates + + align:start position:0% +of some of their classmates + + + align:start position:0% +of some of their classmates +actually learning about your preferences + + align:start position:0% +actually learning about your preferences + + + align:start position:0% +actually learning about your preferences +and what they find then is that the + + align:start position:0% +and what they find then is that the + + + align:start position:0% +and what they find then is that the +single um + + align:start position:0% +single um + + + align:start position:0% +single um +female students report lower on desire + + align:start position:0% +female students report lower on desire + + + align:start position:0% +female students report lower on desire +salaries and willingness to travel and + + align:start position:0% +salaries and willingness to travel and + + + align:start position:0% +salaries and willingness to travel and +work hours and work long hours + + align:start position:0% +work hours and work long hours + + + align:start position:0% +work hours and work long hours +when they think that there's an + + align:start position:0% +when they think that there's an + + + align:start position:0% +when they think that there's an +expectation that their classmates might + + align:start position:0% +expectation that their classmates might + + + align:start position:0% +expectation that their classmates might +find out + + align:start position:0% +find out + + + align:start position:0% +find out +about it which essentially is to say + + align:start position:0% +about it which essentially is to say + + + align:start position:0% +about it which essentially is to say +they perceive it to be costly + + align:start position:0% +they perceive it to be costly + + + align:start position:0% +they perceive it to be costly +for their class or if their classmates + + align:start position:0% +for their class or if their classmates + + + align:start position:0% +for their class or if their classmates +find out about their ambition + + align:start position:0% +find out about their ambition + + + align:start position:0% +find out about their ambition +now importantly two other things are + + align:start position:0% +now importantly two other things are + + + align:start position:0% +now importantly two other things are +also true one is for other + + align:start position:0% +also true one is for other + + + align:start position:0% +also true one is for other +groups so other women that are not + + align:start position:0% +groups so other women that are not + + + align:start position:0% +groups so other women that are not +single or + + align:start position:0% +single or + + + align:start position:0% +single or +for men essentially these responses are + + align:start position:0% +for men essentially these responses are + + + align:start position:0% +for men essentially these responses are +unaffected by pure observability + + align:start position:0% +unaffected by pure observability + + + align:start position:0% +unaffected by pure observability +observability + + align:start position:0% +observability + + + align:start position:0% +observability +and second it seems to be that what's + + align:start position:0% +and second it seems to be that what's + + + align:start position:0% +and second it seems to be that what's +driving the observer + + align:start position:0% +driving the observer + + + align:start position:0% +driving the observer +observability result is the + + align:start position:0% +observability result is the + + + align:start position:0% +observability result is the +observability by + + align:start position:0% +observability by + + + align:start position:0% +observability by +single male peers so when other female + + align:start position:0% +single male peers so when other female + + + align:start position:0% +single male peers so when other female +students or other + + align:start position:0% +students or other + + + align:start position:0% +students or other +non-single male peers are potentially + + align:start position:0% +non-single male peers are potentially + + + align:start position:0% +non-single male peers are potentially +seeing these + + align:start position:0% +seeing these + + + align:start position:0% +seeing these +answers there's no effect but the effect + + align:start position:0% +answers there's no effect but the effect + + + align:start position:0% +answers there's no effect but the effect +is really coming from + + align:start position:0% +is really coming from + + + align:start position:0% +is really coming from +other single male peers potentially + + align:start position:0% +other single male peers potentially + + + align:start position:0% +other single male peers potentially +seeing it which is precisely what you + + align:start position:0% +seeing it which is precisely what you + + + align:start position:0% +seeing it which is precisely what you +expect + + align:start position:0% +expect + + + align:start position:0% +expect +if you think you know having ambition is + + align:start position:0% +if you think you know having ambition is + + + align:start position:0% +if you think you know having ambition is +a potentially a negative signal on the + + align:start position:0% +a potentially a negative signal on the + + + align:start position:0% +a potentially a negative signal on the +um uh on the dating market so that's + + align:start position:0% +um uh on the dating market so that's + + + align:start position:0% +um uh on the dating market so that's +another sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +another sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +another sort of uh +study showing that what these norms or + + align:start position:0% +study showing that what these norms or + + + align:start position:0% +study showing that what these norms or +perceived norms + + align:start position:0% +perceived norms + + + align:start position:0% +perceived norms +um are really important not just in + + align:start position:0% +um are really important not just in + + + align:start position:0% +um are really important not just in +terms of like punishing women + + align:start position:0% +terms of like punishing women + + + align:start position:0% +terms of like punishing women +in in some ways um uh uh + + align:start position:0% +in in some ways um uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +in in some ways um uh uh +you know undeservably for like mistakes + + align:start position:0% +you know undeservably for like mistakes + + + align:start position:0% +you know undeservably for like mistakes +as we saw in heather sorenson's paper + + align:start position:0% +as we saw in heather sorenson's paper + + + align:start position:0% +as we saw in heather sorenson's paper +but also um uh by holding women back + + align:start position:0% +but also um uh by holding women back + + + align:start position:0% +but also um uh by holding women back +by themselves right here here these are + + align:start position:0% +by themselves right here here these are + + + align:start position:0% +by themselves right here here these are +single women who are highly qualified + + align:start position:0% +single women who are highly qualified + + + align:start position:0% +single women who are highly qualified +um mba students who are + + align:start position:0% +um mba students who are + + + align:start position:0% +um mba students who are +deliberately not as ambitious and + + align:start position:0% +deliberately not as ambitious and + + + align:start position:0% +deliberately not as ambitious and +hardworking as perhaps you might + + align:start position:0% +hardworking as perhaps you might + + + align:start position:0% +hardworking as perhaps you might +think they would like to be which is + + align:start position:0% +think they would like to be which is + + + align:start position:0% +think they would like to be which is +sort of what the private responses + + align:start position:0% +sort of what the private responses + + + align:start position:0% +sort of what the private responses +suggest + + align:start position:0% +suggest + + + align:start position:0% +suggest +um because there's a penalty coming uh + + align:start position:0% +um because there's a penalty coming uh + + + align:start position:0% +um because there's a penalty coming uh +waiting for them or perceived penalty + + align:start position:0% +waiting for them or perceived penalty + + + align:start position:0% +waiting for them or perceived penalty +coming on + + align:start position:0% +coming on + + + align:start position:0% +coming on +on the dating market any questions about + + align:start position:0% +on the dating market any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +on the dating market any questions about +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here's a question about um uh can it + + align:start position:0% +so here's a question about um uh can it + + + align:start position:0% +so here's a question about um uh can it +be the opposite um by the way i + + align:start position:0% +be the opposite um by the way i + + + align:start position:0% +be the opposite um by the way i +better ask this um in person it's a + + align:start position:0% +better ask this um in person it's a + + + align:start position:0% +better ask this um in person it's a +little bit hard for me to follow the + + align:start position:0% +little bit hard for me to follow the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit hard for me to follow the +chat + + align:start position:0% +chat + + + align:start position:0% +chat +but can it be that more confident women + + align:start position:0% +but can it be that more confident women + + + align:start position:0% +but can it be that more confident women +tend to be married + + align:start position:0% +tend to be married + + + align:start position:0% +tend to be married +uh yes in principle yes but i think in + + align:start position:0% +uh yes in principle yes but i think in + + + align:start position:0% +uh yes in principle yes but i think in +what you see here in the experiment is + + align:start position:0% +what you see here in the experiment is + + + align:start position:0% +what you see here in the experiment is +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +uh so notice that what i was saying i'm + + align:start position:0% +uh so notice that what i was saying i'm + + + align:start position:0% +uh so notice that what i was saying i'm +just careful to say + + align:start position:0% +just careful to say + + + align:start position:0% +just careful to say +um these are about there's a perceived + + align:start position:0% +um these are about there's a perceived + + + align:start position:0% +um these are about there's a perceived +penalty of being overly ambitious + + align:start position:0% +penalty of being overly ambitious + + + align:start position:0% +penalty of being overly ambitious +there may well be like for some women um + + align:start position:0% +there may well be like for some women um + + + align:start position:0% +there may well be like for some women um +being very ambitious and so on that's a + + align:start position:0% +being very ambitious and so on that's a + + + align:start position:0% +being very ambitious and so on that's a +very highly desirable trait + + align:start position:0% +very highly desirable trait + + + align:start position:0% +very highly desirable trait +um but it seems to be that the + + align:start position:0% +um but it seems to be that the + + + align:start position:0% +um but it seems to be that the +perception at least is that + + align:start position:0% +perception at least is that + + + align:start position:0% +perception at least is that +um being highly ambitious and so on is + + align:start position:0% +um being highly ambitious and so on is + + + align:start position:0% +um being highly ambitious and so on is +is is is not + + align:start position:0% +is is is not + + + align:start position:0% +is is is not +is not uh desired + + align:start position:0% +is not uh desired + + + align:start position:0% +is not uh desired +so i think there's another question by + + align:start position:0% +so i think there's another question by + + + align:start position:0% +so i think there's another question by +lucy about like um + + align:start position:0% +lucy about like um + + + align:start position:0% +lucy about like um +married women compensating for + + align:start position:0% +married women compensating for + + + align:start position:0% +married women compensating for +discrimination i think that's all + + align:start position:0% +discrimination i think that's all + + + align:start position:0% +discrimination i think that's all +um there might be other stuff going on + + align:start position:0% +um there might be other stuff going on + + + align:start position:0% +um there might be other stuff going on +but i think the key part here is + + align:start position:0% +but i think the key part here is + + + align:start position:0% +but i think the key part here is +the variation between private and public + + align:start position:0% +the variation between private and public + + + align:start position:0% +the variation between private and public +among + + align:start position:0% +among + + + align:start position:0% +among +um uh single female students so when + + align:start position:0% +um uh single female students so when + + + align:start position:0% +um uh single female students so when +they are asking in private + + align:start position:0% +they are asking in private + + + align:start position:0% +they are asking in private +they are saying essentially they want + + align:start position:0% +they are saying essentially they want + + + align:start position:0% +they are saying essentially they want +higher salaries when they're asking in + + align:start position:0% +higher salaries when they're asking in + + + align:start position:0% +higher salaries when they're asking in +public or + + align:start position:0% +public or + + + align:start position:0% +public or +higher salaries and they're willing to + + align:start position:0% +higher salaries and they're willing to + + + align:start position:0% +higher salaries and they're willing to +work long hours and so on when they're + + align:start position:0% +work long hours and so on when they're + + + align:start position:0% +work long hours and so on when they're +answering in public they're essentially + + align:start position:0% +answering in public they're essentially + + + align:start position:0% +answering in public they're essentially +holding back um + + align:start position:0% +holding back um + + + align:start position:0% +holding back um +which seems to suggest and that's + + align:start position:0% +which seems to suggest and that's + + + align:start position:0% +which seems to suggest and that's +consistent i guess also with the + + align:start position:0% +consistent i guess also with the + + + align:start position:0% +consistent i guess also with the +participation grades um that's + + align:start position:0% +participation grades um that's + + + align:start position:0% +participation grades um that's +consistent with like + + align:start position:0% +consistent with like + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with like +there is at least a perception of a + + align:start position:0% +there is at least a perception of a + + + align:start position:0% +there is at least a perception of a +lower desirability in particular among + + align:start position:0% +lower desirability in particular among + + + align:start position:0% +lower desirability in particular among +their single male peers which is what + + align:start position:0% +their single male peers which is what + + + align:start position:0% +their single male peers which is what +this results is driven by + + align:start position:0% +this results is driven by + + + align:start position:0% +this results is driven by +right that's not to say it's not clear + + align:start position:0% +right that's not to say it's not clear + + + align:start position:0% +right that's not to say it's not clear +by the way that the study shows that + + align:start position:0% +by the way that the study shows that + + + align:start position:0% +by the way that the study shows that +that's actually true + + align:start position:0% +that's actually true + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually true +that's about like these women's + + align:start position:0% +that's about like these women's + + + align:start position:0% +that's about like these women's +perceptions it's also this study also + + align:start position:0% +perceptions it's also this study also + + + align:start position:0% +perceptions it's also this study also +doesn't necessarily show that this + + align:start position:0% +doesn't necessarily show that this + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't necessarily show that this +translates at the end of the day in + + align:start position:0% +translates at the end of the day in + + + align:start position:0% +translates at the end of the day in +lower earnings and so on and so forth + + align:start position:0% +lower earnings and so on and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +lower earnings and so on and so forth +the authors argue that that's the case + + align:start position:0% +the authors argue that that's the case + + + align:start position:0% +the authors argue that that's the case +but you know + + align:start position:0% +but you know + + + align:start position:0% +but you know +um these are only like sort of questions + + align:start position:0% +um these are only like sort of questions + + + align:start position:0% +um these are only like sort of questions +real estates questions + + align:start position:0% +real estates questions + + + align:start position:0% +real estates questions +and placement questionnaires it's just + + align:start position:0% +and placement questionnaires it's just + + + align:start position:0% +and placement questionnaires it's just +sort of essentially more like a proof of + + align:start position:0% +sort of essentially more like a proof of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of essentially more like a proof of +concept arguing that + + align:start position:0% +concept arguing that + + + align:start position:0% +concept arguing that +this is an important force that might be + + align:start position:0% +this is an important force that might be + + + align:start position:0% +this is an important force that might be +at play that women hold themselves back + + align:start position:0% +at play that women hold themselves back + + + align:start position:0% +at play that women hold themselves back +in some ways here and and in the case of + + align:start position:0% +in some ways here and and in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +in some ways here and and in the case of +like a placement + + align:start position:0% +like a placement + + + align:start position:0% +like a placement +questionnaire + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let me um i had started this + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me um i had started this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me um i had started this +already last time let me briefly + + align:start position:0% +already last time let me briefly + + + align:start position:0% +already last time let me briefly +go through the westerland restaurant + + align:start position:0% +go through the westerland restaurant + + + align:start position:0% +go through the westerland restaurant +study which essentially is saying that + + align:start position:0% +study which essentially is saying that + + + align:start position:0% +study which essentially is saying that +uh there's sort of two forces going on + + align:start position:0% +uh there's sort of two forces going on + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's sort of two forces going on +um uh they sort of demand + + align:start position:0% +um uh they sort of demand + + + align:start position:0% +um uh they sort of demand +high uh uh in terms of like um + + align:start position:0% +high uh uh in terms of like um + + + align:start position:0% +high uh uh in terms of like um +uh tasks that women and men are perhaps + + align:start position:0% +uh tasks that women and men are perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +uh tasks that women and men are perhaps +asked differently + + align:start position:0% +asked differently + + + align:start position:0% +asked differently +and beliefs could be quite important + + align:start position:0% +and beliefs could be quite important + + + align:start position:0% +and beliefs could be quite important +here and mediating + + align:start position:0% +here and mediating + + + align:start position:0% +here and mediating +who has to do which tasks and when so + + align:start position:0% +who has to do which tasks and when so + + + align:start position:0% +who has to do which tasks and when so +let me show you a little bit what that + + align:start position:0% +let me show you a little bit what that + + + align:start position:0% +let me show you a little bit what that +study is about + + align:start position:0% +study is about + + + align:start position:0% +study is about +so the study is essentially asking the + + align:start position:0% +so the study is essentially asking the + + + align:start position:0% +so the study is essentially asking the +question uh whether women are not saying + + align:start position:0% +question uh whether women are not saying + + + align:start position:0% +question uh whether women are not saying +no often enough + + align:start position:0% +no often enough + + + align:start position:0% +no often enough +on uh when it comes to work um + + align:start position:0% +on uh when it comes to work um + + + align:start position:0% +on uh when it comes to work um +and it's sort of motivated by the fact + + align:start position:0% +and it's sort of motivated by the fact + + + align:start position:0% +and it's sort of motivated by the fact +that female faculty members tend to do + + align:start position:0% +that female faculty members tend to do + + + align:start position:0% +that female faculty members tend to do +a lot more what they call non-promote + + align:start position:0% +a lot more what they call non-promote + + + align:start position:0% +a lot more what they call non-promote +multiple tasks these are tasks that + + align:start position:0% +multiple tasks these are tasks that + + + align:start position:0% +multiple tasks these are tasks that +essentially everybody wants to do + + align:start position:0% +essentially everybody wants to do + + + align:start position:0% +essentially everybody wants to do +somebody to do the task but they don't + + align:start position:0% +somebody to do the task but they don't + + + align:start position:0% +somebody to do the task but they don't +want to do the tasks themselves so + + align:start position:0% +want to do the tasks themselves so + + + align:start position:0% +want to do the tasks themselves so +that's like essentially university + + align:start position:0% +that's like essentially university + + + align:start position:0% +that's like essentially university +committees and like + + align:start position:0% +committees and like + + + align:start position:0% +committees and like +um here also undergraduate teaching + + align:start position:0% +um here also undergraduate teaching + + + align:start position:0% +um here also undergraduate teaching +uh um our undergraduate student that + + align:start position:0% +uh um our undergraduate student that + + + align:start position:0% +uh um our undergraduate student that +advising of course everybody loves + + align:start position:0% +advising of course everybody loves + + + align:start position:0% +advising of course everybody loves +undergrads and wants to advise them + + align:start position:0% +undergrads and wants to advise them + + + align:start position:0% +undergrads and wants to advise them +however it's not something that's good + + align:start position:0% +however it's not something that's good + + + align:start position:0% +however it's not something that's good +for people's + + align:start position:0% +for people's + + + align:start position:0% +for people's +career at the end of the day faculty are + + align:start position:0% +career at the end of the day faculty are + + + align:start position:0% +career at the end of the day faculty are +often evaluated by research output + + align:start position:0% +often evaluated by research output + + + align:start position:0% +often evaluated by research output +so any time that's spent on uh + + align:start position:0% +so any time that's spent on uh + + + align:start position:0% +so any time that's spent on uh +committees etc + + align:start position:0% +committees etc + + + align:start position:0% +committees etc +is sort of not going to be helping for + + align:start position:0% +is sort of not going to be helping for + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of not going to be helping for +promotions eventually and + + align:start position:0% +promotions eventually and + + + align:start position:0% +promotions eventually and +then one first observation is that women + + align:start position:0% +then one first observation is that women + + + align:start position:0% +then one first observation is that women +do that much more on + + align:start position:0% +do that much more on + + + align:start position:0% +do that much more on +them now you might sort of ask + + align:start position:0% +them now you might sort of ask + + + align:start position:0% +them now you might sort of ask +why is that women spend their time + + align:start position:0% +why is that women spend their time + + + align:start position:0% +why is that women spend their time +differently there's potentially issues + + align:start position:0% +differently there's potentially issues + + + align:start position:0% +differently there's potentially issues +of demand women are just + + align:start position:0% +of demand women are just + + + align:start position:0% +of demand women are just +asked a lot more to do these things and + + align:start position:0% +asked a lot more to do these things and + + + align:start position:0% +asked a lot more to do these things and +there's potentially supply issues + + align:start position:0% +there's potentially supply issues + + + align:start position:0% +there's potentially supply issues +conditional + + align:start position:0% +conditional + + + align:start position:0% +conditional +being asked women might be just much + + align:start position:0% +being asked women might be just much + + + align:start position:0% +being asked women might be just much +more likely to say yes + + align:start position:0% +more likely to say yes + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to say yes +and now what this paper argues is that + + align:start position:0% +and now what this paper argues is that + + + align:start position:0% +and now what this paper argues is that +demand and supply interact + + align:start position:0% +demand and supply interact + + + align:start position:0% +demand and supply interact +because women are more likely to say yes + + align:start position:0% +because women are more likely to say yes + + + align:start position:0% +because women are more likely to say yes +they're also more likely to be asked in + + align:start position:0% +they're also more likely to be asked in + + + align:start position:0% +they're also more likely to be asked in +the first place + + align:start position:0% +the first place + + + align:start position:0% +the first place +um okay so um why do we care i think i + + align:start position:0% +um okay so um why do we care i think i + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so um why do we care i think i +already mentioned this this with a free + + align:start position:0% +already mentioned this this with a free + + + align:start position:0% +already mentioned this this with a free +broad perspective + + align:start position:0% +broad perspective + + + align:start position:0% +broad perspective +one is about we kind of try to + + align:start position:0% +one is about we kind of try to + + + align:start position:0% +one is about we kind of try to +understand individual decision making + + align:start position:0% +understand individual decision making + + + align:start position:0% +understand individual decision making +and sort of if you want to understand + + align:start position:0% +and sort of if you want to understand + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of if you want to understand +how people make optimal decisions here's + + align:start position:0% +how people make optimal decisions here's + + + align:start position:0% +how people make optimal decisions here's +sort of a reason why people prefer use + + align:start position:0% +sort of a reason why people prefer use + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a reason why people prefer use +an example where people potentially + + align:start position:0% +an example where people potentially + + + align:start position:0% +an example where people potentially +misoptimize + + align:start position:0% +misoptimize + + + align:start position:0% +misoptimize +there's a managerial social planner + + align:start position:0% +there's a managerial social planner + + + align:start position:0% +there's a managerial social planner +perspective that if you want to sort of + + align:start position:0% +perspective that if you want to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +perspective that if you want to sort of +organize + + align:start position:0% +organize + + + align:start position:0% +organize +um or if you want to organize + + align:start position:0% +um or if you want to organize + + + align:start position:0% +um or if you want to organize +organizations to be efficient you want + + align:start position:0% +organizations to be efficient you want + + + align:start position:0% +organizations to be efficient you want +to make sure that everybody does equal + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that everybody does equal + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that everybody does equal +uh work in some ways and you don't want + + align:start position:0% +uh work in some ways and you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +uh work in some ways and you don't want +to be women who are + + align:start position:0% +to be women who are + + + align:start position:0% +to be women who are +very productive be stuck in a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +very productive be stuck in a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +very productive be stuck in a bunch of +like um + + align:start position:0% +like um + + + align:start position:0% +like um +um other tasks that hold them back + + align:start position:0% +um other tasks that hold them back + + + align:start position:0% +um other tasks that hold them back +uh and then there's a public policy + + align:start position:0% +uh and then there's a public policy + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then there's a public policy +perspective uh it might essentially be + + align:start position:0% +perspective uh it might essentially be + + + align:start position:0% +perspective uh it might essentially be +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +um uh uh sex differences in the + + align:start position:0% +um uh uh sex differences in the + + + align:start position:0% +um uh uh sex differences in the +allocation of times + + align:start position:0% +allocation of times + + + align:start position:0% +allocation of times +women spending more time on these kinds + + align:start position:0% +women spending more time on these kinds + + + align:start position:0% +women spending more time on these kinds +of tasks might explain whether + + align:start position:0% +of tasks might explain whether + + + align:start position:0% +of tasks might explain whether +less likely to be promoted and so on + + align:start position:0% +less likely to be promoted and so on + + + align:start position:0% +less likely to be promoted and so on +and sort of then understanding that and + + align:start position:0% +and sort of then understanding that and + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of then understanding that and +understanding these issues might sort of + + align:start position:0% +understanding these issues might sort of + + + align:start position:0% +understanding these issues might sort of +help with + + align:start position:0% +help with + + + align:start position:0% +help with +interventions to improve equity now okay + + align:start position:0% +interventions to improve equity now okay + + + align:start position:0% +interventions to improve equity now okay +so what are these tasks again there's + + align:start position:0% +so what are these tasks again there's + + + align:start position:0% +so what are these tasks again there's +promotable tasks that's doing research + + align:start position:0% +promotable tasks that's doing research + + + align:start position:0% +promotable tasks that's doing research +and there's non-promotable tasks so + + align:start position:0% +and there's non-promotable tasks so + + + align:start position:0% +and there's non-promotable tasks so +promotable tasks meaning like + + align:start position:0% +promotable tasks meaning like + + + align:start position:0% +promotable tasks meaning like +essentially if you do these tasks you're + + align:start position:0% +essentially if you do these tasks you're + + + align:start position:0% +essentially if you do these tasks you're +likely to be promoted or + + align:start position:0% +likely to be promoted or + + + align:start position:0% +likely to be promoted or +like essentially get tenure eventually + + align:start position:0% +like essentially get tenure eventually + + + align:start position:0% +like essentially get tenure eventually +a non-promotable task essentially are + + align:start position:0% +a non-promotable task essentially are + + + align:start position:0% +a non-promotable task essentially are +tasks that many people could do the + + align:start position:0% +tasks that many people could do the + + + align:start position:0% +tasks that many people could do the +tasks + + align:start position:0% +tasks + + + align:start position:0% +tasks +but you know everybody wants somebody to + + align:start position:0% +but you know everybody wants somebody to + + + align:start position:0% +but you know everybody wants somebody to +do it but often nobody actually + + align:start position:0% +do it but often nobody actually + + + align:start position:0% +do it but often nobody actually +wants to do it themselves now um the + + align:start position:0% +wants to do it themselves now um the + + + align:start position:0% +wants to do it themselves now um the +authors are first like a field study + + align:start position:0% +authors are first like a field study + + + align:start position:0% +authors are first like a field study +where they have on + + align:start position:0% +where they have on + + + align:start position:0% +where they have on +faculty at a large public university + + align:start position:0% +faculty at a large public university + + + align:start position:0% +faculty at a large public university +where you send essentially emails from a + + align:start position:0% +where you send essentially emails from a + + + align:start position:0% +where you send essentially emails from a +chair + + align:start position:0% +chair + + + align:start position:0% +chair +and they're requested to volunteer to + + align:start position:0% +and they're requested to volunteer to + + + align:start position:0% +and they're requested to volunteer to +join one of several university-wide + + align:start position:0% +join one of several university-wide + + + align:start position:0% +join one of several university-wide +faculty senate committees + + align:start position:0% +faculty senate committees + + + align:start position:0% +faculty senate committees +and you know women are essentially on + + align:start position:0% +and you know women are essentially on + + + align:start position:0% +and you know women are essentially on +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +these tasks are way more likely to + + align:start position:0% +these tasks are way more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +these tasks are way more likely to +volunteer conditional on being asked so + + align:start position:0% +volunteer conditional on being asked so + + + align:start position:0% +volunteer conditional on being asked so +that's the first piece of evidence that + + align:start position:0% +that's the first piece of evidence that + + + align:start position:0% +that's the first piece of evidence that +uh conditional one being asked women are + + align:start position:0% +uh conditional one being asked women are + + + align:start position:0% +uh conditional one being asked women are +more likely to be asked + + align:start position:0% +more likely to be asked + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to be asked +and you might say well that's perhaps + + align:start position:0% +and you might say well that's perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +and you might say well that's perhaps +there's some personality firstly just on + + align:start position:0% +there's some personality firstly just on + + + align:start position:0% +there's some personality firstly just on +maybe women are nicer maybe + + align:start position:0% +maybe women are nicer maybe + + + align:start position:0% +maybe women are nicer maybe +women care more about the public good um + + align:start position:0% +women care more about the public good um + + + align:start position:0% +women care more about the public good um +now what the authors show is that um + + align:start position:0% +now what the authors show is that um + + + align:start position:0% +now what the authors show is that um +that might + + align:start position:0% +that might + + + align:start position:0% +that might +be true in some cases but another case + + align:start position:0% +be true in some cases but another case + + + align:start position:0% +be true in some cases but another case +and it's also about expectation about + + align:start position:0% +and it's also about expectation about + + + align:start position:0% +and it's also about expectation about +who does it and who doesn't + + align:start position:0% +who does it and who doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +who does it and who doesn't +um moreover uh the asks about like who + + align:start position:0% +um moreover uh the asks about like who + + + align:start position:0% +um moreover uh the asks about like who +is ass is quite different depending on + + align:start position:0% +is ass is quite different depending on + + + align:start position:0% +is ass is quite different depending on +whether you're male or female + + align:start position:0% +whether you're male or female + + + align:start position:0% +whether you're male or female +and that's where the experiment comes in + + align:start position:0% +and that's where the experiment comes in + + + align:start position:0% +and that's where the experiment comes in +so what they do in an experiment + + align:start position:0% +so what they do in an experiment + + + align:start position:0% +so what they do in an experiment +is what's called the threshold public + + align:start position:0% +is what's called the threshold public + + + align:start position:0% +is what's called the threshold public +good scheme it's very simple + + align:start position:0% +good scheme it's very simple + + + align:start position:0% +good scheme it's very simple +which is um a small group um needs to + + align:start position:0% +which is um a small group um needs to + + + align:start position:0% +which is um a small group um needs to +find a volunteer for a task + + align:start position:0% +find a volunteer for a task + + + align:start position:0% +find a volunteer for a task +these are groups of three people and + + align:start position:0% +these are groups of three people and + + + align:start position:0% +these are groups of three people and +there's like 10 rounds where people are + + align:start position:0% +there's like 10 rounds where people are + + + align:start position:0% +there's like 10 rounds where people are +matched over time + + align:start position:0% +matched over time + + + align:start position:0% +matched over time +with each other and so um it's + + align:start position:0% +with each other and so um it's + + + align:start position:0% +with each other and so um it's +essentially set up to mimic real world + + align:start position:0% +essentially set up to mimic real world + + + align:start position:0% +essentially set up to mimic real world +situations where everyone prefers the + + align:start position:0% +situations where everyone prefers the + + + align:start position:0% +situations where everyone prefers the +past to be undertaken by someone + + align:start position:0% +past to be undertaken by someone + + + align:start position:0% +past to be undertaken by someone +but not themselves okay yes you don't + + align:start position:0% +but not themselves okay yes you don't + + + align:start position:0% +but not themselves okay yes you don't +want to do it you i'd like to have + + align:start position:0% +want to do it you i'd like to have + + + align:start position:0% +want to do it you i'd like to have +somebody else to do it + + align:start position:0% +somebody else to do it + + + align:start position:0% +somebody else to do it +you want that somebody does it but um + + align:start position:0% +you want that somebody does it but um + + + align:start position:0% +you want that somebody does it but um +you just don't want to do it yourself + + align:start position:0% +you just don't want to do it yourself + + + align:start position:0% +you just don't want to do it yourself +and so people get in the group of three + + align:start position:0% +and so people get in the group of three + + + align:start position:0% +and so people get in the group of three +gets two minutes to decide whether to + + align:start position:0% +gets two minutes to decide whether to + + + align:start position:0% +gets two minutes to decide whether to +invest when investing means essentially + + align:start position:0% +invest when investing means essentially + + + align:start position:0% +invest when investing means essentially +you have to sort of press a button here + + align:start position:0% +you have to sort of press a button here + + + align:start position:0% +you have to sort of press a button here +only one person can invest in the round + + align:start position:0% +only one person can invest in the round + + + align:start position:0% +only one person can invest in the round +ends when someone + + align:start position:0% +ends when someone + + + align:start position:0% +ends when someone +invests if no one invests all group + + align:start position:0% +invests if no one invests all group + + + align:start position:0% +invests if no one invests all group +members get a dollar + + align:start position:0% +members get a dollar + + + align:start position:0% +members get a dollar +if you are investing you get a dollar 25 + + align:start position:0% +if you are investing you get a dollar 25 + + + align:start position:0% +if you are investing you get a dollar 25 +and the remaining group members get two + + align:start position:0% +and the remaining group members get two + + + align:start position:0% +and the remaining group members get two +dollars right so if you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +dollars right so if you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +dollars right so if you're thinking +about this task what you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +about this task what you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +about this task what you're thinking +about is now + + align:start position:0% +about is now + + + align:start position:0% +about is now +hey is somebody else gonna invest and + + align:start position:0% +hey is somebody else gonna invest and + + + align:start position:0% +hey is somebody else gonna invest and +um and b like conditional on your + + align:start position:0% +um and b like conditional on your + + + align:start position:0% +um and b like conditional on your +beliefs about is somebody else going to + + align:start position:0% +beliefs about is somebody else going to + + + align:start position:0% +beliefs about is somebody else going to +invest anytime soon + + align:start position:0% +invest anytime soon + + + align:start position:0% +invest anytime soon +do you want to invest or or not clearly + + align:start position:0% +do you want to invest or or not clearly + + + align:start position:0% +do you want to invest or or not clearly +it's the efficient + + align:start position:0% +it's the efficient + + + align:start position:0% +it's the efficient +thing that somebody invests but you know + + align:start position:0% +thing that somebody invests but you know + + + align:start position:0% +thing that somebody invests but you know +you don't want to be it yourself because + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to be it yourself because + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to be it yourself because +then you get only 125 rather than the + + align:start position:0% +then you get only 125 rather than the + + + align:start position:0% +then you get only 125 rather than the +two dollars + + align:start position:0% +two dollars + + + align:start position:0% +two dollars +and the clock ticks down until one + + align:start position:0% +and the clock ticks down until one + + + align:start position:0% +and the clock ticks down until one +person invests so no investment is made + + align:start position:0% +person invests so no investment is made + + + align:start position:0% +person invests so no investment is made +after two minutes okay so now what we + + align:start position:0% +after two minutes okay so now what we + + + align:start position:0% +after two minutes okay so now what we +find + + align:start position:0% +find + + + align:start position:0% +find +um or we define it as an experiment um + + align:start position:0% +um or we define it as an experiment um + + + align:start position:0% +um or we define it as an experiment um +women are way more likely to invest + + align:start position:0% +women are way more likely to invest + + + align:start position:0% +women are way more likely to invest +um in each of these rounds this is sort + + align:start position:0% +um in each of these rounds this is sort + + + align:start position:0% +um in each of these rounds this is sort +of the red line here um this is the + + align:start position:0% +of the red line here um this is the + + + align:start position:0% +of the red line here um this is the +uh blue line here is for men and so + + align:start position:0% +uh blue line here is for men and so + + + align:start position:0% +uh blue line here is for men and so +women are much more likely uh to invest + + align:start position:0% +women are much more likely uh to invest + + + align:start position:0% +women are much more likely uh to invest +in women that's very + + align:start position:0% +in women that's very + + + align:start position:0% +in women that's very +uh demand that's very um clear when you + + align:start position:0% +uh demand that's very um clear when you + + + align:start position:0% +uh demand that's very um clear when you +look at these figures + + align:start position:0% +look at these figures + + + align:start position:0% +look at these figures +um uh and that's also very persistent + + align:start position:0% +um uh and that's also very persistent + + + align:start position:0% +um uh and that's also very persistent +over time so it's not just like perhaps + + align:start position:0% +over time so it's not just like perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +over time so it's not just like perhaps +in the first round and so on this is + + align:start position:0% +in the first round and so on this is + + + align:start position:0% +in the first round and so on this is +even after 10 rounds when people + + align:start position:0% +even after 10 rounds when people + + + align:start position:0% +even after 10 rounds when people +keep match being matched with others + + align:start position:0% +keep match being matched with others + + + align:start position:0% +keep match being matched with others +over time women are much more likely to + + align:start position:0% +over time women are much more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +over time women are much more likely to +invest now how do we interpret this so + + align:start position:0% +invest now how do we interpret this so + + + align:start position:0% +invest now how do we interpret this so +how do we think about this what can we + + align:start position:0% +how do we think about this what can we + + + align:start position:0% +how do we think about this what can we +learn about this so one + + align:start position:0% +learn about this so one + + + align:start position:0% +learn about this so one +explanation that i already mentioned is + + align:start position:0% +explanation that i already mentioned is + + + align:start position:0% +explanation that i already mentioned is +like women are much nicer + + align:start position:0% +like women are much nicer + + + align:start position:0% +like women are much nicer +but can be unfurless from this task + + align:start position:0% +but can be unfurless from this task + + + align:start position:0% +but can be unfurless from this task +you say if women are a lot nicer than + + align:start position:0% +you say if women are a lot nicer than + + + align:start position:0% +you say if women are a lot nicer than +men well then you should find that like + + align:start position:0% +men well then you should find that like + + + align:start position:0% +men well then you should find that like +we're more cooperative as lucy suggests + + align:start position:0% +we're more cooperative as lucy suggests + + + align:start position:0% +we're more cooperative as lucy suggests +um if um women a lot more cooperative + + align:start position:0% +um if um women a lot more cooperative + + + align:start position:0% +um if um women a lot more cooperative +you should see that in women-only groups + + align:start position:0% +you should see that in women-only groups + + + align:start position:0% +you should see that in women-only groups +women are much more likely to invest + + align:start position:0% +women are much more likely to invest + + + align:start position:0% +women are much more likely to invest +than in male only groups and that's + + align:start position:0% +than in male only groups and that's + + + align:start position:0% +than in male only groups and that's +exactly um + + align:start position:0% +exactly um + + + align:start position:0% +exactly um +what they try to do with the experiment + + align:start position:0% +what they try to do with the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +what they try to do with the experiment +so they have essentially like + + align:start position:0% +so they have essentially like + + + align:start position:0% +so they have essentially like +single uh sex sessions would have all + + align:start position:0% +single uh sex sessions would have all + + + align:start position:0% +single uh sex sessions would have all +female + + align:start position:0% +female + + + align:start position:0% +female +and all male groups and what you find is + + align:start position:0% +and all male groups and what you find is + + + align:start position:0% +and all male groups and what you find is +well um the probability of investing is + + align:start position:0% +well um the probability of investing is + + + align:start position:0% +well um the probability of investing is +actually exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +actually exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +actually exactly the same +for men or women they also find that + + align:start position:0% +for men or women they also find that + + + align:start position:0% +for men or women they also find that +when trying to predict who's investing + + align:start position:0% +when trying to predict who's investing + + + align:start position:0% +when trying to predict who's investing +and who's not + + align:start position:0% +and who's not + + + align:start position:0% +and who's not +um any measures of social preferences + + align:start position:0% +um any measures of social preferences + + + align:start position:0% +um any measures of social preferences +risk preferences and so on that they + + align:start position:0% +risk preferences and so on that they + + + align:start position:0% +risk preferences and so on that they +have elicited previously + + align:start position:0% +have elicited previously + + + align:start position:0% +have elicited previously +listed previously actually not + + align:start position:0% +listed previously actually not + + + align:start position:0% +listed previously actually not +predictive of this behavior that sort of + + align:start position:0% +predictive of this behavior that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +predictive of this behavior that sort of +suggests it's really not about + + align:start position:0% +suggests it's really not about + + + align:start position:0% +suggests it's really not about +altruism in the sense of like being + + align:start position:0% +altruism in the sense of like being + + + align:start position:0% +altruism in the sense of like being +nicer on more + + align:start position:0% +nicer on more + + + align:start position:0% +nicer on more +wanting so in some sense investing is + + align:start position:0% +wanting so in some sense investing is + + + align:start position:0% +wanting so in some sense investing is +doing something nice for the others in + + align:start position:0% +doing something nice for the others in + + + align:start position:0% +doing something nice for the others in +your group + + align:start position:0% +your group + + + align:start position:0% +your group +it doesn't seem to be that uh it's about + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't seem to be that uh it's about + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't seem to be that uh it's about +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +it's also not so much about like um risk + + align:start position:0% +it's also not so much about like um risk + + + align:start position:0% +it's also not so much about like um risk +aversion so you might sort of say well + + align:start position:0% +aversion so you might sort of say well + + + align:start position:0% +aversion so you might sort of say well +i'm investing because i + + align:start position:0% +i'm investing because i + + + align:start position:0% +i'm investing because i +i really like certainty if i invest i + + align:start position:0% +i really like certainty if i invest i + + + align:start position:0% +i really like certainty if i invest i +know exactly what i'm getting + + align:start position:0% +know exactly what i'm getting + + + align:start position:0% +know exactly what i'm getting +if i'm not investing i get a chance of + + align:start position:0% +if i'm not investing i get a chance of + + + align:start position:0% +if i'm not investing i get a chance of +like getting the two dollars or ten + + align:start position:0% +like getting the two dollars or ten + + + align:start position:0% +like getting the two dollars or ten +essentially a lottery between two + + align:start position:0% +essentially a lottery between two + + + align:start position:0% +essentially a lottery between two +dollars and one dollar depending on then + + align:start position:0% +dollars and one dollar depending on then + + + align:start position:0% +dollars and one dollar depending on then +the probability is essentially your + + align:start position:0% +the probability is essentially your + + + align:start position:0% +the probability is essentially your +belief about what you think is the + + align:start position:0% +belief about what you think is the + + + align:start position:0% +belief about what you think is the +probability of others investing + + align:start position:0% +probability of others investing + + + align:start position:0% +probability of others investing +so your risk aversion might matter but + + align:start position:0% +so your risk aversion might matter but + + + align:start position:0% +so your risk aversion might matter but +they also show that risk aversion is + + align:start position:0% +they also show that risk aversion is + + + align:start position:0% +they also show that risk aversion is +really not + + align:start position:0% +really not + + + align:start position:0% +really not +important so now um they have + + align:start position:0% +important so now um they have + + + align:start position:0% +important so now um they have +essentially two experiments + + align:start position:0% +essentially two experiments + + + align:start position:0% +essentially two experiments +and one is the experiment one that i + + align:start position:0% +and one is the experiment one that i + + + align:start position:0% +and one is the experiment one that i +showed you women are more likely to + + align:start position:0% +showed you women are more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +showed you women are more likely to +invest in mixed sex + + align:start position:0% +invest in mixed sex + + + align:start position:0% +invest in mixed sex +uh groups um and they have um women are + + align:start position:0% +uh groups um and they have um women are + + + align:start position:0% +uh groups um and they have um women are +men are equally likely to invest in + + align:start position:0% +men are equally likely to invest in + + + align:start position:0% +men are equally likely to invest in +single sex foods + + align:start position:0% +single sex foods + + + align:start position:0% +single sex foods +and so now then what they're doing is + + align:start position:0% +and so now then what they're doing is + + + align:start position:0% +and so now then what they're doing is +then they're trying to say well could it + + align:start position:0% +then they're trying to say well could it + + + align:start position:0% +then they're trying to say well could it +be that beliefs that women will invest + + align:start position:0% +be that beliefs that women will invest + + + align:start position:0% +be that beliefs that women will invest +are important here so that's essentially + + align:start position:0% +are important here so that's essentially + + + align:start position:0% +are important here so that's essentially +the idea if you think that like you know + + align:start position:0% +the idea if you think that like you know + + + align:start position:0% +the idea if you think that like you know +women are more likely to invest than men + + align:start position:0% +women are more likely to invest than men + + + align:start position:0% +women are more likely to invest than men +if women think this and men + + align:start position:0% +if women think this and men + + + align:start position:0% +if women think this and men +think this then essentially um you're + + align:start position:0% +think this then essentially um you're + + + align:start position:0% +think this then essentially um you're +gonna get in a situation where + + align:start position:0% +gonna get in a situation where + + + align:start position:0% +gonna get in a situation where +if you have a mixed um uh sex group then + + align:start position:0% +if you have a mixed um uh sex group then + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a mixed um uh sex group then +you'll have one woman saying two men + + align:start position:0% +you'll have one woman saying two men + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have one woman saying two men +the woman thinks like oh the men are not + + align:start position:0% +the woman thinks like oh the men are not + + + align:start position:0% +the woman thinks like oh the men are not +gonna invest anyway so either it's like + + align:start position:0% +gonna invest anyway so either it's like + + + align:start position:0% +gonna invest anyway so either it's like +for investing or getting a dollar + + align:start position:0% +for investing or getting a dollar + + + align:start position:0% +for investing or getting a dollar +so then for the woman it's optimal to + + align:start position:0% +so then for the woman it's optimal to + + + align:start position:0% +so then for the woman it's optimal to +invest and the men are going to think + + align:start position:0% +invest and the men are going to think + + + align:start position:0% +invest and the men are going to think +well the woman is going to invest so + + align:start position:0% +well the woman is going to invest so + + + align:start position:0% +well the woman is going to invest so +like why should they invest + + align:start position:0% +like why should they invest + + + align:start position:0% +like why should they invest +if the woman is investing anyway for + + align:start position:0% +if the woman is investing anyway for + + + align:start position:0% +if the woman is investing anyway for +them um it's then + + align:start position:0% +them um it's then + + + align:start position:0% +them um it's then +um optimal um not to invest + + align:start position:0% +um optimal um not to invest + + + align:start position:0% +um optimal um not to invest +now uh experiment three then gets at + + align:start position:0% +now uh experiment three then gets at + + + align:start position:0% +now uh experiment three then gets at +this in some ways which essentially is + + align:start position:0% +this in some ways which essentially is + + + align:start position:0% +this in some ways which essentially is +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +now um getting um women and men to + + align:start position:0% +now um getting um women and men to + + + align:start position:0% +now um getting um women and men to +to ask to rest so what they do is + + align:start position:0% +to ask to rest so what they do is + + + align:start position:0% +to ask to rest so what they do is +essentially to have a what's called the + + align:start position:0% +essentially to have a what's called the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially to have a what's called the +phone or they call their photo ask which + + align:start position:0% +phone or they call their photo ask which + + + align:start position:0% +phone or they call their photo ask which +they have um four people per group uh + + align:start position:0% +they have um four people per group uh + + + align:start position:0% +they have um four people per group uh +three people as before can invest that's + + align:start position:0% +three people as before can invest that's + + + align:start position:0% +three people as before can invest that's +essentially the same as before they call + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same as before they call + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the same as before they call +them green players not sure why but + + align:start position:0% +them green players not sure why but + + + align:start position:0% +them green players not sure why but +essentially these are green players + + align:start position:0% +essentially these are green players + + + align:start position:0% +essentially these are green players +and one person is unable to invest but + + align:start position:0% +and one person is unable to invest but + + + align:start position:0% +and one person is unable to invest but +um he can ask um one of the three others + + align:start position:0% +um he can ask um one of the three others + + + align:start position:0% +um he can ask um one of the three others +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +to invest it's not a binding request + + align:start position:0% +to invest it's not a binding request + + + align:start position:0% +to invest it's not a binding request +essentially just like it's + + align:start position:0% +essentially just like it's + + + align:start position:0% +essentially just like it's +sort of a nudge if you want you can sort + + align:start position:0% +sort of a nudge if you want you can sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a nudge if you want you can sort +of essentially suggest that and maybe + + align:start position:0% +of essentially suggest that and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +of essentially suggest that and maybe +exert some social pressure + + align:start position:0% +exert some social pressure + + + align:start position:0% +exert some social pressure +uh that's the red player and then the + + align:start position:0% +uh that's the red player and then the + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's the red player and then the +red flag is essentially incentivized the + + align:start position:0% +red flag is essentially incentivized the + + + align:start position:0% +red flag is essentially incentivized the +red player wants the + + align:start position:0% +red player wants the + + + align:start position:0% +red player wants the +investment um to happen so this is kind + + align:start position:0% +investment um to happen so this is kind + + + align:start position:0% +investment um to happen so this is kind +of what this looks like there's + + align:start position:0% +of what this looks like there's + + + align:start position:0% +of what this looks like there's +essentially like three people that you + + align:start position:0% +essentially like three people that you + + + align:start position:0% +essentially like three people that you +see as the red player and you can say + + align:start position:0% +see as the red player and you can say + + + align:start position:0% +see as the red player and you can say +who would you ask + + align:start position:0% +who would you ask + + + align:start position:0% +who would you ask +or many of these three that you see the + + align:start position:0% +or many of these three that you see the + + + align:start position:0% +or many of these three that you see the +photos so obviously you see the gender + + align:start position:0% +photos so obviously you see the gender + + + align:start position:0% +photos so obviously you see the gender +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +the person and so what they then find is + + align:start position:0% +the person and so what they then find is + + + align:start position:0% +the person and so what they then find is +that women are much more likely + + align:start position:0% +that women are much more likely + + + align:start position:0% +that women are much more likely +to be asked so you see here the red + + align:start position:0% +to be asked so you see here the red + + + align:start position:0% +to be asked so you see here the red +lines are + + align:start position:0% +lines are + + + align:start position:0% +lines are +more to the right or there's more red to + + align:start position:0% +more to the right or there's more red to + + + align:start position:0% +more to the right or there's more red to +the right which is the total times + + align:start position:0% +the right which is the total times + + + align:start position:0% +the right which is the total times +asked to invest so there's more mass to + + align:start position:0% +asked to invest so there's more mass to + + + align:start position:0% +asked to invest so there's more mass to +the right for women + + align:start position:0% +the right for women + + + align:start position:0% +the right for women +than for men now what did we learn from + + align:start position:0% +than for men now what did we learn from + + + align:start position:0% +than for men now what did we learn from +that well + + align:start position:0% +that well + + + align:start position:0% +that well +absent a request investment rates do not + + align:start position:0% +absent a request investment rates do not + + + align:start position:0% +absent a request investment rates do not +differ by gender + + align:start position:0% +differ by gender + + + align:start position:0% +differ by gender +but when asked to invest women are more + + align:start position:0% +but when asked to invest women are more + + + align:start position:0% +but when asked to invest women are more +likely to do so + + align:start position:0% +likely to do so + + + align:start position:0% +likely to do so +so there's two things going on here one + + align:start position:0% +so there's two things going on here one + + + align:start position:0% +so there's two things going on here one +is when asked women are more responsive + + align:start position:0% +is when asked women are more responsive + + + align:start position:0% +is when asked women are more responsive +and uh what should have said is that the + + align:start position:0% +and uh what should have said is that the + + + align:start position:0% +and uh what should have said is that the +marginal increase of being asked is + + align:start position:0% +marginal increase of being asked is + + + align:start position:0% +marginal increase of being asked is +higher for women + + align:start position:0% +higher for women + + + align:start position:0% +higher for women +than for men and then in addition um + + align:start position:0% +than for men and then in addition um + + + align:start position:0% +than for men and then in addition um +women are also more likely to be asked + + align:start position:0% +women are also more likely to be asked + + + align:start position:0% +women are also more likely to be asked +which to say when people have the choice + + align:start position:0% +which to say when people have the choice + + + align:start position:0% +which to say when people have the choice +about whom should you ask + + align:start position:0% +about whom should you ask + + + align:start position:0% +about whom should you ask +well they kind of know who is the person + + align:start position:0% +well they kind of know who is the person + + + align:start position:0% +well they kind of know who is the person +who is more likely to react which is + + align:start position:0% +who is more likely to react which is + + + align:start position:0% +who is more likely to react which is +um um uh uh more likely is this + + align:start position:0% +um um uh uh more likely is this + + + align:start position:0% +um um uh uh more likely is this +is the woman in the in the group so they + + align:start position:0% +is the woman in the in the group so they + + + align:start position:0% +is the woman in the in the group so they +correctly + + align:start position:0% +correctly + + + align:start position:0% +correctly +uh understand that if they ask the woman + + align:start position:0% +uh understand that if they ask the woman + + + align:start position:0% +uh understand that if they ask the woman +that it's gonna have like + + align:start position:0% +that it's gonna have like + + + align:start position:0% +that it's gonna have like +um more of an impact than asking men um + + align:start position:0% +um more of an impact than asking men um + + + align:start position:0% +um more of an impact than asking men um +and that's true so when women ask + + align:start position:0% +and that's true so when women ask + + + align:start position:0% +and that's true so when women ask +also more likely to comply + + align:start position:0% +also more likely to comply + + + align:start position:0% +also more likely to comply +so now uh that essentially sort of says + + align:start position:0% +so now uh that essentially sort of says + + + align:start position:0% +so now uh that essentially sort of says +these gender differences get amplified + + align:start position:0% +these gender differences get amplified + + + align:start position:0% +these gender differences get amplified +by increase + + align:start position:0% +by increase + + + align:start position:0% +by increase +for our women to contribute + + align:start position:0% +for our women to contribute + + + align:start position:0% +for our women to contribute +so not only is it the case that um + + align:start position:0% +so not only is it the case that um + + + align:start position:0% +so not only is it the case that um +they're more likely to say yes but on + + align:start position:0% +they're more likely to say yes but on + + + align:start position:0% +they're more likely to say yes but on +top of that they also will get + + align:start position:0% +top of that they also will get + + + align:start position:0% +top of that they also will get +more uh um requests which of course then + + align:start position:0% +more uh um requests which of course then + + + align:start position:0% +more uh um requests which of course then +is like they do extra much work + + align:start position:0% +is like they do extra much work + + + align:start position:0% +is like they do extra much work +overall so what's here is about this is + + align:start position:0% +overall so what's here is about this is + + + align:start position:0% +overall so what's here is about this is +not about sort of preferences + + align:start position:0% +not about sort of preferences + + + align:start position:0% +not about sort of preferences +it's essentially just an equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +it's essentially just an equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +it's essentially just an equilibrium +that at the end of the day + + align:start position:0% +that at the end of the day + + + align:start position:0% +that at the end of the day +um uh will be sustained because again + + align:start position:0% +um uh will be sustained because again + + + align:start position:0% +um uh will be sustained because again +like if men think women are going to do + + align:start position:0% +like if men think women are going to do + + + align:start position:0% +like if men think women are going to do +it anyway and if women think + + align:start position:0% +it anyway and if women think + + + align:start position:0% +it anyway and if women think +like well nobody's going to do it unless + + align:start position:0% +like well nobody's going to do it unless + + + align:start position:0% +like well nobody's going to do it unless +i do it myself you end up sitting in + + align:start position:0% +i do it myself you end up sitting in + + + align:start position:0% +i do it myself you end up sitting in +situations where it might be optimal for + + align:start position:0% +situations where it might be optimal for + + + align:start position:0% +situations where it might be optimal for +both + + align:start position:0% +both + + + align:start position:0% +both +women and men to do it conditional on + + align:start position:0% +women and men to do it conditional on + + + align:start position:0% +women and men to do it conditional on +their beliefs + + align:start position:0% +their beliefs + + + align:start position:0% +their beliefs +any questions on this study + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so then um let me just uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so then um let me just uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so then um let me just uh +uh summarize a bit so we saw a large + + align:start position:0% +uh summarize a bit so we saw a large + + + align:start position:0% +uh summarize a bit so we saw a large +gender wage in earnings gaps + + align:start position:0% +gender wage in earnings gaps + + + align:start position:0% +gender wage in earnings gaps +um that even persisted even until now um + + align:start position:0% +um that even persisted even until now um + + + align:start position:0% +um that even persisted even until now um +substantial progress has been made due + + align:start position:0% +substantial progress has been made due + + + align:start position:0% +substantial progress has been made due +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +technological advantage advances and + + align:start position:0% +technological advantage advances and + + + align:start position:0% +technological advantage advances and +other improvements but + + align:start position:0% +other improvements but + + + align:start position:0% +other improvements but +there's persistent gender differences uh + + align:start position:0% +there's persistent gender differences uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's persistent gender differences uh +in many societies including the + + align:start position:0% +in many societies including the + + + align:start position:0% +in many societies including the +us bias beliefs and identity concerns + + align:start position:0% +us bias beliefs and identity concerns + + + align:start position:0% +us bias beliefs and identity concerns +uh appear to or play a particularly + + align:start position:0% +uh appear to or play a particularly + + + align:start position:0% +uh appear to or play a particularly +important role + + align:start position:0% +important role + + + align:start position:0% +important role +in particular since some issues such as + + align:start position:0% +in particular since some issues such as + + + align:start position:0% +in particular since some issues such as +educational differences and so on + + align:start position:0% +educational differences and so on + + + align:start position:0% +educational differences and so on +um and sort of + + align:start position:0% +um and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um and sort of +given the technological advances some of + + align:start position:0% +given the technological advances some of + + + align:start position:0% +given the technological advances some of +these uh technological issues are less + + align:start position:0% +these uh technological issues are less + + + align:start position:0% +these uh technological issues are less +important now + + align:start position:0% +important now + + + align:start position:0% +important now +but really seems to be that biased + + align:start position:0% +but really seems to be that biased + + + align:start position:0% +but really seems to be that biased +beliefs and identity concerns + + align:start position:0% +beliefs and identity concerns + + + align:start position:0% +beliefs and identity concerns +uh are the center of explaining things + + align:start position:0% +uh are the center of explaining things + + + align:start position:0% +uh are the center of explaining things +in addition to + + align:start position:0% +in addition to + + + align:start position:0% +in addition to +the child penalty but even the child + + align:start position:0% +the child penalty but even the child + + + align:start position:0% +the child penalty but even the child +penalty you might argue is driven by + + align:start position:0% +penalty you might argue is driven by + + + align:start position:0% +penalty you might argue is driven by +beliefs and identity and so on and then + + align:start position:0% +beliefs and identity and so on and then + + + align:start position:0% +beliefs and identity and so on and then +there are these feedback mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +there are these feedback mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +there are these feedback mechanisms +between demand and supplies of tasks or + + align:start position:0% +between demand and supplies of tasks or + + + align:start position:0% +between demand and supplies of tasks or +like um + + align:start position:0% +like um + + + align:start position:0% +like um +that women and men are doing and in + + align:start position:0% +that women and men are doing and in + + + align:start position:0% +that women and men are doing and in +particular it seems to be that again + + align:start position:0% +particular it seems to be that again + + + align:start position:0% +particular it seems to be that again +beliefs are important in the sense of + + align:start position:0% +beliefs are important in the sense of + + + align:start position:0% +beliefs are important in the sense of +like it matters what people think other + + align:start position:0% +like it matters what people think other + + + align:start position:0% +like it matters what people think other +people do + + align:start position:0% +people do + + + align:start position:0% +people do +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what and that seems to create + + align:start position:0% +and what and that seems to create + + + align:start position:0% +and what and that seems to create +essentially these uh inequalities across + + align:start position:0% +essentially these uh inequalities across + + + align:start position:0% +essentially these uh inequalities across +gender now if you want to sort of + + align:start position:0% +gender now if you want to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +gender now if you want to sort of +mitigate or reduce or eliminate the + + align:start position:0% +mitigate or reduce or eliminate the + + + align:start position:0% +mitigate or reduce or eliminate the +gender gap it's really important + + align:start position:0% +gender gap it's really important + + + align:start position:0% +gender gap it's really important +to understand these issues i think we + + align:start position:0% +to understand these issues i think we + + + align:start position:0% +to understand these issues i think we +have made quite a bit of progress in + + align:start position:0% +have made quite a bit of progress in + + + align:start position:0% +have made quite a bit of progress in +understanding what's going on and + + align:start position:0% +understanding what's going on and + + + align:start position:0% +understanding what's going on and +identifying um the issue + + align:start position:0% +identifying um the issue + + + align:start position:0% +identifying um the issue +now i think is the the next steps are to + + align:start position:0% +now i think is the the next steps are to + + + align:start position:0% +now i think is the the next steps are to +try and understand what are policies + + align:start position:0% +try and understand what are policies + + + align:start position:0% +try and understand what are policies +that are in fact um + + align:start position:0% +that are in fact um + + + align:start position:0% +that are in fact um +successful in helping us do that so this + + align:start position:0% +successful in helping us do that so this + + + align:start position:0% +successful in helping us do that so this +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +this lecture is about default um not + + align:start position:0% +this lecture is about default um not + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture is about default um not +json frames + + align:start position:0% +json frames + + + align:start position:0% +json frames +and originally i plan to also do mental + + align:start position:0% +and originally i plan to also do mental + + + align:start position:0% +and originally i plan to also do mental +accounting but um + + align:start position:0% +accounting but um + + + align:start position:0% +accounting but um +given that we didn't finish last time i + + align:start position:0% +given that we didn't finish last time i + + + align:start position:0% +given that we didn't finish last time i +should move this to a later lecture at + + align:start position:0% +should move this to a later lecture at + + + align:start position:0% +should move this to a later lecture at +historic + + align:start position:0% +historic + + + align:start position:0% +historic +okay so where are we in the course we + + align:start position:0% +okay so where are we in the course we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so where are we in the course we +talked a lot about preferences we talked + + align:start position:0% +talked a lot about preferences we talked + + + align:start position:0% +talked a lot about preferences we talked +a lot about beliefs and the interaction + + align:start position:0% +a lot about beliefs and the interaction + + + align:start position:0% +a lot about beliefs and the interaction +of those and sort of potential + + align:start position:0% +of those and sort of potential + + + align:start position:0% +of those and sort of potential +deviations from the + + align:start position:0% +deviations from the + + + align:start position:0% +deviations from the +you know classical model now we're going + + align:start position:0% +you know classical model now we're going + + + align:start position:0% +you know classical model now we're going +to talk about non-standard decision + + align:start position:0% +to talk about non-standard decision + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about non-standard decision +making and one way to think about this + + align:start position:0% +making and one way to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +making and one way to think about this +is to say + + align:start position:0% +is to say + + + align:start position:0% +is to say +even if you understand people's + + align:start position:0% +even if you understand people's + + + align:start position:0% +even if you understand people's +preferences very well and you can + + align:start position:0% +preferences very well and you can + + + align:start position:0% +preferences very well and you can +understand these are non-standard + + align:start position:0% +understand these are non-standard + + + align:start position:0% +understand these are non-standard +preferences in some ways and potentially + + align:start position:0% +preferences in some ways and potentially + + + align:start position:0% +preferences in some ways and potentially +biased beliefs + + align:start position:0% +biased beliefs + + + align:start position:0% +biased beliefs +even conditional on that people might + + align:start position:0% +even conditional on that people might + + + align:start position:0% +even conditional on that people might +behave in some ways where they deviate + + align:start position:0% +behave in some ways where they deviate + + + align:start position:0% +behave in some ways where they deviate +from the neoclassical model + + align:start position:0% +from the neoclassical model + + + align:start position:0% +from the neoclassical model +that is hard to explain just by + + align:start position:0% +that is hard to explain just by + + + align:start position:0% +that is hard to explain just by +deviations and preferences and beliefs + + align:start position:0% +deviations and preferences and beliefs + + + align:start position:0% +deviations and preferences and beliefs +so there are additional deviations from + + align:start position:0% +so there are additional deviations from + + + align:start position:0% +so there are additional deviations from +the neuroclassical model + + align:start position:0% +the neuroclassical model + + + align:start position:0% +the neuroclassical model +that are beyond changes in preferences + + align:start position:0% +that are beyond changes in preferences + + + align:start position:0% +that are beyond changes in preferences +and beliefs in particular + + align:start position:0% +and beliefs in particular + + + align:start position:0% +and beliefs in particular +i'll talk now about frames um defaults + + align:start position:0% +i'll talk now about frames um defaults + + + align:start position:0% +i'll talk now about frames um defaults +and not just mental accounting is a + + align:start position:0% +and not just mental accounting is a + + + align:start position:0% +and not just mental accounting is a +similar case of that + + align:start position:0% +similar case of that + + + align:start position:0% +similar case of that +we'll talk about this um later + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about this um later + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about this um later +okay and so the most famous paper in + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the most famous paper in + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the most famous paper in +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +in this space or one of the most famous + + align:start position:0% +in this space or one of the most famous + + + align:start position:0% +in this space or one of the most famous +paperworks about 401k um + + align:start position:0% +paperworks about 401k um + + + align:start position:0% +paperworks about 401k um +savings and so companies offer these for + + align:start position:0% +savings and so companies offer these for + + + align:start position:0% +savings and so companies offer these for +1k savings + + align:start position:0% +1k savings + + + align:start position:0% +1k savings +um that's right so it's a smack the most + + align:start position:0% +um that's right so it's a smack the most + + + align:start position:0% +um that's right so it's a smack the most +common voluntary savings vehicle in the + + align:start position:0% +common voluntary savings vehicle in the + + + align:start position:0% +common voluntary savings vehicle in the +us + + align:start position:0% +us + + + align:start position:0% +us +what you do is you set aside some money + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you set aside some money + + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you set aside some money +for retirement + + align:start position:0% +for retirement + + + align:start position:0% +for retirement +and you choose the what's called the + + align:start position:0% +and you choose the what's called the + + + align:start position:0% +and you choose the what's called the +contribution rate it's like what + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate it's like what + + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate it's like what +fraction of the income what you + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the income what you + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the income what you +contribute + + align:start position:0% +contribute + + + align:start position:0% +contribute +and you choose the um asset allocation + + align:start position:0% +and you choose the um asset allocation + + + align:start position:0% +and you choose the um asset allocation +that is offered or that is offered by + + align:start position:0% +that is offered or that is offered by + + + align:start position:0% +that is offered or that is offered by +companies by employers now why are + + align:start position:0% +companies by employers now why are + + + align:start position:0% +companies by employers now why are +employers doing this + + align:start position:0% +employers doing this + + + align:start position:0% +employers doing this +employers want to um it's seen as sort + + align:start position:0% +employers want to um it's seen as sort + + + align:start position:0% +employers want to um it's seen as sort +of a nice thing that employers can do + + align:start position:0% +of a nice thing that employers can do + + + align:start position:0% +of a nice thing that employers can do +for their um + + align:start position:0% +for their um + + + align:start position:0% +for their um +for their employees um + + align:start position:0% +for their employees um + + + align:start position:0% +for their employees um +it's potentially a way in which you can + + align:start position:0% +it's potentially a way in which you can + + + align:start position:0% +it's potentially a way in which you can +create some form of solidarity with your + + align:start position:0% +create some form of solidarity with your + + + align:start position:0% +create some form of solidarity with your +your employees in a way you want your + + align:start position:0% +your employees in a way you want your + + + align:start position:0% +your employees in a way you want your +workers + + align:start position:0% +workers + + + align:start position:0% +workers +to do well in retirement beyond they're + + align:start position:0% +to do well in retirement beyond they're + + + align:start position:0% +to do well in retirement beyond they're +working for you and so on + + align:start position:0% +working for you and so on + + + align:start position:0% +working for you and so on +um and then sort of um uh + + align:start position:0% +um and then sort of um uh + + + align:start position:0% +um and then sort of um uh +overall what what companies often do is + + align:start position:0% +overall what what companies often do is + + + align:start position:0% +overall what what companies often do is +they offer matching contributions up to + + align:start position:0% +they offer matching contributions up to + + + align:start position:0% +they offer matching contributions up to +a threshold this often like incentivize + + align:start position:0% +a threshold this often like incentivize + + + align:start position:0% +a threshold this often like incentivize +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +in fact fairly strongly um there's also + + align:start position:0% +in fact fairly strongly um there's also + + + align:start position:0% +in fact fairly strongly um there's also +a penalty for early withdrawal why is + + align:start position:0% +a penalty for early withdrawal why is + + + align:start position:0% +a penalty for early withdrawal why is +there a penalty for early withdrawal + + align:start position:0% +there a penalty for early withdrawal + + + align:start position:0% +there a penalty for early withdrawal +yeah exactly it's like a you know soft + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly it's like a you know soft + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly it's like a you know soft +commitment device in some ways and a + + align:start position:0% +commitment device in some ways and a + + + align:start position:0% +commitment device in some ways and a +sensible or it's + + align:start position:0% +sensible or it's + + + align:start position:0% +sensible or it's +a hard commitment device in the sense of + + align:start position:0% +a hard commitment device in the sense of + + + align:start position:0% +a hard commitment device in the sense of +like it's it's dominated um but + + align:start position:0% +like it's it's dominated um but + + + align:start position:0% +like it's it's dominated um but +essentially it's like + + align:start position:0% +essentially it's like + + + align:start position:0% +essentially it's like +you want it's sort of a mixture you + + align:start position:0% +you want it's sort of a mixture you + + + align:start position:0% +you want it's sort of a mixture you +could have it like a hard commitment + + align:start position:0% +could have it like a hard commitment + + + align:start position:0% +could have it like a hard commitment +a fully hard commitment or a very hard + + align:start position:0% +a fully hard commitment or a very hard + + + align:start position:0% +a fully hard commitment or a very hard +moving device but you could say you + + align:start position:0% +moving device but you could say you + + + align:start position:0% +moving device but you could say you +cannot + + align:start position:0% +cannot + + + align:start position:0% +cannot +um withdraw this until like age you know + + align:start position:0% +um withdraw this until like age you know + + + align:start position:0% +um withdraw this until like age you know +60 or something or 55 or whatever or 65 + + align:start position:0% +60 or something or 55 or whatever or 65 + + + align:start position:0% +60 or something or 55 or whatever or 65 +whenever you + + align:start position:0% +whenever you + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you +retire that's not what it is instead + + align:start position:0% +retire that's not what it is instead + + + align:start position:0% +retire that's not what it is instead +there's a penalty that's often like 10 + + align:start position:0% +there's a penalty that's often like 10 + + + align:start position:0% +there's a penalty that's often like 10 +percent + + align:start position:0% +percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent +and the penalty is there because you + + align:start position:0% +and the penalty is there because you + + + align:start position:0% +and the penalty is there because you +know you want to + + align:start position:0% +know you want to + + + align:start position:0% +know you want to +get people avoid that people what's + + align:start position:0% +get people avoid that people what's + + + align:start position:0% +get people avoid that people what's +called leakage + + align:start position:0% +called leakage + + + align:start position:0% +called leakage +that people essentially would draw money + + align:start position:0% +that people essentially would draw money + + + align:start position:0% +that people essentially would draw money +early uh presumably because of + + align:start position:0% +early uh presumably because of + + + align:start position:0% +early uh presumably because of +self-control problems + + align:start position:0% +self-control problems + + + align:start position:0% +self-control problems +present bias and so on there's lots of + + align:start position:0% +present bias and so on there's lots of + + + align:start position:0% +present bias and so on there's lots of +leakage in fact even though there's a 10 + + align:start position:0% +leakage in fact even though there's a 10 + + + align:start position:0% +leakage in fact even though there's a 10 +uh withdrawal there's a 10 withdrawal as + + align:start position:0% +uh withdrawal there's a 10 withdrawal as + + + align:start position:0% +uh withdrawal there's a 10 withdrawal as +opposed to like shutting it down + + align:start position:0% +opposed to like shutting it down + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to like shutting it down +entirely because you know sometimes + + align:start position:0% +entirely because you know sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +entirely because you know sometimes +people have shocks they have health + + align:start position:0% +people have shocks they have health + + + align:start position:0% +people have shocks they have health +problems and so on they need a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +problems and so on they need a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +problems and so on they need a bunch of +money + + align:start position:0% +money + + + align:start position:0% +money +and in those cases of course you want to + + align:start position:0% +and in those cases of course you want to + + + align:start position:0% +and in those cases of course you want to +allow this or the company wants to allow + + align:start position:0% +allow this or the company wants to allow + + + align:start position:0% +allow this or the company wants to allow +that to people so 10 + + align:start position:0% +that to people so 10 + + + align:start position:0% +that to people so 10 +penalty tends to be sort of a compromise + + align:start position:0% +penalty tends to be sort of a compromise + + + align:start position:0% +penalty tends to be sort of a compromise +um between that + + align:start position:0% +um between that + + + align:start position:0% +um between that +this tax deferral which is you pay + + align:start position:0% +this tax deferral which is you pay + + + align:start position:0% +this tax deferral which is you pay +usually like a lower + + align:start position:0% +usually like a lower + + + align:start position:0% +usually like a lower +uh marginal tax rate during retirement + + align:start position:0% +uh marginal tax rate during retirement + + + align:start position:0% +uh marginal tax rate during retirement +right when people are 30 40 they earn a + + align:start position:0% +right when people are 30 40 they earn a + + + align:start position:0% +right when people are 30 40 they earn a +lot of money + + align:start position:0% +lot of money + + + align:start position:0% +lot of money +um compared to like when they're 70 + + align:start position:0% +um compared to like when they're 70 + + + align:start position:0% +um compared to like when they're 70 +during retirement + + align:start position:0% +during retirement + + + align:start position:0% +during retirement +so people can pay taxes um uh when they + + align:start position:0% +so people can pay taxes um uh when they + + + align:start position:0% +so people can pay taxes um uh when they +receive the money + + align:start position:0% +receive the money + + + align:start position:0% +receive the money +at retirement so to the extent that your + + align:start position:0% +at retirement so to the extent that your + + + align:start position:0% +at retirement so to the extent that your +marginal + + align:start position:0% +marginal + + + align:start position:0% +marginal +tax rate is lower then um you're going + + align:start position:0% +tax rate is lower then um you're going + + + align:start position:0% +tax rate is lower then um you're going +to save some money + + align:start position:0% +to save some money + + + align:start position:0% +to save some money +from that so that's another reason why + + align:start position:0% +from that so that's another reason why + + + align:start position:0% +from that so that's another reason why +you might want to to to use your 401k + + align:start position:0% +you might want to to to use your 401k + + + align:start position:0% +you might want to to to use your 401k +savings + + align:start position:0% +savings + + + align:start position:0% +savings +now uh what are some patterns of 401k + + align:start position:0% +now uh what are some patterns of 401k + + + align:start position:0% +now uh what are some patterns of 401k +investments two-thirds of employees + + align:start position:0% +investments two-thirds of employees + + + align:start position:0% +investments two-thirds of employees +believe that they're saving too little + + align:start position:0% +believe that they're saving too little + + + align:start position:0% +believe that they're saving too little +when you just + + align:start position:0% +when you just + + + align:start position:0% +when you just +ask them and one-fourth of these tends + + align:start position:0% +ask them and one-fourth of these tends + + + align:start position:0% +ask them and one-fourth of these tends +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +uh intends to raise their savings in the + + align:start position:0% +uh intends to raise their savings in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh intends to raise their savings in the +next two months so that's sort of the + + align:start position:0% +next two months so that's sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +next two months so that's sort of the +typical thing that sort of smells like + + align:start position:0% +typical thing that sort of smells like + + + align:start position:0% +typical thing that sort of smells like +self-control problems where you ask + + align:start position:0% +self-control problems where you ask + + + align:start position:0% +self-control problems where you ask +people like + + align:start position:0% +people like + + + align:start position:0% +people like +um uh uh are you happy with your savings + + align:start position:0% +um uh uh are you happy with your savings + + + align:start position:0% +um uh uh are you happy with your savings +you'll be saving more or less and people + + align:start position:0% +you'll be saving more or less and people + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be saving more or less and people +tend to say oh no i wanted to like + + align:start position:0% +tend to say oh no i wanted to like + + + align:start position:0% +tend to say oh no i wanted to like +really save more + + align:start position:0% +really save more + + + align:start position:0% +really save more +uh next two months i'm gonna do it this + + align:start position:0% +uh next two months i'm gonna do it this + + + align:start position:0% +uh next two months i'm gonna do it this +is sort of the same as when you ask + + align:start position:0% +is sort of the same as when you ask + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of the same as when you ask +people about the gym you know + + align:start position:0% +people about the gym you know + + + align:start position:0% +people about the gym you know +um i always exercise more every month + + align:start position:0% +um i always exercise more every month + + + align:start position:0% +um i always exercise more every month +but it happens almost nobody falls + + align:start position:0% +but it happens almost nobody falls + + + align:start position:0% +but it happens almost nobody falls +and follows who in fact um the reported + + align:start position:0% +and follows who in fact um the reported + + + align:start position:0% +and follows who in fact um the reported +under savers or + + align:start position:0% +under savers or + + + align:start position:0% +under savers or +have low savings rates um you find + + align:start position:0% +have low savings rates um you find + + + align:start position:0% +have low savings rates um you find +similar patterns also in other surveys + + align:start position:0% +similar patterns also in other surveys + + + align:start position:0% +similar patterns also in other surveys +if you're interested in more of a toyota + + align:start position:0% +if you're interested in more of a toyota + + + align:start position:0% +if you're interested in more of a toyota +survey survey does a very nice + + align:start position:0% +survey survey does a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +survey survey does a very nice +job instead of summarizing these + + align:start position:0% +job instead of summarizing these + + + align:start position:0% +job instead of summarizing these +patterns + + align:start position:0% +patterns + + + align:start position:0% +patterns +now given these patterns what are + + align:start position:0% +now given these patterns what are + + + align:start position:0% +now given these patterns what are +standard economics tools to increase + + align:start position:0% +standard economics tools to increase + + + align:start position:0% +standard economics tools to increase +savings suppose you're the social + + align:start position:0% +savings suppose you're the social + + + align:start position:0% +savings suppose you're the social +planner or a company on to increase + + align:start position:0% +planner or a company on to increase + + + align:start position:0% +planner or a company on to increase +people's savings what would standard + + align:start position:0% +people's savings what would standard + + + align:start position:0% +people's savings what would standard +economics 1401 for today or whatever + + align:start position:0% +economics 1401 for today or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +economics 1401 for today or whatever +tell you + + align:start position:0% +tell you + + + align:start position:0% +tell you +what should you do to to increase + + align:start position:0% +what should you do to to increase + + + align:start position:0% +what should you do to to increase +people's savings + + align:start position:0% +people's savings + + + align:start position:0% +people's savings +how would you do that first the matching + + align:start position:0% +how would you do that first the matching + + + align:start position:0% +how would you do that first the matching +contribution is very much like an + + align:start position:0% +contribution is very much like an + + + align:start position:0% +contribution is very much like an +incentive so like a very standard + + align:start position:0% +incentive so like a very standard + + + align:start position:0% +incentive so like a very standard +straightforward + + align:start position:0% +straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward +incentives econ 101 will tell you people + + align:start position:0% +incentives econ 101 will tell you people + + + align:start position:0% +incentives econ 101 will tell you people +react to incentives so let's give + + align:start position:0% +react to incentives so let's give + + + align:start position:0% +react to incentives so let's give +people incentives you provide matching + + align:start position:0% +people incentives you provide matching + + + align:start position:0% +people incentives you provide matching +contributions and therefore people + + align:start position:0% +contributions and therefore people + + + align:start position:0% +contributions and therefore people +essentially increases the rate of return + + align:start position:0% +essentially increases the rate of return + + + align:start position:0% +essentially increases the rate of return +on savings + + align:start position:0% +on savings + + + align:start position:0% +on savings +um and you know these matching + + align:start position:0% +um and you know these matching + + + align:start position:0% +um and you know these matching +contributions i'll show you in a second + + align:start position:0% +contributions i'll show you in a second + + + align:start position:0% +contributions i'll show you in a second +tend to be very high + + align:start position:0% +tend to be very high + + + align:start position:0% +tend to be very high +but fairly high and so you know people + + align:start position:0% +but fairly high and so you know people + + + align:start position:0% +but fairly high and so you know people +should be doing it more if you make it + + align:start position:0% +should be doing it more if you make it + + + align:start position:0% +should be doing it more if you make it +more um + + align:start position:0% +more um + + + align:start position:0% +more um +attractive at least under usual + + align:start position:0% +attractive at least under usual + + + align:start position:0% +attractive at least under usual +circumstances + + align:start position:0% +circumstances + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances +what else could we do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and maybe that's not necessarily um + + align:start position:0% +and maybe that's not necessarily um + + + align:start position:0% +and maybe that's not necessarily um +standard economics of course one option + + align:start position:0% +standard economics of course one option + + + align:start position:0% +standard economics of course one option +will be like the default + + align:start position:0% +will be like the default + + + align:start position:0% +will be like the default +but what other options could be could we + + align:start position:0% +but what other options could be could we + + + align:start position:0% +but what other options could be could we +do what else could we do + + align:start position:0% +do what else could we do + + + align:start position:0% +do what else could we do +right so you could sort of so the + + align:start position:0% +right so you could sort of so the + + + align:start position:0% +right so you could sort of so the +matching contribution is a way of doing + + align:start position:0% +matching contribution is a way of doing + + + align:start position:0% +matching contribution is a way of doing +that essentially because i'm telling you + + align:start position:0% +that essentially because i'm telling you + + + align:start position:0% +that essentially because i'm telling you +i'm i'm + + align:start position:0% +i'm i'm + + + align:start position:0% +i'm i'm +matching however much you're uh + + align:start position:0% +matching however much you're uh + + + align:start position:0% +matching however much you're uh +contributing by + + align:start position:0% +contributing by + + + align:start position:0% +contributing by +adding so much money in your account and + + align:start position:0% +adding so much money in your account and + + + align:start position:0% +adding so much money in your account and +you're not supposed to withdraw it so + + align:start position:0% +you're not supposed to withdraw it so + + + align:start position:0% +you're not supposed to withdraw it so +that's implicitly giving you a + + align:start position:0% +that's implicitly giving you a + + + align:start position:0% +that's implicitly giving you a +return another thing i think that you're + + align:start position:0% +return another thing i think that you're + + + align:start position:0% +return another thing i think that you're +already saying is what i have here as + + align:start position:0% +already saying is what i have here as + + + align:start position:0% +already saying is what i have here as +well which is + + align:start position:0% +well which is + + + align:start position:0% +well which is +um provide additional choices for better + + align:start position:0% +um provide additional choices for better + + + align:start position:0% +um provide additional choices for better +choices in some ways or improving what's + + align:start position:0% +choices in some ways or improving what's + + + align:start position:0% +choices in some ways or improving what's +called or financial education that's to + + align:start position:0% +called or financial education that's to + + + align:start position:0% +called or financial education that's to +say + + align:start position:0% +say + + + align:start position:0% +say +maybe people are not investing in the + + align:start position:0% +maybe people are not investing in the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe people are not investing in the +right thing and so maybe i could + + align:start position:0% +right thing and so maybe i could + + + align:start position:0% +right thing and so maybe i could +need to give them like better investment + + align:start position:0% +need to give them like better investment + + + align:start position:0% +need to give them like better investment +funds of other options that have higher + + align:start position:0% +funds of other options that have higher + + + align:start position:0% +funds of other options that have higher +returns + + align:start position:0% +returns + + + align:start position:0% +returns +and by doing so um you know people will + + align:start position:0% +and by doing so um you know people will + + + align:start position:0% +and by doing so um you know people will +be inclined to save more + + align:start position:0% +be inclined to save more + + + align:start position:0% +be inclined to save more +or maybe i can explain to them better + + align:start position:0% +or maybe i can explain to them better + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe i can explain to them better +for example compound interest + + align:start position:0% +for example compound interest + + + align:start position:0% +for example compound interest +and so on and sort of in sometimes maybe + + align:start position:0% +and so on and sort of in sometimes maybe + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and sort of in sometimes maybe +people don't quite understand uh + + align:start position:0% +people don't quite understand uh + + + align:start position:0% +people don't quite understand uh +perhaps because of low education and + + align:start position:0% +perhaps because of low education and + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps because of low education and +that's not necessarily standard + + align:start position:0% +that's not necessarily standard + + + align:start position:0% +that's not necessarily standard +economics in the sense of like people + + align:start position:0% +economics in the sense of like people + + + align:start position:0% +economics in the sense of like people +are confused that's sort of not what + + align:start position:0% +are confused that's sort of not what + + + align:start position:0% +are confused that's sort of not what +standard economics would say + + align:start position:0% +standard economics would say + + + align:start position:0% +standard economics would say +but it might well be that people are uh + + align:start position:0% +but it might well be that people are uh + + + align:start position:0% +but it might well be that people are uh +if you explain to them better + + align:start position:0% +if you explain to them better + + + align:start position:0% +if you explain to them better +um uh you know what is compound interest + + align:start position:0% +um uh you know what is compound interest + + + align:start position:0% +um uh you know what is compound interest +and if you save now like you know + + align:start position:0% +and if you save now like you know + + + align:start position:0% +and if you save now like you know +five percent of your income how much + + align:start position:0% +five percent of your income how much + + + align:start position:0% +five percent of your income how much +will that be in 30 years from now people + + align:start position:0% +will that be in 30 years from now people + + + align:start position:0% +will that be in 30 years from now people +are often surprised because that's very + + align:start position:0% +are often surprised because that's very + + + align:start position:0% +are often surprised because that's very +high + + align:start position:0% +high + + + align:start position:0% +high +uh you could sort of get them provide + + align:start position:0% +uh you could sort of get them provide + + + align:start position:0% +uh you could sort of get them provide +them with additional choices maybe make + + align:start position:0% +them with additional choices maybe make + + + align:start position:0% +them with additional choices maybe make +it more attractive for them you could + + align:start position:0% +it more attractive for them you could + + + align:start position:0% +it more attractive for them you could +even sort of subsidize it and say you + + align:start position:0% +even sort of subsidize it and say you + + + align:start position:0% +even sort of subsidize it and say you +know here's a fund and i'm even giving + + align:start position:0% +know here's a fund and i'm even giving + + + align:start position:0% +know here's a fund and i'm even giving +you more money + + align:start position:0% +you more money + + + align:start position:0% +you more money +notice that that would be quite + + align:start position:0% +notice that that would be quite + + + align:start position:0% +notice that that would be quite +expensive for the company to do over + + align:start position:0% +expensive for the company to do over + + + align:start position:0% +expensive for the company to do over +time so + + align:start position:0% +time so + + + align:start position:0% +time so +companies tend to not do that now it + + align:start position:0% +companies tend to not do that now it + + + align:start position:0% +companies tend to not do that now it +turns out none of these tools tend to be + + align:start position:0% +turns out none of these tools tend to be + + + align:start position:0% +turns out none of these tools tend to be +very effective so people have tried this + + align:start position:0% +very effective so people have tried this + + + align:start position:0% +very effective so people have tried this +despite the fact that like they have + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that like they have + + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that like they have +been + + align:start position:0% +been + + + align:start position:0% +been +uh matching contributions despite you + + align:start position:0% +uh matching contributions despite you + + + align:start position:0% +uh matching contributions despite you +know they've tried to like + + align:start position:0% +know they've tried to like + + + align:start position:0% +know they've tried to like +do financial education sort of + + align:start position:0% +do financial education sort of + + + align:start position:0% +do financial education sort of +information sessions + + align:start position:0% +information sessions + + + align:start position:0% +information sessions +providing more choices and so on notice + + align:start position:0% +providing more choices and so on notice + + + align:start position:0% +providing more choices and so on notice +that actually sometimes backfires + + align:start position:0% +that actually sometimes backfires + + + align:start position:0% +that actually sometimes backfires +because people get confused because + + align:start position:0% +because people get confused because + + + align:start position:0% +because people get confused because +there's too many choices so it's called + + align:start position:0% +there's too many choices so it's called + + + align:start position:0% +there's too many choices so it's called +choice overload so these things tend to + + align:start position:0% +choice overload so these things tend to + + + align:start position:0% +choice overload so these things tend to +not work particularly well + + align:start position:0% +not work particularly well + + + align:start position:0% +not work particularly well +now one question again um + + align:start position:0% +now one question again um + + + align:start position:0% +now one question again um +why are companies actually trying to + + align:start position:0% +why are companies actually trying to + + + align:start position:0% +why are companies actually trying to +increase people's savings so in some + + align:start position:0% +increase people's savings so in some + + + align:start position:0% +increase people's savings so in some +sense you might say well + + align:start position:0% +sense you might say well + + + align:start position:0% +sense you might say well +we're offering here's your 401k savings + + align:start position:0% +we're offering here's your 401k savings + + + align:start position:0% +we're offering here's your 401k savings +your offer + + align:start position:0% +your offer + + + align:start position:0% +your offer +to you but whoever wants to wants to + + align:start position:0% +to you but whoever wants to wants to + + + align:start position:0% +to you but whoever wants to wants to +actually do it + + align:start position:0% +actually do it + + + align:start position:0% +actually do it +um i can use it and otherwise um we + + align:start position:0% +um i can use it and otherwise um we + + + align:start position:0% +um i can use it and otherwise um we +really don't care that much + + align:start position:0% +really don't care that much + + + align:start position:0% +really don't care that much +so why are companies still interested in + + align:start position:0% +so why are companies still interested in + + + align:start position:0% +so why are companies still interested in +uh doing this why are people paying this + + align:start position:0% +uh doing this why are people paying this + + + align:start position:0% +uh doing this why are people paying this +match + + align:start position:0% +match + + + align:start position:0% +match +we had some answer already before but + + align:start position:0% +we had some answer already before but + + + align:start position:0% +we had some answer already before but +that's actually not quite the answer of + + align:start position:0% +that's actually not quite the answer of + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually not quite the answer of +where this is going + + align:start position:0% +where this is going + + + align:start position:0% +where this is going +so it's tight because there's two + + align:start position:0% +so it's tight because there's two + + + align:start position:0% +so it's tight because there's two +questions one question that we talked + + align:start position:0% +questions one question that we talked + + + align:start position:0% +questions one question that we talked +about a little bit previously was like + + align:start position:0% +about a little bit previously was like + + + align:start position:0% +about a little bit previously was like +why might the company offer savings + + align:start position:0% +why might the company offer savings + + + align:start position:0% +why might the company offer savings +options anyway + + align:start position:0% +options anyway + + + align:start position:0% +options anyway +and the second one is conditional and + + align:start position:0% +and the second one is conditional and + + + align:start position:0% +and the second one is conditional and +offering that why is the company really + + align:start position:0% +offering that why is the company really + + + align:start position:0% +offering that why is the company really +interested in increasing take + + align:start position:0% +interested in increasing take + + + align:start position:0% +interested in increasing take +up because they say wow whatever like we + + align:start position:0% +up because they say wow whatever like we + + + align:start position:0% +up because they say wow whatever like we +offer it some people + + align:start position:0% +offer it some people + + + align:start position:0% +offer it some people +like it some people don't and if they + + align:start position:0% +like it some people don't and if they + + + align:start position:0% +like it some people don't and if they +don't like it why do we care + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so i always thought you know when i + + align:start position:0% +um so i always thought you know when i + + + align:start position:0% +um so i always thought you know when i +first read about this + + align:start position:0% +first read about this + + + align:start position:0% +first read about this +um i thought you know companies are nice + + align:start position:0% +um i thought you know companies are nice + + + align:start position:0% +um i thought you know companies are nice +and they want us to defeat good to their + + align:start position:0% +and they want us to defeat good to their + + + align:start position:0% +and they want us to defeat good to their +employers and they want the best for + + align:start position:0% +employers and they want the best for + + + align:start position:0% +employers and they want the best for +their workers + + align:start position:0% +their workers + + + align:start position:0% +their workers +and you're already a lot more cynical um + + align:start position:0% +and you're already a lot more cynical um + + + align:start position:0% +and you're already a lot more cynical um +in the sense of like + + align:start position:0% +in the sense of like + + + align:start position:0% +in the sense of like +you're kind of saying well you know how + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of saying well you know how + + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of saying well you know how +do we get workers to work a lot more + + align:start position:0% +do we get workers to work a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +do we get workers to work a lot more +um it could be i mean i don't i haven't + + align:start position:0% +um it could be i mean i don't i haven't + + + align:start position:0% +um it could be i mean i don't i haven't +heard of what you were saying but i + + align:start position:0% +heard of what you were saying but i + + + align:start position:0% +heard of what you were saying but i +think in principle + + align:start position:0% +think in principle + + + align:start position:0% +think in principle +um there could be a reason where in a + + align:start position:0% +um there could be a reason where in a + + + align:start position:0% +um there could be a reason where in a +way i think + + align:start position:0% +way i think + + + align:start position:0% +way i think +companies like workers should be happy + + align:start position:0% +companies like workers should be happy + + + align:start position:0% +companies like workers should be happy +and to the extent that + + align:start position:0% +and to the extent that + + + align:start position:0% +and to the extent that +uh if they consume more right now that + + align:start position:0% +uh if they consume more right now that + + + align:start position:0% +uh if they consume more right now that +probably + + align:start position:0% +probably + + + align:start position:0% +probably +makes them happier and perhaps more + + align:start position:0% +makes them happier and perhaps more + + + align:start position:0% +makes them happier and perhaps more +productive so then in some ways probably + + align:start position:0% +productive so then in some ways probably + + + align:start position:0% +productive so then in some ways probably +you have the incentives to have people + + align:start position:0% +you have the incentives to have people + + + align:start position:0% +you have the incentives to have people +not save too much because in some ways + + align:start position:0% +not save too much because in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +not save too much because in some ways +you don't care that much + + align:start position:0% +you don't care that much + + + align:start position:0% +you don't care that much +about like whether when somebody is 60 + + align:start position:0% +about like whether when somebody is 60 + + + align:start position:0% +about like whether when somebody is 60 +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +uh he's particularly happy with your + + align:start position:0% +uh he's particularly happy with your + + + align:start position:0% +uh he's particularly happy with your +money because essentially you can't + + align:start position:0% +money because essentially you can't + + + align:start position:0% +money because essentially you can't +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +uh engage your age discrimination is + + align:start position:0% +uh engage your age discrimination is + + + align:start position:0% +uh engage your age discrimination is +illegal so you can't fire like a 57 year + + align:start position:0% +illegal so you can't fire like a 57 year + + + align:start position:0% +illegal so you can't fire like a 57 year +old person + + align:start position:0% +old person + + + align:start position:0% +old person +who's doing their job reasonably well + + align:start position:0% +who's doing their job reasonably well + + + align:start position:0% +who's doing their job reasonably well +but maybe is not as productive as you'd + + align:start position:0% +but maybe is not as productive as you'd + + + align:start position:0% +but maybe is not as productive as you'd +like them to be + + align:start position:0% +like them to be + + + align:start position:0% +like them to be +and so then if you uh if that person has + + align:start position:0% +and so then if you uh if that person has + + + align:start position:0% +and so then if you uh if that person has +saves a lot of money that probably are + + align:start position:0% +saves a lot of money that probably are + + + align:start position:0% +saves a lot of money that probably are +more likely to to retire + + align:start position:0% +more likely to to retire + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to to retire +you guys are more uh cynical um than i + + align:start position:0% +you guys are more uh cynical um than i + + + align:start position:0% +you guys are more uh cynical um than i +am so + + align:start position:0% +am so + + + align:start position:0% +am so +the um the uh reported reason for a lot + + align:start position:0% +the um the uh reported reason for a lot + + + align:start position:0% +the um the uh reported reason for a lot +of these policies is in fact the reason + + align:start position:0% +of these policies is in fact the reason + + + align:start position:0% +of these policies is in fact the reason +that there is irs non-discrimination + + align:start position:0% +that there is irs non-discrimination + + + align:start position:0% +that there is irs non-discrimination +rules + + align:start position:0% +rules + + + align:start position:0% +rules +what does that mean essentially + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean essentially + + + align:start position:0% +what does that mean essentially +by the irs rules it cannot be that + + align:start position:0% +by the irs rules it cannot be that + + + align:start position:0% +by the irs rules it cannot be that +people who are paid a lot + + align:start position:0% +people who are paid a lot + + + align:start position:0% +people who are paid a lot +can benefit from certain retirement and + + align:start position:0% +can benefit from certain retirement and + + + align:start position:0% +can benefit from certain retirement and +other schemes way more than people are + + align:start position:0% +other schemes way more than people are + + + align:start position:0% +other schemes way more than people are +paid very little + + align:start position:0% +paid very little + + + align:start position:0% +paid very little +now it turns out that like low income or + + align:start position:0% +now it turns out that like low income or + + + align:start position:0% +now it turns out that like low income or +low wage workers + + align:start position:0% +low wage workers + + + align:start position:0% +low wage workers +are much less likely to save + + align:start position:0% +are much less likely to save + + + align:start position:0% +are much less likely to save +in 401k and other savings um + + align:start position:0% +in 401k and other savings um + + + align:start position:0% +in 401k and other savings um +schemes therefore they're much less + + align:start position:0% +schemes therefore they're much less + + + align:start position:0% +schemes therefore they're much less +likely to receive + + align:start position:0% +likely to receive + + + align:start position:0% +likely to receive +any of these 401k matching and other + + align:start position:0% +any of these 401k matching and other + + + align:start position:0% +any of these 401k matching and other +contributions + + align:start position:0% +contributions + + + align:start position:0% +contributions +and therefore essentially their + + align:start position:0% +and therefore essentially their + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore essentially their +companies tend to have way more + + align:start position:0% +companies tend to have way more + + + align:start position:0% +companies tend to have way more +money spent on like sort of high paid + + align:start position:0% +money spent on like sort of high paid + + + align:start position:0% +money spent on like sort of high paid +employees than low paid employees + + align:start position:0% +employees than low paid employees + + + align:start position:0% +employees than low paid employees +and there's some non-discrimination + + align:start position:0% +and there's some non-discrimination + + + align:start position:0% +and there's some non-discrimination +rules by the irs that says that's that's + + align:start position:0% +rules by the irs that says that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +rules by the irs that says that's that's +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +uh illegal you can't do that and + + align:start position:0% +uh illegal you can't do that and + + + align:start position:0% +uh illegal you can't do that and +therefore + + align:start position:0% +therefore + + + align:start position:0% +therefore +companies are very um keen on getting + + align:start position:0% +companies are very um keen on getting + + + align:start position:0% +companies are very um keen on getting +lower + + align:start position:0% +lower + + + align:start position:0% +lower +if you are like a ceo or something you + + align:start position:0% +if you are like a ceo or something you + + + align:start position:0% +if you are like a ceo or something you +want your + + align:start position:0% +want your + + + align:start position:0% +want your +workers to earn very low to invest in + + align:start position:0% +workers to earn very low to invest in + + + align:start position:0% +workers to earn very low to invest in +401k + + align:start position:0% +401k + + + align:start position:0% +401k +and other types of schemes that they get + + align:start position:0% +and other types of schemes that they get + + + align:start position:0% +and other types of schemes that they get +rewarded for + + align:start position:0% +rewarded for + + + align:start position:0% +rewarded for +because that allows them essentially to + + align:start position:0% +because that allows them essentially to + + + align:start position:0% +because that allows them essentially to +pay the high paid + + align:start position:0% +pay the high paid + + + align:start position:0% +pay the high paid +employees higher bonuses and sort of + + align:start position:0% +employees higher bonuses and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +employees higher bonuses and sort of +these kinds of schemes um + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of schemes um + + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of schemes um +as well so that's essentially one of the + + align:start position:0% +as well so that's essentially one of the + + + align:start position:0% +as well so that's essentially one of the +reasons why companies are very very + + align:start position:0% +reasons why companies are very very + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why companies are very very +interested + + align:start position:0% +interested + + + align:start position:0% +interested +in increasing their 401k savings in + + align:start position:0% +in increasing their 401k savings in + + + align:start position:0% +in increasing their 401k savings in +particular i'm more among workers + + align:start position:0% +particular i'm more among workers + + + align:start position:0% +particular i'm more among workers +with low wages and that's exactly what + + align:start position:0% +with low wages and that's exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +with low wages and that's exactly what +the um + + align:start position:0% +the um + + + align:start position:0% +the um +defaults or default uh policies tend to + + align:start position:0% +defaults or default uh policies tend to + + + align:start position:0% +defaults or default uh policies tend to +do um chat if you have another question + + align:start position:0% +do um chat if you have another question + + + align:start position:0% +do um chat if you have another question +or was that just your hand that's still + + align:start position:0% +or was that just your hand that's still + + + align:start position:0% +or was that just your hand that's still +up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let me um move on + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me um move on + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let me um move on +so why would you um participate in 401k + + align:start position:0% +so why would you um participate in 401k + + + align:start position:0% +so why would you um participate in 401k +savings schemes we already talked about + + align:start position:0% +savings schemes we already talked about + + + align:start position:0% +savings schemes we already talked about +this what are the costs of + + align:start position:0% +this what are the costs of + + + align:start position:0% +this what are the costs of +non-participation + + align:start position:0% +non-participation + + + align:start position:0% +non-participation +essentially three main reasons from the + + align:start position:0% +essentially three main reasons from the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially three main reasons from the +workers perspective + + align:start position:0% +workers perspective + + + align:start position:0% +workers perspective +there's foregone tax benefits and the + + align:start position:0% +there's foregone tax benefits and the + + + align:start position:0% +there's foregone tax benefits and the +tax benefits are again your marginal tax + + align:start position:0% +tax benefits are again your marginal tax + + + align:start position:0% +tax benefits are again your marginal tax +rate + + align:start position:0% +rate + + + align:start position:0% +rate +um usually while people are working + + align:start position:0% +um usually while people are working + + + align:start position:0% +um usually while people are working +tends to be higher than the marginal tax + + align:start position:0% +tends to be higher than the marginal tax + + + align:start position:0% +tends to be higher than the marginal tax +rate when people are retiring + + align:start position:0% +rate when people are retiring + + + align:start position:0% +rate when people are retiring +so essentially by um uh investing in + + align:start position:0% +so essentially by um uh investing in + + + align:start position:0% +so essentially by um uh investing in +401k + + align:start position:0% +401k + + + align:start position:0% +401k +savings they can defer taxes + + align:start position:0% +savings they can defer taxes + + + align:start position:0% +savings they can defer taxes +um and that's uh save some taxes second + + align:start position:0% +um and that's uh save some taxes second + + + align:start position:0% +um and that's uh save some taxes second +um people uh uh forego + + align:start position:0% +um people uh uh forego + + + align:start position:0% +um people uh uh forego +the employer match i'll tell you about + + align:start position:0% +the employer match i'll tell you about + + + align:start position:0% +the employer match i'll tell you about +this in a second + + align:start position:0% +this in a second + + + align:start position:0% +this in a second +and number three is um that's a little + + align:start position:0% +and number three is um that's a little + + + align:start position:0% +and number three is um that's a little +more subtle which is um foregone + + align:start position:0% +more subtle which is um foregone + + + align:start position:0% +more subtle which is um foregone +consumption smoothing + + align:start position:0% +consumption smoothing + + + align:start position:0% +consumption smoothing +which essentially is like your marginal + + align:start position:0% +which essentially is like your marginal + + + align:start position:0% +which essentially is like your marginal +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh the marginal value of a dollar for + + align:start position:0% +uh the marginal value of a dollar for + + + align:start position:0% +uh the marginal value of a dollar for +you um + + align:start position:0% +you um + + + align:start position:0% +you um +while you're working at age 30 or 40 + + align:start position:0% +while you're working at age 30 or 40 + + + align:start position:0% +while you're working at age 30 or 40 +tends to be lower than the marginal + + align:start position:0% +tends to be lower than the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +tends to be lower than the marginal +value of a dollar once you're 70 or 80. + + align:start position:0% +value of a dollar once you're 70 or 80. + + + align:start position:0% +value of a dollar once you're 70 or 80. +the reason being that essentially you're + + align:start position:0% +the reason being that essentially you're + + + align:start position:0% +the reason being that essentially you're +richer you have more money available + + align:start position:0% +richer you have more money available + + + align:start position:0% +richer you have more money available +when you're 30 or 40. + + align:start position:0% +when you're 30 or 40. + + + align:start position:0% +when you're 30 or 40. +so you actually want to smooth + + align:start position:0% +so you actually want to smooth + + + align:start position:0% +so you actually want to smooth +consumption until later in time of + + align:start position:0% +consumption until later in time of + + + align:start position:0% +consumption until later in time of +course there's a discounting + + align:start position:0% +course there's a discounting + + + align:start position:0% +course there's a discounting +motive going the other way but it + + align:start position:0% +motive going the other way but it + + + align:start position:0% +motive going the other way but it +shouldn't be that essentially at age 59 + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be that essentially at age 59 + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be that essentially at age 59 +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +64 you earn a lot of money and consume a + + align:start position:0% +64 you earn a lot of money and consume a + + + align:start position:0% +64 you earn a lot of money and consume a +lot and then the year after + + align:start position:0% +lot and then the year after + + + align:start position:0% +lot and then the year after +um once you retire your consumption + + align:start position:0% +um once you retire your consumption + + + align:start position:0% +um once you retire your consumption +drops a lot + + align:start position:0% +drops a lot + + + align:start position:0% +drops a lot +um economists would say you should + + align:start position:0% +um economists would say you should + + + align:start position:0% +um economists would say you should +smooth this out by + + align:start position:0% +smooth this out by + + + align:start position:0% +smooth this out by +essentially saving some money to the + + align:start position:0% +essentially saving some money to the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially saving some money to the +future and then 401k sailing scenes + + align:start position:0% +future and then 401k sailing scenes + + + align:start position:0% +future and then 401k sailing scenes +might help you with that + + align:start position:0% +might help you with that + + + align:start position:0% +might help you with that +now why do companies care um already + + align:start position:0% +now why do companies care um already + + + align:start position:0% +now why do companies care um already +said that essentially oh + + align:start position:0% +said that essentially oh + + + align:start position:0% +said that essentially oh +sorry come back there's a + + align:start position:0% +sorry come back there's a + + + align:start position:0% +sorry come back there's a +non-highly compensated employees don't + + align:start position:0% +non-highly compensated employees don't + + + align:start position:0% +non-highly compensated employees don't +save an alpha don't say very much in + + align:start position:0% +save an alpha don't say very much in + + + align:start position:0% +save an alpha don't say very much in +particular nd schemes + + align:start position:0% +particular nd schemes + + + align:start position:0% +particular nd schemes +and the irs non-discrimination tests has + + align:start position:0% +and the irs non-discrimination tests has + + + align:start position:0% +and the irs non-discrimination tests has +essentially non-discrimination tests + + align:start position:0% +essentially non-discrimination tests + + + align:start position:0% +essentially non-discrimination tests +in pension plans that precisely um + + align:start position:0% +in pension plans that precisely um + + + align:start position:0% +in pension plans that precisely um +try to prevent that so really what you + + align:start position:0% +try to prevent that so really what you + + + align:start position:0% +try to prevent that so really what you +want to do is you want to get your + + align:start position:0% +want to do is you want to get your + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is you want to get your +low-income workers to + + align:start position:0% +low-income workers to + + + align:start position:0% +low-income workers to +save more okay so now uh here comes the + + align:start position:0% +save more okay so now uh here comes the + + + align:start position:0% +save more okay so now uh here comes the +paper by madrid and chair that's a very + + align:start position:0% +paper by madrid and chair that's a very + + + align:start position:0% +paper by madrid and chair that's a very +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +successful one of the most successful + + align:start position:0% +successful one of the most successful + + + align:start position:0% +successful one of the most successful +papers in behavioral economics + + align:start position:0% +papers in behavioral economics + + + align:start position:0% +papers in behavioral economics +the reason being that um uh a + + align:start position:0% +the reason being that um uh a + + + align:start position:0% +the reason being that um uh a +you know standard economics has sort of + + align:start position:0% +you know standard economics has sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you know standard economics has sort of +failed in some ways in the sense of + + align:start position:0% +failed in some ways in the sense of + + + align:start position:0% +failed in some ways in the sense of +saying like + + align:start position:0% +saying like + + + align:start position:0% +saying like +we tried um matching contributions we + + align:start position:0% +we tried um matching contributions we + + + align:start position:0% +we tried um matching contributions we +tried giving people education or + + align:start position:0% +tried giving people education or + + + align:start position:0% +tried giving people education or +information and so on and so forth + + align:start position:0% +information and so on and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +information and so on and so forth +and none of these things have worked + + align:start position:0% +and none of these things have worked + + + align:start position:0% +and none of these things have worked +very well + + align:start position:0% +very well + + + align:start position:0% +very well +and then instead something that + + align:start position:0% +and then instead something that + + + align:start position:0% +and then instead something that +shouldn't matter which is what i'm going + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't matter which is what i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't matter which is what i'm going +to show you in a second the defaults + + align:start position:0% +to show you in a second the defaults + + + align:start position:0% +to show you in a second the defaults +mattered a lot and had huge effects and + + align:start position:0% +mattered a lot and had huge effects and + + + align:start position:0% +mattered a lot and had huge effects and +which is very hard for standard + + align:start position:0% +which is very hard for standard + + + align:start position:0% +which is very hard for standard +economics to explain + + align:start position:0% +economics to explain + + + align:start position:0% +economics to explain +and then on top of that this is in a + + align:start position:0% +and then on top of that this is in a + + + align:start position:0% +and then on top of that this is in a +domain where we really care about a lot + + align:start position:0% +domain where we really care about a lot + + + align:start position:0% +domain where we really care about a lot +savings is one of the most important + + align:start position:0% +savings is one of the most important + + + align:start position:0% +savings is one of the most important +choices that economists have + + align:start position:0% +choices that economists have + + + align:start position:0% +choices that economists have +considered and so that's a very good + + align:start position:0% +considered and so that's a very good + + + align:start position:0% +considered and so that's a very good +example of like + + align:start position:0% +example of like + + + align:start position:0% +example of like +an early example of an aspect of + + align:start position:0% +an early example of an aspect of + + + align:start position:0% +an early example of an aspect of +behavioral economics in this case + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics in this case + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics in this case +default + + align:start position:0% +default + + + align:start position:0% +default +that really matters in some ways that's + + align:start position:0% +that really matters in some ways that's + + + align:start position:0% +that really matters in some ways that's +hard to explain + + align:start position:0% +hard to explain + + + align:start position:0% +hard to explain +for standard economics and that is + + align:start position:0% +for standard economics and that is + + + align:start position:0% +for standard economics and that is +standard tools of economics seem to not + + align:start position:0% +standard tools of economics seem to not + + + align:start position:0% +standard tools of economics seem to not +have been working + + align:start position:0% +have been working + + + align:start position:0% +have been working +very well okay so what does the paper + + align:start position:0% +very well okay so what does the paper + + + align:start position:0% +very well okay so what does the paper +actually do it it's it's a large + + align:start position:0% +actually do it it's it's a large + + + align:start position:0% +actually do it it's it's a large +publicly + + align:start position:0% +publicly + + + align:start position:0% +publicly +traded fortune 500 healthcare company + + align:start position:0% +traded fortune 500 healthcare company + + + align:start position:0% +traded fortune 500 healthcare company +you can enroll in 401k savings plans any + + align:start position:0% +you can enroll in 401k savings plans any + + + align:start position:0% +you can enroll in 401k savings plans any +day by essentially filling out an + + align:start position:0% +day by essentially filling out an + + + align:start position:0% +day by essentially filling out an +enrollment form or calling the 401k + + align:start position:0% +enrollment form or calling the 401k + + + align:start position:0% +enrollment form or calling the 401k +record keeper what does that mean + + align:start position:0% +record keeper what does that mean + + + align:start position:0% +record keeper what does that mean +essentially you you + + align:start position:0% +essentially you you + + + align:start position:0% +essentially you you +call somebody and say i want you to + + align:start position:0% +call somebody and say i want you to + + + align:start position:0% +call somebody and say i want you to +invest in 401k savings when you're in + + align:start position:0% +invest in 401k savings when you're in + + + align:start position:0% +invest in 401k savings when you're in +this company + + align:start position:0% +this company + + + align:start position:0% +this company +and you're gonna say i'm gonna uh + + align:start position:0% +and you're gonna say i'm gonna uh + + + align:start position:0% +and you're gonna say i'm gonna uh +uh you know i want to say say five + + align:start position:0% +uh you know i want to say say five + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know i want to say say five +percent of my earnings + + align:start position:0% +percent of my earnings + + + align:start position:0% +percent of my earnings +i want to save every month uh or you + + align:start position:0% +i want to save every month uh or you + + + align:start position:0% +i want to save every month uh or you +could fill out a form + + align:start position:0% +could fill out a form + + + align:start position:0% +could fill out a form +now these days a lot of this is like + + align:start position:0% +now these days a lot of this is like + + + align:start position:0% +now these days a lot of this is like +online so if at mit you want to change + + align:start position:0% +online so if at mit you want to change + + + align:start position:0% +online so if at mit you want to change +your forwarding key savings + + align:start position:0% +your forwarding key savings + + + align:start position:0% +your forwarding key savings +you essentially have to like fill out an + + align:start position:0% +you essentially have to like fill out an + + + align:start position:0% +you essentially have to like fill out an +online form and change your online + + align:start position:0% +online form and change your online + + + align:start position:0% +online form and change your online +allocation potentially so there's + + align:start position:0% +allocation potentially so there's + + + align:start position:0% +allocation potentially so there's +potentially like a small + + align:start position:0% +potentially like a small + + + align:start position:0% +potentially like a small +transaction costs um involved but notice + + align:start position:0% +transaction costs um involved but notice + + + align:start position:0% +transaction costs um involved but notice +that the transaction cost tends to be + + align:start position:0% +that the transaction cost tends to be + + + align:start position:0% +that the transaction cost tends to be +very minor in a sense like it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +very minor in a sense like it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +very minor in a sense like it's gonna +take you maybe like 10 minutes maybe + + align:start position:0% +take you maybe like 10 minutes maybe + + + align:start position:0% +take you maybe like 10 minutes maybe +like 20 minutes maybe if you think about + + align:start position:0% +like 20 minutes maybe if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +like 20 minutes maybe if you think about +it for a while it takes you an hour + + align:start position:0% +it for a while it takes you an hour + + + align:start position:0% +it for a while it takes you an hour +but really it's like a very minor + + align:start position:0% +but really it's like a very minor + + + align:start position:0% +but really it's like a very minor +cost of time overall that should that + + align:start position:0% +cost of time overall that should that + + + align:start position:0% +cost of time overall that should that +just cost you + + align:start position:0% +just cost you + + + align:start position:0% +just cost you +uh compared to the potentially huge + + align:start position:0% +uh compared to the potentially huge + + + align:start position:0% +uh compared to the potentially huge +benefits of + + align:start position:0% +benefits of + + + align:start position:0% +benefits of +uh employer matches and so on now what + + align:start position:0% +uh employer matches and so on now what + + + align:start position:0% +uh employer matches and so on now what +are these employer matches + + align:start position:0% +are these employer matches + + + align:start position:0% +are these employer matches +in this particular company it's a 50 + + align:start position:0% +in this particular company it's a 50 + + + align:start position:0% +in this particular company it's a 50 +matching contribution + + align:start position:0% +matching contribution + + + align:start position:0% +matching contribution +for the first six percent so again what + + align:start position:0% +for the first six percent so again what + + + align:start position:0% +for the first six percent so again what +are these percentages + + align:start position:0% +are these percentages + + + align:start position:0% +are these percentages +the percentages are um essentially the + + align:start position:0% +the percentages are um essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +the percentages are um essentially the +fraction of your income that you're + + align:start position:0% +fraction of your income that you're + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of your income that you're +you'd like to contribute to these + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to contribute to these + + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to contribute to these +savings for example + + align:start position:0% +savings for example + + + align:start position:0% +savings for example +five percent or three percent or seven + + align:start position:0% +five percent or three percent or seven + + + align:start position:0% +five percent or three percent or seven +percent + + align:start position:0% +percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent +is what you're saving and now the + + align:start position:0% +is what you're saving and now the + + + align:start position:0% +is what you're saving and now the +company says they're going to match a 50 + + align:start position:0% +company says they're going to match a 50 + + + align:start position:0% +company says they're going to match a 50 +uh for the first six percent for example + + align:start position:0% +uh for the first six percent for example + + + align:start position:0% +uh for the first six percent for example +if an + + align:start position:0% +if an + + + align:start position:0% +if an +uh employee chooses four percent the + + align:start position:0% +uh employee chooses four percent the + + + align:start position:0% +uh employee chooses four percent the +company pays an additional two percent + + align:start position:0% +company pays an additional two percent + + + align:start position:0% +company pays an additional two percent +into that um uh savings account right + + align:start position:0% +into that um uh savings account right + + + align:start position:0% +into that um uh savings account right +away + + align:start position:0% +away + + + align:start position:0% +away +right so that's actually quite a bit of + + align:start position:0% +right so that's actually quite a bit of + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's actually quite a bit of +money if an employee chooses uh 10 + + align:start position:0% +money if an employee chooses uh 10 + + + align:start position:0% +money if an employee chooses uh 10 +the the company pays an additional three + + align:start position:0% +the the company pays an additional three + + + align:start position:0% +the the company pays an additional three +percent because you know that + + align:start position:0% +percent because you know that + + + align:start position:0% +percent because you know that +employee has above the cap of six + + align:start position:0% +employee has above the cap of six + + + align:start position:0% +employee has above the cap of six +percent so you net + + align:start position:0% +percent so you net + + + align:start position:0% +percent so you net +cannot get more than three percent uh + + align:start position:0% +cannot get more than three percent uh + + + align:start position:0% +cannot get more than three percent uh +from the company + + align:start position:0% +from the company + + + align:start position:0% +from the company +um other companies these days have even + + align:start position:0% +um other companies these days have even + + + align:start position:0% +um other companies these days have even +like a hundred percent matching + + align:start position:0% +like a hundred percent matching + + + align:start position:0% +like a hundred percent matching +contribution + + align:start position:0% +contribution + + + align:start position:0% +contribution +uh for the fives for five percent of the + + align:start position:0% +uh for the fives for five percent of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh for the fives for five percent of the +like that tends to be fairly um + + align:start position:0% +like that tends to be fairly um + + + align:start position:0% +like that tends to be fairly um +common so for example mit has like 100 + + align:start position:0% +common so for example mit has like 100 + + + align:start position:0% +common so for example mit has like 100 +matching + + align:start position:0% +matching + + + align:start position:0% +matching +uh contribution for the first i think uh + + align:start position:0% +uh contribution for the first i think uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh contribution for the first i think uh +five percent + + align:start position:0% +five percent + + + align:start position:0% +five percent +um in the specific company the employees + + align:start position:0% +um in the specific company the employees + + + align:start position:0% +um in the specific company the employees +are first eligible after one year of + + align:start position:0% +are first eligible after one year of + + + align:start position:0% +are first eligible after one year of +employment before the change + + align:start position:0% +employment before the change + + + align:start position:0% +employment before the change +happened of the policy then we're going + + align:start position:0% +happened of the policy then we're going + + + align:start position:0% +happened of the policy then we're going +to talk about it in a second now notice + + align:start position:0% +to talk about it in a second now notice + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about it in a second now notice +that this is + + align:start position:0% +that this is + + + align:start position:0% +that this is +like a terrible policy uh from a + + align:start position:0% +like a terrible policy uh from a + + + align:start position:0% +like a terrible policy uh from a +behavioral economics + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics + + + align:start position:0% +behavioral economics +perspective in terms of like if you + + align:start position:0% +perspective in terms of like if you + + + align:start position:0% +perspective in terms of like if you +wanted people to sign up and really do + + align:start position:0% +wanted people to sign up and really do + + + align:start position:0% +wanted people to sign up and really do +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +that's not what you would do if i'm + + align:start position:0% +that's not what you would do if i'm + + + align:start position:0% +that's not what you would do if i'm +telling you like here's the thing that i + + align:start position:0% +telling you like here's the thing that i + + + align:start position:0% +telling you like here's the thing that i +want you to sign up for + + align:start position:0% +want you to sign up for + + + align:start position:0% +want you to sign up for +in a year from now please come back and + + align:start position:0% +in a year from now please come back and + + + align:start position:0% +in a year from now please come back and +do it well + + align:start position:0% +do it well + + + align:start position:0% +do it well +you know in a year from now people might + + align:start position:0% +you know in a year from now people might + + + align:start position:0% +you know in a year from now people might +forget people might procrastinate + + align:start position:0% +forget people might procrastinate + + + align:start position:0% +forget people might procrastinate +people might sort of like you know be + + align:start position:0% +people might sort of like you know be + + + align:start position:0% +people might sort of like you know be +busy with other things + + align:start position:0% +busy with other things + + + align:start position:0% +busy with other things +so it's you know it's not um a policy + + align:start position:0% +so it's you know it's not um a policy + + + align:start position:0% +so it's you know it's not um a policy +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +great to do to start with to get people + + align:start position:0% +great to do to start with to get people + + + align:start position:0% +great to do to start with to get people +involved in some sense there's no wonder + + align:start position:0% +involved in some sense there's no wonder + + + align:start position:0% +involved in some sense there's no wonder +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +participation early on was kind of like + + align:start position:0% +participation early on was kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +participation early on was kind of like +low + + align:start position:0% +low + + + align:start position:0% +low +now the company does that because + + align:start position:0% +now the company does that because + + + align:start position:0% +now the company does that because +turnover tends to be high and you kind + + align:start position:0% +turnover tends to be high and you kind + + + align:start position:0% +turnover tends to be high and you kind +of try to avoid paying people early on + + align:start position:0% +of try to avoid paying people early on + + + align:start position:0% +of try to avoid paying people early on +uh that might leave anyway and you have + + align:start position:0% +uh that might leave anyway and you have + + + align:start position:0% +uh that might leave anyway and you have +to deal with the paperwork and so on and + + align:start position:0% +to deal with the paperwork and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with the paperwork and so on and +so forth + + align:start position:0% +so forth + + + align:start position:0% +so forth +notice that that might be exactly the + + align:start position:0% +notice that that might be exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +notice that that might be exactly the +wrong thing to do because once people + + align:start position:0% +wrong thing to do because once people + + + align:start position:0% +wrong thing to do because once people +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +paid into their 401k savings maybe that + + align:start position:0% +paid into their 401k savings maybe that + + + align:start position:0% +paid into their 401k savings maybe that +creates some loyalty and makes + + align:start position:0% +creates some loyalty and makes + + + align:start position:0% +creates some loyalty and makes +workers to stay more at the company + + align:start position:0% +workers to stay more at the company + + + align:start position:0% +workers to stay more at the company +anyway but for what it's worth in this + + align:start position:0% +anyway but for what it's worth in this + + + align:start position:0% +anyway but for what it's worth in this +particular case + + align:start position:0% +particular case + + + align:start position:0% +particular case +uh employers were only eligible one year + + align:start position:0% +uh employers were only eligible one year + + + align:start position:0% +uh employers were only eligible one year +after employment + + align:start position:0% +after employment + + + align:start position:0% +after employment +now then there's a discontinuity of the + + align:start position:0% +now then there's a discontinuity of the + + + align:start position:0% +now then there's a discontinuity of the +401k + + align:start position:0% +401k + + + align:start position:0% +401k +plan default based on the date of fire + + align:start position:0% +plan default based on the date of fire + + + align:start position:0% +plan default based on the date of fire +so here's the old court + + align:start position:0% +so here's the old court + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the old court +the window court as i call it the new + + align:start position:0% +the window court as i call it the new + + + align:start position:0% +the window court as i call it the new +court um + + align:start position:0% +court um + + + align:start position:0% +court um +so the old court that people are hired + + align:start position:0% +so the old court that people are hired + + + align:start position:0% +so the old court that people are hired +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +1st of april 96 and 31st of + + align:start position:0% +1st of april 96 and 31st of + + + align:start position:0% +1st of april 96 and 31st of +march 97. essentially people have been + + align:start position:0% +march 97. essentially people have been + + + align:start position:0% +march 97. essentially people have been +previously hired + + align:start position:0% +previously hired + + + align:start position:0% +previously hired +this is what i just told you um you can + + align:start position:0% +this is what i just told you um you can + + + align:start position:0% +this is what i just told you um you can +after one year after hire after being + + align:start position:0% +after one year after hire after being + + + align:start position:0% +after one year after hire after being +hired after one year + + align:start position:0% +hired after one year + + + align:start position:0% +hired after one year +you can uh you're not automatically + + align:start position:0% +you can uh you're not automatically + + + align:start position:0% +you can uh you're not automatically +enrolled but you can essentially just + + align:start position:0% +enrolled but you can essentially just + + + align:start position:0% +enrolled but you can essentially just +call somebody and say + + align:start position:0% +call somebody and say + + + align:start position:0% +call somebody and say +i would like to start saving in my 401k + + align:start position:0% +i would like to start saving in my 401k + + + align:start position:0% +i would like to start saving in my 401k +savings or you could fill out this form + + align:start position:0% +savings or you could fill out this form + + + align:start position:0% +savings or you could fill out this form +then there's the new court which + + align:start position:0% +then there's the new court which + + + align:start position:0% +then there's the new court which +essentially is automatic enrollment + + align:start position:0% +essentially is automatic enrollment + + + align:start position:0% +essentially is automatic enrollment +which is everything is exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +which is everything is exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +which is everything is exactly the same +but by the date of hire so when you're + + align:start position:0% +but by the date of hire so when you're + + + align:start position:0% +but by the date of hire so when you're +hired immediately + + align:start position:0% +hired immediately + + + align:start position:0% +hired immediately +um you're automatically enrolled so + + align:start position:0% +um you're automatically enrolled so + + + align:start position:0% +um you're automatically enrolled so +they're not they're they're not asking + + align:start position:0% +they're not they're they're not asking + + + align:start position:0% +they're not they're they're not asking +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +they're giving you some information but + + align:start position:0% +they're giving you some information but + + + align:start position:0% +they're giving you some information but +they say unless you change unless you + + align:start position:0% +they say unless you change unless you + + + align:start position:0% +they say unless you change unless you +want to make a change you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +want to make a change you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +want to make a change you're going to be +automatically involved + + align:start position:0% +automatically involved + + + align:start position:0% +automatically involved +immediately and when you automatically + + align:start position:0% +immediately and when you automatically + + + align:start position:0% +immediately and when you automatically +involve somebody + + align:start position:0% +involve somebody + + + align:start position:0% +involve somebody +then you need to also specify where the + + align:start position:0% +then you need to also specify where the + + + align:start position:0% +then you need to also specify where the +money goes to so they have an automatic + + align:start position:0% +money goes to so they have an automatic + + + align:start position:0% +money goes to so they have an automatic +enrollment + + align:start position:0% +enrollment + + + align:start position:0% +enrollment +you need to choose the contribution rate + + align:start position:0% +you need to choose the contribution rate + + + align:start position:0% +you need to choose the contribution rate +which is the default contribution rate + + align:start position:0% +which is the default contribution rate + + + align:start position:0% +which is the default contribution rate +and they need to have the default + + align:start position:0% +and they need to have the default + + + align:start position:0% +and they need to have the default +fund allocation which is so the default + + align:start position:0% +fund allocation which is so the default + + + align:start position:0% +fund allocation which is so the default +contribution rate which is three percent + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate which is three percent + + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate which is three percent +and you need to put the money somewhere + + align:start position:0% +and you need to put the money somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +and you need to put the money somewhere +right so if i'm automatically + + align:start position:0% +right so if i'm automatically + + + align:start position:0% +right so if i'm automatically +doing something for you with your money + + align:start position:0% +doing something for you with your money + + + align:start position:0% +doing something for you with your money +i need to put the money somewhere + + align:start position:0% +i need to put the money somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +i need to put the money somewhere +what the company is doing is the company + + align:start position:0% +what the company is doing is the company + + + align:start position:0% +what the company is doing is the company +puts the money into the money market + + align:start position:0% +puts the money into the money market + + + align:start position:0% +puts the money into the money market +um fund uh is that + + align:start position:0% +um fund uh is that + + + align:start position:0% +um fund uh is that +a good idea a bad idea why is the + + align:start position:0% +a good idea a bad idea why is the + + + align:start position:0% +a good idea a bad idea why is the +company putting the money into the money + + align:start position:0% +company putting the money into the money + + + align:start position:0% +company putting the money into the money +market fund is that what you're supposed + + align:start position:0% +market fund is that what you're supposed + + + align:start position:0% +market fund is that what you're supposed +to be doing with your savings or what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or maybe first explain what is the money + + align:start position:0% +or maybe first explain what is the money + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe first explain what is the money +market fund and then tell what is it a + + align:start position:0% +market fund and then tell what is it a + + + align:start position:0% +market fund and then tell what is it a +good a bad idea somebody says they saw + + align:start position:0% +good a bad idea somebody says they saw + + + align:start position:0% +good a bad idea somebody says they saw +the dot-com + + align:start position:0% +the dot-com + + + align:start position:0% +the dot-com +bubble coming potentially but i think if + + align:start position:0% +bubble coming potentially but i think if + + + align:start position:0% +bubble coming potentially but i think if +you were + + align:start position:0% +you were + + + align:start position:0% +you were +saved for retirement what should you do + + align:start position:0% +saved for retirement what should you do + + + align:start position:0% +saved for retirement what should you do +give some free investment advice + + align:start position:0% +give some free investment advice + + + align:start position:0% +give some free investment advice +for everybody what should you do what + + align:start position:0% +for everybody what should you do what + + + align:start position:0% +for everybody what should you do what +are people telling you like if you go to + + align:start position:0% +are people telling you like if you go to + + + align:start position:0% +are people telling you like if you go to +somebody who does finance + + align:start position:0% +somebody who does finance + + + align:start position:0% +somebody who does finance +but essentially what people would argue + + align:start position:0% +but essentially what people would argue + + + align:start position:0% +but essentially what people would argue +you should be doing is uh + + align:start position:0% +you should be doing is uh + + + align:start position:0% +you should be doing is uh +you should invest in stocks or some + + align:start position:0% +you should invest in stocks or some + + + align:start position:0% +you should invest in stocks or some +forms of um + + align:start position:0% +forms of um + + + align:start position:0% +forms of um +a diversified diversified portfolio of + + align:start position:0% +a diversified diversified portfolio of + + + align:start position:0% +a diversified diversified portfolio of +stocks you should buy essentially the + + align:start position:0% +stocks you should buy essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +stocks you should buy essentially the +stock market the s p 500 or + + align:start position:0% +stock market the s p 500 or + + + align:start position:0% +stock market the s p 500 or +the world stock market or the like which + + align:start position:0% +the world stock market or the like which + + + align:start position:0% +the world stock market or the like which +essentially is + + align:start position:0% +essentially is + + + align:start position:0% +essentially is +risky but also has a much higher return + + align:start position:0% +risky but also has a much higher return + + + align:start position:0% +risky but also has a much higher return +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +uh given that like if you start + + align:start position:0% +uh given that like if you start + + + align:start position:0% +uh given that like if you start +investing at age like you know 25 or 30 + + align:start position:0% +investing at age like you know 25 or 30 + + + align:start position:0% +investing at age like you know 25 or 30 +if you do that for 30 40 years that has + + align:start position:0% +if you do that for 30 40 years that has + + + align:start position:0% +if you do that for 30 40 years that has +a very + + align:start position:0% +a very + + + align:start position:0% +a very +likely very high long-run return and a + + align:start position:0% +likely very high long-run return and a + + + align:start position:0% +likely very high long-run return and a +much higher long + + align:start position:0% +much higher long + + + align:start position:0% +much higher long +return that you will have if you invest + + align:start position:0% +return that you will have if you invest + + + align:start position:0% +return that you will have if you invest +in the money market + + align:start position:0% +in the money market + + + align:start position:0% +in the money market +now there's a question of like what is + + align:start position:0% +now there's a question of like what is + + + align:start position:0% +now there's a question of like what is +the optimal uh risk and so on + + align:start position:0% +the optimal uh risk and so on + + + align:start position:0% +the optimal uh risk and so on +but investing every nobody no investment + + align:start position:0% +but investing every nobody no investment + + + align:start position:0% +but investing every nobody no investment +uh advisor in their right mind maybe + + align:start position:0% +uh advisor in their right mind maybe + + + align:start position:0% +uh advisor in their right mind maybe +perhaps partially because they want to + + align:start position:0% +perhaps partially because they want to + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps partially because they want to +make money but i think only + + align:start position:0% +make money but i think only + + + align:start position:0% +make money but i think only +including people who wants the best for + + align:start position:0% +including people who wants the best for + + + align:start position:0% +including people who wants the best for +you will tell you you should invest + + align:start position:0% +you will tell you you should invest + + + align:start position:0% +you will tell you you should invest +everything in the money market + + align:start position:0% +everything in the money market + + + align:start position:0% +everything in the money market +now why are the companies doing that and + + align:start position:0% +now why are the companies doing that and + + + align:start position:0% +now why are the companies doing that and +essentially the company is worried about + + align:start position:0% +essentially the company is worried about + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the company is worried about +liability and about getting sued or + + align:start position:0% +liability and about getting sued or + + + align:start position:0% +liability and about getting sued or +getting at least like in trouble with + + align:start position:0% +getting at least like in trouble with + + + align:start position:0% +getting at least like in trouble with +their + + align:start position:0% +their + + + align:start position:0% +their +employees now if they default so + + align:start position:0% +employees now if they default so + + + align:start position:0% +employees now if they default so +essentially if i'm + + align:start position:0% +essentially if i'm + + + align:start position:0% +essentially if i'm +if i'm not offering any uh retirement + + align:start position:0% +if i'm not offering any uh retirement + + + align:start position:0% +if i'm not offering any uh retirement +savings then i'm like of course that's + + align:start position:0% +savings then i'm like of course that's + + + align:start position:0% +savings then i'm like of course that's +not a big risk to take if i'm instead + + align:start position:0% +not a big risk to take if i'm instead + + + align:start position:0% +not a big risk to take if i'm instead +signing i'm hiring you and i'm putting + + align:start position:0% +signing i'm hiring you and i'm putting + + + align:start position:0% +signing i'm hiring you and i'm putting +your money without really getting + + align:start position:0% +your money without really getting + + + align:start position:0% +your money without really getting +explicit consent for you without you + + align:start position:0% +explicit consent for you without you + + + align:start position:0% +explicit consent for you without you +explicitly saying you want it + + align:start position:0% +explicitly saying you want it + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly saying you want it +i'm putting your money into some + + align:start position:0% +i'm putting your money into some + + + align:start position:0% +i'm putting your money into some +investment fund + + align:start position:0% +investment fund + + + align:start position:0% +investment fund +and potentially a risky investment fund + + align:start position:0% +and potentially a risky investment fund + + + align:start position:0% +and potentially a risky investment fund +and that thing like essentially crashes + + align:start position:0% +and that thing like essentially crashes + + + align:start position:0% +and that thing like essentially crashes +and people lose a lot of money they're + + align:start position:0% +and people lose a lot of money they're + + + align:start position:0% +and people lose a lot of money they're +going to get really upset with you + + align:start position:0% +going to get really upset with you + + + align:start position:0% +going to get really upset with you +potentially + + align:start position:0% +potentially + + + align:start position:0% +potentially +and that's for the from the company's + + align:start position:0% +and that's for the from the company's + + + align:start position:0% +and that's for the from the company's +perspective just not worth doing + + align:start position:0% +perspective just not worth doing + + + align:start position:0% +perspective just not worth doing +essentially the company wants to help + + align:start position:0% +essentially the company wants to help + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the company wants to help +people again remember + + align:start position:0% +people again remember + + + align:start position:0% +people again remember +a part of the motive of the company was + + align:start position:0% +a part of the motive of the company was + + + align:start position:0% +a part of the motive of the company was +just to get people to contribute in the + + align:start position:0% +just to get people to contribute in the + + + align:start position:0% +just to get people to contribute in the +first place + + align:start position:0% +first place + + + align:start position:0% +first place +to essentially get around their rs + + align:start position:0% +to essentially get around their rs + + + align:start position:0% +to essentially get around their rs +non-discrimination roles + + align:start position:0% +non-discrimination roles + + + align:start position:0% +non-discrimination roles +and so the company is really not + + align:start position:0% +and so the company is really not + + + align:start position:0% +and so the company is really not +necessarily that interested in high + + align:start position:0% +necessarily that interested in high + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily that interested in high +returns for + + align:start position:0% +returns for + + + align:start position:0% +returns for +um for their workers and in particular + + align:start position:0% +um for their workers and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +um for their workers and in particular +companies worried potentially about like + + align:start position:0% +companies worried potentially about like + + + align:start position:0% +companies worried potentially about like +essentially the stock market crashing + + align:start position:0% +essentially the stock market crashing + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the stock market crashing +and then sort of people getting really + + align:start position:0% +and then sort of people getting really + + + align:start position:0% +and then sort of people getting really +upset with them which would be quite + + align:start position:0% +upset with them which would be quite + + + align:start position:0% +upset with them which would be quite +costly um for them and then they would + + align:start position:0% +costly um for them and then they would + + + align:start position:0% +costly um for them and then they would +be like why did you put the money in + + align:start position:0% +be like why did you put the money in + + + align:start position:0% +be like why did you put the money in +this risky thing + + align:start position:0% +this risky thing + + + align:start position:0% +this risky thing +while in fact you know uh you could have + + align:start position:0% +while in fact you know uh you could have + + + align:start position:0% +while in fact you know uh you could have +put it in the money market and so on + + align:start position:0% +put it in the money market and so on + + + align:start position:0% +put it in the money market and so on +and the reason being is essentially + + align:start position:0% +and the reason being is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason being is essentially +because there is no explicit consent + + align:start position:0% +because there is no explicit consent + + + align:start position:0% +because there is no explicit consent +because it's essentially a default + + align:start position:0% +because it's essentially a default + + + align:start position:0% +because it's essentially a default +option where i'm essentially + + align:start position:0% +option where i'm essentially + + + align:start position:0% +option where i'm essentially +the default is such that like you're + + align:start position:0% +the default is such that like you're + + + align:start position:0% +the default is such that like you're +automatically enrolled + + align:start position:0% +automatically enrolled + + + align:start position:0% +automatically enrolled +so unless you tell me otherwise you're + + align:start position:0% +so unless you tell me otherwise you're + + + align:start position:0% +so unless you tell me otherwise you're +gonna be the money's gonna put there + + align:start position:0% +gonna be the money's gonna put there + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be the money's gonna put there +and you know um so there's never + + align:start position:0% +and you know um so there's never + + + align:start position:0% +and you know um so there's never +something where the person says yes i + + align:start position:0% +something where the person says yes i + + + align:start position:0% +something where the person says yes i +want the money to be invested in x or + + align:start position:0% +want the money to be invested in x or + + + align:start position:0% +want the money to be invested in x or +um why okay so then + + align:start position:0% +um why okay so then + + + align:start position:0% +um why okay so then +this here is the main result of the + + align:start position:0% +this here is the main result of the + + + align:start position:0% +this here is the main result of the +paper which is the participation rates + + align:start position:0% +paper which is the participation rates + + + align:start position:0% +paper which is the participation rates +in 401k + + align:start position:0% +in 401k + + + align:start position:0% +in 401k +savings accounts are dramatically higher + + align:start position:0% +savings accounts are dramatically higher + + + align:start position:0% +savings accounts are dramatically higher +with automatic + + align:start position:0% +with automatic + + + align:start position:0% +with automatic +enrollment compared to the previous + + align:start position:0% +enrollment compared to the previous + + + align:start position:0% +enrollment compared to the previous +regime so you see here + + align:start position:0% +regime so you see here + + + align:start position:0% +regime so you see here +this is the old cohort this is the + + align:start position:0% +this is the old cohort this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the old cohort this is the +window court um and these are like + + align:start position:0% +window court um and these are like + + + align:start position:0% +window court um and these are like +previous courts + + align:start position:0% +previous courts + + + align:start position:0% +previous courts +so you see that prior to automatic + + align:start position:0% +so you see that prior to automatic + + + align:start position:0% +so you see that prior to automatic +enrollment the participation + + align:start position:0% +enrollment the participation + + + align:start position:0% +enrollment the participation +increases uh or increased with tenure + + align:start position:0% +increases uh or increased with tenure + + + align:start position:0% +increases uh or increased with tenure +that is to say the longer you're at the + + align:start position:0% +that is to say the longer you're at the + + + align:start position:0% +that is to say the longer you're at the +company + + align:start position:0% +company + + + align:start position:0% +company +the higher the fraction of people who + + align:start position:0% +the higher the fraction of people who + + + align:start position:0% +the higher the fraction of people who +participate in 401k + + align:start position:0% +participate in 401k + + + align:start position:0% +participate in 401k +savings but even people have been in the + + align:start position:0% +savings but even people have been in the + + + align:start position:0% +savings but even people have been in the +company for 20 plus years + + align:start position:0% +company for 20 plus years + + + align:start position:0% +company for 20 plus years +have a company have only like a + + align:start position:0% +have a company have only like a + + + align:start position:0% +have a company have only like a +contribution rate of about 83 + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate of about 83 + + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate of about 83 +um now if you do automatic enrollment + + align:start position:0% +um now if you do automatic enrollment + + + align:start position:0% +um now if you do automatic enrollment +which is uh + + align:start position:0% +which is uh + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh +you know getting people enrolled but + + align:start position:0% +you know getting people enrolled but + + + align:start position:0% +you know getting people enrolled but +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +people are free to choose whatever they + + align:start position:0% +people are free to choose whatever they + + + align:start position:0% +people are free to choose whatever they +want if they don't want to invest money + + align:start position:0% +want if they don't want to invest money + + + align:start position:0% +want if they don't want to invest money +into the 401k savings account they can + + align:start position:0% +into the 401k savings account they can + + + align:start position:0% +into the 401k savings account they can +opt out at any point in time + + align:start position:0% +opt out at any point in time + + + align:start position:0% +opt out at any point in time +but when you do that people get + + align:start position:0% +but when you do that people get + + + align:start position:0% +but when you do that people get +essentially way more likely to be + + align:start position:0% +essentially way more likely to be + + + align:start position:0% +essentially way more likely to be +enrolled the participation rate is as + + align:start position:0% +enrolled the participation rate is as + + + align:start position:0% +enrolled the participation rate is as +high as 86 + + align:start position:0% +high as 86 + + + align:start position:0% +high as 86 +so there's essentially dramatic + + align:start position:0% +so there's essentially dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +so there's essentially dramatic +differences in what you would argue is + + align:start position:0% +differences in what you would argue is + + + align:start position:0% +differences in what you would argue is +like a very important choice which is + + align:start position:0% +like a very important choice which is + + + align:start position:0% +like a very important choice which is +you know if you think about like what + + align:start position:0% +you know if you think about like what + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you think about like what +are important choices in your life + + align:start position:0% +are important choices in your life + + + align:start position:0% +are important choices in your life +savings choice is one of the most + + align:start position:0% +savings choice is one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +savings choice is one of the most +important ones so there's dramatic + + align:start position:0% +important ones so there's dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +important ones so there's dramatic +differences and when you do automatic + + align:start position:0% +differences and when you do automatic + + + align:start position:0% +differences and when you do automatic +enrollment people are way more likely to + + align:start position:0% +enrollment people are way more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +enrollment people are way more likely to +enroll + + align:start position:0% +enroll + + + align:start position:0% +enroll +and then if not now in addition + + align:start position:0% +and then if not now in addition + + + align:start position:0% +and then if not now in addition +uh sorry uh and then this is here is i + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry uh and then this is here is i + + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry uh and then this is here is i +guess sort of the + + align:start position:0% +guess sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +guess sort of the +the part about the uh low-income workers + + align:start position:0% +the part about the uh low-income workers + + + align:start position:0% +the part about the uh low-income workers +when you look at + + align:start position:0% +when you look at + + + align:start position:0% +when you look at +um this is when you look at the first + + align:start position:0% +um this is when you look at the first + + + align:start position:0% +um this is when you look at the first +two columns of this table + + align:start position:0% +two columns of this table + + + align:start position:0% +two columns of this table +uh here you see um these effects um + + align:start position:0% +uh here you see um these effects um + + + align:start position:0% +uh here you see um these effects um +so first you see this is the window + + align:start position:0% +so first you see this is the window + + + align:start position:0% +so first you see this is the window +cohort here this is the chord that was + + align:start position:0% +cohort here this is the chord that was + + + align:start position:0% +cohort here this is the chord that was +essentially before the + + align:start position:0% +essentially before the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially before the +change was done and here is the um + + align:start position:0% +change was done and here is the um + + + align:start position:0% +change was done and here is the um +the new chord which is uh the chord that + + align:start position:0% +the new chord which is uh the chord that + + + align:start position:0% +the new chord which is uh the chord that +receives automatic enrollment + + align:start position:0% +receives automatic enrollment + + + align:start position:0% +receives automatic enrollment +the difference is dramatic from like 37 + + align:start position:0% +the difference is dramatic from like 37 + + + align:start position:0% +the difference is dramatic from like 37 +to 86 um + + align:start position:0% +to 86 um + + + align:start position:0% +to 86 um +and this is now by compensation levels + + align:start position:0% +and this is now by compensation levels + + + align:start position:0% +and this is now by compensation levels +of workers + + align:start position:0% +of workers + + + align:start position:0% +of workers +and what you see here is in the window + + align:start position:0% +and what you see here is in the window + + + align:start position:0% +and what you see here is in the window +chord you see this huge gradient here + + align:start position:0% +chord you see this huge gradient here + + + align:start position:0% +chord you see this huge gradient here +um by compensation so workers who are + + align:start position:0% +um by compensation so workers who are + + + align:start position:0% +um by compensation so workers who are +this is before the automatic enrollment + + align:start position:0% +this is before the automatic enrollment + + + align:start position:0% +this is before the automatic enrollment +workers who received um + + align:start position:0% +workers who received um + + + align:start position:0% +workers who received um +fewer than twenty thousand dollars um + + align:start position:0% +fewer than twenty thousand dollars um + + + align:start position:0% +fewer than twenty thousand dollars um +per year + + align:start position:0% +per year + + + align:start position:0% +per year +only twelve point five percent of them + + align:start position:0% +only twelve point five percent of them + + + align:start position:0% +only twelve point five percent of them +actually could uh uh we're participating + + align:start position:0% +actually could uh uh we're participating + + + align:start position:0% +actually could uh uh we're participating +in 401k savings to start with + + align:start position:0% +in 401k savings to start with + + + align:start position:0% +in 401k savings to start with +and among people who earned a lot + + align:start position:0% +and among people who earned a lot + + + align:start position:0% +and among people who earned a lot +already anyway was uh this thing was + + align:start position:0% +already anyway was uh this thing was + + + align:start position:0% +already anyway was uh this thing was +like 68 percent + + align:start position:0% +like 68 percent + + + align:start position:0% +like 68 percent +there's a huge discrepancy here and this + + align:start position:0% +there's a huge discrepancy here and this + + + align:start position:0% +there's a huge discrepancy here and this +is precisely where the irs + + align:start position:0% +is precisely where the irs + + + align:start position:0% +is precisely where the irs +the the irs um discrimination rules for + + align:start position:0% +the the irs um discrimination rules for + + + align:start position:0% +the the irs um discrimination rules for +guiding + + align:start position:0% +guiding + + + align:start position:0% +guiding +now um but if you look at like after the + + align:start position:0% +now um but if you look at like after the + + + align:start position:0% +now um but if you look at like after the +enrollment there's still notice that + + align:start position:0% +enrollment there's still notice that + + + align:start position:0% +enrollment there's still notice that +there's still some gradient + + align:start position:0% +there's still some gradient + + + align:start position:0% +there's still some gradient +right there's still essentially like a + + align:start position:0% +right there's still essentially like a + + + align:start position:0% +right there's still essentially like a +higher uh participation rate + + align:start position:0% +higher uh participation rate + + + align:start position:0% +higher uh participation rate +among the high paid employers but the + + align:start position:0% +among the high paid employers but the + + + align:start position:0% +among the high paid employers but the +rating is much flatter + + align:start position:0% +rating is much flatter + + + align:start position:0% +rating is much flatter +because essentially so many among the + + align:start position:0% +because essentially so many among the + + + align:start position:0% +because essentially so many among the +low income workers or low + + align:start position:0% +low income workers or low + + + align:start position:0% +low income workers or low +wage workers uh are now enrolled as well + + align:start position:0% +wage workers uh are now enrolled as well + + + align:start position:0% +wage workers uh are now enrolled as well +so this huge effect and the effect is + + align:start position:0% +so this huge effect and the effect is + + + align:start position:0% +so this huge effect and the effect is +disproportionately large + + align:start position:0% +disproportionately large + + + align:start position:0% +disproportionately large +among low-income workers um what are + + align:start position:0% +among low-income workers um what are + + + align:start position:0% +among low-income workers um what are +potential reasons for that + + align:start position:0% +potential reasons for that + + + align:start position:0% +potential reasons for that +so they have more likely they're + + align:start position:0% +so they have more likely they're + + + align:start position:0% +so they have more likely they're +essentially that credit constraints are + + align:start position:0% +essentially that credit constraints are + + + align:start position:0% +essentially that credit constraints are +more likely to bind or they have a high + + align:start position:0% +more likely to bind or they have a high + + + align:start position:0% +more likely to bind or they have a high +marginal utility of money + + align:start position:0% +marginal utility of money + + + align:start position:0% +marginal utility of money +and therefore there might be less + + align:start position:0% +and therefore there might be less + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore there might be less +inclined to save notice that low-income + + align:start position:0% +inclined to save notice that low-income + + + align:start position:0% +inclined to save notice that low-income +workers also + + align:start position:0% +workers also + + + align:start position:0% +workers also +have a high margin utility of income + + align:start position:0% +have a high margin utility of income + + + align:start position:0% +have a high margin utility of income +like in the future + + align:start position:0% +like in the future + + + align:start position:0% +like in the future +so in some ways it's not obvious + + align:start position:0% +so in some ways it's not obvious + + + align:start position:0% +so in some ways it's not obvious +actually that like when you think about + + align:start position:0% +actually that like when you think about + + + align:start position:0% +actually that like when you think about +sort of if you write down a model + + align:start position:0% +sort of if you write down a model + + + align:start position:0% +sort of if you write down a model +you think about like should you save + + align:start position:0% +you think about like should you save + + + align:start position:0% +you think about like should you save +right now versus um uh + + align:start position:0% +right now versus um uh + + + align:start position:0% +right now versus um uh +consume money so consume versus save + + align:start position:0% +consume money so consume versus save + + + align:start position:0% +consume money so consume versus save +um you will get essentially what this + + align:start position:0% +um you will get essentially what this + + + align:start position:0% +um you will get essentially what this +what this depends on is your marginal + + align:start position:0% +what this depends on is your marginal + + + align:start position:0% +what this depends on is your marginal +the ratio of your marginal utility right + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of your marginal utility right + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of your marginal utility right +now versus in the future + + align:start position:0% +now versus in the future + + + align:start position:0% +now versus in the future +and the marginal utility of poor workers + + align:start position:0% +and the marginal utility of poor workers + + + align:start position:0% +and the marginal utility of poor workers +in the future will also be high + + align:start position:0% +in the future will also be high + + + align:start position:0% +in the future will also be high +so it's not obvious that they shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +so it's not obvious that they shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not obvious that they shouldn't +be saving but i think it's right that + + align:start position:0% +be saving but i think it's right that + + + align:start position:0% +be saving but i think it's right that +you're saying they have more emergencies + + align:start position:0% +you're saying they have more emergencies + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying they have more emergencies +and more reasons to essentially not want + + align:start position:0% +and more reasons to essentially not want + + + align:start position:0% +and more reasons to essentially not want +the money um + + align:start position:0% +the money um + + + align:start position:0% +the money um +um right now so one thing would be just + + align:start position:0% +um right now so one thing would be just + + + align:start position:0% +um right now so one thing would be just +it's like mechanical and a sense of like + + align:start position:0% +it's like mechanical and a sense of like + + + align:start position:0% +it's like mechanical and a sense of like +you know in some ways it could just be + + align:start position:0% +you know in some ways it could just be + + + align:start position:0% +you know in some ways it could just be +that for whatever reason the poor are + + align:start position:0% +that for whatever reason the poor are + + + align:start position:0% +that for whatever reason the poor are +not + + align:start position:0% +not + + + align:start position:0% +not +um saving to start with maybe that's in + + align:start position:0% +um saving to start with maybe that's in + + + align:start position:0% +um saving to start with maybe that's in +part due to like tenure maybe it's due + + align:start position:0% +part due to like tenure maybe it's due + + + align:start position:0% +part due to like tenure maybe it's due +to like some other reasons that + + align:start position:0% +to like some other reasons that + + + align:start position:0% +to like some other reasons that +uh we don't quite understand um + + align:start position:0% +uh we don't quite understand um + + + align:start position:0% +uh we don't quite understand um +but it might also be that they're sort + + align:start position:0% +but it might also be that they're sort + + + align:start position:0% +but it might also be that they're sort +of the uh + + align:start position:0% +of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +of the uh +the poor might be more prone to default + + align:start position:0% +the poor might be more prone to default + + + align:start position:0% +the poor might be more prone to default +effects + + align:start position:0% +effects + + + align:start position:0% +effects +which could be in part with what carmen + + align:start position:0% +which could be in part with what carmen + + + align:start position:0% +which could be in part with what carmen +was saying they're sort of + + align:start position:0% +was saying they're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +was saying they're sort of +in a way uh perhaps financial + + align:start position:0% +in a way uh perhaps financial + + + align:start position:0% +in a way uh perhaps financial +sophistication or education + + align:start position:0% +sophistication or education + + + align:start position:0% +sophistication or education +or information just what's the right + + align:start position:0% +or information just what's the right + + + align:start position:0% +or information just what's the right +thing to do might be lower + + align:start position:0% +thing to do might be lower + + + align:start position:0% +thing to do might be lower +and you might just say like i don't + + align:start position:0% +and you might just say like i don't + + + align:start position:0% +and you might just say like i don't +understand what's going on so i'm just + + align:start position:0% +understand what's going on so i'm just + + + align:start position:0% +understand what's going on so i'm just +doing what the company does from the end + + align:start position:0% +doing what the company does from the end + + + align:start position:0% +doing what the company does from the end +or so for the best and then you know you + + align:start position:0% +or so for the best and then you know you + + + align:start position:0% +or so for the best and then you know you +might just sort of + + align:start position:0% +might just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +might just sort of +go whatever that is and you're less + + align:start position:0% +go whatever that is and you're less + + + align:start position:0% +go whatever that is and you're less +confident in making different + + align:start position:0% +confident in making different + + + align:start position:0% +confident in making different +uh or over hiding such choices um + + align:start position:0% +uh or over hiding such choices um + + + align:start position:0% +uh or over hiding such choices um +another explanation and i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +another explanation and i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +another explanation and i'm going to +talk about this when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +talk about this when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +talk about this when we talk about +poverty a bit which is the idea that + + align:start position:0% +poverty a bit which is the idea that + + + align:start position:0% +poverty a bit which is the idea that +poverty taxes people's bandwidth and + + align:start position:0% +poverty taxes people's bandwidth and + + + align:start position:0% +poverty taxes people's bandwidth and +attention that's the same like + + align:start position:0% +attention that's the same like + + + align:start position:0% +attention that's the same like +essentially being poor + + align:start position:0% +essentially being poor + + + align:start position:0% +essentially being poor +is really hard in various ways you have + + align:start position:0% +is really hard in various ways you have + + + align:start position:0% +is really hard in various ways you have +to struggle with so many different + + align:start position:0% +to struggle with so many different + + + align:start position:0% +to struggle with so many different +things about paying your bills and so on + + align:start position:0% +things about paying your bills and so on + + + align:start position:0% +things about paying your bills and so on +and so forth which is precisely kind of + + align:start position:0% +and so forth which is precisely kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth which is precisely kind of +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +jose emile was saying in part uh uh + + align:start position:0% +jose emile was saying in part uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +jose emile was saying in part uh uh +your marginal utility of money might be + + align:start position:0% +your marginal utility of money might be + + + align:start position:0% +your marginal utility of money might be +high and you will be concerned with that + + align:start position:0% +high and you will be concerned with that + + + align:start position:0% +high and you will be concerned with that +and you + + align:start position:0% +and you + + + align:start position:0% +and you +worried about like feeding your children + + align:start position:0% +worried about like feeding your children + + + align:start position:0% +worried about like feeding your children +and so on and so forth + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth +and it's just really hard to find a time + + align:start position:0% +and it's just really hard to find a time + + + align:start position:0% +and it's just really hard to find a time +to think about stuff carefully + + align:start position:0% +to think about stuff carefully + + + align:start position:0% +to think about stuff carefully +and therefore you might again sort of + + align:start position:0% +and therefore you might again sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore you might again sort of +just go with the default because you + + align:start position:0% +just go with the default because you + + + align:start position:0% +just go with the default because you +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +don't have the bandwidth the mental + + align:start position:0% +don't have the bandwidth the mental + + + align:start position:0% +don't have the bandwidth the mental +bandwidth to think about like what's + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth to think about like what's + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth to think about like what's +best for you and override + + align:start position:0% +best for you and override + + + align:start position:0% +best for you and override +that so that's an open question in fact + + align:start position:0% +that so that's an open question in fact + + + align:start position:0% +that so that's an open question in fact +whether + + align:start position:0% +whether + + + align:start position:0% +whether +um the poor are more likely to be prone + + align:start position:0% +um the poor are more likely to be prone + + + align:start position:0% +um the poor are more likely to be prone +to to default effects + + align:start position:0% +to to default effects + + + align:start position:0% +to to default effects +but i think what's what's uh uh almost + + align:start position:0% +but i think what's what's uh uh almost + + + align:start position:0% +but i think what's what's uh uh almost +surely + + align:start position:0% +surely + + + align:start position:0% +surely +the case or what's what's been shown in + + align:start position:0% +the case or what's what's been shown in + + + align:start position:0% +the case or what's what's been shown in +their studies is that these effects tend + + align:start position:0% +their studies is that these effects tend + + + align:start position:0% +their studies is that these effects tend +to have + + align:start position:0% +to have + + + align:start position:0% +to have +larger effects among poor or low + + align:start position:0% +larger effects among poor or low + + + align:start position:0% +larger effects among poor or low +compensation workers + + align:start position:0% +compensation workers + + + align:start position:0% +compensation workers +which is precisely one of the reasons + + align:start position:0% +which is precisely one of the reasons + + + align:start position:0% +which is precisely one of the reasons +why they were so popular um + + align:start position:0% +why they were so popular um + + + align:start position:0% +why they were so popular um +overall okay so then in addition + + align:start position:0% +overall okay so then in addition + + + align:start position:0% +overall okay so then in addition +um not only are there large effects on + + align:start position:0% +um not only are there large effects on + + + align:start position:0% +um not only are there large effects on +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +contribution decision overall it's like + + align:start position:0% +contribution decision overall it's like + + + align:start position:0% +contribution decision overall it's like +do you want to participate or the + + align:start position:0% +do you want to participate or the + + + align:start position:0% +do you want to participate or the +participation decision overall + + align:start position:0% +participation decision overall + + + align:start position:0% +participation decision overall +you want to participate versus not like + + align:start position:0% +you want to participate versus not like + + + align:start position:0% +you want to participate versus not like +you want to + + align:start position:0% +you want to + + + align:start position:0% +you want to +contribute any money versus not but also + + align:start position:0% +contribute any money versus not but also + + + align:start position:0% +contribute any money versus not but also +there seem to be large effects on the + + align:start position:0% +there seem to be large effects on the + + + align:start position:0% +there seem to be large effects on the +contribution rate that is to say um i + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate that is to say um i + + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate that is to say um i +think i + + align:start position:0% +think i + + + align:start position:0% +think i +told you or remember i told you the + + align:start position:0% +told you or remember i told you the + + + align:start position:0% +told you or remember i told you the +contribution the default contribution + + align:start position:0% +contribution the default contribution + + + align:start position:0% +contribution the default contribution +rate was three percent + + align:start position:0% +rate was three percent + + + align:start position:0% +rate was three percent +so if you were automatically enrolled + + align:start position:0% +so if you were automatically enrolled + + + align:start position:0% +so if you were automatically enrolled +the company would just give you a three + + align:start position:0% +the company would just give you a three + + + align:start position:0% +the company would just give you a three +percent contribution + + align:start position:0% +percent contribution + + + align:start position:0% +percent contribution +uh uh standard you could change that to + + align:start position:0% +uh uh standard you could change that to + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh standard you could change that to +four percent two percent seven percent + + align:start position:0% +four percent two percent seven percent + + + align:start position:0% +four percent two percent seven percent +whatever you want to do + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you want to do +but the default would be um three + + align:start position:0% +but the default would be um three + + + align:start position:0% +but the default would be um three +percent and you see essentially the + + align:start position:0% +percent and you see essentially the + + + align:start position:0% +percent and you see essentially the +majority of people + + align:start position:0% +majority of people + + + align:start position:0% +majority of people +the fraction of employees in the new uh + + align:start position:0% +the fraction of employees in the new uh + + + align:start position:0% +the fraction of employees in the new uh +court which is the auto + + align:start position:0% +court which is the auto + + + align:start position:0% +court which is the auto +automatic enrollment chooses uh three + + align:start position:0% +automatic enrollment chooses uh three + + + align:start position:0% +automatic enrollment chooses uh three +percent + + align:start position:0% +percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent +there's another thing that's quite + + align:start position:0% +there's another thing that's quite + + + align:start position:0% +there's another thing that's quite +interesting here what you see is that + + align:start position:0% +interesting here what you see is that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting here what you see is that +among people um who arguably would have + + align:start position:0% +among people um who arguably would have + + + align:start position:0% +among people um who arguably would have +chosen + + align:start position:0% +chosen + + + align:start position:0% +chosen +uh just look at the window court there's + + align:start position:0% +uh just look at the window court there's + + + align:start position:0% +uh just look at the window court there's +some people like for example who chose + + align:start position:0% +some people like for example who chose + + + align:start position:0% +some people like for example who chose +six percent eleven percent of people in + + align:start position:0% +six percent eleven percent of people in + + + align:start position:0% +six percent eleven percent of people in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +in the window court is the court that + + align:start position:0% +in the window court is the court that + + + align:start position:0% +in the window court is the court that +was just before the + + align:start position:0% +was just before the + + + align:start position:0% +was just before the +automatic involvement 11 of people chose + + align:start position:0% +automatic involvement 11 of people chose + + + align:start position:0% +automatic involvement 11 of people chose +um six percent that + + align:start position:0% +um six percent that + + + align:start position:0% +um six percent that +fraction actually goes down to seven + + align:start position:0% +fraction actually goes down to seven + + + align:start position:0% +fraction actually goes down to seven +percent that is to say + + align:start position:0% +percent that is to say + + + align:start position:0% +percent that is to say +some people who would have chosen more + + align:start position:0% +some people who would have chosen more + + + align:start position:0% +some people who would have chosen more +than three percent uh + + align:start position:0% +than three percent uh + + + align:start position:0% +than three percent uh +in the absence of automatic enrollment + + align:start position:0% +in the absence of automatic enrollment + + + align:start position:0% +in the absence of automatic enrollment +now they're moving down to three percent + + align:start position:0% +now they're moving down to three percent + + + align:start position:0% +now they're moving down to three percent +so there's some effect there's a bunch + + align:start position:0% +so there's some effect there's a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +so there's some effect there's a bunch +of mass coming from zero percent moving + + align:start position:0% +of mass coming from zero percent moving + + + align:start position:0% +of mass coming from zero percent moving +to three percent + + align:start position:0% +to three percent + + + align:start position:0% +to three percent +but there's also some mass coming from + + align:start position:0% +but there's also some mass coming from + + + align:start position:0% +but there's also some mass coming from +here that moves from essentially + + align:start position:0% +here that moves from essentially + + + align:start position:0% +here that moves from essentially +positive amounts + + align:start position:0% +positive amounts + + + align:start position:0% +positive amounts +down to three percent so there's a very + + align:start position:0% +down to three percent so there's a very + + + align:start position:0% +down to three percent so there's a very +heterogeneous effect + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous effect + + + align:start position:0% +heterogeneous effect +some people quite a few people increase + + align:start position:0% +some people quite a few people increase + + + align:start position:0% +some people quite a few people increase +their savings from very low rates or + + align:start position:0% +their savings from very low rates or + + + align:start position:0% +their savings from very low rates or +zero rates to three percent + + align:start position:0% +zero rates to three percent + + + align:start position:0% +zero rates to three percent +but there's also some other effect that + + align:start position:0% +but there's also some other effect that + + + align:start position:0% +but there's also some other effect that +essentially some people who would have + + align:start position:0% +essentially some people who would have + + + align:start position:0% +essentially some people who would have +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +sat down and done the choice themselves + + align:start position:0% +sat down and done the choice themselves + + + align:start position:0% +sat down and done the choice themselves +they would have probably + + align:start position:0% +they would have probably + + + align:start position:0% +they would have probably +chosen something like a six percent + + align:start position:0% +chosen something like a six percent + + + align:start position:0% +chosen something like a six percent +seven whatever eight even like fifteen + + align:start position:0% +seven whatever eight even like fifteen + + + align:start position:0% +seven whatever eight even like fifteen +percent + + align:start position:0% +percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent +uh and some of them are moved down to + + align:start position:0% +uh and some of them are moved down to + + + align:start position:0% +uh and some of them are moved down to +three percent by the automatic + + align:start position:0% +three percent by the automatic + + + align:start position:0% +three percent by the automatic +enrollment + + align:start position:0% +enrollment + + + align:start position:0% +enrollment +so there's some negative effect on + + align:start position:0% +so there's some negative effect on + + + align:start position:0% +so there's some negative effect on +savings coming from that + + align:start position:0% +savings coming from that + + + align:start position:0% +savings coming from that +potentially in addition the + + align:start position:0% +potentially in addition the + + + align:start position:0% +potentially in addition the +asset allocation + + align:start position:0% +asset allocation + + + align:start position:0% +asset allocation +here people essentially predominantly + + align:start position:0% +here people essentially predominantly + + + align:start position:0% +here people essentially predominantly +just you choose the default uh here you + + align:start position:0% +just you choose the default uh here you + + + align:start position:0% +just you choose the default uh here you +see essentially + + align:start position:0% +see essentially + + + align:start position:0% +see essentially +the assets or stocks bonds in money + + align:start position:0% +the assets or stocks bonds in money + + + align:start position:0% +the assets or stocks bonds in money +market + + align:start position:0% +market + + + align:start position:0% +market +think about money market essentially is + + align:start position:0% +think about money market essentially is + + + align:start position:0% +think about money market essentially is +like a zero percent or close to zero + + align:start position:0% +like a zero percent or close to zero + + + align:start position:0% +like a zero percent or close to zero +percent uh very safe + + align:start position:0% +percent uh very safe + + + align:start position:0% +percent uh very safe +uh option and + + align:start position:0% +uh option and + + + align:start position:0% +uh option and +in the new court 80 of people i'm not + + align:start position:0% +in the new court 80 of people i'm not + + + align:start position:0% +in the new court 80 of people i'm not +sure + + align:start position:0% +sure + + + align:start position:0% +sure +how well you can see this but 80 of + + align:start position:0% +how well you can see this but 80 of + + + align:start position:0% +how well you can see this but 80 of +people choose the money market which + + align:start position:0% +people choose the money market which + + + align:start position:0% +people choose the money market which +essentially is exactly what the company + + align:start position:0% +essentially is exactly what the company + + + align:start position:0% +essentially is exactly what the company +is choosing um + + align:start position:0% +is choosing um + + + align:start position:0% +is choosing um +for them well if you have uh + + align:start position:0% +for them well if you have uh + + + align:start position:0% +for them well if you have uh +in the other cohorts this is an all + + align:start position:0% +in the other cohorts this is an all + + + align:start position:0% +in the other cohorts this is an all +conditional and participating + + align:start position:0% +conditional and participating + + + align:start position:0% +conditional and participating +the frac who chooses um stocks + + align:start position:0% +the frac who chooses um stocks + + + align:start position:0% +the frac who chooses um stocks +and bonds is way way higher and as we + + align:start position:0% +and bonds is way way higher and as we + + + align:start position:0% +and bonds is way way higher and as we +discussed + + align:start position:0% +discussed + + + align:start position:0% +discussed +the long long run return to investing in + + align:start position:0% +the long long run return to investing in + + + align:start position:0% +the long long run return to investing in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +money market is way way lower so that's + + align:start position:0% +money market is way way lower so that's + + + align:start position:0% +money market is way way lower so that's +potentially like um + + align:start position:0% +potentially like um + + + align:start position:0% +potentially like um +again another reason why in fact while + + align:start position:0% +again another reason why in fact while + + + align:start position:0% +again another reason why in fact while +defaults are + + align:start position:0% +defaults are + + + align:start position:0% +defaults are +increasing the fraction of people who + + align:start position:0% +increasing the fraction of people who + + + align:start position:0% +increasing the fraction of people who +are choosing to save overall or to + + align:start position:0% +are choosing to save overall or to + + + align:start position:0% +are choosing to save overall or to +participate in the savings overall + + align:start position:0% +participate in the savings overall + + + align:start position:0% +participate in the savings overall +the long-term savings might not + + align:start position:0% +the long-term savings might not + + + align:start position:0% +the long-term savings might not +necessarily be um + + align:start position:0% +necessarily be um + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily be um +higher now let me sort of summarize this + + align:start position:0% +higher now let me sort of summarize this + + + align:start position:0% +higher now let me sort of summarize this +i think i said i read already + + align:start position:0% +i think i said i read already + + + align:start position:0% +i think i said i read already +most of this so uh 40 to 50 of + + align:start position:0% +most of this so uh 40 to 50 of + + + align:start position:0% +most of this so uh 40 to 50 of +individuals are passive savers as you + + align:start position:0% +individuals are passive savers as you + + + align:start position:0% +individuals are passive savers as you +might want to call them they follow the + + align:start position:0% +might want to call them they follow the + + + align:start position:0% +might want to call them they follow the +default plan + + align:start position:0% +default plan + + + align:start position:0% +default plan +essentially both in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +essentially both in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially both in terms of the +participation but also in the + + align:start position:0% +participation but also in the + + + align:start position:0% +participation but also in the +contribution rate + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate + + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate +and the asset allocation they + + align:start position:0% +and the asset allocation they + + + align:start position:0% +and the asset allocation they +essentially do whatever the company + + align:start position:0% +essentially do whatever the company + + + align:start position:0% +essentially do whatever the company +chooses for them the suggestive choice + + align:start position:0% +chooses for them the suggestive choice + + + align:start position:0% +chooses for them the suggestive choice +is not very + + align:start position:0% +is not very + + + align:start position:0% +is not very +attractive unless it's the default + + align:start position:0% +attractive unless it's the default + + + align:start position:0% +attractive unless it's the default +notice remember the window chord the + + align:start position:0% +notice remember the window chord the + + + align:start position:0% +notice remember the window chord the +window chord was essentially the chord + + align:start position:0% +window chord was essentially the chord + + + align:start position:0% +window chord was essentially the chord +that now + + align:start position:0% +that now + + + align:start position:0% +that now +could just do whatever they wanted to do + + align:start position:0% +could just do whatever they wanted to do + + + align:start position:0% +could just do whatever they wanted to do +they were + + align:start position:0% +they were + + + align:start position:0% +they were +told on the first of april i think 97 or + + align:start position:0% +told on the first of april i think 97 or + + + align:start position:0% +told on the first of april i think 97 or +8. now you can um invest immediately you + + align:start position:0% +8. now you can um invest immediately you + + + align:start position:0% +8. now you can um invest immediately you +can do whatever you want we're not + + align:start position:0% +can do whatever you want we're not + + + align:start position:0% +can do whatever you want we're not +choosing for you but you are like now + + align:start position:0% +choosing for you but you are like now + + + align:start position:0% +choosing for you but you are like now +eligible even for people who have been + + align:start position:0% +eligible even for people who have been + + + align:start position:0% +eligible even for people who have been +like at the company for something like + + align:start position:0% +like at the company for something like + + + align:start position:0% +like at the company for something like +say six months or three months and so on + + align:start position:0% +say six months or three months and so on + + + align:start position:0% +say six months or three months and so on +the company just made + + align:start position:0% +the company just made + + + align:start position:0% +the company just made +the participation available for anybody + + align:start position:0% +the participation available for anybody + + + align:start position:0% +the participation available for anybody +since they had been hired previously + + align:start position:0% +since they had been hired previously + + + align:start position:0% +since they had been hired previously +they didn't default people in + + align:start position:0% +they didn't default people in + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't default people in +they just made it like you can change + + align:start position:0% +they just made it like you can change + + + align:start position:0% +they just made it like you can change +your choice now if you want it but among + + align:start position:0% +your choice now if you want it but among + + + align:start position:0% +your choice now if you want it but among +those people + + align:start position:0% +those people + + + align:start position:0% +those people +the window court is very much looking + + align:start position:0% +the window court is very much looking + + + align:start position:0% +the window court is very much looking +like the old court they're not sort of + + align:start position:0% +like the old court they're not sort of + + + align:start position:0% +like the old court they're not sort of +following the company + + align:start position:0% +following the company + + + align:start position:0% +following the company +station you might say well the company + + align:start position:0% +station you might say well the company + + + align:start position:0% +station you might say well the company +has a new default now and the new + + align:start position:0% +has a new default now and the new + + + align:start position:0% +has a new default now and the new +default + + align:start position:0% +default + + + align:start position:0% +default +um that's the recommendation so i should + + align:start position:0% +um that's the recommendation so i should + + + align:start position:0% +um that's the recommendation so i should +just follow that default because i don't + + align:start position:0% +just follow that default because i don't + + + align:start position:0% +just follow that default because i don't +know what to do + + align:start position:0% +know what to do + + + align:start position:0% +know what to do +that's not what people seem to do so + + align:start position:0% +that's not what people seem to do so + + + align:start position:0% +that's not what people seem to do so +it's not like that so that doesn't seem + + align:start position:0% +it's not like that so that doesn't seem + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like that so that doesn't seem +to be that + + align:start position:0% +to be that + + + align:start position:0% +to be that +the default is like a perceived uh + + align:start position:0% +the default is like a perceived uh + + + align:start position:0% +the default is like a perceived uh +choice that + + align:start position:0% +choice that + + + align:start position:0% +choice that +suggests company and because the window + + align:start position:0% +suggests company and because the window + + + align:start position:0% +suggests company and because the window +chord really does not follow this uh + + align:start position:0% +chord really does not follow this uh + + + align:start position:0% +chord really does not follow this uh +default uh or the suggested default the + + align:start position:0% +default uh or the suggested default the + + + align:start position:0% +default uh or the suggested default the +window chord really looks like the old + + align:start position:0% +window chord really looks like the old + + + align:start position:0% +window chord really looks like the old +uh now i only showed you the results for + + align:start position:0% +uh now i only showed you the results for + + + align:start position:0% +uh now i only showed you the results for +one company from madrid and share but + + align:start position:0% +one company from madrid and share but + + + align:start position:0% +one company from madrid and share but +it's a very robust result that + + align:start position:0% +it's a very robust result that + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very robust result that +if you look at like the people by + + align:start position:0% +if you look at like the people by + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at like the people by +schweitel that looks at this uh + + align:start position:0% +schweitel that looks at this uh + + + align:start position:0% +schweitel that looks at this uh +uh in more detail that finds this over + + align:start position:0% +uh in more detail that finds this over + + + align:start position:0% +uh in more detail that finds this over +and over again in different companies as + + align:start position:0% +and over again in different companies as + + + align:start position:0% +and over again in different companies as +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +default effects tend to be very strong + + align:start position:0% +default effects tend to be very strong + + + align:start position:0% +default effects tend to be very strong +in those companies + + align:start position:0% +in those companies + + + align:start position:0% +in those companies +now one question you might ask is what's + + align:start position:0% +now one question you might ask is what's + + + align:start position:0% +now one question you might ask is what's +explaining what's the underlying reason + + align:start position:0% +explaining what's the underlying reason + + + align:start position:0% +explaining what's the underlying reason +why these default effects are + + align:start position:0% +why these default effects are + + + align:start position:0% +why these default effects are +so strong there are potential candidates + + align:start position:0% +so strong there are potential candidates + + + align:start position:0% +so strong there are potential candidates +which are awareness + + align:start position:0% +which are awareness + + + align:start position:0% +which are awareness +implicit endorsement by the company in + + align:start position:0% +implicit endorsement by the company in + + + align:start position:0% +implicit endorsement by the company in +attention + + align:start position:0% +attention + + + align:start position:0% +attention +um or potentially um present bias and + + align:start position:0% +um or potentially um present bias and + + + align:start position:0% +um or potentially um present bias and +what researchers found + + align:start position:0% +what researchers found + + + align:start position:0% +what researchers found +um it's sort of not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +um it's sort of not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +um it's sort of not necessarily +conclusive but i think the suggestive + + align:start position:0% +conclusive but i think the suggestive + + + align:start position:0% +conclusive but i think the suggestive +evidence here is very much that + + align:start position:0% +evidence here is very much that + + + align:start position:0% +evidence here is very much that +in particular from blumenstock at all + + align:start position:0% +in particular from blumenstock at all + + + align:start position:0% +in particular from blumenstock at all +that we think that um + + align:start position:0% +that we think that um + + + align:start position:0% +that we think that um +present bias might be a quite important + + align:start position:0% +present bias might be a quite important + + + align:start position:0% +present bias might be a quite important +reason + + align:start position:0% +reason + + + align:start position:0% +reason +um uh in addition to sort of the + + align:start position:0% +um uh in addition to sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +um uh in addition to sort of the +cognitive costs of + + align:start position:0% +cognitive costs of + + + align:start position:0% +cognitive costs of +thinking through different savings + + align:start position:0% +thinking through different savings + + + align:start position:0% +thinking through different savings +scenarios so people essentially tend to + + align:start position:0% +scenarios so people essentially tend to + + + align:start position:0% +scenarios so people essentially tend to +push the staff and say oh i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +push the staff and say oh i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +push the staff and say oh i'm going to +change in the future + + align:start position:0% +change in the future + + + align:start position:0% +change in the future +i'll like you know at some point i'll + + align:start position:0% +i'll like you know at some point i'll + + + align:start position:0% +i'll like you know at some point i'll +get to it i'll get to it when + + align:start position:0% +get to it i'll get to it when + + + align:start position:0% +get to it i'll get to it when +it's important notice that it needs to + + align:start position:0% +it's important notice that it needs to + + + align:start position:0% +it's important notice that it needs to +require some naivete because + + align:start position:0% +require some naivete because + + + align:start position:0% +require some naivete because +as we discussed if you're sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +as we discussed if you're sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +as we discussed if you're sophisticated +you might sort of + + align:start position:0% +you might sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you might sort of +push it off maybe a period or two but + + align:start position:0% +push it off maybe a period or two but + + + align:start position:0% +push it off maybe a period or two but +you would never push it off by ten years + + align:start position:0% +you would never push it off by ten years + + + align:start position:0% +you would never push it off by ten years +or five years because you know you're + + align:start position:0% +or five years because you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +or five years because you know you're +going to lose a lot of money + + align:start position:0% +going to lose a lot of money + + + align:start position:0% +going to lose a lot of money +and so um but you know if you have some + + align:start position:0% +and so um but you know if you have some + + + align:start position:0% +and so um but you know if you have some +present bias plus something + + align:start position:0% +present bias plus something + + + align:start position:0% +present bias plus something +you might say well i'm going to do it in + + align:start position:0% +you might say well i'm going to do it in + + + align:start position:0% +you might say well i'm going to do it in +the future + + align:start position:0% +the future + + + align:start position:0% +the future +and not right now and um + + align:start position:0% +and not right now and um + + + align:start position:0% +and not right now and um +that seems to fit the data the best in + + align:start position:0% +that seems to fit the data the best in + + + align:start position:0% +that seems to fit the data the best in +part because + + align:start position:0% +part because + + + align:start position:0% +part because +papers such as the one by bloom and + + align:start position:0% +papers such as the one by bloom and + + + align:start position:0% +papers such as the one by bloom and +stock and all have ruled out some other + + align:start position:0% +stock and all have ruled out some other + + + align:start position:0% +stock and all have ruled out some other +explanation + + align:start position:0% +explanation + + + align:start position:0% +explanation +for example the inattention memory + + align:start position:0% +for example the inattention memory + + + align:start position:0% +for example the inattention memory +stories they sent reminders that didn't + + align:start position:0% +stories they sent reminders that didn't + + + align:start position:0% +stories they sent reminders that didn't +seem to have any effects + + align:start position:0% +seem to have any effects + + + align:start position:0% +seem to have any effects +they also could rule out the implicit + + align:start position:0% +they also could rule out the implicit + + + align:start position:0% +they also could rule out the implicit +endorsement because they essentially + + align:start position:0% +endorsement because they essentially + + + align:start position:0% +endorsement because they essentially +explicitly randomized whether people + + align:start position:0% +explicitly randomized whether people + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly randomized whether people +were defaulted in versus defaulted out + + align:start position:0% +were defaulted in versus defaulted out + + + align:start position:0% +were defaulted in versus defaulted out +that also had effects so it doesn't seem + + align:start position:0% +that also had effects so it doesn't seem + + + align:start position:0% +that also had effects so it doesn't seem +to be that they also will make people + + align:start position:0% +to be that they also will make people + + + align:start position:0% +to be that they also will make people +very clearly aware of the different + + align:start position:0% +very clearly aware of the different + + + align:start position:0% +very clearly aware of the different +retirements or savings options + + align:start position:0% +retirements or savings options + + + align:start position:0% +retirements or savings options +and again that didn't seem to make a a + + align:start position:0% +and again that didn't seem to make a a + + + align:start position:0% +and again that didn't seem to make a a +big effect so what + + align:start position:0% +big effect so what + + + align:start position:0% +big effect so what +why we don't have like conclusive + + align:start position:0% +why we don't have like conclusive + + + align:start position:0% +why we don't have like conclusive +evidence that present bias is + + align:start position:0% +evidence that present bias is + + + align:start position:0% +evidence that present bias is +is sort of causing these default effects + + align:start position:0% +is sort of causing these default effects + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of causing these default effects +in the retirement savings choice scheme + + align:start position:0% +in the retirement savings choice scheme + + + align:start position:0% +in the retirement savings choice scheme +perhaps if i had to guess or if i had to + + align:start position:0% +perhaps if i had to guess or if i had to + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps if i had to guess or if i had to +say which i think is the most likely + + align:start position:0% +say which i think is the most likely + + + align:start position:0% +say which i think is the most likely +explanation you think that present bias + + align:start position:0% +explanation you think that present bias + + + align:start position:0% +explanation you think that present bias +and idk + + align:start position:0% +and idk + + + align:start position:0% +and idk +seem to be um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the best explanations that we have on so + + align:start position:0% +the best explanations that we have on so + + + align:start position:0% +the best explanations that we have on so +far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now one question you might sort of + + align:start position:0% +so now one question you might sort of + + + align:start position:0% +so now one question you might sort of +say is well um + + align:start position:0% +say is well um + + + align:start position:0% +say is well um +is automatic enrollment uh optimal i + + align:start position:0% +is automatic enrollment uh optimal i + + + align:start position:0% +is automatic enrollment uh optimal i +showed you essentially that once we do + + align:start position:0% +showed you essentially that once we do + + + align:start position:0% +showed you essentially that once we do +automatic enrollment people are more + + align:start position:0% +automatic enrollment people are more + + + align:start position:0% +automatic enrollment people are more +likely to participate + + align:start position:0% +likely to participate + + + align:start position:0% +likely to participate +however while they're more likely to + + align:start position:0% +however while they're more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +however while they're more likely to +participate + + align:start position:0% +participate + + + align:start position:0% +participate +also these defaults + + align:start position:0% +also these defaults + + + align:start position:0% +also these defaults +seem to make some people save less right + + align:start position:0% +seem to make some people save less right + + + align:start position:0% +seem to make some people save less right +we saw some people going essentially + + align:start position:0% +we saw some people going essentially + + + align:start position:0% +we saw some people going essentially +from six percent participation uh + + align:start position:0% +from six percent participation uh + + + align:start position:0% +from six percent participation uh +contribution rate to three percent + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate to three percent + + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate to three percent +contribution rate they also + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate they also + + + align:start position:0% +contribution rate they also +are um have a much more conservative + + align:start position:0% +are um have a much more conservative + + + align:start position:0% +are um have a much more conservative +asset allocation + + align:start position:0% +asset allocation + + + align:start position:0% +asset allocation +so in the long run it's not obvious in + + align:start position:0% +so in the long run it's not obvious in + + + align:start position:0% +so in the long run it's not obvious in +the case of uh + + align:start position:0% +the case of uh + + + align:start position:0% +the case of uh +this company whether people are actually + + align:start position:0% +this company whether people are actually + + + align:start position:0% +this company whether people are actually +saving uh uh + + align:start position:0% +saving uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +saving uh uh +more so how how would we answer this + + align:start position:0% +more so how how would we answer this + + + align:start position:0% +more so how how would we answer this +question we're gonna get back to this + + align:start position:0% +question we're gonna get back to this + + + align:start position:0% +question we're gonna get back to this +when we talk about policy + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about policy + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about policy +but how should we uh how should we set + + align:start position:0% +but how should we uh how should we set + + + align:start position:0% +but how should we uh how should we set +the default what should we do + + align:start position:0% +the default what should we do + + + align:start position:0% +the default what should we do +like what are the considerations that we + + align:start position:0% +like what are the considerations that we + + + align:start position:0% +like what are the considerations that we +have and how can we decide what's good + + align:start position:0% +have and how can we decide what's good + + + align:start position:0% +have and how can we decide what's good +for people + + align:start position:0% +for people + + + align:start position:0% +for people +you can essentially um force people to + + align:start position:0% +you can essentially um force people to + + + align:start position:0% +you can essentially um force people to +make a choices there were some companies + + align:start position:0% +make a choices there were some companies + + + align:start position:0% +make a choices there were some companies +where essentially people were + + align:start position:0% +where essentially people were + + + align:start position:0% +where essentially people were +very very strongly encouraged to + + align:start position:0% +very very strongly encouraged to + + + align:start position:0% +very very strongly encouraged to +essentially here's a form fill it out + + align:start position:0% +essentially here's a form fill it out + + + align:start position:0% +essentially here's a form fill it out +tell me what you want + + align:start position:0% +tell me what you want + + + align:start position:0% +tell me what you want +and it was sort of part of the hiring + + align:start position:0% +and it was sort of part of the hiring + + + align:start position:0% +and it was sort of part of the hiring +package and you know like essentially + + align:start position:0% +package and you know like essentially + + + align:start position:0% +package and you know like essentially +was sort of arguing i don't think that's + + align:start position:0% +was sort of arguing i don't think that's + + + align:start position:0% +was sort of arguing i don't think that's +actually legal but it was essentially + + align:start position:0% +actually legal but it was essentially + + + align:start position:0% +actually legal but it was essentially +sort of implying that like + + align:start position:0% +sort of implying that like + + + align:start position:0% +sort of implying that like +one needs to do this form before you can + + align:start position:0% +one needs to do this form before you can + + + align:start position:0% +one needs to do this form before you can +start working and otherwise you know you + + align:start position:0% +start working and otherwise you know you + + + align:start position:0% +start working and otherwise you know you +can't start working at this company + + align:start position:0% +can't start working at this company + + + align:start position:0% +can't start working at this company +and now we can look at like what are + + align:start position:0% +and now we can look at like what are + + + align:start position:0% +and now we can look at like what are +people actually choosing when everybody + + align:start position:0% +people actually choosing when everybody + + + align:start position:0% +people actually choosing when everybody +chooses + + align:start position:0% +chooses + + + align:start position:0% +chooses +actively and that's presumably when + + align:start position:0% +actively and that's presumably when + + + align:start position:0% +actively and that's presumably when +people are paying attention or when + + align:start position:0% +people are paying attention or when + + + align:start position:0% +people are paying attention or when +people do the best they can for their + + align:start position:0% +people do the best they can for their + + + align:start position:0% +people do the best they can for their +choices + + align:start position:0% +choices + + + align:start position:0% +choices +and they're not sort of automatically + + align:start position:0% +and they're not sort of automatically + + + align:start position:0% +and they're not sort of automatically +enrolled either in zero or three or + + align:start position:0% +enrolled either in zero or three or + + + align:start position:0% +enrolled either in zero or three or +other percentages + + align:start position:0% +other percentages + + + align:start position:0% +other percentages +and so this company this paper by + + align:start position:0% +and so this company this paper by + + + align:start position:0% +and so this company this paper by +carolina looks at active choices + + align:start position:0% +carolina looks at active choices + + + align:start position:0% +carolina looks at active choices +and when people choose actively they + + align:start position:0% +and when people choose actively they + + + align:start position:0% +and when people choose actively they +look a lot like the new chord in madrid + + align:start position:0% +look a lot like the new chord in madrid + + + align:start position:0% +look a lot like the new chord in madrid +and share + + align:start position:0% +and share + + + align:start position:0% +and share +so essentially that sort of seems to say + + align:start position:0% +so essentially that sort of seems to say + + + align:start position:0% +so essentially that sort of seems to say +that the default um + + align:start position:0% +that the default um + + + align:start position:0% +that the default um +uh did in fact default into like + + align:start position:0% +uh did in fact default into like + + + align:start position:0% +uh did in fact default into like +automatic enrollment + + align:start position:0% +automatic enrollment + + + align:start position:0% +automatic enrollment +uh seem to have alleviated under savings + + align:start position:0% +uh seem to have alleviated under savings + + + align:start position:0% +uh seem to have alleviated under savings +right so because you know when people + + align:start position:0% +right so because you know when people + + + align:start position:0% +right so because you know when people +choose actively that choose a lot look a + + align:start position:0% +choose actively that choose a lot look a + + + align:start position:0% +choose actively that choose a lot look a +lot like the new chord compared to the + + align:start position:0% +lot like the new chord compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +lot like the new chord compared to the +old chord so it seems to be that like + + align:start position:0% +old chord so it seems to be that like + + + align:start position:0% +old chord so it seems to be that like +people when they're defaulted in the no + + align:start position:0% +people when they're defaulted in the no + + + align:start position:0% +people when they're defaulted in the no +savings option they kind of maybe think + + align:start position:0% +savings option they kind of maybe think + + + align:start position:0% +savings option they kind of maybe think +oh + + align:start position:0% +oh + + + align:start position:0% +oh +you know i'll do it in the future and so + + align:start position:0% +you know i'll do it in the future and so + + + align:start position:0% +you know i'll do it in the future and so +on and so forth but then they never sort + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth but then they never sort + + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth but then they never sort +of get to it + + align:start position:0% +of get to it + + + align:start position:0% +of get to it +um now when you actually ask them + + align:start position:0% +um now when you actually ask them + + + align:start position:0% +um now when you actually ask them +actively what you want it seems like + + align:start position:0% +actively what you want it seems like + + + align:start position:0% +actively what you want it seems like +people are mostly + + align:start position:0% +people are mostly + + + align:start position:0% +people are mostly +wanting to to enroll now one thing that + + align:start position:0% +wanting to to enroll now one thing that + + + align:start position:0% +wanting to to enroll now one thing that +is quite interesting here is that uh it + + align:start position:0% +is quite interesting here is that uh it + + + align:start position:0% +is quite interesting here is that uh it +seems like the default + + align:start position:0% +seems like the default + + + align:start position:0% +seems like the default +effects seem to mostly disappear after + + align:start position:0% +effects seem to mostly disappear after + + + align:start position:0% +effects seem to mostly disappear after +three years that's true for + + align:start position:0% +three years that's true for + + + align:start position:0% +three years that's true for +quite a few studies um however even if + + align:start position:0% +quite a few studies um however even if + + + align:start position:0% +quite a few studies um however even if +that's the case where there's no catch + + align:start position:0% +that's the case where there's no catch + + + align:start position:0% +that's the case where there's no catch +up in levels + + align:start position:0% +up in levels + + + align:start position:0% +up in levels +right so if you start contributing in + + align:start position:0% +right so if you start contributing in + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you start contributing in +like after three years + + align:start position:0% +like after three years + + + align:start position:0% +like after three years +while you miss out on three years of + + align:start position:0% +while you miss out on three years of + + + align:start position:0% +while you miss out on three years of +savings you're never going to catch up + + align:start position:0% +savings you're never going to catch up + + + align:start position:0% +savings you're never going to catch up +overall + + align:start position:0% +overall + + + align:start position:0% +overall +moreover people tend to change their + + align:start position:0% +moreover people tend to change their + + + align:start position:0% +moreover people tend to change their +employers + + align:start position:0% +employers + + + align:start position:0% +employers +um very frequently in particular in the + + align:start position:0% +um very frequently in particular in the + + + align:start position:0% +um very frequently in particular in the +us + + align:start position:0% +us + + + align:start position:0% +us +so if you only if it takes you only if + + align:start position:0% +so if you only if it takes you only if + + + align:start position:0% +so if you only if it takes you only if +it takes you three years to like sign up + + align:start position:0% +it takes you three years to like sign up + + + align:start position:0% +it takes you three years to like sign up +for retirement savings every time + + align:start position:0% +for retirement savings every time + + + align:start position:0% +for retirement savings every time +you switch to your employer you know + + align:start position:0% +you switch to your employer you know + + + align:start position:0% +you switch to your employer you know +you're going to not save um + + align:start position:0% +you're going to not save um + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to not save um +very much uh teddy and i'll have an + + align:start position:0% +very much uh teddy and i'll have an + + + align:start position:0% +very much uh teddy and i'll have an +example where they find in fact very + + align:start position:0% +example where they find in fact very + + + align:start position:0% +example where they find in fact very +clear effects on long run savings of + + align:start position:0% +clear effects on long run savings of + + + align:start position:0% +clear effects on long run savings of +these types of default + + align:start position:0% +these types of default + + + align:start position:0% +these types of default +effects now let me tell you um a little + + align:start position:0% +effects now let me tell you um a little + + + align:start position:0% +effects now let me tell you um a little +bit now about our + + align:start position:0% +bit now about our + + + align:start position:0% +bit now about our +i'm going to sort of move the frames and + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to sort of move the frames and + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to sort of move the frames and +nudges until next time which i think + + align:start position:0% +nudges until next time which i think + + + align:start position:0% +nudges until next time which i think +should be fine because there's not that + + align:start position:0% +should be fine because there's not that + + + align:start position:0% +should be fine because there's not that +much + + align:start position:0% +much + + + align:start position:0% +much +left anyway but let me tell you a little + + align:start position:0% +left anyway but let me tell you a little + + + align:start position:0% +left anyway but let me tell you a little +bit about sort of a cost generation + + align:start position:0% +bit about sort of a cost generation + + + align:start position:0% +bit about sort of a cost generation +about um + + align:start position:0% +about um + + + align:start position:0% +about um +defaults this is a paper by a very short + + align:start position:0% +defaults this is a paper by a very short + + + align:start position:0% +defaults this is a paper by a very short +paper by cronkrist and uh + + align:start position:0% +paper by cronkrist and uh + + + align:start position:0% +paper by cronkrist and uh +thaler that looks at the privatization + + align:start position:0% +thaler that looks at the privatization + + + align:start position:0% +thaler that looks at the privatization +of social security and sweden + + align:start position:0% +of social security and sweden + + + align:start position:0% +of social security and sweden +so they had 456 funds and there was one + + align:start position:0% +so they had 456 funds and there was one + + + align:start position:0% +so they had 456 funds and there was one +default fund + + align:start position:0% +default fund + + + align:start position:0% +default fund +chosen by the government and in 2000 + + align:start position:0% +chosen by the government and in 2000 + + + align:start position:0% +chosen by the government and in 2000 +this default fund was discouraged with a + + align:start position:0% +this default fund was discouraged with a + + + align:start position:0% +this default fund was discouraged with a +massive marketing campaign essentially + + align:start position:0% +massive marketing campaign essentially + + + align:start position:0% +massive marketing campaign essentially +people said like don't choose the + + align:start position:0% +people said like don't choose the + + + align:start position:0% +people said like don't choose the +default fund + + align:start position:0% +default fund + + + align:start position:0% +default fund +just pick for yourself make the choice + + align:start position:0% +just pick for yourself make the choice + + + align:start position:0% +just pick for yourself make the choice +that's the best for you + + align:start position:0% +that's the best for you + + + align:start position:0% +that's the best for you +and then in 2003 this marketing campaign + + align:start position:0% +and then in 2003 this marketing campaign + + + align:start position:0% +and then in 2003 this marketing campaign +ended and now essentially + + align:start position:0% +ended and now essentially + + + align:start position:0% +ended and now essentially +the majority again sort of chose the um + + align:start position:0% +the majority again sort of chose the um + + + align:start position:0% +the majority again sort of chose the um +default + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +account fun now as it happens + + align:start position:0% +account fun now as it happens + + + align:start position:0% +account fun now as it happens +uh uh you know the portfolio is actively + + align:start position:0% +uh uh you know the portfolio is actively + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh you know the portfolio is actively +chosen in 2000 um + + align:start position:0% +chosen in 2000 um + + + align:start position:0% +chosen in 2000 um +or did a lot worse than the default so + + align:start position:0% +or did a lot worse than the default so + + + align:start position:0% +or did a lot worse than the default so +people essentially + + align:start position:0% +people essentially + + + align:start position:0% +people essentially +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +were choosing on their own and in part i + + align:start position:0% +were choosing on their own and in part i + + + align:start position:0% +were choosing on their own and in part i +think because they're just unlucky + + align:start position:0% +think because they're just unlucky + + + align:start position:0% +think because they're just unlucky +because it happened to be at the wrong + + align:start position:0% +because it happened to be at the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +because it happened to be at the wrong +time in the wrong place + + align:start position:0% +time in the wrong place + + + align:start position:0% +time in the wrong place +um chose sort of very risky assets and + + align:start position:0% +um chose sort of very risky assets and + + + align:start position:0% +um chose sort of very risky assets and +the default tended to be somewhat more + + align:start position:0% +the default tended to be somewhat more + + + align:start position:0% +the default tended to be somewhat more +conservative + + align:start position:0% +conservative + + + align:start position:0% +conservative +so people lost a lot of money + + align:start position:0% +so people lost a lot of money + + + align:start position:0% +so people lost a lot of money +so now that's the more general issue is + + align:start position:0% +so now that's the more general issue is + + + align:start position:0% +so now that's the more general issue is +that active choice is less attractive if + + align:start position:0% +that active choice is less attractive if + + + align:start position:0% +that active choice is less attractive if +consumers + + align:start position:0% +consumers + + + align:start position:0% +consumers +are less financially sophisticated again + + align:start position:0% +are less financially sophisticated again + + + align:start position:0% +are less financially sophisticated again +in the cronkite state like case maybe + + align:start position:0% +in the cronkite state like case maybe + + + align:start position:0% +in the cronkite state like case maybe +they were just unlucky but in general + + align:start position:0% +they were just unlucky but in general + + + align:start position:0% +they were just unlucky but in general +if you want people to choose actively + + align:start position:0% +if you want people to choose actively + + + align:start position:0% +if you want people to choose actively +and they don't know what they're doing + + align:start position:0% +and they don't know what they're doing + + + align:start position:0% +and they don't know what they're doing +well then you know they're going to be + + align:start position:0% +well then you know they're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +well then you know they're going to be +potentially + + align:start position:0% +potentially + + + align:start position:0% +potentially +um worse there's similar evidence for + + align:start position:0% +um worse there's similar evidence for + + + align:start position:0% +um worse there's similar evidence for +example for health insurance choices + + align:start position:0% +example for health insurance choices + + + align:start position:0% +example for health insurance choices +where people just don't know what health + + align:start position:0% +where people just don't know what health + + + align:start position:0% +where people just don't know what health +insurance choice is best + + align:start position:0% +insurance choice is best + + + align:start position:0% +insurance choice is best +for them so if you give them more + + align:start position:0% +for them so if you give them more + + + align:start position:0% +for them so if you give them more +options + + align:start position:0% +options + + + align:start position:0% +options +they might be potentially doing worse + + align:start position:0% +they might be potentially doing worse + + + align:start position:0% +they might be potentially doing worse +because they just don't know what to do + + align:start position:0% +because they just don't know what to do + + + align:start position:0% +because they just don't know what to do +and then they choose just options that + + align:start position:0% +and then they choose just options that + + + align:start position:0% +and then they choose just options that +are worse and they're more likely for + + align:start position:0% +are worse and they're more likely for + + + align:start position:0% +are worse and they're more likely for +example to be + + align:start position:0% +example to be + + + align:start position:0% +example to be +exploited and then having a default + + align:start position:0% +exploited and then having a default + + + align:start position:0% +exploited and then having a default +choice that + + align:start position:0% +choice that + + + align:start position:0% +choice that +is perhaps not optimal for everybody but + + align:start position:0% +is perhaps not optimal for everybody but + + + align:start position:0% +is perhaps not optimal for everybody but +it's pretty conservative and pretty good + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty conservative and pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty conservative and pretty good +for most people + + align:start position:0% +for most people + + + align:start position:0% +for most people +might be in fact um quite valuable and + + align:start position:0% +might be in fact um quite valuable and + + + align:start position:0% +might be in fact um quite valuable and +so now when you think about like + + align:start position:0% +so now when you think about like + + + align:start position:0% +so now when you think about like +um uh optimal uh decision regimes + + align:start position:0% +um uh optimal uh decision regimes + + + align:start position:0% +um uh optimal uh decision regimes +when you think about active choice + + align:start position:0% +when you think about active choice + + + align:start position:0% +when you think about active choice +versus default consumer + + align:start position:0% +versus default consumer + + + align:start position:0% +versus default consumer +um heterogeneity makes active choice + + align:start position:0% +um heterogeneity makes active choice + + + align:start position:0% +um heterogeneity makes active choice +more um attractive if + + align:start position:0% +more um attractive if + + + align:start position:0% +more um attractive if +you think you know people want all + + align:start position:0% +you think you know people want all + + + align:start position:0% +you think you know people want all +people want very different things and + + align:start position:0% +people want very different things and + + + align:start position:0% +people want very different things and +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +um they know about what's best for them + + align:start position:0% +um they know about what's best for them + + + align:start position:0% +um they know about what's best for them +and they and we don't have that + + align:start position:0% +and they and we don't have that + + + align:start position:0% +and they and we don't have that +information we don't know what's good + + align:start position:0% +information we don't know what's good + + + align:start position:0% +information we don't know what's good +for some people versus others + + align:start position:0% +for some people versus others + + + align:start position:0% +for some people versus others +well it's best to let people choose on + + align:start position:0% +well it's best to let people choose on + + + align:start position:0% +well it's best to let people choose on +their own right let's just pick what's + + align:start position:0% +their own right let's just pick what's + + + align:start position:0% +their own right let's just pick what's +good for them + + align:start position:0% +good for them + + + align:start position:0% +good for them +and you know then they'll be um happy + + align:start position:0% +and you know then they'll be um happy + + + align:start position:0% +and you know then they'll be um happy +but active choice only improves outcome + + align:start position:0% +but active choice only improves outcome + + + align:start position:0% +but active choice only improves outcome +if people actually know what's good for + + align:start position:0% +if people actually know what's good for + + + align:start position:0% +if people actually know what's good for +them if everybody's confused and doesn't + + align:start position:0% +them if everybody's confused and doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +them if everybody's confused and doesn't +know what they're doing + + align:start position:0% +know what they're doing + + + align:start position:0% +know what they're doing +well then you know letting people choose + + align:start position:0% +well then you know letting people choose + + + align:start position:0% +well then you know letting people choose +actively um will potentially make things + + align:start position:0% +actively um will potentially make things + + + align:start position:0% +actively um will potentially make things +worse for quite a few + + align:start position:0% +worse for quite a few + + + align:start position:0% +worse for quite a few +um people and so you want to make sure + + align:start position:0% +um people and so you want to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +um people and so you want to make sure +that defaults don't make people + + align:start position:0% +that defaults don't make people + + + align:start position:0% +that defaults don't make people +worse this is what jodae was saying in + + align:start position:0% +worse this is what jodae was saying in + + + align:start position:0% +worse this is what jodae was saying in +particular people might sort of hope for + + align:start position:0% +particular people might sort of hope for + + + align:start position:0% +particular people might sort of hope for +a save if you like default them into + + align:start position:0% +a save if you like default them into + + + align:start position:0% +a save if you like default them into +high savings and then they have credit + + align:start position:0% +high savings and then they have credit + + + align:start position:0% +high savings and then they have credit +card debt or other sort of problems + + align:start position:0% +card debt or other sort of problems + + + align:start position:0% +card debt or other sort of problems +arising from that so it wants to be + + align:start position:0% +arising from that so it wants to be + + + align:start position:0% +arising from that so it wants to be +quite careful + + align:start position:0% +quite careful + + + align:start position:0% +quite careful +one option one can try and do is trying + + align:start position:0% +one option one can try and do is trying + + + align:start position:0% +one option one can try and do is trying +to provide information sessions and make + + align:start position:0% +to provide information sessions and make + + + align:start position:0% +to provide information sessions and make +sure people know + + align:start position:0% +sure people know + + + align:start position:0% +sure people know +here's like where try to sort of provide + + align:start position:0% +here's like where try to sort of provide + + + align:start position:0% +here's like where try to sort of provide +a curated set of like three four options + + align:start position:0% +a curated set of like three four options + + + align:start position:0% +a curated set of like three four options +that we think are good options for + + align:start position:0% +that we think are good options for + + + align:start position:0% +that we think are good options for +different types of people provide + + align:start position:0% +different types of people provide + + + align:start position:0% +different types of people provide +information for them make sure they + + align:start position:0% +information for them make sure they + + + align:start position:0% +information for them make sure they +understand + + align:start position:0% +understand + + + align:start position:0% +understand +um uh these options and that then people + + align:start position:0% +um uh these options and that then people + + + align:start position:0% +um uh these options and that then people +choose um + + align:start position:0% +choose um + + + align:start position:0% +choose um +on their own another popular alternative + + align:start position:0% +on their own another popular alternative + + + align:start position:0% +on their own another popular alternative +i'm going to talk about this a little + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to talk about this a little + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to talk about this a little +bit and we talk about policy + + align:start position:0% +bit and we talk about policy + + + align:start position:0% +bit and we talk about policy +which is called the smart plan or like + + align:start position:0% +which is called the smart plan or like + + + align:start position:0% +which is called the smart plan or like +auto escalation plans + + align:start position:0% +auto escalation plans + + + align:start position:0% +auto escalation plans +which are essentially more like + + align:start position:0% +which are essentially more like + + + align:start position:0% +which are essentially more like +automatic raises in the future + + align:start position:0% +automatic raises in the future + + + align:start position:0% +automatic raises in the future +where you um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where you essentially can commit to + + align:start position:0% +where you essentially can commit to + + + align:start position:0% +where you essentially can commit to +automatically raising your + + align:start position:0% +automatically raising your + + + align:start position:0% +automatically raising your +savings in the future you say + + align:start position:0% +savings in the future you say + + + align:start position:0% +savings in the future you say +essentially every time i get a pay raise + + align:start position:0% +essentially every time i get a pay raise + + + align:start position:0% +essentially every time i get a pay raise +one percent or like some fraction of + + align:start position:0% +one percent or like some fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +one percent or like some fraction of +that pay raise or one percentage point + + align:start position:0% +that pay raise or one percentage point + + + align:start position:0% +that pay raise or one percentage point +of my earnings of that pay raise + + align:start position:0% +of my earnings of that pay raise + + + align:start position:0% +of my earnings of that pay raise +will go through like um my savings + + align:start position:0% +will go through like um my savings + + + align:start position:0% +will go through like um my savings +so then you know uh uh uh you don't have + + align:start position:0% +so then you know uh uh uh you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +so then you know uh uh uh you don't have +to like essentially reduce your + + align:start position:0% +to like essentially reduce your + + + align:start position:0% +to like essentially reduce your +consumption or your salary right now + + align:start position:0% +consumption or your salary right now + + + align:start position:0% +consumption or your salary right now +that you receive + + align:start position:0% +that you receive + + + align:start position:0% +that you receive +but in the future that's good ginseng in + + align:start position:0% +but in the future that's good ginseng in + + + align:start position:0% +but in the future that's good ginseng in +particular addresses addresses present + + align:start position:0% +particular addresses addresses present + + + align:start position:0% +particular addresses addresses present +bias and loss aversion because people + + align:start position:0% +bias and loss aversion because people + + + align:start position:0% +bias and loss aversion because people +are really averse to like + + align:start position:0% +are really averse to like + + + align:start position:0% +are really averse to like +reducing their paycheck right now and + + align:start position:0% +reducing their paycheck right now and + + + align:start position:0% +reducing their paycheck right now and +for present bias and loss of version + + align:start position:0% +for present bias and loss of version + + + align:start position:0% +for present bias and loss of version +when i was asking about like information + + align:start position:0% +when i was asking about like information + + + align:start position:0% +when i was asking about like information +versus financial education + + align:start position:0% +versus financial education + + + align:start position:0% +versus financial education +i mean kind of both of those you can + + align:start position:0% +i mean kind of both of those you can + + + align:start position:0% +i mean kind of both of those you can +provide information about like what are + + align:start position:0% +provide information about like what are + + + align:start position:0% +provide information about like what are +these options + + align:start position:0% +these options + + + align:start position:0% +these options +you know what's good about this this + + align:start position:0% +you know what's good about this this + + + align:start position:0% +you know what's good about this this +investment option versus another + + align:start position:0% +investment option versus another + + + align:start position:0% +investment option versus another +and so providing financial education but + + align:start position:0% +and so providing financial education but + + + align:start position:0% +and so providing financial education but +in particular + + align:start position:0% +in particular + + + align:start position:0% +in particular +financial education plus active choice + + align:start position:0% +financial education plus active choice + + + align:start position:0% +financial education plus active choice +previously by essentially by active + + align:start position:0% +previously by essentially by active + + + align:start position:0% +previously by essentially by active +choice i mean like pushing people really + + align:start position:0% +choice i mean like pushing people really + + + align:start position:0% +choice i mean like pushing people really +to choose and saying like look + + align:start position:0% +to choose and saying like look + + + align:start position:0% +to choose and saying like look +what do you want you want option a which + + align:start position:0% +what do you want you want option a which + + + align:start position:0% +what do you want you want option a which +is like no + + align:start position:0% +is like no + + + align:start position:0% +is like no +retirement savings or option b which is + + align:start position:0% +retirement savings or option b which is + + + align:start position:0% +retirement savings or option b which is +like three percent or six percent or + + align:start position:0% +like three percent or six percent or + + + align:start position:0% +like three percent or six percent or +whatever + + align:start position:0% +whatever + + + align:start position:0% +whatever +the current format is more um + + align:start position:0% +the current format is more um + + + align:start position:0% +the current format is more um +essentially is like + + align:start position:0% +essentially is like + + + align:start position:0% +essentially is like +no information and the default is + + align:start position:0% +no information and the default is + + + align:start position:0% +no information and the default is +essentially is like + + align:start position:0% +essentially is like + + + align:start position:0% +essentially is like +zero savings and then you have to + + align:start position:0% +zero savings and then you have to + + + align:start position:0% +zero savings and then you have to +accurately choose on your own as an + + align:start position:0% +accurately choose on your own as an + + + align:start position:0% +accurately choose on your own as an +employer and many employee employees so + + align:start position:0% +employer and many employee employees so + + + align:start position:0% +employer and many employee employees so +as an employee + + align:start position:0% +as an employee + + + align:start position:0% +as an employee +many employees just don't know what to + + align:start position:0% +many employees just don't know what to + + + align:start position:0% +many employees just don't know what to +do and get confused and then you get + + align:start position:0% +do and get confused and then you get + + + align:start position:0% +do and get confused and then you get +frazzled and procrastinated and never do + + align:start position:0% +frazzled and procrastinated and never do + + + align:start position:0% +frazzled and procrastinated and never do +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +perhaps in part because of confusion um + + align:start position:0% +perhaps in part because of confusion um + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps in part because of confusion um +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and then you know other settings have + + align:start position:0% +and then you know other settings have + + + align:start position:0% +and then you know other settings have +like enormous before the fact this is + + align:start position:0% +like enormous before the fact this is + + + align:start position:0% +like enormous before the fact this is +for example true for organ donations i + + align:start position:0% +for example true for organ donations i + + + align:start position:0% +for example true for organ donations i +talked about this already in the uh + + align:start position:0% +talked about this already in the uh + + + align:start position:0% +talked about this already in the uh +first or second lecture um there's some + + align:start position:0% +first or second lecture um there's some + + + align:start position:0% +first or second lecture um there's some +other um + + align:start position:0% +other um + + + align:start position:0% +other um +settings such as uh voter registration + + align:start position:0% +settings such as uh voter registration + + + align:start position:0% +settings such as uh voter registration +uh green energy options and so on + + align:start position:0% +uh green energy options and so on + + + align:start position:0% +uh green energy options and so on +so default effects can be um really + + align:start position:0% +so default effects can be um really + + + align:start position:0% +so default effects can be um really +really powerful + + align:start position:0% +really powerful + + + align:start position:0% +really powerful +um but one wants to be quite careful in + + align:start position:0% +um but one wants to be quite careful in + + + align:start position:0% +um but one wants to be quite careful in +using them i'm going to talk about this + + align:start position:0% +using them i'm going to talk about this + + + align:start position:0% +using them i'm going to talk about this +a little bit + + align:start position:0% +a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit +um uh at the end of this lecture um next + + align:start position:0% +um uh at the end of this lecture um next + + + align:start position:0% +um uh at the end of this lecture um next +time let me stop here let me just tell + + align:start position:0% +time let me stop here let me just tell + + + align:start position:0% +time let me stop here let me just tell +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +um uh let me just tell you what to read + + align:start position:0% +um uh let me just tell you what to read + + + align:start position:0% +um uh let me just tell you what to read +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +which is one second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is uh uh uh the people are early + + align:start position:0% +which is uh uh uh the people are early + + + align:start position:0% +which is uh uh uh the people are early +at all um + + align:start position:0% +at all um + + + align:start position:0% +at all um +sections one through four you can read + + align:start position:0% +sections one through four you can read + + + align:start position:0% +sections one through four you can read +more if you want but like um + + align:start position:0% +more if you want but like um + + + align:start position:0% +more if you want but like um +uh section one one through four already + + align:start position:0% +uh section one one through four already + + + align:start position:0% +uh section one one through four already +gets you pretty far + + align:start position:0% +gets you pretty far + + + align:start position:0% +gets you pretty far +this is really like a fun paper um that + + align:start position:0% +this is really like a fun paper um that + + + align:start position:0% +this is really like a fun paper um that +questions a lot of assumptions of + + align:start position:0% +questions a lot of assumptions of + + + align:start position:0% +questions a lot of assumptions of +neoclassical economics + + align:start position:0% +neoclassical economics + + + align:start position:0% +neoclassical economics +uh you know makes you wonder kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh you know makes you wonder kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know makes you wonder kind of +where preferences come from + + align:start position:0% +where preferences come from + + + align:start position:0% +where preferences come from +and uh what they really mean uh so it's + + align:start position:0% +and uh what they really mean uh so it's + + + align:start position:0% +and uh what they really mean uh so it's +a fun read um + + align:start position:0% +a fun read um + + + align:start position:0% +a fun read um +i'll talk about this uh and the + + align:start position:0% +i'll talk about this uh and the + + + align:start position:0% +i'll talk about this uh and the +remaining part of um this lecture which + + align:start position:0% +remaining part of um this lecture which + + + align:start position:0% +remaining part of um this lecture which +is a bit on frames and + + align:start position:0% +is a bit on frames and + + + align:start position:0% +is a bit on frames and +nudges more generally next time on + + align:start position:0% +nudges more generally next time on + + + align:start position:0% +nudges more generally next time on +wednesday + + align:start position:0% +wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +wednesday +let me know if you have any questions + + align:start position:0% +let me know if you have any questions + + + align:start position:0% +let me know if you have any questions +thank you so much \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SMQPt7t0bHk.txt b/SMQPt7t0bHk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74f69701d1621b74925b14fd7297474a46396c71 --- /dev/null +++ b/SMQPt7t0bHk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1755 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay I'm coming back to the number one + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm coming back to the number one + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'm coming back to the number one +example but not the easiest example of a + + align:start position:0% +example but not the easiest example of a + + + align:start position:0% +example but not the easiest example of a +second order + + align:start position:0% +second order + + + align:start position:0% +second order +equation with a + + align:start position:0% +equation with a + + + align:start position:0% +equation with a +oscillating forcing term cosine Omega + + align:start position:0% +oscillating forcing term cosine Omega + + + align:start position:0% +oscillating forcing term cosine Omega +T we have to know the answer to this + + align:start position:0% +T we have to know the answer to this + + + align:start position:0% +T we have to know the answer to this +problem and it's a little messy but the + + align:start position:0% +problem and it's a little messy but the + + + align:start position:0% +problem and it's a little messy but the +method is not messy the method is + + align:start position:0% +method is not messy the method is + + + align:start position:0% +method is not messy the method is +straightforward so uh let me Begin by + + align:start position:0% +straightforward so uh let me Begin by + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward so uh let me Begin by +looking for the rectangular form I call + + align:start position:0% +looking for the rectangular form I call + + + align:start position:0% +looking for the rectangular form I call +this the rectangular form it separates + + align:start position:0% +this the rectangular form it separates + + + align:start position:0% +this the rectangular form it separates +the cosine with its amplitude and the + + align:start position:0% +the cosine with its amplitude and the + + + align:start position:0% +the cosine with its amplitude and the +sign with its amplitude into two + + align:start position:0% +sign with its amplitude into two + + + align:start position:0% +sign with its amplitude into two +separate + + align:start position:0% +separate + + + align:start position:0% +separate +pieces so if I'm looking for that + + align:start position:0% +pieces so if I'm looking for that + + + align:start position:0% +pieces so if I'm looking for that +solution I and M and N are the numbers I + + align:start position:0% +solution I and M and N are the numbers I + + + align:start position:0% +solution I and M and N are the numbers I +want to find how do I proceed it's a + + align:start position:0% +want to find how do I proceed it's a + + + align:start position:0% +want to find how do I proceed it's a +case + + align:start position:0% +case + + + align:start position:0% +case +of uh undetermined coefficient i m and n + + align:start position:0% +of uh undetermined coefficient i m and n + + + align:start position:0% +of uh undetermined coefficient i m and n +and the way to determine them is + + align:start position:0% +and the way to determine them is + + + align:start position:0% +and the way to determine them is +substitute this into the + + align:start position:0% +substitute this into the + + + align:start position:0% +substitute this into the +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +and match the cosine term and find m& n + + align:start position:0% +and match the cosine term and find m& n + + + align:start position:0% +and match the cosine term and find m& n +and the way we find M andn we need two + + align:start position:0% +and the way we find M andn we need two + + + align:start position:0% +and the way we find M andn we need two +equations for two for two quantities MN + + align:start position:0% +equations for two for two quantities MN + + + align:start position:0% +equations for two for two quantities MN +and what imagine this substituted in + + align:start position:0% +and what imagine this substituted in + + + align:start position:0% +and what imagine this substituted in +there I'll get some cosiness so the + + align:start position:0% +there I'll get some cosiness so the + + + align:start position:0% +there I'll get some cosiness so the +cosiness on one side will match the + + align:start position:0% +cosiness on one side will match the + + + align:start position:0% +cosiness on one side will match the +cosine on the other side and also from + + align:start position:0% +cosine on the other side and also from + + + align:start position:0% +cosine on the other side and also from +the derivative I'll get some signs and + + align:start position:0% +the derivative I'll get some signs and + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative I'll get some signs and +they should match zero because I have no + + align:start position:0% +they should match zero because I have no + + + align:start position:0% +they should match zero because I have no +s Omega t on the right hand side so I + + align:start position:0% +s Omega t on the right hand side so I + + + align:start position:0% +s Omega t on the right hand side so I +have two equations matching the signs + + align:start position:0% +have two equations matching the signs + + + align:start position:0% +have two equations matching the signs +matching the cosiness and I solve those + + align:start position:0% +matching the cosiness and I solve those + + + align:start position:0% +matching the cosiness and I solve those +two equations two unknowns and I just + + align:start position:0% +two equations two unknowns and I just + + + align:start position:0% +two equations two unknowns and I just +write the answer down M involves a c + + align:start position:0% +write the answer down M involves a c + + + align:start position:0% +write the answer down M involves a c +minus Omega squ m is coming from the + + align:start position:0% +minus Omega squ m is coming from the + + + align:start position:0% +minus Omega squ m is coming from the +cosiness and we get cosiness from that + + align:start position:0% +cosiness and we get cosiness from that + + + align:start position:0% +cosiness and we get cosiness from that +term and that term divided + + align:start position:0% +term and that term divided + + + align:start position:0% +term and that term divided +by some number D that I'll write down + + align:start position:0% +by some number D that I'll write down + + + align:start position:0% +by some number D that I'll write down +and N is just B Omega divided by that + + align:start position:0% +and N is just B Omega divided by that + + + align:start position:0% +and N is just B Omega divided by that +same D and now I'll write down d That's + + align:start position:0% +same D and now I'll write down d That's + + + align:start position:0% +same D and now I'll write down d That's +c - A Omega 2^ + + align:start position:0% +c - A Omega 2^ + + + align:start position:0% +c - A Omega 2^ +2+ B + + align:start position:0% +2+ B + + + align:start position:0% +2+ B +Omega + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squar that this is what comes out when I + + align:start position:0% +squar that this is what comes out when I + + + align:start position:0% +squar that this is what comes out when I +from the two equations for m&n I just + + align:start position:0% +from the two equations for m&n I just + + + align:start position:0% +from the two equations for m&n I just +solve those equations this D here is the + + align:start position:0% +solve those equations this D here is the + + + align:start position:0% +solve those equations this D here is the +2x two determinant if we think about the + + align:start position:0% +2x two determinant if we think about the + + + align:start position:0% +2x two determinant if we think about the +linear algebra behind two equations and + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra behind two equations and + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra behind two equations and +that's what it is and so the answer now + + align:start position:0% +that's what it is and so the answer now + + + align:start position:0% +that's what it is and so the answer now +is in terms of a c b and d which is a + + align:start position:0% +is in terms of a c b and d which is a + + + align:start position:0% +is in terms of a c b and d which is a +mixture of all of a b and c that's a + + align:start position:0% +mixture of all of a b and c that's a + + + align:start position:0% +mixture of all of a b and c that's a +solution + + align:start position:0% +solution + + + align:start position:0% +solution +only I always want to show you a + + align:start position:0% +only I always want to show you a + + + align:start position:0% +only I always want to show you a +different form of the solution and in + + align:start position:0% +different form of the solution and in + + + align:start position:0% +different form of the solution and in +this case a better form because the most + + align:start position:0% +this case a better form because the most + + + align:start position:0% +this case a better form because the most +important physical quantity is the + + align:start position:0% +important physical quantity is the + + + align:start position:0% +important physical quantity is the +magnitude how large does y get what is + + align:start position:0% +magnitude how large does y get what is + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude how large does y get what is +the amplitude of this this is a + + align:start position:0% +the amplitude of this this is a + + + align:start position:0% +the amplitude of this this is a +sinusoid and we remember that every + + align:start position:0% +sinusoid and we remember that every + + + align:start position:0% +sinusoid and we remember that every +sinusoid can be written in a polar form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +says that y of T is some amplitude G the + + align:start position:0% +says that y of T is some amplitude G the + + + align:start position:0% +says that y of T is some amplitude G the +gain times a + + align:start position:0% +gain times a + + + align:start position:0% +gain times a +cosine of Omega t with a shift with a + + align:start position:0% +cosine of Omega t with a shift with a + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of Omega t with a shift with a +lag with an angle Alpha so I have two + + align:start position:0% +lag with an angle Alpha so I have two + + + align:start position:0% +lag with an angle Alpha so I have two +two numbers now that's the gain and this + + align:start position:0% +two numbers now that's the gain and this + + + align:start position:0% +two numbers now that's the gain and this +is the phase + + align:start position:0% +is the phase + + + align:start position:0% +is the phase +shift Alpha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's a an attractive form because + + align:start position:0% +and that's a an attractive form because + + + align:start position:0% +and that's a an attractive form because +it has only one term the two uh numbers + + align:start position:0% +it has only one term the two uh numbers + + + align:start position:0% +it has only one term the two uh numbers +G and Alpha get put into a single term + + align:start position:0% +G and Alpha get put into a single term + + + align:start position:0% +G and Alpha get put into a single term +where we can see the magnitude of the + + align:start position:0% +where we can see the magnitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +where we can see the magnitude of the +oscillation okay and what does what does + + align:start position:0% +oscillation okay and what does what does + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation okay and what does what does +that come out to be I won't go through + + align:start position:0% +that come out to be I won't go through + + + align:start position:0% +that come out to be I won't go through +all the steps I'll just write down what + + align:start position:0% +all the steps I'll just write down what + + + align:start position:0% +all the steps I'll just write down what +G turns out to be G turns out to B it + + align:start position:0% +G turns out to be G turns out to B it + + + align:start position:0% +G turns out to be G turns out to B it +comes from there and it's 1 over the + + align:start position:0% +comes from there and it's 1 over the + + + align:start position:0% +comes from there and it's 1 over the +square Ro TK of + + align:start position:0% +square Ro TK of + + + align:start position:0% +square Ro TK of +d g is well G is the square root of M2 + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N2 the square root of M2 + N2 and if I + + align:start position:0% +N2 the square root of M2 + N2 and if I + + + align:start position:0% +N2 the square root of M2 + N2 and if I +put M2 and N2 then I have uh D over d^2 + + align:start position:0% +put M2 and N2 then I have uh D over d^2 + + + align:start position:0% +put M2 and N2 then I have uh D over d^2 +I get that answer that's the gain let me + + align:start position:0% +I get that answer that's the gain let me + + + align:start position:0% +I get that answer that's the gain let me +write that word gain again because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you got it there here it is again here + + align:start position:0% +you got it there here it is again here + + + align:start position:0% +you got it there here it is again here +and Alpha is as always the tangent of + + align:start position:0% +and Alpha is as always the tangent of + + + align:start position:0% +and Alpha is as always the tangent of +alpha is the n over the + + align:start position:0% +alpha is the n over the + + + align:start position:0% +alpha is the n over the +M right which is just B + + align:start position:0% +M right which is just B + + + align:start position:0% +M right which is just B +Omega over C minus Omega a Omega + + align:start position:0% +Omega over C minus Omega a Omega + + + align:start position:0% +Omega over C minus Omega a Omega +S I like that Polar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form and I feel I should just do an + + align:start position:0% +form and I feel I should just do an + + + align:start position:0% +form and I feel I should just do an +example I didn't do any of the algebra + + align:start position:0% +example I didn't do any of the algebra + + + align:start position:0% +example I didn't do any of the algebra +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +video but you know what the where the + + align:start position:0% +video but you know what the where the + + + align:start position:0% +video but you know what the where the +algebra came from it came from + + align:start position:0% +algebra came from it came from + + + align:start position:0% +algebra came from it came from +substituting the form we expect for the + + align:start position:0% +substituting the form we expect for the + + + align:start position:0% +substituting the form we expect for the +solution and of course that form that we + + align:start position:0% +solution and of course that form that we + + + align:start position:0% +solution and of course that form that we +expect is the form we get provided Omega + + align:start position:0% +expect is the form we get provided Omega + + + align:start position:0% +expect is the form we get provided Omega +the driving frequency is different from + + align:start position:0% +the driving frequency is different from + + + align:start position:0% +the driving frequency is different from +Omega n well no I guess we're all right + + align:start position:0% +Omega n well no I guess we're all right + + + align:start position:0% +Omega n well no I guess we're all right +even if Omega is Omega n because we have + + align:start position:0% +even if Omega is Omega n because we have + + + align:start position:0% +even if Omega is Omega n because we have +a a damping term yeah so that's the + + align:start position:0% +a a damping term yeah so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +a a damping term yeah so that's the +answer uh so an example why not an + + align:start position:0% +answer uh so an example why not an + + + align:start position:0% +answer uh so an example why not an +example y Prime + y Prime + 2 y equals + + align:start position:0% +example y Prime + y Prime + 2 y equals + + + align:start position:0% +example y Prime + y Prime + 2 y equals +cosine of + + align:start position:0% +cosine of + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of +T + + align:start position:0% +T + + + align:start position:0% +T +okay that's a that's a simple example I + + align:start position:0% +okay that's a that's a simple example I + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's a that's a simple example I +took Omega to be one you see in there is + + align:start position:0% +took Omega to be one you see in there is + + + align:start position:0% +took Omega to be one you see in there is +Omega and then a is one b is one C is + + align:start position:0% +Omega and then a is one b is one C is + + + align:start position:0% +Omega and then a is one b is one C is +two uh we can evaluate everything we can + + align:start position:0% +two uh we can evaluate everything we can + + + align:start position:0% +two uh we can evaluate everything we can +eval in fact I think m m and n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are2 d d by the way will yeah D will be + + align:start position:0% +are2 d d by the way will yeah D will be + + + align:start position:0% +are2 d d by the way will yeah D will be +1^ 2 + 1 2 that's two square t d will be + + align:start position:0% +1^ 2 + 1 2 that's two square t d will be + + + align:start position:0% +1^ 2 + 1 2 that's two square t d will be +D will be sorry D will be two 1 2 + 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +D will be sorry D will be two 1 2 + 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +D will be sorry D will be two 1 2 + 1 2 +uh so what do I know do I know the + + align:start position:0% +uh so what do I know do I know the + + + align:start position:0% +uh so what do I know do I know the +rectangular form yes the re rectangular + + align:start position:0% +rectangular form yes the re rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular form yes the re rectangular +Form + + align:start position:0% +Form + + + align:start position:0% +Form +is2 1 12 for both the cosine and the S + + align:start position:0% +is2 1 12 for both the cosine and the S + + + align:start position:0% +is2 1 12 for both the cosine and the S +12 of cosine t + sin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T that's the rectangular + + align:start position:0% +T that's the rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +T that's the rectangular +form two simple things but I have to add + + align:start position:0% +form two simple things but I have to add + + + align:start position:0% +form two simple things but I have to add +them and in my mind I don't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +them and in my mind I don't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +them and in my mind I don't necessarily +see how the cosine add adds to the sign + + align:start position:0% +see how the cosine add adds to the sign + + + align:start position:0% +see how the cosine add adds to the sign +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +the sinos soidal identity the polar form + + align:start position:0% +the sinos soidal identity the polar form + + + align:start position:0% +the sinos soidal identity the polar form +gives it to me so what's what is it in + + align:start position:0% +gives it to me so what's what is it in + + + align:start position:0% +gives it to me so what's what is it in +polar form so + + align:start position:0% +polar form so + + + align:start position:0% +polar form so +G the gain is going to be one over the + + align:start position:0% +G the gain is going to be one over the + + + align:start position:0% +G the gain is going to be one over the +square root of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two yep at at at the at the highest + + align:start position:0% +two yep at at at the at the highest + + + align:start position:0% +two yep at at at the at the highest +point the cosine and the sign are the + + align:start position:0% +point the cosine and the sign are the + + + align:start position:0% +point the cosine and the sign are the +same they're both 1/ the < TK of two I + + align:start position:0% +same they're both 1/ the < TK of two I + + + align:start position:0% +same they're both 1/ the < TK of two I +have two of them so I get 1 over the < + + align:start position:0% +have two of them so I get 1 over the < + + + align:start position:0% +have two of them so I get 1 over the < +TK 2 cine of + + align:start position:0% +TK 2 cine of + + + align:start position:0% +TK 2 cine of +tus Pi over4 is the angle the phase lag + + align:start position:0% +tus Pi over4 is the angle the phase lag + + + align:start position:0% +tus Pi over4 is the angle the phase lag +when I add the cosine and the S I get a + + align:start position:0% +when I add the cosine and the S I get a + + + align:start position:0% +when I add the cosine and the S I get a +sinusoid that's sitting over pi over 4 + + align:start position:0% +sinusoid that's sitting over pi over 4 + + + align:start position:0% +sinusoid that's sitting over pi over 4 +45° so that those are the two forms so + + align:start position:0% +45° so that those are the two forms so + + + align:start position:0% +45° so that those are the two forms so +in a nice example we certainly got a + + align:start position:0% +in a nice example we certainly got a + + + align:start position:0% +in a nice example we certainly got a +nice answer we certainly did yes okay + + align:start position:0% +nice answer we certainly did yes okay + + + align:start position:0% +nice answer we certainly did yes okay +okay so that is + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that is +the worked out more or less worked + + align:start position:0% +the worked out more or less worked + + + align:start position:0% +the worked out more or less worked +out uh in principle worked out is the + + align:start position:0% +out uh in principle worked out is the + + + align:start position:0% +out uh in principle worked out is the +solution to what I think of as + + align:start position:0% +solution to what I think of as + + + align:start position:0% +solution to what I think of as +the as the most important application + + align:start position:0% +the as the most important application + + + align:start position:0% +the as the most important application +when the forcing term is a + + align:start position:0% +when the forcing term is a + + + align:start position:0% +when the forcing term is a +cosine uh so that it gives oscillating + + align:start position:0% +cosine uh so that it gives oscillating + + + align:start position:0% +cosine uh so that it gives oscillating +motion it gives a phase shift and it + + align:start position:0% +motion it gives a phase shift and it + + + align:start position:0% +motion it gives a phase shift and it +gives these formulas the only thing I + + align:start position:0% +gives these formulas the only thing I + + + align:start position:0% +gives these formulas the only thing I +would + + align:start position:0% +would + + + align:start position:0% +would +add is that is I need to comment on + + align:start position:0% +add is that is I need to comment on + + + align:start position:0% +add is that is I need to comment on +better notation so I have used in these + + align:start position:0% +better notation so I have used in these + + + align:start position:0% +better notation so I have used in these +formulas a b and + + align:start position:0% +formulas a b and + + + align:start position:0% +formulas a b and +c but those + + align:start position:0% +c but those + + + align:start position:0% +c but those +have meaning as + + align:start position:0% +have meaning as + + + align:start position:0% +have meaning as +mass damping constant spring + + align:start position:0% +mass damping constant spring + + + align:start position:0% +mass damping constant spring +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +m b and and K and + + align:start position:0% +m b and and K and + + + align:start position:0% +m b and and K and +certain it's combinations of those that + + align:start position:0% +certain it's combinations of those that + + + align:start position:0% +certain it's combinations of those that +come in so let let me just take this + + align:start position:0% +come in so let let me just take this + + + align:start position:0% +come in so let let me just take this +moment to + + align:start position:0% +moment to + + + align:start position:0% +moment to +say better + + align:start position:0% +say better + + + align:start position:0% +say better +notation + + align:start position:0% +notation + + + align:start position:0% +notation +or maybe I should say engineering + + align:start position:0% +or maybe I should say engineering + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe I should say engineering +notation instead + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of a b c or which are mass damping + + align:start position:0% +of a b c or which are mass damping + + + align:start position:0% +of a b c or which are mass damping +spring constant well that that's already + + align:start position:0% +spring constant well that that's already + + + align:start position:0% +spring constant well that that's already +better to use letters that have a + + align:start position:0% +better to use letters that have a + + + align:start position:0% +better to use letters that have a +meaning but the small but very important + + align:start position:0% +meaning but the small but very important + + + align:start position:0% +meaning but the small but very important +point is + + align:start position:0% +point is + + + align:start position:0% +point is +that two two combinations of ABC M BK + + align:start position:0% +that two two combinations of ABC M BK + + + align:start position:0% +that two two combinations of ABC M BK +are specially good one is the natural + + align:start position:0% +are specially good one is the natural + + + align:start position:0% +are specially good one is the natural +frequency that we've seen already C over + + align:start position:0% +frequency that we've seen already C over + + + align:start position:0% +frequency that we've seen already C over +a square root of C + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a square root of k + + align:start position:0% +a square root of k + + + align:start position:0% +a square root of k +m so that gives us one important + + align:start position:0% +m so that gives us one important + + + align:start position:0% +m so that gives us one important +combination of a and c and the other one + + align:start position:0% +combination of a and c and the other one + + + align:start position:0% +combination of a and c and the other one +is the damping + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ratio and it's called ratio and it's + + align:start position:0% +ratio and it's called ratio and it's + + + align:start position:0% +ratio and it's called ratio and it's +called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Zeta and that damping ratio is B over + + align:start position:0% +Zeta and that damping ratio is B over + + + align:start position:0% +Zeta and that damping ratio is B over +the square root of 4 a huh you'll say + + align:start position:0% +the square root of 4 a huh you'll say + + + align:start position:0% +the square root of 4 a huh you'll say +where did that come from or I can I can + + align:start position:0% +where did that come from or I can I can + + + align:start position:0% +where did that come from or I can I can +use these letters b over theare < TK of + + align:start position:0% +use these letters b over theare < TK of + + + align:start position:0% +use these letters b over theare < TK of +4 M + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K that damping + + align:start position:0% +K that damping + + + align:start position:0% +K that damping +ratio is some so so to speak it it it + + align:start position:0% +ratio is some so so to speak it it it + + + align:start position:0% +ratio is some so so to speak it it it +it's the right dimensionless quantity + + align:start position:0% +it's the right dimensionless quantity + + + align:start position:0% +it's the right dimensionless quantity +the dimensions of this ratio + + align:start position:0% +the dimensions of this ratio + + + align:start position:0% +the dimensions of this ratio +are uh + + align:start position:0% +are uh + + + align:start position:0% +are uh +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +numbers the the those two quantities + + align:start position:0% +numbers the the those two quantities + + + align:start position:0% +numbers the the those two quantities +have the same Dimension and we can see + + align:start position:0% +have the same Dimension and we can see + + + align:start position:0% +have the same Dimension and we can see +that because in the quadratic formula + + align:start position:0% +that because in the quadratic formula + + + align:start position:0% +that because in the quadratic formula +comes you remember that in a quadratic + + align:start position:0% +comes you remember that in a quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +comes you remember that in a quadratic +formula comes square root of b^2 - 4 a + + align:start position:0% +formula comes square root of b^2 - 4 a + + + align:start position:0% +formula comes square root of b^2 - 4 a +c now if you see a formula that has b^2 + + align:start position:0% +c now if you see a formula that has b^2 + + + align:start position:0% +c now if you see a formula that has b^2 +- 4 a c in + + align:start position:0% +- 4 a c in + + + align:start position:0% +- 4 a c in +it you know that these must have the + + align:start position:0% +it you know that these must have the + + + align:start position:0% +it you know that these must have the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +units the same units otherwise + + align:start position:0% +units the same units otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +units the same units otherwise +subtraction would be a crime so they + + align:start position:0% +subtraction would be a crime so they + + + align:start position:0% +subtraction would be a crime so they +have the same ratio and and therefore + + align:start position:0% +have the same ratio and and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +have the same ratio and and therefore +the the the same units and therefore the + + align:start position:0% +the the the same units and therefore the + + + align:start position:0% +the the the same units and therefore the +ratio is dimensionless so + + align:start position:0% +ratio is dimensionless so + + + align:start position:0% +ratio is dimensionless so +it's let me write that word + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dimensionless + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless +so conclusion I could rewrite the answer + + align:start position:0% +so conclusion I could rewrite the answer + + + align:start position:0% +so conclusion I could rewrite the answer +in terms of these question quantities + + align:start position:0% +in terms of these question quantities + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of these question quantities +Omega n and Zeta uh I won't do that here + + align:start position:0% +Omega n and Zeta uh I won't do that here + + + align:start position:0% +Omega n and Zeta uh I won't do that here +that can wait for another time but just + + align:start position:0% +that can wait for another time but just + + + align:start position:0% +that can wait for another time but just +to say since we've solved the found the + + align:start position:0% +to say since we've solved the found the + + + align:start position:0% +to say since we've solved the found the +solution to the most + + align:start position:0% +solution to the most + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the most +important uh + + align:start position:0% +important uh + + + align:start position:0% +important uh +application with cosine Omega T there + + align:start position:0% +application with cosine Omega T there + + + align:start position:0% +application with cosine Omega T there +since we found the + + align:start position:0% +since we found the + + + align:start position:0% +since we found the +solution appropriate to comment that we + + align:start position:0% +solution appropriate to comment that we + + + align:start position:0% +solution appropriate to comment that we +could write the answer in terms of + + align:start position:0% +could write the answer in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +could write the answer in terms of +Omega n the natural frequency and Z Zeta + + align:start position:0% +Omega n the natural frequency and Z Zeta + + + align:start position:0% +Omega n the natural frequency and Z Zeta +the damping ratio okay thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SZlnoxak4xM.txt b/SZlnoxak4xM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48963a770656ffd3732ec6a5d72318c71b2218a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/SZlnoxak4xM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5426 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons License. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK, so, +we're going to pick up + +on our study of +periodic potentials + +and our search for +the explanation + +of the physics of solids. + +And I want to quickly +remind you of the logic + +we went through last time. + +This is one of the more subtle +bits of logic in the semester, + +so I'm gonna do it +again, a little faster. + +I'm mostly gonna do it in +a slightly different form. + +I want to think for a moment +about just a free particle, + +but I want to use +all the language + +and formalism we used for the +periodic potential last time-- + +translation operators, the +block wave functions-- I want + +to use all of that for +just a free particle. + +So, first let's just +remind ourselves + +how the free +particle story goes. + +So, for a free +particle, by which + +I mean the energy +operator is p squared + +upon 2m, and no +potential, plus 0. + +We have a very important +consequence of being free-- + +that the energy can be written +as just p squared-- which + +is that the energy commutes +with the momentum operator. + +And what this +tells us is that we + +can find a basis of +eigenfunctions which + +are common eigenfunctions +of E and p, right? + +We can expand +every wave function + +at any arbitrary-- fantastic. + +Thank you, sir. + +Oh! + +Brilliant! + +GUEST: Plan A, Plan B. + +PROFESSOR: I don't know. + +That's an awful huge straw. + +Pay no attention to the +device beneath the table. + +So, 'cause you know, it's +quantum mechanics, right? + +Bowl of water-- + +So, the energy and +momentum commute. + +And as a consequence, we can +find a basis of eigenfunctions + +exists which are common +eigenfunction of E, E on phi E, + +and I'll label k, by +the eigenvalue of k, + +is equal to E phi Ek. + +And p on phi Ek is +equal to h bar k phi Ek. + +You'll notice, of course, +that I don't label it + +by the eigenvalue, +but I label it + +by something that's determined +by the label, the eigenvalue's + +determined by the +labels, h bar k. + +Now, here's the thing, +can we allow E and k + +to be any values we +want independently? + +Can I make E, 3, and k, 47? + +No. + +There's a consistency +relation, which + +involves satisfying the +energy eigenvalue equation. + +We actually have to find +solutions of these equations. + +And once we find the +solutions are those equations, + +we'll find relations +between k and E. + +And in particular, +for a free particle, + +we find that the relation that +we need is E is equal to-- + +and I will write E sub k-- +is equal to h bar squared + +k squared upon 2m. + +This is also known as +omega is equal to h + +bar k squared upon 2m. + +Just to remind you, +the [INAUDIBLE] E + +is h bar omega, omega sub k. + +That's not the thing +I wanted to look at. + +This is. + +And when we work +this way, we find + +that the energy eigenvalues, +E, as a function of k, + +take a determined form. + +And that determined form is +quite simple, it's a parabola. + +Everyone cool with that? + +So, if you know k, you +know E. But if you know E, + +it turns out it's +doubly degenerate. + +So, if you know E, +you're one of two k's. + +You could be either +the ikx-- oh, sorry, + +and I needed to say-- that +the function, so, from solving + +the equation, gave us that +the energy eigenfunctions, + +phi Ek are equal to some +normalization 1 over 2 + +pi as conventional, +e to the ikx. + +OK. + +So, if I tell you +the energy, you + +don't know which momentum +state I'm talking about. + +But if I tell you the +momentum, you know the energy. + +So, there's a little degeneracy. + +That degeneracy is coming +from the parity symmetry, + +the system, right? + +And note that what +we've done here, + +did we have to write the +wave functions in terms + +of these, the ikxes. + +Is there another +basis we could've + +used for the energy eigenstates? + +Yeah. + +Because these are +degenerate, we could've + +taken any linear combinations +of E to the ikx and E + +to the minus ikx, +and we could have + +got, for example, +sine and cosine. + +That would have +had the advantage + +that the energy eigenfunctions +would have been pure real, + +which is one we +proved was possible. + +You can always choose pure +real energy eigenfunctions. + +However, it would have had the +disadvantage that these states + +would not-- sine +and cosine-- are not + +eigenstates of momentum, right? + +It's convenient to work with +common eigenstates of momentum + +and energy, so we give up on +having a real wave function + +and that's the cost of finding +shared eigenfunctions of energy + +and momentum. + +Everyone cool? + +Any questions? + +OK. + +So, this is the usual story +for the free particle. + +But we learn a couple of +things about it immediately. + +Just by eyeballing +the wave function + +we see some things to note. + +Note, all states-- all +eigenfunctions-- phi sub + +E, which are of the +form E to the ikxx-- + +and I'm gonna add the +time dependence in now-- + +minus omega sum +kt, are extended. + +They have equal probability +density everywhere, + +and the probability +distribution does not + +fall off to 0 as we go far away. + +And so, what this +tells us we have to do + +is we have to build-- if we +want to study real localized + +states that are normalizable-- +we have to build + +wave packets of the form psi +is equal to integral dk sum + +overall momentum modes f of k E +to the ikx minus omega t sub k. + +Where this f we will generally +take-- although we don't have + +to take, to be a real function-- +but, is peaked at some k0. + +So, this is what we did when we +studied the evolution of a wave + +packet of this form. + +But in particular, +such wave packets + +have a couple of +nice properties. + +The first property +we've studied. + +And if you're not +totally comfortable + +with the idea of group +velocity, you really + +need to go over it again. + +It's be an excellent thing +to show up in recitation, + +for example, stationary phase. + +So, the group velocity +of such a wave packet-- + +as long as it's of this form and +peaked around a single momentum + +value, k0-- the group velocity +is d omega dk evaluated at k0, + +at the peak value +of the distribution. + +And note, I wanna +just quickly note + +that this is equal +for the free particle. + +Omega is h bar k +squared upon 2m, + +take a derivative with +respect to k, the 2 cancels. + +We get h bar k upon m. + +Which notably, is equal +to the expectation + +value of the momentum +over the mass. + +Everyone cool with that? + +So, this gives us a +nice way to, by the way, + +if you didn't know the mass, but +you could measure the system, + +for example, you can compute +on average the momentum, + +and you could compute +the group velocity + +by watching wave +packets move, this + +is a nifty way to +compute the mass. + +The mass can be given by, +well, put the mass up here, + +and divide by the +group velocity. + +Measure the momentum and +divide by the group velocity. + +OK, so, I can take +this, and notice, + +that this just exactly +gives me the mass. + +So, this is a way +to, given a system + +with a momentum and +a group velocity, + +I can compute an effective mass. + +Which for the free +particle, is just the mass. + +Cool? + +Just a side observation. + +But this is all a +consequence of the fact + +that we have wave +packets of this form. + +Their plane waves, or +at least things that + +have a phase, times what could +be a real-- though it could + +but an overall phase on the +whole thing-- a real function, + +which is peaked at a +particular value of k0. + +Usual wave packet story. + +Any questions? + +Good. + +So, this should all +be pretty familiar. + +Now, here's the +thing, when we talk + +about a periodic +potential, what I + +want to do next +is, I want to talk + +about a periodic potential. + +So, now, we have a system +that has maybe steps, + +and it's periodic, +with period l, OK? + +And then, ditto. + +It's gonna be periodic. + +And I want to run through +the same analysis. + +I want to find the +energy eigenfunctions. + +I want to organize +them in a nice way. + +And in particular, I want +to know the following, + +if this is equal to +v of x, and v of x, + +and I call the +energy operator E sub + +g is equal to p squared upon +2m plus a coefficient, g, + +times-- let me call +it g sub 0, just + +to make it unambiguous-- +times v of x. + +Notice that when g0 is 0, this +is just the free particle. + +I added a periodic +potential times 0. + +That is stupid, but doable. + +But as I slowly turn on +g0, what's going to happen? + +The energy eigenfunctions +are going to slowly change. + +And the energy eigenvalues +are going to slowly change. + +And the actual system we care +about has some actual value of, + +you know, like 7, +or e, or whatever. + +But this is a way to +connect the free particle + +to the particle in a +periodic potential. + +You know, and if you just turn +on a little weak potential, + +you don't expect the +system to radically change. + +So, one way to organize the +question of periodic potentials + +is, what happens +as you slowly turn + +on this periodic potential? + +But here's the first +thing I want to notice, + +the first thing I +want to notice is + +that it's no longer true +that the energy commutes + +with the momentum. + +So, it would be silly to +try to organize our wave + +functions in terms of energy +eigenfunctions, which are also + +momentum eigenfunctions. + +Because that will only +be a sensible thing + +to do when this +interaction term-- + +when this potential-- +is 0, right? + +So, instead, I want +to organize them + +in terms of energy eigenvalues +and any other operator that + +commutes with the +energy eigenfunction. + +In particular, this +is not invariant + +under arbitrarily +translations, which + +it would have to be to be +invariant to conserve momentum. + +But it is invariant +under translations by L. + +And as a consequence, we +have that the energy operator + +commutes with translations by +L. Where translations by L. + +Takes a function and +shifts it over by L. + +And so, because translations +by L as we showed in a problem + +set long ago commutes with p +squared, because this is just + +an exponential of Lp, with +coefficients, with an i + +and an h bar. + +And because the potential is +invariant under shifting by l, + +and so it commutes +with TL, this is 0. + +So, what this tells us is we +can find common eigenfunctions. + +In fact, a common +eigenbasis of E and TL. + +And here's the thing +that's nice about this, + +I could've made this argument +whether the potential was 0 + +or not. + +For the free particle, +it's also true + +that the system commutes +with translations by l. + +It's free, there +is no potential. + +It sort of silly, +because I could've + +just used the momentum. + +But let's see what +happens if we use + +the translate by l operator. + +Everyone cool with that? + +So, we want to find +common eigenfunctions. + +So, as you guys showed +on a problem set, + +the eigenfunctions of TL-- +so, in order to do this, + +what are the +eigenfunctions of TL?-- + +you showed that the +eigenfunctions of TL must take + +the form-- sorry-- phi sub q +of x is equal to E to the iqx + +times u of x, for some +q where q is-- where u-- + +is a real periodic-- I +don't really need the real, + +but it's going to +simplify my life, + +so I'll take it to be +real-- periodic function. + +Well, let's just +drop real altogether, + +because we don't need that. + +We'll use a periodic function, +and phi of q is this phase. + +It times the periodic function. + +So in particular, +phi is not periodic. + +And as a consequence, TL +on phi q is equal to E + +to the iqL phi q, +because this guy shifts, + +and this is invariant periodic. + +So, this is the +form-- general form-- + +of the eigenfunctions +of translate by l. + +And periodic means that u of +x plus l is equal to u of x, + +just be to explicit. + +OK. + +So, what this tells us is that +the energy eigenfunctions can + +be put in a form-- can be +organized-- as phi sub Eq, + +such that E acting on phi sub +Eq is equal to E phi sub Eq. + +Just like this line, phi sub Eq. + +And TL phi Eq is equal +to E to the iqL phi Eq. + +And it's just +saying then we have + +common eigenfunctions, +yeah, with energy E + +and TL eigenvalue, q. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: No, because +under translation by l, + +this x goes to x plus l. + +Oh, I've slightly +changed notation + +from earlier in the course. + +You're right. + +I've slightly switched. + +So, ah! + +Good. + +So, yes. + +So, thank you. + +So, let's fix notation. + +TL takes f of x +to f of x minus l, + +is what we've used +previously, right? + +But I'm going to just switch +notation, and call this x + +plus l. + +So, for all the +notes in here, this + +is x plus L. Yeah, it doesn't +really make a difference, + +you just have to be consistent. + +And you're right, I +switched between lecture-- + +what was it?-- +eight, and this one. + +Sorry about that. + +Yeah, good catch. + +Thank you for pointing that out. + +So, in which case, this +shifts by x to x plus l. + +And we get E to the iqL. + +Good catch. + +Good. + +So, again, we have +this property that we + +can find common eigenfunctions. + +However, can E and q be +specified independently? + +We know on general +grounds that it's + +possible to find +eigenfunctions which + +are common eigenfunctions, +because these guys commute-- + +E and TL commute-- so we can +find common eigenfunctions. + +And here they are. + +And, meanwhile, we know that +the form of these eigenfunctions + +is of this form. + +Because any +eigenfunction of TL is of + +this form, a phase times +a periodic functions. + +Does that, by itself, +tell us a relationship + +between the eigenvalues E and q? + +No, right? + +Just like E and k +were independent, + +until we solved the actual +eigenvalue equations, right? + +And it required things +like regularity, + +and no similarities. + +So, what we have to +do at this point, + +is solve the differential +equations for continuity, + +periodicity, and solving the +energy eigenvalue equations. + +And when we solve +the equations, we'll + +get a relationship +between E and q. + +And in particular, +if we do that, + +here-- do I want +to do it this way? + +Yes. + +So, in particular for-- +write this in the following + +way-- for g equals 0-- g0 equls +0, which is a free particle-- + +we find E is equal +to h bar squared + +q squared E sub q is equal to h +bar squared q squared upon 2m. + +And yeah, and the wave +functions are of the form phi + +sub qE are equal to some +normalization, 1 over 2 pi, + +times E to the iqx. + +And the coefficient +function, u, is + +just constant, which is nice. + +So, times constant. + +And so, this is reassuring +because it's exactly + +the same form of +the wave functions, + +with exactly the same +form of the energy. + +But where here, the +label-- the value-- q + +is representing the +possible value of-- it's + +controlling the +eigenvalue of TL. + +So, there was a question? + +AUDIENCE: Yes. + +PROFESSOR: Yes? + +AUDIENCE: So, for the +translation operator-- + +PROFESSOR: Yes? + +AUDIENCE: --that +E iqx equal to x + +will work for any complex q in +any u with period [INAUDIBLE]? + +Or any periodic u +with [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, +although, if q is complex, + +then this is badly +non-normalizable. + +Because if q has +an imaginary part, + +then that function +is gonna diverge + +in one direction or the other. + +So, q had better be real. + +But, that's correct. + +This works for-- +this expression-- + +A function of this form, a +periodic function-- periodic, + +with period L-- times +an E to the iqx, + +for any real value q, +and any periodic u, + +will be an eigenfunction +of TL, translation. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: No. + +It's not just non-hermitian. + +It's, in fact, unitary. + +I mean, what exactly +is your question? + +Sorry, I'm misunderstanding. + +AUDIENCE: So, I mean, just +the translation operator + +has a really, really large +number of eigenfunctions? + +PROFESSOR: Indeed, it does. + +And that number is +the same as the number + +of momentum eigenfunctions. + +Because they can be +both used as a basis. + +They're both operators whose +eigenfunctions form a basis. + +That's exactly right. + +So, I think the +difficult thing is + +to think that-- +we have a tendency + +to think that there +aren't very many momentum + +functions, for example. + +But there's enough +momentum eigenfunctions + +to be complete basis. + +So, if this seems like a +vastly larger set, then yeah. + +Indeed. + +OK. + +So, when we do our analysis for +the free particle of this form, + +we get exactly the same story. + +And I want to point out a +couple of consequences for this. + +Working with this TL +operation-- or working with TL + +eigenfunctions--- we have +exactly the same properties. + +Our eigenfunctions +are, again, extended. + +We have to use wave packets. + +And those wave packets +move with a group velocity, + +which is given by d omega dk. + +On the other hand, here, when +we write super positions, + +our general wave function-- +our general wave pack, which + +I'm gonna write +here-- psi, is gonna + +be of the form integral +dq of E to the iqx + +u of x times some f of x-- +or sorry, f of q-- u sub q. + +So, as long as this is a +periodic function, then + +the-- oh, and I should +say minus omega sub qt, + +to get the time dependence +in there-- as long as this + +is a nice periodic function, +especially for this case + +was, when it's real, and this +is a sharply peaked function, + +which is sharply +peaked around some q0, + +then we will find that the group +velocity is, again, the omega, + +now dq, evaluated at +the peak value, q0. + +And that's just a +general consequence + +of this form of our wave packet. + +As I encourage the +recitation searchers + +to review by stationary +phase in recitation. + +And secondly, again, we +can find this nice notion + +of a mass, which +is the expectation + +value of the momentum divided +by the group velocity. + +And, again, this, for +our simple free particle, + +this is just a nice way +of measuring the mass, + +if you happen to want to do +so for your free particle. + +No one told you the mass. + +Everyone cool with that? + +OK. + +Questions? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Is that still the +momentum when we have g0 + +is not equal to 0? + +PROFESSOR: Excellent question! + +So, now, let's study the +case with g0 not equal to 0. + +OK? + +So, so far we looked at for g0 +no equal to-- or g not equal + +to 0-- that was just this line. + +But everything else, +was for general case + +of studying common +eigenfunctions of E and TL. + +So, now, let's +study the case for + +an actual periodic potential. + +So, in particular, repeat +for g0 not equal to 0. + +And this is the analysis +we did last time. + +We did exactly this analysis. + +And we looked for the +common eigenfunctions + +of E and translate by L, right? + +And we found that the +common eigenfunctions + +took the form Eq is +equal to E to the iq of x + +times some u of x. + +And now, we need to find what's +the relationship between E + +and q? + +Are any E and any q allowed? + +And do those give +you eigenfunctions? + +From the free +particle, we expect + +that that's certainly +not the case. + +On the other hand, +we have a guess + +as to what it should look like. + +The energy eigenfunction +for-- let me, actually, + +write this here-- the energy +eigenfunctions and energy + +eigenvalues, more importantly, +of the free particle organized + +in terms of q, we +just immediately + +see the energy is just h bar +squared q squared upon 2m. + +So, the potential-- or sorry, +the energy as a function of q-- + +is, again, a parabola. + +OK, so, here's q, and +here's the energy. + +And this is for a +free particle, right? + +Free particle. + +E equals h bar squared +q squared upon 2m. + +Now, I want to ask what +happens as we slowly + +turn on the potential? + +As we take g0 not equal 0. + +So, we did this last time. + +We turned on the potential. + +We turned on the +a potential, which + +is, in fact, delta functions. + +So, now , in order to solve +the differential equations, + +we have to actually know +what the potential is. + +There's no getting around it. + +And so, we took a bunch +of delta functions + +with dimensionless strength +g0, and spaced by L. + +And what we found was +an equation relating + +E and L, which +took the following + +form-- and for simplicity, I'm +gonna write E is equal to, this + +has nothing to do with +momentum, although it looks + +like momentum, I'm just +going to write E formally + +as h bar squared Scripty +k squared upon 2m-- so, k, + +here, should just be +understood as root 2m + +over h bar squared, which I +hate writing out over, and over + +again. + +So, let me, actually, write +that the other way around. + +Scripty k is equal to the square +root of 2mE upon h bar squared. + +So, when you see k think E. +When you see lions, think lions. + +OK. + +So, we found that +the condition-- + +in order that we solve the +differential equations-- + +the condition, in order that E +and q label energy eigenstates + +which actually are +energy eigenfunctions-- + +common energy +eigenfunctions-- of the energy + +and the translation by operator, +we found that there was + +a relation, which +was cosine of qL-- + +AUDIENCE: [SNEEZE} + +PROFESSOR: --is equal to-- +Bless you-- cosine of kL plus g0 + +upon 2kL sine kL, right? + +So, first off, let's +make sure that this + +agrees with what we found +when g0 was equal to 0. + +When g0 was equal +to 0 we found that E + +was equal to h bar squared +q squared for any q. + +And, well, when g0 is equal +to 0, this term goes away. + +And we get cosine of qL +is equal to cosine of kL. + +And an example of a solution +for that is qL is equal to kL. + +Or q is equal to k. + +In which case, E is equal to h +bar squared k squared upon 2m, + +by plugging in that expression. + +Cool? + +So, this reproduces the +free particle result + +when we need it to. + +But in general, +it's not the same. + +So, what does it look like? + +So, let's take a look at that. + +So, here, first off, +what I'm plotting here + +is the plot that we +draw on the board + +last time, only here I'm +plotting it here horizontally + +is the energy, E, and +vertically is cosine of qL. + +Now, for q a real +number, cosine of qL + +goes between 1 and negative 1. + +And so, any value +in here corresponds + +to a valid value of +cosine-- or of q-- sorry. + +So, any value, any point, +between 1 and minus 1 + +is an allowable value of q. + +So, for example, this +point, right here, + +corresponds to this +value is q, OK? + +Just horizontal lines. + +Meanwhile, this curve +is the right hand side + +of that expression. + +It's cosine of kL plus-- +or sorry-- in this case, + +it's cosine of root +2mE upon h bar squared + +L. This right-hand +side plugged in here, + +and I'm plotting it as +a function of energy. + +Just to be explicit, so this is +energy-- or energy-- and the q. + +And here's that curve. + +So, for g equals 0-- which is +what I've set it to here-- g + +is equal to 0-- +that didn't work, + +there we go-- when +g is equal to 0, + +we see that it goes +between 0, and this is just + +cosine of root E. And +there's cosine of root E. + +It gets spread out because +it's square root of E, + +rather than E. Everyone +cool with that? + +And so, here's my question, +what pairs of E and q + +correspond to allowed +energy eigenfunctions? + +How do you look at +this diagram and decide + +which values of E and q are +good energy eigenfunctions? + +AUDIENCE: Well, the fact +that the boundary conditions + +of the q is such that cosine of +qL is between negative 1 and 1? + +PROFESSOR: Good + +AUDIENCE: Or all +values are allowed? + +PROFESSOR: Awesome. + +So, let me be explicit. + +So, how would I find? + +That's exactly right. + +Let me rephrase that and +be a little more explicit. + +So, what we need is we need +a solution of cosine qL + +is equal to the right +hand side, in this case, + +cosine of root +energy, L. So, that + +means we need to find a +horizontal line corresponding + +to a particular value of +q-- or a particular value + +of cosine qL-- and a +point on the curve, cosine + +of root EL, which is this guy. + +So, at any point where +we are inside these two + +extreme values, and this +E, will give us a value. + +So, for example, +for this point-- ah, + +I wish I could draw-- for +this point, that corresponds + +to a particular +value of q, right? + +Where the cosine of q is +equal to that vertical value. + +And it corresponds to a +particular value of E. + +So, each point, here, +corresponds to a value of E-- + +an allowed value of +E-- on the horizontal, + +and an allowed value of +q, such that cosine qL + +is the vertical value. + +Everyone cool with that? + +So, what val-- Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] p +degeneracy for values of q. + +Like for a specific +q, we're going + +to find a lot of [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: For specific +values of q, why does it-- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +horizontal line. + +You'll have a lot of +intersections, right? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, +that's, excellent. + +OK. + +So, good. + +So, there are two ways +of answering that. + +That's a very good question. + +So, the question +is, look, this is + +slightly funny state of affairs. + +If we plot-- if we take a +horizontal line-- corresponding + +to a particular value q, it +hits at various different values + +of the energy. + +Excellent observation. + +So, let me make two +points about that. + +The first point is that when we +defined q, how did we define q? + +We said the translate be +L on phi Eq was equal to E + +to the iqL phi eq. + +But now, suppose we take q +to q plus 2pi upon L, OK? + +OK, so if we take q +to q plus 2pi upon L, + +we don't do anything +to the eigenvalue. + +So, that's not enough +to specify which + +function we're talking about. + +Because we changed +the value of q, + +and it doesn't change +the eigenvalue. + +So, you can't just +focus on the eigenvalue. + +There are two ways of +thinking about that. + +One is, look, since q +and q plus 2 pi upon L + +give you the same +eigenvalue of TL, + +we should just think +of them as equivalent. + +So, one, we should just-- +look, any time you have q, + +and you add plus 2pi upon L, +you just think of this as q. + +It's not different. + +There's just, you know, +q now is valued periodic. + +If you shift q by 2 pi, +you're actually back + +at the same point. + +So, q is now a +periodic variable. + +And but, that's not enough. + +Different values of these +q correspond to different + +values-- the same eigenvalue. + +So, you're getting multiple +solutions as a consequence. + +But there's another way +to think about this. + +Which is just in +terms of this graph. + +In terms of this graph, +if what we're specifying + +is cosine of qL, but we're not +specifying the value for q, + +yeah? + +So, if we instead plotted +this as a function of q, + +without assuming q is +equivalent to 2pi q plus 2pi + +upon L-- which we can do, +we're perfectly entitled + +to do that-- what do we get? + +What do you think you get? + +For the free particle, +we know exactly what + +we get for the free particle. + +The parabola. + +And if you just take this, +and I'm going to give you guys + +the Mathematica files +for all these things. + +Yeah, if you just take +this, and open it up, + +instead of plotting it +in terms of cosine of qL, + +plot it in terms of q, +that's exactly where you get. + +The satisfying thing. + +And I'm going to come back +to that in just a minute, + +but it was a really +good question + +and we'll come back to it. + +Other questions? + +OK, now, let's ask what +happens as we turn on g0. + +As we turn on g0, the +solutions to this equation + +are going to be +different, because it's + +going to be a +difference equation. + +So, let's do it. + +So, here it is. + +We have g0, we can tune it. + +And I'm going to +slowly turn on g0. + +And watch what happens +to these curves. + +So, now we see +that the right hand + +side of the yellowish curve +is now exceeding 1 and minus 1 + +in various places, right? + +And why is it doing that? + +Let's get some +reasonable down here. + +So, why is it doing that's? + +It's doing that because this +can now be greater than 1. + +Cosine is bounded between 1 +and minus 1, but this is not. + +And so, we overshoot +in some places. + +And what does this tell us? + +What does this +really telling us? + +What its really telling +us is that-- there we + +go-- how do we find +allowed values of E and q + +such that we have a good +energy eigenfunction which + +is simultaneously and +eigenfunction of E and of TL? + +We need to find points where +a horizontal line between 1 + +and minus 1 intersects +the right hand side curve. + +But for the energies +between here-- + +this value of the energy, and +this value of the energy--- + +there is no such point. + +The energies in +here-- any energy + +in here-- in order for those +lines to intersect, line + +must be greater than 1, or +less than minus 1 down here, + +or here. + +So, there's no +allowed value of q, + +such that there's a solution +with energy between these two + +points. + +Everyone cool with that? + +So, that's telling us that +there are values of energy where + +there are no energy eigenvalues +with that corresponding energy. + +Because there simply +aren't solutions + +of this equation for any +value of q with that energy. + +On the other hand, when +the right hand side + +is between 1 and minus 1, we +have allowed values of energy. + +We have a value of +q, and a value of E + +that correspond to each +other, and they correspond + +to a solution of the energy +eigenvalue equation and the TL + +eigenvalue equation. + +So, let's see what that looks +like in this presentation. + +Oh, before I do, I want to say +one other thing about this. + +Let's take this plot, and +let's use this periodicity. + +So, this periodicity is going +to say that-- So, here's + +pi upon L, here's minus pi +upon L-- let's see, yeah, + +good-- there's minus pi +upon L, there's 2pi upon L, + +and 2pi upon L. If +these guys are periodic, + +than I could've just said, +look, at this point-- + +this is pi upon L, +and minus pi upon L-- + +I could've said this point +is the same as this point. + +So, I could've taken this +whole bit of the curve, + +and I could've +moved it over here. + +Everyone cool with that? + +Because this value of q, is +the same as this value, q. + +This value of q, is the same +as this value of q, right? + +So, I could have written this, +and if we just take this over, + +you can see it's, +you know, symmetric. + +As a consequence, +we get-- And so, we + +can write-- we can draw-- +this entire parabola folded up + +into one region, using the +periodicity with q as 2pi + +upon L. And when you fold +it up into one region, + +just using q as periodic +with period 2pi over L, + +and now noting that there +are several solutions + +for every value q-- +corresponding to how far out + +on the parabola +you went-- now we + +have a much simpler way of +presenting this, where we don't + +need to see the whole parabola. + +This is a real advantage. + +When we plot things in +this way, the structure + +of the energy bands +and energy gaps + +becomes considerably +more simple. + +So, let me do that. + +First let me set the g to 0. + +OK, so, here is +our free particle. + +And let's look at that plot. + +So, here's the plot that +I was just describing. + +What you see here, +is the parabola. + +And I've use a +periodicity to box it up + +into one fundamental period +between pi and minus pi + +upon L, OK? + +And so, the blue +line corresponds + +to the energy as +a function of q-- + +the allowed energy +as a function of q-- + +and what the green +background represents + +is I'm going to put the +horizontal section in green + +anytime there's an +allowed energy with that. + +So, energy, here, +is vertical, and q + +is on the horizontal, going +between minus pi over L and pi + +over L. Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: I might be +getting this just out, + +but is there a reason that as +the energy increases the bands + +get broader and broader? + +Is that just an +artifact of the math, + +or is there a good +physical reason for that? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, there're both. + +So, one way to think about it, +so just purely mathematically, + +this is saying that cosine +of qL is cosine of root EL. + +So, as we make the energy +larger, and larger, + +some small variation +in q is going + +to correspond to a +quadratic variation in E. + +And that's what's +making it stretched out. + +If we plotted this as a +function of kL, instead of E, + +then it would have looked +much more constant period, OK? + +So, that's the +mathematical answer. + +The physical answer is this, +if we have some potential, + +if I put you in a finite +well-- So, there you are. + +You're in a finite well. + +And you look at the ceiling, +you're like, damn it! + +And so, that's +frustrating, right? + +And it's deeply frustrating +if it's a deep well, + +but if it's a shallow well, +it's not all that big a deal, + +you climb out. + +Being in a deep potential-- +being at low energy, + +compared to the +potential-- means + +that you're tightly +bound, right? + +Takes a huge amount +of energy to get out. + +And as a consequence, what +you saw in your problem + +set is that the +bands are quite thin. + +But as you get closer, +and closer to the top, + +or as you go to higher energy, +the thickness of that band + +grows as a measure of +the fact that you're + +less tightly constrained +by the potential. + +OK? + +Good. + +So, that's the +physical intuition. + +Did that make sense? + +Good. + +OK, so, yeah? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +g0 different from 0, + +do you ever get to the point +where the solution is always + +inside the [INAUDIBLE]. + +So, like the bumps [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Ah! + +Good. + +Let's look. + +Let's look. + +So, let's answer +that by looking. + +So, the question is, basically, +look, as you crank up g0, + +do you ever lose +the bands entirely, + +or do the bands just disappear? + +Is that the question? + +AUDIENCE: As you get +to higher energies. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, as you +go to higher energies. + +Good. + +So, we can answer that. + +Let me do that in two ways. + +So, the first thing +I want to do is + +I want to ask the first +of that question, which + +is what happens as we +turn on the potential? + +Here we have the free particle, +let's turn on the potential. + +We know what +happens down here, I + +want to ask what happens to the +picture of the allowed values + +of q and the allowed +value-- sorry, + +the allowed values of energy-- +and their corresponding values + +of q. + +So, here, it's easy. + +This particular point +on the blue line + +corresponds to a value of +the energy, and a value of q. + +What happens to +those allowed pairs + +as we increase the potential? + +And as we increase +the potential, + +you can see on the left +that the right hand + +side is exceeding 1 and minus 1. + +And correspondingly, +on the right, + +here the red dot is what was +the free particle-- parabola-- + +and the blue line is +the actual solutions. + +What you find is when you +turn on the potential, + +the actual solution moves +away from the free particle + +line in a very particular way. + +In particular, for this value +of energy-- around 100-- + +there are absolutely no +allowed energy eigenstates. + +There are no solutions. + +And so as correspondingly, +that area is not shaded green. + +There are only solutions +where you have this blue line. + +Everyone see that? + +So, we get these gaps. + +And we get bands of +continuously allowed energies. + +And then gaps between +those allowed bands. + +And I'm going to post this-- the +guy-- to play with on Stellar. + +So, now, let's go up to +very, very large values + +of the interaction. + +OK, and let's see +what happens when + +you go to large of interaction. + +Well, one thing that happens +it that Mathematica sort of + +panics down here, so it +lost an entire band, which + +shouldn't happen. + +Let's try this, there we go. + +That's better There's +a wonderful book + +on spectral methods in +solving differential equations + +by a guy named Boyd. + +And he's pithy, if +somewhat degenerate, + +and he says at one point, +the definition of an idiot + +is-- or he says, +idiot definition, + +someone who doesn't reproduce +their numerics twice + +with different parameter values. + +And so, we could have just lost +this band and written a paper, + +oh, band's disappear! + +This is great! + +Never believe Mathematica +until you've checked it. + +So, anyway, here you see a band, +and another band, and another. + +But what's happened is the +bands become very thin. + +But that makes sense from +the earlier intuition. + +We're making the +potential much stronger. + +We're more tightly binding +particles into wells. + +And as a consequence, the bands +are very tightly restricted. + +And that fits very +much with what + +we saw on your phet simulations. + +OK, but-- hold on for +one sec-- coming back + +to the question over +here-- yours-- coming back + +to that question, if you look at +higher and higher energy, what + +you're going to find is that +the bands get wider and wider, + +and the gaps get +thinner and thinner, + +as you go to high-- well, +it's a little more complicated + +than that, it depends on +exactly what you're doing, + +but-- the bands get +wider, the gaps get wider, + +but both of them don't get +wider at the same rate. + +So, this is actually +something you'll + +look at on your problem set. + +But the important +thing you will find + +is that the bands +never disappear. + +Like a band in 1D doesn't just +close and disappear altogether, + +and the bands don't overlap. + +And here's an easy +way to understand + +why the bands don't overlap. + +Let's look at what +these states are. + +So in particular, I want +to look at the states + +at the bottom of each +loud energy band. + +So, let's go back down +to small value of g0. + +So, we have these +big thick bands + +with a weak little potential. + +We have big, thick +bands, little, tiny gaps, + +and I want to look at the +states at the bottom of the gap. + +Let's make it maybe +a little bit bigger. + +So, we'll look at the states +at the bottom of the gap. + +And there's an optional +problem in your problem set + +that works through +the mechanics of this. + +But I want to look +through it in some detail. + +So, what we're plotting +here-- Did that work? + +Crap. + +Unfortunately, +this is-- OK, good. + +So, here what we have +is the ground state + +of the lowest band +at zero interaction. + +So, here, is g0. + +And it's 0.001, +it's basically 0. + +As I turn on the delta +function potentials, + +what's going to happen to the +lowest energy state, which + +is just the constant, +has momentum 0. + +What's going to +happen to this guy? + +Well, we saw from this guy, +that the lowest energy state + +got a little bit of a gap there. + +There is no state +at 0 energy anymore. + +There's now a state only at +slightly positive energy. + +A wave from what would have been +the zero energy, zero momentum + +state. + +Everyone see that? + +There's this little gap +between 0, and the bottom. + +And if we make the +interaction bigger, + +we'll see that a +little more obviously. + +Here's the red is +the zero energy, + +and it goes up to finite energy. + +But has that lowest state +developed any nodes? + +Does the lowest state in +a 1D potential have nodes? + +No, right? + +There's nodes here. + +0 nodes, then one, then two. + +And do they ever switch orders? + +Does it ever go zero, two, one? + +No. + +There's the node theory. + +So, what happens to +these wave functions + +is all the wave +functions continuously + +change as we turn +on the potential, + +but they don't switch order. + +Their ordering is completely +fixed by the number of nodes. + +So, let's watch what happens +to the actual wave functions. + +So, here's that +lowest state, and I'm + +going to turn on the potential. + +What's going to happen? + +Well, we're going to see the +effect of the delta function. + +And there, you see the effect of +the delta function turning on. + +And as we crank +up the potential, + +you see that the wave +function generates + +a kink where there +is a delta function. + +And that state has zero nodes. + +That's the ground state. + +Everyone cool with that? + +OK. + +Similarly, let's go to 0. + +Whoops. + +Oh, shoot. + +Don't give me +infinite expressions. + +You're not allowed +to divide by 0. + +Oh, shoot! + +OK, here's the second +excited state, this guy. + +And let's look at what happens +as we turn up the potential + +now. + +Exactly the same thing. + +We see a little kink. + +We don't get new nodes. + +But what we do get are +kinks at the potential. + +This is for the special case of +the delta function potential, + +but it's illustrative +of everything else. + +So, going back to the +bands, what's going on here + +is that these states +are getting compressed-- + +they're getting +pushed up together-- + +but they're not getting +swapped in their order. + +OK? + +And this was in the service +of a question that was asked. + +What was the last question? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK, I +don't remember exactly + +which questions I was +answering, I'm sorry, but-- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Sorry? + +AUDIENCE: I think it was +if you lose the bands. + +PROFESSOR: Ah, yeah. + +If you lose the bands. + +So, you know by the node theorem +that you never lose states. + +States with three +nodes can't disappear. + +That same with +three nodes always + +has to be between +the state with two-- + +thank you-- between the +state with two nodes, + +and the state with four nodes. + +And they can't just disappear. + +So, those gaps never disappear. + +And they never overlap, +because they never + +cross each other, again, +by the node theorem. + +All you get is things +separating into bands + +and squishing together, +or spreading back apart + +and becoming the free particle. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] strange +periodic potential and you'll + +get the [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Indeed. + +Indeed. + +So, that's exactly right. + +So, the observation is, look, +this was for the delta function + +potential, but we didn't have +to use delta function barriers. + +We could have use +little square barriers, + +I could have used little, you +know, goat-shaped barriers. + +I could have used whatever. + +And there's going +to be some answer. + +And how's it going to change? + +Well, the way it's going to +change is where the bands are, + +how wide they are, and +how wide the gaps are. + +But the rest of the story goes +over in exactly the same way. + +The energy eigenfunctions +take the form E + +to the iqx times the +periodic function. + +Cool? + +OK, and on your +problem set, where + +you're gonna show-- one of +the things you're gonna show-- + +and I love this result, +because it encapsulates + +so much physics, +you're going to show + +that if you have a potential-- +a single potential barrier-- + +and you know the +reflection amplitude, + +and the transmission +amplitude-- or really, you just + +need to know one-- if +you know the reflection + +amplitude-- if it's +parity symmetric-- then + +you can write down the +band structure entirely + +in terms of-- you can +write down an equation + +for the allowed energies +as a function of q-- + +entirely in terms +of the reflection + +amplitude and the phase shift. + +Which is an amazing fact. + +So, you know about reflection +off of one barrier, + +you make an infinite +lattice of those barriers, + +and you deduce the structure +of the allowed energy bands + +and gaps, which is cool. + +So, the scattering information-- +as I kept promising-- + +contains a huge amount of +the physics of your system. + +So, we saw that it +contains bound energies, + +but it also contains +these band gaps. + +OK, questions. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] If we +make the g0 go to infinity, + +would that approach +a single [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, exactly. + +Excellent. + +So, the question was, what +happens as g0 goes to infinity, + +is it like getting single wells? + +So, let's look at that. + +It's a very good observation. + +So, here's a band +between-- I really + +should put a line +here-- but between here, + +and here, we have this band. + +And that corresponds to +between here, and here. + +As we make g0 stronger, the +derivation from simple cosine + +gets larger and larger. + +The amplitude gets +larger and larger, + +and those bands get steeper, +and steeper, and steeper. + +And the allowed energy bands +get thinner, and thinner, + +and thinner. + +And, in fact, they get +so thin, that Mathematica + +loses track of some of them, +which is the annoyance. + +So, here we have +very, very thin bands. + +What happens is we take +g0 very, very large. + +So, let's make it 400. + +And, you can see, Mathematica +doesn't like that. + +It's totally lost the band. + +So, let's try something +a little less extreme. + +Oh, no, still too +big for Mathematica. + +Eight, you can do +it, little buddy. + +Ah, there we go! + +We can keep tack of one. + +So, what's happening +is these bands + +are getting extremely thin. + +And what's happening, +you're erecting + +infinitely high barriers between +each period in the lattice. + +And if you have +infinitely high barriers, + +what are the +allowed eigenvalues? + +It's the same as the energy +eigenvalues of the infinite + +well, because it has to be 0 at +those infinite barriers, right? + +So, all of those states-- all +of the states in the band-- + +become degenerate, and have +the same energy, the energy + +of the periodic well, +or of the infinite well. + +Very good question. + +OK. + +So, let's let Mathematica +relax a little bit again. + +Well done. + +OK. + +And so, I want to +quickly ask why do we + +have bands in the first place? + +Why do we have gaps? + +So, what's going on? + +Why do we have gaps +in the first place? + +AUDIENCE: Because our +math told us we had to? + +PROFESSOR: OK. + +Good. + +This is an excellent answer. + +Not the one I was looking for. + +The answer is a good answer +because we did the calculation + +and that's what the +calculation tells us. + +And that is a completely valid +answer for a theorist, right? + +At this stage of writing +down what your theory is + +and making a prediction. + +But before you can write that +paper, publish it, and say, + +aha! + +I've discovered bands! + +You must have an explanation +to the following question, why? + +How do you know your +calculation was correct, + +before you've done +the experiment? + +So, one answer is, of course, +you do the experiment, + +and it fits like a champ. + +But that's not a very +illuminating experiment + +as you know you're going to find +departures from your theory, + +you want to improve +the situation. + +You want some intuition +about why this works. + +And you actually all know +the physics behind this. + +And we did it on the +first problem set. + +Remember the experiment that +we studied on a problem set, + +the Davis and Germer Experiment, +where you send plane waves + +onto a crystal, and due +to interference effects, + +the transmission amplitude +changes-- the transition + +probability changes-- as +a function of the angle. + +And the reason it changes as a +function of the angle was you + +had a crystal plane, right? + +So, atom, atom, atom, atom, +atom, atom, atom, atom, + +and a plane wave sent +in could scatter off + +of any of these +scatterers, right? + +Or it could transmit and +scatter off a further one down. + +And if you look +at the scattering + +off different scatterers, if the +effect of those scatterings-- + +so one down, and then one +much deeper down-- if those + +interfere destructively, +then that's + +going to suppress +the reflection. + +And if they interfere +constructively, + +it's gonna enhance +the reflection. + +So, usually we think about that +Davis and Germer Experiment, + +we think about it as a function +of the angle of incidence, + +either straight at, or +as a function of angle. + +And we ask, how does +the transmission + +depend on those angles? + +But there's another +way to phrase + +that question, you can +ask, look, on average, + +how deep does that wave go? + +Does the wave propagate +through the crystal? + +Or if it doesn't propagate +through the crystal, + +it's gonna exponentially +decay with some wavelength, + +with some decay-length. + +And what you find is that +whether the wave propagates in, + +or whether it decays +exponentially, + +depends on the energy +and the lattice + +spacing of that crystal. + +And this is exactly +the same thing, + +only we have a crystal +in both directions. + +We don't have empty air and +we're sending in a plane wave. + +Now we have a plane wave, +can it propagate through? + +Well, for some energies, +it'll propagate + +with continuous energy, or +it'll propagate continuously. + +And for some energies, it +will damp out exponentially. + +But if it damps +out exponentially, + +and it damps out exponentially +in the other direction too, + +then you don't get +any solution at all. + +It just completely dies. + +So, what's really +going on here is + +the fact that all of these +scatterers in this lattice + +are scattering centers. + +And if you send a little wave +packet in-- which you should + +think of as a superposition +of energy eigenstates-- + +if you send a wave +packet in, the probably + +to get-- the +probability amplitude + +to get from here to here-- +is the probability amplitude + +to go from here to here, +plus to scatter through-- + +to transmit through and reflect +back-- plus to transmit, + +transmit, reflect, reflect-- +or sorry, transmit, transmit, + +reflect, transmit-- plus all +the other crazy things you + +could do. + +And you have to sum up +over all those terms. + +You have to sum the +effect of how do you + +get from here to here? + +Every possible way +to get from here + +to there, a la the +two slit experiment. + +Sum of over all +possible paths where + +you bounce around scattering +off each of these scattering + +centers. + +And that's why the +band structure's + +encoded in the +reflection amplitudes + +from an individual +scattering center. + +Because now, it's just a +common [INAUDIBLE] problems + +of how many different paths, +and summing up the phase + +that you get. + +OK? + +So, it's just about coherent +and incoherent scattering. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] crystal +and I have an electron. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: If I sent the electron +through the crystal in just + +the right way, with +just the right energy, + +won't it just go through in +some states, without seeing it? + +PROFESSOR: Excellent. + +Excellent. + +So, the question is under +what conditions can you + +send an electron and +it'll just cruise right on + +through the potential? + +So, let's answer that question. + +That's exactly the +right question. + +So, let's pick up from here. + +And I want to ask, +what have we learned? + +So, what are the lessons +for g0 equal to 0? + +So, the first lesson is +that the energy eigenvalues, + +E eigenvalues, are +restricted to lie + +within a band-- this +bands-- and the bands + +are separated by gaps. + +Two, the energy +eigenstates-- so this + +was eigenvalues-- the energy +eigenstates are all extended. + +And we didn't even need +to find the full solution + +of this equation to know that. + +All we needed to know is +that it was a solution. + +That the energy eigenfunction +are eigenfunctions + +of the translation +operator as well. + +And that tells us the +probability of that form. + +And that tells us what the +probability distribution is, + +which is the norm squared +of that guy, is independent, + +it's periodic. + +And if it's periodic, +it can't fall off + +exponentially one +direction or the other. + +So, we've seen that the +eigenfunctions are all + +extended, and so +as a consequence, + +we have to build wave packets. + +So, therefore, we must +build wave packets. + +And, again, the form of +the wave packets, psi + +is equal to the integral +dq f of q-- sorry, + +I'll say fq0-- sharply peaked +around the point q0 of q. + +And then the wave +function's E to the iqz + +minus omega t times +ru of x sub q. + +OK. + +So, we have to +build wave packets. + +So, three, this tells us +that those wave packets + +move with group velocity, +by the same logic + +as for the free +particle, V group is + +equal to d omega dk-- +or dq-- evaluated at q0. + +OK, where q0 is where our +wave packet is sharply peaked. + +So, that's already telling +you something really cool. + +Look at this lowest band. + +Let's make this a +little more reasonable. + +So, let's look at +this lowest band. + +And in particular, I'm +going to make this big. + +So, focus in on the +lowest energy band, here. + +So, there's the +lowest energy band. + +It goes from the top of the +band to the bottom of the band. + +It's just a little bit away +from the free particle, + +because we're looking +at a relatively + +weakly, perturbed system. + +I chose a small value of q0. + +Actually, let's make it a +little more exaggerated. + +OK, so there's the free +particle curve, the red one, + +and the blue one +is our actual band. + +So, that's the energy +as a function of q. + +And let's make it even bigger. + +This one goes to 11. + +Let's see. + +OK. + +And so what you can see is +the following, it looks, + +again, it's looks sort of +like a parabola at the bottom. + +And at the top, it curves +over, and, actually, + +goes to zero derivative. + +And it has to, because +it's got to be periodic. + +Because q is periodic with +period 2pi over L. So, + +what does that tell +you about the velocity? + +Well, let's look +at the velocity. + +V group velocity, of wave +packet with-- whoops, + +say, here's 0-- as a function +of q between minus 2pi over L, + +and 2pi over L. + +What is the group velocity? + +And here's what I mean. + +What I mean is let's +build a wave packet which + +has a reasonably +well-localized momentum, + +say, at this value of q. + +So, I built a little wave +packet it has a peak here, + +and what does that +wave function do? + +Well, it has a group velocity. + +And the group velocity +is given by d omega dq. + +And now, we can't solve +that equation analytically, + +because it's [INAUDIBLE]. + +But we can see, just by +eyeball, what this does. + +When q is equal to 0, +what's the group velocity? + +Yeah. + +It's the slope, right? + +D omega dq. + +So, what's d omega +dq at the origin? + +0, right? 'Cause +it's just horizontal. + +So, it's 0. + +Good. + +What about a little +bit to the right of 0? + +What about if I give it +a small positive q-- wave + +packet localized with +a small positive q? + +It's got a little bit +of a slope now, right? + +Little bit of a positive slope. + +So, it increases. + +But then, it reaches a +maximum slope, halfway + +through the domain. + +So, here, it hits +a maximum value, + +and then the slope +comes back down. + +And if we'd went the +other way, if we'd + +made q a little bit negative, +the slope becomes negative. + +And that's the velocity. + +So, that's a slightly +strange thing. + +As we increase q, it +increases the velocity. + +Increasing q increases +the velocity for a while. + +That's just like k and momentum. + +Momentum is h bar k. + +So, that would be +increasing the group + +velocity for a free particle. + +But now, as we increase the q +to a reasonably large value, + +to 2pi upon L-- oh, sorry, this +is pi upon L, and pi upon L-- + +so, if we do this to pi upon +2L, or roughly, to the middle, + +we get to a maximum value. + +And if we increase q +further, what happens? + +The velocity goes down, right? + +If we increase q further, +the velocity goes. + +This is strange. + +For a free particle, if +you had momentum h bar k, + +and you increased k, what +happens to the expectation-? + +What happens to +the group velocity? + +If you increase +the momentum, what + +happens to the group +velocity for a free particle? + +AUDIENCE: [MURMURS] + +PROFESSOR: It's gonna +increase, right? + +But not for a particle in +the periodic potential. + +The wave packet, as you +increase the crystal momentum, + +q, past this maximum, as you +increase the crystal momentum, + +you actually decrease +the velocity. + +And, in fact, if you +keep increasing q, + +eventually the +velocity goes to 0. + +And you increase +q a little more, + +and it actually goes negative. + +So, this is a funny +thing, it's not + +behaving like normally you'd +think of as a momentum. + +And, indeed, is there momentum +conservation in this system? + +No. + +We have a periodic potential. + +There are forces at work. + +Is momentum conserved? + +No. + +This is not a system that +conserves a momentum. + +Momentum can be exchanged +between the particle + +and the potential. + +Q is a good quantity. + +It's the eigenfunction of +TL, and that does commute + +with the energy operator. + +So, it's a perfectly +reasonable quantity. + +But the momentum itself, +p, is not conserved. + +So, this crystal +momentum, q, is not + +the momentum, for +all these reasons. + +But it plays a lot +of the same role, + +especially near the +bottom of the band. + +Near the top of the band, +it's a little bit funnier, + +because if you increase q, +you get a negative velocity. + +If you decrease q, you +get a positive velocity. + +It's exactly the opposite of +what you'd normally expect. + +But let's hold on to that +thought for a second. + +So, there's another sense in +which the crystal momentum + +is like a momentum. + +And you're gonna show +this on your problem set. + +But it's very important in +giving you some understanding-- + +some intuition-- about what +the crystal momentum is. + +On your problem set, +you'll show the following. + +Suppose I induce +a constant force. + +For example, imagine +this particle + +in my periodic +potential had a charge, + +and I turn on a constant, +uniform electric field. + +Then that particle experiences +a constant, uniform driving + +force, which I can write as a +linearly increasing potential, + +right? + +So, what you showed +on the problem + +set is that the force-- +the expectation value + +of the force-- is equal to-- +for a wave packet-- sharply + +localized around some +value, q0, the force, + +it gives the time +rate of change, d dt, + +of the expectation value of q. + +So, if you turn on a +force, what happens + +is q increases linearly. + +Thank you. + +It's so hard. + +It's just so obviously 1. + +So, if the force +is constant, then + +h bar q increases constantly. + +So, q just increases +linearly in time, yeah? + +But that's funny. + +Well, we'll come back +to that, just how + +funny that is in just a-- yeah? + +Question? + +No, OK. + +Well, let's think about +how funny that it. + +Let's tackle this, right now. + +So, imagine we start +with a wave packet, which + +is well localized around +zero crystal momentum, + +around q equals 0. + +Then what is that wave +function doing in time? + +How does that wave packet move? + +What's its group velocity? + +0. + +So, it's just sitting there. + +It's just little wave +packets slowly dispersing, + +quantum mechanically, yeah? + +But if we don't make it too +tightly constrained, and p + +and 2 too tightly constrained. + +And the dispersion could +be made quite slow. + +So, it's just a +little wave packet, + +localized around a +particular position. + +And localized around +zero momentum, + +and it's just sitting there. + +Cool? + +Now, let's apply a force. + +What happens? + +As we apply a force, a constant, +force with a positive sign. + +Q is gonna increase. + +So, the central value-- +I should say, yeah-- so, + +the central value +of our wave packet + +is gonna go from 0 to +something slightly positive. + +Because q is increasing. + +What that means is +that the velocity is + +increasing at first. + +So, the velocity +is gonna increase, + +and in equal units +of time it's gonna + +march linearly along this way. + +So, the particle is going +faster, and faster, and faster, + +and faster. + +And that makes sense. + +You're driving the system by +putting on a constant force. + +Of course it accelerates. + +The velocity +accelerates linearly, + +so the position +accelerates quadratically. + +So, let's plot the +position-- expectation + +value of the position-- +as a function of time. + +At zero time-- it's +at the origin-- + +it's at some trivial +position, x0. + +As we increase time, velocity's +increasing linearly for awhile, + +and the position is gonna +increase quadratically. + +Everyone cool with that? + +But eventually, at some point in +time, the velocity-- or the q-- + +is gonna get to the +point where we're + +at the maximum allowed velocity. + +And at that point, what is the +curve for x gonna look like? + +It's gonna have an +inflection point. + +And as we increase-- +as we wait longer-- q + +is gonna continue +linearly increasing, which + +means the velocity is +going to slow down. + +So, the thing slows down, +so its slope decreases, + +until finally it's got +zero velocity again. + +There we go-- zero +velocity-- dx dt. + +And then what happens? + +We keep forcing it. + +It's a constant driving force. + +But this is this, +by periodicity of q, + +and the thing is, we increase +q further linearly in time. + +As we increased q further, +the velocity becomes negative. + +So, instead of continuing +to accelerate-- + +instead of continuing to move-- +in a positive x direction, + +it starts going backwards! + +That's weird. + +You're putting a force +in this direction, + +and it's accelerating +in that direction. + +That's a strange effect. + +And as we continue, +eventually we + +get to maximum +negative velocity. + +Again, an inflection point. + +And, at which +point, the velocity + +starts getting less, and less +negative, or closer, and closer + +to 0. + +And we return. + +And so, in some +period, capital T, + +which is determined by how big +this constant driving force is, + +the particle returns to +its original position. + +Everyone see that? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Is it +starting at q equals 0? + +PROFESSOR: Well, yeah. + +At q0 equals 0. + +Exactly. + +So, at first point, so this is +q equals 0, this is-- sorry, + +q equals 0-- is +the initial point. + +And x is equal to x0. + +So, under this +process, the particle + +goes through an oscillation, +called a Bloch Oscillation. + +It's named after the guy +who invented the wave + +functions, the Bloch +Wave Functions. + +And this is a +deeply weird thing. + +Normally, you think, well, look, +if I take a charged particle, + +and I just put it in an +empty space, or in a box, + +or whatever, and I turn +on an electric field, + +what happens to it? + +It accelerates. + +But if you put that charged +particle in a periodic lattice, + +like copper-- idealized copper, +here, perfect uniform lattice-- + +and you turn on an +electric field-- + +or you put a capacitor +plate across the thing-- + +that electron, at +first, wants to behave + +like an electron in free space. + +It wants to accelerate. + +But then it finds out +it's in a lattice. + +And it goes backwards. + +And it just oscillates back +and forth, [INAUDIBLE]-like, + +you know? + +I really want to +get there, oh crap. + +I really want to get there. + +Oh no, I'm in a +periodic potential. + +And it just oscillates +back and forth. + +Is there any conductions +in this system + +due to the electromagnetic +field that we've induced? + +None. + +That is a strange little beasty. + +That is a strange, +strange property. + +And yet, copper conducts. + +Copper, which is +a uniform lattice + +of ions-- of +potentials-- to which + +electrons are stuck in bands. + +Copper conducts! + +The electrons don't do +this Bloch Oscillation. + +How come? + +Yeah. + +It's not perfect. + +And it's not perfect for +a whole bunch of reasons. + +So, one reason it's not +perfect is that, so, first off, + +in a lattice of, say, +copper, or whatever, + +the ions have a finite mass. + +So, what that means is +they're not stuck in place, + +they also wiggle. + +When the electron moves, +one of the ions move. + +So, the whole thing +you should think + +of as a little wiggling +piece of jello. + +And as a consequence, they're +not perfectly periodic. + +This does a bunch of things. + +One is these are no longer the +exact energy eigenfunctions. + +You now have to deal +with the oscillations + +and wiggling of the lattice. + +But more importantly, +here's something + +that can happen-- and +electron can move along, + +and it can kick one of these +ions-- it can bounce off + +one of the ions-- and +scatter some of its momentum + +into the ion. + +Not into the rigid +lattice, but it + +could just make one +of those ions wiggle. + +So, it's changed the +structure of the lattice. + +OK? + +And what you can do then, is +you can have an electron that + +is accelerating, and it hits +something, and it stops. + +And it accelerates. + +And it stops. + +Accelerates, and it hits +something, then it stops. + +OK? + +So, when you have lots of +disorder in your system-- + +or when you allow the +electron to bounce off + +things in the lattice-- you get +this effective conductivity. + +Things start their +Bloch Oscillation, + +then they collide, and +scatter off their momentum, + +and go back to zero +momentum, but they've + +moved over a little bit in +their oscillation already. + +They move up, and they move. + +So, what that picture looks +like is, you accelerate, + +and then, boom, you scatter, +and you fall back down + +to zero momentum +by scattering off + +your momentum into +something else. + +Same thing, you move +up, and then, now, you + +have zero momentum again. + +You move up, you have +zero momentum again. + +You move up, you +have zero momentum. + +You move up, you have +zero momentum, again. + +And so, you get this +effective drifting + +of the electrons, pointed +out by a guy named Drude. + +That gives you, effectively, +a conductivity and a solid. + +Now, there are a +bunch of other effects + +that are important +for conductivity. + +Normally, we think of disorder +as something that, you know, + +if you make things +messy, they're + +probably gonna transmit +less well, right? + +But disorder is absolutely +essential for conductivity + +in real solids. + +Both for this reason, +because you scatter off + +of fluctuations, but also, when +you have a chunk of copper, + +it's not a chunk of copper. + +It's a chunk of +copper, but it's got, + +you know, here and there, +there's a little carbon + +atom that got stuck, and +maybe there's a bit of nickel, + +and, you know, +palladium, or, you know, + +Berkelium-- pretty unlikely, +but could be there-- so, + +you have all sorts of schmutz +sort of distributed around. + +And, again, those +are things that + +make the potential not periodic. + +And, so, will change the +conservation of this q. + +OK? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +but if you actually + +managed to put a +alternating current-- + +or an alternating voltage-- +at the right frequency, + +you could actually drive +the electrons from one side + +to the other in this fashion? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, so, I-- + +AUDIENCE: --even though +the conventional way + +of thinking about +alternating currents + +is that the electrons +really don't move at all. + +PROFESSOR: That's a +very good observation. + +It's a little subtle, so +come to my office hours + +and ask me about that. + +But there's an interesting-- +For a very specific reason, + +because it's easy +and unambiguous, + +I chose look the DC. + +But you're right, +looking at the AC, + +is really a very +entertaining example. + +So, yeah, I'm not +gonna get into it. + +There's a cool story with +parametric resonance. + +And yeah, there's a +very nice story there. + +Come to my office +hours, because that + +is a particularly fun story. + +OK, but I want to do +one last thing on this + +before we move on. + +So, in this process, something +very strange happened. + +When we got to the top of +the potential, what we found + +was as we increase-- +as we continue + +constant, positive force-- +the velocity decreased. + +Yeah? + +That is weird. + +Normally, when I take +a force, and I take + +some object with some +mass, and I take a force + +and I apply it to the mass, +and then the acceleration + +is the force +divided by the mass. + +In particular, mass is +always a positive thing, + +so if I take my force, and I +divide it by the positive mass, + +I get an acceleration in the +same direction as the force. + +But here, we have +an applied force, + +and we get an acceleration +in the opposite direction. + +I thought our particle +had a positive mass. + +Didn't it have a positive mass? + +We started off with +a positive mass. + +We should still have +a positive mass. + +So, what's going on here? + +Well, we have a rule for +calculating what the mass is. + +We take the expectation +value of the momentum + +and divide by the +group velocity. + +So, let's find out what +the mass is for this guy. + +And I'll do that here. + +So, this is a slightly +surreal moment + +with a nice little codon. + +So, I'm going to write that +expression for the mass + +slightly differently. + +And you're gonna show in +your problem set-- PSet-- + +you're gonna show that that +definition of the mass-- M star + +is p upon the group +velocity-- leads + +to the following expression, you +can write that as-- you can use + +that to derive-- that the mass +can be written as 1 upon h bar + +squared d squared E dq squared. + +So, the group velocity +is the first derivative + +of the energy with respect to q. + +The mass-- or really +q over the mass-- + +is proportional to the second +derivative, the curvature. + +Everyone see that? + +So, this should not be +an obvious equation, + +unless you're breathtakingly +good at calculus in your head. + +It's just chain +rule, but it does + +take a little bit +of careful thinking, + +because it's a +physical argument, + +it's not a rigorous +mathematical argument. + +You're gonna do it +on your problem set. + +So, let's take this +expression and let's see + +what the effective mass is. + +What is the mass +of our particle? + +Now, here, when I see what +is the mass of our particle? + +I mean a very precise thing. + +What is the mass of +the object moving + +in this periodic potential? + +That's what I mean. + +What is the mass of this thing? + +And we have a definition for it. + +Here it is. + +And let's plot this 1 over mass. + +So, let's plot this 1 over mass. + +Oh, that's not the +way I wanna draw it. + +Yeah. + +Yeah, OK, good. + +So, here-- oh, shoot-- +so, let's do it this way. + +So, I want to plot 1 over +mass, in the vertical, + +as a function of q. + +And here is q is equal +to 0, and here is 1 + +upon mass is equal to 0. + +So, at the bottom of the +band-- and this is pi upon L, + +and minus pi upon L. At the +bottom of at the band, at q + +equals 0, what is the mass? + +Well, here's the velocity, +and there's the band. + +So, what's the mass at +the bottom of the band? + +Tell me properties about it. + +Is it 0? + +Yeah. + +There's still some curvature. + +It's approximated by +some parabola, right? + +It's even. + +And, in fact, you can take that +equation and derive properties + +about it. + +But it's some curvy thing. + +You can see that. + +It's more obvious if we look +at a higher energy band. + +So, here's the minimum. + +Here's what it would +have been if we + +didn't have a potential, right? + +But here's the minimum, and it's +nice and curvy, and at the top, + +again, it's nice and curvy. + +But it's got a second derivative +there, that's non-zero. + +Everyone agree with that? + +Now, here's the thing I want to +ask, is that second derivative + +the same as it would have been +if we had g arbitrarily small? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +Not so much. + +No, if g was much lower, +the second derivative + +would be a bit different. + +OK. + +So, in particular, this +is some funny value. + +And I'm just gonna +give it a name. + +It's gonna have some value at 0. + +And, in particular, +it is positive. + +Everyone agree with that? + +But there's a point here-- +there's an inflection point-- + +where this thing has +zero second derivative. + +And that inflection +point is the same point + +where the velocity +becomes a maximum, + +because the velocity's +a first derivative. + +So, when the velocity's +at a maximum, + +the second derivative has a 0. + +It's the derivative of the +first velocity, zero slope. + +And so, at that +inflection point, + +the velocity is 0-- +or sorry, the velocity + +is a maximum-- and 1 +upon the mass, goes to 0. + +And then, if we increase +q further, what happens? + +1 over m star goes negative. + +And it reaches a minimum +at pi over L, come back, + +and, again, repeats. + +So, it's periodic. + +I'm just artistically +challenged. + +So, how can this possibly be? + +Right? + +So, first off, what +this is telling + +us is that we have a +point where the mass is 0. + +It's positive around the +origin, where things normally + +behave intuitively. + +It goes to 0-- 1 +over the mass-- goes + +to 0, which tells me +that the mass, m star, + +is going to infinity. + +1 over the mass going to 0? + +Mass must be going to infinity. + +What does that mean? + +Well, what does it +mean for something + +to be infinitely massive? + +It mean f equals ma, if it's +infinitely massive-- then let's + +write that as acceleration +is force over m star-- then + +that tells you that +if you apply a force, + +you get no acceleration. + +But that's exactly what we saw. + +We get to this point, we +keep applying our force, + +and the velocity stays constant. + +There's no acceleration. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] +in this equation, + +that's an external force, right? + +PROFESSOR: That's +an external force. + +AUDIENCE: So, only-- + +PROFESSOR: Exactly. + +Yeah. + +Purely external force. + +I put a capacitor plate +across my piece of metal. + +AUDIENCE: So, my +next question would + +be is it all that insane then? + +Because, like, you haven't +calculated the net force + +on the object, so to speak, +and so there is the potential. + +And so, yeah, the net +force is zero, sure, + +you're applying force, but +it's not going anywhere. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's not +a complete answer to what's + +going on here, but it's +a very good observation. + +So, let me rephrase +that slightly. + +So, look, I'm doing a +slightly strange thing. + +I'm applying an external +force, and I'm not + +treating it quantum +mechanically, + +I'm treating this particle +quantum mechanically. + +That's clearly stupid. + +We should treat everything +quantum mechanically, + +and derive the results +in that fashion. + +It turns out, in this case, +that the negative effective mass + +doesn't go away if we treat the +electromagnetic field quantum + +mechanically. + +So, you're absolutely +correct, but it's not + +enough to sort of make us +comfortable with the result. + +It doesn't change this result. + +But you're absolutely correct +that that's an important thing + +to do if we want to be honest. + +But this is a perfectly good +approximation for our purposes. + +So, the mass goes infinite, +and then it goes a negative! + +1 over the mass goes negative, +so that's ridiculous, + +but that's exactly +what we wanted. + +The acceleration is the +force divided by the mass, + +but we found that when we apply +a force in this direction, + +we get an acceleration +in this direction. + +That's a negative coefficient, +so, in particular, here's + +what I want to think about. + +I want to ask the following +question, this value + +of the mass-- even +around the bottom, + +this should already be +disturbing observation-- + +because this value +of the mass is not + +the same as the mass of +our original particle. + +And the way you can +see that is if you + +go to various strong coupling, +then this band shrinks down. + +It becomes very thin, +and the second derivative + +becomes arbitrarily +small, which means + +the mass becomes +arbitrarily large. + +So, the mass is getting +larger and larger + +as we crank up the potential-- +the effective mass-- + +of whatever this thing +is that's moving. + +But this is strange. + +The thing that's +moving is our particle. + +It has mass, m. + +Everyone agree with that? + +What is going on here? + +And here, I want to +do an experiment. + +And my experiment-- + +AUDIENCE: [MURMURING] + +PROFESSOR: So, yeah, the +seamless pong ball company, + +in recognition of my +contributions to physics + +and $3, has given me a series +of ping pong balls, with which, + +I'm going to do the +following experiment. + +OK. + +Here's the calculation +I want to do. + +The lesson I want you +to take away from this, + +is that you've got to +be very careful what + +you mean by, "the +mass" of an object. + +Take one of these +ping pong balls, + +I'm not gonna do the +whole experiment for you, + +but I'll tell you the set up. + +Take a ping pong ball, and +the first thing I want to do + +is, I want to measure it's mass. + +Well, what do you mean +by measure its mass? + +Well, I'm gonna take it, and +I'm gonna put it in a vacuum, + +you know, we could take it +to France to were they do + +the-- And take the +ping pong ball-- + +ANNOUNCEMENT: One, +two, three, four. + +One, two, three, four. + +One, two. + +AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: We're just +gonna turn that down. + +OK. + +ANNOUNCEMENT: One, +two, three, four. + +One, two, three, four. + +PROFESSOR: Can we kill that? + +OK, so. + +So, we take our ping pong ball, +and we put some mass over here, + +with a known mass, and +we put it on a scale, + +and we wait until this +goes to the vertical, + +and we declare the mass. + +And what we find is that +the mass of our ping pong + +ball-- this is, you know, not +the greatest ping pong balls-- + +but by legislation, this is +supposed to be about 2.7 grams, + +or people get in fistfights. + +So, the mass of +the ping pong ball + +needs to be about 2.7 grams. + +And, meanwhile, the +radius of this guy + +is about 20 millimeters, +so 2 centimeters. + +Yeah, that's about right. + +And yeah. + +So, this is supposed +to-- morally-- + +it's supposed to +be 2 centimeters. + +And so, if you go through this +and you compute the density + +from these guys-- so, +this gives you a volume-- + +and if you compute the density, +the density is about 12.4 + +by regulation. + +Now, I've done this experiment, +and I've done this measurement. + +And I must've used +very cheap balls, + +because I got a very, +very low density. + +I got-- oh sorry, this is +the wrong way to do it-- + +the density is equal to +1, in usual CGS units, + +is 1 upon 12.4. + +And I can write that as 1 +upon 12.4 times the density + +of water. + +OK? + +Now, when I did this +experiment, I got 1 over 20. + +So, I was probably using +very cheap ping pong balls. + +But if you look at the +regulations on Wikipedia, + +this is what you're +supposed to get. + +Let's assume these are perfect. + +So, you do this. + +There's the mass. + +That is the mass. + +That's what I mean by the mass. + +You take a scale, +you weigh the thing! + +Right? + +Does anyone object to my +definition of the mass? + +It's an observational, +empirical process + +for determining the mass. + +If I take my mass, OK? + +And now I ask the following +question, if I take some water, + +and I pull my ping pong ball, +and I put it under water, + +and I put a spring +scale here, and they + +measure the force +on this ping pong + +ball, what will the force be? + +Well, the force will +be-- and let's just call + +this ten, because the +calculation's going + +to be horrible otherwise-- well, +whatever, let's call it 12. + +So, the force-- and +another way to write this + +is that rho water is +equal to 12 rho ping pong + +ball-- I did math there. + +So, the force-- we know this +from Archimedes-- the force + +is a combination of the +weight of the ping pong + +ball down, so, it's going to be +the density times the volume. + +So, the volume times rho ping +pong ball down, so, minus. + +Plus the volume +times rho water up, + +because that's the weight of +the water displaced, right? + +So, your weight down, minus the +weight of the water displaced. + +Everyone cool with that? + +Archimedes. + +It's pretty well +known at this point. + +So, this is equal to +the volume times rho + +water minus rho ping pong ball. + +And I can write this +as the volume times + +rho water is 12 rho +ping pong balls, + +so that's 12 minus 1 +rho ping pong ball. + +That's 11 rho ping pong ball. + +But this is equal to 11 +times the weight of the ping + +pong ball-- oh sorry-- 11 times +the mass of the ping pong ball. + +The volume times the density. + +So, mass ping pong ball. + +Now, there's an important thing +that I forgot to add here, + +what did I forget to add? + +G. Right? + +It's the force is +the mass times g. + +OK, g, g, and g. + +So, we get that the force is +equal to 11 m ping pong ball g. + +Everyone agree with that? + +I haven't done anything sneaky. + +And so, as a consequence, +what this predicts + +is that if I take the +force and I divide it + +by the mass of the +ping pong ball, + +I get 11 times the +acceleration of gravity. + +And here's what that predicts, +that predicts that when I let + +go of this thing, +what should happen? + +It should accelerate +upward through the water + +at 11 times the acceleration +of gravity, which + +is roughly 10 meters +per second squared. + +So, 110 meters per +second squared. + +Does that sound right? + +Just intuitively, +does that sound right? + +If you pull something +like a ping pong + +ball, or a beach ball +or something underwater, + +what happens when +you let go of it? + +Well, at this point, +I'm going to remind you + +that physics is an +empirical science. + +So, let's see if we can do this. + +OK, now, what's +supposed to happen + +is this thing is supposed to +shoot out at nine times-- or 11 + +times-- the +acceleration of gravity. + +So, it just shoots through +this thing much faster + +than equivalently. + +So which one's +going to hit first? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Should it +come out, or should it + +hit the ground first? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, +the ping pong ball. + +Great, that's helpful. + +Uh-huh. + +So, what's gonna happen first? + +Is the ping pong ball +gonna hit the surface, + +or is it gonna come +flying out of the water? + +This is accelerating with +the acceleration of gravity. + +And this it's accelerating up +with 11 times the acceleration + +of gravity. + +So, let's do the experiment. + +And this is what +they pay me for. + +Oh. + +This would be much +more satisfying + +if we had a nice long-- how do I +want to phrase this-- cylinder. + +Oh, shoot! + +Stop. + +So, it's best done with +a nice, long cylinder, + +but let's do this. + +So, which one wins? + +AUDIENCE: [MURMURS] + +PROFESSOR: Gravity wins, right? + +And why? + +Intuitively, why does this work? + +AUDIENCE: [MURMURING] + +PROFESSOR: I am neglecting +the drag effect, + +but I'm not really heating +up the water all that much. + +I mean, it's not +like the dissipation + +is all that significant. + +The dissipation of the momentum, +which is drag-- the friction-- + +is not the most important +thing for our purposes here. + +That water hasn't +heated up at all. + +So, what's going on? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: OK, so +here's the question. + +Has a mass of the ping pong +ball, my empty little ping pong + +ball changed? + +So, something like +that has to be true. + +But what's the right answer? + +The right answer is this, +the thing that's moving, + +is not the ping pong ball. + +The ping pong ball is +interacting with the fluid. + +And as a ping pong +ball accelerates, + +it drags the fluid +along with it. + +And as it goes +faster, and faster, + +it drags more and more of +the fluid along with it. + +And as it's dragging more +and more of that fluid, + +the effective mass +of the entire object + +that's moving-- which +is now the ping pong + +ball, and all of its associated +water-- is increasing. + +And now, if you take that force, +which was constant, and divide + +by this growing +effective mass, you + +find that the acceleration +rapidly falls off. + +And you get a terminal velocity. + +And you know this +works, because if you + +blow a bubble under water, +it doesn't shoot upwards + +with an infinite acceleration. + +It goes glurg, glurg, glurg. + +And this idea, this idea +of the effective mass + +of a particle changing +with its state of motion, + +is an idea called +renormalization. + +And it plays an essential role, +not just in particle physics, + +but in all of modern +condensed matter physics. + +And we'll pick up at +this point next time. + +AUDIENCE: [APPLAUSE] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ScZMBOB_qYQ.txt b/ScZMBOB_qYQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cfb65752b1381723ae286554c006fa84da525919 --- /dev/null +++ b/ScZMBOB_qYQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@ +align:start position:0% + +software that implements modern + + align:start position:0% +software that implements modern + + + align:start position:0% +software that implements modern +numerical methods has two features that + + align:start position:0% +numerical methods has two features that + + + align:start position:0% +numerical methods has two features that +aren't present and codes like OD e4 and + + align:start position:0% +aren't present and codes like OD e4 and + + + align:start position:0% +aren't present and codes like OD e4 and +classical runge-kutta the methods and + + align:start position:0% +classical runge-kutta the methods and + + + align:start position:0% +classical runge-kutta the methods and +the software can estimate error and + + align:start position:0% +the software can estimate error and + + + align:start position:0% +the software can estimate error and +provide automatic step size control you + + align:start position:0% +provide automatic step size control you + + + align:start position:0% +provide automatic step size control you +don't specify the step size H you + + align:start position:0% +don't specify the step size H you + + + align:start position:0% +don't specify the step size H you +specify an accuracy you want and the + + align:start position:0% +specify an accuracy you want and the + + + align:start position:0% +specify an accuracy you want and the +methods estimate the errors they go + + align:start position:0% +methods estimate the errors they go + + + align:start position:0% +methods estimate the errors they go +along and adjust the step size + + align:start position:0% +along and adjust the step size + + + align:start position:0% +along and adjust the step size +accordingly and they provide a fully + + align:start position:0% +accordingly and they provide a fully + + + align:start position:0% +accordingly and they provide a fully +accurate continuous interpolant they + + align:start position:0% +accurate continuous interpolant they + + + align:start position:0% +accurate continuous interpolant they +don't just provide the solution at the + + align:start position:0% +don't just provide the solution at the + + + align:start position:0% +don't just provide the solution at the +discrete set of points they provide a + + align:start position:0% +discrete set of points they provide a + + + align:start position:0% +discrete set of points they provide a +function that defines the solution + + align:start position:0% +function that defines the solution + + + align:start position:0% +function that defines the solution +everywhere in the interval and so you + + align:start position:0% +everywhere in the interval and so you + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere in the interval and so you +can plot it find zeros of the function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +provide a facility called the event + + align:start position:0% +provide a facility called the event + + + align:start position:0% +provide a facility called the event +handling and so on Larry champagne is an + + align:start position:0% +handling and so on Larry champagne is an + + + align:start position:0% +handling and so on Larry champagne is an +authority on the numerical solution of + + align:start position:0% +authority on the numerical solution of + + + align:start position:0% +authority on the numerical solution of +ordinary differential equations he's the + + align:start position:0% +ordinary differential equations he's the + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary differential equations he's the +principal author of this textbook about + + align:start position:0% +principal author of this textbook about + + + align:start position:0% +principal author of this textbook about +solving OD ease with MATLAB + + align:start position:0% +solving OD ease with MATLAB + + + align:start position:0% +solving OD ease with MATLAB +he's a now emeritus professor at + + align:start position:0% +he's a now emeritus professor at + + + align:start position:0% +he's a now emeritus professor at +Southern Methodist University in Dallas + + align:start position:0% +Southern Methodist University in Dallas + + + align:start position:0% +Southern Methodist University in Dallas +he's been a longtime consultant to the + + align:start position:0% +he's been a longtime consultant to the + + + align:start position:0% +he's been a longtime consultant to the +math works about the development of our + + align:start position:0% +math works about the development of our + + + align:start position:0% +math works about the development of our +Eau de sweet champagne and his student + + align:start position:0% +Eau de sweet champagne and his student + + + align:start position:0% +Eau de sweet champagne and his student +premise La Boca Chica + + align:start position:0% +premise La Boca Chica + + + align:start position:0% +premise La Boca Chica +published this method in 1989 and it's + + align:start position:0% +published this method in 1989 and it's + + + align:start position:0% +published this method in 1989 and it's +the basis for OD e23 the first of the + + align:start position:0% +the basis for OD e23 the first of the + + + align:start position:0% +the basis for OD e23 the first of the +methods we will use out of the MATLAB o + + align:start position:0% +methods we will use out of the MATLAB o + + + align:start position:0% +methods we will use out of the MATLAB o +de suite the basic method is order three + + align:start position:0% +de suite the basic method is order three + + + align:start position:0% +de suite the basic method is order three +and the error estimate is based on the + + align:start position:0% +and the error estimate is based on the + + + align:start position:0% +and the error estimate is based on the +difference between the order three + + align:start position:0% +difference between the order three + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the order three +method and an underlying order two + + align:start position:0% +method and an underlying order two + + + align:start position:0% +method and an underlying order two +method there are four slopes involved + + align:start position:0% +method there are four slopes involved + + + align:start position:0% +method there are four slopes involved +the first one is the value of the + + align:start position:0% +the first one is the value of the + + + align:start position:0% +the first one is the value of the +function at the start of the interval + + align:start position:0% +function at the start of the interval + + + align:start position:0% +function at the start of the interval +but that's based on something called FS + + align:start position:0% +but that's based on something called FS + + + align:start position:0% +but that's based on something called FS +al first same as last where that slope + + align:start position:0% +al first same as last where that slope + + + align:start position:0% +al first same as last where that slope +is most likely left over from the + + align:start position:0% +is most likely left over from the + + + align:start position:0% +is most likely left over from the +previous step if the previous step was + + align:start position:0% +previous step if the previous step was + + + align:start position:0% +previous step if the previous step was +successful this function value is the + + align:start position:0% +successful this function value is the + + + align:start position:0% +successful this function value is the +same as the last function value from the + + align:start position:0% +same as the last function value from the + + + align:start position:0% +same as the last function value from the +previous step that slope is used to step + + align:start position:0% +previous step that slope is used to step + + + align:start position:0% +previous step that slope is used to step +into the middle of the interval function + + align:start position:0% +into the middle of the interval function + + + align:start position:0% +into the middle of the interval function +is evaluated there that slope is used to + + align:start position:0% +is evaluated there that slope is used to + + + align:start position:0% +is evaluated there that slope is used to +step through quarters of the way across + + align:start position:0% +step through quarters of the way across + + + align:start position:0% +step through quarters of the way across +the interval and the third slope + + align:start position:0% +the interval and the third slope + + + align:start position:0% +the interval and the third slope +obtained there then these three values + + align:start position:0% +obtained there then these three values + + + align:start position:0% +obtained there then these three values +are used to take the step yn plus 1 is a + + align:start position:0% +are used to take the step yn plus 1 is a + + + align:start position:0% +are used to take the step yn plus 1 is a +linear combination of these three + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of these three + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of these three +function values then the function is + + align:start position:0% +function values then the function is + + + align:start position:0% +function values then the function is +evaluated to get a four slope at the end + + align:start position:0% +evaluated to get a four slope at the end + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated to get a four slope at the end +of the interval and then these four + + align:start position:0% +of the interval and then these four + + + align:start position:0% +of the interval and then these four +slopes are used to estimate the error + + align:start position:0% +slopes are used to estimate the error + + + align:start position:0% +slopes are used to estimate the error +the error estimate here is the + + align:start position:0% +the error estimate here is the + + + align:start position:0% +the error estimate here is the +difference between yn plus 1 and another + + align:start position:0% +difference between yn plus 1 and another + + + align:start position:0% +difference between yn plus 1 and another +estimate of the solution that's obtained + + align:start position:0% +estimate of the solution that's obtained + + + align:start position:0% +estimate of the solution that's obtained +from a second-order method that we don't + + align:start position:0% +from a second-order method that we don't + + + align:start position:0% +from a second-order method that we don't +actually evaluate we just need the + + align:start position:0% +actually evaluate we just need the + + + align:start position:0% +actually evaluate we just need the +difference between that method and yn + + align:start position:0% +difference between that method and yn + + + align:start position:0% +difference between that method and yn +plus 1 to estimate the error this + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 to estimate the error this + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 to estimate the error this +estimated error is compared with a user + + align:start position:0% +estimated error is compared with a user + + + align:start position:0% +estimated error is compared with a user +supplied tolerance if it's if the + + align:start position:0% +supplied tolerance if it's if the + + + align:start position:0% +supplied tolerance if it's if the +estimated error is less than the + + align:start position:0% +estimated error is less than the + + + align:start position:0% +estimated error is less than the +tolerance and the step is successful and + + align:start position:0% +tolerance and the step is successful and + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance and the step is successful and +this for slope s4 becomes the s-1 of the + + align:start position:0% +this for slope s4 becomes the s-1 of the + + + align:start position:0% +this for slope s4 becomes the s-1 of the +next step if the error is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +next step if the error is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +next step if the error is bigger than +the tolerance then the error could be + + align:start position:0% +the tolerance then the error could be + + + align:start position:0% +the tolerance then the error could be +the basis for adjusting the step size in + + align:start position:0% +the basis for adjusting the step size in + + + align:start position:0% +the basis for adjusting the step size in +either case the error estimate is the + + align:start position:0% +either case the error estimate is the + + + align:start position:0% +either case the error estimate is the +basis for adjusting the step size for + + align:start position:0% +basis for adjusting the step size for + + + align:start position:0% +basis for adjusting the step size for +the next step + + align:start position:0% +the next step + + + align:start position:0% +the next step +this is the Bokashi champaign order 3/2 + + align:start position:0% +this is the Bokashi champaign order 3/2 + + + align:start position:0% +this is the Bokashi champaign order 3/2 +method that's the basis for OD OD 2/3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's look at some very simple uses of + + align:start position:0% +let's look at some very simple uses of + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at some very simple uses of +odg 2/3 is to get started I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +odg 2/3 is to get started I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +odg 2/3 is to get started I'm going to +take the differential equation y prime + + align:start position:0% +take the differential equation y prime + + + align:start position:0% +take the differential equation y prime +is equal to Y so I'm going to compute e + + align:start position:0% +is equal to Y so I'm going to compute e + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to Y so I'm going to compute e +to the T and I'm just call OD e 2 3 on + + align:start position:0% +to the T and I'm just call OD e 2 3 on + + + align:start position:0% +to the T and I'm just call OD e 2 3 on +the interval from 0 to 1 with initial + + align:start position:0% +the interval from 0 to 1 with initial + + + align:start position:0% +the interval from 0 to 1 with initial +value 1 no output arguments if I call OD + + align:start position:0% +value 1 no output arguments if I call OD + + + align:start position:0% +value 1 no output arguments if I call OD +e 2 3 it just plots the solution here it + + align:start position:0% +e 2 3 it just plots the solution here it + + + align:start position:0% +e 2 3 it just plots the solution here it +is it just produces a plot it picks a + + align:start position:0% +is it just produces a plot it picks a + + + align:start position:0% +is it just produces a plot it picks a +step step size goes from 0 to 1 and here + + align:start position:0% +step step size goes from 0 to 1 and here + + + align:start position:0% +step step size goes from 0 to 1 and here +it gets the final value of e 2.7 + + align:start position:0% +it gets the final value of e 2.7 + + + align:start position:0% +it gets the final value of e 2.7 +something if I do supply output + + align:start position:0% +something if I do supply output + + + align:start position:0% +something if I do supply output +arguments I say T comma y equals OD ET 2 + + align:start position:0% +arguments I say T comma y equals OD ET 2 + + + align:start position:0% +arguments I say T comma y equals OD ET 2 +3 it comes back with values of T and y + + align:start position:0% +3 it comes back with values of T and y + + + align:start position:0% +3 it comes back with values of T and y +OD 2 3 picks the values of T it wants + + align:start position:0% +OD 2 3 picks the values of T it wants + + + align:start position:0% +OD 2 3 picks the values of T it wants +this is a trivial problem it ends up a + + align:start position:0% +this is a trivial problem it ends up a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a trivial problem it ends up a +picking a step size of 0.1 after it gets + + align:start position:0% +picking a step size of 0.1 after it gets + + + align:start position:0% +picking a step size of 0.1 after it gets +started it chooses initial step size of + + align:start position:0% +started it chooses initial step size of + + + align:start position:0% +started it chooses initial step size of +0.08 for whatever reason for whatever + + align:start position:0% +0.08 for whatever reason for whatever + + + align:start position:0% +0.08 for whatever reason for whatever +tolerances and the final value of y is + + align:start position:0% +tolerances and the final value of y is + + + align:start position:0% +tolerances and the final value of y is +2.718 which is the value of e so these + + align:start position:0% +2.718 which is the value of e so these + + + align:start position:0% +2.718 which is the value of e so these +are the two simple uses of OD e 2 3 if + + align:start position:0% +are the two simple uses of OD e 2 3 if + + + align:start position:0% +are the two simple uses of OD e 2 3 if +you don't supply any output arguments it + + align:start position:0% +you don't supply any output arguments it + + + align:start position:0% +you don't supply any output arguments it +draws a graph if you do supply output + + align:start position:0% +draws a graph if you do supply output + + + align:start position:0% +draws a graph if you do supply output +arguments t and y it comes back with the + + align:start position:0% +arguments t and y it comes back with the + + + align:start position:0% +arguments t and y it comes back with the +values of T and Y choosing the values of + + align:start position:0% +values of T and Y choosing the values of + + + align:start position:0% +values of T and Y choosing the values of +T 2 system to meet the error + + align:start position:0% +T 2 system to meet the error + + + align:start position:0% +T 2 system to meet the error +the default error tolerances is 10 to + + align:start position:0% +the default error tolerances is 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +the default error tolerances is 10 to +the minus 3 so this value is going to be + + align:start position:0% +the minus 3 so this value is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the minus 3 so this value is going to be +accurate to three digits and sure enough + + align:start position:0% +accurate to three digits and sure enough + + + align:start position:0% +accurate to three digits and sure enough +that's what we got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now let's try something a little more + + align:start position:0% +now let's try something a little more + + + align:start position:0% +now let's try something a little more +challenging to see the automatic error + + align:start position:0% +challenging to see the automatic error + + + align:start position:0% +challenging to see the automatic error +control and step size choice in action + + align:start position:0% +control and step size choice in action + + + align:start position:0% +control and step size choice in action +set a equal to 1/4 and then set Y not + + align:start position:0% +set a equal to 1/4 and then set Y not + + + align:start position:0% +set a equal to 1/4 and then set Y not +equal to fifteen point nine if I would + + align:start position:0% +equal to fifteen point nine if I would + + + align:start position:0% +equal to fifteen point nine if I would +set it to 16 I which is 1 over a squared + + align:start position:0% +set it to 16 I which is 1 over a squared + + + align:start position:0% +set it to 16 I which is 1 over a squared +I'd run into a singularity now the + + align:start position:0% +I'd run into a singularity now the + + + align:start position:0% +I'd run into a singularity now the +differential equation is y prime is + + align:start position:0% +differential equation is y prime is + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation is y prime is +equal to 2 a minus T times y squared I'm + + align:start position:0% +equal to 2 a minus T times y squared I'm + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 2 a minus T times y squared I'm +going to integrate this with OD e 23 on + + align:start position:0% +going to integrate this with OD e 23 on + + + align:start position:0% +going to integrate this with OD e 23 on +the integral from 0 to 1 + + align:start position:0% +the integral from 0 to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the integral from 0 to 1 +starting at Y naught and saving the + + align:start position:0% +starting at Y naught and saving the + + + align:start position:0% +starting at Y naught and saving the +results in T and Y and then plotting + + align:start position:0% +results in T and Y and then plotting + + + align:start position:0% +results in T and Y and then plotting +them so here's my plot command and + + align:start position:0% +them so here's my plot command and + + + align:start position:0% +them so here's my plot command and +there's the solution so there's a near + + align:start position:0% +there's the solution so there's a near + + + align:start position:0% +there's the solution so there's a near +singularity at a it nearly blows up and + + align:start position:0% +singularity at a it nearly blows up and + + + align:start position:0% +singularity at a it nearly blows up and +then it settles back down so the points + + align:start position:0% +then it settles back down so the points + + + align:start position:0% +then it settles back down so the points +are bunched together as you go up to the + + align:start position:0% +are bunched together as you go up to the + + + align:start position:0% +are bunched together as you go up to the +singularity and come back down but then + + align:start position:0% +singularity and come back down but then + + + align:start position:0% +singularity and come back down but then +get farther apart as the solution + + align:start position:0% +get farther apart as the solution + + + align:start position:0% +get farther apart as the solution +settles down and it's the OD solver is + + align:start position:0% +settles down and it's the OD solver is + + + align:start position:0% +settles down and it's the OD solver is +able to take bigger steps to see what + + align:start position:0% +able to take bigger steps to see what + + + align:start position:0% +able to take bigger steps to see what +steps are actually taken let's compute + + align:start position:0% +steps are actually taken let's compute + + + align:start position:0% +steps are actually taken let's compute +the difference of T and then plot that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here are the step size that were + + align:start position:0% +so here are the step size that were + + + align:start position:0% +so here are the step size that were +taken and we see that this a small step + + align:start position:0% +taken and we see that this a small step + + + align:start position:0% +taken and we see that this a small step +size was taken near the singularity + + align:start position:0% +size was taken near the singularity + + + align:start position:0% +size was taken near the singularity +nearly almost singularity at at 0.25 and + + align:start position:0% +nearly almost singularity at at 0.25 and + + + align:start position:0% +nearly almost singularity at at 0.25 and +then as we get towards the end of the + + align:start position:0% +then as we get towards the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +then as we get towards the end of the +interval a larger step size is taken and + + align:start position:0% +interval a larger step size is taken and + + + align:start position:0% +interval a larger step size is taken and +then finally the step size just to reach + + align:start position:0% +then finally the step size just to reach + + + align:start position:0% +then finally the step size just to reach +the apparent end of the interval is + + align:start position:0% +the apparent end of the interval is + + + align:start position:0% +the apparent end of the interval is +taken as the last step so that's the + + align:start position:0% +taken as the last step so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +taken as the last step so that's the +automatic step size choice of OD e23 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bs 2 3 has a nice natural interpolant + + align:start position:0% +bs 2 3 has a nice natural interpolant + + + align:start position:0% +bs 2 3 has a nice natural interpolant +that goes along with it that's actually + + align:start position:0% +that goes along with it that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +that goes along with it that's actually +been known for over a hundred years it's + + align:start position:0% +been known for over a hundred years it's + + + align:start position:0% +been known for over a hundred years it's +called her meat to the cubic + + align:start position:0% +called her meat to the cubic + + + align:start position:0% +called her meat to the cubic +interpolation we know that two points + + align:start position:0% +interpolation we know that two points + + + align:start position:0% +interpolation we know that two points +determine a straight line well two + + align:start position:0% +determine a straight line well two + + + align:start position:0% +determine a straight line well two +points and two slopes determine a cubic + + align:start position:0% +points and two slopes determine a cubic + + + align:start position:0% +points and two slopes determine a cubic +on each interval we have the values of y + + align:start position:0% +on each interval we have the values of y + + + align:start position:0% +on each interval we have the values of y +and YN plus 1 we also have two slopes + + align:start position:0% +and YN plus 1 we also have two slopes + + + align:start position:0% +and YN plus 1 we also have two slopes +namely this we have the derivatives at + + align:start position:0% +namely this we have the derivatives at + + + align:start position:0% +namely this we have the derivatives at +the endpoints yn prime and yn plus 1 + + align:start position:0% +the endpoints yn prime and yn plus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the endpoints yn prime and yn plus 1 +prime or that that's the values of the + + align:start position:0% +prime or that that's the values of the + + + align:start position:0% +prime or that that's the values of the +the function the differential equation + + align:start position:0% +the function the differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +the function the differential equation +at those points so those four values + + align:start position:0% +at those points so those four values + + + align:start position:0% +at those points so those four values +determine a cubic that goes through + + align:start position:0% +determine a cubic that goes through + + + align:start position:0% +determine a cubic that goes through +those two points and has those two + + align:start position:0% +those two points and has those two + + + align:start position:0% +those two points and has those two +slopes this cubic allows the software to + + align:start position:0% +slopes this cubic allows the software to + + + align:start position:0% +slopes this cubic allows the software to +evaluate the solution at any point in + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the solution at any point in + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the solution at any point in +the interval without additional cost as + + align:start position:0% +the interval without additional cost as + + + align:start position:0% +the interval without additional cost as +defined by addition evaluations of the + + align:start position:0% +defined by addition evaluations of the + + + align:start position:0% +defined by addition evaluations of the +function f this can be used to draw + + align:start position:0% +function f this can be used to draw + + + align:start position:0% +function f this can be used to draw +graphs of the solution nice smooth + + align:start position:0% +graphs of the solution nice smooth + + + align:start position:0% +graphs of the solution nice smooth +graphs of the solution find zeros of the + + align:start position:0% +graphs of the solution find zeros of the + + + align:start position:0% +graphs of the solution find zeros of the +solution do event handling and so on + + align:start position:0% +solution do event handling and so on + + + align:start position:0% +solution do event handling and so on +another feature provided by a OD e23 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SgM2wxELF4U.txt b/SgM2wxELF4U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e04417c1418a3d64b522c7ad1afb1b00fa11c21 --- /dev/null +++ b/SgM2wxELF4U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8051 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I want to give a quick review so that we + + align:start position:0% +I want to give a quick review so that we + + + align:start position:0% +I want to give a quick review so that we +can launch into some more technical + + align:start position:0% +can launch into some more technical + + + align:start position:0% +can launch into some more technical +stuff today we started talking about + + align:start position:0% +stuff today we started talking about + + + align:start position:0% +stuff today we started talking about +this reaction for boron Neutron capture + + align:start position:0% +this reaction for boron Neutron capture + + + align:start position:0% +this reaction for boron Neutron capture +therapy was the focus of today's lecture + + align:start position:0% +therapy was the focus of today's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +therapy was the focus of today's lecture +and I want to get this one up on the + + align:start position:0% +and I want to get this one up on the + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to get this one up on the +board since I'm going to move to + + align:start position:0% +board since I'm going to move to + + + align:start position:0% +board since I'm going to move to +different slides later we had boron 10 + + align:start position:0% +different slides later we had boron 10 + + + align:start position:0% +different slides later we had boron 10 +captures a neutron and becomes lithium-7 + + align:start position:0% +captures a neutron and becomes lithium-7 + + + align:start position:0% +captures a neutron and becomes lithium-7 +helium 4 there's a gamma ray and there's + + align:start position:0% +helium 4 there's a gamma ray and there's + + + align:start position:0% +helium 4 there's a gamma ray and there's +going to be some Q value or energy + + align:start position:0% +going to be some Q value or energy + + + align:start position:0% +going to be some Q value or energy +either released or consumed in this case + + align:start position:0% +either released or consumed in this case + + + align:start position:0% +either released or consumed in this case +released in the form of the kinetic + + align:start position:0% +released in the form of the kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +released in the form of the kinetic +energy of the recoil products as well as + + align:start position:0% +energy of the recoil products as well as + + + align:start position:0% +energy of the recoil products as well as +the gamma ray energy so let's also give + + align:start position:0% +the gamma ray energy so let's also give + + + align:start position:0% +the gamma ray energy so let's also give +a quick review of the Q equation since I + + align:start position:0% +a quick review of the Q equation since I + + + align:start position:0% +a quick review of the Q equation since I +think we covered that last week do you + + align:start position:0% +think we covered that last week do you + + + align:start position:0% +think we covered that last week do you +remember if you have a general system of + + align:start position:0% +remember if you have a general system of + + + align:start position:0% +remember if you have a general system of +let's say a small initial nucleus I + + align:start position:0% +let's say a small initial nucleus I + + + align:start position:0% +let's say a small initial nucleus I +firing into a larger nucleus capital I + + align:start position:0% +firing into a larger nucleus capital I + + + align:start position:0% +firing into a larger nucleus capital I +after the reaction off comes some small + + align:start position:0% +after the reaction off comes some small + + + align:start position:0% +after the reaction off comes some small +final nucleus and some large final + + align:start position:0% +final nucleus and some large final + + + align:start position:0% +final nucleus and some large final +nucleus if I were to draw these arrows + + align:start position:0% +nucleus if I were to draw these arrows + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus if I were to draw these arrows +to scale the little one would probably + + align:start position:0% +to scale the little one would probably + + + align:start position:0% +to scale the little one would probably +be moving faster then we can defit we + + align:start position:0% +be moving faster then we can defit we + + + align:start position:0% +be moving faster then we can defit we +can figure out how much mass and kinetic + + align:start position:0% +can figure out how much mass and kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +can figure out how much mass and kinetic +energy + + align:start position:0% +energy + + + align:start position:0% +energy +each of these nuclei are by just + + align:start position:0% +each of these nuclei are by just + + + align:start position:0% +each of these nuclei are by just +conserving everything so we can write + + align:start position:0% +conserving everything so we can write + + + align:start position:0% +conserving everything so we can write +let's say the mass of nucleus I C + + align:start position:0% +let's say the mass of nucleus I C + + + align:start position:0% +let's say the mass of nucleus I C +squared plus the kinetic energy of I + + align:start position:0% +squared plus the kinetic energy of I + + + align:start position:0% +squared plus the kinetic energy of I +plus the mass of big IC squared plus the + + align:start position:0% +plus the mass of big IC squared plus the + + + align:start position:0% +plus the mass of big IC squared plus the +kinetic energy of big I has to equal the + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy of big I has to equal the + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy of big I has to equal the +mass of little FC squared plus the + + align:start position:0% +mass of little FC squared plus the + + + align:start position:0% +mass of little FC squared plus the +kinetic energy of little F plus the mass + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy of little F plus the mass + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy of little F plus the mass +of big FC squared plus its kinetic + + align:start position:0% +of big FC squared plus its kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +of big FC squared plus its kinetic +energy and what this tells us is if the + + align:start position:0% +energy and what this tells us is if the + + + align:start position:0% +energy and what this tells us is if the +total amount of mass or the total + + align:start position:0% +total amount of mass or the total + + + align:start position:0% +total amount of mass or the total +kinetic energy change they've got to + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy change they've got to + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy change they've got to +exchange energy kind of equally so we + + align:start position:0% +exchange energy kind of equally so we + + + align:start position:0% +exchange energy kind of equally so we +can write the difference in mass or + + align:start position:0% +can write the difference in mass or + + + align:start position:0% +can write the difference in mass or +energy by just let's say taking all of + + align:start position:0% +energy by just let's say taking all of + + + align:start position:0% +energy by just let's say taking all of +the mass terms and putting them on one + + align:start position:0% +the mass terms and putting them on one + + + align:start position:0% +the mass terms and putting them on one +side so we can say that list I say + + align:start position:0% +side so we can say that list I say + + + align:start position:0% +side so we can say that list I say +everything here is multiplied by C + + align:start position:0% +everything here is multiplied by C + + + align:start position:0% +everything here is multiplied by C +squared we have M i+ m I minus M little + + align:start position:0% +squared we have M i+ m I minus M little + + + align:start position:0% +squared we have M i+ m I minus M little +F minus M + + align:start position:0% +F minus M + + + align:start position:0% +F minus M +big f has got to equal the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +big f has got to equal the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +big f has got to equal the sum of the +final kinetic energies minus the initial + + align:start position:0% +final kinetic energies minus the initial + + + align:start position:0% +final kinetic energies minus the initial +ones which we also call this Q value and + + align:start position:0% +ones which we also call this Q value and + + + align:start position:0% +ones which we also call this Q value and +so by getting the difference in the + + align:start position:0% +so by getting the difference in the + + + align:start position:0% +so by getting the difference in the +masses or the kinetic energies at the + + align:start position:0% +masses or the kinetic energies at the + + + align:start position:0% +masses or the kinetic energies at the +end you can figure out whether this + + align:start position:0% +end you can figure out whether this + + + align:start position:0% +end you can figure out whether this +reaction is exothermic or endothermic if + + align:start position:0% +reaction is exothermic or endothermic if + + + align:start position:0% +reaction is exothermic or endothermic if +you remember we said if Q is greater + + align:start position:0% +you remember we said if Q is greater + + + align:start position:0% +you remember we said if Q is greater +than zero it's exothermic if Q is less + + align:start position:0% +than zero it's exothermic if Q is less + + + align:start position:0% +than zero it's exothermic if Q is less +than zero it's endothermic in a nuclear + + align:start position:0% +than zero it's endothermic in a nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +than zero it's endothermic in a nuclear +reaction like a chemical reaction + + align:start position:0% +reaction like a chemical reaction + + + align:start position:0% +reaction like a chemical reaction +you've got to input extra energy into + + align:start position:0% +you've got to input extra energy into + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to input extra energy into +the system beyond just the rest masses + + align:start position:0% +the system beyond just the rest masses + + + align:start position:0% +the system beyond just the rest masses +of the particles to make an endothermic + + align:start position:0% +of the particles to make an endothermic + + + align:start position:0% +of the particles to make an endothermic +reaction happen for example since we + + align:start position:0% +reaction happen for example since we + + + align:start position:0% +reaction happen for example since we +found out that this BNCT reaction is + + align:start position:0% +found out that this BNCT reaction is + + + align:start position:0% +found out that this BNCT reaction is +exothermic you can make it go the other + + align:start position:0% +exothermic you can make it go the other + + + align:start position:0% +exothermic you can make it go the other +way but you have to impart kinetic + + align:start position:0% +way but you have to impart kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +way but you have to impart kinetic +energy to one or both of those nuclei to + + align:start position:0% +energy to one or both of those nuclei to + + + align:start position:0% +energy to one or both of those nuclei to +overcome the Q value that let's see yeah + + align:start position:0% +overcome the Q value that let's see yeah + + + align:start position:0% +overcome the Q value that let's see yeah +to overcome the Q value that you'd get + + align:start position:0% +to overcome the Q value that you'd get + + + align:start position:0% +to overcome the Q value that you'd get +and I want to put up a couple of other + + align:start position:0% +and I want to put up a couple of other + + + align:start position:0% +and I want to put up a couple of other +terms just to quickly review we started + + align:start position:0% +terms just to quickly review we started + + + align:start position:0% +terms just to quickly review we started +looking at the table of nuclides we + + align:start position:0% +looking at the table of nuclides we + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the table of nuclides we +learned how to read it specifically to + + align:start position:0% +learned how to read it specifically to + + + align:start position:0% +learned how to read it specifically to +find things like excess mass and binding + + align:start position:0% +find things like excess mass and binding + + + align:start position:0% +find things like excess mass and binding +energy the definitions for which I want + + align:start position:0% +energy the definitions for which I want + + + align:start position:0% +energy the definitions for which I want +to leave up here on the board so we had + + align:start position:0% +to leave up here on the board so we had + + + align:start position:0% +to leave up here on the board so we had +the excess mass which again doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +the excess mass which again doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +the excess mass which again doesn't have +a physical significance it's the + + align:start position:0% +a physical significance it's the + + + align:start position:0% +a physical significance it's the +difference between the actual mass of a + + align:start position:0% +difference between the actual mass of a + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the actual mass of a +nucleoid and the integer approximation + + align:start position:0% +nucleoid and the integer approximation + + + align:start position:0% +nucleoid and the integer approximation +of its mass just from the number of + + align:start position:0% +of its mass just from the number of + + + align:start position:0% +of its mass just from the number of +protons and neutrons and the binding + + align:start position:0% +protons and neutrons and the binding + + + align:start position:0% +protons and neutrons and the binding +energy since some of you asked for a + + align:start position:0% +energy since some of you asked for a + + + align:start position:0% +energy since some of you asked for a +nucleus uniquely defined by its total + + align:start position:0% +nucleus uniquely defined by its total + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus uniquely defined by its total +mass number a and number of protons Z so + + align:start position:0% +mass number a and number of protons Z so + + + align:start position:0% +mass number a and number of protons Z so +let's say this is a functional quantity + + align:start position:0% +let's say this is a functional quantity + + + align:start position:0% +let's say this is a functional quantity +because you can have any nucleus with a + + align:start position:0% +because you can have any nucleus with a + + + align:start position:0% +because you can have any nucleus with a +certain number of protons and a certain + + align:start position:0% +certain number of protons and a certain + + + align:start position:0% +certain number of protons and a certain +number of protons plus neutrons would be + + align:start position:0% +number of protons plus neutrons would be + + + align:start position:0% +number of protons plus neutrons would be +the sum let's see of it's the sum of its + + align:start position:0% +the sum let's see of it's the sum of its + + + align:start position:0% +the sum let's see of it's the sum of its +individual nucleons + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +- its actual mass which also is a + + align:start position:0% +- its actual mass which also is a + + + align:start position:0% +- its actual mass which also is a +function of Z and a or its proton number + + align:start position:0% +function of Z and a or its proton number + + + align:start position:0% +function of Z and a or its proton number +and its total atomic mass number so + + align:start position:0% +and its total atomic mass number so + + + align:start position:0% +and its total atomic mass number so +let's leave these things up on the board + + align:start position:0% +let's leave these things up on the board + + + align:start position:0% +let's leave these things up on the board +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +while we move into some new stuff so + + align:start position:0% +while we move into some new stuff so + + + align:start position:0% +while we move into some new stuff so +back to where we were on Tuesday we + + align:start position:0% +back to where we were on Tuesday we + + + align:start position:0% +back to where we were on Tuesday we +wanted to figure out well how do we + + align:start position:0% +wanted to figure out well how do we + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to figure out well how do we +calculate this Q value you can do it any + + align:start position:0% +calculate this Q value you can do it any + + + align:start position:0% +calculate this Q value you can do it any +of three ways you can use the masses + + align:start position:0% +of three ways you can use the masses + + + align:start position:0% +of three ways you can use the masses +like we have over here so the masses in + + align:start position:0% +like we have over here so the masses in + + + align:start position:0% +like we have over here so the masses in +AMU are atomic mass units times C + + align:start position:0% +AMU are atomic mass units times C + + + align:start position:0% +AMU are atomic mass units times C +squared gives you the Q value in MeV or + + align:start position:0% +squared gives you the Q value in MeV or + + + align:start position:0% +squared gives you the Q value in MeV or +the difference in kinetic energies gives + + align:start position:0% +the difference in kinetic energies gives + + + align:start position:0% +the difference in kinetic energies gives +you the Q value in MeV although you + + align:start position:0% +you the Q value in MeV although you + + + align:start position:0% +you the Q value in MeV although you +don't usually just know these off the + + align:start position:0% +don't usually just know these off the + + + align:start position:0% +don't usually just know these off the +bat especially for the final products or + + align:start position:0% +bat especially for the final products or + + + align:start position:0% +bat especially for the final products or +you can use the binding energies because + + align:start position:0% +you can use the binding energies because + + + align:start position:0% +you can use the binding energies because +the binding energy is directly related + + align:start position:0% +the binding energy is directly related + + + align:start position:0% +the binding energy is directly related +to the maths additively you can + + align:start position:0% +to the maths additively you can + + + align:start position:0% +to the maths additively you can +substitute in binding energies here and + + align:start position:0% +substitute in binding energies here and + + + align:start position:0% +substitute in binding energies here and +you'll get the same thing and so if we + + align:start position:0% +you'll get the same thing and so if we + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get the same thing and so if we +have the table of nuclides you can act + + align:start position:0% +have the table of nuclides you can act + + + align:start position:0% +have the table of nuclides you can act +you can either use the mass the atomic + + align:start position:0% +you can either use the mass the atomic + + + align:start position:0% +you can either use the mass the atomic +mass of any nucleus or it's binding + + align:start position:0% +mass of any nucleus or it's binding + + + align:start position:0% +mass of any nucleus or it's binding +energy and just look it up directly the + + align:start position:0% +energy and just look it up directly the + + + align:start position:0% +energy and just look it up directly the +thing with the fewest steps is just to + + align:start position:0% +thing with the fewest steps is just to + + + align:start position:0% +thing with the fewest steps is just to +use the binding energies because those + + align:start position:0% +use the binding energies because those + + + align:start position:0% +use the binding energies because those +are already given an MeV or ke v and + + align:start position:0% +are already given an MeV or ke v and + + + align:start position:0% +are already given an MeV or ke v and +then it's just an addition subtraction + + align:start position:0% +then it's just an addition subtraction + + + align:start position:0% +then it's just an addition subtraction +problem if you use the masses don't + + align:start position:0% +problem if you use the masses don't + + + align:start position:0% +problem if you use the masses don't +forget to multiply by C squared and + + align:start position:0% +forget to multiply by C squared and + + + align:start position:0% +forget to multiply by C squared and +remember our conversion formula which + + align:start position:0% +remember our conversion formula which + + + align:start position:0% +remember our conversion formula which +should not be rounded which is this + + align:start position:0% +should not be rounded which is this + + + align:start position:0% +should not be rounded which is this +right here again 931 point four nine not + + align:start position:0% +right here again 931 point four nine not + + + align:start position:0% +right here again 931 point four nine not +931 not even 931 point five or else + + align:start position:0% +931 not even 931 point five or else + + + align:start position:0% +931 not even 931 point five or else +you're off by 10 kilo electron volts and + + align:start position:0% +you're off by 10 kilo electron volts and + + + align:start position:0% +you're off by 10 kilo electron volts and +so then the question is alright let's + + align:start position:0% +so then the question is alright let's + + + align:start position:0% +so then the question is alright let's +try to calculate the Q value from this + + align:start position:0% +try to calculate the Q value from this + + + align:start position:0% +try to calculate the Q value from this +reaction I have the individual energies + + align:start position:0% +reaction I have the individual energies + + + align:start position:0% +reaction I have the individual energies +and kinetic energies up here but just so + + align:start position:0% +and kinetic energies up here but just so + + + align:start position:0% +and kinetic energies up here but just so +we have a worked out example let's + + align:start position:0% +we have a worked out example let's + + + align:start position:0% +we have a worked out example let's +actually do this so the Q value of this + + align:start position:0% +actually do this so the Q value of this + + + align:start position:0% +actually do this so the Q value of this +reaction should be the binding energy of + + align:start position:0% +reaction should be the binding energy of + + + align:start position:0% +reaction should be the binding energy of +lithium seven plus the binding energy of + + align:start position:0% +lithium seven plus the binding energy of + + + align:start position:0% +lithium seven plus the binding energy of +what do we have helium four minus the + + align:start position:0% +what do we have helium four minus the + + + align:start position:0% +what do we have helium four minus the +binding energy of boron ten minus the + + align:start position:0% +binding energy of boron ten minus the + + + align:start position:0% +binding energy of boron ten minus the +binding energy + + align:start position:0% +binding energy + + + align:start position:0% +binding energy +of a neutron now first of all the easy + + align:start position:0% +of a neutron now first of all the easy + + + align:start position:0% +of a neutron now first of all the easy +one what's the binding energy of a lone + + align:start position:0% +one what's the binding energy of a lone + + + align:start position:0% +one what's the binding energy of a lone +neutron let's call it out zero yeah a + + align:start position:0% +neutron let's call it out zero yeah a + + + align:start position:0% +neutron let's call it out zero yeah a +lone nucleon is not bound to anything so + + align:start position:0% +lone nucleon is not bound to anything so + + + align:start position:0% +lone nucleon is not bound to anything so +that's easy that's zero and we can just + + align:start position:0% +that's easy that's zero and we can just + + + align:start position:0% +that's easy that's zero and we can just +use the table of nuclides to look up the + + align:start position:0% +use the table of nuclides to look up the + + + align:start position:0% +use the table of nuclides to look up the +other three luckily I've got it live + + align:start position:0% +other three luckily I've got it live + + + align:start position:0% +other three luckily I've got it live +over here so let's just punch these in + + align:start position:0% +over here so let's just punch these in + + + align:start position:0% +over here so let's just punch these in +will have boron 10 and our binding + + align:start position:0% +will have boron 10 and our binding + + + align:start position:0% +will have boron 10 and our binding +energy right here is 64 0.75 MeV + + align:start position:0% +energy right here is 64 0.75 MeV + + + align:start position:0% +energy right here is 64 0.75 MeV +let's look up helium 4 good that's + + align:start position:0% +let's look up helium 4 good that's + + + align:start position:0% +let's look up helium 4 good that's +showing up on the screen I think I'll + + align:start position:0% +showing up on the screen I think I'll + + + align:start position:0% +showing up on the screen I think I'll +make it bigger so it's easier for + + align:start position:0% +make it bigger so it's easier for + + + align:start position:0% +make it bigger so it's easier for +everyone to see the binding energy is + + align:start position:0% +everyone to see the binding energy is + + + align:start position:0% +everyone to see the binding energy is +twenty eight point two nine six MeV and + + align:start position:0% +twenty eight point two nine six MeV and + + + align:start position:0% +twenty eight point two nine six MeV and +notice everything is already in MeV so + + align:start position:0% +notice everything is already in MeV so + + + align:start position:0% +notice everything is already in MeV so +this is nice and easy to deal with and + + align:start position:0% +this is nice and easy to deal with and + + + align:start position:0% +this is nice and easy to deal with and +lithium-7 thirty-nine point two four + + align:start position:0% +lithium-7 thirty-nine point two four + + + align:start position:0% +lithium-7 thirty-nine point two four +five + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus minus minus zero MeV let's see + + align:start position:0% +plus minus minus zero MeV let's see + + + align:start position:0% +plus minus minus zero MeV let's see +actually I think my signs for EXO and + + align:start position:0% +actually I think my signs for EXO and + + + align:start position:0% +actually I think my signs for EXO and +endo are backwards let me fix that right + + align:start position:0% +endo are backwards let me fix that right + + + align:start position:0% +endo are backwards let me fix that right +now because the idea is if you release + + align:start position:0% +now because the idea is if you release + + + align:start position:0% +now because the idea is if you release +energy there we go sorry about that no + + align:start position:0% +energy there we go sorry about that no + + + align:start position:0% +energy there we go sorry about that no +wait a minute let's calculate this out + + align:start position:0% +wait a minute let's calculate this out + + + align:start position:0% +wait a minute let's calculate this out +figure what we get and again I can't do + + align:start position:0% +figure what we get and again I can't do + + + align:start position:0% +figure what we get and again I can't do +six digits in my head but I will do it + + align:start position:0% +six digits in my head but I will do it + + + align:start position:0% +six digits in my head but I will do it +as fast as I can here two for five plus + + align:start position:0% +as fast as I can here two for five plus + + + align:start position:0% +as fast as I can here two for five plus +twenty eight point two nine six minus + + align:start position:0% +twenty eight point two nine six minus + + + align:start position:0% +twenty eight point two nine six minus +0.75 indeed two point seven nine MeV I + + align:start position:0% +0.75 indeed two point seven nine MeV I + + + align:start position:0% +0.75 indeed two point seven nine MeV I +had it right the first time so good + + align:start position:0% +had it right the first time so good + + + align:start position:0% +had it right the first time so good +shouldn't second-guess myself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool + + align:start position:0% +cool + + + align:start position:0% +cool +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +so now we know the total Q value of this + + align:start position:0% +so now we know the total Q value of this + + + align:start position:0% +so now we know the total Q value of this +reaction and I'll bring the reaction + + align:start position:0% +reaction and I'll bring the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +reaction and I'll bring the reaction +back up here we also know which you can + + align:start position:0% +back up here we also know which you can + + + align:start position:0% +back up here we also know which you can +find from measurements that the gamma + + align:start position:0% +find from measurements that the gamma + + + align:start position:0% +find from measurements that the gamma +ray comes off with an energy of zero + + align:start position:0% +ray comes off with an energy of zero + + + align:start position:0% +ray comes off with an energy of zero +point four 8 MeV leaving let's see how + + align:start position:0% +point four 8 MeV leaving let's see how + + + align:start position:0% +point four 8 MeV leaving let's see how +much leaving 2 point 1 3 MeV for the sum + + align:start position:0% +much leaving 2 point 1 3 MeV for the sum + + + align:start position:0% +much leaving 2 point 1 3 MeV for the sum +of the kinetic energies of the lithium + + align:start position:0% +of the kinetic energies of the lithium + + + align:start position:0% +of the kinetic energies of the lithium +and the helium nucleus so let's say T Li + + align:start position:0% +and the helium nucleus so let's say T Li + + + align:start position:0% +and the helium nucleus so let's say T Li +7 plus T for helium now the question is + + align:start position:0% +7 plus T for helium now the question is + + + align:start position:0% +7 plus T for helium now the question is +how did I get to those numbers for the + + align:start position:0% +how did I get to those numbers for the + + + align:start position:0% +how did I get to those numbers for the +split between the kinetic energies of + + align:start position:0% +split between the kinetic energies of + + + align:start position:0% +split between the kinetic energies of +those two anyone have any idea yeah yep + + align:start position:0% +those two anyone have any idea yeah yep + + + align:start position:0% +those two anyone have any idea yeah yep +so it's definitely related to their + + align:start position:0% +so it's definitely related to their + + + align:start position:0% +so it's definitely related to their +relative masses more specifically we + + align:start position:0% +relative masses more specifically we + + + align:start position:0% +relative masses more specifically we +have this conservation of energy + + align:start position:0% +have this conservation of energy + + + align:start position:0% +have this conservation of energy +equation but we've still got two + + align:start position:0% +equation but we've still got two + + + align:start position:0% +equation but we've still got two +variables in one equation we need a + + align:start position:0% +variables in one equation we need a + + + align:start position:0% +variables in one equation we need a +second equation that certainly does + + align:start position:0% +second equation that certainly does + + + align:start position:0% +second equation that certainly does +relate to mass yep you can relate their + + align:start position:0% +relate to mass yep you can relate their + + + align:start position:0% +relate to mass yep you can relate their +momentum so we can say that if this + + align:start position:0% +momentum so we can say that if this + + + align:start position:0% +momentum so we can say that if this +initial kinetic energy of boron and of + + align:start position:0% +initial kinetic energy of boron and of + + + align:start position:0% +initial kinetic energy of boron and of +the neutron was approximately zero then + + align:start position:0% +the neutron was approximately zero then + + + align:start position:0% +the neutron was approximately zero then +it's like these two nuclei lithium and + + align:start position:0% +it's like these two nuclei lithium and + + + align:start position:0% +it's like these two nuclei lithium and +helium were kind of standing still and + + align:start position:0% +helium were kind of standing still and + + + align:start position:0% +helium were kind of standing still and +all of a sudden moved off in opposite + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden moved off in opposite + + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden moved off in opposite +directions which means they've got to + + align:start position:0% +directions which means they've got to + + + align:start position:0% +directions which means they've got to +have equal and opposite momenta so let's + + align:start position:0% +have equal and opposite momenta so let's + + + align:start position:0% +have equal and opposite momenta so let's +say the absolute value of the momentum + + align:start position:0% +say the absolute value of the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +say the absolute value of the momentum +of lithium has got to equal the absolute + + align:start position:0% +of lithium has got to equal the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +of lithium has got to equal the absolute +value of the momentum of helium this is + + align:start position:0% +value of the momentum of helium this is + + + align:start position:0% +value of the momentum of helium this is +our second equation where we'll use the + + align:start position:0% +our second equation where we'll use the + + + align:start position:0% +our second equation where we'll use the +first one to figure out what are the + + align:start position:0% +first one to figure out what are the + + + align:start position:0% +first one to figure out what are the +relative kinetic energies and so we're + + align:start position:0% +relative kinetic energies and so we're + + + align:start position:0% +relative kinetic energies and so we're +going to use a quick trick to say if + + align:start position:0% +going to use a quick trick to say if + + + align:start position:0% +going to use a quick trick to say if +momentum equals mass times velocity we + + align:start position:0% +momentum equals mass times velocity we + + + align:start position:0% +momentum equals mass times velocity we +can also say it equals the kinetic + + align:start position:0% +can also say it equals the kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +can also say it equals the kinetic +energy which is one-half MV squared and + + align:start position:0% +energy which is one-half MV squared and + + + align:start position:0% +energy which is one-half MV squared and +then multiplied by things in order to + + align:start position:0% +then multiplied by things in order to + + + align:start position:0% +then multiplied by things in order to +make it MV so we can multiply by two + + align:start position:0% +make it MV so we can multiply by two + + + align:start position:0% +make it MV so we can multiply by two +let's make a little bit of space here if + + align:start position:0% +let's make a little bit of space here if + + + align:start position:0% +let's make a little bit of space here if +we take the kinetic energy multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +we take the kinetic energy multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +we take the kinetic energy multiplied by +two multiplied by M and take the square + + align:start position:0% +two multiplied by M and take the square + + + align:start position:0% +two multiplied by M and take the square +root + + align:start position:0% +root + + + align:start position:0% +root +we have tea let's say that would give us + + align:start position:0% +we have tea let's say that would give us + + + align:start position:0% +we have tea let's say that would give us +2m squared V squared inside the square + + align:start position:0% +2m squared V squared inside the square + + + align:start position:0% +2m squared V squared inside the square +root gives us M V so now we can take + + align:start position:0% +root gives us M V so now we can take + + + align:start position:0% +root gives us M V so now we can take +these expressions and we can say that + + align:start position:0% +these expressions and we can say that + + + align:start position:0% +these expressions and we can say that +the root to mass lithium T lithium + + align:start position:0% +the root to mass lithium T lithium + + + align:start position:0% +the root to mass lithium T lithium +equals root two mass helium T helium and + + align:start position:0% +equals root two mass helium T helium and + + + align:start position:0% +equals root two mass helium T helium and +they both have a square root of two we + + align:start position:0% +they both have a square root of two we + + + align:start position:0% +they both have a square root of two we +can square both sides of both equations + + align:start position:0% +can square both sides of both equations + + + align:start position:0% +can square both sides of both equations +and we end up with massive lithium T + + align:start position:0% +and we end up with massive lithium T + + + align:start position:0% +and we end up with massive lithium T +lithium equals mass of helium T helium + + align:start position:0% +lithium equals mass of helium T helium + + + align:start position:0% +lithium equals mass of helium T helium +now we take this equation rearrange it a + + align:start position:0% +now we take this equation rearrange it a + + + align:start position:0% +now we take this equation rearrange it a +little bit let's just call that Q to + + align:start position:0% +little bit let's just call that Q to + + + align:start position:0% +little bit let's just call that Q to +keep things in variable space and we can + + align:start position:0% +keep things in variable space and we can + + + align:start position:0% +keep things in variable space and we can +say that T helium equals Q minus T + + align:start position:0% +say that T helium equals Q minus T + + + align:start position:0% +say that T helium equals Q minus T +lithium we can take this T helium stick + + align:start position:0% +lithium we can take this T helium stick + + + align:start position:0% +lithium we can take this T helium stick +it in here we end up with M lithium T + + align:start position:0% +it in here we end up with M lithium T + + + align:start position:0% +it in here we end up with M lithium T +lithium equals the mass of helium times + + align:start position:0% +lithium equals the mass of helium times + + + align:start position:0% +lithium equals the mass of helium times +Q minus T lithium there's a missing H + + align:start position:0% +Q minus T lithium there's a missing H + + + align:start position:0% +Q minus T lithium there's a missing H +right there there we go and then from + + align:start position:0% +right there there we go and then from + + + align:start position:0% +right there there we go and then from +here oh good we've got some blank space + + align:start position:0% +here oh good we've got some blank space + + + align:start position:0% +here oh good we've got some blank space +right here let's see so we'd have I'll + + align:start position:0% +right here let's see so we'd have I'll + + + align:start position:0% +right here let's see so we'd have I'll +do all the steps equals mass of helium + + align:start position:0% +do all the steps equals mass of helium + + + align:start position:0% +do all the steps equals mass of helium +times Q minus mass of helium times T + + align:start position:0% +times Q minus mass of helium times T + + + align:start position:0% +times Q minus mass of helium times T +lithium and we're solving for T lithium + + align:start position:0% +lithium and we're solving for T lithium + + + align:start position:0% +lithium and we're solving for T lithium +so we can put this term over on the + + align:start position:0% +so we can put this term over on the + + + align:start position:0% +so we can put this term over on the +other side so let's say T lithium times + + align:start position:0% +other side so let's say T lithium times + + + align:start position:0% +other side so let's say T lithium times +the mass of lithium plus the mass of + + align:start position:0% +the mass of lithium plus the mass of + + + align:start position:0% +the mass of lithium plus the mass of +helium equals Q times the mass of helium + + align:start position:0% +helium equals Q times the mass of helium + + + align:start position:0% +helium equals Q times the mass of helium +then we can just divide both sides by + + align:start position:0% +then we can just divide both sides by + + + align:start position:0% +then we can just divide both sides by +the sum of those masses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +those two terms cancel and we're left + + align:start position:0% +those two terms cancel and we're left + + + align:start position:0% +those two terms cancel and we're left +with the expression for the kinetic + + align:start position:0% +with the expression for the kinetic + + + align:start position:0% +with the expression for the kinetic +energy of lithium which is the mass of + + align:start position:0% +energy of lithium which is the mass of + + + align:start position:0% +energy of lithium which is the mass of +helium over the sum of the masses times + + align:start position:0% +helium over the sum of the masses times + + + align:start position:0% +helium over the sum of the masses times +the total Q value looks like the two of + + align:start position:0% +the total Q value looks like the two of + + + align:start position:0% +the total Q value looks like the two of +those might actually be backwards huh + + align:start position:0% +those might actually be backwards huh + + + align:start position:0% +those might actually be backwards huh +because the lithium one should be + + align:start position:0% +because the lithium one should be + + + align:start position:0% +because the lithium one should be +smaller I'll correct that for the notes + + align:start position:0% +smaller I'll correct that for the notes + + + align:start position:0% +smaller I'll correct that for the notes +when I put them up online because this + + align:start position:0% +when I put them up online because this + + + align:start position:0% +when I put them up online because this +ratio should be smaller than 0.5 Q but + + align:start position:0% +ratio should be smaller than 0.5 Q but + + + align:start position:0% +ratio should be smaller than 0.5 Q but +at any rate this is how you actually get + + align:start position:0% +at any rate this is how you actually get + + + align:start position:0% +at any rate this is how you actually get +them and I want to point out something a + + align:start position:0% +them and I want to point out something a + + + align:start position:0% +them and I want to point out something a +little flash forward to some of the + + align:start position:0% +little flash forward to some of the + + + align:start position:0% +little flash forward to some of the +decay that you're going to be looking at + + align:start position:0% +decay that you're going to be looking at + + + align:start position:0% +decay that you're going to be looking at +in terms of nuclear decays let's talk + + align:start position:0% +in terms of nuclear decays let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of nuclear decays let's talk +for a second about alpha decay in alpha + + align:start position:0% +for a second about alpha decay in alpha + + + align:start position:0% +for a second about alpha decay in alpha +decay you have a lone nucleus sitting + + align:start position:0% +decay you have a lone nucleus sitting + + + align:start position:0% +decay you have a lone nucleus sitting +around and then all of a sudden it emits + + align:start position:0% +around and then all of a sudden it emits + + + align:start position:0% +around and then all of a sudden it emits +a helium nucleus as well as a recoil + + align:start position:0% +a helium nucleus as well as a recoil + + + align:start position:0% +a helium nucleus as well as a recoil +nucleus and one of the questions that + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and one of the questions that + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus and one of the questions that +came up a lot last year is why isn't the + + align:start position:0% +came up a lot last year is why isn't the + + + align:start position:0% +came up a lot last year is why isn't the +Q value of an alpha decay reaction let's + + align:start position:0% +Q value of an alpha decay reaction let's + + + align:start position:0% +Q value of an alpha decay reaction let's +just write one up on the board possibly + + align:start position:0% +just write one up on the board possibly + + + align:start position:0% +just write one up on the board possibly +one that you'll be dealing with very + + align:start position:0% +one that you'll be dealing with very + + + align:start position:0% +one that you'll be dealing with very +soon hands on uranium-235 can + + align:start position:0% +soon hands on uranium-235 can + + + align:start position:0% +soon hands on uranium-235 can +spontaneously go to a helium nucleus + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously go to a helium nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously go to a helium nucleus +that's 92 plus looks like 92 31 what + + align:start position:0% +that's 92 plus looks like 92 31 what + + + align:start position:0% +that's 92 plus looks like 92 31 what +comes before uranium I think that is + + align:start position:0% +comes before uranium I think that is + + + align:start position:0% +comes before uranium I think that is +thorium although I wouldn't yeah I think + + align:start position:0% +thorium although I wouldn't yeah I think + + + align:start position:0% +thorium although I wouldn't yeah I think +that's thorium and the idea here is that + + align:start position:0% +that's thorium and the idea here is that + + + align:start position:0% +that's thorium and the idea here is that +there's some Q value associated with the + + align:start position:0% +there's some Q value associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +there's some Q value associated with the +kinetic energy of both of these but it's + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy of both of these but it's + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic energy of both of these but it's +not the Alpha kinetic energy because the + + align:start position:0% +not the Alpha kinetic energy because the + + + align:start position:0% +not the Alpha kinetic energy because the +thorium nucleus would have to take away + + align:start position:0% +thorium nucleus would have to take away + + + align:start position:0% +thorium nucleus would have to take away +some of that kinetic energy and I want + + align:start position:0% +some of that kinetic energy and I want + + + align:start position:0% +some of that kinetic energy and I want +to show you this on the diagrams so + + align:start position:0% +to show you this on the diagrams so + + + align:start position:0% +to show you this on the diagrams so +let's look at u-235 and we can see that + + align:start position:0% +let's look at u-235 and we can see that + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at u-235 and we can see that +it has an alpha decay to thorium 231 + + align:start position:0% +it has an alpha decay to thorium 231 + + + align:start position:0% +it has an alpha decay to thorium 231 +awesome got the symbol right and it has + + align:start position:0% +awesome got the symbol right and it has + + + align:start position:0% +awesome got the symbol right and it has +a decay energy of 4.6 7-9 MeV let's take + + align:start position:0% +a decay energy of 4.6 7-9 MeV let's take + + + align:start position:0% +a decay energy of 4.6 7-9 MeV let's take +a look at the diagram which actually + + align:start position:0% +a look at the diagram which actually + + + align:start position:0% +a look at the diagram which actually +lists all of the possible alpha decay + + align:start position:0% +lists all of the possible alpha decay + + + align:start position:0% +lists all of the possible alpha decay +energies of which there are + + align:start position:0% +energies of which there are + + + align:start position:0% +energies of which there are +many have to zoom out a little bit there + + align:start position:0% +many have to zoom out a little bit there + + + align:start position:0% +many have to zoom out a little bit there +yeah anyone have a question okay + + align:start position:0% +yeah anyone have a question okay + + + align:start position:0% +yeah anyone have a question okay +so notice that the difference in energy + + align:start position:0% +so notice that the difference in energy + + + align:start position:0% +so notice that the difference in energy +levels is four point six seven six MeV + + align:start position:0% +levels is four point six seven six MeV + + + align:start position:0% +levels is four point six seven six MeV +and if we look at the highest energy + + align:start position:0% +and if we look at the highest energy + + + align:start position:0% +and if we look at the highest energy +alpha ray it's less than that + + align:start position:0% +alpha ray it's less than that + + + align:start position:0% +alpha ray it's less than that +and that's because just like we showed + + align:start position:0% +and that's because just like we showed + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because just like we showed +up here the thorium nucleus has to take + + align:start position:0% +up here the thorium nucleus has to take + + + align:start position:0% +up here the thorium nucleus has to take +away some of that kinetic energy to + + align:start position:0% +away some of that kinetic energy to + + + align:start position:0% +away some of that kinetic energy to +conserve both energy and momentum so + + align:start position:0% +conserve both energy and momentum so + + + align:start position:0% +conserve both energy and momentum so +this is a question that came up quite a + + align:start position:0% +this is a question that came up quite a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a question that came up quite a +few times last year and I want to make + + align:start position:0% +few times last year and I want to make + + + align:start position:0% +few times last year and I want to make +sure you guys don't get tripped up like + + align:start position:0% +sure you guys don't get tripped up like + + + align:start position:0% +sure you guys don't get tripped up like +this so again I think I've said it every + + align:start position:0% +this so again I think I've said it every + + + align:start position:0% +this so again I think I've said it every +single day and I'll say it again because + + align:start position:0% +single day and I'll say it again because + + + align:start position:0% +single day and I'll say it again because +it's the next day is make sure to + + align:start position:0% +it's the next day is make sure to + + + align:start position:0% +it's the next day is make sure to +conserve mass energy and momentum that's + + align:start position:0% +conserve mass energy and momentum that's + + + align:start position:0% +conserve mass energy and momentum that's +the whole theme of this class yes should + + align:start position:0% +the whole theme of this class yes should + + + align:start position:0% +the whole theme of this class yes should +have been 2.79 - oh did I do a little + + align:start position:0% +have been 2.79 - oh did I do a little + + + align:start position:0% +have been 2.79 - oh did I do a little +mental math mistake that should be oh + + align:start position:0% +mental math mistake that should be oh + + + align:start position:0% +mental math mistake that should be oh +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +no a little dyslexia thing 3-1 yep + + align:start position:0% +no a little dyslexia thing 3-1 yep + + + align:start position:0% +no a little dyslexia thing 3-1 yep +there we go thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool okay is everyone clear on how to + + align:start position:0% +cool okay is everyone clear on how to + + + align:start position:0% +cool okay is everyone clear on how to +calculate Q values from nuclear + + align:start position:0% +calculate Q values from nuclear + + + align:start position:0% +calculate Q values from nuclear +reactions using either kinetic energies + + align:start position:0% +reactions using either kinetic energies + + + align:start position:0% +reactions using either kinetic energies +which you won't typically know or masses + + align:start position:0% +which you won't typically know or masses + + + align:start position:0% +which you won't typically know or masses +or binding energies which you can look + + align:start position:0% +or binding energies which you can look + + + align:start position:0% +or binding energies which you can look +up directly from the table of nuclides + + align:start position:0% +up directly from the table of nuclides + + + align:start position:0% +up directly from the table of nuclides +yeah oh this one yep + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh this one yep + + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh this one yep +so I took this expression right here + + align:start position:0% +so I took this expression right here + + + align:start position:0% +so I took this expression right here +which is to say the Q value has got to + + align:start position:0% +which is to say the Q value has got to + + + align:start position:0% +which is to say the Q value has got to +be the sum of the kinetic energies of + + align:start position:0% +be the sum of the kinetic energies of + + + align:start position:0% +be the sum of the kinetic energies of +the lithium and helium nuclei rearranged + + align:start position:0% +the lithium and helium nuclei rearranged + + + align:start position:0% +the lithium and helium nuclei rearranged +it thusly to isolate ah there we go + + align:start position:0% +it thusly to isolate ah there we go + + + align:start position:0% +it thusly to isolate ah there we go +yep to isolate the helium kinetic energy + + align:start position:0% +yep to isolate the helium kinetic energy + + + align:start position:0% +yep to isolate the helium kinetic energy +and then substituted that expression in + + align:start position:0% +and then substituted that expression in + + + align:start position:0% +and then substituted that expression in +here to get this one right there yep so + + align:start position:0% +here to get this one right there yep so + + + align:start position:0% +here to get this one right there yep so +this way we have in this case we had + + align:start position:0% +this way we have in this case we had + + + align:start position:0% +this way we have in this case we had +let's say two variables and three + + align:start position:0% +let's say two variables and three + + + align:start position:0% +let's say two variables and three +unknowns but because we have this + + align:start position:0% +unknowns but because we have this + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns but because we have this +equation relating them we're left down + + align:start position:0% +equation relating them we're left down + + + align:start position:0% +equation relating them we're left down +with two variables two unknowns and we + + align:start position:0% +with two variables two unknowns and we + + + align:start position:0% +with two variables two unknowns and we +can actually solve this thing yep yeah + + align:start position:0% +can actually solve this thing yep yeah + + + align:start position:0% +can actually solve this thing yep yeah +good question yes that's something + + align:start position:0% +good question yes that's something + + + align:start position:0% +good question yes that's something +either I tell you or you would measure + + align:start position:0% +either I tell you or you would measure + + + align:start position:0% +either I tell you or you would measure +let's say let that's just for + + align:start position:0% +let's say let that's just for + + + align:start position:0% +let's say let that's just for +completeness to say all right this + + align:start position:0% +completeness to say all right this + + + align:start position:0% +completeness to say all right this +activist reaction actually gives off a + + align:start position:0% +activist reaction actually gives off a + + + align:start position:0% +activist reaction actually gives off a +gamma and I want to give the right value + + align:start position:0% +gamma and I want to give the right value + + + align:start position:0% +gamma and I want to give the right value +for the kinetic energies and we'll get + + align:start position:0% +for the kinetic energies and we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +for the kinetic energies and we'll get +into what gamma transitions are allowed + + align:start position:0% +into what gamma transitions are allowed + + + align:start position:0% +into what gamma transitions are allowed +and then how you measure them in the + + align:start position:0% +and then how you measure them in the + + + align:start position:0% +and then how you measure them in the +next couple of weeks actually yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they're the same one actually oh I see + + align:start position:0% +they're the same one actually oh I see + + + align:start position:0% +they're the same one actually oh I see +that's a good point + + align:start position:0% +that's a good point + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good point +so this wouldn't really BQ would it but + + align:start position:0% +so this wouldn't really BQ would it but + + + align:start position:0% +so this wouldn't really BQ would it but +it is the sum of the kinetic energies + + align:start position:0% +it is the sum of the kinetic energies + + + align:start position:0% +it is the sum of the kinetic energies +this is like Q minus the gamma ray + + align:start position:0% +this is like Q minus the gamma ray + + + align:start position:0% +this is like Q minus the gamma ray +energy let me stick that in there l I + + align:start position:0% +energy let me stick that in there l I + + + align:start position:0% +energy let me stick that in there l I +yep + + align:start position:0% +yep + + + align:start position:0% +yep +yeah good point okay any other questions + + align:start position:0% +yeah good point okay any other questions + + + align:start position:0% +yeah good point okay any other questions +before I move on so we're gonna get into + + align:start position:0% +before I move on so we're gonna get into + + + align:start position:0% +before I move on so we're gonna get into +a universal formula to predict in a + + align:start position:0% +a universal formula to predict in a + + + align:start position:0% +a universal formula to predict in a +so-so way what the binding energy of any + + align:start position:0% +so-so way what the binding energy of any + + + align:start position:0% +so-so way what the binding energy of any +given nucleus will be and start looking + + align:start position:0% +given nucleus will be and start looking + + + align:start position:0% +given nucleus will be and start looking +at stability trends so you can predict + + align:start position:0% +at stability trends so you can predict + + + align:start position:0% +at stability trends so you can predict +just from the number of protons in the + + align:start position:0% +just from the number of protons in the + + + align:start position:0% +just from the number of protons in the +number of neutrons how stable a nucleus + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons how stable a nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons how stable a nucleus +will be with a few exceptions which we + + align:start position:0% +will be with a few exceptions which we + + + align:start position:0% +will be with a few exceptions which we +will go over and this is what's referred + + align:start position:0% +will go over and this is what's referred + + + align:start position:0% +will go over and this is what's referred +to as the semi empirical mass formula so + + align:start position:0% +to as the semi empirical mass formula so + + + align:start position:0% +to as the semi empirical mass formula so +I'm going to erase some stuff does + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to erase some stuff does + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to erase some stuff does +everyone got the notes on this bottom + + align:start position:0% +everyone got the notes on this bottom + + + align:start position:0% +everyone got the notes on this bottom +board right here okay let me know when + + align:start position:0% +board right here okay let me know when + + + align:start position:0% +board right here okay let me know when +you're ready and let's see yeah I don't + + align:start position:0% +you're ready and let's see yeah I don't + + + align:start position:0% +you're ready and let's see yeah I don't +want to make sure I move at your guyses + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure I move at your guyses + + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure I move at your guyses +pace + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's say going to have a graph of + + align:start position:0% +let's say going to have a graph of + + + align:start position:0% +let's say going to have a graph of +binding energy per nucleon versus + + align:start position:0% +binding energy per nucleon versus + + + align:start position:0% +binding energy per nucleon versus +nucleons well anyway I'll leave that up + + align:start position:0% +nucleons well anyway I'll leave that up + + + align:start position:0% +nucleons well anyway I'll leave that up +there and I'll do the work on this board + + align:start position:0% +there and I'll do the work on this board + + + align:start position:0% +there and I'll do the work on this board +right here so let's say we wanted to + + align:start position:0% +right here so let's say we wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +right here so let's say we wanted to +figure out a way to graph or to predict + + align:start position:0% +figure out a way to graph or to predict + + + align:start position:0% +figure out a way to graph or to predict +the binding energy per nucleon so I have + + align:start position:0% +the binding energy per nucleon so I have + + + align:start position:0% +the binding energy per nucleon so I have +this binding energy term over a where a + + align:start position:0% +this binding energy term over a where a + + + align:start position:0% +this binding energy term over a where a +is the total number of nucleons as a + + align:start position:0% +is the total number of nucleons as a + + + align:start position:0% +is the total number of nucleons as a +function of the number of nucleons in a + + align:start position:0% +function of the number of nucleons in a + + + align:start position:0% +function of the number of nucleons in a +generalized way not accounting for magic + + align:start position:0% +generalized way not accounting for magic + + + align:start position:0% +generalized way not accounting for magic +numbers or anything else that we'll get + + align:start position:0% +numbers or anything else that we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +numbers or anything else that we'll get +into pretty soon and I I don't like the + + align:start position:0% +into pretty soon and I I don't like the + + + align:start position:0% +into pretty soon and I I don't like the +term magic numbers but that is the + + align:start position:0% +term magic numbers but that is the + + + align:start position:0% +term magic numbers but that is the +parlance that's used in this field so + + align:start position:0% +parlance that's used in this field so + + + align:start position:0% +parlance that's used in this field so +I'm going to stick with it + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to stick with it + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to stick with it +let's try and think about if you imagine + + align:start position:0% +let's try and think about if you imagine + + + align:start position:0% +let's try and think about if you imagine +the nucleus as a kind of drop of liquid + + align:start position:0% +the nucleus as a kind of drop of liquid + + + align:start position:0% +the nucleus as a kind of drop of liquid +and one of the other words for the semi + + align:start position:0% +and one of the other words for the semi + + + align:start position:0% +and one of the other words for the semi +empirical mass formula is called the + + align:start position:0% +empirical mass formula is called the + + + align:start position:0% +empirical mass formula is called the +liquid drop formula or the liquid drop + + align:start position:0% +liquid drop formula or the liquid drop + + + align:start position:0% +liquid drop formula or the liquid drop +model it assumes that the nucleus takes + + align:start position:0% +model it assumes that the nucleus takes + + + align:start position:0% +model it assumes that the nucleus takes +the shape roughly of a liquid drop and + + align:start position:0% +the shape roughly of a liquid drop and + + + align:start position:0% +the shape roughly of a liquid drop and +you can kind of treat some of the energy + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of treat some of the energy + + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of treat some of the energy +terms accordingly this is why I have all + + align:start position:0% +terms accordingly this is why I have all + + + align:start position:0% +terms accordingly this is why I have all +the different colors of chalk out for + + align:start position:0% +the different colors of chalk out for + + + align:start position:0% +the different colors of chalk out for +this makes it a little visual easier to + + align:start position:0% +this makes it a little visual easier to + + + align:start position:0% +this makes it a little visual easier to +see so let's start writing a general + + align:start position:0% +see so let's start writing a general + + + align:start position:0% +see so let's start writing a general +expression for the binding energy as a + + align:start position:0% +expression for the binding energy as a + + + align:start position:0% +expression for the binding energy as a +function of a and Z and start thinking + + align:start position:0% +function of a and Z and start thinking + + + align:start position:0% +function of a and Z and start thinking +about what sort of terms would add to or + + align:start position:0% +about what sort of terms would add to or + + + align:start position:0% +about what sort of terms would add to or +decrease the stability of a given liquid + + align:start position:0% +decrease the stability of a given liquid + + + align:start position:0% +decrease the stability of a given liquid +drop nucleus where all the nucleons are + + align:start position:0% +drop nucleus where all the nucleons are + + + align:start position:0% +drop nucleus where all the nucleons are +just kind of there in some sort of + + align:start position:0% +just kind of there in some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of there in some sort of +floating crazy Coulomb back strong + + align:start position:0% +floating crazy Coulomb back strong + + + align:start position:0% +floating crazy Coulomb back strong +nuclear force soup first of all as you + + align:start position:0% +nuclear force soup first of all as you + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear force soup first of all as you +add nucleons to a given nucleus what + + align:start position:0% +add nucleons to a given nucleus what + + + align:start position:0% +add nucleons to a given nucleus what +tends to happen to the binding energy in + + align:start position:0% +tends to happen to the binding energy in + + + align:start position:0% +tends to happen to the binding energy in +general without knowing anything else + + align:start position:0% +general without knowing anything else + + + align:start position:0% +general without knowing anything else +assemble more nucleons you convert more + + align:start position:0% +assemble more nucleons you convert more + + + align:start position:0% +assemble more nucleons you convert more +mass to energy and you end up increasing + + align:start position:0% +mass to energy and you end up increasing + + + align:start position:0% +mass to energy and you end up increasing +the binding energy so let's say the + + align:start position:0% +the binding energy so let's say the + + + align:start position:0% +the binding energy so let's say the +let's call this the volume term as you + + align:start position:0% +let's call this the volume term as you + + + align:start position:0% +let's call this the volume term as you +increase the volume of this liquid drop + + align:start position:0% +increase the volume of this liquid drop + + + align:start position:0% +increase the volume of this liquid drop +its total binding energies to start to + + align:start position:0% +its total binding energies to start to + + + align:start position:0% +its total binding energies to start to +increase so let's say there's some term + + align:start position:0% +increase so let's say there's some term + + + align:start position:0% +increase so let's say there's some term +that's going to be proportional to a the + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be proportional to a the + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be proportional to a the +number of nucleons + + align:start position:0% +number of nucleons + + + align:start position:0% +number of nucleons +that's in this liquid drop and we'll + + align:start position:0% +that's in this liquid drop and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +that's in this liquid drop and we'll +draw this let's see if I can do the + + align:start position:0% +draw this let's see if I can do the + + + align:start position:0% +draw this let's see if I can do the +trick right yes I love doing that if we + + align:start position:0% +trick right yes I love doing that if we + + + align:start position:0% +trick right yes I love doing that if we +were to graph binding energy per nucleon + + align:start position:0% +were to graph binding energy per nucleon + + + align:start position:0% +were to graph binding energy per nucleon +as a function of number of nucleons for + + align:start position:0% +as a function of number of nucleons for + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of number of nucleons for +this term it would just be a flat line + + align:start position:0% +this term it would just be a flat line + + + align:start position:0% +this term it would just be a flat line +because it's related to a and there's + + align:start position:0% +because it's related to a and there's + + + align:start position:0% +because it's related to a and there's +going to be some constant which we're + + align:start position:0% +going to be some constant which we're + + + align:start position:0% +going to be some constant which we're +going to call the volume constant that + + align:start position:0% +going to call the volume constant that + + + align:start position:0% +going to call the volume constant that +says well there's going to be some + + align:start position:0% +says well there's going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +says well there's going to be some +relation between the actual amount of + + align:start position:0% +relation between the actual amount of + + + align:start position:0% +relation between the actual amount of +stability gained and the number of + + align:start position:0% +stability gained and the number of + + + align:start position:0% +stability gained and the number of +nucleons we don't know what it is yet + + align:start position:0% +nucleons we don't know what it is yet + + + align:start position:0% +nucleons we don't know what it is yet +but what we're really concerned with is + + align:start position:0% +but what we're really concerned with is + + + align:start position:0% +but what we're really concerned with is +the functional form of this thing it's + + align:start position:0% +the functional form of this thing it's + + + align:start position:0% +the functional form of this thing it's +proportional to a next up what also + + align:start position:0% +proportional to a next up what also + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to a next up what also +happens to a liquid drop as you increase + + align:start position:0% +happens to a liquid drop as you increase + + + align:start position:0% +happens to a liquid drop as you increase +its volume what other parameters do you + + align:start position:0% +its volume what other parameters do you + + + align:start position:0% +its volume what other parameters do you +increase exactly the surface area the + + align:start position:0% +increase exactly the surface area the + + + align:start position:0% +increase exactly the surface area the +idea here is that if this liquid drop is + + align:start position:0% +idea here is that if this liquid drop is + + + align:start position:0% +idea here is that if this liquid drop is +made of all sorts of different nucleons + + align:start position:0% +made of all sorts of different nucleons + + + align:start position:0% +made of all sorts of different nucleons +and let's pretend that they're like + + align:start position:0% +and let's pretend that they're like + + + align:start position:0% +and let's pretend that they're like +atoms in a crystal and they're all + + align:start position:0% +atoms in a crystal and they're all + + + align:start position:0% +atoms in a crystal and they're all +binding to each other the ones on the + + align:start position:0% +binding to each other the ones on the + + + align:start position:0% +binding to each other the ones on the +outside aren't bound to as many nucleons + + align:start position:0% +outside aren't bound to as many nucleons + + + align:start position:0% +outside aren't bound to as many nucleons +as the ones on the inside and so the + + align:start position:0% +as the ones on the inside and so the + + + align:start position:0% +as the ones on the inside and so the +more nuclei there are near the surface + + align:start position:0% +more nuclei there are near the surface + + + align:start position:0% +more nuclei there are near the surface +as opposed to inside the liquid droplets + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to inside the liquid droplets + + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to inside the liquid droplets +say inside some little radius where all + + align:start position:0% +say inside some little radius where all + + + align:start position:0% +say inside some little radius where all +it sees around it are other nucleons + + align:start position:0% +it sees around it are other nucleons + + + align:start position:0% +it sees around it are other nucleons +then they're not quite as bound and how + + align:start position:0% +then they're not quite as bound and how + + + align:start position:0% +then they're not quite as bound and how +does the surface area of a liquid drop + + align:start position:0% +does the surface area of a liquid drop + + + align:start position:0% +does the surface area of a liquid drop +scale with its volume to what function + + align:start position:0% +scale with its volume to what function + + + align:start position:0% +scale with its volume to what function +are to what exponent two-thirds I mean + + align:start position:0% +are to what exponent two-thirds I mean + + + align:start position:0% +are to what exponent two-thirds I mean +let's let's take a quick look at the + + align:start position:0% +let's let's take a quick look at the + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's take a quick look at the +volume of a sphere is 4/3 PI R cubed and + + align:start position:0% +volume of a sphere is 4/3 PI R cubed and + + + align:start position:0% +volume of a sphere is 4/3 PI R cubed and +the surface area of a sphere is 4 PI R + + align:start position:0% +the surface area of a sphere is 4 PI R + + + align:start position:0% +the surface area of a sphere is 4 PI R +squared so if you want to get some + + align:start position:0% +squared so if you want to get some + + + align:start position:0% +squared so if you want to get some +expression for how does area scale as + + align:start position:0% +expression for how does area scale as + + + align:start position:0% +expression for how does area scale as +volume + + align:start position:0% +volume + + + align:start position:0% +volume +I said cube then I wrote squared it's + + align:start position:0% +I said cube then I wrote squared it's + + + align:start position:0% +I said cube then I wrote squared it's +gonna end up looking like something + + align:start position:0% +gonna end up looking like something + + + align:start position:0% +gonna end up looking like something +times R to the two thought's see oh yeah + + align:start position:0% +times R to the two thought's see oh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +times R to the two thought's see oh yeah +I'm sorry that's not the expression I + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry that's not the expression I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sorry that's not the expression I +want to write but the idea here is it's + + align:start position:0% +want to write but the idea here is it's + + + align:start position:0% +want to write but the idea here is it's +going to scale with R to the 2/3 so + + align:start position:0% +going to scale with R to the 2/3 so + + + align:start position:0% +going to scale with R to the 2/3 so +let's take a different color + + align:start position:0% +let's take a different color + + + align:start position:0% +let's take a different color +and say we're gonna have some surface + + align:start position:0% +and say we're gonna have some surface + + + align:start position:0% +and say we're gonna have some surface +term times number of nucleons to the + + align:start position:0% +term times number of nucleons to the + + + align:start position:0% +term times number of nucleons to the +two-thirds and if we then adjust this + + align:start position:0% +two-thirds and if we then adjust this + + + align:start position:0% +two-thirds and if we then adjust this +formula to also take into account this + + align:start position:0% +formula to also take into account this + + + align:start position:0% +formula to also take into account this +surface area term which is to say for + + align:start position:0% +surface area term which is to say for + + + align:start position:0% +surface area term which is to say for +very small nuclei there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +very small nuclei there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +very small nuclei there's a lot of +nucleons near the surface and as the + + align:start position:0% +nucleons near the surface and as the + + + align:start position:0% +nucleons near the surface and as the +nucleus gets bigger and bigger more and + + align:start position:0% +nucleus gets bigger and bigger more and + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus gets bigger and bigger more and +more of them are in the juicy Center and + + align:start position:0% +more of them are in the juicy Center and + + + align:start position:0% +more of them are in the juicy Center and +don't know they're near the surface we'd + + align:start position:0% +don't know they're near the surface we'd + + + align:start position:0% +don't know they're near the surface we'd +have some modification that looks like + + align:start position:0% +have some modification that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +have some modification that looks like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +now I'm gonna race the stuff over here + + align:start position:0% +now I'm gonna race the stuff over here + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm gonna race the stuff over here +cuz I'm running out of room now these + + align:start position:0% +cuz I'm running out of room now these + + + align:start position:0% +cuz I'm running out of room now these +nucleons aren't just sort of untagged + + align:start position:0% +nucleons aren't just sort of untagged + + + align:start position:0% +nucleons aren't just sort of untagged +anonymous nucleons they're either + + align:start position:0% +anonymous nucleons they're either + + + align:start position:0% +anonymous nucleons they're either +protons or neutrons and what happens + + align:start position:0% +protons or neutrons and what happens + + + align:start position:0% +protons or neutrons and what happens +when you try and cram a lot of protons + + align:start position:0% +when you try and cram a lot of protons + + + align:start position:0% +when you try and cram a lot of protons +into one space yep they want to repel + + align:start position:0% +into one space yep they want to repel + + + align:start position:0% +into one space yep they want to repel +each other by Coulomb back for PSA's and + + align:start position:0% +each other by Coulomb back for PSA's and + + + align:start position:0% +each other by Coulomb back for PSA's and +so every proton let's pick a different + + align:start position:0% +so every proton let's pick a different + + + align:start position:0% +so every proton let's pick a different +color for the columbic forces and that + + align:start position:0% +color for the columbic forces and that + + + align:start position:0% +color for the columbic forces and that +should be a minus if I want to stick + + align:start position:0% +should be a minus if I want to stick + + + align:start position:0% +should be a minus if I want to stick +with all the notations there's going to + + align:start position:0% +with all the notations there's going to + + + align:start position:0% +with all the notations there's going to +be some other term to account for the + + align:start position:0% +be some other term to account for the + + + align:start position:0% +be some other term to account for the +fact that the nuclei specifically the + + align:start position:0% +fact that the nuclei specifically the + + + align:start position:0% +fact that the nuclei specifically the +protons are trying to repel each other + + align:start position:0% +protons are trying to repel each other + + + align:start position:0% +protons are trying to repel each other +so in this case it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +so in this case it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case it's going to be +proportional to let's say the number of + + align:start position:0% +proportional to let's say the number of + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to let's say the number of +protons that we have and every proton + + align:start position:0% +protons that we have and every proton + + + align:start position:0% +protons that we have and every proton +should feel a repulsive force from every + + align:start position:0% +should feel a repulsive force from every + + + align:start position:0% +should feel a repulsive force from every +other proton so let's say it's times Z + + align:start position:0% +other proton so let's say it's times Z + + + align:start position:0% +other proton so let's say it's times Z +times Z minus 1 so that every proton + + align:start position:0% +times Z minus 1 so that every proton + + + align:start position:0% +times Z minus 1 so that every proton +feels the force of every other proton + + align:start position:0% +feels the force of every other proton + + + align:start position:0% +feels the force of every other proton +except for itself and that's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +except for itself and that's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +except for itself and that's gonna be +mediated by the total number of nucleons + + align:start position:0% +mediated by the total number of nucleons + + + align:start position:0% +mediated by the total number of nucleons +so if there are more neutrons in the way + + align:start position:0% +so if there are more neutrons in the way + + + align:start position:0% +so if there are more neutrons in the way +it won't be quite as bad and there's + + align:start position:0% +it won't be quite as bad and there's + + + align:start position:0% +it won't be quite as bad and there's +going to be some other we'll call it AC + + align:start position:0% +going to be some other we'll call it AC + + + align:start position:0% +going to be some other we'll call it AC +for the Coulomb Bukh term and that will + + align:start position:0% +for the Coulomb Bukh term and that will + + + align:start position:0% +for the Coulomb Bukh term and that will +say that as you make a bigger and bigger + + align:start position:0% +say that as you make a bigger and bigger + + + align:start position:0% +say that as you make a bigger and bigger +nucleus you start to get more and more + + align:start position:0% +nucleus you start to get more and more + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus you start to get more and more +Coulomb Bukh repulsion trying to rip it + + align:start position:0% +Coulomb Bukh repulsion trying to rip it + + + align:start position:0% +Coulomb Bukh repulsion trying to rip it +apart so if we were to then modify the + + align:start position:0% +apart so if we were to then modify the + + + align:start position:0% +apart so if we were to then modify the +purple curve oops + + align:start position:0% +purple curve oops + + + align:start position:0% +purple curve oops +trying to get it to go the same as the + + align:start position:0% +trying to get it to go the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get it to go the same as the +nucleus gets bigger I want to make sure + + align:start position:0% +nucleus gets bigger I want to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus gets bigger I want to make sure +it's really to scale + + align:start position:0% +it's really to scale + + + align:start position:0% +it's really to scale +ish as the nuclei get bigger and bigger + + align:start position:0% +ish as the nuclei get bigger and bigger + + + align:start position:0% +ish as the nuclei get bigger and bigger +it's gonna be a little Len little less + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be a little Len little less + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna be a little Len little less +stable and already we're starting to get + + align:start position:0% +stable and already we're starting to get + + + align:start position:0% +stable and already we're starting to get +a curve that is getting close to looking + + align:start position:0% +a curve that is getting close to looking + + + align:start position:0% +a curve that is getting close to looking +like the binding energy curve from the + + align:start position:0% +like the binding energy curve from the + + + align:start position:0% +like the binding energy curve from the +reading but there are a couple more + + align:start position:0% +reading but there are a couple more + + + align:start position:0% +reading but there are a couple more +terms to reckon with so let's pick a + + align:start position:0% +terms to reckon with so let's pick a + + + align:start position:0% +terms to reckon with so let's pick a +fourth color what other sort of trends + + align:start position:0% +fourth color what other sort of trends + + + align:start position:0% +fourth color what other sort of trends +did you notice in the reading about the + + align:start position:0% +did you notice in the reading about the + + + align:start position:0% +did you notice in the reading about the +stability of different nuclei let's say + + align:start position:0% +stability of different nuclei let's say + + + align:start position:0% +stability of different nuclei let's say +you were to take a common nucleus like + + align:start position:0% +you were to take a common nucleus like + + + align:start position:0% +you were to take a common nucleus like +carbon-12 it's got six protons and six + + align:start position:0% +carbon-12 it's got six protons and six + + + align:start position:0% +carbon-12 it's got six protons and six +neutrons and it's exceptionally stable + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and it's exceptionally stable + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and it's exceptionally stable +what about carbon six a nucleus of just + + align:start position:0% +what about carbon six a nucleus of just + + + align:start position:0% +what about carbon six a nucleus of just +six protons doesn't exist is + + align:start position:0% +six protons doesn't exist is + + + align:start position:0% +six protons doesn't exist is +exceptionally unstable what about carbon + + align:start position:0% +exceptionally unstable what about carbon + + + align:start position:0% +exceptionally unstable what about carbon +24 18 neutrons six protons sounds stable + + align:start position:0% +24 18 neutrons six protons sounds stable + + + align:start position:0% +24 18 neutrons six protons sounds stable +or not not at all so there's some sort + + align:start position:0% +or not not at all so there's some sort + + + align:start position:0% +or not not at all so there's some sort +of asymmetry term going on when the + + align:start position:0% +of asymmetry term going on when the + + + align:start position:0% +of asymmetry term going on when the +number of protons and neutrons is + + align:start position:0% +number of protons and neutrons is + + + align:start position:0% +number of protons and neutrons is +roughly in balance especially for light + + align:start position:0% +roughly in balance especially for light + + + align:start position:0% +roughly in balance especially for light +nuclei the nucleus tends to be more + + align:start position:0% +nuclei the nucleus tends to be more + + + align:start position:0% +nuclei the nucleus tends to be more +stable so we can write some sort of term + + align:start position:0% +stable so we can write some sort of term + + + align:start position:0% +stable so we can write some sort of term +let's call it a an asymmetry term that + + align:start position:0% +let's call it a an asymmetry term that + + + align:start position:0% +let's call it a an asymmetry term that +relates to the number of neutrons minus + + align:start position:0% +relates to the number of neutrons minus + + + align:start position:0% +relates to the number of neutrons minus +the number of protons and in this case + + align:start position:0% +the number of protons and in this case + + + align:start position:0% +the number of protons and in this case +for reasons I'm not going to get into + + align:start position:0% +for reasons I'm not going to get into + + + align:start position:0% +for reasons I'm not going to get into +but are derived in a reference in your + + align:start position:0% +but are derived in a reference in your + + + align:start position:0% +but are derived in a reference in your +reading there's a squared on it but + + align:start position:0% +reading there's a squared on it but + + + align:start position:0% +reading there's a squared on it but +suffice to say if the number of neutrons + + align:start position:0% +suffice to say if the number of neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +suffice to say if the number of neutrons +a number of protons are equal then the + + align:start position:0% +a number of protons are equal then the + + + align:start position:0% +a number of protons are equal then the +nucleus is predicted to be pretty stable + + align:start position:0% +nucleus is predicted to be pretty stable + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus is predicted to be pretty stable +and this works out quite well for light + + align:start position:0% +and this works out quite well for light + + + align:start position:0% +and this works out quite well for light +nuclei it starts to break down a little + + align:start position:0% +nuclei it starts to break down a little + + + align:start position:0% +nuclei it starts to break down a little +bit for heavier nuclei and then divide + + align:start position:0% +bit for heavier nuclei and then divide + + + align:start position:0% +bit for heavier nuclei and then divide +by the number of nuclei that there are I + + align:start position:0% +by the number of nuclei that there are I + + + align:start position:0% +by the number of nuclei that there are I +also see I'm missing a 1/3 because let's + + align:start position:0% +also see I'm missing a 1/3 because let's + + + align:start position:0% +also see I'm missing a 1/3 because let's +say this nucleus has a volume that + + align:start position:0% +say this nucleus has a volume that + + + align:start position:0% +say this nucleus has a volume that +scales with roughly the number of + + align:start position:0% +scales with roughly the number of + + + align:start position:0% +scales with roughly the number of +nucleons then the distance of that + + align:start position:0% +nucleons then the distance of that + + + align:start position:0% +nucleons then the distance of that +Coulomb back force is going to be like a + + align:start position:0% +Coulomb back force is going to be like a + + + align:start position:0% +Coulomb back force is going to be like a +to the one third or the radius of this + + align:start position:0% +to the one third or the radius of this + + + align:start position:0% +to the one third or the radius of this +nuclear drop so let's take the asymmetry + + align:start position:0% +nuclear drop so let's take the asymmetry + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear drop so let's take the asymmetry +term that's going to give us a further + + align:start position:0% +term that's going to give us a further + + + align:start position:0% +term that's going to give us a further +modification slightly downward and + + align:start position:0% +modification slightly downward and + + + align:start position:0% +modification slightly downward and +finally there's what's called the + + align:start position:0% +finally there's what's called the + + + align:start position:0% +finally there's what's called the +pairing term what's the last color I + + align:start position:0% +pairing term what's the last color I + + + align:start position:0% +pairing term what's the last color I +haven't used + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this pairing term Delta and this is not + + align:start position:0% +this pairing term Delta and this is not + + + align:start position:0% +this pairing term Delta and this is not +a smooth function it's a piecewise + + align:start position:0% +a smooth function it's a piecewise + + + align:start position:0% +a smooth function it's a piecewise +function that depends on whether you + + align:start position:0% +function that depends on whether you + + + align:start position:0% +function that depends on whether you +have an odd or an even number of each + + align:start position:0% +have an odd or an even number of each + + + align:start position:0% +have an odd or an even number of each +type of nucleon protons or neutrons and + + align:start position:0% +type of nucleon protons or neutrons and + + + align:start position:0% +type of nucleon protons or neutrons and +so what this means it's going to add a + + align:start position:0% +so what this means it's going to add a + + + align:start position:0% +so what this means it's going to add a +little bit of jaggedness to the + + align:start position:0% +little bit of jaggedness to the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of jaggedness to the +beginning of the curve and equal out in + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the curve and equal out in + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of the curve and equal out in +the end because this Delta term can be + + align:start position:0% +the end because this Delta term can be + + + align:start position:0% +the end because this Delta term can be +something like plus let's call it an a + + align:start position:0% +something like plus let's call it an a + + + align:start position:0% +something like plus let's call it an a +pairing and it scales with the square + + align:start position:0% +pairing and it scales with the square + + + align:start position:0% +pairing and it scales with the square +root of a or minus or 0 depending on if + + align:start position:0% +root of a or minus or 0 depending on if + + + align:start position:0% +root of a or minus or 0 depending on if +the nuclei are odd odd like odd number + + align:start position:0% +the nuclei are odd odd like odd number + + + align:start position:0% +the nuclei are odd odd like odd number +of protons odd number of neutrons even + + align:start position:0% +of protons odd number of neutrons even + + + align:start position:0% +of protons odd number of neutrons even +even or odd even now I know that the + + align:start position:0% +even or odd even now I know that the + + + align:start position:0% +even or odd even now I know that the +derivation is a little hand wavy that's + + align:start position:0% +derivation is a little hand wavy that's + + + align:start position:0% +derivation is a little hand wavy that's +why we call it semi empirical we're + + align:start position:0% +why we call it semi empirical we're + + + align:start position:0% +why we call it semi empirical we're +taking each of these additive terms and + + align:start position:0% +taking each of these additive terms and + + + align:start position:0% +taking each of these additive terms and +saying it kind of comes from a fairly + + align:start position:0% +saying it kind of comes from a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +saying it kind of comes from a fairly +okay little poor approximation of the + + align:start position:0% +okay little poor approximation of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay little poor approximation of the +nucleus but what we end up with is a + + align:start position:0% +nucleus but what we end up with is a + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus but what we end up with is a +formula whose constants are fit whose + + align:start position:0% +formula whose constants are fit whose + + + align:start position:0% +formula whose constants are fit whose +terms the actual variables are derived + + align:start position:0% +terms the actual variables are derived + + + align:start position:0% +terms the actual variables are derived +somewhat from physical intuition these + + align:start position:0% +somewhat from physical intuition these + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat from physical intuition these +constants were then fit later by some + + align:start position:0% +constants were then fit later by some + + + align:start position:0% +constants were then fit later by some +other folks and the references for this + + align:start position:0% +other folks and the references for this + + + align:start position:0% +other folks and the references for this +are in the reading they're all in MeV + + align:start position:0% +are in the reading they're all in MeV + + + align:start position:0% +are in the reading they're all in MeV +and this gives you a binding energy in + + align:start position:0% +and this gives you a binding energy in + + + align:start position:0% +and this gives you a binding energy in +MeV for a given nucleus now it works + + align:start position:0% +MeV for a given nucleus now it works + + + align:start position:0% +MeV for a given nucleus now it works +some places and it doesn't work in other + + align:start position:0% +some places and it doesn't work in other + + + align:start position:0% +some places and it doesn't work in other +places yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's right so this is the universal + + align:start position:0% +that's right so this is the universal + + + align:start position:0% +that's right so this is the universal +semi-empirical + + align:start position:0% +semi-empirical + + + align:start position:0% +semi-empirical +usually works formula for the binding + + align:start position:0% +usually works formula for the binding + + + align:start position:0% +usually works formula for the binding +energy of a nucleus so yup so the + + align:start position:0% +energy of a nucleus so yup so the + + + align:start position:0% +energy of a nucleus so yup so the +constants don't change because the + + align:start position:0% +constants don't change because the + + + align:start position:0% +constants don't change because the +variables here are Z and a and N and + + align:start position:0% +variables here are Z and a and N and + + + align:start position:0% +variables here are Z and a and N and +don't forget because you'll need to + + align:start position:0% +don't forget because you'll need to + + + align:start position:0% +don't forget because you'll need to +remember need to remember this on the + + align:start position:0% +remember need to remember this on the + + + align:start position:0% +remember need to remember this on the +homework that a equals Z plus n so for + + align:start position:0% +homework that a equals Z plus n so for + + + align:start position:0% +homework that a equals Z plus n so for +example if you want to express what is + + align:start position:0% +example if you want to express what is + + + align:start position:0% +example if you want to express what is +the most stable nucleus you could take + + align:start position:0% +the most stable nucleus you could take + + + align:start position:0% +the most stable nucleus you could take +the derivative of this formula with + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of this formula with + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of this formula with +respect to a or Z and don't forget that + + align:start position:0% +respect to a or Z and don't forget that + + + align:start position:0% +respect to a or Z and don't forget that +you can substitute this expression into + + align:start position:0% +you can substitute this expression into + + + align:start position:0% +you can substitute this expression into +there that's giving you guys a hint for + + align:start position:0% +there that's giving you guys a hint for + + + align:start position:0% +there that's giving you guys a hint for +the homework and let's look at what this + + align:start position:0% +the homework and let's look at what this + + + align:start position:0% +the homework and let's look at what this +actually looks like as far as theory + + align:start position:0% +actually looks like as far as theory + + + align:start position:0% +actually looks like as far as theory +compared to experiment so the red points + + align:start position:0% +compared to experiment so the red points + + + align:start position:0% +compared to experiment so the red points +are theoretical predictions the black + + align:start position:0% +are theoretical predictions the black + + + align:start position:0% +are theoretical predictions the black +points are experimental predictions and + + align:start position:0% +points are experimental predictions and + + + align:start position:0% +points are experimental predictions and +all of the different nuclei are shown + + align:start position:0% +all of the different nuclei are shown + + + align:start position:0% +all of the different nuclei are shown +here first of all the curve looks quite + + align:start position:0% +here first of all the curve looks quite + + + align:start position:0% +here first of all the curve looks quite +a bit like the one that we just can wave + + align:start position:0% +a bit like the one that we just can wave + + + align:start position:0% +a bit like the one that we just can wave +a Mane on the board right here and + + align:start position:0% +a Mane on the board right here and + + + align:start position:0% +a Mane on the board right here and +second of all there aren't too many + + align:start position:0% +second of all there aren't too many + + + align:start position:0% +second of all there aren't too many +exceptions it's hard to see what the + + align:start position:0% +exceptions it's hard to see what the + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions it's hard to see what the +exceptions are so it's a little easier + + align:start position:0% +exceptions are so it's a little easier + + + align:start position:0% +exceptions are so it's a little easier +to draw them in terms of relative error + + align:start position:0% +to draw them in terms of relative error + + + align:start position:0% +to draw them in terms of relative error +so you can see where does this formula + + align:start position:0% +so you can see where does this formula + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see where does this formula +work and where does this formula not so + + align:start position:0% +work and where does this formula not so + + + align:start position:0% +work and where does this formula not so +if you notice for the small nuclei + + align:start position:0% +if you notice for the small nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +if you notice for the small nuclei +approximating it as a liquid drop is not + + align:start position:0% +approximating it as a liquid drop is not + + + align:start position:0% +approximating it as a liquid drop is not +a very good approximation because you + + align:start position:0% +a very good approximation because you + + + align:start position:0% +a very good approximation because you +can't treat this as a as a homogenized + + align:start position:0% +can't treat this as a as a homogenized + + + align:start position:0% +can't treat this as a as a homogenized +smeared liquid drop it's much more while + + align:start position:0% +smeared liquid drop it's much more while + + + align:start position:0% +smeared liquid drop it's much more while +there's either two or three nucleons and + + align:start position:0% +there's either two or three nucleons and + + + align:start position:0% +there's either two or three nucleons and +how many you know very few protons and + + align:start position:0% +how many you know very few protons and + + + align:start position:0% +how many you know very few protons and +neutrons in each but then as you get to + + align:start position:0% +neutrons in each but then as you get to + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons in each but then as you get to +larger and larger nuclei it starts to + + align:start position:0% +larger and larger nuclei it starts to + + + align:start position:0% +larger and larger nuclei it starts to +hit very close with a few exceptions + + align:start position:0% +hit very close with a few exceptions + + + align:start position:0% +hit very close with a few exceptions +that I want to point out right now if + + align:start position:0% +that I want to point out right now if + + + align:start position:0% +that I want to point out right now if +you zoom in on that part you can + + align:start position:0% +you zoom in on that part you can + + + align:start position:0% +you zoom in on that part you can +actually see that at certain Neutron + + align:start position:0% +actually see that at certain Neutron + + + align:start position:0% +actually see that at certain Neutron +numbers or certain proton numbers + + align:start position:0% +numbers or certain proton numbers + + + align:start position:0% +numbers or certain proton numbers +there's an exceptionally high stability + + align:start position:0% +there's an exceptionally high stability + + + align:start position:0% +there's an exceptionally high stability +of a lot of those nuclei and that's as + + align:start position:0% +of a lot of those nuclei and that's as + + + align:start position:0% +of a lot of those nuclei and that's as +you start to approach these what's + + align:start position:0% +you start to approach these what's + + + align:start position:0% +you start to approach these what's +called magic numbers or numbers of + + align:start position:0% +called magic numbers or numbers of + + + align:start position:0% +called magic numbers or numbers of +nucleons which say it's fill all energy + + align:start position:0% +nucleons which say it's fill all energy + + + align:start position:0% +nucleons which say it's fill all energy +levels at a certain level and again it's + + align:start position:0% +levels at a certain level and again it's + + + align:start position:0% +levels at a certain level and again it's +not for every nucleus as a function of + + align:start position:0% +not for every nucleus as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +not for every nucleus as a function of +Neutron number but even drawing an + + align:start position:0% +Neutron number but even drawing an + + + align:start position:0% +Neutron number but even drawing an +envelope around this curve you can see + + align:start position:0% +envelope around this curve you can see + + + align:start position:0% +envelope around this curve you can see +that the nuclei around 80 + + align:start position:0% +that the nuclei around 80 + + + align:start position:0% +that the nuclei around 80 +to around 50 around 28 are a whole lot + + align:start position:0% +to around 50 around 28 are a whole lot + + + align:start position:0% +to around 50 around 28 are a whole lot +more stable than the ones in between and + + align:start position:0% +more stable than the ones in between and + + + align:start position:0% +more stable than the ones in between and +this pattern kind of repeats with larger + + align:start position:0% +this pattern kind of repeats with larger + + + align:start position:0% +this pattern kind of repeats with larger +and larger periodicity and it kind of + + align:start position:0% +and larger periodicity and it kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and larger periodicity and it kind of +looks like right here at the edge of our + + align:start position:0% +looks like right here at the edge of our + + + align:start position:0% +looks like right here at the edge of our +knowledge of nuclei we haven't quite + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of nuclei we haven't quite + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge of nuclei we haven't quite +gotten to the next peak yet this is + + align:start position:0% +gotten to the next peak yet this is + + + align:start position:0% +gotten to the next peak yet this is +something we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +something we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +something we're going to talk about +Friday on the quest for super-heavy + + align:start position:0% +Friday on the quest for super-heavy + + + align:start position:0% +Friday on the quest for super-heavy +elements or SHGs as you'll see in the + + align:start position:0% +elements or SHGs as you'll see in the + + + align:start position:0% +elements or SHGs as you'll see in the +reading yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +closest to zero is the closest agreement + + align:start position:0% +closest to zero is the closest agreement + + + align:start position:0% +closest to zero is the closest agreement +between experiment and theory so the + + align:start position:0% +between experiment and theory so the + + + align:start position:0% +between experiment and theory so the +ones that are exceptionally stable which + + align:start position:0% +ones that are exceptionally stable which + + + align:start position:0% +ones that are exceptionally stable which +are not predicted by this very simple + + align:start position:0% +are not predicted by this very simple + + + align:start position:0% +are not predicted by this very simple +formula are up here at the peaks of + + align:start position:0% +formula are up here at the peaks of + + + align:start position:0% +formula are up here at the peaks of +these magic numbers and actually I want + + align:start position:0% +these magic numbers and actually I want + + + align:start position:0% +these magic numbers and actually I want +you to take a look right here at some of + + align:start position:0% +you to take a look right here at some of + + + align:start position:0% +you to take a look right here at some of +these very small nuclei like helium four + + align:start position:0% +these very small nuclei like helium four + + + align:start position:0% +these very small nuclei like helium four +is probably way up here somewhere all + + align:start position:0% +is probably way up here somewhere all + + + align:start position:0% +is probably way up here somewhere all +the way over on the right it's an + + align:start position:0% +the way over on the right it's an + + + align:start position:0% +the way over on the right it's an +exceptionally stable nucleus that is not + + align:start position:0% +exceptionally stable nucleus that is not + + + align:start position:0% +exceptionally stable nucleus that is not +very well approximated by liquid drop + + align:start position:0% +very well approximated by liquid drop + + + align:start position:0% +very well approximated by liquid drop +model because it's got four nucleons + + align:start position:0% +model because it's got four nucleons + + + align:start position:0% +model because it's got four nucleons +they're all on the surface there's + + align:start position:0% +they're all on the surface there's + + + align:start position:0% +they're all on the surface there's +nothing on the inside of a helium + + align:start position:0% +nothing on the inside of a helium + + + align:start position:0% +nothing on the inside of a helium +nucleus let's say and then if you look + + align:start position:0% +nucleus let's say and then if you look + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus let's say and then if you look +at stability trends in terms of are the + + align:start position:0% +at stability trends in terms of are the + + + align:start position:0% +at stability trends in terms of are the +nuclei more stable if they have odd + + align:start position:0% +nuclei more stable if they have odd + + + align:start position:0% +nuclei more stable if they have odd +numbers or even numbers you can graph + + align:start position:0% +numbers or even numbers you can graph + + + align:start position:0% +numbers or even numbers you can graph +the two separately and look at the + + align:start position:0% +the two separately and look at the + + + align:start position:0% +the two separately and look at the +number of stable nuclei that have an odd + + align:start position:0% +number of stable nuclei that have an odd + + + align:start position:0% +number of stable nuclei that have an odd +total mass number or an even total mass + + align:start position:0% +total mass number or an even total mass + + + align:start position:0% +total mass number or an even total mass +number and there's a few things to note + + align:start position:0% +number and there's a few things to note + + + align:start position:0% +number and there's a few things to note +here one of them is that even numbers + + align:start position:0% +here one of them is that even numbers + + + align:start position:0% +here one of them is that even numbers +tend to have a lot more stable nuclei + + align:start position:0% +tend to have a lot more stable nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +tend to have a lot more stable nuclei +this is something I mentioned on the + + align:start position:0% +this is something I mentioned on the + + + align:start position:0% +this is something I mentioned on the +second day of class if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +second day of class if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +second day of class if you look at the +kyuri table of nuclides let's go to + + align:start position:0% +kyuri table of nuclides let's go to + + + align:start position:0% +kyuri table of nuclides let's go to +their homepage and just look at it sort + + align:start position:0% +their homepage and just look at it sort + + + align:start position:0% +their homepage and just look at it sort +of in a color way the blue colors are + + align:start position:0% +of in a color way the blue colors are + + + align:start position:0% +of in a color way the blue colors are +stable nuclei and you notice that every + + align:start position:0% +stable nuclei and you notice that every + + + align:start position:0% +stable nuclei and you notice that every +other row of pixels here has a whole lot + + align:start position:0% +other row of pixels here has a whole lot + + + align:start position:0% +other row of pixels here has a whole lot +more stable ones and that's what the + + align:start position:0% +more stable ones and that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +more stable ones and that's what the +same thing that we're seeing right here + + align:start position:0% +same thing that we're seeing right here + + + align:start position:0% +same thing that we're seeing right here +is that there's a lot more even nuclei + + align:start position:0% +is that there's a lot more even nuclei + + + align:start position:0% +is that there's a lot more even nuclei +that are more stable if I jump back to + + align:start position:0% +that are more stable if I jump back to + + + align:start position:0% +that are more stable if I jump back to +our semi empirical mass formula notice + + align:start position:0% +our semi empirical mass formula notice + + + align:start position:0% +our semi empirical mass formula notice +that this binding energy goes up for + + align:start position:0% +that this binding energy goes up for + + + align:start position:0% +that this binding energy goes up for +even even nuclei so when there's an even + + align:start position:0% +even even nuclei so when there's an even + + + align:start position:0% +even even nuclei so when there's an even +number of protons and an even number of + + align:start position:0% +number of protons and an even number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of protons and an even number of +neutrons the semi empirical mass formula + + align:start position:0% +neutrons the semi empirical mass formula + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons the semi empirical mass formula +does predict an increase in stability + + align:start position:0% +does predict an increase in stability + + + align:start position:0% +does predict an increase in stability +which you can actually see + + align:start position:0% +which you can actually see + + + align:start position:0% +which you can actually see +on the table of new clients and on this + + align:start position:0% +on the table of new clients and on this + + + align:start position:0% +on the table of new clients and on this +sort of stability trend and so let's + + align:start position:0% +sort of stability trend and so let's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of stability trend and so let's +look a little closer and see how many + + align:start position:0% +look a little closer and see how many + + + align:start position:0% +look a little closer and see how many +nuclei for each proton number or each + + align:start position:0% +nuclei for each proton number or each + + + align:start position:0% +nuclei for each proton number or each +neutron number are actually stable and + + align:start position:0% +neutron number are actually stable and + + + align:start position:0% +neutron number are actually stable and +we graph the odd and the even ones + + align:start position:0% +we graph the odd and the even ones + + + align:start position:0% +we graph the odd and the even ones +separately and what's important to note + + align:start position:0% +separately and what's important to note + + + align:start position:0% +separately and what's important to note +here is 1 the odd is way lower than the + + align:start position:0% +here is 1 the odd is way lower than the + + + align:start position:0% +here is 1 the odd is way lower than the +even there's usually either two one or a + + align:start position:0% +even there's usually either two one or a + + + align:start position:0% +even there's usually either two one or a +zero stable nuclei at that number and + + align:start position:0% +zero stable nuclei at that number and + + + align:start position:0% +zero stable nuclei at that number and +what other sort of features do you guys + + align:start position:0% +what other sort of features do you guys + + + align:start position:0% +what other sort of features do you guys +notice about this it's not smooth first + + align:start position:0% +notice about this it's not smooth first + + + align:start position:0% +notice about this it's not smooth first +of all where are those Peaks where do + + align:start position:0% +of all where are those Peaks where do + + + align:start position:0% +of all where are those Peaks where do +you tend to find the most stable nuclei + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or where do you tend to find the least + + align:start position:0% +or where do you tend to find the least + + + align:start position:0% +or where do you tend to find the least +what about these two right here no + + align:start position:0% +what about these two right here no + + + align:start position:0% +what about these two right here no +stable nuclei at these proton numbers + + align:start position:0% +stable nuclei at these proton numbers + + + align:start position:0% +stable nuclei at these proton numbers +and remember proton number uniquely + + align:start position:0% +and remember proton number uniquely + + + align:start position:0% +and remember proton number uniquely +defines an element anyone know what + + align:start position:0% +defines an element anyone know what + + + align:start position:0% +defines an element anyone know what +these two might be what sort of elements + + align:start position:0% +these two might be what sort of elements + + + align:start position:0% +these two might be what sort of elements +look to the back of the room if you want + + align:start position:0% +look to the back of the room if you want + + + align:start position:0% +look to the back of the room if you want +there's a periodic table on the back + + align:start position:0% +there's a periodic table on the back + + + align:start position:0% +there's a periodic table on the back +wall and you can see except for the + + align:start position:0% +wall and you can see except for the + + + align:start position:0% +wall and you can see except for the +super-heavy things down at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +super-heavy things down at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +super-heavy things down at the bottom +there's a couple of elements that have + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple of elements that have + + + align:start position:0% +there's a couple of elements that have +no stable isotopes + + align:start position:0% +no stable isotopes + + + align:start position:0% +no stable isotopes +these are technetium and promethium + + align:start position:0% +these are technetium and promethium + + + align:start position:0% +these are technetium and promethium +which are relatively light isotopes I + + align:start position:0% +which are relatively light isotopes I + + + align:start position:0% +which are relatively light isotopes I +say relatively light compared to things + + align:start position:0% +say relatively light compared to things + + + align:start position:0% +say relatively light compared to things +like uranium with no stable isotopes + + align:start position:0% +like uranium with no stable isotopes + + + align:start position:0% +like uranium with no stable isotopes +they're also fairly far away from these + + align:start position:0% +they're also fairly far away from these + + + align:start position:0% +they're also fairly far away from these +so-called magic numbers or other regions + + align:start position:0% +so-called magic numbers or other regions + + + align:start position:0% +so-called magic numbers or other regions +where you tend to have a spike in the + + align:start position:0% +where you tend to have a spike in the + + + align:start position:0% +where you tend to have a spike in the +number of stable nuclei due to well + + align:start position:0% +number of stable nuclei due to well + + + align:start position:0% +number of stable nuclei due to well +things that you'll learn in 2202 in + + align:start position:0% +things that you'll learn in 2202 in + + + align:start position:0% +things that you'll learn in 2202 in +terms of nuclear shell occupancy and + + align:start position:0% +terms of nuclear shell occupancy and + + + align:start position:0% +terms of nuclear shell occupancy and +stability but you see the same thing + + align:start position:0% +stability but you see the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +stability but you see the same thing +when you graph the neutron number you + + align:start position:0% +when you graph the neutron number you + + + align:start position:0% +when you graph the neutron number you +can see a couple of sudden spikes right + + align:start position:0% +can see a couple of sudden spikes right + + + align:start position:0% +can see a couple of sudden spikes right +here at 20 28 50 82 and 126 when + + align:start position:0% +here at 20 28 50 82 and 126 when + + + align:start position:0% +here at 20 28 50 82 and 126 when +everything gets really stable all of a + + align:start position:0% +everything gets really stable all of a + + + align:start position:0% +everything gets really stable all of a +sudden you've got one last-gasp of a + + align:start position:0% +sudden you've got one last-gasp of a + + + align:start position:0% +sudden you've got one last-gasp of a +stable isotope before you go off into + + align:start position:0% +stable isotope before you go off into + + + align:start position:0% +stable isotope before you go off into +nowhere land so let's start looking at + + align:start position:0% +nowhere land so let's start looking at + + + align:start position:0% +nowhere land so let's start looking at +relative stabilities of nuclei let's say + + align:start position:0% +relative stabilities of nuclei let's say + + + align:start position:0% +relative stabilities of nuclei let's say +for a given mass number or a given + + align:start position:0% +for a given mass number or a given + + + align:start position:0% +for a given mass number or a given +proton number anyone mind if I cover + + align:start position:0% +proton number anyone mind if I cover + + + align:start position:0% +proton number anyone mind if I cover +this board because you can't roll it up + + align:start position:0% +this board because you can't roll it up + + + align:start position:0% +this board because you can't roll it up +you all got the notes from here cool + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I left to a race and I want to keep + + align:start position:0% +I left to a race and I want to keep + + + align:start position:0% +I left to a race and I want to keep +these formulas up for our reference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's say I post this problem I want to + + align:start position:0% +let's say I post this problem I want to + + + align:start position:0% +let's say I post this problem I want to +find out make sure I sold the right one + + align:start position:0% +find out make sure I sold the right one + + + align:start position:0% +find out make sure I sold the right one +actually I'm going to check my notes + + align:start position:0% +actually I'm going to check my notes + + + align:start position:0% +actually I'm going to check my notes +real quick that what is the for a given + + align:start position:0% +real quick that what is the for a given + + + align:start position:0% +real quick that what is the for a given +a or for a given mass number what is the + + align:start position:0% +a or for a given mass number what is the + + + align:start position:0% +a or for a given mass number what is the +most stable number of protons for a + + align:start position:0% +most stable number of protons for a + + + align:start position:0% +most stable number of protons for a +given a this is the question that I like + + align:start position:0% +given a this is the question that I like + + + align:start position:0% +given a this is the question that I like +to answer here how would you approach + + align:start position:0% +to answer here how would you approach + + + align:start position:0% +to answer here how would you approach +this question using the semi empirical + + align:start position:0% +this question using the semi empirical + + + align:start position:0% +this question using the semi empirical +mass formula that well you can't see + + align:start position:0% +mass formula that well you can't see + + + align:start position:0% +mass formula that well you can't see +here so I will bring it up back on the + + align:start position:0% +here so I will bring it up back on the + + + align:start position:0% +here so I will bring it up back on the +screen here how would you find this out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well let's say for a given mass number a + + align:start position:0% +well let's say for a given mass number a + + + align:start position:0% +well let's say for a given mass number a +for a given poor approximation of the + + align:start position:0% +for a given poor approximation of the + + + align:start position:0% +for a given poor approximation of the +total mass of a nucleus the more binding + + align:start position:0% +total mass of a nucleus the more binding + + + align:start position:0% +total mass of a nucleus the more binding +energy it has the more stable it is + + align:start position:0% +energy it has the more stable it is + + + align:start position:0% +energy it has the more stable it is +therefore if you want to find the + + align:start position:0% +therefore if you want to find the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore if you want to find the +minimum of a mass for a and Z given a + + align:start position:0% +minimum of a mass for a and Z given a + + + align:start position:0% +minimum of a mass for a and Z given a +fixed a that will give you the most + + align:start position:0% +fixed a that will give you the most + + + align:start position:0% +fixed a that will give you the most +stable nucleus because it will tell you + + align:start position:0% +stable nucleus because it will tell you + + + align:start position:0% +stable nucleus because it will tell you +which value of z gives you the smallest + + align:start position:0% +which value of z gives you the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +which value of z gives you the smallest +m or rather the most tightly bound + + align:start position:0% +m or rather the most tightly bound + + + align:start position:0% +m or rather the most tightly bound +nucleus that has the most binding energy + + align:start position:0% +nucleus that has the most binding energy + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus that has the most binding energy +so let's start writing this out first of + + align:start position:0% +so let's start writing this out first of + + + align:start position:0% +so let's start writing this out first of +all we can use one of the two equations + + align:start position:0% +all we can use one of the two equations + + + align:start position:0% +all we can use one of the two equations +we already have up here a relation + + align:start position:0% +we already have up here a relation + + + align:start position:0% +we already have up here a relation +between the mass and the binding energy + + align:start position:0% +between the mass and the binding energy + + + align:start position:0% +between the mass and the binding energy +the second one well we have it right + + align:start position:0% +the second one well we have it right + + + align:start position:0% +the second one well we have it right +here so let's substitute in our binding + + align:start position:0% +here so let's substitute in our binding + + + align:start position:0% +here so let's substitute in our binding +energy equation and express it in terms + + align:start position:0% +energy equation and express it in terms + + + align:start position:0% +energy equation and express it in terms +of mass so let's say our mass of a + + align:start position:0% +of mass so let's say our mass of a + + + align:start position:0% +of mass so let's say our mass of a +nucleus a and Z is equal to Z times the + + align:start position:0% +nucleus a and Z is equal to Z times the + + + align:start position:0% +nucleus a and Z is equal to Z times the +mass of hydrogen plus a minus Z times + + align:start position:0% +mass of hydrogen plus a minus Z times + + + align:start position:0% +mass of hydrogen plus a minus Z times +the mass of a neutron minus the binding + + align:start position:0% +the mass of a neutron minus the binding + + + align:start position:0% +the mass of a neutron minus the binding +energy because in this case what I've + + align:start position:0% +energy because in this case what I've + + + align:start position:0% +energy because in this case what I've +done right here is I've added mass to + + align:start position:0% +done right here is I've added mass to + + + align:start position:0% +done right here is I've added mass to +each side of the equation subtracted + + align:start position:0% +each side of the equation subtracted + + + align:start position:0% +each side of the equation subtracted +binding energy from each side of the + + align:start position:0% +binding energy from each side of the + + + align:start position:0% +binding energy from each side of the +equation and we can just take negative + + align:start position:0% +equation and we can just take negative + + + align:start position:0% +equation and we can just take negative +that expression and write it all out + + align:start position:0% +that expression and write it all out + + + align:start position:0% +that expression and write it all out +together so we have minus AV a plus a + + align:start position:0% +together so we have minus AV a plus a + + + align:start position:0% +together so we have minus AV a plus a +surface a to the two-thirds plus AC Z + + align:start position:0% +surface a to the two-thirds plus AC Z + + + align:start position:0% +surface a to the two-thirds plus AC Z +times Z minus one over a to the + + align:start position:0% +times Z minus one over a to the + + + align:start position:0% +times Z minus one over a to the +one-third and plus a a symmetry and + + align:start position:0% +one-third and plus a a symmetry and + + + align:start position:0% +one-third and plus a a symmetry and +minus Z squared over a and minus Delta + + align:start position:0% +minus Z squared over a and minus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +minus Z squared over a and minus Delta +so we've got one expression for the + + align:start position:0% +so we've got one expression for the + + + align:start position:0% +so we've got one expression for the +total mass we fixed the value of a + + align:start position:0% +total mass we fixed the value of a + + + align:start position:0% +total mass we fixed the value of a +because we're going to take some fixed + + align:start position:0% +because we're going to take some fixed + + + align:start position:0% +because we're going to take some fixed +we're + + align:start position:0% +we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're +atchoo some fixed value of a let's say a + + align:start position:0% +atchoo some fixed value of a let's say a + + + align:start position:0% +atchoo some fixed value of a let's say a +equals 93 and that's the example that + + align:start position:0% +equals 93 and that's the example that + + + align:start position:0% +equals 93 and that's the example that +I've kind of worked out in my head it so + + align:start position:0% +I've kind of worked out in my head it so + + + align:start position:0% +I've kind of worked out in my head it so +happens that niobium has a stable + + align:start position:0% +happens that niobium has a stable + + + align:start position:0% +happens that niobium has a stable +isotope at a mass of a equals 93 and we + + align:start position:0% +isotope at a mass of a equals 93 and we + + + align:start position:0% +isotope at a mass of a equals 93 and we +just found out in some of our research + + align:start position:0% +just found out in some of our research + + + align:start position:0% +just found out in some of our research +that niobium doesn't stick to chromium + + align:start position:0% +that niobium doesn't stick to chromium + + + align:start position:0% +that niobium doesn't stick to chromium +very well that's why I've got it on the + + align:start position:0% +very well that's why I've got it on the + + + align:start position:0% +very well that's why I've got it on the +brain so this is what I was thinking + + align:start position:0% +brain so this is what I was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +brain so this is what I was thinking +about this morning so for a fixed a + + align:start position:0% +about this morning so for a fixed a + + + align:start position:0% +about this morning so for a fixed a +equals 93 we want to find what is the + + align:start position:0% +equals 93 we want to find what is the + + + align:start position:0% +equals 93 we want to find what is the +most stable Z how do we do that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anyone have an idea yeah differentiate + + align:start position:0% +anyone have an idea yeah differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +anyone have an idea yeah differentiate +sure let's take I'll just say the + + align:start position:0% +sure let's take I'll just say the + + + align:start position:0% +sure let's take I'll just say the +derivative of oh no it is a partial + + align:start position:0% +derivative of oh no it is a partial + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of oh no it is a partial +derivative because we have two variables + + align:start position:0% +derivative because we have two variables + + + align:start position:0% +derivative because we have two variables +here take the derivative as a function + + align:start position:0% +here take the derivative as a function + + + align:start position:0% +here take the derivative as a function +of Z set it equal to zero this will give + + align:start position:0% +of Z set it equal to zero this will give + + + align:start position:0% +of Z set it equal to zero this will give +us the Z number that gives us the + + align:start position:0% +us the Z number that gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +us the Z number that gives us the +minimum mass for a fixed a so let's + + align:start position:0% +minimum mass for a fixed a so let's + + + align:start position:0% +minimum mass for a fixed a so let's +actually do this right now so let's see + + align:start position:0% +actually do this right now so let's see + + + align:start position:0% +actually do this right now so let's see +this gives us mhm and this term expanded + + align:start position:0% +this gives us mhm and this term expanded + + + align:start position:0% +this gives us mhm and this term expanded +out is a MN minus z MN so we have a + + align:start position:0% +out is a MN minus z MN so we have a + + + align:start position:0% +out is a MN minus z MN so we have a +minus MN I'm gonna make one quick + + align:start position:0% +minus MN I'm gonna make one quick + + + align:start position:0% +minus MN I'm gonna make one quick +correction right here I want to make + + align:start position:0% +correction right here I want to make + + + align:start position:0% +correction right here I want to make +sure everything's in the same units all + + align:start position:0% +sure everything's in the same units all + + + align:start position:0% +sure everything's in the same units all +of these semi empirical mass terms are + + align:start position:0% +of these semi empirical mass terms are + + + align:start position:0% +of these semi empirical mass terms are +an MeV these right here are in AMU + + align:start position:0% +an MeV these right here are in AMU + + + align:start position:0% +an MeV these right here are in AMU +atomic mass units what do we have to add + + align:start position:0% +atomic mass units what do we have to add + + + align:start position:0% +atomic mass units what do we have to add +in order to get these all in MeV + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the conversion factor yep or in this + + align:start position:0% +the conversion factor yep or in this + + + align:start position:0% +the conversion factor yep or in this +case we'll just stick a C squared I'll + + align:start position:0% +case we'll just stick a C squared I'll + + + align:start position:0% +case we'll just stick a C squared I'll +make a little bit of room so I can stick + + align:start position:0% +make a little bit of room so I can stick + + + align:start position:0% +make a little bit of room so I can stick +the C squared in there C squared now + + align:start position:0% +the C squared in there C squared now + + + align:start position:0% +the C squared in there C squared now +everything's in MeV we're all in the + + align:start position:0% +everything's in MeV we're all in the + + + align:start position:0% +everything's in MeV we're all in the +same units so let's say we have MH minus + + align:start position:0% +same units so let's say we have MH minus + + + align:start position:0% +same units so let's say we have MH minus +MN these are in C squared and minus AV + + align:start position:0% +MN these are in C squared and minus AV + + + align:start position:0% +MN these are in C squared and minus AV +let's see plus 2/3 a s times a to the + + align:start position:0% +let's see plus 2/3 a s times a to the + + + align:start position:0% +let's see plus 2/3 a s times a to the +negative 1/3 plus I'm going to expand + + align:start position:0% +negative 1/3 plus I'm going to expand + + + align:start position:0% +negative 1/3 plus I'm going to expand +this out to call it Z squared minus Z + + align:start position:0% +this out to call it Z squared minus Z + + + align:start position:0% +this out to call it Z squared minus Z +I'm also going to stick in N equals a + + align:start position:0% +I'm also going to stick in N equals a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm also going to stick in N equals a +minus Z so that this expands out to a + + align:start position:0% +minus Z so that this expands out to a + + + align:start position:0% +minus Z so that this expands out to a +minus 2 Z squared is everyone with me + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 Z squared is everyone with me + + + align:start position:0% +minus 2 Z squared is everyone with me +here yep I'm Darrell you're right I'm + + align:start position:0% +here yep I'm Darrell you're right I'm + + + align:start position:0% +here yep I'm Darrell you're right I'm +deriving with respect to the wrong + + align:start position:0% +deriving with respect to the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +deriving with respect to the wrong +variable thank you yep so we want to do + + align:start position:0% +variable thank you yep so we want to do + + + align:start position:0% +variable thank you yep so we want to do +this as a function of Z so that term + + align:start position:0% +this as a function of Z so that term + + + align:start position:0% +this as a function of Z so that term +disappears that term disappears thank + + align:start position:0% +disappears that term disappears thank + + + align:start position:0% +disappears that term disappears thank +you let's work on these ones right now + + align:start position:0% +you let's work on these ones right now + + + align:start position:0% +you let's work on these ones right now +so we have AC times Z squared over a to + + align:start position:0% +so we have AC times Z squared over a to + + + align:start position:0% +so we have AC times Z squared over a to +the 1/3 so that will give us a plus AC + + align:start position:0% +the 1/3 so that will give us a plus AC + + + align:start position:0% +the 1/3 so that will give us a plus AC +over a to the 1/3 times 2z and then we + + align:start position:0% +over a to the 1/3 times 2z and then we + + + align:start position:0% +over a to the 1/3 times 2z and then we +have let's see minus AC over a to the + + align:start position:0% +have let's see minus AC over a to the + + + align:start position:0% +have let's see minus AC over a to the +1/3 that's it actually + + align:start position:0% +1/3 that's it actually + + + align:start position:0% +1/3 that's it actually +Oh times plus 1 ok and then we have the + + align:start position:0% +Oh times plus 1 ok and then we have the + + + align:start position:0% +Oh times plus 1 ok and then we have the +a minus 2z so let's expand this out just + + align:start position:0% +a minus 2z so let's expand this out just + + + align:start position:0% +a minus 2z so let's expand this out just +so we can see it all on the board so we + + align:start position:0% +so we can see it all on the board so we + + + align:start position:0% +so we can see it all on the board so we +have a a over a times a minus 4z squared + + align:start position:0% +have a a over a times a minus 4z squared + + + align:start position:0% +have a a over a times a minus 4z squared +plus 4 so minus 4 a Z + + align:start position:0% +plus 4 so minus 4 a Z + + + align:start position:0% +plus 4 so minus 4 a Z +plus 4z squared so let's take the + + align:start position:0% +plus 4z squared so let's take the + + + align:start position:0% +plus 4z squared so let's take the +derivative with respect to Z of that + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to Z of that + + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to Z of that +that term goes away + + align:start position:0% +that term goes away + + + align:start position:0% +that term goes away +that becomes 4a so we have plus a a over + + align:start position:0% +that becomes 4a so we have plus a a over + + + align:start position:0% +that becomes 4a so we have plus a a over +a times 4a and there's a minus sign + + align:start position:0% +a times 4a and there's a minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +a times 4a and there's a minus sign +there and that becomes 8z so we have + + align:start position:0% +there and that becomes 8z so we have + + + align:start position:0% +there and that becomes 8z so we have +plus a symmetry over a times 8z and the + + align:start position:0% +plus a symmetry over a times 8z and the + + + align:start position:0% +plus a symmetry over a times 8z and the +Delta term goes away because there's no + + align:start position:0% +Delta term goes away because there's no + + + align:start position:0% +Delta term goes away because there's no +Z dependence and what we end up here is + + align:start position:0% +Z dependence and what we end up here is + + + align:start position:0% +Z dependence and what we end up here is +the solution for what is the most stable + + align:start position:0% +the solution for what is the most stable + + + align:start position:0% +the solution for what is the most stable +z as a function of a this is a linear + + align:start position:0% +z as a function of a this is a linear + + + align:start position:0% +z as a function of a this is a linear +equation there's only one solution for + + align:start position:0% +equation there's only one solution for + + + align:start position:0% +equation there's only one solution for +it if we actually want to graph this + + align:start position:0% +it if we actually want to graph this + + + align:start position:0% +it if we actually want to graph this +function of M though this M as a + + align:start position:0% +function of M though this M as a + + + align:start position:0% +function of M though this M as a +function of a and Z we end up with + + align:start position:0% +function of a and Z we end up with + + + align:start position:0% +function of a and Z we end up with +what's called a mass parabola which is + + align:start position:0% +what's called a mass parabola which is + + + align:start position:0% +what's called a mass parabola which is +to say you can graph the binding energy + + align:start position:0% +to say you can graph the binding energy + + + align:start position:0% +to say you can graph the binding energy +per nucleon or the mass or pretty much + + align:start position:0% +per nucleon or the mass or pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +per nucleon or the mass or pretty much +similar things of a nucleus of all + + align:start position:0% +similar things of a nucleus of all + + + align:start position:0% +similar things of a nucleus of all +nuclei with a given a as a function of Z + + align:start position:0% +nuclei with a given a as a function of Z + + + align:start position:0% +nuclei with a given a as a function of Z +I think I can do this on the remaining + + align:start position:0% +I think I can do this on the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +I think I can do this on the remaining +space right here so let's say for a + + align:start position:0% +space right here so let's say for a + + + align:start position:0% +space right here so let's say for a +equals 93 if this is Z and this is M as + + align:start position:0% +equals 93 if this is Z and this is M as + + + align:start position:0% +equals 93 if this is Z and this is M as +a function of a and Z let's actually + + align:start position:0% +a function of a and Z let's actually + + + align:start position:0% +a function of a and Z let's actually +look at a concrete example so let's go + + align:start position:0% +look at a concrete example so let's go + + + align:start position:0% +look at a concrete example so let's go +live to the chart of nuclides and start + + align:start position:0% +live to the chart of nuclides and start + + + align:start position:0% +live to the chart of nuclides and start +looking at things with a mass number of + + align:start position:0% +looking at things with a mass number of + + + align:start position:0% +looking at things with a mass number of +93 looks like I clicked a little too + + align:start position:0% +93 looks like I clicked a little too + + + align:start position:0% +93 looks like I clicked a little too +high there it is + + align:start position:0% +high there it is + + + align:start position:0% +high there it is +let's see malee 93 I was looking at and + + align:start position:0% +let's see malee 93 I was looking at and + + + align:start position:0% +let's see malee 93 I was looking at and +that becomes niobium 93 which is the + + align:start position:0% +that becomes niobium 93 which is the + + + align:start position:0% +that becomes niobium 93 which is the +stable isotope I was thinking so let's + + align:start position:0% +stable isotope I was thinking so let's + + + align:start position:0% +stable isotope I was thinking so let's +put niobium right here I haven't given + + align:start position:0% +put niobium right here I haven't given + + + align:start position:0% +put niobium right here I haven't given +an actual scale to this because I just + + align:start position:0% +an actual scale to this because I just + + + align:start position:0% +an actual scale to this because I just +want to show you in sort of relative + + align:start position:0% +want to show you in sort of relative + + + align:start position:0% +want to show you in sort of relative +terms so let's say niobium is the stable + + align:start position:0% +terms so let's say niobium is the stable + + + align:start position:0% +terms so let's say niobium is the stable +one so it's going to have the lowest + + align:start position:0% +one so it's going to have the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +one so it's going to have the lowest +actual mass even though it's got an a + + align:start position:0% +actual mass even though it's got an a + + + align:start position:0% +actual mass even though it's got an a +number of 93 if you look here on the + + align:start position:0% +number of 93 if you look here on the + + + align:start position:0% +number of 93 if you look here on the +chart of nuclides + + align:start position:0% +chart of nuclides + + + align:start position:0% +chart of nuclides +you can see it could have come from a + + align:start position:0% +you can see it could have come from a + + + align:start position:0% +you can see it could have come from a +couple of different places either from + + align:start position:0% +couple of different places either from + + + align:start position:0% +couple of different places either from +zirconium 93 or from molybdenum 93 and + + align:start position:0% +zirconium 93 or from molybdenum 93 and + + + align:start position:0% +zirconium 93 or from molybdenum 93 and +now's a good time to start introducing + + align:start position:0% +now's a good time to start introducing + + + align:start position:0% +now's a good time to start introducing +these different modes of decay so you + + align:start position:0% +these different modes of decay so you + + + align:start position:0% +these different modes of decay so you +can figure out well how what a nucleus + + align:start position:0% +can figure out well how what a nucleus + + + align:start position:0% +can figure out well how what a nucleus +decay to get to the most stable place + + align:start position:0% +decay to get to the most stable place + + + align:start position:0% +decay to get to the most stable place +let's say it came from + + align:start position:0% +let's say it came from + + + align:start position:0% +let's say it came from +zirconium 93 and molybdenum has a proton + + align:start position:0% +zirconium 93 and molybdenum has a proton + + + align:start position:0% +zirconium 93 and molybdenum has a proton +number of 41 so if we go to zirconium it + + align:start position:0% +number of 41 so if we go to zirconium it + + + align:start position:0% +number of 41 so if we go to zirconium it +beta decays to niobium 93 with an energy + + align:start position:0% +beta decays to niobium 93 with an energy + + + align:start position:0% +beta decays to niobium 93 with an energy +of 0.09 one MeV very very close so we'll + + align:start position:0% +of 0.09 one MeV very very close so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +of 0.09 one MeV very very close so we'll +draw it slightly higher that's about 91 + + align:start position:0% +draw it slightly higher that's about 91 + + + align:start position:0% +draw it slightly higher that's about 91 +KETV Serco neum 93 could have come from + + align:start position:0% +KETV Serco neum 93 could have come from + + + align:start position:0% +KETV Serco neum 93 could have come from +the beta decay of yttrium 93 you can see + + align:start position:0% +the beta decay of yttrium 93 you can see + + + align:start position:0% +the beta decay of yttrium 93 you can see +right here so let's go up the mass + + align:start position:0% +right here so let's go up the mass + + + align:start position:0% +right here so let's go up the mass +parabola and keep exploring and now we + + align:start position:0% +parabola and keep exploring and now we + + + align:start position:0% +parabola and keep exploring and now we +see that yet reom can decay by beta + + align:start position:0% +see that yet reom can decay by beta + + + align:start position:0% +see that yet reom can decay by beta +decay with 3 MeV so if we put you trium + + align:start position:0% +decay with 3 MeV so if we put you trium + + + align:start position:0% +decay with 3 MeV so if we put you trium +on this graph it would be way higher you + + align:start position:0% +on this graph it would be way higher you + + + align:start position:0% +on this graph it would be way higher you +trium itself could have come from well + + align:start position:0% +trium itself could have come from well + + + align:start position:0% +trium itself could have come from well +let's see strontium 93 with the decay + + align:start position:0% +let's see strontium 93 with the decay + + + align:start position:0% +let's see strontium 93 with the decay +energy of 4.1 MeV so let's put strontium + + align:start position:0% +energy of 4.1 MeV so let's put strontium + + + align:start position:0% +energy of 4.1 MeV so let's put strontium +here and I think 4 MeV would be like off + + align:start position:0% +here and I think 4 MeV would be like off + + + align:start position:0% +here and I think 4 MeV would be like off +the chart but whatever that's the way we + + align:start position:0% +the chart but whatever that's the way we + + + align:start position:0% +the chart but whatever that's the way we +drew it already we've got the makings of + + align:start position:0% +drew it already we've got the makings of + + + align:start position:0% +drew it already we've got the makings of +a parabola and each one of these can + + align:start position:0% +a parabola and each one of these can + + + align:start position:0% +a parabola and each one of these can +decay by beta decay or does decay by + + align:start position:0% +decay by beta decay or does decay by + + + align:start position:0% +decay by beta decay or does decay by +beta decay in order to get to the most + + align:start position:0% +beta decay in order to get to the most + + + align:start position:0% +beta decay in order to get to the most +stable nucleus so let's write the + + align:start position:0% +stable nucleus so let's write the + + + align:start position:0% +stable nucleus so let's write the +nuclear reaction for beta decay of one + + align:start position:0% +nuclear reaction for beta decay of one + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear reaction for beta decay of one +of these let's say from zirconium to + + align:start position:0% +of these let's say from zirconium to + + + align:start position:0% +of these let's say from zirconium to +niobium so we'd have 93 40 zirconium + + align:start position:0% +niobium so we'd have 93 40 zirconium + + + align:start position:0% +niobium so we'd have 93 40 zirconium +spontaneously goes to 93 41 niobium plus + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously goes to 93 41 niobium plus + + + align:start position:0% +spontaneously goes to 93 41 niobium plus +a beta and plus an electron antineutrino + + align:start position:0% +a beta and plus an electron antineutrino + + + align:start position:0% +a beta and plus an electron antineutrino +that's the part I don't expect you to + + align:start position:0% +that's the part I don't expect you to + + + align:start position:0% +that's the part I don't expect you to +know yet but that's the whole energy + + align:start position:0% +know yet but that's the whole energy + + + align:start position:0% +know yet but that's the whole energy +conservation thing a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +conservation thing a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +conservation thing a little bit of a +flash forward the beta decay energy is + + align:start position:0% +flash forward the beta decay energy is + + + align:start position:0% +flash forward the beta decay energy is +not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily +the energy of the electron that you will + + align:start position:0% +the energy of the electron that you will + + + align:start position:0% +the energy of the electron that you will +measure because some of that energy is + + align:start position:0% +measure because some of that energy is + + + align:start position:0% +measure because some of that energy is +taken away by the anti neutrino but + + align:start position:0% +taken away by the anti neutrino but + + + align:start position:0% +taken away by the anti neutrino but +we'll get into how those relate probably + + align:start position:0% +we'll get into how those relate probably + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get into how those relate probably +next week so let's now look on the other + + align:start position:0% +next week so let's now look on the other + + + align:start position:0% +next week so let's now look on the other +side of the parabola and confirm that + + align:start position:0% +side of the parabola and confirm that + + + align:start position:0% +side of the parabola and confirm that +the semi empirical mass formula would + + align:start position:0% +the semi empirical mass formula would + + + align:start position:0% +the semi empirical mass formula would +predict something parabolic here and + + align:start position:0% +predict something parabolic here and + + + align:start position:0% +predict something parabolic here and +here with respect to Z actually checks + + align:start position:0% +here with respect to Z actually checks + + + align:start position:0% +here with respect to Z actually checks +out so let's back up to niobium 93 and + + align:start position:0% +out so let's back up to niobium 93 and + + + align:start position:0% +out so let's back up to niobium 93 and +notice that it could also have come from + + align:start position:0% +notice that it could also have come from + + + align:start position:0% +notice that it could also have come from +electron capture from molybdenum 93 so + + align:start position:0% +electron capture from molybdenum 93 so + + + align:start position:0% +electron capture from molybdenum 93 so +let's put molybdenum right here and it + + align:start position:0% +let's put molybdenum right here and it + + + align:start position:0% +let's put molybdenum right here and it +decays with an energy of 0.04 let's say + + align:start position:0% +decays with an energy of 0.04 let's say + + + align:start position:0% +decays with an energy of 0.04 let's say +0.4 MeV into niobium which let's say + + align:start position:0% +0.4 MeV into niobium which let's say + + + align:start position:0% +0.4 MeV into niobium which let's say +it's around here let's keep going + + align:start position:0% +it's around here let's keep going + + + align:start position:0% +it's around here let's keep going +through the chain anyone have any + + align:start position:0% +through the chain anyone have any + + + align:start position:0% +through the chain anyone have any +questions so far well we keep going cool + + align:start position:0% +questions so far well we keep going cool + + + align:start position:0% +questions so far well we keep going cool +let's trace it back up the chain + + align:start position:0% +let's trace it back up the chain + + + align:start position:0% +let's trace it back up the chain +technetium 93 can be get molybdenum 93 + + align:start position:0% +technetium 93 can be get molybdenum 93 + + + align:start position:0% +technetium 93 can be get molybdenum 93 +by electron capture with a much higher + + align:start position:0% +by electron capture with a much higher + + + align:start position:0% +by electron capture with a much higher +energy three point two zero one I'm + + align:start position:0% +energy three point two zero one I'm + + + align:start position:0% +energy three point two zero one I'm +going to extend our graph because we + + align:start position:0% +going to extend our graph because we + + + align:start position:0% +going to extend our graph because we +need the space technetium another three + + align:start position:0% +need the space technetium another three + + + align:start position:0% +need the space technetium another three +MeV and let's go one more back + + align:start position:0% +MeV and let's go one more back + + + align:start position:0% +MeV and let's go one more back +technetium can be made by electron + + align:start position:0% +technetium can be made by electron + + + align:start position:0% +technetium can be made by electron +capture from rubidium 93 with an even + + align:start position:0% +capture from rubidium 93 with an even + + + align:start position:0% +capture from rubidium 93 with an even +higher energy which means a higher + + align:start position:0% +higher energy which means a higher + + + align:start position:0% +higher energy which means a higher +difference in mass between these two so + + align:start position:0% +difference in mass between these two so + + + align:start position:0% +difference in mass between these two so +so far let's see what's six MeV for + + align:start position:0% +so far let's see what's six MeV for + + + align:start position:0% +so far let's see what's six MeV for +rubidium here it would be like there I + + align:start position:0% +rubidium here it would be like there I + + + align:start position:0% +rubidium here it would be like there I +guess + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's our mass parabola right from the + + align:start position:0% +there's our mass parabola right from the + + + align:start position:0% +there's our mass parabola right from the +data so I like doing this better than + + align:start position:0% +data so I like doing this better than + + + align:start position:0% +data so I like doing this better than +just showing you a diagram because you + + align:start position:0% +just showing you a diagram because you + + + align:start position:0% +just showing you a diagram because you +can actually try for yourself pick a + + align:start position:0% +can actually try for yourself pick a + + + align:start position:0% +can actually try for yourself pick a +fixed a change Z and construct the mass + + align:start position:0% +fixed a change Z and construct the mass + + + align:start position:0% +fixed a change Z and construct the mass +parabolas yourself now the question is + + align:start position:0% +parabolas yourself now the question is + + + align:start position:0% +parabolas yourself now the question is +how could these decay into niobium 93 + + align:start position:0% +how could these decay into niobium 93 + + + align:start position:0% +how could these decay into niobium 93 +which is the stable isotope we have + + align:start position:0% +which is the stable isotope we have + + + align:start position:0% +which is the stable isotope we have +negative one minutes left so I'm very + + align:start position:0% +negative one minutes left so I'm very + + + align:start position:0% +negative one minutes left so I'm very +quickly going to tell you for large + + align:start position:0% +quickly going to tell you for large + + + align:start position:0% +quickly going to tell you for large +energy changes it can add to be positron + + align:start position:0% +energy changes it can add to be positron + + + align:start position:0% +energy changes it can add to be positron +decay or electron capture and we'll go + + align:start position:0% +decay or electron capture and we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +decay or electron capture and we'll go +over what these modes of decay are next + + align:start position:0% +over what these modes of decay are next + + + align:start position:0% +over what these modes of decay are next +week + + align:start position:0% +week + + + align:start position:0% +week +this can be again positron or electron + + align:start position:0% +this can be again positron or electron + + + align:start position:0% +this can be again positron or electron +capture and for small amounts of decay + + align:start position:0% +capture and for small amounts of decay + + + align:start position:0% +capture and for small amounts of decay +energy it can only be electron capture + + align:start position:0% +energy it can only be electron capture + + + align:start position:0% +energy it can only be electron capture +because in order for positron decay to + + align:start position:0% +because in order for positron decay to + + + align:start position:0% +because in order for positron decay to +happen you have to be able to create the + + align:start position:0% +happen you have to be able to create the + + + align:start position:0% +happen you have to be able to create the +positron and the positron plus the extra + + align:start position:0% +positron and the positron plus the extra + + + align:start position:0% +positron and the positron plus the extra +electron ejected to balance charge has + + align:start position:0% +electron ejected to balance charge has + + + align:start position:0% +electron ejected to balance charge has +got to be 1.0 to 2 MeV or same thing as + + align:start position:0% +got to be 1.0 to 2 MeV or same thing as + + + align:start position:0% +got to be 1.0 to 2 MeV or same thing as +what's known as 2 times the rest mass of + + align:start position:0% +what's known as 2 times the rest mass of + + + align:start position:0% +what's known as 2 times the rest mass of +the electron I'm gonna stop there and + + align:start position:0% +the electron I'm gonna stop there and + + + align:start position:0% +the electron I'm gonna stop there and +we'll pick up with lots of examples and + + align:start position:0% +we'll pick up with lots of examples and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll pick up with lots of examples and +questions tomorrow the last thing I'll + + align:start position:0% +questions tomorrow the last thing I'll + + + align:start position:0% +questions tomorrow the last thing I'll +go over the next problem set tomorrow I + + align:start position:0% +go over the next problem set tomorrow I + + + align:start position:0% +go over the next problem set tomorrow I +want to make sure everyone's seen it 7 + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure everyone's seen it 7 + + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure everyone's seen it 7 +days before it's due and the best way to + + align:start position:0% +days before it's due and the best way to + + + align:start position:0% +days before it's due and the best way to +do that is to show it on the board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SlTEfI-Lzng.txt b/SlTEfI-Lzng.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac7a01450de6d6699614720e7bb97486966143ee --- /dev/null +++ b/SlTEfI-Lzng.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15296 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so last week before Kevin one of the + + align:start position:0% +so last week before Kevin one of the + + + align:start position:0% +so last week before Kevin one of the +things that we did was going through the + + align:start position:0% +things that we did was going through the + + + align:start position:0% +things that we did was going through the +whole four quadrant model to understand + + align:start position:0% +whole four quadrant model to understand + + + align:start position:0% +whole four quadrant model to understand +how each uh ER space each + + align:start position:0% +how each uh ER space each + + + align:start position:0% +how each uh ER space each +quadrant any impact in each quadrant + + align:start position:0% +quadrant any impact in each quadrant + + + align:start position:0% +quadrant any impact in each quadrant +will have a an implication for the whole + + align:start position:0% +will have a an implication for the whole + + + align:start position:0% +will have a an implication for the whole +market equilibrium and will affect the + + align:start position:0% +market equilibrium and will affect the + + + align:start position:0% +market equilibrium and will affect the +different parts of the of the real + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the of the real + + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the of the real +estate market + + align:start position:0% +estate market + + + align:start position:0% +estate market +now that is one purpose of the four + + align:start position:0% +now that is one purpose of the four + + + align:start position:0% +now that is one purpose of the four +quadrant model but still there's a big + + align:start position:0% +quadrant model but still there's a big + + + align:start position:0% +quadrant model but still there's a big +question of what is actually the the + + align:start position:0% +question of what is actually the the + + + align:start position:0% +question of what is actually the the +first trigger of climate change on the + + align:start position:0% +first trigger of climate change on the + + + align:start position:0% +first trigger of climate change on the +real estate industry it's very different + + align:start position:0% +real estate industry it's very different + + + align:start position:0% +real estate industry it's very different +if the tenant is the one the tenants are + + align:start position:0% +if the tenant is the one the tenants are + + + align:start position:0% +if the tenant is the one the tenants are +the ones that are triggering the first + + align:start position:0% +the ones that are triggering the first + + + align:start position:0% +the ones that are triggering the first +response to to climate change or is + + align:start position:0% +response to to climate change or is + + + align:start position:0% +response to to climate change or is +actually the investors and the owners + + align:start position:0% +actually the investors and the owners + + + align:start position:0% +actually the investors and the owners +and the financers that are the ones that + + align:start position:0% +and the financers that are the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +and the financers that are the ones that +are triggering it because the responses + + align:start position:0% +are triggering it because the responses + + + align:start position:0% +are triggering it because the responses +from from policy makers and and the + + align:start position:0% +from from policy makers and and the + + + align:start position:0% +from from policy makers and and the +owners and the Real Estate Investors are + + align:start position:0% +owners and the Real Estate Investors are + + + align:start position:0% +owners and the Real Estate Investors are +very different whether you want to + + align:start position:0% +very different whether you want to + + + align:start position:0% +very different whether you want to +actually compensate tenants or you want + + align:start position:0% +actually compensate tenants or you want + + + align:start position:0% +actually compensate tenants or you want +to reduce risk associated to to an asset + + align:start position:0% +to reduce risk associated to to an asset + + + align:start position:0% +to reduce risk associated to to an asset +also when it comes to the valuation of + + align:start position:0% +also when it comes to the valuation of + + + align:start position:0% +also when it comes to the valuation of +assets this has very different + + align:start position:0% +assets this has very different + + + align:start position:0% +assets this has very different +implications because it means either you + + align:start position:0% +implications because it means either you + + + align:start position:0% +implications because it means either you +adjust um the numerator of a discounted + + align:start position:0% +adjust um the numerator of a discounted + + + align:start position:0% +adjust um the numerator of a discounted +cash flow um of an asset down because + + align:start position:0% +cash flow um of an asset down because + + + align:start position:0% +cash flow um of an asset down because +there is exposure to climate risk so + + align:start position:0% +there is exposure to climate risk so + + + align:start position:0% +there is exposure to climate risk so +then you actually expect that the RS are + + align:start position:0% +then you actually expect that the RS are + + + align:start position:0% +then you actually expect that the RS are +going to go down or you or you adjust + + align:start position:0% +going to go down or you or you adjust + + + align:start position:0% +going to go down or you or you adjust +the denominator because you need to + + align:start position:0% +the denominator because you need to + + + align:start position:0% +the denominator because you need to +adjust just the risk associated with + + align:start position:0% +adjust just the risk associated with + + + align:start position:0% +adjust just the risk associated with +that asset or the the access to + + align:start position:0% +that asset or the the access to + + + align:start position:0% +that asset or the the access to +financing of of that asset so the way + + align:start position:0% +financing of of that asset so the way + + + align:start position:0% +financing of of that asset so the way +that you impute climate into the model + + align:start position:0% +that you impute climate into the model + + + align:start position:0% +that you impute climate into the model +and the valuations is very different so + + align:start position:0% +and the valuations is very different so + + + align:start position:0% +and the valuations is very different so +how it is actually been uh at the moment + + align:start position:0% +how it is actually been uh at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +how it is actually been uh at the moment +how the markets are actually being + + align:start position:0% +how the markets are actually being + + + align:start position:0% +how the markets are actually being +impacted at the moment is something that + + align:start position:0% +impacted at the moment is something that + + + align:start position:0% +impacted at the moment is something that +comes down to an empirical question and + + align:start position:0% +comes down to an empirical question and + + + align:start position:0% +comes down to an empirical question and +to empirical papers so one of the things + + align:start position:0% +to empirical papers so one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +to empirical papers so one of the things +that I brought here is actually seeing + + align:start position:0% +that I brought here is actually seeing + + + align:start position:0% +that I brought here is actually seeing +uh different papers that try to dig down + + align:start position:0% +uh different papers that try to dig down + + + align:start position:0% +uh different papers that try to dig down +down into whether it is the numerator + + align:start position:0% +down into whether it is the numerator + + + align:start position:0% +down into whether it is the numerator +the rental cash flows that are affected + + align:start position:0% +the rental cash flows that are affected + + + align:start position:0% +the rental cash flows that are affected +or is actually the denominator is + + align:start position:0% +or is actually the denominator is + + + align:start position:0% +or is actually the denominator is +actually the capex is is the the risk + + align:start position:0% +actually the capex is is the the risk + + + align:start position:0% +actually the capex is is the the risk +associated with the asset what is + + align:start position:0% +associated with the asset what is + + + align:start position:0% +associated with the asset what is +affected so you actually understand how + + align:start position:0% +affected so you actually understand how + + + align:start position:0% +affected so you actually understand how +climate risk is actually being + + align:start position:0% +climate risk is actually being + + + align:start position:0% +climate risk is actually being +incorporated into markets if at all uh + + align:start position:0% +incorporated into markets if at all uh + + + align:start position:0% +incorporated into markets if at all uh +so there are price discounts associated + + align:start position:0% +so there are price discounts associated + + + align:start position:0% +so there are price discounts associated +with uh uh with climate risk and you + + align:start position:0% +with uh uh with climate risk and you + + + align:start position:0% +with uh uh with climate risk and you +know we we had in the in the green + + align:start position:0% +know we we had in the in the green + + + align:start position:0% +know we we had in the in the green +cities lecture a whole discussion about + + align:start position:0% +cities lecture a whole discussion about + + + align:start position:0% +cities lecture a whole discussion about +how you do this from the empirical + + align:start position:0% +how you do this from the empirical + + + align:start position:0% +how you do this from the empirical +perspective Apple to Apple comp and so + + align:start position:0% +perspective Apple to Apple comp and so + + + align:start position:0% +perspective Apple to Apple comp and so +forth the way that uh these people try + + align:start position:0% +forth the way that uh these people try + + + align:start position:0% +forth the way that uh these people try +to have an apple to Apple comparison + + align:start position:0% +to have an apple to Apple comparison + + + align:start position:0% +to have an apple to Apple comparison +since if you look at properties that are + + align:start position:0% +since if you look at properties that are + + + align:start position:0% +since if you look at properties that are +next to the coastline versus properties + + align:start position:0% +next to the coastline versus properties + + + align:start position:0% +next to the coastline versus properties +that are in line are will result in a + + align:start position:0% +that are in line are will result in a + + + align:start position:0% +that are in line are will result in a +very different comparison right because + + align:start position:0% +very different comparison right because + + + align:start position:0% +very different comparison right because +if you have a cvu if you have these + + align:start position:0% +if you have a cvu if you have these + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a cvu if you have these +condos next to to the um next to the + + align:start position:0% +condos next to to the um next to the + + + align:start position:0% +condos next to to the um next to the +beach and so forth you you cannot easily + + align:start position:0% +beach and so forth you you cannot easily + + + align:start position:0% +beach and so forth you you cannot easily +compare the the prices of those with h + + align:start position:0% +compare the the prices of those with h + + + align:start position:0% +compare the the prices of those with h +properties that are in Midtown or in the + + align:start position:0% +properties that are in Midtown or in the + + + align:start position:0% +properties that are in Midtown or in the +suburbs so the way that people are + + align:start position:0% +suburbs so the way that people are + + + align:start position:0% +suburbs so the way that people are +usually doing is uh trying to compare + + align:start position:0% +usually doing is uh trying to compare + + + align:start position:0% +usually doing is uh trying to compare +properties with with the same level of + + align:start position:0% +properties with with the same level of + + + align:start position:0% +properties with with the same level of +risk but that have a different sanes of + + align:start position:0% +risk but that have a different sanes of + + + align:start position:0% +risk but that have a different sanes of +that risk so either uh properties that + + align:start position:0% +that risk so either uh properties that + + + align:start position:0% +that risk so either uh properties that +are having different information at the + + align:start position:0% +are having different information at the + + + align:start position:0% +are having different information at the +purchasing time so they have different + + align:start position:0% +purchasing time so they have different + + + align:start position:0% +purchasing time so they have different +description in places like Zillow or + + align:start position:0% +description in places like Zillow or + + + align:start position:0% +description in places like Zillow or +CoStar for commercial real estate into + + align:start position:0% +CoStar for commercial real estate into + + + align:start position:0% +CoStar for commercial real estate into +how the property + + align:start position:0% +how the property + + + align:start position:0% +how the property +is exposed to climate risk and how + + align:start position:0% +is exposed to climate risk and how + + + align:start position:0% +is exposed to climate risk and how +resilient it is the property because of + + align:start position:0% +resilient it is the property because of + + + align:start position:0% +resilient it is the property because of +the characteristics and so forth so this + + align:start position:0% +the characteristics and so forth so this + + + align:start position:0% +the characteristics and so forth so this +how they actually do this empirical work + + align:start position:0% +how they actually do this empirical work + + + align:start position:0% +how they actually do this empirical work +comparing properties with the same + + align:start position:0% +comparing properties with the same + + + align:start position:0% +comparing properties with the same +exposure but different saliency of the + + align:start position:0% +exposure but different saliency of the + + + align:start position:0% +exposure but different saliency of the +risk so then you understand that when + + align:start position:0% +risk so then you understand that when + + + align:start position:0% +risk so then you understand that when +the purchase have been done there is the + + align:start position:0% +the purchase have been done there is the + + + align:start position:0% +the purchase have been done there is the +property that have a more Salient + + align:start position:0% +property that have a more Salient + + + align:start position:0% +property that have a more Salient +information of climate risk being H more + + align:start position:0% +information of climate risk being H more + + + align:start position:0% +information of climate risk being H more +prone to Discount those factors in the + + align:start position:0% +prone to Discount those factors in the + + + align:start position:0% +prone to Discount those factors in the +in the valuation and in the purchase and + + align:start position:0% +in the valuation and in the purchase and + + + align:start position:0% +in the valuation and in the purchase and +what you see is actually when you + + align:start position:0% +what you see is actually when you + + + align:start position:0% +what you see is actually when you +compare the properties with more + + align:start position:0% +compare the properties with more + + + align:start position:0% +compare the properties with more +saliency to climate risk versus not that + + align:start position:0% +saliency to climate risk versus not that + + + align:start position:0% +saliency to climate risk versus not that +the risk the the changes in prices are + + align:start position:0% +the risk the the changes in prices are + + + align:start position:0% +the risk the the changes in prices are +there so around minus 3% lower prices + + align:start position:0% +there so around minus 3% lower prices + + + align:start position:0% +there so around minus 3% lower prices +associated with being exposed to high + + align:start position:0% +associated with being exposed to high + + + align:start position:0% +associated with being exposed to high +floting risk sea level rise but there is + + align:start position:0% +floting risk sea level rise but there is + + + align:start position:0% +floting risk sea level rise but there is +no change in in rents which means that + + align:start position:0% +no change in in rents which means that + + + align:start position:0% +no change in in rents which means that +when you really think about the the + + align:start position:0% +when you really think about the the + + + align:start position:0% +when you really think about the the +formula to calculate property prices it + + align:start position:0% +formula to calculate property prices it + + + align:start position:0% +formula to calculate property prices it +seems that it's not coming from the noi + + align:start position:0% +seems that it's not coming from the noi + + + align:start position:0% +seems that it's not coming from the noi +it's not coming from the rents but it's + + align:start position:0% +it's not coming from the rents but it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not coming from the rents but it's +actually coming from the C rate that is + + align:start position:0% +actually coming from the C rate that is + + + align:start position:0% +actually coming from the C rate that is +also something that makes sense because + + align:start position:0% +also something that makes sense because + + + align:start position:0% +also something that makes sense because +a lot of the the risk associated to of + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the the risk associated to of + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of the the risk associated to of +with being in a in a flood in a flute uh + + align:start position:0% +with being in a in a flood in a flute uh + + + align:start position:0% +with being in a in a flood in a flute uh +uh pront area is something that is in a + + align:start position:0% +uh pront area is something that is in a + + + align:start position:0% +uh pront area is something that is in a +multi- deade horizon right it's + + align:start position:0% +multi- deade horizon right it's + + + align:start position:0% +multi- deade horizon right it's +something that is not going to happen + + align:start position:0% +something that is not going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +something that is not going to happen +within at leaste of 5 10 years but it's + + align:start position:0% +within at leaste of 5 10 years but it's + + + align:start position:0% +within at leaste of 5 10 years but it's +usually happen in 50 60 70 years that's + + align:start position:0% +usually happen in 50 60 70 years that's + + + align:start position:0% +usually happen in 50 60 70 years that's +where the risk is start to become more + + align:start position:0% +where the risk is start to become more + + + align:start position:0% +where the risk is start to become more +more late and more more Sant so it makes + + align:start position:0% +more late and more more Sant so it makes + + + align:start position:0% +more late and more more Sant so it makes +sense um from the conceptual side that + + align:start position:0% +sense um from the conceptual side that + + + align:start position:0% +sense um from the conceptual side that +if the property the prices are adjusting + + align:start position:0% +if the property the prices are adjusting + + + align:start position:0% +if the property the prices are adjusting +is not really coming from the noi + + align:start position:0% +is not really coming from the noi + + + align:start position:0% +is not really coming from the noi +because it's no disruption in the + + align:start position:0% +because it's no disruption in the + + + align:start position:0% +because it's no disruption in the +business or disruption in the in the + + align:start position:0% +business or disruption in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +business or disruption in the in the +amenities of those places but it's + + align:start position:0% +amenities of those places but it's + + + align:start position:0% +amenities of those places but it's +actually disruption into your + + align:start position:0% +actually disruption into your + + + align:start position:0% +actually disruption into your +expectations of risk associated with + + align:start position:0% +expectations of risk associated with + + + align:start position:0% +expectations of risk associated with +that down the road do you know that + + align:start position:0% +that down the road do you know that + + + align:start position:0% +that down the road do you know that +eventually some of those properties will + + align:start position:0% +eventually some of those properties will + + + align:start position:0% +eventually some of those properties will +face some problems on destruction and + + align:start position:0% +face some problems on destruction and + + + align:start position:0% +face some problems on destruction and +that will actually interfere the the + + align:start position:0% +that will actually interfere the the + + + align:start position:0% +that will actually interfere the the +cash flow of the of the properties + + align:start position:0% +cash flow of the of the properties + + + align:start position:0% +cash flow of the of the properties +similar story happen when you look at + + align:start position:0% +similar story happen when you look at + + + align:start position:0% +similar story happen when you look at +the actual disasters this is New York + + align:start position:0% +the actual disasters this is New York + + + align:start position:0% +the actual disasters this is New York +before and after Sunday and what you see + + align:start position:0% +before and after Sunday and what you see + + + align:start position:0% +before and after Sunday and what you see +here is development of the different + + align:start position:0% +here is development of the different + + + align:start position:0% +here is development of the different +properties the price uh the prices in + + align:start position:0% +properties the price uh the prices in + + + align:start position:0% +properties the price uh the prices in +the different properties the ones that + + align:start position:0% +the different properties the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +the different properties the ones that +didn't have any damage uh this is this a + + align:start position:0% +didn't have any damage uh this is this a + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have any damage uh this is this a +slight discount around like nine + + align:start position:0% +slight discount around like nine + + + align:start position:0% +slight discount around like nine +9% uh reduction in prices compared to + + align:start position:0% +9% uh reduction in prices compared to + + + align:start position:0% +9% uh reduction in prices compared to +the pre um the pre and the levels uh + + align:start position:0% +the pre um the pre and the levels uh + + + align:start position:0% +the pre um the pre and the levels uh +that is also something that the + + align:start position:0% +that is also something that the + + + align:start position:0% +that is also something that the +properties with major damages end up + + align:start position:0% +properties with major damages end up + + + align:start position:0% +properties with major damages end up +stabilizing and also the properties with + + align:start position:0% +stabilizing and also the properties with + + + align:start position:0% +stabilizing and also the properties with +minor damages so it seems that there's a + + align:start position:0% +minor damages so it seems that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +minor damages so it seems that there's a +discount there and it's nothing related + + align:start position:0% +discount there and it's nothing related + + + align:start position:0% +discount there and it's nothing related +to the actual damage or the actual + + align:start position:0% +to the actual damage or the actual + + + align:start position:0% +to the actual damage or the actual +destruction in the property but it's + + align:start position:0% +destruction in the property but it's + + + align:start position:0% +destruction in the property but it's +something again related to the update of + + align:start position:0% +something again related to the update of + + + align:start position:0% +something again related to the update of +beliefs of how those properties are + + align:start position:0% +beliefs of how those properties are + + + align:start position:0% +beliefs of how those properties are +going to be hit again in the future when + + align:start position:0% +going to be hit again in the future when + + + align:start position:0% +going to be hit again in the future when +you are making those purchases and this + + align:start position:0% +you are making those purchases and this + + + align:start position:0% +you are making those purchases and this +is a simple graph just to illustrate but + + align:start position:0% +is a simple graph just to illustrate but + + + align:start position:0% +is a simple graph just to illustrate but +of course they do all of these + + align:start position:0% +of course they do all of these + + + align:start position:0% +of course they do all of these +econometric analysis that CI Express in + + align:start position:0% +econometric analysis that CI Express in + + + align:start position:0% +econometric analysis that CI Express in +the green cities lecture to make sure + + align:start position:0% +the green cities lecture to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +the green cities lecture to make sure +that it is nothing there that is + + align:start position:0% +that it is nothing there that is + + + align:start position:0% +that it is nothing there that is +confounding the effect but the story is + + align:start position:0% +confounding the effect but the story is + + + align:start position:0% +confounding the effect but the story is +that it seems that is an updating in + + align:start position:0% +that it seems that is an updating in + + + align:start position:0% +that it seems that is an updating in +beliefs is something that is an upda + + align:start position:0% +beliefs is something that is an upda + + + align:start position:0% +beliefs is something that is an upda +belief that comes via the the cap rates + + align:start position:0% +belief that comes via the the cap rates + + + align:start position:0% +belief that comes via the the cap rates +and the risk associated with those + + align:start position:0% +and the risk associated with those + + + align:start position:0% +and the risk associated with those +properties and that is something that + + align:start position:0% +properties and that is something that + + + align:start position:0% +properties and that is something that +will ultimately result in in reduction + + align:start position:0% +will ultimately result in in reduction + + + align:start position:0% +will ultimately result in in reduction +in prices that is not not is nothing + + align:start position:0% +in prices that is not not is nothing + + + align:start position:0% +in prices that is not not is nothing +that is coming down at this specific + + align:start position:0% +that is coming down at this specific + + + align:start position:0% +that is coming down at this specific +moment through the leasing and through + + align:start position:0% +moment through the leasing and through + + + align:start position:0% +moment through the leasing and through +the rents and so forth so here the key + + align:start position:0% +the rents and so forth so here the key + + + align:start position:0% +the rents and so forth so here the key +thing and that's what we are going to + + align:start position:0% +thing and that's what we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +thing and that's what we are going to +start talking + + align:start position:0% +start talking + + + align:start position:0% +start talking +uh with me but also mainly with C is how + + align:start position:0% +uh with me but also mainly with C is how + + + align:start position:0% +uh with me but also mainly with C is how +do we actually understand better the + + align:start position:0% +do we actually understand better the + + + align:start position:0% +do we actually understand better the +role of those beliefs and the formation + + align:start position:0% +role of those beliefs and the formation + + + align:start position:0% +role of those beliefs and the formation +of those beliefs because that is the + + align:start position:0% +of those beliefs because that is the + + + align:start position:0% +of those beliefs because that is the +critical uh the critical channels via + + align:start position:0% +critical uh the critical channels via + + + align:start position:0% +critical uh the critical channels via +which climate risk is actually being + + align:start position:0% +which climate risk is actually being + + + align:start position:0% +which climate risk is actually being +translated now into specific actions as + + align:start position:0% +translated now into specific actions as + + + align:start position:0% +translated now into specific actions as +of today in the real estate market okay + + align:start position:0% +of today in the real estate market okay + + + align:start position:0% +of today in the real estate market okay +and that is why it's important not only + + align:start position:0% +and that is why it's important not only + + + align:start position:0% +and that is why it's important not only +understanding how everything unfolds in + + align:start position:0% +understanding how everything unfolds in + + + align:start position:0% +understanding how everything unfolds in +this four quadrant model but also + + align:start position:0% +this four quadrant model but also + + + align:start position:0% +this four quadrant model but also +understand what type of quadrant is + + align:start position:0% +understand what type of quadrant is + + + align:start position:0% +understand what type of quadrant is +being affected because it's very + + align:start position:0% +being affected because it's very + + + align:start position:0% +being affected because it's very +different when it comes to understanding + + align:start position:0% +different when it comes to understanding + + + align:start position:0% +different when it comes to understanding +how to tackle climate risk whether it is + + align:start position:0% +how to tackle climate risk whether it is + + + align:start position:0% +how to tackle climate risk whether it is +the numerator is the rents or it's + + align:start position:0% +the numerator is the rents or it's + + + align:start position:0% +the numerator is the rents or it's +actually denominator and is the cap + + align:start position:0% +actually denominator and is the cap + + + align:start position:0% +actually denominator and is the cap +rates and the and the discounts + + align:start position:0% +rates and the and the discounts + + + align:start position:0% +rates and the and the discounts +associated with that now this is the the + + align:start position:0% +associated with that now this is the the + + + align:start position:0% +associated with that now this is the the +the discount rates are especially + + align:start position:0% +the discount rates are especially + + + align:start position:0% +the discount rates are especially +important when when you also start + + align:start position:0% +important when when you also start + + + align:start position:0% +important when when you also start +thinking not only about the value of + + align:start position:0% +thinking not only about the value of + + + align:start position:0% +thinking not only about the value of +those assets but also investment + + align:start position:0% +those assets but also investment + + + align:start position:0% +those assets but also investment +investment in those assets because when + + align:start position:0% +investment in those assets because when + + + align:start position:0% +investment in those assets because when +you are thinking about investing in + + align:start position:0% +you are thinking about investing in + + + align:start position:0% +you are thinking about investing in +climate resiliency measures what you are + + align:start position:0% +climate resiliency measures what you are + + + align:start position:0% +climate resiliency measures what you are +doing is again similar to the Energy + + align:start position:0% +doing is again similar to the Energy + + + align:start position:0% +doing is again similar to the Energy +Efficiency story you are investing UPF + + align:start position:0% +Efficiency story you are investing UPF + + + align:start position:0% +Efficiency story you are investing UPF +front to avoid future risk and avoid + + align:start position:0% +front to avoid future risk and avoid + + + align:start position:0% +front to avoid future risk and avoid +future penalties or future uh standard + + align:start position:0% +future penalties or future uh standard + + + align:start position:0% +future penalties or future uh standard +asset problems so now the difference + + align:start position:0% +asset problems so now the difference + + + align:start position:0% +asset problems so now the difference +with a lot of the the difference with + + align:start position:0% +with a lot of the the difference with + + + align:start position:0% +with a lot of the the difference with +climate risk is that is even more + + align:start position:0% +climate risk is that is even more + + + align:start position:0% +climate risk is that is even more +important the discounting that with a + + align:start position:0% +important the discounting that with a + + + align:start position:0% +important the discounting that with a +lot of the Energy Efficiency uh and + + align:start position:0% +lot of the Energy Efficiency uh and + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the Energy Efficiency uh and +transition risk issues because with + + align:start position:0% +transition risk issues because with + + + align:start position:0% +transition risk issues because with +transition risk with Energy Efficiency + + align:start position:0% +transition risk with Energy Efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +transition risk with Energy Efficiency +we are looking at things like local L 97 + + align:start position:0% +we are looking at things like local L 97 + + + align:start position:0% +we are looking at things like local L 97 +that is happening uh next year and is + + align:start position:0% +that is happening uh next year and is + + + align:start position:0% +that is happening uh next year and is +going to U have even more penalties over + + align:start position:0% +going to U have even more penalties over + + + align:start position:0% +going to U have even more penalties over +the next decade or two but climate race + + align:start position:0% +the next decade or two but climate race + + + align:start position:0% +the next decade or two but climate race +we are talking about probabilities of + + align:start position:0% +we are talking about probabilities of + + + align:start position:0% +we are talking about probabilities of +bad stuff to happen in the next 50 years + + align:start position:0% +bad stuff to happen in the next 50 years + + + align:start position:0% +bad stuff to happen in the next 50 years +in the next 100 years so any minor + + align:start position:0% +in the next 100 years so any minor + + + align:start position:0% +in the next 100 years so any minor +change in the discount rate is going to + + align:start position:0% +change in the discount rate is going to + + + align:start position:0% +change in the discount rate is going to +have major differences into how the + + align:start position:0% +have major differences into how the + + + align:start position:0% +have major differences into how the +expected damages that are going to + + align:start position:0% +expected damages that are going to + + + align:start position:0% +expected damages that are going to +happen in the future are going to impact + + align:start position:0% +happen in the future are going to impact + + + align:start position:0% +happen in the future are going to impact +the valuation today because you are + + align:start position:0% +the valuation today because you are + + + align:start position:0% +the valuation today because you are +compounding things that are happening 10 + + align:start position:0% +compounding things that are happening 10 + + + align:start position:0% +compounding things that are happening 10 +20 30 40 50 100 years from now so any + + align:start position:0% +20 30 40 50 100 years from now so any + + + align:start position:0% +20 30 40 50 100 years from now so any +minor tweak there is going to bring + + align:start position:0% +minor tweak there is going to bring + + + align:start position:0% +minor tweak there is going to bring +these guys down a lot or up a lot um so + + align:start position:0% +these guys down a lot or up a lot um so + + + align:start position:0% +these guys down a lot or up a lot um so +there's a lot of discussion about what + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of discussion about what + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of discussion about what +will be the the right discount rate and + + align:start position:0% +will be the the right discount rate and + + + align:start position:0% +will be the the right discount rate and +I'm going to actually show you a very + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to actually show you a very + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to actually show you a very +clear example around the corner there is + + align:start position:0% +clear example around the corner there is + + + align:start position:0% +clear example around the corner there is +a report about how to think about + + align:start position:0% +a report about how to think about + + + align:start position:0% +a report about how to think about +resiliency Investments at the district + + align:start position:0% +resiliency Investments at the district + + + align:start position:0% +resiliency Investments at the district +level in Boston seport by the city of + + align:start position:0% +level in Boston seport by the city of + + + align:start position:0% +level in Boston seport by the city of +Boston so if you see the numbers you see + + align:start position:0% +Boston so if you see the numbers you see + + + align:start position:0% +Boston so if you see the numbers you see +that when as the for the different + + align:start position:0% +that when as the for the different + + + align:start position:0% +that when as the for the different +predictions of sea level rise by the + + align:start position:0% +predictions of sea level rise by the + + + align:start position:0% +predictions of sea level rise by the +different H decades so you see that now + + align:start position:0% +different H decades so you see that now + + + align:start position:0% +different H decades so you see that now +at the moment there is no sea level rise + + align:start position:0% +at the moment there is no sea level rise + + + align:start position:0% +at the moment there is no sea level rise +this is the Baseline line then you see + + align:start position:0% +this is the Baseline line then you see + + + align:start position:0% +this is the Baseline line then you see +like it's expected to be 9 in by 2030 21 + + align:start position:0% +like it's expected to be 9 in by 2030 21 + + + align:start position:0% +like it's expected to be 9 in by 2030 21 +in by 20 uh 2050 40 in Higher by 20 uh + + align:start position:0% +in by 20 uh 2050 40 in Higher by 20 uh + + + align:start position:0% +in by 20 uh 2050 40 in Higher by 20 uh +2070s uh that's those are the prediction + + align:start position:0% +2070s uh that's those are the prediction + + + align:start position:0% +2070s uh that's those are the prediction +of the city of Boston and these are the + + align:start position:0% +of the city of Boston and these are the + + + align:start position:0% +of the city of Boston and these are the +damages that you have so different + + align:start position:0% +damages that you have so different + + + align:start position:0% +damages that you have so different +number of people that are affected + + align:start position:0% +number of people that are affected + + + align:start position:0% +number of people that are affected +different number of buildings that are + + align:start position:0% +different number of buildings that are + + + align:start position:0% +different number of buildings that are +affected and what is the value of those + + align:start position:0% +affected and what is the value of those + + + align:start position:0% +affected and what is the value of those +buildings and those the and what are the + + align:start position:0% +buildings and those the and what are the + + + align:start position:0% +buildings and those the and what are the +the cost in terms of property damages + + align:start position:0% +the cost in terms of property damages + + + align:start position:0% +the cost in terms of property damages +and life being lives being disrupted is + + align:start position:0% +and life being lives being disrupted is + + + align:start position:0% +and life being lives being disrupted is +goes up also as the sea level goes up so + + align:start position:0% +goes up also as the sea level goes up so + + + align:start position:0% +goes up also as the sea level goes up so +if there is no resiliency interventions + + align:start position:0% +if there is no resiliency interventions + + + align:start position:0% +if there is no resiliency interventions +this is what the um what the damage will + + align:start position:0% +this is what the um what the damage will + + + align:start position:0% +this is what the um what the damage will +be will go we start around 140 Millions + + align:start position:0% +be will go we start around 140 Millions + + + align:start position:0% +be will go we start around 140 Millions +as of now all the way to 8 billion in + + align:start position:0% +as of now all the way to 8 billion in + + + align:start position:0% +as of now all the way to 8 billion in +the future so now what we are going to + + align:start position:0% +the future so now what we are going to + + + align:start position:0% +the future so now what we are going to +do is actually thinking about all of + + align:start position:0% +do is actually thinking about all of + + + align:start position:0% +do is actually thinking about all of +this uh framework to assess whether it + + align:start position:0% +this uh framework to assess whether it + + + align:start position:0% +this uh framework to assess whether it +is worth investing in preventing those + + align:start position:0% +is worth investing in preventing those + + + align:start position:0% +is worth investing in preventing those +damages or not given the predictions of + + align:start position:0% +damages or not given the predictions of + + + align:start position:0% +damages or not given the predictions of +the of the city of Boston Andy we saw a + + align:start position:0% +the of the city of Boston Andy we saw a + + + align:start position:0% +the of the city of Boston Andy we saw a +similar table yesterday um Studio from a + + align:start position:0% +similar table yesterday um Studio from a + + + align:start position:0% +similar table yesterday um Studio from a +city official who came in and I asked a + + align:start position:0% +city official who came in and I asked a + + + align:start position:0% +city official who came in and I asked a +similar question he wasn't able to give + + align:start position:0% +similar question he wasn't able to give + + + align:start position:0% +similar question he wasn't able to give +me a direct answer so this the same + + align:start position:0% +me a direct answer so this the same + + + align:start position:0% +me a direct answer so this the same +study from 10 years ago predicted 9 in + + align:start position:0% +study from 10 years ago predicted 9 in + + + align:start position:0% +study from 10 years ago predicted 9 in +of sea level rise by 2030 which is only + + align:start position:0% +of sea level rise by 2030 which is only + + + align:start position:0% +of sea level rise by 2030 which is only +seven years from now so we're past the + + align:start position:0% +seven years from now so we're past the + + + align:start position:0% +seven years from now so we're past the +halfway point have we seen four and a + + align:start position:0% +halfway point have we seen four and a + + + align:start position:0% +halfway point have we seen four and a +half inches of sea level rise is there + + align:start position:0% +half inches of sea level rise is there + + + align:start position:0% +half inches of sea level rise is there +actually 1.2 billion in Damages that + + align:start position:0% +actually 1.2 billion in Damages that + + + align:start position:0% +actually 1.2 billion in Damages that +have been experienced or you know 50% of + + align:start position:0% +have been experienced or you know 50% of + + + align:start position:0% +have been experienced or you know 50% of +that 600 million in damage that have + + align:start position:0% +that 600 million in damage that have + + + align:start position:0% +that 600 million in damage that have +been experienced today or is this being + + align:start position:0% +been experienced today or is this being + + + align:start position:0% +been experienced today or is this being +updated with new projections to reflect + + align:start position:0% +updated with new projections to reflect + + + align:start position:0% +updated with new projections to reflect +what's happened over the last 10 years + + align:start position:0% +what's happened over the last 10 years + + + align:start position:0% +what's happened over the last 10 years +every report that you have there uh of + + align:start position:0% +every report that you have there uh of + + + align:start position:0% +every report that you have there uh of +this kind will be always using the the + + align:start position:0% +this kind will be always using the the + + + align:start position:0% +this kind will be always using the the +latest prediction and you see you saw + + align:start position:0% +latest prediction and you see you saw + + + align:start position:0% +latest prediction and you see you saw +the table of the beliefs of the ipcc the + + align:start position:0% +the table of the beliefs of the ipcc the + + + align:start position:0% +the table of the beliefs of the ipcc the +United Nations regarding climate change + + align:start position:0% +United Nations regarding climate change + + + align:start position:0% +United Nations regarding climate change +that that is updated every four or five + + align:start position:0% +that that is updated every four or five + + + align:start position:0% +that that is updated every four or five +years so especially in 2022 there was a + + align:start position:0% +years so especially in 2022 there was a + + + align:start position:0% +years so especially in 2022 there was a +big update around and around those + + align:start position:0% +big update around and around those + + + align:start position:0% +big update around and around those +projections of the damages here what you + + align:start position:0% +projections of the damages here what you + + + align:start position:0% +projections of the damages here what you +will see is uh these are the usually + + align:start position:0% +will see is uh these are the usually + + + align:start position:0% +will see is uh these are the usually +what the what you get in to get these + + align:start position:0% +what the what you get in to get these + + + align:start position:0% +what the what you get in to get these +numbers is actually properties that are + + align:start position:0% +numbers is actually properties that are + + + align:start position:0% +numbers is actually properties that are +going to be exposed so the properties + + align:start position:0% +going to be exposed so the properties + + + align:start position:0% +going to be exposed so the properties +that are here in this Blue Area uh times + + align:start position:0% +that are here in this Blue Area uh times + + + align:start position:0% +that are here in this Blue Area uh times +the value of those properties and that's + + align:start position:0% +the value of those properties and that's + + + align:start position:0% +the value of those properties and that's +how they calculate the eight billion + + align:start position:0% +how they calculate the eight billion + + + align:start position:0% +how they calculate the eight billion +right but the the the study itself that + + align:start position:0% +right but the the the study itself that + + + align:start position:0% +right but the the the study itself that +was done this one stated 2013 looks like + + align:start position:0% +was done this one stated 2013 looks like + + + align:start position:0% +was done this one stated 2013 looks like +yesterday 2017 both showed 9 in of Rel + + align:start position:0% +yesterday 2017 both showed 9 in of Rel + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday 2017 both showed 9 in of Rel +of C Rise by 2030 which is 7 years from + + align:start position:0% +of C Rise by 2030 which is 7 years from + + + align:start position:0% +of C Rise by 2030 which is 7 years from +now have we experienced more than 50% of + + align:start position:0% +now have we experienced more than 50% of + + + align:start position:0% +now have we experienced more than 50% of +that increase to date just wondering + + align:start position:0% +that increase to date just wondering + + + align:start position:0% +that increase to date just wondering +like have what the prediction was 10 + + align:start position:0% +like have what the prediction was 10 + + + align:start position:0% +like have what the prediction was 10 +years ago has that actually come into + + align:start position:0% +years ago has that actually come into + + + align:start position:0% +years ago has that actually come into +fruition or is need for more + + align:start position:0% +fruition or is need for more + + + align:start position:0% +fruition or is need for more +conservative estimates as to what the + + align:start position:0% +conservative estimates as to what the + + + align:start position:0% +conservative estimates as to what the +damages actually will be by that year + + align:start position:0% +damages actually will be by that year + + + align:start position:0% +damages actually will be by that year +yeah there are there are two things + + align:start position:0% +yeah there are there are two things + + + align:start position:0% +yeah there are there are two things +there um I don't know exactly the the + + align:start position:0% +there um I don't know exactly the the + + + align:start position:0% +there um I don't know exactly the the +the numbers of how much of these N9 + + align:start position:0% +the numbers of how much of these N9 + + + align:start position:0% +the numbers of how much of these N9 +inches have been already observed there + + align:start position:0% +inches have been already observed there + + + align:start position:0% +inches have been already observed there +is some sea level rise that has been of + + align:start position:0% +is some sea level rise that has been of + + + align:start position:0% +is some sea level rise that has been of +course observed there there is a a risk + + align:start position:0% +course observed there there is a a risk + + + align:start position:0% +course observed there there is a a risk +of doing that type of logic uh that is + + align:start position:0% +of doing that type of logic uh that is + + + align:start position:0% +of doing that type of logic uh that is +that you assume some sort of linear + + align:start position:0% +that you assume some sort of linear + + + align:start position:0% +that you assume some sort of linear +increasing sea level R every year I get + + align:start position:0% +increasing sea level R every year I get + + + align:start position:0% +increasing sea level R every year I get +more and more and more and more and and + + align:start position:0% +more and more and more and more and and + + + align:start position:0% +more and more and more and more and and +the same Delta will apply every year + + align:start position:0% +the same Delta will apply every year + + + align:start position:0% +the same Delta will apply every year +year but actually a lot of these things + + align:start position:0% +year but actually a lot of these things + + + align:start position:0% +year but actually a lot of these things +are nonlinear because if you get if you + + align:start position:0% +are nonlinear because if you get if you + + + align:start position:0% +are nonlinear because if you get if you +uh try to visualize how uh things in + + align:start position:0% +uh try to visualize how uh things in + + + align:start position:0% +uh try to visualize how uh things in +Greenland for example work when it comes + + align:start position:0% +Greenland for example work when it comes + + + align:start position:0% +Greenland for example work when it comes +to Melting of of ice these are big + + align:start position:0% +to Melting of of ice these are big + + + align:start position:0% +to Melting of of ice these are big +chunks of ice that eventually will come + + align:start position:0% +chunks of ice that eventually will come + + + align:start position:0% +chunks of ice that eventually will come +into the sea sea water and those doesn't + + align:start position:0% +into the sea sea water and those doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +into the sea sea water and those doesn't +happen like kind of the same Chun of of + + align:start position:0% +happen like kind of the same Chun of of + + + align:start position:0% +happen like kind of the same Chun of of +ice happens actually the the worst that + + align:start position:0% +ice happens actually the the worst that + + + align:start position:0% +ice happens actually the the worst that +can happen in terms of sea level rice + + align:start position:0% +can happen in terms of sea level rice + + + align:start position:0% +can happen in terms of sea level rice +that there is this big uh parts of ice + + align:start position:0% +that there is this big uh parts of ice + + + align:start position:0% +that there is this big uh parts of ice +of places like Greenland that be that + + align:start position:0% +of places like Greenland that be that + + + align:start position:0% +of places like Greenland that be that +become out of of the sudden detach from + + align:start position:0% +become out of of the sudden detach from + + + align:start position:0% +become out of of the sudden detach from +the big block of ice so it can be that + + align:start position:0% +the big block of ice so it can be that + + + align:start position:0% +the big block of ice so it can be that +it is like say here you have like two or + + align:start position:0% +it is like say here you have like two or + + + align:start position:0% +it is like say here you have like two or +three inches happening for the period of + + align:start position:0% +three inches happening for the period of + + + align:start position:0% +three inches happening for the period of +five six years and out of the sudden + + align:start position:0% +five six years and out of the sudden + + + align:start position:0% +five six years and out of the sudden +there is such an event that they call + + align:start position:0% +there is such an event that they call + + + align:start position:0% +there is such an event that they call +tipping points and then you go up to + + align:start position:0% +tipping points and then you go up to + + + align:start position:0% +tipping points and then you go up to +seven inches so I think that it is hard + + align:start position:0% +seven inches so I think that it is hard + + + align:start position:0% +seven inches so I think that it is hard +to uh back up a lot of these issues with + + align:start position:0% +to uh back up a lot of these issues with + + + align:start position:0% +to uh back up a lot of these issues with +empirical observations on a year toe + + align:start position:0% +empirical observations on a year toe + + + align:start position:0% +empirical observations on a year toe +basis because a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +basis because a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +basis because a lot of these +observations happen by very thorough + + align:start position:0% +observations happen by very thorough + + + align:start position:0% +observations happen by very thorough +assessments of theing and different + + align:start position:0% +assessments of theing and different + + + align:start position:0% +assessments of theing and different +events that you know that will end up + + align:start position:0% +events that you know that will end up + + + align:start position:0% +events that you know that will end up +happening and that will end up having a + + align:start position:0% +happening and that will end up having a + + + align:start position:0% +happening and that will end up having a +consequence on the SE level right + + align:start position:0% +consequence on the SE level right + + + align:start position:0% +consequence on the SE level right +yes yeah um just like for backr and like + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah um just like for backr and like + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah um just like for backr and like +it has actually Ren like over the past + + align:start position:0% +it has actually Ren like over the past + + + align:start position:0% +it has actually Ren like over the past +10 years um and there's like some data + + align:start position:0% +10 years um and there's like some data + + + align:start position:0% +10 years um and there's like some data +like online that shows like the actual + + align:start position:0% +like online that shows like the actual + + + align:start position:0% +like online that shows like the actual +numbers like year by year + + align:start position:0% +numbers like year by year + + + align:start position:0% +numbers like year by year +so yeah I think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +awesome and here is the plan of the city + + align:start position:0% +awesome and here is the plan of the city + + + align:start position:0% +awesome and here is the plan of the city +to invest in a lot of protection + + align:start position:0% +to invest in a lot of protection + + + align:start position:0% +to invest in a lot of protection +mechanisms to avoid that this oh you see + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms to avoid that this oh you see + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms to avoid that this oh you see +low battery everyone has low battery + + align:start position:0% +low battery everyone has low battery + + + align:start position:0% +low battery everyone has low battery +including myself uh so here it is the uh + + align:start position:0% +including myself uh so here it is the uh + + + align:start position:0% +including myself uh so here it is the uh +let me see where I can get rid of it um + + align:start position:0% +let me see where I can get rid of it um + + + align:start position:0% +let me see where I can get rid of it um +no worries it's low battery but not that + + align:start position:0% +no worries it's low battery but not that + + + align:start position:0% +no worries it's low battery but not that +low um these are the the cost associated + + align:start position:0% +low um these are the the cost associated + + + align:start position:0% +low um these are the the cost associated +with protecting cport um you have a + + align:start position:0% +with protecting cport um you have a + + + align:start position:0% +with protecting cport um you have a +front Point Channel you have a different + + align:start position:0% +front Point Channel you have a different + + + align:start position:0% +front Point Channel you have a different +water form different uh City walls that + + align:start position:0% +water form different uh City walls that + + + align:start position:0% +water form different uh City walls that +you will put all over the area to make + + align:start position:0% +you will put all over the area to make + + + align:start position:0% +you will put all over the area to make +sure that there is no such a thing as as + + align:start position:0% +sure that there is no such a thing as as + + + align:start position:0% +sure that there is no such a thing as as +those damages that we were projected in + + align:start position:0% +those damages that we were projected in + + + align:start position:0% +those damages that we were projected in +the in the previous one to avoid that + + align:start position:0% +the in the previous one to avoid that + + + align:start position:0% +the in the previous one to avoid that +the properties and the people are + + align:start position:0% +the properties and the people are + + + align:start position:0% +the properties and the people are +exposed to that one and you see that is + + align:start position:0% +exposed to that one and you see that is + + + align:start position:0% +exposed to that one and you see that is +quite a lot of money here you have a + + align:start position:0% +quite a lot of money here you have a + + + align:start position:0% +quite a lot of money here you have a +total of around uh from 500 million to1 + + align:start position:0% +total of around uh from 500 million to1 + + + align:start position:0% +total of around uh from 500 million to1 +billion doar and going into 7 million to + + align:start position:0% +billion doar and going into 7 million to + + + align:start position:0% +billion doar and going into 7 million to +15 million in in maintenance because + + align:start position:0% +15 million in in maintenance because + + + align:start position:0% +15 million in in maintenance because +once you build that infrastructure of + + align:start position:0% +once you build that infrastructure of + + + align:start position:0% +once you build that infrastructure of +course you cannot stay there forever you + + align:start position:0% +course you cannot stay there forever you + + + align:start position:0% +course you cannot stay there forever you +need to maintain it every year so it's a + + align:start position:0% +need to maintain it every year so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +need to maintain it every year so it's a +significant significant investment that + + align:start position:0% +significant significant investment that + + + align:start position:0% +significant significant investment that +you have is 1 billion let's be + + align:start position:0% +you have is 1 billion let's be + + + align:start position:0% +you have is 1 billion let's be +pessimistic and conservative you will + + align:start position:0% +pessimistic and conservative you will + + + align:start position:0% +pessimistic and conservative you will +have to invest one billion to protect + + align:start position:0% +have to invest one billion to protect + + + align:start position:0% +have to invest one billion to protect +the city against 8 billion expected + + align:start position:0% +the city against 8 billion expected + + + align:start position:0% +the city against 8 billion expected +damages uh so when what you see is that + + align:start position:0% +damages uh so when what you see is that + + + align:start position:0% +damages uh so when what you see is that +and damages that will happen all the way + + align:start position:0% +and damages that will happen all the way + + + align:start position:0% +and damages that will happen all the way +to 20 to 270 so again you know what + + align:start position:0% +to 20 to 270 so again you know what + + + align:start position:0% +to 20 to 270 so again you know what +discount rate you will put will make + + align:start position:0% +discount rate you will put will make + + + align:start position:0% +discount rate you will put will make +this investment worth it or not because + + align:start position:0% +this investment worth it or not because + + + align:start position:0% +this investment worth it or not because +you need to start investing those things + + align:start position:0% +you need to start investing those things + + + align:start position:0% +you need to start investing those things +now and these damages will only happen + + align:start position:0% +now and these damages will only happen + + + align:start position:0% +now and these damages will only happen +severely over the next decade + + align:start position:0% +severely over the next decade + + + align:start position:0% +severely over the next decade +so yeah + + align:start position:0% +so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah +are val no they are when when they will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happen so here is the here is what will + + align:start position:0% +happen so here is the here is what will + + + align:start position:0% +happen so here is the here is what will +uh what comes down to so if you think + + align:start position:0% +uh what comes down to so if you think + + + align:start position:0% +uh what comes down to so if you think +about investing one billion to protect + + align:start position:0% +about investing one billion to protect + + + align:start position:0% +about investing one billion to protect +uh the city for 8 billion in in of of + + align:start position:0% +uh the city for 8 billion in in of of + + + align:start position:0% +uh the city for 8 billion in in of of +Damages in 50 years you see that any + + align:start position:0% +Damages in 50 years you see that any + + + align:start position:0% +Damages in 50 years you see that any +changes in the cash flow will actually + + align:start position:0% +changes in the cash flow will actually + + + align:start position:0% +changes in the cash flow will actually +make a big difference into the decision + + align:start position:0% +make a big difference into the decision + + + align:start position:0% +make a big difference into the decision +making you know we have always this in + + align:start position:0% +making you know we have always this in + + + align:start position:0% +making you know we have always this in +this course MPV positive in negative and + + align:start position:0% +this course MPV positive in negative and + + + align:start position:0% +this course MPV positive in negative and +anything that you have here from uh uh 7 + + align:start position:0% +anything that you have here from uh uh 7 + + + align:start position:0% +anything that you have here from uh uh 7 +to 1% that is sort of like a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +to 1% that is sort of like a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +to 1% that is sort of like a lot of the +the discount that you end up seeing in + + align:start position:0% +the discount that you end up seeing in + + + align:start position:0% +the discount that you end up seeing in +in the in the literature you see that + + align:start position:0% +in the in the literature you see that + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the literature you see that +there will be a very different outcome + + align:start position:0% +there will be a very different outcome + + + align:start position:0% +there will be a very different outcome +so anything that will be below four will + + align:start position:0% +so anything that will be below four will + + + align:start position:0% +so anything that will be below four will +actually make it that those damages will + + align:start position:0% +actually make it that those damages will + + + align:start position:0% +actually make it that those damages will +be counting enough at present and will + + align:start position:0% +be counting enough at present and will + + + align:start position:0% +be counting enough at present and will +actually make it big enough to make sure + + align:start position:0% +actually make it big enough to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +actually make it big enough to make sure +that this number is above 1 million and + + align:start position:0% +that this number is above 1 million and + + + align:start position:0% +that this number is above 1 million and +therefore make an MPV positive solution + + align:start position:0% +therefore make an MPV positive solution + + + align:start position:0% +therefore make an MPV positive solution +and that's where a lot of the discussion + + align:start position:0% +and that's where a lot of the discussion + + + align:start position:0% +and that's where a lot of the discussion +and a lot of the uh the decisions need + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of the uh the decisions need + + + align:start position:0% +and a lot of the uh the decisions need +to be made when it comes to mitigation + + align:start position:0% +to be made when it comes to mitigation + + + align:start position:0% +to be made when it comes to mitigation +resiliency and so forth this is not + + align:start position:0% +resiliency and so forth this is not + + + align:start position:0% +resiliency and so forth this is not +mitigation in terms of reducing U CO2 + + align:start position:0% +mitigation in terms of reducing U CO2 + + + align:start position:0% +mitigation in terms of reducing U CO2 +emissions because that would be even an + + align:start position:0% +emissions because that would be even an + + + align:start position:0% +emissions because that would be even an +extra Loop of complexity but already + + align:start position:0% +extra Loop of complexity but already + + + align:start position:0% +extra Loop of complexity but already +just thinking about resiliency versus + + align:start position:0% +just thinking about resiliency versus + + + align:start position:0% +just thinking about resiliency versus +expected losses and getting hit you see + + align:start position:0% +expected losses and getting hit you see + + + align:start position:0% +expected losses and getting hit you see +that the political decision is how much + + align:start position:0% +that the political decision is how much + + + align:start position:0% +that the political decision is how much +do we value those or how much do we + + align:start position:0% +do we value those or how much do we + + + align:start position:0% +do we value those or how much do we +believe in in those things to happen and + + align:start position:0% +believe in in those things to happen and + + + align:start position:0% +believe in in those things to happen and +then ultimately even if we have an + + align:start position:0% +then ultimately even if we have an + + + align:start position:0% +then ultimately even if we have an +assessment of the damages and we all + + align:start position:0% +assessment of the damages and we all + + + align:start position:0% +assessment of the damages and we all +agree in the the room that those damages + + align:start position:0% +agree in the the room that those damages + + + align:start position:0% +agree in the the room that those damages +are there then the next question is how + + align:start position:0% +are there then the next question is how + + + align:start position:0% +are there then the next question is how +do we discount those to the present to + + align:start position:0% +do we discount those to the present to + + + align:start position:0% +do we discount those to the present to +make sure that we have a fair evaluation + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we have a fair evaluation + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we have a fair evaluation +if you see the the the actual data you + + align:start position:0% +if you see the the the actual data you + + + align:start position:0% +if you see the the the actual data you +have these papers now evaluating like + + align:start position:0% +have these papers now evaluating like + + + align:start position:0% +have these papers now evaluating like +this very long discount rates it's a + + align:start position:0% +this very long discount rates it's a + + + align:start position:0% +this very long discount rates it's a +very complex exercise actually they do + + align:start position:0% +very complex exercise actually they do + + + align:start position:0% +very complex exercise actually they do +it with housing markets uh because you + + align:start position:0% +it with housing markets uh because you + + + align:start position:0% +it with housing markets uh because you +can actually use the the differences in + + align:start position:0% +can actually use the the differences in + + + align:start position:0% +can actually use the the differences in +Le terms to actually see how people will + + align:start position:0% +Le terms to actually see how people will + + + align:start position:0% +Le terms to actually see how people will +value uh those cash flows in the very + + align:start position:0% +value uh those cash flows in the very + + + align:start position:0% +value uh those cash flows in the very +very far future so for example I think + + align:start position:0% +very far future so for example I think + + + align:start position:0% +very far future so for example I think +Singapore has leases of 90 100 years you + + align:start position:0% +Singapore has leases of 90 100 years you + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore has leases of 90 100 years you +can compare those with perpetuity type + + align:start position:0% +can compare those with perpetuity type + + + align:start position:0% +can compare those with perpetuity type +of things to see how people will value + + align:start position:0% +of things to see how people will value + + + align:start position:0% +of things to see how people will value +the 100e losses versus Perpetual losses + + align:start position:0% +the 100e losses versus Perpetual losses + + + align:start position:0% +the 100e losses versus Perpetual losses +and you see that the discount rate that + + align:start position:0% +and you see that the discount rate that + + + align:start position:0% +and you see that the discount rate that +is usually there is + + align:start position:0% +is usually there is + + + align:start position:0% +is usually there is +2.6 uh in the lature yeah so this + + align:start position:0% +2.6 uh in the lature yeah so this + + + align:start position:0% +2.6 uh in the lature yeah so this +discount rate is trying to capture how + + align:start position:0% +discount rate is trying to capture how + + + align:start position:0% +discount rate is trying to capture how +the users of the property would value + + align:start position:0% +the users of the property would value + + + align:start position:0% +the users of the property would value +this because it's the government itself + + align:start position:0% +this because it's the government itself + + + align:start position:0% +this because it's the government itself +that's spending this money correct + + align:start position:0% +that's spending this money correct + + + align:start position:0% +that's spending this money correct +government doesn't really require + + align:start position:0% +government doesn't really require + + + align:start position:0% +government doesn't really require +exactly exactly but you want to kind of + + align:start position:0% +exactly exactly but you want to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +exactly exactly but you want to kind of +like the ultimate uh homeowners what + + align:start position:0% +like the ultimate uh homeowners what + + + align:start position:0% +like the ultimate uh homeowners what +will they value right because even + + align:start position:0% +will they value right because even + + + align:start position:0% +will they value right because even +though you you as a government one of + + align:start position:0% +though you you as a government one of + + + align:start position:0% +though you you as a government one of +your missions is to do MPV negative + + align:start position:0% +your missions is to do MPV negative + + + align:start position:0% +your missions is to do MPV negative +Investments there because otherwise it + + align:start position:0% +Investments there because otherwise it + + + align:start position:0% +Investments there because otherwise it +wouldn't happen you want to have some + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't happen you want to have some + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't happen you want to have some +alignment of what these people will + + align:start position:0% +alignment of what these people will + + + align:start position:0% +alignment of what these people will +value and so forth to avoid burning your + + align:start position:0% +value and so forth to avoid burning your + + + align:start position:0% +value and so forth to avoid burning your +political + + align:start position:0% +political + + + align:start position:0% +political +power you I'm sorry I'm just trying to + + align:start position:0% +power you I'm sorry I'm just trying to + + + align:start position:0% +power you I'm sorry I'm just trying to +get this right so the 8 billion is the + + align:start position:0% +get this right so the 8 billion is the + + + align:start position:0% +get this right so the 8 billion is the +damages of the + + align:start position:0% +damages of the + + + align:start position:0% +damages of the +that are there right now yes but you + + align:start position:0% +that are there right now yes but you + + + align:start position:0% +that are there right now yes but you +could have more Properties or taller + + align:start position:0% +could have more Properties or taller + + + align:start position:0% +could have more Properties or taller +building so building could actually be a + + align:start position:0% +building so building could actually be a + + + align:start position:0% +building so building could actually be a +lot more in cport I think not anymore I + + align:start position:0% +lot more in cport I think not anymore I + + + align:start position:0% +lot more in cport I think not anymore I +think that everything is fairly + + align:start position:0% +think that everything is fairly + + + align:start position:0% +think that everything is fairly +developed already this for cport + + align:start position:0% +developed already this for cport + + + align:start position:0% +developed already this for cport +yeah Studio + + align:start position:0% +yeah Studio + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Studio +class okay so there might be so there + + align:start position:0% +class okay so there might be so there + + + align:start position:0% +class okay so there might be so there +might be that even there might be some + + align:start position:0% +might be that even there might be some + + + align:start position:0% +might be that even there might be some +more damages because you develop more + + align:start position:0% +more damages because you develop more + + + align:start position:0% +more damages because you develop more +property and you put more Capital there + + align:start position:0% +property and you put more Capital there + + + align:start position:0% +property and you put more Capital there +yeah yeah so that will make it even + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so that will make it even + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so that will make it even +worse because that will not be eight but + + align:start position:0% +worse because that will not be eight but + + + align:start position:0% +worse because that will not be eight but +it will be 10 if you developing high + + align:start position:0% +it will be 10 if you developing high + + + align:start position:0% +it will be 10 if you developing high +rises in areas that will be eventually + + align:start position:0% +rises in areas that will be eventually + + + align:start position:0% +rises in areas that will be eventually +hit + + align:start position:0% +hit + + + align:start position:0% +hit +by exactly yeah yeah because then the + + align:start position:0% +by exactly yeah yeah because then the + + + align:start position:0% +by exactly yeah yeah because then the +eight will become 10 so then everything + + align:start position:0% +eight will become 10 so then everything + + + align:start position:0% +eight will become 10 so then everything +will be and and this is sort of like a + + align:start position:0% +will be and and this is sort of like a + + + align:start position:0% +will be and and this is sort of like a +public good for the entire District + + align:start position:0% +public good for the entire District + + + align:start position:0% +public good for the entire District +doesn't matter whether there are here + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter whether there are here + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter whether there are here +five 10 20 300 buildings you are trying + + align:start position:0% +five 10 20 300 buildings you are trying + + + align:start position:0% +five 10 20 300 buildings you are trying +to protect the whole border and protect + + align:start position:0% +to protect the whole border and protect + + + align:start position:0% +to protect the whole border and protect +everyone inside so actually the the + + align:start position:0% +everyone inside so actually the the + + + align:start position:0% +everyone inside so actually the the +emptier it is the the more difficult is + + align:start position:0% +emptier it is the the more difficult is + + + align:start position:0% +emptier it is the the more difficult is +going to be to justify the investment + + align:start position:0% +going to be to justify the investment + + + align:start position:0% +going to be to justify the investment +because the less damages are going to be + + align:start position:0% +because the less damages are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +because the less damages are going to be +there and now we're going to keep going + + align:start position:0% +there and now we're going to keep going + + + align:start position:0% +there and now we're going to keep going +with all of these discounts and so forth + + align:start position:0% +with all of these discounts and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +with all of these discounts and so forth +with sichi and how we are actually going + + align:start position:0% +with sichi and how we are actually going + + + align:start position:0% +with sichi and how we are actually going +to think about those beliefs in a in a + + align:start position:0% +to think about those beliefs in a in a + + + align:start position:0% +to think about those beliefs in a in a +more thorough way yeah exactly 10 + + align:start position:0% +more thorough way yeah exactly 10 + + + align:start position:0% +more thorough way yeah exactly 10 +minutes yes good we switch just the last + + align:start position:0% +minutes yes good we switch just the last + + + align:start position:0% +minutes yes good we switch just the last +question I think you very interesting + + align:start position:0% +question I think you very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +question I think you very interesting +about this um the protection that the + + align:start position:0% +about this um the protection that the + + + align:start position:0% +about this um the protection that the +government is investing like sea war and + + align:start position:0% +government is investing like sea war and + + + align:start position:0% +government is investing like sea war and +all the things and if the government + + align:start position:0% +all the things and if the government + + + align:start position:0% +all the things and if the government +invest a lot then that will boost the + + align:start position:0% +invest a lot then that will boost the + + + align:start position:0% +invest a lot then that will boost the +confidence of the private sector right + + align:start position:0% +confidence of the private sector right + + + align:start position:0% +confidence of the private sector right +the priv sector will say it is not not a + + align:start position:0% +the priv sector will say it is not not a + + + align:start position:0% +the priv sector will say it is not not a +big problem you can just invest you can + + align:start position:0% +big problem you can just invest you can + + + align:start position:0% +big problem you can just invest you can +further develop so that now it's a + + align:start position:0% +further develop so that now it's a + + + align:start position:0% +further develop so that now it's a +debate it's a endogenous thing if the + + align:start position:0% +debate it's a endogenous thing if the + + + align:start position:0% +debate it's a endogenous thing if the +government invest a lot of money to + + align:start position:0% +government invest a lot of money to + + + align:start position:0% +government invest a lot of money to +protect that area then the developers + + align:start position:0% +protect that area then the developers + + + align:start position:0% +protect that area then the developers +this individual investors they feel more + + align:start position:0% +this individual investors they feel more + + + align:start position:0% +this individual investors they feel more +confident to further invest in that area + + align:start position:0% +confident to further invest in that area + + + align:start position:0% +confident to further invest in that area +to build buildings and like that so + + align:start position:0% +to build buildings and like that so + + + align:start position:0% +to build buildings and like that so +that's may lead to a misallocation of + + align:start position:0% +that's may lead to a misallocation of + + + align:start position:0% +that's may lead to a misallocation of +resources because the cities the city + + align:start position:0% +resources because the cities the city + + + align:start position:0% +resources because the cities the city +mayor they always want to protect their + + align:start position:0% +mayor they always want to protect their + + + align:start position:0% +mayor they always want to protect their +cities and then those dangerous places + + align:start position:0% +cities and then those dangerous places + + + align:start position:0% +cities and then those dangerous places +risky places they got more and more + + align:start position:0% +risky places they got more and more + + + align:start position:0% +risky places they got more and more +private private investors to to build it + + align:start position:0% +private private investors to to build it + + + align:start position:0% +private private investors to to build it +there so okay anyway now let me continue + + align:start position:0% +there so okay anyway now let me continue + + + align:start position:0% +there so okay anyway now let me continue +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +basically um I think we are the first + + align:start position:0% +basically um I think we are the first + + + align:start position:0% +basically um I think we are the first +real estate program I'm very proud of + + align:start position:0% +real estate program I'm very proud of + + + align:start position:0% +real estate program I'm very proud of +this that we have this sustainable real + + align:start position:0% +this that we have this sustainable real + + + align:start position:0% +this that we have this sustainable real +estate as a core class maybe you you + + align:start position:0% +estate as a core class maybe you you + + + align:start position:0% +estate as a core class maybe you you +like it maybe you don't like it but we + + align:start position:0% +like it maybe you don't like it but we + + + align:start position:0% +like it maybe you don't like it but we +are the first um real estate Masters + + align:start position:0% +are the first um real estate Masters + + + align:start position:0% +are the first um real estate Masters +program that we have this sustainable + + align:start position:0% +program that we have this sustainable + + + align:start position:0% +program that we have this sustainable +real estate as a core and also I think + + align:start position:0% +real estate as a core and also I think + + + align:start position:0% +real estate as a core and also I think +we are the first that we have three + + align:start position:0% +we are the first that we have three + + + align:start position:0% +we are the first that we have three +sessions dedicated to climate because we + + align:start position:0% +sessions dedicated to climate because we + + + align:start position:0% +sessions dedicated to climate because we +know climate is so important and last + + align:start position:0% +know climate is so important and last + + + align:start position:0% +know climate is so important and last +year we had two and we couldn't finish + + align:start position:0% +year we had two and we couldn't finish + + + align:start position:0% +year we had two and we couldn't finish +so this year we have three so we are not + + align:start position:0% +so this year we have three so we are not + + + align:start position:0% +so this year we have three so we are not +in a hurry not in a hurry we are going + + align:start position:0% +in a hurry not in a hurry we are going + + + align:start position:0% +in a hurry not in a hurry we are going +to enjoy the process of these three + + align:start position:0% +to enjoy the process of these three + + + align:start position:0% +to enjoy the process of these three +lectures and all about climate so after + + align:start position:0% +lectures and all about climate so after + + + align:start position:0% +lectures and all about climate so after +the three sessions you are you become + + align:start position:0% +the three sessions you are you become + + + align:start position:0% +the three sessions you are you become +expert on climate real estate so that's + + align:start position:0% +expert on climate real estate so that's + + + align:start position:0% +expert on climate real estate so that's +a point so today I will continue and + + align:start position:0% +a point so today I will continue and + + + align:start position:0% +a point so today I will continue and +then next week we will have another last + + align:start position:0% +then next week we will have another last + + + align:start position:0% +then next week we will have another last +session and I'm going to invite a guest + + align:start position:0% +session and I'm going to invite a guest + + + align:start position:0% +session and I'm going to invite a guest +speaker I don't want to stand here + + align:start position:0% +speaker I don't want to stand here + + + align:start position:0% +speaker I don't want to stand here +always talking too boring next week last + + align:start position:0% +always talking too boring next week last + + + align:start position:0% +always talking too boring next week last +week uh last session we have um + + align:start position:0% +week uh last session we have um + + + align:start position:0% +week uh last session we have um +Moody uh Moody um cevin then next + + align:start position:0% +Moody uh Moody um cevin then next + + + align:start position:0% +Moody uh Moody um cevin then next +Tuesday we will have a very important + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday we will have a very important + + + align:start position:0% +Tuesday we will have a very important +person who is a former head of the FHA + + align:start position:0% +person who is a former head of the FHA + + + align:start position:0% +person who is a former head of the FHA +Federal Housing Authority so that's a + + align:start position:0% +Federal Housing Authority so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Housing Authority so that's a +big um Federal housing uh Administration + + align:start position:0% +big um Federal housing uh Administration + + + align:start position:0% +big um Federal housing uh Administration +and also the senior leadership in the + + align:start position:0% +and also the senior leadership in the + + + align:start position:0% +and also the senior leadership in the +fanny man and Freddy Mack for many many + + align:start position:0% +fanny man and Freddy Mack for many many + + + align:start position:0% +fanny man and Freddy Mack for many many +years uh at Golding and he will come + + align:start position:0% +years uh at Golding and he will come + + + align:start position:0% +years uh at Golding and he will come +here he is now a senior lecturer at a s + + align:start position:0% +here he is now a senior lecturer at a s + + + align:start position:0% +here he is now a senior lecturer at a s +School uh heading some like uh housing + + align:start position:0% +School uh heading some like uh housing + + + align:start position:0% +School uh heading some like uh housing +Research Center there and he will talk + + align:start position:0% +Research Center there and he will talk + + + align:start position:0% +Research Center there and he will talk +uh give a guest talk next Tuesday on + + align:start position:0% +uh give a guest talk next Tuesday on + + + align:start position:0% +uh give a guest talk next Tuesday on +climate and real estate and how from + + align:start position:0% +climate and real estate and how from + + + align:start position:0% +climate and real estate and how from +this government perspective this uh H + + align:start position:0% +this government perspective this uh H + + + align:start position:0% +this government perspective this uh H +and FHA and May how they are thinking of + + align:start position:0% +and FHA and May how they are thinking of + + + align:start position:0% +and FHA and May how they are thinking of +this and whether they want to invest + + align:start position:0% +this and whether they want to invest + + + align:start position:0% +this and whether they want to invest +more money public money to help those + + align:start position:0% +more money public money to help those + + + align:start position:0% +more money public money to help those +places that got flooded so that will be + + align:start position:0% +places that got flooded so that will be + + + align:start position:0% +places that got flooded so that will be +next Tuesday but today will be ju and me + + align:start position:0% +next Tuesday but today will be ju and me + + + align:start position:0% +next Tuesday but today will be ju and me +now it's my turn so this is a second + + align:start position:0% +now it's my turn so this is a second + + + align:start position:0% +now it's my turn so this is a second +lecture on climate and real + + align:start position:0% +lecture on climate and real + + + align:start position:0% +lecture on climate and real +estate so just now I think I can + + align:start position:0% +estate so just now I think I can + + + align:start position:0% +estate so just now I think I can +continue just now the conversation + + align:start position:0% +continue just now the conversation + + + align:start position:0% +continue just now the conversation +because just now we talk about discount + + align:start position:0% +because just now we talk about discount + + + align:start position:0% +because just now we talk about discount +climate risk and then we know that + + align:start position:0% +climate risk and then we know that + + + align:start position:0% +climate risk and then we know that +climate risk is a future risk so so it's + + align:start position:0% +climate risk is a future risk so so it's + + + align:start position:0% +climate risk is a future risk so so it's +not today it's not today it's about + + align:start position:0% +not today it's not today it's about + + + align:start position:0% +not today it's not today it's about +future next 15 years next next um 100 + + align:start position:0% +future next 15 years next next um 100 + + + align:start position:0% +future next 15 years next next um 100 +years so where's the + + align:start position:0% +years so where's the + + + align:start position:0% +years so where's the +pointer + + align:start position:0% +pointer + + + align:start position:0% +pointer +okay oh here + + align:start position:0% +okay oh here + + + align:start position:0% +okay oh here +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +because the real estate is a long-term + + align:start position:0% +because the real estate is a long-term + + + align:start position:0% +because the real estate is a long-term +thing it's not only one day a longterm + + align:start position:0% +thing it's not only one day a longterm + + + align:start position:0% +thing it's not only one day a longterm +thing holding period many many years so + + align:start position:0% +thing holding period many many years so + + + align:start position:0% +thing holding period many many years so +we all understand the analysis is about + + align:start position:0% +we all understand the analysis is about + + + align:start position:0% +we all understand the analysis is about +future when we talk about climate risk + + align:start position:0% +future when we talk about climate risk + + + align:start position:0% +future when we talk about climate risk +always about future things that is this + + align:start position:0% +always about future things that is this + + + align:start position:0% +always about future things that is this +discount rate just now I mention that + + align:start position:0% +discount rate just now I mention that + + + align:start position:0% +discount rate just now I mention that +it's so important if you choose + + align:start position:0% +it's so important if you choose + + + align:start position:0% +it's so important if you choose +2.6% or you choose 3% or you choose 5% + + align:start position:0% +2.6% or you choose 3% or you choose 5% + + + align:start position:0% +2.6% or you choose 3% or you choose 5% +totally different it will yield + + align:start position:0% +totally different it will yield + + + align:start position:0% +totally different it will yield +different mpvs + + align:start position:0% +different mpvs + + + align:start position:0% +different mpvs +right so that's a point of this uh + + align:start position:0% +right so that's a point of this uh + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's a point of this uh +discount rate so important so that's say + + align:start position:0% +discount rate so important so that's say + + + align:start position:0% +discount rate so important so that's say +you know this ipcc as RCP right + + align:start position:0% +you know this ipcc as RCP right + + + align:start position:0% +you know this ipcc as RCP right +representive concentration pathway in + + align:start position:0% +representive concentration pathway in + + + align:start position:0% +representive concentration pathway in +RCP 85 8.5 is very serious global + + align:start position:0% +RCP 85 8.5 is very serious global + + + align:start position:0% +RCP 85 8.5 is very serious global +warming and this one is like if if the + + align:start position:0% +warming and this one is like if if the + + + align:start position:0% +warming and this one is like if if the +human beings can mitigate so then think + + align:start position:0% +human beings can mitigate so then think + + + align:start position:0% +human beings can mitigate so then think +about this hypothetically you buy a + + align:start position:0% +about this hypothetically you buy a + + + align:start position:0% +about this hypothetically you buy a +asset + + align:start position:0% +asset + + + align:start position:0% +asset +2020 then maybe you will just hold the + + align:start position:0% +2020 then maybe you will just hold the + + + align:start position:0% +2020 then maybe you will just hold the +asset for many many years you sell so + + align:start position:0% +asset for many many years you sell so + + + align:start position:0% +asset for many many years you sell so +now when you are evaluate evaluating the + + align:start position:0% +now when you are evaluate evaluating the + + + align:start position:0% +now when you are evaluate evaluating the +impact of climate risk you are thinking + + align:start position:0% +impact of climate risk you are thinking + + + align:start position:0% +impact of climate risk you are thinking +like in this way you are thinking like + + align:start position:0% +like in this way you are thinking like + + + align:start position:0% +like in this way you are thinking like +because the global warming become more + + align:start position:0% +because the global warming become more + + + align:start position:0% +because the global warming become more +and more serious right now maybe no + + align:start position:0% +and more serious right now maybe no + + + align:start position:0% +and more serious right now maybe no +problem just now when show the SE port + + align:start position:0% +problem just now when show the SE port + + + align:start position:0% +problem just now when show the SE port +for now no problem but then little by + + align:start position:0% +for now no problem but then little by + + + align:start position:0% +for now no problem but then little by +little more and more more hurricanes and + + align:start position:0% +little more and more more hurricanes and + + + align:start position:0% +little more and more more hurricanes and +survival rise and all kind of things + + align:start position:0% +survival rise and all kind of things + + + align:start position:0% +survival rise and all kind of things +happen so + + align:start position:0% +happen so + + + align:start position:0% +happen so +conceptually conceptually we say okay + + align:start position:0% +conceptually conceptually we say okay + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually conceptually we say okay +when me as a buyer 2020 I stand here at + + align:start position:0% +when me as a buyer 2020 I stand here at + + + align:start position:0% +when me as a buyer 2020 I stand here at +this moment to consider whether to buy + + align:start position:0% +this moment to consider whether to buy + + + align:start position:0% +this moment to consider whether to buy +or not and my beating price so I'm + + align:start position:0% +or not and my beating price so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +or not and my beating price so I'm +standing here so my current beid for + + align:start position:0% +standing here so my current beid for + + + align:start position:0% +standing here so my current beid for +asset is the present value of the future + + align:start position:0% +asset is the present value of the future + + + align:start position:0% +asset is the present value of the future +cash flows and uh for example all other + + align:start position:0% +cash flows and uh for example all other + + + align:start position:0% +cash flows and uh for example all other +things and minor the present value of + + align:start position:0% +things and minor the present value of + + + align:start position:0% +things and minor the present value of +the expected climate damage who knows + + align:start position:0% +the expected climate damage who knows + + + align:start position:0% +the expected climate damage who knows +right all the scientist they publish so + + align:start position:0% +right all the scientist they publish so + + + align:start position:0% +right all the scientist they publish so +many papers but they are all guessing + + align:start position:0% +many papers but they are all guessing + + + align:start position:0% +many papers but they are all guessing +they're making all kinds of projections + + align:start position:0% +they're making all kinds of projections + + + align:start position:0% +they're making all kinds of projections +so this expected that's so important + + align:start position:0% +so this expected that's so important + + + align:start position:0% +so this expected that's so important +and then you say okay from the + + align:start position:0% +and then you say okay from the + + + align:start position:0% +and then you say okay from the +scientific report we also we also wrote + + align:start position:0% +scientific report we also we also wrote + + + align:start position:0% +scientific report we also we also wrote +many many papers and we published and so + + align:start position:0% +many many papers and we published and so + + + align:start position:0% +many many papers and we published and so +many uh uh climing scientist they say oh + + align:start position:0% +many uh uh climing scientist they say oh + + + align:start position:0% +many uh uh climing scientist they say oh +cause of damage is this this every year + + align:start position:0% +cause of damage is this this every year + + + align:start position:0% +cause of damage is this this every year +how many the likelihood of the + + align:start position:0% +how many the likelihood of the + + + align:start position:0% +how many the likelihood of the +hurricane then the thing is you can to + + align:start position:0% +hurricane then the thing is you can to + + + align:start position:0% +hurricane then the thing is you can to +two factors here discount rate just not + + align:start position:0% +two factors here discount rate just not + + + align:start position:0% +two factors here discount rate just not +we mentioned this is so important two% + + align:start position:0% +we mentioned this is so important two% + + + align:start position:0% +we mentioned this is so important two% +3% totally different so when cover this + + align:start position:0% +3% totally different so when cover this + + + align:start position:0% +3% totally different so when cover this +now we are looking at this scientists + + align:start position:0% +now we are looking at this scientists + + + align:start position:0% +now we are looking at this scientists +are saying so but not all people will + + align:start position:0% +are saying so but not all people will + + + align:start position:0% +are saying so but not all people will +believe in so right you know it's a + + align:start position:0% +believe in so right you know it's a + + + align:start position:0% +believe in so right you know it's a +climate belief So when you buy the asset + + align:start position:0% +climate belief So when you buy the asset + + + align:start position:0% +climate belief So when you buy the asset +and when you think about future you are + + align:start position:0% +and when you think about future you are + + + align:start position:0% +and when you think about future you are +thinking whether later you can sell that + + align:start position:0% +thinking whether later you can sell that + + + align:start position:0% +thinking whether later you can sell that +to the second buyer the later one who + + align:start position:0% +to the second buyer the later one who + + + align:start position:0% +to the second buyer the later one who +will buy this from you right so all this + + align:start position:0% +will buy this from you right so all this + + + align:start position:0% +will buy this from you right so all this +Market who knows even if the scientist + + align:start position:0% +Market who knows even if the scientist + + + align:start position:0% +Market who knows even if the scientist +publish all these reports and maybe half + + align:start position:0% +publish all these reports and maybe half + + + align:start position:0% +publish all these reports and maybe half +of the people the the buyers they they + + align:start position:0% +of the people the the buyers they they + + + align:start position:0% +of the people the the buyers they they +believe in that the other half they + + align:start position:0% +believe in that the other half they + + + align:start position:0% +believe in that the other half they +don't believe and this will definitely + + align:start position:0% +don't believe and this will definitely + + + align:start position:0% +don't believe and this will definitely +influence the buyers future buyers the + + align:start position:0% +influence the buyers future buyers the + + + align:start position:0% +influence the buyers future buyers the +market participants so that so which + + align:start position:0% +market participants so that so which + + + align:start position:0% +market participants so that so which +means we cannot just look at this + + align:start position:0% +means we cannot just look at this + + + align:start position:0% +means we cannot just look at this +numbers we must look at the + + align:start position:0% +numbers we must look at the + + + align:start position:0% +numbers we must look at the +belief so fortunately we also have some + + align:start position:0% +belief so fortunately we also have some + + + align:start position:0% +belief so fortunately we also have some +scientific measures of belief so there + + align:start position:0% +scientific measures of belief so there + + + align:start position:0% +scientific measures of belief so there +is a very famous thing you can Google + + align:start position:0% +is a very famous thing you can Google + + + align:start position:0% +is a very famous thing you can Google +this and uh e University they have a e + + align:start position:0% +this and uh e University they have a e + + + align:start position:0% +this and uh e University they have a e +climate opinion map they have a te uh + + align:start position:0% +climate opinion map they have a te uh + + + align:start position:0% +climate opinion map they have a te uh +research group they already run it for + + align:start position:0% +research group they already run it for + + + align:start position:0% +research group they already run it for +many many years I think each year they + + align:start position:0% +many many years I think each year they + + + align:start position:0% +many many years I think each year they +they have a lot of research funding I + + align:start position:0% +they have a lot of research funding I + + + align:start position:0% +they have a lot of research funding I +think they just did a huge life scale + + align:start position:0% +think they just did a huge life scale + + + align:start position:0% +think they just did a huge life scale +survey thousands of hundreds of US + + align:start position:0% +survey thousands of hundreds of US + + + align:start position:0% +survey thousands of hundreds of US +citizens I think now they're only + + align:start position:0% +citizens I think now they're only + + + align:start position:0% +citizens I think now they're only +looking at the United States okay so + + align:start position:0% +looking at the United States okay so + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the United States okay so +that's basically this and then you go to + + align:start position:0% +that's basically this and then you go to + + + align:start position:0% +that's basically this and then you go to +the county level now this is like a + + align:start position:0% +the county level now this is like a + + + align:start position:0% +the county level now this is like a +county level thing you see the county + + align:start position:0% +county level thing you see the county + + + align:start position:0% +county level thing you see the county +and the metropolitan area St like + + align:start position:0% +and the metropolitan area St like + + + align:start position:0% +and the metropolitan area St like +aggregate then they go there they + + align:start position:0% +aggregate then they go there they + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate then they go there they +interview and they have a a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +interview and they have a a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +interview and they have a a bunch of +questions and then you have this map + + align:start position:0% +questions and then you have this map + + + align:start position:0% +questions and then you have this map +they they they provide indexes and then + + align:start position:0% +they they they provide indexes and then + + + align:start position:0% +they they they provide indexes and then +we can always use this indexes for our + + align:start position:0% +we can always use this indexes for our + + + align:start position:0% +we can always use this indexes for our +own research so then you say okay this + + align:start position:0% +own research so then you say okay this + + + align:start position:0% +own research so then you say okay this +is 100% so the question they have many + + align:start position:0% +is 100% so the question they have many + + + align:start position:0% +is 100% so the question they have many +many question this is one of the + + align:start position:0% +many question this is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +many question this is one of the +questions adults who think global + + align:start position:0% +questions adults who think global + + + align:start position:0% +questions adults who think global +warming is + + align:start position:0% +warming is + + + align:start position:0% +warming is +happening then for for the for for the + + align:start position:0% +happening then for for the for for the + + + align:start position:0% +happening then for for the for for the +thing is for the entire United States + + align:start position:0% +thing is for the entire United States + + + align:start position:0% +thing is for the entire United States +72% of the adults of us we are adult we + + align:start position:0% +72% of the adults of us we are adult we + + + align:start position:0% +72% of the adults of us we are adult we +think global warming is happening and + + align:start position:0% +think global warming is happening and + + + align:start position:0% +think global warming is happening and +14% they don't think global warming is + + align:start position:0% +14% they don't think global warming is + + + align:start position:0% +14% they don't think global warming is +happening and in the middle they don't + + align:start position:0% +happening and in the middle they don't + + + align:start position:0% +happening and in the middle they don't +know they are not they are not very sure + + align:start position:0% +know they are not they are not very sure + + + align:start position:0% +know they are not they are not very sure +so that's the entire United States of + + align:start position:0% +so that's the entire United States of + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the entire United States of +course you understand why here we are + + align:start position:0% +course you understand why here we are + + + align:start position:0% +course you understand why here we are +darker here we we maybe have a higher + + align:start position:0% +darker here we we maybe have a higher + + + align:start position:0% +darker here we we maybe have a higher +share and here the darker and in the + + align:start position:0% +share and here the darker and in the + + + align:start position:0% +share and here the darker and in the +middle maybe maybe lighter so that's a + + align:start position:0% +middle maybe maybe lighter so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +middle maybe maybe lighter so that's a +situation so which means if you hold a + + align:start position:0% +situation so which means if you hold a + + + align:start position:0% +situation so which means if you hold a +scientific report like Su paper and if + + align:start position:0% +scientific report like Su paper and if + + + align:start position:0% +scientific report like Su paper and if +you go here go here you get a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you go here go here you get a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you go here go here you get a lot of +supporters yes that's true if you go + + align:start position:0% +supporters yes that's true if you go + + + align:start position:0% +supporters yes that's true if you go +here oh don't just want to fake me it's + + align:start position:0% +here oh don't just want to fake me it's + + + align:start position:0% +here oh don't just want to fake me it's +not true I I don't believe in that + + align:start position:0% +not true I I don't believe in that + + + align:start position:0% +not true I I don't believe in that +question um I think it would be + + align:start position:0% +question um I think it would be + + + align:start position:0% +question um I think it would be +interesting to to put this map in + + align:start position:0% +interesting to to put this map in + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to to put this map in +comparison to voting patterns yes I'm + + align:start position:0% +comparison to voting patterns yes I'm + + + align:start position:0% +comparison to voting patterns yes I'm +sure they're correlated yes and it goes + + align:start position:0% +sure they're correlated yes and it goes + + + align:start position:0% +sure they're correlated yes and it goes +back to what you're talking about with + + align:start position:0% +back to what you're talking about with + + + align:start position:0% +back to what you're talking about with +beliefs and it just becomes so + + align:start position:0% +beliefs and it just becomes so + + + align:start position:0% +beliefs and it just becomes so +politicized even the word global warming + + align:start position:0% +politicized even the word global warming + + + align:start position:0% +politicized even the word global warming +versus climate change and how people use + + align:start position:0% +versus climate change and how people use + + + align:start position:0% +versus climate change and how people use +the wording um and thinking about okay + + align:start position:0% +the wording um and thinking about okay + + + align:start position:0% +the wording um and thinking about okay +then how are we going to use discount + + align:start position:0% +then how are we going to use discount + + + align:start position:0% +then how are we going to use discount +rates right people who don't believe in + + align:start position:0% +rates right people who don't believe in + + + align:start position:0% +rates right people who don't believe in +it or don't think it's as severe and to + + align:start position:0% +it or don't think it's as severe and to + + + align:start position:0% +it or don't think it's as severe and to +say hey we want a higher discount rate + + align:start position:0% +say hey we want a higher discount rate + + + align:start position:0% +say hey we want a higher discount rate +and then it it makes it really difficult + + align:start position:0% +and then it it makes it really difficult + + + align:start position:0% +and then it it makes it really difficult +to try + + align:start position:0% +to try + + + align:start position:0% +to try +and to try and act upon it very good + + align:start position:0% +and to try and act upon it very good + + + align:start position:0% +and to try and act upon it very good +this can be a research topic like a c's + + align:start position:0% +this can be a research topic like a c's + + + align:start position:0% +this can be a research topic like a c's +topic if anyone can actually two years + + align:start position:0% +topic if anyone can actually two years + + + align:start position:0% +topic if anyone can actually two years +ago we had a TPP student the other other + + align:start position:0% +ago we had a TPP student the other other + + + align:start position:0% +ago we had a TPP student the other other +program had diseas is exactly on this + + align:start position:0% +program had diseas is exactly on this + + + align:start position:0% +program had diseas is exactly on this +kind of topic he trapped this political + + align:start position:0% +kind of topic he trapped this political + + + align:start position:0% +kind of topic he trapped this political +votes and uh uh corate with this uh uh + + align:start position:0% +votes and uh uh corate with this uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +votes and uh uh corate with this uh uh +clim + + align:start position:0% +clim + + + align:start position:0% +clim +belief and other political opinions so + + align:start position:0% +belief and other political opinions so + + + align:start position:0% +belief and other political opinions so +that's okay so that's a point and then + + align:start position:0% +that's okay so that's a point and then + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay so that's a point and then +say this is a that e universities one + + align:start position:0% +say this is a that e universities one + + + align:start position:0% +say this is a that e universities one +this is another thing I got from like + + align:start position:0% +this is another thing I got from like + + + align:start position:0% +this is another thing I got from like +another Research Institute and this is + + align:start position:0% +another Research Institute and this is + + + align:start position:0% +another Research Institute and this is +by country this is by country so Greece + + align:start position:0% +by country this is by country so Greece + + + align:start position:0% +by country this is by country so Greece +number one 90% think global warming is a + + align:start position:0% +number one 90% think global warming is a + + + align:start position:0% +number one 90% think global warming is a +major + + align:start position:0% +major + + + align:start position:0% +major +Challenge and uh followed by South Korea + + align:start position:0% +Challenge and uh followed by South Korea + + + align:start position:0% +Challenge and uh followed by South Korea +France Spain I don't know I don't know + + align:start position:0% +France Spain I don't know I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +France Spain I don't know I don't know +uh very very uh yes so so why South + + align:start position:0% +uh very very uh yes so so why South + + + align:start position:0% +uh very very uh yes so so why South +Korea okay do are you from South Korea + + align:start position:0% +Korea okay do are you from South Korea + + + align:start position:0% +Korea okay do are you from South Korea +okay do you have any sense when South + + align:start position:0% +okay do you have any sense when South + + + align:start position:0% +okay do you have any sense when South +Korea people they believe in crimey Risk + + align:start position:0% +Korea people they believe in crimey Risk + + + align:start position:0% +Korea people they believe in crimey Risk +so much because that's good you should + + align:start position:0% +so much because that's good you should + + + align:start position:0% +so much because that's good you should +be proud of + + align:start position:0% +be proud of + + + align:start position:0% +be proud of +this um um that's because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um people in current doesn't actually um + + align:start position:0% +um people in current doesn't actually um + + + align:start position:0% +um people in current doesn't actually um +try to + + align:start position:0% +try to + + + align:start position:0% +try to +criticize so I think people like to yeah + + align:start position:0% +criticize so I think people like to yeah + + + align:start position:0% +criticize so I think people like to yeah +good and I think for those are small + + align:start position:0% +good and I think for those are small + + + align:start position:0% +good and I think for those are small +Islands because they they really have + + align:start position:0% +Islands because they they really have + + + align:start position:0% +Islands because they they really have +the threat right uh then they they have + + align:start position:0% +the threat right uh then they they have + + + align:start position:0% +the threat right uh then they they have +a more sensitivity to climate and also + + align:start position:0% +a more sensitivity to climate and also + + + align:start position:0% +a more sensitivity to climate and also +related to this education and public + + align:start position:0% +related to this education and public + + + align:start position:0% +related to this education and public +media and all this and also politicians + + align:start position:0% +media and all this and also politicians + + + align:start position:0% +media and all this and also politicians +agenda so I think us is here was very + + align:start position:0% +agenda so I think us is here was very + + + align:start position:0% +agenda so I think us is here was very +low and I don't know I I maybe they + + align:start position:0% +low and I don't know I I maybe they + + + align:start position:0% +low and I don't know I I maybe they +couldn't get into China to interview + + align:start position:0% +couldn't get into China to interview + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't get into China to interview +people so don't China here so that's a + + align:start position:0% +people so don't China here so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +people so don't China here so that's a +point and then let's + + align:start position:0% +point and then let's + + + align:start position:0% +point and then let's +see okay so as you know so let me do a + + align:start position:0% +see okay so as you know so let me do a + + + align:start position:0% +see okay so as you know so let me do a +interesting thing now for the entire + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing now for the entire + + + align:start position:0% +interesting thing now for the entire +United States + + align:start position:0% +United States + + + align:start position:0% +United States +adults uh + + align:start position:0% +adults uh + + + align:start position:0% +adults uh +72% let's do a small poll here in this + + align:start position:0% +72% let's do a small poll here in this + + + align:start position:0% +72% let's do a small poll here in this +classroom this is not a representative + + align:start position:0% +classroom this is not a representative + + + align:start position:0% +classroom this is not a representative +sample right it's to to two buyers + + align:start position:0% +sample right it's to to two buyers + + + align:start position:0% +sample right it's to to two buyers +sample towards some like very dark + + align:start position:0% +sample towards some like very dark + + + align:start position:0% +sample towards some like very dark +place who think global warming is + + align:start position:0% +place who think global warming is + + + align:start position:0% +place who think global warming is +happening please raise your + + align:start position:0% +happening please raise your + + + align:start position:0% +happening please raise your +hands okay you don't think + + align:start position:0% +hands okay you don't think + + + align:start position:0% +hands okay you don't think +so okay so okay fine we are GNA not + + align:start position:0% +so okay so okay fine we are GNA not + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so okay fine we are GNA not +counting no pressure + + align:start position:0% +counting no pressure + + + align:start position:0% +counting no pressure +okay yes so I just want to show this if + + align:start position:0% +okay yes so I just want to show this if + + + align:start position:0% +okay yes so I just want to show this if +we say United States 72% right this is + + align:start position:0% +we say United States 72% right this is + + + align:start position:0% +we say United States 72% right this is +11 11350 that's our classroom so to's + + align:start position:0% +11 11350 that's our classroom so to's + + + align:start position:0% +11 11350 that's our classroom so to's +here so it's much higher than the + + align:start position:0% +here so it's much higher than the + + + align:start position:0% +here so it's much higher than the +national average so I think that's a + + align:start position:0% +national average so I think that's a + + + align:start position:0% +national average so I think that's a +situation you know it's heterogeneous + + align:start position:0% +situation you know it's heterogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +situation you know it's heterogeneous +it's not the same you have a comment I + + align:start position:0% +it's not the same you have a comment I + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the same you have a comment I +comment um I just see that Israel is + + align:start position:0% +comment um I just see that Israel is + + + align:start position:0% +comment um I just see that Israel is +last I think the reason for that might + + align:start position:0% +last I think the reason for that might + + + align:start position:0% +last I think the reason for that might +be that I can kind of test for Israel + + align:start position:0% +be that I can kind of test for Israel + + + align:start position:0% +be that I can kind of test for Israel +that it's not that people don't believe + + align:start position:0% +that it's not that people don't believe + + + align:start position:0% +that it's not that people don't believe +in it it's just that it doesn't take the + + align:start position:0% +in it it's just that it doesn't take the + + + align:start position:0% +in it it's just that it doesn't take the +it doesn't take the place in the media I + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't take the place in the media I + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't take the place in the media I +it's too many other things yes that's + + align:start position:0% +it's too many other things yes that's + + + align:start position:0% +it's too many other things yes that's +true that's exactly the same as in China + + align:start position:0% +true that's exactly the same as in China + + + align:start position:0% +true that's exactly the same as in China +I many from China that you know that + + align:start position:0% +I many from China that you know that + + + align:start position:0% +I many from China that you know that +still many other bigger challenges over + + align:start position:0% +still many other bigger challenges over + + + align:start position:0% +still many other bigger challenges over +there the climate is so remote to Common + + align:start position:0% +there the climate is so remote to Common + + + align:start position:0% +there the climate is so remote to Common +people's daily life right you so so that + + align:start position:0% +people's daily life right you so so that + + + align:start position:0% +people's daily life right you so so that +that that's a very good explanation and + + align:start position:0% +that that's a very good explanation and + + + align:start position:0% +that that's a very good explanation and +when you are so happy with all other + + align:start position:0% +when you are so happy with all other + + + align:start position:0% +when you are so happy with all other +things you start to worry about + + align:start position:0% +things you start to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +things you start to worry about +climate worry about your next + + align:start position:0% +climate worry about your next + + + align:start position:0% +climate worry about your next +Generations I think a good and also + + align:start position:0% +Generations I think a good and also + + + align:start position:0% +Generations I think a good and also +interested in coration of that of + + align:start position:0% +interested in coration of that of + + + align:start position:0% +interested in coration of that of +countries and beliefs impacts like if + + align:start position:0% +countries and beliefs impacts like if + + + align:start position:0% +countries and beliefs impacts like if +you're living somewhere like right on + + align:start position:0% +you're living somewhere like right on + + + align:start position:0% +you're living somewhere like right on +the coast if you live in Venice and and + + align:start position:0% +the coast if you live in Venice and and + + + align:start position:0% +the coast if you live in Venice and and +you're actually feeling it vers landlock + + align:start position:0% +you're actually feeling it vers landlock + + + align:start position:0% +you're actually feeling it vers landlock +country that maybe you're not + + align:start position:0% +country that maybe you're not + + + align:start position:0% +country that maybe you're not +experiencing the impacts as much I know + + align:start position:0% +experiencing the impacts as much I know + + + align:start position:0% +experiencing the impacts as much I know +coming from California and experiencing + + align:start position:0% +coming from California and experiencing + + + align:start position:0% +coming from California and experiencing +those wildfires it it makes that your + + align:start position:0% +those wildfires it it makes that your + + + align:start position:0% +those wildfires it it makes that your +house got burnt + + align:start position:0% +house got burnt + + + align:start position:0% +house got burnt +yes i'ed to see the coration between + + align:start position:0% +yes i'ed to see the coration between + + + align:start position:0% +yes i'ed to see the coration between +that good yes that's very good another + + align:start position:0% +that good yes that's very good another + + + align:start position:0% +that good yes that's very good another +research topic and then see that's + + align:start position:0% +research topic and then see that's + + + align:start position:0% +research topic and then see that's +exactly address this this graph address + + align:start position:0% +exactly address this this graph address + + + align:start position:0% +exactly address this this graph address +your point just now so climate change is + + align:start position:0% +your point just now so climate change is + + + align:start position:0% +your point just now so climate change is +a public uh priority but now it's more + + align:start position:0% +a public uh priority but now it's more + + + align:start position:0% +a public uh priority but now it's more +and more partition than ever so they + + align:start position:0% +and more partition than ever so they + + + align:start position:0% +and more partition than ever so they +they have this table they have this uh + + align:start position:0% +they have this table they have this uh + + + align:start position:0% +they have this table they have this uh +uh Trends right so but this these two + + align:start position:0% +uh Trends right so but this these two + + + align:start position:0% +uh Trends right so but this these two +still I think is still uh United States + + align:start position:0% +still I think is still uh United States + + + align:start position:0% +still I think is still uh United States +and say four priorities economic growth + + align:start position:0% +and say four priorities economic growth + + + align:start position:0% +and say four priorities economic growth +of course always the first priority jobs + + align:start position:0% +of course always the first priority jobs + + + align:start position:0% +of course always the first priority jobs +with people want uh employment + + align:start position:0% +with people want uh employment + + + align:start position:0% +with people want uh employment +environmental protection I mean like add + + align:start position:0% +environmental protection I mean like add + + + align:start position:0% +environmental protection I mean like add +all the environment things and the + + align:start position:0% +all the environment things and the + + + align:start position:0% +all the environment things and the +global warming so this is a percentage + + align:start position:0% +global warming so this is a percentage + + + align:start position:0% +global warming so this is a percentage +of Americans who say the issue should be + + align:start position:0% +of Americans who say the issue should be + + + align:start position:0% +of Americans who say the issue should be +a top priority for the president and the + + align:start position:0% +a top priority for the president and the + + + align:start position:0% +a top priority for the president and the +Congress so then clearly you can see a + + align:start position:0% +Congress so then clearly you can see a + + + align:start position:0% +Congress so then clearly you can see a +very interesting thing is the they they + + align:start position:0% +very interesting thing is the they they + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting thing is the they they +are they have Cycles not like they flat + + align:start position:0% +are they have Cycles not like they flat + + + align:start position:0% +are they have Cycles not like they flat +all the time right always when the + + align:start position:0% +all the time right always when the + + + align:start position:0% +all the time right always when the +economy is good then people are happy + + align:start position:0% +economy is good then people are happy + + + align:start position:0% +economy is good then people are happy +with uh jobs and and the wage and all + + align:start position:0% +with uh jobs and and the wage and all + + + align:start position:0% +with uh jobs and and the wage and all +the things they have more brain space to + + align:start position:0% +the things they have more brain space to + + + align:start position:0% +the things they have more brain space to +worry about climate when the economy is + + align:start position:0% +worry about climate when the economy is + + + align:start position:0% +worry about climate when the economy is +so bad in a recession oh we don't know + + align:start position:0% +so bad in a recession oh we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +so bad in a recession oh we don't know +whether tomorrow we will have lunch or + + align:start position:0% +whether tomorrow we will have lunch or + + + align:start position:0% +whether tomorrow we will have lunch or +not and we're not going to worry about + + align:start position:0% +not and we're not going to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +not and we're not going to worry about +climate we need to First secure job and + + align:start position:0% +climate we need to First secure job and + + + align:start position:0% +climate we need to First secure job and +all the other things so you will see + + align:start position:0% +all the other things so you will see + + + align:start position:0% +all the other things so you will see +this is a clim this is a financial + + align:start position:0% +this is a clim this is a financial + + + align:start position:0% +this is a clim this is a financial +crisis 2009 after + + align:start position:0% +crisis 2009 after + + + align:start position:0% +crisis 2009 after +2009 the priority people always thought + + align:start position:0% +2009 the priority people always thought + + + align:start position:0% +2009 the priority people always thought +is economic growth and jobs and all + + align:start position:0% +is economic growth and jobs and all + + + align:start position:0% +is economic growth and jobs and all +other things it's not about global + + align:start position:0% +other things it's not about global + + + align:start position:0% +other things it's not about global +warming and when the economy is back uh + + align:start position:0% +warming and when the economy is back uh + + + align:start position:0% +warming and when the economy is back uh +become better then this go up so right + + align:start position:0% +become better then this go up so right + + + align:start position:0% +become better then this go up so right +and then this demograph and the + + align:start position:0% +and then this demograph and the + + + align:start position:0% +and then this demograph and the +Republicans you see the Gap it's huge + + align:start position:0% +Republicans you see the Gap it's huge + + + align:start position:0% +Republicans you see the Gap it's huge +gap partisan Gap is so big so that's + + align:start position:0% +gap partisan Gap is so big so that's + + + align:start position:0% +gap partisan Gap is so big so that's +basically uh and then here is uh after + + align:start position:0% +basically uh and then here is uh after + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh and then here is uh after +covid-19 this recent 2022 I got this uh + + align:start position:0% +covid-19 this recent 2022 I got this uh + + + align:start position:0% +covid-19 this recent 2022 I got this uh +yesterday so now it's a strengthen + + align:start position:0% +yesterday so now it's a strengthen + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday so now it's a strengthen +economy number one because now we are + + align:start position:0% +economy number one because now we are + + + align:start position:0% +economy number one because now we are +also like in a very very uh very um + + align:start position:0% +also like in a very very uh very um + + + align:start position:0% +also like in a very very uh very um +important moment for for the economic + + align:start position:0% +important moment for for the economic + + + align:start position:0% +important moment for for the economic +growth the inflation is so high so uh + + align:start position:0% +growth the inflation is so high so uh + + + align:start position:0% +growth the inflation is so high so uh +reducing health care cost or something + + align:start position:0% +reducing health care cost or something + + + align:start position:0% +reducing health care cost or something +like that + + align:start position:0% +like that + + + align:start position:0% +like that +and let me see where is global + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +warming yeah here it's very small but + + align:start position:0% +warming yeah here it's very small but + + + align:start position:0% +warming yeah here it's very small but +global warming is here so you can see + + align:start position:0% +global warming is here so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +global warming is here so you can see +it's not like always priority and it + + align:start position:0% +it's not like always priority and it + + + align:start position:0% +it's not like always priority and it +changed over time so that's + + align:start position:0% +changed over time so that's + + + align:start position:0% +changed over time so that's +Dynamic okay what's the implication of + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic okay what's the implication of + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic okay what's the implication of +that what's the implication I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +that what's the implication I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +that what's the implication I'm going to +use this paper to + + align:start position:0% +use this paper to + + + align:start position:0% +use this paper to +illustrate of course we we care about + + align:start position:0% +illustrate of course we we care about + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate of course we we care about +public opinions especially for those who + + align:start position:0% +public opinions especially for those who + + + align:start position:0% +public opinions especially for those who +want to go to the public sector later + + align:start position:0% +want to go to the public sector later + + + align:start position:0% +want to go to the public sector later +become a policy maker sure look at this + + align:start position:0% +become a policy maker sure look at this + + + align:start position:0% +become a policy maker sure look at this +and start it but later if you go to + + align:start position:0% +and start it but later if you go to + + + align:start position:0% +and start it but later if you go to +private sector you are you are just one + + align:start position:0% +private sector you are you are just one + + + align:start position:0% +private sector you are you are just one +developer or one small investor then you + + align:start position:0% +developer or one small investor then you + + + align:start position:0% +developer or one small investor then you +need to understand the big picture to + + align:start position:0% +need to understand the big picture to + + + align:start position:0% +need to understand the big picture to +seek good opportunities and under this + + align:start position:0% +seek good opportunities and under this + + + align:start position:0% +seek good opportunities and under this +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +here of course you know climate change + + align:start position:0% +here of course you know climate change + + + align:start position:0% +here of course you know climate change +Always on people's mind sometimes very + + align:start position:0% +Always on people's mind sometimes very + + + align:start position:0% +Always on people's mind sometimes very +important sometimes less important in + + align:start position:0% +important sometimes less important in + + + align:start position:0% +important sometimes less important in +some areas more important then how that + + align:start position:0% +some areas more important then how that + + + align:start position:0% +some areas more important then how that +will affect realy prices that's real + + align:start position:0% +will affect realy prices that's real + + + align:start position:0% +will affect realy prices that's real +right you need to understand if you go + + align:start position:0% +right you need to understand if you go + + + align:start position:0% +right you need to understand if you go +into a market you go to the E map of the + + align:start position:0% +into a market you go to the E map of the + + + align:start position:0% +into a market you go to the E map of the +climate belief check uh in your sub + + align:start position:0% +climate belief check uh in your sub + + + align:start position:0% +climate belief check uh in your sub +Market what's the belief index is and + + align:start position:0% +Market what's the belief index is and + + + align:start position:0% +Market what's the belief index is and +you think about this will affect your + + align:start position:0% +you think about this will affect your + + + align:start position:0% +you think about this will affect your +business that's so real will affect your + + align:start position:0% +business that's so real will affect your + + + align:start position:0% +business that's so real will affect your +business we'll apply real price later I + + align:start position:0% +business we'll apply real price later I + + + align:start position:0% +business we'll apply real price later I +will show will affect the uh housing + + align:start position:0% +will show will affect the uh housing + + + align:start position:0% +will show will affect the uh housing +developers uh profit uh if you are going + + align:start position:0% +developers uh profit uh if you are going + + + align:start position:0% +developers uh profit uh if you are going +to build something on the cast so this + + align:start position:0% +to build something on the cast so this + + + align:start position:0% +to build something on the cast so this +paper is the following this is a very + + align:start position:0% +paper is the following this is a very + + + align:start position:0% +paper is the following this is a very +good Journal + + align:start position:0% +good Journal + + + align:start position:0% +good Journal +and of course they say flight racek is + + align:start position:0% +and of course they say flight racek is + + + align:start position:0% +and of course they say flight racek is +so so so big and especially for Florida + + align:start position:0% +so so so big and especially for Florida + + + align:start position:0% +so so so big and especially for Florida +the Hawaii like uh later will be + + align:start position:0% +the Hawaii like uh later will be + + + align:start position:0% +the Hawaii like uh later will be +inundated 10% will be inundated and then + + align:start position:0% +inundated 10% will be inundated and then + + + align:start position:0% +inundated 10% will be inundated and then +they started okay this is like + + align:start position:0% +they started okay this is like + + + align:start position:0% +they started okay this is like +scientific fact this is scientific + + align:start position:0% +scientific fact this is scientific + + + align:start position:0% +scientific fact this is scientific +report then this paper went into the + + align:start position:0% +report then this paper went into the + + + align:start position:0% +report then this paper went into the +market really got a lot of real + + align:start position:0% +market really got a lot of real + + + align:start position:0% +market really got a lot of real +transactions from 1997 to + + align:start position:0% +transactions from 1997 to + + + align:start position:0% +transactions from 1997 to +2017 and also detail housing autistics + + align:start position:0% +2017 and also detail housing autistics + + + align:start position:0% +2017 and also detail housing autistics +whether you are in flone or not out if + + align:start position:0% +whether you are in flone or not out if + + + align:start position:0% +whether you are in flone or not out if +you are in flat zone higher risk right + + align:start position:0% +you are in flat zone higher risk right + + + align:start position:0% +you are in flat zone higher risk right +and then that's in + + align:start position:0% +and then that's in + + + align:start position:0% +and then that's in +Florida so underwater means it's a Dy + + align:start position:0% +Florida so underwater means it's a Dy + + + align:start position:0% +Florida so underwater means it's a Dy +variable that the home is in the flat Z + + align:start position:0% +variable that the home is in the flat Z + + + align:start position:0% +variable that the home is in the flat Z +then they got into this EO climate + + align:start position:0% +then they got into this EO climate + + + align:start position:0% +then they got into this EO climate +opinion map 2016 data they run hydronic + + align:start position:0% +opinion map 2016 data they run hydronic + + + align:start position:0% +opinion map 2016 data they run hydronic +model we already we are all honic expert + + align:start position:0% +model we already we are all honic expert + + + align:start position:0% +model we already we are all honic expert +now right after my Apple to Apple + + align:start position:0% +now right after my Apple to Apple + + + align:start position:0% +now right after my Apple to Apple +comparison lecture last time now we are + + align:start position:0% +comparison lecture last time now we are + + + align:start position:0% +comparison lecture last time now we are +all Apple to Apple experts so we run + + align:start position:0% +all Apple to Apple experts so we run + + + align:start position:0% +all Apple to Apple experts so we run +honic we run honic we regress log P + + align:start position:0% +honic we run honic we regress log P + + + align:start position:0% +honic we run honic we regress log P +that's a housing price on so many other + + align:start position:0% +that's a housing price on so many other + + + align:start position:0% +that's a housing price on so many other +things and all these uh characteristics + + align:start position:0% +things and all these uh characteristics + + + align:start position:0% +things and all these uh characteristics +then we have a underwater underwater + + align:start position:0% +then we have a underwater underwater + + + align:start position:0% +then we have a underwater underwater +means in flat + + align:start position:0% +means in flat + + + align:start position:0% +means in flat +zone right then this paper find out the + + align:start position:0% +zone right then this paper find out the + + + align:start position:0% +zone right then this paper find out the +very interesting result always bet is + + align:start position:0% +very interesting result always bet is + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting result always bet is +negative if you have FL Z you have a + + align:start position:0% +negative if you have FL Z you have a + + + align:start position:0% +negative if you have FL Z you have a +discount that's always however the size + + align:start position:0% +discount that's always however the size + + + align:start position:0% +discount that's always however the size +of the beta varies a lot the size of the + + align:start position:0% +of the beta varies a lot the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the beta varies a lot the size of the +beta the discount of the beta one is + + align:start position:0% +beta the discount of the beta one is + + + align:start position:0% +beta the discount of the beta one is +allowed for those homes for those + + align:start position:0% +allowed for those homes for those + + + align:start position:0% +allowed for those homes for those +believers they call Believers the median + + align:start position:0% +believers they call Believers the median + + + align:start position:0% +believers they call Believers the median +so they have the E map of the belief + + align:start position:0% +so they have the E map of the belief + + + align:start position:0% +so they have the E map of the belief +that the median value of the belief + + align:start position:0% +that the median value of the belief + + + align:start position:0% +that the median value of the belief +about belief they call this community as + + align:start position:0% +about belief they call this community as + + + align:start position:0% +about belief they call this community as +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +Believers under the under the mean value + + align:start position:0% +Believers under the under the mean value + + + align:start position:0% +Believers under the under the mean value +medium value they call it uh deniers so + + align:start position:0% +medium value they call it uh deniers so + + + align:start position:0% +medium value they call it uh deniers so +compar this two the Believers Community + + align:start position:0% +compar this two the Believers Community + + + align:start position:0% +compar this two the Believers Community +associate with 7% larger decrease in + + align:start position:0% +associate with 7% larger decrease in + + + align:start position:0% +associate with 7% larger decrease in +housing price so that's the finding it's + + align:start position:0% +housing price so that's the finding it's + + + align:start position:0% +housing price so that's the finding it's +very intuitive right so which means e + + align:start position:0% +very intuitive right so which means e + + + align:start position:0% +very intuitive right so which means e +for those for those two remember uh + + align:start position:0% +for those for those two remember uh + + + align:start position:0% +for those for those two remember uh +Apple to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Apple if there are two + + align:start position:0% +Apple if there are two + + + align:start position:0% +Apple if there are two +communities this are the ocean these two + + align:start position:0% +communities this are the ocean these two + + + align:start position:0% +communities this are the ocean these two +communities both on the coast the same + + align:start position:0% +communities both on the coast the same + + + align:start position:0% +communities both on the coast the same +climate objective risk right uh flood + + align:start position:0% +climate objective risk right uh flood + + + align:start position:0% +climate objective risk right uh flood +risk is the same these are all believers + + align:start position:0% +risk is the same these are all believers + + + align:start position:0% +risk is the same these are all believers +they oh this is real these are + + align:start position:0% +they oh this is real these are + + + align:start position:0% +they oh this is real these are +deniers the same same physical risk + + align:start position:0% +deniers the same same physical risk + + + align:start position:0% +deniers the same same physical risk +however it says this one housing price + + align:start position:0% +however it says this one housing price + + + align:start position:0% +however it says this one housing price +decrease a lot this one decrease a + + align:start position:0% +decrease a lot this one decrease a + + + align:start position:0% +decrease a lot this one decrease a +little so that's that's what they found + + align:start position:0% +little so that's that's what they found + + + align:start position:0% +little so that's that's what they found +then if you are + + align:start position:0% +then if you are + + + align:start position:0% +then if you are +businessman if you're a + + align:start position:0% +businessman if you're a + + + align:start position:0% +businessman if you're a +businessman you are going to you you a + + align:start position:0% +businessman you are going to you you a + + + align:start position:0% +businessman you are going to you you a +local businessman you you you you you + + align:start position:0% +local businessman you you you you you + + + align:start position:0% +local businessman you you you you you +are going to build something Seaport for + + align:start position:0% +are going to build something Seaport for + + + align:start position:0% +are going to build something Seaport for +example or some like Florida Coastal + + align:start position:0% +example or some like Florida Coastal + + + align:start position:0% +example or some like Florida Coastal +area and then you you only have a few + + align:start position:0% +area and then you you only have a few + + + align:start position:0% +area and then you you only have a few +choices you have con you have these few + + align:start position:0% +choices you have con you have these few + + + align:start position:0% +choices you have con you have these few +choices are very similar physical risk + + align:start position:0% +choices are very similar physical risk + + + align:start position:0% +choices are very similar physical risk +and are know going which Community are + + align:start position:0% +and are know going which Community are + + + align:start position:0% +and are know going which Community are +you going to go to to build your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +houses people who don't agree okay you + + align:start position:0% +houses people who don't agree okay you + + + align:start position:0% +houses people who don't agree okay you +go to the + + align:start position:0% +go to the + + + align:start position:0% +go to the +deniers okay and do you think for for + + align:start position:0% +deniers okay and do you think for for + + + align:start position:0% +deniers okay and do you think for for +for the for yourself as a businessman + + align:start position:0% +for the for yourself as a businessman + + + align:start position:0% +for the for yourself as a businessman +yes that's rational choice right you get + + align:start position:0% +yes that's rational choice right you get + + + align:start position:0% +yes that's rational choice right you get +profit but if we aggregate is a + + align:start position:0% +profit but if we aggregate is a + + + align:start position:0% +profit but if we aggregate is a +thousands of like businessmen like you + + align:start position:0% +thousands of like businessmen like you + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of like businessmen like you +I'll go there to build if any problem + + align:start position:0% +I'll go there to build if any problem + + + align:start position:0% +I'll go there to build if any problem +for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +society not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sure okay so if you are an individual + + align:start position:0% +sure okay so if you are an individual + + + align:start position:0% +sure okay so if you are an individual +businessman of course go here to build + + align:start position:0% +businessman of course go here to build + + + align:start position:0% +businessman of course go here to build +because you have higher price you make + + align:start position:0% +because you have higher price you make + + + align:start position:0% +because you have higher price you make +profit and and then you have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +profit and and then you have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +profit and and then you have a lot of +buyers but if you have so many Builders + + align:start position:0% +buyers but if you have so many Builders + + + align:start position:0% +buyers but if you have so many Builders +and all go here and build then will will + + align:start position:0% +and all go here and build then will will + + + align:start position:0% +and all go here and build then will will +be more and more housing in riskier + + align:start position:0% +be more and more housing in riskier + + + align:start position:0% +be more and more housing in riskier +areas when Once is a hurricane a big + + align:start position:0% +areas when Once is a hurricane a big + + + align:start position:0% +areas when Once is a hurricane a big +damage the damage will be born by home + + align:start position:0% +damage the damage will be born by home + + + align:start position:0% +damage the damage will be born by home +the damage will be because you build and + + align:start position:0% +the damage will be because you build and + + + align:start position:0% +the damage will be because you build and +you you sell and you you leave you go to + + align:start position:0% +you you sell and you you leave you go to + + + align:start position:0% +you you sell and you you leave you go to +another place to build who will B the + + align:start position:0% +another place to build who will B the + + + align:start position:0% +another place to build who will B the +who will bear the damage if a lot of + + align:start position:0% +who will bear the damage if a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +who will bear the damage if a lot of +buildings just build here because they + + align:start position:0% +buildings just build here because they + + + align:start position:0% +buildings just build here because they +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +deniers any sounds who will bear the + + align:start position:0% +deniers any sounds who will bear the + + + align:start position:0% +deniers any sounds who will bear the +cost will qu who will C the residents + + align:start position:0% +cost will qu who will C the residents + + + align:start position:0% +cost will qu who will C the residents +the resident will quiet and who who else + + align:start position:0% +the resident will quiet and who who else + + + align:start position:0% +the resident will quiet and who who else +will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quiet yes and who + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else okay they not understand they learn + + align:start position:0% +else okay they not understand they learn + + + align:start position:0% +else okay they not understand they learn +and also Banks right the banks because + + align:start position:0% +and also Banks right the banks because + + + align:start position:0% +and also Banks right the banks because +they buy this houses using mortgage and + + align:start position:0% +they buy this houses using mortgage and + + + align:start position:0% +they buy this houses using mortgage and +then all the all the people then get + + align:start position:0% +then all the all the people then get + + + align:start position:0% +then all the all the people then get +inundated then they default the + + align:start position:0% +inundated then they default the + + + align:start position:0% +inundated then they default the +household will default okay you take + + align:start position:0% +household will default okay you take + + + align:start position:0% +household will default okay you take +take over my house at default remember + + align:start position:0% +take over my house at default remember + + + align:start position:0% +take over my house at default remember +then banks will cry and uh this low + + align:start position:0% +then banks will cry and uh this low + + + align:start position:0% +then banks will cry and uh this low +income household they couldn't leave + + align:start position:0% +income household they couldn't leave + + + align:start position:0% +income household they couldn't leave +they have to live there and they they + + align:start position:0% +they have to live there and they they + + + align:start position:0% +they have to live there and they they +will cry so that's the social problem so + + align:start position:0% +will cry so that's the social problem so + + + align:start position:0% +will cry so that's the social problem so +I just want to keep this open and later + + align:start position:0% +I just want to keep this open and later + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to keep this open and later +you can discuss it a lot so basically + + align:start position:0% +you can discuss it a lot so basically + + + align:start position:0% +you can discuss it a lot so basically +you can see all these interesting topics + + align:start position:0% +you can see all these interesting topics + + + align:start position:0% +you can see all these interesting topics +and then of course now we understand not + + align:start position:0% +and then of course now we understand not + + + align:start position:0% +and then of course now we understand not +so many people they know you that you + + align:start position:0% +so many people they know you that you + + + align:start position:0% +so many people they know you that you +University map before I just mentioned + + align:start position:0% +University map before I just mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +University map before I just mentioned +who who of you know B except our + + align:start position:0% +who who of you know B except our + + + align:start position:0% +who who of you know B except our +teaching te we all know who who who know + + align:start position:0% +teaching te we all know who who who know + + + align:start position:0% +teaching te we all know who who who know +who knew this uh climate belief map + + align:start position:0% +who knew this uh climate belief map + + + align:start position:0% +who knew this uh climate belief map +exist no you heard of that I kind of + + align:start position:0% +exist no you heard of that I kind of + + + align:start position:0% +exist no you heard of that I kind of +knew that that'ss + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes okay so that's that's means at least + + align:start position:0% +yes okay so that's that's means at least + + + align:start position:0% +yes okay so that's that's means at least +no we cannot force people to leave + + align:start position:0% +no we cannot force people to leave + + + align:start position:0% +no we cannot force people to leave +something believe something or or or not + + align:start position:0% +something believe something or or or not + + + align:start position:0% +something believe something or or or not +believe something right they have the + + align:start position:0% +believe something right they have the + + + align:start position:0% +believe something right they have the +freedom of of belief in climate change + + align:start position:0% +freedom of of belief in climate change + + + align:start position:0% +freedom of of belief in climate change +or not that's their freedom but I think + + align:start position:0% +or not that's their freedom but I think + + + align:start position:0% +or not that's their freedom but I think +we as a as a public sector or the + + align:start position:0% +we as a as a public sector or the + + + align:start position:0% +we as a as a public sector or the +government they should provide + + align:start position:0% +government they should provide + + + align:start position:0% +government they should provide +information they should provide + + align:start position:0% +information they should provide + + + align:start position:0% +information they should provide +information for people to judge by + + align:start position:0% +information for people to judge by + + + align:start position:0% +information for people to judge by +themselves instead they don't understand + + align:start position:0% +themselves instead they don't understand + + + align:start position:0% +themselves instead they don't understand +they even don't know their houses are in + + align:start position:0% +they even don't know their houses are in + + + align:start position:0% +they even don't know their houses are in +FL Zone that's that's not good so this + + align:start position:0% +FL Zone that's that's not good so this + + + align:start position:0% +FL Zone that's that's not good so this +disclosure is important this is very + + align:start position:0% +disclosure is important this is very + + + align:start position:0% +disclosure is important this is very +similar but it's opposite example of the + + align:start position:0% +similar but it's opposite example of the + + + align:start position:0% +similar but it's opposite example of the +Green Building certificate remember when + + align:start position:0% +Green Building certificate remember when + + + align:start position:0% +Green Building certificate remember when +I talk about green buildings I talk + + align:start position:0% +I talk about green buildings I talk + + + align:start position:0% +I talk about green buildings I talk +about market failure one market failure + + align:start position:0% +about market failure one market failure + + + align:start position:0% +about market failure one market failure +is information symmetry so people don't + + align:start position:0% +is information symmetry so people don't + + + align:start position:0% +is information symmetry so people don't +know whether it's a green building or + + align:start position:0% +know whether it's a green building or + + + align:start position:0% +know whether it's a green building or +not like that and then lead energy star + + align:start position:0% +not like that and then lead energy star + + + align:start position:0% +not like that and then lead energy star +and all those uh certificate of course + + align:start position:0% +and all those uh certificate of course + + + align:start position:0% +and all those uh certificate of course +they have their own problems limitations + + align:start position:0% +they have their own problems limitations + + + align:start position:0% +they have their own problems limitations +but at the least they made a big + + align:start position:0% +but at the least they made a big + + + align:start position:0% +but at the least they made a big +contribution to solve the information + + align:start position:0% +contribution to solve the information + + + align:start position:0% +contribution to solve the information +symmetry problem last is a green + + align:start position:0% +symmetry problem last is a green + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry problem last is a green +building this is a negative thing + + align:start position:0% +building this is a negative thing + + + align:start position:0% +building this is a negative thing +climate risk also need information + + align:start position:0% +climate risk also need information + + + align:start position:0% +climate risk also need information +provide information so that's why now + + align:start position:0% +provide information so that's why now + + + align:start position:0% +provide information so that's why now +they have this home seller disclosure + + align:start position:0% +they have this home seller disclosure + + + align:start position:0% +they have this home seller disclosure +requirement mandate mandate the sellers + + align:start position:0% +requirement mandate mandate the sellers + + + align:start position:0% +requirement mandate mandate the sellers +no matter is the individual sellers or + + align:start position:0% +no matter is the individual sellers or + + + align:start position:0% +no matter is the individual sellers or +Developers provide buyers with detailed + + align:start position:0% +Developers provide buyers with detailed + + + align:start position:0% +Developers provide buyers with detailed +information of the known material + + align:start position:0% +information of the known material + + + align:start position:0% +information of the known material +defects it's not just about climate but + + align:start position:0% +defects it's not just about climate but + + + align:start position:0% +defects it's not just about climate but +climate is a new item they require to + + align:start position:0% +climate is a new item they require to + + + align:start position:0% +climate is a new item they require to +put into that disclosure at first they + + align:start position:0% +put into that disclosure at first they + + + align:start position:0% +put into that disclosure at first they +just disclose all other things uh sewage + + align:start position:0% +just disclose all other things uh sewage + + + align:start position:0% +just disclose all other things uh sewage +and this and basement and uh materials + + align:start position:0% +and this and basement and uh materials + + + align:start position:0% +and this and basement and uh materials +building materials like that now they + + align:start position:0% +building materials like that now they + + + align:start position:0% +building materials like that now they +say now it's time to add climate risk + + align:start position:0% +say now it's time to add climate risk + + + align:start position:0% +say now it's time to add climate risk +into that disclosure file when you buy a + + align:start position:0% +into that disclosure file when you buy a + + + align:start position:0% +into that disclosure file when you buy a +house you need to when when the buyer + + align:start position:0% +house you need to when when the buyer + + + align:start position:0% +house you need to when when the buyer +buy the house you need to tell them + + align:start position:0% +buy the house you need to tell them + + + align:start position:0% +buy the house you need to tell them +and then those this mandate was + + align:start position:0% +and then those this mandate was + + + align:start position:0% +and then those this mandate was +implemented step by step not immediately + + align:start position:0% +implemented step by step not immediately + + + align:start position:0% +implemented step by step not immediately +it's it's very hard to get things + + align:start position:0% +it's it's very hard to get things + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's very hard to get things +immediately then St some states started + + align:start position:0% +immediately then St some states started + + + align:start position:0% +immediately then St some states started +uh do this and some states are lack + + align:start position:0% +uh do this and some states are lack + + + align:start position:0% +uh do this and some states are lack +behind you can see this also correlation + + align:start position:0% +behind you can see this also correlation + + + align:start position:0% +behind you can see this also correlation +with that uh partition or belief map + + align:start position:0% +with that uh partition or belief map + + + align:start position:0% +with that uh partition or belief map +right this like like here Qui quickly + + align:start position:0% +right this like like here Qui quickly + + + align:start position:0% +right this like like here Qui quickly +and this uh slowly but they are doing so + + align:start position:0% +and this uh slowly but they are doing so + + + align:start position:0% +and this uh slowly but they are doing so +and our my labs poster Shing Hong some + + align:start position:0% +and our my labs poster Shing Hong some + + + align:start position:0% +and our my labs poster Shing Hong some +of you you know Shong Shong is the + + align:start position:0% +of you you know Shong Shong is the + + + align:start position:0% +of you you know Shong Shong is the +poster in my + + align:start position:0% +poster in my + + + align:start position:0% +poster in my +lab he has a very good paper to study + + align:start position:0% +lab he has a very good paper to study + + + align:start position:0% +lab he has a very good paper to study +this disclosure just a disclosure impact + + align:start position:0% +this disclosure just a disclosure impact + + + align:start position:0% +this disclosure just a disclosure impact +on housing housing uh + + align:start position:0% +on housing housing uh + + + align:start position:0% +on housing housing uh +housing housing market + + align:start position:0% +housing housing market + + + align:start position:0% +housing housing market +outcomes and then he said okay from the + + align:start position:0% +outcomes and then he said okay from the + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes and then he said okay from the +house home seller disclosure requirement + + align:start position:0% +house home seller disclosure requirement + + + align:start position:0% +house home seller disclosure requirement +this is better information helps than + + align:start position:0% +this is better information helps than + + + align:start position:0% +this is better information helps than +the h showed that in those States and + + align:start position:0% +the h showed that in those States and + + + align:start position:0% +the h showed that in those States and +countes with a disclosure + + align:start position:0% +countes with a disclosure + + + align:start position:0% +countes with a disclosure +implemented then you see this plac is + + align:start position:0% +implemented then you see this plac is + + + align:start position:0% +implemented then you see this plac is +losing people and higher housing vacancy + + align:start position:0% +losing people and higher housing vacancy + + + align:start position:0% +losing people and higher housing vacancy +so when people oh this place is is is + + align:start position:0% +so when people oh this place is is is + + + align:start position:0% +so when people oh this place is is is +risky they start to leave and then the + + align:start position:0% +risky they start to leave and then the + + + align:start position:0% +risky they start to leave and then the +market start to decline so that's the + + align:start position:0% +market start to decline so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +market start to decline so that's the +information Channel you just give + + align:start position:0% +information Channel you just give + + + align:start position:0% +information Channel you just give +information let people uh uh just by + + align:start position:0% +information let people uh uh just by + + + align:start position:0% +information let people uh uh just by +themselves okay that's uh uh shomes + + align:start position:0% +themselves okay that's uh uh shomes + + + align:start position:0% +themselves okay that's uh uh shomes +research and my lab has another research + + align:start position:0% +research and my lab has another research + + + align:start position:0% +research and my lab has another research +we have a website search Google we have + + align:start position:0% +we have a website search Google we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have a website search Google we have +a climate uh we have a global sentiment + + align:start position:0% +a climate uh we have a global sentiment + + + align:start position:0% +a climate uh we have a global sentiment +project so this project is The Following + + align:start position:0% +project so this project is The Following + + + align:start position:0% +project so this project is The Following +also linked to climate change so we we + + align:start position:0% +also linked to climate change so we we + + + align:start position:0% +also linked to climate change so we we +use natural language processing that's a + + align:start position:0% +use natural language processing that's a + + + align:start position:0% +use natural language processing that's a +kind of machine learning based way to + + align:start position:0% +kind of machine learning based way to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of machine learning based way to +extract information from social media we + + align:start position:0% +extract information from social media we + + + align:start position:0% +extract information from social media we +started from from we China's Twitter + + align:start position:0% +started from from we China's Twitter + + + align:start position:0% +started from from we China's Twitter +then we expand it to all Twitter Twitter + + align:start position:0% +then we expand it to all Twitter Twitter + + + align:start position:0% +then we expand it to all Twitter Twitter +so all all over the world now we have + + align:start position:0% +so all all over the world now we have + + + align:start position:0% +so all all over the world now we have +100 more than 100 countries and this is + + align:start position:0% +100 more than 100 countries and this is + + + align:start position:0% +100 more than 100 countries and this is +machine learning so we can process all + + align:start position:0% +machine learning so we can process all + + + align:start position:0% +machine learning so we can process all +kind of languages we we we don't rely on + + align:start position:0% +kind of languages we we we don't rely on + + + align:start position:0% +kind of languages we we we don't rely on +dictionary so then we use this NLP + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so then we use this NLP + + + align:start position:0% +dictionary so then we use this NLP +approach to extract information about + + align:start position:0% +approach to extract information about + + + align:start position:0% +approach to extract information about +people's sentiment Twitter tweets when + + align:start position:0% +people's sentiment Twitter tweets when + + + align:start position:0% +people's sentiment Twitter tweets when +you the twe whether you are happy or not + + align:start position:0% +you the twe whether you are happy or not + + + align:start position:0% +you the twe whether you are happy or not +we have a sentiment score for each tweet + + align:start position:0% +we have a sentiment score for each tweet + + + align:start position:0% +we have a sentiment score for each tweet +and then we Aggregate and then we link + + align:start position:0% +and then we Aggregate and then we link + + + align:start position:0% +and then we Aggregate and then we link +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +sentiment to this uh extreme + + align:start position:0% +sentiment to this uh extreme + + + align:start position:0% +sentiment to this uh extreme +temperatures to show that when it's very + + align:start position:0% +temperatures to show that when it's very + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures to show that when it's very +hot or it's very cold people are less + + align:start position:0% +hot or it's very cold people are less + + + align:start position:0% +hot or it's very cold people are less +happy it seems very intuitive right but + + align:start position:0% +happy it seems very intuitive right but + + + align:start position:0% +happy it seems very intuitive right but +it's really heterogeneous you can see + + align:start position:0% +it's really heterogeneous you can see + + + align:start position:0% +it's really heterogeneous you can see +different countries because they have + + align:start position:0% +different countries because they have + + + align:start position:0% +different countries because they have +different adaptation strategies it's not + + align:start position:0% +different adaptation strategies it's not + + + align:start position:0% +different adaptation strategies it's not +all countries are rich as in United + + align:start position:0% +all countries are rich as in United + + + align:start position:0% +all countries are rich as in United +States you have air conditioning you + + align:start position:0% +States you have air conditioning you + + + align:start position:0% +States you have air conditioning you +have heating no some some countries very + + align:start position:0% +have heating no some some countries very + + + align:start position:0% +have heating no some some countries very +hard to adapt to extreme + + align:start position:0% +hard to adapt to extreme + + + align:start position:0% +hard to adapt to extreme +temperatures and then we have different + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and then we have different + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures and then we have different +countries that we quantify we call it + + align:start position:0% +countries that we quantify we call it + + + align:start position:0% +countries that we quantify we call it +emotional toll the climate change is + + align:start position:0% +emotional toll the climate change is + + + align:start position:0% +emotional toll the climate change is +emotional toll on people it's and + + align:start position:0% +emotional toll on people it's and + + + align:start position:0% +emotional toll on people it's and +basically that's that's you see the + + align:start position:0% +basically that's that's you see the + + + align:start position:0% +basically that's that's you see the +inverse U so this is uh our paper we + + align:start position:0% +inverse U so this is uh our paper we + + + align:start position:0% +inverse U so this is uh our paper we +will soon publish it so that's uh and + + align:start position:0% +will soon publish it so that's uh and + + + align:start position:0% +will soon publish it so that's uh and +then of course you can link that to all + + align:start position:0% +then of course you can link that to all + + + align:start position:0% +then of course you can link that to all +kind of other outcomes actually we + + align:start position:0% +kind of other outcomes actually we + + + align:start position:0% +kind of other outcomes actually we +already link to H and me and and each + + align:start position:0% +already link to H and me and and each + + + align:start position:0% +already link to H and me and and each +trans paper we link to co the same + + align:start position:0% +trans paper we link to co the same + + + align:start position:0% +trans paper we link to co the same +sentiment and also air pollution and + + align:start position:0% +sentiment and also air pollution and + + + align:start position:0% +sentiment and also air pollution and +other negative shocks so this is our + + align:start position:0% +other negative shocks so this is our + + + align:start position:0% +other negative shocks so this is our +website go go there and take a look of + + align:start position:0% +website go go there and take a look of + + + align:start position:0% +website go go there and take a look of +our projects and the + + align:start position:0% +our projects and the + + + align:start position:0% +our projects and the +team if you want to use this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +index Okay the third project from my lab + + align:start position:0% +index Okay the third project from my lab + + + align:start position:0% +index Okay the third project from my lab +related and is the also the information + + align:start position:0% +related and is the also the information + + + align:start position:0% +related and is the also the information +belief matters so this is ongoing + + align:start position:0% +belief matters so this is ongoing + + + align:start position:0% +belief matters so this is ongoing +project by my PhD student each and so + + align:start position:0% +project by my PhD student each and so + + + align:start position:0% +project by my PhD student each and so +basically this says this is very + + align:start position:0% +basically this says this is very + + + align:start position:0% +basically this says this is very +interesting we further explore Twitter + + align:start position:0% +interesting we further explore Twitter + + + align:start position:0% +interesting we further explore Twitter +not just the Hy not but Al their + + align:start position:0% +not just the Hy not but Al their + + + align:start position:0% +not just the Hy not but Al their +friendship you know on Twitter you have + + align:start position:0% +friendship you know on Twitter you have + + + align:start position:0% +friendship you know on Twitter you have +followers and followes followers and you + + align:start position:0% +followers and followes followers and you + + + align:start position:0% +followers and followes followers and you +follow others other follow you right we + + align:start position:0% +follow others other follow you right we + + + align:start position:0% +follow others other follow you right we +we know that information so we create + + align:start position:0% +we know that information so we create + + + align:start position:0% +we know that information so we create +this friendship Network so which means + + align:start position:0% +this friendship Network so which means + + + align:start position:0% +this friendship Network so which means +your friends not just here of course + + align:start position:0% +your friends not just here of course + + + align:start position:0% +your friends not just here of course +here all of all of us we are friends + + align:start position:0% +here all of all of us we are friends + + + align:start position:0% +here all of all of us we are friends +right we are good friends but you also + + align:start position:0% +right we are good friends but you also + + + align:start position:0% +right we are good friends but you also +have friends in Harvard and uh another + + align:start position:0% +have friends in Harvard and uh another + + + align:start position:0% +have friends in Harvard and uh another +state and another country like that you + + align:start position:0% +state and another country like that you + + + align:start position:0% +state and another country like that you +have your social + + align:start position:0% +have your social + + + align:start position:0% +have your social +network then we say this like hurricane + + align:start position:0% +network then we say this like hurricane + + + align:start position:0% +network then we say this like hurricane +Ida just hit Louisana and Louisana + + align:start position:0% +Ida just hit Louisana and Louisana + + + align:start position:0% +Ida just hit Louisana and Louisana +people suddenly got so unhappy because + + align:start position:0% +people suddenly got so unhappy because + + + align:start position:0% +people suddenly got so unhappy because +they lost homes and like this so unhappy + + align:start position:0% +they lost homes and like this so unhappy + + + align:start position:0% +they lost homes and like this so unhappy +and then they chatted on Twitter and + + align:start position:0% +and then they chatted on Twitter and + + + align:start position:0% +and then they chatted on Twitter and +this information not just reala that's + + align:start position:0% +this information not just reala that's + + + align:start position:0% +this information not just reala that's +more space got hit and also spread out + + align:start position:0% +more space got hit and also spread out + + + align:start position:0% +more space got hit and also spread out +so Louisana first and then missii and + + align:start position:0% +so Louisana first and then missii and + + + align:start position:0% +so Louisana first and then missii and +Island and California like that so this + + align:start position:0% +Island and California like that so this + + + align:start position:0% +Island and California like that so this +is the response which means + + align:start position:0% +is the response which means + + + align:start position:0% +is the response which means +the hurricane hit one place and then + + align:start position:0% +the hurricane hit one place and then + + + align:start position:0% +the hurricane hit one place and then +because of social network that's a + + align:start position:0% +because of social network that's a + + + align:start position:0% +because of social network that's a +social learning and then this friend + + align:start position:0% +social learning and then this friend + + + align:start position:0% +social learning and then this friend +here here here here they learned oh this + + align:start position:0% +here here here here they learned oh this + + + align:start position:0% +here here here here they learned oh this +is dangerous at first they didn't know + + align:start position:0% +is dangerous at first they didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +is dangerous at first they didn't know +what Haring mean because they never + + align:start position:0% +what Haring mean because they never + + + align:start position:0% +what Haring mean because they never +experienced then suddenly the pictures + + align:start position:0% +experienced then suddenly the pictures + + + align:start position:0% +experienced then suddenly the pictures +on Twitter shows oh my friend in + + align:start position:0% +on Twitter shows oh my friend in + + + align:start position:0% +on Twitter shows oh my friend in +Louisana got hereit and so bad so + + align:start position:0% +Louisana got hereit and so bad so + + + align:start position:0% +Louisana got hereit and so bad so +miserable then they understand the risk + + align:start position:0% +miserable then they understand the risk + + + align:start position:0% +miserable then they understand the risk +then they adjust their belief and all + + align:start position:0% +then they adjust their belief and all + + + align:start position:0% +then they adjust their belief and all +the things so that's basically our mat + + align:start position:0% +the things so that's basically our mat + + + align:start position:0% +the things so that's basically our mat +of the information hurricane information + + align:start position:0% +of the information hurricane information + + + align:start position:0% +of the information hurricane information +networks in which St we have more friend + + align:start position:0% +networks in which St we have more friend + + + align:start position:0% +networks in which St we have more friend +with the other states and how this + + align:start position:0% +with the other states and how this + + + align:start position:0% +with the other states and how this +information flow so that's another + + align:start position:0% +information flow so that's another + + + align:start position:0% +information flow so that's another +ongoing thing so these are all + + align:start position:0% +ongoing thing so these are all + + + align:start position:0% +ongoing thing so these are all +about beliefs so you see it's very + + align:start position:0% +about beliefs so you see it's very + + + align:start position:0% +about beliefs so you see it's very +interesting it's very soft thing it's + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's very soft thing it's + + + align:start position:0% +interesting it's very soft thing it's +not like very concrete but we can + + align:start position:0% +not like very concrete but we can + + + align:start position:0% +not like very concrete but we can +measure and we understand that really + + align:start position:0% +measure and we understand that really + + + align:start position:0% +measure and we understand that really +matters and this soft thing will lead to + + align:start position:0% +matters and this soft thing will lead to + + + align:start position:0% +matters and this soft thing will lead to +table things of the new development + + align:start position:0% +table things of the new development + + + align:start position:0% +table things of the new development +okay now we are going to go move on okay + + align:start position:0% +okay now we are going to go move on okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay now we are going to go move on okay +belief is important now let's see how to + + align:start position:0% +belief is important now let's see how to + + + align:start position:0% +belief is important now let's see how to +quantify how to quantify the impact of + + align:start position:0% +quantify how to quantify the impact of + + + align:start position:0% +quantify how to quantify the impact of +the climate risk on housing outcomes so + + align:start position:0% +the climate risk on housing outcomes so + + + align:start position:0% +the climate risk on housing outcomes so +this paper is one of the first papers I + + align:start position:0% +this paper is one of the first papers I + + + align:start position:0% +this paper is one of the first papers I +think that's on your reading uh reading + + align:start position:0% +think that's on your reading uh reading + + + align:start position:0% +think that's on your reading uh reading +list and this is very good paper it's a + + align:start position:0% +list and this is very good paper it's a + + + align:start position:0% +list and this is very good paper it's a +very good Journal very good paper one of + + align:start position:0% +very good Journal very good paper one of + + + align:start position:0% +very good Journal very good paper one of +the first several papers and very easy + + align:start position:0% +the first several papers and very easy + + + align:start position:0% +the first several papers and very easy +to understand paper hurricane s and New + + align:start position:0% +to understand paper hurricane s and New + + + align:start position:0% +to understand paper hurricane s and New +York City housing market so I will use + + align:start position:0% +York City housing market so I will use + + + align:start position:0% +York City housing market so I will use +this but I will expand it's a I will + + align:start position:0% +this but I will expand it's a I will + + + align:start position:0% +this but I will expand it's a I will +tell a big story in methodology in this + + align:start position:0% +tell a big story in methodology in this + + + align:start position:0% +tell a big story in methodology in this +paper and after you understand this + + align:start position:0% +paper and after you understand this + + + align:start position:0% +paper and after you understand this +paper you become expert and then you can + + align:start position:0% +paper you become expert and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +paper you become expert and then you can +easily do yourself and know you are not + + align:start position:0% +easily do yourself and know you are not + + + align:start position:0% +easily do yourself and know you are not +looking at the sa port in your studio + + align:start position:0% +looking at the sa port in your studio + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the sa port in your studio +project and that one is very very high + + align:start position:0% +project and that one is very very high + + + align:start position:0% +project and that one is very very high +risk of the of the sea level rise right + + align:start position:0% +risk of the of the sea level rise right + + + align:start position:0% +risk of the of the sea level rise right +so you can use our data and this meth + + align:start position:0% +so you can use our data and this meth + + + align:start position:0% +so you can use our data and this meth +ology to quantify the climate risk on + + align:start position:0% +ology to quantify the climate risk on + + + align:start position:0% +ology to quantify the climate risk on +your Cort project I think that's + + align:start position:0% +your Cort project I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +your Cort project I think that's +something later we will we will need to + + align:start position:0% +something later we will we will need to + + + align:start position:0% +something later we will we will need to +do as our P set number two and some + + align:start position:0% +do as our P set number two and some + + + align:start position:0% +do as our P set number two and some +analysis in in kyos + + align:start position:0% +analysis in in kyos + + + align:start position:0% +analysis in in kyos +class okay now I'm going to enter the + + align:start position:0% +class okay now I'm going to enter the + + + align:start position:0% +class okay now I'm going to enter the +boring + + align:start position:0% +boring + + + align:start position:0% +boring +part abstract part so honic model on + + align:start position:0% +part abstract part so honic model on + + + align:start position:0% +part abstract part so honic model on +climate + + align:start position:0% +climate + + + align:start position:0% +climate +risks the thing is clearly for example + + align:start position:0% +risks the thing is clearly for example + + + align:start position:0% +risks the thing is clearly for example +Hurricane + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sandy so for example there's a hurc + + align:start position:0% +Sandy so for example there's a hurc + + + align:start position:0% +Sandy so for example there's a hurc +the hurricane hit an area a a state or + + align:start position:0% +the hurricane hit an area a a state or + + + align:start position:0% +the hurricane hit an area a a state or +city then of course there's a flood zone + + align:start position:0% +city then of course there's a flood zone + + + align:start position:0% +city then of course there's a flood zone +and the outside the flat zone now for + + align:start position:0% +and the outside the flat zone now for + + + align:start position:0% +and the outside the flat zone now for +for now we assume the flat zone is very + + align:start position:0% +for now we assume the flat zone is very + + + align:start position:0% +for now we assume the flat zone is very +accurately measured actually it is not + + align:start position:0% +accurately measured actually it is not + + + align:start position:0% +accurately measured actually it is not +but now for now we assume this a flat + + align:start position:0% +but now for now we assume this a flat + + + align:start position:0% +but now for now we assume this a flat +loan just get flooded and and the other + + align:start position:0% +loan just get flooded and and the other + + + align:start position:0% +loan just get flooded and and the other +Lo they are not flooded so because the + + align:start position:0% +Lo they are not flooded so because the + + + align:start position:0% +Lo they are not flooded so because the +flat loan may be very low elevation like + + align:start position:0% +flat loan may be very low elevation like + + + align:start position:0% +flat loan may be very low elevation like +that and very close to to to the + + align:start position:0% +that and very close to to to the + + + align:start position:0% +that and very close to to to the +coastline then we say okay we want to + + align:start position:0% +coastline then we say okay we want to + + + align:start position:0% +coastline then we say okay we want to +quantify this flat risk impact on + + align:start position:0% +quantify this flat risk impact on + + + align:start position:0% +quantify this flat risk impact on +housing prices then we have a very + + align:start position:0% +housing prices then we have a very + + + align:start position:0% +housing prices then we have a very +simple way to do so we compare we + + align:start position:0% +simple way to do so we compare we + + + align:start position:0% +simple way to do so we compare we +compare this treated we call treated + + align:start position:0% +compare this treated we call treated + + + align:start position:0% +compare this treated we call treated +this one got flooded with this without + + align:start position:0% +this one got flooded with this without + + + align:start position:0% +this one got flooded with this without +flooding then we calculate the gap of + + align:start position:0% +flooding then we calculate the gap of + + + align:start position:0% +flooding then we calculate the gap of +the housing price between these two + + align:start position:0% +the housing price between these two + + + align:start position:0% +the housing price between these two +areas and then we draw a conclusion is + + align:start position:0% +areas and then we draw a conclusion is + + + align:start position:0% +areas and then we draw a conclusion is +there any problem on this + + align:start position:0% +there any problem on this + + + align:start position:0% +there any problem on this +Ro + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here good okay good now we understand + + align:start position:0% +here good okay good now we understand + + + align:start position:0% +here good okay good now we understand +this is not Apple to Apple so today I + + align:start position:0% +this is not Apple to Apple so today I + + + align:start position:0% +this is not Apple to Apple so today I +don't have real apples and + + align:start position:0% +don't have real apples and + + + align:start position:0% +don't have real apples and +oranges I didn't have time to go to + + align:start position:0% +oranges I didn't have time to go to + + + align:start position:0% +oranges I didn't have time to go to +trailer Jo yesterday but next time I + + align:start position:0% +trailer Jo yesterday but next time I + + + align:start position:0% +trailer Jo yesterday but next time I +will bring more so but now let's + + align:start position:0% +will bring more so but now let's + + + align:start position:0% +will bring more so but now let's +see just now Ro hereit already said we + + align:start position:0% +see just now Ro hereit already said we + + + align:start position:0% +see just now Ro hereit already said we +cannot just compare oh this got hit this + + align:start position:0% +cannot just compare oh this got hit this + + + align:start position:0% +cannot just compare oh this got hit this +then calculate the price Gap that's 29 + + align:start position:0% +then calculate the price Gap that's 29 + + + align:start position:0% +then calculate the price Gap that's 29 +then this all Apple orange comparison + + align:start position:0% +then this all Apple orange comparison + + + align:start position:0% +then this all Apple orange comparison +but could you elaborate a little bit + + align:start position:0% +but could you elaborate a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +but could you elaborate a little bit +more what kind of things potentially are + + align:start position:0% +more what kind of things potentially are + + + align:start position:0% +more what kind of things potentially are +different between these two + + align:start position:0% +different between these two + + + align:start position:0% +different between these two +zones we are talking about Apple is not + + align:start position:0% +zones we are talking about Apple is not + + + align:start position:0% +zones we are talking about Apple is not +orange that doesn't equal to Orange what + + align:start position:0% +orange that doesn't equal to Orange what + + + align:start position:0% +orange that doesn't equal to Orange what +are potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +differences why why the control will be + + align:start position:0% +differences why why the control will be + + + align:start position:0% +differences why why the control will be +older what's rationale + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +EST Z that have been developed for long + + align:start position:0% +EST Z that have been developed for long + + + align:start position:0% +EST Z that have been developed for long +time okay and Z + + align:start position:0% +time okay and Z + + + align:start position:0% +time okay and Z +is okay yeah okay you are you are + + align:start position:0% +is okay yeah okay you are you are + + + align:start position:0% +is okay yeah okay you are you are +thinking about sort like the control is + + align:start position:0% +thinking about sort like the control is + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about sort like the control is +Boston downtown and then they expand and + + align:start position:0% +Boston downtown and then they expand and + + + align:start position:0% +Boston downtown and then they expand and +then become the coastal area okay that's + + align:start position:0% +then become the coastal area okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +then become the coastal area okay that's +possible and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +others what what do you think is a + + align:start position:0% +others what what do you think is a + + + align:start position:0% +others what what do you think is a +systematic difference we must look at + + align:start position:0% +systematic difference we must look at + + + align:start position:0% +systematic difference we must look at +systematic not random + + align:start position:0% +systematic not random + + + align:start position:0% +systematic not random +difference the on excuse me um some of + + align:start position:0% +difference the on excuse me um some of + + + align:start position:0% +difference the on excuse me um some of +the ones that could be in the flood zone + + align:start position:0% +the ones that could be in the flood zone + + + align:start position:0% +the ones that could be in the flood zone +or affected by Hurricane could have a + + align:start position:0% +or affected by Hurricane could have a + + + align:start position:0% +or affected by Hurricane could have a +premium on them because of um preferred + + align:start position:0% +premium on them because of um preferred + + + align:start position:0% +premium on them because of um preferred +views or better location versus some + + align:start position:0% +views or better location versus some + + + align:start position:0% +views or better location versus some +control Zone maybe more Inland U + + align:start position:0% +control Zone maybe more Inland U + + + align:start position:0% +control Zone maybe more Inland U +commuter locations versus Premier + + align:start position:0% +commuter locations versus Premier + + + align:start position:0% +commuter locations versus Premier +location okay you are talking about + + align:start position:0% +location okay you are talking about + + + align:start position:0% +location okay you are talking about +actually these treated wies may be have + + align:start position:0% +actually these treated wies may be have + + + align:start position:0% +actually these treated wies may be have +very good will right because ocean + + align:start position:0% +very good will right because ocean + + + align:start position:0% +very good will right because ocean +Everyone likes oceanville right so if + + align:start position:0% +Everyone likes oceanville right so if + + + align:start position:0% +Everyone likes oceanville right so if +you like oceanville you live in on be + + align:start position:0% +you like oceanville you live in on be + + + align:start position:0% +you like oceanville you live in on be +you Beach you get the you need to Bear + + align:start position:0% +you Beach you get the you need to Bear + + + align:start position:0% +you Beach you get the you need to Bear +the risk of being flooded so that's one + + align:start position:0% +the risk of being flooded so that's one + + + align:start position:0% +the risk of being flooded so that's one +difference any other things could also + + align:start position:0% +difference any other things could also + + + align:start position:0% +difference any other things could also +be the flip side of that like maybe um + + align:start position:0% +be the flip side of that like maybe um + + + align:start position:0% +be the flip side of that like maybe um +inside the flood zone it uh was a poor + + align:start position:0% +inside the flood zone it uh was a poor + + + align:start position:0% +inside the flood zone it uh was a poor +neighborhood and maybe there wasn't as + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood and maybe there wasn't as + + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood and maybe there wasn't as +much investment and red lining and + + align:start position:0% +much investment and red lining and + + + align:start position:0% +much investment and red lining and +different things like that so it wasn't + + align:start position:0% +different things like that so it wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +different things like that so it wasn't +as protected as outside of the flood + + align:start position:0% +as protected as outside of the flood + + + align:start position:0% +as protected as outside of the flood +zone good yes maybe because of inside + + align:start position:0% +zone good yes maybe because of inside + + + align:start position:0% +zone good yes maybe because of inside +the F already like declining right + + align:start position:0% +the F already like declining right + + + align:start position:0% +the F already like declining right +declining neighborhood and uh people + + align:start position:0% +declining neighborhood and uh people + + + align:start position:0% +declining neighborhood and uh people +understood that the people left because + + align:start position:0% +understood that the people left because + + + align:start position:0% +understood that the people left because +we just show paper people left sh paper + + align:start position:0% +we just show paper people left sh paper + + + align:start position:0% +we just show paper people left sh paper +people left and no enough property tax + + align:start position:0% +people left and no enough property tax + + + align:start position:0% +people left and no enough property tax +revenue then very badly maintained so + + align:start position:0% +revenue then very badly maintained so + + + align:start position:0% +revenue then very badly maintained so +they already bad so these all the + + align:start position:0% +they already bad so these all the + + + align:start position:0% +they already bad so these all the +different things and another thing is + + align:start position:0% +different things and another thing is + + + align:start position:0% +different things and another thing is +flood insurance right because it's + + align:start position:0% +flood insurance right because it's + + + align:start position:0% +flood insurance right because it's +required although it's not very well + + align:start position:0% +required although it's not very well + + + align:start position:0% +required although it's not very well +enforced but it's required if you borrow + + align:start position:0% +enforced but it's required if you borrow + + + align:start position:0% +enforced but it's required if you borrow +mortgage from the bank if you are in the + + align:start position:0% +mortgage from the bank if you are in the + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage from the bank if you are in the +flat zone you need to you need to buy + + align:start position:0% +flat zone you need to you need to buy + + + align:start position:0% +flat zone you need to you need to buy +flat insurance so they are insured + + align:start position:0% +flat insurance so they are insured + + + align:start position:0% +flat insurance so they are insured +right and these are not insured so that + + align:start position:0% +right and these are not insured so that + + + align:start position:0% +right and these are not insured so that +will be like Oh I'm insured so not no + + align:start position:0% +will be like Oh I'm insured so not no + + + align:start position:0% +will be like Oh I'm insured so not no +problem even if I get hit insured so + + align:start position:0% +problem even if I get hit insured so + + + align:start position:0% +problem even if I get hit insured so +that that is a difference + + align:start position:0% +that that is a difference + + + align:start position:0% +that that is a difference +the okay think about this last time I + + align:start position:0% +the okay think about this last time I + + + align:start position:0% +the okay think about this last time I +use this to help you better understand + + align:start position:0% +use this to help you better understand + + + align:start position:0% +use this to help you better understand +you know very numerical way understand + + align:start position:0% +you know very numerical way understand + + + align:start position:0% +you know very numerical way understand +this let's look at this let's think + + align:start position:0% +this let's look at this let's think + + + align:start position:0% +this let's look at this let's think +about the problem of that apple to + + align:start position:0% +about the problem of that apple to + + + align:start position:0% +about the problem of that apple to +Orange comparison right + + align:start position:0% +Orange comparison right + + + align:start position:0% +Orange comparison right +so for example there's a house 1 million + + align:start position:0% +so for example there's a house 1 million + + + align:start position:0% +so for example there's a house 1 million +then we decompose that's honic decompose + + align:start position:0% +then we decompose that's honic decompose + + + align:start position:0% +then we decompose that's honic decompose +uh three rooms two busways two Subway + + align:start position:0% +uh three rooms two busways two Subway + + + align:start position:0% +uh three rooms two busways two Subway +stocks and a nice park and some trash + + align:start position:0% +stocks and a nice park and some trash + + + align:start position:0% +stocks and a nice park and some trash +can the trash can here and now we a + + align:start position:0% +can the trash can here and now we a + + + align:start position:0% +can the trash can here and now we a +inside flly zone now we know inside flly + + align:start position:0% +inside flly zone now we know inside flly + + + align:start position:0% +inside flly zone now we know inside flly +Zone bad then after a lot of data + + align:start position:0% +Zone bad then after a lot of data + + + align:start position:0% +Zone bad then after a lot of data +crunching the data on the regression + + align:start position:0% +crunching the data on the regression + + + align:start position:0% +crunching the data on the regression +since negative .1 million discount so + + align:start position:0% +since negative .1 million discount so + + + align:start position:0% +since negative .1 million discount so +thus the honic model thus We canot + + align:start position:0% +thus the honic model thus We canot + + + align:start position:0% +thus the honic model thus We canot +compare no matter Apple orang you put + + align:start position:0% +compare no matter Apple orang you put + + + align:start position:0% +compare no matter Apple orang you put +together to compare then this basically + + align:start position:0% +together to compare then this basically + + + align:start position:0% +together to compare then this basically +what we wrong I think that will our p + + align:start position:0% +what we wrong I think that will our p + + + align:start position:0% +what we wrong I think that will our p +number two keep in mind this is kind of + + align:start position:0% +number two keep in mind this is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +number two keep in mind this is kind of +thing we are interested in Alpha three + + align:start position:0% +thing we are interested in Alpha three + + + align:start position:0% +thing we are interested in Alpha three +right this is a trash can that's why we + + align:start position:0% +right this is a trash can that's why we + + + align:start position:0% +right this is a trash can that's why we +have R square which is not 100% it is + + align:start position:0% +have R square which is not 100% it is + + + align:start position:0% +have R square which is not 100% it is +3% so so that's idea I think you have + + align:start position:0% +3% so so that's idea I think you have + + + align:start position:0% +3% so so that's idea I think you have +the intuition of this + + align:start position:0% +the intuition of this + + + align:start position:0% +the intuition of this +okay now clearly we understand the trash + + align:start position:0% +okay now clearly we understand the trash + + + align:start position:0% +okay now clearly we understand the trash +can is not that clear it's not random + + align:start position:0% +can is not that clear it's not random + + + align:start position:0% +can is not that clear it's not random +there are some things in the trash can + + align:start position:0% +there are some things in the trash can + + + align:start position:0% +there are some things in the trash can +which may be correlated with this flat z + + align:start position:0% +which may be correlated with this flat z + + + align:start position:0% +which may be correlated with this flat z +i flat Z + + align:start position:0% +i flat Z + + + align:start position:0% +i flat Z +location so now I have one example to + + align:start position:0% +location so now I have one example to + + + align:start position:0% +location so now I have one example to +make a simple one example which is ocean + + align:start position:0% +make a simple one example which is ocean + + + align:start position:0% +make a simple one example which is ocean +whe as we said with ocean C Port is very + + align:start position:0% +whe as we said with ocean C Port is very + + + align:start position:0% +whe as we said with ocean C Port is very +easy that you are in the Fone okay now + + align:start position:0% +easy that you are in the Fone okay now + + + align:start position:0% +easy that you are in the Fone okay now +the crash can is not that clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so if we can observe what a measure + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we can observe what a measure + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we can observe what a measure +for example we are so sophisticated we + + align:start position:0% +for example we are so sophisticated we + + + align:start position:0% +for example we are so sophisticated we +can measure exactly the ocean whe + + align:start position:0% +can measure exactly the ocean whe + + + align:start position:0% +can measure exactly the ocean whe +value that's a very hypothetical that's + + align:start position:0% +value that's a very hypothetical that's + + + align:start position:0% +value that's a very hypothetical that's +a hypothetical scenario but anyway if we + + align:start position:0% +a hypothetical scenario but anyway if we + + + align:start position:0% +a hypothetical scenario but anyway if we +can observe suppose it's 05 million and + + align:start position:0% +can observe suppose it's 05 million and + + + align:start position:0% +can observe suppose it's 05 million and +then this will be the remaining trash + + align:start position:0% +then this will be the remaining trash + + + align:start position:0% +then this will be the remaining trash +can that's something we really can + + align:start position:0% +can that's something we really can + + + align:start position:0% +can that's something we really can +matter and uh like + + align:start position:0% +matter and uh like + + + align:start position:0% +matter and uh like +that then we we we are very confident + + align:start position:0% +that then we we we are very confident + + + align:start position:0% +that then we we we are very confident +right but if we cannot observe the ocean + + align:start position:0% +right but if we cannot observe the ocean + + + align:start position:0% +right but if we cannot observe the ocean +view and if in the extreme + + align:start position:0% +view and if in the extreme + + + align:start position:0% +view and if in the extreme +case that ocean will means FL Zone these + + align:start position:0% +case that ocean will means FL Zone these + + + align:start position:0% +case that ocean will means FL Zone these +two are the same thing then you have a + + align:start position:0% +two are the same thing then you have a + + + align:start position:0% +two are the same thing then you have a +trouble so basically you will see you + + align:start position:0% +trouble so basically you will see you + + + align:start position:0% +trouble so basically you will see you +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +uh I think this is the let me see ocean + + align:start position:0% +uh I think this is the let me see ocean + + + align:start position:0% +uh I think this is the let me see ocean +wheel yes so basically you will see here + + align:start position:0% +wheel yes so basically you will see here + + + align:start position:0% +wheel yes so basically you will see here +so ocean will will go into here right + + align:start position:0% +so ocean will will go into here right + + + align:start position:0% +so ocean will will go into here right +because ocean whe and the FL zone is the + + align:start position:0% +because ocean whe and the FL zone is the + + + align:start position:0% +because ocean whe and the FL zone is the +same thing so you you naively run the + + align:start position:0% +same thing so you you naively run the + + + align:start position:0% +same thing so you you naively run the +regression you don't know these two are + + align:start position:0% +regression you don't know these two are + + + align:start position:0% +regression you don't know these two are +different you think that's the same then + + align:start position:0% +different you think that's the same then + + + align:start position:0% +different you think that's the same then +you get this then you underestimate the + + align:start position:0% +you get this then you underestimate the + + + align:start position:0% +you get this then you underestimate the +discount you say okay in the flat zone + + align:start position:0% +discount you say okay in the flat zone + + + align:start position:0% +discount you say okay in the flat zone +no not that big deal in the flat zone + + align:start position:0% +no not that big deal in the flat zone + + + align:start position:0% +no not that big deal in the flat zone +you only have a discount of 05 million + + align:start position:0% +you only have a discount of 05 million + + + align:start position:0% +you only have a discount of 05 million +right because in the flat zone you also + + align:start position:0% +right because in the flat zone you also + + + align:start position:0% +right because in the flat zone you also +have benefit of the ocean wheel right + + align:start position:0% +have benefit of the ocean wheel right + + + align:start position:0% +have benefit of the ocean wheel right +actually if you just uh + + align:start position:0% +actually if you just uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually if you just uh +if you can really split the ocean whe + + align:start position:0% +if you can really split the ocean whe + + + align:start position:0% +if you can really split the ocean whe +out actually in the flat zone is so bad + + align:start position:0% +out actually in the flat zone is so bad + + + align:start position:0% +out actually in the flat zone is so bad +that's netive .1 + + align:start position:0% +that's netive .1 + + + align:start position:0% +that's netive .1 +million then this one offset this bad + + align:start position:0% +million then this one offset this bad + + + align:start position:0% +million then this one offset this bad +thing this is negative immunity this is + + align:start position:0% +thing this is negative immunity this is + + + align:start position:0% +thing this is negative immunity this is +positive if you can really measure you + + align:start position:0% +positive if you can really measure you + + + align:start position:0% +positive if you can really measure you +get this right if you cannot you get it + + align:start position:0% +get this right if you cannot you get it + + + align:start position:0% +get this right if you cannot you get it +wrong you underestimate so that's the + + align:start position:0% +wrong you underestimate so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +wrong you underestimate so that's the +big big challenge of this kind of + + align:start position:0% +big big challenge of this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +big big challenge of this kind of +research to we call it identification + + align:start position:0% +research to we call it identification + + + align:start position:0% +research to we call it identification +because this identification challenge is + + align:start position:0% +because this identification challenge is + + + align:start position:0% +because this identification challenge is +this all kinds of things in a trash can + + align:start position:0% +this all kinds of things in a trash can + + + align:start position:0% +this all kinds of things in a trash can +get correlated with the thing you are + + align:start position:0% +get correlated with the thing you are + + + align:start position:0% +get correlated with the thing you are +mostly interested + + align:start position:0% +mostly interested + + + align:start position:0% +mostly interested +in don't worry we have a way to handle + + align:start position:0% +in don't worry we have a way to handle + + + align:start position:0% +in don't worry we have a way to handle +this apple to Apple to make this to + + align:start position:0% +this apple to Apple to make this to + + + align:start position:0% +this apple to Apple to make this to +Apple to Apple so this is called + + align:start position:0% +Apple to Apple so this is called + + + align:start position:0% +Apple to Apple so this is called +difference in difference did so maybe + + align:start position:0% +difference in difference did so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +difference in difference did so maybe +you heard of this Tech anyone I think + + align:start position:0% +you heard of this Tech anyone I think + + + align:start position:0% +you heard of this Tech anyone I think +Wilson you just last time you mention + + align:start position:0% +Wilson you just last time you mention + + + align:start position:0% +Wilson you just last time you mention +you you know the ID right oh yeah can + + align:start position:0% +you you know the ID right oh yeah can + + + align:start position:0% +you you know the ID right oh yeah can +you use a very simple language to + + align:start position:0% +you use a very simple language to + + + align:start position:0% +you use a very simple language to +explain to us what is the idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about okay you forgot okay no problem + + align:start position:0% +about okay you forgot okay no problem + + + align:start position:0% +about okay you forgot okay no problem +take your time it's more + + align:start position:0% +take your time it's more + + + align:start position:0% +take your time it's more +like instead of you directly try to find + + align:start position:0% +like instead of you directly try to find + + + align:start position:0% +like instead of you directly try to find +relationship between two like different + + align:start position:0% +relationship between two like different + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between two like different +stuff you try to find like intermedium + + align:start position:0% +stuff you try to find like intermedium + + + align:start position:0% +stuff you try to find like intermedium +as like a vehicle in the middle and you + + align:start position:0% +as like a vehicle in the middle and you + + + align:start position:0% +as like a vehicle in the middle and you +oh that's the instrumental variable okay + + align:start position:0% +oh that's the instrumental variable okay + + + align:start position:0% +oh that's the instrumental variable okay +okay okay so anyway now we are talking + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so anyway now we are talking + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so anyway now we are talking +about different methodologies remember + + align:start position:0% +about different methodologies remember + + + align:start position:0% +about different methodologies remember +last time in my first Apple to Apple + + align:start position:0% +last time in my first Apple to Apple + + + align:start position:0% +last time in my first Apple to Apple +comparison I Tau a methodology called + + align:start position:0% +comparison I Tau a methodology called + + + align:start position:0% +comparison I Tau a methodology called +what I hope you can remember the + + align:start position:0% +what I hope you can remember the + + + align:start position:0% +what I hope you can remember the +terminology the sorry I actually don't + + align:start position:0% +terminology the sorry I actually don't + + + align:start position:0% +terminology the sorry I actually don't +but I + + align:start position:0% +but I + + + align:start position:0% +but I +can all of them matching matching okay + + align:start position:0% +can all of them matching matching okay + + + align:start position:0% +can all of them matching matching okay +yes the simple simple way is matching + + align:start position:0% +yes the simple simple way is matching + + + align:start position:0% +yes the simple simple way is matching +right remember last time we talk about + + align:start position:0% +right remember last time we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +right remember last time we talk about +matching so all kind of ways for us to + + align:start position:0% +matching so all kind of ways for us to + + + align:start position:0% +matching so all kind of ways for us to +have apple to Apple last time we talk + + align:start position:0% +have apple to Apple last time we talk + + + align:start position:0% +have apple to Apple last time we talk +Green Building that's matching + + align:start position:0% +Green Building that's matching + + + align:start position:0% +Green Building that's matching +green non + + align:start position:0% +green non + + + align:start position:0% +green non +green okay you very close by then we + + align:start position:0% +green okay you very close by then we + + + align:start position:0% +green okay you very close by then we +match green with non green the same + + align:start position:0% +match green with non green the same + + + align:start position:0% +match green with non green the same +location similar things all all similar + + align:start position:0% +location similar things all all similar + + + align:start position:0% +location similar things all all similar +we calculate the difference this is + + align:start position:0% +we calculate the difference this is + + + align:start position:0% +we calculate the difference this is +called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matching now this is the first + + align:start position:0% +matching now this is the first + + + align:start position:0% +matching now this is the first +methodology I hope you can grasp + + align:start position:0% +methodology I hope you can grasp + + + align:start position:0% +methodology I hope you can grasp +now today second one is did did I'm + + align:start position:0% +now today second one is did did I'm + + + align:start position:0% +now today second one is did did I'm +going to use a very intuitive way I put + + align:start position:0% +going to use a very intuitive way I put + + + align:start position:0% +going to use a very intuitive way I put +an orang to show so that you can + + align:start position:0% +an orang to show so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +an orang to show so that you can +understand now just now we already said + + align:start position:0% +understand now just now we already said + + + align:start position:0% +understand now just now we already said +there are two different animals one is + + align:start position:0% +there are two different animals one is + + + align:start position:0% +there are two different animals one is +Apple the other is + + align:start position:0% +Apple the other is + + + align:start position:0% +Apple the other is +orange we cannot direct compare that + + align:start position:0% +orange we cannot direct compare that + + + align:start position:0% +orange we cannot direct compare that +will lead to buyers we show + + align:start position:0% +will lead to buyers we show + + + align:start position:0% +will lead to buyers we show +buyers okay now we have a way + + align:start position:0% +buyers okay now we have a way + + + align:start position:0% +buyers okay now we have a way +fortunately this is a overtime thing + + align:start position:0% +fortunately this is a overtime thing + + + align:start position:0% +fortunately this is a overtime thing +right it's not like we only observe one + + align:start position:0% +right it's not like we only observe one + + + align:start position:0% +right it's not like we only observe one +time point we observe over time so we + + align:start position:0% +time point we observe over time so we + + + align:start position:0% +time point we observe over time so we +observe like Sandy this hurricane before + + align:start position:0% +observe like Sandy this hurricane before + + + align:start position:0% +observe like Sandy this hurricane before +Sandy and after C right so we take + + align:start position:0% +Sandy and after C right so we take + + + align:start position:0% +Sandy and after C right so we take +advantage of that if you can only + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that if you can only + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that if you can only +observe one time Point that's all then + + align:start position:0% +observe one time Point that's all then + + + align:start position:0% +observe one time Point that's all then +you cannot do if You observe all time + + align:start position:0% +you cannot do if You observe all time + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot do if You observe all time +you have this way to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do before s is a smaller + + align:start position:0% +do before s is a smaller + + + align:start position:0% +do before s is a smaller +Apple I use this so you understand so + + align:start position:0% +Apple I use this so you understand so + + + align:start position:0% +Apple I use this so you understand so +always the housing price go up right in + + align:start position:0% +always the housing price go up right in + + + align:start position:0% +always the housing price go up right in +Normal time go up so before c0 the Apple + + align:start position:0% +Normal time go up so before c0 the Apple + + + align:start position:0% +Normal time go up so before c0 the Apple +smaller then it grow larger naturally + + align:start position:0% +smaller then it grow larger naturally + + + align:start position:0% +smaller then it grow larger naturally +naturally grow + + align:start position:0% +naturally grow + + + align:start position:0% +naturally grow +larger and can we just compare no + + align:start position:0% +larger and can we just compare no + + + align:start position:0% +larger and can we just compare no +question can we just compare this small + + align:start position:0% +question can we just compare this small + + + align:start position:0% +question can we just compare this small +apple and this Big Apple say okay I + + align:start position:0% +apple and this Big Apple say okay I + + + align:start position:0% +apple and this Big Apple say okay I +understand I cannot compare Apple and + + align:start position:0% +understand I cannot compare Apple and + + + align:start position:0% +understand I cannot compare Apple and +Orange but now I'm going to change I + + align:start position:0% +Orange but now I'm going to change I + + + align:start position:0% +Orange but now I'm going to change I +compare before s what's a price after + + align:start position:0% +compare before s what's a price after + + + align:start position:0% +compare before s what's a price after +sand what's the price subtract then this + + align:start position:0% +sand what's the price subtract then this + + + align:start position:0% +sand what's the price subtract then this +impact of Sandy any problem of this or + + align:start position:0% +impact of Sandy any problem of this or + + + align:start position:0% +impact of Sandy any problem of this or +it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good go ahead I mean something might + + align:start position:0% +good go ahead I mean something might + + + align:start position:0% +good go ahead I mean something might +have something else might have changed + + align:start position:0% +have something else might have changed + + + align:start position:0% +have something else might have changed +in the neighborhood for example I don't + + align:start position:0% +in the neighborhood for example I don't + + + align:start position:0% +in the neighborhood for example I don't +know like a + + align:start position:0% +know like a + + + align:start position:0% +know like a +new like new retail in the area Okay the + + align:start position:0% +new like new retail in the area Okay the + + + align:start position:0% +new like new retail in the area Okay the +okay good it doesn't Market appreciation + + align:start position:0% +okay good it doesn't Market appreciation + + + align:start position:0% +okay good it doesn't Market appreciation +right I + + align:start position:0% +right I + + + align:start position:0% +right I +mean that also doesn't factor in okay + + align:start position:0% +mean that also doesn't factor in okay + + + align:start position:0% +mean that also doesn't factor in okay +like someway stop like something like + + align:start position:0% +like someway stop like something like + + + align:start position:0% +like someway stop like something like +that okay now it's naive this direction + + align:start position:0% +that okay now it's naive this direction + + + align:start position:0% +that okay now it's naive this direction +naive this direction naive okay now we + + align:start position:0% +naive this direction naive okay now we + + + align:start position:0% +naive this direction naive okay now we +have thing this control before small + + align:start position:0% +have thing this control before small + + + align:start position:0% +have thing this control before small +orange to Big Orange also grow right + + align:start position:0% +orange to Big Orange also grow right + + + align:start position:0% +orange to Big Orange also grow right +over time now this is called difference + + align:start position:0% +over time now this is called difference + + + align:start position:0% +over time now this is called difference +in difference in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way first this steps first measure the + + align:start position:0% +way first this steps first measure the + + + align:start position:0% +way first this steps first measure the +Baseline difference Baseline means + + align:start position:0% +Baseline difference Baseline means + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline difference Baseline means +before before the treatment that's a + + align:start position:0% +before before the treatment that's a + + + align:start position:0% +before before the treatment that's a +Baseline + + align:start position:0% +Baseline + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline +measure the Baseline difference between + + align:start position:0% +measure the Baseline difference between + + + align:start position:0% +measure the Baseline difference between +pre apple and pre- orange so we call it + + align:start position:0% +pre apple and pre- orange so we call it + + + align:start position:0% +pre apple and pre- orange so we call it +pre-treatment actually it's called + + align:start position:0% +pre-treatment actually it's called + + + align:start position:0% +pre-treatment actually it's called +pre-treatment but I use this language + + align:start position:0% +pre-treatment but I use this language + + + align:start position:0% +pre-treatment but I use this language +called pre apple and pre orange so there + + align:start position:0% +called pre apple and pre orange so there + + + align:start position:0% +called pre apple and pre orange so there +small ones so that's measure this + + align:start position:0% +small ones so that's measure this + + + align:start position:0% +small ones so that's measure this +Baseline difference they are different + + align:start position:0% +Baseline difference they are different + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline difference they are different +right so we get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this second okay this is + + align:start position:0% +this second okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +this second okay this is +prey this is the different animals + + align:start position:0% +prey this is the different animals + + + align:start position:0% +prey this is the different animals +orange and apple totally different + + align:start position:0% +orange and apple totally different + + + align:start position:0% +orange and apple totally different +nutrition things different right then + + align:start position:0% +nutrition things different right then + + + align:start position:0% +nutrition things different right then +subtract the Basel line difference from + + align:start position:0% +subtract the Basel line difference from + + + align:start position:0% +subtract the Basel line difference from +the end line after + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +treatment difference between this post + + align:start position:0% +treatment difference between this post + + + align:start position:0% +treatment difference between this post +apple and post orange to get the real + + align:start position:0% +apple and post orange to get the real + + + align:start position:0% +apple and post orange to get the real +treatment effect so that's the point + + align:start position:0% +treatment effect so that's the point + + + align:start position:0% +treatment effect so that's the point +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +matter before anything has happened + + align:start position:0% +matter before anything has happened + + + align:start position:0% +matter before anything has happened +what's the fundamental difference of the + + align:start position:0% +what's the fundamental difference of the + + + align:start position:0% +what's the fundamental difference of the +Baseline the small two small orange + + align:start position:0% +Baseline the small two small orange + + + align:start position:0% +Baseline the small two small orange +apple gap then okay we know they are + + align:start position:0% +apple gap then okay we know they are + + + align:start position:0% +apple gap then okay we know they are +different we control for that now after + + align:start position:0% +different we control for that now after + + + align:start position:0% +different we control for that now after +treatment they become more different and + + align:start position:0% +treatment they become more different and + + + align:start position:0% +treatment they become more different and +then we subtract so that's the hurricane + + align:start position:0% +then we subtract so that's the hurricane + + + align:start position:0% +then we subtract so that's the hurricane +effect and and another thing is to like + + align:start position:0% +effect and and another thing is to like + + + align:start position:0% +effect and and another thing is to like +this this is another way it's the + + align:start position:0% +this this is another way it's the + + + align:start position:0% +this this is another way it's the +same first measure the Bas line time + + align:start position:0% +same first measure the Bas line time + + + align:start position:0% +same first measure the Bas line time +trend from pre to postar okay this thing + + align:start position:0% +trend from pre to postar okay this thing + + + align:start position:0% +trend from pre to postar okay this thing +Hurrican never happen in this + + align:start position:0% +Hurrican never happen in this + + + align:start position:0% +Hurrican never happen in this +neighborhood no hurricane thing never + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood no hurricane thing never + + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood no hurricane thing never +happened General Trend General Trend + + align:start position:0% +happened General Trend General Trend + + + align:start position:0% +happened General Trend General Trend +grow from small to big measure + + align:start position:0% +grow from small to big measure + + + align:start position:0% +grow from small to big measure +this then subtract this natural gross + + align:start position:0% +this then subtract this natural gross + + + align:start position:0% +this then subtract this natural gross +from the treatment + + align:start position:0% +from the treatment + + + align:start position:0% +from the treatment +grow then you will find that this and + + align:start position:0% +grow then you will find that this and + + + align:start position:0% +grow then you will find that this and +this are the same right right you just + + align:start position:0% +this are the same right right you just + + + align:start position:0% +this are the same right right you just +rearrange oh you just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rearrange okay so each way is fun either + + align:start position:0% +rearrange okay so each way is fun either + + + align:start position:0% +rearrange okay so each way is fun either +way is fine but you you understand the + + align:start position:0% +way is fine but you you understand the + + + align:start position:0% +way is fine but you you understand the +not not you have four cells and then you + + align:start position:0% +not not you have four cells and then you + + + align:start position:0% +not not you have four cells and then you +first get get some difference then + + align:start position:0% +first get get some difference then + + + align:start position:0% +first get get some difference then +subtract that's why I call difference in + + align:start position:0% +subtract that's why I call difference in + + + align:start position:0% +subtract that's why I call difference in +differences this is a differ two + + align:start position:0% +differences this is a differ two + + + align:start position:0% +differences this is a differ two +differences difference so that's the ID + + align:start position:0% +differences difference so that's the ID + + + align:start position:0% +differences difference so that's the ID +it's very intuitive any questions here I + + align:start position:0% +it's very intuitive any questions here I + + + align:start position:0% +it's very intuitive any questions here I +need to pause a little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bit all you fully comprehend it's not + + align:start position:0% +bit all you fully comprehend it's not + + + align:start position:0% +bit all you fully comprehend it's not +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +easy + + align:start position:0% +easy + + + align:start position:0% +easy +simar already + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes that's a very good point so + + align:start position:0% +yes that's a very good point so + + + align:start position:0% +yes that's a very good point so +basically the thing + + align:start position:0% +basically the thing + + + align:start position:0% +basically the thing +is this fundamental I think you are + + align:start position:0% +is this fundamental I think you are + + + align:start position:0% +is this fundamental I think you are +asking a fundamental Assumption of this + + align:start position:0% +asking a fundamental Assumption of this + + + align:start position:0% +asking a fundamental Assumption of this +methodology to make sure this me + + align:start position:0% +methodology to make sure this me + + + align:start position:0% +methodology to make sure this me +methodology holds we have a fundamental + + align:start position:0% +methodology holds we have a fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +methodology holds we have a fundamental +assumption is except for the treatment + + align:start position:0% +assumption is except for the treatment + + + align:start position:0% +assumption is except for the treatment +we are interested in which is Sandy + + align:start position:0% +we are interested in which is Sandy + + + align:start position:0% +we are interested in which is Sandy +other Natural Things grows are similar + + align:start position:0% +other Natural Things grows are similar + + + align:start position:0% +other Natural Things grows are similar +between this and that right only the + + align:start position:0% +between this and that right only the + + + align:start position:0% +between this and that right only the +only different thing is Hurricane Sandy + + align:start position:0% +only different thing is Hurricane Sandy + + + align:start position:0% +only different thing is Hurricane Sandy +besides Hurricane Sandy all the + + align:start position:0% +besides Hurricane Sandy all the + + + align:start position:0% +besides Hurricane Sandy all the +macroeconomy and whether there's U some + + align:start position:0% +macroeconomy and whether there's U some + + + align:start position:0% +macroeconomy and whether there's U some +like uh uh booming of the city and all + + align:start position:0% +like uh uh booming of the city and all + + + align:start position:0% +like uh uh booming of the city and all +the things are the same between this + + align:start position:0% +the things are the same between this + + + align:start position:0% +the things are the same between this +orange and Apple so actually we are + + align:start position:0% +orange and Apple so actually we are + + + align:start position:0% +orange and Apple so actually we are +using this orange natural growth to + + align:start position:0% +using this orange natural growth to + + + align:start position:0% +using this orange natural growth to +infer to INF this orange natural growth + + align:start position:0% +infer to INF this orange natural growth + + + align:start position:0% +infer to INF this orange natural growth +to INF for this + + align:start position:0% +to INF for this + + + align:start position:0% +to INF for this +treatment group if hurricane hadn't + + align:start position:0% +treatment group if hurricane hadn't + + + align:start position:0% +treatment group if hurricane hadn't +happened what would have been for this + + align:start position:0% +happened what would have been for this + + + align:start position:0% +happened what would have been for this +treatment group that's a + + align:start position:0% +treatment group that's a + + + align:start position:0% +treatment group that's a +counterfactual we cannot know that's + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual we cannot know that's + + + align:start position:0% +counterfactual we cannot know that's +nobody can know because already happened + + align:start position:0% +nobody can know because already happened + + + align:start position:0% +nobody can know because already happened +but we + + align:start position:0% +but we + + + align:start position:0% +but we +believe this treatment and + + align:start position:0% +believe this treatment and + + + align:start position:0% +believe this treatment and +control in the absence of that treatment + + align:start position:0% +control in the absence of that treatment + + + align:start position:0% +control in the absence of that treatment +will follow the same Trend so we use + + align:start position:0% +will follow the same Trend so we use + + + align:start position:0% +will follow the same Trend so we use +this trend to infer + + align:start position:0% +this trend to infer + + + align:start position:0% +this trend to infer +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +trend of this in the absence of that + + align:start position:0% +trend of this in the absence of that + + + align:start position:0% +trend of this in the absence of that +treatment so that's the contrafactual + + align:start position:0% +treatment so that's the contrafactual + + + align:start position:0% +treatment so that's the contrafactual +saying this is the contrafactual here so + + align:start position:0% +saying this is the contrafactual here so + + + align:start position:0% +saying this is the contrafactual here so +that's the Assumption we must test that + + align:start position:0% +that's the Assumption we must test that + + + align:start position:0% +that's the Assumption we must test that +assumption is true but everything else + + align:start position:0% +assumption is true but everything else + + + align:start position:0% +assumption is true but everything else +tells constant like Market even then um + + align:start position:0% +tells constant like Market even then um + + + align:start position:0% +tells constant like Market even then um +if the building material is like subar + + align:start position:0% +if the building material is like subar + + + align:start position:0% +if the building material is like subar +on this side and then you know it + + align:start position:0% +on this side and then you know it + + + align:start position:0% +on this side and then you know it +corrodes faster like so do we still need + + align:start position:0% +corrodes faster like so do we still need + + + align:start position:0% +corrodes faster like so do we still need +to control characteristics yeah we can + + align:start position:0% +to control characteristics yeah we can + + + align:start position:0% +to control characteristics yeah we can +control we can control as much as + + align:start position:0% +control we can control as much as + + + align:start position:0% +control we can control as much as +possible but for the crash C we assume + + align:start position:0% +possible but for the crash C we assume + + + align:start position:0% +possible but for the crash C we assume +they are similar so if they're + + align:start position:0% +they are similar so if they're + + + align:start position:0% +they are similar so if they're +controlling for characteristics so much + + align:start position:0% +controlling for characteristics so much + + + align:start position:0% +controlling for characteristics so much +like what's the difference between + + align:start position:0% +like what's the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +like what's the difference between +different and diff and match how + + align:start position:0% +different and diff and match how + + + align:start position:0% +different and diff and match how +different oh they they are using in + + align:start position:0% +different oh they they are using in + + + align:start position:0% +different oh they they are using in +different scenarios so for this overtime + + align:start position:0% +different scenarios so for this overtime + + + align:start position:0% +different scenarios so for this overtime +matching you don't need overtime see if + + align:start position:0% +matching you don't need overtime see if + + + align:start position:0% +matching you don't need overtime see if +you only observe one cross-section no + + align:start position:0% +you only observe one cross-section no + + + align:start position:0% +you only observe one cross-section no +you can still do right this one maybe + + align:start position:0% +you can still do right this one maybe + + + align:start position:0% +you can still do right this one maybe +you only have two areas but you don't + + align:start position:0% +you only have two areas but you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you only have two areas but you don't +have no so many together then you use + + align:start position:0% +have no so many together then you use + + + align:start position:0% +have no so many together then you use +this they are they are not like one one + + align:start position:0% +this they are they are not like one one + + + align:start position:0% +this they are they are not like one one +one is much better than the other it's + + align:start position:0% +one is much better than the other it's + + + align:start position:0% +one is much better than the other it's +totally data and auto cont + + align:start position:0% +totally data and auto cont + + + align:start position:0% +totally data and auto cont +I I would imagine that so immediately + + align:start position:0% +I I would imagine that so immediately + + + align:start position:0% +I I would imagine that so immediately +after the hurricane the growth in the + + align:start position:0% +after the hurricane the growth in the + + + align:start position:0% +after the hurricane the growth in the +Apple would be a lot smaller but say if + + align:start position:0% +Apple would be a lot smaller but say if + + + align:start position:0% +Apple would be a lot smaller but say if +you extended the the study over a much + + align:start position:0% +you extended the the study over a much + + + align:start position:0% +you extended the the study over a much +longer period of time say six seven + + align:start position:0% +longer period of time say six seven + + + align:start position:0% +longer period of time say six seven +years maybe that difference would start + + align:start position:0% +years maybe that difference would start + + + align:start position:0% +years maybe that difference would start +to to diver yeah it would it would not + + align:start position:0% +to to diver yeah it would it would not + + + align:start position:0% +to to diver yeah it would it would not +be yeah so much yes yes to know what the + + align:start position:0% +be yeah so much yes yes to know what the + + + align:start position:0% +be yeah so much yes yes to know what the +period of the the study is yes that's + + align:start position:0% +period of the the study is yes that's + + + align:start position:0% +period of the the study is yes that's +how good point it's a it's it's not a + + align:start position:0% +how good point it's a it's it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +how good point it's a it's it's not a +definite answer that depends on the data + + align:start position:0% +definite answer that depends on the data + + + align:start position:0% +definite answer that depends on the data +and the sted research question + + align:start position:0% +and the sted research question + + + align:start position:0% +and the sted research question +but it's not like yesterday and today + + align:start position:0% +but it's not like yesterday and today + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not like yesterday and today +not that like that it's not so immediate + + align:start position:0% +not that like that it's not so immediate + + + align:start position:0% +not that like that it's not so immediate +change because all the house housing + + align:start position:0% +change because all the house housing + + + align:start position:0% +change because all the house housing +market is gradually change so years like + + align:start position:0% +market is gradually change so years like + + + align:start position:0% +market is gradually change so years like +two years before two years after or + + align:start position:0% +two years before two years after or + + + align:start position:0% +two years before two years after or +something like + + align:start position:0% +something like + + + align:start position:0% +something like +that yeah so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +yeah yeah that that's the impact of the + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah that that's the impact of the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah that that's the impact of the +clim risk on the outcome the outcome + + align:start position:0% +clim risk on the outcome the outcome + + + align:start position:0% +clim risk on the outcome the outcome +maybe a house in price that's why the + + align:start position:0% +maybe a house in price that's why the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a house in price that's why the +treatment is a climate okay good okay + + align:start position:0% +treatment is a climate okay good okay + + + align:start position:0% +treatment is a climate okay good okay +now let's position just now remember + + align:start position:0% +now let's position just now remember + + + align:start position:0% +now let's position just now remember +this this is a framework that you don't + + align:start position:0% +this this is a framework that you don't + + + align:start position:0% +this this is a framework that you don't +need to memorize if you graph all this + + align:start position:0% +need to memorize if you graph all this + + + align:start position:0% +need to memorize if you graph all this +PhD PhD graduate so don't worry I need + + align:start position:0% +PhD PhD graduate so don't worry I need + + + align:start position:0% +PhD PhD graduate so don't worry I need +to First make sure that you don't worry + + align:start position:0% +to First make sure that you don't worry + + + align:start position:0% +to First make sure that you don't worry +yes but the idea is as I remember as I + + align:start position:0% +yes but the idea is as I remember as I + + + align:start position:0% +yes but the idea is as I remember as I +said last + + align:start position:0% +said last + + + align:start position:0% +said last +time we really hope you can grasp ORS + + align:start position:0% +time we really hope you can grasp ORS + + + align:start position:0% +time we really hope you can grasp ORS +that will you wrun regression and you + + align:start position:0% +that will you wrun regression and you + + + align:start position:0% +that will you wrun regression and you +have some like U more like + + align:start position:0% +have some like U more like + + + align:start position:0% +have some like U more like +sophisticated uh specification but you + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated uh specification but you + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated uh specification but you +really want to do this you say okay now + + align:start position:0% +really want to do this you say okay now + + + align:start position:0% +really want to do this you say okay now +I understand col inference is so + + align:start position:0% +I understand col inference is so + + + align:start position:0% +I understand col inference is so +important we just don't want to draw + + align:start position:0% +important we just don't want to draw + + + align:start position:0% +important we just don't want to draw +naive conclusion just a correlation if + + align:start position:0% +naive conclusion just a correlation if + + + align:start position:0% +naive conclusion just a correlation if +you have that goal in your mind you want + + align:start position:0% +you have that goal in your mind you want + + + align:start position:0% +you have that goal in your mind you want +to be more advanced then we already + + align:start position:0% +to be more advanced then we already + + + align:start position:0% +to be more advanced then we already +talked + + align:start position:0% +talked + + + align:start position:0% +talked +matching matching and matching like + + align:start position:0% +matching matching and matching like + + + align:start position:0% +matching matching and matching like +Geographic matching like that and more + + align:start position:0% +Geographic matching like that and more + + + align:start position:0% +Geographic matching like that and more +thing more sophisticated color + + align:start position:0% +thing more sophisticated color + + + align:start position:0% +thing more sophisticated color +propensity score matching no need to + + align:start position:0% +propensity score matching no need to + + + align:start position:0% +propensity score matching no need to +really get into this unless you want to + + align:start position:0% +really get into this unless you want to + + + align:start position:0% +really get into this unless you want to +do a PhD and now today we are talking + + align:start position:0% +do a PhD and now today we are talking + + + align:start position:0% +do a PhD and now today we are talking +about did difference in difference is + + align:start position:0% +about did difference in difference is + + + align:start position:0% +about did difference in difference is +did so that's the saying here so now we + + align:start position:0% +did so that's the saying here so now we + + + align:start position:0% +did so that's the saying here so now we +have a Le two we we grasp one two out of + + align:start position:0% +have a Le two we we grasp one two out of + + + align:start position:0% +have a Le two we we grasp one two out of +four and instrument variable So + + align:start position:0% +four and instrument variable So + + + align:start position:0% +four and instrument variable So +Sophisticated rdd later I will touch a + + align:start position:0% +Sophisticated rdd later I will touch a + + + align:start position:0% +Sophisticated rdd later I will touch a +little bit on this and then you know the + + align:start position:0% +little bit on this and then you know the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit on this and then you know the +golden thing is the experiment but not + + align:start position:0% +golden thing is the experiment but not + + + align:start position:0% +golden thing is the experiment but not +so everyone's lucky to run our + + align:start position:0% +so everyone's lucky to run our + + + align:start position:0% +so everyone's lucky to run our +experiment right but if you do an + + align:start position:0% +experiment right but if you do an + + + align:start position:0% +experiment right but if you do an +experiment that's the best so now you + + align:start position:0% +experiment that's the best so now you + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that's the best so now you +understand a big + + align:start position:0% +understand a big + + + align:start position:0% +understand a big +picture and then to give you some + + align:start position:0% +picture and then to give you some + + + align:start position:0% +picture and then to give you some +algebra it's so easy so like this + + align:start position:0% +algebra it's so easy so like this + + + align:start position:0% +algebra it's so easy so like this +properly inside the FL long this + + align:start position:0% +properly inside the FL long this + + + align:start position:0% +properly inside the FL long this +probably outside the FL Z this so that's + + align:start position:0% +probably outside the FL Z this so that's + + + align:start position:0% +probably outside the FL Z this so that's +over time right now I can of this is um + + align:start position:0% +over time right now I can of this is um + + + align:start position:0% +over time right now I can of this is um +economy is bad so overall this trend is + + align:start position:0% +economy is bad so overall this trend is + + + align:start position:0% +economy is bad so overall this trend is +going down but many times it's going up + + align:start position:0% +going down but many times it's going up + + + align:start position:0% +going down but many times it's going up +but anyway let's say the overall trend + + align:start position:0% +but anyway let's say the overall trend + + + align:start position:0% +but anyway let's say the overall trend +going down then we understand all things + + align:start position:0% +going down then we understand all things + + + align:start position:0% +going down then we understand all things +all other TRS similar Sun l a hurricane + + align:start position:0% +all other TRS similar Sun l a hurricane + + + align:start position:0% +all other TRS similar Sun l a hurricane +then for the treatment will be a bigger + + align:start position:0% +then for the treatment will be a bigger + + + align:start position:0% +then for the treatment will be a bigger +job so our focus our goal is to get this + + align:start position:0% +job so our focus our goal is to get this + + + align:start position:0% +job so our focus our goal is to get this +treatment effect which is this big gap + + align:start position:0% +treatment effect which is this big gap + + + align:start position:0% +treatment effect which is this big gap +back here then the Apple orang Al like + + align:start position:0% +back here then the Apple orang Al like + + + align:start position:0% +back here then the Apple orang Al like +this tra control by T1 T2 C1 C2 then you + + align:start position:0% +this tra control by T1 T2 C1 C2 then you + + + align:start position:0% +this tra control by T1 T2 C1 C2 then you +just have the first difference then + + align:start position:0% +just have the first difference then + + + align:start position:0% +just have the first difference then +second difference so that's the that's + + align:start position:0% +second difference so that's the that's + + + align:start position:0% +second difference so that's the that's +the the the the expression of this and + + align:start position:0% +the the the the expression of this and + + + align:start position:0% +the the the the expression of this and +then just now we talk we call parallel + + align:start position:0% +then just now we talk we call parallel + + + align:start position:0% +then just now we talk we call parallel +trend is this before these two groups + + align:start position:0% +trend is this before these two groups + + + align:start position:0% +trend is this before these two groups +should have the similar Trend that's + + align:start position:0% +should have the similar Trend that's + + + align:start position:0% +should have the similar Trend that's +assumption if this assumption doesn't + + align:start position:0% +assumption if this assumption doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +assumption if this assumption doesn't +hold then game over cannot use so to do + + align:start position:0% +hold then game over cannot use so to do + + + align:start position:0% +hold then game over cannot use so to do +the M the first the test the parallel + + align:start position:0% +the M the first the test the parallel + + + align:start position:0% +the M the first the test the parallel +trend is before anything has happened + + align:start position:0% +trend is before anything has happened + + + align:start position:0% +trend is before anything has happened +these two have the similar trend this is + + align:start position:0% +these two have the similar trend this is + + + align:start position:0% +these two have the similar trend this is +called parallel Trend + + align:start position:0% +called parallel Trend + + + align:start position:0% +called parallel Trend +assumption if they are not have this + + align:start position:0% +assumption if they are not have this + + + align:start position:0% +assumption if they are not have this +it's you cannot use but not the end of + + align:start position:0% +it's you cannot use but not the end of + + + align:start position:0% +it's you cannot use but not the end of +word because we have other approaches + + align:start position:0% +word because we have other approaches + + + align:start position:0% +word because we have other approaches +you can oh did cannot be used then we go + + align:start position:0% +you can oh did cannot be used then we go + + + align:start position:0% +you can oh did cannot be used then we go +to other other that's econometric then + + align:start position:0% +to other other that's econometric then + + + align:start position:0% +to other other that's econometric then +they always daily dealing with these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +things okay now I talk too much about + + align:start position:0% +things okay now I talk too much about + + + align:start position:0% +things okay now I talk too much about +methodology let's say some + + align:start position:0% +methodology let's say some + + + align:start position:0% +methodology let's say some +application so I'm going to have there + + align:start position:0% +application so I'm going to have there + + + align:start position:0% +application so I'm going to have there +um I go back to that paper that paper + + align:start position:0% +um I go back to that paper that paper + + + align:start position:0% +um I go back to that paper that paper +you will read so Sunday + + align:start position:0% +you will read so Sunday + + + align:start position:0% +you will read so Sunday +2012 hit New York and then they use they + + align:start position:0% +2012 hit New York and then they use they + + + align:start position:0% +2012 hit New York and then they use they +they say okay this a perfect setting for + + align:start position:0% +they say okay this a perfect setting for + + + align:start position:0% +they say okay this a perfect setting for +did because not all the communities got + + align:start position:0% +did because not all the communities got + + + align:start position:0% +did because not all the communities got +hit some got some not then treatment and + + align:start position:0% +hit some got some not then treatment and + + + align:start position:0% +hit some got some not then treatment and +control and then the question is oh har + + align:start position:0% +control and then the question is oh har + + + align:start position:0% +control and then the question is oh har +can send it on New York City housing + + align:start position:0% +can send it on New York City housing + + + align:start position:0% +can send it on New York City housing +market what's the impact of that and + + align:start position:0% +market what's the impact of that and + + + align:start position:0% +market what's the impact of that and +then they say okay they collect all the + + align:start position:0% +then they say okay they collect all the + + + align:start position:0% +then they say okay they collect all the +dat the New York City is not that + + align:start position:0% +dat the New York City is not that + + + align:start position:0% +dat the New York City is not that +difficult to collect housing transaction + + align:start position:0% +difficult to collect housing transaction + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to collect housing transaction +it's very easy and then they they code + + align:start position:0% +it's very easy and then they they code + + + align:start position:0% +it's very easy and then they they code +and then also they got FEMA data on the + + align:start position:0% +and then also they got FEMA data on the + + + align:start position:0% +and then also they got FEMA data on the +damage the good thing is they really + + align:start position:0% +damage the good thing is they really + + + align:start position:0% +damage the good thing is they really +have the damage they have the damage + + align:start position:0% +have the damage they have the damage + + + align:start position:0% +have the damage they have the damage +data the building they have several + + align:start position:0% +data the building they have several + + + align:start position:0% +data the building they have several +damage + + align:start position:0% +damage + + + align:start position:0% +damage +levels okay the fund properties in Fr + + align:start position:0% +levels okay the fund properties in Fr + + + align:start position:0% +levels okay the fund properties in Fr +Zone had 8% persistent price penalty + + align:start position:0% +Zone had 8% persistent price penalty + + + align:start position:0% +Zone had 8% persistent price penalty +after sending so remember + + align:start position:0% +after sending so remember + + + align:start position:0% +after sending so remember +8% persistent not like oh after cend the + + align:start position:0% +8% persistent not like oh after cend the + + + align:start position:0% +8% persistent not like oh after cend the +next year 8% and the the second year + + align:start position:0% +next year 8% and the the second year + + + align:start position:0% +next year 8% and the the second year +people forgot about that and then + + align:start position:0% +people forgot about that and then + + + align:start position:0% +people forgot about that and then +recover and then later uh recover fully + + align:start position:0% +recover and then later uh recover fully + + + align:start position:0% +recover and then later uh recover fully +recover they said no + + align:start position:0% +recover they said no + + + align:start position:0% +recover they said no +persistent so that's your finding but I + + align:start position:0% +persistent so that's your finding but I + + + align:start position:0% +persistent so that's your finding but I +need to let you know now this area of + + align:start position:0% +need to let you know now this area of + + + align:start position:0% +need to let you know now this area of +research a lot of papers and they have + + align:start position:0% +research a lot of papers and they have + + + align:start position:0% +research a lot of papers and they have +different findings they are inconsistent + + align:start position:0% +different findings they are inconsistent + + + align:start position:0% +different findings they are inconsistent +some paper they found temporary and then + + align:start position:0% +some paper they found temporary and then + + + align:start position:0% +some paper they found temporary and then +recover some they found persistent so + + align:start position:0% +recover some they found persistent so + + + align:start position:0% +recover some they found persistent so +then you cannot say oh you are wrong you + + align:start position:0% +then you cannot say oh you are wrong you + + + align:start position:0% +then you cannot say oh you are wrong you +are right no because they are looking at + + align:start position:0% +are right no because they are looking at + + + align:start position:0% +are right no because they are looking at +different hurric the different data + + align:start position:0% +different hurric the different data + + + align:start position:0% +different hurric the different data +sets Okay so + + align:start position:0% +sets Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +sets Okay so +algebra empirical specification did + + align:start position:0% +algebra empirical specification did + + + align:start position:0% +algebra empirical specification did +right d ID here is log p and this this + + align:start position:0% +right d ID here is log p and this this + + + align:start position:0% +right d ID here is log p and this this +is a variable name is very complicated + + align:start position:0% +is a variable name is very complicated + + + align:start position:0% +is a variable name is very complicated +you just look at this dami treatment + + align:start position:0% +you just look at this dami treatment + + + align:start position:0% +you just look at this dami treatment +sales in the flat zone times post so + + align:start position:0% +sales in the flat zone times post so + + + align:start position:0% +sales in the flat zone times post so +here maybe I need a little bit like one + + align:start position:0% +here maybe I need a little bit like one + + + align:start position:0% +here maybe I need a little bit like one +minute explanation of + + align:start position:0% +minute explanation of + + + align:start position:0% +minute explanation of +this because otherwise when you look at + + align:start position:0% +this because otherwise when you look at + + + align:start position:0% +this because otherwise when you look at +paper you got confused so the point is + + align:start position:0% +paper you got confused so the point is + + + align:start position:0% +paper you got confused so the point is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +following you have log + + align:start position:0% +following you have log + + + align:start position:0% +following you have log +P that's very clear + + align:start position:0% +P that's very clear + + + align:start position:0% +P that's very clear +hydronic then you have bit one this this + + align:start position:0% +hydronic then you have bit one this this + + + align:start position:0% +hydronic then you have bit one this this +this all the controls like number of + + align:start position:0% +this all the controls like number of + + + align:start position:0% +this all the controls like number of +rooms like this this this school Subway + + align:start position:0% +rooms like this this this school Subway + + + align:start position:0% +rooms like this this this school Subway +then you have another + + align:start position:0% +then you have another + + + align:start position:0% +then you have another +bit + + align:start position:0% +bit + + + align:start position:0% +bit +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +trait tra is some dummy of the + + align:start position:0% +trait tra is some dummy of the + + + align:start position:0% +trait tra is some dummy of the +let's yes + + align:start position:0% +let's yes + + + align:start position:0% +let's yes +okay let's see Alpha b + + align:start position:0% +okay let's see Alpha b + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's see Alpha b +1 plus b + + align:start position:0% +1 plus b + + + align:start position:0% +1 plus b +2times + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +after plus bit three this is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interaction so that's a + + align:start position:0% +interaction so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +interaction so that's a +specification so what do you mean by + + align:start position:0% +specification so what do you mean by + + + align:start position:0% +specification so what do you mean by +this well we suddenly become so + + align:start position:0% +this well we suddenly become so + + + align:start position:0% +this well we suddenly become so +complicated actually it's very intuitive + + align:start position:0% +complicated actually it's very intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +complicated actually it's very intuitive +think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this remember this Matrix this is a + + align:start position:0% +this remember this Matrix this is a + + + align:start position:0% +this remember this Matrix this is a +trait area which is a + + align:start position:0% +trait area which is a + + + align:start position:0% +trait area which is a +FL this is a + + align:start position:0% +FL this is a + + + align:start position:0% +FL this is a +control right this is before this is + + align:start position:0% +control right this is before this is + + + align:start position:0% +control right this is before this is +after the first s that's the key thing + + align:start position:0% +after the first s that's the key thing + + + align:start position:0% +after the first s that's the key thing +as we showed + + align:start position:0% +as we showed + + + align:start position:0% +as we showed +here okay now when you look at the + + align:start position:0% +here okay now when you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +here okay now when you look at the +equation when you look at the equation + + align:start position:0% +equation when you look at the equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation when you look at the equation +say the trit flatone before + + align:start position:0% +say the trit flatone before + + + align:start position:0% +say the trit flatone before +then treat is one right treat is dy one + + align:start position:0% +then treat is one right treat is dy one + + + align:start position:0% +then treat is one right treat is dy one +then after is + + align:start position:0% +then after is + + + align:start position:0% +then after is +zero and after zero this is one right so + + align:start position:0% +zero and after zero this is one right so + + + align:start position:0% +zero and after zero this is one right so +the for this part we only look at this + + align:start position:0% +the for this part we only look at this + + + align:start position:0% +the for this part we only look at this +part the only coefficient can survive is + + align:start position:0% +part the only coefficient can survive is + + + align:start position:0% +part the only coefficient can survive is +bit one is that right before because + + align:start position:0% +bit one is that right before because + + + align:start position:0% +bit one is that right before because +before after is zero after is the D mean + + align:start position:0% +before after is zero after is the D mean + + + align:start position:0% +before after is zero after is the D mean +only after is one zero zero z0 0 Bas one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then treat + + align:start position:0% +and then treat + + + align:start position:0% +and then treat +after this survive this yes this yes + + align:start position:0% +after this survive this yes this yes + + + align:start position:0% +after this survive this yes this yes +right so that's base 1 plus b 2 plus b + + align:start position:0% +right so that's base 1 plus b 2 plus b + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's base 1 plus b 2 plus b +three yes trat after three + + align:start position:0% +three yes trat after three + + + align:start position:0% +three yes trat after three +coefficients + + align:start position:0% +coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients +control + + align:start position:0% +control + + + align:start position:0% +control +before z z z + + align:start position:0% +before z z z + + + align:start position:0% +before z z z +zero and + + align:start position:0% +zero and + + + align:start position:0% +zero and +after zero + + align:start position:0% +after zero + + + align:start position:0% +after zero +one zero right only Bay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two okay then you have all the + + align:start position:0% +two okay then you have all the + + + align:start position:0% +two okay then you have all the +parameters and then you do okay now I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +understand that this difference in + + align:start position:0% +understand that this difference in + + + align:start position:0% +understand that this difference in +difference what kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +difference what kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +difference what kind of thing +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +difference right + + align:start position:0% +difference right + + + align:start position:0% +difference right +difference difference + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes difference further + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +difference so the thing is this is the + + align:start position:0% +difference so the thing is this is the + + + align:start position:0% +difference so the thing is this is the +measurement so when you run this + + align:start position:0% +measurement so when you run this + + + align:start position:0% +measurement so when you run this +regression this thing is + + align:start position:0% +regression this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +regression this thing is +8% is that + + align:start position:0% +8% is that + + + align:start position:0% +8% is that +clear okay if you got so confused come + + align:start position:0% +clear okay if you got so confused come + + + align:start position:0% +clear okay if you got so confused come +to my table and think about my appple to + + align:start position:0% +to my table and think about my appple to + + + align:start position:0% +to my table and think about my appple to +orange + + align:start position:0% +orange + + + align:start position:0% +orange +thing this thing + + align:start position:0% +thing this thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing this thing +then look at the + + align:start position:0% +then look at the + + + align:start position:0% +then look at the +coefficient right now your paper you + + align:start position:0% +coefficient right now your paper you + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient right now your paper you +derve this is the coefficient + + align:start position:0% +derve this is the coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +derve this is the coefficient +so what's the thesis of This research is + + align:start position:0% +so what's the thesis of This research is + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the thesis of This research is +it is it that + + align:start position:0% +it is it that + + + align:start position:0% +it is it that +buyers buyers attribute a lower value to + + align:start position:0% +buyers buyers attribute a lower value to + + + align:start position:0% +buyers buyers attribute a lower value to +houses that of the potential for blood + + align:start position:0% +houses that of the potential for blood + + + align:start position:0% +houses that of the potential for blood +risk yes so my my issue with that that + + align:start position:0% +risk yes so my my issue with that that + + + align:start position:0% +risk yes so my my issue with that that +this based on what we've been told this + + align:start position:0% +this based on what we've been told this + + + align:start position:0% +this based on what we've been told this +research seems to ignore the effects of + + align:start position:0% +research seems to ignore the effects of + + + align:start position:0% +research seems to ignore the effects of +the increased insurance premiums that + + align:start position:0% +the increased insurance premiums that + + + align:start position:0% +the increased insurance premiums that +are the result of post storm damage so + + align:start position:0% +are the result of post storm damage so + + + align:start position:0% +are the result of post storm damage so +you know you have to go in and rebuild + + align:start position:0% +you know you have to go in and rebuild + + + align:start position:0% +you know you have to go in and rebuild +the location and then there's going to + + align:start position:0% +the location and then there's going to + + + align:start position:0% +the location and then there's going to +be a higher holding cost afterwards so + + align:start position:0% +be a higher holding cost afterwards so + + + align:start position:0% +be a higher holding cost afterwards so +naturally there should be some + + align:start position:0% +naturally there should be some + + + align:start position:0% +naturally there should be some +correction there that will ultimately + + align:start position:0% +correction there that will ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +correction there that will ultimately +revert to a mean but as far as buyer + + align:start position:0% +revert to a mean but as far as buyer + + + align:start position:0% +revert to a mean but as far as buyer +preferences generally in the United + + align:start position:0% +preferences generally in the United + + + align:start position:0% +preferences generally in the United +States buyers own homes for 5 to eight + + align:start position:0% +States buyers own homes for 5 to eight + + + align:start position:0% +States buyers own homes for 5 to eight +years so it's not like I don't + + align:start position:0% +years so it's not like I don't + + + align:start position:0% +years so it's not like I don't +understand why a rational buyer would + + align:start position:0% +understand why a rational buyer would + + + align:start position:0% +understand why a rational buyer would +say there was a once 300 storm that + + align:start position:0% +say there was a once 300 storm that + + + align:start position:0% +say there was a once 300 storm that +occurred and hit New York yes there's + + align:start position:0% +occurred and hit New York yes there's + + + align:start position:0% +occurred and hit New York yes there's +significant damage but I project that + + align:start position:0% +significant damage but I project that + + + align:start position:0% +significant damage but I project that +we're going to get another one to 300E + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get another one to 300E + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get another one to 300E +storm just statistically that's not a + + align:start position:0% +storm just statistically that's not a + + + align:start position:0% +storm just statistically that's not a +rational decision to make right so I + + align:start position:0% +rational decision to make right so I + + + align:start position:0% +rational decision to make right so I +don't think that that that they can + + align:start position:0% +don't think that that that they can + + + align:start position:0% +don't think that that that they can +attribute that to the effect of that + + align:start position:0% +attribute that to the effect of that + + + align:start position:0% +attribute that to the effect of that +massive storm it's more the effect of to + + align:start position:0% +massive storm it's more the effect of to + + + align:start position:0% +massive storm it's more the effect of to +tail end it which is the insurance IND + + align:start position:0% +tail end it which is the insurance IND + + + align:start position:0% +tail end it which is the insurance IND +response to a + + align:start position:0% +response to a + + + align:start position:0% +response to a +large yes so basically yes you are right + + align:start position:0% +large yes so basically yes you are right + + + align:start position:0% +large yes so basically yes you are right +so for example if the market is is very + + align:start position:0% +so for example if the market is is very + + + align:start position:0% +so for example if the market is is very +very efficient the information all very + + align:start position:0% +very efficient the information all very + + + align:start position:0% +very efficient the information all very +efficient + + align:start position:0% +efficient + + + align:start position:0% +efficient +then even before this happens they + + align:start position:0% +then even before this happens they + + + align:start position:0% +then even before this happens they +understand this place is riskier than + + align:start position:0% +understand this place is riskier than + + + align:start position:0% +understand this place is riskier than +this place if you look at long run then + + align:start position:0% +this place if you look at long run then + + + align:start position:0% +this place if you look at long run then +that already capitalizing into the place + + align:start position:0% +that already capitalizing into the place + + + align:start position:0% +that already capitalizing into the place +discount so after additional shock + + align:start position:0% +discount so after additional shock + + + align:start position:0% +discount so after additional shock +should no change right because they + + align:start position:0% +should no change right because they + + + align:start position:0% +should no change right because they +fully understand they full Capital fully + + align:start position:0% +fully understand they full Capital fully + + + align:start position:0% +fully understand they full Capital fully +capitalize the future things you now + + align:start position:0% +capitalize the future things you now + + + align:start position:0% +capitalize the future things you now +there should be a little bit of a change + + align:start position:0% +there should be a little bit of a change + + + align:start position:0% +there should be a little bit of a change +of because of the change temporary yeah + + align:start position:0% +of because of the change temporary yeah + + + align:start position:0% +of because of the change temporary yeah +temporary yeah like you need to repair + + align:start position:0% +temporary yeah like you need to repair + + + align:start position:0% +temporary yeah like you need to repair +and things like that but later you will + + align:start position:0% +and things like that but later you will + + + align:start position:0% +and things like that but later you will +just uh we will become the same but + + align:start position:0% +just uh we will become the same but + + + align:start position:0% +just uh we will become the same but +always this is uh not enough information + + align:start position:0% +always this is uh not enough information + + + align:start position:0% +always this is uh not enough information +so those buyers at first they they they + + align:start position:0% +so those buyers at first they they they + + + align:start position:0% +so those buyers at first they they they +don't have the big big capitalization + + align:start position:0% +don't have the big big capitalization + + + align:start position:0% +don't have the big big capitalization +effect then after this shock they + + align:start position:0% +effect then after this shock they + + + align:start position:0% +effect then after this shock they +understand more more then the discount + + align:start position:0% +understand more more then the discount + + + align:start position:0% +understand more more then the discount +disappear uh discount appear more so + + align:start position:0% +disappear uh discount appear more so + + + align:start position:0% +disappear uh discount appear more so +that's one explanation and there's other + + align:start position:0% +that's one explanation and there's other + + + align:start position:0% +that's one explanation and there's other +explanations but what you said also make + + align:start position:0% +explanations but what you said also make + + + align:start position:0% +explanations but what you said also make +true because in another paper exactly + + align:start position:0% +true because in another paper exactly + + + align:start position:0% +true because in another paper exactly +the same uh data send in the New York + + align:start position:0% +the same uh data send in the New York + + + align:start position:0% +the same uh data send in the New York +City some of them they found recovered + + align:start position:0% +City some of them they found recovered + + + align:start position:0% +City some of them they found recovered +so and different neighborhoods are so + + align:start position:0% +so and different neighborhoods are so + + + align:start position:0% +so and different neighborhoods are so +totally different in of whether they + + align:start position:0% +totally different in of whether they + + + align:start position:0% +totally different in of whether they +have insurance and whether they have the + + align:start position:0% +have insurance and whether they have the + + + align:start position:0% +have insurance and whether they have the +capacity to repair and things like that + + align:start position:0% +capacity to repair and things like that + + + align:start position:0% +capacity to repair and things like that +okay technical thing any question you + + align:start position:0% +okay technical thing any question you + + + align:start position:0% +okay technical thing any question you +have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question Bas one before yes before trade + + align:start position:0% +question Bas one before yes before trade + + + align:start position:0% +question Bas one before yes before trade +trait is one trait is always one for tra + + align:start position:0% +trait is one trait is always one for tra + + + align:start position:0% +trait is one trait is always one for tra +no matter before after after is zero and + + align:start position:0% +no matter before after after is zero and + + + align:start position:0% +no matter before after after is zero and +this is zero 1 * 0 is zero so you only + + align:start position:0% +this is zero 1 * 0 is zero so you only + + + align:start position:0% +this is zero 1 * 0 is zero so you only +have wait one there right so one Z + + align:start position:0% +have wait one there right so one Z + + + align:start position:0% +have wait one there right so one Z + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +Z yes I think this of course it take + + align:start position:0% +Z yes I think this of course it take + + + align:start position:0% +Z yes I think this of course it take +time to at first I didn't understand I I + + align:start position:0% +time to at first I didn't understand I I + + + align:start position:0% +time to at first I didn't understand I I +need to tell you that when I was a PhD + + align:start position:0% +need to tell you that when I was a PhD + + + align:start position:0% +need to tell you that when I was a PhD +student I didn't learn + + align:start position:0% +student I didn't learn + + + align:start position:0% +student I didn't learn +this then at that time they have not the + + align:start position:0% +this then at that time they have not the + + + align:start position:0% +this then at that time they have not the +econometric field Advanced very fast in + + align:start position:0% +econometric field Advanced very fast in + + + align:start position:0% +econometric field Advanced very fast in +the last 20 years when I was a PhD + + align:start position:0% +the last 20 years when I was a PhD + + + align:start position:0% +the last 20 years when I was a PhD +student no did no matching Things No and + + align:start position:0% +student no did no matching Things No and + + + align:start position:0% +student no did no matching Things No and +then we Le land and later I saw the + + align:start position:0% +then we Le land and later I saw the + + + align:start position:0% +then we Le land and later I saw the +paper oh we're using this I got so + + align:start position:0% +paper oh we're using this I got so + + + align:start position:0% +paper oh we're using this I got so +confused I didn't understand what the + + align:start position:0% +confused I didn't understand what the + + + align:start position:0% +confused I didn't understand what the +interaction ter matters now I I I just + + align:start position:0% +interaction ter matters now I I I just + + + align:start position:0% +interaction ter matters now I I I just +uh do all my math and then now I + + align:start position:0% +uh do all my math and then now I + + + align:start position:0% +uh do all my math and then now I +understand good okay then I will skip + + align:start position:0% +understand good okay then I will skip + + + align:start position:0% +understand good okay then I will skip +this because this this I already told + + align:start position:0% +this because this this I already told + + + align:start position:0% +this because this this I already told +you that's 8% persistent and they also + + align:start position:0% +you that's 8% persistent and they also + + + align:start position:0% +you that's 8% persistent and they also +have three level of matters light matter + + align:start position:0% +have three level of matters light matter + + + align:start position:0% +have three level of matters light matter +three levels of damage L damage light + + align:start position:0% +three levels of damage L damage light + + + align:start position:0% +three levels of damage L damage light +damage media damage very heavy damage + + align:start position:0% +damage media damage very heavy damage + + + align:start position:0% +damage media damage very heavy damage +you see is different the heavy damage + + align:start position:0% +you see is different the heavy damage + + + align:start position:0% +you see is different the heavy damage +15% of the + + align:start position:0% +15% of the + + + align:start position:0% +15% of the +discount and they show okay overall + + align:start position:0% +discount and they show okay overall + + + align:start position:0% +discount and they show okay overall +stabilized at 8% for those first drops a + + align:start position:0% +stabilized at 8% for those first drops a + + + align:start position:0% +stabilized at 8% for those first drops a +lot and later recover a little bit and + + align:start position:0% +lot and later recover a little bit and + + + align:start position:0% +lot and later recover a little bit and +finally stable at %. so that's for + + align:start position:0% +finally stable at %. so that's for + + + align:start position:0% +finally stable at %. so that's for +housing remember housing housing housing + + align:start position:0% +housing remember housing housing housing + + + align:start position:0% +housing remember housing housing housing +I think I today I'm not going to have + + align:start position:0% +I think I today I'm not going to have + + + align:start position:0% +I think I today I'm not going to have +time to for commercial so but next week + + align:start position:0% +time to for commercial so but next week + + + align:start position:0% +time to for commercial so but next week +we will talk about commercial then + + align:start position:0% +we will talk about commercial then + + + align:start position:0% +we will talk about commercial then +there's a commercial realate paper + + align:start position:0% +there's a commercial realate paper + + + align:start position:0% +there's a commercial realate paper +says oh commercial real NE R data they + + align:start position:0% +says oh commercial real NE R data they + + + align:start position:0% +says oh commercial real NE R data they +say job after two years fully recover + + align:start position:0% +say job after two years fully recover + + + align:start position:0% +say job after two years fully recover +that's a commercial real paper but I + + align:start position:0% +that's a commercial real paper but I + + + align:start position:0% +that's a commercial real paper but I +don't understand why that fully recover + + align:start position:0% +don't understand why that fully recover + + + align:start position:0% +don't understand why that fully recover +but anyway this is so many different + + align:start position:0% +but anyway this is so many different + + + align:start position:0% +but anyway this is so many different +papers but for this one 8% in New York + + align:start position:0% +papers but for this one 8% in New York + + + align:start position:0% +papers but for this one 8% in New York +City after + + align:start position:0% +City after + + + align:start position:0% +City after +sun and uh and also you see there uh + + align:start position:0% +sun and uh and also you see there uh + + + align:start position:0% +sun and uh and also you see there uh +other papers this is a this is another + + align:start position:0% +other papers this is a this is another + + + align:start position:0% +other papers this is a this is another +paper to look at change in the flat risk + + align:start position:0% +paper to look at change in the flat risk + + + align:start position:0% +paper to look at change in the flat risk +premium and uh then you see this lending + + align:start position:0% +premium and uh then you see this lending + + + align:start position:0% +premium and uh then you see this lending +at first no price + + align:start position:0% +at first no price + + + align:start position:0% +at first no price +differential between flone and non flone + + align:start position:0% +differential between flone and non flone + + + align:start position:0% +differential between flone and non flone +people maybe deniers I don't know and + + align:start position:0% +people maybe deniers I don't know and + + + align:start position:0% +people maybe deniers I don't know and +they don't have knowledge like that and + + align:start position:0% +they don't have knowledge like that and + + + align:start position:0% +they don't have knowledge like that and +for unfortunately this area got hit + + align:start position:0% +for unfortunately this area got hit + + + align:start position:0% +for unfortunately this area got hit +several times at first before no + + align:start position:0% +several times at first before no + + + align:start position:0% +several times at first before no +differential and then one hit + + align:start position:0% +differential and then one hit + + + align:start position:0% +differential and then one hit +oh after after this first hurricane FR + + align:start position:0% +oh after after this first hurricane FR + + + align:start position:0% +oh after after this first hurricane FR +got discount and then unfortunately got + + align:start position:0% +got discount and then unfortunately got + + + align:start position:0% +got discount and then unfortunately got +hit again by the Floy and the further + + align:start position:0% +hit again by the Floy and the further + + + align:start position:0% +hit again by the Floy and the further +discount they Lear learn Lear to the + + align:start position:0% +discount they Lear learn Lear to the + + + align:start position:0% +discount they Lear learn Lear to the +extent that stable that they understand + + align:start position:0% +extent that stable that they understand + + + align:start position:0% +extent that stable that they understand +for this location the future probability + + align:start position:0% +for this location the future probability + + + align:start position:0% +for this location the future probability +is what and they fully capitalize that + + align:start position:0% +is what and they fully capitalize that + + + align:start position:0% +is what and they fully capitalize that +but still depends on belief maybe no + + align:start position:0% +but still depends on belief maybe no + + + align:start position:0% +but still depends on belief maybe no +matter how many times I just don't + + align:start position:0% +matter how many times I just don't + + + align:start position:0% +matter how many times I just don't +believe you don't + + align:start position:0% +believe you don't + + + align:start position:0% +believe you don't +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] + + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] +believe about this + + align:start position:0% +believe about this + + + align:start position:0% +believe about this +model if in China + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh if the house broken the developer + + align:start position:0% +uh if the house broken the developer + + + align:start position:0% +uh if the house broken the developer +Will Repair and after five years if the + + align:start position:0% +Will Repair and after five years if the + + + align:start position:0% +Will Repair and after five years if the +house broken the the developer is gone + + align:start position:0% +house broken the the developer is gone + + + align:start position:0% +house broken the the developer is gone +no Property + + align:start position:0% +no Property + + + align:start position:0% +no Property +Management that if the climate risk like + + align:start position:0% +Management that if the climate risk like + + + align:start position:0% +Management that if the climate risk like +flooding the city government will re so + + align:start position:0% +flooding the city government will re so + + + align:start position:0% +flooding the city government will re so +the tra and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +after yes that's something we need to + + align:start position:0% +after yes that's something we need to + + + align:start position:0% +after yes that's something we need to +discuss who is responsible to repair if + + align:start position:0% +discuss who is responsible to repair if + + + align:start position:0% +discuss who is responsible to repair if +always government responsible to rep + + align:start position:0% +always government responsible to rep + + + align:start position:0% +always government responsible to rep +then they don't care they still buy and + + align:start position:0% +then they don't care they still buy and + + + align:start position:0% +then they don't care they still buy and +Builder still build that's a moral + + align:start position:0% +Builder still build that's a moral + + + align:start position:0% +Builder still build that's a moral +hazard we call moral hazard if the thing + + align:start position:0% +hazard we call moral hazard if the thing + + + align:start position:0% +hazard we call moral hazard if the thing +the risk you don't bear risk when you + + align:start position:0% +the risk you don't bear risk when you + + + align:start position:0% +the risk you don't bear risk when you +make a decision moral her you just build + + align:start position:0% +make a decision moral her you just build + + + align:start position:0% +make a decision moral her you just build +build build yes okay thank you and today + + align:start position:0% +build build yes okay thank you and today + + + align:start position:0% +build build yes okay thank you and today +is about housing and uh because why + + align:start position:0% +is about housing and uh because why + + + align:start position:0% +is about housing and uh because why +eaten my time I cannot go to this next + + align:start position:0% +eaten my time I cannot go to this next + + + align:start position:0% +eaten my time I cannot go to this next +week commercial and uh gu speaker thank + + align:start position:0% +week commercial and uh gu speaker thank + + + align:start position:0% +week commercial and uh gu speaker thank +you so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +much e \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/TOvSJkC1nRI.txt b/TOvSJkC1nRI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5984c3b999633bb291c0e821300811d2f5659141 --- /dev/null +++ b/TOvSJkC1nRI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3494 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: OK, I guess it's +time to get started. + +Next lecture, I'm going to try +to summarize what we've done + +so that I want to try to finish +what we're going to + +finish for the term today. + +And that means we have a lot +of topics that all get + +slightly squeezed in together, +including the martingale + +convergence theorem and the +strengthening of the strong + +law of large numbers and the +Kolmogorov's submartingale + +inequalities and stopped +martingales. + +So all of these are fairly +major topics. + +One thing that it means is that +we certainly aren't going + +to do much with the martingale +convergence theorem. + +It's a major theorem +and advanced work. + +What we're trying to do +here is just give you + +some flavor of it. + +The other things, as we move up +the chain there, we want to + +know more and more about it. + +And the things on top certainly +explain what's going + +on in the things below. + +OK, let's review what +a martingale is. + +A sequence of random variables +is a martingale if it + +satisfies this funny +looking condition. + +When I write it this way, it's +not completely obvious what + +it's saying. + +But I think we know now the +expected value of one thing, + +of one random variable, given a +set of random variables, is + +really a random variable +in its own right. + +And that's a random variable, +which is a function of those + +conditioning random variables. + +So expected value of Zn, +given Zn minus 1 to Z1. + +It's a random variable. + +It maps each sample point to the +conditional expectation of + +Zn, conditional in +Z1 to Zn minus 1. + +For martingale, this expectation +has to be this + +random variable, Z +sub n minus one. + +It has to be the most recent +random variable you've seen. + +And then last time, we proved +this lemma, a pretty major + +lemma, which says, for a +martingale, expected value of + +Zn is equal to of Zn, given not +all of the past, but just + +a certain number of elements of +the past Zn conditional and + +Zi, back to Z1. + +That's equal to Zi. + +Expected value of Zn is equal +to the expected value of Zi. + +We didn't talk about +this one last time. + +But this is obvious +in terms of this. + +If you take the expected value +of this over all of the + +conditioning random variables, +then what you get is just the + +expected value of Z sub i. + +So that's what this says. + +OK, question now. + +Why is it that if you condition +on more random + +variables than just Zn in the +paths, if you condition on + +things into the future, +including Z sub n its self, + +why is the expected value +of Zn given Zm down + +to Zn down to Z1? + +Why is that equal to Zn and +not equal to Zn minus 1? + +If you understand this, you +understand what conditional + +expectations are. + +If you don't understand it, +you've got to spend some time + +really thinking about what +conditional expectations are. + +OK, how many people can see why +this, in fact, has to be + +Zn and not something else? + +AUDIENCE: We know Zn already. + +PROFESSOR: What? + +AUDIENCE: Isn't it-- don't +you know Zn already? + +PROFESSOR: That's right. + +Since you know the n already, +then you know it. + +That's exactly what it says. + +And we'll talk more about this +later because we actually use + +this a bunch of times +when we're going on. + +But what it says is that for +any given value of each of + +these random variables, in other +words, for a given value + +of Z sub n, the expected +value of Z sub n-- + +I mean, if I just wrote it, it's +what's the expected value + +of Z sub n, given Z sub n? + +What's the expected +value of Z sub n-- + +I'll make it even easier. + +And you can see it +more clearly. + +What's the expected value of Z +sub n, given that Z sub n is + +equal to a particular +value z sub n. + +OK, now I hope you can see +why it is that this is + +equal to Z sub n. + +That's the only thing +that the random + +variable Z sub n can be. + +For this sample point and the +conditioning, we're assuming + +the sample value for which Z sub +n is equal to little z sub + +n, and therefore that's +what this random + +variable has to be. + +That's what you said +in one sentence. + +And I'm saying it in +five sentences. + +It's hard enough that you want +to say it in five sentences + +because this is not +an obvious thing. + +It's not an obvious thing until +you really have a sense + +of what these conditional +expectations mean. + +And that's part of our function +for the last couple + +of weeks, to sort out what +those things mean because + +that's part of understanding +what martingales are doing. + +OK, when we go one step further +on this, we've said + +that the expected value of Z sub +n, given Z sub i back to Z + +sub n is Z sub i, so the +expected value of Z sub n, + +only given Z sub 1, is +equal to Z sub 1. + +That's what this says, an +expected value of Z sub n then + +is equal to the expected +value of Z sub 1. + +It says these marginal +expectations are all the same. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Why don't you just +say that the expectation of + +the Zs are constant. + +I mean, it seems like this is +kind of a roundabout way of + +saying that. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, in a sense. + +But if you want to-- + +almost all the examples you +can think of, it's hard to + +figure out what these Z sub n's +are because the Z sub n's + +are given in terms of all of the +previous random variables. + +If you want to sort out what a +martingale is, and you can't + +even understand what Z sub 1 +is, then you're in trouble. + +I mean, it makes the theorem +more abstract to say the + +expected value of Z sub n is +a constant random variable + +rather than saying which +random variable it is. + +And it's obvious what random +variable it is. + +I mean, Z1 is one +example of it. + +So you're right. + +You could say that way. + +OK, so we talked about a number +of simple examples of + +martingales last time. + +All of these examples assume +that the expected value of the + +magnitude of Z sub n is less +than infinity for all n. + +Remember, this does not mean +that the expected value of Z + +sub n is bounded over all n. + +I mean, you can have expected +value of Z to the n + +can be 2 to the n. + +It can be shooting off to +infinity very, very fast. + +But it still is finite +for every value of n. + +That's what this +assumption is. + +Later on, when we talk about +the martingale convergence + +theorem, we'll assume that +these expectations are + +bounded, which is a much, much +stronger constraint. + +OK, we talked about these +examples last time. + +All of them are pretty important +because any time + +you're trying to do a problem +with martingales, trying to + +prove something for martingales, +what I like to do + +first is to look at all the +simple examples I know and try + +to get some insight from them +as to whether the result is + +true or whether it's not true. + +And if you can't see from the +examples what's going on, then + +you're sort of stuck for the +most part, unless you're lucky + +enough to construct the kind +of proof you would + +find in a math book. + +Now math book theorem +proofs are beautiful + +because they're the-- + +I mean, mathematicians work to +get the shortest possible + +proof they can, which has +no holes in it at all. + +And that makes it +very elegant. + +But when you're trying to +understand it, what is often + +done is somebody starts out +understanding a theorem, and + +they write a proof which +runs for three pages. + +And then they think about +it for two weeks. + +They cut it down to one page. + +They think about it for +another two weeks. + +They cut it down +to half a page. + +And then they publish it. + +And all they do is publish +the half page. + +Everybody is stuck. + +Nobody knows where +this came from. + +So what I'm trying to do here +is, at least in some cases, to + +give you a little more than the +half page to give you some + +idea of where these things come +from, the extent I can. + +OK so the zero mean +random walk-- + +if Z sub n is equal to some of +Xi, where Xi are IID and zero + +mean , then this zero mean +random walk is, in fact, a + +martingale, just satisfies +the conditions. + +This one is probably the most +important of all of the simple + +examples because it says if +Z sub n is a sum of random + +variables-- + +don't know what the random +variables so are-- the + +condition on the random +variables is the expected + +value of X sub i, given all +the previous ones is 0. + +This is a general example +because every martingale in + +the world you can look at the +increments of that martingale, + +namely you can define X sub +n to be Z sub n minus + +Z sub n minus 1. + +And as soon as you do that, +X sub n satisfies + +this condition here. + +And what you've got for sure is +a martingale, so that this + +condition here, that the X sub +is are satisfying, is really + +the same as a martingale +condition. + +It's just that when people are +talking about martingales, + +they're talking about the sums +of random variables. + +Here we're just talking about +the random variables + +themselves. + +It's like when we talk about sum +of IID random variables, + +we prove the laws of large +numbers and everything. + +What we're really talking +about there + +is IID random variables. + +What we're really talking about +here is these random + +variables, which has the +property that no matter what's + +happened in the past, the +expected value of this new + +random variable is equal to 0. + +People call these fair games. + +And they call martingales +examples of fair games. + +And martingale, the expected +value of Z sub n, you can + +think of it as you're +expecting that + +worth of time n. + +And with these underlying random +variables, the X sub i, + +the X sub i is, in a sense, +your profit at time n. + +And what this says is your +profit at time n is + +independent of everything in the +past, independent of every + +sample value of everything +in the past. + +And this is why people +call it fair game. + +It's really a very strong +definition of a fair game. + +I mean, it's saying +an awful lot. + +I mean, everybody says +life is not fair. + +Surely by this definition, life +is not even close to fair + +because when you look +at all your past-- + +I mean, you try to learn +from your past. + +This is saying in these kinds +of gambling games, you can't + +learn from the past. + +You can't do anything with it +so long as you're interested + +only in the expectation. + +The expectation of X sub i is +equal to 0, no matter what all + +the earlier random +variables are. + +This, I think, gives you a sense +of what a martingale is, + +probably better than the +original definition. + +OK, another one we talked +about last time, + +this is very specific. + +Suppose that X sub i is equal +to the product of two random + +variables, U sub i +times Y sub i. + +The U sub i here are IID +equiprobable, plus or minus 1. + +And the Y sub is are independent +of the U sub is. + +They can be anything at all. + +And when you take these Y sub +is, which are anything at all, + +but these quantities here, which +are IID 1 and minus 1, + +when you look at this product +here, any positive number this + +can be is equiprobable with the + +corresponding negative number. + +And that means when you take +the expectation of X sub i, + +given any old thing in the past, +this U sub i is enough + +to make the expectation +equal to 0. + +So this is a fairly strong kind +of example also, which + +gives you a sense of what +these things are. + +Product form martingales-- + +you use product form martingales +primarily to find + +counter examples of theorems. + +If you stated a theorem +and it isn't true-- + +almost all the examples I know +of of reasonable martingale + +theorems which are not true, +you look at a product + +martingale, and very often +you look at this product + +martingale down here, and you +find out either that the + +theorem is not true, which lets +you stop looking at it. + +Or it says, well, it still +isn't clear from that. + +OK, so the product form +martingale, there's a sequence + +of IID unit-mean random +variables. + +And Zn, which is the product, +is then a martingale, if you + +assume this condition +up here, of course. + +And this condition here, the +probability that the n-th + +order product, namely the +product of n of these sample + +values, if you get one +0, the product is 0. + +So you're done. + +So the only question is, +do you get all 1s? + +Or do you get something +other than all 1s? + +If you get all 1s, then the +product of these random + +variables is 2 to the n. + +You get 2 to the n with +probability 2 to the minus n. + +And you get zero with all the +rest of the probability. + +The limit as n goes to infinity +if Z sub n is equal + +to zero with probability +1, namely eventually + +you go down to 0. + +And you stay there +forever after. + +And with this very small +probability, you get to some + +humongous number. + +And you keep going up until +eventually you lose, and you + +go down to 0. + +So the limit for the expected +value of Z sub n-- + +for every n the expected value +of Z sub n is equal to 1. + +That's what makes this +example interesting. + +The limit of the expected +value of the Z sub + +ns is equal to 1. + +But the Z sub ns themselves go +to 0 with probability 1. + +And the reason for that is that +you had this enormous + +growth here with very +small probability. + +But it's enough to keep the +expectation equal to 1. + +OK, then we started to talk +about sub and super + +martingales. + +And I told you if you can't +remember what the definition + +of a submartingale is in terms +of is it less than or equal or + +greater than or equal, just +remember that it's not + +what it should be. + +It's the opposite of +what it should be. + +So the expected value of Z sub +n given the past is greater + +than or equal to Z +sub n minus 1. + +That means it's a +submartingale. + +In other words, submartingales +grow in time. + +Supermartingales +shrink in time. + +And that's strange. + +But that's the way it is. + +If this quantity is a +submartingale, then minus Zn + +is a supermartingale +and vice versa. + +So I'm going to only talk about +submartingales from now + +on because supermartingales just +do everything the same, + +but just look at minus signs +instead of plus signs. + +So why bother yourself +with one thing + +extra to think about? + +So for submartingales, the +expected value of Z sub n + +given the past, given part of +the past from i down to 1, is + +greater than or equal +to Z sub i. + +That's essentially the same as +that theorem we've stated + +before, which said that for +martingales, the expected + +values of Zn given Zi down to +Z1 was equal to Z sub i. + +You remember we proved that in +detail last time because that + +was a crucially important +theorem. + +You take that proof and you +put this inequality in it + +instead of a quality, and it +immediately gives you this. + +You just follow that proof +step by step, putting an + +equality in in place +of a quality. + +And same thing here, the +expected value of Z sub n is + +greater than or equal to the +expected value of Z sub i. + +That's true for all i. + +So the expected value of Zn is +also greater than or equal to + +the expected value Z1. + +In other words, the expected +values of these random + +variables, in fact, +always grow. + +Or if they don't grow, they +at least stay the same. + +They can't shrink. + +OK, we started to talk about +convex functions last time. + +I want to remind you +what they are. + +A function which carries the +real numbers into the real + +numbers is convex, if each +tangent of the curve lies on + +or below the curve. + +Here's a picture of it. + +Here's a function h of x, a +one-dimensional function. + +So you can draw x on the line. + +And h of x is something which +goes up and down. + +And here's another example. + +H of x is equal to the +magnitude of x. + +You're usually used to thinking +of convex functions + +in terms of functions that +have a positive second + +derivative. + +Taking the geometric view, you +get something considerably + +more general because it includes +all of these cases, + +as well as all of these cases. + +And this idea of tangents lying +on or below the line + +gives you the linkage here. + +You have something which comes +down, goes to 0, and + +then goes up again. + +Think of drawing tangents +to this curve. + +Tangents have to have a slope +starting here and + +going around to here. + +And all of those tangents +hit at that point there. + +So this is a very pathological +thing. + +But all the tangents indeed +do lie below the curve. + +So you've satisfied +the condition. + +The lemma is Jensen's +inequality. + +It says, if h is convex and Z +is a random variable with + +finite expectation, then h of +the expected value of Z is + +less than or equal to the +expected value of h of Z. This + +seems sort of obvious, +perhaps. + +It's one of those things which +either seems obvious or it + +doesn't seem obvious. + +And if it doesn't seem obvious, +it doesn't become + +obvious terribly easily. + +But what I want to do here is +to convince you of why it's + +true by looking at a little +triangle here. + +I can think of the random +variable Z as having three + +possible values-- + +one over here where we get +this point comes into the + +curve, one here, and one here. + +Now if I take those three +possible values of x and I + +think of assigning all +possible probability + +assignments to those three +possible values, what happens? + +If I assign all the probability +over here, I get + +that point. + +If I assign all the probability + +here, I get that point. + +If I assign all the probability + +here, I get that point. + +And for everything else, it +lies inside that triangle. + +And you can convince yourselves + +of that pretty easily. + +So for all of those probability +measures where the + +expected value lies on this +line, what you get is + +something between this and this +as the expected value of + +h of Z. So you get something +above the line for the + +expected value for h. + +Of expected values of Z, you +just get this point right + +there, which is clearly smaller +than anything you can + +generate out of that triangle +or quadrilateral or any kind + +of straight line figure that you +draw, which is the set of + +expected values you can get from +probabilities using the + +points on that-- + +well, it's what I said it was. + +OK, Jensen's inequality leads +to the following theorem. + +And I'm not going to prove +it here in class. + +It's one of those theorems +which is sort of + +obvious and not quite. + +So if you want to see the proof, +you can look at it. + +Or if you want to, you +can just believe it. + +If Z sub n is a martingale or +it's a submartingale and if h + +is convex, then the expected +value of the magnitude of h of + +Zn is less than infinity +for all n. + +Then h of Zn is a +submartingale. + +In other words, when you have +that convex function, you go + +from something which is a +martingale, which will be what + +you would get on the line to +something which is bigger than + +that, so that what you get is +the fact that expected value + +of h of Z is, in fact, growing +with time, faster than the + +martingale itself is growing. + +OK, so one example of this is +if z of n is a martingale, + +then the absolute value of Z +sub n is a submartingale. + +Submartingales are +martingales. + +Martingales are submartingales +also. + +So I don't have to keep saying +that if it's a martingale or a + +submartingale. + +I can just say if it's +a submartingale. + +This theorem is usually stated +as, if Z of n is a martingale, + +then h of Zn is a submartingale, +which is true. + +But just as obviously, if Zn is +a submartingale, which is + +more general, h of Zn is +also a submartingale. + +So you don't get out of the +realm of submartingales by + +taking convex functions. + +And you also get that Z squared +is a martingale. + +And E to the rZn is a martingale +because all of + +those are convex functions. + +So when you want to look at any +of those, you just go from + +talking about a martingale to +talking about a submartingale. + +And life is easy again. + +OK, major topic-- stopped +martingales. + +We've talked about stopping +rules before. + +And a stopping rule, we were +interested in stopping rules + +when we were mostly talking +about renewal processes. + +But stopping rules can be +applied to any sequence of + +random variables at all. + +What a stopping rule is, you +remember, is you have a + +sequence of random variables, +any kind of random variable. + +And a stopping rule is a rule +where the time that you stop + +is determined by the things that +you've seen up until the + +time that you stop. + +You can't peak at +future values. + +You have to look at these sample +values one by one as + +they arrive. + +And a stopping rule is something +which, when you get + +to the point you want to stop, +you know that you want to stop + +there from the sample values +you've already observed. + +So when you're playing poker +with somebody, which I think + +we talked about before, and you +make a bet and you lose, + +you cannot withdraw your bet. + +You cannot say, I stopped! + +I stopped before! + +The time that you stop depends +on what you've already seen up + +until the time that you stop. + +We talked about possibly +defective + +random variables before. + +I realized I never defined +a possibly + +defective random variable. + +In fact, somebody asked me +afterwards if it could be just + +any old thing at all. + +And I said, no. + +And here's what it is. + +It's a mapping from the sample +space to a set of real values, + +to the extended real values. + +And it has the property that +for a defective random + +variable, the mapping can +give you plus infinity. + +Or it can give you +minus infinity. + +And it can give you either one +of those with positive + +probability rather than +just 0 probability. + +So it applies to these cases +where you have a threshold, a + +single threshold, for +a random walk. + +And you might cross the +threshold, or you might never + +cross the threshold. + +So it applies to conditions +where sometimes you stop and + +sometimes you just keep +on going forever. + +So it's nice for that +kind of situation. + +The other provisos a random +variable back when we defined + +random variables still hold +for a possibly defective + +random variable. + +So you have a distribution +function. + +It's just the distribution +function doesn't necessarily + +go to 1, and it doesn't +necessarily start at 0. + +It could be somewhere +in between. + +OK, so a stop process for a +possibly defective stopping + +time satisfies Z sub n star, +which is Z sub n star is the + +stopping time. + +Let me start on that. + +We have now defined +stopping rules. + +We now want to define +a stop process. + +A stop process is a process +which runs along until you + +decide you're going to stop. + +But before when we stopped, the +game was over and nothing + +else happened. + +Here, the idea is to game +continues forever. + +But you stop playing, OK? + +So the sequence of random +variables continues forever. + +But the random variable of +interest to you is this + +quantity Z sub n star, which at +the point you stopped, then + +all subsequent Z sub n's +are just equal to + +that stopped value. + +So you're talking about some +kind of gambling game now, + +perhaps, where you +play for a while. + +And you're playing some +game where the + +game continues forever. + +And you make your bets +according to + +some strange algorithm. + +And when you've made $10, +you say, that's + +all I want to make. + +I'm happy with that. + +And I'm not going to become the +kind of gambler who can + +never stop. + +So I'm going to stop +at that point. + +So your capital remains $10 +forever after, although the + +game keeps on going. + +And if you start out with a +capital of $10 and you lose it + +all and you can't borrow +anything, then you stop also + +when your capital becomes +minus $10. + +So you can see that this is +a useful thing when you're + +talking about threshold +crossings because when you + +have a random walk and you have +a threshold crossing, you + +can stop at that point. + +And then, you just stay +there forever after. + +But if you cross the other +threshold, you stay there + +forever after. + +And that makes it very +convenient because you can + +look at what has happens out +at infinity as a way saying + +what the value of a game was +at the time you stopped. + +So you don't have to worry about +what was the value of + +the game at the stopping +point. + +You can keep on going forever. + +And you can talk about what +the stopped process is. + +And my guess-- + +or if you've read ahead +a little bit, + +which I hope you have-- + +you will know that the main +theorem here is that if you + +start out with a Martingale and +you stop it someplace, you + +still have a Martingale. + +In other words, if you add +stopping as one of your + +options in gambling and it's a +fair game, if you can find a + +fair game any place, and +you stop, then it's + +still a fair game. + +The stop process is +still a fair game. + +And that's as it should be +because if it's a fair game, + +you should be able to stop. + +So for example, a given gambling +strategy is Zn is the + +net worth at time n. + +You can modify that +to stop when Zn + +reaches some given value. + +So the stopped process remains +at that value forever. + +And Zn follows the original +strategy. + +Here's the main theorem here. + +If j is a possibly defective +stopping rule for a Martingale + +or a sub-Martingale and Zn +greater than or equal to 1, + +then the stop process, Zn star, +is a Martingale if the + +original processes is a +Martingale and it's a + +sub-Martingale if the original +process is a Martingale. + +And the proof is +the following. + +You can almost say this +looks obvious. + +If it looks obvious to you, you + +should admire your intuition. + +If it doesn't look obvious to +you, you should admire your + +mathematical insight. + +And either way, the kind of +intuition is that before + +stopping occurs, Z sub n star +is equal to Z sub n. + +And after you stop, Z sub +n star is constant. + +So it satisfies a Martingale +condition because it's not + +going up and it's +not going down. + +But in fact, when you try to +think through the whole thing, + +it's not quite enough. + +It's the kind of thing where +after you look at it for a + +while, you say, yes, +it has to be true. + +But why? + +And you can't explain +why it's true. + +I'm going to go through +the proof here. + +And mostly the reason is that +the proof I have in the notes, + +I can't understand it anymore. + +Well, I can sort of understand +it when I correct a + +few errors in it. + +But I think this proof gives +you a much better + +idea why it's true. + +And I think you can follow +it in real time. + +Whereas that proof, I couldn't +follow it in real time, or + +fairly extended time. + +OK, so this stop process, +I can express it in the + +following way. + +And let me try to explain +why this is. + +If your stopping rule tells you +that you stop at time m + +for a particular sample +sequence, this indicator + +function, i of sub j equals n, +this function here is 1 for + +all sample sequences for which +you stop at time m. + +And it's 0 for all +other sequences. + +So the value of this stop +process at time n is going to + +be the value at which it +stopped, which is Zm, when you + +have this indicator function, +which is j equals m. + +And if it hasn't stopped yet, +it's going to be Z sub n, + +which is what it really is. + +And it hasn't stopped. + +So the stop process hasn't +yet stopped. + +So Z sub n star is +equal to Z sub n. + +OK, so as far as the magnitude +is concerned, the magnitude of + +Z sub n is going to be less than +or equal to the sum of + +those magnitudes. + +And the sum of those magnitudes, +you can just + +ignore the indicator functions +because they're either 0 or 1. + +So we can upper bound +them by 1. + +So Z sub n star is less than +or equal to the sum over m + +less than n of Z sub +n plus Z sub n. + +And this means that the expected +value of Z sub n star + +has to be less than infinity +because what it is in this + +bound here is a sum +of finite numbers. + +When you take a finite sum-- +this is a finite sum. + +There are only n plus +1 terms in it. + +When you take a finite sum of +finite numbers, you get + +something finite. + +So expected value +of Z sub n is--. + +Excuse me. + +I was a little bit +quick about that. + +The expected value of Z sub n +star is now less than or equal + +to the expected value of each +of the Z sub n's plus the + +expected value of Z sub n. + +Since the Z process is a +Martingale, you know that all + +of those expected values +are finite. + +And since all of those expected +values are finite, + +the expected value of Z sub n +star is finite as we said. + +OK, so let's try to trace out +what happens if we look at the + +expected value of Z sub n star +conditional on the past + +history up until +time n minus 1. + +We'll rewrite Z sub n star in +terms of this expression here. + +So it's the sum over m less than +n of the expected value + +of the stopping point if the +stopping point was equal to m + +plus the expected value of Z +sub n if the stopping point + +was greater than n. + +So we just want to analyze +all of those terms. + +So we look at them. + +There's nothing complicated +about it. + +The expected value of this term +here, expected value of + +Zm times i of j equals +m given Zn minus 1. + +And now, we're going to be +child-like about it. + +And we're going to assume a +particular sample sequence, + +which is equal to little +z n minus 1. + +What is this expected +value here? + +It has to be Z sub n +if j is equal to m. + +Why is that? + +That's the argument I was just +going through before. + +What's the expected value of a +random variable conditional on + +the random variable, that same +random variable, having a + +particular value? + +The fact that you're given +a large number of these + +quantities doesn't make +any difference. + +The main thing that you're given +here is the value of Z + +sub n being little z sub m, +which says this quantity is + +equal to little z sub m +if j is equal to m. + +That's equal to 0 if j is +unequal to m, which in fact is + +just equal to Zm times the +indicator function of j. + +OK, so you-- + +and the same thing happens +for the indicator + +function of j equals n. + +This should be j greater +than or equal to n. + +This is Zn minus 1. + +And we add these things up. + +And what we get, finally, +is this sum here. + +And now, you look at this last +term here, which is a + +combination of here and here. + +And this is just the indicator +function for j greater than or + +equal to n minus 1. + +And if you look back at the +definition of Z sub n star, + +this is just Z star +of n minus 1. + +I see a lot of blank faces. + +But this is the kind +of thing you almost + +have to look at twice. + +So we'll let it go with that. + +So this shows that the expected +value of Z sub n star + +given the past of the original +process is equal to Z + +star n minus 1. + +That's not quite +what you want. + +You want the expected value of +Zn star given Z star of n + +minus 1 to be equal to +Z star n minus 1. + +In other words, you want to be +able to replace this quantity + +in here with Z star n minus 1. + +And the question is, +how do you do that? + +And that's what bothered me +about the proof in the notes + +because it didn't even +talk about that. + +So the argument is Z star n +minus 1 in the past is really + +a function of the past of +the original process. + +If I give you the sample +values of the original + +process, you can tell me where +the process stops. + +And you can say what the stop +process is both before and + +after that point. + +So the stop values +are a function of + +the unstopped values. + +So now what I can do is for +every sample point of the + +original process leading to a +given sequence of the stop + +process, we're going to have +expected value Zn star given + +these values here as equal +to Z star n minus 1. + +And since that's true for all +of the values for which this + +leads to that, this +is true also. + +So that proves it. + +I'm doing this primarily because +I think you ought to + +be tortured with at least one +proof in every lecture. + +And the other thing is the proof +in the notes was not + +quite sufficient. + +So I wanted to add to it here. + +So now, you have +a proof of it. + +Consequences of the theorem, +this is for sub-Martingales, + +the marginal expected values of +the stopped process lies in + +between the expected value +of Z1 and the expected + +value of Z sub n. + +In other words, when you take +the stop process, it in some + +sense is intermediate between +what happens at time 1 and + +what happens for the original +process at time n. + +It can't grow any faster than +the original process. + +This is also almost intuitively +obvious. + +And it's proven in +section 7.8. + +So you can find it there. + +It's quite a bit easier than the +proof I just went through. + +The proof I just went through +was a fairly difficult and + +fairly tricky proof. + +Partly I went through that proof +because everything we do + +from now on-- + +we're not going to do an +awful lot of things. + +But the Martingale convergence +theorem, the strong law of + +large numbers, and all of the +other results we're talking + +about all depend critically +on that theorem that + +we just went through. + +In other words, it's a +really major theorem. + +It's not trivial little thing. + +OK, this one is fairly +major, too. + +But it follows very easily +from the other one. + +Do I want to talk about this, +this generating function + +product of the Martingale? + +No. + +Let's let that go. + +Let's not-- + +not that important. + +So this is that, too. + +No, I guess I better +go back to that. + +We need it. + +OK, let's look at the generating +function product + +Martingale that we had +for a random walk. + +So X sub n is a sequence of +IID random variables. + +The partial sums form the +variables of a random walk. + +Sn is a random walk +where Sn is a sum. + +For any r such that gamma of r +exists, we then define Z sub n + +to be a Martingale, this +Martingale here. + +That's called a generating +function Martingale. + +Zn is a Martingale. + +The expected value of +Zn is equal to 1. + +You can see immediately from +this that the expected value + +of Zn is equal to 1. + +You don't need any of the theory +we've gone through + +because the expected value of +the e to the r Sn is what? + +It's a moment generating +function to the n-th power. + +That's just this term here. + +So this has to be equal +to 1 for all n. + +The fact that this is a +Martingale comes from that + +example of product +form Martingale + +that we went through. + +So there's nothing very +sophisticated here. + +OK, so if we assume that gamma +of r exists and we let Zn be + +this Martingale, well, this is +just what we said before. + +So you see it here. + +Let j be the non-defective +stopping time that stops when + +either alpha greater than +0 or beta less than 0. + +Since this is a stopping time, +the expected value of e to the + +Zn star is equal to 1 for all n +greater than or equal to 1. + +And the limit as n goes to +infinity of Z sub n is then + +going to be equal to +the process at the + +time where you stopped. + +After you stop, you +stay the same. + +So you never move. + +And the expected value +of Z sub j is just + +this quantity here. + +What does that look like? + +That's the Wald identity +coming up again. + +That's the Wald identity coming +up for a random walk + +with two thresholds. + +The nice thing about doing it +this way is you can see that + +the proof applies to many +other situations. + +You can have almost any stopping +rule you want. + +And you still get the +Wald identity. + +So it has a much more general +form than we had before. + +This business here, the limit of +Z sub n star going to Z sub + +j is a little fishy. + +The proof in the +notes is fine. + +This limit does in fact +equal this limit. + +What's bizarre is that the +expected value of this limit + +is not necessarily equal to the +expected value of Z sub j. + +So make a note to yourselves +that if you ever want to use + +Wald's identity in this more +general case, think carefully + +about what's going on as +you go to the limit. + +Because it can be a little +bit tricky there. + +It's not always what +it looks like. + +OK, so we're on to Mr. +Kolmogorov again. + +Kolmogorov was the guy who did +so many things in the subject. + +Most important, he said for a +firm foundation to start with, + +he was the one that said you +really need a model. + +And you really need +some axioms. + +And then, he went on with all +these other neat things that + +we've talked about from +time to time. + +His sub-Martingale inequality +is a fairly simple result. + +But this follows after that +stopping theorem that we've + +just talked about. + +And everything else +depends on this. + +So there's a sort of chain that +runs through this whole + +development. + +And if you go further in +Martingales, you find that + +this is just an absolutely major +theorem which comes up + +all the time. + +And it's wonderful because +it's so simple. + +OK, so let's let Z sub n be a +non-negative sub-Martingale. + +And then, for any positive +integer m and any number a + +bigger than 0, the probability +that the maximum of the first + +n terms of this Martingale is +greater than or equal to the + +quantity a is the expected value +of Z sub n divided by a. + +This looks like the +Markov inequality. + +If instead of taking the maximum +from 1 to m we just + +look at Z sub n, the probability +that Z sub n is + +greater than or equal to a, then +we get less than or equal + +to Z of m divided by a. + +So what this is saying is it's +really strengthening that + +Markov inequality and saying, +you don't have to restrict + +yourself to Z sub m. + +You can instead look at all +of the terms up until m. + +And this bound here you get in +the Markov inequality really + +covers the maximum of all of +those terms to start out with, + +which says that for any m, you +can look at the maximum over + +an enormous sum of terms +if you want to. + +And it does this nice thing. + +OK, I'm going to prove +this also. + +But this proof is simple. + +So you can follow it in +real time, I think. + +So we want to start out with +letting j be the stopping + +time, which is essentially the +smallest term where you've + +crossed the threshold at a. + +And if you haven't crossed a +threshold at a, then it's + +equal to the last term. + +So here's the specific +stopping rule that + +we're going to use. + +If Zn is greater than or equal +to a for any n, then j is the + +smallest n for which Zn +is greater than a. + +It's the first time at which +we've crossed that threshold. + +If Zn is less than a for all n +up until m, then we make j + +equal to n. + +So we're insisting on stopping +at some point. + +This is not a defective +stopping rule. + +It's a real stopping rule +because you've set the limit + +on how far you want to look. + +OK, so the process has +to stop by time m. + +The value of the process +at the time you stop-- + +remember this thing we've called +Z sub j, which is the + +value at the stopping times. + +Z sub j is greater than or +equal to a if you stopped + +before time m. + +And Z sub n is-- + +well, we're saying that Z sub j +is greater than or equal to + +a if and only if Zn is greater +than or equal to a for some n + +less than or equal to m. + +If you haven't crossed a +threshold by time m, then Z + +sub m is equal to Z sub n. + +But it's not above a. + +So the stopping time is this +largest possible value that + +we've got until the process +stops by time n. + +Zj greater than or equal to a if +and only if we've crossed a + +threshold for some n less +than or equal to m. + +So the probability that we've +crossed the threshold from 1 + +to n to n is equal to the +probability that Z sub j is + +greater than or equal or a, +which is less than or equal to + +the expected value of Z +sub j divided by a. + +Since the process must be +stopped by time m, we have Z + +sub j is equal to +Z sub m star. + +And the stop process, f +time m and Z sub n, is + +less than or equal-- + +expected value of the stop +process is less than or equal + +to the expected value of +the original process. + +Why is that? + +That's that theorum we just +proved somewhere. + +Yeah, this one here, OK? + +That's submartingale +consequence. + +OK. + +So that completes the proof. + +And it's 10:30 now. + +So the Kolmogorove submartingale +inequality is + +really a strengthening of +the Markov inequality. + +So you get this extra soup +to nuts form of it. + +Chebyshev inequality can be +strengthened in the same way. + +That's called a Kolmogorove +inequality also. + +Kolmogorove just got in here +before anybody else and he + +took those axioms that +he made up-- + +and he was a smart guy-- + +and he developed this +whole school of + +probability in Russia. + +And along with that, since he +had these original results, he + +just almost wiped up the field +before anybody else knew what + +was going on. + +Partly a consequence of the fact +that mathematicians in + +most other parts of the world +didn't believe that there was + +any good probability theory +going on in Russia. + +So they weren't really conscious +of this until he + +cleaned up the whole field. + +So if you want to be famous +mathematician, you should move + +away from the US and go to Upper +Turkestan or something. + +And you then clean up the whole +field the same way that + +Kolmogorove did. + +OK. + +So the strengthening of the +Kolmogorove inequality. + +What the result says is let Zn +be a submartingale with the + +expected value of Zn squared +less than infinity. + +Then the probability that the +maximum of these terms, up to + +n, is greater than or equal to +b, is less than or equal to + +the expected value of Zm squared +divided by b squared. + +You'll notice that that's almost +the same thing as the + +submartingale inequality. + +This one says the probability +that the maximum of Z sub i is + +greater than or equal to i. + +And this one says THE +probability that the maximum Z + +n is greater than or equal to b +is less than or equal to the + +expected value of Zn squared +over b squared. + +If you can't prove this, go back +and look at the proof of + +the Chebyshev inequality. + +The proof of this given the +submartingale inequality is + +exactly the same as the proof +of the Chebyshev inequality + +given the Markov inequality. + +You just go through the same +steps and it's fairly simple. + +OK. + +So that is a nice result. + +What happens if you apply +this to a random walk? + +If you apply it to a random +walk, what you do is replace + +this is Z sub n with the sum of +random variables, and the + +random walk, minus the mean +of those random variables. + +We have seen that a zero-mean +random walk is a martingale. + +So what we're going to do next +is to use that zero-mean + +random walk of the martingale +and then what this says is the + +probability that the maximum, +from 1, less + +than or equal to n-- + +less than or equal to m, +of Sn minus nX bar. + +That's Zn because we're +subtracting off the main. + +The probability of that is +greater than or equal to, and + +we just give b another name-- + +m times epsilon-- + +and it's less than or equal +to the expected + +value of Z sub m squared. + +What's the expected value of +this quantity squared? + +It's n times sigma squared. + +Because S sub m is just the sum +of m IID random variables, + +which have variance +sigma squared. + +So you take the expected value +of this quantity squared, and + +this n times the variance of X. +So this then becomes sigma + +squared times m divided by m +squared times epsilon squared, + +and the m cancels out. + +This gives you the Chebyshev +inequality with the extra + +feature, but it deals with the +whole sum from 1 up to m. + +Now, you look at this +and you say, gee. + +Wouldn't it be absolutely +wonderful if instead of going + +from 1 to m, this went +from m to infinity? + +Because then you'd be saying the +maximum of these terms-- + +the maximum is less than +or equal to something. + +And you'd have the strong law +of large numbers all sitting + +there for you. + +And life was not that good, but +almost as good, because we + +can now do the strong law of +large numbers assuming only + +IID random variables +with the variance. + +So we're going to use that +expression that we just did-- + +we're going to plug it into what +we need for the strong + +law of large numbers. + +Again, I'm going to give you the +idea of the proof of that. + +I wasn't going to do that, but +I looked at the proof in the + +notes, and I had trouble +understanding that too. + +You understand, I have +a problem here. + +I write things two years ago, +I look at them now. + +I have a bad memory, so I have +trouble understanding them. + +So I recreate a new proof, which +looks obvious to me now + +because I've done it right +now, and in two years, it + +might look just as difficult. + +So if you look at this half +proof here and you can't + +understand it, let me know, +and I'll go back to the + +drawing board and work +on something else. + +OK. + +So the theorem says let X sub i +be a sequence of IID random + +variables with mean x bar and +standard deviation sigma less + +than infinity. + +So I'm trying to do the strong +law of large numbers before we + +assume the fourth moment. + +Here, I'm only assuming +a second moment. + +If you work really hard, you +can do it with the first + +absolute moment. + +OK. + +Let the S sub n be the sum of +n random variables, then for + +any epsilon-- + +oh, I don't need an +epsilon there. + +I don't know where that +epsilon came from. + +Just cross that out. + +It doesn't belong. + +The probability that the limit, +as n goes to infinity, + +of S n over n is +equal to X bar. + +The probability of +that event-- + +event happens for a whole bunch +of sample sequences. + +It doesn't happen for others. + +And this says that the +probability of the class of + +infinite length sequences +for which that + +happens is equal to 1. + +That's the statement of the +strong law of large numbers + +that we had before. + +It says that the probability +of the set of sequences for + +which the sample average +approaches the main + +probability of that set of +sequences is equal to 1. + +OK. + +So the idea of the proof +is going to be + +the following thing. + +And what I'm going to use is +this Chebyshev inequality + +we've already done. + +But since Chebyshev inequality, +in this new form-- + +namely the Kolmogorove +inequality only goes up to n, + +what I'm going to do is +look at successively + +larger values of n. + +So I'm going to try to crawl +my way up on infinity by + +taking first a short length, +then a longer length, then a + +longer length, and a +the longer length. + +So I'm going to take this +quantity here, which was the + +quantity in the Kolmogorove +submartingale inequality. + +I'm going to ask what's the +probability that the union of + +all of these things, from m +equals sum k, which I'm going + +to let go to infinity +later, what's the + +probability of this union? + +And the terms in the union, +instead of going from 1 to n + +to n, I want to replace +n by 2 to the m. + +The maximum of this. + +The probability that this is +greater than or equal to 2 to + +the m times epsilon-- + +that's the biggest term +times epsilon. + +I want to see that this +is less than or + +equal to this quantity. + +Now, why is this less than +or equal to that? + +AUDIENCE: Union bound. + +PROFESSOR: What? + +AUDIENCE: Union bound. + +PROFESSOR: Union bound, yes. + +That's all it is. + +I've just applied the +union bound to this. + +This is less than or equal to +the probability of this for m + +equals k, plus the probability +of this for m equals k plus 1, + +and so forth. + +Each of these terms is sigma +squared over 2 to the m times + +epsilon squared. + +That's what we had on the +last page, I hope. + +Yes. + +Sigma squared over m times +epsilon squared. + +Remember, we replaced m by 2 to +the m, so this has changed + +in that way. + +And now we can sum this. + +And when we sum it, we just get +2 sigma squared over 2 to + +the k times epsilon squared. + +What are we doing here? + +What's the whole of this? + +The Kolmogorove submartingale +inequality, lets us, instead + +of looking at just one value of +n, let's us look at a whole + +bunch of values altogether +and maximize over them. + +So what I'm going do is use the +Kolmogorove submartingale + +inequality over one big bunch +of things and then over + +another much bigger bunch of +things, then over another + +much, much bigger +set of things. + +And because I'm hopping over +these much larger sequences, I + +can now sum this quantity here, +which I couldn't do if I + +only had an m here. + +If I replaced this 2 to the m by +m and I tried to sum this, + +what would happen? + +It's a harmonic series +and it diverges. + +So what I've been able to do-- + +or, really, what Kolmogorove +was able to do-- + +was instead of summing over +all m, he was summing over + +bunches of things and using +this maximum here. + +So this probability is +less than or equal + +to something finite. + +If I now let k go to infinity, +this term goes to 0, which + +says that the tail end of this +whole big thing goes to 0 as k + +gets larger, for any +epsilon at all. + +But now, this doesn't quite look +like what I want it to + +look like, so what I'm going to +do is find something which + +is smaller than this that looks +like what I would like + +it to look like. + +So I'm going to lower bound +this quantity here by this + +quantity here. + +I still have the same +union here. + +Instead of finding the max over +1 to n to 2 to the n, I + +will get a probability which is +smaller because I'll only + +maximize over part +of those terms. + +I'll only go from 2 to the m +minus 1, less than or equal to + +n, less than or equal +to 2 to the n. + +So I'm maximizing over a smaller +set of terms, which + +makes the probability +of this smaller. + +And then I'm replacing the 2 +the m here by 2 times n, + +because now this bound is +between 2 to the n minus 1 and + +2 to the m. + +So I can replace it that way. + +And now, it's exactly +the sum that I want. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: What does it mean to +maximize the [INAUDIBLE]? + +Now n is [INAUDIBLE]. + +So it looks like you're +maximizing over inequalities. + +Is it something like that? + +PROFESSOR: Well, Yeah no. + +I probably want to take this +quantity, subtract off-- + +no. + +What I really have to do to make +this make any sense is + +write it as the maximum over +the same set of things S n + +over n minus x bar, greater than +or equal to 2 epsilon. + +OK? + +Thank you. + +AUDIENCE: OK. + +Another thing-- + +you're more likely to be bigger + +than a smaller quantity. + +Your n is smaller than 2 to the +m, you're more likely to + +be bigger than a smaller +quantity. + +So you're not bounding +correctly, it would seem. + +Oh, no. + +You're doing 2 times m. + +PROFESSOR: Well, there's +no problem here. + +I think the question is here. + +Can I reduce this maximum down +to a smaller sum and get a + +smaller probability? + +Oh, yes. + +There's a smaller probability +that this smaller max will + +exceed a limit than if this +will exceed a limit. + +So I should do it +in two steps. + +In fact, you pointed +it out here. + +I should do it in three steps. + +So the first step replaces this + +maximum with this maximum. + +Then the second step is going +to go through that step. + +And the third one is going to +replace the m here with the n. + +Anyway. + +I think it's OK, with a +few minor twiddles. + +And before the term is over, I +will get a new set of notes + +out on the web, and you can +check them to see if you're + +actually satisfied +with it, OK? + +OK. + +So finally, the martingale +convergence theorem. + +I'm not even going to try to +prove this at all, but you + +might have some imagination +for how this follows from + +dealing with stop +processes, also. + +What it says is Z sub n +is a martingale again. + +We're going to assume that +there's something finite m, so + +the expected value of Zn is +less than or equal to n. + +So what I'm saying is the +expected value of Z sub n is + +now bounded-- + +it's not finite, it's +more than finite-- + +it's bounded. + +It can never exceed +this quantity. + +I can have an expected value Z +sub n, which is equal to 2 to + +the n, and that's fine +for every n. + +But it's not bounded. + +This quantity, I'm assuming +it's bounded. + +And then, according to this +super theorem, there's a + +random variable, Z. And +don't ask what Z is. + +Z is usually a very complicated +random variable. + +All this is doing is +saying it exists. + +You don't know what it is. + +Such that the limit, as n goes +to infinity, is Z sub n, is + +equal to this random variable. + +In other words, the limit of Z +sub n minus Z is equal to 0 as + +n goes to infinity. + +And the texts proves the theorem +with the additional + +constraint that the expected +value of Z sub + +n squared is bounded. + +Either one of those bounds is a +very big constraint on these + +martingales. + +So the way you use these +theorems is you take an + +original problem that you're +dealing with and you twist it + +around, then you massage it and +you do all sorts of things + +to it all in order to get +another martingale, which + +satisfies this bound +in the constraint. + +Then you apply this theorem, and +then you go back to where + +you started. + +So that's the sort of general +way of dealing with this. + +And you see this theorem being +used in all sorts of strange + +places where you would never +expect it to be used. + +For those of you in the +communication field, about a + +couple of years ago, there was +a very famous paper dealing + +with something called polar +codes, which is + +a new kind of coding-- + +very careful. + +And they guy, in order to +prove that these codes + +worked, used that. + +I don't know how-- + +I haven't checked it out +yet-- but that was + +crucial in his proofs. + +So he had to turn these things +into martingales somehow and + +then use that proof. + +OK. + +We talked about branching +processes, about the + +remarkable things about them. + +This theorem applies directly to +these branching processes. + +A branching process, +you remember-- + +the number of elements or +organisms or whatever, at time + +n is the number of offspring +of the set of elements at + +time n minus 1. + +Each element at each time has a +random number of offspring, + +which is independent of time +that's independent of all the + +other elements. + +And it's a random variable Y. +And the expected value of X + +sub n is going to be X sub n +minus 1 times the expected + +value of Y, because X sub n +minus 1 is the number of + +elements in the n minus +first generation. + +Y bar is the expected +number of offspring + +of each one of them. + +So you look at it +and you say, ah. + +That theorem doesn't work. + +No good. + +You walk away. + +Then somebody else who is really +interested in branching + +processes says, oh, this +process is growing as-- + +I mean it's growing by Y +bar every unit of time. + +So I should be able to deal +with that somehow. + +So I say, OK. + +Let's look at the number +of elements in the n-th + +generation and divide +it by Y to the n. + +When you do this, +what happens? + +The expected value of X n +divided by Y bar to the n is + +going to be equal to X sub n +minus 1 over Y bar sub n minus + +1 times + +AUDIENCE: You need +to [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +That would help, wouldn't it. + +Thank you. + +Given X n minus 1 divided by +Y bar n times n minus 1. + +And Xn minus 2 over +Y bar n minus 2. + +And so if we're given these +things, we don't have to worry + +about this quantity if we're +just given a number in each + +generation. + +If we're given a number in +generation n minus 1, the + +expected value of X sub n over +Y n is just X n minus 1. + +Expected value, we pick up +another value of Y divided by + +Y bar to the n, which is +X n minus 1 over Y + +bar the n minus 1. + +OK. + +So the theorem applies here +because that expected value is + +just 1, then. + +And this is a martingale. + +So the theorem says +that this quantity + +approaches a random variable. + +And what does that mean? + +Well, if you observe this +process for a long time, it + +might die out. + +If it dies out and it +stays died out-- it + +never comes back again. + +And if it doesn't die out, it's +going to start to grow. + +And if it starts to grow, +it's going to start to + +grow in this why. + +After a very long time, if it's +growing, X sub n minus 1 + +is humongous, and the law of +large numbers says that the + +next generation should have very +close to X sub n minus 1 + +times the Y bar elements +in it. + +So it says that after you get +started, this thing wobbles + +around trying to decide whether +it's going to go to + +zero or decide to get large. + +But if one starts to get large, +then it becomes very + +stable from that time on. + +And it's going to increase by Y +bar with each unit of time. + +If it decides it's going to die +out, it goes to 0 and it + +stays there. + +So what the theorem is saying +is just what I just said-- + +namely X to the n over Y bar n +in fact either grows in this + +very regular Y or it goes +to 0 and it stays there. + +So this random variable is 0 +with a probability that the + +process dies out, and we +evaluated that before. + +The other values of it are +very hard to evaluate. + +The other values depend on how +long this thing takes. + +If it's not going to go to 0, +how long does it take before + +it really takes off? + +And sometimes it takes a long +time before it really takes + +off, sometimes it takes a short +time, and that's what + +the random variable Z is. + +But the random variable Z says +that after a very long time, + +the value of this process is +X sub n is going to be + +approximately Z times this +quantity here, which is + +growing exponentially. + +OK. + +That gives us the martingale +convergence theorem. + +Next time, I will try to review +at least the whole + +course from Markov chains on. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/TVuG75QH0kA.txt b/TVuG75QH0kA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d41408dea117f69d52628ccdc4466938e548c6d --- /dev/null +++ b/TVuG75QH0kA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9195 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +coreware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu just a few last remarks last + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu just a few last remarks last + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu just a few last remarks last +day we were uh intensively looking at + + align:start position:0% +day we were uh intensively looking at + + + align:start position:0% +day we were uh intensively looking at +the structure and properties of oxide + + align:start position:0% +the structure and properties of oxide + + + align:start position:0% +the structure and properties of oxide +glasses and I just have a few remarks + + align:start position:0% +glasses and I just have a few remarks + + + align:start position:0% +glasses and I just have a few remarks +left to make about that and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +left to make about that and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +left to make about that and then we'll +move on to kinetics today um just a + + align:start position:0% +move on to kinetics today um just a + + + align:start position:0% +move on to kinetics today um just a +reminder uh we saw that uh oxide glasses + + align:start position:0% +reminder uh we saw that uh oxide glasses + + + align:start position:0% +reminder uh we saw that uh oxide glasses +typically consist of three types of uh + + align:start position:0% +typically consist of three types of uh + + + align:start position:0% +typically consist of three types of uh +components uh primarily Network formers + + align:start position:0% +components uh primarily Network formers + + + align:start position:0% +components uh primarily Network formers +these are calent oxides that form oxygen + + align:start position:0% +these are calent oxides that form oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +these are calent oxides that form oxygen +Bridges between the metal uh species and + + align:start position:0% +Bridges between the metal uh species and + + + align:start position:0% +Bridges between the metal uh species and +we can tailor the nature of the network + + align:start position:0% +we can tailor the nature of the network + + + align:start position:0% +we can tailor the nature of the network +by adding so-called modifiers which are + + align:start position:0% +by adding so-called modifiers which are + + + align:start position:0% +by adding so-called modifiers which are +ionic ox oxides and they donate oxide + + align:start position:0% +ionic ox oxides and they donate oxide + + + align:start position:0% +ionic ox oxides and they donate oxide +ions the oxide ions go into the network + + align:start position:0% +ions the oxide ions go into the network + + + align:start position:0% +ions the oxide ions go into the network +and they break the oxygen bonds uh in a + + align:start position:0% +and they break the oxygen bonds uh in a + + + align:start position:0% +and they break the oxygen bonds uh in a +process we call cision and then uh + + align:start position:0% +process we call cision and then uh + + + align:start position:0% +process we call cision and then uh +lastly in certain glasses we add a + + align:start position:0% +lastly in certain glasses we add a + + + align:start position:0% +lastly in certain glasses we add a +compound of a type called an + + align:start position:0% +compound of a type called an + + + align:start position:0% +compound of a type called an +intermediate and these are actually + + align:start position:0% +intermediate and these are actually + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate and these are actually +Network formers but they form uh a + + align:start position:0% +Network formers but they form uh a + + + align:start position:0% +Network formers but they form uh a +different number of bonds than the + + align:start position:0% +different number of bonds than the + + + align:start position:0% +different number of bonds than the +parent Network typically a larger number + + align:start position:0% +parent Network typically a larger number + + + align:start position:0% +parent Network typically a larger number +of bonds and in doing so they create + + align:start position:0% +of bonds and in doing so they create + + + align:start position:0% +of bonds and in doing so they create +some free volume which enhances certain + + align:start position:0% +some free volume which enhances certain + + + align:start position:0% +some free volume which enhances certain +properties sometimes the mechanical + + align:start position:0% +properties sometimes the mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +properties sometimes the mechanical +properties sometimes s the uh um thermal + + align:start position:0% +properties sometimes s the uh um thermal + + + align:start position:0% +properties sometimes s the uh um thermal +properties specifically uh thermal shock + + align:start position:0% +properties specifically uh thermal shock + + + align:start position:0% +properties specifically uh thermal shock +resistance is enhanced by the addition + + align:start position:0% +resistance is enhanced by the addition + + + align:start position:0% +resistance is enhanced by the addition +of network formers and at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +of network formers and at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +of network formers and at the end of the +lecture we started talking about + + align:start position:0% +lecture we started talking about + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we started talking about +strengthening mechanisms and the the way + + align:start position:0% +strengthening mechanisms and the the way + + + align:start position:0% +strengthening mechanisms and the the way +to strengthen oxide glasses remember + + align:start position:0% +to strengthen oxide glasses remember + + + align:start position:0% +to strengthen oxide glasses remember +oxide glasses are not too bad in + + align:start position:0% +oxide glasses are not too bad in + + + align:start position:0% +oxide glasses are not too bad in +compression but they're very weak in + + align:start position:0% +compression but they're very weak in + + + align:start position:0% +compression but they're very weak in +tension and the way to strengthen them + + align:start position:0% +tension and the way to strengthen them + + + align:start position:0% +tension and the way to strengthen them +is to pre-stress compressively so that + + align:start position:0% +is to pre-stress compressively so that + + + align:start position:0% +is to pre-stress compressively so that +the effective yield stress becomes then + + align:start position:0% +the effective yield stress becomes then + + + align:start position:0% +the effective yield stress becomes then +the sum of the natural yield stress of + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the natural yield stress of + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the natural yield stress of +the material plus the compressive stress + + align:start position:0% +the material plus the compressive stress + + + align:start position:0% +the material plus the compressive stress +that you've added to the material and + + align:start position:0% +that you've added to the material and + + + align:start position:0% +that you've added to the material and +you don't have to necessarily do this + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to necessarily do this + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to necessarily do this +through the entire material typically we + + align:start position:0% +through the entire material typically we + + + align:start position:0% +through the entire material typically we +simply uh pre-stress the surface because + + align:start position:0% +simply uh pre-stress the surface because + + + align:start position:0% +simply uh pre-stress the surface because +let's face it if something's going to + + align:start position:0% +let's face it if something's going to + + + align:start position:0% +let's face it if something's going to +fail it's going to fail through the + + align:start position:0% +fail it's going to fail through the + + + align:start position:0% +fail it's going to fail through the +application of force causing the crack + + align:start position:0% +application of force causing the crack + + + align:start position:0% +application of force causing the crack +at the free surface if we can prevent + + align:start position:0% +at the free surface if we can prevent + + + align:start position:0% +at the free surface if we can prevent +the crack from forming at at the free + + align:start position:0% +the crack from forming at at the free + + + align:start position:0% +the crack from forming at at the free +surface this can in many instances uh + + align:start position:0% +surface this can in many instances uh + + + align:start position:0% +surface this can in many instances uh +preserve the Integrity of the object so + + align:start position:0% +preserve the Integrity of the object so + + + align:start position:0% +preserve the Integrity of the object so +we saw the first way of improving the + + align:start position:0% +we saw the first way of improving the + + + align:start position:0% +we saw the first way of improving the +strength of uh an oxide glass called + + align:start position:0% +strength of uh an oxide glass called + + + align:start position:0% +strength of uh an oxide glass called +tempering and that exploits uh + + align:start position:0% +tempering and that exploits uh + + + align:start position:0% +tempering and that exploits uh +differential cooling so that if you look + + align:start position:0% +differential cooling so that if you look + + + align:start position:0% +differential cooling so that if you look +on this Trace here volume versus uh + + align:start position:0% +on this Trace here volume versus uh + + + align:start position:0% +on this Trace here volume versus uh +temperature we know that if we have + + align:start position:0% +temperature we know that if we have + + + align:start position:0% +temperature we know that if we have +surface cooling at a high rate we'll + + align:start position:0% +surface cooling at a high rate we'll + + + align:start position:0% +surface cooling at a high rate we'll +have a higher excess volume than if we + + align:start position:0% +have a higher excess volume than if we + + + align:start position:0% +have a higher excess volume than if we +have uh Cooling in the bulk of the glass + + align:start position:0% +have uh Cooling in the bulk of the glass + + + align:start position:0% +have uh Cooling in the bulk of the glass +at a lower rate and that leads to a + + align:start position:0% +at a lower rate and that leads to a + + + align:start position:0% +at a lower rate and that leads to a +differential in volume which ultimately + + align:start position:0% +differential in volume which ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +differential in volume which ultimately +uh has a compressive stress on the the + + align:start position:0% +uh has a compressive stress on the the + + + align:start position:0% +uh has a compressive stress on the the +surface there's another way to achieve + + align:start position:0% +surface there's another way to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +surface there's another way to achieve +the same uh goal that is compressive + + align:start position:0% +the same uh goal that is compressive + + + align:start position:0% +the same uh goal that is compressive +stress in the surface and that involves + + align:start position:0% +stress in the surface and that involves + + + align:start position:0% +stress in the surface and that involves +a chemical treatment and in particular + + align:start position:0% +a chemical treatment and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +a chemical treatment and in particular +um what we can do is take the take the + + align:start position:0% +um what we can do is take the take the + + + align:start position:0% +um what we can do is take the take the +glass and I'm going to give a a + + align:start position:0% +glass and I'm going to give a a + + + align:start position:0% +glass and I'm going to give a a +representative composition here let's + + align:start position:0% +representative composition here let's + + + align:start position:0% +representative composition here let's +say we have a glass that consists of + + align:start position:0% +say we have a glass that consists of + + + align:start position:0% +say we have a glass that consists of +we'll have a network former uh silica + + align:start position:0% +we'll have a network former uh silica + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have a network former uh silica +and network modifier will be soda sodium + + align:start position:0% +and network modifier will be soda sodium + + + align:start position:0% +and network modifier will be soda sodium +oxide and we'll throw in an intermediate + + align:start position:0% +oxide and we'll throw in an intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +oxide and we'll throw in an intermediate +alumina so this is a sodium alumino + + align:start position:0% +alumina so this is a sodium alumino + + + align:start position:0% +alumina so this is a sodium alumino +silicate glass former + + align:start position:0% +silicate glass former + + + align:start position:0% +silicate glass former +modifier intermediate and we know that + + align:start position:0% +modifier intermediate and we know that + + + align:start position:0% +modifier intermediate and we know that +the sodium ions are present the oxide + + align:start position:0% +the sodium ions are present the oxide + + + align:start position:0% +the sodium ions are present the oxide +ions have gone into the network and have + + align:start position:0% +ions have gone into the network and have + + + align:start position:0% +ions have gone into the network and have +resulted in the formation of terminal + + align:start position:0% +resulted in the formation of terminal + + + align:start position:0% +resulted in the formation of terminal +oxygens here so the sodiums are still + + align:start position:0% +oxygens here so the sodiums are still + + + align:start position:0% +oxygens here so the sodiums are still +free as sodium ions so let's take a look + + align:start position:0% +free as sodium ions so let's take a look + + + align:start position:0% +free as sodium ions so let's take a look +at the sodium ions at the surface of the + + align:start position:0% +at the sodium ions at the surface of the + + + align:start position:0% +at the sodium ions at the surface of the +glass some of the surface sites are + + align:start position:0% +glass some of the surface sites are + + + align:start position:0% +glass some of the surface sites are +going to be occupied sodium ions what we + + align:start position:0% +going to be occupied sodium ions what we + + + align:start position:0% +going to be occupied sodium ions what we +can do is we can immerse this glass into + + align:start position:0% +can do is we can immerse this glass into + + + align:start position:0% +can do is we can immerse this glass into +a molten salt a molten salt at elevated + + align:start position:0% +a molten salt a molten salt at elevated + + + align:start position:0% +a molten salt a molten salt at elevated +temperature so typically let's look at + + align:start position:0% +temperature so typically let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so typically let's look at +something like pottassium + + align:start position:0% +something like pottassium + + + align:start position:0% +something like pottassium +chloride and this melts at 775 + + align:start position:0% +chloride and this melts at 775 + + + align:start position:0% +chloride and this melts at 775 +Centigrade so this might be sitting at + + align:start position:0% +Centigrade so this might be sitting at + + + align:start position:0% +Centigrade so this might be sitting at +800° C and as a molten salt it consists + + align:start position:0% +800° C and as a molten salt it consists + + + align:start position:0% +800° C and as a molten salt it consists +of potassium cats and chloride anion now + + align:start position:0% +of potassium cats and chloride anion now + + + align:start position:0% +of potassium cats and chloride anion now +take a look at this interface here on + + align:start position:0% +take a look at this interface here on + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at this interface here on +the left I have a high concentration of + + align:start position:0% +the left I have a high concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +the left I have a high concentration of +sod sodium but no sodium in the molten + + align:start position:0% +sod sodium but no sodium in the molten + + + align:start position:0% +sod sodium but no sodium in the molten +salt in the molten salt they have a high + + align:start position:0% +salt in the molten salt they have a high + + + align:start position:0% +salt in the molten salt they have a high +concentration of potassium but no + + align:start position:0% +concentration of potassium but no + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of potassium but no +potassium in the glass by virtue of the + + align:start position:0% +potassium in the glass by virtue of the + + + align:start position:0% +potassium in the glass by virtue of the +concentration gradient potassium will + + align:start position:0% +concentration gradient potassium will + + + align:start position:0% +concentration gradient potassium will +want to enter the lattice and displace + + align:start position:0% +want to enter the lattice and displace + + + align:start position:0% +want to enter the lattice and displace +some of the sodium and some of the + + align:start position:0% +some of the sodium and some of the + + + align:start position:0% +some of the sodium and some of the +sodium will want to leave to enter the + + align:start position:0% +sodium will want to leave to enter the + + + align:start position:0% +sodium will want to leave to enter the +salt ions are soluble in an ionic medium + + align:start position:0% +salt ions are soluble in an ionic medium + + + align:start position:0% +salt ions are soluble in an ionic medium +so what happens if a potassium ion + + align:start position:0% +so what happens if a potassium ion + + + align:start position:0% +so what happens if a potassium ion +enters the the glass and occupies a site + + align:start position:0% +enters the the glass and occupies a site + + + align:start position:0% +enters the the glass and occupies a site +previously held by sodium well we know + + align:start position:0% +previously held by sodium well we know + + + align:start position:0% +previously held by sodium well we know +that the radius of the potassium ion is + + align:start position:0% +that the radius of the potassium ion is + + + align:start position:0% +that the radius of the potassium ion is +substantially larger than the radius of + + align:start position:0% +substantially larger than the radius of + + + align:start position:0% +substantially larger than the radius of +the sodium ion so if potassium enters + + align:start position:0% +the sodium ion so if potassium enters + + + align:start position:0% +the sodium ion so if potassium enters +the glass it's going to be a force fit + + align:start position:0% +the glass it's going to be a force fit + + + align:start position:0% +the glass it's going to be a force fit +this means Force + + align:start position:0% +this means Force + + + align:start position:0% +this means Force +fit and it's going to lead to the + + align:start position:0% +fit and it's going to lead to the + + + align:start position:0% +fit and it's going to lead to the +generation of compressive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stresses + + align:start position:0% +stresses + + + align:start position:0% +stresses +compressive stress and this is not too + + align:start position:0% +compressive stress and this is not too + + + align:start position:0% +compressive stress and this is not too +different from what happens when we put + + align:start position:0% +different from what happens when we put + + + align:start position:0% +different from what happens when we put +carbon into iron the carbon is larger + + align:start position:0% +carbon into iron the carbon is larger + + + align:start position:0% +carbon into iron the carbon is larger +than the interstitial site in Iron so + + align:start position:0% +than the interstitial site in Iron so + + + align:start position:0% +than the interstitial site in Iron so +this treatment is called a iron + + align:start position:0% +this treatment is called a iron + + + align:start position:0% +this treatment is called a iron +exchange ion exchange so by ion exchange + + align:start position:0% +exchange ion exchange so by ion exchange + + + align:start position:0% +exchange ion exchange so by ion exchange +which is a chemical treatment we can + + align:start position:0% +which is a chemical treatment we can + + + align:start position:0% +which is a chemical treatment we can +also strengthen the glass and thereby + + align:start position:0% +also strengthen the glass and thereby + + + align:start position:0% +also strengthen the glass and thereby +make it a little more robust for uh for + + align:start position:0% +make it a little more robust for uh for + + + align:start position:0% +make it a little more robust for uh for +use so I think that's a good place to to + + align:start position:0% +use so I think that's a good place to to + + + align:start position:0% +use so I think that's a good place to to +stop the treatment of of glasses and uh + + align:start position:0% +stop the treatment of of glasses and uh + + + align:start position:0% +stop the treatment of of glasses and uh +May return a little bit later in the + + align:start position:0% +May return a little bit later in the + + + align:start position:0% +May return a little bit later in the +semester so what I want to do now is + + align:start position:0% +semester so what I want to do now is + + + align:start position:0% +semester so what I want to do now is +start a a new unit and the unit I want + + align:start position:0% +start a a new unit and the unit I want + + + align:start position:0% +start a a new unit and the unit I want +to talk about today is a unit that would + + align:start position:0% +to talk about today is a unit that would + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about today is a unit that would +be called from the domain of physical + + align:start position:0% +be called from the domain of physical + + + align:start position:0% +be called from the domain of physical +chemistry I want to talk about kinetics + + align:start position:0% +chemistry I want to talk about kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry I want to talk about kinetics +about chemical kinetics and chemical + + align:start position:0% +about chemical kinetics and chemical + + + align:start position:0% +about chemical kinetics and chemical +kinetics is the study + + align:start position:0% +kinetics is the study + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics is the study +of reaction rates and mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +of reaction rates and mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +of reaction rates and mechanisms +reaction rates and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mechanisms and this is very important + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms and this is very important + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms and this is very important +for a number of reasons and uh + + align:start position:0% +for a number of reasons and uh + + + align:start position:0% +for a number of reasons and uh +so for that we discuss it in 3091 let's + + align:start position:0% +so for that we discuss it in 3091 let's + + + align:start position:0% +so for that we discuss it in 3091 let's +talk about three reasons that come to + + align:start position:0% +talk about three reasons that come to + + + align:start position:0% +talk about three reasons that come to +mind first of all + + align:start position:0% +mind first of all + + + align:start position:0% +mind first of all +productivity productivity if we go into + + align:start position:0% +productivity productivity if we go into + + + align:start position:0% +productivity productivity if we go into +an industrial setting and we want to + + align:start position:0% +an industrial setting and we want to + + + align:start position:0% +an industrial setting and we want to +improve throughput or yield we need to + + align:start position:0% +improve throughput or yield we need to + + + align:start position:0% +improve throughput or yield we need to +understand the rates and mechanisms of + + align:start position:0% +understand the rates and mechanisms of + + + align:start position:0% +understand the rates and mechanisms of +reactions all right so this is linked to + + align:start position:0% +reactions all right so this is linked to + + + align:start position:0% +reactions all right so this is linked to +competitiveness it's linked to resource + + align:start position:0% +competitiveness it's linked to resource + + + align:start position:0% +competitiveness it's linked to resource +utilization efficient use of materials + + align:start position:0% +utilization efficient use of materials + + + align:start position:0% +utilization efficient use of materials +and energy if we know how to process + + align:start position:0% +and energy if we know how to process + + + align:start position:0% +and energy if we know how to process +things effectively the second thing is + + align:start position:0% +things effectively the second thing is + + + align:start position:0% +things effectively the second thing is +environment a number of you have come to + + align:start position:0% +environment a number of you have come to + + + align:start position:0% +environment a number of you have come to +me after class and on different + + align:start position:0% +me after class and on different + + + align:start position:0% +me after class and on different +occasions spoken of your interests in + + align:start position:0% +occasions spoken of your interests in + + + align:start position:0% +occasions spoken of your interests in +environmental matters well one of the + + align:start position:0% +environmental matters well one of the + + + align:start position:0% +environmental matters well one of the +simplest things one can do to minimize + + align:start position:0% +simplest things one can do to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +simplest things one can do to minimize +adverse environmental impact of chemical + + align:start position:0% +adverse environmental impact of chemical + + + align:start position:0% +adverse environmental impact of chemical +processes is to be efficient so + + align:start position:0% +processes is to be efficient so + + + align:start position:0% +processes is to be efficient so +understanding how reactions proceed is + + align:start position:0% +understanding how reactions proceed is + + + align:start position:0% +understanding how reactions proceed is +critical in minimizing the adverse + + align:start position:0% +critical in minimizing the adverse + + + align:start position:0% +critical in minimizing the adverse +environmental + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +impact so so productivity issues + + align:start position:0% +impact so so productivity issues + + + align:start position:0% +impact so so productivity issues +secondly environmental + + align:start position:0% +secondly environmental + + + align:start position:0% +secondly environmental +issues and thirdly societal issues + + align:start position:0% +issues and thirdly societal issues + + + align:start position:0% +issues and thirdly societal issues +societal issues ultimately know you're + + align:start position:0% +societal issues ultimately know you're + + + align:start position:0% +societal issues ultimately know you're +here at MIT you want to get a an + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT you want to get a an + + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT you want to get a an +analytical education and you want to go + + align:start position:0% +analytical education and you want to go + + + align:start position:0% +analytical education and you want to go +out and do some thing in the world and + + align:start position:0% +out and do some thing in the world and + + + align:start position:0% +out and do some thing in the world and +one of the things that can happen if you + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that can happen if you + + + align:start position:0% +one of the things that can happen if you +understand your chemistry and understand + + align:start position:0% +understand your chemistry and understand + + + align:start position:0% +understand your chemistry and understand +the kinetics is you can + + align:start position:0% +the kinetics is you can + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetics is you can +keep a plant operative you can keep + + align:start position:0% +keep a plant operative you can keep + + + align:start position:0% +keep a plant operative you can keep +people working so there are societal + + align:start position:0% +people working so there are societal + + + align:start position:0% +people working so there are societal +implications for failure to understand + + align:start position:0% +implications for failure to understand + + + align:start position:0% +implications for failure to understand +kinetics when a process becomes obsolete + + align:start position:0% +kinetics when a process becomes obsolete + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics when a process becomes obsolete +you go out of business and people go out + + align:start position:0% +you go out of business and people go out + + + align:start position:0% +you go out of business and people go out +of work so for these and many other + + align:start position:0% +of work so for these and many other + + + align:start position:0% +of work so for these and many other +reasons we want to study kinetics and uh + + align:start position:0% +reasons we want to study kinetics and uh + + + align:start position:0% +reasons we want to study kinetics and uh +kinetics takes place over a very wide + + align:start position:0% +kinetics takes place over a very wide + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics takes place over a very wide +range that's why I played this song + + align:start position:0% +range that's why I played this song + + + align:start position:0% +range that's why I played this song +about time that's what this is about + + align:start position:0% +about time that's what this is about + + + align:start position:0% +about time that's what this is about +it's about time we have at the one + + align:start position:0% +it's about time we have at the one + + + align:start position:0% +it's about time we have at the one +extreme very slow chemical processes and + + align:start position:0% +extreme very slow chemical processes and + + + align:start position:0% +extreme very slow chemical processes and +at The Other Extreme very fast chemical + + align:start position:0% +at The Other Extreme very fast chemical + + + align:start position:0% +at The Other Extreme very fast chemical +processes slow we have things that take + + align:start position:0% +processes slow we have things that take + + + align:start position:0% +processes slow we have things that take +place along geological or even Cosmic + + align:start position:0% +place along geological or even Cosmic + + + align:start position:0% +place along geological or even Cosmic +time scales very very slow processes and + + align:start position:0% +time scales very very slow processes and + + + align:start position:0% +time scales very very slow processes and +On The Other Extreme we have such things + + align:start position:0% +On The Other Extreme we have such things + + + align:start position:0% +On The Other Extreme we have such things +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +explosions explosions and explosions + + align:start position:0% +explosions explosions and explosions + + + align:start position:0% +explosions explosions and explosions +aren't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +aren't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +aren't necessarily +destructive for example in the airbag + + align:start position:0% +destructive for example in the airbag + + + align:start position:0% +destructive for example in the airbag +that operates in an automobile it + + align:start position:0% +that operates in an automobile it + + + align:start position:0% +that operates in an automobile it +operates thanks to the fast kinetics of + + align:start position:0% +operates thanks to the fast kinetics of + + + align:start position:0% +operates thanks to the fast kinetics of +a gas solid reaction there is no pump + + align:start position:0% +a gas solid reaction there is no pump + + + align:start position:0% +a gas solid reaction there is no pump +there is no no pump that can inflate an + + align:start position:0% +there is no no pump that can inflate an + + + align:start position:0% +there is no no pump that can inflate an +airbag at an acceptably High rate to do + + align:start position:0% +airbag at an acceptably High rate to do + + + align:start position:0% +airbag at an acceptably High rate to do +you any good in an automobile crash what + + align:start position:0% +you any good in an automobile crash what + + + align:start position:0% +you any good in an automobile crash what +happens here is the kinetics of a + + align:start position:0% +happens here is the kinetics of a + + + align:start position:0% +happens here is the kinetics of a +reaction between two solids what we have + + align:start position:0% +reaction between two solids what we have + + + align:start position:0% +reaction between two solids what we have +is basically solid plus solid goes to + + align:start position:0% +is basically solid plus solid goes to + + + align:start position:0% +is basically solid plus solid goes to +gas and as you know the volume of a gas + + align:start position:0% +gas and as you know the volume of a gas + + + align:start position:0% +gas and as you know the volume of a gas +is thousands of times the volume of a + + align:start position:0% +is thousands of times the volume of a + + + align:start position:0% +is thousands of times the volume of a +solid and in particular It's the + + align:start position:0% +solid and in particular It's the + + + align:start position:0% +solid and in particular It's the +reaction of sodium aide with potassium + + align:start position:0% +reaction of sodium aide with potassium + + + align:start position:0% +reaction of sodium aide with potassium +nitrate and one of the is nitrogen gas + + align:start position:0% +nitrate and one of the is nitrogen gas + + + align:start position:0% +nitrate and one of the is nitrogen gas +in huge quantities so you have your + + align:start position:0% +in huge quantities so you have your + + + align:start position:0% +in huge quantities so you have your +accelerometer the accelerometer decides + + align:start position:0% +accelerometer the accelerometer decides + + + align:start position:0% +accelerometer the accelerometer decides +that you're decelerating at a rate + + align:start position:0% +that you're decelerating at a rate + + + align:start position:0% +that you're decelerating at a rate +that's alarmingly high it's probably not + + align:start position:0% +that's alarmingly high it's probably not + + + align:start position:0% +that's alarmingly high it's probably not +a healthy occasion a tiny current a tiny + + align:start position:0% +a healthy occasion a tiny current a tiny + + + align:start position:0% +a healthy occasion a tiny current a tiny +current electric current flows through a + + align:start position:0% +current electric current flows through a + + + align:start position:0% +current electric current flows through a +wire which acts as the trigger for this + + align:start position:0% +wire which acts as the trigger for this + + + align:start position:0% +wire which acts as the trigger for this +reaction once the reaction goes you can + + align:start position:0% +reaction once the reaction goes you can + + + align:start position:0% +reaction once the reaction goes you can +inflate the airbag in a matter of + + align:start position:0% +inflate the airbag in a matter of + + + align:start position:0% +inflate the airbag in a matter of +milliseconds so what we want to do is + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds so what we want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds so what we want to do is +understand some of the basics of of + + align:start position:0% +understand some of the basics of of + + + align:start position:0% +understand some of the basics of of +chemical kinetics and so let's start and + + align:start position:0% +chemical kinetics and so let's start and + + + align:start position:0% +chemical kinetics and so let's start and +we're going to look at a a general + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at a a general + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at a a general +reaction a general reaction and + + align:start position:0% +reaction a general reaction and + + + align:start position:0% +reaction a general reaction and +understand how first of all to + + align:start position:0% +understand how first of all to + + + align:start position:0% +understand how first of all to +characterize chemical reactions let's + + align:start position:0% +characterize chemical reactions let's + + + align:start position:0% +characterize chemical reactions let's +characterize the rate of a chemical + + align:start position:0% +characterize the rate of a chemical + + + align:start position:0% +characterize the rate of a chemical +reaction so I'm going to write a little + + align:start position:0% +reaction so I'm going to write a little + + + align:start position:0% +reaction so I'm going to write a little +a is a uh stochiometry and big a is some + + align:start position:0% +a is a uh stochiometry and big a is some + + + align:start position:0% +a is a uh stochiometry and big a is some +chemical identity so a moles of a plus b + + align:start position:0% +chemical identity so a moles of a plus b + + + align:start position:0% +chemical identity so a moles of a plus b +moles of B react to form little C moles + + align:start position:0% +moles of B react to form little C moles + + + align:start position:0% +moles of B react to form little C moles +of C plus Little D moles of D so that's + + align:start position:0% +of C plus Little D moles of D so that's + + + align:start position:0% +of C plus Little D moles of D so that's +sort of a a + + align:start position:0% +sort of a a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a a +uh prototypical reaction and kinetics + + align:start position:0% +uh prototypical reaction and kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +uh prototypical reaction and kinetics +the kinetics accounts for the the rate + + align:start position:0% +the kinetics accounts for the the rate + + + align:start position:0% +the kinetics accounts for the the rate +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +conversion the rate of conversion that's + + align:start position:0% +conversion the rate of conversion that's + + + align:start position:0% +conversion the rate of conversion that's +what we want to know how quickly are we + + align:start position:0% +what we want to know how quickly are we + + + align:start position:0% +what we want to know how quickly are we +consuming our + + align:start position:0% +consuming our + + + align:start position:0% +consuming our +reactants how quickly are we consuming + + align:start position:0% +reactants how quickly are we consuming + + + align:start position:0% +reactants how quickly are we consuming +our reactants how quickly are we + + align:start position:0% +our reactants how quickly are we + + + align:start position:0% +our reactants how quickly are we +generating our products so that's what + + align:start position:0% +generating our products so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +generating our products so that's what +we're interested in understanding so we + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in understanding so we + + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in understanding so we +have first of all a simple thing we have + + align:start position:0% +have first of all a simple thing we have + + + align:start position:0% +have first of all a simple thing we have +conservation of mass operating which + + align:start position:0% +conservation of mass operating which + + + align:start position:0% +conservation of mass operating which +we've seen from early part of 3091 that + + align:start position:0% +we've seen from early part of 3091 that + + + align:start position:0% +we've seen from early part of 3091 that +the rate of consumption the rate of + + align:start position:0% +the rate of consumption the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of consumption the rate of +consumption of all of the + + align:start position:0% +consumption of all of the + + + align:start position:0% +consumption of all of the +reactants the rate of consumption of all + + align:start position:0% +reactants the rate of consumption of all + + + align:start position:0% +reactants the rate of consumption of all +of the reactants must equal the rate of + + align:start position:0% +of the reactants must equal the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +of the reactants must equal the rate of +production of all of the + + align:start position:0% +production of all of the + + + align:start position:0% +production of all of the +products there's no sources or sinks we + + align:start position:0% +products there's no sources or sinks we + + + align:start position:0% +products there's no sources or sinks we +have no wormholes here everything that + + align:start position:0% +have no wormholes here everything that + + + align:start position:0% +have no wormholes here everything that +goes into the plant has to come out of + + align:start position:0% +goes into the plant has to come out of + + + align:start position:0% +goes into the plant has to come out of +the plant in some other way and and + + align:start position:0% +the plant in some other way and and + + + align:start position:0% +the plant in some other way and and +specifically we can even get into + + align:start position:0% +specifically we can even get into + + + align:start position:0% +specifically we can even get into +looking at the rate of disappearance of + + align:start position:0% +looking at the rate of disappearance of + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the rate of disappearance of +a single reactant so for example the + + align:start position:0% +a single reactant so for example the + + + align:start position:0% +a single reactant so for example the +stochiometry would dictate that the rate + + align:start position:0% +stochiometry would dictate that the rate + + + align:start position:0% +stochiometry would dictate that the rate +at which I + + align:start position:0% +at which I + + + align:start position:0% +at which I +consume a this is one over a this is the + + align:start position:0% +consume a this is one over a this is the + + + align:start position:0% +consume a this is one over a this is the +the pre multiplier times the change in + + align:start position:0% +the pre multiplier times the change in + + + align:start position:0% +the pre multiplier times the change in +the concentration I apologize for the + + align:start position:0% +the concentration I apologize for the + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration I apologize for the +multiple fonts here this case little C + + align:start position:0% +multiple fonts here this case little C + + + align:start position:0% +multiple fonts here this case little C +represents the sto geometry in this case + + align:start position:0% +represents the sto geometry in this case + + + align:start position:0% +represents the sto geometry in this case +this represents concentration of a the + + align:start position:0% +this represents concentration of a the + + + align:start position:0% +this represents concentration of a the +rate of change change of concentration + + align:start position:0% +rate of change change of concentration + + + align:start position:0% +rate of change change of concentration +of a the rate of its disappearance when + + align:start position:0% +of a the rate of its disappearance when + + + align:start position:0% +of a the rate of its disappearance when +it's normalized for mole number would be + + align:start position:0% +it's normalized for mole number would be + + + align:start position:0% +it's normalized for mole number would be +the same as the rate of appearance of D + + align:start position:0% +the same as the rate of appearance of D + + + align:start position:0% +the same as the rate of appearance of D +so d by DT of the concentration of D so + + align:start position:0% +so d by DT of the concentration of D so + + + align:start position:0% +so d by DT of the concentration of D so +we have these individual uh + + align:start position:0% +we have these individual uh + + + align:start position:0% +we have these individual uh +relationships so this is simply + + align:start position:0% +relationships so this is simply + + + align:start position:0% +relationships so this is simply +conservation conservation of of mass + + align:start position:0% +conservation conservation of of mass + + + align:start position:0% +conservation conservation of of mass +conservation of mass so we have that and + + align:start position:0% +conservation of mass so we have that and + + + align:start position:0% +conservation of mass so we have that and +now comes the interesting point of + + align:start position:0% +now comes the interesting point of + + + align:start position:0% +now comes the interesting point of +kinetic theory what kinetic theory says + + align:start position:0% +kinetic theory what kinetic theory says + + + align:start position:0% +kinetic theory what kinetic theory says +is that there's a relationship between + + align:start position:0% +is that there's a relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +is that there's a relationship between +the instant rate of consumption of a + + align:start position:0% +the instant rate of consumption of a + + + align:start position:0% +the instant rate of consumption of a +product and its concentration in other + + align:start position:0% +product and its concentration in other + + + align:start position:0% +product and its concentration in other +words we essentially say that + + align:start position:0% +words we essentially say that + + + align:start position:0% +words we essentially say that +concentration concentration of a + + align:start position:0% +concentration concentration of a + + + align:start position:0% +concentration concentration of a +reactant is the driving + + align:start position:0% +reactant is the driving + + + align:start position:0% +reactant is the driving +force is the driving force + + align:start position:0% +force is the driving force + + + align:start position:0% +force is the driving force +for reaction so let's say in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +for reaction so let's say in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +for reaction so let's say in terms of a +word equation + + align:start position:0% +word equation + + + align:start position:0% +word equation +the rate of + + align:start position:0% +the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of +change the rate of change of + + align:start position:0% +change the rate of change of + + + align:start position:0% +change the rate of change of +concentration of any species this is the + + align:start position:0% +concentration of any species this is the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of any species this is the +concentration of some species I rate of + + align:start position:0% +concentration of some species I rate of + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of some species I rate of +change of concentration is proportional + + align:start position:0% +change of concentration is proportional + + + align:start position:0% +change of concentration is proportional +to the instant + + align:start position:0% +to the instant + + + align:start position:0% +to the instant +concentration and that makes sense if + + align:start position:0% +concentration and that makes sense if + + + align:start position:0% +concentration and that makes sense if +you have a lot of a substance it's going + + align:start position:0% +you have a lot of a substance it's going + + + align:start position:0% +you have a lot of a substance it's going +to have a high chemical potential to + + align:start position:0% +to have a high chemical potential to + + + align:start position:0% +to have a high chemical potential to +react if you have a dilute concentration + + align:start position:0% +react if you have a dilute concentration + + + align:start position:0% +react if you have a dilute concentration +of the substance it will have a a weak + + align:start position:0% +of the substance it will have a a weak + + + align:start position:0% +of the substance it will have a a weak +uh propensity to react but it's not a + + align:start position:0% +uh propensity to react but it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +uh propensity to react but it's not a +linear relationship it's some + + align:start position:0% +linear relationship it's some + + + align:start position:0% +linear relationship it's some +power-based relationship so we have to + + align:start position:0% +power-based relationship so we have to + + + align:start position:0% +power-based relationship so we have to +say raised to some power raised to some + + align:start position:0% +say raised to some power raised to some + + + align:start position:0% +say raised to some power raised to some +power so that conceptually that's what's + + align:start position:0% +power so that conceptually that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +power so that conceptually that's what's +going on and now we can write this in + + align:start position:0% +going on and now we can write this in + + + align:start position:0% +going on and now we can write this in +mathematical formulation so let's say + + align:start position:0% +mathematical formulation so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical formulation so let's say +we're looking at the rate of consumption + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at the rate of consumption + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at the rate of consumption +so that's d by DT of some concentration + + align:start position:0% +so that's d by DT of some concentration + + + align:start position:0% +so that's d by DT of some concentration +of species I I'm going to say it's + + align:start position:0% +of species I I'm going to say it's + + + align:start position:0% +of species I I'm going to say it's +proportional to the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the concentration of +species I it's raised to some power and + + align:start position:0% +species I it's raised to some power and + + + align:start position:0% +species I it's raised to some power and +this is now the order of reaction the + + align:start position:0% +this is now the order of reaction the + + + align:start position:0% +this is now the order of reaction the +order of reaction you've seen n used so + + align:start position:0% +order of reaction you've seen n used so + + + align:start position:0% +order of reaction you've seen n used so +many times in 3091 it was it was the a + + align:start position:0% +many times in 3091 it was it was the a + + + align:start position:0% +many times in 3091 it was it was the a +quantum number in the born model it was + + align:start position:0% +quantum number in the born model it was + + + align:start position:0% +quantum number in the born model it was +the index of refraction it was in the + + align:start position:0% +the index of refraction it was in the + + + align:start position:0% +the index of refraction it was in the +born repulsion and today it's + + align:start position:0% +born repulsion and today it's + + + align:start position:0% +born repulsion and today it's +functioning as the order of reaction so + + align:start position:0% +functioning as the order of reaction so + + + align:start position:0% +functioning as the order of reaction so +n is really a you know varied it's a + + align:start position:0% +n is really a you know varied it's a + + + align:start position:0% +n is really a you know varied it's a +really talented variable very talented + + align:start position:0% +really talented variable very talented + + + align:start position:0% +really talented variable very talented +variable it's not typ cast in a simple + + align:start position:0% +variable it's not typ cast in a simple + + + align:start position:0% +variable it's not typ cast in a simple +role that's what I'm saying and now the + + align:start position:0% +role that's what I'm saying and now the + + + align:start position:0% +role that's what I'm saying and now the +how do I take a proportionality and turn + + align:start position:0% +how do I take a proportionality and turn + + + align:start position:0% +how do I take a proportionality and turn +it into an equality + + align:start position:0% +it into an equality + + + align:start position:0% +it into an equality +I put in a constant of proportionality a + + align:start position:0% +I put in a constant of proportionality a + + + align:start position:0% +I put in a constant of proportionality a +constant of proportionality and that + + align:start position:0% +constant of proportionality and that + + + align:start position:0% +constant of proportionality and that +constant of proportionality is called + + align:start position:0% +constant of proportionality is called + + + align:start position:0% +constant of proportionality is called +the specific chemical rate constant the + + align:start position:0% +the specific chemical rate constant the + + + align:start position:0% +the specific chemical rate constant the +specific chemical rate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constant and these have to be determined + + align:start position:0% +constant and these have to be determined + + + align:start position:0% +constant and these have to be determined +by experiment you can't look at the uh + + align:start position:0% +by experiment you can't look at the uh + + + align:start position:0% +by experiment you can't look at the uh +stochiometry of a reaction and infer + + align:start position:0% +stochiometry of a reaction and infer + + + align:start position:0% +stochiometry of a reaction and infer +what the order of reaction is these must + + align:start position:0% +what the order of reaction is these must + + + align:start position:0% +what the order of reaction is these must +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +determined by + + align:start position:0% +determined by + + + align:start position:0% +determined by +experiment must be determined by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experiment so let's look at that first + + align:start position:0% +experiment so let's look at that first + + + align:start position:0% +experiment so let's look at that first +uh equation and write it in its most + + align:start position:0% +uh equation and write it in its most + + + align:start position:0% +uh equation and write it in its most +general form so we could say is that the + + align:start position:0% +general form so we could say is that the + + + align:start position:0% +general form so we could say is that the +rate of change of concentration + + align:start position:0% +rate of change of concentration + + + align:start position:0% +rate of change of concentration +of species a goes as some constant times + + align:start position:0% +of species a goes as some constant times + + + align:start position:0% +of species a goes as some constant times +the concent ation of species a to some + + align:start position:0% +the concent ation of species a to some + + + align:start position:0% +the concent ation of species a to some +arbitrary power Alpha but it may be + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary power Alpha but it may be + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary power Alpha but it may be +influenced by some other concentration + + align:start position:0% +influenced by some other concentration + + + align:start position:0% +influenced by some other concentration +so to be most General we + + align:start position:0% +so to be most General we + + + align:start position:0% +so to be most General we +say concentration of species B raised to + + align:start position:0% +say concentration of species B raised to + + + align:start position:0% +say concentration of species B raised to +some Power Times the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +some Power Times the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +some Power Times the concentration of +species C raised to some power you might + + align:start position:0% +species C raised to some power you might + + + align:start position:0% +species C raised to some power you might +say well how can the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +say well how can the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +say well how can the concentration of +species C have any influence on the rate + + align:start position:0% +species C have any influence on the rate + + + align:start position:0% +species C have any influence on the rate +of consumption of species a well what if + + align:start position:0% +of consumption of species a well what if + + + align:start position:0% +of consumption of species a well what if +species C acts in some way as an + + align:start position:0% +species C acts in some way as an + + + align:start position:0% +species C acts in some way as an +inhibitor to the reaction so as the + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor to the reaction so as the + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor to the reaction so as the +concentration of product goes up it + + align:start position:0% +concentration of product goes up it + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of product goes up it +could actually choke off the reaction so + + align:start position:0% +could actually choke off the reaction so + + + align:start position:0% +could actually choke off the reaction so +to be General we will put all four in + + align:start position:0% +to be General we will put all four in + + + align:start position:0% +to be General we will put all four in +here and we will call these Alpha Beta + + align:start position:0% +here and we will call these Alpha Beta + + + align:start position:0% +here and we will call these Alpha Beta +gamma and Delta are all + + align:start position:0% +gamma and Delta are all + + + align:start position:0% +gamma and Delta are all +partial partial orders of reaction + + align:start position:0% +partial partial orders of reaction + + + align:start position:0% +partial partial orders of reaction +partial orders of reaction to be + + align:start position:0% +partial orders of reaction to be + + + align:start position:0% +partial orders of reaction to be +determined experimentally and they don't + + align:start position:0% +determined experimentally and they don't + + + align:start position:0% +determined experimentally and they don't +by the way they do not have to be + + align:start position:0% +by the way they do not have to be + + + align:start position:0% +by the way they do not have to be +integers they're not necessarily integer + + align:start position:0% +integers they're not necessarily integer + + + align:start position:0% +integers they're not necessarily integer +you can have something that's half order + + align:start position:0% +you can have something that's half order + + + align:start position:0% +you can have something that's half order +or third order + + align:start position:0% +or third order + + + align:start position:0% +or third order +reaction not necessarily integer values + + align:start position:0% +reaction not necessarily integer values + + + align:start position:0% +reaction not necessarily integer values +so let's look at one here's a simple + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at one here's a simple + + + align:start position:0% +so let's look at one here's a simple +reaction uh unfortunately it's a little + + align:start position:0% +reaction uh unfortunately it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +reaction uh unfortunately it's a little +bit uh toxic this is carbon monoxide + + align:start position:0% +bit uh toxic this is carbon monoxide + + + align:start position:0% +bit uh toxic this is carbon monoxide +plus chlorine will react to generate + + align:start position:0% +plus chlorine will react to generate + + + align:start position:0% +plus chlorine will react to generate +phosgene CO2 is fos genene I've worked + + align:start position:0% +phosgene CO2 is fos genene I've worked + + + align:start position:0% +phosgene CO2 is fos genene I've worked +with this stuff in my research it's + + align:start position:0% +with this stuff in my research it's + + + align:start position:0% +with this stuff in my research it's +actually it has a a fantastic ability to + + align:start position:0% +actually it has a a fantastic ability to + + + align:start position:0% +actually it has a a fantastic ability to +uh uh desate material so if you have a + + align:start position:0% +uh uh desate material so if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh desate material so if you have a +solid that has a parts per million + + align:start position:0% +solid that has a parts per million + + + align:start position:0% +solid that has a parts per million +residual water if you expose it to fos + + align:start position:0% +residual water if you expose it to fos + + + align:start position:0% +residual water if you expose it to fos +Gene fos Gene will attack the water + + align:start position:0% +Gene fos Gene will attack the water + + + align:start position:0% +Gene fos Gene will attack the water +generating carbon dioxide and HCL so + + align:start position:0% +generating carbon dioxide and HCL so + + + align:start position:0% +generating carbon dioxide and HCL so +it's very good unfortunately it was also + + align:start position:0% +it's very good unfortunately it was also + + + align:start position:0% +it's very good unfortunately it was also +used as uh uh in gas Warfare during + + align:start position:0% +used as uh uh in gas Warfare during + + + align:start position:0% +used as uh uh in gas Warfare during +World War I it's now banned by + + align:start position:0% +World War I it's now banned by + + + align:start position:0% +World War I it's now banned by +International treaty so um on the basis + + align:start position:0% +International treaty so um on the basis + + + align:start position:0% +International treaty so um on the basis +of uh + + align:start position:0% +of uh + + + align:start position:0% +of uh +experimental uh evidence we know that + + align:start position:0% +experimental uh evidence we know that + + + align:start position:0% +experimental uh evidence we know that +the rate of consumption of carbon + + align:start position:0% +the rate of consumption of carbon + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of consumption of carbon +monoxide in this reaction is related to + + align:start position:0% +monoxide in this reaction is related to + + + align:start position:0% +monoxide in this reaction is related to +the concentration of carbon monoxide + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of carbon monoxide + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration of carbon monoxide +linearly and the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +linearly and the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +linearly and the concentration of +chlorine to the power of three + + align:start position:0% +chlorine to the power of three + + + align:start position:0% +chlorine to the power of three +halves based on experiment so we would + + align:start position:0% +halves based on experiment so we would + + + align:start position:0% +halves based on experiment so we would +say that this reaction is first + + align:start position:0% +say that this reaction is first + + + align:start position:0% +say that this reaction is first +order first order in carbon monoxide + + align:start position:0% +order first order in carbon monoxide + + + align:start position:0% +order first order in carbon monoxide +because there's a linear relationship + + align:start position:0% +because there's a linear relationship + + + align:start position:0% +because there's a linear relationship +between the rate of consumption of + + align:start position:0% +between the rate of consumption of + + + align:start position:0% +between the rate of consumption of +carbon monoxide and the concentration + + align:start position:0% +carbon monoxide and the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +carbon monoxide and the concentration +right this is C to the power 1 but we + + align:start position:0% +right this is C to the power 1 but we + + + align:start position:0% +right this is C to the power 1 but we +don't write the one it's of order 1.5 + + align:start position:0% +don't write the one it's of order 1.5 + + + align:start position:0% +don't write the one it's of order 1.5 +order of order 1.5 in chlorine or we + + align:start position:0% +order of order 1.5 in chlorine or we + + + align:start position:0% +order of order 1.5 in chlorine or we +could say + + align:start position:0% +could say + + + align:start position:0% +could say +wholly or entirely of order + + align:start position:0% +wholly or entirely of order + + + align:start position:0% +wholly or entirely of order +2.5 of order 2.5 so that gives you a + + align:start position:0% +2.5 of order 2.5 so that gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +2.5 of order 2.5 so that gives you a +sense of how the rate of disappearance + + align:start position:0% +sense of how the rate of disappearance + + + align:start position:0% +sense of how the rate of disappearance +of one uh constituent can depend on not + + align:start position:0% +of one uh constituent can depend on not + + + align:start position:0% +of one uh constituent can depend on not +just its own concentration but other + + align:start position:0% +just its own concentration but other + + + align:start position:0% +just its own concentration but other +concentrations so + + align:start position:0% +concentrations so + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations so +clearly if we were trying to build a + + align:start position:0% +clearly if we were trying to build a + + + align:start position:0% +clearly if we were trying to build a +plant to make fos Gene we now have a + + align:start position:0% +plant to make fos Gene we now have a + + + align:start position:0% +plant to make fos Gene we now have a +quantitative measure of how to improve + + align:start position:0% +quantitative measure of how to improve + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative measure of how to improve +the rate of throughput so suppose + + align:start position:0% +the rate of throughput so suppose + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of throughput so suppose +somebody says well we'd like to build a + + align:start position:0% +somebody says well we'd like to build a + + + align:start position:0% +somebody says well we'd like to build a +plant that produces so many tons per + + align:start position:0% +plant that produces so many tons per + + + align:start position:0% +plant that produces so many tons per +year well you know what your limitations + + align:start position:0% +year well you know what your limitations + + + align:start position:0% +year well you know what your limitations +are in terms of concentration so you can + + align:start position:0% +are in terms of concentration so you can + + + align:start position:0% +are in terms of concentration so you can +figure out what you'd have to do in a + + align:start position:0% +figure out what you'd have to do in a + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what you'd have to do in a +quantitative predictive manner well + + align:start position:0% +quantitative predictive manner well + + + align:start position:0% +quantitative predictive manner well +there's another way we can improve the + + align:start position:0% +there's another way we can improve the + + + align:start position:0% +there's another way we can improve the +yield what's another way to improve + + align:start position:0% +yield what's another way to improve + + + align:start position:0% +yield what's another way to improve +yield in a reaction we can instead of + + align:start position:0% +yield in a reaction we can instead of + + + align:start position:0% +yield in a reaction we can instead of +increasing concentration we can increase + + align:start position:0% +increasing concentration we can increase + + + align:start position:0% +increasing concentration we can increase +temperature we know that materials tend + + align:start position:0% +temperature we know that materials tend + + + align:start position:0% +temperature we know that materials tend +to react more quickly with one another + + align:start position:0% +to react more quickly with one another + + + align:start position:0% +to react more quickly with one another +at elevated temperature well where's the + + align:start position:0% +at elevated temperature well where's the + + + align:start position:0% +at elevated temperature well where's the +elevated temperature going to fit into + + align:start position:0% +elevated temperature going to fit into + + + align:start position:0% +elevated temperature going to fit into +this equation I don't see any + + align:start position:0% +this equation I don't see any + + + align:start position:0% +this equation I don't see any +temperature term temperature must be + + align:start position:0% +temperature term temperature must be + + + align:start position:0% +temperature term temperature must be +buried in the rate constant and that's + + align:start position:0% +buried in the rate constant and that's + + + align:start position:0% +buried in the rate constant and that's +where we're going to go we going to look + + align:start position:0% +where we're going to go we going to look + + + align:start position:0% +where we're going to go we going to look +inside the rate constant so we'll + + align:start position:0% +inside the rate constant so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +inside the rate constant so we'll +increase + + align:start position:0% +increase + + + align:start position:0% +increase +yield by + + align:start position:0% +yield by + + + align:start position:0% +yield by +increasing temperature and that was + + align:start position:0% +increasing temperature and that was + + + align:start position:0% +increasing temperature and that was +known for many many years but it was + + align:start position:0% +known for many many years but it was + + + align:start position:0% +known for many many years but it was +finally the Swedish chemist + + align:start position:0% +finally the Swedish chemist + + + align:start position:0% +finally the Swedish chemist +arenius who in + + align:start position:0% +arenius who in + + + align:start position:0% +arenius who in +1889 announced the relationship that + + align:start position:0% +1889 announced the relationship that + + + align:start position:0% +1889 announced the relationship that +bears his name what he found was that + + align:start position:0% +bears his name what he found was that + + + align:start position:0% +bears his name what he found was that +the relationship between the specific + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between the specific + + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between the specific +rate constant and temperature was + + align:start position:0% +rate constant and temperature was + + + align:start position:0% +rate constant and temperature was +exponential through an equation of this + + align:start position:0% +exponential through an equation of this + + + align:start position:0% +exponential through an equation of this +form exponential of the ratio of some + + align:start position:0% +form exponential of the ratio of some + + + align:start position:0% +form exponential of the ratio of some +energy which he termed the activation + + align:start position:0% +energy which he termed the activation + + + align:start position:0% +energy which he termed the activation +energy divided by the product of the + + align:start position:0% +energy divided by the product of the + + + align:start position:0% +energy divided by the product of the +boltzman constant in temperature and a + + align:start position:0% +boltzman constant in temperature and a + + + align:start position:0% +boltzman constant in temperature and a +pre-exponential factor which we write as + + align:start position:0% +pre-exponential factor which we write as + + + align:start position:0% +pre-exponential factor which we write as +a in honor of arenus or another way of + + align:start position:0% +a in honor of arenus or another way of + + + align:start position:0% +a in honor of arenus or another way of +can write it in this manner a e to the + + align:start position:0% +can write it in this manner a e to the + + + align:start position:0% +can write it in this manner a e to the +minus EA over K boltzman T so there's + + align:start position:0% +minus EA over K boltzman T so there's + + + align:start position:0% +minus EA over K boltzman T so there's +the relationship and another way of + + align:start position:0% +the relationship and another way of + + + align:start position:0% +the relationship and another way of +showing it is to put it on a semi log + + align:start position:0% +showing it is to put it on a semi log + + + align:start position:0% +showing it is to put it on a semi log +plot if you plot the natural logarithm + + align:start position:0% +plot if you plot the natural logarithm + + + align:start position:0% +plot if you plot the natural logarithm +of the rate constant as a function of + + align:start position:0% +of the rate constant as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +of the rate constant as a function of +the reciprocal of the absolute + + align:start position:0% +the reciprocal of the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +the reciprocal of the absolute +temperature you'll find that according + + align:start position:0% +temperature you'll find that according + + + align:start position:0% +temperature you'll find that according +to this equation you should get a + + align:start position:0% +to this equation you should get a + + + align:start position:0% +to this equation you should get a +straight line the 1 overt is increasing + + align:start position:0% +straight line the 1 overt is increasing + + + align:start position:0% +straight line the 1 overt is increasing +from left to right so high temperature + + align:start position:0% +from left to right so high temperature + + + align:start position:0% +from left to right so high temperature +is on the left side and this should be + + align:start position:0% +is on the left side and this should be + + + align:start position:0% +is on the left side and this should be +linear with a slope of minus EA which is + + align:start position:0% +linear with a slope of minus EA which is + + + align:start position:0% +linear with a slope of minus EA which is +the activation energy divided by the + + align:start position:0% +the activation energy divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +the activation energy divided by the +boltzman constant and just to give you a + + align:start position:0% +boltzman constant and just to give you a + + + align:start position:0% +boltzman constant and just to give you a +sense of order of magnitude the + + align:start position:0% +sense of order of magnitude the + + + align:start position:0% +sense of order of magnitude the +activation energy for uh typical + + align:start position:0% +activation energy for uh typical + + + align:start position:0% +activation energy for uh typical +chemical reactions is on the order of + + align:start position:0% +chemical reactions is on the order of + + + align:start position:0% +chemical reactions is on the order of +about one electron volt which is on the + + align:start position:0% +about one electron volt which is on the + + + align:start position:0% +about one electron volt which is on the +order of about 100 + + align:start position:0% +order of about 100 + + + align:start position:0% +order of about 100 +K per + + align:start position:0% +K per + + + align:start position:0% +K per +mole so if you take this and choose an + + align:start position:0% +mole so if you take this and choose an + + + align:start position:0% +mole so if you take this and choose an +arbitrary rate for room temperature plug + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary rate for room temperature plug + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary rate for room temperature plug +in the value of 100 K per mole what you + + align:start position:0% +in the value of 100 K per mole what you + + + align:start position:0% +in the value of 100 K per mole what you +can show yourself is that with this uh + + align:start position:0% +can show yourself is that with this uh + + + align:start position:0% +can show yourself is that with this uh +activation energy you + + align:start position:0% +activation energy you + + + align:start position:0% +activation energy you +double double the rate double the rate + + align:start position:0% +double double the rate double the rate + + + align:start position:0% +double double the rate double the rate +for every 10 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +degrees rise above room temperature + + align:start position:0% +degrees rise above room temperature + + + align:start position:0% +degrees rise above room temperature +obviously this breaks down for large uh + + align:start position:0% +obviously this breaks down for large uh + + + align:start position:0% +obviously this breaks down for large uh +excursions in temperature but in the + + align:start position:0% +excursions in temperature but in the + + + align:start position:0% +excursions in temperature but in the +vicinity of room + + align:start position:0% +vicinity of room + + + align:start position:0% +vicinity of room +temperature if uh you have an activation + + align:start position:0% +temperature if uh you have an activation + + + align:start position:0% +temperature if uh you have an activation +energy of typically of about one + + align:start position:0% +energy of typically of about one + + + align:start position:0% +energy of typically of about one +electron volt you can expect to double + + align:start position:0% +electron volt you can expect to double + + + align:start position:0% +electron volt you can expect to double +for every 10° so what's the physical + + align:start position:0% +for every 10° so what's the physical + + + align:start position:0% +for every 10° so what's the physical +meaning of activation energy well I + + align:start position:0% +meaning of activation energy well I + + + align:start position:0% +meaning of activation energy well I +thought I'd try to show it to you in + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd try to show it to you in + + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd try to show it to you in +terms of a mechanical analog so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +terms of a mechanical analog so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +terms of a mechanical analog so what I'm +going to do here is show you um what we + + align:start position:0% +going to do here is show you um what we + + + align:start position:0% +going to do here is show you um what we +can say is going to be say a loudspeaker + + align:start position:0% +can say is going to be say a loudspeaker + + + align:start position:0% +can say is going to be say a loudspeaker +okay so loudspeaker + + align:start position:0% +okay so loudspeaker + + + align:start position:0% +okay so loudspeaker +and What I've Done by putting the X on + + align:start position:0% +and What I've Done by putting the X on + + + align:start position:0% +and What I've Done by putting the X on +the loudspeaker at the uh intersection + + align:start position:0% +the loudspeaker at the uh intersection + + + align:start position:0% +the loudspeaker at the uh intersection +of the X we'll say that that's the + + align:start position:0% +of the X we'll say that that's the + + + align:start position:0% +of the X we'll say that that's the +center of mass of the loudspeaker so + + align:start position:0% +center of mass of the loudspeaker so + + + align:start position:0% +center of mass of the loudspeaker so +loudspeaker is now in a gravitational + + align:start position:0% +loudspeaker is now in a gravitational + + + align:start position:0% +loudspeaker is now in a gravitational +field and we can argue that I could + + align:start position:0% +field and we can argue that I could + + + align:start position:0% +field and we can argue that I could +represent this as a point of zero + + align:start position:0% +represent this as a point of zero + + + align:start position:0% +represent this as a point of zero +Dimension at this height off the table + + align:start position:0% +Dimension at this height off the table + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension at this height off the table +now clearly if I lie this on its side + + align:start position:0% +now clearly if I lie this on its side + + + align:start position:0% +now clearly if I lie this on its side +the point has fallen so it's now at a + + align:start position:0% +the point has fallen so it's now at a + + + align:start position:0% +the point has fallen so it's now at a +lower gravitational + + align:start position:0% +lower gravitational + + + align:start position:0% +lower gravitational +potential so really if the Box had its + + align:start position:0% +potential so really if the Box had its + + + align:start position:0% +potential so really if the Box had its +way the box would prefer to lie on its + + align:start position:0% +way the box would prefer to lie on its + + + align:start position:0% +way the box would prefer to lie on its +side so how come the Box doesn't just + + align:start position:0% +side so how come the Box doesn't just + + + align:start position:0% +side so how come the Box doesn't just +fall on its side why doesn't the Box + + align:start position:0% +fall on its side why doesn't the Box + + + align:start position:0% +fall on its side why doesn't the Box +just lie on its side see it's a decrease + + align:start position:0% +just lie on its side see it's a decrease + + + align:start position:0% +just lie on its side see it's a decrease +in energy when I do that did you see the + + align:start position:0% +in energy when I do that did you see the + + + align:start position:0% +in energy when I do that did you see the +photon when I whoa It's absorbed now + + align:start position:0% +photon when I whoa It's absorbed now + + + align:start position:0% +photon when I whoa It's absorbed now +look at it go see okay so why doesn't + + align:start position:0% +look at it go see okay so why doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +look at it go see okay so why doesn't +the Box fall on its side well this is a + + align:start position:0% +the Box fall on its side well this is a + + + align:start position:0% +the Box fall on its side well this is a +box at Zer Kelvin so now let's put the + + align:start position:0% +box at Zer Kelvin so now let's put the + + + align:start position:0% +box at Zer Kelvin so now let's put the +box at room temperature so what's + + align:start position:0% +box at room temperature so what's + + + align:start position:0% +box at room temperature so what's +happening at room temperature well the + + align:start position:0% +happening at room temperature well the + + + align:start position:0% +happening at room temperature well the +Box is doing this at room temperature + + align:start position:0% +Box is doing this at room temperature + + + align:start position:0% +Box is doing this at room temperature +but even so the Box won't fall on its + + align:start position:0% +but even so the Box won't fall on its + + + align:start position:0% +but even so the Box won't fall on its +side why because in order for the Box in + + align:start position:0% +side why because in order for the Box in + + + align:start position:0% +side why because in order for the Box in +three space to go from the vertical ight + + align:start position:0% +three space to go from the vertical ight + + + align:start position:0% +three space to go from the vertical ight +locked position to the Supine position + + align:start position:0% +locked position to the Supine position + + + align:start position:0% +locked position to the Supine position +what must the Box do the Box must first + + align:start position:0% +what must the Box do the Box must first + + + align:start position:0% +what must the Box do the Box must first +rise up on one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +corner and only when it rises up on one + + align:start position:0% +corner and only when it rises up on one + + + align:start position:0% +corner and only when it rises up on one +corner and gets to this cusp does it + + align:start position:0% +corner and gets to this cusp does it + + + align:start position:0% +corner and gets to this cusp does it +have the ability to fall freely so what + + align:start position:0% +have the ability to fall freely so what + + + align:start position:0% +have the ability to fall freely so what +we're looking at in terms of + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at in terms of +gravitational potential is Activation so + + align:start position:0% +gravitational potential is Activation so + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational potential is Activation so +I can now give you the same thing I + + align:start position:0% +I can now give you the same thing I + + + align:start position:0% +I can now give you the same thing I +could plot this as extent of + + align:start position:0% +could plot this as extent of + + + align:start position:0% +could plot this as extent of +reaction extent of reaction on the uh + + align:start position:0% +reaction extent of reaction on the uh + + + align:start position:0% +reaction extent of reaction on the uh +abscissa and some energy relative to + + align:start position:0% +abscissa and some energy relative to + + + align:start position:0% +abscissa and some energy relative to +gravitational potential on the ordinate + + align:start position:0% +gravitational potential on the ordinate + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational potential on the ordinate +and I've got three positions here I've + + align:start position:0% +and I've got three positions here I've + + + align:start position:0% +and I've got three positions here I've +got the box in the vertical position + + align:start position:0% +got the box in the vertical position + + + align:start position:0% +got the box in the vertical position +I've got the box in the horizontal + + align:start position:0% +I've got the box in the horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +I've got the box in the horizontal +position and clearly there's a decrease + + align:start position:0% +position and clearly there's a decrease + + + align:start position:0% +position and clearly there's a decrease +in energy right this this change is the + + align:start position:0% +in energy right this this change is the + + + align:start position:0% +in energy right this this change is the +Delta e of the reaction but the Box + + align:start position:0% +Delta e of the reaction but the Box + + + align:start position:0% +Delta e of the reaction but the Box +can't get to the right position from the + + align:start position:0% +can't get to the right position from the + + + align:start position:0% +can't get to the right position from the +left position without first rising up on + + align:start position:0% +left position without first rising up on + + + align:start position:0% +left position without first rising up on +its side it must at some point rise up + + align:start position:0% +its side it must at some point rise up + + + align:start position:0% +its side it must at some point rise up +on its side and when it rises up on its + + align:start position:0% +on its side and when it rises up on its + + + align:start position:0% +on its side and when it rises up on its +side + + align:start position:0% +side + + + align:start position:0% +side +its Center of mass has risen and this + + align:start position:0% +its Center of mass has risen and this + + + align:start position:0% +its Center of mass has risen and this +energy is the activation + + align:start position:0% +energy is the activation + + + align:start position:0% +energy is the activation +energy so that's the that's the + + align:start position:0% +energy so that's the that's the + + + align:start position:0% +energy so that's the that's the +mechanical analog the Delta e reaction + + align:start position:0% +mechanical analog the Delta e reaction + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical analog the Delta e reaction +this is the driving force for the + + align:start position:0% +this is the driving force for the + + + align:start position:0% +this is the driving force for the +reaction in the first place the driving + + align:start position:0% +reaction in the first place the driving + + + align:start position:0% +reaction in the first place the driving +force for the reaction and EA in fact is + + align:start position:0% +force for the reaction and EA in fact is + + + align:start position:0% +force for the reaction and EA in fact is +the gatekeeper it's the gatekeeper it + + align:start position:0% +the gatekeeper it's the gatekeeper it + + + align:start position:0% +the gatekeeper it's the gatekeeper it +determines the rate of reaction because + + align:start position:0% +determines the rate of reaction because + + + align:start position:0% +determines the rate of reaction because +on the basis of EA EA + + align:start position:0% +on the basis of EA EA + + + align:start position:0% +on the basis of EA EA +mediates the rate constant so all other + + align:start position:0% +mediates the rate constant so all other + + + align:start position:0% +mediates the rate constant so all other +things being equal temperature gives you + + align:start position:0% +things being equal temperature gives you + + + align:start position:0% +things being equal temperature gives you +the rate constant through + + align:start position:0% +the rate constant through + + + align:start position:0% +the rate constant through +EA and now we'll recall the other + + align:start position:0% +EA and now we'll recall the other + + + align:start position:0% +EA and now we'll recall the other +temperature effect you say well gee how + + align:start position:0% +temperature effect you say well gee how + + + align:start position:0% +temperature effect you say well gee how +does how does any of this stuff happen + + align:start position:0% +does how does any of this stuff happen + + + align:start position:0% +does how does any of this stuff happen +if if room temperature you know that + + align:start position:0% +if if room temperature you know that + + + align:start position:0% +if if room temperature you know that +room temperature uh energy is typically + + align:start position:0% +room temperature uh energy is typically + + + align:start position:0% +room temperature uh energy is typically +on the order of about a 40th of an + + align:start position:0% +on the order of about a 40th of an + + + align:start position:0% +on the order of about a 40th of an +electron volt and I just told you that + + align:start position:0% +electron volt and I just told you that + + + align:start position:0% +electron volt and I just told you that +chemical reactions have activation + + align:start position:0% +chemical reactions have activation + + + align:start position:0% +chemical reactions have activation +energies on the order of one electron + + align:start position:0% +energies on the order of one electron + + + align:start position:0% +energies on the order of one electron +volt according to that we'd have to be + + align:start position:0% +volt according to that we'd have to be + + + align:start position:0% +volt according to that we'd have to be +up at thousands of degrees centigrade in + + align:start position:0% +up at thousands of degrees centigrade in + + + align:start position:0% +up at thousands of degrees centigrade in +order to promote any chemical reactions + + align:start position:0% +order to promote any chemical reactions + + + align:start position:0% +order to promote any chemical reactions +how do we get chemical reactions at 200 + + align:start position:0% +how do we get chemical reactions at 200 + + + align:start position:0% +how do we get chemical reactions at 200 +300 degrees Centigrade what we have + + align:start position:0% +300 degrees Centigrade what we have + + + align:start position:0% +300 degrees Centigrade what we have +going on is the distribution of energies + + align:start position:0% +going on is the distribution of energies + + + align:start position:0% +going on is the distribution of energies +distribution of energies and I will go + + align:start position:0% +distribution of energies and I will go + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of energies and I will go +back to that plot that we saw earlier + + align:start position:0% +back to that plot that we saw earlier + + + align:start position:0% +back to that plot that we saw earlier +here's T1 here's the average energy at + + align:start position:0% +here's T1 here's the average energy at + + + align:start position:0% +here's T1 here's the average energy at +T1 and out here is one electron volt or + + align:start position:0% +T1 and out here is one electron volt or + + + align:start position:0% +T1 and out here is one electron volt or +whatever it happens to be the activation + + align:start position:0% +whatever it happens to be the activation + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it happens to be the activation +energy and so only the fraction of the + + align:start position:0% +energy and so only the fraction of the + + + align:start position:0% +energy and so only the fraction of the +population that has greater than the + + align:start position:0% +population that has greater than the + + + align:start position:0% +population that has greater than the +activation energy is able to participate + + align:start position:0% +activation energy is able to participate + + + align:start position:0% +activation energy is able to participate +in the reaction and we've seen before + + align:start position:0% +in the reaction and we've seen before + + + align:start position:0% +in the reaction and we've seen before +the measure of the area under this curve + + align:start position:0% +the measure of the area under this curve + + + align:start position:0% +the measure of the area under this curve +from EA out to Infinity is given by the + + align:start position:0% +from EA out to Infinity is given by the + + + align:start position:0% +from EA out to Infinity is given by the +relationship EA C boltzman + + align:start position:0% +relationship EA C boltzman + + + align:start position:0% +relationship EA C boltzman +T exponential of which and so it was + + align:start position:0% +T exponential of which and so it was + + + align:start position:0% +T exponential of which and so it was +boltzman who first gave us this uh + + align:start position:0% +boltzman who first gave us this uh + + + align:start position:0% +boltzman who first gave us this uh +understanding and then Maxwell gave us + + align:start position:0% +understanding and then Maxwell gave us + + + align:start position:0% +understanding and then Maxwell gave us +the distribution and away we go so what + + align:start position:0% +the distribution and away we go so what + + + align:start position:0% +the distribution and away we go so what +happens by changing temperature we've + + align:start position:0% +happens by changing temperature we've + + + align:start position:0% +happens by changing temperature we've +seen before when we change temperature + + align:start position:0% +seen before when we change temperature + + + align:start position:0% +seen before when we change temperature +the curve moves ever so slightly so that + + align:start position:0% +the curve moves ever so slightly so that + + + align:start position:0% +the curve moves ever so slightly so that +the average energy at + + align:start position:0% +the average energy at + + + align:start position:0% +the average energy at +T2 where T2 is greater than T1 the + + align:start position:0% +T2 where T2 is greater than T1 the + + + align:start position:0% +T2 where T2 is greater than T1 the +average energy moves a little bit but + + align:start position:0% +average energy moves a little bit but + + + align:start position:0% +average energy moves a little bit but +what happens up here is the area under + + align:start position:0% +what happens up here is the area under + + + align:start position:0% +what happens up here is the area under +the curve between EA and infinity goes + + align:start position:0% +the curve between EA and infinity goes + + + align:start position:0% +the curve between EA and infinity goes +up by large Leaps and Bounds and that's + + align:start position:0% +up by large Leaps and Bounds and that's + + + align:start position:0% +up by large Leaps and Bounds and that's +how by Modest increases in temperature + + align:start position:0% +how by Modest increases in temperature + + + align:start position:0% +how by Modest increases in temperature +we're able to get substantial increases + + align:start position:0% +we're able to get substantial increases + + + align:start position:0% +we're able to get substantial increases +in the rate of reaction so now let's + + align:start position:0% +in the rate of reaction so now let's + + + align:start position:0% +in the rate of reaction so now let's +look at some specific uh reactions of + + align:start position:0% +look at some specific uh reactions of + + + align:start position:0% +look at some specific uh reactions of +various common order so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +various common order so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +various common order so I'm going to +look at first order which is the + + align:start position:0% +look at first order which is the + + + align:start position:0% +look at first order which is the +commonest I'm going to look at second + + align:start position:0% +commonest I'm going to look at second + + + align:start position:0% +commonest I'm going to look at second +order so let's look at first order + + align:start position:0% +order so let's look at first order + + + align:start position:0% +order so let's look at first order +reactions + + align:start position:0% +reactions + + + align:start position:0% +reactions +first order + + align:start position:0% +first order + + + align:start position:0% +first order +reaction so here's an example example is + + align:start position:0% +reaction so here's an example example is + + + align:start position:0% +reaction so here's an example example is +n205 decomposes to give us + + align:start position:0% +n205 decomposes to give us + + + align:start position:0% +n205 decomposes to give us +NO2 plus O2 so there's the stochiometry + + align:start position:0% +NO2 plus O2 so there's the stochiometry + + + align:start position:0% +NO2 plus O2 so there's the stochiometry +of the reaction but on the basis of uh + + align:start position:0% +of the reaction but on the basis of uh + + + align:start position:0% +of the reaction but on the basis of uh +on the basis of measurements in the + + align:start position:0% +on the basis of measurements in the + + + align:start position:0% +on the basis of measurements in the +laboratory we can write that the rate of + + align:start position:0% +laboratory we can write that the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory we can write that the rate of +consumption of + + align:start position:0% +consumption of + + + align:start position:0% +consumption of +n205 so this the square brackets denote + + align:start position:0% +n205 so this the square brackets denote + + + align:start position:0% +n205 so this the square brackets denote +concentration + + align:start position:0% +concentration + + + align:start position:0% +concentration +the it's found to be linear in + + align:start position:0% +the it's found to be linear in + + + align:start position:0% +the it's found to be linear in +concentration of + + align:start position:0% +concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of +n205 or n205 raised to the first power + + align:start position:0% +n205 or n205 raised to the first power + + + align:start position:0% +n205 or n205 raised to the first power +so this we say is a first order reaction + + align:start position:0% +so this we say is a first order reaction + + + align:start position:0% +so this we say is a first order reaction +and I'm getting tired of writing n205 + + align:start position:0% +and I'm getting tired of writing n205 + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm getting tired of writing n205 +bracket bracket so I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +bracket bracket so I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +bracket bracket so I'm just going to +write c c represents all of this I'm + + align:start position:0% +write c c represents all of this I'm + + + align:start position:0% +write c c represents all of this I'm +compressing the font so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +compressing the font so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +compressing the font so I'm going to +rewrite this equation as minus DC by DT + + align:start position:0% +rewrite this equation as minus DC by DT + + + align:start position:0% +rewrite this equation as minus DC by DT +equals KC so that's a first order + + align:start position:0% +equals KC so that's a first order + + + align:start position:0% +equals KC so that's a first order +reaction why because this is a one + + align:start position:0% +reaction why because this is a one + + + align:start position:0% +reaction why because this is a one +that's why it's first order it's + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's first order it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it's first order it's +linearly dependent the rate of change of + + align:start position:0% +linearly dependent the rate of change of + + + align:start position:0% +linearly dependent the rate of change of +C is linearly dependent on concentration + + align:start position:0% +C is linearly dependent on concentration + + + align:start position:0% +C is linearly dependent on concentration +so I do a little bit of calculus here if + + align:start position:0% +so I do a little bit of calculus here if + + + align:start position:0% +so I do a little bit of calculus here if +I I can invert this and I can then write + + align:start position:0% +I I can invert this and I can then write + + + align:start position:0% +I I can invert this and I can then write +uh minus minus DC over C equals K DT and + + align:start position:0% +uh minus minus DC over C equals K DT and + + + align:start position:0% +uh minus minus DC over C equals K DT and +what we're going to do is we're going to + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do is we're going to +integrate this thing out so that we can + + align:start position:0% +integrate this thing out so that we can + + + align:start position:0% +integrate this thing out so that we can +get the timeline on this and so uh I can + + align:start position:0% +get the timeline on this and so uh I can + + + align:start position:0% +get the timeline on this and so uh I can +put an integration sign here K is + + align:start position:0% +put an integration sign here K is + + + align:start position:0% +put an integration sign here K is +independent so I can do that and I'm + + align:start position:0% +independent so I can do that and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +independent so I can do that and I'm +going to start at Time Zero where I have + + align:start position:0% +going to start at Time Zero where I have + + + align:start position:0% +going to start at Time Zero where I have +some initial concentration and go to + + align:start position:0% +some initial concentration and go to + + + align:start position:0% +some initial concentration and go to +some arbitrary concentration C and + + align:start position:0% +some arbitrary concentration C and + + + align:start position:0% +some arbitrary concentration C and +arbitrary time T so I want what I want + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary time T so I want what I want + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary time T so I want what I want +to look at is this if I plot this is + + align:start position:0% +to look at is this if I plot this is + + + align:start position:0% +to look at is this if I plot this is +some initial concentration versus + + align:start position:0% +some initial concentration versus + + + align:start position:0% +some initial concentration versus +time we know all of these things are + + align:start position:0% +time we know all of these things are + + + align:start position:0% +time we know all of these things are +going to attenuate I want to know what + + align:start position:0% +going to attenuate I want to know what + + + align:start position:0% +going to attenuate I want to know what +this curve really really looks like and + + align:start position:0% +this curve really really looks like and + + + align:start position:0% +this curve really really looks like and +I know some of you are sitting there + + align:start position:0% +I know some of you are sitting there + + + align:start position:0% +I know some of you are sitting there +wincing saying because your math + + align:start position:0% +wincing saying because your math + + + align:start position:0% +wincing saying because your math +professors have told you you can't make + + align:start position:0% +professors have told you you can't make + + + align:start position:0% +professors have told you you can't make +the limits of an integral the same as + + align:start position:0% +the limits of an integral the same as + + + align:start position:0% +the limits of an integral the same as +the value of the into Grand so I don't + + align:start position:0% +the value of the into Grand so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +the value of the into Grand so I don't +want to go to math jail so we'll put + + align:start position:0% +want to go to math jail so we'll put + + + align:start position:0% +want to go to math jail so we'll put +little tildas over this so all the math + + align:start position:0% +little tildas over this so all the math + + + align:start position:0% +little tildas over this so all the math +weenies are happy here you see all right + + align:start position:0% +weenies are happy here you see all right + + + align:start position:0% +weenies are happy here you see all right +but you know what do you could do what I + + align:start position:0% +but you know what do you could do what I + + + align:start position:0% +but you know what do you could do what I +could do to really make it pedantic is + + align:start position:0% +could do to really make it pedantic is + + + align:start position:0% +could do to really make it pedantic is +let's not do that let's let's uh use a + + align:start position:0% +let's not do that let's let's uh use a + + + align:start position:0% +let's not do that let's let's uh use a +carrier variable so I'll make this s + + align:start position:0% +carrier variable so I'll make this s + + + align:start position:0% +carrier variable so I'll make this s +which now you don't know what I'm + + align:start position:0% +which now you don't know what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +which now you don't know what I'm +talking about and I'll make this C and + + align:start position:0% +talking about and I'll make this C and + + + align:start position:0% +talking about and I'll make this C and +that's mathematically beautiful it + + align:start position:0% +that's mathematically beautiful it + + + align:start position:0% +that's mathematically beautiful it +doesn't explain what we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +doesn't explain what we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't explain what we're talking about +so I'm going to go back and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to go back and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to go back and I'm going to +put the C and A little Tilda over it so + + align:start position:0% +put the C and A little Tilda over it so + + + align:start position:0% +put the C and A little Tilda over it so +everybody now is happy so there we go + + align:start position:0% +everybody now is happy so there we go + + + align:start position:0% +everybody now is happy so there we go +this is T with a little TI it and if we + + align:start position:0% +this is T with a little TI it and if we + + + align:start position:0% +this is T with a little TI it and if we +integrate this thing out what do we get + + align:start position:0% +integrate this thing out what do we get + + + align:start position:0% +integrate this thing out what do we get +we get that the natural log of C goes as + + align:start position:0% +we get that the natural log of C goes as + + + align:start position:0% +we get that the natural log of C goes as +the natural log of the initial + + align:start position:0% +the natural log of the initial + + + align:start position:0% +the natural log of the initial +concentration C minus KT so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +concentration C minus KT so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +concentration C minus KT so what I'm +what I'm talking about is the the way + + align:start position:0% +what I'm talking about is the the way + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm talking about is the the way +that I can determine what what the order + + align:start position:0% +that I can determine what what the order + + + align:start position:0% +that I can determine what what the order +of reaction is is to look at the + + align:start position:0% +of reaction is is to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +of reaction is is to look at the +functional shape of this in other words + + align:start position:0% +functional shape of this in other words + + + align:start position:0% +functional shape of this in other words +all of that whether it's first order + + align:start position:0% +all of that whether it's first order + + + align:start position:0% +all of that whether it's first order +second order or 2.5 order they all look + + align:start position:0% +second order or 2.5 order they all look + + + align:start position:0% +second order or 2.5 order they all look +like this the curves so what I really + + align:start position:0% +like this the curves so what I really + + + align:start position:0% +like this the curves so what I really +need to do is is what the what the I is + + align:start position:0% +need to do is is what the what the I is + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is is what the what the I is +capable of doing is detecting something + + align:start position:0% +capable of doing is detecting something + + + align:start position:0% +capable of doing is detecting something +simple like a straight line so if I'm + + align:start position:0% +simple like a straight line so if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +simple like a straight line so if I'm +clever about it if I take instead of C + + align:start position:0% +clever about it if I take instead of C + + + align:start position:0% +clever about it if I take instead of C +versus T If instead I I map this into + + align:start position:0% +versus T If instead I I map this into + + + align:start position:0% +versus T If instead I I map this into +functional so I map C into some function + + align:start position:0% +functional so I map C into some function + + + align:start position:0% +functional so I map C into some function +of C and I map T into some function of T + + align:start position:0% +of C and I map T into some function of T + + + align:start position:0% +of C and I map T into some function of T +that is embedded in the physical IAL + + align:start position:0% +that is embedded in the physical IAL + + + align:start position:0% +that is embedded in the physical IAL +chemistry of the process so that F of C + + align:start position:0% +chemistry of the process so that F of C + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry of the process so that F of C +should be a linear function of G of T + + align:start position:0% +should be a linear function of G of T + + + align:start position:0% +should be a linear function of G of T +whether it's this or whether it's this + + align:start position:0% +whether it's this or whether it's this + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's this or whether it's this +then I can inspect and I can say that + + align:start position:0% +then I can inspect and I can say that + + + align:start position:0% +then I can inspect and I can say that +looks linear therefore the assumptions + + align:start position:0% +looks linear therefore the assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +looks linear therefore the assumptions +that underly those functionals must be + + align:start position:0% +that underly those functionals must be + + + align:start position:0% +that underly those functionals must be +what's going on and that's the way we + + align:start position:0% +what's going on and that's the way we + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on and that's the way we +determine order of + + align:start position:0% +determine order of + + + align:start position:0% +determine order of +reaction + + align:start position:0% +reaction + + + align:start position:0% +reaction +so uh one other reaction I want to give + + align:start position:0% +so uh one other reaction I want to give + + + align:start position:0% +so uh one other reaction I want to give +you even though it's not chemistry I I + + align:start position:0% +you even though it's not chemistry I I + + + align:start position:0% +you even though it's not chemistry I I +still want you to understand this falls + + align:start position:0% +still want you to understand this falls + + + align:start position:0% +still want you to understand this falls +under the rubric of General culture + + align:start position:0% +under the rubric of General culture + + + align:start position:0% +under the rubric of General culture +radioactive decay obeys first order + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay obeys first order + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay obeys first order +kinetics so let's just let's just take + + align:start position:0% +kinetics so let's just let's just take + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics so let's just let's just take +note of that radioactive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +decay is first + + align:start position:0% +decay is first + + + align:start position:0% +decay is first +order so for example uh here's a + + align:start position:0% +order so for example uh here's a + + + align:start position:0% +order so for example uh here's a +reaction + + align:start position:0% +reaction + + + align:start position:0% +reaction +u238 can decompose to give thorium 234 + + align:start position:0% +u238 can decompose to give thorium 234 + + + align:start position:0% +u238 can decompose to give thorium 234 +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +helium and if we plot if we pl plot + + align:start position:0% +helium and if we plot if we pl plot + + + align:start position:0% +helium and if we plot if we pl plot +concentration of uranium as a function + + align:start position:0% +concentration of uranium as a function + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of uranium as a function +of time starting with some initial value + + align:start position:0% +of time starting with some initial value + + + align:start position:0% +of time starting with some initial value +c not will'll just have this attenuation + + align:start position:0% +c not will'll just have this attenuation + + + align:start position:0% +c not will'll just have this attenuation +but if we map it into the natural log of + + align:start position:0% +but if we map it into the natural log of + + + align:start position:0% +but if we map it into the natural log of +C versus time we'll get a straight line + + align:start position:0% +C versus time we'll get a straight line + + + align:start position:0% +C versus time we'll get a straight line +and the slope here will give us minus K + + align:start position:0% +and the slope here will give us minus K + + + align:start position:0% +and the slope here will give us minus K +and we know that this is n equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +and we know that this is n equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and we know that this is n equals 1 +because if you see a plot of log of + + align:start position:0% +because if you see a plot of log of + + + align:start position:0% +because if you see a plot of log of +natural log of concentration as a + + align:start position:0% +natural log of concentration as a + + + align:start position:0% +natural log of concentration as a +function of temperature if it's a + + align:start position:0% +function of temperature if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +function of temperature if it's a +straight line Bingo that tells you that + + align:start position:0% +straight line Bingo that tells you that + + + align:start position:0% +straight line Bingo that tells you that +this must be first order and the slope + + align:start position:0% +this must be first order and the slope + + + align:start position:0% +this must be first order and the slope +of that line is minus K now it turns out + + align:start position:0% +of that line is minus K now it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +of that line is minus K now it turns out +that people that work in a radioactive + + align:start position:0% +that people that work in a radioactive + + + align:start position:0% +that people that work in a radioactive +decay don't like to uh Express the rate + + align:start position:0% +decay don't like to uh Express the rate + + + align:start position:0% +decay don't like to uh Express the rate +of reaction in terms of the rate + + align:start position:0% +of reaction in terms of the rate + + + align:start position:0% +of reaction in terms of the rate +constant they prefer to use a different + + align:start position:0% +constant they prefer to use a different + + + align:start position:0% +constant they prefer to use a different +quantity called the halflife the + + align:start position:0% +quantity called the halflife the + + + align:start position:0% +quantity called the halflife the +halflife the halflife is a little more + + align:start position:0% +halflife the halflife is a little more + + + align:start position:0% +halflife the halflife is a little more +practical it has uh it's more directly + + align:start position:0% +practical it has uh it's more directly + + + align:start position:0% +practical it has uh it's more directly +uh obvious what what it's related to and + + align:start position:0% +uh obvious what what it's related to and + + + align:start position:0% +uh obvious what what it's related to and +so the halflife is basically what you + + align:start position:0% +so the halflife is basically what you + + + align:start position:0% +so the halflife is basically what you +get if you take this equation here and + + align:start position:0% +get if you take this equation here and + + + align:start position:0% +get if you take this equation here and +plug in C not over two it's the time it + + align:start position:0% +plug in C not over two it's the time it + + + align:start position:0% +plug in C not over two it's the time it +takes to consume half of the reagent + + align:start position:0% +takes to consume half of the reagent + + + align:start position:0% +takes to consume half of the reagent +that's present so if I start with c not + + align:start position:0% +that's present so if I start with c not + + + align:start position:0% +that's present so if I start with c not +and I plug in C not over two and solve + + align:start position:0% +and I plug in C not over two and solve + + + align:start position:0% +and I plug in C not over two and solve +for time that's going to give me the + + align:start position:0% +for time that's going to give me the + + + align:start position:0% +for time that's going to give me the +half life and if you do that you'll end + + align:start position:0% +half life and if you do that you'll end + + + align:start position:0% +half life and if you do that you'll end +up with t to the2 is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +up with t to the2 is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +up with t to the2 is equal to the +natural log of 2 which is + + align:start position:0% +natural log of 2 which is + + + align:start position:0% +natural log of 2 which is +0.693 over K so that the halflife is + + align:start position:0% +0.693 over K so that the halflife is + + + align:start position:0% +0.693 over K so that the halflife is +inversely proportional to the rate + + align:start position:0% +inversely proportional to the rate + + + align:start position:0% +inversely proportional to the rate +constant and mediated by the natural log + + align:start position:0% +constant and mediated by the natural log + + + align:start position:0% +constant and mediated by the natural log +of two and it turns out for this + + align:start position:0% +of two and it turns out for this + + + align:start position:0% +of two and it turns out for this +reaction the halflife T12 for this + + align:start position:0% +reaction the halflife T12 for this + + + align:start position:0% +reaction the halflife T12 for this +reaction is + + align:start position:0% +reaction is + + + align:start position:0% +reaction is +4.5 billion years 4.5 billion years so + + align:start position:0% +4.5 billion years 4.5 billion years so + + + align:start position:0% +4.5 billion years 4.5 billion years so +if you spill this into uh the sandbox at + + align:start position:0% +if you spill this into uh the sandbox at + + + align:start position:0% +if you spill this into uh the sandbox at +the neighborhood park is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +the neighborhood park is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +the neighborhood park is going to be a +while before you can go back there and + + align:start position:0% +while before you can go back there and + + + align:start position:0% +while before you can go back there and +play it'll take you 4 and a half billion + + align:start position:0% +play it'll take you 4 and a half billion + + + align:start position:0% +play it'll take you 4 and a half billion +years just to get the concentration down + + align:start position:0% +years just to get the concentration down + + + align:start position:0% +years just to get the concentration down +to half of what it is and then uh 9 + + align:start position:0% +to half of what it is and then uh 9 + + + align:start position:0% +to half of what it is and then uh 9 +billion years will get it down to + + align:start position:0% +billion years will get it down to + + + align:start position:0% +billion years will get it down to +quarter etc etc the nice thing about + + align:start position:0% +quarter etc etc the nice thing about + + + align:start position:0% +quarter etc etc the nice thing about +halflife and the only time I would ever + + align:start position:0% +halflife and the only time I would ever + + + align:start position:0% +halflife and the only time I would ever +ask you to calculate halflife is in + + align:start position:0% +ask you to calculate halflife is in + + + align:start position:0% +ask you to calculate halflife is in +connection with first order reactions + + align:start position:0% +connection with first order reactions + + + align:start position:0% +connection with first order reactions +because only for first order reactions + + align:start position:0% +because only for first order reactions + + + align:start position:0% +because only for first order reactions +is half-life independent of + + align:start position:0% +is half-life independent of + + + align:start position:0% +is half-life independent of +concentration for every other order of + + align:start position:0% +concentration for every other order of + + + align:start position:0% +concentration for every other order of +reaction the halflife is a function of + + align:start position:0% +reaction the halflife is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +reaction the halflife is a function of +concentration which case it's a useless + + align:start position:0% +concentration which case it's a useless + + + align:start position:0% +concentration which case it's a useless +quantity except to perhaps uh professors + + align:start position:0% +quantity except to perhaps uh professors + + + align:start position:0% +quantity except to perhaps uh professors +of chemistry so we will not ask you for + + align:start position:0% +of chemistry so we will not ask you for + + + align:start position:0% +of chemistry so we will not ask you for +this except T in the case of first order + + align:start position:0% +this except T in the case of first order + + + align:start position:0% +this except T in the case of first order +T12 independent of concentration for n = + + align:start position:0% +T12 independent of concentration for n = + + + align:start position:0% +T12 independent of concentration for n = +1 you can prove to yourself for higher + + align:start position:0% +1 you can prove to yourself for higher + + + align:start position:0% +1 you can prove to yourself for higher +order how the halflife varies with + + align:start position:0% +order how the halflife varies with + + + align:start position:0% +order how the halflife varies with +concentration so I said we'd look at the + + align:start position:0% +concentration so I said we'd look at the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration so I said we'd look at the +other which is second order second order + + align:start position:0% +other which is second order second order + + + align:start position:0% +other which is second order second order +reactions and uh here's an example it's + + align:start position:0% +reactions and uh here's an example it's + + + align:start position:0% +reactions and uh here's an example it's +dimerization of aluminum Tri chloride + + align:start position:0% +dimerization of aluminum Tri chloride + + + align:start position:0% +dimerization of aluminum Tri chloride +aluminum Tri chloride can form the dimer + + align:start position:0% +aluminum Tri chloride can form the dimer + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum Tri chloride can form the dimer +al2 cl6 this is gas phase and right off + + align:start position:0% +al2 cl6 this is gas phase and right off + + + align:start position:0% +al2 cl6 this is gas phase and right off +the bat I'm going to let C be the + + align:start position:0% +the bat I'm going to let C be the + + + align:start position:0% +the bat I'm going to let C be the +concentration of aluminum Tri chloride + + align:start position:0% +concentration of aluminum Tri chloride + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of aluminum Tri chloride +and it's second order because the rate + + align:start position:0% +and it's second order because the rate + + + align:start position:0% +and it's second order because the rate +of disappearance of aluminum Tri + + align:start position:0% +of disappearance of aluminum Tri + + + align:start position:0% +of disappearance of aluminum Tri +chloride goes as the square now this is + + align:start position:0% +chloride goes as the square now this is + + + align:start position:0% +chloride goes as the square now this is +one of those instances where it's really + + align:start position:0% +one of those instances where it's really + + + align:start position:0% +one of those instances where it's really +tempting because this reaction has a two + + align:start position:0% +tempting because this reaction has a two + + + align:start position:0% +tempting because this reaction has a two +in front of it and it turns out that the + + align:start position:0% +in front of it and it turns out that the + + + align:start position:0% +in front of it and it turns out that the +rate of disappearance of aluminum Tri + + align:start position:0% +rate of disappearance of aluminum Tri + + + align:start position:0% +rate of disappearance of aluminum Tri +chloride goes as kc^ squ but do not do + + align:start position:0% +chloride goes as kc^ squ but do not do + + + align:start position:0% +chloride goes as kc^ squ but do not do +not I'm going to say three times do not + + align:start position:0% +not I'm going to say three times do not + + + align:start position:0% +not I'm going to say three times do not +assume that this is the rule that + + align:start position:0% +assume that this is the rule that + + + align:start position:0% +assume that this is the rule that +because you saw it once that this is + + align:start position:0% +because you saw it once that this is + + + align:start position:0% +because you saw it once that this is +always the case that the stochiometry + + align:start position:0% +always the case that the stochiometry + + + align:start position:0% +always the case that the stochiometry +gives you the order of reaction this is + + align:start position:0% +gives you the order of reaction this is + + + align:start position:0% +gives you the order of reaction this is +not the general case it happens in this + + align:start position:0% +not the general case it happens in this + + + align:start position:0% +not the general case it happens in this +reaction for reasons that uh we'll go + + align:start position:0% +reaction for reasons that uh we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +reaction for reasons that uh we'll go +into later but generally you have to + + align:start position:0% +into later but generally you have to + + + align:start position:0% +into later but generally you have to +measure the order of reaction and so if + + align:start position:0% +measure the order of reaction and so if + + + align:start position:0% +measure the order of reaction and so if +we go through the same analysis we'll + + align:start position:0% +we go through the same analysis we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we go through the same analysis we'll +have minus DC over C ^2 equals kdt we'll + + align:start position:0% +have minus DC over C ^2 equals kdt we'll + + + align:start position:0% +have minus DC over C ^2 equals kdt we'll +do the integration blah blah blah and + + align:start position:0% +do the integration blah blah blah and + + + align:start position:0% +do the integration blah blah blah and +eventually we end up with this + + align:start position:0% +eventually we end up with this + + + align:start position:0% +eventually we end up with this +relationship the reciprocal of + + align:start position:0% +relationship the reciprocal of + + + align:start position:0% +relationship the reciprocal of +concentration is a linear function of + + align:start position:0% +concentration is a linear function of + + + align:start position:0% +concentration is a linear function of +time so that means that the functional + + align:start position:0% +time so that means that the functional + + + align:start position:0% +time so that means that the functional +that we need is given here so the the + + align:start position:0% +that we need is given here so the the + + + align:start position:0% +that we need is given here so the the +way to determine if something is is + + align:start position:0% +way to determine if something is is + + + align:start position:0% +way to determine if something is is +first order excuse me second order or + + align:start position:0% +first order excuse me second order or + + + align:start position:0% +first order excuse me second order or +not is to take this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ordinary timeline concentration versus + + align:start position:0% +ordinary timeline concentration versus + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary timeline concentration versus +time which is always going to look like + + align:start position:0% +time which is always going to look like + + + align:start position:0% +time which is always going to look like +this to the naked eye you're going to I + + align:start position:0% +this to the naked eye you're going to I + + + align:start position:0% +this to the naked eye you're going to I +don't know if that's first order or + + align:start position:0% +don't know if that's first order or + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if that's first order or +second order but I can detect a straight + + align:start position:0% +second order but I can detect a straight + + + align:start position:0% +second order but I can detect a straight +line so if instead I map this into 1 / C + + align:start position:0% +line so if instead I map this into 1 / C + + + align:start position:0% +line so if instead I map this into 1 / C +versus time I should end up with a + + align:start position:0% +versus time I should end up with a + + + align:start position:0% +versus time I should end up with a +straight line starting at 1 / C KN and + + align:start position:0% +straight line starting at 1 / C KN and + + + align:start position:0% +straight line starting at 1 / C KN and +the slope of that line should be K so + + align:start position:0% +the slope of that line should be K so + + + align:start position:0% +the slope of that line should be K so +when I see that this is a straight line + + align:start position:0% +when I see that this is a straight line + + + align:start position:0% +when I see that this is a straight line +I go n equal two and the slope is the + + align:start position:0% +I go n equal two and the slope is the + + + align:start position:0% +I go n equal two and the slope is the +rate constant if this were not second + + align:start position:0% +rate constant if this were not second + + + align:start position:0% +rate constant if this were not second +order I wouldn't get a straight line so + + align:start position:0% +order I wouldn't get a straight line so + + + align:start position:0% +order I wouldn't get a straight line so +this uh this allows me to to proceed and + + align:start position:0% +this uh this allows me to to proceed and + + + align:start position:0% +this uh this allows me to to proceed and +get the order of reaction and in fact + + align:start position:0% +get the order of reaction and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +get the order of reaction and in fact +when I'm showing is one of the ways + + align:start position:0% +when I'm showing is one of the ways + + + align:start position:0% +when I'm showing is one of the ways +people uh determine order of reaction + + align:start position:0% +people uh determine order of reaction + + + align:start position:0% +people uh determine order of reaction +they use the integrated form of the rate + + align:start position:0% +they use the integrated form of the rate + + + align:start position:0% +they use the integrated form of the rate +equation and so this is called the + + align:start position:0% +equation and so this is called the + + + align:start position:0% +equation and so this is called the +integral method to determine order of + + align:start position:0% +integral method to determine order of + + + align:start position:0% +integral method to determine order of +reaction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +determination of order of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reaction order of reaction the first way + + align:start position:0% +reaction order of reaction the first way + + + align:start position:0% +reaction order of reaction the first way +is integral + + align:start position:0% +is integral + + + align:start position:0% +is integral +method integral + + align:start position:0% +method integral + + + align:start position:0% +method integral +method and it's a essentially a + + align:start position:0% +method and it's a essentially a + + + align:start position:0% +method and it's a essentially a +comparison it's a comparison with the + + align:start position:0% +comparison it's a comparison with the + + + align:start position:0% +comparison it's a comparison with the +integrated form of the rate law + + align:start position:0% +integrated form of the rate law + + + align:start position:0% +integrated form of the rate law +comparison with integrated form of the + + align:start position:0% +comparison with integrated form of the + + + align:start position:0% +comparison with integrated form of the +rate + + align:start position:0% +rate + + + align:start position:0% +rate +law integrated rate law + + align:start position:0% +law integrated rate law + + + align:start position:0% +law integrated rate law +equation so this really inspection this + + align:start position:0% +equation so this really inspection this + + + align:start position:0% +equation so this really inspection this +is trial and error but we don't say + + align:start position:0% +is trial and error but we don't say + + + align:start position:0% +is trial and error but we don't say +trial and error because you're from MIT + + align:start position:0% +trial and error because you're from MIT + + + align:start position:0% +trial and error because you're from MIT +so we use fancier words we say by + + align:start position:0% +so we use fancier words we say by + + + align:start position:0% +so we use fancier words we say by +inspection that's how you tell the boss + + align:start position:0% +inspection that's how you tell the boss + + + align:start position:0% +inspection that's how you tell the boss +you don't know what you're doing uh just + + align:start position:0% +you don't know what you're doing uh just + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know what you're doing uh just +really have to do this by inspection sir + + align:start position:0% +really have to do this by inspection sir + + + align:start position:0% +really have to do this by inspection sir +okay so what I do is I Try n equals 1 if + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I do is I Try n equals 1 if + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what I do is I Try n equals 1 if +I get an arbitrary data set I Try n + + align:start position:0% +I get an arbitrary data set I Try n + + + align:start position:0% +I get an arbitrary data set I Try n +equals 1 I Try n equals 2 after that I + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 I Try n equals 2 after that I + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 I Try n equals 2 after that I +said forget it and I'm going to go to + + align:start position:0% +said forget it and I'm going to go to + + + align:start position:0% +said forget it and I'm going to go to +the other method so let me show you a + + align:start position:0% +the other method so let me show you a + + + align:start position:0% +the other method so let me show you a +couple of slides that indicate this uh + + align:start position:0% +couple of slides that indicate this uh + + + align:start position:0% +couple of slides that indicate this uh +so here's a data set I I pulled this out + + align:start position:0% +so here's a data set I I pulled this out + + + align:start position:0% +so here's a data set I I pulled this out +of some book this is a reaction so this + + align:start position:0% +of some book this is a reaction so this + + + align:start position:0% +of some book this is a reaction so this +is time this is the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +is time this is the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +is time this is the concentration of +some species um and don't worry about + + align:start position:0% +some species um and don't worry about + + + align:start position:0% +some species um and don't worry about +that we'll get to that in a second so + + align:start position:0% +that we'll get to that in a second so + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll get to that in a second so +here's your data set this is all you + + align:start position:0% +here's your data set this is all you + + + align:start position:0% +here's your data set this is all you +have and if you plot these here's what + + align:start position:0% +have and if you plot these here's what + + + align:start position:0% +have and if you plot these here's what +they look like so this is concentration + + align:start position:0% +they look like so this is concentration + + + align:start position:0% +they look like so this is concentration +in moles per uh unit volume as a + + align:start position:0% +in moles per uh unit volume as a + + + align:start position:0% +in moles per uh unit volume as a +function of time and there's a c knot + + align:start position:0% +function of time and there's a c knot + + + align:start position:0% +function of time and there's a c knot +normalized to one unit and it's + + align:start position:0% +normalized to one unit and it's + + + align:start position:0% +normalized to one unit and it's +attenuating so over 500 seconds we're + + align:start position:0% +attenuating so over 500 seconds we're + + + align:start position:0% +attenuating so over 500 seconds we're +down to about 20% of the initial value + + align:start position:0% +down to about 20% of the initial value + + + align:start position:0% +down to about 20% of the initial value +so I say what's the order of reaction + + align:start position:0% +so I say what's the order of reaction + + + align:start position:0% +so I say what's the order of reaction +well I can't tell so what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +well I can't tell so what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +well I can't tell so what I'm going to +do is I'm going to say okay now let's + + align:start position:0% +do is I'm going to say okay now let's + + + align:start position:0% +do is I'm going to say okay now let's +take natural log of C versus time bingo + + align:start position:0% +take natural log of C versus time bingo + + + align:start position:0% +take natural log of C versus time bingo +straight line so that on this basis I + + align:start position:0% +straight line so that on this basis I + + + align:start position:0% +straight line so that on this basis I +conclude that it's a straight line and + + align:start position:0% +conclude that it's a straight line and + + + align:start position:0% +conclude that it's a straight line and +the slope of this line is the rate + + align:start position:0% +the slope of this line is the rate + + + align:start position:0% +the slope of this line is the rate +constant but just to show you that + + align:start position:0% +constant but just to show you that + + + align:start position:0% +constant but just to show you that +doesn't always work I said just for + + align:start position:0% +doesn't always work I said just for + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't always work I said just for +grins and Chuckles plot that same data + + align:start position:0% +grins and Chuckles plot that same data + + + align:start position:0% +grins and Chuckles plot that same data +set as one over C and look what happens + + align:start position:0% +set as one over C and look what happens + + + align:start position:0% +set as one over C and look what happens +when I plot it as one over C I don't get + + align:start position:0% +when I plot it as one over C I don't get + + + align:start position:0% +when I plot it as one over C I don't get +a straight line so it really does + + align:start position:0% +a straight line so it really does + + + align:start position:0% +a straight line so it really does +discriminate it doesn't give me uh what + + align:start position:0% +discriminate it doesn't give me uh what + + + align:start position:0% +discriminate it doesn't give me uh what +I was going to uh expect in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +I was going to uh expect in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +I was going to uh expect in terms of a +straight line except when I have the + + align:start position:0% +straight line except when I have the + + + align:start position:0% +straight line except when I have the +proper order of reaction so now let's + + align:start position:0% +proper order of reaction so now let's + + + align:start position:0% +proper order of reaction so now let's +see another another way that we can get + + align:start position:0% +see another another way that we can get + + + align:start position:0% +see another another way that we can get +at this and this is called the + + align:start position:0% +at this and this is called the + + + align:start position:0% +at this and this is called the +differential method we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +differential method we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +differential method we're not going to +use the uh integrated form of the rate + + align:start position:0% +use the uh integrated form of the rate + + + align:start position:0% +use the uh integrated form of the rate +equation we'll use the the differential + + align:start position:0% +equation we'll use the the differential + + + align:start position:0% +equation we'll use the the differential +form and uh I'm going to to compress the + + align:start position:0% +form and uh I'm going to to compress the + + + align:start position:0% +form and uh I'm going to to compress the +notation I'm going to let lowercase R be + + align:start position:0% +notation I'm going to let lowercase R be + + + align:start position:0% +notation I'm going to let lowercase R be +the rate the rate is lowercase R which + + align:start position:0% +the rate the rate is lowercase R which + + + align:start position:0% +the rate the rate is lowercase R which +I'm going to uh let stand for minus DC + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to uh let stand for minus DC + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to uh let stand for minus DC +by DT see how I get my fonts more and + + align:start position:0% +by DT see how I get my fonts more and + + + align:start position:0% +by DT see how I get my fonts more and +more compressed I start with the big + + align:start position:0% +more compressed I start with the big + + + align:start position:0% +more compressed I start with the big +with the square brackets and then I get + + align:start position:0% +with the square brackets and then I get + + + align:start position:0% +with the square brackets and then I get +to this and now get to this it's getting + + align:start position:0% +to this and now get to this it's getting + + + align:start position:0% +to this and now get to this it's getting +Tighter and + + align:start position:0% +Tighter and + + + align:start position:0% +Tighter and +Tighter okay so now I can write the rate + + align:start position:0% +Tighter okay so now I can write the rate + + + align:start position:0% +Tighter okay so now I can write the rate +equation as the rate goes as K C to the + + align:start position:0% +equation as the rate goes as K C to the + + + align:start position:0% +equation as the rate goes as K C to the +N so there's the arbitrary rate equation + + align:start position:0% +N so there's the arbitrary rate equation + + + align:start position:0% +N so there's the arbitrary rate equation +and now what I'm going to do is I'm + + align:start position:0% +and now what I'm going to do is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and now what I'm going to do is I'm +going to take the logarithm of the + + align:start position:0% +going to take the logarithm of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to take the logarithm of the +equation so I'm I can map that into the + + align:start position:0% +equation so I'm I can map that into the + + + align:start position:0% +equation so I'm I can map that into the +logarithm of the + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of the + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of the +rate the uh the log of a product is the + + align:start position:0% +rate the uh the log of a product is the + + + align:start position:0% +rate the uh the log of a product is the +sum of the log so that'll be the + + align:start position:0% +sum of the log so that'll be the + + + align:start position:0% +sum of the log so that'll be the +logarithm of the rate constant plus n * + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of the rate constant plus n * + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of the rate constant plus n * +the log L arithm of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +concentration and now what I can do is + + align:start position:0% +concentration and now what I can do is + + + align:start position:0% +concentration and now what I can do is +start + + align:start position:0% +start + + + align:start position:0% +start +with concentration as a function of time + + align:start position:0% +with concentration as a function of time + + + align:start position:0% +with concentration as a function of time +we know it starts with some value C KN + + align:start position:0% +we know it starts with some value C KN + + + align:start position:0% +we know it starts with some value C KN +and attenuates so now I'm going to plot + + align:start position:0% +and attenuates so now I'm going to plot + + + align:start position:0% +and attenuates so now I'm going to plot +the slope the rate of consumption not as + + align:start position:0% +the slope the rate of consumption not as + + + align:start position:0% +the slope the rate of consumption not as +a function of time but as a function of + + align:start position:0% +a function of time but as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +a function of time but as a function of +concentration so here's the initial + + align:start position:0% +concentration so here's the initial + + + align:start position:0% +concentration so here's the initial +concentration if I take the slope this + + align:start position:0% +concentration if I take the slope this + + + align:start position:0% +concentration if I take the slope this +is going to represent ENT uh the slope R + + align:start position:0% +is going to represent ENT uh the slope R + + + align:start position:0% +is going to represent ENT uh the slope R +KN which is equal to um minus DC by DT + + align:start position:0% +KN which is equal to um minus DC by DT + + + align:start position:0% +KN which is equal to um minus DC by DT +at time T KN when concentration equals c + + align:start position:0% +at time T KN when concentration equals c + + + align:start position:0% +at time T KN when concentration equals c +not so I'm going to end up with a data + + align:start position:0% +not so I'm going to end up with a data + + + align:start position:0% +not so I'm going to end up with a data +pair R KN and c not and ultimately + + align:start position:0% +pair R KN and c not and ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +pair R KN and c not and ultimately +here's what I want to do I might want to + + align:start position:0% +here's what I want to do I might want to + + + align:start position:0% +here's what I want to do I might want to +make this plot of log of the rate versus + + align:start position:0% +make this plot of log of the rate versus + + + align:start position:0% +make this plot of log of the rate versus +log of the concentration so I've got my + + align:start position:0% +log of the concentration so I've got my + + + align:start position:0% +log of the concentration so I've got my +first data pair + + align:start position:0% +first data pair + + + align:start position:0% +first data pair +R KN C KN can go over here Bingo and + + align:start position:0% +R KN C KN can go over here Bingo and + + + align:start position:0% +R KN C KN can go over here Bingo and +then some arbitrary time later here's + + align:start position:0% +then some arbitrary time later here's + + + align:start position:0% +then some arbitrary time later here's +here's T KN here's T1 at T1 I take the + + align:start position:0% +here's T KN here's T1 at T1 I take the + + + align:start position:0% +here's T KN here's T1 at T1 I take the +slope so this is now + + align:start position:0% +slope so this is now + + + align:start position:0% +slope so this is now +slope + + align:start position:0% +slope + + + align:start position:0% +slope +R1 which is minus DC by DT at T1 and now + + align:start position:0% +R1 which is minus DC by DT at T1 and now + + + align:start position:0% +R1 which is minus DC by DT at T1 and now +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +concentration is equal to some new value + + align:start position:0% +concentration is equal to some new value + + + align:start position:0% +concentration is equal to some new value +C1 this was C KN this is C1 so now I'm + + align:start position:0% +C1 this was C KN this is C1 so now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +C1 this was C KN this is C1 so now I'm +taking the data pairs R1 C1 so I take + + align:start position:0% +taking the data pairs R1 C1 so I take + + + align:start position:0% +taking the data pairs R1 C1 so I take +that and they go over here and let's do + + align:start position:0% +that and they go over here and let's do + + + align:start position:0% +that and they go over here and let's do +one more cuz I'm having so much fun this + + align:start position:0% +one more cuz I'm having so much fun this + + + align:start position:0% +one more cuz I'm having so much fun this +is T2 and here's C2 the concentrations + + align:start position:0% +is T2 and here's C2 the concentrations + + + align:start position:0% +is T2 and here's C2 the concentrations +Dro to C2 I take the + + align:start position:0% +Dro to C2 I take the + + + align:start position:0% +Dro to C2 I take the +slope slope R2 blah blah blah C2 and so + + align:start position:0% +slope slope R2 blah blah blah C2 and so + + + align:start position:0% +slope slope R2 blah blah blah C2 and so +I take that and I'll put it over here + + align:start position:0% +I take that and I'll put it over here + + + align:start position:0% +I take that and I'll put it over here +and I'm going to end up with a straight + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to end up with a straight + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to end up with a straight +line if you don't get a straight line on + + align:start position:0% +line if you don't get a straight line on + + + align:start position:0% +line if you don't get a straight line on +a log log plot you're an idiot you know + + align:start position:0% +a log log plot you're an idiot you know + + + align:start position:0% +a log log plot you're an idiot you know +you're working with chemical systems I + + align:start position:0% +you're working with chemical systems I + + + align:start position:0% +you're working with chemical systems I +mean log log linearizes everything okay + + align:start position:0% +mean log log linearizes everything okay + + + align:start position:0% +mean log log linearizes everything okay +so what do I have here I got a straight + + align:start position:0% +so what do I have here I got a straight + + + align:start position:0% +so what do I have here I got a straight +line log R versus log C the slope is + + align:start position:0% +line log R versus log C the slope is + + + align:start position:0% +line log R versus log C the slope is +n the slope is n the order of reaction + + align:start position:0% +n the slope is n the order of reaction + + + align:start position:0% +n the slope is n the order of reaction +and what's this + + align:start position:0% +and what's this + + + align:start position:0% +and what's this +intercept value The Intercept is log + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K superb superb so I did that with the + + align:start position:0% +K superb superb so I did that with the + + + align:start position:0% +K superb superb so I did that with the +same data set so what I did is I went + + align:start position:0% +same data set so what I did is I went + + + align:start position:0% +same data set so what I did is I went +back uh and here's the rate I took the + + align:start position:0% +back uh and here's the rate I took the + + + align:start position:0% +back uh and here's the rate I took the +rates by taking the Deltas the the Delta + + align:start position:0% +rates by taking the Deltas the the Delta + + + align:start position:0% +rates by taking the Deltas the the Delta +C over delta T so I went down the curve + + align:start position:0% +C over delta T so I went down the curve + + + align:start position:0% +C over delta T so I went down the curve +differentiated those are my rates and + + align:start position:0% +differentiated those are my rates and + + + align:start position:0% +differentiated those are my rates and +now here's log R versus log C straight + + align:start position:0% +now here's log R versus log C straight + + + align:start position:0% +now here's log R versus log C straight +line and it has a slope of one so slope + + align:start position:0% +line and it has a slope of one so slope + + + align:start position:0% +line and it has a slope of one so slope +of one in fact the least squares gives + + align:start position:0% +of one in fact the least squares gives + + + align:start position:0% +of one in fact the least squares gives +me 1.08 allows for a little bit of uh uh + + align:start position:0% +me 1.08 allows for a little bit of uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +me 1.08 allows for a little bit of uh uh +variation in experimental measurement + + align:start position:0% +variation in experimental measurement + + + align:start position:0% +variation in experimental measurement +and it gives me a straight line so this + + align:start position:0% +and it gives me a straight line so this + + + align:start position:0% +and it gives me a straight line so this +is the differential method for um + + align:start position:0% +is the differential method for um + + + align:start position:0% +is the differential method for um +determining the rate of + + align:start position:0% +determining the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +determining the rate of +reaction well I said we can increase we + + align:start position:0% +reaction well I said we can increase we + + + align:start position:0% +reaction well I said we can increase we +can increase the uh productivity by + + align:start position:0% +can increase the uh productivity by + + + align:start position:0% +can increase the uh productivity by +increasing concentration we can increase + + align:start position:0% +increasing concentration we can increase + + + align:start position:0% +increasing concentration we can increase +productivity by increasing temperature + + align:start position:0% +productivity by increasing temperature + + + align:start position:0% +productivity by increasing temperature +but there's another way we can increase + + align:start position:0% +but there's another way we can increase + + + align:start position:0% +but there's another way we can increase +productivity another way and the way we + + align:start position:0% +productivity another way and the way we + + + align:start position:0% +productivity another way and the way we +can do that is by modifying the value of + + align:start position:0% +can do that is by modifying the value of + + + align:start position:0% +can do that is by modifying the value of +K of showing you how to do it by playing + + align:start position:0% +K of showing you how to do it by playing + + + align:start position:0% +K of showing you how to do it by playing +with temperature there's another way to + + align:start position:0% +with temperature there's another way to + + + align:start position:0% +with temperature there's another way to +modify the value of + + align:start position:0% +modify the value of + + + align:start position:0% +modify the value of +K modify the value of activation energy + + align:start position:0% +K modify the value of activation energy + + + align:start position:0% +K modify the value of activation energy +and we do that by the use of a catalyst + + align:start position:0% +and we do that by the use of a catalyst + + + align:start position:0% +and we do that by the use of a catalyst +so increase rate via + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Catalyst what the Catalyst does the + + align:start position:0% +Catalyst what the Catalyst does the + + + align:start position:0% +Catalyst what the Catalyst does the +Catalyst + + align:start position:0% +Catalyst + + + align:start position:0% +Catalyst +decreases decreases the activation + + align:start position:0% +decreases decreases the activation + + + align:start position:0% +decreases decreases the activation +energy for + + align:start position:0% +energy for + + + align:start position:0% +energy for +reaction and by decreasing the + + align:start position:0% +reaction and by decreasing the + + + align:start position:0% +reaction and by decreasing the +activation energy all other things being + + align:start position:0% +activation energy all other things being + + + align:start position:0% +activation energy all other things being +equal same concentration same + + align:start position:0% +equal same concentration same + + + align:start position:0% +equal same concentration same +temperature so therefore that means it + + align:start position:0% +temperature so therefore that means it + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so therefore that means it +increases k at given + + align:start position:0% +increases k at given + + + align:start position:0% +increases k at given +temperature at given temperature so the + + align:start position:0% +temperature at given temperature so the + + + align:start position:0% +temperature at given temperature so the +way we can view the Catalyst as working + + align:start position:0% +way we can view the Catalyst as working + + + align:start position:0% +way we can view the Catalyst as working +is the following if I plot this energy + + align:start position:0% +is the following if I plot this energy + + + align:start position:0% +is the following if I plot this energy +versus extent of + + align:start position:0% +versus extent of + + + align:start position:0% +versus extent of +reaction we we see we start with + + align:start position:0% +reaction we we see we start with + + + align:start position:0% +reaction we we see we start with +some this is the + + align:start position:0% +some this is the + + + align:start position:0% +some this is the +reactants at some energy arbitrarily + + align:start position:0% +reactants at some energy arbitrarily + + + align:start position:0% +reactants at some energy arbitrarily +denoted as shown and the products have + + align:start position:0% +denoted as shown and the products have + + + align:start position:0% +denoted as shown and the products have +to be at a lower energy if the products + + align:start position:0% +to be at a lower energy if the products + + + align:start position:0% +to be at a lower energy if the products +are not at a lower energy than the + + align:start position:0% +are not at a lower energy than the + + + align:start position:0% +are not at a lower energy than the +reactants there's no driving force for + + align:start position:0% +reactants there's no driving force for + + + align:start position:0% +reactants there's no driving force for +uh the reaction in the first place but + + align:start position:0% +uh the reaction in the first place but + + + align:start position:0% +uh the reaction in the first place but +we know we have to go up to some + + align:start position:0% +we know we have to go up to some + + + align:start position:0% +we know we have to go up to some +activated state in order to get up to + + align:start position:0% +activated state in order to get up to + + + align:start position:0% +activated state in order to get up to +the corner of the box so to speak so + + align:start position:0% +the corner of the box so to speak so + + + align:start position:0% +the corner of the box so to speak so +here we are this is the energy state of + + align:start position:0% +here we are this is the energy state of + + + align:start position:0% +here we are this is the energy state of +the reactants this is the energy state + + align:start position:0% +the reactants this is the energy state + + + align:start position:0% +the reactants this is the energy state +of the products but we have to invest + + align:start position:0% +of the products but we have to invest + + + align:start position:0% +of the products but we have to invest +this amount of energy in order to allow + + align:start position:0% +this amount of energy in order to allow + + + align:start position:0% +this amount of energy in order to allow +for the the throughput so this is + + align:start position:0% +for the the throughput so this is + + + align:start position:0% +for the the throughput so this is +activation energy what a catalyst does + + align:start position:0% +activation energy what a catalyst does + + + align:start position:0% +activation energy what a catalyst does +is it reduces the level of activation + + align:start position:0% +is it reduces the level of activation + + + align:start position:0% +is it reduces the level of activation +needed by assisting with some kind of a + + align:start position:0% +needed by assisting with some kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +needed by assisting with some kind of a +a physical process such as absorbing gas + + align:start position:0% +a physical process such as absorbing gas + + + align:start position:0% +a physical process such as absorbing gas +molecules so that they can find each + + align:start position:0% +molecules so that they can find each + + + align:start position:0% +molecules so that they can find each +other more readily and react so this is + + align:start position:0% +other more readily and react so this is + + + align:start position:0% +other more readily and react so this is +catalyzed this is + + align:start position:0% +catalyzed this is + + + align:start position:0% +catalyzed this is +EA and now this one here this is + + align:start position:0% +EA and now this one here this is + + + align:start position:0% +EA and now this one here this is +EA catalyzed the + + align:start position:0% +EA catalyzed the + + + align:start position:0% +EA catalyzed the +Catalyst Catalyst reduces the activation + + align:start position:0% +Catalyst Catalyst reduces the activation + + + align:start position:0% +Catalyst Catalyst reduces the activation +energy and the result is if we go over + + align:start position:0% +energy and the result is if we go over + + + align:start position:0% +energy and the result is if we go over +to this + + align:start position:0% +to this + + + align:start position:0% +to this +curve NE versus + + align:start position:0% +curve NE versus + + + align:start position:0% +curve NE versus +e we still have the same temperature + + align:start position:0% +e we still have the same temperature + + + align:start position:0% +e we still have the same temperature +distribution we haven't changed that so + + align:start position:0% +distribution we haven't changed that so + + + align:start position:0% +distribution we haven't changed that so +if this is the activation energy as + + align:start position:0% +if this is the activation energy as + + + align:start position:0% +if this is the activation energy as +stated for the reaction in the presence + + align:start position:0% +stated for the reaction in the presence + + + align:start position:0% +stated for the reaction in the presence +of the Catalyst the Catalyst reduces the + + align:start position:0% +of the Catalyst the Catalyst reduces the + + + align:start position:0% +of the Catalyst the Catalyst reduces the +activation energy EA + + align:start position:0% +activation energy EA + + + align:start position:0% +activation energy EA +catalyzed so therefore the area under + + align:start position:0% +catalyzed so therefore the area under + + + align:start position:0% +catalyzed so therefore the area under +the curve is much much greater under the + + align:start position:0% +the curve is much much greater under the + + + align:start position:0% +the curve is much much greater under the +influence of catalysis all right and + + align:start position:0% +influence of catalysis all right and + + + align:start position:0% +influence of catalysis all right and +while we're in the neighborhood there + + align:start position:0% +while we're in the neighborhood there + + + align:start position:0% +while we're in the neighborhood there +are other uh actors that can increase + + align:start position:0% +are other uh actors that can increase + + + align:start position:0% +are other uh actors that can increase +the activation energy so that's up here + + align:start position:0% +the activation energy so that's up here + + + align:start position:0% +the activation energy so that's up here +and this is EA under the influence of an + + align:start position:0% +and this is EA under the influence of an + + + align:start position:0% +and this is EA under the influence of an +inhibitor inhibitor and sometimes we + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor inhibitor and sometimes we + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor inhibitor and sometimes we +want Inhibitors what's an inhibitor + + align:start position:0% +want Inhibitors what's an inhibitor + + + align:start position:0% +want Inhibitors what's an inhibitor +inhibitor is going to raise the + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor is going to raise the + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor is going to raise the +activation energy now the area under the + + align:start position:0% +activation energy now the area under the + + + align:start position:0% +activation energy now the area under the +curve is even + + align:start position:0% +curve is even + + + align:start position:0% +curve is even +smaller + + align:start position:0% +smaller + + + align:start position:0% +smaller +inhibited so for example a catalyst we + + align:start position:0% +inhibited so for example a catalyst we + + + align:start position:0% +inhibited so for example a catalyst we +want in order to improve productivity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such as conversion of of pollutants in + + align:start position:0% +such as conversion of of pollutants in + + + align:start position:0% +such as conversion of of pollutants in +automotive exhaust we want to increase + + align:start position:0% +automotive exhaust we want to increase + + + align:start position:0% +automotive exhaust we want to increase +the productivity but an inhibitor we + + align:start position:0% +the productivity but an inhibitor we + + + align:start position:0% +the productivity but an inhibitor we +want to put into slow down an + + align:start position:0% +want to put into slow down an + + + align:start position:0% +want to put into slow down an +undesirable reaction such as to reduce + + align:start position:0% +undesirable reaction such as to reduce + + + align:start position:0% +undesirable reaction such as to reduce +the rate of corrosion in your + + align:start position:0% +the rate of corrosion in your + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of corrosion in your +coolant flow flows through the radiator + + align:start position:0% +coolant flow flows through the radiator + + + align:start position:0% +coolant flow flows through the radiator +and engine block there are chemicals + + align:start position:0% +and engine block there are chemicals + + + align:start position:0% +and engine block there are chemicals +that are added to inhibit the corrosion + + align:start position:0% +that are added to inhibit the corrosion + + + align:start position:0% +that are added to inhibit the corrosion +processes which are undesirable for the + + align:start position:0% +processes which are undesirable for the + + + align:start position:0% +processes which are undesirable for the +long-term maintenance of the automobile + + align:start position:0% +long-term maintenance of the automobile + + + align:start position:0% +long-term maintenance of the automobile +so we see how there's a relationship + + align:start position:0% +so we see how there's a relationship + + + align:start position:0% +so we see how there's a relationship +between the catalysis inhibition and the + + align:start position:0% +between the catalysis inhibition and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the catalysis inhibition and the +uh energy available to drive a reaction + + align:start position:0% +uh energy available to drive a reaction + + + align:start position:0% +uh energy available to drive a reaction +so let's see what we have up here for + + align:start position:0% +so let's see what we have up here for + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see what we have up here for +five minutes today oh radiocarbon dating + + align:start position:0% +five minutes today oh radiocarbon dating + + + align:start position:0% +five minutes today oh radiocarbon dating +this is from Willard Libby who got the + + align:start position:0% +this is from Willard Libby who got the + + + align:start position:0% +this is from Willard Libby who got the +Nobel Prize in + + align:start position:0% +Nobel Prize in + + + align:start position:0% +Nobel Prize in +1960 um in the upper atmosphere under + + align:start position:0% +1960 um in the upper atmosphere under + + + align:start position:0% +1960 um in the upper atmosphere under +the influence of cosmic rays uh neutrons + + align:start position:0% +the influence of cosmic rays uh neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +the influence of cosmic rays uh neutrons +are generated and the neutrons react + + align:start position:0% +are generated and the neutrons react + + + align:start position:0% +are generated and the neutrons react +with nitrogen to form carbon + + align:start position:0% +with nitrogen to form carbon + + + align:start position:0% +with nitrogen to form carbon +14 and we we know that carbon 14 is + + align:start position:0% +14 and we we know that carbon 14 is + + + align:start position:0% +14 and we we know that carbon 14 is +present in about one part per trillion + + align:start position:0% +present in about one part per trillion + + + align:start position:0% +present in about one part per trillion +so this is now part of the carbon cycle + + align:start position:0% +so this is now part of the carbon cycle + + + align:start position:0% +so this is now part of the carbon cycle +down here so all the carbon atoms in all + + align:start position:0% +down here so all the carbon atoms in all + + + align:start position:0% +down here so all the carbon atoms in all +living things because we're constantly + + align:start position:0% +living things because we're constantly + + + align:start position:0% +living things because we're constantly +exchanging carbon with our surroundings + + align:start position:0% +exchanging carbon with our surroundings + + + align:start position:0% +exchanging carbon with our surroundings +take any carbon atom out of any one of + + align:start position:0% +take any carbon atom out of any one of + + + align:start position:0% +take any carbon atom out of any one of +us and we'll have dominantly carbon 12 + + align:start position:0% +us and we'll have dominantly carbon 12 + + + align:start position:0% +us and we'll have dominantly carbon 12 +about 1% carbon 13 and one part per + + align:start position:0% +about 1% carbon 13 and one part per + + + align:start position:0% +about 1% carbon 13 and one part per +trillion carbon + + align:start position:0% +trillion carbon + + + align:start position:0% +trillion carbon +14 but when we die we stop exchanging + + align:start position:0% +14 but when we die we stop exchanging + + + align:start position:0% +14 but when we die we stop exchanging +with the surroundings in fact if you're + + align:start position:0% +with the surroundings in fact if you're + + + align:start position:0% +with the surroundings in fact if you're +looking for a new euphemism for de + + align:start position:0% +looking for a new euphemism for de + + + align:start position:0% +looking for a new euphemism for de +instead of saying he passed away you + + align:start position:0% +instead of saying he passed away you + + + align:start position:0% +instead of saying he passed away you +could say he exited the carbon cycle + + align:start position:0% +could say he exited the carbon cycle + + + align:start position:0% +could say he exited the carbon cycle +he's no longer playing all right so upon + + align:start position:0% +he's no longer playing all right so upon + + + align:start position:0% +he's no longer playing all right so upon +death we stop exchanging so we start at + + align:start position:0% +death we stop exchanging so we start at + + + align:start position:0% +death we stop exchanging so we start at +one part per trillion when we die and + + align:start position:0% +one part per trillion when we die and + + + align:start position:0% +one part per trillion when we die and +then this reaction takes place the + + align:start position:0% +then this reaction takes place the + + + align:start position:0% +then this reaction takes place the +carbon 14 decays radioactively to + + align:start position:0% +carbon 14 decays radioactively to + + + align:start position:0% +carbon 14 decays radioactively to +nitrogen plus beta it's a beta Decay and + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen plus beta it's a beta Decay and + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen plus beta it's a beta Decay and +so if we measure the ratio of carbon 14 + + align:start position:0% +so if we measure the ratio of carbon 14 + + + align:start position:0% +so if we measure the ratio of carbon 14 +to carbon 12 knowing the halflife is + + align:start position:0% +to carbon 12 knowing the halflife is + + + align:start position:0% +to carbon 12 knowing the halflife is +5730 years we can figure out how long + + align:start position:0% +5730 years we can figure out how long + + + align:start position:0% +5730 years we can figure out how long +it's been since we checked out of the + + align:start position:0% +it's been since we checked out of the + + + align:start position:0% +it's been since we checked out of the +carbon cycle so these are some things + + align:start position:0% +carbon cycle so these are some things + + + align:start position:0% +carbon cycle so these are some things +that have been carbon dated there's some + + align:start position:0% +that have been carbon dated there's some + + + align:start position:0% +that have been carbon dated there's some +uh things that have been looked at over + + align:start position:0% +uh things that have been looked at over + + + align:start position:0% +uh things that have been looked at over +time I mean one of the assumptions is + + align:start position:0% +time I mean one of the assumptions is + + + align:start position:0% +time I mean one of the assumptions is +that the rate of neutron generation and + + align:start position:0% +that the rate of neutron generation and + + + align:start position:0% +that the rate of neutron generation and +carbon 14 generation hasn't changed over + + align:start position:0% +carbon 14 generation hasn't changed over + + + align:start position:0% +carbon 14 generation hasn't changed over +say the last 10 15,000 years which is + + align:start position:0% +say the last 10 15,000 years which is + + + align:start position:0% +say the last 10 15,000 years which is +really a blink of an eye by Cosmic + + align:start position:0% +really a blink of an eye by Cosmic + + + align:start position:0% +really a blink of an eye by Cosmic +measurements so here are some things + + align:start position:0% +measurements so here are some things + + + align:start position:0% +measurements so here are some things +that have been dated there's the Dead + + align:start position:0% +that have been dated there's the Dead + + + align:start position:0% +that have been dated there's the Dead +Sea Scrolls came in at about + + align:start position:0% +Sea Scrolls came in at about + + + align:start position:0% +Sea Scrolls came in at about +1917 years back from today but with + + align:start position:0% +1917 years back from today but with + + + align:start position:0% +1917 years back from today but with +uncertainties is about plus or minus 200 + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties is about plus or minus 200 + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties is about plus or minus 200 +this Mount maama that erupted in Oregon + + align:start position:0% +this Mount maama that erupted in Oregon + + + align:start position:0% +this Mount maama that erupted in Oregon +and uh made Crater Lake uh quenched some + + align:start position:0% +and uh made Crater Lake uh quenched some + + + align:start position:0% +and uh made Crater Lake uh quenched some +uh trees and the charcoal from those + + align:start position:0% +uh trees and the charcoal from those + + + align:start position:0% +uh trees and the charcoal from those +trees comes in at + + align:start position:0% +trees comes in at + + + align:start position:0% +trees comes in at +6453 from today and the charcoal from + + align:start position:0% +6453 from today and the charcoal from + + + align:start position:0% +6453 from today and the charcoal from +the cave paintings in Las skull in + + align:start position:0% +the cave paintings in Las skull in + + + align:start position:0% +the cave paintings in Las skull in +France uh dates back + + align:start position:0% +France uh dates back + + + align:start position:0% +France uh dates back +15516 years so that's that's the kind of + + align:start position:0% +15516 years so that's that's the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +15516 years so that's that's the kind of +stuff that you see here's one that's + + align:start position:0% +stuff that you see here's one that's + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that you see here's one that's +quite controversial so we're not + + align:start position:0% +quite controversial so we're not + + + align:start position:0% +quite controversial so we're not +strangers to controversy this is the + + align:start position:0% +strangers to controversy this is the + + + align:start position:0% +strangers to controversy this is the +shroud of tan this is a painting showing + + align:start position:0% +shroud of tan this is a painting showing + + + align:start position:0% +shroud of tan this is a painting showing +what is to be uh the burial shroud of + + align:start position:0% +what is to be uh the burial shroud of + + + align:start position:0% +what is to be uh the burial shroud of +Christ and this shows the two images + + align:start position:0% +Christ and this shows the two images + + + align:start position:0% +Christ and this shows the two images +that it's supposed to have see this is + + align:start position:0% +that it's supposed to have see this is + + + align:start position:0% +that it's supposed to have see this is +how the Shroud would have been it's a + + align:start position:0% +how the Shroud would have been it's a + + + align:start position:0% +how the Shroud would have been it's a +linen piece about 14 ft long this is + + align:start position:0% +linen piece about 14 ft long this is + + + align:start position:0% +linen piece about 14 ft long this is +from a National Geographic article about + + align:start position:0% +from a National Geographic article about + + + align:start position:0% +from a National Geographic article about +67 years ago showing various features on + + align:start position:0% +67 years ago showing various features on + + + align:start position:0% +67 years ago showing various features on +this shroud and here's this is the + + align:start position:0% +this shroud and here's this is the + + + align:start position:0% +this shroud and here's this is the +Shroud and this is the painting just to + + align:start position:0% +Shroud and this is the painting just to + + + align:start position:0% +Shroud and this is the painting just to +give you a sense of what is supposed to + + align:start position:0% +give you a sense of what is supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +give you a sense of what is supposed to +be there and so uh in the mid 80s uh + + align:start position:0% +be there and so uh in the mid 80s uh + + + align:start position:0% +be there and so uh in the mid 80s uh +fragments of that shroud were sent to + + align:start position:0% +fragments of that shroud were sent to + + + align:start position:0% +fragments of that shroud were sent to +three different Laboratories in three + + align:start position:0% +three different Laboratories in three + + + align:start position:0% +three different Laboratories in three +different countries and it was dated to + + align:start position:0% +different countries and it was dated to + + + align:start position:0% +different countries and it was dated to +uh the fabric was dated to come from + + align:start position:0% +uh the fabric was dated to come from + + + align:start position:0% +uh the fabric was dated to come from +this interval of about 1260 to 1390 this + + align:start position:0% +this interval of about 1260 to 1390 this + + + align:start position:0% +this interval of about 1260 to 1390 this +shows the cartoon of the uh cosmic rays + + align:start position:0% +shows the cartoon of the uh cosmic rays + + + align:start position:0% +shows the cartoon of the uh cosmic rays +generating carbon 14 which goes into + + align:start position:0% +generating carbon 14 which goes into + + + align:start position:0% +generating carbon 14 which goes into +flax once we picks the pick the flax + + align:start position:0% +flax once we picks the pick the flax + + + align:start position:0% +flax once we picks the pick the flax +make linen it's out of the carbon cycle + + align:start position:0% +make linen it's out of the carbon cycle + + + align:start position:0% +make linen it's out of the carbon cycle +and these are going out like twink + + align:start position:0% +and these are going out like twink + + + align:start position:0% +and these are going out like twink +lights and then you can calculate the + + align:start position:0% +lights and then you can calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +lights and then you can calculate the +various things this is very hotly + + align:start position:0% +various things this is very hotly + + + align:start position:0% +various things this is very hotly +contested some people are are arent + + align:start position:0% +contested some people are are arent + + + align:start position:0% +contested some people are are arent +believers and they believe that uh the + + align:start position:0% +believers and they believe that uh the + + + align:start position:0% +believers and they believe that uh the +data that were gathered were false + + align:start position:0% +data that were gathered were false + + + align:start position:0% +data that were gathered were false +because there was a fire in 1532 and + + align:start position:0% +because there was a fire in 1532 and + + + align:start position:0% +because there was a fire in 1532 and +here's a painting showing people + + align:start position:0% +here's a painting showing people + + + align:start position:0% +here's a painting showing people +repairing the Shroud using candles and + + align:start position:0% +repairing the Shroud using candles and + + + align:start position:0% +repairing the Shroud using candles and +there's arguments that there's paraffin + + align:start position:0% +there's arguments that there's paraffin + + + align:start position:0% +there's arguments that there's paraffin +from the candles that's coating the + + align:start position:0% +from the candles that's coating the + + + align:start position:0% +from the candles that's coating the +outer surface of the filaments and in + + align:start position:0% +outer surface of the filaments and in + + + align:start position:0% +outer surface of the filaments and in +fact you're analyzing the carbon from + + align:start position:0% +fact you're analyzing the carbon from + + + align:start position:0% +fact you're analyzing the carbon from +the paraffin that was absorbed on the + + align:start position:0% +the paraffin that was absorbed on the + + + align:start position:0% +the paraffin that was absorbed on the +filament so it's all about sampling know + + align:start position:0% +filament so it's all about sampling know + + + align:start position:0% +filament so it's all about sampling know +all about sampling very interesting if + + align:start position:0% +all about sampling very interesting if + + + align:start position:0% +all about sampling very interesting if +you get on the internet you'll find all + + align:start position:0% +you get on the internet you'll find all + + + align:start position:0% +you get on the internet you'll find all +kinds of stuff on there about this so + + align:start position:0% +kinds of stuff on there about this so + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of stuff on there about this so +here's a question you know how do you do + + align:start position:0% +here's a question you know how do you do + + + align:start position:0% +here's a question you know how do you do +the how do you do the test you know the + + align:start position:0% +the how do you do the test you know the + + + align:start position:0% +the how do you do the test you know the +way to do it properly is to take the + + align:start position:0% +way to do it properly is to take the + + + align:start position:0% +way to do it properly is to take the +whole thing put it in a giant blender so + + align:start position:0% +whole thing put it in a giant blender so + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing put it in a giant blender so +you're not looking at surface effects + + align:start position:0% +you're not looking at surface effects + + + align:start position:0% +you're not looking at surface effects +right so this is the this is the problem + + align:start position:0% +right so this is the this is the problem + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is the this is the problem +how to do non-destructive evaluation of + + align:start position:0% +how to do non-destructive evaluation of + + + align:start position:0% +how to do non-destructive evaluation of +an artifact I'll see you on Friday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Ts3o2I8_Mxc.txt b/Ts3o2I8_Mxc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c1f6b28ea0385f86dd98250cbb03d5efbfaee1f --- /dev/null +++ b/Ts3o2I8_Mxc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7360 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay this is the lecture on linear + + align:start position:0% +okay this is the lecture on linear + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is the lecture on linear +Transformations + + align:start position:0% +Transformations + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations +actually linear algebra courses used to + + align:start position:0% +actually linear algebra courses used to + + + align:start position:0% +actually linear algebra courses used to +begin with this lecture so so you could + + align:start position:0% +begin with this lecture so so you could + + + align:start position:0% +begin with this lecture so so you could +say I'm beginning this course Again by + + align:start position:0% +say I'm beginning this course Again by + + + align:start position:0% +say I'm beginning this course Again by +talking about linear + + align:start position:0% +talking about linear + + + align:start position:0% +talking about linear +Transformations those so so in in in a + + align:start position:0% +Transformations those so so in in in a + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations those so so in in in a +lot of courses those come first before + + align:start position:0% +lot of courses those come first before + + + align:start position:0% +lot of courses those come first before +matrices the idea of a linear + + align:start position:0% +matrices the idea of a linear + + + align:start position:0% +matrices the idea of a linear +transformation makes sense without a + + align:start position:0% +transformation makes sense without a + + + align:start position:0% +transformation makes sense without a +matrix and physicists and other some + + align:start position:0% +matrix and physicists and other some + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and physicists and other some +people like it better that way they + + align:start position:0% +people like it better that way they + + + align:start position:0% +people like it better that way they +don't like + + align:start position:0% +don't like + + + align:start position:0% +don't like +coordinates they don't want those + + align:start position:0% +coordinates they don't want those + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates they don't want those +numbers they want to see what's going on + + align:start position:0% +numbers they want to see what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +numbers they want to see what's going on +with the whole + + align:start position:0% +with the whole + + + align:start position:0% +with the whole +space but for most of us in the end if + + align:start position:0% +space but for most of us in the end if + + + align:start position:0% +space but for most of us in the end if +we're going to compute anything we + + align:start position:0% +we're going to compute anything we + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to compute anything we +introduce coordinates and + + align:start position:0% +introduce coordinates and + + + align:start position:0% +introduce coordinates and +then every linear transformation will + + align:start position:0% +then every linear transformation will + + + align:start position:0% +then every linear transformation will +lead us to a matrix so really that's and + + align:start position:0% +lead us to a matrix so really that's and + + + align:start position:0% +lead us to a matrix so really that's and +then to all the all the things that + + align:start position:0% +then to all the all the things that + + + align:start position:0% +then to all the all the things that +we've done about null space and row + + align:start position:0% +we've done about null space and row + + + align:start position:0% +we've done about null space and row +space and determinant and igen + + align:start position:0% +space and determinant and igen + + + align:start position:0% +space and determinant and igen +values all will come from The Matrix but + + align:start position:0% +values all will come from The Matrix but + + + align:start position:0% +values all will come from The Matrix but +behind it in other words behind this is + + align:start position:0% +behind it in other words behind this is + + + align:start position:0% +behind it in other words behind this is +the idea of a linear transformation let + + align:start position:0% +the idea of a linear transformation let + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of a linear transformation let +me give an example of a linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transformation so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example example + + align:start position:0% +example example + + + align:start position:0% +example example +one a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +projection I want to I can describe a + + align:start position:0% +projection I want to I can describe a + + + align:start position:0% +projection I want to I can describe a +projection without telling you any + + align:start position:0% +projection without telling you any + + + align:start position:0% +projection without telling you any +Matrix anything about any Matrix I can + + align:start position:0% +Matrix anything about any Matrix I can + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix anything about any Matrix I can +describe a projection + + align:start position:0% +describe a projection + + + align:start position:0% +describe a projection +say this will be a linear trans + + align:start position:0% +say this will be a linear trans + + + align:start position:0% +say this will be a linear trans +information that takes say all of R2 + + align:start position:0% +information that takes say all of R2 + + + align:start position:0% +information that takes say all of R2 +every Vector in the plane into a vector + + align:start position:0% +every Vector in the plane into a vector + + + align:start position:0% +every Vector in the plane into a vector +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +plane and this is the way people + + align:start position:0% +plane and this is the way people + + + align:start position:0% +plane and this is the way people +describe + + align:start position:0% +describe + + + align:start position:0% +describe +uh a mapping it takes every vector and + + align:start position:0% +uh a mapping it takes every vector and + + + align:start position:0% +uh a mapping it takes every vector and +and so by what rule so what's the rule + + align:start position:0% +and so by what rule so what's the rule + + + align:start position:0% +and so by what rule so what's the rule +is uh I take a so here's the + + align:start position:0% +is uh I take a so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +is uh I take a so here's the +plane this is going to be my line my + + align:start position:0% +plane this is going to be my line my + + + align:start position:0% +plane this is going to be my line my +line through a my line and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +line through a my line and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +line through a my line and I'm going to +project every Vector onto that line so + + align:start position:0% +project every Vector onto that line so + + + align:start position:0% +project every Vector onto that line so +if I take a vector like b or let me call + + align:start position:0% +if I take a vector like b or let me call + + + align:start position:0% +if I take a vector like b or let me call +the vector v for the moment the + + align:start position:0% +the vector v for the moment the + + + align:start position:0% +the vector v for the moment the +projection the the the linear + + align:start position:0% +projection the the the linear + + + align:start position:0% +projection the the the linear +transformation is going to produce this + + align:start position:0% +transformation is going to produce this + + + align:start position:0% +transformation is going to produce this +Vector as T of V so T it's like a + + align:start position:0% +Vector as T of V so T it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +Vector as T of V so T it's like a +function exactly like a function you + + align:start position:0% +function exactly like a function you + + + align:start position:0% +function exactly like a function you +give me an + + align:start position:0% +give me an + + + align:start position:0% +give me an +input the transformation + + align:start position:0% +input the transformation + + + align:start position:0% +input the transformation +produces the output so transformation + + align:start position:0% +produces the output so transformation + + + align:start position:0% +produces the output so transformation +sometimes the word map or mapping is + + align:start position:0% +sometimes the word map or mapping is + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes the word map or mapping is +used a map between inputs and + + align:start position:0% +used a map between inputs and + + + align:start position:0% +used a map between inputs and +outputs so this is one particular map + + align:start position:0% +outputs so this is one particular map + + + align:start position:0% +outputs so this is one particular map +this is one example a projection that + + align:start position:0% +this is one example a projection that + + + align:start position:0% +this is one example a projection that +takes every Vector here let me do + + align:start position:0% +takes every Vector here let me do + + + align:start position:0% +takes every Vector here let me do +another vector v or let me do this + + align:start position:0% +another vector v or let me do this + + + align:start position:0% +another vector v or let me do this +Vector + + align:start position:0% +Vector + + + align:start position:0% +Vector +W what is T of w you see there are no + + align:start position:0% +W what is T of w you see there are no + + + align:start position:0% +W what is T of w you see there are no +coordinates here I I've drawn those axes + + align:start position:0% +coordinates here I I've drawn those axes + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates here I I've drawn those axes +but I'm sorry I drew them I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +but I'm sorry I drew them I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm sorry I drew them I'm going to +remove them that's the whole point is + + align:start position:0% +remove them that's the whole point is + + + align:start position:0% +remove them that's the whole point is +that we don't need + + align:start position:0% +that we don't need + + + align:start position:0% +that we don't need +axes we just need so let's get it out of + + align:start position:0% +axes we just need so let's get it out of + + + align:start position:0% +axes we just need so let's get it out of +there I'm I + + align:start position:0% +there I'm I + + + align:start position:0% +there I'm I +always I'm not a physicist so I draw + + align:start position:0% +always I'm not a physicist so I draw + + + align:start position:0% +always I'm not a physicist so I draw +those axes so the the input is W the + + align:start position:0% +those axes so the the input is W the + + + align:start position:0% +those axes so the the input is W the +output of the projection is project on + + align:start position:0% +output of the projection is project on + + + align:start position:0% +output of the projection is project on +that line T of + + align:start position:0% +that line T of + + + align:start position:0% +that line T of +w okay now I could think of a lot of + + align:start position:0% +w okay now I could think of a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +w okay now I could think of a lot of +transformation + + align:start position:0% +transformation + + + align:start position:0% +transformation +T but in this linear algebra course I + + align:start position:0% +T but in this linear algebra course I + + + align:start position:0% +T but in this linear algebra course I +want it to be a linear transformation so + + align:start position:0% +want it to be a linear transformation so + + + align:start position:0% +want it to be a linear transformation so +here are the + + align:start position:0% +here are the + + + align:start position:0% +here are the +rules for a linear + + align:start position:0% +rules for a linear + + + align:start position:0% +rules for a linear +transformation that if I you see exactly + + align:start position:0% +transformation that if I you see exactly + + + align:start position:0% +transformation that if I you see exactly +the two operations that we can do on + + align:start position:0% +the two operations that we can do on + + + align:start position:0% +the two operations that we can do on +vectors adding and multiplying by + + align:start position:0% +vectors adding and multiplying by + + + align:start position:0% +vectors adding and multiplying by +scalars the transformation does + + align:start position:0% +scalars the transformation does + + + align:start position:0% +scalars the transformation does +something special with respect to those + + align:start position:0% +something special with respect to those + + + align:start position:0% +something special with respect to those +operations so for example + + align:start position:0% +operations so for example + + + align:start position:0% +operations so for example +uh the projection is a linear + + align:start position:0% +uh the projection is a linear + + + align:start position:0% +uh the projection is a linear +transformation because if I for example + + align:start position:0% +transformation because if I for example + + + align:start position:0% +transformation because if I for example +if I wanted to check that one if I took + + align:start position:0% +if I wanted to check that one if I took + + + align:start position:0% +if I wanted to check that one if I took +V to be twice as long the projection + + align:start position:0% +V to be twice as long the projection + + + align:start position:0% +V to be twice as long the projection +would be twice as long if I took V to V + + align:start position:0% +would be twice as long if I took V to V + + + align:start position:0% +would be twice as long if I took V to V +minus if I change from V to minus V the + + align:start position:0% +minus if I change from V to minus V the + + + align:start position:0% +minus if I change from V to minus V the +projection would change to a minus So + + align:start position:0% +projection would change to a minus So + + + align:start position:0% +projection would change to a minus So +Cal to 2 Cal minus1 any c is okay so you + + align:start position:0% +Cal to 2 Cal minus1 any c is okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +Cal to 2 Cal minus1 any c is okay so you +see that actually those combin I can + + align:start position:0% +see that actually those combin I can + + + align:start position:0% +see that actually those combin I can +combine those in in one statement the T + + align:start position:0% +combine those in in one statement the T + + + align:start position:0% +combine those in in one statement the T +that the what the transformation does to + + align:start position:0% +that the what the transformation does to + + + align:start position:0% +that the what the transformation does to +any linear + + align:start position:0% +any linear + + + align:start position:0% +any linear +combination it must produce the same + + align:start position:0% +combination it must produce the same + + + align:start position:0% +combination it must produce the same +combination of T of v and T of + + align:start position:0% +combination of T of v and T of + + + align:start position:0% +combination of T of v and T of +w let's think about some I mean it's + + align:start position:0% +w let's think about some I mean it's + + + align:start position:0% +w let's think about some I mean it's +like not hard to decide is a + + align:start position:0% +like not hard to decide is a + + + align:start position:0% +like not hard to decide is a +transformation linear or is it not let + + align:start position:0% +transformation linear or is it not let + + + align:start position:0% +transformation linear or is it not let +me give you an example where so you can + + align:start position:0% +me give you an example where so you can + + + align:start position:0% +me give you an example where so you can +tell me the answer suppose I suppose my + + align:start position:0% +tell me the answer suppose I suppose my + + + align:start position:0% +tell me the answer suppose I suppose my +transformation is here's another example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two example + + align:start position:0% +two example + + + align:start position:0% +two example +two uh shift the whole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane shift the whole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane so here are all my + + align:start position:0% +plane so here are all my + + + align:start position:0% +plane so here are all my +vectors my plane and every vector v in + + align:start position:0% +vectors my plane and every vector v in + + + align:start position:0% +vectors my plane and every vector v in +the plane I shift it over by let's say + + align:start position:0% +the plane I shift it over by let's say + + + align:start position:0% +the plane I shift it over by let's say +three by by some vector v KN shift whole + + align:start position:0% +three by by some vector v KN shift whole + + + align:start position:0% +three by by some vector v KN shift whole +plane by V KN so every Vector in the + + align:start position:0% +plane by V KN so every Vector in the + + + align:start position:0% +plane by V KN so every Vector in the +plane this was V T of V will be V plus v + + align:start position:0% +plane this was V T of V will be V plus v + + + align:start position:0% +plane this was V T of V will be V plus v +KN there's T of V here's V KN there's + + align:start position:0% +KN there's T of V here's V KN there's + + + align:start position:0% +KN there's T of V here's V KN there's +the typical V and there's T of V you see + + align:start position:0% +the typical V and there's T of V you see + + + align:start position:0% +the typical V and there's T of V you see +what the + + align:start position:0% +what the + + + align:start position:0% +what the +you see what this transformation does + + align:start position:0% +you see what this transformation does + + + align:start position:0% +you see what this transformation does +takes this vector and adds to + + align:start position:0% +takes this vector and adds to + + + align:start position:0% +takes this vector and adds to +it adds a fixed Vector to it well that + + align:start position:0% +it adds a fixed Vector to it well that + + + align:start position:0% +it adds a fixed Vector to it well that +seems like a + + align:start position:0% +seems like a + + + align:start position:0% +seems like a +pretty reasonable simple + + align:start position:0% +pretty reasonable simple + + + align:start position:0% +pretty reasonable simple +transformation but is it + + align:start position:0% +transformation but is it + + + align:start position:0% +transformation but is it +linear the answer is no it's not linear + + align:start position:0% +linear the answer is no it's not linear + + + align:start position:0% +linear the answer is no it's not linear +which which law does it is broken maybe + + align:start position:0% +which which law does it is broken maybe + + + align:start position:0% +which which law does it is broken maybe +both laws are + + align:start position:0% +both laws are + + + align:start position:0% +both laws are +broken let's see uh um if I double the + + align:start position:0% +broken let's see uh um if I double the + + + align:start position:0% +broken let's see uh um if I double the +length of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V does the transformation produce + + align:start position:0% +V does the transformation produce + + + align:start position:0% +V does the transformation produce +something double do I double T of v no + + align:start position:0% +something double do I double T of v no + + + align:start position:0% +something double do I double T of v no +if I double the length of v in this + + align:start position:0% +if I double the length of v in this + + + align:start position:0% +if I double the length of v in this +transformation I'm just adding on the + + align:start position:0% +transformation I'm just adding on the + + + align:start position:0% +transformation I'm just adding on the +same one same V KN not two V kns but + + align:start position:0% +same one same V KN not two V kns but + + + align:start position:0% +same one same V KN not two V kns but +only one V KN for every + + align:start position:0% +only one V KN for every + + + align:start position:0% +only one V KN for every +Vector so I don't get two times the + + align:start position:0% +Vector so I don't get two times the + + + align:start position:0% +Vector so I don't get two times the +transfer do you see see what what I'm + + align:start position:0% +transfer do you see see what what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +transfer do you see see what what I'm +saying that if I if I double this then + + align:start position:0% +saying that if I if I double this then + + + align:start position:0% +saying that if I if I double this then +the transformation starts there and only + + align:start position:0% +the transformation starts there and only + + + align:start position:0% +the transformation starts there and only +goes one VN out and doesn't Double T of + + align:start position:0% +goes one VN out and doesn't Double T of + + + align:start position:0% +goes one VN out and doesn't Double T of +v in fact a linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transformation what what is T of + + align:start position:0% +transformation what what is T of + + + align:start position:0% +transformation what what is T of +zero that's just like special case but + + align:start position:0% +zero that's just like special case but + + + align:start position:0% +zero that's just like special case but +really worth noticing the zero Vector in + + align:start position:0% +really worth noticing the zero Vector in + + + align:start position:0% +really worth noticing the zero Vector in +a linear transformation must get + + align:start position:0% +a linear transformation must get + + + align:start position:0% +a linear transformation must get +transformed to + + align:start position:0% +transformed to + + + align:start position:0% +transformed to +zero it can't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +move because take any vector v + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here uh well so you you can see why T + + align:start position:0% +here uh well so you you can see why T + + + align:start position:0% +here uh well so you you can see why T +of0 is zero take take V to be the zero + + align:start position:0% +of0 is zero take take V to be the zero + + + align:start position:0% +of0 is zero take take V to be the zero +Vector take C to be three then we'd have + + align:start position:0% +Vector take C to be three then we'd have + + + align:start position:0% +Vector take C to be three then we'd have +t of zero Vector equaling 3 T of zero + + align:start position:0% +t of zero Vector equaling 3 T of zero + + + align:start position:0% +t of zero Vector equaling 3 T of zero +Vector the T of Z had has to be zero + + align:start position:0% +Vector the T of Z had has to be zero + + + align:start position:0% +Vector the T of Z had has to be zero +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +this example is really a + + align:start position:0% +this example is really a + + + align:start position:0% +this example is really a +non + + align:start position:0% +non + + + align:start position:0% +non +example Shifting the whole plane is not + + align:start position:0% +example Shifting the whole plane is not + + + align:start position:0% +example Shifting the whole plane is not +a linear transformation or if I cooked + + align:start position:0% +a linear transformation or if I cooked + + + align:start position:0% +a linear transformation or if I cooked +up some formula that involved squaring + + align:start position:0% +up some formula that involved squaring + + + align:start position:0% +up some formula that involved squaring +or the transformation that also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +non-example um how about the + + align:start position:0% +non-example um how about the + + + align:start position:0% +non-example um how about the +transformation that uh takes any + + align:start position:0% +transformation that uh takes any + + + align:start position:0% +transformation that uh takes any +vector and produces its + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +length so there's a transformation that + + align:start position:0% +length so there's a transformation that + + + align:start position:0% +length so there's a transformation that +takes any Vector say any Vector in R3 + + align:start position:0% +takes any Vector say any Vector in R3 + + + align:start position:0% +takes any Vector say any Vector in R3 +let me just I'll just get a chance to + + align:start position:0% +let me just I'll just get a chance to + + + align:start position:0% +let me just I'll just get a chance to +use this notation again suppose I think + + align:start position:0% +use this notation again suppose I think + + + align:start position:0% +use this notation again suppose I think +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +transformation that takes any Vector in + + align:start position:0% +transformation that takes any Vector in + + + align:start position:0% +transformation that takes any Vector in +R3 and produces this number so that I + + align:start position:0% +R3 and produces this number so that I + + + align:start position:0% +R3 and produces this number so that I +could say is a is a is a member of R1 + + align:start position:0% +could say is a is a is a member of R1 + + + align:start position:0% +could say is a is a is a member of R1 +for example if I want it or just real + + align:start position:0% +for example if I want it or just real + + + align:start position:0% +for example if I want it or just real +numbers that's certainly not + + align:start position:0% +numbers that's certainly not + + + align:start position:0% +numbers that's certainly not +linear it's true that the zero Vector + + align:start position:0% +linear it's true that the zero Vector + + + align:start position:0% +linear it's true that the zero Vector +goes to + + align:start position:0% +goes to + + + align:start position:0% +goes to +zero but if I double a vector it does + + align:start position:0% +zero but if I double a vector it does + + + align:start position:0% +zero but if I double a vector it does +double the length that's true but + + align:start position:0% +double the length that's true but + + + align:start position:0% +double the length that's true but +suppose I multiply a vector by minus + + align:start position:0% +suppose I multiply a vector by minus + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I multiply a vector by minus +to what happens to its length it just + + align:start position:0% +to what happens to its length it just + + + align:start position:0% +to what happens to its length it just +doubles it doesn't get multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +doubles it doesn't get multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +doubles it doesn't get multiplied by +minus two so when C is minus two in my + + align:start position:0% +minus two so when C is minus two in my + + + align:start position:0% +minus two so when C is minus two in my +in my requirement I'm I'm uh not + + align:start position:0% +in my requirement I'm I'm uh not + + + align:start position:0% +in my requirement I'm I'm uh not +satisfying that requirement so T of + + align:start position:0% +satisfying that requirement so T of + + + align:start position:0% +satisfying that requirement so T of +minus V is not minus the minus the the + + align:start position:0% +minus V is not minus the minus the the + + + align:start position:0% +minus V is not minus the minus the the +length it's just the the length Okay so + + align:start position:0% +length it's just the the length Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +length it's just the the length Okay so +that's another + + align:start position:0% +that's another + + + align:start position:0% +that's another +non-example projection was an example + + align:start position:0% +non-example projection was an example + + + align:start position:0% +non-example projection was an example +let me give you another example I can + + align:start position:0% +let me give you another example I can + + + align:start position:0% +let me give you another example I can +stay here and have a this will be a an + + align:start position:0% +stay here and have a this will be a an + + + align:start position:0% +stay here and have a this will be a an +example that is a linear + + align:start position:0% +example that is a linear + + + align:start position:0% +example that is a linear +transformation a + + align:start position:0% +transformation a + + + align:start position:0% +transformation a +rotation Rotation by what shall we say + + align:start position:0% +rotation Rotation by what shall we say + + + align:start position:0% +rotation Rotation by what shall we say +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +45° okay so again let me choose this + + align:start position:0% +45° okay so again let me choose this + + + align:start position:0% +45° okay so again let me choose this +this will be a mapping from any from all + + align:start position:0% +this will be a mapping from any from all + + + align:start position:0% +this will be a mapping from any from all +from the whole plane of vectors into the + + align:start position:0% +from the whole plane of vectors into the + + + align:start position:0% +from the whole plane of vectors into the +whole plane of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vectors and it just every here's the + + align:start position:0% +vectors and it just every here's the + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and it just every here's the +input vector + + align:start position:0% +input vector + + + align:start position:0% +input vector +v and the output Vector from this 45 Dee + + align:start position:0% +v and the output Vector from this 45 Dee + + + align:start position:0% +v and the output Vector from this 45 Dee +rotation is just rotate that thing by + + align:start position:0% +rotation is just rotate that thing by + + + align:start position:0% +rotation is just rotate that thing by +45° T of + + align:start position:0% +45° T of + + + align:start position:0% +45° T of +V so every Vector got rotated you see + + align:start position:0% +V so every Vector got rotated you see + + + align:start position:0% +V so every Vector got rotated you see +that I don't need I can describe this + + align:start position:0% +that I don't need I can describe this + + + align:start position:0% +that I don't need I can describe this +without any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinates and see that it's linear if + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and see that it's linear if + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and see that it's linear if +I multiplied if I doubled V I would the + + align:start position:0% +I multiplied if I doubled V I would the + + + align:start position:0% +I multiplied if I doubled V I would the +rotation would just be be twice as far + + align:start position:0% +rotation would just be be twice as far + + + align:start position:0% +rotation would just be be twice as far +out if I had V plus W they would and and + + align:start position:0% +out if I had V plus W they would and and + + + align:start position:0% +out if I had V plus W they would and and +if I rotated each of them and + + align:start position:0% +if I rotated each of them and + + + align:start position:0% +if I rotated each of them and +added the the answer is the same as if I + + align:start position:0% +added the the answer is the same as if I + + + align:start position:0% +added the the answer is the same as if I +add and then rotate that's what the + + align:start position:0% +add and then rotate that's what the + + + align:start position:0% +add and then rotate that's what the +linear transformation is okay so those + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation is okay so those + + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation is okay so those +are two examples two + + align:start position:0% +are two examples two + + + align:start position:0% +are two examples two +examples projection and rotation and I + + align:start position:0% +examples projection and rotation and I + + + align:start position:0% +examples projection and rotation and I +could invent + + align:start position:0% +could invent + + + align:start position:0% +could invent +more uh that + + align:start position:0% +more uh that + + + align:start position:0% +more uh that +um our linear Transformations where I + + align:start position:0% +um our linear Transformations where I + + + align:start position:0% +um our linear Transformations where I +haven't told you a matrix + + align:start position:0% +haven't told you a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +haven't told you a matrix +yet actually uh the book has a picture + + align:start position:0% +yet actually uh the book has a picture + + + align:start position:0% +yet actually uh the book has a picture +of the action of linear + + align:start position:0% +of the action of linear + + + align:start position:0% +of the action of linear +Transformations + + align:start position:0% +Transformations + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations +um in this actually the cover of the + + align:start position:0% +um in this actually the cover of the + + + align:start position:0% +um in this actually the cover of the +book has it so and and in this section + + align:start position:0% +book has it so and and in this section + + + align:start position:0% +book has it so and and in this section +7.1 we can think of a actually here let + + align:start position:0% +7.1 we can think of a actually here let + + + align:start position:0% +7.1 we can think of a actually here let +let's let's take this linear + + align:start position:0% +let's let's take this linear + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's take this linear +transformation rotation suppose I have + + align:start position:0% +transformation rotation suppose I have + + + align:start position:0% +transformation rotation suppose I have +as the cover of the book has uh a house + + align:start position:0% +as the cover of the book has uh a house + + + align:start position:0% +as the cover of the book has uh a house +in R2 so let me take instead of this let + + align:start position:0% +in R2 so let me take instead of this let + + + align:start position:0% +in R2 so let me take instead of this let +me take a a small + + align:start position:0% +me take a a small + + + align:start position:0% +me take a a small +house + + align:start position:0% +house + + + align:start position:0% +house +in R2 so that's a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +in R2 so that's a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +in R2 so that's a whole lot of +points the idea is with this linear + + align:start position:0% +points the idea is with this linear + + + align:start position:0% +points the idea is with this linear +transformation that I can see what it + + align:start position:0% +transformation that I can see what it + + + align:start position:0% +transformation that I can see what it +does to everything at once I don't have + + align:start position:0% +does to everything at once I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +does to everything at once I don't have +to just take one vector at a time and + + align:start position:0% +to just take one vector at a time and + + + align:start position:0% +to just take one vector at a time and +see see what t is I can take all the + + align:start position:0% +see see what t is I can take all the + + + align:start position:0% +see see what t is I can take all the +vectors on the on the outline of the + + align:start position:0% +vectors on the on the outline of the + + + align:start position:0% +vectors on the on the outline of the +house and see where they all go in fact + + align:start position:0% +house and see where they all go in fact + + + align:start position:0% +house and see where they all go in fact +that'll that'll show me where the whole + + align:start position:0% +that'll that'll show me where the whole + + + align:start position:0% +that'll that'll show me where the whole +house goes so what will happen with this + + align:start position:0% +house goes so what will happen with this + + + align:start position:0% +house goes so what will happen with this +with this um particular linear + + align:start position:0% +with this um particular linear + + + align:start position:0% +with this um particular linear +transformation the whole house will + + align:start position:0% +transformation the whole house will + + + align:start position:0% +transformation the whole house will +rotate so the the result will be if I + + align:start position:0% +rotate so the the result will be if I + + + align:start position:0% +rotate so the the result will be if I +can draw it will be the house will be + + align:start position:0% +can draw it will be the house will be + + + align:start position:0% +can draw it will be the house will be +sitting there + + align:start position:0% +sitting there + + + align:start position:0% +sitting there +okay and uh but suppose I give some + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh but suppose I give some + + + align:start position:0% +okay and uh but suppose I give some +other examples oh let me give some + + align:start position:0% +other examples oh let me give some + + + align:start position:0% +other examples oh let me give some +examples that involve a matrix example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three and this is + + align:start position:0% +three and this is + + + align:start position:0% +three and this is +important coming from a + + align:start position:0% +important coming from a + + + align:start position:0% +important coming from a +matrix that we always call a so the + + align:start position:0% +matrix that we always call a so the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix that we always call a so the +transformation will + + align:start position:0% +transformation will + + + align:start position:0% +transformation will +be multiply by a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there is a linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transformation and a whole family of + + align:start position:0% +transformation and a whole family of + + + align:start position:0% +transformation and a whole family of +them because every Matrix produces a a + + align:start position:0% +them because every Matrix produces a a + + + align:start position:0% +them because every Matrix produces a a +transformation by this simple rule just + + align:start position:0% +transformation by this simple rule just + + + align:start position:0% +transformation by this simple rule just +multiply every vector by that + + align:start position:0% +multiply every vector by that + + + align:start position:0% +multiply every vector by that +Matrix and it's linear right linear I + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and it's linear right linear I + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and it's linear right linear I +have to check that a of v a * V + W + + align:start position:0% +have to check that a of v a * V + W + + + align:start position:0% +have to check that a of v a * V + W +equal AV V + a w which is fine and I + + align:start position:0% +equal AV V + a w which is fine and I + + + align:start position:0% +equal AV V + a w which is fine and I +have to check that a * CV b equal c + + align:start position:0% +have to check that a * CV b equal c + + + align:start position:0% +have to check that a * CV b equal c +a check those are + + align:start position:0% +a check those are + + + align:start position:0% +a check those are +fine so there is a linear + + align:start position:0% +fine so there is a linear + + + align:start position:0% +fine so there is a linear +transformation and if I + + align:start position:0% +transformation and if I + + + align:start position:0% +transformation and if I +take my favorite Matrix a and I apply it + + align:start position:0% +take my favorite Matrix a and I apply it + + + align:start position:0% +take my favorite Matrix a and I apply it +to all vectors in the + + align:start position:0% +to all vectors in the + + + align:start position:0% +to all vectors in the +plane it'll produce a bunch of outputs + + align:start position:0% +plane it'll produce a bunch of outputs + + + align:start position:0% +plane it'll produce a bunch of outputs +see the the idea is now we're thinking + + align:start position:0% +see the the idea is now we're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +see the the idea is now we're thinking +of like the big picture the whole plane + + align:start position:0% +of like the big picture the whole plane + + + align:start position:0% +of like the big picture the whole plane +is transformed + + align:start position:0% +is transformed + + + align:start position:0% +is transformed +by matrix multiplication every Vector in + + align:start position:0% +by matrix multiplication every Vector in + + + align:start position:0% +by matrix multiplication every Vector in +the plane gets multiplied by a let's + + align:start position:0% +the plane gets multiplied by a let's + + + align:start position:0% +the plane gets multiplied by a let's +take an example uh and and see what + + align:start position:0% +take an example uh and and see what + + + align:start position:0% +take an example uh and and see what +happens to the vectors of the house so + + align:start position:0% +happens to the vectors of the house so + + + align:start position:0% +happens to the vectors of the house so +it's this is still a transformation from + + align:start position:0% +it's this is still a transformation from + + + align:start position:0% +it's this is still a transformation from +plane to plane and let me take a + + align:start position:0% +plane to plane and let me take a + + + align:start position:0% +plane to plane and let me take a +particular V Matrix a + + align:start position:0% +particular V Matrix a + + + align:start position:0% +particular V Matrix a +well if I cooked up a rotation Matrix + + align:start position:0% +well if I cooked up a rotation Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +well if I cooked up a rotation Matrix +this would be the right picture if I + + align:start position:0% +this would be the right picture if I + + + align:start position:0% +this would be the right picture if I +cooked up a projection Matrix the + + align:start position:0% +cooked up a projection Matrix the + + + align:start position:0% +cooked up a projection Matrix the +projection would be the picture + + align:start position:0% +projection would be the picture + + + align:start position:0% +projection would be the picture +let me just take some other Matrix let + + align:start position:0% +let me just take some other Matrix let + + + align:start position:0% +let me just take some other Matrix let +me take the Matrix 1 0 0us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one what happens to the house to all + + align:start position:0% +one what happens to the house to all + + + align:start position:0% +one what happens to the house to all +vectors and in particular we can sort of + + align:start position:0% +vectors and in particular we can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and in particular we can sort of +visualize it if we look at the house so + + align:start position:0% +visualize it if we look at the house so + + + align:start position:0% +visualize it if we look at the house so +the house is not rotated + + align:start position:0% +the house is not rotated + + + align:start position:0% +the house is not rotated +anymore what do I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get what happens to all the vectors + + align:start position:0% +get what happens to all the vectors + + + align:start position:0% +get what happens to all the vectors +if I do this transformation I multiply + + align:start position:0% +if I do this transformation I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +if I do this transformation I multiply +by this Matrix well of course it's an + + align:start position:0% +by this Matrix well of course it's an + + + align:start position:0% +by this Matrix well of course it's an +easy matrix it's diagonal the X + + align:start position:0% +easy matrix it's diagonal the X + + + align:start position:0% +easy matrix it's diagonal the X +component stays the same the Y component + + align:start position:0% +component stays the same the Y component + + + align:start position:0% +component stays the same the Y component +reverses sign so that any like the roof + + align:start position:0% +reverses sign so that any like the roof + + + align:start position:0% +reverses sign so that any like the roof +of that house the point of the tip of + + align:start position:0% +of that house the point of the tip of + + + align:start position:0% +of that house the point of the tip of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +roof is has an X component which stays + + align:start position:0% +roof is has an X component which stays + + + align:start position:0% +roof is has an X component which stays +the same but his y component reverses + + align:start position:0% +the same but his y component reverses + + + align:start position:0% +the same but his y component reverses +and it's down here and of course what we + + align:start position:0% +and it's down here and of course what we + + + align:start position:0% +and it's down here and of course what we +get is the house is like upside down now + + align:start position:0% +get is the house is like upside down now + + + align:start position:0% +get is the house is like upside down now +I have to put where does the door go I + + align:start position:0% +I have to put where does the door go I + + + align:start position:0% +I have to put where does the door go I +guess the door goes upside down there + + align:start position:0% +guess the door goes upside down there + + + align:start position:0% +guess the door goes upside down there +right so that's the the here's the input + + align:start position:0% +right so that's the the here's the input + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's the the here's the input +here's the input + + align:start position:0% +here's the input + + + align:start position:0% +here's the input +house and this is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +output + + align:start position:0% +output + + + align:start position:0% +output +okay this idea of a linear + + align:start position:0% +okay this idea of a linear + + + align:start position:0% +okay this idea of a linear +transformation is like kind of the + + align:start position:0% +transformation is like kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +transformation is like kind of the +abstract + + align:start position:0% +abstract + + + align:start position:0% +abstract +description of matrix + + align:start position:0% +description of matrix + + + align:start position:0% +description of matrix +multiplication and what's our goal + + align:start position:0% +multiplication and what's our goal + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication and what's our goal +here our goal is to understand linear + + align:start position:0% +here our goal is to understand linear + + + align:start position:0% +here our goal is to understand linear +Transformations and the way to + + align:start position:0% +Transformations and the way to + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations and the way to +understand them is to find the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +understand them is to find the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +understand them is to find the Matrix +that lies behind them that's really the + + align:start position:0% +that lies behind them that's really the + + + align:start position:0% +that lies behind them that's really the +idea find the Matrix that lies behind + + align:start position:0% +idea find the Matrix that lies behind + + + align:start position:0% +idea find the Matrix that lies behind +them um and to do that we have to bring + + align:start position:0% +them um and to do that we have to bring + + + align:start position:0% +them um and to do that we have to bring +in coordinates + + align:start position:0% +in coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +in coordinates +we have to choose a basis so let + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me point out what what's the story if we + + align:start position:0% +me point out what what's the story if we + + + align:start position:0% +me point out what what's the story if we +have a linear transformation so start + + align:start position:0% +have a linear transformation so start + + + align:start position:0% +have a linear transformation so start +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +start take a l suppose we have a linear + + align:start position:0% +start take a l suppose we have a linear + + + align:start position:0% +start take a l suppose we have a linear +transformation let me from now on let t + + align:start position:0% +transformation let me from now on let t + + + align:start position:0% +transformation let me from now on let t +stand for linear Transformations I won't + + align:start position:0% +stand for linear Transformations I won't + + + align:start position:0% +stand for linear Transformations I won't +be interested in the nonlinear ones only + + align:start position:0% +be interested in the nonlinear ones only + + + align:start position:0% +be interested in the nonlinear ones only +linear Transformations I'm interested in + + align:start position:0% +linear Transformations I'm interested in + + + align:start position:0% +linear Transformations I'm interested in +okay I start with a linear + + align:start position:0% +okay I start with a linear + + + align:start position:0% +okay I start with a linear +transformation + + align:start position:0% +transformation + + + align:start position:0% +transformation +T let's suppose it it it uh its inputs + + align:start position:0% +T let's suppose it it it uh its inputs + + + align:start position:0% +T let's suppose it it it uh its inputs +are vectors in + + align:start position:0% +are vectors in + + + align:start position:0% +are vectors in +R3 okay and suppose its outputs are + + align:start position:0% +R3 okay and suppose its outputs are + + + align:start position:0% +R3 okay and suppose its outputs are +vectors in R2 for + + align:start position:0% +vectors in R2 for + + + align:start position:0% +vectors in R2 for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +okay what's an example of such a + + align:start position:0% +okay what's an example of such a + + + align:start position:0% +okay what's an example of such a +transformation just before I go any + + align:start position:0% +transformation just before I go any + + + align:start position:0% +transformation just before I go any +further + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any Matrix of the right size will do + + align:start position:0% +any Matrix of the right size will do + + + align:start position:0% +any Matrix of the right size will do +this so what would be the right shape of + + align:start position:0% +this so what would be the right shape of + + + align:start position:0% +this so what would be the right shape of +a matrix so for example so all in fact + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +examples I I'm wanting to give you an + + align:start position:0% +examples I I'm wanting to give you an + + + align:start position:0% +examples I I'm wanting to give you an +example just because here I'm taking I'm + + align:start position:0% +example just because here I'm taking I'm + + + align:start position:0% +example just because here I'm taking I'm +thinking of Transformations that take + + align:start position:0% +thinking of Transformations that take + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of Transformations that take +three-dimensional space to + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space to + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space to +two-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional +space and I want them to be linear and + + align:start position:0% +space and I want them to be linear and + + + align:start position:0% +space and I want them to be linear and +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +easy way to invent them + + align:start position:0% +easy way to invent them + + + align:start position:0% +easy way to invent them +is a matrix multiplication so example T + + align:start position:0% +is a matrix multiplication so example T + + + align:start position:0% +is a matrix multiplication so example T +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +V should be any any AV that's that's + + align:start position:0% +V should be any any AV that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +V should be any any AV that's that's +those Transformations are linear that's + + align:start position:0% +those Transformations are linear that's + + + align:start position:0% +those Transformations are linear that's +what 1806 is about and a should be what + + align:start position:0% +what 1806 is about and a should be what + + + align:start position:0% +what 1806 is about and a should be what +size what shape of Matrix should that be + + align:start position:0% +size what shape of Matrix should that be + + + align:start position:0% +size what shape of Matrix should that be +I want V to be to have three components + + align:start position:0% +I want V to be to have three components + + + align:start position:0% +I want V to be to have three components +because this is what the inputs have so + + align:start position:0% +because this is what the inputs have so + + + align:start position:0% +because this is what the inputs have so +here's the input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +R3 and here's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +output in + + align:start position:0% +output in + + + align:start position:0% +output in +R2 so what shape of Matrix so this is a + + align:start position:0% +R2 so what shape of Matrix so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +R2 so what shape of Matrix so this is a +this should be I guess a + + align:start position:0% +this should be I guess a + + + align:start position:0% +this should be I guess a + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +by 3 Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right a 2x3 + + align:start position:0% +right a 2x3 + + + align:start position:0% +right a 2x3 +Matrix a 2x3 Matrix well multiply a + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a 2x3 Matrix well multiply a + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a 2x3 Matrix well multiply a +vector in R3 you see I'm I'm moving to + + align:start position:0% +vector in R3 you see I'm I'm moving to + + + align:start position:0% +vector in R3 you see I'm I'm moving to +coordinates so quickly I'm not a true + + align:start position:0% +coordinates so quickly I'm not a true + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates so quickly I'm not a true +physicist here it a 2x3 Matrix will + + align:start position:0% +physicist here it a 2x3 Matrix will + + + align:start position:0% +physicist here it a 2x3 Matrix will +multiply a vector in R3 and produce an + + align:start position:0% +multiply a vector in R3 and produce an + + + align:start position:0% +multiply a vector in R3 and produce an +output in R2 and it will be a linear + + align:start position:0% +output in R2 and it will be a linear + + + align:start position:0% +output in R2 and it will be a linear +transformation + + align:start position:0% +transformation + + + align:start position:0% +transformation +and okay so there's a there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +and okay so there's a there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +and okay so there's a there's a whole +lot of examples every 2x3 Matrix gives + + align:start position:0% +lot of examples every 2x3 Matrix gives + + + align:start position:0% +lot of examples every 2x3 Matrix gives +me an example and basically I want to + + align:start position:0% +me an example and basically I want to + + + align:start position:0% +me an example and basically I want to +show you that there are no other + + align:start position:0% +show you that there are no other + + + align:start position:0% +show you that there are no other +examples every linear transformation is + + align:start position:0% +examples every linear transformation is + + + align:start position:0% +examples every linear transformation is +associated with a matrix now let me come + + align:start position:0% +associated with a matrix now let me come + + + align:start position:0% +associated with a matrix now let me come +back to the idea of linear + + align:start position:0% +back to the idea of linear + + + align:start position:0% +back to the idea of linear +transformation how many suppose I want + + align:start position:0% +transformation how many suppose I want + + + align:start position:0% +transformation how many suppose I want +to tell you you know I've I've got this + + align:start position:0% +to tell you you know I've I've got this + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you you know I've I've got this +linear transformation in my mind and I + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation in my mind and I + + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation in my mind and I +want to tell tell you what it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is suppose I tell you what the + + align:start position:0% +is suppose I tell you what the + + + align:start position:0% +is suppose I tell you what the +transformation does to one vector okay + + align:start position:0% +transformation does to one vector okay + + + align:start position:0% +transformation does to one vector okay +you know one thing then all right so so + + align:start position:0% +you know one thing then all right so so + + + align:start position:0% +you know one thing then all right so so +this is like the what I'm what I'm + + align:start position:0% +this is like the what I'm what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this is like the what I'm what I'm +speaking about now is how much + + align:start position:0% +speaking about now is how much + + + align:start position:0% +speaking about now is how much +information + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +information + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +needed to know the + + align:start position:0% +needed to know the + + + align:start position:0% +needed to know the +transformation by knowing t i to know to + + align:start position:0% +transformation by knowing t i to know to + + + align:start position:0% +transformation by knowing t i to know to +know T of V for all V + + align:start position:0% +know T of V for all V + + + align:start position:0% +know T of V for all V +all inputs how much information do I + + align:start position:0% +all inputs how much information do I + + + align:start position:0% +all inputs how much information do I +have to give you so that you know what + + align:start position:0% +have to give you so that you know what + + + align:start position:0% +have to give you so that you know what +the transformation does to every + + align:start position:0% +the transformation does to every + + + align:start position:0% +the transformation does to every +Vector okay I could tell you what the + + align:start position:0% +Vector okay I could tell you what the + + + align:start position:0% +Vector okay I could tell you what the +transformation so I could tell I could + + align:start position:0% +transformation so I could tell I could + + + align:start position:0% +transformation so I could tell I could +take a vector + + align:start position:0% +take a vector + + + align:start position:0% +take a vector +V1 one particular Vector tell you what + + align:start position:0% +V1 one particular Vector tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +V1 one particular Vector tell you what +the transformation does to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +fine but now you only know what the + + align:start position:0% +fine but now you only know what the + + + align:start position:0% +fine but now you only know what the +transformation does to one vector + + align:start position:0% +transformation does to one vector + + + align:start position:0% +transformation does to one vector +so I say you say okay that's not enough + + align:start position:0% +so I say you say okay that's not enough + + + align:start position:0% +so I say you say okay that's not enough +tell me what it does to another Vector + + align:start position:0% +tell me what it does to another Vector + + + align:start position:0% +tell me what it does to another Vector +so I say okay give me a vector you give + + align:start position:0% +so I say okay give me a vector you give + + + align:start position:0% +so I say okay give me a vector you give +me a vector + + align:start position:0% +me a vector + + + align:start position:0% +me a vector +V2 and I we see what is the + + align:start position:0% +V2 and I we see what is the + + + align:start position:0% +V2 and I we see what is the +transformation due to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V2 now you only know or do you only know + + align:start position:0% +V2 now you only know or do you only know + + + align:start position:0% +V2 now you only know or do you only know +what the transformation does to two + + align:start position:0% +what the transformation does to two + + + align:start position:0% +what the transformation does to two +vectors have I got to ask you answer you + + align:start position:0% +vectors have I got to ask you answer you + + + align:start position:0% +vectors have I got to ask you answer you +about every Vector in the whole + + align:start position:0% +about every Vector in the whole + + + align:start position:0% +about every Vector in the whole +input space or can you knowing what it + + align:start position:0% +input space or can you knowing what it + + + align:start position:0% +input space or can you knowing what it +does to V1 and V2 how much do you now + + align:start position:0% +does to V1 and V2 how much do you now + + + align:start position:0% +does to V1 and V2 how much do you now +know about the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transformation you know what the + + align:start position:0% +transformation you know what the + + + align:start position:0% +transformation you know what the +transformation does to a + + align:start position:0% +transformation does to a + + + align:start position:0% +transformation does to a +larger bunch of vectors than just these + + align:start position:0% +larger bunch of vectors than just these + + + align:start position:0% +larger bunch of vectors than just these +two because you know what it does to + + align:start position:0% +two because you know what it does to + + + align:start position:0% +two because you know what it does to +every linear + + align:start position:0% +every linear + + + align:start position:0% +every linear +combination you know what it does now to + + align:start position:0% +combination you know what it does now to + + + align:start position:0% +combination you know what it does now to +the whole plane of vectors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with bases V1 and + + align:start position:0% +with bases V1 and + + + align:start position:0% +with bases V1 and +V2 I'm assuming V1 and V2 were + + align:start position:0% +V2 I'm assuming V1 and V2 were + + + align:start position:0% +V2 I'm assuming V1 and V2 were +independent if they were if they were + + align:start position:0% +independent if they were if they were + + + align:start position:0% +independent if they were if they were +dependent if V2 was 6 * V1 then I didn't + + align:start position:0% +dependent if V2 was 6 * V1 then I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +dependent if V2 was 6 * V1 then I didn't +give you any new information in t of V2 + + align:start position:0% +give you any new information in t of V2 + + + align:start position:0% +give you any new information in t of V2 +you already knew it would be 6 * T of + + align:start position:0% +you already knew it would be 6 * T of + + + align:start position:0% +you already knew it would be 6 * T of +V1 but so you can see what I'm headed + + align:start position:0% +V1 but so you can see what I'm headed + + + align:start position:0% +V1 but so you can see what I'm headed +for if I know what the transformation + + align:start position:0% +for if I know what the transformation + + + align:start position:0% +for if I know what the transformation +does to every Vector in + + align:start position:0% +does to every Vector in + + + align:start position:0% +does to every Vector in +basis then I know everything so the + + align:start position:0% +basis then I know everything so the + + + align:start position:0% +basis then I know everything so the +information needed to know t ofv for all + + align:start position:0% +information needed to know t ofv for all + + + align:start position:0% +information needed to know t ofv for all +inputs is T of V1 T of V2 up to T of v m + + align:start position:0% +inputs is T of V1 T of V2 up to T of v m + + + align:start position:0% +inputs is T of V1 T of V2 up to T of v m +let's say or + + align:start position:0% +let's say or + + + align:start position:0% +let's say or +VN for a ba for a b any + + align:start position:0% +VN for a ba for a b any + + + align:start position:0% +VN for a ba for a b any +basis any a for for a basis V1 up to VN + + align:start position:0% +basis any a for for a basis V1 up to VN + + + align:start position:0% +basis any a for for a basis V1 up to VN +this is a base for any I can I call it + + align:start position:0% +this is a base for any I can I call it + + + align:start position:0% +this is a base for any I can I call it +an input basis it's a basis for the + + align:start position:0% +an input basis it's a basis for the + + + align:start position:0% +an input basis it's a basis for the +space of inputs the the things that t is + + align:start position:0% +space of inputs the the things that t is + + + align:start position:0% +space of inputs the the things that t is +acting + + align:start position:0% +acting + + + align:start position:0% +acting +on you you see this + + align:start position:0% +on you you see this + + + align:start position:0% +on you you see this +point that if I if I have a + + align:start position:0% +point that if I if I have a + + + align:start position:0% +point that if I if I have a +basis for the input space and I tell you + + align:start position:0% +basis for the input space and I tell you + + + align:start position:0% +basis for the input space and I tell you +what the transformation does to every + + align:start position:0% +what the transformation does to every + + + align:start position:0% +what the transformation does to every +one of those basis vectors that is all + + align:start position:0% +one of those basis vectors that is all + + + align:start position:0% +one of those basis vectors that is all +I'm allowed to tell you and it's enough + + align:start position:0% +I'm allowed to tell you and it's enough + + + align:start position:0% +I'm allowed to tell you and it's enough +to know T of V for all V's because why + + align:start position:0% +to know T of V for all V's because why + + + align:start position:0% +to know T of V for all V's because why +because every + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V is some combination of these basis + + align:start position:0% +V is some combination of these basis + + + align:start position:0% +V is some combination of these basis +vectors C1 V1 plus plus c n + + align:start position:0% +vectors C1 V1 plus plus c n + + + align:start position:0% +vectors C1 V1 plus plus c n +VN that's what a basis is right it spans + + align:start position:0% +VN that's what a basis is right it spans + + + align:start position:0% +VN that's what a basis is right it spans +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +space and if I + + align:start position:0% +space and if I + + + align:start position:0% +space and if I +know what T does to this and what T does + + align:start position:0% +know what T does to this and what T does + + + align:start position:0% +know what T does to this and what T does +to V2 and what T does to VN then I know + + align:start position:0% +to V2 and what T does to VN then I know + + + align:start position:0% +to V2 and what T does to VN then I know +then I + + align:start position:0% +then I + + + align:start position:0% +then I +know what T of T does to + + align:start position:0% +know what T of T does to + + + align:start position:0% +know what T of T does to +V by this linearity it has to be C1 T of + + align:start position:0% +V by this linearity it has to be C1 T of + + + align:start position:0% +V by this linearity it has to be C1 T of +V1 plus so on plus CN T of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +VN that's uh there's no choice so + + align:start position:0% +VN that's uh there's no choice so + + + align:start position:0% +VN that's uh there's no choice so +um the that so the point of this + + align:start position:0% +um the that so the point of this + + + align:start position:0% +um the that so the point of this +comment is that if I know what T does to + + align:start position:0% +comment is that if I know what T does to + + + align:start position:0% +comment is that if I know what T does to +a basis to to each Vector in a basis + + align:start position:0% +a basis to to each Vector in a basis + + + align:start position:0% +a basis to to each Vector in a basis +then I know the linear transformation + + align:start position:0% +then I know the linear transformation + + + align:start position:0% +then I know the linear transformation +the property of linearity tells me all + + align:start position:0% +the property of linearity tells me all + + + align:start position:0% +the property of linearity tells me all +the other vectors all the other + + align:start position:0% +the other vectors all the other + + + align:start position:0% +the other vectors all the other +outputs okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we got so that like we now see what + + align:start position:0% +now we got so that like we now see what + + + align:start position:0% +now we got so that like we now see what +do we really need in a linear + + align:start position:0% +do we really need in a linear + + + align:start position:0% +do we really need in a linear +transformation and we ready + + align:start position:0% +transformation and we ready + + + align:start position:0% +transformation and we ready +to go to a + + align:start position:0% +to go to a + + + align:start position:0% +to go to a +matrix okay what's the step now that + + align:start position:0% +matrix okay what's the step now that + + + align:start position:0% +matrix okay what's the step now that +takes us from a linear trans from a + + align:start position:0% +takes us from a linear trans from a + + + align:start position:0% +takes us from a linear trans from a +linear transformation that's free of + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation that's free of + + + align:start position:0% +linear transformation that's free of +coordinates to a + + align:start position:0% +coordinates to a + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates to a +matrix that's been created with respect + + align:start position:0% +matrix that's been created with respect + + + align:start position:0% +matrix that's been created with respect +to coordinates The Matrix is going to + + align:start position:0% +to coordinates The Matrix is going to + + + align:start position:0% +to coordinates The Matrix is going to +come from the coordinate system these + + align:start position:0% +come from the coordinate system these + + + align:start position:0% +come from the coordinate system these +are the coordinates coordinates mean a + + align:start position:0% +are the coordinates coordinates mean a + + + align:start position:0% +are the coordinates coordinates mean a +basis is decided once you decide on a + + align:start position:0% +basis is decided once you decide on a + + + align:start position:0% +basis is decided once you decide on a +basis + + align:start position:0% +basis + + + align:start position:0% +basis +this is where coordinates come from you + + align:start position:0% +this is where coordinates come from you + + + align:start position:0% +this is where coordinates come from you +decide on a + + align:start position:0% +decide on a + + + align:start position:0% +decide on a +basis then every Vector these are the + + align:start position:0% +basis then every Vector these are the + + + align:start position:0% +basis then every Vector these are the +coordinates in that + + align:start position:0% +coordinates in that + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates in that +basis there is one and only one way + + align:start position:0% +basis there is one and only one way + + + align:start position:0% +basis there is one and only one way +to express v as a combination of the + + align:start position:0% +to express v as a combination of the + + + align:start position:0% +to express v as a combination of the +basis vectors and the numbers you need + + align:start position:0% +basis vectors and the numbers you need + + + align:start position:0% +basis vectors and the numbers you need +in that combination are the coordinates + + align:start position:0% +in that combination are the coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +in that combination are the coordinates +let me write that down so what are + + align:start position:0% +let me write that down so what are + + + align:start position:0% +let me write that down so what are +coordinates coordinates + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +come + + align:start position:0% +come + + + align:start position:0% +come +from a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basis coordinates come from a + + align:start position:0% +basis coordinates come from a + + + align:start position:0% +basis coordinates come from a +basis the coordinates of V the + + align:start position:0% +basis the coordinates of V the + + + align:start position:0% +basis the coordinates of V the +coordinates of V are in this are these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +numbers + + align:start position:0% +numbers + + + align:start position:0% +numbers +that that uh + + align:start position:0% +that that uh + + + align:start position:0% +that that uh +tell you how much of each basis Vector + + align:start position:0% +tell you how much of each basis Vector + + + align:start position:0% +tell you how much of each basis Vector +is in V if I change the basis I change + + align:start position:0% +is in V if I change the basis I change + + + align:start position:0% +is in V if I change the basis I change +the coordinates right now we have always + + align:start position:0% +the coordinates right now we have always + + + align:start position:0% +the coordinates right now we have always +been + + align:start position:0% +been + + + align:start position:0% +been +assuming that we were working with a + + align:start position:0% +assuming that we were working with a + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that we were working with a +standard basis right the basis we we + + align:start position:0% +standard basis right the basis we we + + + align:start position:0% +standard basis right the basis we we +hardly don't we we don't even think + + align:start position:0% +hardly don't we we don't even think + + + align:start position:0% +hardly don't we we don't even think +about this stuff because if I give you + + align:start position:0% +about this stuff because if I give you + + + align:start position:0% +about this stuff because if I give you +the vector v + + align:start position:0% +the vector v + + + align:start position:0% +the vector v +equals 3 2 + + align:start position:0% +equals 3 2 + + + align:start position:0% +equals 3 2 +4 you have been assuming completely and + + align:start position:0% +4 you have been assuming completely and + + + align:start position:0% +4 you have been assuming completely and +probably rightly that I had in mind the + + align:start position:0% +probably rightly that I had in mind the + + + align:start position:0% +probably rightly that I had in mind the +standard basis that this that this + + align:start position:0% +standard basis that this that this + + + align:start position:0% +standard basis that this that this +Vector was 3 * the + + align:start position:0% +Vector was 3 * the + + + align:start position:0% +Vector was 3 * the +first coordinate vector and 2 * the + + align:start position:0% +first coordinate vector and 2 * the + + + align:start position:0% +first coordinate vector and 2 * the +second and 4 * the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3 but you're not + + align:start position:0% +3 but you're not + + + align:start position:0% +3 but you're not +entitled I I might have had some other + + align:start position:0% +entitled I I might have had some other + + + align:start position:0% +entitled I I might have had some other +basis in mind this is like the a + + align:start position:0% +basis in mind this is like the a + + + align:start position:0% +basis in mind this is like the a +standard + + align:start position:0% +standard + + + align:start position:0% +standard +basis and then the the coordinates are + + align:start position:0% +basis and then the the coordinates are + + + align:start position:0% +basis and then the the coordinates are +sitting right there in the vector but I + + align:start position:0% +sitting right there in the vector but I + + + align:start position:0% +sitting right there in the vector but I +could have chosen a different basis + + align:start position:0% +could have chosen a different basis + + + align:start position:0% +could have chosen a different basis +like I might have had igen vectors of a + + align:start position:0% +like I might have had igen vectors of a + + + align:start position:0% +like I might have had igen vectors of a +matrix and I might have said okay that's + + align:start position:0% +matrix and I might have said okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +matrix and I might have said okay that's +a great basis yeah I'll use the igen + + align:start position:0% +a great basis yeah I'll use the igen + + + align:start position:0% +a great basis yeah I'll use the igen +vectors of this of this Matrix as my + + align:start position:0% +vectors of this of this Matrix as my + + + align:start position:0% +vectors of this of this Matrix as my +basis + + align:start position:0% +basis + + + align:start position:0% +basis +vectors not which not necessarily these + + align:start position:0% +vectors not which not necessarily these + + + align:start position:0% +vectors not which not necessarily these +three but some other bases so that every + + align:start position:0% +three but some other bases so that every + + + align:start position:0% +three but some other bases so that every +so this was that was an example this is + + align:start position:0% +so this was that was an example this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this was that was an example this is +the real thing the coordinates are these + + align:start position:0% +the real thing the coordinates are these + + + align:start position:0% +the real thing the coordinates are these +numbers I'll Circle them again the + + align:start position:0% +numbers I'll Circle them again the + + + align:start position:0% +numbers I'll Circle them again the +amounts of each basis + + align:start position:0% +amounts of each basis + + + align:start position:0% +amounts of each basis +okay so if I want to create a + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I want to create a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I want to create a +matrix that describes a linear + + align:start position:0% +matrix that describes a linear + + + align:start position:0% +matrix that describes a linear +transformation now I'm ready to do that + + align:start position:0% +transformation now I'm ready to do that + + + align:start position:0% +transformation now I'm ready to do that +okay okay so now now what I plan to do + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so now now what I plan to do + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so now now what I plan to do +is construct + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The + + align:start position:0% +The + + + align:start position:0% +The +Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +represents or tells me + + align:start position:0% +represents or tells me + + + align:start position:0% +represents or tells me +about a linear transformation linear + + align:start position:0% +about a linear transformation linear + + + align:start position:0% +about a linear transformation linear +transformation T okay so I I really + + align:start position:0% +transformation T okay so I I really + + + align:start position:0% +transformation T okay so I I really +start with the + + align:start position:0% +start with the + + + align:start position:0% +start with the +transformation whether it's a projection + + align:start position:0% +transformation whether it's a projection + + + align:start position:0% +transformation whether it's a projection +or a rotation or some strange movement + + align:start position:0% +or a rotation or some strange movement + + + align:start position:0% +or a rotation or some strange movement +of this house in the plane or some + + align:start position:0% +of this house in the plane or some + + + align:start position:0% +of this house in the plane or some +some transformation from n dimensional + + align:start position:0% +some transformation from n dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +some transformation from n dimensional +space to M or M dimensional space to n + + align:start position:0% +space to M or M dimensional space to n + + + align:start position:0% +space to M or M dimensional space to n +dimensional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space n to M I guess usually we'll have + + align:start position:0% +space n to M I guess usually we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +space n to M I guess usually we'll have +t will somehow transform n dimensional + + align:start position:0% +t will somehow transform n dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +t will somehow transform n dimensional +space to M dimensional + + align:start position:0% +space to M dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +space to M dimensional +space and the whole point is that if I + + align:start position:0% +space and the whole point is that if I + + + align:start position:0% +space and the whole point is that if I +have a basis for n-dimensional space I + + align:start position:0% +have a basis for n-dimensional space I + + + align:start position:0% +have a basis for n-dimensional space I +guess I need two bases really I need an + + align:start position:0% +guess I need two bases really I need an + + + align:start position:0% +guess I need two bases really I need an +input basis to describe the inputs and I + + align:start position:0% +input basis to describe the inputs and I + + + align:start position:0% +input basis to describe the inputs and I +need an output basis to give me + + align:start position:0% +need an output basis to give me + + + align:start position:0% +need an output basis to give me +coordinates to give me some numbers for + + align:start position:0% +coordinates to give me some numbers for + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates to give me some numbers for +the output so I've got to choose two + + align:start position:0% +the output so I've got to choose two + + + align:start position:0% +the output so I've got to choose two +bases + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +choose a + + align:start position:0% +choose a + + + align:start position:0% +choose a +basis V1 up to VN for the inputs the + + align:start position:0% +basis V1 up to VN for the inputs the + + + align:start position:0% +basis V1 up to VN for the inputs the +inputs in they came from + + align:start position:0% +inputs in they came from + + + align:start position:0% +inputs in they came from +RN so this is the transformation is + + align:start position:0% +RN so this is the transformation is + + + align:start position:0% +RN so this is the transformation is +taking every n dimensional Vector into + + align:start position:0% +taking every n dimensional Vector into + + + align:start position:0% +taking every n dimensional Vector into +some M dimensional vector and I have to + + align:start position:0% +some M dimensional vector and I have to + + + align:start position:0% +some M dimensional vector and I have to +choose a basis and I'll call them + + align:start position:0% +choose a basis and I'll call them + + + align:start position:0% +choose a basis and I'll call them +W1 up to + + align:start position:0% +W1 up to + + + align:start position:0% +W1 up to +WM for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +outputs those are guys in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +RM once I've chosen the + + align:start position:0% +RM once I've chosen the + + + align:start position:0% +RM once I've chosen the +basis that settles The Matrix that's I + + align:start position:0% +basis that settles The Matrix that's I + + + align:start position:0% +basis that settles The Matrix that's I +now I'm working with coordinates every + + align:start position:0% +now I'm working with coordinates every + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm working with coordinates every +Vector in RN every input Vector has some + + align:start position:0% +Vector in RN every input Vector has some + + + align:start position:0% +Vector in RN every input Vector has some +coordinates so I here's what I do here's + + align:start position:0% +coordinates so I here's what I do here's + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates so I here's what I do here's +what I do can I say it in + + align:start position:0% +what I do can I say it in + + + align:start position:0% +what I do can I say it in +words I take a a vector + + align:start position:0% +words I take a a vector + + + align:start position:0% +words I take a a vector +v i express it in its basis in the in + + align:start position:0% +v i express it in its basis in the in + + + align:start position:0% +v i express it in its basis in the in +the basis so I get its + + align:start position:0% +the basis so I get its + + + align:start position:0% +the basis so I get its +coordinates then I'm going to multiply + + align:start position:0% +coordinates then I'm going to multiply + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates then I'm going to multiply +those coordinates by the right Matrix a + + align:start position:0% +those coordinates by the right Matrix a + + + align:start position:0% +those coordinates by the right Matrix a +and that will give me the coordinates of + + align:start position:0% +and that will give me the coordinates of + + + align:start position:0% +and that will give me the coordinates of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +output in the output basis I better + + align:start position:0% +output in the output basis I better + + + align:start position:0% +output in the output basis I better +write that down that was a a mouthful + + align:start position:0% +write that down that was a a mouthful + + + align:start position:0% +write that down that was a a mouthful +what I want I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +want I want a matrix a I want a matrix + + align:start position:0% +want I want a matrix a I want a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +want I want a matrix a I want a matrix +a that does what the linear + + align:start position:0% +a that does what the linear + + + align:start position:0% +a that does what the linear +transformation + + align:start position:0% +transformation + + + align:start position:0% +transformation +does and it does it with + + align:start position:0% +does and it does it with + + + align:start position:0% +does and it does it with +respect respecting the + + align:start position:0% +respect respecting the + + + align:start position:0% +respect respecting the +spes so I want the + + align:start position:0% +spes so I want the + + + align:start position:0% +spes so I want the +Matrix to be well let's suppose look let + + align:start position:0% +Matrix to be well let's suppose look let + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix to be well let's suppose look let +me take an + + align:start position:0% +me take an + + + align:start position:0% +me take an +example let me take the projection + + align:start position:0% +example let me take the projection + + + align:start position:0% +example let me take the projection +example the projection example suppose I + + align:start position:0% +example the projection example suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +example the projection example suppose I +take because we we we've got that we got + + align:start position:0% +take because we we we've got that we got + + + align:start position:0% +take because we we we've got that we got +that projection in mind I can fit it in + + align:start position:0% +that projection in mind I can fit it in + + + align:start position:0% +that projection in mind I can fit it in +here here's the projection example so + + align:start position:0% +here here's the projection example so + + + align:start position:0% +here here's the projection example so +the projection example I'm thinking of N + + align:start position:0% +the projection example I'm thinking of N + + + align:start position:0% +the projection example I'm thinking of N +and M as two + + align:start position:0% +and M as two + + + align:start position:0% +and M as two +the transformation takes the plane takes + + align:start position:0% +the transformation takes the plane takes + + + align:start position:0% +the transformation takes the plane takes +every Vector in the + + align:start position:0% +every Vector in the + + + align:start position:0% +every Vector in the +plane and let me draw the plane just so + + align:start position:0% +plane and let me draw the plane just so + + + align:start position:0% +plane and let me draw the plane just so +we remember it's a + + align:start position:0% +we remember it's a + + + align:start position:0% +we remember it's a +plane + + align:start position:0% +plane + + + align:start position:0% +plane +and there's the thing that I'm + + align:start position:0% +and there's the thing that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and there's the thing that I'm +projecting onto that's the line I'm + + align:start position:0% +projecting onto that's the line I'm + + + align:start position:0% +projecting onto that's the line I'm +projecting onto so the transformation + + align:start position:0% +projecting onto so the transformation + + + align:start position:0% +projecting onto so the transformation +takes every Vector in the plane and + + align:start position:0% +takes every Vector in the plane and + + + align:start position:0% +takes every Vector in the plane and +projects it onto that line so this is + + align:start position:0% +projects it onto that line so this is + + + align:start position:0% +projects it onto that line so this is +projection so so I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +projection so so I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +projection so so I'm going to do +projection + + align:start position:0% +projection + + + align:start position:0% +projection +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but I'm going to choose a basis that I + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to choose a basis that I + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to choose a basis that I +like better than the standard + + align:start position:0% +like better than the standard + + + align:start position:0% +like better than the standard +basis my basis in fact I'll choose the + + align:start position:0% +basis my basis in fact I'll choose the + + + align:start position:0% +basis my basis in fact I'll choose the +same basis for inputs and for + + align:start position:0% +same basis for inputs and for + + + align:start position:0% +same basis for inputs and for +outputs and the basis will be my first + + align:start position:0% +outputs and the basis will be my first + + + align:start position:0% +outputs and the basis will be my first +basis Vector will be right on the + + align:start position:0% +basis Vector will be right on the + + + align:start position:0% +basis Vector will be right on the +line there's my first basis Vector say a + + align:start position:0% +line there's my first basis Vector say a + + + align:start position:0% +line there's my first basis Vector say a +unit Vector on the line and my second + + align:start position:0% +unit Vector on the line and my second + + + align:start position:0% +unit Vector on the line and my second +basis Vector will be a unit Vector + + align:start position:0% +basis Vector will be a unit Vector + + + align:start position:0% +basis Vector will be a unit Vector +perpendicular to that line and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to that line and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to that line and I'm going +to use that as the output basis + + align:start position:0% +to use that as the output basis + + + align:start position:0% +to use that as the output basis +also and I'm going to ask you what's the + + align:start position:0% +also and I'm going to ask you what's the + + + align:start position:0% +also and I'm going to ask you what's the +Matrix what's the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what's the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what's the +Matrix what's the how do I describe this + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what's the how do I describe this + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what's the how do I describe this +transformation of projection with + + align:start position:0% +transformation of projection with + + + align:start position:0% +transformation of projection with +respect to this basis okay so what's the + + align:start position:0% +respect to this basis okay so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +respect to this basis okay so what's the +rule I take any vector v it's some + + align:start position:0% +rule I take any vector v it's some + + + align:start position:0% +rule I take any vector v it's some +combination of the first base bis vector + + align:start position:0% +combination of the first base bis vector + + + align:start position:0% +combination of the first base bis vector +and the second basis + + align:start position:0% +and the second basis + + + align:start position:0% +and the second basis +Vector now what is T of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V suppose the + + align:start position:0% +V suppose the + + + align:start position:0% +V suppose the +input is well suppose the input is + + align:start position:0% +input is well suppose the input is + + + align:start position:0% +input is well suppose the input is +V1 what's the + + align:start position:0% +V1 what's the + + + align:start position:0% +V1 what's the +output V1 right the projection leaves + + align:start position:0% +output V1 right the projection leaves + + + align:start position:0% +output V1 right the projection leaves +this one + + align:start position:0% +this one + + + align:start position:0% +this one +alone so we know what the projection + + align:start position:0% +alone so we know what the projection + + + align:start position:0% +alone so we know what the projection +does to this first basis Vector this guy + + align:start position:0% +does to this first basis Vector this guy + + + align:start position:0% +does to this first basis Vector this guy +it leaves it what does the projection do + + align:start position:0% +it leaves it what does the projection do + + + align:start position:0% +it leaves it what does the projection do +to the second basis Vector it kills it + + align:start position:0% +to the second basis Vector it kills it + + + align:start position:0% +to the second basis Vector it kills it +sends it to + + align:start position:0% +sends it to + + + align:start position:0% +sends it to +zero so what does the projection do do + + align:start position:0% +zero so what does the projection do do + + + align:start position:0% +zero so what does the projection do do +to a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +combination it kills this part and this + + align:start position:0% +combination it kills this part and this + + + align:start position:0% +combination it kills this part and this +part it leaves + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alone now all I want to do is find the + + align:start position:0% +alone now all I want to do is find the + + + align:start position:0% +alone now all I want to do is find the +Matrix I now want to find the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I now want to find the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I now want to find the Matrix +that takes a I want to find the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +that takes a I want to find the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that takes a I want to find the Matrix +that takes an input C1 C2 the + + align:start position:0% +that takes an input C1 C2 the + + + align:start position:0% +that takes an input C1 C2 the +coordinates and gives me the output + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and gives me the output + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and gives me the output +C10 you see that in this + + align:start position:0% +C10 you see that in this + + + align:start position:0% +C10 you see that in this +basis the coordinates of the input were + + align:start position:0% +basis the coordinates of the input were + + + align:start position:0% +basis the coordinates of the input were +C1 C2 and the coordinates of the output + + align:start position:0% +C1 C2 and the coordinates of the output + + + align:start position:0% +C1 C2 and the coordinates of the output +are C1 + + align:start position:0% +are C1 + + + align:start position:0% +are C1 +0 and of course not hard to find a + + align:start position:0% +0 and of course not hard to find a + + + align:start position:0% +0 and of course not hard to find a +matrix that'll do + + align:start position:0% +matrix that'll do + + + align:start position:0% +matrix that'll do +that the Matrix that will do that is the + + align:start position:0% +that the Matrix that will do that is the + + + align:start position:0% +that the Matrix that will do that is the +Matrix 1 0 0 + + align:start position:0% +Matrix 1 0 0 + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix 1 0 0 +0 because if I multiply + + align:start position:0% +0 because if I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +0 because if I multiply +input by that Matrix a this is a * input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinates and I'm hoping to get the + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and I'm hoping to get the + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and I'm hoping to get the +output + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinates and what do I get from that + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and what do I get from that + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and what do I get from that +multiplication I get the right answer C1 + + align:start position:0% +multiplication I get the right answer C1 + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication I get the right answer C1 +and z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what's the point so the first point + + align:start position:0% +so what's the point so the first point + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the point so the first point +is there's a matrix that does the + + align:start position:0% +is there's a matrix that does the + + + align:start position:0% +is there's a matrix that does the +job if there's a linear transformation + + align:start position:0% +job if there's a linear transformation + + + align:start position:0% +job if there's a linear transformation +out there coordinate free no coordinates + + align:start position:0% +out there coordinate free no coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +out there coordinate free no coordinates +and then I choose a basis for the inputs + + align:start position:0% +and then I choose a basis for the inputs + + + align:start position:0% +and then I choose a basis for the inputs +and I choose a basis for the outputs + + align:start position:0% +and I choose a basis for the outputs + + + align:start position:0% +and I choose a basis for the outputs +then there's a matrix that does the job + + align:start position:0% +then there's a matrix that does the job + + + align:start position:0% +then there's a matrix that does the job +and what's the job it takes it + + align:start position:0% +and what's the job it takes it + + + align:start position:0% +and what's the job it takes it +multiplies the coord the input + + align:start position:0% +multiplies the coord the input + + + align:start position:0% +multiplies the coord the input +coordinates and produces the output + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and produces the output + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and produces the output +coordinates + + align:start position:0% +coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates +now in this example let me repeat I + + align:start position:0% +now in this example let me repeat I + + + align:start position:0% +now in this example let me repeat I +chose the input basis was the same as + + align:start position:0% +chose the input basis was the same as + + + align:start position:0% +chose the input basis was the same as +the output basis the input bases and + + align:start position:0% +the output basis the input bases and + + + align:start position:0% +the output basis the input bases and +output bases were both along the line + + align:start position:0% +output bases were both along the line + + + align:start position:0% +output bases were both along the line +and perpendicular to the line they're + + align:start position:0% +and perpendicular to the line they're + + + align:start position:0% +and perpendicular to the line they're +actually the ion vectors of the + + align:start position:0% +actually the ion vectors of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually the ion vectors of the +projection and as a result The Matrix + + align:start position:0% +projection and as a result The Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +projection and as a result The Matrix +came out diagonal in fact it came out to + + align:start position:0% +came out diagonal in fact it came out to + + + align:start position:0% +came out diagonal in fact it came out to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +Lambda this is like the good basis so + + align:start position:0% +Lambda this is like the good basis so + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda this is like the good basis so +the the good B the igen vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basis is the good basis it leads + + align:start position:0% +basis is the good basis it leads + + + align:start position:0% +basis is the good basis it leads +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +Matrix the diagonal + + align:start position:0% +Matrix the diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix the diagonal +matrix of ion values Lambda and just as + + align:start position:0% +matrix of ion values Lambda and just as + + + align:start position:0% +matrix of ion values Lambda and just as +in this example the I vectors and IG + + align:start position:0% +in this example the I vectors and IG + + + align:start position:0% +in this example the I vectors and IG +values of this of this linear + + align:start position:0% +values of this of this linear + + + align:start position:0% +values of this of this linear +transformation + + align:start position:0% +transformation + + + align:start position:0% +transformation +were along the line and perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +were along the line and perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +were along the line and perpendicular +the I values were one and zero and + + align:start position:0% +the I values were one and zero and + + + align:start position:0% +the I values were one and zero and +that's the Matrix that we got okay so + + align:start position:0% +that's the Matrix that we got okay so + + + align:start position:0% +that's the Matrix that we got okay so +that's like the great choice of + + align:start position:0% +that's like the great choice of + + + align:start position:0% +that's like the great choice of +Matrix that's the choice a physicist + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that's the choice a physicist + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that's the choice a physicist +would do when he had to finally he or + + align:start position:0% +would do when he had to finally he or + + + align:start position:0% +would do when he had to finally he or +she had to finally bring coordinates in + + align:start position:0% +she had to finally bring coordinates in + + + align:start position:0% +she had to finally bring coordinates in +unwillingly the coordinates to be chosen + + align:start position:0% +unwillingly the coordinates to be chosen + + + align:start position:0% +unwillingly the coordinates to be chosen +the good coordinates are the igen + + align:start position:0% +the good coordinates are the igen + + + align:start position:0% +the good coordinates are the igen +vectors + + align:start position:0% +vectors + + + align:start position:0% +vectors +because if I did this projection + + align:start position:0% +because if I did this projection + + + align:start position:0% +because if I did this projection +in the the standard + + align:start position:0% +in the the standard + + + align:start position:0% +in the the standard +basis which I could do right I could do + + align:start position:0% +basis which I could do right I could do + + + align:start position:0% +basis which I could do right I could do +the whole thing in the standard basis + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing in the standard basis + + + align:start position:0% +the whole thing in the standard basis +let me let me I better try if I can do + + align:start position:0% +let me let me I better try if I can do + + + align:start position:0% +let me let me I better try if I can do +that what what are we calling the the + + align:start position:0% +that what what are we calling the the + + + align:start position:0% +that what what are we calling the the +that so I I have to tell you now which + + align:start position:0% +that so I I have to tell you now which + + + align:start position:0% +that so I I have to tell you now which +line we're projecting on say the 45 + + align:start position:0% +line we're projecting on say the 45 + + + align:start position:0% +line we're projecting on say the 45 +degree line so so say we're projecting + + align:start position:0% +degree line so so say we're projecting + + + align:start position:0% +degree line so so say we're projecting +onto 45 Dee line + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we + + align:start position:0% +and we + + + align:start position:0% +and we +use not the igen vector basis but the + + align:start position:0% +use not the igen vector basis but the + + + align:start position:0% +use not the igen vector basis but the +standard + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basis the standard bases V1 is one + + align:start position:0% +basis the standard bases V1 is one + + + align:start position:0% +basis the standard bases V1 is one +Z and V2 is + + align:start position:0% +Z and V2 is + + + align:start position:0% +Z and V2 is +01 and again I'll use the same basis for + + align:start position:0% +01 and again I'll use the same basis for + + + align:start position:0% +01 and again I'll use the same basis for +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +outputs then I have to do this the M I + + align:start position:0% +outputs then I have to do this the M I + + + align:start position:0% +outputs then I have to do this the M I +can find a matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it'll be the Matrix that we would always + + align:start position:0% +it'll be the Matrix that we would always + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be the Matrix that we would always +think of it'll be the projection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix it'll be actually it's the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix it'll be actually it's the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix it'll be actually it's the Matrix +that we learned about in uh chapter 4 + + align:start position:0% +that we learned about in uh chapter 4 + + + align:start position:0% +that we learned about in uh chapter 4 +it's what I call the The + + align:start position:0% +it's what I call the The + + + align:start position:0% +it's what I call the The +Matrix The Matrix is do you remember P + + align:start position:0% +Matrix The Matrix is do you remember P + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix The Matrix is do you remember P +was a a transpose over a transpose a and + + align:start position:0% +was a a transpose over a transpose a and + + + align:start position:0% +was a a transpose over a transpose a and +I think in this example it'll come out + + align:start position:0% +I think in this example it'll come out + + + align:start position:0% +I think in this example it'll come out +1/2 1/2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +122 I believe that's the Matrix that + + align:start position:0% +122 I believe that's the Matrix that + + + align:start position:0% +122 I believe that's the Matrix that +comes from our formula and that's the + + align:start position:0% +comes from our formula and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +comes from our formula and that's the +Matrix that'll do the job if I give you + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that'll do the job if I give you + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix that'll do the job if I give you +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +input if I give you this input one zero + + align:start position:0% +input if I give you this input one zero + + + align:start position:0% +input if I give you this input one zero +what's the + + align:start position:0% +what's the + + + align:start position:0% +what's the +output the output is 1/2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one2 and that should be the right + + align:start position:0% +one2 and that should be the right + + + align:start position:0% +one2 and that should be the right +projection + + align:start position:0% +projection + + + align:start position:0% +projection +and if I give you the input 01 the + + align:start position:0% +and if I give you the input 01 the + + + align:start position:0% +and if I give you the input 01 the +output is again 1/2 1/2 again the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +projection so that's the Matrix but not + + align:start position:0% +projection so that's the Matrix but not + + + align:start position:0% +projection so that's the Matrix but not +diagonal of course because we didn't + + align:start position:0% +diagonal of course because we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal of course because we didn't +choose a great bases we just chose the + + align:start position:0% +choose a great bases we just chose the + + + align:start position:0% +choose a great bases we just chose the +handiest basis well so the whole course + + align:start position:0% +handiest basis well so the whole course + + + align:start position:0% +handiest basis well so the whole course +has practically been about the handiest + + align:start position:0% +has practically been about the handiest + + + align:start position:0% +has practically been about the handiest +basis and just dealing with the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +basis and just dealing with the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +basis and just dealing with the Matrix +that we got and we it's not that bad a + + align:start position:0% +that we got and we it's not that bad a + + + align:start position:0% +that we got and we it's not that bad a +matrix + + align:start position:0% +matrix + + + align:start position:0% +matrix +it has it's symmetric and it has this + + align:start position:0% +it has it's symmetric and it has this + + + align:start position:0% +it has it's symmetric and it has this +p^2 equal p property all those things + + align:start position:0% +p^2 equal p property all those things + + + align:start position:0% +p^2 equal p property all those things +are good but in + + align:start position:0% +are good but in + + + align:start position:0% +are good but in +the in the best basis it's easy to see + + align:start position:0% +the in the best basis it's easy to see + + + align:start position:0% +the in the best basis it's easy to see +that p^2 equals + + align:start position:0% +that p^2 equals + + + align:start position:0% +that p^2 equals +p and it's symmetric and it's diagonal + + align:start position:0% +p and it's symmetric and it's diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +p and it's symmetric and it's diagonal +so that's the the idea then is do you + + align:start position:0% +so that's the the idea then is do you + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the the idea then is do you +see now how I'm associating a + + align:start position:0% +see now how I'm associating a + + + align:start position:0% +see now how I'm associating a +matrix to the transformation I better + + align:start position:0% +matrix to the transformation I better + + + align:start position:0% +matrix to the transformation I better +write the rule down I better write the + + align:start position:0% +write the rule down I better write the + + + align:start position:0% +write the rule down I better write the +rule down the the rule to + + align:start position:0% +rule down the the rule to + + + align:start position:0% +rule down the the rule to +find to find the + + align:start position:0% +find to find the + + + align:start position:0% +find to find the +Matrix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a all right First + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Column so rule to find a we're given the + + align:start position:0% +Column so rule to find a we're given the + + + align:start position:0% +Column so rule to find a we're given the +bases of course we don't there's no way + + align:start position:0% +bases of course we don't there's no way + + + align:start position:0% +bases of course we don't there's no way +we could construct The Matrix until + + align:start position:0% +we could construct The Matrix until + + + align:start position:0% +we could construct The Matrix until +we're told what the bases are so we're + + align:start position:0% +we're told what the bases are so we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're told what the bases are so we're +given the input bases and the output + + align:start position:0% +given the input bases and the output + + + align:start position:0% +given the input bases and the output +bases V1 to VN W1 to + + align:start position:0% +bases V1 to VN W1 to + + + align:start position:0% +bases V1 to VN W1 to +WM those are + + align:start position:0% +WM those are + + + align:start position:0% +WM those are +given now in the First Column of a how + + align:start position:0% +given now in the First Column of a how + + + align:start position:0% +given now in the First Column of a how +do I find that + + align:start position:0% +do I find that + + + align:start position:0% +do I find that +column the First Column of the + + align:start position:0% +column the First Column of the + + + align:start position:0% +column the First Column of the +Matrix so that should tell + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so that should tell + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix so that should tell +me what happens to the first basis + + align:start position:0% +me what happens to the first basis + + + align:start position:0% +me what happens to the first basis +Vector so the rule + + align:start position:0% +Vector so the rule + + + align:start position:0% +Vector so the rule +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +apply the linear transformation to V one + + align:start position:0% +apply the linear transformation to V one + + + align:start position:0% +apply the linear transformation to V one +to the first basis + + align:start position:0% +to the first basis + + + align:start position:0% +to the first basis +vector and + + align:start position:0% +vector and + + + align:start position:0% +vector and +then I'll write it so that's the output + + align:start position:0% +then I'll write it so that's the output + + + align:start position:0% +then I'll write it so that's the output +right the input is V1 what's the output + + align:start position:0% +right the input is V1 what's the output + + + align:start position:0% +right the input is V1 what's the output +the output is in the output space it's + + align:start position:0% +the output is in the output space it's + + + align:start position:0% +the output is in the output space it's +some combination of these guys and it's + + align:start position:0% +some combination of these guys and it's + + + align:start position:0% +some combination of these guys and it's +that combination that goes into the + + align:start position:0% +that combination that goes into the + + + align:start position:0% +that combination that goes into the +First Column so let me I'll put this + + align:start position:0% +First Column so let me I'll put this + + + align:start position:0% +First Column so let me I'll put this +word + + align:start position:0% +word + + + align:start position:0% +word +right we so I'll say it in words again + + align:start position:0% +right we so I'll say it in words again + + + align:start position:0% +right we so I'll say it in words again +how to find this Matrix take the first + + align:start position:0% +how to find this Matrix take the first + + + align:start position:0% +how to find this Matrix take the first +basis Vector apply the + + align:start position:0% +basis Vector apply the + + + align:start position:0% +basis Vector apply the +transformation then it's in the output + + align:start position:0% +transformation then it's in the output + + + align:start position:0% +transformation then it's in the output +space t of V1 so it's some combination + + align:start position:0% +space t of V1 so it's some combination + + + align:start position:0% +space t of V1 so it's some combination +of these outputs this output basis so + + align:start position:0% +of these outputs this output basis so + + + align:start position:0% +of these outputs this output basis so +that combination the coefficients in + + align:start position:0% +that combination the coefficients in + + + align:start position:0% +that combination the coefficients in +that combination will be the first + + align:start position:0% +that combination will be the first + + + align:start position:0% +that combination will be the first +column so + + align:start position:0% +column so + + + align:start position:0% +column so +A1 a row two column 1 W2 + + align:start position:0% +A1 a row two column 1 W2 + + + align:start position:0% +A1 a row two column 1 W2 +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +M1 + + align:start position:0% +M1 + + + align:start position:0% +M1 +WM there are the numbers in the First + + align:start position:0% +WM there are the numbers in the First + + + align:start position:0% +WM there are the numbers in the First +Column of the + + align:start position:0% +Column of the + + + align:start position:0% +Column of the +Matrix second let me make the point by + + align:start position:0% +Matrix second let me make the point by + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix second let me make the point by +doing the second column second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +column of + + align:start position:0% +column of + + + align:start position:0% +column of +a what's the idea now I take the second + + align:start position:0% +a what's the idea now I take the second + + + align:start position:0% +a what's the idea now I take the second +basis + + align:start position:0% +basis + + + align:start position:0% +basis +Vector I apply the transformation to + + align:start position:0% +Vector I apply the transformation to + + + align:start position:0% +Vector I apply the transformation to +it that's in now I got an output so it's + + align:start position:0% +it that's in now I got an output so it's + + + align:start position:0% +it that's in now I got an output so it's +some combination in the output basis and + + align:start position:0% +some combination in the output basis and + + + align:start position:0% +some combination in the output basis and +that combination + + align:start position:0% +that combination + + + align:start position:0% +that combination +is the bunch of numbers that should go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the second column of the + + align:start position:0% +in the second column of the + + + align:start position:0% +in the second column of the +Matrix + + align:start position:0% +Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix +okay and so forth so I get a matrix and + + align:start position:0% +okay and so forth so I get a matrix and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so forth so I get a matrix and +the Matrix I + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix I + + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix I +get does the right job now the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +get does the right job now the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +get does the right job now the Matrix +constructed that way + + align:start position:0% +constructed that way + + + align:start position:0% +constructed that way +and following the rules of matrix + + align:start position:0% +and following the rules of matrix + + + align:start position:0% +and following the rules of matrix +multiplication the result will be that + + align:start position:0% +multiplication the result will be that + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication the result will be that +if I give you the input + + align:start position:0% +if I give you the input + + + align:start position:0% +if I give you the input +coordinates and I multiply by The Matrix + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and I multiply by The Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates and I multiply by The Matrix +so the the the the outcome of all this + + align:start position:0% +so the the the the outcome of all this + + + align:start position:0% +so the the the the outcome of all this +is a times the input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinates correctly reproduces the + + align:start position:0% +coordinates correctly reproduces the + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates correctly reproduces the +output coordinates + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why is this + + align:start position:0% +why is this + + + align:start position:0% +why is this +right let me just check the First Column + + align:start position:0% +right let me just check the First Column + + + align:start position:0% +right let me just check the First Column +suppose the input input coordinates are + + align:start position:0% +suppose the input input coordinates are + + + align:start position:0% +suppose the input input coordinates are +one and all zeros what does that mean + + align:start position:0% +one and all zeros what does that mean + + + align:start position:0% +one and all zeros what does that mean +what's the input if the input + + align:start position:0% +what's the input if the input + + + align:start position:0% +what's the input if the input +coordinates are one and other and the + + align:start position:0% +coordinates are one and other and the + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates are one and other and the +rest + + align:start position:0% +rest + + + align:start position:0% +rest +zeros then the input is + + align:start position:0% +zeros then the input is + + + align:start position:0% +zeros then the input is +V1 + + align:start position:0% +V1 + + + align:start position:0% +V1 +right that's the vector that has + + align:start position:0% +right that's the vector that has + + + align:start position:0% +right that's the vector that has +coordinates one and all zeros okay when + + align:start position:0% +coordinates one and all zeros okay when + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates one and all zeros okay when +I multiply a by the one and all zeros + + align:start position:0% +I multiply a by the one and all zeros + + + align:start position:0% +I multiply a by the one and all zeros +I'll get the First Column of a I'll get + + align:start position:0% +I'll get the First Column of a I'll get + + + align:start position:0% +I'll get the First Column of a I'll get +these numbers and sure enough those are + + align:start position:0% +these numbers and sure enough those are + + + align:start position:0% +these numbers and sure enough those are +the output coordinates for T of V1 so we + + align:start position:0% +the output coordinates for T of V1 so we + + + align:start position:0% +the output coordinates for T of V1 so we +made it right on the First Column we + + align:start position:0% +made it right on the First Column we + + + align:start position:0% +made it right on the First Column we +made it right on the second column we + + align:start position:0% +made it right on the second column we + + + align:start position:0% +made it right on the second column we +made it right on all the basis vectors + + align:start position:0% +made it right on all the basis vectors + + + align:start position:0% +made it right on all the basis vectors +and then it has to be right on every + + align:start position:0% +and then it has to be right on every + + + align:start position:0% +and then it has to be right on every +Vector okay so there there is a picture + + align:start position:0% +Vector okay so there there is a picture + + + align:start position:0% +Vector okay so there there is a picture +of the Matrix for a linear trans + + align:start position:0% +of the Matrix for a linear trans + + + align:start position:0% +of the Matrix for a linear trans +transformation finally let me give + + align:start position:0% +transformation finally let me give + + + align:start position:0% +transformation finally let me give +you uh another a different linear + + align:start position:0% +you uh another a different linear + + + align:start position:0% +you uh another a different linear +transformation the linear + + align:start position:0% +transformation the linear + + + align:start position:0% +transformation the linear +transformation that takes the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +derivative that's a linear + + align:start position:0% +derivative that's a linear + + + align:start position:0% +derivative that's a linear +transformation suppose the input + + align:start position:0% +transformation suppose the input + + + align:start position:0% +transformation suppose the input +space is all combinations C1 + C2 x + C3 + + align:start position:0% +space is all combinations C1 + C2 x + C3 + + + align:start position:0% +space is all combinations C1 + C2 x + C3 +x^2 so the basis is + + align:start position:0% +x^2 so the basis is + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 so the basis is +the these + + align:start position:0% +the these + + + align:start position:0% +the these +simple functions then what's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +output is the derivative the output is + + align:start position:0% +output is the derivative the output is + + + align:start position:0% +output is the derivative the output is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +derivative so the output is C2 + 2 + + align:start position:0% +derivative so the output is C2 + 2 + + + align:start position:0% +derivative so the output is C2 + 2 +c3x and let's take as output + + align:start position:0% +c3x and let's take as output + + + align:start position:0% +c3x and let's take as output +basis the vectors 1 and + + align:start position:0% +basis the vectors 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +basis the vectors 1 and +X so we're going from a 3 dimensional + + align:start position:0% +X so we're going from a 3 dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +X so we're going from a 3 dimensional +space of inputs to a two-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +space of inputs to a two-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +space of inputs to a two-dimensional +space of outputs by this by the + + align:start position:0% +space of outputs by this by the + + + align:start position:0% +space of outputs by this by the +derivative and I don't know if you ever + + align:start position:0% +derivative and I don't know if you ever + + + align:start position:0% +derivative and I don't know if you ever +thought that the derivative is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +linear but if it weren't linear taking + + align:start position:0% +linear but if it weren't linear taking + + + align:start position:0% +linear but if it weren't linear taking +derivatives would take forever right the + + align:start position:0% +derivatives would take forever right the + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives would take forever right the +the we are able to compute derivatives + + align:start position:0% +the we are able to compute derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +the we are able to compute derivatives +of functions exactly because we know + + align:start position:0% +of functions exactly because we know + + + align:start position:0% +of functions exactly because we know +it's a linear transformation so that if + + align:start position:0% +it's a linear transformation so that if + + + align:start position:0% +it's a linear transformation so that if +we if we learn the derivatives of a few + + align:start position:0% +we if we learn the derivatives of a few + + + align:start position:0% +we if we learn the derivatives of a few +functions like sinx and cos x and e to + + align:start position:0% +functions like sinx and cos x and e to + + + align:start position:0% +functions like sinx and cos x and e to +the X and another little short list then + + align:start position:0% +the X and another little short list then + + + align:start position:0% +the X and another little short list then +we can take all their combinations and + + align:start position:0% +we can take all their combinations and + + + align:start position:0% +we can take all their combinations and +we can do all the + + align:start position:0% +we can do all the + + + align:start position:0% +we can do all the +derivatives Okay now what's the + + align:start position:0% +derivatives Okay now what's the + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives Okay now what's the +Matrix what's the Matrix so I want the + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what's the Matrix so I want the + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what's the Matrix so I want the +Matrix to multiply these input vectors + + align:start position:0% +Matrix to multiply these input vectors + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix to multiply these input vectors +input coordinates and give these output + + align:start position:0% +input coordinates and give these output + + + align:start position:0% +input coordinates and give these output +coordinates + + align:start position:0% +coordinates + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates +so I just think okay what's the Matrix + + align:start position:0% +so I just think okay what's the Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +so I just think okay what's the Matrix +that does it I can follow my rule of + + align:start position:0% +that does it I can follow my rule of + + + align:start position:0% +that does it I can follow my rule of +construction or I can see what the + + align:start position:0% +construction or I can see what the + + + align:start position:0% +construction or I can see what the +Matrix is it should be a + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is it should be a + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix is it should be a +2x3 Matrix + + align:start position:0% +2x3 Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +2x3 Matrix +right and the Matrix if it if when it so + + align:start position:0% +right and the Matrix if it if when it so + + + align:start position:0% +right and the Matrix if it if when it so +I'm just figuring out what do I want let + + align:start position:0% +I'm just figuring out what do I want let + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just figuring out what do I want let +me write it here what do I want for my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Matrix what should that Matrix do well I + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what should that Matrix do well I + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix what should that Matrix do well I +want to get C2 in the first output so 0 + + align:start position:0% +want to get C2 in the first output so 0 + + + align:start position:0% +want to get C2 in the first output so 0 +one Z will do it I want to get two C3 so + + align:start position:0% +one Z will do it I want to get two C3 so + + + align:start position:0% +one Z will do it I want to get two C3 so +0 02 will do + + align:start position:0% +0 02 will do + + + align:start position:0% +0 02 will do +it that's the + + align:start position:0% +it that's the + + + align:start position:0% +it that's the +Matrix for the for this linear + + align:start position:0% +Matrix for the for this linear + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix for the for this linear +transformation with those + + align:start position:0% +transformation with those + + + align:start position:0% +transformation with those +bases and those coordinates you see it + + align:start position:0% +bases and those coordinates you see it + + + align:start position:0% +bases and those coordinates you see it +just clicks and the whole point is that + + align:start position:0% +just clicks and the whole point is that + + + align:start position:0% +just clicks and the whole point is that +the inverse Matrix gives the inverse of + + align:start position:0% +the inverse Matrix gives the inverse of + + + align:start position:0% +the inverse Matrix gives the inverse of +the linear transformation that the + + align:start position:0% +the linear transformation that the + + + align:start position:0% +the linear transformation that the +product of two matrices gives the the + + align:start position:0% +product of two matrices gives the the + + + align:start position:0% +product of two matrices gives the the +right Matrix for the product of two + + align:start position:0% +right Matrix for the product of two + + + align:start position:0% +right Matrix for the product of two +Transformations matrix multiplication + + align:start position:0% +Transformations matrix multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations matrix multiplication +really came from linear Transformations + + align:start position:0% +really came from linear Transformations + + + align:start position:0% +really came from linear Transformations +I better pick up on that theme uh Monday + + align:start position:0% +I better pick up on that theme uh Monday + + + align:start position:0% +I better pick up on that theme uh Monday +after Thanksgiving and I hope you have a + + align:start position:0% +after Thanksgiving and I hope you have a + + + align:start position:0% +after Thanksgiving and I hope you have a +great + + align:start position:0% +great + + + align:start position:0% +great +holiday hope Indian summer keeps going + + align:start position:0% +holiday hope Indian summer keeps going + + + align:start position:0% +holiday hope Indian summer keeps going +okay see you on Monday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/UIgA0czNj5g.txt b/UIgA0czNj5g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9aa8de5a9806aa9cd085b1dac36f6f8529f91148 --- /dev/null +++ b/UIgA0czNj5g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2284 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: In this lecture we +begin a discussion of the + +topic of modulation, which is, +among other things, a very + +important topic in +practical terms. + +For example, it forms the +cornerstone for many + +communication systems. + +And also, as we'll see as these +lectures go along, a + +particular form of modulation +referred to as pulse amplitude + +modulation, and eventually +impulse modulation or impulse + +train modulation, forms a very +important bridge between + +continuous time signals and +discrete time signals. + +Now in general terms what +we mean when we refer to + +modulation is the notion of +using one signal to vary a + +parameter of another signal. + +For example, a sinusoidal signal +has three parameters, + +amplitude, frequency, +and phase. + +And we could think, for example, +of using one signal + +to vary, let's say, +the amplitude of + +a sinusoidal signal. + +And what that leads to is a +notion, which we'll develop in + +some detail, referred to +as sinusoidal amplitude + +modulation, and would correspond +to a sinusoidal + +signal, referred to as the +carrier, and it's amplitude + +being varied on the basis +of another signal. + +Now alternatively we could think +of varying either the + +frequency or the phase of a +sinusoidal signal, again with + +another signal. + +And what that leads to is +another very important notion, + +which is referred to sinusoidal +frequency + +modulation, where essentially +it's the frequency of a + +sinusoid that's changing +depending on the signal that's + +we're using to modulate +the sinusoid. + +Now sinusoidal amplitude, +frequency, and phase + +modulation are extremely +important topics and ideas in + +the context of communication +systems. + +One of the reasons is that if +you want to transmit a signal, + +let's say for example a voice +signal, the voice signal that + +you're listening to now. + +If you try to transmit that over +long distances, because + +of the frequencies involved +the medium that you use to + +transmit it won't carry +it long distances. + +The idea then is to essentially +take that signal, + +like a voice signal, use +it to modulate a much + +higher-frequency signal, +and then transmit that + +higher-frequency signal over a +medium that essentially can + +support long-distance +transmission at those + +frequencies. + +Then at the other end of course, +the voice information, + +or whatever else the information +is, is taken off. + +Now also, a notion that that +leads to, and we'll be + +developing in some detail, +is the idea that you can + +simultaneously transmit more +than one signal by in essence + +taking several voice signals or +other signals, using them + +to modulate either the frequency +or amplitude of + +sinusoidal signals at different +frequencies, adding + +all those together-- + +that's a process called +multiplexing-- + +and then at the other end of +the transmission system, + +taking those sinusoidal +signals apart. + +And then extracting the +envelope or frequency + +modulation information to get +back to the voice signal or + +other information-carrying +signal. + +So that's one of the very +important ways in which + +sinusoidal modulation is used +in communication systems. + +And what we'll see, in +particular as we go through + +today's lecture, is that +sinusoidal amplitude + +modulation, follows in a fairly +straightforward way + +from the properties of the +Fourier transform that we've + +developed in some of the +earlier lectures. + +So our focus in today's lecture +will be on sinusoidal + +amplitude modulation +in continuous time. + +In the next lecture we'll +consider the same set of + +notions related to discrete +time, and also a concept + +referred to as pulse amplitude +modulation. + +And all of these follow, in a +very straightforward way, from + +the modulation property for +the Fourier transform. + +Issues of frequency and phase +modulation are a little more + +difficult to analyze. + +But many of the techniques that +we've developed in the + +previous lectures also provide +important insights into + +frequency and phase +modulation. + +And some of this is developed +in more detail in the book. + +So what I'd like to do is focus, +for now, on the concept + +of amplitude modulation. + +And as I indicated, there are +several kinds of carrier + +signals on which the +modulation can be + +superimposed. + +The basic structure for an +amplitude modulation system is + +one in which there is the +modulating signal, let's say + +for example, voice, and a +carrier signal-- what's + +referred to as the carrier. + +And then of course the resulting +output is the + +modulated output. + +Now to analyze this, since we +have multiplication in the + +time domain, we know from the +property of the Fourier + +transform that we've developed +previously-- + +the modulation property-- + +that multiplication in the time +domain corresponds to + +convolution in the +frequency domain. + +And it's this basic property +or equation that lets us + +analyze, in some detail in fact, +the notions of amplitude + +modulation. + +As we go through this lecture +and the next lecture, we'll be + +talking, as I indicated, about +several different types of + +carrier signals. + +One is what's referred +to as pulse carriers. + +And that leads to, among other +things, the concept of pulse + +amplitude modulation. + +That will be deferred until +the next lecture. + +In today's lecture what I'll +focus on is first, the case of + +a complex exponential carrier, +second, the case + +of sinusoidal carrier. + +And in fact the complex +exponential carrier and + +sinusoidal carrier are obviously +very closely + +related, since the complex +exponential carrier is, in + +effect, two sinusoidal +carriers. + +One for the real part and one +for the imaginary part. + +So let's first begin the +discussion of amplitude + +modulation by considering a +complex exponential carrier, + +and then moving on to +a discussion of + +a sinusoidal carrier. + +So the issue then is that we +have a signal, x of t. + +It's multiplied by a carrier. + +And the carrier that we're +considering is a carrier + +signal, c of t, of the form +e to the j omega c t + +plus theta sub c. + +That's the form of our +carrier signal. + +And what we can first analyze +is what the resulting signal + +or spectrum is at the output +of the modulator. + +Well, we can do that by +concentrating on the + +modulation property. + +And let's consider, just as a +general form for a spectrum, + +what I've indicated here for the +Fourier transform of the + +input signal or modulating +signal, X of omega. + +And so this is intended +to represent the + +spectrum of x of t. + +And then the carrier signal, +since it's a single complex + +exponential, has a Fourier +transform which is an impulse + +in the frequency domain. + +And the amplitude of the impulse +is 2 pi e to the j + +theta sub c, where we notice +that the complex amplitude + +incorporates the phase +information. + +So now if we multiply in the +time domain, we convolve in + +the frequency domain. + +And as you know, convolving a +signal with an impulse just + +shifts that signal to the +location of the impulse. + +And so as a consequence of +taking care of various + +factors, what we end up with is +a spectrum that is centered + +at the carrier frequency +omega sub c. + +So what this says is that if we +have a signal, x of t, and + +we use it to modulate a complex +exponential carrier in + +the frequency domain, what we've +simply done is to take + +the original spectrum and +shift it in frequency. + +So that what was originally at +zero frequency is now centered + +around the carrier frequency. + +We've now modulated, in effect, +to a higher frequency. + +Things are happening in a +higher-frequency band. + +And the next question is, how do +we demodulate, or in other + +words, how do we get the +original signal back? + +Of course one way that we +can think of doing it, + +particularly in the context of +this specific carrier, if we + +look back at the top equation we +have, as the result of the + +modulation, x of t times c of +t, where c of t is this. + +And we could consider, for +example, just simply dividing + +the modulator output by this. + +Or equivalently, taking the +modulated output and + +multiplying by e to the minus +j omega c t plus theta c. + +Let's track that through in +terms of the spectra. + +We have, again, the spectrum +of the output of the + +modulator, which is the original +spectrum shifted up + +to the carrier frequency. + +We have, below that, the +spectrum of e to the minus j + +omega c t plus theta c. + +And if we now convolve this +with this, that results in + +simply shifting this spectrum-- +except for an issue + +of a scale factor-- + +shifting this spectrum back +down to the origin. + +So convolving these two +together, the spectrum that we + +end up with is that. + +So we can track this through +in the frequency domain. + +In the frequency domain it says +shift the spectrum up. + +When you want to demodulate, +shift the spectrum back down. + +And alternatively, we can look +at it algebraically in the + +time domain. + +And what it says is, if you +multiply by e to the plus j + +omega c t, then when you want to +get back, multiply by e to + +the minus j omega c t. + +Now one question that you could +conceivably be asking + +is, if we're talking about +practical systems and not + +simply mathematics, does it make +sense in the real world + +to consider using a complex +exponential carrier? + +And the answer to that, +in fact, is yes. + +That very often in practical +systems one considers using a + +carrier which in fact is +a complex exponential. + +Well, a complex exponential +is complex. + +There's a square root of +minus one in there. + +And you could ask well, +how do we get a square + +root of minus one? + +And the answer is +fairly simple. + +Let's look again at the +modulator, which we have here. + +And in effect, what that says +is we want to multiply a + +real-valued signal by e to the +j omega c t plus theta c. + +Now, we can equivalently use +Euler's relationship to break + +this down into a cosine +and sine term. + +And so what that means in terms +of an implementation, + +equivalently, is modulating x +of t onto a cosine carrier. + +And that then gives +us the real part + +of the complex output. + +And modulating it onto a +sinusoidal carrier-- + +these two being 90 degrees +out of phase-- + +and that gives us the +imaginary part. + +And so in effect, this is +the complex signal. + +If we just simply think of +hanging a tag on here that + +says square root of minus 1, +or j, and we appropriately + +combine complex signals +following the rules of complex + +arithmetic. + +And indeed, that's exactly the +way things are done in the + +real world. + +A complex signal is simply a +set of two real signals. + +And of course, if we look at the +spectra involved, we have + +here the real part and +the imaginary part + +of the complex output. + +If we again refer back to the +original spectrum, X of omega, + +and the modulated spectrum which +I show down here, the + +original spectrum shifted up +to the carrier frequency. + +In effect we're building +this out of two lines. + +One line representing the +real part of that. + +And the real part in the time +domain corresponds to the even + +part in the frequency domain. + +And so with the output of the +cosine modulator, we have a + +spectrum that looks like this. + +And the output along the +imaginary branch has a + +spectrum that looks like this. + +Recall in the top branch that +this, for positive frequencies + +was positive, and was +positive here. + +And so in effect when you add +them, this portion of the + +spectrum will cancel out. + +So in effect, what we're doing +is building the complex signal + +out of two real signals. + +Or we're building the spectrum +of the complex signal out of + +separate lines that represent +the even and the odd parts. + +Now, there are lots of +applications of amplitude + +modulation. + +And we'll be seeing a number of +these as we go through the + +discussion. + +What I'd like to do is just +indicate briefly one now, + +which is an application that in +fact surfaces fairly often + +in the context of a complex +exponential carrier. + +And that is the notion of using +modulation to permit the + +application of a very well +designed and implemented + +low-pass filter to be used as +a band-pass filter and in + +fact, as a set of band-pass +filters. + +And here's the idea. + +The idea is if we have +a fixed filter-- + +let's say we have a signal. + +And we want to think of a +filter, which we want to move + +along the signal, one way to +do it is to somehow have + +filters that move along +the signal. + +The other possibility is to keep +the filter fixed and let + +the signal move in frequency +in front of the filter. + +Let me be a little +more specific. + +Suppose that we have +a signal, x of t. + +And we modulate it with a +complex exponential carrier + +with a carrier frequency, +omega c. + +And the output of that is then +processed with a low-pass + +filter and then we demodulate +the result. + +Then what we've done is to take +the spectrum of the input + +signal, shift it, pull out +what is now around low + +frequencies, and then shift that +part of the spectrum back + +to where it belongs. + +So if we look at that in terms +of actually tracking through + +the spectra, we would have +initially a spectrum for the + +original signal, which I show +at the top as X of omega. + +After modulating or shifting +that spectrum up to a center + +frequency of omega c, we then +have what I indicate here. + +And the dotted line corresponds +to the pass band + +of the low-pass filter. + +Well, the result of low-pass +filtering rejects all the + +spectrum except the part +around low frequencies. + +And the next step is then +to demodulate this. + +And so in effect, demodulating +will shift this spectrum back + +to where it originally +came from. + +And so that result will be +what I show in the final + +result, which is here. + +And what we can see is that +this is equivalent. + +If we can look back at the top +spectrum, this is equivalent + +to having extracted, with a +band-pass filter, a section + +out of this part of +the spectrum. + +So in terms of tracking through +the spectrum and + +looking at the equivalent +filtering operation, then what + +we accomplished was to pull out +this part of the spectrum + +using a low-pass filter +and modulation. + +But equivalently what we +implemented was a band-pass + +filter as I indicated here. + +Now of course, a signal with +this spectrum, since the + +spectrum is not conjugate +symmetric, we know that this + +signal does not correspond +to a real-valued signal. + +Equivalently this filter doesn't +correspond to a filter + +whose impulse response +is real. + +If we add another step to this, +which is to take the + +real part of the output, then by +taking the real part of the + +output we would be taking the +even part of the spectrum + +associated with that +complex signal. + +And the equivalent filter that +we would end up with then is + +the filter that I indicate +at the bottom, which is a + +band-pass filter. + +Now just to reiterate a point +that I made earlier. + +A question, of course, is why +would you go to this trouble? + +Why not just build a +band-pass filter? + +And one of the reasons is that +it's often much easier to + +build a fixed filter, a filter +with a fixed-center frequency, + +for example a low-pass filter, +than it is to build a filter + +that has variable components +in it so that when you vary + +them the filter's center +frequency shifts around. + +Now, if you want to look at +the energy in a signal in + +different frequency bands, then +you'd like to look at it + +through different filters. + +And so the idea here, which is +really the basis for many + +spectrum analyzers, is to build +a really good quality + +low-pass filter and then use +modulation, which is often + +easier to implement. + +Use modulation to shift the +signal essentially in front of + +the filter. + +So we've worked our way through +modulation with a + +complex exponential carrier. + +And what we saw, among other +things with a complex + +exponential carrier, +is that what it + +corresponds to is two branches. + +One being modulation with +a cosine, and the other, + +modulation with a sine. + +And so in the real world, or +in a practical system, + +modulation of the complex +exponential carrier really + +would be accomplished with +modulation with a sinusoidal + +carrier, and in particular with +sinusoidal carriers that + +are in quadrature, as it's +referred to, or equivalently + +90 degrees out of phase. + +Well, in fact sinusoidal +modulation, in other words, + +modulation using only a +sinusoidal carrier, very often + +is used in its own right not +only for generating a complex + +exponential carrier, but +as a carrier by itself. + +Let's look at what the +consequences of modulation + +with a sinusoidal carrier are. + +And in particular work through, +again, what the + +spectra are and how we get the +original signal back again. + +So we are talking about a +carrier signal which is simply + +a sinusoidal signal +with some phase. + +And of course we can write that +as the sum of two complex + +exponential signals. + +And so now, when we apply the +modulation property we have + +the original spectrum, which +I show here, X of omega. + +And that's convolved with the +spectrum of the carrier. + +And the spectrum of the +carrier, in this + +case, is two impulses. + +One at plus omega c, and +one at minus omega c. + +And the amplitudes of these +incorporate the phase. + +And later on in the lecture, +and in subsequent lectures, + +I'll have a tendency to drop the +theta sub c, just to keep + +the notation and algebra a +little cleaner, but for now + +I've incorporated it. + +And so now when we apply the +modulation property, what we + +will do is convolve this +spectrum with this spectrum, + +and the result is that the +spectrum of the original + +signal gets replicated at +both omega sub c and at + +minus omega sub c. + +And the resulting spectrum at +the output of the modulator, + +then, is the spectrum +that I show here. + +Now the question, +of course, is-- + +so now what's happened is that +with a sinusoidal carrier, + +we've moved the spectrum +to both plus omega c + +and minus omega c. + +And now if we want to get the +original signal back again, + +what we would like to do somehow +is move that spectrum + +back down to the origin. + +Now in the case of a complex +exponential, + +that was easy to do. + +We'd shifted one up, we'd +just shift it back down. + +Let's see what happens if we +attempt to demodulate by again + +multiplying by the same +sinusoidal carrier. + +So let's examine what happens +if we now take our modulated + +signal and, again, modulate it +onto the same sinusoidal + +carrier to generate +the output w of t. + +If we look at the spectra, we +have the modulated spectrum + +which we had initially. + +And we now want to convolve +that, again, with the spectrum + +of the carrier signal. + +The spectrum of the carrier +signal, I indicate here. + +And if you track through the +convolution, which is fairly + +straightforward, then what +happens as you convolve this + +with this is you end up with a +composite spectrum, which is + +what I've indicated on the +bottom curve, and has the + +spectrum of the original signal, +x of t, replicated in + +three places. + +One is at minus 2 omega sub c. + +One is around the origin. + +And one is shifted up to twice +the carrier frequency. + +Well it's this piece +that we want. + +If we could eliminate everything +else and keep this, + +then that would correspond to +the spectrum of the original + +signal, x of t. + +How do we do that? + +Well, we know how to eliminate +part of the spectrum and keep + +another part of the spectrum. + +That's called filtering. + +So what we would do is put the +result of this through a + +low-pass filter. + +The low-pass filter route would +retain the part of the + +spectrum around DC and eliminate +the remaining part + +of the spectrum. + +So we would keep this part and +eliminate the part of the + +spectrum that we +have over here. + +And let me just draw your +attention to the fact that, + +because of the way the algebra +works out, the amplitude of + +this replication of the spectrum +is half what the + +original spectrum was. + +And that means that ideally, to +keep scale factors correct, + +we would choose the amplitude of +this to be 2, to scale this + +back up to 1. + +So what we have is the modulator +and demodulator. + +And just to summarize, for the +case of a sinusoidal carrier + +as opposed to a complex +exponential carrier, the + +modulator is just as it is in +the complex exponential case. + +It's multiplication with the +sinusoidal carrier, with + +frequency, omega c, and +phase, theta sub c. + +In the demodulator we would +take the modulated signal, + +modulate it again with the +same carrier signal-- + +and as we'll see later, it's +important to keep the same + +phase relationship. + +This result is not yet quite +the demodulated signal. + +We need to process that with a +low-pass filter that extracts + +the part of the spectrum around +DC and throws away the + +upper part of the spectrum that +gets generated in the + +second modulation process. + +And the resulting output is the +original signal, x of t. + +What we've done then is +we've taken x of t. + +We've modulated it +onto a carrier. + +And then we've taken that +modulated signal and we've + +figured out how to +get back x of t. + +And of course one could ask, +well, if you start with x of t + +and you want to get x of t back +again, why bother going + +through all that? + +Why not just use x of t at the +beginning and at the end? + +And obviously there are +lots of reasons + +as I indicated before. + +And just to reiterate +what they are. + +The notion, often, is that what +you'd like to do is shift + +the signal into a different +frequency band for + +transmission over some medium +that is more matched to that + +frequency band than the +frequency range of the + +original signal. + +Also, as I alluded to, is the +notion that you can take lots + +of signals and transmit them + +simultaneously over one channel-- + +whether the channel is a wire, +a microwave link, a satellite + +link, or whatever-- + +again, using the idea +of modulation. + +And what that process +is referred to as is + +multiplexing. + +And let me just quickly +indicate what that + +multiplexing process +corresponds to. + +We could think, for example, +of taking one signal and + +modulating in it onto one +carrier with one carrier + +frequency, taking a second +signal, modulating it onto a + +different carrier frequency, +taking a third signal and + +modulating it onto a third +carrier frequency, et cetera. + +And if we choose these carrier +frequencies appropriately, + +then we can add all +those together-- + +and do it in such a way that +the spectra don't overlap-- + +and end up with one broader band +signal that incorporates + +the information simultaneously +in all of those signals. + +So just to illustrate that +in the frequency domain. + +What we have are our three +spectra, Xa, Xb, and Xc. + +And we would, for example, +take this spectrum and + +modulate it to a carrier +frequency, omega sub a. + +We can take this spectrum and +modulate it to a carrier + +frequency, omega sub b, where +omega sub b is chosen so that + +when we add these two together +they don't overlap, so that + +they can eventually +be separated out. + +And then we can do the same +thing with the third signal, + +and put that in a frequency +range over here, being careful + +that none of those overlap. + +And when we add all those +together, the composite + +spectrum is what I show here. + +And as you can see, essentially, +by doing + +appropriate band-pass filtering +we can pull out + +whatever part of the spectrum +we choose to, and then + +demodulate that in the +appropriate way. + +And of course we can do this, +not just with three signals, + +but perhaps with tens or +hundreds of signals. + +So that's a process that is +typically referred to as + +multiplexing. + +And as I've described it here, +it's referred to as + +frequency-division +multiplexing. + +That is, dividing the frequency +band into cells and + +plunking different signals +into each one of those. + +And so if we want now to recover +one of those channels + +in a frequency-division +multiplex system, as I + +indicated, we would +first demultiplex. + +Demultiplexing corresponding to +pulling out the appropriate + +channel with a band-pass +filter. + +And after demultiplexing, we +would then demodulate. + +And we would demodulate with the +carrier appropriate to the + +channel that we've pulled out. + +And the demodulation, of course, +involves multiplying + +by the carrier and doing +appropriate low-pass filtering + +to finally get the +signal back. + +And frequency-division +multiplexing is the type of + +multiplexing that's used, for +example, in typical broadcast + +AM radio systems, where +all the channels are + +superimposed together. + +And it's your home radio +receiver that does the + +appropriate demultiplexing +and demodulating. + +And of course, you can see that +not only is modulation an + +important part of that, but as +I alluded to in the last + +lecture, filtering also becomes +important part of + +these practical systems. + +Now, the kind of amplitude +modulation that I've talked + +about so far is what's referred +to as synchronous + +modulation. + +And the reason for the term +synchronous is that what's + +implied in these systems is a +synchronization between the + +transmitter and receiver. + +In particular, in the system as +we've talked about it, the + +modulator and the demodulator +have a synchronization in both + +frequency and phase. + +The phase here is indicated +as theta sub c. + +And if we take a look at the +demodulator, the demodulator + +has phase of theta sub c. + +And in general, there's the +issue of whether we can + +maintain that synchronization +between the modulator and + +demodulator. + +And so what we want to examine +now, more generally, is what + +the consequence might be, and +the solution to the resulting + +problems, if we don't have +synchronization between the + +modulator and demodulator. + +Synchronization in +terms of phase. + +And there also is another +problem, which is the issue of + +synchronization in frequency. + +That's examined more +in the text. + +And what I'll focus on here +is just the issue of + +synchronization in phase, to +give you some sense of what + +the issue is. + +So now what we want to look at +is what happens if we have a + +modulator with phase, theta sub +c, and a demodulator where + +the phase, instead of being +theta sub c, is some other + +phase, phi sub c. + +And if you track through the +details and the algebra, then + +what you'll find is that the +output of the low-pass filter, + +rather than being x of t, the +signal that we want, is x of t + +multiplied by a scale factor. + +And the scale factor is the +cosine of the phase + +difference. + +Now one could ask, OK well, +what's the big deal about + +scale factor? + +If it's too small we'll make it +big, it it's too big we'll + +make it small. + +But there are several points. + +One is, notice, for example, +that if the phase difference + +between the modulator and +demodulator is 90 degrees, + +then the output of the +demodulator is zero. + +Or if it isn't quite +90 degrees, the + +amplitude might be small. + +And the implication would be +that if there's other noise it + +gets injected in the system, +the signal-to-noise + +ratio is very low. + +Now even worse is the issue +that if there's a phase + +difference, but the exact +phase difference isn't + +maintained, so that the +modulator and demodulator kind + +of fade in and out of phase, +then the output of the + +demodulator is x of t multiplied +by a time-varying + +fading term, which is the +cosine of the phase + +difference. + +Well what that means, +essentially, is that if you + +use this kind of system to do +the demodulation, then what + +you need to be careful about is +maintaining synchronization + +in phase, and also in frequency, +between the + +modulator and the demodulator. + +Now there are alternatives +to this. + +And the alternative is what's +referred to as asynchronous + +demodulation. + +And let me indicate what the +idea behind asynchronous + +demodulation is. + +Now, recall that what we've done +in amplitude modulation + +is to take the carrier signal +and vary its amplitude with + +the signal that eventually +we want to get back. + +So if we look at the +amplitude-modulated waveform, + +it might typically look +as I indicate here. + +And we're trying to get +back the envelope. + +Well, one could imagine +building a circuit, or + +designing a device, which +in some sense + +will track the envelope. + +And a common circuit to do +that is a fairly simple + +circuit consisting of a diode +and a resistor and capacitor + +in parallel. + +The idea being that the +capacitor charges up as this + +waveform moves up to its peak. + +And then as the waveform drops +down, the capacitor discharges + +through the resistor. + +And it kind of tracks +the envelope. + +In fact, the kind of output that +we would get is the type + +of behavior that I've +indicated here. + +And then that is a type +of demodulation. + +It's a demodulation that +doesn't require + +synchronization between the +modulator and demodulator. + +And it's fairly inexpensive +to build. + +But it has, obviously, some +tradeoffs associated with it. + +Well, to indicate where the +tradeoff comes from, or where + +the issue surfaces, notice +that what we're doing is + +tracking the envelope of +the sinusoidal signal. + +And we're calling that, or we're +assuming that that is + +our original signal, x of t. + +Well, suppose that x of t, the +original signal, is sometimes + +positive and sometimes +negative. + +What might we see as we look +at the output of the + +demodulator? + +Well, the output of the +demodulator would follow the + +envelope down, and then +it would follow the + +envelope back up again. + +In other words, what it would +tend to generate is a + +full-wave rectified version of +the signal that you were + +really trying to get back. + +Now, there's a simple +solution to this. + +The simple solution is to make +sure that the signal that is + +the modulating signal, x of +t, never goes negative. + +So if it happens to-- a voice +signal tends to go negative. + +If it happens to, we can simply +add a constant to it, + +add a large enough constant, +so that it + +always stays positive. + +Well let's look at that. + +What we want to do then, if +we're considering asynchronous + +demodulation, is to take our +original signal, x of t, and + +add to it a constant, where +the constant is made large + +enough so that we're sure that +this is a positive signal. + +And incidentally, let me just +draw your attention to the + +fact that I'm now suppressing +the phase on the carrier + +signal, since the phase is not +important to the argument and + +it's just some additional +notation to carry around. + +So the idea then, is add +a constant to x of t. + +Notice that if we just take this +term and expand it out + +into two terms, x of t cosine +omega c t plus a times cosine + +omega c t, then in block diagram +terms we can represent + +that as I've shown here. + +And so it would correspond to +modulating the signal, x of t, + +onto the carrier, omega sub c +t, and also injecting some + +carrier with an amplitude, +A. And the output of the + +modulator is then the +sum of those two. + +And depending on exactly what +this value A is will influence + +what the envelope +will look like. + +And I indicate below, +two possibilities. + +One is where I've made A fairly +large, and one is where + +I've made A significantly +smaller. + +And there are both positive and +negative issues associated + +with whether A is too large +or A is too small. + +For example, if A is large in +relation to the amplitude of + +the signal, then this envelope +tends to be very flat. + +And it tends to be easy to +track it with that simple + +diode RC circuit, as compared +with the case down here. + +On the other hand, there is a +price that you pay for this + +kind of envelope. + +And the price that you pay is +perhaps best seen in the + +frequency domain. + +If we look in the frequency +domain, here is + +our original spectrum. + +Here is the spectrum at the +output of the modulator. + +And the impulse that occurs +here corresponds to the + +carrier that's injected. + +The larger A is, the more +carrier is injected. + +The more carrier that's +injected, the easier it is for + +the envelope detector +to demodulate. + +So one can ask, why not +just put a lot in? + +Well, the obvious answer +is that it's not an + +information-carrying +part of the signal. + +And so in some sense it +represents an inefficiency in + +transmission, because what +you're transmitting is power, + +energy, that doesn't have +any information + +associated with it. + +It's simply the injection +of a carrier to make the + +demodulation for an asynchronous +demodulator-- + +to make the demodulation +easier. + +And so there's this tradeoff. + +And in fact, one represents +the tradeoff and the + +associated parameters very +often in terms of percent + +modulation, where the percent +modulation is essentially the + +ratio of the maximum signal +level to the amplitude of the + +injected carrier. + +And depending on whether the +modulation's very high or very + +low, the tradeoff is that +the transmission is more + +inefficient and it takes +more energy, but the + +demodulator is simpler. + +Or the demodulator is more +complicated but the + +transmission is simpler. + +Now, there are situations where +you might very well want + +to use one or the other. + +For example, in home radio +you're often willing to + +transmit a lot of power so that +you can have inexpensive + +consumer-oriented receivers. + +On the other hand, in satellite +communication you're + +willing to pay a very high price +for the modulators and + +demodulators, but it's the +amount of power that's + +transmitted that's +at a premium. + +And so in one case, satellite +communication, you would use + +synchronous modulation +and demodulation. + +Whereas in typical +consumer-oriented + +broadcasting, you would use +an asynchronous system and + +transmit more power, even if +it's inefficient, so that the + +demodulator can be simpler. + +Now, in the asynchronous system, +as we've indicated, + +there's one source of +inefficiency, which is this + +injection of the carrier. + +There also is a somewhat +different issue, related to + +inefficiency in sinusoidal +amplitude modulation. + +And it's an inefficiency that is +separate from the issue of + +synchronous versus asynchronous +systems. + +In other words, it's not +associated with the injection + +of the carrier, it's a +very different issue. + +Let me indicate what that is. + +Let's look again at the spectrum +of x of t, which I've + +indicated here. + +And in a sinusoidal amplitude +modulation system, we would + +center it around plus and minus +the carrier frequency. + +Now, notice that in the original +system we occupy a + +frequency spectrum that's 2 +times omega sub M. By the time + +we've shifted it, thinking +of positive and negative + +frequencies, we've used +up twice as much of + +the frequency spectrum. + +Well you could say, OK, let's +just shift this up this way + +and get rid of this part. + +That's of course what +the complex + +exponential carrier did. + +And the issue there is that +now you've got to transmit + +both a real part and +an imaginary part. + +So what you can think about, and +ask, is if you still want + +to transmit a real-valued +signal, how can you somehow + +remove the inefficiency or +redundancy in the spectrum? + +Well, notice that what we have +is this spectrum moved here, + +and moved here. + +And we could imagine building +real-valued signal by + +eliminating what I refer to here +as the lower sideband out + +of the positive frequencies, and +the lower sideband out of + +the negative frequencies. + +And in effect, what we've done +is taken just the positive + +frequencies here, shifted +them there, the negative + +frequencies here, and +shifted them here. + +And the resulting spectrum +is what I indicate below. + +Well, this is what +is often done. + +And what it's referred to +as is single sideband. + +What we've done is kept the +upper sideband, in this + +particular case. + +We could alternatively think +of putting this system + +together where we retain the +lower sideband instead of the + +upper sideband. + +And in either case, what we've +removed is an inefficiency in + +transmission of the signal. + +Namely we have a real-valued +signal, but it only requires + +as much total bandwidth, in +terms of the frequencies in + +which there's energy present, +as the original signal. + +Well how do we do this? + +There are a variety of ways. + +And there's one procedure that +is discussed in more detail in + +the text, which uses what's +referred to as a 90 degree + +phase splitter. + +The simplest way, at least +conceptually, is to think + +about doing it with filtering. + +And the idea simply is that if +we have our modulated signal-- + +here's the spectrum of +the modulated signal. + +And if that modulated signal +is simply put through a + +high-pass filter, then the +result will be to eliminate + +the lower sideband, if we choose +the high-pass filter to + +have a characteristic +as I indicate here. + +So this, conceptually, is a +very sharp cutoff filter. + +And what it eliminates are +the lower sidebands. + +And the resulting spectrum +is what we have below. + +And this in fact is really +the basic idea behind + +single-sideband transmission. + +Again, there's a tradeoff. + +It's clearly more efficient +than double-sideband + +transmission, but also has the +complication, or additional + +issue, that the modulator +becomes a little more + +complicated because you need +this filtering operation, or + +some equivalent operation, +to get rid of + +the unwanted sideband. + +Well, this is a fairly quick +tour through a variety of + +issues related to modulation. + +And it really is just the tip +of the iceberg, obviously. + +Modulation in the context of +sinusoidal modulation, as + +we've talked about, has a +lot of detailed issues + +associated with it. + +It's important to recognize, and +to be somewhat pleased by + +the fact, that not only with the +mathematical foundations + +that we've developed can we +understand the basics of + +sinusoidal amplitude +modulation. + +But what you'll find if you dig +into this somewhat deeper + +that the basic background that +we built up so far-- + +the mathematical tools-- + +are really pretty much what +you need for a much deeper + +understanding of all of +the issues involved. + +So from what might have seemed +like a fairly abstract + +mathematical property associated +with the Fourier + +transform, we've begun to +develop what should give you + +the sense of some important +practical considerations. + +And as we'll see the next +lecture, very much the same + +kinds of notions apply for +discrete time, sinusoidal, and + +complex exponential amplitude +modulation. + +And also as I indicated at the +beginning of the lecture, in + +the next lecture we'll also talk +about what's referred to + +as pulse amplitude modulation. + +It's a different kind +of carrier. + +And what that will lead to, +among other things, is a very + +important bridge between the +notions of continuous time and + +the notions of discrete time. + +Thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/U_LjhPf92-A.txt b/U_LjhPf92-A.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67ccd0d8da5c67e869d68341a560dafe9fb2877b --- /dev/null +++ b/U_LjhPf92-A.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7155 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu um today is a workshop on + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu um today is a workshop on + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu um today is a workshop on +presenting uh mathematics one of the two + + align:start position:0% +presenting uh mathematics one of the two + + + align:start position:0% +presenting uh mathematics one of the two +basic forms of communication that we + + align:start position:0% +basic forms of communication that we + + + align:start position:0% +basic forms of communication that we +have in this subject the other one being + + align:start position:0% +have in this subject the other one being + + + align:start position:0% +have in this subject the other one being +writing uh and workshop on that is going + + align:start position:0% +writing uh and workshop on that is going + + + align:start position:0% +writing uh and workshop on that is going +to happen this Friday here also that'll + + align:start position:0% +to happen this Friday here also that'll + + + align:start position:0% +to happen this Friday here also that'll +be two hour long Workshop we have that + + align:start position:0% +be two hour long Workshop we have that + + + align:start position:0% +be two hour long Workshop we have that +one to three slot on Fridays so it'll be + + align:start position:0% +one to three slot on Fridays so it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +one to three slot on Fridays so it'll be +a little more extended than this one + + align:start position:0% +a little more extended than this one + + + align:start position:0% +a little more extended than this one +which is just last to two so let me turn + + align:start position:0% +which is just last to two so let me turn + + + align:start position:0% +which is just last to two so let me turn +this over to Susan who will take it from + + align:start position:0% +this over to Susan who will take it from + + + align:start position:0% +this over to Susan who will take it from +here thank + + align:start position:0% +here thank + + + align:start position:0% +here thank +you so I have just handed out a + + align:start position:0% +you so I have just handed out a + + + align:start position:0% +you so I have just handed out a +description of a talk that meet SP + + align:start position:0% +description of a talk that meet SP + + + align:start position:0% +description of a talk that meet SP +expectations a good talk and an + + align:start position:0% +expectations a good talk and an + + + align:start position:0% +expectations a good talk and an +excellent talk these are from a past + + align:start position:0% +excellent talk these are from a past + + + align:start position:0% +excellent talk these are from a past +semester of + + align:start position:0% +semester of + + + align:start position:0% + +18821 basically uh a talk that meets + + align:start position:0% +18821 basically uh a talk that meets + + + align:start position:0% +18821 basically uh a talk that meets +basic expectations math is correct for + + align:start position:0% +basic expectations math is correct for + + + align:start position:0% +basic expectations math is correct for +all of these the math is correct the + + align:start position:0% +all of these the math is correct the + + + align:start position:0% +all of these the math is correct the +math has to be correct um the math is + + align:start position:0% +math has to be correct um the math is + + + align:start position:0% +math has to be correct um the math is +correct and the audience can perceive + + align:start position:0% +correct and the audience can perceive + + + align:start position:0% +correct and the audience can perceive +what is being said what is being + + align:start position:0% +what is being said what is being + + + align:start position:0% +what is being said what is being +presented so visuals are visible and + + align:start position:0% +presented so visuals are visible and + + + align:start position:0% +presented so visuals are visible and +speech is audible you're not + + align:start position:0% +speech is audible you're not + + + align:start position:0% +speech is audible you're not +talking as you presentent that meets + + align:start position:0% +talking as you presentent that meets + + + align:start position:0% +talking as you presentent that meets +basic expectations a good talk + + align:start position:0% +basic expectations a good talk + + + align:start position:0% +basic expectations a good talk +effectively so if the audience is uh + + align:start position:0% +effectively so if the audience is uh + + + align:start position:0% +effectively so if the audience is uh +paying attention then they can follow + + align:start position:0% +paying attention then they can follow + + + align:start position:0% +paying attention then they can follow +and understand what is being presented + + align:start position:0% +and understand what is being presented + + + align:start position:0% +and understand what is being presented +and an excellent talk is easy to pay + + align:start position:0% +and an excellent talk is easy to pay + + + align:start position:0% +and an excellent talk is easy to pay +attention to because it's interesting so + + align:start position:0% +attention to because it's interesting so + + + align:start position:0% +attention to because it's interesting so +that's the basic idea um you can think + + align:start position:0% +that's the basic idea um you can think + + + align:start position:0% +that's the basic idea um you can think +about that as you see two sample + + align:start position:0% +about that as you see two sample + + + align:start position:0% +about that as you see two sample +presentations one by Nat and one by Saul + + align:start position:0% +presentations one by Nat and one by Saul + + + align:start position:0% +presentations one by Nat and one by Saul +decide which one you like better try to + + align:start position:0% +decide which one you like better try to + + + align:start position:0% +decide which one you like better try to +actually understand the content so which + + align:start position:0% +actually understand the content so which + + + align:start position:0% +actually understand the content so which +is are they effective do you learn from + + align:start position:0% +is are they effective do you learn from + + + align:start position:0% +is are they effective do you learn from +them are they + + align:start position:0% +them are they + + + align:start position:0% +them are they +interesting uh and then we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it okay well thank you for letting me + + align:start position:0% +it okay well thank you for letting me + + + align:start position:0% +it okay well thank you for letting me +talk today I'm going to be talking about + + align:start position:0% +talk today I'm going to be talking about + + + align:start position:0% +talk today I'm going to be talking about +uh the project that my team's been + + align:start position:0% +uh the project that my team's been + + + align:start position:0% +uh the project that my team's been +working on for the last several weeks + + align:start position:0% +working on for the last several weeks + + + align:start position:0% +working on for the last several weeks +and that is + + align:start position:0% +and that is + + + align:start position:0% +and that is +knots and color + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ility so I guess it would be best if I + + align:start position:0% +ility so I guess it would be best if I + + + align:start position:0% +ility so I guess it would be best if I +begin with the definition of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not well an oriented + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knot is a differentiable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function K from R to R3 that satisfies + + align:start position:0% +function K from R to R3 that satisfies + + + align:start position:0% +function K from R to R3 that satisfies +some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +properties the first + + align:start position:0% +properties the first + + + align:start position:0% +properties the first +property is that K of x equals K of Y if + + align:start position:0% +property is that K of x equals K of Y if + + + align:start position:0% +property is that K of x equals K of Y if +and only if x - Y is an + + align:start position:0% +and only if x - Y is an + + + align:start position:0% +and only if x - Y is an +integer so this says that we really are + + align:start position:0% +integer so this says that we really are + + + align:start position:0% +integer so this says that we really are +looking at a map from a circle into R3 + + align:start position:0% +looking at a map from a circle into R3 + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a map from a circle into R3 +and it's not allowed to intersect itself + + align:start position:0% +and it's not allowed to intersect itself + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not allowed to intersect itself +anywhere the second property is that the + + align:start position:0% +anywhere the second property is that the + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere the second property is that the +derivative of K can't be zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if that's an oriented knot uh what's + + align:start position:0% +so if that's an oriented knot uh what's + + + align:start position:0% +so if that's an oriented knot uh what's +a knot well we get a + + align:start position:0% +a knot well we get a + + + align:start position:0% +a knot well we get a +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knot by forgetting about the orientation + + align:start position:0% +knot by forgetting about the orientation + + + align:start position:0% +knot by forgetting about the orientation +or in other words I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identifying uh K of t + + align:start position:0% +identifying uh K of t + + + align:start position:0% +identifying uh K of t +with K minus t + + align:start position:0% +with K minus t + + + align:start position:0% +with K minus t +that's how we get a knot uh from an + + align:start position:0% +that's how we get a knot uh from an + + + align:start position:0% +that's how we get a knot uh from an +oriented + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knot we really like to think about a + + align:start position:0% +knot we really like to think about a + + + align:start position:0% +knot we really like to think about a +knot as its image inside of R3 which is + + align:start position:0% +knot as its image inside of R3 which is + + + align:start position:0% +knot as its image inside of R3 which is +some kind of twisted up + + align:start position:0% +some kind of twisted up + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of twisted up +Loop but what does it mean for two knots + + align:start position:0% +Loop but what does it mean for two knots + + + align:start position:0% +Loop but what does it mean for two knots +to be the same well there's another + + align:start position:0% +to be the same well there's another + + + align:start position:0% +to be the same well there's another +definition + + align:start position:0% +definition + + + align:start position:0% +definition +here two knots are the + + align:start position:0% +here two knots are the + + + align:start position:0% +here two knots are the +same two + + align:start position:0% +same two + + + align:start position:0% +same two +knots are the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if they are what's known as ambient + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +isotopic and this means that there's + + align:start position:0% +isotopic and this means that there's + + + align:start position:0% +isotopic and this means that there's +some differentiable function f from R + + align:start position:0% +some differentiable function f from R + + + align:start position:0% +some differentiable function f from R +cross + + align:start position:0% +cross + + + align:start position:0% +cross +01 to R + + align:start position:0% +01 to R + + + align:start position:0% +01 to R +cubed with the property that f subt is + + align:start position:0% +cubed with the property that f subt is + + + align:start position:0% +cubed with the property that f subt is +always enough + + align:start position:0% +always enough + + + align:start position:0% +always enough +and if my two knots were k0 and K1 then + + align:start position:0% +and if my two knots were k0 and K1 then + + + align:start position:0% +and if my two knots were k0 and K1 then +F0 equal k0 and f sub1 equals + + align:start position:0% +F0 equal k0 and f sub1 equals + + + align:start position:0% +F0 equal k0 and f sub1 equals +K1 so that's that's a notion of + + align:start position:0% +K1 so that's that's a notion of + + + align:start position:0% +K1 so that's that's a notion of +samess uh for knots but usually we like + + align:start position:0% +samess uh for knots but usually we like + + + align:start position:0% +samess uh for knots but usually we like +to think about knots in terms of their + + align:start position:0% +to think about knots in terms of their + + + align:start position:0% +to think about knots in terms of their +projections onto a plane uh and when we + + align:start position:0% +projections onto a plane uh and when we + + + align:start position:0% +projections onto a plane uh and when we +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +that we like to graphically represent + + align:start position:0% +that we like to graphically represent + + + align:start position:0% +that we like to graphically represent +THB like this where uh if one part of + + align:start position:0% +THB like this where uh if one part of + + + align:start position:0% +THB like this where uh if one part of +the loop is above the other we just put + + align:start position:0% +the loop is above the other we just put + + + align:start position:0% +the loop is above the other we just put +it above like this to symbolize that + + align:start position:0% +it above like this to symbolize that + + + align:start position:0% +it above like this to symbolize that +it's above and the other one is below + + align:start position:0% +it's above and the other one is below + + + align:start position:0% +it's above and the other one is below +and we call such a thing a not + + align:start position:0% +and we call such a thing a not + + + align:start position:0% +and we call such a thing a not +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagram now it's an old theorem of rhom + + align:start position:0% +diagram now it's an old theorem of rhom + + + align:start position:0% +diagram now it's an old theorem of rhom +misers that two knots are ambient + + align:start position:0% +misers that two knots are ambient + + + align:start position:0% +misers that two knots are ambient +isotopic if and only if when I draw the + + align:start position:0% +isotopic if and only if when I draw the + + + align:start position:0% +isotopic if and only if when I draw the +two knot diagam corresponding to those + + align:start position:0% +two knot diagam corresponding to those + + + align:start position:0% +two knot diagam corresponding to those +knots I can get from one to the other + + align:start position:0% +knots I can get from one to the other + + + align:start position:0% +knots I can get from one to the other +via some things called Romer moves that + + align:start position:0% +via some things called Romer moves that + + + align:start position:0% +via some things called Romer moves that +I just happen to have on the board right + + align:start position:0% +I just happen to have on the board right + + + align:start position:0% +I just happen to have on the board right +here so we have the two knot diagrams + + align:start position:0% +here so we have the two knot diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +here so we have the two knot diagrams +and the two knots corresponding to them + + align:start position:0% +and the two knots corresponding to them + + + align:start position:0% +and the two knots corresponding to them +are ambient isotopic if I can get from + + align:start position:0% +are ambient isotopic if I can get from + + + align:start position:0% +are ambient isotopic if I can get from +one to the other by either unlooping a + + align:start position:0% +one to the other by either unlooping a + + + align:start position:0% +one to the other by either unlooping a +loop like this or um passing one part of + + align:start position:0% +loop like this or um passing one part of + + + align:start position:0% +loop like this or um passing one part of +a loop over another like R2 says here or + + align:start position:0% +a loop over another like R2 says here or + + + align:start position:0% +a loop over another like R2 says here or +by taking a strand like this and passing + + align:start position:0% +by taking a strand like this and passing + + + align:start position:0% +by taking a strand like this and passing +it over a Crossing which is what happens + + align:start position:0% +it over a Crossing which is what happens + + + align:start position:0% +it over a Crossing which is what happens +in R3 here we've taken the bottom Strand + + align:start position:0% +in R3 here we've taken the bottom Strand + + + align:start position:0% +in R3 here we've taken the bottom Strand +and passed it over the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +crossing okay so that's some history and + + align:start position:0% +crossing okay so that's some history and + + + align:start position:0% +crossing okay so that's some history and +the definitions um but now I want to get + + align:start position:0% +the definitions um but now I want to get + + + align:start position:0% +the definitions um but now I want to get +to the stuff that I'm most interested in + + align:start position:0% +to the stuff that I'm most interested in + + + align:start position:0% +to the stuff that I'm most interested in +the stuff that we've really worked on + + align:start position:0% +the stuff that we've really worked on + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff that we've really worked on +which is colorability + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the definition + + align:start position:0% +so the definition + + + align:start position:0% +so the definition +is the + + align:start position:0% +is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the +following a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coloring is an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +assignment an + + align:start position:0% +assignment an + + + align:start position:0% +assignment an +assignment of one of three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +colors so we could call them red green + + align:start position:0% +colors so we could call them red green + + + align:start position:0% +colors so we could call them red green +and blue to the strands of a knot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to the strands of a not diagram such + + align:start position:0% +to the strands of a not diagram such + + + align:start position:0% +to the strands of a not diagram such +that at each + + align:start position:0% +that at each + + + align:start position:0% +that at each +Crossing so a Crossing is a place where + + align:start position:0% +Crossing so a Crossing is a place where + + + align:start position:0% +Crossing so a Crossing is a place where +two strands meet uh where where two + + align:start position:0% +two strands meet uh where where two + + + align:start position:0% +two strands meet uh where where two +where one um part of the knot passes + + align:start position:0% +where one um part of the knot passes + + + align:start position:0% +where one um part of the knot passes +over another uh at each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +crossing the colors are all the same or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +different well that's a kind of stupid + + align:start position:0% +different well that's a kind of stupid + + + align:start position:0% +different well that's a kind of stupid +definition because if I have any not + + align:start position:0% +definition because if I have any not + + + align:start position:0% +definition because if I have any not +diagram well I could just color every + + align:start position:0% +diagram well I could just color every + + + align:start position:0% +diagram well I could just color every +strand the same color and uh that would + + align:start position:0% +strand the same color and uh that would + + + align:start position:0% +strand the same color and uh that would +be a coloring so we need some notion of + + align:start position:0% +be a coloring so we need some notion of + + + align:start position:0% +be a coloring so we need some notion of +a non-trivial coloring + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh the right thing to say there is + + align:start position:0% +and uh the right thing to say there is + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the right thing to say there is +that a coloring is + + align:start position:0% +that a coloring is + + + align:start position:0% +that a coloring is +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +non-trivial uh if more than one color is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +used okay so um this brings us to the + + align:start position:0% +used okay so um this brings us to the + + + align:start position:0% +used okay so um this brings us to the +main result of our work these last few + + align:start position:0% +main result of our work these last few + + + align:start position:0% +main result of our work these last few +weeks which is the following + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theorem and it + + align:start position:0% +theorem and it + + + align:start position:0% +theorem and it +says if a knot diagram for a particular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knot is non-trivially + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +colorable then every knot diagram for + + align:start position:0% +colorable then every knot diagram for + + + align:start position:0% +colorable then every knot diagram for +the knot is non- + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +colorable so how does one go about + + align:start position:0% +colorable so how does one go about + + + align:start position:0% +colorable so how does one go about +proving such a + + align:start position:0% +proving such a + + + align:start position:0% +proving such a +thing well the trick is to use ROM + + align:start position:0% +thing well the trick is to use ROM + + + align:start position:0% +thing well the trick is to use ROM +misers theorem that I told you about a + + align:start position:0% +misers theorem that I told you about a + + + align:start position:0% +misers theorem that I told you about a +little bit ago we have these three + + align:start position:0% +little bit ago we have these three + + + align:start position:0% +little bit ago we have these three +different operations that we can do to a + + align:start position:0% +different operations that we can do to a + + + align:start position:0% +different operations that we can do to a +KN diagram and we need to show that + + align:start position:0% +KN diagram and we need to show that + + + align:start position:0% +KN diagram and we need to show that +coloring is preserved under these so if + + align:start position:0% +coloring is preserved under these so if + + + align:start position:0% +coloring is preserved under these so if +you look at them uh R1 and R2 are just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trivial um but R3 is the interesting + + align:start position:0% +trivial um but R3 is the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +trivial um but R3 is the interesting +bit because there's five cases + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so let me show you how some of them + + align:start position:0% +here so let me show you how some of them + + + align:start position:0% +here so let me show you how some of them +go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's see + + align:start position:0% +let's see + + + align:start position:0% +let's see +here to draw + + align:start position:0% +here to draw + + + align:start position:0% +here to draw +this well we could have uh the following + + align:start position:0% +this well we could have uh the following + + + align:start position:0% +this well we could have uh the following +coloring red blue + + align:start position:0% +coloring red blue + + + align:start position:0% +coloring red blue +green um blue + + align:start position:0% +green um blue + + + align:start position:0% +green um blue +red uh blue + + align:start position:0% +red uh blue + + + align:start position:0% +red uh blue +okay that is a good + + align:start position:0% +okay that is a good + + + align:start position:0% +okay that is a good +coloring um and so that is non-trivial + + align:start position:0% +coloring um and so that is non-trivial + + + align:start position:0% +coloring um and so that is non-trivial +it's part of a non-trivial coloring of + + align:start position:0% +it's part of a non-trivial coloring of + + + align:start position:0% +it's part of a non-trivial coloring of +some knot and now I just need + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to color this bit and how do I do it + + align:start position:0% +to color this bit and how do I do it + + + align:start position:0% +to color this bit and how do I do it +well there's blue on this big strand so + + align:start position:0% +well there's blue on this big strand so + + + align:start position:0% +well there's blue on this big strand so +I put a blue here and then this has got + + align:start position:0% +I put a blue here and then this has got + + + align:start position:0% +I put a blue here and then this has got +to be red uh and this has got to be blue + + align:start position:0% +to be red uh and this has got to be blue + + + align:start position:0% +to be red uh and this has got to be blue +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and uh let's see here and this has got + + align:start position:0% +and uh let's see here and this has got + + + align:start position:0% +and uh let's see here and this has got +to be red + + align:start position:0% +to be red + + + align:start position:0% +to be red +and this has got to + + align:start position:0% +and this has got to + + + align:start position:0% +and this has got to +be this one has got to be blue so red + + align:start position:0% +be this one has got to be blue so red + + + align:start position:0% +be this one has got to be blue so red +blue this has got to be + + align:start position:0% +blue this has got to be + + + align:start position:0% +blue this has got to be +green and that worked there we go so + + align:start position:0% +green and that worked there we go so + + + align:start position:0% +green and that worked there we go so +there is uh one case and let me just + + align:start position:0% +there is uh one case and let me just + + + align:start position:0% +there is uh one case and let me just +show you another one um so that you get + + align:start position:0% +show you another one um so that you get + + + align:start position:0% +show you another one um so that you get +the idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in this + + align:start position:0% +so in this + + + align:start position:0% +so in this +case let's see if we can make have none + + align:start position:0% +case let's see if we can make have none + + + align:start position:0% +case let's see if we can make have none +of the intersections be the same colors + + align:start position:0% +of the intersections be the same colors + + + align:start position:0% +of the intersections be the same colors +we'll have uh + + align:start position:0% +we'll have uh + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have uh +red + + align:start position:0% +red + + + align:start position:0% +red +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blue + + align:start position:0% +blue + + + align:start position:0% +blue +green uh and then let's have blue red + + align:start position:0% +green uh and then let's have blue red + + + align:start position:0% +green uh and then let's have blue red +green there we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +and here we go + + align:start position:0% +and here we go + + + align:start position:0% +and here we go +so again this long one is blue so this + + align:start position:0% +so again this long one is blue so this + + + align:start position:0% +so again this long one is blue so this +has got to be blue and uh this has got + + align:start position:0% +has got to be blue and uh this has got + + + align:start position:0% +has got to be blue and uh this has got +to be blue and this is red and this down + + align:start position:0% +to be blue and this is red and this down + + + align:start position:0% +to be blue and this is red and this down +here is red and so we see that this has + + align:start position:0% +here is red and so we see that this has + + + align:start position:0% +here is red and so we see that this has +got to be blue so this one had better be + + align:start position:0% +got to be blue so this one had better be + + + align:start position:0% +got to be blue so this one had better be +green and that's right uh and that + + align:start position:0% +green and that's right uh and that + + + align:start position:0% +green and that's right uh and that +completes so so there's three more cases + + align:start position:0% +completes so so there's three more cases + + + align:start position:0% +completes so so there's three more cases +but they're just like that and that + + align:start position:0% +but they're just like that and that + + + align:start position:0% +but they're just like that and that +basically completes the proof that's + + align:start position:0% +basically completes the proof that's + + + align:start position:0% +basically completes the proof that's +what we've + + align:start position:0% +what we've + + + align:start position:0% +what we've +accomplished + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and are there any + + align:start position:0% +and are there any + + + align:start position:0% +and are there any +questions did you ever Define what a + + align:start position:0% +questions did you ever Define what a + + + align:start position:0% +questions did you ever Define what a +strand was oh a strand is just is just + + align:start position:0% +strand was oh a strand is just is just + + + align:start position:0% +strand was oh a strand is just is just +in the not diagram a strand is just one + + align:start position:0% +in the not diagram a strand is just one + + + align:start position:0% +in the not diagram a strand is just one +of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +segments yeah can you give an example of + + align:start position:0% +segments yeah can you give an example of + + + align:start position:0% +segments yeah can you give an example of +a not which is not + + align:start position:0% +a not which is not + + + align:start position:0% +a not which is not +colorable not non-trivially colorable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um well uh oh I guess actually I heard + + align:start position:0% +um well uh oh I guess actually I heard + + + align:start position:0% +um well uh oh I guess actually I heard +that the figure8 knot has that property + + align:start position:0% +that the figure8 knot has that property + + + align:start position:0% +that the figure8 knot has that property +uh but I can't remember I can't really + + align:start position:0% +uh but I can't remember I can't really + + + align:start position:0% +uh but I can't remember I can't really +remember how that + + align:start position:0% +remember how that + + + align:start position:0% +remember how that +goes I don't really like drawing + + align:start position:0% +goes I don't really like drawing + + + align:start position:0% +goes I don't really like drawing +kns + + align:start position:0% +kns + + + align:start position:0% +kns +uh okay so should I put my two questions + + align:start position:0% +uh okay so should I put my two questions + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay so should I put my two questions +up yes there is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quiz right here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay another question one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two so question one is can you figure + + align:start position:0% +two so question one is can you figure + + + align:start position:0% +two so question one is can you figure +that one out um and question two is in + + align:start position:0% +that one out um and question two is in + + + align:start position:0% +that one out um and question two is in +two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sentences uh or + + align:start position:0% +sentences uh or + + + align:start position:0% +sentences uh or +less trying to + + align:start position:0% +less trying to + + + align:start position:0% +less trying to +explain why colorability + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is interesting or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +important guess that's a + + align:start position:0% +important guess that's a + + + align:start position:0% +important guess that's a +St so go ahead and take a few minutes to + + align:start position:0% +St so go ahead and take a few minutes to + + + align:start position:0% +St so go ahead and take a few minutes to +work on these questions and also feel + + align:start position:0% +work on these questions and also feel + + + align:start position:0% +work on these questions and also feel +free to jot down your notes of your + + align:start position:0% +free to jot down your notes of your + + + align:start position:0% +free to jot down your notes of your +impression of this talk because we'll + + align:start position:0% +impression of this talk because we'll + + + align:start position:0% +impression of this talk because we'll +talk about both of the talks after + + align:start position:0% +talk about both of the talks after + + + align:start position:0% +talk about both of the talks after +they've both been given what was + + align:start position:0% +they've both been given what was + + + align:start position:0% +they've both been given what was +question one it was what does that + + align:start position:0% +question one it was what does that + + + align:start position:0% +question one it was what does that +correspond apply the third rizer move + + align:start position:0% +correspond apply the third rizer move + + + align:start position:0% +correspond apply the third rizer move +and try and color it do this piece of + + align:start position:0% +and try and color it do this piece of + + + align:start position:0% +and try and color it do this piece of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pro the purpose of these questions is to + + align:start position:0% +pro the purpose of these questions is to + + + align:start position:0% +pro the purpose of these questions is to +help you understand how well you + + align:start position:0% +help you understand how well you + + + align:start position:0% +help you understand how well you +understood the talk because it's easy to + + align:start position:0% +understood the talk because it's easy to + + + align:start position:0% +understood the talk because it's easy to +think that you understood a talk and + + align:start position:0% +think that you understood a talk and + + + align:start position:0% +think that you understood a talk and +then realize that maybe perhap you + + align:start position:0% +then realize that maybe perhap you + + + align:start position:0% +then realize that maybe perhap you +didn't really understand it as well as + + align:start position:0% +didn't really understand it as well as + + + align:start position:0% +didn't really understand it as well as +you thought you did it's more important + + align:start position:0% +you thought you did it's more important + + + align:start position:0% +you thought you did it's more important +to jot down your thoughts about the talk + + align:start position:0% +to jot down your thoughts about the talk + + + align:start position:0% +to jot down your thoughts about the talk +than to complete answering the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions so our second presentation all + + align:start position:0% +questions so our second presentation all + + + align:start position:0% +questions so our second presentation all +right hello everybody um I'm very + + align:start position:0% +right hello everybody um I'm very + + + align:start position:0% +right hello everybody um I'm very +pleased to be here talking to you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all so the project I've been working + + align:start position:0% +all so the project I've been working + + + align:start position:0% +all so the project I've been working +with my team for a few weeks + + align:start position:0% +with my team for a few weeks + + + align:start position:0% +with my team for a few weeks +is entitled + + align:start position:0% +is entitled + + + align:start position:0% +is entitled +knots and colorability + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the main subject of the talk is + + align:start position:0% +and the main subject of the talk is + + + align:start position:0% +and the main subject of the talk is +colorability of knots but um before that + + align:start position:0% +colorability of knots but um before that + + + align:start position:0% +colorability of knots but um before that +I think I'd better say a few words about + + align:start position:0% +I think I'd better say a few words about + + + align:start position:0% +I think I'd better say a few words about +knots so what is a knot well it's + + align:start position:0% +knots so what is a knot well it's + + + align:start position:0% +knots so what is a knot well it's +basically what you think it is it's like + + align:start position:0% +basically what you think it is it's like + + + align:start position:0% +basically what you think it is it's like +a closed loop of string in space that + + align:start position:0% +a closed loop of string in space that + + + align:start position:0% +a closed loop of string in space that +might be Tangled Up in itself somehow so + + align:start position:0% +might be Tangled Up in itself somehow so + + + align:start position:0% +might be Tangled Up in itself somehow so +let me give you a couple of + + align:start position:0% +let me give you a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +let me give you a couple of +examples so here's the simplest possible + + align:start position:0% +examples so here's the simplest possible + + + align:start position:0% +examples so here's the simplest possible +knot it's not Tangled at all it's just a + + align:start position:0% +knot it's not Tangled at all it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +knot it's not Tangled at all it's just a +loop and we call it the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unot and even the simplest non-trivial + + align:start position:0% +unot and even the simplest non-trivial + + + align:start position:0% +unot and even the simplest non-trivial +knot is slightly difficult to draw so I + + align:start position:0% +knot is slightly difficult to draw so I + + + align:start position:0% +knot is slightly difficult to draw so I +need to um copy it from my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +notes we call this the troil + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the central question of knot theory + + align:start position:0% +so the central question of knot theory + + + align:start position:0% +so the central question of knot theory +is to classify + + align:start position:0% +is to classify + + + align:start position:0% +is to classify +knots give a list of all the knots that + + align:start position:0% +knots give a list of all the knots that + + + align:start position:0% +knots give a list of all the knots that +there are well obviously we need an idea + + align:start position:0% +there are well obviously we need an idea + + + align:start position:0% +there are well obviously we need an idea +of when two knots are the same for + + align:start position:0% +of when two knots are the same for + + + align:start position:0% +of when two knots are the same for +instance if I draw this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knot well it's sort of clear that this + + align:start position:0% +knot well it's sort of clear that this + + + align:start position:0% +knot well it's sort of clear that this +is really just the unot with a loop + + align:start position:0% +is really just the unot with a loop + + + align:start position:0% +is really just the unot with a loop +moved over + + align:start position:0% +moved over + + + align:start position:0% +moved over +itself um so we have to say what we mean + + align:start position:0% +itself um so we have to say what we mean + + + align:start position:0% +itself um so we have to say what we mean +for two knots to be the same and what we + + align:start position:0% +for two knots to be the same and what we + + + align:start position:0% +for two knots to be the same and what we +mean is just that one can somehow be + + align:start position:0% +mean is just that one can somehow be + + + align:start position:0% +mean is just that one can somehow be +bent and wrestled into the other without + + align:start position:0% +bent and wrestled into the other without + + + align:start position:0% +bent and wrestled into the other without +tearing it or passing it through + + align:start position:0% +tearing it or passing it through + + + align:start position:0% +tearing it or passing it through +itself and the goal of not theory is to + + align:start position:0% +itself and the goal of not theory is to + + + align:start position:0% +itself and the goal of not theory is to +classify knots up to this idea of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +samess + + align:start position:0% +samess + + + align:start position:0% +samess +so as you can see um we work really not + + align:start position:0% +so as you can see um we work really not + + + align:start position:0% +so as you can see um we work really not +with the full knots in threedimensional + + align:start position:0% +with the full knots in threedimensional + + + align:start position:0% +with the full knots in threedimensional +space but with these sorts of diagrams + + align:start position:0% +space but with these sorts of diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +space but with these sorts of diagrams +and it's easy to tell um from one of + + align:start position:0% +and it's easy to tell um from one of + + + align:start position:0% +and it's easy to tell um from one of +these diagrams how you could pull it out + + align:start position:0% +these diagrams how you could pull it out + + + align:start position:0% +these diagrams how you could pull it out +the Blackboard and form a genuine space + + align:start position:0% +the Blackboard and form a genuine space + + + align:start position:0% +the Blackboard and form a genuine space +knot um + + align:start position:0% +knot um + + + align:start position:0% +knot um +so a great theorem of not Theory tells + + align:start position:0% +so a great theorem of not Theory tells + + + align:start position:0% +so a great theorem of not Theory tells +us that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when sorry + + align:start position:0% +when sorry + + + align:start position:0% +when sorry +Whenever two knot diagrams represent the + + align:start position:0% +Whenever two knot diagrams represent the + + + align:start position:0% +Whenever two knot diagrams represent the +same knot they can be related by a very + + align:start position:0% +same knot they can be related by a very + + + align:start position:0% +same knot they can be related by a very +simple series of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moves these are the rerer moves which I + + align:start position:0% +moves these are the rerer moves which I + + + align:start position:0% +moves these are the rerer moves which I +just happen to have + + align:start position:0% +just happen to have + + + align:start position:0% +just happen to have +here so rerer theem + + align:start position:0% +here so rerer theem + + + align:start position:0% +here so rerer theem +states that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +if two not diagrams by which I mean + + align:start position:0% +if two not diagrams by which I mean + + + align:start position:0% +if two not diagrams by which I mean +these um two dimensional drawings which + + align:start position:0% +these um two dimensional drawings which + + + align:start position:0% +these um two dimensional drawings which +have just slid the board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over represent the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knot + + align:start position:0% +knot + + + align:start position:0% +knot +then they can be related + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by a sequence of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moves of these types over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +so you can see fairly easily that none + + align:start position:0% +so you can see fairly easily that none + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see fairly easily that none +of these moves um really change the knot + + align:start position:0% +of these moves um really change the knot + + + align:start position:0% +of these moves um really change the knot +in any important way I mean this is just + + align:start position:0% +in any important way I mean this is just + + + align:start position:0% +in any important way I mean this is just +untwisting a loop this is while those + + align:start position:0% +untwisting a loop this is while those + + + align:start position:0% +untwisting a loop this is while those +two strands just happen to be lying on + + align:start position:0% +two strands just happen to be lying on + + + align:start position:0% +two strands just happen to be lying on +top of each other let's pull them apart + + align:start position:0% +top of each other let's pull them apart + + + align:start position:0% +top of each other let's pull them apart +and this is just moving this segment + + align:start position:0% +and this is just moving this segment + + + align:start position:0% +and this is just moving this segment +here over that Crossing doesn't make any + + align:start position:0% +here over that Crossing doesn't make any + + + align:start position:0% +here over that Crossing doesn't make any +difference um the real meat of ryom + + align:start position:0% +difference um the real meat of ryom + + + align:start position:0% +difference um the real meat of ryom +theorem is the claim that no matter how + + align:start position:0% +theorem is the claim that no matter how + + + align:start position:0% +theorem is the claim that no matter how +convoluted the two knot diagrams were if + + align:start position:0% +convoluted the two knot diagrams were if + + + align:start position:0% +convoluted the two knot diagrams were if +they did represent the same knot then + + align:start position:0% +they did represent the same knot then + + + align:start position:0% +they did represent the same knot then +you can always relate them by these + + align:start position:0% +you can always relate them by these + + + align:start position:0% +you can always relate them by these +three simple + + align:start position:0% +three simple + + + align:start position:0% +three simple +moves so that's a way of proving that + + align:start position:0% +moves so that's a way of proving that + + + align:start position:0% +moves so that's a way of proving that +two knots are the same it's comforting + + align:start position:0% +two knots are the same it's comforting + + + align:start position:0% +two knots are the same it's comforting +that you only have to use these moves + + align:start position:0% +that you only have to use these moves + + + align:start position:0% +that you only have to use these moves +but how do you + + align:start position:0% +but how do you + + + align:start position:0% +but how do you +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +show that two knots are not the same if + + align:start position:0% +show that two knots are not the same if + + + align:start position:0% +show that two knots are not the same if +we want to classify all knots we better + + align:start position:0% +we want to classify all knots we better + + + align:start position:0% +we want to classify all knots we better +be able to say that the UN knot in the + + align:start position:0% +be able to say that the UN knot in the + + + align:start position:0% +be able to say that the UN knot in the +tri oil are different so romis theorem + + align:start position:0% +tri oil are different so romis theorem + + + align:start position:0% +tri oil are different so romis theorem +doesn't give an algorithm um it could be + + align:start position:0% +doesn't give an algorithm um it could be + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't give an algorithm um it could be +that if two simple knot diagrams + + align:start position:0% +that if two simple knot diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +that if two simple knot diagrams +represent the same knot then there's no + + align:start position:0% +represent the same knot then there's no + + + align:start position:0% +represent the same knot then there's no +way of getting from one to the other + + align:start position:0% +way of getting from one to the other + + + align:start position:0% +way of getting from one to the other +without passing through a much more comp + + align:start position:0% +without passing through a much more comp + + + align:start position:0% +without passing through a much more comp +there could be no way of passing through + + align:start position:0% +there could be no way of passing through + + + align:start position:0% +there could be no way of passing through +from one to the other without passing + + align:start position:0% +from one to the other without passing + + + align:start position:0% +from one to the other without passing +through a much more complicated not so + + align:start position:0% +through a much more complicated not so + + + align:start position:0% +through a much more complicated not so +you can't prove that the tra oil is not + + align:start position:0% +you can't prove that the tra oil is not + + + align:start position:0% +you can't prove that the tra oil is not +the same as the unlock by saying well I + + align:start position:0% +the same as the unlock by saying well I + + + align:start position:0% +the same as the unlock by saying well I +tried the rer Meer moves and I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +failed we need + + align:start position:0% +failed we need + + + align:start position:0% +failed we need +something more + + align:start position:0% +something more + + + align:start position:0% +something more +powerful and that's the idea of a not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +invariant so what's a not invariant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well it's really a property of a not + + align:start position:0% +well it's really a property of a not + + + align:start position:0% +well it's really a property of a not +diagram that can hopefully be read off + + align:start position:0% +diagram that can hopefully be read off + + + align:start position:0% +diagram that can hopefully be read off +from the not diagram in a relatively + + align:start position:0% +from the not diagram in a relatively + + + align:start position:0% +from the not diagram in a relatively +clean and easy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way and we want it to be + + align:start position:0% +way and we want it to be + + + align:start position:0% +way and we want it to be +shared by + + align:start position:0% +shared by + + + align:start position:0% +shared by +all d + + align:start position:0% +all d + + + align:start position:0% +all d +diagrams representing the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knot and if this property turned out to + + align:start position:0% +knot and if this property turned out to + + + align:start position:0% +knot and if this property turned out to +be different for this diagram and this + + align:start position:0% +be different for this diagram and this + + + align:start position:0% +be different for this diagram and this +diagram then we really would know that + + align:start position:0% +diagram then we really would know that + + + align:start position:0% +diagram then we really would know that +the trle and the unot were + + align:start position:0% +the trle and the unot were + + + align:start position:0% +the trle and the unot were +different so there any questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this great so I want to introduce a + + align:start position:0% +this great so I want to introduce a + + + align:start position:0% +this great so I want to introduce a +particular not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +invariant called colorability + + align:start position:0% +invariant called colorability + + + align:start position:0% +invariant called colorability +and that's the work that's been done + + align:start position:0% +and that's the work that's been done + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the work that's been done +over the past few weeks in my + + align:start position:0% +over the past few weeks in my + + + align:start position:0% +over the past few weeks in my +group + + align:start position:0% +group + + + align:start position:0% +group +so here's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +definition a coloring of a knot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +way of + + align:start position:0% +way of + + + align:start position:0% +way of +assigning a color to each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +strand so what's a + + align:start position:0% +strand so what's a + + + align:start position:0% +strand so what's a +strand well a strand is an unbroken + + align:start position:0% +strand well a strand is an unbroken + + + align:start position:0% +strand well a strand is an unbroken +piece of the string on the page um it + + align:start position:0% +piece of the string on the page um it + + + align:start position:0% +piece of the string on the page um it +moves from one undercrossing to another + + align:start position:0% +moves from one undercrossing to another + + + align:start position:0% +moves from one undercrossing to another +under Crossing so this is an example of + + align:start position:0% +under Crossing so this is an example of + + + align:start position:0% +under Crossing so this is an example of +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +strand this is a strand from here to + + align:start position:0% +strand this is a strand from here to + + + align:start position:0% +strand this is a strand from here to +here but the Strand doesn't continue + + align:start position:0% +here but the Strand doesn't continue + + + align:start position:0% +here but the Strand doesn't continue +over here because there's a + + align:start position:0% +over here because there's a + + + align:start position:0% +over here because there's a +Crossing so each one of those gets a + + align:start position:0% +Crossing so each one of those gets a + + + align:start position:0% +Crossing so each one of those gets a +color um it gets one of three colors + + align:start position:0% +color um it gets one of three colors + + + align:start position:0% +color um it gets one of three colors +which I have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here say + + align:start position:0% +here say + + + align:start position:0% +here say +red green + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blue and this can't just be any coloring + + align:start position:0% +blue and this can't just be any coloring + + + align:start position:0% +blue and this can't just be any coloring +of the strands it has to have a certain + + align:start position:0% +of the strands it has to have a certain + + + align:start position:0% +of the strands it has to have a certain +property + + align:start position:0% +property + + + align:start position:0% +property +so that property + + align:start position:0% +so that property + + + align:start position:0% +so that property +is at any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Crossing so here's an example of a + + align:start position:0% +Crossing so here's an example of a + + + align:start position:0% +Crossing so here's an example of a +Crossing um that's one strand passing + + align:start position:0% +Crossing um that's one strand passing + + + align:start position:0% +Crossing um that's one strand passing +over the top of well another part of the + + align:start position:0% +over the top of well another part of the + + + align:start position:0% +over the top of well another part of the +knot which is then broken into two + + align:start position:0% +knot which is then broken into two + + + align:start position:0% +knot which is then broken into two +strands so we have potentially three + + align:start position:0% +strands so we have potentially three + + + align:start position:0% +strands so we have potentially three +separate strands here and there are + + align:start position:0% +separate strands here and there are + + + align:start position:0% +separate strands here and there are +three colors we could give + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them so we want to insist that the + + align:start position:0% +them so we want to insist that the + + + align:start position:0% +them so we want to insist that the +colors are all different + + align:start position:0% +colors are all different + + + align:start position:0% +colors are all different +so all of red green and blue are + + align:start position:0% +so all of red green and blue are + + + align:start position:0% +so all of red green and blue are +represented or all the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +same so let me draw you some + + align:start position:0% +same so let me draw you some + + + align:start position:0% +same so let me draw you some +examples of colored + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Crossings here's one that's + + align:start position:0% +Crossings here's one that's + + + align:start position:0% +Crossings here's one that's +allowed so let me give that a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tick so the colors are allowed to be all + + align:start position:0% +tick so the colors are allowed to be all + + + align:start position:0% +tick so the colors are allowed to be all +different but they're also allowed to be + + align:start position:0% +different but they're also allowed to be + + + align:start position:0% +different but they're also allowed to be +all the same so this is also perfectly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good and um let me give you one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +non-example if + + align:start position:0% +non-example if + + + align:start position:0% +non-example if +I had done my coloring and I ended up + + align:start position:0% +I had done my coloring and I ended up + + + align:start position:0% +I had done my coloring and I ended up +with a Crossing that looked like this + + align:start position:0% +with a Crossing that looked like this + + + align:start position:0% +with a Crossing that looked like this +I'd have made a mistake because there's + + align:start position:0% +I'd have made a mistake because there's + + + align:start position:0% +I'd have made a mistake because there's +two of one color and only one of + + align:start position:0% +two of one color and only one of + + + align:start position:0% +two of one color and only one of +another all + + align:start position:0% +another all + + + align:start position:0% +another all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so any Notch has this kind of coloring + + align:start position:0% +so any Notch has this kind of coloring + + + align:start position:0% +so any Notch has this kind of coloring +you can just color the whole knot say + + align:start position:0% +you can just color the whole knot say + + + align:start position:0% +you can just color the whole knot say +blue and every Crossing will look like + + align:start position:0% +blue and every Crossing will look like + + + align:start position:0% +blue and every Crossing will look like +this so at this point whether or not is + + align:start position:0% +this so at this point whether or not is + + + align:start position:0% +this so at this point whether or not is +colorable or not um isn't very + + align:start position:0% +colorable or not um isn't very + + + align:start position:0% +colorable or not um isn't very +interesting invariant we have to impose + + align:start position:0% +interesting invariant we have to impose + + + align:start position:0% +interesting invariant we have to impose +another condition we call + + align:start position:0% +another condition we call + + + align:start position:0% +another condition we call +coloring non + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +non-trivial if more than one color is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +used and + + align:start position:0% +used and + + + align:start position:0% +used and +finally we call a not or really a not + + align:start position:0% +finally we call a not or really a not + + + align:start position:0% +finally we call a not or really a not +diagram colorable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if it has a non-trivial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coloring so what about the knots that + + align:start position:0% +coloring so what about the knots that + + + align:start position:0% +coloring so what about the knots that +we've already + + align:start position:0% +we've already + + + align:start position:0% +we've already +drawn well the unot only has one + + align:start position:0% +drawn well the unot only has one + + + align:start position:0% +drawn well the unot only has one +strand um so you can color any color you + + align:start position:0% +strand um so you can color any color you + + + align:start position:0% +strand um so you can color any color you +like you still only use one color that's + + align:start position:0% +like you still only use one color that's + + + align:start position:0% +like you still only use one color that's +a trivial coloring so the unknot is not + + align:start position:0% +a trivial coloring so the unknot is not + + + align:start position:0% +a trivial coloring so the unknot is not +colorable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what about the Tre oil well there are + + align:start position:0% +what about the Tre oil well there are + + + align:start position:0% +what about the Tre oil well there are +three strands and every one of these + + align:start position:0% +three strands and every one of these + + + align:start position:0% +three strands and every one of these +three Crossings all of the strands meet + + align:start position:0% +three Crossings all of the strands meet + + + align:start position:0% +three Crossings all of the strands meet +so if we just make these three strands + + align:start position:0% +so if we just make these three strands + + + align:start position:0% +so if we just make these three strands +three different colors we should be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fine I'm hoping the colors aren't too + + align:start position:0% +fine I'm hoping the colors aren't too + + + align:start position:0% +fine I'm hoping the colors aren't too +faint to be seen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here but we can see that each of these + + align:start position:0% +here but we can see that each of these + + + align:start position:0% +here but we can see that each of these +three Crossings if the colors are + + align:start position:0% +three Crossings if the colors are + + + align:start position:0% +three Crossings if the colors are +visible visibly features exactly one of + + align:start position:0% +visible visibly features exactly one of + + + align:start position:0% +visible visibly features exactly one of +each of the three + + align:start position:0% +each of the three + + + align:start position:0% +each of the three +colors okay so this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +colorable + + align:start position:0% +colorable + + + align:start position:0% +colorable +and the theorem that we + + align:start position:0% +and the theorem that we + + + align:start position:0% +and the theorem that we +proved in this project is the following + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coloring really is not + + align:start position:0% +coloring really is not + + + align:start position:0% +coloring really is not +invariant sorry colorability + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that means again + + align:start position:0% +so that means again + + + align:start position:0% +so that means again +that if two knot diagrams represent the + + align:start position:0% +that if two knot diagrams represent the + + + align:start position:0% +that if two knot diagrams represent the +same knot then they're either both color + + align:start position:0% +same knot then they're either both color + + + align:start position:0% +same knot then they're either both color +or both not colable so that theorem if + + align:start position:0% +or both not colable so that theorem if + + + align:start position:0% +or both not colable so that theorem if +it's true implies that these two + + align:start position:0% +it's true implies that these two + + + align:start position:0% +it's true implies that these two +diagrams definitely don't represent the + + align:start position:0% +diagrams definitely don't represent the + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams definitely don't represent the +same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knot so how do you prove that well + + align:start position:0% +knot so how do you prove that well + + + align:start position:0% +knot so how do you prove that well +because of Ryder meister's theorem which + + align:start position:0% +because of Ryder meister's theorem which + + + align:start position:0% +because of Ryder meister's theorem which +is written up there it's enough to show + + align:start position:0% +is written up there it's enough to show + + + align:start position:0% +is written up there it's enough to show +that each one of the Ryder Meister moves + + align:start position:0% +that each one of the Ryder Meister moves + + + align:start position:0% +that each one of the Ryder Meister moves +doesn't change the property of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change the property of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change the property of +colorability + + align:start position:0% +colorability + + + align:start position:0% +colorability +because if two diagrams represent the + + align:start position:0% +because if two diagrams represent the + + + align:start position:0% +because if two diagrams represent the +same knot you can get from one to the + + align:start position:0% +same knot you can get from one to the + + + align:start position:0% +same knot you can get from one to the +other using Romer moves and if color + + align:start position:0% +other using Romer moves and if color + + + align:start position:0% +other using Romer moves and if color +ability isn't changed at each step then + + align:start position:0% +ability isn't changed at each step then + + + align:start position:0% +ability isn't changed at each step then +it's not changed over the whole process + + align:start position:0% +it's not changed over the whole process + + + align:start position:0% +it's not changed over the whole process +so at this point to prove the themm you + + align:start position:0% +so at this point to prove the themm you + + + align:start position:0% +so at this point to prove the themm you +have to split into a lot of cases um for + + align:start position:0% +have to split into a lot of cases um for + + + align:start position:0% +have to split into a lot of cases um for +each Riz to move and some of them + + align:start position:0% +each Riz to move and some of them + + + align:start position:0% +each Riz to move and some of them +contain several cases and check each one + + align:start position:0% +contain several cases and check each one + + + align:start position:0% +contain several cases and check each one +of them and check that colorability is + + align:start position:0% +of them and check that colorability is + + + align:start position:0% +of them and check that colorability is +conserved so it would be tedious to all + + align:start position:0% +conserved so it would be tedious to all + + + align:start position:0% +conserved so it would be tedious to all +do all that but let me show you a couple + + align:start position:0% +do all that but let me show you a couple + + + align:start position:0% +do all that but let me show you a couple +of cases to give you a + + align:start position:0% +of cases to give you a + + + align:start position:0% +of cases to give you a +flavor + + align:start position:0% +flavor + + + align:start position:0% +flavor +so suppose you've got a knot that's + + align:start position:0% +so suppose you've got a knot that's + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose you've got a knot that's +colorable you're going to apply vitmite + + align:start position:0% +colorable you're going to apply vitmite + + + align:start position:0% +colorable you're going to apply vitmite +to move to it so you + + align:start position:0% +to move to it so you + + + align:start position:0% +to move to it so you +know chaos + + align:start position:0% +know chaos + + + align:start position:0% +know chaos +you know Elemental chaos is going on in + + align:start position:0% +you know Elemental chaos is going on in + + + align:start position:0% +you know Elemental chaos is going on in +this knot could be absolutely + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything + + align:start position:0% +anything + + + align:start position:0% +anything +but we've identified a section of the KN + + align:start position:0% +but we've identified a section of the KN + + + align:start position:0% +but we've identified a section of the KN +where we can apply a ryer Meister + + align:start position:0% +where we can apply a ryer Meister + + + align:start position:0% +where we can apply a ryer Meister +move say that section looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this so let's zoom in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +green so after we've applied the ramiz + + align:start position:0% +green so after we've applied the ramiz + + + align:start position:0% +green so after we've applied the ramiz +to move R2 to this little + + align:start position:0% +to move R2 to this little + + + align:start position:0% +to move R2 to this little +section we get something that looks like + + align:start position:0% +section we get something that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +section we get something that looks like +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we want to show that this can be + + align:start position:0% +and we want to show that this can be + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to show that this can be +colored consistently with the way the + + align:start position:0% +colored consistently with the way the + + + align:start position:0% +colored consistently with the way the +knot was colored + + align:start position:0% +knot was colored + + + align:start position:0% +knot was colored +before so this strand obviously leaves + + align:start position:0% +before so this strand obviously leaves + + + align:start position:0% +before so this strand obviously leaves +this bubble and goes on being blue + + align:start position:0% +this bubble and goes on being blue + + + align:start position:0% +this bubble and goes on being blue +outside the bubble and we haven't + + align:start position:0% +outside the bubble and we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +outside the bubble and we haven't +changed that so it has to be blue going + + align:start position:0% +changed that so it has to be blue going + + + align:start position:0% +changed that so it has to be blue going +into the + + align:start position:0% +into the + + + align:start position:0% +into the +bubble and it just continues + + align:start position:0% +bubble and it just continues + + + align:start position:0% +bubble and it just continues +here there's nothing we can do about + + align:start position:0% +here there's nothing we can do about + + + align:start position:0% +here there's nothing we can do about +that um in the meantime this strand was + + align:start position:0% +that um in the meantime this strand was + + + align:start position:0% +that um in the meantime this strand was +Green at both ends outside the bubble so + + align:start position:0% +Green at both ends outside the bubble so + + + align:start position:0% +Green at both ends outside the bubble so +that has to be + + align:start position:0% +that has to be + + + align:start position:0% +that has to be +conserved so these two strands which are + + align:start position:0% +conserved so these two strands which are + + + align:start position:0% +conserved so these two strands which are +remnants of this strand have to be + + align:start position:0% +remnants of this strand have to be + + + align:start position:0% +remnants of this strand have to be +colored + + align:start position:0% +colored + + + align:start position:0% +colored +green so each of these Crossings we have + + align:start position:0% +green so each of these Crossings we have + + + align:start position:0% +green so each of these Crossings we have +um a green and a blue strand so the + + align:start position:0% +um a green and a blue strand so the + + + align:start position:0% +um a green and a blue strand so the +remaining strand has to be + + align:start position:0% +remaining strand has to be + + + align:start position:0% +remaining strand has to be +red so everything matches up nicely and + + align:start position:0% +red so everything matches up nicely and + + + align:start position:0% +red so everything matches up nicely and +note that if it was a non-trivial + + align:start position:0% +note that if it was a non-trivial + + + align:start position:0% +note that if it was a non-trivial +coloring before then it's still a + + align:start position:0% +coloring before then it's still a + + + align:start position:0% +coloring before then it's still a +non-trivial + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial +coloring let me just do one example of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this and perhaps let me bring back the + + align:start position:0% +this and perhaps let me bring back the + + + align:start position:0% +this and perhaps let me bring back the +rer Meister moves for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reference suppose you had + + align:start position:0% +reference suppose you had + + + align:start position:0% +reference suppose you had +um a little bubble like this that looked + + align:start position:0% +um a little bubble like this that looked + + + align:start position:0% +um a little bubble like this that looked +like the before part of the ROM to move + + align:start position:0% +like the before part of the ROM to move + + + align:start position:0% +like the before part of the ROM to move +R3 and you've colored it in a certain + + align:start position:0% +R3 and you've colored it in a certain + + + align:start position:0% +R3 and you've colored it in a certain +way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this you can see with your eyes that + + align:start position:0% +this you can see with your eyes that + + + align:start position:0% +this you can see with your eyes that +this is a valid + + align:start position:0% +this is a valid + + + align:start position:0% +this is a valid +coloring so now we apply the Romy of + + align:start position:0% +coloring so now we apply the Romy of + + + align:start position:0% +coloring so now we apply the Romy of +R3 but I'm going to draw it in such a + + align:start position:0% +R3 but I'm going to draw it in such a + + + align:start position:0% +R3 but I'm going to draw it in such a +way as to preserve the points of Entry + + align:start position:0% +way as to preserve the points of Entry + + + align:start position:0% +way as to preserve the points of Entry +of the strands so this strand is um it's + + align:start position:0% +of the strands so this strand is um it's + + + align:start position:0% +of the strands so this strand is um it's +still lying over everything but now + + align:start position:0% +still lying over everything but now + + + align:start position:0% +still lying over everything but now +it's been pushed up across this Crossing + + align:start position:0% +it's been pushed up across this Crossing + + + align:start position:0% +it's been pushed up across this Crossing +um this + + align:start position:0% +um this + + + align:start position:0% +um this +strand goes in like this comes out over + + align:start position:0% +strand goes in like this comes out over + + + align:start position:0% +strand goes in like this comes out over +here and this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +strand goes as follows well this one's + + align:start position:0% +strand goes as follows well this one's + + + align:start position:0% +strand goes as follows well this one's +definitely still red that can't have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +changed and let's again fill in the + + align:start position:0% +changed and let's again fill in the + + + align:start position:0% +changed and let's again fill in the +colors where they're forced by what the + + align:start position:0% +colors where they're forced by what the + + + align:start position:0% +colors where they're forced by what the +strands are doing outside the bubble + + align:start position:0% +strands are doing outside the bubble + + + align:start position:0% +strands are doing outside the bubble +so these two are coming in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blue and these two are coming in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +green and then I only have one strand + + align:start position:0% +green and then I only have one strand + + + align:start position:0% +green and then I only have one strand +left to color so i' better be able to + + align:start position:0% +left to color so i' better be able to + + + align:start position:0% +left to color so i' better be able to +find a color that works and that color + + align:start position:0% +find a color that works and that color + + + align:start position:0% +find a color that works and that color +is green so that's + + align:start position:0% +is green so that's + + + align:start position:0% +is green so that's +fine um and again if this was a + + align:start position:0% +fine um and again if this was a + + + align:start position:0% +fine um and again if this was a +non-trivial coloring then this is still + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial coloring then this is still + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial coloring then this is still +a non-trial + + align:start position:0% +a non-trial + + + align:start position:0% +a non-trial +coloring so there are many more cases + + align:start position:0% +coloring so there are many more cases + + + align:start position:0% +coloring so there are many more cases +but none of them are any more difficult + + align:start position:0% +but none of them are any more difficult + + + align:start position:0% +but none of them are any more difficult +than this that's how you prove the the + + align:start position:0% +than this that's how you prove the the + + + align:start position:0% +than this that's how you prove the the +so the Trap oil and the unot really are + + align:start position:0% +so the Trap oil and the unot really are + + + align:start position:0% +so the Trap oil and the unot really are +different and I think that's well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stop are there any + + align:start position:0% +stop are there any + + + align:start position:0% +stop are there any +questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah off the top of my head I can't say + + align:start position:0% +yeah off the top of my head I can't say + + + align:start position:0% +yeah off the top of my head I can't say +anything me and my team didn't get to + + align:start position:0% +anything me and my team didn't get to + + + align:start position:0% +anything me and my team didn't get to +that I'm sorry yes um why is it obvious + + align:start position:0% +that I'm sorry yes um why is it obvious + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm sorry yes um why is it obvious +that every knot has one of these diag + + align:start position:0% +that every knot has one of these diag + + + align:start position:0% +that every knot has one of these diag +what if you have like an infinite amount + + align:start position:0% +what if you have like an infinite amount + + + align:start position:0% +what if you have like an infinite amount +of oscillation or something two strands + + align:start position:0% +of oscillation or something two strands + + + align:start position:0% +of oscillation or something two strands +over each other good question I mean + + align:start position:0% +over each other good question I mean + + + align:start position:0% +over each other good question I mean +proving that does require some analysis + + align:start position:0% +proving that does require some analysis + + + align:start position:0% +proving that does require some analysis +you've got to um I I think it's + + align:start position:0% +you've got to um I I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to um I I think it's +something like um if a generic + + align:start position:0% +something like um if a generic + + + align:start position:0% +something like um if a generic +projection + + align:start position:0% +projection + + + align:start position:0% +projection +um well I think first you have to insist + + align:start position:0% +um well I think first you have to insist + + + align:start position:0% +um well I think first you have to insist +your not is taming that it has a regular + + align:start position:0% +your not is taming that it has a regular + + + align:start position:0% +your not is taming that it has a regular +neighborhood in R3 + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood in R3 + + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood in R3 +and then you can prove a themm that says + + align:start position:0% +and then you can prove a themm that says + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can prove a themm that says +something like um if you choose a + + align:start position:0% +something like um if you choose a + + + align:start position:0% +something like um if you choose a +projection from R3 onto R2 then with + + align:start position:0% +projection from R3 onto R2 then with + + + align:start position:0% +projection from R3 onto R2 then with +probability one it will take your or not + + align:start position:0% +probability one it will take your or not + + + align:start position:0% +probability one it will take your or not +onto one of these things B oscillation + + align:start position:0% +onto one of these things B oscillation + + + align:start position:0% +onto one of these things B oscillation +is like in some bad plane you just + + align:start position:0% +is like in some bad plane you just + + + align:start position:0% +is like in some bad plane you just +choose a different plane yeah but that's + + align:start position:0% +choose a different plane yeah but that's + + + align:start position:0% +choose a different plane yeah but that's +non-trivial to prove yeah that's can you + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial to prove yeah that's can you + + + align:start position:0% +non-trivial to prove yeah that's can you +give an example of a non-rival knot with + + align:start position:0% +give an example of a non-rival knot with + + + align:start position:0% +give an example of a non-rival knot with +a non-trivial coloring yes um in fact I + + align:start position:0% +a non-trivial coloring yes um in fact I + + + align:start position:0% +a non-trivial coloring yes um in fact I +looked one up before I came here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again I'm going to copy it from my notes + + align:start position:0% +again I'm going to copy it from my notes + + + align:start position:0% +again I'm going to copy it from my notes +because it's slightly non-trivial to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +draw this is the figure eight + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +knot it looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this okay so this knot has four + + align:start position:0% +this okay so this knot has four + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so this knot has four +strands and um it has has four + + align:start position:0% +strands and um it has has four + + + align:start position:0% +strands and um it has has four +Crossings and + + align:start position:0% +Crossings and + + + align:start position:0% +Crossings and +um at each of these Crossings three + + align:start position:0% +um at each of these Crossings three + + + align:start position:0% +um at each of these Crossings three +different strands meet so okay by the + + align:start position:0% +different strands meet so okay by the + + + align:start position:0% +different strands meet so okay by the +pigeon Hall principle at least two of + + align:start position:0% +pigeon Hall principle at least two of + + + align:start position:0% +pigeon Hall principle at least two of +these strands have to have the same + + align:start position:0% +these strands have to have the same + + + align:start position:0% +these strands have to have the same +color say this color is red um so I'm + + align:start position:0% +color say this color is red um so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +color say this color is red um so I'm +just going to choose a random two + + align:start position:0% +just going to choose a random two + + + align:start position:0% +just going to choose a random two +strands and say that they're red um + + align:start position:0% +strands and say that they're red um + + + align:start position:0% +strands and say that they're red um +you'll have to trust me that this + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to trust me that this + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to trust me that this +doesn't really depend on which two + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really depend on which two + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really depend on which two +strands I + + align:start position:0% +strands I + + + align:start position:0% +strands I +choose so say it's these + + align:start position:0% +choose so say it's these + + + align:start position:0% +choose so say it's these +two okay well + + align:start position:0% +two okay well + + + align:start position:0% +two okay well +then two of these strands meet at some + + align:start position:0% +then two of these strands meet at some + + + align:start position:0% +then two of these strands meet at some +Crossing so the remaining strand is + + align:start position:0% +Crossing so the remaining strand is + + + align:start position:0% +Crossing so the remaining strand is +determined and because they're both red + + align:start position:0% +determined and because they're both red + + + align:start position:0% +determined and because they're both red +it has to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +red okay and now um the you know red has + + align:start position:0% +red okay and now um the you know red has + + + align:start position:0% +red okay and now um the you know red has +totally taken over um everything has got + + align:start position:0% +totally taken over um everything has got + + + align:start position:0% +totally taken over um everything has got +to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about so any coloring of this notot is + + align:start position:0% +about so any coloring of this notot is + + + align:start position:0% +about so any coloring of this notot is +Trivial so in fact the um colorability + + align:start position:0% +Trivial so in fact the um colorability + + + align:start position:0% +Trivial so in fact the um colorability +proves that the tra o is different from + + align:start position:0% +proves that the tra o is different from + + + align:start position:0% +proves that the tra o is different from +the unot but it doesn't prove that this + + align:start position:0% +the unot but it doesn't prove that this + + + align:start position:0% +the unot but it doesn't prove that this +figure8 is different from the unot you + + align:start position:0% +figure8 is different from the unot you + + + align:start position:0% +figure8 is different from the unot you +need a stronger not environment for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that thank you very + + align:start position:0% +that thank you very + + + align:start position:0% +that thank you very +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +much okay we don't have time to uh go + + align:start position:0% +much okay we don't have time to uh go + + + align:start position:0% +much okay we don't have time to uh go +through the questions again so I'm just + + align:start position:0% +through the questions again so I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +through the questions again so I'm just +going to ask you how many of you now + + align:start position:0% +going to ask you how many of you now + + + align:start position:0% +going to ask you how many of you now +that you've had the experience of trying + + align:start position:0% +that you've had the experience of trying + + + align:start position:0% +that you've had the experience of trying +to answer the questions for the earlier + + align:start position:0% +to answer the questions for the earlier + + + align:start position:0% +to answer the questions for the earlier +talk how many of you think you would be + + align:start position:0% +talk how many of you think you would be + + + align:start position:0% +talk how many of you think you would be +able to answer the first question more + + align:start position:0% +able to answer the first question more + + + align:start position:0% +able to answer the first question more +easily after seeing the second talk than + + align:start position:0% +easily after seeing the second talk than + + + align:start position:0% +easily after seeing the second talk than +after seeing the first okay and how + + align:start position:0% +after seeing the first okay and how + + + align:start position:0% +after seeing the first okay and how +about the second question okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and which one did you like better + + align:start position:0% +um and which one did you like better + + + align:start position:0% +um and which one did you like better +first talk or second talk first + + align:start position:0% +first talk or second talk first + + + align:start position:0% +first talk or second talk first +talk one and second + + align:start position:0% +talk one and second + + + align:start position:0% +talk one and second +talk okay pretty much everyone + + align:start position:0% +talk okay pretty much everyone + + + align:start position:0% +talk okay pretty much everyone +else it is relevant and important that + + align:start position:0% +else it is relevant and important that + + + align:start position:0% +else it is relevant and important that +there is one person who preferred the + + align:start position:0% +there is one person who preferred the + + + align:start position:0% +there is one person who preferred the +first talk audiences vary and you cannot + + align:start position:0% +first talk audiences vary and you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +first talk audiences vary and you cannot +know with certainty how your audience is + + align:start position:0% +know with certainty how your audience is + + + align:start position:0% +know with certainty how your audience is +going to react um or that your audience + + align:start position:0% +going to react um or that your audience + + + align:start position:0% +going to react um or that your audience +you can you can do everything perfectly + + align:start position:0% +you can you can do everything perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +you can you can do everything perfectly +and not everyone will like your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talk so now the question is how can you + + align:start position:0% +talk so now the question is how can you + + + align:start position:0% +talk so now the question is how can you +give an excellent talk when it's your + + align:start position:0% +give an excellent talk when it's your + + + align:start position:0% +give an excellent talk when it's your +turn to give a talk um but first let me + + align:start position:0% +turn to give a talk um but first let me + + + align:start position:0% +turn to give a talk um but first let me +ask let's let's rank these like with the + + align:start position:0% +ask let's let's rank these like with the + + + align:start position:0% +ask let's let's rank these like with the +um meets expectations + + align:start position:0% +um meets expectations + + + align:start position:0% +um meets expectations +you could see it you could hear it it + + align:start position:0% +you could see it you could hear it it + + + align:start position:0% +you could see it you could hear it it +was good you could learn from it or it + + align:start position:0% +was good you could learn from it or it + + + align:start position:0% +was good you could learn from it or it +was excellent it was easy to pay + + align:start position:0% +was excellent it was easy to pay + + + align:start position:0% +was excellent it was easy to pay +attention + + align:start position:0% +attention + + + align:start position:0% +attention +so did they meet expectations how many + + align:start position:0% +so did they meet expectations how many + + + align:start position:0% +so did they meet expectations how many +of you think the first one you could see + + align:start position:0% +of you think the first one you could see + + + align:start position:0% +of you think the first one you could see +it you could hear it it met basic + + align:start position:0% +it you could hear it it met basic + + + align:start position:0% +it you could hear it it met basic +expectations how about the second + + align:start position:0% +expectations how about the second + + + align:start position:0% +expectations how about the second +one okay they both met basic + + align:start position:0% +one okay they both met basic + + + align:start position:0% +one okay they both met basic +expectations how many of you could learn + + align:start position:0% +expectations how many of you could learn + + + align:start position:0% +expectations how many of you could learn +from could understand if you paid + + align:start position:0% +from could understand if you paid + + + align:start position:0% +from could understand if you paid +attention the first + + align:start position:0% +attention the first + + + align:start position:0% +attention the first +one okay most of you so it was good how + + align:start position:0% +one okay most of you so it was good how + + + align:start position:0% +one okay most of you so it was good how +many of you could understand the second + + align:start position:0% +many of you could understand the second + + + align:start position:0% +many of you could understand the second +one if you paid attention okay it was + + align:start position:0% +one if you paid attention okay it was + + + align:start position:0% +one if you paid attention okay it was +good how many of you had an easy time + + align:start position:0% +good how many of you had an easy time + + + align:start position:0% +good how many of you had an easy time +paying attention to the first one + + align:start position:0% +paying attention to the first one + + + align:start position:0% +paying attention to the first one +because it was interesting so it was + + align:start position:0% +because it was interesting so it was + + + align:start position:0% +because it was interesting so it was +excellent H not so many some how about + + align:start position:0% +excellent H not so many some how about + + + align:start position:0% +excellent H not so many some how about +the second + + align:start position:0% +the second + + + align:start position:0% +the second +one pretty much all of you okay so the + + align:start position:0% +one pretty much all of you okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +one pretty much all of you okay so the +second one is what you're aiming for + + align:start position:0% +second one is what you're aiming for + + + align:start position:0% +second one is what you're aiming for +more or less um how do you give an + + align:start position:0% +more or less um how do you give an + + + align:start position:0% +more or less um how do you give an +excellent talk so what was it that made + + align:start position:0% +excellent talk so what was it that made + + + align:start position:0% +excellent talk so what was it that made +the second one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +better I there are two things that did + + align:start position:0% +better I there are two things that did + + + align:start position:0% +better I there are two things that did +um a lot the first one did very little + + align:start position:0% +um a lot the first one did very little + + + align:start position:0% +um a lot the first one did very little +of which is that he motivated things + + align:start position:0% +of which is that he motivated things + + + align:start position:0% +of which is that he motivated things +that he said and he worried about like + + align:start position:0% +that he said and he worried about like + + + align:start position:0% +that he said and he worried about like +the motivation and understanding at a + + align:start position:0% +the motivation and understanding at a + + + align:start position:0% +the motivation and understanding at a +conceptual level more than the formalism + + align:start position:0% +conceptual level more than the formalism + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual level more than the formalism +and he also gave examples that kind of + + align:start position:0% +and he also gave examples that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and he also gave examples that kind of +communicated or like work s shortcuts to + + align:start position:0% +communicated or like work s shortcuts to + + + align:start position:0% +communicated or like work s shortcuts to +completely parsing the + + align:start position:0% +completely parsing the + + + align:start position:0% +completely parsing the +definitions so it was conceptual it was + + align:start position:0% +definitions so it was conceptual it was + + + align:start position:0% +definitions so it was conceptual it was +in many places informal um which raises + + align:start position:0% +in many places informal um which raises + + + align:start position:0% +in many places informal um which raises +a question when should a math talk be + + align:start position:0% +a question when should a math talk be + + + align:start position:0% +a question when should a math talk be +informal when should things be presented + + align:start position:0% +informal when should things be presented + + + align:start position:0% +informal when should things be presented +conceptually and when should it be + + align:start position:0% +conceptually and when should it be + + + align:start position:0% +conceptually and when should it be +formal and + + align:start position:0% +formal and + + + align:start position:0% +formal and +rigorous I think traditionally the goal + + align:start position:0% +rigorous I think traditionally the goal + + + align:start position:0% +rigorous I think traditionally the goal +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +totties that to be explored + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more in the case of this like a not is a + + align:start position:0% +more in the case of this like a not is a + + + align:start position:0% +more in the case of this like a not is a +standard well defined thing so giving a + + align:start position:0% +standard well defined thing so giving a + + + align:start position:0% +standard well defined thing so giving a +definition of a not isn't that important + + align:start position:0% +definition of a not isn't that important + + + align:start position:0% +definition of a not isn't that important +since the conceptual thing was more than + + align:start position:0% +since the conceptual thing was more than + + + align:start position:0% +since the conceptual thing was more than +sufficient D in the top and we could + + align:start position:0% +sufficient D in the top and we could + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient D in the top and we could +just look it up when we went home + + align:start position:0% +just look it up when we went home + + + align:start position:0% +just look it up when we went home +afterwards yeah if it were some kind of + + align:start position:0% +afterwards yeah if it were some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards yeah if it were some kind of +very you if were some kind of Novel + + align:start position:0% +very you if were some kind of Novel + + + align:start position:0% +very you if were some kind of Novel +thing then giving the formalism might be + + align:start position:0% +thing then giving the formalism might be + + + align:start position:0% +thing then giving the formalism might be +more important because it would be + + align:start position:0% +more important because it would be + + + align:start position:0% +more important because it would be +harder for people to like catch up on + + align:start position:0% +harder for people to like catch up on + + + align:start position:0% +harder for people to like catch up on +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +later so um the most important takeaway + + align:start position:0% +later so um the most important takeaway + + + align:start position:0% +later so um the most important takeaway +here it's a common misconception uh that + + align:start position:0% +here it's a common misconception uh that + + + align:start position:0% +here it's a common misconception uh that +students have uh perhaps from the + + align:start position:0% +students have uh perhaps from the + + + align:start position:0% +students have uh perhaps from the +lectures they hear in their classes + + align:start position:0% +lectures they hear in their classes + + + align:start position:0% +lectures they hear in their classes +which are a different context students + + align:start position:0% +which are a different context students + + + align:start position:0% +which are a different context students +come in thinking that math talks must be + + align:start position:0% +come in thinking that math talks must be + + + align:start position:0% +come in thinking that math talks must be +formal and rigorous throughout and that + + align:start position:0% +formal and rigorous throughout and that + + + align:start position:0% +formal and rigorous throughout and that +is not the case here um the context is + + align:start position:0% +is not the case here um the context is + + + align:start position:0% +is not the case here um the context is +different in that uh this is not a + + align:start position:0% +different in that uh this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +different in that uh this is not a +lecture in + + align:start position:0% +lecture in + + + align:start position:0% +lecture in +classes you need to learn the students + + align:start position:0% +classes you need to learn the students + + + align:start position:0% +classes you need to learn the students +need to learn everything so that they + + align:start position:0% +need to learn everything so that they + + + align:start position:0% +need to learn everything so that they +can build on it this is a different + + align:start position:0% +can build on it this is a different + + + align:start position:0% +can build on it this is a different +context you are talking about your + + align:start position:0% +context you are talking about your + + + align:start position:0% +context you are talking about your +research and your audience is interested + + align:start position:0% +research and your audience is interested + + + align:start position:0% +research and your audience is interested +but they don't have to pay attention + + align:start position:0% +but they don't have to pay attention + + + align:start position:0% +but they don't have to pay attention +they don't have to learn so it's more + + align:start position:0% +they don't have to learn so it's more + + + align:start position:0% +they don't have to learn so it's more +like uh I think of it as mathematical + + align:start position:0% +like uh I think of it as mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +like uh I think of it as mathematical +entertainment um your audience is here + + align:start position:0% +entertainment um your audience is here + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment um your audience is here +they want to learn something interesting + + align:start position:0% +they want to learn something interesting + + + align:start position:0% +they want to learn something interesting +so give them something + + align:start position:0% +so give them something + + + align:start position:0% +so give them something +interesting which means you don't have + + align:start position:0% +interesting which means you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +interesting which means you don't have +to present all of your research decide + + align:start position:0% +to present all of your research decide + + + align:start position:0% +to present all of your research decide +what of your work you think is most + + align:start position:0% +what of your work you think is most + + + align:start position:0% +what of your work you think is most +likely to be interesting to your + + align:start position:0% +likely to be interesting to your + + + align:start position:0% +likely to be interesting to your +audience and focus on that you you will + + align:start position:0% +audience and focus on that you you will + + + align:start position:0% +audience and focus on that you you will +not have time to present everything that + + align:start position:0% +not have time to present everything that + + + align:start position:0% +not have time to present everything that +you did + + align:start position:0% +you did + + + align:start position:0% +you did +other thoughts about how to give an + + align:start position:0% +other thoughts about how to give an + + + align:start position:0% +other thoughts about how to give an +excellent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +talk okay um we are going to be doing + + align:start position:0% +talk okay um we are going to be doing + + + align:start position:0% +talk okay um we are going to be doing +practice presentations it's not easy to + + align:start position:0% +practice presentations it's not easy to + + + align:start position:0% +practice presentations it's not easy to +give an excellent talk and we will give + + align:start position:0% +give an excellent talk and we will give + + + align:start position:0% +give an excellent talk and we will give +you a lot of feedback on your practice + + align:start position:0% +you a lot of feedback on your practice + + + align:start position:0% +you a lot of feedback on your practice +presentation so I'm just going to say a + + align:start position:0% +presentation so I'm just going to say a + + + align:start position:0% +presentation so I'm just going to say a +little bit about the process a process + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the process a process + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the process a process +that I suggest you use before The + + align:start position:0% +that I suggest you use before The + + + align:start position:0% +that I suggest you use before The +Practice presentation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is a big picture process for + + align:start position:0% +so this is a big picture process for + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a big picture process for +preparing an excellent + + align:start position:0% +preparing an excellent + + + align:start position:0% +preparing an excellent +talk um as with any communication it + + align:start position:0% +talk um as with any communication it + + + align:start position:0% +talk um as with any communication it +begins with analyzing the rhetorical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +context who is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +audience what is the + + align:start position:0% +audience what is the + + + align:start position:0% +audience what is the +purpose and what are the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constraints we already talked about the + + align:start position:0% +constraints we already talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +constraints we already talked about the +purpose this is uh mathematical + + align:start position:0% +purpose this is uh mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +purpose this is uh mathematical +entertainment this is not a class + + align:start position:0% +entertainment this is not a class + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment this is not a class +lecture the constraints it's um one + + align:start position:0% +lecture the constraints it's um one + + + align:start position:0% +lecture the constraints it's um one +class period so that's 45 minutes about + + align:start position:0% +class period so that's 45 minutes about + + + align:start position:0% +class period so that's 45 minutes about +15 minutes per person plus 5 minutes for + + align:start position:0% +15 minutes per person plus 5 minutes for + + + align:start position:0% +15 minutes per person plus 5 minutes for +Q&A and you may use a combination of + + align:start position:0% +Q&A and you may use a combination of + + + align:start position:0% +Q&A and you may use a combination of +chalk and slides we expect you to use + + align:start position:0% +chalk and slides we expect you to use + + + align:start position:0% +chalk and slides we expect you to use +primarily um chalk talk on the + + align:start position:0% +primarily um chalk talk on the + + + align:start position:0% +primarily um chalk talk on the +blackboards but you can can use + + align:start position:0% +blackboards but you can can use + + + align:start position:0% +blackboards but you can can use +slides uh there are all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +slides uh there are all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +slides uh there are all sorts of +pitfalls with slides so if you are going + + align:start position:0% +pitfalls with slides so if you are going + + + align:start position:0% +pitfalls with slides so if you are going +to use slides those slides must be + + align:start position:0% +to use slides those slides must be + + + align:start position:0% +to use slides those slides must be +prepared in time for the practice + + align:start position:0% +prepared in time for the practice + + + align:start position:0% +prepared in time for the practice +presentation and your audience Haynes + + align:start position:0% +presentation and your audience Haynes + + + align:start position:0% +presentation and your audience Haynes +could you say a few words about who the + + align:start position:0% +could you say a few words about who the + + + align:start position:0% +could you say a few words about who the +audience is your audience is each + + align:start position:0% +audience is your audience is each + + + align:start position:0% +audience is your audience is each +other and he's going to tell you what + + align:start position:0% +other and he's going to tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +other and he's going to tell you what +the background is of the + + align:start position:0% +the background is of the + + + align:start position:0% +the background is of the +audience uh + + align:start position:0% +audience uh + + + align:start position:0% +audience uh +yeah so I first of all I'd like to say + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I first of all I'd like to say + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I first of all I'd like to say +that there's a whole lot more to say + + align:start position:0% +that there's a whole lot more to say + + + align:start position:0% +that there's a whole lot more to say +about these two examples of talks any + + align:start position:0% +about these two examples of talks any + + + align:start position:0% +about these two examples of talks any +chance I wish we had another hour + + align:start position:0% +chance I wish we had another hour + + + align:start position:0% +chance I wish we had another hour +because uh we could go through each one + + align:start position:0% +because uh we could go through each one + + + align:start position:0% +because uh we could go through each one +of them in detail and talk about what + + align:start position:0% +of them in detail and talk about what + + + align:start position:0% +of them in detail and talk about what +worked and what didn't work uh in fact I + + align:start position:0% +worked and what didn't work uh in fact I + + + align:start position:0% +worked and what didn't work uh in fact I +think I'll do that um I will write my + + align:start position:0% +think I'll do that um I will write my + + + align:start position:0% +think I'll do that um I will write my +own notes I took notes on these two + + align:start position:0% +own notes I took notes on these two + + + align:start position:0% +own notes I took notes on these two +talks and I'll write my own Impressions + + align:start position:0% +talks and I'll write my own Impressions + + + align:start position:0% +talks and I'll write my own Impressions +and my own critique of them and send + + align:start position:0% +and my own critique of them and send + + + align:start position:0% +and my own critique of them and send +them around to you you can decide for + + align:start position:0% +them around to you you can decide for + + + align:start position:0% +them around to you you can decide for +yourself whether you agree with with + + align:start position:0% +yourself whether you agree with with + + + align:start position:0% +yourself whether you agree with with +what I had to s or not actually I'd like + + align:start position:0% +what I had to s or not actually I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +what I had to s or not actually I'd like +to hear your responses to + + align:start position:0% +to hear your responses to + + + align:start position:0% +to hear your responses to +that Susan uh mentioned the fact that + + align:start position:0% +that Susan uh mentioned the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +that Susan uh mentioned the fact that +there's a there's an audience here the + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's an audience here the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's an audience here the +your your talks will be to this class + + align:start position:0% +your your talks will be to this class + + + align:start position:0% +your your talks will be to this class +you are your audience uh but that's not + + align:start position:0% +you are your audience uh but that's not + + + align:start position:0% +you are your audience uh but that's not +very well defined because uh you guys + + align:start position:0% +very well defined because uh you guys + + + align:start position:0% +very well defined because uh you guys +are most of you are math Majors uh that + + align:start position:0% +are most of you are math Majors uh that + + + align:start position:0% +are most of you are math Majors uh that +means to get into the class you had a + + align:start position:0% +means to get into the class you had a + + + align:start position:0% +means to get into the class you had a +couple of courses number 100 and above + + align:start position:0% +couple of courses number 100 and above + + + align:start position:0% +couple of courses number 100 and above +but uh nobody here has had exactly the + + align:start position:0% +but uh nobody here has had exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +but uh nobody here has had exactly the +same classes I think the only common + + align:start position:0% +same classes I think the only common + + + align:start position:0% +same classes I think the only common +element is probably linear + + align:start position:0% +element is probably linear + + + align:start position:0% +element is probably linear +algebra uh so don't get too technical + + align:start position:0% +algebra uh so don't get too technical + + + align:start position:0% +algebra uh so don't get too technical +people some people are interested in + + align:start position:0% +people some people are interested in + + + align:start position:0% +people some people are interested in +computer science some people are + + align:start position:0% +computer science some people are + + + align:start position:0% +computer science some people are +interested in physical applied math some + + align:start position:0% +interested in physical applied math some + + + align:start position:0% +interested in physical applied math some +people are interested in theory don't + + align:start position:0% +people are interested in theory don't + + + align:start position:0% +people are interested in theory don't +get too technical I didn't think these + + align:start position:0% +get too technical I didn't think these + + + align:start position:0% +get too technical I didn't think these +were too technical for the most part but + + align:start position:0% +were too technical for the most part but + + + align:start position:0% +were too technical for the most part but +uh so it's like that thank + + align:start position:0% +uh so it's like that thank + + + align:start position:0% +uh so it's like that thank +you so once you've analyzed the + + align:start position:0% +you so once you've analyzed the + + + align:start position:0% +you so once you've analyzed the +rhetorical context then uh for process + + align:start position:0% +rhetorical context then uh for process + + + align:start position:0% +rhetorical context then uh for process +what I suggest you do before the + + align:start position:0% +what I suggest you do before the + + + align:start position:0% +what I suggest you do before the +practice presentation is ask yourself + + align:start position:0% +practice presentation is ask yourself + + + align:start position:0% +practice presentation is ask yourself +what's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interesting and that means what will be + + align:start position:0% +interesting and that means what will be + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and that means what will be +interesting to the audience it all comes + + align:start position:0% +interesting to the audience it all comes + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to the audience it all comes +back to the audience everything does and + + align:start position:0% +back to the audience everything does and + + + align:start position:0% +back to the audience everything does and +choose what you're going to focus on + + align:start position:0% +choose what you're going to focus on + + + align:start position:0% +choose what you're going to focus on +based on what's interesting in your + + align:start position:0% +based on what's interesting in your + + + align:start position:0% +based on what's interesting in your +research then what are the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PRX and again this depends on the + + align:start position:0% +PRX and again this depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +PRX and again this depends on the +audience you will have spent weeks on + + align:start position:0% +audience you will have spent weeks on + + + align:start position:0% +audience you will have spent weeks on +your project and it's going to be um you + + align:start position:0% +your project and it's going to be um you + + + align:start position:0% +your project and it's going to be um you +are going to be so comfortable with the + + align:start position:0% +are going to be so comfortable with the + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be so comfortable with the +basics that you're going to be tell you + + align:start position:0% +basics that you're going to be tell you + + + align:start position:0% +basics that you're going to be tell you +are likely to + + align:start position:0% +are likely to + + + align:start position:0% +are likely to +forget that your audience needs to be + + align:start position:0% +forget that your audience needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +forget that your audience needs to be +told those + + align:start position:0% +told those + + + align:start position:0% +told those +Basics include the basics try to + + align:start position:0% +Basics include the basics try to + + + align:start position:0% +Basics include the basics try to +remember what it was like when you first + + align:start position:0% +remember what it was like when you first + + + align:start position:0% +remember what it was like when you first +started learning working on the project + + align:start position:0% +started learning working on the project + + + align:start position:0% +started learning working on the project +what did you need to understand in order + + align:start position:0% +what did you need to understand in order + + + align:start position:0% +what did you need to understand in order +to make prog + + align:start position:0% +to make prog + + + align:start position:0% +to make prog +progress give those give that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +background and then um the pre corrects + + align:start position:0% +background and then um the pre corrects + + + align:start position:0% +background and then um the pre corrects +that are needed not only to understand + + align:start position:0% +that are needed not only to understand + + + align:start position:0% +that are needed not only to understand +the content but also to understand why + + align:start position:0% +the content but also to understand why + + + align:start position:0% +the content but also to understand why +it's important and then how to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sequence how can you sequence and + + align:start position:0% +sequence how can you sequence and + + + align:start position:0% +sequence how can you sequence and +present the information don't + + align:start position:0% +present the information don't + + + align:start position:0% +present the information don't +necessarily do all of the background all + + align:start position:0% +necessarily do all of the background all + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily do all of the background all +the definitions at the beginning like + + align:start position:0% +the definitions at the beginning like + + + align:start position:0% +the definitions at the beginning like +happened in the first talk that tends to + + align:start position:0% +happened in the first talk that tends to + + + align:start position:0% +happened in the first talk that tends to +be boring it's more interesting to + + align:start position:0% +be boring it's more interesting to + + + align:start position:0% +be boring it's more interesting to +introduce terms in in context and an + + align:start position:0% +introduce terms in in context and an + + + align:start position:0% +introduce terms in in context and an +effective way um one strategy you can + + align:start position:0% +effective way um one strategy you can + + + align:start position:0% +effective way um one strategy you can +use to make it interesting is to do the + + align:start position:0% +use to make it interesting is to do the + + + align:start position:0% +use to make it interesting is to do the +question answer question answer or + + align:start position:0% +question answer question answer or + + + align:start position:0% +question answer question answer or +problem solution problem solution raise + + align:start position:0% +problem solution problem solution raise + + + align:start position:0% +problem solution problem solution raise +a question in the minds of your + + align:start position:0% +a question in the minds of your + + + align:start position:0% +a question in the minds of your +audience and then give the answer + + align:start position:0% +audience and then give the answer + + + align:start position:0% +audience and then give the answer +which leads to another question and so + + align:start position:0% +which leads to another question and so + + + align:start position:0% +which leads to another question and so +on that's one way to make a talk + + align:start position:0% +on that's one way to make a talk + + + align:start position:0% +on that's one way to make a talk +engaging then ask yourself uh once + + align:start position:0% +engaging then ask yourself uh once + + + align:start position:0% +engaging then ask yourself uh once +you've figured out the sequence how are + + align:start position:0% +you've figured out the sequence how are + + + align:start position:0% +you've figured out the sequence how are +you going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +start that's G to got to be the most + + align:start position:0% +start that's G to got to be the most + + + align:start position:0% +start that's G to got to be the most +interesting question of all to get + + align:start position:0% +interesting question of all to get + + + align:start position:0% +interesting question of all to get +people's interest how do you end how do + + align:start position:0% +people's interest how do you end how do + + + align:start position:0% +people's interest how do you end how do +you let everyone know that the talk is + + align:start position:0% +you let everyone know that the talk is + + + align:start position:0% +you let everyone know that the talk is +over and what are you going to have them + + align:start position:0% +over and what are you going to have them + + + align:start position:0% +over and what are you going to have them +take away from the end of the talk and + + align:start position:0% +take away from the end of the talk and + + + align:start position:0% +take away from the end of the talk and +transition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and finally + + align:start position:0% +and finally + + + align:start position:0% +and finally +practice feel free to practice even + + align:start position:0% +practice feel free to practice even + + + align:start position:0% +practice feel free to practice even +before you practice with us and this is + + align:start position:0% +before you practice with us and this is + + + align:start position:0% +before you practice with us and this is +all of course um it's not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +all of course um it's not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +all of course um it's not necessarily +linear you often go back to earlier + + align:start position:0% +linear you often go back to earlier + + + align:start position:0% +linear you often go back to earlier +steps as you go through this + + align:start position:0% +steps as you go through this + + + align:start position:0% +steps as you go through this +process any + + align:start position:0% +process any + + + align:start position:0% +process any +questions I wish this class were twice + + align:start position:0% +questions I wish this class were twice + + + align:start position:0% +questions I wish this class were twice +as long + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we'll see you in your practice + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll see you in your practice + + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll see you in your practice +presentations \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Uda1k3pnijc.txt b/Uda1k3pnijc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6333af443b7b4a94f461956dbb3ef08579ac5b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Uda1k3pnijc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2587 @@ +align:start position:0% + +yeah we just did the quiz and that's for + + align:start position:0% +yeah we just did the quiz and that's for + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we just did the quiz and that's for +people who are watching this later + + align:start position:0% +people who are watching this later + + + align:start position:0% +people who are watching this later +that's not on the video we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that's not on the video we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that's not on the video we're going to +do some introduction to music cognition + + align:start position:0% +do some introduction to music cognition + + + align:start position:0% +do some introduction to music cognition +I don't think we're going to have time + + align:start position:0% +I don't think we're going to have time + + + align:start position:0% +I don't think we're going to have time +but um we can also unlock voice leading + + align:start position:0% +but um we can also unlock voice leading + + + align:start position:0% +but um we can also unlock voice leading +if we do now I'm going to put this + + align:start position:0% +if we do now I'm going to put this + + + align:start position:0% +if we do now I'm going to put this +down great and I'm going to turn off + + align:start position:0% +down great and I'm going to turn off + + + align:start position:0% +down great and I'm going to turn off +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +okay turn off that is that okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +okay turn off that is that okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +okay turn off that is that okay yeah +that's better um great so music + + align:start position:0% +that's better um great so music + + + align:start position:0% +that's better um great so music +cognition is one of these um things that + + align:start position:0% +cognition is one of these um things that + + + align:start position:0% +cognition is one of these um things that +intersects with huge numbers of parts of + + align:start position:0% +intersects with huge numbers of parts of + + + align:start position:0% +intersects with huge numbers of parts of +Music um in general music theory with + + align:start position:0% +Music um in general music theory with + + + align:start position:0% +Music um in general music theory with +music history with performance with um + + align:start position:0% +music history with performance with um + + + align:start position:0% +music history with performance with um +you know performance anxiety all these + + align:start position:0% +you know performance anxiety all these + + + align:start position:0% +you know performance anxiety all these +things uh but it also has a big impact + + align:start position:0% +things uh but it also has a big impact + + + align:start position:0% +things uh but it also has a big impact +on computational music especially + + align:start position:0% +on computational music especially + + + align:start position:0% +on computational music especially +computational music theory um it sort of + + align:start position:0% +computational music theory um it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +computational music theory um it sort of +formed this field and it continues to be + + align:start position:0% +formed this field and it continues to be + + + align:start position:0% +formed this field and it continues to be +part of it I just want to uh give a + + align:start position:0% +part of it I just want to uh give a + + + align:start position:0% +part of it I just want to uh give a +little introduction from uh professor of + + align:start position:0% +little introduction from uh professor of + + + align:start position:0% +little introduction from uh professor of +Music cognition at uh Northeastern down + + align:start position:0% +Music cognition at uh Northeastern down + + + align:start position:0% +Music cognition at uh Northeastern down +street and also Wesleyan uh psyche Louie + + align:start position:0% +street and also Wesleyan uh psyche Louie + + + align:start position:0% +street and also Wesleyan uh psyche Louie +um just a couple minutes while I also + + align:start position:0% +um just a couple minutes while I also + + + align:start position:0% +um just a couple minutes while I also +check to make sure I have the we we'll + + align:start position:0% +check to make sure I have the we we'll + + + align:start position:0% +check to make sure I have the we we'll +see if the sound's still working + + align:start position:0% +see if the sound's still working + + + align:start position:0% +see if the sound's still working +consider for instance this musical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example all right you might say that + + align:start position:0% +example all right you might say that + + + align:start position:0% +example all right you might say that +sounds nice and normal kind of like + + align:start position:0% +sounds nice and normal kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +sounds nice and normal kind of like +saying um I took the T here + + align:start position:0% +saying um I took the T here + + + align:start position:0% +saying um I took the T here +today what about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this right if you think that sounded + + align:start position:0% +this right if you think that sounded + + + align:start position:0% +this right if you think that sounded +normal you can come talk to me + + align:start position:0% +normal you can come talk to me + + + align:start position:0% +normal you can come talk to me +afterwards and we might sign you up for + + align:start position:0% +afterwards and we might sign you up for + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards and we might sign you up for +that tone deafness study we're doing + + align:start position:0% +that tone deafness study we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +that tone deafness study we're doing +um now so when you heard that last core + + align:start position:0% +um now so when you heard that last core + + + align:start position:0% +um now so when you heard that last core +your brain does a double take right + + align:start position:0% +your brain does a double take right + + + align:start position:0% +your brain does a double take right +there's something about it that that's + + align:start position:0% +there's something about it that that's + + + align:start position:0% +there's something about it that that's +like saying I took the T here octopus + + align:start position:0% +like saying I took the T here octopus + + + align:start position:0% +like saying I took the T here octopus +nothing wrong with octopus but it just + + align:start position:0% +nothing wrong with octopus but it just + + + align:start position:0% +nothing wrong with octopus but it just +doesn't fit the context of what happened + + align:start position:0% +doesn't fit the context of what happened + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't fit the context of what happened +before it it doesn't fit the grammar now + + align:start position:0% +before it it doesn't fit the grammar now + + + align:start position:0% +before it it doesn't fit the grammar now +this double take that your brain dust + + align:start position:0% +this double take that your brain dust + + + align:start position:0% +this double take that your brain dust +can be measured using electrical + + align:start position:0% +can be measured using electrical + + + align:start position:0% +can be measured using electrical +potentials on the surface of the scalp + + align:start position:0% +potentials on the surface of the scalp + + + align:start position:0% +potentials on the surface of the scalp +this is a picture of my mom and getting + + align:start position:0% +this is a picture of my mom and getting + + + align:start position:0% +this is a picture of my mom and getting +her brain potentials recorded and she's + + align:start position:0% +her brain potentials recorded and she's + + + align:start position:0% +her brain potentials recorded and she's +got 64 electrodes on her cap there and + + align:start position:0% +got 64 electrodes on her cap there and + + + align:start position:0% +got 64 electrodes on her cap there and +what those do is make recordings like + + align:start position:0% +what those do is make recordings like + + + align:start position:0% +what those do is make recordings like +this so on the left I'm showing you our + + align:start position:0% +this so on the left I'm showing you our + + + align:start position:0% +this so on the left I'm showing you our +brain responses to expected and + + align:start position:0% +brain responses to expected and + + + align:start position:0% +brain responses to expected and +unexpected musical chords and and on the + + align:start position:0% +unexpected musical chords and and on the + + + align:start position:0% +unexpected musical chords and and on the +right I'm showing you the the difference + + align:start position:0% +right I'm showing you the the difference + + + align:start position:0% +right I'm showing you the the difference +between expected and unexpected on the + + align:start position:0% +between expected and unexpected on the + + + align:start position:0% +between expected and unexpected on the +surface of the scalp so there's a bird + + align:start position:0% +surface of the scalp so there's a bird + + + align:start position:0% +surface of the scalp so there's a bird +ey view of the scalp so right away you + + align:start position:0% +ey view of the scalp so right away you + + + align:start position:0% +ey view of the scalp so right away you +can see that 200 milliseconds after the + + align:start position:0% +can see that 200 milliseconds after the + + + align:start position:0% +can see that 200 milliseconds after the +on of the unexpected cord your brain is + + align:start position:0% +on of the unexpected cord your brain is + + + align:start position:0% +on of the unexpected cord your brain is +doing this double take right saying oh + + align:start position:0% +doing this double take right saying oh + + + align:start position:0% +doing this double take right saying oh +that was unexpected 500 milliseconds you + + align:start position:0% +that was unexpected 500 milliseconds you + + + align:start position:0% +that was unexpected 500 milliseconds you +get um the brain saying oh how do I + + align:start position:0% +get um the brain saying oh how do I + + + align:start position:0% +get um the brain saying oh how do I +integrate that into what happened + + align:start position:0% +integrate that into what happened + + + align:start position:0% +integrate that into what happened +before so this is telling us with + + align:start position:0% +before so this is telling us with + + + align:start position:0% +before so this is telling us with +millisecond accuracy that we know about + + align:start position:0% +millisecond accuracy that we know about + + + align:start position:0% +millisecond accuracy that we know about +music there's something about our brains + + align:start position:0% +music there's something about our brains + + + align:start position:0% +music there's something about our brains +that is very sensitive to what's + + align:start position:0% +that is very sensitive to what's + + + align:start position:0% +that is very sensitive to what's +grammatical um in western music so the + + align:start position:0% +grammatical um in western music so the + + + align:start position:0% +grammatical um in western music so the +question is where does this knowledge + + align:start position:0% +question is where does this knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +question is where does this knowledge +come from how do we come to know what we + + align:start position:0% +come from how do we come to know what we + + + align:start position:0% +come from how do we come to know what we +know so to answer that question we again + + align:start position:0% +know so to answer that question we again + + + align:start position:0% +know so to answer that question we again +have to go all the way back to the + + align:start position:0% +have to go all the way back to the + + + align:start position:0% +have to go all the way back to the +ancient Greeks Pythagoras found that if + + align:start position:0% +ancient Greeks Pythagoras found that if + + + align:start position:0% +ancient Greeks Pythagoras found that if +two strings are being played together + + align:start position:0% +two strings are being played together + + + align:start position:0% +two strings are being played together +where one string is twice the length of + + align:start position:0% +where one string is twice the length of + + + align:start position:0% +where one string is twice the length of +the other um those two sound good + + align:start position:0% +the other um those two sound good + + + align:start position:0% +the other um those two sound good +together they sound consonant so this + + align:start position:0% +together they sound consonant so this + + + align:start position:0% +together they sound consonant so this +2:1 frequency ratio um is what + + align:start position:0% +2:1 frequency ratio um is what + + + align:start position:0% +2:1 frequency ratio um is what +supposedly brought us closer to the + + align:start position:0% +supposedly brought us closer to the + + + align:start position:0% +supposedly brought us closer to the +Greek gods in fact the word Symphony um + + align:start position:0% +Greek gods in fact the word Symphony um + + + align:start position:0% +Greek gods in fact the word Symphony um +originally means vibrating in Perfect + + align:start position:0% +originally means vibrating in Perfect + + + align:start position:0% +originally means vibrating in Perfect +Harmony using these mathematical integer + + align:start position:0% +Harmony using these mathematical integer + + + align:start position:0% +Harmony using these mathematical integer +ratios so this 2:1 frequency ratio is + + align:start position:0% +ratios so this 2:1 frequency ratio is + + + align:start position:0% +ratios so this 2:1 frequency ratio is +true of music all around the world now + + align:start position:0% +true of music all around the world now + + + align:start position:0% +true of music all around the world now +different cultures divide that 2 to1 fre + + align:start position:0% +different cultures divide that 2 to1 fre + + + align:start position:0% +different cultures divide that 2 to1 fre +queny ratio in different ways and our + + align:start position:0% +queny ratio in different ways and our + + + align:start position:0% +queny ratio in different ways and our +culture the equal tempered Western + + align:start position:0% +culture the equal tempered Western + + + align:start position:0% +culture the equal tempered Western +chromatic scale divides them in 12 steps + + align:start position:0% +chromatic scale divides them in 12 steps + + + align:start position:0% +chromatic scale divides them in 12 steps +so this is how it + + align:start position:0% +so this is how it + + + align:start position:0% +so this is how it +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] + + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sounds okay then these two guys came + + align:start position:0% +sounds okay then these two guys came + + + align:start position:0% +sounds okay then these two guys came +along and said does it have to be this + + align:start position:0% +along and said does it have to be this + + + align:start position:0% +along and said does it have to be this +way why 2:1 why not 3:1 so the bowl and + + align:start position:0% +way why 2:1 why not 3:1 so the bowl and + + + align:start position:0% +way why 2:1 why not 3:1 so the bowl and +Pier scale is based on a 3:1 frequency + + align:start position:0% +Pier scale is based on a 3:1 frequency + + + align:start position:0% +Pier scale is based on a 3:1 frequency +ratio and within that we've got 13 + + align:start position:0% +ratio and within that we've got 13 + + + align:start position:0% +ratio and within that we've got 13 +logarithmic divisions of that scale so + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic divisions of that scale so + + + align:start position:0% +logarithmic divisions of that scale so +you still get get some mathematical + + align:start position:0% +you still get get some mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +you still get get some mathematical +inter ratio so the Greek gods are not + + align:start position:0% +inter ratio so the Greek gods are not + + + align:start position:0% +inter ratio so the Greek gods are not +offended here um but what this sounds + + align:start position:0% +offended here um but what this sounds + + + align:start position:0% +offended here um but what this sounds +like is completely different from + + align:start position:0% +like is completely different from + + + align:start position:0% +like is completely different from +Western or other types of + + align:start position:0% +Western or other types of + + + align:start position:0% +Western or other types of +[Laughter] + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] + + + align:start position:0% +[Laughter] +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +music so this is a really powerful + + align:start position:0% +music so this is a really powerful + + + align:start position:0% +music so this is a really powerful +approach um to find out what people know + + align:start position:0% +approach um to find out what people know + + + align:start position:0% +approach um to find out what people know +about music in the laboratory so we can + + align:start position:0% +about music in the laboratory so we can + + + align:start position:0% +about music in the laboratory so we can +be pretty sure that people have never + + align:start position:0% +be pretty sure that people have never + + + align:start position:0% +be pretty sure that people have never +heard this music before but when they + + align:start position:0% +heard this music before but when they + + + align:start position:0% +heard this music before but when they +come in then they can listen to this + + align:start position:0% +come in then they can listen to this + + + align:start position:0% +come in then they can listen to this +music for a while and then we can + + align:start position:0% +music for a while and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +music for a while and then we can +measure how they come to know what they + + align:start position:0% +measure how they come to know what they + + + align:start position:0% +measure how they come to know what they +know so I'm going to play you for about + + align:start position:0% +know so I'm going to play you for about + + + align:start position:0% +know so I'm going to play you for about +a minute um a snippet of a piece by + + align:start position:0% +a minute um a snippet of a piece by + + + align:start position:0% +a minute um a snippet of a piece by +Stephen ye it's called reminiscences and + + align:start position:0% +Stephen ye it's called reminiscences and + + + align:start position:0% +Stephen ye it's called reminiscences and +it's written in the bow and Pier scale + + align:start position:0% +it's written in the bow and Pier scale + + + align:start position:0% +it's written in the bow and Pier scale +just so you get an idea + + align:start position:0% +just so you get an idea + + + align:start position:0% +just so you get an idea +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this really is kind of an + + align:start position:0% +so this really is kind of an + + + align:start position:0% +so this really is kind of an +otherworldly new musical experience that + + align:start position:0% +otherworldly new musical experience that + + + align:start position:0% +otherworldly new musical experience that +we're entering here um and in our lab + + align:start position:0% +we're entering here um and in our lab + + + align:start position:0% +we're entering here um and in our lab +what we wanted to do was figure out how + + align:start position:0% +what we wanted to do was figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +what we wanted to do was figure out how +people learn this new musical system so + + align:start position:0% +people learn this new musical system so + + + align:start position:0% +people learn this new musical system so +we have these well-controlled Melodies + + align:start position:0% +we have these well-controlled Melodies + + + align:start position:0% +we have these well-controlled Melodies +that people listen to for about half an + + align:start position:0% +that people listen to for about half an + + + align:start position:0% +that people listen to for about half an +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +hour so you listen to these things for + + align:start position:0% +hour so you listen to these things for + + + align:start position:0% +hour so you listen to these things for +half an hour and they're they're defined + + align:start position:0% +half an hour and they're they're defined + + + align:start position:0% +half an hour and they're they're defined +using rules and principles or + + align:start position:0% +using rules and principles or + + + align:start position:0% +using rules and principles or +grammatical structures that we've + + align:start position:0% +grammatical structures that we've + + + align:start position:0% +grammatical structures that we've +defined ourselves and then the question + + align:start position:0% +defined ourselves and then the question + + + align:start position:0% +defined ourselves and then the question +is what can people learn from this new + + align:start position:0% +is what can people learn from this new + + + align:start position:0% +is what can people learn from this new +musical experience first thing we found + + align:start position:0% +musical experience first thing we found + + + align:start position:0% +musical experience first thing we found +was that memory increases with with + + align:start position:0% +was that memory increases with with + + + align:start position:0% +was that memory increases with with +repetition turns out also that + + align:start position:0% +repetition turns out also that + + + align:start position:0% +repetition turns out also that +preference increases with repetition so + + align:start position:0% +preference increases with repetition so + + + align:start position:0% +preference increases with repetition so +what we're seeing here is the beginning + + align:start position:0% +what we're seeing here is the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +what we're seeing here is the beginning +of musical taste right the more you + + align:start position:0% +of musical taste right the more you + + + align:start position:0% +of musical taste right the more you +listen to something the more you begin + + align:start position:0% +listen to something the more you begin + + + align:start position:0% +listen to something the more you begin +to like it but what I'm interested in is + + align:start position:0% +to like it but what I'm interested in is + + + align:start position:0% +to like it but what I'm interested in is +how learning occurs and it turns out + + align:start position:0% +how learning occurs and it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +how learning occurs and it turns out +that learning does not occur with + + align:start position:0% +that learning does not occur with + + + align:start position:0% +that learning does not occur with +repetition but with variability in other + + align:start position:0% +repetition but with variability in other + + + align:start position:0% +repetition but with variability in other +words the more different ways you tell + + align:start position:0% +words the more different ways you tell + + + align:start position:0% +words the more different ways you tell +people something the more people are + + align:start position:0% +people something the more people are + + + align:start position:0% +people something the more people are +able to infer the underlying structure + + align:start position:0% +able to infer the underlying structure + + + align:start position:0% +able to infer the underlying structure +of what you tell them and then to + + align:start position:0% +of what you tell them and then to + + + align:start position:0% +of what you tell them and then to +generalize those to new instances of the + + align:start position:0% +generalize those to new instances of the + + + align:start position:0% +generalize those to new instances of the +same grammar now our question becomes + + align:start position:0% +same grammar now our question becomes + + + align:start position:0% +same grammar now our question becomes +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +and that's where I stop for here because + + align:start position:0% +and that's where I stop for here because + + + align:start position:0% +and that's where I stop for here because +we can look at that online and I want + + align:start position:0% +we can look at that online and I want + + + align:start position:0% +we can look at that online and I want +you to um just get as excited um for our + + align:start position:0% +you to um just get as excited um for our + + + align:start position:0% +you to um just get as excited um for our +two two guest speakers who are going to + + align:start position:0% +two two guest speakers who are going to + + + align:start position:0% +two two guest speakers who are going to +be um talking on zoom on Friday and + + align:start position:0% +be um talking on zoom on Friday and + + + align:start position:0% +be um talking on zoom on Friday and +after um after break uh here on campus + + align:start position:0% +after um after break uh here on campus + + + align:start position:0% +after um after break uh here on campus +so we're going to be talking uh + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to be talking uh + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to be talking uh +primarily in the next couple classes + + align:start position:0% +primarily in the next couple classes + + + align:start position:0% +primarily in the next couple classes +about uh the work well first clar Arthur + + align:start position:0% +about uh the work well first clar Arthur + + + align:start position:0% +about uh the work well first clar Arthur +is going to present her own work and + + align:start position:0% +is going to present her own work and + + + align:start position:0% +is going to present her own work and +then we'll be talking about two um major + + align:start position:0% +then we'll be talking about two um major + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll be talking about two um major +figures uh in music cognition one is uh + + align:start position:0% +figures uh in music cognition one is uh + + + align:start position:0% +figures uh in music cognition one is uh +Carol Kum hunel and uh her Landmark book + + align:start position:0% +Carol Kum hunel and uh her Landmark book + + + align:start position:0% +Carol Kum hunel and uh her Landmark book +cognitive foundations of musical pitch + + align:start position:0% +cognitive foundations of musical pitch + + + align:start position:0% +cognitive foundations of musical pitch +which is all about how do we process + + align:start position:0% +which is all about how do we process + + + align:start position:0% +which is all about how do we process +pitch how do we think how do we put it + + align:start position:0% +pitch how do we think how do we put it + + + align:start position:0% +pitch how do we think how do we put it +into particular areas and so that's + + align:start position:0% +into particular areas and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +into particular areas and so that's +pretty important for music cognition but + + align:start position:0% +pretty important for music cognition but + + + align:start position:0% +pretty important for music cognition but +it's also formed her work on this formed + + align:start position:0% +it's also formed her work on this formed + + + align:start position:0% +it's also formed her work on this formed +the basis for every + + align:start position:0% +the basis for every + + + align:start position:0% +the basis for every +computational almost every for the I + + align:start position:0% +computational almost every for the I + + + align:start position:0% +computational almost every for the I +yeah I can't say the wrong things uh for + + align:start position:0% +yeah I can't say the wrong things uh for + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I can't say the wrong things uh for +the most widely used key detection in + + align:start position:0% +the most widely used key detection in + + + align:start position:0% +the most widely used key detection in +key algorithm finding um mechanisms so + + align:start position:0% +key algorithm finding um mechanisms so + + + align:start position:0% +key algorithm finding um mechanisms so +here uh this is our favorite bwv + + align:start position:0% +here uh this is our favorite bwv + + + align:start position:0% +here uh this is our favorite bwv +66.6 looking at different sizes of + + align:start position:0% +66.6 looking at different sizes of + + + align:start position:0% +66.6 looking at different sizes of +amount of memory that we have and we can + + align:start position:0% +amount of memory that we have and we can + + + align:start position:0% +amount of memory that we have and we can +see that um where is at certain um + + align:start position:0% +see that um where is at certain um + + + align:start position:0% +see that um where is at certain um +things a major is coming up and and then + + align:start position:0% +things a major is coming up and and then + + + align:start position:0% +things a major is coming up and and then +we're moving from one key to another as + + align:start position:0% +we're moving from one key to another as + + + align:start position:0% +we're moving from one key to another as +uh as our cognition goes so we'll be + + align:start position:0% +uh as our cognition goes so we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +uh as our cognition goes so we'll be +looking into um her + + align:start position:0% +looking into um her + + + align:start position:0% +looking into um her +work the second uh major figure is um + + align:start position:0% +work the second uh major figure is um + + + align:start position:0% +work the second uh major figure is um +David hiron whose name might have + + align:start position:0% +David hiron whose name might have + + + align:start position:0% +David hiron whose name might have +appeared um as a secondary author of one + + align:start position:0% +appeared um as a secondary author of one + + + align:start position:0% +appeared um as a secondary author of one +of the um articles that you may have + + align:start position:0% +of the um articles that you may have + + + align:start position:0% +of the um articles that you may have +discussed on the midterm um in his his + + align:start position:0% +discussed on the midterm um in his his + + + align:start position:0% +discussed on the midterm um in his his +um Landmark book sweet anticipation + + align:start position:0% +um Landmark book sweet anticipation + + + align:start position:0% +um Landmark book sweet anticipation +music and the psychology of expectation + + align:start position:0% +music and the psychology of expectation + + + align:start position:0% +music and the psychology of expectation +you're going to have access to this book + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have access to this book + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have access to this book +um totally on the website um in uh by + + align:start position:0% +um totally on the website um in uh by + + + align:start position:0% +um totally on the website um in uh by +Friday and um but it's I I feel like if + + align:start position:0% +Friday and um but it's I I feel like if + + + align:start position:0% +Friday and um but it's I I feel like if +there's one + + align:start position:0% +there's one + + + align:start position:0% +there's one +thing worth spending your money to own + + align:start position:0% +thing worth spending your money to own + + + align:start position:0% +thing worth spending your money to own +in sort of a physical copy coming out of + + align:start position:0% +in sort of a physical copy coming out of + + + align:start position:0% +in sort of a physical copy coming out of +this class it's this book first off it's + + align:start position:0% +this class it's this book first off it's + + + align:start position:0% +this class it's this book first off it's +not too expensive it's like 22 bucks or + + align:start position:0% +not too expensive it's like 22 bucks or + + + align:start position:0% +not too expensive it's like 22 bucks or +something but it's just um amazing the + + align:start position:0% +something but it's just um amazing the + + + align:start position:0% +something but it's just um amazing the +types of things uh and talks about his + + align:start position:0% +types of things uh and talks about his + + + align:start position:0% +types of things uh and talks about his +own work but mostly it's a collection of + + align:start position:0% +own work but mostly it's a collection of + + + align:start position:0% +own work but mostly it's a collection of +sort of the greatest hits of Music + + align:start position:0% +sort of the greatest hits of Music + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the greatest hits of Music +cognition also by others um and so this + + align:start position:0% +cognition also by others um and so this + + + align:start position:0% +cognition also by others um and so this +is a particular experiment that I think + + align:start position:0% +is a particular experiment that I think + + + align:start position:0% +is a particular experiment that I think +is really great um Bolognese musicians + + align:start position:0% +is really great um Bolognese musicians + + + align:start position:0% +is really great um Bolognese musicians +and American musicians were given uh a + + align:start position:0% +and American musicians were given uh a + + + align:start position:0% +and American musicians were given uh a +banese Melody that was there and then + + align:start position:0% +banese Melody that was there and then + + + align:start position:0% +banese Melody that was there and then +they were betting um on whether or not I + + align:start position:0% +they were betting um on whether or not I + + + align:start position:0% +they were betting um on whether or not I +believe it was the next note goes up or + + align:start position:0% +believe it was the next note goes up or + + + align:start position:0% +believe it was the next note goes up or +down after that and you see The + + align:start position:0% +down after that and you see The + + + align:start position:0% +down after that and you see The +Bolognese musician and so this is how + + align:start position:0% +Bolognese musician and so this is how + + + align:start position:0% +Bolognese musician and so this is how +uncertain they are so lower is more + + align:start position:0% +uncertain they are so lower is more + + + align:start position:0% +uncertain they are so lower is more +certain the Bales musicians when they + + align:start position:0% +certain the Bales musicians when they + + + align:start position:0% +certain the Bales musicians when they +hear this traditional Bolognese thing + + align:start position:0% +hear this traditional Bolognese thing + + + align:start position:0% +hear this traditional Bolognese thing +they're they're just doing great they're + + align:start position:0% +they're they're just doing great they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're just doing great they're +they're making money head over heels and + + align:start position:0% +they're making money head over heels and + + + align:start position:0% +they're making money head over heels and +then uncertainty goes up when it goes + + align:start position:0% +then uncertainty goes up when it goes + + + align:start position:0% +then uncertainty goes up when it goes +into a different direction CU this was a + + align:start position:0% +into a different direction CU this was a + + + align:start position:0% +into a different direction CU this was a +crafted Melody designed to + + align:start position:0% +crafted Melody designed to + + + align:start position:0% +crafted Melody designed to +uh do that and so being able to check + + align:start position:0% +uh do that and so being able to check + + + align:start position:0% +uh do that and so being able to check +out things like that we'll also be + + align:start position:0% +out things like that we'll also be + + + align:start position:0% +out things like that we'll also be +looking um a little bit at Rhythm and + + align:start position:0% +looking um a little bit at Rhythm and + + + align:start position:0% +looking um a little bit at Rhythm and +rhythmic uncertainty um and the types of + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic uncertainty um and the types of + + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic uncertainty um and the types of +things that um that music cognition + + align:start position:0% +things that um that music cognition + + + align:start position:0% +things that um that music cognition +might tell us for how to generate Rhythm + + align:start position:0% +might tell us for how to generate Rhythm + + + align:start position:0% +might tell us for how to generate Rhythm +so this is a this is a particularly um + + align:start position:0% +so this is a this is a particularly um + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a this is a particularly um +slightly complex graph but um but it's + + align:start position:0% +slightly complex graph but um but it's + + + align:start position:0% +slightly complex graph but um but it's +actually I think it's the simplest way + + align:start position:0% +actually I think it's the simplest way + + + align:start position:0% +actually I think it's the simplest way +to explain this diagram say you have um + + align:start position:0% +to explain this diagram say you have um + + + align:start position:0% +to explain this diagram say you have um +you have three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +notes whatever three notes they + + align:start position:0% +notes whatever three notes they + + + align:start position:0% +notes whatever three notes they +are say that their total duration sum up + + align:start position:0% +are say that their total duration sum up + + + align:start position:0% +are say that their total duration sum up +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +one and then you can figure out how much + + align:start position:0% +one and then you can figure out how much + + + align:start position:0% +one and then you can figure out how much +what percentage or what fraction of the + + align:start position:0% +what percentage or what fraction of the + + + align:start position:0% +what percentage or what fraction of the +duration each of the notes takes up oh + + align:start position:0% +duration each of the notes takes up oh + + + align:start position:0% +duration each of the notes takes up oh +gosh uh let's see that's 1 half what's + + align:start position:0% +gosh uh let's see that's 1 half what's + + + align:start position:0% +gosh uh let's see that's 1 half what's +that that's 38 thank you and it's 1/8 um + + align:start position:0% +that that's 38 thank you and it's 1/8 um + + + align:start position:0% +that that's 38 thank you and it's 1/8 um +and then you can place each of them + + align:start position:0% +and then you can place each of them + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can place each of them +between one and zero on this chart and + + align:start position:0% +between one and zero on this chart and + + + align:start position:0% +between one and zero on this chart and +this triangular chart lets you uh show + + align:start position:0% +this triangular chart lets you uh show + + + align:start position:0% +this triangular chart lets you uh show +the proportion of each of three things + + align:start position:0% +the proportion of each of three things + + + align:start position:0% +the proportion of each of three things +at the same time and one of the things + + align:start position:0% +at the same time and one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time and one of the things +that comes out of this oh I did um is + + align:start position:0% +that comes out of this oh I did um is + + + align:start position:0% +that comes out of this oh I did um is +that there's not one point where people + + align:start position:0% +that there's not one point where people + + + align:start position:0% +that there's not one point where people +perceive so so there's one point where + + align:start position:0% +perceive so so there's one point where + + + align:start position:0% +perceive so so there's one point where +it should be exactly right so 314 uh 211 + + align:start position:0% +it should be exactly right so 314 uh 211 + + + align:start position:0% +it should be exactly right so 314 uh 211 +should be exactly here on the 25% AIS + + align:start position:0% +should be exactly here on the 25% AIS + + + align:start position:0% +should be exactly here on the 25% AIS +for one on the 25% access for another + + align:start position:0% +for one on the 25% access for another + + + align:start position:0% +for one on the 25% access for another +and the 50% for a third one so it should + + align:start position:0% +and the 50% for a third one so it should + + + align:start position:0% +and the 50% for a third one so it should +be right here and + + align:start position:0% +be right here and + + + align:start position:0% +be right here and +314 um I guess in this way 38 1/8 48 + + align:start position:0% +314 um I guess in this way 38 1/8 48 + + + align:start position:0% +314 um I guess in this way 38 1/8 48 +should be right here and one of the + + align:start position:0% +should be right here and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +should be right here and one of the +things that cognitive um studies has + + align:start position:0% +things that cognitive um studies has + + + align:start position:0% +things that cognitive um studies has +shown is that people perceive things a + + align:start position:0% +shown is that people perceive things a + + + align:start position:0% +shown is that people perceive things a +little bit differently so this entire + + align:start position:0% +little bit differently so this entire + + + align:start position:0% +little bit differently so this entire +region of playing is perceived in this + + align:start position:0% +region of playing is perceived in this + + + align:start position:0% +region of playing is perceived in this +experiment as the 211 or 1/2 1/4 1 qu + + align:start position:0% +experiment as the 211 or 1/2 1/4 1 qu + + + align:start position:0% +experiment as the 211 or 1/2 1/4 1 qu +whereas the region that was perceived as + + align:start position:0% +whereas the region that was perceived as + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the region that was perceived as +314 four is actually does not include + + align:start position:0% +314 four is actually does not include + + + align:start position:0% +314 four is actually does not include +the mathematically correct 38 1/8 uh + + align:start position:0% +the mathematically correct 38 1/8 uh + + + align:start position:0% +the mathematically correct 38 1/8 uh +48 and so we'll look at experiments that + + align:start position:0% +48 and so we'll look at experiments that + + + align:start position:0% +48 and so we'll look at experiments that +try to charart the whole landscape of + + align:start position:0% +try to charart the whole landscape of + + + align:start position:0% +try to charart the whole landscape of +rhythmic perception and you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic perception and you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic perception and you can imagine +that that could also be useful if you're + + align:start position:0% +that that could also be useful if you're + + + align:start position:0% +that that could also be useful if you're +generating music that when you generate + + align:start position:0% +generating music that when you generate + + + align:start position:0% +generating music that when you generate +patterns and you want people to hear + + align:start position:0% +patterns and you want people to hear + + + align:start position:0% +patterns and you want people to hear +them and you don't want it to sound + + align:start position:0% +them and you don't want it to sound + + + align:start position:0% +them and you don't want it to sound +computer you might do something else um + + align:start position:0% +computer you might do something else um + + + align:start position:0% +computer you might do something else um +but by far the tit the title of the book + + align:start position:0% +but by far the tit the title of the book + + + align:start position:0% +but by far the tit the title of the book +is called sweet anticipation and by far + + align:start position:0% +is called sweet anticipation and by far + + + align:start position:0% +is called sweet anticipation and by far +I think the most interesting for me part + + align:start position:0% +I think the most interesting for me part + + + align:start position:0% +I think the most interesting for me part +of this is studying anticipation + + align:start position:0% +of this is studying anticipation + + + align:start position:0% +of this is studying anticipation +expectation and surprise and so I was + + align:start position:0% +expectation and surprise and so I was + + + align:start position:0% +expectation and surprise and so I was +playing um when you all walked in a + + align:start position:0% +playing um when you all walked in a + + + align:start position:0% +playing um when you all walked in a +piece by um Peter shley uh PDQ Bach um + + align:start position:0% +piece by um Peter shley uh PDQ Bach um + + + align:start position:0% +piece by um Peter shley uh PDQ Bach um +fake Bach humorist and what I love is a + + align:start position:0% +fake Bach humorist and what I love is a + + + align:start position:0% +fake Bach humorist and what I love is a +little experiment here where it's we're + + align:start position:0% +little experiment here where it's we're + + + align:start position:0% +little experiment here where it's we're +going to be playing something that + + align:start position:0% +going to be playing something that + + + align:start position:0% +going to be playing something that +breaks expectations now you'll hear some + + align:start position:0% +breaks expectations now you'll hear some + + + align:start position:0% +breaks expectations now you'll hear some +laughter on the soundtrack that's + + align:start position:0% +laughter on the soundtrack that's + + + align:start position:0% +laughter on the soundtrack that's +probably also physical cool things are + + align:start position:0% +probably also physical cool things are + + + align:start position:0% +probably also physical cool things are +happening on stage that we can't see + + align:start position:0% +happening on stage that we can't see + + + align:start position:0% +happening on stage that we can't see +because it's just an audio version but + + align:start position:0% +because it's just an audio version but + + + align:start position:0% +because it's just an audio version but +listen to what people find funny + + align:start position:0% +listen to what people find funny + + + align:start position:0% +listen to what people find funny +musically and how it has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +musically and how it has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +musically and how it has to do with the +breaking of expectations so you're going + + align:start position:0% +breaking of expectations so you're going + + + align:start position:0% +breaking of expectations so you're going +to be listening to a little thing this + + align:start position:0% +to be listening to a little thing this + + + align:start position:0% +to be listening to a little thing this +is about we're going to start about 20 + + align:start position:0% +is about we're going to start about 20 + + + align:start position:0% +is about we're going to start about 20 +seconds before this figure so there's + + align:start position:0% +seconds before this figure so there's + + + align:start position:0% +seconds before this figure so there's +going to be a bunch of other things and + + align:start position:0% +going to be a bunch of other things and + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a bunch of other things and +maybe just look for a second yourself on + + align:start position:0% +maybe just look for a second yourself on + + + align:start position:0% +maybe just look for a second yourself on +what expectation might be broken here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +you hear the accompaniment in wrong + + align:start position:0% +you hear the accompaniment in wrong + + + align:start position:0% +you hear the accompaniment in wrong +places + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +there's a particular expectation for how + + align:start position:0% +there's a particular expectation for how + + + align:start position:0% +there's a particular expectation for how +um how things might be um might be going + + align:start position:0% +um how things might be um might be going + + + align:start position:0% +um how things might be um might be going +and stuff and oh um and I think these + + align:start position:0% +and stuff and oh um and I think these + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff and oh um and I think these +are our two uh guests they're um both + + align:start position:0% +are our two uh guests they're um both + + + align:start position:0% +are our two uh guests they're um both +named Claire they're in alphabetical + + align:start position:0% +named Claire they're in alphabetical + + + align:start position:0% +named Claire they're in alphabetical +order though Clare Arthur will be coming + + align:start position:0% +order though Clare Arthur will be coming + + + align:start position:0% +order though Clare Arthur will be coming +first coming from Georgia Tech and + + align:start position:0% +first coming from Georgia Tech and + + + align:start position:0% +first coming from Georgia Tech and +Claire pelofi coming from nyu's music + + align:start position:0% +Claire pelofi coming from nyu's music + + + align:start position:0% +Claire pelofi coming from nyu's music +and audio research laboratory uh I'm + + align:start position:0% +and audio research laboratory uh I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and audio research laboratory uh I'm +bringing in guests in part because uh + + align:start position:0% +bringing in guests in part because uh + + + align:start position:0% +bringing in guests in part because uh +this is something I music cognition is + + align:start position:0% +this is something I music cognition is + + + align:start position:0% +this is something I music cognition is +something I think is really really + + align:start position:0% +something I think is really really + + + align:start position:0% +something I think is really really +important but it's probably the weakest + + align:start position:0% +important but it's probably the weakest + + + align:start position:0% +important but it's probably the weakest +topic for me as a teacher in this field + + align:start position:0% +topic for me as a teacher in this field + + + align:start position:0% +topic for me as a teacher in this field +so uh you should be getting this + + align:start position:0% +so uh you should be getting this + + + align:start position:0% +so uh you should be getting this +information from people who uh do it + + align:start position:0% +information from people who uh do it + + + align:start position:0% +information from people who uh do it +much better than me so that's uh great + + align:start position:0% +much better than me so that's uh great + + + align:start position:0% +much better than me so that's uh great +who uh we have seven minutes left who + + align:start position:0% +who uh we have seven minutes left who + + + align:start position:0% +who uh we have seven minutes left who +wants to program and unlock and who + + align:start position:0% +wants to program and unlock and who + + + align:start position:0% +wants to program and unlock and who +wants to go um if it's early unlock go + + align:start position:0% +wants to go um if it's early unlock go + + + align:start position:0% +wants to go um if it's early unlock go +okay great have a great time have a + + align:start position:0% +okay great have a great time have a + + + align:start position:0% +okay great have a great time have a +great uh break and I I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +great uh break and I I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +great uh break and I I don't want to +start a new topic in seven minutes + + align:start position:0% +start a new topic in seven minutes + + + align:start position:0% +start a new topic in seven minutes +either so um have a good good sorry I'll + + align:start position:0% +either so um have a good good sorry I'll + + + align:start position:0% +either so um have a good good sorry I'll +see you after break in person but I'll + + align:start position:0% +see you after break in person but I'll + + + align:start position:0% +see you after break in person but I'll +see you all on Friday um so thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/UrgmDSFBYlE.txt b/UrgmDSFBYlE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a9e8671f41aa1564b563fdd1b79c4e0d60355ba --- /dev/null +++ b/UrgmDSFBYlE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,379 @@ +align:start position:0% + +if you look at the vitamin bottle you + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the vitamin bottle you + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the vitamin bottle you +have all these vitamins you eat like + + align:start position:0% +have all these vitamins you eat like + + + align:start position:0% +have all these vitamins you eat like +what do they call them by it and + + align:start position:0% +what do they call them by it and + + + align:start position:0% +what do they call them by it and +riboflavin pyridoxal so all of those are + + align:start position:0% +riboflavin pyridoxal so all of those are + + + align:start position:0% +riboflavin pyridoxal so all of those are +small organic molecules and they all + + align:start position:0% +small organic molecules and they all + + + align:start position:0% +small organic molecules and they all +have chemical reactivity and they + + align:start position:0% +have chemical reactivity and they + + + align:start position:0% +have chemical reactivity and they +interact with the protein and allow the + + align:start position:0% +interact with the protein and allow the + + + align:start position:0% +interact with the protein and allow the +protein to do chemistry that can't + + align:start position:0% +protein to do chemistry that can't + + + align:start position:0% +protein to do chemistry that can't +normally be carried out by just the + + align:start position:0% +normally be carried out by just the + + + align:start position:0% +normally be carried out by just the +amino acid side chains of the protein in + + align:start position:0% +amino acid side chains of the protein in + + + align:start position:0% +amino acid side chains of the protein in +the active site of the enzyme so the + + align:start position:0% +the active site of the enzyme so the + + + align:start position:0% +the active site of the enzyme so the +vitamins you eat are not actually what's + + align:start position:0% +vitamins you eat are not actually what's + + + align:start position:0% +vitamins you eat are not actually what's +interacting with the protein they need + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the protein they need + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with the protein they need +to be modified so the other precursors + + align:start position:0% +to be modified so the other precursors + + + align:start position:0% +to be modified so the other precursors +to what are called cofactors that again + + align:start position:0% +to what are called cofactors that again + + + align:start position:0% +to what are called cofactors that again +expand the repertoire of what's found in + + align:start position:0% +expand the repertoire of what's found in + + + align:start position:0% +expand the repertoire of what's found in +enzymatic systems so you have a whole + + align:start position:0% +enzymatic systems so you have a whole + + + align:start position:0% +enzymatic systems so you have a whole +bunch of organic cofactors that actually + + align:start position:0% +bunch of organic cofactors that actually + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of organic cofactors that actually +can be made spontaneously and if you + + align:start position:0% +can be made spontaneously and if you + + + align:start position:0% +can be made spontaneously and if you +throw in some simple molecules like + + align:start position:0% +throw in some simple molecules like + + + align:start position:0% +throw in some simple molecules like +cyanide in the stuff these things all + + align:start position:0% +cyanide in the stuff these things all + + + align:start position:0% +cyanide in the stuff these things all +self assemble so they they're all from + + align:start position:0% +self assemble so they they're all from + + + align:start position:0% +self assemble so they they're all from +the primordial soup and in fact many of + + align:start position:0% +the primordial soup and in fact many of + + + align:start position:0% +the primordial soup and in fact many of +these vitamins can do chemistry without + + align:start position:0% +these vitamins can do chemistry without + + + align:start position:0% +these vitamins can do chemistry without +any enzyme at all but they can't do it + + align:start position:0% +any enzyme at all but they can't do it + + + align:start position:0% +any enzyme at all but they can't do it +specifically and they can't do it + + align:start position:0% +specifically and they can't do it + + + align:start position:0% +specifically and they can't do it +rapidly so we have all these organic + + align:start position:0% +rapidly so we have all these organic + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly so we have all these organic +molecules that can self-assemble that + + align:start position:0% +molecules that can self-assemble that + + + align:start position:0% +molecules that can self-assemble that +expand the repertoire but if you write + + align:start position:0% +expand the repertoire but if you write + + + align:start position:0% +expand the repertoire but if you write +them in bottle us of minerals and that's + + align:start position:0% +them in bottle us of minerals and that's + + + align:start position:0% +them in bottle us of minerals and that's +one thing that I think most biochemistry + + align:start position:0% +one thing that I think most biochemistry + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that I think most biochemistry +courses don't talk about is metals and + + align:start position:0% +courses don't talk about is metals and + + + align:start position:0% +courses don't talk about is metals and +it's now proposed that between 35 and 50 + + align:start position:0% +it's now proposed that between 35 and 50 + + + align:start position:0% +it's now proposed that between 35 and 50 +percent of all the proteins in our body + + align:start position:0% +percent of all the proteins in our body + + + align:start position:0% +percent of all the proteins in our body +have metals that are essential for + + align:start position:0% +have metals that are essential for + + + align:start position:0% +have metals that are essential for +function and so these minerals that you + + align:start position:0% +function and so these minerals that you + + + align:start position:0% +function and so these minerals that you +eat iron or zinc or calcium all play + + align:start position:0% +eat iron or zinc or calcium all play + + + align:start position:0% +eat iron or zinc or calcium all play +central role again in expanding they all + + align:start position:0% +central role again in expanding they all + + + align:start position:0% +central role again in expanding they all +help in many cases facilitate chemical + + align:start position:0% +help in many cases facilitate chemical + + + align:start position:0% +help in many cases facilitate chemical +transformations and in the way we can + + align:start position:0% +transformations and in the way we can + + + align:start position:0% +transformations and in the way we can +understand by understanding basic + + align:start position:0% +understand by understanding basic + + + align:start position:0% +understand by understanding basic +chemical principles so the vitamin + + align:start position:0% +chemical principles so the vitamin + + + align:start position:0% +chemical principles so the vitamin +bottle we come back to over and over + + align:start position:0% +bottle we come back to over and over + + + align:start position:0% +bottle we come back to over and over +again through the course of the semester + + align:start position:0% +again through the course of the semester + + + align:start position:0% +again through the course of the semester +because all the enzymes in metabolic + + align:start position:0% +because all the enzymes in metabolic + + + align:start position:0% +because all the enzymes in metabolic +pathways have different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +pathways have different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +pathways have different kinds of +cofactors that are required to make the + + align:start position:0% +cofactors that are required to make the + + + align:start position:0% +cofactors that are required to make the +enzymes funk \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/V3omVLzI0WE.txt b/V3omVLzI0WE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d93eb604b57b858ae24a13e5e12d5708bbc9d70 --- /dev/null +++ b/V3omVLzI0WE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13204 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right today we start a + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right today we start a + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right today we start a +new section in advanced data structures + + align:start position:0% +new section in advanced data structures + + + align:start position:0% +new section in advanced data structures +and it's data structures for memory + + align:start position:0% +and it's data structures for memory + + + align:start position:0% +and it's data structures for memory +hierarchy so the idea here is is while + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy so the idea here is is while + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy so the idea here is is while +tradition almost all data structurers + + align:start position:0% +tradition almost all data structurers + + + align:start position:0% +tradition almost all data structurers +think about uh memory as a flat thing + + align:start position:0% +think about uh memory as a flat thing + + + align:start position:0% +think about uh memory as a flat thing +and in the ram model you've got a giant + + align:start position:0% +and in the ram model you've got a giant + + + align:start position:0% +and in the ram model you've got a giant +array you can access the I element in + + align:start position:0% +array you can access the I element in + + + align:start position:0% +array you can access the I element in +your giant array in constant time the + + align:start position:0% +your giant array in constant time the + + + align:start position:0% +your giant array in constant time the +memory hierarchy you admit the reality + + align:start position:0% +memory hierarchy you admit the reality + + + align:start position:0% +memory hierarchy you admit the reality +of almost all computers since I don't + + align:start position:0% +of almost all computers since I don't + + + align:start position:0% +of almost all computers since I don't +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +80s uh with which have caches so the + + align:start position:0% +80s uh with which have caches so the + + + align:start position:0% +80s uh with which have caches so the +idea is you have your CPU + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +connected with a very high bandwidth + + align:start position:0% +connected with a very high bandwidth + + + align:start position:0% +connected with a very high bandwidth +channel to a relatively small cache + + align:start position:0% +channel to a relatively small cache + + + align:start position:0% +channel to a relatively small cache +which is connected via a relatively + + align:start position:0% +which is connected via a relatively + + + align:start position:0% +which is connected via a relatively +narrow bandwidth channel to a really big + + align:start position:0% +narrow bandwidth channel to a really big + + + align:start position:0% +narrow bandwidth channel to a really big +memory and in in real computers this + + align:start position:0% +memory and in in real computers this + + + align:start position:0% +memory and in in real computers this +keeps going you've got level one cache + + align:start position:0% +keeps going you've got level one cache + + + align:start position:0% +keeps going you've got level one cache +then level two cache then level three + + align:start position:0% +then level two cache then level three + + + align:start position:0% +then level two cache then level three +cache maybe then main memory then dis + + align:start position:0% +cache maybe then main memory then dis + + + align:start position:0% +cache maybe then main memory then dis +then Network or whatever usually the + + align:start position:0% +then Network or whatever usually the + + + align:start position:0% +then Network or whatever usually the +disc has a cache so you have this very + + align:start position:0% +disc has a cache so you have this very + + + align:start position:0% +disc has a cache so you have this very +deep hierarchy which is typically + + align:start position:0% +deep hierarchy which is typically + + + align:start position:0% +deep hierarchy which is typically +growing exponentially in size and also + + align:start position:0% +growing exponentially in size and also + + + align:start position:0% +growing exponentially in size and also +growing exponentially in slowness in + + align:start position:0% +growing exponentially in slowness in + + + align:start position:0% +growing exponentially in slowness in +latency so uh you like to design data + + align:start position:0% +latency so uh you like to design data + + + align:start position:0% +latency so uh you like to design data +structures that most of the time are + + align:start position:0% +structures that most of the time are + + + align:start position:0% +structures that most of the time are +working at the cache level because + + align:start position:0% +working at the cache level because + + + align:start position:0% +working at the cache level because +that's really fast and as little as + + align:start position:0% +that's really fast and as little as + + + align:start position:0% +that's really fast and as little as +possible you'd like to go to the deeper + + align:start position:0% +possible you'd like to go to the deeper + + + align:start position:0% +possible you'd like to go to the deeper +levels so um we're going to Define two + + align:start position:0% +levels so um we're going to Define two + + + align:start position:0% +levels so um we're going to Define two +models for working with memory + + align:start position:0% +models for working with memory + + + align:start position:0% +models for working with memory +hierarchies uh the first model it's + + align:start position:0% +hierarchies uh the first model it's + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchies uh the first model it's +called the external memory model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model it's also called the io + + align:start position:0% +model it's also called the io + + + align:start position:0% +model it's also called the io +model and it's also called the disk + + align:start position:0% +model and it's also called the disk + + + align:start position:0% +model and it's also called the disk +access model I think just so that it + + align:start position:0% +access model I think just so that it + + + align:start position:0% +access model I think just so that it +could be called the dam + + align:start position:0% +could be called the dam + + + align:start position:0% +could be called the dam +model uh I usually call it the external + + align:start position:0% +model uh I usually call it the external + + + align:start position:0% +model uh I usually call it the external +memory model and this is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +memory model and this is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +memory model and this is sort of the +simplest model it's also the most well + + align:start position:0% +simplest model it's also the most well + + + align:start position:0% +simplest model it's also the most well +studied I would say um and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +studied I would say um and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +studied I would say um and it's going to +relate closely to the other models that + + align:start position:0% +relate closely to the other models that + + + align:start position:0% +relate closely to the other models that +we're going to look at and the idea with + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at and the idea with + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at and the idea with +the external memory model is yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +the external memory model is yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +the external memory model is yeah okay +uh real computer has many levels in this + + align:start position:0% +uh real computer has many levels in this + + + align:start position:0% +uh real computer has many levels in this +hierarchy but let's just focus on the + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy but let's just focus on the + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy but let's just focus on the +last one and the next to last one + + align:start position:0% +last one and the next to last one + + + align:start position:0% +last one and the next to last one +because typically uh that last one is + + align:start position:0% +because typically uh that last one is + + + align:start position:0% +because typically uh that last one is +going to be way way slower than all the + + align:start position:0% +going to be way way slower than all the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be way way slower than all the +others and so you really want to + + align:start position:0% +others and so you really want to + + + align:start position:0% +others and so you really want to +minimize how many memory transfers + + align:start position:0% +minimize how many memory transfers + + + align:start position:0% +minimize how many memory transfers +happen here so I want to count the + + align:start position:0% +happen here so I want to count the + + + align:start position:0% +happen here so I want to count the +number of memory + + align:start position:0% +number of memory + + + align:start position:0% +number of memory +transfers + + align:start position:0% +transfers + + + align:start position:0% +transfers +between uh two levels and so this this + + align:start position:0% +between uh two levels and so this this + + + align:start position:0% +between uh two levels and so this this +model just thinks about two levels I'll + + align:start position:0% +model just thinks about two levels I'll + + + align:start position:0% +model just thinks about two levels I'll +call them cache and + + align:start position:0% +call them cache and + + + align:start position:0% +call them cache and +dis we think of disk as infinite and + + align:start position:0% +dis we think of disk as infinite and + + + align:start position:0% +dis we think of disk as infinite and +slow we think of cash as not only fast + + align:start position:0% +slow we think of cash as not only fast + + + align:start position:0% +slow we think of cash as not only fast +but infinitely fast it takes zero time + + align:start position:0% +but infinitely fast it takes zero time + + + align:start position:0% +but infinitely fast it takes zero time +to access access something in Cache all + + align:start position:0% +to access access something in Cache all + + + align:start position:0% +to access access something in Cache all +we're thinking about is how many + + align:start position:0% +we're thinking about is how many + + + align:start position:0% +we're thinking about is how many +transfers between the left and right + + align:start position:0% +transfers between the left and right + + + align:start position:0% +transfers between the left and right +have to happen so computation here is + + align:start position:0% +have to happen so computation here is + + + align:start position:0% +have to happen so computation here is +free access over here is free and we + + align:start position:0% +free access over here is free and we + + + align:start position:0% +free access over here is free and we +just pay for this that's the external + + align:start position:0% +just pay for this that's the external + + + align:start position:0% +just pay for this that's the external +memory model you can also think about + + align:start position:0% +memory model you can also think about + + + align:start position:0% +memory model you can also think about +running time make sure running time is + + align:start position:0% +running time make sure running time is + + + align:start position:0% +running time make sure running time is +still optimal and that will guarantee + + align:start position:0% +still optimal and that will guarantee + + + align:start position:0% +still optimal and that will guarantee +this part's good but usually the hard + + align:start position:0% +this part's good but usually the hard + + + align:start position:0% +this part's good but usually the hard +part is to minimize this part minimize + + align:start position:0% +part is to minimize this part minimize + + + align:start position:0% +part is to minimize this part minimize +number of memory transfers now to make + + align:start position:0% +number of memory transfers now to make + + + align:start position:0% +number of memory transfers now to make +this problem really + + align:start position:0% +this problem really + + + align:start position:0% +this problem really +interesting uh we need + + align:start position:0% +interesting uh we need + + + align:start position:0% +interesting uh we need +to add one more assumption and this is + + align:start position:0% +to add one more assumption and this is + + + align:start position:0% +to add one more assumption and this is +also the case in practice that when you + + align:start position:0% +also the case in practice that when you + + + align:start position:0% +also the case in practice that when you +request when you transfer an item from + + align:start position:0% +request when you transfer an item from + + + align:start position:0% +request when you transfer an item from +disk to Cache you get not just that item + + align:start position:0% +disk to Cache you get not just that item + + + align:start position:0% +disk to Cache you get not just that item +but entire block of items at the same + + align:start position:0% +but entire block of items at the same + + + align:start position:0% +but entire block of items at the same +speed so in fact disk we're going to + + align:start position:0% +speed so in fact disk we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +speed so in fact disk we're going to +think of is divided into + + align:start position:0% +think of is divided into + + + align:start position:0% +think of is divided into +blocks block size + + align:start position:0% +blocks block size + + + align:start position:0% +blocks block size +here is + + align:start position:0% +here is + + + align:start position:0% +here is +B capital + + align:start position:0% +B capital + + + align:start position:0% +B capital +B uh also over here caches are divided + + align:start position:0% +B uh also over here caches are divided + + + align:start position:0% +B uh also over here caches are divided +into blocks of size + + align:start position:0% +into blocks of size + + + align:start position:0% +into blocks of size +B and we have a limited number of + + align:start position:0% +B and we have a limited number of + + + align:start position:0% +B and we have a limited number of +them uh we're going to suppose we have M + + align:start position:0% +them uh we're going to suppose we have M + + + align:start position:0% +them uh we're going to suppose we have M +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +B uh cach lines they're usually called + + align:start position:0% +B uh cach lines they're usually called + + + align:start position:0% +B uh cach lines they're usually called +at the cach level and so the total size + + align:start position:0% +at the cach level and so the total size + + + align:start position:0% +at the cach level and so the total size +of the cach is m m stands for memory + + align:start position:0% +of the cach is m m stands for memory + + + align:start position:0% +of the cach is m m stands for memory +sorry it's a little this this notation + + align:start position:0% +sorry it's a little this this notation + + + align:start position:0% +sorry it's a little this this notation +is slightly confusing for historical + + align:start position:0% +is slightly confusing for historical + + + align:start position:0% +is slightly confusing for historical +reasons but that's the way it is so B is + + align:start position:0% +reasons but that's the way it is so B is + + + align:start position:0% +reasons but that's the way it is so B is +block size m is cach size total cache + + align:start position:0% +block size m is cach size total cache + + + align:start position:0% +block size m is cach size total cache +size so there's M overb blocks of size B + + align:start position:0% +size so there's M overb blocks of size B + + + align:start position:0% +size so there's M overb blocks of size B +dis has infinitely many blocks of size B + + align:start position:0% +dis has infinitely many blocks of size B + + + align:start position:0% +dis has infinitely many blocks of size B +uh there's lots of motivations for this + + align:start position:0% +uh there's lots of motivations for this + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's lots of motivations for this +uh basically you're the the main cost + + align:start position:0% +uh basically you're the the main cost + + + align:start position:0% +uh basically you're the the main cost +you're paying here is latency you have + + align:start position:0% +you're paying here is latency you have + + + align:start position:0% +you're paying here is latency you have +to send a request and then the request + + align:start position:0% +to send a request and then the request + + + align:start position:0% +to send a request and then the request +the answer has to come back think of + + align:start position:0% +the answer has to come back think of + + + align:start position:0% +the answer has to come back think of +that as the dis is far away from the CPU + + align:start position:0% +that as the dis is far away from the CPU + + + align:start position:0% +that as the dis is far away from the CPU +and so it takes a long time to get there + + align:start position:0% +and so it takes a long time to get there + + + align:start position:0% +and so it takes a long time to get there +for the request to get there and for the + + align:start position:0% +for the request to get there and for the + + + align:start position:0% +for the request to get there and for the +data to get back so if you're sending + + align:start position:0% +data to get back so if you're sending + + + align:start position:0% +data to get back so if you're sending +data back you might as well send it's + + align:start position:0% +data back you might as well send it's + + + align:start position:0% +data back you might as well send it's +just as fast to send a lot of data as a + + align:start position:0% +just as fast to send a lot of data as a + + + align:start position:0% +just as fast to send a lot of data as a +little bit of data in fact typically you + + align:start position:0% +little bit of data in fact typically you + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of data in fact typically you +set this block size so that the amount + + align:start position:0% +set this block size so that the amount + + + align:start position:0% +set this block size so that the amount +of T time it takes for the data to + + align:start position:0% +of T time it takes for the data to + + + align:start position:0% +of T time it takes for the data to +arrive equals the latency to balance + + align:start position:0% +arrive equals the latency to balance + + + align:start position:0% +arrive equals the latency to balance +those two costs with dis it's especially + + align:start position:0% +those two costs with dis it's especially + + + align:start position:0% +those two costs with dis it's especially +the case because you have this latency + + align:start position:0% +the case because you have this latency + + + align:start position:0% +the case because you have this latency +of moving the disc head once you move + + align:start position:0% +of moving the disc head once you move + + + align:start position:0% +of moving the disc head once you move +the disc head you might as well read the + + align:start position:0% +the disc head you might as well read the + + + align:start position:0% +the disc head you might as well read the +entire track the entire circle of that + + align:start position:0% +entire track the entire circle of that + + + align:start position:0% +entire track the entire circle of that +if you're dealing with hard drives uh + + align:start position:0% +if you're dealing with hard drives uh + + + align:start position:0% +if you're dealing with hard drives uh +you know it's just as fast once you once + + align:start position:0% +you know it's just as fast once you once + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's just as fast once you once +the head gets + + align:start position:0% +the head gets + + + align:start position:0% +the head gets +there okay so that's the model and so + + align:start position:0% +there okay so that's the model and so + + + align:start position:0% +there okay so that's the model and so +now we want to minimize the number of + + align:start position:0% +now we want to minimize the number of + + + align:start position:0% +now we want to minimize the number of +block memory transfers this happens and + + align:start position:0% +block memory transfers this happens and + + + align:start position:0% +block memory transfers this happens and +the blocks make things a lot more + + align:start position:0% +the blocks make things a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +the blocks make things a lot more +interesting because that means when you + + align:start position:0% +interesting because that means when you + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because that means when you +read an item you really want to use all + + align:start position:0% +read an item you really want to use all + + + align:start position:0% +read an item you really want to use all +the items right around it soon before it + + align:start position:0% +the items right around it soon before it + + + align:start position:0% +the items right around it soon before it +gets kicked out of cach obviously cash + + align:start position:0% +gets kicked out of cach obviously cash + + + align:start position:0% +gets kicked out of cach obviously cash +has limited size so when you bring + + align:start position:0% +has limited size so when you bring + + + align:start position:0% +has limited size so when you bring +something in you've got to kick + + align:start position:0% +something in you've got to kick + + + align:start position:0% +something in you've got to kick +something out that's the block + + align:start position:0% +something out that's the block + + + align:start position:0% +something out that's the block +replacement strategy uh in the external + + align:start position:0% +replacement strategy uh in the external + + + align:start position:0% +replacement strategy uh in the external +memory model you can do whatever you + + align:start position:0% +memory model you can do whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +memory model you can do whatever you +want you have full control over this + + align:start position:0% +want you have full control over this + + + align:start position:0% +want you have full control over this +cache uh + + align:start position:0% +cache uh + + + align:start position:0% +cache uh +so let's see let me write some obvious + + align:start position:0% +so let's see let me write some obvious + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see let me write some obvious +bounds and then I'll tell you some of + + align:start position:0% +bounds and then I'll tell you some of + + + align:start position:0% +bounds and then I'll tell you some of +the main results in this + + align:start position:0% +the main results in this + + + align:start position:0% +the main results in this +model so a number of memory transfers is + + align:start position:0% +model so a number of memory transfers is + + + align:start position:0% +model so a number of memory transfers is +what we care about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it's going to be at most the running + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to be at most the running + + + align:start position:0% +and it's going to be at most the running +time on a + + align:start position:0% +time on a + + + align:start position:0% +time on a +ram so this comparison between two + + align:start position:0% +ram so this comparison between two + + + align:start position:0% +ram so this comparison between two +models right at most every operation you + + align:start position:0% +models right at most every operation you + + + align:start position:0% +models right at most every operation you +do on a ram data structure uh incurs one + + align:start position:0% +do on a ram data structure uh incurs one + + + align:start position:0% +do on a ram data structure uh incurs one +memory transfer that would be the worst + + align:start position:0% +memory transfer that would be the worst + + + align:start position:0% +memory transfer that would be the worst +case so that's what we want to beat + + align:start position:0% +case so that's what we want to beat + + + align:start position:0% +case so that's what we want to beat +there's also a lower + + align:start position:0% +there's also a lower + + + align:start position:0% +there's also a lower +bound uh so this is also at least + + align:start position:0% +bound uh so this is also at least + + + align:start position:0% +bound uh so this is also at least +uh the number of cell probes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +divided by B I think we've talked + + align:start position:0% +divided by B I think we've talked + + + align:start position:0% +divided by B I think we've talked +briefly about the cell probe model cell + + align:start position:0% +briefly about the cell probe model cell + + + align:start position:0% +briefly about the cell probe model cell +probe I think in retroactive data + + align:start position:0% +probe I think in retroactive data + + + align:start position:0% +probe I think in retroactive data +structures s probe model is uh this + + align:start position:0% +structures s probe model is uh this + + + align:start position:0% +structures s probe model is uh this +model where all you count is uh you just + + align:start position:0% +model where all you count is uh you just + + + align:start position:0% +model where all you count is uh you just +count how many words did I have to read + + align:start position:0% +count how many words did I have to read + + + align:start position:0% +count how many words did I have to read +in order to do this data structure + + align:start position:0% +in order to do this data structure + + + align:start position:0% +in order to do this data structure +operation so computation is free we just + + align:start position:0% +operation so computation is free we just + + + align:start position:0% +operation so computation is free we just +count number of word reads from + + align:start position:0% +count number of word reads from + + + align:start position:0% +count number of word reads from +memory so it's uh it's a lower bound on + + align:start position:0% +memory so it's uh it's a lower bound on + + + align:start position:0% +memory so it's uh it's a lower bound on +RAM data structures and in in this model + + align:start position:0% +RAM data structures and in in this model + + + align:start position:0% +RAM data structures and in in this model +we're only counting memory axises but + + align:start position:0% +we're only counting memory axises but + + + align:start position:0% +we're only counting memory axises but +where cell probes you count word word + + align:start position:0% +where cell probes you count word word + + + align:start position:0% +where cell probes you count word word +numbers here we're counting blocks and + + align:start position:0% +numbers here we're counting blocks and + + + align:start position:0% +numbers here we're counting blocks and +so at best we can improve by a factor of + + align:start position:0% +so at best we can improve by a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +so at best we can improve by a factor of +B so this is a lower bound this is an + + align:start position:0% +B so this is a lower bound this is an + + + align:start position:0% +B so this is a lower bound this is an +upper bound so there's roughly a slop of + + align:start position:0% +upper bound so there's roughly a slop of + + + align:start position:0% +upper bound so there's roughly a slop of +a factor of B here we want to do closer + + align:start position:0% +a factor of B here we want to do closer + + + align:start position:0% +a factor of B here we want to do closer +to this bound than this bound this is + + align:start position:0% +to this bound than this bound this is + + + align:start position:0% +to this bound than this bound this is +the obvious thing want to get down to + + align:start position:0% +the obvious thing want to get down to + + + align:start position:0% +the obvious thing want to get down to +here whenever we can so let me give you + + align:start position:0% +here whenever we can so let me give you + + + align:start position:0% +here whenever we can so let me give you +some examples of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so sort of bunch of basic results in + + align:start position:0% +so sort of bunch of basic results in + + + align:start position:0% +so sort of bunch of basic results in +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model uh result + + align:start position:0% +model uh result + + + align:start position:0% +model uh result +zero is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scanning so if I have an array of + + align:start position:0% +scanning so if I have an array of + + + align:start position:0% +scanning so if I have an array of +items and I just want + + align:start position:0% +items and I just want + + + align:start position:0% +items and I just want +to uh say add them all up or do a linear + + align:start position:0% +to uh say add them all up or do a linear + + + align:start position:0% +to uh say add them all up or do a linear +scan to search for something thing + + align:start position:0% +scan to search for something thing + + + align:start position:0% +scan to search for something thing +anything that involves accessing them in + + align:start position:0% +anything that involves accessing them in + + + align:start position:0% +anything that involves accessing them in +order this will cost uh I guess ceiling + + align:start position:0% +order this will cost uh I guess ceiling + + + align:start position:0% +order this will cost uh I guess ceiling +of n/ + + align:start position:0% +of n/ + + + align:start position:0% +of n/ +B if the array has size + + align:start position:0% +B if the array has size + + + align:start position:0% +B if the array has size +n number of blocks in that array is + + align:start position:0% +n number of blocks in that array is + + + align:start position:0% +n number of blocks in that array is +ceiling of n over B and so uh that's how + + align:start position:0% +ceiling of n over B and so uh that's how + + + align:start position:0% +ceiling of n over B and so uh that's how +many block acces a cost so the the + + align:start position:0% +many block acces a cost so the the + + + align:start position:0% +many block acces a cost so the the +annoying trick the annoying part here is + + align:start position:0% +annoying trick the annoying part here is + + + align:start position:0% +annoying trick the annoying part here is +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +ceiling okay uh if n is smaller than b + + align:start position:0% +ceiling okay uh if n is smaller than b + + + align:start position:0% +ceiling okay uh if n is smaller than b +then this is not great I mean you have + + align:start position:0% +then this is not great I mean you have + + + align:start position:0% +then this is not great I mean you have +to pay one memory read so it's optimal + + align:start position:0% +to pay one memory read so it's optimal + + + align:start position:0% +to pay one memory read so it's optimal +but uh anyway that's scanning pretty + + align:start position:0% +but uh anyway that's scanning pretty + + + align:start position:0% +but uh anyway that's scanning pretty +boring slightly more interesting + + align:start position:0% +boring slightly more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +boring slightly more interesting +although not that much more interesting + + align:start position:0% +although not that much more interesting + + + align:start position:0% +although not that much more interesting +is search + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trees uh if you want to be able to + + align:start position:0% +trees uh if you want to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +trees uh if you want to be able to +search for an item in this external + + align:start position:0% +search for an item in this external + + + align:start position:0% +search for an item in this external +memory model what do you do in this + + align:start position:0% +memory model what do you do in this + + + align:start position:0% +memory model what do you do in this +external memory model what do you do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trees conveniently named be trees uh we + + align:start position:0% +trees conveniently named be trees uh we + + + align:start position:0% +trees conveniently named be trees uh we +want the block the branching factor of a + + align:start position:0% +want the block the branching factor of a + + + align:start position:0% +want the block the branching factor of a +b + + align:start position:0% +b + + + align:start position:0% +b +tree to be + + align:start position:0% +tree to be + + + align:start position:0% +tree to be +B anything that's Theta B will do but + + align:start position:0% +B anything that's Theta B will do but + + + align:start position:0% +B anything that's Theta B will do but +exactly B is great if you can read all + + align:start position:0% +exactly B is great if you can read all + + + align:start position:0% +exactly B is great if you can read all +of these pointers and read all of these + + align:start position:0% +of these pointers and read all of these + + + align:start position:0% +of these pointers and read all of these +key values if that fits in B then we're + + align:start position:0% +key values if that fits in B then we're + + + align:start position:0% +key values if that fits in B then we're +happy + + align:start position:0% +happy + + + align:start position:0% +happy +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so yeah typically we assume the + + align:start position:0% +so yeah typically we assume the + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah typically we assume the +branching Factor here is like b + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one uh so in particular if B is one you + + align:start position:0% +one uh so in particular if B is one you + + + align:start position:0% +one uh so in particular if B is one you +still have a branching factor of two + + align:start position:0% +still have a branching factor of two + + + align:start position:0% +still have a branching factor of two +just to make it uh reasonable tree and + + align:start position:0% +just to make it uh reasonable tree and + + + align:start position:0% +just to make it uh reasonable tree and +so now in a constant number of block + + align:start position:0% +so now in a constant number of block + + + align:start position:0% +so now in a constant number of block +reads you can uh read all the data you + + align:start position:0% +reads you can uh read all the data you + + + align:start position:0% +reads you can uh read all the data you +need to decide which child pointer You + + align:start position:0% +need to decide which child pointer You + + + align:start position:0% +need to decide which child pointer You +Follow You Follow that child pointer and + + align:start position:0% +Follow You Follow that child pointer and + + + align:start position:0% +Follow You Follow that child pointer and +so it takes uh log base b + 1 of + + align:start position:0% +so it takes uh log base b + 1 of + + + align:start position:0% +so it takes uh log base b + 1 of +n to do a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +search uh this is counting memory + + align:start position:0% +search uh this is counting memory + + + align:start position:0% +search uh this is counting memory +transfers so this is not as big an + + align:start position:0% +transfers so this is not as big an + + + align:start position:0% +transfers so this is not as big an +improvement here we improved by a factor + + align:start position:0% +improvement here we improved by a factor + + + align:start position:0% +improvement here we improved by a factor +of B roughly here we're improving by a + + align:start position:0% +of B roughly here we're improving by a + + + align:start position:0% +of B roughly here we're improving by a +factor of basically log + + align:start position:0% +factor of basically log + + + align:start position:0% +factor of basically log +B uh so not as good as you might hope to + + align:start position:0% +B uh so not as good as you might hope to + + + align:start position:0% +B uh so not as good as you might hope to +do dividing by B but it turns out this + + align:start position:0% +do dividing by B but it turns out this + + + align:start position:0% +do dividing by B but it turns out this +is optimal you need + + align:start position:0% +is optimal you need + + + align:start position:0% +is optimal you need +uh log base b + 1 of n to do a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +search uh + + align:start position:0% +search uh + + + align:start position:0% +search uh +in comparison + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model in the same way you need log base + + align:start position:0% +model in the same way you need log base + + + align:start position:0% +model in the same way you need log base +2 of n time to do a search In the + + align:start position:0% +2 of n time to do a search In the + + + align:start position:0% +2 of n time to do a search In the +comparison model in this model you need + + align:start position:0% +comparison model in this model you need + + + align:start position:0% +comparison model in this model you need +log base B of n let me talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +log base B of n let me talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +log base B of n let me talk a little bit +about the proof of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that it's a pretty simple information + + align:start position:0% +that it's a pretty simple information + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a pretty simple information +theoretic + + align:start position:0% +theoretic + + + align:start position:0% +theoretic +argument + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we prove this lower + + align:start position:0% +so we prove this lower + + + align:start position:0% +so we prove this lower +bound uh the idea is the following you + + align:start position:0% +bound uh the idea is the following you + + + align:start position:0% +bound uh the idea is the following you +want to figure out among n items + + align:start position:0% +want to figure out among n items + + + align:start position:0% +want to figure out among n items +here where your item fits let's say it + + align:start position:0% +here where your item fits let's say it + + + align:start position:0% +here where your item fits let's say it +fits right here so you want to know it's + + align:start position:0% +fits right here so you want to know it's + + + align:start position:0% +fits right here so you want to know it's +between this element and this + + align:start position:0% +between this element and this + + + align:start position:0% +between this element and this +element how many bits of information is + + align:start position:0% +element how many bits of information is + + + align:start position:0% +element how many bits of information is +that well there's I guess n+ one + + align:start position:0% +that well there's I guess n+ one + + + align:start position:0% +that well there's I guess n+ one +different outcomes of where your item + + align:start position:0% +different outcomes of where your item + + + align:start position:0% +different outcomes of where your item +could fit if you allow it to exactly + + align:start position:0% +could fit if you allow it to exactly + + + align:start position:0% +could fit if you allow it to exactly +match it's maybe twice that but this + + align:start position:0% +match it's maybe twice that but this + + + align:start position:0% +match it's maybe twice that but this +there's Theta n uh options for your + + align:start position:0% +there's Theta n uh options for your + + + align:start position:0% +there's Theta n uh options for your +answer and so if you take logs that is + + align:start position:0% +answer and so if you take logs that is + + + align:start position:0% +answer and so if you take logs that is +uh log + + align:start position:0% +uh log + + + align:start position:0% +uh log +n Bits of information + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is how you normally show that + + align:start position:0% +and this is how you normally show that + + + align:start position:0% +and this is how you normally show that +you need log n comparisons you need log + + align:start position:0% +you need log n comparisons you need log + + + align:start position:0% +you need log n comparisons you need log +n comparisons because each comparison + + align:start position:0% +n comparisons because each comparison + + + align:start position:0% +n comparisons because each comparison +could at most give you one bit of + + align:start position:0% +could at most give you one bit of + + + align:start position:0% +could at most give you one bit of +information yes or no and there's login + + align:start position:0% +information yes or no and there's login + + + align:start position:0% +information yes or no and there's login +bits to get so that's the lower bound on + + align:start position:0% +bits to get so that's the lower bound on + + + align:start position:0% +bits to get so that's the lower bound on +binary search but now we're in this + + align:start position:0% +binary search but now we're in this + + + align:start position:0% +binary search but now we're in this +model where we're not counting + + align:start position:0% +model where we're not counting + + + align:start position:0% +model where we're not counting +comparisons even though we're in the + + align:start position:0% +comparisons even though we're in the + + + align:start position:0% +comparisons even though we're in the +comparison model we're counting number + + align:start position:0% +comparison model we're counting number + + + align:start position:0% +comparison model we're counting number +of block transfers so when I read in uh + + align:start position:0% +of block transfers so when I read in uh + + + align:start position:0% +of block transfers so when I read in uh +some data I get B items from my array + + align:start position:0% +some data I get B items from my array + + + align:start position:0% +some data I get B items from my array +or from + + align:start position:0% +or from + + + align:start position:0% +or from +something so when I do a block + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +read all I can do in the comparison + + align:start position:0% +read all I can do in the comparison + + + align:start position:0% +read all I can do in the comparison +model is compare my item to everything + + align:start position:0% +model is compare my item to everything + + + align:start position:0% +model is compare my item to everything +that I read so you might as well compare + + align:start position:0% +that I read so you might as well compare + + + align:start position:0% +that I read so you might as well compare +all of them but the information you + + align:start position:0% +all of them but the information you + + + align:start position:0% +all of them but the information you +learn is only uh + + align:start position:0% +learn is only uh + + + align:start position:0% +learn is only uh +log b + + + align:start position:0% +log b + + + + align:start position:0% +log b + +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +bits cuz because what you learn is among + + align:start position:0% +bits cuz because what you learn is among + + + align:start position:0% +bits cuz because what you learn is among +these B items where do I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fit and uh in the best case that is log + + align:start position:0% +fit and uh in the best case that is log + + + align:start position:0% +fit and uh in the best case that is log +of B+ one uh bits of information it + + align:start position:0% +of B+ one uh bits of information it + + + align:start position:0% +of B+ one uh bits of information it +could be worse if this uh if these guys + + align:start position:0% +could be worse if this uh if these guys + + + align:start position:0% +could be worse if this uh if these guys +are not well distributed among your n + + align:start position:0% +are not well distributed among your n + + + align:start position:0% +are not well distributed among your n +items it's most that and so you take the + + align:start position:0% +items it's most that and so you take the + + + align:start position:0% +items it's most that and so you take the +ratio and you need uh + + align:start position:0% +ratio and you need uh + + + align:start position:0% +ratio and you need uh +log n over log D + 1 + + align:start position:0% +log n over log D + 1 + + + align:start position:0% +log n over log D + 1 +uh block + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reads okay and that's log base B+ one of + + align:start position:0% +reads okay and that's log base B+ one of + + + align:start position:0% +reads okay and that's log base B+ one of +n Yeah question it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +learn all right so the claim is in the + + align:start position:0% +learn all right so the claim is in the + + + align:start position:0% +learn all right so the claim is in the +comparison model you compare your item + + align:start position:0% +comparison model you compare your item + + + align:start position:0% +comparison model you compare your item +to everyone in here uh but um if your + + align:start position:0% +to everyone in here uh but um if your + + + align:start position:0% +to everyone in here uh but um if your +array is + + align:start position:0% +array is + + + align:start position:0% +array is +presorted then all you're learning is I + + align:start position:0% +presorted then all you're learning is I + + + align:start position:0% +presorted then all you're learning is I +mean or information theoretically all + + align:start position:0% +mean or information theoretically all + + + align:start position:0% +mean or information theoretically all +you're is where your item fits among + + align:start position:0% +you're is where your item fits among + + + align:start position:0% +you're is where your item fits among +these B + + align:start position:0% +these B + + + align:start position:0% +these B +items so uh there's you know order B + + align:start position:0% +items so uh there's you know order B + + + align:start position:0% +items so uh there's you know order B +options where you fit and so only log uh + + align:start position:0% +options where you fit and so only log uh + + + align:start position:0% +options where you fit and so only log uh +B bits of information + + align:start position:0% +B bits of information + + + align:start position:0% +B bits of information +there okay this is you might consider + + align:start position:0% +there okay this is you might consider + + + align:start position:0% +there okay this is you might consider +this a vague argument um you can do a + + align:start position:0% +this a vague argument um you can do a + + + align:start position:0% +this a vague argument um you can do a +more formal version of it but I like the + + align:start position:0% +more formal version of it but I like the + + + align:start position:0% +more formal version of it but I like the +information theoretic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perspective um cool so that's uh the + + align:start position:0% +perspective um cool so that's uh the + + + align:start position:0% +perspective um cool so that's uh the +best thing you can do for search in this + + align:start position:0% +best thing you can do for search in this + + + align:start position:0% +best thing you can do for search in this +model now you might also wonder about + + align:start position:0% +model now you might also wonder about + + + align:start position:0% +model now you might also wonder about +insertions and deletions B trees support + + align:start position:0% +insertions and deletions B trees support + + + align:start position:0% +insertions and deletions B trees support +insertions and deletions in log Bas B+ + + align:start position:0% +insertions and deletions in log Bas B+ + + + align:start position:0% +insertions and deletions in log Bas B+ +one of end time but that is not optimal + + align:start position:0% +one of end time but that is not optimal + + + align:start position:0% +one of end time but that is not optimal +we can do + + align:start position:0% +we can do + + + align:start position:0% +we can do +better so for + + align:start position:0% +better so for + + + align:start position:0% +better so for +example uh if you want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sort right answer for + + align:start position:0% +sort right answer for + + + align:start position:0% +sort right answer for +sorting is this crazy bound + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n/ B which is really good that linear + + align:start position:0% +n/ B which is really good that linear + + + align:start position:0% +n/ B which is really good that linear +time in this model Times log base M over + + align:start position:0% +time in this model Times log base M over + + + align:start position:0% +time in this model Times log base M over +B of n / B this is a slight this is + + align:start position:0% +B of n / B this is a slight this is + + + align:start position:0% +B of n / B this is a slight this is +roughly log base M of n uh the over BS + + align:start position:0% +roughly log base M of n uh the over BS + + + align:start position:0% +roughly log base M of n uh the over BS +don't make too big a + + align:start position:0% +don't make too big a + + + align:start position:0% +don't make too big a +difference um so this is an improvement + + align:start position:0% +difference um so this is an improvement + + + align:start position:0% +difference um so this is an improvement +from normally sorting takes n log n but + + align:start position:0% +from normally sorting takes n log n but + + + align:start position:0% +from normally sorting takes n log n but +the base 2 we're improving the base of + + align:start position:0% +the base 2 we're improving the base of + + + align:start position:0% +the base 2 we're improving the base of +the log to M over b instead of two and + + align:start position:0% +the log to M over b instead of two and + + + align:start position:0% +the log to M over b instead of two and +we're improving we're the overall + + align:start position:0% +we're improving we're the overall + + + align:start position:0% +we're improving we're the overall +running time by factor of B so this is + + align:start position:0% +running time by factor of B so this is + + + align:start position:0% +running time by factor of B so this is +actually a really big Improvement uh + + align:start position:0% +actually a really big Improvement uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually a really big Improvement uh +we're we're going faster than the ram + + align:start position:0% +we're we're going faster than the ram + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're going faster than the ram +time divided by + + align:start position:0% +time divided by + + + align:start position:0% +time divided by +B Because to sort in the C prob model + + align:start position:0% +B Because to sort in the C prob model + + + align:start position:0% +B Because to sort in the C prob model +just takes linear time you read all the + + align:start position:0% +just takes linear time you read all the + + + align:start position:0% +just takes linear time you read all the +data you sort it put it back um so we + + align:start position:0% +data you sort it put it back um so we + + + align:start position:0% +data you sort it put it back um so we +can't quite get n over B but we get this + + align:start position:0% +can't quite get n over B but we get this + + + align:start position:0% +can't quite get n over B but we get this +log + + align:start position:0% +log + + + align:start position:0% +log +Factor so this is really good and it's + + align:start position:0% +Factor so this is really good and it's + + + align:start position:0% +Factor so this is really good and it's +something that would not result from + + align:start position:0% +something that would not result from + + + align:start position:0% +something that would not result from +using be + + align:start position:0% +using be + + + align:start position:0% +using be +trees this is a little funny because in + + align:start position:0% +trees this is a little funny because in + + + align:start position:0% +trees this is a little funny because in +Reg regular Ram model if you do uh you + + align:start position:0% +Reg regular Ram model if you do uh you + + + align:start position:0% +Reg regular Ram model if you do uh you +you insert everything into a balanced + + align:start position:0% +you insert everything into a balanced + + + align:start position:0% +you insert everything into a balanced +binary search tree then do an in order + + align:start position:0% +binary search tree then do an in order + + + align:start position:0% +binary search tree then do an in order +traversal that's an optimal sorting + + align:start position:0% +traversal that's an optimal sorting + + + align:start position:0% +traversal that's an optimal sorting +algorithm it gives you n log n here it's + + align:start position:0% +algorithm it gives you n log n here it's + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm it gives you n log n here it's +not optimal you throw everything into a + + align:start position:0% +not optimal you throw everything into a + + + align:start position:0% +not optimal you throw everything into a +b tree you get n * log base B of n so + + align:start position:0% +b tree you get n * log base B of n so + + + align:start position:0% +b tree you get n * log base B of n so +there's two things that are bad one is + + align:start position:0% +there's two things that are bad one is + + + align:start position:0% +there's two things that are bad one is +that the base of the log is slightly off + + align:start position:0% +that the base of the log is slightly off + + + align:start position:0% +that the base of the log is slightly off +uh it's B versus M over B that's not so + + align:start position:0% +uh it's B versus M over B that's not so + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's B versus M over B that's not so +big a deal uh the big thing is it's n/ B + + align:start position:0% +big a deal uh the big thing is it's n/ B + + + align:start position:0% +big a deal uh the big thing is it's n/ B +versus n + + align:start position:0% +versus n + + + align:start position:0% +versus n +we don't want to pay n we want to pay n + + align:start position:0% +we don't want to pay n we want to pay n + + + align:start position:0% +we don't want to pay n we want to pay n +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +B uh there's also a matching lower bound + + align:start position:0% +B uh there's also a matching lower bound + + + align:start position:0% +B uh there's also a matching lower bound +In the comparison model which we will + + align:start position:0% +In the comparison model which we will + + + align:start position:0% +In the comparison model which we will +not cover + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here uh by next lecture we'll know how + + align:start position:0% +here uh by next lecture we'll know how + + + align:start position:0% +here uh by next lecture we'll know how +to do sorting + + align:start position:0% +to do sorting + + + align:start position:0% +to do sorting +optimally uh first I want to tell you + + align:start position:0% +optimally uh first I want to tell you + + + align:start position:0% +optimally uh first I want to tell you +about about a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +about about a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +about about a bunch of +different uh ways or different problems + + align:start position:0% +different uh ways or different problems + + + align:start position:0% +different uh ways or different problems +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +results so a funny + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem which actually does arise in + + align:start position:0% +problem which actually does arise in + + + align:start position:0% +problem which actually does arise in +practice but it's interesting just to + + align:start position:0% +practice but it's interesting just to + + + align:start position:0% +practice but it's interesting just to +think about uh instead of sorting + + align:start position:0% +think about uh instead of sorting + + + align:start position:0% +think about uh instead of sorting +sorting is I give you an array I don't + + align:start position:0% +sorting is I give you an array I don't + + + align:start position:0% +sorting is I give you an array I don't +know what order it's in you have to find + + align:start position:0% +know what order it's in you have to find + + + align:start position:0% +know what order it's in you have to find +the right order and then put it into the + + align:start position:0% +the right order and then put it into the + + + align:start position:0% +the right order and then put it into the +right order there's an easier problem + + align:start position:0% +right order there's an easier problem + + + align:start position:0% +right order there's an easier problem +which is called permuting so I give you + + align:start position:0% +which is called permuting so I give you + + + align:start position:0% +which is called permuting so I give you +an array I give you a permutation that + + align:start position:0% +an array I give you a permutation that + + + align:start position:0% +an array I give you a permutation that +I'd like to do I just want you to move + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to do I just want you to move + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to do I just want you to move +the items + + align:start position:0% +the items + + + align:start position:0% +the items +around so there's no you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +around so there's no you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +around so there's no you don't need to +do any comparisons to get get here uh I + + align:start position:0% +do any comparisons to get get here uh I + + + align:start position:0% +do any comparisons to get get here uh I +tell you what the order is you just have + + align:start position:0% +tell you what the order is you just have + + + align:start position:0% +tell you what the order is you just have +to physically move the items this is + + align:start position:0% +to physically move the items this is + + + align:start position:0% +to physically move the items this is +harder than it sounds uh because when + + align:start position:0% +harder than it sounds uh because when + + + align:start position:0% +harder than it sounds uh because when +you read it you read blocks of items in + + align:start position:0% +you read it you read blocks of items in + + + align:start position:0% +you read it you read blocks of items in +the original order and so it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +the original order and so it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +the original order and so it's hard to +just do an arbitrary permutation uh and + + align:start position:0% +just do an arbitrary permutation uh and + + + align:start position:0% +just do an arbitrary permutation uh and +there's two obvious algorithms one is + + align:start position:0% +there's two obvious algorithms one is + + + align:start position:0% +there's two obvious algorithms one is +you could + + align:start position:0% +you could + + + align:start position:0% +you could +sort uh your item so you could go to + + align:start position:0% +sort uh your item so you could go to + + + align:start position:0% +sort uh your item so you could go to +every item in order and just write down + + align:start position:0% +every item in order and just write down + + + align:start position:0% +every item in order and just write down +its uh desired number in the new + + align:start position:0% +its uh desired number in the new + + + align:start position:0% +its uh desired number in the new +permutation write down the permutation + + align:start position:0% +permutation write down the permutation + + + align:start position:0% +permutation write down the permutation +then run a sorting algorithm that will + + align:start position:0% +then run a sorting algorithm that will + + + align:start position:0% +then run a sorting algorithm that will +take n B log base m b of n/ b or the + + align:start position:0% +take n B log base m b of n/ b or the + + + align:start position:0% +take n B log base m b of n/ b or the +other obvious algorithm is to take the + + align:start position:0% +other obvious algorithm is to take the + + + align:start position:0% +other obvious algorithm is to take the +first item put it where it belongs in + + align:start position:0% +first item put it where it belongs in + + + align:start position:0% +first item put it where it belongs in +the array take the second item put it + + align:start position:0% +the array take the second item put it + + + align:start position:0% +the array take the second item put it +where it belongs in the array and you + + align:start position:0% +where it belongs in the array and you + + + align:start position:0% +where it belongs in the array and you +know new copy of the array and that will + + align:start position:0% +know new copy of the array and that will + + + align:start position:0% +know new copy of the array and that will +take at most and memory + + align:start position:0% +take at most and memory + + + align:start position:0% +take at most and memory +transfers each one a completely separate + + align:start position:0% +transfers each one a completely separate + + + align:start position:0% +transfers each one a completely separate +memory transfer and the claim is the + + align:start position:0% +memory transfer and the claim is the + + + align:start position:0% +memory transfer and the claim is the +optimal thing to do is the Min of those + + align:start position:0% +optimal thing to do is the Min of those + + + align:start position:0% +optimal thing to do is the Min of those +two so you just check how does n and B + + align:start position:0% +two so you just check how does n and B + + + align:start position:0% +two so you just check how does n and B +and M compare do the better of the two + + align:start position:0% +and M compare do the better of the two + + + align:start position:0% +and M compare do the better of the two +algorithms + + align:start position:0% +algorithms + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms +uh again there's a lower Bound in a + + align:start position:0% +uh again there's a lower Bound in a + + + align:start position:0% +uh again there's a lower Bound in a +model called the indivisible model which + + align:start position:0% +model called the indivisible model which + + + align:start position:0% +model called the indivisible model which +is assuming that each word of your of + + align:start position:0% +is assuming that each word of your of + + + align:start position:0% +is assuming that each word of your of +your data doesn't get cut into subwords + + align:start position:0% +your data doesn't get cut into subwords + + + align:start position:0% +your data doesn't get cut into subwords +so this is assuming as a lower bound + + align:start position:0% +so this is assuming as a lower bound + + + align:start position:0% +so this is assuming as a lower bound +assuming your words do not get cut + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up I believe it's still unsolved whether + + align:start position:0% +up I believe it's still unsolved whether + + + align:start position:0% +up I believe it's still unsolved whether +you could do better + + align:start position:0% +you could do better + + + align:start position:0% +you could do better +otherwise okay the last uh + + align:start position:0% +otherwise okay the last uh + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise okay the last uh +result this model I wanted to talk about + + align:start position:0% +result this model I wanted to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +result this model I wanted to talk about +is called buffer trees buffer trees are + + align:start position:0% +is called buffer trees buffer trees are + + + align:start position:0% +is called buffer trees buffer trees are +pretty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool they're essentially a dynamic + + align:start position:0% +cool they're essentially a dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +cool they're essentially a dynamic +version of + + align:start position:0% +version of + + + align:start position:0% +version of +sorting which is what we lack what B + + align:start position:0% +sorting which is what we lack what B + + + align:start position:0% +sorting which is what we lack what B +trees do not give you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so they achieve the Sorting bound + + align:start position:0% +uh so they achieve the Sorting bound + + + align:start position:0% +uh so they achieve the Sorting bound +divided by n per + + align:start position:0% +divided by n per + + + align:start position:0% +divided by n per +operation uh so this is optimal I + + align:start position:0% +operation uh so this is optimal I + + + align:start position:0% +operation uh so this is optimal I +haven't told you what the operations are + + align:start position:0% +haven't told you what the operations are + + + align:start position:0% +haven't told you what the operations are +the bound is amortized it has to be + + align:start position:0% +the bound is amortized it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +the bound is amortized it has to be +amortized because this bound is + + align:start position:0% +amortized because this bound is + + + align:start position:0% +amortized because this bound is +typically little o of one think of this + + align:start position:0% +typically little o of one think of this + + + align:start position:0% +typically little o of one think of this +as 1 over B there's a log Factor but + + align:start position:0% +as 1 over B there's a log Factor but + + + align:start position:0% +as 1 over B there's a log Factor but +assuming that log factor is smaller than + + align:start position:0% +assuming that log factor is smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that log factor is smaller than +b which is often the case this is an + + align:start position:0% +b which is often the case this is an + + + align:start position:0% +b which is often the case this is an +order one over B it's a little low of + + align:start position:0% +order one over B it's a little low of + + + align:start position:0% +order one over B it's a little low of +one cost which a little fun uh but of + + align:start position:0% +one cost which a little fun uh but of + + + align:start position:0% +one cost which a little fun uh but of +course every real cost is an integer + + align:start position:0% +course every real cost is an integer + + + align:start position:0% +course every real cost is an integer +it's an integer number of block + + align:start position:0% +it's an integer number of block + + + align:start position:0% +it's an integer number of block +transfers so but amortised you can get a + + align:start position:0% +transfers so but amortised you can get a + + + align:start position:0% +transfers so but amortised you can get a +little o one + + align:start position:0% +little o one + + + align:start position:0% +little o one +bound uh and What it lets you + + align:start position:0% +bound uh and What it lets you + + + align:start position:0% +bound uh and What it lets you +do is uh delayed queries and batch + + align:start position:0% +do is uh delayed queries and batch + + + align:start position:0% +do is uh delayed queries and batch +updates + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I can do an insert and I can do a + + align:start position:0% +so I can do an insert and I can do a + + + align:start position:0% +so I can do an insert and I can do a +delete I can do many of them and then I + + align:start position:0% +delete I can do many of them and then I + + + align:start position:0% +delete I can do many of them and then I +can do a query against the current data + + align:start position:0% +can do a query against the current data + + + align:start position:0% +can do a query against the current data +structure I want to know I don't know + + align:start position:0% +structure I want to know I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +structure I want to know I don't know +the successor of an item but I don't get + + align:start position:0% +the successor of an item but I don't get + + + align:start position:0% +the successor of an item but I don't get +the answer right then it's delayed uh + + align:start position:0% +the answer right then it's delayed uh + + + align:start position:0% +the answer right then it's delayed uh +the query will sit there eventually the + + align:start position:0% +the query will sit there eventually the + + + align:start position:0% +the query will sit there eventually the +data structure will decide to give me an + + align:start position:0% +data structure will decide to give me an + + + align:start position:0% +data structure will decide to give me an +answer uh or it may just never give me + + align:start position:0% +answer uh or it may just never give me + + + align:start position:0% +answer uh or it may just never give me +an answer but then there's a new + + align:start position:0% +an answer but then there's a new + + + align:start position:0% +an answer but then there's a new +operation at the end which is flush + + align:start position:0% +operation at the end which is flush + + + align:start position:0% +operation at the end which is flush +which is give me the answers to all the + + align:start position:0% +which is give me the answers to all the + + + align:start position:0% +which is give me the answers to all the +questions that I asked and the flush + + align:start position:0% +questions that I asked and the flush + + + align:start position:0% +questions that I asked and the flush +takes this much time so if you if you do + + align:start position:0% +takes this much time so if you if you do + + + align:start position:0% +takes this much time so if you if you do +n operations and then say flush then it + + align:start position:0% +n operations and then say flush then it + + + align:start position:0% +n operations and then say flush then it +doesn't take any extra time uh it's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't take any extra time uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't take any extra time uh it's +going to cost one sort of pass through + + align:start position:0% +going to cost one sort of pass through + + + align:start position:0% +going to cost one sort of pass through +the entire data structure one sorting + + align:start position:0% +the entire data structure one sorting + + + align:start position:0% +the entire data structure one sorting +step + + align:start position:0% +step + + + align:start position:0% +step +uh yeah the one thing you can get for + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah the one thing you can get for + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah the one thing you can get for +free is a zero cost um find + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Min all right uh so buffer tree you can + + align:start position:0% +Min all right uh so buffer tree you can + + + align:start position:0% +Min all right uh so buffer tree you can +do find men instantaneously it maintains + + align:start position:0% +do find men instantaneously it maintains + + + align:start position:0% +do find men instantaneously it maintains +the men all the time so this lets you do + + align:start position:0% +the men all the time so this lets you do + + + align:start position:0% +the men all the time so this lets you do +a priority cue you can do insert and + + align:start position:0% +a priority cue you can do insert and + + + align:start position:0% +a priority cue you can do insert and +delete men in This Much Time + + align:start position:0% +delete men in This Much Time + + + align:start position:0% +delete men in This Much Time +online and uh + + align:start position:0% +online and uh + + + align:start position:0% +online and uh +the but if you want to do other kinds of + + align:start position:0% +the but if you want to do other kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +the but if you want to do other kinds of +queries then uh they're slow to answer + + align:start position:0% +queries then uh they're slow to answer + + + align:start position:0% +queries then uh they're slow to answer +they you get the answer much later okay + + align:start position:0% +they you get the answer much later okay + + + align:start position:0% +they you get the answer much later okay +so this is a dynamic version of sorting + + align:start position:0% +so this is a dynamic version of sorting + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a dynamic version of sorting +it lets you do sorting in particular + + align:start position:0% +it lets you do sorting in particular + + + align:start position:0% +it lets you do sorting in particular +lets you do priority cues other great + + align:start position:0% +lets you do priority cues other great + + + align:start position:0% +lets you do priority cues other great +things we will see uh not quite a buffer + + align:start position:0% +things we will see uh not quite a buffer + + + align:start position:0% +things we will see uh not quite a buffer +tree but another data structure + + align:start position:0% +tree but another data structure + + + align:start position:0% +tree but another data structure +achieving similar bounds in the next + + align:start position:0% +achieving similar bounds in the next + + + align:start position:0% +achieving similar bounds in the next +lecture uh today's lecture is actually + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh today's lecture is actually + + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh today's lecture is actually +going to be about be trees which seems + + align:start position:0% +going to be about be trees which seems + + + align:start position:0% +going to be about be trees which seems +kind of boring because we already know + + align:start position:0% +kind of boring because we already know + + + align:start position:0% +kind of boring because we already know +how to do be trees but we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +how to do be trees but we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +how to do be trees but we're going to do +them in another model which is the cast + + align:start position:0% +them in another model which is the cast + + + align:start position:0% +them in another model which is the cast +biblus Cas oblivious model so let me + + align:start position:0% +biblus Cas oblivious model so let me + + + align:start position:0% +biblus Cas oblivious model so let me +tell you about that model + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so the cach oblivious model is + + align:start position:0% +all right so the cach oblivious model is + + + align:start position:0% +all right so the cach oblivious model is +much newer uh it's from + + align:start position:0% +much newer uh it's from + + + align:start position:0% +much newer uh it's from +1999 and uh it's from MIT originally uh + + align:start position:0% +1999 and uh it's from MIT originally uh + + + align:start position:0% +1999 and uh it's from MIT originally uh +Charles lerson and his students invented + + align:start position:0% +Charles lerson and his students invented + + + align:start position:0% +Charles lerson and his students invented +it uh back then in the context of 6046 I + + align:start position:0% +it uh back then in the context of 6046 I + + + align:start position:0% +it uh back then in the context of 6046 I +believe uh and it's almost the same as + + align:start position:0% +believe uh and it's almost the same as + + + align:start position:0% +believe uh and it's almost the same as +this external memory model + + align:start position:0% +this external memory model + + + align:start position:0% +this external memory model +there's one change which is that the + + align:start position:0% +there's one change which is that the + + + align:start position:0% +there's one change which is that the +algorithm doesn't know what b or M + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is now this is both awkward and cool at + + align:start position:0% +is now this is both awkward and cool at + + + align:start position:0% +is now this is both awkward and cool at +the same time so uh the assumption is + + align:start position:0% +the same time so uh the assumption is + + + align:start position:0% +the same time so uh the assumption is +that the computer looks like this the + + align:start position:0% +that the computer looks like this the + + + align:start position:0% +that the computer looks like this the +algorithm has no and the algorithm knows + + align:start position:0% +algorithm has no and the algorithm knows + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm has no and the algorithm knows +that fact but it doesn't know uh what + + align:start position:0% +that fact but it doesn't know uh what + + + align:start position:0% +that fact but it doesn't know uh what +the parameters of the cache are doesn't + + align:start position:0% +the parameters of the cache are doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +the parameters of the cache are doesn't +know how the memory is blocked now as a + + align:start position:0% +know how the memory is blocked now as a + + + align:start position:0% +know how the memory is blocked now as a +consequence it cannot manually say read + + align:start position:0% +consequence it cannot manually say read + + + align:start position:0% +consequence it cannot manually say read +this block write this block it can't + + align:start position:0% +this block write this block it can't + + + align:start position:0% +this block write this block it can't +decide which block to kick out this is + + align:start position:0% +decide which block to kick out this is + + + align:start position:0% +decide which block to kick out this is +going to be more like a typical + + align:start position:0% +going to be more like a typical + + + align:start position:0% +going to be more like a typical +algorithm I mean the algorithm will look + + align:start position:0% +algorithm I mean the algorithm will look + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm I mean the algorithm will look +like a regular Ram algorithm it's going + + align:start position:0% +like a regular Ram algorithm it's going + + + align:start position:0% +like a regular Ram algorithm it's going +to say read this word write this word to + + align:start position:0% +to say read this word write this word to + + + align:start position:0% +to say read this word write this word to +memory uh you know do an addition + + align:start position:0% +memory uh you know do an addition + + + align:start position:0% +memory uh you know do an addition +whatever uh + + align:start position:0% +whatever uh + + + align:start position:0% +whatever uh +so algorithm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +looks like a ram + + align:start position:0% +looks like a ram + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a ram +algorithm but the analysis is going to + + align:start position:0% +algorithm but the analysis is going to + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm but the analysis is going to +be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different so this is convenient because + + align:start position:0% +different so this is convenient because + + + align:start position:0% +different so this is convenient because +algorithms I mean how you implement an + + align:start position:0% +algorithms I mean how you implement an + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms I mean how you implement an +algorithm becomes much clearer in this + + align:start position:0% +algorithm becomes much clearer in this + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm becomes much clearer in this +model and this is uh now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +model and this is uh now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +model and this is uh now we're going to +assume that the cache is maintained + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +automatically in particular the way that + + align:start position:0% +automatically in particular the way that + + + align:start position:0% +automatically in particular the way that +blocks are + + align:start position:0% +blocks are + + + align:start position:0% +blocks are +replaced becomes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +automatic uh so the assumption is when + + align:start position:0% +automatic uh so the assumption is when + + + align:start position:0% +automatic uh so the assumption is when +you read a word for memory the entire + + align:start position:0% +you read a word for memory the entire + + + align:start position:0% +you read a word for memory the entire +block comes over you just don't know how + + align:start position:0% +block comes over you just don't know how + + + align:start position:0% +block comes over you just don't know how +much data that is and when something + + align:start position:0% +much data that is and when something + + + align:start position:0% +much data that is and when something +gets kicked out the entire block gets + + align:start position:0% +gets kicked out the entire block gets + + + align:start position:0% +gets kicked out the entire block gets +kicked out and written to memory uh but + + align:start position:0% +kicked out and written to memory uh but + + + align:start position:0% +kicked out and written to memory uh but +you don't get to see how that's + + align:start position:0% +you don't get to see how that's + + + align:start position:0% +you don't get to see how that's +happening because you don't know + + align:start position:0% +happening because you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +happening because you don't know +anything about b or M uh we're we need + + align:start position:0% +anything about b or M uh we're we need + + + align:start position:0% +anything about b or M uh we're we need +to assume something about this + + align:start position:0% +to assume something about this + + + align:start position:0% +to assume something about this +replacement strategy and in the cach + + align:start position:0% +replacement strategy and in the cach + + + align:start position:0% +replacement strategy and in the cach +oblivious model we assume that it is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +optimal uh this is an offline notion + + align:start position:0% +optimal uh this is an offline notion + + + align:start position:0% +optimal uh this is an offline notion +saying what what we what block we're + + align:start position:0% +saying what what we what block we're + + + align:start position:0% +saying what what we what block we're +going to kick out is the one that will + + align:start position:0% +going to kick out is the one that will + + + align:start position:0% +going to kick out is the one that will +be used farthest in the future so this + + align:start position:0% +be used farthest in the future so this + + + align:start position:0% +be used farthest in the future so this +is very hard to implement in practice + + align:start position:0% +is very hard to implement in practice + + + align:start position:0% +is very hard to implement in practice +because you need a crystal ball but um + + align:start position:0% +because you need a crystal ball but um + + + align:start position:0% +because you need a crystal ball but um +good news is uh you could use something + + align:start position:0% +good news is uh you could use something + + + align:start position:0% +good news is uh you could use something +like lru least recently used kick that + + align:start position:0% +like lru least recently used kick that + + + align:start position:0% +like lru least recently used kick that +guy out or even very simple algorithm uh + + align:start position:0% +guy out or even very simple algorithm uh + + + align:start position:0% +guy out or even very simple algorithm uh +first in first out the most recent the + + align:start position:0% +first in first out the most recent the + + + align:start position:0% +first in first out the most recent the +the oldest block that you brought in is + + align:start position:0% +the oldest block that you brought in is + + + align:start position:0% +the oldest block that you brought in is +the one that you kick out uh these are + + align:start position:0% +the one that you kick out uh these are + + + align:start position:0% +the one that you kick out uh these are +actually very close to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Optimal they're constant + + align:start position:0% +Optimal they're constant + + + align:start position:0% +Optimal they're constant +competitive uh against or um given a + + align:start position:0% +competitive uh against or um given a + + + align:start position:0% +competitive uh against or um given a +cache of twice the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size so this is from the early days of + + align:start position:0% +size so this is from the early days of + + + align:start position:0% +size so this is from the early days of +competitive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +analysis says if I compare offline + + align:start position:0% +analysis says if I compare offline + + + align:start position:0% +analysis says if I compare offline +optimal with a cach for size m versus or + + align:start position:0% +optimal with a cach for size m versus or + + + align:start position:0% +optimal with a cach for size m versus or +let's say offline optimal with a c for + + align:start position:0% +let's say offline optimal with a c for + + + align:start position:0% +let's say offline optimal with a c for +size m/2 versus lru or fifo which are + + align:start position:0% +size m/2 versus lru or fifo which are + + + align:start position:0% +size m/2 versus lru or fifo which are +online algorithms on a cach for size M + + align:start position:0% +online algorithms on a cach for size M + + + align:start position:0% +online algorithms on a cach for size M +then this cost will be at most I think + + align:start position:0% +then this cost will be at most I think + + + align:start position:0% +then this cost will be at most I think +twice this + + align:start position:0% +twice this + + + align:start position:0% +twice this +cost uh now the good news is you look at + + align:start position:0% +cost uh now the good news is you look at + + + align:start position:0% +cost uh now the good news is you look at +all these bounds you change M by a + + align:start position:0% +all these bounds you change M by a + + + align:start position:0% +all these bounds you change M by a +factor of two nothing changes assuming + + align:start position:0% +factor of two nothing changes assuming + + + align:start position:0% +factor of two nothing changes assuming +everything is at least some constant and + + align:start position:0% +everything is at least some constant and + + + align:start position:0% +everything is at least some constant and +m and b are not super super close then + + align:start position:0% +m and b are not super super close then + + + align:start position:0% +m and b are not super super close then +changing M by a factor of two doesn't + + align:start position:0% +changing M by a factor of two doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +changing M by a factor of two doesn't +affect these bounds does these ones + + align:start position:0% +affect these bounds does these ones + + + align:start position:0% +affect these bounds does these ones +don't even have m in them so it's not a + + align:start position:0% +don't even have m in them so it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +don't even have m in them so it's not a +big + + align:start position:0% +big + + + align:start position:0% +big +deal so we're going to assume this + + align:start position:0% +deal so we're going to assume this + + + align:start position:0% +deal so we're going to assume this +basically for analysis it's not really + + align:start position:0% +basically for analysis it's not really + + + align:start position:0% +basically for analysis it's not really +that big a deal you could also analyze + + align:start position:0% +that big a deal you could also analyze + + + align:start position:0% +that big a deal you could also analyze +with these model with these models the + + align:start position:0% +with these model with these models the + + + align:start position:0% +with these model with these models the +point is they're all the same within a + + align:start position:0% +point is they're all the same within a + + + align:start position:0% +point is they're all the same within a +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +factor for the algorithms we care + + align:start position:0% +factor for the algorithms we care + + + align:start position:0% +factor for the algorithms we care +about uh what other fun things + + align:start position:0% +about uh what other fun things + + + align:start position:0% +about uh what other fun things +um if you have a good cach oblivious + + align:start position:0% +um if you have a good cach oblivious + + + align:start position:0% +um if you have a good cach oblivious +algorithm it's good simultaneously for + + align:start position:0% +algorithm it's good simultaneously for + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm it's good simultaneously for +all B and M + + align:start position:0% +all B and M + + + align:start position:0% +all B and M +that's the consequence so whereas B + + align:start position:0% +that's the consequence so whereas B + + + align:start position:0% +that's the consequence so whereas B +trees for example need to know B they + + align:start position:0% +trees for example need to know B they + + + align:start position:0% +trees for example need to know B they +need to have the right branching factor + + align:start position:0% +need to have the right branching factor + + + align:start position:0% +need to have the right branching factor +for your value of B the cache oblivious + + align:start position:0% +for your value of B the cache oblivious + + + align:start position:0% +for your value of B the cache oblivious +model you have to have your data + + align:start position:0% +model you have to have your data + + + align:start position:0% +model you have to have your data +structure has to be correct has to be + + align:start position:0% +structure has to be correct has to be + + + align:start position:0% +structure has to be correct has to be +optimized for all values of B and all + + align:start position:0% +optimized for all values of B and all + + + align:start position:0% +optimized for all values of B and all +values of M + + align:start position:0% +values of M + + + align:start position:0% +values of M +simultaneously so this has some nice + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously so this has some nice + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously so this has some nice +side effects uh in particular you + + align:start position:0% +side effects uh in particular you + + + align:start position:0% +side effects uh in particular you +essentially + + align:start position:0% +essentially + + + align:start position:0% +essentially +adapt to different values of B and M so + + align:start position:0% +adapt to different values of B and M so + + + align:start position:0% +adapt to different values of B and M so +two nice side effects of that are that + + align:start position:0% +two nice side effects of that are that + + + align:start position:0% +two nice side effects of that are that +if you have a multi-level memory + + align:start position:0% +if you have a multi-level memory + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a multi-level memory +hierarchy each level has its own B and + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy each level has its own B and + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy each level has its own B and +its own M if you use a cache oblivious + + align:start position:0% +its own M if you use a cache oblivious + + + align:start position:0% +its own M if you use a cache oblivious +algorithm and all of those caches are + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and all of those caches are + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm and all of those caches are +maintained automatically using one of + + align:start position:0% +maintained automatically using one of + + + align:start position:0% +maintained automatically using one of +these strategies then you you optimize + + align:start position:0% +these strategies then you you optimize + + + align:start position:0% +these strategies then you you optimize +the number of maybe I should draw a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +picture here's a multi-level memory + + align:start position:0% +picture here's a multi-level memory + + + align:start position:0% +picture here's a multi-level memory +hierarchy you optimize the number of + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy you optimize the number of + + + align:start position:0% +hierarchy you optimize the number of +memory transfers between these two + + align:start position:0% +memory transfers between these two + + + align:start position:0% +memory transfers between these two +levels you optimize the number of memory + + align:start position:0% +levels you optimize the number of memory + + + align:start position:0% +levels you optimize the number of memory +transfers between these two levels + + align:start position:0% +transfers between these two levels + + + align:start position:0% +transfers between these two levels +between these two levels and between + + align:start position:0% +between these two levels and between + + + align:start position:0% +between these two levels and between +these two levels so you optimize + + align:start position:0% +these two levels so you optimize + + + align:start position:0% +these two levels so you optimize +everything each of them has some if you + + align:start position:0% +everything each of them has some if you + + + align:start position:0% +everything each of them has some if you +just think of this as one big level + + align:start position:0% +just think of this as one big level + + + align:start position:0% +just think of this as one big level +versus this level or versus all the + + align:start position:0% +versus this level or versus all the + + + align:start position:0% +versus this level or versus all the +levels to the + + align:start position:0% +levels to the + + + align:start position:0% +levels to the +right uh then that has some B and some M + + align:start position:0% +right uh then that has some B and some M + + + align:start position:0% +right uh then that has some B and some M +and you're minimizing the number of + + align:start position:0% +and you're minimizing the number of + + + align:start position:0% +and you're minimizing the number of +memory transfers + + align:start position:0% +memory transfers + + + align:start position:0% +memory transfers +here uh also if B and M are + + align:start position:0% +here uh also if B and M are + + + align:start position:0% +here uh also if B and M are +changing uh lots of situations for that + + align:start position:0% +changing uh lots of situations for that + + + align:start position:0% +changing uh lots of situations for that +if you have multiple programs running at + + align:start position:0% +if you have multiple programs running at + + + align:start position:0% +if you have multiple programs running at +the same time then your cache size might + + align:start position:0% +the same time then your cache size might + + + align:start position:0% +the same time then your cache size might +effectively go down if they're really + + align:start position:0% +effectively go down if they're really + + + align:start position:0% +effectively go down if they're really +running in parallel on the same computer + + align:start position:0% +running in parallel on the same computer + + + align:start position:0% +running in parallel on the same computer +or you know pseudo + + align:start position:0% +or you know pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +or you know pseudo +parallel uh block size could change if + + align:start position:0% +parallel uh block size could change if + + + align:start position:0% +parallel uh block size could change if +you if you think of a disc and the block + + align:start position:0% +you if you think of a disc and the block + + + align:start position:0% +you if you think of a disc and the block +size is the size of your track then + + align:start position:0% +size is the size of your track then + + + align:start position:0% +size is the size of your track then +closer to the center the tracks are + + align:start position:0% +closer to the center the tracks are + + + align:start position:0% +closer to the center the tracks are +smaller closer to the rim of the disc + + align:start position:0% +smaller closer to the rim of the disc + + + align:start position:0% +smaller closer to the rim of the disc +then uh blocks are bigger all these + + align:start position:0% +then uh blocks are bigger all these + + + align:start position:0% +then uh blocks are bigger all these +things basically in the cach oblivious + + align:start position:0% +things basically in the cach oblivious + + + align:start position:0% +things basically in the cach oblivious +model you don't care because it will + + align:start position:0% +model you don't care because it will + + + align:start position:0% +model you don't care because it will +just work now there's no nice + + align:start position:0% +just work now there's no nice + + + align:start position:0% +just work now there's no nice +formalization of adapting to changing + + align:start position:0% +formalization of adapting to changing + + + align:start position:0% +formalization of adapting to changing +values of BNN that's kind of an open + + align:start position:0% +values of BNN that's kind of an open + + + align:start position:0% +values of BNN that's kind of an open +problem to make explicit what that means + + align:start position:0% +problem to make explicit what that means + + + align:start position:0% +problem to make explicit what that means +well we're going to assume in the C + + align:start position:0% +well we're going to assume in the C + + + align:start position:0% +well we're going to assume in the C +oblivious models you have one fixed B + + align:start position:0% +oblivious models you have one fixed B + + + align:start position:0% +oblivious models you have one fixed B +one fixed M analyze relative to that but + + align:start position:0% +one fixed M analyze relative to that but + + + align:start position:0% +one fixed M analyze relative to that but +of course that analysis applies + + align:start position:0% +of course that analysis applies + + + align:start position:0% +of course that analysis applies +simultaneously to all B's and all M's + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously to all B's and all M's + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously to all B's and all M's +and so it's feels like you adapt + + align:start position:0% +and so it's feels like you adapt + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's feels like you adapt +optimally whatever that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +means uh in some sense the most + + align:start position:0% +means uh in some sense the most + + + align:start position:0% +means uh in some sense the most +surprising thing about the cach + + align:start position:0% +surprising thing about the cach + + + align:start position:0% +surprising thing about the cach +oblivious world is that it's possible + + align:start position:0% +oblivious world is that it's possible + + + align:start position:0% +oblivious world is that it's possible +you can work in this model and get + + align:start position:0% +you can work in this model and get + + + align:start position:0% +you can work in this model and get +basically all of these results + + align:start position:0% +basically all of these results + + + align:start position:0% +basically all of these results +so let + + align:start position:0% +so let + + + align:start position:0% +so let +me go over these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +results so in the cach oblivious model + + align:start position:0% +results so in the cach oblivious model + + + align:start position:0% +results so in the cach oblivious model +of course scans are still good scans + + align:start position:0% +of course scans are still good scans + + + align:start position:0% +of course scans are still good scans +didn't assume anything about uh block + + align:start position:0% +didn't assume anything about uh block + + + align:start position:0% +didn't assume anything about uh block +size here except in the analysis + + align:start position:0% +size here except in the analysis + + + align:start position:0% +size here except in the analysis +scanning was just a sequential read uh + + align:start position:0% +scanning was just a sequential read uh + + + align:start position:0% +scanning was just a sequential read uh +in general we can do a constant number + + align:start position:0% +in general we can do a constant number + + + align:start position:0% +in general we can do a constant number +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +scans uh they some of them could go to + + align:start position:0% +scans uh they some of them could go to + + + align:start position:0% +scans uh they some of them could go to +the left some of them could go to the + + align:start position:0% +the left some of them could go to the + + + align:start position:0% +the left some of them could go to the +right some of them could be reading some + + align:start position:0% +right some of them could be reading some + + + align:start position:0% +right some of them could be reading some +of them could be writing it's a general + + align:start position:0% +of them could be writing it's a general + + + align:start position:0% +of them could be writing it's a general +form of scan but all of that will take + + align:start position:0% +form of scan but all of that will take + + + align:start position:0% +form of scan but all of that will take +uh order n over B ceiling + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +search this is what we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +search this is what we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +search this is what we're going to be +focused on + + align:start position:0% +focused on + + + align:start position:0% +focused on +today you can + + align:start position:0% +today you can + + + align:start position:0% +today you can +achieve order log base b + one of + + align:start position:0% +achieve order log base b + one of + + + align:start position:0% +achieve order log base b + one of +n uh + + align:start position:0% +n uh + + + align:start position:0% +n uh +search insert and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +delete just like B trees but without + + align:start position:0% +delete just like B trees but without + + + align:start position:0% +delete just like B trees but without +knowing what B is that's we're going to + + align:start position:0% +knowing what B is that's we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +knowing what B is that's we're going to +do most of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today uh what's next sorting sorting you + + align:start position:0% +today uh what's next sorting sorting you + + + align:start position:0% +today uh what's next sorting sorting you +can do the same + + align:start position:0% +can do the same + + + align:start position:0% +can do the same +bound that we'll see next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lecture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh okay um next is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +permuting uh here there's actually + + align:start position:0% +permuting uh here there's actually + + + align:start position:0% +permuting uh here there's actually +negative result which is that you can't + + align:start position:0% +negative result which is that you can't + + + align:start position:0% +negative result which is that you can't +do the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Min doesn't say exactly what you can do + + align:start position:0% +Min doesn't say exactly what you can do + + + align:start position:0% +Min doesn't say exactly what you can do +um in particular we can certainly + + align:start position:0% +um in particular we can certainly + + + align:start position:0% +um in particular we can certainly +permute as quickly as we can sort and we + + align:start position:0% +permute as quickly as we can sort and we + + + align:start position:0% +permute as quickly as we can sort and we +can prute and we can achieve this Min in + + align:start position:0% +can prute and we can achieve this Min in + + + align:start position:0% +can prute and we can achieve this Min in +a weird sense and that we can achieve n + + align:start position:0% +a weird sense and that we can achieve n + + + align:start position:0% +a weird sense and that we can achieve n +and we can achieve the in Bound for + + align:start position:0% +and we can achieve the in Bound for + + + align:start position:0% +and we can achieve the in Bound for +permutation in the cious model either + + align:start position:0% +permutation in the cious model either + + + align:start position:0% +permutation in the cious model either +one but not both with a Min around them + + align:start position:0% +one but not both with a Min around them + + + align:start position:0% +one but not both with a Min around them +because to know which one to apply you + + align:start position:0% +because to know which one to apply you + + + align:start position:0% +because to know which one to apply you +need to know how B and M relate to n and + + align:start position:0% +need to know how B and M relate to n and + + + align:start position:0% +need to know how B and M relate to n and +you don't here and so there's a lower + + align:start position:0% +you don't here and so there's a lower + + + align:start position:0% +you don't here and so there's a lower +bound saying you really can't achieve + + align:start position:0% +bound saying you really can't achieve + + + align:start position:0% +bound saying you really can't achieve +this bound even up to constant factors + + align:start position:0% +this bound even up to constant factors + + + align:start position:0% +this bound even up to constant factors +uh but it doesn't explicitly say + + align:start position:0% +uh but it doesn't explicitly say + + + align:start position:0% +uh but it doesn't explicitly say +anything more than + + align:start position:0% +anything more than + + + align:start position:0% +anything more than +that uh so a little awkward fortunately + + align:start position:0% +that uh so a little awkward fortunately + + + align:start position:0% +that uh so a little awkward fortunately +permuting isn't that big a deal I mean + + align:start position:0% +permuting isn't that big a deal I mean + + + align:start position:0% +permuting isn't that big a deal I mean +and most of the time sorting the Sorting + + align:start position:0% +and most of the time sorting the Sorting + + + align:start position:0% +and most of the time sorting the Sorting +bound is much faster than the N bound so + + align:start position:0% +bound is much faster than the N bound so + + + align:start position:0% +bound is much faster than the N bound so +not so bad but uh slightly awkward so + + align:start position:0% +not so bad but uh slightly awkward so + + + align:start position:0% +not so bad but uh slightly awkward so +there's some things you can't do this is + + align:start position:0% +there's some things you can't do this is + + + align:start position:0% +there's some things you can't do this is +the first negative result on cach bvious + + align:start position:0% +the first negative result on cach bvious + + + align:start position:0% +the first negative result on cach bvious +another fun negative result is actually + + align:start position:0% +another fun negative result is actually + + + align:start position:0% +another fun negative result is actually +in search trees you might ask uh what is + + align:start position:0% +in search trees you might ask uh what is + + + align:start position:0% +in search trees you might ask uh what is +this constant Factor here in front of + + align:start position:0% +this constant Factor here in front of + + + align:start position:0% +this constant Factor here in front of +the log base B plus one of N and for B + + align:start position:0% +the log base B plus one of N and for B + + + align:start position:0% +the log base B plus one of N and for B +trees uh the constant factor is + + align:start position:0% +trees uh the constant factor is + + + align:start position:0% +trees uh the constant factor is +essentially + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one uh you get 1 time log base B+ one of + + align:start position:0% +one uh you get 1 time log base B+ one of + + + align:start position:0% +one uh you get 1 time log base B+ one of +n for uh in cach oblivious world you can + + align:start position:0% +n for uh in cach oblivious world you can + + + align:start position:0% +n for uh in cach oblivious world you can +prove that one is + + align:start position:0% +prove that one is + + + align:start position:0% +prove that one is +unattainable and the best possible + + align:start position:0% +unattainable and the best possible + + + align:start position:0% +unattainable and the best possible +constant factor is log base 2 of e which + + align:start position:0% +constant factor is log base 2 of e which + + + align:start position:0% +constant factor is log base 2 of e which +is like + + align:start position:0% +is like + + + align:start position:0% +is like +1.44 uh so that is the right answer for + + align:start position:0% +1.44 uh so that is the right answer for + + + align:start position:0% +1.44 uh so that is the right answer for +the constant today we'll get a constant + + align:start position:0% +the constant today we'll get a constant + + + align:start position:0% +the constant today we'll get a constant +here of + + align:start position:0% +here of + + + align:start position:0% +here of +four uh for this is for + + align:start position:0% +four uh for this is for + + + align:start position:0% +four uh for this is for +search uh and but four has since been + + align:start position:0% +search uh and but four has since been + + + align:start position:0% +search uh and but four has since been +improved to 1.44 so a tiny separation + + align:start position:0% +improved to 1.44 so a tiny separation + + + align:start position:0% +improved to 1.44 so a tiny separation +there between cache oblivious and + + align:start position:0% +there between cache oblivious and + + + align:start position:0% +there between cache oblivious and +external memory + + align:start position:0% +external memory + + + align:start position:0% +external memory +um let's + + align:start position:0% +um let's + + + align:start position:0% +um let's +see one more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thing uh continuing over + + align:start position:0% +thing uh continuing over + + + align:start position:0% +thing uh continuing over +here is priority + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Q cache oblivious + + align:start position:0% +Q cache oblivious + + + align:start position:0% +Q cache oblivious +we can do in the optimal Time 1 over B + + align:start position:0% +we can do in the optimal Time 1 over B + + + align:start position:0% +we can do in the optimal Time 1 over B +log base m/ + + align:start position:0% +log base m/ + + + align:start position:0% +log base m/ +B of n over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B only catch with that + + align:start position:0% +B only catch with that + + + align:start position:0% +B only catch with that +result is that assume something called + + align:start position:0% +result is that assume something called + + + align:start position:0% +result is that assume something called +The Tall cache assumption + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see what I want to say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here we'll say m is uh + + align:start position:0% +here we'll say m is uh + + + align:start position:0% +here we'll say m is uh +Omega uh B to the 1 + + + align:start position:0% +Omega uh B to the 1 + + + + align:start position:0% +Omega uh B to the 1 + +Epsilon ugly looking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Omega uh certainly m is at least B if + + align:start position:0% +Omega uh certainly m is at least B if + + + align:start position:0% +Omega uh certainly m is at least B if +you have one cache line you have m equal + + align:start position:0% +you have one cache line you have m equal + + + align:start position:0% +you have one cache line you have m equal +B uh but we'd like M to be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +B uh but we'd like M to be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +B uh but we'd like M to be a little bit +bigger than b we'd like the cache to be + + align:start position:0% +bigger than b we'd like the cache to be + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than b we'd like the cache to be +if M was at least b^ squared then the + + align:start position:0% +if M was at least b^ squared then the + + + align:start position:0% +if M was at least b^ squared then the +height of the cache would be at least as + + align:start position:0% +height of the cache would be at least as + + + align:start position:0% +height of the cache would be at least as +big as the width of the cache hence tall + + align:start position:0% +big as the width of the cache hence tall + + + align:start position:0% +big as the width of the cache hence tall +cache but we don't even need m equal to + + align:start position:0% +cache but we don't even need m equal to + + + align:start position:0% +cache but we don't even need m equal to +b s just m to the m equaling B to the + + align:start position:0% +b s just m to the m equaling B to the + + + align:start position:0% +b s just m to the m equaling B to the +1.001 would be enough uh then you can + + align:start position:0% +1.001 would be enough uh then you can + + + align:start position:0% +1.001 would be enough uh then you can +get this result and there's a theorem + + align:start position:0% +get this result and there's a theorem + + + align:start position:0% +get this result and there's a theorem +that said shows for cache oblivious you + + align:start position:0% +that said shows for cache oblivious you + + + align:start position:0% +that said shows for cache oblivious you +need to assume This Tall C Cas + + align:start position:0% +need to assume This Tall C Cas + + + align:start position:0% +need to assume This Tall C Cas +assumption you cannot achieve this bound + + align:start position:0% +assumption you cannot achieve this bound + + + align:start position:0% +assumption you cannot achieve this bound +without + + align:start position:0% +without + + + align:start position:0% +without +it so uh but this is usually true for + + align:start position:0% +it so uh but this is usually true for + + + align:start position:0% +it so uh but this is usually true for +real caches so life is + + align:start position:0% +real caches so life is + + + align:start position:0% +real caches so life is +good all right so that's a quick summary + + align:start position:0% +good all right so that's a quick summary + + + align:start position:0% +good all right so that's a quick summary +of cach obliv cach oblivious results any + + align:start position:0% +of cach obliv cach oblivious results any + + + align:start position:0% +of cach obliv cach oblivious results any +questions about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +those then we + + align:start position:0% +those then we + + + align:start position:0% +those then we +proceed into + + align:start position:0% +proceed into + + + align:start position:0% +proceed into +achieving search + + align:start position:0% +achieving search + + + align:start position:0% +achieving search +trees log based B of ENT performance + + align:start position:0% +trees log based B of ENT performance + + + align:start position:0% +trees log based B of ENT performance +cach obliviously make it interesting + + align:start position:0% +cach obliviously make it interesting + + + align:start position:0% +cach obliviously make it interesting +because external memory we already know + + align:start position:0% +because external memory we already know + + + align:start position:0% +because external memory we already know +how to do it with a B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tree so we did both models cashious be + + align:start position:0% +tree so we did both models cashious be + + + align:start position:0% +tree so we did both models cashious be +trees What + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Remain this was the first result in cach + + align:start position:0% +Remain this was the first result in cach + + + align:start position:0% +Remain this was the first result in cach +oblivious data structures I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +oblivious data structures I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +oblivious data structures I'm going to +start with uh the static + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem cach + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oblivious + + align:start position:0% +oblivious + + + align:start position:0% +oblivious +static search + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trees this was actually in an M thesis + + align:start position:0% +trees this was actually in an M thesis + + + align:start position:0% +trees this was actually in an M thesis +here by Harold + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +procop so the idea is very simple uh we + + align:start position:0% +procop so the idea is very simple uh we + + + align:start position:0% +procop so the idea is very simple uh we +can't use B trees because we don't know + + align:start position:0% +can't use B trees because we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +can't use B trees because we don't know +what B is so we'll use binary search + + align:start position:0% +what B is so we'll use binary search + + + align:start position:0% +what B is so we'll use binary search +trees those are those have served us + + align:start position:0% +trees those are those have served us + + + align:start position:0% +trees those are those have served us +well so far so let's use a balanced + + align:start position:0% +well so far so let's use a balanced + + + align:start position:0% +well so far so let's use a balanced +binary search tree and because it's + + align:start position:0% +binary search tree and because it's + + + align:start position:0% +binary search tree and because it's +static might as well assume it's a + + align:start position:0% +static might as well assume it's a + + + align:start position:0% +static might as well assume it's a +perfect balanced binary search tree so + + align:start position:0% +perfect balanced binary search tree so + + + align:start position:0% +perfect balanced binary search tree so +let me draw one over here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh try my favorite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one so how do you search in a uh binary + + align:start position:0% +one so how do you search in a uh binary + + + align:start position:0% +one so how do you search in a uh binary +search tree uh binary search okay that's + + align:start position:0% +search tree uh binary search okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +search tree uh binary search okay that's +our algorithm is fixed so the only + + align:start position:0% +our algorithm is fixed so the only + + + align:start position:0% +our algorithm is fixed so the only +flexibility we have is how we map this + + align:start position:0% +flexibility we have is how we map this + + + align:start position:0% +flexibility we have is how we map this +tree into the sequential order in memory + + align:start position:0% +tree into the sequential order in memory + + + align:start position:0% +tree into the sequential order in memory +memory is a an array so for each of + + align:start position:0% +memory is a an array so for each of + + + align:start position:0% +memory is a an array so for each of +these nodes we get to assign some order + + align:start position:0% +these nodes we get to assign some order + + + align:start position:0% +these nodes we get to assign some order +some position in the array of memory and + + align:start position:0% +some position in the array of memory and + + + align:start position:0% +some position in the array of memory and +then each of these child + + align:start position:0% +then each of these child + + + align:start position:0% +then each of these child +pointers you know that changes where + + align:start position:0% +pointers you know that changes where + + + align:start position:0% +pointers you know that changes where +they point + + align:start position:0% +they point + + + align:start position:0% +they point +to and now cach obliviously you're going + + align:start position:0% +to and now cach obliviously you're going + + + align:start position:0% +to and now cach obliviously you're going +to follow some root to Leaf path you + + align:start position:0% +to follow some root to Leaf path you + + + align:start position:0% +to follow some root to Leaf path you +don't know which one all of + + align:start position:0% +don't know which one all of + + + align:start position:0% +don't know which one all of +them you know are visiting nodes in some + + align:start position:0% +them you know are visiting nodes in some + + + align:start position:0% +them you know are visiting nodes in some +order which looks pretty random + + align:start position:0% +order which looks pretty random + + + align:start position:0% +order which looks pretty random +in the array of memory it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +in the array of memory it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +in the array of memory it's going to be +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +sequence like + + align:start position:0% +sequence like + + + align:start position:0% +sequence like +this we would like the number of blocks + + align:start position:0% +this we would like the number of blocks + + + align:start position:0% +this we would like the number of blocks +that contain those nodes to be + + align:start position:0% +that contain those nodes to be + + + align:start position:0% +that contain those nodes to be +relatively + + align:start position:0% +relatively + + + align:start position:0% +relatively +small + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somehow so that's the the hard part now + + align:start position:0% +somehow so that's the the hard part now + + + align:start position:0% +somehow so that's the the hard part now +you could try level order you could try + + align:start position:0% +you could try level order you could try + + + align:start position:0% +you could try level order you could try +in order pre-order postorder all of them + + align:start position:0% +in order pre-order postorder all of them + + + align:start position:0% +in order pre-order postorder all of them +fail the right order is something called + + align:start position:0% +fail the right order is something called + + + align:start position:0% +fail the right order is something called +Venom deis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +order so let's say there are n + + align:start position:0% +order so let's say there are n + + + align:start position:0% +order so let's say there are n +nodes uh what we're going to do is carve + + align:start position:0% +nodes uh what we're going to do is carve + + + align:start position:0% +nodes uh what we're going to do is carve +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +tree at the middle level of edges + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we have a tree like this we divide in + + align:start position:0% +so we have a tree like this we divide in + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a tree like this we divide in +the middle leaves us with the top part + + align:start position:0% +the middle leaves us with the top part + + + align:start position:0% +the middle leaves us with the top part +and many bottom + + align:start position:0% +and many bottom + + + align:start position:0% +and many bottom +Parts there's going to be about square + + align:start position:0% +Parts there's going to be about square + + + align:start position:0% +Parts there's going to be about square +root of n nodes in each of these little + + align:start position:0% +root of n nodes in each of these little + + + align:start position:0% +root of n nodes in each of these little +triangles roughly speaking the number of + + align:start position:0% +triangles roughly speaking the number of + + + align:start position:0% +triangles roughly speaking the number of +triangles down here is going to be + + align:start position:0% +triangles down here is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +triangles down here is going to be +roughly Square < TK of n N I think I + + align:start position:0% +roughly Square < TK of n N I think I + + + align:start position:0% +roughly Square < TK of n N I think I +have written here sare n + 1 it's a + + align:start position:0% +have written here sare n + 1 it's a + + + align:start position:0% +have written here sare n + 1 it's a +little overestimate because I multiply + + align:start position:0% +little overestimate because I multiply + + + align:start position:0% +little overestimate because I multiply +those two numbers it's bigger than n but + + align:start position:0% +those two numbers it's bigger than n but + + + align:start position:0% +those two numbers it's bigger than n but +it's roughly that if there were root n + + align:start position:0% +it's roughly that if there were root n + + + align:start position:0% +it's roughly that if there were root n +nodes up here then there would be sare + + align:start position:0% +nodes up here then there would be sare + + + align:start position:0% +nodes up here then there would be sare +of n plus one children and square of N + + align:start position:0% +of n plus one children and square of N + + + align:start position:0% +of n plus one children and square of N +plus1 Things down there so roughly root + + align:start position:0% +plus1 Things down there so roughly root + + + align:start position:0% +plus1 Things down there so roughly root +n uh different things each of size root + + align:start position:0% +n uh different things each of size root + + + align:start position:0% +n uh different things each of size root +n then what we do is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +recursively lay out + + align:start position:0% +recursively lay out + + + align:start position:0% +recursively lay out +those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +triangles of size roughly Square Ro of + + align:start position:0% +triangles of size roughly Square Ro of + + + align:start position:0% +triangles of size roughly Square Ro of +N and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +concatenate it's a very simple + + align:start position:0% +concatenate it's a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +concatenate it's a very simple +idea let's apply it to this + + align:start position:0% +idea let's apply it to this + + + align:start position:0% +idea let's apply it to this +tree so I split in the middle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +level and I recursively lay out this + + align:start position:0% +level and I recursively lay out this + + + align:start position:0% +level and I recursively lay out this +triangle up + + align:start position:0% +triangle up + + + align:start position:0% +triangle up +here draw it as a box then I recursively + + align:start position:0% +here draw it as a box then I recursively + + + align:start position:0% +here draw it as a box then I recursively +lay out this then I recursively lay out + + align:start position:0% +lay out this then I recursively lay out + + + align:start position:0% +lay out this then I recursively lay out +this and this and this so up here uh I + + align:start position:0% +this and this and this so up here uh I + + + align:start position:0% +this and this and this so up here uh I +mean to lay this out I would again split + + align:start position:0% +mean to lay this out I would again split + + + align:start position:0% +mean to lay this out I would again split +in the middle level lay out this piece + + align:start position:0% +in the middle level lay out this piece + + + align:start position:0% +in the middle level lay out this piece +so this guy will go first then this one + + align:start position:0% +so this guy will go first then this one + + + align:start position:0% +so this guy will go first then this one +then this one now I'll go over and + + align:start position:0% +then this one now I'll go over and + + + align:start position:0% +then this one now I'll go over and +recursively do this so it's four five + + align:start position:0% +recursively do this so it's four five + + + align:start position:0% +recursively do this so it's four five +six then this one 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 + + align:start position:0% +six then this one 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 + + + align:start position:0% +six then this one 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 +15 that is the order in which I store + + align:start position:0% +15 that is the order in which I store + + + align:start position:0% +15 that is the order in which I store +the nodes and I claim that's a good + + align:start position:0% +the nodes and I claim that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +the nodes and I claim that's a good +order for example if B equals three this + + align:start position:0% +order for example if B equals three this + + + align:start position:0% +order for example if B equals three this +looks really good because then all of + + align:start position:0% +looks really good because then all of + + + align:start position:0% +looks really good because then all of +these nodes are in the first block and + + align:start position:0% +these nodes are in the first block and + + + align:start position:0% +these nodes are in the first block and +so I get to choose which of these four + + align:start position:0% +so I get to choose which of these four + + + align:start position:0% +so I get to choose which of these four +children trees I should look at I mean I + + align:start position:0% +children trees I should look at I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +children trees I should look at I mean I +happen to go here and then maybe here I + + align:start position:0% +happen to go here and then maybe here I + + + align:start position:0% +happen to go here and then maybe here I +look at those two nodes look at their + + align:start position:0% +look at those two nodes look at their + + + align:start position:0% +look at those two nodes look at their +keys uh to decide oh I should go into + + align:start position:0% +keys uh to decide oh I should go into + + + align:start position:0% +keys uh to decide oh I should go into +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +Branch but uh I only pay one memory + + align:start position:0% +Branch but uh I only pay one memory + + + align:start position:0% +Branch but uh I only pay one memory +transfer to look at all those notes so + + align:start position:0% +transfer to look at all those notes so + + + align:start position:0% +transfer to look at all those notes so +this this looks like a tree tuned for b + + align:start position:0% +this this looks like a tree tuned for b + + + align:start position:0% +this this looks like a tree tuned for b +equals 3 but it turns out it's tuned for + + align:start position:0% +equals 3 but it turns out it's tuned for + + + align:start position:0% +equals 3 but it turns out it's tuned for +all bees simultaneously if we do this + + align:start position:0% +all bees simultaneously if we do this + + + align:start position:0% +all bees simultaneously if we do this +recursively it's hard to draw a a small + + align:start position:0% +recursively it's hard to draw a a small + + + align:start position:0% +recursively it's hard to draw a a small +example where you see all the bees at + + align:start position:0% +example where you see all the bees at + + + align:start position:0% +example where you see all the bees at +once but that's the best I can + + align:start position:0% +once but that's the best I can + + + align:start position:0% +once but that's the best I can +do okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's analyze this + + align:start position:0% +let's analyze this + + + align:start position:0% +let's analyze this +thing so the order of the nodes is clear + + align:start position:0% +thing so the order of the nodes is clear + + + align:start position:0% +thing so the order of the nodes is clear +I didn't if you know what the vanon + + align:start position:0% +I didn't if you know what the vanon + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't if you know what the vanon +deo's data structure is uh then you know + + align:start position:0% +deo's data structure is uh then you know + + + align:start position:0% +deo's data structure is uh then you know +why it's called this otherwise see + + align:start position:0% +why it's called this otherwise see + + + align:start position:0% +why it's called this otherwise see +lecture 10 or so in the future forget + + align:start position:0% +lecture 10 or so in the future forget + + + align:start position:0% +lecture 10 or so in the future forget +exactly when we're covering it um so + + align:start position:0% +exactly when we're covering it um so + + + align:start position:0% +exactly when we're covering it um so +this order was not invented by Venom + + align:start position:0% +this order was not invented by Venom + + + align:start position:0% +this order was not invented by Venom +deos but it looks very similar to + + align:start position:0% +deos but it looks very similar to + + + align:start position:0% +deos but it looks very similar to +something else that was invented by + + align:start position:0% +something else that was invented by + + + align:start position:0% +something else that was invented by +fendo so we call it that but that's the + + align:start position:0% +fendo so we call it that but that's the + + + align:start position:0% +fendo so we call it that but that's the +name of a guy Peter so um + + align:start position:0% +name of a guy Peter so um + + + align:start position:0% +name of a guy Peter so um +analysis order is clear the algorithm is + + align:start position:0% +analysis order is clear the algorithm is + + + align:start position:0% +analysis order is clear the algorithm is +clear we follow our root to Leaf path + + align:start position:0% +clear we follow our root to Leaf path + + + align:start position:0% +clear we follow our root to Leaf path +what the what we claim is any root to + + align:start position:0% +what the what we claim is any root to + + + align:start position:0% +what the what we claim is any root to +Leaf path uh and any value of B the + + align:start position:0% +Leaf path uh and any value of B the + + + align:start position:0% +Leaf path uh and any value of B the +number of blocks visited is order log + + align:start position:0% +number of blocks visited is order log + + + align:start position:0% +number of blocks visited is order log +base B of + + align:start position:0% +base B of + + + align:start position:0% +base B of +n so to do that uh in the analysis we + + align:start position:0% +n so to do that uh in the analysis we + + + align:start position:0% +n so to do that uh in the analysis we +get to know what B is the algorithm + + align:start position:0% +get to know what B is the algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +get to know what B is the algorithm +didn't know algorithm here doesn't know + + align:start position:0% +didn't know algorithm here doesn't know + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know algorithm here doesn't know +B and uh doesn't need to know B but to + + align:start position:0% +B and uh doesn't need to know B but to + + + align:start position:0% +B and uh doesn't need to know B but to +analyze it to prove an order log base B + + align:start position:0% +analyze it to prove an order log base B + + + align:start position:0% +analyze it to prove an order log base B +of n bound we need to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know what B is so the while the + + align:start position:0% +know what B is so the while the + + + align:start position:0% +know what B is so the while the +algorithm recurses all the way + + align:start position:0% +algorithm recurses all the way + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm recurses all the way +down uh you know keeps dividing these + + align:start position:0% +down uh you know keeps dividing these + + + align:start position:0% +down uh you know keeps dividing these +blocks into smaller and smaller pieces + + align:start position:0% +blocks into smaller and smaller pieces + + + align:start position:0% +blocks into smaller and smaller pieces +we're going to look at a particular + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at a particular + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at a particular +level of that + + align:start position:0% +level of that + + + align:start position:0% +level of that +recursion I'm going to call that a a + + align:start position:0% +recursion I'm going to call that a a + + + align:start position:0% +recursion I'm going to call that a a +level of detail + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh say I call it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +straddling uh + + align:start position:0% +straddling uh + + + align:start position:0% +straddling uh +B so my picture is going to be the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +following these little triangles are + + align:start position:0% +following these little triangles are + + + align:start position:0% +following these little triangles are +going to be size less than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b but these big triangles are size + + align:start position:0% +b but these big triangles are size + + + align:start position:0% +b but these big triangles are size +greater than or equal to B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay at some level of recursion that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +happens by monotonicity I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guess I could keep going I mean this + + align:start position:0% +guess I could keep going I mean this + + + align:start position:0% +guess I could keep going I mean this +this tree is going to have uh + + align:start position:0% +this tree is going to have uh + + + align:start position:0% +this tree is going to have uh +substantial height I don't really know + + align:start position:0% +substantial height I don't really know + + + align:start position:0% +substantial height I don't really know +how tall it is or that's sort of the the + + align:start position:0% +how tall it is or that's sort of the the + + + align:start position:0% +how tall it is or that's sort of the the +central + + align:start position:0% +central + + + align:start position:0% +central +question draw some pointers + + align:start position:0% +question draw some pointers + + + align:start position:0% +question draw some pointers +here uh but just look at what if you + + align:start position:0% +here uh but just look at what if you + + + align:start position:0% +here uh but just look at what if you +subdivide you subdivide all the big + + align:start position:0% +subdivide you subdivide all the big + + + align:start position:0% +subdivide you subdivide all the big +triangles till you get to these small + + align:start position:0% +triangles till you get to these small + + + align:start position:0% +triangles till you get to these small +triangles that are size less than b then + + align:start position:0% +triangles that are size less than b then + + + align:start position:0% +triangles that are size less than b then +you stop recursing now the algorithm of + + align:start position:0% +you stop recursing now the algorithm of + + + align:start position:0% +you stop recursing now the algorithm of +course will recursively lay that out but + + align:start position:0% +course will recursively lay that out but + + + align:start position:0% +course will recursively lay that out but +what we know we recursively lay things + + align:start position:0% +what we know we recursively lay things + + + align:start position:0% +what we know we recursively lay things +out then we concatenate meaning the + + align:start position:0% +out then we concatenate meaning the + + + align:start position:0% +out then we concatenate meaning the +recursive layouts remain consecutive we + + align:start position:0% +recursive layouts remain consecutive we + + + align:start position:0% +recursive layouts remain consecutive we +never like interl two layouts so + + align:start position:0% +never like interl two layouts so + + + align:start position:0% +never like interl two layouts so +whatever however this thing is laid out + + align:start position:0% +whatever however this thing is laid out + + + align:start position:0% +whatever however this thing is laid out +we don't really care because at that + + align:start position:0% +we don't really care because at that + + + align:start position:0% +we don't really care because at that +point it's going to it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +point it's going to it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +point it's going to it's going to be +stored in in memory which is this giant + + align:start position:0% +stored in in memory which is this giant + + + align:start position:0% +stored in in memory which is this giant +array it's going to be stored in an + + align:start position:0% +array it's going to be stored in an + + + align:start position:0% +array it's going to be stored in an +interval of size less than + + align:start position:0% +interval of size less than + + + align:start position:0% +interval of size less than +b so at worst uh where are the block + + align:start position:0% +b so at worst uh where are the block + + + align:start position:0% +b so at worst uh where are the block +boundaries maybe draw that in + + align:start position:0% +boundaries maybe draw that in + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries maybe draw that in +red block boundaries are size B we don't + + align:start position:0% +red block boundaries are size B we don't + + + align:start position:0% +red block boundaries are size B we don't +know exactly how they're interspersed + + align:start position:0% +know exactly how they're interspersed + + + align:start position:0% +know exactly how they're interspersed +but let's say these are the block + + align:start position:0% +but let's say these are the block + + + align:start position:0% +but let's say these are the block +boundaries so it could be that this + + align:start position:0% +boundaries so it could be that this + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries so it could be that this +little sub array falls into two blocks + + align:start position:0% +little sub array falls into two blocks + + + align:start position:0% +little sub array falls into two blocks +but at most two + + align:start position:0% +but at most two + + + align:start position:0% +but at most two +blocks so the little triangles of size + + align:start position:0% +blocks so the little triangles of size + + + align:start position:0% +blocks so the little triangles of size +less than + + align:start position:0% +less than + + + align:start position:0% +less than +b + + align:start position:0% +b + + + align:start position:0% +b +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +live in at most two memory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +blocks so to visit each of these little + + align:start position:0% +blocks so to visit each of these little + + + align:start position:0% +blocks so to visit each of these little +triangles we only spend two memory reads + + align:start position:0% +triangles we only spend two memory reads + + + align:start position:0% +triangles we only spend two memory reads +at most + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so all that's left is to count how many + + align:start position:0% +so all that's left is to count how many + + + align:start position:0% +so all that's left is to count how many +of those little triangles do we need to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +visit on a roote to Leaf + + align:start position:0% +visit on a roote to Leaf + + + align:start position:0% +visit on a roote to Leaf +path I claim that's going to be log base + + align:start position:0% +path I claim that's going to be log base + + + align:start position:0% +path I claim that's going to be log base +B of n uh so I guess the first question + + align:start position:0% +B of n uh so I guess the first question + + + align:start position:0% +B of n uh so I guess the first question +is what is the + + align:start position:0% +is what is the + + + align:start position:0% +is what is the +height of one of these little triangles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well we start with a tree of height log + + align:start position:0% +well we start with a tree of height log + + + align:start position:0% +well we start with a tree of height log +n then we divide it in half and we + + align:start position:0% +n then we divide it in half and we + + + align:start position:0% +n then we divide it in half and we +divide it in half and divide it in half + + align:start position:0% +divide it in half and divide it in half + + + align:start position:0% +divide it in half and divide it in half +we take floors and ceilings whatever um + + align:start position:0% +we take floors and ceilings whatever um + + + align:start position:0% +we take floors and ceilings whatever um +but we repeatedly divide the height in + + align:start position:0% +but we repeatedly divide the height in + + + align:start position:0% +but we repeatedly divide the height in +half and we stop whenever the number of + + align:start position:0% +half and we stop whenever the number of + + + align:start position:0% +half and we stop whenever the number of +nodes in there is less than b so that + + align:start position:0% +nodes in there is less than b so that + + + align:start position:0% +nodes in there is less than b so that +means the height is going to be + + align:start position:0% +means the height is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +means the height is going to be +Theta uh log B in fact it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +Theta uh log B in fact it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +Theta uh log B in fact it's going to be +in the range uh half log B to log + + align:start position:0% +in the range uh half log B to log + + + align:start position:0% +in the range uh half log B to log +B probably with a pen that way doesn't + + align:start position:0% +B probably with a pen that way doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +B probably with a pen that way doesn't +really + + align:start position:0% +really + + + align:start position:0% +really +matter cuz you stop as soon as you hit B + + align:start position:0% +matter cuz you stop as soon as you hit B + + + align:start position:0% +matter cuz you stop as soon as you hit B +uh you're dividing the height in half + + align:start position:0% +uh you're dividing the height in half + + + align:start position:0% +uh you're dividing the height in half +repeatedly you might overshoot by at + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly you might overshoot by at + + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly you might overshoot by at +most a half uh that's it so height is + + align:start position:0% +most a half uh that's it so height is + + + align:start position:0% +most a half uh that's it so height is +log B so if we look along a root to Leaf + + align:start position:0% +log B so if we look along a root to Leaf + + + align:start position:0% +log B so if we look along a root to Leaf +path each of these things we visit we + + align:start position:0% +path each of these things we visit we + + + align:start position:0% +path each of these things we visit we +make a vertical progress log B Theta log + + align:start position:0% +make a vertical progress log B Theta log + + + align:start position:0% +make a vertical progress log B Theta log +B and so and our total the total + + align:start position:0% +B and so and our total the total + + + align:start position:0% +B and so and our total the total +vertical progress we need to make is log + + align:start position:0% +vertical progress we need to make is log + + + align:start position:0% +vertical progress we need to make is log +n and so it's log n / log + + align:start position:0% +n and so it's log n / log + + + align:start position:0% +n and so it's log n / log +B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I guess four * log + + align:start position:0% +so I guess four * log + + + align:start position:0% +so I guess four * log +n two log n over log + + align:start position:0% +n two log n over log + + + align:start position:0% +n two log n over log +B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +triangles we reach a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +leaf it's total progress we need to make + + align:start position:0% +leaf it's total progress we need to make + + + align:start position:0% +leaf it's total progress we need to make +divided by half log B here progress per + + align:start position:0% +divided by half log B here progress per + + + align:start position:0% +divided by half log B here progress per +triangle so we get 2 * log base B of N + + align:start position:0% +triangle so we get 2 * log base B of N + + + align:start position:0% +triangle so we get 2 * log base B of N +and then for each triangle we have to + + align:start position:0% +and then for each triangle we have to + + + align:start position:0% +and then for each triangle we have to +pay two memory reads so this implies uh + + align:start position:0% +pay two memory reads so this implies uh + + + align:start position:0% +pay two memory reads so this implies uh +atmost + + align:start position:0% +atmost + + + align:start position:0% +atmost +4 log base B of n memory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transfers and I implicitly assumed here + + align:start position:0% +transfers and I implicitly assumed here + + + align:start position:0% +transfers and I implicitly assumed here +that b is not one otherwise need a B+ + + align:start position:0% +that b is not one otherwise need a B+ + + + align:start position:0% +that b is not one otherwise need a B+ +one here but to to be interesting as + + align:start position:0% +one here but to to be interesting as + + + align:start position:0% +one here but to to be interesting as +long as B isn't one then it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +long as B isn't one then it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +long as B isn't one then it doesn't +matter okay so that's the log based bent + + align:start position:0% +matter okay so that's the log based bent + + + align:start position:0% +matter okay so that's the log based bent +analysis actually really simple + + align:start position:0% +analysis actually really simple + + + align:start position:0% +analysis actually really simple +essentially what we're doing here is + + align:start position:0% +essentially what we're doing here is + + + align:start position:0% +essentially what we're doing here is +binary searching on + + align:start position:0% +binary searching on + + + align:start position:0% +binary searching on +B in a kind of weird way uh using divide + + align:start position:0% +B in a kind of weird way uh using divide + + + align:start position:0% +B in a kind of weird way uh using divide +and conquer and recursion so we say well + + align:start position:0% +and conquer and recursion so we say well + + + align:start position:0% +and conquer and recursion so we say well +maybe B is the whole thing then we're b + + align:start position:0% +maybe B is the whole thing then we're b + + + align:start position:0% +maybe B is the whole thing then we're b +equals n then we don't have to do + + align:start position:0% +equals n then we don't have to do + + + align:start position:0% +equals n then we don't have to do +anything everything fits in a block + + align:start position:0% +anything everything fits in a block + + + align:start position:0% +anything everything fits in a block +otherwise let's imagine dividing here + + align:start position:0% +otherwise let's imagine dividing here + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise let's imagine dividing here +and supposing B is root n + + align:start position:0% +and supposing B is root n + + + align:start position:0% +and supposing B is root n +and uh then we need two + + align:start position:0% +and uh then we need two + + + align:start position:0% +and uh then we need two +axises uh so but that might B might be + + align:start position:0% +axises uh so but that might B might be + + + align:start position:0% +axises uh so but that might B might be +smaller than that so we keep recursing + + align:start position:0% +smaller than that so we keep recursing + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than that so we keep recursing +keep going down and because we're + + align:start position:0% +keep going down and because we're + + + align:start position:0% +keep going down and because we're +dividing in half each time uh sorry + + align:start position:0% +dividing in half each time uh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +dividing in half each time uh sorry +we're not biner searching on B we're + + align:start position:0% +we're not biner searching on B we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're not biner searching on B we're +biner searching on log B which is the + + align:start position:0% +biner searching on log B which is the + + + align:start position:0% +biner searching on log B which is the +the height of a tree with B nodes in it + + align:start position:0% +the height of a tree with B nodes in it + + + align:start position:0% +the height of a tree with B nodes in it +and that's exactly what we can afford to + + align:start position:0% +and that's exactly what we can afford to + + + align:start position:0% +and that's exactly what we can afford to +do and conveniently it's all we need to + + align:start position:0% +do and conveniently it's all we need to + + + align:start position:0% +do and conveniently it's all we need to +do because to get log base B of n + + align:start position:0% +do because to get log base B of n + + + align:start position:0% +do because to get log base B of n +correct you only need to get log B + + align:start position:0% +correct you only need to get log B + + + align:start position:0% +correct you only need to get log B +correct up to a constant Factor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right now that was the easy part now the + + align:start position:0% +right now that was the easy part now the + + + align:start position:0% +right now that was the easy part now the +hard part is to make this Dynamic this + + align:start position:0% +hard part is to make this Dynamic this + + + align:start position:0% +hard part is to make this Dynamic this +is where things get exciting this works + + align:start position:0% +is where things get exciting this works + + + align:start position:0% +is where things get exciting this works +fine for a static tree and this is how + + align:start position:0% +fine for a static tree and this is how + + + align:start position:0% +fine for a static tree and this is how +we do search but we can't do inserts and + + align:start position:0% +we do search but we can't do inserts and + + + align:start position:0% +we do search but we can't do inserts and +deletes in this world + + align:start position:0% +deletes in this world + + + align:start position:0% +deletes in this world +easily uh but I'll show you how to do it + + align:start position:0% +easily uh but I'll show you how to do it + + + align:start position:0% +easily uh but I'll show you how to do it +nonetheless + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is what's called a cach + + align:start position:0% +so this is what's called a cach + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what's called a cach +oblivious B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tree we're going to do it in uh five + + align:start position:0% +tree we're going to do it in uh five + + + align:start position:0% +tree we're going to do it in uh five +steps and the first step unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +steps and the first step unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +steps and the first step unfortunately +is delayed till next lecture so I need a + + align:start position:0% +is delayed till next lecture so I need a + + + align:start position:0% +is delayed till next lecture so I need a +black box it's uh a very useful black + + align:start position:0% +black box it's uh a very useful black + + + align:start position:0% +black box it's uh a very useful black +box it's actually one that we've briefly + + align:start position:0% +box it's actually one that we've briefly + + + align:start position:0% +box it's actually one that we've briefly +talked about + + align:start position:0% +talked about + + + align:start position:0% +talked about +before I think in the time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +travel if you remember in time travel + + align:start position:0% +travel if you remember in time travel + + + align:start position:0% +travel if you remember in time travel +there was one black box which we still + + align:start position:0% +there was one black box which we still + + + align:start position:0% +there was one black box which we still +haven't seen but we will do finally next + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen but we will do finally next + + + align:start position:0% +haven't seen but we will do finally next +lecture uh which was you can insert into + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh which was you can insert into + + + align:start position:0% +lecture uh which was you can insert into +a linked list and then given two items + + align:start position:0% +a linked list and then given two items + + + align:start position:0% +a linked list and then given two items +in the link list know which one comes + + align:start position:0% +in the link list know which one comes + + + align:start position:0% +in the link list know which one comes +before which other one in constant time + + align:start position:0% +before which other one in constant time + + + align:start position:0% +before which other one in constant time +per + + align:start position:0% +per + + + align:start position:0% +per +operation closely related to that is a + + align:start position:0% +operation closely related to that is a + + + align:start position:0% +operation closely related to that is a +slightly different problem called order + + align:start position:0% +slightly different problem called order + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different problem called order +file maintenance here's what it lets you + + align:start position:0% +file maintenance here's what it lets you + + + align:start position:0% +file maintenance here's what it lets you +do you can store n elements n + + align:start position:0% +do you can store n elements n + + + align:start position:0% +do you can store n elements n +words in specified order so just like + + align:start position:0% +words in specified order so just like + + + align:start position:0% +words in specified order so just like +it's a linked + + align:start position:0% +it's a linked + + + align:start position:0% +it's a linked +list but we don't store it as a linked + + align:start position:0% +list but we don't store it as a linked + + + align:start position:0% +list but we don't store it as a linked +list we want to store it in an + + align:start position:0% +list we want to store it in an + + + align:start position:0% +list we want to store it in an +array of linear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size uh so there's going to be some + + align:start position:0% +size uh so there's going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +size uh so there's going to be some +blanks spots in this array got n items + + align:start position:0% +blanks spots in this array got n items + + + align:start position:0% +blanks spots in this array got n items +an array of size say 2 N or 1.1 * n + + align:start position:0% +an array of size say 2 N or 1.1 * n + + + align:start position:0% +an array of size say 2 N or 1.1 * n +anything like that will + + align:start position:0% +anything like that will + + + align:start position:0% +anything like that will +suffice the rest we call them gaps items + + align:start position:0% +suffice the rest we call them gaps items + + + align:start position:0% +suffice the rest we call them gaps items +gaps in the + + align:start position:0% +gaps in the + + + align:start position:0% +gaps in the +array + + align:start position:0% +array + + + align:start position:0% +array +and the updates so this is physically + + align:start position:0% +and the updates so this is physically + + + align:start position:0% +and the updates so this is physically +what you have to do and you can change + + align:start position:0% +what you have to do and you can change + + + align:start position:0% +what you have to do and you can change +uh this set of elements by either + + align:start position:0% +uh this set of elements by either + + + align:start position:0% +uh this set of elements by either +deleting an + + align:start position:0% +deleting an + + + align:start position:0% +deleting an +element or inserting an element between + + align:start position:0% +element or inserting an element between + + + align:start position:0% +element or inserting an element between +to given + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +elements so this is just like the link + + align:start position:0% +elements so this is just like the link + + + align:start position:0% +elements so this is just like the link +list updates I can delete somebody from + + align:start position:0% +list updates I can delete somebody from + + + align:start position:0% +list updates I can delete somebody from +a link list I can insert a new item in + + align:start position:0% +a link list I can insert a new item in + + + align:start position:0% +a link list I can insert a new item in +between two given items in the link list + + align:start position:0% +between two given items in the link list + + + align:start position:0% +between two given items in the link list +but now it has to be stored in a + + align:start position:0% +but now it has to be stored in a + + + align:start position:0% +but now it has to be stored in a +physical array of linear size now we + + align:start position:0% +physical array of linear size now we + + + align:start position:0% +physical array of linear size now we +can't do this in constant time um but + + align:start position:0% +can't do this in constant time um but + + + align:start position:0% +can't do this in constant time um but +what we can do + + align:start position:0% +what we can do + + + align:start position:0% +what we can do +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +move elements around + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let me draw a picture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so maybe we have some elements + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here uh they could be in sorted order + + align:start position:0% +here uh they could be in sorted order + + + align:start position:0% +here uh they could be in sorted order +maybe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not there's some gaps in + + align:start position:0% +not there's some gaps in + + + align:start position:0% +not there's some gaps in +between uh I didn't mention it but uh + + align:start position:0% +between uh I didn't mention it but uh + + + align:start position:0% +between uh I didn't mention it but uh +all gaps will have constant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size so this will be constant side + + align:start position:0% +size so this will be constant side + + + align:start position:0% +size so this will be constant side +gaps and we're able to do things like uh + + align:start position:0% +gaps and we're able to do things like uh + + + align:start position:0% +gaps and we're able to do things like uh +insert a new item right after 42 let's + + align:start position:0% +insert a new item right after 42 let's + + + align:start position:0% +insert a new item right after 42 let's +say we insert 12 so 12 we could put it + + align:start position:0% +say we insert 12 so 12 we could put it + + + align:start position:0% +say we insert 12 so 12 we could put it +right here no problem now maybe we say + + align:start position:0% +right here no problem now maybe we say + + + align:start position:0% +right here no problem now maybe we say +insert right after 42 the number six and + + align:start position:0% +insert right after 42 the number six and + + + align:start position:0% +insert right after 42 the number six and +we're like uh there's no room to put six + + align:start position:0% +we're like uh there's no room to put six + + + align:start position:0% +we're like uh there's no room to put six +so I've got to move some stuff maybe I + + align:start position:0% +so I've got to move some stuff maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +so I've got to move some stuff maybe I +move 12 over here and then I put six + + align:start position:0% +move 12 over here and then I put six + + + align:start position:0% +move 12 over here and then I put six +here and then I say okay now insert + + align:start position:0% +here and then I say okay now insert + + + align:start position:0% +here and then I say okay now insert +right after 42 the number + + align:start position:0% +right after 42 the number + + + align:start position:0% +right after 42 the number +seven and like + + align:start position:0% +seven and like + + + align:start position:0% +seven and like +uhoh uh I could you know move these guys + + align:start position:0% +uhoh uh I could you know move these guys + + + align:start position:0% +uhoh uh I could you know move these guys +over one and then put seven here and so + + align:start position:0% +over one and then put seven here and so + + + align:start position:0% +over one and then put seven here and so +on okay obvious algorithm to do this + + align:start position:0% +on okay obvious algorithm to do this + + + align:start position:0% +on okay obvious algorithm to do this +takes linear time linear number of + + align:start position:0% +takes linear time linear number of + + + align:start position:0% +takes linear time linear number of +shifts in order to do one insertion + + align:start position:0% +shifts in order to do one insertion + + + align:start position:0% +shifts in order to do one insertion +claim is you can do an insertion in log + + align:start position:0% +claim is you can do an insertion in log + + + align:start position:0% +claim is you can do an insertion in log +squared + + align:start position:0% +squared + + + align:start position:0% +squared +amortized it's pretty cool so worst case + + align:start position:0% +amortized it's pretty cool so worst case + + + align:start position:0% +amortized it's pretty cool so worst case +you're still going to need to shift + + align:start position:0% +you're still going to need to shift + + + align:start position:0% +you're still going to need to shift +everybody but just leaving constant size + + align:start position:0% +everybody but just leaving constant size + + + align:start position:0% +everybody but just leaving constant size +gaps will be enough to reduce the + + align:start position:0% +gaps will be enough to reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +gaps will be enough to reduce the +amortised cost the log squar and this is + + align:start position:0% +amortised cost the log squar and this is + + + align:start position:0% +amortised cost the log squar and this is +conjectured optimal although no one + + align:start position:0% +conjectured optimal although no one + + + align:start position:0% +conjectured optimal although no one +knows how to prove that and that's order + + align:start position:0% +knows how to prove that and that's order + + + align:start position:0% +knows how to prove that and that's order +file maintenance now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +file maintenance now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +file maintenance now we're going to +assume this is a black box next lecture + + align:start position:0% +assume this is a black box next lecture + + + align:start position:0% +assume this is a black box next lecture +we'll actually do + + align:start position:0% +we'll actually do + + + align:start position:0% +we'll actually do +it but I want to first show you how it + + align:start position:0% +it but I want to first show you how it + + + align:start position:0% +it but I want to first show you how it +lets us get cash oblivious Dynamic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +berries log based B of n insert delete + + align:start position:0% +berries log based B of n insert delete + + + align:start position:0% +berries log based B of n insert delete +search + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we're going to use an ordered file + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to use an ordered file + + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to use an ordered file +maintenance data structure to store our + + align:start position:0% +maintenance data structure to store our + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance data structure to store our +keys just stick them in there now this + + align:start position:0% +keys just stick them in there now this + + + align:start position:0% +keys just stick them in there now this +is good it's well it's really not good + + align:start position:0% +is good it's well it's really not good + + + align:start position:0% +is good it's well it's really not good +for anything although it's a starting + + align:start position:0% +for anything although it's a starting + + + align:start position:0% +for anything although it's a starting +point it can do updates in log squar of + + align:start position:0% +point it can do updates in log squar of + + + align:start position:0% +point it can do updates in log squar of +n no I didn't mention this part uh in a + + align:start position:0% +n no I didn't mention this part uh in a + + + align:start position:0% +n no I didn't mention this part uh in a +constant number of scans so I mean think + + align:start position:0% +constant number of scans so I mean think + + + align:start position:0% +constant number of scans so I mean think +of these as this kind of shift I have to + + align:start position:0% +of these as this kind of shift I have to + + + align:start position:0% +of these as this kind of shift I have to +scan left to right to copy 23 to the + + align:start position:0% +scan left to right to copy 23 to the + + + align:start position:0% +scan left to right to copy 23 to the +left 42 to the left and so on uh scans + + align:start position:0% +left 42 to the left and so on uh scans + + + align:start position:0% +left 42 to the left and so on uh scans +are things we know how to do fast in N + + align:start position:0% +are things we know how to do fast in N + + + align:start position:0% +are things we know how to do fast in N +overb memory transfers so if you're + + align:start position:0% +overb memory transfers so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +overb memory transfers so if you're +going to do log squared if you're going + + align:start position:0% +going to do log squared if you're going + + + align:start position:0% +going to do log squared if you're going +to update an interval log squar guys + + align:start position:0% +to update an interval log squar guys + + + align:start position:0% +to update an interval log squar guys +using constant number of scans this will + + align:start position:0% +using constant number of scans this will + + + align:start position:0% +using constant number of scans this will +take uh log squar and over B memory + + align:start position:0% +take uh log squar and over B memory + + + align:start position:0% +take uh log squar and over B memory +transfers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not quite the bound we want we want log + + align:start position:0% +not quite the bound we want we want log + + + align:start position:0% +not quite the bound we want we want log +base B of n this could be larger or + + align:start position:0% +base B of n this could be larger or + + + align:start position:0% +base B of n this could be larger or +smaller than log base P of n it depends + + align:start position:0% +smaller than log base P of n it depends + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than log base P of n it depends +how Big B is uh but don't worry about it + + align:start position:0% +how Big B is uh but don't worry about it + + + align:start position:0% +how Big B is uh but don't worry about it +for now okay this is still at Le at + + align:start position:0% +for now okay this is still at Le at + + + align:start position:0% +for now okay this is still at Le at +least it's poog updates are kind of + + align:start position:0% +least it's poog updates are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +least it's poog updates are kind of +vaguely decent we'll improve them later + + align:start position:0% +vaguely decent we'll improve them later + + + align:start position:0% +vaguely decent we'll improve them later +on the other hand search is really bad + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand search is really bad + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand search is really bad +here I mean we're maintaining the items + + align:start position:0% +here I mean we're maintaining the items + + + align:start position:0% +here I mean we're maintaining the items +I didn't mention it but we will actually + + align:start position:0% +I didn't mention it but we will actually + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't mention it but we will actually +maintain the items in sorted order so + + align:start position:0% +maintain the items in sorted order so + + + align:start position:0% +maintain the items in sorted order so +yeah you could do a binary search but + + align:start position:0% +yeah you could do a binary search but + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you could do a binary search but +binary search is really bad cach + + align:start position:0% +binary search is really bad cach + + + align:start position:0% +binary search is really bad cach +obliviously because most of the time + + align:start position:0% +obliviously because most of the time + + + align:start position:0% +obliviously because most of the time +you'll be visiting a new block until the + + align:start position:0% +you'll be visiting a new block until the + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be visiting a new block until the +very end uh so binary search fun + + align:start position:0% +very end uh so binary search fun + + + align:start position:0% +very end uh so binary search fun +exercise is log n minus log B we want + + align:start position:0% +exercise is log n minus log B we want + + + align:start position:0% +exercise is log n minus log B we want +log n divided by log B so we can't use + + align:start position:0% +log n divided by log B so we can't use + + + align:start position:0% +log n divided by log B so we can't use +binary search we need to use Phantom + + align:start position:0% +binary search we need to use Phantom + + + align:start position:0% +binary search we need to use Phantom +deis layouts this thing so we just plug + + align:start position:0% +deis layouts this thing so we just plug + + + align:start position:0% +deis layouts this thing so we just plug +these together we take this static + + align:start position:0% +these together we take this static + + + align:start position:0% +these together we take this static +search tree and stick it on top of an + + align:start position:0% +search tree and stick it on top of an + + + align:start position:0% +search tree and stick it on top of an +ordered file maintenance data structure + + align:start position:0% +ordered file maintenance data structure + + + align:start position:0% +ordered file maintenance data structure +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +here we have a van M debois layout + + align:start position:0% +here we have a van M debois layout + + + align:start position:0% +here we have a van M debois layout +static + + align:start position:0% +static + + + align:start position:0% +static +Tree on top + + align:start position:0% +Tree on top + + + align:start position:0% +Tree on top +of this thing which is an ordered + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +file and we have cross + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +linking uh really um here we have gaps + + align:start position:0% +linking uh really um here we have gaps + + + align:start position:0% +linking uh really um here we have gaps +and we don't store the gaps up here uh + + align:start position:0% +and we don't store the gaps up here uh + + + align:start position:0% +and we don't store the gaps up here uh +do we yeah sure we do actually store + + align:start position:0% +do we yeah sure we do actually store + + + align:start position:0% +do we yeah sure we do actually store +them all put put it all in there all + + align:start position:0% +them all put put it all in there all + + + align:start position:0% +them all put put it all in there all +right I'm going to I have an actual + + align:start position:0% +right I'm going to I have an actual + + + align:start position:0% +right I'm going to I have an actual +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here let's do + + align:start position:0% +here let's do + + + align:start position:0% +here let's do +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +slash 7 + + align:start position:0% +slash 7 + + + align:start position:0% +slash 7 + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +slash 16 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +42 okay uh cross links between I won't + + align:start position:0% +42 okay uh cross links between I won't + + + align:start position:0% +42 okay uh cross links between I won't +draw all of them then we store all the + + align:start position:0% +draw all of them then we store all the + + + align:start position:0% +draw all of them then we store all the +data up here as well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then the internal nodes here are + + align:start position:0% +and then the internal nodes here are + + + align:start position:0% +and then the internal nodes here are +going to store the max of the whole + + align:start position:0% +going to store the max of the whole + + + align:start position:0% +going to store the max of the whole +subtree so here the max is three here + + align:start position:0% +subtree so here the max is three here + + + align:start position:0% +subtree so here the max is three here +the max is 9 + + align:start position:0% +the max is 9 + + + align:start position:0% +the max is 9 + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +42 42 + + align:start position:0% +42 42 + + + align:start position:0% +42 42 +42 and + + align:start position:0% +42 and + + + align:start position:0% +42 and +9 okay if I store the max of every + + align:start position:0% +9 okay if I store the max of every + + + align:start position:0% +9 okay if I store the max of every +subtree then at the root if I want to + + align:start position:0% +subtree then at the root if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +subtree then at the root if I want to +decide should I go left or should I go + + align:start position:0% +decide should I go left or should I go + + + align:start position:0% +decide should I go left or should I go +right I look at the max of the left sub + + align:start position:0% +right I look at the max of the left sub + + + align:start position:0% +right I look at the max of the left sub +tree and that will let me know whether I + + align:start position:0% +tree and that will let me know whether I + + + align:start position:0% +tree and that will let me know whether I +should go left or right okay so now I + + align:start position:0% +should go left or right okay so now I + + + align:start position:0% +should go left or right okay so now I +can do binary search I do a search up + + align:start position:0% +can do binary search I do a search up + + + align:start position:0% +can do binary search I do a search up +here I want to do a search I search for + + align:start position:0% +here I want to do a search I search for + + + align:start position:0% +here I want to do a search I search for +the tree this thing is laid out just + + align:start position:0% +the tree this thing is laid out just + + + align:start position:0% +the tree this thing is laid out just +like this and so we pay uh log base B of + + align:start position:0% +like this and so we pay uh log base B of + + + align:start position:0% +like this and so we pay uh log base B of +n to search up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here plus one if you want and then you + + align:start position:0% +here plus one if you want and then you + + + align:start position:0% +here plus one if you want and then you +know we get to a key and we're done + + align:start position:0% +know we get to a key and we're done + + + align:start position:0% +know we get to a key and we're done +that's all we wanted to know so search + + align:start position:0% +that's all we wanted to know so search + + + align:start position:0% +that's all we wanted to know so search +is now good updates + + align:start position:0% +is now good updates + + + align:start position:0% +is now good updates +uh two problems one is that update + + align:start position:0% +uh two problems one is that update + + + align:start position:0% +uh two problems one is that update +updating just this bottom part is slow + + align:start position:0% +updating just this bottom part is slow + + + align:start position:0% +updating just this bottom part is slow +second problem is if I change the bottom + + align:start position:0% +second problem is if I change the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +second problem is if I change the bottom +thing and now I have to change the top + + align:start position:0% +thing and now I have to change the top + + + align:start position:0% +thing and now I have to change the top +thing uh but let's look at that part + + align:start position:0% +thing uh but let's look at that part + + + align:start position:0% +thing uh but let's look at that part +first it's not so bad to update I mean + + align:start position:0% +first it's not so bad to update I mean + + + align:start position:0% +first it's not so bad to update I mean +this structure stays the same unless n + + align:start position:0% +this structure stays the same unless n + + + align:start position:0% +this structure stays the same unless n +doubles then we rebuild the entire data + + align:start position:0% +doubles then we rebuild the entire data + + + align:start position:0% +doubles then we rebuild the entire data +structure but basically this thing will + + align:start position:0% +structure but basically this thing will + + + align:start position:0% +structure but basically this thing will +stay the same it's just data is moving + + align:start position:0% +stay the same it's just data is moving + + + align:start position:0% +stay the same it's just data is moving +around in this array and we have to + + align:start position:0% +around in this array and we have to + + + align:start position:0% +around in this array and we have to +update which values are stored in this + + align:start position:0% +update which values are stored in this + + + align:start position:0% +update which values are stored in this +structure the layout of the structure + + align:start position:0% +structure the layout of the structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure the layout of the structure +the order of the nodes that all stays + + align:start position:0% +the order of the nodes that all stays + + + align:start position:0% +the order of the nodes that all stays +fixed it's just the numbers that are + + align:start position:0% +fixed it's just the numbers that are + + + align:start position:0% +fixed it's just the numbers that are +being written in here that change that's + + align:start position:0% +being written in here that change that's + + + align:start position:0% +being written in here that change that's +the cool + + align:start position:0% +the cool + + + align:start position:0% +the cool +idea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's step two let's go to step + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three actually kind of wanted that exact + + align:start position:0% +three actually kind of wanted that exact + + + align:start position:0% +three actually kind of wanted that exact +picture it's okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh I need to specify how updates are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +done so let's say I want to do an + + align:start position:0% +done so let's say I want to do an + + + align:start position:0% +done so let's say I want to do an +insertion + + align:start position:0% +insertion + + + align:start position:0% +insertion +uh if I want to insert a new key I + + align:start position:0% +uh if I want to insert a new key I + + + align:start position:0% +uh if I want to insert a new key I +search for the key maybe if fits between + + align:start position:0% +search for the key maybe if fits between + + + align:start position:0% +search for the key maybe if fits between +seven and nine uh then I do the + + align:start position:0% +seven and nine uh then I do the + + + align:start position:0% +seven and nine uh then I do the +insertion in the bottom structure in the + + align:start position:0% +insertion in the bottom structure in the + + + align:start position:0% +insertion in the bottom structure in the +ordered file so maybe you want to insert + + align:start position:0% +ordered file so maybe you want to insert + + + align:start position:0% +ordered file so maybe you want to insert +eight uh these guys move around then I + + align:start position:0% +eight uh these guys move around then I + + + align:start position:0% +eight uh these guys move around then I +have to propagate that information up + + align:start position:0% +have to propagate that information up + + + align:start position:0% +have to propagate that information up +here and the key thing I want to specify + + align:start position:0% +here and the key thing I want to specify + + + align:start position:0% +here and the key thing I want to specify +so an update does a + + align:start position:0% +so an update does a + + + align:start position:0% +so an update does a +search then it updates the ordered + + align:start position:0% +search then it updates the ordered + + + align:start position:0% +search then it updates the ordered +file that's going to take log squ n / + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B and then we want to uh propagate + + align:start position:0% +B and then we want to uh propagate + + + align:start position:0% +B and then we want to uh propagate +changes into the tree + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in post + + align:start position:0% +in post + + + align:start position:0% +in post +order post order + + align:start position:0% +order post order + + + align:start position:0% +order post order +traversal that's the one thing I wanted + + align:start position:0% +traversal that's the one thing I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +traversal that's the one thing I wanted +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +specify is it actually matters in what + + align:start position:0% +specify is it actually matters in what + + + align:start position:0% +specify is it actually matters in what +order I update the items so for example + + align:start position:0% +order I update the items so for example + + + align:start position:0% +order I update the items so for example +suppose I move nine to the right and + + align:start position:0% +suppose I move nine to the right and + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I move nine to the right and +then I insert eight + + align:start position:0% +then I insert eight + + + align:start position:0% +then I insert eight +here okay so then this thing Let's do + + align:start position:0% +here okay so then this thing Let's do + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so then this thing Let's do +let's do it what changes in that + + align:start position:0% +let's do it what changes in that + + + align:start position:0% +let's do it what changes in that +situation well nine will change to an + + align:start position:0% +situation well nine will change to an + + + align:start position:0% +situation well nine will change to an +eight here which means this value has to + + align:start position:0% +eight here which means this value has to + + + align:start position:0% +eight here which means this value has to +change to an eight and this value needs + + align:start position:0% +change to an eight and this value needs + + + align:start position:0% +change to an eight and this value needs +to change to an + + align:start position:0% +to change to an + + + align:start position:0% +to change to an +eight and this one I can't quite update + + align:start position:0% +eight and this one I can't quite update + + + align:start position:0% +eight and this one I can't quite update +yet because I need to do the other tree + + align:start position:0% +yet because I need to do the other tree + + + align:start position:0% +yet because I need to do the other tree +so here I change this value to uh + + align:start position:0% +so here I change this value to uh + + + align:start position:0% +so here I change this value to uh +nine this one doesn't change so this is + + align:start position:0% +nine this one doesn't change so this is + + + align:start position:0% +nine this one doesn't change so this is +okay this is okay this is okay just + + align:start position:0% +okay this is okay this is okay just + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is okay this is okay just +taking the Maxes as I propagate up so + + align:start position:0% +taking the Maxes as I propagate up so + + + align:start position:0% +taking the Maxes as I propagate up so +the red things are the nodes that I + + align:start position:0% +the red things are the nodes that I + + + align:start position:0% +the red things are the nodes that I +touch and compute the Maxes of and the + + align:start position:0% +touch and compute the Maxes of and the + + + align:start position:0% +touch and compute the Maxes of and the +order I did it was a postorder traversal + + align:start position:0% +order I did it was a postorder traversal + + + align:start position:0% +order I did it was a postorder traversal +I need to do a post order traversal in + + align:start position:0% +I need to do a post order traversal in + + + align:start position:0% +I need to do a post order traversal in +order to compute Maxes I need to know + + align:start position:0% +order to compute Maxes I need to know + + + align:start position:0% +order to compute Maxes I need to know +what the max of this sub tree is and + + align:start position:0% +what the max of this sub tree is and + + + align:start position:0% +what the max of this sub tree is and +this sub tree before I can recompute the + + align:start position:0% +this sub tree before I can recompute the + + + align:start position:0% +this sub tree before I can recompute the +max of the + + align:start position:0% +max of the + + + align:start position:0% +max of the +root okay so it's really the obvious + + align:start position:0% +root okay so it's really the obvious + + + align:start position:0% +root okay so it's really the obvious +algorithm now the interesting part is + + align:start position:0% +algorithm now the interesting part is + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm now the interesting part is +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +analysis so searches we've already + + align:start position:0% +analysis so searches we've already + + + align:start position:0% +analysis so searches we've already +analyzed we don't need to do anything + + align:start position:0% +analyzed we don't need to do anything + + + align:start position:0% +analyzed we don't need to do anything +there that's log base B of n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but updates are the interesting thing to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +analyze and again we're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +analyze and again we're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +analyze and again we're going to look at +the level of + + align:start position:0% +the level of + + + align:start position:0% +the level of +detail that straddles + + align:start position:0% +detail that straddles + + + align:start position:0% +detail that straddles +b just like before + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let me draw bit of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +picture draw it slightly differently + + align:start position:0% +picture draw it slightly differently + + + align:start position:0% +picture draw it slightly differently +from how I drew it last time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay uh what I'm drawing here is + + align:start position:0% +okay uh what I'm drawing here is + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh what I'm drawing here is +actually the bottom of the + + align:start position:0% +actually the bottom of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually the bottom of the +tree so real tree is like this and I'm + + align:start position:0% +tree so real tree is like this and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +tree so real tree is like this and I'm +looking at the the bottom where the + + align:start position:0% +looking at the the bottom where the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the the bottom where the +leaves are because I care about where I + + align:start position:0% +leaves are because I care about where I + + + align:start position:0% +leaves are because I care about where I +connect to this ordered file F so + + align:start position:0% +connect to this ordered file F so + + + align:start position:0% +connect to this ordered file F so +there's the order file at the + + align:start position:0% +there's the order file at the + + + align:start position:0% +there's the order file at the +bottom I'm refining each triangle + + align:start position:0% +bottom I'm refining each triangle + + + align:start position:0% +bottom I'm refining each triangle +recursively until their size less than b + + align:start position:0% +recursively until their size less than b + + + align:start position:0% +recursively until their size less than b +they're going to be somewhere between + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be somewhere between + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be somewhere between +root B and B uh these big triangles are + + align:start position:0% +root B and B uh these big triangles are + + + align:start position:0% +root B and B uh these big triangles are +bigger than + + align:start position:0% +bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than +b + + align:start position:0% +b + + + align:start position:0% +b +okay so that's where I want to look at + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's where I want to look at + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's where I want to look at +things now when we update in the ordered + + align:start position:0% +things now when we update in the ordered + + + align:start position:0% +things now when we update in the ordered +file we have this theorem it says you + + align:start position:0% +file we have this theorem it says you + + + align:start position:0% +file we have this theorem it says you +move elements in an interval so what + + align:start position:0% +move elements in an interval so what + + + align:start position:0% +move elements in an interval so what +changes is an interval the interval has + + align:start position:0% +changes is an interval the interval has + + + align:start position:0% +changes is an interval the interval has +size log squ n + + align:start position:0% +size log squ n + + + align:start position:0% +size log squ n +amortised so we are + + align:start position:0% +amortised so we are + + + align:start position:0% +amortised so we are +updating some interval + + align:start position:0% +updating some interval + + + align:start position:0% +updating some interval +here maybe something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this uh and so all of these + + align:start position:0% +this uh and so all of these + + + align:start position:0% +this uh and so all of these +items change let's say now this is not + + align:start position:0% +items change let's say now this is not + + + align:start position:0% +items change let's say now this is not +going to be too big it's going to be log + + align:start position:0% +going to be too big it's going to be log + + + align:start position:0% +going to be too big it's going to be log +squ and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +advertised uh and all of the ancestors + + align:start position:0% +advertised uh and all of the ancestors + + + align:start position:0% +advertised uh and all of the ancestors +of those nodes have to be updated + + align:start position:0% +of those nodes have to be updated + + + align:start position:0% +of those nodes have to be updated +potentially so you know all these guys + + align:start position:0% +potentially so you know all these guys + + + align:start position:0% +potentially so you know all these guys +are going to get updated some of this + + align:start position:0% +are going to get updated some of this + + + align:start position:0% +are going to get updated some of this +tree this path all of this stuff is + + align:start position:0% +tree this path all of this stuff is + + + align:start position:0% +tree this path all of this stuff is +going to get updated some of this stuff + + align:start position:0% +going to get updated some of this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +going to get updated some of this stuff +a path up to here the path up to the + + align:start position:0% +a path up to here the path up to the + + + align:start position:0% +a path up to here the path up to the +root gets updated in general and all + + align:start position:0% +root gets updated in general and all + + + align:start position:0% +root gets updated in general and all +these nodes get touched now I claim + + align:start position:0% +these nodes get touched now I claim + + + align:start position:0% +these nodes get touched now I claim +that's cheap no more expensive than + + align:start position:0% +that's cheap no more expensive than + + + align:start position:0% +that's cheap no more expensive than +updating down + + align:start position:0% +updating down + + + align:start position:0% +updating down +here let's prove that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh okay first first issue is in what + + align:start position:0% +uh okay first first issue is in what + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay first first issue is in what +order do I visit the nodes here I want + + align:start position:0% +order do I visit the nodes here I want + + + align:start position:0% +order do I visit the nodes here I want +to think about this post order okay + + align:start position:0% +to think about this post order okay + + + align:start position:0% +to think about this post order okay +maybe I'll use another color draw that + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'll use another color draw that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'll use another color draw that +so uh let's say we we start by updating + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's say we we start by updating + + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's say we we start by updating +this guy you know we update this value + + align:start position:0% +this guy you know we update this value + + + align:start position:0% +this guy you know we update this value +then we go I'm doing a postorder + + align:start position:0% +then we go I'm doing a postorder + + + align:start position:0% +then we go I'm doing a postorder +traversal this tree once I've completely + + align:start position:0% +traversal this tree once I've completely + + + align:start position:0% +traversal this tree once I've completely +finished here I can go up here maybe go + + align:start position:0% +finished here I can go up here maybe go + + + align:start position:0% +finished here I can go up here maybe go +up here visit over down this way Vis you + + align:start position:0% +up here visit over down this way Vis you + + + align:start position:0% +up here visit over down this way Vis you +know fix all the Maxes here then I go up + + align:start position:0% +know fix all the Maxes here then I go up + + + align:start position:0% +know fix all the Maxes here then I go up +fix all the Maxes here up fix all the + + align:start position:0% +fix all the Maxes here up fix all the + + + align:start position:0% +fix all the Maxes here up fix all the +Maxes so the Maxes when I come up then I + + align:start position:0% +Maxes so the Maxes when I come up then I + + + align:start position:0% +Maxes so the Maxes when I come up then I +can fix the Maxes up here and so on okay + + align:start position:0% +can fix the Maxes up here and so on okay + + + align:start position:0% +can fix the Maxes up here and so on okay +think about that order + + align:start position:0% +think about that order + + + align:start position:0% +think about that order +if you just look at the big picture + + align:start position:0% +if you just look at the big picture + + + align:start position:0% +if you just look at the big picture +which is which triangles are we visiting + + align:start position:0% +which is which triangles are we visiting + + + align:start position:0% +which is which triangles are we visiting +what we do is we visit this triangle + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we visit this triangle + + + align:start position:0% +what we do is we visit this triangle +then this one then this triangle then + + align:start position:0% +then this one then this triangle then + + + align:start position:0% +then this one then this triangle then +this one then this triangle then this + + align:start position:0% +this one then this triangle then this + + + align:start position:0% +this one then this triangle then this +one or in I guess this is the better + + align:start position:0% +one or in I guess this is the better + + + align:start position:0% +one or in I guess this is the better +picture this triangle left one this + + align:start position:0% +picture this triangle left one this + + + align:start position:0% +picture this triangle left one this +triangle next child this child this + + align:start position:0% +triangle next child this child this + + + align:start position:0% +triangle next child this child this +parent next child this parent next child + + align:start position:0% +parent next child this parent next child + + + align:start position:0% +parent next child this parent next child +and we're done we go over to the next + + align:start position:0% +and we're done we go over to the next + + + align:start position:0% +and we're done we go over to the next +big triangle within a big triangle we + + align:start position:0% +big triangle within a big triangle we + + + align:start position:0% +big triangle within a big triangle we +alternate between two small triangles as + + align:start position:0% +alternate between two small triangles as + + + align:start position:0% +alternate between two small triangles as +long as we have four blocks of cash this + + align:start position:0% +long as we have four blocks of cash this + + + align:start position:0% +long as we have four blocks of cash this +will be good because there's at most two + + align:start position:0% +will be good because there's at most two + + + align:start position:0% +will be good because there's at most two +blocks for this little triangle at most + + align:start position:0% +blocks for this little triangle at most + + + align:start position:0% +blocks for this little triangle at most +two blocks for this little triangle so + + align:start position:0% +two blocks for this little triangle so + + + align:start position:0% +two blocks for this little triangle so +jumping back and forth between these is + + align:start position:0% +jumping back and forth between these is + + + align:start position:0% +jumping back and forth between these is +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +free so we + + align:start position:0% +free so we + + + align:start position:0% +free so we +assume + + align:start position:0% +assume + + + align:start position:0% +assume +uh white + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chalk we assume that we have at least + + align:start position:0% +chalk we assume that we have at least + + + align:start position:0% +chalk we assume that we have at least +four blocks of + + align:start position:0% +four blocks of + + + align:start position:0% +four blocks of +cache uh post order traversal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alternates + + align:start position:0% +alternates + + + align:start position:0% +alternates +between uh two little + + align:start position:0% +between uh two little + + + align:start position:0% +between uh two little +triangles so this this part is free uh + + align:start position:0% +triangles so this this part is free uh + + + align:start position:0% +triangles so this this part is free uh +the only issue is how many little + + align:start position:0% +the only issue is how many little + + + align:start position:0% +the only issue is how many little +triangles do I need to load + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +overall uh sorry I should say I'm just + + align:start position:0% +overall uh sorry I should say I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +overall uh sorry I should say I'm just +looking at the little triangles in the + + align:start position:0% +looking at the little triangles in the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the little triangles in the +bottom two + + align:start position:0% +bottom two + + + align:start position:0% +bottom two +levels so this is + + align:start position:0% +levels so this is + + + align:start position:0% +levels so this is +in the + + align:start position:0% +in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the +bottom two + + align:start position:0% +bottom two + + + align:start position:0% +bottom two +levels sorry I forgot to mention that as + + align:start position:0% +levels sorry I forgot to mention that as + + + align:start position:0% +levels sorry I forgot to mention that as +soon as you go outside the bottom big + + align:start position:0% +soon as you go outside the bottom big + + + align:start position:0% +soon as you go outside the bottom big +triangle uh let's not think about it yet + + align:start position:0% +triangle uh let's not think about it yet + + + align:start position:0% +triangle uh let's not think about it yet +worry about that + + align:start position:0% +worry about that + + + align:start position:0% +worry about that +later so just looking at these bottom + + align:start position:0% +later so just looking at these bottom + + + align:start position:0% +later so just looking at these bottom +two levels that I drew we're just doing + + align:start position:0% +two levels that I drew we're just doing + + + align:start position:0% +two levels that I drew we're just doing +this alternation and so the only issue + + align:start position:0% +this alternation and so the only issue + + + align:start position:0% +this alternation and so the only issue +is how many little triangles do I have + + align:start position:0% +is how many little triangles do I have + + + align:start position:0% +is how many little triangles do I have +to load so there could be uh these guys + + align:start position:0% +to load so there could be uh these guys + + + align:start position:0% +to load so there could be uh these guys +um these guys are good because I'm + + align:start position:0% +um these guys are good because I'm + + + align:start position:0% +um these guys are good because I'm +touching all these nodes and the number + + align:start position:0% +touching all these nodes and the number + + + align:start position:0% +touching all these nodes and the number +of nodes here was bigger than b so if I + + align:start position:0% +of nodes here was bigger than b so if I + + + align:start position:0% +of nodes here was bigger than b so if I +take if I take this divided by B and the + + align:start position:0% +take if I take this divided by B and the + + + align:start position:0% +take if I take this divided by B and the +ceiling the ceiling doesn't hurt me + + align:start position:0% +ceiling the ceiling doesn't hurt me + + + align:start position:0% +ceiling the ceiling doesn't hurt me +because the overall size is bigger than + + align:start position:0% +because the overall size is bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +because the overall size is bigger than +b these guys I have to be a little bit + + align:start position:0% +b these guys I have to be a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +b these guys I have to be a little bit +careful here the ceiling might hurt me + + align:start position:0% +careful here the ceiling might hurt me + + + align:start position:0% +careful here the ceiling might hurt me +because I only read some of these nodes + + align:start position:0% +because I only read some of these nodes + + + align:start position:0% +because I only read some of these nodes +it may be much less than b could be as + + align:start position:0% +it may be much less than b could be as + + + align:start position:0% +it may be much less than b could be as +low as root B I divide by B take the + + align:start position:0% +low as root B I divide by B take the + + + align:start position:0% +low as root B I divide by B take the +ceiling I get one so I I have to pay one + + align:start position:0% +ceiling I get one so I I have to pay one + + + align:start position:0% +ceiling I get one so I I have to pay one +at the beginning one at the end but in + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning one at the end but in + + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning one at the end but in +between I get to divide by + + align:start position:0% +between I get to divide by + + + align:start position:0% +between I get to divide by +B so the number of + + align:start position:0% +B so the number of + + + align:start position:0% +B so the number of +little triangles in the bottom two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +levels that I visit is going to + + align:start position:0% +levels that I visit is going to + + + align:start position:0% +levels that I visit is going to +be uh 1 + + align:start position:0% +be uh 1 + + + align:start position:0% +be uh 1 ++ log 2 N over B amortised the size of + + align:start position:0% ++ log 2 N over B amortised the size of + + + align:start position:0% ++ log 2 N over B amortised the size of +the interval is log squ n amortised so + + align:start position:0% +the interval is log squ n amortised so + + + align:start position:0% +the interval is log squ n amortised so +this would be if I'm perfect but I get a + + align:start position:0% +this would be if I'm perfect but I get a + + + align:start position:0% +this would be if I'm perfect but I get a +plus one because of various ceilings + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and also uh the number of blocks is + + align:start position:0% +okay and also uh the number of blocks is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and also uh the number of blocks is +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +same because each of these little + + align:start position:0% +same because each of these little + + + align:start position:0% +same because each of these little +triangles fits inside + + align:start position:0% +triangles fits inside + + + align:start position:0% +triangles fits inside +a almost two blocks so it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +a almost two blocks so it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +a almost two blocks so it's going to be +order 1 plus log s n/ + + align:start position:0% +order 1 plus log s n/ + + + align:start position:0% +order 1 plus log s n/ +b okay so I can touch all those in this + + align:start position:0% +b okay so I can touch all those in this + + + align:start position:0% +b okay so I can touch all those in this +much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +because uh because I assume that I can + + align:start position:0% +because uh because I assume that I can + + + align:start position:0% +because uh because I assume that I can +alternate between two of them quickly + + align:start position:0% +alternate between two of them quickly + + + align:start position:0% +alternate between two of them quickly +and once I finish one of these Leaf + + align:start position:0% +and once I finish one of these Leaf + + + align:start position:0% +and once I finish one of these Leaf +blocks I never touch it + + align:start position:0% +blocks I never touch it + + + align:start position:0% +blocks I never touch it +again okay so I visit each block + + align:start position:0% +again okay so I visit each block + + + align:start position:0% +again okay so I visit each block +essentially only + + align:start position:0% +essentially only + + + align:start position:0% +essentially only +once as long as my cash is this + + align:start position:0% +once as long as my cash is this + + + align:start position:0% +once as long as my cash is this +big cool so that deals with the bottom + + align:start position:0% +big cool so that deals with the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +big cool so that deals with the bottom +two levels I claim the bottom two levels + + align:start position:0% +two levels I claim the bottom two levels + + + align:start position:0% +two levels I claim the bottom two levels +would only pay this and we were already + + align:start position:0% +would only pay this and we were already + + + align:start position:0% +would only pay this and we were already +paying that to update the ordered file + + align:start position:0% +paying that to update the ordered file + + + align:start position:0% +paying that to update the ordered file +so it's no worse now there's the levels + + align:start position:0% +so it's no worse now there's the levels + + + align:start position:0% +so it's no worse now there's the levels +above this one that we can't + + align:start position:0% +above this one that we can't + + + align:start position:0% +above this one that we can't +see I claim that's also + + align:start position:0% +see I claim that's also + + + align:start position:0% +see I claim that's also +okay uh sorry I'll need number of memory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transfers is equal to + + align:start position:0% +transfers is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +transfers is equal to +that okay one more part of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +argument + + align:start position:0% +argument + + + align:start position:0% +argument +levels above + + align:start position:0% +levels above + + + align:start position:0% +levels above +the bottom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two nice thing about the levels above + + align:start position:0% +two nice thing about the levels above + + + align:start position:0% +two nice thing about the levels above +the bottom two is there there aren't too + + align:start position:0% +the bottom two is there there aren't too + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom two is there there aren't too +many + + align:start position:0% +many + + + align:start position:0% +many +triangles all right well there aren't + + align:start position:0% +triangles all right well there aren't + + + align:start position:0% +triangles all right well there aren't +too many nodes involved let's + + align:start position:0% +too many nodes involved let's + + + align:start position:0% +too many nodes involved let's +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +so down here there were like log squared + + align:start position:0% +so down here there were like log squared + + + align:start position:0% +so down here there were like log squared +n nodes that was a lot of nodes once I + + align:start position:0% +n nodes that was a lot of nodes once I + + + align:start position:0% +n nodes that was a lot of nodes once I +go up two levels how many of these nodes + + align:start position:0% +go up two levels how many of these nodes + + + align:start position:0% +go up two levels how many of these nodes +can there be these roots + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well there's log squ n at the bottom and + + align:start position:0% +well there's log squ n at the bottom and + + + align:start position:0% +well there's log squ n at the bottom and +then I basically shaved off a factor of + + align:start position:0% +then I basically shaved off a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +then I basically shaved off a factor of +B here so the number of these roots is + + align:start position:0% +B here so the number of these roots is + + + align:start position:0% +B here so the number of these roots is +at most log s n/ + + align:start position:0% +at most log s n/ + + + align:start position:0% +at most log s n/ +b that's + + align:start position:0% +b that's + + + align:start position:0% +b that's +small for those nodes I could afford to + + align:start position:0% +small for those nodes I could afford to + + + align:start position:0% +small for those nodes I could afford to +do an entire memory transfer for every + + align:start position:0% +do an entire memory transfer for every + + + align:start position:0% +do an entire memory transfer for every +single + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +node okay so the number of + + align:start position:0% +node okay so the number of + + + align:start position:0% +node okay so the number of +nodes that need updating those are + + align:start position:0% +nodes that need updating those are + + + align:start position:0% +nodes that need updating those are +ancestors + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is order log s n over B uh it's not + + align:start position:0% +is order log s n over B uh it's not + + + align:start position:0% +is order log s n over B uh it's not +that's the number of leaves down there + + align:start position:0% +that's the number of leaves down there + + + align:start position:0% +that's the number of leaves down there +at some point you reach the common + + align:start position:0% +at some point you reach the common + + + align:start position:0% +at some point you reach the common +ancestor of those leaves that tree so + + align:start position:0% +ancestor of those leaves that tree so + + + align:start position:0% +ancestor of those leaves that tree so +here draw a big + + align:start position:0% +here draw a big + + + align:start position:0% +here draw a big +picture uh here's the + + align:start position:0% +picture uh here's the + + + align:start position:0% +picture uh here's the +bottom bottom two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +layers okay we're shaving that off + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +here uh the number of nodes here these + + align:start position:0% +here uh the number of nodes here these + + + align:start position:0% +here uh the number of nodes here these +roots that we're dealing with that's the + + align:start position:0% +roots that we're dealing with that's the + + + align:start position:0% +roots that we're dealing with that's the +log s n / B so if we build a tree on + + align:start position:0% +log s n / B so if we build a tree on + + + align:start position:0% +log s n / B so if we build a tree on +those nodes total number of nodes in + + align:start position:0% +those nodes total number of nodes in + + + align:start position:0% +those nodes total number of nodes in +here is only log s n/ b * 2 because it's + + align:start position:0% +here is only log s n/ b * 2 because it's + + + align:start position:0% +here is only log s n/ b * 2 because it's +a binary tree but then there's also + + align:start position:0% +a binary tree but then there's also + + + align:start position:0% +a binary tree but then there's also +these nodes up here this is potentially + + align:start position:0% +these nodes up here this is potentially + + + align:start position:0% +these nodes up here this is potentially +log n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nodes so number of nodes that need + + align:start position:0% +nodes so number of nodes that need + + + align:start position:0% +nodes so number of nodes that need +updating is it most this plus log + + align:start position:0% +updating is it most this plus log + + + align:start position:0% +updating is it most this plus log +n okay so what's going on here is we we + + align:start position:0% +n okay so what's going on here is we we + + + align:start position:0% +n okay so what's going on here is we we +first analyze the bottom two layers that + + align:start position:0% +first analyze the bottom two layers that + + + align:start position:0% +first analyze the bottom two layers that +was okay because of this ordering thing + + align:start position:0% +was okay because of this ordering thing + + + align:start position:0% +was okay because of this ordering thing +that we're only dealing with two + + align:start position:0% +that we're only dealing with two + + + align:start position:0% +that we're only dealing with two +triangles at once and therefore we pay + + align:start position:0% +triangles at once and therefore we pay + + + align:start position:0% +triangles at once and therefore we pay +this size divided by B log s n over B + + align:start position:0% +this size divided by B log s n over B + + + align:start position:0% +this size divided by B log s n over B +then there's the common ancestors of + + align:start position:0% +then there's the common ancestors of + + + align:start position:0% +then there's the common ancestors of +those nodes that forms a little binary + + align:start position:0% +those nodes that forms a little binary + + + align:start position:0% +those nodes that forms a little binary +tree of size log s n / B for these nodes + + align:start position:0% +tree of size log s n / B for these nodes + + + align:start position:0% +tree of size log s n / B for these nodes +this triangle up here we can afford to + + align:start position:0% +this triangle up here we can afford to + + + align:start position:0% +this triangle up here we can afford to +pay one memory transfer for every node + + align:start position:0% +pay one memory transfer for every node + + + align:start position:0% +pay one memory transfer for every node +so we don't care that we're efficient up + + align:start position:0% +so we don't care that we're efficient up + + + align:start position:0% +so we don't care that we're efficient up +here uh which is I mean we may well + + align:start position:0% +here uh which is I mean we may well + + + align:start position:0% +here uh which is I mean we may well +let's not worry about whether we are it + + align:start position:0% +let's not worry about whether we are it + + + align:start position:0% +let's not worry about whether we are it +doesn't matter uh so for these nodes um + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter uh so for these nodes um + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter uh so for these nodes um +we pay at most one memory + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +transfer each and so we pay at most logw + + align:start position:0% +transfer each and so we pay at most logw + + + align:start position:0% +transfer each and so we pay at most logw +n over B for them that's fine because + + align:start position:0% +n over B for them that's fine because + + + align:start position:0% +n over B for them that's fine because +we're already paid that + + align:start position:0% +we're already paid that + + + align:start position:0% +we're already paid that +much and finally we have to pay for + + align:start position:0% +much and finally we have to pay for + + + align:start position:0% +much and finally we have to pay for +these nodes up here which are from the + + align:start position:0% +these nodes up here which are from the + + + align:start position:0% +these nodes up here which are from the +common ancestors of these guys up to the + + align:start position:0% +common ancestors of these guys up to the + + + align:start position:0% +common ancestors of these guys up to the +root that has length at most log n could + + align:start position:0% +root that has length at most log n could + + + align:start position:0% +root that has length at most log n could +be smaller if this was a big + + align:start position:0% +be smaller if this was a big + + + align:start position:0% +be smaller if this was a big +interval so for these + + align:start position:0% +interval so for these + + + align:start position:0% +interval so for these +guys uh we + + align:start position:0% +guys uh we + + + align:start position:0% +guys uh we +pay order log base B of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n why because this is a root to node + + align:start position:0% +n why because this is a root to node + + + align:start position:0% +n why because this is a root to node +path and in this is the static analysis + + align:start position:0% +path and in this is the static analysis + + + align:start position:0% +path and in this is the static analysis +we already know that following a root to + + align:start position:0% +we already know that following a root to + + + align:start position:0% +we already know that following a root to +node path we pay at most log base B of n + + align:start position:0% +node path we pay at most log base B of n + + + align:start position:0% +node path we pay at most log base B of n +okay so we pay log base B of n plus log + + align:start position:0% +okay so we pay log base B of n plus log + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we pay log base B of n plus log +s n over B for this plus log squ n over + + align:start position:0% +s n over B for this plus log squ n over + + + align:start position:0% +s n over B for this plus log squ n over +B for this plus log s n overb for the + + align:start position:0% +B for this plus log s n overb for the + + + align:start position:0% +B for this plus log s n overb for the +ordered + + align:start position:0% +ordered + + + align:start position:0% +ordered +file so overall running + + align:start position:0% +file so overall running + + + align:start position:0% +file so overall running +time for an update is log base B of n + + align:start position:0% +time for an update is log base B of n + + + align:start position:0% +time for an update is log base B of n +plus log 2 N / B we actually paid log + + align:start position:0% +plus log 2 N / B we actually paid log + + + align:start position:0% +plus log 2 N / B we actually paid log +base B of n twice once to do the initial + + align:start position:0% +base B of n twice once to do the initial + + + align:start position:0% +base B of n twice once to do the initial +search I said an update first has to + + align:start position:0% +search I said an update first has to + + + align:start position:0% +search I said an update first has to +search for the key then it updates the + + align:start position:0% +search for the key then it updates the + + + align:start position:0% +search for the key then it updates the +ordered file that's where we pay the + + align:start position:0% +ordered file that's where we pay the + + + align:start position:0% +ordered file that's where we pay the +first log squ n/ B and then to propagate + + align:start position:0% +first log squ n/ B and then to propagate + + + align:start position:0% +first log squ n/ B and then to propagate +all the changes up the tree we pay log + + align:start position:0% +all the changes up the tree we pay log + + + align:start position:0% +all the changes up the tree we pay log +squ B for this part and then another log + + align:start position:0% +squ B for this part and then another log + + + align:start position:0% +squ B for this part and then another log +base B of n for this + + align:start position:0% +base B of n for this + + + align:start position:0% +base B of n for this +part okay that's updates with a bad + + align:start position:0% +part okay that's updates with a bad + + + align:start position:0% +part okay that's updates with a bad +bound but we're all turns out we're + + align:start position:0% +bound but we're all turns out we're + + + align:start position:0% +bound but we're all turns out we're +almost there so at this point we have + + align:start position:0% +almost there so at this point we have + + + align:start position:0% +almost there so at this point we have +searches optimal because searches are + + align:start position:0% +searches optimal because searches are + + + align:start position:0% +searches optimal because searches are +just searching through the Venom to Bose + + align:start position:0% +just searching through the Venom to Bose + + + align:start position:0% +just searching through the Venom to Bose +thing that's log Bas B of n updates not + + align:start position:0% +thing that's log Bas B of n updates not + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's log Bas B of n updates not +quite optimal uh I mean for not quite + + align:start position:0% +quite optimal uh I mean for not quite + + + align:start position:0% +quite optimal uh I mean for not quite +matching a b tree I should say this is + + align:start position:0% +matching a b tree I should say this is + + + align:start position:0% +matching a b tree I should say this is +not an optimal bound we're aiming for + + align:start position:0% +not an optimal bound we're aiming for + + + align:start position:0% +not an optimal bound we're aiming for +we're just aiming for B trees uh we'd + + align:start position:0% +we're just aiming for B trees uh we'd + + + align:start position:0% +we're just aiming for B trees uh we'd +want to get this bound same as + + align:start position:0% +want to get this bound same as + + + align:start position:0% +want to get this bound same as +searching but we have this extra term + + align:start position:0% +searching but we have this extra term + + + align:start position:0% +searching but we have this extra term +which would be as small for example if B + + align:start position:0% +which would be as small for example if B + + + align:start position:0% +which would be as small for example if B +is log + + align:start position:0% +is log + + + align:start position:0% +is log +n uh this term will be bigger than this + + align:start position:0% +n uh this term will be bigger than this + + + align:start position:0% +n uh this term will be bigger than this +one the break point is when b equals log + + align:start position:0% +one the break point is when b equals log + + + align:start position:0% +one the break point is when b equals log +n * log l again okay so for small B + + align:start position:0% +n * log l again okay so for small B + + + align:start position:0% +n * log l again okay so for small B +we're not happy we want to be happy for + + align:start position:0% +we're not happy we want to be happy for + + + align:start position:0% +we're not happy we want to be happy for +all B simultaneously so + + align:start position:0% +all B simultaneously so + + + align:start position:0% +all B simultaneously so +want to fix this we're going to fix it + + align:start position:0% +want to fix this we're going to fix it + + + align:start position:0% +want to fix this we're going to fix it +using a general + + align:start position:0% +using a general + + + align:start position:0% +using a general +technique great + + align:start position:0% +technique great + + + align:start position:0% +technique great +technique called IND Direction so this + + align:start position:0% +technique called IND Direction so this + + + align:start position:0% +technique called IND Direction so this +is step + + align:start position:0% +is step + + + align:start position:0% +is step +five IND + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Direction idea is + + align:start position:0% +Direction idea is + + + align:start position:0% +Direction idea is +simple we want to use previous the + + align:start position:0% +simple we want to use previous the + + + align:start position:0% +simple we want to use previous the +previous data + + align:start position:0% +previous data + + + align:start position:0% +previous data +structure on N over log n items + + align:start position:0% +structure on N over log n items + + + align:start position:0% +structure on N over log n items +and what we need to store n items so + + align:start position:0% +and what we need to store n items so + + + align:start position:0% +and what we need to store n items so +where do we put them on the bottom so + + align:start position:0% +where do we put them on the bottom so + + + align:start position:0% +where do we put them on the bottom so +I'm going to have Theta log n nodes down + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have Theta log n nodes down + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to have Theta log n nodes down +here Theta log n nodes next to + + align:start position:0% +here Theta log n nodes next to + + + align:start position:0% +here Theta log n nodes next to +them or items I should + + align:start position:0% +them or items I should + + + align:start position:0% +them or items I should +say Theta log + + align:start position:0% +say Theta log + + + align:start position:0% +say Theta log +n okay and then one of these items let's + + align:start position:0% +n okay and then one of these items let's + + + align:start position:0% +n okay and then one of these items let's +say the Min item gets stored in this + + align:start position:0% +say the Min item gets stored in this + + + align:start position:0% +say the Min item gets stored in this +tree the mid item over here gets stored + + align:start position:0% +tree the mid item over here gets stored + + + align:start position:0% +tree the mid item over here gets stored +in this tree the mid item here gets + + align:start position:0% +in this tree the mid item here gets + + + align:start position:0% +in this tree the mid item here gets +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +here okay so this item only this the + + align:start position:0% +here okay so this item only this the + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so this item only this the +data structure we just developed I only + + align:start position:0% +data structure we just developed I only + + + align:start position:0% +data structure we just developed I only +store n over log n of the items the rest + + align:start position:0% +store n over log n of the items the rest + + + align:start position:0% +store n over log n of the items the rest +are that fit in between those items are + + align:start position:0% +are that fit in between those items are + + + align:start position:0% +are that fit in between those items are +stored down here now I use standard B + + align:start position:0% +stored down here now I use standard B + + + align:start position:0% +stored down here now I use standard B +tree tricks actually uh if I if I want + + align:start position:0% +tree tricks actually uh if I if I want + + + align:start position:0% +tree tricks actually uh if I if I want +to do an insertion okay how do I do a + + align:start position:0% +to do an insertion okay how do I do a + + + align:start position:0% +to do an insertion okay how do I do a +search I follow root to Leaf path and + + align:start position:0% +search I follow root to Leaf path and + + + align:start position:0% +search I follow root to Leaf path and +then I do a linear scan of this entire + + align:start position:0% +then I do a linear scan of this entire + + + align:start position:0% +then I do a linear scan of this entire +structure how much does it cost to do a + + align:start position:0% +structure how much does it cost to do a + + + align:start position:0% +structure how much does it cost to do a +linear scan of log n Only log n / B this + + align:start position:0% +linear scan of log n Only log n / B this + + + align:start position:0% +linear scan of log n Only log n / B this +is smaller than log base B of n so the + + align:start position:0% +is smaller than log base B of n so the + + + align:start position:0% +is smaller than log base B of n so the +hard part of search is the log base B of + + align:start position:0% +hard part of search is the log base B of + + + align:start position:0% +hard part of search is the log base B of +n okay how do I do an update well first + + align:start position:0% +n okay how do I do an update well first + + + align:start position:0% +n okay how do I do an update well first +I search for the guy I find the block + + align:start position:0% +I search for the guy I find the block + + + align:start position:0% +I search for the guy I find the block +that it fits into and just insert into + + align:start position:0% +that it fits into and just insert into + + + align:start position:0% +that it fits into and just insert into +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +block done as long as this block doesn't + + align:start position:0% +block done as long as this block doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +block done as long as this block doesn't +get too big I can do how do I insert + + align:start position:0% +get too big I can do how do I insert + + + align:start position:0% +get too big I can do how do I insert +into a block rewrite the entire Block + + align:start position:0% +into a block rewrite the entire Block + + + align:start position:0% +into a block rewrite the entire Block +it's a scan it only takes log n over B + + align:start position:0% +it's a scan it only takes log n over B + + + align:start position:0% +it's a scan it only takes log n over B +so it's basically free to rewrite this + + align:start position:0% +so it's basically free to rewrite this + + + align:start position:0% +so it's basically free to rewrite this +entire block every time as long as it + + align:start position:0% +entire block every time as long as it + + + align:start position:0% +entire block every time as long as it +has size at most log n if it gets too + + align:start position:0% +has size at most log n if it gets too + + + align:start position:0% +has size at most log n if it gets too +full then I split it into two parts that + + align:start position:0% +full then I split it into two parts that + + + align:start position:0% +full then I split it into two parts that +are half + + align:start position:0% +are half + + + align:start position:0% +are half +full okay so in general each of these + + align:start position:0% +full okay so in general each of these + + + align:start position:0% +full okay so in general each of these +blocks uh will maintain the size to be + + align:start position:0% +blocks uh will maintain the size to be + + + align:start position:0% +blocks uh will maintain the size to be +between one4 log + + align:start position:0% +between one4 log + + + align:start position:0% +between one4 log +n and log + + align:start position:0% +n and log + + + align:start position:0% +n and log +n so if it gets bigger than log N I + + align:start position:0% +n so if it gets bigger than log N I + + + align:start position:0% +n so if it gets bigger than log N I +split it into two guys of half size if + + align:start position:0% +split it into two guys of half size if + + + align:start position:0% +split it into two guys of half size if +it gets smaller than one quarter log n + + align:start position:0% +it gets smaller than one quarter log n + + + align:start position:0% +it gets smaller than one quarter log n +then I'll merge it with one of its + + align:start position:0% +then I'll merge it with one of its + + + align:start position:0% +then I'll merge it with one of its +neighbors and then possibly have to + + align:start position:0% +neighbors and then possibly have to + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors and then possibly have to +resplit it uh this or you could think of + + align:start position:0% +resplit it uh this or you could think of + + + align:start position:0% +resplit it uh this or you could think of +it as stealing Neighbors from your + + align:start position:0% +it as stealing Neighbors from your + + + align:start position:0% +it as stealing Neighbors from your +siblings that's what you do in B trees + + align:start position:0% +siblings that's what you do in B trees + + + align:start position:0% +siblings that's what you do in B trees +but with a constant number of merges in + + align:start position:0% +but with a constant number of merges in + + + align:start position:0% +but with a constant number of merges in +splits you can restore the property that + + align:start position:0% +splits you can restore the property that + + + align:start position:0% +splits you can restore the property that +these guys have sizes very close to half + + align:start position:0% +these guys have sizes very close to half + + + align:start position:0% +these guys have sizes very close to half +login and so if they end up getting full + + align:start position:0% +login and so if they end up getting full + + + align:start position:0% +login and so if they end up getting full +that means you inserted half login items + + align:start position:0% +that means you inserted half login items + + + align:start position:0% +that means you inserted half login items +if they ended up getting empty that + + align:start position:0% +if they ended up getting empty that + + + align:start position:0% +if they ended up getting empty that +means you deleted half uh you deleted a + + align:start position:0% +means you deleted half uh you deleted a + + + align:start position:0% +means you deleted half uh you deleted a +quarter login items and so in both cases + + align:start position:0% +quarter login items and so in both cases + + + align:start position:0% +quarter login items and so in both cases +you have Logan items to charge to + + align:start position:0% +you have Logan items to charge to + + + align:start position:0% +you have Logan items to charge to +whenever you do an update up here so we + + align:start position:0% +whenever you do an update up here so we + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you do an update up here so we +update up here here every time we split + + align:start position:0% +update up here here every time we split + + + align:start position:0% +update up here here every time we split +or merge down here because this guy has + + align:start position:0% +or merge down here because this guy has + + + align:start position:0% +or merge down here because this guy has +to keep track of the blocks not the + + align:start position:0% +to keep track of the blocks not the + + + align:start position:0% +to keep track of the blocks not the +items in the blocks so we effectively uh + + align:start position:0% +items in the blocks so we effectively uh + + + align:start position:0% +items in the blocks so we effectively uh +slow + + align:start position:0% +slow + + + align:start position:0% +slow +down the updates in the top + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +structure by a factor log + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n which is great because we take this + + align:start position:0% +n which is great because we take this + + + align:start position:0% +n which is great because we take this +update bound and we get to divide it by + + align:start position:0% +update bound and we get to divide it by + + + align:start position:0% +update bound and we get to divide it by +log n which removes this + + align:start position:0% +log n which removes this + + + align:start position:0% +log n which removes this +Square so we end up with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so we used to have log base B of n+ + + align:start position:0% +uh so we used to have log base B of n+ + + + align:start position:0% +uh so we used to have log base B of n+ +log 2 N / B we get to divide that by log + + align:start position:0% +log 2 N / B we get to divide that by log + + + align:start position:0% +log 2 N / B we get to divide that by log +n uh plus we have to do uh this part at + + align:start position:0% +n uh plus we have to do uh this part at + + + align:start position:0% +n uh plus we have to do uh this part at +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +bottom okay plus we're doing log n over + + align:start position:0% +bottom okay plus we're doing log n over + + + align:start position:0% +bottom okay plus we're doing log n over +B at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +B at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +B at the bottom +so uh basically this log cancels with + + align:start position:0% +so uh basically this log cancels with + + + align:start position:0% +so uh basically this log cancels with +this Square so this is log n overb as + + align:start position:0% +this Square so this is log n overb as + + + align:start position:0% +this Square so this is log n overb as +well this thing gets even smaller so we + + align:start position:0% +well this thing gets even smaller so we + + + align:start position:0% +well this thing gets even smaller so we +end up being able to do updates in log n + + align:start position:0% +end up being able to do updates in log n + + + align:start position:0% +end up being able to do updates in log n +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +B not really though because at the + + align:start position:0% +B not really though because at the + + + align:start position:0% +B not really though because at the +beginning we have to do a search to + + align:start position:0% +beginning we have to do a search to + + + align:start position:0% +beginning we have to do a search to +figure out where to do the update if you + + align:start position:0% +figure out where to do the update if you + + + align:start position:0% +figure out where to do the update if you +knew where you had to update you could + + align:start position:0% +knew where you had to update you could + + + align:start position:0% +knew where you had to update you could +update a little faster you could update + + align:start position:0% +update a little faster you could update + + + align:start position:0% +update a little faster you could update +in log n divided by B if you don't know + + align:start position:0% +in log n divided by B if you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +in log n divided by B if you don't know +where to update you've got to spend log + + align:start position:0% +where to update you've got to spend log + + + align:start position:0% +where to update you've got to spend log +base B ofn to search + + align:start position:0% +base B ofn to search + + + align:start position:0% +base B ofn to search +initially okay but that's the fun part + + align:start position:0% +initially okay but that's the fun part + + + align:start position:0% +initially okay but that's the fun part +we can now update this data structure + + align:start position:0% +we can now update this data structure + + + align:start position:0% +we can now update this data structure +fast just with this one layer of IND + + align:start position:0% +fast just with this one layer of IND + + + align:start position:0% +fast just with this one layer of IND +Direction with log n chunks at the + + align:start position:0% +Direction with log n chunks at the + + + align:start position:0% +Direction with log n chunks at the +bottom speeding this data structure up + + align:start position:0% +bottom speeding this data structure up + + + align:start position:0% +bottom speeding this data structure up +by factor of log n for updates searches + + align:start position:0% +by factor of log n for updates searches + + + align:start position:0% +by factor of log n for updates searches +don't take any longer just pay this + + align:start position:0% +don't take any longer just pay this + + + align:start position:0% +don't take any longer just pay this +extra term which is already much smaller + + align:start position:0% +extra term which is already much smaller + + + align:start position:0% +extra term which is already much smaller +than what we were paying + + align:start position:0% +than what we were paying + + + align:start position:0% +than what we were paying +before that's cach oblivious B trees + + align:start position:0% +before that's cach oblivious B trees + + + align:start position:0% +before that's cach oblivious B trees +other than ordered file maintenance + + align:start position:0% +other than ordered file maintenance + + + align:start position:0% +other than ordered file maintenance +which we'll do next class \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VHIJPHqwV_0.txt b/VHIJPHqwV_0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..714e6d66d1290f435ab1bf30d7f9bfee2710cc8c --- /dev/null +++ b/VHIJPHqwV_0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15811 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so today in some way is the reward for + + align:start position:0% +so today in some way is the reward for + + + align:start position:0% +so today in some way is the reward for +what we've been suffering through for + + align:start position:0% +what we've been suffering through for + + + align:start position:0% +what we've been suffering through for +the last few lectures because we'll + + align:start position:0% +the last few lectures because we'll + + + align:start position:0% +the last few lectures because we'll +actually get to see some optical + + align:start position:0% +actually get to see some optical + + + align:start position:0% +actually get to see some optical +instruments and how they work + + align:start position:0% +instruments and how they work + + + align:start position:0% +instruments and how they work +so we'll basically put all these tools + + align:start position:0% +so we'll basically put all these tools + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll basically put all these tools +at all the terminology and the matrices + + align:start position:0% +at all the terminology and the matrices + + + align:start position:0% +at all the terminology and the matrices +and the formulas and all that + + align:start position:0% +and the formulas and all that + + + align:start position:0% +and the formulas and all that +we'll put to work for the basic optical + + align:start position:0% +we'll put to work for the basic optical + + + align:start position:0% +we'll put to work for the basic optical +systems namely microscope and telescope + + align:start position:0% +systems namely microscope and telescope + + + align:start position:0% +systems namely microscope and telescope +and we'll also look at the sort of the + + align:start position:0% +and we'll also look at the sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll also look at the sort of the +building block of a microscope which is + + align:start position:0% +building block of a microscope which is + + + align:start position:0% +building block of a microscope which is +a magnifier land but before we do that I + + align:start position:0% +a magnifier land but before we do that I + + + align:start position:0% +a magnifier land but before we do that I +would like to spend some time just + + align:start position:0% +would like to spend some time just + + + align:start position:0% +would like to spend some time just +reviewing basically all the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +reviewing basically all the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +reviewing basically all the fundamental +material before we go into the + + align:start position:0% +material before we go into the + + + align:start position:0% +material before we go into the +application systems I would like to + + align:start position:0% +application systems I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +application systems I would like to +review the fundamental material so the + + align:start position:0% +review the fundamental material so the + + + align:start position:0% +review the fundamental material so the +first step four or so four or five + + align:start position:0% +first step four or so four or five + + + align:start position:0% +first step four or so four or five +slides I don't remember I think five + + align:start position:0% +slides I don't remember I think five + + + align:start position:0% +slides I don't remember I think five +they're not really new they are just + + align:start position:0% +they're not really new they are just + + + align:start position:0% +they're not really new they are just +brought them you know just copied them + + align:start position:0% +brought them you know just copied them + + + align:start position:0% +brought them you know just copied them +from the previous lectures and the kind + + align:start position:0% +from the previous lectures and the kind + + + align:start position:0% +from the previous lectures and the kind +of overview and I would like instead of + + align:start position:0% +of overview and I would like instead of + + + align:start position:0% +of overview and I would like instead of +just describing it again I would like to + + align:start position:0% +just describing it again I would like to + + + align:start position:0% +just describing it again I would like to +encourage you I will pause or need to + + align:start position:0% +encourage you I will pause or need to + + + align:start position:0% +encourage you I will pause or need to +and I would like to encourage you to ask + + align:start position:0% +and I would like to encourage you to ask + + + align:start position:0% +and I would like to encourage you to ask +any questions if you have or this + + align:start position:0% +any questions if you have or this + + + align:start position:0% +any questions if you have or this +particular topic on something related so + + align:start position:0% +particular topic on something related so + + + align:start position:0% +particular topic on something related so +the first topic is the Ray transfer + + align:start position:0% +the first topic is the Ray transfer + + + align:start position:0% +the first topic is the Ray transfer +matrices and again very briefly to + + align:start position:0% +matrices and again very briefly to + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and again very briefly to +remind you this comes about because + + align:start position:0% +remind you this comes about because + + + align:start position:0% +remind you this comes about because +refraction at spherical dielectric + + align:start position:0% +refraction at spherical dielectric + + + align:start position:0% +refraction at spherical dielectric +interface is very complex to deal with + + align:start position:0% +interface is very complex to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +interface is very complex to deal with +not very complexity it is actually + + align:start position:0% +not very complexity it is actually + + + align:start position:0% +not very complexity it is actually +pretty simple but algebraically + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple but algebraically + + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple but algebraically +complicated three or I should say + + align:start position:0% +complicated three or I should say + + + align:start position:0% +complicated three or I should say +trigonometrically very complicated so + + align:start position:0% +trigonometrically very complicated so + + + align:start position:0% +trigonometrically very complicated so +because we don't want to deal with that + + align:start position:0% +because we don't want to deal with that + + + align:start position:0% +because we don't want to deal with that +stuff and it also hides a lot a lot of + + align:start position:0% +stuff and it also hides a lot a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and it also hides a lot a lot of +the intuition we derived this paraxial + + align:start position:0% +the intuition we derived this paraxial + + + align:start position:0% +the intuition we derived this paraxial +approximation which is true for a pretty + + align:start position:0% +approximation which is true for a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +approximation which is true for a pretty +limited typically ten to thirty degrees + + align:start position:0% +limited typically ten to thirty degrees + + + align:start position:0% +limited typically ten to thirty degrees +actually thirty stop domestic maybe ten + + align:start position:0% +actually thirty stop domestic maybe ten + + + align:start position:0% +actually thirty stop domestic maybe ten +to twenty degrees from the optical axis + + align:start position:0% +to twenty degrees from the optical axis + + + align:start position:0% +to twenty degrees from the optical axis +we discovered that there is a linear + + align:start position:0% +we discovered that there is a linear + + + align:start position:0% +we discovered that there is a linear +between them elevation and angle over a + + align:start position:0% +between them elevation and angle over a + + + align:start position:0% +between them elevation and angle over a +that is arriving from the left to the + + align:start position:0% +that is arriving from the left to the + + + align:start position:0% +that is arriving from the left to the +interface and the elevation and angle of + + align:start position:0% +interface and the elevation and angle of + + + align:start position:0% +interface and the elevation and angle of +propagation of a ray that is departing + + align:start position:0% +propagation of a ray that is departing + + + align:start position:0% +propagation of a ray that is departing +to the right of the interface the same + + align:start position:0% +to the right of the interface the same + + + align:start position:0% +to the right of the interface the same +rate and and of course the elevation is + + align:start position:0% +rate and and of course the elevation is + + + align:start position:0% +rate and and of course the elevation is +the same because of the paraxial + + align:start position:0% +the same because of the paraxial + + + align:start position:0% +the same because of the paraxial +approximation we neglect the thickness + + align:start position:0% +approximation we neglect the thickness + + + align:start position:0% +approximation we neglect the thickness +of the instrument so so basically no + + align:start position:0% +of the instrument so so basically no + + + align:start position:0% +of the instrument so so basically no +matter whether a hits here or here or + + align:start position:0% +matter whether a hits here or here or + + + align:start position:0% +matter whether a hits here or here or +here it is all the same so that helps + + align:start position:0% +here it is all the same so that helps + + + align:start position:0% +here it is all the same so that helps +and the second is that the angle + + align:start position:0% +and the second is that the angle + + + align:start position:0% +and the second is that the angle +basically the only satisfies Snell's law + + align:start position:0% +basically the only satisfies Snell's law + + + align:start position:0% +basically the only satisfies Snell's law +with respect to the normal atmosphere at + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the normal atmosphere at + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the normal atmosphere at +this location over here but of course + + align:start position:0% +this location over here but of course + + + align:start position:0% +this location over here but of course +because this orientation depends on the + + align:start position:0% +because this orientation depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +because this orientation depends on the +relative position of the arrival of the + + align:start position:0% +relative position of the arrival of the + + + align:start position:0% +relative position of the arrival of the +other a and the center of the sphere + + align:start position:0% +other a and the center of the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +other a and the center of the sphere +then we simplified it using you know the + + align:start position:0% +then we simplified it using you know the + + + align:start position:0% +then we simplified it using you know the +paraxial approximation and we discovered + + align:start position:0% +paraxial approximation and we discovered + + + align:start position:0% +paraxial approximation and we discovered +this expression over here so the + + align:start position:0% +this expression over here so the + + + align:start position:0% +this expression over here so the +relationship between the right and the + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the right and the + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the right and the +left angle it is it has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +left angle it is it has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +left angle it is it has to do with the +elevation so so if you look at this + + align:start position:0% +elevation so so if you look at this + + + align:start position:0% +elevation so so if you look at this +equation it says that an right alpha + + align:start position:0% +equation it says that an right alpha + + + align:start position:0% +equation it says that an right alpha +right equals and left alpha left that's + + align:start position:0% +right equals and left alpha left that's + + + align:start position:0% +right equals and left alpha left that's +the first term and then the interesting + + align:start position:0% +the first term and then the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +the first term and then the interesting +part is the second one that says equals + + align:start position:0% +part is the second one that says equals + + + align:start position:0% +part is the second one that says equals +minus this quantity times the elevation + + align:start position:0% +minus this quantity times the elevation + + + align:start position:0% +minus this quantity times the elevation +of the Ray so that tells you that the + + align:start position:0% +of the Ray so that tells you that the + + + align:start position:0% +of the Ray so that tells you that the +more the higher the rival elevation of + + align:start position:0% +more the higher the rival elevation of + + + align:start position:0% +more the higher the rival elevation of +the Ray the more it bends right and that + + align:start position:0% +the Ray the more it bends right and that + + + align:start position:0% +the Ray the more it bends right and that +makes sense because the higher the + + align:start position:0% +makes sense because the higher the + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense because the higher the +arrival the larger the angle that it + + align:start position:0% +arrival the larger the angle that it + + + align:start position:0% +arrival the larger the angle that it +makes with respect to the to the normal + + align:start position:0% +makes with respect to the to the normal + + + align:start position:0% +makes with respect to the to the normal +to the sphere and therefore if you wish + + align:start position:0% +to the sphere and therefore if you wish + + + align:start position:0% +to the sphere and therefore if you wish +the more violent the Snell's law will be + + align:start position:0% +the more violent the Snell's law will be + + + align:start position:0% +the more violent the Snell's law will be +and of course you can imagine as you + + align:start position:0% +and of course you can imagine as you + + + align:start position:0% +and of course you can imagine as you +increase the angle eventually the angle + + align:start position:0% +increase the angle eventually the angle + + + align:start position:0% +increase the angle eventually the angle +becomes so large that the paraxial + + align:start position:0% +becomes so large that the paraxial + + + align:start position:0% +becomes so large that the paraxial +approximation breaks down but but this + + align:start position:0% +approximation breaks down but but this + + + align:start position:0% +approximation breaks down but but this +is all too before the approximation + + align:start position:0% +is all too before the approximation + + + align:start position:0% +is all too before the approximation +breaks down the progression is linear + + align:start position:0% +breaks down the progression is linear + + + align:start position:0% +breaks down the progression is linear +okay it is linear in the position + + align:start position:0% +okay it is linear in the position + + + align:start position:0% +okay it is linear in the position +and the quantity that appears here does + + align:start position:0% +and the quantity that appears here does + + + align:start position:0% +and the quantity that appears here does +anybody remember how did you call this + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember how did you call this + + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember how did you call this +quantity optical power correct + + align:start position:0% +quantity optical power correct + + + align:start position:0% +quantity optical power correct +could you please push the bottom correct + + align:start position:0% +could you please push the bottom correct + + + align:start position:0% +could you please push the bottom correct +it is called the optical power and it is + + align:start position:0% +it is called the optical power and it is + + + align:start position:0% +it is called the optical power and it is +actually the first intense instance that + + align:start position:0% +actually the first intense instance that + + + align:start position:0% +actually the first intense instance that +we saw this quantity it is inverse + + align:start position:0% +we saw this quantity it is inverse + + + align:start position:0% +we saw this quantity it is inverse +distance units but we don't call it + + align:start position:0% +distance units but we don't call it + + + align:start position:0% +distance units but we don't call it +inverse meters we call it how to call + + align:start position:0% +inverse meters we call it how to call + + + align:start position:0% +inverse meters we call it how to call +the unit of this quantity diopters right + + align:start position:0% +the unit of this quantity diopters right + + + align:start position:0% +the unit of this quantity diopters right +so professor have a quick question yeah + + align:start position:0% +so professor have a quick question yeah + + + align:start position:0% +so professor have a quick question yeah +here we have quantity over radius R does + + align:start position:0% +here we have quantity over radius R does + + + align:start position:0% +here we have quantity over radius R does +this describe hyperboloid or elliptical + + align:start position:0% +this describe hyperboloid or elliptical + + + align:start position:0% +this describe hyperboloid or elliptical +shaped or a spherical lens and if so + + align:start position:0% +shaped or a spherical lens and if so + + + align:start position:0% +shaped or a spherical lens and if so +that's a profession for example with the + + align:start position:0% +that's a profession for example with the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a profession for example with the +spherical or elliptical lens that has + + align:start position:0% +spherical or elliptical lens that has + + + align:start position:0% +spherical or elliptical lens that has +two different radiuses how do you + + align:start position:0% +two different radiuses how do you + + + align:start position:0% +two different radiuses how do you +account for that alright so so this + + align:start position:0% +account for that alright so so this + + + align:start position:0% +account for that alright so so this +derivation we actually did for a sphere + + align:start position:0% +derivation we actually did for a sphere + + + align:start position:0% +derivation we actually did for a sphere +so the radius here is the radius of the + + align:start position:0% +so the radius here is the radius of the + + + align:start position:0% +so the radius here is the radius of the +spherical interface and a very similar + + align:start position:0% +spherical interface and a very similar + + + align:start position:0% +spherical interface and a very similar +relationship would hold if instead of a + + align:start position:0% +relationship would hold if instead of a + + + align:start position:0% +relationship would hold if instead of a +sphere you had another avoid another + + align:start position:0% +sphere you had another avoid another + + + align:start position:0% +sphere you had another avoid another +surface of revolution which would be + + align:start position:0% +surface of revolution which would be + + + align:start position:0% +surface of revolution which would be +symmetric around the axis over here okay + + align:start position:0% +symmetric around the axis over here okay + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric around the axis over here okay +so for example if I put a parabola + + align:start position:0% +so for example if I put a parabola + + + align:start position:0% +so for example if I put a parabola +imagine the parabolic Bowl where this is + + align:start position:0% +imagine the parabolic Bowl where this is + + + align:start position:0% +imagine the parabolic Bowl where this is +the cross-section of the parabola okay + + align:start position:0% +the cross-section of the parabola okay + + + align:start position:0% +the cross-section of the parabola okay +but then if you spin it around this axis + + align:start position:0% +but then if you spin it around this axis + + + align:start position:0% +but then if you spin it around this axis +it remains the same this is called the + + align:start position:0% +it remains the same this is called the + + + align:start position:0% +it remains the same this is called the +paraboloid of revolution this is + + align:start position:0% +paraboloid of revolution this is + + + align:start position:0% +paraboloid of revolution this is +actually I believe this was a homework + + align:start position:0% +actually I believe this was a homework + + + align:start position:0% +actually I believe this was a homework +or actually we will do it a little bit + + align:start position:0% +or actually we will do it a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +or actually we will do it a little bit +later today we'll discover that a very + + align:start position:0% +later today we'll discover that a very + + + align:start position:0% +later today we'll discover that a very +similar actually the same equation holds + + align:start position:0% +similar actually the same equation holds + + + align:start position:0% +similar actually the same equation holds +except in that case R is not a radius of + + align:start position:0% +except in that case R is not a radius of + + + align:start position:0% +except in that case R is not a radius of +the parabola the parabola does not have + + align:start position:0% +the parabola the parabola does not have + + + align:start position:0% +the parabola the parabola does not have +a radius but it does have a curvature + + align:start position:0% +a radius but it does have a curvature + + + align:start position:0% +a radius but it does have a curvature +near the axis okay so the curvature of + + align:start position:0% +near the axis okay so the curvature of + + + align:start position:0% +near the axis okay so the curvature of +the parabola actually the inverse of the + + align:start position:0% +the parabola actually the inverse of the + + + align:start position:0% +the parabola actually the inverse of the +curvature is the radius of curvature is + + align:start position:0% +curvature is the radius of curvature is + + + align:start position:0% +curvature is the radius of curvature is +what enters this equation + + align:start position:0% +what enters this equation + + + align:start position:0% +what enters this equation +now we discussed an ellipsoid and the + + align:start position:0% +now we discussed an ellipsoid and the + + + align:start position:0% +now we discussed an ellipsoid and the +uri to that the ellipsoid has two axis + + align:start position:0% +uri to that the ellipsoid has two axis + + + align:start position:0% +uri to that the ellipsoid has two axis +but the ellipsoid that will solve the + + align:start position:0% +but the ellipsoid that will solve the + + + align:start position:0% +but the ellipsoid that will solve the +two axes are oriented in a different way + + align:start position:0% +two axes are oriented in a different way + + + align:start position:0% +two axes are oriented in a different way +so an ellipsoid the two saw we had react + + align:start position:0% +so an ellipsoid the two saw we had react + + + align:start position:0% +so an ellipsoid the two saw we had react +so propagation Z then you have one of + + align:start position:0% +so propagation Z then you have one of + + + align:start position:0% +so propagation Z then you have one of +the lateral axis X and we saw that the + + align:start position:0% +the lateral axis X and we saw that the + + + align:start position:0% +the lateral axis X and we saw that the +perfect focus in element the perfect + + align:start position:0% +perfect focus in element the perfect + + + align:start position:0% +perfect focus in element the perfect +focus in refractive element is an + + align:start position:0% +focus in refractive element is an + + + align:start position:0% +focus in refractive element is an +ellipsoid that looks like this so of + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid that looks like this so of + + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid that looks like this so of +course this is a major and minor axis + + align:start position:0% +course this is a major and minor axis + + + align:start position:0% +course this is a major and minor axis +but you can see that the ellipsoid is + + align:start position:0% +but you can see that the ellipsoid is + + + align:start position:0% +but you can see that the ellipsoid is +still symmetric with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +still symmetric with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +still symmetric with respect to the +optical axis so in other words it is + + align:start position:0% +optical axis so in other words it is + + + align:start position:0% +optical axis so in other words it is +still an ellipsoid of revolution around + + align:start position:0% +still an ellipsoid of revolution around + + + align:start position:0% +still an ellipsoid of revolution around +the z axis so I don't have to worry + + align:start position:0% +the z axis so I don't have to worry + + + align:start position:0% +the z axis so I don't have to worry +about two radii of curvature now but it + + align:start position:0% +about two radii of curvature now but it + + + align:start position:0% +about two radii of curvature now but it +is still a valid question what you are + + align:start position:0% +is still a valid question what you are + + + align:start position:0% +is still a valid question what you are +asking what if I did away if what if I + + align:start position:0% +asking what if I did away if what if I + + + align:start position:0% +asking what if I did away if what if I +do put a surface there with two radii of + + align:start position:0% +do put a surface there with two radii of + + + align:start position:0% +do put a surface there with two radii of +curvature well it comes out you will + + align:start position:0% +curvature well it comes out you will + + + align:start position:0% +curvature well it comes out you will +seldom this see this in books except by + + align:start position:0% +seldom this see this in books except by + + + align:start position:0% +seldom this see this in books except by +basic but I don't think I've ever seen + + align:start position:0% +basic but I don't think I've ever seen + + + align:start position:0% +basic but I don't think I've ever seen +it in a book but but you can reconstruct + + align:start position:0% +it in a book but but you can reconstruct + + + align:start position:0% +it in a book but but you can reconstruct +what you should do right this is + + align:start position:0% +what you should do right this is + + + align:start position:0% +what you should do right this is +slightly incomplete because I'm only + + align:start position:0% +slightly incomplete because I'm only + + + align:start position:0% +slightly incomplete because I'm only +dealing with elevation of the Ray and + + align:start position:0% +dealing with elevation of the Ray and + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with elevation of the Ray and +the angle in a cross-section of the + + align:start position:0% +the angle in a cross-section of the + + + align:start position:0% +the angle in a cross-section of the +plane and that is fine here because I + + align:start position:0% +plane and that is fine here because I + + + align:start position:0% +plane and that is fine here because I +you know it is a revolution force of + + align:start position:0% +you know it is a revolution force of + + + align:start position:0% +you know it is a revolution force of +revolution but if it is not a surface of + + align:start position:0% +revolution but if it is not a surface of + + + align:start position:0% +revolution but if it is not a surface of +revolution then I have to grow this to a + + align:start position:0% +revolution then I have to grow this to a + + + align:start position:0% +revolution then I have to grow this to a +four vector with two angles and to two + + align:start position:0% +four vector with two angles and to two + + + align:start position:0% +four vector with two angles and to two +elevations and then this would become at + + align:start position:0% +elevations and then this would become at + + + align:start position:0% +elevations and then this would become at +four by four matrix and then I would + + align:start position:0% +four by four matrix and then I would + + + align:start position:0% +four by four matrix and then I would +have a different power in each axis + + align:start position:0% +have a different power in each axis + + + align:start position:0% +have a different power in each axis +depending on the Gaussian curvature of + + align:start position:0% +depending on the Gaussian curvature of + + + align:start position:0% +depending on the Gaussian curvature of +the surface in the correspondent + + align:start position:0% +the surface in the correspondent + + + align:start position:0% +the surface in the correspondent +location where their egg hits the axis + + align:start position:0% +location where their egg hits the axis + + + align:start position:0% +location where their egg hits the axis +so you can imagine it will become a very + + align:start position:0% +so you can imagine it will become a very + + + align:start position:0% +so you can imagine it will become a very +complicated kind of situation so + + align:start position:0% +complicated kind of situation so + + + align:start position:0% +complicated kind of situation so +typically we don't deal with this I + + align:start position:0% +typically we don't deal with this I + + + align:start position:0% +typically we don't deal with this I +don't even know if optical elements are + + align:start position:0% +don't even know if optical elements are + + + align:start position:0% +don't even know if optical elements are +designed this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I was using + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can you press the button please oh + + align:start position:0% +can you press the button please oh + + + align:start position:0% +can you press the button please oh +you're gonna hear I'm sorry I pressed it + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna hear I'm sorry I pressed it + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna hear I'm sorry I pressed it +but it didn't seem to do anything okay I + + align:start position:0% +but it didn't seem to do anything okay I + + + align:start position:0% +but it didn't seem to do anything okay I +was you couldn't hear now yes I was just + + align:start position:0% +was you couldn't hear now yes I was just + + + align:start position:0% +was you couldn't hear now yes I was just +I was just saying that I haven't come + + align:start position:0% +I was just saying that I haven't come + + + align:start position:0% +I was just saying that I haven't come +across this for geometrical optics + + align:start position:0% +across this for geometrical optics + + + align:start position:0% +across this for geometrical optics +either but but I have seen it for + + align:start position:0% +either but but I have seen it for + + + align:start position:0% +either but but I have seen it for +diffraction optics in terms of the Vigna + + align:start position:0% +diffraction optics in terms of the Vigna + + + align:start position:0% +diffraction optics in terms of the Vigna +distribution function and what I was + + align:start position:0% +distribution function and what I was + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function and what I was +going to carry on to say though was for + + align:start position:0% +going to carry on to say though was for + + + align:start position:0% +going to carry on to say though was for +the geometric optics case it might be + + align:start position:0% +the geometric optics case it might be + + + align:start position:0% +the geometric optics case it might be +quite interesting because it would allow + + align:start position:0% +quite interesting because it would allow + + + align:start position:0% +quite interesting because it would allow +you to look at the behavior of skew rays + + align:start position:0% +you to look at the behavior of skew rays + + + align:start position:0% +you to look at the behavior of skew rays +right so it might actually give some + + align:start position:0% +right so it might actually give some + + + align:start position:0% +right so it might actually give some +quite interesting information I think + + align:start position:0% +quite interesting information I think + + + align:start position:0% +quite interesting information I think +the story and you could also look at + + align:start position:0% +the story and you could also look at + + + align:start position:0% +the story and you could also look at +things like caustics right you know if + + align:start position:0% +things like caustics right you know if + + + align:start position:0% +things like caustics right you know if +you make the surface non non + + align:start position:0% +you make the surface non non + + + align:start position:0% +you make the surface non non +rotationally symmetric you get new + + align:start position:0% +rotationally symmetric you get new + + + align:start position:0% +rotationally symmetric you get new +different caustics forgivers who got + + align:start position:0% +different caustics forgivers who got + + + align:start position:0% +different caustics forgivers who got +into into a slightly esoteric + + align:start position:0% +into into a slightly esoteric + + + align:start position:0% +into into a slightly esoteric +conversation here but that's a really + + align:start position:0% +conversation here but that's a really + + + align:start position:0% +conversation here but that's a really +good question so so when I end up + + align:start position:0% +good question so so when I end up + + + align:start position:0% +good question so so when I end up +writing a paper about this in a few + + align:start position:0% +writing a paper about this in a few + + + align:start position:0% +writing a paper about this in a few +months + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great any any other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +isn't this problem separable in X&Y + + align:start position:0% +isn't this problem separable in X&Y + + + align:start position:0% +isn't this problem separable in X&Y +actually before I answer that let me + + align:start position:0% +actually before I answer that let me + + + align:start position:0% +actually before I answer that let me +bring up a trivial cache where you might + + align:start position:0% +bring up a trivial cache where you might + + + align:start position:0% +bring up a trivial cache where you might +have this situation that's a cylindrical + + align:start position:0% +have this situation that's a cylindrical + + + align:start position:0% +have this situation that's a cylindrical +lens right the analysis would did is + + align:start position:0% +lens right the analysis would did is + + + align:start position:0% +lens right the analysis would did is +actually valid for two cases one is when + + align:start position:0% +actually valid for two cases one is when + + + align:start position:0% +actually valid for two cases one is when +you have a surface of revolution like a + + align:start position:0% +you have a surface of revolution like a + + + align:start position:0% +you have a surface of revolution like a +sphere that is if you have a cylinder in + + align:start position:0% +sphere that is if you have a cylinder in + + + align:start position:0% +sphere that is if you have a cylinder in +which case everything is invariant in + + align:start position:0% +which case everything is invariant in + + + align:start position:0% +which case everything is invariant in +the out-of-plane direction so those are + + align:start position:0% +the out-of-plane direction so those are + + + align:start position:0% +the out-of-plane direction so those are +sort of a trivial case where you have a + + align:start position:0% +sort of a trivial case where you have a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a trivial case where you have a +radius of curvature in one plane and the + + align:start position:0% +radius of curvature in one plane and the + + + align:start position:0% +radius of curvature in one plane and the +caricature is the reduced is infinite in + + align:start position:0% +caricature is the reduced is infinite in + + + align:start position:0% +caricature is the reduced is infinite in +the other plane that is you have a plane + + align:start position:0% +the other plane that is you have a plane + + + align:start position:0% +the other plane that is you have a plane +a planar surface that's a corner + + align:start position:0% +a planar surface that's a corner + + + align:start position:0% +a planar surface that's a corner +cylindrical lens and of course the + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical lens and of course the + + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical lens and of course the +cylindrical lens does not focus to a + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical lens does not focus to a + + + align:start position:0% +cylindrical lens does not focus to a +point it focuses on a line right it + + align:start position:0% +point it focuses on a line right it + + + align:start position:0% +point it focuses on a line right it +would it would well there is no focus in + + align:start position:0% +would it would well there is no focus in + + + align:start position:0% +would it would well there is no focus in +here but you can imagine to focus on a + + align:start position:0% +here but you can imagine to focus on a + + + align:start position:0% +here but you can imagine to focus on a +line out and so what will the parent + + align:start position:0% +line out and so what will the parent + + + align:start position:0% +line out and so what will the parent +yeah the question was isn't the problem + + align:start position:0% +yeah the question was isn't the problem + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the question was isn't the problem +separable in x and y so we could just + + align:start position:0% +separable in x and y so we could just + + + align:start position:0% +separable in x and y so we could just +extend the matrix in y direction and yes + + align:start position:0% +extend the matrix in y direction and yes + + + align:start position:0% +extend the matrix in y direction and yes +I think that's true either paraxial + + align:start position:0% +I think that's true either paraxial + + + align:start position:0% +I think that's true either paraxial +approximation it is separable yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +approximation it is separable yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +approximation it is separable yeah yeah +but of course if you go off the paraxial + + align:start position:0% +but of course if you go off the paraxial + + + align:start position:0% +but of course if you go off the paraxial +approximation things like screws and so + + align:start position:0% +approximation things like screws and so + + + align:start position:0% +approximation things like screws and so +on then all bets are operated they + + align:start position:0% +on then all bets are operated they + + + align:start position:0% +on then all bets are operated they +become highly coupled so for example + + align:start position:0% +become highly coupled so for example + + + align:start position:0% +become highly coupled so for example +astigmatism is a highly coupled that you + + align:start position:0% +astigmatism is a highly coupled that you + + + align:start position:0% +astigmatism is a highly coupled that you +cannot really trace it with them + + align:start position:0% +cannot really trace it with them + + + align:start position:0% +cannot really trace it with them +astigmatism for those of you who are not + + align:start position:0% +astigmatism for those of you who are not + + + align:start position:0% +astigmatism for those of you who are not +unfortunate enough to have it in your + + align:start position:0% +unfortunate enough to have it in your + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunate enough to have it in your +own eye glass prescription astigmatism + + align:start position:0% +own eye glass prescription astigmatism + + + align:start position:0% +own eye glass prescription astigmatism +is a situation where an optical system + + align:start position:0% +is a situation where an optical system + + + align:start position:0% +is a situation where an optical system +focuses kind of difficult I'll go to it + + align:start position:0% +focuses kind of difficult I'll go to it + + + align:start position:0% +focuses kind of difficult I'll go to it +in next week it's a form of aberration + + align:start position:0% +in next week it's a form of aberration + + + align:start position:0% +in next week it's a form of aberration +where the optical optical system has a + + align:start position:0% +where the optical optical system has a + + + align:start position:0% +where the optical optical system has a +different focusing properties for + + align:start position:0% +different focusing properties for + + + align:start position:0% +different focusing properties for +tangential rays as opposed to the + + align:start position:0% +tangential rays as opposed to the + + + align:start position:0% +tangential rays as opposed to the +sagittal days I don't want to confuse + + align:start position:0% +sagittal days I don't want to confuse + + + align:start position:0% +sagittal days I don't want to confuse +you right now but it is a form of + + align:start position:0% +you right now but it is a form of + + + align:start position:0% +you right now but it is a form of +aberration that has to do with two days + + align:start position:0% +aberration that has to do with two days + + + align:start position:0% +aberration that has to do with two days +that are arriving sort of effects and + + align:start position:0% +that are arriving sort of effects and + + + align:start position:0% +that are arriving sort of effects and +off plane later and it is actually very + + align:start position:0% +off plane later and it is actually very + + + align:start position:0% +off plane later and it is actually very +common in people very often those of us + + align:start position:0% +common in people very often those of us + + + align:start position:0% +common in people very often those of us +who wear does anybody know of you if you + + align:start position:0% +who wear does anybody know of you if you + + + align:start position:0% +who wear does anybody know of you if you +have astigmatism behind you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's right yes it means that his + + align:start position:0% +that's right yes it means that his + + + align:start position:0% +that's right yes it means that his +glasses are not exactly spherical no + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the next step to do so this we did + + align:start position:0% +okay the next step to do so this we did + + + align:start position:0% +okay the next step to do so this we did +I believe it was two weeks ago or so + + align:start position:0% +I believe it was two weeks ago or so + + + align:start position:0% +I believe it was two weeks ago or so +then the next thing that we did is we + + align:start position:0% +then the next thing that we did is we + + + align:start position:0% +then the next thing that we did is we +took this formulation basically oh and + + align:start position:0% +took this formulation basically oh and + + + align:start position:0% +took this formulation basically oh and +before I move on let me just remind you + + align:start position:0% +before I move on let me just remind you + + + align:start position:0% +before I move on let me just remind you +very briefly why we did this this looks + + align:start position:0% +very briefly why we did this this looks + + + align:start position:0% +very briefly why we did this this looks +kind of silly he tells you that if you + + align:start position:0% +kind of silly he tells you that if you + + + align:start position:0% +kind of silly he tells you that if you +have a very proper propagating in free + + align:start position:0% +have a very proper propagating in free + + + align:start position:0% +have a very proper propagating in free +space again you can relate the elevation + + align:start position:0% +space again you can relate the elevation + + + align:start position:0% +space again you can relate the elevation +and unbe to the left of some chunk of + + align:start position:0% +and unbe to the left of some chunk of + + + align:start position:0% +and unbe to the left of some chunk of +free space to the lay elevation and + + align:start position:0% +free space to the lay elevation and + + + align:start position:0% +free space to the lay elevation and +angle to the right of that chunk of free + + align:start position:0% +angle to the right of that chunk of free + + + align:start position:0% +angle to the right of that chunk of free +space once again that looks silly + + align:start position:0% +space once again that looks silly + + + align:start position:0% +space once again that looks silly +because well we know the a propagates on + + align:start position:0% +because well we know the a propagates on + + + align:start position:0% +because well we know the a propagates on +a straight line in free space or in + + align:start position:0% +a straight line in free space or in + + + align:start position:0% +a straight line in free space or in +uniform space because of firma principle + + align:start position:0% +uniform space because of firma principle + + + align:start position:0% +uniform space because of firma principle +and of course what will happen is that + + align:start position:0% +and of course what will happen is that + + + align:start position:0% +and of course what will happen is that +the 11 I mean the angle of propagation + + align:start position:0% +the 11 I mean the angle of propagation + + + align:start position:0% +the 11 I mean the angle of propagation +will remain the same that's what this + + align:start position:0% +will remain the same that's what this + + + align:start position:0% +will remain the same that's what this +law says and also the elevation will + + align:start position:0% +law says and also the elevation will + + + align:start position:0% +law says and also the elevation will +increase by the distance times the + + align:start position:0% +increase by the distance times the + + + align:start position:0% +increase by the distance times the +tangent of the angle of propagation but + + align:start position:0% +tangent of the angle of propagation but + + + align:start position:0% +tangent of the angle of propagation but +of course what is the paraxial + + align:start position:0% +of course what is the paraxial + + + align:start position:0% +of course what is the paraxial +approximation so instead of the tangent + + align:start position:0% +approximation so instead of the tangent + + + align:start position:0% +approximation so instead of the tangent +who put the angle itself so this is what + + align:start position:0% +who put the angle itself so this is what + + + align:start position:0% +who put the angle itself so this is what +this equation says here if you multiply + + align:start position:0% +this equation says here if you multiply + + + align:start position:0% +this equation says here if you multiply +this by this the indices of refraction + + align:start position:0% +this by this the indices of refraction + + + align:start position:0% +this by this the indices of refraction +will drop out and you're left with D the + + align:start position:0% +will drop out and you're left with D the + + + align:start position:0% +will drop out and you're left with D the +distance times alpha okay so it is + + align:start position:0% +distance times alpha okay so it is + + + align:start position:0% +distance times alpha okay so it is +really the the tangent okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +really the the tangent okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +really the the tangent okay so this is +silly but there is we did it is so that + + align:start position:0% +silly but there is we did it is so that + + + align:start position:0% +silly but there is we did it is so that +when with optical systems with a cascade + + align:start position:0% +when with optical systems with a cascade + + + align:start position:0% +when with optical systems with a cascade +of uniformed space then have the + + align:start position:0% +of uniformed space then have the + + + align:start position:0% +of uniformed space then have the +refractive interface and then more + + align:start position:0% +refractive interface and then more + + + align:start position:0% +refractive interface and then more +uniformed space and so on then you can + + align:start position:0% +uniformed space and so on then you can + + + align:start position:0% +uniformed space and so on then you can +basically write write those systems + + align:start position:0% +basically write write those systems + + + align:start position:0% +basically write write those systems +simply by cascading these matrices so + + align:start position:0% +simply by cascading these matrices so + + + align:start position:0% +simply by cascading these matrices so +this is why we did this particular part + + align:start position:0% +this is why we did this particular part + + + align:start position:0% +this is why we did this particular part +but this really doesn't say anything + + align:start position:0% +but this really doesn't say anything + + + align:start position:0% +but this really doesn't say anything +other than rays must propagate in a + + align:start position:0% +other than rays must propagate in a + + + align:start position:0% +other than rays must propagate in a +straight line in uniform refractive + + align:start position:0% +straight line in uniform refractive + + + align:start position:0% +straight line in uniform refractive +index because that is the shortest path + + align:start position:0% +index because that is the shortest path + + + align:start position:0% +index because that is the shortest path +for them to follow and then what we did + + align:start position:0% +for them to follow and then what we did + + + align:start position:0% +for them to follow and then what we did +after we developed this formulation is + + align:start position:0% +after we developed this formulation is + + + align:start position:0% +after we developed this formulation is +we actually put it to practice in the + + align:start position:0% +we actually put it to practice in the + + + align:start position:0% +we actually put it to practice in the +special case of two adjacent spherical + + align:start position:0% +special case of two adjacent spherical + + + align:start position:0% +special case of two adjacent spherical +surfaces + + align:start position:0% +surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces +so typically you have air outside and + + align:start position:0% +so typically you have air outside and + + + align:start position:0% +so typically you have air outside and +between the two surfaces we have glass + + align:start position:0% +between the two surfaces we have glass + + + align:start position:0% +between the two surfaces we have glass +and this kind of element is what we call + + align:start position:0% +and this kind of element is what we call + + + align:start position:0% +and this kind of element is what we call +in everyday language the lens it does + + align:start position:0% +in everyday language the lens it does + + + align:start position:0% +in everyday language the lens it does +not have to be glass for example in the + + align:start position:0% +not have to be glass for example in the + + + align:start position:0% +not have to be glass for example in the +case of our eyes is not glass it is + + align:start position:0% +case of our eyes is not glass it is + + + align:start position:0% +case of our eyes is not glass it is +actually tissue mostly mostly water in + + align:start position:0% +actually tissue mostly mostly water in + + + align:start position:0% +actually tissue mostly mostly water in +fact and but anyway it is higher index + + align:start position:0% +fact and but anyway it is higher index + + + align:start position:0% +fact and but anyway it is higher index +of refraction than the surrounding air + + align:start position:0% +of refraction than the surrounding air + + + align:start position:0% +of refraction than the surrounding air +so it is acting is doing the same job as + + align:start position:0% +so it is acting is doing the same job as + + + align:start position:0% +so it is acting is doing the same job as +a lens and what we did then if you + + align:start position:0% +a lens and what we did then if you + + + align:start position:0% +a lens and what we did then if you +recall a will not do all of it again is + + align:start position:0% +recall a will not do all of it again is + + + align:start position:0% +recall a will not do all of it again is +but what we did is we did the Cascade of + + align:start position:0% +but what we did is we did the Cascade of + + + align:start position:0% +but what we did is we did the Cascade of +the matrices for the two interfaces and + + align:start position:0% +the matrices for the two interfaces and + + + align:start position:0% +the matrices for the two interfaces and +based on this we derived the properties + + align:start position:0% +based on this we derived the properties + + + align:start position:0% +based on this we derived the properties +of this element and what we discovered + + align:start position:0% +of this element and what we discovered + + + align:start position:0% +of this element and what we discovered +is the basic property is that if you + + align:start position:0% +is the basic property is that if you + + + align:start position:0% +is the basic property is that if you +have a right bundle that is arriving + + align:start position:0% +have a right bundle that is arriving + + + align:start position:0% +have a right bundle that is arriving +from infinity therefore this rays are + + align:start position:0% +from infinity therefore this rays are + + + align:start position:0% +from infinity therefore this rays are +parallel this type of optical element + + align:start position:0% +parallel this type of optical element + + + align:start position:0% +parallel this type of optical element +will actually bring them to a focus so + + align:start position:0% +will actually bring them to a focus so + + + align:start position:0% +will actually bring them to a focus so +the Rays after they will propagate a + + align:start position:0% +the Rays after they will propagate a + + + align:start position:0% +the Rays after they will propagate a +certain distance after the element and + + align:start position:0% +certain distance after the element and + + + align:start position:0% +certain distance after the element and +then they will focus to a point and will + + align:start position:0% +then they will focus to a point and will + + + align:start position:0% +then they will focus to a point and will +also derive the other useful quantities + + align:start position:0% +also derive the other useful quantities + + + align:start position:0% +also derive the other useful quantities +we derived the elevation of this point + + align:start position:0% +we derived the elevation of this point + + + align:start position:0% +we derived the elevation of this point +we discover that it is proportional to + + align:start position:0% +we discover that it is proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +we discover that it is proportional to +this focal distance times the angular + + align:start position:0% +this focal distance times the angular + + + align:start position:0% +this focal distance times the angular +propagation and then we saw that these + + align:start position:0% +propagation and then we saw that these + + + align:start position:0% +propagation and then we saw that these +different cases of focusing depending on + + align:start position:0% +different cases of focusing depending on + + + align:start position:0% +different cases of focusing depending on +the nature of the lens namely its + + align:start position:0% +the nature of the lens namely its + + + align:start position:0% +the nature of the lens namely its +optical power so positive lens will + + align:start position:0% +optical power so positive lens will + + + align:start position:0% +optical power so positive lens will +focus the Rays at a finite distance and + + align:start position:0% +focus the Rays at a finite distance and + + + align:start position:0% +focus the Rays at a finite distance and +negative lens will actually cause their + + align:start position:0% +negative lens will actually cause their + + + align:start position:0% +negative lens will actually cause their +eyes to develop so the strictly speaking + + align:start position:0% +eyes to develop so the strictly speaking + + + align:start position:0% +eyes to develop so the strictly speaking +do not focus but if you extend the + + align:start position:0% +do not focus but if you extend the + + + align:start position:0% +do not focus but if you extend the +backwards then they create what is + + align:start position:0% +backwards then they create what is + + + align:start position:0% +backwards then they create what is +called the virtual image and we will see + + align:start position:0% +called the virtual image and we will see + + + align:start position:0% +called the virtual image and we will see +later today what exactly this virtual + + align:start position:0% +later today what exactly this virtual + + + align:start position:0% +later today what exactly this virtual +image means and why it is an extremely + + align:start position:0% +image means and why it is an extremely + + + align:start position:0% +image means and why it is an extremely +useful concept in optical design for now + + align:start position:0% +useful concept in optical design for now + + + align:start position:0% +useful concept in optical design for now +it appears as an oddity what exactly is + + align:start position:0% +it appears as an oddity what exactly is + + + align:start position:0% +it appears as an oddity what exactly is +that why did they move why did they + + align:start position:0% +that why did they move why did they + + + align:start position:0% +that why did they move why did they +trace that is backwards but today + + align:start position:0% +trace that is backwards but today + + + align:start position:0% +trace that is backwards but today +actually you will see why this is useful + + align:start position:0% +actually you will see why this is useful + + + align:start position:0% +actually you will see why this is useful +the main point to take out of here is + + align:start position:0% +the main point to take out of here is + + + align:start position:0% +the main point to take out of here is +that the lens is acting kind of like a + + align:start position:0% +that the lens is acting kind of like a + + + align:start position:0% +that the lens is acting kind of like a +liver so if you have a if you imagine + + align:start position:0% +liver so if you have a if you imagine + + + align:start position:0% +liver so if you have a if you imagine +that you are rotating the angle that the + + align:start position:0% +that you are rotating the angle that the + + + align:start position:0% +that you are rotating the angle that the +Rays are arriving to the left of the + + align:start position:0% +Rays are arriving to the left of the + + + align:start position:0% +Rays are arriving to the left of the +lens then this point is moving linearly + + align:start position:0% +lens then this point is moving linearly + + + align:start position:0% +lens then this point is moving linearly +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +is staying on this plane I deal with + + align:start position:0% +is staying on this plane I deal with + + + align:start position:0% +is staying on this plane I deal with +lists within the paraxial approximation + + align:start position:0% +lists within the paraxial approximation + + + align:start position:0% +lists within the paraxial approximation +it is staying on this plane but it is + + align:start position:0% +it is staying on this plane but it is + + + align:start position:0% +it is staying on this plane but it is +moving so as you rotate this angle you + + align:start position:0% +moving so as you rotate this angle you + + + align:start position:0% +moving so as you rotate this angle you +rotate the angle the elevation changes + + align:start position:0% +rotate the angle the elevation changes + + + align:start position:0% +rotate the angle the elevation changes +and the constant of proportionality in + + align:start position:0% +and the constant of proportionality in + + + align:start position:0% +and the constant of proportionality in +this change is the focal length of the + + align:start position:0% +this change is the focal length of the + + + align:start position:0% +this change is the focal length of the +lens this is a very key point to + + align:start position:0% +lens this is a very key point to + + + align:start position:0% +lens this is a very key point to +remember about lenses and how they + + align:start position:0% +remember about lenses and how they + + + align:start position:0% +remember about lenses and how they +function and the other thing that you + + align:start position:0% +function and the other thing that you + + + align:start position:0% +function and the other thing that you +said is that them it can also work the + + align:start position:0% +said is that them it can also work the + + + align:start position:0% +said is that them it can also work the +other way around if you take this + + align:start position:0% +other way around if you take this + + + align:start position:0% +other way around if you take this +picture the rule is that the Rays always + + align:start position:0% +picture the rule is that the Rays always + + + align:start position:0% +picture the rule is that the Rays always +go from the left to the right it's not a + + align:start position:0% +go from the left to the right it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +go from the left to the right it's not a +rule it is a convention there's no + + align:start position:0% +rule it is a convention there's no + + + align:start position:0% +rule it is a convention there's no +physical law obviously that says that + + align:start position:0% +physical law obviously that says that + + + align:start position:0% +physical law obviously that says that +but so conventionally so but + + align:start position:0% +but so conventionally so but + + + align:start position:0% +but so conventionally so but +nevertheless there is a physical law + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless there is a physical law + + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless there is a physical law +that says that if a light propagates in + + align:start position:0% +that says that if a light propagates in + + + align:start position:0% +that says that if a light propagates in +one direction and then you flip the time + + align:start position:0% +one direction and then you flip the time + + + align:start position:0% +one direction and then you flip the time +backwards that is you reverse the + + align:start position:0% +backwards that is you reverse the + + + align:start position:0% +backwards that is you reverse the +propagation of the light then the + + align:start position:0% +propagation of the light then the + + + align:start position:0% +propagation of the light then the +physical law actually says that the + + align:start position:0% +physical law actually says that the + + + align:start position:0% +physical law actually says that the +propagation should remain invariant that + + align:start position:0% +propagation should remain invariant that + + + align:start position:0% +propagation should remain invariant that +is if I knew that the light propagate in + + align:start position:0% +is if I knew that the light propagate in + + + align:start position:0% +is if I knew that the light propagate in +this way focus's if I turn time + + align:start position:0% +this way focus's if I turn time + + + align:start position:0% +this way focus's if I turn time +backwards like these old movies that you + + align:start position:0% +backwards like these old movies that you + + + align:start position:0% +backwards like these old movies that you +see where they play the movie backwards + + align:start position:0% +see where they play the movie backwards + + + align:start position:0% +see where they play the movie backwards +and you see a person you know moving + + align:start position:0% +and you see a person you know moving + + + align:start position:0% +and you see a person you know moving +towards the back if I did that I would + + align:start position:0% +towards the back if I did that I would + + + align:start position:0% +towards the back if I did that I would +have their eyes going like this okay so + + align:start position:0% +have their eyes going like this okay so + + + align:start position:0% +have their eyes going like this okay so +this is against our convention so that's + + align:start position:0% +this is against our convention so that's + + + align:start position:0% +this is against our convention so that's +why I flipped it here so now again we're + + align:start position:0% +why I flipped it here so now again we're + + + align:start position:0% +why I flipped it here so now again we're +eyes are going from left to right but in + + align:start position:0% +eyes are going from left to right but in + + + align:start position:0% +eyes are going from left to right but in +this case they're going through the + + align:start position:0% +this case they're going through the + + + align:start position:0% +this case they're going through the +focus what is picture is telling us is + + align:start position:0% +focus what is picture is telling us is + + + align:start position:0% +focus what is picture is telling us is +that if you have rise that originated at + + align:start position:0% +that if you have rise that originated at + + + align:start position:0% +that if you have rise that originated at +the point one focal distance behind the + + align:start position:0% +the point one focal distance behind the + + + align:start position:0% +the point one focal distance behind the +lens then this will form an image at + + align:start position:0% +lens then this will form an image at + + + align:start position:0% +lens then this will form an image at +infinity that is the lens will column + + align:start position:0% +infinity that is the lens will column + + + align:start position:0% +infinity that is the lens will column +eight this ray bundle and we'll send the + + align:start position:0% +eight this ray bundle and we'll send the + + + align:start position:0% +eight this ray bundle and we'll send the +Rays out parallel at an angle that obeys + + align:start position:0% +Rays out parallel at an angle that obeys + + + align:start position:0% +Rays out parallel at an angle that obeys +actually if you look at it is the same + + align:start position:0% +actually if you look at it is the same + + + align:start position:0% +actually if you look at it is the same +relationship that was obeyed before with + + align:start position:0% +relationship that was obeyed before with + + + align:start position:0% +relationship that was obeyed before with +an extra minus sign and why did the + + align:start position:0% +an extra minus sign and why did the + + + align:start position:0% +an extra minus sign and why did the +minus sign come about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything symmetric here except for this + + align:start position:0% +anything symmetric here except for this + + + align:start position:0% +anything symmetric here except for this +annoying - and well kind of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +so they're bothering go to some Destin + + align:start position:0% +so they're bothering go to some Destin + + + align:start position:0% +so they're bothering go to some Destin +Java object distance is it maybe not the + + align:start position:0% +Java object distance is it maybe not the + + + align:start position:0% +Java object distance is it maybe not the +distance we have distances and what else + + align:start position:0% +distance we have distances and what else + + + align:start position:0% +distance we have distances and what else +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +the angle is negative the angle that's + + align:start position:0% +the angle is negative the angle that's + + + align:start position:0% +the angle is negative the angle that's +right the only reason of this negative + + align:start position:0% +right the only reason of this negative + + + align:start position:0% +right the only reason of this negative +sign appears there is the sign + + align:start position:0% +sign appears there is the sign + + + align:start position:0% +sign appears there is the sign +convention this argue here we define it + + align:start position:0% +convention this argue here we define it + + + align:start position:0% +convention this argue here we define it +as positive this angle here is the same + + align:start position:0% +as positive this angle here is the same + + + align:start position:0% +as positive this angle here is the same +but that's not how we measure angles who + + align:start position:0% +but that's not how we measure angles who + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not how we measure angles who +always measure angles this way okay so + + align:start position:0% +always measure angles this way okay so + + + align:start position:0% +always measure angles this way okay so +therefore this angle is negative so to + + align:start position:0% +therefore this angle is negative so to + + + align:start position:0% +therefore this angle is negative so to +account for this negative angle a + + align:start position:0% +account for this negative angle a + + + align:start position:0% +account for this negative angle a +negative sign appears over there I have + + align:start position:0% +negative sign appears over there I have + + + align:start position:0% +negative sign appears over there I have +another quick question let's say when + + align:start position:0% +another quick question let's say when + + + align:start position:0% +another quick question let's say when +you have a lens where our left and our + + align:start position:0% +you have a lens where our left and our + + + align:start position:0% +you have a lens where our left and our +right are the same which I believe is + + align:start position:0% +right are the same which I believe is + + + align:start position:0% +right are the same which I believe is +pretty common in optics so from the lens + + align:start position:0% +pretty common in optics so from the lens + + + align:start position:0% +pretty common in optics so from the lens +makers equation you would get that 1 + + align:start position:0% +makers equation you would get that 1 + + + align:start position:0% +makers equation you would get that 1 +over F is equal to 0 no or is that wrong + + align:start position:0% +over F is equal to 0 no or is that wrong + + + align:start position:0% +over F is equal to 0 no or is that wrong +because you get 1 minus the quantity + + align:start position:0% +because you get 1 minus the quantity + + + align:start position:0% +because you get 1 minus the quantity +right that's not true actually if the + + align:start position:0% +right that's not true actually if the + + + align:start position:0% +right that's not true actually if the +edges to the left is equal to that well + + align:start position:0% +edges to the left is equal to that well + + + align:start position:0% +edges to the left is equal to that well +depends how you are is it like this will + + align:start position:0% +depends how you are is it like this will + + + align:start position:0% +depends how you are is it like this will +like this so like this like this yeah + + align:start position:0% +like this so like this like this yeah + + + align:start position:0% +like this so like this like this yeah +sure ok let me give you a hint if it was + + align:start position:0% +sure ok let me give you a hint if it was + + + align:start position:0% +sure ok let me give you a hint if it was +really like this we have 1 and 1 now it + + align:start position:0% +really like this we have 1 and 1 now it + + + align:start position:0% +really like this we have 1 and 1 now it +is the same radius of curvature and that + + align:start position:0% +is the same radius of curvature and that + + + align:start position:0% +is the same radius of curvature and that +would indeed have no power no optical + + align:start position:0% +would indeed have no power no optical + + + align:start position:0% +would indeed have no power no optical +power the focal length would be infinity + + align:start position:0% +power the focal length would be infinity + + + align:start position:0% +power the focal length would be infinity +or the optical power would be zero in + + align:start position:0% +or the optical power would be zero in + + + align:start position:0% +or the optical power would be zero in +this case are the radii of curvature the + + align:start position:0% +this case are the radii of curvature the + + + align:start position:0% +this case are the radii of curvature the +same or no also one's negative ones + + align:start position:0% +same or no also one's negative ones + + + align:start position:0% +same or no also one's negative ones +positive is everything exactly they're + + align:start position:0% +positive is everything exactly they're + + + align:start position:0% +positive is everything exactly they're +not the same they're opposite okay like + + align:start position:0% +not the same they're opposite okay like + + + align:start position:0% +not the same they're opposite okay like +so they may be the same in absolute + + align:start position:0% +so they may be the same in absolute + + + align:start position:0% +so they may be the same in absolute +value but they have opposite signs + + align:start position:0% +value but they have opposite signs + + + align:start position:0% +value but they have opposite signs +therefore in this case you actually get + + align:start position:0% +therefore in this case you actually get + + + align:start position:0% +therefore in this case you actually get +a finite focal length I'm sorry I don't + + align:start position:0% +a finite focal length I'm sorry I don't + + + align:start position:0% +a finite focal length I'm sorry I don't +hear you could see what they do yeah so + + align:start position:0% +hear you could see what they do yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +hear you could see what they do yeah so +so yeah ok + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a very good question I'm very glad + + align:start position:0% +is a very good question I'm very glad + + + align:start position:0% +is a very good question I'm very glad +you asked that we have to be very really + + align:start position:0% +you asked that we have to be very really + + + align:start position:0% +you asked that we have to be very really +careful when we apply these formulas to + + align:start position:0% +careful when we apply these formulas to + + + align:start position:0% +careful when we apply these formulas to +use the proper sign so remember the + + align:start position:0% +use the proper sign so remember the + + + align:start position:0% +use the proper sign so remember the +curvatures by again by the sign + + align:start position:0% +curvatures by again by the sign + + + align:start position:0% +curvatures by again by the sign +convention which I really recommend that + + align:start position:0% +convention which I really recommend that + + + align:start position:0% +convention which I really recommend that +you I don't have it available here but + + align:start position:0% +you I don't have it available here but + + + align:start position:0% +you I don't have it available here but +they really recommend you go back and + + align:start position:0% +they really recommend you go back and + + + align:start position:0% +they really recommend you go back and +studied the convention is that if the + + align:start position:0% +studied the convention is that if the + + + align:start position:0% +studied the convention is that if the +curvature points like this it is convex + + align:start position:0% +curvature points like this it is convex + + + align:start position:0% +curvature points like this it is convex +towards the left then it is called the + + align:start position:0% +towards the left then it is called the + + + align:start position:0% +towards the left then it is called the +positive curvature so that in this case + + align:start position:0% +positive curvature so that in this case + + + align:start position:0% +positive curvature so that in this case +you would like for example you would + + align:start position:0% +you would like for example you would + + + align:start position:0% +you would like for example you would +write our equal sign or maybe it is ten + + align:start position:0% +write our equal sign or maybe it is ten + + + align:start position:0% +write our equal sign or maybe it is ten +centimeters right in this case because + + align:start position:0% +centimeters right in this case because + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters right in this case because +the surface now is concave then you + + align:start position:0% +the surface now is concave then you + + + align:start position:0% +the surface now is concave then you +would say that R equals minus 10 + + align:start position:0% +would say that R equals minus 10 + + + align:start position:0% +would say that R equals minus 10 +centimeters so then the lens makes it + + align:start position:0% +centimeters so then the lens makes it + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters so then the lens makes it +make it a question in this case would + + align:start position:0% +make it a question in this case would + + + align:start position:0% +make it a question in this case would +say let's say N equals one point five + + align:start position:0% +say let's say N equals one point five + + + align:start position:0% +say let's say N equals one point five +for example lens maker would say 1 over + + align:start position:0% +for example lens maker would say 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +for example lens maker would say 1 over +F equals one point five minus one times + + align:start position:0% +F equals one point five minus one times + + + align:start position:0% +F equals one point five minus one times +one over 10 minus 1 over minus ten and + + align:start position:0% +one over 10 minus 1 over minus ten and + + + align:start position:0% +one over 10 minus 1 over minus ten and +this is whatever in I believe it is + + align:start position:0% +this is whatever in I believe it is + + + align:start position:0% +this is whatever in I believe it is +three or something super fun but this is + + align:start position:0% +three or something super fun but this is + + + align:start position:0% +three or something super fun but this is +or this is 150 so it is 0.5 times + + align:start position:0% +or this is 150 so it is 0.5 times + + + align:start position:0% +or this is 150 so it is 0.5 times +one-fifth so it is 1 over 10 so it is + + align:start position:0% +one-fifth so it is 1 over 10 so it is + + + align:start position:0% +one-fifth so it is 1 over 10 so it is +done + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Oh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this was 204 what we'll call the + + align:start position:0% +so this was 204 what we'll call the + + + align:start position:0% +so this was 204 what we'll call the +Finland's where it is thin because we + + align:start position:0% +Finland's where it is thin because we + + + align:start position:0% +Finland's where it is thin because we +assumed that the distance between the + + align:start position:0% +assumed that the distance between the + + + align:start position:0% +assumed that the distance between the +surfaces within the paraxial + + align:start position:0% +surfaces within the paraxial + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces within the paraxial +approximation can be neglected if we + + align:start position:0% +approximation can be neglected if we + + + align:start position:0% +approximation can be neglected if we +cannot do that if we cannot neglect the + + align:start position:0% +cannot do that if we cannot neglect the + + + align:start position:0% +cannot do that if we cannot neglect the +the distance between the two surfaces + + align:start position:0% +the distance between the two surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +the distance between the two surfaces +our product our formulation does not + + align:start position:0% +our product our formulation does not + + + align:start position:0% +our product our formulation does not +abandon us who just get a more + + align:start position:0% +abandon us who just get a more + + + align:start position:0% +abandon us who just get a more +complicated formula and there is really + + align:start position:0% +complicated formula and there is really + + + align:start position:0% +complicated formula and there is really +complicated I'm sorry the reason the + + align:start position:0% +complicated I'm sorry the reason the + + + align:start position:0% +complicated I'm sorry the reason the +formula becomes more complicated is + + align:start position:0% +formula becomes more complicated is + + + align:start position:0% +formula becomes more complicated is +because in if we drop the proximation of + + align:start position:0% +because in if we drop the proximation of + + + align:start position:0% +because in if we drop the proximation of +negligible spacing then the way reflects + + align:start position:0% +negligible spacing then the way reflects + + + align:start position:0% +negligible spacing then the way reflects +twice before exiting it will refract at + + align:start position:0% +twice before exiting it will refract at + + + align:start position:0% +twice before exiting it will refract at +the first interface and the second + + align:start position:0% +the first interface and the second + + + align:start position:0% +the first interface and the second +interface okay we'll get a formula for + + align:start position:0% +interface okay we'll get a formula for + + + align:start position:0% +interface okay we'll get a formula for +this the thick lengths I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +this the thick lengths I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +this the thick lengths I don't want to +go back into that formula it just comes + + align:start position:0% +go back into that formula it just comes + + + align:start position:0% +go back into that formula it just comes +out of the algebra what I really want to + + align:start position:0% +out of the algebra what I really want to + + + align:start position:0% +out of the algebra what I really want to +emphasize in this case is that even + + align:start position:0% +emphasize in this case is that even + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize in this case is that even +though the way reflects EE we can + + align:start position:0% +though the way reflects EE we can + + + align:start position:0% +though the way reflects EE we can +pretend that it only refracted once and + + align:start position:0% +pretend that it only refracted once and + + + align:start position:0% +pretend that it only refracted once and +we can do that by extending the incoming + + align:start position:0% +we can do that by extending the incoming + + + align:start position:0% +we can do that by extending the incoming +ray extending the outgoing ray and then + + align:start position:0% +ray extending the outgoing ray and then + + + align:start position:0% +ray extending the outgoing ray and then +what the plane where they intersect that + + align:start position:0% +what the plane where they intersect that + + + align:start position:0% +what the plane where they intersect that +will that is called the principal plane + + align:start position:0% +will that is called the principal plane + + + align:start position:0% +will that is called the principal plane +actually that is called the second + + align:start position:0% +actually that is called the second + + + align:start position:0% +actually that is called the second +principal plane if I do it for a + + align:start position:0% +principal plane if I do it for a + + + align:start position:0% +principal plane if I do it for a +incoming ray bundle that is imaged at + + align:start position:0% +incoming ray bundle that is imaged at + + + align:start position:0% +incoming ray bundle that is imaged at +infinity then it is the other way around + + align:start position:0% +infinity then it is the other way around + + + align:start position:0% +infinity then it is the other way around +again I can extend the incoming ray the + + align:start position:0% +again I can extend the incoming ray the + + + align:start position:0% +again I can extend the incoming ray the +outgoing array and again get the first + + align:start position:0% +outgoing array and again get the first + + + align:start position:0% +outgoing array and again get the first +base principal plane and the reason we + + align:start position:0% +base principal plane and the reason we + + + align:start position:0% +base principal plane and the reason we +did all this exercise were to discover + + align:start position:0% +did all this exercise were to discover + + + align:start position:0% +did all this exercise were to discover +principal planes and so on is because + + align:start position:0% +principal planes and so on is because + + + align:start position:0% +principal planes and so on is because +this allows us to do write tracing as + + align:start position:0% +this allows us to do write tracing as + + + align:start position:0% +this allows us to do write tracing as +shown over there and no clue in history + + align:start position:0% +shown over there and no clue in history + + + align:start position:0% +shown over there and no clue in history +MA so this microphone has a tendency to + + align:start position:0% +MA so this microphone has a tendency to + + + align:start position:0% +MA so this microphone has a tendency to +fold okay you can still hear me yes okay + + align:start position:0% +fold okay you can still hear me yes okay + + + align:start position:0% +fold okay you can still hear me yes okay +so so so the reason we did this exercise + + align:start position:0% +so so so the reason we did this exercise + + + align:start position:0% +so so so the reason we did this exercise +of effective focal lengths and so on is + + align:start position:0% +of effective focal lengths and so on is + + + align:start position:0% +of effective focal lengths and so on is +because you can play the following trick + + align:start position:0% +because you can play the following trick + + + align:start position:0% +because you can play the following trick +I can give you an optical system with a + + align:start position:0% +I can give you an optical system with a + + + align:start position:0% +I can give you an optical system with a +bunch of lenses I don't know whatever + + align:start position:0% +bunch of lenses I don't know whatever + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of lenses I don't know whatever +very complicated and I'm asking you to + + align:start position:0% +very complicated and I'm asking you to + + + align:start position:0% +very complicated and I'm asking you to +find the imaging condition here's an + + align:start position:0% +find the imaging condition here's an + + + align:start position:0% +find the imaging condition here's an +object and I'm asking you where is the + + align:start position:0% +object and I'm asking you where is the + + + align:start position:0% +object and I'm asking you where is the +image what is the magnification lateral + + align:start position:0% +image what is the magnification lateral + + + align:start position:0% +image what is the magnification lateral +angular and so on this formulation of + + align:start position:0% +angular and so on this formulation of + + + align:start position:0% +angular and so on this formulation of +principle planes it applies it applies + + align:start position:0% +principle planes it applies it applies + + + align:start position:0% +principle planes it applies it applies +as we discussed not only on a thick + + align:start position:0% +as we discussed not only on a thick + + + align:start position:0% +as we discussed not only on a thick +lines but in general in any compound + + align:start position:0% +lines but in general in any compound + + + align:start position:0% +lines but in general in any compound +optical system that contains multiple + + align:start position:0% +optical system that contains multiple + + + align:start position:0% +optical system that contains multiple +elements like this one and in order to + + align:start position:0% +elements like this one and in order to + + + align:start position:0% +elements like this one and in order to +utilize it what you do is you throw out + + align:start position:0% +utilize it what you do is you throw out + + + align:start position:0% +utilize it what you do is you throw out +so to speak all this entire system and + + align:start position:0% +so to speak all this entire system and + + + align:start position:0% +so to speak all this entire system and +you replace it with its principal planes + + align:start position:0% +you replace it with its principal planes + + + align:start position:0% +you replace it with its principal planes +so here is let's say that the principal + + align:start position:0% +so here is let's say that the principal + + + align:start position:0% +so here is let's say that the principal +planes are like this here's the first + + align:start position:0% +planes are like this here's the first + + + align:start position:0% +planes are like this here's the first +principal plane the second principal + + align:start position:0% +principal plane the second principal + + + align:start position:0% +principal plane the second principal +plane and now I can do the imaging + + align:start position:0% +plane and now I can do the imaging + + + align:start position:0% +plane and now I can do the imaging +business very simply here's my object if + + align:start position:0% +business very simply here's my object if + + + align:start position:0% +business very simply here's my object if +I take an a that goes horizontal from + + align:start position:0% +I take an a that goes horizontal from + + + align:start position:0% +I take an a that goes horizontal from +the object okay this way it is as if it + + align:start position:0% +the object okay this way it is as if it + + + align:start position:0% +the object okay this way it is as if it +came from infinity right so therefore + + align:start position:0% +came from infinity right so therefore + + + align:start position:0% +came from infinity right so therefore +this way will go to the second principal + + align:start position:0% +this way will go to the second principal + + + align:start position:0% +this way will go to the second principal +plane it will Bend and will meet the + + align:start position:0% +plane it will Bend and will meet the + + + align:start position:0% +plane it will Bend and will meet the +axis one effect we focal length to the + + align:start position:0% +axis one effect we focal length to the + + + align:start position:0% +axis one effect we focal length to the +right of the second principal plane + + align:start position:0% +right of the second principal plane + + + align:start position:0% +right of the second principal plane +right then I can take another ray which + + align:start position:0% +right then I can take another ray which + + + align:start position:0% +right then I can take another ray which +goes through the first focal point that + + align:start position:0% +goes through the first focal point that + + + align:start position:0% +goes through the first focal point that +goes one focal length to there I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +goes one focal length to there I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +goes one focal length to there I'm sorry +let's head to the left before I should + + align:start position:0% +let's head to the left before I should + + + align:start position:0% +let's head to the left before I should +you said to there let me repeat so this + + align:start position:0% +you said to there let me repeat so this + + + align:start position:0% +you said to there let me repeat so this +ray will go will hit the optical axis + + align:start position:0% +ray will go will hit the optical axis + + + align:start position:0% +ray will go will hit the optical axis +one focal distance to the right of the + + align:start position:0% +one focal distance to the right of the + + + align:start position:0% +one focal distance to the right of the +second principal plane I said + + align:start position:0% +second principal plane I said + + + align:start position:0% +second principal plane I said +the wrongs in the court anyway to the + + align:start position:0% +the wrongs in the court anyway to the + + + align:start position:0% +the wrongs in the court anyway to the +right okay now let me take a day that + + align:start position:0% +right okay now let me take a day that + + + align:start position:0% +right okay now let me take a day that +goes through the focal point one focal + + align:start position:0% +goes through the focal point one focal + + + align:start position:0% +goes through the focal point one focal +distance to the left of the sack of the + + align:start position:0% +distance to the left of the sack of the + + + align:start position:0% +distance to the left of the sack of the +first principal plane okay we'll run out + + align:start position:0% +first principal plane okay we'll run out + + + align:start position:0% +first principal plane okay we'll run out +of space here but that's okay + + align:start position:0% +of space here but that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +of space here but that's okay +this way we'll have to hit the first + + align:start position:0% +this way we'll have to hit the first + + + align:start position:0% +this way we'll have to hit the first +principal plane and then turn horizontal + + align:start position:0% +principal plane and then turn horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +principal plane and then turn horizontal +because this is equivalent to a point + + align:start position:0% +because this is equivalent to a point + + + align:start position:0% +because this is equivalent to a point +source one focal distance to the left of + + align:start position:0% +source one focal distance to the left of + + + align:start position:0% +source one focal distance to the left of +the lens that would be image at infinity + + align:start position:0% +the lens that would be image at infinity + + + align:start position:0% +the lens that would be image at infinity +so therefore this lay must come out + + align:start position:0% +so therefore this lay must come out + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore this lay must come out +horizontal and where this layer is made + + align:start position:0% +horizontal and where this layer is made + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal and where this layer is made +is actually where my image is located + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this construction is very useful and + + align:start position:0% +this construction is very useful and + + + align:start position:0% +this construction is very useful and +very basic and fundamental and that's + + align:start position:0% +very basic and fundamental and that's + + + align:start position:0% +very basic and fundamental and that's +why the principal the principal planes + + align:start position:0% +why the principal the principal planes + + + align:start position:0% +why the principal the principal planes +are important now let's try this any + + align:start position:0% +are important now let's try this any + + + align:start position:0% +are important now let's try this any +questions about this since we since we + + align:start position:0% +questions about this since we since we + + + align:start position:0% +questions about this since we since we +have principal planes for the system are + + align:start position:0% +have principal planes for the system are + + + align:start position:0% +have principal planes for the system are +we going to substitute this system bias + + align:start position:0% +we going to substitute this system bias + + + align:start position:0% +we going to substitute this system bias +by a matrix which is for single lens + + align:start position:0% +by a matrix which is for single lens + + + align:start position:0% +by a matrix which is for single lens +like 1 minus 1 over F 0 but that's not + + align:start position:0% +like 1 minus 1 over F 0 but that's not + + + align:start position:0% +like 1 minus 1 over F 0 but that's not +going to be possible because the single + + align:start position:0% +going to be possible because the single + + + align:start position:0% +going to be possible because the single +lens doesn't change the angle but the + + align:start position:0% +lens doesn't change the angle but the + + + align:start position:0% +lens doesn't change the angle but the +system can can change the position and + + align:start position:0% +system can can change the position and + + + align:start position:0% +system can can change the position and +angle booth yeah the system is not + + align:start position:0% +angle booth yeah the system is not + + + align:start position:0% +angle booth yeah the system is not +equivalent to a thin lens it's a little + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to a thin lens it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to a thin lens it's a little +bit weird is equivalent you can think of + + align:start position:0% +bit weird is equivalent you can think of + + + align:start position:0% +bit weird is equivalent you can think of +it as having two thin lenses one of them + + align:start position:0% +it as having two thin lenses one of them + + + align:start position:0% +it as having two thin lenses one of them +is operating for this way right this is + + align:start position:0% +is operating for this way right this is + + + align:start position:0% +is operating for this way right this is +like a thin lens but for this way this + + align:start position:0% +like a thin lens but for this way this + + + align:start position:0% +like a thin lens but for this way this +is like a thin lens but for this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this will bit confusing to think of it + + align:start position:0% +this will bit confusing to think of it + + + align:start position:0% +this will bit confusing to think of it +like that right so sure would rather not + + align:start position:0% +like that right so sure would rather not + + + align:start position:0% +like that right so sure would rather not +yeah not go there yeah yeah but if you + + align:start position:0% +yeah not go there yeah yeah but if you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah not go there yeah yeah but if you +look at the matrix of the system it is + + align:start position:0% +look at the matrix of the system it is + + + align:start position:0% +look at the matrix of the system it is +not a matter within lunch of course not + + align:start position:0% +not a matter within lunch of course not + + + align:start position:0% +not a matter within lunch of course not +yet yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay that was actually my question so + + align:start position:0% +okay that was actually my question so + + + align:start position:0% +okay that was actually my question so +he's asking what if the focal length is + + align:start position:0% +he's asking what if the focal length is + + + align:start position:0% +he's asking what if the focal length is +negative how would you do that is what + + align:start position:0% +negative how would you do that is what + + + align:start position:0% +negative how would you do that is what +you're asking right yeah so that was + + align:start position:0% +you're asking right yeah so that was + + + align:start position:0% +you're asking right yeah so that was +actually by the next thing you're going + + align:start position:0% +actually by the next thing you're going + + + align:start position:0% +actually by the next thing you're going +to do also here so let's take this out + + align:start position:0% +to do also here so let's take this out + + + align:start position:0% +to do also here so let's take this out +of the way take this out of the way too + + align:start position:0% +of the way take this out of the way too + + + align:start position:0% +of the way take this out of the way too +because the market lake the market lick + + align:start position:0% +because the market lake the market lick + + + align:start position:0% +because the market lake the market lick +kill - okay + + align:start position:0% +kill - okay + + + align:start position:0% +kill - okay +we're wasting too much paper okay so + + align:start position:0% +we're wasting too much paper okay so + + + align:start position:0% +we're wasting too much paper okay so +let's do the same game now but now let's + + align:start position:0% +let's do the same game now but now let's + + + align:start position:0% +let's do the same game now but now let's +say that the focal length is negative so + + align:start position:0% +say that the focal length is negative so + + + align:start position:0% +say that the focal length is negative so +here is here's an object + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and here the two principal planes that + + align:start position:0% +and here the two principal planes that + + + align:start position:0% +and here the two principal planes that +let's say this is the first principal + + align:start position:0% +let's say this is the first principal + + + align:start position:0% +let's say this is the first principal +plane + + align:start position:0% +plane + + + align:start position:0% +plane +the second principle plane how did i + + align:start position:0% +the second principle plane how did i + + + align:start position:0% +the second principle plane how did i +trace in this case where I have a + + align:start position:0% +trace in this case where I have a + + + align:start position:0% +trace in this case where I have a +negative focal length the someone want + + align:start position:0% +negative focal length the someone want + + + align:start position:0% +negative focal length the someone want +to help me trace it but you first + + align:start position:0% +to help me trace it but you first + + + align:start position:0% +to help me trace it but you first +propagate to second principally in again + + align:start position:0% +propagate to second principally in again + + + align:start position:0% +propagate to second principally in again +understanding the horizontal ray to the + + align:start position:0% +understanding the horizontal ray to the + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the horizontal ray to the +second principal plane + + align:start position:0% +second principal plane + + + align:start position:0% +second principal plane +now what come back and I in the sense + + align:start position:0% +now what come back and I in the sense + + + align:start position:0% +now what come back and I in the sense +that you the the read diverges RJ from + + align:start position:0% +that you the the read diverges RJ from + + + align:start position:0% +that you the the read diverges RJ from +the first plane but you left to go + + align:start position:0% +the first plane but you left to go + + + align:start position:0% +the first plane but you left to go +well my eyes are not very good they say + + align:start position:0% +well my eyes are not very good they say + + + align:start position:0% +well my eyes are not very good they say +that he yeah this is the formal point + + align:start position:0% +that he yeah this is the formal point + + + align:start position:0% +that he yeah this is the formal point +there yeah so two level diverge in this + + align:start position:0% +there yeah so two level diverge in this + + + align:start position:0% +there yeah so two level diverge in this +fashion right yeah yeah what about the + + align:start position:0% +fashion right yeah yeah what about the + + + align:start position:0% +fashion right yeah yeah what about the +other one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does the mother where is the first focal + + align:start position:0% +does the mother where is the first focal + + + align:start position:0% +does the mother where is the first focal +point they cannot hear you well probably + + align:start position:0% +point they cannot hear you well probably + + + align:start position:0% +point they cannot hear you well probably +we should take rays from the object to + + align:start position:0% +we should take rays from the object to + + + align:start position:0% +we should take rays from the object to +the first focal point there's a back + + align:start position:0% +the first focal point there's a back + + + align:start position:0% +the first focal point there's a back +focal point so what is that that's on + + align:start position:0% +focal point so what is that that's on + + + align:start position:0% +focal point so what is that that's on +the right side of the first principal + + align:start position:0% +the right side of the first principal + + + align:start position:0% +the right side of the first principal +plane should be somewhere on here and at + + align:start position:0% +plane should be somewhere on here and at + + + align:start position:0% +plane should be somewhere on here and at +the point where they intersect you make + + align:start position:0% +the point where they intersect you make + + + align:start position:0% +the point where they intersect you make +it parallel so this is minus F this is + + align:start position:0% +it parallel so this is minus F this is + + + align:start position:0% +it parallel so this is minus F this is +minus F right here + + align:start position:0% +minus F right here + + + align:start position:0% +minus F right here +the do this is okay so then what do I do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the point there the rib meets the first + + align:start position:0% +the point there the rib meets the first + + + align:start position:0% +the point there the rib meets the first +transfer plane we make it parallel to + + align:start position:0% +transfer plane we make it parallel to + + + align:start position:0% +transfer plane we make it parallel to +the optical that's right + + align:start position:0% +the optical that's right + + + align:start position:0% +the optical that's right +so what I have to do is first of all I + + align:start position:0% +so what I have to do is first of all I + + + align:start position:0% +so what I have to do is first of all I +draw a dashed line that goes to this + + align:start position:0% +draw a dashed line that goes to this + + + align:start position:0% +draw a dashed line that goes to this +point okay this tells me which way this + + align:start position:0% +point okay this tells me which way this + + + align:start position:0% +point okay this tells me which way this +should be pointed this will have to go + + align:start position:0% +should be pointed this will have to go + + + align:start position:0% +should be pointed this will have to go +all the way here the other side and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where is the image + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the image is actually where these rays + + align:start position:0% +the image is actually where these rays + + + align:start position:0% +the image is actually where these rays +are supposed to meet right they never + + align:start position:0% +are supposed to meet right they never + + + align:start position:0% +are supposed to meet right they never +quite meet but I have to extend one of + + align:start position:0% +quite meet but I have to extend one of + + + align:start position:0% +quite meet but I have to extend one of +them backwards so they would actually + + align:start position:0% +them backwards so they would actually + + + align:start position:0% +them backwards so they would actually +meet here and notice the significant + + align:start position:0% +meet here and notice the significant + + + align:start position:0% +meet here and notice the significant +difference that here the image is erect + + align:start position:0% +difference that here the image is erect + + + align:start position:0% +difference that here the image is erect +it is upside which is customary for + + align:start position:0% +it is upside which is customary for + + + align:start position:0% +it is upside which is customary for +virtual images whereas in this case the + + align:start position:0% +virtual images whereas in this case the + + + align:start position:0% +virtual images whereas in this case the +image if you recall the image quite + + align:start position:0% +image if you recall the image quite + + + align:start position:0% +image if you recall the image quite +clearly was inverted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it is it is really the same approach + + align:start position:0% +so it is it is really the same approach + + + align:start position:0% +so it is it is really the same approach +haven't changed anything but the only + + align:start position:0% +haven't changed anything but the only + + + align:start position:0% +haven't changed anything but the only +thing you have to do really is be + + align:start position:0% +thing you have to do really is be + + + align:start position:0% +thing you have to do really is be +careful with the signs who is to the + + align:start position:0% +careful with the signs who is to the + + + align:start position:0% +careful with the signs who is to the +left of whom they work who keep track of + + align:start position:0% +left of whom they work who keep track of + + + align:start position:0% +left of whom they work who keep track of +that and we don't lose our head is by + + align:start position:0% +that and we don't lose our head is by + + + align:start position:0% +that and we don't lose our head is by +faithfully following the sign + + align:start position:0% +faithfully following the sign + + + align:start position:0% +faithfully following the sign +conventions so the definition is that + + align:start position:0% +conventions so the definition is that + + + align:start position:0% +conventions so the definition is that +the positive focal length would be to + + align:start position:0% +the positive focal length would be to + + + align:start position:0% +the positive focal length would be to +the right of the second principal plane + + align:start position:0% +the right of the second principal plane + + + align:start position:0% +the right of the second principal plane +okay fine if I'm given a negative focal + + align:start position:0% +okay fine if I'm given a negative focal + + + align:start position:0% +okay fine if I'm given a negative focal +length that means that I should go to + + align:start position:0% +length that means that I should go to + + + align:start position:0% +length that means that I should go to +the left over the second principal plane + + align:start position:0% +the left over the second principal plane + + + align:start position:0% +the left over the second principal plane +and so on and so forth it that's the + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth it that's the + + + align:start position:0% +and so on and so forth it that's the +that's the principal what about this + + align:start position:0% +that's the principal what about this + + + align:start position:0% +that's the principal what about this +case can add this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of course again in front of the homework + + align:start position:0% +of course again in front of the homework + + + align:start position:0% +of course again in front of the homework +you will see a system that has that + + align:start position:0% +you will see a system that has that + + + align:start position:0% +you will see a system that has that +property + + align:start position:0% +property + + + align:start position:0% +property +the second principle plane is to the + + align:start position:0% +the second principle plane is to the + + + align:start position:0% +the second principle plane is to the +left of the first principle plane + + align:start position:0% +left of the first principle plane + + + align:start position:0% +left of the first principle plane +there's no rule or law against that what + + align:start position:0% +there's no rule or law against that what + + + align:start position:0% +there's no rule or law against that what +we do nothing changed really can still + + align:start position:0% +we do nothing changed really can still + + + align:start position:0% +we do nothing changed really can still +do my rate ration as before if I were to + + align:start position:0% +do my rate ration as before if I were to + + + align:start position:0% +do my rate ration as before if I were to +do my rotation here well I would go up + + align:start position:0% +do my rotation here well I would go up + + + align:start position:0% +do my rotation here well I would go up +to the second principle plane I would + + align:start position:0% +to the second principle plane I would + + + align:start position:0% +to the second principle plane I would +shift the rate down let's say this is + + align:start position:0% +shift the rate down let's say this is + + + align:start position:0% +shift the rate down let's say this is +one focal distance and then now let me + + align:start position:0% +one focal distance and then now let me + + + align:start position:0% +one focal distance and then now let me +do the other one correctly so this is + + align:start position:0% +do the other one correctly so this is + + + align:start position:0% +do the other one correctly so this is +the first principle plane so to go from + + align:start position:0% +the first principle plane so to go from + + + align:start position:0% +the first principle plane so to go from +here something like that okay that + + align:start position:0% +here something like that okay that + + + align:start position:0% +here something like that okay that +produce the ridiculously over here I did + + align:start position:0% +produce the ridiculously over here I did + + + align:start position:0% +produce the ridiculously over here I did +something wrong here so they must ended + + align:start position:0% +something wrong here so they must ended + + + align:start position:0% +something wrong here so they must ended +up very close to the principal plane but + + align:start position:0% +up very close to the principal plane but + + + align:start position:0% +up very close to the principal plane but +this is how you would they trace the + + align:start position:0% +this is how you would they trace the + + + align:start position:0% +this is how you would they trace the +system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions about the stuff I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +any questions about the stuff I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about the stuff I'm doing +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when you're given an optical system + + align:start position:0% +so when you're given an optical system + + + align:start position:0% +so when you're given an optical system +it's a little bit of a judgement call + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit of a judgement call + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit of a judgement call +you have a happen some message flashed + + align:start position:0% +you have a happen some message flashed + + + align:start position:0% +you have a happen some message flashed +something got disconnected are you still + + align:start position:0% +something got disconnected are you still + + + align:start position:0% +something got disconnected are you still +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +yep okay so when you're an optical + + align:start position:0% +yep okay so when you're an optical + + + align:start position:0% +yep okay so when you're an optical +system there is three ways you can + + align:start position:0% +system there is three ways you can + + + align:start position:0% +system there is three ways you can +analyze it + + align:start position:0% +analyze it + + + align:start position:0% +analyze it +one is you can just blindly write down + + align:start position:0% +one is you can just blindly write down + + + align:start position:0% +one is you can just blindly write down +the Cascade of matrices figure out the + + align:start position:0% +the Cascade of matrices figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +the Cascade of matrices figure out the +income in and out or in outgoing angles + + align:start position:0% +income in and out or in outgoing angles + + + align:start position:0% +income in and out or in outgoing angles +and then try to solve it this way the + + align:start position:0% +and then try to solve it this way the + + + align:start position:0% +and then try to solve it this way the +second way is you find the principle + + align:start position:0% +second way is you find the principle + + + align:start position:0% +second way is you find the principle +planes and then you apply one of these + + align:start position:0% +planes and then you apply one of these + + + align:start position:0% +planes and then you apply one of these +techniques that I just did on paper and + + align:start position:0% +techniques that I just did on paper and + + + align:start position:0% +techniques that I just did on paper and +this is another way to analyze it + + align:start position:0% +this is another way to analyze it + + + align:start position:0% +this is another way to analyze it +the third way which is what I think + + align:start position:0% +the third way which is what I think + + + align:start position:0% +the third way which is what I think +Sabac they did the class and it is also + + align:start position:0% +Sabac they did the class and it is also + + + align:start position:0% +Sabac they did the class and it is also +the supplement of your notes is where + + align:start position:0% +the supplement of your notes is where + + + align:start position:0% +the supplement of your notes is where +you take each lens you apply the imaging + + align:start position:0% +you take each lens you apply the imaging + + + align:start position:0% +you take each lens you apply the imaging +condition individually and then move on + + align:start position:0% +condition individually and then move on + + + align:start position:0% +condition individually and then move on +I will not do it again it's in the + + align:start position:0% +I will not do it again it's in the + + + align:start position:0% +I will not do it again it's in the +example in your notes but it's a little + + align:start position:0% +example in your notes but it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +example in your notes but it's a little +bit of a judgment call and sometimes + + align:start position:0% +bit of a judgment call and sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +bit of a judgment call and sometimes +it's a different a matter of preference + + align:start position:0% +it's a different a matter of preference + + + align:start position:0% +it's a different a matter of preference +you know some people they are very good + + align:start position:0% +you know some people they are very good + + + align:start position:0% +you know some people they are very good +with matrices so it is just better in + + align:start position:0% +with matrices so it is just better in + + + align:start position:0% +with matrices so it is just better in +that case to just multiply the matrices + + align:start position:0% +that case to just multiply the matrices + + + align:start position:0% +that case to just multiply the matrices +and get done with it the principle + + align:start position:0% +and get done with it the principle + + + align:start position:0% +and get done with it the principle +planes they give you more intuition so + + align:start position:0% +planes they give you more intuition so + + + align:start position:0% +planes they give you more intuition so +I'm personally not in favor of just + + align:start position:0% +I'm personally not in favor of just + + + align:start position:0% +I'm personally not in favor of just +blindly multiplying matrices that's a + + align:start position:0% +blindly multiplying matrices that's a + + + align:start position:0% +blindly multiplying matrices that's a +little bit mind-numbing and also very + + align:start position:0% +little bit mind-numbing and also very + + + align:start position:0% +little bit mind-numbing and also very +prone to algebraic errors because we're + + align:start position:0% +prone to algebraic errors because we're + + + align:start position:0% +prone to algebraic errors because we're +all human right but these methods of + + align:start position:0% +all human right but these methods of + + + align:start position:0% +all human right but these methods of +principle planes they rebuild a little + + align:start position:0% +principle planes they rebuild a little + + + align:start position:0% +principle planes they rebuild a little +bit less prone to algebraic errors + + align:start position:0% +bit less prone to algebraic errors + + + align:start position:0% +bit less prone to algebraic errors +because with these methods you can + + align:start position:0% +because with these methods you can + + + align:start position:0% +because with these methods you can +actually test your intuition you can see + + align:start position:0% +actually test your intuition you can see + + + align:start position:0% +actually test your intuition you can see +easily whether what you're doing is + + align:start position:0% +easily whether what you're doing is + + + align:start position:0% +easily whether what you're doing is +correct or not what if you do make an + + align:start position:0% +correct or not what if you do make an + + + align:start position:0% +correct or not what if you do make an +algebraic mistake during the matrix + + align:start position:0% +algebraic mistake during the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +algebraic mistake during the matrix +multiplications well it's very difficult + + align:start position:0% +multiplications well it's very difficult + + + align:start position:0% +multiplications well it's very difficult +difficult to to know where it happened + + align:start position:0% +difficult to to know where it happened + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to to know where it happened +and if I confess when I wrote the + + align:start position:0% +and if I confess when I wrote the + + + align:start position:0% +and if I confess when I wrote the +supplement to the node which is I don't + + align:start position:0% +supplement to the node which is I don't + + + align:start position:0% +supplement to the node which is I don't +know if you've had the chance to see it + + align:start position:0% +know if you've had the chance to see it + + + align:start position:0% +know if you've had the chance to see it +but it is the same optical system solved + + align:start position:0% +but it is the same optical system solved + + + align:start position:0% +but it is the same optical system solved +with the three different ways you know + + align:start position:0% +with the three different ways you know + + + align:start position:0% +with the three different ways you know +with first of all with a cascade of + + align:start position:0% +with first of all with a cascade of + + + align:start position:0% +with first of all with a cascade of +lenses then with matrices and then with + + align:start position:0% +lenses then with matrices and then with + + + align:start position:0% +lenses then with matrices and then with +principle planes so I confess that I + + align:start position:0% +principle planes so I confess that I + + + align:start position:0% +principle planes so I confess that I +first did it with a cascade of lenses so + + align:start position:0% +first did it with a cascade of lenses so + + + align:start position:0% +first did it with a cascade of lenses so +I took the first lens i imaged it + + align:start position:0% +I took the first lens i imaged it + + + align:start position:0% +I took the first lens i imaged it +and I used the image of the circle of + + align:start position:0% +and I used the image of the circle of + + + align:start position:0% +and I used the image of the circle of +the first lens as object to the second + + align:start position:0% +the first lens as object to the second + + + align:start position:0% +the first lens as object to the second +lens and Ament again and I found the + + align:start position:0% +lens and Ament again and I found the + + + align:start position:0% +lens and Ament again and I found the +answer + + align:start position:0% +answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer +then I took a plunge I got a big cup of + + align:start position:0% +then I took a plunge I got a big cup of + + + align:start position:0% +then I took a plunge I got a big cup of +coffee I did all the algebra of the + + align:start position:0% +coffee I did all the algebra of the + + + align:start position:0% +coffee I did all the algebra of the +matrices actually got the wrong result + + align:start position:0% +matrices actually got the wrong result + + + align:start position:0% +matrices actually got the wrong result +it was not agreeing with the first + + align:start position:0% +it was not agreeing with the first + + + align:start position:0% +it was not agreeing with the first +result so I went back and did it again + + align:start position:0% +result so I went back and did it again + + + align:start position:0% +result so I went back and did it again +and finally I got the algebra correct + + align:start position:0% +and finally I got the algebra correct + + + align:start position:0% +and finally I got the algebra correct +and I got the two results to agree but + + align:start position:0% +and I got the two results to agree but + + + align:start position:0% +and I got the two results to agree but +for sure the first thing I did it with + + align:start position:0% +for sure the first thing I did it with + + + align:start position:0% +for sure the first thing I did it with +the cascade of lenses was correct then + + align:start position:0% +the cascade of lenses was correct then + + + align:start position:0% +the cascade of lenses was correct then +every time I got a different result with + + align:start position:0% +every time I got a different result with + + + align:start position:0% +every time I got a different result with +the matrices I knew that I was making an + + align:start position:0% +the matrices I knew that I was making an + + + align:start position:0% +the matrices I knew that I was making an +algebraic mistake until I finally got + + align:start position:0% +algebraic mistake until I finally got + + + align:start position:0% +algebraic mistake until I finally got +the matrices to agree with it with the + + align:start position:0% +the matrices to agree with it with the + + + align:start position:0% +the matrices to agree with it with the +actual result and I got it right so + + align:start position:0% +actual result and I got it right so + + + align:start position:0% +actual result and I got it right so +there's no I'm telling you this because + + align:start position:0% +there's no I'm telling you this because + + + align:start position:0% +there's no I'm telling you this because +I've taught this class for 10 years + + align:start position:0% +I've taught this class for 10 years + + + align:start position:0% +I've taught this class for 10 years +believe it or not so every time when we + + align:start position:0% +believe it or not so every time when we + + + align:start position:0% +believe it or not so every time when we +do the quiz number one your colleagues + + align:start position:0% +do the quiz number one your colleagues + + + align:start position:0% +do the quiz number one your colleagues +in the past they all try to solve the + + align:start position:0% +in the past they all try to solve the + + + align:start position:0% +in the past they all try to solve the +problem with matrices because it is easy + + align:start position:0% +problem with matrices because it is easy + + + align:start position:0% +problem with matrices because it is easy +right you know maybe this is a + + align:start position:0% +right you know maybe this is a + + + align:start position:0% +right you know maybe this is a +no-brainer you just multiply and get the + + align:start position:0% +no-brainer you just multiply and get the + + + align:start position:0% +no-brainer you just multiply and get the +result about 70 percent however however + + align:start position:0% +result about 70 percent however however + + + align:start position:0% +result about 70 percent however however +all these years have actually a + + align:start position:0% +all these years have actually a + + + align:start position:0% +all these years have actually a +statistic about 70 percent they get + + align:start position:0% +statistic about 70 percent they get + + + align:start position:0% +statistic about 70 percent they get +stuck into some of the black error and + + align:start position:0% +stuck into some of the black error and + + + align:start position:0% +stuck into some of the black error and +then they cannot for solve the problem + + align:start position:0% +then they cannot for solve the problem + + + align:start position:0% +then they cannot for solve the problem +because the nature of this is if you get + + align:start position:0% +because the nature of this is if you get + + + align:start position:0% +because the nature of this is if you get +the rate racing wrong you cannot do + + align:start position:0% +the rate racing wrong you cannot do + + + align:start position:0% +the rate racing wrong you cannot do +anything you cannot do magnification you + + align:start position:0% +anything you cannot do magnification you + + + align:start position:0% +anything you cannot do magnification you +cannot do whatever so I would only + + align:start position:0% +cannot do whatever so I would only + + + align:start position:0% +cannot do whatever so I would only +recommend the matrices if you are really + + align:start position:0% +recommend the matrices if you are really + + + align:start position:0% +recommend the matrices if you are really +really sharp with algebra otherwise you + + align:start position:0% +really sharp with algebra otherwise you + + + align:start position:0% +really sharp with algebra otherwise you +are better off and actually overall I + + align:start position:0% +are better off and actually overall I + + + align:start position:0% +are better off and actually overall I +think you're better off if you learn the + + align:start position:0% +think you're better off if you learn the + + + align:start position:0% +think you're better off if you learn the +physics which is not what the math + + align:start position:0% +physics which is not what the math + + + align:start position:0% +physics which is not what the math +assist issue the matrices are convenient + + align:start position:0% +assist issue the matrices are convenient + + + align:start position:0% +assist issue the matrices are convenient +for example who derived all these based + + align:start position:0% +for example who derived all these based + + + align:start position:0% +for example who derived all these based +on matrices but after that we should let + + align:start position:0% +on matrices but after that we should let + + + align:start position:0% +on matrices but after that we should let +our intuition take over and not rely + + align:start position:0% +our intuition take over and not rely + + + align:start position:0% +our intuition take over and not rely +just on the math which is actually + + align:start position:0% +just on the math which is actually + + + align:start position:0% +just on the math which is actually +pretty good principle in anything you do + + align:start position:0% +pretty good principle in anything you do + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good principle in anything you do +in engineering but it is especially true + + align:start position:0% +in engineering but it is especially true + + + align:start position:0% +in engineering but it is especially true +here any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hallo question so for the focal answer + + align:start position:0% +hallo question so for the focal answer + + + align:start position:0% +hallo question so for the focal answer +as objective if you retrace the Ray + + align:start position:0% +as objective if you retrace the Ray + + + align:start position:0% +as objective if you retrace the Ray +coming from the object say oh through + + align:start position:0% +coming from the object say oh through + + + align:start position:0% +coming from the object say oh through +the center of the first + + align:start position:0% +the center of the first + + + align:start position:0% +the center of the first +principal plane so this organization is + + align:start position:0% +principal plane so this organization is + + + align:start position:0% +principal plane so this organization is +a center of the principle Glenn you + + align:start position:0% +a center of the principle Glenn you + + + align:start position:0% +a center of the principle Glenn you +trash it to the focal to the focal point + + align:start position:0% +trash it to the focal to the focal point + + + align:start position:0% +trash it to the focal to the focal point +and I mean Grammys so in this case for + + align:start position:0% +and I mean Grammys so in this case for + + + align:start position:0% +and I mean Grammys so in this case for +the local folk audience is the positive + + align:start position:0% +the local folk audience is the positive + + + align:start position:0% +the local folk audience is the positive +so it we have three say crouches + + align:start position:0% +so it we have three say crouches + + + align:start position:0% +so it we have three say crouches +characteristics arrays of for the human + + align:start position:0% +characteristics arrays of for the human + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics arrays of for the human +race ray so OC Rhea OC yes ray yeah so + + align:start position:0% +race ray so OC Rhea OC yes ray yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +race ray so OC Rhea OC yes ray yeah so +for the focal focal lengths that is + + align:start position:0% +for the focal focal lengths that is + + + align:start position:0% +for the focal focal lengths that is +negative can't draw that line so you you + + align:start position:0% +negative can't draw that line so you you + + + align:start position:0% +negative can't draw that line so you you +will find that the intersection of those + + align:start position:0% +will find that the intersection of those + + + align:start position:0% +will find that the intersection of those +rays would not meet the objects you find + + align:start position:0% +rays would not meet the objects you find + + + align:start position:0% +rays would not meet the objects you find +oh it should it should it should if I if + + align:start position:0% +oh it should it should it should if I if + + + align:start position:0% +oh it should it should it should if I if +I had drawn it properly it should if you + + align:start position:0% +I had drawn it properly it should if you + + + align:start position:0% +I had drawn it properly it should if you +drew it this way if you drew this ray + + align:start position:0% +drew it this way if you drew this ray + + + align:start position:0% +drew it this way if you drew this ray +and then you extend this very backwards + + align:start position:0% +and then you extend this very backwards + + + align:start position:0% +and then you extend this very backwards +it should still go through my image + + align:start position:0% +it should still go through my image + + + align:start position:0% +it should still go through my image +point know the student so if you're + + align:start position:0% +point know the student so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +point know the student so if you're +right that they don't need because this + + align:start position:0% +right that they don't need because this + + + align:start position:0% +right that they don't need because this +is a virtual image what does meet is + + align:start position:0% +is a virtual image what does meet is + + + align:start position:0% +is a virtual image what does meet is +their extensions backwards yeah no but + + align:start position:0% +their extensions backwards yeah no but + + + align:start position:0% +their extensions backwards yeah no but +when you draw it but so you see those + + align:start position:0% +when you draw it but so you see those + + + align:start position:0% +when you draw it but so you see those +angle angle relationship so the less + + align:start position:0% +angle angle relationship so the less + + + align:start position:0% +angle angle relationship so the less +because my is not very good if I had + + align:start position:0% +because my is not very good if I had + + + align:start position:0% +because my is not very good if I had +done the drawing properly it should have + + align:start position:0% +done the drawing properly it should have + + + align:start position:0% +done the drawing properly it should have +happened the outward anger is larger + + align:start position:0% +happened the outward anger is larger + + + align:start position:0% +happened the outward anger is larger +than the larger that then the angle + + align:start position:0% +than the larger that then the angle + + + align:start position:0% +than the larger that then the angle +coming going from the ah say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I mean if you if you take a look at the + + align:start position:0% +I mean if you if you take a look at the + + + align:start position:0% +I mean if you if you take a look at the +Django relationship between this one + + align:start position:0% +Django relationship between this one + + + align:start position:0% +Django relationship between this one +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +and one this one and this one and the + + align:start position:0% +and one this one and this one and the + + + align:start position:0% +and one this one and this one and the +the one coming from the object to the + + align:start position:0% +the one coming from the object to the + + + align:start position:0% +the one coming from the object to the +first focal point so this so this angle + + align:start position:0% +first focal point so this so this angle + + + align:start position:0% +first focal point so this so this angle +is that larger than the rate coming + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +larger than than the one from the go to + + align:start position:0% +larger than than the one from the go to + + + align:start position:0% +larger than than the one from the go to +the first focal point which means that + + align:start position:0% +the first focal point which means that + + + align:start position:0% +the first focal point which means that +if you back this is my hand a there's my + + align:start position:0% +if you back this is my hand a there's my + + + align:start position:0% +if you back this is my hand a there's my +handwriting oh I see I see + + align:start position:0% +handwriting oh I see I see + + + align:start position:0% +handwriting oh I see I see +okay so this is how I first get in order + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is how I first get in order + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is how I first get in order +to make them meet I did not make a good + + align:start position:0% +to make them meet I did not make a good + + + align:start position:0% +to make them meet I did not make a good +diagram I'm sorry okay let's see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they are not a very good rafter I'm + + align:start position:0% +they are not a very good rafter I'm + + + align:start position:0% +they are not a very good rafter I'm +sorry the radically draftsman right + + align:start position:0% +sorry the radically draftsman right + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the radically draftsman right +not a very good draftsman okay so I + + align:start position:0% +not a very good draftsman okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +not a very good draftsman okay so I +don't want to dwell on this too much but + + align:start position:0% +don't want to dwell on this too much but + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to dwell on this too much but +this is basically we already discussed + + align:start position:0% +this is basically we already discussed + + + align:start position:0% +this is basically we already discussed +this idea that they're pretty much the + + align:start position:0% +this idea that they're pretty much the + + + align:start position:0% +this idea that they're pretty much the +only case where you form aerial image + + align:start position:0% +only case where you form aerial image + + + align:start position:0% +only case where you form aerial image +that is the Rays actually do meet at the + + align:start position:0% +that is the Rays actually do meet at the + + + align:start position:0% +that is the Rays actually do meet at the +image point is when you have a positive + + align:start position:0% +image point is when you have a positive + + + align:start position:0% +image point is when you have a positive +lens and you place the object to the + + align:start position:0% +lens and you place the object to the + + + align:start position:0% +lens and you place the object to the +left of the front focal point of that + + align:start position:0% +left of the front focal point of that + + + align:start position:0% +left of the front focal point of that +lens that will fall very any element all + + align:start position:0% +lens that will fall very any element all + + + align:start position:0% +lens that will fall very any element all +the other combinations they actually + + align:start position:0% +the other combinations they actually + + + align:start position:0% +the other combinations they actually +form virtual images which means that + + align:start position:0% +form virtual images which means that + + + align:start position:0% +form virtual images which means that +what is coming out of the system is a + + align:start position:0% +what is coming out of the system is a + + + align:start position:0% +what is coming out of the system is a +divergent ray and divergent ray bundle + + align:start position:0% +divergent ray and divergent ray bundle + + + align:start position:0% +divergent ray and divergent ray bundle +therefore they don't really meet but + + align:start position:0% +therefore they don't really meet but + + + align:start position:0% +therefore they don't really meet but +they do meet if you extend them + + align:start position:0% +they do meet if you extend them + + + align:start position:0% +they do meet if you extend them +backwards and this backwards + + align:start position:0% +backwards and this backwards + + + align:start position:0% +backwards and this backwards +intersection is what we'll call the + + align:start position:0% +intersection is what we'll call the + + + align:start position:0% +intersection is what we'll call the +virtual image and you can see these + + align:start position:0% +virtual image and you can see these + + + align:start position:0% +virtual image and you can see these +different cases here sometimes the + + align:start position:0% +different cases here sometimes the + + + align:start position:0% +different cases here sometimes the +magnification is bigger than one + + align:start position:0% +magnification is bigger than one + + + align:start position:0% +magnification is bigger than one +sometimes is less than one this actually + + align:start position:0% +sometimes is less than one this actually + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes is less than one this actually +can never remember every time I have to + + align:start position:0% +can never remember every time I have to + + + align:start position:0% +can never remember every time I have to +derive which is the case but anyway all + + align:start position:0% +derive which is the case but anyway all + + + align:start position:0% +derive which is the case but anyway all +the possibilities can happen except for + + align:start position:0% +the possibilities can happen except for + + + align:start position:0% +the possibilities can happen except for +false for this one where the + + align:start position:0% +false for this one where the + + + align:start position:0% +false for this one where the +magnification is always negative it is + + align:start position:0% +magnification is always negative it is + + + align:start position:0% +magnification is always negative it is +always inverted in the virtual image the + + align:start position:0% +always inverted in the virtual image the + + + align:start position:0% +always inverted in the virtual image the +magnification also don't to say it is + + align:start position:0% +magnification also don't to say it is + + + align:start position:0% +magnification also don't to say it is +always positive it is it is very much is + + align:start position:0% +always positive it is it is very much is + + + align:start position:0% +always positive it is it is very much is +erect okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions about this real and + + align:start position:0% +any questions about this real and + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about this real and +virtual images + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the last thing we wanted to remind + + align:start position:0% +and the last thing we wanted to remind + + + align:start position:0% +and the last thing we wanted to remind +you off is what we did there on Monday + + align:start position:0% +you off is what we did there on Monday + + + align:start position:0% +you off is what we did there on Monday +actually the definitions of Apple tool + + align:start position:0% +actually the definitions of Apple tool + + + align:start position:0% +actually the definitions of Apple tool +stops + + align:start position:0% +stops + + + align:start position:0% +stops +superious windows chief and marginal + + align:start position:0% +superious windows chief and marginal + + + align:start position:0% +superious windows chief and marginal +rays I really don't feel like going + + align:start position:0% +rays I really don't feel like going + + + align:start position:0% +rays I really don't feel like going +through all this of it again they are + + align:start position:0% +through all this of it again they are + + + align:start position:0% +through all this of it again they are +there this is probably very fresh in + + align:start position:0% +there this is probably very fresh in + + + align:start position:0% +there this is probably very fresh in +your mind so are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +your mind so are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +your mind so are there any questions +from - lecture that I can answer about + + align:start position:0% +from - lecture that I can answer about + + + align:start position:0% +from - lecture that I can answer about +this or the term relating applies to the + + align:start position:0% +this or the term relating applies to the + + + align:start position:0% +this or the term relating applies to the +case when the numerical aperture changes + + align:start position:0% +case when the numerical aperture changes + + + align:start position:0% +case when the numerical aperture changes +over the field of view that's right so + + align:start position:0% +over the field of view that's right so + + + align:start position:0% +over the field of view that's right so +to exaggerate it suppose that you have + + align:start position:0% +to exaggerate it suppose that you have + + + align:start position:0% +to exaggerate it suppose that you have +an optical system were on axis you get a + + align:start position:0% +an optical system were on axis you get a + + + align:start position:0% +an optical system were on axis you get a +large acceptance angle but then somehow + + align:start position:0% +large acceptance angle but then somehow + + + align:start position:0% +large acceptance angle but then somehow +and you go after off axis the acceptance + + align:start position:0% +and you go after off axis the acceptance + + + align:start position:0% +and you go after off axis the acceptance +angle becomes very small right so now + + align:start position:0% +angle becomes very small right so now + + + align:start position:0% +angle becomes very small right so now +you compare this with this clearly this + + align:start position:0% +you compare this with this clearly this + + + align:start position:0% +you compare this with this clearly this +is smaller that is Benetton and that + + align:start position:0% +is smaller that is Benetton and that + + + align:start position:0% +is smaller that is Benetton and that +would be would that be independent of + + align:start position:0% +would be would that be independent of + + + align:start position:0% +would be would that be independent of +placing an aperture stop at the focal + + align:start position:0% +placing an aperture stop at the focal + + + align:start position:0% +placing an aperture stop at the focal +plane of the lens what you can say about + + align:start position:0% +plane of the lens what you can say about + + + align:start position:0% +plane of the lens what you can say about +vignetting is that it generally happens + + align:start position:0% +vignetting is that it generally happens + + + align:start position:0% +vignetting is that it generally happens +when you place the Apple to stop in the + + align:start position:0% +when you place the Apple to stop in the + + + align:start position:0% +when you place the Apple to stop in the +wrong place when a properly designed + + align:start position:0% +wrong place when a properly designed + + + align:start position:0% +wrong place when a properly designed +optical system it it should not happen + + align:start position:0% +optical system it it should not happen + + + align:start position:0% +optical system it it should not happen +here at least if there's a way to get + + align:start position:0% +here at least if there's a way to get + + + align:start position:0% +here at least if there's a way to get +around it if you construct the optical + + align:start position:0% +around it if you construct the optical + + + align:start position:0% +around it if you construct the optical +system in a way that you know you cannot + + align:start position:0% +system in a way that you know you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +system in a way that you know you cannot +place the Apple to stop then that's a + + align:start position:0% +place the Apple to stop then that's a + + + align:start position:0% +place the Apple to stop then that's a +badly designed optical system right so + + align:start position:0% +badly designed optical system right so + + + align:start position:0% +badly designed optical system right so +in generally you try to avoid it by + + align:start position:0% +in generally you try to avoid it by + + + align:start position:0% +in generally you try to avoid it by +placing your stops in in a strategic + + align:start position:0% +placing your stops in in a strategic + + + align:start position:0% +placing your stops in in a strategic +location + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's no universal rule that says you + + align:start position:0% +there's no universal rule that says you + + + align:start position:0% +there's no universal rule that says you +have to place the apples to stop there + + align:start position:0% +have to place the apples to stop there + + + align:start position:0% +have to place the apples to stop there +in order to avoid the vignetting it kind + + align:start position:0% +in order to avoid the vignetting it kind + + + align:start position:0% +in order to avoid the vignetting it kind +of depends you know if you have a multi + + align:start position:0% +of depends you know if you have a multi + + + align:start position:0% +of depends you know if you have a multi +element optical system + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you always make sure that we place + + align:start position:0% +if you always make sure that we place + + + align:start position:0% +if you always make sure that we place +their purchase top at the effective + + align:start position:0% +their purchase top at the effective + + + align:start position:0% +their purchase top at the effective +focal plane then the vini ating doesn't + + align:start position:0% +focal plane then the vini ating doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +focal plane then the vini ating doesn't +happen because there is coming at any + + align:start position:0% +happen because there is coming at any + + + align:start position:0% +happen because there is coming at any +angle we'll that is for the case of a + + align:start position:0% +angle we'll that is for the case of a + + + align:start position:0% +angle we'll that is for the case of a +telescope or in this way if it is true + + align:start position:0% +telescope or in this way if it is true + + + align:start position:0% +telescope or in this way if it is true +for a general optical system yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +for a general optical system yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +for a general optical system yeah yeah +for a telescope where you if you place + + align:start position:0% +for a telescope where you if you place + + + align:start position:0% +for a telescope where you if you place +it at the common focal point then yes + + align:start position:0% +it at the common focal point then yes + + + align:start position:0% +it at the common focal point then yes +you have you minimize vignette engine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay before we break let me go over what + + align:start position:0% +okay before we break let me go over what + + + align:start position:0% +okay before we break let me go over what +we will do today so today whether two + + align:start position:0% +we will do today so today whether two + + + align:start position:0% +we will do today so today whether two +items in the agenda basically one of + + align:start position:0% +items in the agenda basically one of + + + align:start position:0% +items in the agenda basically one of +them is mirrors so far with that with + + align:start position:0% +them is mirrors so far with that with + + + align:start position:0% +them is mirrors so far with that with +spherical refractive dielectric + + align:start position:0% +spherical refractive dielectric + + + align:start position:0% +spherical refractive dielectric +interfaces we never said anything about + + align:start position:0% +interfaces we never said anything about + + + align:start position:0% +interfaces we never said anything about +curved reflective surfaces like mirrors + + align:start position:0% +curved reflective surfaces like mirrors + + + align:start position:0% +curved reflective surfaces like mirrors +so we'll do that very briefly it is + + align:start position:0% +so we'll do that very briefly it is + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll do that very briefly it is +simply all we need is a modification of + + align:start position:0% +simply all we need is a modification of + + + align:start position:0% +simply all we need is a modification of +the sign conventions and we're done so + + align:start position:0% +the sign conventions and we're done so + + + align:start position:0% +the sign conventions and we're done so +that's a fairly painless topic there's a + + align:start position:0% +that's a fairly painless topic there's a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a fairly painless topic there's a +little bit of terminology here who's + + align:start position:0% +little bit of terminology here who's + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of terminology here who's +been Greek actually don't know if you've + + align:start position:0% +been Greek actually don't know if you've + + + align:start position:0% +been Greek actually don't know if you've +been Greek make sense see but these are + + align:start position:0% +been Greek make sense see but these are + + + align:start position:0% +been Greek make sense see but these are +relatively archaic words even in Greek + + align:start position:0% +relatively archaic words even in Greek + + + align:start position:0% +relatively archaic words even in Greek +we don't use them anymore but a system + + align:start position:0% +we don't use them anymore but a system + + + align:start position:0% +we don't use them anymore but a system +that uses mirrors is called kitab trick + + align:start position:0% +that uses mirrors is called kitab trick + + + align:start position:0% +that uses mirrors is called kitab trick +from the greg from the ancient greek + + align:start position:0% +from the greg from the ancient greek + + + align:start position:0% +from the greg from the ancient greek +word for mirror and then if it uses only + + align:start position:0% +word for mirror and then if it uses only + + + align:start position:0% +word for mirror and then if it uses only +refractive elements you call it the + + align:start position:0% +refractive elements you call it the + + + align:start position:0% +refractive elements you call it the +optic that's also where the term diopter + + align:start position:0% +optic that's also where the term diopter + + + align:start position:0% +optic that's also where the term diopter +comes from and finally there is a class + + align:start position:0% +comes from and finally there is a class + + + align:start position:0% +comes from and finally there is a class +of optical systems that use both mirrors + + align:start position:0% +of optical systems that use both mirrors + + + align:start position:0% +of optical systems that use both mirrors +and refractive lenses they're very + + align:start position:0% +and refractive lenses they're very + + + align:start position:0% +and refractive lenses they're very +popular in two areas in astronomy and + + align:start position:0% +popular in two areas in astronomy and + + + align:start position:0% +popular in two areas in astronomy and +lithography in particularly fog rafi if + + align:start position:0% +lithography in particularly fog rafi if + + + align:start position:0% +lithography in particularly fog rafi if +any of you have dealt with semiconductor + + align:start position:0% +any of you have dealt with semiconductor + + + align:start position:0% +any of you have dealt with semiconductor +lithography semiconductor industry where + + align:start position:0% +lithography semiconductor industry where + + + align:start position:0% +lithography semiconductor industry where +they make these huge machines that write + + align:start position:0% +they make these huge machines that write + + + align:start position:0% +they make these huge machines that write +on the right patterns and silicon to + + align:start position:0% +on the right patterns and silicon to + + + align:start position:0% +on the right patterns and silicon to +make chips and such for example she goes + + align:start position:0% +make chips and such for example she goes + + + align:start position:0% +make chips and such for example she goes +for his project for what he does + + align:start position:0% +for his project for what he does + + + align:start position:0% +for his project for what he does +mythography typically these machines + + align:start position:0% +mythography typically these machines + + + align:start position:0% +mythography typically these machines +they contain the optics are probably + + align:start position:0% +they contain the optics are probably + + + align:start position:0% +they contain the optics are probably +taller than me okay I'm not that tall + + align:start position:0% +taller than me okay I'm not that tall + + + align:start position:0% +taller than me okay I'm not that tall +but anyway they're problems that the + + align:start position:0% +but anyway they're problems that the + + + align:start position:0% +but anyway they're problems that the +basketball player and they contain + + align:start position:0% +basketball player and they contain + + + align:start position:0% +basketball player and they contain +typically between 20 and 30 elements + + align:start position:0% +typically between 20 and 30 elements + + + align:start position:0% +typically between 20 and 30 elements +some of those are mirrors some of those + + align:start position:0% +some of those are mirrors some of those + + + align:start position:0% +some of those are mirrors some of those +are reflective lenses so this type of + + align:start position:0% +are reflective lenses so this type of + + + align:start position:0% +are reflective lenses so this type of +system that contains both is called + + align:start position:0% +system that contains both is called + + + align:start position:0% +system that contains both is called +catadioptric that's a mouthful that's + + align:start position:0% +catadioptric that's a mouthful that's + + + align:start position:0% +catadioptric that's a mouthful that's +what is called so there we'll see some + + align:start position:0% +what is called so there we'll see some + + + align:start position:0% +what is called so there we'll see some +examples of such systems and we'll see + + align:start position:0% +examples of such systems and we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +examples of such systems and we'll see +them in the context of the basic imaging + + align:start position:0% +them in the context of the basic imaging + + + align:start position:0% +them in the context of the basic imaging +systems that is a + + align:start position:0% +systems that is a + + + align:start position:0% +systems that is a +the magnifier lens the eyepiece which is + + align:start position:0% +the magnifier lens the eyepiece which is + + + align:start position:0% +the magnifier lens the eyepiece which is +basically a magnifier then the + + align:start position:0% +basically a magnifier then the + + + align:start position:0% +basically a magnifier then the +microscope which is actually two + + align:start position:0% +microscope which is actually two + + + align:start position:0% +microscope which is actually two +magnifiers the telescope which is a + + align:start position:0% +magnifiers the telescope which is a + + + align:start position:0% +magnifiers the telescope which is a +slightly strange magnifier and finally + + align:start position:0% +slightly strange magnifier and finally + + + align:start position:0% +slightly strange magnifier and finally +we will see different types of telescope + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay what is Leigh Leigh yeah this is + + align:start position:0% +okay what is Leigh Leigh yeah this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay what is Leigh Leigh yeah this is +the answer to your question well you + + align:start position:0% +the answer to your question well you + + + align:start position:0% +the answer to your question well you +guys took a break I do again a careful + + align:start position:0% +guys took a break I do again a careful + + + align:start position:0% +guys took a break I do again a careful +diagram with array that you asked so now + + align:start position:0% +diagram with array that you asked so now + + + align:start position:0% +diagram with array that you asked so now +you see so the red rays are the right + + align:start position:0% +you see so the red rays are the right + + + align:start position:0% +you see so the red rays are the right +races for the case where the lens is + + align:start position:0% +races for the case where the lens is + + + align:start position:0% +races for the case where the lens is +positive but the second principal plane + + align:start position:0% +positive but the second principal plane + + + align:start position:0% +positive but the second principal plane +is to the left and the black lines are + + align:start position:0% +is to the left and the black lines are + + + align:start position:0% +is to the left and the black lines are +there are the Rays that go to the that + + align:start position:0% +there are the Rays that go to the that + + + align:start position:0% +there are the Rays that go to the that +intercept in cippolini on axis so you + + align:start position:0% +intercept in cippolini on axis so you + + + align:start position:0% +intercept in cippolini on axis so you +have to be a bit careful here I got + + align:start position:0% +have to be a bit careful here I got + + + align:start position:0% +have to be a bit careful here I got +tricked myself actually going the first + + align:start position:0% +tricked myself actually going the first + + + align:start position:0% +tricked myself actually going the first +time edited that the when you depart + + align:start position:0% +time edited that the when you depart + + + align:start position:0% +time edited that the when you depart +from here you have to meet the first + + align:start position:0% +from here you have to meet the first + + + align:start position:0% +from here you have to meet the first +principal plane at the center of the + + align:start position:0% +principal plane at the center of the + + + align:start position:0% +principal plane at the center of the +axis and then you start from the second + + align:start position:0% +axis and then you start from the second + + + align:start position:0% +axis and then you start from the second +principal plane then you join to the + + align:start position:0% +principal plane then you join to the + + + align:start position:0% +principal plane then you join to the +image point and you can see that the two + + align:start position:0% +image point and you can see that the two + + + align:start position:0% +image point and you can see that the two +black lines they do look sort of + + align:start position:0% +black lines they do look sort of + + + align:start position:0% +black lines they do look sort of +parallel don't they and of course the + + align:start position:0% +parallel don't they and of course the + + + align:start position:0% +parallel don't they and of course the +images here actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because they are similar it's a little + + align:start position:0% +because they are similar it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +because they are similar it's a little +bit difficult to see here it is obvious + + align:start position:0% +bit difficult to see here it is obvious + + + align:start position:0% +bit difficult to see here it is obvious +that they're similar if you do the case + + align:start position:0% +that they're similar if you do the case + + + align:start position:0% +that they're similar if you do the case +of the single lens remember this diagram + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right ok that's a really bad drawing but + + align:start position:0% +right ok that's a really bad drawing but + + + align:start position:0% +right ok that's a really bad drawing but +but from this you can see that the + + align:start position:0% +but from this you can see that the + + + align:start position:0% +but from this you can see that the +similar triangles right yeah and then of + + align:start position:0% +similar triangles right yeah and then of + + + align:start position:0% +similar triangles right yeah and then of +course when you put the principle planes + + align:start position:0% +course when you put the principle planes + + + align:start position:0% +course when you put the principle planes +it just is just dead space between the + + align:start position:0% +it just is just dead space between the + + + align:start position:0% +it just is just dead space between the +two principal planes right but they're + + align:start position:0% +two principal planes right but they're + + + align:start position:0% +two principal planes right but they're +geometrically relationships the similar + + align:start position:0% +geometrically relationships the similar + + + align:start position:0% +geometrically relationships the similar +triangles and all that stuff they get + + align:start position:0% +triangles and all that stuff they get + + + align:start position:0% +triangles and all that stuff they get +preserved + + align:start position:0% +preserved + + + align:start position:0% +preserved +except you are dead space and in this + + align:start position:0% +except you are dead space and in this + + + align:start position:0% +except you are dead space and in this +example it is even worse the dead space + + align:start position:0% +example it is even worse the dead space + + + align:start position:0% +example it is even worse the dead space +is kind of reverse-thread because they + + align:start position:0% +is kind of reverse-thread because they + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of reverse-thread because they +moved one principal plane on top of that + + align:start position:0% +moved one principal plane on top of that + + + align:start position:0% +moved one principal plane on top of that +what did you know what a minute I think + + align:start position:0% +what did you know what a minute I think + + + align:start position:0% +what did you know what a minute I think +if I attempt to express it I will + + align:start position:0% +if I attempt to express it I will + + + align:start position:0% +if I attempt to express it I will +confuse issues okay let me talk a little + + align:start position:0% +confuse issues okay let me talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +confuse issues okay let me talk a little +bit about mirrors now so for mirrors we + + align:start position:0% +bit about mirrors now so for mirrors we + + + align:start position:0% +bit about mirrors now so for mirrors we +have a set of sign conventions that is a + + align:start position:0% +have a set of sign conventions that is a + + + align:start position:0% +have a set of sign conventions that is a +little bit modified with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +little bit modified with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit modified with respect to the +sign conventions for refraction and + + align:start position:0% +sign conventions for refraction and + + + align:start position:0% +sign conventions for refraction and +there is an of course is that when you + + align:start position:0% +there is an of course is that when you + + + align:start position:0% +there is an of course is that when you +have a reflective surface then the Rays + + align:start position:0% +have a reflective surface then the Rays + + + align:start position:0% +have a reflective surface then the Rays +will indeed fold and they will start + + align:start position:0% +will indeed fold and they will start + + + align:start position:0% +will indeed fold and they will start +going from the right to the left okay so + + align:start position:0% +going from the right to the left okay so + + + align:start position:0% +going from the right to the left okay so +because of that fact then we really have + + align:start position:0% +because of that fact then we really have + + + align:start position:0% +because of that fact then we really have +to modify our sign conventions and here + + align:start position:0% +to modify our sign conventions and here + + + align:start position:0% +to modify our sign conventions and here +I put all the cases of positive + + align:start position:0% +I put all the cases of positive + + + align:start position:0% +I put all the cases of positive +quantities so most of these are familiar + + align:start position:0% +quantities so most of these are familiar + + + align:start position:0% +quantities so most of these are familiar +the positive curvature is the same as + + align:start position:0% +the positive curvature is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +the positive curvature is the same as +before of these angles and directions + + align:start position:0% +before of these angles and directions + + + align:start position:0% +before of these angles and directions +here the same as before the really + + align:start position:0% +here the same as before the really + + + align:start position:0% +here the same as before the really +interesting ones are the ones that + + align:start position:0% +interesting ones are the ones that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting ones are the ones that +happen upon reflection because upon + + align:start position:0% +happen upon reflection because upon + + + align:start position:0% +happen upon reflection because upon +reflection the distance is now become + + align:start position:0% +reflection the distance is now become + + + align:start position:0% +reflection the distance is now become +positive if they go to the right not to + + align:start position:0% +positive if they go to the right not to + + + align:start position:0% +positive if they go to the right not to +the left and that kind of makes + + align:start position:0% +the left and that kind of makes + + + align:start position:0% +the left and that kind of makes +intuitive sense right because now it is + + align:start position:0% +intuitive sense right because now it is + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive sense right because now it is +as if actually the best way to make + + align:start position:0% +as if actually the best way to make + + + align:start position:0% +as if actually the best way to make +sense of this is to simply unfold it + + align:start position:0% +sense of this is to simply unfold it + + + align:start position:0% +sense of this is to simply unfold it +okay so if you want to take this the + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you want to take this the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you want to take this the +part that happened after reflection and + + align:start position:0% +part that happened after reflection and + + + align:start position:0% +part that happened after reflection and +then fold it so it could go + + align:start position:0% +then fold it so it could go + + + align:start position:0% +then fold it so it could go +back in the forward direction then these + + align:start position:0% +back in the forward direction then these + + + align:start position:0% +back in the forward direction then these +quantities would in vin would indeed + + align:start position:0% +quantities would in vin would indeed + + + align:start position:0% +quantities would in vin would indeed +remain positive so this is the origin of + + align:start position:0% +remain positive so this is the origin of + + + align:start position:0% +remain positive so this is the origin of +the sign conventions for the mirrors + + align:start position:0% +the sign conventions for the mirrors + + + align:start position:0% +the sign conventions for the mirrors +okay so for example why is this angle + + align:start position:0% +okay so for example why is this angle + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for example why is this angle +positive well because if I if I flip it + + align:start position:0% +positive well because if I if I flip it + + + align:start position:0% +positive well because if I if I flip it +to them around it would indeed be the + + align:start position:0% +to them around it would indeed be the + + + align:start position:0% +to them around it would indeed be the +same as a positive angle over here okay + + align:start position:0% +same as a positive angle over here okay + + + align:start position:0% +same as a positive angle over here okay +whereas of course this angle if it had + + align:start position:0% +whereas of course this angle if it had + + + align:start position:0% +whereas of course this angle if it had +happened in a refractive system that + + align:start position:0% +happened in a refractive system that + + + align:start position:0% +happened in a refractive system that +would have been well it would have been + + align:start position:0% +would have been well it would have been + + + align:start position:0% +would have been well it would have been +forgive forbidden to begin with because + + align:start position:0% +forgive forbidden to begin with because + + + align:start position:0% +forgive forbidden to begin with because +that is going from right to left and + + align:start position:0% +that is going from right to left and + + + align:start position:0% +that is going from right to left and +that's that's an acronym okay so having + + align:start position:0% +that's that's an acronym okay so having + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's an acronym okay so having +said that I will come back to this but + + align:start position:0% +said that I will come back to this but + + + align:start position:0% +said that I will come back to this but +having said that the next thing we would + + align:start position:0% +having said that the next thing we would + + + align:start position:0% +having said that the next thing we would +like to do is derive the matrix + + align:start position:0% +like to do is derive the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +like to do is derive the matrix +relationship for mirrors now a long time + + align:start position:0% +relationship for mirrors now a long time + + + align:start position:0% +relationship for mirrors now a long time +ago I think it was in the first or + + align:start position:0% +ago I think it was in the first or + + + align:start position:0% +ago I think it was in the first or +second lecture or so we derived the + + align:start position:0% +second lecture or so we derived the + + + align:start position:0% +second lecture or so we derived the +ideal mirror we said that if you have + + align:start position:0% +ideal mirror we said that if you have + + + align:start position:0% +ideal mirror we said that if you have +rays coming from infinity and you want + + align:start position:0% +rays coming from infinity and you want + + + align:start position:0% +rays coming from infinity and you want +to focus them onto a single point out + + align:start position:0% +to focus them onto a single point out + + + align:start position:0% +to focus them onto a single point out +here like so we said that the way you do + + align:start position:0% +here like so we said that the way you do + + + align:start position:0% +here like so we said that the way you do +that is with the surface a reflective + + align:start position:0% +that is with the surface a reflective + + + align:start position:0% +that is with the surface a reflective +surface and you remember probably the + + align:start position:0% +surface and you remember probably the + + + align:start position:0% +surface and you remember probably the +water surface was it was a parabola so + + align:start position:0% +water surface was it was a parabola so + + + align:start position:0% +water surface was it was a parabola so +we wrote it in questions here let's if + + align:start position:0% +we wrote it in questions here let's if + + + align:start position:0% +we wrote it in questions here let's if +you call this elevation s you call this + + align:start position:0% +you call this elevation s you call this + + + align:start position:0% +you call this elevation s you call this +axis X so we found the equation of the + + align:start position:0% +axis X so we found the equation of the + + + align:start position:0% +axis X so we found the equation of the +parabola was s equals X square over 4 F + + align:start position:0% +parabola was s equals X square over 4 F + + + align:start position:0% +parabola was s equals X square over 4 F +where F is the focal length of the lens + + align:start position:0% +where F is the focal length of the lens + + + align:start position:0% +where F is the focal length of the lens +okay now so the parabola is ideal but in + + align:start position:0% +okay now so the parabola is ideal but in + + + align:start position:0% +okay now so the parabola is ideal but in +some cases people make spherical mirrors + + align:start position:0% +some cases people make spherical mirrors + + + align:start position:0% +some cases people make spherical mirrors +actually it is not as common as lenses + + align:start position:0% +actually it is not as common as lenses + + + align:start position:0% +actually it is not as common as lenses +lenses are very commonly spherical + + align:start position:0% +lenses are very commonly spherical + + + align:start position:0% +lenses are very commonly spherical +mirrors are very often actually + + align:start position:0% +mirrors are very often actually + + + align:start position:0% +mirrors are very often actually +paraboloidal very close to ideal + + align:start position:0% +paraboloidal very close to ideal + + + align:start position:0% +paraboloidal very close to ideal +especially mirrors used in in + + align:start position:0% +especially mirrors used in in + + + align:start position:0% +especially mirrors used in in +concentrators things like like satellite + + align:start position:0% +concentrators things like like satellite + + + align:start position:0% +concentrators things like like satellite +antennas solar concentrations that are + + align:start position:0% +antennas solar concentrations that are + + + align:start position:0% +antennas solar concentrations that are +used in + + align:start position:0% +used in + + + align:start position:0% +used in +in energy you know solar energy systems + + align:start position:0% +in energy you know solar energy systems + + + align:start position:0% +in energy you know solar energy systems +and so on then because they want to + + align:start position:0% +and so on then because they want to + + + align:start position:0% +and so on then because they want to +focus the light on a single point then + + align:start position:0% +focus the light on a single point then + + + align:start position:0% +focus the light on a single point then +you actually go for the parabola it + + align:start position:0% +you actually go for the parabola it + + + align:start position:0% +you actually go for the parabola it +turns out if you wanna form a sort of a + + align:start position:0% +turns out if you wanna form a sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +turns out if you wanna form a sort of a +bigger image here then the parabola is + + align:start position:0% +bigger image here then the parabola is + + + align:start position:0% +bigger image here then the parabola is +not very good so people actually make + + align:start position:0% +not very good so people actually make + + + align:start position:0% +not very good so people actually make +spherical mirrors so for a spherical + + align:start position:0% +spherical mirrors so for a spherical + + + align:start position:0% +spherical mirrors so for a spherical +mirror I did a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +mirror I did a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +mirror I did a little bit of a +derivation here which basically follows + + align:start position:0% +derivation here which basically follows + + + align:start position:0% +derivation here which basically follows +the paraxial approximation to connect + + align:start position:0% +the paraxial approximation to connect + + + align:start position:0% +the paraxial approximation to connect +the ideal parabolic shape and the focal + + align:start position:0% +the ideal parabolic shape and the focal + + + align:start position:0% +the ideal parabolic shape and the focal +length that would be that we get from + + align:start position:0% +length that would be that we get from + + + align:start position:0% +length that would be that we get from +the parabola to the equivalent sphere + + align:start position:0% +the parabola to the equivalent sphere + + + align:start position:0% +the parabola to the equivalent sphere +and again the parabola and the sphere + + align:start position:0% +and again the parabola and the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +and again the parabola and the sphere +they kind of look the same you know if + + align:start position:0% +they kind of look the same you know if + + + align:start position:0% +they kind of look the same you know if +you look at the parabola maybe it goes + + align:start position:0% +you look at the parabola maybe it goes + + + align:start position:0% +you look at the parabola maybe it goes +like this if you look at this fear and + + align:start position:0% +like this if you look at this fear and + + + align:start position:0% +like this if you look at this fear and +you match the curvatures near the center + + align:start position:0% +you match the curvatures near the center + + + align:start position:0% +you match the curvatures near the center +it might go like this okay so there so + + align:start position:0% +it might go like this okay so there so + + + align:start position:0% +it might go like this okay so there so +what we're trying to find here what is + + align:start position:0% +what we're trying to find here what is + + + align:start position:0% +what we're trying to find here what is +the radius of the sphere here that Max's + + align:start position:0% +the radius of the sphere here that Max's + + + align:start position:0% +the radius of the sphere here that Max's +best the parabola there their parabola + + align:start position:0% +best the parabola there their parabola + + + align:start position:0% +best the parabola there their parabola +so this is the DL parabola that is given + + align:start position:0% +so this is the DL parabola that is given + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the DL parabola that is given +by this equation + + align:start position:0% +by this equation + + + align:start position:0% +by this equation +and then here is the sphere that not as + + align:start position:0% +and then here is the sphere that not as + + + align:start position:0% +and then here is the sphere that not as +very good looking sphere but anyway + + align:start position:0% +very good looking sphere but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +very good looking sphere but anyway +let's call it a sphere and the question + + align:start position:0% +let's call it a sphere and the question + + + align:start position:0% +let's call it a sphere and the question +is what is the radius of curvature of + + align:start position:0% +is what is the radius of curvature of + + + align:start position:0% +is what is the radius of curvature of +this sphere that will match the parabola + + align:start position:0% +this sphere that will match the parabola + + + align:start position:0% +this sphere that will match the parabola +ideally so this is what I did here if + + align:start position:0% +ideally so this is what I did here if + + + align:start position:0% +ideally so this is what I did here if +you write the equation for the sphere + + align:start position:0% +you write the equation for the sphere + + + align:start position:0% +you write the equation for the sphere +well we know actually let me leave this + + align:start position:0% +well we know actually let me leave this + + + align:start position:0% +well we know actually let me leave this +up we know how to write the question for + + align:start position:0% +up we know how to write the question for + + + align:start position:0% +up we know how to write the question for +the sphere in my chosen system of + + align:start position:0% +the sphere in my chosen system of + + + align:start position:0% +the sphere in my chosen system of +coordinates this is X and this is the + + align:start position:0% +coordinates this is X and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates this is X and this is the +positive axis Z so the question for the + + align:start position:0% +positive axis Z so the question for the + + + align:start position:0% +positive axis Z so the question for the +sphere is X plus the radius square plus + + align:start position:0% +sphere is X plus the radius square plus + + + align:start position:0% +sphere is X plus the radius square plus +Z square plus actually s square equals + + align:start position:0% +Z square plus actually s square equals + + + align:start position:0% +Z square plus actually s square equals +the radius square so this is the + + align:start position:0% +the radius square so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +the radius square so this is the +question for the sphere this is this + + align:start position:0% +question for the sphere this is this + + + align:start position:0% +question for the sphere this is this +displacement here with respect to the to + + align:start position:0% +displacement here with respect to the to + + + align:start position:0% +displacement here with respect to the to +the center of the coordinate and then + + align:start position:0% +the center of the coordinate and then + + + align:start position:0% +the center of the coordinate and then +what you do this is already on the slide + + align:start position:0% +what you do this is already on the slide + + + align:start position:0% +what you do this is already on the slide +but I will actually derive it for you + + align:start position:0% +but I will actually derive it for you + + + align:start position:0% +but I will actually derive it for you +here so you can see it in a sort of + + align:start position:0% +here so you can see it in a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +here so you can see it in a sort of +animated form then what you do is you + + align:start position:0% +animated form then what you do is you + + + align:start position:0% +animated form then what you do is you +actually solve so you have an S + + align:start position:0% +actually solve so you have an S + + + align:start position:0% +actually solve so you have an S +equals well s equals actually plus minus + + align:start position:0% +equals well s equals actually plus minus + + + align:start position:0% +equals well s equals actually plus minus +R - what am i doing I'm sorry yes I did + + align:start position:0% +R - what am i doing I'm sorry yes I did + + + align:start position:0% +R - what am i doing I'm sorry yes I did +didn't I yeah sure about it okay I think + + align:start position:0% +didn't I yeah sure about it okay I think + + + align:start position:0% +didn't I yeah sure about it okay I think +I better do this over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is as for the parabola this is s + + align:start position:0% +so this is as for the parabola this is s + + + align:start position:0% +so this is as for the parabola this is s +for the sphere and yes so of course it + + align:start position:0% +for the sphere and yes so of course it + + + align:start position:0% +for the sphere and yes so of course it +should be s plus R square plus X square + + align:start position:0% +should be s plus R square plus X square + + + align:start position:0% +should be s plus R square plus X square +equals R square so then this means that + + align:start position:0% +equals R square so then this means that + + + align:start position:0% +equals R square so then this means that +s equals minus R plus minus square root + + align:start position:0% +s equals minus R plus minus square root + + + align:start position:0% +s equals minus R plus minus square root +R square minus X square okay now which + + align:start position:0% +R square minus X square okay now which + + + align:start position:0% +R square minus X square okay now which +signs should they keep the plus or the + + align:start position:0% +signs should they keep the plus or the + + + align:start position:0% +signs should they keep the plus or the +minus when the minus sign you can see a + + align:start position:0% +minus when the minus sign you can see a + + + align:start position:0% +minus when the minus sign you can see a +little bit by inspection the minus sign + + align:start position:0% +little bit by inspection the minus sign + + + align:start position:0% +little bit by inspection the minus sign +is this part of the sphere which is + + align:start position:0% +is this part of the sphere which is + + + align:start position:0% +is this part of the sphere which is +pretty fire phone from the paraxial + + align:start position:0% +pretty fire phone from the paraxial + + + align:start position:0% +pretty fire phone from the paraxial +approximation clearly right so the only + + align:start position:0% +approximation clearly right so the only + + + align:start position:0% +approximation clearly right so the only +way to deal with the paraxial + + align:start position:0% +way to deal with the paraxial + + + align:start position:0% +way to deal with the paraxial +approximation is to keep a plus sign so + + align:start position:0% +approximation is to keep a plus sign so + + + align:start position:0% +approximation is to keep a plus sign so +right then s equals minus R plus the + + align:start position:0% +right then s equals minus R plus the + + + align:start position:0% +right then s equals minus R plus the +next times that we do to derived + + align:start position:0% +next times that we do to derived + + + align:start position:0% +next times that we do to derived +paraxial approximation z' is you pull a + + align:start position:0% +paraxial approximation z' is you pull a + + + align:start position:0% +paraxial approximation z' is you pull a +large quantity out of the square root so + + align:start position:0% +large quantity out of the square root so + + + align:start position:0% +large quantity out of the square root so +the large quantity is the radius here + + align:start position:0% +the large quantity is the radius here + + + align:start position:0% +the large quantity is the radius here +and you write it like this 1 minus X + + align:start position:0% +and you write it like this 1 minus X + + + align:start position:0% +and you write it like this 1 minus X +square over R square then you apply a + + align:start position:0% +square over R square then you apply a + + + align:start position:0% +square over R square then you apply a +Taylor formula that says that square + + align:start position:0% +Taylor formula that says that square + + + align:start position:0% +Taylor formula that says that square +root of 1 plus small approximately + + align:start position:0% +root of 1 plus small approximately + + + align:start position:0% +root of 1 plus small approximately +equals 1 plus the small / - okay + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 plus the small / - okay + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 plus the small / - okay +and now of course that applies also for + + align:start position:0% +and now of course that applies also for + + + align:start position:0% +and now of course that applies also for +a for a negative sign so I can do like + + align:start position:0% +a for a negative sign so I can do like + + + align:start position:0% +a for a negative sign so I can do like +this and this means that I s equals + + align:start position:0% +this and this means that I s equals + + + align:start position:0% +this and this means that I s equals +minus R plus R 1 minus X square over 2 R + + align:start position:0% +minus R plus R 1 minus X square over 2 R + + + align:start position:0% +minus R plus R 1 minus X square over 2 R +square and if you do it carefully here + + align:start position:0% +square and if you do it carefully here + + + align:start position:0% +square and if you do it carefully here +you see that this kills the square this + + align:start position:0% +you see that this kills the square this + + + align:start position:0% +you see that this kills the square this +kills this and you end up with s equals + + align:start position:0% +kills this and you end up with s equals + + + align:start position:0% +kills this and you end up with s equals +minus I'm supposed to get over here + + align:start position:0% +minus I'm supposed to get over here + + + align:start position:0% +minus I'm supposed to get over here +minus X square over 2 R and what is miss + + align:start position:0% +minus X square over 2 R and what is miss + + + align:start position:0% +minus X square over 2 R and what is miss +now is if you compare with the question + + align:start position:0% +now is if you compare with the question + + + align:start position:0% +now is if you compare with the question +of the DL parabola which was x squared + + align:start position:0% +of the DL parabola which was x squared + + + align:start position:0% +of the DL parabola which was x squared +over 4 f it means that F equals minus R + + align:start position:0% +over 4 f it means that F equals minus R + + + align:start position:0% +over 4 f it means that F equals minus R +over 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the next question now is what does + + align:start position:0% +okay the next question now is what does + + + align:start position:0% +okay the next question now is what does +this mean is the focal length negative + + align:start position:0% +this mean is the focal length negative + + + align:start position:0% +this mean is the focal length negative +or positive well to answer this question + + align:start position:0% +or positive well to answer this question + + + align:start position:0% +or positive well to answer this question +we have to first remember our sign + + align:start position:0% +we have to first remember our sign + + + align:start position:0% +we have to first remember our sign +conventions is ourself as positive or + + align:start position:0% +conventions is ourself as positive or + + + align:start position:0% +conventions is ourself as positive or +negative that is is our a negative or + + align:start position:0% +negative that is is our a negative or + + + align:start position:0% +negative that is is our a negative or +positive a positive or negative quantity + + align:start position:0% +positive a positive or negative quantity + + + align:start position:0% +positive a positive or negative quantity +so if you recall I will go back one + + align:start position:0% +so if you recall I will go back one + + + align:start position:0% +so if you recall I will go back one +slide to the previous one this is a + + align:start position:0% +slide to the previous one this is a + + + align:start position:0% +slide to the previous one this is a +positive curvature right if it is + + align:start position:0% +positive curvature right if it is + + + align:start position:0% +positive curvature right if it is +pointing that way I will not use any + + align:start position:0% +pointing that way I will not use any + + + align:start position:0% +pointing that way I will not use any +formal term because that may be + + align:start position:0% +formal term because that may be + + + align:start position:0% +formal term because that may be +confusion if it's like that it's + + align:start position:0% +confusion if it's like that it's + + + align:start position:0% +confusion if it's like that it's +positive right well this is not like + + align:start position:0% +positive right well this is not like + + + align:start position:0% +positive right well this is not like +that it's the opposite right so + + align:start position:0% +that it's the opposite right so + + + align:start position:0% +that it's the opposite right so +therefore here R is negative okay + + align:start position:0% +therefore here R is negative okay + + + align:start position:0% +therefore here R is negative okay +so you have a negative sign that came + + align:start position:0% +so you have a negative sign that came + + + align:start position:0% +so you have a negative sign that came +out of the math but R is a negative + + align:start position:0% +out of the math but R is a negative + + + align:start position:0% +out of the math but R is a negative +quantity + + align:start position:0% +quantity + + + align:start position:0% +quantity +so therefore F is still positive right + + align:start position:0% +so therefore F is still positive right + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore F is still positive right +so this is still a positive length + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it is clear that it is a positive + + align:start position:0% +and it is clear that it is a positive + + + align:start position:0% +and it is clear that it is a positive +lens because it forms a real image for + + align:start position:0% +lens because it forms a real image for + + + align:start position:0% +lens because it forms a real image for +an object infinity by construction we + + align:start position:0% +an object infinity by construction we + + + align:start position:0% +an object infinity by construction we +demanded that if I have part of the + + align:start position:0% +demanded that if I have part of the + + + align:start position:0% +demanded that if I have part of the +layers from infinity this thing should + + align:start position:0% +layers from infinity this thing should + + + align:start position:0% +layers from infinity this thing should +focus them to a real point on axis so + + align:start position:0% +focus them to a real point on axis so + + + align:start position:0% +focus them to a real point on axis so +therefore clearly this is what you would + + align:start position:0% +therefore clearly this is what you would + + + align:start position:0% +therefore clearly this is what you would +call a positive lens and since the point + + align:start position:0% +call a positive lens and since the point + + + align:start position:0% +call a positive lens and since the point +lens it actually has a matrix that is + + align:start position:0% +lens it actually has a matrix that is + + + align:start position:0% +lens it actually has a matrix that is +very similar to the matrix of a lens all + + align:start position:0% +very similar to the matrix of a lens all + + + align:start position:0% +very similar to the matrix of a lens all +you have to do is substitute the focal + + align:start position:0% +you have to do is substitute the focal + + + align:start position:0% +you have to do is substitute the focal +length with a question that we just + + align:start position:0% +length with a question that we just + + + align:start position:0% +length with a question that we just +derived for there for the radius of + + align:start position:0% +derived for there for the radius of + + + align:start position:0% +derived for there for the radius of +curvature and this is the matrix that + + align:start position:0% +curvature and this is the matrix that + + + align:start position:0% +curvature and this is the matrix that +describes a mirror a mirror concentrator + + align:start position:0% +describes a mirror a mirror concentrator + + + align:start position:0% +describes a mirror a mirror concentrator +and of course it since it is a lens it + + align:start position:0% +and of course it since it is a lens it + + + align:start position:0% +and of course it since it is a lens it +also forms images so notice here the way + + align:start position:0% +also forms images so notice here the way + + + align:start position:0% +also forms images so notice here the way +I drew it these quantities are still all + + align:start position:0% +I drew it these quantities are still all + + + align:start position:0% +I drew it these quantities are still all +positive of course s naught is positive + + align:start position:0% +positive of course s naught is positive + + + align:start position:0% +positive of course s naught is positive +because I go from the object to the + + align:start position:0% +because I go from the object to the + + + align:start position:0% +because I go from the object to the +right towards the instrument now notice + + align:start position:0% +right towards the instrument now notice + + + align:start position:0% +right towards the instrument now notice +what happens from the instrument I go to + + align:start position:0% +what happens from the instrument I go to + + + align:start position:0% +what happens from the instrument I go to +the left towards damage but that is + + align:start position:0% +the left towards damage but that is + + + align:start position:0% +the left towards damage but that is +still a positive quantity because there + + align:start position:0% +still a positive quantity because there + + + align:start position:0% +still a positive quantity because there +was a reflection that occurred that so + + align:start position:0% +was a reflection that occurred that so + + + align:start position:0% +was a reflection that occurred that so +therefore s sub I is still a positive + + align:start position:0% +therefore s sub I is still a positive + + + align:start position:0% +therefore s sub I is still a positive +quantity so I can write this a question + + align:start position:0% +quantity so I can write this a question + + + align:start position:0% +quantity so I can write this a question +with a clear conscience so to speak that + + align:start position:0% +with a clear conscience so to speak that + + + align:start position:0% +with a clear conscience so to speak that +s naught and si are all positive + + align:start position:0% +s naught and si are all positive + + + align:start position:0% +s naught and si are all positive +quantities now can you imagine when a + + align:start position:0% +quantities now can you imagine when a + + + align:start position:0% +quantities now can you imagine when a +lens might form a virtual image the + + align:start position:0% +lens might form a virtual image the + + + align:start position:0% +lens might form a virtual image the +answer is a mirror so clearly the + + align:start position:0% +answer is a mirror so clearly the + + + align:start position:0% +answer is a mirror so clearly the +miracles following is forming a real + + align:start position:0% +miracles following is forming a real + + + align:start position:0% +miracles following is forming a real +image spray can you imagine how I could + + align:start position:0% +image spray can you imagine how I could + + + align:start position:0% +image spray can you imagine how I could +construct a mirror form in a virtual + + align:start position:0% +construct a mirror form in a virtual + + + align:start position:0% +construct a mirror form in a virtual +image + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if the mirror diverges and you are + + align:start position:0% +if the mirror diverges and you are + + + align:start position:0% +if the mirror diverges and you are +looking from the same side then that's + + align:start position:0% +looking from the same side then that's + + + align:start position:0% +looking from the same side then that's +right that's one way if you make the + + align:start position:0% +right that's one way if you make the + + + align:start position:0% +right that's one way if you make the +mirror like this now the mirror has a + + align:start position:0% +mirror like this now the mirror has a + + + align:start position:0% +mirror like this now the mirror has a +positive R therefore it has a negative F + + align:start position:0% +positive R therefore it has a negative F + + + align:start position:0% +positive R therefore it has a negative F +now this mirror has become the + + align:start position:0% +now this mirror has become the + + + align:start position:0% +now this mirror has become the +equivalent of a negative lens therefore + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of a negative lens therefore + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of a negative lens therefore +it will form a virtual image + + align:start position:0% +it will form a virtual image + + + align:start position:0% +it will form a virtual image +what's another possibility for forming a + + align:start position:0% +what's another possibility for forming a + + + align:start position:0% +what's another possibility for forming a +virtual image with a mirror what about + + align:start position:0% +virtual image with a mirror what about + + + align:start position:0% +virtual image with a mirror what about +the positive lens could put the positive + + align:start position:0% +the positive lens could put the positive + + + align:start position:0% +the positive lens could put the positive +lens ever form a virtual image that's + + align:start position:0% +lens ever form a virtual image that's + + + align:start position:0% +lens ever form a virtual image that's +right if you put the object in between + + align:start position:0% +right if you put the object in between + + + align:start position:0% +right if you put the object in between +the focal point and the mirror itself + + align:start position:0% +the focal point and the mirror itself + + + align:start position:0% +the focal point and the mirror itself +again it will form a virtual image it's + + align:start position:0% +again it will form a virtual image it's + + + align:start position:0% +again it will form a virtual image it's +actually very funny to observe by + + align:start position:0% +actually very funny to observe by + + + align:start position:0% +actually very funny to observe by +yourself you cannot quite do it with a + + align:start position:0% +yourself you cannot quite do it with a + + + align:start position:0% +yourself you cannot quite do it with a +spoon because the spoon is really too + + align:start position:0% +spoon because the spoon is really too + + + align:start position:0% +spoon because the spoon is really too +small you have to go really close and + + align:start position:0% +small you have to go really close and + + + align:start position:0% +small you have to go really close and +you cannot focus your eyes in there but + + align:start position:0% +you cannot focus your eyes in there but + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot focus your eyes in there but +those of you who go who've been at + + align:start position:0% +those of you who go who've been at + + + align:start position:0% +those of you who go who've been at +hotels I'd never seen this in a home but + + align:start position:0% +hotels I'd never seen this in a home but + + + align:start position:0% +hotels I'd never seen this in a home but +most hotels in the bathroom they have a + + align:start position:0% +most hotels in the bathroom they have a + + + align:start position:0% +most hotels in the bathroom they have a +curved mirror and I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +curved mirror and I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +curved mirror and I don't want to +speculate why they put that curved + + align:start position:0% +speculate why they put that curved + + + align:start position:0% +speculate why they put that curved +mirror there but anyway they have it and + + align:start position:0% +mirror there but anyway they have it and + + + align:start position:0% +mirror there but anyway they have it and +this mirror is very lightly curved it + + align:start position:0% +this mirror is very lightly curved it + + + align:start position:0% +this mirror is very lightly curved it +has a very long radius of curvature so + + align:start position:0% +has a very long radius of curvature so + + + align:start position:0% +has a very long radius of curvature so +it is very easy actually to if you stand + + align:start position:0% +it is very easy actually to if you stand + + + align:start position:0% +it is very easy actually to if you stand +in front of the mirror you can move back + + align:start position:0% +in front of the mirror you can move back + + + align:start position:0% +in front of the mirror you can move back +and forth and you can switch your image + + align:start position:0% +and forth and you can switch your image + + + align:start position:0% +and forth and you can switch your image +from real to virtual it is really + + align:start position:0% +from real to virtual it is really + + + align:start position:0% +from real to virtual it is really +spectacular it is worth checking + + align:start position:0% +spectacular it is worth checking + + + align:start position:0% +spectacular it is worth checking +yourself in the ritz-carlton in Boston + + align:start position:0% +yourself in the ritz-carlton in Boston + + + align:start position:0% +yourself in the ritz-carlton in Boston +spend $400 for a night just to see that + + align:start position:0% +spend $400 for a night just to see that + + + align:start position:0% +spend $400 for a night just to see that +actually it is it's a very very + + align:start position:0% +actually it is it's a very very + + + align:start position:0% +actually it is it's a very very +instructive from the octave optics point + + align:start position:0% +instructive from the octave optics point + + + align:start position:0% +instructive from the octave optics point +of view but the real it's nice because + + align:start position:0% +of view but the real it's nice because + + + align:start position:0% +of view but the real it's nice because +as you go near the mirror will basically + + align:start position:0% +as you go near the mirror will basically + + + align:start position:0% +as you go near the mirror will basically +when you get between the focal length + + align:start position:0% +when you get between the focal length + + + align:start position:0% +when you get between the focal length +and the mirror then you see an erect + + align:start position:0% +and the mirror then you see an erect + + + align:start position:0% +and the mirror then you see an erect +image of yourself that is virtual + + align:start position:0% +image of yourself that is virtual + + + align:start position:0% +image of yourself that is virtual +because you see yourself behind the + + align:start position:0% +because you see yourself behind the + + + align:start position:0% +because you see yourself behind the +mirror and is magnified actually the + + align:start position:0% +mirror and is magnified actually the + + + align:start position:0% +mirror and is magnified actually the +magnification is so high that you + + align:start position:0% +magnification is so high that you + + + align:start position:0% +magnification is so high that you +typically only see your eye + + align:start position:0% +typically only see your eye + + + align:start position:0% +typically only see your eye +but anyway something like that if you + + align:start position:0% +but anyway something like that if you + + + align:start position:0% +but anyway something like that if you +move back then you you see yourself + + align:start position:0% +move back then you you see yourself + + + align:start position:0% +move back then you you see yourself +inverted as you see yourself in a spoon + + align:start position:0% +inverted as you see yourself in a spoon + + + align:start position:0% +inverted as you see yourself in a spoon +by the way if you look at yourself in a + + align:start position:0% +by the way if you look at yourself in a + + + align:start position:0% +by the way if you look at yourself in a +spoon you almost always see yourself + + align:start position:0% +spoon you almost always see yourself + + + align:start position:0% +spoon you almost always see yourself +inverted because the spoon has a very + + align:start position:0% +inverted because the spoon has a very + + + align:start position:0% +inverted because the spoon has a very +short focal length so you are always in + + align:start position:0% +short focal length so you are always in + + + align:start position:0% +short focal length so you are always in +this scenario when you look at the spoon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so there's not much else to say about + + align:start position:0% +so there's not much else to say about + + + align:start position:0% +so there's not much else to say about +Miller's really the same optics applies + + align:start position:0% +Miller's really the same optics applies + + + align:start position:0% +Miller's really the same optics applies +with this little twist of the flipping + + align:start position:0% +with this little twist of the flipping + + + align:start position:0% +with this little twist of the flipping +of the science opponent version so if + + align:start position:0% +of the science opponent version so if + + + align:start position:0% +of the science opponent version so if +you face a situation like this all you + + align:start position:0% +you face a situation like this all you + + + align:start position:0% +you face a situation like this all you +need to do is keep cool you know don't + + align:start position:0% +need to do is keep cool you know don't + + + align:start position:0% +need to do is keep cool you know don't +let yourself panic or anything it's just + + align:start position:0% +let yourself panic or anything it's just + + + align:start position:0% +let yourself panic or anything it's just +a matter of keeping track of the + + align:start position:0% +a matter of keeping track of the + + + align:start position:0% +a matter of keeping track of the +positive things that happen to the right + + align:start position:0% +positive things that happen to the right + + + align:start position:0% +positive things that happen to the right +or to the lower sorry the positive + + align:start position:0% +or to the lower sorry the positive + + + align:start position:0% +or to the lower sorry the positive +things that happen after reflection and + + align:start position:0% +things that happen after reflection and + + + align:start position:0% +things that happen after reflection and +typically with the kind of problems that + + align:start position:0% +typically with the kind of problems that + + + align:start position:0% +typically with the kind of problems that +we have to solve by hand these are + + align:start position:0% +we have to solve by hand these are + + + align:start position:0% +we have to solve by hand these are +pretty simple I mean at most you might + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple I mean at most you might + + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple I mean at most you might +encounter one reflection now people who + + align:start position:0% +encounter one reflection now people who + + + align:start position:0% +encounter one reflection now people who +make optical design software they have + + align:start position:0% +make optical design software they have + + + align:start position:0% +make optical design software they have +to deal with arbitrary numbers of + + align:start position:0% +to deal with arbitrary numbers of + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with arbitrary numbers of +reflections I wouldn't want to be the + + align:start position:0% +reflections I wouldn't want to be the + + + align:start position:0% +reflections I wouldn't want to be the +programmer who has to solve that problem + + align:start position:0% +programmer who has to solve that problem + + + align:start position:0% +programmer who has to solve that problem +but but but because you know if you have + + align:start position:0% +but but but because you know if you have + + + align:start position:0% +but but but because you know if you have +a second reflection then the signs flip + + align:start position:0% +a second reflection then the signs flip + + + align:start position:0% +a second reflection then the signs flip +again right as you can imagine if I + + align:start position:0% +again right as you can imagine if I + + + align:start position:0% +again right as you can imagine if I +stick another mirror here so the lights + + align:start position:0% +stick another mirror here so the lights + + + align:start position:0% +stick another mirror here so the lights +out sort of zigzag in every reflection + + align:start position:0% +out sort of zigzag in every reflection + + + align:start position:0% +out sort of zigzag in every reflection +flips the signs in the Sun conveying + + align:start position:0% +flips the signs in the Sun conveying + + + align:start position:0% +flips the signs in the Sun conveying +convention again so you can get a bit + + align:start position:0% +convention again so you can get a bit + + + align:start position:0% +convention again so you can get a bit +tricky to keep track of all of this + + align:start position:0% +tricky to keep track of all of this + + + align:start position:0% +tricky to keep track of all of this +flicking but you know we don't have to + + align:start position:0% +flicking but you know we don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +flicking but you know we don't have to +worry about that yet our at you know at + + align:start position:0% +worry about that yet our at you know at + + + align:start position:0% +worry about that yet our at you know at +this introductory level okay so let me + + align:start position:0% +this introductory level okay so let me + + + align:start position:0% +this introductory level okay so let me +move on to them to the next topic which + + align:start position:0% +move on to them to the next topic which + + + align:start position:0% +move on to them to the next topic which +is a few examples of optical systems hey + + align:start position:0% +is a few examples of optical systems hey + + + align:start position:0% +is a few examples of optical systems hey +Jonas yes sorry to interrupt and then I + + align:start position:0% +Jonas yes sorry to interrupt and then I + + + align:start position:0% +Jonas yes sorry to interrupt and then I +pass around these a parabolic reflector + + align:start position:0% +pass around these a parabolic reflector + + + align:start position:0% +pass around these a parabolic reflector +so you can try that I look at it also + + align:start position:0% +so you can try that I look at it also + + + align:start position:0% +so you can try that I look at it also +maybe you don't have to go to a hotel + + align:start position:0% +maybe you don't have to go to a hotel + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you don't have to go to a hotel +okay Roger that what is the focal length + + align:start position:0% +okay Roger that what is the focal length + + + align:start position:0% +okay Roger that what is the focal length +of this you know it's like 20 + + align:start position:0% +of this you know it's like 20 + + + align:start position:0% +of this you know it's like 20 +centimeters or so you can you can check + + align:start position:0% +centimeters or so you can you can check + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters or so you can you can check +it out + + align:start position:0% +it out + + + align:start position:0% +it out +right so yeah your tattoo I try to go at + + align:start position:0% +right so yeah your tattoo I try to go at + + + align:start position:0% +right so yeah your tattoo I try to go at +40 and the panel whatever and you will + + align:start position:0% +40 and the panel whatever and you will + + + align:start position:0% +40 and the panel whatever and you will +see the difference is actually quite + + align:start position:0% +see the difference is actually quite + + + align:start position:0% +see the difference is actually quite +dramatic and very interesting okay so + + align:start position:0% +dramatic and very interesting okay so + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic and very interesting okay so +the magnifier as the name suggests it is + + align:start position:0% +the magnifier as the name suggests it is + + + align:start position:0% +the magnifier as the name suggests it is +a device that we use to aid our eyes + + align:start position:0% +a device that we use to aid our eyes + + + align:start position:0% +a device that we use to aid our eyes +when we are looking at a very small + + align:start position:0% +when we are looking at a very small + + + align:start position:0% +when we are looking at a very small +object + + align:start position:0% +object + + + align:start position:0% +object +and this is a took a lot of time to make + + align:start position:0% +and this is a took a lot of time to make + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a took a lot of time to make +this cartoon so I'm very proud of it so + + align:start position:0% +this cartoon so I'm very proud of it so + + + align:start position:0% +this cartoon so I'm very proud of it so +let me start the animation here so if + + align:start position:0% +let me start the animation here so if + + + align:start position:0% +let me start the animation here so if +you have a really small object of course + + align:start position:0% +you have a really small object of course + + + align:start position:0% +you have a really small object of course +it will form a very small image on your + + align:start position:0% +it will form a very small image on your + + + align:start position:0% +it will form a very small image on your +retina right and very often this image + + align:start position:0% +retina right and very often this image + + + align:start position:0% +retina right and very often this image +is not big enough to observe with + + align:start position:0% +is not big enough to observe with + + + align:start position:0% +is not big enough to observe with +sufficient detail so don't you think + + align:start position:0% +sufficient detail so don't you think + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient detail so don't you think +that we would do if something looks + + align:start position:0% +that we would do if something looks + + + align:start position:0% +that we would do if something looks +small to you and you'd like to make it + + align:start position:0% +small to you and you'd like to make it + + + align:start position:0% +small to you and you'd like to make it +bigger you don't have to know any optics + + align:start position:0% +bigger you don't have to know any optics + + + align:start position:0% +bigger you don't have to know any optics +what you do is you bring it near your + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you bring it near your + + + align:start position:0% +what you do is you bring it near your +eyes right but from experience you know + + align:start position:0% +eyes right but from experience you know + + + align:start position:0% +eyes right but from experience you know +that this doesn't work very well because + + align:start position:0% +that this doesn't work very well because + + + align:start position:0% +that this doesn't work very well because +if you exceed the distance of + + align:start position:0% +if you exceed the distance of + + + align:start position:0% +if you exceed the distance of +approximately 25 centimeters then you + + align:start position:0% +approximately 25 centimeters then you + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 25 centimeters then you +can really not focus anymore and + + align:start position:0% +can really not focus anymore and + + + align:start position:0% +can really not focus anymore and +actually for you guys who are young it + + align:start position:0% +actually for you guys who are young it + + + align:start position:0% +actually for you guys who are young it +is about 25 centimeters as we grow older + + align:start position:0% +is about 25 centimeters as we grow older + + + align:start position:0% +is about 25 centimeters as we grow older +this distance becomes longer and longer + + align:start position:0% +this distance becomes longer and longer + + + align:start position:0% +this distance becomes longer and longer +and we basically lose your ability to + + align:start position:0% +and we basically lose your ability to + + + align:start position:0% +and we basically lose your ability to +focus which is a very annoying annoying + + align:start position:0% +focus which is a very annoying annoying + + + align:start position:0% +focus which is a very annoying annoying +thing actually it has just started to + + align:start position:0% +thing actually it has just started to + + + align:start position:0% +thing actually it has just started to +happen to me as a as approach edge fault + + align:start position:0% +happen to me as a as approach edge fault + + + align:start position:0% +happen to me as a as approach edge fault +we have started noticing that they + + align:start position:0% +we have started noticing that they + + + align:start position:0% +we have started noticing that they +cannot focus as well as I do too + + align:start position:0% +cannot focus as well as I do too + + + align:start position:0% +cannot focus as well as I do too +so it is a little bit annoying but + + align:start position:0% +so it is a little bit annoying but + + + align:start position:0% +so it is a little bit annoying but +anyway it beats the alternative I guess + + align:start position:0% +anyway it beats the alternative I guess + + + align:start position:0% +anyway it beats the alternative I guess +so so I'm very happy that they reach + + align:start position:0% +so so I'm very happy that they reach + + + align:start position:0% +so so I'm very happy that they reach +that age with anyway and so the point is + + align:start position:0% +that age with anyway and so the point is + + + align:start position:0% +that age with anyway and so the point is +that that there comes a point actually + + align:start position:0% +that that there comes a point actually + + + align:start position:0% +that that there comes a point actually +for me not the only way to focus is to + + align:start position:0% +for me not the only way to focus is to + + + align:start position:0% +for me not the only way to focus is to +take off my glasses so but even so there + + align:start position:0% +take off my glasses so but even so there + + + align:start position:0% +take off my glasses so but even so there +comes a point where you cannot focus + + align:start position:0% +comes a point where you cannot focus + + + align:start position:0% +comes a point where you cannot focus +anymore even you cannot focus ITIF you + + align:start position:0% +anymore even you cannot focus ITIF you + + + align:start position:0% +anymore even you cannot focus ITIF you +will example to five or ten centimeters + + align:start position:0% +will example to five or ten centimeters + + + align:start position:0% +will example to five or ten centimeters +you cannot focus the question is what + + align:start position:0% +you cannot focus the question is what + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot focus the question is what +could you do + + align:start position:0% +could you do + + + align:start position:0% +could you do +so what you do is you use a magnifier + + align:start position:0% +so what you do is you use a magnifier + + + align:start position:0% +so what you do is you use a magnifier +the magnifier is something that you put + + align:start position:0% +the magnifier is something that you put + + + align:start position:0% +the magnifier is something that you put +between the object and your eye and the + + align:start position:0% +between the object and your eye and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the object and your eye and the +way it works is like this we can do some + + align:start position:0% +way it works is like this we can do some + + + align:start position:0% +way it works is like this we can do some +simple very tracing here okay this is + + align:start position:0% +simple very tracing here okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +simple very tracing here okay this is +the parameters of the magnifier let's + + align:start position:0% +the parameters of the magnifier let's + + + align:start position:0% +the parameters of the magnifier let's +say it is a positive length they magnify + + align:start position:0% +say it is a positive length they magnify + + + align:start position:0% +say it is a positive length they magnify +let's say the focal length is F and the + + align:start position:0% +let's say the focal length is F and the + + + align:start position:0% +let's say the focal length is F and the +power is the inverse of that so this is + + align:start position:0% +power is the inverse of that so this is + + + align:start position:0% +power is the inverse of that so this is +some ray tracing that shows how the + + align:start position:0% +some ray tracing that shows how the + + + align:start position:0% +some ray tracing that shows how the +image is formed by this lens so all you + + align:start position:0% +image is formed by this lens so all you + + + align:start position:0% +image is formed by this lens so all you +do is you take a horizontal ray this + + align:start position:0% +do is you take a horizontal ray this + + + align:start position:0% +do is you take a horizontal ray this +will go somehow to the this guy will + + align:start position:0% +will go somehow to the this guy will + + + align:start position:0% +will go somehow to the this guy will +bend it and let's pretend now that this + + align:start position:0% +bend it and let's pretend now that this + + + align:start position:0% +bend it and let's pretend now that this +ray somehow I shoot things so that this + + align:start position:0% +ray somehow I shoot things so that this + + + align:start position:0% +ray somehow I shoot things so that this +ray went through the center + + align:start position:0% +ray went through the center + + + align:start position:0% +ray went through the center +of the ISO this is a weapon been trained + + align:start position:0% +of the ISO this is a weapon been trained + + + align:start position:0% +of the ISO this is a weapon been trained +but you can see really clearly now + + align:start position:0% +but you can see really clearly now + + + align:start position:0% +but you can see really clearly now +because what this lens did is it Bank + + align:start position:0% +because what this lens did is it Bank + + + align:start position:0% +because what this lens did is it Bank +this array bundles so that it meets the + + align:start position:0% +this array bundles so that it meets the + + + align:start position:0% +this array bundles so that it meets the +object over here the result is that + + align:start position:0% +object over here the result is that + + + align:start position:0% +object over here the result is that +they've got a much magnified image on + + align:start position:0% +they've got a much magnified image on + + + align:start position:0% +they've got a much magnified image on +the retina okay so that's about it + + align:start position:0% +the retina okay so that's about it + + + align:start position:0% +the retina okay so that's about it +that's that's all there is to it the by + + align:start position:0% +that's that's all there is to it the by + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's all there is to it the by +using this element you can get bigger + + align:start position:0% +using this element you can get bigger + + + align:start position:0% +using this element you can get bigger +images now if I didn't have the eye here + + align:start position:0% +images now if I didn't have the eye here + + + align:start position:0% +images now if I didn't have the eye here +this is actually the most instructive + + align:start position:0% +this is actually the most instructive + + + align:start position:0% +this is actually the most instructive +thing I'm going to say today this is + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm going to say today this is + + + align:start position:0% +thing I'm going to say today this is +really the meaning of the virtual image + + align:start position:0% +really the meaning of the virtual image + + + align:start position:0% +really the meaning of the virtual image +if I give you this system by itself + + align:start position:0% +if I give you this system by itself + + + align:start position:0% +if I give you this system by itself +obviously because this lens if you look + + align:start position:0% +obviously because this lens if you look + + + align:start position:0% +obviously because this lens if you look +powerful it created a divergent ray + + align:start position:0% +powerful it created a divergent ray + + + align:start position:0% +powerful it created a divergent ray +bundle what usually this object is + + align:start position:0% +bundle what usually this object is + + + align:start position:0% +bundle what usually this object is +between the focal point of the lens ray + + align:start position:0% +between the focal point of the lens ray + + + align:start position:0% +between the focal point of the lens ray +so therefore this is the situation that + + align:start position:0% +so therefore this is the situation that + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore this is the situation that +went countered before and we said that + + align:start position:0% +went countered before and we said that + + + align:start position:0% +went countered before and we said that +the system forms a virtual image well + + align:start position:0% +the system forms a virtual image well + + + align:start position:0% +the system forms a virtual image well +what is the virtual image oh I have to + + align:start position:0% +what is the virtual image oh I have to + + + align:start position:0% +what is the virtual image oh I have to +take this rays that the lens produced + + align:start position:0% +take this rays that the lens produced + + + align:start position:0% +take this rays that the lens produced +and have to explain the backwards and + + align:start position:0% +and have to explain the backwards and + + + align:start position:0% +and have to explain the backwards and +with a little bit of manipulation here + + align:start position:0% +with a little bit of manipulation here + + + align:start position:0% +with a little bit of manipulation here +because this is a cartoon it is not a + + align:start position:0% +because this is a cartoon it is not a + + + align:start position:0% +because this is a cartoon it is not a +real calculation but with some + + align:start position:0% +real calculation but with some + + + align:start position:0% +real calculation but with some +manipulation to make sure that there is + + align:start position:0% +manipulation to make sure that there is + + + align:start position:0% +manipulation to make sure that there is +Dmytro okay so there is me at the point + + align:start position:0% +Dmytro okay so there is me at the point + + + align:start position:0% +Dmytro okay so there is me at the point +where there is me it is the virtual + + align:start position:0% +where there is me it is the virtual + + + align:start position:0% +where there is me it is the virtual +image there is nothing there + + align:start position:0% +image there is nothing there + + + align:start position:0% +image there is nothing there +okay nothing the object is here the only + + align:start position:0% +okay nothing the object is here the only + + + align:start position:0% +okay nothing the object is here the only +physical entities here and you are i + + align:start position:0% +physical entities here and you are i + + + align:start position:0% +physical entities here and you are i +right and the logical there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +right and the logical there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +right and the logical there's nothing +here but when your eye forms an image it + + align:start position:0% +here but when your eye forms an image it + + + align:start position:0% +here but when your eye forms an image it +is as if you could bake this away you + + align:start position:0% +is as if you could bake this away you + + + align:start position:0% +is as if you could bake this away you +could take away the combination of the + + align:start position:0% +could take away the combination of the + + + align:start position:0% +could take away the combination of the +object and the magnifier and replace it + + align:start position:0% +object and the magnifier and replace it + + + align:start position:0% +object and the magnifier and replace it +with a virtual image that the system + + align:start position:0% +with a virtual image that the system + + + align:start position:0% +with a virtual image that the system +formed this virtual image is acting as + + align:start position:0% +formed this virtual image is acting as + + + align:start position:0% +formed this virtual image is acting as +an object for your eye the eye images + + align:start position:0% +an object for your eye the eye images + + + align:start position:0% +an object for your eye the eye images +this object and because this object has + + align:start position:0% +this object and because this object has + + + align:start position:0% +this object and because this object has +been magnified a relative to the actual + + align:start position:0% +been magnified a relative to the actual + + + align:start position:0% +been magnified a relative to the actual +object you end up absorbing observe in a + + align:start position:0% +object you end up absorbing observe in a + + + align:start position:0% +object you end up absorbing observe in a +magnified image so this is the + + align:start position:0% +magnified image so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +magnified image so this is the +significance of virtual images by + + align:start position:0% +significance of virtual images by + + + align:start position:0% +significance of virtual images by +themselves that don't mean anything but + + align:start position:0% +themselves that don't mean anything but + + + align:start position:0% +themselves that don't mean anything but +because at the end of an optical system + + align:start position:0% +because at the end of an optical system + + + align:start position:0% +because at the end of an optical system +you always have the observers retina I + + align:start position:0% +you always have the observers retina I + + + align:start position:0% +you always have the observers retina I +mean the observers eye lens and the + + align:start position:0% +mean the observers eye lens and the + + + align:start position:0% +mean the observers eye lens and the +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +the virtual image and that become in a + + align:start position:0% +the virtual image and that become in a + + + align:start position:0% +the virtual image and that become in a +real image hopefully on the retina if it + + align:start position:0% +real image hopefully on the retina if it + + + align:start position:0% +real image hopefully on the retina if it +becomes a real image elsewhere you will + + align:start position:0% +becomes a real image elsewhere you will + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a real image elsewhere you will +not be able to see it you will be out of + + align:start position:0% +not be able to see it you will be out of + + + align:start position:0% +not be able to see it you will be out of +focus or even worse if you create a + + align:start position:0% +focus or even worse if you create a + + + align:start position:0% +focus or even worse if you create a +virtual image and you send it to an + + align:start position:0% +virtual image and you send it to an + + + align:start position:0% +virtual image and you send it to an +observer so it becomes a virtual image + + align:start position:0% +observer so it becomes a virtual image + + + align:start position:0% +observer so it becomes a virtual image +on the retina again you don't see + + align:start position:0% +on the retina again you don't see + + + align:start position:0% +on the retina again you don't see +anything there because you can never + + align:start position:0% +anything there because you can never + + + align:start position:0% +anything there because you can never +observe a virtual image unless you can + + align:start position:0% +observe a virtual image unless you can + + + align:start position:0% +observe a virtual image unless you can +image it using the optics of your eye so + + align:start position:0% +image it using the optics of your eye so + + + align:start position:0% +image it using the optics of your eye so +this is a significance then and we will + + align:start position:0% +this is a significance then and we will + + + align:start position:0% +this is a significance then and we will +see in a second that everything my + + align:start position:0% +see in a second that everything my + + + align:start position:0% +see in a second that everything my +microscopes telescopes magnifiers they + + align:start position:0% +microscopes telescopes magnifiers they + + + align:start position:0% +microscopes telescopes magnifiers they +all form virtual images which eventually + + align:start position:0% +all form virtual images which eventually + + + align:start position:0% +all form virtual images which eventually +the observers eye lens converts to + + align:start position:0% +the observers eye lens converts to + + + align:start position:0% +the observers eye lens converts to +elements on the retina ok the next thing + + align:start position:0% +elements on the retina ok the next thing + + + align:start position:0% +elements on the retina ok the next thing +that we will do now is we put some life + + align:start position:0% +that we will do now is we put some life + + + align:start position:0% +that we will do now is we put some life +around this topic and this is a little + + align:start position:0% +around this topic and this is a little + + + align:start position:0% +around this topic and this is a little +bit unfortunate because the book is + + align:start position:0% +bit unfortunate because the book is + + + align:start position:0% +bit unfortunate because the book is +generally very good the textbook that we + + align:start position:0% +generally very good the textbook that we + + + align:start position:0% +generally very good the textbook that we +have hacked I do think that in this + + align:start position:0% +have hacked I do think that in this + + + align:start position:0% +have hacked I do think that in this +particular topic the textbook is a + + align:start position:0% +particular topic the textbook is a + + + align:start position:0% +particular topic the textbook is a +little bit confusing so I'll try to walk + + align:start position:0% +little bit confusing so I'll try to walk + + + align:start position:0% +little bit confusing so I'll try to walk +you through the derivation in the + + align:start position:0% +you through the derivation in the + + + align:start position:0% +you through the derivation in the +textbook and hopefully I will make it + + align:start position:0% +textbook and hopefully I will make it + + + align:start position:0% +textbook and hopefully I will make it +less confusing but if when you go back + + align:start position:0% +less confusing but if when you go back + + + align:start position:0% +less confusing but if when you go back +home and you read the textbook you get + + align:start position:0% +home and you read the textbook you get + + + align:start position:0% +home and you read the textbook you get +confused again please bring your + + align:start position:0% +confused again please bring your + + + align:start position:0% +confused again please bring your +questions on Monday so we can talk about + + align:start position:0% +questions on Monday so we can talk about + + + align:start position:0% +questions on Monday so we can talk about +this again ok so I try to make it less + + align:start position:0% +this again ok so I try to make it less + + + align:start position:0% +this again ok so I try to make it less +confusing but still I am using the + + align:start position:0% +confusing but still I am using the + + + align:start position:0% +confusing but still I am using the +notation in the book so you don't in + + align:start position:0% +notation in the book so you don't in + + + align:start position:0% +notation in the book so you don't in +addition to the confusion in the book + + align:start position:0% +addition to the confusion in the book + + + align:start position:0% +addition to the confusion in the book +you don't have to overcome the to + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to overcome the to + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to overcome the to +overcome a notational confusion ok so + + align:start position:0% +overcome a notational confusion ok so + + + align:start position:0% +overcome a notational confusion ok so +the definition of the magnifying power + + align:start position:0% +the definition of the magnifying power + + + align:start position:0% +the definition of the magnifying power +whose cannot be argued against because + + align:start position:0% +whose cannot be argued against because + + + align:start position:0% +whose cannot be argued against because +it is a definition is it is the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +it is a definition is it is the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +it is a definition is it is the ratio of +the antis appended by the tip of the + + align:start position:0% +the antis appended by the tip of the + + + align:start position:0% +the antis appended by the tip of the +object before and after magnification + + align:start position:0% +object before and after magnification + + + align:start position:0% +object before and after magnification +after the subscripts me here + + align:start position:0% +after the subscripts me here + + + align:start position:0% +after the subscripts me here +un a u stands for unaided that is the + + align:start position:0% +un a u stands for unaided that is the + + + align:start position:0% +un a u stands for unaided that is the +eye without the magnifier and a stands + + align:start position:0% +eye without the magnifier and a stands + + + align:start position:0% +eye without the magnifier and a stands +for aided that is the eye with the aid + + align:start position:0% +for aided that is the eye with the aid + + + align:start position:0% +for aided that is the eye with the aid +of the magnifier lunch and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we need to place symbols to all of + + align:start position:0% +now we need to place symbols to all of + + + align:start position:0% +now we need to place symbols to all of +these distances here and I think this is + + align:start position:0% +these distances here and I think this is + + + align:start position:0% +these distances here and I think this is +why the book is a bit confusing because + + align:start position:0% +why the book is a bit confusing because + + + align:start position:0% +why the book is a bit confusing because +it tries to do everything at once but + + align:start position:0% +it tries to do everything at once but + + + align:start position:0% +it tries to do everything at once but +anyway so neither symbol for the + + align:start position:0% +anyway so neither symbol for the + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so neither symbol for the +distance between the object of the lens + + align:start position:0% +distance between the object of the lens + + + align:start position:0% +distance between the object of the lens +then another symbol from the lens to the + + align:start position:0% +then another symbol from the lens to the + + + align:start position:0% +then another symbol from the lens to the +eye and in the symbol from the lens to + + align:start position:0% +eye and in the symbol from the lens to + + + align:start position:0% +eye and in the symbol from the lens to +the virtual image which is of course si + + align:start position:0% +the virtual image which is of course si + + + align:start position:0% +the virtual image which is of course si +and in this case you would expect the + + align:start position:0% +and in this case you would expect the + + + align:start position:0% +and in this case you would expect the +site to turn out to be a negative number + + align:start position:0% +site to turn out to be a negative number + + + align:start position:0% +site to turn out to be a negative number +because it is a vector element and + + align:start position:0% +because it is a vector element and + + + align:start position:0% +because it is a vector element and +finally uses a symbol big L for the + + align:start position:0% +finally uses a symbol big L for the + + + align:start position:0% +finally uses a symbol big L for the +distance between the virtual are the + + align:start position:0% +distance between the virtual are the + + + align:start position:0% +distance between the virtual are the +virtual image and the eye so L use of + + align:start position:0% +virtual image and the eye so L use of + + + align:start position:0% +virtual image and the eye so L use of +course simply the sum of these two + + align:start position:0% +course simply the sum of these two + + + align:start position:0% +course simply the sum of these two +distances with a proper sign convention + + align:start position:0% +distances with a proper sign convention + + + align:start position:0% +distances with a proper sign convention +okay and then the first thing to note is + + align:start position:0% +okay and then the first thing to note is + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then the first thing to note is +that you don't really need to all these + + align:start position:0% +that you don't really need to all these + + + align:start position:0% +that you don't really need to all these +notations because the magnifying power + + align:start position:0% +notations because the magnifying power + + + align:start position:0% +notations because the magnifying power +is very simple to calculate as we did + + align:start position:0% +is very simple to calculate as we did + + + align:start position:0% +is very simple to calculate as we did +with the past and all you have to do is + + align:start position:0% +with the past and all you have to do is + + + align:start position:0% +with the past and all you have to do is +use similar triangles because you can + + align:start position:0% +use similar triangles because you can + + + align:start position:0% +use similar triangles because you can +see that the magnifying power okay + + align:start position:0% +see that the magnifying power okay + + + align:start position:0% +see that the magnifying power okay +the angry a sub a the ADA angle equals + + align:start position:0% +the angry a sub a the ADA angle equals + + + align:start position:0% +the angry a sub a the ADA angle equals +the ratio of the size of the virtual + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the size of the virtual + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of the size of the virtual +image over what look at the red line + + align:start position:0% +image over what look at the red line + + + align:start position:0% +image over what look at the red line +okay from this a and B over the big + + align:start position:0% +okay from this a and B over the big + + + align:start position:0% +okay from this a and B over the big +distance L right and of course there is + + align:start position:0% +distance L right and of course there is + + + align:start position:0% +distance L right and of course there is +a tangent that should have a tangent + + align:start position:0% +a tangent that should have a tangent + + + align:start position:0% +a tangent that should have a tangent +there but they drop the tangent because + + align:start position:0% +there but they drop the tangent because + + + align:start position:0% +there but they drop the tangent because +of the paraxial approximation similarly + + align:start position:0% +of the paraxial approximation similarly + + + align:start position:0% +of the paraxial approximation similarly +for the object for the unaided eye it + + align:start position:0% +for the object for the unaided eye it + + + align:start position:0% +for the object for the unaided eye it +equals the ratio of the natural height + + align:start position:0% +equals the ratio of the natural height + + + align:start position:0% +equals the ratio of the natural height +of the object to the distance between + + align:start position:0% +of the object to the distance between + + + align:start position:0% +of the object to the distance between +the object of the lens okay now for the + + align:start position:0% +the object of the lens okay now for the + + + align:start position:0% +the object of the lens okay now for the +unaided case the convention is to use + + align:start position:0% +unaided case the convention is to use + + + align:start position:0% +unaided case the convention is to use +the near point of the eye that is the 25 + + align:start position:0% +the near point of the eye that is the 25 + + + align:start position:0% +the near point of the eye that is the 25 +centimeter distance beyond which the eye + + align:start position:0% +centimeter distance beyond which the eye + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter distance beyond which the eye +cannot focus because presumably if you + + align:start position:0% +cannot focus because presumably if you + + + align:start position:0% +cannot focus because presumably if you +go if you wanted to get the maximum + + align:start position:0% +go if you wanted to get the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +go if you wanted to get the maximum +possible unaided magnification you + + align:start position:0% +possible unaided magnification you + + + align:start position:0% +possible unaided magnification you +really have to bring the object within + + align:start position:0% +really have to bring the object within + + + align:start position:0% +really have to bring the object within +these 25 centimeters right okay so + + align:start position:0% +these 25 centimeters right okay so + + + align:start position:0% +these 25 centimeters right okay so +that's why we use these + + align:start position:0% +that's why we use these + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we use these +zero that's a standard actually it is 25 + + align:start position:0% +zero that's a standard actually it is 25 + + + align:start position:0% +zero that's a standard actually it is 25 +centimeter and when you play around with + + align:start position:0% +centimeter and when you play around with + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter and when you play around with +this you discover that it equals the + + align:start position:0% +this you discover that it equals the + + + align:start position:0% +this you discover that it equals the +ratio of these two distances which is + + align:start position:0% +ratio of these two distances which is + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of these two distances which is +easy to do and this is what we use to + + align:start position:0% +easy to do and this is what we use to + + + align:start position:0% +easy to do and this is what we use to +call what did you call this quantity + + align:start position:0% +call what did you call this quantity + + + align:start position:0% +call what did you call this quantity +when we did the emergent condition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +button little magnification that's right + + align:start position:0% +button little magnification that's right + + + align:start position:0% +button little magnification that's right +this is what we used to call the lateral + + align:start position:0% +this is what we used to call the lateral + + + align:start position:0% +this is what we used to call the lateral +magnification it is the ratio of the + + align:start position:0% +magnification it is the ratio of the + + + align:start position:0% +magnification it is the ratio of the +size of the image over the size of the + + align:start position:0% +size of the image over the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +size of the image over the size of the +object so this is what I say here and of + + align:start position:0% +object so this is what I say here and of + + + align:start position:0% +object so this is what I say here and of +course this is the lateral magnification + + align:start position:0% +course this is the lateral magnification + + + align:start position:0% +course this is the lateral magnification +where the questions for it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +where the questions for it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +where the questions for it in terms of +the imaging distances and and we can + + align:start position:0% +the imaging distances and and we can + + + align:start position:0% +the imaging distances and and we can +substitute these equations and we can + + align:start position:0% +substitute these equations and we can + + + align:start position:0% +substitute these equations and we can +actually derive a number of equivalent + + align:start position:0% +actually derive a number of equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +actually derive a number of equivalent +expressions for the magnifying power so + + align:start position:0% +expressions for the magnifying power so + + + align:start position:0% +expressions for the magnifying power so +now none of this is particularly + + align:start position:0% +now none of this is particularly + + + align:start position:0% +now none of this is particularly +intuitive and then the book goes ahead + + align:start position:0% +intuitive and then the book goes ahead + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive and then the book goes ahead +and gives two possible uses of the + + align:start position:0% +and gives two possible uses of the + + + align:start position:0% +and gives two possible uses of the +magnifying lens that are not + + align:start position:0% +magnifying lens that are not + + + align:start position:0% +magnifying lens that are not +particularly intuitive either okay so I + + align:start position:0% +particularly intuitive either okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +particularly intuitive either okay so I +will not even bother to deal with them + + align:start position:0% +will not even bother to deal with them + + + align:start position:0% +will not even bother to deal with them +one of them is when you put the + + align:start position:0% +one of them is when you put the + + + align:start position:0% +one of them is when you put the +magnifier one focal distance away you + + align:start position:0% +magnifier one focal distance away you + + + align:start position:0% +magnifier one focal distance away you +never I don't know if it's necessary to + + align:start position:0% +never I don't know if it's necessary to + + + align:start position:0% +never I don't know if it's necessary to +do that that is when you put the + + align:start position:0% +do that that is when you put the + + + align:start position:0% +do that that is when you put the +magnifier you stick it to your eye which + + align:start position:0% +magnifier you stick it to your eye which + + + align:start position:0% +magnifier you stick it to your eye which +is not a very good idea because there's + + align:start position:0% +is not a very good idea because there's + + + align:start position:0% +is not a very good idea because there's +all kinds of germs around so you don't + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of germs around so you don't + + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of germs around so you don't +want to stick magnifiers onto the money + + align:start position:0% +want to stick magnifiers onto the money + + + align:start position:0% +want to stick magnifiers onto the money +the way we use magnifiers in general is + + align:start position:0% +the way we use magnifiers in general is + + + align:start position:0% +the way we use magnifiers in general is +the number three description of the book + + align:start position:0% +the number three description of the book + + + align:start position:0% +the number three description of the book +which says we place the object at one + + align:start position:0% +which says we place the object at one + + + align:start position:0% +which says we place the object at one +focal point behind the magnifier so with + + align:start position:0% +focal point behind the magnifier so with + + + align:start position:0% +focal point behind the magnifier so with +the magnifier focal length is five + + align:start position:0% +the magnifier focal length is five + + + align:start position:0% +the magnifier focal length is five +centimeters + + align:start position:0% +centimeters + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters +actually that's a pretty long but anyway + + align:start position:0% +actually that's a pretty long but anyway + + + align:start position:0% +actually that's a pretty long but anyway +you place it five centimeters from the + + align:start position:0% +you place it five centimeters from the + + + align:start position:0% +you place it five centimeters from the +object what do you accomplish this way + + align:start position:0% +object what do you accomplish this way + + + align:start position:0% +object what do you accomplish this way +what happens if you place an object at + + align:start position:0% +what happens if you place an object at + + + align:start position:0% +what happens if you place an object at +one focal distance in front of the lens + + align:start position:0% +one focal distance in front of the lens + + + align:start position:0% +one focal distance in front of the lens +that's right + + align:start position:0% +that's right + + + align:start position:0% +that's right +you form an image at infinity actually + + align:start position:0% +you form an image at infinity actually + + + align:start position:0% +you form an image at infinity actually +in that case you form a real image of + + align:start position:0% +in that case you form a real image of + + + align:start position:0% +in that case you form a real image of +infinity now is that good or bad + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the context here + + align:start position:0% +in the context here + + + align:start position:0% +in the context here +you found a magic infinity and you still + + align:start position:0% +you found a magic infinity and you still + + + align:start position:0% +you found a magic infinity and you still +have an observer with his or her eye + + align:start position:0% +have an observer with his or her eye + + + align:start position:0% +have an observer with his or her eye +lens and retina okay let me draw this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we'll draw the specific case + + align:start position:0% +now we'll draw the specific case + + + align:start position:0% +now we'll draw the specific case +according to the book lingo this is case + + align:start position:0% +according to the book lingo this is case + + + align:start position:0% +according to the book lingo this is case +number 3s I equals F so what does it + + align:start position:0% +number 3s I equals F so what does it + + + align:start position:0% +number 3s I equals F so what does it +look like here's my magnifier here's my + + align:start position:0% +look like here's my magnifier here's my + + + align:start position:0% +look like here's my magnifier here's my +eye my eye lands do this of course the + + align:start position:0% +eye my eye lands do this of course the + + + align:start position:0% +eye my eye lands do this of course the +eye kind of looks like this and this is + + align:start position:0% +eye kind of looks like this and this is + + + align:start position:0% +eye kind of looks like this and this is +the retina and here is the optical axis + + align:start position:0% +the retina and here is the optical axis + + + align:start position:0% +the retina and here is the optical axis +and here is the object so let's look at + + align:start position:0% +and here is the object so let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +and here is the object so let's look at +the tip of the object since it is one + + align:start position:0% +the tip of the object since it is one + + + align:start position:0% +the tip of the object since it is one +focal distance away from the lens I will + + align:start position:0% +focal distance away from the lens I will + + + align:start position:0% +focal distance away from the lens I will +get a parallel a bundle is that good or + + align:start position:0% +get a parallel a bundle is that good or + + + align:start position:0% +get a parallel a bundle is that good or +bad it's a so equal self right yes thank + + align:start position:0% +bad it's a so equal self right yes thank + + + align:start position:0% +bad it's a so equal self right yes thank +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so he's a good man if we talk of a + + align:start position:0% +so he's a good man if we talk of a + + + align:start position:0% +so he's a good man if we talk of a +variations it's good yeah let's not go + + align:start position:0% +variations it's good yeah let's not go + + + align:start position:0% +variations it's good yeah let's not go +into aberration yeah our simple + + align:start position:0% +into aberration yeah our simple + + + align:start position:0% +into aberration yeah our simple +geometrical optics is that situation + + align:start position:0% +geometrical optics is that situation + + + align:start position:0% +geometrical optics is that situation +happy + + align:start position:0% +happy + + + align:start position:0% +happy +are we happy that we did this but here's + + align:start position:0% +are we happy that we did this but here's + + + align:start position:0% +are we happy that we did this but here's +a number of reasons yeah + + align:start position:0% +a number of reasons yeah + + + align:start position:0% +a number of reasons yeah +yes because they could perfectly focus + + align:start position:0% +yes because they could perfectly focus + + + align:start position:0% +yes because they could perfectly focus +at the point that's right first of all + + align:start position:0% +at the point that's right first of all + + + align:start position:0% +at the point that's right first of all +this is a yeah this is assumed to be a + + align:start position:0% +this is a yeah this is assumed to be a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a yeah this is assumed to be a +corrected eye so if it was me that would + + align:start position:0% +corrected eye so if it was me that would + + + align:start position:0% +corrected eye so if it was me that would +be me where in my eyeglasses right if it + + align:start position:0% +be me where in my eyeglasses right if it + + + align:start position:0% +be me where in my eyeglasses right if it +is me without my glasses have a problem + + align:start position:0% +is me without my glasses have a problem + + + align:start position:0% +is me without my glasses have a problem +I will see in a second what problem but + + align:start position:0% +I will see in a second what problem but + + + align:start position:0% +I will see in a second what problem but +if it is a you know a healthy eye side + + align:start position:0% +if it is a you know a healthy eye side + + + align:start position:0% +if it is a you know a healthy eye side +where they I can focus perfectly then + + align:start position:0% +where they I can focus perfectly then + + + align:start position:0% +where they I can focus perfectly then +this indeed will form an image on the + + align:start position:0% +this indeed will form an image on the + + + align:start position:0% +this indeed will form an image on the +retina okay what is that good news about + + align:start position:0% +retina okay what is that good news about + + + align:start position:0% +retina okay what is that good news about +the situation the fact that the image is + + align:start position:0% +the situation the fact that the image is + + + align:start position:0% +the situation the fact that the image is +at infinity is that good news or bad + + align:start position:0% +at infinity is that good news or bad + + + align:start position:0% +at infinity is that good news or bad +news your eyes remain your eye remains + + align:start position:0% +news your eyes remain your eye remains + + + align:start position:0% +news your eyes remain your eye remains +unaccommodating that's right we learned + + align:start position:0% +unaccommodating that's right we learned + + + align:start position:0% +unaccommodating that's right we learned +that the high is most relaxed when it + + align:start position:0% +that the high is most relaxed when it + + + align:start position:0% +that the high is most relaxed when it +observes remote objects of infinity the + + align:start position:0% +observes remote objects of infinity the + + + align:start position:0% +observes remote objects of infinity the +reason I cannot focus closer is because + + align:start position:0% +reason I cannot focus closer is because + + + align:start position:0% +reason I cannot focus closer is because +I have to strain the length of my eye + + align:start position:0% +I have to strain the length of my eye + + + align:start position:0% +I have to strain the length of my eye +and as I get older my ability to strain + + align:start position:0% +and as I get older my ability to strain + + + align:start position:0% +and as I get older my ability to strain +it diminishes right so but this is true + + align:start position:0% +it diminishes right so but this is true + + + align:start position:0% +it diminishes right so but this is true +for anybody is young or old when you try + + align:start position:0% +for anybody is young or old when you try + + + align:start position:0% +for anybody is young or old when you try +to look at something close by you get + + align:start position:0% +to look at something close by you get + + + align:start position:0% +to look at something close by you get +tired right if you read the book and + + align:start position:0% +tired right if you read the book and + + + align:start position:0% +tired right if you read the book and +like this your parents probably told you + + align:start position:0% +like this your parents probably told you + + + align:start position:0% +like this your parents probably told you +they told me you know don't read the + + align:start position:0% +they told me you know don't read the + + + align:start position:0% +they told me you know don't read the +book like this you get the headache and + + align:start position:0% +book like this you get the headache and + + + align:start position:0% +book like this you get the headache and +indeed you do it if you live for a long + + align:start position:0% +indeed you do it if you live for a long + + + align:start position:0% +indeed you do it if you live for a long +time to get the headache from very clock + + align:start position:0% +time to get the headache from very clock + + + align:start position:0% +time to get the headache from very clock +so the reason this is a happy situation + + align:start position:0% +so the reason this is a happy situation + + + align:start position:0% +so the reason this is a happy situation +is because the I can be totally relaxed + + align:start position:0% +is because the I can be totally relaxed + + + align:start position:0% +is because the I can be totally relaxed +as if it was observed in something very + + align:start position:0% +as if it was observed in something very + + + align:start position:0% +as if it was observed in something very +far away and still see the object with + + align:start position:0% +far away and still see the object with + + + align:start position:0% +far away and still see the object with +magnification okay and how much is the + + align:start position:0% +magnification okay and how much is the + + + align:start position:0% +magnification okay and how much is the +magnification well that I will skip the + + align:start position:0% +magnification well that I will skip the + + + align:start position:0% +magnification well that I will skip the +math the math is fairly simple here but + + align:start position:0% +math the math is fairly simple here but + + + align:start position:0% +math the math is fairly simple here but +it turns out to be simply the product of + + align:start position:0% +it turns out to be simply the product of + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out to be simply the product of +the near point to the 25 centimeters + + align:start position:0% +the near point to the 25 centimeters + + + align:start position:0% +the near point to the 25 centimeters +times there + + align:start position:0% +times there + + + align:start position:0% +times there +of the lens and the only penalty you pay + + align:start position:0% +of the lens and the only penalty you pay + + + align:start position:0% +of the lens and the only penalty you pay +there isn't actually the book covers + + align:start position:0% +there isn't actually the book covers + + + align:start position:0% +there isn't actually the book covers +this case over here is because this is + + align:start position:0% +this case over here is because this is + + + align:start position:0% +this case over here is because this is +not the maximum magnification you can + + align:start position:0% +not the maximum magnification you can + + + align:start position:0% +not the maximum magnification you can +get to the magnifier you can get + + align:start position:0% +get to the magnifier you can get + + + align:start position:0% +get to the magnifier you can get +slightly higher if you stick the + + align:start position:0% +slightly higher if you stick the + + + align:start position:0% +slightly higher if you stick the +magnifier next to your eye okay fine but + + align:start position:0% +magnifier next to your eye okay fine but + + + align:start position:0% +magnifier next to your eye okay fine but +you never stick the magnifier to your I + + align:start position:0% +you never stick the magnifier to your I + + + align:start position:0% +you never stick the magnifier to your I +actually unless your adventure also you + + align:start position:0% +actually unless your adventure also you + + + align:start position:0% +actually unless your adventure also you +know if I did this I will damage my + + align:start position:0% +know if I did this I will damage my + + + align:start position:0% +know if I did this I will damage my +glasses okay so the masses perhaps you + + align:start position:0% +glasses okay so the masses perhaps you + + + align:start position:0% +glasses okay so the masses perhaps you +know important but they're really what + + align:start position:0% +know important but they're really what + + + align:start position:0% +know important but they're really what +they are really hopeful to get you hope + + align:start position:0% +they are really hopeful to get you hope + + + align:start position:0% +they are really hopeful to get you hope +that you get out of this is the + + align:start position:0% +that you get out of this is the + + + align:start position:0% +that you get out of this is the +significance of the virtual image and + + align:start position:0% +significance of the virtual image and + + + align:start position:0% +significance of the virtual image and +why the magnifier functions by forming a + + align:start position:0% +why the magnifier functions by forming a + + + align:start position:0% +why the magnifier functions by forming a +virtual image that is erect and + + align:start position:0% +virtual image that is erect and + + + align:start position:0% +virtual image that is erect and +magnified and this is also tells you why + + align:start position:0% +magnified and this is also tells you why + + + align:start position:0% +magnified and this is also tells you why +you use a positive lens as a magnifier + + align:start position:0% +you use a positive lens as a magnifier + + + align:start position:0% +you use a positive lens as a magnifier +if you recall it is actually one of the + + align:start position:0% +if you recall it is actually one of the + + + align:start position:0% +if you recall it is actually one of the +previous slides a negative lens also + + align:start position:0% +previous slides a negative lens also + + + align:start position:0% +previous slides a negative lens also +forms a virtual image but unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +forms a virtual image but unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +forms a virtual image but unfortunately +it is not magnified the magnification it + + align:start position:0% +it is not magnified the magnification it + + + align:start position:0% +it is not magnified the magnification it +is the magnified the lateral + + align:start position:0% +is the magnified the lateral + + + align:start position:0% +is the magnified the lateral +magnification is less than one so so we + + align:start position:0% +magnification is less than one so so we + + + align:start position:0% +magnification is less than one so so we +would be out of luck in this case okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the next element is actually the same it + + align:start position:0% +the next element is actually the same it + + + align:start position:0% +the next element is actually the same it +is not different than the magnifier but + + align:start position:0% +is not different than the magnifier but + + + align:start position:0% +is not different than the magnifier but +it comes under the name IPS because in + + align:start position:0% +it comes under the name IPS because in + + + align:start position:0% +it comes under the name IPS because in +optical instruments such as by night + + align:start position:0% +optical instruments such as by night + + + align:start position:0% +optical instruments such as by night +Euler's telescopes microscopes and the + + align:start position:0% +Euler's telescopes microscopes and the + + + align:start position:0% +Euler's telescopes microscopes and the +like this is the last lens that you look + + align:start position:0% +like this is the last lens that you look + + + align:start position:0% +like this is the last lens that you look +into the instrument with your naked eye + + align:start position:0% +into the instrument with your naked eye + + + align:start position:0% +into the instrument with your naked eye +now I realize that this is all fashion + + align:start position:0% +now I realize that this is all fashion + + + align:start position:0% +now I realize that this is all fashion +talk modern instruments you seldom look + + align:start position:0% +talk modern instruments you seldom look + + + align:start position:0% +talk modern instruments you seldom look +at with a naked eye you actually have a + + align:start position:0% +at with a naked eye you actually have a + + + align:start position:0% +at with a naked eye you actually have a +camera so you put a digital camera and + + align:start position:0% +camera so you put a digital camera and + + + align:start position:0% +camera so you put a digital camera and +you register with image digitally + + align:start position:0% +you register with image digitally + + + align:start position:0% +you register with image digitally +however even a digital camera functions + + align:start position:0% +however even a digital camera functions + + + align:start position:0% +however even a digital camera functions +like a retina so in other words even a + + align:start position:0% +like a retina so in other words even a + + + align:start position:0% +like a retina so in other words even a +digital camera would have an eyepiece + + align:start position:0% +digital camera would have an eyepiece + + + align:start position:0% +digital camera would have an eyepiece +and then a condenser and then it would + + align:start position:0% +and then a condenser and then it would + + + align:start position:0% +and then a condenser and then it would +it would go onto the chip right so so + + align:start position:0% +it would go onto the chip right so so + + + align:start position:0% +it would go onto the chip right so so +really the situation here applies to + + align:start position:0% +really the situation here applies to + + + align:start position:0% +really the situation here applies to +digital imaging as well as as human as + + align:start position:0% +digital imaging as well as as human as + + + align:start position:0% +digital imaging as well as as human as +well as you know instruments meant to be + + align:start position:0% +well as you know instruments meant to be + + + align:start position:0% +well as you know instruments meant to be +used by humans so there so the eyepiece + + align:start position:0% +used by humans so there so the eyepiece + + + align:start position:0% +used by humans so there so the eyepiece +is basically the last element investment + + align:start position:0% +is basically the last element investment + + + align:start position:0% +is basically the last element investment +just before you get to the to the actual + + align:start position:0% +just before you get to the to the actual + + + align:start position:0% +just before you get to the to the actual +sort of observation stage and because + + align:start position:0% +sort of observation stage and because + + + align:start position:0% +sort of observation stage and because +the eyepieces were traditionally + + align:start position:0% +the eyepieces were traditionally + + + align:start position:0% +the eyepieces were traditionally +designed for humans + + align:start position:0% +designed for humans + + + align:start position:0% +designed for humans +they typically designed like a magnifier + + align:start position:0% +they typically designed like a magnifier + + + align:start position:0% +they typically designed like a magnifier +with the same principle that I described + + align:start position:0% +with the same principle that I described + + + align:start position:0% +with the same principle that I described +before that forms an image at infinity + + align:start position:0% +before that forms an image at infinity + + + align:start position:0% +before that forms an image at infinity +so therefore the observer when he or she + + align:start position:0% +so therefore the observer when he or she + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore the observer when he or she +looks into the IPS they can use an under + + align:start position:0% +looks into the IPS they can use an under + + + align:start position:0% +looks into the IPS they can use an under +kama dated eye and observe the magnified + + align:start position:0% +kama dated eye and observe the magnified + + + align:start position:0% +kama dated eye and observe the magnified +image without having to strain their + + align:start position:0% +image without having to strain their + + + align:start position:0% +image without having to strain their +eyes okay so this is the sort of + + align:start position:0% +eyes okay so this is the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +eyes okay so this is the sort of +standard use of an eyepiece and there is + + align:start position:0% +standard use of an eyepiece and there is + + + align:start position:0% +standard use of an eyepiece and there is +a second condition for the eyepiece + + align:start position:0% +a second condition for the eyepiece + + + align:start position:0% +a second condition for the eyepiece +which which will become a little bit + + align:start position:0% +which which will become a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +which which will become a little bit +more more apparent in when a in the next + + align:start position:0% +more more apparent in when a in the next + + + align:start position:0% +more more apparent in when a in the next +slide when I talk about the microscope + + align:start position:0% +slide when I talk about the microscope + + + align:start position:0% +slide when I talk about the microscope +it is this one over here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this looks a little cryptic it says + + align:start position:0% +this looks a little cryptic it says + + + align:start position:0% +this looks a little cryptic it says +Santa the exit pupil I point where the + + align:start position:0% +Santa the exit pupil I point where the + + + align:start position:0% +Santa the exit pupil I point where the +observers eye is placed at ten + + align:start position:0% +observers eye is placed at ten + + + align:start position:0% +observers eye is placed at ten +millimeters from the estimate that + + align:start position:0% +millimeters from the estimate that + + + align:start position:0% +millimeters from the estimate that +doesn't mean much but I already + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean much but I already + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean much but I already +described what this means in a second + + align:start position:0% +described what this means in a second + + + align:start position:0% +described what this means in a second +when I talk about the microscope + + align:start position:0% +when I talk about the microscope + + + align:start position:0% +when I talk about the microscope +notwithstanding this last point over + + align:start position:0% +notwithstanding this last point over + + + align:start position:0% +notwithstanding this last point over +here any questions about the eyepiece or + + align:start position:0% +here any questions about the eyepiece or + + + align:start position:0% +here any questions about the eyepiece or +the magnifier or anything of that sort + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay why is the eye relief ten + + align:start position:0% +okay why is the eye relief ten + + + align:start position:0% +okay why is the eye relief ten +millimeter when we cannot see okay what + + align:start position:0% +millimeter when we cannot see okay what + + + align:start position:0% +millimeter when we cannot see okay what +this really means is that ten + + align:start position:0% +this really means is that ten + + + align:start position:0% +this really means is that ten +millimeters is the design distance that + + align:start position:0% +millimeters is the design distance that + + + align:start position:0% +millimeters is the design distance that +you're supposed to place your eyes with + + align:start position:0% +you're supposed to place your eyes with + + + align:start position:0% +you're supposed to place your eyes with +respect to the instrument when you look + + align:start position:0% +respect to the instrument when you look + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the instrument when you look +at the microscope for example most + + align:start position:0% +at the microscope for example most + + + align:start position:0% +at the microscope for example most +people don't do that but you're supposed + + align:start position:0% +people don't do that but you're supposed + + + align:start position:0% +people don't do that but you're supposed +to be at about ten centimeters from the + + align:start position:0% +to be at about ten centimeters from the + + + align:start position:0% +to be at about ten centimeters from the +from the last cell phone so that is + + align:start position:0% +from the last cell phone so that is + + + align:start position:0% +from the last cell phone so that is +called the eye relief and what is it + + align:start position:0% +called the eye relief and what is it + + + align:start position:0% +called the eye relief and what is it +really saying is that when you look at + + align:start position:0% +really saying is that when you look at + + + align:start position:0% +really saying is that when you look at +this you are not supposed to see any + + align:start position:0% +this you are not supposed to see any + + + align:start position:0% +this you are not supposed to see any +blockage of the image and you're not + + align:start position:0% +blockage of the image and you're not + + + align:start position:0% +blockage of the image and you're not +supposed to see anything yet okay so + + align:start position:0% +supposed to see anything yet okay so + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to see anything yet okay so +there's two things that can happen if + + align:start position:0% +there's two things that can happen if + + + align:start position:0% +there's two things that can happen if +you place your eye at the wrong point as + + align:start position:0% +you place your eye at the wrong point as + + + align:start position:0% +you place your eye at the wrong point as +you know if any of you have looked at + + align:start position:0% +you know if any of you have looked at + + + align:start position:0% +you know if any of you have looked at +the microscope if you are not positioned + + align:start position:0% +the microscope if you are not positioned + + + align:start position:0% +the microscope if you are not positioned +properly you cannot see the entire field + + align:start position:0% +properly you cannot see the entire field + + + align:start position:0% +properly you cannot see the entire field +of view that's one problem you see a + + align:start position:0% +of view that's one problem you see a + + + align:start position:0% +of view that's one problem you see a +black hole and you kind of have to move + + align:start position:0% +black hole and you kind of have to move + + + align:start position:0% +black hole and you kind of have to move +around and you can never see anything + + align:start position:0% +around and you can never see anything + + + align:start position:0% +around and you can never see anything +until you go to the proper place and + + align:start position:0% +until you go to the proper place and + + + align:start position:0% +until you go to the proper place and +then finally you see everything right so + + align:start position:0% +then finally you see everything right so + + + align:start position:0% +then finally you see everything right so +this is the eye relief this is by design + + align:start position:0% +this is the eye relief this is by design + + + align:start position:0% +this is the eye relief this is by design +where you should place your life the + + align:start position:0% +where you should place your life the + + + align:start position:0% +where you should place your life the +thing that can happen if you place your + + align:start position:0% +thing that can happen if you place your + + + align:start position:0% +thing that can happen if you place your +eye at the wrong place or if the + + align:start position:0% +eye at the wrong place or if the + + + align:start position:0% +eye at the wrong place or if the +microscope is not properly designed is + + align:start position:0% +microscope is not properly designed is + + + align:start position:0% +microscope is not properly designed is +vignetting so this requirement really + + align:start position:0% +vignetting so this requirement really + + + align:start position:0% +vignetting so this requirement really +assumes that there is no vignetting when + + align:start position:0% +assumes that there is no vignetting when + + + align:start position:0% +assumes that there is no vignetting when +your eye is placed at eye relief + + align:start position:0% +your eye is placed at eye relief + + + align:start position:0% +your eye is placed at eye relief +distance that is a ten millimeters from + + align:start position:0% +distance that is a ten millimeters from + + + align:start position:0% +distance that is a ten millimeters from +ventolin and of course you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +ventolin and of course you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +ventolin and of course you don't have to +worry about focusing because the + + align:start position:0% +worry about focusing because the + + + align:start position:0% +worry about focusing because the +microscope is supposed to have an + + align:start position:0% +microscope is supposed to have an + + + align:start position:0% +microscope is supposed to have an +infinite conjugate red so you just use + + align:start position:0% +infinite conjugate red so you just use + + + align:start position:0% +infinite conjugate red so you just use +with a can accommodate an eye and I + + align:start position:0% +with a can accommodate an eye and I + + + align:start position:0% +with a can accommodate an eye and I +suspect I don't know if it's true but I + + align:start position:0% +suspect I don't know if it's true but I + + + align:start position:0% +suspect I don't know if it's true but I +suspect there is many reasons why they + + align:start position:0% +suspect there is many reasons why they + + + align:start position:0% +suspect there is many reasons why they +put over there but also it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +put over there but also it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +put over there but also it's kind of +convenient that when you look at the + + align:start position:0% +convenient that when you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +convenient that when you look at the +microscope you're so close to the + + align:start position:0% +microscope you're so close to the + + + align:start position:0% +microscope you're so close to the +cooked should be sent that you cannot + + align:start position:0% +cooked should be sent that you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +cooked should be sent that you cannot +focus and you cannot say that right so + + align:start position:0% +focus and you cannot say that right so + + + align:start position:0% +focus and you cannot say that right so +you can basically see what you're + + align:start position:0% +you can basically see what you're + + + align:start position:0% +you can basically see what you're +supposed to observe but you don't see + + align:start position:0% +supposed to observe but you don't see + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to observe but you don't see +the actual instrument because it is out + + align:start position:0% +the actual instrument because it is out + + + align:start position:0% +the actual instrument because it is out +of focus first kind of convenient okay + + align:start position:0% +of focus first kind of convenient okay + + + align:start position:0% +of focus first kind of convenient okay +partner said no this about the + + align:start position:0% +partner said no this about the + + + align:start position:0% +partner said no this about the +microscope here is a microscope here's + + align:start position:0% +microscope here is a microscope here's + + + align:start position:0% +microscope here is a microscope here's +what it looks like + + align:start position:0% +what it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +what it looks like +it is deceptively simple because there + + align:start position:0% +it is deceptively simple because there + + + align:start position:0% +it is deceptively simple because there +is of course a lot of engineering design + + align:start position:0% +is of course a lot of engineering design + + + align:start position:0% +is of course a lot of engineering design +that goes into making all of these + + align:start position:0% +that goes into making all of these + + + align:start position:0% +that goes into making all of these +elements but the principle is + + align:start position:0% +elements but the principle is + + + align:start position:0% +elements but the principle is +surprisingly simple it consists of + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly simple it consists of + + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly simple it consists of +basically two magnifiers one of them is + + align:start position:0% +basically two magnifiers one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +basically two magnifiers one of them is +called objective that is called eyepiece + + align:start position:0% +called objective that is called eyepiece + + + align:start position:0% +called objective that is called eyepiece +but the both function is magnifiers okay + + align:start position:0% +but the both function is magnifiers okay + + + align:start position:0% +but the both function is magnifiers okay +so the job of the objective this is the + + align:start position:0% +so the job of the objective this is the + + + align:start position:0% +so the job of the objective this is the +first lens it is called objective + + align:start position:0% +first lens it is called objective + + + align:start position:0% +first lens it is called objective +because it is placed near the object and + + align:start position:0% +because it is placed near the object and + + + align:start position:0% +because it is placed near the object and +it is job its job is basically to form + + align:start position:0% +it is job its job is basically to form + + + align:start position:0% +it is job its job is basically to form +an intermediate image that is magnified + + align:start position:0% +an intermediate image that is magnified + + + align:start position:0% +an intermediate image that is magnified +to begin with what is it magnified by + + align:start position:0% +to begin with what is it magnified by + + + align:start position:0% +to begin with what is it magnified by +well here we simply have a actually this + + align:start position:0% +well here we simply have a actually this + + + align:start position:0% +well here we simply have a actually this +is any element so we simply have a + + align:start position:0% +is any element so we simply have a + + + align:start position:0% +is any element so we simply have a +positive lens for mineral image we can + + align:start position:0% +positive lens for mineral image we can + + + align:start position:0% +positive lens for mineral image we can +compute the magnification it is equal + + align:start position:0% +compute the magnification it is equal + + + align:start position:0% +compute the magnification it is equal +minus as I over as alright just like the + + align:start position:0% +minus as I over as alright just like the + + + align:start position:0% +minus as I over as alright just like the +regular formula and then we have the + + align:start position:0% +regular formula and then we have the + + + align:start position:0% +regular formula and then we have the +eyepiece or whom or for which the image + + align:start position:0% +eyepiece or whom or for which the image + + + align:start position:0% +eyepiece or whom or for which the image +that the objective produced actually now + + align:start position:0% +that the objective produced actually now + + + align:start position:0% +that the objective produced actually now +acts as the object so this intermediate + + align:start position:0% +acts as the object so this intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +acts as the object so this intermediate +image is reimaged by the eyepiece but + + align:start position:0% +image is reimaged by the eyepiece but + + + align:start position:0% +image is reimaged by the eyepiece but +the eyepiece is placed one focal + + align:start position:0% +the eyepiece is placed one focal + + + align:start position:0% +the eyepiece is placed one focal +distance F sub II here is the focal + + align:start position:0% +distance F sub II here is the focal + + + align:start position:0% +distance F sub II here is the focal +length of the eyepiece + + align:start position:0% +length of the eyepiece + + + align:start position:0% +length of the eyepiece +it is one focal distance from that + + align:start position:0% +it is one focal distance from that + + + align:start position:0% +it is one focal distance from that +intermediate image therefore the final + + align:start position:0% +intermediate image therefore the final + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate image therefore the final +image is formed at infinity now the way + + align:start position:0% +image is formed at infinity now the way + + + align:start position:0% +image is formed at infinity now the way +this is drawn for the one with a what is + + align:start position:0% +this is drawn for the one with a what is + + + align:start position:0% +this is drawn for the one with a what is +prominent to this picture is of course + + align:start position:0% +prominent to this picture is of course + + + align:start position:0% +prominent to this picture is of course +the own axis ray and there is no + + align:start position:0% +the own axis ray and there is no + + + align:start position:0% +the own axis ray and there is no +magnification to talk about because this + + align:start position:0% +magnification to talk about because this + + + align:start position:0% +magnification to talk about because this +is just an axis right nothing + + align:start position:0% +is just an axis right nothing + + + align:start position:0% +is just an axis right nothing +interesting is happening what is really + + align:start position:0% +interesting is happening what is really + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is happening what is really +interesting is if you look at the North + + align:start position:0% +interesting is if you look at the North + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is if you look at the North +axis point which is at the bottom here + + align:start position:0% +axis point which is at the bottom here + + + align:start position:0% +axis point which is at the bottom here +it's a little bit difficult to see it + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit difficult to see it + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit difficult to see it +looks better than the book actually so + + align:start position:0% +looks better than the book actually so + + + align:start position:0% +looks better than the book actually so +if you place this off axis point then + + align:start position:0% +if you place this off axis point then + + + align:start position:0% +if you place this off axis point then +you find that + + align:start position:0% +you find that + + + align:start position:0% +you find that +final image is this ray bundle that is + + align:start position:0% +final image is this ray bundle that is + + + align:start position:0% +final image is this ray bundle that is +coming off axes into your eye this + + align:start position:0% +coming off axes into your eye this + + + align:start position:0% +coming off axes into your eye this +parallel rays that is the final image + + align:start position:0% +parallel rays that is the final image + + + align:start position:0% +parallel rays that is the final image +that the microscope produced of this of + + align:start position:0% +that the microscope produced of this of + + + align:start position:0% +that the microscope produced of this of +artists objects point so you can see it + + align:start position:0% +artists objects point so you can see it + + + align:start position:0% +artists objects point so you can see it +is entering the eye at a very large army + + align:start position:0% +is entering the eye at a very large army + + + align:start position:0% +is entering the eye at a very large army +therefore until you form a big image so + + align:start position:0% +therefore until you form a big image so + + + align:start position:0% +therefore until you form a big image so +that's how the microscope magnifies + + align:start position:0% +that's how the microscope magnifies + + + align:start position:0% +that's how the microscope magnifies +small objects so that you can observe so + + align:start position:0% +small objects so that you can observe so + + + align:start position:0% +small objects so that you can observe so +then the angular the magnification of + + align:start position:0% +then the angular the magnification of + + + align:start position:0% +then the angular the magnification of +the microscope very similar to the case + + align:start position:0% +the microscope very similar to the case + + + align:start position:0% +the microscope very similar to the case +of the objective is defined as the ratio + + align:start position:0% +of the objective is defined as the ratio + + + align:start position:0% +of the objective is defined as the ratio +of this angle the angle that the + + align:start position:0% +of this angle the angle that the + + + align:start position:0% +of this angle the angle that the +microscope reduced for the off-axis + + align:start position:0% +microscope reduced for the off-axis + + + align:start position:0% +microscope reduced for the off-axis +object for the same angle that your that + + align:start position:0% +object for the same angle that your that + + + align:start position:0% +object for the same angle that your that +you know the I would observe unaided + + align:start position:0% +you know the I would observe unaided + + + align:start position:0% +you know the I would observe unaided +right in a very similar case as the + + align:start position:0% +right in a very similar case as the + + + align:start position:0% +right in a very similar case as the +magnifier so in order to compute this + + align:start position:0% +magnifier so in order to compute this + + + align:start position:0% +magnifier so in order to compute this +now it's not very difficult to do we + + align:start position:0% +now it's not very difficult to do we + + + align:start position:0% +now it's not very difficult to do we +need to two elements one is the lateral + + align:start position:0% +need to two elements one is the lateral + + + align:start position:0% +need to two elements one is the lateral +magnification of the objective because + + align:start position:0% +magnification of the objective because + + + align:start position:0% +magnification of the objective because +recall the objective actually founds a + + align:start position:0% +recall the objective actually founds a + + + align:start position:0% +recall the objective actually founds a +real image so who have one here is the + + align:start position:0% +real image so who have one here is the + + + align:start position:0% +real image so who have one here is the +object and here is its image right so we + + align:start position:0% +object and here is its image right so we + + + align:start position:0% +object and here is its image right so we +need first of all to find out where the + + align:start position:0% +need first of all to find out where the + + + align:start position:0% +need first of all to find out where the +intermediate image appears with respect + + align:start position:0% +intermediate image appears with respect + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate image appears with respect +to the optical axis that's the lateral + + align:start position:0% +to the optical axis that's the lateral + + + align:start position:0% +to the optical axis that's the lateral +magnification of the objective that is + + align:start position:0% +magnification of the objective that is + + + align:start position:0% +magnification of the objective that is +whatever oh I will say in a second why + + align:start position:0% +whatever oh I will say in a second why + + + align:start position:0% +whatever oh I will say in a second why +this 160 appears but the second the + + align:start position:0% +this 160 appears but the second the + + + align:start position:0% +this 160 appears but the second the +second element that we need is the + + align:start position:0% +second element that we need is the + + + align:start position:0% +second element that we need is the +angular magnification of the eyepiece + + align:start position:0% +angular magnification of the eyepiece + + + align:start position:0% +angular magnification of the eyepiece +because this will allow us to say how + + align:start position:0% +because this will allow us to say how + + + align:start position:0% +because this will allow us to say how +this distance over here translates it to + + align:start position:0% +this distance over here translates it to + + + align:start position:0% +this distance over here translates it to +angle that goes into the eye final okay + + align:start position:0% +angle that goes into the eye final okay + + + align:start position:0% +angle that goes into the eye final okay +so this one is actually a familiar + + align:start position:0% +so this one is actually a familiar + + + align:start position:0% +so this one is actually a familiar +formula this is the same formula that we + + align:start position:0% +formula this is the same formula that we + + + align:start position:0% +formula this is the same formula that we +had for the magnifier for go back 1 we + + align:start position:0% +had for the magnifier for go back 1 we + + + align:start position:0% +had for the magnifier for go back 1 we +said that actually is over here and we + + align:start position:0% +said that actually is over here and we + + + align:start position:0% +said that actually is over here and we +said that the magnifying power of an + + align:start position:0% +said that the magnifying power of an + + + align:start position:0% +said that the magnifying power of an +eyepiece or a magnifier equals the near + + align:start position:0% +eyepiece or a magnifier equals the near + + + align:start position:0% +eyepiece or a magnifier equals the near +distance for the eye which is about 25 + + align:start position:0% +distance for the eye which is about 25 + + + align:start position:0% +distance for the eye which is about 25 +and the meters times the power of the + + align:start position:0% +and the meters times the power of the + + + align:start position:0% +and the meters times the power of the +lens over the positive lens that they + + align:start position:0% +lens over the positive lens that they + + + align:start position:0% +lens over the positive lens that they +use so this is the same formula in + + align:start position:0% +use so this is the same formula in + + + align:start position:0% +use so this is the same formula in +microscopes that don't use exactly 25 + + align:start position:0% +microscopes that don't use exactly 25 + + + align:start position:0% +microscopes that don't use exactly 25 +centimeters they use 25.4 centimeters so + + align:start position:0% +centimeters they use 25.4 centimeters so + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters they use 25.4 centimeters so +this is the standard and how much is 13 + + align:start position:0% +this is the standard and how much is 13 + + + align:start position:0% +this is the standard and how much is 13 +inches is it then this is not eleven + + align:start position:0% +inches is it then this is not eleven + + + align:start position:0% +inches is it then this is not eleven +twelve twelve inches then uses that will + + align:start position:0% +twelve twelve inches then uses that will + + + align:start position:0% +twelve twelve inches then uses that will +be twenty two point although that's + + align:start position:0% +be twenty two point although that's + + + align:start position:0% +be twenty two point although that's +pounds I'm sorry that's pounds oh yeah + + align:start position:0% +pounds I'm sorry that's pounds oh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +pounds I'm sorry that's pounds oh yeah +it's the attending system very so this + + align:start position:0% +it's the attending system very so this + + + align:start position:0% +it's the attending system very so this +is them the same formula that we had for + + align:start position:0% +is them the same formula that we had for + + + align:start position:0% +is them the same formula that we had for +the magnifier what did this come from + + align:start position:0% +the magnifier what did this come from + + + align:start position:0% +the magnifier what did this come from +well if you remember one of the ways to + + align:start position:0% +well if you remember one of the ways to + + + align:start position:0% +well if you remember one of the ways to +write the lateral magnification is like + + align:start position:0% +write the lateral magnification is like + + + align:start position:0% +write the lateral magnification is like +this one - si over F so you can write + + align:start position:0% +this one - si over F so you can write + + + align:start position:0% +this one - si over F so you can write +this as one minus si over F equals F + + align:start position:0% +this as one minus si over F equals F + + + align:start position:0% +this as one minus si over F equals F +minus si over F and now have to palaver + + align:start position:0% +minus si over F and now have to palaver + + + align:start position:0% +minus si over F and now have to palaver +okay so minus F I answer it is f minus + + align:start position:0% +okay so minus F I answer it is f minus + + + align:start position:0% +okay so minus F I answer it is f minus +si over F so f minus s I is actually the + + align:start position:0% +si over F so f minus s I is actually the + + + align:start position:0% +si over F so f minus s I is actually the +distance between the between the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +objective lens and there and they vary + + align:start position:0% +objective lens and there and they vary + + + align:start position:0% +objective lens and there and they vary +with distance L that's what the time to + + align:start position:0% +with distance L that's what the time to + + + align:start position:0% +with distance L that's what the time to +get so this is known as the tube length + + align:start position:0% +get so this is known as the tube length + + + align:start position:0% +get so this is known as the tube length +of the microscope it is the distance + + align:start position:0% +of the microscope it is the distance + + + align:start position:0% +of the microscope it is the distance +between the objective lens and the + + align:start position:0% +between the objective lens and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the objective lens and the +location where you put the eyepiece of + + align:start position:0% +location where you put the eyepiece of + + + align:start position:0% +location where you put the eyepiece of +course the eyepiece is this whole thing + + align:start position:0% +course the eyepiece is this whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +course the eyepiece is this whole thing +right so that's where you stick the + + align:start position:0% +right so that's where you stick the + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's where you stick the +eyepiece so this is a standard in + + align:start position:0% +eyepiece so this is a standard in + + + align:start position:0% +eyepiece so this is a standard in +microscopes it is 160 millimeters and is + + align:start position:0% +microscopes it is 160 millimeters and is + + + align:start position:0% +microscopes it is 160 millimeters and is +known as the tube length and this is + + align:start position:0% +known as the tube length and this is + + + align:start position:0% +known as the tube length and this is +what appears in this formula over here + + align:start position:0% +what appears in this formula over here + + + align:start position:0% +what appears in this formula over here +so basically you can see that if you + + align:start position:0% +so basically you can see that if you + + + align:start position:0% +so basically you can see that if you +pick the focal lengths to be + + align:start position:0% +pick the focal lengths to be + + + align:start position:0% +pick the focal lengths to be +sufficiently small then you can get very + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently small then you can get very + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently small then you can get very +high magnifications in the order of + + align:start position:0% +high magnifications in the order of + + + align:start position:0% +high magnifications in the order of +hundreds maybe even a thousand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me ask two questions now first of + + align:start position:0% +let me ask two questions now first of + + + align:start position:0% +let me ask two questions now first of +all what has I said what would what do + + align:start position:0% +all what has I said what would what do + + + align:start position:0% +all what has I said what would what do +you think might stop me from getting + + align:start position:0% +you think might stop me from getting + + + align:start position:0% +you think might stop me from getting +there focal length that is let's say 1 + + align:start position:0% +there focal length that is let's say 1 + + + align:start position:0% +there focal length that is let's say 1 +micron I pick a focal lengths to be 1 + + align:start position:0% +micron I pick a focal lengths to be 1 + + + align:start position:0% +micron I pick a focal lengths to be 1 +micron then everyone these are all in + + align:start position:0% +micron then everyone these are all in + + + align:start position:0% +micron then everyone these are all in +millimeters so 160 millimeters of a + + align:start position:0% +millimeters so 160 millimeters of a + + + align:start position:0% +millimeters so 160 millimeters of a +micron that would be what there will be + + align:start position:0% +micron that would be what there will be + + + align:start position:0% +micron that would be what there will be +about 160,000 and then another micron + + align:start position:0% +about 160,000 and then another micron + + + align:start position:0% +about 160,000 and then another micron +here that I would get a magnification in + + align:start position:0% +here that I would get a magnification in + + + align:start position:0% +here that I would get a magnification in +the orbit of a billion what stops me + + align:start position:0% +the orbit of a billion what stops me + + + align:start position:0% +the orbit of a billion what stops me +from Greenland there's no one just to + + align:start position:0% +from Greenland there's no one just to + + + align:start position:0% +from Greenland there's no one just to +get back to what is it from your + + align:start position:0% +get back to what is it from your + + + align:start position:0% +get back to what is it from your +experience what is the typical + + align:start position:0% +experience what is the typical + + + align:start position:0% +experience what is the typical +magnification that you get in + + align:start position:0% +magnification that you get in + + + align:start position:0% +magnification that you get in +microscopes about a thousand right or + + align:start position:0% +microscopes about a thousand right or + + + align:start position:0% +microscopes about a thousand right or +the mine but you know if your plan is + + align:start position:0% +the mine but you know if your plan is + + + align:start position:0% +the mine but you know if your plan is +formula here you could easily get a + + align:start position:0% +formula here you could easily get a + + + align:start position:0% +formula here you could easily get a +magnification of 1 billion by picking + + align:start position:0% +magnification of 1 billion by picking + + + align:start position:0% +magnification of 1 billion by picking +the focal length would be one micron + + align:start position:0% +the focal length would be one micron + + + align:start position:0% +the focal length would be one micron +what is wrong with my statement here is + + align:start position:0% +what is wrong with my statement here is + + + align:start position:0% +what is wrong with my statement here is +something like other where people would + + align:start position:0% +something like other where people would + + + align:start position:0% +something like other where people would +be doing it later is it because you + + align:start position:0% +be doing it later is it because you + + + align:start position:0% +be doing it later is it because you +can't see past the wavelength of light + + align:start position:0% +can't see past the wavelength of light + + + align:start position:0% +can't see past the wavelength of light +that one micron is the most you could + + align:start position:0% +that one micron is the most you could + + + align:start position:0% +that one micron is the most you could +focus because that's the okay that is in + + align:start position:0% +focus because that's the okay that is in + + + align:start position:0% +focus because that's the okay that is in +the correct direction yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the other possible reason is the + + align:start position:0% +okay the other possible reason is the + + + align:start position:0% +okay the other possible reason is the +value of the potential approximation but + + align:start position:0% +value of the potential approximation but + + + align:start position:0% +value of the potential approximation but +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +the production approximation may fail + + align:start position:0% +the production approximation may fail + + + align:start position:0% +the production approximation may fail +all at once but they can always do + + align:start position:0% +all at once but they can always do + + + align:start position:0% +all at once but they can always do +something more sophisticated to do non + + align:start position:0% +something more sophisticated to do non + + + align:start position:0% +something more sophisticated to do non +paraxial calculation say okay maybe you + + align:start position:0% +paraxial calculation say okay maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +paraxial calculation say okay maybe you +are saying that if people actually + + align:start position:0% +are saying that if people actually + + + align:start position:0% +are saying that if people actually +approximation fails then this formula is + + align:start position:0% +approximation fails then this formula is + + + align:start position:0% +approximation fails then this formula is +fatal as well right so then you don't + + align:start position:0% +fatal as well right so then you don't + + + align:start position:0% +fatal as well right so then you don't +get as good magnification I think you + + align:start position:0% +get as good magnification I think you + + + align:start position:0% +get as good magnification I think you +guys both captured that the two of you + + align:start position:0% +guys both captured that the two of you + + + align:start position:0% +guys both captured that the two of you +captured the answer in its entirety you + + align:start position:0% +captured the answer in its entirety you + + + align:start position:0% +captured the answer in its entirety you +have another I don't know if it's + + align:start position:0% +have another I don't know if it's + + + align:start position:0% +have another I don't know if it's +another R to make such a high such a + + align:start position:0% +another R to make such a high such a + + + align:start position:0% +another R to make such a high such a +short focal length lens will have to + + align:start position:0% +short focal length lens will have to + + + align:start position:0% +short focal length lens will have to +either make a very big lens that so you + + align:start position:0% +either make a very big lens that so you + + + align:start position:0% +either make a very big lens that so you +have to be very highly character it + + align:start position:0% +have to be very highly character it + + + align:start position:0% +have to be very highly character it +remember the focal length of the lens is + + align:start position:0% +remember the focal length of the lens is + + + align:start position:0% +remember the focal length of the lens is +proportional to the inverse to the + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the inverse to the + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the inverse to the +radius of curvature so you would have to + + align:start position:0% +radius of curvature so you would have to + + + align:start position:0% +radius of curvature so you would have to +make a land with their edges of + + align:start position:0% +make a land with their edges of + + + align:start position:0% +make a land with their edges of +curvature equal to 1 micron and that's + + align:start position:0% +curvature equal to 1 micron and that's + + + align:start position:0% +curvature equal to 1 micron and that's +when you get into problems like the what + + align:start position:0% +when you get into problems like the what + + + align:start position:0% +when you get into problems like the what +do you never get to wear in wear them I + + align:start position:0% +do you never get to wear in wear them I + + + align:start position:0% +do you never get to wear in wear them I +think one side the question before D + + align:start position:0% +think one side the question before D + + + align:start position:0% +think one side the question before D +yeah this is what the Dean yeah thanks + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is what the Dean yeah thanks + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is what the Dean yeah thanks +this is what Dean answered if you try to + + align:start position:0% +this is what Dean answered if you try to + + + align:start position:0% +this is what Dean answered if you try to +make a curvature that is as sharp as one + + align:start position:0% +make a curvature that is as sharp as one + + + align:start position:0% +make a curvature that is as sharp as one +micron then basically you get into the + + align:start position:0% +micron then basically you get into the + + + align:start position:0% +micron then basically you get into the +range of very strong diffraction of + + align:start position:0% +range of very strong diffraction of + + + align:start position:0% +range of very strong diffraction of +light so basically all these dramatical + + align:start position:0% +light so basically all these dramatical + + + align:start position:0% +light so basically all these dramatical +optics that we do share they fail in + + align:start position:0% +optics that we do share they fail in + + + align:start position:0% +optics that we do share they fail in +fact you discover if you did make such a + + align:start position:0% +fact you discover if you did make such a + + + align:start position:0% +fact you discover if you did make such a +very small element that the light does + + align:start position:0% +very small element that the light does + + + align:start position:0% +very small element that the light does +not really focus there's something + + align:start position:0% +not really focus there's something + + + align:start position:0% +not really focus there's something +something that we will say what the dull + + align:start position:0% +something that we will say what the dull + + + align:start position:0% +something that we will say what the dull +but there's no focus so reasonable + + align:start position:0% +but there's no focus so reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +but there's no focus so reasonable +radial curvature + + align:start position:0% +radial curvature + + + align:start position:0% +radial curvature +I mean reasonable focal lengths are in + + align:start position:0% +I mean reasonable focal lengths are in + + + align:start position:0% +I mean reasonable focal lengths are in +the range of the centimeter a few + + align:start position:0% +the range of the centimeter a few + + + align:start position:0% +the range of the centimeter a few +millimeters is a typical microscope + + align:start position:0% +millimeters is a typical microscope + + + align:start position:0% +millimeters is a typical microscope +objective focal length in the eyepieces + + align:start position:0% +objective focal length in the eyepieces + + + align:start position:0% +objective focal length in the eyepieces +are similar that's why you get + + align:start position:0% +are similar that's why you get + + + align:start position:0% +are similar that's why you get +magnification of the order of a thousand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay the next topic is the telescope but + + align:start position:0% +okay the next topic is the telescope but + + + align:start position:0% +okay the next topic is the telescope but +I think I've exhausted that your + + align:start position:0% +I think I've exhausted that your + + + align:start position:0% +I think I've exhausted that your +endurance \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VJzv6WJTtNc.txt b/VJzv6WJTtNc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b40ab7da2a8ad03184abd7f50cf628628b626a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/VJzv6WJTtNc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3339 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we just saw some random variables come + + align:start position:0% +we just saw some random variables come + + + align:start position:0% +we just saw some random variables come +up in the bigger number game um and + + align:start position:0% +up in the bigger number game um and + + + align:start position:0% +up in the bigger number game um and +we're going to be talking now about + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be talking now about + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be talking now about +random variables just formally what they + + align:start position:0% +random variables just formally what they + + + align:start position:0% +random variables just formally what they +are and their definition of independence + + align:start position:0% +are and their definition of independence + + + align:start position:0% +are and their definition of independence +for random variables but let's begin by + + align:start position:0% +for random variables but let's begin by + + + align:start position:0% +for random variables but let's begin by +looking at the informal idea again a + + align:start position:0% +looking at the informal idea again a + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the informal idea again a +random variable is a number that's + + align:start position:0% +random variable is a number that's + + + align:start position:0% +random variable is a number that's +produced by a random process + + align:start position:0% +produced by a random process + + + align:start position:0% +produced by a random process +so a typical kind of example that comes + + align:start position:0% +so a typical kind of example that comes + + + align:start position:0% +so a typical kind of example that comes +up where you get a random variable is + + align:start position:0% +up where you get a random variable is + + + align:start position:0% +up where you get a random variable is +you've got some system that you're + + align:start position:0% +you've got some system that you're + + + align:start position:0% +you've got some system that you're +watching and + + align:start position:0% +watching and + + + align:start position:0% +watching and +you're gonna time it to see when the + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna time it to see when the + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna time it to see when the +next crash comes if it crashes + + align:start position:0% +next crash comes if it crashes + + + align:start position:0% +next crash comes if it crashes +so the uh and assuming that this is + + align:start position:0% +so the uh and assuming that this is + + + align:start position:0% +so the uh and assuming that this is +unpredictable that happens in some + + align:start position:0% +unpredictable that happens in some + + + align:start position:0% +unpredictable that happens in some +random way then the number of hours + + align:start position:0% +random way then the number of hours + + + align:start position:0% +random way then the number of hours +from the present until the next time the + + align:start position:0% +from the present until the next time the + + + align:start position:0% +from the present until the next time the +system crashes is + + align:start position:0% +system crashes is + + + align:start position:0% +system crashes is +a a is a number that's produced by this + + align:start position:0% +a a is a number that's produced by this + + + align:start position:0% +a a is a number that's produced by this +random process of whether the system + + align:start position:0% +random process of whether the system + + + align:start position:0% +random process of whether the system +works or not + + align:start position:0% +works or not + + + align:start position:0% +works or not +um number of faulty pixels in a monitor + + align:start position:0% +um number of faulty pixels in a monitor + + + align:start position:0% +um number of faulty pixels in a monitor +when you're building the monitors uh and + + align:start position:0% +when you're building the monitors uh and + + + align:start position:0% +when you're building the monitors uh and +uh delivering them to the actual + + align:start position:0% +uh delivering them to the actual + + + align:start position:0% +uh delivering them to the actual +computer manufacturers uh there's a + + align:start position:0% +computer manufacturers uh there's a + + + align:start position:0% +computer manufacturers uh there's a +certain probability that some of the + + align:start position:0% +certain probability that some of the + + + align:start position:0% +certain probability that some of the +picks some of the millions of pixels in + + align:start position:0% +picks some of the millions of pixels in + + + align:start position:0% +picks some of the millions of pixels in +the monitor are going to be faulty uh + + align:start position:0% +the monitor are going to be faulty uh + + + align:start position:0% +the monitor are going to be faulty uh +and you could think of that number of + + align:start position:0% +and you could think of that number of + + + align:start position:0% +and you could think of that number of +pixels is also produced from an + + align:start position:0% +pixels is also produced from an + + + align:start position:0% +pixels is also produced from an +unpredictable randomness in the + + align:start position:0% +unpredictable randomness in the + + + align:start position:0% +unpredictable randomness in the +manufacturing process + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing process + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing process +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +one that really is modeled in physics as + + align:start position:0% +one that really is modeled in physics as + + + align:start position:0% +one that really is modeled in physics as +random is when you have a geiger counter + + align:start position:0% +random is when you have a geiger counter + + + align:start position:0% +random is when you have a geiger counter +you're measuring alpha particles the + + align:start position:0% +you're measuring alpha particles the + + + align:start position:0% +you're measuring alpha particles the +number of alpha particles that the are + + align:start position:0% +number of alpha particles that the are + + + align:start position:0% +number of alpha particles that the are +detected by a given geiger counter in a + + align:start position:0% +detected by a given geiger counter in a + + + align:start position:0% +detected by a given geiger counter in a +second + + align:start position:0% +second + + + align:start position:0% +second +is uh believed to be a random number uh + + align:start position:0% +is uh believed to be a random number uh + + + align:start position:0% +is uh believed to be a random number uh +there's a distribution that it has but + + align:start position:0% +there's a distribution that it has but + + + align:start position:0% +there's a distribution that it has but +the number of alpha particles is uh not + + align:start position:0% +the number of alpha particles is uh not + + + align:start position:0% +the number of alpha particles is uh not +always the same from second to second uh + + align:start position:0% +always the same from second to second uh + + + align:start position:0% +always the same from second to second uh +and so it's a random variable + + align:start position:0% +and so it's a random variable + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's a random variable +and finally um we'll look at the + + align:start position:0% +and finally um we'll look at the + + + align:start position:0% +and finally um we'll look at the +standard abstract example of flipping + + align:start position:0% +standard abstract example of flipping + + + align:start position:0% +standard abstract example of flipping +coins and if i flip coins uh then the + + align:start position:0% +coins and if i flip coins uh then the + + + align:start position:0% +coins and if i flip coins uh then the +number of heads in a given number of + + align:start position:0% +number of heads in a given number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of heads in a given number of +flips let's say i flip a coin n times + + align:start position:0% +flips let's say i flip a coin n times + + + align:start position:0% +flips let's say i flip a coin n times +the number of heads will be another + + align:start position:0% +the number of heads will be another + + + align:start position:0% +the number of heads will be another +rather standard random variable okay + + align:start position:0% +rather standard random variable okay + + + align:start position:0% +rather standard random variable okay +what is abstractly a random variable + + align:start position:0% +what is abstractly a random variable + + + align:start position:0% +what is abstractly a random variable +uh oops i'm getting ahead of myself + + align:start position:0% +uh oops i'm getting ahead of myself + + + align:start position:0% +uh oops i'm getting ahead of myself +again let's look at that example of + + align:start position:0% +again let's look at that example of + + + align:start position:0% +again let's look at that example of +three fair coins so each coin has a + + align:start position:0% +three fair coins so each coin has a + + + align:start position:0% +three fair coins so each coin has a +probability of being heads that's a half + + align:start position:0% +probability of being heads that's a half + + + align:start position:0% +probability of being heads that's a half +and tails being a half i'm going to flip + + align:start position:0% +and tails being a half i'm going to flip + + + align:start position:0% +and tails being a half i'm going to flip +the three of them and i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +the three of them and i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +the three of them and i'm going to +assume that they're distinguishable so + + align:start position:0% +assume that they're distinguishable so + + + align:start position:0% +assume that they're distinguishable so +there's a first coin a second coin and a + + align:start position:0% +there's a first coin a second coin and a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a first coin a second coin and a +uh and a third coin or alternatively you + + align:start position:0% +uh and a third coin or alternatively you + + + align:start position:0% +uh and a third coin or alternatively you +could think of flipping the same coin + + align:start position:0% +could think of flipping the same coin + + + align:start position:0% +could think of flipping the same coin +coin three times + + align:start position:0% +coin three times + + + align:start position:0% +coin three times +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +number of heads is + + align:start position:0% +number of heads is + + + align:start position:0% +number of heads is +a number that comes out of this random + + align:start position:0% +a number that comes out of this random + + + align:start position:0% +a number that comes out of this random +process of flipping the three coins so + + align:start position:0% +process of flipping the three coins so + + + align:start position:0% +process of flipping the three coins so +it's a number that's either from zero to + + align:start position:0% +it's a number that's either from zero to + + + align:start position:0% +it's a number that's either from zero to +three there could be no heads or all + + align:start position:0% +three there could be no heads or all + + + align:start position:0% +three there could be no heads or all +heads so it is a basic example of a + + align:start position:0% +heads so it is a basic example of a + + + align:start position:0% +heads so it is a basic example of a +random variable + + align:start position:0% +random variable + + + align:start position:0% +random variable +um where you're producing this integer + + align:start position:0% +um where you're producing this integer + + + align:start position:0% +um where you're producing this integer +based on how the coins flip + + align:start position:0% +based on how the coins flip + + + align:start position:0% +based on how the coins flip +another one + + align:start position:0% +another one + + + align:start position:0% +another one +is simply a zero one valued random + + align:start position:0% +is simply a zero one valued random + + + align:start position:0% +is simply a zero one valued random +variable where it signals one if + + align:start position:0% +variable where it signals one if + + + align:start position:0% +variable where it signals one if +all three coins match in what they come + + align:start position:0% +all three coins match in what they come + + + align:start position:0% +all three coins match in what they come +up with and zero + + align:start position:0% +up with and zero + + + align:start position:0% +up with and zero +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +uh they don't match + + align:start position:0% +uh they don't match + + + align:start position:0% +uh they don't match +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +now once i have these random variables + + align:start position:0% +now once i have these random variables + + + align:start position:0% +now once i have these random variables +defined one of the things that's + + align:start position:0% +defined one of the things that's + + + align:start position:0% +defined one of the things that's +convenient a convenient use of random + + align:start position:0% +convenient a convenient use of random + + + align:start position:0% +convenient a convenient use of random +variables is to use them to define + + align:start position:0% +variables is to use them to define + + + align:start position:0% +variables is to use them to define +various kinds of events + + align:start position:0% +various kinds of events + + + align:start position:0% +various kinds of events +so the event that c equals one that's an + + align:start position:0% +so the event that c equals one that's an + + + align:start position:0% +so the event that c equals one that's an +event that you know it's a random uh + + align:start position:0% +event that you know it's a random uh + + + align:start position:0% +event that you know it's a random uh +it's a set of outcomes where uh the + + align:start position:0% +it's a set of outcomes where uh the + + + align:start position:0% +it's a set of outcomes where uh the +count is one and it has a certain + + align:start position:0% +count is one and it has a certain + + + align:start position:0% +count is one and it has a certain +probability this is the event of exactly + + align:start position:0% +probability this is the event of exactly + + + align:start position:0% +probability this is the event of exactly +one head + + align:start position:0% +one head + + + align:start position:0% +one head +there are three possible outcomes among + + align:start position:0% +there are three possible outcomes among + + + align:start position:0% +there are three possible outcomes among +the eight outcomes of heads and tails + + align:start position:0% +the eight outcomes of heads and tails + + + align:start position:0% +the eight outcomes of heads and tails +with three coins so it has probability + + align:start position:0% +with three coins so it has probability + + + align:start position:0% +with three coins so it has probability +three eighths + + align:start position:0% +three eighths + + + align:start position:0% +three eighths +i could also just talk about the outcome + + align:start position:0% +i could also just talk about the outcome + + + align:start position:0% +i could also just talk about the outcome +that c is greater than or equal to one + + align:start position:0% +that c is greater than or equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +that c is greater than or equal to one +well c is greater than or equal to one + + align:start position:0% +well c is greater than or equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +well c is greater than or equal to one +um when + + align:start position:0% +um when + + + align:start position:0% +um when +there is at least one head or put + + align:start position:0% +there is at least one head or put + + + align:start position:0% +there is at least one head or put +another way the only time that c is not + + align:start position:0% +another way the only time that c is not + + + align:start position:0% +another way the only time that c is not +greater or equal to one is when you have + + align:start position:0% +greater or equal to one is when you have + + + align:start position:0% +greater or equal to one is when you have +all tails + + align:start position:0% +all tails + + + align:start position:0% +all tails +so there's a seven eighths chance seven + + align:start position:0% +so there's a seven eighths chance seven + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a seven eighths chance seven +out of 8 outcomes involve one or more + + align:start position:0% +out of 8 outcomes involve one or more + + + align:start position:0% +out of 8 outcomes involve one or more +heads so the probability that c greater + + align:start position:0% +heads so the probability that c greater + + + align:start position:0% +heads so the probability that c greater +or equal to 1 is 7 8. + + align:start position:0% +or equal to 1 is 7 8. + + + align:start position:0% +or equal to 1 is 7 8. +here's a weirder one i can use the two + + align:start position:0% +here's a weirder one i can use the two + + + align:start position:0% +here's a weirder one i can use the two +variables c and m to define an event + + align:start position:0% +variables c and m to define an event + + + align:start position:0% +variables c and m to define an event +what's the probability that c times m is + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability that c times m is + + + align:start position:0% +what's the probability that c times m is +greater than zero + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero + + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero +well since c and m are both non-negative + + align:start position:0% +well since c and m are both non-negative + + + align:start position:0% +well since c and m are both non-negative +variables the probability that they're + + align:start position:0% +variables the probability that they're + + + align:start position:0% +variables the probability that they're +both that their product is greater than + + align:start position:0% +both that their product is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +both that their product is greater than +zero is equal to the probability that + + align:start position:0% +zero is equal to the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +zero is equal to the probability that +each of them is greater than zero + + align:start position:0% +each of them is greater than zero + + + align:start position:0% +each of them is greater than zero +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +what does it mean that m is greater than + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean that m is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean that m is greater than +zero and c is greater than zero well it + + align:start position:0% +zero and c is greater than zero well it + + + align:start position:0% +zero and c is greater than zero well it +says there's at least one head that's + + align:start position:0% +says there's at least one head that's + + + align:start position:0% +says there's at least one head that's +what c greater than zero means and m + + align:start position:0% +what c greater than zero means and m + + + align:start position:0% +what c greater than zero means and m +greater than zero means all the coins + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero means all the coins + + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero means all the coins +match this is an obscure way of + + align:start position:0% +match this is an obscure way of + + + align:start position:0% +match this is an obscure way of +describing the event all heads and it + + align:start position:0% +describing the event all heads and it + + + align:start position:0% +describing the event all heads and it +has of course probability 1 8. + + align:start position:0% +has of course probability 1 8. + + + align:start position:0% +has of course probability 1 8. +now we come to the formal definition so + + align:start position:0% +now we come to the formal definition so + + + align:start position:0% +now we come to the formal definition so +formally a random variable is simply a + + align:start position:0% +formally a random variable is simply a + + + align:start position:0% +formally a random variable is simply a +function that maps outcomes in the + + align:start position:0% +function that maps outcomes in the + + + align:start position:0% +function that maps outcomes in the +sample space to numbers + + align:start position:0% +sample space to numbers + + + align:start position:0% +sample space to numbers +the we all we think of the uh the + + align:start position:0% +the we all we think of the uh the + + + align:start position:0% +the we all we think of the uh the +outcomes in the sample space as the + + align:start position:0% +outcomes in the sample space as the + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes in the sample space as the +results of a random experiment they they + + align:start position:0% +results of a random experiment they they + + + align:start position:0% +results of a random experiment they they +they are an outcome and they have a + + align:start position:0% +they are an outcome and they have a + + + align:start position:0% +they are an outcome and they have a +probability and when the outcome is + + align:start position:0% +probability and when the outcome is + + + align:start position:0% +probability and when the outcome is +translated into a real number that you + + align:start position:0% +translated into a real number that you + + + align:start position:0% +translated into a real number that you +think of as being produced as a result + + align:start position:0% +think of as being produced as a result + + + align:start position:0% +think of as being produced as a result +of that + + align:start position:0% +of that + + + align:start position:0% +of that +outcome that's what the random variable + + align:start position:0% +outcome that's what the random variable + + + align:start position:0% +outcome that's what the random variable +does so formally a random variable is + + align:start position:0% +does so formally a random variable is + + + align:start position:0% +does so formally a random variable is +not a variable or it's a function that + + align:start position:0% +not a variable or it's a function that + + + align:start position:0% +not a variable or it's a function that +maps the sample space to the real + + align:start position:0% +maps the sample space to the real + + + align:start position:0% +maps the sample space to the real +numbers and it's got to be total by the + + align:start position:0% +numbers and it's got to be total by the + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and it's got to be total by the +way it's a total function usually it's + + align:start position:0% +way it's a total function usually it's + + + align:start position:0% +way it's a total function usually it's +it's rare this would be a real num a + + align:start position:0% +it's rare this would be a real num a + + + align:start position:0% +it's rare this would be a real num a +real value random variable usually it's + + align:start position:0% +real value random variable usually it's + + + align:start position:0% +real value random variable usually it's +the real numbers might be a subset of + + align:start position:0% +the real numbers might be a subset of + + + align:start position:0% +the real numbers might be a subset of +the real numbers like the uh integer + + align:start position:0% +the real numbers like the uh integer + + + align:start position:0% +the real numbers like the uh integer +valued random variables occasionally uh + + align:start position:0% +valued random variables occasionally uh + + + align:start position:0% +valued random variables occasionally uh +we'll use uh complex valued uh random + + align:start position:0% +we'll use uh complex valued uh random + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use uh complex valued uh random +variables actually that happens in in + + align:start position:0% +variables actually that happens in in + + + align:start position:0% +variables actually that happens in in +physics uh a good deal in quantum + + align:start position:0% +physics uh a good deal in quantum + + + align:start position:0% +physics uh a good deal in quantum +mechanics but not for our purposes um + + align:start position:0% +mechanics but not for our purposes um + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics but not for our purposes um +we're just gonna mean real value from + + align:start position:0% +we're just gonna mean real value from + + + align:start position:0% +we're just gonna mean real value from +now on when we talk about random + + align:start position:0% +now on when we talk about random + + + align:start position:0% +now on when we talk about random +variables + + align:start position:0% +variables + + + align:start position:0% +variables +so abstractly or intuitively what the + + align:start position:0% +so abstractly or intuitively what the + + + align:start position:0% +so abstractly or intuitively what the +random variable is doing really is it's + + align:start position:0% +random variable is doing really is it's + + + align:start position:0% +random variable is doing really is it's +just packing together packaging together + + align:start position:0% +just packing together packaging together + + + align:start position:0% +just packing together packaging together +in one object r the random variable a + + align:start position:0% +in one object r the random variable a + + + align:start position:0% +in one object r the random variable a +whole bunch of events + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of events + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of events +that are defined by the value that r + + align:start position:0% +that are defined by the value that r + + + align:start position:0% +that are defined by the value that r +takes so for every possible real number + + align:start position:0% +takes so for every possible real number + + + align:start position:0% +takes so for every possible real number +if i look at the event that r is equal + + align:start position:0% +if i look at the event that r is equal + + + align:start position:0% +if i look at the event that r is equal +to a + + align:start position:0% +to a + + + align:start position:0% +to a +that's an interesting event and it it's + + align:start position:0% +that's an interesting event and it it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's an interesting event and it it's +part of it's one of the basic events + + align:start position:0% +part of it's one of the basic events + + + align:start position:0% +part of it's one of the basic events +that uh that r puts together if you knew + + align:start position:0% +that uh that r puts together if you knew + + + align:start position:0% +that uh that r puts together if you knew +the answer to all of these + + align:start position:0% +the answer to all of these + + + align:start position:0% +the answer to all of these +r equals a's then you really know a lot + + align:start position:0% +r equals a's then you really know a lot + + + align:start position:0% +r equals a's then you really know a lot +about r + + align:start position:0% +about r + + + align:start position:0% +about r +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +with this understanding that r is a + + align:start position:0% +with this understanding that r is a + + + align:start position:0% +with this understanding that r is a +package of of of events of the form r is + + align:start position:0% +package of of of events of the form r is + + + align:start position:0% +package of of of events of the form r is +equal to a then a lot of event + + align:start position:0% +equal to a then a lot of event + + + align:start position:0% +equal to a then a lot of event +properties carry right over to random + + align:start position:0% +properties carry right over to random + + + align:start position:0% +properties carry right over to random +variables directly that's why this + + align:start position:0% +variables directly that's why this + + + align:start position:0% +variables directly that's why this +little topic of introducing random + + align:start position:0% +little topic of introducing random + + + align:start position:0% +little topic of introducing random +variables is also about independence + + align:start position:0% +variables is also about independence + + + align:start position:0% +variables is also about independence +because the definition of independence + + align:start position:0% +because the definition of independence + + + align:start position:0% +because the definition of independence +carries right over namely a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +carries right over namely a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +carries right over namely a bunch of +random variables are mutually + + align:start position:0% +random variables are mutually + + + align:start position:0% +random variables are mutually +independent if the events that they + + align:start position:0% +independent if the events that they + + + align:start position:0% +independent if the events that they +define are all + + align:start position:0% +define are all + + + align:start position:0% +define are all +independent mutually independent so if + + align:start position:0% +independent mutually independent so if + + + align:start position:0% +independent mutually independent so if +and only if the events that are each + + align:start position:0% +and only if the events that are each + + + align:start position:0% +and only if the events that are each +event defined by r1 and r2 and through + + align:start position:0% +event defined by r1 and r2 and through + + + align:start position:0% +event defined by r1 and r2 and through +rn that set of events are mutually + + align:start position:0% +rn that set of events are mutually + + + align:start position:0% +rn that set of events are mutually +independent no matter what the values + + align:start position:0% +independent no matter what the values + + + align:start position:0% +independent no matter what the values +are chosen that we decide to look at for + + align:start position:0% +are chosen that we decide to look at for + + + align:start position:0% +are chosen that we decide to look at for +r1 and r2 through rn + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and of course there's an alternative way + + align:start position:0% +and of course there's an alternative way + + + align:start position:0% +and of course there's an alternative way +we can always express independent events + + align:start position:0% +we can always express independent events + + + align:start position:0% +we can always express independent events +in terms of products instead of + + align:start position:0% +in terms of products instead of + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of products instead of +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +conditional probabilities so we could + + align:start position:0% +conditional probabilities so we could + + + align:start position:0% +conditional probabilities so we could +say or instead of invoking the idea of + + align:start position:0% +say or instead of invoking the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +say or instead of invoking the idea of +mutual independence we can say + + align:start position:0% +mutual independence we can say + + + align:start position:0% +mutual independence we can say +explicitly where it comes from as an + + align:start position:0% +explicitly where it comes from as an + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly where it comes from as an +equation it means that the probability + + align:start position:0% +equation it means that the probability + + + align:start position:0% +equation it means that the probability +that r1 is equal to a1 and r2 is equal + + align:start position:0% +that r1 is equal to a1 and r2 is equal + + + align:start position:0% +that r1 is equal to a1 and r2 is equal +to a1 and rn is equal to a n + + align:start position:0% +to a1 and rn is equal to a n + + + align:start position:0% +to a1 and rn is equal to a n +is equal to the product of the + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the product of the + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the product of the +probabilities of the individual + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of the individual + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of the individual +probabilities that r1 is a1 times the + + align:start position:0% +probabilities that r1 is a1 times the + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities that r1 is a1 times the +probability that r2 is a2 and the + + align:start position:0% +probability that r2 is a2 and the + + + align:start position:0% +probability that r2 is a2 and the +definition then of mutual independence + + align:start position:0% +definition then of mutual independence + + + align:start position:0% +definition then of mutual independence +of the random variables r1 through n + + align:start position:0% +of the random variables r1 through n + + + align:start position:0% +of the random variables r1 through n +are and holds is that this equation uh + + align:start position:0% +are and holds is that this equation uh + + + align:start position:0% +are and holds is that this equation uh +it holds for all possible values little + + align:start position:0% +it holds for all possible values little + + + align:start position:0% +it holds for all possible values little +a one through little a n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's just practice are the variable + + align:start position:0% +so let's just practice are the variable + + + align:start position:0% +so let's just practice are the variable +c which is the count of the number of + + align:start position:0% +c which is the count of the number of + + + align:start position:0% +c which is the count of the number of +heads when you flip three coins and m + + align:start position:0% +heads when you flip three coins and m + + + align:start position:0% +heads when you flip three coins and m +the zero one valued random variable that + + align:start position:0% +the zero one valued random variable that + + + align:start position:0% +the zero one valued random variable that +tells you whether there's a match are + + align:start position:0% +tells you whether there's a match are + + + align:start position:0% +tells you whether there's a match are +they independent + + align:start position:0% +they independent + + + align:start position:0% +they independent +well uh certainly not because + + align:start position:0% +well uh certainly not because + + + align:start position:0% +well uh certainly not because +there's definitely a positive + + align:start position:0% +there's definitely a positive + + + align:start position:0% +there's definitely a positive +probability that uh the count will be + + align:start position:0% +probability that uh the count will be + + + align:start position:0% +probability that uh the count will be +one that you'll get at least ahead + + align:start position:0% +one that you'll get at least ahead + + + align:start position:0% +one that you'll get at least ahead +uh and there's a positive probability + + align:start position:0% +uh and there's a positive probability + + + align:start position:0% +uh and there's a positive probability +that they all will match it's a + + align:start position:0% +that they all will match it's a + + + align:start position:0% +that they all will match it's a +probability of a quarter so the product + + align:start position:0% +probability of a quarter so the product + + + align:start position:0% +probability of a quarter so the product +of those two is positive um but of + + align:start position:0% +of those two is positive um but of + + + align:start position:0% +of those two is positive um but of +course the probability that you match + + align:start position:0% +course the probability that you match + + + align:start position:0% +course the probability that you match +and you'll have exactly one head is zero + + align:start position:0% +and you'll have exactly one head is zero + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll have exactly one head is zero +because if you have exactly one head you + + align:start position:0% +because if you have exactly one head you + + + align:start position:0% +because if you have exactly one head you +must have two tails and there's no match + + align:start position:0% +must have two tails and there's no match + + + align:start position:0% +must have two tails and there's no match +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +without + + align:start position:0% +without + + + align:start position:0% +without +thinking very hard about what the + + align:start position:0% +thinking very hard about what the + + + align:start position:0% +thinking very hard about what the +probabilities are + + align:start position:0% +probabilities are + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities are +we can immediately see that + + align:start position:0% +we can immediately see that + + + align:start position:0% +we can immediately see that +the product is not equal to the + + align:start position:0% +the product is not equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +the product is not equal to the +probability of the conjunction or the + + align:start position:0% +probability of the conjunction or the + + + align:start position:0% +probability of the conjunction or the +and and therefore + + align:start position:0% +and and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +and and therefore +they're not independent + + align:start position:0% +they're not independent + + + align:start position:0% +they're not independent +well here's one that's a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +well here's one that's a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +well here's one that's a little bit more +interesting um in order to explain it i + + align:start position:0% +interesting um in order to explain it i + + + align:start position:0% +interesting um in order to explain it i +got to set up the idea of an indicator + + align:start position:0% +got to set up the idea of an indicator + + + align:start position:0% +got to set up the idea of an indicator +variable which itself is a very + + align:start position:0% +variable which itself is a very + + + align:start position:0% +variable which itself is a very +important concept so if i have an event + + align:start position:0% +important concept so if i have an event + + + align:start position:0% +important concept so if i have an event +a i can package a into a random variable + + align:start position:0% +a i can package a into a random variable + + + align:start position:0% +a i can package a into a random variable +just like the match random variable was + + align:start position:0% +just like the match random variable was + + + align:start position:0% +just like the match random variable was +really packaging the event that the + + align:start position:0% +really packaging the event that the + + + align:start position:0% +really packaging the event that the +coins matched into a zero one valued + + align:start position:0% +coins matched into a zero one valued + + + align:start position:0% +coins matched into a zero one valued +variable i'm going to define the + + align:start position:0% +variable i'm going to define the + + + align:start position:0% +variable i'm going to define the +indicator variable for any event a to be + + align:start position:0% +indicator variable for any event a to be + + + align:start position:0% +indicator variable for any event a to be +1 if a occurs in 0 if a does not occur + + align:start position:0% +1 if a occurs in 0 if a does not occur + + + align:start position:0% +1 if a occurs in 0 if a does not occur +so now i have + + align:start position:0% +so now i have + + + align:start position:0% +so now i have +i'm able to capture everything that + + align:start position:0% +i'm able to capture everything that + + + align:start position:0% +i'm able to capture everything that +matters about an event a by the random + + align:start position:0% +matters about an event a by the random + + + align:start position:0% +matters about an event a by the random +variable i sub a if i have i sub a i + + align:start position:0% +variable i sub a if i have i sub a i + + + align:start position:0% +variable i sub a if i have i sub a i +know what a is and if i have a i know + + align:start position:0% +know what a is and if i have a i know + + + align:start position:0% +know what a is and if i have a i know +what i sub a is + + align:start position:0% +what i sub a is + + + align:start position:0% +what i sub a is +and um that means that really i can + + align:start position:0% +and um that means that really i can + + + align:start position:0% +and um that means that really i can +think of events as special cases of + + align:start position:0% +think of events as special cases of + + + align:start position:0% +think of events as special cases of +random variables now when you do this + + align:start position:0% +random variables now when you do this + + + align:start position:0% +random variables now when you do this +you need you need a sanity check because + + align:start position:0% +you need you need a sanity check because + + + align:start position:0% +you need you need a sanity check because +remember we've defined independence of + + align:start position:0% +remember we've defined independence of + + + align:start position:0% +remember we've defined independence of +random variables one way i mean it's a + + align:start position:0% +random variables one way i mean it's a + + + align:start position:0% +random variables one way i mean it's a +concept of independence that holds for + + align:start position:0% +concept of independence that holds for + + + align:start position:0% +concept of independence that holds for +random variables we have another concept + + align:start position:0% +random variables we have another concept + + + align:start position:0% +random variables we have another concept +of independence that holds for events + + align:start position:0% +of independence that holds for events + + + align:start position:0% +of independence that holds for events +now the definition for random variable + + align:start position:0% +now the definition for random variable + + + align:start position:0% +now the definition for random variable +was motivated by the definition of for + + align:start position:0% +was motivated by the definition of for + + + align:start position:0% +was motivated by the definition of for +events but it's a different definition + + align:start position:0% +events but it's a different definition + + + align:start position:0% +events but it's a different definition +of independence of different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +of independence of different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +of independence of different kinds of +objects now if this correspondence + + align:start position:0% +objects now if this correspondence + + + align:start position:0% +objects now if this correspondence +between events and indicator variables + + align:start position:0% +between events and indicator variables + + + align:start position:0% +between events and indicator variables +is going to make sense and not confuse + + align:start position:0% +is going to make sense and not confuse + + + align:start position:0% +is going to make sense and not confuse +us it should be the case that um + + align:start position:0% +us it should be the case that um + + + align:start position:0% +us it should be the case that um +two events are independent + + align:start position:0% +two events are independent + + + align:start position:0% +two events are independent +if and only if their indicator variables + + align:start position:0% +if and only if their indicator variables + + + align:start position:0% +if and only if their indicator variables +are independent that is + + align:start position:0% +are independent that is + + + align:start position:0% +are independent that is +i a and ib are independent if and only + + align:start position:0% +i a and ib are independent if and only + + + align:start position:0% +i a and ib are independent if and only +if the events a and b are independent + + align:start position:0% +if the events a and b are independent + + + align:start position:0% +if the events a and b are independent +and this is a lovely little exercise + + align:start position:0% +and this is a lovely little exercise + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a lovely little exercise +it's like a three line proof for you to + + align:start position:0% +it's like a three line proof for you to + + + align:start position:0% +it's like a three line proof for you to +verify i'm not gonna + + align:start position:0% +verify i'm not gonna + + + align:start position:0% +verify i'm not gonna +bother to do it on the slide because + + align:start position:0% +bother to do it on the slide because + + + align:start position:0% +bother to do it on the slide because +it's good practice so this would be a + + align:start position:0% +it's good practice so this would be a + + + align:start position:0% +it's good practice so this would be a +moment to stop and verify that using the + + align:start position:0% +moment to stop and verify that using the + + + align:start position:0% +moment to stop and verify that using the +two definitions of independence the + + align:start position:0% +two definitions of independence the + + + align:start position:0% +two definitions of independence the +definition of what it means for i a and + + align:start position:0% +definition of what it means for i a and + + + align:start position:0% +definition of what it means for i a and +ib to be independent as random variables + + align:start position:0% +ib to be independent as random variables + + + align:start position:0% +ib to be independent as random variables +and comparing that to the definition of + + align:start position:0% +and comparing that to the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +and comparing that to the definition of +what it means for a and b to be + + align:start position:0% +what it means for a and b to be + + + align:start position:0% +what it means for a and b to be +independent as events + + align:start position:0% +independent as events + + + align:start position:0% +independent as events +they match + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if we look at the event of an odd number + + align:start position:0% +if we look at the event of an odd number + + + align:start position:0% +if we look at the event of an odd number +of heads + + align:start position:0% +of heads + + + align:start position:0% +of heads +uh we can ask now whether + + align:start position:0% +uh we can ask now whether + + + align:start position:0% +uh we can ask now whether +the event m of their of the the which is + + align:start position:0% +the event m of their of the the which is + + + align:start position:0% +the event m of their of the the which is +the indicator variable for a match the + + align:start position:0% +the indicator variable for a match the + + + align:start position:0% +the indicator variable for a match the +random variable m and the indicator + + align:start position:0% +random variable m and the indicator + + + align:start position:0% +random variable m and the indicator +variable i sub 0 are are dependent or + + align:start position:0% +variable i sub 0 are are dependent or + + + align:start position:0% +variable i sub 0 are are dependent or +not now both of these depend on all the + + align:start position:0% +not now both of these depend on all the + + + align:start position:0% +not now both of these depend on all the +three coins um i sub 0 is looking at all + + align:start position:0% +three coins um i sub 0 is looking at all + + + align:start position:0% +three coins um i sub 0 is looking at all +three coins to see if they're an odd + + align:start position:0% +three coins to see if they're an odd + + + align:start position:0% +three coins to see if they're an odd +number of heads m is looking at all + + align:start position:0% +number of heads m is looking at all + + + align:start position:0% +number of heads m is looking at all +three coins to see if they're all heads + + align:start position:0% +three coins to see if they're all heads + + + align:start position:0% +three coins to see if they're all heads +or all tails and it's not clear with all + + align:start position:0% +or all tails and it's not clear with all + + + align:start position:0% +or all tails and it's not clear with all +that common uh basis for for returning + + align:start position:0% +that common uh basis for for returning + + + align:start position:0% +that common uh basis for for returning +what value they have it's not well + + align:start position:0% +what value they have it's not well + + + align:start position:0% +what value they have it's not well +immediately obvious that they're + + align:start position:0% +immediately obvious that they're + + + align:start position:0% +immediately obvious that they're +independent but as a matter of fact they + + align:start position:0% +independent but as a matter of fact they + + + align:start position:0% +independent but as a matter of fact they +are and again this is absolutely + + align:start position:0% +are and again this is absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +are and again this is absolutely +something that you should check out if + + align:start position:0% +something that you should check out if + + + align:start position:0% +something that you should check out if +you don't stop the video now to work it + + align:start position:0% +you don't stop the video now to work it + + + align:start position:0% +you don't stop the video now to work it +out you should definitely do it + + align:start position:0% +out you should definitely do it + + + align:start position:0% +out you should definitely do it +afterward um it's an important little + + align:start position:0% +afterward um it's an important little + + + align:start position:0% +afterward um it's an important little +exercise and it's easy to check all you + + align:start position:0% +exercise and it's easy to check all you + + + align:start position:0% +exercise and it's easy to check all you +have to do is check that the uh the uh + + align:start position:0% +have to do is check that the uh the uh + + + align:start position:0% +have to do is check that the uh the uh +probabilities uh + + align:start position:0% +probabilities uh + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities uh +of the event of an odd the the event odd + + align:start position:0% +of the event of an odd the the event odd + + + align:start position:0% +of the event of an odd the the event odd +number of heads in the event all match + + align:start position:0% +number of heads in the event all match + + + align:start position:0% +number of heads in the event all match +are independent as events or you could + + align:start position:0% +are independent as events or you could + + + align:start position:0% +are independent as events or you could +use the random variable uh definition uh + + align:start position:0% +use the random variable uh definition uh + + + align:start position:0% +use the random variable uh definition uh +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh check that these two random variables + + align:start position:0% +uh check that these two random variables + + + align:start position:0% +uh check that these two random variables +were independent by checking + + align:start position:0% +were independent by checking + + + align:start position:0% +were independent by checking +four equations because this can have + + align:start position:0% +four equations because this can have + + + align:start position:0% +four equations because this can have +value zero and one and this can have + + align:start position:0% +value zero and one and this can have + + + align:start position:0% +value zero and one and this can have +value one a zero and one + + align:start position:0% +value one a zero and one + + + align:start position:0% +value one a zero and one +remember with + + align:start position:0% +remember with + + + align:start position:0% +remember with +random event with independent events we + + align:start position:0% +random event with independent events we + + + align:start position:0% +random event with independent events we +had the idea that if a it was + + align:start position:0% +had the idea that if a it was + + + align:start position:0% +had the idea that if a it was +independent of b it really meant that a + + align:start position:0% +independent of b it really meant that a + + + align:start position:0% +independent of b it really meant that a +was independent of everything about b in + + align:start position:0% +was independent of everything about b in + + + align:start position:0% +was independent of everything about b in +particular it was independent of the + + align:start position:0% +particular it was independent of the + + + align:start position:0% +particular it was independent of the +complement of b as well and a similar + + align:start position:0% +complement of b as well and a similar + + + align:start position:0% +complement of b as well and a similar +property holds for random variables so + + align:start position:0% +property holds for random variables so + + + align:start position:0% +property holds for random variables so +intuitively if r is independent of s + + align:start position:0% +intuitively if r is independent of s + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively if r is independent of s +then r is really independent of any + + align:start position:0% +then r is really independent of any + + + align:start position:0% +then r is really independent of any +information at all that you have about s + + align:start position:0% +information at all that you have about s + + + align:start position:0% +information at all that you have about s +and that can be made more precise that r + + align:start position:0% +and that can be made more precise that r + + + align:start position:0% +and that can be made more precise that r +is independent not of any information + + align:start position:0% +is independent not of any information + + + align:start position:0% +is independent not of any information +about s by saying + + align:start position:0% +about s by saying + + + align:start position:0% +about s by saying +pick an arbitrary function that maps r + + align:start position:0% +pick an arbitrary function that maps r + + + align:start position:0% +pick an arbitrary function that maps r +to r our total function so + + align:start position:0% +to r our total function so + + + align:start position:0% +to r our total function so +what i can do is think of f as giving me + + align:start position:0% +what i can do is think of f as giving me + + + align:start position:0% +what i can do is think of f as giving me +uh some information about the value of s + + align:start position:0% +uh some information about the value of s + + + align:start position:0% +uh some information about the value of s +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +if r is independent of s then in fact r + + align:start position:0% +if r is independent of s then in fact r + + + align:start position:0% +if r is independent of s then in fact r +is independent of + + align:start position:0% +is independent of + + + align:start position:0% +is independent of +f s any transformation of s by a fixed + + align:start position:0% +f s any transformation of s by a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +f s any transformation of s by a fixed +non-random function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and of course the notion of k way + + align:start position:0% +and of course the notion of k way + + + align:start position:0% +and of course the notion of k way +independence carries right over from the + + align:start position:0% +independence carries right over from the + + + align:start position:0% +independence carries right over from the +event case if i have k random var if i + + align:start position:0% +event case if i have k random var if i + + + align:start position:0% +event case if i have k random var if i +have a bunch of random variables + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of random variables + + + align:start position:0% +have a bunch of random variables +a large number much more than k they're + + align:start position:0% +a large number much more than k they're + + + align:start position:0% +a large number much more than k they're +k way independent if every + + align:start position:0% +k way independent if every + + + align:start position:0% +k way independent if every +set of k of them are mutually + + align:start position:0% +set of k of them are mutually + + + align:start position:0% +set of k of them are mutually +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +and of course as with events we use the + + align:start position:0% +and of course as with events we use the + + + align:start position:0% +and of course as with events we use the +two-way case to call them pairwise + + align:start position:0% +two-way case to call them pairwise + + + align:start position:0% +two-way case to call them pairwise +independent again we saw an example of + + align:start position:0% +independent again we saw an example of + + + align:start position:0% +independent again we saw an example of +this in terms of events already but we + + align:start position:0% +this in terms of events already but we + + + align:start position:0% +this in terms of events already but we +can rephrase it now in terms of + + align:start position:0% +can rephrase it now in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +can rephrase it now in terms of +indicator variables if we let h i be the + + align:start position:0% +indicator variables if we let h i be the + + + align:start position:0% +indicator variables if we let h i be the +indicator variable for a head on a flip + + align:start position:0% +indicator variable for a head on a flip + + + align:start position:0% +indicator variable for a head on a flip +i + + align:start position:0% +i + + + align:start position:0% +i +of uh uh of the ice flip of a coin where + + align:start position:0% +of uh uh of the ice flip of a coin where + + + align:start position:0% +of uh uh of the ice flip of a coin where +i ranges from one through k if we have + + align:start position:0% +i ranges from one through k if we have + + + align:start position:0% +i ranges from one through k if we have +uh uh k k coins and h is the indicator + + align:start position:0% +uh uh k k coins and h is the indicator + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh k k coins and h is the indicator +variable for how coin i came out + + align:start position:0% +variable for how coin i came out + + + align:start position:0% +variable for how coin i came out +um whether or not there's a head + + align:start position:0% +um whether or not there's a head + + + align:start position:0% +um whether or not there's a head +now oh can be nicely expressed the the + + align:start position:0% +now oh can be nicely expressed the the + + + align:start position:0% +now oh can be nicely expressed the the +notion that there's an odd number of + + align:start position:0% +notion that there's an odd number of + + + align:start position:0% +notion that there's an odd number of +heads is simply the mod to sum of the + + align:start position:0% +heads is simply the mod to sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +heads is simply the mod to sum of the +his uh and this by the way is a a trick + + align:start position:0% +his uh and this by the way is a a trick + + + align:start position:0% +his uh and this by the way is a a trick +that we'll be using regularly that + + align:start position:0% +that we'll be using regularly that + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll be using regularly that +events now can be defined rather nicely + + align:start position:0% +events now can be defined rather nicely + + + align:start position:0% +events now can be defined rather nicely +in terms of doing operations on the + + align:start position:0% +in terms of doing operations on the + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of doing operations on the +arithmetic values of indicator variables + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic values of indicator variables + + + align:start position:0% +arithmetic values of indicator variables +so o is nothing but the mod 2 sum of the + + align:start position:0% +so o is nothing but the mod 2 sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +so o is nothing but the mod 2 sum of the +values of the indicator variables h i + + align:start position:0% +values of the indicator variables h i + + + align:start position:0% +values of the indicator variables h i +from 1 to k and + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to k and + + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to k and +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the what we saw when we were working + + align:start position:0% +the what we saw when we were working + + + align:start position:0% +the what we saw when we were working +with their event version is that any k + + align:start position:0% +with their event version is that any k + + + align:start position:0% +with their event version is that any k +of these + + align:start position:0% +of these + + + align:start position:0% +of these +events are independent i've got k plus + + align:start position:0% +events are independent i've got k plus + + + align:start position:0% +events are independent i've got k plus +one there's k h i's and there's o which + + align:start position:0% +one there's k h i's and there's o which + + + align:start position:0% +one there's k h i's and there's o which +makes the k plus one + + align:start position:0% +makes the k plus one + + + align:start position:0% +makes the k plus one +k plus first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the reason why any k of them were + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why any k of them were + + + align:start position:0% +and the reason why any k of them were +independent was discussed in the + + align:start position:0% +independent was discussed in the + + + align:start position:0% +independent was discussed in the +previous slide we were looking at the + + align:start position:0% +previous slide we were looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +previous slide we were looking at the +events of there being an odd number of + + align:start position:0% +events of there being an odd number of + + + align:start position:0% +events of there being an odd number of +heads and + + align:start position:0% +heads and + + + align:start position:0% +heads and +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +and a head coming up on the ice flip + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the reason why pairwise independence + + align:start position:0% +the reason why pairwise independence + + + align:start position:0% +the reason why pairwise independence +gets singled out is that we'll see that + + align:start position:0% +gets singled out is that we'll see that + + + align:start position:0% +gets singled out is that we'll see that +for a bunch of major applications uh + + align:start position:0% +for a bunch of major applications uh + + + align:start position:0% +for a bunch of major applications uh +it's pairwise applica pairwise + + align:start position:0% +it's pairwise applica pairwise + + + align:start position:0% +it's pairwise applica pairwise +independence is sufficient + + align:start position:0% +independence is sufficient + + + align:start position:0% +independence is sufficient +um and + + align:start position:0% +um and + + + align:start position:0% +um and +rather than verifying mutual + + align:start position:0% +rather than verifying mutual + + + align:start position:0% +rather than verifying mutual +independence it's harder to check mutual + + align:start position:0% +independence it's harder to check mutual + + + align:start position:0% +independence it's harder to check mutual +independence you've got a lot a lot more + + align:start position:0% +independence you've got a lot a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +independence you've got a lot a lot more +equations to check um and uh and in fact + + align:start position:0% +equations to check um and uh and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +equations to check um and uh and in fact +it doesn't it often doesn't hold in + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't it often doesn't hold in + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't it often doesn't hold in +circumstances where pairwise does hold + + align:start position:0% +circumstances where pairwise does hold + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances where pairwise does hold +so this is good to know we'll be making + + align:start position:0% +so this is good to know we'll be making + + + align:start position:0% +so this is good to know we'll be making +use of it uh in an application later + + align:start position:0% +use of it uh in an application later + + + align:start position:0% +use of it uh in an application later +when we look at + + align:start position:0% +when we look at + + + align:start position:0% +when we look at +sampling and the law of large numbers \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VLzFL42wt-k.txt b/VLzFL42wt-k.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2a4fed421ede5a17a4622dfdd8128555ebeb21e --- /dev/null +++ b/VLzFL42wt-k.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10091 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT opencourseware continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT opencourseware continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT opencourseware continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free to make a donation or to view + + align:start position:0% +for free to make a donation or to view + + + align:start position:0% +for free to make a donation or to view +additional materials from hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +additional materials from hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +additional materials from hundreds of +MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at + + align:start position:0% +MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at + + + align:start position:0% +MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Begin by just saying a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +Begin by just saying a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +Begin by just saying a little bit about +modal + + align:start position:0% +modal + + + align:start position:0% +modal +music which is what we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +music which is what we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +music which is what we're talking about +and and also George Russell and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +and and also George Russell and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and and also George Russell and then I'm +going to talk about a piece of mind if + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about a piece of mind if + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about a piece of mind if +there's time enough for it all of which + + align:start position:0% +there's time enough for it all of which + + + align:start position:0% +there's time enough for it all of which +use the modal concept + + align:start position:0% +use the modal concept + + + align:start position:0% +use the modal concept +and all of which are examples of + + align:start position:0% +and all of which are examples of + + + align:start position:0% +and all of which are examples of +extended form some of you have had some + + align:start position:0% +extended form some of you have had some + + + align:start position:0% +extended form some of you have had some +of my other classes you may have + + align:start position:0% +of my other classes you may have + + + align:start position:0% +of my other classes you may have +remembered me talking about this to some + + align:start position:0% +remembered me talking about this to some + + + align:start position:0% +remembered me talking about this to some +extent extended form is what's used in + + align:start position:0% +extent extended form is what's used in + + + align:start position:0% +extent extended form is what's used in +jazz to mean larger structure when we + + align:start position:0% +jazz to mean larger structure when we + + + align:start position:0% +jazz to mean larger structure when we +talk about form and Jazz we usually mean + + align:start position:0% +talk about form and Jazz we usually mean + + + align:start position:0% +talk about form and Jazz we usually mean +12 Bar Blues 32 Bar song form shorter + + align:start position:0% +12 Bar Blues 32 Bar song form shorter + + + align:start position:0% +12 Bar Blues 32 Bar song form shorter +formats + + align:start position:0% +formats + + + align:start position:0% +formats +extended form even though it uses the + + align:start position:0% +extended form even though it uses the + + + align:start position:0% +extended form even though it uses the +word form it really should say extended + + align:start position:0% +word form it really should say extended + + + align:start position:0% +word form it really should say extended +structure but nobody says that so they + + align:start position:0% +structure but nobody says that so they + + + align:start position:0% +structure but nobody says that so they +all say extended form and this came into + + align:start position:0% +all say extended form and this came into + + + align:start position:0% +all say extended form and this came into +being as many things did with Duke + + align:start position:0% +being as many things did with Duke + + + align:start position:0% +being as many things did with Duke +Ellington he was always there ahead of + + align:start position:0% +Ellington he was always there ahead of + + + align:start position:0% +Ellington he was always there ahead of +everybody else 1931 Creole Rhapsody is + + align:start position:0% +everybody else 1931 Creole Rhapsody is + + + align:start position:0% +everybody else 1931 Creole Rhapsody is +the first extended form piece in jazz + + align:start position:0% +the first extended form piece in jazz + + + align:start position:0% +the first extended form piece in jazz +six minutes doesn't sound like much but + + align:start position:0% +six minutes doesn't sound like much but + + + align:start position:0% +six minutes doesn't sound like much but +the thing was recordings could only go + + align:start position:0% +the thing was recordings could only go + + + align:start position:0% +the thing was recordings could only go +three minutes so Ellington was always + + align:start position:0% +three minutes so Ellington was always + + + align:start position:0% +three minutes so Ellington was always +very creative as well as very clever so + + align:start position:0% +very creative as well as very clever so + + + align:start position:0% +very creative as well as very clever so +he figured out if you put a piece and + + align:start position:0% +he figured out if you put a piece and + + + align:start position:0% +he figured out if you put a piece and +then you had a companion piece you'd + + align:start position:0% +then you had a companion piece you'd + + + align:start position:0% +then you had a companion piece you'd +have to flip the record over to hear the + + align:start position:0% +have to flip the record over to hear the + + + align:start position:0% +have to flip the record over to hear the +whole piece so it's a six minute piece + + align:start position:0% +whole piece so it's a six minute piece + + + align:start position:0% +whole piece so it's a six minute piece +Creole Rhapsody then we talked about + + align:start position:0% +Creole Rhapsody then we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +Creole Rhapsody then we talked about +1943 black brown and beige that's a + + align:start position:0% +1943 black brown and beige that's a + + + align:start position:0% +1943 black brown and beige that's a +really extended piece 45 minutes long + + align:start position:0% +really extended piece 45 minutes long + + + align:start position:0% +really extended piece 45 minutes long +remember we talked about come Sunday + + align:start position:0% +remember we talked about come Sunday + + + align:start position:0% +remember we talked about come Sunday +from that and talked about the whole + + align:start position:0% +from that and talked about the whole + + + align:start position:0% +from that and talked about the whole +scope of the piece so that that was sort + + align:start position:0% +scope of the piece so that that was sort + + + align:start position:0% +scope of the piece so that that was sort +of those sort of the precursors then you + + align:start position:0% +of those sort of the precursors then you + + + align:start position:0% +of those sort of the precursors then you +get the things like Cubana B Cubana Bop + + align:start position:0% +get the things like Cubana B Cubana Bop + + + align:start position:0% +get the things like Cubana B Cubana Bop +which is also by George Russell with + + align:start position:0% +which is also by George Russell with + + + align:start position:0% +which is also by George Russell with +Dizzy Gillespie in the late 1940s + + align:start position:0% +Dizzy Gillespie in the late 1940s + + + align:start position:0% +Dizzy Gillespie in the late 1940s +and then we have these pieces here which + + align:start position:0% +and then we have these pieces here which + + + align:start position:0% +and then we have these pieces here which +I'm going to talk about and play all + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to talk about and play all + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to talk about and play all +about Rosie and African game by George + + align:start position:0% +about Rosie and African game by George + + + align:start position:0% +about Rosie and African game by George +Russell and then say if I get time my + + align:start position:0% +Russell and then say if I get time my + + + align:start position:0% +Russell and then say if I get time my +own piece the secret now the + + align:start position:0% +own piece the secret now the + + + align:start position:0% +own piece the secret now the +commonalities here are that these are + + align:start position:0% +commonalities here are that these are + + + align:start position:0% +commonalities here are that these are +all extended form pieces they're all + + align:start position:0% +all extended form pieces they're all + + + align:start position:0% +all extended form pieces they're all +relatively long pieces all about Rosie + + align:start position:0% +relatively long pieces all about Rosie + + + align:start position:0% +relatively long pieces all about Rosie +is 10 minutes but it's it sounds in fact + + align:start position:0% +is 10 minutes but it's it sounds in fact + + + align:start position:0% +is 10 minutes but it's it sounds in fact +like it's longer than it is it's so + + align:start position:0% +like it's longer than it is it's so + + + align:start position:0% +like it's longer than it is it's so +dense uh living time I believe is about + + align:start position:0% +dense uh living time I believe is about + + + align:start position:0% +dense uh living time I believe is about +40 minutes I'll say something about that + + align:start position:0% +40 minutes I'll say something about that + + + align:start position:0% +40 minutes I'll say something about that +African game is about 40 minutes + + align:start position:0% +African game is about 40 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +African game is about 40 minutes +five piece is about anywhere from 15 to + + align:start position:0% +five piece is about anywhere from 15 to + + + align:start position:0% +five piece is about anywhere from 15 to +18 depending on the length of the solos + + align:start position:0% +18 depending on the length of the solos + + + align:start position:0% +18 depending on the length of the solos +and that kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +and that kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +and that kind of thing +another thing that's common about these + + align:start position:0% +another thing that's common about these + + + align:start position:0% +another thing that's common about these +that these were all commissioned works + + align:start position:0% +that these were all commissioned works + + + align:start position:0% +that these were all commissioned works +and that's another phenomenon that + + align:start position:0% +and that's another phenomenon that + + + align:start position:0% +and that's another phenomenon that +started to come into being in about the + + align:start position:0% +started to come into being in about the + + + align:start position:0% +started to come into being in about the +1950s which is that just as with + + align:start position:0% +1950s which is that just as with + + + align:start position:0% +1950s which is that just as with +classical music you sometimes have + + align:start position:0% +classical music you sometimes have + + + align:start position:0% +classical music you sometimes have +people being given a grant composer + + align:start position:0% +people being given a grant composer + + + align:start position:0% +people being given a grant composer +given a grant and the the ideas you will + + align:start position:0% +given a grant and the the ideas you will + + + align:start position:0% +given a grant and the the ideas you will +then create music based on this it frees + + align:start position:0% +then create music based on this it frees + + + align:start position:0% +then create music based on this it frees +you up in other words from doing other + + align:start position:0% +you up in other words from doing other + + + align:start position:0% +you up in other words from doing other +things so you can concentrate on your + + align:start position:0% +things so you can concentrate on your + + + align:start position:0% +things so you can concentrate on your +composer very rare in jazz + + align:start position:0% +composer very rare in jazz + + + align:start position:0% +composer very rare in jazz +in 1957 all about Rosie the first piece + + align:start position:0% +in 1957 all about Rosie the first piece + + + align:start position:0% +in 1957 all about Rosie the first piece +we're going to talk about was a product + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about was a product + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about was a product +of the Brandeis Festival the Arts which + + align:start position:0% +of the Brandeis Festival the Arts which + + + align:start position:0% +of the Brandeis Festival the Arts which +was something organized by Gunther + + align:start position:0% +was something organized by Gunther + + + align:start position:0% +was something organized by Gunther +Schuller a name I hope you're all + + align:start position:0% +Schuller a name I hope you're all + + + align:start position:0% +Schuller a name I hope you're all +familiar with one of our great composers + + align:start position:0% +familiar with one of our great composers + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with one of our great composers +and really Scholars of music + + align:start position:0% +and really Scholars of music + + + align:start position:0% +and really Scholars of music +frequent frequent Advocate and player on + + align:start position:0% +frequent frequent Advocate and player on + + + align:start position:0% +frequent frequent Advocate and player on +both Jazz and classical things and + + align:start position:0% +both Jazz and classical things and + + + align:start position:0% +both Jazz and classical things and +Schuler got the idea that if he + + align:start position:0% +Schuler got the idea that if he + + + align:start position:0% +Schuler got the idea that if he +commissioned this was the time of third + + align:start position:0% +commissioned this was the time of third + + + align:start position:0% +commissioned this was the time of third +stream music the fusion of jazz and + + align:start position:0% +stream music the fusion of jazz and + + + align:start position:0% +stream music the fusion of jazz and +classical he got the idea that if you + + align:start position:0% +classical he got the idea that if you + + + align:start position:0% +classical he got the idea that if you +commissioned uh three classical + + align:start position:0% +commissioned uh three classical + + + align:start position:0% +commissioned uh three classical +composers himself being one of them and + + align:start position:0% +composers himself being one of them and + + + align:start position:0% +composers himself being one of them and +three Jazz composers it might be an + + align:start position:0% +three Jazz composers it might be an + + + align:start position:0% +three Jazz composers it might be an +interesting program and it was it was a + + align:start position:0% +interesting program and it was it was a + + + align:start position:0% +interesting program and it was it was a +very distinct pieces every piece was + + align:start position:0% +very distinct pieces every piece was + + + align:start position:0% +very distinct pieces every piece was +different from the other one and the + + align:start position:0% +different from the other one and the + + + align:start position:0% +different from the other one and the +piece that George Russell wrote has + + align:start position:0% +piece that George Russell wrote has + + + align:start position:0% +piece that George Russell wrote has +become a classic and that's what we're + + align:start position:0% +become a classic and that's what we're + + + align:start position:0% +become a classic and that's what we're +going to look at before we get into this + + align:start position:0% +going to look at before we get into this + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at before we get into this +I want to say a little bit about the + + align:start position:0% +I want to say a little bit about the + + + align:start position:0% +I want to say a little bit about the +modal approach + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +there's a sum of you I may be three or + + align:start position:0% +there's a sum of you I may be three or + + + align:start position:0% +there's a sum of you I may be three or +four who had the Jazz composition course + + align:start position:0% +four who had the Jazz composition course + + + align:start position:0% +four who had the Jazz composition course +I don't think we did this in the Jazz + + align:start position:0% +I don't think we did this in the Jazz + + + align:start position:0% +I don't think we did this in the Jazz +Harmony and arranging but in the Jazz + + align:start position:0% +Harmony and arranging but in the Jazz + + + align:start position:0% +Harmony and arranging but in the Jazz +composing so you may remember some of + + align:start position:0% +composing so you may remember some of + + + align:start position:0% +composing so you may remember some of +these things + + align:start position:0% +these things + + + align:start position:0% +these things +George Russell in addition to being one + + align:start position:0% +George Russell in addition to being one + + + align:start position:0% +George Russell in addition to being one +of our Premier composers was also a + + align:start position:0% +of our Premier composers was also a + + + align:start position:0% +of our Premier composers was also a +theorist is also a theorist + + align:start position:0% +theorist is also a theorist + + + align:start position:0% +theorist is also a theorist +s and + + align:start position:0% +s and + + + align:start position:0% +s and +in 1953 he published something that's + + align:start position:0% +in 1953 he published something that's + + + align:start position:0% +in 1953 he published something that's +called the lydian + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +except for the lydian mode + + align:start position:0% +except for the lydian mode + + + align:start position:0% +except for the lydian mode +lydian chromatic concept of tonal + + align:start position:0% +lydian chromatic concept of tonal + + + align:start position:0% +lydian chromatic concept of tonal +organization it's very catchy lydian + + align:start position:0% +organization it's very catchy lydian + + + align:start position:0% +organization it's very catchy lydian +chromatic concept of tonal organization + + align:start position:0% +chromatic concept of tonal organization + + + align:start position:0% +chromatic concept of tonal organization +some of you have heard me in other + + align:start position:0% +some of you have heard me in other + + + align:start position:0% +some of you have heard me in other +courses + + align:start position:0% +courses + + + align:start position:0% +courses +mentioned the ECU which I call the + + align:start position:0% +mentioned the ECU which I call the + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned the ECU which I call the +expanded chromatic Universe which is my + + align:start position:0% +expanded chromatic Universe which is my + + + align:start position:0% +expanded chromatic Universe which is my +shorthand + + align:start position:0% +shorthand + + + align:start position:0% +shorthand +for both validian chromatic concept plus + + align:start position:0% +for both validian chromatic concept plus + + + align:start position:0% +for both validian chromatic concept plus +everything that's happened since Bebop + + align:start position:0% +everything that's happened since Bebop + + + align:start position:0% +everything that's happened since Bebop +let me just come clean and say I was a + + align:start position:0% +let me just come clean and say I was a + + + align:start position:0% +let me just come clean and say I was a +student of George Russell so some of + + align:start position:0% +student of George Russell so some of + + + align:start position:0% +student of George Russell so some of +this has just been ingrained in my + + align:start position:0% +this has just been ingrained in my + + + align:start position:0% +this has just been ingrained in my +thinking uh + + align:start position:0% +thinking uh + + + align:start position:0% +thinking uh +this is a very complicated Theory we + + align:start position:0% +this is a very complicated Theory we + + + align:start position:0% +this is a very complicated Theory we +have the book that was published many + + align:start position:0% +have the book that was published many + + + align:start position:0% +have the book that was published many +years ago in our library if you want to + + align:start position:0% +years ago in our library if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +years ago in our library if you want to +look at this but it takes a lot of study + + align:start position:0% +look at this but it takes a lot of study + + + align:start position:0% +look at this but it takes a lot of study +it involves the lydian scale which + + align:start position:0% +it involves the lydian scale which + + + align:start position:0% +it involves the lydian scale which +George Russell believed with the scale + + align:start position:0% +George Russell believed with the scale + + + align:start position:0% +George Russell believed with the scale +that most clearly expressed + + align:start position:0% +that most clearly expressed + + + align:start position:0% +that most clearly expressed +the sound of a major chord + + align:start position:0% +the sound of a major chord + + + align:start position:0% +the sound of a major chord +what that means is for him if you had + + align:start position:0% +what that means is for him if you had + + + align:start position:0% +what that means is for him if you had +the chord c + + align:start position:0% +the chord c + + + align:start position:0% +the chord c +to him + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +raised forth where we would say flat + + align:start position:0% +raised forth where we would say flat + + + align:start position:0% +raised forth where we would say flat +five and jazz is the scale that most + + align:start position:0% +five and jazz is the scale that most + + + align:start position:0% +five and jazz is the scale that most +clearly expresses that many people + + align:start position:0% +clearly expresses that many people + + + align:start position:0% +clearly expresses that many people +wouldn't hear it that way + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't hear it that way + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't hear it that way +but if you're a jazz person if you've + + align:start position:0% +but if you're a jazz person if you've + + + align:start position:0% +but if you're a jazz person if you've +come out of Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie + + align:start position:0% +come out of Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie + + + align:start position:0% +come out of Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie +Parker this makes a lot of sense + + align:start position:0% +Parker this makes a lot of sense + + + align:start position:0% +Parker this makes a lot of sense +in any case his whole theory is based on + + align:start position:0% +in any case his whole theory is based on + + + align:start position:0% +in any case his whole theory is based on +what he calls parent scales and or modes + + align:start position:0% +what he calls parent scales and or modes + + + align:start position:0% +what he calls parent scales and or modes +and all auxiliary ones that are related + + align:start position:0% +and all auxiliary ones that are related + + + align:start position:0% +and all auxiliary ones that are related +to them + + align:start position:0% +to them + + + align:start position:0% +to them +it's basically a pan modal and a + + align:start position:0% +it's basically a pan modal and a + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically a pan modal and a +pantonal system which means once you + + align:start position:0% +pantonal system which means once you + + + align:start position:0% +pantonal system which means once you +understand what the parent scalar mode + + align:start position:0% +understand what the parent scalar mode + + + align:start position:0% +understand what the parent scalar mode +is virtually any other motor scale is + + align:start position:0% +is virtually any other motor scale is + + + align:start position:0% +is virtually any other motor scale is +possible to be related to that this is + + align:start position:0% +possible to be related to that this is + + + align:start position:0% +possible to be related to that this is +almost like a relativity Theory + + align:start position:0% +almost like a relativity Theory + + + align:start position:0% +almost like a relativity Theory +but it's very different than + + align:start position:0% +but it's very different than + + + align:start position:0% +but it's very different than +schoenberg's relativity theory of 12 + + align:start position:0% +schoenberg's relativity theory of 12 + + + align:start position:0% +schoenberg's relativity theory of 12 +tone music because it's still based in a + + align:start position:0% +tone music because it's still based in a + + + align:start position:0% +tone music because it's still based in a +tonal Center of some sort let me put + + align:start position:0% +tonal Center of some sort let me put + + + align:start position:0% +tonal Center of some sort let me put +that here too the tonal Center + + align:start position:0% +that here too the tonal Center + + + align:start position:0% +that here too the tonal Center +is very much part of African music very + + align:start position:0% +is very much part of African music very + + + align:start position:0% +is very much part of African music very +much part of African American music + + align:start position:0% +much part of African American music + + + align:start position:0% +much part of African American music +and along with that goes the idea + + align:start position:0% +and along with that goes the idea + + + align:start position:0% +and along with that goes the idea +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of centric Melody a Melody that centers + + align:start position:0% +of centric Melody a Melody that centers + + + align:start position:0% +of centric Melody a Melody that centers +around the tone so if you have + + align:start position:0% +around the tone so if you have + + + align:start position:0% +around the tone so if you have +f is your centering tone + + align:start position:0% +f is your centering tone + + + align:start position:0% +f is your centering tone +you can go below it + + align:start position:0% +you can go below it + + + align:start position:0% +you can go below it +you can go above it + + align:start position:0% +you can go above it + + + align:start position:0% +you can go above it +and come back to it and what we have + + align:start position:0% +and come back to it and what we have + + + align:start position:0% +and come back to it and what we have +there is a pentatonic scale in F the + + align:start position:0% +there is a pentatonic scale in F the + + + align:start position:0% +there is a pentatonic scale in F the +major mode of the pentatonic scale but f + + align:start position:0% +major mode of the pentatonic scale but f + + + align:start position:0% +major mode of the pentatonic scale but f +is the centering tone and and over and + + align:start position:0% +is the centering tone and and over and + + + align:start position:0% +is the centering tone and and over and +over again you hear melodic fragments in + + align:start position:0% +over again you hear melodic fragments in + + + align:start position:0% +over again you hear melodic fragments in +African music and African-American music + + align:start position:0% +African music and African-American music + + + align:start position:0% +African music and African-American music +in the blues and jazz that function this + + align:start position:0% +in the blues and jazz that function this + + + align:start position:0% +in the blues and jazz that function this +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +so but it's a particular way of thinking + + align:start position:0% +so but it's a particular way of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +so but it's a particular way of thinking +so we don't necessarily think of f as + + align:start position:0% +so we don't necessarily think of f as + + + align:start position:0% +so we don't necessarily think of f as +the tonic we think of it as the tonal + + align:start position:0% +the tonic we think of it as the tonal + + + align:start position:0% +the tonic we think of it as the tonal +Center and in this concept you can have + + align:start position:0% +Center and in this concept you can have + + + align:start position:0% +Center and in this concept you can have +several tonal centers at the same time + + align:start position:0% +several tonal centers at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +several tonal centers at the same time +which gives you a sense of pan modality + + align:start position:0% +which gives you a sense of pan modality + + + align:start position:0% +which gives you a sense of pan modality +or pan tonality + + align:start position:0% +or pan tonality + + + align:start position:0% +or pan tonality +Brussels also the one as far as I can + + align:start position:0% +Brussels also the one as far as I can + + + align:start position:0% +Brussels also the one as far as I can +tell who basically came up with the + + align:start position:0% +tell who basically came up with the + + + align:start position:0% +tell who basically came up with the +terms inside and outside which we use + + align:start position:0% +terms inside and outside which we use + + + align:start position:0% +terms inside and outside which we use +commonly musicians use this all the time + + align:start position:0% +commonly musicians use this all the time + + + align:start position:0% +commonly musicians use this all the time +if you're playing more conservatively + + align:start position:0% +if you're playing more conservatively + + + align:start position:0% +if you're playing more conservatively +you say you're playing inside if you + + align:start position:0% +you say you're playing inside if you + + + align:start position:0% +you say you're playing inside if you +begin to stretch things play with + + align:start position:0% +begin to stretch things play with + + + align:start position:0% +begin to stretch things play with +additional tones extensions whatever + + align:start position:0% +additional tones extensions whatever + + + align:start position:0% +additional tones extensions whatever +people say always playing outside if you + + align:start position:0% +people say always playing outside if you + + + align:start position:0% +people say always playing outside if you +play really outside they say you're + + align:start position:0% +play really outside they say you're + + + align:start position:0% +play really outside they say you're +playing in an avant-garde manner or + + align:start position:0% +playing in an avant-garde manner or + + + align:start position:0% +playing in an avant-garde manner or +you're crazy or something else + + align:start position:0% +you're crazy or something else + + + align:start position:0% +you're crazy or something else +inside and outside vertical form is a + + align:start position:0% +inside and outside vertical form is a + + + align:start position:0% +inside and outside vertical form is a +way of thinking about how you structure + + align:start position:0% +way of thinking about how you structure + + + align:start position:0% +way of thinking about how you structure +things the vertical form is Russell's + + align:start position:0% +things the vertical form is Russell's + + + align:start position:0% +things the vertical form is Russell's +conception but it's basically an African + + align:start position:0% +conception but it's basically an African + + + align:start position:0% +conception but it's basically an African +conception meaning + + align:start position:0% +conception meaning + + + align:start position:0% +conception meaning +polyphony + + align:start position:0% +polyphony + + + align:start position:0% +polyphony +and polyrhythm several layers of things + + align:start position:0% +and polyrhythm several layers of things + + + align:start position:0% +and polyrhythm several layers of things +going on if you think about what you + + align:start position:0% +going on if you think about what you + + + align:start position:0% +going on if you think about what you +know about jazz in the history of it you + + align:start position:0% +know about jazz in the history of it you + + + align:start position:0% +know about jazz in the history of it you +know that that sort of went away with + + align:start position:0% +know that that sort of went away with + + + align:start position:0% +know that that sort of went away with +New Orleans the whole idea of polyphony + + align:start position:0% +New Orleans the whole idea of polyphony + + + align:start position:0% +New Orleans the whole idea of polyphony +and polyrhythm and one of the other + + align:start position:0% +and polyrhythm and one of the other + + + align:start position:0% +and polyrhythm and one of the other +byproducts of the post Bebop era was + + align:start position:0% +byproducts of the post Bebop era was + + + align:start position:0% +byproducts of the post Bebop era was +that many more people began to be + + align:start position:0% +that many more people began to be + + + align:start position:0% +that many more people began to be +writers began to be composers and so + + align:start position:0% +writers began to be composers and so + + + align:start position:0% +writers began to be composers and so +with that they were looking for more uh + + align:start position:0% +with that they were looking for more uh + + + align:start position:0% +with that they were looking for more uh +interesting uh ways things to explore + + align:start position:0% +interesting uh ways things to explore + + + align:start position:0% +interesting uh ways things to explore +things to do with the music that hadn't + + align:start position:0% +things to do with the music that hadn't + + + align:start position:0% +things to do with the music that hadn't +been there before + + align:start position:0% +been there before + + + align:start position:0% +been there before +I want to read something from those + + align:start position:0% +I want to read something from those + + + align:start position:0% +I want to read something from those +readings that I had mentioned to the + + align:start position:0% +readings that I had mentioned to the + + + align:start position:0% +readings that I had mentioned to the +other day the ones that are on reserve + + align:start position:0% +other day the ones that are on reserve + + + align:start position:0% +other day the ones that are on reserve +and I have the the call number for that + + align:start position:0% +and I have the the call number for that + + + align:start position:0% +and I have the the call number for that +I can give that to you there's three + + align:start position:0% +I can give that to you there's three + + + align:start position:0% +I can give that to you there's three +articles under the name of Dom cerulli + + align:start position:0% +articles under the name of Dom cerulli + + + align:start position:0% +articles under the name of Dom cerulli +who was the editor of this collection + + align:start position:0% +who was the editor of this collection + + + align:start position:0% +who was the editor of this collection +and the last of these and I think it's + + align:start position:0% +and the last of these and I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +and the last of these and I think it's +actually maybe the first in my packet + + align:start position:0% +actually maybe the first in my packet + + + align:start position:0% +actually maybe the first in my packet +but it's the last in the book that I + + align:start position:0% +but it's the last in the book that I + + + align:start position:0% +but it's the last in the book that I +took this from this called where do we + + align:start position:0% +took this from this called where do we + + + align:start position:0% +took this from this called where do we +go from here and this is about 1959 or + + align:start position:0% +go from here and this is about 1959 or + + + align:start position:0% +go from here and this is about 1959 or +1960. it's an interview with George + + align:start position:0% +1960. it's an interview with George + + + align:start position:0% +1960. it's an interview with George +Russell and he says + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think the core of the problem today is + + align:start position:0% +I think the core of the problem today is + + + align:start position:0% +I think the core of the problem today is +simply that there are too many writers + + align:start position:0% +simply that there are too many writers + + + align:start position:0% +simply that there are too many writers +without enough melodic equipment to + + align:start position:0% +without enough melodic equipment to + + + align:start position:0% +without enough melodic equipment to +influence The Soloist he's talking about + + align:start position:0% +influence The Soloist he's talking about + + + align:start position:0% +influence The Soloist he's talking about +the interface between The Soloist and + + align:start position:0% +the interface between The Soloist and + + + align:start position:0% +the interface between The Soloist and +the writer if you think back to Bebop + + align:start position:0% +the writer if you think back to Bebop + + + align:start position:0% +the writer if you think back to Bebop +Charlie Parker was a great melodist + + align:start position:0% +Charlie Parker was a great melodist + + + align:start position:0% +Charlie Parker was a great melodist +right he improvised magnificently his + + align:start position:0% +right he improvised magnificently his + + + align:start position:0% +right he improvised magnificently his +tunes sound like his improvisations his + + align:start position:0% +tunes sound like his improvisations his + + + align:start position:0% +tunes sound like his improvisations his +Tunes then spur you to improvise in that + + align:start position:0% +Tunes then spur you to improvise in that + + + align:start position:0% +Tunes then spur you to improvise in that +manner this is what he's talking about + + align:start position:0% +manner this is what he's talking about + + + align:start position:0% +manner this is what he's talking about +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and then he says this which I think is + + align:start position:0% +and then he says this which I think is + + + align:start position:0% +and then he says this which I think is +really interesting + + align:start position:0% +really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting +what's going to happen in the future + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen in the future + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen in the future +he's being asked it's going to be a pan + + align:start position:0% +he's being asked it's going to be a pan + + + align:start position:0% +he's being asked it's going to be a pan +rhythmic pantonal age + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic pantonal age + + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic pantonal age +I think Jazz will bypass a tonality + + align:start position:0% +I think Jazz will bypass a tonality + + + align:start position:0% +I think Jazz will bypass a tonality +because Jazz actually has its roots and + + align:start position:0% +because Jazz actually has its roots and + + + align:start position:0% +because Jazz actually has its roots and +folk music and folk music is Scale based + + align:start position:0% +folk music and folk music is Scale based + + + align:start position:0% +folk music and folk music is Scale based +and a tonality negates the scale I think + + align:start position:0% +and a tonality negates the scale I think + + + align:start position:0% +and a tonality negates the scale I think +Jazz will be intensely chromatic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this will be called pan tonality where + + align:start position:0% +this will be called pan tonality where + + + align:start position:0% +this will be called pan tonality where +the basic folk nature of scales is + + align:start position:0% +the basic folk nature of scales is + + + align:start position:0% +the basic folk nature of scales is +preserved and yet because we can use any + + align:start position:0% +preserved and yet because we can use any + + + align:start position:0% +preserved and yet because we can use any +number of scales or you can be in any + + align:start position:0% +number of scales or you can be in any + + + align:start position:0% +number of scales or you can be in any +number of tonalities at once it also + + align:start position:0% +number of tonalities at once it also + + + align:start position:0% +number of tonalities at once it also +creates a very chromatic kind of feeling + + align:start position:0% +creates a very chromatic kind of feeling + + + align:start position:0% +creates a very chromatic kind of feeling +so it's sort of like being a tonal with + + align:start position:0% +so it's sort of like being a tonal with + + + align:start position:0% +so it's sort of like being a tonal with +a big Bill brunsy sound you can retain + + align:start position:0% +a big Bill brunsy sound you can retain + + + align:start position:0% +a big Bill brunsy sound you can retain +the front I like that + + align:start position:0% +the front I like that + + + align:start position:0% +the front I like that +so this is + + align:start position:0% +so this is + + + align:start position:0% +so this is +an article that was derived from an + + align:start position:0% +an article that was derived from an + + + align:start position:0% +an article that was derived from an +interview that Russell did about 1959 or + + align:start position:0% +interview that Russell did about 1959 or + + + align:start position:0% +interview that Russell did about 1959 or +1960 it's unspecified that the book came + + align:start position:0% +1960 it's unspecified that the book came + + + align:start position:0% +1960 it's unspecified that the book came +out in 1960. + + align:start position:0% +out in 1960. + + + align:start position:0% +out in 1960. +this piece is from a couple years + + align:start position:0% +this piece is from a couple years + + + align:start position:0% +this piece is from a couple years +earlier + + align:start position:0% +earlier + + + align:start position:0% +earlier +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +my own feeling is that this piece all + + align:start position:0% +my own feeling is that this piece all + + + align:start position:0% +my own feeling is that this piece all +about Rosie is the musical expression of + + align:start position:0% +about Rosie is the musical expression of + + + align:start position:0% +about Rosie is the musical expression of +what he said what I just read to you in + + align:start position:0% +what he said what I just read to you in + + + align:start position:0% +what he said what I just read to you in +other words he has the theoretical side + + align:start position:0% +other words he has the theoretical side + + + align:start position:0% +other words he has the theoretical side +the philosophical side this piece + + align:start position:0% +the philosophical side this piece + + + align:start position:0% +the philosophical side this piece +expresses it I think in musical terms + + align:start position:0% +expresses it I think in musical terms + + + align:start position:0% +expresses it I think in musical terms +very very well + + align:start position:0% +very very well + + + align:start position:0% +very very well +so let's take a look at this I've given + + align:start position:0% +so let's take a look at this I've given + + + align:start position:0% +so let's take a look at this I've given +you the first of two handout three + + align:start position:0% +you the first of two handout three + + + align:start position:0% +you the first of two handout three +handouts actually I'm going to give you + + align:start position:0% +handouts actually I'm going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +handouts actually I'm going to give you +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you will look at + + align:start position:0% +if you will look at + + + align:start position:0% +if you will look at +on page one of this it says intro and + + align:start position:0% +on page one of this it says intro and + + + align:start position:0% +on page one of this it says intro and +then it says trumpet you'll notice these + + align:start position:0% +then it says trumpet you'll notice these + + + align:start position:0% +then it says trumpet you'll notice these +are almost exactly the notes that I + + align:start position:0% +are almost exactly the notes that I + + + align:start position:0% +are almost exactly the notes that I +wrote on the board here for the + + align:start position:0% +wrote on the board here for the + + + align:start position:0% +wrote on the board here for the +pentatonic scale at F except it's got a + + align:start position:0% +pentatonic scale at F except it's got a + + + align:start position:0% +pentatonic scale at F except it's got a +little more rhythmic inflection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you'll notice there's a little phrase + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice there's a little phrase + + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice there's a little phrase +that dips down and the horn and tenor + + align:start position:0% +that dips down and the horn and tenor + + + align:start position:0% +that dips down and the horn and tenor +sacks this is an ensemble that was put + + align:start position:0% +sacks this is an ensemble that was put + + + align:start position:0% +sacks this is an ensemble that was put +together at this Brandeis Festival that + + align:start position:0% +together at this Brandeis Festival that + + + align:start position:0% +together at this Brandeis Festival that +happened to have French horn bassoon a + + align:start position:0% +happened to have French horn bassoon a + + + align:start position:0% +happened to have French horn bassoon a +couple interesting instruments not a + + align:start position:0% +couple interesting instruments not a + + + align:start position:0% +couple interesting instruments not a +full big band but about a 12 piece group + + align:start position:0% +full big band but about a 12 piece group + + + align:start position:0% +full big band but about a 12 piece group +and then you'll notice there's another + + align:start position:0% +and then you'll notice there's another + + + align:start position:0% +and then you'll notice there's another +place where it says trombone does + + align:start position:0% +place where it says trombone does + + + align:start position:0% +place where it says trombone does +everybody see this this is all in the + + align:start position:0% +everybody see this this is all in the + + + align:start position:0% +everybody see this this is all in the +first system these are the two phrases + + align:start position:0% +first system these are the two phrases + + + align:start position:0% +first system these are the two phrases +that basically make this up the term + + align:start position:0% +that basically make this up the term + + + align:start position:0% +that basically make this up the term +Rosy comes from + + align:start position:0% +Rosy comes from + + + align:start position:0% +Rosy comes from +a children's game song from Alabama + + align:start position:0% +a children's game song from Alabama + + + align:start position:0% +a children's game song from Alabama +African-American children's game song + + align:start position:0% +African-American children's game song + + + align:start position:0% +African-American children's game song +called Rosie Little Rosie and so what + + align:start position:0% +called Rosie Little Rosie and so what + + + align:start position:0% +called Rosie Little Rosie and so what +he's done is take the folk of folk + + align:start position:0% +he's done is take the folk of folk + + + align:start position:0% +he's done is take the folk of folk +Melody Russell's African-American take a + + align:start position:0% +Melody Russell's African-American take a + + + align:start position:0% +Melody Russell's African-American take a +folk Melody from his own tradition his + + align:start position:0% +folk Melody from his own tradition his + + + align:start position:0% +folk Melody from his own tradition his +own Heritage and begin with that let me + + align:start position:0% +own Heritage and begin with that let me + + + align:start position:0% +own Heritage and begin with that let me +just play this so you have it in your + + align:start position:0% +just play this so you have it in your + + + align:start position:0% +just play this so you have it in your +ears + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there's a little pickup note + + align:start position:0% +and there's a little pickup note + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a little pickup note +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +it's the response + + align:start position:0% +it's the response + + + align:start position:0% +it's the response +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me play that again + + align:start position:0% +let me play that again + + + align:start position:0% +let me play that again +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Centric Melody centers around the F + + align:start position:0% +Centric Melody centers around the F + + + align:start position:0% +Centric Melody centers around the F +which is the tonal Center very nice kind + + align:start position:0% +which is the tonal Center very nice kind + + + align:start position:0% +which is the tonal Center very nice kind +of a little idea + + align:start position:0% +of a little idea + + + align:start position:0% +of a little idea +what do you notice + + align:start position:0% +what do you notice + + + align:start position:0% +what do you notice +about this right away that's a little + + align:start position:0% +about this right away that's a little + + + align:start position:0% +about this right away that's a little +bit different than the way we would + + align:start position:0% +bit different than the way we would + + + align:start position:0% +bit different than the way we would +normally think of these kind of phrases + + align:start position:0% +normally think of these kind of phrases + + + align:start position:0% +normally think of these kind of phrases +especially folk folk type phrases + + align:start position:0% +especially folk folk type phrases + + + align:start position:0% +especially folk folk type phrases +just what I've talked about so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +given what you know about the way folk + + align:start position:0% +given what you know about the way folk + + + align:start position:0% +given what you know about the way folk +phrases usually work in folk music + + align:start position:0% +phrases usually work in folk music + + + align:start position:0% +phrases usually work in folk music +what's different about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well the second one does first one + + align:start position:0% +well the second one does first one + + + align:start position:0% +well the second one does first one +doesn't but it ends on the third + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say that again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so normally we would think of two + + align:start position:0% +okay so normally we would think of two + + + align:start position:0% +okay so normally we would think of two +bar phrases right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's sort of the convention very + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of the convention very + + + align:start position:0% +that's sort of the convention very +symmetrical even in a lot of Folk Music + + align:start position:0% +symmetrical even in a lot of Folk Music + + + align:start position:0% +symmetrical even in a lot of Folk Music +so he's sort of compressing this and he + + align:start position:0% +so he's sort of compressing this and he + + + align:start position:0% +so he's sort of compressing this and he +puts that response in uh which is not a + + align:start position:0% +puts that response in uh which is not a + + + align:start position:0% +puts that response in uh which is not a +bad thing to do but sometimes you would + + align:start position:0% +bad thing to do but sometimes you would + + + align:start position:0% +bad thing to do but sometimes you would +say well maybe that response would hold + + align:start position:0% +say well maybe that response would hold + + + align:start position:0% +say well maybe that response would hold +out through the bar which it does but + + align:start position:0% +out through the bar which it does but + + + align:start position:0% +out through the bar which it does but +then you'd wait for it + + align:start position:0% +then you'd wait for it + + + align:start position:0% +then you'd wait for it +to wait a little bit so he's got all of + + align:start position:0% +to wait a little bit so he's got all of + + + align:start position:0% +to wait a little bit so he's got all of +this compressed into five bars + + align:start position:0% +this compressed into five bars + + + align:start position:0% +this compressed into five bars +which is kind of unusual + + align:start position:0% +which is kind of unusual + + + align:start position:0% +which is kind of unusual +so and this this sort of follows through + + align:start position:0% +so and this this sort of follows through + + + align:start position:0% +so and this this sort of follows through +this first + + align:start position:0% +this first + + + align:start position:0% +this first +section this is in three movements by + + align:start position:0% +section this is in three movements by + + + align:start position:0% +section this is in three movements by +the way all about Rosie and the whole + + align:start position:0% +the way all about Rosie and the whole + + + align:start position:0% +the way all about Rosie and the whole +first movement uh he uses this five bar + + align:start position:0% +first movement uh he uses this five bar + + + align:start position:0% +first movement uh he uses this five bar +phrase which is very atypical for this + + align:start position:0% +phrase which is very atypical for this + + + align:start position:0% +phrase which is very atypical for this +period he uses that a lot you'll see it + + align:start position:0% +period he uses that a lot you'll see it + + + align:start position:0% +period he uses that a lot you'll see it +in bar six which is the second time of + + align:start position:0% +in bar six which is the second time of + + + align:start position:0% +in bar six which is the second time of +the five bar phrase it does the same + + align:start position:0% +the five bar phrase it does the same + + + align:start position:0% +the five bar phrase it does the same +kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thing +the response is just slightly different + + align:start position:0% +the response is just slightly different + + + align:start position:0% +the response is just slightly different +when we go to letter A what happens with + + align:start position:0% +when we go to letter A what happens with + + + align:start position:0% +when we go to letter A what happens with +the basic Melody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flute and Aldo sacks have it now what do + + align:start position:0% +flute and Aldo sacks have it now what do + + + align:start position:0% +flute and Aldo sacks have it now what do +you notice happening + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how so + + align:start position:0% +how so + + + align:start position:0% +how so +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and what about flute and alto sax right + + align:start position:0% +and what about flute and alto sax right + + + align:start position:0% +and what about flute and alto sax right +at letter a it's a little more + + align:start position:0% +at letter a it's a little more + + + align:start position:0% +at letter a it's a little more +interesting that here in bar one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in + + align:start position:0% +and in + + + align:start position:0% +and in +at a I got an eighth note into a tight + + align:start position:0% +at a I got an eighth note into a tight + + + align:start position:0% +at a I got an eighth note into a tight +Corner sort of + + align:start position:0% +Corner sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Corner sort of +changing the time around okay A little + + align:start position:0% +changing the time around okay A little + + + align:start position:0% +changing the time around okay A little +rhythmic change and what about the + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic change and what about the + + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic change and what about the +second bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +goes up to the beef so we've added a + + align:start position:0% +goes up to the beef so we've added a + + + align:start position:0% +goes up to the beef so we've added a +note and that's also in fact it adds the + + align:start position:0% +note and that's also in fact it adds the + + + align:start position:0% +note and that's also in fact it adds the +B flat and the A and then the a gets + + align:start position:0% +B flat and the A and then the a gets + + + align:start position:0% +B flat and the A and then the a gets +held out + + align:start position:0% +held out + + + align:start position:0% +held out +so this is what I call an elaboration + + align:start position:0% +so this is what I call an elaboration + + + align:start position:0% +so this is what I call an elaboration +and an elongation so it's no longer but + + align:start position:0% +and an elongation so it's no longer but + + + align:start position:0% +and an elongation so it's no longer but +it's now + + align:start position:0% +it's now + + + align:start position:0% +it's now +and it's an extra pickup note + + align:start position:0% +and it's an extra pickup note + + + align:start position:0% +and it's an extra pickup note +that is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then it holds that out + + align:start position:0% +and then it holds that out + + + align:start position:0% +and then it holds that out +the same way that the response which you + + align:start position:0% +the same way that the response which you + + + align:start position:0% +the same way that the response which you +noted is elongated so everything right + + align:start position:0% +noted is elongated so everything right + + + align:start position:0% +noted is elongated so everything right +away in other words we're only 10 bars + + align:start position:0% +away in other words we're only 10 bars + + + align:start position:0% +away in other words we're only 10 bars +into the tune and right away he's + + align:start position:0% +into the tune and right away he's + + + align:start position:0% +into the tune and right away he's +messing with things he's doing a very + + align:start position:0% +messing with things he's doing a very + + + align:start position:0% +messing with things he's doing a very +Jazz thing which is to paraphrase if you + + align:start position:0% +Jazz thing which is to paraphrase if you + + + align:start position:0% +Jazz thing which is to paraphrase if you +were an improviser you would paraphrase + + align:start position:0% +were an improviser you would paraphrase + + + align:start position:0% +were an improviser you would paraphrase +so in other words he's trying to think + + align:start position:0% +so in other words he's trying to think + + + align:start position:0% +so in other words he's trying to think +as a composer he's trying to think like + + align:start position:0% +as a composer he's trying to think like + + + align:start position:0% +as a composer he's trying to think like +an improviser and as you've heard me say + + align:start position:0% +an improviser and as you've heard me say + + + align:start position:0% +an improviser and as you've heard me say +many times an improviser is a composer + + align:start position:0% +many times an improviser is a composer + + + align:start position:0% +many times an improviser is a composer +so he's really trying to do what he said + + align:start position:0% +so he's really trying to do what he said + + + align:start position:0% +so he's really trying to do what he said +in that article which is to keep this + + align:start position:0% +in that article which is to keep this + + + align:start position:0% +in that article which is to keep this +balance and in fact to keep a sort of + + align:start position:0% +balance and in fact to keep a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +balance and in fact to keep a sort of +intuitive relationship if we go down to + + align:start position:0% +intuitive relationship if we go down to + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive relationship if we go down to +where it says letter a number 21 it's + + align:start position:0% +where it says letter a number 21 it's + + + align:start position:0% +where it says letter a number 21 it's +those three single staves at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +those three single staves at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +those three single staves at the bottom +the third one up + + align:start position:0% +the third one up + + + align:start position:0% +the third one up +we've got a similar rhythmic pattern + + align:start position:0% +we've got a similar rhythmic pattern + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a similar rhythmic pattern +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but at the very end + + align:start position:0% +but at the very end + + + align:start position:0% +but at the very end +you'll notice it goes f a flat + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice it goes f a flat + + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice it goes f a flat +a natural + + align:start position:0% +a natural + + + align:start position:0% +a natural +what's that + + align:start position:0% +what's that + + + align:start position:0% +what's that +what is that bringing into the mix + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if we're using a tonal Center of f + + align:start position:0% +if we're using a tonal Center of f + + + align:start position:0% +if we're using a tonal Center of f +what's that bringing in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minor and + + align:start position:0% +minor and + + + align:start position:0% +minor and +major which we call + + align:start position:0% +major which we call + + + align:start position:0% +major which we call +Quality quality change in which we call + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hmm + + align:start position:0% +hmm + + + align:start position:0% +hmm +partially modal partially + + align:start position:0% +partially modal partially + + + align:start position:0% +partially modal partially +right partially + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the Blues think Blues + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Big Bill brunsey retains the funk but + + align:start position:0% +Big Bill brunsey retains the funk but + + + align:start position:0% +Big Bill brunsey retains the funk but +he's complex what do we call this + + align:start position:0% +he's complex what do we call this + + + align:start position:0% +he's complex what do we call this +the tonal Center IS F + + align:start position:0% +the tonal Center IS F + + + align:start position:0% +the tonal Center IS F +and we have both a flat and a natural + + align:start position:0% +and we have both a flat and a natural + + + align:start position:0% +and we have both a flat and a natural +hmm + + align:start position:0% +hmm + + + align:start position:0% +hmm +yeah we can say all that there's a + + align:start position:0% +yeah we can say all that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we can say all that there's a +simpler way it's the ambiguity of the + + align:start position:0% +simpler way it's the ambiguity of the + + + align:start position:0% +simpler way it's the ambiguity of the +Third + + align:start position:0% +Third + + + align:start position:0% +Third +remember that we talked about the blues + + align:start position:0% +remember that we talked about the blues + + + align:start position:0% +remember that we talked about the blues +it's the ambiguous third degree third + + align:start position:0% +it's the ambiguous third degree third + + + align:start position:0% +it's the ambiguous third degree third +degree tells you major or minor here + + align:start position:0% +degree tells you major or minor here + + + align:start position:0% +degree tells you major or minor here +you've got both one after the other you + + align:start position:0% +you've got both one after the other you + + + align:start position:0% +you've got both one after the other you +could have them right together like + + align:start position:0% +could have them right together like + + + align:start position:0% +could have them right together like +Thelonious Monk you could have one on + + align:start position:0% +Thelonious Monk you could have one on + + + align:start position:0% +Thelonious Monk you could have one on +top of the other if it was a chord which + + align:start position:0% +top of the other if it was a chord which + + + align:start position:0% +top of the other if it was a chord which +would be a sharp nine right so this is + + align:start position:0% +would be a sharp nine right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +would be a sharp nine right so this is +inter but this is the first time it's + + align:start position:0% +inter but this is the first time it's + + + align:start position:0% +inter but this is the first time it's +been introduced + + align:start position:0% +been introduced + + + align:start position:0% +been introduced +is this little flat third idea this is a + + align:start position:0% +is this little flat third idea this is a + + + align:start position:0% +is this little flat third idea this is a +folk form a folk form is not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +folk form a folk form is not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +folk form a folk form is not necessarily +the blues but if you go way back + + align:start position:0% +the blues but if you go way back + + + align:start position:0% +the blues but if you go way back +you know that all of that folk music + + align:start position:0% +you know that all of that folk music + + + align:start position:0% +you know that all of that folk music +from the African-American experience + + align:start position:0% +from the African-American experience + + + align:start position:0% +from the African-American experience +goes into the blues right so this is + + align:start position:0% +goes into the blues right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +goes into the blues right so this is +very much a part of that it's based this + + align:start position:0% +very much a part of that it's based this + + + align:start position:0% +very much a part of that it's based this +is based on a folk tune he's giving you + + align:start position:0% +is based on a folk tune he's giving you + + + align:start position:0% +is based on a folk tune he's giving you +already a little complicated little + + align:start position:0% +already a little complicated little + + + align:start position:0% +already a little complicated little +complex composers maneuver five bar + + align:start position:0% +complex composers maneuver five bar + + + align:start position:0% +complex composers maneuver five bar +phrases all the stuff but now all of a + + align:start position:0% +phrases all the stuff but now all of a + + + align:start position:0% +phrases all the stuff but now all of a +sudden he's put in the blue so he's like + + align:start position:0% +sudden he's put in the blue so he's like + + + align:start position:0% +sudden he's put in the blue so he's like +taking us a little bit on the journey is + + align:start position:0% +taking us a little bit on the journey is + + + align:start position:0% +taking us a little bit on the journey is +what's going on if you look at letter B + + align:start position:0% +what's going on if you look at letter B + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on if you look at letter B +which is the second line from the bottom + + align:start position:0% +which is the second line from the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +which is the second line from the bottom +now we've got almost exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +now we've got almost exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +now we've got almost exactly the same +thing except it's up a whole step he's + + align:start position:0% +thing except it's up a whole step he's + + + align:start position:0% +thing except it's up a whole step he's +changing the modal relationship and if + + align:start position:0% +changing the modal relationship and if + + + align:start position:0% +changing the modal relationship and if +we get to see we've got a little + + align:start position:0% +we get to see we've got a little + + + align:start position:0% +we get to see we've got a little +riff-like figure + + align:start position:0% +riff-like figure + + + align:start position:0% +riff-like figure +but this little riff-like figure with + + align:start position:0% +but this little riff-like figure with + + + align:start position:0% +but this little riff-like figure with +that a flat g flat a flat a natural + + align:start position:0% +that a flat g flat a flat a natural + + + align:start position:0% +that a flat g flat a flat a natural +there's again that bluesy idea but this + + align:start position:0% +there's again that bluesy idea but this + + + align:start position:0% +there's again that bluesy idea but this +little rift-like figure is also you can + + align:start position:0% +little rift-like figure is also you can + + + align:start position:0% +little rift-like figure is also you can +trace that as being related to what's + + align:start position:0% +trace that as being related to what's + + + align:start position:0% +trace that as being related to what's +right above it if you look up there at + + align:start position:0% +right above it if you look up there at + + + align:start position:0% +right above it if you look up there at +letter B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's that Rhythm + + align:start position:0% +what's that Rhythm + + + align:start position:0% +what's that Rhythm +and he's got that same Rhythm here in + + align:start position:0% +and he's got that same Rhythm here in + + + align:start position:0% +and he's got that same Rhythm here in +this Rhythm + + align:start position:0% +this Rhythm + + + align:start position:0% +this Rhythm +except he comes in a little ahead of + + align:start position:0% +except he comes in a little ahead of + + + align:start position:0% +except he comes in a little ahead of +time so this is what a composer does a + + align:start position:0% +time so this is what a composer does a + + + align:start position:0% +time so this is what a composer does a +composer thinks about + + align:start position:0% +composer thinks about + + + align:start position:0% +composer thinks about +the elements you could call them the + + align:start position:0% +the elements you could call them the + + + align:start position:0% +the elements you could call them the +variables and how you can manipulate + + align:start position:0% +variables and how you can manipulate + + + align:start position:0% +variables and how you can manipulate +those how you can extend them how you + + align:start position:0% +those how you can extend them how you + + + align:start position:0% +those how you can extend them how you +can use them in different facets + + align:start position:0% +can use them in different facets + + + align:start position:0% +can use them in different facets +we're all composers so this is the kind + + align:start position:0% +we're all composers so this is the kind + + + align:start position:0% +we're all composers so this is the kind +of thing we want to start to be thinking + + align:start position:0% +of thing we want to start to be thinking + + + align:start position:0% +of thing we want to start to be thinking +about you've seen this in different of + + align:start position:0% +about you've seen this in different of + + + align:start position:0% +about you've seen this in different of +the people we've looked at of the + + align:start position:0% +the people we've looked at of the + + + align:start position:0% +the people we've looked at of the +composers we looked at but this one has + + align:start position:0% +composers we looked at but this one has + + + align:start position:0% +composers we looked at but this one has +a particular + + align:start position:0% +a particular + + + align:start position:0% +a particular +this example of using this is + + align:start position:0% +this example of using this is + + + align:start position:0% +this example of using this is +particularly interesting in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +particularly interesting in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +particularly interesting in terms of the +melody the Rhythm and to some extent the + + align:start position:0% +melody the Rhythm and to some extent the + + + align:start position:0% +melody the Rhythm and to some extent the +modal aspect of what's going on + + align:start position:0% +modal aspect of what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +modal aspect of what's going on +if you'll turn the page just for a + + align:start position:0% +if you'll turn the page just for a + + + align:start position:0% +if you'll turn the page just for a +second + + align:start position:0% +second + + + align:start position:0% +second +now we've got kind of an interesting + + align:start position:0% +now we've got kind of an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +now we've got kind of an interesting +thing I think which is that it goes into + + align:start position:0% +thing I think which is that it goes into + + + align:start position:0% +thing I think which is that it goes into +3-2 he sort of alternates time + + align:start position:0% +3-2 he sort of alternates time + + + align:start position:0% +3-2 he sort of alternates time +signatures here goes for cut time for a + + align:start position:0% +signatures here goes for cut time for a + + + align:start position:0% +signatures here goes for cut time for a +while then he goes into three + + align:start position:0% +while then he goes into three + + + align:start position:0% +while then he goes into three +and if you look at that trombone it's + + align:start position:0% +and if you look at that trombone it's + + + align:start position:0% +and if you look at that trombone it's +again almost exactly with the pentatonic + + align:start position:0% +again almost exactly with the pentatonic + + + align:start position:0% +again almost exactly with the pentatonic +based on F tonal Center of f + + align:start position:0% +based on F tonal Center of f + + + align:start position:0% +based on F tonal Center of f +when it goes to the end of the page and + + align:start position:0% +when it goes to the end of the page and + + + align:start position:0% +when it goes to the end of the page and +goes into the next system + + align:start position:0% +goes into the next system + + + align:start position:0% +goes into the next system +uh he's going up to a B flat and down to + + align:start position:0% +uh he's going up to a B flat and down to + + + align:start position:0% +uh he's going up to a B flat and down to +an f + + align:start position:0% +an f + + + align:start position:0% +an f +and then it goes into sort of a + + align:start position:0% +and then it goes into sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +and then it goes into sort of a +descending chromatic line and the + + align:start position:0% +descending chromatic line and the + + + align:start position:0% +descending chromatic line and the +chromatic line and the piano is coming + + align:start position:0% +chromatic line and the piano is coming + + + align:start position:0% +chromatic line and the piano is coming +up so it's almost as if we've got this + + align:start position:0% +up so it's almost as if we've got this + + + align:start position:0% +up so it's almost as if we've got this +Blues idea we've got this little folk + + align:start position:0% +Blues idea we've got this little folk + + + align:start position:0% +Blues idea we've got this little folk +form idea and then in the middle of this + + align:start position:0% +form idea and then in the middle of this + + + align:start position:0% +form idea and then in the middle of this +gives you a further elaboration with a + + align:start position:0% +gives you a further elaboration with a + + + align:start position:0% +gives you a further elaboration with a +chromatic movement which really mixes + + align:start position:0% +chromatic movement which really mixes + + + align:start position:0% +chromatic movement which really mixes +everything up from where it had been + + align:start position:0% +everything up from where it had been + + + align:start position:0% +everything up from where it had been +originally + + align:start position:0% +originally + + + align:start position:0% +originally +D is another little facet that happens a + + align:start position:0% +D is another little facet that happens a + + + align:start position:0% +D is another little facet that happens a +little line that goes up and splits into + + align:start position:0% +little line that goes up and splits into + + + align:start position:0% +little line that goes up and splits into +a cord + + align:start position:0% +a cord + + + align:start position:0% +a cord +and the bottom stiff system there with + + align:start position:0% +and the bottom stiff system there with + + + align:start position:0% +and the bottom stiff system there with +the trombone is yet another in another + + align:start position:0% +the trombone is yet another in another + + + align:start position:0% +the trombone is yet another in another +key Center the key Center of c and even + + align:start position:0% +key Center the key Center of c and even + + + align:start position:0% +key Center the key Center of c and even +further elaboration and elongate it if + + align:start position:0% +further elaboration and elongate it if + + + align:start position:0% +further elaboration and elongate it if +you look at that + + align:start position:0% +you look at that + + + align:start position:0% +you look at that +because it's stretching out in three two + + align:start position:0% +because it's stretching out in three two + + + align:start position:0% +because it's stretching out in three two +times everybody see that what's going on + + align:start position:0% +times everybody see that what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +times everybody see that what's going on +so he's still using The Motif in other + + align:start position:0% +so he's still using The Motif in other + + + align:start position:0% +so he's still using The Motif in other +words but he's really changing it around + + align:start position:0% +words but he's really changing it around + + + align:start position:0% +words but he's really changing it around +the last two pages I've given you just a + + align:start position:0% +the last two pages I've given you just a + + + align:start position:0% +the last two pages I've given you just a +little bit of score just so you can see + + align:start position:0% +little bit of score just so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of score just so you can see +transpose score + + align:start position:0% +transpose score + + + align:start position:0% +transpose score +and we've got again this melody in its + + align:start position:0% +and we've got again this melody in its + + + align:start position:0% +and we've got again this melody in its +elaborated form at the top in the + + align:start position:0% +elaborated form at the top in the + + + align:start position:0% +elaborated form at the top in the +bassoon and in the guitar we start to + + align:start position:0% +bassoon and in the guitar we start to + + + align:start position:0% +bassoon and in the guitar we start to +get now linear fragments little eighth + + align:start position:0% +get now linear fragments little eighth + + + align:start position:0% +get now linear fragments little eighth +note fragments they start out small + + align:start position:0% +note fragments they start out small + + + align:start position:0% +note fragments they start out small +and then they begin to get more + + align:start position:0% +and then they begin to get more + + + align:start position:0% +and then they begin to get more +connected + + align:start position:0% +connected + + + align:start position:0% +connected +and when you turn over the page there's + + align:start position:0% +and when you turn over the page there's + + + align:start position:0% +and when you turn over the page there's +even a little more of a + + align:start position:0% +even a little more of a + + + align:start position:0% +even a little more of a +interesting phrase a little interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting phrase a little interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting phrase a little interesting +Rhythm some more eighth notes and this + + align:start position:0% +Rhythm some more eighth notes and this + + + align:start position:0% +Rhythm some more eighth notes and this +eighth note pattern then is going to + + align:start position:0% +eighth note pattern then is going to + + + align:start position:0% +eighth note pattern then is going to +come in quite a bit in this particular + + align:start position:0% +come in quite a bit in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +come in quite a bit in this particular +piece so what we've got and this is not + + align:start position:0% +piece so what we've got and this is not + + + align:start position:0% +piece so what we've got and this is not +an easy + + align:start position:0% +an easy + + + align:start position:0% +an easy +piece to follow + + align:start position:0% +piece to follow + + + align:start position:0% +piece to follow +but I've tried to break it down with + + align:start position:0% +but I've tried to break it down with + + + align:start position:0% +but I've tried to break it down with +some of these Essential Elements so what + + align:start position:0% +some of these Essential Elements so what + + + align:start position:0% +some of these Essential Elements so what +you want to listen for I'm going to play + + align:start position:0% +you want to listen for I'm going to play + + + align:start position:0% +you want to listen for I'm going to play +the first movement and it's going to go + + align:start position:0% +the first movement and it's going to go + + + align:start position:0% +the first movement and it's going to go +by like that and you're not going to + + align:start position:0% +by like that and you're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +by like that and you're not going to +really be able to watch too much + + align:start position:0% +really be able to watch too much + + + align:start position:0% +really be able to watch too much +although you can try to and so the the + + align:start position:0% +although you can try to and so the the + + + align:start position:0% +although you can try to and so the the +trick would be if you want to try to + + align:start position:0% +trick would be if you want to try to + + + align:start position:0% +trick would be if you want to try to +watch is + + align:start position:0% +watch is + + + align:start position:0% +watch is +the first page when you get to letter B + + align:start position:0% +the first page when you get to letter B + + + align:start position:0% +the first page when you get to letter B +you'll hear it because that's when the + + align:start position:0% +you'll hear it because that's when the + + + align:start position:0% +you'll hear it because that's when the +eighth note stuff comes in you might + + align:start position:0% +eighth note stuff comes in you might + + + align:start position:0% +eighth note stuff comes in you might +just want to actually flip over to page + + align:start position:0% +just want to actually flip over to page + + + align:start position:0% +just want to actually flip over to page +three which is where you get the score + + align:start position:0% +three which is where you get the score + + + align:start position:0% +three which is where you get the score +for just two pages so if you want to try + + align:start position:0% +for just two pages so if you want to try + + + align:start position:0% +for just two pages so if you want to try +this you can but you will what you want + + align:start position:0% +this you can but you will what you want + + + align:start position:0% +this you can but you will what you want +to do is focus your ears because you're + + align:start position:0% +to do is focus your ears because you're + + + align:start position:0% +to do is focus your ears because you're +going to mainly be hearing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that elaboration of those kind of + + align:start position:0% +and that elaboration of those kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and that elaboration of those kind of +things plus all of this other but it's + + align:start position:0% +things plus all of this other but it's + + + align:start position:0% +things plus all of this other but it's +not going to be that simple + + align:start position:0% +not going to be that simple + + + align:start position:0% +not going to be that simple +what I've just been singing what I've + + align:start position:0% +what I've just been singing what I've + + + align:start position:0% +what I've just been singing what I've +got on this page right now sounds like a + + align:start position:0% +got on this page right now sounds like a + + + align:start position:0% +got on this page right now sounds like a +nice little folk tune but when we get + + align:start position:0% +nice little folk tune but when we get + + + align:start position:0% +nice little folk tune but when we get +the extra + + align:start position:0% +the extra + + + align:start position:0% +the extra +modal things going on particularly with + + align:start position:0% +modal things going on particularly with + + + align:start position:0% +modal things going on particularly with +some things going on in the base it's + + align:start position:0% +some things going on in the base it's + + + align:start position:0% +some things going on in the base it's +going to sound like a whole different + + align:start position:0% +going to sound like a whole different + + + align:start position:0% +going to sound like a whole different +world + + align:start position:0% +world + + + align:start position:0% +world +so let's see what we can do to hang on + + align:start position:0% +so let's see what we can do to hang on + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see what we can do to hang on +to this and then maybe we can talk just + + align:start position:0% +to this and then maybe we can talk just + + + align:start position:0% +to this and then maybe we can talk just +a little bit about this one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody able to follow anything + + align:start position:0% +anybody able to follow anything + + + align:start position:0% +anybody able to follow anything +in the beginning yeah after that it's + + align:start position:0% +in the beginning yeah after that it's + + + align:start position:0% +in the beginning yeah after that it's +all bets are off uh this is this is a + + align:start position:0% +all bets are off uh this is this is a + + + align:start position:0% +all bets are off uh this is this is a +very complicated piece + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +totally written it just sounds like + + align:start position:0% +totally written it just sounds like + + + align:start position:0% +totally written it just sounds like +every device + + align:start position:0% +every device + + + align:start position:0% +every device +and that's the same thing with Ellington + + align:start position:0% +and that's the same thing with Ellington + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the same thing with Ellington +remember I mentioned how Ellington it + + align:start position:0% +remember I mentioned how Ellington it + + + align:start position:0% +remember I mentioned how Ellington it +came to light a few years ago that + + align:start position:0% +came to light a few years ago that + + + align:start position:0% +came to light a few years ago that +Ellington in fact had written some of + + align:start position:0% +Ellington in fact had written some of + + + align:start position:0% +Ellington in fact had written some of +the solos that everyone had assumed were + + align:start position:0% +the solos that everyone had assumed were + + + align:start position:0% +the solos that everyone had assumed were +improvised + + align:start position:0% +improvised + + + align:start position:0% +improvised +but if you can write something that + + align:start position:0% +but if you can write something that + + + align:start position:0% +but if you can write something that +sounds like it's improvised that's + + align:start position:0% +sounds like it's improvised that's + + + align:start position:0% +sounds like it's improvised that's +pretty good + + align:start position:0% +pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good +and so the point of Russell's + + align:start position:0% +and so the point of Russell's + + + align:start position:0% +and so the point of Russell's +compositional method as I alluded to in + + align:start position:0% +compositional method as I alluded to in + + + align:start position:0% +compositional method as I alluded to in +that article I read is you want to keep + + align:start position:0% +that article I read is you want to keep + + + align:start position:0% +that article I read is you want to keep +the nature of improvisation you want to + + align:start position:0% +the nature of improvisation you want to + + + align:start position:0% +the nature of improvisation you want to +keep that feeling that emotional quality + + align:start position:0% +keep that feeling that emotional quality + + + align:start position:0% +keep that feeling that emotional quality +that spontaneity but if you can do that + + align:start position:0% +that spontaneity but if you can do that + + + align:start position:0% +that spontaneity but if you can do that +within a written notated framework + + align:start position:0% +within a written notated framework + + + align:start position:0% +within a written notated framework +that's pretty good and that's what's + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty good and that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +that's pretty good and that's what's +happening when you get those you get in + + align:start position:0% +happening when you get those you get in + + + align:start position:0% +happening when you get those you get in +your Charlie Parker land you're talking + + align:start position:0% +your Charlie Parker land you're talking + + + align:start position:0% +your Charlie Parker land you're talking +that kind of Fleet eighth note kind of + + align:start position:0% +that kind of Fleet eighth note kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of Fleet eighth note kind of +thing that we heard with Parker or other + + align:start position:0% +thing that we heard with Parker or other + + + align:start position:0% +thing that we heard with Parker or other +of the Bebop improvisers but this is all + + align:start position:0% +of the Bebop improvisers but this is all + + + align:start position:0% +of the Bebop improvisers but this is all +worked out it's all very carefully + + align:start position:0% +worked out it's all very carefully + + + align:start position:0% +worked out it's all very carefully +worked out in a very interesting fabric + + align:start position:0% +worked out in a very interesting fabric + + + align:start position:0% +worked out in a very interesting fabric +could you hear that that little riff out + + align:start position:0% +could you hear that that little riff out + + + align:start position:0% +could you hear that that little riff out +at the bottom see + + align:start position:0% +at the bottom see + + + align:start position:0% +at the bottom see +but it comes in again and it sounds like + + align:start position:0% +but it comes in again and it sounds like + + + align:start position:0% +but it comes in again and it sounds like +it's fresh because it's a different + + align:start position:0% +it's fresh because it's a different + + + align:start position:0% +it's fresh because it's a different +little fragment but it's still related + + align:start position:0% +little fragment but it's still related + + + align:start position:0% +little fragment but it's still related +to what's going on uh and uh some of + + align:start position:0% +to what's going on uh and uh some of + + + align:start position:0% +to what's going on uh and uh some of +that elaboration of the melody you can + + align:start position:0% +that elaboration of the melody you can + + + align:start position:0% +that elaboration of the melody you can +you can get as you listen but there's so + + align:start position:0% +you can get as you listen but there's so + + + align:start position:0% +you can get as you listen but there's so +many other things going on something I + + align:start position:0% +many other things going on something I + + + align:start position:0% +many other things going on something I +didn't point out which hopefully you + + align:start position:0% +didn't point out which hopefully you + + + align:start position:0% +didn't point out which hopefully you +heard at letter A down in the Baseline + + align:start position:0% +heard at letter A down in the Baseline + + + align:start position:0% +heard at letter A down in the Baseline +you've got this half note motion right + + align:start position:0% +you've got this half note motion right + + + align:start position:0% +you've got this half note motion right +boom boom boom boom boom boom boom + + align:start position:0% +boom boom boom boom boom boom boom + + + align:start position:0% +boom boom boom boom boom boom boom +that's almost like another game song I + + align:start position:0% +that's almost like another game song I + + + align:start position:0% +that's almost like another game song I +mean this could be the kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +mean this could be the kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +mean this could be the kind of thing +kids would just make up on the + + align:start position:0% +kids would just make up on the + + + align:start position:0% +kids would just make up on the +playground if you look at that + + align:start position:0% +playground if you look at that + + + align:start position:0% +playground if you look at that +of the four notes d g c and then F this + + align:start position:0% +of the four notes d g c and then F this + + + align:start position:0% +of the four notes d g c and then F this +is sort of circle of fifths but it winds + + align:start position:0% +is sort of circle of fifths but it winds + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of circle of fifths but it winds +up on F it's almost like that's the + + align:start position:0% +up on F it's almost like that's the + + + align:start position:0% +up on F it's almost like that's the +target for those notes the sort of + + align:start position:0% +target for those notes the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +target for those notes the sort of +outlining a little bit of the tonal + + align:start position:0% +outlining a little bit of the tonal + + + align:start position:0% +outlining a little bit of the tonal +Center but it's not doing it in a + + align:start position:0% +Center but it's not doing it in a + + + align:start position:0% +Center but it's not doing it in a +convenient way and it's something you + + align:start position:0% +convenient way and it's something you + + + align:start position:0% +convenient way and it's something you +really have to pay attention then a + + align:start position:0% +really have to pay attention then a + + + align:start position:0% +really have to pay attention then a +little bit later it shifts and it + + align:start position:0% +little bit later it shifts and it + + + align:start position:0% +little bit later it shifts and it +becomes something like d flat a flat it + + align:start position:0% +becomes something like d flat a flat it + + + align:start position:0% +becomes something like d flat a flat it +goes into a different kind of a realm so + + align:start position:0% +goes into a different kind of a realm so + + + align:start position:0% +goes into a different kind of a realm so +it's he's changing up the modal + + align:start position:0% +it's he's changing up the modal + + + align:start position:0% +it's he's changing up the modal +relationships in other words is what's + + align:start position:0% +relationships in other words is what's + + + align:start position:0% +relationships in other words is what's +happening here so we have the full score + + align:start position:0% +happening here so we have the full score + + + align:start position:0% +happening here so we have the full score +for this in the library and I invite you + + align:start position:0% +for this in the library and I invite you + + + align:start position:0% +for this in the library and I invite you +to check this out with the recording + + align:start position:0% +to check this out with the recording + + + align:start position:0% +to check this out with the recording +that we have there because there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +that we have there because there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +that we have there because there's a lot +you can get out of it I'm going to give + + align:start position:0% +you can get out of it I'm going to give + + + align:start position:0% +you can get out of it I'm going to give +you a Fuller analysis at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +you a Fuller analysis at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +you a Fuller analysis at the end of the +at the end of the period + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the period + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the period +now I want to give you another + + align:start position:0% +now I want to give you another + + + align:start position:0% +now I want to give you another +little bit of paper this is the second + + align:start position:0% +little bit of paper this is the second + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of paper this is the second +movement + + align:start position:0% +movement + + + align:start position:0% +movement +let me just give each person a thing + + align:start position:0% +let me just give each person a thing + + + align:start position:0% +let me just give each person a thing +because it's a packet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the full score is in sorry transposed + + align:start position:0% +the full score is in sorry transposed + + + align:start position:0% +the full score is in sorry transposed +form this is a concert score which I did + + align:start position:0% +form this is a concert score which I did + + + align:start position:0% +form this is a concert score which I did +just to try to make some sense of it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just looking at this briefly anything + + align:start position:0% +just looking at this briefly anything + + + align:start position:0% +just looking at this briefly anything +come to mind about what's going on here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is very slow + + align:start position:0% +this is very slow + + + align:start position:0% +this is very slow +thank goodness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +take a look at the tenor sax part + + align:start position:0% +take a look at the tenor sax part + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at the tenor sax part +particularly at + + align:start position:0% +particularly at + + + align:start position:0% +particularly at +the first bar and the third bar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +meaning + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the reverse of what you did + + align:start position:0% +the reverse of what you did + + + align:start position:0% +the reverse of what you did +sort of triplets and then triplets + + align:start position:0% +sort of triplets and then triplets + + + align:start position:0% +sort of triplets and then triplets +except that it's a faster triplet but + + align:start position:0% +except that it's a faster triplet but + + + align:start position:0% +except that it's a faster triplet but +that's that's that's a pretty good + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's a pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's a pretty good +assessment + + align:start position:0% +assessment + + + align:start position:0% +assessment +particularly if you looked at bar two + + align:start position:0% +particularly if you looked at bar two + + + align:start position:0% +particularly if you looked at bar two +and bar three and that would be a lot + + align:start position:0% +and bar three and that would be a lot + + + align:start position:0% +and bar three and that would be a lot +closer right + + align:start position:0% +closer right + + + align:start position:0% +closer right +what's going on at bar one in the tenor + + align:start position:0% +what's going on at bar one in the tenor + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on at bar one in the tenor +sax part right at a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anything similar to what we saw in the + + align:start position:0% +anything similar to what we saw in the + + + align:start position:0% +anything similar to what we saw in the +first movement motif + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and he pitches the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the first two the C sharp and the D + + align:start position:0% +the first two the C sharp and the D + + + align:start position:0% +the first two the C sharp and the D +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +except now if the phrase doesn't go up + + align:start position:0% +except now if the phrase doesn't go up + + + align:start position:0% +except now if the phrase doesn't go up +it goes down + + align:start position:0% +it goes down + + + align:start position:0% +it goes down +so he's doing a little manipulation here + + align:start position:0% +so he's doing a little manipulation here + + + align:start position:0% +so he's doing a little manipulation here +using some of the same tones from that + + align:start position:0% +using some of the same tones from that + + + align:start position:0% +using some of the same tones from that +first phrase but he's put it in a + + align:start position:0% +first phrase but he's put it in a + + + align:start position:0% +first phrase but he's put it in a +different field a triplet feel and + + align:start position:0% +different field a triplet feel and + + + align:start position:0% +different field a triplet feel and +instead of + + align:start position:0% +instead of + + + align:start position:0% +instead of +he's going + + align:start position:0% +he's going + + + align:start position:0% +he's going +like that + + align:start position:0% +like that + + + align:start position:0% +like that +which is an old time blues licked + + align:start position:0% +which is an old time blues licked + + + align:start position:0% +which is an old time blues licked +everybody's heard a million times + + align:start position:0% +everybody's heard a million times + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's heard a million times +but he's almost shifted us into D Minor + + align:start position:0% +but he's almost shifted us into D Minor + + + align:start position:0% +but he's almost shifted us into D Minor +now or to a d pentatonic maybe because D + + align:start position:0% +now or to a d pentatonic maybe because D + + + align:start position:0% +now or to a d pentatonic maybe because D +seems to be a focal point and when you + + align:start position:0% +seems to be a focal point and when you + + + align:start position:0% +seems to be a focal point and when you +get to that third bar + + align:start position:0% +get to that third bar + + + align:start position:0% +get to that third bar +significant pitches there are a flat and + + align:start position:0% +significant pitches there are a flat and + + + align:start position:0% +significant pitches there are a flat and +a natural again right so there's that + + align:start position:0% +a natural again right so there's that + + + align:start position:0% +a natural again right so there's that +flat third natural third relation but + + align:start position:0% +flat third natural third relation but + + + align:start position:0% +flat third natural third relation but +now he's really messing with our minds + + align:start position:0% +now he's really messing with our minds + + + align:start position:0% +now he's really messing with our minds +because we don't know if we're really in + + align:start position:0% +because we don't know if we're really in + + + align:start position:0% +because we don't know if we're really in +a D Minor sound or an F major sound and + + align:start position:0% +a D Minor sound or an F major sound and + + + align:start position:0% +a D Minor sound or an F major sound and +you can have both and you can go back + + align:start position:0% +you can have both and you can go back + + + align:start position:0% +you can have both and you can go back +and forth so this is a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +and forth so this is a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +and forth so this is a little bit of +what's Happening Here + + align:start position:0% +what's Happening Here + + + align:start position:0% +what's Happening Here +if you look at the piano part this is + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the piano part this is + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the piano part this is +Bill Evans on the piano by the way the + + align:start position:0% +Bill Evans on the piano by the way the + + + align:start position:0% +Bill Evans on the piano by the way the +piano part has very definitely an an F I + + align:start position:0% +piano part has very definitely an an F I + + + align:start position:0% +piano part has very definitely an an F I +mean sorry a d to an A flat which is a + + align:start position:0% +mean sorry a d to an A flat which is a + + + align:start position:0% +mean sorry a d to an A flat which is a +tritone as you know + + align:start position:0% +tritone as you know + + + align:start position:0% +tritone as you know +and if we're thinking with a tonal + + align:start position:0% +and if we're thinking with a tonal + + + align:start position:0% +and if we're thinking with a tonal +Center of d right there that becomes the + + align:start position:0% +Center of d right there that becomes the + + + align:start position:0% +Center of d right there that becomes the +flat five is everybody with me on this + + align:start position:0% +flat five is everybody with me on this + + + align:start position:0% +flat five is everybody with me on this +so you've got to get a sort of a Bebop + + align:start position:0% +so you've got to get a sort of a Bebop + + + align:start position:0% +so you've got to get a sort of a Bebop +idea but you've also got + + align:start position:0% +idea but you've also got + + + align:start position:0% +idea but you've also got +Russell's notion within the lydian mode + + align:start position:0% +Russell's notion within the lydian mode + + + align:start position:0% +Russell's notion within the lydian mode +which is where you have the raised + + align:start position:0% +which is where you have the raised + + + align:start position:0% +which is where you have the raised +fourth or the flatted fifth so you've + + align:start position:0% +fourth or the flatted fifth so you've + + + align:start position:0% +fourth or the flatted fifth so you've +got a little bit of that brought in uh + + align:start position:0% +got a little bit of that brought in uh + + + align:start position:0% +got a little bit of that brought in uh +it's a very interesting kind of a piece + + align:start position:0% +it's a very interesting kind of a piece + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very interesting kind of a piece +if you look at the bassoon part then + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the bassoon part then + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the bassoon part then +take a look at the bassoon part and at + + align:start position:0% +take a look at the bassoon part and at + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at the bassoon part and at +the base part bass Parts the second one + + align:start position:0% +the base part bass Parts the second one + + + align:start position:0% +the base part bass Parts the second one +up from the bottom what does that mode + + align:start position:0% +up from the bottom what does that mode + + + align:start position:0% +up from the bottom what does that mode +seem to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the bass part and the bassoon part + + align:start position:0% +the bass part and the bassoon part + + + align:start position:0% +the bass part and the bassoon part +the last bar and a half of that + + align:start position:0% +the last bar and a half of that + + + align:start position:0% +the last bar and a half of that +page one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hmm + + align:start position:0% +hmm + + + align:start position:0% +hmm +which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right but just as it's laid out what + + align:start position:0% +right but just as it's laid out what + + + align:start position:0% +right but just as it's laid out what +does it look like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hmm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you just spell those notes right out + + align:start position:0% +if you just spell those notes right out + + + align:start position:0% +if you just spell those notes right out +the bottom one might very well be the + + align:start position:0% +the bottom one might very well be the + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom one might very well be the +tonal Center what is that + + align:start position:0% +tonal Center what is that + + + align:start position:0% +tonal Center what is that +E flat pentatonic in the minor mode + + align:start position:0% +E flat pentatonic in the minor mode + + + align:start position:0% +E flat pentatonic in the minor mode +if we start off with something that's a + + align:start position:0% +if we start off with something that's a + + + align:start position:0% +if we start off with something that's a +lot like a d pentatonic in the minor + + align:start position:0% +lot like a d pentatonic in the minor + + + align:start position:0% +lot like a d pentatonic in the minor +mode + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we get that reinforced by the piano part + + align:start position:0% +we get that reinforced by the piano part + + + align:start position:0% +we get that reinforced by the piano part +then we've got an E flat pentatonic in + + align:start position:0% +then we've got an E flat pentatonic in + + + align:start position:0% +then we've got an E flat pentatonic in +the bass and the bassoon what is the + + align:start position:0% +the bass and the bassoon what is the + + + align:start position:0% +the bass and the bassoon what is the +piano doing by the time it gets to the + + align:start position:0% +piano doing by the time it gets to the + + + align:start position:0% +piano doing by the time it gets to the +last bar and a half + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's not E flat and it's not d + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well I think it looks a lot like a c + + align:start position:0% +well I think it looks a lot like a c + + + align:start position:0% +well I think it looks a lot like a c +pentatonic + + align:start position:0% +pentatonic + + + align:start position:0% +pentatonic +coming up out of the third measure it's + + align:start position:0% +coming up out of the third measure it's + + + align:start position:0% +coming up out of the third measure it's +got notes that would be part of the C in + + align:start position:0% +got notes that would be part of the C in + + + align:start position:0% +got notes that would be part of the C in +the minor mode pentatonic it goes up it + + align:start position:0% +the minor mode pentatonic it goes up it + + + align:start position:0% +the minor mode pentatonic it goes up it +hits kind of that g g flat that's a five + + align:start position:0% +hits kind of that g g flat that's a five + + + align:start position:0% +hits kind of that g g flat that's a five +flat five comes down maybe more of a + + align:start position:0% +flat five comes down maybe more of a + + + align:start position:0% +flat five comes down maybe more of a +major idea of C + + align:start position:0% +major idea of C + + + align:start position:0% +major idea of C +the point is there's at least three + + align:start position:0% +the point is there's at least three + + + align:start position:0% +the point is there's at least three +modalities going on in this four bars + + align:start position:0% +modalities going on in this four bars + + + align:start position:0% +modalities going on in this four bars +first four bars of this + + align:start position:0% +first four bars of this + + + align:start position:0% +first four bars of this +and this is what exactly is meant by a + + align:start position:0% +and this is what exactly is meant by a + + + align:start position:0% +and this is what exactly is meant by a +pan modal approach + + align:start position:0% +pan modal approach + + + align:start position:0% +pan modal approach +the next page + + align:start position:0% +the next page + + + align:start position:0% +the next page +you can look at this more on your own it + + align:start position:0% +you can look at this more on your own it + + + align:start position:0% +you can look at this more on your own it +seems to me the top voice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is flute now has got the E flat + + align:start position:0% +which is flute now has got the E flat + + + align:start position:0% +which is flute now has got the E flat +pentatonic again the tenor seems to have + + align:start position:0% +pentatonic again the tenor seems to have + + + align:start position:0% +pentatonic again the tenor seems to have +more of an F pentatonic with that flat + + align:start position:0% +more of an F pentatonic with that flat + + + align:start position:0% +more of an F pentatonic with that flat +third natural third + + align:start position:0% +third natural third + + + align:start position:0% +third natural third +and again we've got some things + + align:start position:0% +and again we've got some things + + + align:start position:0% +and again we've got some things +referring more to a d Center below and + + align:start position:0% +referring more to a d Center below and + + + align:start position:0% +referring more to a d Center below and +if you look at bar four + + align:start position:0% +if you look at bar four + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at bar four +where it says letter b + + align:start position:0% +where it says letter b + + + align:start position:0% +where it says letter b +the alto comes in right with the basic + + align:start position:0% +the alto comes in right with the basic + + + align:start position:0% +the alto comes in right with the basic +Motif again + + align:start position:0% +Motif again + + + align:start position:0% +Motif again +and then he goes up dude a little + + align:start position:0% +and then he goes up dude a little + + + align:start position:0% +and then he goes up dude a little +rhythmic differentiation but it's + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic differentiation but it's + + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic differentiation but it's +basically the same idea + + align:start position:0% +basically the same idea + + + align:start position:0% +basically the same idea +if you keep going with this page three + + align:start position:0% +if you keep going with this page three + + + align:start position:0% +if you keep going with this page three +the alto States the melody again + + align:start position:0% +the alto States the melody again + + + align:start position:0% +the alto States the melody again +with a little bit of differentiation + + align:start position:0% +with a little bit of differentiation + + + align:start position:0% +with a little bit of differentiation +from what we had before + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the base has been walking + + align:start position:0% +the base has been walking + + + align:start position:0% +the base has been walking +now the base is sort of doing another + + align:start position:0% +now the base is sort of doing another + + + align:start position:0% +now the base is sort of doing another +ostinato effect if you look down on the + + align:start position:0% +ostinato effect if you look down on the + + + align:start position:0% +ostinato effect if you look down on the +base Department F B flat g c and so + + align:start position:0% +base Department F B flat g c and so + + + align:start position:0% +base Department F B flat g c and so +forth + + align:start position:0% +forth + + + align:start position:0% +forth +and then I put a little inset there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the little inset shows now that the + + align:start position:0% +and the little inset shows now that the + + + align:start position:0% +and the little inset shows now that the +alto and the tenor + + align:start position:0% +alto and the tenor + + + align:start position:0% +alto and the tenor +are going to be playing the original + + align:start position:0% +are going to be playing the original + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be playing the original +Melody with just a little different + + align:start position:0% +Melody with just a little different + + + align:start position:0% +Melody with just a little different +rhythmic but now it's + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic but now it's + + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic but now it's +D and B natural right I'm just giving + + align:start position:0% +D and B natural right I'm just giving + + + align:start position:0% +D and B natural right I'm just giving +you that harmonization F and d f and d d + + align:start position:0% +you that harmonization F and d f and d d + + + align:start position:0% +you that harmonization F and d f and d d +and f and sorry D and B natural then all + + align:start position:0% +and f and sorry D and B natural then all + + + align:start position:0% +and f and sorry D and B natural then all +of a sudden it's + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden it's + + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden it's +goes to a B flat well this starts to + + align:start position:0% +goes to a B flat well this starts to + + + align:start position:0% +goes to a B flat well this starts to +seem a lot like G as a tonal center with + + align:start position:0% +seem a lot like G as a tonal center with + + + align:start position:0% +seem a lot like G as a tonal center with +that flat three and natural three idea + + align:start position:0% +that flat three and natural three idea + + + align:start position:0% +that flat three and natural three idea +almost like a one to four of the Blues + + align:start position:0% +almost like a one to four of the Blues + + + align:start position:0% +almost like a one to four of the Blues +idea except we know that a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +idea except we know that a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +idea except we know that a lot of the +early Blues were not necessarily 12 bars + + align:start position:0% +early Blues were not necessarily 12 bars + + + align:start position:0% +early Blues were not necessarily 12 bars +they could very well have been eight + + align:start position:0% +they could very well have been eight + + + align:start position:0% +they could very well have been eight +bars and a lot of times they never went + + align:start position:0% +bars and a lot of times they never went + + + align:start position:0% +bars and a lot of times they never went +to the V chord they just went back and + + align:start position:0% +to the V chord they just went back and + + + align:start position:0% +to the V chord they just went back and +forth the one chord and the four chord + + align:start position:0% +forth the one chord and the four chord + + + align:start position:0% +forth the one chord and the four chord +so Russell's a very smart man he knows + + align:start position:0% +so Russell's a very smart man he knows + + + align:start position:0% +so Russell's a very smart man he knows +all about this stuff + + align:start position:0% +all about this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +all about this stuff +and so it's almost like here's this + + align:start position:0% +and so it's almost like here's this + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's almost like here's this +super sophisticated piece and he's + + align:start position:0% +super sophisticated piece and he's + + + align:start position:0% +super sophisticated piece and he's +saying yeah but + + align:start position:0% +saying yeah but + + + align:start position:0% +saying yeah but +this goes way way back this is what I'm + + align:start position:0% +this goes way way back this is what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this goes way way back this is what I'm +going to be using for my basic way this + + align:start position:0% +going to be using for my basic way this + + + align:start position:0% +going to be using for my basic way this +works I don't know if this is this is my + + align:start position:0% +works I don't know if this is this is my + + + align:start position:0% +works I don't know if this is this is my +interpretation I don't know if this is + + align:start position:0% +interpretation I don't know if this is + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation I don't know if this is +what he was thinking about but it seems + + align:start position:0% +what he was thinking about but it seems + + + align:start position:0% +what he was thinking about but it seems +to make sense from one point of view I'm + + align:start position:0% +to make sense from one point of view I'm + + + align:start position:0% +to make sense from one point of view I'm +going to play this it goes by very + + align:start position:0% +going to play this it goes by very + + + align:start position:0% +going to play this it goes by very +slowly you're going to hear the eight + + align:start position:0% +slowly you're going to hear the eight + + + align:start position:0% +slowly you're going to hear the eight +bar configuration there's a little + + align:start position:0% +bar configuration there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +bar configuration there's a little +interlude and then it comes back and + + align:start position:0% +interlude and then it comes back and + + + align:start position:0% +interlude and then it comes back and +it's eight bars with the melody right + + align:start position:0% +it's eight bars with the melody right + + + align:start position:0% +it's eight bars with the melody right +there the harmonization second time they + + align:start position:0% +there the harmonization second time they + + + align:start position:0% +there the harmonization second time they +keep playing a third a second line a + + align:start position:0% +keep playing a third a second line a + + + align:start position:0% +keep playing a third a second line a +second Melody line adds in the third + + align:start position:0% +second Melody line adds in the third + + + align:start position:0% +second Melody line adds in the third +time a third Melody line adds in just + + align:start position:0% +time a third Melody line adds in just + + + align:start position:0% +time a third Melody line adds in just +like Charles Mingus would do layering or + + align:start position:0% +like Charles Mingus would do layering or + + + align:start position:0% +like Charles Mingus would do layering or +vertical form as Russell would say so + + align:start position:0% +vertical form as Russell would say so + + + align:start position:0% +vertical form as Russell would say so +let's listen to this this is the second + + align:start position:0% +let's listen to this this is the second + + + align:start position:0% +let's listen to this this is the second +movement you can follow along at least + + align:start position:0% +movement you can follow along at least + + + align:start position:0% +movement you can follow along at least +the first couple Pages there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's going to the strangest Blues you'll + + align:start position:0% +it's going to the strangest Blues you'll + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to the strangest Blues you'll +ever hear + + align:start position:0% +ever hear + + + align:start position:0% +ever hear +but it's a blues and it's super + + align:start position:0% +but it's a blues and it's super + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a blues and it's super +sophisticated all at the same time it's + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated all at the same time it's + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated all at the same time it's +really a marvelous piece so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +really a marvelous piece so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +really a marvelous piece so I'm going to +suggest that you listen to this again so + + align:start position:0% +suggest that you listen to this again so + + + align:start position:0% +suggest that you listen to this again so +you can make more of it and to help you + + align:start position:0% +you can make more of it and to help you + + + align:start position:0% +you can make more of it and to help you +do that I've got a little + + align:start position:0% +do that I've got a little + + + align:start position:0% +do that I've got a little +analysis that I did the other day I've + + align:start position:0% +analysis that I did the other day I've + + + align:start position:0% +analysis that I did the other day I've +always been wanting to try to + + align:start position:0% +always been wanting to try to + + + align:start position:0% +always been wanting to try to +figure this piece out so I took this + + align:start position:0% +figure this piece out so I took this + + + align:start position:0% +figure this piece out so I took this +opportunity to make my effort you may + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to make my effort you may + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to make my effort you may +have other things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that you come across but this is + + align:start position:0% +that you come across but this is + + + align:start position:0% +that you come across but this is +basically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some of the notion of the structure + + align:start position:0% +some of the notion of the structure + + + align:start position:0% +some of the notion of the structure +and I'm not advocating that everyone go + + align:start position:0% +and I'm not advocating that everyone go + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm not advocating that everyone go +out and try to do this + + align:start position:0% +out and try to do this + + + align:start position:0% +out and try to do this +but I'm just offering this as some + + align:start position:0% +but I'm just offering this as some + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm just offering this as some +examples of the kinds of things you + + align:start position:0% +examples of the kinds of things you + + + align:start position:0% +examples of the kinds of things you +might want to think about with some you + + align:start position:0% +might want to think about with some you + + + align:start position:0% +might want to think about with some you +know rhythmic and melodic and + + align:start position:0% +know rhythmic and melodic and + + + align:start position:0% +know rhythmic and melodic and +perhaps scalar resources to to work with + + align:start position:0% +perhaps scalar resources to to work with + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps scalar resources to to work with +okay I want to jump ahead now + + align:start position:0% +okay I want to jump ahead now + + + align:start position:0% +okay I want to jump ahead now +to a piece that came for Russell in 1983 + + align:start position:0% +to a piece that came for Russell in 1983 + + + align:start position:0% +to a piece that came for Russell in 1983 +there had been this would have been the + + align:start position:0% +there had been this would have been the + + + align:start position:0% +there had been this would have been the +only as far as I can tell this had been + + align:start position:0% +only as far as I can tell this had been + + + align:start position:0% +only as far as I can tell this had been +the only American commission to him uh + + align:start position:0% +the only American commission to him uh + + + align:start position:0% +the only American commission to him uh +up to this point in time the United + + align:start position:0% +up to this point in time the United + + + align:start position:0% +up to this point in time the United +States is a very uh unfortunately took a + + align:start position:0% +States is a very uh unfortunately took a + + + align:start position:0% +States is a very uh unfortunately took a +long time shall we say to catch up with + + align:start position:0% +long time shall we say to catch up with + + + align:start position:0% +long time shall we say to catch up with +the rest of the world European countries + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the world European countries + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the world European countries +have been supporting Jazz musicians for + + align:start position:0% +have been supporting Jazz musicians for + + + align:start position:0% +have been supporting Jazz musicians for +at least a number of years before this + + align:start position:0% +at least a number of years before this + + + align:start position:0% +at least a number of years before this +in terms of giving them commissions and + + align:start position:0% +in terms of giving them commissions and + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of giving them commissions and +other things but Russell got this one at + + align:start position:0% +other things but Russell got this one at + + + align:start position:0% +other things but Russell got this one at +Brandeis 1972 Bill Evans who appears on + + align:start position:0% +Brandeis 1972 Bill Evans who appears on + + + align:start position:0% +Brandeis 1972 Bill Evans who appears on +the third movement of Rosie which we + + align:start position:0% +the third movement of Rosie which we + + + align:start position:0% +the third movement of Rosie which we +didn't hear fantastic piano solo + + align:start position:0% +didn't hear fantastic piano solo + + + align:start position:0% +didn't hear fantastic piano solo +with Columbia Records commissioned this + + align:start position:0% +with Columbia Records commissioned this + + + align:start position:0% +with Columbia Records commissioned this +piece which is called living time I + + align:start position:0% +piece which is called living time I + + + align:start position:0% +piece which is called living time I +think we have this in the library and + + align:start position:0% +think we have this in the library and + + + align:start position:0% +think we have this in the library and +this was the way if you remember this is + + align:start position:0% +this was the way if you remember this is + + + align:start position:0% +this was the way if you remember this is +how Gil Evans got the commissions from + + align:start position:0% +how Gil Evans got the commissions from + + + align:start position:0% +how Gil Evans got the commissions from +Miles Davis to make those scores that we + + align:start position:0% +Miles Davis to make those scores that we + + + align:start position:0% +Miles Davis to make those scores that we +heard last time he got them from the + + align:start position:0% +heard last time he got them from the + + + align:start position:0% +heard last time he got them from the +record company Colombia was the leader + + align:start position:0% +record company Colombia was the leader + + + align:start position:0% +record company Colombia was the leader +of the pack at that point they had the + + align:start position:0% +of the pack at that point they had the + + + align:start position:0% +of the pack at that point they had the +money to be able to do that that's how + + align:start position:0% +money to be able to do that that's how + + + align:start position:0% +money to be able to do that that's how +Jazz was positioned sort of in the + + align:start position:0% +Jazz was positioned sort of in the + + + align:start position:0% +Jazz was positioned sort of in the +commercial field + + align:start position:0% +commercial field + + + align:start position:0% +commercial field +1983 the African game was commissioned + + align:start position:0% +1983 the African game was commissioned + + + align:start position:0% +1983 the African game was commissioned +by a non-profit group that I was + + align:start position:0% +by a non-profit group that I was + + + align:start position:0% +by a non-profit group that I was +directing at the time and so I feel very + + align:start position:0% +directing at the time and so I feel very + + + align:start position:0% +directing at the time and so I feel very +proud of this we were able to commission + + align:start position:0% +proud of this we were able to commission + + + align:start position:0% +proud of this we were able to commission +with the state Arts Council which had + + align:start position:0% +with the state Arts Council which had + + + align:start position:0% +with the state Arts Council which had +just come into a lot of money so we were + + align:start position:0% +just come into a lot of money so we were + + + align:start position:0% +just come into a lot of money so we were +happy to relieve them of it and pass it + + align:start position:0% +happy to relieve them of it and pass it + + + align:start position:0% +happy to relieve them of it and pass it +along to George and a lot of musicians + + align:start position:0% +along to George and a lot of musicians + + + align:start position:0% +along to George and a lot of musicians +we were able to commission this and this + + align:start position:0% +we were able to commission this and this + + + align:start position:0% +we were able to commission this and this +was only the third in a line of U.S + + align:start position:0% +was only the third in a line of U.S + + + align:start position:0% +was only the third in a line of U.S +commissions at this point in time this + + align:start position:0% +commissions at this point in time this + + + align:start position:0% +commissions at this point in time this +is a 40-minute work we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +is a 40-minute work we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +is a 40-minute work we're not going to +even try this but I do want to touch on + + align:start position:0% +even try this but I do want to touch on + + + align:start position:0% +even try this but I do want to touch on +a couple of things and point out that + + align:start position:0% +a couple of things and point out that + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of things and point out that +both both of these are in the library + + align:start position:0% +both both of these are in the library + + + align:start position:0% +both both of these are in the library +they're on our on our syllabus before I + + align:start position:0% +they're on our on our syllabus before I + + + align:start position:0% +they're on our on our syllabus before I +get into this anymore I want to play the + + align:start position:0% +get into this anymore I want to play the + + + align:start position:0% +get into this anymore I want to play the +first movement this is a 40-minute piece + + align:start position:0% +first movement this is a 40-minute piece + + + align:start position:0% +first movement this is a 40-minute piece +it's in nine movements or what he calls + + align:start position:0% +it's in nine movements or what he calls + + + align:start position:0% +it's in nine movements or what he calls +events + + align:start position:0% +events + + + align:start position:0% +events +and I want you to tell me if you can + + align:start position:0% +and I want you to tell me if you can + + + align:start position:0% +and I want you to tell me if you can +what instrument or what is the source + + align:start position:0% +what instrument or what is the source + + + align:start position:0% +what instrument or what is the source +for the sound you hear at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +for the sound you hear at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +for the sound you hear at the beginning +it's a very interesting uh sound + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody figure out that sound the first + + align:start position:0% +anybody figure out that sound the first + + + align:start position:0% +anybody figure out that sound the first +the sound you actually heard the + + align:start position:0% +the sound you actually heard the + + + align:start position:0% +the sound you actually heard the +whirring sound is actually correct + + align:start position:0% +whirring sound is actually correct + + + align:start position:0% +whirring sound is actually correct +that's not the malfunction anybody + + align:start position:0% +that's not the malfunction anybody + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the malfunction anybody +figure out what that was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something being plucked oh the worries + + align:start position:0% +something being plucked oh the worries + + + align:start position:0% +something being plucked oh the worries +I guess what's that a drill + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I suppose it's sort of like a drill + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +several electric pencil sharpeners + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh I was playing on this and uh the + + align:start position:0% +and uh I was playing on this and uh the + + + align:start position:0% +and uh I was playing on this and uh the +several of the people I didn't have one + + align:start position:0% +several of the people I didn't have one + + + align:start position:0% +several of the people I didn't have one +had pencil sharpeners and I can't + + align:start position:0% +had pencil sharpeners and I can't + + + align:start position:0% +had pencil sharpeners and I can't +remember if they were battery powered or + + align:start position:0% +remember if they were battery powered or + + + align:start position:0% +remember if they were battery powered or +plugged in but anyway this was the + + align:start position:0% +plugged in but anyway this was the + + + align:start position:0% +plugged in but anyway this was the +beginning in this piece which is called + + align:start position:0% +beginning in this piece which is called + + + align:start position:0% +beginning in this piece which is called +the African game uh he takes off from + + align:start position:0% +the African game uh he takes off from + + + align:start position:0% +the African game uh he takes off from +the fact that uh the first fossil + + align:start position:0% +the fact that uh the first fossil + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that uh the first fossil +evidence of mankind was found by + + align:start position:0% +evidence of mankind was found by + + + align:start position:0% +evidence of mankind was found by +Professor leaky and Kenya and so as + + align:start position:0% +Professor leaky and Kenya and so as + + + align:start position:0% +Professor leaky and Kenya and so as +George Russell puts it we're all + + align:start position:0% +George Russell puts it we're all + + + align:start position:0% +George Russell puts it we're all +Africans and so what happened after this + + align:start position:0% +Africans and so what happened after this + + + align:start position:0% +Africans and so what happened after this +what was the story of evolution in other + + align:start position:0% +what was the story of evolution in other + + + align:start position:0% +what was the story of evolution in other +words so in 40 minutes and nine events + + align:start position:0% +words so in 40 minutes and nine events + + + align:start position:0% +words so in 40 minutes and nine events +he attempted to trace the history story + + align:start position:0% +he attempted to trace the history story + + + align:start position:0% +he attempted to trace the history story +of evolution and for some reason decided + + align:start position:0% +of evolution and for some reason decided + + + align:start position:0% +of evolution and for some reason decided +that pencil sharpeners gave a + + align:start position:0% +that pencil sharpeners gave a + + + align:start position:0% +that pencil sharpeners gave a +particularly Primal sound I guess if + + align:start position:0% +particularly Primal sound I guess if + + + align:start position:0% +particularly Primal sound I guess if +this would work which it doesn't you + + align:start position:0% +this would work which it doesn't you + + + align:start position:0% +this would work which it doesn't you +would hear very small little sounds come + + align:start position:0% +would hear very small little sounds come + + + align:start position:0% +would hear very small little sounds come +in with electric bass and guitar and + + align:start position:0% +in with electric bass and guitar and + + + align:start position:0% +in with electric bass and guitar and +some other things sort of gradually + + align:start position:0% +some other things sort of gradually + + + align:start position:0% +some other things sort of gradually +coalescing toward maybe a more unified + + align:start position:0% +coalescing toward maybe a more unified + + + align:start position:0% +coalescing toward maybe a more unified +organized life form if you want to + + align:start position:0% +organized life form if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +organized life form if you want to +follow that analogy but it's a really uh + + align:start position:0% +follow that analogy but it's a really uh + + + align:start position:0% +follow that analogy but it's a really uh +very interesting way to begin this whole + + align:start position:0% +very interesting way to begin this whole + + + align:start position:0% +very interesting way to begin this whole +piece which winds up later after many + + align:start position:0% +piece which winds up later after many + + + align:start position:0% +piece which winds up later after many +perambulations you can hear this in the + + align:start position:0% +perambulations you can hear this in the + + + align:start position:0% +perambulations you can hear this in the +library with a very heavy Funk sort of + + align:start position:0% +library with a very heavy Funk sort of + + + align:start position:0% +library with a very heavy Funk sort of +underlay and almost all of the previous + + align:start position:0% +underlay and almost all of the previous + + + align:start position:0% +underlay and almost all of the previous +motives and and ideas brought back I'm + + align:start position:0% +motives and and ideas brought back I'm + + + align:start position:0% +motives and and ideas brought back I'm +just going to try it just to see if this + + align:start position:0% +just going to try it just to see if this + + + align:start position:0% +just going to try it just to see if this +is not totally against just to see if we + + align:start position:0% +is not totally against just to see if we + + + align:start position:0% +is not totally against just to see if we +can maybe go to the + + align:start position:0% +can maybe go to the + + + align:start position:0% +can maybe go to the +the last one here and see what happens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so hopefully that'll keep your interest + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully that'll keep your interest + + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully that'll keep your interest +to hear more of that again vertical form + + align:start position:0% +to hear more of that again vertical form + + + align:start position:0% +to hear more of that again vertical form +layered all kinds of things and if you + + align:start position:0% +layered all kinds of things and if you + + + align:start position:0% +layered all kinds of things and if you +heard the whole entire piece you would + + align:start position:0% +heard the whole entire piece you would + + + align:start position:0% +heard the whole entire piece you would +identify some of those melodic and + + align:start position:0% +identify some of those melodic and + + + align:start position:0% +identify some of those melodic and +rhythmic fragments part of the problem + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic fragments part of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +rhythmic fragments part of the problem +with playing in a piece that George + + align:start position:0% +with playing in a piece that George + + + align:start position:0% +with playing in a piece that George +Russell writes is that he started out as + + align:start position:0% +Russell writes is that he started out as + + + align:start position:0% +Russell writes is that he started out as +a drummer so he has no mercy with + + align:start position:0% +a drummer so he has no mercy with + + + align:start position:0% +a drummer so he has no mercy with +writing rhythmic patterns for everybody + + align:start position:0% +writing rhythmic patterns for everybody + + + align:start position:0% +writing rhythmic patterns for everybody +including this had a five piece + + align:start position:0% +including this had a five piece + + + align:start position:0% +including this had a five piece +afro-cuban drama Ensemble called a Bata + + align:start position:0% +afro-cuban drama Ensemble called a Bata + + + align:start position:0% +afro-cuban drama Ensemble called a Bata +Ensemble and so they were going at it + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble and so they were going at it + + + align:start position:0% +Ensemble and so they were going at it +with drums and brake drums and + + align:start position:0% +with drums and brake drums and + + + align:start position:0% +with drums and brake drums and +everything drummer the main drummer was + + align:start position:0% +everything drummer the main drummer was + + + align:start position:0% +everything drummer the main drummer was +Keith Copeland who was a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +Keith Copeland who was a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +Keith Copeland who was a wonderful +player of just about this time was + + align:start position:0% +player of just about this time was + + + align:start position:0% +player of just about this time was +playing with the Bassy band and a whole + + align:start position:0% +playing with the Bassy band and a whole + + + align:start position:0% +playing with the Bassy band and a whole +bunch of people and it was a monster + + align:start position:0% +bunch of people and it was a monster + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of people and it was a monster +partially because it was a commissioned + + align:start position:0% +partially because it was a commissioned + + + align:start position:0% +partially because it was a commissioned +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +and the state was spreading the wealth + + align:start position:0% +and the state was spreading the wealth + + + align:start position:0% +and the state was spreading the wealth +to us musicians + + align:start position:0% +to us musicians + + + align:start position:0% +to us musicians +we had seven days of rehearsal you don't + + align:start position:0% +we had seven days of rehearsal you don't + + + align:start position:0% +we had seven days of rehearsal you don't +get this you just don't get this seven + + align:start position:0% +get this you just don't get this seven + + + align:start position:0% +get this you just don't get this seven +days in a row of rehearsal + + align:start position:0% +days in a row of rehearsal + + + align:start position:0% +days in a row of rehearsal +good section of each day and then what + + align:start position:0% +good section of each day and then what + + + align:start position:0% +good section of each day and then what +you heard was the recording of the live + + align:start position:0% +you heard was the recording of the live + + + align:start position:0% +you heard was the recording of the live +performance the Premiere Performance the + + align:start position:0% +performance the Premiere Performance the + + + align:start position:0% +performance the Premiere Performance the +only thing they did at the studio came + + align:start position:0% +only thing they did at the studio came + + + align:start position:0% +only thing they did at the studio came +out on blue note was Grammy nominated + + align:start position:0% +out on blue note was Grammy nominated + + + align:start position:0% +out on blue note was Grammy nominated +the only thing they did was repair that + + align:start position:0% +the only thing they did was repair that + + + align:start position:0% +the only thing they did was repair that +repair but add and fix a couple of + + align:start position:0% +repair but add and fix a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +repair but add and fix a couple of +synthesizer parts + + align:start position:0% +synthesizer parts + + + align:start position:0% +synthesizer parts +not bad for something that came out of + + align:start position:0% +not bad for something that came out of + + + align:start position:0% +not bad for something that came out of +Massachusetts out of a essentially a + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts out of a essentially a + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts out of a essentially a +local Grassroots organization and shows + + align:start position:0% +local Grassroots organization and shows + + + align:start position:0% +local Grassroots organization and shows +the value of having commissions and so + + align:start position:0% +the value of having commissions and so + + + align:start position:0% +the value of having commissions and so +if you ever get involved in addition to + + align:start position:0% +if you ever get involved in addition to + + + align:start position:0% +if you ever get involved in addition to +whatever musical things you do with + + align:start position:0% +whatever musical things you do with + + + align:start position:0% +whatever musical things you do with +Community groups that can help to + + align:start position:0% +Community groups that can help to + + + align:start position:0% +Community groups that can help to +sponsor and Foster the Arts please do + + align:start position:0% +sponsor and Foster the Arts please do + + + align:start position:0% +sponsor and Foster the Arts please do +that because these kinds of things can + + align:start position:0% +that because these kinds of things can + + + align:start position:0% +that because these kinds of things can +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +now I want to spend the last little bit + + align:start position:0% +now I want to spend the last little bit + + + align:start position:0% +now I want to spend the last little bit +just talking about this peace of mind + + align:start position:0% +just talking about this peace of mind + + + align:start position:0% +just talking about this peace of mind +this is called the Seeker + + align:start position:0% +this is called the Seeker + + + align:start position:0% +this is called the Seeker +this was a commission from the John + + align:start position:0% +this was a commission from the John + + + align:start position:0% +this was a commission from the John +Coltrane Memorial concert you may know + + align:start position:0% +Coltrane Memorial concert you may know + + + align:start position:0% +Coltrane Memorial concert you may know +of this it happens every fall it's the + + align:start position:0% +of this it happens every fall it's the + + + align:start position:0% +of this it happens every fall it's the +longest running + + align:start position:0% +longest running + + + align:start position:0% +longest running +celebration of coltrane's Legacy + + align:start position:0% +celebration of coltrane's Legacy + + + align:start position:0% +celebration of coltrane's Legacy +in the United States actually any place + + align:start position:0% +in the United States actually any place + + + align:start position:0% +in the United States actually any place +in the in the world and it's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +concert that most often has a fairly + + align:start position:0% +concert that most often has a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +concert that most often has a fairly +large Ensemble gathered to pay tribute + + align:start position:0% +large Ensemble gathered to pay tribute + + + align:start position:0% +large Ensemble gathered to pay tribute +to train they usually break into small + + align:start position:0% +to train they usually break into small + + + align:start position:0% +to train they usually break into small +groups and then there's usually some + + align:start position:0% +groups and then there's usually some + + + align:start position:0% +groups and then there's usually some +full band pieces and so in 1994 I was + + align:start position:0% +full band pieces and so in 1994 I was + + + align:start position:0% +full band pieces and so in 1994 I was +asked to write a piece for the full band + + align:start position:0% +asked to write a piece for the full band + + + align:start position:0% +asked to write a piece for the full band +called The Seeker which was my tribute + + align:start position:0% +called The Seeker which was my tribute + + + align:start position:0% +called The Seeker which was my tribute +to Coltrane and uh + + align:start position:0% +to Coltrane and uh + + + align:start position:0% +to Coltrane and uh +it's interesting this is an interesting + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting this is an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting this is an interesting +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +connection here because both Miles Davis + + align:start position:0% +connection here because both Miles Davis + + + align:start position:0% +connection here because both Miles Davis +and Coltrane were deeply influenced by + + align:start position:0% +and Coltrane were deeply influenced by + + + align:start position:0% +and Coltrane were deeply influenced by +George Russell's theories and so to be + + align:start position:0% +George Russell's theories and so to be + + + align:start position:0% +George Russell's theories and so to be +able to sort of repay a debt to Coltrane + + align:start position:0% +able to sort of repay a debt to Coltrane + + + align:start position:0% +able to sort of repay a debt to Coltrane +and to some extent using some influences + + align:start position:0% +and to some extent using some influences + + + align:start position:0% +and to some extent using some influences +that I may have gleaned from + + align:start position:0% +that I may have gleaned from + + + align:start position:0% +that I may have gleaned from +George Russell was a nice uh a nice + + align:start position:0% +George Russell was a nice uh a nice + + + align:start position:0% +George Russell was a nice uh a nice +thing to be able to do + + align:start position:0% +thing to be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +thing to be able to do +I don't claim to be anywhere near the + + align:start position:0% +I don't claim to be anywhere near the + + + align:start position:0% +I don't claim to be anywhere near the +level of Brilliance that George Russell + + align:start position:0% +level of Brilliance that George Russell + + + align:start position:0% +level of Brilliance that George Russell +does but I had my own means and my own + + align:start position:0% +does but I had my own means and my own + + + align:start position:0% +does but I had my own means and my own +approach and this is what we should all + + align:start position:0% +approach and this is what we should all + + + align:start position:0% +approach and this is what we should all +strive for as composers we don't want to + + align:start position:0% +strive for as composers we don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +strive for as composers we don't want to +necessarily copy anybody that we hear + + align:start position:0% +necessarily copy anybody that we hear + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily copy anybody that we hear +outright you can always learn from + + align:start position:0% +outright you can always learn from + + + align:start position:0% +outright you can always learn from +people so in this piece + + align:start position:0% +people so in this piece + + + align:start position:0% +people so in this piece +I'll show you just a little bit at the + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you just a little bit at the + + + align:start position:0% +I'll show you just a little bit at the +beginning the first thing I want to show + + align:start position:0% +beginning the first thing I want to show + + + align:start position:0% +beginning the first thing I want to show +you is the drum part on Page Six + + align:start position:0% +you is the drum part on Page Six + + + align:start position:0% +you is the drum part on Page Six +don't do this + + align:start position:0% +don't do this + + + align:start position:0% +don't do this +it's too complicated + + align:start position:0% +it's too complicated + + + align:start position:0% +it's too complicated +I may have told this story to some other + + align:start position:0% +I may have told this story to some other + + + align:start position:0% +I may have told this story to some other +classes you may have heard this when I + + align:start position:0% +classes you may have heard this when I + + + align:start position:0% +classes you may have heard this when I +got to the session we had three drummers + + align:start position:0% +got to the session we had three drummers + + + align:start position:0% +got to the session we had three drummers +the set drummer was a fantastic + + align:start position:0% +the set drummer was a fantastic + + + align:start position:0% +the set drummer was a fantastic +player and he looked at this and he + + align:start position:0% +player and he looked at this and he + + + align:start position:0% +player and he looked at this and he +looked at me and his gaze kept getting + + align:start position:0% +looked at me and his gaze kept getting + + + align:start position:0% +looked at me and his gaze kept getting +more and more consternation and sort of + + align:start position:0% +more and more consternation and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +more and more consternation and sort of +almost evil and then that now we're good + + align:start position:0% +almost evil and then that now we're good + + + align:start position:0% +almost evil and then that now we're good +friends I should say but it was like + + align:start position:0% +friends I should say but it was like + + + align:start position:0% +friends I should say but it was like +well what do you want I said well this + + align:start position:0% +well what do you want I said well this + + + align:start position:0% +well what do you want I said well this +is just a guide it's just a guide to + + align:start position:0% +is just a guide it's just a guide to + + + align:start position:0% +is just a guide it's just a guide to +what you should do and finally we had + + align:start position:0% +what you should do and finally we had + + + align:start position:0% +what you should do and finally we had +three or four rehearsals for this + + align:start position:0% +three or four rehearsals for this + + + align:start position:0% +three or four rehearsals for this +finally about the second rehearsal he + + align:start position:0% +finally about the second rehearsal he + + + align:start position:0% +finally about the second rehearsal he +and I finally got a Meeting of Minds and + + align:start position:0% +and I finally got a Meeting of Minds and + + + align:start position:0% +and I finally got a Meeting of Minds and +then he just I said Just Do Your Own + + align:start position:0% +then he just I said Just Do Your Own + + + align:start position:0% +then he just I said Just Do Your Own +Thing That was the key and it was + + align:start position:0% +Thing That was the key and it was + + + align:start position:0% +Thing That was the key and it was +brilliant so don't overwrite for the + + align:start position:0% +brilliant so don't overwrite for the + + + align:start position:0% +brilliant so don't overwrite for the +drummer Kurt I see Kurt laughing he + + align:start position:0% +drummer Kurt I see Kurt laughing he + + + align:start position:0% +drummer Kurt I see Kurt laughing he +knows being a drummer I know what this + + align:start position:0% +knows being a drummer I know what this + + + align:start position:0% +knows being a drummer I know what this +is but it's you know the other part of + + align:start position:0% +is but it's you know the other part of + + + align:start position:0% +is but it's you know the other part of +getting a commission is you feel you + + align:start position:0% +getting a commission is you feel you + + + align:start position:0% +getting a commission is you feel you +have to be you have to step up and + + align:start position:0% +have to be you have to step up and + + + align:start position:0% +have to be you have to step up and +everything has to be oh I better write a + + align:start position:0% +everything has to be oh I better write a + + + align:start position:0% +everything has to be oh I better write a +drum part well so it looks good on paper + + align:start position:0% +drum part well so it looks good on paper + + + align:start position:0% +drum part well so it looks good on paper +but if I ever play this again I would + + align:start position:0% +but if I ever play this again I would + + + align:start position:0% +but if I ever play this again I would +always tell the drummer Do Your Own + + align:start position:0% +always tell the drummer Do Your Own + + + align:start position:0% +always tell the drummer Do Your Own +Thing in any case the important thing is + + align:start position:0% +Thing in any case the important thing is + + + align:start position:0% +Thing in any case the important thing is +what's going on in the Contra bass line + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in the Contra bass line + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in the Contra bass line +which is the third line up from the the + + align:start position:0% +which is the third line up from the the + + + align:start position:0% +which is the third line up from the the +Bay from the bottom and this is again a + + align:start position:0% +Bay from the bottom and this is again a + + + align:start position:0% +Bay from the bottom and this is again a +pentatonic usage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's an eight bar phrase + + align:start position:0% +it's an eight bar phrase + + + align:start position:0% +it's an eight bar phrase +that sounds like a kind of a riff but in + + align:start position:0% +that sounds like a kind of a riff but in + + + align:start position:0% +that sounds like a kind of a riff but in +fact it's the first Melody + + align:start position:0% +fact it's the first Melody + + + align:start position:0% +fact it's the first Melody +and then on top of that comes the melody + + align:start position:0% +and then on top of that comes the melody + + + align:start position:0% +and then on top of that comes the melody +you see above it voiced in a cluster + + align:start position:0% +you see above it voiced in a cluster + + + align:start position:0% +you see above it voiced in a cluster +sort of a modal cluster form you'll hear + + align:start position:0% +sort of a modal cluster form you'll hear + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a modal cluster form you'll hear +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +and then the first three pages give you + + align:start position:0% +and then the first three pages give you + + + align:start position:0% +and then the first three pages give you +the Riff which is doubled in bass + + align:start position:0% +the Riff which is doubled in bass + + + align:start position:0% +the Riff which is doubled in bass +trombone and tuba the upper horns have + + align:start position:0% +trombone and tuba the upper horns have + + + align:start position:0% +trombone and tuba the upper horns have +the melodic idea which is a kind of a + + align:start position:0% +the melodic idea which is a kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +the melodic idea which is a kind of a +pan tonal idea it doesn't exactly link + + align:start position:0% +pan tonal idea it doesn't exactly link + + + align:start position:0% +pan tonal idea it doesn't exactly link +up with the G minor pentatonic thing + + align:start position:0% +up with the G minor pentatonic thing + + + align:start position:0% +up with the G minor pentatonic thing +and then that sort of tightens up + + align:start position:0% +and then that sort of tightens up + + + align:start position:0% +and then that sort of tightens up +meaning that the eight bar riff + + align:start position:0% +meaning that the eight bar riff + + + align:start position:0% +meaning that the eight bar riff +becomes a four bar if it becomes + + align:start position:0% +becomes a four bar if it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a four bar if it becomes +compressed and I have some part of this + + align:start position:0% +compressed and I have some part of this + + + align:start position:0% +compressed and I have some part of this +that will place you can hear where that + + align:start position:0% +that will place you can hear where that + + + align:start position:0% +that will place you can hear where that +happens + + align:start position:0% +happens + + + align:start position:0% +happens +the very beginning of the piece because + + align:start position:0% +the very beginning of the piece because + + + align:start position:0% +the very beginning of the piece because +Coltrane as you know + + align:start position:0% +Coltrane as you know + + + align:start position:0% +Coltrane as you know +played both soprano and tenor sax is a + + align:start position:0% +played both soprano and tenor sax is a + + + align:start position:0% +played both soprano and tenor sax is a +little Duo for a soprano sax player and + + align:start position:0% +little Duo for a soprano sax player and + + + align:start position:0% +little Duo for a soprano sax player and +a tenor sax player sort of pay tribute + + align:start position:0% +a tenor sax player sort of pay tribute + + + align:start position:0% +a tenor sax player sort of pay tribute +to those two sides of coltrane's + + align:start position:0% +to those two sides of coltrane's + + + align:start position:0% +to those two sides of coltrane's +personality and there's a little melodic + + align:start position:0% +personality and there's a little melodic + + + align:start position:0% +personality and there's a little melodic +Motif that they trade off and on it + + align:start position:0% +Motif that they trade off and on it + + + align:start position:0% +Motif that they trade off and on it +starts with drums and then it goes into + + align:start position:0% +starts with drums and then it goes into + + + align:start position:0% +starts with drums and then it goes into +this and then there's some Corral type + + align:start position:0% +this and then there's some Corral type + + + align:start position:0% +this and then there's some Corral type +thing and then we hit the the riff + + align:start position:0% +thing and then we hit the the riff + + + align:start position:0% +thing and then we hit the the riff +so let's hear the first part of it and + + align:start position:0% +so let's hear the first part of it and + + + align:start position:0% +so let's hear the first part of it and +you can sort of hear what's going to be + + align:start position:0% +you can sort of hear what's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +you can sort of hear what's going to be +going on with this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you + + align:start position:0% +thank you + + + align:start position:0% +thank you +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +staying longer than I thought to get to + + align:start position:0% +staying longer than I thought to get to + + + align:start position:0% +staying longer than I thought to get to +that part where the Riff compresses the + + align:start position:0% +that part where the Riff compresses the + + + align:start position:0% +that part where the Riff compresses the +bottom Rift compresses the four bars but + + align:start position:0% +bottom Rift compresses the four bars but + + + align:start position:0% +bottom Rift compresses the four bars but +you can hear this we have the recording + + align:start position:0% +you can hear this we have the recording + + + align:start position:0% +you can hear this we have the recording +on the on the reserve for the course now + + align:start position:0% +on the on the reserve for the course now + + + align:start position:0% +on the on the reserve for the course now +if you want to just flip ahead we've had + + align:start position:0% +if you want to just flip ahead we've had + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to just flip ahead we've had +those few pages now we're going to go + + align:start position:0% +those few pages now we're going to go + + + align:start position:0% +those few pages now we're going to go +toward the end of the piece and you'll + + align:start position:0% +toward the end of the piece and you'll + + + align:start position:0% +toward the end of the piece and you'll +notice that the Riff and the or the vamp + + align:start position:0% +notice that the Riff and the or the vamp + + + align:start position:0% +notice that the Riff and the or the vamp +in the bottom is a lot more complicated + + align:start position:0% +in the bottom is a lot more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +in the bottom is a lot more complicated +it's a multimeter Vamp which means it + + align:start position:0% +it's a multimeter Vamp which means it + + + align:start position:0% +it's a multimeter Vamp which means it +goes borrow five borrow four borrow five + + align:start position:0% +goes borrow five borrow four borrow five + + + align:start position:0% +goes borrow five borrow four borrow five +borrow six + + align:start position:0% +borrow six + + + align:start position:0% +borrow six +why did I write this no one in their + + align:start position:0% +why did I write this no one in their + + + align:start position:0% +why did I write this no one in their +right mind would do this but this is how + + align:start position:0% +right mind would do this but this is how + + + align:start position:0% +right mind would do this but this is how +I heard it and I know with a couple of + + align:start position:0% +I heard it and I know with a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +I heard it and I know with a couple of +you we've had some rhythmic issues and + + align:start position:0% +you we've had some rhythmic issues and + + + align:start position:0% +you we've had some rhythmic issues and +I've tried to straighten it out and try + + align:start position:0% +I've tried to straighten it out and try + + + align:start position:0% +I've tried to straighten it out and try +to say make it as simple as you can it + + align:start position:0% +to say make it as simple as you can it + + + align:start position:0% +to say make it as simple as you can it +turns out that this is the simplest way + + align:start position:0% +turns out that this is the simplest way + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that this is the simplest way +I could communicate what I wanted with + + align:start position:0% +I could communicate what I wanted with + + + align:start position:0% +I could communicate what I wanted with +this particular thing and what came to + + align:start position:0% +this particular thing and what came to + + + align:start position:0% +this particular thing and what came to +be the the practice whenever we play + + align:start position:0% +be the the practice whenever we play + + + align:start position:0% +be the the practice whenever we play +this with my band and with this band and + + align:start position:0% +this with my band and with this band and + + + align:start position:0% +this with my band and with this band and +that we didn't do it this first time but + + align:start position:0% +that we didn't do it this first time but + + + align:start position:0% +that we didn't do it this first time but +I've evolved into this was I simply + + align:start position:0% +I've evolved into this was I simply + + + align:start position:0% +I've evolved into this was I simply +clapped the whole pattern one time + + align:start position:0% +clapped the whole pattern one time + + + align:start position:0% +clapped the whole pattern one time +let's clap it together let me do it + + align:start position:0% +let's clap it together let me do it + + + align:start position:0% +let's clap it together let me do it +first + + align:start position:0% +first + + + align:start position:0% +first +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +come on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +simple right all you have to do is aim + + align:start position:0% +simple right all you have to do is aim + + + align:start position:0% +simple right all you have to do is aim +for the downbeat and you're all set that + + align:start position:0% +for the downbeat and you're all set that + + + align:start position:0% +for the downbeat and you're all set that +became the vamp underneath and then + + align:start position:0% +became the vamp underneath and then + + + align:start position:0% +became the vamp underneath and then +you'll see that the melody that comes in + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that the melody that comes in + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that the melody that comes in +there is exactly the same as the melody + + align:start position:0% +there is exactly the same as the melody + + + align:start position:0% +there is exactly the same as the melody +the first time except that it says well + + align:start position:0% +the first time except that it says well + + + align:start position:0% +the first time except that it says well +it should say would say this we're on + + align:start position:0% +it should say would say this we're on + + + align:start position:0% +it should say would say this we're on +the beginning of the page half is slow + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the page half is slow + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the page half is slow +so that Vamp is going by the Melody + + align:start position:0% +so that Vamp is going by the Melody + + + align:start position:0% +so that Vamp is going by the Melody +comes in half is slow so now I'm messing + + align:start position:0% +comes in half is slow so now I'm messing + + + align:start position:0% +comes in half is slow so now I'm messing +with the rhythmical idea and then we get + + align:start position:0% +with the rhythmical idea and then we get + + + align:start position:0% +with the rhythmical idea and then we get +to the last two pages and it goes to + + align:start position:0% +to the last two pages and it goes to + + + align:start position:0% +to the last two pages and it goes to +this sort of uh just simple Triads which + + align:start position:0% +this sort of uh just simple Triads which + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of uh just simple Triads which +seem to always make a big effect and + + align:start position:0% +seem to always make a big effect and + + + align:start position:0% +seem to always make a big effect and +then the last page we kind of slow it + + align:start position:0% +then the last page we kind of slow it + + + align:start position:0% +then the last page we kind of slow it +down again and you'll see at the very + + align:start position:0% +down again and you'll see at the very + + + align:start position:0% +down again and you'll see at the very +end in Soprano 3 and in Soprano one they + + align:start position:0% +end in Soprano 3 and in Soprano one they + + + align:start position:0% +end in Soprano 3 and in Soprano one they +have the opening motifs just like The + + align:start position:0% +have the opening motifs just like The + + + align:start position:0% +have the opening motifs just like The +Soloist started out with at the + + align:start position:0% +Soloist started out with at the + + + align:start position:0% +Soloist started out with at the +beginning as just a kind of a conclusion + + align:start position:0% +beginning as just a kind of a conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +beginning as just a kind of a conclusion +so let's see if we can get to the end of + + align:start position:0% +so let's see if we can get to the end of + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see if we can get to the end of +this just for the sake of hearing how + + align:start position:0% +this just for the sake of hearing how + + + align:start position:0% +this just for the sake of hearing how +this works out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +thank you foreign + + align:start position:0% +thank you foreign + + + align:start position:0% +thank you foreign +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +foreign + + align:start position:0% +foreign + + + align:start position:0% +foreign +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simple pentatonic scale to put it + + align:start position:0% +simple pentatonic scale to put it + + + align:start position:0% +simple pentatonic scale to put it +through all those permutations add some + + align:start position:0% +through all those permutations add some + + + align:start position:0% +through all those permutations add some +structural thinking about how to put + + align:start position:0% +structural thinking about how to put + + + align:start position:0% +structural thinking about how to put +things together and you come up with + + align:start position:0% +things together and you come up with + + + align:start position:0% +things together and you come up with +three completely different pieces that + + align:start position:0% +three completely different pieces that + + + align:start position:0% +three completely different pieces that +we've heard this afternoon but they're + + align:start position:0% +we've heard this afternoon but they're + + + align:start position:0% +we've heard this afternoon but they're +all using this basic approach with one + + align:start position:0% +all using this basic approach with one + + + align:start position:0% +all using this basic approach with one +or another of these elements applied and + + align:start position:0% +or another of these elements applied and + + + align:start position:0% +or another of these elements applied and +again I'm not suggesting everybody run + + align:start position:0% +again I'm not suggesting everybody run + + + align:start position:0% +again I'm not suggesting everybody run +out and try to do this it might hurt + + align:start position:0% +out and try to do this it might hurt + + + align:start position:0% +out and try to do this it might hurt +yourself but uh if something in here + + align:start position:0% +yourself but uh if something in here + + + align:start position:0% +yourself but uh if something in here +strikes a chord no pun intended and if + + align:start position:0% +strikes a chord no pun intended and if + + + align:start position:0% +strikes a chord no pun intended and if +you say to yourself well I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +you say to yourself well I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +you say to yourself well I'd like to +incorporate that into some things I'm + + align:start position:0% +incorporate that into some things I'm + + + align:start position:0% +incorporate that into some things I'm +thinking about then these are some + + align:start position:0% +thinking about then these are some + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about then these are some +examples of how that might be useful + + align:start position:0% +examples of how that might be useful + + + align:start position:0% +examples of how that might be useful +does anybody have any questions + + align:start position:0% +does anybody have any questions + + + align:start position:0% +does anybody have any questions +questions or comments at the end of this + + align:start position:0% +questions or comments at the end of this + + + align:start position:0% +questions or comments at the end of this +whole thing yeah + + align:start position:0% +whole thing yeah + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing yeah +my question is + + align:start position:0% +my question is + + + align:start position:0% +my question is +getting a class about writing into + + align:start position:0% +getting a class about writing into + + + align:start position:0% +getting a class about writing into +Hollywood + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood + + + align:start position:0% +Hollywood +player improvising how does that work + + align:start position:0% +player improvising how does that work + + + align:start position:0% +player improvising how does that work +exactly because you have a tune like I + + align:start position:0% +exactly because you have a tune like I + + + align:start position:0% +exactly because you have a tune like I +got rhythm which is favored by all sorts + + align:start position:0% +got rhythm which is favored by all sorts + + + align:start position:0% +got rhythm which is favored by all sorts +of people like Enterprise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well like Charlie Parker with + + align:start position:0% +well like Charlie Parker with + + + align:start position:0% +well like Charlie Parker with +anthropology + + align:start position:0% +anthropology + + + align:start position:0% +anthropology +which is based on that if you play + + align:start position:0% +which is based on that if you play + + + align:start position:0% +which is based on that if you play +anthropology based on I got rhythm it's + + align:start position:0% +anthropology based on I got rhythm it's + + + align:start position:0% +anthropology based on I got rhythm it's +likely that at least the first eight + + align:start position:0% +likely that at least the first eight + + + align:start position:0% +likely that at least the first eight +bars of your soloing as an improviser is + + align:start position:0% +bars of your soloing as an improviser is + + + align:start position:0% +bars of your soloing as an improviser is +going to be somewhat related to what + + align:start position:0% +going to be somewhat related to what + + + align:start position:0% +going to be somewhat related to what +you've just heard and played as the + + align:start position:0% +you've just heard and played as the + + + align:start position:0% +you've just heard and played as the +melody + + align:start position:0% +melody + + + align:start position:0% +melody +and if you're really paying attention + + align:start position:0% +and if you're really paying attention + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're really paying attention +which some people are and some people + + align:start position:0% +which some people are and some people + + + align:start position:0% +which some people are and some people +don't some people just go off and do + + align:start position:0% +don't some people just go off and do + + + align:start position:0% +don't some people just go off and do +their own thing but if you're sort of + + align:start position:0% +their own thing but if you're sort of + + + align:start position:0% +their own thing but if you're sort of +paying attention to that tune you'll + + align:start position:0% +paying attention to that tune you'll + + + align:start position:0% +paying attention to that tune you'll +probably incorporate some of the + + align:start position:0% +probably incorporate some of the + + + align:start position:0% +probably incorporate some of the +intervals maybe some of the rhythmic + + align:start position:0% +intervals maybe some of the rhythmic + + + align:start position:0% +intervals maybe some of the rhythmic +ideas that are coming out of it in this + + align:start position:0% +ideas that are coming out of it in this + + + align:start position:0% +ideas that are coming out of it in this +piece we just heard you heard at the end + + align:start position:0% +piece we just heard you heard at the end + + + align:start position:0% +piece we just heard you heard at the end +the improviser is playing exactly what + + align:start position:0% +the improviser is playing exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +the improviser is playing exactly what +they had played at the beginning + + align:start position:0% +they had played at the beginning + + + align:start position:0% +they had played at the beginning +a little idea a little melodic idea with + + align:start position:0% +a little idea a little melodic idea with + + + align:start position:0% +a little idea a little melodic idea with +certain intervals a good improviser on + + align:start position:0% +certain intervals a good improviser on + + + align:start position:0% +certain intervals a good improviser on +this kind of music will pay attention to + + align:start position:0% +this kind of music will pay attention to + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of music will pay attention to +that and we'll say oh what are those + + align:start position:0% +that and we'll say oh what are those + + + align:start position:0% +that and we'll say oh what are those +intervals let me work with those at + + align:start position:0% +intervals let me work with those at + + + align:start position:0% +intervals let me work with those at +least as a basis for what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +least as a basis for what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +least as a basis for what I'm going to +do so that's partly what I what I'm + + align:start position:0% +do so that's partly what I what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +do so that's partly what I what I'm +talking about that's usually up to the + + align:start position:0% +talking about that's usually up to the + + + align:start position:0% +talking about that's usually up to the +improviser what George Russell is + + align:start position:0% +improviser what George Russell is + + + align:start position:0% +improviser what George Russell is +talking about is trying to make a + + align:start position:0% +talking about is trying to make a + + + align:start position:0% +talking about is trying to make a +composed line + + align:start position:0% +composed line + + + align:start position:0% +composed line +sound as if it were improvised to give + + align:start position:0% +sound as if it were improvised to give + + + align:start position:0% +sound as if it were improvised to give +it that kind of spontaneous quality + + align:start position:0% +it that kind of spontaneous quality + + + align:start position:0% +it that kind of spontaneous quality +that's a good trick + + align:start position:0% +that's a good trick + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good trick +most of us are searching I don't claim + + align:start position:0% +most of us are searching I don't claim + + + align:start position:0% +most of us are searching I don't claim +they've ever done that but you know + + align:start position:0% +they've ever done that but you know + + + align:start position:0% +they've ever done that but you know +we're searching for that that's what we + + align:start position:0% +we're searching for that that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +we're searching for that that's what we +all try to do to come up with that level + + align:start position:0% +all try to do to come up with that level + + + align:start position:0% +all try to do to come up with that level +and so it's a it's a constant but if you + + align:start position:0% +and so it's a it's a constant but if you + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's a it's a constant but if you +have that question that's a great + + align:start position:0% +have that question that's a great + + + align:start position:0% +have that question that's a great +question to have in mind + + align:start position:0% +question to have in mind + + + align:start position:0% +question to have in mind +keep working at anybody else any other + + align:start position:0% +keep working at anybody else any other + + + align:start position:0% +keep working at anybody else any other +okay well thank you for + + align:start position:0% +okay well thank you for + + + align:start position:0% +okay well thank you for +letting me expose you to this music the + + align:start position:0% +letting me expose you to this music the + + + align:start position:0% +letting me expose you to this music the +everything is here is on the syllabus + + align:start position:0% +everything is here is on the syllabus + + + align:start position:0% +everything is here is on the syllabus +the recording of my piece is from a + + align:start position:0% +the recording of my piece is from a + + + align:start position:0% +the recording of my piece is from a +commercially available recording which + + align:start position:0% +commercially available recording which + + + align:start position:0% +commercially available recording which +is much cleaner we took it to the studio + + align:start position:0% +is much cleaner we took it to the studio + + + align:start position:0% +is much cleaner we took it to the studio +this is live from the Regatta bar so you + + align:start position:0% +this is live from the Regatta bar so you + + + align:start position:0% +this is live from the Regatta bar so you +get whatever you got that night on + + align:start position:0% +get whatever you got that night on + + + align:start position:0% +get whatever you got that night on +Thursday my friend and colleague Bill + + align:start position:0% +Thursday my friend and colleague Bill + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday my friend and colleague Bill +Lowe will be here who's a real expert on + + align:start position:0% +Lowe will be here who's a real expert on + + + align:start position:0% +Lowe will be here who's a real expert on +Bebop and afro-cuban music he's going to + + align:start position:0% +Bebop and afro-cuban music he's going to + + + align:start position:0% +Bebop and afro-cuban music he's going to +be doing a concert in a couple weeks at + + align:start position:0% +be doing a concert in a couple weeks at + + + align:start position:0% +be doing a concert in a couple weeks at +Bunker Hill Community College with Cecil + + align:start position:0% +Bunker Hill Community College with Cecil + + + align:start position:0% +Bunker Hill Community College with Cecil +Bridgewater doing music of Disney + + align:start position:0% +Bridgewater doing music of Disney + + + align:start position:0% +Bridgewater doing music of Disney +Gillespie so this is a very nice tie-in + + align:start position:0% +Gillespie so this is a very nice tie-in + + + align:start position:0% +Gillespie so this is a very nice tie-in +he'll be already thinking about and + + align:start position:0% +he'll be already thinking about and + + + align:start position:0% +he'll be already thinking about and +talking to you about music they'll be + + align:start position:0% +talking to you about music they'll be + + + align:start position:0% +talking to you about music they'll be +performing so see you on Thursday don't + + align:start position:0% +performing so see you on Thursday don't + + + align:start position:0% +performing so see you on Thursday don't +forget these assignments that I'm eager + + align:start position:0% +forget these assignments that I'm eager + + + align:start position:0% +forget these assignments that I'm eager +to see so see you later on Thursday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VPaOFkMKreA.txt b/VPaOFkMKreA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5e7d5470dcf51b32c2e3800b5e22b5b769f716e --- /dev/null +++ b/VPaOFkMKreA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15531 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Hello everyone. Here we are in the + + align:start position:0% +Hello everyone. Here we are in the + + + align:start position:0% +Hello everyone. Here we are in the +fourth session h of this amazing program + + align:start position:0% +fourth session h of this amazing program + + + align:start position:0% +fourth session h of this amazing program +that's coming up closer. In this case + + align:start position:0% +that's coming up closer. In this case + + + align:start position:0% +that's coming up closer. In this case +today we have Susan Mitchell. She'll be + + align:start position:0% +today we have Susan Mitchell. She'll be + + + align:start position:0% +today we have Susan Mitchell. She'll be +talking about healthcare research into + + align:start position:0% +talking about healthcare research into + + + align:start position:0% +talking about healthcare research into +healthcare entrepreneurship and I'll + + align:start position:0% +healthcare entrepreneurship and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare entrepreneurship and I'll +pass it to her and I'll let her + + align:start position:0% +pass it to her and I'll let her + + + align:start position:0% +pass it to her and I'll let her +introduce herself. Please remember + + align:start position:0% +introduce herself. Please remember + + + align:start position:0% +introduce herself. Please remember +we want to hear from you. So feel free + + align:start position:0% +we want to hear from you. So feel free + + + align:start position:0% +we want to hear from you. So feel free +to ask questions. You can put them in if + + align:start position:0% +to ask questions. You can put them in if + + + align:start position:0% +to ask questions. You can put them in if +if you don't want to interrupt you can + + align:start position:0% +if you don't want to interrupt you can + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't want to interrupt you can +put it in the chat and I'll I'll read + + align:start position:0% +put it in the chat and I'll I'll read + + + align:start position:0% +put it in the chat and I'll I'll read +them to to Dan. + + align:start position:0% +them to to Dan. + + + align:start position:0% +them to to Dan. +So ready ready for you forward. + + align:start position:0% +So ready ready for you forward. + + + align:start position:0% +So ready ready for you forward. +Good morning. I'm really um happy to be + + align:start position:0% +Good morning. I'm really um happy to be + + + align:start position:0% +Good morning. I'm really um happy to be +here on this side of the boot camp. I uh + + align:start position:0% +here on this side of the boot camp. I uh + + + align:start position:0% +here on this side of the boot camp. I uh +was I think in the second MIT boot camp, + + align:start position:0% +was I think in the second MIT boot camp, + + + align:start position:0% +was I think in the second MIT boot camp, +entrepreneur boot camp uh cohort um and + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur boot camp uh cohort um and + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur boot camp uh cohort um and +it was an intense experience. It wasn't + + align:start position:0% +it was an intense experience. It wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +it was an intense experience. It wasn't +healthcare specific um but it was very + + align:start position:0% +healthcare specific um but it was very + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare specific um but it was very +um formative for me and began my journey + + align:start position:0% +um formative for me and began my journey + + + align:start position:0% +um formative for me and began my journey +as an entrepreneur. Uh I'm going to tell + + align:start position:0% +as an entrepreneur. Uh I'm going to tell + + + align:start position:0% +as an entrepreneur. Uh I'm going to tell +you my story and the story of my + + align:start position:0% +you my story and the story of my + + + align:start position:0% +you my story and the story of my +company. uh throughout this session. So, + + align:start position:0% +company. uh throughout this session. So, + + + align:start position:0% +company. uh throughout this session. So, +um I'm gonna not do a formal + + align:start position:0% +um I'm gonna not do a formal + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm gonna not do a formal +introduction right now um at this + + align:start position:0% +introduction right now um at this + + + align:start position:0% +introduction right now um at this +moment, but um I want to first say hello + + align:start position:0% +moment, but um I want to first say hello + + + align:start position:0% +moment, but um I want to first say hello +to everybody I got to meet in the + + align:start position:0% +to everybody I got to meet in the + + + align:start position:0% +to everybody I got to meet in the +interview process. It's good to see all + + align:start position:0% +interview process. It's good to see all + + + align:start position:0% +interview process. It's good to see all +of you again. And and Gifty, say hi to + + align:start position:0% +of you again. And and Gifty, say hi to + + + align:start position:0% +of you again. And and Gifty, say hi to +you. Shout out. + + align:start position:0% +you. Shout out. + + + align:start position:0% +you. Shout out. +And I'm going to just start out by + + align:start position:0% +And I'm going to just start out by + + + align:start position:0% +And I'm going to just start out by +throwing out a question because I think + + align:start position:0% +throwing out a question because I think + + + align:start position:0% +throwing out a question because I think +this is it's important to kind of root + + align:start position:0% +this is it's important to kind of root + + + align:start position:0% +this is it's important to kind of root +ourselves in what my um intention was in + + align:start position:0% +ourselves in what my um intention was in + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves in what my um intention was in +transitioning, you know, or or just + + align:start position:0% +transitioning, you know, or or just + + + align:start position:0% +transitioning, you know, or or just +embarking on the work that that I do. + + align:start position:0% +embarking on the work that that I do. + + + align:start position:0% +embarking on the work that that I do. +And so, uh, I'm just going to ask any, + + align:start position:0% +And so, uh, I'm just going to ask any, + + + align:start position:0% +And so, uh, I'm just going to ask any, +you know, anybody here ever have the + + align:start position:0% +you know, anybody here ever have the + + + align:start position:0% +you know, anybody here ever have the +opportunity or try to, um, stay on an + + align:start position:0% +opportunity or try to, um, stay on an + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity or try to, um, stay on an +exercise program, floss your teeth every + + align:start position:0% +exercise program, floss your teeth every + + + align:start position:0% +exercise program, floss your teeth every +day, um, change your eating habits, wear + + align:start position:0% +day, um, change your eating habits, wear + + + align:start position:0% +day, um, change your eating habits, wear +a condom every time, anybody here have + + align:start position:0% +a condom every time, anybody here have + + + align:start position:0% +a condom every time, anybody here have +an experience like that? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Pretty much. Pretty much everybody. and + + align:start position:0% +Pretty much. Pretty much everybody. and + + + align:start position:0% +Pretty much. Pretty much everybody. and +in and in and in one tell me in one word + + align:start position:0% +in and in and in one tell me in one word + + + align:start position:0% +in and in and in one tell me in one word +what that experience was like for you + + align:start position:0% +what that experience was like for you + + + align:start position:0% +what that experience was like for you +and and just you know shout it out or + + align:start position:0% +and and just you know shout it out or + + + align:start position:0% +and and just you know shout it out or +put it in the chat but I'd really love + + align:start position:0% +put it in the chat but I'd really love + + + align:start position:0% +put it in the chat but I'd really love +for us to be interactive and and + + align:start position:0% +for us to be interactive and and + + + align:start position:0% +for us to be interactive and and +conversational so feel free to just open + + align:start position:0% +conversational so feel free to just open + + + align:start position:0% +conversational so feel free to just open +up your mic and and say I see um Balaria + + align:start position:0% +up your mic and and say I see um Balaria + + + align:start position:0% +up your mic and and say I see um Balaria +you have your hand up. What was it like + + align:start position:0% +you have your hand up. What was it like + + + align:start position:0% +you have your hand up. What was it like +for you to try to embark on something + + align:start position:0% +for you to try to embark on something + + + align:start position:0% +for you to try to embark on something +new like a behavior change? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Well, in the beginning you + + align:start position:0% +Well, in the beginning you + + + align:start position:0% +Well, in the beginning you +it's always hard and it's hard to keep + + align:start position:0% +it's always hard and it's hard to keep + + + align:start position:0% +it's always hard and it's hard to keep +up like with the habit especially when + + align:start position:0% +up like with the habit especially when + + + align:start position:0% +up like with the habit especially when +you're trying to read something about + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to read something about + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to read something about +your dig + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +able to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +Yeah, I I saw somebody put lifech + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, I I saw somebody put lifech + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, I I saw somebody put lifech +changing + + align:start position:0% +changing + + + align:start position:0% +changing +um which means that it was probably um + + align:start position:0% +um which means that it was probably um + + + align:start position:0% +um which means that it was probably um +your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right, we'll come back to you. + + align:start position:0% +All right, we'll come back to you. + + + align:start position:0% +All right, we'll come back to you. +Anybody else have a a a one-word um + + align:start position:0% +Anybody else have a a a one-word um + + + align:start position:0% +Anybody else have a a a one-word um +story for for a lifestyle change? + + align:start position:0% +story for for a lifestyle change? + + + align:start position:0% +story for for a lifestyle change? +Painful. I see painful. + + align:start position:0% +Painful. I see painful. + + + align:start position:0% +Painful. I see painful. +I mean, in general, right, it's hard + + align:start position:0% +I mean, in general, right, it's hard + + + align:start position:0% +I mean, in general, right, it's hard +work and full of ups and downs, right? + + align:start position:0% +work and full of ups and downs, right? + + + align:start position:0% +work and full of ups and downs, right? +Um, and you know, it's hard to, you + + align:start position:0% +Um, and you know, it's hard to, you + + + align:start position:0% +Um, and you know, it's hard to, you +know, is and and for those of us who are + + align:start position:0% +know, is and and for those of us who are + + + align:start position:0% +know, is and and for those of us who are +in pretty good health, I mean, that that + + align:start position:0% +in pretty good health, I mean, that that + + + align:start position:0% +in pretty good health, I mean, that that +can feel just like a um, you know, a + + align:start position:0% +can feel just like a um, you know, a + + + align:start position:0% +can feel just like a um, you know, a +thing that maybe we we keep coming back + + align:start position:0% +thing that maybe we we keep coming back + + + align:start position:0% +thing that maybe we we keep coming back +to and trying, it's it's, you know, it + + align:start position:0% +to and trying, it's it's, you know, it + + + align:start position:0% +to and trying, it's it's, you know, it +become it raises its level of importance + + align:start position:0% +become it raises its level of importance + + + align:start position:0% +become it raises its level of importance +when it becomes a matter of life and + + align:start position:0% +when it becomes a matter of life and + + + align:start position:0% +when it becomes a matter of life and +death. um or or even harder if it + + align:start position:0% +death. um or or even harder if it + + + align:start position:0% +death. um or or even harder if it +becomes a matter of consequence but + + align:start position:0% +becomes a matter of consequence but + + + align:start position:0% +becomes a matter of consequence but +you're not really feeling any of the + + align:start position:0% +you're not really feeling any of the + + + align:start position:0% +you're not really feeling any of the +negative consequences um in the in in + + align:start position:0% +negative consequences um in the in in + + + align:start position:0% +negative consequences um in the in in +the moment of opportunity to make a + + align:start position:0% +the moment of opportunity to make a + + + align:start position:0% +the moment of opportunity to make a +difference in your future health. I + + align:start position:0% +difference in your future health. I + + + align:start position:0% +difference in your future health. I +would add the additional complication or + + align:start position:0% +would add the additional complication or + + + align:start position:0% +would add the additional complication or +complexity that when you are not able to + + align:start position:0% +complexity that when you are not able to + + + align:start position:0% +complexity that when you are not able to +meet your basic needs in life or if you + + align:start position:0% +meet your basic needs in life or if you + + + align:start position:0% +meet your basic needs in life or if you +have a complex comorbidity like mental + + align:start position:0% +have a complex comorbidity like mental + + + align:start position:0% +have a complex comorbidity like mental +health or other issues you know getting + + align:start position:0% +health or other issues you know getting + + + align:start position:0% +health or other issues you know getting +it together is really difficult and you + + align:start position:0% +it together is really difficult and you + + + align:start position:0% +it together is really difficult and you +know in in my experience taking care of + + align:start position:0% +know in in my experience taking care of + + + align:start position:0% +know in in my experience taking care of +people and and working with people in + + align:start position:0% +people and and working with people in + + + align:start position:0% +people and and working with people in +that situation I it was both difficult + + align:start position:0% +that situation I it was both difficult + + + align:start position:0% +that situation I it was both difficult +as a clinician to feel unsuccessful, not + + align:start position:0% +as a clinician to feel unsuccessful, not + + + align:start position:0% +as a clinician to feel unsuccessful, not +able to provide people with the kind of + + align:start position:0% +able to provide people with the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +able to provide people with the kind of +support that they needed uh and to watch + + align:start position:0% +support that they needed uh and to watch + + + align:start position:0% +support that they needed uh and to watch +people face the consequences. And so my + + align:start position:0% +people face the consequences. And so my + + + align:start position:0% +people face the consequences. And so my +story is really about how I was trying + + align:start position:0% +story is really about how I was trying + + + align:start position:0% +story is really about how I was trying +to help myself while also trying to help + + align:start position:0% +to help myself while also trying to help + + + align:start position:0% +to help myself while also trying to help +my patients because I was starting to + + align:start position:0% +my patients because I was starting to + + + align:start position:0% +my patients because I was starting to +feel burned out uh by the lack of + + align:start position:0% +feel burned out uh by the lack of + + + align:start position:0% +feel burned out uh by the lack of +progress that I was making with people. + + align:start position:0% +progress that I was making with people. + + + align:start position:0% +progress that I was making with people. +Um and and I just felt like I couldn't + + align:start position:0% +Um and and I just felt like I couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +Um and and I just felt like I couldn't +have another conversation about quitting + + align:start position:0% +have another conversation about quitting + + + align:start position:0% +have another conversation about quitting +smoking without better tools. And so I + + align:start position:0% +smoking without better tools. And so I + + + align:start position:0% +smoking without better tools. And so I +started to but out of the my own drive + + align:start position:0% +started to but out of the my own drive + + + align:start position:0% +started to but out of the my own drive +to try to make um my patients + + align:start position:0% +to try to make um my patients + + + align:start position:0% +to try to make um my patients +better serve my patients trying to find + + align:start position:0% +better serve my patients trying to find + + + align:start position:0% +better serve my patients trying to find +better ways to deliver health care. I + + align:start position:0% +better ways to deliver health care. I + + + align:start position:0% +better ways to deliver health care. I +also have a personal story with um my + + align:start position:0% +also have a personal story with um my + + + align:start position:0% +also have a personal story with um my +husband who experienced um a very + + align:start position:0% +husband who experienced um a very + + + align:start position:0% +husband who experienced um a very +serious brush with cancer and thankfully + + align:start position:0% +serious brush with cancer and thankfully + + + align:start position:0% +serious brush with cancer and thankfully +I had a very good outcome but a a very + + align:start position:0% +I had a very good outcome but a a very + + + align:start position:0% +I had a very good outcome but a a very +ex difficult experience. Um and those + + align:start position:0% +ex difficult experience. Um and those + + + align:start position:0% +ex difficult experience. Um and those +kind of um those experiences informed my + + align:start position:0% +kind of um those experiences informed my + + + align:start position:0% +kind of um those experiences informed my +journey from uh being a primary care + + align:start position:0% +journey from uh being a primary care + + + align:start position:0% +journey from uh being a primary care +doctor to a paliative care doctor, + + align:start position:0% +doctor to a paliative care doctor, + + + align:start position:0% +doctor to a paliative care doctor, +health services researcher to ultimately + + align:start position:0% +health services researcher to ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +health services researcher to ultimately +what I spend most of my my time doing + + align:start position:0% +what I spend most of my my time doing + + + align:start position:0% +what I spend most of my my time doing +today which is trying to deliver better + + align:start position:0% +today which is trying to deliver better + + + align:start position:0% +today which is trying to deliver better +health care um through uh as an + + align:start position:0% +health care um through uh as an + + + align:start position:0% +health care um through uh as an +entrepreneur. So I'm going to try to use + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur. So I'm going to try to use + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur. So I'm going to try to use +some slides to tell my story but I + + align:start position:0% +some slides to tell my story but I + + + align:start position:0% +some slides to tell my story but I +really would like this to be + + align:start position:0% +really would like this to be + + + align:start position:0% +really would like this to be +interactive. So, please, if you have + + align:start position:0% +interactive. So, please, if you have + + + align:start position:0% +interactive. So, please, if you have +something to share, you can just raise + + align:start position:0% +something to share, you can just raise + + + align:start position:0% +something to share, you can just raise +your hand or or shout out and um or you + + align:start position:0% +your hand or or shout out and um or you + + + align:start position:0% +your hand or or shout out and um or you +can write a comment in the chat. We're + + align:start position:0% +can write a comment in the chat. We're + + + align:start position:0% +can write a comment in the chat. We're +going to be monitoring the chat. Um but + + align:start position:0% +going to be monitoring the chat. Um but + + + align:start position:0% +going to be monitoring the chat. Um but +feel free to um share your your comments + + align:start position:0% +feel free to um share your your comments + + + align:start position:0% +feel free to um share your your comments +or stories. Okay, I'm going to screen + + align:start position:0% +or stories. Okay, I'm going to screen + + + align:start position:0% +or stories. Okay, I'm going to screen +I'm going to screen share. Can you see + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to screen share. Can you see + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to screen share. Can you see +my slides? + + align:start position:0% +my slides? + + + align:start position:0% +my slides? +I can see my slides, but I cannot see + + align:start position:0% +I can see my slides, but I cannot see + + + align:start position:0% +I can see my slides, but I cannot see +you. So, I'm going to stop again and + + align:start position:0% +you. So, I'm going to stop again and + + + align:start position:0% +you. So, I'm going to stop again and +see. You can't see your slide. You + + align:start position:0% +see. You can't see your slide. You + + + align:start position:0% +see. You can't see your slide. You +can't? No. Okay, let me try this again. + + align:start position:0% +can't? No. Okay, let me try this again. + + + align:start position:0% +can't? No. Okay, let me try this again. +I'm going to try to do it so that I can + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to try to do it so that I can + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to try to do it so that I can +see you and still + + align:start position:0% +see you and still + + + align:start position:0% +see you and still +uh see my slides. So, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right. Now, I've lost my slides. + + align:start position:0% +all right. Now, I've lost my slides. + + + align:start position:0% +all right. Now, I've lost my slides. +Hang on a sec. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sorry. Hang on one sec. Okay. Glad I had + + align:start position:0% +Sorry. Hang on one sec. Okay. Glad I had + + + align:start position:0% +Sorry. Hang on one sec. Okay. Glad I had +them ready. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, + + align:start position:0% +Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, +here we go. Share. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. And then + + align:start position:0% +All right. And then + + + align:start position:0% +All right. And then +slideshow. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +We can see them right away. How's that? + + align:start position:0% +We can see them right away. How's that? + + + align:start position:0% +We can see them right away. How's that? +Now I can see you and I can see my size. + + align:start position:0% +Now I can see you and I can see my size. + + + align:start position:0% +Now I can see you and I can see my size. +Sorry about that. All right. So, we're + + align:start position:0% +Sorry about that. All right. So, we're + + + align:start position:0% +Sorry about that. All right. So, we're +gonna talk today about translating + + align:start position:0% +gonna talk today about translating + + + align:start position:0% +gonna talk today about translating +health services research into healthcare + + align:start position:0% +health services research into healthcare + + + align:start position:0% +health services research into healthcare +entrepreneurship. And you know in my + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship. And you know in my + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship. And you know in my +experience as a researcher most of the + + align:start position:0% +experience as a researcher most of the + + + align:start position:0% +experience as a researcher most of the +time uh research questions or people + + align:start position:0% +time uh research questions or people + + + align:start position:0% +time uh research questions or people +pursue research questions um or pathways + + align:start position:0% +pursue research questions um or pathways + + + align:start position:0% +pursue research questions um or pathways +that really have something to do with uh + + align:start position:0% +that really have something to do with uh + + + align:start position:0% +that really have something to do with uh +their own passion or or curiosity. So my + + align:start position:0% +their own passion or or curiosity. So my + + + align:start position:0% +their own passion or or curiosity. So my +story began began that way as well. So I + + align:start position:0% +story began began that way as well. So I + + + align:start position:0% +story began began that way as well. So I +um I'll tell you I started out I'm from + + align:start position:0% +um I'll tell you I started out I'm from + + + align:start position:0% +um I'll tell you I started out I'm from +the area here. I grew up in Arlington, + + align:start position:0% +the area here. I grew up in Arlington, + + + align:start position:0% +the area here. I grew up in Arlington, +Massachusetts. I went to Bentley College + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts. I went to Bentley College + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts. I went to Bentley College +to study business. And um after spending + + align:start position:0% +to study business. And um after spending + + + align:start position:0% +to study business. And um after spending +a couple of years working for a a think + + align:start position:0% +a couple of years working for a a think + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of years working for a a think +tank uh that was working on the internet + + align:start position:0% +tank uh that was working on the internet + + + align:start position:0% +tank uh that was working on the internet +for the military, I made the decision to + + align:start position:0% +for the military, I made the decision to + + + align:start position:0% +for the military, I made the decision to +uh go to medical school and I changed + + align:start position:0% +uh go to medical school and I changed + + + align:start position:0% +uh go to medical school and I changed +gears, went to Wake Forest University + + align:start position:0% +gears, went to Wake Forest University + + + align:start position:0% +gears, went to Wake Forest University +Medical School in North Carolina. And uh + + align:start position:0% +Medical School in North Carolina. And uh + + + align:start position:0% +Medical School in North Carolina. And uh +from Wake Forest, I uh went to + + align:start position:0% +from Wake Forest, I uh went to + + + align:start position:0% +from Wake Forest, I uh went to +California to um study family medicine + + align:start position:0% +California to um study family medicine + + + align:start position:0% +California to um study family medicine +at Adventist Health primarily because I + + align:start position:0% +at Adventist Health primarily because I + + + align:start position:0% +at Adventist Health primarily because I +thought, "Oh, I'm going to go in the + + align:start position:0% +thought, "Oh, I'm going to go in the + + + align:start position:0% +thought, "Oh, I'm going to go in the +Peace Corps and I want to deliver a lot + + align:start position:0% +Peace Corps and I want to deliver a lot + + + align:start position:0% +Peace Corps and I want to deliver a lot +of babies and take care of people from + + align:start position:0% +of babies and take care of people from + + + align:start position:0% +of babies and take care of people from +cradle to grave and learn Spanish." And + + align:start position:0% +cradle to grave and learn Spanish." And + + + align:start position:0% +cradle to grave and learn Spanish." And +so I ended up in California for 10 + + align:start position:0% +so I ended up in California for 10 + + + align:start position:0% +so I ended up in California for 10 +years. And um in East Los Angeles where + + align:start position:0% +years. And um in East Los Angeles where + + + align:start position:0% +years. And um in East Los Angeles where +my practice was, I was experiencing a + + align:start position:0% +my practice was, I was experiencing a + + + align:start position:0% +my practice was, I was experiencing a +lot of um difficulties delivering care + + align:start position:0% +lot of um difficulties delivering care + + + align:start position:0% +lot of um difficulties delivering care +to my patients. And I couldn't figure + + align:start position:0% +to my patients. And I couldn't figure + + + align:start position:0% +to my patients. And I couldn't figure +out I didn't understand why it was so + + align:start position:0% +out I didn't understand why it was so + + + align:start position:0% +out I didn't understand why it was so +difficult to get services for my + + align:start position:0% +difficult to get services for my + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to get services for my +patients at that time and why they were + + align:start position:0% +patients at that time and why they were + + + align:start position:0% +patients at that time and why they were +experiencing poor health outcomes. Um + + align:start position:0% +experiencing poor health outcomes. Um + + + align:start position:0% +experiencing poor health outcomes. Um +and so I kind of embarked on a on a + + align:start position:0% +and so I kind of embarked on a on a + + + align:start position:0% +and so I kind of embarked on a on a +journey um through epidemiology. I + + align:start position:0% +journey um through epidemiology. I + + + align:start position:0% +journey um through epidemiology. I +wanted to build up my skills to + + align:start position:0% +wanted to build up my skills to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to build up my skills to +understand and and study what I was + + align:start position:0% +understand and and study what I was + + + align:start position:0% +understand and and study what I was +seeing in my practice. And so I got a + + align:start position:0% +seeing in my practice. And so I got a + + + align:start position:0% +seeing in my practice. And so I got a +master's in clinical research at UCLA + + align:start position:0% +master's in clinical research at UCLA + + + align:start position:0% +master's in clinical research at UCLA +and I started studying childhood obesity + + align:start position:0% +and I started studying childhood obesity + + + align:start position:0% +and I started studying childhood obesity +of all things because at the time I did + + align:start position:0% +of all things because at the time I did + + + align:start position:0% +of all things because at the time I did +a lot of maternal child health and I + + align:start position:0% +a lot of maternal child health and I + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of maternal child health and I +just started to see ch very very young + + align:start position:0% +just started to see ch very very young + + + align:start position:0% +just started to see ch very very young +children, infants, toddlers, + + align:start position:0% +children, infants, toddlers, + + + align:start position:0% +children, infants, toddlers, +preschoolers with obesity and it was the + + align:start position:0% +preschoolers with obesity and it was the + + + align:start position:0% +preschoolers with obesity and it was the +very beginning of the um obesity + + align:start position:0% +very beginning of the um obesity + + + align:start position:0% +very beginning of the um obesity +epidemic in childhood. And when I went + + align:start position:0% +epidemic in childhood. And when I went + + + align:start position:0% +epidemic in childhood. And when I went +to the library to get the answers where + + align:start position:0% +to the library to get the answers where + + + align:start position:0% +to the library to get the answers where +I always went to get answers, there was + + align:start position:0% +I always went to get answers, there was + + + align:start position:0% +I always went to get answers, there was +no literature about obesity in children + + align:start position:0% +no literature about obesity in children + + + align:start position:0% +no literature about obesity in children +at that age level. And I started going + + align:start position:0% +at that age level. And I started going + + + align:start position:0% +at that age level. And I started going +and looking for people who were experts + + align:start position:0% +and looking for people who were experts + + + align:start position:0% +and looking for people who were experts +in the area and they would tell me, "Oh, + + align:start position:0% +in the area and they would tell me, "Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +in the area and they would tell me, "Oh, +they're just chubby babies. They grow + + align:start position:0% +they're just chubby babies. They grow + + + align:start position:0% +they're just chubby babies. They grow +out of it." And you know, fast forward + + align:start position:0% +out of it." And you know, fast forward + + + align:start position:0% +out of it." And you know, fast forward +20 years later, we know that children um + + align:start position:0% +20 years later, we know that children um + + + align:start position:0% +20 years later, we know that children um +there is an epidemic in very young + + align:start position:0% +there is an epidemic in very young + + + align:start position:0% +there is an epidemic in very young +children and even in infants and + + align:start position:0% +children and even in infants and + + + align:start position:0% +children and even in infants and +toddlers of being overweight and that + + align:start position:0% +toddlers of being overweight and that + + + align:start position:0% +toddlers of being overweight and that +those con those have consequences uh + + align:start position:0% +those con those have consequences uh + + + align:start position:0% +those con those have consequences uh +lifelong consequences. But at the time + + align:start position:0% +lifelong consequences. But at the time + + + align:start position:0% +lifelong consequences. But at the time +um I was just starting to understand how + + align:start position:0% +um I was just starting to understand how + + + align:start position:0% +um I was just starting to understand how +to translate what I was seeing in my + + align:start position:0% +to translate what I was seeing in my + + + align:start position:0% +to translate what I was seeing in my +practice in a population level way. And + + align:start position:0% +practice in a population level way. And + + + align:start position:0% +practice in a population level way. And +that became kind of a fascination for me + + align:start position:0% +that became kind of a fascination for me + + + align:start position:0% +that became kind of a fascination for me +because I was talking to patients and + + align:start position:0% +because I was talking to patients and + + + align:start position:0% +because I was talking to patients and +they were telling me how um you know + + align:start position:0% +they were telling me how um you know + + + align:start position:0% +they were telling me how um you know +difficult it was to manage their child's + + align:start position:0% +difficult it was to manage their child's + + + align:start position:0% +difficult it was to manage their child's +diet and I thought that daycare programs + + align:start position:0% +diet and I thought that daycare programs + + + align:start position:0% +diet and I thought that daycare programs +were the problem and I went and talked + + align:start position:0% +were the problem and I went and talked + + + align:start position:0% +were the problem and I went and talked +to a woman who studied uh early + + align:start position:0% +to a woman who studied uh early + + + align:start position:0% +to a woman who studied uh early +childhood education and she re basically + + align:start position:0% +childhood education and she re basically + + + align:start position:0% +childhood education and she re basically +laughed me out of the room and told me I + + align:start position:0% +laughed me out of the room and told me I + + + align:start position:0% +laughed me out of the room and told me I +had it all wrong and that it was + + align:start position:0% +had it all wrong and that it was + + + align:start position:0% +had it all wrong and that it was +actually structured daycare that was + + align:start position:0% +actually structured daycare that was + + + align:start position:0% +actually structured daycare that was +helping children stay healthy. + + align:start position:0% +helping children stay healthy. + + + align:start position:0% +helping children stay healthy. +And I started to realize that um there + + align:start position:0% +And I started to realize that um there + + + align:start position:0% +And I started to realize that um there +was a there was a process to + + align:start position:0% +was a there was a process to + + + align:start position:0% +was a there was a process to +understanding one how to translate a + + align:start position:0% +understanding one how to translate a + + + align:start position:0% +understanding one how to translate a +question that I was experiencing in + + align:start position:0% +question that I was experiencing in + + + align:start position:0% +question that I was experiencing in +clinic into a researchable question that + + align:start position:0% +clinic into a researchable question that + + + align:start position:0% +clinic into a researchable question that +would then turn into a solution because + + align:start position:0% +would then turn into a solution because + + + align:start position:0% +would then turn into a solution because +what I didn't want was to just + + align:start position:0% +what I didn't want was to just + + + align:start position:0% +what I didn't want was to just +understand a problem. I wanted to find a + + align:start position:0% +understand a problem. I wanted to find a + + + align:start position:0% +understand a problem. I wanted to find a +solution. And that is really the story + + align:start position:0% +solution. And that is really the story + + + align:start position:0% +solution. And that is really the story +of my journey from becoming a researcher + + align:start position:0% +of my journey from becoming a researcher + + + align:start position:0% +of my journey from becoming a researcher +to um going into um entrepreneurship. I + + align:start position:0% +to um going into um entrepreneurship. I + + + align:start position:0% +to um going into um entrepreneurship. I +ended up coming back to Massachusetts + + align:start position:0% +ended up coming back to Massachusetts + + + align:start position:0% +ended up coming back to Massachusetts +and I joined the faculty at Boston + + align:start position:0% +and I joined the faculty at Boston + + + align:start position:0% +and I joined the faculty at Boston +University at Boston Medical Center + + align:start position:0% +University at Boston Medical Center + + + align:start position:0% +University at Boston Medical Center +where I was for 16 years doing um health + + align:start position:0% +where I was for 16 years doing um health + + + align:start position:0% +where I was for 16 years doing um health +services research and that was really a + + align:start position:0% +services research and that was really a + + + align:start position:0% +services research and that was really a +formative experience because my very + + align:start position:0% +formative experience because my very + + + align:start position:0% +formative experience because my very +first research project was called + + align:start position:0% +first research project was called + + + align:start position:0% +first research project was called +project red the re-engineered discharge + + align:start position:0% +project red the re-engineered discharge + + + align:start position:0% +project red the re-engineered discharge +and it went viral while I was on that + + align:start position:0% +and it went viral while I was on that + + + align:start position:0% +and it went viral while I was on that +study. It was one of three studies that + + align:start position:0% +study. It was one of three studies that + + + align:start position:0% +study. It was one of three studies that +came out at the same time that the + + align:start position:0% +came out at the same time that the + + + align:start position:0% +came out at the same time that the +federal government started issuing + + align:start position:0% +federal government started issuing + + + align:start position:0% +federal government started issuing +penalties for hospital readmissions. And + + align:start position:0% +penalties for hospital readmissions. And + + + align:start position:0% +penalties for hospital readmissions. And +so immediately there was an unbelievable + + align:start position:0% +so immediately there was an unbelievable + + + align:start position:0% +so immediately there was an unbelievable +demand for Project Red implementation. + + align:start position:0% +demand for Project Red implementation. + + + align:start position:0% +demand for Project Red implementation. +And I became an implementation + + align:start position:0% +And I became an implementation + + + align:start position:0% +And I became an implementation +specialist without really even planning + + align:start position:0% +specialist without really even planning + + + align:start position:0% +specialist without really even planning +to because there was such a demand for + + align:start position:0% +to because there was such a demand for + + + align:start position:0% +to because there was such a demand for +an evidence-based solution to avoid + + align:start position:0% +an evidence-based solution to avoid + + + align:start position:0% +an evidence-based solution to avoid +penalties. And so my experience told me + + align:start position:0% +penalties. And so my experience told me + + + align:start position:0% +penalties. And so my experience told me +that good research should go out into + + align:start position:0% +that good research should go out into + + + align:start position:0% +that good research should go out into +the world and make a difference. Today, + + align:start position:0% +the world and make a difference. Today, + + + align:start position:0% +the world and make a difference. Today, +Project Red is one of the top 50 + + align:start position:0% +Project Red is one of the top 50 + + + align:start position:0% +Project Red is one of the top 50 +research studies um ever disseminated um + + align:start position:0% +research studies um ever disseminated um + + + align:start position:0% +research studies um ever disseminated um +around the world really. And so that was + + align:start position:0% +around the world really. And so that was + + + align:start position:0% +around the world really. And so that was +my first in you know insight about + + align:start position:0% +my first in you know insight about + + + align:start position:0% +my first in you know insight about +research and um it really informed my + + align:start position:0% +research and um it really informed my + + + align:start position:0% +research and um it really informed my +next in important study which I'm going + + align:start position:0% +next in important study which I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +next in important study which I'm going +to share with you called women in + + align:start position:0% +to share with you called women in + + + align:start position:0% +to share with you called women in +control. So designing research that + + align:start position:0% +control. So designing research that + + + align:start position:0% +control. So designing research that +solves a real problem with potential + + align:start position:0% +solves a real problem with potential + + + align:start position:0% +solves a real problem with potential +real solutions. That was what I really + + align:start position:0% +real solutions. That was what I really + + + align:start position:0% +real solutions. That was what I really +wanted to do. So when you do research, + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do. So when you do research, + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to do. So when you do research, +I'm sure some of you out there are + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure some of you out there are + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure some of you out there are +researchers and know how this process + + align:start position:0% +researchers and know how this process + + + align:start position:0% +researchers and know how this process +works. You know, you have to start with + + align:start position:0% +works. You know, you have to start with + + + align:start position:0% +works. You know, you have to start with +a researchable question. And for + + align:start position:0% +a researchable question. And for + + + align:start position:0% +a researchable question. And for +clinicians, a lot of times, you know, + + align:start position:0% +clinicians, a lot of times, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +clinicians, a lot of times, you know, +you understand the problem, but you + + align:start position:0% +you understand the problem, but you + + + align:start position:0% +you understand the problem, but you +don't know how to formulate it into a + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to formulate it into a + + + align:start position:0% +don't know how to formulate it into a +researchable question so that you can + + align:start position:0% +researchable question so that you can + + + align:start position:0% +researchable question so that you can +develop evidence around it. And what's + + align:start position:0% +develop evidence around it. And what's + + + align:start position:0% +develop evidence around it. And what's +been very interesting for me in going, + + align:start position:0% +been very interesting for me in going, + + + align:start position:0% +been very interesting for me in going, +you know, going from a research + + align:start position:0% +you know, going from a research + + + align:start position:0% +you know, going from a research +environment to a a entrepreneur + + align:start position:0% +environment to a a entrepreneur + + + align:start position:0% +environment to a a entrepreneur +environment is the what I think of as an + + align:start position:0% +environment is the what I think of as an + + + align:start position:0% +environment is the what I think of as an +artificial line between what is rigorous + + align:start position:0% +artificial line between what is rigorous + + + align:start position:0% +artificial line between what is rigorous +research evidence and what's considered + + align:start position:0% +research evidence and what's considered + + + align:start position:0% +research evidence and what's considered +real world evidence. And I would love to + + align:start position:0% +real world evidence. And I would love to + + + align:start position:0% +real world evidence. And I would love to +have a conversation about that uh while + + align:start position:0% +have a conversation about that uh while + + + align:start position:0% +have a conversation about that uh while +we are here today, which is you know to + + align:start position:0% +we are here today, which is you know to + + + align:start position:0% +we are here today, which is you know to +me evidence is evidence. It's got to be + + align:start position:0% +me evidence is evidence. It's got to be + + + align:start position:0% +me evidence is evidence. It's got to be +rigorously gathered, interpreted, and + + align:start position:0% +rigorously gathered, interpreted, and + + + align:start position:0% +rigorously gathered, interpreted, and +and um and uh and analyzed in order to + + align:start position:0% +and um and uh and analyzed in order to + + + align:start position:0% +and um and uh and analyzed in order to +be in informative. And the the the what + + align:start position:0% +be in informative. And the the the what + + + align:start position:0% +be in informative. And the the the what +I think of as an artificial distinction + + align:start position:0% +I think of as an artificial distinction + + + align:start position:0% +I think of as an artificial distinction +between research um and real world + + align:start position:0% +between research um and real world + + + align:start position:0% +between research um and real world +evidence um is something that I + + align:start position:0% +evidence um is something that I + + + align:start position:0% +evidence um is something that I +encountered in my life in my in my + + align:start position:0% +encountered in my life in my in my + + + align:start position:0% +encountered in my life in my in my +journey from research to um + + align:start position:0% +journey from research to um + + + align:start position:0% +journey from research to um +entrepreneurship. So the research + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship. So the research + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship. So the research +question what happened was I started + + align:start position:0% +question what happened was I started + + + align:start position:0% +question what happened was I started +working on project red and we started + + align:start position:0% +working on project red and we started + + + align:start position:0% +working on project red and we started +working on um chatbot systems now called + + align:start position:0% +working on um chatbot systems now called + + + align:start position:0% +working on um chatbot systems now called +embodied conversational agents and uh to + + align:start position:0% +embodied conversational agents and uh to + + + align:start position:0% +embodied conversational agents and uh to +fill the role of educating people at the + + align:start position:0% +fill the role of educating people at the + + + align:start position:0% +fill the role of educating people at the +point of hospital discharge. And that + + align:start position:0% +point of hospital discharge. And that + + + align:start position:0% +point of hospital discharge. And that +introduced me to this com human computer + + align:start position:0% +introduced me to this com human computer + + + align:start position:0% +introduced me to this com human computer +interaction that is a um com that is was + + align:start position:0% +interaction that is a um com that is was + + + align:start position:0% +interaction that is a um com that is was +um a a device a human uh character + + align:start position:0% +um a a device a human uh character + + + align:start position:0% +um a a device a human uh character +teaching people their discharge + + align:start position:0% +teaching people their discharge + + + align:start position:0% +teaching people their discharge +education. Um and from there I started + + align:start position:0% +education. Um and from there I started + + + align:start position:0% +education. Um and from there I started +to study technology to fill gaps in + + align:start position:0% +to study technology to fill gaps in + + + align:start position:0% +to study technology to fill gaps in +healthc care services. And in that + + align:start position:0% +healthc care services. And in that + + + align:start position:0% +healthc care services. And in that +process I was introduced to immersive + + align:start position:0% +process I was introduced to immersive + + + align:start position:0% +process I was introduced to immersive +technology a virtual world gaming uh + + align:start position:0% +technology a virtual world gaming uh + + + align:start position:0% +technology a virtual world gaming uh +systems and we wanted to see if we could + + align:start position:0% +systems and we wanted to see if we could + + + align:start position:0% +systems and we wanted to see if we could +use that system to um address gaps in + + align:start position:0% +use that system to um address gaps in + + + align:start position:0% +use that system to um address gaps in +care delivery uh models that were + + align:start position:0% +care delivery uh models that were + + + align:start position:0% +care delivery uh models that were +unscalable but effective. So that led to + + align:start position:0% +unscalable but effective. So that led to + + + align:start position:0% +unscalable but effective. So that led to +my work called women in control. So the + + align:start position:0% +my work called women in control. So the + + + align:start position:0% +my work called women in control. So the +women in control study was designed to + + align:start position:0% +women in control study was designed to + + + align:start position:0% +women in control study was designed to +look at a model of care called group + + align:start position:0% +look at a model of care called group + + + align:start position:0% +look at a model of care called group +based medical care visits and whether we + + align:start position:0% +based medical care visits and whether we + + + align:start position:0% +based medical care visits and whether we +could make those that model of care + + align:start position:0% +could make those that model of care + + + align:start position:0% +could make those that model of care +scalable with the use of technology. Now + + align:start position:0% +scalable with the use of technology. Now + + + align:start position:0% +scalable with the use of technology. Now +you have to put yourself in the mindset + + align:start position:0% +you have to put yourself in the mindset + + + align:start position:0% +you have to put yourself in the mindset +of you know pre- pandemic like 2010 + + align:start position:0% +of you know pre- pandemic like 2010 + + + align:start position:0% +of you know pre- pandemic like 2010 +before technology was really as + + align:start position:0% +before technology was really as + + + align:start position:0% +before technology was really as +ubiquitous as it is today or even in the + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitous as it is today or even in the + + + align:start position:0% +ubiquitous as it is today or even in the +five years following. So um we were + + align:start position:0% +five years following. So um we were + + + align:start position:0% +five years following. So um we were +really looking at using really um you + + align:start position:0% +really looking at using really um you + + + align:start position:0% +really looking at using really um you +know innovative but really unfamiliar + + align:start position:0% +know innovative but really unfamiliar + + + align:start position:0% +know innovative but really unfamiliar +technology in a group of patients that + + align:start position:0% +technology in a group of patients that + + + align:start position:0% +technology in a group of patients that +were facing significant barriers to + + align:start position:0% +were facing significant barriers to + + + align:start position:0% +were facing significant barriers to +health care but also had digital + + align:start position:0% +health care but also had digital + + + align:start position:0% +health care but also had digital +barriers to you know to accessing health + + align:start position:0% +barriers to you know to accessing health + + + align:start position:0% +barriers to you know to accessing health +care as well. So they weren't familiar + + align:start position:0% +care as well. So they weren't familiar + + + align:start position:0% +care as well. So they weren't familiar +with technology and they didn't have + + align:start position:0% +with technology and they didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +with technology and they didn't have +good access to care and as a result had + + align:start position:0% +good access to care and as a result had + + + align:start position:0% +good access to care and as a result had +poor health outcomes. + + align:start position:0% +poor health outcomes. + + + align:start position:0% +poor health outcomes. +Does anybody have any questions or + + align:start position:0% +Does anybody have any questions or + + + align:start position:0% +Does anybody have any questions or +comments up until this point about the + + align:start position:0% +comments up until this point about the + + + align:start position:0% +comments up until this point about the +research process? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Any comments? + + align:start position:0% +Any comments? + + + align:start position:0% +Any comments? +Anybody here familiar with research? + + align:start position:0% +Anybody here familiar with research? + + + align:start position:0% +Anybody here familiar with research? +Just so I know who my audience is. I + + align:start position:0% +Just so I know who my audience is. I + + + align:start position:0% +Just so I know who my audience is. I +don't want to over uh over share my + + align:start position:0% +don't want to over uh over share my + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to over uh over share my +research um expertise here, but I'll + + align:start position:0% +research um expertise here, but I'll + + + align:start position:0% +research um expertise here, but I'll +keep going. Okay. So um so we did this + + align:start position:0% +keep going. Okay. So um so we did this + + + align:start position:0% +keep going. Okay. So um so we did this +study called women in control. We wanted + + align:start position:0% +study called women in control. We wanted + + + align:start position:0% +study called women in control. We wanted +to look at diabetes. We were looking at + + align:start position:0% +to look at diabetes. We were looking at + + + align:start position:0% +to look at diabetes. We were looking at +an important medical condition that had + + align:start position:0% +an important medical condition that had + + + align:start position:0% +an important medical condition that had +been studied up to that moment a model + + align:start position:0% +been studied up to that moment a model + + + align:start position:0% +been studied up to that moment a model +of care for chronic disease management + + align:start position:0% +of care for chronic disease management + + + align:start position:0% +of care for chronic disease management +that uh was effective + + align:start position:0% +that uh was effective + + + align:start position:0% +that uh was effective +was a population level solution but was + + align:start position:0% +was a population level solution but was + + + align:start position:0% +was a population level solution but was +unscalable in its uh implementation in + + align:start position:0% +unscalable in its uh implementation in + + + align:start position:0% +unscalable in its uh implementation in +real world settings. So in in-person + + align:start position:0% +real world settings. So in in-person + + + align:start position:0% +real world settings. So in in-person +settings and so that study was called + + align:start position:0% +settings and so that study was called + + + align:start position:0% +settings and so that study was called +women in control and our our question + + align:start position:0% +women in control and our our question + + + align:start position:0% +women in control and our our question +let me just minimize this here. So we + + align:start position:0% +let me just minimize this here. So we + + + align:start position:0% +let me just minimize this here. So we +what did the evidence show us? The + + align:start position:0% +what did the evidence show us? The + + + align:start position:0% +what did the evidence show us? The +evidence showed us that um and and in + + align:start position:0% +evidence showed us that um and and in + + + align:start position:0% +evidence showed us that um and and in +research generally when you're + + align:start position:0% +research generally when you're + + + align:start position:0% +research generally when you're +developing a research question like in + + align:start position:0% +developing a research question like in + + + align:start position:0% +developing a research question like in +entrepreneurship you do your customer + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship you do your customer + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship you do your customer +discovery process. In in research, we + + align:start position:0% +discovery process. In in research, we + + + align:start position:0% +discovery process. In in research, we +usually look at what is the evidence + + align:start position:0% +usually look at what is the evidence + + + align:start position:0% +usually look at what is the evidence +already available to answer this + + align:start position:0% +already available to answer this + + + align:start position:0% +already available to answer this +question. Um and and what are the gaps + + align:start position:0% +question. Um and and what are the gaps + + + align:start position:0% +question. Um and and what are the gaps +and then the research should address the + + align:start position:0% +and then the research should address the + + + align:start position:0% +and then the research should address the +gaps. And so what the evidence showed us + + align:start position:0% +gaps. And so what the evidence showed us + + + align:start position:0% +gaps. And so what the evidence showed us +was that there was poor access to + + align:start position:0% +was that there was poor access to + + + align:start position:0% +was that there was poor access to +effective chronic disease management + + align:start position:0% +effective chronic disease management + + + align:start position:0% +effective chronic disease management +among uh underserved populations that + + align:start position:0% +among uh underserved populations that + + + align:start position:0% +among uh underserved populations that +were leading to poor health outcomes and + + align:start position:0% +were leading to poor health outcomes and + + + align:start position:0% +were leading to poor health outcomes and +health disparities. There was a model of + + align:start position:0% +health disparities. There was a model of + + + align:start position:0% +health disparities. There was a model of +care with a lot of evidence called + + align:start position:0% +care with a lot of evidence called + + + align:start position:0% +care with a lot of evidence called +medical group visits where instead of + + align:start position:0% +medical group visits where instead of + + + align:start position:0% +medical group visits where instead of +having one-on-one appointments, people + + align:start position:0% +having one-on-one appointments, people + + + align:start position:0% +having one-on-one appointments, people +come together for a 2hour appointment uh + + align:start position:0% +come together for a 2hour appointment uh + + + align:start position:0% +come together for a 2hour appointment uh +in groups of about 10 with a clinician + + align:start position:0% +in groups of about 10 with a clinician + + + align:start position:0% +in groups of about 10 with a clinician +and an educator, they get + + align:start position:0% +and an educator, they get + + + align:start position:0% +and an educator, they get +self-management education to teach them + + align:start position:0% +self-management education to teach them + + + align:start position:0% +self-management education to teach them +how to manage the disease. They get peer + + align:start position:0% +how to manage the disease. They get peer + + + align:start position:0% +how to manage the disease. They get peer +support which teaches them strategies + + align:start position:0% +support which teaches them strategies + + + align:start position:0% +support which teaches them strategies +for implementing those care programs in + + align:start position:0% +for implementing those care programs in + + + align:start position:0% +for implementing those care programs in +their home life. They get medical + + align:start position:0% +their home life. They get medical + + + align:start position:0% +their home life. They get medical +management counseling and it's a + + align:start position:0% +management counseling and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +management counseling and it's a +tremendously satisfying model of care + + align:start position:0% +tremendously satisfying model of care + + + align:start position:0% +tremendously satisfying model of care +for patients and clinicians. The problem + + align:start position:0% +for patients and clinicians. The problem + + + align:start position:0% +for patients and clinicians. The problem +is the typical barriers to cost + + align:start position:0% +is the typical barriers to cost + + + align:start position:0% +is the typical barriers to cost +effectiveness and efficiency. No shows + + align:start position:0% +effectiveness and efficiency. No shows + + + align:start position:0% +effectiveness and efficiency. No shows +transportation, child care + + align:start position:0% +transportation, child care + + + align:start position:0% +transportation, child care +responsibilities, managing group + + align:start position:0% +responsibilities, managing group + + + align:start position:0% +responsibilities, managing group +infrastructure in primary care settings + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure in primary care settings + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure in primary care settings +and billing issues. So there was here's + + align:start position:0% +and billing issues. So there was here's + + + align:start position:0% +and billing issues. So there was here's +a great model of care. It works for + + align:start position:0% +a great model of care. It works for + + + align:start position:0% +a great model of care. It works for +population health, but there's + + align:start position:0% +population health, but there's + + + align:start position:0% +population health, but there's +significant barriers to implementation. + + align:start position:0% +significant barriers to implementation. + + + align:start position:0% +significant barriers to implementation. +And so we wanted to ask, can technology + + align:start position:0% +And so we wanted to ask, can technology + + + align:start position:0% +And so we wanted to ask, can technology +make this model of care more scalable + + align:start position:0% +make this model of care more scalable + + + align:start position:0% +make this model of care more scalable +and efficient? So we're asking, can we + + align:start position:0% +and efficient? So we're asking, can we + + + align:start position:0% +and efficient? So we're asking, can we +offer diabetes group visits in a + + align:start position:0% +offer diabetes group visits in a + + + align:start position:0% +offer diabetes group visits in a +technology-based environment that will + + align:start position:0% +technology-based environment that will + + + align:start position:0% +technology-based environment that will +increase patient engagement, + + align:start position:0% +increase patient engagement, + + + align:start position:0% +increase patient engagement, +increase efficiency and cost + + align:start position:0% +increase efficiency and cost + + + align:start position:0% +increase efficiency and cost +effectiveness, and will it be as + + align:start position:0% +effectiveness, and will it be as + + + align:start position:0% +effectiveness, and will it be as +effective as in-person classes or + + align:start position:0% +effective as in-person classes or + + + align:start position:0% +effective as in-person classes or +standard of care, which is one-on-one? + + align:start position:0% +standard of care, which is one-on-one? + + + align:start position:0% +standard of care, which is one-on-one? +So that's how you create a research + + align:start position:0% +So that's how you create a research + + + align:start position:0% +So that's how you create a research +question. It's not that different from + + align:start position:0% +question. It's not that different from + + + align:start position:0% +question. It's not that different from +how you start thinking about how to + + align:start position:0% +how you start thinking about how to + + + align:start position:0% +how you start thinking about how to +build a a a um product. Uh but usually + + align:start position:0% +build a a a um product. Uh but usually + + + align:start position:0% +build a a a um product. Uh but usually +with the product, you start with the + + align:start position:0% +with the product, you start with the + + + align:start position:0% +with the product, you start with the +customer interviews. So we're starting + + align:start position:0% +customer interviews. So we're starting + + + align:start position:0% +customer interviews. So we're starting +with a a problem that we have, which is + + align:start position:0% +with a a problem that we have, which is + + + align:start position:0% +with a a problem that we have, which is +how do we use this medical group visit + + align:start position:0% +how do we use this medical group visit + + + align:start position:0% +how do we use this medical group visit +model of care in a way that's more + + align:start position:0% +model of care in a way that's more + + + align:start position:0% +model of care in a way that's more +effective and efficient. + + align:start position:0% +effective and efficient. + + + align:start position:0% +effective and efficient. +And so the women in control study was a + + align:start position:0% +And so the women in control study was a + + + align:start position:0% +And so the women in control study was a +comparative effectiveness study. We had + + align:start position:0% +comparative effectiveness study. We had + + + align:start position:0% +comparative effectiveness study. We had +two active arms. One was usual care + + align:start position:0% +two active arms. One was usual care + + + align:start position:0% +two active arms. One was usual care +which is in-person group visits and the + + align:start position:0% +which is in-person group visits and the + + + align:start position:0% +which is in-person group visits and the +other was an immersive world translated + + align:start position:0% +other was an immersive world translated + + + align:start position:0% +other was an immersive world translated +curriculum where the women came together + + align:start position:0% +curriculum where the women came together + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum where the women came together +as avatars went through uh 12 weeks of + + align:start position:0% +as avatars went through uh 12 weeks of + + + align:start position:0% +as avatars went through uh 12 weeks of +of educational programmings and and + + align:start position:0% +of educational programmings and and + + + align:start position:0% +of educational programmings and and +medical management as a cohort and we + + align:start position:0% +medical management as a cohort and we + + + align:start position:0% +medical management as a cohort and we +looked at whether technology would + + align:start position:0% +looked at whether technology would + + + align:start position:0% +looked at whether technology would +deliver results that were as good as in + + align:start position:0% +deliver results that were as good as in + + + align:start position:0% +deliver results that were as good as in +person. We call that non-inferiority + + align:start position:0% +person. We call that non-inferiority + + + align:start position:0% +person. We call that non-inferiority +and that means it doesn't have to be + + align:start position:0% +and that means it doesn't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +and that means it doesn't have to be +better. It just has to be as good + + align:start position:0% +better. It just has to be as good + + + align:start position:0% +better. It just has to be as good +because in-person is good but not + + align:start position:0% +because in-person is good but not + + + align:start position:0% +because in-person is good but not +scalable. And so we needed it to be + + align:start position:0% +scalable. And so we needed it to be + + + align:start position:0% +scalable. And so we needed it to be +cost-effective, efficient, and equally + + align:start position:0% +cost-effective, efficient, and equally + + + align:start position:0% +cost-effective, efficient, and equally +as effective clinically. And so we + + align:start position:0% +as effective clinically. And so we + + + align:start position:0% +as effective clinically. And so we +looked at physical activity, we looked + + align:start position:0% +looked at physical activity, we looked + + + align:start position:0% +looked at physical activity, we looked +at glucose control, and we looked at + + align:start position:0% +at glucose control, and we looked at + + + align:start position:0% +at glucose control, and we looked at +engagement. And the most important thing + + align:start position:0% +engagement. And the most important thing + + + align:start position:0% +engagement. And the most important thing +and the pivotal moment for me thinking + + align:start position:0% +and the pivotal moment for me thinking + + + align:start position:0% +and the pivotal moment for me thinking +like an implementation specialist was + + align:start position:0% +like an implementation specialist was + + + align:start position:0% +like an implementation specialist was +engagement. So, if you don't know + + align:start position:0% +engagement. So, if you don't know + + + align:start position:0% +engagement. So, if you don't know +anything about lifestyle uh products, + + align:start position:0% +anything about lifestyle uh products, + + + align:start position:0% +anything about lifestyle uh products, +research that looks at lifestyle change + + align:start position:0% +research that looks at lifestyle change + + + align:start position:0% +research that looks at lifestyle change +and lifestyle management usually has + + align:start position:0% +and lifestyle management usually has + + + align:start position:0% +and lifestyle management usually has +extremely high dropout rates. We had 77% + + align:start position:0% +extremely high dropout rates. We had 77% + + + align:start position:0% +extremely high dropout rates. We had 77% +of our participants complete our + + align:start position:0% +of our participants complete our + + + align:start position:0% +of our participants complete our +program, our study, which is + + align:start position:0% +program, our study, which is + + + align:start position:0% +program, our study, which is +exceptional. It's very exceptional to + + align:start position:0% +exceptional. It's very exceptional to + + + align:start position:0% +exceptional. It's very exceptional to +have that many people stick with the + + align:start position:0% +have that many people stick with the + + + align:start position:0% +have that many people stick with the +program. And for me that was uh that + + align:start position:0% +program. And for me that was uh that + + + align:start position:0% +program. And for me that was uh that +turned on a light bulb that you know + + align:start position:0% +turned on a light bulb that you know + + + align:start position:0% +turned on a light bulb that you know +this is good research. It's solving a + + align:start position:0% +this is good research. It's solving a + + + align:start position:0% +this is good research. It's solving a +big problem with patient engagement, + + align:start position:0% +big problem with patient engagement, + + + align:start position:0% +big problem with patient engagement, +access to care, health disparities. We + + align:start position:0% +access to care, health disparities. We + + + align:start position:0% +access to care, health disparities. We +should be trying to find ways to bring + + align:start position:0% +should be trying to find ways to bring + + + align:start position:0% +should be trying to find ways to bring +that to the real world. We showed + + align:start position:0% +that to the real world. We showed + + + align:start position:0% +that to the real world. We showed +improvements in A1C for a very high risk + + align:start position:0% +improvements in A1C for a very high risk + + + align:start position:0% +improvements in A1C for a very high risk +population. The mean A1C was 10, which + + align:start position:0% +population. The mean A1C was 10, which + + + align:start position:0% +population. The mean A1C was 10, which +if you're a clinician, you know that's + + align:start position:0% +if you're a clinician, you know that's + + + align:start position:0% +if you're a clinician, you know that's +very high um at baseline. And we had a + + align:start position:0% +very high um at baseline. And we had a + + + align:start position:0% +very high um at baseline. And we had a +group of women who were, you know, not + + align:start position:0% +group of women who were, you know, not + + + align:start position:0% +group of women who were, you know, not +necessarily sedentary um but you know + + align:start position:0% +necessarily sedentary um but you know + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily sedentary um but you know +were needing to be a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +were needing to be a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +were needing to be a little bit more +physically active. And so what happens + + align:start position:0% +physically active. And so what happens + + + align:start position:0% +physically active. And so what happens +after you do a successful research study + + align:start position:0% +after you do a successful research study + + + align:start position:0% +after you do a successful research study +is you publish, right? you publish your + + align:start position:0% +is you publish, right? you publish your + + + align:start position:0% +is you publish, right? you publish your +results, you publish a bunch of papers, + + align:start position:0% +results, you publish a bunch of papers, + + + align:start position:0% +results, you publish a bunch of papers, +you present at research meetings and you + + align:start position:0% +you present at research meetings and you + + + align:start position:0% +you present at research meetings and you +know you share your um success and then + + align:start position:0% +know you share your um success and then + + + align:start position:0% +know you share your um success and then +you try to build on that success or + + align:start position:0% +you try to build on that success or + + + align:start position:0% +you try to build on that success or +disseminate that success. And so my + + align:start position:0% +disseminate that success. And so my + + + align:start position:0% +disseminate that success. And so my +experience as an implementation + + align:start position:0% +experience as an implementation + + + align:start position:0% +experience as an implementation +specialist was, you know, I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +specialist was, you know, I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +specialist was, you know, I'm going to +try to disseminate this. But at the time + + align:start position:0% +try to disseminate this. But at the time + + + align:start position:0% +try to disseminate this. But at the time +I was uh starting to get a lot of visits + + align:start position:0% +I was uh starting to get a lot of visits + + + align:start position:0% +I was uh starting to get a lot of visits +from entrepreneurs like you asking me to + + align:start position:0% +from entrepreneurs like you asking me to + + + align:start position:0% +from entrepreneurs like you asking me to +give my opinion about uh their ideas + + align:start position:0% +give my opinion about uh their ideas + + + align:start position:0% +give my opinion about uh their ideas +about new products and I started to get + + align:start position:0% +about new products and I started to get + + + align:start position:0% +about new products and I started to get +curious about what is the entrepreneur + + align:start position:0% +curious about what is the entrepreneur + + + align:start position:0% +curious about what is the entrepreneur +process? Um what what are people doing? + + align:start position:0% +process? Um what what are people doing? + + + align:start position:0% +process? Um what what are people doing? +And it seemed like they were moving a + + align:start position:0% +And it seemed like they were moving a + + + align:start position:0% +And it seemed like they were moving a +lot faster than I could move as a as a + + align:start position:0% +lot faster than I could move as a as a + + + align:start position:0% +lot faster than I could move as a as a +health services researcher. And so I + + align:start position:0% +health services researcher. And so I + + + align:start position:0% +health services researcher. And so I +started to wonder how do I get into that + + align:start position:0% +started to wonder how do I get into that + + + align:start position:0% +started to wonder how do I get into that +lane? What does it take to start to um + + align:start position:0% +lane? What does it take to start to um + + + align:start position:0% +lane? What does it take to start to um +do uh dissemination through that + + align:start position:0% +do uh dissemination through that + + + align:start position:0% +do uh dissemination through that +pathway? And that's what yes sorry to + + align:start position:0% +pathway? And that's what yes sorry to + + + align:start position:0% +pathway? And that's what yes sorry to +interrupt before you go into the next + + align:start position:0% +interrupt before you go into the next + + + align:start position:0% +interrupt before you go into the next +step there's a question on can you + + align:start position:0% +step there's a question on can you + + + align:start position:0% +step there's a question on can you +elaborate more on the billing issues? + + align:start position:0% +elaborate more on the billing issues? + + + align:start position:0% +elaborate more on the billing issues? +On the billing issue. + + align:start position:0% +On the billing issue. + + + align:start position:0% +On the billing issue. +Yes. Yes. On the billing issue. So the + + align:start position:0% +Yes. Yes. On the billing issue. So the + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. Yes. On the billing issue. So the +the issue with medical billing is um + + align:start position:0% +the issue with medical billing is um + + + align:start position:0% +the issue with medical billing is um +that you um there the insurance + + align:start position:0% +that you um there the insurance + + + align:start position:0% +that you um there the insurance +companies have um rates for uh how much + + align:start position:0% +companies have um rates for uh how much + + + align:start position:0% +companies have um rates for uh how much +they would bill for a group visit versus + + align:start position:0% +they would bill for a group visit versus + + + align:start position:0% +they would bill for a group visit versus +how much they would bill for a + + align:start position:0% +how much they would bill for a + + + align:start position:0% +how much they would bill for a +one-on-one encounter. And so the group + + align:start position:0% +one-on-one encounter. And so the group + + + align:start position:0% +one-on-one encounter. And so the group +visit model was um reimbursement was + + align:start position:0% +visit model was um reimbursement was + + + align:start position:0% +visit model was um reimbursement was +much less than um the one-on-one + + align:start position:0% +much less than um the one-on-one + + + align:start position:0% +much less than um the one-on-one +encounter. And so the people in the + + align:start position:0% +encounter. And so the people in the + + + align:start position:0% +encounter. And so the people in the +group visit movement have managed to + + align:start position:0% +group visit movement have managed to + + + align:start position:0% +group visit movement have managed to +figure out how to um circumvent that + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to um circumvent that + + + align:start position:0% +figure out how to um circumvent that +although it still remains you know an + + align:start position:0% +although it still remains you know an + + + align:start position:0% +although it still remains you know an +issue because as you may know there's + + align:start position:0% +issue because as you may know there's + + + align:start position:0% +issue because as you may know there's +two models of of reimbursement from + + align:start position:0% +two models of of reimbursement from + + + align:start position:0% +two models of of reimbursement from +insurance companies. There's valuebased + + align:start position:0% +insurance companies. There's valuebased + + + align:start position:0% +insurance companies. There's valuebased +compensation where you get like a + + align:start position:0% +compensation where you get like a + + + align:start position:0% +compensation where you get like a +monthly subscription or you bill fee for + + align:start position:0% +monthly subscription or you bill fee for + + + align:start position:0% +monthly subscription or you bill fee for +service which is as people come you can + + align:start position:0% +service which is as people come you can + + + align:start position:0% +service which is as people come you can +bill. Now, if you're billing and you + + align:start position:0% +bill. Now, if you're billing and you + + + align:start position:0% +bill. Now, if you're billing and you +know you have everybody show up, then + + align:start position:0% +know you have everybody show up, then + + + align:start position:0% +know you have everybody show up, then +you might be able to cover your costs + + align:start position:0% +you might be able to cover your costs + + + align:start position:0% +you might be able to cover your costs +for implementing a group visit. But if + + align:start position:0% +for implementing a group visit. But if + + + align:start position:0% +for implementing a group visit. But if +enough people don't show up, then you + + align:start position:0% +enough people don't show up, then you + + + align:start position:0% +enough people don't show up, then you +don't get then you can't cover your cost + + align:start position:0% +don't get then you can't cover your cost + + + align:start position:0% +don't get then you can't cover your cost +and then your model becomes, you know, a + + align:start position:0% +and then your model becomes, you know, a + + + align:start position:0% +and then your model becomes, you know, a +a a problem for cost effectiveness. And + + align:start position:0% +a a problem for cost effectiveness. And + + + align:start position:0% +a a problem for cost effectiveness. And +so if your major barrier is getting + + align:start position:0% +so if your major barrier is getting + + + align:start position:0% +so if your major barrier is getting +people there and you can't bill unless + + align:start position:0% +people there and you can't bill unless + + + align:start position:0% +people there and you can't bill unless +they come, then your model starts to + + align:start position:0% +they come, then your model starts to + + + align:start position:0% +they come, then your model starts to +become weaker. And so, you know, group + + align:start position:0% +become weaker. And so, you know, group + + + align:start position:0% +become weaker. And so, you know, group +visits at that time had faced the + + align:start position:0% +visits at that time had faced the + + + align:start position:0% +visits at that time had faced the +barriers of um transportation and + + align:start position:0% +barriers of um transportation and + + + align:start position:0% +barriers of um transportation and +no-shows that made the the model um + + align:start position:0% +no-shows that made the the model um + + + align:start position:0% +no-shows that made the the model um +problematic for the most part. + + align:start position:0% +problematic for the most part. + + + align:start position:0% +problematic for the most part. +Engagement was part of the issue as + + align:start position:0% +Engagement was part of the issue as + + + align:start position:0% +Engagement was part of the issue as +well. Does that answer the question? I + + align:start position:0% +well. Does that answer the question? I + + + align:start position:0% +well. Does that answer the question? I +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +and I guess and and there's another + + align:start position:0% +and I guess and and there's another + + + align:start position:0% +and I guess and and there's another +question. How did you engage those with + + align:start position:0% +question. How did you engage those with + + + align:start position:0% +question. How did you engage those with +limited digital literacy? Exactly. So, + + align:start position:0% +limited digital literacy? Exactly. So, + + + align:start position:0% +limited digital literacy? Exactly. So, +so that was actually one of the most + + align:start position:0% +so that was actually one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +so that was actually one of the most +illuminating um aspects of my what my + + align:start position:0% +illuminating um aspects of my what my + + + align:start position:0% +illuminating um aspects of my what my +very first so the the paper that the my + + align:start position:0% +very first so the the paper that the my + + + align:start position:0% +very first so the the paper that the my +very first um we did a feasibility study + + align:start position:0% +very first um we did a feasibility study + + + align:start position:0% +very first um we did a feasibility study +and that was my introduction to this + + align:start position:0% +and that was my introduction to this + + + align:start position:0% +and that was my introduction to this +work and I did the qualitative + + align:start position:0% +work and I did the qualitative + + + align:start position:0% +work and I did the qualitative +assessment of the women who did + + align:start position:0% +assessment of the women who did + + + align:start position:0% +assessment of the women who did +participate in the feasibility in the + + align:start position:0% +participate in the feasibility in the + + + align:start position:0% +participate in the feasibility in the +feasibility study and at that in that + + align:start position:0% +feasibility study and at that in that + + + align:start position:0% +feasibility study and at that in that +moment we enrolled 89 women over half of + + align:start position:0% +moment we enrolled 89 women over half of + + + align:start position:0% +moment we enrolled 89 women over half of +them had never even sent an email. The + + align:start position:0% +them had never even sent an email. The + + + align:start position:0% +them had never even sent an email. The +average age was 60 years old. They had + + align:start position:0% +average age was 60 years old. They had + + + align:start position:0% +average age was 60 years old. They had +not just low health literacy, they had + + align:start position:0% +not just low health literacy, they had + + + align:start position:0% +not just low health literacy, they had +low digital literacy and poor um poor + + align:start position:0% +low digital literacy and poor um poor + + + align:start position:0% +low digital literacy and poor um poor +diabetes control. And so I was extremely + + align:start position:0% +diabetes control. And so I was extremely + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes control. And so I was extremely +skeptical that they would be able to + + align:start position:0% +skeptical that they would be able to + + + align:start position:0% +skeptical that they would be able to +participate in this program because the + + align:start position:0% +participate in this program because the + + + align:start position:0% +participate in this program because the +the gaming platform was complex. we had + + align:start position:0% +the gaming platform was complex. we had + + + align:start position:0% +the gaming platform was complex. we had +to give them um uh computers that would + + align:start position:0% +to give them um uh computers that would + + + align:start position:0% +to give them um uh computers that would +run the um application and they had to + + align:start position:0% +run the um application and they had to + + + align:start position:0% +run the um application and they had to +learn how to use a laptop. They you know + + align:start position:0% +learn how to use a laptop. They you know + + + align:start position:0% +learn how to use a laptop. They you know +they didn't have they at that time the + + align:start position:0% +they didn't have they at that time the + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't have they at that time the +many people didn't have smartphones, + + align:start position:0% +many people didn't have smartphones, + + + align:start position:0% +many people didn't have smartphones, +they had flip phones. So the whole + + align:start position:0% +they had flip phones. So the whole + + + align:start position:0% +they had flip phones. So the whole +aspect of teaching people how to + + align:start position:0% +aspect of teaching people how to + + + align:start position:0% +aspect of teaching people how to +navigate the technology was part of the + + align:start position:0% +navigate the technology was part of the + + + align:start position:0% +navigate the technology was part of the +development of agency towards the + + align:start position:0% +development of agency towards the + + + align:start position:0% +development of agency towards the +disease. And that was what really + + align:start position:0% +disease. And that was what really + + + align:start position:0% +disease. And that was what really +captured my attention was that teaching + + align:start position:0% +captured my attention was that teaching + + + align:start position:0% +captured my attention was that teaching +people how to successfully use the + + align:start position:0% +people how to successfully use the + + + align:start position:0% +people how to successfully use the +technology was actually giving them more + + align:start position:0% +technology was actually giving them more + + + align:start position:0% +technology was actually giving them more +confidence to deal with the issues that + + align:start position:0% +confidence to deal with the issues that + + + align:start position:0% +confidence to deal with the issues that +they were facing with the disease + + align:start position:0% +they were facing with the disease + + + align:start position:0% +they were facing with the disease +management. And there's interesting + + align:start position:0% +management. And there's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +management. And there's interesting +literature about that in education as + + align:start position:0% +literature about that in education as + + + align:start position:0% +literature about that in education as +well that you know using technology to + + align:start position:0% +well that you know using technology to + + + align:start position:0% +well that you know using technology to +help people build not just um digital + + align:start position:0% +help people build not just um digital + + + align:start position:0% +help people build not just um digital +literacy but literacy about a subject + + align:start position:0% +literacy but literacy about a subject + + + align:start position:0% +literacy but literacy about a subject +matter like health actually makes their + + align:start position:0% +matter like health actually makes their + + + align:start position:0% +matter like health actually makes their +confidence in dealing with their health + + align:start position:0% +confidence in dealing with their health + + + align:start position:0% +confidence in dealing with their health +um stronger and more actionable. And so + + align:start position:0% +um stronger and more actionable. And so + + + align:start position:0% +um stronger and more actionable. And so +we had to create a instructional design + + align:start position:0% +we had to create a instructional design + + + align:start position:0% +we had to create a instructional design +that integrated learning digital skills + + align:start position:0% +that integrated learning digital skills + + + align:start position:0% +that integrated learning digital skills +with learning health um management + + align:start position:0% +with learning health um management + + + align:start position:0% +with learning health um management +skills. And that's how we delivered our + + align:start position:0% +skills. And that's how we delivered our + + + align:start position:0% +skills. And that's how we delivered our +platform. And so each we had people from + + align:start position:0% +platform. And so each we had people from + + + align:start position:0% +platform. And so each we had people from +from 40 to 82 in women in control. And + + align:start position:0% +from 40 to 82 in women in control. And + + + align:start position:0% +from 40 to 82 in women in control. And +some of them it took them longer, but + + align:start position:0% +some of them it took them longer, but + + + align:start position:0% +some of them it took them longer, but +they were very they had a lot of + + align:start position:0% +they were very they had a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +they were very they had a lot of +perseverance and we gave them um we we + + align:start position:0% +perseverance and we gave them um we we + + + align:start position:0% +perseverance and we gave them um we we +gave them um training sessions and if + + align:start position:0% +gave them um training sessions and if + + + align:start position:0% +gave them um training sessions and if +they needed extra training sessions, we + + align:start position:0% +they needed extra training sessions, we + + + align:start position:0% +they needed extra training sessions, we +would give them individualized + + align:start position:0% +would give them individualized + + + align:start position:0% +would give them individualized +attention. We also had the ability + + align:start position:0% +attention. We also had the ability + + + align:start position:0% +attention. We also had the ability +because we were in control of the + + align:start position:0% +because we were in control of the + + + align:start position:0% +because we were in control of the +laptops, we could uh remote into their + + align:start position:0% +laptops, we could uh remote into their + + + align:start position:0% +laptops, we could uh remote into their +laptop if they got stuck and help them + + align:start position:0% +laptop if they got stuck and help them + + + align:start position:0% +laptop if they got stuck and help them +get unstuck. So those tools helped us + + align:start position:0% +get unstuck. So those tools helped us + + + align:start position:0% +get unstuck. So those tools helped us +navigate large groups of people at the + + align:start position:0% +navigate large groups of people at the + + + align:start position:0% +navigate large groups of people at the +same time with different levels of + + align:start position:0% +same time with different levels of + + + align:start position:0% +same time with different levels of +digital literacy and we still use those + + align:start position:0% +digital literacy and we still use those + + + align:start position:0% +digital literacy and we still use those +skills today in seeyou yourself's + + align:start position:0% +skills today in seeyou yourself's + + + align:start position:0% +skills today in seeyou yourself's +program hope app to help people with + + align:start position:0% +program hope app to help people with + + + align:start position:0% +program hope app to help people with +digital literacy barriers. + + align:start position:0% +digital literacy barriers. + + + align:start position:0% +digital literacy barriers. +Does that does that help? I think that + + align:start position:0% +Does that does that help? I think that + + + align:start position:0% +Does that does that help? I think that +answers the question. Yeah. Great. All + + align:start position:0% +answers the question. Yeah. Great. All + + + align:start position:0% +answers the question. Yeah. Great. All +right. So after um after we published um + + align:start position:0% +right. So after um after we published um + + + align:start position:0% +right. So after um after we published um +I started doing talks and and sharing + + align:start position:0% +I started doing talks and and sharing + + + align:start position:0% +I started doing talks and and sharing +the results with uh about our success + + align:start position:0% +the results with uh about our success + + + align:start position:0% +the results with uh about our success +and um I met through one of my + + align:start position:0% +and um I met through one of my + + + align:start position:0% +and um I met through one of my +presentations. I met the CEO at + + align:start position:0% +presentations. I met the CEO at + + + align:start position:0% +presentations. I met the CEO at +Guisinger Health Plan in Pennsylvania + + align:start position:0% +Guisinger Health Plan in Pennsylvania + + + align:start position:0% +Guisinger Health Plan in Pennsylvania +which is known to be a very innovative + + align:start position:0% +which is known to be a very innovative + + + align:start position:0% +which is known to be a very innovative +health system in terms of designing + + align:start position:0% +health system in terms of designing + + + align:start position:0% +health system in terms of designing +health service um models and uh Dr. + + align:start position:0% +health service um models and uh Dr. + + + align:start position:0% +health service um models and uh Dr. +Fineberg invited us to uh implement + + align:start position:0% +Fineberg invited us to uh implement + + + align:start position:0% +Fineberg invited us to uh implement +women in control in Pennsylvania and + + align:start position:0% +women in control in Pennsylvania and + + + align:start position:0% +women in control in Pennsylvania and +gave us our first contract and with that + + align:start position:0% +gave us our first contract and with that + + + align:start position:0% +gave us our first contract and with that +funding I established seeyou yourself + + align:start position:0% +funding I established seeyou yourself + + + align:start position:0% +funding I established seeyou yourself +health and um became an entrepreneur. I + + align:start position:0% +health and um became an entrepreneur. I + + + align:start position:0% +health and um became an entrepreneur. I +it took me a long time I I really uh for + + align:start position:0% +it took me a long time I I really uh for + + + align:start position:0% +it took me a long time I I really uh for +the most part would consider myself a + + align:start position:0% +the most part would consider myself a + + + align:start position:0% +the most part would consider myself a +founder. I took me a long time to really + + align:start position:0% +founder. I took me a long time to really + + + align:start position:0% +founder. I took me a long time to really +feel like an entrepreneur. Um but I + + align:start position:0% +feel like an entrepreneur. Um but I + + + align:start position:0% +feel like an entrepreneur. Um but I +decided to take that opportunity to um + + align:start position:0% +decided to take that opportunity to um + + + align:start position:0% +decided to take that opportunity to um +go on that journey and uh it's been a + + align:start position:0% +go on that journey and uh it's been a + + + align:start position:0% +go on that journey and uh it's been a +life-changing experience uh to both um + + align:start position:0% +life-changing experience uh to both um + + + align:start position:0% +life-changing experience uh to both um +try something new um that was really not + + align:start position:0% +try something new um that was really not + + + align:start position:0% +try something new um that was really not +in my wheelhouse um and to uh learn the + + align:start position:0% +in my wheelhouse um and to uh learn the + + + align:start position:0% +in my wheelhouse um and to uh learn the +skills that it takes to be an + + align:start position:0% +skills that it takes to be an + + + align:start position:0% +skills that it takes to be an +entrepreneur. And I would love to ask + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur. And I would love to ask + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur. And I would love to ask +another question to the group and just + + align:start position:0% +another question to the group and just + + + align:start position:0% +another question to the group and just +say who here woke up one day at 5 years + + align:start position:0% +say who here woke up one day at 5 years + + + align:start position:0% +say who here woke up one day at 5 years +old and said I want to be an + + align:start position:0% +old and said I want to be an + + + align:start position:0% +old and said I want to be an +entrepreneur. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm guessing that most of you thought I + + align:start position:0% +I'm guessing that most of you thought I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm guessing that most of you thought I +I want to I want to have a lemonade + + align:start position:0% +I want to I want to have a lemonade + + + align:start position:0% +I want to I want to have a lemonade +stand. Um maybe I want to have a I want + + align:start position:0% +stand. Um maybe I want to have a I want + + + align:start position:0% +stand. Um maybe I want to have a I want +to be a fireman or a or a princess. Um, + + align:start position:0% +to be a fireman or a or a princess. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +to be a fireman or a or a princess. Um, +but you know, most people most people + + align:start position:0% +but you know, most people most people + + + align:start position:0% +but you know, most people most people +don't wake up and say, I you know, I + + align:start position:0% +don't wake up and say, I you know, I + + + align:start position:0% +don't wake up and say, I you know, I +want to be an entrepreneur when I grow + + align:start position:0% +want to be an entrepreneur when I grow + + + align:start position:0% +want to be an entrepreneur when I grow +up. And and and yet my greatest obstacle + + align:start position:0% +up. And and and yet my greatest obstacle + + + align:start position:0% +up. And and and yet my greatest obstacle +was I'm not an entrepreneur. Like I + + align:start position:0% +was I'm not an entrepreneur. Like I + + + align:start position:0% +was I'm not an entrepreneur. Like I +thought to be a doctor, you had to know + + align:start position:0% +thought to be a doctor, you had to know + + + align:start position:0% +thought to be a doctor, you had to know +you wanted to be a doctor when you were + + align:start position:0% +you wanted to be a doctor when you were + + + align:start position:0% +you wanted to be a doctor when you were +born. And I learned that, you know, you + + align:start position:0% +born. And I learned that, you know, you + + + align:start position:0% +born. And I learned that, you know, you +could become a doctor. And so I kind of + + align:start position:0% +could become a doctor. And so I kind of + + + align:start position:0% +could become a doctor. And so I kind of +used that I idea to um allow myself to + + align:start position:0% +used that I idea to um allow myself to + + + align:start position:0% +used that I idea to um allow myself to +take the journey to become an + + align:start position:0% +take the journey to become an + + + align:start position:0% +take the journey to become an +entrepreneur. And it really was the MIT + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur. And it really was the MIT + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur. And it really was the MIT +program that showed me that I could do + + align:start position:0% +program that showed me that I could do + + + align:start position:0% +program that showed me that I could do +that. You know, I up until that time I + + align:start position:0% +that. You know, I up until that time I + + + align:start position:0% +that. You know, I up until that time I +thought entrepreneurs were born and you + + align:start position:0% +thought entrepreneurs were born and you + + + align:start position:0% +thought entrepreneurs were born and you +know that you you really had to have + + align:start position:0% +know that you you really had to have + + + align:start position:0% +know that you you really had to have +that. Um and you do have to have a + + align:start position:0% +that. Um and you do have to have a + + + align:start position:0% +that. Um and you do have to have a +certain disposition to be an + + align:start position:0% +certain disposition to be an + + + align:start position:0% +certain disposition to be an +entrepreneur but you can learn what it + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur but you can learn what it + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur but you can learn what it +takes to be an entrepreneur. And I think + + align:start position:0% +takes to be an entrepreneur. And I think + + + align:start position:0% +takes to be an entrepreneur. And I think +that was um something that I really + + align:start position:0% +that was um something that I really + + + align:start position:0% +that was um something that I really +contribute to the MIT program um and my + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the MIT program um and my + + + align:start position:0% +contribute to the MIT program um and my +experiences and in the boot camp that + + align:start position:0% +experiences and in the boot camp that + + + align:start position:0% +experiences and in the boot camp that +taught me you can become an entrepreneur + + align:start position:0% +taught me you can become an entrepreneur + + + align:start position:0% +taught me you can become an entrepreneur +um and but you can't do it alone. It's + + align:start position:0% +um and but you can't do it alone. It's + + + align:start position:0% +um and but you can't do it alone. It's +definitely not something to do alone and + + align:start position:0% +definitely not something to do alone and + + + align:start position:0% +definitely not something to do alone and +I I think that is important. So, we set + + align:start position:0% +I I think that is important. So, we set + + + align:start position:0% +I I think that is important. So, we set +up um we used the funding from Guisinger + + align:start position:0% +up um we used the funding from Guisinger + + + align:start position:0% +up um we used the funding from Guisinger +to set up See Yourself Health, which is + + align:start position:0% +to set up See Yourself Health, which is + + + align:start position:0% +to set up See Yourself Health, which is +our um our early stage startup that's + + align:start position:0% +our um our early stage startup that's + + + align:start position:0% +our um our early stage startup that's +still in the you know that we're still + + align:start position:0% +still in the you know that we're still + + + align:start position:0% +still in the you know that we're still +building and we're still growing and + + align:start position:0% +building and we're still growing and + + + align:start position:0% +building and we're still growing and +still launching. Um and we um our + + align:start position:0% +still launching. Um and we um our + + + align:start position:0% +still launching. Um and we um our +platform is called the Hope app. The + + align:start position:0% +platform is called the Hope app. The + + + align:start position:0% +platform is called the Hope app. The +Hope platform B really modeled on hope + + align:start position:0% +Hope platform B really modeled on hope + + + align:start position:0% +Hope platform B really modeled on hope +uh healthy opportunities and personal + + align:start position:0% +uh healthy opportunities and personal + + + align:start position:0% +uh healthy opportunities and personal +empowerment. And what we're doing is + + align:start position:0% +empowerment. And what we're doing is + + + align:start position:0% +empowerment. And what we're doing is +delivering group- based care with an + + align:start position:0% +delivering group- based care with an + + + align:start position:0% +delivering group- based care with an +immersive technology uh platform that we + + align:start position:0% +immersive technology uh platform that we + + + align:start position:0% +immersive technology uh platform that we +call um immersive an immersive teleaalth + + align:start position:0% +call um immersive an immersive teleaalth + + + align:start position:0% +call um immersive an immersive teleaalth +platform and what I had to learn going + + align:start position:0% +platform and what I had to learn going + + + align:start position:0% +platform and what I had to learn going +from a health services research because + + align:start position:0% +from a health services research because + + + align:start position:0% +from a health services research because +as a researcher your story is kind of + + align:start position:0% +as a researcher your story is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +as a researcher your story is kind of +done a a lot of times once the research + + align:start position:0% +done a a lot of times once the research + + + align:start position:0% +done a a lot of times once the research +is done and you either get an + + align:start position:0% +is done and you either get an + + + align:start position:0% +is done and you either get an +implementation grant and you study + + align:start position:0% +implementation grant and you study + + + align:start position:0% +implementation grant and you study +implementation or you go on to do + + align:start position:0% +implementation or you go on to do + + + align:start position:0% +implementation or you go on to do +something different and your work is + + align:start position:0% +something different and your work is + + + align:start position:0% +something different and your work is +done. Um, and but my experience was good + + align:start position:0% +done. Um, and but my experience was good + + + align:start position:0% +done. Um, and but my experience was good +research should go out into the world + + align:start position:0% +research should go out into the world + + + align:start position:0% +research should go out into the world +and serve. And so I started to try to + + align:start position:0% +and serve. And so I started to try to + + + align:start position:0% +and serve. And so I started to try to +find how how do you take something out + + align:start position:0% +find how how do you take something out + + + align:start position:0% +find how how do you take something out +into the world and sustain it outside of + + align:start position:0% +into the world and sustain it outside of + + + align:start position:0% +into the world and sustain it outside of +a research um environment? And there was + + align:start position:0% +a research um environment? And there was + + + align:start position:0% +a research um environment? And there was +a lot I had to learn along the way. And + + align:start position:0% +a lot I had to learn along the way. And + + + align:start position:0% +a lot I had to learn along the way. And +you know, I think the first thing is one + + align:start position:0% +you know, I think the first thing is one + + + align:start position:0% +you know, I think the first thing is one +way to do that is to, you know, get + + align:start position:0% +way to do that is to, you know, get + + + align:start position:0% +way to do that is to, you know, get +people on your team that have experience + + align:start position:0% +people on your team that have experience + + + align:start position:0% +people on your team that have experience +doing that and, you know, know how to do + + align:start position:0% +doing that and, you know, know how to do + + + align:start position:0% +doing that and, you know, know how to do +it. But most entrepreneurs are, you + + align:start position:0% +it. But most entrepreneurs are, you + + + align:start position:0% +it. But most entrepreneurs are, you +know, highly motivated, missiondriven + + align:start position:0% +know, highly motivated, missiondriven + + + align:start position:0% +know, highly motivated, missiondriven +people with a vision, um, but don't know + + align:start position:0% +people with a vision, um, but don't know + + + align:start position:0% +people with a vision, um, but don't know +all the steps it takes to be successful. + + align:start position:0% +all the steps it takes to be successful. + + + align:start position:0% +all the steps it takes to be successful. +That's my experience. And, and I think + + align:start position:0% +That's my experience. And, and I think + + + align:start position:0% +That's my experience. And, and I think +that, you know, it's a very steep + + align:start position:0% +that, you know, it's a very steep + + + align:start position:0% +that, you know, it's a very steep +learning curve. Uh, but it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +learning curve. Uh, but it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +learning curve. Uh, but it's a it's a +very exciting journey and you I think + + align:start position:0% +very exciting journey and you I think + + + align:start position:0% +very exciting journey and you I think +the the if you have the people to do it + + align:start position:0% +the the if you have the people to do it + + + align:start position:0% +the the if you have the people to do it +that inspire you along the way, then it + + align:start position:0% +that inspire you along the way, then it + + + align:start position:0% +that inspire you along the way, then it +can be a very positive experience. So uh + + align:start position:0% +can be a very positive experience. So uh + + + align:start position:0% +can be a very positive experience. So uh +one of the questions that was uh asked + + align:start position:0% +one of the questions that was uh asked + + + align:start position:0% +one of the questions that was uh asked +of me was what so what was the problem + + align:start position:0% +of me was what so what was the problem + + + align:start position:0% +of me was what so what was the problem +that you were trying to solve? And uh + + align:start position:0% +that you were trying to solve? And uh + + + align:start position:0% +that you were trying to solve? And uh +you know we focused on diabetes because + + align:start position:0% +you know we focused on diabetes because + + + align:start position:0% +you know we focused on diabetes because +women in control was we were resting our + + align:start position:0% +women in control was we were resting our + + + align:start position:0% +women in control was we were resting our +um our our success on women in control. + + align:start position:0% +um our our success on women in control. + + + align:start position:0% +um our our success on women in control. +And at that time the one of the + + align:start position:0% +And at that time the one of the + + + align:start position:0% +And at that time the one of the +questions I was asked was what um + + align:start position:0% +questions I was asked was what um + + + align:start position:0% +questions I was asked was what um +assumptions did you make along the way + + align:start position:0% +assumptions did you make along the way + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions did you make along the way +that might have been incorrect? And one + + align:start position:0% +that might have been incorrect? And one + + + align:start position:0% +that might have been incorrect? And one +of them was that my research was enough. + + align:start position:0% +of them was that my research was enough. + + + align:start position:0% +of them was that my research was enough. +That my successful research program was + + align:start position:0% +That my successful research program was + + + align:start position:0% +That my successful research program was +going to be enough to be um convincing + + align:start position:0% +going to be enough to be um convincing + + + align:start position:0% +going to be enough to be um convincing +to get people to partner with me that + + align:start position:0% +to get people to partner with me that + + + align:start position:0% +to get people to partner with me that +people would just be dying to partner + + align:start position:0% +people would just be dying to partner + + + align:start position:0% +people would just be dying to partner +with me. Um kind of like what happened + + align:start position:0% +with me. Um kind of like what happened + + + align:start position:0% +with me. Um kind of like what happened +with Project Red because uh you know + + align:start position:0% +with Project Red because uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +with Project Red because uh you know +that's what my experience was. My what I + + align:start position:0% +that's what my experience was. My what I + + + align:start position:0% +that's what my experience was. My what I +didn't realize was that one and this is + + align:start position:0% +didn't realize was that one and this is + + + align:start position:0% +didn't realize was that one and this is +something you should be aware of you the + + align:start position:0% +something you should be aware of you the + + + align:start position:0% +something you should be aware of you the +argument that people want to reduce + + align:start position:0% +argument that people want to reduce + + + align:start position:0% +argument that people want to reduce +readmissions isn't the same for all + + align:start position:0% +readmissions isn't the same for all + + + align:start position:0% +readmissions isn't the same for all +stakeholders in the healthcare + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders in the healthcare + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders in the healthcare +ecosystem. + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem. + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem. +two that you know um that different + + align:start position:0% +two that you know um that different + + + align:start position:0% +two that you know um that different +stakeholders in in in the healthcare + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders in in in the healthcare + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders in in in the healthcare +ecosystem might need to be served at the + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem might need to be served at the + + + align:start position:0% +ecosystem might need to be served at the +same time which is something new about + + align:start position:0% +same time which is something new about + + + align:start position:0% +same time which is something new about +healthcare right if you're an + + align:start position:0% +healthcare right if you're an + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare right if you're an +entrepreneur in another in another area + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur in another in another area + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur in another in another area +you might have one stakeholder that's + + align:start position:0% +you might have one stakeholder that's + + + align:start position:0% +you might have one stakeholder that's +you know your decision maker in + + align:start position:0% +you know your decision maker in + + + align:start position:0% +you know your decision maker in +healthcare it's multiple you need to you + + align:start position:0% +healthcare it's multiple you need to you + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare it's multiple you need to you +know your your success depends on + + align:start position:0% +know your your success depends on + + + align:start position:0% +know your your success depends on +patients adopting or providers adopting + + align:start position:0% +patients adopting or providers adopting + + + align:start position:0% +patients adopting or providers adopting +your solution um and health plans being + + align:start position:0% +your solution um and health plans being + + + align:start position:0% +your solution um and health plans being +willing to pay for it or somebody has to + + align:start position:0% +willing to pay for it or somebody has to + + + align:start position:0% +willing to pay for it or somebody has to +be willing to pay for it. And so one of + + align:start position:0% +be willing to pay for it. And so one of + + + align:start position:0% +be willing to pay for it. And so one of +my, you know, assumptions going into + + align:start position:0% +my, you know, assumptions going into + + + align:start position:0% +my, you know, assumptions going into +this was my research success, you know, + + align:start position:0% +this was my research success, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +this was my research success, you know, +outcomes were going to be enough to get + + align:start position:0% +outcomes were going to be enough to get + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes were going to be enough to get +me um on the path to success. And and it + + align:start position:0% +me um on the path to success. And and it + + + align:start position:0% +me um on the path to success. And and it +wasn't. It it got me to the first step, + + align:start position:0% +wasn't. It it got me to the first step, + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't. It it got me to the first step, +which was with Guisinger. I I was + + align:start position:0% +which was with Guisinger. I I was + + + align:start position:0% +which was with Guisinger. I I was +extremely fortunate that Dr. Fineberg + + align:start position:0% +extremely fortunate that Dr. Fineberg + + + align:start position:0% +extremely fortunate that Dr. Fineberg +was um really um driven by patient + + align:start position:0% +was um really um driven by patient + + + align:start position:0% +was um really um driven by patient +engagement and our success with patient + + align:start position:0% +engagement and our success with patient + + + align:start position:0% +engagement and our success with patient +engagement was um you know the the thing + + align:start position:0% +engagement was um you know the the thing + + + align:start position:0% +engagement was um you know the the thing +that got us started but it didn't get us + + align:start position:0% +that got us started but it didn't get us + + + align:start position:0% +that got us started but it didn't get us +all the way there. Um so why did we + + align:start position:0% +all the way there. Um so why did we + + + align:start position:0% +all the way there. Um so why did we +start diabetes? Because diabetes group + + align:start position:0% +start diabetes? Because diabetes group + + + align:start position:0% +start diabetes? Because diabetes group +visits was the most established + + align:start position:0% +visits was the most established + + + align:start position:0% +visits was the most established +evidence-based group visit but there are + + align:start position:0% +evidence-based group visit but there are + + + align:start position:0% +evidence-based group visit but there are +other group visit models um that you can + + align:start position:0% +other group visit models um that you can + + + align:start position:0% +other group visit models um that you can +translate to. And that's one of the + + align:start position:0% +translate to. And that's one of the + + + align:start position:0% +translate to. And that's one of the +advantages of doing a platform that can + + align:start position:0% +advantages of doing a platform that can + + + align:start position:0% +advantages of doing a platform that can +be translated to other verticals. But + + align:start position:0% +be translated to other verticals. But + + + align:start position:0% +be translated to other verticals. But +the other thing I learned early in my + + align:start position:0% +the other thing I learned early in my + + + align:start position:0% +the other thing I learned early in my +entrepreneur journey was stay focused. + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur journey was stay focused. + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneur journey was stay focused. +Don't try to solve all the problems. + + align:start position:0% +Don't try to solve all the problems. + + + align:start position:0% +Don't try to solve all the problems. +Stay focused. And so today I'm still + + align:start position:0% +Stay focused. And so today I'm still + + + align:start position:0% +Stay focused. And so today I'm still +working on diabetes because one it's not + + align:start position:0% +working on diabetes because one it's not + + + align:start position:0% +working on diabetes because one it's not +solved and two there's a huge business + + align:start position:0% +solved and two there's a huge business + + + align:start position:0% +solved and two there's a huge business +case board study you know trying to + + align:start position:0% +case board study you know trying to + + + align:start position:0% +case board study you know trying to +solve uh problems with diabetes and + + align:start position:0% +solve uh problems with diabetes and + + + align:start position:0% +solve uh problems with diabetes and +three it's because that's where I have + + align:start position:0% +three it's because that's where I have + + + align:start position:0% +three it's because that's where I have +the most experience um but you know + + align:start position:0% +the most experience um but you know + + + align:start position:0% +the most experience um but you know +translating it now we have enough + + align:start position:0% +translating it now we have enough + + + align:start position:0% +translating it now we have enough +expertise that we can start talking to + + align:start position:0% +expertise that we can start talking to + + + align:start position:0% +expertise that we can start talking to +people about translating what we do for + + align:start position:0% +people about translating what we do for + + + align:start position:0% +people about translating what we do for +people with substance use disorders for + + align:start position:0% +people with substance use disorders for + + + align:start position:0% +people with substance use disorders for +caregivers for I have a group with + + align:start position:0% +caregivers for I have a group with + + + align:start position:0% +caregivers for I have a group with +autism them uh that's interested in our + + align:start position:0% +autism them uh that's interested in our + + + align:start position:0% +autism them uh that's interested in our +platform and our instructional design. + + align:start position:0% +platform and our instructional design. + + + align:start position:0% +platform and our instructional design. +So, you know, that's another lesson that + + align:start position:0% +So, you know, that's another lesson that + + + align:start position:0% +So, you know, that's another lesson that +I had to learn was the discipline of + + align:start position:0% +I had to learn was the discipline of + + + align:start position:0% +I had to learn was the discipline of +staying focused. And so, the problem we + + align:start position:0% +staying focused. And so, the problem we + + + align:start position:0% +staying focused. And so, the problem we +were solving is and and this is + + align:start position:0% +were solving is and and this is + + + align:start position:0% +were solving is and and this is +something as an entrepreneur + + align:start position:0% +something as an entrepreneur + + + align:start position:0% +something as an entrepreneur +I I I don't know if how long I can't + + align:start position:0% +I I I don't know if how long I can't + + + align:start position:0% +I I I don't know if how long I can't +tell you how many times I had to iterate + + align:start position:0% +tell you how many times I had to iterate + + + align:start position:0% +tell you how many times I had to iterate +on the problem statement. And so if you + + align:start position:0% +on the problem statement. And so if you + + + align:start position:0% +on the problem statement. And so if you +find yourself, you know, a year from now + + align:start position:0% +find yourself, you know, a year from now + + + align:start position:0% +find yourself, you know, a year from now +still trying to refine your problem + + align:start position:0% +still trying to refine your problem + + + align:start position:0% +still trying to refine your problem +statement, you're not alone. This is a + + align:start position:0% +statement, you're not alone. This is a + + + align:start position:0% +statement, you're not alone. This is a +hard thing to define. It's very hard to + + align:start position:0% +hard thing to define. It's very hard to + + + align:start position:0% +hard thing to define. It's very hard to +be able to say your problem statement in + + align:start position:0% +be able to say your problem statement in + + + align:start position:0% +be able to say your problem statement in +a way that makes, you know, that makes + + align:start position:0% +a way that makes, you know, that makes + + + align:start position:0% +a way that makes, you know, that makes +sense. And so our problem statement is + + align:start position:0% +sense. And so our problem statement is + + + align:start position:0% +sense. And so our problem statement is +living with diabetes is a full-time job. + + align:start position:0% +living with diabetes is a full-time job. + + + align:start position:0% +living with diabetes is a full-time job. +That's what our patients told us. We've + + align:start position:0% +That's what our patients told us. We've + + + align:start position:0% +That's what our patients told us. We've +talked to hundreds of patients and many + + align:start position:0% +talked to hundreds of patients and many + + + align:start position:0% +talked to hundreds of patients and many +health um many health system leaders and + + align:start position:0% +health um many health system leaders and + + + align:start position:0% +health um many health system leaders and +and health plan leaders. We did um + + align:start position:0% +and health plan leaders. We did um + + + align:start position:0% +and health plan leaders. We did um +participate in the NIH C3I program and + + align:start position:0% +participate in the NIH C3I program and + + + align:start position:0% +participate in the NIH C3I program and +did all the whole customer discovery + + align:start position:0% +did all the whole customer discovery + + + align:start position:0% +did all the whole customer discovery +process. Um and at this point, you know, + + align:start position:0% +process. Um and at this point, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +process. Um and at this point, you know, +my my informed what was really informing + + align:start position:0% +my my informed what was really informing + + + align:start position:0% +my my informed what was really informing +me was my patient um input. And so + + align:start position:0% +me was my patient um input. And so + + + align:start position:0% +me was my patient um input. And so +diabetes, a full-time job. Twothirds of + + align:start position:0% +diabetes, a full-time job. Twothirds of + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes, a full-time job. Twothirds of +37 million people living with diabetes + + align:start position:0% +37 million people living with diabetes + + + align:start position:0% +37 million people living with diabetes +struggle to manage their care. And as a + + align:start position:0% +struggle to manage their care. And as a + + + align:start position:0% +struggle to manage their care. And as a +result, almost half have poorly + + align:start position:0% +result, almost half have poorly + + + align:start position:0% +result, almost half have poorly +controlled diabetes, which leads to + + align:start position:0% +controlled diabetes, which leads to + + + align:start position:0% +controlled diabetes, which leads to +complications, unnecessary hospital + + align:start position:0% +complications, unnecessary hospital + + + align:start position:0% +complications, unnecessary hospital +visits, consequences, long-term + + align:start position:0% +visits, consequences, long-term + + + align:start position:0% +visits, consequences, long-term +consequences, and higher cost. And the + + align:start position:0% +consequences, and higher cost. And the + + + align:start position:0% +consequences, and higher cost. And the +hard part about diabetes is what you see + + align:start position:0% +hard part about diabetes is what you see + + + align:start position:0% +hard part about diabetes is what you see +in front of you. There's four + + align:start position:0% +in front of you. There's four + + + align:start position:0% +in front of you. There's four +stakeholders. + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders. + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders. +There's people who are working as care + + align:start position:0% +There's people who are working as care + + + align:start position:0% +There's people who are working as care +managers. There's health plan + + align:start position:0% +managers. There's health plan + + + align:start position:0% +managers. There's health plan +executives, there's providers, and + + align:start position:0% +executives, there's providers, and + + + align:start position:0% +executives, there's providers, and +there's patients all in the, you know, + + align:start position:0% +there's patients all in the, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +there's patients all in the, you know, +stakeholder chain of um, you know, + + align:start position:0% +stakeholder chain of um, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholder chain of um, you know, +people that could be impacted by your + + align:start position:0% +people that could be impacted by your + + + align:start position:0% +people that could be impacted by your +product. And so understanding, you know, + + align:start position:0% +product. And so understanding, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +product. And so understanding, you know, +who is the where is your entryway into + + align:start position:0% +who is the where is your entryway into + + + align:start position:0% +who is the where is your entryway into +the market, which one of these + + align:start position:0% +the market, which one of these + + + align:start position:0% +the market, which one of these +stakeholders is going to get you there, + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders is going to get you there, + + + align:start position:0% +stakeholders is going to get you there, +um, is important to, you know, your + + align:start position:0% +um, is important to, you know, your + + + align:start position:0% +um, is important to, you know, your +success in going to market. So 7% of + + align:start position:0% +success in going to market. So 7% of + + + align:start position:0% +success in going to market. So 7% of +people with diabetes don't get the + + align:start position:0% +people with diabetes don't get the + + + align:start position:0% +people with diabetes don't get the +self-management education. they need to + + align:start position:0% +self-management education. they need to + + + align:start position:0% +self-management education. they need to +actually be successful in managing it. + + align:start position:0% +actually be successful in managing it. + + + align:start position:0% +actually be successful in managing it. +As a result, health plans pay, you know, + + align:start position:0% +As a result, health plans pay, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +As a result, health plans pay, you know, +two and a half to three times more for a + + align:start position:0% +two and a half to three times more for a + + + align:start position:0% +two and a half to three times more for a +diabetes patient than they do for a + + align:start position:0% +diabetes patient than they do for a + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes patient than they do for a +person with well-controlled diabetes or + + align:start position:0% +person with well-controlled diabetes or + + + align:start position:0% +person with well-controlled diabetes or +no diabetes. There's high rates of ER + + align:start position:0% +no diabetes. There's high rates of ER + + + align:start position:0% +no diabetes. There's high rates of ER +use because of that. And half of people + + align:start position:0% +use because of that. And half of people + + + align:start position:0% +use because of that. And half of people +end up facing consequences. + + align:start position:0% +end up facing consequences. + + + align:start position:0% +end up facing consequences. +So, as you go on your entrepreneur + + align:start position:0% +So, as you go on your entrepreneur + + + align:start position:0% +So, as you go on your entrepreneur +journey, you'll become familiar with the + + align:start position:0% +journey, you'll become familiar with the + + + align:start position:0% +journey, you'll become familiar with the +idea of having a persona. + + align:start position:0% +idea of having a persona. + + + align:start position:0% +idea of having a persona. +So Martha is our persona. Meet Martha. + + align:start position:0% +So Martha is our persona. Meet Martha. + + + align:start position:0% +So Martha is our persona. Meet Martha. +Martha is a composite of all the + + align:start position:0% +Martha is a composite of all the + + + align:start position:0% +Martha is a composite of all the +patients I've ever met with diabetes. + + align:start position:0% +patients I've ever met with diabetes. + + + align:start position:0% +patients I've ever met with diabetes. +And this like living with diabetes, a + + align:start position:0% +And this like living with diabetes, a + + + align:start position:0% +And this like living with diabetes, a +full-time job is a quote from one of my + + align:start position:0% +full-time job is a quote from one of my + + + align:start position:0% +full-time job is a quote from one of my +patients. Martha is probably been living + + align:start position:0% +patients. Martha is probably been living + + + align:start position:0% +patients. Martha is probably been living +with diabetes for five years or more. + + align:start position:0% +with diabetes for five years or more. + + + align:start position:0% +with diabetes for five years or more. +She has had her ups and downs most of + + align:start position:0% +She has had her ups and downs most of + + + align:start position:0% +She has had her ups and downs most of +her life, managing weight and then + + align:start position:0% +her life, managing weight and then + + + align:start position:0% +her life, managing weight and then +managing pre-diabetes and then + + align:start position:0% +managing pre-diabetes and then + + + align:start position:0% +managing pre-diabetes and then +ultimately being diagnosed with + + align:start position:0% +ultimately being diagnosed with + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately being diagnosed with +diabetes. She is feeling exhausted and + + align:start position:0% +diabetes. She is feeling exhausted and + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes. She is feeling exhausted and +burned out with her attempts to get her + + align:start position:0% +burned out with her attempts to get her + + + align:start position:0% +burned out with her attempts to get her +diabetes under control and is starting + + align:start position:0% +diabetes under control and is starting + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes under control and is starting +to experience a phenomenon known as + + align:start position:0% +to experience a phenomenon known as + + + align:start position:0% +to experience a phenomenon known as +burnout, diabetes burnout. And she's not + + align:start position:0% +burnout, diabetes burnout. And she's not + + + align:start position:0% +burnout, diabetes burnout. And she's not +taking her medicines and she's, you + + align:start position:0% +taking her medicines and she's, you + + + align:start position:0% +taking her medicines and she's, you +know, kind of in a a place of giving up. + + align:start position:0% +know, kind of in a a place of giving up. + + + align:start position:0% +know, kind of in a a place of giving up. +And as a result, her risk for + + align:start position:0% +And as a result, her risk for + + + align:start position:0% +And as a result, her risk for +complications is increased four-fold. + + align:start position:0% +complications is increased four-fold. + + + align:start position:0% +complications is increased four-fold. +Her cost of care is going up because + + align:start position:0% +Her cost of care is going up because + + + align:start position:0% +Her cost of care is going up because +she's facing acute complications. She's + + align:start position:0% +she's facing acute complications. She's + + + align:start position:0% +she's facing acute complications. She's +disengaged, not showing up for + + align:start position:0% +disengaged, not showing up for + + + align:start position:0% +disengaged, not showing up for +appointments, and she has poor control. + + align:start position:0% +appointments, and she has poor control. + + + align:start position:0% +appointments, and she has poor control. +And that's this person is experiencing + + align:start position:0% +And that's this person is experiencing + + + align:start position:0% +And that's this person is experiencing +what we call diabetes distress. And it's + + align:start position:0% +what we call diabetes distress. And it's + + + align:start position:0% +what we call diabetes distress. And it's +an actual marker that we tr that we + + align:start position:0% +an actual marker that we tr that we + + + align:start position:0% +an actual marker that we tr that we +monitor our patients for and is an + + align:start position:0% +monitor our patients for and is an + + + align:start position:0% +monitor our patients for and is an +indicator of one, who is our target + + align:start position:0% +indicator of one, who is our target + + + align:start position:0% +indicator of one, who is our target +patient. It's a person with a high + + align:start position:0% +patient. It's a person with a high + + + align:start position:0% +patient. It's a person with a high +diabetes distress score, and we've + + align:start position:0% +diabetes distress score, and we've + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes distress score, and we've +confirmed that with our research data, + + align:start position:0% +confirmed that with our research data, + + + align:start position:0% +confirmed that with our research data, +and it's a person who's most likely to + + align:start position:0% +and it's a person who's most likely to + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a person who's most likely to +improve quickly with our support. And so + + align:start position:0% +improve quickly with our support. And so + + + align:start position:0% +improve quickly with our support. And so +when you're thinking about who is your + + align:start position:0% +when you're thinking about who is your + + + align:start position:0% +when you're thinking about who is your +persona, that's the kind of person + + align:start position:0% +persona, that's the kind of person + + + align:start position:0% +persona, that's the kind of person +you're, you know, you want to identify + + align:start position:0% +you're, you know, you want to identify + + + align:start position:0% +you're, you know, you want to identify +to that level of specificity, you know, + + align:start position:0% +to that level of specificity, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +to that level of specificity, you know, +and I would add Martha has a smartphone + + align:start position:0% +and I would add Martha has a smartphone + + + align:start position:0% +and I would add Martha has a smartphone +and she's comfortable using a tablet, + + align:start position:0% +and she's comfortable using a tablet, + + + align:start position:0% +and she's comfortable using a tablet, +but she doesn't really use computers and + + align:start position:0% +but she doesn't really use computers and + + + align:start position:0% +but she doesn't really use computers and +so she has a little bit of a digital + + align:start position:0% +so she has a little bit of a digital + + + align:start position:0% +so she has a little bit of a digital +barrier um to using our tablet, but + + align:start position:0% +barrier um to using our tablet, but + + + align:start position:0% +barrier um to using our tablet, but +she's not um she she's open to learning + + align:start position:0% +she's not um she she's open to learning + + + align:start position:0% +she's not um she she's open to learning +and that is our persona. So what is the + + align:start position:0% +and that is our persona. So what is the + + + align:start position:0% +and that is our persona. So what is the +problem is self-management? If you're + + align:start position:0% +problem is self-management? If you're + + + align:start position:0% +problem is self-management? If you're +not familiar with self-management, + + align:start position:0% +not familiar with self-management, + + + align:start position:0% +not familiar with self-management, +substance use disorder requires a + + align:start position:0% +substance use disorder requires a + + + align:start position:0% +substance use disorder requires a +tremendous amount of self-management. + + align:start position:0% +tremendous amount of self-management. + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous amount of self-management. +All chronic diseases require patients to + + align:start position:0% +All chronic diseases require patients to + + + align:start position:0% +All chronic diseases require patients to +manage complex medications, diet, + + align:start position:0% +manage complex medications, diet, + + + align:start position:0% +manage complex medications, diet, +exercise, stress, uh navigating the + + align:start position:0% +exercise, stress, uh navigating the + + + align:start position:0% +exercise, stress, uh navigating the +health care system. There's eight + + align:start position:0% +health care system. There's eight + + + align:start position:0% +health care system. There's eight +pillars that people need to master in + + align:start position:0% +pillars that people need to master in + + + align:start position:0% +pillars that people need to master in +over a lifetime in order to live well + + align:start position:0% +over a lifetime in order to live well + + + align:start position:0% +over a lifetime in order to live well +with a chronic disease. And what we know + + align:start position:0% +with a chronic disease. And what we know + + + align:start position:0% +with a chronic disease. And what we know +is what I've told you, self-management + + align:start position:0% +is what I've told you, self-management + + + align:start position:0% +is what I've told you, self-management +training in its form has been successful + + align:start position:0% +training in its form has been successful + + + align:start position:0% +training in its form has been successful +but unscalable. And so what you see is + + align:start position:0% +but unscalable. And so what you see is + + + align:start position:0% +but unscalable. And so what you see is +low engagement, limited access. The + + align:start position:0% +low engagement, limited access. The + + + align:start position:0% +low engagement, limited access. The +benefits Wayne because Medicare only + + align:start position:0% +benefits Wayne because Medicare only + + + align:start position:0% +benefits Wayne because Medicare only +pays for eight sessions in a patient's + + align:start position:0% +pays for eight sessions in a patient's + + + align:start position:0% +pays for eight sessions in a patient's +lifetime. There's difficult workflow in + + align:start position:0% +lifetime. There's difficult workflow in + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime. There's difficult workflow in +primary care settings, low + + align:start position:0% +primary care settings, low + + + align:start position:0% +primary care settings, low +reimbursement, and as a result, costly + + align:start position:0% +reimbursement, and as a result, costly + + + align:start position:0% +reimbursement, and as a result, costly +consequences. So this is the problem + + align:start position:0% +consequences. So this is the problem + + + align:start position:0% +consequences. So this is the problem +that we are, you know, that we were + + align:start position:0% +that we are, you know, that we were + + + align:start position:0% +that we are, you know, that we were +really trying to solve is how do we help + + align:start position:0% +really trying to solve is how do we help + + + align:start position:0% +really trying to solve is how do we help +people become high-erforming partners in + + align:start position:0% +people become high-erforming partners in + + + align:start position:0% +people become high-erforming partners in +chronic disease management that meets + + align:start position:0% +chronic disease management that meets + + + align:start position:0% +chronic disease management that meets +the needs at the population level so + + align:start position:0% +the needs at the population level so + + + align:start position:0% +the needs at the population level so +that we can actually serve the epidemic + + align:start position:0% +that we can actually serve the epidemic + + + align:start position:0% +that we can actually serve the epidemic +of people every year being diagnosed + + align:start position:0% +of people every year being diagnosed + + + align:start position:0% +of people every year being diagnosed +with diabetes. I I want to pause for a + + align:start position:0% +with diabetes. I I want to pause for a + + + align:start position:0% +with diabetes. I I want to pause for a +second. I saw a couple of hands go up + + align:start position:0% +second. I saw a couple of hands go up + + + align:start position:0% +second. I saw a couple of hands go up +and I just want to see um if there are + + align:start position:0% +and I just want to see um if there are + + + align:start position:0% +and I just want to see um if there are +questions coming through that we can um + + align:start position:0% +questions coming through that we can um + + + align:start position:0% +questions coming through that we can um +address before we go further. Anybody + + align:start position:0% +address before we go further. Anybody + + + align:start position:0% +address before we go further. Anybody +want to question? Yeah, there are some + + align:start position:0% +want to question? Yeah, there are some + + + align:start position:0% +want to question? Yeah, there are some +I'll read them because I think you may + + align:start position:0% +I'll read them because I think you may + + + align:start position:0% +I'll read them because I think you may +mention it as you go ahead and you can + + align:start position:0% +mention it as you go ahead and you can + + + align:start position:0% +mention it as you go ahead and you can +choose how to answer them. So one is + + align:start position:0% +choose how to answer them. So one is + + + align:start position:0% +choose how to answer them. So one is +from Mark is diabetes is a huge market + + align:start position:0% +from Mark is diabetes is a huge market + + + align:start position:0% +from Mark is diabetes is a huge market +with large numbers of competitors. From + + align:start position:0% +with large numbers of competitors. From + + + align:start position:0% +with large numbers of competitors. From +a market segmentation point of view, + + align:start position:0% +a market segmentation point of view, + + + align:start position:0% +a market segmentation point of view, +what angle did you decide to follow and + + align:start position:0% +what angle did you decide to follow and + + + align:start position:0% +what angle did you decide to follow and +why? Uh from Roger, how pivotal was to + + align:start position:0% +why? Uh from Roger, how pivotal was to + + + align:start position:0% +why? Uh from Roger, how pivotal was to +have your clinical trial published and + + align:start position:0% +have your clinical trial published and + + + align:start position:0% +have your clinical trial published and +then and done to fund sorry and launch + + align:start position:0% +then and done to fund sorry and launch + + + align:start position:0% +then and done to fund sorry and launch +your company. + + align:start position:0% +your company. + + + align:start position:0% +your company. +Maybe one how long was it? How pivotal? + + align:start position:0% +Maybe one how long was it? How pivotal? + + + align:start position:0% +Maybe one how long was it? How pivotal? +Oh, how pivotal. How key? Yeah. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Oh, how pivotal. How key? Yeah. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, how pivotal. How key? Yeah. Yeah. +Yeah. Okay. So, I'm going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Okay. So, I'm going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Okay. So, I'm going to talk about +the competitors and and the the intense + + align:start position:0% +the competitors and and the the intense + + + align:start position:0% +the competitors and and the the intense +competition in diabetes um in a couple + + align:start position:0% +competition in diabetes um in a couple + + + align:start position:0% +competition in diabetes um in a couple +of more slides. So, I I'll pause I'll + + align:start position:0% +of more slides. So, I I'll pause I'll + + + align:start position:0% +of more slides. So, I I'll pause I'll +hold off on that one. Um how you know I + + align:start position:0% +hold off on that one. Um how you know I + + + align:start position:0% +hold off on that one. Um how you know I +actually started trying to uh + + align:start position:0% +actually started trying to uh + + + align:start position:0% +actually started trying to uh +disseminate women in control before I + + align:start position:0% +disseminate women in control before I + + + align:start position:0% +disseminate women in control before I +published my findings. Um and so that of + + align:start position:0% +published my findings. Um and so that of + + + align:start position:0% +published my findings. Um and so that of +in the middle of the pandemic which was + + align:start position:0% +in the middle of the pandemic which was + + + align:start position:0% +in the middle of the pandemic which was +you know really it was very challenging. + + align:start position:0% +you know really it was very challenging. + + + align:start position:0% +you know really it was very challenging. +I I actually that was another assumption + + align:start position:0% +I I actually that was another assumption + + + align:start position:0% +I I actually that was another assumption +that I had to face which was have one + + align:start position:0% +that I had to face which was have one + + + align:start position:0% +that I had to face which was have one +having the CEO's support was critical + + align:start position:0% +having the CEO's support was critical + + + align:start position:0% +having the CEO's support was critical +but it wasn't enough that I had to have + + align:start position:0% +but it wasn't enough that I had to have + + + align:start position:0% +but it wasn't enough that I had to have +the support of other people in the + + align:start position:0% +the support of other people in the + + + align:start position:0% +the support of other people in the +system and there were people that were + + align:start position:0% +system and there were people that were + + + align:start position:0% +system and there were people that were +not in support of us and we ended up + + align:start position:0% +not in support of us and we ended up + + + align:start position:0% +not in support of us and we ended up +having significant challenges staying in + + align:start position:0% +having significant challenges staying in + + + align:start position:0% +having significant challenges staying in +uh the the system and and getting the + + align:start position:0% +uh the the system and and getting the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the system and and getting the +support that we needed to actually + + align:start position:0% +support that we needed to actually + + + align:start position:0% +support that we needed to actually +recruit people to the program. I would + + align:start position:0% +recruit people to the program. I would + + + align:start position:0% +recruit people to the program. I would +say be very careful in that environment + + align:start position:0% +say be very careful in that environment + + + align:start position:0% +say be very careful in that environment +and I can talk to you a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +and I can talk to you a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +and I can talk to you a little bit more +about how you navigate those + + align:start position:0% +about how you navigate those + + + align:start position:0% +about how you navigate those +relationships because even if the CEO + + align:start position:0% +relationships because even if the CEO + + + align:start position:0% +relationships because even if the CEO +says good, come and bring your platform + + align:start position:0% +says good, come and bring your platform + + + align:start position:0% +says good, come and bring your platform +to my comp my huge company, there's a + + align:start position:0% +to my comp my huge company, there's a + + + align:start position:0% +to my comp my huge company, there's a +whole infrastructure of people that have + + align:start position:0% +whole infrastructure of people that have + + + align:start position:0% +whole infrastructure of people that have +to support that in order for you to be + + align:start position:0% +to support that in order for you to be + + + align:start position:0% +to support that in order for you to be +successful. And if you don't navigate it + + align:start position:0% +successful. And if you don't navigate it + + + align:start position:0% +successful. And if you don't navigate it +carefully, uh you'll find yourself in in + + align:start position:0% +carefully, uh you'll find yourself in in + + + align:start position:0% +carefully, uh you'll find yourself in in +hot political water with um people. Um + + align:start position:0% +hot political water with um people. Um + + + align:start position:0% +hot political water with um people. Um +we we I learned that, you know, lesson + + align:start position:0% +we we I learned that, you know, lesson + + + align:start position:0% +we we I learned that, you know, lesson +early. Um the other piece was um so + + align:start position:0% +early. Um the other piece was um so + + + align:start position:0% +early. Um the other piece was um so +having I had evidence it hadn't been + + align:start position:0% +having I had evidence it hadn't been + + + align:start position:0% +having I had evidence it hadn't been +published. It is important depending on + + align:start position:0% +published. It is important depending on + + + align:start position:0% +published. It is important depending on +who you're talking to. Doctors love + + align:start position:0% +who you're talking to. Doctors love + + + align:start position:0% +who you're talking to. Doctors love +evidence. Health system leaders, you + + align:start position:0% +evidence. Health system leaders, you + + + align:start position:0% +evidence. Health system leaders, you +know, appreciate it. But then the health + + align:start position:0% +know, appreciate it. But then the health + + + align:start position:0% +know, appreciate it. But then the health +plans, you know, really want to see um + + align:start position:0% +plans, you know, really want to see um + + + align:start position:0% +plans, you know, really want to see um +results and uh you know, what they + + align:start position:0% +results and uh you know, what they + + + align:start position:0% +results and uh you know, what they +called real world results, which I I + + align:start position:0% +called real world results, which I I + + + align:start position:0% +called real world results, which I I +couldn't really understand because I + + align:start position:0% +couldn't really understand because I + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't really understand because I +felt like I had real world results. I + + align:start position:0% +felt like I had real world results. I + + + align:start position:0% +felt like I had real world results. I +still feel like I have heal and and what + + align:start position:0% +still feel like I have heal and and what + + + align:start position:0% +still feel like I have heal and and what +you really need are is a network and + + align:start position:0% +you really need are is a network and + + + align:start position:0% +you really need are is a network and +connections, not just results are not + + align:start position:0% +connections, not just results are not + + + align:start position:0% +connections, not just results are not +enough. you need a network of adviserss + + align:start position:0% +enough. you need a network of adviserss + + + align:start position:0% +enough. you need a network of adviserss +to help you enter the ecosystem because + + align:start position:0% +to help you enter the ecosystem because + + + align:start position:0% +to help you enter the ecosystem because +if you don't it's going to be impossible + + align:start position:0% +if you don't it's going to be impossible + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't it's going to be impossible +to to compete and and those + + align:start position:0% +to to compete and and those + + + align:start position:0% +to to compete and and those +relationships take a long time to forge. + + align:start position:0% +relationships take a long time to forge. + + + align:start position:0% +relationships take a long time to forge. +So I just you know it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +So I just you know it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +So I just you know it's a it's a +cautionary tale but you know people do + + align:start position:0% +cautionary tale but you know people do + + + align:start position:0% +cautionary tale but you know people do +it it's it people are successful but it + + align:start position:0% +it it's it people are successful but it + + + align:start position:0% +it it's it people are successful but it +takes a lot of uh perseverance to to do + + align:start position:0% +takes a lot of uh perseverance to to do + + + align:start position:0% +takes a lot of uh perseverance to to do +it. Uh so use your literature to use + + align:start position:0% +it. Uh so use your literature to use + + + align:start position:0% +it. Uh so use your literature to use +your your evidence to u get people's + + align:start position:0% +your your evidence to u get people's + + + align:start position:0% +your your evidence to u get people's +attention but you know be aware that it + + align:start position:0% +attention but you know be aware that it + + + align:start position:0% +attention but you know be aware that it +won't be enough and one thing I would + + align:start position:0% +won't be enough and one thing I would + + + align:start position:0% +won't be enough and one thing I would +mention is like we were in you know in + + align:start position:0% +mention is like we were in you know in + + + align:start position:0% +mention is like we were in you know in +guisinger implementing + + align:start position:0% +guisinger implementing + + + align:start position:0% +guisinger implementing +and it seemed like a natural fit for a + + align:start position:0% +and it seemed like a natural fit for a + + + align:start position:0% +and it seemed like a natural fit for a +teleaalth platform serving diabetes + + align:start position:0% +teleaalth platform serving diabetes + + + align:start position:0% +teleaalth platform serving diabetes +patients to be promoted but when um an + + align:start position:0% +patients to be promoted but when um an + + + align:start position:0% +patients to be promoted but when um an +epidemic is coming that nobody knows how + + align:start position:0% +epidemic is coming that nobody knows how + + + align:start position:0% +epidemic is coming that nobody knows how +to manage you know everything else is + + align:start position:0% +to manage you know everything else is + + + align:start position:0% +to manage you know everything else is +extraneous and so were we. And so um you + + align:start position:0% +extraneous and so were we. And so um you + + + align:start position:0% +extraneous and so were we. And so um you +know we were sunseted we kept all the + + align:start position:0% +know we were sunseted we kept all the + + + align:start position:0% +know we were sunseted we kept all the +patients that we had but we were + + align:start position:0% +patients that we had but we were + + + align:start position:0% +patients that we had but we were +sunsetted because they were really + + align:start position:0% +sunsetted because they were really + + + align:start position:0% +sunsetted because they were really +started to just focus on you know ICU + + align:start position:0% +started to just focus on you know ICU + + + align:start position:0% +started to just focus on you know ICU +beds and ventilators and that was a + + align:start position:0% +beds and ventilators and that was a + + + align:start position:0% +beds and ventilators and that was a +surprise to me as well. So, you know, + + align:start position:0% +surprise to me as well. So, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +surprise to me as well. So, you know, +health systems, health plans, you know, + + align:start position:0% +health systems, health plans, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +health systems, health plans, you know, +they have priorities that you may not + + align:start position:0% +they have priorities that you may not + + + align:start position:0% +they have priorities that you may not +make sense to you, but u the more you + + align:start position:0% +make sense to you, but u the more you + + + align:start position:0% +make sense to you, but u the more you +can understand, you know, what it feels + + align:start position:0% +can understand, you know, what it feels + + + align:start position:0% +can understand, you know, what it feels +like to be in that position, the better + + align:start position:0% +like to be in that position, the better + + + align:start position:0% +like to be in that position, the better +you can anticipate potential bumps in + + align:start position:0% +you can anticipate potential bumps in + + + align:start position:0% +you can anticipate potential bumps in +the road. Um, so we managed to do our + + align:start position:0% +the road. Um, so we managed to do our + + + align:start position:0% +the road. Um, so we managed to do our +demonstration, we managed to get our + + align:start position:0% +demonstration, we managed to get our + + + align:start position:0% +demonstration, we managed to get our +company funded, but then we had to + + align:start position:0% +company funded, but then we had to + + + align:start position:0% +company funded, but then we had to +figure out a way forward after that. So, + + align:start position:0% +figure out a way forward after that. So, + + + align:start position:0% +figure out a way forward after that. So, +our solution Yes. Go ahead. Just so I + + align:start position:0% +our solution Yes. Go ahead. Just so I + + + align:start position:0% +our solution Yes. Go ahead. Just so I +think that Thank you so much. I think + + align:start position:0% +think that Thank you so much. I think + + + align:start position:0% +think that Thank you so much. I think +that addresses the how did you + + align:start position:0% +that addresses the how did you + + + align:start position:0% +that addresses the how did you +commercialize your research idea and + + align:start position:0% +commercialize your research idea and + + + align:start position:0% +commercialize your research idea and +also if later you can talk a little more + + align:start position:0% +also if later you can talk a little more + + + align:start position:0% +also if later you can talk a little more +about how hard this is in in corporate + + align:start position:0% +about how hard this is in in corporate + + + align:start position:0% +about how hard this is in in corporate +and another question is was your focus + + align:start position:0% +and another question is was your focus + + + align:start position:0% +and another question is was your focus +only in the Medicare population or did + + align:start position:0% +only in the Medicare population or did + + + align:start position:0% +only in the Medicare population or did +you also have the commercial population? + + align:start position:0% +you also have the commercial population? + + + align:start position:0% +you also have the commercial population? +Uh the diabetes epidem is pretty broad + + align:start position:0% +Uh the diabetes epidem is pretty broad + + + align:start position:0% +Uh the diabetes epidem is pretty broad +especially in employee population etc. + + align:start position:0% +especially in employee population etc. + + + align:start position:0% +especially in employee population etc. +Yeah. So we were looking for the + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So we were looking for the + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So we were looking for the +unserved population. So if you've read + + align:start position:0% +unserved population. So if you've read + + + align:start position:0% +unserved population. So if you've read +Clayton Christensen and the disruptors + + align:start position:0% +Clayton Christensen and the disruptors + + + align:start position:0% +Clayton Christensen and the disruptors +dilemma, you know, we knew this was a + + align:start position:0% +dilemma, you know, we knew this was a + + + align:start position:0% +dilemma, you know, we knew this was a +crowded space and I felt at the time + + align:start position:0% +crowded space and I felt at the time + + + align:start position:0% +crowded space and I felt at the time +that we were going to need to find a way + + align:start position:0% +that we were going to need to find a way + + + align:start position:0% +that we were going to need to find a way +to differentiate ourselves and one of + + align:start position:0% +to differentiate ourselves and one of + + + align:start position:0% +to differentiate ourselves and one of +the ways that we differentiated + + align:start position:0% +the ways that we differentiated + + + align:start position:0% +the ways that we differentiated +ourselves was by working with a Medicaid + + align:start position:0% +ourselves was by working with a Medicaid + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves was by working with a Medicaid +population. So even though we were + + align:start position:0% +population. So even though we were + + + align:start position:0% +population. So even though we were +working with middle and older aged + + align:start position:0% +working with middle and older aged + + + align:start position:0% +working with middle and older aged +adults, um Medicaid was really at the + + align:start position:0% +adults, um Medicaid was really at the + + + align:start position:0% +adults, um Medicaid was really at the +time, you know, untapped and also, you + + align:start position:0% +time, you know, untapped and also, you + + + align:start position:0% +time, you know, untapped and also, you +know, uh trying to work with an older + + align:start position:0% +know, uh trying to work with an older + + + align:start position:0% +know, uh trying to work with an older +adult population with a technology + + align:start position:0% +adult population with a technology + + + align:start position:0% +adult population with a technology +platform. So our niche was to look at + + align:start position:0% +platform. So our niche was to look at + + + align:start position:0% +platform. So our niche was to look at +Medicaid, which at that time now + + align:start position:0% +Medicaid, which at that time now + + + align:start position:0% +Medicaid, which at that time now +Medicaid has become incredibly + + align:start position:0% +Medicaid has become incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +Medicaid has become incredibly +fashionable. And there's a lot of people + + align:start position:0% +fashionable. And there's a lot of people + + + align:start position:0% +fashionable. And there's a lot of people +trying to get into Medicaid managed care + + align:start position:0% +trying to get into Medicaid managed care + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get into Medicaid managed care +uh plan um programs, but at that time + + align:start position:0% +uh plan um programs, but at that time + + + align:start position:0% +uh plan um programs, but at that time +Medicaid was not and people weren't + + align:start position:0% +Medicaid was not and people weren't + + + align:start position:0% +Medicaid was not and people weren't +really looking at Medicaid. They were + + align:start position:0% +really looking at Medicaid. They were + + + align:start position:0% +really looking at Medicaid. They were +looking more at employers and commercial + + align:start position:0% +looking more at employers and commercial + + + align:start position:0% +looking more at employers and commercial +plans where there was seemed to be more + + align:start position:0% +plans where there was seemed to be more + + + align:start position:0% +plans where there was seemed to be more +money and maybe more patients where + + align:start position:0% +money and maybe more patients where + + + align:start position:0% +money and maybe more patients where +technology was more familiar. So we were + + align:start position:0% +technology was more familiar. So we were + + + align:start position:0% +technology was more familiar. So we were +trying to really serve the unserved + + align:start position:0% +trying to really serve the unserved + + + align:start position:0% +trying to really serve the unserved +where there was no alternative. And even + + align:start position:0% +where there was no alternative. And even + + + align:start position:0% +where there was no alternative. And even +today I can tell you I'm working in a + + align:start position:0% +today I can tell you I'm working in a + + + align:start position:0% +today I can tell you I'm working in a +market where the alternative is to us is + + align:start position:0% +market where the alternative is to us is + + + align:start position:0% +market where the alternative is to us is +nothing. And so that's an advantage. If + + align:start position:0% +nothing. And so that's an advantage. If + + + align:start position:0% +nothing. And so that's an advantage. If +you're thinking about how to go to + + align:start position:0% +you're thinking about how to go to + + + align:start position:0% +you're thinking about how to go to +market, find a place where the + + align:start position:0% +market, find a place where the + + + align:start position:0% +market, find a place where the +alternative is nothing because then + + align:start position:0% +alternative is nothing because then + + + align:start position:0% +alternative is nothing because then +people have nothing to lose by working + + align:start position:0% +people have nothing to lose by working + + + align:start position:0% +people have nothing to lose by working +with you and you know everything to + + align:start position:0% +with you and you know everything to + + + align:start position:0% +with you and you know everything to +gain. And so we've used that advantage. + + align:start position:0% +gain. And so we've used that advantage. + + + align:start position:0% +gain. And so we've used that advantage. +Our advantage is being able to engage + + align:start position:0% +Our advantage is being able to engage + + + align:start position:0% +Our advantage is being able to engage +highly engage. You know I use patient + + align:start position:0% +highly engage. You know I use patient + + + align:start position:0% +highly engage. You know I use patient +engagement as a differentiator. our + + align:start position:0% +engagement as a differentiator. our + + + align:start position:0% +engagement as a differentiator. our +ability to engage Medicaid populations. + + align:start position:0% +ability to engage Medicaid populations. + + + align:start position:0% +ability to engage Medicaid populations. +And I can talk more about that business + + align:start position:0% +And I can talk more about that business + + + align:start position:0% +And I can talk more about that business +model in a couple of sides. It's, you + + align:start position:0% +model in a couple of sides. It's, you + + + align:start position:0% +model in a couple of sides. It's, you +know, you need to kind of if you want to + + align:start position:0% +know, you need to kind of if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +know, you need to kind of if you want to +differentiate yourself, you need to find + + align:start position:0% +differentiate yourself, you need to find + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate yourself, you need to find +a part a way into the market that isn't + + align:start position:0% +a part a way into the market that isn't + + + align:start position:0% +a part a way into the market that isn't +crowded. And and that's at least was my + + align:start position:0% +crowded. And and that's at least was my + + + align:start position:0% +crowded. And and that's at least was my +experience. And so we differentiate + + align:start position:0% +experience. And so we differentiate + + + align:start position:0% +experience. And so we differentiate +ourselves that way and um you know have + + align:start position:0% +ourselves that way and um you know have + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves that way and um you know have +really tried to work with uh health care + + align:start position:0% +really tried to work with uh health care + + + align:start position:0% +really tried to work with uh health care +providers that are serving you know + + align:start position:0% +providers that are serving you know + + + align:start position:0% +providers that are serving you know +Medicaid populations. I can talk more + + align:start position:0% +Medicaid populations. I can talk more + + + align:start position:0% +Medicaid populations. I can talk more +about that as we go along. Uh just + + align:start position:0% +about that as we go along. Uh just + + + align:start position:0% +about that as we go along. Uh just +quickly, you know, our solution to the + + align:start position:0% +quickly, you know, our solution to the + + + align:start position:0% +quickly, you know, our solution to the +problem was to develop a techn an a + + align:start position:0% +problem was to develop a techn an a + + + align:start position:0% +problem was to develop a techn an a +technology platform that wasn't just + + align:start position:0% +technology platform that wasn't just + + + align:start position:0% +technology platform that wasn't just +Zoom. Like this was one of our big + + align:start position:0% +Zoom. Like this was one of our big + + + align:start position:0% +Zoom. Like this was one of our big +challenges was why not Zoom, right? + + align:start position:0% +challenges was why not Zoom, right? + + + align:start position:0% +challenges was why not Zoom, right? +Because now we're facing the pandemic + + align:start position:0% +Because now we're facing the pandemic + + + align:start position:0% +Because now we're facing the pandemic +and everybody is getting on Zoom calls + + align:start position:0% +and everybody is getting on Zoom calls + + + align:start position:0% +and everybody is getting on Zoom calls +and um and and why would they need to go + + align:start position:0% +and um and and why would they need to go + + + align:start position:0% +and um and and why would they need to go +into a gamified platform? And so it was + + align:start position:0% +into a gamified platform? And so it was + + + align:start position:0% +into a gamified platform? And so it was +a big challenge for us. And this is + + align:start position:0% +a big challenge for us. And this is + + + align:start position:0% +a big challenge for us. And this is +another thing about entrepreneurship. + + align:start position:0% +another thing about entrepreneurship. + + + align:start position:0% +another thing about entrepreneurship. +You never know when the playing field's + + align:start position:0% +You never know when the playing field's + + + align:start position:0% +You never know when the playing field's +going to change on you, you know, and + + align:start position:0% +going to change on you, you know, and + + + align:start position:0% +going to change on you, you know, and +so, uh, we had to be agile and and pivot + + align:start position:0% +so, uh, we had to be agile and and pivot + + + align:start position:0% +so, uh, we had to be agile and and pivot +and and really face the threat that Zoom + + align:start position:0% +and and really face the threat that Zoom + + + align:start position:0% +and and really face the threat that Zoom +was going to take us out. And what + + align:start position:0% +was going to take us out. And what + + + align:start position:0% +was going to take us out. And what +happened and I I just was like, okay, + + align:start position:0% +happened and I I just was like, okay, + + + align:start position:0% +happened and I I just was like, okay, +well, now we just have to embrace the + + align:start position:0% +well, now we just have to embrace the + + + align:start position:0% +well, now we just have to embrace the +the challenge. and Zoom was really + + align:start position:0% +the challenge. and Zoom was really + + + align:start position:0% +the challenge. and Zoom was really +pivotal, but at some point people were + + align:start position:0% +pivotal, but at some point people were + + + align:start position:0% +pivotal, but at some point people were +like, I can't I don't want to look at a + + align:start position:0% +like, I can't I don't want to look at a + + + align:start position:0% +like, I can't I don't want to look at a +at Hollywood Squares anymore. I need + + align:start position:0% +at Hollywood Squares anymore. I need + + + align:start position:0% +at Hollywood Squares anymore. I need +something engaging and interactive. And + + align:start position:0% +something engaging and interactive. And + + + align:start position:0% +something engaging and interactive. And +so it really helped us understand what + + align:start position:0% +so it really helped us understand what + + + align:start position:0% +so it really helped us understand what +we were bringing to the table, which + + align:start position:0% +we were bringing to the table, which + + + align:start position:0% +we were bringing to the table, which +was, you know, an environment that was + + align:start position:0% +was, you know, an environment that was + + + align:start position:0% +was, you know, an environment that was +interactive, that was engaging and + + align:start position:0% +interactive, that was engaging and + + + align:start position:0% +interactive, that was engaging and +whimsical with an instructional design + + align:start position:0% +whimsical with an instructional design + + + align:start position:0% +whimsical with an instructional design +that helped people not only connect to + + align:start position:0% +that helped people not only connect to + + + align:start position:0% +that helped people not only connect to +others, but to master the complex skills + + align:start position:0% +others, but to master the complex skills + + + align:start position:0% +others, but to master the complex skills +they needed to implement every day that + + align:start position:0% +they needed to implement every day that + + + align:start position:0% +they needed to implement every day that +would be available to them all the time, + + align:start position:0% +would be available to them all the time, + + + align:start position:0% +would be available to them all the time, +not just eight sessions in a lifetime. + + align:start position:0% +not just eight sessions in a lifetime. + + + align:start position:0% +not just eight sessions in a lifetime. +And that is our value proposition. What + + align:start position:0% +And that is our value proposition. What + + + align:start position:0% +And that is our value proposition. What +we've been trying to prove to health + + align:start position:0% +we've been trying to prove to health + + + align:start position:0% +we've been trying to prove to health +plans is that this is more coste + + align:start position:0% +plans is that this is more coste + + + align:start position:0% +plans is that this is more coste +effective than fee for service one, you + + align:start position:0% +effective than fee for service one, you + + + align:start position:0% +effective than fee for service one, you +know, once in a lifetime trying to get + + align:start position:0% +know, once in a lifetime trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +know, once in a lifetime trying to get +people to be effective partners in care + + align:start position:0% +people to be effective partners in care + + + align:start position:0% +people to be effective partners in care +and deliver these complex plans. And + + align:start position:0% +and deliver these complex plans. And + + + align:start position:0% +and deliver these complex plans. And +that's that is, you know, what we how + + align:start position:0% +that's that is, you know, what we how + + + align:start position:0% +that's that is, you know, what we how +we're going to market. So our platform + + align:start position:0% +we're going to market. So our platform + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to market. So our platform +is an is an immersive platform. People + + align:start position:0% +is an is an immersive platform. People + + + align:start position:0% +is an is an immersive platform. People +get an avatar, they navigate it with an + + align:start position:0% +get an avatar, they navigate it with an + + + align:start position:0% +get an avatar, they navigate it with an +avatar, they engage in health behaviors + + align:start position:0% +avatar, they engage in health behaviors + + + align:start position:0% +avatar, they engage in health behaviors +that are designed to prime their real + + align:start position:0% +that are designed to prime their real + + + align:start position:0% +that are designed to prime their real +life behavior change. And there's + + align:start position:0% +life behavior change. And there's + + + align:start position:0% +life behavior change. And there's +neuroscience that supports this. And our + + align:start position:0% +neuroscience that supports this. And our + + + align:start position:0% +neuroscience that supports this. And our +experience working with patients shows, + + align:start position:0% +experience working with patients shows, + + + align:start position:0% +experience working with patients shows, +you know, if we create engage them this + + align:start position:0% +you know, if we create engage them this + + + align:start position:0% +you know, if we create engage them this +way, engaging them in yoga, dance, uh + + align:start position:0% +way, engaging them in yoga, dance, uh + + + align:start position:0% +way, engaging them in yoga, dance, uh +physical activity, calisthenics, as well + + align:start position:0% +physical activity, calisthenics, as well + + + align:start position:0% +physical activity, calisthenics, as well +as teaching them, you know, other key + + align:start position:0% +as teaching them, you know, other key + + + align:start position:0% +as teaching them, you know, other key +actionable behaviors. We see behavior + + align:start position:0% +actionable behaviors. We see behavior + + + align:start position:0% +actionable behaviors. We see behavior +change, improvements in uh disease + + align:start position:0% +change, improvements in uh disease + + + align:start position:0% +change, improvements in uh disease +control and long-term engagement. And + + align:start position:0% +control and long-term engagement. And + + + align:start position:0% +control and long-term engagement. And +so, uh, our platform uses VOIPE for + + align:start position:0% +so, uh, our platform uses VOIPE for + + + align:start position:0% +so, uh, our platform uses VOIPE for +speech and and text chatting as well as + + align:start position:0% +speech and and text chatting as well as + + + align:start position:0% +speech and and text chatting as well as +3D interactive, um, exhibits to teach + + align:start position:0% +3D interactive, um, exhibits to teach + + + align:start position:0% +3D interactive, um, exhibits to teach +them how things work like how does a CGM + + align:start position:0% +them how things work like how does a CGM + + + align:start position:0% +them how things work like how does a CGM +work and and those kind of things. Our + + align:start position:0% +work and and those kind of things. Our + + + align:start position:0% +work and and those kind of things. Our +outcomes showed that we can improve uh, + + align:start position:0% +outcomes showed that we can improve uh, + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes showed that we can improve uh, +health system costs, improve glycemic + + align:start position:0% +health system costs, improve glycemic + + + align:start position:0% +health system costs, improve glycemic +control. Interestingly, emotional + + align:start position:0% +control. Interestingly, emotional + + + align:start position:0% +control. Interestingly, emotional +distress, you know, that diabetes + + align:start position:0% +distress, you know, that diabetes + + + align:start position:0% +distress, you know, that diabetes +distress uh aspect also improves uh + + align:start position:0% +distress uh aspect also improves uh + + + align:start position:0% +distress uh aspect also improves uh +while improving patient engagement and + + align:start position:0% +while improving patient engagement and + + + align:start position:0% +while improving patient engagement and +adherence to self-management. This is + + align:start position:0% +adherence to self-management. This is + + + align:start position:0% +adherence to self-management. This is +all based on a scientific foundation + + align:start position:0% +all based on a scientific foundation + + + align:start position:0% +all based on a scientific foundation +that I won't go into unless you're you + + align:start position:0% +that I won't go into unless you're you + + + align:start position:0% +that I won't go into unless you're you +want to ask questions about it, but we + + align:start position:0% +want to ask questions about it, but we + + + align:start position:0% +want to ask questions about it, but we +use um the experience of presence, + + align:start position:0% +use um the experience of presence, + + + align:start position:0% +use um the experience of presence, +self-presence, physical presence, and + + align:start position:0% +self-presence, physical presence, and + + + align:start position:0% +self-presence, physical presence, and +social presence in our instructional + + align:start position:0% +social presence in our instructional + + + align:start position:0% +social presence in our instructional +design to engage people in a highly + + align:start position:0% +design to engage people in a highly + + + align:start position:0% +design to engage people in a highly +immersive experience. Our patients do + + align:start position:0% +immersive experience. Our patients do + + + align:start position:0% +immersive experience. Our patients do +not use headsets. They don't like + + align:start position:0% +not use headsets. They don't like + + + align:start position:0% +not use headsets. They don't like +headsets. They do, you know, we had a + + align:start position:0% +headsets. They do, you know, we had a + + + align:start position:0% +headsets. They do, you know, we had a +lot of negative feedback with headsets. + + align:start position:0% +lot of negative feedback with headsets. + + + align:start position:0% +lot of negative feedback with headsets. +So, we use and and also just access to + + align:start position:0% +So, we use and and also just access to + + + align:start position:0% +So, we use and and also just access to +this technology. People in our pop + + align:start position:0% +this technology. People in our pop + + + align:start position:0% +this technology. People in our pop +target population don't even have a + + align:start position:0% +target population don't even have a + + + align:start position:0% +target population don't even have a +tablet. So, we are partnered with a + + align:start position:0% +tablet. So, we are partnered with a + + + align:start position:0% +tablet. So, we are partnered with a +company called PCs for people that help + + align:start position:0% +company called PCs for people that help + + + align:start position:0% +company called PCs for people that help +us get refurbished devices that people + + align:start position:0% +us get refurbished devices that people + + + align:start position:0% +us get refurbished devices that people +can um have to participate in our + + align:start position:0% +can um have to participate in our + + + align:start position:0% +can um have to participate in our +program. + + align:start position:0% +program. + + + align:start position:0% +program. +So these are the study the you know + + align:start position:0% +So these are the study the you know + + + align:start position:0% +So these are the study the you know +these are the results from women in + + align:start position:0% +these are the results from women in + + + align:start position:0% +these are the results from women in +control. These are my proof point that + + align:start position:0% +control. These are my proof point that + + + align:start position:0% +control. These are my proof point that +we get 70% engagement significant + + align:start position:0% +we get 70% engagement significant + + + align:start position:0% +we get 70% engagement significant +improvements in glucose control in a + + align:start position:0% +improvements in glucose control in a + + + align:start position:0% +improvements in glucose control in a +short period of time reduce cost and + + align:start position:0% +short period of time reduce cost and + + + align:start position:0% +short period of time reduce cost and +reduce mental health distress and that's + + align:start position:0% +reduce mental health distress and that's + + + align:start position:0% +reduce mental health distress and that's +our value proposition in a you know in a + + align:start position:0% +our value proposition in a you know in a + + + align:start position:0% +our value proposition in a you know in a +population that's very high risk and + + align:start position:0% +population that's very high risk and + + + align:start position:0% +population that's very high risk and +difficult to access. And you know, + + align:start position:0% +difficult to access. And you know, + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to access. And you know, +people always want to know how do your + + align:start position:0% +people always want to know how do your + + + align:start position:0% +people always want to know how do your +patients feel about the experience. And + + align:start position:0% +patients feel about the experience. And + + + align:start position:0% +patients feel about the experience. And +so we have tons of documentation about + + align:start position:0% +so we have tons of documentation about + + + align:start position:0% +so we have tons of documentation about +patient focus groups in key informant + + align:start position:0% +patient focus groups in key informant + + + align:start position:0% +patient focus groups in key informant +interviews about how the experience uh + + align:start position:0% +interviews about how the experience uh + + + align:start position:0% +interviews about how the experience uh +helps them improve their lifestyle + + align:start position:0% +helps them improve their lifestyle + + + align:start position:0% +helps them improve their lifestyle +management. + + align:start position:0% +management. + + + align:start position:0% +management. +And so the story about going from a + + align:start position:0% +And so the story about going from a + + + align:start position:0% +And so the story about going from a +research project to scale, you know, + + align:start position:0% +research project to scale, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +research project to scale, you know, +really comes from going from a research + + align:start position:0% +really comes from going from a research + + + align:start position:0% +really comes from going from a research +environment to a real world environment. + + align:start position:0% +environment to a real world environment. + + + align:start position:0% +environment to a real world environment. +The biggest lesson is how do you + + align:start position:0% +The biggest lesson is how do you + + + align:start position:0% +The biggest lesson is how do you +navigate that real world environment? + + align:start position:0% +navigate that real world environment? + + + align:start position:0% +navigate that real world environment? +How do you engage clinicians? How do you + + align:start position:0% +How do you engage clinicians? How do you + + + align:start position:0% +How do you engage clinicians? How do you +engage health plan leaders? How do you + + align:start position:0% +engage health plan leaders? How do you + + + align:start position:0% +engage health plan leaders? How do you +engage health system leaders so that + + align:start position:0% +engage health system leaders so that + + + align:start position:0% +engage health system leaders so that +they support your implementation? + + align:start position:0% +they support your implementation? + + + align:start position:0% +they support your implementation? +After Guisinger, we needed to find + + align:start position:0% +After Guisinger, we needed to find + + + align:start position:0% +After Guisinger, we needed to find +additional funding so we could continue + + align:start position:0% +additional funding so we could continue + + + align:start position:0% +additional funding so we could continue +to make our platform scalable. One key + + align:start position:0% +to make our platform scalable. One key + + + align:start position:0% +to make our platform scalable. One key +thing that happened to us, we learned + + align:start position:0% +thing that happened to us, we learned + + + align:start position:0% +thing that happened to us, we learned +that when we went to Guisinger, people + + align:start position:0% +that when we went to Guisinger, people + + + align:start position:0% +that when we went to Guisinger, people +wanted to participate and they couldn't + + align:start position:0% +wanted to participate and they couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to participate and they couldn't +download the application. They had no + + align:start position:0% +download the application. They had no + + + align:start position:0% +download the application. They had no +all they had were tablets or work + + align:start position:0% +all they had were tablets or work + + + align:start position:0% +all they had were tablets or work +computers. They couldn't download it. + + align:start position:0% +computers. They couldn't download it. + + + align:start position:0% +computers. They couldn't download it. +And so we had to figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +And so we had to figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +And so we had to figure out how to +create a cloud gaming solution. And + + align:start position:0% +create a cloud gaming solution. And + + + align:start position:0% +create a cloud gaming solution. And +today it seems so yesterday, but at that + + align:start position:0% +today it seems so yesterday, but at that + + + align:start position:0% +today it seems so yesterday, but at that +time nobody could answer my question + + align:start position:0% +time nobody could answer my question + + + align:start position:0% +time nobody could answer my question +about how to do this. And so my partner + + align:start position:0% +about how to do this. And so my partner + + + align:start position:0% +about how to do this. And so my partner +Oscar Cortez helped us create a cloud + + align:start position:0% +Oscar Cortez helped us create a cloud + + + align:start position:0% +Oscar Cortez helped us create a cloud +gaming solution so that people could + + align:start position:0% +gaming solution so that people could + + + align:start position:0% +gaming solution so that people could +access our platform on a tablet or a + + align:start position:0% +access our platform on a tablet or a + + + align:start position:0% +access our platform on a tablet or a +Chromebook. And that was a very + + align:start position:0% +Chromebook. And that was a very + + + align:start position:0% +Chromebook. And that was a very +important step forward for us otherwise + + align:start position:0% +important step forward for us otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +important step forward for us otherwise +we would never have been able to succeed + + align:start position:0% +we would never have been able to succeed + + + align:start position:0% +we would never have been able to succeed +at Guisinger. So a technology glitch + + align:start position:0% +at Guisinger. So a technology glitch + + + align:start position:0% +at Guisinger. So a technology glitch +that really pushed us to make a more + + align:start position:0% +that really pushed us to make a more + + + align:start position:0% +that really pushed us to make a more +scalable platform um happen happened in + + align:start position:0% +scalable platform um happen happened in + + + align:start position:0% +scalable platform um happen happened in +our you know experience in trying to go + + align:start position:0% +our you know experience in trying to go + + + align:start position:0% +our you know experience in trying to go +to market after the pandemic hit and our + + align:start position:0% +to market after the pandemic hit and our + + + align:start position:0% +to market after the pandemic hit and our +sun and our program was sunseted. We + + align:start position:0% +sun and our program was sunseted. We + + + align:start position:0% +sun and our program was sunseted. We +needed to figure out how to get + + align:start position:0% +needed to figure out how to get + + + align:start position:0% +needed to figure out how to get +additional funding to continue to make + + align:start position:0% +additional funding to continue to make + + + align:start position:0% +additional funding to continue to make +our platform scalable from all the + + align:start position:0% +our platform scalable from all the + + + align:start position:0% +our platform scalable from all the +lessons we learned at Guisinger and we + + align:start position:0% +lessons we learned at Guisinger and we + + + align:start position:0% +lessons we learned at Guisinger and we +turned to the SBIR program at the NIH. + + align:start position:0% +turned to the SBIR program at the NIH. + + + align:start position:0% +turned to the SBIR program at the NIH. +We successfully won phase one and phase + + align:start position:0% +We successfully won phase one and phase + + + align:start position:0% +We successfully won phase one and phase +two funding and um that has allowed us + + align:start position:0% +two funding and um that has allowed us + + + align:start position:0% +two funding and um that has allowed us +to advance our platform so it's + + align:start position:0% +to advance our platform so it's + + + align:start position:0% +to advance our platform so it's +integrable with an EMR system to help us + + align:start position:0% +integrable with an EMR system to help us + + + align:start position:0% +integrable with an EMR system to help us +track patient reported outcomes and risk + + align:start position:0% +track patient reported outcomes and risk + + + align:start position:0% +track patient reported outcomes and risk +scores um and to make a a scalable + + align:start position:0% +scores um and to make a a scalable + + + align:start position:0% +scores um and to make a a scalable +immersive environment that actually can + + align:start position:0% +immersive environment that actually can + + + align:start position:0% +immersive environment that actually can +be navigated easily um by patients of + + align:start position:0% +be navigated easily um by patients of + + + align:start position:0% +be navigated easily um by patients of +all levels of digital literacy. So + + align:start position:0% +all levels of digital literacy. So + + + align:start position:0% +all levels of digital literacy. So +that's where we are right now is uh and + + align:start position:0% +that's where we are right now is uh and + + + align:start position:0% +that's where we are right now is uh and +we're implementing with a health plan + + align:start position:0% +we're implementing with a health plan + + + align:start position:0% +we're implementing with a health plan +partner Molina Health Plan a national + + align:start position:0% +partner Molina Health Plan a national + + + align:start position:0% +partner Molina Health Plan a national +Medicaid managed care plan in the state + + align:start position:0% +Medicaid managed care plan in the state + + + align:start position:0% +Medicaid managed care plan in the state +of Kentucky um to demonstrate that we + + align:start position:0% +of Kentucky um to demonstrate that we + + + align:start position:0% +of Kentucky um to demonstrate that we +can once again build traction with our + + align:start position:0% +can once again build traction with our + + + align:start position:0% +can once again build traction with our +newly designed platform in this + + align:start position:0% +newly designed platform in this + + + align:start position:0% +newly designed platform in this +population. + + align:start position:0% +population. + + + align:start position:0% +population. +So just in terms of competitor I know um + + align:start position:0% +So just in terms of competitor I know um + + + align:start position:0% +So just in terms of competitor I know um +people asked about competitors. It's + + align:start position:0% +people asked about competitors. It's + + + align:start position:0% +people asked about competitors. It's +important to know who your competitors + + align:start position:0% +important to know who your competitors + + + align:start position:0% +important to know who your competitors +are. They're they haven't remarkably + + align:start position:0% +are. They're they haven't remarkably + + + align:start position:0% +are. They're they haven't remarkably +changed very much. So the gold standard + + align:start position:0% +changed very much. So the gold standard + + + align:start position:0% +changed very much. So the gold standard +was you know in-person self-management + + align:start position:0% +was you know in-person self-management + + + align:start position:0% +was you know in-person self-management +education 9 hours in a lifetime. Other + + align:start position:0% +education 9 hours in a lifetime. Other + + + align:start position:0% +education 9 hours in a lifetime. Other +uh digital health competitors have come + + align:start position:0% +uh digital health competitors have come + + + align:start position:0% +uh digital health competitors have come +in the market are really well + + align:start position:0% +in the market are really well + + + align:start position:0% +in the market are really well +established is Mada and Labongo. Um but + + align:start position:0% +established is Mada and Labongo. Um but + + + align:start position:0% +established is Mada and Labongo. Um but +the thing they don't bring is the live + + align:start position:0% +the thing they don't bring is the live + + + align:start position:0% +the thing they don't bring is the live +peer action um experience the immersive + + align:start position:0% +peer action um experience the immersive + + + align:start position:0% +peer action um experience the immersive +experience that we think makes a a + + align:start position:0% +experience that we think makes a a + + + align:start position:0% +experience that we think makes a a +really important difference in our + + align:start position:0% +really important difference in our + + + align:start position:0% +really important difference in our +demographic. Um in in addition tracking + + align:start position:0% +demographic. Um in in addition tracking + + + align:start position:0% +demographic. Um in in addition tracking +apps that track people's behaviors are + + align:start position:0% +apps that track people's behaviors are + + + align:start position:0% +apps that track people's behaviors are +also things that uh people use to manage + + align:start position:0% +also things that uh people use to manage + + + align:start position:0% +also things that uh people use to manage +their self their their self-management + + align:start position:0% +their self their their self-management + + + align:start position:0% +their self their their self-management +needs. Our vision is a platform that + + align:start position:0% +needs. Our vision is a platform that + + + align:start position:0% +needs. Our vision is a platform that +integrates data from different sources + + align:start position:0% +integrates data from different sources + + + align:start position:0% +integrates data from different sources +to create a living breathing experience + + align:start position:0% +to create a living breathing experience + + + align:start position:0% +to create a living breathing experience +for people um in similar to what would + + align:start position:0% +for people um in similar to what would + + + align:start position:0% +for people um in similar to what would +be called digital twinning. Um just + + align:start position:0% +be called digital twinning. Um just + + + align:start position:0% +be called digital twinning. Um just +looking at seeyou yourself health's hook + + align:start position:0% +looking at seeyou yourself health's hook + + + align:start position:0% +looking at seeyou yourself health's hook +platform versus new weight watchers lark + + align:start position:0% +platform versus new weight watchers lark + + + align:start position:0% +platform versus new weight watchers lark +these are our major competitors I think + + align:start position:0% +these are our major competitors I think + + + align:start position:0% +these are our major competitors I think +our main thing is the immersive + + align:start position:0% +our main thing is the immersive + + + align:start position:0% +our main thing is the immersive +liveaction programming our expertise + + align:start position:0% +liveaction programming our expertise + + + align:start position:0% +liveaction programming our expertise +with Medicaid populations and our um NIH + + align:start position:0% +with Medicaid populations and our um NIH + + + align:start position:0% +with Medicaid populations and our um NIH +researchbacked evidence. + + align:start position:0% +researchbacked evidence. + + + align:start position:0% +researchbacked evidence. +Uh so the market if you really look at + + align:start position:0% +Uh so the market if you really look at + + + align:start position:0% +Uh so the market if you really look at +the market it you know the diabetes + + align:start position:0% +the market it you know the diabetes + + + align:start position:0% +the market it you know the diabetes +market in and of itself is is enormous + + align:start position:0% +market in and of itself is is enormous + + + align:start position:0% +market in and of itself is is enormous +and and it's incredibly competitive. If + + align:start position:0% +and and it's incredibly competitive. If + + + align:start position:0% +and and it's incredibly competitive. If +you you know if you span out to + + align:start position:0% +you you know if you span out to + + + align:start position:0% +you you know if you span out to +pre-diabetes and and even the weight + + align:start position:0% +pre-diabetes and and even the weight + + + align:start position:0% +pre-diabetes and and even the weight +loss market is even a a richer + + align:start position:0% +loss market is even a a richer + + + align:start position:0% +loss market is even a a richer +environment. The number of potential + + align:start position:0% +environment. The number of potential + + + align:start position:0% +environment. The number of potential +people to serve is enormous. 96 million + + align:start position:0% +people to serve is enormous. 96 million + + + align:start position:0% +people to serve is enormous. 96 million +people living with pre-diabetes + + align:start position:0% +people living with pre-diabetes + + + align:start position:0% +people living with pre-diabetes +um and uh or at risk at least um and 37 + + align:start position:0% +um and uh or at risk at least um and 37 + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh or at risk at least um and 37 +million with type 2 diabetes. I mean the + + align:start position:0% +million with type 2 diabetes. I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +million with type 2 diabetes. I mean the +there's just the numbers are staggering + + align:start position:0% +there's just the numbers are staggering + + + align:start position:0% +there's just the numbers are staggering +and and it gets you you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +and and it gets you you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +and and it gets you you don't have to +touch every life to be successful. + + align:start position:0% +touch every life to be successful. + + + align:start position:0% +touch every life to be successful. +That's the good part of a a problem like + + align:start position:0% +That's the good part of a a problem like + + + align:start position:0% +That's the good part of a a problem like +diabetes. But you know the competition + + align:start position:0% +diabetes. But you know the competition + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes. But you know the competition +is stiff and it's very difficult to + + align:start position:0% +is stiff and it's very difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +is stiff and it's very difficult to +partner with um health plans. So I can + + align:start position:0% +partner with um health plans. So I can + + + align:start position:0% +partner with um health plans. So I can +talk more about that. The business model + + align:start position:0% +talk more about that. The business model + + + align:start position:0% +talk more about that. The business model +that we use is um a valuebased + + align:start position:0% +that we use is um a valuebased + + + align:start position:0% +that we use is um a valuebased +reimbursement model. So we are + + align:start position:0% +reimbursement model. So we are + + + align:start position:0% +reimbursement model. So we are +partnering with Molina on a per member + + align:start position:0% +partnering with Molina on a per member + + + align:start position:0% +partnering with Molina on a per member +per month subscription. So the and we + + align:start position:0% +per month subscription. So the and we + + + align:start position:0% +per month subscription. So the and we +get paid based on patient engagement and + + align:start position:0% +get paid based on patient engagement and + + + align:start position:0% +get paid based on patient engagement and +enrollment. And then we hope that with + + align:start position:0% +enrollment. And then we hope that with + + + align:start position:0% +enrollment. And then we hope that with +that initial success with just based on + + align:start position:0% +that initial success with just based on + + + align:start position:0% +that initial success with just based on +traction that we will negotiate a bonus + + align:start position:0% +traction that we will negotiate a bonus + + + align:start position:0% +traction that we will negotiate a bonus +um pay for performance shared savings + + align:start position:0% +um pay for performance shared savings + + + align:start position:0% +um pay for performance shared savings +kind of bonus where we are responsible + + align:start position:0% +kind of bonus where we are responsible + + + align:start position:0% +kind of bonus where we are responsible +for a population and the cost of that + + align:start position:0% +for a population and the cost of that + + + align:start position:0% +for a population and the cost of that +population um you know we're not + + align:start position:0% +population um you know we're not + + + align:start position:0% +population um you know we're not +responsible for their costs but we if we + + align:start position:0% +responsible for their costs but we if we + + + align:start position:0% +responsible for their costs but we if we +can show an impact on the cost then we + + align:start position:0% +can show an impact on the cost then we + + + align:start position:0% +can show an impact on the cost then we +get a cost share and that can be a + + align:start position:0% +get a cost share and that can be a + + + align:start position:0% +get a cost share and that can be a +significant in you know additional + + align:start position:0% +significant in you know additional + + + align:start position:0% +significant in you know additional +source of revenue. So, just this per + + align:start position:0% +source of revenue. So, just this per + + + align:start position:0% +source of revenue. So, just this per +member per month uh reimbursement is + + align:start position:0% +member per month uh reimbursement is + + + align:start position:0% +member per month uh reimbursement is +about $800 per person if you can keep + + align:start position:0% +about $800 per person if you can keep + + + align:start position:0% +about $800 per person if you can keep +them engaged for for the year. And and + + align:start position:0% +them engaged for for the year. And and + + + align:start position:0% +them engaged for for the year. And and +we've been we have people in our program + + align:start position:0% +we've been we have people in our program + + + align:start position:0% +we've been we have people in our program +who've been with us for five years. So, + + align:start position:0% +who've been with us for five years. So, + + + align:start position:0% +who've been with us for five years. So, +you know, we're showing, you know, some + + align:start position:0% +you know, we're showing, you know, some + + + align:start position:0% +you know, we're showing, you know, some +good numbers for long-term use. Um but + + align:start position:0% +good numbers for long-term use. Um but + + + align:start position:0% +good numbers for long-term use. Um but +even short-term use, the market is so + + align:start position:0% +even short-term use, the market is so + + + align:start position:0% +even short-term use, the market is so +big, you know, you can have a + + align:start position:0% +big, you know, you can have a + + + align:start position:0% +big, you know, you can have a +sustainable business um even just + + align:start position:0% +sustainable business um even just + + + align:start position:0% +sustainable business um even just +getting, you know, somebody engaged for + + align:start position:0% +getting, you know, somebody engaged for + + + align:start position:0% +getting, you know, somebody engaged for +a year. Um, and then there's also fee + + align:start position:0% +a year. Um, and then there's also fee + + + align:start position:0% +a year. Um, and then there's also fee +for service options as well as direct to + + align:start position:0% +for service options as well as direct to + + + align:start position:0% +for service options as well as direct to +consumer, but right now we're really + + align:start position:0% +consumer, but right now we're really + + + align:start position:0% +consumer, but right now we're really +trying to uh demonstrate that we can + + align:start position:0% +trying to uh demonstrate that we can + + + align:start position:0% +trying to uh demonstrate that we can +work with health plans because they just + + align:start position:0% +work with health plans because they just + + + align:start position:0% +work with health plans because they just +have control of a lot of the market. + + align:start position:0% +have control of a lot of the market. + + + align:start position:0% +have control of a lot of the market. +This is my team and I can tell you more + + align:start position:0% +This is my team and I can tell you more + + + align:start position:0% +This is my team and I can tell you more +about them, but I can tell you right + + align:start position:0% +about them, but I can tell you right + + + align:start position:0% +about them, but I can tell you right +now, you can't do it without a team and + + align:start position:0% +now, you can't do it without a team and + + + align:start position:0% +now, you can't do it without a team and +you can't do it without a good um team + + align:start position:0% +you can't do it without a good um team + + + align:start position:0% +you can't do it without a good um team +with diverse skills um that can tolerate + + align:start position:0% +with diverse skills um that can tolerate + + + align:start position:0% +with diverse skills um that can tolerate +the uncertainty and the difficulties + + align:start position:0% +the uncertainty and the difficulties + + + align:start position:0% +the uncertainty and the difficulties +that it takes to um endure, you know, + + align:start position:0% +that it takes to um endure, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +that it takes to um endure, you know, +this experience. So, you know, you + + align:start position:0% +this experience. So, you know, you + + + align:start position:0% +this experience. So, you know, you +really it's worth finding people that + + align:start position:0% +really it's worth finding people that + + + align:start position:0% +really it's worth finding people that +you can work with that uh can endure the + + align:start position:0% +you can work with that uh can endure the + + + align:start position:0% +you can work with that uh can endure the +challenges and the ups and downs. Uh so, + + align:start position:0% +challenges and the ups and downs. Uh so, + + + align:start position:0% +challenges and the ups and downs. Uh so, +a couple of other questions that were + + align:start position:0% +a couple of other questions that were + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of other questions that were +asked. um you know what regulatory stuff + + align:start position:0% +asked. um you know what regulatory stuff + + + align:start position:0% +asked. um you know what regulatory stuff +have we encountered? The biggest one is + + align:start position:0% +have we encountered? The biggest one is + + + align:start position:0% +have we encountered? The biggest one is +HIPPA. We haven't tried to get FDA + + align:start position:0% +HIPPA. We haven't tried to get FDA + + + align:start position:0% +HIPPA. We haven't tried to get FDA +approval as a medical therapeutic at + + align:start position:0% +approval as a medical therapeutic at + + + align:start position:0% +approval as a medical therapeutic at +this point. We are trying to go to + + align:start position:0% +this point. We are trying to go to + + + align:start position:0% +this point. We are trying to go to +market without that. But HIPPA is a huge + + align:start position:0% +market without that. But HIPPA is a huge + + + align:start position:0% +market without that. But HIPPA is a huge +obstacle with technology platforms. Um + + align:start position:0% +obstacle with technology platforms. Um + + + align:start position:0% +obstacle with technology platforms. Um +anything about working with partners, + + align:start position:0% +anything about working with partners, + + + align:start position:0% +anything about working with partners, +providers and payers, it's hard. It's + + align:start position:0% +providers and payers, it's hard. It's + + + align:start position:0% +providers and payers, it's hard. It's +really hard to work with them. They it + + align:start position:0% +really hard to work with them. They it + + + align:start position:0% +really hard to work with them. They it +takes years to de develop real + + align:start position:0% +takes years to de develop real + + + align:start position:0% +takes years to de develop real +partnerships with them. They are, you + + align:start position:0% +partnerships with them. They are, you + + + align:start position:0% +partnerships with them. They are, you +know, they are, you know, they are + + align:start position:0% +know, they are, you know, they are + + + align:start position:0% +know, they are, you know, they are +running the ship. They have control of + + align:start position:0% +running the ship. They have control of + + + align:start position:0% +running the ship. They have control of +the lives. They get to decide what + + align:start position:0% +the lives. They get to decide what + + + align:start position:0% +the lives. They get to decide what +people have access to. They, you know, + + align:start position:0% +people have access to. They, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +people have access to. They, you know, +can decide what they want to reimburse + + align:start position:0% +can decide what they want to reimburse + + + align:start position:0% +can decide what they want to reimburse +people for. And the only leverage you + + align:start position:0% +people for. And the only leverage you + + + align:start position:0% +people for. And the only leverage you +have is with the government. The + + align:start position:0% +have is with the government. The + + + align:start position:0% +have is with the government. The +government, you know, they have to honor + + align:start position:0% +government, you know, they have to honor + + + align:start position:0% +government, you know, they have to honor +what the government requires from them. + + align:start position:0% +what the government requires from them. + + + align:start position:0% +what the government requires from them. +So, in our case, the government requires + + align:start position:0% +So, in our case, the government requires + + + align:start position:0% +So, in our case, the government requires +them to provide self-management + + align:start position:0% +them to provide self-management + + + align:start position:0% +them to provide self-management +education uh and support. So you know + + align:start position:0% +education uh and support. So you know + + + align:start position:0% +education uh and support. So you know +that's something they need to deliver + + align:start position:0% +that's something they need to deliver + + + align:start position:0% +that's something they need to deliver +and we leverage that. Also Molina worked + + align:start position:0% +and we leverage that. Also Molina worked + + + align:start position:0% +and we leverage that. Also Molina worked +with us because of a health equity + + align:start position:0% +with us because of a health equity + + + align:start position:0% +with us because of a health equity +initiative that they are trying to + + align:start position:0% +initiative that they are trying to + + + align:start position:0% +initiative that they are trying to +implement in Kentucky. There's + + align:start position:0% +implement in Kentucky. There's + + + align:start position:0% +implement in Kentucky. There's +significant and published disparities in + + align:start position:0% +significant and published disparities in + + + align:start position:0% +significant and published disparities in +outcomes among minority populations. And + + align:start position:0% +outcomes among minority populations. And + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes among minority populations. And +so uh they brought us in as a health um + + align:start position:0% +so uh they brought us in as a health um + + + align:start position:0% +so uh they brought us in as a health um +health equity initiative. So you can + + align:start position:0% +health equity initiative. So you can + + + align:start position:0% +health equity initiative. So you can +find ways to partner if you can + + align:start position:0% +find ways to partner if you can + + + align:start position:0% +find ways to partner if you can +understand what the health plan's needs + + align:start position:0% +understand what the health plan's needs + + + align:start position:0% +understand what the health plan's needs +and priorities are. And and I think I + + align:start position:0% +and priorities are. And and I think I + + + align:start position:0% +and priorities are. And and I think I +mentioned most of these assumptions that + + align:start position:0% +mentioned most of these assumptions that + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned most of these assumptions that +I that prove to be wrong. Uh one is you + + align:start position:0% +I that prove to be wrong. Uh one is you + + + align:start position:0% +I that prove to be wrong. Uh one is you +definitely need lawyers and good ones + + align:start position:0% +definitely need lawyers and good ones + + + align:start position:0% +definitely need lawyers and good ones +because the the further you get down the + + align:start position:0% +because the the further you get down the + + + align:start position:0% +because the the further you get down the +road, the bumpier it will be and the + + align:start position:0% +road, the bumpier it will be and the + + + align:start position:0% +road, the bumpier it will be and the +more legal advice you need to get. Um, + + align:start position:0% +more legal advice you need to get. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +more legal advice you need to get. Um, +and it's not, you know, I had to learn + + align:start position:0% +and it's not, you know, I had to learn + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not, you know, I had to learn +that, you know, if you don't skin your + + align:start position:0% +that, you know, if you don't skin your + + + align:start position:0% +that, you know, if you don't skin your +knees, you're not playing hard enough. + + align:start position:0% +knees, you're not playing hard enough. + + + align:start position:0% +knees, you're not playing hard enough. +It's scary. It's scary when you get, you + + align:start position:0% +It's scary. It's scary when you get, you + + + align:start position:0% +It's scary. It's scary when you get, you +know, into legal um, contention with + + align:start position:0% +know, into legal um, contention with + + + align:start position:0% +know, into legal um, contention with +somebody, but it's important and + + align:start position:0% +somebody, but it's important and + + + align:start position:0% +somebody, but it's important and +navigable, but you just got to have good + + align:start position:0% +navigable, but you just got to have good + + + align:start position:0% +navigable, but you just got to have good +lawyers. Um, making mistakes is not the + + align:start position:0% +lawyers. Um, making mistakes is not the + + + align:start position:0% +lawyers. Um, making mistakes is not the +end of the world. You know, we you have + + align:start position:0% +end of the world. You know, we you have + + + align:start position:0% +end of the world. You know, we you have +like I almost think you have to make + + align:start position:0% +like I almost think you have to make + + + align:start position:0% +like I almost think you have to make +mistakes, but you feel kind of bad when + + align:start position:0% +mistakes, but you feel kind of bad when + + + align:start position:0% +mistakes, but you feel kind of bad when +you do. And um but it's inevitable um + + align:start position:0% +you do. And um but it's inevitable um + + + align:start position:0% +you do. And um but it's inevitable um +that you'll make mistakes and and learn + + align:start position:0% +that you'll make mistakes and and learn + + + align:start position:0% +that you'll make mistakes and and learn +from them. So, you know, you can get the + + align:start position:0% +from them. So, you know, you can get the + + + align:start position:0% +from them. So, you know, you can get the +best advice you can get um and that's + + align:start position:0% +best advice you can get um and that's + + + align:start position:0% +best advice you can get um and that's +that's what you can do proactively is + + align:start position:0% +that's what you can do proactively is + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you can do proactively is +try to have good advisors, but don't + + align:start position:0% +try to have good advisors, but don't + + + align:start position:0% +try to have good advisors, but don't +don't beat yourself up if you're making + + align:start position:0% +don't beat yourself up if you're making + + + align:start position:0% +don't beat yourself up if you're making +mistakes. And and the most important + + align:start position:0% +mistakes. And and the most important + + + align:start position:0% +mistakes. And and the most important +thing is to be educable, coachable, and + + align:start position:0% +thing is to be educable, coachable, and + + + align:start position:0% +thing is to be educable, coachable, and +and to learn from them. So, I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +and to learn from them. So, I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +and to learn from them. So, I'm gonna +I'm going to stop sharing and and open + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to stop sharing and and open + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to stop sharing and and open +up the floor for questions. And thank + + align:start position:0% +up the floor for questions. And thank + + + align:start position:0% +up the floor for questions. And thank +you um very much from the bottom of my + + align:start position:0% +you um very much from the bottom of my + + + align:start position:0% +you um very much from the bottom of my +heart for listening to my story and you + + align:start position:0% +heart for listening to my story and you + + + align:start position:0% +heart for listening to my story and you +know um I hope that um you find some + + align:start position:0% +know um I hope that um you find some + + + align:start position:0% +know um I hope that um you find some +benefit in it. So what other questions + + align:start position:0% +benefit in it. So what other questions + + + align:start position:0% +benefit in it. So what other questions +do you have? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think it would be great if you can + + align:start position:0% +I think it would be great if you can + + + align:start position:0% +I think it would be great if you can +talk a little more about like selling to + + align:start position:0% +talk a little more about like selling to + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little more about like selling to +the big organizations and and also like + + align:start position:0% +the big organizations and and also like + + + align:start position:0% +the big organizations and and also like +why did you decide to go for the four + + align:start position:0% +why did you decide to go for the four + + + align:start position:0% +why did you decide to go for the four +like um target audiences, right? You + + align:start position:0% +like um target audiences, right? You + + + align:start position:0% +like um target audiences, right? You +could have chosen one or two. Yeah. Or + + align:start position:0% +could have chosen one or two. Yeah. Or + + + align:start position:0% +could have chosen one or two. Yeah. Or +three. Yes. So I would say that um you + + align:start position:0% +three. Yes. So I would say that um you + + + align:start position:0% +three. Yes. So I would say that um you +know we kind of learned this + + align:start position:0% +know we kind of learned this + + + align:start position:0% +know we kind of learned this +we we're still learning it to some + + align:start position:0% +we we're still learning it to some + + + align:start position:0% +we we're still learning it to some +extent. So we we I was not I didn't + + align:start position:0% +extent. So we we I was not I didn't + + + align:start position:0% +extent. So we we I was not I didn't +realize that we would have so much + + align:start position:0% +realize that we would have so much + + + align:start position:0% +realize that we would have so much +trouble getting partnered with health + + align:start position:0% +trouble getting partnered with health + + + align:start position:0% +trouble getting partnered with health +plans. I really thought that it would be + + align:start position:0% +plans. I really thought that it would be + + + align:start position:0% +plans. I really thought that it would be +my experience with Project Red was, you + + align:start position:0% +my experience with Project Red was, you + + + align:start position:0% +my experience with Project Red was, you +know, in some ways it was kind of a + + align:start position:0% +know, in some ways it was kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +know, in some ways it was kind of a +fairy tale of, you know, like something + + align:start position:0% +fairy tale of, you know, like something + + + align:start position:0% +fairy tale of, you know, like something +happened at in, you know, once in a + + align:start position:0% +happened at in, you know, once in a + + + align:start position:0% +happened at in, you know, once in a +lifetime and and and the demand for our + + align:start position:0% +lifetime and and and the demand for our + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime and and and the demand for our +product just took off with a life of its + + align:start position:0% +product just took off with a life of its + + + align:start position:0% +product just took off with a life of its +own in a unicorn kind of way, I guess. + + align:start position:0% +own in a unicorn kind of way, I guess. + + + align:start position:0% +own in a unicorn kind of way, I guess. +Um, but mo the real world is that those + + align:start position:0% +Um, but mo the real world is that those + + + align:start position:0% +Um, but mo the real world is that those +relationships are hard to forge and and + + align:start position:0% +relationships are hard to forge and and + + + align:start position:0% +relationships are hard to forge and and +even harder to keep. And so um you know + + align:start position:0% +even harder to keep. And so um you know + + + align:start position:0% +even harder to keep. And so um you know +sometimes that's an important role for + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that's an important role for + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes that's an important role for +an advisor or an investor right that you + + align:start position:0% +an advisor or an investor right that you + + + align:start position:0% +an advisor or an investor right that you +know if you're working with investors. + + align:start position:0% +know if you're working with investors. + + + align:start position:0% +know if you're working with investors. +Now I'll tell you my very first group of + + align:start position:0% +Now I'll tell you my very first group of + + + align:start position:0% +Now I'll tell you my very first group of +adviserss sat me down and told me to + + align:start position:0% +adviserss sat me down and told me to + + + align:start position:0% +adviserss sat me down and told me to +build my company with um non-diluted + + align:start position:0% +build my company with um non-diluted + + + align:start position:0% +build my company with um non-diluted +funding for as long as I could. And um + + align:start position:0% +funding for as long as I could. And um + + + align:start position:0% +funding for as long as I could. And um +there's pros and cons to that. The road + + align:start position:0% +there's pros and cons to that. The road + + + align:start position:0% +there's pros and cons to that. The road +is slower for sure with non-diluted + + align:start position:0% +is slower for sure with non-diluted + + + align:start position:0% +is slower for sure with non-diluted +funding, but you remain in control of + + align:start position:0% +funding, but you remain in control of + + + align:start position:0% +funding, but you remain in control of +your destiny. And I think that for in + + align:start position:0% +your destiny. And I think that for in + + + align:start position:0% +your destiny. And I think that for in +some ways that is important that you um + + align:start position:0% +some ways that is important that you um + + + align:start position:0% +some ways that is important that you um +you know are able to fulfill your vision + + align:start position:0% +you know are able to fulfill your vision + + + align:start position:0% +you know are able to fulfill your vision +without the pressure of you know + + align:start position:0% +without the pressure of you know + + + align:start position:0% +without the pressure of you know +generating revenue um when you're not + + align:start position:0% +generating revenue um when you're not + + + align:start position:0% +generating revenue um when you're not +ready for it. And so I think that's an + + align:start position:0% +ready for it. And so I think that's an + + + align:start position:0% +ready for it. And so I think that's an +important thing to consider. If you find + + align:start position:0% +important thing to consider. If you find + + + align:start position:0% +important thing to consider. If you find +the right investment partner, that can + + align:start position:0% +the right investment partner, that can + + + align:start position:0% +the right investment partner, that can +be a dream come true. You know, somebody + + align:start position:0% +be a dream come true. You know, somebody + + + align:start position:0% +be a dream come true. You know, somebody +who a group of people that are, you + + align:start position:0% +who a group of people that are, you + + + align:start position:0% +who a group of people that are, you +know, so um you know, committed and + + align:start position:0% +know, so um you know, committed and + + + align:start position:0% +know, so um you know, committed and +generous uh and and can wait it out. But + + align:start position:0% +generous uh and and can wait it out. But + + + align:start position:0% +generous uh and and can wait it out. But +at an early stage startup, like making + + align:start position:0% +at an early stage startup, like making + + + align:start position:0% +at an early stage startup, like making +money is not going to happen for a very + + align:start position:0% +money is not going to happen for a very + + + align:start position:0% +money is not going to happen for a very +long time. And so you've got to find a + + align:start position:0% +long time. And so you've got to find a + + + align:start position:0% +long time. And so you've got to find a +way to, you know, find partners that are + + align:start position:0% +way to, you know, find partners that are + + + align:start position:0% +way to, you know, find partners that are +can can stick it out with you. Um I'll I + + align:start position:0% +can can stick it out with you. Um I'll I + + + align:start position:0% +can can stick it out with you. Um I'll I +I saw a question about diluted and + + align:start position:0% +I saw a question about diluted and + + + align:start position:0% +I saw a question about diluted and +non-diluted funding. And so, uh, you + + align:start position:0% +non-diluted funding. And so, uh, you + + + align:start position:0% +non-diluted funding. And so, uh, you +know, when you take on an investor, + + align:start position:0% +know, when you take on an investor, + + + align:start position:0% +know, when you take on an investor, +usually there's a cost, right? The + + align:start position:0% +usually there's a cost, right? The + + + align:start position:0% +usually there's a cost, right? The +investor wants a piece of equity, um, in + + align:start position:0% +investor wants a piece of equity, um, in + + + align:start position:0% +investor wants a piece of equity, um, in +the company for the money that they give + + align:start position:0% +the company for the money that they give + + + align:start position:0% +the company for the money that they give +you. And depending on how much value you + + align:start position:0% +you. And depending on how much value you + + + align:start position:0% +you. And depending on how much value you +have in the company at the time that the + + align:start position:0% +have in the company at the time that the + + + align:start position:0% +have in the company at the time that the +investor um, makes the commitment, they + + align:start position:0% +investor um, makes the commitment, they + + + align:start position:0% +investor um, makes the commitment, they +will be able to request more of your + + align:start position:0% +will be able to request more of your + + + align:start position:0% +will be able to request more of your +company. And eventually as your company + + align:start position:0% +company. And eventually as your company + + + align:start position:0% +company. And eventually as your company +and your success grows, you can diminish + + align:start position:0% +and your success grows, you can diminish + + + align:start position:0% +and your success grows, you can diminish +your your ownership and your control + + align:start position:0% +your your ownership and your control + + + align:start position:0% +your your ownership and your control +over your vision to the point where some + + align:start position:0% +over your vision to the point where some + + + align:start position:0% +over your vision to the point where some +people lose their company entirely and + + align:start position:0% +people lose their company entirely and + + + align:start position:0% +people lose their company entirely and +and get displaced. And that's a true + + align:start position:0% +and get displaced. And that's a true + + + align:start position:0% +and get displaced. And that's a true +story. Sometimes it's a you know, it's + + align:start position:0% +story. Sometimes it's a you know, it's + + + align:start position:0% +story. Sometimes it's a you know, it's +not entirely negative, but it's a it's + + align:start position:0% +not entirely negative, but it's a it's + + + align:start position:0% +not entirely negative, but it's a it's +it's a true story. And so, um, we kind + + align:start position:0% +it's a true story. And so, um, we kind + + + align:start position:0% +it's a true story. And so, um, we kind +of decided that once we, you know, + + align:start position:0% +of decided that once we, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +of decided that once we, you know, +because of our first contract with + + align:start position:0% +because of our first contract with + + + align:start position:0% +because of our first contract with +Guisinger, we really were able to go + + align:start position:0% +Guisinger, we really were able to go + + + align:start position:0% +Guisinger, we really were able to go +into our first kind of preede round + + align:start position:0% +into our first kind of preede round + + + align:start position:0% +into our first kind of preede round +without, um, giving up any equity and we + + align:start position:0% +without, um, giving up any equity and we + + + align:start position:0% +without, um, giving up any equity and we +got, you know, a half a million dollars + + align:start position:0% +got, you know, a half a million dollars + + + align:start position:0% +got, you know, a half a million dollars +in that contract. And then, but from + + align:start position:0% +in that contract. And then, but from + + + align:start position:0% +in that contract. And then, but from +there, you know, I was kind of trying to + + align:start position:0% +there, you know, I was kind of trying to + + + align:start position:0% +there, you know, I was kind of trying to +figure out where are we going to go from + + align:start position:0% +figure out where are we going to go from + + + align:start position:0% +figure out where are we going to go from +here? Um, and going to the NIH just felt + + align:start position:0% +here? Um, and going to the NIH just felt + + + align:start position:0% +here? Um, and going to the NIH just felt +familiar to me to be perfectly honest. I + + align:start position:0% +familiar to me to be perfectly honest. I + + + align:start position:0% +familiar to me to be perfectly honest. I +knew how to navigate the NIH. I wasn't + + align:start position:0% +knew how to navigate the NIH. I wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +knew how to navigate the NIH. I wasn't +that familiar navigating investors and + + align:start position:0% +that familiar navigating investors and + + + align:start position:0% +that familiar navigating investors and +you know my adviserss really pushed the + + align:start position:0% +you know my adviserss really pushed the + + + align:start position:0% +you know my adviserss really pushed the +idea of not engaging an envir you know + + align:start position:0% +idea of not engaging an envir you know + + + align:start position:0% +idea of not engaging an envir you know +investor partner until we were further + + align:start position:0% +investor partner until we were further + + + align:start position:0% +investor partner until we were further +along where we would have more leverage + + align:start position:0% +along where we would have more leverage + + + align:start position:0% +along where we would have more leverage +um to negotiate you know a better + + align:start position:0% +um to negotiate you know a better + + + align:start position:0% +um to negotiate you know a better +agreement. And so we uh went for the + + align:start position:0% +agreement. And so we uh went for the + + + align:start position:0% +agreement. And so we uh went for the +SBIR funding and I just I'm a good + + align:start position:0% +SBIR funding and I just I'm a good + + + align:start position:0% +SBIR funding and I just I'm a good +writer. I'm a good researcher and I'm a + + align:start position:0% +writer. I'm a good researcher and I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +writer. I'm a good researcher and I'm a +good grant writer. And so we have been + + align:start position:0% +good grant writer. And so we have been + + + align:start position:0% +good grant writer. And so we have been +very successful with the SBIR program. + + align:start position:0% +very successful with the SBIR program. + + + align:start position:0% +very successful with the SBIR program. +If you don't know about SBIS, I'm happy + + align:start position:0% +If you don't know about SBIS, I'm happy + + + align:start position:0% +If you don't know about SBIS, I'm happy +to talk to you at length about it. Um + + align:start position:0% +to talk to you at length about it. Um + + + align:start position:0% +to talk to you at length about it. Um +and and how you can be successful with + + align:start position:0% +and and how you can be successful with + + + align:start position:0% +and and how you can be successful with +that um funding. It's it's really you + + align:start position:0% +that um funding. It's it's really you + + + align:start position:0% +that um funding. It's it's really you +can get up to five four or five million + + align:start position:0% +can get up to five four or five million + + + align:start position:0% +can get up to five four or five million +on a single idea. And there's people + + align:start position:0% +on a single idea. And there's people + + + align:start position:0% +on a single idea. And there's people +whose companies just keep putting in + + align:start position:0% +whose companies just keep putting in + + + align:start position:0% +whose companies just keep putting in +SBIRS and getting more funding doing + + align:start position:0% +SBIRS and getting more funding doing + + + align:start position:0% +SBIRS and getting more funding doing +different types of projects. Um, and so + + align:start position:0% +different types of projects. Um, and so + + + align:start position:0% +different types of projects. Um, and so +you can have as many SBIRs as you want. + + align:start position:0% +you can have as many SBIRs as you want. + + + align:start position:0% +you can have as many SBIRs as you want. +Um, at some point you have to + + align:start position:0% +Um, at some point you have to + + + align:start position:0% +Um, at some point you have to +demonstrate that you're you know you're + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate that you're you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate that you're you know you're +getting commercial success, but it's a + + align:start position:0% +getting commercial success, but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +getting commercial success, but it's a +it's a great way to get non-diluted + + align:start position:0% +it's a great way to get non-diluted + + + align:start position:0% +it's a great way to get non-diluted +funding if you can. You also have to + + align:start position:0% +funding if you can. You also have to + + + align:start position:0% +funding if you can. You also have to +realize though working with the + + align:start position:0% +realize though working with the + + + align:start position:0% +realize though working with the +government is also a pain in the neck + + align:start position:0% +government is also a pain in the neck + + + align:start position:0% +government is also a pain in the neck +and you there's a lot of things you have + + align:start position:0% +and you there's a lot of things you have + + + align:start position:0% +and you there's a lot of things you have +to abide by working with the government. + + align:start position:0% +to abide by working with the government. + + + align:start position:0% +to abide by working with the government. +But that's my bread and butter. I know + + align:start position:0% +But that's my bread and butter. I know + + + align:start position:0% +But that's my bread and butter. I know +it really well. So that has worked out + + align:start position:0% +it really well. So that has worked out + + + align:start position:0% +it really well. So that has worked out +well for us and we've gone a long way um + + align:start position:0% +well for us and we've gone a long way um + + + align:start position:0% +well for us and we've gone a long way um +in getting to our go to market strategy + + align:start position:0% +in getting to our go to market strategy + + + align:start position:0% +in getting to our go to market strategy +working with a a national health plan + + align:start position:0% +working with a a national health plan + + + align:start position:0% +working with a a national health plan +partner um and and getting traction in a + + align:start position:0% +partner um and and getting traction in a + + + align:start position:0% +partner um and and getting traction in a +um in a Medicaid market. So I'm happy to + + align:start position:0% +um in a Medicaid market. So I'm happy to + + + align:start position:0% +um in a Medicaid market. So I'm happy to +tell you more about that um if there's + + align:start position:0% +tell you more about that um if there's + + + align:start position:0% +tell you more about that um if there's +if if you're interested. I see a couple + + align:start position:0% +if if you're interested. I see a couple + + + align:start position:0% +if if you're interested. I see a couple +of hands up in grid. What where should I + + align:start position:0% +of hands up in grid. What where should I + + + align:start position:0% +of hands up in grid. What where should I +go? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +We can uh but with that on Donica Donica + + align:start position:0% +We can uh but with that on Donica Donica + + + align:start position:0% +We can uh but with that on Donica Donica +us hi. So firstly I wanted to just thank + + align:start position:0% +us hi. So firstly I wanted to just thank + + + align:start position:0% +us hi. So firstly I wanted to just thank +you for sharing your um your journey. I + + align:start position:0% +you for sharing your um your journey. I + + + align:start position:0% +you for sharing your um your journey. I +have a women's femalth startup called + + align:start position:0% +have a women's femalth startup called + + + align:start position:0% +have a women's femalth startup called +wingwomen. We do virtual and inerson + + align:start position:0% +wingwomen. We do virtual and inerson + + + align:start position:0% +wingwomen. We do virtual and inerson +gynecology family planning coaching and + + align:start position:0% +gynecology family planning coaching and + + + align:start position:0% +gynecology family planning coaching and +doulaare. We're also in Massachusetts + + align:start position:0% +doulaare. We're also in Massachusetts + + + align:start position:0% +doulaare. We're also in Massachusetts +um serving the Medicare and Medicaid + + align:start position:0% +um serving the Medicare and Medicaid + + + align:start position:0% +um serving the Medicare and Medicaid +patient population. So, I appreciate um + + align:start position:0% +patient population. So, I appreciate um + + + align:start position:0% +patient population. So, I appreciate um +meeting and running into another founder + + align:start position:0% +meeting and running into another founder + + + align:start position:0% +meeting and running into another founder +that has navigated that because with + + align:start position:0% +that has navigated that because with + + + align:start position:0% +that has navigated that because with +startups, it's not always common that + + align:start position:0% +startups, it's not always common that + + + align:start position:0% +startups, it's not always common that +people will go after that patient + + align:start position:0% +people will go after that patient + + + align:start position:0% +people will go after that patient +population because of the complexity. + + align:start position:0% +population because of the complexity. + + + align:start position:0% +population because of the complexity. +And then to your point around dealing + + align:start position:0% +And then to your point around dealing + + + align:start position:0% +And then to your point around dealing +with investors, a lot of them don't want + + align:start position:0% +with investors, a lot of them don't want + + + align:start position:0% +with investors, a lot of them don't want +to deal with the government. Yeah. Um, + + align:start position:0% +to deal with the government. Yeah. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with the government. Yeah. Um, +so again, I appreciate your um, honesty + + align:start position:0% +so again, I appreciate your um, honesty + + + align:start position:0% +so again, I appreciate your um, honesty +about that piece as well as um, trying + + align:start position:0% +about that piece as well as um, trying + + + align:start position:0% +about that piece as well as um, trying +to wait as long as possible before + + align:start position:0% +to wait as long as possible before + + + align:start position:0% +to wait as long as possible before +taking investor money. My question was + + align:start position:0% +taking investor money. My question was + + + align:start position:0% +taking investor money. My question was +at this point, have you taken any + + align:start position:0% +at this point, have you taken any + + + align:start position:0% +at this point, have you taken any +investor money? And then for those of us + + align:start position:0% +investor money? And then for those of us + + + align:start position:0% +investor money? And then for those of us +because our company has already taken a + + align:start position:0% +because our company has already taken a + + + align:start position:0% +because our company has already taken a +bit of venture when you've hit periods + + align:start position:0% +bit of venture when you've hit periods + + + align:start position:0% +bit of venture when you've hit periods +where you just need to kind of I'm just + + align:start position:0% +where you just need to kind of I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +where you just need to kind of I'm just +going to do like air quotes grind and + + align:start position:0% +going to do like air quotes grind and + + + align:start position:0% +going to do like air quotes grind and +grow where there's not a lot of revenue + + align:start position:0% +grow where there's not a lot of revenue + + + align:start position:0% +grow where there's not a lot of revenue +coming in like how to kind of position + + align:start position:0% +coming in like how to kind of position + + + align:start position:0% +coming in like how to kind of position +those milestones and those wins when + + align:start position:0% +those milestones and those wins when + + + align:start position:0% +those milestones and those wins when +it's not translating into dollars. Um, + + align:start position:0% +it's not translating into dollars. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +it's not translating into dollars. Um, +and then for those of you guys who + + align:start position:0% +and then for those of you guys who + + + align:start position:0% +and then for those of you guys who +haven't taken investor money or don't + + align:start position:0% +haven't taken investor money or don't + + + align:start position:0% +haven't taken investor money or don't +know, just if you take it, usually you + + align:start position:0% +know, just if you take it, usually you + + + align:start position:0% +know, just if you take it, usually you +have to give them a monthly and or + + align:start position:0% +have to give them a monthly and or + + + align:start position:0% +have to give them a monthly and or +quarterly snapshot of how much money is + + align:start position:0% +quarterly snapshot of how much money is + + + align:start position:0% +quarterly snapshot of how much money is +in your bank account, what your burn + + align:start position:0% +in your bank account, what your burn + + + align:start position:0% +in your bank account, what your burn +rate is, um, anything you have coming + + align:start position:0% +rate is, um, anything you have coming + + + align:start position:0% +rate is, um, anything you have coming +up, so they have constant access to how + + align:start position:0% +up, so they have constant access to how + + + align:start position:0% +up, so they have constant access to how +much money you have at any given time + + align:start position:0% +much money you have at any given time + + + align:start position:0% +much money you have at any given time +the moment you take it. So, um, with + + align:start position:0% +the moment you take it. So, um, with + + + align:start position:0% +the moment you take it. So, um, with +that in mind, um, kind of how to + + align:start position:0% +that in mind, um, kind of how to + + + align:start position:0% +that in mind, um, kind of how to +position those milestones and those wins + + align:start position:0% +position those milestones and those wins + + + align:start position:0% +position those milestones and those wins +when it doesn't translate into dollars. + + align:start position:0% +when it doesn't translate into dollars. + + + align:start position:0% +when it doesn't translate into dollars. +Yeah. So, I had one period where we were + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So, I had one period where we were + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So, I had one period where we were +running on fumes um, and interns were + + align:start position:0% +running on fumes um, and interns were + + + align:start position:0% +running on fumes um, and interns were +helping. Um, so, thank you, Gifty. and + + align:start position:0% +helping. Um, so, thank you, Gifty. and + + + align:start position:0% +helping. Um, so, thank you, Gifty. and +and uh we you know we didn't we we were + + align:start position:0% +and uh we you know we didn't we we were + + + align:start position:0% +and uh we you know we didn't we we were +waiting for our phase two and we were + + align:start position:0% +waiting for our phase two and we were + + + align:start position:0% +waiting for our phase two and we were +running out of our phase one and we + + align:start position:0% +running out of our phase one and we + + + align:start position:0% +running out of our phase one and we +weren't generating revenue. We were + + align:start position:0% +weren't generating revenue. We were + + + align:start position:0% +weren't generating revenue. We were +generating a little bit of revenue and + + align:start position:0% +generating a little bit of revenue and + + + align:start position:0% +generating a little bit of revenue and +doing side gigs with our platform but it + + align:start position:0% +doing side gigs with our platform but it + + + align:start position:0% +doing side gigs with our platform but it +was you know we were we still needed to + + align:start position:0% +was you know we were we still needed to + + + align:start position:0% +was you know we were we still needed to +do more development on the platform in + + align:start position:0% +do more development on the platform in + + + align:start position:0% +do more development on the platform in +order to be able to partner around cyber + + align:start position:0% +order to be able to partner around cyber + + + align:start position:0% +order to be able to partner around cyber +security. So, if you're going to work in + + align:start position:0% +security. So, if you're going to work in + + + align:start position:0% +security. So, if you're going to work in +healthcare, don't wait till the last + + align:start position:0% +healthcare, don't wait till the last + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare, don't wait till the last +minute to think about cyber security and + + align:start position:0% +minute to think about cyber security and + + + align:start position:0% +minute to think about cyber security and +HIPPA because when you want to that's + + align:start position:0% +HIPPA because when you want to that's + + + align:start position:0% +HIPPA because when you want to that's +another piece of if you want to partner + + align:start position:0% +another piece of if you want to partner + + + align:start position:0% +another piece of if you want to partner +with a large health plan, you need to be + + align:start position:0% +with a large health plan, you need to be + + + align:start position:0% +with a large health plan, you need to be +able to play at that level of security + + align:start position:0% +able to play at that level of security + + + align:start position:0% +able to play at that level of security +and that means have insurance. + + align:start position:0% +and that means have insurance. + + + align:start position:0% +and that means have insurance. +I hear somebody's + + align:start position:0% +I hear somebody's + + + align:start position:0% +I hear somebody's +do you hear that? Okay. So um it's uh so + + align:start position:0% +do you hear that? Okay. So um it's uh so + + + align:start position:0% +do you hear that? Okay. So um it's uh so +you have to be able to show that you can + + align:start position:0% +you have to be able to show that you can + + + align:start position:0% +you have to be able to show that you can +deliver secure data sharing. You have to + + align:start position:0% +deliver secure data sharing. You have to + + + align:start position:0% +deliver secure data sharing. You have to +have a a a significant amount of + + align:start position:0% +have a a a significant amount of + + + align:start position:0% +have a a a significant amount of +insurance that secures you. Um you have + + align:start position:0% +insurance that secures you. Um you have + + + align:start position:0% +insurance that secures you. Um you have +to accept it, you know, a significant + + align:start position:0% +to accept it, you know, a significant + + + align:start position:0% +to accept it, you know, a significant +amount of risk for data sharing. So if + + align:start position:0% +amount of risk for data sharing. So if + + + align:start position:0% +amount of risk for data sharing. So if +you want to play ball with payers and + + align:start position:0% +you want to play ball with payers and + + + align:start position:0% +you want to play ball with payers and +and big employers, you have to be able + + align:start position:0% +and big employers, you have to be able + + + align:start position:0% +and big employers, you have to be able +to com you know reassure them that you + + align:start position:0% +to com you know reassure them that you + + + align:start position:0% +to com you know reassure them that you +have the ability to manage the data + + align:start position:0% +have the ability to manage the data + + + align:start position:0% +have the ability to manage the data +because that's their biggest risk. And + + align:start position:0% +because that's their biggest risk. And + + + align:start position:0% +because that's their biggest risk. And +it's it's a very you know we failed our + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a very you know we failed our + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a very you know we failed our +first security audit which was that was + + align:start position:0% +first security audit which was that was + + + align:start position:0% +first security audit which was that was +another eyeopening experience like I had + + align:start position:0% +another eyeopening experience like I had + + + align:start position:0% +another eyeopening experience like I had +no idea and the guy practically laughed + + align:start position:0% +no idea and the guy practically laughed + + + align:start position:0% +no idea and the guy practically laughed +us out of the zoom room you know because + + align:start position:0% +us out of the zoom room you know because + + + align:start position:0% +us out of the zoom room you know because +we were so poorly prepared and you know + + align:start position:0% +we were so poorly prepared and you know + + + align:start position:0% +we were so poorly prepared and you know +we we learned quickly what you needed to + + align:start position:0% +we we learned quickly what you needed to + + + align:start position:0% +we we learned quickly what you needed to +be um in you know to be able to partner + + align:start position:0% +be um in you know to be able to partner + + + align:start position:0% +be um in you know to be able to partner +with a large help plan and that was a + + align:start position:0% +with a large help plan and that was a + + + align:start position:0% +with a large help plan and that was a +growing pain and so we were in that + + align:start position:0% +growing pain and so we were in that + + + align:start position:0% +growing pain and so we were in that +window of needing to develop that cyber + + align:start position:0% +window of needing to develop that cyber + + + align:start position:0% +window of needing to develop that cyber +security Um, and I honestly I played + + align:start position:0% +security Um, and I honestly I played + + + align:start position:0% +security Um, and I honestly I played +poker. Um, + + align:start position:0% +poker. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +poker. Um, +Donica, I played some poker there where + + align:start position:0% +Donica, I played some poker there where + + + align:start position:0% +Donica, I played some poker there where +I didn't have enough money to do what I + + align:start position:0% +I didn't have enough money to do what I + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't have enough money to do what I +needed to do and I was trying to build + + align:start position:0% +needed to do and I was trying to build + + + align:start position:0% +needed to do and I was trying to build +it and and and you know that's the + + align:start position:0% +it and and and you know that's the + + + align:start position:0% +it and and and you know that's the +entrepreneurs's journey like you're + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs's journey like you're + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs's journey like you're +playing poker a little bit. um you know + + align:start position:0% +playing poker a little bit. um you know + + + align:start position:0% +playing poker a little bit. um you know +as you're because those those contracts + + align:start position:0% +as you're because those those contracts + + + align:start position:0% +as you're because those those contracts +take a long two years to get a signature + + align:start position:0% +take a long two years to get a signature + + + align:start position:0% +take a long two years to get a signature +on a contract and you know you can't + + align:start position:0% +on a contract and you know you can't + + + align:start position:0% +on a contract and you know you can't +believe the way the lawyers will talk + + align:start position:0% +believe the way the lawyers will talk + + + align:start position:0% +believe the way the lawyers will talk +about you know what you're going to do + + align:start position:0% +about you know what you're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +about you know what you're going to do +you know you're trying to you think + + align:start position:0% +you know you're trying to you think + + + align:start position:0% +you know you're trying to you think +you're trying to serve patients and they + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to serve patients and they + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to serve patients and they +are just you know layering on all these + + align:start position:0% +are just you know layering on all these + + + align:start position:0% +are just you know layering on all these +other complexities and so it takes a + + align:start position:0% +other complexities and so it takes a + + + align:start position:0% +other complexities and so it takes a +long time. If you sit around and wait + + align:start position:0% +long time. If you sit around and wait + + + align:start position:0% +long time. If you sit around and wait +for that ink to dry, you will not be + + align:start position:0% +for that ink to dry, you will not be + + + align:start position:0% +for that ink to dry, you will not be +prepared when when when go when the time + + align:start position:0% +prepared when when when go when the time + + + align:start position:0% +prepared when when when go when the time +comes to hit go. So, you know, you have + + align:start position:0% +comes to hit go. So, you know, you have + + + align:start position:0% +comes to hit go. So, you know, you have +to deal with that timeline. We were in + + align:start position:0% +to deal with that timeline. We were in + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with that timeline. We were in +that donut hole where we were waiting + + align:start position:0% +that donut hole where we were waiting + + + align:start position:0% +that donut hole where we were waiting +for our phase 2 funding. Our phase one + + align:start position:0% +for our phase 2 funding. Our phase one + + + align:start position:0% +for our phase 2 funding. Our phase one +was gone. We're barely kind of keeping + + align:start position:0% +was gone. We're barely kind of keeping + + + align:start position:0% +was gone. We're barely kind of keeping +the lights on. and we did take on an + + align:start position:0% +the lights on. and we did take on an + + + align:start position:0% +the lights on. and we did take on an +investor um with a safe note and it was + + align:start position:0% +investor um with a safe note and it was + + + align:start position:0% +investor um with a safe note and it was +a small amount of money and we don't + + align:start position:0% +a small amount of money and we don't + + + align:start position:0% +a small amount of money and we don't +give him any kind of reports uh but he + + align:start position:0% +give him any kind of reports uh but he + + + align:start position:0% +give him any kind of reports uh but he +is still a good friend to us. He's + + align:start position:0% +is still a good friend to us. He's + + + align:start position:0% +is still a good friend to us. He's +somebody I met on an airplane. You never + + align:start position:0% +somebody I met on an airplane. You never + + + align:start position:0% +somebody I met on an airplane. You never +know who's sitting next to you on an + + align:start position:0% +know who's sitting next to you on an + + + align:start position:0% +know who's sitting next to you on an +airplane. Um and you know he's he's a + + align:start position:0% +airplane. Um and you know he's he's a + + + align:start position:0% +airplane. Um and you know he's he's a +good friend to us. Uh and we are in + + align:start position:0% +good friend to us. Uh and we are in + + + align:start position:0% +good friend to us. Uh and we are in +still in debt to him for um for that + + align:start position:0% +still in debt to him for um for that + + + align:start position:0% +still in debt to him for um for that +funding but it got us through to our + + align:start position:0% +funding but it got us through to our + + + align:start position:0% +funding but it got us through to our +phase 2 funding. So sometimes if you can + + align:start position:0% +phase 2 funding. So sometimes if you can + + + align:start position:0% +phase 2 funding. So sometimes if you can +find that I would say don't wait to + + align:start position:0% +find that I would say don't wait to + + + align:start position:0% +find that I would say don't wait to +develop your your partner your + + align:start position:0% +develop your your partner your + + + align:start position:0% +develop your your partner your +relationship network with investors uh + + align:start position:0% +relationship network with investors uh + + + align:start position:0% +relationship network with investors uh +while you're using non-diluted funding + + align:start position:0% +while you're using non-diluted funding + + + align:start position:0% +while you're using non-diluted funding +because you you know you never know when + + align:start position:0% +because you you know you never know when + + + align:start position:0% +because you you know you never know when +you might need that investor to step in + + align:start position:0% +you might need that investor to step in + + + align:start position:0% +you might need that investor to step in +and help you out. But we just know that + + align:start position:0% +and help you out. But we just know that + + + align:start position:0% +and help you out. But we just know that +when you do it, there will be, you know, + + align:start position:0% +when you do it, there will be, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +when you do it, there will be, you know, +some you'll be giving up some of your + + align:start position:0% +some you'll be giving up some of your + + + align:start position:0% +some you'll be giving up some of your +freedom, um, some of your equity. But + + align:start position:0% +freedom, um, some of your equity. But + + + align:start position:0% +freedom, um, some of your equity. But +for some people that's, you know, that + + align:start position:0% +for some people that's, you know, that + + + align:start position:0% +for some people that's, you know, that +actually helped them get to win. So I I + + align:start position:0% +actually helped them get to win. So I I + + + align:start position:0% +actually helped them get to win. So I I +don't judge, um, either way as better. I + + align:start position:0% +don't judge, um, either way as better. I + + + align:start position:0% +don't judge, um, either way as better. I +I think it's very dependent on who you + + align:start position:0% +I think it's very dependent on who you + + + align:start position:0% +I think it's very dependent on who you +are, what you're doing, and the kind of + + align:start position:0% +are, what you're doing, and the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +are, what you're doing, and the kind of +investment partners you're able to work + + align:start position:0% +investment partners you're able to work + + + align:start position:0% +investment partners you're able to work +with. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +with. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +with. Yeah. +Any other questions specifically? I can + + align:start position:0% +Any other questions specifically? I can + + + align:start position:0% +Any other questions specifically? I can +talk more about working with big um + + align:start position:0% +talk more about working with big um + + + align:start position:0% +talk more about working with big um +health plans or what it means to work + + align:start position:0% +health plans or what it means to work + + + align:start position:0% +health plans or what it means to work +with a m Medicaid managed care plan or + + align:start position:0% +with a m Medicaid managed care plan or + + + align:start position:0% +with a m Medicaid managed care plan or +the business model. Anybody have any I + + align:start position:0% +the business model. Anybody have any I + + + align:start position:0% +the business model. Anybody have any I +see a hand up. Roger. + + align:start position:0% +see a hand up. Roger. + + + align:start position:0% +see a hand up. Roger. +Yeah. Yeah, I wanted to ask you uh if + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah, I wanted to ask you uh if + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah, I wanted to ask you uh if +you so with the SSB, SBBR or the + + align:start position:0% +you so with the SSB, SBBR or the + + + align:start position:0% +you so with the SSB, SBBR or the +business program at the NIH, + + align:start position:0% +business program at the NIH, + + + align:start position:0% +business program at the NIH, +if you were + + align:start position:0% +if you were + + + align:start position:0% +if you were +when you wrote that proposal, + + align:start position:0% +when you wrote that proposal, + + + align:start position:0% +when you wrote that proposal, +is this something you were leading the + + align:start position:0% +is this something you were leading the + + + align:start position:0% +is this something you were leading the +company or you were partnering with a + + align:start position:0% +company or you were partnering with a + + + align:start position:0% +company or you were partnering with a +different company while you kept your + + align:start position:0% +different company while you kept your + + + align:start position:0% +different company while you kept your +academic position or how did you + + align:start position:0% +academic position or how did you + + + align:start position:0% +academic position or how did you +navigate that + + align:start position:0% +navigate that + + + align:start position:0% +navigate that +uh that process? Have any conflict of + + align:start position:0% +uh that process? Have any conflict of + + + align:start position:0% +uh that process? Have any conflict of +interest or um just curious? So you know + + align:start position:0% +interest or um just curious? So you know + + + align:start position:0% +interest or um just curious? So you know +the sorry so when you develop something + + align:start position:0% +the sorry so when you develop something + + + align:start position:0% +the sorry so when you develop something +in an academic environment usually the + + align:start position:0% +in an academic environment usually the + + + align:start position:0% +in an academic environment usually the +uh academic institution will have + + align:start position:0% +uh academic institution will have + + + align:start position:0% +uh academic institution will have +intellectual property rights. I went to + + align:start position:0% +intellectual property rights. I went to + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual property rights. I went to +beu and I told them I wanted to do you + + align:start position:0% +beu and I told them I wanted to do you + + + align:start position:0% +beu and I told them I wanted to do you +know do this in they had no interest + + align:start position:0% +know do this in they had no interest + + + align:start position:0% +know do this in they had no interest +and I was like so I can just go do this + + align:start position:0% +and I was like so I can just go do this + + + align:start position:0% +and I was like so I can just go do this +by myself and they were like yeah we're + + align:start position:0% +by myself and they were like yeah we're + + + align:start position:0% +by myself and they were like yeah we're +not you know we we're not interested and + + align:start position:0% +not you know we we're not interested and + + + align:start position:0% +not you know we we're not interested and +I was like okay first of all I was + + align:start position:0% +I was like okay first of all I was + + + align:start position:0% +I was like okay first of all I was +devastated because I thought I I was + + align:start position:0% +devastated because I thought I I was + + + align:start position:0% +devastated because I thought I I was +just devastated like how could they not + + align:start position:0% +just devastated like how could they not + + + align:start position:0% +just devastated like how could they not +want to do this with me but I also felt + + align:start position:0% +want to do this with me but I also felt + + + align:start position:0% +want to do this with me but I also felt +freedom to go do it on my own and um and + + align:start position:0% +freedom to go do it on my own and um and + + + align:start position:0% +freedom to go do it on my own and um and +So, but that was not easy and and also + + align:start position:0% +So, but that was not easy and and also + + + align:start position:0% +So, but that was not easy and and also +you know the again I would say the point + + align:start position:0% +you know the again I would say the point + + + align:start position:0% +you know the again I would say the point +in time you know BEu wasn't really on + + align:start position:0% +in time you know BEu wasn't really on + + + align:start position:0% +in time you know BEu wasn't really on +the like they were looking at patents + + align:start position:0% +the like they were looking at patents + + + align:start position:0% +the like they were looking at patents +and engineering but what software would + + align:start position:0% +and engineering but what software would + + + align:start position:0% +and engineering but what software would +bring wasn't really on their radar and + + align:start position:0% +bring wasn't really on their radar and + + + align:start position:0% +bring wasn't really on their radar and +so because this was a software + + align:start position:0% +so because this was a software + + + align:start position:0% +so because this was a software +um type of innovation they just didn't + + align:start position:0% +um type of innovation they just didn't + + + align:start position:0% +um type of innovation they just didn't +you know they weren't that interested + + align:start position:0% +you know they weren't that interested + + + align:start position:0% +you know they weren't that interested +and so um so initially I was just this + + align:start position:0% +and so um so initially I was just this + + + align:start position:0% +and so um so initially I was just this +was like a plant on my window sill + + align:start position:0% +was like a plant on my window sill + + + align:start position:0% +was like a plant on my window sill +that's what I say it was like little + + align:start position:0% +that's what I say it was like little + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I say it was like little +plant on my window sill that I was + + align:start position:0% +plant on my window sill that I was + + + align:start position:0% +plant on my window sill that I was +trying to see if it was going to grow + + align:start position:0% +trying to see if it was going to grow + + + align:start position:0% +trying to see if it was going to grow +and you know the the critical thing was + + align:start position:0% +and you know the the critical thing was + + + align:start position:0% +and you know the the critical thing was +you know when I met Dr. Fineberg and and + + align:start position:0% +you know when I met Dr. Fineberg and and + + + align:start position:0% +you know when I met Dr. Fineberg and and +you know he gave me that opportunity to + + align:start position:0% +you know he gave me that opportunity to + + + align:start position:0% +you know he gave me that opportunity to +implement in Pennsylvania. I kept my day + + align:start position:0% +implement in Pennsylvania. I kept my day + + + align:start position:0% +implement in Pennsylvania. I kept my day +job. I kept my research job and I you + + align:start position:0% +job. I kept my research job and I you + + + align:start position:0% +job. I kept my research job and I you +know brought people along that uh you + + align:start position:0% +know brought people along that uh you + + + align:start position:0% +know brought people along that uh you +know helped me do that implementation + + align:start position:0% +know helped me do that implementation + + + align:start position:0% +know helped me do that implementation +and and were co-founders really at that + + align:start position:0% +and and were co-founders really at that + + + align:start position:0% +and and were co-founders really at that +time. Um and you know that my team has + + align:start position:0% +time. Um and you know that my team has + + + align:start position:0% +time. Um and you know that my team has +had some turnover in the last five years + + align:start position:0% +had some turnover in the last five years + + + align:start position:0% +had some turnover in the last five years +that you know that was also difficult + + align:start position:0% +that you know that was also difficult + + + align:start position:0% +that you know that was also difficult +but you really need if you're going from + + align:start position:0% +but you really need if you're going from + + + align:start position:0% +but you really need if you're going from +a research to a entrepreneurship you + + align:start position:0% +a research to a entrepreneurship you + + + align:start position:0% +a research to a entrepreneurship you +need to understand what tech transfer + + align:start position:0% +need to understand what tech transfer + + + align:start position:0% +need to understand what tech transfer +means and go to your tech transfer + + align:start position:0% +means and go to your tech transfer + + + align:start position:0% +means and go to your tech transfer +office because it's not the end of the + + align:start position:0% +office because it's not the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +office because it's not the end of the +world if they you know have some equity + + align:start position:0% +world if they you know have some equity + + + align:start position:0% +world if they you know have some equity +you just have to put it in writing so + + align:start position:0% +you just have to put it in writing so + + + align:start position:0% +you just have to put it in writing so +you know how like basically if you de + + align:start position:0% +you know how like basically if you de + + + align:start position:0% +you know how like basically if you de +develop something at an institution like + + align:start position:0% +develop something at an institution like + + + align:start position:0% +develop something at an institution like +an academic institution ution what + + align:start position:0% +an academic institution ution what + + + align:start position:0% +an academic institution ution what +wherever the product is at that time is + + align:start position:0% +wherever the product is at that time is + + + align:start position:0% +wherever the product is at that time is +what they own and anything if you take + + align:start position:0% +what they own and anything if you take + + + align:start position:0% +what they own and anything if you take +it out of the institution then you know + + align:start position:0% +it out of the institution then you know + + + align:start position:0% +it out of the institution then you know +they own what you know they own a at + + align:start position:0% +they own what you know they own a at + + + align:start position:0% +they own what you know they own a at +least some of the intellectual property + + align:start position:0% +least some of the intellectual property + + + align:start position:0% +least some of the intellectual property +of where it was them but you're going to + + align:start position:0% +of where it was them but you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +of where it was them but you're going to +build on it grow it change it do things + + align:start position:0% +build on it grow it change it do things + + + align:start position:0% +build on it grow it change it do things +with it maybe make it a lot better um + + align:start position:0% +with it maybe make it a lot better um + + + align:start position:0% +with it maybe make it a lot better um +their rights are limited um to what was + + align:start position:0% +their rights are limited um to what was + + + align:start position:0% +their rights are limited um to what was +you know what was available at the time + + align:start position:0% +you know what was available at the time + + + align:start position:0% +you know what was available at the time +of the tech transfer depending on the + + align:start position:0% +of the tech transfer depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +of the tech transfer depending on the +institution and how they deal with text + + align:start position:0% +institution and how they deal with text + + + align:start position:0% +institution and how they deal with text +transfers so be sure you clear those, + + align:start position:0% +transfers so be sure you clear those, + + + align:start position:0% +transfers so be sure you clear those, +you know, bar those kind of regulatory + + align:start position:0% +you know, bar those kind of regulatory + + + align:start position:0% +you know, bar those kind of regulatory +um barriers if you're working in a + + align:start position:0% +um barriers if you're working in a + + + align:start position:0% +um barriers if you're working in a +research environment. That's important. + + align:start position:0% +research environment. That's important. + + + align:start position:0% +research environment. That's important. +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. +Thank you. Yeah. Sure. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And do I have one final question or + + align:start position:0% +And do I have one final question or + + + align:start position:0% +And do I have one final question or +I will somehow Well, I was going to ask + + align:start position:0% +I will somehow Well, I was going to ask + + + align:start position:0% +I will somehow Well, I was going to ask +if it's I don't know if I don't see any + + align:start position:0% +if it's I don't know if I don't see any + + + align:start position:0% +if it's I don't know if I don't see any +other hands, but I'm going to ask again. + + align:start position:0% +other hands, but I'm going to ask again. + + + align:start position:0% +other hands, but I'm going to ask again. +And this is Adonica again. Sorry, I'm + + align:start position:0% +And this is Adonica again. Sorry, I'm + + + align:start position:0% +And this is Adonica again. Sorry, I'm +just really excited to hear from you. + + align:start position:0% +just really excited to hear from you. + + + align:start position:0% +just really excited to hear from you. +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +uh, just I would just say from + + align:start position:0% +uh, just I would just say from + + + align:start position:0% +uh, just I would just say from +experience, there are some harsh + + align:start position:0% +experience, there are some harsh + + + align:start position:0% +experience, there are some harsh +realities around being a female founder + + align:start position:0% +realities around being a female founder + + + align:start position:0% +realities around being a female founder +and then navigating in this space that, + + align:start position:0% +and then navigating in this space that, + + + align:start position:0% +and then navigating in this space that, +um, don't often come up until you + + align:start position:0% +um, don't often come up until you + + + align:start position:0% +um, don't often come up until you +learned a hard lesson. Yeah. Can you + + align:start position:0% +learned a hard lesson. Yeah. Can you + + + align:start position:0% +learned a hard lesson. Yeah. Can you +share maybe a hard lesson you learned + + align:start position:0% +share maybe a hard lesson you learned + + + align:start position:0% +share maybe a hard lesson you learned +and just like a piece of practical + + align:start position:0% +and just like a piece of practical + + + align:start position:0% +and just like a piece of practical +advice um for you know for all of us? I + + align:start position:0% +advice um for you know for all of us? I + + + align:start position:0% +advice um for you know for all of us? I +know it doesn't have to be specific to + + align:start position:0% +know it doesn't have to be specific to + + + align:start position:0% +know it doesn't have to be specific to +being a female founder. I just I call + + align:start position:0% +being a female founder. I just I call + + + align:start position:0% +being a female founder. I just I call +that out because you're a female founder + + align:start position:0% +that out because you're a female founder + + + align:start position:0% +that out because you're a female founder +and it's sometimes rare to engage with a + + align:start position:0% +and it's sometimes rare to engage with a + + + align:start position:0% +and it's sometimes rare to engage with a +female founder in this space because it + + align:start position:0% +female founder in this space because it + + + align:start position:0% +female founder in this space because it +can be really difficult to navigate + + align:start position:0% +can be really difficult to navigate + + + align:start position:0% +can be really difficult to navigate +especially if you don't have an advanced + + align:start position:0% +especially if you don't have an advanced + + + align:start position:0% +especially if you don't have an advanced +degree or um uh certain partnerships in + + align:start position:0% +degree or um uh certain partnerships in + + + align:start position:0% +degree or um uh certain partnerships in +place. And I would just kind of love to + + align:start position:0% +place. And I would just kind of love to + + + align:start position:0% +place. And I would just kind of love to +hear like something practical that you + + align:start position:0% +hear like something practical that you + + + align:start position:0% +hear like something practical that you +learned um even if it was a really + + align:start position:0% +learned um even if it was a really + + + align:start position:0% +learned um even if it was a really +really harsh lesson. I know you shared + + align:start position:0% +really harsh lesson. I know you shared + + + align:start position:0% +really harsh lesson. I know you shared +the example about kind of being laughed + + align:start position:0% +the example about kind of being laughed + + + align:start position:0% +the example about kind of being laughed +off of the phone for not being prepared. + + align:start position:0% +off of the phone for not being prepared. + + + align:start position:0% +off of the phone for not being prepared. +And I'm like I'm listening to you. I'm + + align:start position:0% +And I'm like I'm listening to you. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +And I'm like I'm listening to you. I'm +like I have such a hard time believing + + align:start position:0% +like I have such a hard time believing + + + align:start position:0% +like I have such a hard time believing +that. But I've also been in those + + align:start position:0% +that. But I've also been in those + + + align:start position:0% +that. But I've also been in those +situations. You can be brilliant and + + align:start position:0% +situations. You can be brilliant and + + + align:start position:0% +situations. You can be brilliant and +noteworthy and all of the things and + + align:start position:0% +noteworthy and all of the things and + + + align:start position:0% +noteworthy and all of the things and +still be unprepared for what actually + + align:start position:0% +still be unprepared for what actually + + + align:start position:0% +still be unprepared for what actually +happens in those meetings. But I would + + align:start position:0% +happens in those meetings. But I would + + + align:start position:0% +happens in those meetings. But I would +just love to hear another like story if + + align:start position:0% +just love to hear another like story if + + + align:start position:0% +just love to hear another like story if +you had one to share. + + align:start position:0% +you had one to share. + + + align:start position:0% +you had one to share. +I have a lot of them actually. I mean, + + align:start position:0% +I have a lot of them actually. I mean, + + + align:start position:0% +I have a lot of them actually. I mean, +thank you for bringing it up because I I + + align:start position:0% +thank you for bringing it up because I I + + + align:start position:0% +thank you for bringing it up because I I +don't like to lead with that. I was part + + align:start position:0% +don't like to lead with that. I was part + + + align:start position:0% +don't like to lead with that. I was part +of the mass life sciences nextgen + + align:start position:0% +of the mass life sciences nextgen + + + align:start position:0% +of the mass life sciences nextgen +program. Uh I was in the second cohort + + align:start position:0% +program. Uh I was in the second cohort + + + align:start position:0% +program. Uh I was in the second cohort +of women entrepreneurs + + align:start position:0% +of women entrepreneurs + + + align:start position:0% +of women entrepreneurs +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +um I at first I wasn't like in my entire + + align:start position:0% +um I at first I wasn't like in my entire + + + align:start position:0% +um I at first I wasn't like in my entire +career and in medicine + + align:start position:0% +career and in medicine + + + align:start position:0% +career and in medicine +I never felt treated differently because + + align:start position:0% +I never felt treated differently because + + + align:start position:0% +I never felt treated differently because +of being a woman. I felt like it was all + + align:start position:0% +of being a woman. I felt like it was all + + + align:start position:0% +of being a woman. I felt like it was all +really based on, + + align:start position:0% +really based on, + + + align:start position:0% +really based on, +you know, your academic and and your + + align:start position:0% +you know, your academic and and your + + + align:start position:0% +you know, your academic and and your +skill as a physician. And, you know, I + + align:start position:0% +skill as a physician. And, you know, I + + + align:start position:0% +skill as a physician. And, you know, I +felt always evaluated based on my + + align:start position:0% +felt always evaluated based on my + + + align:start position:0% +felt always evaluated based on my +ability or my, you know, + + align:start position:0% +ability or my, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +ability or my, you know, +accomplishments. Um, until I started + + align:start position:0% +accomplishments. Um, until I started + + + align:start position:0% +accomplishments. Um, until I started +trying to navigate the entrepreneur + + align:start position:0% +trying to navigate the entrepreneur + + + align:start position:0% +trying to navigate the entrepreneur +field and initially I thought I was + + align:start position:0% +field and initially I thought I was + + + align:start position:0% +field and initially I thought I was +crazy. I was like, this is weird. I'm + + align:start position:0% +crazy. I was like, this is weird. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +crazy. I was like, this is weird. I'm +having these I'm having this really uh + + align:start position:0% +having these I'm having this really uh + + + align:start position:0% +having these I'm having this really uh +challenging time connecting or making + + align:start position:0% +challenging time connecting or making + + + align:start position:0% +challenging time connecting or making +connections or or or st you know + + align:start position:0% +connections or or or st you know + + + align:start position:0% +connections or or or st you know +competing and then I went to um a + + align:start position:0% +competing and then I went to um a + + + align:start position:0% +competing and then I went to um a +program that Babson I think um hosted + + align:start position:0% +program that Babson I think um hosted + + + align:start position:0% +program that Babson I think um hosted +and they had five investors + + align:start position:0% +and they had five investors + + + align:start position:0% +and they had five investors +um and the theme was about um + + align:start position:0% +um and the theme was about um + + + align:start position:0% +um and the theme was about um +disparities against women founders + + align:start position:0% +disparities against women founders + + + align:start position:0% +disparities against women founders +and it was profound. found. I mean, + + align:start position:0% +and it was profound. found. I mean, + + + align:start position:0% +and it was profound. found. I mean, +first I felt validated. I I felt like + + align:start position:0% +first I felt validated. I I felt like + + + align:start position:0% +first I felt validated. I I felt like +something I was experiencing and + + align:start position:0% +something I was experiencing and + + + align:start position:0% +something I was experiencing and +couldn't name and label, I guess, what + + align:start position:0% +couldn't name and label, I guess, what + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't name and label, I guess, what +we would call a microaggression + + align:start position:0% +we would call a microaggression + + + align:start position:0% +we would call a microaggression +was real, that I wasn't crazy. I also + + align:start position:0% +was real, that I wasn't crazy. I also + + + align:start position:0% +was real, that I wasn't crazy. I also +think there's some agism. It's not just + + align:start position:0% +think there's some agism. It's not just + + + align:start position:0% +think there's some agism. It's not just +about gender. Um, you know, there's some + + align:start position:0% +about gender. Um, you know, there's some + + + align:start position:0% +about gender. Um, you know, there's some +agism. I I had a woman + + align:start position:0% +agism. I I had a woman + + + align:start position:0% +agism. I I had a woman +uh who was a mentor and an investor in a + + align:start position:0% +uh who was a mentor and an investor in a + + + align:start position:0% +uh who was a mentor and an investor in a +seed uh group, invest angel group, say, + + align:start position:0% +seed uh group, invest angel group, say, + + + align:start position:0% +seed uh group, invest angel group, say, +"Suzanne, what are you going to do? + + align:start position:0% +"Suzanne, what are you going to do? + + + align:start position:0% +"Suzanne, what are you going to do? +you're a doctor, a woman, you know, and + + align:start position:0% +you're a doctor, a woman, you know, and + + + align:start position:0% +you're a doctor, a woman, you know, and +um a a a scientist. So, she named three + + align:start position:0% +um a a a scientist. So, she named three + + + align:start position:0% +um a a a scientist. So, she named three +things. She's like, "You're never gonna + + align:start position:0% +things. She's like, "You're never gonna + + + align:start position:0% +things. She's like, "You're never gonna +make it." And I was like, "I can't + + align:start position:0% +make it." And I was like, "I can't + + + align:start position:0% +make it." And I was like, "I can't +believe that someone had like I think + + align:start position:0% +believe that someone had like I think + + + align:start position:0% +believe that someone had like I think +she thought she was letting me down + + align:start position:0% +she thought she was letting me down + + + align:start position:0% +she thought she was letting me down +easy." + + align:start position:0% +easy." + + + align:start position:0% +easy." +And I I couldn't believe that she even + + align:start position:0% +And I I couldn't believe that she even + + + align:start position:0% +And I I couldn't believe that she even +like said it to me as a woman, you know, + + align:start position:0% +like said it to me as a woman, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +like said it to me as a woman, you know, +and I was like, I thought those were + + align:start position:0% +and I was like, I thought those were + + + align:start position:0% +and I was like, I thought those were +going to be advantages. + + align:start position:0% +going to be advantages. + + + align:start position:0% +going to be advantages. +I thought being a physician with + + align:start position:0% +I thought being a physician with + + + align:start position:0% +I thought being a physician with +research and a research track record and + + align:start position:0% +research and a research track record and + + + align:start position:0% +research and a research track record and +implementation expertise was going to be + + align:start position:0% +implementation expertise was going to be + + + align:start position:0% +implementation expertise was going to be +enough. And um and it definitely was not + + align:start position:0% +enough. And um and it definitely was not + + + align:start position:0% +enough. And um and it definitely was not +just not enough. It was sometimes it was + + align:start position:0% +just not enough. It was sometimes it was + + + align:start position:0% +just not enough. It was sometimes it was +um a red flag. My people are like, "Oh, + + align:start position:0% +um a red flag. My people are like, "Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +um a red flag. My people are like, "Oh, +doctors are terrible business people. + + align:start position:0% +doctors are terrible business people. + + + align:start position:0% +doctors are terrible business people. +Doctors are terrible + + align:start position:0% +Doctors are terrible + + + align:start position:0% +Doctors are terrible +um managers." And um I and you know I I + + align:start position:0% +um managers." And um I and you know I I + + + align:start position:0% +um managers." And um I and you know I I +mean like those I stood up at um one of + + align:start position:0% +mean like those I stood up at um one of + + + align:start position:0% +mean like those I stood up at um one of +the mass challenge + + align:start position:0% +the mass challenge + + + align:start position:0% +the mass challenge +um this entrepreneur + + align:start position:0% +um this entrepreneur + + + align:start position:0% +um this entrepreneur +uh program for women to pitch and we + + align:start position:0% +uh program for women to pitch and we + + + align:start position:0% +uh program for women to pitch and we +were supposed to be getting practice + + align:start position:0% +were supposed to be getting practice + + + align:start position:0% +were supposed to be getting practice +pitching from you know a group of 30 you + + align:start position:0% +pitching from you know a group of 30 you + + + align:start position:0% +pitching from you know a group of 30 you +know uh people in in um health sciences + + align:start position:0% +know uh people in in um health sciences + + + align:start position:0% +know uh people in in um health sciences +pharma all these things right so you're + + align:start position:0% +pharma all these things right so you're + + + align:start position:0% +pharma all these things right so you're +like totally vulnerable. You're standing + + align:start position:0% +like totally vulnerable. You're standing + + + align:start position:0% +like totally vulnerable. You're standing +up there + + align:start position:0% +up there + + + align:start position:0% +up there +and it was almost all men in the room + + align:start position:0% +and it was almost all men in the room + + + align:start position:0% +and it was almost all men in the room +and this one guy who knew me from beu + + align:start position:0% +and this one guy who knew me from beu + + + align:start position:0% +and this one guy who knew me from beu +just started railing on me. It it just + + align:start position:0% +just started railing on me. It it just + + + align:start position:0% +just started railing on me. It it just +started and and it wasn't even about my + + align:start position:0% +started and and it wasn't even about my + + + align:start position:0% +started and and it wasn't even about my +pitch. It was you know just about you + + align:start position:0% +pitch. It was you know just about you + + + align:start position:0% +pitch. It was you know just about you +know my presence, my you know like my + + align:start position:0% +know my presence, my you know like my + + + align:start position:0% +know my presence, my you know like my +tone of voice. It was it wasn't even + + align:start position:0% +tone of voice. It was it wasn't even + + + align:start position:0% +tone of voice. It was it wasn't even +about like you should have brought the + + align:start position:0% +about like you should have brought the + + + align:start position:0% +about like you should have brought the +content from the end up front or I and I + + align:start position:0% +content from the end up front or I and I + + + align:start position:0% +content from the end up front or I and I +I had I I walked out of there. I was I + + align:start position:0% +I had I I walked out of there. I was I + + + align:start position:0% +I had I I walked out of there. I was I +thank goodness I had a strong mentor + + align:start position:0% +thank goodness I had a strong mentor + + + align:start position:0% +thank goodness I had a strong mentor +network that I you know because they + + align:start position:0% +network that I you know because they + + + align:start position:0% +network that I you know because they +picked me up. That was a very difficult + + align:start position:0% +picked me up. That was a very difficult + + + align:start position:0% +picked me up. That was a very difficult +experience. It was first of all it was + + align:start position:0% +experience. It was first of all it was + + + align:start position:0% +experience. It was first of all it was +very difficult to have that happen to me + + align:start position:0% +very difficult to have that happen to me + + + align:start position:0% +very difficult to have that happen to me +in front of an audience and here I was + + align:start position:0% +in front of an audience and here I was + + + align:start position:0% +in front of an audience and here I was +like I was used to public speaking in + + align:start position:0% +like I was used to public speaking in + + + align:start position:0% +like I was used to public speaking in +front of you know very elite scientists + + align:start position:0% +front of you know very elite scientists + + + align:start position:0% +front of you know very elite scientists +you know like I was used to being in + + align:start position:0% +you know like I was used to being in + + + align:start position:0% +you know like I was used to being in +front of people it wasn't that it was + + align:start position:0% +front of people it wasn't that it was + + + align:start position:0% +front of people it wasn't that it was +the way I was treated in that + + align:start position:0% +the way I was treated in that + + + align:start position:0% +the way I was treated in that +environment as somebody who didn't you + + align:start position:0% +environment as somebody who didn't you + + + align:start position:0% +environment as somebody who didn't you +know warrant respect and it took me a + + align:start position:0% +know warrant respect and it took me a + + + align:start position:0% +know warrant respect and it took me a +long time to digest that and finally me + + align:start position:0% +long time to digest that and finally me + + + align:start position:0% +long time to digest that and finally me +um write a letter because this was + + align:start position:0% +um write a letter because this was + + + align:start position:0% +um write a letter because this was +supposed to be a program to lift up + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be a program to lift up + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be a program to lift up +woman entrepreneurs and you know it + + align:start position:0% +woman entrepreneurs and you know it + + + align:start position:0% +woman entrepreneurs and you know it +reminded me a lot of experiences I had + + align:start position:0% +reminded me a lot of experiences I had + + + align:start position:0% +reminded me a lot of experiences I had +in medical school um that were were + + align:start position:0% +in medical school um that were were + + + align:start position:0% +in medical school um that were were +harsh and toxic and so I feel like you + + align:start position:0% +harsh and toxic and so I feel like you + + + align:start position:0% +harsh and toxic and so I feel like you +know learning experiences are meant to + + align:start position:0% +know learning experiences are meant to + + + align:start position:0% +know learning experiences are meant to +be you know you know help people grow + + align:start position:0% +be you know you know help people grow + + + align:start position:0% +be you know you know help people grow +and I felt like I was treated that way + + align:start position:0% +and I felt like I was treated that way + + + align:start position:0% +and I felt like I was treated that way +because of you know um because of all + + align:start position:0% +because of you know um because of all + + + align:start position:0% +because of you know um because of all +the stereotypes that I represented and + + align:start position:0% +the stereotypes that I represented and + + + align:start position:0% +the stereotypes that I represented and +um I do this mentoring and um I mentor + + align:start position:0% +um I do this mentoring and um I mentor + + + align:start position:0% +um I do this mentoring and um I mentor +women in my company because you know I + + align:start position:0% +women in my company because you know I + + + align:start position:0% +women in my company because you know I +don't want them to have that experience + + align:start position:0% +don't want them to have that experience + + + align:start position:0% +don't want them to have that experience +and if they do I don't want them to be + + align:start position:0% +and if they do I don't want them to be + + + align:start position:0% +and if they do I don't want them to be +without a network to support them and so + + align:start position:0% +without a network to support them and so + + + align:start position:0% +without a network to support them and so +you know I would just say that you are + + align:start position:0% +you know I would just say that you are + + + align:start position:0% +you know I would just say that you are +not immune to having that happen to you + + align:start position:0% +not immune to having that happen to you + + + align:start position:0% +not immune to having that happen to you +whe no matter who you are I think you + + align:start position:0% +whe no matter who you are I think you + + + align:start position:0% +whe no matter who you are I think you +know you're not immune into having that + + align:start position:0% +know you're not immune into having that + + + align:start position:0% +know you're not immune into having that +experience, you'll need to have people + + align:start position:0% +experience, you'll need to have people + + + align:start position:0% +experience, you'll need to have people +that can help you navigate it, make some + + align:start position:0% +that can help you navigate it, make some + + + align:start position:0% +that can help you navigate it, make some +meaning out of it and move forward and + + align:start position:0% +meaning out of it and move forward and + + + align:start position:0% +meaning out of it and move forward and +know that next time it happens, you + + align:start position:0% +know that next time it happens, you + + + align:start position:0% +know that next time it happens, you +won't be um taken down as as um you + + align:start position:0% +won't be um taken down as as um you + + + align:start position:0% +won't be um taken down as as um you +know, as harshly. And I tried to turn it + + align:start position:0% +know, as harshly. And I tried to turn it + + + align:start position:0% +know, as harshly. And I tried to turn it +into an experience where I could, you + + align:start position:0% +into an experience where I could, you + + + align:start position:0% +into an experience where I could, you +know, grow. Um so I feel like um you + + align:start position:0% +know, grow. Um so I feel like um you + + + align:start position:0% +know, grow. Um so I feel like um you +know, this entrepreneur experience, the + + align:start position:0% +know, this entrepreneur experience, the + + + align:start position:0% +know, this entrepreneur experience, the +startup world can be harsh. I it can be + + align:start position:0% +startup world can be harsh. I it can be + + + align:start position:0% +startup world can be harsh. I it can be +full of the hard knocks kind of + + align:start position:0% +full of the hard knocks kind of + + + align:start position:0% +full of the hard knocks kind of +philosophy, but it doesn't have to be. + + align:start position:0% +philosophy, but it doesn't have to be. + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy, but it doesn't have to be. +Um and it and it really shouldn't be. So + + align:start position:0% +Um and it and it really shouldn't be. So + + + align:start position:0% +Um and it and it really shouldn't be. So +don't take it if you're if you're facing + + align:start position:0% +don't take it if you're if you're facing + + + align:start position:0% +don't take it if you're if you're facing +it, but you know, try to um handle it + + align:start position:0% +it, but you know, try to um handle it + + + align:start position:0% +it, but you know, try to um handle it +with grace and and dignity. That's my + + align:start position:0% +with grace and and dignity. That's my + + + align:start position:0% +with grace and and dignity. That's my +that's my advice. So I thank you. Yes. + + align:start position:0% +that's my advice. So I thank you. Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +that's my advice. So I thank you. Yes. +And I'm happy I'm looking forward to + + align:start position:0% +And I'm happy I'm looking forward to + + + align:start position:0% +And I'm happy I'm looking forward to +working with all of you um in person and + + align:start position:0% +working with all of you um in person and + + + align:start position:0% +working with all of you um in person and +I'm happy to connect with you um + + align:start position:0% +I'm happy to connect with you um + + + align:start position:0% +I'm happy to connect with you um +offline. If you're interested, please + + align:start position:0% +offline. If you're interested, please + + + align:start position:0% +offline. If you're interested, please +feel free to reach out um to me. I'll be + + align:start position:0% +feel free to reach out um to me. I'll be + + + align:start position:0% +feel free to reach out um to me. I'll be +happy to share whatever I've learned and + + align:start position:0% +happy to share whatever I've learned and + + + align:start position:0% +happy to share whatever I've learned and +I'm very excited to meet all of you um + + align:start position:0% +I'm very excited to meet all of you um + + + align:start position:0% +I'm very excited to meet all of you um +in person. So, thank you so much and + + align:start position:0% +in person. So, thank you so much and + + + align:start position:0% +in person. So, thank you so much and +happy holidays. + + align:start position:0% +happy holidays. + + + align:start position:0% +happy holidays. +Thank you everyone. Bye-bye. See you + + align:start position:0% +Thank you everyone. Bye-bye. See you + + + align:start position:0% +Thank you everyone. Bye-bye. See you +soon. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/VaBMK5JSz2I.txt b/VaBMK5JSz2I.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3b24cfdfbdb678f2d8748accf1fbb7763c731bf --- /dev/null +++ b/VaBMK5JSz2I.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1107 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so one more thing let's do with this + + align:start position:0% +so one more thing let's do with this + + + align:start position:0% +so one more thing let's do with this +operator so we're getting accustomed to + + align:start position:0% +operator so we're getting accustomed to + + + align:start position:0% +operator so we're getting accustomed to +these operators and they can this + + align:start position:0% +these operators and they can this + + + align:start position:0% +these operators and they can this +permutation operators can also act on + + align:start position:0% +permutation operators can also act on + + + align:start position:0% +permutation operators can also act on +operators themselves so that's important + + align:start position:0% +operators themselves so that's important + + + align:start position:0% +operators themselves so that's important +so consider the action on operators so + + align:start position:0% +so consider the action on operators so + + + align:start position:0% +so consider the action on operators so +for example an operator B that acts + + align:start position:0% +for example an operator B that acts + + + align:start position:0% +for example an operator B that acts +belonging to the linear operators on V + + align:start position:0% +belonging to the linear operators on V + + + align:start position:0% +belonging to the linear operators on V +when acting on V tensor V we define two + + align:start position:0% +when acting on V tensor V we define two + + + align:start position:0% +when acting on V tensor V we define two +operators b1 and b2 and they define them + + align:start position:0% +operators b1 and b2 and they define them + + + align:start position:0% +operators b1 and b2 and they define them +in an obvious way like b1 acting on you + + align:start position:0% +in an obvious way like b1 acting on you + + + align:start position:0% +in an obvious way like b1 acting on you +I 1 tensor you J - okay B is an operator + + align:start position:0% +I 1 tensor you J - okay B is an operator + + + align:start position:0% +I 1 tensor you J - okay B is an operator +knows how to add that every vector on + + align:start position:0% +knows how to add that every vector on + + + align:start position:0% +knows how to add that every vector on +the vector space capital V so when you + + align:start position:0% +the vector space capital V so when you + + + align:start position:0% +the vector space capital V so when you +say one you seek meaning that this + + align:start position:0% +say one you seek meaning that this + + + align:start position:0% +say one you seek meaning that this +operator adds in the first Hilbert space + + align:start position:0% +operator adds in the first Hilbert space + + + align:start position:0% +operator adds in the first Hilbert space +so this is equal to B times u i1 tenser + + align:start position:0% +so this is equal to B times u i1 tenser + + + align:start position:0% +so this is equal to B times u i1 tenser +UJ - so it just acts on the first state + + align:start position:0% +UJ - so it just acts on the first state + + + align:start position:0% +UJ - so it just acts on the first state +how does it act via B that is an + + align:start position:0% +how does it act via B that is an + + + align:start position:0% +how does it act via B that is an +operator in the vector space V similarly + + align:start position:0% +operator in the vector space V similarly + + + align:start position:0% +operator in the vector space V similarly +if you have B two of you I tensor + + align:start position:0% +if you have B two of you I tensor + + + align:start position:0% +if you have B two of you I tensor +you j2u have you i won + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tensor buj - okay so these are operators + + align:start position:0% +tensor buj - okay so these are operators + + + align:start position:0% +tensor buj - okay so these are operators +attacked either on the first state or in + + align:start position:0% +attacked either on the first state or in + + + align:start position:0% +attacked either on the first state or in +the second state so the permutation + + align:start position:0% +the second state so the permutation + + + align:start position:0% +the second state so the permutation +operators can do things to these + + align:start position:0% +operators can do things to these + + + align:start position:0% +operators can do things to these +operators as well so we can ask a + + align:start position:0% +operators as well so we can ask a + + + align:start position:0% +operators as well so we can ask a +question what is P - 1 B should I start + + align:start position:0% +question what is P - 1 B should I start + + + align:start position:0% +question what is P - 1 B should I start +with 1 yes 1 P - 1 dagger remember when + + align:start position:0% +with 1 yes 1 P - 1 dagger remember when + + + align:start position:0% +with 1 yes 1 P - 1 dagger remember when +you asked how an operator acts on an + + align:start position:0% +you asked how an operator acts on an + + + align:start position:0% +you asked how an operator acts on an +operator you always have the operator + + align:start position:0% +operator you always have the operator + + + align:start position:0% +operator you always have the operator +that you're acting with come from the + + align:start position:0% +that you're acting with come from the + + + align:start position:0% +that you're acting with come from the +left and from the right that is the + + align:start position:0% +left and from the right that is the + + + align:start position:0% +left and from the right that is the +natural way in which an operator acts on + + align:start position:0% +natural way in which an operator acts on + + + align:start position:0% +natural way in which an operator acts on +an operator you can think of this thing + + align:start position:0% +an operator you can think of this thing + + + align:start position:0% +an operator you can think of this thing +as your operator is being acted upon as + + align:start position:0% +as your operator is being acted upon as + + + align:start position:0% +as your operator is being acted upon as +having surrounded by a ket and a bra and + + align:start position:0% +having surrounded by a ket and a bra and + + + align:start position:0% +having surrounded by a ket and a bra and +then when the states transform one + + align:start position:0% +then when the states transform one + + + align:start position:0% +then when the states transform one +transformed with you one turns work with + + align:start position:0% +transformed with you one turns work with + + + align:start position:0% +transformed with you one turns work with +u dagger so always the action and an + + align:start position:0% +u dagger so always the action and an + + + align:start position:0% +u dagger so always the action and an +operator is with you and a u dagger so + + align:start position:0% +operator is with you and a u dagger so + + + align:start position:0% +operator is with you and a u dagger so +if you ask how does the permutation + + align:start position:0% +if you ask how does the permutation + + + align:start position:0% +if you ask how does the permutation +operator app can be you don't ask + + align:start position:0% +operator app can be you don't ask + + + align:start position:0% +operator app can be you don't ask +generally how is what's the product of P + + align:start position:0% +generally how is what's the product of P + + + align:start position:0% +generally how is what's the product of P +times B you ask this question this is + + align:start position:0% +times B you ask this question this is + + + align:start position:0% +times B you ask this question this is +the question that may have a nice answer + + align:start position:0% +the question that may have a nice answer + + + align:start position:0% +the question that may have a nice answer +then we'll see that there's other ways + + align:start position:0% +then we'll see that there's other ways + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll see that there's other ways +of doing this so we want to investigate + + align:start position:0% +of doing this so we want to investigate + + + align:start position:0% +of doing this so we want to investigate +this operator so what I can do is let it + + align:start position:0% +this operator so what I can do is let it + + + align:start position:0% +this operator so what I can do is let it +up UI UJ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what do we get we get P 2 1 b1 now P + + align:start position:0% +so what do we get we get P 2 1 b1 now P + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we get we get P 2 1 b1 now P +2 1 dagger we saw that its hermitian + + align:start position:0% +2 1 dagger we saw that its hermitian + + + align:start position:0% +2 1 dagger we saw that its hermitian +anyway so which is just p 2 1 and now it + + align:start position:0% +anyway so which is just p 2 1 and now it + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so which is just p 2 1 and now it +that's when you I won + + align:start position:0% +that's when you I won + + + align:start position:0% +that's when you I won +I'll put a J here and you I - so I let + + align:start position:0% +I'll put a J here and you I - so I let + + + align:start position:0% +I'll put a J here and you I - so I let +out the p21 on that state and that moves + + align:start position:0% +out the p21 on that state and that moves + + + align:start position:0% +out the p21 on that state and that moves +the eyes and the Jays now b1 abs on the + + align:start position:0% +the eyes and the Jays now b1 abs on the + + + align:start position:0% +the eyes and the Jays now b1 abs on the +first hilbert space so now we have P 2 1 + + align:start position:0% +first hilbert space so now we have P 2 1 + + + align:start position:0% +first hilbert space so now we have P 2 1 +and we have B UJ 1 and tenser u i2 now P + + align:start position:0% +and we have B UJ 1 and tenser u i2 now P + + + align:start position:0% +and we have B UJ 1 and tenser u i2 now P +2 1 is supposed to put the second state + + align:start position:0% +2 1 is supposed to put the second state + + + align:start position:0% +2 1 is supposed to put the second state +in position 1 and the first state in + + align:start position:0% +in position 1 and the first state in + + + align:start position:0% +in position 1 and the first state in +position 2 so this is u i1 b UJ 2 bu j 2 + + align:start position:0% +position 2 so this is u i1 b UJ 2 bu j 2 + + + align:start position:0% +position 2 so this is u i1 b UJ 2 bu j 2 +and then you see oh this term is here so + + align:start position:0% +and then you see oh this term is here so + + + align:start position:0% +and then you see oh this term is here so +this is nothing else than b2 acting on + + align:start position:0% +this is nothing else than b2 acting on + + + align:start position:0% +this is nothing else than b2 acting on +the same state of the UI UJ which means + + align:start position:0% +the same state of the UI UJ which means + + + align:start position:0% +the same state of the UI UJ which means +I guess I could use this flat board that + + align:start position:0% +I guess I could use this flat board that + + + align:start position:0% +I guess I could use this flat board that +P 2 1 B 1 P 2 1 dagger is B 2 + + align:start position:0% +P 2 1 B 1 P 2 1 dagger is B 2 + + + align:start position:0% +P 2 1 B 1 P 2 1 dagger is B 2 +so it has moved you the operator used to + + align:start position:0% +so it has moved you the operator used to + + + align:start position:0% +so it has moved you the operator used to +act on the first particle two and one + + align:start position:0% +act on the first particle two and one + + + align:start position:0% +act on the first particle two and one +changes the first particle with a second + + align:start position:0% +changes the first particle with a second + + + align:start position:0% +changes the first particle with a second +it moved it into the other one similarly + + align:start position:0% +it moved it into the other one similarly + + + align:start position:0% +it moved it into the other one similarly +you could do this also would not be a + + align:start position:0% +you could do this also would not be a + + + align:start position:0% +you could do this also would not be a +surprise to you that P - 1 B 2 P - 1 + + align:start position:0% +surprise to you that P - 1 B 2 P - 1 + + + align:start position:0% +surprise to you that P - 1 B 2 P - 1 +dagger is equal to B 1 and you don't + + align:start position:0% +dagger is equal to B 1 and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +dagger is equal to B 1 and you don't +have to do the same argument again you + + align:start position:0% +have to do the same argument again you + + + align:start position:0% +have to do the same argument again you +could multiply this equation by P - 1 + + align:start position:0% +could multiply this equation by P - 1 + + + align:start position:0% +could multiply this equation by P - 1 +from the left and P - 1 dagger from the + + align:start position:0% +from the left and P - 1 dagger from the + + + align:start position:0% +from the left and P - 1 dagger from the +right these things become 1 and 1 and + + align:start position:0% +right these things become 1 and 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +right these things become 1 and 1 and +the operators remain on the other side + + align:start position:0% +the operators remain on the other side + + + align:start position:0% +the operators remain on the other side +and gives you this so this second + + align:start position:0% +and gives you this so this second + + + align:start position:0% +and gives you this so this second +equation comes directly from the first + + align:start position:0% +equation comes directly from the first + + + align:start position:0% +equation comes directly from the first +you don't have to go through the + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to go through the + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have to go through the +arguments so what is the use of this + + align:start position:0% +arguments so what is the use of this + + + align:start position:0% +arguments so what is the use of this +thing you may have a Hamiltonian and you + + align:start position:0% +thing you may have a Hamiltonian and you + + + align:start position:0% +thing you may have a Hamiltonian and you +want to understand what it means to have + + align:start position:0% +want to understand what it means to have + + + align:start position:0% +want to understand what it means to have +a symmetric Hamiltonian and then these + + align:start position:0% +a symmetric Hamiltonian and then these + + + align:start position:0% +a symmetric Hamiltonian and then these +operators allow you to do that so for + + align:start position:0% +operators allow you to do that so for + + + align:start position:0% +operators allow you to do that so for +example you may have an operator all 1 - + + align:start position:0% +example you may have an operator all 1 - + + + align:start position:0% +example you may have an operator all 1 - +what is an operator or one - is an + + align:start position:0% +what is an operator or one - is an + + + align:start position:0% +what is an operator or one - is an +operator building things that act on one + + align:start position:0% +operator building things that act on one + + + align:start position:0% +operator building things that act on one +or act on two so if you want to imagine + + align:start position:0% +or act on two so if you want to imagine + + + align:start position:0% +or act on two so if you want to imagine +it it could be an all that depends on + + align:start position:0% +it it could be an all that depends on + + + align:start position:0% +it it could be an all that depends on +the operator a acting on the first label + + align:start position:0% +the operator a acting on the first label + + + align:start position:0% +the operator a acting on the first label +an operator B acting on the second label + + align:start position:0% +an operator B acting on the second label + + + align:start position:0% +an operator B acting on the second label +an operator C on the first label an + + align:start position:0% +an operator C on the first label an + + + align:start position:0% +an operator C on the first label an +operator D on the second label could be + + align:start position:0% +operator D on the second label could be + + + align:start position:0% +operator D on the second label could be +a very complicated product of those + + align:start position:0% +a very complicated product of those + + + align:start position:0% +a very complicated product of those +operators acting on all kinds of labels + + align:start position:0% +operators acting on all kinds of labels + + + align:start position:0% +operators acting on all kinds of labels +now suppose you act with P - 101 + + align:start position:0% +now suppose you act with P - 101 + + + align:start position:0% +now suppose you act with P - 101 +- P - 1 dagger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now the great advantage of having a P + + align:start position:0% +now the great advantage of having a P + + + align:start position:0% +now the great advantage of having a P +and a P dagger acting on a string of + + align:start position:0% +and a P dagger acting on a string of + + + align:start position:0% +and a P dagger acting on a string of +operators is that it is the same as + + align:start position:0% +operators is that it is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +operators is that it is the same as +having a P and a P dagger acting on each + + align:start position:0% +having a P and a P dagger acting on each + + + align:start position:0% +having a P and a P dagger acting on each +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +remember if you have like P and P dagger + + align:start position:0% +remember if you have like P and P dagger + + + align:start position:0% +remember if you have like P and P dagger +and it's a unitary operator on ABC it's + + align:start position:0% +and it's a unitary operator on ABC it's + + + align:start position:0% +and it's a unitary operator on ABC it's +the same as P a P dagger P a B P dagger + + align:start position:0% +the same as P a P dagger P a B P dagger + + + align:start position:0% +the same as P a P dagger P a B P dagger +p CP dagger it's like acting on each one + + align:start position:0% +p CP dagger it's like acting on each one + + + align:start position:0% +p CP dagger it's like acting on each one +so when you have this P - 1 P to $1 + + align:start position:0% +so when you have this P - 1 P to $1 + + + align:start position:0% +so when you have this P - 1 P to $1 +acting on this + + align:start position:0% +acting on this + + + align:start position:0% +acting on this +it's as if each one of those is + + align:start position:0% +it's as if each one of those is + + + align:start position:0% +it's as if each one of those is +surrounded by a P - 1 P 2 1 dagger so + + align:start position:0% +surrounded by a P - 1 P 2 1 dagger so + + + align:start position:0% +surrounded by a P - 1 P 2 1 dagger so +each label 1 will become a label 2 and + + align:start position:0% +each label 1 will become a label 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +each label 1 will become a label 2 and +each label 2 will become a label 1 and + + align:start position:0% +each label 2 will become a label 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +each label 2 will become a label 1 and +therefore this operation is going to + + align:start position:0% +therefore this operation is going to + + + align:start position:0% +therefore this operation is going to +give you all - one for an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +give you all - one for an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +give you all - one for an arbitrary +operator acting on these two labels now + + align:start position:0% +operator acting on these two labels now + + + align:start position:0% +operator acting on these two labels now +it may happen that the operator is + + align:start position:0% +it may happen that the operator is + + + align:start position:0% +it may happen that the operator is +symmetric if all is symmetric by that we + + align:start position:0% +symmetric if all is symmetric by that we + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric if all is symmetric by that we +mean all - one is equal to all one - if + + align:start position:0% +mean all - one is equal to all one - if + + + align:start position:0% +mean all - one is equal to all one - if +that happens if that happens then from + + align:start position:0% +that happens if that happens then from + + + align:start position:0% +that happens if that happens then from +this equation you would have P 2 1 0 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +this equation you would have P 2 1 0 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +this equation you would have P 2 1 0 1 2 +P 2 1 dagger is all 1 2 is itself and + + align:start position:0% +P 2 1 dagger is all 1 2 is itself and + + + align:start position:0% +P 2 1 dagger is all 1 2 is itself and +you could multiply by a P 2 1 from the + + align:start position:0% +you could multiply by a P 2 1 from the + + + align:start position:0% +you could multiply by a P 2 1 from the +right giving you P 2 101 - equal Oh 1 2 + + align:start position:0% +right giving you P 2 101 - equal Oh 1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +right giving you P 2 101 - equal Oh 1 2 +you're multiplying by a P 2 1 from the + + align:start position:0% +you're multiplying by a P 2 1 from the + + + align:start position:0% +you're multiplying by a P 2 1 from the +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +right that cancels this b2 1 dagger p21 + + align:start position:0% +right that cancels this b2 1 dagger p21 + + + align:start position:0% +right that cancels this b2 1 dagger p21 +and there you see that an operator is + + align:start position:0% +and there you see that an operator is + + + align:start position:0% +and there you see that an operator is +symmetric if it commutes with the + + align:start position:0% +symmetric if it commutes with the + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric if it commutes with the +permutation operator so if always + + align:start position:0% +permutation operator so if always + + + align:start position:0% +permutation operator so if always +symmetric this is true and this is true + + align:start position:0% +symmetric this is true and this is true + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric this is true and this is true +and then finally p21 with all 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +and then finally p21 with all 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +and then finally p21 with all 1/2 +commutator is 0 + + align:start position:0% +commutator is 0 + + + align:start position:0% +commutator is 0 +oops too low you see the commutator + + align:start position:0% +oops too low you see the commutator + + + align:start position:0% +oops too low you see the commutator +it's 0 so that's of basically how you + + align:start position:0% +it's 0 so that's of basically how you + + + align:start position:0% +it's 0 so that's of basically how you +manipulate these operators on this + + align:start position:0% +manipulate these operators on this + + + align:start position:0% +manipulate these operators on this +Hilbert space \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/WXshIwISJ5Y.txt b/WXshIwISJ5Y.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b217bb323d1a30f2e96fc5a1ba07687bb858a97 --- /dev/null +++ b/WXshIwISJ5Y.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11635 @@ +align:start position:0% + +all right welcome everyone uh we're so + + align:start position:0% +all right welcome everyone uh we're so + + + align:start position:0% +all right welcome everyone uh we're so +glad you've joined us thanks for for + + align:start position:0% +glad you've joined us thanks for for + + + align:start position:0% +glad you've joined us thanks for for +taking an hour-ish uh to to spend with + + align:start position:0% +taking an hour-ish uh to to spend with + + + align:start position:0% +taking an hour-ish uh to to spend with +us uh learn about uh some of the amazing + + align:start position:0% +us uh learn about uh some of the amazing + + + align:start position:0% +us uh learn about uh some of the amazing +materials that MIT has created and is + + align:start position:0% +materials that MIT has created and is + + + align:start position:0% +materials that MIT has created and is +sharing openly to help you learn climate + + align:start position:0% +sharing openly to help you learn climate + + + align:start position:0% +sharing openly to help you learn climate +um this is a presentation uh that draws + + align:start position:0% +um this is a presentation uh that draws + + + align:start position:0% +um this is a presentation uh that draws +on the work of the MIT Environmental + + align:start position:0% +on the work of the MIT Environmental + + + align:start position:0% +on the work of the MIT Environmental +Solutions initiative MIT open courseware + + align:start position:0% +Solutions initiative MIT open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions initiative MIT open courseware +and mitx online and this presentation is + + align:start position:0% +and mitx online and this presentation is + + + align:start position:0% +and mitx online and this presentation is +part of international Open Access week + + align:start position:0% +part of international Open Access week + + + align:start position:0% +part of international Open Access week +which this year has the theme open for + + align:start position:0% +which this year has the theme open for + + + align:start position:0% +which this year has the theme open for +climate Justice they've got a great uh + + align:start position:0% +climate Justice they've got a great uh + + + align:start position:0% +climate Justice they've got a great uh +assortment of events happening all week + + align:start position:0% +assortment of events happening all week + + + align:start position:0% +assortment of events happening all week +long and encourage you uh to check those + + align:start position:0% +long and encourage you uh to check those + + + align:start position:0% +long and encourage you uh to check those +out maybe you found out about this + + align:start position:0% +out maybe you found out about this + + + align:start position:0% +out maybe you found out about this +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +through International Open Access week + + align:start position:0% +through International Open Access week + + + align:start position:0% +through International Open Access week +maybe through other channels but uh + + align:start position:0% +maybe through other channels but uh + + + align:start position:0% +maybe through other channels but uh +definitely see some of the other things + + align:start position:0% +definitely see some of the other things + + + align:start position:0% +definitely see some of the other things +that that are going on this week it's uh + + align:start position:0% +that that are going on this week it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +that that are going on this week it's uh +I expect will be of interest + + align:start position:0% +I expect will be of interest + + + align:start position:0% +I expect will be of interest +like to begin by introducing your + + align:start position:0% +like to begin by introducing your + + + align:start position:0% +like to begin by introducing your +speakers uh Sylvia + + align:start position:0% +speakers uh Sylvia + + + align:start position:0% +speakers uh Sylvia +Dana + + align:start position:0% +Dana + + + align:start position:0% +Dana +Sylvia you want to say hello since I + + align:start position:0% +Sylvia you want to say hello since I + + + align:start position:0% +Sylvia you want to say hello since I +seem to be listed first + + align:start position:0% +seem to be listed first + + + align:start position:0% +seem to be listed first +um hi my name is Sylvia sharp uh and I'm + + align:start position:0% +um hi my name is Sylvia sharp uh and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +um hi my name is Sylvia sharp uh and I'm +with the Environmental Solutions + + align:start position:0% +with the Environmental Solutions + + + align:start position:0% +with the Environmental Solutions +initiative at MIT uh specifically + + align:start position:0% +initiative at MIT uh specifically + + + align:start position:0% +initiative at MIT uh specifically +working on climate education mainly + + align:start position:0% +working on climate education mainly + + + align:start position:0% +working on climate education mainly +focused on K-12 and even more + + align:start position:0% +focused on K-12 and even more + + + align:start position:0% +focused on K-12 and even more +specifically on high school so I develop + + align:start position:0% +specifically on high school so I develop + + + align:start position:0% +specifically on high school so I develop +climate education materials and I'll be + + align:start position:0% +climate education materials and I'll be + + + align:start position:0% +climate education materials and I'll be +talking more about that later + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi I'm Dana Doyle I am the director of + + align:start position:0% +hi I'm Dana Doyle I am the director of + + + align:start position:0% +hi I'm Dana Doyle I am the director of +the mitx program and we support faculty + + align:start position:0% +the mitx program and we support faculty + + + align:start position:0% +the mitx program and we support faculty +to make robust uh MIT rigorous + + align:start position:0% +to make robust uh MIT rigorous + + + align:start position:0% +to make robust uh MIT rigorous +interactive courses + + align:start position:0% +interactive courses + + + align:start position:0% +interactive courses +um for the public + + align:start position:0% +um for the public + + + align:start position:0% +um for the public +um and I'll be talking about those more + + align:start position:0% +um and I'll be talking about those more + + + align:start position:0% +um and I'll be talking about those more +later + + align:start position:0% +later + + + align:start position:0% +later +thanks yeah and I'm Kurt Newton I'm + + align:start position:0% +thanks yeah and I'm Kurt Newton I'm + + + align:start position:0% +thanks yeah and I'm Kurt Newton I'm +director of MIT open courseware and I + + align:start position:0% +director of MIT open courseware and I + + + align:start position:0% +director of MIT open courseware and I +also have to admit I spend a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +also have to admit I spend a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +also have to admit I spend a lot of time +and energy personally on climate action + + align:start position:0% +and energy personally on climate action + + + align:start position:0% +and energy personally on climate action +work and uh + + align:start position:0% +work and uh + + + align:start position:0% +work and uh +these things which which work at the + + align:start position:0% +these things which which work at the + + + align:start position:0% +these things which which work at the +intersection of open education and open + + align:start position:0% +intersection of open education and open + + + align:start position:0% +intersection of open education and open +knowledge and climate action are near + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and climate action are near + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and climate action are near +and dear to me and I I hope they are to + + align:start position:0% +and dear to me and I I hope they are to + + + align:start position:0% +and dear to me and I I hope they are to +you too + + align:start position:0% +you too + + + align:start position:0% +you too +so a few words to uh to set the context + + align:start position:0% +so a few words to uh to set the context + + + align:start position:0% +so a few words to uh to set the context +about what we're about here + + align:start position:0% +about what we're about here + + + align:start position:0% +about what we're about here +um climate change is a as I'm sure + + align:start position:0% +um climate change is a as I'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +um climate change is a as I'm sure +you're you're aware a very large + + align:start position:0% +you're you're aware a very large + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're aware a very large +multi-dimensional problem that draws on + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional problem that draws on + + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional problem that draws on +definitely science and the things that + + align:start position:0% +definitely science and the things that + + + align:start position:0% +definitely science and the things that +we know uh but that's not long + + align:start position:0% +we know uh but that's not long + + + align:start position:0% +we know uh but that's not long +um Sylvia what's what's your perspective + + align:start position:0% +um Sylvia what's what's your perspective + + + align:start position:0% +um Sylvia what's what's your perspective +on this + + align:start position:0% +on this + + + align:start position:0% +on this +well that a lot of the time I sort of + + align:start position:0% +well that a lot of the time I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +well that a lot of the time I sort of +the background of I would say science + + align:start position:0% +the background of I would say science + + + align:start position:0% +the background of I would say science +Communication in general and climate + + align:start position:0% +Communication in general and climate + + + align:start position:0% +Communication in general and climate +communication as a subset of that + + align:start position:0% +communication as a subset of that + + + align:start position:0% +communication as a subset of that +has traditionally been this idea that if + + align:start position:0% +has traditionally been this idea that if + + + align:start position:0% +has traditionally been this idea that if +we shove enough knowledge and data sets + + align:start position:0% +we shove enough knowledge and data sets + + + align:start position:0% +we shove enough knowledge and data sets +and graphs at people that that will show + + align:start position:0% +and graphs at people that that will show + + + align:start position:0% +and graphs at people that that will show +them the truth that the way to the truth + + align:start position:0% +them the truth that the way to the truth + + + align:start position:0% +them the truth that the way to the truth +is through these these data sets and and + + align:start position:0% +is through these these data sets and and + + + align:start position:0% +is through these these data sets and and +things like that and that is one way to + + align:start position:0% +things like that and that is one way to + + + align:start position:0% +things like that and that is one way to +the truth right that is how we know what + + align:start position:0% +the truth right that is how we know what + + + align:start position:0% +the truth right that is how we know what +is happening scientifically we know that + + align:start position:0% +is happening scientifically we know that + + + align:start position:0% +is happening scientifically we know that +carbon dioxide is rising and that that + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide is rising and that that + + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide is rising and that that +carbon dioxide acts as a blanket around + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide acts as a blanket around + + + align:start position:0% +carbon dioxide acts as a blanket around +our planet trapping heat which is + + align:start position:0% +our planet trapping heat which is + + + align:start position:0% +our planet trapping heat which is +warming all of Earth's systems and that + + align:start position:0% +warming all of Earth's systems and that + + + align:start position:0% +warming all of Earth's systems and that +is changing our climate we know that but + + align:start position:0% +is changing our climate we know that but + + + align:start position:0% +is changing our climate we know that but +what we also have started to learn over + + align:start position:0% +what we also have started to learn over + + + align:start position:0% +what we also have started to learn over +the past few years is how to talk about + + align:start position:0% +the past few years is how to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +the past few years is how to talk about +these things and + + align:start position:0% +these things and + + + align:start position:0% +these things and +how to tell these stories because at + + align:start position:0% +how to tell these stories because at + + + align:start position:0% +how to tell these stories because at +base we as human are storytelling beings + + align:start position:0% +base we as human are storytelling beings + + + align:start position:0% +base we as human are storytelling beings +we most of us do not in fact think in + + align:start position:0% +we most of us do not in fact think in + + + align:start position:0% +we most of us do not in fact think in +terms of graphs and data and numbers + + align:start position:0% +terms of graphs and data and numbers + + + align:start position:0% +terms of graphs and data and numbers +some of us do and we need those folks + + align:start position:0% +some of us do and we need those folks + + + align:start position:0% +some of us do and we need those folks +but it's not the majority of us + + align:start position:0% +but it's not the majority of us + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not the majority of us +um we think in stories and so what we + + align:start position:0% +um we think in stories and so what we + + + align:start position:0% +um we think in stories and so what we +know is just that ex you know that I use + + align:start position:0% +know is just that ex you know that I use + + + align:start position:0% +know is just that ex you know that I use +that very basic metaphor to explain what + + align:start position:0% +that very basic metaphor to explain what + + + align:start position:0% +that very basic metaphor to explain what +we know about climate change + + align:start position:0% +we know about climate change + + + align:start position:0% +we know about climate change +yeah thanks Sylvia and building on + + align:start position:0% +yeah thanks Sylvia and building on + + + align:start position:0% +yeah thanks Sylvia and building on +what we know that Foundation you know uh + + align:start position:0% +what we know that Foundation you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +what we know that Foundation you know uh +many of us want to find out what it is + + align:start position:0% +many of us want to find out what it is + + + align:start position:0% +many of us want to find out what it is +that we can do + + align:start position:0% +that we can do + + + align:start position:0% +that we can do +and you know MIT without a doubt has a + + align:start position:0% +and you know MIT without a doubt has a + + + align:start position:0% +and you know MIT without a doubt has a +lot of perspectives on things that we + + align:start position:0% +lot of perspectives on things that we + + + align:start position:0% +lot of perspectives on things that we +can do uh and that includes uh applying + + align:start position:0% +can do uh and that includes uh applying + + + align:start position:0% +can do uh and that includes uh applying +the science into new technologies and + + align:start position:0% +the science into new technologies and + + + align:start position:0% +the science into new technologies and +Technology Solutions and thinking in a + + align:start position:0% +Technology Solutions and thinking in a + + + align:start position:0% +Technology Solutions and thinking in a +rigorous way about + + align:start position:0% +rigorous way about + + + align:start position:0% +rigorous way about +um uh how policies work out in the world + + align:start position:0% +um uh how policies work out in the world + + + align:start position:0% +um uh how policies work out in the world +but that's not all you know climate + + align:start position:0% +but that's not all you know climate + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not all you know climate +change is fundamentally also a very uh + + align:start position:0% +change is fundamentally also a very uh + + + align:start position:0% +change is fundamentally also a very uh +human situation and so the things that + + align:start position:0% +human situation and so the things that + + + align:start position:0% +human situation and so the things that +we can do the solutions that we want to + + align:start position:0% +we can do the solutions that we want to + + + align:start position:0% +we can do the solutions that we want to +think about also have a really important + + align:start position:0% +think about also have a really important + + + align:start position:0% +think about also have a really important +human element and in particular uh we + + align:start position:0% +human element and in particular uh we + + + align:start position:0% +human element and in particular uh we +want to be keeping in mind the the + + align:start position:0% +want to be keeping in mind the the + + + align:start position:0% +want to be keeping in mind the the +justice and Equity aspects of these + + align:start position:0% +justice and Equity aspects of these + + + align:start position:0% +justice and Equity aspects of these +things as well and so when we think + + align:start position:0% +things as well and so when we think + + + align:start position:0% +things as well and so when we think +about what we can do in the solution + + align:start position:0% +about what we can do in the solution + + + align:start position:0% +about what we can do in the solution +space + + align:start position:0% +space + + + align:start position:0% +space +it's not just the technology but also + + align:start position:0% +it's not just the technology but also + + + align:start position:0% +it's not just the technology but also +the the human and social aspects of that + + align:start position:0% +the the human and social aspects of that + + + align:start position:0% +the the human and social aspects of that +we had a great uh question in the chat + + align:start position:0% +we had a great uh question in the chat + + + align:start position:0% +we had a great uh question in the chat +uh that a national academies committee + + align:start position:0% +uh that a national academies committee + + + align:start position:0% +uh that a national academies committee +suggested that psychology and sociology + + align:start position:0% +suggested that psychology and sociology + + + align:start position:0% +suggested that psychology and sociology +be studied to reach average citizens + + align:start position:0% +be studied to reach average citizens + + + align:start position:0% +be studied to reach average citizens +about climate topics absolutely + + align:start position:0% +about climate topics absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +about climate topics absolutely +um there's actually a branch of + + align:start position:0% +um there's actually a branch of + + + align:start position:0% +um there's actually a branch of +psychology called conservation + + align:start position:0% +psychology called conservation + + + align:start position:0% +psychology called conservation +psychology which specifically studies + + align:start position:0% +psychology which specifically studies + + + align:start position:0% +psychology which specifically studies +how to formulate + + align:start position:0% +how to formulate + + + align:start position:0% +how to formulate +um messaging communication and thinking + + align:start position:0% +um messaging communication and thinking + + + align:start position:0% +um messaging communication and thinking +about how to cause the kind of behavior + + align:start position:0% +about how to cause the kind of behavior + + + align:start position:0% +about how to cause the kind of behavior +change and thought change that we need + + align:start position:0% +change and thought change that we need + + + align:start position:0% +change and thought change that we need +in ways that actually align with how the + + align:start position:0% +in ways that actually align with how the + + + align:start position:0% +in ways that actually align with how the +human brain really works so there's + + align:start position:0% +human brain really works so there's + + + align:start position:0% +human brain really works so there's +really some wonderful work in the + + align:start position:0% +really some wonderful work in the + + + align:start position:0% +really some wonderful work in the +conservation world and and by other + + align:start position:0% +conservation world and and by other + + + align:start position:0% +conservation world and and by other +people in the sociology and psychology + + align:start position:0% +people in the sociology and psychology + + + align:start position:0% +people in the sociology and psychology +side of this + + align:start position:0% +side of this + + + align:start position:0% +side of this +um and absolutely I think that's vitally + + align:start position:0% +um and absolutely I think that's vitally + + + align:start position:0% +um and absolutely I think that's vitally +important yeah excellent so when we + + align:start position:0% +important yeah excellent so when we + + + align:start position:0% +important yeah excellent so when we +think about providing resources from MIT + + align:start position:0% +think about providing resources from MIT + + + align:start position:0% +think about providing resources from MIT +to learn about climate we want to be + + align:start position:0% +to learn about climate we want to be + + + align:start position:0% +to learn about climate we want to be +drawing on all of these things + + align:start position:0% +drawing on all of these things + + + align:start position:0% +drawing on all of these things +and one one last contextual point that + + align:start position:0% +and one one last contextual point that + + + align:start position:0% +and one one last contextual point that +I'd like to make to tee this up those of + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to make to tee this up those of + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to make to tee this up those of +you who like graphs have probably seen + + align:start position:0% +you who like graphs have probably seen + + + align:start position:0% +you who like graphs have probably seen +things like this + + align:start position:0% +things like this + + + align:start position:0% +things like this +you know that show for instance this + + align:start position:0% +you know that show for instance this + + + align:start position:0% +you know that show for instance this +this is you know based on uh United + + align:start position:0% +this is you know based on uh United + + + align:start position:0% +this is you know based on uh United +Nations studies and reports on the + + align:start position:0% +Nations studies and reports on the + + + align:start position:0% +Nations studies and reports on the +different Pathways that we have before + + align:start position:0% +different Pathways that we have before + + + align:start position:0% +different Pathways that we have before +us and we have a range of Pathways you + + align:start position:0% +us and we have a range of Pathways you + + + align:start position:0% +us and we have a range of Pathways you +know we're at this juncture right now + + align:start position:0% +know we're at this juncture right now + + + align:start position:0% +know we're at this juncture right now +where the choices that we make really + + align:start position:0% +where the choices that we make really + + + align:start position:0% +where the choices that we make really +matter tremendously we have goals to get + + align:start position:0% +matter tremendously we have goals to get + + + align:start position:0% +matter tremendously we have goals to get +global warming limited to well below two + + align:start position:0% +global warming limited to well below two + + + align:start position:0% +global warming limited to well below two +degrees C per the Paris terms as close + + align:start position:0% +degrees C per the Paris terms as close + + + align:start position:0% +degrees C per the Paris terms as close +to 1.5 degrees warming by the end of the + + align:start position:0% +to 1.5 degrees warming by the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +to 1.5 degrees warming by the end of the +century as we can get + + align:start position:0% +century as we can get + + + align:start position:0% +century as we can get +that's also recognized that there are + + align:start position:0% +that's also recognized that there are + + + align:start position:0% +that's also recognized that there are +other Pathways in fact the one that + + align:start position:0% +other Pathways in fact the one that + + + align:start position:0% +other Pathways in fact the one that +we're currently on + + align:start position:0% +we're currently on + + + align:start position:0% +we're currently on +doesn't really come close to that it's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really come close to that it's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really come close to that it's +better than the worst case scenarios of + + align:start position:0% +better than the worst case scenarios of + + + align:start position:0% +better than the worst case scenarios of +no climate policies uh but we have a lot + + align:start position:0% +no climate policies uh but we have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +no climate policies uh but we have a lot +of work still to do and in particular + + align:start position:0% +of work still to do and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +of work still to do and in particular +that work needs to happen now and in the + + align:start position:0% +that work needs to happen now and in the + + + align:start position:0% +that work needs to happen now and in the +next few years you know we are here at + + align:start position:0% +next few years you know we are here at + + + align:start position:0% +next few years you know we are here at +this inflection point among these + + align:start position:0% +this inflection point among these + + + align:start position:0% +this inflection point among these +different Pathways that lead us into the + + align:start position:0% +different Pathways that lead us into the + + + align:start position:0% +different Pathways that lead us into the +future we need and so over the next few + + align:start position:0% +future we need and so over the next few + + + align:start position:0% +future we need and so over the next few +decades the choices that we make are + + align:start position:0% +decades the choices that we make are + + + align:start position:0% +decades the choices that we make are +really really going to matter + + align:start position:0% +really really going to matter + + + align:start position:0% +really really going to matter +without a doubt MIT is very focused on + + align:start position:0% +without a doubt MIT is very focused on + + + align:start position:0% +without a doubt MIT is very focused on +educating the students that are here + + align:start position:0% +educating the students that are here + + + align:start position:0% +educating the students that are here +right now + + align:start position:0% +right now + + + align:start position:0% +right now +but really you know I'd say in this + + align:start position:0% +but really you know I'd say in this + + + align:start position:0% +but really you know I'd say in this +decade in particular + + align:start position:0% +decade in particular + + + align:start position:0% +decade in particular +um we need to be bringing everybody into + + align:start position:0% +um we need to be bringing everybody into + + + align:start position:0% +um we need to be bringing everybody into +this into this conversation and learning + + align:start position:0% +this into this conversation and learning + + + align:start position:0% +this into this conversation and learning +all that we can about uh climate science + + align:start position:0% +all that we can about uh climate science + + + align:start position:0% +all that we can about uh climate science +and the different solutions so whether + + align:start position:0% +and the different solutions so whether + + + align:start position:0% +and the different solutions so whether +you're a student or a teacher a worker + + align:start position:0% +you're a student or a teacher a worker + + + align:start position:0% +you're a student or a teacher a worker +or a professional a citizen who's active + + align:start position:0% +or a professional a citizen who's active + + + align:start position:0% +or a professional a citizen who's active +as a voter or an advocate we want to be + + align:start position:0% +as a voter or an advocate we want to be + + + align:start position:0% +as a voter or an advocate we want to be +supporting everyone and how they engage + + align:start position:0% +supporting everyone and how they engage + + + align:start position:0% +supporting everyone and how they engage +in this work + + align:start position:0% +in this work + + + align:start position:0% +in this work +so I'm curious to know + + align:start position:0% +so I'm curious to know + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm curious to know +um and uh feel free to drop something in + + align:start position:0% +um and uh feel free to drop something in + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh feel free to drop something in +the chat about this you know what's + + align:start position:0% +the chat about this you know what's + + + align:start position:0% +the chat about this you know what's +brought you here to this talk what + + align:start position:0% +brought you here to this talk what + + + align:start position:0% +brought you here to this talk what +things are you interested in learning + + align:start position:0% +things are you interested in learning + + + align:start position:0% +things are you interested in learning +about uh we'd love to know + + align:start position:0% +about uh we'd love to know + + + align:start position:0% +about uh we'd love to know +and with that + + align:start position:0% +and with that + + + align:start position:0% +and with that +let's get into it what specifically are + + align:start position:0% +let's get into it what specifically are + + + align:start position:0% +let's get into it what specifically are +these open resources that are coming + + align:start position:0% +these open resources that are coming + + + align:start position:0% +these open resources that are coming +from MIT + + align:start position:0% +from MIT + + + align:start position:0% +from MIT +uh we're drawing on all disciplines that + + align:start position:0% +uh we're drawing on all disciplines that + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're drawing on all disciplines that +are taught here across the curriculum + + align:start position:0% +are taught here across the curriculum + + + align:start position:0% +are taught here across the curriculum +science engineering economics policy to + + align:start position:0% +science engineering economics policy to + + + align:start position:0% +science engineering economics policy to +Humanities and we we think about the + + align:start position:0% +Humanities and we we think about the + + + align:start position:0% +Humanities and we we think about the +breadth of the offerings that we've got + + align:start position:0% +breadth of the offerings that we've got + + + align:start position:0% +breadth of the offerings that we've got +here you know spanning the full range of + + align:start position:0% +here you know spanning the full range of + + + align:start position:0% +here you know spanning the full range of +things that people might be looking for + + align:start position:0% +things that people might be looking for + + + align:start position:0% +things that people might be looking for +from really engaging introductions that + + align:start position:0% +from really engaging introductions that + + + align:start position:0% +from really engaging introductions that +that can can come from uh from our + + align:start position:0% +that can can come from uh from our + + + align:start position:0% +that can can come from uh from our +trusted sources + + align:start position:0% +trusted sources + + + align:start position:0% +trusted sources +Pathways to you know deepen your + + align:start position:0% +Pathways to you know deepen your + + + align:start position:0% +Pathways to you know deepen your +knowledge in particular through flexible + + align:start position:0% +knowledge in particular through flexible + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge in particular through flexible +self-paced learning + + align:start position:0% +self-paced learning + + + align:start position:0% +self-paced learning +um and and ways to go really deep dive + + align:start position:0% +um and and ways to go really deep dive + + + align:start position:0% +um and and ways to go really deep dive +build expertise all the way in through + + align:start position:0% +build expertise all the way in through + + + align:start position:0% +build expertise all the way in through +credential granting uh complete courses + + align:start position:0% +credential granting uh complete courses + + + align:start position:0% +credential granting uh complete courses +and we'll we'll highlight a few of these + + align:start position:0% +and we'll we'll highlight a few of these + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll we'll highlight a few of these +over the course of the hour + + align:start position:0% +over the course of the hour + + + align:start position:0% +over the course of the hour +um so yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +um so yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +um so yeah yeah +so that idea of this sort of engaging + + align:start position:0% +so that idea of this sort of engaging + + + align:start position:0% +so that idea of this sort of engaging +introduction + + align:start position:0% +introduction + + + align:start position:0% +introduction +um is really the core of the goal of the + + align:start position:0% +um is really the core of the goal of the + + + align:start position:0% +um is really the core of the goal of the +MIT climate portal which can be found at + + align:start position:0% +MIT climate portal which can be found at + + + align:start position:0% +MIT climate portal which can be found at +climate.mit.edu and this is an outwardly + + align:start position:0% +climate.mit.edu and this is an outwardly + + + align:start position:0% +climate.mit.edu and this is an outwardly +facing page it's not well while folks at + + align:start position:0% +facing page it's not well while folks at + + + align:start position:0% +facing page it's not well while folks at +MIT absolutely can use it and do it is + + align:start position:0% +MIT absolutely can use it and do it is + + + align:start position:0% +MIT absolutely can use it and do it is +outwardly facing the goal of this is to + + align:start position:0% +outwardly facing the goal of this is to + + + align:start position:0% +outwardly facing the goal of this is to +be used more broadly + + align:start position:0% +be used more broadly + + + align:start position:0% +be used more broadly +um and so this includes explainers which + + align:start position:0% +um and so this includes explainers which + + + align:start position:0% +um and so this includes explainers which +are basically one page climate science + + align:start position:0% +are basically one page climate science + + + align:start position:0% +are basically one page climate science +you just want to know what is the + + align:start position:0% +you just want to know what is the + + + align:start position:0% +you just want to know what is the +relationship between phytoplankton and + + align:start position:0% +relationship between phytoplankton and + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between phytoplankton and +car and climate change and there's a + + align:start position:0% +car and climate change and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +car and climate change and there's a +one-pager on that + + align:start position:0% +one-pager on that + + + align:start position:0% +one-pager on that +um you want to understand how concrete + + align:start position:0% +um you want to understand how concrete + + + align:start position:0% +um you want to understand how concrete +and cement work in in climate change + + align:start position:0% +and cement work in in climate change + + + align:start position:0% +and cement work in in climate change +there's a one-pager on that + + align:start position:0% +there's a one-pager on that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a one-pager on that +um if you then discovered that your + + align:start position:0% +um if you then discovered that your + + + align:start position:0% +um if you then discovered that your +question has not been answered yet you + + align:start position:0% +question has not been answered yet you + + + align:start position:0% +question has not been answered yet you +can actually submit a question to ask + + align:start position:0% +can actually submit a question to ask + + + align:start position:0% +can actually submit a question to ask +MIT climate and we go through those + + align:start position:0% +MIT climate and we go through those + + + align:start position:0% +MIT climate and we go through those +questions and pair them to the right + + align:start position:0% +questions and pair them to the right + + + align:start position:0% +questions and pair them to the right +expert to to find that answer so and you + + align:start position:0% +expert to to find that answer so and you + + + align:start position:0% +expert to to find that answer so and you +can also read through previous questions + + align:start position:0% +can also read through previous questions + + + align:start position:0% +can also read through previous questions +and they really run the gamut from those + + align:start position:0% +and they really run the gamut from those + + + align:start position:0% +and they really run the gamut from those +seemingly simple questions that are + + align:start position:0% +seemingly simple questions that are + + + align:start position:0% +seemingly simple questions that are +incredibly complex too I know this one + + align:start position:0% +incredibly complex too I know this one + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly complex too I know this one +specific thing from my realm of + + align:start position:0% +specific thing from my realm of + + + align:start position:0% +specific thing from my realm of +expertise how does it relate to climate + + align:start position:0% +expertise how does it relate to climate + + + align:start position:0% +expertise how does it relate to climate +change + + align:start position:0% +change + + + align:start position:0% +change +and then we also have a podcast called + + align:start position:0% +and then we also have a podcast called + + + align:start position:0% +and then we also have a podcast called +til climate which is today I learned + + align:start position:0% +til climate which is today I learned + + + align:start position:0% +til climate which is today I learned +climate and the goal of the til podcast + + align:start position:0% +climate and the goal of the til podcast + + + align:start position:0% +climate and the goal of the til podcast +TL climate podcast is that the episodes + + align:start position:0% +TL climate podcast is that the episodes + + + align:start position:0% +TL climate podcast is that the episodes +are really short um they're under 15 + + align:start position:0% +are really short um they're under 15 + + + align:start position:0% +are really short um they're under 15 +minutes long so they're again in that + + align:start position:0% +minutes long so they're again in that + + + align:start position:0% +minutes long so they're again in that +same way of the one pager the quick + + align:start position:0% +same way of the one pager the quick + + + align:start position:0% +same way of the one pager the quick +question something you could share to a + + align:start position:0% +question something you could share to a + + + align:start position:0% +question something you could share to a +friend you said you know oh we were just + + align:start position:0% +friend you said you know oh we were just + + + align:start position:0% +friend you said you know oh we were just +recently having that conversation about + + align:start position:0% +recently having that conversation about + + + align:start position:0% +recently having that conversation about +airplanes and air travel here's a + + align:start position:0% +airplanes and air travel here's a + + + align:start position:0% +airplanes and air travel here's a +podcast on that and you're not + + align:start position:0% +podcast on that and you're not + + + align:start position:0% +podcast on that and you're not +necessarily asking them to to dive deep + + align:start position:0% +necessarily asking them to to dive deep + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily asking them to to dive deep +into a subject but they can learn a lot + + align:start position:0% +into a subject but they can learn a lot + + + align:start position:0% +into a subject but they can learn a lot +and the podcasts are conversations with + + align:start position:0% +and the podcasts are conversations with + + + align:start position:0% +and the podcasts are conversations with +experts in that field + + align:start position:0% +experts in that field + + + align:start position:0% +experts in that field +so they're very very useful + + align:start position:0% +so they're very very useful + + + align:start position:0% +so they're very very useful +um both for that sort of shareability + + align:start position:0% +um both for that sort of shareability + + + align:start position:0% +um both for that sort of shareability +you can post them to your social media + + align:start position:0% +you can post them to your social media + + + align:start position:0% +you can post them to your social media +you can send them in an email to a + + align:start position:0% +you can send them in an email to a + + + align:start position:0% +you can send them in an email to a +friend + + align:start position:0% +friend + + + align:start position:0% +friend +um and they're also as I'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +um and they're also as I'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +um and they're also as I'll talk about +later something that because they're + + align:start position:0% +later something that because they're + + + align:start position:0% +later something that because they're +aimed at a general audience they're also + + align:start position:0% +aimed at a general audience they're also + + + align:start position:0% +aimed at a general audience they're also +totally understandable to a high school + + align:start position:0% +totally understandable to a high school + + + align:start position:0% +totally understandable to a high school +through Early College audience so + + align:start position:0% +through Early College audience so + + + align:start position:0% +through Early College audience so +teachers can use these as pieces to + + align:start position:0% +teachers can use these as pieces to + + + align:start position:0% +teachers can use these as pieces to +actually assign to their students and + + align:start position:0% +actually assign to their students and + + + align:start position:0% +actually assign to their students and +everything is under a Creative Commons + + align:start position:0% +everything is under a Creative Commons + + + align:start position:0% +everything is under a Creative Commons +license + + align:start position:0% +license + + + align:start position:0% +license +um for example we are actually in a + + align:start position:0% +um for example we are actually in a + + + align:start position:0% +um for example we are actually in a +partnership right now with an + + align:start position:0% +partnership right now with an + + + align:start position:0% +partnership right now with an +organization + + align:start position:0% +organization + + + align:start position:0% +organization +um called subject to climate who is + + align:start position:0% +um called subject to climate who is + + + align:start position:0% +um called subject to climate who is +actually adapting our explainers for an + + align:start position:0% +actually adapting our explainers for an + + + align:start position:0% +actually adapting our explainers for an +interactive on their website to allow + + align:start position:0% +interactive on their website to allow + + + align:start position:0% +interactive on their website to allow +teachers to ask questions about climate + + align:start position:0% +teachers to ask questions about climate + + + align:start position:0% +teachers to ask questions about climate +change and get the answers from our + + align:start position:0% +change and get the answers from our + + + align:start position:0% +change and get the answers from our +explainers so it's one of these ways + + align:start position:0% +explainers so it's one of these ways + + + align:start position:0% +explainers so it's one of these ways +that these Open Access resources are + + align:start position:0% +that these Open Access resources are + + + align:start position:0% +that these Open Access resources are +being used across sites + + align:start position:0% +being used across sites + + + align:start position:0% +being used across sites +and then if you want to dive a little + + align:start position:0% +and then if you want to dive a little + + + align:start position:0% +and then if you want to dive a little +bit deeper but still kind of get to pick + + align:start position:0% +bit deeper but still kind of get to pick + + + align:start position:0% +bit deeper but still kind of get to pick +and choose your bits um we have the + + align:start position:0% +and choose your bits um we have the + + + align:start position:0% +and choose your bits um we have the +climate primer so the climate primer is + + align:start position:0% +climate primer so the climate primer is + + + align:start position:0% +climate primer so the climate primer is +interactive + + align:start position:0% +interactive + + + align:start position:0% +interactive +um it was developed by Dr Carrie Emanuel + + align:start position:0% +um it was developed by Dr Carrie Emanuel + + + align:start position:0% +um it was developed by Dr Carrie Emanuel +here at MIT and you basically scroll + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT and you basically scroll + + + align:start position:0% +here at MIT and you basically scroll +through and there are places where + + align:start position:0% +through and there are places where + + + align:start position:0% +through and there are places where +there's audio to listen to a graph to + + align:start position:0% +there's audio to listen to a graph to + + + align:start position:0% +there's audio to listen to a graph to +interact with + + align:start position:0% +interact with + + + align:start position:0% +interact with +um something maybe a question to answer + + align:start position:0% +um something maybe a question to answer + + + align:start position:0% +um something maybe a question to answer +um so it's that Step Beyond I'm just + + align:start position:0% +um so it's that Step Beyond I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +um so it's that Step Beyond I'm just +going to read something or I'm just + + align:start position:0% +going to read something or I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +going to read something or I'm just +going to listen to something and it's a + + align:start position:0% +going to listen to something and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +going to listen to something and it's a +little bit more interactive but it's + + align:start position:0% +little bit more interactive but it's + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more interactive but it's +still in chapters so you can still you + + align:start position:0% +still in chapters so you can still you + + + align:start position:0% +still in chapters so you can still you +don't have to go from A to Z through it + + align:start position:0% +don't have to go from A to Z through it + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to go from A to Z through it +you can still say what I'm really + + align:start position:0% +you can still say what I'm really + + + align:start position:0% +you can still say what I'm really +interested in at this moment is I want + + align:start position:0% +interested in at this moment is I want + + + align:start position:0% +interested in at this moment is I want +to know how we know what we know and + + align:start position:0% +to know how we know what we know and + + + align:start position:0% +to know how we know what we know and +there's a chapter on that within the + + align:start position:0% +there's a chapter on that within the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a chapter on that within the +climate primer + + align:start position:0% +climate primer + + + align:start position:0% +climate primer +and then the work that I've mostly been + + align:start position:0% +and then the work that I've mostly been + + + align:start position:0% +and then the work that I've mostly been +working on for the past uh year and a + + align:start position:0% +working on for the past uh year and a + + + align:start position:0% +working on for the past uh year and a +half plus + + align:start position:0% +half plus + + + align:start position:0% +half plus +um is developing these educator guides + + align:start position:0% +um is developing these educator guides + + + align:start position:0% +um is developing these educator guides +so the educator guides are tied to the + + align:start position:0% +so the educator guides are tied to the + + + align:start position:0% +so the educator guides are tied to the +til climate uh podcast episodes but + + align:start position:0% +til climate uh podcast episodes but + + + align:start position:0% +til climate uh podcast episodes but +they're not a guide to the episode the + + align:start position:0% +they're not a guide to the episode the + + + align:start position:0% +they're not a guide to the episode the +idea is that a student would listen to + + align:start position:0% +idea is that a student would listen to + + + align:start position:0% +idea is that a student would listen to +the episode either as homework or in the + + align:start position:0% +the episode either as homework or in the + + + align:start position:0% +the episode either as homework or in the +classroom or maybe not at all we'd + + align:start position:0% +classroom or maybe not at all we'd + + + align:start position:0% +classroom or maybe not at all we'd +prefer that they listen to it but it's + + align:start position:0% +prefer that they listen to it but it's + + + align:start position:0% +prefer that they listen to it but it's +not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily +um necessary for doing the activities + + align:start position:0% +um necessary for doing the activities + + + align:start position:0% +um necessary for doing the activities +and then teachers can choose + + align:start position:0% +and then teachers can choose + + + align:start position:0% +and then teachers can choose +as few or as many activities out of each + + align:start position:0% +as few or as many activities out of each + + + align:start position:0% +as few or as many activities out of each +of these guides for their students to do + + align:start position:0% +of these guides for their students to do + + + align:start position:0% +of these guides for their students to do +there's about three to five activities + + align:start position:0% +there's about three to five activities + + + align:start position:0% +there's about three to five activities +per guide they're aimed in a high school + + align:start position:0% +per guide they're aimed in a high school + + + align:start position:0% +per guide they're aimed in a high school +audience though depending on uh the + + align:start position:0% +audience though depending on uh the + + + align:start position:0% +audience though depending on uh the +educator you could definitely age them + + align:start position:0% +educator you could definitely age them + + + align:start position:0% +educator you could definitely age them +down to middle school and up to college + + align:start position:0% +down to middle school and up to college + + + align:start position:0% +down to middle school and up to college +and they're super flexible so it's not + + align:start position:0% +and they're super flexible so it's not + + + align:start position:0% +and they're super flexible so it's not +you must do this entire unit but choose + + align:start position:0% +you must do this entire unit but choose + + + align:start position:0% +you must do this entire unit but choose +this activity here of this activity here + + align:start position:0% +this activity here of this activity here + + + align:start position:0% +this activity here of this activity here +pull together what what you want + + align:start position:0% +pull together what what you want + + + align:start position:0% +pull together what what you want +um and one of the things that I really + + align:start position:0% +um and one of the things that I really + + + align:start position:0% +um and one of the things that I really +wanted to focus on in this is that they + + align:start position:0% +wanted to focus on in this is that they + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to focus on in this is that they +are not all what you might call Pure + + align:start position:0% +are not all what you might call Pure + + + align:start position:0% +are not all what you might call Pure +science activities because climate + + align:start position:0% +science activities because climate + + + align:start position:0% +science activities because climate +change affects all parts of human life + + align:start position:0% +change affects all parts of human life + + + align:start position:0% +change affects all parts of human life +and that means that all subjects can + + align:start position:0% +and that means that all subjects can + + + align:start position:0% +and that means that all subjects can +talk about climate change so there are + + align:start position:0% +talk about climate change so there are + + + align:start position:0% +talk about climate change so there are +activities in here that can work in an + + align:start position:0% +activities in here that can work in an + + + align:start position:0% +activities in here that can work in an +English classroom in a math classroom in + + align:start position:0% +English classroom in a math classroom in + + + align:start position:0% +English classroom in a math classroom in +a social studies or history classroom + + align:start position:0% +a social studies or history classroom + + + align:start position:0% +a social studies or history classroom +you could translate some of these things + + align:start position:0% +you could translate some of these things + + + align:start position:0% +you could translate some of these things +into another language in a language + + align:start position:0% +into another language in a language + + + align:start position:0% +into another language in a language +classroom there are so many ways to + + align:start position:0% +classroom there are so many ways to + + + align:start position:0% +classroom there are so many ways to +interact with this work that isn't just + + align:start position:0% +interact with this work that isn't just + + + align:start position:0% +interact with this work that isn't just +looking at graphs and data and data + + align:start position:0% +looking at graphs and data and data + + + align:start position:0% +looking at graphs and data and data +visualization though there are plenty of + + align:start position:0% +visualization though there are plenty of + + + align:start position:0% +visualization though there are plenty of +data visualizations in there as well + + align:start position:0% +data visualizations in there as well + + + align:start position:0% +data visualizations in there as well +because I love them uh so these are + + align:start position:0% +because I love them uh so these are + + + align:start position:0% +because I love them uh so these are +super useful and again Creative Commons + + align:start position:0% +super useful and again Creative Commons + + + align:start position:0% +super useful and again Creative Commons +license t-shirts can remix them re-share + + align:start position:0% +license t-shirts can remix them re-share + + + align:start position:0% +license t-shirts can remix them re-share +them do what they want we want them to + + align:start position:0% +them do what they want we want them to + + + align:start position:0% +them do what they want we want them to +be out there and usable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and sort of Aging up into more of the + + align:start position:0% +and sort of Aging up into more of the + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of Aging up into more of the +college realm though some of these + + align:start position:0% +college realm though some of these + + + align:start position:0% +college realm though some of these +activities again could be used + + align:start position:0% +activities again could be used + + + align:start position:0% +activities again could be used +especially in an upper high school + + align:start position:0% +especially in an upper high school + + + align:start position:0% +especially in an upper high school +classroom my colleague Liz went through + + align:start position:0% +classroom my colleague Liz went through + + + align:start position:0% +classroom my colleague Liz went through +uh the entire open courseware which Kurt + + align:start position:0% +uh the entire open courseware which Kurt + + + align:start position:0% +uh the entire open courseware which Kurt +will talk about later and pulled out + + align:start position:0% +will talk about later and pulled out + + + align:start position:0% +will talk about later and pulled out +every lesson and activity that had to do + + align:start position:0% +every lesson and activity that had to do + + + align:start position:0% +every lesson and activity that had to do +with climate change or sustainability + + align:start position:0% +with climate change or sustainability + + + align:start position:0% +with climate change or sustainability +and put them into this database so + + align:start position:0% +and put them into this database so + + + align:start position:0% +and put them into this database so +that's fully searchable uh and again + + align:start position:0% +that's fully searchable uh and again + + + align:start position:0% +that's fully searchable uh and again +open open source Open Access and as well + + align:start position:0% +open open source Open Access and as well + + + align:start position:0% +open open source Open Access and as well +as all of the explainers from the MIT + + align:start position:0% +as all of the explainers from the MIT + + + align:start position:0% +as all of the explainers from the MIT +climate portal + + align:start position:0% +climate portal + + + align:start position:0% +climate portal +and she also wrote These pedagogical + + align:start position:0% +and she also wrote These pedagogical + + + align:start position:0% +and she also wrote These pedagogical +practice explainers because there are + + align:start position:0% +practice explainers because there are + + + align:start position:0% +practice explainers because there are +ways of teaching that benefit + + align:start position:0% +ways of teaching that benefit + + + align:start position:0% +ways of teaching that benefit +sustainability learning better than some + + align:start position:0% +sustainability learning better than some + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability learning better than some +other ways of teaching sort of standard + + align:start position:0% +other ways of teaching sort of standard + + + align:start position:0% +other ways of teaching sort of standard +lecture Styles so there are also these + + align:start position:0% +lecture Styles so there are also these + + + align:start position:0% +lecture Styles so there are also these +explainers on best practices around how + + align:start position:0% +explainers on best practices around how + + + align:start position:0% +explainers on best practices around how +to teach this content not just what to + + align:start position:0% +to teach this content not just what to + + + align:start position:0% +to teach this content not just what to +teach so the skills project has just an + + align:start position:0% +teach so the skills project has just an + + + align:start position:0% +teach so the skills project has just an +absolute wealth of material + + align:start position:0% +absolute wealth of material + + + align:start position:0% +absolute wealth of material +um that you can search through that + + align:start position:0% +um that you can search through that + + + align:start position:0% +um that you can search through that +database + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes thanks Sylvia yeah + + align:start position:0% +yes thanks Sylvia yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yes thanks Sylvia yeah +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +speaking for MIT open coursework we love + + align:start position:0% +speaking for MIT open coursework we love + + + align:start position:0% +speaking for MIT open coursework we love +that last one in particular + + align:start position:0% +that last one in particular + + + align:start position:0% +that last one in particular +by all the others but just an example of + + align:start position:0% +by all the others but just an example of + + + align:start position:0% +by all the others but just an example of +the the sort of um adaptations that the + + align:start position:0% +the the sort of um adaptations that the + + + align:start position:0% +the the sort of um adaptations that the +Creative Commons license opens up to + + align:start position:0% +Creative Commons license opens up to + + + align:start position:0% +Creative Commons license opens up to +people and uh yeah in honor of + + align:start position:0% +people and uh yeah in honor of + + + align:start position:0% +people and uh yeah in honor of +international Open Access week I think + + align:start position:0% +international Open Access week I think + + + align:start position:0% +international Open Access week I think +that's a particularly strong message + + align:start position:0% +that's a particularly strong message + + + align:start position:0% +that's a particularly strong message +so I'm going to talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going to talk a little bit about +open courseware we've been sharing + + align:start position:0% +open courseware we've been sharing + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware we've been sharing +materials freely from the MIT curriculum + + align:start position:0% +materials freely from the MIT curriculum + + + align:start position:0% +materials freely from the MIT curriculum +uh since 2001 over 20 years now we've + + align:start position:0% +uh since 2001 over 20 years now we've + + + align:start position:0% +uh since 2001 over 20 years now we've +got material from over 2500 courses + + align:start position:0% +got material from over 2500 courses + + + align:start position:0% +got material from over 2500 courses +shared on the MIT open course for + + align:start position:0% +shared on the MIT open course for + + + align:start position:0% +shared on the MIT open course for +website representing all departments and + + align:start position:0% +website representing all departments and + + + align:start position:0% +website representing all departments and +programs from the most introductory + + align:start position:0% +programs from the most introductory + + + align:start position:0% +programs from the most introductory +first year and uh and even high some + + align:start position:0% +first year and uh and even high some + + + align:start position:0% +first year and uh and even high some +high school oriented resources up to you + + align:start position:0% +high school oriented resources up to you + + + align:start position:0% +high school oriented resources up to you +know some of the most advanced graduate + + align:start position:0% +know some of the most advanced graduate + + + align:start position:0% +know some of the most advanced graduate +level subjects offered on the planet + + align:start position:0% +level subjects offered on the planet + + + align:start position:0% +level subjects offered on the planet +the focus primarily has been on teaching + + align:start position:0% +the focus primarily has been on teaching + + + align:start position:0% +the focus primarily has been on teaching +materials but there's more among those + + align:start position:0% +materials but there's more among those + + + align:start position:0% +materials but there's more among those +teaching materials you'll find notes and + + align:start position:0% +teaching materials you'll find notes and + + + align:start position:0% +teaching materials you'll find notes and +and readings supplied by The Faculty + + align:start position:0% +and readings supplied by The Faculty + + + align:start position:0% +and readings supplied by The Faculty +activities that they've created + + align:start position:0% +activities that they've created + + + align:start position:0% +activities that they've created +assessments problem sets exams and so + + align:start position:0% +assessments problem sets exams and so + + + align:start position:0% +assessments problem sets exams and so +forth we're also thrilled to be able to + + align:start position:0% +forth we're also thrilled to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +forth we're also thrilled to be able to +share student work exemplary student + + align:start position:0% +share student work exemplary student + + + align:start position:0% +share student work exemplary student +work such as some of the the great + + align:start position:0% +work such as some of the the great + + + align:start position:0% +work such as some of the the great +projects that people do here as + + align:start position:0% +projects that people do here as + + + align:start position:0% +projects that people do here as +Inspirations for for perhaps things that + + align:start position:0% +Inspirations for for perhaps things that + + + align:start position:0% +Inspirations for for perhaps things that +that you might want to explore yourself + + align:start position:0% +that you might want to explore yourself + + + align:start position:0% +that you might want to explore yourself +um additionally a lot of videos and a + + align:start position:0% +um additionally a lot of videos and a + + + align:start position:0% +um additionally a lot of videos and a +growing amount of videos are on ocw and + + align:start position:0% +growing amount of videos are on ocw and + + + align:start position:0% +growing amount of videos are on ocw and +we've got this uh chalk Radio podcast + + align:start position:0% +we've got this uh chalk Radio podcast + + + align:start position:0% +we've got this uh chalk Radio podcast +where we interview faculty about the the + + align:start position:0% +where we interview faculty about the the + + + align:start position:0% +where we interview faculty about the the +craft teaching and share their + + align:start position:0% +craft teaching and share their + + + align:start position:0% +craft teaching and share their +pedagogical insights those videos on our + + align:start position:0% +pedagogical insights those videos on our + + + align:start position:0% +pedagogical insights those videos on our +YouTube channel are increasingly a uh uh + + align:start position:0% +YouTube channel are increasingly a uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +YouTube channel are increasingly a uh uh +powerful way a very flexible way for + + align:start position:0% +powerful way a very flexible way for + + + align:start position:0% +powerful way a very flexible way for +people to discover this content uh and + + align:start position:0% +people to discover this content uh and + + + align:start position:0% +people to discover this content uh and +um and share it within their communities + + align:start position:0% +um and share it within their communities + + + align:start position:0% +um and share it within their communities +over over ocw's lifetime we think we've + + align:start position:0% +over over ocw's lifetime we think we've + + + align:start position:0% +over over ocw's lifetime we think we've +reached over 500 million people around + + align:start position:0% +reached over 500 million people around + + + align:start position:0% +reached over 500 million people around +the world it's half a billion + + align:start position:0% +the world it's half a billion + + + align:start position:0% +the world it's half a billion +most of whom have come to the website + + align:start position:0% +most of whom have come to the website + + + align:start position:0% +most of whom have come to the website +itself but many more uh also through the + + align:start position:0% +itself but many more uh also through the + + + align:start position:0% +itself but many more uh also through the +redistribution and remixing the Creative + + align:start position:0% +redistribution and remixing the Creative + + + align:start position:0% +redistribution and remixing the Creative +Commons enables + + align:start position:0% +Commons enables + + + align:start position:0% +Commons enables +um you know the mode of use for for + + align:start position:0% +um you know the mode of use for for + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the mode of use for for +these users typically is for self-paced + + align:start position:0% +these users typically is for self-paced + + + align:start position:0% +these users typically is for self-paced +learning sometimes adapted into the + + align:start position:0% +learning sometimes adapted into the + + + align:start position:0% +learning sometimes adapted into the +classrooms + + align:start position:0% +classrooms + + + align:start position:0% +classrooms +um and you can retain those materials + + align:start position:0% +um and you can retain those materials + + + align:start position:0% +um and you can retain those materials +carry them around with with you you know + + align:start position:0% +carry them around with with you you know + + + align:start position:0% +carry them around with with you you know +we hear stories of people who for + + align:start position:0% +we hear stories of people who for + + + align:start position:0% +we hear stories of people who for +instance don't have + + align:start position:0% +instance don't have + + + align:start position:0% +instance don't have +reliable internet access at home and so + + align:start position:0% +reliable internet access at home and so + + + align:start position:0% +reliable internet access at home and so +they print the materials out and they + + align:start position:0% +they print the materials out and they + + + align:start position:0% +they print the materials out and they +carry them around in their back pocket + + align:start position:0% +carry them around in their back pocket + + + align:start position:0% +carry them around in their back pocket +and you know they're reading uh the + + align:start position:0% +and you know they're reading uh the + + + align:start position:0% +and you know they're reading uh the +stuff you know is there as they're + + align:start position:0% +stuff you know is there as they're + + + align:start position:0% +stuff you know is there as they're +traveling around going about their + + align:start position:0% +traveling around going about their + + + align:start position:0% +traveling around going about their +business it's not the most high-tech but + + align:start position:0% +business it's not the most high-tech but + + + align:start position:0% +business it's not the most high-tech but +this is the reality of people's lives + + align:start position:0% +this is the reality of people's lives + + + align:start position:0% +this is the reality of people's lives +and we're so glad to be able to support + + align:start position:0% +and we're so glad to be able to support + + + align:start position:0% +and we're so glad to be able to support +you know that mode of learning no matter + + align:start position:0% +you know that mode of learning no matter + + + align:start position:0% +you know that mode of learning no matter +where they're where they are + + align:start position:0% +where they're where they are + + + align:start position:0% +where they're where they are +specifically with regards to climate + + align:start position:0% +specifically with regards to climate + + + align:start position:0% +specifically with regards to climate +change on ocw we've got over 150 courses + + align:start position:0% +change on ocw we've got over 150 courses + + + align:start position:0% +change on ocw we've got over 150 courses +it's not a bright hard line that defines + + align:start position:0% +it's not a bright hard line that defines + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a bright hard line that defines +that depending on how you count it could + + align:start position:0% +that depending on how you count it could + + + align:start position:0% +that depending on how you count it could +be more + + align:start position:0% +be more + + + align:start position:0% +be more +we put them into collections themed + + align:start position:0% +we put them into collections themed + + + align:start position:0% +we put them into collections themed +around the broader topics of environment + + align:start position:0% +around the broader topics of environment + + + align:start position:0% +around the broader topics of environment +sustainability and in particular uh the + + align:start position:0% +sustainability and in particular uh the + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability and in particular uh the +work that Sylvia's organization + + align:start position:0% +work that Sylvia's organization + + + align:start position:0% +work that Sylvia's organization +Environmental Solutions initiative is + + align:start position:0% +Environmental Solutions initiative is + + + align:start position:0% +Environmental Solutions initiative is +done around an undergraduate minor on + + align:start position:0% +done around an undergraduate minor on + + + align:start position:0% +done around an undergraduate minor on +these topics the courses that flow into + + align:start position:0% +these topics the courses that flow into + + + align:start position:0% +these topics the courses that flow into +that into that program we feature in + + align:start position:0% +that into that program we feature in + + + align:start position:0% +that into that program we feature in +this collection + + align:start position:0% +this collection + + + align:start position:0% +this collection +and with regards to energy uh in a + + align:start position:0% +and with regards to energy uh in a + + + align:start position:0% +and with regards to energy uh in a +similar vein the MIT energy initiative + + align:start position:0% +similar vein the MIT energy initiative + + + align:start position:0% +similar vein the MIT energy initiative +um has identified a set of courses that + + align:start position:0% +um has identified a set of courses that + + + align:start position:0% +um has identified a set of courses that +uh that undergraduates can take to get + + align:start position:0% +uh that undergraduates can take to get + + + align:start position:0% +uh that undergraduates can take to get +that minor and that forms the basis for + + align:start position:0% +that minor and that forms the basis for + + + align:start position:0% +that minor and that forms the basis for +our energy collection + + align:start position:0% +our energy collection + + + align:start position:0% +our energy collection +I'm just going to hop over for a second + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to hop over for a second + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just going to hop over for a second +and show you for instance I know what + + align:start position:0% +and show you for instance I know what + + + align:start position:0% +and show you for instance I know what +you can find on ocw + + align:start position:0% +you can find on ocw + + + align:start position:0% +you can find on ocw +uh for instance maybe you're interested + + align:start position:0% +uh for instance maybe you're interested + + + align:start position:0% +uh for instance maybe you're interested +at the something about the intersection + + align:start position:0% +at the something about the intersection + + + align:start position:0% +at the something about the intersection +of climate change and food so just drop + + align:start position:0% +of climate change and food so just drop + + + align:start position:0% +of climate change and food so just drop +into our search box those couple of + + align:start position:0% +into our search box those couple of + + + align:start position:0% +into our search box those couple of +terms and lo and behold we've got a + + align:start position:0% +terms and lo and behold we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +terms and lo and behold we've got a +course on that you know this is a fairly + + align:start position:0% +course on that you know this is a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +course on that you know this is a fairly +recent one taught by Professor Dennis + + align:start position:0% +recent one taught by Professor Dennis + + + align:start position:0% +recent one taught by Professor Dennis +McLaughlin + + align:start position:0% +McLaughlin + + + align:start position:0% +McLaughlin +um and you'll find a description of the + + align:start position:0% +um and you'll find a description of the + + + align:start position:0% +um and you'll find a description of the +course + + align:start position:0% +course + + + align:start position:0% +course +uh jump over and scan the syllabus to + + align:start position:0% +uh jump over and scan the syllabus to + + + align:start position:0% +uh jump over and scan the syllabus to +find out you know what topics are + + align:start position:0% +find out you know what topics are + + + align:start position:0% +find out you know what topics are +covered + + align:start position:0% +covered + + + align:start position:0% +covered +um we've got some of those instructor + + align:start position:0% +um we've got some of those instructor + + + align:start position:0% +um we've got some of those instructor +insights that include a podcast an + + align:start position:0% +insights that include a podcast an + + + align:start position:0% +insights that include a podcast an +interview with Professor McLaughlin + + align:start position:0% +interview with Professor McLaughlin + + + align:start position:0% +interview with Professor McLaughlin +about how he teaches this and getting + + align:start position:0% +about how he teaches this and getting + + + align:start position:0% +about how he teaches this and getting +into topics like how do we deal with + + align:start position:0% +into topics like how do we deal with + + + align:start position:0% +into topics like how do we deal with +uncertainty uncertainty runs through so + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty uncertainty runs through so + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty uncertainty runs through so +much of this work and how we how we + + align:start position:0% +much of this work and how we how we + + + align:start position:0% +much of this work and how we how we +learn and think about it how do values + + align:start position:0% +learn and think about it how do values + + + align:start position:0% +learn and think about it how do values +enter into the conversation again a + + align:start position:0% +enter into the conversation again a + + + align:start position:0% +enter into the conversation again a +really fundamental aspect of what it + + align:start position:0% +really fundamental aspect of what it + + + align:start position:0% +really fundamental aspect of what it +means to to be dealing with climate + + align:start position:0% +means to to be dealing with climate + + + align:start position:0% +means to to be dealing with climate +change nowadays and then on into the the + + align:start position:0% +change nowadays and then on into the the + + + align:start position:0% +change nowadays and then on into the the +materials that are taught you know + + align:start position:0% +materials that are taught you know + + + align:start position:0% +materials that are taught you know +extensive uh documentation of what was + + align:start position:0% +extensive uh documentation of what was + + + align:start position:0% +extensive uh documentation of what was +covered in each class uh discussion + + align:start position:0% +covered in each class uh discussion + + + align:start position:0% +covered in each class uh discussion +points readings and discussion questions + + align:start position:0% +points readings and discussion questions + + + align:start position:0% +points readings and discussion questions +this is a you know a good example of + + align:start position:0% +this is a you know a good example of + + + align:start position:0% +this is a you know a good example of +what you'll find uh an open courseware + + align:start position:0% +what you'll find uh an open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +what you'll find uh an open courseware +for a climate class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right thank you Kurt + + align:start position:0% +all right thank you Kurt + + + align:start position:0% +all right thank you Kurt +um all right so I'm gonna I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +um all right so I'm gonna I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so I'm gonna I'm gonna +preface this a little bit by saying that + + align:start position:0% +preface this a little bit by saying that + + + align:start position:0% +preface this a little bit by saying that +um I I refer to our mitx program as open + + align:start position:0% +um I I refer to our mitx program as open + + + align:start position:0% +um I I refer to our mitx program as open +with a small o because it is not the the + + align:start position:0% +with a small o because it is not the the + + + align:start position:0% +with a small o because it is not the the +content in here does not have a Creative + + align:start position:0% +content in here does not have a Creative + + + align:start position:0% +content in here does not have a Creative +Commons license but it is available + + align:start position:0% +Commons license but it is available + + + align:start position:0% +Commons license but it is available +um for free + + align:start position:0% +um for free + + + align:start position:0% +um for free +to learn from these courses so just to + + align:start position:0% +to learn from these courses so just to + + + align:start position:0% +to learn from these courses so just to +get that clarified now the mitics + + align:start position:0% +get that clarified now the mitics + + + align:start position:0% +get that clarified now the mitics +courses as I said we work with MIT + + align:start position:0% +courses as I said we work with MIT + + + align:start position:0% +courses as I said we work with MIT +faculty to develop these courses they + + align:start position:0% +faculty to develop these courses they + + + align:start position:0% +faculty to develop these courses they +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +um there's a variety of types of courses + + align:start position:0% +um there's a variety of types of courses + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a variety of types of courses +there could be uh courses that are parts + + align:start position:0% +there could be uh courses that are parts + + + align:start position:0% +there could be uh courses that are parts +of courses courses that are broken up + + align:start position:0% +of courses courses that are broken up + + + align:start position:0% +of courses courses that are broken up +into modules but many of our courses are + + align:start position:0% +into modules but many of our courses are + + + align:start position:0% +into modules but many of our courses are +actually full length MIT courses so + + align:start position:0% +actually full length MIT courses so + + + align:start position:0% +actually full length MIT courses so +they're very very intense + + align:start position:0% +they're very very intense + + + align:start position:0% +they're very very intense +um they have um + + align:start position:0% +um they have um + + + align:start position:0% +um they have um +we offer them on edx.org and we also + + align:start position:0% +we offer them on edx.org and we also + + + align:start position:0% +we offer them on edx.org and we also +recently launched mitx online so they're + + align:start position:0% +recently launched mitx online so they're + + + align:start position:0% +recently launched mitx online so they're +offered in both places not the same + + align:start position:0% +offered in both places not the same + + + align:start position:0% +offered in both places not the same +courses in both places but some courses + + align:start position:0% +courses in both places but some courses + + + align:start position:0% +courses in both places but some courses +on mitx online and some courses on edx + + align:start position:0% +on mitx online and some courses on edx + + + align:start position:0% +on mitx online and some courses on edx +um the you can you can + + align:start position:0% +um the you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +um the you can you can +take the course the only thing that we + + align:start position:0% +take the course the only thing that we + + + align:start position:0% +take the course the only thing that we +normally have behind an actual paywall + + align:start position:0% +normally have behind an actual paywall + + + align:start position:0% +normally have behind an actual paywall +may be a summative assessment such as an + + align:start position:0% +may be a summative assessment such as an + + + align:start position:0% +may be a summative assessment such as an +exam + + align:start position:0% +exam + + + align:start position:0% +exam +um and also in order to earn a + + align:start position:0% +um and also in order to earn a + + + align:start position:0% +um and also in order to earn a +certificate if you pass you do need to + + align:start position:0% +certificate if you pass you do need to + + + align:start position:0% +certificate if you pass you do need to +pay a small fee that helps us to support + + align:start position:0% +pay a small fee that helps us to support + + + align:start position:0% +pay a small fee that helps us to support +the program + + align:start position:0% +the program + + + align:start position:0% +the program +um and to uh actually build all these + + align:start position:0% +um and to uh actually build all these + + + align:start position:0% +um and to uh actually build all these +fantastic courses we also have the open + + align:start position:0% +fantastic courses we also have the open + + + align:start position:0% +fantastic courses we also have the open +learning library which is archive + + align:start position:0% +learning library which is archive + + + align:start position:0% +learning library which is archive +material from mitx content it also + + align:start position:0% +material from mitx content it also + + + align:start position:0% +material from mitx content it also +includes some interactive ocw content so + + align:start position:0% +includes some interactive ocw content so + + + align:start position:0% +includes some interactive ocw content so +on there you may find content with the + + align:start position:0% +on there you may find content with the + + + align:start position:0% +on there you may find content with the +Creative Commons license it does + + align:start position:0% +Creative Commons license it does + + + align:start position:0% +Creative Commons license it does +it would be a little hard in order to + + align:start position:0% +it would be a little hard in order to + + + align:start position:0% +it would be a little hard in order to +use the interactive part because you + + align:start position:0% +use the interactive part because you + + + align:start position:0% +use the interactive part because you +actually need the platform that supports + + align:start position:0% +actually need the platform that supports + + + align:start position:0% +actually need the platform that supports +that interaction but you can certainly + + align:start position:0% +that interaction but you can certainly + + + align:start position:0% +that interaction but you can certainly +still use the material + + align:start position:0% +still use the material + + + align:start position:0% +still use the material +um in your own way + + align:start position:0% +um in your own way + + + align:start position:0% +um in your own way +um on open letter Library there are no + + align:start position:0% +um on open letter Library there are no + + + align:start position:0% +um on open letter Library there are no +certificates there's no Forum you don't + + align:start position:0% +certificates there's no Forum you don't + + + align:start position:0% +certificates there's no Forum you don't +need to register uh you can just go in + + align:start position:0% +need to register uh you can just go in + + + align:start position:0% +need to register uh you can just go in +and access the material and take a look + + align:start position:0% +and access the material and take a look + + + align:start position:0% +and access the material and take a look +at what you want to do you can interact + + align:start position:0% +at what you want to do you can interact + + + align:start position:0% +at what you want to do you can interact +with it you can get Auto graded if you + + align:start position:0% +with it you can get Auto graded if you + + + align:start position:0% +with it you can get Auto graded if you +do want to save your progress you do + + align:start position:0% +do want to save your progress you do + + + align:start position:0% +do want to save your progress you do +need to have an account because + + align:start position:0% +need to have an account because + + + align:start position:0% +need to have an account because +obviously that's how it knows that that + + align:start position:0% +obviously that's how it knows that that + + + align:start position:0% +obviously that's how it knows that that +progress belongs to you uh next slide + + align:start position:0% +progress belongs to you uh next slide + + + align:start position:0% +progress belongs to you uh next slide +please + + align:start position:0% +please + + + align:start position:0% +please +now in in the context of this + + align:start position:0% +now in in the context of this + + + align:start position:0% +now in in the context of this +presentation I thought we could + + align:start position:0% +presentation I thought we could + + + align:start position:0% +presentation I thought we could +highlight some of the courses that we + + align:start position:0% +highlight some of the courses that we + + + align:start position:0% +highlight some of the courses that we +have on energy and climate + + align:start position:0% +have on energy and climate + + + align:start position:0% +have on energy and climate +um we do have all of these courses are + + align:start position:0% +um we do have all of these courses are + + + align:start position:0% +um we do have all of these courses are +instructor paste which means that they + + align:start position:0% +instructor paste which means that they + + + align:start position:0% +instructor paste which means that they +start at a particular time and they end + + align:start position:0% +start at a particular time and they end + + + align:start position:0% +start at a particular time and they end +at a particular time so we do have two + + align:start position:0% +at a particular time so we do have two + + + align:start position:0% +at a particular time so we do have two +that are currently running so if you + + align:start position:0% +that are currently running so if you + + + align:start position:0% +that are currently running so if you +wanted to go in and take a look at them + + align:start position:0% +wanted to go in and take a look at them + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to go in and take a look at them +you can go to they're both on edx.org + + align:start position:0% +you can go to they're both on edx.org + + + align:start position:0% +you can go to they're both on edx.org +one in energy economics and policy in + + align:start position:0% +one in energy economics and policy in + + + align:start position:0% +one in energy economics and policy in +one sustainable energy and as I said + + align:start position:0% +one sustainable energy and as I said + + + align:start position:0% +one sustainable energy and as I said +these courses are very rigorous I as an + + align:start position:0% +these courses are very rigorous I as an + + + align:start position:0% +these courses are very rigorous I as an +anecdote my husband actually he's an + + align:start position:0% +anecdote my husband actually he's an + + + align:start position:0% +anecdote my husband actually he's an +architect and so he was super excited + + align:start position:0% +architect and so he was super excited + + + align:start position:0% +architect and so he was super excited +about the Sustainable Building design + + align:start position:0% +about the Sustainable Building design + + + align:start position:0% +about the Sustainable Building design +and he he started taking it + + align:start position:0% +and he he started taking it + + + align:start position:0% +and he he started taking it +and then he realized that like they were + + align:start position:0% +and then he realized that like they were + + + align:start position:0% +and then he realized that like they were +not kidding when they said it was a + + align:start position:0% +not kidding when they said it was a + + + align:start position:0% +not kidding when they said it was a +12-week course with 13 hours of effort a + + align:start position:0% +12-week course with 13 hours of effort a + + + align:start position:0% +12-week course with 13 hours of effort a +week and he was like oh my God I just I + + align:start position:0% +week and he was like oh my God I just I + + + align:start position:0% +week and he was like oh my God I just I +don't have he's like it's hard I'm like + + align:start position:0% +don't have he's like it's hard I'm like + + + align:start position:0% +don't have he's like it's hard I'm like +it's an MIT course I'm like yes it is + + align:start position:0% +it's an MIT course I'm like yes it is + + + align:start position:0% +it's an MIT course I'm like yes it is +hard you're absolutely right + + align:start position:0% +hard you're absolutely right + + + align:start position:0% +hard you're absolutely right +um so so the as I said this is these + + align:start position:0% +um so so the as I said this is these + + + align:start position:0% +um so so the as I said this is these +courses are not for the faint of heart + + align:start position:0% +courses are not for the faint of heart + + + align:start position:0% +courses are not for the faint of heart +but they are very very in-depth um and + + align:start position:0% +but they are very very in-depth um and + + + align:start position:0% +but they are very very in-depth um and +they have + + align:start position:0% +they have + + + align:start position:0% +they have +you will learn a lot let me put it that + + align:start position:0% +you will learn a lot let me put it that + + + align:start position:0% +you will learn a lot let me put it that +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +um and a lot of these actually come from + + align:start position:0% +um and a lot of these actually come from + + + align:start position:0% +um and a lot of these actually come from +the the organization in at MIT that Kurt + + align:start position:0% +the the organization in at MIT that Kurt + + + align:start position:0% +the the organization in at MIT that Kurt +mentioned before + + align:start position:0% +mentioned before + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned before +um Mighty which is our the MIT energy + + align:start position:0% +um Mighty which is our the MIT energy + + + align:start position:0% +um Mighty which is our the MIT energy +initiative and they are + + align:start position:0% +initiative and they are + + + align:start position:0% +initiative and they are +um they're seriously considering + + align:start position:0% +um they're seriously considering + + + align:start position:0% +um they're seriously considering +different types of programs and other + + align:start position:0% +different types of programs and other + + + align:start position:0% +different types of programs and other +types of certificates that they could + + align:start position:0% +types of certificates that they could + + + align:start position:0% +types of certificates that they could +offer but at the moment they do just + + align:start position:0% +offer but at the moment they do just + + + align:start position:0% +offer but at the moment they do just +have these courses that will offer you + + align:start position:0% +have these courses that will offer you + + + align:start position:0% +have these courses that will offer you +um the opportunity to purchase the + + align:start position:0% +um the opportunity to purchase the + + + align:start position:0% +um the opportunity to purchase the +chance to get a certificate if you pass + + align:start position:0% +chance to get a certificate if you pass + + + align:start position:0% +chance to get a certificate if you pass +the course + + align:start position:0% +the course + + + align:start position:0% +the course +uh X slide please + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of the great things about open edx + + align:start position:0% +one of the great things about open edx + + + align:start position:0% +one of the great things about open edx +which really differentiates us from + + align:start position:0% +which really differentiates us from + + + align:start position:0% +which really differentiates us from +let's say + + align:start position:0% +let's say + + + align:start position:0% +let's say +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +Coursera or even + + align:start position:0% +Coursera or even + + + align:start position:0% +Coursera or even +um Emeritus or some courses like that is + + align:start position:0% +um Emeritus or some courses like that is + + + align:start position:0% +um Emeritus or some courses like that is +that open edx which is used both by + + align:start position:0% +that open edx which is used both by + + + align:start position:0% +that open edx which is used both by +edx.org and by mitx online it's an open + + align:start position:0% +edx.org and by mitx online it's an open + + + align:start position:0% +edx.org and by mitx online it's an open +source platform and it has really + + align:start position:0% +source platform and it has really + + + align:start position:0% +source platform and it has really +Advanced problem types um so here's a + + align:start position:0% +Advanced problem types um so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +Advanced problem types um so here's a +couple of still images and if you can go + + align:start position:0% +couple of still images and if you can go + + + align:start position:0% +couple of still images and if you can go +to the next one Kurt oh and you're going + + align:start position:0% +to the next one Kurt oh and you're going + + + align:start position:0% +to the next one Kurt oh and you're going +to do the video too so the first one if + + align:start position:0% +to do the video too so the first one if + + + align:start position:0% +to do the video too so the first one if +you take a look at the sketch tool + + align:start position:0% +you take a look at the sketch tool + + + align:start position:0% +you take a look at the sketch tool +um just to show you that you know + + align:start position:0% +um just to show you that you know + + + align:start position:0% +um just to show you that you know +perhaps you've seen something like this + + align:start position:0% +perhaps you've seen something like this + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps you've seen something like this +um an interactive tool but the thing is + + align:start position:0% +um an interactive tool but the thing is + + + align:start position:0% +um an interactive tool but the thing is +is that if you do this it actually will + + align:start position:0% +is that if you do this it actually will + + + align:start position:0% +is that if you do this it actually will +um grade you and so that while that + + align:start position:0% +um grade you and so that while that + + + align:start position:0% +um grade you and so that while that +sounds pretty simple actually getting it + + align:start position:0% +sounds pretty simple actually getting it + + + align:start position:0% +sounds pretty simple actually getting it +to work + + align:start position:0% +to work + + + align:start position:0% +to work +so that you can draw on a graph it + + align:start position:0% +so that you can draw on a graph it + + + align:start position:0% +so that you can draw on a graph it +checks your drawing and then passes + + align:start position:0% +checks your drawing and then passes + + + align:start position:0% +checks your drawing and then passes +agreed into the course is + + align:start position:0% +agreed into the course is + + + align:start position:0% +agreed into the course is +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +is unusual we I actually haven't really + + align:start position:0% +is unusual we I actually haven't really + + + align:start position:0% +is unusual we I actually haven't really +seen it in any other type of platform + + align:start position:0% +seen it in any other type of platform + + + align:start position:0% +seen it in any other type of platform +and so here's a quick example that just + + align:start position:0% +and so here's a quick example that just + + + align:start position:0% +and so here's a quick example that just +shows you that you can you can do the + + align:start position:0% +shows you that you can you can do the + + + align:start position:0% +shows you that you can you can do the +drawing you can change it and so this + + align:start position:0% +drawing you can change it and so this + + + align:start position:0% +drawing you can change it and so this +was actually built by one of our digital + + align:start position:0% +was actually built by one of our digital + + + align:start position:0% +was actually built by one of our digital +learning Labs scientists at MIT and + + align:start position:0% +learning Labs scientists at MIT and + + + align:start position:0% +learning Labs scientists at MIT and +that's the great thing about the open + + align:start position:0% +that's the great thing about the open + + + align:start position:0% +that's the great thing about the open +source platform is that as our our other + + align:start position:0% +source platform is that as our our other + + + align:start position:0% +source platform is that as our our other +people who build our courses actually + + align:start position:0% +people who build our courses actually + + + align:start position:0% +people who build our courses actually +come up with new problem types and + + align:start position:0% +come up with new problem types and + + + align:start position:0% +come up with new problem types and +things like that it actually gets folded + + align:start position:0% +things like that it actually gets folded + + + align:start position:0% +things like that it actually gets folded +back into the open platform that anybody + + align:start position:0% +back into the open platform that anybody + + + align:start position:0% +back into the open platform that anybody +can use it so it's really fantastic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there we go and we can skip the next + + align:start position:0% +and there we go and we can skip the next + + + align:start position:0% +and there we go and we can skip the next +video I think just in the interest of + + align:start position:0% +video I think just in the interest of + + + align:start position:0% +video I think just in the interest of +time make sure we have time for + + align:start position:0% +time make sure we have time for + + + align:start position:0% +time make sure we have time for +conversation okay okay so as I said the + + align:start position:0% +conversation okay okay so as I said the + + + align:start position:0% +conversation okay okay so as I said the +mits courses are based on residential + + align:start position:0% +mits courses are based on residential + + + align:start position:0% +mits courses are based on residential +courses + + align:start position:0% +courses + + + align:start position:0% +courses +um and so that means in some cases they + + align:start position:0% +um and so that means in some cases they + + + align:start position:0% +um and so that means in some cases they +are actual + + align:start position:0% +are actual + + + align:start position:0% +are actual +almost one to one of what is offered on + + align:start position:0% +almost one to one of what is offered on + + + align:start position:0% +almost one to one of what is offered on +MIT but sometimes they want to take + + align:start position:0% +MIT but sometimes they want to take + + + align:start position:0% +MIT but sometimes they want to take +advantage of the scalability and they + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the scalability and they + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the scalability and they +want to make sure that they're including + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure that they're including + + + align:start position:0% +want to make sure that they're including +the large audiences because all of these + + align:start position:0% +the large audiences because all of these + + + align:start position:0% +the large audiences because all of these +are moocs + + align:start position:0% +are moocs + + + align:start position:0% +are moocs +um so there can be you know hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +um so there can be you know hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +um so there can be you know hundreds of +people taking the course at the same + + align:start position:0% +people taking the course at the same + + + align:start position:0% +people taking the course at the same +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +um it varies as I said some of them are + + align:start position:0% +um it varies as I said some of them are + + + align:start position:0% +um it varies as I said some of them are +smaller parts you know I wouldn't I say + + align:start position:0% +smaller parts you know I wouldn't I say + + + align:start position:0% +smaller parts you know I wouldn't I say +I think the smallest one we have is like + + align:start position:0% +I think the smallest one we have is like + + + align:start position:0% +I think the smallest one we have is like +a two-week course but that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +a two-week course but that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +a two-week course but that's pretty +unusual usually it's it's a full-life + + align:start position:0% +unusual usually it's it's a full-life + + + align:start position:0% +unusual usually it's it's a full-life +course + + align:start position:0% +course + + + align:start position:0% +course +and you can access majority of the + + align:start position:0% +and you can access majority of the + + + align:start position:0% +and you can access majority of the +content for free is all the learning is + + align:start position:0% +content for free is all the learning is + + + align:start position:0% +content for free is all the learning is +available for free that is one of the + + align:start position:0% +available for free that is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +available for free that is one of the +things and in some courses we actually + + align:start position:0% +things and in some courses we actually + + + align:start position:0% +things and in some courses we actually +have exceptions where the exams are also + + align:start position:0% +have exceptions where the exams are also + + + align:start position:0% +have exceptions where the exams are also +free if it really is important for the + + align:start position:0% +free if it really is important for the + + + align:start position:0% +free if it really is important for the +pediatrical nature of the um course + + align:start position:0% +pediatrical nature of the um course + + + align:start position:0% +pediatrical nature of the um course +and if you make a small payment and I + + align:start position:0% +and if you make a small payment and I + + + align:start position:0% +and if you make a small payment and I +would say for a full-length MIT course + + align:start position:0% +would say for a full-length MIT course + + + align:start position:0% +would say for a full-length MIT course +um the cost is usually about 99 or 149 + + align:start position:0% +um the cost is usually about 99 or 149 + + + align:start position:0% +um the cost is usually about 99 or 149 +and that then allows you to access the + + align:start position:0% +and that then allows you to access the + + + align:start position:0% +and that then allows you to access the +final exam and to get the certificate if + + align:start position:0% +final exam and to get the certificate if + + + align:start position:0% +final exam and to get the certificate if +you pass + + align:start position:0% +you pass + + + align:start position:0% +you pass +and as we mentioned before we do have + + align:start position:0% +and as we mentioned before we do have + + + align:start position:0% +and as we mentioned before we do have +some archives available on open Army + + align:start position:0% +some archives available on open Army + + + align:start position:0% +some archives available on open Army +Library + + align:start position:0% +Library + + + align:start position:0% +Library +um that you can access at any time + + align:start position:0% +um that you can access at any time + + + align:start position:0% +um that you can access at any time +uh I'll check on that thank you the + + align:start position:0% +uh I'll check on that thank you the + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'll check on that thank you the +carry manual course + + align:start position:0% +carry manual course + + + align:start position:0% +carry manual course +all right yeah the carry a manual course + + align:start position:0% +all right yeah the carry a manual course + + + align:start position:0% +all right yeah the carry a manual course +uh there's an archived version on open + + align:start position:0% +uh there's an archived version on open + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's an archived version on open +learning libraries + + align:start position:0% +learning libraries + + + align:start position:0% +learning libraries +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +yeah usually there should be I'll have + + align:start position:0% +yeah usually there should be I'll have + + + align:start position:0% +yeah usually there should be I'll have +to check what the link says because + + align:start position:0% +to check what the link says because + + + align:start position:0% +to check what the link says because +sometimes it I don't know why it would + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it I don't know why it would + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it I don't know why it would +be broken it should still go somewhere + + align:start position:0% +be broken it should still go somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +be broken it should still go somewhere +but I'll check it + + align:start position:0% +but I'll check it + + + align:start position:0% +but I'll check it +all right um so now we wanted to to walk + + align:start position:0% +all right um so now we wanted to to walk + + + align:start position:0% +all right um so now we wanted to to walk +through a few + + align:start position:0% +through a few + + + align:start position:0% +through a few +um examples of how + + align:start position:0% +um examples of how + + + align:start position:0% +um examples of how +different kinds of Learners uh might + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of Learners uh might + + + align:start position:0% +different kinds of Learners uh might +engage in these materials + + align:start position:0% +engage in these materials + + + align:start position:0% +engage in these materials +um let's start with maybe a team of high + + align:start position:0% +um let's start with maybe a team of high + + + align:start position:0% +um let's start with maybe a team of high +school science and social studies uh + + align:start position:0% +school science and social studies uh + + + align:start position:0% +school science and social studies uh +teachers + + align:start position:0% +teachers + + + align:start position:0% +teachers +yeah so you know one when when teachers + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you know one when when teachers + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so you know one when when teachers +are are building their curriculum for + + align:start position:0% +are are building their curriculum for + + + align:start position:0% +are are building their curriculum for +the year + + align:start position:0% +the year + + + align:start position:0% +the year +um especially I think often social + + align:start position:0% +um especially I think often social + + + align:start position:0% +um especially I think often social +studies teachers will often look at sort + + align:start position:0% +studies teachers will often look at sort + + + align:start position:0% +studies teachers will often look at sort +of what's going on in the world + + align:start position:0% +of what's going on in the world + + + align:start position:0% +of what's going on in the world +um and and try to base some of their + + align:start position:0% +um and and try to base some of their + + + align:start position:0% +um and and try to base some of their +subject matter around there and let's + + align:start position:0% +subject matter around there and let's + + + align:start position:0% +subject matter around there and let's +say it's been a particularly bad + + align:start position:0% +say it's been a particularly bad + + + align:start position:0% +say it's been a particularly bad +hurricane year + + align:start position:0% +hurricane year + + + align:start position:0% +hurricane year +um or there have been hurricanes in the + + align:start position:0% +um or there have been hurricanes in the + + + align:start position:0% +um or there have been hurricanes in the +other way in the you know in in + + align:start position:0% +other way in the you know in in + + + align:start position:0% +other way in the you know in in +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and so they can start with okay they + + align:start position:0% +and so they can start with okay they + + + align:start position:0% +and so they can start with okay they +realize the science teacher maybe + + align:start position:0% +realize the science teacher maybe + + + align:start position:0% +realize the science teacher maybe +understands some things about the + + align:start position:0% +understands some things about the + + + align:start position:0% +understands some things about the +relationship between sea surface + + align:start position:0% +relationship between sea surface + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between sea surface +temperature and hurricane ferocity but + + align:start position:0% +temperature and hurricane ferocity but + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and hurricane ferocity but +uh the social studies teacher really + + align:start position:0% +uh the social studies teacher really + + + align:start position:0% +uh the social studies teacher really +hasn't so they go to the climate portal + + align:start position:0% +hasn't so they go to the climate portal + + + align:start position:0% +hasn't so they go to the climate portal +they type in hurricanes and they get uh + + align:start position:0% +they type in hurricanes and they get uh + + + align:start position:0% +they type in hurricanes and they get uh +an article from ask MIT climate they get + + align:start position:0% +an article from ask MIT climate they get + + + align:start position:0% +an article from ask MIT climate they get +a til climate episode and they get an + + align:start position:0% +a til climate episode and they get an + + + align:start position:0% +a til climate episode and they get an +explainer so they read those they listen + + align:start position:0% +explainer so they read those they listen + + + align:start position:0% +explainer so they read those they listen +to them + + align:start position:0% +to them + + + align:start position:0% +to them +and they realize oh we could assign some + + align:start position:0% +and they realize oh we could assign some + + + align:start position:0% +and they realize oh we could assign some +of these to our students + + align:start position:0% +of these to our students + + + align:start position:0% +of these to our students +um and so perhaps they assign listening + + align:start position:0% +um and so perhaps they assign listening + + + align:start position:0% +um and so perhaps they assign listening +to the til climate episode to their + + align:start position:0% +to the til climate episode to their + + + align:start position:0% +to the til climate episode to their +students and there's also a full + + align:start position:0% +students and there's also a full + + + align:start position:0% +students and there's also a full +transcript for every um episode of til + + align:start position:0% +transcript for every um episode of til + + + align:start position:0% +transcript for every um episode of til +climate for so for students for for whom + + align:start position:0% +climate for so for students for for whom + + + align:start position:0% +climate for so for students for for whom +it's easier to read or they intake + + align:start position:0% +it's easier to read or they intake + + + align:start position:0% +it's easier to read or they intake +information better visually that's + + align:start position:0% +information better visually that's + + + align:start position:0% +information better visually that's +available and then they realize oh + + align:start position:0% +available and then they realize oh + + + align:start position:0% +available and then they realize oh +there's an educator guys they click on + + align:start position:0% +there's an educator guys they click on + + + align:start position:0% +there's an educator guys they click on +the educator guide and there are a bunch + + align:start position:0% +the educator guide and there are a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +the educator guide and there are a bunch +of activities in the educator guide not + + align:start position:0% +of activities in the educator guide not + + + align:start position:0% +of activities in the educator guide not +all of them are applicable to what + + align:start position:0% +all of them are applicable to what + + + align:start position:0% +all of them are applicable to what +they're doing but some of them are so + + align:start position:0% +they're doing but some of them are so + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing but some of them are so +they can get that that guide as and the + + align:start position:0% +they can get that that guide as and the + + + align:start position:0% +they can get that that guide as and the +guides come with uh they're both the + + align:start position:0% +guides come with uh they're both the + + + align:start position:0% +guides come with uh they're both the +what the students will be able to do at + + align:start position:0% +what the students will be able to do at + + + align:start position:0% +what the students will be able to do at +the end uh if you keep scrolling down + + align:start position:0% +the end uh if you keep scrolling down + + + align:start position:0% +the end uh if you keep scrolling down +you can see uh what standards it's tied + + align:start position:0% +you can see uh what standards it's tied + + + align:start position:0% +you can see uh what standards it's tied +to at the high school level for both + + align:start position:0% +to at the high school level for both + + + align:start position:0% +to at the high school level for both +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +Next Generation science standards and + + align:start position:0% +Next Generation science standards and + + + align:start position:0% +Next Generation science standards and +common core standards and this has four + + align:start position:0% +common core standards and this has four + + + align:start position:0% +common core standards and this has four +different activities + + align:start position:0% +different activities + + + align:start position:0% +different activities +um one of which is more sort of directly + + align:start position:0% +um one of which is more sort of directly + + + align:start position:0% +um one of which is more sort of directly +science oriented and one of which uh the + + align:start position:0% +science oriented and one of which uh the + + + align:start position:0% +science oriented and one of which uh the +next one is about language and the + + align:start position:0% +next one is about language and the + + + align:start position:0% +next one is about language and the +language we use to talk about hurricanes + + align:start position:0% +language we use to talk about hurricanes + + + align:start position:0% +language we use to talk about hurricanes +so all of a sudden now they've got + + align:start position:0% +so all of a sudden now they've got + + + align:start position:0% +so all of a sudden now they've got +things they can bring to their students + + align:start position:0% +things they can bring to their students + + + align:start position:0% +things they can bring to their students +to talk about this topical issue in the + + align:start position:0% +to talk about this topical issue in the + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about this topical issue in the +classroom that is ready to go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that can kind of be the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +and that can kind of be the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +and that can kind of be the beginning of +perhaps including more climate change + + align:start position:0% +perhaps including more climate change + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps including more climate change +across their their their topic area but + + align:start position:0% +across their their their topic area but + + + align:start position:0% +across their their their topic area but +at the moment given how little climate + + align:start position:0% +at the moment given how little climate + + + align:start position:0% +at the moment given how little climate +change is being taught in schools this + + align:start position:0% +change is being taught in schools this + + + align:start position:0% +change is being taught in schools this +would be amazing + + align:start position:0% +would be amazing + + + align:start position:0% +would be amazing +yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah +um and so you mentioned the uh the the + + align:start position:0% +um and so you mentioned the uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +um and so you mentioned the uh the the +climate uh science and risk primer which + + align:start position:0% +climate uh science and risk primer which + + + align:start position:0% +climate uh science and risk primer which +Kerry Emanuel also wrote + + align:start position:0% +Kerry Emanuel also wrote + + + align:start position:0% +Kerry Emanuel also wrote +um which would be a a wonderful sort of + + align:start position:0% +um which would be a a wonderful sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um which would be a a wonderful sort of +Next Step transition uh and then + + align:start position:0% +Next Step transition uh and then + + + align:start position:0% +Next Step transition uh and then +something that teachers have assigned to + + align:start position:0% +something that teachers have assigned to + + + align:start position:0% +something that teachers have assigned to +their students as well yeah um as + + align:start position:0% +their students as well yeah um as + + + align:start position:0% +their students as well yeah um as +something they can interact with yeah + + align:start position:0% +something they can interact with yeah + + + align:start position:0% +something they can interact with yeah +maybe um I'll just call that up for a + + align:start position:0% +maybe um I'll just call that up for a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe um I'll just call that up for a +second so people can see what that's + + align:start position:0% +second so people can see what that's + + + align:start position:0% +second so people can see what that's +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +so that's just uh climateprimer.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Le like yeah it's it's sort of in the + + align:start position:0% +Le like yeah it's it's sort of in the + + + align:start position:0% +Le like yeah it's it's sort of in the +climate portal but not entirely so + + align:start position:0% +climate portal but not entirely so + + + align:start position:0% +climate portal but not entirely so +climate primary yeah there we go there + + align:start position:0% +climate primary yeah there we go there + + + align:start position:0% +climate primary yeah there we go there +we go so and if you scroll down you can + + align:start position:0% +we go so and if you scroll down you can + + + align:start position:0% +we go so and if you scroll down you can +actually see there's sort of an + + align:start position:0% +actually see there's sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +actually see there's sort of an +introduction but then there are a bunch + + align:start position:0% +introduction but then there are a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +introduction but then there are a bunch +of chapters + + align:start position:0% +of chapters + + + align:start position:0% +of chapters +um so again you could start with the + + align:start position:0% +um so again you could start with the + + + align:start position:0% +um so again you could start with the +beginning or you can say I just really + + align:start position:0% +beginning or you can say I just really + + + align:start position:0% +beginning or you can say I just really +want to understand how the atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +want to understand how the atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +want to understand how the atmosphere +works and you can see these animations + + align:start position:0% +works and you can see these animations + + + align:start position:0% +works and you can see these animations +um you know sort of call outs of the key + + align:start position:0% +um you know sort of call outs of the key + + + align:start position:0% +um you know sort of call outs of the key +pieces of information + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um and again if you if you pause on that + + align:start position:0% +um and again if you if you pause on that + + + align:start position:0% +um and again if you if you pause on that +animation you'll see that it is both + + align:start position:0% +animation you'll see that it is both + + + align:start position:0% +animation you'll see that it is both +downloadable and shareable uh so again + + align:start position:0% +downloadable and shareable uh so again + + + align:start position:0% +downloadable and shareable uh so again +it's it's open access it's something + + align:start position:0% +it's it's open access it's something + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's open access it's something +that you can snag and throw into a + + align:start position:0% +that you can snag and throw into a + + + align:start position:0% +that you can snag and throw into a +PowerPoint presentation or however you + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint presentation or however you + + + align:start position:0% +PowerPoint presentation or however you +are are sharing + + align:start position:0% +are are sharing + + + align:start position:0% +are are sharing +yeah love that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +um anything else on the the ESI + + align:start position:0% +um anything else on the the ESI + + + align:start position:0% +um anything else on the the ESI +materials on this Sylvia + + align:start position:0% +materials on this Sylvia + + + align:start position:0% +materials on this Sylvia +yeah I mean I think you know they're all + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean I think you know they're all + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I mean I think you know they're all +sort of there are so many different ways + + align:start position:0% +sort of there are so many different ways + + + align:start position:0% +sort of there are so many different ways +to interact with it and I think that + + align:start position:0% +to interact with it and I think that + + + align:start position:0% +to interact with it and I think that +um that really gives flexibility for + + align:start position:0% +um that really gives flexibility for + + + align:start position:0% +um that really gives flexibility for +teachers who are differentiating their + + align:start position:0% +teachers who are differentiating their + + + align:start position:0% +teachers who are differentiating their +classrooms as well so there are some + + align:start position:0% +classrooms as well so there are some + + + align:start position:0% +classrooms as well so there are some +students who are going to do better + + align:start position:0% +students who are going to do better + + + align:start position:0% +students who are going to do better +being assigned something to read others + + align:start position:0% +being assigned something to read others + + + align:start position:0% +being assigned something to read others +are going to listen + + align:start position:0% +are going to listen + + + align:start position:0% +are going to listen +um and then they can teach each other + + align:start position:0% +um and then they can teach each other + + + align:start position:0% +um and then they can teach each other +what they learned right that that the + + align:start position:0% +what they learned right that that the + + + align:start position:0% +what they learned right that that the +explainer on hurricanes and the podcasts + + align:start position:0% +explainer on hurricanes and the podcasts + + + align:start position:0% +explainer on hurricanes and the podcasts +on hurricanes cover very similar topics + + align:start position:0% +on hurricanes cover very similar topics + + + align:start position:0% +on hurricanes cover very similar topics +but from different angles then they + + align:start position:0% +but from different angles then they + + + align:start position:0% +but from different angles then they +teach each other and now there's a whole + + align:start position:0% +teach each other and now there's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +teach each other and now there's a whole +bunch of learning that's happening in + + align:start position:0% +bunch of learning that's happening in + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of learning that's happening in +that classroom yeah great I'll just uh + + align:start position:0% +that classroom yeah great I'll just uh + + + align:start position:0% +that classroom yeah great I'll just uh +take a moment since this was asked about + + align:start position:0% +take a moment since this was asked about + + + align:start position:0% +take a moment since this was asked about +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +uh let's see + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so + + align:start position:0% +yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so +this is what the open learning library + + align:start position:0% +this is what the open learning library + + + align:start position:0% +this is what the open learning library +site for Perry Manuel's global warming + + align:start position:0% +site for Perry Manuel's global warming + + + align:start position:0% +site for Perry Manuel's global warming +science course is like and you can jump + + align:start position:0% +science course is like and you can jump + + + align:start position:0% +science course is like and you can jump +in if you want to really get in deep + + align:start position:0% +in if you want to really get in deep + + + align:start position:0% +in if you want to really get in deep +with uh with Kerry's teaching and it's + + align:start position:0% +with uh with Kerry's teaching and it's + + + align:start position:0% +with uh with Kerry's teaching and it's +all available here for you as well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +uh next scenario + + align:start position:0% +uh next scenario + + + align:start position:0% +uh next scenario +was a imagine a a working professional + + align:start position:0% +was a imagine a a working professional + + + align:start position:0% +was a imagine a a working professional +maybe somebody who's who's worked in + + align:start position:0% +maybe somebody who's who's worked in + + + align:start position:0% +maybe somebody who's who's worked in +technology but not specifically around + + align:start position:0% +technology but not specifically around + + + align:start position:0% +technology but not specifically around +climate uh and Associated Fields wants + + align:start position:0% +climate uh and Associated Fields wants + + + align:start position:0% +climate uh and Associated Fields wants +to explore the broad field of renewable + + align:start position:0% +to explore the broad field of renewable + + + align:start position:0% +to explore the broad field of renewable +energy as perhaps a growth opportunity + + align:start position:0% +energy as perhaps a growth opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +energy as perhaps a growth opportunity +um as our High School teaching team did + + align:start position:0% +um as our High School teaching team did + + + align:start position:0% +um as our High School teaching team did +uh the climate portal would be a + + align:start position:0% +uh the climate portal would be a + + + align:start position:0% +uh the climate portal would be a +wonderful place to start on that + + align:start position:0% +wonderful place to start on that + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful place to start on that +Sylvia what might they start with here + + align:start position:0% +Sylvia what might they start with here + + + align:start position:0% +Sylvia what might they start with here +renewable + + align:start position:0% +renewable + + + align:start position:0% +renewable +you'll get quite a few + + align:start position:0% +you'll get quite a few + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get quite a few +yep 660 results plenty to get me going + + align:start position:0% +yep 660 results plenty to get me going + + + align:start position:0% +yep 660 results plenty to get me going +on with yeah but there is definitely + + align:start position:0% +on with yeah but there is definitely + + + align:start position:0% +on with yeah but there is definitely +there's an explainer + + align:start position:0% +there's an explainer + + + align:start position:0% +there's an explainer +um and that just goes through the + + align:start position:0% +um and that just goes through the + + + align:start position:0% +um and that just goes through the +discussion of it literally I I love this + + align:start position:0% +discussion of it literally I I love this + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of it literally I I love this +um this graphic here because it just + + align:start position:0% +um this graphic here because it just + + + align:start position:0% +um this graphic here because it just +defines uh the terms of the difference + + align:start position:0% +defines uh the terms of the difference + + + align:start position:0% +defines uh the terms of the difference +between renewable and low carbon because + + align:start position:0% +between renewable and low carbon because + + + align:start position:0% +between renewable and low carbon because +those are not the same words so they are + + align:start position:0% +those are not the same words so they are + + + align:start position:0% +those are not the same words so they are +often used interchangeably + + align:start position:0% +often used interchangeably + + + align:start position:0% +often used interchangeably +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and also from here actually if you + + align:start position:0% +and also from here actually if you + + + align:start position:0% +and also from here actually if you +scroll up a little bit + + align:start position:0% +scroll up a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +scroll up a little bit +um there are a bunch of connections on + + align:start position:0% +um there are a bunch of connections on + + + align:start position:0% +um there are a bunch of connections on +the right hand side of the screen to + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side of the screen to + + + align:start position:0% +the right hand side of the screen to +other resources so you start on the + + align:start position:0% +other resources so you start on the + + + align:start position:0% +other resources so you start on the +explainer and it's already popping you + + align:start position:0% +explainer and it's already popping you + + + align:start position:0% +explainer and it's already popping you +off to a bunch of other things + + align:start position:0% +off to a bunch of other things + + + align:start position:0% +off to a bunch of other things +um for example the US Energy Information + + align:start position:0% +um for example the US Energy Information + + + align:start position:0% +um for example the US Energy Information +Administration which by the way if you + + align:start position:0% +Administration which by the way if you + + + align:start position:0% +Administration which by the way if you +love nerdy graphs they're amazing + + align:start position:0% +love nerdy graphs they're amazing + + + align:start position:0% +love nerdy graphs they're amazing +um and you can you can uh you know make + + align:start position:0% +um and you can you can uh you know make + + + align:start position:0% +um and you can you can uh you know make +them make them work in a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +them make them work in a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +them make them work in a whole bunch of +different ways + + align:start position:0% +different ways + + + align:start position:0% +different ways +um so you know there's already + + align:start position:0% +um so you know there's already + + + align:start position:0% +um so you know there's already +connections even when you're just on the + + align:start position:0% +connections even when you're just on the + + + align:start position:0% +connections even when you're just on the +explainer site to other resources that + + align:start position:0% +explainer site to other resources that + + + align:start position:0% +explainer site to other resources that +can help you understand this yeah + + align:start position:0% +can help you understand this yeah + + + align:start position:0% +can help you understand this yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +um yeah among the the learn more + + align:start position:0% +um yeah among the the learn more + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah among the the learn more +resources here as an Open courseware + + align:start position:0% +resources here as an Open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +resources here as an Open courseware +Class uh called d-lab Energy which + + align:start position:0% +Class uh called d-lab Energy which + + + align:start position:0% +Class uh called d-lab Energy which +focuses on uh developing country + + align:start position:0% +focuses on uh developing country + + + align:start position:0% +focuses on uh developing country +um uh needs technologies that are + + align:start position:0% +um uh needs technologies that are + + + align:start position:0% +um uh needs technologies that are +appropriate for use there it's really an + + align:start position:0% +appropriate for use there it's really an + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate for use there it's really an +incredible class that MIT students go + + align:start position:0% +incredible class that MIT students go + + + align:start position:0% +incredible class that MIT students go +out and work in the field with Community + + align:start position:0% +out and work in the field with Community + + + align:start position:0% +out and work in the field with Community +Partners uh you know for instance uh + + align:start position:0% +Partners uh you know for instance uh + + + align:start position:0% +Partners uh you know for instance uh +Tanzania there's a long been a + + align:start position:0% +Tanzania there's a long been a + + + align:start position:0% +Tanzania there's a long been a +long-running uh exchange also uh + + align:start position:0% +long-running uh exchange also uh + + + align:start position:0% +long-running uh exchange also uh +Nicaragua and documentation extensive + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua and documentation extensive + + + align:start position:0% +Nicaragua and documentation extensive +documentation of some of the student + + align:start position:0% +documentation of some of the student + + + align:start position:0% +documentation of some of the student +projects that are done in this space + + align:start position:0% +projects that are done in this space + + + align:start position:0% +projects that are done in this space +so actually somebody had asked a + + align:start position:0% +so actually somebody had asked a + + + align:start position:0% +so actually somebody had asked a +question about ways to engage in + + align:start position:0% +question about ways to engage in + + + align:start position:0% +question about ways to engage in +research to solve real life problems so + + align:start position:0% +research to solve real life problems so + + + align:start position:0% +research to solve real life problems so +this is an example uh could at least + + align:start position:0% +this is an example uh could at least + + + align:start position:0% +this is an example uh could at least +give a foundation for ideas of how to + + align:start position:0% +give a foundation for ideas of how to + + + align:start position:0% +give a foundation for ideas of how to +develop a similar project in whatever + + align:start position:0% +develop a similar project in whatever + + + align:start position:0% +develop a similar project in whatever +your context is yeah excellent excellent + + align:start position:0% +your context is yeah excellent excellent + + + align:start position:0% +your context is yeah excellent excellent +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +um you know also linked off of that + + align:start position:0% +um you know also linked off of that + + + align:start position:0% +um you know also linked off of that +explainer on the portal is that + + align:start position:0% +explainer on the portal is that + + + align:start position:0% +explainer on the portal is that +renewable energy class uh that runs + + align:start position:0% +renewable energy class uh that runs + + + align:start position:0% +renewable energy class uh that runs +running currently on edx + + align:start position:0% +running currently on edx + + + align:start position:0% +running currently on edx +so you can you can dive in pretty deep + + align:start position:0% +so you can you can dive in pretty deep + + + align:start position:0% +so you can you can dive in pretty deep +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +right Dana + + align:start position:0% +right Dana + + + align:start position:0% +right Dana +absolutely and also as I said they're + + align:start position:0% +absolutely and also as I said they're + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely and also as I said they're +instructor Pace but they do get offered + + align:start position:0% +instructor Pace but they do get offered + + + align:start position:0% +instructor Pace but they do get offered +fairly frequently so if you if you if + + align:start position:0% +fairly frequently so if you if you if + + + align:start position:0% +fairly frequently so if you if you if +you if this one's a little too far along + + align:start position:0% +you if this one's a little too far along + + + align:start position:0% +you if this one's a little too far along +for you there will be another + + align:start position:0% +for you there will be another + + + align:start position:0% +for you there will be another +opportunity in the future + + align:start position:0% +opportunity in the future + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity in the future +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +many of these uh courses that are + + align:start position:0% +many of these uh courses that are + + + align:start position:0% +many of these uh courses that are +running on mitx and kind of their most + + align:start position:0% +running on mitx and kind of their most + + + align:start position:0% +running on mitx and kind of their most +recent form there you may find a version + + align:start position:0% +recent form there you may find a version + + + align:start position:0% +recent form there you may find a version +of it also uh on an open courseware in + + align:start position:0% +of it also uh on an open courseware in + + + align:start position:0% +of it also uh on an open courseware in +fact in fact there is an older version + + align:start position:0% +fact in fact there is an older version + + + align:start position:0% +fact in fact there is an older version +of this course on open courseware from + + align:start position:0% +of this course on open courseware from + + + align:start position:0% +of this course on open courseware from +the MIT classroom from a few years back + + align:start position:0% +the MIT classroom from a few years back + + + align:start position:0% +the MIT classroom from a few years back +this is a fast moving field so I'll + + align:start position:0% +this is a fast moving field so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +this is a fast moving field so I'll +encourage you to go to the most recent + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to go to the most recent + + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to go to the most recent +thing you can such as this mitx class if + + align:start position:0% +thing you can such as this mitx class if + + + align:start position:0% +thing you can such as this mitx class if +that works for you + + align:start position:0% +that works for you + + + align:start position:0% +that works for you +all right uh third user a citizen + + align:start position:0% +all right uh third user a citizen + + + align:start position:0% +all right uh third user a citizen +advocate + + align:start position:0% +advocate + + + align:start position:0% +advocate +imagine somebody who's + + align:start position:0% +imagine somebody who's + + + align:start position:0% +imagine somebody who's +um you know who's been talking with + + align:start position:0% +um you know who's been talking with + + + align:start position:0% +um you know who's been talking with +legislators and policy makers in their + + align:start position:0% +legislators and policy makers in their + + + align:start position:0% +legislators and policy makers in their +realm and keeps running up against the + + align:start position:0% +realm and keeps running up against the + + + align:start position:0% +realm and keeps running up against the +ways that + + align:start position:0% +ways that + + + align:start position:0% +ways that +um economics and other more detailed + + align:start position:0% +um economics and other more detailed + + + align:start position:0% +um economics and other more detailed +policy discussions are really kind of + + align:start position:0% +policy discussions are really kind of + + + align:start position:0% +policy discussions are really kind of +ruling uh the way the conversations flow + + align:start position:0% +ruling uh the way the conversations flow + + + align:start position:0% +ruling uh the way the conversations flow +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +if they want to learn more about how + + align:start position:0% +if they want to learn more about how + + + align:start position:0% +if they want to learn more about how +economics and policy uh impact climate + + align:start position:0% +economics and policy uh impact climate + + + align:start position:0% +economics and policy uh impact climate +change once again portal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and could you could I mean you could + + align:start position:0% +and could you could I mean you could + + + align:start position:0% +and could you could I mean you could +actually just search for policy and + + align:start position:0% +actually just search for policy and + + + align:start position:0% +actually just search for policy and +you'll start you'll get you'll get + + align:start position:0% +you'll start you'll get you'll get + + + align:start position:0% +you'll start you'll get you'll get +things right there + + align:start position:0% +things right there + + + align:start position:0% +things right there +um because we have uh so + + align:start position:0% +um because we have uh so + + + align:start position:0% +um because we have uh so +um some of these are are more sort of + + align:start position:0% +um some of these are are more sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um some of these are are more sort of +news articles things like that which + + align:start position:0% +news articles things like that which + + + align:start position:0% +news articles things like that which +again we tend to when we post those news + + align:start position:0% +again we tend to when we post those news + + + align:start position:0% +again we tend to when we post those news +articles we embed links within them back + + align:start position:0% +articles we embed links within them back + + + align:start position:0% +articles we embed links within them back +to other resources that will that will + + align:start position:0% +to other resources that will that will + + + align:start position:0% +to other resources that will that will +be helpful to give that kind of context + + align:start position:0% +be helpful to give that kind of context + + + align:start position:0% +be helpful to give that kind of context +um I know there is an explainer on + + align:start position:0% +um I know there is an explainer on + + + align:start position:0% +um I know there is an explainer on +um on uh carbon uh yeah and carbon + + align:start position:0% +um on uh carbon uh yeah and carbon + + + align:start position:0% +um on uh carbon uh yeah and carbon +pricing + + align:start position:0% +pricing + + + align:start position:0% +pricing +um and then we did just have um an + + align:start position:0% +um and then we did just have um an + + + align:start position:0% +um and then we did just have um an +episode back in February about the cost + + align:start position:0% +episode back in February about the cost + + + align:start position:0% +episode back in February about the cost +of adaptation versus the cost of not + + align:start position:0% +of adaptation versus the cost of not + + + align:start position:0% +of adaptation versus the cost of not +adapting + + align:start position:0% +adapting + + + align:start position:0% +adapting +um and the cost of mitigation versus the + + align:start position:0% +um and the cost of mitigation versus the + + + align:start position:0% +um and the cost of mitigation versus the +cost of not mitigating + + align:start position:0% +cost of not mitigating + + + align:start position:0% +cost of not mitigating +um so and again there's an educator + + align:start position:0% +um so and again there's an educator + + + align:start position:0% +um so and again there's an educator +guide associated with that and it links + + align:start position:0% +guide associated with that and it links + + + align:start position:0% +guide associated with that and it links +out to a bunch of explainers and um as + + align:start position:0% +out to a bunch of explainers and um as + + + align:start position:0% +out to a bunch of explainers and um as +well yeah + + align:start position:0% +well yeah + + + align:start position:0% +well yeah +yeah this is uh this is a really + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is uh this is a really + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is uh this is a really +important issue for uh anybody who's + + align:start position:0% +important issue for uh anybody who's + + + align:start position:0% +important issue for uh anybody who's +involved as a as a citizen trying to + + align:start position:0% +involved as a as a citizen trying to + + + align:start position:0% +involved as a as a citizen trying to +understand uh how all these forces come + + align:start position:0% +understand uh how all these forces come + + + align:start position:0% +understand uh how all these forces come +together you know I'll highlight on open + + align:start position:0% +together you know I'll highlight on open + + + align:start position:0% +together you know I'll highlight on open +courseware + + align:start position:0% +courseware + + + align:start position:0% +courseware +um a recent course uh just published + + align:start position:0% +um a recent course uh just published + + + align:start position:0% +um a recent course uh just published +that has a + + align:start position:0% +that has a + + + align:start position:0% +that has a +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +I would say a state-of-the-art reading + + align:start position:0% +I would say a state-of-the-art reading + + + align:start position:0% +I would say a state-of-the-art reading +list for for anybody who wants to get a + + align:start position:0% +list for for anybody who wants to get a + + + align:start position:0% +list for for anybody who wants to get a +broad view on + + align:start position:0% +broad view on + + + align:start position:0% +broad view on +um Energy Systems and policy making uh + + align:start position:0% +um Energy Systems and policy making uh + + + align:start position:0% +um Energy Systems and policy making uh +and what kind of things come up + + align:start position:0% +and what kind of things come up + + + align:start position:0% +and what kind of things come up +uh it's it's focused on cities in + + align:start position:0% +uh it's it's focused on cities in + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's it's focused on cities in +particular and the way that so many + + align:start position:0% +particular and the way that so many + + + align:start position:0% +particular and the way that so many +issues intersect within our Urban + + align:start position:0% +issues intersect within our Urban + + + align:start position:0% +issues intersect within our Urban +environment but I'd highlight this one + + align:start position:0% +environment but I'd highlight this one + + + align:start position:0% +environment but I'd highlight this one +uh taught by Professor David Sue uh just + + align:start position:0% +uh taught by Professor David Sue uh just + + + align:start position:0% +uh taught by Professor David Sue uh just +published on ocw as a tremendous + + align:start position:0% +published on ocw as a tremendous + + + align:start position:0% +published on ocw as a tremendous +resource for anybody who gets involved + + align:start position:0% +resource for anybody who gets involved + + + align:start position:0% +resource for anybody who gets involved +in deeper policy discussions with with + + align:start position:0% +in deeper policy discussions with with + + + align:start position:0% +in deeper policy discussions with with +their policy makers + + align:start position:0% +their policy makers + + + align:start position:0% +their policy makers +and then over on mitx there's a there's + + align:start position:0% +and then over on mitx there's a there's + + + align:start position:0% +and then over on mitx there's a there's +a course to go even deeper on energy and + + align:start position:0% +a course to go even deeper on energy and + + + align:start position:0% +a course to go even deeper on energy and +economics right Dana + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes absolutely + + align:start position:0% +yes absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +yes absolutely +it's uh as all the courses are it's um + + align:start position:0% +it's uh as all the courses are it's um + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh as all the courses are it's um +it's intense yeah + + align:start position:0% +it's intense yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it's intense yeah +I would click into it but I'm a little + + align:start position:0% +I would click into it but I'm a little + + + align:start position:0% +I would click into it but I'm a little +concerned because it was a little buggy + + align:start position:0% +concerned because it was a little buggy + + + align:start position:0% +concerned because it was a little buggy +this morning but that's what it looks + + align:start position:0% +this morning but that's what it looks + + + align:start position:0% +this morning but that's what it looks +like on the front yeah so as you can see + + align:start position:0% +like on the front yeah so as you can see + + + align:start position:0% +like on the front yeah so as you can see +you can see it's 12 weeks and in the 8 + + align:start position:0% +you can see it's 12 weeks and in the 8 + + + align:start position:0% +you can see it's 12 weeks and in the 8 +to 12 hours is is accurate and that's + + align:start position:0% +to 12 hours is is accurate and that's + + + align:start position:0% +to 12 hours is is accurate and that's +for an MIT student so that that was the + + align:start position:0% +for an MIT student so that that was the + + + align:start position:0% +for an MIT student so that that was the +other kind of hang up that my husband + + align:start position:0% +other kind of hang up that my husband + + + align:start position:0% +other kind of hang up that my husband +has he was like I'm not actually an MIT + + align:start position:0% +has he was like I'm not actually an MIT + + + align:start position:0% +has he was like I'm not actually an MIT +student I'm like oh well then it might + + align:start position:0% +student I'm like oh well then it might + + + align:start position:0% +student I'm like oh well then it might +take a little more work than that + + align:start position:0% +take a little more work than that + + + align:start position:0% +take a little more work than that +um but yeah so here's what you'll learn + + align:start position:0% +um but yeah so here's what you'll learn + + + align:start position:0% +um but yeah so here's what you'll learn +and every one of the courses on the + + align:start position:0% +and every one of the courses on the + + + align:start position:0% +and every one of the courses on the +about Pages has this which will give you + + align:start position:0% +about Pages has this which will give you + + + align:start position:0% +about Pages has this which will give you +an overview of what's in there and as I + + align:start position:0% +an overview of what's in there and as I + + + align:start position:0% +an overview of what's in there and as I +said you can access the course you can + + align:start position:0% +said you can access the course you can + + + align:start position:0% +said you can access the course you can +get in there and you can take a look at + + align:start position:0% +get in there and you can take a look at + + + align:start position:0% +get in there and you can take a look at +what's in in the course itself + + align:start position:0% +what's in in the course itself + + + align:start position:0% +what's in in the course itself +um you need to have an account to do + + align:start position:0% +um you need to have an account to do + + + align:start position:0% +um you need to have an account to do +that but it's uh it's definitely worth + + align:start position:0% +that but it's uh it's definitely worth + + + align:start position:0% +that but it's uh it's definitely worth +it because it doesn't cost you anything + + align:start position:0% +it because it doesn't cost you anything + + + align:start position:0% +it because it doesn't cost you anything +except you know a few minutes to sign up + + align:start position:0% +except you know a few minutes to sign up + + + align:start position:0% +except you know a few minutes to sign up +and then you can get in there you can + + align:start position:0% +and then you can get in there you can + + + align:start position:0% +and then you can get in there you can +start practicing things seeing how it + + align:start position:0% +start practicing things seeing how it + + + align:start position:0% +start practicing things seeing how it +works for you I mean we also encourage + + align:start position:0% +works for you I mean we also encourage + + + align:start position:0% +works for you I mean we also encourage +people to just start and because as I + + align:start position:0% +people to just start and because as I + + + align:start position:0% +people to just start and because as I +said if he if you you don't you don't + + align:start position:0% +said if he if you you don't you don't + + + align:start position:0% +said if he if you you don't you don't +have to pay for it you can just learn + + align:start position:0% +have to pay for it you can just learn + + + align:start position:0% +have to pay for it you can just learn +from the courses + + align:start position:0% +from the courses + + + align:start position:0% +from the courses +um for free damn + + align:start position:0% +um for free damn + + + align:start position:0% +um for free damn +okay thanks Dan yeah so hopefully that + + align:start position:0% +okay thanks Dan yeah so hopefully that + + + align:start position:0% +okay thanks Dan yeah so hopefully that +gives you a sense of the the the rage + + align:start position:0% +gives you a sense of the the the rage + + + align:start position:0% +gives you a sense of the the the rage +the richness of materials that MIT is + + align:start position:0% +the richness of materials that MIT is + + + align:start position:0% +the richness of materials that MIT is +sharing openly for people to learn about + + align:start position:0% +sharing openly for people to learn about + + + align:start position:0% +sharing openly for people to learn about +climate change no matter where they're + + align:start position:0% +climate change no matter where they're + + + align:start position:0% +climate change no matter where they're +coming from no matter what they're + + align:start position:0% +coming from no matter what they're + + + align:start position:0% +coming from no matter what they're +looking for + + align:start position:0% +looking for + + + align:start position:0% +looking for +um I like to close with a with a quick + + align:start position:0% +um I like to close with a with a quick + + + align:start position:0% +um I like to close with a with a quick +reflection on you know how we might + + align:start position:0% +reflection on you know how we might + + + align:start position:0% +reflection on you know how we might +think about + + align:start position:0% +think about + + + align:start position:0% +think about +you know in this in this huge space what + + align:start position:0% +you know in this in this huge space what + + + align:start position:0% +you know in this in this huge space what +is it that we might do + + align:start position:0% +is it that we might do + + + align:start position:0% +is it that we might do +um the is framing by Dr + + align:start position:0% +um the is framing by Dr + + + align:start position:0% +um the is framing by Dr +Ayanna Elizabeth Johnson who uh for + + align:start position:0% +Ayanna Elizabeth Johnson who uh for + + + align:start position:0% +Ayanna Elizabeth Johnson who uh for +instance is uh uh co-edited a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +instance is uh uh co-edited a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +instance is uh uh co-edited a wonderful +book called all we can save 40 essays by + + align:start position:0% +book called all we can save 40 essays by + + + align:start position:0% +book called all we can save 40 essays by +uh by women uh working in climate + + align:start position:0% +uh by women uh working in climate + + + align:start position:0% +uh by women uh working in climate +Justice she's got this framing about + + align:start position:0% +Justice she's got this framing about + + + align:start position:0% +Justice she's got this framing about +this Venn diagram which you see here + + align:start position:0% +this Venn diagram which you see here + + + align:start position:0% +this Venn diagram which you see here +think about the intersection of + + align:start position:0% +think about the intersection of + + + align:start position:0% +think about the intersection of +what work needs doing what are you good + + align:start position:0% +what work needs doing what are you good + + + align:start position:0% +what work needs doing what are you good +at and what brings you some sense of Joy + + align:start position:0% +at and what brings you some sense of Joy + + + align:start position:0% +at and what brings you some sense of Joy +find that overlap point + + align:start position:0% +find that overlap point + + + align:start position:0% +find that overlap point +and I I'm confident that you will + + align:start position:0% +and I I'm confident that you will + + + align:start position:0% +and I I'm confident that you will +um you will find something to do there + + align:start position:0% +um you will find something to do there + + + align:start position:0% +um you will find something to do there +good and there's a there's a great uh + + align:start position:0% +good and there's a there's a great uh + + + align:start position:0% +good and there's a there's a great uh +podcast from uh from tal climate on this + + align:start position:0% +podcast from uh from tal climate on this + + + align:start position:0% +podcast from uh from tal climate on this +subject of just sort of thinking through + + align:start position:0% +subject of just sort of thinking through + + + align:start position:0% +subject of just sort of thinking through +in this huge space how to find what it + + align:start position:0% +in this huge space how to find what it + + + align:start position:0% +in this huge space how to find what it +is I can do uh and there's an educator + + align:start position:0% +is I can do uh and there's an educator + + + align:start position:0% +is I can do uh and there's an educator +guide uh tied to that as well that + + align:start position:0% +guide uh tied to that as well that + + + align:start position:0% +guide uh tied to that as well that +actually has this Venn diagram activity + + align:start position:0% +actually has this Venn diagram activity + + + align:start position:0% +actually has this Venn diagram activity +from Dr Ayanna uh and so you could you + + align:start position:0% +from Dr Ayanna uh and so you could you + + + align:start position:0% +from Dr Ayanna uh and so you could you +could you could use that just with your + + align:start position:0% +could you could use that just with your + + + align:start position:0% +could you could use that just with your +family and friends and and I'm seeing + + align:start position:0% +family and friends and and I'm seeing + + + align:start position:0% +family and friends and and I'm seeing +the note in the in the chat about + + align:start position:0% +the note in the in the chat about + + + align:start position:0% +the note in the in the chat about +um you know folks who are doing Garden + + align:start position:0% +um you know folks who are doing Garden + + + align:start position:0% +um you know folks who are doing Garden +um you know garden and compost programs + + align:start position:0% +um you know garden and compost programs + + + align:start position:0% +um you know garden and compost programs +especially in urban in urban centers and + + align:start position:0% +especially in urban in urban centers and + + + align:start position:0% +especially in urban in urban centers and +that's a great example of bringing the + + align:start position:0% +that's a great example of bringing the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a great example of bringing the +thing that gives you Joy into action + + align:start position:0% +thing that gives you Joy into action + + + align:start position:0% +thing that gives you Joy into action +that needs doing and work that needs + + align:start position:0% +that needs doing and work that needs + + + align:start position:0% +that needs doing and work that needs +doing and using the skills and your joy + + align:start position:0% +doing and using the skills and your joy + + + align:start position:0% +doing and using the skills and your joy +um to to do the work that needs to be + + align:start position:0% +um to to do the work that needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +um to to do the work that needs to be +done + + align:start position:0% +done + + + align:start position:0% +done +um and uh and then being able to use + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and then being able to use + + + align:start position:0% +um and uh and then being able to use +these resources to help sort of explain + + align:start position:0% +these resources to help sort of explain + + + align:start position:0% +these resources to help sort of explain +to yourself self and others how is it + + align:start position:0% +to yourself self and others how is it + + + align:start position:0% +to yourself self and others how is it +that the work that I am doing is + + align:start position:0% +that the work that I am doing is + + + align:start position:0% +that the work that I am doing is +connected because you find that string + + align:start position:0% +connected because you find that string + + + align:start position:0% +connected because you find that string +you pull on it it's connected everything + + align:start position:0% +you pull on it it's connected everything + + + align:start position:0% +you pull on it it's connected everything +we do has a connection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in closing you know no matter who you + + align:start position:0% +so in closing you know no matter who you + + + align:start position:0% +so in closing you know no matter who you +are you know a student or a teacher a + + align:start position:0% +are you know a student or a teacher a + + + align:start position:0% +are you know a student or a teacher a +worker or a professional a citizen + + align:start position:0% +worker or a professional a citizen + + + align:start position:0% +worker or a professional a citizen +active is voting or an advocate + + align:start position:0% +active is voting or an advocate + + + align:start position:0% +active is voting or an advocate +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the whole world you know needs needs + + align:start position:0% +the whole world you know needs needs + + + align:start position:0% +the whole world you know needs needs +learning on this you know we we have to + + align:start position:0% +learning on this you know we we have to + + + align:start position:0% +learning on this you know we we have to +be taking action in a way that's really + + align:start position:0% +be taking action in a way that's really + + + align:start position:0% +be taking action in a way that's really +never happened before over this next + + align:start position:0% +never happened before over this next + + + align:start position:0% +never happened before over this next +decade to set us on the path uh that we + + align:start position:0% +decade to set us on the path uh that we + + + align:start position:0% +decade to set us on the path uh that we +know we need to be on and so MIT is is + + align:start position:0% +know we need to be on and so MIT is is + + + align:start position:0% +know we need to be on and so MIT is is +really thrilled to be able to offer this + + align:start position:0% +really thrilled to be able to offer this + + + align:start position:0% +really thrilled to be able to offer this +this range of climate learning + + align:start position:0% +this range of climate learning + + + align:start position:0% +this range of climate learning +opportunities for everyone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um yeah thank you and I think we've got + + align:start position:0% +um yeah thank you and I think we've got + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah thank you and I think we've got +a little time for for some questions uh + + align:start position:0% +a little time for for some questions uh + + + align:start position:0% +a little time for for some questions uh +if you have anything that's on your mind + + align:start position:0% +if you have anything that's on your mind + + + align:start position:0% +if you have anything that's on your mind +to please drop in the chat + + align:start position:0% +to please drop in the chat + + + align:start position:0% +to please drop in the chat +I'm also going to drop all those links + + align:start position:0% +I'm also going to drop all those links + + + align:start position:0% +I'm also going to drop all those links +again into the chat so you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +again into the chat so you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +again into the chat so you don't have to +scramble to write them down + + align:start position:0% +scramble to write them down + + + align:start position:0% +scramble to write them down +thank you Sylvia + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um we also had somebody uh drop in a + + align:start position:0% +um we also had somebody uh drop in a + + + align:start position:0% +um we also had somebody uh drop in a +chat the idea of um opportunities for + + align:start position:0% +chat the idea of um opportunities for + + + align:start position:0% +chat the idea of um opportunities for +education for corporate sustainability + + align:start position:0% +education for corporate sustainability + + + align:start position:0% +education for corporate sustainability +initiatives and I think that's one of + + align:start position:0% +initiatives and I think that's one of + + + align:start position:0% +initiatives and I think that's one of +the great things about these these + + align:start position:0% +the great things about these these + + + align:start position:0% +the great things about these these +materials is they can be used + + align:start position:0% +materials is they can be used + + + align:start position:0% +materials is they can be used +across areas um I recently piloted over + + align:start position:0% +across areas um I recently piloted over + + + align:start position:0% +across areas um I recently piloted over +the summer + + align:start position:0% +the summer + + + align:start position:0% +the summer +um a sort of short-term newsletter that + + align:start position:0% +um a sort of short-term newsletter that + + + align:start position:0% +um a sort of short-term newsletter that +was aimed at teachers but in fact one of + + align:start position:0% +was aimed at teachers but in fact one of + + + align:start position:0% +was aimed at teachers but in fact one of +my participants was somebody who's the + + align:start position:0% +my participants was somebody who's the + + + align:start position:0% +my participants was somebody who's the +the CEO of the non-profit they work for + + align:start position:0% +the CEO of the non-profit they work for + + + align:start position:0% +the CEO of the non-profit they work for +keeps ending up with climate questions + + align:start position:0% +keeps ending up with climate questions + + + align:start position:0% +keeps ending up with climate questions +even though the non-profit that they are + + align:start position:0% +even though the non-profit that they are + + + align:start position:0% +even though the non-profit that they are +um not direct that isn't directly + + align:start position:0% +um not direct that isn't directly + + + align:start position:0% +um not direct that isn't directly +climate related and so they were taking + + align:start position:0% +climate related and so they were taking + + + align:start position:0% +climate related and so they were taking +my sort of mini course + + align:start position:0% +my sort of mini course + + + align:start position:0% +my sort of mini course +um via email because they wanted to be + + align:start position:0% +um via email because they wanted to be + + + align:start position:0% +um via email because they wanted to be +able to help their CEO answer those + + align:start position:0% +able to help their CEO answer those + + + align:start position:0% +able to help their CEO answer those +questions around climate change + + align:start position:0% +questions around climate change + + + align:start position:0% +questions around climate change +um so it's just you know there are so + + align:start position:0% +um so it's just you know there are so + + + align:start position:0% +um so it's just you know there are so +many different applications + + align:start position:0% +many different applications + + + align:start position:0% +many different applications +yeah yeah it's a it's it's great hearing + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah it's a it's it's great hearing + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah it's a it's it's great hearing +the conversation taking shape about the + + align:start position:0% +the conversation taking shape about the + + + align:start position:0% +the conversation taking shape about the +ways in which you know + + align:start position:0% +ways in which you know + + + align:start position:0% +ways in which you know +climate can become everyone's job you + + align:start position:0% +climate can become everyone's job you + + + align:start position:0% +climate can become everyone's job you +know they're because it touches pretty + + align:start position:0% +know they're because it touches pretty + + + align:start position:0% +know they're because it touches pretty +much everything across you know the + + align:start position:0% +much everything across you know the + + + align:start position:0% +much everything across you know the +whole society in our lives + + align:start position:0% +whole society in our lives + + + align:start position:0% +whole society in our lives +um there's there's a need for an + + align:start position:0% +um there's there's a need for an + + + align:start position:0% +um there's there's a need for an +opportunity you know for everyone to do + + align:start position:0% +opportunity you know for everyone to do + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity you know for everyone to do +things here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um was there anything else in the chat + + align:start position:0% +um was there anything else in the chat + + + align:start position:0% +um was there anything else in the chat +oh good point Susan about inroads yeah I + + align:start position:0% +oh good point Susan about inroads yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +oh good point Susan about inroads yeah I +uh I happen to be an enroads climate + + align:start position:0% +uh I happen to be an enroads climate + + + align:start position:0% +uh I happen to be an enroads climate +Ambassador uh Susan I imagine you might + + align:start position:0% +Ambassador uh Susan I imagine you might + + + align:start position:0% +Ambassador uh Susan I imagine you might +be involved in that too + + align:start position:0% +be involved in that too + + + align:start position:0% +be involved in that too +um wonderful free online tool that's MIT + + align:start position:0% +um wonderful free online tool that's MIT + + + align:start position:0% +um wonderful free online tool that's MIT +Affiliated it's kind of a you know a + + align:start position:0% +Affiliated it's kind of a you know a + + + align:start position:0% +Affiliated it's kind of a you know a +spin out from MIT Sloan School of + + align:start position:0% +spin out from MIT Sloan School of + + + align:start position:0% +spin out from MIT Sloan School of +Management + + align:start position:0% +Management + + + align:start position:0% +Management +um online free online simulator that's + + align:start position:0% +um online free online simulator that's + + + align:start position:0% +um online free online simulator that's +uh just such a powerful tool for + + align:start position:0% +uh just such a powerful tool for + + + align:start position:0% +uh just such a powerful tool for +leading people through discussions to + + align:start position:0% +leading people through discussions to + + + align:start position:0% +leading people through discussions to +test their ideas for climate Solutions + + align:start position:0% +test their ideas for climate Solutions + + + align:start position:0% +test their ideas for climate Solutions +yeah um Susan anything else you might + + align:start position:0% +yeah um Susan anything else you might + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um Susan anything else you might +want to share about uh and Rhodes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's an excellent tool for a developing + + align:start position:0% +it's an excellent tool for a developing + + + align:start position:0% +it's an excellent tool for a developing +conversations and there's a workshop + + align:start position:0% +conversations and there's a workshop + + + align:start position:0% +conversations and there's a workshop +there's assignments right on the website + + align:start position:0% +there's assignments right on the website + + + align:start position:0% +there's assignments right on the website +for teachers high school and you can + + align:start position:0% +for teachers high school and you can + + + align:start position:0% +for teachers high school and you can +even go down to middle school I work + + align:start position:0% +even go down to middle school I work + + + align:start position:0% +even go down to middle school I work +with teachers thank you for this uh + + align:start position:0% +with teachers thank you for this uh + + + align:start position:0% +with teachers thank you for this uh +moment + + align:start position:0% +moment + + + align:start position:0% +moment +um but you can go to schools with that + + align:start position:0% +um but you can go to schools with that + + + align:start position:0% +um but you can go to schools with that +as well as universities I've worked with + + align:start position:0% +as well as universities I've worked with + + + align:start position:0% +as well as universities I've worked with +universities high schools and middle + + align:start position:0% +universities high schools and middle + + + align:start position:0% +universities high schools and middle +schools for using this in the class + + align:start position:0% +schools for using this in the class + + + align:start position:0% +schools for using this in the class +androads in a classroom there's + + align:start position:0% +androads in a classroom there's + + + align:start position:0% +androads in a classroom there's +workshops and there's also a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +workshops and there's also a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +workshops and there's also a wonderful +fun role play game where you pretend + + align:start position:0% +fun role play game where you pretend + + + align:start position:0% +fun role play game where you pretend +you're in the United Nations uh climate + + align:start position:0% +you're in the United Nations uh climate + + + align:start position:0% +you're in the United Nations uh climate +Summit so those are all wonderful + + align:start position:0% +Summit so those are all wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +Summit so those are all wonderful +opportunities to use this um amazing and + + align:start position:0% +opportunities to use this um amazing and + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities to use this um amazing and +free tool if anyone wants more + + align:start position:0% +free tool if anyone wants more + + + align:start position:0% +free tool if anyone wants more +information about it you can talk to + + align:start position:0% +information about it you can talk to + + + align:start position:0% +information about it you can talk to +Kurt or I'm going to throw my email in + + align:start position:0% +Kurt or I'm going to throw my email in + + + align:start position:0% +Kurt or I'm going to throw my email in +there uh in case anyone wants to contact + + align:start position:0% +there uh in case anyone wants to contact + + + align:start position:0% +there uh in case anyone wants to contact +me but thank you for this amazing + + align:start position:0% +me but thank you for this amazing + + + align:start position:0% +me but thank you for this amazing +plethora of information on other places + + align:start position:0% +plethora of information on other places + + + align:start position:0% +plethora of information on other places +to go at MIT thank you yeah yeah I'll uh + + align:start position:0% +to go at MIT thank you yeah yeah I'll uh + + + align:start position:0% +to go at MIT thank you yeah yeah I'll uh +also make a plug that the classroom + + align:start position:0% +also make a plug that the classroom + + + align:start position:0% +also make a plug that the classroom +assignment materials among other things + + align:start position:0% +assignment materials among other things + + + align:start position:0% +assignment materials among other things +are Creative Commons licensed again + + align:start position:0% +are Creative Commons licensed again + + + align:start position:0% +are Creative Commons licensed again +specifically to to Foster That Remix + + align:start position:0% +specifically to to Foster That Remix + + + align:start position:0% +specifically to to Foster That Remix +reuse and share back what you've done uh + + align:start position:0% +reuse and share back what you've done uh + + + align:start position:0% +reuse and share back what you've done uh +spirit that's driving Open Access week + + align:start position:0% +spirit that's driving Open Access week + + + align:start position:0% +spirit that's driving Open Access week +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +question from Roe I see + + align:start position:0% +question from Roe I see + + + align:start position:0% +question from Roe I see +um yes I can take that one um there + + align:start position:0% +um yes I can take that one um there + + + align:start position:0% +um yes I can take that one um there +usually are prerequisites it would be on + + align:start position:0% +usually are prerequisites it would be on + + + align:start position:0% +usually are prerequisites it would be on +the about page when you go to edx + + align:start position:0% +the about page when you go to edx + + + align:start position:0% +the about page when you go to edx +um it'll mention the things and they + + align:start position:0% +um it'll mention the things and they + + + align:start position:0% +um it'll mention the things and they +tend to be + + align:start position:0% +tend to be + + + align:start position:0% +tend to be +that we we try to get it to be as + + align:start position:0% +that we we try to get it to be as + + + align:start position:0% +that we we try to get it to be as +specific as possible of like what type + + align:start position:0% +specific as possible of like what type + + + align:start position:0% +specific as possible of like what type +of math you know it's like when you say + + align:start position:0% +of math you know it's like when you say + + + align:start position:0% +of math you know it's like when you say +when you say college math like that + + align:start position:0% +when you say college math like that + + + align:start position:0% +when you say college math like that +means different things to different + + align:start position:0% +means different things to different + + + align:start position:0% +means different things to different +people so it varies a little bit + + align:start position:0% +people so it varies a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +people so it varies a little bit +um but I do recommend taking a look at + + align:start position:0% +um but I do recommend taking a look at + + + align:start position:0% +um but I do recommend taking a look at +the prerequisites and also again just + + align:start position:0% +the prerequisites and also again just + + + align:start position:0% +the prerequisites and also again just +start doing the work and it and then + + align:start position:0% +start doing the work and it and then + + + align:start position:0% +start doing the work and it and then +you'll see kind of like okay this is + + align:start position:0% +you'll see kind of like okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see kind of like okay this is +this is what they meant by college math + + align:start position:0% +this is what they meant by college math + + + align:start position:0% +this is what they meant by college math +is not what I meant by college math so + + align:start position:0% +is not what I meant by college math so + + + align:start position:0% +is not what I meant by college math so +definitely just your experience will + + align:start position:0% +definitely just your experience will + + + align:start position:0% +definitely just your experience will +also help you that but the prerequisites + + align:start position:0% +also help you that but the prerequisites + + + align:start position:0% +also help you that but the prerequisites +are listed on the about page + + align:start position:0% +are listed on the about page + + + align:start position:0% +are listed on the about page +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +I see a question from Jorge of course + + align:start position:0% +I see a question from Jorge of course + + + align:start position:0% +I see a question from Jorge of course +Sarah and MIT are working together + + align:start position:0% +Sarah and MIT are working together + + + align:start position:0% +Sarah and MIT are working together +um Dana you want to say anything yeah so + + align:start position:0% +um Dana you want to say anything yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +um Dana you want to say anything yeah so +we we don't we currently don't we only + + align:start position:0% +we we don't we currently don't we only + + + align:start position:0% +we we don't we currently don't we only +build on open edx which is only on + + align:start position:0% +build on open edx which is only on + + + align:start position:0% +build on open edx which is only on +edx.org I mean it's on various bases + + align:start position:0% +edx.org I mean it's on various bases + + + align:start position:0% +edx.org I mean it's on various bases +because it's an open platform but we use + + align:start position:0% +because it's an open platform but we use + + + align:start position:0% +because it's an open platform but we use +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +fedex.org and mitx online for our Luke's + + align:start position:0% +fedex.org and mitx online for our Luke's + + + align:start position:0% +fedex.org and mitx online for our Luke's +there are some other offerings + + align:start position:0% +there are some other offerings + + + align:start position:0% +there are some other offerings +um I'm not aware of any on climate + + align:start position:0% +um I'm not aware of any on climate + + + align:start position:0% +um I'm not aware of any on climate +change that are in the um on other + + align:start position:0% +change that are in the um on other + + + align:start position:0% +change that are in the um on other +platforms but we do have other places at + + align:start position:0% +platforms but we do have other places at + + + align:start position:0% +platforms but we do have other places at +MIT that do others but I actually am not + + align:start position:0% +MIT that do others but I actually am not + + + align:start position:0% +MIT that do others but I actually am not +aware of anybody doing anything on + + align:start position:0% +aware of anybody doing anything on + + + align:start position:0% +aware of anybody doing anything on +Coursera at this time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um it's your question uh from + + align:start position:0% +um it's your question uh from + + + align:start position:0% +um it's your question uh from +pronouncing right ayuba + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the YouTube best YouTube page the the + + align:start position:0% +the YouTube best YouTube page the the + + + align:start position:0% +the YouTube best YouTube page the the +compiles climate resources + + align:start position:0% +compiles climate resources + + + align:start position:0% +compiles climate resources +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +I mean ocw has a YouTube channel + + align:start position:0% +I mean ocw has a YouTube channel + + + align:start position:0% +I mean ocw has a YouTube channel +um uh that's got all of our videos in it + + align:start position:0% +um uh that's got all of our videos in it + + + align:start position:0% +um uh that's got all of our videos in it +I'm not sure that we have a + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure that we have a + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure that we have a +a single kind of compiled + + align:start position:0% +a single kind of compiled + + + align:start position:0% +a single kind of compiled +um Video Collection + + align:start position:0% +um Video Collection + + + align:start position:0% +um Video Collection +um and that's a that's a great idea + + align:start position:0% +um and that's a that's a great idea + + + align:start position:0% +um and that's a that's a great idea +given all the things that have been + + align:start position:0% +given all the things that have been + + + align:start position:0% +given all the things that have been +expanding I know on the climate portal + + align:start position:0% +expanding I know on the climate portal + + + align:start position:0% +expanding I know on the climate portal +uh you can do a in some places a search + + align:start position:0% +uh you can do a in some places a search + + + align:start position:0% +uh you can do a in some places a search +that limits you to different types of + + align:start position:0% +that limits you to different types of + + + align:start position:0% +that limits you to different types of +resources Sylvia is there anything on + + align:start position:0% +resources Sylvia is there anything on + + + align:start position:0% +resources Sylvia is there anything on +the portal yeah we don't have very much + + align:start position:0% +the portal yeah we don't have very much + + + align:start position:0% +the portal yeah we don't have very much +this video + + align:start position:0% +this video + + + align:start position:0% +this video +um we're mostly audio and and visual + + align:start position:0% +um we're mostly audio and and visual + + + align:start position:0% +um we're mostly audio and and visual +though I know + + align:start position:0% +though I know + + + align:start position:0% +though I know +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +I know that's that's an area we we're + + align:start position:0% +I know that's that's an area we we're + + + align:start position:0% +I know that's that's an area we we're +interested in branching into but but + + align:start position:0% +interested in branching into but but + + + align:start position:0% +interested in branching into but but +thus far we've been doing the the + + align:start position:0% +thus far we've been doing the the + + + align:start position:0% +thus far we've been doing the the +podcast but not YouTube videos + + align:start position:0% +podcast but not YouTube videos + + + align:start position:0% +podcast but not YouTube videos +yeah well stay tuned uh let's watch for + + align:start position:0% +yeah well stay tuned uh let's watch for + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well stay tuned uh let's watch for +something to happen there uh you know + + align:start position:0% +something to happen there uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +something to happen there uh you know +there's uh I know there's videos for + + align:start position:0% +there's uh I know there's videos for + + + align:start position:0% +there's uh I know there's videos for +instance of you know these symposia + + align:start position:0% +instance of you know these symposia + + + align:start position:0% +instance of you know these symposia +public Symposium that MIT has run over + + align:start position:0% +public Symposium that MIT has run over + + + align:start position:0% +public Symposium that MIT has run over +the last few years uh you know wonderful + + align:start position:0% +the last few years uh you know wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +the last few years uh you know wonderful +things that have been collected there um + + align:start position:0% +things that have been collected there um + + + align:start position:0% +things that have been collected there um +so let's yeah let's let's run with that + + align:start position:0% +so let's yeah let's let's run with that + + + align:start position:0% +so let's yeah let's let's run with that +a little bit uh uh row acts a very good + + align:start position:0% +a little bit uh uh row acts a very good + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit uh uh row acts a very good +question uh about the order of you know + + align:start position:0% +question uh about the order of you know + + + align:start position:0% +question uh about the order of you know +a suggested order for taking things + + align:start position:0% +a suggested order for taking things + + + align:start position:0% +a suggested order for taking things +um it's a little uh less curated than + + align:start position:0% +um it's a little uh less curated than + + + align:start position:0% +um it's a little uh less curated than +some of us would like to be sure uh and + + align:start position:0% +some of us would like to be sure uh and + + + align:start position:0% +some of us would like to be sure uh and +we're actually in some conversations + + align:start position:0% +we're actually in some conversations + + + align:start position:0% +we're actually in some conversations +right now that might start to provide a + + align:start position:0% +right now that might start to provide a + + + align:start position:0% +right now that might start to provide a +little bit more of a guide for for how + + align:start position:0% +little bit more of a guide for for how + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more of a guide for for how +to make your way through that + + align:start position:0% +to make your way through that + + + align:start position:0% +to make your way through that +um my colleagues would you like to offer + + align:start position:0% +um my colleagues would you like to offer + + + align:start position:0% +um my colleagues would you like to offer +any thoughts on that + + align:start position:0% +any thoughts on that + + + align:start position:0% +any thoughts on that +yeah I think that um + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think that um + + + align:start position:0% +yeah I think that um +the for the courses that I've mentioned + + align:start position:0% +the for the courses that I've mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +the for the courses that I've mentioned +I don't believe that there is + + align:start position:0% +I don't believe that there is + + + align:start position:0% +I don't believe that there is +necessarily an order that they go in + + align:start position:0% +necessarily an order that they go in + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily an order that they go in +because I I I'm not a hundred percent + + align:start position:0% +because I I I'm not a hundred percent + + + align:start position:0% +because I I I'm not a hundred percent +like in some cases where we have a + + align:start position:0% +like in some cases where we have a + + + align:start position:0% +like in some cases where we have a +series of courses it's very clear that + + align:start position:0% +series of courses it's very clear that + + + align:start position:0% +series of courses it's very clear that +like you know you take Finance one + + align:start position:0% +like you know you take Finance one + + + align:start position:0% +like you know you take Finance one +before you take Finance two and you need + + align:start position:0% +before you take Finance two and you need + + + align:start position:0% +before you take Finance two and you need +to take machine learning before but for + + align:start position:0% +to take machine learning before but for + + + align:start position:0% +to take machine learning before but for +the for these particular courses I think + + align:start position:0% +the for these particular courses I think + + + align:start position:0% +the for these particular courses I think +that they all kind of have their own + + align:start position:0% +that they all kind of have their own + + + align:start position:0% +that they all kind of have their own +flavors where + + align:start position:0% +flavors where + + + align:start position:0% +flavors where +um you could start them in any order + + align:start position:0% +um you could start them in any order + + + align:start position:0% +um you could start them in any order +that you're comfortable with so I would + + align:start position:0% +that you're comfortable with so I would + + + align:start position:0% +that you're comfortable with so I would +probably look at the prerequisites and + + align:start position:0% +probably look at the prerequisites and + + + align:start position:0% +probably look at the prerequisites and +see what you're prepared to do + + align:start position:0% +see what you're prepared to do + + + align:start position:0% +see what you're prepared to do +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +um amazing um Elizabeth has a question + + align:start position:0% +um amazing um Elizabeth has a question + + + align:start position:0% +um amazing um Elizabeth has a question +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +um sort of looking at what individual + + align:start position:0% +um sort of looking at what individual + + + align:start position:0% +um sort of looking at what individual +actions people can do and I think my + + align:start position:0% +actions people can do and I think my + + + align:start position:0% +actions people can do and I think my +overall message is + + align:start position:0% +overall message is + + + align:start position:0% +overall message is +um find a group uh join with others find + + align:start position:0% +um find a group uh join with others find + + + align:start position:0% +um find a group uh join with others find +the work that you want to do that others + + align:start position:0% +the work that you want to do that others + + + align:start position:0% +the work that you want to do that others +are doing and you can join + + align:start position:0% +are doing and you can join + + + align:start position:0% +are doing and you can join +um the focus on individual actions + + align:start position:0% +um the focus on individual actions + + + align:start position:0% +um the focus on individual actions +um is really something that uh takes the + + align:start position:0% +um is really something that uh takes the + + + align:start position:0% +um is really something that uh takes the +pressure off the places where the policy + + align:start position:0% +pressure off the places where the policy + + + align:start position:0% +pressure off the places where the policy +needs to be + + align:start position:0% +needs to be + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +there's uh going back actually to that + + align:start position:0% +there's uh going back actually to that + + + align:start position:0% +there's uh going back actually to that +first question about uh the idea of SEC + + align:start position:0% +first question about uh the idea of SEC + + + align:start position:0% +first question about uh the idea of SEC +our understanding of psychology uh there + + align:start position:0% +our understanding of psychology uh there + + + align:start position:0% +our understanding of psychology uh there +is a psychological uh phenomenon called + + align:start position:0% +is a psychological uh phenomenon called + + + align:start position:0% +is a psychological uh phenomenon called +The Single Action bias and it means that + + align:start position:0% +The Single Action bias and it means that + + + align:start position:0% +The Single Action bias and it means that +sort of within our brains and this can + + align:start position:0% +sort of within our brains and this can + + + align:start position:0% +sort of within our brains and this can +be for any topic it can be from I want + + align:start position:0% +be for any topic it can be from I want + + + align:start position:0% +be for any topic it can be from I want +to keep my house cleaner + + align:start position:0% +to keep my house cleaner + + + align:start position:0% +to keep my house cleaner +um I want to be eating more vegetables + + align:start position:0% +um I want to be eating more vegetables + + + align:start position:0% +um I want to be eating more vegetables +whatever it is that you that you that + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is that you that you that + + + align:start position:0% +whatever it is that you that you that +you're sort of setting for yourself + + align:start position:0% +you're sort of setting for yourself + + + align:start position:0% +you're sort of setting for yourself +um there is a certain part of our brain + + align:start position:0% +um there is a certain part of our brain + + + align:start position:0% +um there is a certain part of our brain +that basically once we've done one thing + + align:start position:0% +that basically once we've done one thing + + + align:start position:0% +that basically once we've done one thing +towards that thing kind of checks it off + + align:start position:0% +towards that thing kind of checks it off + + + align:start position:0% +towards that thing kind of checks it off +and moves on to the other things that we + + align:start position:0% +and moves on to the other things that we + + + align:start position:0% +and moves on to the other things that we +also are also important in our lives and + + align:start position:0% +also are also important in our lives and + + + align:start position:0% +also are also important in our lives and +so single actions on climate have that + + align:start position:0% +so single actions on climate have that + + + align:start position:0% +so single actions on climate have that +same effect + + align:start position:0% +same effect + + + align:start position:0% +same effect +um you know for decades we sort of we + + align:start position:0% +um you know for decades we sort of we + + + align:start position:0% +um you know for decades we sort of we +really focused on pushing turning off + + align:start position:0% +really focused on pushing turning off + + + align:start position:0% +really focused on pushing turning off +the lights and recycling + + align:start position:0% +the lights and recycling + + + align:start position:0% +the lights and recycling +um and if those single actions had the + + align:start position:0% +um and if those single actions had the + + + align:start position:0% +um and if those single actions had the +effect we wanted we would be in a very + + align:start position:0% +effect we wanted we would be in a very + + + align:start position:0% +effect we wanted we would be in a very +different world today than we are + + align:start position:0% +different world today than we are + + + align:start position:0% +different world today than we are +um and in fact what we found is that + + align:start position:0% +um and in fact what we found is that + + + align:start position:0% +um and in fact what we found is that +that focus on single actions actually + + align:start position:0% +that focus on single actions actually + + + align:start position:0% +that focus on single actions actually +reduces energy available for the larger + + align:start position:0% +reduces energy available for the larger + + + align:start position:0% +reduces energy available for the larger +are communal actions that need to happen + + align:start position:0% +are communal actions that need to happen + + + align:start position:0% +are communal actions that need to happen +so my overall thing is don't + + align:start position:0% +so my overall thing is don't + + + align:start position:0% +so my overall thing is don't +um go go find the group find the people + + align:start position:0% +um go go find the group find the people + + + align:start position:0% +um go go find the group find the people +who are doing the work that excites you + + align:start position:0% +who are doing the work that excites you + + + align:start position:0% +who are doing the work that excites you +find the organizations whose work aligns + + align:start position:0% +find the organizations whose work aligns + + + align:start position:0% +find the organizations whose work aligns +with your values your interests and what + + align:start position:0% +with your values your interests and what + + + align:start position:0% +with your values your interests and what +brings you Joy and join them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +couldn't agree more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh yeah anything else Happening Here uh + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah anything else Happening Here uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah anything else Happening Here uh +I'm sure so yeah so professional + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure so yeah so professional + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sure so yeah so professional +Community groups were to collaborate + + align:start position:0% +Community groups were to collaborate + + + align:start position:0% +Community groups were to collaborate +um I think I think I mean I don't know + + align:start position:0% +um I think I think I mean I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +um I think I think I mean I don't know +of any it you know every profession kind + + align:start position:0% +of any it you know every profession kind + + + align:start position:0% +of any it you know every profession kind +of has their their own and I think you + + align:start position:0% +of has their their own and I think you + + + align:start position:0% +of has their their own and I think you +can often find groups um you know see + + align:start position:0% +can often find groups um you know see + + + align:start position:0% +can often find groups um you know see +for example if there's a conference + + align:start position:0% +for example if there's a conference + + + align:start position:0% +for example if there's a conference +within your professional realm see who's + + align:start position:0% +within your professional realm see who's + + + align:start position:0% +within your professional realm see who's +presenting at that conference on the + + align:start position:0% +presenting at that conference on the + + + align:start position:0% +presenting at that conference on the +inter intersection of climate and + + align:start position:0% +inter intersection of climate and + + + align:start position:0% +inter intersection of climate and +sustainability issues with that area see + + align:start position:0% +sustainability issues with that area see + + + align:start position:0% +sustainability issues with that area see +who that see who that is talk to them + + align:start position:0% +who that see who that is talk to them + + + align:start position:0% +who that see who that is talk to them +um see what work is being done and and + + align:start position:0% +um see what work is being done and and + + + align:start position:0% +um see what work is being done and and +kind of follow up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see Jorge's got an interesting question + + align:start position:0% +see Jorge's got an interesting question + + + align:start position:0% +see Jorge's got an interesting question +about um + + align:start position:0% +about um + + + align:start position:0% +about um +what are some some challenges that MIT + + align:start position:0% +what are some some challenges that MIT + + + align:start position:0% +what are some some challenges that MIT +might be putting out in the world I + + align:start position:0% +might be putting out in the world I + + + align:start position:0% +might be putting out in the world I +think that's what you're asking you know + + align:start position:0% +think that's what you're asking you know + + + align:start position:0% +think that's what you're asking you know +to draw more entrepreneurs in to help + + align:start position:0% +to draw more entrepreneurs in to help + + + align:start position:0% +to draw more entrepreneurs in to help +out + + align:start position:0% +out + + + align:start position:0% +out +um I'll hold up a program that MIT host + + align:start position:0% +um I'll hold up a program that MIT host + + + align:start position:0% +um I'll hold up a program that MIT host +called solve + + align:start position:0% +called solve + + + align:start position:0% +called solve +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +uh is is continually running and + + align:start position:0% +uh is is continually running and + + + align:start position:0% +uh is is continually running and +refreshing + + align:start position:0% +refreshing + + + align:start position:0% +refreshing +um challenges that are put out to people + + align:start position:0% +um challenges that are put out to people + + + align:start position:0% +um challenges that are put out to people +around you know a small number of the + + align:start position:0% +around you know a small number of the + + + align:start position:0% +around you know a small number of the +big challenges out in the world and + + align:start position:0% +big challenges out in the world and + + + align:start position:0% +big challenges out in the world and +there's often a current threat running + + align:start position:0% +there's often a current threat running + + + align:start position:0% +there's often a current threat running +about something to do with climate + + align:start position:0% +about something to do with climate + + + align:start position:0% +about something to do with climate +change and sustainability uh I'm not + + align:start position:0% +change and sustainability uh I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +change and sustainability uh I'm not +familiar with exactly what solve is + + align:start position:0% +familiar with exactly what solve is + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with exactly what solve is +doing right now but that's a that's one + + align:start position:0% +doing right now but that's a that's one + + + align:start position:0% +doing right now but that's a that's one +place to work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um yeah any anybody know other things I + + align:start position:0% +um yeah any anybody know other things I + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah any anybody know other things I +could also just mention that solve + + align:start position:0% +could also just mention that solve + + + align:start position:0% +could also just mention that solve +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and this is more generally speaking they + + align:start position:0% +and this is more generally speaking they + + + align:start position:0% +and this is more generally speaking they +do have an edx course called business + + align:start position:0% +do have an edx course called business + + + align:start position:0% +do have an edx course called business +and impact planning for social + + align:start position:0% +and impact planning for social + + + align:start position:0% +and impact planning for social +Enterprises + + align:start position:0% +Enterprises + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprises +um it has already run this year they + + align:start position:0% +um it has already run this year they + + + align:start position:0% +um it has already run this year they +tend to run it again but I would keep an + + align:start position:0% +tend to run it again but I would keep an + + + align:start position:0% +tend to run it again but I would keep an +eye out for that if you were interested + + align:start position:0% +eye out for that if you were interested + + + align:start position:0% +eye out for that if you were interested +because that actually it's a whole + + align:start position:0% +because that actually it's a whole + + + align:start position:0% +because that actually it's a whole +program and part of it is making a + + align:start position:0% +program and part of it is making a + + + align:start position:0% +program and part of it is making a +business plan and all of that so if + + align:start position:0% +business plan and all of that so if + + + align:start position:0% +business plan and all of that so if +you're if you're a little new to + + align:start position:0% +you're if you're a little new to + + + align:start position:0% +you're if you're a little new to +entrepreneurship or things like that you + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship or things like that you + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurship or things like that you +could actually take the course and it + + align:start position:0% +could actually take the course and it + + + align:start position:0% +could actually take the course and it +helps prepare you to participate in + + align:start position:0% +helps prepare you to participate in + + + align:start position:0% +helps prepare you to participate in +solve but you don't have to so it really + + align:start position:0% +solve but you don't have to so it really + + + align:start position:0% +solve but you don't have to so it really +does it does do a lot of um building up + + align:start position:0% +does it does do a lot of um building up + + + align:start position:0% +does it does do a lot of um building up +of just like how do you make plans and + + align:start position:0% +of just like how do you make plans and + + + align:start position:0% +of just like how do you make plans and +how do you engage yeah + + align:start position:0% +how do you engage yeah + + + align:start position:0% +how do you engage yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +good + + align:start position:0% +good + + + align:start position:0% +good +I think we're we're drawing close to the + + align:start position:0% +I think we're we're drawing close to the + + + align:start position:0% +I think we're we're drawing close to the +end of the hour here + + align:start position:0% +end of the hour here + + + align:start position:0% +end of the hour here +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +say maybe take one more question yeah I + + align:start position:0% +say maybe take one more question yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +say maybe take one more question yeah I +think you could probably you know answer + + align:start position:0% +think you could probably you know answer + + + align:start position:0% +think you could probably you know answer +that in a minute or two Kurt go ahead go + + align:start position:0% +that in a minute or two Kurt go ahead go + + + align:start position:0% +that in a minute or two Kurt go ahead go +for it + + align:start position:0% +for it + + + align:start position:0% +for it +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +find problem + + align:start position:0% +find problem + + + align:start position:0% +find problem +yeah we got that done installment solve + + align:start position:0% +yeah we got that done installment solve + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we got that done installment solve +it right now yeah I will I will share + + align:start position:0% +it right now yeah I will I will share + + + align:start position:0% +it right now yeah I will I will share +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +similar to the to the question about + + align:start position:0% +similar to the to the question about + + + align:start position:0% +similar to the to the question about +individual actions + + align:start position:0% +individual actions + + + align:start position:0% +individual actions +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +it's really important to try to keep you + + align:start position:0% +it's really important to try to keep you + + + align:start position:0% +it's really important to try to keep you +know a kind of a bigger picture framing + + align:start position:0% +know a kind of a bigger picture framing + + + align:start position:0% +know a kind of a bigger picture framing +here and that so often the challenge + + align:start position:0% +here and that so often the challenge + + + align:start position:0% +here and that so often the challenge +around the finances of climate is how + + align:start position:0% +around the finances of climate is how + + + align:start position:0% +around the finances of climate is how +can we afford to spend this money + + align:start position:0% +can we afford to spend this money + + + align:start position:0% +can we afford to spend this money +when in reality the question we should + + align:start position:0% +when in reality the question we should + + + align:start position:0% +when in reality the question we should +be asking is given the damages + + align:start position:0% +be asking is given the damages + + + align:start position:0% +be asking is given the damages +that not taking action + + align:start position:0% +that not taking action + + + align:start position:0% +that not taking action +are confronting us with how could we + + align:start position:0% +are confronting us with how could we + + + align:start position:0% +are confronting us with how could we +afford not to do it + + align:start position:0% +afford not to do it + + + align:start position:0% +afford not to do it +how could we afford to not take this + + align:start position:0% +how could we afford to not take this + + + align:start position:0% +how could we afford to not take this +action and it goes Way Beyond just the + + align:start position:0% +action and it goes Way Beyond just the + + + align:start position:0% +action and it goes Way Beyond just the +financial too + + align:start position:0% +financial too + + + align:start position:0% +financial too +um but um starting from there then you + + align:start position:0% +um but um starting from there then you + + + align:start position:0% +um but um starting from there then you +can get into you know for a given policy + + align:start position:0% +can get into you know for a given policy + + + align:start position:0% +can get into you know for a given policy +for instance here in the state of + + align:start position:0% +for instance here in the state of + + + align:start position:0% +for instance here in the state of +Massachusetts we have a um a big + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts we have a um a big + + + align:start position:0% +Massachusetts we have a um a big +challenge ahead of us about how to + + align:start position:0% +challenge ahead of us about how to + + + align:start position:0% +challenge ahead of us about how to +um make our very old housing stock which + + align:start position:0% +um make our very old housing stock which + + + align:start position:0% +um make our very old housing stock which +tends to be heated by fossil fuels more + + align:start position:0% +tends to be heated by fossil fuels more + + + align:start position:0% +tends to be heated by fossil fuels more +efficient what's the most efficient way + + align:start position:0% +efficient what's the most efficient way + + + align:start position:0% +efficient what's the most efficient way +to go about that reasonable people will + + align:start position:0% +to go about that reasonable people will + + + align:start position:0% +to go about that reasonable people will +disagree + + align:start position:0% +disagree + + + align:start position:0% +disagree +thankfully + + align:start position:0% +thankfully + + + align:start position:0% +thankfully +um but you can get into that once you've + + align:start position:0% +um but you can get into that once you've + + + align:start position:0% +um but you can get into that once you've +got that Baseline commitment that we + + align:start position:0% +got that Baseline commitment that we + + + align:start position:0% +got that Baseline commitment that we +can't afford not to take this action and + + align:start position:0% +can't afford not to take this action and + + + align:start position:0% +can't afford not to take this action and +also we can't afford to not be thinking + + align:start position:0% +also we can't afford to not be thinking + + + align:start position:0% +also we can't afford to not be thinking +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +um the sort of unequal + + align:start position:0% +um the sort of unequal + + + align:start position:0% +um the sort of unequal +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +unequal Harms that are put out in the + + align:start position:0% +unequal Harms that are put out in the + + + align:start position:0% +unequal Harms that are put out in the +world around this as well so + + align:start position:0% +world around this as well so + + + align:start position:0% +world around this as well so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +keep an eye on what's going on at the uh + + align:start position:0% +keep an eye on what's going on at the uh + + + align:start position:0% +keep an eye on what's going on at the uh +the upcoming United Nations cop where + + align:start position:0% +the upcoming United Nations cop where + + + align:start position:0% +the upcoming United Nations cop where +this concept of loss and damage uh will + + align:start position:0% +this concept of loss and damage uh will + + + align:start position:0% +this concept of loss and damage uh will +be Central in some of the financial + + align:start position:0% +be Central in some of the financial + + + align:start position:0% +be Central in some of the financial +underpinnings of taking action will be + + align:start position:0% +underpinnings of taking action will be + + + align:start position:0% +underpinnings of taking action will be +Central as well + + align:start position:0% +Central as well + + + align:start position:0% +Central as well +yeah great question at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +yeah great question at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah great question at the end of the +day we live in a + + align:start position:0% +day we live in a + + + align:start position:0% +day we live in a +economy driven world uh that's a place + + align:start position:0% +economy driven world uh that's a place + + + align:start position:0% +economy driven world uh that's a place +where we should all be able to engage + + align:start position:0% +where we should all be able to engage + + + align:start position:0% +where we should all be able to engage +hopefully some of the resources you can + + align:start position:0% +hopefully some of the resources you can + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully some of the resources you can +find at MIT among these resources will + + align:start position:0% +find at MIT among these resources will + + + align:start position:0% +find at MIT among these resources will +help help you plot a course so with that + + align:start position:0% +help help you plot a course so with that + + + align:start position:0% +help help you plot a course so with that +uh thank you Sylvia thank you Dana it's + + align:start position:0% +uh thank you Sylvia thank you Dana it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh thank you Sylvia thank you Dana it's +been really fun to do this and so glad + + align:start position:0% +been really fun to do this and so glad + + + align:start position:0% +been really fun to do this and so glad +you could join us + + align:start position:0% +you could join us + + + align:start position:0% +you could join us +uh and stay tuned uh thanks for your + + align:start position:0% +uh and stay tuned uh thanks for your + + + align:start position:0% +uh and stay tuned uh thanks for your +questions uh we will be continuing to + + align:start position:0% +questions uh we will be continuing to + + + align:start position:0% +questions uh we will be continuing to +work this space + + align:start position:0% +work this space + + + align:start position:0% +work this space +thank you everybody all right thanks so + + align:start position:0% +thank you everybody all right thanks so + + + align:start position:0% +thank you everybody all right thanks so +much everybody \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/XUM4lLbG5UY.txt b/XUM4lLbG5UY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c7f91a1457592f85e1de66818372b389e27433e --- /dev/null +++ b/XUM4lLbG5UY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +OpenCourseWare is based on a + +simple but revolutionary idea. + +That MIT can advance it's +mission by sharing nearly + +all of it's course content +online, for free. + +Early 2000 was still the heyday + +of the dotcom era. + +MIT was trying to figure out +what MIT should do + +in this e-learning space. + +It was before YouTube. + +It was before Facebook. + +It was before the web had +completely taken hold. + +What we're going to do is + +we're going take all of the +materials we use in our +classrooms + +And we're going to put them +on the web. + +When OCW was first launched, + +the focus was on opening +to the world what we teach. + +For an education institution +like MIT, + +we have 11,000 students. + +To reach 200 million people +is really an amazing feat. + +Every year, I have 60 to +70 bright new faces + +Through OCW, that number +is not 60 or 70 + +but its thousands or even +millions + +OCW was the pioneer here + +of being really a +sharing kind of culture + +Because we wanted to show +students outside of MIT + +what kind of place this is and +what kind of students come here + +Educating engineers so they can +build more bridges + +Educating musicians so we can +make better musicians. + +Educating philosophers who can +think about the world around us + +What does it mean to learn something +at the most fundamental level? + +It makes everybody better. It creates +a community of self-learners. + +It gives access to materials. + +The promise of OpenCourseWare + +really comes down to who +you are + +And what you're trying to +achieve. + +You don't have to register +for anything; + +You just go there and you +can pull out the materials. + +No one is watching you really. + +You can explore whatever you +want to learn + +whenever you want to. + +OCW laid the foundation + +and it remains integral +to the MIT mission + +To advance knowledge and +educate students + +in service to the nation +and the world. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/XbiEUwVQqVM.txt b/XbiEUwVQqVM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..999543c3d507ffbbe74061532529bfc75e5c3e06 --- /dev/null +++ b/XbiEUwVQqVM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1899 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome back so in this session we're + + align:start position:0% +welcome back so in this session we're + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back so in this session we're +going to cover homogeneous constant + + align:start position:0% +going to cover homogeneous constant + + + align:start position:0% +going to cover homogeneous constant +coefficient equations for any Roots so + + align:start position:0% +coefficient equations for any Roots so + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient equations for any Roots so +we're told to assume that Z of T is + + align:start position:0% +we're told to assume that Z of T is + + + align:start position:0% +we're told to assume that Z of T is +equal to exponential minus 3T * cosine + + align:start position:0% +equal to exponential minus 3T * cosine + + + align:start position:0% +equal to exponential minus 3T * cosine +plus I of sin T and to assume that this + + align:start position:0% +plus I of sin T and to assume that this + + + align:start position:0% +plus I of sin T and to assume that this +complex number is the solution to this + + align:start position:0% +complex number is the solution to this + + + align:start position:0% +complex number is the solution to this +differential equation which is second + + align:start position:0% +differential equation which is second + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation which is second +order with constant coefficients M B and + + align:start position:0% +order with constant coefficients M B and + + + align:start position:0% +order with constant coefficients M B and +K which are real + + align:start position:0% +K which are real + + + align:start position:0% +K which are real +and to from this assumption give two + + align:start position:0% +and to from this assumption give two + + + align:start position:0% +and to from this assumption give two +real solutions to this equation in the + + align:start position:0% +real solutions to this equation in the + + + align:start position:0% +real solutions to this equation in the +second part we're asked to find a + + align:start position:0% +second part we're asked to find a + + + align:start position:0% +second part we're asked to find a +general solution for this other + + align:start position:0% +general solution for this other + + + align:start position:0% +general solution for this other +differential equation which is the same + + align:start position:0% +differential equation which is the same + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation which is the same +form as that seen in part A with now + + align:start position:0% +form as that seen in part A with now + + + align:start position:0% +form as that seen in part A with now +real values for bals to 6 m equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +real values for bals to 6 m equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +real values for bals to 6 m equal to 1 +and k equal to + + align:start position:0% +and k equal to + + + align:start position:0% +and k equal to +10 and then we're asked if this system + + align:start position:0% +10 and then we're asked if this system + + + align:start position:0% +10 and then we're asked if this system +that would be captured by this + + align:start position:0% +that would be captured by this + + + align:start position:0% +that would be captured by this +differential equation is overdamped or + + align:start position:0% +differential equation is overdamped or + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation is overdamped or +underdamped in the last part we switch + + align:start position:0% +underdamped in the last part we switch + + + align:start position:0% +underdamped in the last part we switch +gear and we're given a series of roots + + align:start position:0% +gear and we're given a series of roots + + + align:start position:0% +gear and we're given a series of roots +eight roots to an eighth degree + + align:start position:0% +eight roots to an eighth degree + + + align:start position:0% +eight roots to an eighth degree +polinomial and we're asked to write down + + align:start position:0% +polinomial and we're asked to write down + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial and we're asked to write down +the general solution for that polinomial + + align:start position:0% +the general solution for that polinomial + + + align:start position:0% +the general solution for that polinomial +note that here we have repeated Roots + + align:start position:0% +note that here we have repeated Roots + + + align:start position:0% +note that here we have repeated Roots +which is basically where the trick is so + + align:start position:0% +which is basically where the trick is so + + + align:start position:0% +which is basically where the trick is so +why don't you take a few minutes and + + align:start position:0% +why don't you take a few minutes and + + + align:start position:0% +why don't you take a few minutes and +we'll come back to solve these problems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +welcome back so for the first + + align:start position:0% +welcome back so for the first + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back so for the first +part we're given a complex number + + align:start position:0% +part we're given a complex number + + + align:start position:0% +part we're given a complex number +clearly split + + align:start position:0% +clearly split + + + align:start position:0% +clearly split +into its real part and its imaginary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +part so this is imaginary part of + + align:start position:0% +part so this is imaginary part of + + + align:start position:0% +part so this is imaginary part of +Z and this is the real part of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z Now the the differential equation that + + align:start position:0% +Z Now the the differential equation that + + + align:start position:0% +Z Now the the differential equation that +we are given is constant + + align:start position:0% +we are given is constant + + + align:start position:0% +we are given is constant +value differential equation of second + + align:start position:0% +value differential equation of second + + + align:start position:0% +value differential equation of second +order linear and homogeneous so there is + + align:start position:0% +order linear and homogeneous so there is + + + align:start position:0% +order linear and homogeneous so there is +no right hand side so clearly you can + + align:start position:0% +no right hand side so clearly you can + + + align:start position:0% +no right hand side so clearly you can +see that if a complex number that can be + + align:start position:0% +see that if a complex number that can be + + + align:start position:0% +see that if a complex number that can be +written as real part plus I imaginary + + align:start position:0% +written as real part plus I imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +written as real part plus I imaginary +part is solution to this equation then + + align:start position:0% +part is solution to this equation then + + + align:start position:0% +part is solution to this equation then +both sides independently are also + + align:start position:0% +both sides independently are also + + + align:start position:0% +both sides independently are also +solutions to this equation so by by + + align:start position:0% +solutions to this equation so by by + + + align:start position:0% +solutions to this equation so by by +giving us this complex number we are + + align:start position:0% +giving us this complex number we are + + + align:start position:0% +giving us this complex number we are +actually given two type of solutions + + align:start position:0% +actually given two type of solutions + + + align:start position:0% +actually given two type of solutions +that we can then write down as two + + align:start position:0% +that we can then write down as two + + + align:start position:0% +that we can then write down as two +linearly independent Solutions so the + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent Solutions so the + + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent Solutions so the +general solution to this differential + + align:start position:0% +general solution to this differential + + + align:start position:0% +general solution to this differential +equation can then be written in the form + + align:start position:0% +equation can then be written in the form + + + align:start position:0% +equation can then be written in the form +of one constant coefficient that is + + align:start position:0% +of one constant coefficient that is + + + align:start position:0% +of one constant coefficient that is +undetermined minus + + align:start position:0% +undetermined minus + + + align:start position:0% +undetermined minus +3T cos + + align:start position:0% +3T cos + + + align:start position:0% +3T cos +t plus another constant + + align:start position:0% +t plus another constant + + + align:start position:0% +t plus another constant +coefficient minus + + align:start position:0% +coefficient minus + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient minus +3T s of T where basically basically + + align:start position:0% +3T s of T where basically basically + + + align:start position:0% +3T s of T where basically basically +we're introducing a linear combination + + align:start position:0% +we're introducing a linear combination + + + align:start position:0% +we're introducing a linear combination +of two linearly independent solutions + + align:start position:0% +of two linearly independent solutions + + + align:start position:0% +of two linearly independent solutions +that were just taken from the original + + align:start position:0% +that were just taken from the original + + + align:start position:0% +that were just taken from the original +complex number we were + + align:start position:0% +complex number we were + + + align:start position:0% +complex number we were +given so for the second part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we are asked to find a general + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solution for d o we'll just rewrite here + + align:start position:0% +solution for d o we'll just rewrite here + + + align:start position:0% +solution for d o we'll just rewrite here +for now so again constant coefficient + + align:start position:0% +for now so again constant coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +for now so again constant coefficient +homogeneous equation and we're just has + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation and we're just has + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous equation and we're just has +to find a general solution so we learned + + align:start position:0% +to find a general solution so we learned + + + align:start position:0% +to find a general solution so we learned +from the class notes that we can use the + + align:start position:0% +from the class notes that we can use the + + + align:start position:0% +from the class notes that we can use the +characteristic polinomial method to + + align:start position:0% +characteristic polinomial method to + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic polinomial method to +solve this equation and the + + align:start position:0% +solve this equation and the + + + align:start position:0% +solve this equation and the +characteristic + + align:start position:0% +characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic +polinomial here will have this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form and basically we just need to find + + align:start position:0% +form and basically we just need to find + + + align:start position:0% +form and basically we just need to find +the roots of this characteristic + + align:start position:0% +the roots of this characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +the roots of this characteristic +polinomial to be able then to express + + align:start position:0% +polinomial to be able then to express + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial to be able then to express +the solutions of this homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +the solutions of this homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +the solutions of this homogeneous +constant coefficient equation in terms + + align:start position:0% +constant coefficient equation in terms + + + align:start position:0% +constant coefficient equation in terms +of terms of function exponential to + + align:start position:0% +of terms of function exponential to + + + align:start position:0% +of terms of function exponential to +whatever Roots we will find okay so I + + align:start position:0% +whatever Roots we will find okay so I + + + align:start position:0% +whatever Roots we will find okay so I +just want to write down the discriminant + + align:start position:0% +just want to write down the discriminant + + + align:start position:0% +just want to write down the discriminant +of this of this polinomial so uh what do + + align:start position:0% +of this of this polinomial so uh what do + + + align:start position:0% +of this of this polinomial so uh what do +we have here what what was the question + + align:start position:0% +we have here what what was the question + + + align:start position:0% +we have here what what was the question +again find the general solution yeah so + + align:start position:0% +again find the general solution yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +again find the general solution yeah so +we're asked then to just find the + + align:start position:0% +we're asked then to just find the + + + align:start position:0% +we're asked then to just find the +discriminant for this equation so b^ + + align:start position:0% +discriminant for this equation so b^ + + + align:start position:0% +discriminant for this equation so b^ +s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +minus 4 T is basically minus four so we + + align:start position:0% +minus 4 T is basically minus four so we + + + align:start position:0% +minus 4 T is basically minus four so we +have a discriminant + + align:start position:0% +have a discriminant + + + align:start position:0% +have a discriminant +that is + + align:start position:0% +that is + + + align:start position:0% +that is +negative okay and the + + align:start position:0% +negative okay and the + + + align:start position:0% +negative okay and the +roots for our + + align:start position:0% +roots for our + + + align:start position:0% +roots for our +polinomial here is just going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +root absolute value of the of the + + align:start position:0% +root absolute value of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +root absolute value of the of the +discriminant with the exponen with the + + align:start position:0% +discriminant with the exponen with the + + + align:start position:0% +discriminant with the exponen with the +complex uh number I out because we had a + + align:start position:0% +complex uh number I out because we had a + + + align:start position:0% +complex uh number I out because we had a +negative discriminant so this this uh + + align:start position:0% +negative discriminant so this this uh + + + align:start position:0% +negative discriminant so this this uh +couple of solution Plus or + + align:start position:0% +couple of solution Plus or + + + align:start position:0% +couple of solution Plus or +tells us that we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +tells us that we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +tells us that we're going to have +oscillations as solutions for this + + align:start position:0% +oscillations as solutions for this + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations as solutions for this +differential equation and that it's also + + align:start position:0% +differential equation and that it's also + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation and that it's also +going to be actually D oscillations + + align:start position:0% +going to be actually D oscillations + + + align:start position:0% +going to be actually D oscillations +because we have a first the real part of + + align:start position:0% +because we have a first the real part of + + + align:start position:0% +because we have a first the real part of +the number being negative so let me just + + align:start position:0% +the number being negative so let me just + + + align:start position:0% +the number being negative so let me just +write down the the the the solution uh + + align:start position:0% +write down the the the the solution uh + + + align:start position:0% +write down the the the the solution uh +the pair of solution that we would + + align:start position:0% +the pair of solution that we would + + + align:start position:0% +the pair of solution that we would +have we would + + align:start position:0% +have we would + + + align:start position:0% +have we would +have this that comes out of the real + + align:start position:0% +have this that comes out of the real + + + align:start position:0% +have this that comes out of the real +part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cosine root of of four is just two and + + align:start position:0% +cosine root of of four is just two and + + + align:start position:0% +cosine root of of four is just two and +so we + + align:start position:0% +so we + + + align:start position:0% +so we +have cosine T that's + + align:start position:0% +have cosine T that's + + + align:start position:0% +have cosine T that's +one 6 over two of course just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep so here I switch directly to writing + + align:start position:0% +yep so here I switch directly to writing + + + align:start position:0% +yep so here I switch directly to writing +down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in cosine and s in the in the forms but + + align:start position:0% +in cosine and s in the in the forms but + + + align:start position:0% +in cosine and s in the in the forms but +we could also have kept it in the + + align:start position:0% +we could also have kept it in the + + + align:start position:0% +we could also have kept it in the +complex form if we were solving the + + align:start position:0% +complex form if we were solving the + + + align:start position:0% +complex form if we were solving the +equation in complex space and then we + + align:start position:0% +equation in complex space and then we + + + align:start position:0% +equation in complex space and then we +would just have complex exponentials + + align:start position:0% +would just have complex exponentials + + + align:start position:0% +would just have complex exponentials +here with the frequencies Omega angular + + align:start position:0% +here with the frequencies Omega angular + + + align:start position:0% +here with the frequencies Omega angular +frequency one so this is the homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +frequency one so this is the homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +frequency one so this is the homogeneous +equation the + + align:start position:0% +equation the + + + align:start position:0% +equation the +homogeneous solution for this + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous solution for this + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous solution for this +homogeneous constant coefficient + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous constant coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous constant coefficient +differential equations but what do we + + align:start position:0% +differential equations but what do we + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations but what do we +see we can see that it's exactly the + + align:start position:0% +see we can see that it's exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +see we can see that it's exactly the +same form that the solution that we had + + align:start position:0% +same form that the solution that we had + + + align:start position:0% +same form that the solution that we had +previously right and so the question + + align:start position:0% +previously right and so the question + + + align:start position:0% +previously right and so the question +here is this oscillator over damped or + + align:start position:0% +here is this oscillator over damped or + + + align:start position:0% +here is this oscillator over damped or +under + + align:start position:0% +under + + + align:start position:0% +under +damped and as we see here we're going to + + align:start position:0% +damped and as we see here we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +damped and as we see here we're going to +have oscillations that are damped by Co + + align:start position:0% +have oscillations that are damped by Co + + + align:start position:0% +have oscillations that are damped by Co +by prefactor of decaying exponential + + align:start position:0% +by prefactor of decaying exponential + + + align:start position:0% +by prefactor of decaying exponential +minus 3T for both cases so this is + + align:start position:0% +minus 3T for both cases so this is + + + align:start position:0% +minus 3T for both cases so this is +decaying so there is differently damping + + align:start position:0% +decaying so there is differently damping + + + align:start position:0% +decaying so there is differently damping +and we can see that here because we had + + align:start position:0% +and we can see that here because we had + + + align:start position:0% +and we can see that here because we had +a positive value for B which is the + + align:start position:0% +a positive value for B which is the + + + align:start position:0% +a positive value for B which is the +damping term in the in the oscillator + + align:start position:0% +damping term in the in the oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +damping term in the in the oscillator +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +but there is there are still + + align:start position:0% +but there is there are still + + + align:start position:0% +but there is there are still +oscillations because we had a + + align:start position:0% +oscillations because we had a + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations because we had a +discriminant that was negative which + + align:start position:0% +discriminant that was negative which + + + align:start position:0% +discriminant that was negative which +introduces complex numbers hence cosines + + align:start position:0% +introduces complex numbers hence cosines + + + align:start position:0% +introduces complex numbers hence cosines +and signs so basically oscillations + + align:start position:0% +and signs so basically oscillations + + + align:start position:0% +and signs so basically oscillations +therefore we are in the case of an + + align:start position:0% +therefore we are in the case of an + + + align:start position:0% +therefore we are in the case of an +underdamped response uh under damped + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system discriminant was negative + + align:start position:0% +system discriminant was negative + + + align:start position:0% +system discriminant was negative +so for the last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +part of this problem we now leave this + + align:start position:0% +part of this problem we now leave this + + + align:start position:0% +part of this problem we now leave this +differential equation which was second + + align:start position:0% +differential equation which was second + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation which was second +order and move to higher order + + align:start position:0% +order and move to higher order + + + align:start position:0% +order and move to higher order +differential equations of eighth order + + align:start position:0% +differential equations of eighth order + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations of eighth order +and we're + + align:start position:0% +and we're + + + align:start position:0% +and we're +given eight + + align:start position:0% +given eight + + + align:start position:0% +given eight +Roots + + align:start position:0% +Roots + + + align:start position:0% +Roots +4 5 I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have the root three which is real + + align:start position:0% +we have the root three which is real + + + align:start position:0% +we have the root three which is real +which is repeated three times and root 4 + + align:start position:0% +which is repeated three times and root 4 + + + align:start position:0% +which is repeated three times and root 4 +plus or minus 5 I which is repeated two + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus 5 I which is repeated two + + + align:start position:0% +plus or minus 5 I which is repeated two +times so we saw before then when we have + + align:start position:0% +times so we saw before then when we have + + + align:start position:0% +times so we saw before then when we have +repeated roots that means that we would + + align:start position:0% +repeated roots that means that we would + + + align:start position:0% +repeated roots that means that we would +have let's say in a a second order + + align:start position:0% +have let's say in a a second order + + + align:start position:0% +have let's say in a a second order +differential equation we would have in + + align:start position:0% +differential equation we would have in + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation we would have in +this case a discriminant that would be + + align:start position:0% +this case a discriminant that would be + + + align:start position:0% +this case a discriminant that would be +equal to zero and we would need to + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero and we would need to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero and we would need to +introduce a different type of solutions + + align:start position:0% +introduce a different type of solutions + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a different type of solutions +because instead of introduce an + + align:start position:0% +because instead of introduce an + + + align:start position:0% +because instead of introduce an +exponential of plus RT exponential minus + + align:start position:0% +exponential of plus RT exponential minus + + + align:start position:0% +exponential of plus RT exponential minus +RT now we don't have the minus RT so we + + align:start position:0% +RT now we don't have the minus RT so we + + + align:start position:0% +RT now we don't have the minus RT so we +need to seek another type solution and + + align:start position:0% +need to seek another type solution and + + + align:start position:0% +need to seek another type solution and +we multiply the exponential by T so one + + align:start position:0% +we multiply the exponential by T so one + + + align:start position:0% +we multiply the exponential by T so one +type of solution for this unique root + + align:start position:0% +type of solution for this unique root + + + align:start position:0% +type of solution for this unique root +that would come out would be just 2T for + + align:start position:0% +that would come out would be just 2T for + + + align:start position:0% +that would come out would be just 2T for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +first of the tripled root it would be a + + align:start position:0% +first of the tripled root it would be a + + + align:start position:0% +first of the tripled root it would be a +3T for the second one we would have a + + align:start position:0% +3T for the second one we would have a + + + align:start position:0% +3T for the second one we would have a +t3t for the third one we need to go + + align:start position:0% +t3t for the third one we need to go + + + align:start position:0% +t3t for the third one we need to go +higher + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +order 3T now we have complex Roots so + + align:start position:0% +order 3T now we have complex Roots so + + + align:start position:0% +order 3T now we have complex Roots so +that gives us Solutions of the same form + + align:start position:0% +that gives us Solutions of the same form + + + align:start position:0% +that gives us Solutions of the same form +form that we found in questions A and B + + align:start position:0% +form that we found in questions A and B + + + align:start position:0% +form that we found in questions A and B +so I'm going going just write down + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going going just write down + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm going going just write down +here where now we have + + align:start position:0% +here where now we have + + + align:start position:0% +here where now we have +e + + align:start position:0% +e + + + align:start position:0% +e +4T cine + + align:start position:0% +4T cine + + + align:start position:0% +4T cine +5T plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e4t sin + + align:start position:0% +e4t sin + + + align:start position:0% +e4t sin +5T and for the repeated root is the same + + align:start position:0% +5T and for the repeated root is the same + + + align:start position:0% +5T and for the repeated root is the same +game even though we're in complex roots + + align:start position:0% +game even though we're in complex roots + + + align:start position:0% +game even though we're in complex roots +to the same idea we need to multiply all + + align:start position:0% +to the same idea we need to multiply all + + + align:start position:0% +to the same idea we need to multiply all +of it by T + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these are the families of linearly + + align:start position:0% +so these are the families of linearly + + + align:start position:0% +so these are the families of linearly +independent roots that would come out + + align:start position:0% +independent roots that would come out + + + align:start position:0% +independent roots that would come out +linear independent solutions that would + + align:start position:0% +linear independent solutions that would + + + align:start position:0% +linear independent solutions that would +come out of these roots so now the + + align:start position:0% +come out of these roots so now the + + + align:start position:0% +come out of these roots so now the +general solution is simply the linear + + align:start position:0% +general solution is simply the linear + + + align:start position:0% +general solution is simply the linear +combination of all these linearly + + align:start position:0% +combination of all these linearly + + + align:start position:0% +combination of all these linearly +independent + + align:start position:0% +independent + + + align:start position:0% +independent +functions so we will introduce different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constants + + align:start position:0% +constants + + + align:start position:0% +constants +C5 + + align:start position:0% +C5 + + + align:start position:0% +C5 +C6 + + align:start position:0% +C6 + + + align:start position:0% +C6 +C7 and C8 and we have eight in + + align:start position:0% +C7 and C8 and we have eight in + + + align:start position:0% +C7 and C8 and we have eight in +determined coefficient to to uh to deal + + align:start position:0% +determined coefficient to to uh to deal + + + align:start position:0% +determined coefficient to to uh to deal +with because these would be eight roots + + align:start position:0% +with because these would be eight roots + + + align:start position:0% +with because these would be eight roots +of an eighth order polinomial and so if + + align:start position:0% +of an eighth order polinomial and so if + + + align:start position:0% +of an eighth order polinomial and so if +we were to solve an initial value + + align:start position:0% +we were to solve an initial value + + + align:start position:0% +we were to solve an initial value +problem like that we would need eight + + align:start position:0% +problem like that we would need eight + + + align:start position:0% +problem like that we would need eight +different types of initial conditions to + + align:start position:0% +different types of initial conditions to + + + align:start position:0% +different types of initial conditions to +determine the values of these constants + + align:start position:0% +determine the values of these constants + + + align:start position:0% +determine the values of these constants +so to summarize we use the + + align:start position:0% +so to summarize we use the + + + align:start position:0% +so to summarize we use the +characteristic polinomial method to + + align:start position:0% +characteristic polinomial method to + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic polinomial method to +solve these these problems introducing + + align:start position:0% +solve these these problems introducing + + + align:start position:0% +solve these these problems introducing +um higher order equations than the first + + align:start position:0% +um higher order equations than the first + + + align:start position:0% +um higher order equations than the first +order uh differential equations we saw + + align:start position:0% +order uh differential equations we saw + + + align:start position:0% +order uh differential equations we saw +before and what is important to remember + + align:start position:0% +before and what is important to remember + + + align:start position:0% +before and what is important to remember +is the the different type of solutions + + align:start position:0% +is the the different type of solutions + + + align:start position:0% +is the the different type of solutions +that you get depending on the roots of + + align:start position:0% +that you get depending on the roots of + + + align:start position:0% +that you get depending on the roots of +the characteristic polinomial and the + + align:start position:0% +the characteristic polinomial and the + + + align:start position:0% +the characteristic polinomial and the +sign of the discriminant so whether the + + align:start position:0% +sign of the discriminant so whether the + + + align:start position:0% +sign of the discriminant so whether the +roots are real or purely imaginary or + + align:start position:0% +roots are real or purely imaginary or + + + align:start position:0% +roots are real or purely imaginary or +imaginary number will give three types + + align:start position:0% +imaginary number will give three types + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary number will give three types +of the behavior the critically damped + + align:start position:0% +of the behavior the critically damped + + + align:start position:0% +of the behavior the critically damped +Behavior if it's real then it's going to + + align:start position:0% +Behavior if it's real then it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior if it's real then it's going to +be just over damped behavior and if the + + align:start position:0% +be just over damped behavior and if the + + + align:start position:0% +be just over damped behavior and if the +roots are complex then it would be an + + align:start position:0% +roots are complex then it would be an + + + align:start position:0% +roots are complex then it would be an +under Dam Behavior now when we are given + + align:start position:0% +under Dam Behavior now when we are given + + + align:start position:0% +under Dam Behavior now when we are given +different type of roots with repeated + + align:start position:0% +different type of roots with repeated + + + align:start position:0% +different type of roots with repeated +Roots it's important to know how to + + align:start position:0% +Roots it's important to know how to + + + align:start position:0% +Roots it's important to know how to +construct the solutions as well and + + align:start position:0% +construct the solutions as well and + + + align:start position:0% +construct the solutions as well and +that's by introducing new types of + + align:start position:0% +that's by introducing new types of + + + align:start position:0% +that's by introducing new types of +function where we're multiplying by + + align:start position:0% +function where we're multiplying by + + + align:start position:0% +function where we're multiplying by +polinomial in power polinomial in t in + + align:start position:0% +polinomial in power polinomial in t in + + + align:start position:0% +polinomial in power polinomial in t in +front of the exponential so that ends + + align:start position:0% +front of the exponential so that ends + + + align:start position:0% +front of the exponential so that ends +the session for today \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/XtNXQJkgkhI.txt b/XtNXQJkgkhI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d33f90b16557b5faf5ae9737b46e73c3ccdb3ad --- /dev/null +++ b/XtNXQJkgkhI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2461 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu + +PROFESSOR: So we're going to +finish today our discussion of + +Bayesian Inference, which +we started last time. + +As you probably saw there's +not a huge lot of concepts + +that we're introducing at this +point in terms of specific + +skills of calculating +probabilities. + +But, rather, it's more of an +interpretation and setting up + +the framework. + +So the framework in Bayesian +estimation is that there is + +some parameter which is not +known, but we have a prior + +distribution on it. + +These are beliefs about what +this variable might be, and + +then we'll obtain some +measurements. + +And the measurements are +affected by the value of that + +parameter that we don't know. + +And this effect, the fact that +X is affected by Theta, is + +captured by introducing a +conditional probability + +distribution-- + +the distribution of X +depends on Theta. + +It's a conditional probability +distribution. + +So we have formulas for these +two densities, the prior + +density and the conditional +density. + +And given that we have these, +if we multiply them we can + +also get the joint density +of X and Theta. + +So we have everything +that's there is to + +know in this second. + +And now we observe the random +variable X. Given this random + +variable what can we +say about Theta? + +Well, what we can do is we +can always calculate the + +conditional distribution of +theta given X. And now that we + +have the specific value of +X we can plot this as + +a function of Theta. + +OK. + +And this is the complete +answer to a + +Bayesian Inference problem. + +This posterior distribution +captures everything there is + +to say about Theta, that's +what we know about Theta. + +Given the X that we have +observed Theta is still + +random, it's still unknown. + +And it might be here, there, +or there with several + +probabilities. + +On the other hand, if you want +to report a single value for + +Theta then you do +some extra work. + +You continue from here, and you +do some data processing on + +X. Doing data processing means +that you apply a certain + +function on the data, +and this function is + +something that you design. + +It's the so-called estimator. + +And once that function is +applied it outputs an estimate + +of Theta, which we +call Theta hat. + +So this is sort of the big +picture of what's happening. + +Now one thing to keep in mind +is that even though I'm + +writing single letters here, in +general Theta or X could be + +vector random variables. + +So think of this-- + +it could be a collection +Theta1, Theta2, Theta3. + +And maybe we obtained several +measurements, so this X is + +really a vector X1, +X2, up to Xn. + +All right, so now how do we +choose a Theta to report? + +There are various ways +of doing it. + +One is to look at the posterior +distribution and + +report the value of Theta, at +which the density or the PMF + +is highest. + +This is called the maximum +a posteriori estimate. + +So we pick a value of theta for +which the posteriori is + +maximum, and we report it. + +An alternative way is to try to +be optimal with respects to + +a mean squared error. + +So what is this? + +If we have a specific estimator, +g, this is the + +estimate it's going +to produce. + +This is the true value of +Theta, so this is our + +estimation error. + +We look at the square of the +estimation error, and look at + +the average value. + +We would like this squared +estimation error to be as + +small as possible. + +How can we design our estimator +g to make that error + +as small as possible? + +It turns out that the answer is +to produce, as an estimate, + +the conditional expectation +of Theta given X. So the + +conditional expectation is the +best estimate that you could + +produce if your objective is to +keep the mean squared error + +as small as possible. + +So this statement here is a +statement of what happens on + +the average over all Theta's and +all X's that may happen in + +our experiment. + +The conditional expectation as +an estimator has an even + +stronger property. + +Not only it's optimal on the +average, but it's also optimal + +given that you have made a +specific observation, no + +matter what you observe. + +Let's say you observe the +specific value for the random + +variable X. After that point if +you're asked to produce a + +best estimate Theta hat that +minimizes this mean squared + +error, your best estimate +would be the conditional + +expectation given the specific +value that you have observed. + +These two statements say almost +the same thing, but + +this one is a bit stronger. + +This one tells you no matter +what specific X happens the + +conditional expectation +is the best estimate. + +This one tells you on the +average, over all X's may + +happen, the conditional + +expectation is the best estimator. + +Now this is really a consequence +of this. + +If the conditional expectation +is best for any specific X, + +then it's the best one even when +X is left random and you + +are averaging your error +over all possible X's. + +OK so now that we know what is +the optimal way of producing + +an estimate let's do a +simple example to see + +how things work out. + +So we have started with an +unknown random variable, + +Theta, which is uniformly +distributed between 4 and 10. + +And then we have an observation +model that tells + +us that given the value of +Theta, X is going to be a + +random variable that ranges +between Theta - + +1, and Theta + 1. + +So think of X as a noisy +measurement of Theta, plus + +some noise, which is +between -1, and +1. + +So really the model that we are +using here is that X is + +equal to Theta plus U -- + +where U is uniform +on -1, and +1. + +one, and plus one. + +So we have the true value of +Theta, but X could be Theta - + +1, or it could be all the +way up to Theta + 1. + +And the X is uniformly +distributed on that interval. + +That's the same as saying that +U is uniformly distributed + +over this interval. + +So now we have all the +information that we need, we + +can construct the +joint density. + +And the joint density is, of +course, the prior density + +times the conditional density. + +We go both of these. + +Both of these are constants, so +the joint density is also + +going to be a constant. + +1/6 times 1/2, this +is one over 12. + +But it is a constant, +not everywhere. + +Only on the range of possible +x's and thetas. + +So theta can take any value +between four and ten, so these + +are the values of theta. + +And for any given value of theta +x can take values from + +theta minus one, up +to theta plus one. + +So here, if you can imagine, a +line that goes with slope one, + +and then x can take that value +of theta plus or minus one. + +So this object here, this is +the set of possible x and + +theta pairs. + +So the density is equal to one +over 12 over this set, and + +it's zero everywhere else. + +So outside here the density is +zero, the density only applies + +at that point. + +All right, so now we're +asked to estimate + +theta in terms of x. + +So we want to build an estimator +which is going to be + +a function from the +x's to the thetas. + +That's why I chose the axis +this way-- x to be on this + +axis, theta on that axis-- + +Because the estimator we're +building is a function of x. + +Based on the observation that +we obtained, we want to + +estimate theta. + +So we know that the optimal +estimator is the conditional + +expectation, given +the value of x. + +So what is the conditional +expectation? + +If you fix a particular value of +x, let's say in this range. + +So this is our x, then what +do we know about theta? + +We know that theta lies +in this range. + +Theta can only be sampled +between those two values. + +And what kind of distribution +does theta have? + +What is the conditional +distribution of theta given x? + +Well, remember how we built +conditional distributions from + +joint distributions? + +The conditional distribution is +just a section of the joint + +distribution applied to +the place where we're + +conditioning. + +So the joint is constant. + +So the conditional is also going +to be a constant density + +over this interval. + +So the posterior distribution +of theta is + +uniform over this interval. + +So if the posterior of theta is +uniform over that interval, + +the expected value of theta is +going to be the meet point of + +that interval. + +So the estimate which +you report-- + +if you observe that theta-- + +is going to be this particular +point here, it's the midpoint. + +The same argument goes through +even if you obtain an x + +somewhere here. + +Given this x, theta +can take a value + +between these two values. + +Theta is going to have a uniform +distribution over this + +interval, and the conditional +expectation of theta given x + +is going to be the midpoint +of that interval. + +So now if we plot our estimator +by tracing midpoints + +in this diagram what you're +going to obtain is a curve + +that starts like this, then +it changes slope. + +So that it keeps track of the +midpoint, and then it goes + +like that again. + +So this blue curve here is +our g of x, which is the + +conditional expectation of +theta given that x is + +equal to little x. + +So it's a curve, in our example +it consists of three + +straight segments. + +But overall it's non-linear. + +It's not a single line +through this diagram. + +And that's how things +are in general. + +g of x, our optimal estimate has +no reason to be a linear + +function of x. + +In general it's going to be +some complicated curve. + +So how good is our estimate? + +I mean you reported your x, your +estimate of theta based + +on x, and your boss asks you +what kind of error do you + +expect to get? + +Having observed the particular +value of x, what you can + +report to your boss is what you +think is the mean squared + +error is going to be. + +We observe the particular +value of x. + +So we're conditioning, and we're +living in this universe. + +Given that we have made this +observation, this is the true + +value of theta, this is the +estimate that we have + +produced, this is the expected +squared error, given that we + +have made the particular +observation. + +Now in this conditional universe +this is the expected + +value of theta given x. + +So this is the expected value of +this random variable inside + +the conditional universe. + +So when you take the mean +squared of a random variable + +minus the expected value, this +is the same thing as the + +variance of that random +variable. + +Except that it's the +variance inside + +the conditional universe. + +Having observed x, theta is +still a random variable. + +It's distributed according to +the posterior distribution. + +Since it's a random variable, +it has a variance. + +And that variance is our +mean squared error. + +So this is the variance of the +posterior distribution of + +Theta given the observation +that we have made. + +OK, so what is the variance +in our example? + +If X happens to be here, then +Theta is uniform over this + +interval, and this interval +has length 2. + +Theta is uniformly distributed +over an interval of length 2. + +This is the posterior +distribution of Theta. + +What is the variance? + +Then you remember the formula +for the variance of a uniform + +random variable, it is the +length of the interval squared + +divided by 12, so this is 1/3. + +So the variance of Theta -- + +the mean squared error-- is +going to be 1/3 whenever this + +kind of picture applies. + +This picture applies when +X is between 5 and 9. + +If X is less than 5, then the +picture is a little different, + +and Theta is going +to be uniform + +over a smaller interval. + +And so the variance of +theta is going to + +be smaller as well. + +So let's start plotting our +mean squared error. + +Between 5 and 9 the variance +of Theta -- + +the posterior variance-- + +is 1/3. + +Now when the X falls in here +Theta is uniformly distributed + +over a smaller interval. + +The size of this interval +changes + +linearly over that range. + +And so when we take the square +size of that interval we get a + +quadratic function of +how much we have + +moved from that corner. + +So at that corner what is +the variance of Theta? + +Well if I observe an X that's +equal to 3 then I know with + +certainty that Theta +is equal to 4. + +Then I'm in very good shape, I +know exactly what Theta is + +going to be. + +So the variance, in this +case, is going to be 0. + +If I observe an X that's a +little larger than Theta is + +now random, takes values on +a little interval, and the + +variance of Theta is going to be +proportional to the square + +of the length of that +little interval. + +So we get a curve that +starts rising + +quadratically from here. + +It goes up forward 1/3. + +At the other end of the picture +the same is true. + +If you observe an X which is +11 then Theta can only be + +equal to 10. + +And so the error in Theta +is equal to 0, + +there's 0 error variance. + +But as we obtain X's that are +slightly less than 11 then the + +mean squared error again +rises quadratically. + +So we end up with a +plot like this. + +What this plot tells us is that +certain measurements are + +better than others. + +If you're lucky, and you see X +equal to 3 then you're lucky, + +because you know Theta +exactly what it is. + +If you see an X which is equal +to 6 then you're sort of + +unlikely, because it +doesn't tell you + +Theta with great precision. + +Theta could be anywhere +on that interval. + +And so the variance +of Theta -- + +even after you have +observed X -- + +is a certain number, +1/3 in our case. + +So the moral to keep out +of that story is + +that the error variance-- + +or the mean squared error-- + +depends on what particular +observation + +you happen to obtain. + +Some observations may be very +informative, and once you see + +a specific number than you know +exactly what Theta is. + +Some observations might +be less informative. + +You observe your X, but it could +still leave a lot of + +uncertainty about Theta. + +So conditional expectations are +really the cornerstone of + +Bayesian estimation. + +They're particularly +popular, especially + +in engineering contexts. + +There used a lot in signal +processing, communications, + +control theory, so on. + +So that makes it worth playing +a little bit with their + +theoretical properties, and get +some appreciation of a few + +subtleties involved here. + +No new math in reality, in what +we're going to do here. + +But it's going to be a good +opportunity to practice + +manipulation of conditional +expectations. + +So let's look at the expected +value of the estimation error + +that we obtained. + +So Theta hat is our estimator, +is the conditional + +expectation. + +Theta hat minus Theta is what +kind of error do we have? + +If Theta hat, is bigger than +Theta then we have made the + +positive error. + +If not, if it's on the other +side, we have made the + +negative error. + +Then it turns out that on the +average the errors cancel each + +other out, on the average. + +So let's do this calculation. + +Let's calculate the expected +value of the error given X. + +Now by definition the error is +expected value of Theta hat + +minus Theta given X. + +We use linearity of expectations +to break it up as + +expected value of Theta hat +given X minus expected value + +of Theta given X. +And now what? + +Our estimate is made on the +basis of the data of the X's. + +If I tell you X then you +know what Theta hat is. + +Remember that the conditional +expectation is a random + +variable which is a function +of the random variable, on + +which you're conditioning on. + +If you know X then you know the +conditional expectation + +given X, you know what Theta +hat is going to be. + +So Theta hat is a function of +X. If it's a function of X + +then once I tell you X +you know what Theta + +hat is going to be. + +So this conditional expectation +is going to be + +Theta hat itself. + +Here this is-- just +by definition-- + +Theta hat, and so we +get equality to 0. + +So what we have proved is that +no matter what I have + +observed, and given that I have +observed something on the + +average my error is +going to be 0. + +This is a statement involving +equality of random variables. + +Remember that conditional +expectations are random + +variables because they depend +on the thing you're + +conditioning on. + +0 is sort of a trivial +random variable. + +This tells you that this random +variable is identically + +equal to the 0 random +variable. + +More specifically it tells you +that no matter what value for + +X you observe, the conditional +expectation of the error is + +going to be 0. + +And this takes us to this +statement here, which is + +inequality between numbers. + +No matter what specific value +for capital X you have + +observed, your error, on +the average, is going + +to be equal to 0. + +So this is a less abstract +version of these statements. + +This is inequality between +two numbers. + +It's true for every value of +X, so it's true in terms of + +these random variables being +equal to that random variable. + +Because remember according to +our definition this random + +variable is the random variable +that takes this + +specific value when capital +X happens to be + +equal to little x. + +Now this doesn't mean that your +error is 0, it only means + +that your error is as likely, in +some sense, to fall on the + +positive side, as to fall +on the negative side. + +So sometimes your error will be + +positive, sometimes negative. + +And on the average these +things cancel out and + +give you a 0 --. + +on the average. + +So this is a property that's +sometimes giving the name we + +say that Theta hat +is unbiased. + +So Theta hat, our estimate, does +not have a tendency to be + +on the high side. + +It does not have a tendency +to be on the low side. + +On the average it's +just right. + +So let's do a little +more playing here. + +Let's see how our error is +related to an arbitrary + +function of the data. + +Let's do this in a conditional +universe and + +look at this quantity. + +In a conditional universe +where X is known + +then h of X is known. + +And so you can pull it outside +the expectation. + +In the conditional universe +where the value of X is given + +this quantity becomes +just a constant. + +There's nothing random +about it. + +So you can pull it out, +the expectation, and + +write things this way. + +And we have just calculated +that this quantity is 0. + +So this number turns out +to be 0 as well. + +Now having done this, +we can take + +expectations of both sides. + +And now let's use the law of +iterated expectations. + +Expectation of a conditional +expectation gives us the + +unconditional expectation, and +this is also going to be 0. + +So here we use the law of +iterated expectations. + +OK. + +OK, why are we doing this? + +We're doing this because I would +like to calculate the + +covariance between Theta +tilde and Theta hat. + +Theta hat is, ask the question +-- is there a systematic + +relation between the error +and the estimate? + +So to calculate the covariance +we use the property that we + +can calculate the covariances +by calculating the expected + +value of the product minus +the product of + +the expected values. + +And what do we get? + +This is 0, because of +what we just proved. + +And this is 0, because of +what we proved earlier. + +That the expected value of +the error is equal to 0. + +So the covariance between the +error and any function of X is + +equal to 0. + +Let's use that to the case where +the function of X we're + +considering is Theta +hat itself. + +Theta hat is our estimate, it's +a function of X. So this + +0 result would still apply, +and we get that this + +covariance is equal to 0. + +OK, so that's what we proved. + +Let's see, what are the morals +to take out of all this? + +First is you should be very +comfortable with this type of + +calculation involving +conditional expectations. + +The main two things that we're +using are that when you + +condition on a random variable +any function of that random + +variable becomes a constant, +and can be pulled out the + +conditional expectation. + +The other thing that we are +using is the law of iterated + +expectations, so these are +the skills involved. + +Now on the substance, why is +this result interesting? + +This tells us that the error is + +uncorrelated with the estimate. + +What's a hypothetical situation +where these would + +not happen? + +Whenever Theta hat is positive +my error tends to be negative. + +Suppose that whenever Theta hat +is big then you say oh my + +estimate is too big, maybe the +true Theta is on the lower + +side, so I expect my error +to be negative. + +That would be a situation that +would violate this condition. + +This condition tells you that +no matter what Theta hat is, + +you don't expect your error to +be on the positive side or on + +the negative side. + +Your error will still +be 0 on the average. + +So if you obtain a very high +estimate this is no reason for + +you to suspect that +the true Theta is + +lower than your estimate. + +If you suspected that the true +Theta was lower than your + +estimate you should have +changed your Theta hat. + +If you make an estimate and +after obtaining that estimate + +you say I think my estimate +is too big, and so + +the error is negative. + +If you thought that way then +that means that your estimate + +is not the optimal one, that +your estimate should have been + +corrected to be smaller. + +And that would mean that there's +a better estimate than + +the one you used, but the +estimate that we are using + +here is the optimal one in terms +of mean squared error, + +there's no way of +improving it. + +And this is really captured +in that statement. + +That is knowing Theta hat +doesn't give you a lot of + +information about the error, and +gives you, therefore, no + +reason to adjust your estimate +from what it was. + +Finally, a consequence +of all this. + +This is the definition +of the error. + +Send Theta to this side, send +Theta tilde to that side, you + +get this relation. + +The true parameter is composed +of two quantities. + +The estimate, and the +error that they got + +with a minus sign. + +These two quantities are +uncorrelated with each other. + +Their covariance is 0, and +therefore, the variance of + +this is the sum of the variances +of these two + +quantities. + +So what's an interpretation +of this equality? + +There is some inherent +randomness in the random + +variable theta that we're +trying to estimate. + +Theta hat tries to estimate it, +tries to get close to it. + +And if Theta hat always stays +close to Theta, since Theta is + +random Theta hat must also be +quite random, so it has + +uncertainty in it. + +And the more uncertain Theta +hat is the more it moves + +together with Theta. + +So the more uncertainty +it removes from Theta. + +And this is the remaining +uncertainty in Theta. + +The uncertainty that's left +after we've done our + +estimation. + +So ideally, to have a small +error we want this + +quantity to be small. + +Which is the same as +saying that this + +quantity should be big. + +In the ideal case Theta hat +is the same as Theta. + +That's the best we +could hope for. + +That corresponds to 0 error, +and all the uncertainly in + +Theta is absorbed by the +uncertainty in Theta hat. + +Interestingly, this relation +here is just another variation + +of the law of total variance +that we have seen at some + +point in the past. + +I will skip that derivation, but +it's an interesting fact, + +and it can give you an +alternative interpretation of + +the law of total variance. + +OK, so now let's return +to our example. + +In our example we obtained the +optimal estimator, and we saw + +that it was a nonlinear curve, +something like this. + +I'm exaggerating the corner +of a little bit to + +show that it's nonlinear. + +This is the optimal estimator. + +It's a nonlinear function +of X -- + +nonlinear generally +means complicated. + +Sometimes the conditional +expectation is really hard to + +compute, because whenever you +have to compute expectations + +you need to do some integrals. + +And if you have many random +variables involved it might + +correspond to a +multi-dimensional integration. + +We don't like this. + +Can we come up, maybe, +with a simpler way + +of estimating Theta? + +Of coming up with a point +estimate which still has some + +nice properties, it +has some good + +motivation, but is simpler. + +What does simpler mean? + +Perhaps linear. + +Let's put ourselves in a +straitjacket and restrict + +ourselves to estimators that's +are of these forms. + +My estimate is constrained +to be a linear + +function of the X's. + +So my estimator is going to be +a curve, a linear curve. + +It could be this, it could be +that, maybe it would want to + +be something like this. + +I want to choose the best +possible linear function. + +What does that mean? + +It means that I write my +Theta hat in this form. + +If I fix a certain a and b I +have fixed the functional form + +of my estimator, and this +is the corresponding + +mean squared error. + +That's the error between the +true parameter and the + +estimate of that parameter, we +take the square of this. + +And now the optimal linear +estimator is defined as one + +for which these mean squared +error is smallest possible + +over all choices of a and b. + +So we want to minimize +this expression + +over all a's and b's. + +How do we do this +minimization? + +Well this is a square, +you can expand it. + +Write down all the terms in the +expansion of the square. + +So you're going to get +the term expected + +value of Theta squared. + +You're going to get +another term-- + +a squared expected value of X +squared, another term which is + +b squared, and then you're +going to get to + +various cross terms. + +What you have here is really a +quadratic function of a and b. + +So think of this quantity that +we're minimizing as some + +function h of a and b, and it +happens to be quadratic. + +How do we minimize a +quadratic function? + +We set the derivative of this +function with respect to a and + +b to 0, and then +do the algebra. + +After you do the algebra you +find that the best choice for + +a is this 1, so this is the +coefficient next to X. This is + +the optimal a. + +And the optimal b corresponds +of the constant terms. + +So this term and this times that +together are the optimal + +choices of b. + +So the algebra itself is +not very interesting. + +What is really interesting is +the nature of the result that + +we get here. + +If we were to plot the result on +this particular example you + +would get the curve that's +something like this. + +It goes through the middle +of this diagram + +and is a little slanted. + +In this example, X and Theta +are positively correlated. + +Bigger values of X generally +correspond to + +bigger values of Theta. + +So in this example the +covariance between X and Theta + +is positive, and so our estimate +can be interpreted in + +the following way: The expected +value of Theta is the + +estimate that you would come up +with if you didn't have any + +information about Theta. + +If you don't make any +observations this is the best + +way of estimating Theta. + +But I have made an observation, +X, and I need to + +take it into account. + +I look at this difference, which +is the piece of news + +contained in X? + +That's what X should +be on the average. + +If I observe an X which is +bigger than what I expected it + +to be, and since X and Theta +are positively correlated, + +this tells me that Theta should +also be bigger than its + +average value. + +Whenever I see an X that's +larger than its average value + +this gives me an indication +that theta should also + +probably be larger than +its average value. + +And so I'm taking that +difference and multiplying it + +by a positive coefficient. + +And that's what gives +me a curve here that + +has a positive slope. + +So this increment-- + +the new information contained +in X as compared to the + +average value we expected +apriori, that increment allows + +us to make a correction to our +prior estimate of Theta, and + +the amount of that correction is +guided by the covariance of + +X with Theta. + +If the covariance of X with +Theta were 0, that would mean + +there's no systematic relation +between the two, and in that + +case obtaining some information +from X doesn't + +give us a guide as to how to +change the estimates of Theta. + +If that were 0, we would +just stay with + +this particular estimate. + +We're not able to make +a correction. + +But when there's a non zero +covariance between X and Theta + +that covariance works as a +guide for us to obtain a + +better estimate of Theta. + +How about the resulting +mean squared error? + +In this context turns out that +there's a very nice formula + +for the mean squared +error obtained from + +the best linear estimate. + +What's the story here? + +The mean squared error that we +have has something to do with + +the variance of the original +random variable. + +The more uncertain our original +random variable is, + +the more error we're +going to make. + +On the other hand, when the two +variables are correlated + +we explored that correlation +to improve our estimate. + +This row here is the correlation +coefficient + +between the two random +variables. + +When this correlation +coefficient is larger this + +factor here becomes smaller. + +And our mean squared error +become smaller. + +So think of the two +extreme cases. + +One extreme case is when +rho equal to 1 -- + +so X and Theta are perfectly +correlated. + +When they're perfectly +correlated once I know X then + +I also know Theta. + +And the two random variables +are linearly related. + +In that case, my estimate is +right on the target, and the + +mean squared error +is going to be 0. + +The other extreme case is +if rho is equal to 0. + +The two random variables +are uncorrelated. + +In that case the measurement +does not help me estimate + +Theta, and the uncertainty +that's left-- + +the mean squared error-- + +is just the original +variance of Theta. + +So the uncertainty in Theta +does not get reduced. + +So moral-- + +the estimation error is a +reduced version of the + +original amount of uncertainty +in the random variable Theta, + +and the larger the correlation +between those two random + +variables, the better we can +remove uncertainty from the + +original random variable. + +I didn't derive this formula, +but it's just a matter of + +algebraic manipulations. + +We have a formula for +Theta hat, subtract + +Theta from that formula. + +Take square, take expectations, +and do a few + +lines of algebra that you can +read in the text, and you end + +up with this really neat +and clean formula. + +Now I mentioned in the beginning +of the lecture that + +we can do inference with Theta's +and X's not just being + +single numbers, but they could +be vector random variables. + +So for example we might have +multiple data that gives us + +information about X. + +There are no vectors here, so +this discussion was for the + +case where Theta and X were just +scalar, one-dimensional + +quantities. + +What do we do if we have +multiple data? + +Suppose that Theta is still a +scalar, it's one dimensional, + +but we make several +observations. + +And on the basis of these +observations we want to + +estimate Theta. + +The optimal least mean squares +estimator would be again the + +conditional expectation of +Theta given X. That's the + +optimal one. + +And in this case X is a +vector, so the general + +estimator we would use +would be this one. + +But if we want to keep things +simple and we want our + +estimator to have a simple +functional form we might + +restrict to estimator that are +linear functions of the data. + +And then the story is +exactly the same as + +we discussed before. + +I constrained myself to +estimating Theta using a + +linear function of the data, +so my signal processing box + +just applies a linear +function. + +And I'm looking for the best +coefficients, the coefficients + +that are going to result +in the least + +possible squared error. + +This is my squared error, this +is (my estimate minus the + +thing I'm trying to estimate) +squared, and + +then taking the average. + +How do we do this? + +Same story as before. + +The X's and the Theta's get +averaged out because we have + +an expectation. + +Whatever is left is just a +function of the coefficients + +of the a's and of b's. + +As before it turns out to +be a quadratic function. + +Then we set the derivatives of +this function of a's and b's + +with respect to the +coefficients, we set it to 0. + +And this gives us a system +of linear equations. + +It's a system of linear +equations that's satisfied by + +those coefficients. + +It's a linear system because +this is a quadratic function + +of those coefficients. + +So to get closed-form formulas +in this particular case one + +would need to introduce vectors, +and matrices, and + +metrics inverses and so on. + +The particular formulas are not +so much what interests us + +here, rather, the interesting +thing is that this is simply + +done just using straightforward +solvers of + +linear equations. + +The only thing you need to do +is to write down the correct + +coefficients of those non-linear +equations. + +And the typical coefficient +that you would + +get would be what? + +Let say a typical quick +equations would be -- + +let's take a typical +term of this + +quadratic one you expanded. + +You're going to get the terms +such as a1x1 times a2x2. + +When you take expectations +you're left with a1a2 times + +expected value of x1x2. + +So this would involve terms such +as a1 squared expected + +value of x1 squared. + +You would get terms such as +a1a2, expected value of x1x2, + +and a lot of other terms +here should have a too. + +So you get something that's +quadratic in your + +coefficients. + +And the constants that show up +in your system of equations + +are things that have to do with +the expected values of + +squares of your random +variables, or products of your + +random variables. + +To write down the numerical +values for these the only + +thing you need to know are the +means and variances of your + +random variables. + +If you know the mean and +variance then you know what + +this thing is. + +And if you know the covariances +as well then you + +know what this thing is. + +So in order to find the optimal +linear estimator in + +the case of multiple data you do +not need to know the entire + +probability distribution +of the random + +variables that are involved. + +You only need to know your +means and covariances. + +These are the only quantities +that affect the construction + +of your optimal estimator. + +We could see this already +in this formula. + +The form of my optimal estimator +is completely + +determined once I know the +means, variance, and + +covariance of the random +variables in my model. + +I do not need to know how the +details distribution of the + +random variables that +are involved here. + +So as I said in general, you +find the form of the optimal + +estimator by using a linear +equation solver. + +There are special examples +in which you can + +get closed-form solutions. + +The nicest simplest estimation +problem one can think of is + +the following-- + +you have some uncertain +parameter, and you make + +multiple measurements +of that parameter in + +the presence of noise. + +So the Wi's are noises. + +I corresponds to your +i-th experiment. + +So this is the most common +situation that you encounter + +in the lab. + +If you are dealing with some +process, you're trying to + +measure something you measure +it over and over. + +Each time your measurement +has some random error. + +And then you need to take all +your measurements together and + +come up with a single +estimate. + +So the noises are assumed to be +independent of each other, + +and also to be independent +from the + +value of the true parameter. + +Without loss of generality we +can assume that the noises + +have 0 mean and they have +some variances that we + +assume to be known. + +Theta itself has a prior +distribution with a certain + +mean and the certain variance. + +So the form of the +optimal linear + +estimator is really nice. + +Well maybe you cannot see it +right away because this looks + +messy, but what is it really? + +It's a linear combination of +the X's and the prior mean. + +And it's actually a weighted +average of the X's and the + +prior mean. + +Here we collect all of +the coefficients that + +we have at the top. + +So the whole thing is basically +a weighted average. + +1/(sigma_i-squared) is the +weight that we give to Xi, and + +in the denominator we have the +sum of all of the weights. + +So in the end we're dealing +with a weighted average. + +If mu was equal to 1, and all +the Xi's were equal to 1 then + +our estimate would also +be equal to 1. + +Now the form of the weights that +we have is interesting. + +Any given data point is +weighted inversely + +proportional to the variance. + +What does that say? + +If my i-th data point has a lot +of variance, if Wi is very + +noisy then Xi is not very +useful, is not very reliable. + +So I'm giving it +a small weight. + +Large variance, a lot of error +in my Xi means that I should + +give it a smaller weight. + +If two data points have the +same variance, they're of + +comparable quality, +then I'm going to + +give them equal weight. + +The other interesting thing is +that the prior mean is treated + +the same way as the X's. + +So it's treated as an additional +observation. + +So we're taking a weighted +average of the prior mean and + +of the measurements that +we are making. + +The formula looks as if the +prior mean was just another + +data point. + +So that's the way of thinking +about Bayesian estimation. + +You have your real data points, +the X's that you + +observe, you also had some +prior information. + +This plays a role similar +to a data point. + +Interesting note that if all +random variables are normal in + +this model these optimal linear +estimator happens to be + +also the conditional +expectation. + +That's the nice thing about +normal random variables that + +conditional expectations +turn out to be linear. + +So the optimal estimate and the +optimal linear estimate + +turn out to be the same. + +And that gives us another +interpretation of linear + +estimation. + +Linear estimation is essentially +the same as + +pretending that all random +variables are normal. + +So that's a side point. + +Now I'd like to close +with a comment. + +You do your measurements and +you estimate Theta on the + +basis of X. Suppose that instead +you have a measuring + +device that's measures X-cubed +instead of measuring X, and + +you want to estimate Theta. + +Are you going to get to +different a estimate? + +Well X and X-cubed contained +the same information. + +Telling you X is the +same as telling you + +the value of X-cubed. + +So the posterior distribution +of Theta given X is the same + +as the posterior distribution +of Theta given X-cubed. + +And so the means of these +posterior distributions are + +going to be the same. + +So doing transformations through +your data does not + +matter if you're doing optimal +least squares estimation. + +On the other hand, if you +restrict yourself to doing + +linear estimation then using a +linear function of X is not + +the same as using a linear +function of X-cubed. + +So this is a linear estimator, +but where the data are the + +X-cube's, and we have a linear +function of the data. + +So this means that when you're +using linear estimation you + +have some choices to make +linear on what? + +Sometimes you want to plot your +data on a not ordinary + +scale and try to plot +a line through them. + +Sometimes you plot your data +on a logarithmic scale, and + +try to plot a line +through them. + +Which scale is the +appropriate one? + +Here it would be +a cubic scale. + +And you have to think about +your particular model to + +decide which version would be +a more appropriate one. + +Finally when we have multiple +data sometimes these multiple + +data might contain the +same information. + +So X is one data point, +X-squared is another data + +point, X-cubed is another +data point. + +The three of them contain the +same information, but you can + +try to form a linear +function of them. + +And then you obtain a linear +estimator that has a more + +general form as a +function of X. + +So if you want to estimate your +Theta as a cubic function + +of X, for example, you can set +up a linear estimation model + +of this particular form and find +the optimal coefficients, + +the a's and the b's. + +All right, so the last slide +just gives you the big picture + +of what's happening in Bayesian +Inference, it's for + +you to ponder. + +Basically we talked about three + +possible estimation methods. + +Maximum posteriori, mean squared +error estimation, and + +linear mean squared error +estimation, or least squares + +estimation. + +And there's a number of standard +examples that you + +will be seeing over and over in +the recitations, tutorial, + +homework, and so on, perhaps +on exams even. + +Where we take some nice priors +on some unknown parameter, we + +take some nice models for the +noise or the observations, and + +then you need to work out +posterior distributions in the + +various estimates and +compare them. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Y8dMlEv-epg.txt b/Y8dMlEv-epg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f435597ee75169f6ea09c92821e424728fde3c34 --- /dev/null +++ b/Y8dMlEv-epg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +In this first +recitation, we will + +try to understand various +nutritional facts about food, + +while getting more practice +using R. Good nutrition + +is an important part of +leading a healthy lifestyle. + +Malnutrition can +result in obesity, + +which has been rising +at an alarming rate. + +In the US for instance, +while all states in 1990 + +had less than 14% obesity, +figures started increasing. + +And by 2000, half of the +country has more than 20% + +of its population obese. + +The trend continues. + +And in 2010, all states +have at least more than 20% + +of their population obese. + +Many states across the country +reached an alarming situation. + +More than 35% of American +adults are obese. + +The trends Worldwide +are no different. + +Obesity has nearly +doubled across the globe. + +Obesity is one of today's +blatantly visible public health + +problems, and +increases people's risk + +to heart disease, +stroke, and diabetes. + +In fact 65% of the +world's population + +lives in countries +where obesity kills + +more people than underweight. + +So good nutrition is essential +for an overall healthy + +lifestyle and promoting it now +is more important than ever. + +We have access to hundreds +of nutrition and weight loss + +applications, and around 15% +of adults with cell phones + +use health applications +on their devices. + +These apps are mostly powered +by the United States Department + +of Agricultural, or +USDA, food database. + +The United States +Department of Agricultural + +distributes +nutritional information + +of over 7,000 food +items including + +amount of calories, +carbs, protein, fat, + +and sodium, among +other nutrients. + +It is exactly this +data that we will + +be analyzing in this recitation. + +In the next video, we will +read in the USDA data set in R + +and get more familiar +with its content. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/YVvg1fDd_u4.txt b/YVvg1fDd_u4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b66e932a1bdacbf6cae4cd7a1044cad5172c413 --- /dev/null +++ b/YVvg1fDd_u4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1475 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surface currents induced in a ground + + align:start position:0% +surface currents induced in a ground + + + align:start position:0% +surface currents induced in a ground +plane by an overhead conductor + + align:start position:0% +plane by an overhead conductor + + + align:start position:0% +plane by an overhead conductor +illustrate the method of images also + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the method of images also + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate the method of images also +Illustrated is the superposition of + + align:start position:0% +Illustrated is the superposition of + + + align:start position:0% +Illustrated is the superposition of +fields due to line currents to satisfy + + align:start position:0% +fields due to line currents to satisfy + + + align:start position:0% +fields due to line currents to satisfy +boundary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +conditions here is a metal cylinder + + align:start position:0% +conditions here is a metal cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +conditions here is a metal cylinder +mounted over a metal ground + + align:start position:0% +mounted over a metal ground + + + align:start position:0% +mounted over a metal ground +plane the cylinder is shorted to the + + align:start position:0% +plane the cylinder is shorted to the + + + align:start position:0% +plane the cylinder is shorted to the +ground plane at one end and driven by a + + align:start position:0% +ground plane at one end and driven by a + + + align:start position:0% +ground plane at one end and driven by a +current Source at the other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is familiar as an eqs situation + + align:start position:0% +this is familiar as an eqs situation + + + align:start position:0% +this is familiar as an eqs situation +where the same cylinder is insulated + + align:start position:0% +where the same cylinder is insulated + + + align:start position:0% +where the same cylinder is insulated +from the same ground plane and driven by + + align:start position:0% +from the same ground plane and driven by + + + align:start position:0% +from the same ground plane and driven by +a voltage + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +source now the situation is Magneto + + align:start position:0% +source now the situation is Magneto + + + align:start position:0% +source now the situation is Magneto +quasy static + + align:start position:0% +quasy static + + + align:start position:0% +quasy static +mqs here's the metal cylinder mounted + + align:start position:0% +mqs here's the metal cylinder mounted + + + align:start position:0% +mqs here's the metal cylinder mounted +over the metal ground plane the cylinder + + align:start position:0% +over the metal ground plane the cylinder + + + align:start position:0% +over the metal ground plane the cylinder +is driven by a current Source at one end + + align:start position:0% +is driven by a current Source at one end + + + align:start position:0% +is driven by a current Source at one end +and is shorted to the ground plane at + + align:start position:0% +and is shorted to the ground plane at + + + align:start position:0% +and is shorted to the ground plane at +the other end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the ground plane consists of an aluminum + + align:start position:0% +the ground plane consists of an aluminum + + + align:start position:0% +the ground plane consists of an aluminum +sheet having a thickness of about 1 mm + + align:start position:0% +sheet having a thickness of about 1 mm + + + align:start position:0% +sheet having a thickness of about 1 mm +it's resting on a plywood + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +base our magnetic field is the same as + + align:start position:0% +base our magnetic field is the same as + + + align:start position:0% +base our magnetic field is the same as +that due to a line current here just + + align:start position:0% +that due to a line current here just + + + align:start position:0% +that due to a line current here just +below the center of the conductor and + + align:start position:0% +below the center of the conductor and + + + align:start position:0% +below the center of the conductor and +its image here below the ground + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane with the line currents at these + + align:start position:0% +plane with the line currents at these + + + align:start position:0% +plane with the line currents at these +positions the cylinder has no normal + + align:start position:0% +positions the cylinder has no normal + + + align:start position:0% +positions the cylinder has no normal +component of magnetic + + align:start position:0% +component of magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +component of magnetic +field the value of a is just that for + + align:start position:0% +field the value of a is just that for + + + align:start position:0% +field the value of a is just that for +which the cylinder of radius R has no + + align:start position:0% +which the cylinder of radius R has no + + + align:start position:0% +which the cylinder of radius R has no +perpendicular component of magnetic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +field these are the field lines produced + + align:start position:0% +field these are the field lines produced + + + align:start position:0% +field these are the field lines produced +by the line + + align:start position:0% +by the line + + + align:start position:0% +by the line +currents the field is tangential to the + + align:start position:0% +currents the field is tangential to the + + + align:start position:0% +currents the field is tangential to the +surface of the cylinder and to the + + align:start position:0% +surface of the cylinder and to the + + + align:start position:0% +surface of the cylinder and to the +midplane + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thus these surfaces can be replaced by + + align:start position:0% +thus these surfaces can be replaced by + + + align:start position:0% +thus these surfaces can be replaced by +the metal surfaces of the cylinder and + + align:start position:0% +the metal surfaces of the cylinder and + + + align:start position:0% +the metal surfaces of the cylinder and +ground + + align:start position:0% +ground + + + align:start position:0% +ground +plane the fields are terminated by + + align:start position:0% +plane the fields are terminated by + + + align:start position:0% +plane the fields are terminated by +surface currents in the + + align:start position:0% +surface currents in the + + + align:start position:0% +surface currents in the +cylinder and in the ground + + align:start position:0% +cylinder and in the ground + + + align:start position:0% +cylinder and in the ground +plane the image line current contributes + + align:start position:0% +plane the image line current contributes + + + align:start position:0% +plane the image line current contributes +to the magnetic field above the ground + + align:start position:0% +to the magnetic field above the ground + + + align:start position:0% +to the magnetic field above the ground +plane in exactly the same way as the + + align:start position:0% +plane in exactly the same way as the + + + align:start position:0% +plane in exactly the same way as the +actual surface current which is + + align:start position:0% +actual surface current which is + + + align:start position:0% +actual surface current which is +non-uniformly distributed along the + + align:start position:0% +non-uniformly distributed along the + + + align:start position:0% +non-uniformly distributed along the +ground plane surface + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when we drive a current from a 3 KZ + + align:start position:0% +when we drive a current from a 3 KZ + + + align:start position:0% +when we drive a current from a 3 KZ +Source through the circular conductor + + align:start position:0% +Source through the circular conductor + + + align:start position:0% +Source through the circular conductor +the actual currents are in the metal + + align:start position:0% +the actual currents are in the metal + + + align:start position:0% +the actual currents are in the metal +conductor walls distributed in just such + + align:start position:0% +conductor walls distributed in just such + + + align:start position:0% +conductor walls distributed in just such +a way that there is no magnetic flux + + align:start position:0% +a way that there is no magnetic flux + + + align:start position:0% +a way that there is no magnetic flux +normal to every point on a given + + align:start position:0% +normal to every point on a given + + + align:start position:0% +normal to every point on a given +conductor + + align:start position:0% +conductor + + + align:start position:0% +conductor +surface similarly these currents are + + align:start position:0% +surface similarly these currents are + + + align:start position:0% +surface similarly these currents are +returned in the ground plane in just + + align:start position:0% +returned in the ground plane in just + + + align:start position:0% +returned in the ground plane in just +such a way that there is essentially no + + align:start position:0% +such a way that there is essentially no + + + align:start position:0% +such a way that there is essentially no +magnetic flux density normal to the + + align:start position:0% +magnetic flux density normal to the + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic flux density normal to the +ground plane either we can measure the + + align:start position:0% +ground plane either we can measure the + + + align:start position:0% +ground plane either we can measure the +magnetic field using this induction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coil the induced voltage is related + + align:start position:0% +coil the induced voltage is related + + + align:start position:0% +coil the induced voltage is related +through Faraday's law to the time rate + + align:start position:0% +through Faraday's law to the time rate + + + align:start position:0% +through Faraday's law to the time rate +of change of the link magnetic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +flux thus the amplitude of the probe + + align:start position:0% +flux thus the amplitude of the probe + + + align:start position:0% +flux thus the amplitude of the probe +voltage is proportional to the flux + + align:start position:0% +voltage is proportional to the flux + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is proportional to the flux +density the average probe area the + + align:start position:0% +density the average probe area the + + + align:start position:0% +density the average probe area the +number of turns and the angular + + align:start position:0% +number of turns and the angular + + + align:start position:0% +number of turns and the angular +frequency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +our coil has an effective area of pi. 85 + + align:start position:0% +our coil has an effective area of pi. 85 + + + align:start position:0% +our coil has an effective area of pi. 85 +cm + + align:start position:0% +cm + + + align:start position:0% +cm +squared 200 turns and an angular + + align:start position:0% +squared 200 turns and an angular + + + align:start position:0% +squared 200 turns and an angular +frequency of 2 pi * our frequency which + + align:start position:0% +frequency of 2 pi * our frequency which + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of 2 pi * our frequency which +is 3 + + align:start position:0% +is 3 + + + align:start position:0% +is 3 +khz in this demonstration a typical + + align:start position:0% +khz in this demonstration a typical + + + align:start position:0% +khz in this demonstration a typical +measured flux density of .11 G Peak + + align:start position:0% +measured flux density of .11 G Peak + + + align:start position:0% +measured flux density of .11 G Peak +gives an induced volage of 9 12 mols + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Peak with the coil oriented this way the + + align:start position:0% +Peak with the coil oriented this way the + + + align:start position:0% +Peak with the coil oriented this way the +vertical field component is + + align:start position:0% +vertical field component is + + + align:start position:0% +vertical field component is +recorded when oriented this way the + + align:start position:0% +recorded when oriented this way the + + + align:start position:0% +recorded when oriented this way the +horizontal field component is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +measured here at the center line the + + align:start position:0% +measured here at the center line the + + + align:start position:0% +measured here at the center line the +tangential field is horizontal just + + align:start position:0% +tangential field is horizontal just + + + align:start position:0% +tangential field is horizontal just +because of + + align:start position:0% +because of + + + align:start position:0% +because of +symmetry let's see if the flux density + + align:start position:0% +symmetry let's see if the flux density + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry let's see if the flux density +normal to the conducting sheet does tend + + align:start position:0% +normal to the conducting sheet does tend + + + align:start position:0% +normal to the conducting sheet does tend +to be zero off the center line + + align:start position:0% +to be zero off the center line + + + align:start position:0% +to be zero off the center line +line here to the side the normal flux + + align:start position:0% +line here to the side the normal flux + + + align:start position:0% +line here to the side the normal flux +density appears to remain small compared + + align:start position:0% +density appears to remain small compared + + + align:start position:0% +density appears to remain small compared +to that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tangential so the current is returned in + + align:start position:0% +tangential so the current is returned in + + + align:start position:0% +tangential so the current is returned in +the sheet with just that distribution + + align:start position:0% +the sheet with just that distribution + + + align:start position:0% +the sheet with just that distribution +required to make the normal flux density + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +small our equivalent line currents can + + align:start position:0% +small our equivalent line currents can + + + align:start position:0% +small our equivalent line currents can +be used to predict the flux density + + align:start position:0% +be used to predict the flux density + + + align:start position:0% +be used to predict the flux density +tangential to the sheet as measured by + + align:start position:0% +tangential to the sheet as measured by + + + align:start position:0% +tangential to the sheet as measured by +the sensing coil L is the conductor + + align:start position:0% +the sensing coil L is the conductor + + + align:start position:0% +the sensing coil L is the conductor +height and R is is its radius then the + + align:start position:0% +height and R is is its radius then the + + + align:start position:0% +height and R is is its radius then the +height of the equivalent line current a + + align:start position:0% +height of the equivalent line current a + + + align:start position:0% +height of the equivalent line current a +is defined like + + align:start position:0% +is defined like + + + align:start position:0% +is defined like +this Y is the location of the Probe on + + align:start position:0% +this Y is the location of the Probe on + + + align:start position:0% +this Y is the location of the Probe on +the ground + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane here is the yde dependence of the + + align:start position:0% +plane here is the yde dependence of the + + + align:start position:0% +plane here is the yde dependence of the +tangential flux density at the ground + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane this is the predicted distribution + + align:start position:0% +plane this is the predicted distribution + + + align:start position:0% +plane this is the predicted distribution +of normalized magnetic field with + + align:start position:0% +of normalized magnetic field with + + + align:start position:0% +of normalized magnetic field with +normalized probe + + align:start position:0% +normalized probe + + + align:start position:0% +normalized probe +position h0 is the magnetic field at y + + align:start position:0% +position h0 is the magnetic field at y + + + align:start position:0% +position h0 is the magnetic field at y +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +0 the tangential magnetic field is + + align:start position:0% +0 the tangential magnetic field is + + + align:start position:0% +0 the tangential magnetic field is +largest directly under the conductor + + align:start position:0% +largest directly under the conductor + + + align:start position:0% +largest directly under the conductor +trailing off to zero as the probe is + + align:start position:0% +trailing off to zero as the probe is + + + align:start position:0% +trailing off to zero as the probe is +pulled + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +away as the sensing coil is moved out + + align:start position:0% +away as the sensing coil is moved out + + + align:start position:0% +away as the sensing coil is moved out +from under the conductor the tangential + + align:start position:0% +from under the conductor the tangential + + + align:start position:0% +from under the conductor the tangential +flux density + + align:start position:0% +flux density + + + align:start position:0% +flux density +decreases because there is little normal + + align:start position:0% +decreases because there is little normal + + + align:start position:0% +decreases because there is little normal +flux density just above the sheet there + + align:start position:0% +flux density just above the sheet there + + + align:start position:0% +flux density just above the sheet there +is little of either of the components of + + align:start position:0% +is little of either of the components of + + + align:start position:0% +is little of either of the components of +magnetic field below the sheet so what + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field below the sheet so what + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field below the sheet so what +we see is the distribution of surface + + align:start position:0% +we see is the distribution of surface + + + align:start position:0% +we see is the distribution of surface +current density returning in the sheet + + align:start position:0% +current density returning in the sheet + + + align:start position:0% +current density returning in the sheet +at high frequency the current + + align:start position:0% +at high frequency the current + + + align:start position:0% +at high frequency the current +distributes itself in the sheet in just + + align:start position:0% +distributes itself in the sheet in just + + + align:start position:0% +distributes itself in the sheet in just +such a way as to make the normal flux + + align:start position:0% +such a way as to make the normal flux + + + align:start position:0% +such a way as to make the normal flux +density near + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero our theory predicts the flux + + align:start position:0% +zero our theory predicts the flux + + + align:start position:0% +zero our theory predicts the flux +density at the center line where y + + align:start position:0% +density at the center line where y + + + align:start position:0% +density at the center line where y +equals 0 our current is 3 amp + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 our current is 3 amp + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 our current is 3 amp +the conductor height is 11 cm and its + + align:start position:0% +the conductor height is 11 cm and its + + + align:start position:0% +the conductor height is 11 cm and its +radius is 2.1 CM so a is 10.8 + + align:start position:0% +radius is 2.1 CM so a is 10.8 + + + align:start position:0% +radius is 2.1 CM so a is 10.8 +CM the predicted flux density is then + + align:start position:0% +CM the predicted flux density is then + + + align:start position:0% +CM the predicted flux density is then +.11 + + align:start position:0% +.11 + + + align:start position:0% +.11 +G directly under the conductor carrying + + align:start position:0% +G directly under the conductor carrying + + + align:start position:0% +G directly under the conductor carrying +a 3 amp Peak current as shown in the + + align:start position:0% +a 3 amp Peak current as shown in the + + + align:start position:0% +a 3 amp Peak current as shown in the +upper scope Trace we measure 9 1 12 + + align:start position:0% +upper scope Trace we measure 9 1 12 + + + align:start position:0% +upper scope Trace we measure 9 1 12 +molts Peak on the lower trace this + + align:start position:0% +molts Peak on the lower trace this + + + align:start position:0% +molts Peak on the lower trace this +corresponds to .11 gaus + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to .11 gaus + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to .11 gaus +Peak this isn't better agreement with + + align:start position:0% +Peak this isn't better agreement with + + + align:start position:0% +Peak this isn't better agreement with +the theory than we have a right to + + align:start position:0% +the theory than we have a right to + + + align:start position:0% +the theory than we have a right to +expect given such factors as the size of + + align:start position:0% +expect given such factors as the size of + + + align:start position:0% +expect given such factors as the size of +the sensing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coil here are some points that we have + + align:start position:0% +coil here are some points that we have + + + align:start position:0% +coil here are some points that we have +taken with this probe at different + + align:start position:0% +taken with this probe at different + + + align:start position:0% +taken with this probe at different +positions on the ground plane remember + + align:start position:0% +positions on the ground plane remember + + + align:start position:0% +positions on the ground plane remember +this is the distribution of surface + + align:start position:0% +this is the distribution of surface + + + align:start position:0% +this is the distribution of surface +current density in the ground + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plane our experiments have shown that + + align:start position:0% +plane our experiments have shown that + + + align:start position:0% +plane our experiments have shown that +the perpendicular field at the surface + + align:start position:0% +the perpendicular field at the surface + + + align:start position:0% +the perpendicular field at the surface +of the ground plane is much smaller than + + align:start position:0% +of the ground plane is much smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +of the ground plane is much smaller than +the tangential field + + align:start position:0% +the tangential field + + + align:start position:0% +the tangential field +this is true because the frequency of 3 + + align:start position:0% +this is true because the frequency of 3 + + + align:start position:0% +this is true because the frequency of 3 +khz is high enough that the ground plane + + align:start position:0% +khz is high enough that the ground plane + + + align:start position:0% +khz is high enough that the ground plane +behaves as a perfect conductor let's see + + align:start position:0% +behaves as a perfect conductor let's see + + + align:start position:0% +behaves as a perfect conductor let's see +what happens if we lower the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequency if we reduce the frequency by + + align:start position:0% +frequency if we reduce the frequency by + + + align:start position:0% +frequency if we reduce the frequency by +10 to 300 Hertz the induced voltage + + align:start position:0% +10 to 300 Hertz the induced voltage + + + align:start position:0% +10 to 300 Hertz the induced voltage +decreases by 10 that's just because of + + align:start position:0% +decreases by 10 that's just because of + + + align:start position:0% +decreases by 10 that's just because of +Faraday's law so let's compensate by + + align:start position:0% +Faraday's law so let's compensate by + + + align:start position:0% +Faraday's law so let's compensate by +turning up the scope gain by 10 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at this lower frequency we see that the + + align:start position:0% +at this lower frequency we see that the + + + align:start position:0% +at this lower frequency we see that the +ratio of normal component to tangential + + align:start position:0% +ratio of normal component to tangential + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of normal component to tangential +component is larger than a 3 + + align:start position:0% +component is larger than a 3 + + + align:start position:0% +component is larger than a 3 +khz at 300 Herz here's the tangential + + align:start position:0% +khz at 300 Herz here's the tangential + + + align:start position:0% +khz at 300 Herz here's the tangential +component and here's the normal + + align:start position:0% +component and here's the normal + + + align:start position:0% +component and here's the normal +component at 3 khz + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's the normal component and here's + + align:start position:0% +here's the normal component and here's + + + align:start position:0% +here's the normal component and here's +the tangential component + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at 3 khz the ground plane is thick + + align:start position:0% +at 3 khz the ground plane is thick + + + align:start position:0% +at 3 khz the ground plane is thick +enough to act as a perfect conductor + + align:start position:0% +enough to act as a perfect conductor + + + align:start position:0% +enough to act as a perfect conductor +giving the tangential field predicted + + align:start position:0% +giving the tangential field predicted + + + align:start position:0% +giving the tangential field predicted +using the fields of align current and + + align:start position:0% +using the fields of align current and + + + align:start position:0% +using the fields of align current and +its image \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/YeZ0J9Hxgb0.txt b/YeZ0J9Hxgb0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a0638eda4c1d80df4f8dc8753b4326ef461e378 --- /dev/null +++ b/YeZ0J9Hxgb0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5547 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu hi in the reading assignment + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu hi in the reading assignment + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu hi in the reading assignment +for today you'll notice in the textbook + + align:start position:0% +for today you'll notice in the textbook + + + align:start position:0% +for today you'll notice in the textbook +that the topic is double integrals in + + align:start position:0% +that the topic is double integrals in + + + align:start position:0% +that the topic is double integrals in +terms of polar coordinates now the + + align:start position:0% +terms of polar coordinates now the + + + align:start position:0% +terms of polar coordinates now the +trouble with polar coordinates is that + + align:start position:0% +trouble with polar coordinates is that + + + align:start position:0% +trouble with polar coordinates is that +aside from straight lines they're + + align:start position:0% +aside from straight lines they're + + + align:start position:0% +aside from straight lines they're +perhaps the only coordinate system that + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the only coordinate system that + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the only coordinate system that +we've studied in terms of ukian geometry + + align:start position:0% +we've studied in terms of ukian geometry + + + align:start position:0% +we've studied in terms of ukian geometry +in our high school class and + + align:start position:0% +in our high school class and + + + align:start position:0% +in our high school class and +consequently if we were to have a change + + align:start position:0% +consequently if we were to have a change + + + align:start position:0% +consequently if we were to have a change +of variables other than stra linear + + align:start position:0% +of variables other than stra linear + + + align:start position:0% +of variables other than stra linear +changes of variables or polar + + align:start position:0% +changes of variables or polar + + + align:start position:0% +changes of variables or polar +coordinates it might be difficult to + + align:start position:0% +coordinates it might be difficult to + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates it might be difficult to +geometrically try to determine what the + + align:start position:0% +geometrically try to determine what the + + + align:start position:0% +geometrically try to determine what the +new double integral looks like with + + align:start position:0% +new double integral looks like with + + + align:start position:0% +new double integral looks like with +respect to the new variables the uh text + + align:start position:0% +respect to the new variables the uh text + + + align:start position:0% +respect to the new variables the uh text +you may recall when well not you may + + align:start position:0% +you may recall when well not you may + + + align:start position:0% +you may recall when well not you may +recall you haven't read it yet but when + + align:start position:0% +recall you haven't read it yet but when + + + align:start position:0% +recall you haven't read it yet but when +you read the text you'll notice at the + + align:start position:0% +you read the text you'll notice at the + + + align:start position:0% +you read the text you'll notice at the +end that Professor Thomas says there is + + align:start position:0% +end that Professor Thomas says there is + + + align:start position:0% +end that Professor Thomas says there is +a technique called the Jacobi and + + align:start position:0% +a technique called the Jacobi and + + + align:start position:0% +a technique called the Jacobi and +multiplying by the Jacobian determinant + + align:start position:0% +multiplying by the Jacobian determinant + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying by the Jacobian determinant +that tells you how to transfer a double + + align:start position:0% +that tells you how to transfer a double + + + align:start position:0% +that tells you how to transfer a double +integral from X and Y coordinates into + + align:start position:0% +integral from X and Y coordinates into + + + align:start position:0% +integral from X and Y coordinates into +another coordinate system at any rate + + align:start position:0% +another coordinate system at any rate + + + align:start position:0% +another coordinate system at any rate +with that prologue as background our aim + + align:start position:0% +with that prologue as background our aim + + + align:start position:0% +with that prologue as background our aim +in today's Le lecture is to show more + + align:start position:0% +in today's Le lecture is to show more + + + align:start position:0% +in today's Le lecture is to show more +generally how the Jacobian sneaks into + + align:start position:0% +generally how the Jacobian sneaks into + + + align:start position:0% +generally how the Jacobian sneaks into +the study of multiple integrals in + + align:start position:0% +the study of multiple integrals in + + + align:start position:0% +the study of multiple integrals in +particular we call today's lecture + + align:start position:0% +particular we call today's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +particular we call today's lecture +multiple integration and the Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +multiple integration and the Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +multiple integration and the Jacobian +and by way of review let me pick a + + align:start position:0% +and by way of review let me pick a + + + align:start position:0% +and by way of review let me pick a +problem that we've solved in the past in + + align:start position:0% +problem that we've solved in the past in + + + align:start position:0% +problem that we've solved in the past in +great detail but perhaps from a slightly + + align:start position:0% +great detail but perhaps from a slightly + + + align:start position:0% +great detail but perhaps from a slightly +different perspective that will lead + + align:start position:0% +different perspective that will lead + + + align:start position:0% +different perspective that will lead +into where the Jacobian matrix and the + + align:start position:0% +into where the Jacobian matrix and the + + + align:start position:0% +into where the Jacobian matrix and the +Jacobian determinant comes from recall + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian determinant comes from recall + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian determinant comes from recall +that when we wanted to compute the + + align:start position:0% +that when we wanted to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +that when we wanted to compute the +integral 1: 3 2x < TK x^2 + 1 DX we made + + align:start position:0% +integral 1: 3 2x < TK x^2 + 1 DX we made + + + align:start position:0% +integral 1: 3 2x < TK x^2 + 1 DX we made +the substitution U = x^2 + 1 or + + align:start position:0% +the substitution U = x^2 + 1 or + + + align:start position:0% +the substitution U = x^2 + 1 or +inverting this x = positive < TK of uus + + align:start position:0% +inverting this x = positive < TK of uus + + + align:start position:0% +inverting this x = positive < TK of uus +one I emphasize the positive to point + + align:start position:0% +one I emphasize the positive to point + + + align:start position:0% +one I emphasize the positive to point +out that in general the inverse of a + + align:start position:0% +out that in general the inverse of a + + + align:start position:0% +out that in general the inverse of a +squaring function is not one: one see a + + align:start position:0% +squaring function is not one: one see a + + + align:start position:0% +squaring function is not one: one see a +square root is usually double valued but + + align:start position:0% +square root is usually double valued but + + + align:start position:0% +square root is usually double valued but +notice that with the Restriction that X + + align:start position:0% +notice that with the Restriction that X + + + align:start position:0% +notice that with the Restriction that X +must be on the interval from 1 through 3 + + align:start position:0% +must be on the interval from 1 through 3 + + + align:start position:0% +must be on the interval from 1 through 3 +X cannot be negative and therefore we + + align:start position:0% +X cannot be negative and therefore we + + + align:start position:0% +X cannot be negative and therefore we +certainly can assume that locally + + align:start position:0% +certainly can assume that locally + + + align:start position:0% +certainly can assume that locally +meaning in the region in which we're + + align:start position:0% +meaning in the region in which we're + + + align:start position:0% +meaning in the region in which we're +interested in that X is the positive < + + align:start position:0% +interested in that X is the positive < + + + align:start position:0% +interested in that X is the positive < +TK of uus one from this we saw that du + + align:start position:0% +TK of uus one from this we saw that du + + + align:start position:0% +TK of uus one from this we saw that du +was 2x DX we then went back to this + + align:start position:0% +was 2x DX we then went back to this + + + align:start position:0% +was 2x DX we then went back to this +equation here we replaced 2x DX by its + + align:start position:0% +equation here we replaced 2x DX by its + + + align:start position:0% +equation here we replaced 2x DX by its +value du we replaced the squ otk of x^2 + + align:start position:0% +value du we replaced the squ otk of x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +value du we replaced the squ otk of x^2 ++ 1 by the sare < TK of U and then + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 by the sare < TK of U and then + + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 by the sare < TK of U and then +noticing that when x equal 1 U equal 2 + + align:start position:0% +noticing that when x equal 1 U equal 2 + + + align:start position:0% +noticing that when x equal 1 U equal 2 +and when xal 3 U equal 10 we wound up + + align:start position:0% +and when xal 3 U equal 10 we wound up + + + align:start position:0% +and when xal 3 U equal 10 we wound up +with the fact that the number named by + + align:start position:0% +with the fact that the number named by + + + align:start position:0% +with the fact that the number named by +this definite integral was the same as + + align:start position:0% +this definite integral was the same as + + + align:start position:0% +this definite integral was the same as +the number named by this definite + + align:start position:0% +the number named by this definite + + + align:start position:0% +the number named by this definite +integral now the only thing that I'd + + align:start position:0% +integral now the only thing that I'd + + + align:start position:0% +integral now the only thing that I'd +like to say here as an aside is the + + align:start position:0% +like to say here as an aside is the + + + align:start position:0% +like to say here as an aside is the +following there is sometimes a tendency + + align:start position:0% +following there is sometimes a tendency + + + align:start position:0% +following there is sometimes a tendency +to think of DX as just being a symbol + + align:start position:0% +to think of DX as just being a symbol + + + align:start position:0% +to think of DX as just being a symbol +over here that we think of it as saying + + align:start position:0% +over here that we think of it as saying + + + align:start position:0% +over here that we think of it as saying +all we want is a function whose + + align:start position:0% +all we want is a function whose + + + align:start position:0% +all we want is a function whose +derivative with respect to X is this and + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to X is this and + + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to X is this and +other than that it makes no difference + + align:start position:0% +other than that it makes no difference + + + align:start position:0% +other than that it makes no difference +what we put in here what I would like + + align:start position:0% +what we put in here what I would like + + + align:start position:0% +what we put in here what I would like +you to see at this time and or to review + + align:start position:0% +you to see at this time and or to review + + + align:start position:0% +you to see at this time and or to review +it this time because we know it happens + + align:start position:0% +it this time because we know it happens + + + align:start position:0% +it this time because we know it happens +is that if we made the substitutions + + align:start position:0% +is that if we made the substitutions + + + align:start position:0% +is that if we made the substitutions +mentioned here forgetting about the DX + + align:start position:0% +mentioned here forgetting about the DX + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned here forgetting about the DX +in other words if we replaced X by the + + align:start position:0% +in other words if we replaced X by the + + + align:start position:0% +in other words if we replaced X by the +positive < TK of uus 1 if we replace x^2 + + align:start position:0% +positive < TK of uus 1 if we replace x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +positive < TK of uus 1 if we replace x^2 ++ 1 by U and if we replace the limits 1 + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 by U and if we replace the limits 1 + + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 by U and if we replace the limits 1 +to 3 by 2 to 10 and then just tacked on + + align:start position:0% +to 3 by 2 to 10 and then just tacked on + + + align:start position:0% +to 3 by 2 to 10 and then just tacked on +the DU to indicate that we were doing + + align:start position:0% +the DU to indicate that we were doing + + + align:start position:0% +the DU to indicate that we were doing +this problem with respect to you the + + align:start position:0% +this problem with respect to you the + + + align:start position:0% +this problem with respect to you the +resulting definite integral would not be + + align:start position:0% +resulting definite integral would not be + + + align:start position:0% +resulting definite integral would not be +equivalent to the original one that is + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to the original one that is + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to the original one that is +not to say that this couldn't be + + align:start position:0% +not to say that this couldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +not to say that this couldn't be +computed what I mean is this number is + + align:start position:0% +computed what I mean is this number is + + + align:start position:0% +computed what I mean is this number is +incorrect if by this number you mean the + + align:start position:0% +incorrect if by this number you mean the + + + align:start position:0% +incorrect if by this number you mean the +value of this definite integral here and + + align:start position:0% +value of this definite integral here and + + + align:start position:0% +value of this definite integral here and +notice that from a pictorial point of + + align:start position:0% +notice that from a pictorial point of + + + align:start position:0% +notice that from a pictorial point of +view all we're really saying is that the + + align:start position:0% +view all we're really saying is that the + + + align:start position:0% +view all we're really saying is that the +inte that the integral 1 to 3 2x otk of + + align:start position:0% +inte that the integral 1 to 3 2x otk of + + + align:start position:0% +inte that the integral 1 to 3 2x otk of +x x s + 1 DX is the area of the region R + + align:start position:0% +x x s + 1 DX is the area of the region R + + + align:start position:0% +x x s + 1 DX is the area of the region R +where R is that region in the XY plane + + align:start position:0% +where R is that region in the XY plane + + + align:start position:0% +where R is that region in the XY plane +bounded between the lines x = 1 x = 3 + + align:start position:0% +bounded between the lines x = 1 x = 3 + + + align:start position:0% +bounded between the lines x = 1 x = 3 +below by the x axis and above by the + + align:start position:0% +below by the x axis and above by the + + + align:start position:0% +below by the x axis and above by the +curve y = 2x * the < TK of x^2 + 1 and + + align:start position:0% +curve y = 2x * the < TK of x^2 + 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +curve y = 2x * the < TK of x^2 + 1 and +I've simply put the values of these end + + align:start position:0% +I've simply put the values of these end + + + align:start position:0% +I've simply put the values of these end +points in here namely when X is 1 Y is 2 + + align:start position:0% +points in here namely when X is 1 Y is 2 + + + align:start position:0% +points in here namely when X is 1 Y is 2 +roots of 2 when X is 3 Y is 6 roots of + + align:start position:0% +roots of 2 when X is 3 Y is 6 roots of + + + align:start position:0% +roots of 2 when X is 3 Y is 6 roots of +10 to give you sort of an orientation of + + align:start position:0% +10 to give you sort of an orientation of + + + align:start position:0% +10 to give you sort of an orientation of +this particular curve on the other hand + + align:start position:0% +this particular curve on the other hand + + + align:start position:0% +this particular curve on the other hand +that other integral that was incorrect + + align:start position:0% +that other integral that was incorrect + + + align:start position:0% +that other integral that was incorrect +integral from 2 to 10 Etc is the area of + + align:start position:0% +integral from 2 to 10 Etc is the area of + + + align:start position:0% +integral from 2 to 10 Etc is the area of +the region s where s is the region + + align:start position:0% +the region s where s is the region + + + align:start position:0% +the region s where s is the region +that's obtained by taking that interval + + align:start position:0% +that's obtained by taking that interval + + + align:start position:0% +that's obtained by taking that interval +from 1 to 3 along the x- axis mapping it + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to 3 along the x- axis mapping it + + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to 3 along the x- axis mapping it +by U = x^2 + 1 in other words it goes + + align:start position:0% +by U = x^2 + 1 in other words it goes + + + align:start position:0% +by U = x^2 + 1 in other words it goes +from 2 to + + align:start position:0% +from 2 to + + + align:start position:0% +from 2 to +10 and in fact you don't have to know + + align:start position:0% +10 and in fact you don't have to know + + + align:start position:0% +10 and in fact you don't have to know +that all I'm saying is if you just read + + align:start position:0% +that all I'm saying is if you just read + + + align:start position:0% +that all I'm saying is if you just read +this thing mechanically in the Yu plane + + align:start position:0% +this thing mechanically in the Yu plane + + + align:start position:0% +this thing mechanically in the Yu plane +this would be the area of the region s + + align:start position:0% +this would be the area of the region s + + + align:start position:0% +this would be the area of the region s +where s is bounded vertically by the + + align:start position:0% +where s is bounded vertically by the + + + align:start position:0% +where s is bounded vertically by the +lines x equal U equal 2 and u = 10 below + + align:start position:0% +lines x equal U equal 2 and u = 10 below + + + align:start position:0% +lines x equal U equal 2 and u = 10 below +by the U axis and above by the curve y = + + align:start position:0% +by the U axis and above by the curve y = + + + align:start position:0% +by the U axis and above by the curve y = +tunk u-1 < TK of U and it should be + + align:start position:0% +tunk u-1 < TK of U and it should be + + + align:start position:0% +tunk u-1 < TK of U and it should be +clear by inspection that there is no + + align:start position:0% +clear by inspection that there is no + + + align:start position:0% +clear by inspection that there is no +reason to expect that the area of the + + align:start position:0% +reason to expect that the area of the + + + align:start position:0% +reason to expect that the area of the +region R is the same as the area of the + + align:start position:0% +region R is the same as the area of the + + + align:start position:0% +region R is the same as the area of the +region s even though both RNs have areas + + align:start position:0% +region s even though both RNs have areas + + + align:start position:0% +region s even though both RNs have areas +now what the whole geometrical impact is + + align:start position:0% +now what the whole geometrical impact is + + + align:start position:0% +now what the whole geometrical impact is +on this technique of + + align:start position:0% +on this technique of + + + align:start position:0% +on this technique of +integration uh techniques of integration + + align:start position:0% +integration uh techniques of integration + + + align:start position:0% +integration uh techniques of integration +what the whole geometric impact is is + + align:start position:0% +what the whole geometric impact is is + + + align:start position:0% +what the whole geometric impact is is +this this is a difficult integral to + + align:start position:0% +this this is a difficult integral to + + + align:start position:0% +this this is a difficult integral to +evaluate to find the area hopefully one + + align:start position:0% +evaluate to find the area hopefully one + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate to find the area hopefully one +would hope that we could find a way of + + align:start position:0% +would hope that we could find a way of + + + align:start position:0% +would hope that we could find a way of +scaling an element of area + + align:start position:0% +scaling an element of area + + + align:start position:0% +scaling an element of area +here to correspond to an element of area + + align:start position:0% +here to correspond to an element of area + + + align:start position:0% +here to correspond to an element of area +here which was easier to compute + + align:start position:0% +here which was easier to compute + + + align:start position:0% +here which was easier to compute +and that since the mapping was one: one + + align:start position:0% +and that since the mapping was one: one + + + align:start position:0% +and that since the mapping was one: one +by adding up the appropriately scaled + + align:start position:0% +by adding up the appropriately scaled + + + align:start position:0% +by adding up the appropriately scaled +pieces here we equivalently add up the + + align:start position:0% +pieces here we equivalently add up the + + + align:start position:0% +pieces here we equivalently add up the +pieces to find the area of the region R + + align:start position:0% +pieces to find the area of the region R + + + align:start position:0% +pieces to find the area of the region R +now because I know that that sounds + + align:start position:0% +now because I know that that sounds + + + align:start position:0% +now because I know that that sounds +vague to you I am going to do that in + + align:start position:0% +vague to you I am going to do that in + + + align:start position:0% +vague to you I am going to do that in +much more detail for the time being let + + align:start position:0% +much more detail for the time being let + + + align:start position:0% +much more detail for the time being let +me point out though that if I want to + + align:start position:0% +me point out though that if I want to + + + align:start position:0% +me point out though that if I want to +view this as a mapping the interesting + + align:start position:0% +view this as a mapping the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +view this as a mapping the interesting +thing is that any point on the + + align:start position:0% +thing is that any point on the + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that any point on the +xaxis maps into the corresponding point + + align:start position:0% +xaxis maps into the corresponding point + + + align:start position:0% +xaxis maps into the corresponding point +on the U axis by the mapping What U = + + align:start position:0% +on the U axis by the mapping What U = + + + align:start position:0% +on the U axis by the mapping What U = +x^2 + 1 but it's important to point out + + align:start position:0% +x^2 + 1 but it's important to point out + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 + 1 but it's important to point out +that the values of X and U were not + + align:start position:0% +that the values of X and U were not + + + align:start position:0% +that the values of X and U were not +independent they were chosen to obey the + + align:start position:0% +independent they were chosen to obey the + + + align:start position:0% +independent they were chosen to obey the +identity U = x^2 +1 or X is the positive + + align:start position:0% +identity U = x^2 +1 or X is the positive + + + align:start position:0% +identity U = x^2 +1 or X is the positive +square otk of U minus one so what that + + align:start position:0% +square otk of U minus one so what that + + + align:start position:0% +square otk of U minus one so what that +means geometrically is that whatever + + align:start position:0% +means geometrically is that whatever + + + align:start position:0% +means geometrically is that whatever +height was above a point in the region R + + align:start position:0% +height was above a point in the region R + + + align:start position:0% +height was above a point in the region R +along the xaxis whatever height was here + + align:start position:0% +along the xaxis whatever height was here + + + align:start position:0% +along the xaxis whatever height was here +that height is the same when that point + + align:start position:0% +that height is the same when that point + + + align:start position:0% +that height is the same when that point +is moved to the region s and because + + align:start position:0% +is moved to the region s and because + + + align:start position:0% +is moved to the region s and because +that again sounds like a difficult + + align:start position:0% +that again sounds like a difficult + + + align:start position:0% +that again sounds like a difficult +mouthful let me write that all I'm + + align:start position:0% +mouthful let me write that all I'm + + + align:start position:0% +mouthful let me write that all I'm +saying is notice that for the U + + align:start position:0% +saying is notice that for the U + + + align:start position:0% +saying is notice that for the U +corresponding to a given X 2x * the < TK + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to a given X 2x * the < TK + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to a given X 2x * the < TK +of x² + 1 is equal to 2 * the < TK of u + + align:start position:0% +of x² + 1 is equal to 2 * the < TK of u + + + align:start position:0% +of x² + 1 is equal to 2 * the < TK of u +- 1 * the < TK of U how do I know that + + align:start position:0% +- 1 * the < TK of U how do I know that + + + align:start position:0% +- 1 * the < TK of U how do I know that +well I know that because I picked X to + + align:start position:0% +well I know that because I picked X to + + + align:start position:0% +well I know that because I picked X to +be the < TK of uus one or equivalently + + align:start position:0% +be the < TK of uus one or equivalently + + + align:start position:0% +be the < TK of uus one or equivalently +what U = X2 + 1 this says that I can + + align:start position:0% +what U = X2 + 1 this says that I can + + + align:start position:0% +what U = X2 + 1 this says that I can +replace X by the < TK of U -1 this says + + align:start position:0% +replace X by the < TK of U -1 this says + + + align:start position:0% +replace X by the < TK of U -1 this says +I can replace x^2 + 1 by U consequently + + align:start position:0% +I can replace x^2 + 1 by U consequently + + + align:start position:0% +I can replace x^2 + 1 by U consequently +as long as the X matches with the image + + align:start position:0% +as long as the X matches with the image + + + align:start position:0% +as long as the X matches with the image +U this number is the same as this number + + align:start position:0% +U this number is the same as this number + + + align:start position:0% +U this number is the same as this number +in other words again in terms of a + + align:start position:0% +in other words again in terms of a + + + align:start position:0% +in other words again in terms of a +picture if I start with the point on the + + align:start position:0% +picture if I start with the point on the + + + align:start position:0% +picture if I start with the point on the +x + + align:start position:0% +x + + + align:start position:0% +x +axis x = 2 and I'm looking at the point + + align:start position:0% +axis x = 2 and I'm looking at the point + + + align:start position:0% +axis x = 2 and I'm looking at the point +P being the point on the region R + + align:start position:0% +P being the point on the region R + + + align:start position:0% +P being the point on the region R +directly above x = 2 since 2 gets mapped + + align:start position:0% +directly above x = 2 since 2 gets mapped + + + align:start position:0% +directly above x = 2 since 2 gets mapped +into five by the mapping U = x^2 + 1 see + + align:start position:0% +into five by the mapping U = x^2 + 1 see + + + align:start position:0% +into five by the mapping U = x^2 + 1 see +2^2 + 1 is 5 what was the height that + + align:start position:0% +2^2 + 1 is 5 what was the height that + + + align:start position:0% +2^2 + 1 is 5 what was the height that +went with the point 2 over here the + + align:start position:0% +went with the point 2 over here the + + + align:start position:0% +went with the point 2 over here the +height that went with the point two over + + align:start position:0% +height that went with the point two over + + + align:start position:0% +height that went with the point two over +here was simply what 4 square roots of + + align:start position:0% +here was simply what 4 square roots of + + + align:start position:0% +here was simply what 4 square roots of +five and I claim that that's the same as + + align:start position:0% +five and I claim that that's the same as + + + align:start position:0% +five and I claim that that's the same as +this because when X was 2 U is 5 this is + + align:start position:0% +this because when X was 2 U is 5 this is + + + align:start position:0% +this because when X was 2 U is 5 this is +2 square roots of 5 5 - 1 is 4 Square < + + align:start position:0% +2 square roots of 5 5 - 1 is 4 Square < + + + align:start position:0% +2 square roots of 5 5 - 1 is 4 Square < +TK of 4 is 2 this is four therefore 2 * + + align:start position:0% +TK of 4 is 2 this is four therefore 2 * + + + align:start position:0% +TK of 4 is 2 this is four therefore 2 * +2 4 S roots of 5 it makes no difference + + align:start position:0% +2 4 S roots of 5 it makes no difference + + + align:start position:0% +2 4 S roots of 5 it makes no difference +whether you're using the x or the U but + + align:start position:0% +whether you're using the x or the U but + + + align:start position:0% +whether you're using the x or the U but +that the point keeps the same height + + align:start position:0% +that the point keeps the same height + + + align:start position:0% +that the point keeps the same height +it's shifted laterally but it does not + + align:start position:0% +it's shifted laterally but it does not + + + align:start position:0% +it's shifted laterally but it does not +distort the height which means now if we + + align:start position:0% +distort the height which means now if we + + + align:start position:0% +distort the height which means now if we +want to view this not as a mapping from + + align:start position:0% +want to view this not as a mapping from + + + align:start position:0% +want to view this not as a mapping from +XY plane into the uy plane but more + + align:start position:0% +XY plane into the uy plane but more + + + align:start position:0% +XY plane into the uy plane but more +traditionally in terms of the XY plane + + align:start position:0% +traditionally in terms of the XY plane + + + align:start position:0% +traditionally in terms of the XY plane +into the UV plane that's what this V is + + align:start position:0% +into the UV plane that's what this V is + + + align:start position:0% +into the UV plane that's what this V is +in parenthesis here it means that I + + align:start position:0% +in parenthesis here it means that I + + + align:start position:0% +in parenthesis here it means that I +might want to name the Y AIS the v- axis + + align:start position:0% +might want to name the Y AIS the v- axis + + + align:start position:0% +might want to name the Y AIS the v- axis +just so that I can use my identification + + align:start position:0% +just so that I can use my identification + + + align:start position:0% +just so that I can use my identification +established in the previous Block in our + + align:start position:0% +established in the previous Block in our + + + align:start position:0% +established in the previous Block in our +course when we talked about mapping the + + align:start position:0% +course when we talked about mapping the + + + align:start position:0% +course when we talked about mapping the +XY plane into the UV plane that is not + + align:start position:0% +XY plane into the UV plane that is not + + + align:start position:0% +XY plane into the UV plane that is not +an accent mark over the V that just + + align:start position:0% +an accent mark over the V that just + + + align:start position:0% +an accent mark over the V that just +happens to be an interruption of this + + align:start position:0% +happens to be an interruption of this + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be an interruption of this +arrow that connects two to five but at + + align:start position:0% +arrow that connects two to five but at + + + align:start position:0% +arrow that connects two to five but at +any rate in terms of mappings notice + + align:start position:0% +any rate in terms of mappings notice + + + align:start position:0% +any rate in terms of mappings notice +that the region R is mapped onto the + + align:start position:0% +that the region R is mapped onto the + + + align:start position:0% +that the region R is mapped onto the +region s by the mapping U = x^2 + 1 and + + align:start position:0% +region s by the mapping U = x^2 + 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +region s by the mapping U = x^2 + 1 and +v = y in other words U = x^2 + 1 but the + + align:start position:0% +v = y in other words U = x^2 + 1 but the + + + align:start position:0% +v = y in other words U = x^2 + 1 but the +y coordinate is the same as the V + + align:start position:0% +y coordinate is the same as the V + + + align:start position:0% +y coordinate is the same as the V +coordinate just changing the name of the + + align:start position:0% +coordinate just changing the name of the + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate just changing the name of the +axis here to correspond to the UV plane + + align:start position:0% +axis here to correspond to the UV plane + + + align:start position:0% +axis here to correspond to the UV plane +and now the idea is simply + + align:start position:0% +and now the idea is simply + + + align:start position:0% +and now the idea is simply +this since at least in the domain that + + align:start position:0% +this since at least in the domain that + + + align:start position:0% +this since at least in the domain that +we're interested in the mapping U = x^2 + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in the mapping U = x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in the mapping U = x^2 ++ 1 v = y Maps R onto s in a one: one + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 v = y Maps R onto s in a one: one + + + align:start position:0% ++ 1 v = y Maps R onto s in a one: one +manner each increment of area Delta a + + align:start position:0% +manner each increment of area Delta a + + + align:start position:0% +manner each increment of area Delta a +Subs matches one and only one Delta a + + align:start position:0% +Subs matches one and only one Delta a + + + align:start position:0% +Subs matches one and only one Delta a +subr let me give you an example of what + + align:start position:0% +subr let me give you an example of what + + + align:start position:0% +subr let me give you an example of what +I mean by this let's suppose I start + + align:start position:0% +I mean by this let's suppose I start + + + align:start position:0% +I mean by this let's suppose I start +with the region s and let me arbitrarily + + align:start position:0% +with the region s and let me arbitrarily + + + align:start position:0% +with the region s and let me arbitrarily +divide it up into a number the interval + + align:start position:0% +divide it up into a number the interval + + + align:start position:0% +divide it up into a number the interval +from 2 to 10 into a number of pieces + + align:start position:0% +from 2 to 10 into a number of pieces + + + align:start position:0% +from 2 to 10 into a number of pieces +here oh I guess in the diagram that I've + + align:start position:0% +here oh I guess in the diagram that I've + + + align:start position:0% +here oh I guess in the diagram that I've +used here I've divided this up into four + + align:start position:0% +used here I've divided this up into four + + + align:start position:0% +used here I've divided this up into four +pieces all right so I get these four + + align:start position:0% +pieces all right so I get these four + + + align:start position:0% +pieces all right so I get these four +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +rectangles an approximation for the area + + align:start position:0% +rectangles an approximation for the area + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles an approximation for the area +of the region s would be the some of the + + align:start position:0% +of the region s would be the some of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the region s would be the some of the +areas of these four rectangles what I'm + + align:start position:0% +areas of these four rectangles what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +areas of these four rectangles what I'm +saying is that under our mapping these + + align:start position:0% +saying is that under our mapping these + + + align:start position:0% +saying is that under our mapping these +four regions induce four mutually + + align:start position:0% +four regions induce four mutually + + + align:start position:0% +four regions induce four mutually +exclusive re regions that cover all of R + + align:start position:0% +exclusive re regions that cover all of R + + + align:start position:0% +exclusive re regions that cover all of R +in fact since V equals y the way we do + + align:start position:0% +in fact since V equals y the way we do + + + align:start position:0% +in fact since V equals y the way we do +this mechanically is uh for example + + align:start position:0% +this mechanically is uh for example + + + align:start position:0% +this mechanically is uh for example +let's focus on just one of these little + + align:start position:0% +let's focus on just one of these little + + + align:start position:0% +let's focus on just one of these little +elements over here let's suppose I want + + align:start position:0% +elements over here let's suppose I want + + + align:start position:0% +elements over here let's suppose I want +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +find how to match this shaded rectangle + + align:start position:0% +find how to match this shaded rectangle + + + align:start position:0% +find how to match this shaded rectangle +with a suitable rectangle of R what I + + align:start position:0% +with a suitable rectangle of R what I + + + align:start position:0% +with a suitable rectangle of R what I +say is whatever the Val value is over + + align:start position:0% +say is whatever the Val value is over + + + align:start position:0% +say is whatever the Val value is over +here it must be the same as the Y value + + align:start position:0% +here it must be the same as the Y value + + + align:start position:0% +here it must be the same as the Y value +of the point that mapped into this point + + align:start position:0% +of the point that mapped into this point + + + align:start position:0% +of the point that mapped into this point +on the axis in other words if I call + + align:start position:0% +on the axis in other words if I call + + + align:start position:0% +on the axis in other words if I call +this point here u0 that comes from some + + align:start position:0% +this point here u0 that comes from some + + + align:start position:0% +this point here u0 that comes from some +point here which I'll call x0 say u0 + + align:start position:0% +point here which I'll call x0 say u0 + + + align:start position:0% +point here which I'll call x0 say u0 +comes from x0 what must the height above + + align:start position:0% +comes from x0 what must the height above + + + align:start position:0% +comes from x0 what must the height above +this point B since the transformation + + align:start position:0% +this point B since the transformation + + + align:start position:0% +this point B since the transformation +does not change the Y value at all since + + align:start position:0% +does not change the Y value at all since + + + align:start position:0% +does not change the Y value at all since +V equal Y what this means is I can now + + align:start position:0% +V equal Y what this means is I can now + + + align:start position:0% +V equal Y what this means is I can now +draw a line parallel to the U axis here + + align:start position:0% +draw a line parallel to the U axis here + + + align:start position:0% +draw a line parallel to the U axis here +come over to here and that locates where + + align:start position:0% +come over to here and that locates where + + + align:start position:0% +come over to here and that locates where +on the curve I'm going to locate the + + align:start position:0% +on the curve I'm going to locate the + + + align:start position:0% +on the curve I'm going to locate the +point x0 see in other words I just come + + align:start position:0% +point x0 see in other words I just come + + + align:start position:0% +point x0 see in other words I just come +across like this either of these two + + align:start position:0% +across like this either of these two + + + align:start position:0% +across like this either of these two +ways I this is how I locate the x0 that + + align:start position:0% +ways I this is how I locate the x0 that + + + align:start position:0% +ways I this is how I locate the x0 that +matches the u i take its height take + + align:start position:0% +matches the u i take its height take + + + align:start position:0% +matches the u i take its height take +that same height over to this curve and + + align:start position:0% +that same height over to this curve and + + + align:start position:0% +that same height over to this curve and +project down notice of course that the + + align:start position:0% +project down notice of course that the + + + align:start position:0% +project down notice of course that the +Delta X that measures the difference + + align:start position:0% +Delta X that measures the difference + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X that measures the difference +between these two points on the x-axis + + align:start position:0% +between these two points on the x-axis + + + align:start position:0% +between these two points on the x-axis +is not the same as the Delta U that + + align:start position:0% +is not the same as the Delta U that + + + align:start position:0% +is not the same as the Delta U that +measures the distance between these two + + align:start position:0% +measures the distance between these two + + + align:start position:0% +measures the distance between these two +points but what I want you to see is + + align:start position:0% +points but what I want you to see is + + + align:start position:0% +points but what I want you to see is +that these four rectangles here induce + + align:start position:0% +that these four rectangles here induce + + + align:start position:0% +that these four rectangles here induce +four rectangles here and what I would + + align:start position:0% +four rectangles here and what I would + + + align:start position:0% +four rectangles here and what I would +like to be able to do is somehow be able + + align:start position:0% +like to be able to do is somehow be able + + + align:start position:0% +like to be able to do is somehow be able +hopefully to find out how to express a + + align:start position:0% +hopefully to find out how to express a + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully to find out how to express a +typical rectangle + + align:start position:0% +typical rectangle + + + align:start position:0% +typical rectangle +here as a scaled version of one of these + + align:start position:0% +here as a scaled version of one of these + + + align:start position:0% +here as a scaled version of one of these +rectangles hoping that when I then take + + align:start position:0% +rectangles hoping that when I then take + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles hoping that when I then take +the sum + + align:start position:0% +the sum + + + align:start position:0% +the sum +the resulting summation leads to an + + align:start position:0% +the resulting summation leads to an + + + align:start position:0% +the resulting summation leads to an +integral which is easy to evaluate and + + align:start position:0% +integral which is easy to evaluate and + + + align:start position:0% +integral which is easy to evaluate and +before I get into that to show you what + + align:start position:0% +before I get into that to show you what + + + align:start position:0% +before I get into that to show you what +does happen here I think I'm making this + + align:start position:0% +does happen here I think I'm making this + + + align:start position:0% +does happen here I think I'm making this +longer than it may really seem but let + + align:start position:0% +longer than it may really seem but let + + + align:start position:0% +longer than it may really seem but let +me just get on to the next step let me + + align:start position:0% +me just get on to the next step let me + + + align:start position:0% +me just get on to the next step let me +what I want to do next is to blow up + + align:start position:0% +what I want to do next is to blow up + + + align:start position:0% +what I want to do next is to blow up +these two shaded areas so I can look at + + align:start position:0% +these two shaded areas so I can look at + + + align:start position:0% +these two shaded areas so I can look at +them in more detail what I have is a + + align:start position:0% +them in more detail what I have is a + + + align:start position:0% +them in more detail what I have is a +region which I'll call Delta as Subs in + + align:start position:0% +region which I'll call Delta as Subs in + + + align:start position:0% +region which I'll call Delta as Subs in +the UV plane and a Delta a subr in the + + align:start position:0% +the UV plane and a Delta a subr in the + + + align:start position:0% +the UV plane and a Delta a subr in the +XY plane where the map is is again what + + align:start position:0% +XY plane where the map is is again what + + + align:start position:0% +XY plane where the map is is again what +U = x^2 + 1 v = y this piece matches + + align:start position:0% +U = x^2 + 1 v = y this piece matches + + + align:start position:0% +U = x^2 + 1 v = y this piece matches +with this P piece all right now for + + align:start position:0% +with this P piece all right now for + + + align:start position:0% +with this P piece all right now for +small Delta U notice that by definition + + align:start position:0% +small Delta U notice that by definition + + + align:start position:0% +small Delta U notice that by definition +of derivative Delta x / Delta U is + + align:start position:0% +of derivative Delta x / Delta U is + + + align:start position:0% +of derivative Delta x / Delta U is +approximately DX du consequently I can + + align:start position:0% +approximately DX du consequently I can + + + align:start position:0% +approximately DX du consequently I can +say that Delta X is approximately DX du + + align:start position:0% +say that Delta X is approximately DX du + + + align:start position:0% +say that Delta X is approximately DX du +* Delta U now the thing that I really + + align:start position:0% +* Delta U now the thing that I really + + + align:start position:0% +* Delta U now the thing that I really +want is not the area of a piece of s I + + align:start position:0% +want is not the area of a piece of s I + + + align:start position:0% +want is not the area of a piece of s I +want a portion of the area of r i want + + align:start position:0% +want a portion of the area of r i want + + + align:start position:0% +want a portion of the area of r i want +Delta a subr notice that Delta a subr + + align:start position:0% +Delta a subr notice that Delta a subr + + + align:start position:0% +Delta a subr notice that Delta a subr +has as its height y Sub 0 and as its + + align:start position:0% +has as its height y Sub 0 and as its + + + align:start position:0% +has as its height y Sub 0 and as its +width Delta X notice also that since V + + align:start position:0% +width Delta X notice also that since V + + + align:start position:0% +width Delta X notice also that since V +Sub 0 equals y Sub 0 see y equal V in + + align:start position:0% +Sub 0 equals y Sub 0 see y equal V in + + + align:start position:0% +Sub 0 equals y Sub 0 see y equal V in +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +transformation notice that the area of + + align:start position:0% +transformation notice that the area of + + + align:start position:0% +transformation notice that the area of +Del the area Delta a r is v0 * Delta + + align:start position:0% +Del the area Delta a r is v0 * Delta + + + align:start position:0% +Del the area Delta a r is v0 * Delta +X okay we also know that Delta X is + + align:start position:0% +X okay we also know that Delta X is + + + align:start position:0% +X okay we also know that Delta X is +approxim DxD * Delta U so making this + + align:start position:0% +approxim DxD * Delta U so making this + + + align:start position:0% +approxim DxD * Delta U so making this +substitution I see that my little + + align:start position:0% +substitution I see that my little + + + align:start position:0% +substitution I see that my little +increment of area in the region R is + + align:start position:0% +increment of area in the region R is + + + align:start position:0% +increment of area in the region R is +precisely what it's + + align:start position:0% +precisely what it's + + + align:start position:0% +precisely what it's +v0 times the replacement for Delta X DxD + + align:start position:0% +v0 times the replacement for Delta X DxD + + + align:start position:0% +v0 times the replacement for Delta X DxD +* Delta U let me also notice that the + + align:start position:0% +* Delta U let me also notice that the + + + align:start position:0% +* Delta U let me also notice that the +region Delta as over here has as its + + align:start position:0% +region Delta as over here has as its + + + align:start position:0% +region Delta as over here has as its +height v0 as its base Delta U so the + + align:start position:0% +height v0 as its base Delta U so the + + + align:start position:0% +height v0 as its base Delta U so the +area of this rectangle is v0 Delta Delta + + align:start position:0% +area of this rectangle is v0 Delta Delta + + + align:start position:0% +area of this rectangle is v0 Delta Delta +U let me therefore group these two + + align:start position:0% +U let me therefore group these two + + + align:start position:0% +U let me therefore group these two +factors together rewrite this term in + + align:start position:0% +factors together rewrite this term in + + + align:start position:0% +factors together rewrite this term in +this fashion noticing that v0 Delta U is + + align:start position:0% +this fashion noticing that v0 Delta U is + + + align:start position:0% +this fashion noticing that v0 Delta U is +Delta a subs and I now have the very + + align:start position:0% +Delta a subs and I now have the very + + + align:start position:0% +Delta a subs and I now have the very +interesting result that Delta a subr is + + align:start position:0% +interesting result that Delta a subr is + + + align:start position:0% +interesting result that Delta a subr is +not Delta as Subs but the correction + + align:start position:0% +not Delta as Subs but the correction + + + align:start position:0% +not Delta as Subs but the correction +factor is what it's DX du multiplying + + align:start position:0% +factor is what it's DX du multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +factor is what it's DX du multiplying +Delta a Subs where for the sake of + + align:start position:0% +Delta a Subs where for the sake of + + + align:start position:0% +Delta a Subs where for the sake of +argument over a small enough strip here + + align:start position:0% +argument over a small enough strip here + + + align:start position:0% +argument over a small enough strip here +let me assume that I've chosen d xdu to + + align:start position:0% +let me assume that I've chosen d xdu to + + + align:start position:0% +let me assume that I've chosen d xdu to +be evaluated at U equals u0 say at any + + align:start position:0% +be evaluated at U equals u0 say at any + + + align:start position:0% +be evaluated at U equals u0 say at any +rate what we are saying is to find all + + align:start position:0% +rate what we are saying is to find all + + + align:start position:0% +rate what we are saying is to find all +of the area of region R we want to add + + align:start position:0% +of the area of region R we want to add + + + align:start position:0% +of the area of region R we want to add +up all of these Delta a sub RS as the + + align:start position:0% +up all of these Delta a sub RS as the + + + align:start position:0% +up all of these Delta a sub RS as the +maximum Delta X subk goes to zero but + + align:start position:0% +maximum Delta X subk goes to zero but + + + align:start position:0% +maximum Delta X subk goes to zero but +for we just seen a typical Delta a subar + + align:start position:0% +for we just seen a typical Delta a subar + + + align:start position:0% +for we just seen a typical Delta a subar +is a DX duu evaluated that U equals u0 + + align:start position:0% +is a DX duu evaluated that U equals u0 + + + align:start position:0% +is a DX duu evaluated that U equals u0 +time Delta a subs and therefore to find + + align:start position:0% +time Delta a subs and therefore to find + + + align:start position:0% +time Delta a subs and therefore to find +Delta a subr this limit is precisely the + + align:start position:0% +Delta a subr this limit is precisely the + + + align:start position:0% +Delta a subr this limit is precisely the +the same as this limit now the point is + + align:start position:0% +the same as this limit now the point is + + + align:start position:0% +the same as this limit now the point is +that Delta a Subs is certainly just as + + align:start position:0% +that Delta a Subs is certainly just as + + + align:start position:0% +that Delta a Subs is certainly just as +messy as Delta a subr in general it may + + align:start position:0% +messy as Delta a subr in general it may + + + align:start position:0% +messy as Delta a subr in general it may +also happen that when I scale Delta a + + align:start position:0% +also happen that when I scale Delta a + + + align:start position:0% +also happen that when I scale Delta a +Subs by multiplying it by DX du the + + align:start position:0% +Subs by multiplying it by DX du the + + + align:start position:0% +Subs by multiplying it by DX du the +result is even more messy than the + + align:start position:0% +result is even more messy than the + + + align:start position:0% +result is even more messy than the +original expression but it's also + + align:start position:0% +original expression but it's also + + + align:start position:0% +original expression but it's also +possible that the xdu happens to be the + + align:start position:0% +possible that the xdu happens to be the + + + align:start position:0% +possible that the xdu happens to be the +factor that wipes out the nasty part of + + align:start position:0% +factor that wipes out the nasty part of + + + align:start position:0% +factor that wipes out the nasty part of +Delta a Subs you see what I'm saying is + + align:start position:0% +Delta a Subs you see what I'm saying is + + + align:start position:0% +Delta a Subs you see what I'm saying is +if if there is a one toone + + align:start position:0% +if if there is a one toone + + + align:start position:0% +if if there is a one toone +correspondence which there is between + + align:start position:0% +correspondence which there is between + + + align:start position:0% +correspondence which there is between +the Delta A's and the Delta a ARS if + + align:start position:0% +the Delta A's and the Delta a ARS if + + + align:start position:0% +the Delta A's and the Delta a ARS if +this expression here happens to be + + align:start position:0% +this expression here happens to be + + + align:start position:0% +this expression here happens to be +convenient I can find this area simply + + align:start position:0% +convenient I can find this area simply + + + align:start position:0% +convenient I can find this area simply +was this sum simply by Computing this + + align:start position:0% +was this sum simply by Computing this + + + align:start position:0% +was this sum simply by Computing this +sum and that's why in techniques of + + align:start position:0% +sum and that's why in techniques of + + + align:start position:0% +sum and that's why in techniques of +integration that's precisely what we + + align:start position:0% +integration that's precisely what we + + + align:start position:0% +integration that's precisely what we +look for we look for the change of + + align:start position:0% +look for we look for the change of + + + align:start position:0% +look for we look for the change of +variable the substitution that makes + + align:start position:0% +variable the substitution that makes + + + align:start position:0% +variable the substitution that makes +this thing simplify and that's precisely + + align:start position:0% +this thing simplify and that's precisely + + + align:start position:0% +this thing simplify and that's precisely +what happened in this particular example + + align:start position:0% +what happened in this particular example + + + align:start position:0% +what happened in this particular example +keep in mind that what I've written down + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind that what I've written down + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind that what I've written down +over here is true for any substitution + + align:start position:0% +over here is true for any substitution + + + align:start position:0% +over here is true for any substitution +where X is some function of U not just + + align:start position:0% +where X is some function of U not just + + + align:start position:0% +where X is some function of U not just +for xal U ^2 + 1 I could have done this + + align:start position:0% +for xal U ^2 + 1 I could have done this + + + align:start position:0% +for xal U ^2 + 1 I could have done this +any time but what I claim is that if x + + align:start position:0% +any time but what I claim is that if x + + + align:start position:0% +any time but what I claim is that if x +weren't equal to the to uh what was it + + align:start position:0% +weren't equal to the to uh what was it + + + align:start position:0% +weren't equal to the to uh what was it +the square root of U minus one this + + align:start position:0% +the square root of U minus one this + + + align:start position:0% +the square root of U minus one this +wouldn't have turned out to be a very + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have turned out to be a very + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have turned out to be a very +nice + + align:start position:0% +nice + + + align:start position:0% +nice +expression and you see this is going to + + align:start position:0% +expression and you see this is going to + + + align:start position:0% +expression and you see this is going to +be called the one-dimensional Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +be called the one-dimensional Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +be called the one-dimensional Jacobian +later on this is the correction factor + + align:start position:0% +later on this is the correction factor + + + align:start position:0% +later on this is the correction factor +the scaling Factor you see let's see how + + align:start position:0% +the scaling Factor you see let's see how + + + align:start position:0% +the scaling Factor you see let's see how +that that worked out notice that Delta a + + align:start position:0% +that that worked out notice that Delta a + + + align:start position:0% +that that worked out notice that Delta a +Subs was v0 * Delta U and notice that by + + align:start position:0% +Subs was v0 * Delta U and notice that by + + + align:start position:0% +Subs was v0 * Delta U and notice that by +definition of what the curve looked like + + align:start position:0% +definition of what the curve looked like + + + align:start position:0% +definition of what the curve looked like +in the UV plane v0 is twice the < TK of + + align:start position:0% +in the UV plane v0 is twice the < TK of + + + align:start position:0% +in the UV plane v0 is twice the < TK of +u0 -1 * the < TK of u0 on the other hand + + align:start position:0% +u0 -1 * the < TK of u0 on the other hand + + + align:start position:0% +u0 -1 * the < TK of u0 on the other hand +what is DX duu Since U is equal to x^2 + + + align:start position:0% +what is DX duu Since U is equal to x^2 + + + + align:start position:0% +what is DX duu Since U is equal to x^2 + +1 it's easy to show that DxD is 1 / T + + align:start position:0% +1 it's easy to show that DxD is 1 / T + + + align:start position:0% +1 it's easy to show that DxD is 1 / T +the < TK of uus 1 so in particular When + + align:start position:0% +the < TK of uus 1 so in particular When + + + align:start position:0% +the < TK of uus 1 so in particular When +U equal u0 DxD is 1 / 2 < TK of U 0 -1 + + align:start position:0% +U equal u0 DxD is 1 / 2 < TK of U 0 -1 + + + align:start position:0% +U equal u0 DxD is 1 / 2 < TK of U 0 -1 +notice now even though Delta a Subs is + + align:start position:0% +notice now even though Delta a Subs is + + + align:start position:0% +notice now even though Delta a Subs is +quite messy when I multiply it by this + + align:start position:0% +quite messy when I multiply it by this + + + align:start position:0% +quite messy when I multiply it by this +particular scaling Factor look at what + + align:start position:0% +particular scaling Factor look at what + + + align:start position:0% +particular scaling Factor look at what +that scaling Factor wipes out the two + + align:start position:0% +that scaling Factor wipes out the two + + + align:start position:0% +that scaling Factor wipes out the two +square root of u0 minus one wipes this + + align:start position:0% +square root of u0 minus one wipes this + + + align:start position:0% +square root of u0 minus one wipes this +out all I have left is the square root + + align:start position:0% +out all I have left is the square root + + + align:start position:0% +out all I have left is the square root +of u0 * Delta U when I form the definite + + align:start position:0% +of u0 * Delta U when I form the definite + + + align:start position:0% +of u0 * Delta U when I form the definite +integral summing this thing up it's + + align:start position:0% +integral summing this thing up it's + + + align:start position:0% +integral summing this thing up it's +trivial you see to see that that simply + + align:start position:0% +trivial you see to see that that simply + + + align:start position:0% +trivial you see to see that that simply +comes out to be what the definite + + align:start position:0% +comes out to be what the definite + + + align:start position:0% +comes out to be what the definite +integral from 2 to 10 square otk of U du + + align:start position:0% +integral from 2 to 10 square otk of U du + + + align:start position:0% +integral from 2 to 10 square otk of U du +and since this particular sum was equal + + align:start position:0% +and since this particular sum was equal + + + align:start position:0% +and since this particular sum was equal +to a subr that is the mapping + + align:start position:0% +to a subr that is the mapping + + + align:start position:0% +to a subr that is the mapping +interpretation of why the area of the + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of why the area of the + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of why the area of the +region R can be evaluated by this + + align:start position:0% +region R can be evaluated by this + + + align:start position:0% +region R can be evaluated by this +particular integral now in a sense all + + align:start position:0% +particular integral now in a sense all + + + align:start position:0% +particular integral now in a sense all +of this has been review even though the + + align:start position:0% +of this has been review even though the + + + align:start position:0% +of this has been review even though the +pitch has been slightly different let me + + align:start position:0% +pitch has been slightly different let me + + + align:start position:0% +pitch has been slightly different let me +now generalize this to a Bonafide + + align:start position:0% +now generalize this to a Bonafide + + + align:start position:0% +now generalize this to a Bonafide +mapping of two-dimensional space into + + align:start position:0% +mapping of two-dimensional space into + + + align:start position:0% +mapping of two-dimensional space into +two-dimensional space and the reason I + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional space and the reason I + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional space and the reason I +use the word Bonafide is that when you + + align:start position:0% +use the word Bonafide is that when you + + + align:start position:0% +use the word Bonafide is that when you +say let U equal x^2 + 1 and let V equal + + align:start position:0% +say let U equal x^2 + 1 and let V equal + + + align:start position:0% +say let U equal x^2 + 1 and let V equal +y you really haven't got a general + + align:start position:0% +y you really haven't got a general + + + align:start position:0% +y you really haven't got a general +mapping of two dimensional space into + + align:start position:0% +mapping of two dimensional space into + + + align:start position:0% +mapping of two dimensional space into +two-dimensional space you've essentially + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional space you've essentially + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional space you've essentially +let the Y AIS remain fixed so let me + + align:start position:0% +let the Y AIS remain fixed so let me + + + align:start position:0% +let the Y AIS remain fixed so let me +talk about something more General let's + + align:start position:0% +talk about something more General let's + + + align:start position:0% +talk about something more General let's +suppose I have an arbitrary region R and + + align:start position:0% +suppose I have an arbitrary region R and + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I have an arbitrary region R and +an arbitrary function f bar which Maps R + + align:start position:0% +an arbitrary function f bar which Maps R + + + align:start position:0% +an arbitrary function f bar which Maps R +onto s in a 1:1 + + align:start position:0% +onto s in a 1:1 + + + align:start position:0% +onto s in a 1:1 +Mana by the way notice the whole idea is + + align:start position:0% +Mana by the way notice the whole idea is + + + align:start position:0% +Mana by the way notice the whole idea is +this when I want the area of the region + + align:start position:0% +this when I want the area of the region + + + align:start position:0% +this when I want the area of the region +r it's going to involve a dxdy inside + + align:start position:0% +r it's going to involve a dxdy inside + + + align:start position:0% +r it's going to involve a dxdy inside +the double integral when I want the area + + align:start position:0% +the double integral when I want the area + + + align:start position:0% +the double integral when I want the area +of the region s that's what's going to + + align:start position:0% +of the region s that's what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +of the region s that's what's going to +involve a Delta U * Delta V now the + + align:start position:0% +involve a Delta U * Delta V now the + + + align:start position:0% +involve a Delta U * Delta V now the +reason that Delta U * Delta V is indeed + + align:start position:0% +reason that Delta U * Delta V is indeed + + + align:start position:0% +reason that Delta U * Delta V is indeed +a Bonafide element of area when we're + + align:start position:0% +a Bonafide element of area when we're + + + align:start position:0% +a Bonafide element of area when we're +breaking up S lies in the fact that in + + align:start position:0% +breaking up S lies in the fact that in + + + align:start position:0% +breaking up S lies in the fact that in +the UV plane Delta U * Delta V is the + + align:start position:0% +the UV plane Delta U * Delta V is the + + + align:start position:0% +the UV plane Delta U * Delta V is the +actual area of an + + align:start position:0% +actual area of an + + + align:start position:0% +actual area of an +increment of area in s when we break up + + align:start position:0% +increment of area in s when we break up + + + align:start position:0% +increment of area in s when we break up +S by lines parallel to the u and v axis + + align:start position:0% +S by lines parallel to the u and v axis + + + align:start position:0% +S by lines parallel to the u and v axis +on the other hand notice that if we see + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand notice that if we see + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand notice that if we see +what the line U equals a constant comes + + align:start position:0% +what the line U equals a constant comes + + + align:start position:0% +what the line U equals a constant comes +from back in the XY plane U is a + + align:start position:0% +from back in the XY plane U is a + + + align:start position:0% +from back in the XY plane U is a +function of X and Y and to say that U of + + align:start position:0% +function of X and Y and to say that U of + + + align:start position:0% +function of X and Y and to say that U of +X Y equals a constant does not mean you + + align:start position:0% +X Y equals a constant does not mean you + + + align:start position:0% +X Y equals a constant does not mean you +have a straight line you could have some + + align:start position:0% +have a straight line you could have some + + + align:start position:0% +have a straight line you could have some +pretty squiggly lines over here in other + + align:start position:0% +pretty squiggly lines over here in other + + + align:start position:0% +pretty squiggly lines over here in other +words it might be a very funnyl looking + + align:start position:0% +words it might be a very funnyl looking + + + align:start position:0% +words it might be a very funnyl looking +line that Maps into a straight line a + + align:start position:0% +line that Maps into a straight line a + + + align:start position:0% +line that Maps into a straight line a +straight vertical line in the UV plane + + align:start position:0% +straight vertical line in the UV plane + + + align:start position:0% +straight vertical line in the UV plane +with respect to the mapping fbar and in + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the mapping fbar and in + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the mapping fbar and in +the similar way the lines V equal a + + align:start position:0% +the similar way the lines V equal a + + + align:start position:0% +the similar way the lines V equal a +constant the lines V equal a constant in + + align:start position:0% +constant the lines V equal a constant in + + + align:start position:0% +constant the lines V equal a constant in +the XY plane I read what V of XY equals + + align:start position:0% +the XY plane I read what V of XY equals + + + align:start position:0% +the XY plane I read what V of XY equals +a constant that's a general curve in the + + align:start position:0% +a constant that's a general curve in the + + + align:start position:0% +a constant that's a general curve in the +XY plane what we're saying is that since + + align:start position:0% +XY plane what we're saying is that since + + + align:start position:0% +XY plane what we're saying is that since +this mapping is one: one when I break up + + align:start position:0% +this mapping is one: one when I break up + + + align:start position:0% +this mapping is one: one when I break up +this region into Elementary elements of + + align:start position:0% +this region into Elementary elements of + + + align:start position:0% +this region into Elementary elements of +rectangles that will induce a breaking + + align:start position:0% +rectangles that will induce a breaking + + + align:start position:0% +rectangles that will induce a breaking +up of this region into little elements + + align:start position:0% +up of this region into little elements + + + align:start position:0% +up of this region into little elements +here but notice that the resulting + + align:start position:0% +here but notice that the resulting + + + align:start position:0% +here but notice that the resulting +elements say we take a piece like this + + align:start position:0% +elements say we take a piece like this + + + align:start position:0% +elements say we take a piece like this +and we see where that piece comes from + + align:start position:0% +and we see where that piece comes from + + + align:start position:0% +and we see where that piece comes from +let's say that that particular piece + + align:start position:0% +let's say that that particular piece + + + align:start position:0% +let's say that that particular piece +happened to come from + + align:start position:0% +happened to come from + + + align:start position:0% +happened to come from +here say that was the one to one + + align:start position:0% +here say that was the one to one + + + align:start position:0% +here say that was the one to one +correspondence notice that you can't you + + align:start position:0% +correspondence notice that you can't you + + + align:start position:0% +correspondence notice that you can't you +can take Delta U * Delta V here but + + align:start position:0% +can take Delta U * Delta V here but + + + align:start position:0% +can take Delta U * Delta V here but +notice that Delta U * Delta V simply + + align:start position:0% +notice that Delta U * Delta V simply + + + align:start position:0% +notice that Delta U * Delta V simply +means + + align:start position:0% +means + + + align:start position:0% +means +multiplying two edges which aren't + + align:start position:0% +multiplying two edges which aren't + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying two edges which aren't +straight lines which aren't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +straight lines which aren't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +straight lines which aren't necessarily +perpendicular and hence in no way should + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular and hence in no way should + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular and hence in no way should +represent what the area of of this + + align:start position:0% +represent what the area of of this + + + align:start position:0% +represent what the area of of this +little element here is the key point is + + align:start position:0% +little element here is the key point is + + + align:start position:0% +little element here is the key point is +we do not want the area of the region s + + align:start position:0% +we do not want the area of the region s + + + align:start position:0% +we do not want the area of the region s +we want the area of the region R and + + align:start position:0% +we want the area of the region R and + + + align:start position:0% +we want the area of the region R and +what we're hoping that we can do is that + + align:start position:0% +what we're hoping that we can do is that + + + align:start position:0% +what we're hoping that we can do is that +by making the change of variables that + + align:start position:0% +by making the change of variables that + + + align:start position:0% +by making the change of variables that +Maps the region R in the XY plane into + + align:start position:0% +Maps the region R in the XY plane into + + + align:start position:0% +Maps the region R in the XY plane into +the region s in the UV plane that we + + align:start position:0% +the region s in the UV plane that we + + + align:start position:0% +the region s in the UV plane that we +somehow find a convenient way of scaling + + align:start position:0% +somehow find a convenient way of scaling + + + align:start position:0% +somehow find a convenient way of scaling +an individual element of area here with + + align:start position:0% +an individual element of area here with + + + align:start position:0% +an individual element of area here with +respect to one here and then to find the + + align:start position:0% +respect to one here and then to find the + + + align:start position:0% +respect to one here and then to find the +area of this region by adding up the + + align:start position:0% +area of this region by adding up the + + + align:start position:0% +area of this region by adding up the +appropriate pieces here + + align:start position:0% +appropriate pieces here + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate pieces here +and again let me show you what that + + align:start position:0% +and again let me show you what that + + + align:start position:0% +and again let me show you what that +means in terms of just an enlargement + + align:start position:0% +means in terms of just an enlargement + + + align:start position:0% +means in terms of just an enlargement +again you see in the same as I did + + align:start position:0% +again you see in the same as I did + + + align:start position:0% +again you see in the same as I did +before let me take this little piece + + align:start position:0% +before let me take this little piece + + + align:start position:0% +before let me take this little piece +over here and really blow it up let me + + align:start position:0% +over here and really blow it up let me + + + align:start position:0% +over here and really blow it up let me +take this little piece that is the back + + align:start position:0% +take this little piece that is the back + + + align:start position:0% +take this little piece that is the back +map of this in other words the piece + + align:start position:0% +map of this in other words the piece + + + align:start position:0% +map of this in other words the piece +that Maps into this let me blow that up + + align:start position:0% +that Maps into this let me blow that up + + + align:start position:0% +that Maps into this let me blow that up +and the idea is + + align:start position:0% +and the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +and the idea is +this if I pick Delta U and Delta V + + align:start position:0% +this if I pick Delta U and Delta V + + + align:start position:0% +this if I pick Delta U and Delta V +sufficiently small notice that the area + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently small notice that the area + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently small notice that the area +of the back map of Delta a sub s is + + align:start position:0% +of the back map of Delta a sub s is + + + align:start position:0% +of the back map of Delta a sub s is +approximately the area of a + + align:start position:0% +approximately the area of a + + + align:start position:0% +approximately the area of a +parallelogram you see come back to this + + align:start position:0% +parallelogram you see come back to this + + + align:start position:0% +parallelogram you see come back to this +statement after I've explained the + + align:start position:0% +statement after I've explained the + + + align:start position:0% +statement after I've explained the +picture what I'm saying is I start with + + align:start position:0% +picture what I'm saying is I start with + + + align:start position:0% +picture what I'm saying is I start with +an element of area Delta a Subs in the + + align:start position:0% +an element of area Delta a Subs in the + + + align:start position:0% +an element of area Delta a Subs in the +UV plane you see I pick its vertices + + align:start position:0% +UV plane you see I pick its vertices + + + align:start position:0% +UV plane you see I pick its vertices +I'll call them A Bar Bar Bar D Bar C bar + + align:start position:0% +I'll call them A Bar Bar Bar D Bar C bar + + + align:start position:0% +I'll call them A Bar Bar Bar D Bar C bar +that's a little rectangle over here + + align:start position:0% +that's a little rectangle over here + + + align:start position:0% +that's a little rectangle over here +because the mapping is one: one I know + + align:start position:0% +because the mapping is one: one I know + + + align:start position:0% +because the mapping is one: one I know +that there is one and only one point in + + align:start position:0% +that there is one and only one point in + + + align:start position:0% +that there is one and only one point in +the XY plane that Maps into a bar + + align:start position:0% +the XY plane that Maps into a bar + + + align:start position:0% +the XY plane that Maps into a bar +so that let's call that point a there is + + align:start position:0% +so that let's call that point a there is + + + align:start position:0% +so that let's call that point a there is +one and only one point in the XY plane + + align:start position:0% +one and only one point in the XY plane + + + align:start position:0% +one and only one point in the XY plane +that Maps into B Bar let's call that b + + align:start position:0% +that Maps into B Bar let's call that b + + + align:start position:0% +that Maps into B Bar let's call that b +one and only one point in the XY plane + + align:start position:0% +one and only one point in the XY plane + + + align:start position:0% +one and only one point in the XY plane +that Maps into cbar let's call that + + align:start position:0% +that Maps into cbar let's call that + + + align:start position:0% +that Maps into cbar let's call that +point C and let me leave the point D out + + align:start position:0% +point C and let me leave the point D out + + + align:start position:0% +point C and let me leave the point D out +for a moment now the idea is if we call + + align:start position:0% +for a moment now the idea is if we call + + + align:start position:0% +for a moment now the idea is if we call +the coordinates of a bar u0 comma V 0 + + align:start position:0% +the coordinates of a bar u0 comma V 0 + + + align:start position:0% +the coordinates of a bar u0 comma V 0 +then because this is a line parallel to + + align:start position:0% +then because this is a line parallel to + + + align:start position:0% +then because this is a line parallel to +the U axis call this Dimension Delta U + + align:start position:0% +the U axis call this Dimension Delta U + + + align:start position:0% +the U axis call this Dimension Delta U +Bar is u0 plus Delta U comma V 0 C call + + align:start position:0% +Bar is u0 plus Delta U comma V 0 C call + + + align:start position:0% +Bar is u0 plus Delta U comma V 0 C call +this Dimension Delta V is u0 comma V 0 + + + align:start position:0% +this Dimension Delta V is u0 comma V 0 + + + + align:start position:0% +this Dimension Delta V is u0 comma V 0 + +Delta V now the point is there is no + + align:start position:0% +Delta V now the point is there is no + + + align:start position:0% +Delta V now the point is there is no +reason why the image of B Bar Nam the + + align:start position:0% +reason why the image of B Bar Nam the + + + align:start position:0% +reason why the image of B Bar Nam the +point B has to be on the + + align:start position:0% +point B has to be on the + + + align:start position:0% +point B has to be on the +same line parallel has to be on the line + + align:start position:0% +same line parallel has to be on the line + + + align:start position:0% +same line parallel has to be on the line +that joins a parallel to the x-axis in + + align:start position:0% +that joins a parallel to the x-axis in + + + align:start position:0% +that joins a parallel to the x-axis in +other words B is up here someplace C is + + align:start position:0% +other words B is up here someplace C is + + + align:start position:0% +other words B is up here someplace C is +up here someplace in other words again + + align:start position:0% +up here someplace in other words again + + + align:start position:0% +up here someplace in other words again +there's no reason why these back Maps + + align:start position:0% +there's no reason why these back Maps + + + align:start position:0% +there's no reason why these back Maps +give me a rectangle over here the point + + align:start position:0% +give me a rectangle over here the point + + + align:start position:0% +give me a rectangle over here the point +is that B has some coordinates it's x0 + + align:start position:0% +is that B has some coordinates it's x0 + + + align:start position:0% +is that B has some coordinates it's x0 +plus some increment involving X let me + + align:start position:0% +plus some increment involving X let me + + + align:start position:0% +plus some increment involving X let me +call that Delta X1 and its y coordinate + + align:start position:0% +call that Delta X1 and its y coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +call that Delta X1 and its y coordinate +is y0 plus Delta + + align:start position:0% +is y0 plus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +is y0 plus Delta +y1 C is the point x0 plus some in + + align:start position:0% +y1 C is the point x0 plus some in + + + align:start position:0% +y1 C is the point x0 plus some in +increment Delta X2 comma y0 plus Delta + + align:start position:0% +increment Delta X2 comma y0 plus Delta + + + align:start position:0% +increment Delta X2 comma y0 plus Delta +Y2 and what I'm saying is now if I were + + align:start position:0% +Y2 and what I'm saying is now if I were + + + align:start position:0% +Y2 and what I'm saying is now if I were +to just look at the parallelogram which + + align:start position:0% +to just look at the parallelogram which + + + align:start position:0% +to just look at the parallelogram which +had a b and a c as adjacent sides it's + + align:start position:0% +had a b and a c as adjacent sides it's + + + align:start position:0% +had a b and a c as adjacent sides it's +very easy for me to find the area of + + align:start position:0% +very easy for me to find the area of + + + align:start position:0% +very easy for me to find the area of +that parallelogram namely to find the + + align:start position:0% +that parallelogram namely to find the + + + align:start position:0% +that parallelogram namely to find the +area of a parallelogram in Vector form I + + align:start position:0% +area of a parallelogram in Vector form I + + + align:start position:0% +area of a parallelogram in Vector form I +just take the magnitude of the cross + + align:start position:0% +just take the magnitude of the cross + + + align:start position:0% +just take the magnitude of the cross +product of the two vectors A B and AC + + align:start position:0% +product of the two vectors A B and AC + + + align:start position:0% +product of the two vectors A B and AC +you see what's wrong with this is that + + align:start position:0% +you see what's wrong with this is that + + + align:start position:0% +you see what's wrong with this is that +that particular parallelogram is not the + + align:start position:0% +that particular parallelogram is not the + + + align:start position:0% +that particular parallelogram is not the +exact image of the back map of Delta as + + align:start position:0% +exact image of the back map of Delta as + + + align:start position:0% +exact image of the back map of Delta as +sure a bar Maps exactly into a c bar + + align:start position:0% +sure a bar Maps exactly into a c bar + + + align:start position:0% +sure a bar Maps exactly into a c bar +Maps exactly into c Bar Bar Maps exactly + + align:start position:0% +Maps exactly into c Bar Bar Maps exactly + + + align:start position:0% +Maps exactly into c Bar Bar Maps exactly +into B but the point is that these + + align:start position:0% +into B but the point is that these + + + align:start position:0% +into B but the point is that these +points along a bar + + align:start position:0% +points along a bar + + + align:start position:0% +points along a bar +C do not map into the straight line from + + align:start position:0% +C do not map into the straight line from + + + align:start position:0% +C do not map into the straight line from +a to c in general in other words what + + align:start position:0% +a to c in general in other words what + + + align:start position:0% +a to c in general in other words what +characterizes this this is characterized + + align:start position:0% +characterizes this this is characterized + + + align:start position:0% +characterizes this this is characterized +by Delta U equals z and written that + + align:start position:0% +by Delta U equals z and written that + + + align:start position:0% +by Delta U equals z and written that +when U is written in terms of X and Y + + align:start position:0% +when U is written in terms of X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +when U is written in terms of X and Y +that doesn't say that Delta X or Delta y + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't say that Delta X or Delta y + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't say that Delta X or Delta y +are zero so the true image of this might + + align:start position:0% +are zero so the true image of this might + + + align:start position:0% +are zero so the true image of this might +be what I've represented with this + + align:start position:0% +be what I've represented with this + + + align:start position:0% +be what I've represented with this +dotted array here in other words what + + align:start position:0% +dotted array here in other words what + + + align:start position:0% +dotted array here in other words what +the true back map of Delta a is is this + + align:start position:0% +the true back map of Delta a is is this + + + align:start position:0% +the true back map of Delta a is is this +dotted thing where D is now this vertex + + align:start position:0% +dotted thing where D is now this vertex + + + align:start position:0% +dotted thing where D is now this vertex +here you see there's no guarantee that + + align:start position:0% +here you see there's no guarantee that + + + align:start position:0% +here you see there's no guarantee that +the back map of D Bar is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +the back map of D Bar is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +the back map of D Bar is going to be the +fourth vertex of this parallelogram but + + align:start position:0% +fourth vertex of this parallelogram but + + + align:start position:0% +fourth vertex of this parallelogram but +what the key point is and this is where + + align:start position:0% +what the key point is and this is where + + + align:start position:0% +what the key point is and this is where +that linearity is so important is that + + align:start position:0% +that linearity is so important is that + + + align:start position:0% +that linearity is so important is that +if the transformation is smooth enough + + align:start position:0% +if the transformation is smooth enough + + + align:start position:0% +if the transformation is smooth enough +continuously + + align:start position:0% +continuously + + + align:start position:0% +continuously +differentiable then what it does mean is + + align:start position:0% +differentiable then what it does mean is + + + align:start position:0% +differentiable then what it does mean is +that as long as Delta U and Delta VR + + align:start position:0% +that as long as Delta U and Delta VR + + + align:start position:0% +that as long as Delta U and Delta VR +sufficiently small the true area of the + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently small the true area of the + + + align:start position:0% +sufficiently small the true area of the +region Delta a that we're looking for is + + align:start position:0% +region Delta a that we're looking for is + + + align:start position:0% +region Delta a that we're looking for is +approximately equal to the area of this + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to the area of this + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to the area of this +parallelogram and by approximately equal + + align:start position:0% +parallelogram and by approximately equal + + + align:start position:0% +parallelogram and by approximately equal +I mean what that the error goes to zero + + align:start position:0% +I mean what that the error goes to zero + + + align:start position:0% +I mean what that the error goes to zero +as we take the limit in forming the + + align:start position:0% +as we take the limit in forming the + + + align:start position:0% +as we take the limit in forming the +double sum that again the key map the + + align:start position:0% +double sum that again the key map the + + + align:start position:0% +double sum that again the key map the +key point is this the back map of Delta + + align:start position:0% +key point is this the back map of Delta + + + align:start position:0% +key point is this the back map of Delta +a Subs yields Delta a but that Delta a + + align:start position:0% +a Subs yields Delta a but that Delta a + + + align:start position:0% +a Subs yields Delta a but that Delta a +is a approximately this parallelogram + + align:start position:0% +is a approximately this parallelogram + + + align:start position:0% +is a approximately this parallelogram +and the area of this parallelogram is + + align:start position:0% +and the area of this parallelogram is + + + align:start position:0% +and the area of this parallelogram is +exactly the magnitude of a b the vector + + align:start position:0% +exactly the magnitude of a b the vector + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the magnitude of a b the vector +AB crossed with AC in other words the + + align:start position:0% +AB crossed with AC in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +AB crossed with AC in other words the +approximation comes in because this is + + align:start position:0% +approximation comes in because this is + + + align:start position:0% +approximation comes in because this is +exactly the area of the parallelogram + + align:start position:0% +exactly the area of the parallelogram + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the area of the parallelogram +but Delta a subr is only approximately + + align:start position:0% +but Delta a subr is only approximately + + + align:start position:0% +but Delta a subr is only approximately +equal to the area of the parallelogram + + align:start position:0% +equal to the area of the parallelogram + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the area of the parallelogram +at any rate notice in terms of I and J + + align:start position:0% +at any rate notice in terms of I and J + + + align:start position:0% +at any rate notice in terms of I and J +components how easy it is to compute a + + align:start position:0% +components how easy it is to compute a + + + align:start position:0% +components how easy it is to compute a +and AC you see what are the components + + align:start position:0% +and AC you see what are the components + + + align:start position:0% +and AC you see what are the components +of the vector from A to B the I + + align:start position:0% +of the vector from A to B the I + + + align:start position:0% +of the vector from A to B the I +component is Delta X1 see this minus + + align:start position:0% +component is Delta X1 see this minus + + + align:start position:0% +component is Delta X1 see this minus +this the J component is this minus this + + align:start position:0% +this the J component is this minus this + + + align:start position:0% +this the J component is this minus this +right AC in other words AC has what as + + align:start position:0% +right AC in other words AC has what as + + + align:start position:0% +right AC in other words AC has what as +its components it's this minus this + + align:start position:0% +its components it's this minus this + + + align:start position:0% +its components it's this minus this +namely Delta X2 this minus this is the Y + + align:start position:0% +namely Delta X2 this minus this is the Y + + + align:start position:0% +namely Delta X2 this minus this is the Y +component that's Delta Y2 in other words + + align:start position:0% +component that's Delta Y2 in other words + + + align:start position:0% +component that's Delta Y2 in other words +to write this out so you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +to write this out so you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +to write this out so you don't have to +listen to how fast I'm talking AB is + + align:start position:0% +listen to how fast I'm talking AB is + + + align:start position:0% +listen to how fast I'm talking AB is +this particular Vector AC is this + + align:start position:0% +this particular Vector AC is this + + + align:start position:0% +this particular Vector AC is this +particular vector remembering that when + + align:start position:0% +particular vector remembering that when + + + align:start position:0% +particular vector remembering that when +we take a cross product I cross I is z J + + align:start position:0% +we take a cross product I cross I is z J + + + align:start position:0% +we take a cross product I cross I is z J +cross J is z i cross J is K and J cross + + align:start position:0% +cross J is z i cross J is K and J cross + + + align:start position:0% +cross J is z i cross J is K and J cross +I is minus K remember for the cross + + align:start position:0% +I is minus K remember for the cross + + + align:start position:0% +I is minus K remember for the cross +product we can't change the order of the + + align:start position:0% +product we can't change the order of the + + + align:start position:0% +product we can't change the order of the +terms from the order in which they + + align:start position:0% +terms from the order in which they + + + align:start position:0% +terms from the order in which they +appear we then determine what that AB + + align:start position:0% +appear we then determine what that AB + + + align:start position:0% +appear we then determine what that AB +cross a c is Delta X1 Delta Y2 minus + + align:start position:0% +cross a c is Delta X1 Delta Y2 minus + + + align:start position:0% +cross a c is Delta X1 Delta Y2 minus +Delta X2 Delta y1 times the vector k the + + align:start position:0% +Delta X2 Delta y1 times the vector k the + + + align:start position:0% +Delta X2 Delta y1 times the vector k the +unit Vector in the Z Direction now Delta + + align:start position:0% +unit Vector in the Z Direction now Delta + + + align:start position:0% +unit Vector in the Z Direction now Delta +X1 + + align:start position:0% +X1 + + + align:start position:0% +X1 +is exactly see remember we're looking at + + align:start position:0% +is exactly see remember we're looking at + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly see remember we're looking at +the parallelogram which is a straight + + align:start position:0% +the parallelogram which is a straight + + + align:start position:0% +the parallelogram which is a straight +line if you want to think of it in terms + + align:start position:0% +line if you want to think of it in terms + + + align:start position:0% +line if you want to think of it in terms +of the region R by differentials Delta + + align:start position:0% +of the region R by differentials Delta + + + align:start position:0% +of the region R by differentials Delta +X1 would be what it's approximately the + + align:start position:0% +X1 would be what it's approximately the + + + align:start position:0% +X1 would be what it's approximately the +partial of X respect to U * Delta U plus + + align:start position:0% +partial of X respect to U * Delta U plus + + + align:start position:0% +partial of X respect to U * Delta U plus +the partial of X with respect to V * + + align:start position:0% +the partial of X with respect to V * + + + align:start position:0% +the partial of X with respect to V * +Delta V similarly Delta y1 is y sub U * + + align:start position:0% +Delta V similarly Delta y1 is y sub U * + + + align:start position:0% +Delta V similarly Delta y1 is y sub U * +Delta U plus y subv * Delta V but now + + align:start position:0% +Delta U plus y subv * Delta V but now + + + align:start position:0% +Delta U plus y subv * Delta V but now +keep in mind where Delta X1 and Delta y1 + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind where Delta X1 and Delta y1 + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind where Delta X1 and Delta y1 +come from Delta X x 1 and Delta y1 come + + align:start position:0% +come from Delta X x 1 and Delta y1 come + + + align:start position:0% +come from Delta X x 1 and Delta y1 come +from the back mapping from a bar bar bar + + align:start position:0% +from the back mapping from a bar bar bar + + + align:start position:0% +from the back mapping from a bar bar bar +back to AB and along a bar bar bar + + align:start position:0% +back to AB and along a bar bar bar + + + align:start position:0% +back to AB and along a bar bar bar +notice that V is always equal to v0 so + + align:start position:0% +notice that V is always equal to v0 so + + + align:start position:0% +notice that V is always equal to v0 so +that means that Delta V is zero that + + align:start position:0% +that means that Delta V is zero that + + + align:start position:0% +that means that Delta V is zero that +means therefore that because Delta V is + + align:start position:0% +means therefore that because Delta V is + + + align:start position:0% +means therefore that because Delta V is +zero Delta X1 and Delta y1 are simply + + align:start position:0% +zero Delta X1 and Delta y1 are simply + + + align:start position:0% +zero Delta X1 and Delta y1 are simply +this see this drops out similarly Delta + + align:start position:0% +this see this drops out similarly Delta + + + align:start position:0% +this see this drops out similarly Delta +X2 and Delta Y2 come from the back map + + align:start position:0% +X2 and Delta Y2 come from the back map + + + align:start position:0% +X2 and Delta Y2 come from the back map +of a bar c bar along a c bar U is equal + + align:start position:0% +of a bar c bar along a c bar U is equal + + + align:start position:0% +of a bar c bar along a c bar U is equal +to u0 so Delta U is zero so writing this + + align:start position:0% +to u0 so Delta U is zero so writing this + + + align:start position:0% +to u0 so Delta U is zero so writing this +out these drop out and now with these + + align:start position:0% +out these drop out and now with these + + + align:start position:0% +out these drop out and now with these +terms being zero with these terms being + + align:start position:0% +terms being zero with these terms being + + + align:start position:0% +terms being zero with these terms being +zero I can very simply compute the + + align:start position:0% +zero I can very simply compute the + + + align:start position:0% +zero I can very simply compute the +product Delta X1 Delta Y2 minus Delta X2 + + align:start position:0% +product Delta X1 Delta Y2 minus Delta X2 + + + align:start position:0% +product Delta X1 Delta Y2 minus Delta X2 +Delta y1 and if I do that you see right + + align:start position:0% +Delta y1 and if I do that you see right + + + align:start position:0% +Delta y1 and if I do that you see right +away what I obtain is what it's this + + align:start position:0% +away what I obtain is what it's this + + + align:start position:0% +away what I obtain is what it's this +times this I + + align:start position:0% +times this I + + + align:start position:0% +times this I +now okay collect the terms here in other + + align:start position:0% +now okay collect the terms here in other + + + align:start position:0% +now okay collect the terms here in other +words I want the Delta U and the Delta V + + align:start position:0% +words I want the Delta U and the Delta V + + + align:start position:0% +words I want the Delta U and the Delta V +together the multiplier out front here + + align:start position:0% +together the multiplier out front here + + + align:start position:0% +together the multiplier out front here +is xub U * Y subv in a similar way Delta + + align:start position:0% +is xub U * Y subv in a similar way Delta + + + align:start position:0% +is xub U * Y subv in a similar way Delta +X2 * Delta y1 is X subv Y sub U * Delta + + align:start position:0% +X2 * Delta y1 is X subv Y sub U * Delta + + + align:start position:0% +X2 * Delta y1 is X subv Y sub U * Delta +U Delta V therefore the putting that + + align:start position:0% +U Delta V therefore the putting that + + + align:start position:0% +U Delta V therefore the putting that +into here the magnitude of ab cross a is + + align:start position:0% +into here the magnitude of ab cross a is + + + align:start position:0% +into here the magnitude of ab cross a is +simply this expression here noticing + + align:start position:0% +simply this expression here noticing + + + align:start position:0% +simply this expression here noticing +that the K Vector drops out because its + + align:start position:0% +that the K Vector drops out because its + + + align:start position:0% +that the K Vector drops out because its +magnitude is one notice that Delta U * * + + align:start position:0% +magnitude is one notice that Delta U * * + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude is one notice that Delta U * * +Delta V is precisely Delta a subs and + + align:start position:0% +Delta V is precisely Delta a subs and + + + align:start position:0% +Delta V is precisely Delta a subs and +then x sub U * y subv - x subv * Y subu + + align:start position:0% +then x sub U * y subv - x subv * Y subu + + + align:start position:0% +then x sub U * y subv - x subv * Y subu +is precisely the determinant of our old + + align:start position:0% +is precisely the determinant of our old + + + align:start position:0% +is precisely the determinant of our old +friend the Jacobian matrix the Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +friend the Jacobian matrix the Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +friend the Jacobian matrix the Jacobian +matrix of X and Y with respect to u and + + align:start position:0% +matrix of X and Y with respect to u and + + + align:start position:0% +matrix of X and Y with respect to u and +v in other words Delta a subr is + + align:start position:0% +v in other words Delta a subr is + + + align:start position:0% +v in other words Delta a subr is +approximately equal to the determinant + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to the determinant + + + align:start position:0% +approximately equal to the determinant +of the Jacobian matrix of X and Y with + + align:start position:0% +of the Jacobian matrix of X and Y with + + + align:start position:0% +of the Jacobian matrix of X and Y with +respect to u and v times Delta a s and + + align:start position:0% +respect to u and v times Delta a s and + + + align:start position:0% +respect to u and v times Delta a s and +if I now perform this double sum + + align:start position:0% +if I now perform this double sum + + + align:start position:0% +if I now perform this double sum +you see this becomes what the area of + + align:start position:0% +you see this becomes what the area of + + + align:start position:0% +you see this becomes what the area of +the region R let's write that in that's + + align:start position:0% +the region R let's write that in that's + + + align:start position:0% +the region R let's write that in that's +really the area of the region R is a + + align:start position:0% +really the area of the region R is a + + + align:start position:0% +really the area of the region R is a +double integral over R DX Dy and that's + + align:start position:0% +double integral over R DX Dy and that's + + + align:start position:0% +double integral over R DX Dy and that's +the same as what the double integral + + align:start position:0% +the same as what the double integral + + + align:start position:0% +the same as what the double integral +over s times du DV multiplied by the + + align:start position:0% +over s times du DV multiplied by the + + + align:start position:0% +over s times du DV multiplied by the +scaling factor of the Jacobian + + align:start position:0% +scaling factor of the Jacobian + + + align:start position:0% +scaling factor of the Jacobian +determinant by the way notice I dropped + + align:start position:0% +determinant by the way notice I dropped + + + align:start position:0% +determinant by the way notice I dropped +the determinant symbol over here the + + align:start position:0% +the determinant symbol over here the + + + align:start position:0% +the determinant symbol over here the +reason for that is that many textbooks + + align:start position:0% +reason for that is that many textbooks + + + align:start position:0% +reason for that is that many textbooks +including our own use this notation not + + align:start position:0% +including our own use this notation not + + + align:start position:0% +including our own use this notation not +to name the Jacobian matrix but to name + + align:start position:0% +to name the Jacobian matrix but to name + + + align:start position:0% +to name the Jacobian matrix but to name +the Jacobian determinant I have been + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian determinant I have been + + + align:start position:0% +the Jacobian determinant I have been +using this to name the Jacobian matrix + + align:start position:0% +using this to name the Jacobian matrix + + + align:start position:0% +using this to name the Jacobian matrix +from this point on I will now switch to + + align:start position:0% +from this point on I will now switch to + + + align:start position:0% +from this point on I will now switch to +become uniform with the text and unless + + align:start position:0% +become uniform with the text and unless + + + align:start position:0% +become uniform with the text and unless +otherwise specified I will write this + + align:start position:0% +otherwise specified I will write this + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise specified I will write this +rather than put the determinant symbol + + align:start position:0% +rather than put the determinant symbol + + + align:start position:0% +rather than put the determinant symbol +in from from now on in our course when I + + align:start position:0% +in from from now on in our course when I + + + align:start position:0% +in from from now on in our course when I +write this I am referring to the + + align:start position:0% +write this I am referring to the + + + align:start position:0% +write this I am referring to the +Jacobian M determinant okay but the + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian M determinant okay but the + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobian M determinant okay but the +thing is this no Noti that the given + + align:start position:0% +thing is this no Noti that the given + + + align:start position:0% +thing is this no Noti that the given +mapping might straighten out the region + + align:start position:0% +mapping might straighten out the region + + + align:start position:0% +mapping might straighten out the region +R into a nicer looking region s but to + + align:start position:0% +R into a nicer looking region s but to + + + align:start position:0% +R into a nicer looking region s but to +offset this it may also turn out that + + align:start position:0% +offset this it may also turn out that + + + align:start position:0% +offset this it may also turn out that +the resulting integrand here is much + + align:start position:0% +the resulting integrand here is much + + + align:start position:0% +the resulting integrand here is much +worse than the integrand here here the + + align:start position:0% +worse than the integrand here here the + + + align:start position:0% +worse than the integrand here here the +multiplier of the xdy was the simple + + align:start position:0% +multiplier of the xdy was the simple + + + align:start position:0% +multiplier of the xdy was the simple +number one wasn't it here what's + + align:start position:0% +number one wasn't it here what's + + + align:start position:0% +number one wasn't it here what's +multiplying duud DV no matter how nice s + + align:start position:0% +multiplying duud DV no matter how nice s + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying duud DV no matter how nice s +is is this expression here which may be + + align:start position:0% +is is this expression here which may be + + + align:start position:0% +is is this expression here which may be +quite messy and therefore in most + + align:start position:0% +quite messy and therefore in most + + + align:start position:0% +quite messy and therefore in most +practical applications where one solves + + align:start position:0% +practical applications where one solves + + + align:start position:0% +practical applications where one solves +multiple in integrals by a change of + + align:start position:0% +multiple in integrals by a change of + + + align:start position:0% +multiple in integrals by a change of +variable one not only wants a change of + + align:start position:0% +variable one not only wants a change of + + + align:start position:0% +variable one not only wants a change of +variables that straightens out the + + align:start position:0% +variables that straightens out the + + + align:start position:0% +variables that straightens out the +region into a nicer looking one he wants + + align:start position:0% +region into a nicer looking one he wants + + + align:start position:0% +region into a nicer looking one he wants +a combination of two things he would + + align:start position:0% +a combination of two things he would + + + align:start position:0% +a combination of two things he would +like a nicer looking region and more + + align:start position:0% +like a nicer looking region and more + + + align:start position:0% +like a nicer looking region and more +importantly even if he can't get a nicer + + align:start position:0% +importantly even if he can't get a nicer + + + align:start position:0% +importantly even if he can't get a nicer +looking region at least if he gets a + + align:start position:0% +looking region at least if he gets a + + + align:start position:0% +looking region at least if he gets a +correction factor a Jacobian determinant + + align:start position:0% +correction factor a Jacobian determinant + + + align:start position:0% +correction factor a Jacobian determinant +that gives him something that's easy to + + align:start position:0% +that gives him something that's easy to + + + align:start position:0% +that gives him something that's easy to +integrate he'll settle for that and what + + align:start position:0% +integrate he'll settle for that and what + + + align:start position:0% +integrate he'll settle for that and what +that means hopefully will become clearer + + align:start position:0% +that means hopefully will become clearer + + + align:start position:0% +that means hopefully will become clearer +as we go through the exercises and the + + align:start position:0% +as we go through the exercises and the + + + align:start position:0% +as we go through the exercises and the +reading material at any rate I think + + align:start position:0% +reading material at any rate I think + + + align:start position:0% +reading material at any rate I think +that's all I want to say about a + + align:start position:0% +that's all I want to say about a + + + align:start position:0% +that's all I want to say about a +supplement to Professor Thomas's + + align:start position:0% +supplement to Professor Thomas's + + + align:start position:0% +supplement to Professor Thomas's +treatment of polar coordinates at this + + align:start position:0% +treatment of polar coordinates at this + + + align:start position:0% +treatment of polar coordinates at this +time and until next time then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +goodbye funding for the publication of + + align:start position:0% +goodbye funding for the publication of + + + align:start position:0% +goodbye funding for the publication of +this video was provided by the Gabriella + + align:start position:0% +this video was provided by the Gabriella + + + align:start position:0% +this video was provided by the Gabriella +and Paul rosenbom + + align:start position:0% +and Paul rosenbom + + + align:start position:0% +and Paul rosenbom +foundation help ocw continue to provide + + align:start position:0% +foundation help ocw continue to provide + + + align:start position:0% +foundation help ocw continue to provide +free and open access to MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +free and open access to MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +free and open access to MIT courses +by making a donation at + + align:start position:0% +by making a donation at + + + align:start position:0% +by making a donation at +ocw.mit.edu/donate \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Z2ScgFh81Dc.txt b/Z2ScgFh81Dc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a1af9631cd6a75c5c71b6045d72efbcb070efb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Z2ScgFh81Dc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13963 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +today we will start our discussion of + + align:start position:0% +today we will start our discussion of + + + align:start position:0% +today we will start our discussion of +with the discussion of glycolysis as a + + align:start position:0% +with the discussion of glycolysis as a + + + align:start position:0% +with the discussion of glycolysis as a +pathway + + align:start position:0% +pathway + + + align:start position:0% +pathway +and how we can use favorable oxidation + + align:start position:0% +and how we can use favorable oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +and how we can use favorable oxidation +of glucose + + align:start position:0% +of glucose + + + align:start position:0% +of glucose +to enable phosphate addition while at + + align:start position:0% +to enable phosphate addition while at + + + align:start position:0% +to enable phosphate addition while at +the same time producing useful + + align:start position:0% +the same time producing useful + + + align:start position:0% +the same time producing useful +intermediates that + + align:start position:0% +intermediates that + + + align:start position:0% +intermediates that +enable us to do atp synthase and + + align:start position:0% +enable us to do atp synthase and + + + align:start position:0% +enable us to do atp synthase and +atp synthesis and maintain a high atp + + align:start position:0% +atp synthesis and maintain a high atp + + + align:start position:0% +atp synthesis and maintain a high atp +adp ratio + + align:start position:0% +adp ratio + + + align:start position:0% +adp ratio +in cells now i drew up here the entire + + align:start position:0% +in cells now i drew up here the entire + + + align:start position:0% +in cells now i drew up here the entire +glycolytic pathway + + align:start position:0% +glycolytic pathway + + + align:start position:0% +glycolytic pathway +just like you saw at the end of the last + + align:start position:0% +just like you saw at the end of the last + + + align:start position:0% +just like you saw at the end of the last +lecture and i want to go through it here + + align:start position:0% +lecture and i want to go through it here + + + align:start position:0% +lecture and i want to go through it here +step by step and so the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first step in glycolysis as we already + + align:start position:0% +first step in glycolysis as we already + + + align:start position:0% +first step in glycolysis as we already +talked about is we have + + align:start position:0% +talked about is we have + + + align:start position:0% +talked about is we have +glucose this here is of course alpha + + align:start position:0% +glucose this here is of course alpha + + + align:start position:0% +glucose this here is of course alpha +d-glucose in the + + align:start position:0% +d-glucose in the + + + align:start position:0% +d-glucose in the +uh i drew it in the alpha form if the + + align:start position:0% +uh i drew it in the alpha form if the + + + align:start position:0% +uh i drew it in the alpha form if the +o-h was pointing up that would be the + + align:start position:0% +o-h was pointing up that would be the + + + align:start position:0% +o-h was pointing up that would be the +beta form just some quick review + + align:start position:0% +beta form just some quick review + + + align:start position:0% +beta form just some quick review +i'll drop the alpha and beta and the + + align:start position:0% +i'll drop the alpha and beta and the + + + align:start position:0% +i'll drop the alpha and beta and the +stereochemistry denotion going forward + + align:start position:0% +stereochemistry denotion going forward + + + align:start position:0% +stereochemistry denotion going forward +this glucose molecule as we discussed + + align:start position:0% +this glucose molecule as we discussed + + + align:start position:0% +this glucose molecule as we discussed +previously + + align:start position:0% +previously + + + align:start position:0% +previously +is first trapped in cells by being + + align:start position:0% +is first trapped in cells by being + + + align:start position:0% +is first trapped in cells by being +phosphorylated + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylated + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylated +by the enzyme hexokinase sometimes + + align:start position:0% +by the enzyme hexokinase sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +by the enzyme hexokinase sometimes +abbreviated hk + + align:start position:0% +abbreviated hk + + + align:start position:0% +abbreviated hk +to give glucose 6-phosphate + + align:start position:0% +to give glucose 6-phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +to give glucose 6-phosphate +not shown here this glucose 6-phosphate + + align:start position:0% +not shown here this glucose 6-phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +not shown here this glucose 6-phosphate +that undergoes + + align:start position:0% +that undergoes + + + align:start position:0% +that undergoes +an isomerase reaction via the open chain + + align:start position:0% +an isomerase reaction via the open chain + + + align:start position:0% +an isomerase reaction via the open chain +form again we discuss this reaction when + + align:start position:0% +form again we discuss this reaction when + + + align:start position:0% +form again we discuss this reaction when +we discuss sugars + + align:start position:0% +we discuss sugars + + + align:start position:0% +we discuss sugars +and so this would be catalyzed by + + align:start position:0% +and so this would be catalyzed by + + + align:start position:0% +and so this would be catalyzed by +glucose phosphate isomerase + + align:start position:0% +glucose phosphate isomerase + + + align:start position:0% +glucose phosphate isomerase +and takes it from the aldos to the + + align:start position:0% +and takes it from the aldos to the + + + align:start position:0% +and takes it from the aldos to the +ketose so now you have the + + align:start position:0% +ketose so now you have the + + + align:start position:0% +ketose so now you have the +fructose the the ketos fructose + + align:start position:0% +fructose the the ketos fructose + + + align:start position:0% +fructose the the ketos fructose +6-phosphate + + align:start position:0% +6-phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +6-phosphate +um shown here in the furanose form + + align:start position:0% +um shown here in the furanose form + + + align:start position:0% +um shown here in the furanose form +this fructose-6-phosphate is then + + align:start position:0% +this fructose-6-phosphate is then + + + align:start position:0% +this fructose-6-phosphate is then +phosphorylated + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylated + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylated +a second time by an enzyme called + + align:start position:0% +a second time by an enzyme called + + + align:start position:0% +a second time by an enzyme called +phosphofructokinase + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase + + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase +typically abbreviated pfk it's + + align:start position:0% +typically abbreviated pfk it's + + + align:start position:0% +typically abbreviated pfk it's +phosphorylated + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylated + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylated +on the one position to give fructose 1 + + align:start position:0% +on the one position to give fructose 1 + + + align:start position:0% +on the one position to give fructose 1 +6 bisphosphate shown here + + align:start position:0% +6 bisphosphate shown here + + + align:start position:0% +6 bisphosphate shown here +that fructose 1 6 bisphosphate + + align:start position:0% +that fructose 1 6 bisphosphate + + + align:start position:0% +that fructose 1 6 bisphosphate +can then be cleaved by the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +can then be cleaved by the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +can then be cleaved by the enzyme +aldolase + + align:start position:0% +aldolase + + + align:start position:0% +aldolase +cleavage takes place in the open chain + + align:start position:0% +cleavage takes place in the open chain + + + align:start position:0% +cleavage takes place in the open chain +form which i drew + + align:start position:0% +form which i drew + + + align:start position:0% +form which i drew +up here in the corner basically + + align:start position:0% +up here in the corner basically + + + align:start position:0% +up here in the corner basically +splitting the molecule + + align:start position:0% +splitting the molecule + + + align:start position:0% +splitting the molecule +in half to form two trioses + + align:start position:0% +in half to form two trioses + + + align:start position:0% +in half to form two trioses +one of which is the ketose + + align:start position:0% +one of which is the ketose + + + align:start position:0% +one of which is the ketose +dihydroxyacetone + + align:start position:0% +dihydroxyacetone + + + align:start position:0% +dihydroxyacetone +phosphate basically the top half of the + + align:start position:0% +phosphate basically the top half of the + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate basically the top half of the +molecule + + align:start position:0% +molecule + + + align:start position:0% +molecule +the other is the bottom half of the + + align:start position:0% +the other is the bottom half of the + + + align:start position:0% +the other is the bottom half of the +molecule the aldose + + align:start position:0% +molecule the aldose + + + align:start position:0% +molecule the aldose +glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + + align:start position:0% +glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate +these two trioses can be interconverted + + align:start position:0% +these two trioses can be interconverted + + + align:start position:0% +these two trioses can be interconverted +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +aldos and the ketose via an isomerase + + align:start position:0% +aldos and the ketose via an isomerase + + + align:start position:0% +aldos and the ketose via an isomerase +the enzyme that does that is called + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme that does that is called + + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme that does that is called +trios phosphate + + align:start position:0% +trios phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +trios phosphate +isomerase and moving forward basically + + align:start position:0% +isomerase and moving forward basically + + + align:start position:0% +isomerase and moving forward basically +takes the dihydroxyacetone phosphate + + align:start position:0% +takes the dihydroxyacetone phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +takes the dihydroxyacetone phosphate +that comes from the top half + + align:start position:0% +that comes from the top half + + + align:start position:0% +that comes from the top half +and can turn all the carbon from + + align:start position:0% +and can turn all the carbon from + + + align:start position:0% +and can turn all the carbon from +fructose 1 6 bisphosphate + + align:start position:0% +fructose 1 6 bisphosphate + + + align:start position:0% +fructose 1 6 bisphosphate +into two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates + + align:start position:0% +into two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates + + + align:start position:0% +into two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates +that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as we + + align:start position:0% +that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as we + + + align:start position:0% +that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as we +discussed last time is the substrate for + + align:start position:0% +discussed last time is the substrate for + + + align:start position:0% +discussed last time is the substrate for +the gap dh reaction the glyceraldehyde + + align:start position:0% +the gap dh reaction the glyceraldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +the gap dh reaction the glyceraldehyde +3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap-d-h + + align:start position:0% +3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap-d-h + + + align:start position:0% +3-phosphate dehydrogenase gap-d-h +which as we discussed last time couples + + align:start position:0% +which as we discussed last time couples + + + align:start position:0% +which as we discussed last time couples +oxidation of this aldehyde to this + + align:start position:0% +oxidation of this aldehyde to this + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation of this aldehyde to this +acid with phosphate addition + + align:start position:0% +acid with phosphate addition + + + align:start position:0% +acid with phosphate addition +that oxidation reaction the electrons + + align:start position:0% +that oxidation reaction the electrons + + + align:start position:0% +that oxidation reaction the electrons +have to go somewhere that's where the + + align:start position:0% +have to go somewhere that's where the + + + align:start position:0% +have to go somewhere that's where the +cofactor nad + + align:start position:0% +cofactor nad + + + align:start position:0% +cofactor nad +comes in picks up two electrons + + align:start position:0% +comes in picks up two electrons + + + align:start position:0% +comes in picks up two electrons +generates nadh + + align:start position:0% +generates nadh + + + align:start position:0% +generates nadh +and in the process this enzyme generates + + align:start position:0% +and in the process this enzyme generates + + + align:start position:0% +and in the process this enzyme generates +this molecule + + align:start position:0% +this molecule + + + align:start position:0% +this molecule +one three bisphosphoglycerate or one + + align:start position:0% +one three bisphosphoglycerate or one + + + align:start position:0% +one three bisphosphoglycerate or one +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +bpg remember that one three bpg + + align:start position:0% +bpg remember that one three bpg + + + align:start position:0% +bpg remember that one three bpg +molecule was one of the useful + + align:start position:0% +molecule was one of the useful + + + align:start position:0% +molecule was one of the useful +intermediates + + align:start position:0% +intermediates + + + align:start position:0% +intermediates +whereby we could undergo favorable + + align:start position:0% +whereby we could undergo favorable + + + align:start position:0% +whereby we could undergo favorable +synthesis + + align:start position:0% +synthesis + + + align:start position:0% +synthesis +of atp even at the high atp adp ratio + + align:start position:0% +of atp even at the high atp adp ratio + + + align:start position:0% +of atp even at the high atp adp ratio +found in cells + + align:start position:0% +found in cells + + + align:start position:0% +found in cells +and that's because we can transfer the + + align:start position:0% +and that's because we can transfer the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because we can transfer the +phosphate from this acid group + + align:start position:0% +phosphate from this acid group + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate from this acid group +um onto adp that gives us an atp + + align:start position:0% +um onto adp that gives us an atp + + + align:start position:0% +um onto adp that gives us an atp +and the product 3-phosphoglycerate or + + align:start position:0% +and the product 3-phosphoglycerate or + + + align:start position:0% +and the product 3-phosphoglycerate or +3pg + + align:start position:0% +3pg + + + align:start position:0% +3pg +carried out by the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +carried out by the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +carried out by the enzyme +phosphoglycerate kinase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that 3pg molecule can then undergo + + align:start position:0% +that 3pg molecule can then undergo + + + align:start position:0% +that 3pg molecule can then undergo +what's referred to as a mutase reaction + + align:start position:0% +what's referred to as a mutase reaction + + + align:start position:0% +what's referred to as a mutase reaction +and so the phosphate is moved from the 3 + + align:start position:0% +and so the phosphate is moved from the 3 + + + align:start position:0% +and so the phosphate is moved from the 3 +to the 2 position of glycerate + + align:start position:0% +to the 2 position of glycerate + + + align:start position:0% +to the 2 position of glycerate +so 3-phosphoglycerate to + + align:start position:0% +so 3-phosphoglycerate to + + + align:start position:0% +so 3-phosphoglycerate to +2-phosphoglycerate + + align:start position:0% +2-phosphoglycerate + + + align:start position:0% +2-phosphoglycerate +carried out by phosphoglycerate mutase + + align:start position:0% +carried out by phosphoglycerate mutase + + + align:start position:0% +carried out by phosphoglycerate mutase +often abbreviated p-gam + + align:start position:0% +often abbreviated p-gam + + + align:start position:0% +often abbreviated p-gam +this 2-phosphoglycerate can then undergo + + align:start position:0% +this 2-phosphoglycerate can then undergo + + + align:start position:0% +this 2-phosphoglycerate can then undergo +a dehydration + + align:start position:0% +a dehydration + + + align:start position:0% +a dehydration +to by an enzyme called enolase to give + + align:start position:0% +to by an enzyme called enolase to give + + + align:start position:0% +to by an enzyme called enolase to give +the molecule + + align:start position:0% +the molecule + + + align:start position:0% +the molecule +phosphoenolpyruvate phosphoenolpyruvate + + align:start position:0% +phosphoenolpyruvate phosphoenolpyruvate + + + align:start position:0% +phosphoenolpyruvate phosphoenolpyruvate +was the second + + align:start position:0% +was the second + + + align:start position:0% +was the second +of those useful intermediates that allow + + align:start position:0% +of those useful intermediates that allow + + + align:start position:0% +of those useful intermediates that allow +atp synthesis despite the high atp adp + + align:start position:0% +atp synthesis despite the high atp adp + + + align:start position:0% +atp synthesis despite the high atp adp +ratio in cells + + align:start position:0% +ratio in cells + + + align:start position:0% +ratio in cells +and that reaction as we already + + align:start position:0% +and that reaction as we already + + + align:start position:0% +and that reaction as we already +discussed is carried out by pyruvate + + align:start position:0% +discussed is carried out by pyruvate + + + align:start position:0% +discussed is carried out by pyruvate +kinase + + align:start position:0% +kinase + + + align:start position:0% +kinase +and allows you to um to + + align:start position:0% +and allows you to um to + + + align:start position:0% +and allows you to um to +generate another atp + + align:start position:0% +generate another atp + + + align:start position:0% +generate another atp +now as i drew out the glycolytic pathway + + align:start position:0% +now as i drew out the glycolytic pathway + + + align:start position:0% +now as i drew out the glycolytic pathway +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +i also listed the delta g naught prime + + align:start position:0% +i also listed the delta g naught prime + + + align:start position:0% +i also listed the delta g naught prime +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +every single step in the reaction + + align:start position:0% +every single step in the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +every single step in the reaction +remember this is + + align:start position:0% +remember this is + + + align:start position:0% +remember this is +informative as to the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +informative as to the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +informative as to the equilibrium +for each of these individual reactions + + align:start position:0% +for each of these individual reactions + + + align:start position:0% +for each of these individual reactions +you'll note that for many of the steps + + align:start position:0% +you'll note that for many of the steps + + + align:start position:0% +you'll note that for many of the steps +that delta g naught prime + + align:start position:0% +that delta g naught prime + + + align:start position:0% +that delta g naught prime +is positive remember what that means + + align:start position:0% +is positive remember what that means + + + align:start position:0% +is positive remember what that means +that means that equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +that means that equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +that means that equilibrium +favors the left that is the reverse + + align:start position:0% +favors the left that is the reverse + + + align:start position:0% +favors the left that is the reverse +direction of the entire pathway + + align:start position:0% +direction of the entire pathway + + + align:start position:0% +direction of the entire pathway +however if you add all of these up the + + align:start position:0% +however if you add all of these up the + + + align:start position:0% +however if you add all of these up the +delta g not prime + + align:start position:0% +delta g not prime + + + align:start position:0% +delta g not prime +for the entire pathway so delta + + align:start position:0% +for the entire pathway so delta + + + align:start position:0% +for the entire pathway so delta +g naught prime for the entire pathway + + align:start position:0% +g naught prime for the entire pathway + + + align:start position:0% +g naught prime for the entire pathway +glucose to pyruvate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +adds up to negative + + align:start position:0% +adds up to negative + + + align:start position:0% +adds up to negative +6.9 kcals per mole + + align:start position:0% +6.9 kcals per mole + + + align:start position:0% +6.9 kcals per mole +and so that negative 6.9 means that for + + align:start position:0% +and so that negative 6.9 means that for + + + align:start position:0% +and so that negative 6.9 means that for +the entire pathway + + align:start position:0% +the entire pathway + + + align:start position:0% +the entire pathway +equilibrium favors the right + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium favors the right + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium favors the right +so glucose to pyruvate the right + + align:start position:0% +so glucose to pyruvate the right + + + align:start position:0% +so glucose to pyruvate the right +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +and that is why this can work + + align:start position:0% +and that is why this can work + + + align:start position:0% +and that is why this can work +as an overall pathway even though + + align:start position:0% +as an overall pathway even though + + + align:start position:0% +as an overall pathway even though +some of the individual steps equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +some of the individual steps equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +some of the individual steps equilibrium +may favor + + align:start position:0% +may favor + + + align:start position:0% +may favor +the opposite direction now you'll notice + + align:start position:0% +the opposite direction now you'll notice + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite direction now you'll notice +that there's + + align:start position:0% +that there's + + + align:start position:0% +that there's +several favorable steps where delta g + + align:start position:0% +several favorable steps where delta g + + + align:start position:0% +several favorable steps where delta g +not prime is + + align:start position:0% +not prime is + + + align:start position:0% +not prime is +quite negative pyruvate kinase + + align:start position:0% +quite negative pyruvate kinase + + + align:start position:0% +quite negative pyruvate kinase +phosphoglycerate kinase hexokinase + + align:start position:0% +phosphoglycerate kinase hexokinase + + + align:start position:0% +phosphoglycerate kinase hexokinase +phosphofructokinase + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase + + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase +as we talked about before these are able + + align:start position:0% +as we talked about before these are able + + + align:start position:0% +as we talked about before these are able +to pull the less favorable steps + + align:start position:0% +to pull the less favorable steps + + + align:start position:0% +to pull the less favorable steps +upstream forward by keeping + + align:start position:0% +upstream forward by keeping + + + align:start position:0% +upstream forward by keeping +concentrations of + + align:start position:0% +concentrations of + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations of +products such as 1-3 bisphosphoglycerate + + align:start position:0% +products such as 1-3 bisphosphoglycerate + + + align:start position:0% +products such as 1-3 bisphosphoglycerate +low thus allowing this net reaction + + align:start position:0% +low thus allowing this net reaction + + + align:start position:0% +low thus allowing this net reaction +to move forward you'll notice i drew + + align:start position:0% +to move forward you'll notice i drew + + + align:start position:0% +to move forward you'll notice i drew +three steps here as + + align:start position:0% +three steps here as + + + align:start position:0% +three steps here as +irreversible hexokinase + + align:start position:0% +irreversible hexokinase + + + align:start position:0% +irreversible hexokinase +phosphofructokinase + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase + + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase +and pyruvate kinase remember these are + + align:start position:0% +and pyruvate kinase remember these are + + + align:start position:0% +and pyruvate kinase remember these are +all reactions in are there's no such + + align:start position:0% +all reactions in are there's no such + + + align:start position:0% +all reactions in are there's no such +thing as an irreversible reaction + + align:start position:0% +thing as an irreversible reaction + + + align:start position:0% +thing as an irreversible reaction +there's some conditions + + align:start position:0% +there's some conditions + + + align:start position:0% +there's some conditions +where the reverse reaction of course can + + align:start position:0% +where the reverse reaction of course can + + + align:start position:0% +where the reverse reaction of course can +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +although remember this when we discuss + + align:start position:0% +although remember this when we discuss + + + align:start position:0% +although remember this when we discuss +irreversible and metabolism + + align:start position:0% +irreversible and metabolism + + + align:start position:0% +irreversible and metabolism +what we're referring to is irreversible + + align:start position:0% +what we're referring to is irreversible + + + align:start position:0% +what we're referring to is irreversible +under physiological conditions that is + + align:start position:0% +under physiological conditions that is + + + align:start position:0% +under physiological conditions that is +conditions found in cells + + align:start position:0% +conditions found in cells + + + align:start position:0% +conditions found in cells +you'll notice that those three steps are + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice that those three steps are + + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice that those three steps are +three of the four steps that have very + + align:start position:0% +three of the four steps that have very + + + align:start position:0% +three of the four steps that have very +negative + + align:start position:0% +negative + + + align:start position:0% +negative +delta g not prime and so you would + + align:start position:0% +delta g not prime and so you would + + + align:start position:0% +delta g not prime and so you would +expect that if we were going to reverse + + align:start position:0% +expect that if we were going to reverse + + + align:start position:0% +expect that if we were going to reverse +those reactions you would need some kind + + align:start position:0% +those reactions you would need some kind + + + align:start position:0% +those reactions you would need some kind +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +energy input and you'll see later that + + align:start position:0% +energy input and you'll see later that + + + align:start position:0% +energy input and you'll see later that +these are the control points or also + + align:start position:0% +these are the control points or also + + + align:start position:0% +these are the control points or also +regulated steps in this pathway + + align:start position:0% +regulated steps in this pathway + + + align:start position:0% +regulated steps in this pathway +and there are also the sites just to + + align:start position:0% +and there are also the sites just to + + + align:start position:0% +and there are also the sites just to +give you a preview that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +give you a preview that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +give you a preview that we're going to +have to deal with + + align:start position:0% +have to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +have to deal with +if we're going to try to synthesize + + align:start position:0% +if we're going to try to synthesize + + + align:start position:0% +if we're going to try to synthesize +glucose gluconeogenesis the reverse + + align:start position:0% +glucose gluconeogenesis the reverse + + + align:start position:0% +glucose gluconeogenesis the reverse +of glycolysis now + + align:start position:0% +of glycolysis now + + + align:start position:0% +of glycolysis now +of course these delta g not primes are + + align:start position:0% +of course these delta g not primes are + + + align:start position:0% +of course these delta g not primes are +very informative of what + + align:start position:0% +very informative of what + + + align:start position:0% +very informative of what +happens at equilibrium but of course + + align:start position:0% +happens at equilibrium but of course + + + align:start position:0% +happens at equilibrium but of course +what actually happens + + align:start position:0% +what actually happens + + + align:start position:0% +what actually happens +in a cell or in any condition remember + + align:start position:0% +in a cell or in any condition remember + + + align:start position:0% +in a cell or in any condition remember +is dependent on the equilibrium constant + + align:start position:0% +is dependent on the equilibrium constant + + + align:start position:0% +is dependent on the equilibrium constant +but also on the conditions remember it's + + align:start position:0% +but also on the conditions remember it's + + + align:start position:0% +but also on the conditions remember it's +delta g + + align:start position:0% +delta g + + + align:start position:0% +delta g +delta g equals delta g not prime plus rt + + align:start position:0% +delta g equals delta g not prime plus rt + + + align:start position:0% +delta g equals delta g not prime plus rt +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +the log of the products over the + + align:start position:0% +the log of the products over the + + + align:start position:0% +the log of the products over the +reactants and so + + align:start position:0% +reactants and so + + + align:start position:0% +reactants and so +delta g is what really matters for any + + align:start position:0% +delta g is what really matters for any + + + align:start position:0% +delta g is what really matters for any +individual reactions + + align:start position:0% +individual reactions + + + align:start position:0% +individual reactions +and what's shown here on this slide is + + align:start position:0% +and what's shown here on this slide is + + + align:start position:0% +and what's shown here on this slide is +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +a approximate delta g change + + align:start position:0% +a approximate delta g change + + + align:start position:0% +a approximate delta g change +across the glycolytic pathway based on + + align:start position:0% +across the glycolytic pathway based on + + + align:start position:0% +across the glycolytic pathway based on +someone's approximation of the + + align:start position:0% +someone's approximation of the + + + align:start position:0% +someone's approximation of the +conditions found in cells + + align:start position:0% +conditions found in cells + + + align:start position:0% +conditions found in cells +now we can see in looking at this that + + align:start position:0% +now we can see in looking at this that + + + align:start position:0% +now we can see in looking at this that +there's really three + + align:start position:0% +there's really three + + + align:start position:0% +there's really three +big drops in delta g across the pathway + + align:start position:0% +big drops in delta g across the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +big drops in delta g across the pathway +here's the hexokinase reaction here's + + align:start position:0% +here's the hexokinase reaction here's + + + align:start position:0% +here's the hexokinase reaction here's +the phosphofructokinase reaction + + align:start position:0% +the phosphofructokinase reaction + + + align:start position:0% +the phosphofructokinase reaction +here's the pyruvate kinase reaction and + + align:start position:0% +here's the pyruvate kinase reaction and + + + align:start position:0% +here's the pyruvate kinase reaction and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +it makes sense that these would be then + + align:start position:0% +it makes sense that these would be then + + + align:start position:0% +it makes sense that these would be then +the irreversible steps because there + + align:start position:0% +the irreversible steps because there + + + align:start position:0% +the irreversible steps because there +is what is actually pulling the pathway + + align:start position:0% +is what is actually pulling the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +is what is actually pulling the pathway +forward it also makes sense that one + + align:start position:0% +forward it also makes sense that one + + + align:start position:0% +forward it also makes sense that one +would exert control + + align:start position:0% +would exert control + + + align:start position:0% +would exert control +at each of these steps because this is + + align:start position:0% +at each of these steps because this is + + + align:start position:0% +at each of these steps because this is +what drives the flux of the pathway + + align:start position:0% +what drives the flux of the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +what drives the flux of the pathway +forward + + align:start position:0% +forward + + + align:start position:0% +forward +but it's also where it's difficult to go + + align:start position:0% +but it's also where it's difficult to go + + + align:start position:0% +but it's also where it's difficult to go +back once you get here on this flat part + + align:start position:0% +back once you get here on this flat part + + + align:start position:0% +back once you get here on this flat part +of the curve + + align:start position:0% +of the curve + + + align:start position:0% +of the curve +energetically it doesn't matter so much + + align:start position:0% +energetically it doesn't matter so much + + + align:start position:0% +energetically it doesn't matter so much +which direction you go along the curve + + align:start position:0% +which direction you go along the curve + + + align:start position:0% +which direction you go along the curve +but to try to climb back up each of + + align:start position:0% +but to try to climb back up each of + + + align:start position:0% +but to try to climb back up each of +these hills becomes difficult + + align:start position:0% +these hills becomes difficult + + + align:start position:0% +these hills becomes difficult +and so we'll revisit this later in the + + align:start position:0% +and so we'll revisit this later in the + + + align:start position:0% +and so we'll revisit this later in the +lecture but this is basically + + align:start position:0% +lecture but this is basically + + + align:start position:0% +lecture but this is basically +where the control points will end up + + align:start position:0% +where the control points will end up + + + align:start position:0% +where the control points will end up +happening + + align:start position:0% +happening + + + align:start position:0% +happening +in this pathway now i want to note a + + align:start position:0% +in this pathway now i want to note a + + + align:start position:0% +in this pathway now i want to note a +couple + + align:start position:0% +couple + + + align:start position:0% +couple +other features about this pathway + + align:start position:0% +other features about this pathway + + + align:start position:0% +other features about this pathway +and that is is that we had to invest + + align:start position:0% +and that is is that we had to invest + + + align:start position:0% +and that is is that we had to invest +some energy early you see you cost an + + align:start position:0% +some energy early you see you cost an + + + align:start position:0% +some energy early you see you cost an +atp + + align:start position:0% +atp + + + align:start position:0% +atp +at the hexokinase and the + + align:start position:0% +at the hexokinase and the + + + align:start position:0% +at the hexokinase and the +phosphofructokinase step + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase step + + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase step +and then you harvest that atp much later + + align:start position:0% +and then you harvest that atp much later + + + align:start position:0% +and then you harvest that atp much later +at the phosphoglycerate kinase and the + + align:start position:0% +at the phosphoglycerate kinase and the + + + align:start position:0% +at the phosphoglycerate kinase and the +pyruvate + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate +kinase steps the textbook + + align:start position:0% +kinase steps the textbook + + + align:start position:0% +kinase steps the textbook +typically will split glycolysis into + + align:start position:0% +typically will split glycolysis into + + + align:start position:0% +typically will split glycolysis into +what they refer to as + + align:start position:0% +what they refer to as + + + align:start position:0% +what they refer to as +two stages an investment stage and a + + align:start position:0% +two stages an investment stage and a + + + align:start position:0% +two stages an investment stage and a +harvesting stage + + align:start position:0% +harvesting stage + + + align:start position:0% +harvesting stage +and that's basically relates to that + + align:start position:0% +and that's basically relates to that + + + align:start position:0% +and that's basically relates to that +fact + + align:start position:0% +fact + + + align:start position:0% +fact +and that's because you have a glucose + + align:start position:0% +and that's because you have a glucose + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because you have a glucose +molecule + + align:start position:0% +molecule + + + align:start position:0% +molecule +that then you use to generate two + + align:start position:0% +that then you use to generate two + + + align:start position:0% +that then you use to generate two +trioses okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then each of those trioses + + align:start position:0% +and then each of those trioses + + + align:start position:0% +and then each of those trioses +can be used to generate + + align:start position:0% +can be used to generate + + + align:start position:0% +can be used to generate +a pyruvate molecule + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so it costs 2 atp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to generate those two trioses but then + + align:start position:0% +to generate those two trioses but then + + + align:start position:0% +to generate those two trioses but then +each triose generated allows you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to recapture two atps + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so what that means then is that the + + align:start position:0% +and so what that means then is that the + + + align:start position:0% +and so what that means then is that the +net output from glycolysis is + + align:start position:0% +net output from glycolysis is + + + align:start position:0% +net output from glycolysis is +two atps and so glucose + + align:start position:0% +two atps and so glucose + + + align:start position:0% +two atps and so glucose +going to two glyceraldehyde + + align:start position:0% +going to two glyceraldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +going to two glyceraldehyde +3-phosphates costs you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whereas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +using those two glyceraldehyde + + align:start position:0% +using those two glyceraldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +using those two glyceraldehyde +three phosphates to generate two + + align:start position:0% +three phosphates to generate two + + + align:start position:0% +three phosphates to generate two +pyruvates + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +allows you to recover + + align:start position:0% +allows you to recover + + + align:start position:0% +allows you to recover +for atp for a net of + + align:start position:0% +for atp for a net of + + + align:start position:0% +for atp for a net of +plus 2 atp molecules + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 atp molecules + + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 atp molecules +produced per glucose metabolized + + align:start position:0% +produced per glucose metabolized + + + align:start position:0% +produced per glucose metabolized +now if we add up the entire + + align:start position:0% +now if we add up the entire + + + align:start position:0% +now if we add up the entire +stoichiometry of what's going on here + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometry of what's going on here + + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometry of what's going on here +we can also draw it another way and that + + align:start position:0% +we can also draw it another way and that + + + align:start position:0% +we can also draw it another way and that +is we can basically have glucose + + align:start position:0% +is we can basically have glucose + + + align:start position:0% +is we can basically have glucose +plus two adp + + align:start position:0% +plus two adp + + + align:start position:0% +plus two adp +molecules plus two inorganic phosphates + + align:start position:0% +molecules plus two inorganic phosphates + + + align:start position:0% +molecules plus two inorganic phosphates +goes to two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pyruvates plus two + + align:start position:0% +pyruvates plus two + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvates plus two +atp and that's because we're able to + + align:start position:0% +atp and that's because we're able to + + + align:start position:0% +atp and that's because we're able to +incorporate + + align:start position:0% +incorporate + + + align:start position:0% +incorporate +two phosphate molecules + + align:start position:0% +two phosphate molecules + + + align:start position:0% +two phosphate molecules +here at the gap + + align:start position:0% +here at the gap + + + align:start position:0% +here at the gap +dh step now that's great + + align:start position:0% +dh step now that's great + + + align:start position:0% +dh step now that's great +but if you're paying attention you + + align:start position:0% +but if you're paying attention you + + + align:start position:0% +but if you're paying attention you +notice that we're missing one other + + align:start position:0% +notice that we're missing one other + + + align:start position:0% +notice that we're missing one other +thing in this stoichiometry and that's + + align:start position:0% +thing in this stoichiometry and that's + + + align:start position:0% +thing in this stoichiometry and that's +that cofactor + + align:start position:0% +that cofactor + + + align:start position:0% +that cofactor +nad that was also required + + align:start position:0% +nad that was also required + + + align:start position:0% +nad that was also required +to maintain electron balance across + + align:start position:0% +to maintain electron balance across + + + align:start position:0% +to maintain electron balance across +the gap dh step and so + + align:start position:0% +the gap dh step and so + + + align:start position:0% +the gap dh step and so +remember that for this pathways to work + + align:start position:0% +remember that for this pathways to work + + + align:start position:0% +remember that for this pathways to work +we have to balance all things that are + + align:start position:0% +we have to balance all things that are + + + align:start position:0% +we have to balance all things that are +going in with all things are going out + + align:start position:0% +going in with all things are going out + + + align:start position:0% +going in with all things are going out +we can't create or destroy + + align:start position:0% +we can't create or destroy + + + align:start position:0% +we can't create or destroy +matter and so those electrons have to be + + align:start position:0% +matter and so those electrons have to be + + + align:start position:0% +matter and so those electrons have to be +dealt with + + align:start position:0% +dealt with + + + align:start position:0% +dealt with +when we discussed the gap dh reaction + + align:start position:0% +when we discussed the gap dh reaction + + + align:start position:0% +when we discussed the gap dh reaction +last time we needed that cofactor + + align:start position:0% +last time we needed that cofactor + + + align:start position:0% +last time we needed that cofactor +nad in order to act as an acceptor for + + align:start position:0% +nad in order to act as an acceptor for + + + align:start position:0% +nad in order to act as an acceptor for +the electrons to allow that + + align:start position:0% +the electrons to allow that + + + align:start position:0% +the electrons to allow that +oxidative phosphorylation if you will of + + align:start position:0% +oxidative phosphorylation if you will of + + + align:start position:0% +oxidative phosphorylation if you will of +glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1 + + align:start position:0% +glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1 +3-bisphosphoglycerate + + align:start position:0% +3-bisphosphoglycerate + + + align:start position:0% +3-bisphosphoglycerate +and so in order for this pathway to work + + align:start position:0% +and so in order for this pathway to work + + + align:start position:0% +and so in order for this pathway to work +we need a way to regenerate that nadh + + align:start position:0% +we need a way to regenerate that nadh + + + align:start position:0% +we need a way to regenerate that nadh +back to an nad in order to make + + align:start position:0% +back to an nad in order to make + + + align:start position:0% +back to an nad in order to make +electron balance in other words we have + + align:start position:0% +electron balance in other words we have + + + align:start position:0% +electron balance in other words we have +to deal with the fact + + align:start position:0% +to deal with the fact + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with the fact +that we've generated or that we required + + align:start position:0% +that we've generated or that we required + + + align:start position:0% +that we've generated or that we required +two nad plus + + align:start position:0% +two nad plus + + + align:start position:0% +two nad plus +to run this pathway and generate two + + align:start position:0% +to run this pathway and generate two + + + align:start position:0% +to run this pathway and generate two +nadh and so we need a way + + align:start position:0% +nadh and so we need a way + + + align:start position:0% +nadh and so we need a way +to get rid of those + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of those + + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of those +electrons from nadh + + align:start position:0% +electrons from nadh + + + align:start position:0% +electrons from nadh +to regenerate that nad and allow the + + align:start position:0% +to regenerate that nad and allow the + + + align:start position:0% +to regenerate that nad and allow the +pathway to + + align:start position:0% +pathway to + + + align:start position:0% +pathway to +be balanced now + + align:start position:0% +be balanced now + + + align:start position:0% +be balanced now +it should be clear that this has to + + align:start position:0% +it should be clear that this has to + + + align:start position:0% +it should be clear that this has to +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +stoichiometrically for every single + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometrically for every single + + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometrically for every single +glucose molecule + + align:start position:0% +glucose molecule + + + align:start position:0% +glucose molecule +that goes through glycolysis that is we + + align:start position:0% +that goes through glycolysis that is we + + + align:start position:0% +that goes through glycolysis that is we +have to regenerate + + align:start position:0% +have to regenerate + + + align:start position:0% +have to regenerate +two nad pluses for every glucose + + align:start position:0% +two nad pluses for every glucose + + + align:start position:0% +two nad pluses for every glucose +that we're going to convert into two + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to convert into two + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to convert into two +pyruvates + + align:start position:0% +pyruvates + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvates +and so for this nad h + + align:start position:0% +and so for this nad h + + + align:start position:0% +and so for this nad h +reoxidation to occur we need a place to + + align:start position:0% +reoxidation to occur we need a place to + + + align:start position:0% +reoxidation to occur we need a place to +transfer those two + + align:start position:0% +transfer those two + + + align:start position:0% +transfer those two +electron pairs and so just like any + + align:start position:0% +electron pairs and so just like any + + + align:start position:0% +electron pairs and so just like any +oxidation and reduction reaction if + + align:start position:0% +oxidation and reduction reaction if + + + align:start position:0% +oxidation and reduction reaction if +we're going to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to +oxidize nadh back to nad plus + + align:start position:0% +oxidize nadh back to nad plus + + + align:start position:0% +oxidize nadh back to nad plus +something else has to be reduced and + + align:start position:0% +something else has to be reduced and + + + align:start position:0% +something else has to be reduced and +that thing + + align:start position:0% +that thing + + + align:start position:0% +that thing +has to be reduced stoichiometrically + + align:start position:0% +has to be reduced stoichiometrically + + + align:start position:0% +has to be reduced stoichiometrically +with every single + + align:start position:0% +with every single + + + align:start position:0% +with every single +pyruvate that's produced from glucose + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate that's produced from glucose + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate that's produced from glucose +and glycolysis and effectively you will + + align:start position:0% +and glycolysis and effectively you will + + + align:start position:0% +and glycolysis and effectively you will +see + + align:start position:0% +see + + + align:start position:0% +see +that this is the role of fermentation + + align:start position:0% +that this is the role of fermentation + + + align:start position:0% +that this is the role of fermentation +it's an ability for us to solve this + + align:start position:0% +it's an ability for us to solve this + + + align:start position:0% +it's an ability for us to solve this +redox problem + + align:start position:0% +redox problem + + + align:start position:0% +redox problem +that we have to dispose of those + + align:start position:0% +that we have to dispose of those + + + align:start position:0% +that we have to dispose of those +electrons + + align:start position:0% +electrons + + + align:start position:0% +electrons +in the oxidation at the gap dh step in + + align:start position:0% +in the oxidation at the gap dh step in + + + align:start position:0% +in the oxidation at the gap dh step in +order + + align:start position:0% +order + + + align:start position:0% +order +to deal with this electron waste of + + align:start position:0% +to deal with this electron waste of + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with this electron waste of +the pathway now the useful way to do + + align:start position:0% +the pathway now the useful way to do + + + align:start position:0% +the pathway now the useful way to do +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +is that we're generating a pyruvate + + align:start position:0% +is that we're generating a pyruvate + + + align:start position:0% +is that we're generating a pyruvate +stoichiometrically and so we can use + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometrically and so we can use + + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometrically and so we can use +that stoichiometrically that that + + align:start position:0% +that stoichiometrically that that + + + align:start position:0% +that stoichiometrically that that +product + + align:start position:0% +product + + + align:start position:0% +product +pyruvate by reducing it to form the + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate by reducing it to form the + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate by reducing it to form the +waste product + + align:start position:0% +waste product + + + align:start position:0% +waste product +and that's effectively what fermentation + + align:start position:0% +and that's effectively what fermentation + + + align:start position:0% +and that's effectively what fermentation +is it's turning that pyruvate into + + align:start position:0% +is it's turning that pyruvate into + + + align:start position:0% +is it's turning that pyruvate into +ethanol or lactate + + align:start position:0% +ethanol or lactate + + + align:start position:0% +ethanol or lactate +which is reducing that pyruvate picking + + align:start position:0% +which is reducing that pyruvate picking + + + align:start position:0% +which is reducing that pyruvate picking +up the electron waste from the nadh + + align:start position:0% +up the electron waste from the nadh + + + align:start position:0% +up the electron waste from the nadh +and allowing you to regenerate the nad + + align:start position:0% +and allowing you to regenerate the nad + + + align:start position:0% +and allowing you to regenerate the nad +that's required to run the gap dh step + + align:start position:0% +that's required to run the gap dh step + + + align:start position:0% +that's required to run the gap dh step +and so i'll just illustrate this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the simplest fermentation reaction that + + align:start position:0% +the simplest fermentation reaction that + + + align:start position:0% +the simplest fermentation reaction that +we can do + + align:start position:0% +we can do + + + align:start position:0% +we can do +is the run that's done by animals and + + align:start position:0% +is the run that's done by animals and + + + align:start position:0% +is the run that's done by animals and +that's to generate + + align:start position:0% +that's to generate + + + align:start position:0% +that's to generate +lactate and so to just illustrate this + + align:start position:0% +lactate and so to just illustrate this + + + align:start position:0% +lactate and so to just illustrate this +explicitly here is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this here would be the reduced + + align:start position:0% +so this here would be the reduced + + + align:start position:0% +so this here would be the reduced +form of nad nadh + + align:start position:0% +form of nad nadh + + + align:start position:0% +form of nad nadh +okay so this here is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is the nicotinamide group remember + + align:start position:0% +this is the nicotinamide group remember + + + align:start position:0% +this is the nicotinamide group remember +it's hooked up to an adp + + align:start position:0% +it's hooked up to an adp + + + align:start position:0% +it's hooked up to an adp +ribose to give nicotinamide adenine + + align:start position:0% +ribose to give nicotinamide adenine + + + align:start position:0% +ribose to give nicotinamide adenine +dinucleotide + + align:start position:0% +dinucleotide + + + align:start position:0% +dinucleotide +in the reduced form okay so + + align:start position:0% +in the reduced form okay so + + + align:start position:0% +in the reduced form okay so +this can transfer electrons to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pyruvate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's pyruvate and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we showed last time we can take two + + align:start position:0% +we showed last time we can take two + + + align:start position:0% +we showed last time we can take two +electrons + + align:start position:0% +electrons + + + align:start position:0% +electrons +from nadh reduced that gives us + + align:start position:0% +from nadh reduced that gives us + + + align:start position:0% +from nadh reduced that gives us +this hydride ion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +generate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lactate plus what we're left with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +the oxidized form of the cofactor + + align:start position:0% +the oxidized form of the cofactor + + + align:start position:0% +the oxidized form of the cofactor +nad plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now this nad plus can be reduced + + align:start position:0% +and now this nad plus can be reduced + + + align:start position:0% +and now this nad plus can be reduced +back to nadh at the gap + + align:start position:0% +back to nadh at the gap + + + align:start position:0% +back to nadh at the gap +dh step and the electrons from nadh + + align:start position:0% +dh step and the electrons from nadh + + + align:start position:0% +dh step and the electrons from nadh +as it's being re-oxidized to nad can go + + align:start position:0% +as it's being re-oxidized to nad can go + + + align:start position:0% +as it's being re-oxidized to nad can go +and take pyruvate + + align:start position:0% +and take pyruvate + + + align:start position:0% +and take pyruvate +and reduce it to lactate so nadh gets + + align:start position:0% +and reduce it to lactate so nadh gets + + + align:start position:0% +and reduce it to lactate so nadh gets +re-oxidized to nad + + align:start position:0% +re-oxidized to nad + + + align:start position:0% +re-oxidized to nad +pyruvate now gets the ketone gets + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate now gets the ketone gets + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate now gets the ketone gets +reduced to the alcohol + + align:start position:0% +reduced to the alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +reduced to the alcohol +as you go from pyruvate to + + align:start position:0% +as you go from pyruvate to + + + align:start position:0% +as you go from pyruvate to +lactate opposite of what's going on in + + align:start position:0% +lactate opposite of what's going on in + + + align:start position:0% +lactate opposite of what's going on in +the gap dh step + + align:start position:0% +the gap dh step + + + align:start position:0% +the gap dh step +there the aldehyde is oxidized to the + + align:start position:0% +there the aldehyde is oxidized to the + + + align:start position:0% +there the aldehyde is oxidized to the +acid + + align:start position:0% +acid + + + align:start position:0% +acid +while nada nad plus oxidized goes to the + + align:start position:0% +while nada nad plus oxidized goes to the + + + align:start position:0% +while nada nad plus oxidized goes to the +is reduced to nadh here nadh + + align:start position:0% +is reduced to nadh here nadh + + + align:start position:0% +is reduced to nadh here nadh +is re-oxidized to nad while taking the + + align:start position:0% +is re-oxidized to nad while taking the + + + align:start position:0% +is re-oxidized to nad while taking the +pyruvate + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate +and re-reducing it to lactate + + align:start position:0% +and re-reducing it to lactate + + + align:start position:0% +and re-reducing it to lactate +this by adding here allows us now + + align:start position:0% +this by adding here allows us now + + + align:start position:0% +this by adding here allows us now +to regain balance across + + align:start position:0% +to regain balance across + + + align:start position:0% +to regain balance across +the entire pathway + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this step is catalyzed by the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +this step is catalyzed by the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +this step is catalyzed by the enzyme +lactate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dehydrogenase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +often abbreviated ldh + + align:start position:0% +often abbreviated ldh + + + align:start position:0% +often abbreviated ldh +and that allows + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +regenerating the nad plus + + align:start position:0% +regenerating the nad plus + + + align:start position:0% +regenerating the nad plus +that's needed for the gap dh step + + align:start position:0% +that's needed for the gap dh step + + + align:start position:0% +that's needed for the gap dh step +which allows us to deal with the + + align:start position:0% +which allows us to deal with the + + + align:start position:0% +which allows us to deal with the +stoichiometry problem + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometry problem + + + align:start position:0% +stoichiometry problem +of the entire pathway and so what + + align:start position:0% +of the entire pathway and so what + + + align:start position:0% +of the entire pathway and so what +fermentation does for cells + + align:start position:0% +fermentation does for cells + + + align:start position:0% +fermentation does for cells +is allows electron disposal by taking + + align:start position:0% +is allows electron disposal by taking + + + align:start position:0% +is allows electron disposal by taking +the product of the pathway pyruvate + + align:start position:0% +the product of the pathway pyruvate + + + align:start position:0% +the product of the pathway pyruvate +reducing it stoichiometrically to form a + + align:start position:0% +reducing it stoichiometrically to form a + + + align:start position:0% +reducing it stoichiometrically to form a +reduced product + + align:start position:0% +reduced product + + + align:start position:0% +reduced product +as shown here lactate and that allows + + align:start position:0% +as shown here lactate and that allows + + + align:start position:0% +as shown here lactate and that allows +you to maintain + + align:start position:0% +you to maintain + + + align:start position:0% +you to maintain +electron balance across the entire + + align:start position:0% +electron balance across the entire + + + align:start position:0% +electron balance across the entire +pathway + + align:start position:0% +pathway + + + align:start position:0% +pathway +and so this entire fermentative pathway + + align:start position:0% +and so this entire fermentative pathway + + + align:start position:0% +and so this entire fermentative pathway +glucose to lactate + + align:start position:0% +glucose to lactate + + + align:start position:0% +glucose to lactate +now allows the generation of the net + + align:start position:0% +now allows the generation of the net + + + align:start position:0% +now allows the generation of the net +generation of + + align:start position:0% +generation of + + + align:start position:0% +generation of +2 atp and + + align:start position:0% +2 atp and + + + align:start position:0% +2 atp and +run this pathway in cells so cells can + + align:start position:0% +run this pathway in cells so cells can + + + align:start position:0% +run this pathway in cells so cells can +maintain + + align:start position:0% +maintain + + + align:start position:0% +maintain +a high atp adp ratio by fermenting + + align:start position:0% +a high atp adp ratio by fermenting + + + align:start position:0% +a high atp adp ratio by fermenting +glucose + + align:start position:0% +glucose + + + align:start position:0% +glucose +into lactate now + + align:start position:0% +into lactate now + + + align:start position:0% +into lactate now +if you're paying attention this also now + + align:start position:0% +if you're paying attention this also now + + + align:start position:0% +if you're paying attention this also now +begins to describe + + align:start position:0% +begins to describe + + + align:start position:0% +begins to describe +why it is that oxygen is such a useful + + align:start position:0% +why it is that oxygen is such a useful + + + align:start position:0% +why it is that oxygen is such a useful +molecule for metabolism and actually why + + align:start position:0% +molecule for metabolism and actually why + + + align:start position:0% +molecule for metabolism and actually why +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +quite key to supporting the + + align:start position:0% +quite key to supporting the + + + align:start position:0% +quite key to supporting the +bioenergetics + + align:start position:0% +bioenergetics + + + align:start position:0% +bioenergetics +of cells and so + + align:start position:0% +of cells and so + + + align:start position:0% +of cells and so +recall oxygen was there when we burned + + align:start position:0% +recall oxygen was there when we burned + + + align:start position:0% +recall oxygen was there when we burned +wood and we used that example and why + + align:start position:0% +wood and we used that example and why + + + align:start position:0% +wood and we used that example and why +oxygen is so important for burning wood + + align:start position:0% +oxygen is so important for burning wood + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen is so important for burning wood +why it's important for doing glucose + + align:start position:0% +why it's important for doing glucose + + + align:start position:0% +why it's important for doing glucose +catabolism in our cells is that oxygen + + align:start position:0% +catabolism in our cells is that oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +catabolism in our cells is that oxygen +is a really great electron acceptor + + align:start position:0% +is a really great electron acceptor + + + align:start position:0% +is a really great electron acceptor +that is i can draw out oxygen + + align:start position:0% +that is i can draw out oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +that is i can draw out oxygen +can take two electrons that are + + align:start position:0% +can take two electrons that are + + + align:start position:0% +can take two electrons that are +generated + + align:start position:0% +generated + + + align:start position:0% +generated +as nadh waste if you want to call it + + align:start position:0% +as nadh waste if you want to call it + + + align:start position:0% +as nadh waste if you want to call it +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +protons and this generates + + align:start position:0% +protons and this generates + + + align:start position:0% +protons and this generates +water and so an alternative + + align:start position:0% +water and so an alternative + + + align:start position:0% +water and so an alternative +to fermentation is what in order to + + align:start position:0% +to fermentation is what in order to + + + align:start position:0% +to fermentation is what in order to +allow glucose oxidation + + align:start position:0% +allow glucose oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +allow glucose oxidation +is rather than do fermentation is to + + align:start position:0% +is rather than do fermentation is to + + + align:start position:0% +is rather than do fermentation is to +transfer those electrons to + + align:start position:0% +transfer those electrons to + + + align:start position:0% +transfer those electrons to +oxygen to run the pathway another way in + + align:start position:0% +oxygen to run the pathway another way in + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen to run the pathway another way in +other words + + align:start position:0% +other words + + + align:start position:0% +other words +if we write glucose to pyruvate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and realize that this is an oxidation + + align:start position:0% +and realize that this is an oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +and realize that this is an oxidation +reaction + + align:start position:0% +reaction + + + align:start position:0% +reaction +and so therefore generates electron + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore generates electron + + + align:start position:0% +and so therefore generates electron +waste in the form of nadh + + align:start position:0% +waste in the form of nadh + + + align:start position:0% +waste in the form of nadh +that has to be recycled to nad + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we can do so by putting those + + align:start position:0% +we can do so by putting those + + + align:start position:0% +we can do so by putting those +re-oxidizing the nadh means something + + align:start position:0% +re-oxidizing the nadh means something + + + align:start position:0% +re-oxidizing the nadh means something +else has to be reduced + + align:start position:0% +else has to be reduced + + + align:start position:0% +else has to be reduced +this something else could be oxygen + + align:start position:0% +this something else could be oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +this something else could be oxygen +as a good electron acceptor to be + + align:start position:0% +as a good electron acceptor to be + + + align:start position:0% +as a good electron acceptor to be +reduced to water + + align:start position:0% +reduced to water + + + align:start position:0% +reduced to water +and find an alternative place to put + + align:start position:0% +and find an alternative place to put + + + align:start position:0% +and find an alternative place to put +those electrons + + align:start position:0% +those electrons + + + align:start position:0% +those electrons +or if oxygen is not present now we can + + align:start position:0% +or if oxygen is not present now we can + + + align:start position:0% +or if oxygen is not present now we can +do fermentation + + align:start position:0% +do fermentation + + + align:start position:0% +do fermentation +turning pyruvate into lactate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it should be clear that if we want to + + align:start position:0% +it should be clear that if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +it should be clear that if we want to +completely oxidize glucose + + align:start position:0% +completely oxidize glucose + + + align:start position:0% +completely oxidize glucose +as in burning wood that is turn it + + align:start position:0% +as in burning wood that is turn it + + + align:start position:0% +as in burning wood that is turn it +all the carbon and glucose into the most + + align:start position:0% +all the carbon and glucose into the most + + + align:start position:0% +all the carbon and glucose into the most +oxidized form of carbon co2 + + align:start position:0% +oxidized form of carbon co2 + + + align:start position:0% +oxidized form of carbon co2 +this also requires + + align:start position:0% +this also requires + + + align:start position:0% +this also requires +places to put electrons + + align:start position:0% +places to put electrons + + + align:start position:0% +places to put electrons +that is we could generate more nadh + + align:start position:0% +that is we could generate more nadh + + + align:start position:0% +that is we could generate more nadh +and of course each of those electrons + + align:start position:0% +and of course each of those electrons + + + align:start position:0% +and of course each of those electrons +have to be dealt with + + align:start position:0% +have to be dealt with + + + align:start position:0% +have to be dealt with +and the final home for those electrons + + align:start position:0% +and the final home for those electrons + + + align:start position:0% +and the final home for those electrons +needs to be something that's a good + + align:start position:0% +needs to be something that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be something that's a good +electron acceptor + + align:start position:0% +electron acceptor + + + align:start position:0% +electron acceptor +like oxygen allowing you to continually + + align:start position:0% +like oxygen allowing you to continually + + + align:start position:0% +like oxygen allowing you to continually +re-oxidize + + align:start position:0% +re-oxidize + + + align:start position:0% +re-oxidize +your nadh by reducing oxygen + + align:start position:0% +your nadh by reducing oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +your nadh by reducing oxygen +to water so in the absence + + align:start position:0% +to water so in the absence + + + align:start position:0% +to water so in the absence +of fermentation oxygen can be used + + align:start position:0% +of fermentation oxygen can be used + + + align:start position:0% +of fermentation oxygen can be used +to maintain electron balance + + align:start position:0% +to maintain electron balance + + + align:start position:0% +to maintain electron balance +and of course much more energy is going + + align:start position:0% +and of course much more energy is going + + + align:start position:0% +and of course much more energy is going +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +released if we completely burn glucose + + align:start position:0% +released if we completely burn glucose + + + align:start position:0% +released if we completely burn glucose +then if we only partially oxidize + + align:start position:0% +then if we only partially oxidize + + + align:start position:0% +then if we only partially oxidize +glucose + + align:start position:0% +glucose + + + align:start position:0% +glucose +and this is why oxygen allows more + + align:start position:0% +and this is why oxygen allows more + + + align:start position:0% +and this is why oxygen allows more +energy to be released or + + align:start position:0% +energy to be released or + + + align:start position:0% +energy to be released or +as you probably learned in high school + + align:start position:0% +as you probably learned in high school + + + align:start position:0% +as you probably learned in high school +more atp to be produced + + align:start position:0% +more atp to be produced + + + align:start position:0% +more atp to be produced +from glucose metabolism now the details + + align:start position:0% +from glucose metabolism now the details + + + align:start position:0% +from glucose metabolism now the details +of how + + align:start position:0% +of how + + + align:start position:0% +of how +all of this works are much more + + align:start position:0% +all of this works are much more + + + align:start position:0% +all of this works are much more +complicated than + + align:start position:0% +complicated than + + + align:start position:0% +complicated than +what i have drawn obviously fermentation + + align:start position:0% +what i have drawn obviously fermentation + + + align:start position:0% +what i have drawn obviously fermentation +happens the way i drew it but all the + + align:start position:0% +happens the way i drew it but all the + + + align:start position:0% +happens the way i drew it but all the +other details about the role of oxygen + + align:start position:0% +other details about the role of oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +other details about the role of oxygen +and how it fits in + + align:start position:0% +and how it fits in + + + align:start position:0% +and how it fits in +to these pathways is more complicated + + align:start position:0% +to these pathways is more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +to these pathways is more complicated +than what i've drawn and we'll cover + + align:start position:0% +than what i've drawn and we'll cover + + + align:start position:0% +than what i've drawn and we'll cover +this in the upcoming lectures + + align:start position:0% +this in the upcoming lectures + + + align:start position:0% +this in the upcoming lectures +but the key concept is here and that is + + align:start position:0% +but the key concept is here and that is + + + align:start position:0% +but the key concept is here and that is +the relationship between oxygen and + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between oxygen and + + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between oxygen and +fermentation + + align:start position:0% +fermentation + + + align:start position:0% +fermentation +is really what's illustrated here these + + align:start position:0% +is really what's illustrated here these + + + align:start position:0% +is really what's illustrated here these +are two different ways + + align:start position:0% +are two different ways + + + align:start position:0% +are two different ways +that cells can use to dispose + + align:start position:0% +that cells can use to dispose + + + align:start position:0% +that cells can use to dispose +of the electron waste that's produced + + align:start position:0% +of the electron waste that's produced + + + align:start position:0% +of the electron waste that's produced +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +carbon oxidation and glucose metabolism + + align:start position:0% +carbon oxidation and glucose metabolism + + + align:start position:0% +carbon oxidation and glucose metabolism +those electrons have to go somewhere + + align:start position:0% +those electrons have to go somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +those electrons have to go somewhere +they can go to the product of glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +they can go to the product of glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +they can go to the product of glycolysis +say pyruvate to lactate by lactate + + align:start position:0% +say pyruvate to lactate by lactate + + + align:start position:0% +say pyruvate to lactate by lactate +dehydrogenase + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase + + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase +reduce the pyruvate to lactate + + align:start position:0% +reduce the pyruvate to lactate + + + align:start position:0% +reduce the pyruvate to lactate +fermentation + + align:start position:0% +fermentation + + + align:start position:0% +fermentation +or they can go somewhere else a great + + align:start position:0% +or they can go somewhere else a great + + + align:start position:0% +or they can go somewhere else a great +electron acceptor like oxygen + + align:start position:0% +electron acceptor like oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +electron acceptor like oxygen +which allows these pathways to happen + + align:start position:0% +which allows these pathways to happen + + + align:start position:0% +which allows these pathways to happen +while saving the pyruvate to do + + align:start position:0% +while saving the pyruvate to do + + + align:start position:0% +while saving the pyruvate to do +something else like to be completely + + align:start position:0% +something else like to be completely + + + align:start position:0% +something else like to be completely +oxidized + + align:start position:0% +oxidized + + + align:start position:0% +oxidized +to co2 now it should be clear here then + + align:start position:0% +to co2 now it should be clear here then + + + align:start position:0% +to co2 now it should be clear here then +that one of the things that's special + + align:start position:0% +that one of the things that's special + + + align:start position:0% +that one of the things that's special +about fermentation + + align:start position:0% +about fermentation + + + align:start position:0% +about fermentation +is that absolutely no oxygen is required + + align:start position:0% +is that absolutely no oxygen is required + + + align:start position:0% +is that absolutely no oxygen is required +to do this + + align:start position:0% +to do this + + + align:start position:0% +to do this +and this is part of the reason why this + + align:start position:0% +and this is part of the reason why this + + + align:start position:0% +and this is part of the reason why this +pathway is so ancient + + align:start position:0% +pathway is so ancient + + + align:start position:0% +pathway is so ancient +fermentation evolved in the pre-oxygen + + align:start position:0% +fermentation evolved in the pre-oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +fermentation evolved in the pre-oxygen +atmosphere + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere +and that really is why it's such an + + align:start position:0% +and that really is why it's such an + + + align:start position:0% +and that really is why it's such an +ancient pathway + + align:start position:0% +ancient pathway + + + align:start position:0% +ancient pathway +only when oxygen levels rose in the + + align:start position:0% +only when oxygen levels rose in the + + + align:start position:0% +only when oxygen levels rose in the +atmosphere due to photosynthesis + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere due to photosynthesis + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere due to photosynthesis +that enough oxygen was around that then + + align:start position:0% +that enough oxygen was around that then + + + align:start position:0% +that enough oxygen was around that then +other oxidative pathways could evolve + + align:start position:0% +other oxidative pathways could evolve + + + align:start position:0% +other oxidative pathways could evolve +as an alternative to to fermentation + + align:start position:0% +as an alternative to to fermentation + + + align:start position:0% +as an alternative to to fermentation +now you'll note that the original + + align:start position:0% +now you'll note that the original + + + align:start position:0% +now you'll note that the original +description of fermentation by pasteur + + align:start position:0% +description of fermentation by pasteur + + + align:start position:0% +description of fermentation by pasteur +was ethanol not lactate we'll cover the + + align:start position:0% +was ethanol not lactate we'll cover the + + + align:start position:0% +was ethanol not lactate we'll cover the +details of ethanol in a minute + + align:start position:0% +details of ethanol in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +details of ethanol in a minute +but i just want to point out that making + + align:start position:0% +but i just want to point out that making + + + align:start position:0% +but i just want to point out that making +ethanol instead of lactate + + align:start position:0% +ethanol instead of lactate + + + align:start position:0% +ethanol instead of lactate +is simply an alternative product to + + align:start position:0% +is simply an alternative product to + + + align:start position:0% +is simply an alternative product to +dispose of pyruvate + + align:start position:0% +dispose of pyruvate + + + align:start position:0% +dispose of pyruvate +as a more reduced product so ethanol is + + align:start position:0% +as a more reduced product so ethanol is + + + align:start position:0% +as a more reduced product so ethanol is +a more reduced + + align:start position:0% +a more reduced + + + align:start position:0% +a more reduced +product than pyruvate and that + + align:start position:0% +product than pyruvate and that + + + align:start position:0% +product than pyruvate and that +ethanol generation is an additional + + align:start position:0% +ethanol generation is an additional + + + align:start position:0% +ethanol generation is an additional +adaptation + + align:start position:0% +adaptation + + + align:start position:0% +adaptation +that allows you to dispose of the + + align:start position:0% +that allows you to dispose of the + + + align:start position:0% +that allows you to dispose of the +electron waste will also + + align:start position:0% +electron waste will also + + + align:start position:0% +electron waste will also +generating a molecule that's toxic and + + align:start position:0% +generating a molecule that's toxic and + + + align:start position:0% +generating a molecule that's toxic and +therefore allow + + align:start position:0% +therefore allow + + + align:start position:0% +therefore allow +organisms that make ethanol to better + + align:start position:0% +organisms that make ethanol to better + + + align:start position:0% +organisms that make ethanol to better +kill off their neighbors and their + + align:start position:0% +kill off their neighbors and their + + + align:start position:0% +kill off their neighbors and their +environment and compete + + align:start position:0% +environment and compete + + + align:start position:0% +environment and compete +for resources but the overall concept is + + align:start position:0% +for resources but the overall concept is + + + align:start position:0% +for resources but the overall concept is +identical + + align:start position:0% +identical + + + align:start position:0% +identical +ethanol is really an alternative to + + align:start position:0% +ethanol is really an alternative to + + + align:start position:0% +ethanol is really an alternative to +lactate in fermentation but solves + + align:start position:0% +lactate in fermentation but solves + + + align:start position:0% +lactate in fermentation but solves +exactly the same problem + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same problem + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same problem +i want to talk about ethanol metabolism + + align:start position:0% +i want to talk about ethanol metabolism + + + align:start position:0% +i want to talk about ethanol metabolism +in more detail but before we do that + + align:start position:0% +in more detail but before we do that + + + align:start position:0% +in more detail but before we do that +first i want to go through and just + + align:start position:0% +first i want to go through and just + + + align:start position:0% +first i want to go through and just +describe at a very high level + + align:start position:0% +describe at a very high level + + + align:start position:0% +describe at a very high level +some of the chemistry that allows all + + align:start position:0% +some of the chemistry that allows all + + + align:start position:0% +some of the chemistry that allows all +these reactions in glycolysis to work + + align:start position:0% +these reactions in glycolysis to work + + + align:start position:0% +these reactions in glycolysis to work +because you'll see that the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +because you'll see that the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +because you'll see that the chemistry +itself is not all that + + align:start position:0% +itself is not all that + + + align:start position:0% +itself is not all that +complicated even though we can draw it + + align:start position:0% +complicated even though we can draw it + + + align:start position:0% +complicated even though we can draw it +and it seems like somewhat overwhelming + + align:start position:0% +and it seems like somewhat overwhelming + + + align:start position:0% +and it seems like somewhat overwhelming +when drawn out as a whole pathway + + align:start position:0% +when drawn out as a whole pathway + + + align:start position:0% +when drawn out as a whole pathway +now i want to point out we've already + + align:start position:0% +now i want to point out we've already + + + align:start position:0% +now i want to point out we've already +covered the chemistry for a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +covered the chemistry for a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +covered the chemistry for a lot of these +steps + + align:start position:0% +steps + + + align:start position:0% +steps +first of all there's two dehydrogenase + + align:start position:0% +first of all there's two dehydrogenase + + + align:start position:0% +first of all there's two dehydrogenase +reactions + + align:start position:0% +reactions + + + align:start position:0% +reactions +there's gap dh and there's lactate + + align:start position:0% +there's gap dh and there's lactate + + + align:start position:0% +there's gap dh and there's lactate +dehydrogenase + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase + + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase +here's the mechanism for lactate + + align:start position:0% +here's the mechanism for lactate + + + align:start position:0% +here's the mechanism for lactate +dehydrogenase as a hydride transfer + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase as a hydride transfer + + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase as a hydride transfer +same thing happened at gap dh with the + + align:start position:0% +same thing happened at gap dh with the + + + align:start position:0% +same thing happened at gap dh with the +additional details of adding the + + align:start position:0% +additional details of adding the + + + align:start position:0% +additional details of adding the +phosphate + + align:start position:0% +phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate +we covered that previously in an earlier + + align:start position:0% +we covered that previously in an earlier + + + align:start position:0% +we covered that previously in an earlier +lecture + + align:start position:0% +lecture + + + align:start position:0% +lecture +note we also covered before + + align:start position:0% +note we also covered before + + + align:start position:0% +note we also covered before +the chemistry of pyruvate kinase and + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry of pyruvate kinase and + + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry of pyruvate kinase and +phosphoglycerate kinase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in addition there's two more kinase + + align:start position:0% +in addition there's two more kinase + + + align:start position:0% +in addition there's two more kinase +reactions that exist here + + align:start position:0% +reactions that exist here + + + align:start position:0% +reactions that exist here +hexokinase and phosphofructokinase + + align:start position:0% +hexokinase and phosphofructokinase + + + align:start position:0% +hexokinase and phosphofructokinase +these are really just straightforward + + align:start position:0% +these are really just straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +these are really just straightforward +phospho-transfer reactions + + align:start position:0% +phospho-transfer reactions + + + align:start position:0% +phospho-transfer reactions +using atp to transfer a phosphate very + + align:start position:0% +using atp to transfer a phosphate very + + + align:start position:0% +using atp to transfer a phosphate very +straightforward exactly what professor + + align:start position:0% +straightforward exactly what professor + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward exactly what professor +yaffi has already talked to you about + + align:start position:0% +yaffi has already talked to you about + + + align:start position:0% +yaffi has already talked to you about +about how one does um phosphotransfer + + align:start position:0% +about how one does um phosphotransfer + + + align:start position:0% +about how one does um phosphotransfer +for kinase reactions on proteins + + align:start position:0% +for kinase reactions on proteins + + + align:start position:0% +for kinase reactions on proteins +now two other steps are isomerase + + align:start position:0% +now two other steps are isomerase + + + align:start position:0% +now two other steps are isomerase +reactions + + align:start position:0% +reactions + + + align:start position:0% +reactions +trios phosphate isomerase and glucose + + align:start position:0% +trios phosphate isomerase and glucose + + + align:start position:0% +trios phosphate isomerase and glucose +phosphate isomerase we discussed this + + align:start position:0% +phosphate isomerase we discussed this + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate isomerase we discussed this +chemistry back when we did the sugar + + align:start position:0% +chemistry back when we did the sugar + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry back when we did the sugar +lectures + + align:start position:0% +lectures + + + align:start position:0% +lectures +this is just acting on the open chain + + align:start position:0% +this is just acting on the open chain + + + align:start position:0% +this is just acting on the open chain +form of the carbohydrate + + align:start position:0% +form of the carbohydrate + + + align:start position:0% +form of the carbohydrate +and allows you to interconvert between + + align:start position:0% +and allows you to interconvert between + + + align:start position:0% +and allows you to interconvert between +the ketose and the aldos + + align:start position:0% +the ketose and the aldos + + + align:start position:0% +the ketose and the aldos +as i already drew during that lecture + + align:start position:0% +as i already drew during that lecture + + + align:start position:0% +as i already drew during that lecture +and so that just leaves + + align:start position:0% +and so that just leaves + + + align:start position:0% +and so that just leaves +a few steps left to discuss that we can + + align:start position:0% +a few steps left to discuss that we can + + + align:start position:0% +a few steps left to discuss that we can +cover briefly + + align:start position:0% +cover briefly + + + align:start position:0% +cover briefly +the first one that we'll talk about is + + align:start position:0% +the first one that we'll talk about is + + + align:start position:0% +the first one that we'll talk about is +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +enolase reaction which is simply a + + align:start position:0% +enolase reaction which is simply a + + + align:start position:0% +enolase reaction which is simply a +dehydration + + align:start position:0% +dehydration + + + align:start position:0% +dehydration +i'll draw it here just to be explicit as + + align:start position:0% +i'll draw it here just to be explicit as + + + align:start position:0% +i'll draw it here just to be explicit as +to what's + + align:start position:0% +to what's + + + align:start position:0% +to what's +going on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here is + + align:start position:0% +so here is + + + align:start position:0% +so here is +two phosphoglycerate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +simply dehydration to remove water + + align:start position:0% +simply dehydration to remove water + + + align:start position:0% +simply dehydration to remove water +and that gives us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phosphoenol pyruvate pep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the next step i want to discuss + + align:start position:0% +the next step i want to discuss + + + align:start position:0% +the next step i want to discuss +phosphoglycerate mutase is an example of + + align:start position:0% +phosphoglycerate mutase is an example of + + + align:start position:0% +phosphoglycerate mutase is an example of +a mutase reaction that is remember it's + + align:start position:0% +a mutase reaction that is remember it's + + + align:start position:0% +a mutase reaction that is remember it's +moving the phosphate + + align:start position:0% +moving the phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +moving the phosphate +from the three to the two position of + + align:start position:0% +from the three to the two position of + + + align:start position:0% +from the three to the two position of +glycerate this is a class of reactions + + align:start position:0% +glycerate this is a class of reactions + + + align:start position:0% +glycerate this is a class of reactions +that has somewhat of an + + align:start position:0% +that has somewhat of an + + + align:start position:0% +that has somewhat of an +interesting mechanism and basically + + align:start position:0% +interesting mechanism and basically + + + align:start position:0% +interesting mechanism and basically +proceeds by a phosphorylated + + align:start position:0% +proceeds by a phosphorylated + + + align:start position:0% +proceeds by a phosphorylated +enzyme intermediate in the case of + + align:start position:0% +enzyme intermediate in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme intermediate in the case of +phosphoglycerate mutase this is a + + align:start position:0% +phosphoglycerate mutase this is a + + + align:start position:0% +phosphoglycerate mutase this is a +histidine and so there's a + + align:start position:0% +histidine and so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +histidine and so there's a +histidine with a nitrogen on it + + align:start position:0% +histidine with a nitrogen on it + + + align:start position:0% +histidine with a nitrogen on it +in the active site and effectively + + align:start position:0% +in the active site and effectively + + + align:start position:0% +in the active site and effectively +this nitrogen can pick up a phosphate + + align:start position:0% +this nitrogen can pick up a phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +this nitrogen can pick up a phosphate +and be primed via + + align:start position:0% +and be primed via + + + align:start position:0% +and be primed via +a reaction involving a molecule you've + + align:start position:0% +a reaction involving a molecule you've + + + align:start position:0% +a reaction involving a molecule you've +seen + + align:start position:0% +seen + + + align:start position:0% +seen +already from + + align:start position:0% +already from + + + align:start position:0% +already from +your discussion of hemoglobin with + + align:start position:0% +your discussion of hemoglobin with + + + align:start position:0% +your discussion of hemoglobin with +professor yaffi + + align:start position:0% +professor yaffi + + + align:start position:0% +professor yaffi +and that's 2-3 bisphosphoglycerate and + + align:start position:0% +and that's 2-3 bisphosphoglycerate and + + + align:start position:0% +and that's 2-3 bisphosphoglycerate and +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +again here's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is glycerate phosphorylated on the + + align:start position:0% +this is glycerate phosphorylated on the + + + align:start position:0% +this is glycerate phosphorylated on the +two and three position + + align:start position:0% +two and three position + + + align:start position:0% +two and three position +so this is two three + + align:start position:0% +so this is two three + + + align:start position:0% +so this is two three +phosphoglycerate and effectively this + + align:start position:0% +phosphoglycerate and effectively this + + + align:start position:0% +phosphoglycerate and effectively this +molecule can + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bind in the active site and pick up a + + align:start position:0% +bind in the active site and pick up a + + + align:start position:0% +bind in the active site and pick up a +phosphate from either the 2 + + align:start position:0% +phosphate from either the 2 + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate from either the 2 +or the 3 position i drew it here as + + align:start position:0% +or the 3 position i drew it here as + + + align:start position:0% +or the 3 position i drew it here as +picking it up from + + align:start position:0% +picking it up from + + + align:start position:0% +picking it up from +the 2 position all right that would of + + align:start position:0% +the 2 position all right that would of + + + align:start position:0% +the 2 position all right that would of +course + + align:start position:0% +course + + + align:start position:0% +course +generate a 3-phosphoglycerate but more + + align:start position:0% +generate a 3-phosphoglycerate but more + + + align:start position:0% +generate a 3-phosphoglycerate but more +importantly + + align:start position:0% +importantly + + + align:start position:0% +importantly +it ends up with the enzyme having + + align:start position:0% +it ends up with the enzyme having + + + align:start position:0% +it ends up with the enzyme having +this phosphorylated + + align:start position:0% +this phosphorylated + + + align:start position:0% +this phosphorylated +intermediate in the active site + + align:start position:0% +intermediate in the active site + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate in the active site +once it has that phosphorylated + + align:start position:0% +once it has that phosphorylated + + + align:start position:0% +once it has that phosphorylated +intermediate in the active site + + align:start position:0% +intermediate in the active site + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate in the active site +now it's ready to catalyze + + align:start position:0% +now it's ready to catalyze + + + align:start position:0% +now it's ready to catalyze +the mutase reaction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so i'll draw here first this here would + + align:start position:0% +so i'll draw here first this here would + + + align:start position:0% +so i'll draw here first this here would +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +three phosphoglycerate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +color the phosphate so you can see + + align:start position:0% +color the phosphate so you can see + + + align:start position:0% +color the phosphate so you can see +what's going on + + align:start position:0% +what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on +this would basically in the active site + + align:start position:0% +this would basically in the active site + + + align:start position:0% +this would basically in the active site +of the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +of the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +of the enzyme +pick up the phosphate + + align:start position:0% +pick up the phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +pick up the phosphate +from the active site and generate + + align:start position:0% +from the active site and generate + + + align:start position:0% +from the active site and generate +transiently + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bisphosphoglycerate intermediate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then it can retransfer + + align:start position:0% +and then it can retransfer + + + align:start position:0% +and then it can retransfer +the phosphate from the other position + + align:start position:0% +the phosphate from the other position + + + align:start position:0% +the phosphate from the other position +back onto the active side of the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +back onto the active side of the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +back onto the active side of the enzyme +so it's ready to carry out another + + align:start position:0% +so it's ready to carry out another + + + align:start position:0% +so it's ready to carry out another +catalytic cycle and in the process + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +move the phosphate effectively + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +the three position to the two position + + align:start position:0% +the three position to the two position + + + align:start position:0% +the three position to the two position +so you'll see + + align:start position:0% +so you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +so you'll see +that the phosphate is not actually being + + align:start position:0% +that the phosphate is not actually being + + + align:start position:0% +that the phosphate is not actually being +the same phosphate is not being moved + + align:start position:0% +the same phosphate is not being moved + + + align:start position:0% +the same phosphate is not being moved +within the same molecule + + align:start position:0% +within the same molecule + + + align:start position:0% +within the same molecule +it's being ping-ponged back and forth + + align:start position:0% +it's being ping-ponged back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +it's being ping-ponged back and forth +off of this + + align:start position:0% +off of this + + + align:start position:0% +off of this +phosphoenzyme intermediate and basically + + align:start position:0% +phosphoenzyme intermediate and basically + + + align:start position:0% +phosphoenzyme intermediate and basically +this is how cells catalyze various + + align:start position:0% +this is how cells catalyze various + + + align:start position:0% +this is how cells catalyze various +mutate + + align:start position:0% +mutate + + + align:start position:0% +mutate +mutase reactions to move phosphates + + align:start position:0% +mutase reactions to move phosphates + + + align:start position:0% +mutase reactions to move phosphates +between hydroxyl groups and so you have + + align:start position:0% +between hydroxyl groups and so you have + + + align:start position:0% +between hydroxyl groups and so you have +to prime this + + align:start position:0% +to prime this + + + align:start position:0% +to prime this +once with a separately generated 2 3 + + align:start position:0% +once with a separately generated 2 3 + + + align:start position:0% +once with a separately generated 2 3 +bisphosphoglycerate + + align:start position:0% +bisphosphoglycerate + + + align:start position:0% +bisphosphoglycerate +but once you have that phosphorylated + + align:start position:0% +but once you have that phosphorylated + + + align:start position:0% +but once you have that phosphorylated +enzyme in the active site + + align:start position:0% +enzyme in the active site + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme in the active site +it can now continually ping-pong that + + align:start position:0% +it can now continually ping-pong that + + + align:start position:0% +it can now continually ping-pong that +phosphate around + + align:start position:0% +phosphate around + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate around +to effectively convert + + align:start position:0% +to effectively convert + + + align:start position:0% +to effectively convert +3-phosphoglycerate + + align:start position:0% +3-phosphoglycerate + + + align:start position:0% +3-phosphoglycerate +to 2-phosphoglycerate or an example of + + align:start position:0% +to 2-phosphoglycerate or an example of + + + align:start position:0% +to 2-phosphoglycerate or an example of +another mutated reaction move a + + align:start position:0% +another mutated reaction move a + + + align:start position:0% +another mutated reaction move a +phosphate between two other hydroxyl + + align:start position:0% +phosphate between two other hydroxyl + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate between two other hydroxyl +groups on the same + + align:start position:0% +groups on the same + + + align:start position:0% +groups on the same +molecule okay now the final + + align:start position:0% +molecule okay now the final + + + align:start position:0% +molecule okay now the final +reaction that we haven't talked about is + + align:start position:0% +reaction that we haven't talked about is + + + align:start position:0% +reaction that we haven't talked about is +this one the aldolase reaction which is + + align:start position:0% +this one the aldolase reaction which is + + + align:start position:0% +this one the aldolase reaction which is +a really key step in glycolysis because + + align:start position:0% +a really key step in glycolysis because + + + align:start position:0% +a really key step in glycolysis because +it splits that carbon-carbon bond + + align:start position:0% +it splits that carbon-carbon bond + + + align:start position:0% +it splits that carbon-carbon bond +to take the hexose + + align:start position:0% +to take the hexose + + + align:start position:0% +to take the hexose +fructose-1-6-bisphosphate + + align:start position:0% +fructose-1-6-bisphosphate + + + align:start position:0% +fructose-1-6-bisphosphate +and split it into two trioses + + align:start position:0% +and split it into two trioses + + + align:start position:0% +and split it into two trioses +dihydroxyacetone phosphate + + align:start position:0% +dihydroxyacetone phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +dihydroxyacetone phosphate +and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which + + align:start position:0% +and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which + + + align:start position:0% +and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which +ultimately + + align:start position:0% +ultimately + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately +allows you to make this + + align:start position:0% +allows you to make this + + + align:start position:0% +allows you to make this +pathway work and so + + align:start position:0% +pathway work and so + + + align:start position:0% +pathway work and so +i'll take you quickly through how + + align:start position:0% +i'll take you quickly through how + + + align:start position:0% +i'll take you quickly through how +aldolase + + align:start position:0% +aldolase + + + align:start position:0% +aldolase +works so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +aldolase also has this amine in the + + align:start position:0% +aldolase also has this amine in the + + + align:start position:0% +aldolase also has this amine in the +active site + + align:start position:0% +active site + + + align:start position:0% +active site +and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here's fbp drawn in the open chain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so end up with this intermediate in the + + align:start position:0% +so end up with this intermediate in the + + + align:start position:0% +so end up with this intermediate in the +active site + + align:start position:0% +active site + + + align:start position:0% +active site +which can undergo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this chemistry to split this + + align:start position:0% +this chemistry to split this + + + align:start position:0% +this chemistry to split this +into the remove the + + align:start position:0% +into the remove the + + + align:start position:0% +into the remove the +lower half of the molecule + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you can see here this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +generates this lower half of the + + align:start position:0% +generates this lower half of the + + + align:start position:0% +generates this lower half of the +molecule glyceraldehyde + + align:start position:0% +molecule glyceraldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +molecule glyceraldehyde +3-phosphate as well as + + align:start position:0% +3-phosphate as well as + + + align:start position:0% +3-phosphate as well as +the top half + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which can regenerate the active site + + align:start position:0% +which can regenerate the active site + + + align:start position:0% +which can regenerate the active site +as well as the + + align:start position:0% +as well as the + + + align:start position:0% +as well as the +other product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dihydroxy acetone phosphate + + align:start position:0% +dihydroxy acetone phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +dihydroxy acetone phosphate +and so very briefly that's effectively + + align:start position:0% +and so very briefly that's effectively + + + align:start position:0% +and so very briefly that's effectively +the chemistry that allows aldolase to + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry that allows aldolase to + + + align:start position:0% +the chemistry that allows aldolase to +carry out + + align:start position:0% +carry out + + + align:start position:0% +carry out +this important reaction in glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +this important reaction in glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +this important reaction in glycolysis +splitting that fructose 165 phosphate + + align:start position:0% +splitting that fructose 165 phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +splitting that fructose 165 phosphate +into the aldos glyceraldehyde + + align:start position:0% +into the aldos glyceraldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +into the aldos glyceraldehyde +3-phosphate + + align:start position:0% +3-phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +3-phosphate +and the ketose dihydroxyacetone + + align:start position:0% +and the ketose dihydroxyacetone + + + align:start position:0% +and the ketose dihydroxyacetone +phosphate okay + + align:start position:0% +phosphate okay + + + align:start position:0% +phosphate okay +so that is effectively the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +so that is effectively the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +so that is effectively the chemistry +that allows you to turn glucose into + + align:start position:0% +that allows you to turn glucose into + + + align:start position:0% +that allows you to turn glucose into +pyruvate + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate +as well as pyruvate into lactate but + + align:start position:0% +as well as pyruvate into lactate but + + + align:start position:0% +as well as pyruvate into lactate but +what about + + align:start position:0% +what about + + + align:start position:0% +what about +making ethanol how does that work + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember ethanol is an alternative + + align:start position:0% +remember ethanol is an alternative + + + align:start position:0% +remember ethanol is an alternative +fermentative product + + align:start position:0% +fermentative product + + + align:start position:0% +fermentative product +and so the reactions to make ethanol + + align:start position:0% +and so the reactions to make ethanol + + + align:start position:0% +and so the reactions to make ethanol +is basically this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here's pyruvate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first thing that happens is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we lose this co2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +without a change in oxidation state at + + align:start position:0% +without a change in oxidation state at + + + align:start position:0% +without a change in oxidation state at +the second carbon at the ketone in + + align:start position:0% +the second carbon at the ketone in + + + align:start position:0% +the second carbon at the ketone in +pyruvate and so this ketone + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate and so this ketone + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate and so this ketone +stays the same oxidation state it's now + + align:start position:0% +stays the same oxidation state it's now + + + align:start position:0% +stays the same oxidation state it's now +an aldehyde + + align:start position:0% +an aldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +an aldehyde +this is a molecule called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +acetaldehyde + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now we can pick up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +those two electrons from + + align:start position:0% +those two electrons from + + + align:start position:0% +those two electrons from +nadh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and reduce this aldehyde + + align:start position:0% +and reduce this aldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +and reduce this aldehyde +to the alcohol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +re-oxidizing that nadh back to nad plus + + align:start position:0% +re-oxidizing that nadh back to nad plus + + + align:start position:0% +re-oxidizing that nadh back to nad plus +and generating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ethyl alcohol + + align:start position:0% +ethyl alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +ethyl alcohol +or ethanol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the fermentative part + + align:start position:0% +so the fermentative part + + + align:start position:0% +so the fermentative part +is turning the acetaldehyde into the + + align:start position:0% +is turning the acetaldehyde into the + + + align:start position:0% +is turning the acetaldehyde into the +ethanol because that allows you to + + align:start position:0% +ethanol because that allows you to + + + align:start position:0% +ethanol because that allows you to +dispose of those two electrons reduce + + align:start position:0% +dispose of those two electrons reduce + + + align:start position:0% +dispose of those two electrons reduce +the aldehyde to an alcohol + + align:start position:0% +the aldehyde to an alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +the aldehyde to an alcohol +while re-oxidizing the nadh to an nad + + align:start position:0% +while re-oxidizing the nadh to an nad + + + align:start position:0% +while re-oxidizing the nadh to an nad +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +which is what allows glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +which is what allows glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +which is what allows glycolysis +to continue so that nad plus is + + align:start position:0% +to continue so that nad plus is + + + align:start position:0% +to continue so that nad plus is +available for the gap dh + + align:start position:0% +available for the gap dh + + + align:start position:0% +available for the gap dh +step how this reaction works + + align:start position:0% +step how this reaction works + + + align:start position:0% +step how this reaction works +is i just drew it's exactly how the + + align:start position:0% +is i just drew it's exactly how the + + + align:start position:0% +is i just drew it's exactly how the +lactate hydrogenase reaction + + align:start position:0% +lactate hydrogenase reaction + + + align:start position:0% +lactate hydrogenase reaction +works however what we also now need to + + align:start position:0% +works however what we also now need to + + + align:start position:0% +works however what we also now need to +discuss + + align:start position:0% +discuss + + + align:start position:0% +discuss +is how you carry out this reaction this + + align:start position:0% +is how you carry out this reaction this + + + align:start position:0% +is how you carry out this reaction this +decarboxylation + + align:start position:0% +decarboxylation + + + align:start position:0% +decarboxylation +to take this co2 off of pyruvate and + + align:start position:0% +to take this co2 off of pyruvate and + + + align:start position:0% +to take this co2 off of pyruvate and +make + + align:start position:0% +make + + + align:start position:0% +make +acetaldehyde now decarboxylation + + align:start position:0% +acetaldehyde now decarboxylation + + + align:start position:0% +acetaldehyde now decarboxylation +reactions are really common + + align:start position:0% +reactions are really common + + + align:start position:0% +reactions are really common +um reactions in metabolism they end up + + align:start position:0% +um reactions in metabolism they end up + + + align:start position:0% +um reactions in metabolism they end up +being + + align:start position:0% +being + + + align:start position:0% +being +important for lots of pathways obviously + + align:start position:0% +important for lots of pathways obviously + + + align:start position:0% +important for lots of pathways obviously +if we're going to + + align:start position:0% +if we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +if we're going to +completely oxidize glucose into co2 + + align:start position:0% +completely oxidize glucose into co2 + + + align:start position:0% +completely oxidize glucose into co2 +we have to remove co2 for a molecule and + + align:start position:0% +we have to remove co2 for a molecule and + + + align:start position:0% +we have to remove co2 for a molecule and +here's the first one + + align:start position:0% +here's the first one + + + align:start position:0% +here's the first one +um first one that we're going to see + + align:start position:0% +um first one that we're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +um first one that we're going to see +for how that happens now there's two + + align:start position:0% +for how that happens now there's two + + + align:start position:0% +for how that happens now there's two +general mechanisms that metabolism uses + + align:start position:0% +general mechanisms that metabolism uses + + + align:start position:0% +general mechanisms that metabolism uses +for decarboxylation reactions and i want + + align:start position:0% +for decarboxylation reactions and i want + + + align:start position:0% +for decarboxylation reactions and i want +to introduce + + align:start position:0% +to introduce + + + align:start position:0% +to introduce +the concept here of both of them now + + align:start position:0% +the concept here of both of them now + + + align:start position:0% +the concept here of both of them now +the first one here is that these are + + align:start position:0% +the first one here is that these are + + + align:start position:0% +the first one here is that these are +referred to as decarboxylation reactions + + align:start position:0% +referred to as decarboxylation reactions + + + align:start position:0% +referred to as decarboxylation reactions +that occur in the context of either + + align:start position:0% +that occur in the context of either + + + align:start position:0% +that occur in the context of either +an alpha keto acid + + align:start position:0% +an alpha keto acid + + + align:start position:0% +an alpha keto acid +or a beta + + align:start position:0% +or a beta + + + align:start position:0% +or a beta +keto acid now what do i mean by that + + align:start position:0% +keto acid now what do i mean by that + + + align:start position:0% +keto acid now what do i mean by that +well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pyruvate is an alpha keto acid + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate is an alpha keto acid + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate is an alpha keto acid +and that's because here's a acid group + + align:start position:0% +and that's because here's a acid group + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because here's a acid group +the ketone is alpha + + align:start position:0% +the ketone is alpha + + + align:start position:0% +the ketone is alpha +to the carboxylic acid this would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in uh + + align:start position:0% +in uh + + + align:start position:0% +in uh +contrast to this + + align:start position:0% +contrast to this + + + align:start position:0% +contrast to this +molecule which i'll just draw with a + + align:start position:0% +molecule which i'll just draw with a + + + align:start position:0% +molecule which i'll just draw with a +generic r + + align:start position:0% +generic r + + + align:start position:0% +generic r +group where here the ketone is beta + + align:start position:0% +group where here the ketone is beta + + + align:start position:0% +group where here the ketone is beta +to the carboxylic acid alpha beta + + align:start position:0% +to the carboxylic acid alpha beta + + + align:start position:0% +to the carboxylic acid alpha beta +so pyruvate is an alpha keto acid + + align:start position:0% +so pyruvate is an alpha keto acid + + + align:start position:0% +so pyruvate is an alpha keto acid +this here is a generic beta + + align:start position:0% +this here is a generic beta + + + align:start position:0% +this here is a generic beta +keto acid now i want to point out that + + align:start position:0% +keto acid now i want to point out that + + + align:start position:0% +keto acid now i want to point out that +decarboxylations of beta-keto acids + + align:start position:0% +decarboxylations of beta-keto acids + + + align:start position:0% +decarboxylations of beta-keto acids +are very favorable and they're favorable + + align:start position:0% +are very favorable and they're favorable + + + align:start position:0% +are very favorable and they're favorable +for the following reason + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that's because if i remove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this co2 from a beta-keto acid + + align:start position:0% +this co2 from a beta-keto acid + + + align:start position:0% +this co2 from a beta-keto acid +i'm left with + + align:start position:0% +i'm left with + + + align:start position:0% +i'm left with +this molecule which hopefully you'll + + align:start position:0% +this molecule which hopefully you'll + + + align:start position:0% +this molecule which hopefully you'll +recognize + + align:start position:0% +recognize + + + align:start position:0% +recognize +as an enol and just like + + align:start position:0% +as an enol and just like + + + align:start position:0% +as an enol and just like +we talked about for the pyruvate kinase + + align:start position:0% +we talked about for the pyruvate kinase + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about for the pyruvate kinase +reaction + + align:start position:0% +reaction + + + align:start position:0% +reaction +enols much prefer + + align:start position:0% +enols much prefer + + + align:start position:0% +enols much prefer +to rearrange into the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +keto form + + align:start position:0% +keto form + + + align:start position:0% +keto form +and so decarboxylation of a beta-keto + + align:start position:0% +and so decarboxylation of a beta-keto + + + align:start position:0% +and so decarboxylation of a beta-keto +acid + + align:start position:0% +acid + + + align:start position:0% +acid +generates an enol which will rearrange + + align:start position:0% +generates an enol which will rearrange + + + align:start position:0% +generates an enol which will rearrange +to the ketone + + align:start position:0% +to the ketone + + + align:start position:0% +to the ketone +this becomes very favorable and so it + + align:start position:0% +this becomes very favorable and so it + + + align:start position:0% +this becomes very favorable and so it +becomes favorable to decarboxylate + + align:start position:0% +becomes favorable to decarboxylate + + + align:start position:0% +becomes favorable to decarboxylate +a beta keto acid now + + align:start position:0% +a beta keto acid now + + + align:start position:0% +a beta keto acid now +we can't use that exact same chemistry + + align:start position:0% +we can't use that exact same chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +we can't use that exact same chemistry +to decarboxylate + + align:start position:0% +to decarboxylate + + + align:start position:0% +to decarboxylate +an alpha-keto acid however we can help + + align:start position:0% +an alpha-keto acid however we can help + + + align:start position:0% +an alpha-keto acid however we can help +that process + + align:start position:0% +that process + + + align:start position:0% +that process +effectively mimicking the same thing + + align:start position:0% +effectively mimicking the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +effectively mimicking the same thing +that happens with a beta-keto acid + + align:start position:0% +that happens with a beta-keto acid + + + align:start position:0% +that happens with a beta-keto acid +by instead introducing a cofactor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so i introduced the concept of cofactors + + align:start position:0% +so i introduced the concept of cofactors + + + align:start position:0% +so i introduced the concept of cofactors +when we talked about + + align:start position:0% +when we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +when we talked about +nad and nadh and remember cofactors + + align:start position:0% +nad and nadh and remember cofactors + + + align:start position:0% +nad and nadh and remember cofactors +are molecules that provide functional + + align:start position:0% +are molecules that provide functional + + + align:start position:0% +are molecules that provide functional +groups that help facilitate the + + align:start position:0% +groups that help facilitate the + + + align:start position:0% +groups that help facilitate the +chemistry + + align:start position:0% +chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry +of various reactions and so there's a + + align:start position:0% +of various reactions and so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +of various reactions and so there's a +cofactor that facilitates the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +cofactor that facilitates the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +cofactor that facilitates the chemistry +that allows decarboxylation of alpha + + align:start position:0% +that allows decarboxylation of alpha + + + align:start position:0% +that allows decarboxylation of alpha +keto acids + + align:start position:0% +keto acids + + + align:start position:0% +keto acids +and that cofactor is abbreviated + + align:start position:0% +and that cofactor is abbreviated + + + align:start position:0% +and that cofactor is abbreviated +tpp plus which stands for + + align:start position:0% +tpp plus which stands for + + + align:start position:0% +tpp plus which stands for +thiamine + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pyrophosphate + + align:start position:0% +pyrophosphate + + + align:start position:0% +pyrophosphate +tpp plus which is derived from the + + align:start position:0% +tpp plus which is derived from the + + + align:start position:0% +tpp plus which is derived from the +vitamin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thiamine sometimes also referred to + + align:start position:0% +thiamine sometimes also referred to + + + align:start position:0% +thiamine sometimes also referred to +as vitamin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b1 and so + + align:start position:0% +b1 and so + + + align:start position:0% +b1 and so +this is what tpp plus looks like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay + + align:start position:0% +um okay + + + align:start position:0% +um okay +so like many of our vitamins or + + align:start position:0% +so like many of our vitamins or + + + align:start position:0% +so like many of our vitamins or +cofactors it's a complex molecule so + + align:start position:0% +cofactors it's a complex molecule so + + + align:start position:0% +cofactors it's a complex molecule so +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +vitamin b1 or thymine and the + + align:start position:0% +vitamin b1 or thymine and the + + + align:start position:0% +vitamin b1 or thymine and the +cofactor tpp plus is basically the same + + align:start position:0% +cofactor tpp plus is basically the same + + + align:start position:0% +cofactor tpp plus is basically the same +molecule + + align:start position:0% +molecule + + + align:start position:0% +molecule +with a pyrophosphate group added on the + + align:start position:0% +with a pyrophosphate group added on the + + + align:start position:0% +with a pyrophosphate group added on the +end + + align:start position:0% +end + + + align:start position:0% +end +tpp plus now to see what's going on + + align:start position:0% +tpp plus now to see what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +tpp plus now to see what's going on +we're going to focus here just on + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus here just on + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to focus here just on +this part this reactive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this reactive part of the molecule which + + align:start position:0% +this reactive part of the molecule which + + + align:start position:0% +this reactive part of the molecule which +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +right here which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for simplicity i will just draw like + + align:start position:0% +for simplicity i will just draw like + + + align:start position:0% +for simplicity i will just draw like +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this here is just this + + align:start position:0% +okay so this here is just this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this here is just this +basically part of the molecule here + + align:start position:0% +basically part of the molecule here + + + align:start position:0% +basically part of the molecule here +that's the reactive part of + + align:start position:0% +that's the reactive part of + + + align:start position:0% +that's the reactive part of +tpp plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what makes this cofactor useful + + align:start position:0% +and what makes this cofactor useful + + + align:start position:0% +and what makes this cofactor useful +is that this basically + + align:start position:0% +is that this basically + + + align:start position:0% +is that this basically +can exist + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stabilized carban ion form + + align:start position:0% +stabilized carban ion form + + + align:start position:0% +stabilized carban ion form +this stabilized carbanion can react with + + align:start position:0% +this stabilized carbanion can react with + + + align:start position:0% +this stabilized carbanion can react with +a alpha keto acid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like pyruvate shown here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then this intermediate + + align:start position:0% +and then this intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +and then this intermediate +now becomes + + align:start position:0% +now becomes + + + align:start position:0% +now becomes +favorable for decarboxylation of the co2 + + align:start position:0% +favorable for decarboxylation of the co2 + + + align:start position:0% +favorable for decarboxylation of the co2 +that's alpha to the ketone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then here we can generally + + align:start position:0% +and then here we can generally + + + align:start position:0% +and then here we can generally +regenerate + + align:start position:0% +regenerate + + + align:start position:0% +regenerate +the active + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tpp plus that we started with plus + + align:start position:0% +tpp plus that we started with plus + + + align:start position:0% +tpp plus that we started with plus +the other product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +acetaldehyde + + align:start position:0% +acetaldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +acetaldehyde +and then that acetaldehyde can then be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reduced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +regenerating nad plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and giving alcohol for + + align:start position:0% +and giving alcohol for + + + align:start position:0% +and giving alcohol for +fermentation okay + + align:start position:0% +fermentation okay + + + align:start position:0% +fermentation okay +now incidentally this is how you + + align:start position:0% +now incidentally this is how you + + + align:start position:0% +now incidentally this is how you +produce alcohol how you metabolize + + align:start position:0% +produce alcohol how you metabolize + + + align:start position:0% +produce alcohol how you metabolize +alcohol + + align:start position:0% +alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol +is effectively reversing that + + align:start position:0% +is effectively reversing that + + + align:start position:0% +is effectively reversing that +last step and further oxidizing the + + align:start position:0% +last step and further oxidizing the + + + align:start position:0% +last step and further oxidizing the +acetaldehyde + + align:start position:0% +acetaldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +acetaldehyde +and so this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is ethanol + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the whey metabolis way ethanol + + align:start position:0% +so the whey metabolis way ethanol + + + align:start position:0% +so the whey metabolis way ethanol +is metabolized and so the famous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme + + align:start position:0% +alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme +basically + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does that reverse reaction generates + + align:start position:0% +does that reverse reaction generates + + + align:start position:0% +does that reverse reaction generates +two electrons as a hydride ion they get + + align:start position:0% +two electrons as a hydride ion they get + + + align:start position:0% +two electrons as a hydride ion they get +transferred to + + align:start position:0% +transferred to + + + align:start position:0% +transferred to +nad plus that nad plus gets reduced to + + align:start position:0% +nad plus that nad plus gets reduced to + + + align:start position:0% +nad plus that nad plus gets reduced to +nadh as this alcohol + + align:start position:0% +nadh as this alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +nadh as this alcohol +in ethanol is + + align:start position:0% +in ethanol is + + + align:start position:0% +in ethanol is +oxidized to the aldehyde + + align:start position:0% +oxidized to the aldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +oxidized to the aldehyde +in acetaldehyde and + + align:start position:0% +in acetaldehyde and + + + align:start position:0% +in acetaldehyde and +this can then be further oxidized that + + align:start position:0% +this can then be further oxidized that + + + align:start position:0% +this can then be further oxidized that +aldehyde + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde +to the acid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two electrons from the hydride ion can + + align:start position:0% +two electrons from the hydride ion can + + + align:start position:0% +two electrons from the hydride ion can +reduce nad plus to nadh and that + + align:start position:0% +reduce nad plus to nadh and that + + + align:start position:0% +reduce nad plus to nadh and that +generates + + align:start position:0% +generates + + + align:start position:0% +generates +in the process oxidizes the aldehyde + + align:start position:0% +in the process oxidizes the aldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +in the process oxidizes the aldehyde +to the acid in this case this is + + align:start position:0% +to the acid in this case this is + + + align:start position:0% +to the acid in this case this is +acetate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the acid form it would be acetic acid + + align:start position:0% +the acid form it would be acetic acid + + + align:start position:0% +the acid form it would be acetic acid +also known as + + align:start position:0% +also known as + + + align:start position:0% +also known as +vinegar and so effectively the way you + + align:start position:0% +vinegar and so effectively the way you + + + align:start position:0% +vinegar and so effectively the way you +turn + + align:start position:0% +turn + + + align:start position:0% +turn +alcohol into vinegar is by the + + align:start position:0% +alcohol into vinegar is by the + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol into vinegar is by the +microorganisms + + align:start position:0% +microorganisms + + + align:start position:0% +microorganisms +oxidizing the alcohol they produce + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing the alcohol they produce + + + align:start position:0% +oxidizing the alcohol they produce +into acetic acid or + + align:start position:0% +into acetic acid or + + + align:start position:0% +into acetic acid or +vinegar now note this is + + align:start position:0% +vinegar now note this is + + + align:start position:0% +vinegar now note this is +alcohol metabolism is two oxidation + + align:start position:0% +alcohol metabolism is two oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol metabolism is two oxidation +reactions + + align:start position:0% +reactions + + + align:start position:0% +reactions +as we talked about last time oxidation + + align:start position:0% +as we talked about last time oxidation + + + align:start position:0% +as we talked about last time oxidation +reactions are generally favorable + + align:start position:0% +reactions are generally favorable + + + align:start position:0% +reactions are generally favorable +therefore energy is released this is why + + align:start position:0% +therefore energy is released this is why + + + align:start position:0% +therefore energy is released this is why +alcohol has calories and it's impossible + + align:start position:0% +alcohol has calories and it's impossible + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol has calories and it's impossible +to make + + align:start position:0% +to make + + + align:start position:0% +to make +diet alcohol because it will + + align:start position:0% +diet alcohol because it will + + + align:start position:0% +diet alcohol because it will +just no way around this couple other + + align:start position:0% +just no way around this couple other + + + align:start position:0% +just no way around this couple other +things about this so as i mentioned + + align:start position:0% +things about this so as i mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +things about this so as i mentioned +this enzyme catalyzes this is + + align:start position:0% +this enzyme catalyzes this is + + + align:start position:0% +this enzyme catalyzes this is +the famous alcohol dehydrogenase this + + align:start position:0% +the famous alcohol dehydrogenase this + + + align:start position:0% +the famous alcohol dehydrogenase this +enzyme is an + + align:start position:0% +enzyme is an + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme is an +aldehyde dehydrogenase + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde dehydrogenase + + + align:start position:0% +aldehyde dehydrogenase +the issue is is that this aldehyde + + align:start position:0% +the issue is is that this aldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +the issue is is that this aldehyde +dehydrogenase + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase + + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase +is a less efficient enzyme than alcohol + + align:start position:0% +is a less efficient enzyme than alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +is a less efficient enzyme than alcohol +dehydrogenase + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase + + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase +thus it can become rate limiting for + + align:start position:0% +thus it can become rate limiting for + + + align:start position:0% +thus it can become rate limiting for +alcohol + + align:start position:0% +alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol +metabolism and so if you overwhelm the + + align:start position:0% +metabolism and so if you overwhelm the + + + align:start position:0% +metabolism and so if you overwhelm the +system by drinking too much + + align:start position:0% +system by drinking too much + + + align:start position:0% +system by drinking too much +effectively this enzyme can't keep up + + align:start position:0% +effectively this enzyme can't keep up + + + align:start position:0% +effectively this enzyme can't keep up +with this enzyme + + align:start position:0% +with this enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +with this enzyme +you generate excess of the toxic + + align:start position:0% +you generate excess of the toxic + + + align:start position:0% +you generate excess of the toxic +acetoaldehyde product acetoaldehyde + + align:start position:0% +acetoaldehyde product acetoaldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +acetoaldehyde product acetoaldehyde +product + + align:start position:0% +product + + + align:start position:0% +product +is toxic and this is effectively what + + align:start position:0% +is toxic and this is effectively what + + + align:start position:0% +is toxic and this is effectively what +generates hangovers it's also the case + + align:start position:0% +generates hangovers it's also the case + + + align:start position:0% +generates hangovers it's also the case +that there are individuals with + + align:start position:0% +that there are individuals with + + + align:start position:0% +that there are individuals with +polymorphisms of this aldehyde + + align:start position:0% +polymorphisms of this aldehyde + + + align:start position:0% +polymorphisms of this aldehyde +dehydrogenase + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase + + + align:start position:0% +dehydrogenase +this was i believe discussed in + + align:start position:0% +this was i believe discussed in + + + align:start position:0% +this was i believe discussed in +professor yaffi's lectures on enzyme + + align:start position:0% +professor yaffi's lectures on enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +professor yaffi's lectures on enzyme +kinetics + + align:start position:0% +kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics +that have different catalytic efficiency + + align:start position:0% +that have different catalytic efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +that have different catalytic efficiency +at this step + + align:start position:0% +at this step + + + align:start position:0% +at this step +and the people who have those + + align:start position:0% +and the people who have those + + + align:start position:0% +and the people who have those +polymorphisms can't metabolize alcohol + + align:start position:0% +polymorphisms can't metabolize alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +polymorphisms can't metabolize alcohol +as well + + align:start position:0% +as well + + + align:start position:0% +as well +they tend to get flushing and whatnot + + align:start position:0% +they tend to get flushing and whatnot + + + align:start position:0% +they tend to get flushing and whatnot +because they build up this toxic + + align:start position:0% +because they build up this toxic + + + align:start position:0% +because they build up this toxic +acetyl aldehyde and in fact can be quite + + align:start position:0% +acetyl aldehyde and in fact can be quite + + + align:start position:0% +acetyl aldehyde and in fact can be quite +dangerous if they drink + + align:start position:0% +dangerous if they drink + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous if they drink +too much finally this + + align:start position:0% +too much finally this + + + align:start position:0% +too much finally this +also illustrates effectively why when + + align:start position:0% +also illustrates effectively why when + + + align:start position:0% +also illustrates effectively why when +commercially you want to generate + + align:start position:0% +commercially you want to generate + + + align:start position:0% +commercially you want to generate +alcohol like in beer or wine + + align:start position:0% +alcohol like in beer or wine + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol like in beer or wine +you need to keep oxygen levels low + + align:start position:0% +you need to keep oxygen levels low + + + align:start position:0% +you need to keep oxygen levels low +why is that because well the microbes + + align:start position:0% +why is that because well the microbes + + + align:start position:0% +why is that because well the microbes +will re-eat their ethanol it's a + + align:start position:0% +will re-eat their ethanol it's a + + + align:start position:0% +will re-eat their ethanol it's a +perfectly good source of calories for + + align:start position:0% +perfectly good source of calories for + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly good source of calories for +them as well + + align:start position:0% +them as well + + + align:start position:0% +them as well +because of these reactions but they + + align:start position:0% +because of these reactions but they + + + align:start position:0% +because of these reactions but they +generate + + align:start position:0% +generate + + + align:start position:0% +generate +all this electron waste in the process + + align:start position:0% +all this electron waste in the process + + + align:start position:0% +all this electron waste in the process +those electrons have to go somewhere + + align:start position:0% +those electrons have to go somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +those electrons have to go somewhere +where do they go well oxygen is a great + + align:start position:0% +where do they go well oxygen is a great + + + align:start position:0% +where do they go well oxygen is a great +electron acceptor + + align:start position:0% +electron acceptor + + + align:start position:0% +electron acceptor +and so to metabolize this ethanol + + align:start position:0% +and so to metabolize this ethanol + + + align:start position:0% +and so to metabolize this ethanol +they need to put those electrons + + align:start position:0% +they need to put those electrons + + + align:start position:0% +they need to put those electrons +somewhere they need to put them on + + align:start position:0% +somewhere they need to put them on + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere they need to put them on +oxygen + + align:start position:0% +oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen +and so oxygen is required to carry out + + align:start position:0% +and so oxygen is required to carry out + + + align:start position:0% +and so oxygen is required to carry out +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +ethanol metabolism by the microorganisms + + align:start position:0% +ethanol metabolism by the microorganisms + + + align:start position:0% +ethanol metabolism by the microorganisms +and so by keeping + + align:start position:0% +and so by keeping + + + align:start position:0% +and so by keeping +oxygen out of your fermentation of + + align:start position:0% +oxygen out of your fermentation of + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen out of your fermentation of +alcohol and pre + + align:start position:0% +alcohol and pre + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol and pre +in commercial beer and wine production + + align:start position:0% +in commercial beer and wine production + + + align:start position:0% +in commercial beer and wine production +it prevents + + align:start position:0% +it prevents + + + align:start position:0% +it prevents +the formation of aldehyde and + + align:start position:0% +the formation of aldehyde and + + + align:start position:0% +the formation of aldehyde and +acetic acid products which would be + + align:start position:0% +acetic acid products which would be + + + align:start position:0% +acetic acid products which would be +undesirable in your finished drink + + align:start position:0% +undesirable in your finished drink + + + align:start position:0% +undesirable in your finished drink +product okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now this whole discussion also + + align:start position:0% +now this whole discussion also + + + align:start position:0% +now this whole discussion also +begins to suggest one big way in which + + align:start position:0% +begins to suggest one big way in which + + + align:start position:0% +begins to suggest one big way in which +glycolysis itself is regulated and + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis itself is regulated and + + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis itself is regulated and +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +effectively by the availability of + + align:start position:0% +effectively by the availability of + + + align:start position:0% +effectively by the availability of +oxygen and so to be explicit about this + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and so to be explicit about this + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and so to be explicit about this +i want to draw the relationship between + + align:start position:0% +i want to draw the relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +i want to draw the relationship between +fermentation glycolysis and + + align:start position:0% +fermentation glycolysis and + + + align:start position:0% +fermentation glycolysis and +oxygen in terms of maintaining electron + + align:start position:0% +oxygen in terms of maintaining electron + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen in terms of maintaining electron +balance across + + align:start position:0% +balance across + + + align:start position:0% +balance across +these pathways and so glucose + + align:start position:0% +these pathways and so glucose + + + align:start position:0% +these pathways and so glucose +is of course a major fuel for us it's a + + align:start position:0% +is of course a major fuel for us it's a + + + align:start position:0% +is of course a major fuel for us it's a +major sugar in our blood yeast + + align:start position:0% +major sugar in our blood yeast + + + align:start position:0% +major sugar in our blood yeast +how use a lot of glucose from the grapes + + align:start position:0% +how use a lot of glucose from the grapes + + + align:start position:0% +how use a lot of glucose from the grapes +in their environment plants of course + + align:start position:0% +in their environment plants of course + + + align:start position:0% +in their environment plants of course +make glucose as a storage carbohydrate + + align:start position:0% +make glucose as a storage carbohydrate + + + align:start position:0% +make glucose as a storage carbohydrate +it's + + align:start position:0% +it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's +we discussed starch is a polymer of + + align:start position:0% +we discussed starch is a polymer of + + + align:start position:0% +we discussed starch is a polymer of +glucose they can use this glucose to + + align:start position:0% +glucose they can use this glucose to + + + align:start position:0% +glucose they can use this glucose to +survive the night + + align:start position:0% +survive the night + + + align:start position:0% +survive the night +and effectively what they do is turn + + align:start position:0% +and effectively what they do is turn + + + align:start position:0% +and effectively what they do is turn +that glucose into two + + align:start position:0% +that glucose into two + + + align:start position:0% +that glucose into two +pyruvate molecules which can be used to + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate molecules which can be used to + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate molecules which can be used to +generate net 2 atp as we discussed + + align:start position:0% +generate net 2 atp as we discussed + + + align:start position:0% +generate net 2 atp as we discussed +but creates this problem + + align:start position:0% +but creates this problem + + + align:start position:0% +but creates this problem +that it also generates nadh + + align:start position:0% +that it also generates nadh + + + align:start position:0% +that it also generates nadh +that needs to be recycled back to nad + + align:start position:0% +that needs to be recycled back to nad + + + align:start position:0% +that needs to be recycled back to nad +plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the absence of oxygen you can ferment + + align:start position:0% +in the absence of oxygen you can ferment + + + align:start position:0% +in the absence of oxygen you can ferment +that pyruvate into lactate + + align:start position:0% +that pyruvate into lactate + + + align:start position:0% +that pyruvate into lactate +or alcohol or some other product that + + align:start position:0% +or alcohol or some other product that + + + align:start position:0% +or alcohol or some other product that +allows you to regenerate + + align:start position:0% +allows you to regenerate + + + align:start position:0% +allows you to regenerate +nad plus or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is a pathway that requires no + + align:start position:0% +and this is a pathway that requires no + + + align:start position:0% +and this is a pathway that requires no +oxygen + + align:start position:0% +oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen +however that pyruvate + + align:start position:0% +however that pyruvate + + + align:start position:0% +however that pyruvate +can be further oxidized to co2 + + align:start position:0% +can be further oxidized to co2 + + + align:start position:0% +can be further oxidized to co2 +but that's going to generate even more + + align:start position:0% +but that's going to generate even more + + + align:start position:0% +but that's going to generate even more +electron waste + + align:start position:0% +electron waste + + + align:start position:0% +electron waste +that electron waste also has to be dealt + + align:start position:0% +that electron waste also has to be dealt + + + align:start position:0% +that electron waste also has to be dealt +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +and that requires + + align:start position:0% +and that requires + + + align:start position:0% +and that requires +oxygen or some other place to put those + + align:start position:0% +oxygen or some other place to put those + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen or some other place to put those +electrons + + align:start position:0% +electrons + + + align:start position:0% +electrons +oxygen to water being a major driver + + align:start position:0% +oxygen to water being a major driver + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen to water being a major driver +of further oxidative metabolism + + align:start position:0% +of further oxidative metabolism + + + align:start position:0% +of further oxidative metabolism +now the beauty of fermentation as a + + align:start position:0% +now the beauty of fermentation as a + + + align:start position:0% +now the beauty of fermentation as a +pathway + + align:start position:0% +pathway + + + align:start position:0% +pathway +is that no oxygen is needed + + align:start position:0% +is that no oxygen is needed + + + align:start position:0% +is that no oxygen is needed +but the trade-off is that it's much less + + align:start position:0% +but the trade-off is that it's much less + + + align:start position:0% +but the trade-off is that it's much less +efficient + + align:start position:0% +efficient + + + align:start position:0% +efficient +you only get two atp per + + align:start position:0% +you only get two atp per + + + align:start position:0% +you only get two atp per +mole of glucose that's two moles of atp + + align:start position:0% +mole of glucose that's two moles of atp + + + align:start position:0% +mole of glucose that's two moles of atp +per mole of glucose that's fermented you + + align:start position:0% +per mole of glucose that's fermented you + + + align:start position:0% +per mole of glucose that's fermented you +can imagine that a lot more energy is + + align:start position:0% +can imagine that a lot more energy is + + + align:start position:0% +can imagine that a lot more energy is +released if you can further oxidize + + align:start position:0% +released if you can further oxidize + + + align:start position:0% +released if you can further oxidize +glucose + + align:start position:0% +glucose + + + align:start position:0% +glucose +you can generate therefore a lot more + + align:start position:0% +you can generate therefore a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +you can generate therefore a lot more +atp if you use + + align:start position:0% +atp if you use + + + align:start position:0% +atp if you use +a complete oxidation of glucose but this + + align:start position:0% +a complete oxidation of glucose but this + + + align:start position:0% +a complete oxidation of glucose but this +requires + + align:start position:0% +requires + + + align:start position:0% +requires +oxygen and so a major way that + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and so a major way that + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and so a major way that +glycolysis and certainly fermentation is + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis and certainly fermentation is + + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis and certainly fermentation is +regulated + + align:start position:0% +regulated + + + align:start position:0% +regulated +is that low oxygen + + align:start position:0% +is that low oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +is that low oxygen +is what promotes fermentation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whereas high + + align:start position:0% +whereas high + + + align:start position:0% +whereas high +oxygen suppresses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fermentation and that makes sense + + align:start position:0% +fermentation and that makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +fermentation and that makes sense +it's intuitive you get a lot more energy + + align:start position:0% +it's intuitive you get a lot more energy + + + align:start position:0% +it's intuitive you get a lot more energy +if you completely oxidize your glucose + + align:start position:0% +if you completely oxidize your glucose + + + align:start position:0% +if you completely oxidize your glucose +you can more efficiently get energy from + + align:start position:0% +you can more efficiently get energy from + + + align:start position:0% +you can more efficiently get energy from +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +your from oxidation of available reduced + + align:start position:0% +your from oxidation of available reduced + + + align:start position:0% +your from oxidation of available reduced +glucose carbon + + align:start position:0% +glucose carbon + + + align:start position:0% +glucose carbon +if you do it by oxidative pathways and + + align:start position:0% +if you do it by oxidative pathways and + + + align:start position:0% +if you do it by oxidative pathways and +so therefore + + align:start position:0% +so therefore + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore +in the presence of plenty of oxygen you + + align:start position:0% +in the presence of plenty of oxygen you + + + align:start position:0% +in the presence of plenty of oxygen you +don't need to do + + align:start position:0% +don't need to do + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to do +fermentation whereas if you outstrip + + align:start position:0% +fermentation whereas if you outstrip + + + align:start position:0% +fermentation whereas if you outstrip +oxygen supply as say might happen if + + align:start position:0% +oxygen supply as say might happen if + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen supply as say might happen if +your muscles are exercising + + align:start position:0% +your muscles are exercising + + + align:start position:0% +your muscles are exercising +burning more atp than can be kept up + + align:start position:0% +burning more atp than can be kept up + + + align:start position:0% +burning more atp than can be kept up +with by + + align:start position:0% +with by + + + align:start position:0% +with by +oxygen delivery from the blood now you + + align:start position:0% +oxygen delivery from the blood now you + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen delivery from the blood now you +switch over to a more fermentative + + align:start position:0% +switch over to a more fermentative + + + align:start position:0% +switch over to a more fermentative +metabolism + + align:start position:0% +metabolism + + + align:start position:0% +metabolism +something like lactic acid builds up + + align:start position:0% +something like lactic acid builds up + + + align:start position:0% +something like lactic acid builds up +that can then be + + align:start position:0% +that can then be + + + align:start position:0% +that can then be +dealt with later now this + + align:start position:0% +dealt with later now this + + + align:start position:0% +dealt with later now this +fact that high oxygen can suppress + + align:start position:0% +fact that high oxygen can suppress + + + align:start position:0% +fact that high oxygen can suppress +fermentation + + align:start position:0% +fermentation + + + align:start position:0% +fermentation +is experimentally true in many organisms + + align:start position:0% +is experimentally true in many organisms + + + align:start position:0% +is experimentally true in many organisms +in many contexts + + align:start position:0% +in many contexts + + + align:start position:0% +in many contexts +it's likely because the high atp adp + + align:start position:0% +it's likely because the high atp adp + + + align:start position:0% +it's likely because the high atp adp +that's produced with oxidative + + align:start position:0% +that's produced with oxidative + + + align:start position:0% +that's produced with oxidative +glucose metabolism can + + align:start position:0% +glucose metabolism can + + + align:start position:0% +glucose metabolism can +directly affect some steps or deplete + + align:start position:0% +directly affect some steps or deplete + + + align:start position:0% +directly affect some steps or deplete +the nad that's required to drive + + align:start position:0% +the nad that's required to drive + + + align:start position:0% +the nad that's required to drive +glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis +exactly the mechanism that causes this + + align:start position:0% +exactly the mechanism that causes this + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the mechanism that causes this +is somewhat debated and likely depends + + align:start position:0% +is somewhat debated and likely depends + + + align:start position:0% +is somewhat debated and likely depends +on context + + align:start position:0% +on context + + + align:start position:0% +on context +and conditions but it also + + align:start position:0% +and conditions but it also + + + align:start position:0% +and conditions but it also +sets out at least a way for us to begin + + align:start position:0% +sets out at least a way for us to begin + + + align:start position:0% +sets out at least a way for us to begin +discussing + + align:start position:0% +discussing + + + align:start position:0% +discussing +how is it at a level of individual + + align:start position:0% +how is it at a level of individual + + + align:start position:0% +how is it at a level of individual +enzymes or reactions might something + + align:start position:0% +enzymes or reactions might something + + + align:start position:0% +enzymes or reactions might something +like high atp + + align:start position:0% +like high atp + + + align:start position:0% +like high atp +adp ratio affect flux or flow + + align:start position:0% +adp ratio affect flux or flow + + + align:start position:0% +adp ratio affect flux or flow +through a pathway + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right well let's just start by + + align:start position:0% +all right well let's just start by + + + align:start position:0% +all right well let's just start by +talking about what are the two things + + align:start position:0% +talking about what are the two things + + + align:start position:0% +talking about what are the two things +that could affect + + align:start position:0% +that could affect + + + align:start position:0% +that could affect +flux or flow through the pathway well + + align:start position:0% +flux or flow through the pathway well + + + align:start position:0% +flux or flow through the pathway well +remember + + align:start position:0% +remember + + + align:start position:0% +remember +thermodynamics delta g + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is what determines whether a pathway + + align:start position:0% +is what determines whether a pathway + + + align:start position:0% +is what determines whether a pathway +happens at all + + align:start position:0% +happens at all + + + align:start position:0% +happens at all +and because delta g is proportional to + + align:start position:0% +and because delta g is proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +and because delta g is proportional to +things like the atp + + align:start position:0% +things like the atp + + + align:start position:0% +things like the atp +adp ratio you can imagine if this ratio + + align:start position:0% +adp ratio you can imagine if this ratio + + + align:start position:0% +adp ratio you can imagine if this ratio +gets too high + + align:start position:0% +gets too high + + + align:start position:0% +gets too high +some of the steps might no longer be + + align:start position:0% +some of the steps might no longer be + + + align:start position:0% +some of the steps might no longer be +favorable to occur + + align:start position:0% +favorable to occur + + + align:start position:0% +favorable to occur +that's certainly one possibility but the + + align:start position:0% +that's certainly one possibility but the + + + align:start position:0% +that's certainly one possibility but the +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +way that regulation can be done + + align:start position:0% +way that regulation can be done + + + align:start position:0% +way that regulation can be done +is actually kinetic and + + align:start position:0% +is actually kinetic and + + + align:start position:0% +is actually kinetic and +this is because even though enzymes + + align:start position:0% +this is because even though enzymes + + + align:start position:0% +this is because even though enzymes +don't determine whether a reaction can + + align:start position:0% +don't determine whether a reaction can + + + align:start position:0% +don't determine whether a reaction can +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +at least thermodynamically they often + + align:start position:0% +at least thermodynamically they often + + + align:start position:0% +at least thermodynamically they often +time do determine the rate of their + + align:start position:0% +time do determine the rate of their + + + align:start position:0% +time do determine the rate of their +reaction + + align:start position:0% +reaction + + + align:start position:0% +reaction +and when we're talking about rate and + + align:start position:0% +and when we're talking about rate and + + + align:start position:0% +and when we're talking about rate and +flow through past flux through pathways + + align:start position:0% +flow through past flux through pathways + + + align:start position:0% +flow through past flux through pathways +flow through pathways + + align:start position:0% +flow through pathways + + + align:start position:0% +flow through pathways +now rate can become very important and + + align:start position:0% +now rate can become very important and + + + align:start position:0% +now rate can become very important and +so the kinetics of enzymes exactly what + + align:start position:0% +so the kinetics of enzymes exactly what + + + align:start position:0% +so the kinetics of enzymes exactly what +you talked heard about with + + align:start position:0% +you talked heard about with + + + align:start position:0% +you talked heard about with +professor gaffy properties like vmax or + + align:start position:0% +professor gaffy properties like vmax or + + + align:start position:0% +professor gaffy properties like vmax or +km of an enzyme + + align:start position:0% +km of an enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +km of an enzyme +which of course can be affected by + + align:start position:0% +which of course can be affected by + + + align:start position:0% +which of course can be affected by +allostery and dr + + align:start position:0% +allostery and dr + + + align:start position:0% +allostery and dr +and professor yaffi covered in great + + align:start position:0% +and professor yaffi covered in great + + + align:start position:0% +and professor yaffi covered in great +detail these + + align:start position:0% +detail these + + + align:start position:0% +detail these +also you can imagine can affect + + align:start position:0% +also you can imagine can affect + + + align:start position:0% +also you can imagine can affect +how a pathway is regulated + + align:start position:0% +how a pathway is regulated + + + align:start position:0% +how a pathway is regulated +and of course things like atp adp and + + align:start position:0% +and of course things like atp adp and + + + align:start position:0% +and of course things like atp adp and +amp + + align:start position:0% +amp + + + align:start position:0% +amp +as small molecules can be good + + align:start position:0% +as small molecules can be good + + + align:start position:0% +as small molecules can be good +allosteric effectors of + + align:start position:0% +allosteric effectors of + + + align:start position:0% +allosteric effectors of +some enzymes and so + + align:start position:0% +some enzymes and so + + + align:start position:0% +some enzymes and so +let's now talk about if we're going to + + align:start position:0% +let's now talk about if we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +let's now talk about if we're going to +regulate steps in a pathway + + align:start position:0% +regulate steps in a pathway + + + align:start position:0% +regulate steps in a pathway +which steps should actually be + + align:start position:0% +which steps should actually be + + + align:start position:0% +which steps should actually be +regulated and so shown here is again + + align:start position:0% +regulated and so shown here is again + + + align:start position:0% +regulated and so shown here is again +coming back to + + align:start position:0% +coming back to + + + align:start position:0% +coming back to +our delta g change map across glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +our delta g change map across glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +our delta g change map across glycolysis +as we alluded to earlier the steps where + + align:start position:0% +as we alluded to earlier the steps where + + + align:start position:0% +as we alluded to earlier the steps where +it's hard to go back + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to go back + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to go back +is this hexokinase step this + + align:start position:0% +is this hexokinase step this + + + align:start position:0% +is this hexokinase step this +phosphofructokinase step + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase step + + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase step +and this pyruvate kinase step because + + align:start position:0% +and this pyruvate kinase step because + + + align:start position:0% +and this pyruvate kinase step because +these are where there's the big change + + align:start position:0% +these are where there's the big change + + + align:start position:0% +these are where there's the big change +in delta g + + align:start position:0% +in delta g + + + align:start position:0% +in delta g +that now makes it hard to reverse those + + align:start position:0% +that now makes it hard to reverse those + + + align:start position:0% +that now makes it hard to reverse those +steps + + align:start position:0% +steps + + + align:start position:0% +steps +and it's exactly those steps that are + + align:start position:0% +and it's exactly those steps that are + + + align:start position:0% +and it's exactly those steps that are +regulated + + align:start position:0% +regulated + + + align:start position:0% +regulated +because that makes sense if this delta g + + align:start position:0% +because that makes sense if this delta g + + + align:start position:0% +because that makes sense if this delta g +is thermodynamically driving flux + + align:start position:0% +is thermodynamically driving flux + + + align:start position:0% +is thermodynamically driving flux +through the pathway + + align:start position:0% +through the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +through the pathway +changing the rate of the enzymes that + + align:start position:0% +changing the rate of the enzymes that + + + align:start position:0% +changing the rate of the enzymes that +catalyze those steps + + align:start position:0% +catalyze those steps + + + align:start position:0% +catalyze those steps +is also going to change the rate at + + align:start position:0% +is also going to change the rate at + + + align:start position:0% +is also going to change the rate at +which the pathway as a whole + + align:start position:0% +which the pathway as a whole + + + align:start position:0% +which the pathway as a whole +can happen now as a result it's these + + align:start position:0% +can happen now as a result it's these + + + align:start position:0% +can happen now as a result it's these +steps + + align:start position:0% +steps + + + align:start position:0% +steps +hexokinase phosphofructokinase and + + align:start position:0% +hexokinase phosphofructokinase and + + + align:start position:0% +hexokinase phosphofructokinase and +pyruvate kinase + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate kinase + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate kinase +that are often referred to as the rate + + align:start position:0% +that are often referred to as the rate + + + align:start position:0% +that are often referred to as the rate +limiting + + align:start position:0% +limiting + + + align:start position:0% +limiting +steps of glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +steps of glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +steps of glycolysis +personally i don't like referring to + + align:start position:0% +personally i don't like referring to + + + align:start position:0% +personally i don't like referring to +memorizing things like these are the + + align:start position:0% +memorizing things like these are the + + + align:start position:0% +memorizing things like these are the +rate limiting steps of the pathway + + align:start position:0% +rate limiting steps of the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +rate limiting steps of the pathway +because in reality what step of any + + align:start position:0% +because in reality what step of any + + + align:start position:0% +because in reality what step of any +pathway is going to depend on the + + align:start position:0% +pathway is going to depend on the + + + align:start position:0% +pathway is going to depend on the +context + + align:start position:0% +context + + + align:start position:0% +context +however often this concept of rate + + align:start position:0% +however often this concept of rate + + + align:start position:0% +however often this concept of rate +limitation when people refer to pathways + + align:start position:0% +limitation when people refer to pathways + + + align:start position:0% +limitation when people refer to pathways +really is coming from this energetic + + align:start position:0% +really is coming from this energetic + + + align:start position:0% +really is coming from this energetic +argument about which steps have the + + align:start position:0% +argument about which steps have the + + + align:start position:0% +argument about which steps have the +biggest drop + + align:start position:0% +biggest drop + + + align:start position:0% +biggest drop +in delta g and it's important for you to + + align:start position:0% +in delta g and it's important for you to + + + align:start position:0% +in delta g and it's important for you to +understand that not just + + align:start position:0% +understand that not just + + + align:start position:0% +understand that not just +memorize what steps are rate limiting + + align:start position:0% +memorize what steps are rate limiting + + + align:start position:0% +memorize what steps are rate limiting +now i also want to point out that these + + align:start position:0% +now i also want to point out that these + + + align:start position:0% +now i also want to point out that these +steps actually are in + + align:start position:0% +steps actually are in + + + align:start position:0% +steps actually are in +interesting places in glycolysis so this + + align:start position:0% +interesting places in glycolysis so this + + + align:start position:0% +interesting places in glycolysis so this +is basically entry into the pathway + + align:start position:0% +is basically entry into the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +is basically entry into the pathway +and this is exit from the pathway + + align:start position:0% +and this is exit from the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +and this is exit from the pathway +and this makes sense too you don't want + + align:start position:0% +and this makes sense too you don't want + + + align:start position:0% +and this makes sense too you don't want +to start + + align:start position:0% +to start + + + align:start position:0% +to start +committing carbon into a pathway + + align:start position:0% +committing carbon into a pathway + + + align:start position:0% +committing carbon into a pathway +unless you're actually going to need it + + align:start position:0% +unless you're actually going to need it + + + align:start position:0% +unless you're actually going to need it +and you also need to match + + align:start position:0% +and you also need to match + + + align:start position:0% +and you also need to match +output to input and what you'll see is + + align:start position:0% +output to input and what you'll see is + + + align:start position:0% +output to input and what you'll see is +that many steps and pathways + + align:start position:0% +that many steps and pathways + + + align:start position:0% +that many steps and pathways +that are regulated in addition to being + + align:start position:0% +that are regulated in addition to being + + + align:start position:0% +that are regulated in addition to being +the ones with the biggest delta g + + align:start position:0% +the ones with the biggest delta g + + + align:start position:0% +the ones with the biggest delta g +changes are also often the entrance and + + align:start position:0% +changes are also often the entrance and + + + align:start position:0% +changes are also often the entrance and +exit from the pathway + + align:start position:0% +exit from the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +exit from the pathway +which of course is the case in + + align:start position:0% +which of course is the case in + + + align:start position:0% +which of course is the case in +glycolysis but also most + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis but also most + + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis but also most +pathways and makes a lot of sense just + + align:start position:0% +pathways and makes a lot of sense just + + + align:start position:0% +pathways and makes a lot of sense just +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +logical considerations all right + + align:start position:0% +logical considerations all right + + + align:start position:0% +logical considerations all right +now if we're going to control things at + + align:start position:0% +now if we're going to control things at + + + align:start position:0% +now if we're going to control things at +the level of + + align:start position:0% +the level of + + + align:start position:0% +the level of +enzymes and rate how can we + + align:start position:0% +enzymes and rate how can we + + + align:start position:0% +enzymes and rate how can we +control rate of a reaction that is how + + align:start position:0% +control rate of a reaction that is how + + + align:start position:0% +control rate of a reaction that is how +can we control + + align:start position:0% +can we control + + + align:start position:0% +can we control +enzyme kinetics well if you remember + + align:start position:0% +enzyme kinetics well if you remember + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme kinetics well if you remember +from professor yaffi's lectures + + align:start position:0% +from professor yaffi's lectures + + + align:start position:0% +from professor yaffi's lectures +you can increase the rate + + align:start position:0% +you can increase the rate + + + align:start position:0% +you can increase the rate +of a reaction that is catalyzed by an + + align:start position:0% +of a reaction that is catalyzed by an + + + align:start position:0% +of a reaction that is catalyzed by an +enzyme + + align:start position:0% +enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme +by increasing the vmax of that enzyme + + align:start position:0% +by increasing the vmax of that enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +by increasing the vmax of that enzyme +or if the substrate concentration is + + align:start position:0% +or if the substrate concentration is + + + align:start position:0% +or if the substrate concentration is +close to km + + align:start position:0% +close to km + + + align:start position:0% +close to km +by lowering the km of + + align:start position:0% +by lowering the km of + + + align:start position:0% +by lowering the km of +that enzyme how can you decrease the + + align:start position:0% +that enzyme how can you decrease the + + + align:start position:0% +that enzyme how can you decrease the +rate + + align:start position:0% +rate + + + align:start position:0% +rate +of course you can do the opposite you + + align:start position:0% +of course you can do the opposite you + + + align:start position:0% +of course you can do the opposite you +can decrease the v max + + align:start position:0% +can decrease the v max + + + align:start position:0% +can decrease the v max +or if the substrate concentration + + align:start position:0% +or if the substrate concentration + + + align:start position:0% +or if the substrate concentration +is close to km you can increase + + align:start position:0% +is close to km you can increase + + + align:start position:0% +is close to km you can increase +the cam so how can i change these things + + align:start position:0% +the cam so how can i change these things + + + align:start position:0% +the cam so how can i change these things +how can i + + align:start position:0% +how can i + + + align:start position:0% +how can i +alter vmax or km of an individual enzyme + + align:start position:0% +alter vmax or km of an individual enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +alter vmax or km of an individual enzyme +well there's a number of ways i can do + + align:start position:0% +well there's a number of ways i can do + + + align:start position:0% +well there's a number of ways i can do +this one is is i can + + align:start position:0% +this one is is i can + + + align:start position:0% +this one is is i can +make more enzyme + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what will making more enzyme do well + + align:start position:0% +what will making more enzyme do well + + + align:start position:0% +what will making more enzyme do well +effectively + + align:start position:0% +effectively + + + align:start position:0% +effectively +that will increase the vmax of an enzyme + + align:start position:0% +that will increase the vmax of an enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +that will increase the vmax of an enzyme +or if i get rid of enzyme that will + + align:start position:0% +or if i get rid of enzyme that will + + + align:start position:0% +or if i get rid of enzyme that will +decrease the vmax + + align:start position:0% +decrease the vmax + + + align:start position:0% +decrease the vmax +of an enzyme i can use + + align:start position:0% +of an enzyme i can use + + + align:start position:0% +of an enzyme i can use +a different version + + align:start position:0% +a different version + + + align:start position:0% +a different version +of the same enzyme that is have an + + align:start position:0% +of the same enzyme that is have an + + + align:start position:0% +of the same enzyme that is have an +enzyme like + + align:start position:0% +enzyme like + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme like +pyruvate kinase but have it come in a + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate kinase but have it come in a + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate kinase but have it come in a +bunch of different varieties have + + align:start position:0% +bunch of different varieties have + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of different varieties have +different genes encode different + + align:start position:0% +different genes encode different + + + align:start position:0% +different genes encode different +pyruvate kinase + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate kinase + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate kinase +isoforms such that those isoforms have + + align:start position:0% +isoforms such that those isoforms have + + + align:start position:0% +isoforms such that those isoforms have +different + + align:start position:0% +different + + + align:start position:0% +different +vmax and km relationships with respect + + align:start position:0% +vmax and km relationships with respect + + + align:start position:0% +vmax and km relationships with respect +to sub + + align:start position:0% +to sub + + + align:start position:0% +to sub +to to substrate and effectively by using + + align:start position:0% +to to substrate and effectively by using + + + align:start position:0% +to to substrate and effectively by using +a different version of the enzyme a + + align:start position:0% +a different version of the enzyme a + + + align:start position:0% +a different version of the enzyme a +so-called + + align:start position:0% +so-called + + + align:start position:0% +so-called +isoform of an enzyme you can now + + align:start position:0% +isoform of an enzyme you can now + + + align:start position:0% +isoform of an enzyme you can now +have different properties now you'll + + align:start position:0% +have different properties now you'll + + + align:start position:0% +have different properties now you'll +note + + align:start position:0% +note + + + align:start position:0% +note +that to change enzyme kinetics this way + + align:start position:0% +that to change enzyme kinetics this way + + + align:start position:0% +that to change enzyme kinetics this way +basically is new transcription + + align:start position:0% +basically is new transcription + + + align:start position:0% +basically is new transcription +translation + + align:start position:0% +translation + + + align:start position:0% +translation +that's fairly long on the time scale of + + align:start position:0% +that's fairly long on the time scale of + + + align:start position:0% +that's fairly long on the time scale of +needing to adapt to + + align:start position:0% +needing to adapt to + + + align:start position:0% +needing to adapt to +metabolism but + + align:start position:0% +metabolism but + + + align:start position:0% +metabolism but +that can work but sometimes you know + + align:start position:0% +that can work but sometimes you know + + + align:start position:0% +that can work but sometimes you know +lions attacking you need to run away + + align:start position:0% +lions attacking you need to run away + + + align:start position:0% +lions attacking you need to run away +quickly you may not have time to + + align:start position:0% +quickly you may not have time to + + + align:start position:0% +quickly you may not have time to +make more enzyme you also need direct + + align:start position:0% +make more enzyme you also need direct + + + align:start position:0% +make more enzyme you also need direct +control + + align:start position:0% +control + + + align:start position:0% +control +of the enzymes and this is where + + align:start position:0% +of the enzymes and this is where + + + align:start position:0% +of the enzymes and this is where +allosteric regulation of enzyme + + align:start position:0% +allosteric regulation of enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +allosteric regulation of enzyme +function comes into play allosteric + + align:start position:0% +function comes into play allosteric + + + align:start position:0% +function comes into play allosteric +regulation can be a result of signaling + + align:start position:0% +regulation can be a result of signaling + + + align:start position:0% +regulation can be a result of signaling +phosphorylate acetylate and enzyme that + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylate acetylate and enzyme that + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylate acetylate and enzyme that +can change its properties + + align:start position:0% +can change its properties + + + align:start position:0% +can change its properties +or you can have metabolite binding + + align:start position:0% +or you can have metabolite binding + + + align:start position:0% +or you can have metabolite binding +bind atp bind amp + + align:start position:0% +bind atp bind amp + + + align:start position:0% +bind atp bind amp +into some allosteric site that can + + align:start position:0% +into some allosteric site that can + + + align:start position:0% +into some allosteric site that can +change vmax or km + + align:start position:0% +change vmax or km + + + align:start position:0% +change vmax or km +and operate on a short time scale + + align:start position:0% +and operate on a short time scale + + + align:start position:0% +and operate on a short time scale +to allow metabolism to adapt + + align:start position:0% +to allow metabolism to adapt + + + align:start position:0% +to allow metabolism to adapt +in a more acute setting + + align:start position:0% +in a more acute setting + + + align:start position:0% +in a more acute setting +i want to say that time scales matter + + align:start position:0% +i want to say that time scales matter + + + align:start position:0% +i want to say that time scales matter +for real biology if you want to + + align:start position:0% +for real biology if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +for real biology if you want to +understand + + align:start position:0% +understand + + + align:start position:0% +understand +physiology and how it applies to how + + align:start position:0% +physiology and how it applies to how + + + align:start position:0% +physiology and how it applies to how +metabolism and physiology relate to + + align:start position:0% +metabolism and physiology relate to + + + align:start position:0% +metabolism and physiology relate to +biology that you'll encounter in other + + align:start position:0% +biology that you'll encounter in other + + + align:start position:0% +biology that you'll encounter in other +contexts + + align:start position:0% +contexts + + + align:start position:0% +contexts +you realize that some responses need to + + align:start position:0% +you realize that some responses need to + + + align:start position:0% +you realize that some responses need to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +acute those allow you to adapt to + + align:start position:0% +acute those allow you to adapt to + + + align:start position:0% +acute those allow you to adapt to +conditions quickly + + align:start position:0% +conditions quickly + + + align:start position:0% +conditions quickly +be able to get enough atp to run away + + align:start position:0% +be able to get enough atp to run away + + + align:start position:0% +be able to get enough atp to run away +from the lion etc + + align:start position:0% +from the lion etc + + + align:start position:0% +from the lion etc +but you also need adaptations that work + + align:start position:0% +but you also need adaptations that work + + + align:start position:0% +but you also need adaptations that work +on longer time scales + + align:start position:0% +on longer time scales + + + align:start position:0% +on longer time scales +because it's things like this that allow + + align:start position:0% +because it's things like this that allow + + + align:start position:0% +because it's things like this that allow +you to enact programs that allow you to + + align:start position:0% +you to enact programs that allow you to + + + align:start position:0% +you to enact programs that allow you to +adapt long term + + align:start position:0% +adapt long term + + + align:start position:0% +adapt long term +to whatever new conditions a cell may + + align:start position:0% +to whatever new conditions a cell may + + + align:start position:0% +to whatever new conditions a cell may +face in its + + align:start position:0% +face in its + + + align:start position:0% +face in its +environment all right now + + align:start position:0% +environment all right now + + + align:start position:0% +environment all right now +before i get into talking exactly how + + align:start position:0% +before i get into talking exactly how + + + align:start position:0% +before i get into talking exactly how +these things actually work to regulate + + align:start position:0% +these things actually work to regulate + + + align:start position:0% +these things actually work to regulate +glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis +i want to discuss a few details about + + align:start position:0% +i want to discuss a few details about + + + align:start position:0% +i want to discuss a few details about +regulation of pathways in general + + align:start position:0% +regulation of pathways in general + + + align:start position:0% +regulation of pathways in general +and while we talked about these with + + align:start position:0% +and while we talked about these with + + + align:start position:0% +and while we talked about these with +respect to glycolysis these points will + + align:start position:0% +respect to glycolysis these points will + + + align:start position:0% +respect to glycolysis these points will +end up coming up over and over again + + align:start position:0% +end up coming up over and over again + + + align:start position:0% +end up coming up over and over again +and really apply to other pathways all + + align:start position:0% +and really apply to other pathways all + + + align:start position:0% +and really apply to other pathways all +right now i may not explicitly point + + align:start position:0% +right now i may not explicitly point + + + align:start position:0% +right now i may not explicitly point +this out + + align:start position:0% +this out + + + align:start position:0% +this out +but they can same considerations for how + + align:start position:0% +but they can same considerations for how + + + align:start position:0% +but they can same considerations for how +glycolysis works how it's regulated + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis works how it's regulated + + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis works how it's regulated +has to be true for all metabolic + + align:start position:0% +has to be true for all metabolic + + + align:start position:0% +has to be true for all metabolic +pathways and remember + + align:start position:0% +pathways and remember + + + align:start position:0% +pathways and remember +any pathway is just variations on + + align:start position:0% +any pathway is just variations on + + + align:start position:0% +any pathway is just variations on +relatively few chemical + + align:start position:0% +relatively few chemical + + + align:start position:0% +relatively few chemical +chemistry reactions that are repurposed + + align:start position:0% +chemistry reactions that are repurposed + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry reactions that are repurposed +in a way + + align:start position:0% +in a way + + + align:start position:0% +in a way +to build some other thing that's useful + + align:start position:0% +to build some other thing that's useful + + + align:start position:0% +to build some other thing that's useful +to the cell + + align:start position:0% +to the cell + + + align:start position:0% +to the cell +and you'll see this over and over again + + align:start position:0% +and you'll see this over and over again + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll see this over and over again +now it has to be true for every pathway + + align:start position:0% +now it has to be true for every pathway + + + align:start position:0% +now it has to be true for every pathway +that it has to be thermodynamically + + align:start position:0% +that it has to be thermodynamically + + + align:start position:0% +that it has to be thermodynamically +favorable + + align:start position:0% +favorable + + + align:start position:0% +favorable +and that means either that the pathway + + align:start position:0% +and that means either that the pathway + + + align:start position:0% +and that means either that the pathway +itself glucose to pyruvate + + align:start position:0% +itself glucose to pyruvate + + + align:start position:0% +itself glucose to pyruvate +is thermodynamically favorable or + + align:start position:0% +is thermodynamically favorable or + + + align:start position:0% +is thermodynamically favorable or +it's coupled to some kind of energy + + align:start position:0% +it's coupled to some kind of energy + + + align:start position:0% +it's coupled to some kind of energy +input like atp + + align:start position:0% +input like atp + + + align:start position:0% +input like atp +hydrolysis that allows the pathway to be + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis that allows the pathway to be + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis that allows the pathway to be +favorable + + align:start position:0% +favorable + + + align:start position:0% +favorable +every pathway is going to be built in a + + align:start position:0% +every pathway is going to be built in a + + + align:start position:0% +every pathway is going to be built in a +way that intermediates are generated + + align:start position:0% +way that intermediates are generated + + + align:start position:0% +way that intermediates are generated +along the way that allow that pathway to + + align:start position:0% +along the way that allow that pathway to + + + align:start position:0% +along the way that allow that pathway to +accomplish its goals in the case of + + align:start position:0% +accomplish its goals in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +accomplish its goals in the case of +glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +glycolysis +it was the two steps that allowed us to + + align:start position:0% +it was the two steps that allowed us to + + + align:start position:0% +it was the two steps that allowed us to +synthesize atp and incorporate phosphate + + align:start position:0% +synthesize atp and incorporate phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +synthesize atp and incorporate phosphate +despite the high atp adp ratio in cells + + align:start position:0% +despite the high atp adp ratio in cells + + + align:start position:0% +despite the high atp adp ratio in cells +and in all cases this has to obey the + + align:start position:0% +and in all cases this has to obey the + + + align:start position:0% +and in all cases this has to obey the +laws of thermodynamics that is we have + + align:start position:0% +laws of thermodynamics that is we have + + + align:start position:0% +laws of thermodynamics that is we have +to obey constant + + align:start position:0% +to obey constant + + + align:start position:0% +to obey constant +conservation of mass that we have to + + align:start position:0% +conservation of mass that we have to + + + align:start position:0% +conservation of mass that we have to +count for all carbon + + align:start position:0% +count for all carbon + + + align:start position:0% +count for all carbon +all electrons delta g has to be less + + align:start position:0% +all electrons delta g has to be less + + + align:start position:0% +all electrons delta g has to be less +than zero + + align:start position:0% +than zero + + + align:start position:0% +than zero +across the entire pathway you'll see + + align:start position:0% +across the entire pathway you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +across the entire pathway you'll see +that the regulated steps + + align:start position:0% +that the regulated steps + + + align:start position:0% +that the regulated steps +will often be those with the largest + + align:start position:0% +will often be those with the largest + + + align:start position:0% +will often be those with the largest +thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic +considerations like the big drops across + + align:start position:0% +considerations like the big drops across + + + align:start position:0% +considerations like the big drops across +hexokinase phosphofructokinase and + + align:start position:0% +hexokinase phosphofructokinase and + + + align:start position:0% +hexokinase phosphofructokinase and +pyruvate kinase + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate kinase + + + align:start position:0% +pyruvate kinase +they'll often be at the entrance and + + align:start position:0% +they'll often be at the entrance and + + + align:start position:0% +they'll often be at the entrance and +exits the pathway because you want to + + align:start position:0% +exits the pathway because you want to + + + align:start position:0% +exits the pathway because you want to +regulate you don't want to commit + + align:start position:0% +regulate you don't want to commit + + + align:start position:0% +regulate you don't want to commit +something to a pathway if you're not + + align:start position:0% +something to a pathway if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +something to a pathway if you're not +going to use it + + align:start position:0% +going to use it + + + align:start position:0% +going to use it +and you want to match input and output + + align:start position:0% +and you want to match input and output + + + align:start position:0% +and you want to match input and output +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +all is going to have regulation that + + align:start position:0% +all is going to have regulation that + + + align:start position:0% +all is going to have regulation that +acts on both short and long time scales + + align:start position:0% +acts on both short and long time scales + + + align:start position:0% +acts on both short and long time scales +it allows it to + + align:start position:0% +it allows it to + + + align:start position:0% +it allows it to +match um physiology + + align:start position:0% +match um physiology + + + align:start position:0% +match um physiology +all right now with that in mind now + + align:start position:0% +all right now with that in mind now + + + align:start position:0% +all right now with that in mind now +let's discuss + + align:start position:0% +let's discuss + + + align:start position:0% +let's discuss +how we can regulate glycolysis using + + align:start position:0% +how we can regulate glycolysis using + + + align:start position:0% +how we can regulate glycolysis using +both short and long time scales + + align:start position:0% +both short and long time scales + + + align:start position:0% +both short and long time scales +as using really short time scales + + align:start position:0% +as using really short time scales + + + align:start position:0% +as using really short time scales +allosteric regulation of glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +allosteric regulation of glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +allosteric regulation of glycolysis +in a way that makes it most useful to + + align:start position:0% +in a way that makes it most useful to + + + align:start position:0% +in a way that makes it most useful to +cells + + align:start position:0% +cells + + + align:start position:0% +cells +all right so the first step + + align:start position:0% +all right so the first step + + + align:start position:0% +all right so the first step +is uptake of glucose + + align:start position:0% +is uptake of glucose + + + align:start position:0% +is uptake of glucose +into the cell which in animals + + align:start position:0% +into the cell which in animals + + + align:start position:0% +into the cell which in animals +like us is passive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but can still be regulated by + + align:start position:0% +but can still be regulated by + + + align:start position:0% +but can still be regulated by +glucose transporters often regulated + + align:start position:0% +glucose transporters often regulated + + + align:start position:0% +glucose transporters often regulated +glute proteins + + align:start position:0% +glute proteins + + + align:start position:0% +glute proteins +and it's really these glucose + + align:start position:0% +and it's really these glucose + + + align:start position:0% +and it's really these glucose +transporters that can often determine + + align:start position:0% +transporters that can often determine + + + align:start position:0% +transporters that can often determine +whether glucose is actually taken up + + align:start position:0% +whether glucose is actually taken up + + + align:start position:0% +whether glucose is actually taken up +into cells + + align:start position:0% +into cells + + + align:start position:0% +into cells +a famous example of this is fdg + + align:start position:0% +a famous example of this is fdg + + + align:start position:0% +a famous example of this is fdg +pet scanning which is used to measure + + align:start position:0% +pet scanning which is used to measure + + + align:start position:0% +pet scanning which is used to measure +glucose uptake into tissues + + align:start position:0% +glucose uptake into tissues + + + align:start position:0% +glucose uptake into tissues +in humans where basically a hydroxyl + + align:start position:0% +in humans where basically a hydroxyl + + + align:start position:0% +in humans where basically a hydroxyl +group is replaced with a positron + + align:start position:0% +group is replaced with a positron + + + align:start position:0% +group is replaced with a positron +emitting fluorine atom + + align:start position:0% +emitting fluorine atom + + + align:start position:0% +emitting fluorine atom +fluorodeoxyglucose that is taken up and + + align:start position:0% +fluorodeoxyglucose that is taken up and + + + align:start position:0% +fluorodeoxyglucose that is taken up and +phosphorylated in cells and it's this + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylated in cells and it's this + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylated in cells and it's this +lighting up of this on a positron + + align:start position:0% +lighting up of this on a positron + + + align:start position:0% +lighting up of this on a positron +emitting + + align:start position:0% +emitting + + + align:start position:0% +emitting +scan you can tell that which tissues in + + align:start position:0% +scan you can tell that which tissues in + + + align:start position:0% +scan you can tell that which tissues in +the body take up glucose and that's a + + align:start position:0% +the body take up glucose and that's a + + + align:start position:0% +the body take up glucose and that's a +property of cancer + + align:start position:0% +property of cancer + + + align:start position:0% +property of cancer +and so is often used as a way to detect + + align:start position:0% +and so is often used as a way to detect + + + align:start position:0% +and so is often used as a way to detect +or stage cancer + + align:start position:0% +or stage cancer + + + align:start position:0% +or stage cancer +another example of this is insulin + + align:start position:0% +another example of this is insulin + + + align:start position:0% +another example of this is insulin +basically one of the major actions of + + align:start position:0% +basically one of the major actions of + + + align:start position:0% +basically one of the major actions of +insulin on your tissues is that when + + align:start position:0% +insulin on your tissues is that when + + + align:start position:0% +insulin on your tissues is that when +glucose is high + + align:start position:0% +glucose is high + + + align:start position:0% +glucose is high +your body makes more insulin that causes + + align:start position:0% +your body makes more insulin that causes + + + align:start position:0% +your body makes more insulin that causes +glucose transporters to be put on the + + align:start position:0% +glucose transporters to be put on the + + + align:start position:0% +glucose transporters to be put on the +surface + + align:start position:0% +surface + + + align:start position:0% +surface +of your muscle and your fat which allows + + align:start position:0% +of your muscle and your fat which allows + + + align:start position:0% +of your muscle and your fat which allows +that glucose now to get into those cells + + align:start position:0% +that glucose now to get into those cells + + + align:start position:0% +that glucose now to get into those cells +and effectively allows us those cells + + align:start position:0% +and effectively allows us those cells + + + align:start position:0% +and effectively allows us those cells +to dispose of the glucose in the blood + + align:start position:0% +to dispose of the glucose in the blood + + + align:start position:0% +to dispose of the glucose in the blood +and keep glucose + + align:start position:0% +and keep glucose + + + align:start position:0% +and keep glucose +in the right physiological range and so + + align:start position:0% +in the right physiological range and so + + + align:start position:0% +in the right physiological range and so +uptake of glucose at least in animals + + align:start position:0% +uptake of glucose at least in animals + + + align:start position:0% +uptake of glucose at least in animals +is one important step that is really + + align:start position:0% +is one important step that is really + + + align:start position:0% +is one important step that is really +controlled largely by whether or not + + align:start position:0% +controlled largely by whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +controlled largely by whether or not +there is a transporter + + align:start position:0% +there is a transporter + + + align:start position:0% +there is a transporter +on the surface all right once that's + + align:start position:0% +on the surface all right once that's + + + align:start position:0% +on the surface all right once that's +trapped as sorry once it's in the cell + + align:start position:0% +trapped as sorry once it's in the cell + + + align:start position:0% +trapped as sorry once it's in the cell +as glucose hexokinase then + + align:start position:0% +as glucose hexokinase then + + + align:start position:0% +as glucose hexokinase then +traps that molecule as glucose + + align:start position:0% +traps that molecule as glucose + + + align:start position:0% +traps that molecule as glucose +6 phosphate and it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +6 phosphate and it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +6 phosphate and it turns out that +glucose 6-phosphate + + align:start position:0% +glucose 6-phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +glucose 6-phosphate +is an inhibitor of + + align:start position:0% +is an inhibitor of + + + align:start position:0% +is an inhibitor of +hexokinase why is that well we will see + + align:start position:0% +hexokinase why is that well we will see + + + align:start position:0% +hexokinase why is that well we will see +in the next lecture that glucose + + align:start position:0% +in the next lecture that glucose + + + align:start position:0% +in the next lecture that glucose +6-phosphate + + align:start position:0% +6-phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +6-phosphate +can be turned into glycogen in the case + + align:start position:0% +can be turned into glycogen in the case + + + align:start position:0% +can be turned into glycogen in the case +of mammals or starch in the case of + + align:start position:0% +of mammals or starch in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +of mammals or starch in the case of +plants + + align:start position:0% +plants + + + align:start position:0% +plants +and so glucose 6-phosphate if you're + + align:start position:0% +and so glucose 6-phosphate if you're + + + align:start position:0% +and so glucose 6-phosphate if you're +going to store glucose you can ship it + + align:start position:0% +going to store glucose you can ship it + + + align:start position:0% +going to store glucose you can ship it +off into glycogen + + align:start position:0% +off into glycogen + + + align:start position:0% +off into glycogen +or you could commit it further down + + align:start position:0% +or you could commit it further down + + + align:start position:0% +or you could commit it further down +into glycolysis but if you don't need it + + align:start position:0% +into glycolysis but if you don't need it + + + align:start position:0% +into glycolysis but if you don't need it +for glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +for glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +for glycolysis +and your stores are full you'll build up + + align:start position:0% +and your stores are full you'll build up + + + align:start position:0% +and your stores are full you'll build up +glucose 6-phosphate + + align:start position:0% +glucose 6-phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +glucose 6-phosphate +you want to inhibit hexokinase to keep + + align:start position:0% +you want to inhibit hexokinase to keep + + + align:start position:0% +you want to inhibit hexokinase to keep +things from flowing through + + align:start position:0% +things from flowing through + + + align:start position:0% +things from flowing through +the system the next step + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's regulated is phosphofructokinase + + align:start position:0% +that's regulated is phosphofructokinase + + + align:start position:0% +that's regulated is phosphofructokinase +so phosphofructokinase of course makes + + align:start position:0% +so phosphofructokinase of course makes + + + align:start position:0% +so phosphofructokinase of course makes +fbp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the step downstream of that that's + + align:start position:0% +the step downstream of that that's + + + align:start position:0% +the step downstream of that that's +regulated + + align:start position:0% +regulated + + + align:start position:0% +regulated +is pyruvate kinase pep + + align:start position:0% +is pyruvate kinase pep + + + align:start position:0% +is pyruvate kinase pep +to pyruvate and it turns out that + + align:start position:0% +to pyruvate and it turns out that + + + align:start position:0% +to pyruvate and it turns out that +fbp will + + align:start position:0% +fbp will + + + align:start position:0% +fbp will +stimulate pyruvate kinase + + align:start position:0% +stimulate pyruvate kinase + + + align:start position:0% +stimulate pyruvate kinase +whereas pep will inhibit + + align:start position:0% +whereas pep will inhibit + + + align:start position:0% +whereas pep will inhibit +phosphofructokinase + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase + + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase +makes sense you want to match input to + + align:start position:0% +makes sense you want to match input to + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense you want to match input to +output if you have a lot of fpp + + align:start position:0% +output if you have a lot of fpp + + + align:start position:0% +output if you have a lot of fpp +activate the enzyme to dispose of it if + + align:start position:0% +activate the enzyme to dispose of it if + + + align:start position:0% +activate the enzyme to dispose of it if +you're building up pep + + align:start position:0% +you're building up pep + + + align:start position:0% +you're building up pep +tell you to stop sending molecules + + align:start position:0% +tell you to stop sending molecules + + + align:start position:0% +tell you to stop sending molecules +down the pipeline it turns out + + align:start position:0% +down the pipeline it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +down the pipeline it turns out +pfk is actually the major regulatory + + align:start position:0% +pfk is actually the major regulatory + + + align:start position:0% +pfk is actually the major regulatory +step of glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +step of glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +step of glycolysis +because this is really what commits that + + align:start position:0% +because this is really what commits that + + + align:start position:0% +because this is really what commits that +carbon to going through glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +carbon to going through glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +carbon to going through glycolysis +as opposed to upstream of that it could + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to upstream of that it could + + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to upstream of that it could +be stored or not + + align:start position:0% +be stored or not + + + align:start position:0% +be stored or not +so it's really that step that's the + + align:start position:0% +so it's really that step that's the + + + align:start position:0% +so it's really that step that's the +commitment step + + align:start position:0% +commitment step + + + align:start position:0% +commitment step +and so it's also regulated by some of + + align:start position:0% +and so it's also regulated by some of + + + align:start position:0% +and so it's also regulated by some of +the outputs + + align:start position:0% +the outputs + + + align:start position:0% +the outputs +of the pathway and so some of those + + align:start position:0% +of the pathway and so some of those + + + align:start position:0% +of the pathway and so some of those +outputs + + align:start position:0% +outputs + + + align:start position:0% +outputs +are atp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +downstream of pyruvate which we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +downstream of pyruvate which we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +downstream of pyruvate which we'll talk +about later in the course or some other + + align:start position:0% +about later in the course or some other + + + align:start position:0% +about later in the course or some other +molecules alanine + + align:start position:0% +molecules alanine + + + align:start position:0% +molecules alanine +citrate it turns out that high levels of + + align:start position:0% +citrate it turns out that high levels of + + + align:start position:0% +citrate it turns out that high levels of +citrate will also inhibit pfk + + align:start position:0% +citrate will also inhibit pfk + + + align:start position:0% +citrate will also inhibit pfk +high levels of atp will inhibit + + align:start position:0% +high levels of atp will inhibit + + + align:start position:0% +high levels of atp will inhibit +phosphofructokinase whereas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +high levels of amp will activate + + align:start position:0% +high levels of amp will activate + + + align:start position:0% +high levels of amp will activate +phosphofructokinase makes sense + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase makes sense + + + align:start position:0% +phosphofructokinase makes sense +a major output of glycolysis is to keep + + align:start position:0% +a major output of glycolysis is to keep + + + align:start position:0% +a major output of glycolysis is to keep +the atp + + align:start position:0% +the atp + + + align:start position:0% +the atp +adp ratio high the energy charge high in + + align:start position:0% +adp ratio high the energy charge high in + + + align:start position:0% +adp ratio high the energy charge high in +the cell + + align:start position:0% +the cell + + + align:start position:0% +the cell +if the energy charge is very high high + + align:start position:0% +if the energy charge is very high high + + + align:start position:0% +if the energy charge is very high high +atp + + align:start position:0% +atp + + + align:start position:0% +atp +shut off phosphofructokinase don't need + + align:start position:0% +shut off phosphofructokinase don't need + + + align:start position:0% +shut off phosphofructokinase don't need +to do more glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +to do more glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +to do more glycolysis +if the energy charge is low high amp + + align:start position:0% +if the energy charge is low high amp + + + align:start position:0% +if the energy charge is low high amp +activate phosphofructokinase if + + align:start position:0% +activate phosphofructokinase if + + + align:start position:0% +activate phosphofructokinase if +production of other molecules + + align:start position:0% +production of other molecules + + + align:start position:0% +production of other molecules +downstream like citrate are high come + + align:start position:0% +downstream like citrate are high come + + + align:start position:0% +downstream like citrate are high come +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +and stop sending + + align:start position:0% +and stop sending + + + align:start position:0% +and stop sending +things into the pathway turns out + + align:start position:0% +things into the pathway turns out + + + align:start position:0% +things into the pathway turns out +alanine can inhibit pyruvate kinase + + align:start position:0% +alanine can inhibit pyruvate kinase + + + align:start position:0% +alanine can inhibit pyruvate kinase +another step downstream + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great this is effectively general + + align:start position:0% +great this is effectively general + + + align:start position:0% +great this is effectively general +regulation + + align:start position:0% +regulation + + + align:start position:0% +regulation +allosteric regulation of how glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +allosteric regulation of how glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +allosteric regulation of how glycolysis +works and what i wrote is was generally + + align:start position:0% +works and what i wrote is was generally + + + align:start position:0% +works and what i wrote is was generally +true across different tissues but of + + align:start position:0% +true across different tissues but of + + + align:start position:0% +true across different tissues but of +course these regulations + + align:start position:0% +course these regulations + + + align:start position:0% +course these regulations +can be tweaked to be more or less + + align:start position:0% +can be tweaked to be more or less + + + align:start position:0% +can be tweaked to be more or less +important to match physiology + + align:start position:0% +important to match physiology + + + align:start position:0% +important to match physiology +and function now i know many of you are + + align:start position:0% +and function now i know many of you are + + + align:start position:0% +and function now i know many of you are +going to take the mcat + + align:start position:0% +going to take the mcat + + + align:start position:0% +going to take the mcat +and while i would never want to teach + + align:start position:0% +and while i would never want to teach + + + align:start position:0% +and while i would never want to teach +just to take a test + + align:start position:0% +just to take a test + + + align:start position:0% +just to take a test +a couple things that you should remember + + align:start position:0% +a couple things that you should remember + + + align:start position:0% +a couple things that you should remember +for that test + + align:start position:0% +for that test + + + align:start position:0% +for that test +is phosphofructokinase is a major + + align:start position:0% +is phosphofructokinase is a major + + + align:start position:0% +is phosphofructokinase is a major +regulator + + align:start position:0% +regulator + + + align:start position:0% +regulator +its big allosteric regulators are amp + + align:start position:0% +its big allosteric regulators are amp + + + align:start position:0% +its big allosteric regulators are amp +as well as atp and citrate + + align:start position:0% +as well as atp and citrate + + + align:start position:0% +as well as atp and citrate +whereas the other steps hexokinase you + + align:start position:0% +whereas the other steps hexokinase you + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the other steps hexokinase you +should know that it's regulated by + + align:start position:0% +should know that it's regulated by + + + align:start position:0% +should know that it's regulated by +negatively regulated by glucose + + align:start position:0% +negatively regulated by glucose + + + align:start position:0% +negatively regulated by glucose +6-phosphate and pyruvate kinase + + align:start position:0% +6-phosphate and pyruvate kinase + + + align:start position:0% +6-phosphate and pyruvate kinase +is positively regulated by + + align:start position:0% +is positively regulated by + + + align:start position:0% +is positively regulated by +fbp now one other point that i want to + + align:start position:0% +fbp now one other point that i want to + + + align:start position:0% +fbp now one other point that i want to +mention just because it will come up + + align:start position:0% +mention just because it will come up + + + align:start position:0% +mention just because it will come up +sometimes on mcat exams is that + + align:start position:0% +sometimes on mcat exams is that + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes on mcat exams is that +there's an additional detail about how + + align:start position:0% +there's an additional detail about how + + + align:start position:0% +there's an additional detail about how +pfk is allosterically regulated + + align:start position:0% +pfk is allosterically regulated + + + align:start position:0% +pfk is allosterically regulated +and that's because there's this side + + align:start position:0% +and that's because there's this side + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because there's this side +reaction where fructose 6-phosphate + + align:start position:0% +reaction where fructose 6-phosphate + + + align:start position:0% +reaction where fructose 6-phosphate +can be phosphorylated on the 2 + + align:start position:0% +can be phosphorylated on the 2 + + + align:start position:0% +can be phosphorylated on the 2 +rather than the 1 position to make + + align:start position:0% +rather than the 1 position to make + + + align:start position:0% +rather than the 1 position to make +this molecule fructose 2-6 bisphosphate + + align:start position:0% +this molecule fructose 2-6 bisphosphate + + + align:start position:0% +this molecule fructose 2-6 bisphosphate +this is a reaction that is catalyzed by + + align:start position:0% +this is a reaction that is catalyzed by + + + align:start position:0% +this is a reaction that is catalyzed by +a bifunctional assay + + align:start position:0% +a bifunctional assay + + + align:start position:0% +a bifunctional assay +enzyme called pfk2 fbp + + align:start position:0% +enzyme called pfk2 fbp + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme called pfk2 fbp +ace so basically phosphofructokinase on + + align:start position:0% +ace so basically phosphofructokinase on + + + align:start position:0% +ace so basically phosphofructokinase on +the two position + + align:start position:0% +the two position + + + align:start position:0% +the two position +fbp ace removing it from the two + + align:start position:0% +fbp ace removing it from the two + + + align:start position:0% +fbp ace removing it from the two +position + + align:start position:0% +position + + + align:start position:0% +position +which allows you to regulate the levels + + align:start position:0% +which allows you to regulate the levels + + + align:start position:0% +which allows you to regulate the levels +of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate + + align:start position:0% +of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate + + + align:start position:0% +of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate +it turns out that pfk in glycolysis + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that pfk in glycolysis + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that pfk in glycolysis +which of course generates fbp is + + align:start position:0% +which of course generates fbp is + + + align:start position:0% +which of course generates fbp is +positively regulated + + align:start position:0% +positively regulated + + + align:start position:0% +positively regulated +by fructose 26 bisphosphate + + align:start position:0% +by fructose 26 bisphosphate + + + align:start position:0% +by fructose 26 bisphosphate +and the production of fructose 26 + + align:start position:0% +and the production of fructose 26 + + + align:start position:0% +and the production of fructose 26 +bisphosphate + + align:start position:0% +bisphosphate + + + align:start position:0% +bisphosphate +is something that can be inhibited by + + align:start position:0% +is something that can be inhibited by + + + align:start position:0% +is something that can be inhibited by +atp inhibited by + + align:start position:0% +atp inhibited by + + + align:start position:0% +atp inhibited by +phosphorylanopyruvate and + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylanopyruvate and + + + align:start position:0% +phosphorylanopyruvate and +activated by atp so exactly + + align:start position:0% +activated by atp so exactly + + + align:start position:0% +activated by atp so exactly +what is shown here is allosteric + + align:start position:0% +what is shown here is allosteric + + + align:start position:0% +what is shown here is allosteric +regulation + + align:start position:0% +regulation + + + align:start position:0% +regulation +just some of this allosteric regulation + + align:start position:0% +just some of this allosteric regulation + + + align:start position:0% +just some of this allosteric regulation +is via + + align:start position:0% +is via + + + align:start position:0% +is via +this side enzyme to make a separate + + align:start position:0% +this side enzyme to make a separate + + + align:start position:0% +this side enzyme to make a separate +product fructose 2 6 bisphosphate + + align:start position:0% +product fructose 2 6 bisphosphate + + + align:start position:0% +product fructose 2 6 bisphosphate +and there's control theory + + align:start position:0% +and there's control theory + + + align:start position:0% +and there's control theory +considerations for why + + align:start position:0% +considerations for why + + + align:start position:0% +considerations for why +that might happen all right + + align:start position:0% +that might happen all right + + + align:start position:0% +that might happen all right +so at this point we've learned how we + + align:start position:0% +so at this point we've learned how we + + + align:start position:0% +so at this point we've learned how we +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +start with glucose oxidize that glucose + + align:start position:0% +start with glucose oxidize that glucose + + + align:start position:0% +start with glucose oxidize that glucose +via a pathway that now allows us + + align:start position:0% +via a pathway that now allows us + + + align:start position:0% +via a pathway that now allows us +to get the energy that cells need to + + align:start position:0% +to get the energy that cells need to + + + align:start position:0% +to get the energy that cells need to +maintain + + align:start position:0% +maintain + + + align:start position:0% +maintain +atp adp ratio in a good physiological + + align:start position:0% +atp adp ratio in a good physiological + + + align:start position:0% +atp adp ratio in a good physiological +range + + align:start position:0% +range + + + align:start position:0% +range +um despite the high atp + + align:start position:0% +um despite the high atp + + + align:start position:0% +um despite the high atp +adp ratio in cells + + align:start position:0% +adp ratio in cells + + + align:start position:0% +adp ratio in cells +however it should also be clear that + + align:start position:0% +however it should also be clear that + + + align:start position:0% +however it should also be clear that +in order for this to work we need a way + + align:start position:0% +in order for this to work we need a way + + + align:start position:0% +in order for this to work we need a way +to actually get that glucose from + + align:start position:0% +to actually get that glucose from + + + align:start position:0% +to actually get that glucose from +somewhere + + align:start position:0% +somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere +to begin with you probably learned in + + align:start position:0% +to begin with you probably learned in + + + align:start position:0% +to begin with you probably learned in +high school + + align:start position:0% +high school + + + align:start position:0% +high school +that plants use photosynthesis as a way + + align:start position:0% +that plants use photosynthesis as a way + + + align:start position:0% +that plants use photosynthesis as a way +to get energy from the sun + + align:start position:0% +to get energy from the sun + + + align:start position:0% +to get energy from the sun +well the synthesis part of + + align:start position:0% +well the synthesis part of + + + align:start position:0% +well the synthesis part of +photosynthesis is generating the sugar + + align:start position:0% +photosynthesis is generating the sugar + + + align:start position:0% +photosynthesis is generating the sugar +that those plants can then use to burn + + align:start position:0% +that those plants can then use to burn + + + align:start position:0% +that those plants can then use to burn +and keep atp adp high + + align:start position:0% +and keep atp adp high + + + align:start position:0% +and keep atp adp high +at night and survive the night until the + + align:start position:0% +at night and survive the night until the + + + align:start position:0% +at night and survive the night until the +sun comes up again when they can again + + align:start position:0% +sun comes up again when they can again + + + align:start position:0% +sun comes up again when they can again +use energy from the sun directly to + + align:start position:0% +use energy from the sun directly to + + + align:start position:0% +use energy from the sun directly to +get energy we as animals evolve the way + + align:start position:0% +get energy we as animals evolve the way + + + align:start position:0% +get energy we as animals evolve the way +that we have to eat the plants we have + + align:start position:0% +that we have to eat the plants we have + + + align:start position:0% +that we have to eat the plants we have +to get the glucose that the plants make + + align:start position:0% +to get the glucose that the plants make + + + align:start position:0% +to get the glucose that the plants make +but of course we also use + + align:start position:0% +but of course we also use + + + align:start position:0% +but of course we also use +generate have the ability to generate + + align:start position:0% +generate have the ability to generate + + + align:start position:0% +generate have the ability to generate +some glucose + + align:start position:0% +some glucose + + + align:start position:0% +some glucose +and this is best illustrated from muscle + + align:start position:0% +and this is best illustrated from muscle + + + align:start position:0% +and this is best illustrated from muscle +physiology and that is we alluded to + + align:start position:0% +physiology and that is we alluded to + + + align:start position:0% +physiology and that is we alluded to +earlier + + align:start position:0% +earlier + + + align:start position:0% +earlier +that if we're running away from the lion + + align:start position:0% +that if we're running away from the lion + + + align:start position:0% +that if we're running away from the lion +our muscles might outstrip the supply of + + align:start position:0% +our muscles might outstrip the supply of + + + align:start position:0% +our muscles might outstrip the supply of +oxygen in the blood + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and basically generate a whole lot of + + align:start position:0% +and basically generate a whole lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and basically generate a whole lot of +lactate + + align:start position:0% +lactate + + + align:start position:0% +lactate +while that lactate is perfectly good + + align:start position:0% +while that lactate is perfectly good + + + align:start position:0% +while that lactate is perfectly good +fuel + + align:start position:0% +fuel + + + align:start position:0% +fuel +just like the yeast can re-oxidize or we + + align:start position:0% +just like the yeast can re-oxidize or we + + + align:start position:0% +just like the yeast can re-oxidize or we +can re-oxidize + + align:start position:0% +can re-oxidize + + + align:start position:0% +can re-oxidize +ethanol we can also use lactate as a + + align:start position:0% +ethanol we can also use lactate as a + + + align:start position:0% +ethanol we can also use lactate as a +fuel but it turns out a big job of our + + align:start position:0% +fuel but it turns out a big job of our + + + align:start position:0% +fuel but it turns out a big job of our +liver + + align:start position:0% +liver + + + align:start position:0% +liver +is to take that lactate from the blood + + align:start position:0% +is to take that lactate from the blood + + + align:start position:0% +is to take that lactate from the blood +as well as other molecules and + + align:start position:0% +as well as other molecules and + + + align:start position:0% +as well as other molecules and +regenerate glucose + + align:start position:0% +regenerate glucose + + + align:start position:0% +regenerate glucose +such that our blood glucose remains in a + + align:start position:0% +such that our blood glucose remains in a + + + align:start position:0% +such that our blood glucose remains in a +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +level um level this cycling of glucose + + align:start position:0% +level um level this cycling of glucose + + + align:start position:0% +level um level this cycling of glucose +and lactate across the body + + align:start position:0% +and lactate across the body + + + align:start position:0% +and lactate across the body +between the muscle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the liver sometimes referred to as + + align:start position:0% +and the liver sometimes referred to as + + + align:start position:0% +and the liver sometimes referred to as +the cory + + align:start position:0% +the cory + + + align:start position:0% +the cory +cycle and involves + + align:start position:0% +cycle and involves + + + align:start position:0% +cycle and involves +a clear set of reactions to turn that + + align:start position:0% +a clear set of reactions to turn that + + + align:start position:0% +a clear set of reactions to turn that +lactate + + align:start position:0% +lactate + + + align:start position:0% +lactate +back into glucose a process + + align:start position:0% +back into glucose a process + + + align:start position:0% +back into glucose a process +called gluconeogenesis + + align:start position:0% +called gluconeogenesis + + + align:start position:0% +called gluconeogenesis +and unfortunately we're out of time + + align:start position:0% +and unfortunately we're out of time + + + align:start position:0% +and unfortunately we're out of time +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +but next time i will start off the + + align:start position:0% +but next time i will start off the + + + align:start position:0% +but next time i will start off the +lecture + + align:start position:0% +lecture + + + align:start position:0% +lecture +by going through how it is that + + align:start position:0% +by going through how it is that + + + align:start position:0% +by going through how it is that +gluconeogenesis + + align:start position:0% +gluconeogenesis + + + align:start position:0% +gluconeogenesis +works to turn something like lactate + + align:start position:0% +works to turn something like lactate + + + align:start position:0% +works to turn something like lactate +back into glucose so that organisms have + + align:start position:0% +back into glucose so that organisms have + + + align:start position:0% +back into glucose so that organisms have +the glucose to begin with + + align:start position:0% +the glucose to begin with + + + align:start position:0% +the glucose to begin with +to run glycolysis thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ZS5vxMILXPg.txt b/ZS5vxMILXPg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b67b6e9db34b1ff2a0b665ddac3d424483afed2d --- /dev/null +++ b/ZS5vxMILXPg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,779 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I'm always interested in listening to + + align:start position:0% +I'm always interested in listening to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm always interested in listening to +Joanne's lectures and she talks about + + align:start position:0% +Joanne's lectures and she talks about + + + align:start position:0% +Joanne's lectures and she talks about +how she got interested in biochemistry + + align:start position:0% +how she got interested in biochemistry + + + align:start position:0% +how she got interested in biochemistry +from a background in what I would call + + align:start position:0% +from a background in what I would call + + + align:start position:0% +from a background in what I would call +more physical organic chemistry by + + align:start position:0% +more physical organic chemistry by + + + align:start position:0% +more physical organic chemistry by +attending a lecture and being completely + + align:start position:0% +attending a lecture and being completely + + + align:start position:0% +attending a lecture and being completely +inspired and I am a toxicologist by + + align:start position:0% +inspired and I am a toxicologist by + + + align:start position:0% +inspired and I am a toxicologist by +training and how did that actually + + align:start position:0% +training and how did that actually + + + align:start position:0% +training and how did that actually +happen and I have a similarly inspiring + + align:start position:0% +happen and I have a similarly inspiring + + + align:start position:0% +happen and I have a similarly inspiring +story so I thought I would tell that I + + align:start position:0% +story so I thought I would tell that I + + + align:start position:0% +story so I thought I would tell that I +went to a lecture about 45 years ago by + + align:start position:0% +went to a lecture about 45 years ago by + + + align:start position:0% +went to a lecture about 45 years ago by +a fellow by the name of Robert Evans + + align:start position:0% +a fellow by the name of Robert Evans + + + align:start position:0% +a fellow by the name of Robert Evans +shultiess he was the director of the + + align:start position:0% +shultiess he was the director of the + + + align:start position:0% +shultiess he was the director of the +herbarium at Harvard and I'd been - it + + align:start position:0% +herbarium at Harvard and I'd been - it + + + align:start position:0% +herbarium at Harvard and I'd been - it +was very interesting and professor there + + align:start position:0% +was very interesting and professor there + + + align:start position:0% +was very interesting and professor there +and he was arguably the father of what + + align:start position:0% +and he was arguably the father of what + + + align:start position:0% +and he was arguably the father of what +the field called ethanol botany I went + + align:start position:0% +the field called ethanol botany I went + + + align:start position:0% +the field called ethanol botany I went +to this talk there only about ten people + + align:start position:0% +to this talk there only about ten people + + + align:start position:0% +to this talk there only about ten people +at the talk he because it was a small + + align:start position:0% +at the talk he because it was a small + + + align:start position:0% +at the talk he because it was a small +talk he gave it sitting down he asked + + align:start position:0% +talk he gave it sitting down he asked + + + align:start position:0% +talk he gave it sitting down he asked +permission to do that he's a very polite + + align:start position:0% +permission to do that he's a very polite + + + align:start position:0% +permission to do that he's a very polite +man and it was very informal only a few + + align:start position:0% +man and it was very informal only a few + + + align:start position:0% +man and it was very informal only a few +slides and the slides were mainly of him + + align:start position:0% +slides and the slides were mainly of him + + + align:start position:0% +slides and the slides were mainly of him +living with indigenous peoples Native + + align:start position:0% +living with indigenous peoples Native + + + align:start position:0% +living with indigenous peoples Native +Americans in the southwest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Amazonian native peoples very + + align:start position:0% +Amazonian native peoples very + + + align:start position:0% +Amazonian native peoples very +interesting and you know he talked about + + align:start position:0% +interesting and you know he talked about + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and you know he talked about +for example you know he had just + + align:start position:0% +for example you know he had just + + + align:start position:0% +for example you know he had just +graduated his undergraduate degree from + + align:start position:0% +graduated his undergraduate degree from + + + align:start position:0% +graduated his undergraduate degree from +Harvard his parents were eager to have + + align:start position:0% +Harvard his parents were eager to have + + + align:start position:0% +Harvard his parents were eager to have +him go to medical school he was very + + align:start position:0% +him go to medical school he was very + + + align:start position:0% +him go to medical school he was very +interested in botany and and native + + align:start position:0% +interested in botany and and native + + + align:start position:0% +interested in botany and and native +languages so he went to live with the I + + align:start position:0% +languages so he went to live with the I + + + align:start position:0% +languages so he went to live with the I +think it was the Kiowa people in the + + align:start position:0% +think it was the Kiowa people in the + + + align:start position:0% +think it was the Kiowa people in the +Midwest I think of probably Oklahoma and + + align:start position:0% +Midwest I think of probably Oklahoma and + + + align:start position:0% +Midwest I think of probably Oklahoma and +he learned about peyote and a lot of + + align:start position:0% +he learned about peyote and a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +he learned about peyote and a lot of +other chemicals that were hallucinogenic + + align:start position:0% +other chemicals that were hallucinogenic + + + align:start position:0% +other chemicals that were hallucinogenic +and he realized of course that many of + + align:start position:0% +and he realized of course that many of + + + align:start position:0% +and he realized of course that many of +these kinds of compounds that were used + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of compounds that were used + + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of compounds that were used +in a lot of rituals were also medicines + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of rituals were also medicines + + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of rituals were also medicines +that other concentrations you know + + align:start position:0% +that other concentrations you know + + + align:start position:0% +that other concentrations you know +anesthetics and so on he then went down + + align:start position:0% +anesthetics and so on he then went down + + + align:start position:0% +anesthetics and so on he then went down +to South America living with various + + align:start position:0% +to South America living with various + + + align:start position:0% +to South America living with various +tribes he'd be gone for up to a year at + + align:start position:0% +tribes he'd be gone for up to a year at + + + align:start position:0% +tribes he'd be gone for up to a year at +a time there are wonderful stories + + align:start position:0% +a time there are wonderful stories + + + align:start position:0% +a time there are wonderful stories +watching terrible stories I guess about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +paddling his canoe for forty days with + + align:start position:0% +paddling his canoe for forty days with + + + align:start position:0% +paddling his canoe for forty days with +malaria it was terrible to get to a + + align:start position:0% +malaria it was terrible to get to a + + + align:start position:0% +malaria it was terrible to get to a +hospital things like that anyway the use + + align:start position:0% +hospital things like that anyway the use + + + align:start position:0% +hospital things like that anyway the use +those stories I was a young a young + + align:start position:0% +those stories I was a young a young + + + align:start position:0% +those stories I was a young a young +scientist at the time these we were very + + align:start position:0% +scientist at the time these we were very + + + align:start position:0% +scientist at the time these we were very +you know influential to me and he talked + + align:start position:0% +you know influential to me and he talked + + + align:start position:0% +you know influential to me and he talked +about you know I you know I was down in + + align:start position:0% +about you know I you know I was down in + + + align:start position:0% +about you know I you know I was down in +South America and they and I found the + + align:start position:0% +South America and they and I found the + + + align:start position:0% +South America and they and I found the +plants from which the native people got + + align:start position:0% +plants from which the native people got + + + align:start position:0% +plants from which the native people got +their dark and Aero poisons and he said + + align:start position:0% +their dark and Aero poisons and he said + + + align:start position:0% +their dark and Aero poisons and he said +out of that we isolated cure re and + + align:start position:0% +out of that we isolated cure re and + + + align:start position:0% +out of that we isolated cure re and +initiated the path toward the clinical + + align:start position:0% +initiated the path toward the clinical + + + align:start position:0% +initiated the path toward the clinical +clinic of kirari is a muscle relaxant he + + align:start position:0% +clinic of kirari is a muscle relaxant he + + + align:start position:0% +clinic of kirari is a muscle relaxant he +said that it didn't work so well I + + align:start position:0% +said that it didn't work so well I + + + align:start position:0% +said that it didn't work so well I +remembered this lecture like it was + + align:start position:0% +remembered this lecture like it was + + + align:start position:0% +remembered this lecture like it was +yesterday said that was the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +yesterday said that was the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +yesterday said that was the beginning of +World War two we were cut off from the + + align:start position:0% +World War two we were cut off from the + + + align:start position:0% +World War two we were cut off from the +rubber plantations in the Philippines + + align:start position:0% +rubber plantations in the Philippines + + + align:start position:0% +rubber plantations in the Philippines +and other places and since South America + + align:start position:0% +and other places and since South America + + + align:start position:0% +and other places and since South America +had jungles his form of quote-unquote + + align:start position:0% +had jungles his form of quote-unquote + + + align:start position:0% +had jungles his form of quote-unquote +military service involved trying to find + + align:start position:0% +military service involved trying to find + + + align:start position:0% +military service involved trying to find +sources in the jungle of latex that + + align:start position:0% +sources in the jungle of latex that + + + align:start position:0% +sources in the jungle of latex that +could be used to make rubber so that we + + align:start position:0% +could be used to make rubber so that we + + + align:start position:0% +could be used to make rubber so that we +could have an effective war machine so + + align:start position:0% +could have an effective war machine so + + + align:start position:0% +could have an effective war machine so +anyway I went up to this fellow after he + + align:start position:0% +anyway I went up to this fellow after he + + + align:start position:0% +anyway I went up to this fellow after he +gave his talk and I said like I it just + + align:start position:0% +gave his talk and I said like I it just + + + align:start position:0% +gave his talk and I said like I it just +got to do this kind of stuff this sounds + + align:start position:0% +got to do this kind of stuff this sounds + + + align:start position:0% +got to do this kind of stuff this sounds +really interesting + + align:start position:0% +really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting +and he said what's your background I + + align:start position:0% +and he said what's your background I + + + align:start position:0% +and he said what's your background I +said well you know I worked as a chemist + + align:start position:0% +said well you know I worked as a chemist + + + align:start position:0% +said well you know I worked as a chemist +I was a biology major but I worked as a + + align:start position:0% +I was a biology major but I worked as a + + + align:start position:0% +I was a biology major but I worked as a +chemist at an industrial consulting + + align:start position:0% +chemist at an industrial consulting + + + align:start position:0% +chemist at an industrial consulting +company that through my undergraduate + + align:start position:0% +company that through my undergraduate + + + align:start position:0% +company that through my undergraduate +years and he said oh you got to go talk + + align:start position:0% +years and he said oh you got to go talk + + + align:start position:0% +years and he said oh you got to go talk +with Jerry Logan at MIT he said that you + + align:start position:0% +with Jerry Logan at MIT he said that you + + + align:start position:0% +with Jerry Logan at MIT he said that you +know he isolates toxins from fungi that + + align:start position:0% +know he isolates toxins from fungi that + + + align:start position:0% +know he isolates toxins from fungi that +you find out in the jungles of Southeast + + align:start position:0% +you find out in the jungles of Southeast + + + align:start position:0% +you find out in the jungles of Southeast +Asia and so anyway that's how my career + + align:start position:0% +Asia and so anyway that's how my career + + + align:start position:0% +Asia and so anyway that's how my career +began as you know I got to eventually to + + align:start position:0% +began as you know I got to eventually to + + + align:start position:0% +began as you know I got to eventually to +meet Jerry Logan and work with him he + + align:start position:0% +meet Jerry Logan and work with him he + + + align:start position:0% +meet Jerry Logan and work with him he +had you know he had already identified + + align:start position:0% +had you know he had already identified + + + align:start position:0% +had you know he had already identified +this toxin aflatoxin but he needed + + align:start position:0% +this toxin aflatoxin but he needed + + + align:start position:0% +this toxin aflatoxin but he needed +somebody to figure out how it worked and + + align:start position:0% +somebody to figure out how it worked and + + + align:start position:0% +somebody to figure out how it worked and +that's how I got my start + + align:start position:0% +that's how I got my start + + + align:start position:0% +that's how I got my start +so my interests have been in chemicals + + align:start position:0% +so my interests have been in chemicals + + + align:start position:0% +so my interests have been in chemicals +from the environment it could be a + + align:start position:0% +from the environment it could be a + + + align:start position:0% +from the environment it could be a +pollutant or it could be a chemical that + + align:start position:0% +pollutant or it could be a chemical that + + + align:start position:0% +pollutant or it could be a chemical that +could be a precursor to a + + align:start position:0% +could be a precursor to a + + + align:start position:0% +could be a precursor to a +therapeutically useful molecule and how + + align:start position:0% +therapeutically useful molecule and how + + + align:start position:0% +therapeutically useful molecule and how +do they interact with biological systems + + align:start position:0% +do they interact with biological systems + + + align:start position:0% +do they interact with biological systems +and that's what toxicologists in + + align:start position:0% +and that's what toxicologists in + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what toxicologists in +pharmacology is still \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Zc54gFhdpLA.txt b/Zc54gFhdpLA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b2d3d0b5623e80c8f7d14d404049cc4418e60b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Zc54gFhdpLA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2787 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Hey, everybody. + +You ready to learn +some algorithms? + +Yeah! + +Let's do it. + +I'm Eric Domain. + +You can call me Eric. + +And the last class, we +sort of jumped into things. + +We studied peak +finding and looked + +at a bunch of algorithms +for peak finding + +on your problem set. + +You've already +seen a bunch more. + +And in this class, we're going +to do some more algorithms. + +Don't worry. + +That will be at the end. + +We're going to talk about +another problem, document + +distance, which will be a +running example for a bunch + +of topics that we +cover in this class. + +But before we go there, I wanted +to take a step back and talk + +about, what actually +is an algorithm? + +What is an algorithm +allowed to do? + +And also deep philosophical +questions like, what is time? + +What is the running +time of an algorithm? + +How do we measure it? + +And what are the rules the game? + +For fun, I thought I +would first mention + +where the word comes +from, the word algorithm. + +It comes from this guy, +a little hard to spell. + +Al-Khwarizmi, who is sort +of the father of algebra. + +He wrote this book called "The +Compendious Book on Calculation + +by Completion and +Balancing" back in the day. + +And it was in +particular about how + +to solve linear and +quadratic equations. + +So the beginning of algebra. + +I don't think he invented +those techniques. + +But he was sort of +the textbook writer + +who wrote sort of how +people solved them. + +And you can think +of how to solve + +those equations as +early algorithms. + +First, you take this number. + +You multiply by this. + +You add it or you reduce +to squares, whatever. + +So that's where the word +algebra comes from and also + +where the word +algorithm comes from. + +There aren't very many +words with these roots. + +So there you go. + +Some fun history. + +What's an algorithm? + +I'll start with sort of +some informal definitions + +and then the point +of this lecture. + +And the idea of a +model of computation + +is to formally specify +what an algorithm is. + +I don't want to get super +technical and formal here, + +but I want to give +you some grounding + +so when we write Python code, +when we write pseudocode, + +we have some idea what +things actually cost. + +This is a new lecture. + +We've never done +this before in 006. + +But I think it's important. + +So at a high level, +you can think + +of an algorithm is just +a-- I'm sure you've + +seen the definition before. + +It's a way to define computation +or computational procedure + +for solving some problem. + +So whereas computer +code, I mean, + +it could just be running +in the background + +all the time doing whatever. + +An algorithm we think +of as having some input + +and generating some output. + +Usually, it's to +solve some problem. + +You want to know is this +number prime, whatever. + +Question? + +AUDIENCE: Can you turn up +the volume for your mic? + +PROFESSOR: This microphone does +not feed into the AV system. + +So I shall just talk louder, OK? + +And quiet the set, please. + +OK, so that's an algorithm. + +You take some input. + +You run it through. + +You compute some output. + +Of course, computer +code can do this too. + +An algorithm is basically +the mathematical analog + +of a computer program. + +So if you want to reason about +what computer programs do, + +you translate it into +the world algorithms. + +And vice versa, you want to +solve some problem-- first, + +you usually develop an +algorithm using mathematics, + +using this class. + +And then you convert +it into computer code. + +And this class is about +that transition from one + +to the other. + +You can draw a picture +of sort of analogs. + +So an algorithm is a +mathematical analog + +of a computer program. + +A computer program is built on +top of a programming language. + +And it's written in a +programming language. + +The mathematical analog +of a programming language, + +what we write algorithms +in, usually we + +write them in pseudocode, +which is basically + +another fancy word for +structured English, + +good English, whatever +you want to say. + +Of course, you could use +another natural language. + +But the idea is, you need to +express that algorithm in a way + +that people can understand +and reason about formally. + +So that's the structured part. + +Pseudocode means lots +of different things. + +It's just sort of an abstract +how you would write down + +formal specification +without necessarily being + +able to actually run +it on a computer. + +Though there's a particular +pseudocode in your textbook + +which you probably +could run on a computer. + +A lot of it, anyway. + +But you don't have +to use that version. + +It just makes sense to humans +who do the mathematics. + +OK, and then ultimately, this +program runs on a computer. + +You all have computers, +probably in your pockets. + +There's an analog of a computer +in the mathematical world. + +And that is the +model of computation. + +And that's sort of the focus of +the first part of this lecture. + +Model of computation says what +your computer is allowed to do, + +what it can do in +constant time, basically? + +And that's what I want +to talk about here. + +So the model of computation +specifies basically + +what operations you +can do in an algorithm + +and how much they cost. + +This is the what is time. + +So for each +operation, we're going + +to specify how +much time it costs. + +Then the algorithm does +a bunch of operations. + +They're combined together +with control flow, + +for loops, if statements, +stuff like that which we're not + +going to worry about too much. + +But obviously, we'll +use them a lot. + +And what we count is how much +do each of the operations cost. + +You add them up. + +That is the total cost +of your algorithm. + +So in particular, we +care mostly in this class + +about running time. + +Each operation has a time cost. + +You add those up. + +That's running time +of the algorithm. + +OK, so let's-- I'm going to +cover two models of computation + +which you can just think of +as different ways of thinking. + +You've probably seen +them in some sense + +as-- what you call them? + +Styles of programming. + +Object oriented style of +programming, more assembly + +style of programming. + +There's lots of different +styles of programming languages + +which I'm not going +to talk about here. + +But you've see analogs if +you've seen those before. + +And these models +really give you a way + +of structuring your +thinking about how + +you write an algorithm. + +So they are the random access +machine and the pointer + +machine. + +So we'll start with random +access machine, also known + +as the RAM. + +Can someone tell me what +else RAM stands for? + +AUDIENCE: Random Access Memory? + +PROFESSOR: Random Access Memory. + +So this is both confusing +but also convenience. + +Because RAM simultaneously +stands for two things + +and they mean almost the +same thing, but not quite. + +So I guess that's more +confusing than useful. + +But there you go. + +So we have random access memory. + +Oh, look at that. + +Fits perfectly. + +And so we're thinking, +this is a real-- + +this is-- random access memory +is over here in real computer + +land. + +That's like, D-RAM +SD-RAM, whatever-- + +the things you buy and stick +into your motherboard, your GP, + +or whatever. + +And over here, the mathematical +analog of-- so here's, + +it's a RAM. + +Here, it's also a RAM. + +Here, it's a random +access machine. + +Here, it's a random +access memory. + +It's technical detail. + +But the idea is, if you look +at RAM that's in your computer, + +it's basically a +giant array, right? + +You can go from zero +to, I don't know. + +A typical chip these days is +like four gigs in one thing. + +So you can go from +zero to four gigs. + +You can access anything in the +middle there in constant time. + +To access something, you +need to know where it is. + +That's random access memory. + +So that's an array. + +So I'll just draw a big picture. + +Here's an array. + +Now, RAM is usually +organized by words. + +So these are a +machine word, which + +we're going to +put in this model. + +And then there's address zero, +address one, address two. + +This is the fifth word. + +And just keeps going. + +You can think of +this as infinite. + +Or the amount that +you use, that's + +the space of your algorithm, if +you care about storage space. + +So that's basically it. + +OK, now how do we-- this is +the memory side of things. + +How do we actually +compute with it? + +It's very simple. + +We just say, in constant time, +an algorithm can basically + +read in or load a constant +number of words from memory, + +do a constant number of +computations on them, + +and then write them out. + +It's usually called store. + +OK, it needs to know +where these words are. + +It accesses them by address. + +And so I guess I +should write here + +you have a constant number of +registers just hanging around. + +So you load some +words into registers. + +You can do some computations +on those registers. + +And then you can +write them back, + +storing them in +locations that are + +specified by your registers. + +So you've ever done +assembly programming, + +this is what assembly +programming is like. + +And it can be rather annoying to +write algorithms in this model. + +But in some sense, +it is reality. + +This is how we think +about computers. + +If you ignore +things like caches, + +this is an accurate +model of computation + +that loading, +computing, and storing + +all take roughly the +same amount of time. + +They all take constant time. + +You can manipulate a +whole word at a time. + +Now, what exactly is a word? + +You know, computers these days, +it's like 32 bits or 64 bits. + +But we like to be a +little bit more abstract. + +A word is w bits. + +It's slightly annoying. + +And most of this class, we won't +really worry about what w is. + +We'll assume that +we're given as input + +a bunch of things +which are words. + +So for example, peak finding. + +We're given a matrix of numbers. + +We didn't really say whether +they're integers or floats + +or what. + +We don't worry about that. + +We just think of +them as words and we + +assume that we can +manipulate those words. + +In particular, given two +numbers, we can compare them. + +Which is bigger? + +And so we can determine, +is this cell in the matrix + +a peak by comparing it with +its neighbors in constant time. + +We didn't say why it was +constant time to do that. + +But now you kind of know. + +If those things are +all words and you + +can manipulate a constant number +of words in constant time, + +you can tell whether a number +is a peak in constant time. + +Some things like w should be at +least log the size of memory. + +Because my word should +be able to specify + +an index into this array. + +And we might use that someday. + +But basically, don't +worry about it. + +Words are words. + +Words come in as inputs. + +You can manipulate +them and you don't + +have to worry about +it for the most part. + +In unit four of +this class, we're + +going to talk about, what if we +have really giant integers that + +don't fit in a word? + +How do we manipulate them? + +How do we add them, +multiply them? + +So that's another topic. + +But most of this +class, we'll just + +assume everything we're +given is one word. + +And it's easy to compute on. + +So this is a realistic +model, more or less. + +And it's a powerful one. + +But a lot of the +time, a lot of code + +just doesn't use +arrays-- doesn't need it. + +Sometimes we need arrays, +sometimes we don't. + +Sometimes you feel like a +nut, sometimes you don't. + +So it's useful to think about +somewhat more abstract models + +that are not quite as +powerful but offer a simpler + +way of thinking about things. + +For example, in +this model there's + +no dynamic memory allocation. + +You probably know you could +implement dynamic memory + +allocation because +real computers do it. + +But it's nice to +think about a model + +where that's taken +care of for you. + +It's kind of like a higher +level programming abstraction. + +So the one is useful in this +class is the pointer machine. + +This basically corresponds to +object oriented programming + +in a simple, very +simple version. + +So we have dynamically +allocated objects. + +And an object has a +constant number of fields. + +And a field is going to +be either a word-- so you + +can think of this +as, for example, + +storing an integer, one +of the input objects + +or something you computed on it +or a counter, all these sorts + +of things-- or a pointer. + +And that's where pointer +machine gets its name. + +A pointer is something that +points to another object + +or has a special value +null, also known as nil, + +also known as none in Python. + +OK, how many people have +heard about pointers before? + +Who hasn't? + +Willing to admit it? + +OK, only a few. + +That's good. + +You should have seen pointers. + +You may have heard +them called references. + +Modern languages these days +don't call them pointers + +because pointers are scary. + +But there's a very subtle +difference between them. + +And this model actually +really is references. + +But for whatever reason, it's +called a pointer machine. + +It doesn't matter. + +The point is, you've +seem linked lists I hope. + +And linked lists have a +bunch of fields in each node. + +Maybe you've got a pointer +to the previous element, + +a pointer to the next +element, and some value. + +So here's a very +simple linked list. + +This is what you'd call a +doubly linked list because it + +has previous and next pointers. + +So the next pointer +points to this node. + +The previous pointer +points to this node. + +Next pointer points to null. + +The previous pointer +points to null, let's say. + +So that's a two node +doubly linked list. + +You presume we have a pointer +to the head of the list, + +maybe a pointer to the +tail of list, whatever. + +So this is a structure +in the pointer machine. + +It's a data structure. + +In Python, you might +call this a named tuple, + +or it's just an object +with three attributes, + +I guess, they're +called in Python. + +So here we have the value. + +That's a word like an integer. + +And then some things +can be pointers + +that point to other nodes. + +And you can create a new node. + +You can destroy a node. + +That's the dynamic +memory allocation. + +In this model, yeah, +pointers are pointers. + +You can't touch them. + +Now, you can implement this +model in a random access + +machine. + +A pointer becomes an index +into this giant table. + +And that's more like +the pointers in C + +if you've ever +written C programs. + +Because then you +can take a pointer + +and you can add one to it and +go to the next thing after that. + +In this model, you can +just follow a pointer. + +That's all you can do. + +OK, following a pointer +costs constant time. + +Changing one of these +fields costs constant time. + +All the usual things you might +imagine doing to these objects + +take constant time. + +So it's actually a weaker +model than this one. + +Because you could +implement a pointer machine + +with a random access machine. + +But it offers a different +way of thinking. + +A lot of data structures +are built this way. + +Cool. + +So that's the theory side. + +What I'd like to talk about +next is actually in Python, + +what's a reasonable +model of what's going on? + +So these are old models. + +This goes back to the '80s. + +This one probably '80s or '70s. + +So they've been +around a long time. + +People have used them forever. + +Python is obviously much +more recent, at least + +modern versions of Python. + +And it's the model of +computation in some sense + +that we use in this class. + +Because we're implementing +everything in Python. + +And Python offers both a random +access machine perspective + +because it has arrays, and +it offers a pointer machine + +perspective because +it has references, + +because it has pointers. + +So you can do either one. + +But it also has a +lot of operations. + +It doesn't just have load +and store and follow pointer. + +It's got things +like sort and append + +and concatenation of two +lists and lots of things. + +And each of those has a +cost associated with them. + +So whereas the random access +machine and pointer machine, + +they're theoretical models. + +They're designed +to be super simple. + +So it's clear that everything +you do takes constant time. + +In Python, some of the +operations you can do + +take a lot of time. + +Some of the operations in Python +take exponential time to do. + +And you've got to know when +you're writing your algorithms + +down either thinking in a Python +model or your implementing + +your algorithms +in actual Python, + +which operations are +fast and which are slow. + +And that's what I'd like to +spend the next few minutes on. + +There's a lot of operations. + +I'm not going to +cover all of them. + +But we'll cover +more in recitation. + +And there's a whole +bunch in my notes. + +I won't get to all of them. + +So in Python, you can do +random access style things. + +In Python, arrays +are called lists, + +which is super confusing. + +But there you go. + +A list in Python is an +array in real world. + +It's a super cool +array, of course? + +And you can think +of it as a list. + +But in terms implementation, +it's implemented as an array. + +Question? + +AUDIENCE: I thought +that [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: You thought Python +links lists were linked lists. + +That's why it's so confusing. + +In fact, they are not. + +In, say, scheme, back in the +days when we taught scheme, + +lists are linked lists. + +And it's very different. + +So when you do-- I'll +give an operation here. + +You have a list L, and you +do something like this. + +L is a list object. + +This takes constant time. + +In a linked list, it +would take linear time. + +Because we've got a scan to +position I, scan to position J, + +add 5, and store. + +But conveniently in Python, +this takes constant time. + +And that's important to know. + +I know that the terminology +is super confusing. + +But blame the benevolent +dictator for life. + +On the other hand, you can do +style two, pointer machine, + +using object oriented +programming, obviously. + +I'll just mention +that I'm not really + +worrying about methods here. + +Because methods are just sort of +a way of thinking about things, + +not super important +from a cost standpoint. + +If your object has a constant +number of attributes-- + +it can't have like +a million attributes + +or can't have n +executes-- then it + +fits into this +pointer machine model. + +So if you have an +object that only + +has like three things or +10 things or whatever, + +that's a pointer machine. + +You can think of +manipulating that object + +as taking constant time. + +If you are screwing around +the object's dictionary + +and doing lots of +crazy things, then you + +have to be careful about +whether this remains true. + +But as long as you only +have a reasonable number + +of attributes, this +is all fair game. + +And so if you do something like, +if you're implementing a linked + +list, Python I +checked still does not + +have built-in linked lists. + +They're pretty easy +to build, though. + +You have a pointer. + +And you just say +x equals x.next. + +That takes constant time +because accessing this field + +in an object of constant +size takes constant time. + +And we don't care what +these constants are. + +That's the beauty of algorithms. + +Because we only care +about scalability with n. + +There's no n here. + +This takes constant time. + +This takes constant time. + +No matter how big +your linked list + +is or no matter how +many objects you have, + +these are constant time. + +OK, let's do some +harder ones, though. + +In general, the +idea is, if you take + +an operation like L.append-- +so you have a list. + +And you want to append +some item to the list. + +It's an array, though. + +So think about it. + +The way to figure out +how much does this cost + +is to think about +how it's implemented + +in terms of these +basic operations. + +So these are your sort of +the core concept time things. + +Most everything can be reduced +to thinking about this. + +But sometimes, +it's less obvious. + +L.apend is a little +tricky to think about. + +Because basically, you +have an array of some size. + +And now you want to make +an array one larger. + +And the obvious way to do that +is to allocate a new array + +and copy all the elements. + +That would take linear time. + +Python doesn't do that. + +What does it do? + +Stay tuned for lecture eight. + +It does something +called table doubling. + +It's a very simple idea. + +You can almost get +guess it from the title. + +And if you go to lecture-- +is it eight or nine? + +Nine, sorry. + +You'll see how +this can basically + +be done in constant time. + +There's a slight catch, +but basically, think of it + +as a constant time operation. + +Once we have that, +and so this is + +why you should take +this class so you'll + +understand how Python works. + +This is using an algorithmic +concept that was invented, + +I don't know, decades +ago, but is a simple thing + +that we need to do to solve +lots of other problems. + +So it's cool. + +There's a lot of features in +Python that use algorithms. + +And that's kind of +why I'm telling you. + +All right, so let's +do another one. + +A little easier. + +What if I want to +concatenate two lists? + +You should know in Python this +is a non-destructive operation. + +You basically take a copy of +L1 and L2 and concatenate them. + +Of course, they're arrays. + +The way to think about +this is to re-implement it + +as Python code. + +This is the same +thing as saying, well, + +L is initially empty. + +And then for every item +x and L1, L.append(x). + +And a lot of the times in +documentation for Python, + +you see this sort of here's +what it means, especially + +in the fancier features. + +They give sort of an equivalent +simple Python, if you will. + +This doesn't use +any fancy operations + +that we haven't seen already. + +So now we know this +takes constant time. + +The append, this append, +takes constant time. + +And so the amount of +time here is basically + +order the length of L1. + +And the time here is +order the length of L2. + +And so in total, +it's order-- I'm + +going to be careful and +say 1 plus length of L1 + +plus length of L2. + +The 1 plus is just in +case these are both 0. + +It still takes constant time +to build an initial list. + +OK, so there are a +bunch of operations + +that are written in these notes. + +I'm not going to go +through all of them + +because they're tedious. + +But a lot of you, could just +expand out code like this. + +And it's very easy to analyze. + +Whereas you just +look at plus, you + +think, oh, plus +is constant time. + +And plus is constant +time if this is a word + +and this is a word. + +But these are entire +data structures. + +And so it's not constant time. + +All right. + +There are more subtle +fun ones to think about. + +Like, if I want to know is x in +the list, how does that happen? + +Any guesses? + +There's an operator +in Python called + +in-- x in L. How long +do you think this takes? + +Altogether? + +Linear, yeah. + +Linear time. + +In the worst case, +you're going to have + +to scan through the whole list. + +Lists aren't necessarily sorted. + +We don't know +anything about them. + +So you've got to just +scan through and test + +for every item. + +Is x equal to that item? + +And it's even worse if +equal equals costs a lot. + +So if x is some really +complicated thing, + +you have to take +that into account. + +OK, blah, blah, blah. + +OK, another fun one. + +This is like a pop quiz. + +How long's it take to +compute the length of a list? + +Constant. + +Yeah, luckily, if you +didn't know anything, + +you'd have to scan through +the list and count the items. + +But in Python, lists +are implemented + +with a counter built in. + +It always stores the +list at the beginning-- + +stores the length of the +list at the beginning. + +So you just look it up. + +This is instantaneous. + +It's important, though. + +That can matter. + +All right. + +Let's do some more. + +What if I want to sort a list? + +How long does that take? + +N log n where n is the +length of the list. + +Technically times the time +to compare two items, which + +usually we're just +sorting words. + +And so this is constant time. + +If you look at Python +sorting algorithm, + +it uses a comparison sort. + +This is the topic of lectures +three and four and seven. + +But in particular, +the very next lecture, + +we will see how this is +done in n log n time. + +And that is using algorithms. + +All right, let's +go to dictionaries. + +Python called dicts. + +And these let you do things. + +They're a generalization +of lists in some sense. + +Instead of putting just an +index here, an integer between 0 + +and the length minus 1, you +can put an arbitrary key + +and store a value, for example. + +How long does this take? + +I'm not going to ask you +because, it's not obvious. + +In fact, this is one of the +most important data structures + +in all of computer science. + +It's called a hash table. + +And it is the topic of +lectures eight through 10. + +So stay tuned for how to +do this in constant time, + +how to be able to +store an arbitrary key, + +get it back out +in constant time. + +This is assuming the +key is a single word. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: Does it first check to +see whether the key is already + +in the dictionary? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, it will +clobber any existing key. + +There's also, you +know, you can test + +whether a key is +in the dictionary. + +That also takes constant time. + +You can delete something +from the dictionary. + +All the usual-- dealing with +a single key in dictionaries, + +obviously dictionary.update, +that involves a lot of keys. + +That doesn't take some time. + +How long does it take? + +Well, you write out a +for loop and count them. + +AUDIENCE: But how can you +see whether [INAUDIBLE] + +dictionary in constant time? + +PROFESSOR: How do you do +this in constant time? + +Come to lecture +eight through 10. + +I should say a +slight catch, which + +is this is constant time +with high probability. + +It's a randomized algorithm. + +It doesn't always +take constant time. + +It's always correct. + +But sometimes, very rarely, +it takes a little more + +than constant time. + +And I'm going to +abbreviate this WHP. + +And we'll see more what +that means mostly, actually, + +in 6046. + +But we'll see a fair amount +in 6006 on how this works + +and how it's possible. + +It's a big area of research. + +A lot of people work on hashing. + +It's very cool and +it's super useful. + +If you write any code these +days, you use a dictionary. + +It's the way to solve problems. + +I'm basically using +Python is a platform + +to advertise the rest of the +class you may have noticed. + +Not every topic we cover in +this class is already in Python, + +but a lot of them are. + +So we've got table doubling. + +We've got dictionaries. + +We've got sorting. + +Another one is longs, which +are long integers in Python + +through version two. + +And this is the +topic of lecture 11. + +And so for fun, if I have +two integers x and y, + +and let's say one of them +is this many words long + +and the other one is +this many words long, + +how long do you think +it takes to add them? + +Guesses? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Plus? + +Times? + +Plus is the answer. + +You can do it in that much time. + +If you think about the +grade school algorithm + +for adding really big +multi-digit numbers, + +it'll only take that much time. + +Multiplication is a +little bit harder, though. + +If you look at the +grade school algorithm, + +it's going to be x times y-- +it's quadratic time not so + +good. + +The algorithm that's +implemented in Python + +is x plus y to the +log base 2 of 3. + +By the way, I always write +LG to mean log base 2. + +Because it only has two +letters, so OK, this is 2. + +Log base 2 of 3 is about 1.6. + +So while the straightforward +algorithm is basically + +x plus y squared, this one +is x plus y to the 1.6 power, + +a little better than quadratic. + +And the Python developers +found that was faster + +than grade school +multiplication. + +And so that's what +they implemented. + +And that is something we +will cover in lecture 11, + +how to do that. + +It's pretty cool. + +There are faster +algorithms, but this + +is one that works +quite practically. + +One more. + +Heap queue, this is in the +Python standard library + +and implements something +called the heap, which + +will be in lecture four. + +So, coming soon to a +classroom near you. + +All right, enough advertisement. + +That gives you some idea of +the model of computation. + +There's a whole bunch more in +these notes which are online. + +Go check them out. + +And some of them, we'll +cover in recitation tomorrow. + +I'd like to-- now that we are +sort of comfortable for what + +costs what in Python, I +want to do a real example. + +So last time, we +did peak finding. + +We're going to have +another example which + +is called document distance. + +So let's do that. + +Any questions before we go on? + +All right. + +So document distance problem +is, I give you two documents. + +I'll call them D1 D2. + +And I want to compute the +distance between them. + +And the first question +is, what does that mean? + +What is this distance function? + +Let me first tell +you some motivations + +for computing document distance. + +Let's say you're +Google and you're + +cataloging the entire web. + +You'd like to know when two web +pages are basically identical. + +Because then you store less +and because you present it + +differently to the user. + +You say, well, +there's this page. + +And there's lots +of extra copies. + +But you just need-- +here's the canonical one. + +Or you're Wikipedia. + +And I don't know if you've +ever looked at Wikipedia. + +There's a list of all +mirrors of Wikipedia. + +There's like millions of them. + +And they find them by hand. + +But you could do that +using document distance. + +Say, are these +basically identical + +other than like some +stuff at the-- junk + +at the beginning or the end? + +Or if you're teaching this +class and you want to detect, + +are two problem sets cheating? + +Are they identical? + +We do this a lot. + +I'm not going to tell you +what distance function we use. + +Because that would +defeat the point. + +It's not the one +we cover in class. + +But we use automated tests +for whether you're cheating. + +I've got some more. + +Web search. + +Let's say you're Google again. + +And you want to +implement searching. + +Like, I give you three words. + +I'm searching for +introduction to algorithms. + +You can think of +introduction to algorithms + +as a very short document. + +And you want to test +whether that document is + +similar to all the other +documents on the web. + +And the one that's most +similar, the one that + +has the small +distance, that's maybe + +what you want to put at the top. + +That's obviously not +what Google does. + +But it's part of what it does. + +So that's why you might care. + +It's partly also +just a toy problem. + +It lets us illustrate +a lot of the techniques + +that we develop in this class. + +All right, I'm going +to think of a document + +as a sequence of words. + +Just to be a little +bit more formal, + +what do I mean by document? + +And a word is just +going to be a string + +of alphanumeric +characters-- A through Z + +and zero through nine. + +OK, so if I have a +document which you also + +think of as a string +and you basically + +delete all the white space and +punctuation all the other junk + +that's in there. + +This Everything in between +those, those are the words. + +That's a simple definition +of decomposing documents + +into words. + +And now we can think +of about what-- + +I want to know whether +D1 and D2 are similar. + +And I've thought +about my document + +as a collection of words. + +Maybe they're similar if they +share a lot of words in common. + +So that's the idea. + +Look at shared words +and use that to define + +document distance. + +This is obviously only one +way to define distance. + +It'll be the way we +do it in this class. + +But there are lots of +other possibilities. + +So I'm going to +think of a document. + +It's a sequence of words. + +But I could also think +of it as a vector. + +So if I have a document D and +I have a word W, this D of W + +is going to be the +number of times + +that word occurs +in the document. + +So, number of recurrences +W in the document D. + +So it's a number. + +It's an integer. + +Non-negative integer. + +Could be 0. + +Could be one. + +Could be a million. + +I think of this +as a giant vector. + +A vector is indexed +by all words. + +And for each of them, +there's some frequency. + +Of lot of them are zero. + +And then some of them have some +positive number occurrences. + +You could think +of every document + +is as being one of these +plots in this common axis. + +There's infinitely +many words down here. + +So it's kind of a big axis. + +But it's one way to +draw the picture. + +OK, so for example, take two +very important documents. + +Everybody likes cats and dogs. + +So these are two word documents. + +And so we can draw them. + +Because there's only three +different words here, + +we can draw them in +three dimensional space. + +Beyond that, it's a +little hard to draw. + +So we have, let's say, +which one's the-- let's say + +this one's the-- makes +it easier to draw. + +So there's going to be +just zero here and one. + +For each of the axes, let's say +this is dog and this is cat. + +OK, so the cat has won the-- +it has one cat and no dog. + +So it's here. + +It's a vector +pointing out there. + +The dog you've got +basically pointing there. + +OK, so these are two vectors. + +So how do I measure how +different two vectors are? + +Any suggestions from +vector calculus? + +AUDIENCE: Inner product? + +PROFESSOR: Inner product? + +Yeah, that's good suggestion. + +Any others. + +OK, we'll go with inner product. + +I like inner product, +also known as dot product. + +Just define that quickly. + +So we could-- I'm going +to call this D prime + +because it's not what +we're going to end up with. + +We could think of this as +the dot product of D1 and D2, + +also known as the sum over all +words of D1 of W times D2 of W. + +So for example, you take the +dot product of these two guys. + +Those match. + +So you get one point there, +cat and dog multiplied by zero. + +So you don't get much there. + +So this is some +measure of distance. + +But it's a measure of, +actually, of commonality. + +So it would be sort of +inverse distance, sorry. + +If you have a high +dot product, you + +have a lot of things in common. + +Because a lot of these +things didn't be-- + +wasn't zero times something. + +It's actually a positive number +times some positive number. + +If you have a lot of shared +words, than that looks good. + +The trouble of this is if +I have a long document-- + +say, a million words-- +and it's 99% in common + +with another document +that's a million words long, + +it's still-- it +looks super similar. + +Actually, I need to do +it the other way around. + +Let's say it's a million words +long and half of the words + +are in common. + +So not that many, +but a fair number. + +Then I have a score +of like 500,000. + +And then I have two documents +which are, say, 100 words long. + +And they're identical. + +Their score is maybe only 100. + +So even though +they're identical, + +it's not quite scale invariant. + +So it's not quite +a perfect measure. + +Any suggestions for +how to fix this? + +This, I think, is +a little trickier. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Divide by the +length of the vectors? + +PROFESSOR: Divide by the +length of the vectors. + +I think that's worth a pillow. + +Haven't done any pillows yet. + +Sorry about that. + +So, divide by the +length of vector. + +That's good. + +I'm going to call +this D double prime. + +Still not quite +the right answer. + +Or not-- no, it's pretty good. + +It's pretty good. + +So here, the length +of the vectors + +is the number of +words that occur + +in them This is pretty cool. + +But does anyone +recognize this formula? + +Angle, yeah. + +It's a lot like the angle +between the two vectors. + +It's just off by an arc cos. + +This is the cosine of the +angle between the two vectors. + +And I'm a geometer. + +I like geometry. + +So if you take arc +cos of that thing, + +that's a well established +distance metric. + +This goes back to '75, +if you can believe it, + +back when people-- early +days of document, information + +retrieval, way before +the web, people + +were still working +on this stuff. + +So it's a natural measure of the +angle between the two vectors. + +If it's 0, they're +basically identical. + +If it's 90 degrees, they're +really, really different. + +And so that gives you a nice way +to compute document distance. + +The question is, how do we +actually compute that measure? + +Now that we've come up with +something that's reasonable, + +how do I actually +find this value? + +I need to compute these +vectors-- the number + +of recurrences of each +word in the document. + +And I need you compute +the dot product. + +And then I need to divide. + +That's really easy. + +So, dot product-- +and I also need + +to decompose a document +to a list of words. + +So there are three +things I need to do. + +Let me write them down. + +So a sort of algorithm. + +There's one, split a +document into words. + +Second is compute +word frequencies, + +how many times +each word appears. + +This is the document vectors . + +And then the third step is +to compute the dot product. + +Let me tell you a little +bit about how each of those + +is done. + +Some of these will be covered +more in future lectures. + +I want to give you an overview. + +There's a lot of ways to +do each of these steps. + +If you look at the-- +next to the lecture + +notes for this lecture two, +there's a bunch of code + +and a bunch of data +examples of documents-- + +big corpuses of text. + +And you can run, +I think, there are + +eight different +algorithms for it. + +And let me give you-- +actually, why don't I + +cut to the chase a +little bit and tell you + +about the run times of these +different implementations + +of this same algorithms. + +There are lots of sort of +versions of this algorithm. + +We implement it a whole bunch. + +Every semester I teach this, I +change them a little bit more, + +add a few more variants. + +So version one, on +a particular pair + +of documents which is like a +megabyte-- not very much text-- + +it takes 228.1 +seconds-- super slow. + +Pathetic. + +Then we do a little bit +of algorithmic tweaking. + +We get down to 164 seconds. + +Then we get to 123 seconds. + +Then we get down to 71 seconds. + +Then we get down +to 18.3 seconds. + +And then we get to 11.5 seconds. + +Then we get to 1.8 seconds. + +Then we get to 0.2 seconds. + +So factor of 1,000. + +This is just in Python. + +2/10 of a second to +process a megabytes. + +It's all right. + +It's getting reasonable. + +This is not so reasonable. + +Some of these improvements +are algorithmic. + +Some of them are +just better coding. + +So there's improving +the constant factors. + +But if you look at +larger and larger texts, + +this will become +even more dramatic. + +Because a lot of these +were improvements + +from quadratic time algorithms +to linear and log n algorithms. + +And so for a megabyte, yeah, +it's a reasonable improvement. + +But if you look at a gigabyte, +it'll be a huge improvement. + +There will be no comparison. + +In fact, there will +be no comparison. + +Because this one +will never finish. + +So the reason I ran +such a small example + +so I could have patience +to wait for this one. + +But this one you could run +on the bigger examples. + +All right, so where do +I want to go from here? + +Five minutes. + +I want to tell you about +some of those improvements + +and some of the algorithms here. + +Let's start with +this very simple one. + +How would you split a +document into words in Python? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +Iterate through the document, +[INAUDIBLE] the dictionary? + +PROFESSOR: Iterate +through the-- that's + +actually how we do number two. + +OK, we can talk about that one. + +Iterate through the +words in the document + +and put it in a dictionary. + +Let's say, count of +word plus equals 1. + +This would work if count +is something called a count + +dictionary if you're +super Pythonista. + +Otherwise, you have to check, +is the word in the dictionary? + +If not, set it to one. + +If it is there, add one to it. + +But I think you know +what this means. + +This will count the +number of words-- + +this will count the frequency +of each word in the dictionary. + +And becomes dictionaries +run in constant time + +with high probability-- +with high probability-- + +this will take order-- +well, cheating a little bit. + +Because words can +be really long. + +And so to reduce a word +down to a machine word + +could take order the +length of the word time. + +To a little more +precise, this is + +going to be the +sum of the lengths + +of the words in the +document, which is also + +known as a length of +the document, basically. + +So this is good. + +This is linear time +with high probability. + +OK, that's a good algorithm. + +That is introduced +in algorithm four. + +So we got a significant boost. + +There are other ways to do this. + +For example, you +could sort the words + +and then run through +the sorted list + +and count, how many do you +get in a row for each one? + +If it's sorted, you +can count-- I mean, + +all the identical words are +put right next to each other. + +So it's easy to count them. + +And that'll run almost as fast. + +That was one of +these algorithms. + +OK, so that's a couple +different ways to do that. + +Let's go back to +this first step. + +How would you split a document +into words in the first place? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Search circulated +spaces and then [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Run through +though the string. + +And every time you see anything +that's not alphanumeric, + +start a new word. + +OK, that would run +in linear time. + +That's a good answer. + +So it's not hard. + +If you're a fancy Pythonista, +you might do it like this. + +Remember my Reg Exes. + +This will find all the +words in a document. + +Trouble is, in general, +re takes exponential time. + +So if you think about +algorithms, be very careful. + +Unless you know how +re is implemented, + +this probably will +run in linear time. + +But it's not obvious at all. + +Do anything fancy with +regular expressions. + +If you don't know what this +means, don't worry about it. + +Don't use it. + +If you know about it, be +very careful in this class + +when you use re. + +Because it's not +always linear time. + +But there is an easy +algorithm for this, + +which is just scan through +and look for alpha numerics. + +String them together. + +It's good. + +There's a few other +algorithms here in the notes. + +You should check them out. + +And for fun, look at this code +and see how small differences + +make dramatic difference +in performance. + +Next class will +be about sorting. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Ze5nqLIYUMc.txt b/Ze5nqLIYUMc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b112f9aa0c6f177c5faabc8f4330b8e6c81d7d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Ze5nqLIYUMc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6819 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open +courseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay let's talk about the + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay let's talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay let's talk about the +important important thoughts for the + + align:start position:0% +important important thoughts for the + + + align:start position:0% +important important thoughts for the +week important Concepts + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what do you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have energy method I'm going to say this + + align:start position:0% +have energy method I'm going to say this + + + align:start position:0% +have energy method I'm going to say this +work this work energy theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so and from + + align:start position:0% +so and from + + + align:start position:0% +so and from +that we call these turn out to be our + + align:start position:0% +that we call these turn out to be our + + + align:start position:0% +that we call these turn out to be our +our potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +energies and this minus the work done by + + align:start position:0% +energies and this minus the work done by + + + align:start position:0% +energies and this minus the work done by +the conservative forces we call V1 V2 + + align:start position:0% +the conservative forces we call V1 V2 + + + align:start position:0% +the conservative forces we call V1 V2 +minus V1 that's the change in the + + align:start position:0% +minus V1 that's the change in the + + + align:start position:0% +minus V1 that's the change in the +potential energy of the system so that's + + align:start position:0% +potential energy of the system so that's + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy of the system so that's +the work energy theorem that's an + + align:start position:0% +the work energy theorem that's an + + + align:start position:0% +the work energy theorem that's an +important one for the week what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else different types of problems yeah + + align:start position:0% +else different types of problems yeah + + + align:start position:0% +else different types of problems yeah +did a bunch several example problems + + align:start position:0% +did a bunch several example problems + + + align:start position:0% +did a bunch several example problems +particularly emphasizing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what moving points yeah or points that + + align:start position:0% +what moving points yeah or points that + + + align:start position:0% +what moving points yeah or points that +look like they're moving but you can use + + align:start position:0% +look like they're moving but you can use + + + align:start position:0% +look like they're moving but you can use +special considerations and calling them + + align:start position:0% +special considerations and calling them + + + align:start position:0% +special considerations and calling them +in instantaneous centers of rotation and + + align:start position:0% +in instantaneous centers of rotation and + + + align:start position:0% +in instantaneous centers of rotation and +things like that right so summation of + + align:start position:0% +things like that right so summation of + + + align:start position:0% +things like that right so summation of +the torqu with respect to points + + align:start position:0% +the torqu with respect to points + + + align:start position:0% +the torqu with respect to points +sometimes moving uh to find this is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh with respect to icrs instantaneous + + align:start position:0% +uh with respect to icrs instantaneous + + + align:start position:0% +uh with respect to icrs instantaneous +centers of rotation and also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moving + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +points definitely did some of that how + + align:start position:0% +points definitely did some of that how + + + align:start position:0% +points definitely did some of that how +about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +third my L + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here I'd say one more thing that we got + + align:start position:0% +here I'd say one more thing that we got + + + align:start position:0% +here I'd say one more thing that we got +started on is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Expressions you know a half + + align:start position:0% +Expressions you know a half + + + align:start position:0% +Expressions you know a half +I half omega. h plus a 1 12 MV v.v you + + align:start position:0% +I half omega. h plus a 1 12 MV v.v you + + + align:start position:0% +I half omega. h plus a 1 12 MV v.v you +know those kind of terms for this and + + align:start position:0% +know those kind of terms for this and + + + align:start position:0% +know those kind of terms for this and +for potential energy if it's purely + + align:start position:0% +for potential energy if it's purely + + + align:start position:0% +for potential energy if it's purely +Mechanical Devices we have two kinds of + + align:start position:0% +Mechanical Devices we have two kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +Mechanical Devices we have two kinds of +potential energy that we'll be dealing + + align:start position:0% +potential energy that we'll be dealing + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy that we'll be dealing +with and they + + align:start position:0% +with and they + + + align:start position:0% +with and they +are associated with springs + + align:start position:0% +are associated with springs + + + align:start position:0% +are associated with springs +and gravity so we have that's the two + + align:start position:0% +and gravity so we have that's the two + + + align:start position:0% +and gravity so we have that's the two +that we'll deal with are there others + + align:start position:0% +that we'll deal with are there others + + + align:start position:0% +that we'll deal with are there others +what's an example of a different kind of + + align:start position:0% +what's an example of a different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +what's an example of a different kind of +potential energy that you might run into + + align:start position:0% +potential energy that you might run into + + + align:start position:0% +potential energy that you might run into +mag magnetic fields yeah you do work + + align:start position:0% +mag magnetic fields yeah you do work + + + align:start position:0% +mag magnetic fields yeah you do work +pulling something out of a magnetic + + align:start position:0% +pulling something out of a magnetic + + + align:start position:0% +pulling something out of a magnetic +field what else electric Fields sure but + + align:start position:0% +field what else electric Fields sure but + + + align:start position:0% +field what else electric Fields sure but +they do have their complications so um + + align:start position:0% +they do have their complications so um + + + align:start position:0% +they do have their complications so um +that's that's pretty good for the + + align:start position:0% +that's that's pretty good for the + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's pretty good for the +week now I want we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +week now I want we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +week now I want we're going to talk +about this problem I'll give him a + + align:start position:0% +about this problem I'll give him a + + + align:start position:0% +about this problem I'll give him a +chance to shoot it this is a good + + align:start position:0% +chance to shoot it this is a good + + + align:start position:0% +chance to shoot it this is a good +diagram of it this is you guys had a you + + align:start position:0% +diagram of it this is you guys had a you + + + align:start position:0% +diagram of it this is you guys had a you +had a homework problem that instead of a + + align:start position:0% +had a homework problem that instead of a + + + align:start position:0% +had a homework problem that instead of a +uni Rod you had a a uh concentrated Mass + + align:start position:0% +uni Rod you had a a uh concentrated Mass + + + align:start position:0% +uni Rod you had a a uh concentrated Mass +on the end of a massless rod right so + + align:start position:0% +on the end of a massless rod right so + + + align:start position:0% +on the end of a massless rod right so +this is almost identical to that but we + + align:start position:0% +this is almost identical to that but we + + + align:start position:0% +this is almost identical to that but we +did we now have actual mass distributed + + align:start position:0% +did we now have actual mass distributed + + + align:start position:0% +did we now have actual mass distributed +mass in this stick I've got a little + + align:start position:0% +mass in this stick I've got a little + + + align:start position:0% +mass in this stick I've got a little +demo here which will work Works after a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fashion put a little tension on these + + align:start position:0% +fashion put a little tension on these + + + align:start position:0% +fashion put a little tension on these +Springs so now I've got my cart on a + + align:start position:0% +Springs so now I've got my cart on a + + + align:start position:0% +Springs so now I've got my cart on a +spring that the damping is natural in + + align:start position:0% +spring that the damping is natural in + + + align:start position:0% +spring that the damping is natural in +the system comes from the wheels and + + align:start position:0% +the system comes from the wheels and + + + align:start position:0% +the system comes from the wheels and +everything + + align:start position:0% +everything + + + align:start position:0% +everything +else I got to get this kind of close to + + align:start position:0% +else I got to get this kind of close to + + + align:start position:0% +else I got to get this kind of close to +the edge so it'll + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work this thing has two natural + + align:start position:0% +work this thing has two natural + + + align:start position:0% +work this thing has two natural +frequencies actually they're kind of + + align:start position:0% +frequencies actually they're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies actually they're kind of +hard to isolate them there's one no + + align:start position:0% +hard to isolate them there's one no + + + align:start position:0% +hard to isolate them there's one no +can't do + + align:start position:0% +can't do + + + align:start position:0% +can't do +it in one natural mode the thing swings + + align:start position:0% +it in one natural mode the thing swings + + + align:start position:0% +it in one natural mode the thing swings +forward and moves forward together and + + align:start position:0% +forward and moves forward together and + + + align:start position:0% +forward and moves forward together and +in the other natural mode this will go + + align:start position:0% +in the other natural mode this will go + + + align:start position:0% +in the other natural mode this will go +after that way well the other one's + + align:start position:0% +after that way well the other one's + + + align:start position:0% +after that way well the other one's +going frontward so let's see if I can + + align:start position:0% +going frontward so let's see if I can + + + align:start position:0% +going frontward so let's see if I can +that's higher frequency there's the + + align:start position:0% +that's higher frequency there's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's higher frequency there's the +that's the motion of What's called the + + align:start position:0% +that's the motion of What's called the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the motion of What's called the +second + + align:start position:0% +second + + + align:start position:0% +second +mode opposite and the first mode is + + align:start position:0% +mode opposite and the first mode is + + + align:start position:0% +mode opposite and the first mode is +lower frequency lower frequency than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that okay it's hard to get a perfect + + align:start position:0% +that okay it's hard to get a perfect + + + align:start position:0% +that okay it's hard to get a perfect +start to it so this is the kind of + + align:start position:0% +start to it so this is the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +start to it so this is the kind of +motion we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +motion we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +motion we're talking about +and I'm going to have you help me solve + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to have you help me solve + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm going to have you help me solve +we want to obtain equations of motion + + align:start position:0% +we want to obtain equations of motion + + + align:start position:0% +we want to obtain equations of motion +for this system and let's quickly run + + align:start position:0% +for this system and let's quickly run + + + align:start position:0% +for this system and let's quickly run +through the exercise of you can do this + + align:start position:0% +through the exercise of you can do this + + + align:start position:0% +through the exercise of you can do this +intuitively first it's so simple plus + + align:start position:0% +intuitively first it's so simple plus + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively first it's so simple plus +you've already done it how many + + align:start position:0% +you've already done it how many + + + align:start position:0% +you've already done it how many +independent coordinates does it take to + + align:start position:0% +independent coordinates does it take to + + + align:start position:0% +independent coordinates does it take to +do it two and how many rigid bodies are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there in this + + align:start position:0% +there in this + + + align:start position:0% +there in this +problem how many rigid bodies in the + + align:start position:0% +problem how many rigid bodies in the + + + align:start position:0% +problem how many rigid bodies in the +problem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +got to be two right there's a block + + align:start position:0% +got to be two right there's a block + + + align:start position:0% +got to be two right there's a block +moves back and forth and there's his Rod + + align:start position:0% +moves back and forth and there's his Rod + + + align:start position:0% +moves back and forth and there's his Rod +that swings so the number of degrees of + + align:start position:0% +that swings so the number of degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +that swings so the number of degrees of +freedom we call it D is six times the + + align:start position:0% +freedom we call it D is six times the + + + align:start position:0% +freedom we call it D is six times the +number of + + align:start position:0% +number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of +bodies ands the number of bodies minus + + align:start position:0% +bodies ands the number of bodies minus + + + align:start position:0% +bodies ands the number of bodies minus +the number of constraints so this is 6 * + + align:start position:0% +the number of constraints so this is 6 * + + + align:start position:0% +the number of constraints so this is 6 * +2 minus the constraint so we got 12 + + align:start position:0% +2 minus the constraint so we got 12 + + + align:start position:0% +2 minus the constraint so we got 12 +minus C and you know the answerers what + + align:start position:0% +minus C and you know the answerers what + + + align:start position:0% +minus C and you know the answerers what +do you the answer how many how many + + align:start position:0% +do you the answer how many how many + + + align:start position:0% +do you the answer how many how many +independent coordinates to completely + + align:start position:0% +independent coordinates to completely + + + align:start position:0% +independent coordinates to completely +describe this motion just a two so you + + align:start position:0% +describe this motion just a two so you + + + align:start position:0% +describe this motion just a two so you +know the answer is + + align:start position:0% +know the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +know the answer is +two that means you got to come up with + + align:start position:0% +two that means you got to come up with + + + align:start position:0% +two that means you got to come up with +10 a list of 10 of these things so let's + + align:start position:0% +10 a list of 10 of these things so let's + + + align:start position:0% +10 a list of 10 of these things so let's +see if you + + align:start position:0% +see if you + + + align:start position:0% +see if you +can write down quickly your own list how + + align:start position:0% +can write down quickly your own list how + + + align:start position:0% +can write down quickly your own list how +would you how would you eliminate + + align:start position:0% +would you how would you eliminate + + + align:start position:0% +would you how would you eliminate +through coming up with constraints write + + align:start position:0% +through coming up with constraints write + + + align:start position:0% +through coming up with constraints write +down the 10 constraints and I recommend + + align:start position:0% +down the 10 constraints and I recommend + + + align:start position:0% +down the 10 constraints and I recommend +you do it by taking one body at a time + + align:start position:0% +you do it by taking one body at a time + + + align:start position:0% +you do it by taking one body at a time +so constraints and mass one the first + + align:start position:0% +so constraints and mass one the first + + + align:start position:0% +so constraints and mass one the first +block what do you got y y + + align:start position:0% +block what do you got y y + + + align:start position:0% +block what do you got y y +okay so that says no Motion in the y + + align:start position:0% +okay so that says no Motion in the y + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that says no Motion in the y +direction cuz it's on the Run rollers + + align:start position:0% +direction cuz it's on the Run rollers + + + align:start position:0% +direction cuz it's on the Run rollers +it's fixed that way so no no no Motion + + align:start position:0% +it's fixed that way so no no no Motion + + + align:start position:0% +it's fixed that way so no no no Motion +in the Y what + + align:start position:0% +in the Y what + + + align:start position:0% +in the Y what +else no Motion in Z we're telling it + + align:start position:0% +else no Motion in Z we're telling it + + + align:start position:0% +else no Motion in Z we're telling it +can't come in and out of the board okay + + align:start position:0% +can't come in and out of the board okay + + + align:start position:0% +can't come in and out of the board okay +any other translational constraints on + + align:start position:0% +any other translational constraints on + + + align:start position:0% +any other translational constraints on +that one so + + align:start position:0% +that one so + + + align:start position:0% +that one so +no uh y or Z + + align:start position:0% +no uh y or Z + + + align:start position:0% +no uh y or Z +translation and so that gives us two + + align:start position:0% +translation and so that gives us two + + + align:start position:0% +translation and so that gives us two +constraints there what else on that body + + align:start position:0% +constraints there what else on that body + + + align:start position:0% +constraints there what else on that body +no rotations in what direction Y in X Y + + align:start position:0% +no rotations in what direction Y in X Y + + + align:start position:0% +no rotations in what direction Y in X Y +or z i thing can only translate + + align:start position:0% +or z i thing can only translate + + + align:start position:0% +or z i thing can only translate +so no x y z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rotations that's three that's total five + + align:start position:0% +rotations that's three that's total five + + + align:start position:0% +rotations that's three that's total five +and we have but we have one left it's + + align:start position:0% +and we have but we have one left it's + + + align:start position:0% +and we have but we have one left it's +got to be able to move in the X right + + align:start position:0% +got to be able to move in the X right + + + align:start position:0% +got to be able to move in the X right +and how about + + align:start position:0% +and how about + + + align:start position:0% +and how about +M2 what are the constraints on this + + align:start position:0% +M2 what are the constraints on this + + + align:start position:0% +M2 what are the constraints on this +second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one so one at a time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so Omega which and Y no rotations in + + align:start position:0% +so so Omega which and Y no rotations in + + + align:start position:0% +so so Omega which and Y no rotations in +about which + + align:start position:0% +about which + + + align:start position:0% +about which +axis so you're saying this no rotations + + align:start position:0% +axis so you're saying this no rotations + + + align:start position:0% +axis so you're saying this no rotations +of this about the X it can't roll over + + align:start position:0% +of this about the X it can't roll over + + + align:start position:0% +of this about the X it can't roll over +about the Y it can't turn uh and about + + align:start position:0% +about the Y it can't turn uh and about + + + align:start position:0% +about the Y it can't turn uh and about +the Z what about how about oh we're + + align:start position:0% +the Z what about how about oh we're + + + align:start position:0% +the Z what about how about oh we're +doing this one so it's no spinning about + + align:start position:0% +doing this one so it's no spinning about + + + align:start position:0% +doing this one so it's no spinning about +let's do it in its body coordinates X1 + + align:start position:0% +let's do it in its body coordinates X1 + + + align:start position:0% +let's do it in its body coordinates X1 +no spinning about X1 + + align:start position:0% +no spinning about X1 + + + align:start position:0% +no spinning about X1 +no spinning about + + align:start position:0% +no spinning about + + + align:start position:0% +no spinning about +y1 but can it rotate around + + align:start position:0% +y1 but can it rotate around + + + align:start position:0% +y1 but can it rotate around +Z1 okay so for the second Mass we have + + align:start position:0% +Z1 okay so for the second Mass we have + + + align:start position:0% +Z1 okay so for the second Mass we have +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +X1 y1 + + align:start position:0% +X1 y1 + + + align:start position:0% +X1 y1 +rotations that's two and what about + + align:start position:0% +rotations that's two and what about + + + align:start position:0% +rotations that's two and what about +translations on the second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +body hm no translation X Y and Z no + + align:start position:0% +body hm no translation X Y and Z no + + + align:start position:0% +body hm no translation X Y and Z no +translations X Y and Z so Z pretty + + align:start position:0% +translations X Y and Z so Z pretty + + + align:start position:0% +translations X Y and Z so Z pretty +obvious we're not letting it do this but + + align:start position:0% +obvious we're not letting it do this but + + + align:start position:0% +obvious we're not letting it do this but +why why can you argue there's no + + align:start position:0% +why why can you argue there's no + + + align:start position:0% +why why can you argue there's no +translation in X and + + align:start position:0% +translation in X and + + + align:start position:0% +translation in X and +Y + + align:start position:0% +Y + + + align:start position:0% +Y +rotation he say strictly + + align:start position:0% +rotation he say strictly + + + align:start position:0% +rotation he say strictly +rotation for to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +translate okay so you're saying + + align:start position:0% +translate okay so you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +translate okay so you're saying +translation is strictly described as + + align:start position:0% +translation is strictly described as + + + align:start position:0% +translation is strictly described as +parallel motion of all points on it + + align:start position:0% +parallel motion of all points on it + + + align:start position:0% +parallel motion of all points on it +right but where where is it constrained + + align:start position:0% +right but where where is it constrained + + + align:start position:0% +right but where where is it constrained +in X and Y + + align:start position:0% +in X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +in X and Y +to the cve it's pinned to the curve and + + align:start position:0% +to the cve it's pinned to the curve and + + + align:start position:0% +to the cve it's pinned to the curve and +if you fix x what you're allowed to do I + + align:start position:0% +if you fix x what you're allowed to do I + + + align:start position:0% +if you fix x what you're allowed to do I +mean a test you're allowed to do you've + + align:start position:0% +mean a test you're allowed to do you've + + + align:start position:0% +mean a test you're allowed to do you've +set this as an independent coordinate if + + align:start position:0% +set this as an independent coordinate if + + + align:start position:0% +set this as an independent coordinate if +you fix it this point is fixed and + + align:start position:0% +you fix it this point is fixed and + + + align:start position:0% +you fix it this point is fixed and +you've constrained it in X and Y right + + align:start position:0% +you've constrained it in X and Y right + + + align:start position:0% +you've constrained it in X and Y right +and if any point in the object is + + align:start position:0% +and if any point in the object is + + + align:start position:0% +and if any point in the object is +constrained in X and Y + + align:start position:0% +constrained in X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +constrained in X and Y +then all points are constrained in X and + + align:start position:0% +then all points are constrained in X and + + + align:start position:0% +then all points are constrained in X and +Y pure translation but so we have in + + align:start position:0% +Y pure translation but so we have in + + + align:start position:0% +Y pure translation but so we have in +this one + + align:start position:0% +this one + + + align:start position:0% +this one +no uh X Y and Z + + align:start position:0% +no uh X Y and Z + + + align:start position:0% +no uh X Y and Z +translations so that's three you add + + align:start position:0% +translations so that's three you add + + + align:start position:0% +translations so that's three you add +them up you get 10 okay good now the + + align:start position:0% +them up you get 10 okay good now the + + + align:start position:0% +them up you get 10 okay good now the +next thing I want you to + + align:start position:0% +next thing I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +next thing I want you to +do another key step in doing this + + align:start position:0% +do another key step in doing this + + + align:start position:0% +do another key step in doing this +problems like this is are free body + + align:start position:0% +problems like this is are free body + + + align:start position:0% +problems like this is are free body +diagrams and how many do you + + align:start position:0% +diagrams and how many do you + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams and how many do you +need as many as you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have rigid bodies you need one for every + + align:start position:0% +have rigid bodies you need one for every + + + align:start position:0% +have rigid bodies you need one for every +rigid body body so we got two rigid + + align:start position:0% +rigid body body so we got two rigid + + + align:start position:0% +rigid body body so we got two rigid +bodies draw for + + align:start position:0% +bodies draw for + + + align:start position:0% +bodies draw for +me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +your free body diagram for the cart and + + align:start position:0% +your free body diagram for the cart and + + + align:start position:0% +your free body diagram for the cart and +for the the rod + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay let's what group wants to volunteer + + align:start position:0% +okay let's what group wants to volunteer + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's what group wants to volunteer +here tell me what we've what I ought to + + align:start position:0% +here tell me what we've what I ought to + + + align:start position:0% +here tell me what we've what I ought to +do how about you guys in the back you're + + align:start position:0% +do how about you guys in the back you're + + + align:start position:0% +do how about you guys in the back you're +quiet today so let's start let's let's + + align:start position:0% +quiet today so let's start let's let's + + + align:start position:0% +quiet today so let's start let's let's +pick this first one + + align:start position:0% +pick this first one + + + align:start position:0% +pick this first one +we have the spring Force + + align:start position:0% +we have the spring Force + + + align:start position:0% +we have the spring Force +KX KX + + align:start position:0% +KX KX + + + align:start position:0% +KX KX +BX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +BX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N1 the force of the rod down the right + + align:start position:0% +N1 the force of the rod down the right + + + align:start position:0% +N1 the force of the rod down the right +oh so you've made ah and colinear with a + + align:start position:0% +oh so you've made ah and colinear with a + + + align:start position:0% +oh so you've made ah and colinear with a +rod yeah okay so you're saying we've got + + align:start position:0% +rod yeah okay so you're saying we've got + + + align:start position:0% +rod yeah okay so you're saying we've got +a force a vector Force like that some f + + align:start position:0% +a force a vector Force like that some f + + + align:start position:0% +a force a vector Force like that some f +right okay okay uh how how about a + + align:start position:0% +right okay okay uh how how about a + + + align:start position:0% +right okay okay uh how how about a +little help on this anybody have a + + align:start position:0% +little help on this anybody have a + + + align:start position:0% +little help on this anybody have a +different result here for this + + align:start position:0% +different result here for this + + + align:start position:0% +different result here for this +one um I broke up my normal into two + + align:start position:0% +one um I broke up my normal into two + + + align:start position:0% +one um I broke up my normal into two +reaction components so you have two + + align:start position:0% +reaction components so you have two + + + align:start position:0% +reaction components so you have two +pieces here so in what what direction + + align:start position:0% +pieces here so in what what direction + + + align:start position:0% +pieces here so in what what direction +you draw them + + align:start position:0% +you draw them + + + align:start position:0% +you draw them +um reaction force of the first field + + align:start position:0% +um reaction force of the first field + + + align:start position:0% +um reaction force of the first field +reaction I guess which coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +reaction I guess which coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +reaction I guess which coordinate system +we've got we need two coordinate systems + + align:start position:0% +we've got we need two coordinate systems + + + align:start position:0% +we've got we need two coordinate systems +to Define this problem um just in the + + align:start position:0% +to Define this problem um just in the + + + align:start position:0% +to Define this problem um just in the +regular XY so we got our I've got a + + align:start position:0% +regular XY so we got our I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +regular XY so we got our I've got a +ntial frame here and that gives me my x + + align:start position:0% +ntial frame here and that gives me my x + + + align:start position:0% +ntial frame here and that gives me my x +capital x motion for this guy but we + + align:start position:0% +capital x motion for this guy but we + + + align:start position:0% +capital x motion for this guy but we +need because we want to be able to use + + align:start position:0% +need because we want to be able to use + + + align:start position:0% +need because we want to be able to use +moments of inertia and things like that + + align:start position:0% +moments of inertia and things like that + + + align:start position:0% +moments of inertia and things like that +we need a coordinate system attached to + + align:start position:0% +we need a coordinate system attached to + + + align:start position:0% +we need a coordinate system attached to +this rigid body right so I've called it + + align:start position:0% +this rigid body right so I've called it + + + align:start position:0% +this rigid body right so I've called it +little X1 y1 it moves with + + align:start position:0% +little X1 y1 it moves with + + + align:start position:0% +little X1 y1 it moves with +body okay so in yours are so yours + + align:start position:0% +body okay so in yours are so yours + + + align:start position:0% +body okay so in yours are so yours +you've picked your two reaction forces + + align:start position:0% +you've picked your two reaction forces + + + align:start position:0% +you've picked your two reaction forces +aligned with these two or aligned in + + align:start position:0% +aligned with these two or aligned in + + + align:start position:0% +aligned with these two or aligned in +this system um the intial okay you've + + align:start position:0% +this system um the intial okay you've + + + align:start position:0% +this system um the intial okay you've +done it this way so you're coming up + + align:start position:0% +done it this way so you're coming up + + + align:start position:0% +done it this way so you're coming up +with a pair of forces that look uh have + + align:start position:0% +with a pair of forces that look uh have + + + align:start position:0% +with a pair of forces that look uh have +a piece like this and a piece like that + + align:start position:0% +a piece like this and a piece like that + + + align:start position:0% +a piece like this and a piece like that +no no I'm I'm talking about for the + + align:start position:0% +no no I'm I'm talking about for the + + + align:start position:0% +no no I'm I'm talking about for the +wheels oh but the wheels oh okay you + + align:start position:0% +wheels oh but the wheels oh okay you + + + align:start position:0% +wheels oh but the wheels oh okay you +came up with individual ones here yeah + + align:start position:0% +came up with individual ones here yeah + + + align:start position:0% +came up with individual ones here yeah +okay that call I'll call that N1 and N2 + + align:start position:0% +okay that call I'll call that N1 and N2 + + + align:start position:0% +okay that call I'll call that N1 and N2 +and that's probably an improvement + + align:start position:0% +and that's probably an improvement + + + align:start position:0% +and that's probably an improvement +because it that's what keeps it from + + align:start position:0% +because it that's what keeps it from + + + align:start position:0% +because it that's what keeps it from +rolling over right okay that's + + align:start position:0% +rolling over right okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +rolling over right okay that's +true and what else so we got a reaction + + align:start position:0% +true and what else so we got a reaction + + + align:start position:0% +true and what else so we got a reaction +force here like that that's we can we + + align:start position:0% +force here like that that's we can we + + + align:start position:0% +force here like that that's we can we +improve on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that you break it up to the tangential + + align:start position:0% +that you break it up to the tangential + + + align:start position:0% +that you break it up to the tangential +and Radial yeah but I understood that + + align:start position:0% +and Radial yeah but I understood that + + + align:start position:0% +and Radial yeah but I understood that +the intention here was it was drawn + + align:start position:0% +the intention here was it was drawn + + + align:start position:0% +the intention here was it was drawn +collinear with the axis of the thing + + align:start position:0% +collinear with the axis of the thing + + + align:start position:0% +collinear with the axis of the thing +right and that suggested just that one + + align:start position:0% +right and that suggested just that one + + + align:start position:0% +right and that suggested just that one +part you could break that into a + + align:start position:0% +part you could break that into a + + + align:start position:0% +part you could break that into a +horizontal in the master frame yeah but + + align:start position:0% +horizontal in the master frame yeah but + + + align:start position:0% +horizontal in the master frame yeah but +anybody have something different about + + align:start position:0% +anybody have something different about + + + align:start position:0% +anybody have something different about +that another way to do this is that do + + align:start position:0% +that another way to do this is that do + + + align:start position:0% +that another way to do this is that do +you do you agree with this is that is + + align:start position:0% +you do you agree with this is that is + + + align:start position:0% +you do you agree with this is that is +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +correct + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pardon you're treating it like a string + + align:start position:0% +pardon you're treating it like a string + + + align:start position:0% +pardon you're treating it like a string +is it a + + align:start position:0% +is it a + + + align:start position:0% +is it a +string Can it can it can that shaft + + align:start position:0% +string Can it can it can that shaft + + + align:start position:0% +string Can it can it can that shaft +transmit sheer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +forces + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H if I grab this thing and go left and + + align:start position:0% +H if I grab this thing and go left and + + + align:start position:0% +H if I grab this thing and go left and +right on it it's putting forces in that + + align:start position:0% +right on it it's putting forces in that + + + align:start position:0% +right on it it's putting forces in that +direction perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +direction perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +direction perpendicular to +this so is it conceivable that there are + + align:start position:0% +this so is it conceivable that there are + + + align:start position:0% +this so is it conceivable that there are +forces on this axle caused by that that + + align:start position:0% +forces on this axle caused by that that + + + align:start position:0% +forces on this axle caused by that that +are in that direction as well as that + + align:start position:0% +are in that direction as well as that + + + align:start position:0% +are in that direction as well as that +direction what do you think and do you + + align:start position:0% +direction what do you think and do you + + + align:start position:0% +direction what do you think and do you +because you I can't make an argument for + + align:start position:0% +because you I can't make an argument for + + + align:start position:0% +because you I can't make an argument for +sure that would eliminate either one of + + align:start position:0% +sure that would eliminate either one of + + + align:start position:0% +sure that would eliminate either one of +those pretty sure there's certainly a + + align:start position:0% +those pretty sure there's certainly a + + + align:start position:0% +those pretty sure there's certainly a +radial one because that's centripetal + + align:start position:0% +radial one because that's centripetal + + + align:start position:0% +radial one because that's centripetal +there's got to be some of that but might + + align:start position:0% +there's got to be some of that but might + + + align:start position:0% +there's got to be some of that but might +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +be some in the other direction okay so + + align:start position:0% +be some in the other direction okay so + + + align:start position:0% +be some in the other direction okay so +an improvement on this a necessary + + align:start position:0% +an improvement on this a necessary + + + align:start position:0% +an improvement on this a necessary +Improvement I think is that rather than + + align:start position:0% +Improvement I think is that rather than + + + align:start position:0% +Improvement I think is that rather than +just one we' better have two and we're + + align:start position:0% +just one we' better have two and we're + + + align:start position:0% +just one we' better have two and we're +going to use my system of naming so that + + align:start position:0% +going to use my system of naming so that + + + align:start position:0% +going to use my system of naming so that +the answers I've got here will work out + + align:start position:0% +the answers I've got here will work out + + + align:start position:0% +the answers I've got here will work out +going to call that one F1 F2 and this + + align:start position:0% +going to call that one F1 F2 and this + + + align:start position:0% +going to call that one F1 F2 and this +one F1 so now the rod is placing on the + + align:start position:0% +one F1 so now the rod is placing on the + + + align:start position:0% +one F1 so now the rod is placing on the +cart two reaction forces which you don't + + align:start position:0% +cart two reaction forces which you don't + + + align:start position:0% +cart two reaction forces which you don't +know now is that the complete thing for + + align:start position:0% +know now is that the complete thing for + + + align:start position:0% +know now is that the complete thing for +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +cart okay now let's do this one another + + align:start position:0% +cart okay now let's do this one another + + + align:start position:0% +cart okay now let's do this one another +group don't me how to do the second + + align:start position:0% +group don't me how to do the second + + + align:start position:0% +group don't me how to do the second +one fre wi + + align:start position:0% +one fre wi + + + align:start position:0% +one fre wi +diagram so you have F1 and F2 but + + align:start position:0% +diagram so you have F1 and F2 but + + + align:start position:0% +diagram so you have F1 and F2 but +opposite ah good point got an F2 this + + align:start position:0% +opposite ah good point got an F2 this + + + align:start position:0% +opposite ah good point got an F2 this +way + + align:start position:0% +way + + + align:start position:0% +way +and F1 like that is what you're saying + + align:start position:0% +and F1 like that is what you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +and F1 like that is what you're saying +yeah okay mg and an mg down M2 G okay + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay mg and an mg down M2 G okay + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay mg and an mg down M2 G okay +good real important point you know + + align:start position:0% +good real important point you know + + + align:start position:0% +good real important point you know +Newton's third law + + align:start position:0% +Newton's third law + + + align:start position:0% +Newton's third law +if you draw F1 F2 here those on that + + align:start position:0% +if you draw F1 F2 here those on that + + + align:start position:0% +if you draw F1 F2 here those on that +side have to be equal equal and + + align:start position:0% +side have to be equal equal and + + + align:start position:0% +side have to be equal equal and +opposite in order for all this to work + + align:start position:0% +opposite in order for all this to work + + + align:start position:0% +opposite in order for all this to work +out without problems okay those look + + align:start position:0% +out without problems okay those look + + + align:start position:0% +out without problems okay those look +pretty good to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me now let's move on this is a + + align:start position:0% +me now let's move on this is a + + + align:start position:0% +me now let's move on this is a +complicated problem and to get a lot to + + align:start position:0% +complicated problem and to get a lot to + + + align:start position:0% +complicated problem and to get a lot to +get a lot done with it in an hour is a + + align:start position:0% +get a lot done with it in an hour is a + + + align:start position:0% +get a lot done with it in an hour is a +challenge and you've done a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +challenge and you've done a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +challenge and you've done a bunch of +this problem already you did the one + + align:start position:0% +this problem already you did the one + + + align:start position:0% +this problem already you did the one +with a particle on it so there's not + + align:start position:0% +with a particle on it so there's not + + + align:start position:0% +with a particle on it so there's not +great deal of difference here but I'm so + + align:start position:0% +great deal of difference here but I'm so + + + align:start position:0% +great deal of difference here but I'm so +I'm emphasizing a few of the nuances + + align:start position:0% +I'm emphasizing a few of the nuances + + + align:start position:0% +I'm emphasizing a few of the nuances +what I now want to do is how is to talk + + align:start position:0% +what I now want to do is how is to talk + + + align:start position:0% +what I now want to do is how is to talk +about how do we + + align:start position:0% +about how do we + + + align:start position:0% +about how do we +get equations of motion for this problem + + align:start position:0% +get equations of motion for this problem + + + align:start position:0% +get equations of motion for this problem +how many will there be to start with got + + align:start position:0% +how many will there be to start with got + + + align:start position:0% +how many will there be to start with got +to get two got two rigid bodies and two + + align:start position:0% +to get two got two rigid bodies and two + + + align:start position:0% +to get two got two rigid bodies and two +degrees of two degrees of freedom and + + align:start position:0% +degrees of two degrees of freedom and + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of two degrees of freedom and +you're going to end up it's the two + + align:start position:0% +you're going to end up it's the two + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to end up it's the two +degrees of freedom that tell you you're + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom that tell you you're + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom that tell you you're +going to get two equations of motion at + + align:start position:0% +going to get two equations of motion at + + + align:start position:0% +going to get two equations of motion at +the end okay how many and I I've wrote + + align:start position:0% +the end okay how many and I I've wrote + + + align:start position:0% +the end okay how many and I I've wrote +written three up there but it's not + + align:start position:0% +written three up there but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +written three up there but it's not +necessarily + + align:start position:0% +necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily +true you've been taught to this point + + align:start position:0% +true you've been taught to this point + + + align:start position:0% +true you've been taught to this point +two different methods for get at these + + align:start position:0% +two different methods for get at these + + + align:start position:0% +two different methods for get at these +equations of motion can you + + align:start position:0% +equations of motion can you + + + align:start position:0% +equations of motion can you +describe somebody describe one for me + + align:start position:0% +describe somebody describe one for me + + + align:start position:0% +describe somebody describe one for me +how would you how would how would you + + align:start position:0% +how would you how would how would you + + + align:start position:0% +how would you how would how would you +personally go about this problem just + + align:start position:0% +personally go about this problem just + + + align:start position:0% +personally go about this problem just +pick a method and in words describe + + align:start position:0% +pick a method and in words describe + + + align:start position:0% +pick a method and in words describe +it and think of what you did in the last + + align:start position:0% +it and think of what you did in the last + + + align:start position:0% +it and think of what you did in the last +homework + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +external so sum of external forces + + align:start position:0% +external so sum of external forces + + + align:start position:0% +external so sum of external forces +is okay so on method one here I'll call + + align:start position:0% +is okay so on method one here I'll call + + + align:start position:0% +is okay so on method one here I'll call +it so the sum you're going to say some + + align:start position:0% +it so the sum you're going to say some + + + align:start position:0% +it so the sum you're going to say some +of the forces on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what so we got two bodies here right so + + align:start position:0% +what so we got two bodies here right so + + + align:start position:0% +what so we got two bodies here right so +pick + + align:start position:0% +pick + + + align:start position:0% +pick +one huh all right some this on M1 for + + align:start position:0% +one huh all right some this on M1 for + + + align:start position:0% +one huh all right some this on M1 for +sure that one is translating and it's + + align:start position:0% +sure that one is translating and it's + + + align:start position:0% +sure that one is translating and it's +you're going to get an equation that + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get an equation that + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get an equation that +involves its X double dot right it's got + + align:start position:0% +involves its X double dot right it's got + + + align:start position:0% +involves its X double dot right it's got +to be able to move back and forth you're + + align:start position:0% +to be able to move back and forth you're + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to move back and forth you're +going to need an equation like this so + + align:start position:0% +going to need an equation like this so + + + align:start position:0% +going to need an equation like this so +the sum of the external forces on that + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the external forces on that + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the external forces on that +mass has got to be equal + + align:start position:0% +mass has got to be equal + + + align:start position:0% +mass has got to be equal +to M1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times right and we can write an equation + + align:start position:0% +times right and we can write an equation + + + align:start position:0% +times right and we can write an equation +for that in terms of this free body + + align:start position:0% +for that in terms of this free body + + + align:start position:0% +for that in terms of this free body +diagram in that e in the I Direction + + align:start position:0% +diagram in that e in the I Direction + + + align:start position:0% +diagram in that e in the I Direction +you've got this you've got this you have + + align:start position:0% +you've got this you've got this you have + + + align:start position:0% +you've got this you've got this you have +the normal forces and gravity don't + + align:start position:0% +the normal forces and gravity don't + + + align:start position:0% +the normal forces and gravity don't +contribute and components of + + align:start position:0% +contribute and components of + + + align:start position:0% +contribute and components of +this and + + align:start position:0% +this and + + + align:start position:0% +this and +this have to be added in right yeah have + + align:start position:0% +this have to be added in right yeah have + + + align:start position:0% +this have to be added in right yeah have +to do an F2 probably cosine Theta and an + + align:start position:0% +to do an F2 probably cosine Theta and an + + + align:start position:0% +to do an F2 probably cosine Theta and an +fub1 sin Theta and add them in because + + align:start position:0% +fub1 sin Theta and add them in because + + + align:start position:0% +fub1 sin Theta and add them in because +they're the external forces so you get + + align:start position:0% +they're the external forces so you get + + + align:start position:0% +they're the external forces so you get +all these summation of forces on that + + align:start position:0% +all these summation of forces on that + + + align:start position:0% +all these summation of forces on that +side that gives you one equation this + + align:start position:0% +side that gives you one equation this + + + align:start position:0% +side that gives you one equation this +will this will give you an equation + + align:start position:0% +will this will give you an equation + + + align:start position:0% +will this will give you an equation +for the motion of the first mass and + + align:start position:0% +for the motion of the first mass and + + + align:start position:0% +for the motion of the first mass and +it'll have some unknowns in it and what + + align:start position:0% +it'll have some unknowns in it and what + + + align:start position:0% +it'll have some unknowns in it and what +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +they just describe + + align:start position:0% +they just describe + + + align:start position:0% +they just describe +them so you're going to get a function + + align:start position:0% +them so you're going to get a function + + + align:start position:0% +them so you're going to get a function +over here of a couple + + align:start position:0% +over here of a couple + + + align:start position:0% +over here of a couple +unknowns this is end up going to be a + + align:start position:0% +unknowns this is end up going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns this is end up going to be a +function of what that you don't + + align:start position:0% +function of what that you don't + + + align:start position:0% +function of what that you don't +know F1 and F2 and the other and then + + align:start position:0% +know F1 and F2 and the other and then + + + align:start position:0% +know F1 and F2 and the other and then +also of X double dot and thetas and + + align:start position:0% +also of X double dot and thetas and + + + align:start position:0% +also of X double dot and thetas and +Theta dots and so forth you're going all + + align:start position:0% +Theta dots and so forth you're going all + + + align:start position:0% +Theta dots and so forth you're going all +the variables in the problem but you + + align:start position:0% +the variables in the problem but you + + + align:start position:0% +the variables in the problem but you +these are two unknowns you got to + + align:start position:0% +these are two unknowns you got to + + + align:start position:0% +these are two unknowns you got to +ultimately get rid of okay what else are + + align:start position:0% +ultimately get rid of okay what else are + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately get rid of okay what else are +you going to do in method + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one you got to deal with second the + + align:start position:0% +one you got to deal with second the + + + align:start position:0% +one you got to deal with second the +second Mass right what would you do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then and + + align:start position:0% +then and + + + align:start position:0% +then and +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +time so some of the forces now on M2 for + + align:start position:0% +time so some of the forces now on M2 for + + + align:start position:0% +time so some of the forces now on M2 for +sure that's going to give you a couple + + align:start position:0% +sure that's going to give you a couple + + + align:start position:0% +sure that's going to give you a couple +equations what else do you do in your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method some Tores about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what uh have I named them look in that + + align:start position:0% +what uh have I named them look in that + + + align:start position:0% +what uh have I named them look in that +diagram there some of so you're going to + + align:start position:0% +diagram there some of so you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +diagram there some of so you're going to +do your torqus about sum of the torqus + + align:start position:0% +do your torqus about sum of the torqus + + + align:start position:0% +do your torqus about sum of the torqus +about a + + align:start position:0% +about a + + + align:start position:0% +about a +okay and if you sum torqus about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a what are they don't you guys let's + + align:start position:0% +a what are they don't you guys let's + + + align:start position:0% +a what are they don't you guys let's +just pursue that a little bit figure out + + align:start position:0% +just pursue that a little bit figure out + + + align:start position:0% +just pursue that a little bit figure out +what are the torqus about + + align:start position:0% +what are the torqus about + + + align:start position:0% +what are the torqus about +this point in this + + align:start position:0% +this point in this + + + align:start position:0% +this point in this +problem okay what do you + + align:start position:0% +problem okay what do you + + + align:start position:0% +problem okay what do you +get some of the torqus about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a z is in which what's positive Z XY + + align:start position:0% +a z is in which what's positive Z XY + + + align:start position:0% +a z is in which what's positive Z XY +positive Z coming out of the board what + + align:start position:0% +positive Z coming out of the board what + + + align:start position:0% +positive Z coming out of the board what +produces torque about this point in this + + align:start position:0% +produces torque about this point in this + + + align:start position:0% +produces torque about this point in this +problem just what just gravity and is it + + align:start position:0% +problem just what just gravity and is it + + + align:start position:0% +problem just what just gravity and is it +positive or negative and it's which is a + + align:start position:0% +positive or negative and it's which is a + + + align:start position:0% +positive or negative and it's which is a +component of gravity perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +component of gravity perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +component of gravity perpendicular to +this so it's probably sin Theta M2 G sin + + align:start position:0% +this so it's probably sin Theta M2 G sin + + + align:start position:0% +this so it's probably sin Theta M2 G sin +Theta in the minus so it's minus M2 + + align:start position:0% +Theta in the minus so it's minus M2 + + + align:start position:0% +Theta in the minus so it's minus M2 +g s l/2 you need the moment arm sin + + align:start position:0% +g s l/2 you need the moment arm sin + + + align:start position:0% +g s l/2 you need the moment arm sin +Theta in the K hat direction right and + + align:start position:0% +Theta in the K hat direction right and + + + align:start position:0% +Theta in the K hat direction right and +that's going to be equal to the angular + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be equal to the angular + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be equal to the angular +dhdt about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a right sum of the torqus time rate of + + align:start position:0% +a right sum of the torqus time rate of + + + align:start position:0% +a right sum of the torqus time rate of +change of the angular momentum about a + + align:start position:0% +change of the angular momentum about a + + + align:start position:0% +change of the angular momentum about a +because that's what you've chosen to + + align:start position:0% +because that's what you've chosen to + + + align:start position:0% +because that's what you've chosen to +work about and you always have this term + + align:start position:0% +work about and you always have this term + + + align:start position:0% +work about and you always have this term +you have to check on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so this that's the method this is + + align:start position:0% +okay so this that's the method this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this that's the method this is +Method one this is to I'll call it to + + align:start position:0% +Method one this is to I'll call it to + + + align:start position:0% +Method one this is to I'll call it to +the TOA with respect to a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method you have to write this equation + + align:start position:0% +method you have to write this equation + + + align:start position:0% +method you have to write this equation +you have two + + align:start position:0% +you have two + + + align:start position:0% +you have two +unknowns and that pop up in + + align:start position:0% +unknowns and that pop up in + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns and that pop up in +it you go to the second Mass you write + + align:start position:0% +it you go to the second Mass you write + + + align:start position:0% +it you go to the second Mass you write +the fals ma for that and you're going to + + align:start position:0% +the fals ma for that and you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +the fals ma for that and you're going to +get two + + align:start position:0% +get two + + + align:start position:0% +get two +equations if you do it in the local + + align:start position:0% +equations if you do it in the local + + + align:start position:0% +equations if you do it in the local +coordinate system in the rotating one + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system in the rotating one + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system in the rotating one +you Mass times acceleration in the I + + align:start position:0% +you Mass times acceleration in the I + + + align:start position:0% +you Mass times acceleration in the I +Direction you get F1 and a component of + + align:start position:0% +Direction you get F1 and a component of + + + align:start position:0% +Direction you get F1 and a component of +gravity and in the J Direction M2 + + align:start position:0% +gravity and in the J Direction M2 + + + align:start position:0% +gravity and in the J Direction M2 +acceleration J you get F2 and a piece + + align:start position:0% +acceleration J you get F2 and a piece + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration J you get F2 and a piece +that's acceleration of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gravity + + align:start position:0% +gravity + + + align:start position:0% +gravity +you you don't know this yet but you can + + align:start position:0% +you you don't know this yet but you can + + + align:start position:0% +you you don't know this yet but you can +find it you know you know how to make + + align:start position:0% +find it you know you know how to make + + + align:start position:0% +find it you know you know how to make +that you know how to find those + + align:start position:0% +that you know how to find those + + + align:start position:0% +that you know how to find those +velocities now you've done it before so + + align:start position:0% +velocities now you've done it before so + + + align:start position:0% +velocities now you've done it before so +the velocity of G with with respect to O + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of G with with respect to O + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity of G with with respect to O +probably going to have an X double do I + + align:start position:0% +probably going to have an X double do I + + + align:start position:0% +probably going to have an X double do I +hat + + align:start position:0% +hat + + + align:start position:0% +hat +plus something that'll be like an L over + + align:start position:0% +plus something that'll be like an L over + + + align:start position:0% +plus something that'll be like an L over +2 Theta Dot and in what + + align:start position:0% +2 Theta Dot and in what + + + align:start position:0% +2 Theta Dot and in what +direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +H it's rotating like this J hat right + + align:start position:0% +H it's rotating like this J hat right + + + align:start position:0% +H it's rotating like this J hat right +Little J so there's your velocity you + + align:start position:0% +Little J so there's your velocity you + + + align:start position:0% +Little J so there's your velocity you +can take the time derivative of that to + + align:start position:0% +can take the time derivative of that to + + + align:start position:0% +can take the time derivative of that to +get an + + align:start position:0% +get an + + + align:start position:0% +get an +acceleration get an X double dot that's + + align:start position:0% +acceleration get an X double dot that's + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration get an X double dot that's +not true down here get X double dot and + + align:start position:0% +not true down here get X double dot and + + + align:start position:0% +not true down here get X double dot and +this when you get two terms because + + align:start position:0% +this when you get two terms because + + + align:start position:0% +this when you get two terms because +that's a rotating piece you get a + + align:start position:0% +that's a rotating piece you get a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a rotating piece you get a +centripetal term and an oian term that + + align:start position:0% +centripetal term and an oian term that + + + align:start position:0% +centripetal term and an oian term that +come out of that so then now you know + + align:start position:0% +come out of that so then now you know + + + align:start position:0% +come out of that so then now you know +velocities and accelerations you can put + + align:start position:0% +velocities and accelerations you can put + + + align:start position:0% +velocities and accelerations you can put +the accelerations on this side you can + + align:start position:0% +the accelerations on this side you can + + + align:start position:0% +the accelerations on this side you can +solve this first equation for F1 second + + align:start position:0% +solve this first equation for F1 second + + + align:start position:0% +solve this first equation for F1 second +equation for F2 you take those and you + + align:start position:0% +equation for F2 you take those and you + + + align:start position:0% +equation for F2 you take those and you +put them in here and you finally have + + align:start position:0% +put them in here and you finally have + + + align:start position:0% +put them in here and you finally have +one of your equations of motion down + + align:start position:0% +one of your equations of motion down + + + align:start position:0% +one of your equations of motion down +here um + + align:start position:0% +here um + + + align:start position:0% +here um +the external torque only involves + + align:start position:0% +the external torque only involves + + + align:start position:0% +the external torque only involves +gravity so your F1 and F2 appear you + + align:start position:0% +gravity so your F1 and F2 appear you + + + align:start position:0% +gravity so your F1 and F2 appear you +have to mess with those in this final + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation or + + align:start position:0% +equation or + + + align:start position:0% +equation or +not this is the reason you use point a + + align:start position:0% +not this is the reason you use point a + + + align:start position:0% +not this is the reason you use point a +this equation does not involve F1 or F2 + + align:start position:0% +this equation does not involve F1 or F2 + + + align:start position:0% +this equation does not involve F1 or F2 +there's no moments created by F1 and F2 + + align:start position:0% +there's no moments created by F1 and F2 + + + align:start position:0% +there's no moments created by F1 and F2 +the stuff on the right hand side is only + + align:start position:0% +the stuff on the right hand side is only + + + align:start position:0% +the stuff on the right hand side is only +kinematics and mass moments of + + align:start position:0% +kinematics and mass moments of + + + align:start position:0% +kinematics and mass moments of +inertia right this thing will give you + + align:start position:0% +inertia right this thing will give you + + + align:start position:0% +inertia right this thing will give you +an I with respect you can think of this + + align:start position:0% +an I with respect you can think of this + + + align:start position:0% +an I with respect you can think of this +as a you know it's going to be give you + + align:start position:0% +as a you know it's going to be give you + + + align:start position:0% +as a you know it's going to be give you +an I with respect to G Theta double dot + + align:start position:0% +an I with respect to G Theta double dot + + + align:start position:0% +an I with respect to G Theta double dot +plus some other + + align:start position:0% +plus some other + + + align:start position:0% +plus some other +terms and does I want to talk about this + + align:start position:0% +terms and does I want to talk about this + + + align:start position:0% +terms and does I want to talk about this +does this term go to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero is a does velocity of a zero in + + align:start position:0% +zero is a does velocity of a zero in + + + align:start position:0% +zero is a does velocity of a zero in +this problem no way and in what + + align:start position:0% +this problem no way and in what + + + align:start position:0% +this problem no way and in what +direction is + + align:start position:0% +direction is + + + align:start position:0% +direction is +it horizontal right capital I hat p the + + align:start position:0% +it horizontal right capital I hat p the + + + align:start position:0% +it horizontal right capital I hat p the +momentum of the second thing has these + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the second thing has these + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the second thing has these +velocity components it's m the p is + + align:start position:0% +velocity components it's m the p is + + + align:start position:0% +velocity components it's m the p is +equal to M * + + align:start position:0% +equal to M * + + + align:start position:0% +equal to M * +that and you have velocity components in + + align:start position:0% +that and you have velocity components in + + + align:start position:0% +that and you have velocity components in +the I which is the same as VA but you + + align:start position:0% +the I which is the same as VA but you + + + align:start position:0% +the I which is the same as VA but you +have a different another velocity + + align:start position:0% +have a different another velocity + + + align:start position:0% +have a different another velocity +components not the same so is that cross + + align:start position:0% +components not the same so is that cross + + + align:start position:0% +components not the same so is that cross +product going to be zero no way you have + + align:start position:0% +product going to be zero no way you have + + + align:start position:0% +product going to be zero no way you have +to deal with that term it happens that + + align:start position:0% +to deal with that term it happens that + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with that term it happens that +this you know you can express H with + + align:start position:0% +this you know you can express H with + + + align:start position:0% +this you know you can express H with +respect to a as H with respect to g plus + + align:start position:0% +respect to a as H with respect to g plus + + + align:start position:0% +respect to a as H with respect to g plus +r g a cross + + align:start position:0% +r g a cross + + + align:start position:0% +r g a cross +p and you know P cuz you just found v s + + align:start position:0% +p and you know P cuz you just found v s + + + align:start position:0% +p and you know P cuz you just found v s +v and r r GA is just L over2 J Little J + + align:start position:0% +v and r r GA is just L over2 J Little J + + + align:start position:0% +v and r r GA is just L over2 J Little J +all right just + + align:start position:0% +all right just + + + align:start position:0% +all right just +from here to here it's l over2 little no + + align:start position:0% +from here to here it's l over2 little no + + + align:start position:0% +from here to here it's l over2 little no +I excuse me so that's r l over2 i so you + + align:start position:0% +I excuse me so that's r l over2 i so you + + + align:start position:0% +I excuse me so that's r l over2 i so you +can you can crank out this cross product + + align:start position:0% +can you can crank out this cross product + + + align:start position:0% +can you can crank out this cross product +then you have to take the time + + align:start position:0% +then you have to take the time + + + align:start position:0% +then you have to take the time +derivative of this right here this whole + + align:start position:0% +derivative of this right here this whole + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of this right here this whole +thing every + + align:start position:0% +thing every + + + align:start position:0% +thing every +time when you take the time derivative + + align:start position:0% +time when you take the time derivative + + + align:start position:0% +time when you take the time derivative +of this part you will get a piece you + + align:start position:0% +of this part you will get a piece you + + + align:start position:0% +of this part you will get a piece you +get multiple pieces but one of them will + + align:start position:0% +get multiple pieces but one of them will + + + align:start position:0% +get multiple pieces but one of them will +be minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that this thing creates a piece that's + + align:start position:0% +that this thing creates a piece that's + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing creates a piece that's +exactly minus that and they'll cancel + + align:start position:0% +exactly minus that and they'll cancel + + + align:start position:0% +exactly minus that and they'll cancel +but you got to go through + + align:start position:0% +but you got to go through + + + align:start position:0% +but you got to go through +the cranking it out till you get to that + + align:start position:0% +the cranking it out till you get to that + + + align:start position:0% +the cranking it out till you get to that +point okay let's talk that's one method + + align:start position:0% +point okay let's talk that's one method + + + align:start position:0% +point okay let's talk that's one method +of doing it let's talk talk briefly + + align:start position:0% +of doing it let's talk talk briefly + + + align:start position:0% +of doing it let's talk talk briefly +about a second method what is the other + + align:start position:0% +about a second method what is the other + + + align:start position:0% +about a second method what is the other +way to go about doing this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem that's method + + align:start position:0% +problem that's method + + + align:start position:0% +problem that's method +three now we're going to be hurry so I + + align:start position:0% +three now we're going to be hurry so I + + + align:start position:0% +three now we're going to be hurry so I +can get to + + align:start position:0% +can get to + + + align:start position:0% +can get to +it what would is second way to do this + + align:start position:0% +it what would is second way to do this + + + align:start position:0% +it what would is second way to do this +problem close relative but the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +way but I want you to have all these + + align:start position:0% +way but I want you to have all these + + + align:start position:0% +way but I want you to have all these +different ways of doing it in your + + align:start position:0% +different ways of doing it in your + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of doing it in your +toolkit because some problems are easy + + align:start position:0% +toolkit because some problems are easy + + + align:start position:0% +toolkit because some problems are easy +more easily done there's another way + + align:start position:0% +more easily done there's another way + + + align:start position:0% +more easily done there's another way +that than this that is this is perfectly + + align:start position:0% +that than this that is this is perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +that than this that is this is perfectly +appropriate for this type of problem if + + align:start position:0% +appropriate for this type of problem if + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate for this type of problem if +the problem that we were doing + + align:start position:0% +the problem that we were doing + + + align:start position:0% +the problem that we were doing +involved + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this would you do this method what would + + align:start position:0% +this would you do this method what would + + + align:start position:0% +this would you do this method what would +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +do no can't use energy yet that's next + + align:start position:0% +do no can't use energy yet that's next + + + align:start position:0% +do no can't use energy yet that's next +week ah right so the second method is + + align:start position:0% +week ah right so the second method is + + + align:start position:0% +week ah right so the second method is +basically uh this is the same this piece + + align:start position:0% +basically uh this is the same this piece + + + align:start position:0% +basically uh this is the same this piece +but the second part down and uh this is + + align:start position:0% +but the second part down and uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +but the second part down and uh this is +the same some of the forces about M2 you + + align:start position:0% +the same some of the forces about M2 you + + + align:start position:0% +the same some of the forces about M2 you +do both of those forces you do some + + align:start position:0% +do both of those forces you do some + + + align:start position:0% +do both of those forces you do some +forces for sure M1 and M2 but the third + + align:start position:0% +forces for sure M1 and M2 but the third + + + align:start position:0% +forces for sure M1 and M2 but the third +step is you do sum of torqus about + + align:start position:0% +step is you do sum of torqus about + + + align:start position:0% +step is you do sum of torqus about +G you sum torqus about + + align:start position:0% +G you sum torqus about + + + align:start position:0% +G you sum torqus about +G which is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here what appear what are what what + + align:start position:0% +here what appear what are what what + + + align:start position:0% +here what appear what are what what +appears in the sum torqu does mg + + align:start position:0% +appears in the sum torqu does mg + + + align:start position:0% +appears in the sum torqu does mg +contribute no what are the external + + align:start position:0% +contribute no what are the external + + + align:start position:0% +contribute no what are the external +torqus about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +G F2 + + align:start position:0% +G F2 + + + align:start position:0% +G F2 +l/2 positive F2 l over2 k so that + + align:start position:0% +l/2 positive F2 l over2 k so that + + + align:start position:0% +l/2 positive F2 l over2 k so that +equation will give you summing torqus + + align:start position:0% +equation will give you summing torqus + + + align:start position:0% +equation will give you summing torqus +about G will give you an F2 l + + align:start position:0% +about G will give you an F2 l + + + align:start position:0% +about G will give you an F2 l +over2 k and now you've got that unknown + + align:start position:0% +over2 k and now you've got that unknown + + + align:start position:0% +over2 k and now you've got that unknown +popping up in your torque equation and + + align:start position:0% +popping up in your torque equation and + + + align:start position:0% +popping up in your torque equation and +you know that it also pops up in these + + align:start position:0% +you know that it also pops up in these + + + align:start position:0% +you know that it also pops up in these +two equations cuz did we solve + + align:start position:0% +two equations cuz did we solve + + + align:start position:0% +two equations cuz did we solve +them so now which way is why does this + + align:start position:0% +them so now which way is why does this + + + align:start position:0% +them so now which way is why does this +one have a slight advantage or mis + + align:start position:0% +one have a slight advantage or mis + + + align:start position:0% +one have a slight advantage or mis +method slight advantage over this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method well you don't get F2 or F1 + + align:start position:0% +method well you don't get F2 or F1 + + + align:start position:0% +method well you don't get F2 or F1 +popping up in your torque equation you + + align:start position:0% +popping up in your torque equation you + + + align:start position:0% +popping up in your torque equation you +immediately get to the answer for that + + align:start position:0% +immediately get to the answer for that + + + align:start position:0% +immediately get to the answer for that +one so it's a little more efficient + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +is there a + + align:start position:0% +is there a + + + align:start position:0% +is there a +way to get directly + + align:start position:0% +way to get directly + + + align:start position:0% +way to get directly +at the two equations we're after the + + align:start position:0% +at the two equations we're after the + + + align:start position:0% +at the two equations we're after the +second + + align:start position:0% +second + + + align:start position:0% +second +equation is we get from this torque + + align:start position:0% +equation is we get from this torque + + + align:start position:0% +equation is we get from this torque +thing the first equation we get from + + align:start position:0% +thing the first equation we get from + + + align:start position:0% +thing the first equation we get from +resolving this this is a mass times M1 + + align:start position:0% +resolving this this is a mass times M1 + + + align:start position:0% +resolving this this is a mass times M1 +X1 double dot xou dot and you get this + + align:start position:0% +X1 double dot xou dot and you get this + + + align:start position:0% +X1 double dot xou dot and you get this +function of F1 and F2 and you have to + + align:start position:0% +function of F1 and F2 and you have to + + + align:start position:0% +function of F1 and F2 and you have to +substitute in for these f1s and f2s to + + align:start position:0% +substitute in for these f1s and f2s to + + + align:start position:0% +substitute in for these f1s and f2s to +finally get that equation so that's + + align:start position:0% +finally get that equation so that's + + + align:start position:0% +finally get that equation so that's +takes that's kind of tedious so how is + + align:start position:0% +takes that's kind of tedious so how is + + + align:start position:0% +takes that's kind of tedious so how is +there a way to do get directly at this + + align:start position:0% +there a way to do get directly at this + + + align:start position:0% +there a way to do get directly at this +without having to mess with F1 and F2 at + + align:start position:0% +without having to mess with F1 and F2 at + + + align:start position:0% +without having to mess with F1 and F2 at +all and that's that's what is the key to + + align:start position:0% +all and that's that's what is the key to + + + align:start position:0% +all and that's that's what is the key to +what you're talking about let's look at + + align:start position:0% +what you're talking about let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +what you're talking about let's look at +something here let's do the + + align:start position:0% +something here let's do the + + + align:start position:0% +something here let's do the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +sum the vector sum of the forces on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M1 we get an F let's look at our free + + align:start position:0% +M1 we get an F let's look at our free + + + align:start position:0% +M1 we get an F let's look at our free +body diagram + + align:start position:0% +body diagram + + + align:start position:0% +body diagram +F2 + + align:start position:0% +F2 + + + align:start position:0% +F2 +J plus F1 + + align:start position:0% +J plus F1 + + + align:start position:0% +J plus F1 +i - KX - BX + + align:start position:0% +i - KX - BX + + + align:start position:0% +i - KX - BX +Dot + + align:start position:0% +Dot + + + align:start position:0% +Dot +and a minus + + align:start position:0% +and a minus + + + align:start position:0% +and a minus +m1g uh well those are well we'll put + + align:start position:0% +m1g uh well those are well we'll put + + + align:start position:0% +m1g uh well those are well we'll put +them in there let throw them in there um + + align:start position:0% +them in there let throw them in there um + + + align:start position:0% +them in there let throw them in there um +this is in my capital J plus N1 plus n + + align:start position:0% +this is in my capital J plus N1 plus n + + + align:start position:0% +this is in my capital J plus N1 plus n +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +to Capital J hat + + align:start position:0% +to Capital J hat + + + align:start position:0% +to Capital J hat +here right is that all the forces all + + align:start position:0% +here right is that all the forces all + + + align:start position:0% +here right is that all the forces all +the vector forces in that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem did I miss anything got spring + + align:start position:0% +problem did I miss anything got spring + + + align:start position:0% +problem did I miss anything got spring +the dashbot the forces caused by the rod + + align:start position:0% +the dashbot the forces caused by the rod + + + align:start position:0% +the dashbot the forces caused by the rod +gravity and the normal forces okay and + + align:start position:0% +gravity and the normal forces okay and + + + align:start position:0% +gravity and the normal forces okay and +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we could figure out the component of + + align:start position:0% +we could figure out the component of + + + align:start position:0% +we could figure out the component of +this the sum of the forces on M1 in the + + align:start position:0% +this the sum of the forces on M1 in the + + + align:start position:0% +this the sum of the forces on M1 in the +capital x direction we could figure that + + align:start position:0% +capital x direction we could figure that + + + align:start position:0% +capital x direction we could figure that +out from this has component in that + + align:start position:0% +out from this has component in that + + + align:start position:0% +out from this has component in that +direction you know from it's just involv + + align:start position:0% +direction you know from it's just involv + + + align:start position:0% +direction you know from it's just involv +thetus these go away then you don't have + + align:start position:0% +thetus these go away then you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +thetus these go away then you don't have +to deal with this stuff in the X + + align:start position:0% +to deal with this stuff in the X + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with this stuff in the X +equation + + align:start position:0% +equation + + + align:start position:0% +equation +um but that there's are some of the + + align:start position:0% +um but that there's are some of the + + + align:start position:0% +um but that there's are some of the +forces on the first body let's do the + + align:start position:0% +forces on the first body let's do the + + + align:start position:0% +forces on the first body let's do the +sum of the forces on the second body + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they gra okay so you got a minus + + align:start position:0% +they gra okay so you got a minus + + + align:start position:0% +they gra okay so you got a minus +M2 G on it right and what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +else got those two but with opposite + + align:start position:0% +else got those two but with opposite + + + align:start position:0% +else got those two but with opposite +sign right F2 Little J minus F1 little I + + align:start position:0% +sign right F2 Little J minus F1 little I + + + align:start position:0% +sign right F2 Little J minus F1 little I +and anything else + + align:start position:0% +and anything else + + + align:start position:0% +and anything else +nothing right let's add the two + + align:start position:0% +nothing right let's add the two + + + align:start position:0% +nothing right let's add the two +together so if we do oh then this is + + align:start position:0% +together so if we do oh then this is + + + align:start position:0% +together so if we do oh then this is +this one has got to be equal + + align:start position:0% +this one has got to be equal + + + align:start position:0% +this one has got to be equal +to the mass M1 * the acceleration the X + + align:start position:0% +to the mass M1 * the acceleration the X + + + align:start position:0% +to the mass M1 * the acceleration the X +component I plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M1 acceleration in the I can't right + + align:start position:0% +M1 acceleration in the I can't right + + + align:start position:0% +M1 acceleration in the I can't right +over here in the AY in the + + align:start position:0% +over here in the AY in the + + + align:start position:0% +over here in the AY in the +J capital J hat direction right those so + + align:start position:0% +J capital J hat direction right those so + + + align:start position:0% +J capital J hat direction right those so +that gives us masstimes acceleration is + + align:start position:0% +that gives us masstimes acceleration is + + + align:start position:0% +that gives us masstimes acceleration is +what all the sums of the forces is equal + + align:start position:0% +what all the sums of the forces is equal + + + align:start position:0% +what all the sums of the forces is equal +to same thing + + align:start position:0% +to same thing + + + align:start position:0% +to same thing +here this is equal to the little Mass M2 + + align:start position:0% +here this is equal to the little Mass M2 + + + align:start position:0% +here this is equal to the little Mass M2 +times its acceleration and it'll have + + align:start position:0% +times its acceleration and it'll have + + + align:start position:0% +times its acceleration and it'll have +components in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh this is Mass 2 and it'll have + + align:start position:0% +uh this is Mass 2 and it'll have + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is Mass 2 and it'll have +components in the we can put in the IH + + align:start position:0% +components in the we can put in the IH + + + align:start position:0% +components in the we can put in the IH +hat Direction and + + align:start position:0% +hat Direction and + + + align:start position:0% +hat Direction and +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +M2 EX acceleration to + + align:start position:0% +M2 EX acceleration to + + + align:start position:0% +M2 EX acceleration to +running maybe I'll do it like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this A2 Y and this is in the J Direction + + align:start position:0% +this A2 Y and this is in the J Direction + + + align:start position:0% +this A2 Y and this is in the J Direction +and we now we those two things we can + + align:start position:0% +and we now we those two things we can + + + align:start position:0% +and we now we those two things we can +add them together right and so if I add + + align:start position:0% +add them together right and so if I add + + + align:start position:0% +add them together right and so if I add +them together I put M1 plus + + align:start position:0% +them together I put M1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +them together I put M1 plus +M2 times the ex it's uh I'll just call + + align:start position:0% +M2 times the ex it's uh I'll just call + + + align:start position:0% +M2 times the ex it's uh I'll just call +it the total + + align:start position:0% +it the total + + + align:start position:0% +it the total +acceleration well it's don't want to do + + align:start position:0% +acceleration well it's don't want to do + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration well it's don't want to do +that I don't want to say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this I'm hurrying because we're running + + align:start position:0% +this I'm hurrying because we're running + + + align:start position:0% +this I'm hurrying because we're running +out of time M1 times its + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +acceleration * M2 plus its + + align:start position:0% +acceleration * M2 plus its + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration * M2 plus its +acceleration is equal to and now we sum + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is equal to and now we sum + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration is equal to and now we sum +up everything on the right hand + + align:start position:0% +up everything on the right hand + + + align:start position:0% +up everything on the right hand +side and the key thing that happens here + + align:start position:0% +side and the key thing that happens here + + + align:start position:0% +side and the key thing that happens here +is what happens with F1 and F2 + + align:start position:0% +is what happens with F1 and F2 + + + align:start position:0% +is what happens with F1 and F2 +you completely drop + + align:start position:0% +you completely drop + + + align:start position:0% +you completely drop +out okay so on the right hand side there + + align:start position:0% +out okay so on the right hand side there + + + align:start position:0% +out okay so on the right hand side there +is it's + + align:start position:0% +is it's + + + align:start position:0% +is it's +not a function of FS1 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +FS2 the equation of motion that we were + + align:start position:0% +FS2 the equation of motion that we were + + + align:start position:0% +FS2 the equation of motion that we were +trying to get + + align:start position:0% +trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +trying to get +here was just in the I Direction that's + + align:start position:0% +here was just in the I Direction that's + + + align:start position:0% +here was just in the I Direction that's +all we need for that big cart so if we + + align:start position:0% +all we need for that big cart so if we + + + align:start position:0% +all we need for that big cart so if we +go down here here and extract the + + align:start position:0% +go down here here and extract the + + + align:start position:0% +go down here here and extract the +I component of this total + + align:start position:0% +I component of this total + + + align:start position:0% +I component of this total +sum it'll be an equation it'll involve + + align:start position:0% +sum it'll be an equation it'll involve + + + align:start position:0% +sum it'll be an equation it'll involve +M1 and M2 and it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +involve you'll have cosiness and SS and + + align:start position:0% +involve you'll have cosiness and SS and + + + align:start position:0% +involve you'll have cosiness and SS and +thetas and things like that but no f1s + + align:start position:0% +thetas and things like that but no f1s + + + align:start position:0% +thetas and things like that but no f1s +no f2s you will get directly + + align:start position:0% +no f2s you will get directly + + + align:start position:0% +no f2s you will get directly +to this the final result that you got + + align:start position:0% +to this the final result that you got + + + align:start position:0% +to this the final result that you got +here where you had to go in and + + align:start position:0% +here where you had to go in and + + + align:start position:0% +here where you had to go in and +substitute in for f1s and f2s + + align:start position:0% +substitute in for f1s and f2s + + + align:start position:0% +substitute in for f1s and f2s +it'll go it'll get it to you + + align:start position:0% +it'll go it'll get it to you + + + align:start position:0% +it'll go it'll get it to you +directly uh what do you need to solve it + + align:start position:0% +directly uh what do you need to solve it + + + align:start position:0% +directly uh what do you need to solve it +though you need to know the acceleration + + align:start position:0% +though you need to know the acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +though you need to know the acceleration +of mass + + align:start position:0% +of mass + + + align:start position:0% +of mass +one you know that that's trivial you + + align:start position:0% +one you know that that's trivial you + + + align:start position:0% +one you know that that's trivial you +need to know the acceleration of mass + + align:start position:0% +need to know the acceleration of mass + + + align:start position:0% +need to know the acceleration of mass +two and + + align:start position:0% +two and + + + align:start position:0% +two and +that you have that that you did by + + align:start position:0% +that you have that that you did by + + + align:start position:0% +that you have that that you did by +taking the time derivatives of these + + align:start position:0% +taking the time derivatives of these + + + align:start position:0% +taking the time derivatives of these +terms you know the acceleration of that + + align:start position:0% +terms you know the acceleration of that + + + align:start position:0% +terms you know the acceleration of that +mass so you need that expression + + align:start position:0% +mass so you need that expression + + + align:start position:0% +mass so you need that expression +and you plug that in + + align:start position:0% +and you plug that in + + + align:start position:0% +and you plug that in +here and everything on the everything + + align:start position:0% +here and everything on the everything + + + align:start position:0% +here and everything on the everything +else on the right hand side you know + + align:start position:0% +else on the right hand side you know + + + align:start position:0% +else on the right hand side you know +it's KX do BX do minus mg m1g minus m2g + + align:start position:0% +it's KX do BX do minus mg m1g minus m2g + + + align:start position:0% +it's KX do BX do minus mg m1g minus m2g +and so forth all the rest of stuff is + + align:start position:0% +and so forth all the rest of stuff is + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth all the rest of stuff is +known yeah does this give you two well + + align:start position:0% +known yeah does this give you two well + + + align:start position:0% +known yeah does this give you two well +it gives you two equations one in the + + align:start position:0% +it gives you two equations one in the + + + align:start position:0% +it gives you two equations one in the +one what at this point you would break + + align:start position:0% +one what at this point you would break + + + align:start position:0% +one what at this point you would break +this into capital I and capital J the + + align:start position:0% +this into capital I and capital J the + + + align:start position:0% +this into capital I and capital J the +one in the capital J direction is equal + + align:start position:0% +one in the capital J direction is equal + + + align:start position:0% +one in the capital J direction is equal +to zero there's no Motion in that + + align:start position:0% +to zero there's no Motion in that + + + align:start position:0% +to zero there's no Motion in that +direction for the main Mass the the cart + + align:start position:0% +direction for the main Mass the the cart + + + align:start position:0% +direction for the main Mass the the cart +there's only Motion in + + align:start position:0% +there's only Motion in + + + align:start position:0% +there's only Motion in +the in the U inertial frame X Direction + + align:start position:0% +the in the U inertial frame X Direction + + + align:start position:0% +the in the U inertial frame X Direction +so that's all you'll you could you have + + align:start position:0% +so that's all you'll you could you have + + + align:start position:0% +so that's all you'll you could you have +this is a vector equation has two pieces + + align:start position:0% +this is a vector equation has two pieces + + + align:start position:0% +this is a vector equation has two pieces +to it I and J the J is a Statics + + align:start position:0% +to it I and J the J is a Statics + + + align:start position:0% +to it I and J the J is a Statics +equation the I is your Dynamic one and + + align:start position:0% +equation the I is your Dynamic one and + + + align:start position:0% +equation the I is your Dynamic one and +it's this one that you would have found + + align:start position:0% +it's this one that you would have found + + + align:start position:0% +it's this one that you would have found +in in this problem but without ever + + align:start position:0% +in in this problem but without ever + + + align:start position:0% +in in this problem but without ever +having to solve for F1 and F2 but you do + + align:start position:0% +having to solve for F1 and F2 but you do + + + align:start position:0% +having to solve for F1 and F2 but you do +have to go out and solve for + + align:start position:0% +have to go out and solve for + + + align:start position:0% +have to go out and solve for +you do have to find the acceleration of + + align:start position:0% +you do have to find the acceleration of + + + align:start position:0% +you do have to find the acceleration of +both + + align:start position:0% +both + + + align:start position:0% +both +masses mass times the acceleration what + + align:start position:0% +masses mass times the acceleration what + + + align:start position:0% +masses mass times the acceleration what +this is really saying is this what you + + align:start position:0% +this is really saying is this what you + + + align:start position:0% +this is really saying is this what you +asked about the system this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +asked about the system this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +asked about the system this is sort of +the system approach if you think this + + align:start position:0% +the system approach if you think this + + + align:start position:0% +the system approach if you think this +whole thing as a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system draw a box around it the sum of + + align:start position:0% +system draw a box around it the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +system draw a box around it the sum of +the external forces on the + + align:start position:0% +the external forces on the + + + align:start position:0% +the external forces on the +system is equal to the mass the total + + align:start position:0% +system is equal to the mass the total + + + align:start position:0% +system is equal to the mass the total +mass times actually the acceleration of + + align:start position:0% +mass times actually the acceleration of + + + align:start position:0% +mass times actually the acceleration of +the center of mass of the system right + + align:start position:0% +the center of mass of the system right + + + align:start position:0% +the center of mass of the system right +but this acceleration times the center + + align:start position:0% +but this acceleration times the center + + + align:start position:0% +but this acceleration times the center +of mass of the system you can break this + + align:start position:0% +of mass of the system you can break this + + + align:start position:0% +of mass of the system you can break this +into two pieces it is this + + align:start position:0% +into two pieces it is this + + + align:start position:0% +into two pieces it is this +term plus this + + align:start position:0% +term plus this + + + align:start position:0% +term plus this +term and then you you just that's the + + align:start position:0% +term and then you you just that's the + + + align:start position:0% +term and then you you just that's the +total system and you add you sub all you + + align:start position:0% +total system and you add you sub all you + + + align:start position:0% +total system and you add you sub all you +have to put on this side is the + + align:start position:0% +have to put on this side is the + + + align:start position:0% +have to put on this side is the +summation of the external forces but the + + align:start position:0% +summation of the external forces but the + + + align:start position:0% +summation of the external forces but the +external forces are are not the internal + + align:start position:0% +external forces are are not the internal + + + align:start position:0% +external forces are are not the internal +forces don't count they're not part of + + align:start position:0% +forces don't count they're not part of + + + align:start position:0% +forces don't count they're not part of +the system so you only have to put the + + align:start position:0% +the system so you only have to put the + + + align:start position:0% +the system so you only have to put the +external forces on it MGS Springs Dash + + align:start position:0% +external forces on it MGS Springs Dash + + + align:start position:0% +external forces on it MGS Springs Dash +pots normal forces outside forces the + + align:start position:0% +pots normal forces outside forces the + + + align:start position:0% +pots normal forces outside forces the +only ones that go over + + align:start position:0% +only ones that go over + + + align:start position:0% +only ones that go over +here reason we don't usually think of + + align:start position:0% +here reason we don't usually think of + + + align:start position:0% +here reason we don't usually think of +doing this is because when you think + + align:start position:0% +doing this is because when you think + + + align:start position:0% +doing this is because when you think +about the system you write it as the + + align:start position:0% +about the system you write it as the + + + align:start position:0% +about the system you write it as the +acceleration of the center of + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the center of + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the center of +mass but you have to realize that you + + align:start position:0% +mass but you have to realize that you + + + align:start position:0% +mass but you have to realize that you +can get that expression as the sum of + + align:start position:0% +can get that expression as the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +can get that expression as the sum of +the parts the sum of each bit times its + + align:start position:0% +the parts the sum of each bit times its + + + align:start position:0% +the parts the sum of each bit times its +acceleration and sum them all up is the + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and sum them all up is the + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration and sum them all up is the +same answer as all the sum of the masses + + align:start position:0% +same answer as all the sum of the masses + + + align:start position:0% +same answer as all the sum of the masses +times the acceleration of the center of + + align:start position:0% +times the acceleration of the center of + + + align:start position:0% +times the acceleration of the center of +mass of the whole system okay so uh oh + + align:start position:0% +mass of the whole system okay so uh oh + + + align:start position:0% +mass of the whole system okay so uh oh +we still got a couple of minutes last + + align:start position:0% +we still got a couple of minutes last + + + align:start position:0% +we still got a couple of minutes last +hour I ran over and we couldn't get to + + align:start position:0% +hour I ran over and we couldn't get to + + + align:start position:0% +hour I ran over and we couldn't get to +this so there is a way there's a there's + + align:start position:0% +this so there is a way there's a there's + + + align:start position:0% +this so there is a way there's a there's +a yet another thing you can do and + + align:start position:0% +a yet another thing you can do and + + + align:start position:0% +a yet another thing you can do and +that's think of the thing as a whole + + align:start position:0% +that's think of the thing as a whole + + + align:start position:0% +that's think of the thing as a whole +system and sometimes that'll give you an + + align:start position:0% +system and sometimes that'll give you an + + + align:start position:0% +system and sometimes that'll give you an +equation without having to use F1 + + align:start position:0% +equation without having to use F1 + + + align:start position:0% +equation without having to use F1 +without having to solve for internal for + + align:start position:0% +without having to solve for internal for + + + align:start position:0% +without having to solve for internal for +forces pretty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool + + align:start position:0% +cool + + + align:start position:0% +cool +okay all right + + align:start position:0% +okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right +so questions + + align:start position:0% +so questions + + + align:start position:0% +so questions +thoughts yeah is it to say that if we + + align:start position:0% +thoughts yeah is it to say that if we + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts yeah is it to say that if we +have two or more rigid bodies we should + + align:start position:0% +have two or more rigid bodies we should + + + align:start position:0% +have two or more rigid bodies we should +probably use consider it as a whole + + align:start position:0% +probably use consider it as a whole + + + align:start position:0% +probably use consider it as a whole +system three well I can't generalize in + + align:start position:0% +system three well I can't generalize in + + + align:start position:0% +system three well I can't generalize in +that I haven't done enough problems like + + align:start position:0% +that I haven't done enough problems like + + + align:start position:0% +that I haven't done enough problems like +that myself to even to have a enough + + align:start position:0% +that myself to even to have a enough + + + align:start position:0% +that myself to even to have a enough +experience to know just how often is it + + align:start position:0% +experience to know just how often is it + + + align:start position:0% +experience to know just how often is it +going to help you out + + align:start position:0% +going to help you out + + + align:start position:0% +going to help you out +um this one there's a pretty obvious + + align:start position:0% +um this one there's a pretty obvious + + + align:start position:0% +um this one there's a pretty obvious +equation that you're going to write in + + align:start position:0% +equation that you're going to write in + + + align:start position:0% +equation that you're going to write in +this direction on that mass it's + + align:start position:0% +this direction on that mass it's + + + align:start position:0% +this direction on that mass it's +constrained to a single motion and a + + align:start position:0% +constrained to a single motion and a + + + align:start position:0% +constrained to a single motion and a +single coordinate you're assigning to it + + align:start position:0% +single coordinate you're assigning to it + + + align:start position:0% +single coordinate you're assigning to it +and probably in cases like that where + + align:start position:0% +and probably in cases like that where + + + align:start position:0% +and probably in cases like that where +you can isolate one of the rigid bodies + + align:start position:0% +you can isolate one of the rigid bodies + + + align:start position:0% +you can isolate one of the rigid bodies +you know it might there might be some + + align:start position:0% +you know it might there might be some + + + align:start position:0% +you know it might there might be some +advantage in doing something like this + + align:start position:0% +advantage in doing something like this + + + align:start position:0% +advantage in doing something like this +more difficult to figure out what the + + align:start position:0% +more difficult to figure out what the + + + align:start position:0% +more difficult to figure out what the +acceleration for both + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B yeah I mean this one all of these + + align:start position:0% +B yeah I mean this one all of these + + + align:start position:0% +B yeah I mean this one all of these +methods all of the methods you're going + + align:start position:0% +methods all of the methods you're going + + + align:start position:0% +methods all of the methods you're going +to end up having to compute the Accel + + align:start position:0% +to end up having to compute the Accel + + + align:start position:0% +to end up having to compute the Accel +velocities and accelerations of each + + align:start position:0% +velocities and accelerations of each + + + align:start position:0% +velocities and accelerations of each +piece and if you got that information + + align:start position:0% +piece and if you got that information + + + align:start position:0% +piece and if you got that information +you may as well use + + align:start position:0% +you may as well use + + + align:start position:0% +you may as well use +it if if there's something to be gained + + align:start position:0% +it if if there's something to be gained + + + align:start position:0% +it if if there's something to be gained +by doing a some you know taking a doing + + align:start position:0% +by doing a some you know taking a doing + + + align:start position:0% +by doing a some you know taking a doing +a clever step like this yeah confus me + + align:start position:0% +a clever step like this yeah confus me + + + align:start position:0% +a clever step like this yeah confus me +is that method one method three like no + + align:start position:0% +is that method one method three like no + + + align:start position:0% +is that method one method three like no +so we said there's going to be two equ + + align:start position:0% +so we said there's going to be two equ + + + align:start position:0% +so we said there's going to be two equ +motions but why is it so this what this + + align:start position:0% +motions but why is it so this what this + + + align:start position:0% +motions but why is it so this what this +method three this is a this shows you a + + align:start position:0% +method three this is a this shows you a + + + align:start position:0% +method three this is a this shows you a +different way to get that equation just + + align:start position:0% +different way to get that equation just + + + align:start position:0% +different way to get that equation just +you still need this oh this is just for + + align:start position:0% +you still need this oh this is just for + + + align:start position:0% +you still need this oh this is just for +the first you only this is clever way to + + align:start position:0% +the first you only this is clever way to + + + align:start position:0% +the first you only this is clever way to +get just this first equation down you + + align:start position:0% +get just this first equation down you + + + align:start position:0% +get just this first equation down you +still need a second equation and you + + align:start position:0% +still need a second equation and you + + + align:start position:0% +still need a second equation and you +still are going to have to and then if + + align:start position:0% +still are going to have to and then if + + + align:start position:0% +still are going to have to and then if +you don't want to have to mess with F1 + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to have to mess with F1 + + + align:start position:0% +you don't want to have to mess with F1 +and F2 so we've just found a way to + + align:start position:0% +and F2 so we've just found a way to + + + align:start position:0% +and F2 so we've just found a way to +never have to mess with F1 and F2 and at + + align:start position:0% +never have to mess with F1 and F2 and at + + + align:start position:0% +never have to mess with F1 and F2 and at +least this problem and that is get the + + align:start position:0% +least this problem and that is get the + + + align:start position:0% +least this problem and that is get the +first equation by using this trick the + + align:start position:0% +first equation by using this trick the + + + align:start position:0% +first equation by using this trick the +system equation and it's a some forces + + align:start position:0% +system equation and it's a some forces + + + align:start position:0% +system equation and it's a some forces +expression and then you use the second + + align:start position:0% +expression and then you use the second + + + align:start position:0% +expression and then you use the second +equation you need is this moment + + align:start position:0% +equation you need is this moment + + + align:start position:0% +equation you need is this moment +equation you have two choices about G or + + align:start position:0% +equation you have two choices about G or + + + align:start position:0% +equation you have two choices about G or +about a and which one can you do it + + align:start position:0% +about a and which one can you do it + + + align:start position:0% +about a and which one can you do it +without having to find FS1 and F2 I'm + + align:start position:0% +without having to find FS1 and F2 I'm + + + align:start position:0% +without having to find FS1 and F2 I'm +doing it about a okay so there's a way + + align:start position:0% +doing it about a okay so there's a way + + + align:start position:0% +doing it about a okay so there's a way +that you can do this whole problem and + + align:start position:0% +that you can do this whole problem and + + + align:start position:0% +that you can do this whole problem and +never have to address what F1 and F2 are + + align:start position:0% +never have to address what F1 and F2 are + + + align:start position:0% +never have to address what F1 and F2 are +and that's kind of a combination of + + align:start position:0% +and that's kind of a combination of + + + align:start position:0% +and that's kind of a combination of +these two pieces here the traditional + + align:start position:0% +these two pieces here the traditional + + + align:start position:0% +these two pieces here the traditional +way the textbook way you open it up + + align:start position:0% +way the textbook way you open it up + + + align:start position:0% +way the textbook way you open it up +textbook will teach you this one and + + align:start position:0% +textbook will teach you this one and + + + align:start position:0% +textbook will teach you this one and +it'll teach you about a and teach you + + align:start position:0% +it'll teach you about a and teach you + + + align:start position:0% +it'll teach you about a and teach you +about G but you don't often run + + align:start position:0% +about G but you don't often run + + + align:start position:0% +about G but you don't often run +into there's sometimes a direct way of + + align:start position:0% +into there's sometimes a direct way of + + + align:start position:0% +into there's sometimes a direct way of +getting to one of the direct way of + + align:start position:0% +getting to one of the direct way of + + + align:start position:0% +getting to one of the direct way of +doing it without finding the F1 and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +F2 unfortunately there are thousands of + + align:start position:0% +F2 unfortunately there are thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +F2 unfortunately there are thousands of +problems in the world and you can't it's + + align:start position:0% +problems in the world and you can't it's + + + align:start position:0% +problems in the world and you can't it's +hard a little hard to say + + align:start position:0% +hard a little hard to say + + + align:start position:0% +hard a little hard to say +which in + + align:start position:0% +which in + + + align:start position:0% +which in +advance what method to use and what's + + align:start position:0% +advance what method to use and what's + + + align:start position:0% +advance what method to use and what's +going to work the easiest but + + align:start position:0% +going to work the easiest but + + + align:start position:0% +going to work the easiest but +these there's some insights there's some + + align:start position:0% +these there's some insights there's some + + + align:start position:0% +these there's some insights there's some +generalizations that you can get from + + align:start position:0% +generalizations that you can get from + + + align:start position:0% +generalizations that you can get from +looking at things in these different + + align:start position:0% +looking at things in these different + + + align:start position:0% +looking at things in these different +ways if you + + align:start position:0% +ways if you + + + align:start position:0% +ways if you +have forces at a pivot point taking the + + align:start position:0% +have forces at a pivot point taking the + + + align:start position:0% +have forces at a pivot point taking the +moments at the pivot point you know + + align:start position:0% +moments at the pivot point you know + + + align:start position:0% +moments at the pivot point you know +unknowns at the Pivot Point taking the + + align:start position:0% +unknowns at the Pivot Point taking the + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns at the Pivot Point taking the +moments about that point will get rid of + + align:start position:0% +moments about that point will get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +moments about that point will get rid of +them for you that's a one generalization + + align:start position:0% +them for you that's a one generalization + + + align:start position:0% +them for you that's a one generalization +that you can use take to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bank but beyond that and if the thing's + + align:start position:0% +bank but beyond that and if the thing's + + + align:start position:0% +bank but beyond that and if the thing's +unconstrained so if there's no fix if + + align:start position:0% +unconstrained so if there's no fix if + + + align:start position:0% +unconstrained so if there's no fix if +it's fixed axis rotation then you want + + align:start position:0% +it's fixed axis rotation then you want + + + align:start position:0% +it's fixed axis rotation then you want +to use about the axis of fixed axis + + align:start position:0% +to use about the axis of fixed axis + + + align:start position:0% +to use about the axis of fixed axis +these are this is a moving axis but it + + align:start position:0% +these are this is a moving axis but it + + + align:start position:0% +these are this is a moving axis but it +is still rotating about a a fixed a + + align:start position:0% +is still rotating about a a fixed a + + + align:start position:0% +is still rotating about a a fixed a +point that's moving there's still some + + align:start position:0% +point that's moving there's still some + + + align:start position:0% +point that's moving there's still some +advantage in doing + + align:start position:0% +advantage in doing + + + align:start position:0% +advantage in doing +this all + + align:start position:0% +this all + + + align:start position:0% +this all +right if it's the the the Eraser problem + + align:start position:0% +right if it's the the the Eraser problem + + + align:start position:0% +right if it's the the the Eraser problem +this thing where you have no fix points + + align:start position:0% +this thing where you have no fix points + + + align:start position:0% +this thing where you have no fix points +of rotation and if you take a body and + + align:start position:0% +of rotation and if you take a body and + + + align:start position:0% +of rotation and if you take a body and +you you know do this with it where is it + + align:start position:0% +you you know do this with it where is it + + + align:start position:0% +you you know do this with it where is it +spinning about where is its AIS of + + align:start position:0% +spinning about where is its AIS of + + + align:start position:0% +spinning about where is its AIS of +rotation always right that's you can + + align:start position:0% +rotation always right that's you can + + + align:start position:0% +rotation always right that's you can +take to the bank if there's no PIV no + + align:start position:0% +take to the bank if there's no PIV no + + + align:start position:0% +take to the bank if there's no PIV no +forced pivot bodies on their own only + + align:start position:0% +forced pivot bodies on their own only + + + align:start position:0% +forced pivot bodies on their own only +rotate about their centers of gravity + + align:start position:0% +rotate about their centers of gravity + + + align:start position:0% +rotate about their centers of gravity +centers of mass and then you when you + + align:start position:0% +centers of mass and then you when you + + + align:start position:0% +centers of mass and then you when you +have free bodies that are not don't have + + align:start position:0% +have free bodies that are not don't have + + + align:start position:0% +have free bodies that are not don't have +constraints that are forcing them to + + align:start position:0% +constraints that are forcing them to + + + align:start position:0% +constraints that are forcing them to +move with respect to something if + + align:start position:0% +move with respect to something if + + + align:start position:0% +move with respect to something if +there's no constraints then you want to + + align:start position:0% +there's no constraints then you want to + + + align:start position:0% +there's no constraints then you want to +take the torqux about G for + + align:start position:0% +take the torqux about G for + + + align:start position:0% +take the torqux about G for +sure + + align:start position:0% +sure + + + align:start position:0% +sure +okay good all + + align:start position:0% +okay good all + + + align:start position:0% +okay good all +right see you guys next Tuesday \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_FTwuE36SUA.txt b/_FTwuE36SUA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98fe75cc8600c640ada539b0a0ce093ae81a937b --- /dev/null +++ b/_FTwuE36SUA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7003 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so let's go ahead and proceed + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's go ahead and proceed + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's go ahead and proceed +with with vehicle scheduling what we try + + align:start position:0% +with with vehicle scheduling what we try + + + align:start position:0% +with with vehicle scheduling what we try +to do in vehicle scheduling and that's + + align:start position:0% +to do in vehicle scheduling and that's + + + align:start position:0% +to do in vehicle scheduling and that's +up to this point we have frequent + + align:start position:0% +up to this point we have frequent + + + align:start position:0% +up to this point we have frequent +determined for four different routes + + align:start position:0% +determined for four different routes + + + align:start position:0% +determined for four different routes +identify to deliver the service that + + align:start position:0% +identify to deliver the service that + + + align:start position:0% +identify to deliver the service that +this is specified on the timetable and + + align:start position:0% +this is specified on the timetable and + + + align:start position:0% +this is specified on the timetable and +then vehicle scheduling which is the in + + align:start position:0% +then vehicle scheduling which is the in + + + align:start position:0% +then vehicle scheduling which is the in +part is basically how we are using the + + align:start position:0% +part is basically how we are using the + + + align:start position:0% +part is basically how we are using the +the existing fleet to deliver the + + align:start position:0% +the existing fleet to deliver the + + + align:start position:0% +the existing fleet to deliver the +service that is specified on a timetable + + align:start position:0% +service that is specified on a timetable + + + align:start position:0% +service that is specified on a timetable +how we are basically defining the duties + + align:start position:0% +how we are basically defining the duties + + + align:start position:0% +how we are basically defining the duties +for vehicles from the time that they + + align:start position:0% +for vehicles from the time that they + + + align:start position:0% +for vehicles from the time that they +pull out from Depot till the time that + + align:start position:0% +pull out from Depot till the time that + + + align:start position:0% +pull out from Depot till the time that +they pull back in to the depot again + + align:start position:0% +they pull back in to the depot again + + + align:start position:0% +they pull back in to the depot again +what is the sequences of the revenue + + align:start position:0% +what is the sequences of the revenue + + + align:start position:0% +what is the sequences of the revenue +trips or revenue movements and and where + + align:start position:0% +trips or revenue movements and and where + + + align:start position:0% +trips or revenue movements and and where +they involve debt arcs layover arcs and + + align:start position:0% +they involve debt arcs layover arcs and + + + align:start position:0% +they involve debt arcs layover arcs and +etc we will discuss this in in this + + align:start position:0% +etc we will discuss this in in this + + + align:start position:0% +etc we will discuss this in in this +lecture and we will get to that so so + + align:start position:0% +lecture and we will get to that so so + + + align:start position:0% +lecture and we will get to that so so +the the task of developing the timetable + + align:start position:0% +the the task of developing the timetable + + + align:start position:0% +the the task of developing the timetable +is basically the task of translating + + align:start position:0% +is basically the task of translating + + + align:start position:0% +is basically the task of translating +frequencies into a timetable we may all + + align:start position:0% +frequencies into a timetable we may all + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies into a timetable we may all +be familiar with what the bus service or + + align:start position:0% +be familiar with what the bus service or + + + align:start position:0% +be familiar with what the bus service or +a train service timetable is is be it + + align:start position:0% +a train service timetable is is be it + + + align:start position:0% +a train service timetable is is be it +basically includes the list of + + align:start position:0% +basically includes the list of + + + align:start position:0% +basically includes the list of +departures and arrivals to different + + align:start position:0% +departures and arrivals to different + + + align:start position:0% +departures and arrivals to different +stops by different routes there are + + align:start position:0% +stops by different routes there are + + + align:start position:0% +stops by different routes there are +alternative ways of determining the + + align:start position:0% +alternative ways of determining the + + + align:start position:0% +alternative ways of determining the +timetable the simplest way is to just + + align:start position:0% +timetable the simplest way is to just + + + align:start position:0% +timetable the simplest way is to just +use equal headways and the frequency + + align:start position:0% +use equal headways and the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +use equal headways and the frequency +that you allocated to the route at the + + align:start position:0% +that you allocated to the route at the + + + align:start position:0% +that you allocated to the route at the +time period during the time period just + + align:start position:0% +time period during the time period just + + + align:start position:0% +time period during the time period just +distribute them evenly over the over the + + align:start position:0% +distribute them evenly over the over the + + + align:start position:0% +distribute them evenly over the over the +time period the if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +time period the if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +time period the if you look at the +figure on + + align:start position:0% +figure on + + + align:start position:0% +figure on +on bottom left here we have an example + + align:start position:0% +on bottom left here we have an example + + + align:start position:0% +on bottom left here we have an example +of even headways here however if the + + align:start position:0% +of even headways here however if the + + + align:start position:0% +of even headways here however if the +demand is is not uniformly distributed + + align:start position:0% +demand is is not uniformly distributed + + + align:start position:0% +demand is is not uniformly distributed +during the period for which the example + + align:start position:0% +during the period for which the example + + + align:start position:0% +during the period for which the example +could be peak of peak that is usually + + align:start position:0% +could be peak of peak that is usually + + + align:start position:0% +could be peak of peak that is usually +happening depending on the network it + + align:start position:0% +happening depending on the network it + + + align:start position:0% +happening depending on the network it +may vary but usually happens between 7 & + + align:start position:0% +may vary but usually happens between 7 & + + + align:start position:0% +may vary but usually happens between 7 & +8 7:30 and 8:30 they want to work and + + align:start position:0% +8 7:30 and 8:30 they want to work and + + + align:start position:0% +8 7:30 and 8:30 they want to work and +work out the head ways and work out the + + align:start position:0% +work out the head ways and work out the + + + align:start position:0% +work out the head ways and work out the +the timetable anyway to to result in + + align:start position:0% +the timetable anyway to to result in + + + align:start position:0% +the timetable anyway to to result in +balance loads and equal loads so in + + align:start position:0% +balance loads and equal loads so in + + + align:start position:0% +balance loads and equal loads so in +order to do this what you need to do is + + align:start position:0% +order to do this what you need to do is + + + align:start position:0% +order to do this what you need to do is +to generate the cumulative passenger + + align:start position:0% +to generate the cumulative passenger + + + align:start position:0% +to generate the cumulative passenger +passenger flow arrivals and then if you + + align:start position:0% +passenger flow arrivals and then if you + + + align:start position:0% +passenger flow arrivals and then if you +distribute your head ways on the on the + + align:start position:0% +distribute your head ways on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +distribute your head ways on the on the +time access you will get even headways + + align:start position:0% +time access you will get even headways + + + align:start position:0% +time access you will get even headways +or or equal head base service if you + + align:start position:0% +or or equal head base service if you + + + align:start position:0% +or or equal head base service if you +distribute your head ways on the + + align:start position:0% +distribute your head ways on the + + + align:start position:0% +distribute your head ways on the +cumulative passenger flow evenly then + + align:start position:0% +cumulative passenger flow evenly then + + + align:start position:0% +cumulative passenger flow evenly then +you would get balanced loads as you can + + align:start position:0% +you would get balanced loads as you can + + + align:start position:0% +you would get balanced loads as you can +see the ways which is here 1 2 3 4 5 + + align:start position:0% +see the ways which is here 1 2 3 4 5 + + + align:start position:0% +see the ways which is here 1 2 3 4 5 +balancing loads for timetable + + align:start position:0% +balancing loads for timetable + + + align:start position:0% +balancing loads for timetable +development the other alternative way of + + align:start position:0% +development the other alternative way of + + + align:start position:0% +development the other alternative way of +the poles would be trying to design a + + align:start position:0% +the poles would be trying to design a + + + align:start position:0% +the poles would be trying to design a +clock way clock face service why would + + align:start position:0% +clock way clock face service why would + + + align:start position:0% +clock way clock face service why would +we want to design a clock face timetable + + align:start position:0% +we want to design a clock face timetable + + + align:start position:0% +we want to design a clock face timetable +does anyone have any suggestions why yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here we had some sort of cyclical + + align:start position:0% +here we had some sort of cyclical + + + align:start position:0% +here we had some sort of cyclical +pattern easier to assign right yeah yes + + align:start position:0% +pattern easier to assign right yeah yes + + + align:start position:0% +pattern easier to assign right yeah yes +so that that is actually one reason it + + align:start position:0% +so that that is actually one reason it + + + align:start position:0% +so that that is actually one reason it +may eventually in the next step which is + + align:start position:0% +may eventually in the next step which is + + + align:start position:0% +may eventually in the next step which is +crew scheduling makes the the service + + align:start position:0% +crew scheduling makes the the service + + + align:start position:0% +crew scheduling makes the the service +more efficient and and cost-efficient is + + align:start position:0% +more efficient and and cost-efficient is + + + align:start position:0% +more efficient and and cost-efficient is +there any other yep exactly + + align:start position:0% +there any other yep exactly + + + align:start position:0% +there any other yep exactly +if the the waiting time estimations that + + align:start position:0% +if the the waiting time estimations that + + + align:start position:0% +if the the waiting time estimations that +that we are doing with respect to + + align:start position:0% +that we are doing with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +that we are doing with respect to +frequencies and with respect to head + + align:start position:0% +frequencies and with respect to head + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies and with respect to head +ways if passengers are able to + + align:start position:0% +ways if passengers are able to + + + align:start position:0% +ways if passengers are able to +coordinate with the service the expected + + align:start position:0% +coordinate with the service the expected + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate with the service the expected +waiting time would be less than the + + align:start position:0% +waiting time would be less than the + + + align:start position:0% +waiting time would be less than the +situation where they cannot quite that's + + align:start position:0% +situation where they cannot quite that's + + + align:start position:0% +situation where they cannot quite that's +only the case when headway is ten + + align:start position:0% +only the case when headway is ten + + + align:start position:0% +only the case when headway is ten +fifteen twenty thirty or minutes or 60 + + align:start position:0% +fifteen twenty thirty or minutes or 60 + + + align:start position:0% +fifteen twenty thirty or minutes or 60 +minutes and then we would have like + + align:start position:0% +minutes and then we would have like + + + align:start position:0% +minutes and then we would have like +service every minute one for example + + align:start position:0% +service every minute one for example + + + align:start position:0% +service every minute one for example +that would be seven one seven eleven + + align:start position:0% +that would be seven one seven eleven + + + align:start position:0% +that would be seven one seven eleven +seven twenty one and so on and so forth + + align:start position:0% +seven twenty one and so on and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +seven twenty one and so on and so forth +so it's easier for passengers to + + align:start position:0% +so it's easier for passengers to + + + align:start position:0% +so it's easier for passengers to +remember the service that is designed + + align:start position:0% +remember the service that is designed + + + align:start position:0% +remember the service that is designed +clockface so again for for the two two + + align:start position:0% +clockface so again for for the two two + + + align:start position:0% +clockface so again for for the two two +approaches to headway distribution equal + + align:start position:0% +approaches to headway distribution equal + + + align:start position:0% +approaches to headway distribution equal +head weight distribution is basically as + + align:start position:0% +head weight distribution is basically as + + + align:start position:0% +head weight distribution is basically as +it can be imagined each head way would + + align:start position:0% +it can be imagined each head way would + + + align:start position:0% +it can be imagined each head way would +be computed that calculated as peak + + align:start position:0% +be computed that calculated as peak + + + align:start position:0% +be computed that calculated as peak +period the Eurasian divided by a number + + align:start position:0% +period the Eurasian divided by a number + + + align:start position:0% +period the Eurasian divided by a number +of vehicles or frequency that we + + align:start position:0% +of vehicles or frequency that we + + + align:start position:0% +of vehicles or frequency that we +determined for the route at the time + + align:start position:0% +determined for the route at the time + + + align:start position:0% +determined for the route at the time +period and in terms of balance load + + align:start position:0% +period and in terms of balance load + + + align:start position:0% +period and in terms of balance load +solution we basically need to first + + align:start position:0% +solution we basically need to first + + + align:start position:0% +solution we basically need to first +realize what what the loads are that the + + align:start position:0% +realize what what the loads are that the + + + align:start position:0% +realize what what the loads are that the +balanced loads are by dividing the + + align:start position:0% +balanced loads are by dividing the + + + align:start position:0% +balanced loads are by dividing the +passenger flows to N and then work out + + align:start position:0% +passenger flows to N and then work out + + + align:start position:0% +passenger flows to N and then work out +on the cumulative passenger distribution + + align:start position:0% +on the cumulative passenger distribution + + + align:start position:0% +on the cumulative passenger distribution +and the cumulative passenger arrivals to + + align:start position:0% +and the cumulative passenger arrivals to + + + align:start position:0% +and the cumulative passenger arrivals to +realize what what the timetable arrivals + + align:start position:0% +realize what what the timetable arrivals + + + align:start position:0% +realize what what the timetable arrivals +and departures are is there any + + align:start position:0% +and departures are is there any + + + align:start position:0% +and departures are is there any +questions about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is greater than the capacity of a bus + + align:start position:0% +is greater than the capacity of a bus + + + align:start position:0% +is greater than the capacity of a bus +then we have a prop yeah that's however + + align:start position:0% +then we have a prop yeah that's however + + + align:start position:0% +then we have a prop yeah that's however +what we basically did in previous step + + align:start position:0% +what we basically did in previous step + + + align:start position:0% +what we basically did in previous step +was in in frequency determination that's + + align:start position:0% +was in in frequency determination that's + + + align:start position:0% +was in in frequency determination that's +one of the chicks that we do the maximum + + align:start position:0% +one of the chicks that we do the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +one of the chicks that we do the maximum +load and we basically make sure that + + align:start position:0% +load and we basically make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +load and we basically make sure that +within the right yeah so so yeah that + + align:start position:0% +within the right yeah so so yeah that + + + align:start position:0% +within the right yeah so so yeah that +makes sense it really depends if we + + align:start position:0% +makes sense it really depends if we + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense it really depends if we +design based on the time period and we + + align:start position:0% +design based on the time period and we + + + align:start position:0% +design based on the time period and we +distribute the frequencies evenly and + + align:start position:0% +distribute the frequencies evenly and + + + align:start position:0% +distribute the frequencies evenly and +make sure that we are checking the the + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we are checking the the + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we are checking the the +requirements that are related to maximum + + align:start position:0% +requirements that are related to maximum + + + align:start position:0% +requirements that are related to maximum +load factors then we won't have any + + align:start position:0% +load factors then we won't have any + + + align:start position:0% +load factors then we won't have any +problems however the other issue that + + align:start position:0% +problems however the other issue that + + + align:start position:0% +problems however the other issue that +may actually that could actually be the + + align:start position:0% +may actually that could actually be the + + + align:start position:0% +may actually that could actually be the +counterpart of the issue that you + + align:start position:0% +counterpart of the issue that you + + + align:start position:0% +counterpart of the issue that you +suggested is that when we are designing + + align:start position:0% +suggested is that when we are designing + + + align:start position:0% +suggested is that when we are designing +the time table based on balanced load + + align:start position:0% +the time table based on balanced load + + + align:start position:0% +the time table based on balanced load +solution we may actually end up happy to + + align:start position:0% +solution we may actually end up happy to + + + align:start position:0% +solution we may actually end up happy to +use more vehicles required for that + + align:start position:0% +use more vehicles required for that + + + align:start position:0% +use more vehicles required for that +pollution and the reason for that does + + align:start position:0% +pollution and the reason for that does + + + align:start position:0% +pollution and the reason for that does +anyone have any suggestions the reason + + align:start position:0% +anyone have any suggestions the reason + + + align:start position:0% +anyone have any suggestions the reason +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +if the number why the number of vehicles + + align:start position:0% +if the number why the number of vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +if the number why the number of vehicles +that we may want to require for balance + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right yeah so that could be one one + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so that could be one one + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so that could be one one +reason the other reason would be if we + + align:start position:0% +reason the other reason would be if we + + + align:start position:0% +reason the other reason would be if we +have a peak of peak in our passenger + + align:start position:0% +have a peak of peak in our passenger + + + align:start position:0% +have a peak of peak in our passenger +arrivals then we would have really short + + align:start position:0% +arrivals then we would have really short + + + align:start position:0% +arrivals then we would have really short +time intervals or short headways during + + align:start position:0% +time intervals or short headways during + + + align:start position:0% +time intervals or short headways during +peak of the peak and rather longer + + align:start position:0% +peak of the peak and rather longer + + + align:start position:0% +peak of the peak and rather longer +headways during the the off-peak and + + align:start position:0% +headways during the the off-peak and + + + align:start position:0% +headways during the the off-peak and +then why what happens is that if these + + align:start position:0% +then why what happens is that if these + + + align:start position:0% +then why what happens is that if these +longer headways exceed the maximum + + align:start position:0% +longer headways exceed the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +longer headways exceed the maximum +headway that is allowed then we would + + align:start position:0% +headway that is allowed then we would + + + align:start position:0% +headway that is allowed then we would +have to basically throw in more vehicles + + align:start position:0% +have to basically throw in more vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +have to basically throw in more vehicles +to make sure that we do not exceed the + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that we do not exceed the + + + align:start position:0% +to make sure that we do not exceed the +maximum headway allowed which is one of + + align:start position:0% +maximum headway allowed which is one of + + + align:start position:0% +maximum headway allowed which is one of +the considerations related to maximum + + align:start position:0% +the considerations related to maximum + + + align:start position:0% +the considerations related to maximum +waiting time for passengers and level of + + align:start position:0% +waiting time for passengers and level of + + + align:start position:0% +waiting time for passengers and level of +service so that that's one of the issues + + align:start position:0% +service so that that's one of the issues + + + align:start position:0% +service so that that's one of the issues +so in as a result in in general it is + + align:start position:0% +so in as a result in in general it is + + + align:start position:0% +so in as a result in in general it is +better to assume that design of + + align:start position:0% +better to assume that design of + + + align:start position:0% +better to assume that design of +timetable is going to be based on equal + + align:start position:0% +timetable is going to be based on equal + + + align:start position:0% +timetable is going to be based on equal +headways and when we do the frequency + + align:start position:0% +headways and when we do the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +headways and when we do the frequency +computations be consistent with that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm not sure I am I understand your + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure I am I understand your + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure I am I understand your +comment can you repeat that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right question why do you why do you + + align:start position:0% +right question why do you why do you + + + align:start position:0% +right question why do you why do you +slow will require more people's I + + align:start position:0% +slow will require more people's I + + + align:start position:0% +slow will require more people's I +couldn't believe that it's actually + + align:start position:0% +couldn't believe that it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't believe that it's actually +somewhat more efficient capacity wise + + align:start position:0% +somewhat more efficient capacity wise + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat more efficient capacity wise +been certain points but we need more + + align:start position:0% +been certain points but we need more + + + align:start position:0% +been certain points but we need more +things you can't be so sure so so the + + align:start position:0% +things you can't be so sure so so the + + + align:start position:0% +things you can't be so sure so so the +reason that we would basically require + + align:start position:0% +reason that we would basically require + + + align:start position:0% +reason that we would basically require +more vehicles in balanced load is that + + align:start position:0% +more vehicles in balanced load is that + + + align:start position:0% +more vehicles in balanced load is that +for some of these headways we need to + + align:start position:0% +for some of these headways we need to + + + align:start position:0% +for some of these headways we need to +stretch the headway in a way that it + + align:start position:0% +stretch the headway in a way that it + + + align:start position:0% +stretch the headway in a way that it +basically meets the the balanced load on + + align:start position:0% +basically meets the the balanced load on + + + align:start position:0% +basically meets the the balanced load on +the other headways right and then once + + align:start position:0% +the other headways right and then once + + + align:start position:0% +the other headways right and then once +we do that we make actually go over the + + align:start position:0% +we do that we make actually go over the + + + align:start position:0% +we do that we make actually go over the +the maximum allowed headway that that is + + align:start position:0% +the maximum allowed headway that that is + + + align:start position:0% +the maximum allowed headway that that is +basically trying to take care of maximum + + align:start position:0% +basically trying to take care of maximum + + + align:start position:0% +basically trying to take care of maximum +waiting time and level of service in the + + align:start position:0% +waiting time and level of service in the + + + align:start position:0% +waiting time and level of service in the +end in that case then we need to throw + + align:start position:0% +end in that case then we need to throw + + + align:start position:0% +end in that case then we need to throw +in more vehicles during the same period + + align:start position:0% +in more vehicles during the same period + + + align:start position:0% +in more vehicles during the same period +of the route and if we need to do this + + align:start position:0% +of the route and if we need to do this + + + align:start position:0% +of the route and if we need to do this +for all the routes at the same time then + + align:start position:0% +for all the routes at the same time then + + + align:start position:0% +for all the routes at the same time then +we would eventually observe more deficit + + align:start position:0% +we would eventually observe more deficit + + + align:start position:0% +we would eventually observe more deficit +and and more more vehicles to be used is + + align:start position:0% +and and more more vehicles to be used is + + + align:start position:0% +and and more more vehicles to be used is +this the point that you try to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right on reversed right well these are + + align:start position:0% +right on reversed right well these are + + + align:start position:0% +right on reversed right well these are +two different factors and both are + + align:start position:0% +two different factors and both are + + + align:start position:0% +two different factors and both are +important in terms of level of service + + align:start position:0% +important in terms of level of service + + + align:start position:0% +important in terms of level of service +headway consideration is related to + + align:start position:0% +headway consideration is related to + + + align:start position:0% +headway consideration is related to +maximum waiting time you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +maximum waiting time you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +maximum waiting time you don't want to +have like really long head ways that + + align:start position:0% +have like really long head ways that + + + align:start position:0% +have like really long head ways that +would force people to wait longer and at + + align:start position:0% +would force people to wait longer and at + + + align:start position:0% +would force people to wait longer and at +the same time you don't want buses that + + align:start position:0% +the same time you don't want buses that + + + align:start position:0% +the same time you don't want buses that +are overcrowded and there's discomfort + + align:start position:0% +are overcrowded and there's discomfort + + + align:start position:0% +are overcrowded and there's discomfort +of resulting from the crowding effect + + align:start position:0% +of resulting from the crowding effect + + + align:start position:0% +of resulting from the crowding effect +right so these are two different sources + + align:start position:0% +right so these are two different sources + + + align:start position:0% +right so these are two different sources +of this utility basically in the service + + align:start position:0% +of this utility basically in the service + + + align:start position:0% +of this utility basically in the service +that we try to balance somehow right the + + align:start position:0% +that we try to balance somehow right the + + + align:start position:0% +that we try to balance somehow right the +other issue that you brought up first in + + align:start position:0% +other issue that you brought up first in + + + align:start position:0% +other issue that you brought up first in +terms of the fact that the service may + + align:start position:0% +terms of the fact that the service may + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the fact that the service may +be directional and demand may be + + align:start position:0% +be directional and demand may be + + + align:start position:0% +be directional and demand may be +directional during peak and there could + + align:start position:0% +directional during peak and there could + + + align:start position:0% +directional during peak and there could +be possibility of using vehicles in + + align:start position:0% +be possibility of using vehicles in + + + align:start position:0% +be possibility of using vehicles in +other directions or using deadheading + + align:start position:0% +other directions or using deadheading + + + align:start position:0% +other directions or using deadheading +and and situations like that we are + + align:start position:0% +and and situations like that we are + + + align:start position:0% +and and situations like that we are +actually going to cover that and that's + + align:start position:0% +actually going to cover that and that's + + + align:start position:0% +actually going to cover that and that's +that's true for both of the two + + align:start position:0% +that's true for both of the two + + + align:start position:0% +that's true for both of the two +scenarios right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know there's a way to write yeah + + align:start position:0% +you know there's a way to write yeah + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's a way to write yeah +exactly yeah and so there is all sorts + + align:start position:0% +exactly yeah and so there is all sorts + + + align:start position:0% +exactly yeah and so there is all sorts +of tricks at these steps where you tweak + + align:start position:0% +of tricks at these steps where you tweak + + + align:start position:0% +of tricks at these steps where you tweak +some of the solutions from one level and + + align:start position:0% +some of the solutions from one level and + + + align:start position:0% +some of the solutions from one level and +go back to to the previous levels and + + align:start position:0% +go back to to the previous levels and + + + align:start position:0% +go back to to the previous levels and +adjust those that there's all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +adjust those that there's all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +adjust those that there's all sorts of +engineering judgments and the planning + + align:start position:0% +engineering judgments and the planning + + + align:start position:0% +engineering judgments and the planning +judgments that are involved and can + + align:start position:0% +judgments that are involved and can + + + align:start position:0% +judgments that are involved and can +actually take place we will see a couple + + align:start position:0% +actually take place we will see a couple + + + align:start position:0% +actually take place we will see a couple +of those in this lecture too okay so + + align:start position:0% +of those in this lecture too okay so + + + align:start position:0% +of those in this lecture too okay so +let's go so now once we know what the + + align:start position:0% +let's go so now once we know what the + + + align:start position:0% +let's go so now once we know what the +what the timetable is the sequence of + + align:start position:0% +what the timetable is the sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +what the timetable is the sequence of +arrivals and departures for different + + align:start position:0% +arrivals and departures for different + + + align:start position:0% +arrivals and departures for different +trips for all routes then it's the + + align:start position:0% +trips for all routes then it's the + + + align:start position:0% +trips for all routes then it's the +matter of determining what's the the + + align:start position:0% +matter of determining what's the the + + + align:start position:0% +matter of determining what's the the +fleet size that is required for + + align:start position:0% +fleet size that is required for + + + align:start position:0% +fleet size that is required for +delivering the service that is + + align:start position:0% +delivering the service that is + + + align:start position:0% +delivering the service that is +timetabled there is um there's this + + align:start position:0% +timetabled there is um there's this + + + align:start position:0% +timetabled there is um there's this +famous theorem in the literature that + + align:start position:0% +famous theorem in the literature that + + + align:start position:0% +famous theorem in the literature that +deals with an estimation of of number of + + align:start position:0% +deals with an estimation of of number of + + + align:start position:0% +deals with an estimation of of number of +fleet that is required it is basically + + align:start position:0% +fleet that is required it is basically + + + align:start position:0% +fleet that is required it is basically +an upper bound to the number of vehicles + + align:start position:0% +an upper bound to the number of vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +an upper bound to the number of vehicles +that are required to deliver the service + + align:start position:0% +that are required to deliver the service + + + align:start position:0% +that are required to deliver the service +the reason that it's an upper bound is + + align:start position:0% +the reason that it's an upper bound is + + + align:start position:0% +the reason that it's an upper bound is +that it basically assumes that we are + + align:start position:0% +that it basically assumes that we are + + + align:start position:0% +that it basically assumes that we are +not we are going to stick to the + + align:start position:0% +not we are going to stick to the + + + align:start position:0% +not we are going to stick to the +original timetable and we are not + + align:start position:0% +original timetable and we are not + + + align:start position:0% +original timetable and we are not +allowed to do any trip shifting or we + + align:start position:0% +allowed to do any trip shifting or we + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to do any trip shifting or we +are not doing any trip shifting in the + + align:start position:0% +are not doing any trip shifting in the + + + align:start position:0% +are not doing any trip shifting in the +Indus Thep to to accommodate some ups + + align:start position:0% +Indus Thep to to accommodate some ups + + + align:start position:0% +Indus Thep to to accommodate some ups +that are one or two minutes or or a few + + align:start position:0% +that are one or two minutes or or a few + + + align:start position:0% +that are one or two minutes or or a few +minutes basically conflicting and then + + align:start position:0% +minutes basically conflicting and then + + + align:start position:0% +minutes basically conflicting and then +the other is and that is made here to + + align:start position:0% +the other is and that is made here to + + + align:start position:0% +the other is and that is made here to +compute the the upper bound of fleet + + align:start position:0% +compute the the upper bound of fleet + + + align:start position:0% +compute the the upper bound of fleet +size is that we are not allowing + + align:start position:0% +size is that we are not allowing + + + align:start position:0% +size is that we are not allowing +deadheading trips to balance the deficit + + align:start position:0% +deadheading trips to balance the deficit + + + align:start position:0% +deadheading trips to balance the deficit +among the terminals so so let's start + + align:start position:0% +among the terminals so so let's start + + + align:start position:0% +among the terminals so so let's start +with the definition the the function L + + align:start position:0% +with the definition the the function L + + + align:start position:0% +with the definition the the function L +of KT and SK is the the index of + + align:start position:0% +of KT and SK is the the index of + + + align:start position:0% +of KT and SK is the the index of +of terminal t is the index of time and + + align:start position:0% +of terminal t is the index of time and + + + align:start position:0% +of terminal t is the index of time and +LS is the index of schedule that is + + align:start position:0% +LS is the index of schedule that is + + + align:start position:0% +LS is the index of schedule that is +already developed so L is basically the + + align:start position:0% +already developed so L is basically the + + + align:start position:0% +already developed so L is basically the +cumulative number of departures from + + align:start position:0% +cumulative number of departures from + + + align:start position:0% +cumulative number of departures from +terminal by time T following the + + align:start position:0% +terminal by time T following the + + + align:start position:0% +terminal by time T following the +schedule an a would be the cumulative + + align:start position:0% +schedule an a would be the cumulative + + + align:start position:0% +schedule an a would be the cumulative +number of arrivals at terminal K by time + + align:start position:0% +number of arrivals at terminal K by time + + + align:start position:0% +number of arrivals at terminal K by time +T following that schedule then we define + + align:start position:0% +T following that schedule then we define + + + align:start position:0% +T following that schedule then we define +a function which is the difference + + align:start position:0% +a function which is the difference + + + align:start position:0% +a function which is the difference +between the two it is basically the + + align:start position:0% +between the two it is basically the + + + align:start position:0% +between the two it is basically the +deficit function which is the cumulative + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +departures - cumulative arrivals we use + + align:start position:0% +departures - cumulative arrivals we use + + + align:start position:0% +departures - cumulative arrivals we use +this deficit function to to estimate + + align:start position:0% +this deficit function to to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +this deficit function to to estimate +what's the required to the service so + + align:start position:0% +what's the required to the service so + + + align:start position:0% +what's the required to the service so +the free site fleet size theorem says + + align:start position:0% +the free site fleet size theorem says + + + align:start position:0% +the free site fleet size theorem says +that if we basically computes the the + + align:start position:0% +that if we basically computes the the + + + align:start position:0% +that if we basically computes the the +maximum number of deficit over overall + + align:start position:0% +maximum number of deficit over overall + + + align:start position:0% +maximum number of deficit over overall +time intervals for each terminal and we + + align:start position:0% +time intervals for each terminal and we + + + align:start position:0% +time intervals for each terminal and we +add those up we will get the total + + align:start position:0% +add those up we will get the total + + + align:start position:0% +add those up we will get the total +number that is required number of + + align:start position:0% +number that is required number of + + + align:start position:0% +number that is required number of +vehicles that is required to deliver the + + align:start position:0% +vehicles that is required to deliver the + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles that is required to deliver the +service so it's basically this equation + + align:start position:0% +service so it's basically this equation + + + align:start position:0% +service so it's basically this equation +the summation over all terminals maximum + + align:start position:0% +the summation over all terminals maximum + + + align:start position:0% +the summation over all terminals maximum +over T of the deficit function so in + + align:start position:0% +over T of the deficit function so in + + + align:start position:0% +over T of the deficit function so in +this figure we basically on top we see + + align:start position:0% +this figure we basically on top we see + + + align:start position:0% +this figure we basically on top we see +different and tripped scheduled and each + + align:start position:0% +different and tripped scheduled and each + + + align:start position:0% +different and tripped scheduled and each +trip is basically identified with a + + align:start position:0% +trip is basically identified with a + + + align:start position:0% +trip is basically identified with a +number and a pair of of terminals that + + align:start position:0% +number and a pair of of terminals that + + + align:start position:0% +number and a pair of of terminals that +for example trip one starts from + + align:start position:0% +for example trip one starts from + + + align:start position:0% +for example trip one starts from +Terminal M and ends at terminal you and + + align:start position:0% +Terminal M and ends at terminal you and + + + align:start position:0% +Terminal M and ends at terminal you and +then as you can see these trips all + + align:start position:0% +then as you can see these trips all + + + align:start position:0% +then as you can see these trips all +start at Terminal M some of them go to + + align:start position:0% +start at Terminal M some of them go to + + + align:start position:0% +start at Terminal M some of them go to +use of them go to V and there is also + + align:start position:0% +use of them go to V and there is also + + + align:start position:0% +use of them go to V and there is also +trips between U and V and basically some + + align:start position:0% +trips between U and V and basically some + + + align:start position:0% +trips between U and V and basically some +of them come back to em again + + align:start position:0% +of them come back to em again + + + align:start position:0% +of them come back to em again +so if we generate if we basically work + + align:start position:0% +so if we generate if we basically work + + + align:start position:0% +so if we generate if we basically work +out the the deficit function for + + align:start position:0% +out the the deficit function for + + + align:start position:0% +out the the deficit function for +terminal M what we see is that for + + align:start position:0% +terminal M what we see is that for + + + align:start position:0% +terminal M what we see is that for +example at time around 5 a.m. we will + + align:start position:0% +example at time around 5 a.m. we will + + + align:start position:0% +example at time around 5 a.m. we will +have one trip scheduled here trip number + + align:start position:0% +have one trip scheduled here trip number + + + align:start position:0% +have one trip scheduled here trip number +six and at six there's another one our + + align:start position:0% +six and at six there's another one our + + + align:start position:0% +six and at six there's another one our +deficit is basically growing until at + + align:start position:0% +deficit is basically growing until at + + + align:start position:0% +deficit is basically growing until at +noon where the first trip comes back to + + align:start position:0% +noon where the first trip comes back to + + + align:start position:0% +noon where the first trip comes back to +two terminal M and then at that point it + + align:start position:0% +two terminal M and then at that point it + + + align:start position:0% +two terminal M and then at that point it +continues at deficit level three where + + align:start position:0% +continues at deficit level three where + + + align:start position:0% +continues at deficit level three where +there is one departure and one arrival + + align:start position:0% +there is one departure and one arrival + + + align:start position:0% +there is one departure and one arrival +scheduled at at fifteen at at seventeen + + align:start position:0% +scheduled at at fifteen at at seventeen + + + align:start position:0% +scheduled at at fifteen at at seventeen +at 5:00 p.m. and then it continues until + + align:start position:0% +at 5:00 p.m. and then it continues until + + + align:start position:0% +at 5:00 p.m. and then it continues until +the last trip arrivals at before a + + align:start position:0% +the last trip arrivals at before a + + + align:start position:0% +the last trip arrivals at before a +little bit before 10:00 p.m. so in this + + align:start position:0% +little bit before 10:00 p.m. so in this + + + align:start position:0% +little bit before 10:00 p.m. so in this +case if we look at the the maximum + + align:start position:0% +case if we look at the the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +case if we look at the the maximum +deficit over time for this terminal it + + align:start position:0% +deficit over time for this terminal it + + + align:start position:0% +deficit over time for this terminal it +would be four and that's four for + + align:start position:0% +would be four and that's four for + + + align:start position:0% +would be four and that's four for +terminal M when we look at all terminals + + align:start position:0% +terminal M when we look at all terminals + + + align:start position:0% +terminal M when we look at all terminals +in the network and some of the maximum + + align:start position:0% +in the network and some of the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +in the network and some of the maximum +deficits the summation will give us + + align:start position:0% +deficits the summation will give us + + + align:start position:0% +deficits the summation will give us +number of fleet that is required however + + align:start position:0% +number of fleet that is required however + + + align:start position:0% +number of fleet that is required however +there are a couple tricks that we can + + align:start position:0% +there are a couple tricks that we can + + + align:start position:0% +there are a couple tricks that we can +basically improve the efficiency one of + + align:start position:0% +basically improve the efficiency one of + + + align:start position:0% +basically improve the efficiency one of +the tricks would be shifting the + + align:start position:0% +the tricks would be shifting the + + + align:start position:0% +the tricks would be shifting the +departures or arrivals a little bit so + + align:start position:0% +departures or arrivals a little bit so + + + align:start position:0% +departures or arrivals a little bit so +we accommodate poor trips required for + + align:start position:0% +we accommodate poor trips required for + + + align:start position:0% +we accommodate poor trips required for +example in this case like the the the + + align:start position:0% +example in this case like the the the + + + align:start position:0% +example in this case like the the the +deficit part that actually gets to two + + align:start position:0% +deficit part that actually gets to two + + + align:start position:0% +deficit part that actually gets to two +to level four is as the result of trip + + align:start position:0% +to level four is as the result of trip + + + align:start position:0% +to level four is as the result of trip +nine being scheduled at around like + + align:start position:0% +nine being scheduled at around like + + + align:start position:0% +nine being scheduled at around like +eleven fifteen or so if we can manage to + + align:start position:0% +eleven fifteen or so if we can manage to + + + align:start position:0% +eleven fifteen or so if we can manage to +shift trip nine a little bit forward up + + align:start position:0% +shift trip nine a little bit forward up + + + align:start position:0% +shift trip nine a little bit forward up +to afternoon then we may actually get + + align:start position:0% +to afternoon then we may actually get + + + align:start position:0% +to afternoon then we may actually get +rid of the the fourth unit of deficit + + align:start position:0% +rid of the the fourth unit of deficit + + + align:start position:0% +rid of the the fourth unit of deficit +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +and make the the total deficit or + + align:start position:0% +and make the the total deficit or + + + align:start position:0% +and make the the total deficit or +maximum deficit here equal to three + + align:start position:0% +maximum deficit here equal to three + + + align:start position:0% +maximum deficit here equal to three +there's also the issue of reliability + + align:start position:0% +there's also the issue of reliability + + + align:start position:0% +there's also the issue of reliability +that they want to consider for these + + align:start position:0% +that they want to consider for these + + + align:start position:0% +that they want to consider for these +trip arrivals and departures for example + + align:start position:0% +trip arrivals and departures for example + + + align:start position:0% +trip arrivals and departures for example +if you look at this point here where + + align:start position:0% +if you look at this point here where + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at this point here where +trip to arrives and it's basically based + + align:start position:0% +trip to arrives and it's basically based + + + align:start position:0% +trip to arrives and it's basically based +on this method it is going to be + + align:start position:0% +on this method it is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +on this method it is going to be +assigned to trip eight however what if + + align:start position:0% +assigned to trip eight however what if + + + align:start position:0% +assigned to trip eight however what if +trip 2 is is late by by by a few minutes + + align:start position:0% +trip 2 is is late by by by a few minutes + + + align:start position:0% +trip 2 is is late by by by a few minutes +can be what what should be doing that + + align:start position:0% +can be what what should be doing that + + + align:start position:0% +can be what what should be doing that +case are we going to delay trip eight to + + align:start position:0% +case are we going to delay trip eight to + + + align:start position:0% +case are we going to delay trip eight to +accommodate that one one way of looking + + align:start position:0% +accommodate that one one way of looking + + + align:start position:0% +accommodate that one one way of looking +at this is that instead of working out + + align:start position:0% +at this is that instead of working out + + + align:start position:0% +at this is that instead of working out +the the deficit functions with with trip + + align:start position:0% +the the deficit functions with with trip + + + align:start position:0% +the the deficit functions with with trip +times and and and schedule trips we can + + align:start position:0% +times and and and schedule trips we can + + + align:start position:0% +times and and and schedule trips we can +work it out with with half cycles that + + align:start position:0% +work it out with with half cycles that + + + align:start position:0% +work it out with with half cycles that +already includes lay overs and 95% + + align:start position:0% +already includes lay overs and 95% + + + align:start position:0% +already includes lay overs and 95% +aisles at the terminus to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +aisles at the terminus to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +aisles at the terminus to make sure that +we kind of have a have a leeway at the + + align:start position:0% +we kind of have a have a leeway at the + + + align:start position:0% +we kind of have a have a leeway at the +terminals that will definitely require + + align:start position:0% +terminals that will definitely require + + + align:start position:0% +terminals that will definitely require +and result in in higher deficits but + + align:start position:0% +and result in in higher deficits but + + + align:start position:0% +and result in in higher deficits but +again if we are allowed to shift the + + align:start position:0% +again if we are allowed to shift the + + + align:start position:0% +again if we are allowed to shift the +trips a little bit back and forth then + + align:start position:0% +trips a little bit back and forth then + + + align:start position:0% +trips a little bit back and forth then +that's something that would be + + align:start position:0% +that's something that would be + + + align:start position:0% +that's something that would be +recommended to work with half cycles + + align:start position:0% +recommended to work with half cycles + + + align:start position:0% +recommended to work with half cycles +instead of working with the scheduled + + align:start position:0% +instead of working with the scheduled + + + align:start position:0% +instead of working with the scheduled +trips is there any questions about fleet + + align:start position:0% +trips is there any questions about fleet + + + align:start position:0% +trips is there any questions about fleet +size requirement required computation + + align:start position:0% +size requirement required computation + + + align:start position:0% +size requirement required computation +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah of course that that's that's a + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah of course that that's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah of course that that's that's a +part in time terrible well it's you know + + align:start position:0% +part in time terrible well it's you know + + + align:start position:0% +part in time terrible well it's you know +it's it's going back to one of the steps + + align:start position:0% +it's it's going back to one of the steps + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's going back to one of the steps +that was already decided and and + + align:start position:0% +that was already decided and and + + + align:start position:0% +that was already decided and and +optimized in in the past but there are + + align:start position:0% +optimized in in the past but there are + + + align:start position:0% +optimized in in the past but there are +all sorts of these revisiting that is + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of these revisiting that is + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of these revisiting that is +going on in transit agencies you you + + align:start position:0% +going on in transit agencies you you + + + align:start position:0% +going on in transit agencies you you +know because we do not optimize all the + + align:start position:0% +know because we do not optimize all the + + + align:start position:0% +know because we do not optimize all the +components in an integrated manner all + + align:start position:0% +components in an integrated manner all + + + align:start position:0% +components in an integrated manner all +at the same time and we're basically do + + align:start position:0% +at the same time and we're basically do + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time and we're basically do +a sequential optimization there's always + + align:start position:0% +a sequential optimization there's always + + + align:start position:0% +a sequential optimization there's always +this requirement to go back to some of + + align:start position:0% +this requirement to go back to some of + + + align:start position:0% +this requirement to go back to some of +those decisions that you thought were + + align:start position:0% +those decisions that you thought were + + + align:start position:0% +those decisions that you thought were +often well at the upper level and adjust + + align:start position:0% +often well at the upper level and adjust + + + align:start position:0% +often well at the upper level and adjust +those two to account for for gains in + + align:start position:0% +those two to account for for gains in + + + align:start position:0% +those two to account for for gains in +the lower level + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and will reduce that agency's fleet size + + align:start position:0% +and will reduce that agency's fleet size + + + align:start position:0% +and will reduce that agency's fleet size +from four to three saving money on + + align:start position:0% +from four to three saving money on + + + align:start position:0% +from four to three saving money on +another bus and that's a lot of money in + + align:start position:0% +another bus and that's a lot of money in + + + align:start position:0% +another bus and that's a lot of money in +savings by not having that right yeah + + align:start position:0% +savings by not having that right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +savings by not having that right yeah +well it's when they when they design + + align:start position:0% +well it's when they when they design + + + align:start position:0% +well it's when they when they design +time tables they try to to have some + + align:start position:0% +time tables they try to to have some + + + align:start position:0% +time tables they try to to have some +sort of coordination with arrivals and + + align:start position:0% +sort of coordination with arrivals and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of coordination with arrivals and +departures to the terminals there's an + + align:start position:0% +departures to the terminals there's an + + + align:start position:0% +departures to the terminals there's an +example at the end of this lecture that + + align:start position:0% +example at the end of this lecture that + + + align:start position:0% +example at the end of this lecture that +we're gonna talk about how you can + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about how you can + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about how you can +coordinate back-and-forth trips so it + + align:start position:0% +coordinate back-and-forth trips so it + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate back-and-forth trips so it +will result in lower deficit in the + + align:start position:0% +will result in lower deficit in the + + + align:start position:0% +will result in lower deficit in the +first place but but yeah sometimes it + + align:start position:0% +first place but but yeah sometimes it + + + align:start position:0% +first place but but yeah sometimes it +actually may actually be at the level of + + align:start position:0% +actually may actually be at the level of + + + align:start position:0% +actually may actually be at the level of +fleet size determination then you do + + align:start position:0% +fleet size determination then you do + + + align:start position:0% +fleet size determination then you do +this these shiftings again to to to to + + align:start position:0% +this these shiftings again to to to to + + + align:start position:0% +this these shiftings again to to to to +improve the efficiency okay and other + + align:start position:0% +improve the efficiency okay and other + + + align:start position:0% +improve the efficiency okay and other +questions all right + + align:start position:0% +questions all right + + + align:start position:0% +questions all right +little bit faster on these parts so when + + align:start position:0% +little bit faster on these parts so when + + + align:start position:0% +little bit faster on these parts so when +it comes to a matter of vehicle + + align:start position:0% +it comes to a matter of vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +it comes to a matter of vehicle +scheduling problem it is a very + + align:start position:0% +scheduling problem it is a very + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling problem it is a very +interesting problem to optimize the + + align:start position:0% +interesting problem to optimize the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting problem to optimize the +objective of this problem is to define + + align:start position:0% +objective of this problem is to define + + + align:start position:0% +objective of this problem is to define +vehicle blocks or sequence of duties for + + align:start position:0% +vehicle blocks or sequence of duties for + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle blocks or sequence of duties for +vehicles that includes revenue trips and + + align:start position:0% +vehicles that includes revenue trips and + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles that includes revenue trips and +non revenue trips in other words + + align:start position:0% +non revenue trips in other words + + + align:start position:0% +non revenue trips in other words +deadheads to to rebalance or to balance + + align:start position:0% +deadheads to to rebalance or to balance + + + align:start position:0% +deadheads to to rebalance or to balance +the deficit at terminals or lay overs + + align:start position:0% +the deficit at terminals or lay overs + + + align:start position:0% +the deficit at terminals or lay overs +that would actually take place for + + align:start position:0% +that would actually take place for + + + align:start position:0% +that would actually take place for +reliability considerations so the + + align:start position:0% +reliability considerations so the + + + align:start position:0% +reliability considerations so the +objective is basically to define these + + align:start position:0% +objective is basically to define these + + + align:start position:0% +objective is basically to define these +vehicle blocks given that we are going + + align:start position:0% +vehicle blocks given that we are going + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle blocks given that we are going +to cover all the trips that are already + + align:start position:0% +to cover all the trips that are already + + + align:start position:0% +to cover all the trips that are already +scheduled in a way to minimize the fleet + + align:start position:0% +scheduled in a way to minimize the fleet + + + align:start position:0% +scheduled in a way to minimize the fleet +size as a measure of the capital cost + + align:start position:0% +size as a measure of the capital cost + + + align:start position:0% +size as a measure of the capital cost +and minimize the non revenue time and + + align:start position:0% +and minimize the non revenue time and + + + align:start position:0% +and minimize the non revenue time and +mileage as a measure of another venue + + align:start position:0% +mileage as a measure of another venue + + + align:start position:0% +mileage as a measure of another venue +time could actually account for for crew + + align:start position:0% +time could actually account for for crew + + + align:start position:0% +time could actually account for for crew +Kru cost and mileage could account for + + align:start position:0% +Kru cost and mileage could account for + + + align:start position:0% +Kru cost and mileage could account for +both crew cast and fuel and and and + + align:start position:0% +both crew cast and fuel and and and + + + align:start position:0% +both crew cast and fuel and and and +basically operational cost one one + + align:start position:0% +basically operational cost one one + + + align:start position:0% +basically operational cost one one +important observation is that these are + + align:start position:0% +important observation is that these are + + + align:start position:0% +important observation is that these are +proxies for us again in the step of the + + align:start position:0% +proxies for us again in the step of the + + + align:start position:0% +proxies for us again in the step of the +work when we are doing the scheduling + + align:start position:0% +work when we are doing the scheduling + + + align:start position:0% +work when we are doing the scheduling +for crew we we will realize some of the + + align:start position:0% +for crew we we will realize some of the + + + align:start position:0% +for crew we we will realize some of the +cost actually depends on how the these + + align:start position:0% +cost actually depends on how the these + + + align:start position:0% +cost actually depends on how the these +vehicle blocks are are defined and + + align:start position:0% +vehicle blocks are are defined and + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle blocks are are defined and +probably important components of cost + + align:start position:0% +probably important components of cost + + + align:start position:0% +probably important components of cost +that that is related to other related to + + align:start position:0% +that that is related to other related to + + + align:start position:0% +that that is related to other related to +crew duties are going to be determined + + align:start position:0% +crew duties are going to be determined + + + align:start position:0% +crew duties are going to be determined +in data stage so these are only proxies + + align:start position:0% +in data stage so these are only proxies + + + align:start position:0% +in data stage so these are only proxies +for cost fleet size and non revenue time + + align:start position:0% +for cost fleet size and non revenue time + + + align:start position:0% +for cost fleet size and non revenue time +and mileages input into the vehicle + + align:start position:0% +and mileages input into the vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +and mileages input into the vehicle +scheduling problem would be tough + + align:start position:0% +scheduling problem would be tough + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling problem would be tough +vehicle revenue trips is the time table + + align:start position:0% +vehicle revenue trips is the time table + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle revenue trips is the time table +that we are deliver each is + + align:start position:0% +that we are deliver each is + + + align:start position:0% +that we are deliver each is +characterized by trip stop time and end + + align:start position:0% +characterized by trip stop time and end + + + align:start position:0% +characterized by trip stop time and end +time and point then the other input + + align:start position:0% +time and point then the other input + + + align:start position:0% +time and point then the other input +would be possible layover arcs to to + + align:start position:0% +would be possible layover arcs to to + + + align:start position:0% +would be possible layover arcs to to +account for reliability of these trips + + align:start position:0% +account for reliability of these trips + + + align:start position:0% +account for reliability of these trips +and and delay trips and then deadhead + + align:start position:0% +and and delay trips and then deadhead + + + align:start position:0% +and and delay trips and then deadhead +arcs connecting depots to trip starting + + align:start position:0% +arcs connecting depots to trip starting + + + align:start position:0% +arcs connecting depots to trip starting +points we call those pull out arcs from + + align:start position:0% +points we call those pull out arcs from + + + align:start position:0% +points we call those pull out arcs from +deep and then pull ins back into deep + + align:start position:0% +deep and then pull ins back into deep + + + align:start position:0% +deep and then pull ins back into deep +from trip end points to depots and then + + align:start position:0% +from trip end points to depots and then + + + align:start position:0% +from trip end points to depots and then +the deadhead or balancing deficit arcs + + align:start position:0% +the deadhead or balancing deficit arcs + + + align:start position:0% +the deadhead or balancing deficit arcs +these are basically trips that bring + + align:start position:0% +these are basically trips that bring + + + align:start position:0% +these are basically trips that bring +vehicles from terminals with lower + + align:start position:0% +vehicles from terminals with lower + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles from terminals with lower +deficit than what is a schedule to + + align:start position:0% +deficit than what is a schedule to + + + align:start position:0% +deficit than what is a schedule to +terminals with with higher deficit so + + align:start position:0% +terminals with with higher deficit so + + + align:start position:0% +terminals with with higher deficit so +what we try to do it that from these + + align:start position:0% +what we try to do it that from these + + + align:start position:0% +what we try to do it that from these +arcs we certainly need to choose the + + align:start position:0% +arcs we certainly need to choose the + + + align:start position:0% +arcs we certainly need to choose the +optimal combination of these arcs to + + align:start position:0% +optimal combination of these arcs to + + + align:start position:0% +optimal combination of these arcs to +deliver the service and bring our + + align:start position:0% +deliver the service and bring our + + + align:start position:0% +deliver the service and bring our +vehicles out from Depot and the same + + align:start position:0% +vehicles out from Depot and the same + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles out from Depot and the same +number back to Depot again after the day + + align:start position:0% +number back to Depot again after the day + + + align:start position:0% +number back to Depot again after the day +is over so another important observation + + align:start position:0% +is over so another important observation + + + align:start position:0% +is over so another important observation +or quick note here is that + + align:start position:0% +or quick note here is that + + + align:start position:0% +or quick note here is that +there may be many possible number of + + align:start position:0% +there may be many possible number of + + + align:start position:0% +there may be many possible number of +dead head and layover arcs it's actually + + align:start position:0% +dead head and layover arcs it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +dead head and layover arcs it's actually +from a combinatorial nature however the + + align:start position:0% +from a combinatorial nature however the + + + align:start position:0% +from a combinatorial nature however the +the designer or the the person who who + + align:start position:0% +the designer or the the person who who + + + align:start position:0% +the designer or the the person who who +tries to solve this problem needs to + + align:start position:0% +tries to solve this problem needs to + + + align:start position:0% +tries to solve this problem needs to +review these arcs and come up with + + align:start position:0% +review these arcs and come up with + + + align:start position:0% +review these arcs and come up with +feasible and implausible arcs to start + + align:start position:0% +feasible and implausible arcs to start + + + align:start position:0% +feasible and implausible arcs to start +with and then as I mentioned the layover + + align:start position:0% +with and then as I mentioned the layover + + + align:start position:0% +with and then as I mentioned the layover +arts are also important in terms of + + align:start position:0% +arts are also important in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +arts are also important in terms of +making sure we will have a certain level + + align:start position:0% +making sure we will have a certain level + + + align:start position:0% +making sure we will have a certain level +of reliability there are variations to + + align:start position:0% +of reliability there are variations to + + + align:start position:0% +of reliability there are variations to +the problem that actually can make the + + align:start position:0% +the problem that actually can make the + + + align:start position:0% +the problem that actually can make the +problem more more complicated but we are + + align:start position:0% +problem more more complicated but we are + + + align:start position:0% +problem more more complicated but we are +going to stick to the to the simplest + + align:start position:0% +going to stick to the to the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +going to stick to the to the simplest +one and show how we can formulate the + + align:start position:0% +one and show how we can formulate the + + + align:start position:0% +one and show how we can formulate the +problem model it and what are the + + align:start position:0% +problem model it and what are the + + + align:start position:0% +problem model it and what are the +algorithms that can solve it for us + + align:start position:0% +algorithms that can solve it for us + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms that can solve it for us +these variations basically are related + + align:start position:0% +these variations basically are related + + + align:start position:0% +these variations basically are related +to one one possible variation is related + + align:start position:0% +to one one possible variation is related + + + align:start position:0% +to one one possible variation is related +to vehicles servicing single lines or + + align:start position:0% +to vehicles servicing single lines or + + + align:start position:0% +to vehicles servicing single lines or +single roots or interlining between + + align:start position:0% +single roots or interlining between + + + align:start position:0% +single roots or interlining between +different routes the other variation + + align:start position:0% +different routes the other variation + + + align:start position:0% +different routes the other variation +would be related to possibility of + + align:start position:0% +would be related to possibility of + + + align:start position:0% +would be related to possibility of +having multiple Depot's in the network + + align:start position:0% +having multiple Depot's in the network + + + align:start position:0% +having multiple Depot's in the network +big larger transit agencies usually have + + align:start position:0% +big larger transit agencies usually have + + + align:start position:0% +big larger transit agencies usually have +multiple Depot's for example for Boston + + align:start position:0% +multiple Depot's for example for Boston + + + align:start position:0% +multiple Depot's for example for Boston +I I know a few of those I do not know + + align:start position:0% +I I know a few of those I do not know + + + align:start position:0% +I I know a few of those I do not know +what's the exact number of Depot's that + + align:start position:0% +what's the exact number of Depot's that + + + align:start position:0% +what's the exact number of Depot's that +exist in the network Alfre Street is one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +your Cambridge + + align:start position:0% +your Cambridge + + + align:start position:0% +your Cambridge +that's okay so it's it's almost close to + + align:start position:0% +that's okay so it's it's almost close to + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay so it's it's almost close to +ten nine eight nine okay so when it + + align:start position:0% +ten nine eight nine okay so when it + + + align:start position:0% +ten nine eight nine okay so when it +comes to two different Depot's and + + align:start position:0% +comes to two different Depot's and + + + align:start position:0% +comes to two different Depot's and +having what people's there will be more + + align:start position:0% +having what people's there will be more + + + align:start position:0% +having what people's there will be more +complex cities introduced to the problem + + align:start position:0% +complex cities introduced to the problem + + + align:start position:0% +complex cities introduced to the problem +because you may want to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +because you may want to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +because you may want to make sure that +the exact number of vehicles who who + + align:start position:0% +the exact number of vehicles who who + + + align:start position:0% +the exact number of vehicles who who +departed a Depot come back to Depot + + align:start position:0% +departed a Depot come back to Depot + + + align:start position:0% +departed a Depot come back to Depot +there are also some considerations + + align:start position:0% +there are also some considerations + + + align:start position:0% +there are also some considerations +related to the to the field that that + + align:start position:0% +related to the to the field that that + + + align:start position:0% +related to the to the field that that +that the fleet is using you may have + + align:start position:0% +that the fleet is using you may have + + + align:start position:0% +that the fleet is using you may have +diesel buses we have CNG buses you may + + align:start position:0% +diesel buses we have CNG buses you may + + + align:start position:0% +diesel buses we have CNG buses you may +want to if you have restriction in terms + + align:start position:0% +want to if you have restriction in terms + + + align:start position:0% +want to if you have restriction in terms +of fielding facilities in these depots + + align:start position:0% +of fielding facilities in these depots + + + align:start position:0% +of fielding facilities in these depots +you may want to return back the vehicles + + align:start position:0% +you may want to return back the vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +you may want to return back the vehicles +to the to the particular depots that are + + align:start position:0% +to the to the particular depots that are + + + align:start position:0% +to the to the particular depots that are +consistent with with the fielding system + + align:start position:0% +consistent with with the fielding system + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with with the fielding system +then so yeah that there are different + + align:start position:0% +then so yeah that there are different + + + align:start position:0% +then so yeah that there are different +concentrations related to two vehicle + + align:start position:0% +concentrations related to two vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations related to two vehicle +types related to two parking spaces at + + align:start position:0% +types related to two parking spaces at + + + align:start position:0% +types related to two parking spaces at +the depots and that actually makes the + + align:start position:0% +the depots and that actually makes the + + + align:start position:0% +the depots and that actually makes the +problem more complicated but we can + + align:start position:0% +problem more complicated but we can + + + align:start position:0% +problem more complicated but we can +actually make some simplifying + + align:start position:0% +actually make some simplifying + + + align:start position:0% +actually make some simplifying +assumptions for now and see how the + + align:start position:0% +assumptions for now and see how the + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions for now and see how the +problem looks like in the most basic + + align:start position:0% +problem looks like in the most basic + + + align:start position:0% +problem looks like in the most basic +form so this is the this the time-space + + align:start position:0% +form so this is the this the time-space + + + align:start position:0% +form so this is the this the time-space +network representation of the vehicle + + align:start position:0% +network representation of the vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +network representation of the vehicle +scheduling problem we are trying in the + + align:start position:0% +scheduling problem we are trying in the + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling problem we are trying in the +next three slides we're trying to build + + align:start position:0% +next three slides we're trying to build + + + align:start position:0% +next three slides we're trying to build +on that the time-space Network is + + align:start position:0% +on that the time-space Network is + + + align:start position:0% +on that the time-space Network is +structure to to realize what is the + + align:start position:0% +structure to to realize what is the + + + align:start position:0% +structure to to realize what is the +decision that we're trying to make and + + align:start position:0% +decision that we're trying to make and + + + align:start position:0% +decision that we're trying to make and +how we can basically solve this so this + + align:start position:0% +how we can basically solve this so this + + + align:start position:0% +how we can basically solve this so this +is time space representation with x-axis + + align:start position:0% +is time space representation with x-axis + + + align:start position:0% +is time space representation with x-axis +being time of day and Y axis being space + + align:start position:0% +being time of day and Y axis being space + + + align:start position:0% +being time of day and Y axis being space +this is only one dimensional space here + + align:start position:0% +this is only one dimensional space here + + + align:start position:0% +this is only one dimensional space here +but it could be two dimensional space + + align:start position:0% +but it could be two dimensional space + + + align:start position:0% +but it could be two dimensional space +too + + align:start position:0% +too + + + align:start position:0% +too +so in this case we have like two routes + + align:start position:0% +so in this case we have like two routes + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case we have like two routes +that are represented here route 1 or n + + align:start position:0% +that are represented here route 1 or n + + + align:start position:0% +that are represented here route 1 or n +routes route 1 2 root n as you can see + + align:start position:0% +routes route 1 2 root n as you can see + + + align:start position:0% +routes route 1 2 root n as you can see +they're trips from + + align:start position:0% +they're trips from + + + align:start position:0% +they're trips from +direction of these routes that are that + + align:start position:0% +direction of these routes that are that + + + align:start position:0% +direction of these routes that are that +that are already timetable and we have + + align:start position:0% +that are already timetable and we have + + + align:start position:0% +that are already timetable and we have +already committed to deliver this + + align:start position:0% +already committed to deliver this + + + align:start position:0% +already committed to deliver this +service so the the black arcs here our + + align:start position:0% +service so the the black arcs here our + + + align:start position:0% +service so the the black arcs here our +revenue arcs that are the arcs that we + + align:start position:0% +revenue arcs that are the arcs that we + + + align:start position:0% +revenue arcs that are the arcs that we +committed and these have to be delivered + + align:start position:0% +committed and these have to be delivered + + + align:start position:0% +committed and these have to be delivered +between the two terminals of every route + + align:start position:0% +between the two terminals of every route + + + align:start position:0% +between the two terminals of every route +then we have in this problem we have + + align:start position:0% +then we have in this problem we have + + + align:start position:0% +then we have in this problem we have +only one Depot there are there two nodes + + align:start position:0% +only one Depot there are there two nodes + + + align:start position:0% +only one Depot there are there two nodes +here that are represented as Depot but + + align:start position:0% +here that are represented as Depot but + + + align:start position:0% +here that are represented as Depot but +it's basically the representation of + + align:start position:0% +it's basically the representation of + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically the representation of +Depot at the beginning of the day when + + align:start position:0% +Depot at the beginning of the day when + + + align:start position:0% +Depot at the beginning of the day when +vehicles pull out and the representation + + align:start position:0% +vehicles pull out and the representation + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles pull out and the representation +at the end of the day when vehicles pull + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the day when vehicles pull + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the day when vehicles pull +in basically there also layover arcs + + align:start position:0% +in basically there also layover arcs + + + align:start position:0% +in basically there also layover arcs +where you connect all possible + + align:start position:0% +where you connect all possible + + + align:start position:0% +where you connect all possible +alternatives that you that you may think + + align:start position:0% +alternatives that you that you may think + + + align:start position:0% +alternatives that you that you may think +would be plausible for connecting these + + align:start position:0% +would be plausible for connecting these + + + align:start position:0% +would be plausible for connecting these +trips to one another so in these in this + + align:start position:0% +trips to one another so in these in this + + + align:start position:0% +trips to one another so in these in this +figure we only have a few of those + + align:start position:0% +figure we only have a few of those + + + align:start position:0% +figure we only have a few of those +probably the closest one but you can + + align:start position:0% +probably the closest one but you can + + + align:start position:0% +probably the closest one but you can +work out any possible combination of bus + + align:start position:0% +work out any possible combination of bus + + + align:start position:0% +work out any possible combination of bus +arrival to a terminal being connected to + + align:start position:0% +arrival to a terminal being connected to + + + align:start position:0% +arrival to a terminal being connected to +a different trip from that terminal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right right we have two lines emanating + + align:start position:0% +right right we have two lines emanating + + + align:start position:0% +right right we have two lines emanating +from the very beginning of the day right + + align:start position:0% +from the very beginning of the day right + + + align:start position:0% +from the very beginning of the day right +so is that two buses leaving a Depot at + + align:start position:0% +so is that two buses leaving a Depot at + + + align:start position:0% +so is that two buses leaving a Depot at +the same time right yeah so let me let + + align:start position:0% +the same time right yeah so let me let + + + align:start position:0% +the same time right yeah so let me let +me go ahead and continue and finish all + + align:start position:0% +me go ahead and continue and finish all + + + align:start position:0% +me go ahead and continue and finish all +the arcs in the network that may clarify + + align:start position:0% +the arcs in the network that may clarify + + + align:start position:0% +the arcs in the network that may clarify +the situation a little bit because there + + align:start position:0% +the situation a little bit because there + + + align:start position:0% +the situation a little bit because there +are other arcs in the network too so so + + align:start position:0% +are other arcs in the network too so so + + + align:start position:0% +are other arcs in the network too so so +they're arcs that are to pull out arcs + + align:start position:0% +they're arcs that are to pull out arcs + + + align:start position:0% +they're arcs that are to pull out arcs +for from the depot to to these to start + + align:start position:0% +for from the depot to to these to start + + + align:start position:0% +for from the depot to to these to start +these trips and arch that returned the + + align:start position:0% +these trips and arch that returned the + + + align:start position:0% +these trips and arch that returned the +vehicles back to the depot there's also + + align:start position:0% +vehicles back to the depot there's also + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles back to the depot there's also +arcs that are there to account for + + align:start position:0% +arcs that are there to account for + + + align:start position:0% +arcs that are there to account for +possibilities of deadheading trips from + + align:start position:0% +possibilities of deadheading trips from + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities of deadheading trips from +one route to what to another route + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know it's one so two buses going + + align:start position:0% +you know it's one so two buses going + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's one so two buses going +into round one right these that's only a + + align:start position:0% +into round one right these that's only a + + + align:start position:0% +into round one right these that's only a +link that link may include multiple + + align:start position:0% +link that link may include multiple + + + align:start position:0% +link that link may include multiple +vehicles right multiple vehicles + + align:start position:0% +vehicles right multiple vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles right multiple vehicles +multiple vehicles at different times but + + align:start position:0% +multiple vehicles at different times but + + + align:start position:0% +multiple vehicles at different times but +when it could be yeah yeah let me it did + + align:start position:0% +when it could be yeah yeah let me it did + + + align:start position:0% +when it could be yeah yeah let me it did +this is not the exact representation of + + align:start position:0% +this is not the exact representation of + + + align:start position:0% +this is not the exact representation of +time dependent service you can actually + + align:start position:0% +time dependent service you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +time dependent service you can actually +have connections if you consider each + + align:start position:0% +have connections if you consider each + + + align:start position:0% +have connections if you consider each +one of these links to to can to carry + + align:start position:0% +one of these links to to can to carry + + + align:start position:0% +one of these links to to can to carry +only one vehicle or not then you need to + + align:start position:0% +only one vehicle or not then you need to + + + align:start position:0% +only one vehicle or not then you need to +add vehicles from Depot to other trips + + align:start position:0% +add vehicles from Depot to other trips + + + align:start position:0% +add vehicles from Depot to other trips +along the time-dimension to vehicles + + align:start position:0% +along the time-dimension to vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +along the time-dimension to vehicles +that are basically joining the troop to + + align:start position:0% +that are basically joining the troop to + + + align:start position:0% +that are basically joining the troop to +time the top line you can the top line + + align:start position:0% +time the top line you can the top line + + + align:start position:0% +time the top line you can the top line +is just it it could be yeah this is this + + align:start position:0% +is just it it could be yeah this is this + + + align:start position:0% +is just it it could be yeah this is this +is right this is again a simplified + + align:start position:0% +is right this is again a simplified + + + align:start position:0% +is right this is again a simplified +situation but you can pull out at the + + align:start position:0% +situation but you can pull out at the + + + align:start position:0% +situation but you can pull out at the +middle of the route to where you can for + + align:start position:0% +middle of the route to where you can for + + + align:start position:0% +middle of the route to where you can for +example just serve a vehicle from here + + align:start position:0% +example just serve a vehicle from here + + + align:start position:0% +example just serve a vehicle from here +but you may want to make sure that the + + align:start position:0% +but you may want to make sure that the + + + align:start position:0% +but you may want to make sure that the +scheduled trip is served so if you have + + align:start position:0% +scheduled trip is served so if you have + + + align:start position:0% +scheduled trip is served so if you have +services that basically start from the + + align:start position:0% +services that basically start from the + + + align:start position:0% +services that basically start from the +middle of the line then you can you can + + align:start position:0% +middle of the line then you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +middle of the line then you can you can +model that too this is just to show how + + align:start position:0% +model that too this is just to show how + + + align:start position:0% +model that too this is just to show how +you can model a situation like this it + + align:start position:0% +you can model a situation like this it + + + align:start position:0% +you can model a situation like this it +may not be all comprehensive + + align:start position:0% +may not be all comprehensive + + + align:start position:0% +may not be all comprehensive +combinations or situation is it does it + + align:start position:0% +combinations or situation is it does it + + + align:start position:0% +combinations or situation is it does it +make sense now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right exactly these these weren't all + + align:start position:0% +right exactly these these weren't all + + + align:start position:0% +right exactly these these weren't all +lines I should actually remove that I + + align:start position:0% +lines I should actually remove that I + + + align:start position:0% +lines I should actually remove that I +will yeah yeah exactly they over arcs + + align:start position:0% +will yeah yeah exactly they over arcs + + + align:start position:0% +will yeah yeah exactly they over arcs +that's exactly true yeah + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly true yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly true yeah +actually make make the connection + + align:start position:0% +actually make make the connection + + + align:start position:0% +actually make make the connection +between the the two directions of the + + align:start position:0% +between the the two directions of the + + + align:start position:0% +between the the two directions of the +route and then the other arcs that are + + align:start position:0% +route and then the other arcs that are + + + align:start position:0% +route and then the other arcs that are +involved are the data arcs points in it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right yeah exactly + + align:start position:0% +right yeah exactly + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah exactly +maybe that's the only special dimension + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's the only special dimension + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's the only special dimension +to it would be just go ahead and turn + + align:start position:0% +to it would be just go ahead and turn + + + align:start position:0% +to it would be just go ahead and turn +around over the corner right yes there + + align:start position:0% +around over the corner right yes there + + + align:start position:0% +around over the corner right yes there +is a reason why exactly and then the + + align:start position:0% +is a reason why exactly and then the + + + align:start position:0% +is a reason why exactly and then the +other point is that this is like even + + align:start position:0% +other point is that this is like even + + + align:start position:0% +other point is that this is like even +front from this node to turn two nodes + + align:start position:0% +front from this node to turn two nodes + + + align:start position:0% +front from this node to turn two nodes +further down the reason that we are + + align:start position:0% +further down the reason that we are + + + align:start position:0% +further down the reason that we are +think that the optimization problem in + + align:start position:0% +think that the optimization problem in + + + align:start position:0% +think that the optimization problem in +the network structure like many other + + align:start position:0% +the network structure like many other + + + align:start position:0% +the network structure like many other +optimization problems is that with + + align:start position:0% +optimization problems is that with + + + align:start position:0% +optimization problems is that with +networks that consists of nodes and arcs + + align:start position:0% +networks that consists of nodes and arcs + + + align:start position:0% +networks that consists of nodes and arcs +we can represent the constraints very + + align:start position:0% +we can represent the constraints very + + + align:start position:0% +we can represent the constraints very +efficiently and there are efficient + + align:start position:0% +efficiently and there are efficient + + + align:start position:0% +efficiently and there are efficient +algorithms that use this representation + + align:start position:0% +algorithms that use this representation + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms that use this representation +to solve the optimization problem so + + align:start position:0% +to solve the optimization problem so + + + align:start position:0% +to solve the optimization problem so +whenever we can present an optimization + + align:start position:0% +whenever we can present an optimization + + + align:start position:0% +whenever we can present an optimization +problem in a network structure we do + + align:start position:0% +problem in a network structure we do + + + align:start position:0% +problem in a network structure we do +that because we have really elegant + + align:start position:0% +that because we have really elegant + + + align:start position:0% +that because we have really elegant +algorithms in network flows that that + + align:start position:0% +algorithms in network flows that that + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms in network flows that that +can be used to solve optimization + + align:start position:0% +can be used to solve optimization + + + align:start position:0% +can be used to solve optimization +problems so let's see what's the + + align:start position:0% +problems so let's see what's the + + + align:start position:0% +problems so let's see what's the +optimization problem just not here one + + align:start position:0% +optimization problem just not here one + + + align:start position:0% +optimization problem just not here one +other link that we need to add here is + + align:start position:0% +other link that we need to add here is + + + align:start position:0% +other link that we need to add here is +basically from Depot to Depot to make + + align:start position:0% +basically from Depot to Depot to make + + + align:start position:0% +basically from Depot to Depot to make +sure that the total number of vehicle + + align:start position:0% +sure that the total number of vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +sure that the total number of vehicle +that are going out of the depot in the + + align:start position:0% +that are going out of the depot in the + + + align:start position:0% +that are going out of the depot in the +morning are going to be equal to the + + align:start position:0% +morning are going to be equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +morning are going to be equal to the +total number of vehicles that are coming + + align:start position:0% +total number of vehicles that are coming + + + align:start position:0% +total number of vehicles that are coming +back to the phone yeah in this example + + align:start position:0% +back to the phone yeah in this example + + + align:start position:0% +back to the phone yeah in this example +we are only simplifying it into one + + align:start position:0% +we are only simplifying it into one + + + align:start position:0% +we are only simplifying it into one +Depot situation but some of the yeah + + align:start position:0% +Depot situation but some of the yeah + + + align:start position:0% +Depot situation but some of the yeah +exactly some of the other routes could + + align:start position:0% +exactly some of the other routes could + + + align:start position:0% +exactly some of the other routes could +actually there should be an arrow yeah + + align:start position:0% +actually there should be an arrow yeah + + + align:start position:0% +actually there should be an arrow yeah +to that to what it's it's missing in + + align:start position:0% +to that to what it's it's missing in + + + align:start position:0% +to that to what it's it's missing in +this cell these arrows are only + + align:start position:0% +this cell these arrows are only + + + align:start position:0% +this cell these arrows are only +representative and they're not yea + + align:start position:0% +representative and they're not yea + + + align:start position:0% +representative and they're not yea +comprehensive and we basically they are + + align:start position:0% +comprehensive and we basically they are + + + align:start position:0% +comprehensive and we basically they are +defining integer capacities that would + + align:start position:0% +defining integer capacities that would + + + align:start position:0% +defining integer capacities that would +reflect number of vehicles that are + + align:start position:0% +reflect number of vehicles that are + + + align:start position:0% +reflect number of vehicles that are +doing that duty or are basically + + align:start position:0% +doing that duty or are basically + + + align:start position:0% +doing that duty or are basically +assigned to to those duties these arcs + + align:start position:0% +assigned to to those duties these arcs + + + align:start position:0% +assigned to to those duties these arcs +are revenue layover and deadhead arcs + + align:start position:0% +are revenue layover and deadhead arcs + + + align:start position:0% +are revenue layover and deadhead arcs +and these arcs again have have costs + + align:start position:0% +and these arcs again have have costs + + + align:start position:0% +and these arcs again have have costs +like revenue arcs have have given amount + + align:start position:0% +like revenue arcs have have given amount + + + align:start position:0% +like revenue arcs have have given amount +of cost depending on on the time that + + align:start position:0% +of cost depending on on the time that + + + align:start position:0% +of cost depending on on the time that +they take to make the trip and so on and + + align:start position:0% +they take to make the trip and so on and + + + align:start position:0% +they take to make the trip and so on and +so forth layover trips depending on how + + align:start position:0% +so forth layover trips depending on how + + + align:start position:0% +so forth layover trips depending on how +much time they take and deadhead arcs + + align:start position:0% +much time they take and deadhead arcs + + + align:start position:0% +much time they take and deadhead arcs +depending on how much time they take and + + align:start position:0% +depending on how much time they take and + + + align:start position:0% +depending on how much time they take and +how much mileage they require to travel + + align:start position:0% +how much mileage they require to travel + + + align:start position:0% +how much mileage they require to travel +the vehicles however what's interesting + + align:start position:0% +the vehicles however what's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +the vehicles however what's interesting +is ad rivets costs of zero for those + + align:start position:0% +is ad rivets costs of zero for those + + + align:start position:0% +is ad rivets costs of zero for those +because it's not relevant + + align:start position:0% +because it's not relevant + + + align:start position:0% +because it's not relevant +we eventually would have to deliver + + align:start position:0% +we eventually would have to deliver + + + align:start position:0% +we eventually would have to deliver +those revenue arc services so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +those revenue arc services so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +those revenue arc services so it's it's +a constant in the optimization problem + + align:start position:0% +a constant in the optimization problem + + + align:start position:0% +a constant in the optimization problem +we can you might as well just just + + align:start position:0% +we can you might as well just just + + + align:start position:0% +we can you might as well just just +remove them but what's important is that + + align:start position:0% +remove them but what's important is that + + + align:start position:0% +remove them but what's important is that +we want to see what the layovers what + + align:start position:0% +we want to see what the layovers what + + + align:start position:0% +we want to see what the layovers what +what's the optimal combination of + + align:start position:0% +what's the optimal combination of + + + align:start position:0% +what's the optimal combination of +layovers and deadheads in this problem + + align:start position:0% +layovers and deadheads in this problem + + + align:start position:0% +layovers and deadheads in this problem +so again the the bounds that we have for + + align:start position:0% +so again the the bounds that we have for + + + align:start position:0% +so again the the bounds that we have for +revenue arcs is basically lower bound is + + align:start position:0% +revenue arcs is basically lower bound is + + + align:start position:0% +revenue arcs is basically lower bound is +one upper bound this one what is it + + align:start position:0% +one upper bound this one what is it + + + align:start position:0% +one upper bound this one what is it +like this does anyone have any + + align:start position:0% +like this does anyone have any + + + align:start position:0% +like this does anyone have any +suggestion why the lower bound and upper + + align:start position:0% +suggestion why the lower bound and upper + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion why the lower bound and upper +bound are both equal to one for revenue + + align:start position:0% +bound are both equal to one for revenue + + + align:start position:0% +bound are both equal to one for revenue +arcs and we only have to operate to + + align:start position:0% +arcs and we only have to operate to + + + align:start position:0% +arcs and we only have to operate to +deliver them once right remember these + + align:start position:0% +deliver them once right remember these + + + align:start position:0% +deliver them once right remember these +are trips in the time-space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +representation so each trip is basically + + align:start position:0% +representation so each trip is basically + + + align:start position:0% +representation so each trip is basically +one arc we need to deliver once so it's + + align:start position:0% +one arc we need to deliver once so it's + + + align:start position:0% +one arc we need to deliver once so it's +basically the the matter of shooting all + + align:start position:0% +basically the the matter of shooting all + + + align:start position:0% +basically the the matter of shooting all +configuration of layover arcs between 0 + + align:start position:0% +configuration of layover arcs between 0 + + + align:start position:0% +configuration of layover arcs between 0 +& 1 & deadhead arcs between 0 & 1 + + align:start position:0% +& 1 & deadhead arcs between 0 & 1 + + + align:start position:0% +& 1 & deadhead arcs between 0 & 1 +a maximum block length length is + + align:start position:0% +a maximum block length length is + + + align:start position:0% +a maximum block length length is +guaranteed this is usually not a problem + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed this is usually not a problem + + + align:start position:0% +guaranteed this is usually not a problem +if if the if the fuel situation + + align:start position:0% +if if the if the fuel situation + + + align:start position:0% +if if the if the fuel situation +especially for for electric vehicles is + + align:start position:0% +especially for for electric vehicles is + + + align:start position:0% +especially for for electric vehicles is +restricting we may want to put + + align:start position:0% +restricting we may want to put + + + align:start position:0% +restricting we may want to put +additional restrictions on maximum + + align:start position:0% +additional restrictions on maximum + + + align:start position:0% +additional restrictions on maximum +length of the vehicle but with the + + align:start position:0% +length of the vehicle but with the + + + align:start position:0% +length of the vehicle but with the +existing diesel and CNG vehicles + + align:start position:0% +existing diesel and CNG vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +existing diesel and CNG vehicles +these are usually fine to deliver the + + align:start position:0% +these are usually fine to deliver the + + + align:start position:0% +these are usually fine to deliver the +whole service state services without + + align:start position:0% +whole service state services without + + + align:start position:0% +whole service state services without +having to review interlining it's + + align:start position:0% +having to review interlining it's + + + align:start position:0% +having to review interlining it's +something that is already taken care of + + align:start position:0% +something that is already taken care of + + + align:start position:0% +something that is already taken care of +in the in the vehicle scheduling problem + + align:start position:0% +in the in the vehicle scheduling problem + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the vehicle scheduling problem +however shifting heuristic needs to take + + align:start position:0% +however shifting heuristic needs to take + + + align:start position:0% +however shifting heuristic needs to take +place before we get to a vehicle + + align:start position:0% +place before we get to a vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +place before we get to a vehicle +scheduling at the level of timetable + + align:start position:0% +scheduling at the level of timetable + + + align:start position:0% +scheduling at the level of timetable +development as we discussed after the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the deficit functions so the matter + + align:start position:0% +the deficit functions so the matter + + + align:start position:0% +the deficit functions so the matter +would be the if we have multiple Depot + + align:start position:0% +would be the if we have multiple Depot + + + align:start position:0% +would be the if we have multiple Depot +the problem because becomes a little bit + + align:start position:0% +the problem because becomes a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +the problem because becomes a little bit +more complicated for single Depot + + align:start position:0% +more complicated for single Depot + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated for single Depot +situation we solve the problem with + + align:start position:0% +situation we solve the problem with + + + align:start position:0% +situation we solve the problem with +network flow algorithms minimum cost + + align:start position:0% +network flow algorithms minimum cost + + + align:start position:0% +network flow algorithms minimum cost +flow algorithm that is very efficient + + align:start position:0% +flow algorithm that is very efficient + + + align:start position:0% +flow algorithm that is very efficient +and very + + align:start position:0% +and very + + + align:start position:0% +and very +very fast when it comes to let you flow + + align:start position:0% +very fast when it comes to let you flow + + + align:start position:0% +very fast when it comes to let you flow +in with with integer which is in the + + align:start position:0% +in with with integer which is in the + + + align:start position:0% +in with with integer which is in the +problem that we have that problem + + align:start position:0% +problem that we have that problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem that we have that problem +becomes really difficult it becomes + + align:start position:0% +becomes really difficult it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +becomes really difficult it becomes +np-hard and it basically is very + + align:start position:0% +np-hard and it basically is very + + + align:start position:0% +np-hard and it basically is very +difficult to scale that basically means + + align:start position:0% +difficult to scale that basically means + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to scale that basically means +that we can we do not use the network + + align:start position:0% +that we can we do not use the network + + + align:start position:0% +that we can we do not use the network +flow algorithms for for multi Depot + + align:start position:0% +flow algorithms for for multi Depot + + + align:start position:0% +flow algorithms for for multi Depot +situation we use some of the the + + align:start position:0% +situation we use some of the the + + + align:start position:0% +situation we use some of the the +existing Stix there any questions about + + align:start position:0% +existing Stix there any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +existing Stix there any questions about +this so far so this is another reference + + align:start position:0% +this so far so this is another reference + + + align:start position:0% +this so far so this is another reference +network representation of the multi + + align:start position:0% +network representation of the multi + + + align:start position:0% +network representation of the multi +Depot vehicle scheduling problem this is + + align:start position:0% +Depot vehicle scheduling problem this is + + + align:start position:0% +Depot vehicle scheduling problem this is +not a time space representation anymore + + align:start position:0% +not a time space representation anymore + + + align:start position:0% +not a time space representation anymore +because it would become really + + align:start position:0% +because it would become really + + + align:start position:0% +because it would become really +complicated with with time space + + align:start position:0% +complicated with with time space + + + align:start position:0% +complicated with with time space +representation as you can see there + + align:start position:0% +representation as you can see there + + + align:start position:0% +representation as you can see there +there are different depots in the in the + + align:start position:0% +there are different depots in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +there are different depots in the in the +network and there are different services + + align:start position:0% +network and there are different services + + + align:start position:0% +network and there are different services +that need to actually or revenue arc set + + align:start position:0% +that need to actually or revenue arc set + + + align:start position:0% +that need to actually or revenue arc set +that need to be served there may be some + + align:start position:0% +that need to be served there may be some + + + align:start position:0% +that need to be served there may be some +constraints on number of vehicles that + + align:start position:0% +constraints on number of vehicles that + + + align:start position:0% +constraints on number of vehicles that +pull out from each one of these depots + + align:start position:0% +pull out from each one of these depots + + + align:start position:0% +pull out from each one of these depots +and the pulling in each one of these + + align:start position:0% +and the pulling in each one of these + + + align:start position:0% +and the pulling in each one of these +depots and again if we didn't have the + + align:start position:0% +depots and again if we didn't have the + + + align:start position:0% +depots and again if we didn't have the +constraint of having integer solution + + align:start position:0% +constraint of having integer solution + + + align:start position:0% +constraint of having integer solution +this could be solved in linear time too + + align:start position:0% +this could be solved in linear time too + + + align:start position:0% +this could be solved in linear time too +however with integer constraints it's + + align:start position:0% +however with integer constraints it's + + + align:start position:0% +however with integer constraints it's +not possible okay so is there any + + align:start position:0% +not possible okay so is there any + + + align:start position:0% +not possible okay so is there any +questions about this it basically in + + align:start position:0% +questions about this it basically in + + + align:start position:0% +questions about this it basically in +order to be able to implement this we + + align:start position:0% +order to be able to implement this we + + + align:start position:0% +order to be able to implement this we +need to make a definition on on trips + + align:start position:0% +need to make a definition on on trips + + + align:start position:0% +need to make a definition on on trips +and unidentifiable trips to compatible + + align:start position:0% +and unidentifiable trips to compatible + + + align:start position:0% +and unidentifiable trips to compatible +trips at the terminal I and J two trips + + align:start position:0% +trips at the terminal I and J two trips + + + align:start position:0% +trips at the terminal I and J two trips +I and J are compatible at the terminal + + align:start position:0% +I and J are compatible at the terminal + + + align:start position:0% +I and J are compatible at the terminal +if J is arriving to terminal I is + + align:start position:0% +if J is arriving to terminal I is + + + align:start position:0% +if J is arriving to terminal I is +departing from terminal and the time + + align:start position:0% +departing from terminal and the time + + + align:start position:0% +departing from terminal and the time +difference between the two is actually + + align:start position:0% +difference between the two is actually + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the two is actually +greater than the layover that we want + + align:start position:0% +greater than the layover that we want + + + align:start position:0% +greater than the layover that we want +and then also less than the twice the + + align:start position:0% +and then also less than the twice the + + + align:start position:0% +and then also less than the twice the +time of depo the solution may be only as + + align:start position:0% +time of depo the solution may be only as + + + align:start position:0% +time of depo the solution may be only as +good as just sending the vehicle back to + + align:start position:0% +good as just sending the vehicle back to + + + align:start position:0% +good as just sending the vehicle back to +to depo and then pull it out from Depot + + align:start position:0% +to depo and then pull it out from Depot + + + align:start position:0% +to depo and then pull it out from Depot +to another part of the network so we + + align:start position:0% +to another part of the network so we + + + align:start position:0% +to another part of the network so we +only restrict the search for compatible + + align:start position:0% +only restrict the search for compatible + + + align:start position:0% +only restrict the search for compatible +trips to these two bounds like m'kay + + align:start position:0% +trips to these two bounds like m'kay + + + align:start position:0% +trips to these two bounds like m'kay +here is the minimum recovery time that + + align:start position:0% +here is the minimum recovery time that + + + align:start position:0% +here is the minimum recovery time that +we define as a lower bound of time + + align:start position:0% +we define as a lower bound of time + + + align:start position:0% +we define as a lower bound of time +difference between the arrival of trip I + + align:start position:0% +difference between the arrival of trip I + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the arrival of trip I +- departure of trip J and then we use + + align:start position:0% +- departure of trip J and then we use + + + align:start position:0% +- departure of trip J and then we use +two times D K which is the deadhead time + + align:start position:0% +two times D K which is the deadhead time + + + align:start position:0% +two times D K which is the deadhead time +from terminal to Depot then the + + align:start position:0% +from terminal to Depot then the + + + align:start position:0% +from terminal to Depot then the +algorithm is really simple it has only + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is really simple it has only + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is really simple it has only +four steps we start with the earliest + + align:start position:0% +four steps we start with the earliest + + + align:start position:0% +four steps we start with the earliest +arrival at terminal + + align:start position:0% +arrival at terminal + + + align:start position:0% +arrival at terminal +if there is no earlier soar I will be go + + align:start position:0% +if there is no earlier soar I will be go + + + align:start position:0% +if there is no earlier soar I will be go +to step D and we need to pull out from + + align:start position:0% +to step D and we need to pull out from + + + align:start position:0% +to step D and we need to pull out from +from Depot to serve that service but if + + align:start position:0% +from Depot to serve that service but if + + + align:start position:0% +from Depot to serve that service but if +there is one area then we link that + + align:start position:0% +there is one area then we link that + + + align:start position:0% +there is one area then we link that +early arrival to compatible trip + + align:start position:0% +early arrival to compatible trip + + + align:start position:0% +early arrival to compatible trip +departure based on the compatibility + + align:start position:0% +departure based on the compatibility + + + align:start position:0% +departure based on the compatibility +constraint or definition that we that we + + align:start position:0% +constraint or definition that we that we + + + align:start position:0% +constraint or definition that we that we +had again if there is no trips that is + + align:start position:0% +had again if there is no trips that is + + + align:start position:0% +had again if there is no trips that is +compatible with that we need to go back + + align:start position:0% +compatible with that we need to go back + + + align:start position:0% +compatible with that we need to go back +to to step a and basically use the the + + align:start position:0% +to to step a and basically use the the + + + align:start position:0% +to to step a and basically use the the +next arrival at terminal if there is one + + align:start position:0% +next arrival at terminal if there is one + + + align:start position:0% +next arrival at terminal if there is one +trip that is compatible with the but + + align:start position:0% +trip that is compatible with the but + + + align:start position:0% +trip that is compatible with the but +with the with the trip that that arrives + + align:start position:0% +with the with the trip that that arrives + + + align:start position:0% +with the with the trip that that arrives +then we will check the vehicle block + + align:start position:0% +then we will check the vehicle block + + + align:start position:0% +then we will check the vehicle block +lengths against the existing column + + align:start position:0% +lengths against the existing column + + + align:start position:0% +lengths against the existing column +constraint again that could actually be + + align:start position:0% +constraint again that could actually be + + + align:start position:0% +constraint again that could actually be +related to the the fuel and fuelling and + + align:start position:0% +related to the the fuel and fuelling and + + + align:start position:0% +related to the the fuel and fuelling and +constraint and so on and so forth if + + align:start position:0% +constraint and so on and so forth if + + + align:start position:0% +constraint and so on and so forth if +it's constraint then we need to to + + align:start position:0% +it's constraint then we need to to + + + align:start position:0% +it's constraint then we need to to +cancel that and return the vehicle to + + align:start position:0% +cancel that and return the vehicle to + + + align:start position:0% +cancel that and return the vehicle to +Depot otherwise we would basically make + + align:start position:0% +Depot otherwise we would basically make + + + align:start position:0% +Depot otherwise we would basically make +these can + + align:start position:0% +these can + + + align:start position:0% +these can +the connection between the compatible + + align:start position:0% +the connection between the compatible + + + align:start position:0% +the connection between the compatible +trips and consider the the second trip a + + align:start position:0% +trips and consider the the second trip a + + + align:start position:0% +trips and consider the the second trip a +newer arrival to the other station + + align:start position:0% +newer arrival to the other station + + + align:start position:0% +newer arrival to the other station +basically after that we saw again our + + align:start position:0% +basically after that we saw again our + + + align:start position:0% +basically after that we saw again our +remaining on linked trips from the front + + align:start position:0% +remaining on linked trips from the front + + + align:start position:0% +remaining on linked trips from the front +from from Depot we need to need to work + + align:start position:0% +from from Depot we need to need to work + + + align:start position:0% +from from Depot we need to need to work +out in your mind these steps once very + + align:start position:0% +out in your mind these steps once very + + + align:start position:0% +out in your mind these steps once very +easy practice to realize how this works + + align:start position:0% +easy practice to realize how this works + + + align:start position:0% +easy practice to realize how this works +but it's basically using district + + align:start position:0% +but it's basically using district + + + align:start position:0% +but it's basically using district +first-in first-out rule based on + + align:start position:0% +first-in first-out rule based on + + + align:start position:0% +first-in first-out rule based on +compatibility of trips and and over the + + align:start position:0% +compatibility of trips and and over the + + + align:start position:0% +compatibility of trips and and over the +compatible trips for single Depot + + align:start position:0% +compatible trips for single Depot + + + align:start position:0% +compatible trips for single Depot +situation the existing algorithms that + + align:start position:0% +situation the existing algorithms that + + + align:start position:0% +situation the existing algorithms that +solve minimum cost flow like successive + + align:start position:0% +solve minimum cost flow like successive + + + align:start position:0% +solve minimum cost flow like successive +shortest path algorithm or some of the + + align:start position:0% +shortest path algorithm or some of the + + + align:start position:0% +shortest path algorithm or some of the +negative cycle cancelling algorithms can + + align:start position:0% +negative cycle cancelling algorithms can + + + align:start position:0% +negative cycle cancelling algorithms can +give you integer solution + + align:start position:0% +give you integer solution + + + align:start position:0% +give you integer solution +however when it comes to multi Depot and + + align:start position:0% +however when it comes to multi Depot and + + + align:start position:0% +however when it comes to multi Depot and +when it comes to multi commodity flow + + align:start position:0% +when it comes to multi commodity flow + + + align:start position:0% +when it comes to multi commodity flow +that's not always true so you may + + align:start position:0% +that's not always true so you may + + + align:start position:0% +that's not always true so you may +actually get a solution with a linear or + + align:start position:0% +actually get a solution with a linear or + + + align:start position:0% +actually get a solution with a linear or +whether with a network flop algorithm + + align:start position:0% +whether with a network flop algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +whether with a network flop algorithm +that is in linear time but it's not + + align:start position:0% +that is in linear time but it's not + + + align:start position:0% +that is in linear time but it's not +integer so you may have you may have + + align:start position:0% +integer so you may have you may have + + + align:start position:0% +integer so you may have you may have +decimal or partial vehicles going back + + align:start position:0% +decimal or partial vehicles going back + + + align:start position:0% +decimal or partial vehicles going back +to different Depot's that's the the + + align:start position:0% +to different Depot's that's the the + + + align:start position:0% +to different Depot's that's the the +difference between the two case okay so + + align:start position:0% +difference between the two case okay so + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the two case okay so +other questions all right so after this + + align:start position:0% +other questions all right so after this + + + align:start position:0% +other questions all right so after this +we just will have just one single route + + align:start position:0% +we just will have just one single route + + + align:start position:0% +we just will have just one single route +of scheduling ground practice with with + + align:start position:0% +of scheduling ground practice with with + + + align:start position:0% +of scheduling ground practice with with +two nodes a and B or with two terminals + + align:start position:0% +two nodes a and B or with two terminals + + + align:start position:0% +two nodes a and B or with two terminals +a and B this is one route that we want + + align:start position:0% +a and B this is one route that we want + + + align:start position:0% +a and B this is one route that we want +to schedule for for a and peak and base + + align:start position:0% +to schedule for for a and peak and base + + + align:start position:0% +to schedule for for a and peak and base +period a.m. peak is defined from six to + + align:start position:0% +period a.m. peak is defined from six to + + + align:start position:0% +period a.m. peak is defined from six to +nine + + align:start position:0% +nine + + + align:start position:0% +nine +and bass period is after nine headways + + align:start position:0% +and bass period is after nine headways + + + align:start position:0% +and bass period is after nine headways +are during peak period 20 minutes and + + align:start position:0% +are during peak period 20 minutes and + + + align:start position:0% +are during peak period 20 minutes and +schedule trip times are 40 minutes for + + align:start position:0% +schedule trip times are 40 minutes for + + + align:start position:0% +schedule trip times are 40 minutes for +both directions they over stand during + + align:start position:0% +both directions they over stand during + + + align:start position:0% +both directions they over stand during +off-peak head wins are 30 schedule trip + + align:start position:0% +off-peak head wins are 30 schedule trip + + + align:start position:0% +off-peak head wins are 30 schedule trip +time is 35 and minimum layover is again + + align:start position:0% +time is 35 and minimum layover is again + + + align:start position:0% +time is 35 and minimum layover is again +10 dominant direction of travel is a.m. + + align:start position:0% +10 dominant direction of travel is a.m. + + + align:start position:0% +10 dominant direction of travel is a.m. +peak and it's in the direction of a tube + + align:start position:0% +peak and it's in the direction of a tube + + + align:start position:0% +peak and it's in the direction of a tube +so then what we do is that direction a + + align:start position:0% +so then what we do is that direction a + + + align:start position:0% +so then what we do is that direction a +to be and given the head ways and + + align:start position:0% +to be and given the head ways and + + + align:start position:0% +to be and given the head ways and +running times we've workout for all the + + align:start position:0% +running times we've workout for all the + + + align:start position:0% +running times we've workout for all the +trips that are scheduled during peak + + align:start position:0% +trips that are scheduled during peak + + + align:start position:0% +trips that are scheduled during peak +from 6 to 9 and then after that up to 11 + + align:start position:0% +from 6 to 9 and then after that up to 11 + + + align:start position:0% +from 6 to 9 and then after that up to 11 +and the rest could be actually similar + + align:start position:0% +and the rest could be actually similar + + + align:start position:0% +and the rest could be actually similar +so as you can see the the head waves + + align:start position:0% +so as you can see the the head waves + + + align:start position:0% +so as you can see the the head waves +from 6 to 9 or 20 minutes after that + + align:start position:0% +from 6 to 9 or 20 minutes after that + + + align:start position:0% +from 6 to 9 or 20 minutes after that +becomes 30 minutes the in-vehicle to our + + align:start position:0% +becomes 30 minutes the in-vehicle to our + + + align:start position:0% +becomes 30 minutes the in-vehicle to our +them the running time is 40 minutes in + + align:start position:0% +them the running time is 40 minutes in + + + align:start position:0% +them the running time is 40 minutes in +the peak and 35 I think do is that we we + + align:start position:0% +the peak and 35 I think do is that we we + + + align:start position:0% +the peak and 35 I think do is that we we +tie the the two directions together this + + align:start position:0% +tie the the two directions together this + + + align:start position:0% +tie the the two directions together this +is the kind of coordination that we + + align:start position:0% +is the kind of coordination that we + + + align:start position:0% +is the kind of coordination that we +previously discussed with with the + + align:start position:0% +previously discussed with with the + + + align:start position:0% +previously discussed with with the +comment that a town made in terms of + + align:start position:0% +comment that a town made in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +comment that a town made in terms of +shifting these trips together so so this + + align:start position:0% +shifting these trips together so so this + + + align:start position:0% +shifting these trips together so so this +is one of them one one example of + + align:start position:0% +is one of them one one example of + + + align:start position:0% +is one of them one one example of +shifting some of the trips to make + + align:start position:0% +shifting some of the trips to make + + + align:start position:0% +shifting some of the trips to make +better efficiency in the next steps in + + align:start position:0% +better efficiency in the next steps in + + + align:start position:0% +better efficiency in the next steps in +this case we tie the the trips in the + + align:start position:0% +this case we tie the the trips in the + + + align:start position:0% +this case we tie the the trips in the +first direction with trips in the + + align:start position:0% +first direction with trips in the + + + align:start position:0% +first direction with trips in the +reverse direction so first trip that + + align:start position:0% +reverse direction so first trip that + + + align:start position:0% +reverse direction so first trip that +departs at six arrives at 6:40 + + align:start position:0% +departs at six arrives at 6:40 + + + align:start position:0% +departs at six arrives at 6:40 +considering 10 minutes later we will + + align:start position:0% +considering 10 minutes later we will + + + align:start position:0% +considering 10 minutes later we will +schedule the first trip for the reverse + + align:start position:0% +schedule the first trip for the reverse + + + align:start position:0% +schedule the first trip for the reverse +direction from 650 and it's anticipated + + align:start position:0% +direction from 650 and it's anticipated + + + align:start position:0% +direction from 650 and it's anticipated +to to arrive and at 7:30 and this is so + + align:start position:0% +to to arrive and at 7:30 and this is so + + + align:start position:0% +to to arrive and at 7:30 and this is so +on and so forth for all the timetable + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth for all the timetable + + + align:start position:0% +on and so forth for all the timetable +given the time in the the travel times + + align:start position:0% +given the time in the the travel times + + + align:start position:0% +given the time in the the travel times +between the two ends and the head weighs + + align:start position:0% +between the two ends and the head weighs + + + align:start position:0% +between the two ends and the head weighs +yes yeah what yeah but you work this + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah what yeah but you work this + + + align:start position:0% +yes yeah what yeah but you work this +right five buses but some of them are + + align:start position:0% +right five buses but some of them are + + + align:start position:0% +right five buses but some of them are +partial only they can pull in in the + + align:start position:0% +partial only they can pull in in the + + + align:start position:0% +partial only they can pull in in the +middle but we will see that in a second + + align:start position:0% +middle but we will see that in a second + + + align:start position:0% +middle but we will see that in a second +so we will start with with first pull + + align:start position:0% +so we will start with with first pull + + + align:start position:0% +so we will start with with first pull +out that is the bus that is going to + + align:start position:0% +out that is the bus that is going to + + + align:start position:0% +out that is the bus that is going to +serve the first round trip after one + + align:start position:0% +serve the first round trip after one + + + align:start position:0% +serve the first round trip after one +cycle is going to be able to serve the + + align:start position:0% +cycle is going to be able to serve the + + + align:start position:0% +cycle is going to be able to serve the +7:40 trip for us after 10 minutes of + + align:start position:0% +7:40 trip for us after 10 minutes of + + + align:start position:0% +7:40 trip for us after 10 minutes of +layover it will end the distributing 10 + + align:start position:0% +layover it will end the distributing 10 + + + align:start position:0% +layover it will end the distributing 10 +given 10 minutes + + align:start position:0% +given 10 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +given 10 minutes +layover it will be able to serve 9:30 + + align:start position:0% +layover it will be able to serve 9:30 + + + align:start position:0% +layover it will be able to serve 9:30 +for us and also 11 again the next bus + + align:start position:0% +for us and also 11 again the next bus + + + align:start position:0% +for us and also 11 again the next bus +that we will have to pull out can serve + + align:start position:0% +that we will have to pull out can serve + + + align:start position:0% +that we will have to pull out can serve +the trip from 6:20 and from 8 after 8 + + align:start position:0% +the trip from 6:20 and from 8 after 8 + + + align:start position:0% +the trip from 6:20 and from 8 after 8 +once it does the cycle it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +once it does the cycle it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +once it does the cycle it's going to be +9:30 and 9:30 is already trip is already + + align:start position:0% +9:30 and 9:30 is already trip is already + + + align:start position:0% +9:30 and 9:30 is already trip is already +taken then we will have to choose + + align:start position:0% +taken then we will have to choose + + + align:start position:0% +taken then we will have to choose +between sending this back to the Depot + + align:start position:0% +between sending this back to the Depot + + + align:start position:0% +between sending this back to the Depot +or using it for for trip at 10 this trip + + align:start position:0% +or using it for for trip at 10 this trip + + + align:start position:0% +or using it for for trip at 10 this trip +at 10 basically means like 30 more + + align:start position:0% +at 10 basically means like 30 more + + + align:start position:0% +at 10 basically means like 30 more +minutes or 20 minutes of waiting we + + align:start position:0% +minutes or 20 minutes of waiting we + + + align:start position:0% +minutes or 20 minutes of waiting we +decide to send it back to 2 to Depot + + align:start position:0% +decide to send it back to 2 to Depot + + + align:start position:0% +decide to send it back to 2 to Depot +people have five bucks for five + + align:start position:0% +people have five bucks for five + + + align:start position:0% +people have five bucks for five +different buses block one basically + + align:start position:0% +different buses block one basically + + + align:start position:0% +different buses block one basically +gives the itinerary of duties for four + + align:start position:0% +gives the itinerary of duties for four + + + align:start position:0% +gives the itinerary of duties for four +for bus one or for what whichever bus + + align:start position:0% +for bus one or for what whichever bus + + + align:start position:0% +for bus one or for what whichever bus +that this is assigned to then on and so + + align:start position:0% +that this is assigned to then on and so + + + align:start position:0% +that this is assigned to then on and so +forth for all the the buses okay you you + + align:start position:0% +forth for all the the buses okay you you + + + align:start position:0% +forth for all the the buses okay you you +mainly will have to work with this + + align:start position:0% +mainly will have to work with this + + + align:start position:0% +mainly will have to work with this +method for the homework but it's it's + + align:start position:0% +method for the homework but it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +method for the homework but it's it's +valuable to know what are the existing + + align:start position:0% +valuable to know what are the existing + + + align:start position:0% +valuable to know what are the existing +approaches in in practice and what + + align:start position:0% +approaches in in practice and what + + + align:start position:0% +approaches in in practice and what +what's going on in research that deals + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in research that deals + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on in research that deals +with with with problems like this okay + + align:start position:0% +with with with problems like this okay + + + align:start position:0% +with with with problems like this okay +any questions + + align:start position:0% +any questions + + + align:start position:0% +any questions +all right okay thank you very much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/__T3eJtjoic.txt b/__T3eJtjoic.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78b39224981acbd33e8df871f2911ef1a841f953 --- /dev/null +++ b/__T3eJtjoic.txt @@ -0,0 +1,771 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let us now look at some examples of + + align:start position:0% +let us now look at some examples of + + + align:start position:0% +let us now look at some examples of +sample spaces sample spaces are set and + + align:start position:0% +sample spaces sample spaces are set and + + + align:start position:0% +sample spaces sample spaces are set and +the set can be discrete finite infinite + + align:start position:0% +the set can be discrete finite infinite + + + align:start position:0% +the set can be discrete finite infinite +continues and so on let us start with a + + align:start position:0% +continues and so on let us start with a + + + align:start position:0% +continues and so on let us start with a +simpler case in which we have a sample + + align:start position:0% +simpler case in which we have a sample + + + align:start position:0% +simpler case in which we have a sample +space that is discrete and finite the + + align:start position:0% +space that is discrete and finite the + + + align:start position:0% +space that is discrete and finite the +particular experiment we will be looking + + align:start position:0% +particular experiment we will be looking + + + align:start position:0% +particular experiment we will be looking +at is the following we take a very + + align:start position:0% +at is the following we take a very + + + align:start position:0% +at is the following we take a very +special die a tetrahedral die so it's a + + align:start position:0% +special die a tetrahedral die so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +special die a tetrahedral die so it's a +die that has four faces numbered from + + align:start position:0% +die that has four faces numbered from + + + align:start position:0% +die that has four faces numbered from +one up to four we roll it once and then + + align:start position:0% +one up to four we roll it once and then + + + align:start position:0% +one up to four we roll it once and then +we roll it twice we're not dealing here + + align:start position:0% +we roll it twice we're not dealing here + + + align:start position:0% +we roll it twice we're not dealing here +with two probabilistic experiments we're + + align:start position:0% +with two probabilistic experiments we're + + + align:start position:0% +with two probabilistic experiments we're +dealing with a single probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a single probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with a single probabilistic +experiment that involves two rolls of + + align:start position:0% +experiment that involves two rolls of + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that involves two rolls of +the die within that experiment what is + + align:start position:0% +the die within that experiment what is + + + align:start position:0% +the die within that experiment what is +the sample space of that experiment well + + align:start position:0% +the sample space of that experiment well + + + align:start position:0% +the sample space of that experiment well +one possible representation is the + + align:start position:0% +one possible representation is the + + + align:start position:0% +one possible representation is the +following we take note of the result of + + align:start position:0% +following we take note of the result of + + + align:start position:0% +following we take note of the result of +the first roll and then we take note of + + align:start position:0% +the first roll and then we take note of + + + align:start position:0% +the first roll and then we take note of +the result of the second roll and this + + align:start position:0% +the result of the second roll and this + + + align:start position:0% +the result of the second roll and this +gives us a pair of numbers each one of + + align:start position:0% +gives us a pair of numbers each one of + + + align:start position:0% +gives us a pair of numbers each one of +the possible pairs of numbers + + align:start position:0% +the possible pairs of numbers + + + align:start position:0% +the possible pairs of numbers +corresponds to one of the little squares + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to one of the little squares + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to one of the little squares +in this diagram for example if the first + + align:start position:0% +in this diagram for example if the first + + + align:start position:0% +in this diagram for example if the first +roll is 1 and the second is also 1 then + + align:start position:0% +roll is 1 and the second is also 1 then + + + align:start position:0% +roll is 1 and the second is also 1 then +this particular outcome has occurred if + + align:start position:0% +this particular outcome has occurred if + + + align:start position:0% +this particular outcome has occurred if +the first roll is a 2 and the second is + + align:start position:0% +the first roll is a 2 and the second is + + + align:start position:0% +the first roll is a 2 and the second is +a 3 then this particular outcome occurs + + align:start position:0% +a 3 then this particular outcome occurs + + + align:start position:0% +a 3 then this particular outcome occurs +if the first roll is a 3 and then the + + align:start position:0% +if the first roll is a 3 and then the + + + align:start position:0% +if the first roll is a 3 and then the +next one is a 2 then this particular + + align:start position:0% +next one is a 2 then this particular + + + align:start position:0% +next one is a 2 then this particular +outcome occurs notice that these two + + align:start position:0% +outcome occurs notice that these two + + + align:start position:0% +outcome occurs notice that these two +outcomes are pretty closely related in + + align:start position:0% +outcomes are pretty closely related in + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes are pretty closely related in +both cases we observe a two and we + + align:start position:0% +both cases we observe a two and we + + + align:start position:0% +both cases we observe a two and we +observe a 3 but we distinguish those two + + align:start position:0% +observe a 3 but we distinguish those two + + + align:start position:0% +observe a 3 but we distinguish those two +outcomes because in those two outcomes + + align:start position:0% +outcomes because in those two outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes because in those two outcomes +the 23 happen in different order and the + + align:start position:0% +the 23 happen in different order and the + + + align:start position:0% +the 23 happen in different order and the +order in which they appear may be a + + align:start position:0% +order in which they appear may be a + + + align:start position:0% +order in which they appear may be a +detail which is of interest to us and so + + align:start position:0% +detail which is of interest to us and so + + + align:start position:0% +detail which is of interest to us and so +we make this distinction in the sample + + align:start position:0% +we make this distinction in the sample + + + align:start position:0% +we make this distinction in the sample +space so we keep the 3 2 and the 2 3 as + + align:start position:0% +space so we keep the 3 2 and the 2 3 as + + + align:start position:0% +space so we keep the 3 2 and the 2 3 as +separate outcomes now this is a case of + + align:start position:0% +separate outcomes now this is a case of + + + align:start position:0% +separate outcomes now this is a case of +a model in which the probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +a model in which the probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +a model in which the probabilistic +experiment + + align:start position:0% +experiment + + + align:start position:0% +experiment +can be described in phases or stages we + + align:start position:0% +can be described in phases or stages we + + + align:start position:0% +can be described in phases or stages we +could think about rolling the die once + + align:start position:0% +could think about rolling the die once + + + align:start position:0% +could think about rolling the die once +and then going ahead with the second + + align:start position:0% +and then going ahead with the second + + + align:start position:0% +and then going ahead with the second +roll so we have two stages a very useful + + align:start position:0% +roll so we have two stages a very useful + + + align:start position:0% +roll so we have two stages a very useful +way of describing the sample space of + + align:start position:0% +way of describing the sample space of + + + align:start position:0% +way of describing the sample space of +experiments whenever we have an + + align:start position:0% +experiments whenever we have an + + + align:start position:0% +experiments whenever we have an +experiment with several stages either + + align:start position:0% +experiment with several stages either + + + align:start position:0% +experiment with several stages either +real stages or imagined stages so a very + + align:start position:0% +real stages or imagined stages so a very + + + align:start position:0% +real stages or imagined stages so a very +useful way of describing it is by + + align:start position:0% +useful way of describing it is by + + + align:start position:0% +useful way of describing it is by +providing a sequential description in + + align:start position:0% +providing a sequential description in + + + align:start position:0% +providing a sequential description in +terms of a three so a diagram of this + + align:start position:0% +terms of a three so a diagram of this + + + align:start position:0% +terms of a three so a diagram of this +kind we call it a three you can think of + + align:start position:0% +kind we call it a three you can think of + + + align:start position:0% +kind we call it a three you can think of +this as the root of the tree from which + + align:start position:0% +this as the root of the tree from which + + + align:start position:0% +this as the root of the tree from which +you start and the end points of the tree + + align:start position:0% +you start and the end points of the tree + + + align:start position:0% +you start and the end points of the tree +we usually call them the leaves so the + + align:start position:0% +we usually call them the leaves so the + + + align:start position:0% +we usually call them the leaves so the +experiment starts we carry out the first + + align:start position:0% +experiment starts we carry out the first + + + align:start position:0% +experiment starts we carry out the first +phase which in this case is the first + + align:start position:0% +phase which in this case is the first + + + align:start position:0% +phase which in this case is the first +role and we see what happens so maybe we + + align:start position:0% +role and we see what happens so maybe we + + + align:start position:0% +role and we see what happens so maybe we +get a 2 in the first role and then we + + align:start position:0% +get a 2 in the first role and then we + + + align:start position:0% +get a 2 in the first role and then we +take note of what happened in the second + + align:start position:0% +take note of what happened in the second + + + align:start position:0% +take note of what happened in the second +role and maybe the result was a 3 so we + + align:start position:0% +role and maybe the result was a 3 so we + + + align:start position:0% +role and maybe the result was a 3 so we +follow this branch here and we end up at + + align:start position:0% +follow this branch here and we end up at + + + align:start position:0% +follow this branch here and we end up at +this particular leaf which is the leaf + + align:start position:0% +this particular leaf which is the leaf + + + align:start position:0% +this particular leaf which is the leaf +associated with the outcome 2 3 notice + + align:start position:0% +associated with the outcome 2 3 notice + + + align:start position:0% +associated with the outcome 2 3 notice +that in this tree we once more have a + + align:start position:0% +that in this tree we once more have a + + + align:start position:0% +that in this tree we once more have a +distinction the outcome 2 followed by a + + align:start position:0% +distinction the outcome 2 followed by a + + + align:start position:0% +distinction the outcome 2 followed by a +3 is different from the outcome 3 + + align:start position:0% +3 is different from the outcome 3 + + + align:start position:0% +3 is different from the outcome 3 +followed by a 2 which would correspond + + align:start position:0% +followed by a 2 which would correspond + + + align:start position:0% +followed by a 2 which would correspond +to this particular place in the diagram + + align:start position:0% +to this particular place in the diagram + + + align:start position:0% +to this particular place in the diagram +in both cases we have 16 possible + + align:start position:0% +in both cases we have 16 possible + + + align:start position:0% +in both cases we have 16 possible +outcomes 4 times 4 makes 16 and + + align:start position:0% +outcomes 4 times 4 makes 16 and + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes 4 times 4 makes 16 and +similarly if you count here the number + + align:start position:0% +similarly if you count here the number + + + align:start position:0% +similarly if you count here the number +of leaves is equal to 16 the previous + + align:start position:0% +of leaves is equal to 16 the previous + + + align:start position:0% +of leaves is equal to 16 the previous +example involved a sample space that was + + align:start position:0% +example involved a sample space that was + + + align:start position:0% +example involved a sample space that was +discrete and finite there were only 16 + + align:start position:0% +discrete and finite there were only 16 + + + align:start position:0% +discrete and finite there were only 16 +possible outcomes but sample spaces can + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes but sample spaces can + + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes but sample spaces can +also be infinite and they could also be + + align:start position:0% +also be infinite and they could also be + + + align:start position:0% +also be infinite and they could also be +continuous sets here's an example of an + + align:start position:0% +continuous sets here's an example of an + + + align:start position:0% +continuous sets here's an example of an +experiment that involves a continuous + + align:start position:0% +experiment that involves a continuous + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that involves a continuous +sample space so we have a rectangular + + align:start position:0% +sample space so we have a rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +sample space so we have a rectangular +target which is the unit square and you + + align:start position:0% +target which is the unit square and you + + + align:start position:0% +target which is the unit square and you +throw a dart on that target and suppose + + align:start position:0% +throw a dart on that target and suppose + + + align:start position:0% +throw a dart on that target and suppose +that you are so skilled that no matter + + align:start position:0% +that you are so skilled that no matter + + + align:start position:0% +that you are so skilled that no matter +what when you throw the dart + + align:start position:0% +what when you throw the dart + + + align:start position:0% +what when you throw the dart +it always falls inside the target once + + align:start position:0% +it always falls inside the target once + + + align:start position:0% +it always falls inside the target once +the target once the dart hits the target + + align:start position:0% +the target once the dart hits the target + + + align:start position:0% +the target once the dart hits the target +you record the coordinates x and y of + + align:start position:0% +you record the coordinates x and y of + + + align:start position:0% +you record the coordinates x and y of +the particular point that resulted from + + align:start position:0% +the particular point that resulted from + + + align:start position:0% +the particular point that resulted from +your dart throw and we record x and y + + align:start position:0% +your dart throw and we record x and y + + + align:start position:0% +your dart throw and we record x and y +with infinite precision so x and y are + + align:start position:0% +with infinite precision so x and y are + + + align:start position:0% +with infinite precision so x and y are +real numbers so in this experiment the + + align:start position:0% +real numbers so in this experiment the + + + align:start position:0% +real numbers so in this experiment the +sample space is just the set of XY pairs + + align:start position:0% +sample space is just the set of XY pairs + + + align:start position:0% +sample space is just the set of XY pairs +that lie between 0 & 1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_aMhpf6CK90.txt b/_aMhpf6CK90.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f5f558a3321dd1ea371683f7250f5c7bbc0f881 --- /dev/null +++ b/_aMhpf6CK90.txt @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the force on a liquid dialectric results + + align:start position:0% +the force on a liquid dialectric results + + + align:start position:0% +the force on a liquid dialectric results +in a Visual Evidence for molecular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +polarization they're set in a shallow + + align:start position:0% +polarization they're set in a shallow + + + align:start position:0% +polarization they're set in a shallow +dish of corn oil which is then placed in + + align:start position:0% +dish of corn oil which is then placed in + + + align:start position:0% +dish of corn oil which is then placed in +a nitrogen pressure + + align:start position:0% +a nitrogen pressure + + + align:start position:0% +a nitrogen pressure +chamber 25 k AC is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +applied polarization forces push the + + align:start position:0% +applied polarization forces push the + + + align:start position:0% +applied polarization forces push the +fluid upward between the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plates the field intensity is greatest + + align:start position:0% +plates the field intensity is greatest + + + align:start position:0% +plates the field intensity is greatest +at the left about 100 KT per cm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the height of Rise is inversely + + align:start position:0% +the height of Rise is inversely + + + align:start position:0% +the height of Rise is inversely +proportional to the square of the radial + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the square of the radial + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the square of the radial +distance \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/_oKLtT7F9hg.txt b/_oKLtT7F9hg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..635f2c76a80dde5aa10d2c6fa7a608ae7aed6f2d --- /dev/null +++ b/_oKLtT7F9hg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3306 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation, or to view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu + +PROFESSOR: Review what +random processes are + +a little bit now. + +And remember, in what we're +doing here, we have pointed + +out that random processes +in general, have a mean. + +The mean is not important. + +The mean is not important for +random variables or random + +vectors either. + +It's just something you add +on when you're all done. + +So the best way to study random +variables, random + +vectors, and random processes, +particularly when you're + +dealing with things which are +based on base things being + +Gaussian, is to forget about the +means, do everything you + +want to with the fluctuations, +and then put the means in when + +you're all done. + +Which is why the notes do most +of what they do, in terms of + +zero mean, random variables, +random vectors, and random + +processes, and simply put in +what the value of the mean is + +at the end. + +OK so some of this has +the mean put in. + +Some of it doesn't. + +So to start out with, a random +process is defined by its + +joint distribution at each +finite set of epochs. + +OK, that's where we started +with all of this. + +How do you define a +random waveform? + +I mean, you really have to +come to grips with that + +question before you +can see how you + +might answer the question. + +If you think it's obvious how +to define a random process, + +then you really have to go +back and think about it. + +Because a random process +is a random waveform. + +It's an uncountably infinite +number of random variables. + +So that defining what it is, +is not a trivial problem. + +And people have generally agreed +that the way to define + +it, be the test for whether you +have defined it or not, is + +whether you can find the joint +distribution at each finite + +set of epochs. + +Fortunately most processes of +interest can be defined in a + +much, much simpler +way in terms of + +an orthonormal expansion. + +When you to find it in terms of +an orthonormal expansion, + +you have the orthonormal +expansion which is the sum + +over k, of a set of random +variables, Z sub 1, Z sub 2 + +and so forth Z sub k, times a +set of orthonormal functions. + +So all the variation on t +is stuck into the set of + +orthonormal functions. + +All the randomness +is stuck into the + +sequence of random variables. + +So at this point, you have a +sequence of random variables, + +rather than a waveform. + +Why is it so important to have +something countable instead of + +something uncountable? + +I mean, mathematicians +understand, in a deep + +mathematical sense, why +that's so important. + +For engineers the argument is +a little bit different. + +I think for engineers the +argument is, no matter how + +small the interval of a waveform +you're looking at, + +even if you shrink it, no matter +what you do with it, + +you can't approximate it in any +way and get rid of that + +uncountably infinite number +of random variables. + +As soon as you represent it +in terms of an orthonormal + +expansion though, at that point +you have represented it + +as a countable sum. + +As soon as you represent it as +a countable sum, you can + +approximate it by knocking +off the tail of that sum. + +OK, and at that point you have +a finite number of random + +variables, instead +of an infinite + +number of random variables. + +We all know how to deal +with a finite + +set of random variables. + +You've been doing that since +you were in 6.041 OK. + +So if you have a countable set +of random variables, the way + +to deal with them is +always the same. + +It's to hope that they're +defined in such a way that + +when you look at enough of them, +all the rest of them are + +unimportant. + +That sort of is the underlying +meaning of + +what countable means. + +You can arrange them +in a sequence, yes. + +But like when you count in +school, after you name the + +first hundred numbers you get +tired of it, and you realize + +that you understand the whole +thing at that point. + +OK in other words, you don't +have to count up to infinity + +to understand what it +means to have a + +countable set of integers. + +You all understand +the integers. + +You understand them +intuitively. + +And you understand that no +matter how big an integer you + +choose, somebody else can always +choose one bigger than + +you've chosen. + +But you also understand that +that's not important. + +OK? + +So this is the way we usually +define a stochastic process, a + +random process to +start off with. + +The other thing that we have +to do, is given a random + +process like this, we very often +want to go from this + +random process to other random +processes which are defined in + +terms of this random process. + +So almost always we start out +with a random process which is + +defined this way. + +And then we move from there to +various other processes which + +we define in terms of this. + +So we never really have to deal +with this uncountably + +infinite number of +random variables. + +If we really had to +deal with that, we + +would be in deep trouble. + +Because the only way we could +deal with it, would be to take + +five courses in measure +theory. + +And after you take five courses +in measure theory, + +it's not enough. + +Because at that point, you're +living in measure theory. + +And most of the mathematicians +that I know can't come back + +from measure theory to talk +about real problems. + +So that every time they write +a paper, which looks like + +beautiful mathematics, it's very +difficult to interpret + +whether it means anything +about real problems. + +Because that's where +things get hard. + +OK so the point is, if you +define random processes in + +this way, then you always have +some sort of grounding about + +what you're talking about. + +Because you have a countable +number of + +random variables here. + +You know that if you're dealing +with anything that + +makes any sense, only a +finite number of them + +are going to be important. + +The thing you don't know is how +many of them you need to + +be important. + +OK, so that's why we take +an infinite sum here. + +Because you don't know ahead of +time, how many you'd need + +to deal with. + +OK, so we then started to +talk about stationarity. + +The process Z of t is stationary +if Z of t sub 1 up + +to Z of t sub k and Z of t sub +1 plus tau up to Z of t sub k + +plus tau have the same +distribution. + +OK, so you take any finite set +of random variables in this + +process, you shift them all to +some other place, and you ask + +whether they have the +same distribution. + +How do you answer +that question? + +God only knows. + +I mean, what you need to be able +to answer that question + +is some easy way of finding +those joint probabilities. + +And that's why you deal +with examples. + +That's why we deal with jointly + +Gaussian random variables. + +Because once we're dealing with +jointly Gaussian random + +variables, we can write down +those joint distributions just + +in terms of covariance +matrices. + +Well it means, of course, if you +want to deal with things + +that are not a zero mean. + +And after you learn how to deal +with covariance matrices, + +at least you're dealing +with a function of a + +finite number of variables. + +So it's not so bad. + +OK so the argument is, this is +what you need to know if + +you're going to call +it stationary. + +But we have easier ways +of testing for that. + +And in fact this Wide Sense +Stationary we said, if the + +covariance matrix, mainly the +expected value of Z of t sub 1 + +times the expected value of Z +of t sub 2 is equal to some + +function of just t sub +1 minus t sub 2. + +In other words, where the +expected value of this value + +times this value is the +same, if you shift it + +over by some amount. + +OK, you see the difference +between? + +I mean the difference between +these two things is one, that + +in the definition for +stationarity, you need an + +arbitrarily large set of +random variables here. + +You shift them over to some +other point here. + +And you need the same joint +distribution over this + +arbitrarily large set +of random variables. + +When you get into dealing with +the covariance matrix, all you + +need for Wide Sense Stationarity +is you only have + +to deal with two random +variables here, and the shift + +of those two random +variables here. + +Which really comes out to a +problem involving just two + +random variables t sub 1, t sub +2, and the fact that it's + +the same no matter where you +shift the t sub 1 to. + +It's only a function of the +difference between t + +sub 1 and t sub 2. + +So it's a whole lot easier. + +And then we pointed out that +since jointly Gaussian random + +variables, and since the +Gaussian random process, it's + +completely determined by its +covariance function, a zero + +mean Gaussian process. + +If you'll forgive me, I'm not +going to keep coming back and + +saying that. + +I will just be thinking +solely today in terms + +of zero mean processes. + +And you should think solely in +terms of zero mean processes. + +You can sort out for yourselves +whether you'd need + +a mean or not. + +That's sort of a trivial +addition to all of this. + +OK, so it's Wide Sense +Stationary. + +Well we already said that. + +Well, here I put in the mean. + +OK, Wide Sense Stationary +implies that it's stationary + +for Gaussian processes. + +OK, so in other words, this +messy looking question of + +asking whether a process is +stationary or not, with all of + +these random variables here +and all of these random + +variables here, becomes +trivialized for the case of a + +Gaussian random process, where +all you need to worry about is + +the covariance function. + +Because that's the thing that +specifies the whole process. + +OK. + +That's part of what +we did last time. + +We set an important +example of this. + +And you don't quite know how +important this is yet. + +But this is really important +because all of the Gaussian + +processes you want to talk about +can be formed in terms + +of this process. + +So it's nice in that way. + +And the process is Z +of t is the sum of + +an orthonormal expansion. + +But the orthonormal functions +now are just the time shifted + +sinc functions. + +We know the time shifted sinc +functions are orthogonal. + +So we just have this set +of random variables. + +And we say OK, what we're going +to assume here is that + +these random variables, well +here I put in the mean. + +Let's forget about the mean. + +The expected value of V sub k +times V sub i, namely any two + +of these random variables +expected value of the pair, is + +equal to zero if K +is unequal to i. + +OK, in other words, the random +variables are in some sense + +orthogonal to each other. + +But let's save the word +orthogonal for functions, and + +use the word correlated +or uncorrelated + +here for random variables. + +So these random variables +are uncorrelated. + +So we're dealing with an +expansion where the functions + +are orthogonal, and where +the random variables are + +uncorrelated. + +And now, what we're really +interested in, is making these + +random variables Gaussian. + +And then we have a Gaussian +random process with + +this whole sum here. + +We're interested in making these +have the same variance + +in all cases. + +And therefore what we have is +process which is stationary. + +And its covariance function is +just sigma squared times this + +sinc function here. + +There's an error in the notes, +in lecture 16, about this. + +It will be corrected +on the web. + +This is in the notes. + +This quantity here +is left out. + +So you can put that back +in if you want to. + +Or you can get the new notes +off the web after a + +few hours or so. + +This is not put on +the web yet. + +I just noticed yesterday. + +In fact I noticed +it this morning. + +OK, the sample functions of a +Wide Sense Stationary non-zero + +process are not L sub 2. + +When I talk about a non-zero +process I'm not talking about + +zero mean, I'm saying this +peculiar random process which + +is zero everywhere. + +In other words, a random process +which really doesn't + +deserve to be called +a random process. + +But unfortunately by +the definitions, + +it is a random process. + +Because with probability one, +Z of t is equal zero + +everywhere. + +And that just means you have +a constant, which is zero + +everywhere. + +So you're not interested +in it. + +OK, if you take the sample +functions of any non-trivial + +Wide Sense Stationary +random process, + +they dribble on forever. + +And they have the same-- +no matter how far + +you go out in time-- + +the V sub k's which are the +samples of this process, + +sample random variables of +the process, weigh out. + +These things all have +the same variance. + +So that this is stationary +because it just + +keeps going on forever. + +OK and as we said last time, +that runs into violent + +conflict with our whole idea +here of trying to understand + +what L sub 2 functions +are all about. + +Because what we would like to +be able to do is stick the L + +sub 2 functions as sample values +of these processes, + +have the waveforms that +we send the L sub 2. + +When you add up two L +sub 2 functions, you + +get an L sub 2 function. + +And therefore, all the sample +values of all the things that + +happen with probability one +are all L sub 2 functions. + +As soon as you do the most +natural and simple thing with + +random processes, you wind up +with something which cannot be + +L sub 2 anymore. + +But it's not L sub 2 in +only a trivial way. + +OK in other words, it's +not L sub 2 because + +it keeps going forever. + +It's not L sub 2 for the same +reason that sine x is not L + +sub 2, or 1 is not L sub 2. + +OK, and we've decided not to +look at those functions as + +reasonable functions for +the waveforms that + +we transmit or receive. + +But for random processes, maybe +they're not so bad. + +OK. + +But we don't know yet. + +We started to talk about +something called effectively + +Wide Sense Stationary, +which the notes talk + +about quite a bit. + +Which to say, OK we will assume +that the process is + +stationary over some very +wide time interval. + +We don't know how wide that time +interval is, but we'll + +assume that it's finite. + +In other words, we're going to +take this random process, + +whatever it is, you can define +it, a nice random + +process this way. + +And then we're going to get our +scissors, and we're going + +to cut it off over here +and we're going to + +cut it off over here. + +So it's then, time-limited over +this very broad band. + +Why do we want to do this? + +Because again, it's like the +integers which are countable. + +You don't know how far out you +have to go before you're not + +interested in something +anymore. + +But you know if you go out +far enough, you can't be + +interested in it anymore. + +Because otherwise you +can't take limits. + +You can't do anything +interesting with sequences. + +OK, so here the idea is. + +If you go out far enough, +you don't care. + +This has to be the way that you +model things because any + +piece of equipment that you ever +design is going to start + +being used at a certain time, +and it's going to stop being + +used at a certain time. + +And about halfway after when +it stops being used, the + +people who make it will +stop supporting it. + +And that's to hurry on the time +at which you have to buy + +something new. + +I bought a new computer +about six months ago. + +And I find that Microsoft is +not supporting any of the + +stuff that it loaded into this +damn computer anymore. + +Six months old, so you see why +I'm angry about this matter, + +of things not being supported. + +So in a sense they're not +stationary after that. + +So you can only ask for things +to be stationary over a period + +of six months or so. + +OK. + +But for electronic times, when +you're sending data at + +kilobits per second or megabits +per second, or + +gigabits per second as people +like to do now, that's an + +awful long time. + +You can send an awful lot +of bits in that time. + +So stationary means stationary +for a long time. + +The notes do a lot of +analysis of this. + +I'm going to do a little +of that analysis + +here in class again. + +Not because it's so important +to understand the details of + +it, but to understand what it +really means to have a process + +be stationary, and to understand +that doesn't really + +destroy any of the L sub 2 +theory that we built up. + +OK. + +So the covariance function +is L sub 2 in + +cases of physical relevance. + +That's the thing. + +That's one of the +things we need. + +We want the sample functions +also to be L sub 2 in cases of + +physical relevance. + +If you have a function here, +this is just a function of + +time now at this point. + +There's nothing random +about this. + +It's just a statistic of +this random process. + +But it's a nice well-defined +function. + +We're talking about real +random processes here. + +So what can you say about +this function? + +Is it symmetric in time? + +How many people think it +must be symmetric? + +I see a number of people. + +How many people think +it's not symmetric? + +Well it is symmetric. + +It has to be symmetric because +its expected value of Z of t + +sub 1 times Z of t sub 2, and if +you flip the roles of those + +two, you have to get +the same answer. + +So it is symmetric. + +It is real. + +We're going to talk about the +Fourier transform of this + +before trying to give any +relevance or physical meaning + +to this thing called +spectral density. + +We'll just say this is the +Fourier transform of the + +covariance function for a Wide +Sense Stationary process. + +So we have some kind of +Fourier transform. + +We'll assume this is L +sub 2 and everything. + +We won't worry about +any of that. + +So there is some function +here which makes sense. + +Now if k is both real and +symmetric, what can you say + +about its Fourier transform? + +If you have a real function, +what property does this + +Fourier transform have? + +AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: It's conjugate +symmetric, yes. + +And furthermore, if k is +symmetric itself, then you can + +go back from this thinking you +have a symmetric transform, + +and realize that this +has to be real. + +OK. + +So spectral densities of real +processes are always both real + +and symmetric. + +We will define what we mean by +spectral density later for + +complex processes. + +And spectral densities +are always real. + +They aren't always symmetric if +you have a complex process. + +But don't worry about +that now. + +There are enough peculiarities +that come in when we start + +dealing with complex processes, +that I don't want + +to worry about it at all. + +So spectral density is +real and symmetric. + +And so far it's just +a definition. + +OK, but the thing we found about +this sinc process, is + +that the sinc process in fact, +is a stationary process. + +It's a Wide Sense Stationary +process for whatever variables + +you want to put in here. + +And if these variables are IID +and they're Gaussian and zero + +mean, then this process is a +zero mean, stationary Gaussian + +random process. + +And it has a spectral density. + +This turns out to be +a sinc function. + +The Fourier transform of it +is a rectangular function. + +So this process has a spectral +density which is constant out + +to a certain point, and then +drops off to zero. + +So it's nice in that sense. + +Because you can make this be +flat as far as you want to, + +and then chop it off wherever +you want to. + +And we'll see that when we start +putting a process like + +this through filters, very +nice things happen. + +OK. + +So we're familiar, relatively +familiar, and conversant with + +at least one Gaussian +random process. + +OK, we talked about linear +functionals last + +time before the quiz. + +And we said a linear functional +is a random + +variable, V, which is simply +this integral here. + +We've talked about this integral +a lot where Z of t is + +a function, and g of +t is a function. + +If the sample values of Z of +t are L sub 2, then this + +integral is very well-defined. + +It turns out, also, that if g +of t is L sub 2, and these + +sample values are bounded, then +all of this works out + +very nicely also. + +And we'll find other ways to +look at this as we move on. + +OK but what this means is that +for all sample points in this + +entire sample space, in other +words we're dealing with a + +probability space where we +have a bunch of processes + +running around, we have +data coming in. + +We're transmitting the data. + +We have data that +gets received. + +We're doing crazy +things with it. + +All of this stuff is random. + +We might have other processes +doing something else. + +Big complicated sample space +here for all of the elements + +in it, the sample value of the +random variable, V, is just + +the integral of the sample value +of the process here. + +In other words for +each omega, this + +process is simply a waveform. + +So it's this waveform times the +function g of t, which we + +think of like that. + +So if g of t is time limited in +L sub 2, if g of t is time + +limited as far as these sample +functions are concerned, we + +don't give a fig about +what Z of t is + +outside of that interval. + +And if we're going to only deal +with linear operations on + +this process where those +linear operations are + +constrained to some interval, +then we don't care what the + +process does outside +of that interval. + +And since we don't care what +the process does outside of + +that interval, we can simply +define the process in terms of + +what it's doing from some large +negative time to some + +large positive time. + +And that's all we care about. + +And so we wanted to find +effective stationarity, as + +something which obeys +the law of + +stationarity over that interval. + +And we don't care what it does +outside of that interval, OK? + +In other words, if Microsoft +stops supporting things after + +six months, we don't +care about it. + +Because everything we're going +to do we're going to get done + +within six months. + +And if we don't get it done +within six months we're going + +to have a terrible crash. + +And we're going to throw +everything away + +and start over again. + +So it doesn't make any +difference at that point. + +OK, so we have a process now +we'll assume is effectively + +stationary within +two time limits. + +And our definition is if the +covariance function, which is + +a function of two values, t +and tau, namely it's the + +expected value of Z of t times +expected value of Z of tau. + +And our definition of effective +stationarity is that + +this is equal to a function of +t minus tau, whenever t and + +tau are in this box. + +OK, and we drew figures last +time for what that meant. + +We drew this box, you know, +bounded by T sub 0 over 2. + +And what this effective +stationarity means, is that on + +all these diagonal lines, the +covariance function is + +constant on those +diagonal lines. + +And that gives us the same +effect whenever we're passing + +this process any time we're +calculating the inner product + +of a sample value of the process +with some function, + +which is contained within +those limits. + +All we need to know about is +just what the process is doing + +within minus T sub 0 over 2 +to plus T sub 0 over 2. + +Nothing else matters. + +And therefore, something is +effectively stationary within + +those limits means that we get +the same answer here, whether + +or not it's stationary. + +Why is that important? + +It's important because the +things that you can do, the + +simple things that you can do +with stationary processes are + +so simple that you'd like to +remember them, and not + +remember all these formulas +with capital T sub 0's + +floating around in them. + +Because having a capital T sub +0 in it is just as crazy as + +assuming that it's stationary, +because you never know how + +long it's going to be until +Microsoft stops + +supporting its software. + +I mean, if you knew +you'd never buy + +their products, right? + +So you can't possibly know. + +So you assume it's going +to go on forever. + +But then, when we try to ask +what does that mean, we say + +what it really means is over +some finite limits, which are + +large compared to anything we're +going to deal with that + +at all of these results hold. + +So eventually we're trying to +get to the point where we can + +leave the T sub 0 out of it. + +But we're going through this +so we can say, OK there's + +nothing magical that happens in +the limit as T sub 0 goes + +to infinite. + +Mainly we're trying to really +derive the fact that all these + +results can be established +over a + +finite interval of time. + +And therefore you don't care. + +OK. + +So if this covariance function, +single variable + +covariance function, is +less than infinity, + +what does that mean? + +What is a single variance, +single value, covariance + +function of zero mean? + +It's the expected value of Z of +T, times Z of T. In other + +words, it's the variance of +the process at T for any T + +within minus T sub 0 to plus T +sub 0, or T sub 0 over 2 to + +plus T sub 0 over 2. + +OK? + +So if that variance is finite, +then you can just integrate + +over the sample values of +the process, and you + +get something finite. + +In other words this is what +you need for the sample + +functions to be L sub 2 +with probability one. + +As soon as you have this, then +you're in business with all of + +your L sub 2 theory. + +And what does your L +sub 2 theory say? + +It really says you can ignore +L sub 2 theory. + +OK, that was the nice +thing about it. + +That was why we did it. + +OK in other words, the whole +thing we're doing in this + +course is we're going through +complicated things sometimes + +so that you can know +how far you can go + +with the simple things. + +And we always end up with +the simple things + +when we're all done. + +OK, and that's the +whole principle. + +I mean we could just do the +simple things like most + +courses do. + +Except then, you would never +know when it applies and when + +it doesn't apply. + +So, OK. + +So there we are. + +Let's talk about linear +filtering of processes. + +The notes don't do quite +enough of this. + +So when I get to the place where +you need it I will-- and + +some of it's on this slide-- + +I'll tell you. + +We're taking a random process +and we're passing the sample + +waveform of that random process +through a linear + +filter, a linear time and +variant filter, so some other + +random process comes out. + +OK, and now the output at some +time tau, is just the + +convolution of the input Z of t +times this filter response h + +of tau minus t. + +And you can interpret this +in terms of these sample + +functions the way +we did before. + +But now we already sort +of understand that. + +So we're just interpreting in +terms of if there's a random + +variable V, which is the value +of the process at time at + +epoch tau, which is +given in this way. + +It's a random variable when you +pass the process through + +the filter. + +OK, if Z of t is effectively +Wide Sense Stationary with L + +sub 2 sample functions, and if h +of t is non-zero only within + +finite limits, minus A to plus +A, what's going to happen? + +When you pass the sample +waveforms through a linear + +filter, which is bounded between +minus A and plus A, + +that linear filter cannot do +anything with the inputs. + +Namely the output that comes out +of there at some time, T, + +can't depend on the input +anymore than A + +away from that output. + +OK in other words, let me +draw a picture of that. + +Here's some time where we're +observing V of t. + +And V of t can depend on Z of t +only in this region here, Z + +of t minus A up to Z of t plus +A. OK that's what the + +convolution says. + +That's what those filter +equations say. + +It says that this output, here +at this time, depends on the + +input only over these +finite limits. + +And again remember we don't care +about realizability here. + +Because the timing at the +receiver is always different + +from the timing at +the transmitter. + +OK so what that says then +is, what does it say? + +It says that we know that Z of +t is Wide Sense Stationary + +over these big limits minus T +sub 0 to t sub 0 from six + +months ago until six +months from now. + +And this linear filter is +non-zero only over one + +millisecond. + +It says that the process which +comes out, is going to be Wide + +Sense Stationary over minus +six months plus one + +millisecond to six months +minus one millisecond. + +And that's just common sense. + +Because the filter isn't moving +the process any more + +than that little bit. + +OK. + +So V of t then, is going to be +Wide Sense Stationary in L sub + +2 within those slightly +smaller limits. + +The covariance function is going +to be the same thing + +that it was before if you had +a completely stationary + +process, if you only worry about +what's going on within + +those limits, T sub 0 minus A to +T sub zero plus A. You can + +take that big mess there, and +view it more simply as a + +convolution. + +Let's see, this part of it is a +convolution of h of t with K + +tilde, which is the covariance, +which is a + +function of one variable. + +And then it's convolved with-- + +and here I put in the complex +conjugate of h, because it's + +easier to do it here. + +Because at some point, we want +to start dealing with complex + +random processes. + +And for filters it's +easy to do that. + +For linear functionals +it's a little harder. + +So I want to stick to +real processes. + +If we're dealing with filtering, +I can simply define + +this covariance function as the +expected value of Z of t + +times Z complex conjugate +of tau. + +And when you do that, we're +taking this integral, which is + +the convolution of h +of t with K tilde. + +And then we're convolving +it with h complex + +conjugate of minus t. + +Because the t gets turned +around in there. + +And what that says when you take +the Fourier transform of + +it, at least what +I hope it says-- + +I'm not very good at taking +Fourier transforms. + +And you people, some of you +are very good at it. + +We get the spectral density of +the process, Z of t times the + +magnitude of h hat of f. + +Now this is the formula, which +is not in the notes + +I just found out. + +And it's a very important +formula. + +So you ought to write it down. + +It says what the spectral +density is on the output of + +the filter, if you know the +spectral density of the input + +of the filter. + +And it's a kind of a neat, +simple formula for it. + +It says, you pass a +random process. + +I mean, it's like the formula +that you have when you take a + +waveform and you pass it through +a linear filter. + +And you know it's kind of easier +to look at that in the + +frequency domain where you +multiply, than it is to look + +at it in a time domain where +you have to convolve. + +Here things become even simpler +because all we have to + +do is take the spectral density, +which is now a + +function of frequency, multiply +it by this magnitude + +squared, and suddenly +we get the spectral + +density at the output. + +Now what happens when you take +this nice sinc filter, this + +sinc Gaussian process that we +have, which is flat over as + +large a bandwidth as you +want to make it. + +And you pass that process +through a linear filter. + +What do you get out? + +You get a process out which has +any spectral density that + +you want within those +wide limits. + +OK, so just by understanding the +sinc Gaussian process and + +by understanding this result, +you can create a process which + +has any old spectral density +that you want. + +And if you can create any old +spectral density that you + +want, you know you can create +any old covariance function + +that you want. + +And all of this is good for +Wide Sense Stationarity so + +long as your filter doesn't +extend for too far. + +Which says all of our theory +works starting at some + +negative time going to some +positive time, taking filters + +that only exist for a relatively +small time. + +If it's Wide Sense Stationary +and it's Gaussian, then + +everything works beautifully. + +You can simply create +any old spectral + +density that you want. + +If you have some waveform that's +coming in, you can + +filter it and make the output +process look whatever you want + +to make it look like, so +long as you have the + +stationarity property. + +Now you know the secret of +why everybody deals with + +stationary processes. + +It's because of this formula. + +It's an incredibly +simple formula. + +It's an incredibly +simple idea. + +You see now we know +something else. + +We know that it also applies +over finite, + +but large time intervals. + +OK. + +So just to spell out the +conclusions once more, a Wide + +Sense Stationary process +is Wide Sense + +Stationary after filtering. + +So if you start out with Wide +Sense Stationary, it's Wide + +Sense Stationary when +you get done. + +If it's effectively Wide Sense +Stationary, it's effectively + +stationary with a reduced +interval of effective + +stationarity after you filter. + +OK in other words, if you start +out with a process which + +is effectively stationary from +minus T sub 0 to plus T sub 0, + +then after you filter it with +any filter whose impulse + +response is limited in time, +you get something which is + +effectively stationary within +that six months minus one + +millisecond period of time. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: What? + +AUDIENCE: Don't you +differentiate [UNINTELLIGIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Effectively Wide +Sense Stationary, thank you. + +I try to differentiate between +them, but sometimes I'm + +thinking about Gaussian +processes, where it doesn't + +make any difference. + +Is effectively Wide Sense +Stationary with reduced + +interval after filtering. + +OK, good. + +The internal covariance, in +other words, the covariance + +function within these intervals, +the spectral + +density, and the joint +probability density aren't + +affected by this interval of +effective stationarity. + +In other words, so long as you +stay in this region of + +interest, you don't care +what T sub 0 is. + +And since you don't care +what T sub 0 is, you + +forget about it. + +And for now on we will +forget about it. + +But we know that whatever +we're dealing with, it's + +effectively stationary within +some time period, which is + +what makes the functions +L sub 2. + +We don't care how big that is. + +So we don't have to +specify T sub 0. + +We don't have to +worry about it. + +We just assume it's big +enough and move on. + +And then if it turns out it's +not big enough, if your system + +crashes when one of Microsoft's +infernal errors + +come up, then you worry +about it then. + +But you don't worry about +it before that. + +OK so now we can really define +white noise and understand + +what white noise is. + +White noise is noise that is +effectively Wide Sense + +Stationary over a large enough +interval to include all time + +intervals of interest. + +Also on the other part of +white noise, is that the + +spectral density is constant +in f over all + +frequencies of interest. + +OK in other words, white noise, +really you have to + +define it within terms of what +you're interested in. + +And that's important +to understand. + +If you're dealing with wireless +channels, you + +sometimes want to assume that +the noise you're seeing is + +actually white noise. + +But sometimes you do things +like jumping from one + +frequency band to another +frequency band to transmit. + +And when you jump from one +frequency band to another + +frequency band, the noise +might in fact be quite + +different in this band, than +it is in this band. + +But you're going to stay +in these bands for a + +relatively long time. + +So as far as any kind of +analysis goes which is dealing + +with those intervals, you +want to assume that + +the noise is white. + +As far as any overall analysis +that looks at all of the + +intervals at the same time, in +other words, which is dealing + +with some very long-term +phenomenon, you can't assume + +that the noise is white. + +OK in other words, white noise +is a modeling tool. + +It's not something that occurs +in the real world. + +But it's a simple +modeling tool. + +Because what do you +do with it? + +You start out by assuming +that the noise is white. + +And then you start to get some +understanding of what the + +problem is about. + +And after you understand what +the problem is about, you come + +back and say, is it really +important for me that the + +noise is going to have a +constant spectral density over + +this interval of interest? + +And at that point you +say, yes or no. + +OK. + +It's important to always be +aware that this doesn't apply + +for times and frequencies +outside + +the interval of interest. + +And if the process is also +Gaussian, it's called white + +Gaussian noise. + +So white Gaussian noise is +noise which has a flat + +spectral density over this +effective stationarity period + +that we're interested in, over +some very large period of + +time, minus T sub 0 +to plus T sub 0. + +And over some very large +frequency interval, minus W up + +to plus W or even better over +some limited frequency band in + +positive and negative +frequencies, the spectral + +density is constant. + +You can't define the spectral +density until after you look + +at this effective period +of stationarity. + +But at that point, you can +then define the spectral + +density and see whether it looks +constant over the period + +you're interested in. + +You can either see whether it +is, or if you're an academic + +and you write papers, you +assume that it is. + +OK. + +The nice thing about being an +academic is you can assume + +whatever you want to assume. + +OK let's go back to linear +functionals. + +The stuff about linear +functionals is + +in fact in the notes. + +This will start to give us an +idea of what spectral density + +really means. + +So if I have a Wide Sense +Stationary process, a linear + +functional, well this +is what a linear + +functional is in general. + +But for a Wide Sense Stationary +process, we have + +the single variance, single +variable covariance function. + +The expected value of the +product of two random + +variables of this sort is +just this integral here. + +This is what we did before. + +If you don't remember +this formula, good. + +It's just what you get when you +take the definition of V + +sub i, which is the integral of +g sub i of t with Z of t. + +And then you multiply +it by V sub j. + +And you take Z of +t and Z of tau. + +And you take the expected +value of the two. + +And then you integrate +the whole thing. + +And it sort of comes out to be +that, if I've done it right. + +You can express this in this +terms, namely as the integral + +of g sub i of t times a +convolution of this function + +times this function. + +You can then use Parseval's +identity. + +Because this convolution gives +you a function of t, OK. + +When you integrate this over +tau, this whole thing is just + +a function of t. + +OK. + +So what we're dealing with is +the integral of a function of + +t times a function of t. + +And Parseval's relation says +that the integral of a + +function of time, times a +function of time is equal to + +the integral of the +Fourier transform + +times the Fourier transform. + +OK. + +You all know this. + +This is almost the same as a +trick we used with linear + +filters, just slightly +different. + +So that says that this expected +value is equal to + +this product here. + +And here I've used the complex +conjugate for the Fourier + +transform of g sub j, because I +really need it there if g is + +not a symmetric function. + +OK so if these Fourier +transforms, g sub i of t and g + +sub j of t are non-overlapping +in frequency, what does this + +integral go to? + +And this is absolutely wild. + +I mean if this doesn't surprise +you, you really ought + +to go back and think +about what it is + +that's going on here. + +Because it's very astonishing. + +It's saying that stationarity +says something you would never + +guess in a million years +that it says. + +OK it says, that if this and +this do not overlap in + +frequency, this integral is 0. + +OK in other words, if you take +a linear functional over one + +band of frequencies, it is +uncorrelated with every random + +variable that you can take in +any other band of frequencies. + +So long as the function is Wide +Sense Stationary, this + +uncorrelated effect +takes place. + +If you're dealing with the +Gaussian random process, it's + +also stationery. + +Uncorrelated means +independent. + +And what happens then, is that +expected value of V sub i and + +V sub j is zero. + +V sub i and V sub j are +statistically independent + +random variables. + +And it says that whatever is +happening in one frequency + +band of a stationary Gaussian +process is completely + +independent of what's happening +in any other band. + +Now if any of you can give me +an intuitive reason for why + +that is, I would love +to hear it. + +Because I mean it's +one of those-- + +well after you think about it +for a long time, it starts to + +sort of make sense. + +If you read the appendix in the +notes, the appendix in the + +notes sort of interprets +it a little bit more. + +If you take this process, if you +limit it in time and you + +expand it in a Fourier series, +what's going to happen to + +those coefficients in +the Fourier series? + +If the process is stationary, +each one of them, if you think + +of them as being complex +coefficients, the phase in + +each one has to be random and +uniformly distributed between + +zero and 2 Pi. + +In other words, if you have a +phase on any sinusoid, which + +is either deterministic or +anything other than uniform, + +then that little slice of the +process cannot be Wide Sense + +Stationary. + +And there's nothing in any other +frequencies that can + +happen to make the process +stationary again. + +OK in other words, when you +expand it in a Fourier series, + +you have to get coefficients +at every little frequency + +slice, which have uniform +face to them. + +In other words, the Gaussian +random variables that you're + +looking at, are things that +are called proper complex + +Gaussian random variables which +have the same variance + +for the real part as for +the imaginary part. + +When you look at them +as a probability + +density, you find circles. + +In other words, you find +circularly symmetric random + +variables at every little +frequency interval. + +And that's somehow, what +stationarity is + +implying for us. + +So it's a pretty important +thing. + +And it doesn't just apply +to white noise. + +It applies to any old process +with any old spectral density, + +so long as we've assumed that +it's Wide Sense Stationary. + +OK. + +So, different frequency bands +are uncorrelated for Gaussian + +Wide Sense Stationary +processes. + +Different frequency bands +are completely + +independent of each other. + +OK, as soon as you have +stationary noise, looking at + +one frequency band to try to get +any idea of what's going + +on in another frequency band, +is an absolute loser. + +You can't tell anything from one +band about what's going on + +in another band. + +So long as you're only looking +at Gaussian noise If you're + +sending data which is correlated +between the two + +bands, then of course +it's worthwhile to + +look at both bands. + +But if you're sending data +that's limited to one + +frequency band, then at that +point, there's no reason to + +look anywhere else. + +We're going to find +that out when we + +start studying detection. + +It'll be a major feature of +understanding detection at + +that point. + +OK, and one of the things you +want to understand with + +detection, is what things can +you ignore and what things + +can't you ignore. + +And this is telling us something +that can be ignored. + +It's also starting to +tell us what this + +spectral density means. + +But I'll interpret that in +the next slide I hope. + +OK if you take this set of +functions g sub j of t, in the + +notes I now convert that set +of functions to V sub j's + +instead of g sub j's. + +If I start out with that set +of functions these-- + +oh dear, this is a +random variable-- + +V sub j is the component of the +process in the expansion, + +in that orthonormal set. + +So in other words, you can take +this process, you can + +expand it into an orthonormal +expansion using random + +variables and these orthonormal +functions. + +If g sub j of t is a narrow +band, and S sub Z of f is + +constant within that band-- in +other words we don't need + +white noise here. + +All we need is a spectral +density + +which changes smoothly. + +And if it changes smoothly, +we can look at a + +small enough interval. + +And then what happens? + +When we take the expected value +of V sub j squared, what + +we get is this times +this times this-- + +OK the product of these three +terms and since this-- + +that's supposed to +be a j there. + +OK so what's happening is these +are narrow band, this is + +just a constant within +that narrow band. + +So we can pull this out and +then all we have is the + +integral g sub i of f times g +sub i complex conjugate of f, + +which since these functions are +orthonormal, is just one. + +So what we find is that random +variable there is simply the + +value of the spectral density. + +Now we don't use that to figure +out what these random + +variables are all about. + +We use this to understand +what the spectral + +density is all about. + +Because the spectral density +is really the energy per + +degree of freedom in the +process at frequency f. + +In other words, if we use +orthonormal functions which + +are tightly constrained in +frequency, they just pick out + +the value of the spectral +density at that frequency. + +S sub Z of f sub 0 is just sort +of a central frequency in + +this band, or integrating +over here, OK. + +So the interpretation of the +spectral density is that it's + +the energy per degree of +freedom in any kind of + +orthonormal expansion you want +to use, so long as those + +functions are tightly limited +in frequency. + +So that's what spectral +density means. + +It tells you how much energy +there is in the noise, at all + +these different frequencies. + +It tells you, for example at +this point, that if you start + +out with a sinc Gaussian process +like we were talking + +about before, pass it through +a filter, what the filter is + +going to do is change the +spectral density at all the + +different frequencies. + +And the interpretation of that +which now makes perfect sense + +when you're going through a +filter, is the amount of + +energy in each of those +frequency bands is going to be + +changed exactly by the amount +that you filtered it. + +OK so we have a nice +thing there. + +S sub Z of f is the energy per +degree of freedom in the + +process at frequency f. + +For a Gaussian Wide Sense +Stationary process, this is + +the energy per degree +of freedom at f. + +And the noise at all different +frequencies is independent. + +That's what we were +saying before. + +And after filtering, this +independence is maintained. + +In other words, you pass a +Gaussian random process + +through a filter and you still +have independence between all + +the different frequency bands. + +It's an absolutely remarkable +property. + +Just this property of the +process acting the same at + +each time as it acts at each +other time, that this leads to + +this amazing property of things +being independent from + +one frequency to another is +really worth thinking about. + +And it's one of the things +that people use when they + +actually design systems. + +I mean it's almost natural +to use if you + +don't think about it. + +If you start thinking about it +then it becomes even more + +worthwhile. + +OK should I start detection? + +Let me just start to say a few +things about detection, then I + +want to stop in time to +pass the quiz back. + +OK let's talk about where +detection fits in with our + +master plan of what +we've been doing. + +We started the course talking +about what was over on this + +side of the channel business, +namely all the source coding + +and all of those things. + +We then started to talk about +how do you do signal encoding. + +In other words, how do you map +from binary digits coming in, + +into signals. + +Well we never talked +about this problem. + +We only talked about this +problem, when you + +didn't have any noise. + +We carefully avoided dealing +with this problem at all. + +Then we talked about +baseband modulation + +for PAM and for QAM. + +For PAM it was real, for +QAM it was complex. + +Then we talked about how you go +from baseband frequencies + +up to passband frequencies. + +Now we've been talking about +what happens when you add + +white Gaussian noise, or any +other noise at passband. + +Then you go from passband +down to baseband. + +When I do this, we're going to +have to come back at some + +point and deal with the question +of what happens when + +you take passband white Gaussian +noise and convert it + +down to baseband. + +Because some kind of funny +things happen there. + +And we have to deal with it +with a little bit of care. + +But let's forget about that +for the time being, and + +suppose everything works +out all right. + +Then we go through our +baseband demodulator. + +Finally something comes out of +the baseband demodulator, + +which we hope is the same +as what came out + +of the signal encoder. + +But what we're trying to do at +this point now, is when the + +noise is here to say, this is +in some sense, going to be + +what we put in plus noise. + +And for the time being, in terms +of looking at detection, + +we will just assume that. + +We will assume that this thing +down here is what went in, + +plus noise. + +And assume that all this process +of passing white + +Gaussian noise through this junk +gives us just a signal + +plus noise. + +OK, so what a detector does is +it observes a sample value of + +this random variable V, or it +observes a vector, or observes + +a random process. + +It observes whatever it's +going to observe. + +And it guesses the value of +another random variable. + +And we'll call the other random +variable H. We had been + +calling it other things +for the input. + +It's nice to call it H because +statisticians always call this + +a hypothesis. + +And I think it's easier to think +of what's going on if + +you think of it as a + +hypothesis type random variable. + +Namely the detector +has to guess. + +If we have a binary +input, it has to + +guess at a binary output. + +It has to flip a coin somehow +and say, I think that what + +came in is a zero, or I think +what came in is a one. + +The synonyms for detection are +hypothesis testing, decision + +making, and decoding. + +They all mean exactly +the same thing. + +There's no difference whatsoever +between them, + +except the fields that they +happen to deal with. + +And each field talks about +it in a different sense. + +The word detection really came +mostly from the radar field + +where people were trying to +determine whether a target was + +there or not. + +And hypothesis testing +has been around for + +a great deal longer. + +Because all scientists from time +immemorial have had to + +deal with the question of have +you collect a bunch of data + +about something. + +And it's always noisy data. + +There's always a bunch of +junk that comes into it. + +And you have to try to make some +conclusions out of that. + +And making conclusions out of +it is easier if you know + +there's only a finite +set of alternatives + +which might be true. + +In a presidential election, +after you know who the + +candidates are, it's +a binary decision. + +The people who try to guess who +people are going to vote + +for, are really doing binary +decision making. + +They don't have very good +probability models. + +And it certainly isn't +a stationary process. + +But in fact, it is a detection +problem, the same as the + +detection problem +we have here. + +So all these problems really +fall into the same category. + +We're fortunate here at having +one of the cleanest + +probabilistic descriptions +for detection that + +you will ever find. + +So if you want to study decision +making, you're far + +better off trying to learn about +it in this context and + +then using it in all these other +contexts, than you are + +doing something else. + +If you go back and look at old +books about this, you will be + +amazed at the philosophical +discussions that people would + +go through about what makes +sense for hypothesis testing, + +and what doesn't make sense. + +And all of these arguments were +based on a fundamental + +misapprehension that scientists +had until + +relatively recently. + +And the misapprehension that +they had, was that they + +refused to accept models as +taking an intermediate + +position between physical +reality, and then you have + +models, and then you have doing +something with a model. + +And you do something with the +model instead of doing + +something with the +physical reality. + +And people didn't understand +that originally. + +So they got the analysis of the +model terribly confused + +with trying to understand what +the physical reality was. + +In other words, statisticians +and probabilists were both + +doing the same thing. + +Both of them were trying to +simultaneously determine what + +a reasonable model was, +and to determine what + +to do with a model. + +And because of that, they can +never decide on anything. + +Because they can never do what +we've been doing, which says + +take a toy model, analyze +the toy model. + +Figure out something from it +about the physical reality. + +Then go back and look at reality +and see what you need + +to know about reality in order +to make these decisions, which + +is the way people do +it now I think. + +Particularly decision theory +is done that way now. + +Because now we usually assume +both that we know Apriori + +probabilities, it's called, +for these inputs here. + +For the binary communication +problem, we usually want to + +assume that these inputs are +equiprobable, in other words, + +if P sub 0 is equal to +a half, and P sub 1 + +is equal to a half. + +And that's the Apriori +probability of + +what's coming in. + +And we then want to assume some +probabilistic model on v. + +Usually what we do, is we figure +out what v is in terms + +of a conditional probability +density, conditional + +probability density of v, +conditional on either of these + +two outputs. + +You see for this model here, +this is just made + +in heaven for us. + +Because this thing is +an input plus a + +Gaussian random variable. + +So if we look at the conditional +probability + +density of the output, which +is signal plus noise, + +conditional on the signal is +just a Gaussian random + +variable shifted over +by the input. + +OK. + +So we have these two +probabilities, the input + +probability, this thing, which +statisticians call a + +likelihood, which is the +probability of this + +conditional on this. + +And in terms of that, we try +to make the right decision. + +Now, I think I'm going to stop +now so we can pass back the + +quizzes and so on. + +Before Wednesday, if you don't +read the notes before + +Wednesday, spend a little bit of +time thinking about how you + +want to make the optimal +decision for this problem as + +we've laid it out now. + +What's surprising is that it +really is a trivial problem. + +Or you can read the notes and +accept the fact that it's a + +trivial problem. + +But there's nothing +hard about it. + +The only interesting things in +detection theory are finding + +easy ways to actually solve +this problem which is + +conceptional trivial. + +OK. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/a4md4P4Mu_U.txt b/a4md4P4Mu_U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa165a51e5e5c3d65a8b93a2640115a7fbc383f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/a4md4P4Mu_U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4171 @@ +align:start position:0% + +often times in applying the + + align:start position:0% +often times in applying the + + + align:start position:0% +often times in applying the +probabilistic method we'll need to + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic method we'll need to + + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic method we'll need to +understand whether a certain random + + align:start position:0% +understand whether a certain random + + + align:start position:0% +understand whether a certain random +structure typically have a property that + + align:start position:0% +structure typically have a property that + + + align:start position:0% +structure typically have a property that +we're looking for in this video we'll + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for in this video we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking for in this video we'll +look at one such property and understand + + align:start position:0% +look at one such property and understand + + + align:start position:0% +look at one such property and understand +how to analyze whether a certain random + + align:start position:0% +how to analyze whether a certain random + + + align:start position:0% +how to analyze whether a certain random +graph have the property of containing a + + align:start position:0% +graph have the property of containing a + + + align:start position:0% +graph have the property of containing a +triangle with high + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probability the object we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +probability the object we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +probability the object we're going to be +looking at today is the a r random + + align:start position:0% +looking at today is the a r random + + + align:start position:0% +looking at today is the a r random +graph commonly referred to as + + align:start position:0% +graph commonly referred to as + + + align:start position:0% +graph commonly referred to as +GNP and this is the graph consists of + + align:start position:0% +GNP and this is the graph consists of + + + align:start position:0% +GNP and this is the graph consists of +placing n + + align:start position:0% +placing n + + + align:start position:0% +placing n +vertices and for each pair of vertices + + align:start position:0% +vertices and for each pair of vertices + + + align:start position:0% +vertices and for each pair of vertices +we put down an edge between them with + + align:start position:0% +we put down an edge between them with + + + align:start position:0% +we put down an edge between them with +probability P independently for all + + align:start position:0% +probability P independently for all + + + align:start position:0% +probability P independently for all +pairs of vertices + + align:start position:0% +pairs of vertices + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of vertices +in other words we flip a biased coin + + align:start position:0% +in other words we flip a biased coin + + + align:start position:0% +in other words we flip a biased coin +that comes up heads with probability P + + align:start position:0% +that comes up heads with probability P + + + align:start position:0% +that comes up heads with probability P +independently for each possible Edge and + + align:start position:0% +independently for each possible Edge and + + + align:start position:0% +independently for each possible Edge and +put down the edge randomly as such this + + align:start position:0% +put down the edge randomly as such this + + + align:start position:0% +put down the edge randomly as such this +is a random graph it's a random + + align:start position:0% +is a random graph it's a random + + + align:start position:0% +is a random graph it's a random +structure it's a random object and we + + align:start position:0% +structure it's a random object and we + + + align:start position:0% +structure it's a random object and we +would like to understand various + + align:start position:0% +would like to understand various + + + align:start position:0% +would like to understand various +properties of this random graph and the + + align:start position:0% +properties of this random graph and the + + + align:start position:0% +properties of this random graph and the +property that we're going to look at in + + align:start position:0% +property that we're going to look at in + + + align:start position:0% +property that we're going to look at in +this video is the following does this + + align:start position:0% +this video is the following does this + + + align:start position:0% +this video is the following does this +random graph typically contain a + + align:start position:0% +random graph typically contain a + + + align:start position:0% +random graph typically contain a +triangle + + align:start position:0% +triangle + + + align:start position:0% +triangle +in the rest of this video we'll be + + align:start position:0% +in the rest of this video we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +in the rest of this video we'll be +looking at p as a function of n so p is + + align:start position:0% +looking at p as a function of n so p is + + + align:start position:0% +looking at p as a function of n so p is +allowed to change depending on + + align:start position:0% +allowed to change depending on + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to change depending on +N we denote this dependence by a + + align:start position:0% +N we denote this dependence by a + + + align:start position:0% +N we denote this dependence by a +subscript but out of convenience will + + align:start position:0% +subscript but out of convenience will + + + align:start position:0% +subscript but out of convenience will +drop the subscript for the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +drop the subscript for the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +drop the subscript for the rest of the +video okay so GMP does a typically + + align:start position:0% +video okay so GMP does a typically + + + align:start position:0% +video okay so GMP does a typically +contain a triangle well by typically I + + align:start position:0% +contain a triangle well by typically I + + + align:start position:0% +contain a triangle well by typically I +mean the following mathematically + + align:start position:0% +mean the following mathematically + + + align:start position:0% +mean the following mathematically +precise meaning + + align:start position:0% +precise meaning + + + align:start position:0% +precise meaning +typically means with probability that + + align:start position:0% +typically means with probability that + + + align:start position:0% +typically means with probability that +approaches one as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +approaches one as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +approaches one as n goes to +Infinity so the statements we're going + + align:start position:0% +Infinity so the statements we're going + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity so the statements we're going +to be looking at are ASM totic as n + + align:start position:0% +to be looking at are ASM totic as n + + + align:start position:0% +to be looking at are ASM totic as n +becomes + + align:start position:0% +becomes + + + align:start position:0% +becomes +large the main theorem that will prove + + align:start position:0% +large the main theorem that will prove + + + align:start position:0% +large the main theorem that will prove +in this video is the following well + + align:start position:0% +in this video is the following well + + + align:start position:0% +in this video is the following well +there are two + + align:start position:0% +there are two + + + align:start position:0% +there are two +statements I've conveniently labeled + + align:start position:0% +statements I've conveniently labeled + + + align:start position:0% +statements I've conveniently labeled +them Z zero and theem + + align:start position:0% +them Z zero and theem + + + align:start position:0% +them Z zero and theem +one theorem zero sometimes referred to + + align:start position:0% +one theorem zero sometimes referred to + + + align:start position:0% +one theorem zero sometimes referred to +as the zero statement is the statement + + align:start position:0% +as the zero statement is the statement + + + align:start position:0% +as the zero statement is the statement +about not having any triangles having + + align:start position:0% +about not having any triangles having + + + align:start position:0% +about not having any triangles having +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +triangles and it says that if n * P + + align:start position:0% +triangles and it says that if n * P + + + align:start position:0% +triangles and it says that if n * P +remember p is a function of n p is + + align:start position:0% +remember p is a function of n p is + + + align:start position:0% +remember p is a function of n p is +allowed to depend on N if n * P + + align:start position:0% +allowed to depend on N if n * P + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to depend on N if n * P +approaches zero as n goes to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero as n goes to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +approaches zero as n goes to Infinity +then this random graph GMP is triangle + + align:start position:0% +then this random graph GMP is triangle + + + align:start position:0% +then this random graph GMP is triangle +free with probability approaching one as + + align:start position:0% +free with probability approaching one as + + + align:start position:0% +free with probability approaching one as +n goes to + + align:start position:0% +n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +n goes to +Infinity in other words with high + + align:start position:0% +Infinity in other words with high + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity in other words with high +probability this random graph does not + + align:start position:0% +probability this random graph does not + + + align:start position:0% +probability this random graph does not +have any + + align:start position:0% +have any + + + align:start position:0% +have any +triangles this makes sense in that this + + align:start position:0% +triangles this makes sense in that this + + + align:start position:0% +triangles this makes sense in that this +graph is pretty sparse when p is small + + align:start position:0% +graph is pretty sparse when p is small + + + align:start position:0% +graph is pretty sparse when p is small +right so this statement basically says + + align:start position:0% +right so this statement basically says + + + align:start position:0% +right so this statement basically says +that P is much less than 1 / n in terms + + align:start position:0% +that P is much less than 1 / n in terms + + + align:start position:0% +that P is much less than 1 / n in terms +of the growth rate so when p is very + + align:start position:0% +of the growth rate so when p is very + + + align:start position:0% +of the growth rate so when p is very +small you expect not so many edges and + + align:start position:0% +small you expect not so many edges and + + + align:start position:0% +small you expect not so many edges and +it turns out that there's not going to + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that there's not going to + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out that there's not going to +be a triangle typically in this random + + align:start position:0% +be a triangle typically in this random + + + align:start position:0% +be a triangle typically in this random +graph the second part is z and one the + + align:start position:0% +graph the second part is z and one the + + + align:start position:0% +graph the second part is z and one the +one statement and it's says that when NP + + align:start position:0% +one statement and it's says that when NP + + + align:start position:0% +one statement and it's says that when NP +approaches + + align:start position:0% +approaches + + + align:start position:0% +approaches +Infinity again p is a function of n then + + align:start position:0% +Infinity again p is a function of n then + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity again p is a function of n then +this random graph GMP typically contains + + align:start position:0% +this random graph GMP typically contains + + + align:start position:0% +this random graph GMP typically contains +a triangle I.E it contains a triangle + + align:start position:0% +a triangle I.E it contains a triangle + + + align:start position:0% +a triangle I.E it contains a triangle +with probability that approaches one as + + align:start position:0% +with probability that approaches one as + + + align:start position:0% +with probability that approaches one as +n goes to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Infinity so if you have a high Edge + + align:start position:0% +Infinity so if you have a high Edge + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity so if you have a high Edge +probability then typically you expect to + + align:start position:0% +probability then typically you expect to + + + align:start position:0% +probability then typically you expect to +see triangle in a random instantiation + + align:start position:0% +see triangle in a random instantiation + + + align:start position:0% +see triangle in a random instantiation +of this random graph + + align:start position:0% +of this random graph + + + align:start position:0% +of this random graph +GNP one way to summarize both statements + + align:start position:0% +GNP one way to summarize both statements + + + align:start position:0% +GNP one way to summarize both statements +is the following one/ N is a threshold + + align:start position:0% +is the following one/ N is a threshold + + + align:start position:0% +is the following one/ N is a threshold +for the property of containing a + + align:start position:0% +for the property of containing a + + + align:start position:0% +for the property of containing a +triangle to interpret the sentence + + align:start position:0% +triangle to interpret the sentence + + + align:start position:0% +triangle to interpret the sentence +imagine if p is much larger than 1 / n + + align:start position:0% +imagine if p is much larger than 1 / n + + + align:start position:0% +imagine if p is much larger than 1 / n +then we're in the theorem one setting + + align:start position:0% +then we're in the theorem one setting + + + align:start position:0% +then we're in the theorem one setting +then the random graph typically contains + + align:start position:0% +then the random graph typically contains + + + align:start position:0% +then the random graph typically contains +a triangle whereas if p is much smaller + + align:start position:0% +a triangle whereas if p is much smaller + + + align:start position:0% +a triangle whereas if p is much smaller +than 1 / n in the sense of being in the + + align:start position:0% +than 1 / n in the sense of being in the + + + align:start position:0% +than 1 / n in the sense of being in the +Zer zum zero setting then typically the + + align:start position:0% +Zer zum zero setting then typically the + + + align:start position:0% +Zer zum zero setting then typically the +random graph does not contain any + + align:start position:0% +random graph does not contain any + + + align:start position:0% +random graph does not contain any +triangles so 1/ N is a threshold + + align:start position:0% +triangles so 1/ N is a threshold + + + align:start position:0% +triangles so 1/ N is a threshold +depending on whether the edge + + align:start position:0% +depending on whether the edge + + + align:start position:0% +depending on whether the edge +probability p is much larger or much + + align:start position:0% +probability p is much larger or much + + + align:start position:0% +probability p is much larger or much +smaller than 1 / n we expect very + + align:start position:0% +smaller than 1 / n we expect very + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than 1 / n we expect very +different behaviors from the perspective + + align:start position:0% +different behaviors from the perspective + + + align:start position:0% +different behaviors from the perspective +of whether the graph contains a + + align:start position:0% +of whether the graph contains a + + + align:start position:0% +of whether the graph contains a +triangle this type of statements + + align:start position:0% +triangle this type of statements + + + align:start position:0% +triangle this type of statements +are widely studied in combinatorics in + + align:start position:0% +are widely studied in combinatorics in + + + align:start position:0% +are widely studied in combinatorics in +probability and understanding how to + + align:start position:0% +probability and understanding how to + + + align:start position:0% +probability and understanding how to +establish and prove these type of + + align:start position:0% +establish and prove these type of + + + align:start position:0% +establish and prove these type of +statements are some of the bread and + + align:start position:0% +statements are some of the bread and + + + align:start position:0% +statements are some of the bread and +butter of probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +butter of probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +butter of probabilistic +combinatorics so in this video let us + + align:start position:0% +combinatorics so in this video let us + + + align:start position:0% +combinatorics so in this video let us +prove the statement in this + + align:start position:0% +prove the statement in this + + + align:start position:0% +prove the statement in this +box let's start with the easier + + align:start position:0% +box let's start with the easier + + + align:start position:0% +box let's start with the easier +Direction which in this case is the + + align:start position:0% +Direction which in this case is the + + + align:start position:0% +Direction which in this case is the +first statement uh theorem zero so let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +prove theorem zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're looking at triangles so let's + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at triangles so let's + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at triangles so let's +define a random variable X to be the + + align:start position:0% +define a random variable X to be the + + + align:start position:0% +define a random variable X to be the +number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +triangles + + align:start position:0% +triangles + + + align:start position:0% +triangles +in the random graph + + align:start position:0% +in the random graph + + + align:start position:0% +in the random graph +G&P we can compute the expectation of X + + align:start position:0% +G&P we can compute the expectation of X + + + align:start position:0% +G&P we can compute the expectation of X +with not much difficulty because by + + align:start position:0% +with not much difficulty because by + + + align:start position:0% +with not much difficulty because by +linearity of expectations there are n + + align:start position:0% +linearity of expectations there are n + + + align:start position:0% +linearity of expectations there are n +choose three triples of vertices and + + align:start position:0% +choose three triples of vertices and + + + align:start position:0% +choose three triples of vertices and +each triple forms a triangle with + + align:start position:0% +each triple forms a triangle with + + + align:start position:0% +each triple forms a triangle with +probability P + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cubed we see that this quantity here is + + align:start position:0% +cubed we see that this quantity here is + + + align:start position:0% +cubed we see that this quantity here is +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +order of n cubed P + + align:start position:0% +order of n cubed P + + + align:start position:0% +order of n cubed P +cubed we get to drop constant factors in + + align:start position:0% +cubed we get to drop constant factors in + + + align:start position:0% +cubed we get to drop constant factors in +this ASM totic estimate now when NP goes + + align:start position:0% +this ASM totic estimate now when NP goes + + + align:start position:0% +this ASM totic estimate now when NP goes +to zero as n goes to Infinity n Cub P + + align:start position:0% +to zero as n goes to Infinity n Cub P + + + align:start position:0% +to zero as n goes to Infinity n Cub P +cubed also go goes to zero so this + + align:start position:0% +cubed also go goes to zero so this + + + align:start position:0% +cubed also go goes to zero so this +quantity is little o of one it's a + + align:start position:0% +quantity is little o of one it's a + + + align:start position:0% +quantity is little o of one it's a +quantity that goes to zero as n goes to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Infinity let us now apply maros + + align:start position:0% +Infinity let us now apply maros + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity let us now apply maros +inequality + + align:start position:0% +inequality + + + align:start position:0% +inequality +we explained and proved markov's + + align:start position:0% +we explained and proved markov's + + + align:start position:0% +we explained and proved markov's +inequality in a different video by + + align:start position:0% +inequality in a different video by + + + align:start position:0% +inequality in a different video by +markov's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inequality we find that the probability + + align:start position:0% +inequality we find that the probability + + + align:start position:0% +inequality we find that the probability +that X is at least one + + align:start position:0% +that X is at least one + + + align:start position:0% +that X is at least one +is at most the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +is at most the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +is at most the expectation of +x divid + + align:start position:0% +x divid + + + align:start position:0% +x divid +one and from earlier this quantity is L + + align:start position:0% +one and from earlier this quantity is L + + + align:start position:0% +one and from earlier this quantity is L +to O of one all right so the number of + + align:start position:0% +to O of one all right so the number of + + + align:start position:0% +to O of one all right so the number of +triangles is typically small in + + align:start position:0% +triangles is typically small in + + + align:start position:0% +triangles is typically small in +expectation so it's small in expectation + + align:start position:0% +expectation so it's small in expectation + + + align:start position:0% +expectation so it's small in expectation +and therefore the probability that + + align:start position:0% +and therefore the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore the probability that +there's at least one triangle goes to + + align:start position:0% +there's at least one triangle goes to + + + align:start position:0% +there's at least one triangle goes to +zero as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +zero as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +zero as n goes to +Infinity right thus + + align:start position:0% +Infinity right thus + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity right thus +the previous statement is + + align:start position:0% +the previous statement is + + + align:start position:0% +the previous statement is +equivalent to the statement + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to the statement + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to the statement +that the probability that there are zero + + align:start position:0% +that the probability that there are zero + + + align:start position:0% +that the probability that there are zero +triangles approaches one as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +triangles approaches one as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +triangles approaches one as n goes to +Infinity + + align:start position:0% +Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity +okay but this finishes the first part of + + align:start position:0% +okay but this finishes the first part of + + + align:start position:0% +okay but this finishes the first part of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +theorem in the first part The Edge + + align:start position:0% +theorem in the first part The Edge + + + align:start position:0% +theorem in the first part The Edge +probability is very small and so the + + align:start position:0% +probability is very small and so the + + + align:start position:0% +probability is very small and so the +expected number of triangles + + align:start position:0% +expected number of triangles + + + align:start position:0% +expected number of triangles +is goes to zero as n goes to infinity + + align:start position:0% +is goes to zero as n goes to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +is goes to zero as n goes to infinity +and by Mark of inequality we see that + + align:start position:0% +and by Mark of inequality we see that + + + align:start position:0% +and by Mark of inequality we see that +typically there should not be any + + align:start position:0% +typically there should not be any + + + align:start position:0% +typically there should not be any +triangles in this random + + align:start position:0% +triangles in this random + + + align:start position:0% +triangles in this random +graph let us now move on to the second + + align:start position:0% +graph let us now move on to the second + + + align:start position:0% +graph let us now move on to the second +part in the second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +part namely theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one if + + align:start position:0% +one if + + + align:start position:0% +one if +we use the setup that we had earlier we + + align:start position:0% +we use the setup that we had earlier we + + + align:start position:0% +we use the setup that we had earlier we +see that the number of triangles in + + align:start position:0% +see that the number of triangles in + + + align:start position:0% +see that the number of triangles in +expectation goes to Infinity as n goes + + align:start position:0% +expectation goes to Infinity as n goes + + + align:start position:0% +expectation goes to Infinity as n goes +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +Infinity however this does not + + align:start position:0% +Infinity however this does not + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity however this does not +immediately imply that X is typically + + align:start position:0% +immediately imply that X is typically + + + align:start position:0% +immediately imply that X is typically +positive because it could be the case + + align:start position:0% +positive because it could be the case + + + align:start position:0% +positive because it could be the case +that X is still typically zero but is + + align:start position:0% +that X is still typically zero but is + + + align:start position:0% +that X is still typically zero but is +very very large a + + align:start position:0% +very very large a + + + align:start position:0% +very very large a +diminishing fraction of the time + + align:start position:0% +diminishing fraction of the time + + + align:start position:0% +diminishing fraction of the time +and in that case we will still be able + + align:start position:0% +and in that case we will still be able + + + align:start position:0% +and in that case we will still be able +to have the statement that the + + align:start position:0% +to have the statement that the + + + align:start position:0% +to have the statement that the +expectation of X goes to Infinity well + + align:start position:0% +expectation of X goes to Infinity well + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of X goes to Infinity well +it would not be true that X is typically + + align:start position:0% +it would not be true that X is typically + + + align:start position:0% +it would not be true that X is typically +positive so we'll need additional ideas + + align:start position:0% +positive so we'll need additional ideas + + + align:start position:0% +positive so we'll need additional ideas +to establish that X is typically + + align:start position:0% +to establish that X is typically + + + align:start position:0% +to establish that X is typically +positive and what we will do is to use + + align:start position:0% +positive and what we will do is to use + + + align:start position:0% +positive and what we will do is to use +the second moment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bound to show that X is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +typically close to its + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean so the x is very concentrated + + align:start position:0% +mean so the x is very concentrated + + + align:start position:0% +mean so the x is very concentrated +around its + + align:start position:0% +around its + + + align:start position:0% +around its +expectation and in that case having + + align:start position:0% +expectation and in that case having + + + align:start position:0% +expectation and in that case having +expectation that goes to Infinity we + + align:start position:0% +expectation that goes to Infinity we + + + align:start position:0% +expectation that goes to Infinity we +then imply that X is typically positive + + align:start position:0% +then imply that X is typically positive + + + align:start position:0% +then imply that X is typically positive +so let's carry out this + + align:start position:0% +so let's carry out this + + + align:start position:0% +so let's carry out this +idea let's consider the + + align:start position:0% +idea let's consider the + + + align:start position:0% +idea let's consider the +following + + align:start position:0% +following + + + align:start position:0% +following +probability we see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +the probability that + + align:start position:0% +the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that +X is equal to zero okay well if x is + + align:start position:0% +X is equal to zero okay well if x is + + + align:start position:0% +X is equal to zero okay well if x is +equal to zero and here x is some non- + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero and here x is some non- + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero and here x is some non- +negative quantity + + align:start position:0% +negative quantity + + + align:start position:0% +negative quantity +then this statement is equivalent to the + + align:start position:0% +then this statement is equivalent to the + + + align:start position:0% +then this statement is equivalent to the +statement + + align:start position:0% +statement + + + align:start position:0% +statement +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +X deviates + + align:start position:0% +X deviates + + + align:start position:0% +X deviates +from its mean in the downward Direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by minus the expectation of X okay so + + align:start position:0% +by minus the expectation of X okay so + + + align:start position:0% +by minus the expectation of X okay so +this is the same as X less than equal to + + align:start position:0% +this is the same as X less than equal to + + + align:start position:0% +this is the same as X less than equal to +zero but X is always non- negative so + + align:start position:0% +zero but X is always non- negative so + + + align:start position:0% +zero but X is always non- negative so +these two probabilities are equal to + + align:start position:0% +these two probabilities are equal to + + + align:start position:0% +these two probabilities are equal to +each other + + align:start position:0% +each other + + + align:start position:0% +each other +we can + + align:start position:0% +we can + + + align:start position:0% +we can +then relax the event + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inside as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such again noting that the expectation + + align:start position:0% +such again noting that the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +such again noting that the expectation +of X is always non- + + align:start position:0% +of X is always non- + + + align:start position:0% +of X is always non- +negative okay now we apply chapy shifts + + align:start position:0% +negative okay now we apply chapy shifts + + + align:start position:0% +negative okay now we apply chapy shifts +inequality + + align:start position:0% +inequality + + + align:start position:0% +inequality +okay so in this step we can apply chabby + + align:start position:0% +okay so in this step we can apply chabby + + + align:start position:0% +okay so in this step we can apply chabby +shfs inequality and you'll find an + + align:start position:0% +shfs inequality and you'll find an + + + align:start position:0% +shfs inequality and you'll find an +explanation and proof of chabby shfs + + align:start position:0% +explanation and proof of chabby shfs + + + align:start position:0% +explanation and proof of chabby shfs +inequality in a different + + align:start position:0% +inequality in a different + + + align:start position:0% +inequality in a different +video which allows us to conclude that + + align:start position:0% +video which allows us to conclude that + + + align:start position:0% +video which allows us to conclude that +this probability is at most the variance + + align:start position:0% +this probability is at most the variance + + + align:start position:0% +this probability is at most the variance +of x divided by the expectation of X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squar all right so what have we learned + + align:start position:0% +squar all right so what have we learned + + + align:start position:0% +squar all right so what have we learned +from this + + align:start position:0% +from this + + + align:start position:0% +from this +calculation let me State a + + align:start position:0% +calculation let me State a + + + align:start position:0% +calculation let me State a +corollary + + align:start position:0% +corollary + + + align:start position:0% +corollary +if the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +if the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +if the expectation of +X is much smaller so if the variance of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X is much smaller than the square of + + align:start position:0% +X is much smaller than the square of + + + align:start position:0% +X is much smaller than the square of +expectation then the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +expectation then the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +expectation then the right hand side +goes to + + align:start position:0% +goes to + + + align:start position:0% +goes to +zero as then goes to Infinity which then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +implies X is + + align:start position:0% +implies X is + + + align:start position:0% +implies X is +positive with high probability meaning + + align:start position:0% +positive with high probability meaning + + + align:start position:0% +positive with high probability meaning +that this probability that X is positive + + align:start position:0% +that this probability that X is positive + + + align:start position:0% +that this probability that X is positive +goes to one as n goes to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Infinity okay so this is the conclusion + + align:start position:0% +Infinity okay so this is the conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity okay so this is the conclusion +that we will use to establish theorem + + align:start position:0% +that we will use to establish theorem + + + align:start position:0% +that we will use to establish theorem +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X still the number of triangles will be + + align:start position:0% +X still the number of triangles will be + + + align:start position:0% +X still the number of triangles will be +able to write in the following way X is + + align:start position:0% +able to write in the following way X is + + + align:start position:0% +able to write in the following way X is +equal to the sum over all triples of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vertices the following quantity x i j x + + align:start position:0% +vertices the following quantity x i j x + + + align:start position:0% +vertices the following quantity x i j x +i k XJ K where we Define this x sub I as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +follows x sub i j is equal to 1 if J is + + align:start position:0% +follows x sub i j is equal to 1 if J is + + + align:start position:0% +follows x sub i j is equal to 1 if J is +an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +edge and zero if i j is not an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +edge the vertices are labeled + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by numbers one through + + align:start position:0% +by numbers one through + + + align:start position:0% +by numbers one through +n okay so you see this sum which is + + align:start position:0% +n okay so you see this sum which is + + + align:start position:0% +n okay so you see this sum which is +indexed over triples of + + align:start position:0% +indexed over triples of + + + align:start position:0% +indexed over triples of +vertices each term is one + + align:start position:0% +vertices each term is one + + + align:start position:0% +vertices each term is one +if these vertices i j and k is a + + align:start position:0% +if these vertices i j and k is a + + + align:start position:0% +if these vertices i j and k is a +triangle and is zero otherwise so this + + align:start position:0% +triangle and is zero otherwise so this + + + align:start position:0% +triangle and is zero otherwise so this +is the number of triangles in the graph + + align:start position:0% +is the number of triangles in the graph + + + align:start position:0% +is the number of triangles in the graph +and let me + + align:start position:0% +and let me + + + align:start position:0% +and let me +just because it will make the notation a + + align:start position:0% +just because it will make the notation a + + + align:start position:0% +just because it will make the notation a +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +easier rewrite this quantity as such + + align:start position:0% +easier rewrite this quantity as such + + + align:start position:0% +easier rewrite this quantity as such +here T ranges + + align:start position:0% +here T ranges + + + align:start position:0% +here T ranges +over all + + align:start position:0% +over all + + + align:start position:0% +over all +triples of vertices so onward the + + align:start position:0% +triples of vertices so onward the + + + align:start position:0% +triples of vertices so onward the +triples of + + align:start position:0% +triples of + + + align:start position:0% +triples of +vertices and X subt is this term so we + + align:start position:0% +vertices and X subt is this term so we + + + align:start position:0% +vertices and X subt is this term so we +can rewrite this term as just a + + align:start position:0% +can rewrite this term as just a + + + align:start position:0% +can rewrite this term as just a +single a single variable x sub IG + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +JK to apply the corollary we will need + + align:start position:0% +JK to apply the corollary we will need + + + align:start position:0% +JK to apply the corollary we will need +to get some estimate on the variance of + + align:start position:0% +to get some estimate on the variance of + + + align:start position:0% +to get some estimate on the variance of +X and we'll do so through co-variance so + + align:start position:0% +X and we'll do so through co-variance so + + + align:start position:0% +X and we'll do so through co-variance so +as a reminder the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +co-variance of two random + + align:start position:0% +co-variance of two random + + + align:start position:0% +co-variance of two random +variables say Y and Z is defined to be + + align:start position:0% +variables say Y and Z is defined to be + + + align:start position:0% +variables say Y and Z is defined to be +the expectation of y * Z minus the + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of y * Z minus the + + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of y * Z minus the +expectation of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Y times the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +Y times the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +Y times the expectation of +Z in particular if y and z are + + align:start position:0% +Z in particular if y and z are + + + align:start position:0% +Z in particular if y and z are +independent random variables then their + + align:start position:0% +independent random variables then their + + + align:start position:0% +independent random variables then their +co-variance + + align:start position:0% +co-variance + + + align:start position:0% +co-variance +zero and the + + align:start position:0% +zero and the + + + align:start position:0% +zero and the +variance of a random variable X is equal + + align:start position:0% +variance of a random variable X is equal + + + align:start position:0% +variance of a random variable X is equal +to the co-variance of X with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +itself okay so let us + + align:start position:0% +itself okay so let us + + + align:start position:0% +itself okay so let us +compute the variance of x x being the + + align:start position:0% +compute the variance of x x being the + + + align:start position:0% +compute the variance of x x being the +number of + + align:start position:0% +number of + + + align:start position:0% +number of +triangles we can rewrite it as a + + align:start position:0% +triangles we can rewrite it as a + + + align:start position:0% +triangles we can rewrite it as a +covariance of X with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +itself here x we can write it as a sum + + align:start position:0% +itself here x we can write it as a sum + + + align:start position:0% +itself here x we can write it as a sum +of various terms indexed by triples of + + align:start position:0% +of various terms indexed by triples of + + + align:start position:0% +of various terms indexed by triples of +vertices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I'll use T for the first index in + + align:start position:0% +okay I'll use T for the first index in + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'll use T for the first index in +the first sum and T Prime for the + + align:start position:0% +the first sum and T Prime for the + + + align:start position:0% +the first sum and T Prime for the +indices in the second + + align:start position:0% +indices in the second + + + align:start position:0% +indices in the second +sum the nice thing about covariance is + + align:start position:0% +sum the nice thing about covariance is + + + align:start position:0% +sum the nice thing about covariance is +that it is a bilinear function if you + + align:start position:0% +that it is a bilinear function if you + + + align:start position:0% +that it is a bilinear function if you +split Y in this covariance of Y and Z if + + align:start position:0% +split Y in this covariance of Y and Z if + + + align:start position:0% +split Y in this covariance of Y and Z if +you split Y into a linear combination + + align:start position:0% +you split Y into a linear combination + + + align:start position:0% +you split Y into a linear combination +various sums then you see that the + + align:start position:0% +various sums then you see that the + + + align:start position:0% +various sums then you see that the +dependence in this formula is linear on + + align:start position:0% +dependence in this formula is linear on + + + align:start position:0% +dependence in this formula is linear on +splitting y so you'll be able to write + + align:start position:0% +splitting y so you'll be able to write + + + align:start position:0% +splitting y so you'll be able to write +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +covariance correspondingly as a + + align:start position:0% +covariance correspondingly as a + + + align:start position:0% +covariance correspondingly as a +sum so given this covariance of these + + align:start position:0% +sum so given this covariance of these + + + align:start position:0% +sum so given this covariance of these +two sums we can + + align:start position:0% +two sums we can + + + align:start position:0% +two sums we can +distribute this + + align:start position:0% +distribute this + + + align:start position:0% +distribute this +quantity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and write it as the covariance Over All + + align:start position:0% +and write it as the covariance Over All + + + align:start position:0% +and write it as the covariance Over All +pairs of triples T and T + + align:start position:0% +pairs of triples T and T + + + align:start position:0% +pairs of triples T and T +Prime the coari of x sub + + align:start position:0% +Prime the coari of x sub + + + align:start position:0% +Prime the coari of x sub +T against X subt + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Prime + + align:start position:0% +Prime + + + align:start position:0% +Prime +okay now we need to understand this term + + align:start position:0% +okay now we need to understand this term + + + align:start position:0% +okay now we need to understand this term +the co variance of X subt against the co + + align:start position:0% +the co variance of X subt against the co + + + align:start position:0% +the co variance of X subt against the co +variance of X subt Prime to towards this + + align:start position:0% +variance of X subt Prime to towards this + + + align:start position:0% +variance of X subt Prime to towards this +end let + + align:start position:0% +end let + + + align:start position:0% +end let +us think about what happens to this ter + + align:start position:0% +us think about what happens to this ter + + + align:start position:0% +us think about what happens to this ter +right so let me do a side + + align:start position:0% +right so let me do a side + + + align:start position:0% +right so let me do a side +calculation from the definition of + + align:start position:0% +calculation from the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +calculation from the definition of +covariance we see that this quantity + + align:start position:0% +covariance we see that this quantity + + + align:start position:0% +covariance we see that this quantity +equals to the expectation of x subt x + + align:start position:0% +equals to the expectation of x subt x + + + align:start position:0% +equals to the expectation of x subt x +subt Prime minus the expectation + + align:start position:0% +subt Prime minus the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +subt Prime minus the expectation +of x subt times the expectation of X + + align:start position:0% +of x subt times the expectation of X + + + align:start position:0% +of x subt times the expectation of X +subt + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Prime okay there are a few cases that we + + align:start position:0% +Prime okay there are a few cases that we + + + align:start position:0% +Prime okay there are a few cases that we +need to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +consider + + align:start position:0% +consider + + + align:start position:0% +consider +first x t and t Prime are two triples of + + align:start position:0% +first x t and t Prime are two triples of + + + align:start position:0% +first x t and t Prime are two triples of +vertices and they could be in various + + align:start position:0% +vertices and they could be in various + + + align:start position:0% +vertices and they could be in various +positions the coresponding full + + align:start position:0% +positions the coresponding full + + + align:start position:0% +positions the coresponding full +triangles could be disjointed or they + + align:start position:0% +triangles could be disjointed or they + + + align:start position:0% +triangles could be disjointed or they +could overlap and we need to consider + + align:start position:0% +could overlap and we need to consider + + + align:start position:0% +could overlap and we need to consider +all of those + + align:start position:0% +all of those + + + align:start position:0% +all of those +possibilities now before doing those + + align:start position:0% +possibilities now before doing those + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities now before doing those +cases let's observe that this quantity + + align:start position:0% +cases let's observe that this quantity + + + align:start position:0% +cases let's observe that this quantity +here if you have for + + align:start position:0% +here if you have for + + + align:start position:0% +here if you have for +example T and T Prime + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +being in any number of configurations so + + align:start position:0% +being in any number of configurations so + + + align:start position:0% +being in any number of configurations so +these are the vertices of T and this is + + align:start position:0% +these are the vertices of T and this is + + + align:start position:0% +these are the vertices of T and this is +the vertices of T Prime for instance + + align:start position:0% +the vertices of T Prime for instance + + + align:start position:0% +the vertices of T Prime for instance +right so they could share some edges or + + align:start position:0% +right so they could share some edges or + + + align:start position:0% +right so they could share some edges or +they may overlapping some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +edges but no matter what the + + align:start position:0% +edges but no matter what the + + + align:start position:0% +edges but no matter what the +configurations are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the first term always equals to P raised + + align:start position:0% +the first term always equals to P raised + + + align:start position:0% +the first term always equals to P raised +to the number of edges + + align:start position:0% +to the number of edges + + + align:start position:0% +to the number of edges +contained in the union of T and T + + align:start position:0% +contained in the union of T and T + + + align:start position:0% +contained in the union of T and T +Prime so in in the complete graph right + + align:start position:0% +Prime so in in the complete graph right + + + align:start position:0% +Prime so in in the complete graph right +so what I mean here + + align:start position:0% +so what I mean here + + + align:start position:0% +so what I mean here +is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +following so here's P raised to the + + align:start position:0% +following so here's P raised to the + + + align:start position:0% +following so here's P raised to the +number of yeah so P raised to let me + + align:start position:0% +number of yeah so P raised to let me + + + align:start position:0% +number of yeah so P raised to let me +still write it this way and and then + + align:start position:0% +still write it this way and and then + + + align:start position:0% +still write it this way and and then +we'll see some specific + + align:start position:0% +we'll see some specific + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see some specific +examples and minus P raised to the + + align:start position:0% +examples and minus P raised to the + + + align:start position:0% +examples and minus P raised to the +number of edges in T and P raised to the + + align:start position:0% +number of edges in T and P raised to the + + + align:start position:0% +number of edges in T and P raised to the +number of edges in t Prime so here uh + + align:start position:0% +number of edges in t Prime so here uh + + + align:start position:0% +number of edges in t Prime so here uh +the exponents will correspond to the + + align:start position:0% +the exponents will correspond to the + + + align:start position:0% +the exponents will correspond to the +number of edges in the complete graph + + align:start position:0% +number of edges in the complete graph + + + align:start position:0% +number of edges in the complete graph +Spann by these vertices T and T Prime so + + align:start position:0% +Spann by these vertices T and T Prime so + + + align:start position:0% +Spann by these vertices T and T Prime so +let's look at a few different + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a few different + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a few different +possibilities the first is if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the two triangles T and T Prime do not + + align:start position:0% +the two triangles T and T Prime do not + + + align:start position:0% +the two triangles T and T Prime do not +intersect in any edges so the number of + + align:start position:0% +intersect in any edges so the number of + + + align:start position:0% +intersect in any edges so the number of +vertices they intersect is at most one + + align:start position:0% +vertices they intersect is at most one + + + align:start position:0% +vertices they intersect is at most one +so the two scenarios are the one that I + + align:start position:0% +so the two scenarios are the one that I + + + align:start position:0% +so the two scenarios are the one that I +just drew and if these two triangles + + align:start position:0% +just drew and if these two triangles + + + align:start position:0% +just drew and if these two triangles +are even disjointed in their vertex set + + align:start position:0% +are even disjointed in their vertex set + + + align:start position:0% +are even disjointed in their vertex set +so then there's no Edge + + align:start position:0% +so then there's no Edge + + + align:start position:0% +so then there's no Edge +overlap in which case the edges right so + + align:start position:0% +overlap in which case the edges right so + + + align:start position:0% +overlap in which case the edges right so +the V random variables that correspond + + align:start position:0% +the V random variables that correspond + + + align:start position:0% +the V random variables that correspond +the edges of these two triangles because + + align:start position:0% +the edges of these two triangles because + + + align:start position:0% +the edges of these two triangles because +they are independent of each other so + + align:start position:0% +they are independent of each other so + + + align:start position:0% +they are independent of each other so +the covariance should be zero and indeed + + align:start position:0% +the covariance should be zero and indeed + + + align:start position:0% +the covariance should be zero and indeed +in the first term here you have P raised + + align:start position:0% +in the first term here you have P raised + + + align:start position:0% +in the first term here you have P raised +to the^ 6 and then minus P cubed and P + + align:start position:0% +to the^ 6 and then minus P cubed and P + + + align:start position:0% +to the^ 6 and then minus P cubed and P +cubed and so in this case this Co + + align:start position:0% +cubed and so in this case this Co + + + align:start position:0% +cubed and so in this case this Co +variance is + + align:start position:0% +variance is + + + align:start position:0% +variance is +zero in the second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case when these two triples T and T + + align:start position:0% +case when these two triples T and T + + + align:start position:0% +case when these two triples T and T +Prime overlapping exactly two vertices + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well here there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are um the union of these two triangles + + align:start position:0% +are um the union of these two triangles + + + align:start position:0% +are um the union of these two triangles +so I think I misspoke earlier so by this + + align:start position:0% +so I think I misspoke earlier so by this + + + align:start position:0% +so I think I misspoke earlier so by this +notation I really mean viewing t as a + + align:start position:0% +notation I really mean viewing t as a + + + align:start position:0% +notation I really mean viewing t as a +triangle and T Prime as a triangle and + + align:start position:0% +triangle and T Prime as a triangle and + + + align:start position:0% +triangle and T Prime as a triangle and +looking at the union of these two + + align:start position:0% +looking at the union of these two + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the union of these two +triangles so the union of these two + + align:start position:0% +triangles so the union of these two + + + align:start position:0% +triangles so the union of these two +triangles have five edges so that's the + + align:start position:0% +triangles have five edges so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +triangles have five edges so that's the +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +of terms here dismissing repetition in + + align:start position:0% +of terms here dismissing repetition in + + + align:start position:0% +of terms here dismissing repetition in +the first first first term the number of + + align:start position:0% +the first first first term the number of + + + align:start position:0% +the first first first term the number of +fact the number of + + align:start position:0% +fact the number of + + + align:start position:0% +fact the number of +factors and then + + align:start position:0% +factors and then + + + align:start position:0% +factors and then +minus the later two terms + + align:start position:0% +minus the later two terms + + + align:start position:0% +minus the later two terms +are both P cub and P cubed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finally if T and T Prime are identical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then the number of edges in the first + + align:start position:0% +then the number of edges in the first + + + align:start position:0% +then the number of edges in the first +term is 3 minus P cubed P + + align:start position:0% +term is 3 minus P cubed P + + + align:start position:0% +term is 3 minus P cubed P +Cub okay so recall that P is some + + align:start position:0% +Cub okay so recall that P is some + + + align:start position:0% +Cub okay so recall that P is some +quantity that goes to zero as um well it + + align:start position:0% +quantity that goes to zero as um well it + + + align:start position:0% +quantity that goes to zero as um well it +doesn't have to go to zero but you know + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to go to zero but you know + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to go to zero but you know +we uh + + align:start position:0% +we uh + + + align:start position:0% +we uh +p is some quantity that um you know for + + align:start position:0% +p is some quantity that um you know for + + + align:start position:0% +p is some quantity that um you know for +now you can think of as going to zero so + + align:start position:0% +now you can think of as going to zero so + + + align:start position:0% +now you can think of as going to zero so +that the first term is always + + align:start position:0% +that the first term is always + + + align:start position:0% +that the first term is always +dominant even if p is constant up to a + + align:start position:0% +dominant even if p is constant up to a + + + align:start position:0% +dominant even if p is constant up to a +constant Factor still the first term is + + align:start position:0% +constant Factor still the first term is + + + align:start position:0% +constant Factor still the first term is +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dominant okay so let us now continue the + + align:start position:0% +dominant okay so let us now continue the + + + align:start position:0% +dominant okay so let us now continue the +earlier convers the earlier computation + + align:start position:0% +earlier convers the earlier computation + + + align:start position:0% +earlier convers the earlier computation +and we see that this sum is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +and we see that this sum is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +and we see that this sum is equal to the +following there are uh we need to think + + align:start position:0% +following there are uh we need to think + + + align:start position:0% +following there are uh we need to think +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +how each of these cases can arise now + + align:start position:0% +how each of these cases can arise now + + + align:start position:0% +how each of these cases can arise now +the first case contributes zero to the + + align:start position:0% +the first case contributes zero to the + + + align:start position:0% +the first case contributes zero to the +sum so we don't have to worry about it + + align:start position:0% +sum so we don't have to worry about it + + + align:start position:0% +sum so we don't have to worry about it +the second term the second possibility + + align:start position:0% +the second term the second possibility + + + align:start position:0% +the second term the second possibility +contributes the following it + + align:start position:0% +contributes the following it + + + align:start position:0% +contributes the following it +contributes n choose two but we need to + + align:start position:0% +contributes n choose two but we need to + + + align:start position:0% +contributes n choose two but we need to +count how many different configurations + + align:start position:0% +count how many different configurations + + + align:start position:0% +count how many different configurations +can we have like this where you have + + align:start position:0% +can we have like this where you have + + + align:start position:0% +can we have like this where you have +these two you know the the red and the + + align:start position:0% +these two you know the the red and the + + + align:start position:0% +these two you know the the red and the +blue triangles overlapping by an edge so + + align:start position:0% +blue triangles overlapping by an edge so + + + align:start position:0% +blue triangles overlapping by an edge so +this n choose two for the two + + align:start position:0% +this n choose two for the two + + + align:start position:0% +this n choose two for the two +overlapping vertices and n * + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nus * N - 2 * N - + + align:start position:0% +nus * N - 2 * N - + + + align:start position:0% +nus * N - 2 * N - +3 for the remaining + + align:start position:0% +3 for the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +3 for the remaining +two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vertices and in this case we have P to 5 + + align:start position:0% +vertices and in this case we have P to 5 + + + align:start position:0% +vertices and in this case we have P to 5 +minus P to + + align:start position:0% +minus P to + + + align:start position:0% +minus P to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +6 okay and then the third + + align:start position:0% +6 okay and then the third + + + align:start position:0% +6 okay and then the third +possibility and choose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3 time P cubed minus P to the 6 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +power + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay this is some expression and we only + + align:start position:0% +okay this is some expression and we only + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is some expression and we only +need to get some bounds so we can play + + align:start position:0% +need to get some bounds so we can play + + + align:start position:0% +need to get some bounds so we can play +around with astics and not think about + + align:start position:0% +around with astics and not think about + + + align:start position:0% +around with astics and not think about +constant factors so we'll basically + + align:start position:0% +constant factors so we'll basically + + + align:start position:0% +constant factors so we'll basically +ignore the constant factors and do an + + align:start position:0% +ignore the constant factors and do an + + + align:start position:0% +ignore the constant factors and do an +upper bound so up to a constant Factor + + align:start position:0% +upper bound so up to a constant Factor + + + align:start position:0% +upper bound so up to a constant Factor +so Big O the first term here involves n + + align:start position:0% +so Big O the first term here involves n + + + align:start position:0% +so Big O the first term here involves n +to the 4th + + align:start position:0% +to the 4th + + + align:start position:0% +to the 4th +P fifth power okay so we can ignore the + + align:start position:0% +P fifth power okay so we can ignore the + + + align:start position:0% +P fifth power okay so we can ignore the +the the negative contributions they they + + align:start position:0% +the the negative contributions they they + + + align:start position:0% +the the negative contributions they they +don't matter for this + + align:start position:0% +don't matter for this + + + align:start position:0% +don't matter for this +calculation and then the second term + + align:start position:0% +calculation and then the second term + + + align:start position:0% +calculation and then the second term +here is n + + align:start position:0% +here is n + + + align:start position:0% +here is n +cubed P cubed and most on the order of n + + align:start position:0% +cubed P cubed and most on the order of n + + + align:start position:0% +cubed P cubed and most on the order of n +cubed P + + align:start position:0% +cubed P + + + align:start position:0% +cubed P +cubed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and Okay so under the hypothesis that NP + + align:start position:0% +and Okay so under the hypothesis that NP + + + align:start position:0% +and Okay so under the hypothesis that NP +goes to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Infinity both these terms are little o + + align:start position:0% +Infinity both these terms are little o + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity both these terms are little o +of n to the 6 P to the 6 okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +of n to the 6 P to the 6 okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +of n to the 6 P to the 6 okay so that's +something that one can check from the + + align:start position:0% +something that one can check from the + + + align:start position:0% +something that one can check from the +from the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis +thus the variance of X is little o of + + align:start position:0% +thus the variance of X is little o of + + + align:start position:0% +thus the variance of X is little o of +the expectation of x^ + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of x^ + + + align:start position:0% +the expectation of x^ +s and so by the + + align:start position:0% +s and so by the + + + align:start position:0% +s and so by the +corollary of CHF + + align:start position:0% +corollary of CHF + + + align:start position:0% +corollary of CHF +earlier we see + + align:start position:0% +earlier we see + + + align:start position:0% +earlier we see +that with probability approaching + + align:start position:0% +that with probability approaching + + + align:start position:0% +that with probability approaching +One X is positive so that there's + + align:start position:0% +One X is positive so that there's + + + align:start position:0% +One X is positive so that there's +typically this random graph contains a + + align:start position:0% +typically this random graph contains a + + + align:start position:0% +typically this random graph contains a +triangle and that finishes the proof of + + align:start position:0% +triangle and that finishes the proof of + + + align:start position:0% +triangle and that finishes the proof of +the second part this theorem one right + + align:start position:0% +the second part this theorem one right + + + align:start position:0% +the second part this theorem one right +so to recap + + align:start position:0% +so to recap + + + align:start position:0% +so to recap +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +showed that 1 / N is a threshold for the + + align:start position:0% +showed that 1 / N is a threshold for the + + + align:start position:0% +showed that 1 / N is a threshold for the +property of the random graph GN P to + + align:start position:0% +property of the random graph GN P to + + + align:start position:0% +property of the random graph GN P to +contain a triangle so that statement has + + align:start position:0% +contain a triangle so that statement has + + + align:start position:0% +contain a triangle so that statement has +two parts the first part is that when p + + align:start position:0% +two parts the first part is that when p + + + align:start position:0% +two parts the first part is that when p +is quite small it's much smaller than 1/ + + align:start position:0% +is quite small it's much smaller than 1/ + + + align:start position:0% +is quite small it's much smaller than 1/ +n then typically this random graph does + + align:start position:0% +n then typically this random graph does + + + align:start position:0% +n then typically this random graph does +not contain a triangle and the way we + + align:start position:0% +not contain a triangle and the way we + + + align:start position:0% +not contain a triangle and the way we +establish this fact is by showing that + + align:start position:0% +establish this fact is by showing that + + + align:start position:0% +establish this fact is by showing that +the number of triangles not X the number + + align:start position:0% +the number of triangles not X the number + + + align:start position:0% +the number of triangles not X the number +of triangles has expected value going to + + align:start position:0% +of triangles has expected value going to + + + align:start position:0% +of triangles has expected value going to +zero and thus by Markov + + align:start position:0% +zero and thus by Markov + + + align:start position:0% +zero and thus by Markov +inequality this number of triangles is + + align:start position:0% +inequality this number of triangles is + + + align:start position:0% +inequality this number of triangles is +zero with high + + align:start position:0% +zero with high + + + align:start position:0% +zero with high +probability the second + + align:start position:0% +probability the second + + + align:start position:0% +probability the second +part where P now is much larger than 1 / + + align:start position:0% +part where P now is much larger than 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +part where P now is much larger than 1 / +M here the expected number of triangles + + align:start position:0% +M here the expected number of triangles + + + align:start position:0% +M here the expected number of triangles +goes to Infinity as n goes to Infinity U + + align:start position:0% +goes to Infinity as n goes to Infinity U + + + align:start position:0% +goes to Infinity as n goes to Infinity U +but that alone does not allow us to + + align:start position:0% +but that alone does not allow us to + + + align:start position:0% +but that alone does not allow us to +conclude that the number of triangles is + + align:start position:0% +conclude that the number of triangles is + + + align:start position:0% +conclude that the number of triangles is +positive typically + + align:start position:0% +positive typically + + + align:start position:0% +positive typically +instead we'll need to apply a second + + align:start position:0% +instead we'll need to apply a second + + + align:start position:0% +instead we'll need to apply a second +moment argument to show that the number + + align:start position:0% +moment argument to show that the number + + + align:start position:0% +moment argument to show that the number +of triangles is typically concentrated + + align:start position:0% +of triangles is typically concentrated + + + align:start position:0% +of triangles is typically concentrated +around its mean and that was a + + align:start position:0% +around its mean and that was a + + + align:start position:0% +around its mean and that was a +calculation that we did this was a + + align:start position:0% +calculation that we did this was a + + + align:start position:0% +calculation that we did this was a +second moment calculation namely + + align:start position:0% +second moment calculation namely + + + align:start position:0% +second moment calculation namely +understanding and Computing the variance + + align:start position:0% +understanding and Computing the variance + + + align:start position:0% +understanding and Computing the variance +of this random variable and showing that + + align:start position:0% +of this random variable and showing that + + + align:start position:0% +of this random variable and showing that +the variance is much smaller than the + + align:start position:0% +the variance is much smaller than the + + + align:start position:0% +the variance is much smaller than the +square of the + + align:start position:0% +square of the + + + align:start position:0% +square of the +expectation from which then we can use + + align:start position:0% +expectation from which then we can use + + + align:start position:0% +expectation from which then we can use +chabby shf inequality to deduce that the + + align:start position:0% +chabby shf inequality to deduce that the + + + align:start position:0% +chabby shf inequality to deduce that the +number of triang go is typically + + align:start position:0% +number of triang go is typically + + + align:start position:0% +number of triang go is typically +positive right and combining these two + + align:start position:0% +positive right and combining these two + + + align:start position:0% +positive right and combining these two +proofs together we obtain this threshold + + align:start position:0% +proofs together we obtain this threshold + + + align:start position:0% +proofs together we obtain this threshold +statement now what we just showed is a + + align:start position:0% +statement now what we just showed is a + + + align:start position:0% +statement now what we just showed is a +important but fairly basic application + + align:start position:0% +important but fairly basic application + + + align:start position:0% +important but fairly basic application +of using probalistic methods to + + align:start position:0% +of using probalistic methods to + + + align:start position:0% +of using probalistic methods to +understand typicality statements and + + align:start position:0% +understand typicality statements and + + + align:start position:0% +understand typicality statements and +these types of uh statements and proof + + align:start position:0% +these types of uh statements and proof + + + align:start position:0% +these types of uh statements and proof +techniques are quite ubiquitous in + + align:start position:0% +techniques are quite ubiquitous in + + + align:start position:0% +techniques are quite ubiquitous in +studies involving the probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +studies involving the probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +studies involving the probabilistic +method and Beyond and there are much + + align:start position:0% +method and Beyond and there are much + + + align:start position:0% +method and Beyond and there are much +more difficult results of similar flavor + + align:start position:0% +more difficult results of similar flavor + + + align:start position:0% +more difficult results of similar flavor +but they involved much more Advanced + + align:start position:0% +but they involved much more Advanced + + + align:start position:0% +but they involved much more Advanced +Techniques and what you saw here is + + align:start position:0% +Techniques and what you saw here is + + + align:start position:0% +Techniques and what you saw here is +simply a taste of what such a statement + + align:start position:0% +simply a taste of what such a statement + + + align:start position:0% +simply a taste of what such a statement +and its technique could look like \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/a4snWHyNTJ4.txt b/a4snWHyNTJ4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccb043517c3e303c0db32d32bed542030e0f5cf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/a4snWHyNTJ4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,763 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so now you're going to either just like + + align:start position:0% +so now you're going to either just like + + + align:start position:0% +so now you're going to either just like +cluster SHINee with the people that are + + align:start position:0% +cluster SHINee with the people that are + + + align:start position:0% +cluster SHINee with the people that are +near you or stand up and look across the + + align:start position:0% +near you or stand up and look across the + + + align:start position:0% +near you or stand up and look across the +room and be like is anybody else trying + + align:start position:0% +room and be like is anybody else trying + + + align:start position:0% +room and be like is anybody else trying +to make eye contact with other people + + align:start position:0% +to make eye contact with other people + + + align:start position:0% +to make eye contact with other people +and then like there we go and then like + + align:start position:0% +and then like there we go and then like + + + align:start position:0% +and then like there we go and then like +walk over be like hi you want to work + + align:start position:0% +walk over be like hi you want to work + + + align:start position:0% +walk over be like hi you want to work +and so be friendly with sharing your + + align:start position:0% +and so be friendly with sharing your + + + align:start position:0% +and so be friendly with sharing your +chairs there's also there's a few people + + align:start position:0% +chairs there's also there's a few people + + + align:start position:0% +chairs there's also there's a few people +on the floor there's probably chairs + + align:start position:0% +on the floor there's probably chairs + + + align:start position:0% +on the floor there's probably chairs +like directly below so you can go + + align:start position:0% +like directly below so you can go + + + align:start position:0% +like directly below so you can go +creative or up on the fifth floor + + align:start position:0% +creative or up on the fifth floor + + + align:start position:0% +creative or up on the fifth floor +there's a question that's lady there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's a question that's lady there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's a question that's lady there's a +classroom on every level right here so + + align:start position:0% +classroom on every level right here so + + + align:start position:0% +classroom on every level right here so +if you want to go steel chairs then just + + align:start position:0% +if you want to go steel chairs then just + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to go steel chairs then just +bring them back after class so where + + align:start position:0% +bring them back after class so where + + + align:start position:0% +bring them back after class so where +they came from and then yeah one of you + + align:start position:0% +they came from and then yeah one of you + + + align:start position:0% +they came from and then yeah one of you +pulls up there all of all video tutorial + + align:start position:0% +pulls up there all of all video tutorial + + + align:start position:0% +pulls up there all of all video tutorial +this page yep and then one more multiple + + align:start position:0% +this page yep and then one more multiple + + + align:start position:0% +this page yep and then one more multiple +of you have your computer out with unity + + align:start position:0% +of you have your computer out with unity + + + align:start position:0% +of you have your computer out with unity +open and start playing the tutorial and + + align:start position:0% +open and start playing the tutorial and + + + align:start position:0% +open and start playing the tutorial and +pause it and be kind of extroverted be + + align:start position:0% +pause it and be kind of extroverted be + + + align:start position:0% +pause it and be kind of extroverted be +like hey can we pause it real quick so I + + align:start position:0% +like hey can we pause it real quick so I + + + align:start position:0% +like hey can we pause it real quick so I +can like look up that function or you + + align:start position:0% +can like look up that function or you + + + align:start position:0% +can like look up that function or you +know I I would like to try to do this + + align:start position:0% +know I I would like to try to do this + + + align:start position:0% +know I I would like to try to do this +other crazy things everybody do that + + align:start position:0% +other crazy things everybody do that + + + align:start position:0% +other crazy things everybody do that +like ask for things that you want if you + + align:start position:0% +like ask for things that you want if you + + + align:start position:0% +like ask for things that you want if you +have a weird impulse to try to do + + align:start position:0% +have a weird impulse to try to do + + + align:start position:0% +have a weird impulse to try to do +something ask if one of if you're asking + + align:start position:0% +something ask if one of if you're asking + + + align:start position:0% +something ask if one of if you're asking +too many questions and your teammates in + + align:start position:0% +too many questions and your teammates in + + + align:start position:0% +too many questions and your teammates in +the way then they can get up and go to + + align:start position:0% +the way then they can get up and go to + + + align:start position:0% +the way then they can get up and go to +another team because I'm telling you you + + align:start position:0% +another team because I'm telling you you + + + align:start position:0% +another team because I'm telling you you +should be asking questions in here you + + align:start position:0% +should be asking questions in here you + + + align:start position:0% +should be asking questions in here you +should be kind of like interacting yeah + + align:start position:0% +should be kind of like interacting yeah + + + align:start position:0% +should be kind of like interacting yeah +so and if you happen to be really quiet + + align:start position:0% +so and if you happen to be really quiet + + + align:start position:0% +so and if you happen to be really quiet +you find you really quiet group that + + align:start position:0% +you find you really quiet group that + + + align:start position:0% +you find you really quiet group that +just watches the video straight through + + align:start position:0% +just watches the video straight through + + + align:start position:0% +just watches the video straight through +and never talks fine like a force + + align:start position:0% +and never talks fine like a force + + + align:start position:0% +and never talks fine like a force +anybody to talk but feel free to talk + + align:start position:0% +anybody to talk but feel free to talk + + + align:start position:0% +anybody to talk but feel free to talk +talking is good so yeah this is very + + align:start position:0% +talking is good so yeah this is very + + + align:start position:0% +talking is good so yeah this is very +self organized and you are free to do as + + align:start position:0% +self organized and you are free to do as + + + align:start position:0% +self organized and you are free to do as +you wish I'm going to go check on the + + align:start position:0% +you wish I'm going to go check on the + + + align:start position:0% +you wish I'm going to go check on the +Erica Mena paths but make sure it hasn't + + align:start position:0% +Erica Mena paths but make sure it hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +Erica Mena paths but make sure it hasn't +broken up + + align:start position:0% +broken up + + + align:start position:0% +broken up +and then I will be back in about 20 + + align:start position:0% +and then I will be back in about 20 + + + align:start position:0% +and then I will be back in about 20 +minutes and I'll probably see you all + + align:start position:0% +minutes and I'll probably see you all + + + align:start position:0% +minutes and I'll probably see you all +clustered around the roof feel free to + + align:start position:0% +clustered around the roof feel free to + + + align:start position:0% +clustered around the roof feel free to +go grab chairs if you need to rearrange + + align:start position:0% +go grab chairs if you need to rearrange + + + align:start position:0% +go grab chairs if you need to rearrange +desks yeah rearrange test if you want to + + align:start position:0% +desks yeah rearrange test if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +desks yeah rearrange test if you want to +take some of these tests that may ask + + align:start position:0% +take some of these tests that may ask + + + align:start position:0% +take some of these tests that may ask +them if you can use their desks it would + + align:start position:0% +them if you can use their desks it would + + + align:start position:0% +them if you can use their desks it would +be close to the groom that you've made + + align:start position:0% +be close to the groom that you've made + + + align:start position:0% +be close to the groom that you've made +eye contact with it also quick + + align:start position:0% +eye contact with it also quick + + + align:start position:0% +eye contact with it also quick +recommendation at some point you're + + align:start position:0% +recommendation at some point you're + + + align:start position:0% +recommendation at some point you're +going to encounter the video up top and + + align:start position:0% +going to encounter the video up top and + + + align:start position:0% +going to encounter the video up top and +then a script down below so you can more + + align:start position:0% +then a script down below so you can more + + + align:start position:0% +then a script down below so you can more +clearly read it I would highly recommend + + align:start position:0% +clearly read it I would highly recommend + + + align:start position:0% +clearly read it I would highly recommend +not just copying this into the unity + + align:start position:0% +not just copying this into the unity + + + align:start position:0% +not just copying this into the unity +editor it will work but you by typing it + + align:start position:0% +editor it will work but you by typing it + + + align:start position:0% +editor it will work but you by typing it +out you get a much better idea of what + + align:start position:0% +out you get a much better idea of what + + + align:start position:0% +out you get a much better idea of what +you're doing especially if you're like + + align:start position:0% +you're doing especially if you're like + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing especially if you're like +following it in real time rather than + + align:start position:0% +following it in real time rather than + + + align:start position:0% +following it in real time rather than +just ctrl-c ctrl-v + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +speak up a little bit like take your + + align:start position:0% +speak up a little bit like take your + + + align:start position:0% +speak up a little bit like take your +time typing it out if you like if you + + align:start position:0% +time typing it out if you like if you + + + align:start position:0% +time typing it out if you like if you +like why are there freaking periods + + align:start position:0% +like why are there freaking periods + + + align:start position:0% +like why are there freaking periods +between every word let ask your group if + + align:start position:0% +between every word let ask your group if + + + align:start position:0% +between every word let ask your group if +nobody understands then ask another + + align:start position:0% +nobody understands then ask another + + + align:start position:0% +nobody understands then ask another +group because that's a super valid + + align:start position:0% +group because that's a super valid + + + align:start position:0% +group because that's a super valid +question there's a lot of meaning and + + align:start position:0% +question there's a lot of meaning and + + + align:start position:0% +question there's a lot of meaning and +why there's periods between words and + + align:start position:0% +why there's periods between words and + + + align:start position:0% +why there's periods between words and +why there's around the brackets rather + + align:start position:0% +why there's around the brackets rather + + + align:start position:0% +why there's around the brackets rather +than square brackets and if you have + + align:start position:0% +than square brackets and if you have + + + align:start position:0% +than square brackets and if you have +weird questions like that you're asking + + align:start position:0% +weird questions like that you're asking + + + align:start position:0% +weird questions like that you're asking +the right question ask your agreement + + align:start position:0% +the right question ask your agreement + + + align:start position:0% +the right question ask your agreement +they don't go then it's not your fault + + align:start position:0% +they don't go then it's not your fault + + + align:start position:0% +they don't go then it's not your fault +for asking a question that was hard to + + align:start position:0% +for asking a question that was hard to + + + align:start position:0% +for asking a question that was hard to +answers everyone else's responsibility + + align:start position:0% +answers everyone else's responsibility + + + align:start position:0% +answers everyone else's responsibility +even fighting to be information to + + align:start position:0% +even fighting to be information to + + + align:start position:0% +even fighting to be information to +answer that question so you can try a + + align:start position:0% +answer that question so you can try a + + + align:start position:0% +answer that question so you can try a +marker I I don't have all the answers or + + align:start position:0% +marker I I don't have all the answers or + + + align:start position:0% +marker I I don't have all the answers or +you can try another group intergroup + + align:start position:0% +you can try another group intergroup + + + align:start position:0% +you can try another group intergroup +dialogue is like + + align:start position:0% +dialogue is like + + + align:start position:0% +dialogue is like +this thing ever so if you guys get there + + align:start position:0% +this thing ever so if you guys get there + + + align:start position:0% +this thing ever so if you guys get there +today I'll be very impressed but usually + + align:start position:0% +today I'll be very impressed but usually + + + align:start position:0% +today I'll be very impressed but usually +it takes a few days before people really + + align:start position:0% +it takes a few days before people really + + + align:start position:0% +it takes a few days before people really +get extra credit so yeah I hopefully at + + align:start position:0% +get extra credit so yeah I hopefully at + + + align:start position:0% +get extra credit so yeah I hopefully at +some point when you guys get to this + + align:start position:0% +some point when you guys get to this + + + align:start position:0% +some point when you guys get to this +line of code it's kind of a weird + + align:start position:0% +line of code it's kind of a weird + + + align:start position:0% +line of code it's kind of a weird +concept and you should ask yes so there + + align:start position:0% +concept and you should ask yes so there + + + align:start position:0% +concept and you should ask yes so there +are points where you should be confused + + align:start position:0% +are points where you should be confused + + + align:start position:0% +are points where you should be confused +all right so freewheeling chaos let + + align:start position:0% +all right so freewheeling chaos let + + + align:start position:0% +all right so freewheeling chaos let +chaos reign forbidden client people to + + align:start position:0% +chaos reign forbidden client people to + + + align:start position:0% +chaos reign forbidden client people to +make eye contact smile that helps it + + align:start position:0% +make eye contact smile that helps it + + + align:start position:0% +make eye contact smile that helps it +signals to other humans that you're + + align:start position:0% +signals to other humans that you're + + + align:start position:0% +signals to other humans that you're +friendly \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/a6NFLJ082vI.txt b/a6NFLJ082vI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb4f14fa437efd8ce801ae8e35da66cdc8118361 --- /dev/null +++ b/a6NFLJ082vI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14043 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu we would like to present + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu we would like to present + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu we would like to present +with present to you uh PV nextg Earth + + align:start position:0% +with present to you uh PV nextg Earth + + + align:start position:0% +with present to you uh PV nextg Earth +abundant + + align:start position:0% +abundant + + + align:start position:0% +abundant +materials uh so the reason we're doing + + align:start position:0% +materials uh so the reason we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +materials uh so the reason we're doing +this project is because there are + + align:start position:0% +this project is because there are + + + align:start position:0% +this project is because there are +current limits to the high quality + + align:start position:0% +current limits to the high quality + + + align:start position:0% +current limits to the high quality +crystall and silicon cells um that that + + align:start position:0% +crystall and silicon cells um that that + + + align:start position:0% +crystall and silicon cells um that that +we're producing there's a too high of an + + align:start position:0% +we're producing there's a too high of an + + + align:start position:0% +we're producing there's a too high of an +energy cost and too high of a carbon + + align:start position:0% +energy cost and too high of a carbon + + + align:start position:0% +energy cost and too high of a carbon +footprint um so we decided to identify + + align:start position:0% +footprint um so we decided to identify + + + align:start position:0% +footprint um so we decided to identify +likely sources of failure for Earth + + align:start position:0% +likely sources of failure for Earth + + + align:start position:0% +likely sources of failure for Earth +abundant PB um we focus on tint sulfide + + align:start position:0% +abundant PB um we focus on tint sulfide + + + align:start position:0% +abundant PB um we focus on tint sulfide +lead sulfide and cus oxide so we took + + align:start position:0% +lead sulfide and cus oxide so we took + + + align:start position:0% +lead sulfide and cus oxide so we took +the approach of subjecting these PV + + align:start position:0% +the approach of subjecting these PV + + + align:start position:0% +the approach of subjecting these PV +cells into a climate chamber um to sort + + align:start position:0% +cells into a climate chamber um to sort + + + align:start position:0% +cells into a climate chamber um to sort +of simulate uh aging and accelerated + + align:start position:0% +of simulate uh aging and accelerated + + + align:start position:0% +of simulate uh aging and accelerated +aging and uh the effects of long-term + + align:start position:0% +aging and uh the effects of long-term + + + align:start position:0% +aging and uh the effects of long-term +operation out in the + + align:start position:0% +operation out in the + + + align:start position:0% +operation out in the +field so for a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +field so for a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +field so for a little bit of a +background um this is a graph that we' + + align:start position:0% +background um this is a graph that we' + + + align:start position:0% +background um this is a graph that we' +like to provide you with if you notice + + align:start position:0% +like to provide you with if you notice + + + align:start position:0% +like to provide you with if you notice +uh the the graph is centered around zero + + align:start position:0% +uh the the graph is centered around zero + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the graph is centered around zero +which is crystallin silicon and on the + + align:start position:0% +which is crystallin silicon and on the + + + align:start position:0% +which is crystallin silicon and on the +x-axis it's kind of inverted so the + + align:start position:0% +x-axis it's kind of inverted so the + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis it's kind of inverted so the +negative is on the right um but this + + align:start position:0% +negative is on the right um but this + + + align:start position:0% +negative is on the right um but this +graph sort of illustrates that where we + + align:start position:0% +graph sort of illustrates that where we + + + align:start position:0% +graph sort of illustrates that where we +want to be in our research is in that + + align:start position:0% +want to be in our research is in that + + + align:start position:0% +want to be in our research is in that +quadrant within the circle um because + + align:start position:0% +quadrant within the circle um because + + + align:start position:0% +quadrant within the circle um because +that's where we have the lowest + + align:start position:0% +that's where we have the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +that's where we have the lowest +materials extraction costs and we have + + align:start position:0% +materials extraction costs and we have + + + align:start position:0% +materials extraction costs and we have +the highest annual electricity potential + + align:start position:0% +the highest annual electricity potential + + + align:start position:0% +the highest annual electricity potential +so those are the kind of technologies + + align:start position:0% +so those are the kind of technologies + + + align:start position:0% +so those are the kind of technologies +that that we want to be looking at uh + + align:start position:0% +that that we want to be looking at uh + + + align:start position:0% +that that we want to be looking at uh +and if you as you can see in the Arro + + align:start position:0% +and if you as you can see in the Arro + + + align:start position:0% +and if you as you can see in the Arro +head CIS oxide and Lead sulfide are in + + align:start position:0% +head CIS oxide and Lead sulfide are in + + + align:start position:0% +head CIS oxide and Lead sulfide are in +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quadrant so we've established we've + + align:start position:0% +quadrant so we've established we've + + + align:start position:0% +quadrant so we've established we've +showed you how these kinds of materials + + align:start position:0% +showed you how these kinds of materials + + + align:start position:0% +showed you how these kinds of materials +can be less expensive and potentially + + align:start position:0% +can be less expensive and potentially + + + align:start position:0% +can be less expensive and potentially +produce more electricity than silicon + + align:start position:0% +produce more electricity than silicon + + + align:start position:0% +produce more electricity than silicon +however they haven't had the same kinds + + align:start position:0% +however they haven't had the same kinds + + + align:start position:0% +however they haven't had the same kinds +of Decades of experience in testing as + + align:start position:0% +of Decades of experience in testing as + + + align:start position:0% +of Decades of experience in testing as +silicon has so we're trying to figure + + align:start position:0% +silicon has so we're trying to figure + + + align:start position:0% +silicon has so we're trying to figure +out how they could possibly fail under + + align:start position:0% +out how they could possibly fail under + + + align:start position:0% +out how they could possibly fail under +actual years of operation in the field + + align:start position:0% +actual years of operation in the field + + + align:start position:0% +actual years of operation in the field +first we're going to talk about tin + + align:start position:0% +first we're going to talk about tin + + + align:start position:0% +first we're going to talk about tin +sulfide uh certainly tin and sulfur are + + align:start position:0% +sulfide uh certainly tin and sulfur are + + + align:start position:0% +sulfide uh certainly tin and sulfur are +both elements with which we're very + + align:start position:0% +both elements with which we're very + + + align:start position:0% +both elements with which we're very +familiar uh tin has a wide manufacturing + + align:start position:0% +familiar uh tin has a wide manufacturing + + + align:start position:0% +familiar uh tin has a wide manufacturing +base sulfur is part of all of our + + align:start position:0% +base sulfur is part of all of our + + + align:start position:0% +base sulfur is part of all of our +biology pretty easy to find the band gap + + align:start position:0% +biology pretty easy to find the band gap + + + align:start position:0% +biology pretty easy to find the band gap +of this material is 1.3 electron volts a + + align:start position:0% +of this material is 1.3 electron volts a + + + align:start position:0% +of this material is 1.3 electron volts a +little bit higher than silicon but that + + align:start position:0% +little bit higher than silicon but that + + + align:start position:0% +little bit higher than silicon but that +actually brings it closer to the optimum + + align:start position:0% +actually brings it closer to the optimum + + + align:start position:0% +actually brings it closer to the optimum +of the Shak quiser efficiency limits for + + align:start position:0% +of the Shak quiser efficiency limits for + + + align:start position:0% +of the Shak quiser efficiency limits for +a single Junction solar cell the maximum + + align:start position:0% +a single Junction solar cell the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +a single Junction solar cell the maximum +possible efficiency is + + align:start position:0% +possible efficiency is + + + align:start position:0% +possible efficiency is +32% however the current record + + align:start position:0% +32% however the current record + + + align:start position:0% +32% however the current record +efficiency for tin cified cells is only + + align:start position:0% +efficiency for tin cified cells is only + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency for tin cified cells is only +1.3% so that gives you an idea of the + + align:start position:0% +1.3% so that gives you an idea of the + + + align:start position:0% +1.3% so that gives you an idea of the +state of development of this field often + + align:start position:0% +state of development of this field often + + + align:start position:0% +state of development of this field often +it seems that devices are limited by + + align:start position:0% +it seems that devices are limited by + + + align:start position:0% +it seems that devices are limited by +their charge extraction there is an + + align:start position:0% +their charge extraction there is an + + + align:start position:0% +their charge extraction there is an +interface between the absorber layer and + + align:start position:0% +interface between the absorber layer and + + + align:start position:0% +interface between the absorber layer and +buffer layers that block electron and + + align:start position:0% +buffer layers that block electron and + + + align:start position:0% +buffer layers that block electron and +hole transport I'm going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +hole transport I'm going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +hole transport I'm going to talk about +that a little more on the next slide but + + align:start position:0% +that a little more on the next slide but + + + align:start position:0% +that a little more on the next slide but +this interface has been unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +this interface has been unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +this interface has been unfortunately +not very well characterized to date and + + align:start position:0% +not very well characterized to date and + + + align:start position:0% +not very well characterized to date and +is often a site of high recombination + + align:start position:0% +is often a site of high recombination + + + align:start position:0% +is often a site of high recombination +rates that can limit the current + + align:start position:0% +rates that can limit the current + + + align:start position:0% +rates that can limit the current +extracted however tin sulfide is a good + + align:start position:0% +extracted however tin sulfide is a good + + + align:start position:0% +extracted however tin sulfide is a good +material for photovoltaics because its + + align:start position:0% +material for photovoltaics because its + + + align:start position:0% +material for photovoltaics because its +crystal structure is amenable to doping + + align:start position:0% +crystal structure is amenable to doping + + + align:start position:0% +crystal structure is amenable to doping +you can add substituent atoms and tune + + align:start position:0% +you can add substituent atoms and tune + + + align:start position:0% +you can add substituent atoms and tune +the electronic properties that way also + + align:start position:0% +the electronic properties that way also + + + align:start position:0% +the electronic properties that way also +it has a high absorption coefficient so + + align:start position:0% +it has a high absorption coefficient so + + + align:start position:0% +it has a high absorption coefficient so +it can be made into thin film devices uh + + align:start position:0% +it can be made into thin film devices uh + + + align:start position:0% +it can be made into thin film devices uh +and the device that we're going to show + + align:start position:0% +and the device that we're going to show + + + align:start position:0% +and the device that we're going to show +you today was made using Atomic layer + + align:start position:0% +you today was made using Atomic layer + + + align:start position:0% +you today was made using Atomic layer +deposition here's that schematic that I + + align:start position:0% +deposition here's that schematic that I + + + align:start position:0% +deposition here's that schematic that I +was mentioning so as in this diagram the + + align:start position:0% +was mentioning so as in this diagram the + + + align:start position:0% +was mentioning so as in this diagram the +light is coming in from the bottom don't + + align:start position:0% +light is coming in from the bottom don't + + + align:start position:0% +light is coming in from the bottom don't +be alarmed uh the bottom substrate that + + align:start position:0% +be alarmed uh the bottom substrate that + + + align:start position:0% +be alarmed uh the bottom substrate that +things are subsequently deposited onto + + align:start position:0% +things are subsequently deposited onto + + + align:start position:0% +things are subsequently deposited onto +is a glass pane with that is coated with + + align:start position:0% +is a glass pane with that is coated with + + + align:start position:0% +is a glass pane with that is coated with +Florine doped tin oxide this is like + + align:start position:0% +Florine doped tin oxide this is like + + + align:start position:0% +Florine doped tin oxide this is like +indium tin oxide it's another + + align:start position:0% +indium tin oxide it's another + + + align:start position:0% +indium tin oxide it's another +transparent conducting material and then + + align:start position:0% +transparent conducting material and then + + + align:start position:0% +transparent conducting material and then +this layer here is the tin sulfide + + align:start position:0% +this layer here is the tin sulfide + + + align:start position:0% +this layer here is the tin sulfide +absorber and you can see that on either + + align:start position:0% +absorber and you can see that on either + + + align:start position:0% +absorber and you can see that on either +side of it there is a hole blocking + + align:start position:0% +side of it there is a hole blocking + + + align:start position:0% +side of it there is a hole blocking +layer and an electron blocking layer + + align:start position:0% +layer and an electron blocking layer + + + align:start position:0% +layer and an electron blocking layer +which prevents um prevents charge from + + align:start position:0% +which prevents um prevents charge from + + + align:start position:0% +which prevents um prevents charge from +flowing in the opposite direction that + + align:start position:0% +flowing in the opposite direction that + + + align:start position:0% +flowing in the opposite direction that +we want it to and then both the absorber + + align:start position:0% +we want it to and then both the absorber + + + align:start position:0% +we want it to and then both the absorber +and the front contact have these metal + + align:start position:0% +and the front contact have these metal + + + align:start position:0% +and the front contact have these metal +stack + + align:start position:0% +stack + + + align:start position:0% +stack +electrodes patterned onto them onto the + + align:start position:0% +electrodes patterned onto them onto the + + + align:start position:0% +electrodes patterned onto them onto the +same side um of gold copper and malum so + + align:start position:0% +same side um of gold copper and malum so + + + align:start position:0% +same side um of gold copper and malum so +this is a manufacturing idea that could + + align:start position:0% +this is a manufacturing idea that could + + + align:start position:0% +this is a manufacturing idea that could +make tabbing easier and eliminate + + align:start position:0% +make tabbing easier and eliminate + + + align:start position:0% +make tabbing easier and eliminate +shading losses because all of your + + align:start position:0% +shading losses because all of your + + + align:start position:0% +shading losses because all of your +electronics uh contact to one side on + + align:start position:0% +electronics uh contact to one side on + + + align:start position:0% +electronics uh contact to one side on +the back here however as we'll discuss + + align:start position:0% +the back here however as we'll discuss + + + align:start position:0% +the back here however as we'll discuss +later it comes with some challenges of + + align:start position:0% +later it comes with some challenges of + + + align:start position:0% +later it comes with some challenges of +its own + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the other material that we investigated + + align:start position:0% +the other material that we investigated + + + align:start position:0% +the other material that we investigated +for this project was lead sulfide um + + align:start position:0% +for this project was lead sulfide um + + + align:start position:0% +for this project was lead sulfide um +lead sulfide is also an earth abundant + + align:start position:0% +lead sulfide is also an earth abundant + + + align:start position:0% +lead sulfide is also an earth abundant +material lead is even more abundant than + + align:start position:0% +material lead is even more abundant than + + + align:start position:0% +material lead is even more abundant than +tin um the bulk band gap of lead sulfide + + align:start position:0% +tin um the bulk band gap of lead sulfide + + + align:start position:0% +tin um the bulk band gap of lead sulfide +is only 041 e which is a little bit too + + align:start position:0% +is only 041 e which is a little bit too + + + align:start position:0% +is only 041 e which is a little bit too +low to make it a good absorber material + + align:start position:0% +low to make it a good absorber material + + + align:start position:0% +low to make it a good absorber material +for photoal taks but if you make + + align:start position:0% +for photoal taks but if you make + + + align:start position:0% +for photoal taks but if you make +nanocrystals you can uh tune the band + + align:start position:0% +nanocrystals you can uh tune the band + + + align:start position:0% +nanocrystals you can uh tune the band +Gap so there's confinement effects that + + align:start position:0% +Gap so there's confinement effects that + + + align:start position:0% +Gap so there's confinement effects that +make it so that the band Gap can + + align:start position:0% +make it so that the band Gap can + + + align:start position:0% +make it so that the band Gap can +actually become larg + + align:start position:0% +actually become larg + + + align:start position:0% +actually become larg +so we looked at lead sulfide quantum dot + + align:start position:0% +so we looked at lead sulfide quantum dot + + + align:start position:0% +so we looked at lead sulfide quantum dot +solar cells and in particular we looked + + align:start position:0% +solar cells and in particular we looked + + + align:start position:0% +solar cells and in particular we looked +at lead sulfide Quantum Dots and a pcbm + + align:start position:0% +at lead sulfide Quantum Dots and a pcbm + + + align:start position:0% +at lead sulfide Quantum Dots and a pcbm +which is a ferine derivative + + align:start position:0% +which is a ferine derivative + + + align:start position:0% +which is a ferine derivative +heterojunction where the lead sulfite is + + align:start position:0% +heterojunction where the lead sulfite is + + + align:start position:0% +heterojunction where the lead sulfite is +a ptype material the pcbm is the n type + + align:start position:0% +a ptype material the pcbm is the n type + + + align:start position:0% +a ptype material the pcbm is the n type +material um and we just made a Bayer + + align:start position:0% +material um and we just made a Bayer + + + align:start position:0% +material um and we just made a Bayer +heterojunction um with these materials + + align:start position:0% +heterojunction um with these materials + + + align:start position:0% +heterojunction um with these materials +the major potential failure mode that we + + align:start position:0% +the major potential failure mode that we + + + align:start position:0% +the major potential failure mode that we +identified was oxidation of both the + + align:start position:0% +identified was oxidation of both the + + + align:start position:0% +identified was oxidation of both the +lead sulfide Quantum dots and the ferin + + align:start position:0% +lead sulfide Quantum dots and the ferin + + + align:start position:0% +lead sulfide Quantum dots and the ferin +um and then there's also possibilities + + align:start position:0% +um and then there's also possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +um and then there's also possibilities +of hydrolysis of this pcbm Ester group + + align:start position:0% +of hydrolysis of this pcbm Ester group + + + align:start position:0% +of hydrolysis of this pcbm Ester group +uh with the uh upon reaction with the + + align:start position:0% +uh with the uh upon reaction with the + + + align:start position:0% +uh with the uh upon reaction with the +Eva encapsulant material that was + + align:start position:0% +Eva encapsulant material that was + + + align:start position:0% +Eva encapsulant material that was +something that we thought might be a + + align:start position:0% +something that we thought might be a + + + align:start position:0% +something that we thought might be a +problem um the current record efficiency + + align:start position:0% +problem um the current record efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +problem um the current record efficiency +for these lead sulfi Quantum do solar + + align:start position:0% +for these lead sulfi Quantum do solar + + + align:start position:0% +for these lead sulfi Quantum do solar +cells is only 2.1% also uh something you + + align:start position:0% +cells is only 2.1% also uh something you + + + align:start position:0% +cells is only 2.1% also uh something you +know more work needs to be done in + + align:start position:0% +know more work needs to be done in + + + align:start position:0% +know more work needs to be done in +improving that efficiency But A major + + align:start position:0% +improving that efficiency But A major + + + align:start position:0% +improving that efficiency But A major +advantage of this material system is + + align:start position:0% +advantage of this material system is + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of this material system is +that both the lead Sufi Quantum dots and + + align:start position:0% +that both the lead Sufi Quantum dots and + + + align:start position:0% +that both the lead Sufi Quantum dots and +the ferin can be solution processed so + + align:start position:0% +the ferin can be solution processed so + + + align:start position:0% +the ferin can be solution processed so +they can be spincast onto your substrate + + align:start position:0% +they can be spincast onto your substrate + + + align:start position:0% +they can be spincast onto your substrate +which makes the processing cost very low + + align:start position:0% +which makes the processing cost very low + + + align:start position:0% +which makes the processing cost very low +especially compared to growing a single + + align:start position:0% +especially compared to growing a single + + + align:start position:0% +especially compared to growing a single +crystallin um + + align:start position:0% +crystallin um + + + align:start position:0% +crystallin um +wafer the device architecture that we + + align:start position:0% +wafer the device architecture that we + + + align:start position:0% +wafer the device architecture that we +used uh is again glass coated with a + + align:start position:0% +used uh is again glass coated with a + + + align:start position:0% +used uh is again glass coated with a +transparent conducting oxide electrode + + align:start position:0% +transparent conducting oxide electrode + + + align:start position:0% +transparent conducting oxide electrode +um and then there's just a biolayer + + align:start position:0% +um and then there's just a biolayer + + + align:start position:0% +um and then there's just a biolayer +header Junction with the two absorbing + + align:start position:0% +header Junction with the two absorbing + + + align:start position:0% +header Junction with the two absorbing +materials and then finally a metal + + align:start position:0% +materials and then finally a metal + + + align:start position:0% +materials and then finally a metal +contact on the opposite side um for our + + align:start position:0% +contact on the opposite side um for our + + + align:start position:0% +contact on the opposite side um for our +case I've shown the band structure of + + align:start position:0% +case I've shown the band structure of + + + align:start position:0% +case I've shown the band structure of +the devices that we used and uh in + + align:start position:0% +the devices that we used and uh in + + + align:start position:0% +the devices that we used and uh in +particular I wanted to point out that + + align:start position:0% +particular I wanted to point out that + + + align:start position:0% +particular I wanted to point out that +the top electrode um in our case was + + align:start position:0% +the top electrode um in our case was + + + align:start position:0% +the top electrode um in our case was +actually a aluminum because of the band + + align:start position:0% +actually a aluminum because of the band + + + align:start position:0% +actually a aluminum because of the band +alignment the work function of aluminum + + align:start position:0% +alignment the work function of aluminum + + + align:start position:0% +alignment the work function of aluminum +makes it so that the top band aligns + + align:start position:0% +makes it so that the top band aligns + + + align:start position:0% +makes it so that the top band aligns +well with the pcbm and you can get + + align:start position:0% +well with the pcbm and you can get + + + align:start position:0% +well with the pcbm and you can get +charge extraction the way that you want + + align:start position:0% +charge extraction the way that you want + + + align:start position:0% +charge extraction the way that you want +um and again our devices the quantum + + align:start position:0% +um and again our devices the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +um and again our devices the quantum +dots were tuned so that the band Gap was + + align:start position:0% +dots were tuned so that the band Gap was + + + align:start position:0% +dots were tuned so that the band Gap was +about 1 EV um these are the parameters + + align:start position:0% +about 1 EV um these are the parameters + + + align:start position:0% +about 1 EV um these are the parameters +for the devices that we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +used all right so what we did is our + + align:start position:0% +used all right so what we did is our + + + align:start position:0% +used all right so what we did is our +initial plan was to collect I V curves + + align:start position:0% +initial plan was to collect I V curves + + + align:start position:0% +initial plan was to collect I V curves +of uh before and after encapsulation of + + align:start position:0% +of uh before and after encapsulation of + + + align:start position:0% +of uh before and after encapsulation of +our solar cells and after a period of + + align:start position:0% +our solar cells and after a period of + + + align:start position:0% +our solar cells and after a period of +time spent in the environmental chamber + + align:start position:0% +time spent in the environmental chamber + + + align:start position:0% +time spent in the environmental chamber +the encapsulation that we chose from a + + align:start position:0% +the encapsulation that we chose from a + + + align:start position:0% +the encapsulation that we chose from a +variety of materials was uh Eva because + + align:start position:0% +variety of materials was uh Eva because + + + align:start position:0% +variety of materials was uh Eva because +it's an industry standard for our + + align:start position:0% +it's an industry standard for our + + + align:start position:0% +it's an industry standard for our +environmental chamber we kept it at 85 + + align:start position:0% +environmental chamber we kept it at 85 + + + align:start position:0% +environmental chamber we kept it at 85 +degre Celsius and at 85% relative + + align:start position:0% +degre Celsius and at 85% relative + + + align:start position:0% +degre Celsius and at 85% relative +humidity uh to accelerate the + + align:start position:0% +humidity uh to accelerate the + + + align:start position:0% +humidity uh to accelerate the +degradation process uh then we took + + align:start position:0% +degradation process uh then we took + + + align:start position:0% +degradation process uh then we took +photos of our cells over a period of 7 + + align:start position:0% +photos of our cells over a period of 7 + + + align:start position:0% +photos of our cells over a period of 7 +Days um here's a schematic of an + + align:start position:0% +Days um here's a schematic of an + + + align:start position:0% +Days um here's a schematic of an +encapsulated cell it's a layer of glass + + align:start position:0% +encapsulated cell it's a layer of glass + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulated cell it's a layer of glass +followed by a layer of Eva then the + + align:start position:0% +followed by a layer of Eva then the + + + align:start position:0% +followed by a layer of Eva then the +solar cell another layer of Eva and then + + align:start position:0% +solar cell another layer of Eva and then + + + align:start position:0% +solar cell another layer of Eva and then +a TP back sheet again industry + + align:start position:0% +a TP back sheet again industry + + + align:start position:0% +a TP back sheet again industry +standard uh for our tin sulfide what we + + align:start position:0% +standard uh for our tin sulfide what we + + + align:start position:0% +standard uh for our tin sulfide what we +did is we actually emitted the glass + + align:start position:0% +did is we actually emitted the glass + + + align:start position:0% +did is we actually emitted the glass +layer in our encapsulation because the + + align:start position:0% +layer in our encapsulation because the + + + align:start position:0% +layer in our encapsulation because the +cell came with glass um was made with + + align:start position:0% +cell came with glass um was made with + + + align:start position:0% +cell came with glass um was made with +glass so to make the contact what we did + + align:start position:0% +glass so to make the contact what we did + + + align:start position:0% +glass so to make the contact what we did +is we applied silver paste to attach the + + align:start position:0% +is we applied silver paste to attach the + + + align:start position:0% +is we applied silver paste to attach the +tabbing and we baked them at 45° SE to + + align:start position:0% +tabbing and we baked them at 45° SE to + + + align:start position:0% +tabbing and we baked them at 45° SE to +evaporate the solvent this yielded very + + align:start position:0% +evaporate the solvent this yielded very + + + align:start position:0% +evaporate the solvent this yielded very +delicate contacts uh so we had to + + align:start position:0% +delicate contacts uh so we had to + + + align:start position:0% +delicate contacts uh so we had to +encapsulate immediately in order to hold + + align:start position:0% +encapsulate immediately in order to hold + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulate immediately in order to hold +the contacts in place unfortunately as + + align:start position:0% +the contacts in place unfortunately as + + + align:start position:0% +the contacts in place unfortunately as +Joel was mentioning about how the two + + align:start position:0% +Joel was mentioning about how the two + + + align:start position:0% +Joel was mentioning about how the two +elects are on the back uh during the + + align:start position:0% +elects are on the back uh during the + + + align:start position:0% +elects are on the back uh during the +encapsulation process we shorted our + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation process we shorted our + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation process we shorted our +cell so we were unable to take an IB + + align:start position:0% +cell so we were unable to take an IB + + + align:start position:0% +cell so we were unable to take an IB +curve um for the lead sulfide initially + + align:start position:0% +curve um for the lead sulfide initially + + + align:start position:0% +curve um for the lead sulfide initially +as Jolene said we had aluminum contacts + + align:start position:0% +as Jolene said we had aluminum contacts + + + align:start position:0% +as Jolene said we had aluminum contacts +unfortunately when exposed air this + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately when exposed air this + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunately when exposed air this +forms a layer of aluminum oxide which is + + align:start position:0% +forms a layer of aluminum oxide which is + + + align:start position:0% +forms a layer of aluminum oxide which is +nearly impossible to solder to so uh we + + align:start position:0% +nearly impossible to solder to so uh we + + + align:start position:0% +nearly impossible to solder to so uh we +switched the aluminum with silver even + + align:start position:0% +switched the aluminum with silver even + + + align:start position:0% +switched the aluminum with silver even +though it's less than ideal uh e for + + align:start position:0% +though it's less than ideal uh e for + + + align:start position:0% +though it's less than ideal uh e for +charge + + align:start position:0% +charge + + + align:start position:0% +charge +extraction uh and with these contacts we + + align:start position:0% +extraction uh and with these contacts we + + + align:start position:0% +extraction uh and with these contacts we +were only able to achieve a contact with + + align:start position:0% +were only able to achieve a contact with + + + align:start position:0% +were only able to achieve a contact with +a large amount of solder uh and again we + + align:start position:0% +a large amount of solder uh and again we + + + align:start position:0% +a large amount of solder uh and again we +could not encapsulate because we risked + + align:start position:0% +could not encapsulate because we risked + + + align:start position:0% +could not encapsulate because we risked +breaking the cell with uh with these + + align:start position:0% +breaking the cell with uh with these + + + align:start position:0% +breaking the cell with uh with these +contacts what we decided to do then was + + align:start position:0% +contacts what we decided to do then was + + + align:start position:0% +contacts what we decided to do then was +encapsulate unsoldered cells with + + align:start position:0% +encapsulate unsoldered cells with + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulate unsoldered cells with +aluminum contacts and do a qualitative + + align:start position:0% +aluminum contacts and do a qualitative + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum contacts and do a qualitative +assessment of the color change which + + align:start position:0% +assessment of the color change which + + + align:start position:0% +assessment of the color change which +would indicate a reaction with the + + align:start position:0% +would indicate a reaction with the + + + align:start position:0% +would indicate a reaction with the +encapsulant or with the with the water + + align:start position:0% +encapsulant or with the with the water + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulant or with the with the water +oxygen uh so basically unfortunately we + + align:start position:0% +oxygen uh so basically unfortunately we + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen uh so basically unfortunately we +despite our initial plan we're unable to + + align:start position:0% +despite our initial plan we're unable to + + + align:start position:0% +despite our initial plan we're unable to +collect IV curves for either type of + + align:start position:0% +collect IV curves for either type of + + + align:start position:0% +collect IV curves for either type of +cell after + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +encapsulation so um we did a series of + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation so um we did a series of + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation so um we did a series of +cross-sectional SCM images on the team + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional SCM images on the team + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sectional SCM images on the team +sight device before and after several + + align:start position:0% +sight device before and after several + + + align:start position:0% +sight device before and after several +days in the environmental chamber so on + + align:start position:0% +days in the environmental chamber so on + + + align:start position:0% +days in the environmental chamber so on +the left we have an email of the tin + + align:start position:0% +the left we have an email of the tin + + + align:start position:0% +the left we have an email of the tin +sulfide layer before exposure to the + + align:start position:0% +sulfide layer before exposure to the + + + align:start position:0% +sulfide layer before exposure to the +chamber and we can see the columnal + + align:start position:0% +chamber and we can see the columnal + + + align:start position:0% +chamber and we can see the columnal +structure of the tin sulfide layer + + align:start position:0% +structure of the tin sulfide layer + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the tin sulfide layer +however after several days on the right + + align:start position:0% +however after several days on the right + + + align:start position:0% +however after several days on the right +is an image of the tin sulfide layer + + align:start position:0% +is an image of the tin sulfide layer + + + align:start position:0% +is an image of the tin sulfide layer +having some changes having undergone + + align:start position:0% +having some changes having undergone + + + align:start position:0% +having some changes having undergone +some changes to its structure this may + + align:start position:0% +some changes to its structure this may + + + align:start position:0% +some changes to its structure this may +this may be due to either termal + + align:start position:0% +this may be due to either termal + + + align:start position:0% +this may be due to either termal +degradation or a result of cleavage of + + align:start position:0% +degradation or a result of cleavage of + + + align:start position:0% +degradation or a result of cleavage of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +cell we also did a series of photos o + + align:start position:0% +cell we also did a series of photos o + + + align:start position:0% +cell we also did a series of photos o +over the C of sever several days on the + + align:start position:0% +over the C of sever several days on the + + + align:start position:0% +over the C of sever several days on the +devices and we notice that there were + + align:start position:0% +devices and we notice that there were + + + align:start position:0% +devices and we notice that there were +some color changes in the device the tin + + align:start position:0% +some color changes in the device the tin + + + align:start position:0% +some color changes in the device the tin +suide layer has undergone um has the + + align:start position:0% +suide layer has undergone um has the + + + align:start position:0% +suide layer has undergone um has the +color of tin layer darken over time + + align:start position:0% +color of tin layer darken over time + + + align:start position:0% +color of tin layer darken over time +especially near the corners of the cell + + align:start position:0% +especially near the corners of the cell + + + align:start position:0% +especially near the corners of the cell +right around the this edge + + align:start position:0% +right around the this edge + + + align:start position:0% +right around the this edge +here for the photo on the extreme right + + align:start position:0% +here for the photo on the extreme right + + + align:start position:0% +here for the photo on the extreme right +you may notice some yellowish te and + + align:start position:0% +you may notice some yellowish te and + + + align:start position:0% +you may notice some yellowish te and +that is due to the lighting the photo + + align:start position:0% +that is due to the lighting the photo + + + align:start position:0% +that is due to the lighting the photo +was taken in and not an actual change in + + align:start position:0% +was taken in and not an actual change in + + + align:start position:0% +was taken in and not an actual change in +the cell + + align:start position:0% +the cell + + + align:start position:0% +the cell +so as for L Sant we did a similar series + + align:start position:0% +so as for L Sant we did a similar series + + + align:start position:0% +so as for L Sant we did a similar series +of photos on the device and we notice a + + align:start position:0% +of photos on the device and we notice a + + + align:start position:0% +of photos on the device and we notice a +similar color change has occurred across + + align:start position:0% +similar color change has occurred across + + + align:start position:0% +similar color change has occurred across +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +device we also notice that um at the + + align:start position:0% +device we also notice that um at the + + + align:start position:0% +device we also notice that um at the +Four Corners there are contacts there + + align:start position:0% +Four Corners there are contacts there + + + align:start position:0% +Four Corners there are contacts there +and this Contex have been tarnished + + align:start position:0% +and this Contex have been tarnished + + + align:start position:0% +and this Contex have been tarnished +significantly so we think that the color + + align:start position:0% +significantly so we think that the color + + + align:start position:0% +significantly so we think that the color +changes on both devices may be due to + + align:start position:0% +changes on both devices may be due to + + + align:start position:0% +changes on both devices may be due to +one the leakage of the encapsulin two + + align:start position:0% +one the leakage of the encapsulin two + + + align:start position:0% +one the leakage of the encapsulin two +the reaction with the encapsulin and and + + align:start position:0% +the reaction with the encapsulin and and + + + align:start position:0% +the reaction with the encapsulin and and +lastly due to thod + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +degradation so if we're going to achieve + + align:start position:0% +degradation so if we're going to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +degradation so if we're going to achieve +terawatt scale electricity output with + + align:start position:0% +terawatt scale electricity output with + + + align:start position:0% +terawatt scale electricity output with +solar energy we need new materials that + + align:start position:0% +solar energy we need new materials that + + + align:start position:0% +solar energy we need new materials that +are cheap and efficient however the + + align:start position:0% +are cheap and efficient however the + + + align:start position:0% +are cheap and efficient however the +materials we investigated still have a + + align:start position:0% +materials we investigated still have a + + + align:start position:0% +materials we investigated still have a +lot of work to be done before they can + + align:start position:0% +lot of work to be done before they can + + + align:start position:0% +lot of work to be done before they can +achieve that in particular they have + + align:start position:0% +achieve that in particular they have + + + align:start position:0% +achieve that in particular they have +very low + + align:start position:0% +very low + + + align:start position:0% +very low +efficiencies um and that's something + + align:start position:0% +efficiencies um and that's something + + + align:start position:0% +efficiencies um and that's something +that absolutely needs to be overcome + + align:start position:0% +that absolutely needs to be overcome + + + align:start position:0% +that absolutely needs to be overcome +however we focused more on some of the + + align:start position:0% +however we focused more on some of the + + + align:start position:0% +however we focused more on some of the +other issues such as the contacts right + + align:start position:0% +other issues such as the contacts right + + + align:start position:0% +other issues such as the contacts right +now they're still in the research phase + + align:start position:0% +now they're still in the research phase + + + align:start position:0% +now they're still in the research phase +so for example using aluminum as a + + align:start position:0% +so for example using aluminum as a + + + align:start position:0% +so for example using aluminum as a +contact is fine however when moving into + + align:start position:0% +contact is fine however when moving into + + + align:start position:0% +contact is fine however when moving into +commercialization the aluminum contacts + + align:start position:0% +commercialization the aluminum contacts + + + align:start position:0% +commercialization the aluminum contacts +will have to be replaced with something + + align:start position:0% +will have to be replaced with something + + + align:start position:0% +will have to be replaced with something +else or something else will have to be + + align:start position:0% +else or something else will have to be + + + align:start position:0% +else or something else will have to be +deposited on top of the + + align:start position:0% +deposited on top of the + + + align:start position:0% +deposited on top of the +aluminum um we focused we saw + + align:start position:0% +aluminum um we focused we saw + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum um we focused we saw +degradation um of the encapsulated cells + + align:start position:0% +degradation um of the encapsulated cells + + + align:start position:0% +degradation um of the encapsulated cells +which indicates that the current + + align:start position:0% +which indicates that the current + + + align:start position:0% +which indicates that the current +encapsulant will not work with these new + + align:start position:0% +encapsulant will not work with these new + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulant will not work with these new +materials + + align:start position:0% +materials + + + align:start position:0% +materials +um in particular we think that we need + + align:start position:0% +um in particular we think that we need + + + align:start position:0% +um in particular we think that we need +an encapsulate that will does not have + + align:start position:0% +an encapsulate that will does not have + + + align:start position:0% +an encapsulate that will does not have +an acidic degradation product because + + align:start position:0% +an acidic degradation product because + + + align:start position:0% +an acidic degradation product because +that was a serious issue with the PBS + + align:start position:0% +that was a serious issue with the PBS + + + align:start position:0% +that was a serious issue with the PBS +quantum dot solar cells um with the the + + align:start position:0% +quantum dot solar cells um with the the + + + align:start position:0% +quantum dot solar cells um with the the +ferine part can react with acid and + + align:start position:0% +ferine part can react with acid and + + + align:start position:0% +ferine part can react with acid and +grade um so we think we did talk about + + align:start position:0% +grade um so we think we did talk about + + + align:start position:0% +grade um so we think we did talk about +one in class P EV evb PVB PVB um but we + + align:start position:0% +one in class P EV evb PVB PVB um but we + + + align:start position:0% +one in class P EV evb PVB PVB um but we +did not have access to that material um + + align:start position:0% +did not have access to that material um + + + align:start position:0% +did not have access to that material um +and we think that the method that we + + align:start position:0% +and we think that the method that we + + + align:start position:0% +and we think that the method that we +came up with of testing materials in the + + align:start position:0% +came up with of testing materials in the + + + align:start position:0% +came up with of testing materials in the +environmental chamber will be useful in + + align:start position:0% +environmental chamber will be useful in + + + align:start position:0% +environmental chamber will be useful in +the future and ideally you could test + + align:start position:0% +the future and ideally you could test + + + align:start position:0% +the future and ideally you could test +different encapsulant and see how well + + align:start position:0% +different encapsulant and see how well + + + align:start position:0% +different encapsulant and see how well +the IV curves stay over after the + + align:start position:0% +the IV curves stay over after the + + + align:start position:0% +the IV curves stay over after the +Environmental Testing so we would like + + align:start position:0% +Environmental Testing so we would like + + + align:start position:0% +Environmental Testing so we would like +to thank several people for helping with + + align:start position:0% +to thank several people for helping with + + + align:start position:0% +to thank several people for helping with +our project in particular Andy at frown + + align:start position:0% +our project in particular Andy at frown + + + align:start position:0% +our project in particular Andy at frown +hoofer who's actually here today + + align:start position:0% +hoofer who's actually here today + + + align:start position:0% +hoofer who's actually here today +um we we had to go to FR hoofer several + + align:start position:0% +um we we had to go to FR hoofer several + + + align:start position:0% +um we we had to go to FR hoofer several +times to we had several iterations of + + align:start position:0% +times to we had several iterations of + + + align:start position:0% +times to we had several iterations of +getting the cells and then once we put + + align:start position:0% +getting the cells and then once we put + + + align:start position:0% +getting the cells and then once we put +them in the chamber um we had to take + + align:start position:0% +them in the chamber um we had to take + + + align:start position:0% +them in the chamber um we had to take +pictures every day so he was there and + + align:start position:0% +pictures every day so he was there and + + + align:start position:0% +pictures every day so he was there and +was able to help us with that also we'd + + align:start position:0% +was able to help us with that also we'd + + + align:start position:0% +was able to help us with that also we'd +like to thank Darcy of the Bendy group + + align:start position:0% +like to thank Darcy of the Bendy group + + + align:start position:0% +like to thank Darcy of the Bendy group +for making the PBS Quantum do cells for + + align:start position:0% +for making the PBS Quantum do cells for + + + align:start position:0% +for making the PBS Quantum do cells for +us and also the Gordon group for making + + align:start position:0% +us and also the Gordon group for making + + + align:start position:0% +us and also the Gordon group for making +the tin sulfide cells and then finally + + align:start position:0% +the tin sulfide cells and then finally + + + align:start position:0% +the tin sulfide cells and then finally +Professor Boni and Joe for uh teaching + + align:start position:0% +Professor Boni and Joe for uh teaching + + + align:start position:0% +Professor Boni and Joe for uh teaching +us all the fundamentals of the of the + + align:start position:0% +us all the fundamentals of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +us all the fundamentals of the of the +devices um so before we go to questions + + align:start position:0% +devices um so before we go to questions + + + align:start position:0% +devices um so before we go to questions +we'd like to to pass around our the + + align:start position:0% +we'd like to to pass around our the + + + align:start position:0% +we'd like to to pass around our the +cells we we had while people are asking + + align:start position:0% +cells we we had while people are asking + + + align:start position:0% +cells we we had while people are asking +questions um we ask that you don't take + + align:start position:0% +questions um we ask that you don't take + + + align:start position:0% +questions um we ask that you don't take +them out of the um the bag or the boxes + + align:start position:0% +them out of the um the bag or the boxes + + + align:start position:0% +them out of the um the bag or the boxes +just because some of them contain lead + + align:start position:0% +just because some of them contain lead + + + align:start position:0% +just because some of them contain lead +which it can be harmful um but we can + + align:start position:0% +which it can be harmful um but we can + + + align:start position:0% +which it can be harmful um but we can +pass this around well we open for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions so + + align:start position:0% +questions so + + + align:start position:0% +questions so +why have a different work function my + + align:start position:0% +why have a different work function my + + + align:start position:0% +why have a different work function my +what was the reason that you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +used I'd like to direct that question to + + align:start position:0% +used I'd like to direct that question to + + + align:start position:0% +used I'd like to direct that question to +Danny is + + align:start position:0% +Danny is + + + align:start position:0% +Danny is +fto is typically much cheaper compared I + + align:start position:0% +fto is typically much cheaper compared I + + + align:start position:0% +fto is typically much cheaper compared I +so for research purposes we'll prefer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fto because it like leaves out the + + align:start position:0% +fto because it like leaves out the + + + align:start position:0% +fto because it like leaves out the +indium right right so indium is a rare + + align:start position:0% +indium right right so indium is a rare + + + align:start position:0% +indium right right so indium is a rare +metal and it's very expensive and price + + align:start position:0% +metal and it's very expensive and price + + + align:start position:0% +metal and it's very expensive and price +is going up so we try not to use indium + + align:start position:0% +is going up so we try not to use indium + + + align:start position:0% +is going up so we try not to use indium +in our TCO is it the + + align:start position:0% +in our TCO is it the + + + align:start position:0% +in our TCO is it the +same um no for I the conductivity is + + align:start position:0% +same um no for I the conductivity is + + + align:start position:0% +same um no for I the conductivity is +much better about much better than fto + + align:start position:0% +much better about much better than fto + + + align:start position:0% +much better about much better than fto +still working on + + align:start position:0% +still working on + + + align:start position:0% +still working on +the the transparent oxide side of Earth + + align:start position:0% +the the transparent oxide side of Earth + + + align:start position:0% +the the transparent oxide side of Earth +abundancy different project though I + + align:start position:0% +abundancy different project though I + + + align:start position:0% +abundancy different project though I +guess can you guys go back to the + + align:start position:0% +guess can you guys go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +guess can you guys go back to the +environmental chamber pictures for I + + align:start position:0% +environmental chamber pictures for I + + + align:start position:0% +environmental chamber pictures for I +think tin + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suide yeah so yeah can you just walk me + + align:start position:0% +suide yeah so yeah can you just walk me + + + align:start position:0% +suide yeah so yeah can you just walk me +through this again I the the yellow is + + align:start position:0% +through this again I the the yellow is + + + align:start position:0% +through this again I the the yellow is +not what my eye should be going to yeah + + align:start position:0% +not what my eye should be going to yeah + + + align:start position:0% +not what my eye should be going to yeah +that that's a really unfortunate side + + align:start position:0% +that that's a really unfortunate side + + + align:start position:0% +that that's a really unfortunate side +effect of + + align:start position:0% +effect of + + + align:start position:0% +effect of +of um the way that the camera was that + + align:start position:0% +of um the way that the camera was that + + + align:start position:0% +of um the way that the camera was that +day but it's I think it would show up + + align:start position:0% +day but it's I think it would show up + + + align:start position:0% +day but it's I think it would show up +better if we turn down the the room + + align:start position:0% +better if we turn down the the room + + + align:start position:0% +better if we turn down the the room +lights but there is um a darkening from + + align:start position:0% +lights but there is um a darkening from + + + align:start position:0% +lights but there is um a darkening from +day two to day three and and then also + + align:start position:0% +day two to day three and and then also + + + align:start position:0% +day two to day three and and then also +today six but that's kind of overwhelmed + + align:start position:0% +today six but that's kind of overwhelmed + + + align:start position:0% +today six but that's kind of overwhelmed +by the the yellow glare yeah maybe now + + align:start position:0% +by the the yellow glare yeah maybe now + + + align:start position:0% +by the the yellow glare yeah maybe now +you can see it a little bit better and + + align:start position:0% +you can see it a little bit better and + + + align:start position:0% +you can see it a little bit better and +um we also wanted to point out that + + align:start position:0% +um we also wanted to point out that + + + align:start position:0% +um we also wanted to point out that +although this happens across the whole + + align:start position:0% +although this happens across the whole + + + align:start position:0% +although this happens across the whole +device there's + + align:start position:0% +device there's + + + align:start position:0% +device there's +particularly more change around the + + align:start position:0% +particularly more change around the + + + align:start position:0% +particularly more change around the +edges so that to us says that there's + + align:start position:0% +edges so that to us says that there's + + + align:start position:0% +edges so that to us says that there's +definitely something happening here + + align:start position:0% +definitely something happening here + + + align:start position:0% +definitely something happening here +where the atmosphere is leaking in + + align:start position:0% +where the atmosphere is leaking in + + + align:start position:0% +where the atmosphere is leaking in +through the + + align:start position:0% +through the + + + align:start position:0% +through the +encapsulant and um and reacting with the + + align:start position:0% +encapsulant and um and reacting with the + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulant and um and reacting with the +device because that will happen from the + + align:start position:0% +device because that will happen from the + + + align:start position:0% +device because that will happen from the +outside in as opposed to a reaction with + + align:start position:0% +outside in as opposed to a reaction with + + + align:start position:0% +outside in as opposed to a reaction with +the encapsulant itself or a thermal + + align:start position:0% +the encapsulant itself or a thermal + + + align:start position:0% +the encapsulant itself or a thermal +process which would affect the whole + + align:start position:0% +process which would affect the whole + + + align:start position:0% +process which would affect the whole +device uniformly and this was + + align:start position:0% +device uniformly and this was + + + align:start position:0% +device uniformly and this was +yes so I mean Eva is a pretty standard + + align:start position:0% +yes so I mean Eva is a pretty standard + + + align:start position:0% +yes so I mean Eva is a pretty standard +encaps material do you think that there + + align:start position:0% +encaps material do you think that there + + + align:start position:0% +encaps material do you think that there +is something about the Eva process that + + align:start position:0% +is something about the Eva process that + + + align:start position:0% +is something about the Eva process that +you used or do you think there's some + + align:start position:0% +you used or do you think there's some + + + align:start position:0% +you used or do you think there's some +reaction between the thin sulfide and + + align:start position:0% +reaction between the thin sulfide and + + + align:start position:0% +reaction between the thin sulfide and +the Eva + + align:start position:0% +the Eva + + + align:start position:0% +the Eva +that caused these Eva films to not be + + align:start position:0% +that caused these Eva films to not be + + + align:start position:0% +that caused these Eva films to not be +good in capsules so this one uh the + + align:start position:0% +good in capsules so this one uh the + + + align:start position:0% +good in capsules so this one uh the +process that we used to encapsulate + + align:start position:0% +process that we used to encapsulate + + + align:start position:0% +process that we used to encapsulate +these were in it not at frown hoofer um + + align:start position:0% +these were in it not at frown hoofer um + + + align:start position:0% +these were in it not at frown hoofer um +these are encapsulated in Joel's lab um + + align:start position:0% +these are encapsulated in Joel's lab um + + + align:start position:0% +these are encapsulated in Joel's lab um +and so I think that and the the + + align:start position:0% +and so I think that and the the + + + align:start position:0% +and so I think that and the the +both devices that we worked with were + + align:start position:0% +both devices that we worked with were + + + align:start position:0% +both devices that we worked with were +kind of hard they they aren't meant to + + align:start position:0% +kind of hard they they aren't meant to + + + align:start position:0% +kind of hard they they aren't meant to +be encapsulated so I think that part of + + align:start position:0% +be encapsulated so I think that part of + + + align:start position:0% +be encapsulated so I think that part of +the problem is just the geometry of the + + align:start position:0% +the problem is just the geometry of the + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is just the geometry of the +device and and the presses that we use + + align:start position:0% +device and and the presses that we use + + + align:start position:0% +device and and the presses that we use +and everything we probably just didn't + + align:start position:0% +and everything we probably just didn't + + + align:start position:0% +and everything we probably just didn't +get a very good seal around the outside + + align:start position:0% +get a very good seal around the outside + + + align:start position:0% +get a very good seal around the outside +um and so for in this case in particular + + align:start position:0% +um and so for in this case in particular + + + align:start position:0% +um and so for in this case in particular +I think that it's more likely that it's + + align:start position:0% +I think that it's more likely that it's + + + align:start position:0% +I think that it's more likely that it's +just not a very good seal so we're + + align:start position:0% +just not a very good seal so we're + + + align:start position:0% +just not a very good seal so we're +getting some leakage rather than the tin + + align:start position:0% +getting some leakage rather than the tin + + + align:start position:0% +getting some leakage rather than the tin +sulfide is reacting with the Eva for the + + align:start position:0% +sulfide is reacting with the Eva for the + + + align:start position:0% +sulfide is reacting with the Eva for the +quantum dots it's a little bit less + + align:start position:0% +quantum dots it's a little bit less + + + align:start position:0% +quantum dots it's a little bit less +clear if there's a reaction with the Eva + + align:start position:0% +clear if there's a reaction with the Eva + + + align:start position:0% +clear if there's a reaction with the Eva +or not um because there's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +or not um because there's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +or not um because there's a little bit +uh there's both degradation from or + + align:start position:0% +uh there's both degradation from or + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's both degradation from or +color changes from the outside that + + align:start position:0% +color changes from the outside that + + + align:start position:0% +color changes from the outside that +affect that affect particularly the + + align:start position:0% +affect that affect particularly the + + + align:start position:0% +affect that affect particularly the +outside and there's also color changes + + align:start position:0% +outside and there's also color changes + + + align:start position:0% +outside and there's also color changes +in that affect the whole device and so + + align:start position:0% +in that affect the whole device and so + + + align:start position:0% +in that affect the whole device and so +then it it's either you know the quantum + + align:start position:0% +then it it's either you know the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +then it it's either you know the quantum +dusts are somehow changing or there may + + align:start position:0% +dusts are somehow changing or there may + + + align:start position:0% +dusts are somehow changing or there may +be some kind of reaction with the + + align:start position:0% +be some kind of reaction with the + + + align:start position:0% +be some kind of reaction with the +encapsulate but uh when we took the sem + + align:start position:0% +encapsulate but uh when we took the sem + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulate but uh when we took the sem +images the edx aspect of it was not + + align:start position:0% +images the edx aspect of it was not + + + align:start position:0% +images the edx aspect of it was not +working so it was difficult to uh do any + + align:start position:0% +working so it was difficult to uh do any + + + align:start position:0% +working so it was difficult to uh do any +kind of Elemental um analysis there and + + align:start position:0% +kind of Elemental um analysis there and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of Elemental um analysis there and +just one other question in the in this + + align:start position:0% +just one other question in the in this + + + align:start position:0% +just one other question in the in this +sort of accelerated aging process how + + align:start position:0% +sort of accelerated aging process how + + + align:start position:0% +sort of accelerated aging process how +long would you want to see stability for + + align:start position:0% +long would you want to see stability for + + + align:start position:0% +long would you want to see stability for +a say a 30 year or 20 year if you if you + + align:start position:0% +a say a 30 year or 20 year if you if you + + + align:start position:0% +a say a 30 year or 20 year if you if you +were going to warranty this sell for me + + align:start position:0% +were going to warranty this sell for me + + + align:start position:0% +were going to warranty this sell for me +how how long usually they do at least + + align:start position:0% +how how long usually they do at least + + + align:start position:0% +how how long usually they do at least +six weeks six weeks yeah so this was we + + align:start position:0% +six weeks six weeks yeah so this was we + + + align:start position:0% +six weeks six weeks yeah so this was we +didn't have six weeks um but we still + + align:start position:0% +didn't have six weeks um but we still + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have six weeks um but we still +saw so more work should be done so how + + align:start position:0% +saw so more work should be done so how + + + align:start position:0% +saw so more work should be done so how +long's your warranty on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +day uh there there was there were other + + align:start position:0% +day uh there there was there were other + + + align:start position:0% +day uh there there was there were other +encapsulant available at fronhofer um + + align:start position:0% +encapsulant available at fronhofer um + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulant available at fronhofer um +notably there's a thermoplastic and an + + align:start position:0% +notably there's a thermoplastic and an + + + align:start position:0% +notably there's a thermoplastic and an +ioner encapsulant but these are both new + + align:start position:0% +ioner encapsulant but these are both new + + + align:start position:0% +ioner encapsulant but these are both new +and have entirely proprietary chemical + + align:start position:0% +and have entirely proprietary chemical + + + align:start position:0% +and have entirely proprietary chemical +composition so we didn't think it would + + align:start position:0% +composition so we didn't think it would + + + align:start position:0% +composition so we didn't think it would +be very informative to study for our + + align:start position:0% +be very informative to study for our + + + align:start position:0% +be very informative to study for our +project because if we saw something + + align:start position:0% +project because if we saw something + + + align:start position:0% +project because if we saw something +happen we wouldn't really be able to + + align:start position:0% +happen we wouldn't really be able to + + + align:start position:0% +happen we wouldn't really be able to +hypothesize where that came from uh but + + align:start position:0% +hypothesize where that came from uh but + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesize where that came from uh but +there are other materials out there + + align:start position:0% +there are other materials out there + + + align:start position:0% +there are other materials out there +besides the standard Eva and the + + align:start position:0% +besides the standard Eva and the + + + align:start position:0% +besides the standard Eva and the +polyvinyl beate the PVB that Katherine + + align:start position:0% +polyvinyl beate the PVB that Katherine + + + align:start position:0% +polyvinyl beate the PVB that Katherine +mentioned at the end just um not quite + + align:start position:0% +mentioned at the end just um not quite + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned at the end just um not quite +as far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +along yeah how would you compare the + + align:start position:0% +along yeah how would you compare the + + + align:start position:0% +along yeah how would you compare the +degradation between + + align:start position:0% +degradation between + + + align:start position:0% +degradation between +ID the degradation of I and fto + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so can you repeat the question the the + + align:start position:0% +so can you repeat the question the the + + + align:start position:0% +so can you repeat the question the the +question is if there's a difference in + + align:start position:0% +question is if there's a difference in + + + align:start position:0% +question is if there's a difference in +the degradation between I the indium tin + + align:start position:0% +the degradation between I the indium tin + + + align:start position:0% +the degradation between I the indium tin +oxide and fto the Florine doped tin + + align:start position:0% +oxide and fto the Florine doped tin + + + align:start position:0% +oxide and fto the Florine doped tin +oxide that we used in our tin sulfide + + align:start position:0% +oxide that we used in our tin sulfide + + + align:start position:0% +oxide that we used in our tin sulfide +cells yeah uh do you know anything about + + align:start position:0% +cells yeah uh do you know anything about + + + align:start position:0% +cells yeah uh do you know anything about +that Danny right so they they they + + align:start position:0% +that Danny right so they they they + + + align:start position:0% +that Danny right so they they they +normally degrade when you expose them to + + align:start position:0% +normally degrade when you expose them to + + + align:start position:0% +normally degrade when you expose them to +Extended temperatures above 650° C which + + align:start position:0% +Extended temperatures above 650° C which + + + align:start position:0% +Extended temperatures above 650° C which +is unlikely to happen in a normal day + + align:start position:0% +is unlikely to happen in a normal day + + + align:start position:0% +is unlikely to happen in a normal day +situation so there's no difference in + + align:start position:0% +situation so there's no difference in + + + align:start position:0% +situation so there's no difference in +this expect yeah and we didn't expose + + align:start position:0% +this expect yeah and we didn't expose + + + align:start position:0% +this expect yeah and we didn't expose +them to 650 celsus in our accelerated + + align:start position:0% +them to 650 celsus in our accelerated + + + align:start position:0% +them to 650 celsus in our accelerated +testing + + align:start position:0% +testing + + + align:start position:0% +testing +either um I I have a question about the + + align:start position:0% +either um I I have a question about the + + + align:start position:0% +either um I I have a question about the +aluminum contacts first of all how did + + align:start position:0% +aluminum contacts first of all how did + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum contacts first of all how did +you deposit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them the aluminum contacts were um were + + align:start position:0% +them the aluminum contacts were um were + + + align:start position:0% +them the aluminum contacts were um were +thermally evaporated onto the yeah so + + align:start position:0% +thermally evaporated onto the yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +thermally evaporated onto the yeah so +would it possible just to evaporate like + + align:start position:0% +would it possible just to evaporate like + + + align:start position:0% +would it possible just to evaporate like +bu or Sil yeah yeah yeah yeah absolutely + + align:start position:0% +bu or Sil yeah yeah yeah yeah absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +bu or Sil yeah yeah yeah yeah absolutely +absolutely we were working with cells + + align:start position:0% +absolutely we were working with cells + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely we were working with cells +that had previously been made that this + + align:start position:0% +that had previously been made that this + + + align:start position:0% +that had previously been made that this +was not our group we were getting + + align:start position:0% +was not our group we were getting + + + align:start position:0% +was not our group we were getting +materials from generous donations from + + align:start position:0% +materials from generous donations from + + + align:start position:0% +materials from generous donations from +another group um and so there were cells + + align:start position:0% +another group um and so there were cells + + + align:start position:0% +another group um and so there were cells +that had already been made already had + + align:start position:0% +that had already been made already had + + + align:start position:0% +that had already been made already had +aluminum contacts on them and so then uh + + align:start position:0% +aluminum contacts on them and so then uh + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum contacts on them and so then uh +you know it would have been much more + + align:start position:0% +you know it would have been much more + + + align:start position:0% +you know it would have been much more +involved to get other people in other + + align:start position:0% +involved to get other people in other + + + align:start position:0% +involved to get other people in other +groups to do stuff for us so we just use + + align:start position:0% +groups to do stuff for us so we just use + + + align:start position:0% +groups to do stuff for us so we just use +the materials that we had and I'm + + align:start position:0% +the materials that we had and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the materials that we had and I'm +guessing they don't see these problems + + align:start position:0% +guessing they don't see these problems + + + align:start position:0% +guessing they don't see these problems +because don't their contacts just them + + align:start position:0% +because don't their contacts just them + + + align:start position:0% +because don't their contacts just them +yeah yeah all all the tests for the lead + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah all all the tests for the lead + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah all all the tests for the lead +sulfide cells are done in a glove box + + align:start position:0% +sulfide cells are done in a glove box + + + align:start position:0% +sulfide cells are done in a glove box +and in our atmosphere and they have pins + + align:start position:0% +and in our atmosphere and they have pins + + + align:start position:0% +and in our atmosphere and they have pins +that just come down + + align:start position:0% +that just come down + + + align:start position:0% +that just come down +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah actually I'm just curious more of a + + align:start position:0% +yeah actually I'm just curious more of a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah actually I'm just curious more of a +logistical question um do you guys did + + align:start position:0% +logistical question um do you guys did + + + align:start position:0% +logistical question um do you guys did +you guys have a camera in the + + align:start position:0% +you guys have a camera in the + + + align:start position:0% +you guys have a camera in the +environmental chamber or did you have to + + align:start position:0% +environmental chamber or did you have to + + + align:start position:0% +environmental chamber or did you have to +take them out each day so you have to + + align:start position:0% +take them out each day so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +take them out each day so you have to +turn off the chamber cool it down the + + align:start position:0% +turn off the chamber cool it down the + + + align:start position:0% +turn off the chamber cool it down the +cells up take a picture put the cells + + align:start position:0% +cells up take a picture put the cells + + + align:start position:0% +cells up take a picture put the cells +back in and turn it back + + align:start position:0% +back in and turn it back + + + align:start position:0% +back in and turn it back +on so in a sense we actually put extra + + align:start position:0% +on so in a sense we actually put extra + + + align:start position:0% +on so in a sense we actually put extra +stress on them because there was thermal + + align:start position:0% +stress on them because there was thermal + + + align:start position:0% +stress on them because there was thermal +cycling ho so maybe a two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +warranty did you try leaving the cells + + align:start position:0% +warranty did you try leaving the cells + + + align:start position:0% +warranty did you try leaving the cells +just the after evor they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just repeat the question again too sorry + + align:start position:0% +just repeat the question again too sorry + + + align:start position:0% +just repeat the question again too sorry +yeah so he was asking about uh the + + align:start position:0% +yeah so he was asking about uh the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so he was asking about uh the +contacting the PBS + + align:start position:0% +contacting the PBS + + + align:start position:0% +contacting the PBS +devices um and we did + + align:start position:0% +devices um and we did + + + align:start position:0% +devices um and we did +have we had two things we did one was we + + align:start position:0% +have we had two things we did one was we + + + align:start position:0% +have we had two things we did one was we +took them in the glove box and tried to + + align:start position:0% +took them in the glove box and tried to + + + align:start position:0% +took them in the glove box and tried to +scratch off the aluminum oxide layer and + + align:start position:0% +scratch off the aluminum oxide layer and + + + align:start position:0% +scratch off the aluminum oxide layer and +then put silver paste on and then make + + align:start position:0% +then put silver paste on and then make + + + align:start position:0% +then put silver paste on and then make +the context to that and that still + + align:start position:0% +the context to that and that still + + + align:start position:0% +the context to that and that still +didn't work and then we also got new + + align:start position:0% +didn't work and then we also got new + + + align:start position:0% +didn't work and then we also got new +devices with silver contacts on them and + + align:start position:0% +devices with silver contacts on them and + + + align:start position:0% +devices with silver contacts on them and +that also didn't work because it either + + align:start position:0% +that also didn't work because it either + + + align:start position:0% +that also didn't work because it either +would stick to the device or it would + + align:start position:0% +would stick to the device or it would + + + align:start position:0% +would stick to the device or it would +stick to the contact but it wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +stick to the contact but it wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +stick to the contact but it wouldn't +stick to both at once and they would + + align:start position:0% +stick to both at once and they would + + + align:start position:0% +stick to both at once and they would +just peel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +off the contacts on those devices + + align:start position:0% +off the contacts on those devices + + + align:start position:0% +off the contacts on those devices +are like less than 50 net thick so it in + + align:start position:0% +are like less than 50 net thick so it in + + + align:start position:0% +are like less than 50 net thick so it in +general soing to them was going to be + + align:start position:0% +general soing to them was going to be + + + align:start position:0% +general soing to them was going to be +challenging we tried + + align:start position:0% +challenging we tried + + + align:start position:0% +challenging we tried +hard yeah um is there any future plans + + align:start position:0% +hard yeah um is there any future plans + + + align:start position:0% +hard yeah um is there any future plans +to continue with this work with either + + align:start position:0% +to continue with this work with either + + + align:start position:0% +to continue with this work with either +bendy or Gordon group or are they was + + align:start position:0% +bendy or Gordon group or are they was + + + align:start position:0% +bendy or Gordon group or are they was +this kind of inclusion well I think I + + align:start position:0% +this kind of inclusion well I think I + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of inclusion well I think I +think both of these materials are so + + align:start position:0% +think both of these materials are so + + + align:start position:0% +think both of these materials are so +much still in the trying to boost + + align:start position:0% +much still in the trying to boost + + + align:start position:0% +much still in the trying to boost +efficiency phase that um it is less + + align:start position:0% +efficiency phase that um it is less + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency phase that um it is less +important to be able to say to talk + + align:start position:0% +important to be able to say to talk + + + align:start position:0% +important to be able to say to talk +about the long-term stability than to + + align:start position:0% +about the long-term stability than to + + + align:start position:0% +about the long-term stability than to +say that they're even viable materials + + align:start position:0% +say that they're even viable materials + + + align:start position:0% +say that they're even viable materials +to begin with um I think that they're + + align:start position:0% +to begin with um I think that they're + + + align:start position:0% +to begin with um I think that they're +interested in the results but yeah I + + align:start position:0% +interested in the results but yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +interested in the results but yeah I +mean this is Annie's thesis so yeah all + + align:start position:0% +mean this is Annie's thesis so yeah all + + + align:start position:0% +mean this is Annie's thesis so yeah all +right so at Le at least from my opinion + + align:start position:0% +right so at Le at least from my opinion + + + align:start position:0% +right so at Le at least from my opinion +for gens group we have much more + + align:start position:0% +for gens group we have much more + + + align:start position:0% +for gens group we have much more +problems much greater than whether they + + align:start position:0% +problems much greater than whether they + + + align:start position:0% +problems much greater than whether they +can last a week or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two one more question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +guys so we weren't able to get IV cures + + align:start position:0% +guys so we weren't able to get IV cures + + + align:start position:0% +guys so we weren't able to get IV cures +because the tin sulfide s shortened and + + align:start position:0% +because the tin sulfide s shortened and + + + align:start position:0% +because the tin sulfide s shortened and +we weren't able to make contacts to the + + align:start position:0% +we weren't able to make contacts to the + + + align:start position:0% +we weren't able to make contacts to the +blood sulfides + + align:start position:0% +blood sulfides + + + align:start position:0% +blood sulfides +estimate of what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be so Danny has taken uh tin sulfide IV + + align:start position:0% +be so Danny has taken uh tin sulfide IV + + + align:start position:0% +be so Danny has taken uh tin sulfide IV +curvs before the encapsulation right + + align:start position:0% +curvs before the encapsulation right + + + align:start position:0% +curvs before the encapsulation right +right so I've taken before encapsulation + + align:start position:0% +right so I've taken before encapsulation + + + align:start position:0% +right so I've taken before encapsulation +and they do work you see a pretty decent + + align:start position:0% +and they do work you see a pretty decent + + + align:start position:0% +and they do work you see a pretty decent +IV curve but before we did the + + align:start position:0% +IV curve but before we did the + + + align:start position:0% +IV curve but before we did the +encapsulation the cell shorted and kind + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation the cell shorted and kind + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation the cell shorted and kind +of died so we couldn't there's no point + + align:start position:0% +of died so we couldn't there's no point + + + align:start position:0% +of died so we couldn't there's no point +in doing IV curve after the + + align:start position:0% +in doing IV curve after the + + + align:start position:0% +in doing IV curve after the +test so we took them but it's just a + + align:start position:0% +test so we took them but it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +test so we took them but it's just a +straight + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +line all right thanks guys let like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +speak all right uh this is Ron Rachel + + align:start position:0% +speak all right uh this is Ron Rachel + + + align:start position:0% +speak all right uh this is Ron Rachel +Ben Kiren and I'm Jackson I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +Ben Kiren and I'm Jackson I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +Ben Kiren and I'm Jackson I'm going to +introduce the lighting Africa project so + + align:start position:0% +introduce the lighting Africa project so + + + align:start position:0% +introduce the lighting Africa project so +the main problem behind our project is + + align:start position:0% +the main problem behind our project is + + + align:start position:0% +the main problem behind our project is +the following there's about 580 million + + align:start position:0% +the following there's about 580 million + + + align:start position:0% +the following there's about 580 million +people living off the grid in Africa and + + align:start position:0% +people living off the grid in Africa and + + + align:start position:0% +people living off the grid in Africa and +about 10 million small businesses + + align:start position:0% +about 10 million small businesses + + + align:start position:0% +about 10 million small businesses +operating off grid in Africa um and as + + align:start position:0% +operating off grid in Africa um and as + + + align:start position:0% +operating off grid in Africa um and as +you can imagine uh after dark they have + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine uh after dark they have + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine uh after dark they have +a major lighting problem so uh kids need + + align:start position:0% +a major lighting problem so uh kids need + + + align:start position:0% +a major lighting problem so uh kids need +lighting for education for reading um + + align:start position:0% +lighting for education for reading um + + + align:start position:0% +lighting for education for reading um +for studying Etc and then families need + + align:start position:0% +for studying Etc and then families need + + + align:start position:0% +for studying Etc and then families need +it to interact with one another and + + align:start position:0% +it to interact with one another and + + + align:start position:0% +it to interact with one another and +small businesses a lot of them would + + align:start position:0% +small businesses a lot of them would + + + align:start position:0% +small businesses a lot of them would +like to uh continue operating after dark + + align:start position:0% +like to uh continue operating after dark + + + align:start position:0% +like to uh continue operating after dark +and currently what they do is they use + + align:start position:0% +and currently what they do is they use + + + align:start position:0% +and currently what they do is they use +kerosene um but there's many problems + + align:start position:0% +kerosene um but there's many problems + + + align:start position:0% +kerosene um but there's many problems +with kerosene lamps so the first of + + align:start position:0% +with kerosene lamps so the first of + + + align:start position:0% +with kerosene lamps so the first of +which is that it's a major health issue + + align:start position:0% +which is that it's a major health issue + + + align:start position:0% +which is that it's a major health issue +so burning kerosene is about uh in like + + align:start position:0% +so burning kerosene is about uh in like + + + align:start position:0% +so burning kerosene is about uh in like +for one night is about smoking two packs + + align:start position:0% +for one night is about smoking two packs + + + align:start position:0% +for one night is about smoking two packs +of cigarettes um in terms of health + + align:start position:0% +of cigarettes um in terms of health + + + align:start position:0% +of cigarettes um in terms of health +issues in addition it's very expensive + + align:start position:0% +issues in addition it's very expensive + + + align:start position:0% +issues in addition it's very expensive +for these families um they can barely + + align:start position:0% +for these families um they can barely + + + align:start position:0% +for these families um they can barely +afford to eat and so buying a weekly + + align:start position:0% +afford to eat and so buying a weekly + + + align:start position:0% +afford to eat and so buying a weekly +supply of kerosene is extremely hard for + + align:start position:0% +supply of kerosene is extremely hard for + + + align:start position:0% +supply of kerosene is extremely hard for +them and further more actually the + + align:start position:0% +them and further more actually the + + + align:start position:0% +them and further more actually the +widespread use of kerosene although low + + align:start position:0% +widespread use of kerosene although low + + + align:start position:0% +widespread use of kerosene although low +per capita is uh causing a a large + + align:start position:0% +per capita is uh causing a a large + + + align:start position:0% +per capita is uh causing a a large +increase in CO2 in the atmosphere so + + align:start position:0% +increase in CO2 in the atmosphere so + + + align:start position:0% +increase in CO2 in the atmosphere so +this uh brings up a large opportunity + + align:start position:0% +this uh brings up a large opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +this uh brings up a large opportunity +for us and the World Bank lighting + + align:start position:0% +for us and the World Bank lighting + + + align:start position:0% +for us and the World Bank lighting +Africa project has proposed the + + align:start position:0% +Africa project has proposed the + + + align:start position:0% +Africa project has proposed the +following um solution and that's solar + + align:start position:0% +following um solution and that's solar + + + align:start position:0% +following um solution and that's solar +portable lanterns or spls and these are + + align:start position:0% +portable lanterns or spls and these are + + + align:start position:0% +portable lanterns or spls and these are +small devices maybe this big that have a + + align:start position:0% +small devices maybe this big that have a + + + align:start position:0% +small devices maybe this big that have a +complex fluorescent or an LED on them + + align:start position:0% +complex fluorescent or an LED on them + + + align:start position:0% +complex fluorescent or an LED on them +and they have solar panels on top and + + align:start position:0% +and they have solar panels on top and + + + align:start position:0% +and they have solar panels on top and +you set the whole device out during the + + align:start position:0% +you set the whole device out during the + + + align:start position:0% +you set the whole device out during the +day and then you can bring it up during + + align:start position:0% +day and then you can bring it up during + + + align:start position:0% +day and then you can bring it up during +the night and use it to light your homes + + align:start position:0% +the night and use it to light your homes + + + align:start position:0% +the night and use it to light your homes +um and these uh right now of a fairly + + align:start position:0% +um and these uh right now of a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +um and these uh right now of a fairly +small market share compared to the + + align:start position:0% +small market share compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +small market share compared to the +kerosene but are growing very + + align:start position:0% +kerosene but are growing very + + + align:start position:0% +kerosene but are growing very +substantially with a 40 to 50% uh + + align:start position:0% +substantially with a 40 to 50% uh + + + align:start position:0% +substantially with a 40 to 50% uh +projected annual growth and as you can + + align:start position:0% +projected annual growth and as you can + + + align:start position:0% +projected annual growth and as you can +see from the graph I'm sure you guys are + + align:start position:0% +see from the graph I'm sure you guys are + + + align:start position:0% +see from the graph I'm sure you guys are +aware Africa has a huge solar resources + + align:start position:0% +aware Africa has a huge solar resources + + + align:start position:0% +aware Africa has a huge solar resources +this is a great + + align:start position:0% +this is a great + + + align:start position:0% +this is a great +opportunity so the goals for our + + align:start position:0% +opportunity so the goals for our + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity so the goals for our +specific project are the following how + + align:start position:0% +specific project are the following how + + + align:start position:0% +specific project are the following how +will next Generation Solar Technologies + + align:start position:0% +will next Generation Solar Technologies + + + align:start position:0% +will next Generation Solar Technologies +help bring solar PV lights to rural + + align:start position:0% +help bring solar PV lights to rural + + + align:start position:0% +help bring solar PV lights to rural +subsaharan Africa so our specific + + align:start position:0% +subsaharan Africa so our specific + + + align:start position:0% +subsaharan Africa so our specific +project is the following how we looked + + align:start position:0% +project is the following how we looked + + + align:start position:0% +project is the following how we looked +at uh the next generation of of solar so + + align:start position:0% +at uh the next generation of of solar so + + + align:start position:0% +at uh the next generation of of solar so +future technologies that are emerging in + + align:start position:0% +future technologies that are emerging in + + + align:start position:0% +future technologies that are emerging in +the next uh 6 months to 10 years and how + + align:start position:0% +the next uh 6 months to 10 years and how + + + align:start position:0% +the next uh 6 months to 10 years and how +they are going to specifically affect + + align:start position:0% +they are going to specifically affect + + + align:start position:0% +they are going to specifically affect +our project so to do this we looked at a + + align:start position:0% +our project so to do this we looked at a + + + align:start position:0% +our project so to do this we looked at a +few different time frames we looked at + + align:start position:0% +few different time frames we looked at + + + align:start position:0% +few different time frames we looked at +the six to 12 month time frame the 1 to + + align:start position:0% +the six to 12 month time frame the 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +the six to 12 month time frame the 1 to +5e time frame and the 5 to 10 year time + + align:start position:0% +5e time frame and the 5 to 10 year time + + + align:start position:0% +5e time frame and the 5 to 10 year time +frame and made technological + + align:start position:0% +frame and made technological + + + align:start position:0% +frame and made technological +perspectives of each one uh looked at a + + align:start position:0% +perspectives of each one uh looked at a + + + align:start position:0% +perspectives of each one uh looked at a +wide gamut of different Technologies and + + align:start position:0% +wide gamut of different Technologies and + + + align:start position:0% +wide gamut of different Technologies and +selected a few that we thought would + + align:start position:0% +selected a few that we thought would + + + align:start position:0% +selected a few that we thought would +most positively affect our project and + + align:start position:0% +most positively affect our project and + + + align:start position:0% +most positively affect our project and +we focus on the one 5 year time frame + + align:start position:0% +we focus on the one 5 year time frame + + + align:start position:0% +we focus on the one 5 year time frame +because we thought that this would be + + align:start position:0% +because we thought that this would be + + + align:start position:0% +because we thought that this would be +the most important um to look at so to + + align:start position:0% +the most important um to look at so to + + + align:start position:0% +the most important um to look at so to +do this we looked at a few uh a couple + + align:start position:0% +do this we looked at a few uh a couple + + + align:start position:0% +do this we looked at a few uh a couple +different consumer so the first consumer + + align:start position:0% +different consumer so the first consumer + + + align:start position:0% +different consumer so the first consumer +is a lowcost consumer and this is + + align:start position:0% +is a lowcost consumer and this is + + + align:start position:0% +is a lowcost consumer and this is +somebody who can barely afford to eat + + align:start position:0% +somebody who can barely afford to eat + + + align:start position:0% +somebody who can barely afford to eat +every day and really uh buys kosine + + align:start position:0% +every day and really uh buys kosine + + + align:start position:0% +every day and really uh buys kosine +maybe on a week- toe basis it's + + align:start position:0% +maybe on a week- toe basis it's + + + align:start position:0% +maybe on a week- toe basis it's +extremely expensive for them so we need + + align:start position:0% +extremely expensive for them so we need + + + align:start position:0% +extremely expensive for them so we need +to minimize the cost of these devices as + + align:start position:0% +to minimize the cost of these devices as + + + align:start position:0% +to minimize the cost of these devices as +much as possible so that um they have a + + align:start position:0% +much as possible so that um they have a + + + align:start position:0% +much as possible so that um they have a +low buyback time with compared to + + align:start position:0% +low buyback time with compared to + + + align:start position:0% +low buyback time with compared to +kerosene uh and these devices are often + + align:start position:0% +kerosene uh and these devices are often + + + align:start position:0% +kerosene uh and these devices are often +integrated so there's a solar p on the + + align:start position:0% +integrated so there's a solar p on the + + + align:start position:0% +integrated so there's a solar p on the +device and you put the whole device out + + align:start position:0% +device and you put the whole device out + + + align:start position:0% +device and you put the whole device out +during the day and you bring the whole + + align:start position:0% +during the day and you bring the whole + + + align:start position:0% +during the day and you bring the whole +device in at night the second consumer + + align:start position:0% +device in at night the second consumer + + + align:start position:0% +device in at night the second consumer +we looked at is a higher performance uh + + align:start position:0% +we looked at is a higher performance uh + + + align:start position:0% +we looked at is a higher performance uh +uh device and so this is a consumer who + + align:start position:0% +uh device and so this is a consumer who + + + align:start position:0% +uh device and so this is a consumer who +maybe has a little bit more money + + align:start position:0% +maybe has a little bit more money + + + align:start position:0% +maybe has a little bit more money +although it's still very poor relative + + align:start position:0% +although it's still very poor relative + + + align:start position:0% +although it's still very poor relative +to our standards um and then often these + + align:start position:0% +to our standards um and then often these + + + align:start position:0% +to our standards um and then often these +devices are separated so you have a + + align:start position:0% +devices are separated so you have a + + + align:start position:0% +devices are separated so you have a +separate solar panel that goes out + + align:start position:0% +separate solar panel that goes out + + + align:start position:0% +separate solar panel that goes out +during the day and then you'll bring + + align:start position:0% +during the day and then you'll bring + + + align:start position:0% +during the day and then you'll bring +either the solar panel in or leave it + + align:start position:0% +either the solar panel in or leave it + + + align:start position:0% +either the solar panel in or leave it +outside and maybe there's a cable that + + align:start position:0% +outside and maybe there's a cable that + + + align:start position:0% +outside and maybe there's a cable that +connects it and sometimes these are even + + align:start position:0% +connects it and sometimes these are even + + + align:start position:0% +connects it and sometimes these are even +on the roof um and these have a little + + align:start position:0% +on the roof um and these have a little + + + align:start position:0% +on the roof um and these have a little +bit of some added features that I'll + + align:start position:0% +bit of some added features that I'll + + + align:start position:0% +bit of some added features that I'll +talk about in a little bit + + align:start position:0% +talk about in a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +talk about in a little bit +so to look at this we looked at a few + + align:start position:0% +so to look at this we looked at a few + + + align:start position:0% +so to look at this we looked at a few +different metrics so the first obviously + + align:start position:0% +different metrics so the first obviously + + + align:start position:0% +different metrics so the first obviously +is cost and that's the most important + + align:start position:0% +is cost and that's the most important + + + align:start position:0% +is cost and that's the most important +metric so we looked at dollars per watt + + align:start position:0% +metric so we looked at dollars per watt + + + align:start position:0% +metric so we looked at dollars per watt +of all these different devices projected + + align:start position:0% +of all these different devices projected + + + align:start position:0% +of all these different devices projected +dollars per watt um and like I said + + align:start position:0% +dollars per watt um and like I said + + + align:start position:0% +dollars per watt um and like I said +before minimizing costs is the most + + align:start position:0% +before minimizing costs is the most + + + align:start position:0% +before minimizing costs is the most +important thing because these people uh + + align:start position:0% +important thing because these people uh + + + align:start position:0% +important thing because these people uh +need an attractive device that will pay + + align:start position:0% +need an attractive device that will pay + + + align:start position:0% +need an attractive device that will pay +itself back fairly quickly in terms of + + align:start position:0% +itself back fairly quickly in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +itself back fairly quickly in terms of +kerosene and um will be affordable the + + align:start position:0% +kerosene and um will be affordable the + + + align:start position:0% +kerosene and um will be affordable the +second thing we looked at is a + + align:start position:0% +second thing we looked at is a + + + align:start position:0% +second thing we looked at is a +performance so efficiency basically so + + align:start position:0% +performance so efficiency basically so + + + align:start position:0% +performance so efficiency basically so +we looked at the parameter watts per + + align:start position:0% +we looked at the parameter watts per + + + align:start position:0% +we looked at the parameter watts per +cenim squared and so we need to minimize + + align:start position:0% +cenim squared and so we need to minimize + + + align:start position:0% +cenim squared and so we need to minimize +size so that it can fit on a device if + + align:start position:0% +size so that it can fit on a device if + + + align:start position:0% +size so that it can fit on a device if +it's integrated or minimize the size of + + align:start position:0% +it's integrated or minimize the size of + + + align:start position:0% +it's integrated or minimize the size of +a solar panel if you're going to Lug it + + align:start position:0% +a solar panel if you're going to Lug it + + + align:start position:0% +a solar panel if you're going to Lug it +in and out every day um and as + + align:start position:0% +in and out every day um and as + + + align:start position:0% +in and out every day um and as +performance goes up you can get a few + + align:start position:0% +performance goes up you can get a few + + + align:start position:0% +performance goes up you can get a few +added features so one of the actually + + align:start position:0% +added features so one of the actually + + + align:start position:0% +added features so one of the actually +big problems that may be surprising is + + align:start position:0% +big problems that may be surprising is + + + align:start position:0% +big problems that may be surprising is +there's about 50 million off-grid mobile + + align:start position:0% +there's about 50 million off-grid mobile + + + align:start position:0% +there's about 50 million off-grid mobile +phones at the at the current time so uh + + align:start position:0% +phones at the at the current time so uh + + + align:start position:0% +phones at the at the current time so uh +these people live off- grid they need a + + align:start position:0% +these people live off- grid they need a + + + align:start position:0% +these people live off- grid they need a +place to charge their mobile phones and + + align:start position:0% +place to charge their mobile phones and + + + align:start position:0% +place to charge their mobile phones and +often they have to bring into the city + + align:start position:0% +often they have to bring into the city + + + align:start position:0% +often they have to bring into the city +center or they use hand cranks or + + align:start position:0% +center or they use hand cranks or + + + align:start position:0% +center or they use hand cranks or +something to charge their mobile phones + + align:start position:0% +something to charge their mobile phones + + + align:start position:0% +something to charge their mobile phones +and it's expensive and difficult for + + align:start position:0% +and it's expensive and difficult for + + + align:start position:0% +and it's expensive and difficult for +them to charge so adding a charging + + align:start position:0% +them to charge so adding a charging + + + align:start position:0% +them to charge so adding a charging +feature to these devices can be + + align:start position:0% +feature to these devices can be + + + align:start position:0% +feature to these devices can be +extremely helpful and save a lot of + + align:start position:0% +extremely helpful and save a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +extremely helpful and save a lot of +money in addition as you get higher + + align:start position:0% +money in addition as you get higher + + + align:start position:0% +money in addition as you get higher +performance devices you can start adding + + align:start position:0% +performance devices you can start adding + + + align:start position:0% +performance devices you can start adding +radios fans and TV to improve their + + align:start position:0% +radios fans and TV to improve their + + + align:start position:0% +radios fans and TV to improve their +quality of life so now I'm going to pass + + align:start position:0% +quality of life so now I'm going to pass + + + align:start position:0% +quality of life so now I'm going to pass +it off to Kirsten and she's going to + + align:start position:0% +it off to Kirsten and she's going to + + + align:start position:0% +it off to Kirsten and she's going to +talk about our six to 12 month + + align:start position:0% +talk about our six to 12 month + + + align:start position:0% +talk about our six to 12 month +perspectus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great thanks + + align:start position:0% +great thanks + + + align:start position:0% +great thanks +Jackson it's important to note that the + + align:start position:0% +Jackson it's important to note that the + + + align:start position:0% +Jackson it's important to note that the +lighting Africa project doesn't actually + + align:start position:0% +lighting Africa project doesn't actually + + + align:start position:0% +lighting Africa project doesn't actually +manufacture photovoltaic devices that is + + align:start position:0% +manufacture photovoltaic devices that is + + + align:start position:0% +manufacture photovoltaic devices that is +um they actually cooperate with small + + align:start position:0% +um they actually cooperate with small + + + align:start position:0% +um they actually cooperate with small +companies which are risk averse which + + align:start position:0% +companies which are risk averse which + + + align:start position:0% +companies which are risk averse which +means at least in the next 12 months + + align:start position:0% +means at least in the next 12 months + + + align:start position:0% +means at least in the next 12 months +they're interested in the most + + align:start position:0% +they're interested in the most + + + align:start position:0% +they're interested in the most +established manufacturing infrastructure + + align:start position:0% +established manufacturing infrastructure + + + align:start position:0% +established manufacturing infrastructure +for that reason in the 6 to 12th month + + align:start position:0% +for that reason in the 6 to 12th month + + + align:start position:0% +for that reason in the 6 to 12th month +range we've just looked at silicon uh so + + align:start position:0% +range we've just looked at silicon uh so + + + align:start position:0% +range we've just looked at silicon uh so +we've compared mono and poly crystallin + + align:start position:0% +we've compared mono and poly crystallin + + + align:start position:0% +we've compared mono and poly crystallin +silicon with Amorphis silicon of course + + align:start position:0% +silicon with Amorphis silicon of course + + + align:start position:0% +silicon with Amorphis silicon of course +as you all know monoc crystallin silicon + + align:start position:0% +as you all know monoc crystallin silicon + + + align:start position:0% +as you all know monoc crystallin silicon +has a higher efficiency but also a + + align:start position:0% +has a higher efficiency but also a + + + align:start position:0% +has a higher efficiency but also a +higher price per Watt peak it's + + align:start position:0% +higher price per Watt peak it's + + + align:start position:0% +higher price per Watt peak it's +important to note that in the ligh + + align:start position:0% +important to note that in the ligh + + + align:start position:0% +important to note that in the ligh +lighting Africa project because the + + align:start position:0% +lighting Africa project because the + + + align:start position:0% +lighting Africa project because the +lifetime of these devices is not limited + + align:start position:0% +lifetime of these devices is not limited + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime of these devices is not limited +by the photovoltaic component but rather + + align:start position:0% +by the photovoltaic component but rather + + + align:start position:0% +by the photovoltaic component but rather +by the the led the CFL the battery we + + align:start position:0% +by the the led the CFL the battery we + + + align:start position:0% +by the the led the CFL the battery we +actually it opens up an interesting + + align:start position:0% +actually it opens up an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +actually it opens up an interesting +opportunity in that the photovoltaic + + align:start position:0% +opportunity in that the photovoltaic + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity in that the photovoltaic +component doesn't have to last as long + + align:start position:0% +component doesn't have to last as long + + + align:start position:0% +component doesn't have to last as long +as an installation you might put on a + + align:start position:0% +as an installation you might put on a + + + align:start position:0% +as an installation you might put on a +roof in Cambridge It could only maybe be + + align:start position:0% +roof in Cambridge It could only maybe be + + + align:start position:0% +roof in Cambridge It could only maybe be +3 to 5 years in lifetime and for that + + align:start position:0% +3 to 5 years in lifetime and for that + + + align:start position:0% +3 to 5 years in lifetime and for that +reason we could decrease the cost of the + + align:start position:0% +reason we could decrease the cost of the + + + align:start position:0% +reason we could decrease the cost of the +encapsulation materials the commodity + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation materials the commodity + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation materials the commodity +materials the glass and the the backing + + align:start position:0% +materials the glass and the the backing + + + align:start position:0% +materials the glass and the the backing +that would normally be required so + + align:start position:0% +that would normally be required so + + + align:start position:0% +that would normally be required so +imorph silicon might be a better + + align:start position:0% +imorph silicon might be a better + + + align:start position:0% +imorph silicon might be a better +opportunity in this + + align:start position:0% +opportunity in this + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity in this +application so let's compare Crystal and + + align:start position:0% +application so let's compare Crystal and + + + align:start position:0% +application so let's compare Crystal and +Amorphis for the two consumers that + + align:start position:0% +Amorphis for the two consumers that + + + align:start position:0% +Amorphis for the two consumers that +Jackson mentioned in the beginning for + + align:start position:0% +Jackson mentioned in the beginning for + + + align:start position:0% +Jackson mentioned in the beginning for +Consumer one who's seeking the lowest + + align:start position:0% +Consumer one who's seeking the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +Consumer one who's seeking the lowest +cost stop + + align:start position:0% +cost stop + + + align:start position:0% +cost stop +again we want an integrated module in + + align:start position:0% +again we want an integrated module in + + + align:start position:0% +again we want an integrated module in +the the solar portable Lantern so for + + align:start position:0% +the the solar portable Lantern so for + + + align:start position:0% +the the solar portable Lantern so for +that reason Amorphis material or a + + align:start position:0% +that reason Amorphis material or a + + + align:start position:0% +that reason Amorphis material or a +amorphous silicon doesn't have a high + + align:start position:0% +amorphous silicon doesn't have a high + + + align:start position:0% +amorphous silicon doesn't have a high +enough efficiency to integrate the + + align:start position:0% +enough efficiency to integrate the + + + align:start position:0% +enough efficiency to integrate the +device into the SPL it would require 400 + + align:start position:0% +device into the SPL it would require 400 + + + align:start position:0% +device into the SPL it would require 400 +cm squared um because the devices are so + + align:start position:0% +cm squared um because the devices are so + + + align:start position:0% +cm squared um because the devices are so +small we're limiting that to the Crystal + + align:start position:0% +small we're limiting that to the Crystal + + + align:start position:0% +small we're limiting that to the Crystal +and silicon where again you're not going + + align:start position:0% +and silicon where again you're not going + + + align:start position:0% +and silicon where again you're not going +to be you're not going to require as + + align:start position:0% +to be you're not going to require as + + + align:start position:0% +to be you're not going to require as +many encap encapsulation materials as + + align:start position:0% +many encap encapsulation materials as + + + align:start position:0% +many encap encapsulation materials as +you would in a roof installation + + align:start position:0% +you would in a roof installation + + + align:start position:0% +you would in a roof installation +Cambridge but still um and then for + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge but still um and then for + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge but still um and then for +Consumer 2 who's seeking higher + + align:start position:0% +Consumer 2 who's seeking higher + + + align:start position:0% +Consumer 2 who's seeking higher +performance modules you you could either + + align:start position:0% +performance modules you you could either + + + align:start position:0% +performance modules you you could either +U use amorpho silicon remove the the + + align:start position:0% +U use amorpho silicon remove the the + + + align:start position:0% +U use amorpho silicon remove the the +encapsulation materials and have a very + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation materials and have a very + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation materials and have a very +large area um solar cell which you could + + align:start position:0% +large area um solar cell which you could + + + align:start position:0% +large area um solar cell which you could +again bring in and out during the day um + + align:start position:0% +again bring in and out during the day um + + + align:start position:0% +again bring in and out during the day um +or it opens up another opportunity in + + align:start position:0% +or it opens up another opportunity in + + + align:start position:0% +or it opens up another opportunity in +that you could use piston silicon and + + align:start position:0% +that you could use piston silicon and + + + align:start position:0% +that you could use piston silicon and +capsulate it uh with standard um glass + + align:start position:0% +capsulate it uh with standard um glass + + + align:start position:0% +capsulate it uh with standard um glass +aluminum frame and this photo take + + align:start position:0% +aluminum frame and this photo take + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum frame and this photo take +module could actually exceed the + + align:start position:0% +module could actually exceed the + + + align:start position:0% +module could actually exceed the +lifetime of the device that is a person + + align:start position:0% +lifetime of the device that is a person + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime of the device that is a person +could buy a solar portable Lantern which + + align:start position:0% +could buy a solar portable Lantern which + + + align:start position:0% +could buy a solar portable Lantern which +would only last 3 to 5 years and replace + + align:start position:0% +would only last 3 to 5 years and replace + + + align:start position:0% +would only last 3 to 5 years and replace +the SPL later replace the LED and the + + align:start position:0% +the SPL later replace the LED and the + + + align:start position:0% +the SPL later replace the LED and the +battery but still use the same photov + + align:start position:0% +battery but still use the same photov + + + align:start position:0% +battery but still use the same photov +voltaic module um so for both consumers + + align:start position:0% +voltaic module um so for both consumers + + + align:start position:0% +voltaic module um so for both consumers +low cost and high performance seeking + + align:start position:0% +low cost and high performance seeking + + + align:start position:0% +low cost and high performance seeking +consumers Crystal and silicon presents a + + align:start position:0% +consumers Crystal and silicon presents a + + + align:start position:0% +consumers Crystal and silicon presents a +better solution with that I'll pass it + + align:start position:0% +better solution with that I'll pass it + + + align:start position:0% +better solution with that I'll pass it +off to Ben who will talk about the 1 to + + align:start position:0% +off to Ben who will talk about the 1 to + + + align:start position:0% +off to Ben who will talk about the 1 to +five year perspectives + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so for the one to fiveyear time frame + + align:start position:0% +so so for the one to fiveyear time frame + + + align:start position:0% +so so for the one to fiveyear time frame +we looked at two different Technologies + + align:start position:0% +we looked at two different Technologies + + + align:start position:0% +we looked at two different Technologies +uh which we uh well we considered + + align:start position:0% +uh which we uh well we considered + + + align:start position:0% +uh which we uh well we considered +Crystal andic to offer kind of a + + align:start position:0% +Crystal andic to offer kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +Crystal andic to offer kind of a +baseline for cost and then we looked at + + align:start position:0% +baseline for cost and then we looked at + + + align:start position:0% +baseline for cost and then we looked at +Technologies where we could achieve a + + align:start position:0% +Technologies where we could achieve a + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies where we could achieve a +cost reduction uh we focused on + + align:start position:0% +cost reduction uh we focused on + + + align:start position:0% +cost reduction uh we focused on +micromorph Silicon thin films and + + align:start position:0% +micromorph Silicon thin films and + + + align:start position:0% +micromorph Silicon thin films and +organic solar cells uh these are both uh + + align:start position:0% +organic solar cells uh these are both uh + + + align:start position:0% +organic solar cells uh these are both uh +kind of thin film type Technologies uh + + align:start position:0% +kind of thin film type Technologies uh + + + align:start position:0% +kind of thin film type Technologies uh +you might wonder why we didn't include + + align:start position:0% +you might wonder why we didn't include + + + align:start position:0% +you might wonder why we didn't include +cadel or sigs uh the reason is because + + align:start position:0% +cadel or sigs uh the reason is because + + + align:start position:0% +cadel or sigs uh the reason is because +since they contain cadmium they have to + + align:start position:0% +since they contain cadmium they have to + + + align:start position:0% +since they contain cadmium they have to +be recycled at the end of their life uh + + align:start position:0% +be recycled at the end of their life uh + + + align:start position:0% +be recycled at the end of their life uh +and we didn't think that was very + + align:start position:0% +and we didn't think that was very + + + align:start position:0% +and we didn't think that was very +realistic uh in this context so uh first + + align:start position:0% +realistic uh in this context so uh first + + + align:start position:0% +realistic uh in this context so uh first +I'll talk about micromorph silicon and + + align:start position:0% +I'll talk about micromorph silicon and + + + align:start position:0% +I'll talk about micromorph silicon and +this is a tandem thin film uh cell with + + align:start position:0% +this is a tandem thin film uh cell with + + + align:start position:0% +this is a tandem thin film uh cell with +a morphous silicon and microcrystal and + + align:start position:0% +a morphous silicon and microcrystal and + + + align:start position:0% +a morphous silicon and microcrystal and +silicon uh it's on the verge of + + align:start position:0% +silicon uh it's on the verge of + + + align:start position:0% +silicon uh it's on the verge of +commercialization uh within the next few + + align:start position:0% +commercialization uh within the next few + + + align:start position:0% +commercialization uh within the next few +years uh cost estimates are about7 cents + + align:start position:0% +years uh cost estimates are about7 cents + + + align:start position:0% +years uh cost estimates are about7 cents +a watt and efficiency estimates are + + align:start position:0% +a watt and efficiency estimates are + + + align:start position:0% +a watt and efficiency estimates are +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +10% so first uh we considered the the + + align:start position:0% +10% so first uh we considered the the + + + align:start position:0% +10% so first uh we considered the the +the lowc cost option how inexpensive can + + align:start position:0% +the lowc cost option how inexpensive can + + + align:start position:0% +the lowc cost option how inexpensive can +we make a basic solar portable Lantern + + align:start position:0% +we make a basic solar portable Lantern + + + align:start position:0% +we make a basic solar portable Lantern +uh so here you see um the historical + + align:start position:0% +uh so here you see um the historical + + + align:start position:0% +uh so here you see um the historical +costs in 2010 and then in and then under + + align:start position:0% +costs in 2010 and then in and then under + + + align:start position:0% +costs in 2010 and then in and then under +various uh uh scenarios you have the + + align:start position:0% +various uh uh scenarios you have the + + + align:start position:0% +various uh uh scenarios you have the +cost estimates for + + align:start position:0% +cost estimates for + + + align:start position:0% +cost estimates for +2015 uh the Crystal and silicon was + + align:start position:0% +2015 uh the Crystal and silicon was + + + align:start position:0% +2015 uh the Crystal and silicon was +assumed to be the same as it is today + + align:start position:0% +assumed to be the same as it is today + + + align:start position:0% +assumed to be the same as it is today +basically a dollar a watt um micromor + + align:start position:0% +basically a dollar a watt um micromor + + + align:start position:0% +basically a dollar a watt um micromor +silicon was assumed to be 70 cents then + + align:start position:0% +silicon was assumed to be 70 cents then + + + align:start position:0% +silicon was assumed to be 70 cents then +on the on the far right we have kind of + + align:start position:0% +on the on the far right we have kind of + + + align:start position:0% +on the on the far right we have kind of +a really optimistic scenario where we've + + align:start position:0% +a really optimistic scenario where we've + + + align:start position:0% +a really optimistic scenario where we've +reduced costs even further by reducing + + align:start position:0% +reduced costs even further by reducing + + + align:start position:0% +reduced costs even further by reducing +uh encapsulation materials just for this + + align:start position:0% +uh encapsulation materials just for this + + + align:start position:0% +uh encapsulation materials just for this +application and so we're down to 55 + + align:start position:0% +application and so we're down to 55 + + + align:start position:0% +application and so we're down to 55 +cents a watt um what you can see is that + + align:start position:0% +cents a watt um what you can see is that + + + align:start position:0% +cents a watt um what you can see is that +the costs are going to go down + + align:start position:0% +the costs are going to go down + + + align:start position:0% +the costs are going to go down +regardless of what PV platform is used + + align:start position:0% +regardless of what PV platform is used + + + align:start position:0% +regardless of what PV platform is used +um and micromorph silicon provides about + + align:start position:0% +um and micromorph silicon provides about + + + align:start position:0% +um and micromorph silicon provides about +a 5% additional cost decrease compared + + align:start position:0% +a 5% additional cost decrease compared + + + align:start position:0% +a 5% additional cost decrease compared +to Crystal and silicon and that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +to Crystal and silicon and that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +to Crystal and silicon and that doesn't +sound like a lot to us perhaps um but + + align:start position:0% +sound like a lot to us perhaps um but + + + align:start position:0% +sound like a lot to us perhaps um but +it's not insignificant in this uh + + align:start position:0% +it's not insignificant in this uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's not insignificant in this uh +context um next we looked at kind of + + align:start position:0% +context um next we looked at kind of + + + align:start position:0% +context um next we looked at kind of +these high performance options because + + align:start position:0% +these high performance options because + + + align:start position:0% +these high performance options because +since the cost of the of the device is + + align:start position:0% +since the cost of the of the device is + + + align:start position:0% +since the cost of the of the device is +dominated by the non-pv materials for + + align:start position:0% +dominated by the non-pv materials for + + + align:start position:0% +dominated by the non-pv materials for +kind of these basic devices as you add + + align:start position:0% +kind of these basic devices as you add + + + align:start position:0% +kind of these basic devices as you add +more PV material you leverage the low + + align:start position:0% +more PV material you leverage the low + + + align:start position:0% +more PV material you leverage the low +cost of the of the + + align:start position:0% +cost of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +cost of the of the +PV um so we kind of split this up into + + align:start position:0% +PV um so we kind of split this up into + + + align:start position:0% +PV um so we kind of split this up into +three different uh high + + align:start position:0% +three different uh high + + + align:start position:0% +three different uh high +performance uh products the basic the + + align:start position:0% +performance uh products the basic the + + + align:start position:0% +performance uh products the basic the +medium or multi-functional and the ultra + + align:start position:0% +medium or multi-functional and the ultra + + + align:start position:0% +medium or multi-functional and the ultra +High um and to kind of give you an idea + + align:start position:0% +High um and to kind of give you an idea + + + align:start position:0% +High um and to kind of give you an idea +of of what these are are capable of kind + + align:start position:0% +of of what these are are capable of kind + + + align:start position:0% +of of what these are are capable of kind +of the basic uh might be able to provide + + align:start position:0% +of the basic uh might be able to provide + + + align:start position:0% +of the basic uh might be able to provide +about 5 hours of light a day and a cell + + align:start position:0% +about 5 hours of light a day and a cell + + + align:start position:0% +about 5 hours of light a day and a cell +phone charge uh the medium one could + + align:start position:0% +phone charge uh the medium one could + + + align:start position:0% +phone charge uh the medium one could +charge 20 cell phones so this could act + + align:start position:0% +charge 20 cell phones so this could act + + + align:start position:0% +charge 20 cell phones so this could act +as a community sort of uh cell phone + + align:start position:0% +as a community sort of uh cell phone + + + align:start position:0% +as a community sort of uh cell phone +charging Center and then the high + + align:start position:0% +charging Center and then the high + + + align:start position:0% +charging Center and then the high +performance one could even power things + + align:start position:0% +performance one could even power things + + + align:start position:0% +performance one could even power things +like uh sewing machines TV + + align:start position:0% +like uh sewing machines TV + + + align:start position:0% +like uh sewing machines TV +things like this so lifestyle changes or + + align:start position:0% +things like this so lifestyle changes or + + + align:start position:0% +things like this so lifestyle changes or +entrepreneurial uh + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurial uh + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurial uh +opportunities so now uh Rachel will talk + + align:start position:0% +opportunities so now uh Rachel will talk + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities so now uh Rachel will talk +about organic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +PEB okay so uh the second lowcost + + align:start position:0% +PEB okay so uh the second lowcost + + + align:start position:0% +PEB okay so uh the second lowcost +alternative to crystall and silicon that + + align:start position:0% +alternative to crystall and silicon that + + + align:start position:0% +alternative to crystall and silicon that +we considered in the 1 to 5e range was + + align:start position:0% +we considered in the 1 to 5e range was + + + align:start position:0% +we considered in the 1 to 5e range was +organic photovoltaics and Organics are + + align:start position:0% +organic photovoltaics and Organics are + + + align:start position:0% +organic photovoltaics and Organics are +unique because they're made up entirely + + align:start position:0% +unique because they're made up entirely + + + align:start position:0% +unique because they're made up entirely +of carbon-based plastic material which + + align:start position:0% +of carbon-based plastic material which + + + align:start position:0% +of carbon-based plastic material which +means that their manufacturing cost can + + align:start position:0% +means that their manufacturing cost can + + + align:start position:0% +means that their manufacturing cost can +actually be substantially lower than + + align:start position:0% +actually be substantially lower than + + + align:start position:0% +actually be substantially lower than +that of silicon and in fact their + + align:start position:0% +that of silicon and in fact their + + + align:start position:0% +that of silicon and in fact their +forecast only cost 50 cents a watt uh by + + align:start position:0% +forecast only cost 50 cents a watt uh by + + + align:start position:0% +forecast only cost 50 cents a watt uh by +2015 and unfortunately their + + align:start position:0% +2015 and unfortunately their + + + align:start position:0% +2015 and unfortunately their +efficiencies are less promising because + + align:start position:0% +efficiencies are less promising because + + + align:start position:0% +efficiencies are less promising because +they're only about 1 to 3% but uh + + align:start position:0% +they're only about 1 to 3% but uh + + + align:start position:0% +they're only about 1 to 3% but uh +helitech which is a dresen based company + + align:start position:0% +helitech which is a dresen based company + + + align:start position:0% +helitech which is a dresen based company +has recently set a new record for almost + + align:start position:0% +has recently set a new record for almost + + + align:start position:0% +has recently set a new record for almost +10% with their tandem organic cell so + + align:start position:0% +10% with their tandem organic cell so + + + align:start position:0% +10% with their tandem organic cell so +the first thing we're going to look at + + align:start position:0% +the first thing we're going to look at + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing we're going to look at +is uh how organic PV could play a role + + align:start position:0% +is uh how organic PV could play a role + + + align:start position:0% +is uh how organic PV could play a role +in the inexpensive SPL for the first + + align:start position:0% +in the inexpensive SPL for the first + + + align:start position:0% +in the inexpensive SPL for the first +customer and this is a plot of the + + align:start position:0% +customer and this is a plot of the + + + align:start position:0% +customer and this is a plot of the +module area required to for various + + align:start position:0% +module area required to for various + + + align:start position:0% +module area required to for various +power generation capacities and it + + align:start position:0% +power generation capacities and it + + + align:start position:0% +power generation capacities and it +Compares uh 20% efficient silicon with 3 + + align:start position:0% +Compares uh 20% efficient silicon with 3 + + + align:start position:0% +Compares uh 20% efficient silicon with 3 +and 5% efficient organic PV and + + align:start position:0% +and 5% efficient organic PV and + + + align:start position:0% +and 5% efficient organic PV and +basically what this shows is that uh to + + align:start position:0% +basically what this shows is that uh to + + + align:start position:0% +basically what this shows is that uh to +generate the same amount of power as a + + align:start position:0% +generate the same amount of power as a + + + align:start position:0% +generate the same amount of power as a +silicon cell you need a substantially + + align:start position:0% +silicon cell you need a substantially + + + align:start position:0% +silicon cell you need a substantially +larger area of Organics because it's so + + align:start position:0% +larger area of Organics because it's so + + + align:start position:0% +larger area of Organics because it's so +much less efficient than the Silicon so + + align:start position:0% +much less efficient than the Silicon so + + + align:start position:0% +much less efficient than the Silicon so +this affects the first Customer because + + align:start position:0% +this affects the first Customer because + + + align:start position:0% +this affects the first Customer because +in order just to generate the 2.5 Watts + + align:start position:0% +in order just to generate the 2.5 Watts + + + align:start position:0% +in order just to generate the 2.5 Watts +necessary for the SPL you actually need + + align:start position:0% +necessary for the SPL you actually need + + + align:start position:0% +necessary for the SPL you actually need +over 800 square cm of 3% efficient + + align:start position:0% +over 800 square cm of 3% efficient + + + align:start position:0% +over 800 square cm of 3% efficient +organic material which is not reasonably + + align:start position:0% +organic material which is not reasonably + + + align:start position:0% +organic material which is not reasonably +something that you could fit onto a + + align:start position:0% +something that you could fit onto a + + + align:start position:0% +something that you could fit onto a +lantern that you have to carry around + + align:start position:0% +lantern that you have to carry around + + + align:start position:0% +lantern that you have to carry around +with you uh so because the first + + align:start position:0% +with you uh so because the first + + + align:start position:0% +with you uh so because the first +customer requires a solar panel that can + + align:start position:0% +customer requires a solar panel that can + + + align:start position:0% +customer requires a solar panel that can +be entirely integrated onto a handheld + + align:start position:0% +be entirely integrated onto a handheld + + + align:start position:0% +be entirely integrated onto a handheld +device it's organic PV doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +device it's organic PV doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +device it's organic PV doesn't really +represent a great option at least in the + + align:start position:0% +represent a great option at least in the + + + align:start position:0% +represent a great option at least in the +one to fiveyear term because its + + align:start position:0% +one to fiveyear term because its + + + align:start position:0% +one to fiveyear term because its +efficiencies are so low + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the second thing we're going to + + align:start position:0% +okay so the second thing we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the second thing we're going to +look at is how organic PV might be + + align:start position:0% +look at is how organic PV might be + + + align:start position:0% +look at is how organic PV might be +useful to the high performance modules + + align:start position:0% +useful to the high performance modules + + + align:start position:0% +useful to the high performance modules +that are entirely separated from the + + align:start position:0% +that are entirely separated from the + + + align:start position:0% +that are entirely separated from the +devices that they charge this is the + + align:start position:0% +devices that they charge this is the + + + align:start position:0% +devices that they charge this is the +second customer so this is a plot of the + + align:start position:0% +second customer so this is a plot of the + + + align:start position:0% +second customer so this is a plot of the +manufacturing cost of the entire device + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing cost of the entire device + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing cost of the entire device +and uh the versus the power generation + + align:start position:0% +and uh the versus the power generation + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the versus the power generation +capacity and it Compares a dollar per + + align:start position:0% +capacity and it Compares a dollar per + + + align:start position:0% +capacity and it Compares a dollar per +watt silicon with 50 Cent and 35 Cent + + align:start position:0% +watt silicon with 50 Cent and 35 Cent + + + align:start position:0% +watt silicon with 50 Cent and 35 Cent +per watt organic PV and basically what + + align:start position:0% +per watt organic PV and basically what + + + align:start position:0% +per watt organic PV and basically what +this shows this is um pretty much the + + align:start position:0% +this shows this is um pretty much the + + + align:start position:0% +this shows this is um pretty much the +same plot that Ben just showed except it + + align:start position:0% +same plot that Ben just showed except it + + + align:start position:0% +same plot that Ben just showed except it +Compares Organics is that uh as we look + + align:start position:0% +Compares Organics is that uh as we look + + + align:start position:0% +Compares Organics is that uh as we look +at a more high performance device the uh + + align:start position:0% +at a more high performance device the uh + + + align:start position:0% +at a more high performance device the uh +cost savings that you get from switching + + align:start position:0% +cost savings that you get from switching + + + align:start position:0% +cost savings that you get from switching +from Silicon to Organics are actually + + align:start position:0% +from Silicon to Organics are actually + + + align:start position:0% +from Silicon to Organics are actually +quite substantial and uh in fact for the + + align:start position:0% +quite substantial and uh in fact for the + + + align:start position:0% +quite substantial and uh in fact for the +same cost as a given silicon device you + + align:start position:0% +same cost as a given silicon device you + + + align:start position:0% +same cost as a given silicon device you +can actually get almost twice the power + + align:start position:0% +can actually get almost twice the power + + + align:start position:0% +can actually get almost twice the power +generation capacity by switching to + + align:start position:0% +generation capacity by switching to + + + align:start position:0% +generation capacity by switching to +Organics so for this reason and also + + align:start position:0% +Organics so for this reason and also + + + align:start position:0% +Organics so for this reason and also +because a module area is not really a + + align:start position:0% +because a module area is not really a + + + align:start position:0% +because a module area is not really a +constraint in this context because we're + + align:start position:0% +constraint in this context because we're + + + align:start position:0% +constraint in this context because we're +just talking about building a module + + align:start position:0% +just talking about building a module + + + align:start position:0% +just talking about building a module +that you're going to leave in your yard + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to leave in your yard + + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to leave in your yard +and not carry around with you on a + + align:start position:0% +and not carry around with you on a + + + align:start position:0% +and not carry around with you on a +Lantern um organic PV is actually an + + align:start position:0% +Lantern um organic PV is actually an + + + align:start position:0% +Lantern um organic PV is actually an +excellent option as a lowcost + + align:start position:0% +excellent option as a lowcost + + + align:start position:0% +excellent option as a lowcost +alternative to crystall and silicon in + + align:start position:0% +alternative to crystall and silicon in + + + align:start position:0% +alternative to crystall and silicon in +the 1 to 5e range despite its very low + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +efficiency okay so the conclusions for + + align:start position:0% +efficiency okay so the conclusions for + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency okay so the conclusions for +the 1 to fiveyear term basically are + + align:start position:0% +the 1 to fiveyear term basically are + + + align:start position:0% +the 1 to fiveyear term basically are +that the manufacturing cost of the SPL + + align:start position:0% +that the manufacturing cost of the SPL + + + align:start position:0% +that the manufacturing cost of the SPL +can be moderately decreased by switching + + align:start position:0% +can be moderately decreased by switching + + + align:start position:0% +can be moderately decreased by switching +from Crystal and silicon to micromorph + + align:start position:0% +from Crystal and silicon to micromorph + + + align:start position:0% +from Crystal and silicon to micromorph +and uh there are greater cost greater + + align:start position:0% +and uh there are greater cost greater + + + align:start position:0% +and uh there are greater cost greater +cost reductions available uh in the + + align:start position:0% +cost reductions available uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +cost reductions available uh in the +higher performance modules because as + + align:start position:0% +higher performance modules because as + + + align:start position:0% +higher performance modules because as +the lower cost costs of micromorph and + + align:start position:0% +the lower cost costs of micromorph and + + + align:start position:0% +the lower cost costs of micromorph and +organic PB can be more fully leveraged + + align:start position:0% +organic PB can be more fully leveraged + + + align:start position:0% +organic PB can be more fully leveraged +as we consider a device with greater + + align:start position:0% +as we consider a device with greater + + + align:start position:0% +as we consider a device with greater +power generating capacity so with that I + + align:start position:0% +power generating capacity so with that I + + + align:start position:0% +power generating capacity so with that I +will give it to Ron for the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tenure okay so moving on to the 5 to 10 + + align:start position:0% +tenure okay so moving on to the 5 to 10 + + + align:start position:0% +tenure okay so moving on to the 5 to 10 +year perspectus this had a unique + + align:start position:0% +year perspectus this had a unique + + + align:start position:0% +year perspectus this had a unique +challenge in that often times + + align:start position:0% +challenge in that often times + + + align:start position:0% +challenge in that often times +research um cell modules will have a + + align:start position:0% +research um cell modules will have a + + + align:start position:0% +research um cell modules will have a +huge barrier to commercialization and + + align:start position:0% +huge barrier to commercialization and + + + align:start position:0% +huge barrier to commercialization and +these are things that the probability of + + align:start position:0% +these are things that the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +these are things that the probability of +them actually realizing + + align:start position:0% +them actually realizing + + + align:start position:0% +them actually realizing +commercialization in the 5 to 10 year + + align:start position:0% +commercialization in the 5 to 10 year + + + align:start position:0% +commercialization in the 5 to 10 year +period decreases significantly so what + + align:start position:0% +period decreases significantly so what + + + align:start position:0% +period decreases significantly so what +we did is we tried to look at modules + + align:start position:0% +we did is we tried to look at modules + + + align:start position:0% +we did is we tried to look at modules +that um were not like thermop + + align:start position:0% +that um were not like thermop + + + align:start position:0% +that um were not like thermop +photovoltaics or interband Gap + + align:start position:0% +photovoltaics or interband Gap + + + align:start position:0% +photovoltaics or interband Gap +transition cells because we were afraid + + align:start position:0% +transition cells because we were afraid + + + align:start position:0% +transition cells because we were afraid +that the probability of those actually + + align:start position:0% +that the probability of those actually + + + align:start position:0% +that the probability of those actually +reaching commercialization were very low + + align:start position:0% +reaching commercialization were very low + + + align:start position:0% +reaching commercialization were very low +so one option that stood out to us was + + align:start position:0% +so one option that stood out to us was + + + align:start position:0% +so one option that stood out to us was +actually an extension of the 1 to 5e + + align:start position:0% +actually an extension of the 1 to 5e + + + align:start position:0% +actually an extension of the 1 to 5e +period with the mature Organics as the + + align:start position:0% +period with the mature Organics as the + + + align:start position:0% +period with the mature Organics as the +the benefits that both Ben and that that + + align:start position:0% +the benefits that both Ben and that that + + + align:start position:0% +the benefits that both Ben and that that +um Rachel mentioned specifically um that + + align:start position:0% +um Rachel mentioned specifically um that + + + align:start position:0% +um Rachel mentioned specifically um that +uh as the areas of the cell get larger + + align:start position:0% +uh as the areas of the cell get larger + + + align:start position:0% +uh as the areas of the cell get larger +they could have a very good cost + + align:start position:0% +they could have a very good cost + + + align:start position:0% +they could have a very good cost +leverage because they could power other + + align:start position:0% +leverage because they could power other + + + align:start position:0% +leverage because they could power other +household items such as TV fans and + + align:start position:0% +household items such as TV fans and + + + align:start position:0% +household items such as TV fans and +radios um granted also they have + + align:start position:0% +radios um granted also they have + + + align:start position:0% +radios um granted also they have +extremely uh attractive dollar per Watt + + align:start position:0% +extremely uh attractive dollar per Watt + + + align:start position:0% +extremely uh attractive dollar per Watt +peak performances because of their + + align:start position:0% +peak performances because of their + + + align:start position:0% +peak performances because of their +extremely low cost and moderate + + align:start position:0% +extremely low cost and moderate + + + align:start position:0% +extremely low cost and moderate +performances also we expect that + + align:start position:0% +performances also we expect that + + + align:start position:0% +performances also we expect that +commercialization will be set to begin + + align:start position:0% +commercialization will be set to begin + + + align:start position:0% +commercialization will be set to begin +and that actually the efficiencies of + + align:start position:0% +and that actually the efficiencies of + + + align:start position:0% +and that actually the efficiencies of +commercial scale modules will reach 5 to + + align:start position:0% +commercial scale modules will reach 5 to + + + align:start position:0% +commercial scale modules will reach 5 to +8% which are actually pretty good + + align:start position:0% +8% which are actually pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +8% which are actually pretty good +performance + + align:start position:0% +performance + + + align:start position:0% +performance +modules another thing that stood out to + + align:start position:0% +modules another thing that stood out to + + + align:start position:0% +modules another thing that stood out to +us was actually cadmium free s + + align:start position:0% +us was actually cadmium free s + + + align:start position:0% +us was actually cadmium free s +technology and as Ben mentioned cadmium + + align:start position:0% +technology and as Ben mentioned cadmium + + + align:start position:0% +technology and as Ben mentioned cadmium +has a huge environmental impact and + + align:start position:0% +has a huge environmental impact and + + + align:start position:0% +has a huge environmental impact and +would require a recycling process which + + align:start position:0% +would require a recycling process which + + + align:start position:0% +would require a recycling process which +is not practical given this context so + + align:start position:0% +is not practical given this context so + + + align:start position:0% +is not practical given this context so +we looked at a cadmium free s technology + + align:start position:0% +we looked at a cadmium free s technology + + + align:start position:0% +we looked at a cadmium free s technology +that would actually have the benefits of + + align:start position:0% +that would actually have the benefits of + + + align:start position:0% +that would actually have the benefits of +thin films in their low cost and + + align:start position:0% +thin films in their low cost and + + + align:start position:0% +thin films in their low cost and +moderate performance but not have the + + align:start position:0% +moderate performance but not have the + + + align:start position:0% +moderate performance but not have the +actual environmental concerns associated + + align:start position:0% +actual environmental concerns associated + + + align:start position:0% +actual environmental concerns associated +with them so uh currently in lab there + + align:start position:0% +with them so uh currently in lab there + + + align:start position:0% +with them so uh currently in lab there +have been a few options to replace the + + align:start position:0% +have been a few options to replace the + + + align:start position:0% +have been a few options to replace the +cadmium sulfide buffer layer there has + + align:start position:0% +cadmium sulfide buffer layer there has + + + align:start position:0% +cadmium sulfide buffer layer there has +been zinc oxide and also zinc indium + + align:start position:0% +been zinc oxide and also zinc indium + + + align:start position:0% +been zinc oxide and also zinc indium +selenide compounds that uh can actually + + align:start position:0% +selenide compounds that uh can actually + + + align:start position:0% +selenide compounds that uh can actually +be grown epitaxially through co uh in + + align:start position:0% +be grown epitaxially through co uh in + + + align:start position:0% +be grown epitaxially through co uh in +the in the manufacturing process making + + align:start position:0% +the in the manufacturing process making + + + align:start position:0% +the in the manufacturing process making +it really easy for roll to- roll + + align:start position:0% +it really easy for roll to- roll + + + align:start position:0% +it really easy for roll to- roll +processing so uh currently in LA in in + + align:start position:0% +processing so uh currently in LA in in + + + align:start position:0% +processing so uh currently in LA in in +the research uh cell modules they are + + align:start position:0% +the research uh cell modules they are + + + align:start position:0% +the research uh cell modules they are +reaching about 10 to 12% efficiencies + + align:start position:0% +reaching about 10 to 12% efficiencies + + + align:start position:0% +reaching about 10 to 12% efficiencies +which is really promising given they're + + align:start position:0% +which is really promising given they're + + + align:start position:0% +which is really promising given they're +actually it's hasn't been studied for + + align:start position:0% +actually it's hasn't been studied for + + + align:start position:0% +actually it's hasn't been studied for +that long so we expect that in the 5 to + + align:start position:0% +that long so we expect that in the 5 to + + + align:start position:0% +that long so we expect that in the 5 to +10e period we could actually realize + + align:start position:0% +10e period we could actually realize + + + align:start position:0% +10e period we could actually realize +this uh high efficiency uh cadmium free + + align:start position:0% +this uh high efficiency uh cadmium free + + + align:start position:0% +this uh high efficiency uh cadmium free +Sig cells um especially since + + align:start position:0% +Sig cells um especially since + + + align:start position:0% +Sig cells um especially since +manufacturing processes have already + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing processes have already + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing processes have already +been developed for the Sig + + align:start position:0% +been developed for the Sig + + + align:start position:0% +been developed for the Sig +cells so for the long-term conclusions + + align:start position:0% +cells so for the long-term conclusions + + + align:start position:0% +cells so for the long-term conclusions +um we think that the cadmium free Sig + + align:start position:0% +um we think that the cadmium free Sig + + + align:start position:0% +um we think that the cadmium free Sig +modules would be great for Consumer one + + align:start position:0% +modules would be great for Consumer one + + + align:start position:0% +modules would be great for Consumer one +because of their moderate performance um + + align:start position:0% +because of their moderate performance um + + + align:start position:0% +because of their moderate performance um +and uh their attractive dollar per Watt + + align:start position:0% +and uh their attractive dollar per Watt + + + align:start position:0% +and uh their attractive dollar per Watt +peak um metrics making them actually + + align:start position:0% +peak um metrics making them actually + + + align:start position:0% +peak um metrics making them actually +integratable on a small area and + + align:start position:0% +integratable on a small area and + + + align:start position:0% +integratable on a small area and +providing the 2.5 Watts for the SPO for + + align:start position:0% +providing the 2.5 Watts for the SPO for + + + align:start position:0% +providing the 2.5 Watts for the SPO for +Consumer 2 um we actually thought like a + + align:start position:0% +Consumer 2 um we actually thought like a + + + align:start position:0% +Consumer 2 um we actually thought like a +large mature Organics uh module in their + + align:start position:0% +large mature Organics uh module in their + + + align:start position:0% +large mature Organics uh module in their +backyard would be great because of their + + align:start position:0% +backyard would be great because of their + + + align:start position:0% +backyard would be great because of their +really low cost and also because of + + align:start position:0% +really low cost and also because of + + + align:start position:0% +really low cost and also because of +their ability to um possibly charge + + align:start position:0% +their ability to um possibly charge + + + align:start position:0% +their ability to um possibly charge +other household devices as the + + align:start position:0% +other household devices as the + + + align:start position:0% +other household devices as the +performance + + align:start position:0% +performance + + + align:start position:0% +performance +increases and these are basically the + + align:start position:0% +increases and these are basically the + + + align:start position:0% +increases and these are basically the +conclusions um of all my other + + align:start position:0% +conclusions um of all my other + + + align:start position:0% +conclusions um of all my other +colleagues in front of me the 6 to 12 + + align:start position:0% +colleagues in front of me the 6 to 12 + + + align:start position:0% +colleagues in front of me the 6 to 12 +month mono and multi crystallin are the + + align:start position:0% +month mono and multi crystallin are the + + + align:start position:0% +month mono and multi crystallin are the +best options in the 1 to 5e period + + align:start position:0% +best options in the 1 to 5e period + + + align:start position:0% +best options in the 1 to 5e period +micromorph and Organics will play a + + align:start position:0% +micromorph and Organics will play a + + + align:start position:0% +micromorph and Organics will play a +larger role and in the 5 to 10 year + + align:start position:0% +larger role and in the 5 to 10 year + + + align:start position:0% +larger role and in the 5 to 10 year +Organics and CF6 uh stand out as very + + align:start position:0% +Organics and CF6 uh stand out as very + + + align:start position:0% +Organics and CF6 uh stand out as very +attractive options so in conclusion um + + align:start position:0% +attractive options so in conclusion um + + + align:start position:0% +attractive options so in conclusion um +Next Generation photoal take + + align:start position:0% +Next Generation photoal take + + + align:start position:0% +Next Generation photoal take +Technologies definitely have the + + align:start position:0% +Technologies definitely have the + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies definitely have the +capability especially as alternatives to + + align:start position:0% +capability especially as alternatives to + + + align:start position:0% +capability especially as alternatives to +current crystallin technology to provide + + align:start position:0% +current crystallin technology to provide + + + align:start position:0% +current crystallin technology to provide +a green and positive difference in the + + align:start position:0% +a green and positive difference in the + + + align:start position:0% +a green and positive difference in the +lighting Africa project + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody like daab um or any other + + align:start position:0% +anybody like daab um or any other + + + align:start position:0% +anybody like daab um or any other +nonprofits that uh have done this kind + + align:start position:0% +nonprofits that uh have done this kind + + + align:start position:0% +nonprofits that uh have done this kind +of work before because sometimes it's + + align:start position:0% +of work before because sometimes it's + + + align:start position:0% +of work before because sometimes it's +about the relationships that you can + + align:start position:0% +about the relationships that you can + + + align:start position:0% +about the relationships that you can +deal with the companies the kind of + + align:start position:0% +deal with the companies the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +deal with the companies the kind of +discounted U products that they can give + + align:start position:0% +discounted U products that they can give + + + align:start position:0% +discounted U products that they can give +you and that some I like takes over yeah + + align:start position:0% +you and that some I like takes over yeah + + + align:start position:0% +you and that some I like takes over yeah +so I guess we ski this slide we didn't + + align:start position:0% +so I guess we ski this slide we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +so I guess we ski this slide we didn't +get to it but we actually worked with + + align:start position:0% +get to it but we actually worked with + + + align:start position:0% +get to it but we actually worked with +the World Bank um the lighting Africa is + + align:start position:0% +the World Bank um the lighting Africa is + + + align:start position:0% +the World Bank um the lighting Africa is +with the World Bank we also worked with + + align:start position:0% +with the World Bank we also worked with + + + align:start position:0% +with the World Bank we also worked with +people who working on it at humble State + + align:start position:0% +people who working on it at humble State + + + align:start position:0% +people who working on it at humble State +University and talked a lot to them um + + align:start position:0% +University and talked a lot to them um + + + align:start position:0% +University and talked a lot to them um +and and right now so one thing that's + + align:start position:0% +and and right now so one thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +and and right now so one thing that's +important is that the lighting Africa + + align:start position:0% +important is that the lighting Africa + + + align:start position:0% +important is that the lighting Africa +project is um they provide a lot of + + align:start position:0% +project is um they provide a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +project is um they provide a lot of +education and information to companies + + align:start position:0% +education and information to companies + + + align:start position:0% +education and information to companies +but the companies are the one that + + align:start position:0% +but the companies are the one that + + + align:start position:0% +but the companies are the one that +actually build the devices um that + + align:start position:0% +actually build the devices um that + + + align:start position:0% +actually build the devices um that +answer your question so it's up to the + + align:start position:0% +answer your question so it's up to the + + + align:start position:0% +answer your question so it's up to the +company to decide which one exactly yeah + + align:start position:0% +company to decide which one exactly yeah + + + align:start position:0% +company to decide which one exactly yeah +and so the lighting Africa provides uh + + align:start position:0% +and so the lighting Africa provides uh + + + align:start position:0% +and so the lighting Africa provides uh +information to them and and our report + + align:start position:0% +information to them and and our report + + + align:start position:0% +information to them and and our report +will be provided to the companies as + + align:start position:0% +will be provided to the companies as + + + align:start position:0% +will be provided to the companies as +well um but up in the end it's up to + + align:start position:0% +well um but up in the end it's up to + + + align:start position:0% +well um but up in the end it's up to +them to decide what's most profitable + + align:start position:0% +them to decide what's most profitable + + + align:start position:0% +them to decide what's most profitable +and also there's there are several + + align:start position:0% +and also there's there are several + + + align:start position:0% +and also there's there are several +companies that the lighting Africa + + align:start position:0% +companies that the lighting Africa + + + align:start position:0% +companies that the lighting Africa +project works with and each company + + align:start position:0% +project works with and each company + + + align:start position:0% +project works with and each company +provides uh I'll take this I guess a + + align:start position:0% +provides uh I'll take this I guess a + + + align:start position:0% +provides uh I'll take this I guess a +slightly different solution so there's a + + align:start position:0% +slightly different solution so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +slightly different solution so there's a +whole spectrum of um the number of Watts + + align:start position:0% +whole spectrum of um the number of Watts + + + align:start position:0% +whole spectrum of um the number of Watts +you have the number of kilowatt hours um + + align:start position:0% +you have the number of kilowatt hours um + + + align:start position:0% +you have the number of kilowatt hours um +so there are several different solutions + + align:start position:0% +so there are several different solutions + + + align:start position:0% +so there are several different solutions +based on the different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +companies what theral degradation for + + align:start position:0% +companies what theral degradation for + + + align:start position:0% +companies what theral degradation for +Organics I think that would be the major + + align:start position:0% +Organics I think that would be the major + + + align:start position:0% +Organics I think that would be the major +problem right I mean like the + + align:start position:0% +problem right I mean like the + + + align:start position:0% +problem right I mean like the +degradation + + align:start position:0% +degradation + + + align:start position:0% +degradation +I mean that's why they're not I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +think so um what's actually really + + align:start position:0% +think so um what's actually really + + + align:start position:0% +think so um what's actually really +positive about this project is that + + align:start position:0% +positive about this project is that + + + align:start position:0% +positive about this project is that +we're not really looking for high + + align:start position:0% +we're not really looking for high + + + align:start position:0% +we're not really looking for high +lifetime devices so um it's actually + + align:start position:0% +lifetime devices so um it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime devices so um it's actually +limited by the batteries and by the + + align:start position:0% +limited by the batteries and by the + + + align:start position:0% +limited by the batteries and by the +other components of the SPL so that's + + align:start position:0% +other components of the SPL so that's + + + align:start position:0% +other components of the SPL so that's +only they only have about two to threee + + align:start position:0% +only they only have about two to threee + + + align:start position:0% +only they only have about two to threee +Lifetime so we think that even though + + align:start position:0% +Lifetime so we think that even though + + + align:start position:0% +Lifetime so we think that even though +obviously Africa's hot um their the + + align:start position:0% +obviously Africa's hot um their the + + + align:start position:0% +obviously Africa's hot um their the +thermal de degradation will actually not + + align:start position:0% +thermal de degradation will actually not + + + align:start position:0% +thermal de degradation will actually not +be the limiting factor in this case + + align:start position:0% +be the limiting factor in this case + + + align:start position:0% +be the limiting factor in this case +especially if they're encapsulated with + + align:start position:0% +especially if they're encapsulated with + + + align:start position:0% +especially if they're encapsulated with +relative + + align:start position:0% +relative + + + align:start position:0% +relative +um no actually um if you reduce since + + align:start position:0% +um no actually um if you reduce since + + + align:start position:0% +um no actually um if you reduce since +the cost is dominated by non-pv + + align:start position:0% +the cost is dominated by non-pv + + + align:start position:0% +the cost is dominated by non-pv +materials we could actually reduce the + + align:start position:0% +materials we could actually reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +materials we could actually reduce the +encapsulant cost um significantly and + + align:start position:0% +encapsulant cost um significantly and + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulant cost um significantly and +still have a relatively good timeline uh + + align:start position:0% +still have a relatively good timeline uh + + + align:start position:0% +still have a relatively good timeline uh +lifetime so could you comment on that + + align:start position:0% +lifetime so could you comment on that + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime so could you comment on that +actually a little bit like what kind of + + align:start position:0% +actually a little bit like what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +actually a little bit like what kind of +lifetimes would you expect out of + + align:start position:0% +lifetimes would you expect out of + + + align:start position:0% +lifetimes would you expect out of +current production organic cells + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +great uh so often times you'll find that + + align:start position:0% +great uh so often times you'll find that + + + align:start position:0% +great uh so often times you'll find that +uh current commercialized organic cells + + align:start position:0% +uh current commercialized organic cells + + + align:start position:0% +uh current commercialized organic cells +only last a couple of days actually + + align:start position:0% +only last a couple of days actually + + + align:start position:0% +only last a couple of days actually +although it has been proven that certain + + align:start position:0% +although it has been proven that certain + + + align:start position:0% +although it has been proven that certain +cells can last up to uh 3 years which + + align:start position:0% +cells can last up to uh 3 years which + + + align:start position:0% +cells can last up to uh 3 years which +would be sufficient for the lifetimes + + align:start position:0% +would be sufficient for the lifetimes + + + align:start position:0% +would be sufficient for the lifetimes +that we're looking at and this is also + + align:start position:0% +that we're looking at and this is also + + + align:start position:0% +that we're looking at and this is also +in the 1 to five year range we're not + + align:start position:0% +in the 1 to five year range we're not + + + align:start position:0% +in the 1 to five year range we're not +talking about doing this tomorrow so + + align:start position:0% +talking about doing this tomorrow so + + + align:start position:0% +talking about doing this tomorrow so +hopefully that sort of uh metric would + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that sort of uh metric would + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that sort of uh metric would +be improved within that time frame you + + align:start position:0% +be improved within that time frame you + + + align:start position:0% +be improved within that time frame you +guys have a sense is it an encapsulation + + align:start position:0% +guys have a sense is it an encapsulation + + + align:start position:0% +guys have a sense is it an encapsulation +challenge like a fundamental materials + + align:start position:0% +challenge like a fundamental materials + + + align:start position:0% +challenge like a fundamental materials +challenge I think it's a fundamental + + align:start position:0% +challenge I think it's a fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +challenge I think it's a fundamental +materials challenge it's the actual yeah + + align:start position:0% +materials challenge it's the actual yeah + + + align:start position:0% +materials challenge it's the actual yeah +and this actually gives a great place + + align:start position:0% +and this actually gives a great place + + + align:start position:0% +and this actually gives a great place +for Organics because of our time frame + + align:start position:0% +for Organics because of our time frame + + + align:start position:0% +for Organics because of our time frame +you know usually in the US or you need + + align:start position:0% +you know usually in the US or you need + + + align:start position:0% +you know usually in the US or you need +the modules to last for 20 or 30 years + + align:start position:0% +the modules to last for 20 or 30 years + + + align:start position:0% +the modules to last for 20 or 30 years +but here the lifetime of the device is + + align:start position:0% +but here the lifetime of the device is + + + align:start position:0% +but here the lifetime of the device is +really only two or three years is a + + align:start position:0% +really only two or three years is a + + + align:start position:0% +really only two or three years is a +great opportunity for again yeah again + + align:start position:0% +great opportunity for again yeah again + + + align:start position:0% +great opportunity for again yeah again +the opportunity for decreasing modular + + align:start position:0% +the opportunity for decreasing modular + + + align:start position:0% +the opportunity for decreasing modular +costs um I guess doesn't go all the way + + align:start position:0% +costs um I guess doesn't go all the way + + + align:start position:0% +costs um I guess doesn't go all the way +across the board it's more important for + + align:start position:0% +across the board it's more important for + + + align:start position:0% +across the board it's more important for +silicon then Organics Organics aren't as + + align:start position:0% +silicon then Organics Organics aren't as + + + align:start position:0% +silicon then Organics Organics aren't as +helped in the time + + align:start position:0% +helped in the time + + + align:start position:0% +helped in the time +and also um I know that hydrolysis of + + align:start position:0% +and also um I know that hydrolysis of + + + align:start position:0% +and also um I know that hydrolysis of +the carbon based compounds is one of the + + align:start position:0% +the carbon based compounds is one of the + + + align:start position:0% +the carbon based compounds is one of the +big problems so they're really not good + + align:start position:0% +big problems so they're really not good + + + align:start position:0% +big problems so they're really not good +for like the relatively humid + + align:start position:0% +for like the relatively humid + + + align:start position:0% +for like the relatively humid +environments and in this case we're + + align:start position:0% +environments and in this case we're + + + align:start position:0% +environments and in this case we're +going to be in the subsaharan African + + align:start position:0% +going to be in the subsaharan African + + + align:start position:0% +going to be in the subsaharan African +desert so it's going to that won't be an + + align:start position:0% +desert so it's going to that won't be an + + + align:start position:0% +desert so it's going to that won't be an +issue uh do you do you have any idea + + align:start position:0% +issue uh do you do you have any idea + + + align:start position:0% +issue uh do you do you have any idea +about what market like what the size of + + align:start position:0% +about what market like what the size of + + + align:start position:0% +about what market like what the size of +the market would be for different + + align:start position:0% +the market would be for different + + + align:start position:0% +the market would be for different +possible costs that you outlined on on + + align:start position:0% +possible costs that you outlined on on + + + align:start position:0% +possible costs that you outlined on on +some of those line graphs like say your + + align:start position:0% +some of those line graphs like say your + + + align:start position:0% +some of those line graphs like say your +total + + align:start position:0% +total + + + align:start position:0% +total +Lantern cost is $40 or something how + + align:start position:0% +Lantern cost is $40 or something how + + + align:start position:0% +Lantern cost is $40 or something how +many people can buy it if that's what + + align:start position:0% +many people can buy it if that's what + + + align:start position:0% +many people can buy it if that's what +the price is so I believe the top 10% um + + align:start position:0% +the price is so I believe the top 10% um + + + align:start position:0% +the price is so I believe the top 10% um +of the population in subsaharan Africa + + align:start position:0% +of the population in subsaharan Africa + + + align:start position:0% +of the population in subsaharan Africa +earns 40% of the um GDP so there' be + + align:start position:0% +earns 40% of the um GDP so there' be + + + align:start position:0% +earns 40% of the um GDP so there' be +very few people in the second customer + + align:start position:0% +very few people in the second customer + + + align:start position:0% +very few people in the second customer +bracket um whereas most people I guess + + align:start position:0% +bracket um whereas most people I guess + + + align:start position:0% +bracket um whereas most people I guess +earn less than a dollar a day and would + + align:start position:0% +earn less than a dollar a day and would + + + align:start position:0% +earn less than a dollar a day and would +be um our Target for the first + + align:start position:0% +be um our Target for the first + + + align:start position:0% +be um our Target for the first +archetypal as the first archetype of + + align:start position:0% +archetypal as the first archetype of + + + align:start position:0% +archetypal as the first archetype of +customer so if most of the people earn + + align:start position:0% +customer so if most of the people earn + + + align:start position:0% +customer so if most of the people earn +less than a dollar a day are they going + + align:start position:0% +less than a dollar a day are they going + + + align:start position:0% +less than a dollar a day are they going +to save up like a couple months of + + align:start position:0% +to save up like a couple months of + + + align:start position:0% +to save up like a couple months of +income somehow in order to buy a $30 + + align:start position:0% +income somehow in order to buy a $30 + + + align:start position:0% +income somehow in order to buy a $30 +plantern that's that's kind of what I'm + + align:start position:0% +plantern that's that's kind of what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +plantern that's that's kind of what I'm +asking yeah so currently the buyback + + align:start position:0% +asking yeah so currently the buyback + + + align:start position:0% +asking yeah so currently the buyback +time on these are about eight months so + + align:start position:0% +time on these are about eight months so + + + align:start position:0% +time on these are about eight months so +it's it's very significant and and + + align:start position:0% +it's it's very significant and and + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's very significant and and +that's why there's not widespread + + align:start position:0% +that's why there's not widespread + + + align:start position:0% +that's why there's not widespread +proliferation but right now the lighting + + align:start position:0% +proliferation but right now the lighting + + + align:start position:0% +proliferation but right now the lighting +Africa project is working on education + + align:start position:0% +Africa project is working on education + + + align:start position:0% +Africa project is working on education +um and in in areas that they've started + + align:start position:0% +um and in in areas that they've started + + + align:start position:0% +um and in in areas that they've started +these educational programs the + + align:start position:0% +these educational programs the + + + align:start position:0% +these educational programs the +proliferation of these products have + + align:start position:0% +proliferation of these products have + + + align:start position:0% +proliferation of these products have +actually increased dramatically and + + align:start position:0% +actually increased dramatically and + + + align:start position:0% +actually increased dramatically and +people have started saving up for them + + align:start position:0% +people have started saving up for them + + + align:start position:0% +people have started saving up for them +and buying them and actually there's uh + + align:start position:0% +and buying them and actually there's uh + + + align:start position:0% +and buying them and actually there's uh +one of the main problems with the + + align:start position:0% +one of the main problems with the + + + align:start position:0% +one of the main problems with the +project is there's wides scale there's + + align:start position:0% +project is there's wides scale there's + + + align:start position:0% +project is there's wides scale there's +like Chinese companies that come in and + + align:start position:0% +like Chinese companies that come in and + + + align:start position:0% +like Chinese companies that come in and +they'll sell very very cheap + + align:start position:0% +they'll sell very very cheap + + + align:start position:0% +they'll sell very very cheap +devices that are like extremely shoddy + + align:start position:0% +devices that are like extremely shoddy + + + align:start position:0% +devices that are like extremely shoddy +they last maybe a few weeks or something + + align:start position:0% +they last maybe a few weeks or something + + + align:start position:0% +they last maybe a few weeks or something +and they're really cheap but they you + + align:start position:0% +and they're really cheap but they you + + + align:start position:0% +and they're really cheap but they you +know they don't really do too much good + + align:start position:0% +know they don't really do too much good + + + align:start position:0% +know they don't really do too much good +so increasing uh education about those + + align:start position:0% +so increasing uh education about those + + + align:start position:0% +so increasing uh education about those +and you know the lighting Africa project + + align:start position:0% +and you know the lighting Africa project + + + align:start position:0% +and you know the lighting Africa project +gives like um certification of devices + + align:start position:0% +gives like um certification of devices + + + align:start position:0% +gives like um certification of devices +that will last you know a few years and + + align:start position:0% +that will last you know a few years and + + + align:start position:0% +that will last you know a few years and +so increasing education and decreasing + + align:start position:0% +so increasing education and decreasing + + + align:start position:0% +so increasing education and decreasing +buyback time which is one of the main + + align:start position:0% +buyback time which is one of the main + + + align:start position:0% +buyback time which is one of the main +things will increase um sounds like you + + align:start position:0% +things will increase um sounds like you + + + align:start position:0% +things will increase um sounds like you +need Consumer Reports yeah and also uh + + align:start position:0% +need Consumer Reports yeah and also uh + + + align:start position:0% +need Consumer Reports yeah and also uh +one of the I mean this is actually more + + align:start position:0% +one of the I mean this is actually more + + + align:start position:0% +one of the I mean this is actually more +towards customer too but one of the + + align:start position:0% +towards customer too but one of the + + + align:start position:0% +towards customer too but one of the +positive things about this project is + + align:start position:0% +positive things about this project is + + + align:start position:0% +positive things about this project is +that communities could pull resources + + align:start position:0% +that communities could pull resources + + + align:start position:0% +that communities could pull resources +together and actually have their + + align:start position:0% +together and actually have their + + + align:start position:0% +together and actually have their +household items be uh uh charged + + align:start position:0% +household items be uh uh charged + + + align:start position:0% +household items be uh uh charged +together and one person's house in the + + align:start position:0% +together and one person's house in the + + + align:start position:0% +together and one person's house in the +middle of the community could have + + align:start position:0% +middle of the community could have + + + align:start position:0% +middle of the community could have +that yeah I have a question so like all + + align:start position:0% +that yeah I have a question so like all + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah I have a question so like all +these produ see we use batteries like + + align:start position:0% +these produ see we use batteries like + + + align:start position:0% +these produ see we use batteries like +Niel cadine batteries or lithium + + align:start position:0% +Niel cadine batteries or lithium + + + align:start position:0% +Niel cadine batteries or lithium +batteries and so on so forth and those + + align:start position:0% +batteries and so on so forth and those + + + align:start position:0% +batteries and so on so forth and those +are hazardous materials and I'm sure + + align:start position:0% +are hazardous materials and I'm sure + + + align:start position:0% +are hazardous materials and I'm sure +they're either dealing with them or they + + align:start position:0% +they're either dealing with them or they + + + align:start position:0% +they're either dealing with them or they +aren't so given that uh fact doesn't + + align:start position:0% +aren't so given that uh fact doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +aren't so given that uh fact doesn't +that make your assumption that you ruled + + align:start position:0% +that make your assumption that you ruled + + + align:start position:0% +that make your assumption that you ruled +out cadel or six cells to be like + + align:start position:0% +out cadel or six cells to be like + + + align:start position:0% +out cadel or six cells to be like +incorrect in that you already have + + align:start position:0% +incorrect in that you already have + + + align:start position:0% +incorrect in that you already have +hazardous materials in the batteries + + align:start position:0% +hazardous materials in the batteries + + + align:start position:0% +hazardous materials in the batteries +right so right now I think for the most + + align:start position:0% +right so right now I think for the most + + + align:start position:0% +right so right now I think for the most +part they aren't dealt with um in these + + align:start position:0% +part they aren't dealt with um in these + + + align:start position:0% +part they aren't dealt with um in these +batteries most of the batteries are are + + align:start position:0% +batteries most of the batteries are are + + + align:start position:0% +batteries most of the batteries are are +fairly well sealed and such um but I + + align:start position:0% +fairly well sealed and such um but I + + + align:start position:0% +fairly well sealed and such um but I +think ethically we couldn't suggest more + + align:start position:0% +think ethically we couldn't suggest more + + + align:start position:0% +think ethically we couldn't suggest more +hazardous materials um and so you're + + align:start position:0% +hazardous materials um and so you're + + + align:start position:0% +hazardous materials um and so you're +saying that just because there's already + + align:start position:0% +saying that just because there's already + + + align:start position:0% +saying that just because there's already +a problem uh why don't we just add + + align:start position:0% +a problem uh why don't we just add + + + align:start position:0% +a problem uh why don't we just add +another one I I don't think that's + + align:start position:0% +another one I I don't think that's + + + align:start position:0% +another one I I don't think that's +necessarily a good + + align:start position:0% +necessarily a good + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily a good +option but you're right about the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +batteries so for your tier one customer + + align:start position:0% +batteries so for your tier one customer + + + align:start position:0% +batteries so for your tier one customer +your lower income customer um you're + + align:start position:0% +your lower income customer um you're + + + align:start position:0% +your lower income customer um you're +pretty much only providing them lighting + + align:start position:0% +pretty much only providing them lighting + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much only providing them lighting +is that correct or do you think that + + align:start position:0% +is that correct or do you think that + + + align:start position:0% +is that correct or do you think that +there's opt I mean you had a lot of + + align:start position:0% +there's opt I mean you had a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +there's opt I mean you had a lot of +great graphs that had uh area of device + + align:start position:0% +great graphs that had uh area of device + + + align:start position:0% +great graphs that had uh area of device +uh in cost um and for the different + + align:start position:0% +uh in cost um and for the different + + + align:start position:0% +uh in cost um and for the different +Technologies do you have any idea if I + + align:start position:0% +Technologies do you have any idea if I + + + align:start position:0% +Technologies do you have any idea if I +wanted to charge a cell phone where we'd + + align:start position:0% +wanted to charge a cell phone where we'd + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to charge a cell phone where we'd +have to lock on those + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +graphs yeah so charging a cell phone I + + align:start position:0% +graphs yeah so charging a cell phone I + + + align:start position:0% +graphs yeah so charging a cell phone I +mean so if you want lighting and cell + + align:start position:0% +mean so if you want lighting and cell + + + align:start position:0% +mean so if you want lighting and cell +phone how much does that add to the cost + + align:start position:0% +phone how much does that add to the cost + + + align:start position:0% +phone how much does that add to the cost +yeah is there a larger market for that + + align:start position:0% +yeah is there a larger market for that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah is there a larger market for that +so there could be a very large market + + align:start position:0% +so there could be a very large market + + + align:start position:0% +so there could be a very large market +for that because it doesn't actually + + align:start position:0% +for that because it doesn't actually + + + align:start position:0% +for that because it doesn't actually +take that much energy takes about four + + align:start position:0% +take that much energy takes about four + + + align:start position:0% +take that much energy takes about four +Watt hours to charge a cell phone um so + + align:start position:0% +Watt hours to charge a cell phone um so + + + align:start position:0% +Watt hours to charge a cell phone um so +for a very basic device that maybe + + align:start position:0% +for a very basic device that maybe + + + align:start position:0% +for a very basic device that maybe +produces 9 Watt hours a day + + align:start position:0% +produces 9 Watt hours a day + + + align:start position:0% +produces 9 Watt hours a day +um you know you could get 5 hours of + + align:start position:0% +um you know you could get 5 hours of + + + align:start position:0% +um you know you could get 5 hours of +light for instance depending on the + + align:start position:0% +light for instance depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +light for instance depending on the +efficiency of your LED and then also + + align:start position:0% +efficiency of your LED and then also + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency of your LED and then also +charge a cell phone so it's actually + + align:start position:0% +charge a cell phone so it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +charge a cell phone so it's actually +it's not a great uh uh threshold + + align:start position:0% +it's not a great uh uh threshold + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a great uh uh threshold +overcome to be able to charge other + + align:start position:0% +overcome to be able to charge other + + + align:start position:0% +overcome to be able to charge other +things especially cell phones and the + + align:start position:0% +things especially cell phones and the + + + align:start position:0% +things especially cell phones and the +non-pv aspect of the cell phone charging + + align:start position:0% +non-pv aspect of the cell phone charging + + + align:start position:0% +non-pv aspect of the cell phone charging +is also + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great could you please um comment again + + align:start position:0% +great could you please um comment again + + + align:start position:0% +great could you please um comment again +on why you say that or do you see higher + + align:start position:0% +on why you say that or do you see higher + + + align:start position:0% +on why you say that or do you see higher +potential in or Organics for the 1 to 5 + + align:start position:0% +potential in or Organics for the 1 to 5 + + + align:start position:0% +potential in or Organics for the 1 to 5 +year period than in cium 3 Z cells + + align:start position:0% +year period than in cium 3 Z cells + + + align:start position:0% +year period than in cium 3 Z cells +so how yeah why did you get to the + + align:start position:0% +so how yeah why did you get to the + + + align:start position:0% +so how yeah why did you get to the +conclusion to recommend Organics for the + + align:start position:0% +conclusion to recommend Organics for the + + + align:start position:0% +conclusion to recommend Organics for the +1 to5 and zix for the longer we wanted + + align:start position:0% +1 to5 and zix for the longer we wanted + + + align:start position:0% +1 to5 and zix for the longer we wanted +to be conservative in the cademy free + + align:start position:0% +to be conservative in the cademy free + + + align:start position:0% +to be conservative in the cademy free +Sig cells have only been recently um uh + + align:start position:0% +Sig cells have only been recently um uh + + + align:start position:0% +Sig cells have only been recently um uh +not discovered but researched in the + + align:start position:0% +not discovered but researched in the + + + align:start position:0% +not discovered but researched in the +past year or two so we wanted to be kind + + align:start position:0% +past year or two so we wanted to be kind + + + align:start position:0% +past year or two so we wanted to be kind +of conservative with our estimates and + + align:start position:0% +of conservative with our estimates and + + + align:start position:0% +of conservative with our estimates and +take into account that there might be + + align:start position:0% +take into account that there might be + + + align:start position:0% +take into account that there might be +big hurdles to commercialization so we + + align:start position:0% +big hurdles to commercialization so we + + + align:start position:0% +big hurdles to commercialization so we +put it in the fact to 10-year + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +period so one of the interesting things + + align:start position:0% +period so one of the interesting things + + + align:start position:0% +period so one of the interesting things +about uh electricity generation afoc it + + align:start position:0% +about uh electricity generation afoc it + + + align:start position:0% +about uh electricity generation afoc it +seems is the lack of a legacy system and + + align:start position:0% +seems is the lack of a legacy system and + + + align:start position:0% +seems is the lack of a legacy system and +so you really do have this question of + + align:start position:0% +so you really do have this question of + + + align:start position:0% +so you really do have this question of +like what is the most cost effective way + + align:start position:0% +like what is the most cost effective way + + + align:start position:0% +like what is the most cost effective way +of delivering power today rather than + + align:start position:0% +of delivering power today rather than + + + align:start position:0% +of delivering power today rather than +most cost effective way of delivering + + align:start position:0% +most cost effective way of delivering + + + align:start position:0% +most cost effective way of delivering +power when you have an electricity grid + + align:start position:0% +power when you have an electricity grid + + + align:start position:0% +power when you have an electricity grid +but what do you guys have a sense of + + align:start position:0% +but what do you guys have a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +but what do you guys have a sense of +sort of the cost per person at which + + align:start position:0% +sort of the cost per person at which + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the cost per person at which +electrification by grid becomes sort of + + align:start position:0% +electrification by grid becomes sort of + + + align:start position:0% +electrification by grid becomes sort of +a compelling thing to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah that's not something we looked into + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's not something we looked into + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's not something we looked into +um definitely uh I think the cost would + + align:start position:0% +um definitely uh I think the cost would + + + align:start position:0% +um definitely uh I think the cost would +be pretty high um at least compared to + + align:start position:0% +be pretty high um at least compared to + + + align:start position:0% +be pretty high um at least compared to +these devices I mean of course you have + + align:start position:0% +these devices I mean of course you have + + + align:start position:0% +these devices I mean of course you have +a lot of you it's very very spread out + + align:start position:0% +a lot of you it's very very spread out + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of you it's very very spread out +and um a lot of small villages and + + align:start position:0% +and um a lot of small villages and + + + align:start position:0% +and um a lot of small villages and +whatnot which is these are targeted + + align:start position:0% +whatnot which is these are targeted + + + align:start position:0% +whatnot which is these are targeted +towards um one of the other ideas one of + + align:start position:0% +towards um one of the other ideas one of + + + align:start position:0% +towards um one of the other ideas one of +the other Concepts that was looked at + + align:start position:0% +the other Concepts that was looked at + + + align:start position:0% +the other Concepts that was looked at +was a larger scale version of this where + + align:start position:0% +was a larger scale version of this where + + + align:start position:0% +was a larger scale version of this where +you have a a large PV array or you know + + align:start position:0% +you have a a large PV array or you know + + + align:start position:0% +you have a a large PV array or you know +a few panels in the city of the city + + align:start position:0% +a few panels in the city of the city + + + align:start position:0% +a few panels in the city of the city +center and then all the villagers can + + align:start position:0% +center and then all the villagers can + + + align:start position:0% +center and then all the villagers can +come in and charge their batteries that + + align:start position:0% +come in and charge their batteries that + + + align:start position:0% +come in and charge their batteries that +way and they don't all have little + + align:start position:0% +way and they don't all have little + + + align:start position:0% +way and they don't all have little +photable takes um which was another + + align:start position:0% +photable takes um which was another + + + align:start position:0% +photable takes um which was another +model that is being looked + + align:start position:0% +model that is being looked + + + align:start position:0% +model that is being looked +at so uh it sounds like what you're + + align:start position:0% +at so uh it sounds like what you're + + + align:start position:0% +at so uh it sounds like what you're +saying is that if you push more towards + + align:start position:0% +saying is that if you push more towards + + + align:start position:0% +saying is that if you push more towards +concentrated populations then the tier 2 + + align:start position:0% +concentrated populations then the tier 2 + + + align:start position:0% +concentrated populations then the tier 2 +kind of becomes more favorable where you + + align:start position:0% +kind of becomes more favorable where you + + + align:start position:0% +kind of becomes more favorable where you +can have larger installations and + + align:start position:0% +can have larger installations and + + + align:start position:0% +can have larger installations and +Central locations that communities cool + + align:start position:0% +Central locations that communities cool + + + align:start position:0% +Central locations that communities cool +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +and share yeah def yeah there's kind of + + align:start position:0% +and share yeah def yeah there's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and share yeah def yeah there's kind of +two different demographics so you have + + align:start position:0% +two different demographics so you have + + + align:start position:0% +two different demographics so you have +your offgrid suburban and then you have + + align:start position:0% +your offgrid suburban and then you have + + + align:start position:0% +your offgrid suburban and then you have +your offit you know very rural um so + + align:start position:0% +your offit you know very rural um so + + + align:start position:0% +your offit you know very rural um so +often in the in the relatively High + + align:start position:0% +often in the in the relatively High + + + align:start position:0% +often in the in the relatively High +income bracket the tier two um these are + + align:start position:0% +income bracket the tier two um these are + + + align:start position:0% +income bracket the tier two um these are +people living kind of off grid Suburban + + align:start position:0% +people living kind of off grid Suburban + + + align:start position:0% +people living kind of off grid Suburban +areas just like outskirts of of cities + + align:start position:0% +areas just like outskirts of of cities + + + align:start position:0% +areas just like outskirts of of cities +and things like that and another thing + + align:start position:0% +and things like that and another thing + + + align:start position:0% +and things like that and another thing +actually is that um I we talk about + + align:start position:0% +actually is that um I we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +actually is that um I we talk about +off-grid a lot but the actual Grid in + + align:start position:0% +off-grid a lot but the actual Grid in + + + align:start position:0% +off-grid a lot but the actual Grid in +Africa is so poor that these products + + align:start position:0% +Africa is so poor that these products + + + align:start position:0% +Africa is so poor that these products +are actually very applicable to them + + align:start position:0% +are actually very applicable to them + + + align:start position:0% +are actually very applicable to them +some people have um blackouts daily or + + align:start position:0% +some people have um blackouts daily or + + + align:start position:0% +some people have um blackouts daily or +or weekly um such that these these + + align:start position:0% +or weekly um such that these these + + + align:start position:0% +or weekly um such that these these +devices become necessary as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well all right let's thank our speakers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again so uh hi everyone uh we are Team + + align:start position:0% +again so uh hi everyone uh we are Team + + + align:start position:0% +again so uh hi everyone uh we are Team +Six and we're going to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +Six and we're going to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +Six and we're going to talk about the +potential of simulation software + + align:start position:0% +potential of simulation software + + + align:start position:0% +potential of simulation software +to predict the uh phable Tech + + align:start position:0% +to predict the uh phable Tech + + + align:start position:0% +to predict the uh phable Tech +performances and our team members are uh + + align:start position:0% +performances and our team members are uh + + + align:start position:0% +performances and our team members are uh +poen noi myself s and om + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay so uh this is uh the figure + + align:start position:0% +here okay so uh this is uh the figure + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so uh this is uh the figure +that you guys are are very much familiar + + align:start position:0% +that you guys are are very much familiar + + + align:start position:0% +that you guys are are very much familiar +with um so we all do know that uh + + align:start position:0% +with um so we all do know that uh + + + align:start position:0% +with um so we all do know that uh +silicon Sola cells show um the benefit + + align:start position:0% +silicon Sola cells show um the benefit + + + align:start position:0% +silicon Sola cells show um the benefit +of high + + align:start position:0% +of high + + + align:start position:0% +of high +efficiency um whereas the efficiency of + + align:start position:0% +efficiency um whereas the efficiency of + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency um whereas the efficiency of +the 10 FM or emerging aable Tes are + + align:start position:0% +the 10 FM or emerging aable Tes are + + + align:start position:0% +the 10 FM or emerging aable Tes are +relatively low but um they are + + align:start position:0% +relatively low but um they are + + + align:start position:0% +relatively low but um they are +definitely under Spotlight + + align:start position:0% +definitely under Spotlight + + + align:start position:0% +definitely under Spotlight +because uh they do have the advantage + + align:start position:0% +because uh they do have the advantage + + + align:start position:0% +because uh they do have the advantage +over the Silicon such as higher + + align:start position:0% +over the Silicon such as higher + + + align:start position:0% +over the Silicon such as higher +absorption coefficient and lower + + align:start position:0% +absorption coefficient and lower + + + align:start position:0% +absorption coefficient and lower +manufacturing cost and the flexibility + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing cost and the flexibility + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing cost and the flexibility +thing so uh we are going to simulate uh + + align:start position:0% +thing so uh we are going to simulate uh + + + align:start position:0% +thing so uh we are going to simulate uh +based on the material is used in uh + + align:start position:0% +based on the material is used in uh + + + align:start position:0% +based on the material is used in uh +these types of solar + + align:start position:0% +these types of solar + + + align:start position:0% +these types of solar +cells so why modeling in general um + + align:start position:0% +cells so why modeling in general um + + + align:start position:0% +cells so why modeling in general um +because they do have a lot other + + align:start position:0% +because they do have a lot other + + + align:start position:0% +because they do have a lot other +benefits such as it is very much useful + + align:start position:0% +benefits such as it is very much useful + + + align:start position:0% +benefits such as it is very much useful +when it is impossible or impractical uh + + align:start position:0% +when it is impossible or impractical uh + + + align:start position:0% +when it is impossible or impractical uh +to create certain experimental + + align:start position:0% +to create certain experimental + + + align:start position:0% +to create certain experimental +conditions and also doing simulation is + + align:start position:0% +conditions and also doing simulation is + + + align:start position:0% +conditions and also doing simulation is +much more efficient in terms of money + + align:start position:0% +much more efficient in terms of money + + + align:start position:0% +much more efficient in terms of money +and time taken and also we can do the + + align:start position:0% +and time taken and also we can do the + + + align:start position:0% +and time taken and also we can do the +fundamental and simple understanding at + + align:start position:0% +fundamental and simple understanding at + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental and simple understanding at +a very small scale such as um atomic + + align:start position:0% +a very small scale such as um atomic + + + align:start position:0% +a very small scale such as um atomic +scale but there is one very critical + + align:start position:0% +scale but there is one very critical + + + align:start position:0% +scale but there is one very critical +limitation which uh is the accuracy + + align:start position:0% +limitation which uh is the accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +limitation which uh is the accuracy +problem so it means uh in most in many + + align:start position:0% +problem so it means uh in most in many + + + align:start position:0% +problem so it means uh in most in many +cases the accuracy uh matters like it's + + align:start position:0% +cases the accuracy uh matters like it's + + + align:start position:0% +cases the accuracy uh matters like it's +not really accurate uh as the what + + align:start position:0% +not really accurate uh as the what + + + align:start position:0% +not really accurate uh as the what +really happens so the system to be + + align:start position:0% +really happens so the system to be + + + align:start position:0% +really happens so the system to be +modeled will be uh uh explained in + + align:start position:0% +modeled will be uh uh explained in + + + align:start position:0% +modeled will be uh uh explained in +detail by following speaker however if I + + align:start position:0% +detail by following speaker however if I + + + align:start position:0% +detail by following speaker however if I +speak if I say uh very briefly uh it can + + align:start position:0% +speak if I say uh very briefly uh it can + + + align:start position:0% +speak if I say uh very briefly uh it can +be divided into three like first all + + align:start position:0% +be divided into three like first all + + + align:start position:0% +be divided into three like first all +organic such as p3ht and pcpm system and + + align:start position:0% +organic such as p3ht and pcpm system and + + + align:start position:0% +organic such as p3ht and pcpm system and +all the second one is all inorganic such + + align:start position:0% +all the second one is all inorganic such + + + align:start position:0% +all the second one is all inorganic such +as um L certified Quantum do and Titania + + align:start position:0% +as um L certified Quantum do and Titania + + + align:start position:0% +as um L certified Quantum do and Titania +fum and the last one is some combination + + align:start position:0% +fum and the last one is some combination + + + align:start position:0% +fum and the last one is some combination +of those uh so-called hybrid cells so + + align:start position:0% +of those uh so-called hybrid cells so + + + align:start position:0% +of those uh so-called hybrid cells so +our aims here uh first uh uh we are + + align:start position:0% +our aims here uh first uh uh we are + + + align:start position:0% +our aims here uh first uh uh we are +going to introduce the two simulation + + align:start position:0% +going to introduce the two simulation + + + align:start position:0% +going to introduce the two simulation +packages and Then followed by the + + align:start position:0% +packages and Then followed by the + + + align:start position:0% +packages and Then followed by the +comparison of the performance by + + align:start position:0% +comparison of the performance by + + + align:start position:0% +comparison of the performance by +uh sorry performance from the simulation + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry performance from the simulation + + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry performance from the simulation +with the values from the literature and + + align:start position:0% +with the values from the literature and + + + align:start position:0% +with the values from the literature and +in the detailed study section uh we + + align:start position:0% +in the detailed study section uh we + + + align:start position:0% +in the detailed study section uh we +basically change everything in the + + align:start position:0% +basically change everything in the + + + align:start position:0% +basically change everything in the +simulation package uh such as layer + + align:start position:0% +simulation package uh such as layer + + + align:start position:0% +simulation package uh such as layer +thickness temperature band energy levels + + align:start position:0% +thickness temperature band energy levels + + + align:start position:0% +thickness temperature band energy levels +including um the electron affinity and + + align:start position:0% +including um the electron affinity and + + + align:start position:0% +including um the electron affinity and +band gaps and lastly the carrier + + align:start position:0% +band gaps and lastly the carrier + + + align:start position:0% +band gaps and lastly the carrier +mobility and then uh the presentation + + align:start position:0% +mobility and then uh the presentation + + + align:start position:0% +mobility and then uh the presentation +will be concluded with sensitivity + + align:start position:0% +will be concluded with sensitivity + + + align:start position:0% +will be concluded with sensitivity +studies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here so uh the question arised as to + + align:start position:0% +here so uh the question arised as to + + + align:start position:0% +here so uh the question arised as to +which simulation packages we should use + + align:start position:0% +which simulation packages we should use + + + align:start position:0% +which simulation packages we should use +so you all are familiar with pc1d which + + align:start position:0% +so you all are familiar with pc1d which + + + align:start position:0% +so you all are familiar with pc1d which +is the industry standard for simulating + + align:start position:0% +is the industry standard for simulating + + + align:start position:0% +is the industry standard for simulating +cryst and + + align:start position:0% +cryst and + + + align:start position:0% +cryst and +silicon however um given that we're + + align:start position:0% +silicon however um given that we're + + + align:start position:0% +silicon however um given that we're +simulating organic materials inorganic + + align:start position:0% +simulating organic materials inorganic + + + align:start position:0% +simulating organic materials inorganic +materials with uh very low transport we + + align:start position:0% +materials with uh very low transport we + + + align:start position:0% +materials with uh very low transport we +opted to go with uh more generic + + align:start position:0% +opted to go with uh more generic + + + align:start position:0% +opted to go with uh more generic +simulators called amps from uh Penn + + align:start position:0% +simulators called amps from uh Penn + + + align:start position:0% +simulators called amps from uh Penn +State University and scaps and I'll + + align:start position:0% +State University and scaps and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +State University and scaps and I'll +discuss + + align:start position:0% +discuss + + + align:start position:0% +discuss +why so with these organic materials and + + align:start position:0% +why so with these organic materials and + + + align:start position:0% +why so with these organic materials and +these thin fill materials traps and Rec + + align:start position:0% +these thin fill materials traps and Rec + + + align:start position:0% +these thin fill materials traps and Rec +combination are a huge issue and the + + align:start position:0% +combination are a huge issue and the + + + align:start position:0% +combination are a huge issue and the +question arises as to how to model these + + align:start position:0% +question arises as to how to model these + + + align:start position:0% +question arises as to how to model these +traps so at the highest level of + + align:start position:0% +traps so at the highest level of + + + align:start position:0% +traps so at the highest level of +abstraction the the most top level view + + align:start position:0% +abstraction the the most top level view + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction the the most top level view +you can just look at the buck + + align:start position:0% +you can just look at the buck + + + align:start position:0% +you can just look at the buck +recombination time and simulate with + + align:start position:0% +recombination time and simulate with + + + align:start position:0% +recombination time and simulate with +that which is the approach that's used + + align:start position:0% +that which is the approach that's used + + + align:start position:0% +that which is the approach that's used +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +pc1d the second level of abstraction is + + align:start position:0% +pc1d the second level of abstraction is + + + align:start position:0% +pc1d the second level of abstraction is +to break up your bul re combination + + align:start position:0% +to break up your bul re combination + + + align:start position:0% +to break up your bul re combination +times into the different + + align:start position:0% +times into the different + + + align:start position:0% +times into the different +components and in particular shockly + + align:start position:0% +components and in particular shockly + + + align:start position:0% +components and in particular shockly +read hog uh recombination is very + + align:start position:0% +read hog uh recombination is very + + + align:start position:0% +read hog uh recombination is very +important for these materials so as you + + align:start position:0% +important for these materials so as you + + + align:start position:0% +important for these materials so as you +remember from + + align:start position:0% +remember from + + + align:start position:0% +remember from +class uh you basically have traps + + align:start position:0% +class uh you basically have traps + + + align:start position:0% +class uh you basically have traps +between your conduction band and + + align:start position:0% +between your conduction band and + + + align:start position:0% +between your conduction band and +veilance band you have carriers that are + + align:start position:0% +veilance band you have carriers that are + + + align:start position:0% +veilance band you have carriers that are +in these two bands and when they + + align:start position:0% +in these two bands and when they + + + align:start position:0% +in these two bands and when they +recombine that effectively reduces your + + align:start position:0% +recombine that effectively reduces your + + + align:start position:0% +recombine that effectively reduces your +current so both amps and scaps actually + + align:start position:0% +current so both amps and scaps actually + + + align:start position:0% +current so both amps and scaps actually +allow for simulating these physical + + align:start position:0% +allow for simulating these physical + + + align:start position:0% +allow for simulating these physical +traps um so you can simulate it with uh + + align:start position:0% +traps um so you can simulate it with uh + + + align:start position:0% +traps um so you can simulate it with uh +and these traps have different uh + + align:start position:0% +and these traps have different uh + + + align:start position:0% +and these traps have different uh +spectrums with respect to energy so for + + align:start position:0% +spectrums with respect to energy so for + + + align:start position:0% +spectrums with respect to energy so for +example can you can have traps that + + align:start position:0% +example can you can have traps that + + + align:start position:0% +example can you can have traps that +decay exponentially from the band edges + + align:start position:0% +decay exponentially from the band edges + + + align:start position:0% +decay exponentially from the band edges +or you can just have discret level traps + + align:start position:0% +or you can just have discret level traps + + + align:start position:0% +or you can just have discret level traps +that are certain certain energy level + + align:start position:0% +that are certain certain energy level + + + align:start position:0% +that are certain certain energy level +and you can have traps that have a gum + + align:start position:0% +and you can have traps that have a gum + + + align:start position:0% +and you can have traps that have a gum +distribution both amps and scaps allow + + align:start position:0% +distribution both amps and scaps allow + + + align:start position:0% +distribution both amps and scaps allow +for that at the same time scaps allows + + align:start position:0% +for that at the same time scaps allows + + + align:start position:0% +for that at the same time scaps allows +for uh spatial non-uniformities for + + align:start position:0% +for uh spatial non-uniformities for + + + align:start position:0% +for uh spatial non-uniformities for +traps so for example let's say if I have + + align:start position:0% +traps so for example let's say if I have + + + align:start position:0% +traps so for example let's say if I have +a lair and at the top of layer there's a + + align:start position:0% +a lair and at the top of layer there's a + + + align:start position:0% +a lair and at the top of layer there's a +lot of traps but by the time by the + + align:start position:0% +lot of traps but by the time by the + + + align:start position:0% +lot of traps but by the time by the +bottom of the layer there aren't that + + align:start position:0% +bottom of the layer there aren't that + + + align:start position:0% +bottom of the layer there aren't that +many traps I can model that in + + align:start position:0% +many traps I can model that in + + + align:start position:0% +many traps I can model that in +scaps however in amps I only have I can + + align:start position:0% +scaps however in amps I only have I can + + + align:start position:0% +scaps however in amps I only have I can +only model a uniform distribution of + + align:start position:0% +only model a uniform distribution of + + + align:start position:0% +only model a uniform distribution of +trap spatially so I can't have any + + align:start position:0% +trap spatially so I can't have any + + + align:start position:0% +trap spatially so I can't have any +gaussin distributions or anything like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that the second key component for solar + + align:start position:0% +that the second key component for solar + + + align:start position:0% +that the second key component for solar +cells are your contacts for pc1d you can + + align:start position:0% +cells are your contacts for pc1d you can + + + align:start position:0% +cells are your contacts for pc1d you can +only feed it uh shun resistances and + + align:start position:0% +only feed it uh shun resistances and + + + align:start position:0% +only feed it uh shun resistances and +series res resistances which is nice and + + align:start position:0% +series res resistances which is nice and + + + align:start position:0% +series res resistances which is nice and +that it's convenient but if you don't + + align:start position:0% +that it's convenient but if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +that it's convenient but if you don't +know them or if you can't measure them + + align:start position:0% +know them or if you can't measure them + + + align:start position:0% +know them or if you can't measure them +uh because you don't have the cells then + + align:start position:0% +uh because you don't have the cells then + + + align:start position:0% +uh because you don't have the cells then +that's a hindering Factor so therefore + + align:start position:0% +that's a hindering Factor so therefore + + + align:start position:0% +that's a hindering Factor so therefore +it's nice to be able to model the + + align:start position:0% +it's nice to be able to model the + + + align:start position:0% +it's nice to be able to model the +physics of your contacts by taking the + + align:start position:0% +physics of your contacts by taking the + + + align:start position:0% +physics of your contacts by taking the +barrier height of your metal and + + align:start position:0% +barrier height of your metal and + + + align:start position:0% +barrier height of your metal and +semiconductor and by looking at the rec + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor and by looking at the rec + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductor and by looking at the rec +combination velocity so both scaps and + + align:start position:0% +combination velocity so both scaps and + + + align:start position:0% +combination velocity so both scaps and +amps allows for that and at the same + + align:start position:0% +amps allows for that and at the same + + + align:start position:0% +amps allows for that and at the same +time scaps also allows for modeling with + + align:start position:0% +time scaps also allows for modeling with + + + align:start position:0% +time scaps also allows for modeling with +your sheet resist shent resistance and + + align:start position:0% +your sheet resist shent resistance and + + + align:start position:0% +your sheet resist shent resistance and +series resistance so that's nice and + + align:start position:0% +series resistance so that's nice and + + + align:start position:0% +series resistance so that's nice and +that if you have those measurements you + + align:start position:0% +that if you have those measurements you + + + align:start position:0% +that if you have those measurements you +can just do that instead of mucking + + align:start position:0% +can just do that instead of mucking + + + align:start position:0% +can just do that instead of mucking +around with the the + + align:start position:0% +around with the the + + + align:start position:0% +around with the the +physics so other considerations include + + align:start position:0% +physics so other considerations include + + + align:start position:0% +physics so other considerations include +the total number of flares that you can + + align:start position:0% +the total number of flares that you can + + + align:start position:0% +the total number of flares that you can +simulate uh amps is actually has an + + align:start position:0% +simulate uh amps is actually has an + + + align:start position:0% +simulate uh amps is actually has an +advantage in that you can simulate up to + + align:start position:0% +advantage in that you can simulate up to + + + align:start position:0% +advantage in that you can simulate up to +30 layers so if you have graded + + align:start position:0% +30 layers so if you have graded + + + align:start position:0% +30 layers so if you have graded +materials it's a good approximation to + + align:start position:0% +materials it's a good approximation to + + + align:start position:0% +materials it's a good approximation to +be able to just simulate 30 layers they + + align:start position:0% +be able to just simulate 30 layers they + + + align:start position:0% +be able to just simulate 30 layers they +all pretty much do the same basic set of + + align:start position:0% +all pretty much do the same basic set of + + + align:start position:0% +all pretty much do the same basic set of +simulations including simulating uh + + align:start position:0% +simulations including simulating uh + + + align:start position:0% +simulations including simulating uh +under dark conditions under illuminated + + align:start position:0% +under dark conditions under illuminated + + + align:start position:0% +under dark conditions under illuminated +conditions and B B + + align:start position:0% +conditions and B B + + + align:start position:0% +conditions and B B +calculations uh scaps + + align:start position:0% +calculations uh scaps + + + align:start position:0% +calculations uh scaps +uh and pc1d also allow for additional + + align:start position:0% +uh and pc1d also allow for additional + + + align:start position:0% +uh and pc1d also allow for additional +measurements like capacitor measurements + + align:start position:0% +measurements like capacitor measurements + + + align:start position:0% +measurements like capacitor measurements +as a function of frequency or as a + + align:start position:0% +as a function of frequency or as a + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of frequency or as a +function of voltage which is very nice + + align:start position:0% +function of voltage which is very nice + + + align:start position:0% +function of voltage which is very nice +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +physics um other considerations include + + align:start position:0% +physics um other considerations include + + + align:start position:0% +physics um other considerations include +documentation and ease of use amps + + align:start position:0% +documentation and ease of use amps + + + align:start position:0% +documentation and ease of use amps +probably had the best documentation you + + align:start position:0% +probably had the best documentation you + + + align:start position:0% +probably had the best documentation you +had an 80 page user manual scaps was + + align:start position:0% +had an 80 page user manual scaps was + + + align:start position:0% +had an 80 page user manual scaps was +this composed of random PowerPoint + + align:start position:0% +this composed of random PowerPoint + + + align:start position:0% +this composed of random PowerPoint +slides that were thrown on the website + + align:start position:0% +slides that were thrown on the website + + + align:start position:0% +slides that were thrown on the website +so it's a little bit harder to figure + + align:start position:0% +so it's a little bit harder to figure + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a little bit harder to figure +out and finally in terms of is ofuse I'd + + align:start position:0% +out and finally in terms of is ofuse I'd + + + align:start position:0% +out and finally in terms of is ofuse I'd +say pc1d is the easiest just just + + align:start position:0% +say pc1d is the easiest just just + + + align:start position:0% +say pc1d is the easiest just just +because you don't really delve into the + + align:start position:0% +because you don't really delve into the + + + align:start position:0% +because you don't really delve into the +physics you just T in type in values and + + align:start position:0% +physics you just T in type in values and + + + align:start position:0% +physics you just T in type in values and +it simulates whereas with amps and scaps + + align:start position:0% +it simulates whereas with amps and scaps + + + align:start position:0% +it simulates whereas with amps and scaps +if you get your parameters wrong it + + align:start position:0% +if you get your parameters wrong it + + + align:start position:0% +if you get your parameters wrong it +won't simulate or it'll freeze or things + + align:start position:0% +won't simulate or it'll freeze or things + + + align:start position:0% +won't simulate or it'll freeze or things +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that so here's just like a BRI brief run + + align:start position:0% +that so here's just like a BRI brief run + + + align:start position:0% +that so here's just like a BRI brief run +through of the um of the user uh of the + + align:start position:0% +through of the um of the user uh of the + + + align:start position:0% +through of the um of the user uh of the +interface for scaps so this is the main + + align:start position:0% +interface for scaps so this is the main + + + align:start position:0% +interface for scaps so this is the main +page where you set your uh measurement + + align:start position:0% +page where you set your uh measurement + + + align:start position:0% +page where you set your uh measurement +parameters like your lighting conditions + + align:start position:0% +parameters like your lighting conditions + + + align:start position:0% +parameters like your lighting conditions +your voltages + + align:start position:0% +your voltages + + + align:start position:0% +your voltages +and then from there you can Define the + + align:start position:0% +and then from there you can Define the + + + align:start position:0% +and then from there you can Define the +structure that you're simulating so in + + align:start position:0% +structure that you're simulating so in + + + align:start position:0% +structure that you're simulating so in +this case this is for a p morphos + + align:start position:0% +this case this is for a p morphos + + + align:start position:0% +this case this is for a p morphos +silicon structure and then you can + + align:start position:0% +silicon structure and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +silicon structure and then you can +define the properties for each of those + + align:start position:0% +define the properties for each of those + + + align:start position:0% +define the properties for each of those +layers so this for example are the + + align:start position:0% +layers so this for example are the + + + align:start position:0% +layers so this for example are the +properties for the ptype layer so these + + align:start position:0% +properties for the ptype layer so these + + + align:start position:0% +properties for the ptype layer so these +are basic material properties like your + + align:start position:0% +are basic material properties like your + + + align:start position:0% +are basic material properties like your +electron Mobility uh your band Gap so on + + align:start position:0% +electron Mobility uh your band Gap so on + + + align:start position:0% +electron Mobility uh your band Gap so on +so forth and on the left you can Define + + align:start position:0% +so forth and on the left you can Define + + + align:start position:0% +so forth and on the left you can Define +your + + align:start position:0% +your + + + align:start position:0% +your +traps as for amps it's got a little bit + + align:start position:0% +traps as for amps it's got a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +traps as for amps it's got a little bit +more of a minimalistic uh layout which + + align:start position:0% +more of a minimalistic uh layout which + + + align:start position:0% +more of a minimalistic uh layout which +is more pleasing to the eye + + align:start position:0% +is more pleasing to the eye + + + align:start position:0% +is more pleasing to the eye +uh so this is like your basic uh page + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is like your basic uh page + + + align:start position:0% +uh so this is like your basic uh page +and then from there you can Define each + + align:start position:0% +and then from there you can Define each + + + align:start position:0% +and then from there you can Define each +of your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +layers so that all passed on to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Nomi thank you so for six organic + + align:start position:0% +Nomi thank you so for six organic + + + align:start position:0% +Nomi thank you so for six organic +materials and six inorganic materials we + + align:start position:0% +materials and six inorganic materials we + + + align:start position:0% +materials and six inorganic materials we +found all their physical properties from + + align:start position:0% +found all their physical properties from + + + align:start position:0% +found all their physical properties from +literature so we use either well-known + + align:start position:0% +literature so we use either well-known + + + align:start position:0% +literature so we use either well-known +Properties or the most common properties + + align:start position:0% +Properties or the most common properties + + + align:start position:0% +Properties or the most common properties +for these materials with for the most + + align:start position:0% +for these materials with for the most + + + align:start position:0% +for these materials with for the most +common crystalline structure or the uh + + align:start position:0% +common crystalline structure or the uh + + + align:start position:0% +common crystalline structure or the uh +crystallinity that we would use for + + align:start position:0% +crystallinity that we would use for + + + align:start position:0% +crystallinity that we would use for +solar cells and for some materials it + + align:start position:0% +solar cells and for some materials it + + + align:start position:0% +solar cells and for some materials it +was very hard to find certain properties + + align:start position:0% +was very hard to find certain properties + + + align:start position:0% +was very hard to find certain properties +such as the density of states for + + align:start position:0% +such as the density of states for + + + align:start position:0% +such as the density of states for +example and we had to approximate these + + align:start position:0% +example and we had to approximate these + + + align:start position:0% +example and we had to approximate these +numbers and then we use these properties + + align:start position:0% +numbers and then we use these properties + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and then we use these properties +these basic properties to compare the + + align:start position:0% +these basic properties to compare the + + + align:start position:0% +these basic properties to compare the +performance uh from literature versus + + align:start position:0% +performance uh from literature versus + + + align:start position:0% +performance uh from literature versus +the values that we obtain from amps and + + align:start position:0% +the values that we obtain from amps and + + + align:start position:0% +the values that we obtain from amps and +scaps so for inorganic solar cells we + + align:start position:0% +scaps so for inorganic solar cells we + + + align:start position:0% +scaps so for inorganic solar cells we +can see that the there's a good + + align:start position:0% +can see that the there's a good + + + align:start position:0% +can see that the there's a good +correspondence between literature values + + align:start position:0% +correspondence between literature values + + + align:start position:0% +correspondence between literature values +and both simulation tools and this is + + align:start position:0% +and both simulation tools and this is + + + align:start position:0% +and both simulation tools and this is +likely due to the fact that inorganic + + align:start position:0% +likely due to the fact that inorganic + + + align:start position:0% +likely due to the fact that inorganic +materials have more similar properties + + align:start position:0% +materials have more similar properties + + + align:start position:0% +materials have more similar properties +to Silicon than organic materials and + + align:start position:0% +to Silicon than organic materials and + + + align:start position:0% +to Silicon than organic materials and +the simulation tools were based on + + align:start position:0% +the simulation tools were based on + + + align:start position:0% +the simulation tools were based on +Silicon when they were created so we + + align:start position:0% +Silicon when they were created so we + + + align:start position:0% +Silicon when they were created so we +looked at the open circuit voltage short + + align:start position:0% +looked at the open circuit voltage short + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the open circuit voltage short +circuit current the field factor and the + + align:start position:0% +circuit current the field factor and the + + + align:start position:0% +circuit current the field factor and the +power conversion efficiency + + align:start position:0% +power conversion efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +power conversion efficiency +but then when we had an organic + + align:start position:0% +but then when we had an organic + + + align:start position:0% +but then when we had an organic +component to the device we see that + + align:start position:0% +component to the device we see that + + + align:start position:0% +component to the device we see that +there are more significant discrepancies + + align:start position:0% +there are more significant discrepancies + + + align:start position:0% +there are more significant discrepancies +between literature values and the + + align:start position:0% +between literature values and the + + + align:start position:0% +between literature values and the +simulations so for example in this case + + align:start position:0% +simulations so for example in this case + + + align:start position:0% +simulations so for example in this case +we had usually an overestimation of the + + align:start position:0% +we had usually an overestimation of the + + + align:start position:0% +we had usually an overestimation of the +performance with scabs and an + + align:start position:0% +performance with scabs and an + + + align:start position:0% +performance with scabs and an +underestimation with amps and we also + + align:start position:0% +underestimation with amps and we also + + + align:start position:0% +underestimation with amps and we also +have to note that we're expecting lower + + align:start position:0% +have to note that we're expecting lower + + + align:start position:0% +have to note that we're expecting lower +performance for more simulations than + + align:start position:0% +performance for more simulations than + + + align:start position:0% +performance for more simulations than +the literature because usually in + + align:start position:0% +the literature because usually in + + + align:start position:0% +the literature because usually in +literature the values are reported for B + + align:start position:0% +literature the values are reported for B + + + align:start position:0% +literature the values are reported for B +Catal Junctions so a mixture of the two + + align:start position:0% +Catal Junctions so a mixture of the two + + + align:start position:0% +Catal Junctions so a mixture of the two +materal + + align:start position:0% +materal + + + align:start position:0% +materal +while in the simulation we use only flat + + align:start position:0% +while in the simulation we use only flat + + + align:start position:0% +while in the simulation we use only flat +Bayer Ral + + align:start position:0% +Bayer Ral + + + align:start position:0% +Bayer Ral +Junctions so here we can see that we + + align:start position:0% +Junctions so here we can see that we + + + align:start position:0% +Junctions so here we can see that we +obtain very low field factors from scaps + + align:start position:0% +obtain very low field factors from scaps + + + align:start position:0% +obtain very low field factors from scaps +and very high + + align:start position:0% +and very high + + + align:start position:0% +and very high +efficiencies so that's the main + + align:start position:0% +efficiencies so that's the main + + + align:start position:0% +efficiencies so that's the main +discrepancy and for organic solar cells + + align:start position:0% +discrepancy and for organic solar cells + + + align:start position:0% +discrepancy and for organic solar cells +we also obtain uh very high efficiencies + + align:start position:0% +we also obtain uh very high efficiencies + + + align:start position:0% +we also obtain uh very high efficiencies +from scap as well as open circuit + + align:start position:0% +from scap as well as open circuit + + + align:start position:0% +from scap as well as open circuit +voltage and some very significant + + align:start position:0% +voltage and some very significant + + + align:start position:0% +voltage and some very significant +underestimations from amps of the short + + align:start position:0% +underestimations from amps of the short + + + align:start position:0% +underestimations from amps of the short +circuit current and the efficiency but + + align:start position:0% +circuit current and the efficiency but + + + align:start position:0% +circuit current and the efficiency but +due to the heat of use of scap hams was + + align:start position:0% +due to the heat of use of scap hams was + + + align:start position:0% +due to the heat of use of scap hams was +taking longer to run and it was more + + align:start position:0% +taking longer to run and it was more + + + align:start position:0% +taking longer to run and it was more +sensitive to small changes in properties + + align:start position:0% +sensitive to small changes in properties + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive to small changes in properties +sometimes we would have convergence + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we would have convergence + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes we would have convergence +failures so we decided to look mostly at + + align:start position:0% +failures so we decided to look mostly at + + + align:start position:0% +failures so we decided to look mostly at +scaps and we varied some parameter + + align:start position:0% +scaps and we varied some parameter + + + align:start position:0% +scaps and we varied some parameter +properties to look at how these + + align:start position:0% +properties to look at how these + + + align:start position:0% +properties to look at how these +softwares would respond to changes in + + align:start position:0% +softwares would respond to changes in + + + align:start position:0% +softwares would respond to changes in +the physical properties of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me um so this is + + align:start position:0% +me um so this is + + + align:start position:0% +me um so this is +uh where the detailed study comes and + + align:start position:0% +uh where the detailed study comes and + + + align:start position:0% +uh where the detailed study comes and +the first thing we have looked at is um + + align:start position:0% +the first thing we have looked at is um + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing we have looked at is um +the temperature effect so only a + + align:start position:0% +the temperature effect so only a + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature effect so only a +representative figure is shown here so + + align:start position:0% +representative figure is shown here so + + + align:start position:0% +representative figure is shown here so +as you learned in the class uh if we + + align:start position:0% +as you learned in the class uh if we + + + align:start position:0% +as you learned in the class uh if we +increase the temperature from um 250 to + + align:start position:0% +increase the temperature from um 250 to + + + align:start position:0% +increase the temperature from um 250 to +350 the efficiency and the open circuit + + align:start position:0% +350 the efficiency and the open circuit + + + align:start position:0% +350 the efficiency and the open circuit +voltage is decreasing and this is uh + + align:start position:0% +voltage is decreasing and this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +voltage is decreasing and this is uh +kind of expected because + + align:start position:0% +kind of expected because + + + align:start position:0% +kind of expected because +uh uh decreasing so uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh decreasing so uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh decreasing so uh +uh uh we can explain the reduction of + + align:start position:0% +uh uh we can explain the reduction of + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh we can explain the reduction of +open circuit voltage by yeah so if we + + align:start position:0% +open circuit voltage by yeah so if we + + + align:start position:0% +open circuit voltage by yeah so if we +increase the temperature the electrons + + align:start position:0% +increase the temperature the electrons + + + align:start position:0% +increase the temperature the electrons +gets um easier to excite to the + + align:start position:0% +gets um easier to excite to the + + + align:start position:0% +gets um easier to excite to the +conduction band so the if effective band + + align:start position:0% +conduction band so the if effective band + + + align:start position:0% +conduction band so the if effective band +Gap is actually decreasing and also we + + align:start position:0% +Gap is actually decreasing and also we + + + align:start position:0% +Gap is actually decreasing and also we +didn't show the short circuit current + + align:start position:0% +didn't show the short circuit current + + + align:start position:0% +didn't show the short circuit current +data here but uh there is a slight + + align:start position:0% +data here but uh there is a slight + + + align:start position:0% +data here but uh there is a slight +increase of short circuit current and + + align:start position:0% +increase of short circuit current and + + + align:start position:0% +increase of short circuit current and +this could be also explained by the same + + align:start position:0% +this could be also explained by the same + + + align:start position:0% +this could be also explained by the same +thing like the it's easier get excited + + align:start position:0% +thing like the it's easier get excited + + + align:start position:0% +thing like the it's easier get excited +to the conduction band and the second + + align:start position:0% +to the conduction band and the second + + + align:start position:0% +to the conduction band and the second +thing we have looked at is layer + + align:start position:0% +thing we have looked at is layer + + + align:start position:0% +thing we have looked at is layer +thickness and also here the only um a + + align:start position:0% +thickness and also here the only um a + + + align:start position:0% +thickness and also here the only um a +representative figure is shown here so + + align:start position:0% +representative figure is shown here so + + + align:start position:0% +representative figure is shown here so +if we increase the thickness from 0 to + + align:start position:0% +if we increase the thickness from 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +if we increase the thickness from 0 to +th000 uh for the donor material the + + align:start position:0% +th000 uh for the donor material the + + + align:start position:0% +th000 uh for the donor material the +efficiency and the short circuit current + + align:start position:0% +efficiency and the short circuit current + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency and the short circuit current +is initially going up and at a certain + + align:start position:0% +is initially going up and at a certain + + + align:start position:0% +is initially going up and at a certain +point um the efficiency JSC is slowly + + align:start position:0% +point um the efficiency JSC is slowly + + + align:start position:0% +point um the efficiency JSC is slowly +going down and this is also expected + + align:start position:0% +going down and this is also expected + + + align:start position:0% +going down and this is also expected +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +um uh for the Observer material um when + + align:start position:0% +um uh for the Observer material um when + + + align:start position:0% +um uh for the Observer material um when +we first uh initially increase the layer + + align:start position:0% +we first uh initially increase the layer + + + align:start position:0% +we first uh initially increase the layer +thickness the um it gets more uh + + align:start position:0% +thickness the um it gets more uh + + + align:start position:0% +thickness the um it gets more uh +initially more light but at a certain + + align:start position:0% +initially more light but at a certain + + + align:start position:0% +initially more light but at a certain +point observing more light effect is + + align:start position:0% +point observing more light effect is + + + align:start position:0% +point observing more light effect is +already saturated so increased layer + + align:start position:0% +already saturated so increased layer + + + align:start position:0% +already saturated so increased layer +thickness just means the more distance + + align:start position:0% +thickness just means the more distance + + + align:start position:0% +thickness just means the more distance +to the electrodes however uh whereas for + + align:start position:0% +to the electrodes however uh whereas for + + + align:start position:0% +to the electrodes however uh whereas for +the acceptor material there is a no + + align:start position:0% +the acceptor material there is a no + + + align:start position:0% +the acceptor material there is a no +significant of effect of the layer + + align:start position:0% +significant of effect of the layer + + + align:start position:0% +significant of effect of the layer +thickness on the + + align:start position:0% +thickness on the + + + align:start position:0% +thickness on the +performances sorry can you help me with + + align:start position:0% +performances sorry can you help me with + + + align:start position:0% +performances sorry can you help me with +this graph which ones are I are the + + align:start position:0% +this graph which ones are I are the + + + align:start position:0% +this graph which ones are I are the +dotted lines the current yeah so um the + + align:start position:0% +dotted lines the current yeah so um the + + + align:start position:0% +dotted lines the current yeah so um the +solid line is efficiency and the dashit + + align:start position:0% +solid line is efficiency and the dashit + + + align:start position:0% +solid line is efficiency and the dashit +line is um + + align:start position:0% +line is um + + + align:start position:0% +line is um +Cent morning for scams in one years no U + + align:start position:0% +Cent morning for scams in one years no U + + + align:start position:0% +Cent morning for scams in one years no U +all the simulations done in + + align:start position:0% +all the simulations done in + + + align:start position:0% +all the simulations done in +SCS so I'm going to talk about how how + + align:start position:0% +SCS so I'm going to talk about how how + + + align:start position:0% +SCS so I'm going to talk about how how +you change the particle size you will + + align:start position:0% +you change the particle size you will + + + align:start position:0% +you change the particle size you will +change the band Gap and also change the + + align:start position:0% +change the band Gap and also change the + + + align:start position:0% +change the band Gap and also change the +result of the simulation so as you know + + align:start position:0% +result of the simulation so as you know + + + align:start position:0% +result of the simulation so as you know +uh change the particle size of the + + align:start position:0% +uh change the particle size of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh change the particle size of the +content dot will change the band gap of + + align:start position:0% +content dot will change the band gap of + + + align:start position:0% +content dot will change the band gap of +the material and this is very important + + align:start position:0% +the material and this is very important + + + align:start position:0% +the material and this is very important +for in organic organic solar cell from + + align:start position:0% +for in organic organic solar cell from + + + align:start position:0% +for in organic organic solar cell from +from the table above you can see when + + align:start position:0% +from the table above you can see when + + + align:start position:0% +from the table above you can see when +you change the lopi uh L of particle + + align:start position:0% +you change the lopi uh L of particle + + + align:start position:0% +you change the lopi uh L of particle +size from both material to 2.4 neter you + + align:start position:0% +size from both material to 2.4 neter you + + + align:start position:0% +size from both material to 2.4 neter you +can change a band Gap from 0.4 increased + + align:start position:0% +can change a band Gap from 0.4 increased + + + align:start position:0% +can change a band Gap from 0.4 increased +to the uh 2.1 so we will use this uh + + align:start position:0% +to the uh 2.1 so we will use this uh + + + align:start position:0% +to the uh 2.1 so we will use this uh +these numbers into the simulation tools + + align:start position:0% +these numbers into the simulation tools + + + align:start position:0% +these numbers into the simulation tools +to simulate the efficiency of two system + + align:start position:0% +to simulate the efficiency of two system + + + align:start position:0% +to simulate the efficiency of two system +the one is L Sufi zinc oxide the other + + align:start position:0% +the one is L Sufi zinc oxide the other + + + align:start position:0% +the one is L Sufi zinc oxide the other +one is zinc L Sufi titanium + + align:start position:0% +one is zinc L Sufi titanium + + + align:start position:0% +one is zinc L Sufi titanium +so you can see uh the the white dot on + + align:start position:0% +so you can see uh the the white dot on + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see uh the the white dot on +the figures that's that's mean + + align:start position:0% +the figures that's that's mean + + + align:start position:0% +the figures that's that's mean +efficiency the highest efficiency occur + + align:start position:0% +efficiency the highest efficiency occur + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency the highest efficiency occur +at the uh a band Gap is around 1.5 so + + align:start position:0% +at the uh a band Gap is around 1.5 so + + + align:start position:0% +at the uh a band Gap is around 1.5 so +that's mean the particle size is smaller + + align:start position:0% +that's mean the particle size is smaller + + + align:start position:0% +that's mean the particle size is smaller +than the B material so which is mean if + + align:start position:0% +than the B material so which is mean if + + + align:start position:0% +than the B material so which is mean if +you use smaller particle size with uh + + align:start position:0% +you use smaller particle size with uh + + + align:start position:0% +you use smaller particle size with uh +the higher band Gap you can you can get + + align:start position:0% +the higher band Gap you can you can get + + + align:start position:0% +the higher band Gap you can you can get +the higher efficiency because two + + align:start position:0% +the higher efficiency because two + + + align:start position:0% +the higher efficiency because two +reasons the first is your VC increase + + align:start position:0% +reasons the first is your VC increase + + + align:start position:0% +reasons the first is your VC increase +because your band Gap increase and the + + align:start position:0% +because your band Gap increase and the + + + align:start position:0% +because your band Gap increase and the +second is that your Fear Factor also + + align:start position:0% +second is that your Fear Factor also + + + align:start position:0% +second is that your Fear Factor also +increase in both + + align:start position:0% +increase in both + + + align:start position:0% +increase in both +systems so how is this simulation uh the + + align:start position:0% +systems so how is this simulation uh the + + + align:start position:0% +systems so how is this simulation uh the +accur accuracy of this simulation + + align:start position:0% +accur accuracy of this simulation + + + align:start position:0% +accur accuracy of this simulation +compared to a literature so we choose + + align:start position:0% +compared to a literature so we choose + + + align:start position:0% +compared to a literature so we choose +the less of a titanium system so we use + + align:start position:0% +the less of a titanium system so we use + + + align:start position:0% +the less of a titanium system so we use +the structure uh in the in the right + + align:start position:0% +the structure uh in the in the right + + + align:start position:0% +the structure uh in the in the right +above figures that is Titania Le sui and + + align:start position:0% +above figures that is Titania Le sui and + + + align:start position:0% +above figures that is Titania Le sui and +then the back contact is is gold and + + align:start position:0% +then the back contact is is gold and + + + align:start position:0% +then the back contact is is gold and +then the world record uh efficiency + + align:start position:0% +then the world record uh efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +then the world record uh efficiency +right now is around 5.1% so the the + + align:start position:0% +right now is around 5.1% so the the + + + align:start position:0% +right now is around 5.1% so the the +particle size of this literature use is + + align:start position:0% +particle size of this literature use is + + + align:start position:0% +particle size of this literature use is +five 5 + + align:start position:0% +five 5 + + + align:start position:0% +five 5 +nomer so five nomer in our in our + + align:start position:0% +nomer so five nomer in our in our + + + align:start position:0% +nomer so five nomer in our in our +simulation the result is around four to + + align:start position:0% +simulation the result is around four to + + + align:start position:0% +simulation the result is around four to +5% which is is very close to each other + + align:start position:0% +5% which is is very close to each other + + + align:start position:0% +5% which is is very close to each other +but our simulation result can help the + + align:start position:0% +but our simulation result can help the + + + align:start position:0% +but our simulation result can help the +future direction of of this of this + + align:start position:0% +future direction of of this of this + + + align:start position:0% +future direction of of this of this +research region because you can see the + + align:start position:0% +research region because you can see the + + + align:start position:0% +research region because you can see the +simulation result if you change the + + align:start position:0% +simulation result if you change the + + + align:start position:0% +simulation result if you change the +particle size to the lower uh to the + + align:start position:0% +particle size to the lower uh to the + + + align:start position:0% +particle size to the lower uh to the +smaller particle you can increase the + + align:start position:0% +smaller particle you can increase the + + + align:start position:0% +smaller particle you can increase the +efficiency to %. so that's how + + align:start position:0% +efficiency to %. so that's how + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency to %. so that's how +simulation can help the research so I + + align:start position:0% +simulation can help the research so I + + + align:start position:0% +simulation can help the research so I +will just pass + + align:start position:0% +will just pass + + + align:start position:0% +will just pass +to the sensitivity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +part and we also uh to determine the + + align:start position:0% +part and we also uh to determine the + + + align:start position:0% +part and we also uh to determine the +critical parameters which have influance + + align:start position:0% +critical parameters which have influance + + + align:start position:0% +critical parameters which have influance +that the performance of sorell we + + align:start position:0% +that the performance of sorell we + + + align:start position:0% +that the performance of sorell we +calculate calculated sensitivity + + align:start position:0% +calculate calculated sensitivity + + + align:start position:0% +calculate calculated sensitivity +sensitivities are calculated from uh + + align:start position:0% +sensitivities are calculated from uh + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivities are calculated from uh +change in infl efficience observed by + + align:start position:0% +change in infl efficience observed by + + + align:start position:0% +change in infl efficience observed by +varying uh parameters simulation + + align:start position:0% +varying uh parameters simulation + + + align:start position:0% +varying uh parameters simulation +parameters or material properties they + + align:start position:0% +parameters or material properties they + + + align:start position:0% +parameters or material properties they +were expressed uh in terms of uh in + + align:start position:0% +were expressed uh in terms of uh in + + + align:start position:0% +were expressed uh in terms of uh in +change 1% change of + + align:start position:0% +change 1% change of + + + align:start position:0% +change 1% change of +efficience in the parameter relative to + + align:start position:0% +efficience in the parameter relative to + + + align:start position:0% +efficience in the parameter relative to +basis value so as we can see we found + + align:start position:0% +basis value so as we can see we found + + + align:start position:0% +basis value so as we can see we found +four major parameters and the first two + + align:start position:0% +four major parameters and the first two + + + align:start position:0% +four major parameters and the first two +things are do know band gaps and + + align:start position:0% +things are do know band gaps and + + + align:start position:0% +things are do know band gaps and +electron affinity which are well known + + align:start position:0% +electron affinity which are well known + + + align:start position:0% +electron affinity which are well known +material properties and others are do + + align:start position:0% +material properties and others are do + + + align:start position:0% +material properties and others are do +know Ray and temperature which can be uh + + align:start position:0% +know Ray and temperature which can be uh + + + align:start position:0% +know Ray and temperature which can be uh +controlled well by experimentally so + + align:start position:0% +controlled well by experimentally so + + + align:start position:0% +controlled well by experimentally so +from this sensitivity analysis we + + align:start position:0% +from this sensitivity analysis we + + + align:start position:0% +from this sensitivity analysis we +strength in confidence of our + + align:start position:0% +strength in confidence of our + + + align:start position:0% +strength in confidence of our +simulations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so to conclude after doing all these + + align:start position:0% +so to conclude after doing all these + + + align:start position:0% +so to conclude after doing all these +simulations we found that the Des + + align:start position:0% +simulations we found that the Des + + + align:start position:0% +simulations we found that the Des +simulation softwares were useful tools + + align:start position:0% +simulation softwares were useful tools + + + align:start position:0% +simulation softwares were useful tools +to simulate efficiency Trends as opposed + + align:start position:0% +to simulate efficiency Trends as opposed + + + align:start position:0% +to simulate efficiency Trends as opposed +to absolute values of the performance + + align:start position:0% +to absolute values of the performance + + + align:start position:0% +to absolute values of the performance +parameters uh which remain challenging + + align:start position:0% +parameters uh which remain challenging + + + align:start position:0% +parameters uh which remain challenging +to simulate especially for organic + + align:start position:0% +to simulate especially for organic + + + align:start position:0% +to simulate especially for organic +compounds uh however the Sensi + + align:start position:0% +compounds uh however the Sensi + + + align:start position:0% +compounds uh however the Sensi +sensitivity analysis uh was good to + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity analysis uh was good to + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity analysis uh was good to +validate that the most wellknown + + align:start position:0% +validate that the most wellknown + + + align:start position:0% +validate that the most wellknown +material properties seem to have the + + align:start position:0% +material properties seem to have the + + + align:start position:0% +material properties seem to have the +highest influence on the efficiency and + + align:start position:0% +highest influence on the efficiency and + + + align:start position:0% +highest influence on the efficiency and +we can us ually also control temperature + + align:start position:0% +we can us ually also control temperature + + + align:start position:0% +we can us ually also control temperature +and layer thickness which were also very + + align:start position:0% +and layer thickness which were also very + + + align:start position:0% +and layer thickness which were also very +very influent uh for the + + align:start position:0% +very influent uh for the + + + align:start position:0% +very influent uh for the +efficiency uh so this project was useful + + align:start position:0% +efficiency uh so this project was useful + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency uh so this project was useful +to collect a lot of material properties + + align:start position:0% +to collect a lot of material properties + + + align:start position:0% +to collect a lot of material properties +and we could potentially create a + + align:start position:0% +and we could potentially create a + + + align:start position:0% +and we could potentially create a +database of properties that could be + + align:start position:0% +database of properties that could be + + + align:start position:0% +database of properties that could be +useful for solar re research and this + + align:start position:0% +useful for solar re research and this + + + align:start position:0% +useful for solar re research and this +could be included in such in a project + + align:start position:0% +could be included in such in a project + + + align:start position:0% +could be included in such in a project +such as the materials project which + + align:start position:0% +such as the materials project which + + + align:start position:0% +such as the materials project which +incorporates lots of databases about + + align:start position:0% +incorporates lots of databases about + + + align:start position:0% +incorporates lots of databases about +materials for different applications and + + align:start position:0% +materials for different applications and + + + align:start position:0% +materials for different applications and +then if we could connect these material + + align:start position:0% +then if we could connect these material + + + align:start position:0% +then if we could connect these material +databases to to the simulation tools + + align:start position:0% +databases to to the simulation tools + + + align:start position:0% +databases to to the simulation tools +directly it would be good for a user who + + align:start position:0% +directly it would be good for a user who + + + align:start position:0% +directly it would be good for a user who +simply wants to uh input a pair of + + align:start position:0% +simply wants to uh input a pair of + + + align:start position:0% +simply wants to uh input a pair of +materials and then it could get the + + align:start position:0% +materials and then it could get the + + + align:start position:0% +materials and then it could get the +output um as performance parameters + + align:start position:0% +output um as performance parameters + + + align:start position:0% +output um as performance parameters +directly and finally we want to thank + + align:start position:0% +directly and finally we want to thank + + + align:start position:0% +directly and finally we want to thank +professor bonessi as well as the + + align:start position:0% +professor bonessi as well as the + + + align:start position:0% +professor bonessi as well as the +research groups from Gant University and + + align:start position:0% +research groups from Gant University and + + + align:start position:0% +research groups from Gant University and +from Pennsylvania State University for + + align:start position:0% +from Pennsylvania State University for + + + align:start position:0% +from Pennsylvania State University for +the use of their simulation softwares + + align:start position:0% +the use of their simulation softwares + + + align:start position:0% +the use of their simulation softwares +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you said you had a problem modeling The + + align:start position:0% +you said you had a problem modeling The + + + align:start position:0% +you said you had a problem modeling The +Junction + + align:start position:0% +Junction + + + align:start position:0% +Junction +gas because it's B Junction instead of B + + align:start position:0% +gas because it's B Junction instead of B + + + align:start position:0% +gas because it's B Junction instead of B +did you try just modeling like a single + + align:start position:0% +did you try just modeling like a single + + + align:start position:0% +did you try just modeling like a single +layer with properties that are a mixture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of yeah so + + align:start position:0% +of yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +of yeah so +uh yeah so actually uh uh uh we Tred to + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah so actually uh uh uh we Tred to + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah so actually uh uh uh we Tred to +do the B cutter Junction modeling as + + align:start position:0% +do the B cutter Junction modeling as + + + align:start position:0% +do the B cutter Junction modeling as +well but uh it is limited by the + + align:start position:0% +well but uh it is limited by the + + + align:start position:0% +well but uh it is limited by the +simulation uh capability so we can + + align:start position:0% +simulation uh capability so we can + + + align:start position:0% +simulation uh capability so we can +Define the + + align:start position:0% +Define the + + + align:start position:0% +Define the +layer uh yeah so we can Define uh + + align:start position:0% +layer uh yeah so we can Define uh + + + align:start position:0% +layer uh yeah so we can Define uh +several layers in here but + + align:start position:0% +several layers in here but + + + align:start position:0% +several layers in here but +um we show the software today + + align:start position:0% +um we show the software today + + + align:start position:0% +um we show the software today +uhhuh so we uh if we want to do the bar + + align:start position:0% +uhhuh so we uh if we want to do the bar + + + align:start position:0% +uhhuh so we uh if we want to do the bar +djunction uh we could do just put one + + align:start position:0% +djunction uh we could do just put one + + + align:start position:0% +djunction uh we could do just put one +layer with the effective effective + + align:start position:0% +layer with the effective effective + + + align:start position:0% +layer with the effective effective +material properties however the hard + + align:start position:0% +material properties however the hard + + + align:start position:0% +material properties however the hard +thing was uh we should set the band Gap + + align:start position:0% +thing was uh we should set the band Gap + + + align:start position:0% +thing was uh we should set the band Gap +actually in the uh parameter however we + + align:start position:0% +actually in the uh parameter however we + + + align:start position:0% +actually in the uh parameter however we +could not Define the band Gap cuz you + + align:start position:0% +could not Define the band Gap cuz you + + + align:start position:0% +could not Define the band Gap cuz you +know the even if it is just one layer it + + align:start position:0% +know the even if it is just one layer it + + + align:start position:0% +know the even if it is just one layer it +is mixed with two different layers so + + align:start position:0% +is mixed with two different layers so + + + align:start position:0% +is mixed with two different layers so +it's hard to Define band Gap so it will + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to Define band Gap so it will + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to Define band Gap so it will +up everything so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +couldn't your last slide made me think + + align:start position:0% +couldn't your last slide made me think + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't your last slide made me think +of uh some recent publicity from a group + + align:start position:0% +of uh some recent publicity from a group + + + align:start position:0% +of uh some recent publicity from a group +Harvard I think some guy trying to use + + align:start position:0% +Harvard I think some guy trying to use + + + align:start position:0% +Harvard I think some guy trying to use +the distribut Computing idea similar to + + align:start position:0% +the distribut Computing idea similar to + + + align:start position:0% +the distribut Computing idea similar to +folding at home or set at home wants + + align:start position:0% +folding at home or set at home wants + + + align:start position:0% +folding at home or set at home wants +people to download a screen saver and + + align:start position:0% +people to download a screen saver and + + + align:start position:0% +people to download a screen saver and +Screen thousands of different organic + + align:start position:0% +Screen thousands of different organic + + + align:start position:0% +Screen thousands of different organic +materials I think for + + align:start position:0% +materials I think for + + + align:start position:0% +materials I think for +photovoltaics do you know what software + + align:start position:0% +photovoltaics do you know what software + + + align:start position:0% +photovoltaics do you know what software +they use for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that custom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +software so can you guys go back to the + + align:start position:0% +software so can you guys go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +software so can you guys go back to the +you have an array of bar charts at some + + align:start position:0% +you have an array of bar charts at some + + + align:start position:0% +you have an array of bar charts at some +when you were comparing the different + + align:start position:0% +when you were comparing the different + + + align:start position:0% +when you were comparing the different +simulation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tools there you go \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/aR6X3OUAKkI.txt b/aR6X3OUAKkI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e37133bbb01eab302521407d22b0d8995cd73ca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/aR6X3OUAKkI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,238 @@ +Let's finish up by looking at two extended +examples. + +The scenario for both examples is the control +system for the International Space Station, + +which has to handle three recurring tasks: +supply ship guidance (SSG), gyroscope control + +(G), and cabin pressure (CP). + +For each device, the table shows us the time +between successive requests (the period), + +the service time for each request, and the +service deadline for each request. + +We'll first analyze the system assuming that +it's using a weak priority system. + +First question: What is the maximum service +time for the cabin pressure task that still + +allows all constraints to be met? + +Well, the SSG task has a maximum allowable +latency of 20 ms, i.e., it's service routine + +must start execution within 20 ms if it is +to meet its 25 ms deadline. + +The G task has a maximum allowable latency +of 10 ms if it's to meet its deadline. + +So no other handler can take longer than 10 +ms to run or the G task will miss its deadline. + +2. + +Give a weak priority ordering that meets the +constraints. + +Using the earliest deadline strategy discussed +earlier, the priority would be G with the + +highest priority, SSG with the middle priority, +and CP with the lowest priority. + +3. + +What fraction of time will the processor spend +idle? + +We need to compute the fraction of CPU cycles +needed to service the recurring requests for + +each task. + +SSG takes 5/30 = 16.67% of the CPU cycles. + +G takes 10/40 = 25% of the CPU cycles. + +And CP takes 10/100 = 10% of the CPU cycles. + +So servicing the task requests takes 51.67% +of the cycles, leaving 48.33% of the cycles + +unused. + +So the astronauts will be able to play Minecraft +in their spare time :) + +4. + +What is the worst-case delay for each task +until completion of its service routine? + +Each task might have to wait for the longest-running +lower-priority handler to complete plus the + +service times of any other higher-priority +tasks plus, of course, its own service time. + +SSG has the lowest priority, so it might have +to wait for CP and G to complete (a total + +of 20 ms), then add its own service time (5 +ms). + +So it's worst-case completion time is 25 ms +after the request. + +G might to wait for CP to complete (10 ms), +then add its own service time (10 ms) for + +a worst-case completion time of 20 ms. + +CP might have to wait for SSG to finish (5 +ms), then wait for G to run (10 ms), then + +add its own service time (10 ms) for a worst-case +completion time of 25 ms. + +Let's redo the problem, this timing assuming +a strong priority system where, as before, + +G has the highest priority, SSG the middle +priority, and CP the lowest priority. + +What is the maximum service time for CP that +still allows all constraints to be met? + +This calculation is different in a strong +priority system, since the service time of + +CP is no longer constrained by the maximum +allowable latency of the higher-priority tasks + +- +they'll simply preempt CP when they need to + +run! + +Instead we need to think about how much CPU +time will be used by the SSG and G tasks in + +the 100 ms interval between the CP request +and its deadline. + +In a 100 ms interval, there might be four +SSG requests (at times 0, 30, 60, and 90) + +and three G requests (at times 0, 40, and +80). + +Together these requests require a total of +50 ms to service. + +So the service time for CP can be up 50 ms +and still meet the 100 ms deadline. + +2. + +What fraction of the time will the processor +spend idle? + +Assuming a 50 ms service time for CP, it now +consumes 50% of the CPU. + +The other request loads are as before, so +91.67% of the CPU cycles will be spent servicing + +requests, leaving 8.33% of idle time. + +3. + +What is the worst-case completion time for +each task? + +The G task has the highest priority, so its +service routine runs immediately after the + +request is received and its worst-case completion +time is exactly its service time. + +In the 25 ms interval between an SSG request +and its deadline, there might be at most one + +G request that will preempt execution. + +So the worst-case completion time is one G +service time (10 ms) plus the SSG service + +time (5 ms). + +Finally, from the calculation for problem +1, we chose the service time for the CP task + +so that it will complete just at its deadline +of 100 ms, + +taking into account the service time for multiple +higher-priority requests. + +We covered a lot of ground in this lecture! + +We saw that the computation needed for user-mode +programs to interact with external devices + +was split into two parts. + +On the device-side, the OS handles device +interrupts and performs the task of moving + +data between kernel buffers and the device. + +On the application side, user-mode programs +access the information via SVC calls to the + +OS. + +We worried about how to handle SVC requests +that needed to wait for an I/O event before + +the request could be satisfied. + +Ultimately we came up with a sleep/wakeup +mechanism that suspends execution of the process + +until the some interrupt routine signals that +the needed information has arrived, + +causing the sleeping process to marked as +active. + +Then the SVC is retried the next time the +now active process is scheduled for execution. + +We discussed hard real-time constraints with +their latencies, service times and deadlines. + +Then we explored the implementation of interrupt +systems using both weak and strong priorities. + +Real-life computer systems usually implement +strong priorities and support a modest number + +of priority levels, +using a weak priority system to deal with + +multiple devices assigned to the same strong +priority level. + +This seems to work quite well in practice, +allowing the systems to meet the variety of + +real-time constraints imposed by their I/O +devices. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/awiBfhYl5mY.txt b/awiBfhYl5mY.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b4cd133d7a55315ca099b08592b06234e1624ca --- /dev/null +++ b/awiBfhYl5mY.txt @@ -0,0 +1,619 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today is the end of day four + + align:start position:0% +today is the end of day four + + + align:start position:0% +today is the end of day four +it's thursday + + align:start position:0% +it's thursday + + + align:start position:0% +it's thursday +today is the day that i'm feeling + + align:start position:0% +today is the day that i'm feeling + + + align:start position:0% +today is the day that i'm feeling +the class sort of + + align:start position:0% +the class sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the class sort of +catching up to my + + align:start position:0% +catching up to my + + + align:start position:0% +catching up to my +general well-being so today's the day + + align:start position:0% +general well-being so today's the day + + + align:start position:0% +general well-being so today's the day +that has made me empathize a lot with + + align:start position:0% +that has made me empathize a lot with + + + align:start position:0% +that has made me empathize a lot with +professors and it's made me think of how + + align:start position:0% +professors and it's made me think of how + + + align:start position:0% +professors and it's made me think of how +the entire infrastructure of + + align:start position:0% +the entire infrastructure of + + + align:start position:0% +the entire infrastructure of +teaching roles was created in the first + + align:start position:0% +teaching roles was created in the first + + + align:start position:0% +teaching roles was created in the first +place like + + align:start position:0% +place like + + + align:start position:0% +place like +it actually + + align:start position:0% +it actually + + + align:start position:0% +it actually +doesn't seem very intuitive to me to + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem very intuitive to me to + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't seem very intuitive to me to +to pair a researcher + + align:start position:0% +to pair a researcher + + + align:start position:0% +to pair a researcher +and an instructor and put it together in + + align:start position:0% +and an instructor and put it together in + + + align:start position:0% +and an instructor and put it together in +the same role because they're really + + align:start position:0% +the same role because they're really + + + align:start position:0% +the same role because they're really +different people i'm + + align:start position:0% +different people i'm + + + align:start position:0% +different people i'm +really sensing a lot of trepidation and + + align:start position:0% +really sensing a lot of trepidation and + + + align:start position:0% +really sensing a lot of trepidation and +hesitation in just trying creative ideas + + align:start position:0% +hesitation in just trying creative ideas + + + align:start position:0% +hesitation in just trying creative ideas +which i completely relate to but it's + + align:start position:0% +which i completely relate to but it's + + + align:start position:0% +which i completely relate to but it's +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +so incredibly striking to me + + align:start position:0% +so incredibly striking to me + + + align:start position:0% +so incredibly striking to me +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +everyone has this mentality and not just + + align:start position:0% +everyone has this mentality and not just + + + align:start position:0% +everyone has this mentality and not just +students in this class but every single + + align:start position:0% +students in this class but every single + + + align:start position:0% +students in this class but every single +student i've worked with for science out + + align:start position:0% +student i've worked with for science out + + + align:start position:0% +student i've worked with for science out +loud + + align:start position:0% +loud + + + align:start position:0% +loud +that you have to measure + + align:start position:0% +that you have to measure + + + align:start position:0% +that you have to measure +20 30 times before you cut once + + align:start position:0% +20 30 times before you cut once + + + align:start position:0% +20 30 times before you cut once +and that as long as you measure 20 30 + + align:start position:0% +and that as long as you measure 20 30 + + + align:start position:0% +and that as long as you measure 20 30 +times you only have to cut once but + + align:start position:0% +times you only have to cut once but + + + align:start position:0% +times you only have to cut once but +the the whole paradigm for this + + align:start position:0% +the the whole paradigm for this + + + align:start position:0% +the the whole paradigm for this +production process is almost the + + align:start position:0% +production process is almost the + + + align:start position:0% +production process is almost the +opposite you measure like three or four + + align:start position:0% +opposite you measure like three or four + + + align:start position:0% +opposite you measure like three or four +times and you cut 20 times you + + align:start position:0% +times and you cut 20 times you + + + align:start position:0% +times and you cut 20 times you +you write + + align:start position:0% +you write + + + align:start position:0% +you write +you come up with like five ideas and you + + align:start position:0% +you come up with like five ideas and you + + + align:start position:0% +you come up with like five ideas and you +write 20 scripts + + align:start position:0% +write 20 scripts + + + align:start position:0% +write 20 scripts +um and there's just this crippling + + align:start position:0% +um and there's just this crippling + + + align:start position:0% +um and there's just this crippling +hesitation this like + + align:start position:0% +hesitation this like + + + align:start position:0% +hesitation this like +overwhelming paralysis + + align:start position:0% +overwhelming paralysis + + + align:start position:0% +overwhelming paralysis +to just attempt to write a script + + align:start position:0% +to just attempt to write a script + + + align:start position:0% +to just attempt to write a script +that is so pervasive through every + + align:start position:0% +that is so pervasive through every + + + align:start position:0% +that is so pervasive through every +single student i've worked with + + align:start position:0% +single student i've worked with + + + align:start position:0% +single student i've worked with +including myself i'm also realizing that + + align:start position:0% +including myself i'm also realizing that + + + align:start position:0% +including myself i'm also realizing that +the thing that students need + + align:start position:0% +the thing that students need + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that students need +is concrete + + align:start position:0% +is concrete + + + align:start position:0% +is concrete +examples that + + align:start position:0% +examples that + + + align:start position:0% +examples that +people can recognize + + align:start position:0% +people can recognize + + + align:start position:0% +people can recognize +big concepts + + align:start position:0% +big concepts + + + align:start position:0% +big concepts +and not be able to implement them + + align:start position:0% +and not be able to implement them + + + align:start position:0% +and not be able to implement them +themselves successfully it takes a lot + + align:start position:0% +themselves successfully it takes a lot + + + align:start position:0% +themselves successfully it takes a lot +to become self-aware of your work + + align:start position:0% +to become self-aware of your work + + + align:start position:0% +to become self-aware of your work +essentially but i think today was good + + align:start position:0% +essentially but i think today was good + + + align:start position:0% +essentially but i think today was good +because it gave the students a chance to + + align:start position:0% +because it gave the students a chance to + + + align:start position:0% +because it gave the students a chance to +look at + + align:start position:0% +look at + + + align:start position:0% +look at +a script that was written in storyboard + + align:start position:0% +a script that was written in storyboard + + + align:start position:0% +a script that was written in storyboard +it and sort of unpack what about it + + align:start position:0% +it and sort of unpack what about it + + + align:start position:0% +it and sort of unpack what about it +worked and what didn't and sort of tie + + align:start position:0% +worked and what didn't and sort of tie + + + align:start position:0% +worked and what didn't and sort of tie +the bigger concepts that we've been + + align:start position:0% +the bigger concepts that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +the bigger concepts that we've been +talking about into a concrete example + + align:start position:0% +talking about into a concrete example + + + align:start position:0% +talking about into a concrete example +the next step that they need to make is + + align:start position:0% +the next step that they need to make is + + + align:start position:0% +the next step that they need to make is +being able to implement that into their + + align:start position:0% +being able to implement that into their + + + align:start position:0% +being able to implement that into their +own work + + align:start position:0% +own work + + + align:start position:0% +own work +so we have the concepts that we've + + align:start position:0% +so we have the concepts that we've + + + align:start position:0% +so we have the concepts that we've +established we give examples + + align:start position:0% +established we give examples + + + align:start position:0% +established we give examples +of what + + align:start position:0% +of what + + + align:start position:0% +of what +sort of fit into those concepts and what + + align:start position:0% +sort of fit into those concepts and what + + + align:start position:0% +sort of fit into those concepts and what +don't + + align:start position:0% +don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't +and then there needs to be a third level + + align:start position:0% +and then there needs to be a third level + + + align:start position:0% +and then there needs to be a third level +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +using their work + + align:start position:0% +using their work + + + align:start position:0% +using their work +specifically + + align:start position:0% +specifically + + + align:start position:0% +specifically +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +explain if their work fits into those + + align:start position:0% +explain if their work fits into those + + + align:start position:0% +explain if their work fits into those +concepts or not i feel like each day + + align:start position:0% +concepts or not i feel like each day + + + align:start position:0% +concepts or not i feel like each day +goes by so quickly but it's like a + + align:start position:0% +goes by so quickly but it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +goes by so quickly but it's like a +massive amount of time \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dEXo0QyA-Rs.txt b/dEXo0QyA-Rs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc1017aa2f1ac8fcd30eebfff6603bbae33fe748 --- /dev/null +++ b/dEXo0QyA-Rs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3227 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So I'll be sitting +down here and showing you + +a whole lot of really +cool videos on YouTube, + +and battlecode players that +I have programmed especially + +for tonight. + +So here we go. + +What's the point here? + +The point here is to talk +about the things that + +have been done before in swarm, +and thinking about swarm. + +So let's go straight +to a YouTube video + +and look at this animation. + +So you can see here, there +will be these birds that + +are following the green blob, +and they avoid the red blob. + +And what they're trying to do is +match one another's direction, + +try to get a certain distance +from the other birds, + +and try to avoid obstacles. + +And so you can see +how the combination + +of a few simple rules can +create a behavior that's + +sort of complicated looking, +or a behavior that's + +somewhat fluid. + +Whereas if you +had manually tried + +to get them all to go +in the same direction, + +it might have looked +somewhat more rigid. + +And it might not have +been able to handle things + +like obstacles. + +So let's look at another video +of how this is done in nature. + +Now, this is a massive +number of birds. + +I think in the video description +it says this is 300,000 birds. + +Wow. + +And it's so pretty how it +undulates and smushes around. + +Here's another view +of the same thing. + +I think they'll all take +off in the distance. + +Look at how pretty that is. + +And the all sort of do it +once, but there's certainly + +nobody in control. + +What a pretty-- ah, you've got +to love pictures of nature, + +in the evening, +in a lecture hall. + +We're about as far from +nature as people can get. + +My goodness. + +Ah, that's so pleasing. + +When are they going +to show the birds? + +I'm referring to the birds +that aren't in the water. + +The birds in the air, yeah. + +So what we want to +do today is just + +talk about the things +that are recognized + +as elements of swarm behavior. + +And then we'll +show how our robots + +can do much better than the +enemy robots if we do it right. + +Look at this. + +It's almost like two separate +swarms in certain areas. + +And it's an interesting +problem to say, at what point + +is it possible to +split into two swarms? + +Because maybe one of them +got too far from the other, + +or maybe it's just +too gosh darn big. + +Or maybe one half of them +are Democrats, the other half + +Republicans. + +There are a lot of +reasons that they + +might want to split into parts. + +So we'll talk about that too. + +Next, we'll talk about crowds. + +I mean, this is a thing +that you deal with every day + +when you go to eat +battlecode lecture dinner. + +You come up here, and there's +people trying to get to food. + +And I guess the food is there. + +No, this is a bad example, +because these guys are just + +going to walk +through one another. + +And the goal is trying +to get them to anticipate + +who isn't going to be in +the way, and to form lanes. + +That was the problem that these +guys were trying to address. + +And I guess nowadays +it's becoming + +popular to post your +thesis material online + +and to animate it in 3D. + +I don't see why this +is animated in 3D. + +You could just +show the same thing + +with a two dimensional map. + +Now here you're going +to see ripples form. + +And that's the expectation path. + +And so a small perturbation +in the position of someone + +is amplified into +like avoid this lane. + +And here he shows it +again with some lines. + +He does it with more people, +because every computer + +scientist knows that more +is better, especially + +when it comes to simulations. + +And so he shows a bunch of +them, and how these guys + +are going up, those guys +are going down there. + +And they sort of +make this vortex. + +And I think-- oh, yeah. + +I remember. + +This is really silly. + +The end of this +video, you're not + +going to see it coming at all. + +You're thinking, all right, +where can he go from here? + +He can show-- so +there's their model, + +and there's some +alternative models + +showing that their model is +a lot better because people + +aren't bunching up. + +So there's these high ES low +and high distance models. + +Which basically, the guys are +just avoiding one another. + +But in their model, they're +sort of creating a density + +field for an expected position. + +I think this is supposed +to be simulating armies. + +I guess they want a job +at Pixar or whatever. + +And so they just sort +of put this one in here, + +like oh, look at how +realistic your armies will + +look if people at the back +move 10 times as fast. + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: And then +another army is over here. + +Because just like I said, +these computer science people + +like nothing more than +to have a lot of things. + +I once saw a simulation. + +Oh, this was crazy. + +It was a simulation +of neutronics. + +So this is like +a college campus. + +I mean, you could really tell +where this guy's coming from. + +Movies, campus. + +And it's like people are +coming from certain doors + +and going to others. + +And I think the next shot he'll +show the paths of these people, + +showing that they're not bumping +into each other that much, + +and that they're kind +of straightish paths. + +Which is supposed to +be very impressive. + +But back to my +other story, I was + +watching a neutronics +simulation. + +And it had like 2 +billion particles in it + +that were all in a lattice. + +OK, I'm going to pause this +here when it gets to the city. + +I mean, my goodness. + +How more complete do you need? + +Once you've seen it, +you've kind of seen it. + +But anyway, this 2 billion +particle lattice, which took + +like 10 hours on a +giant supercomputer + +to do this simulation of +damage from radiation, + +from like high energy +particle radiation. + +And the final result of this +massive simulation that I saw, + +it was to show that this +one incoming particle had + +ricocheted in a couple of ways. + +And the diagram of +this final result + +from this giant +computation, which + +was like the very end +of his presentation, + +because for some +reason people don't + +like to show the graphics first. + +They like to tell you +all the words first. + +In any case, he +showed me this thing. + +And it's like a little +hook or something. + +It was really stupid looking. + +Oh, my goodness. + +Can't believe it. + +But no, this guy's +final result is + +going to be much more exciting. + +So he's got these +people, and he's + +like, well, this +isn't realistic. + +In a real city, there are cars. + +So you've got to only +walk on the crosswalks. + +And you've got to +avoid certain things. + +Maybe you form lanes of traffic +on these crosswalks kind + +of automatically. + +Oh, now he's getting more. + +He's like, OK, I've got +too much time on my hands. + +I better implement stop lights. + +But it's still not +that realistic, + +because what if people +get hit by cars? + +There are no cars to +hit people, or to almost + +hit them, or to +scare them and get + +them to jump out of the way. + +So now we've got a 3D flyover, +because the only thing + +cooler than having +a 3D environment + +is a slow pan and zoom. + +So that's what he's +sort of doing here. + +And he puts the cars in. + +Obviously, he has +excellent taste. + +All the cars are from 1970. + +And I guess there's jaywalking. + +Oh, right. + +This is like a chemical +evacuation or something, + +so all these people are +covered in yellow stuff. + +And they're running away. + +And that's supposed to be really +useful for planning evacuations + +and such. + +Yeah. + +And everybody else +is just like, OK, + +I'm going to worry about +that three, two, one, now. + +And then the other people +start running away, too. + +They have really +bad reaction time. + +And then this is like, people +are walking in the street, + +and how it's messing up traffic. + +And it's like, wow, +this traffic is + +almost as bad as New +York City traffic. + +Almost as bad. + +And then, I mean, +what else can this guy + +do after he's done +this many things? + +Well, the last thing +that he has is aliens. + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: So there you go. + +Just to show that +everybody likes + +to have a little bit of fun +with pathing and navigation. + +So let's talk a little +bit about the things + +that we saw in those videos. + +and how they apply +to battlecode. + +So there's a whole +question of centralized + +versus decentralized control. + +And in the ones that we saw, +they weren't centralized. + +So I'm going to +show you examples + +in battlecode of both of those. + +Now, those can have +impacts on whether there's + +a radio attack possible, +whether your strategy's going + +to be vulnerable to that. + +Whether it's like a +map dependent strategy, + +because maybe on a +centralized controller, + +it works really well +if it's a tiny map. + +But maybe if it's +a huge map, you've + +got to start having multiple +swarms that are independent. + +And talking about +distributing information + +is another thing +to worry about it. + +So let's consider that +in the boyds model, which + +is supposed to sound like birds +if you have a Brooklyn accent, + +they considered several aspects +for computing the next position + +for each actor in the swarm. + +The separation of each +one to its neighbors. + +The pushing together of each +one, which they call cohesion, + +because the smarter +you sound, the more + +Ph.D. Money and grant +money you can make. + +They talk about alignment +so that everybody's + +facing the same direction. + +Now, that's somewhat +different this year + +than it has been in +past battlecode years. + +And then I guess they don't +talk too much about it, + +but they considered the later +effects of group splitting + +and lane creation, +which we saw today. + +So let's see here. + +I showed some examples +of these things. + +Alignment this year +is worth noting + +that there used to be a method +where you could take the robot + +info and do dot direction. + +You could get the direction +of any robot that you can see. + +Now, in this year's battlecode, +there's no direction. + +So what are you going to do? + +So let's see here. + +You can get the distances +for separation and cohesion. + +I mean, these are +just a fancy way + +of just saying there's +like a spring between you + +and the others. + +And this one is just saying that +you're headed the right way. + +There's really almost +nothing complicated to it. + +And we're going to end up +seeing some pretty neat looking + +behavior from very simple rules. + +So yeah, let's talk +about how you're + +going to know that you're +facing the right direction. + +I mean, you could check +all the neighbors. + +Let's see here, face +the right direction. + +You could check +all the neighbors + +against all the other ones. + +So you'd be checking +to see if robot + +ID number 97 was from this +position, and then that one. + +And then you would try +to find where he was, + +and correlate that, +and get the direction. + +And then take an average for +all the robots that you can see. + +That would be really +computationally expensive. + +Another option is +to say, all right, + +take average of +all allied robots. + +Or all within a range. + +And then see how +that average moves. + +So that's like an +implicit direction + +for the group of allied robots. + +And then an individual +robot, by doing that, + +could see where all of them are. + +Another option is just +to radio broadcast + +so that somebody somewhere is +deciding what direction to go. + +Or maybe all of them vote on the +direction that they want to go, + +because maybe some of +them are close to enemies + +and other ones are +standing on mines. + +And maybe they want +to put it up to a vote + +so that they can +wait for 50 turns + +before finding out +which direction they're + +going to go, and end up going +in the wrong direction anyway. + +Or they could have a +recount, and anything. + +It could be really fun. + +You could do like a whole +political simulation. + +So here are some +considerations when + +you're talking about central +control versus the group mind. + +Where the central controller, +you'd need a leader. + +And so leaders have +to have elections, + +and they also can die, and +sometimes they get lost. + +So those are things to worry +about when you have a leader. + +That means that the +headquarters is a good choice. + +And so if you can do all of +your computations in one place, + +that's much more efficient. + +Imagine if you had +to-- every robot + +has all the same information. + +But if all of them +make the decisions, + +then they all have to +do a lot of thinking. + +And in this game, if you +use up 10,000 byte codes, + +each of those robots is going +to have twice the power upkeep. + +It's going to be +pretty significant. + +So you could have the leader +broadcast all kinds of things. + +And later on we're going to talk +about some more little details + +of what the leader can broadcast +besides just what direction + +you're going in that can really +save you a lot of trouble. + +If you have a group mind, +it's a little different. + +You can have a +better site range, + +which is to say that +in previous years + +you were limited to just +one robot site range. + +So having a group +mind sort of gave you + +more access to the +edges of your cloud. + +And you could also make +it so that the front guys + +are leading. + +Which would be really +useful so that you + +could have them be the +first ones to note. + +This year it's not so important. + +But in like a real flock +of birds or something + +you might develop after +this, it would be. + +You can also broadcast of the +enemy locations in a group + +mind. + +There's no reason why a group +mind can't use broadcast. + +It's just a question of whether +you expect to receive something + +from a single entity, +or whether you + +expect to integrate +a bunch of broadcasts + +from a lot of entities. + +Broadcasting is becoming +cheaper and cheaper + +now that the read cost has +been decreased from the 0.01 + +to 0.003. + +We've also increased +the number of channels + +in the latest release so +that your broadcasts are + +more secure against +radio attacks. + +At least those spanning attacks. + +It is worth mentioning +that you should + +be moving your channel somehow. + +Come up with your own algorithm +for shifting the channel + +that you're using. + +Something, for example, that +uses the clock round number + +so that you could always be +looking in a different place, + +and the enemy won't +locate which channels + +you're using on the radio. + +Which is to say, +which frequencies. + +So you might also want +some other features. + +So these boyds things with +their separation and such. + +What other features do you +want that aren't in boyds? + +So you might want +some in and out motion + +so that everybody takes a +uniform amount of damage. + +You might want some +cycling behavior. + +You might want to heal the weak +by going back to the med bays. + +You might want to apply +shields at shield generators. + +Those are encampments +that you could build. + +And you might want to make +sure that each robot knows + +the size of the pack. + +And if each one only has so +much information, especially + +about the enemy, then they +need to be able to get around. + +I mean, this year it's not +so much of a problem again. + +So let's see here. + +There's sort of an +interesting trade + +off here when you think +about the density of a group. + +But we're doing too much +talking and not enough watching. + +Let's watch an example. + +So I have some players here. + +And swarm one, I'm just going +to pick any old map here. + +Let's go to chunky. + +Chunky is a map I made which has +just these big chunks of mines. + +So here you can see, I've +got my swarm one player. + +It's very simple. + +It's quite close to the other +players that I showed you. + +It's not that exciting, +because the robots are just + +sort of-- they rush +at one another. + +They come together +in the middle. + +They go toward one another. + +There's not that much +swarm-like behavior. + +And when they come +together, they're + +not really doing anything +that intelligent. + +Like at this +moment, neither side + +is really being that smart +about what to do with the other. + +Here I'm going to do it +slightly differently. + +I'm going to have the robots, +instead of just choosing + +a rally point at random at the +very beginning of the game, + +and having each robot +compute it individually, here + +in swarm one, I'm +going to show how + +in swarm two, +which is this code, + +we've included the ability +for the headquarters + +to tell the robots where to go. + +So you could see-- +let's see here, + +let's change the +font size so that you + +can see what I'm saying and +follow along in the code. + +Font 16, OK. + +The headquarter code here is +what the headquarters is doing. + +So it does some +spawning soldiers. + +And I've got a nice +code documentation here. + +And it moves the +rally point from time + +to time, which is to say that +at round greater than 500, + +it just sets the rally point to +the enemy headquarter location. + +And it messages allies +about where to go. + +So first it gets the +channel from my function + +called getChannel. + +And when I do that, I +say that if I'm team b, + +I'm going to have +this multiplier. + +If I'm team a, I'm going +to have this multiplier. + +So that when I +calculate the channel, + +I do the clock round number +times the multiplier, + +modulo the game constants, +broadcast max channels. + +So that means that the channel +that I'm broadcasting on + +is continually rotating, +but because it's just + +based on my team and the +clock round number, that + +means that every robot can +still read off that channel. + +Still knows where to +look for that channel. + +And rotating frequencies is +actually a common practice + +in modern military +communications. + +After all, it might not +have occurred to you + +that in the modern military, +they don't just flip open + +their cell phones and then +say, hey General Saxony, + +do you want to sort +of attack tonight? + +And the general +goes, yeah, maybe. + +I might. + +I'm not sure. + +Maybe I'll send you an email. + +They often use +radio, because it's + +there's not internet +connection out there + +in the middle of nowhere. + +And they have these +rotating radio frequencies. + +So yeah, that's a good +thing that you'll have. + +So once you've got the channel, +you need to have a message. + +So here I've written +the message builder + +that converts a map +location to an integer. + +So you can see +that function here. + +All I do is I multiply +the x value by 1,000 + +and I add the y value. + +So then both x and y +values are included. + +Finally, on that +unpacking side, I + +use this function to +turn the integer back + +into a map location. + +It makes life easier. + +So then at the robot side, +you can see the result. + +So we're going to show +swarm one versus swarm two. + +Swarm two has two advantages. + +So here swarm two is in blue. + +And swarm two has two +advantages, the first of which + +is that it receives the +messages from the headquarters. + +So it'll go attack at +round 500, rather than + +the round that these guys are +attacking, which is round 200. + +So I guess it has sort +of an advantage there. + +And second advantage is, it +doesn't defuse mines in combat. + +Some of you may be +familiar with World + +of Warcraft or those type games. + +Defusing mines in combat +is like looting in combat. + +It's definitely a no-no. + +You don't want to-- that's +not how to be a team player. + +You could see the result is +that just because you aren't + +defusing mines in combat +where the other team was, + +you end up with almost +your whole army remaining. + +What a huge difference. + +And then quickly +at round 500, you + +can see that these guys are +successfully receiving a goal. + +And here in size +0.001 font, you can + +see that it knows +its current location. + +And it has a goal +location which has + +been broadcast from this guy. + +So there you can see +a little example, + +but that's not as +exciting as it might be. + +Let's consider adding +some distance tolerance + +in go to location. + +So let's do that so that +when they go to a location, + +they don't just keep +bobbling around in there. + +So that they can actually +start to get work done. + +So here, they're +going to location. + +And then they just calm down. + +And they take their +spot, and they sit there. + +Really nice. + +And if they're on +a certain tile, + +I even have they lay a mine. + +So this is a neato +thing that I thought + +of is if you lay mines not +in a fully dense pattern, + +then when the enemy attacks, +you have the opportunity + +to sort of whittle them down. + +Because you might +have this situation. + +It's kind of hard +to see on this map. + +I might take a screenshot +and then work on it. + +So let's say that we've +got these mines here, + +and that we intend to use +them in a really clever way. + +Yeah. + +So let's go here. + +Super leet. + +Super leet. + +So maybe the enemy +is coming this way. + +Now, if they come +here, they can either + +start to defuse the +mines, and they'll + +be just waiting on that corner, +or they can infiltrate inside. + +Because it doesn't really +present a giant obstacle + +to them. + +And once they're +in here, I'm going + +to have a big advantage +because I can confront them + +with a lot more area. + +Because they're all +so sparsely laid out. + +So I think this will +work really well. + +And if they want +to retreat, there's + +definitely no way that's +going to work for them. + +Because they can't do any real +cycling in this configuration. + +I think it's going to +totally mess them up. + +So here in this one, I've got +these guys who are cleverly + +not-- they're not going +to defuse mines in combat. + +And they'll even sort of back +up and fight over the mines. + +So here they're backing +up to the mines. + +And they're trying to bring +the fight back to home. + +Let's show it with swarm +one versus swarm three, + +because then they won't +both have that part. + +Oh, wait. + +That was pretty one-sided. + +Right. + +So this is something +that happens. + +So here the enemy +is going to show up + +and I'm going to retreat +off the minefield. + +So then they're sort of +busy, and I come back. + +And then I retreat +a little bit more. + +And they sort of start +defusing and they + +think that's a good idea. + +And then I sort of go this +back and forth type motion. + +And that kind of thing +can help to string out + +the enemies in a line. + +Give me a little advantage. + +But even still, it's not +looking that much like swarming. + +Now, I want to make the point +that a lot of these maps + +are absolutely filled +with these neutral mines, + +especially to begin with. + +In this map. + +there's so many neutral +mines to get through. + +If you were really intelligent, +you could take this path. + +And I'll show an +example later of how + +you could write a player +that really efficiently paths + +through this space for +a whole mess of troops. + +So here I'm retreating +past my little minefield. + +And then I'm sort of +bopping on forward again. + +And he's sort of +poking the dragon here. + +He's making me irritated. + +And so then-- oh, I'm +just going to kill him. + +Hmm. + +But the killing him was less +effective than it might have + +been because a lot of my +guys got stuck back there. + +And they didn't know what +to do because I told them, + +please don't defuse +mines in combat. + +And it was like +combat because they + +were going to attack +the enemy headquarters. + +But nevertheless, +these guys got stuck. + +So what am I going to do? + +Well, here's an +alternative where + +you could say each guy has a +certain amount of patience. + +And if he's stuck in +one spot, then he's + +going to go ahead and defuse +those mines in combat. + +So here, once again, this +pulling back and going forward + +strategy is very effective +against an equally sized enemy. + +These minefields are a +wonderful defensive advantage + +that you should definitely use. + +So then here, when +these guys get annoyed, + +they can start digging through. + +And eventually, they'll make +it through to the other side. + +Which will be pretty +useful in that case. + +Let's do another example +versus basic player. + +I think this example +demonstrates that tunneling + +effect a little bit better. + +Now, basic player is building +all kinds of useful things, + +like suppliers and generators. + +And that's going to make +him especially powerful. + +So it's going to be-- +no, actually, I beat him. + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: So that's +a really good example. + +Let's move on, and I'm going +to try to beat swarm four. + +So swarm four was +like-- well, maybe + +I'll continue beating swarm one. + +What I'm going to +do is I'm going + +to use guided swarm, which +is a new player that I made. + +So this guided +swarm's really neat. + +This is a lot more like birds. + +And the guided swarm's goal, his +goal is to be a little bit more + +puffy. + +Yeah, that's him up there. + +Look at him. + +He's like all cloud like. + +And he's keeping it real. + +What a guy. + +So you can see here that the +guided swarm's kind of OK, + +but he's so spread out that +he doesn't do well in combat. + +What can we do to make +this guided swarm better? + +What can we do-- I think one +thing that works really well + +is to put him on a map +that's better for him. + +So I'm going to put +him on this one. + +Now he's a bit farther +away from the enemy. + +And my hope is that +he'll have time + +to produce enough +units that he'll + +start laying a big minefield. + +Yes, I think that will +help him out significantly. + +Oh, come on. + +Please lay that minefield. + +Please lay that minefield. + +Oh, he didn't have time +to lay the minefield. + +I think what I'll do is +I'll tell him to build + +the minefield just a +little bit earlier. + +I'm going to make +this-- right now + +I've got it-- ooh, don't let +me change the wrong code. + +It's so easy to do that. + +You think robot player got Java +is the code you're working on, + +and it is, but you're wrong. + +[LAUGHTER] + +So I was working on +guided swarm one, + +and I want the headquarters code +to start building these robots. + +Oh, yeah. + +I want him to research pickaxe. + +And once he's +researched pickaxe, + +I told him to tell the other +guys on channel plus 1. + +So here you can use your +get channel function + +and then add one, +and now you've got + +sort of a set of +channels you can use. + +So I want him to tell the others +to please start laying mines + +as soon as I have +the pickaxe upgrade. + +All right. + +So that's going to happen. + +I'll just make it at this +point, and hopefully that + +will give him enough +time to do it. + +Yeah. + +So now he's going to +build fewer allied units + +before he starts researching. + +Gosh, this is a tiny map. + +If you can see this accurately, +you don't need glasses. + +Yes, that's probably true. + +Ah, right. + +So they started laying mines. + +And look at that pattern. + +Look at the pattern they used. + +Oh, my goodness. + +They must be somewhat skilled. + +Can't believe that. + +Ah, ooh. + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: But +you see the point. + +The point that I made was +that I found a really neat way + +to make them lay mines +in the right pattern. + +Now, maybe you can't +really see that well. + +So I'm going to open up +good fashioned Mathematica. + +Not that. + +Good old fashioned-- not that. + +Good old fashioned-- +there we go. + +Mathematica. + +So you can see that this +arrangement, this disposition + +of mine positions, which is +like over one, up two-- I've + +got to zoom in a little bit. + +Yeah, if you go over one, +up two, over one, up two, + +this arrangement is going +to totally fill space. + +So this is where I've colored +all the adjacent ones in. + +And this is going to mean +that if you lay mines + +at these centers, and you +have the pickaxe upgrade, + +then you will be +fully tiling space. + +Really useful. + +And here I'm going to +give away the trick. + +You'll be on the right spot +if mod of 2 plus your x val, + +plus 1 times your +y val equals zero. + +If mod, this number 5-- see +if I change this to like a 7, + +then the whole pattern changes. + +And you can investigate +different patterns + +by playing around with it. + +And these patterns may +have different effects, + +depending on your upgrades and +the positioning of your mines. + +And it made me get +kind of a neat idea. + +So this is fully dense. + +And you could do partly +dense, which is really simple. + +You could just do mod i plus j, +where i and j are your x and y + +values. + +You just do mod 2. + +And if that mod 2 is +equal to 1, then that'll + +get you every other tile. + +So no matter where +you are on the map, + +you don't have to start +comparing to your allied tile + +locations. + +You don't have to start +doing a whole bunch of really + +complicated operations. + +Just say, if my robot +is on this nice tile, + +then go ahead and lay a mine. + +Really nice. + +And here's an +interesting alternative. + +So this one I slightly farther +spaced apart than the one + +above. + +This is sort of like knights in +chess, where they can move up + +and up and up, or they can +move over and over and over. + +Well here, I've gone and done +it a little bit farther apart. + +And the result is this +neato looking structure. + +So it's like the +one we did before, + +where we had only done +a checkerboard pattern. + +Only now, we have a +lot fewer mines to lay, + +and we still get sort of +this interpenetrated mix. + +This can be really useful +for fooling the enemy team. + +The formula for this +system is 3x plus 1y. + +And as long as you +mod that with 8, + +you'll get the answer +you're looking for. + +Now, this is sort of +an interesting system. + +If I change this to 1, +and I change this to 5, + +I get the same result +but sort of mirror image. + +Just playing around with +this kind of problem + +can be quite enlightening +if you're not + +the kind of person who instantly +sees how these systems work. + +So let's do some +summaries, and then + +at the end of the +summaries, I'm going + +to show you a really +awesome player. + +A really amazing version +of this thing that + +has the headquarters +telling it where to go. + +So this is going to be at +the very end of lecture, + +I'm going to show you. + +It's the same as +this player that + +just lost this match, +this one up here, + +only instead of being dumb +when the enemy arrives, + +it's going to be smart +about where it puts itself + +with respect to the enemy. + +Which is to say that +it's going to avoid + +the enemy unless the +number of nearby allies + +is a really high number. + +And at the same time, +the central headquarters + +is going to tell it +to capture encampments + +and to build suppliers +and generators on them. + +So you're going to start +to have a player that, + +just from few little pieces, +is starting to do everything + +it needs to do to +start winning matches. + +So I'll show that +at the very end + +after I summarize some +of things that I've done, + +and some of the things that +I think you ought to try out. + +Because I can put +this code together + +in a certain amount +of time, but I + +can't try every +possible combination. + +So let's go straight +on over to here, + +and I want to just talk +about two categories. + +Let's talk about the shape +of your system, which + +is to say the cloud. + +Let's talk about how +you achieve the shape. + +And you can achieve it +either using a headquarters, + +and I'll talk about +all the amazing things + +that you can have +the headquarter tell + +the group that you might +not have thought of. + +And you can achieve it +using this group mind. + +So let's do the +group mind first, + +where you could +check the neighbors + +and go to the area +with the fewest. + +I sent around some code. + +I don't know how +many of you used it. + +And it looked like this. + +Let me show you my lecture +three robot player release. + +It's not incredibly good code, +but you can see the point. + +So when these guys get +close to one another, + +each one has this list. + +And this list shows the +number of adjacent enemy + +and allied units. + +So that list is +absolutely gosh darn tiny. + +So I'm going to go ahead and +do a fancy way of zooming in. + +Oh, my goodness. + +That's even less legible. + +That says 22, 21, 2, +0, 0, 1, 12, 23, me 12. + +So me 12 means that I +have two allies adjacent + +and one enemy adjacent. + +And adjacent this number, these +are eight different numbers + +indicating north, +northeast, east, southeast, + +and so on, around +the clock directions. + +Although not with +12, but with eight. + +Yeah. + +And it has this many enemies +and this many allies. + +And so I've written the code +for you that will do this. + +And so the robot +can sort of start + +to make decisions about +who is adjacent to it. + +All you've got to +do is start sorting + +how good it is to be next +to allies or enemies. + +Like maybe it's +really good to be + +next to a lot of allies +and very few enemies. + +Otherwise you want to +be close to few allies + +so that you spread out. + +There are a lot of things +that you can build on that. + +So that's why I +included that code. + +So you could check neighbors and +go to the area with the fewest. + +You could compare to +neighbor repulsion. + +So the repulsion is accomplished +in the following way. + +So I've written this code +here in guided swarm. + +And here's where you are +repelling from the enemies. + +So it isn't just +one way of doing it. + +A lot of ways of doing it. + +But I've called this +function freeGo, + +and it lets you +sort of freely float + +among your various +alternatives of places to go. + +What it does is it says, +all right, here I'm + +starting at my location. + +I'll get a direction +to the target location, + +which is like the waypoint. + +And now I'm going to +apply a target weight, + +because maybe I really want +to get there if I'm far away. + +But if I'm kind of close, +I don't really care. + +So now I have this function +called target weight, where + +if my distance squared +is greater than 100, + +I'll call the weighting 5. + +If my distance squared +is greater than 9, + +I'll call the weighting 2. + +And if I'm really close, then +I'll call the weighting 1. + +So that's sort of giving me +this spring-like behavior + +to get to where I want to go. + +And it's going to give +me this gassy behavior. + +So what I'll do is I'll +make a goal location, which + +is not the same as the target. + +So that goal location, I'm +going to just add to my location + +this direction to the target. + +So let's do it on Paint +to give an example. + +Because saying words is not +always incredibly clear. + +So here's me. + +Here's my waypoint. + +And maybe here is +the closest ally. + +So what I'm going to do is I'm +going to repel from the ally, + +and I'm going to +attract to the waypoint. + +Which means I'm going to end +up having a bunch of guys that + +are having competing +requirements. + +Competing requirements +is like everything + +in these kinds of +dynamic systems. + +Because in the end, +you'll want to expect + +them to find a balance between +these competing things. + +Because frankly, they want to +do things that are inconsistent. + +They want to be at +the waypoint, but they + +don't want to be next +to their friends. + +So that automatically means +that they can't be satisfied, + +like a lot of people I know. + +So you could see here +the repulsion term. + +So if there are allies, then +it will locate the closest ally + +using this function +that I wrote. + +Very simple. + +And then it will add to the +goal location negative 3 + +of the direction to +the closest ally. + +so what the heck does that mean? + +That's just saying repel. + +So my goal location +started here. + +And then I moved it toward +the waypoint some amount. + +And it would be more +or less, depending + +on where the waypoint +was with respect to me. + +And now I'm going to take +the ally direction, which + +is this direction, and I'm going +to subtract that from this. + +So now I'm going +away from the ally + +and toward the waypoint, +which gets me this x. + +So in the final analysis, +this is my new goal location, + +which is the sum of a bunch +of weighted added directions. + +And now I'm going to +go that way, which + +is going to get me both +toward the waypoint + +and away from my ally. + +I mean, on a grid, +this direction + +may have been quite +close to or the same as + +the direction directly +to the waypoint. + +But when you keep +doing it over and over, + +those little edge cases where +a small difference makes you + +go one way or the other +start to become significant. + +And so you can do it just +simply like this, where you only + +care about where the +ally that's closest is. + +And you only care +about the weighting + +of where you're going. + +But wait just a second. + +There are so many things +you can add to it, + +and that I did add when I +wrote my guided swarm two, + +which is going to +end the lecture. + +So let's do all the things +that you can repel or attract. + +There's enemies. + +And you repel or attract to them +based on how many there are. + +There's mines . + +And if they're +yours, do you want + +to be right next to your mines? + +Do you want to be behind them? + +Do you want to be sort +of in a clump of them? + +Do want to keep +laying mi-- I mean, + +if you're in a +laying mines mode, + +then you don't really +want to stand on a mine, + +because then you can't lay one. + +You're on one already. + +So [INAUDIBLE] on +your current goals. + +So you could imagine +making the following-- + +this would be so cool. + +Somebody in this room +needs to do this. + +I was going to do it for +today but ran out of time. + +You do the following. + +So here's what always +happens when I write players, + +is I've got a center, +and people start + +laying mines around the center. + +I think you saw +this today, where + +they were laying these mines. + +And the mines reached +a certain amount, + +and the robots were +only out to here. + +And so that was it. + +I didn't get any more mines. + +But here's what you could do. + +You could say, have +the headquarters, + +which might be, say, down here. + +Have it say, if-- let's do this. + +Oh, my goodness. + +Watch this. + +Oh, uh, uh. + +It's going to work. + +It's going to work. + +Headquarters. + +If there are a lot of mines +near the rally point-- and it + +can do this very easily. + +You know how to do it? + +There's a really, +really handy function. + +Don't do the following. + +Here's years what you +were probably thinking. + +What you might have done is +sense all the allied mines, + +or whatever the function +name is, and then + +parse through that list +and find the ones that + +are close the waypoint. + +You don't have to do that. + +You don't have to +do that at all. + +You can see here in the +documentation under Robot + +Controller, there's a +method that really helps. + +There's +senseMineLocations and it + +will let you specify a +center, a radius, and a team. + +So let's put that on here. + +So you definitely +want to be using this + +so that all you've got to +do is have the headquarters. + +And why would you +use the headquarters? + +Just so that it doesn't have +to be done again and again. + +So the headquarters is going +say, how many mines are there + +when this x is the center, and +I'm looking within some radius? + +And you could just expand +the radius turn by turn + +to see how many mines there +are until it starts to drop Off + +or you could just like +set it at a given radius, + +or the previous radius. + +So yeah. + +Let's do it that way. + +And you would say, how many of +my mines are in this circle? + +And so you'd say, if there +are full mines in the circle-- + +and you can do that pretty +easily because the circle is + +defined by a radius +squared, right? + +So expected mines is +like pi r squared, right? + +That's a number of tiles. + +But r squared we already +have, and pi as an integer + +is equal to 3. + +And so we can just say the +number of expected mines + +equals 3 times the +radius squared. + +And so that's also nice, because +it's a little bit less than pi. + +And so if you're like mostly +filled of mines in that circle, + +then-- so if the +detected mines is + +greater than or equal to +expected mines in a full area, + +then expand the mine radius. + +And you might say, well, wait. + +How am I expanding +the mine radius? + +Well, here you go. + +Here you go. + +Right now, the function +looks like this + +for the repulsion +and attraction. + +It looks like the following. + +Oh, I'm going to use this. + +Yeah. + +Like that. + +So if this is the +distance x from center, + +and this is the +repulsive force-- + +or I think we were attracting. + +Yeah, we were attracting +to the center. + +The attractive force +was greater the farther + +you got from the center. + +But you could imagine-- +So that's going + +to push everybody +toward the middle. + +But you don't have to do that. + +You could just as easily +have the headquarters-- + +the headquarters could +be telling everybody + +by message systems +what this looks like. + +And they could +very well tell them + +to make it a little +bit more like this. + +So let's say that you already +put mines out to this range. + +So you've already put +mines here and you've + +detected them using +the headquarters. + +So now you want everybody +to show up here. + +Well, you could +very simply do that. + +All you've got to do is make +the forces look like this. + +Oh, is that right? + +No, we would want-- Yeah, yeah. + +Well, that's the energy. + +And the force is this. + +The attractive force is this. + +So this is exactly a spring. + +That's a spring from physics. + +And that will make them go +toward it if they are inside, + +because they will go opposite +the direction of this vector + +from the origin. + +And they'll make +it go away if they + +are in the other direction, +and you get the idea. + +So that's a pretty +neat idea, because you + +could have them +spread out in a circle + +and maintain that sort +of positional authority, + +as it were. + +Very, very cool. + +We are also going to talk +about some other awesome things + +the headquarter +can tell them, even + +though our mouths are watering. + +Check the neighbors, OK. + +We can avoid this. + +We can avoid mines. + +We can avoid the enemy. + +We can do those things. + +There's no more direction. + +We've talked about that. + +So now let's go +back a little bit + +and talk about how +the headquarters can + +help you achieve a given shape. + +The headquarters can signal +when the enemy has artillery. + +Now, how's the +headquarters going to know? + +Well, it could +receive the message + +from somebody else +that notices his hit + +points have dropped by 20 or 40. + +Or it could just +locate an artillery. + +Like if you actually +physically walk past one, + +then you could say there +is an artillery there. + +I should start repelling +my other units. + +They should start spreading +out, because if they are all + +clumped together, they're going +to take a lot more damage. + +They're going to take, instead +of 40 damage for just one hit, + +they're going to take eight +splash damage as well. + +And so that's going +to end up being + +an additional five times worse. + +Yeah. + +Well, it's going to +be four times worse. + +Five times as bad, as it were. + +That's definitely no good. + +So yeah, I mean, +that's how you're + +changing the shape of your +cloud using the communication + +that you're giving +from the headquarters + +or from somewhere else. + +So you could do that. + +You can say, when +the group-- and you + +could say like average +position-- has arrived + +at a waypoint, like at a +waypoint that the headquarters + +has specified, then +go to the next one. + +And right there you can start +to fill the whole map that way. + +Now, this is a +really crazy trick + +that I think is the bee's knees. + +And it's just going to make the +difference between amazing code + +and non-amazing code. + +So everybody is going to +have had this situation. + +And I've had this +situation for a long time, + +but I very rarely-- +in fact, I've + +never come up with a +solution until just recently. + +And it was the following. + +OK, so here's me. + +Here's me and here's the goal. + +OK I, want to go from +one to the other. + +And a lot of times +what happens is + +I've got a large +group of people, + +and they end up splatting. + +They just splat, and +then they trickle. + +Like this is a little thin +line of trickled units. + +And everybody else is +just splatting there, + +and they're really unhappy. + +Yeah, it's no good. + +I think this guy here +has gone to sleep. + +I mean, this guy +started to tunnel. + +And so he's like +mining in there. + +And then when these guys +arrived, he's like, I'm tired, + +I'm going on a workers strike. + +So I mean, it's just terrible. + +So here's an +alternative to that that + +may make the difference +between winning and losing. + +This may just become +the dominant strategy. + +I couldn't be more +infatuated with my idea. + +And it works like this. + +It works like this, +where I'd say, OK. + +I'm headquarters. + +I'm headquarters back here. + +And I'm telling them what to do. + +All I've got it do +is look here, here, + +and here, and I can use +the senseNeutralMines. + +I'll use the +senseNeutralMines, and I'll + +put these as the centers. + +One, two, three, four. + +OK, five. + +And these are the directions +that the whole swarm + +could move. + +And I'll say, OK, this has +seven mines and this has two. + +No, this isn't realistic. + +They all have zero. + +OK, they all have zero. + +Right? + +But then once I move down a +little bit-- come on Paint, + +come on Paint. + +Help me out here. + +OK. + +Now I moved down a +little bit, and now + +some directions really look bad. + +So what I can do is +tell the whole swarm + +to follow a waypoint set that +looks like a giant robot. + +Not like a gundam, no. + +Like one unit of robot. + +So the whole swarm +becomes one big thing + +that can all path +around the object, + +because I've down +sampled the terrain. + +This down sampling +idea can extend + +to full search and +pathing algorithms. + +So you'd split it up like this +or so, something like this. + +They can be overlapping +or non-overlapping + +down sample boxes. + +You can use blur +or other features + +as standard concepts +in computer science. + +So that you can +start to do pathing + +on a much simpler matrix. + +And this can get you to +your enemy like leagues + +faster than you +would otherwise get. + +And if you use a heuristic, +then it doesn't even matter. + +Let's say there's +like a few mines here. + +Well, maybe you'll just +barrel right on through. + +If you can just compare +to the amount of mines + +that you're going to +find here versus here, + +what better way to +make that comparison + +than to count mines in +a giant area like this? + +And these giant areas are going +to be so computationally simple + +for you to compute, because +it's just one function call. + +And I believe that function +call only costs you like $100. + +And by dollars, I +mean byte codes. + +So this has been a summary +of a bunch of types of swarm, + +but it hasn't been a +complete summary yet, has it? + +Because I told you I was going +to show you that amazing code + +that I wrote. + +And this time I may or may +not be being facetious. + +And that amazing code where +I've made this guided swarm two, + +and I'm going to play it +against a basic player on maybe + +a couple of maps. + +Basic player is not +horrible, I guess. + +I don't really know +how good or bad + +we are expecting to +claim that it is. + +But let's go ahead +and show this match. + +So here I've got +guided swarm in red. + +And he's starting +out by building + +a checkerboard pattern of mines. + +And what he's going to do is +when he encounters the enemy, + +he's sometimes going to just +rush straight at the enemy. + +Other times he's going to +sort of back up and then only + +fight at the right time. + +In this example, it looks +like he was destroy-- oh. + +Well, the enemy built artillery +right next to my base. + +It doesn't count. + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: OK, OK. + +This one, here I am +down in the bottom left. + +I'm going to get ready +to research pickaxe. + +I'm going to do it. + +And then when I +research pickaxe, + +their mining pattern +is going to change. + +They're going to +spread out, I think. + +Or maybe-- I might not +have implemented it. + +Well in any case, it's there. + +It sort of exists in my mind +that I'll do that sometime. + +So what I'll do is +when they arrive here, + +I'll totally mess them up. + +They're going to show up. + +I'll back them up +just a little bit. + +And then they're going +to be on my mines + +and they're going to have +nothing to say about it. + +They're going to just-- they're +going to-- oh, so there I go. + +There I go. + +I'm starting up to move out. + +I'm starting to +continue to build mines. + +And I'm going forward. + +I don't know that-- I think he +doesn't have really any robots. + +Yeah. + +Yeah, super effective. + +Oh my goodness. + +That was fantastic. + +I'm actually going +to do-- I wonder + +if it is working +as I was expecting. + +So in this one, +I'm going across. + +And when the enemy shows, +what I'm hoping is-- oop. + +It already ended. + +Yes. + +I'm hoping to sort of +back up just a little bit, + +and then take them on. + +No, it looks like I +just run straight in. + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: Well in any +case, I sort of spread out. + +I made this neat little pattern. + +I'm starting to take +these encampments. + +It's getting done. + +I'm doing it up. + +Making it happen. + +I take the other side. + +I take more encampments. + +And then I just sort of-- +because these are like, + +now I've got better +production than he has. + +I'm going to cast +these games this well + +when we have the finals. + +It's going to be great. + +I'm making more units. + +Oh, look at this. + +Do you see this like micro? + +I'm backing up a little +bit, letting them do it. + +I'm do some micro +here, making sure + +that I outnumber the +enemy before I go in. + +I'm not keeping it so +spread out as I was before. + +Some guys are doing some +important philosophy. + +[LAUGHTER] + +PROFESSOR: And those +philosophical results + +just very well may +make the difference + +between our salvation +as a species and not. + +Thank you very much for +attending this swarm lecture. + +Next lecture will +be about strategy. + +And I hope you enjoy +the Indian food. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dK55mOcHdAc.txt b/dK55mOcHdAc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe14f2d203718f373fb7ae450eab5645a6080c91 --- /dev/null +++ b/dK55mOcHdAc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3411 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license +your support will help MIT + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT + + + align:start position:0% +your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high + + + align:start position:0% +OpenCourseWare continue to offer high +quality educational resources for free + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free + + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu +let's do a bit of a discussion we've got + + align:start position:0% +let's do a bit of a discussion we've got + + + align:start position:0% +let's do a bit of a discussion we've got +about 20 minutes so these are the games + + align:start position:0% +about 20 minutes so these are the games + + + align:start position:0% +about 20 minutes so these are the games +that we just played and I just want to + + align:start position:0% +that we just played and I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +that we just played and I just want to +have a discussion again what are the + + align:start position:0% +have a discussion again what are the + + + align:start position:0% +have a discussion again what are the +mechanics in these games you know we've + + align:start position:0% +mechanics in these games you know we've + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics in these games you know we've +been talking especially I've gone to a + + align:start position:0% +been talking especially I've gone to a + + + align:start position:0% +been talking especially I've gone to a +lot of teams to ask about core mechanics + + align:start position:0% +lot of teams to ask about core mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +lot of teams to ask about core mechanics +because that's really the thing that + + align:start position:0% +because that's really the thing that + + + align:start position:0% +because that's really the thing that +you're gonna have to worry about for + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to worry about for + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna have to worry about for +assignment 1 when I talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +assignment 1 when I talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +assignment 1 when I talk a little bit +about mechanics in general again the + + align:start position:0% +about mechanics in general again the + + + align:start position:0% +about mechanics in general again the +definition that I want you to work with + + align:start position:0% +definition that I want you to work with + + + align:start position:0% +definition that I want you to work with +at least for assignment 1 is a set of + + align:start position:0% +at least for assignment 1 is a set of + + + align:start position:0% +at least for assignment 1 is a set of +rules could be more than one usually + + align:start position:0% +rules could be more than one usually + + + align:start position:0% +rules could be more than one usually +more than one that is going to allow a + + align:start position:0% +more than one that is going to allow a + + + align:start position:0% +more than one that is going to allow a +player to change game state now I never + + align:start position:0% +player to change game state now I never + + + align:start position:0% +player to change game state now I never +defin defined game state but anyone what + + align:start position:0% +defin defined game state but anyone what + + + align:start position:0% +defin defined game state but anyone what +I wanted like throughout the how you + + align:start position:0% +I wanted like throughout the how you + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted like throughout the how you +would interpret game state ok all right + + align:start position:0% +would interpret game state ok all right + + + align:start position:0% +would interpret game state ok all right +that's all all the information whether + + align:start position:0% +that's all all the information whether + + + align:start position:0% +that's all all the information whether +you know it or not you know that could + + align:start position:0% +you know it or not you know that could + + + align:start position:0% +you know it or not you know that could +be per game affecting other players it's + + align:start position:0% +be per game affecting other players it's + + + align:start position:0% +be per game affecting other players it's +like all the information of what what + + align:start position:0% +like all the information of what what + + + align:start position:0% +like all the information of what what +effect another day is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like the decisions are available to to + + align:start position:0% +like the decisions are available to to + + + align:start position:0% +like the decisions are available to to +them could be one way to introverted + + align:start position:0% +them could be one way to introverted + + + align:start position:0% +them could be one way to introverted +okay all right I thought I saw you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or whatever type of medium that you have + + align:start position:0% +or whatever type of medium that you have + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever type of medium that you have +to change + + align:start position:0% +to change + + + align:start position:0% +to change +right from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so so one way that I interpret that is + + align:start position:0% +so so one way that I interpret that is + + + align:start position:0% +so so one way that I interpret that is +that has to be a terrible it has to be + + align:start position:0% +that has to be a terrible it has to be + + + align:start position:0% +that has to be a terrible it has to be +something that isn't necessarily the + + align:start position:0% +something that isn't necessarily the + + + align:start position:0% +something that isn't necessarily the +same every single every single turn + + align:start position:0% +same every single every single turn + + + align:start position:0% +same every single every single turn +right you know it's like the board of + + align:start position:0% +right you know it's like the board of + + + align:start position:0% +right you know it's like the board of +the monopoly you love the layout open + + align:start position:0% +the monopoly you love the layout open + + + align:start position:0% +the monopoly you love the layout open +would not leave it board it's not what I + + align:start position:0% +would not leave it board it's not what I + + + align:start position:0% +would not leave it board it's not what I +would describe as something part of the + + align:start position:0% +would describe as something part of the + + + align:start position:0% +would describe as something part of the +game state because that never changes + + align:start position:0% +game state because that never changes + + + align:start position:0% +game state because that never changes +from taking turns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and they have each one of you send them + + align:start position:0% +and they have each one of you send them + + + align:start position:0% +and they have each one of you send them +mmm is the the minimum like stuff you + + align:start position:0% +mmm is the the minimum like stuff you + + + align:start position:0% +mmm is the the minimum like stuff you +need to tell them in order for them to + + align:start position:0% +need to tell them in order for them to + + + align:start position:0% +need to tell them in order for them to +be able to continue your game + + align:start position:0% +be able to continue your game + + + align:start position:0% +be able to continue your game +okay so you've got a kind of like + + align:start position:0% +okay so you've got a kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you've got a kind of like +evaluation criteria whether you've + + align:start position:0% +evaluation criteria whether you've + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation criteria whether you've +you've just fully described the games + + align:start position:0% +you've just fully described the games + + + align:start position:0% +you've just fully described the games +they you know yeah + + align:start position:0% +they you know yeah + + + align:start position:0% +they you know yeah +all of these are useful ways of thinking + + align:start position:0% +all of these are useful ways of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +all of these are useful ways of thinking +about what is the gameplay what's the + + align:start position:0% +about what is the gameplay what's the + + + align:start position:0% +about what is the gameplay what's the +stuff that can change which is and + + align:start position:0% +stuff that can change which is and + + + align:start position:0% +stuff that can change which is and +what's all the information you know + + align:start position:0% +what's all the information you know + + + align:start position:0% +what's all the information you know +whether you know it whether individual + + align:start position:0% +whether you know it whether individual + + + align:start position:0% +whether you know it whether individual +player knows it or not to be able to + + align:start position:0% +player knows it or not to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +player knows it or not to be able to +reproduce the state to be able to + + align:start position:0% +reproduce the state to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce the state to be able to +reproduce a game in progress and then be + + align:start position:0% +reproduce a game in progress and then be + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce a game in progress and then be +able to like carry on right sometimes + + align:start position:0% +able to like carry on right sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +able to like carry on right sometimes +things are you rip reducible like you + + align:start position:0% +things are you rip reducible like you + + + align:start position:0% +things are you rip reducible like you +know sports for instance you know if you + + align:start position:0% +know sports for instance you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +know sports for instance you know if you +try to like halt a game halfway and then + + align:start position:0% +try to like halt a game halfway and then + + + align:start position:0% +try to like halt a game halfway and then +reproduce exactly the same weather + + align:start position:0% +reproduce exactly the same weather + + + align:start position:0% +reproduce exactly the same weather +conditions as the game it was it was + + align:start position:0% +conditions as the game it was it was + + + align:start position:0% +conditions as the game it was it was +halted you know it was kind of difficult + + align:start position:0% +halted you know it was kind of difficult + + + align:start position:0% +halted you know it was kind of difficult +but but you know that if you really + + align:start position:0% +but but you know that if you really + + + align:start position:0% +but but you know that if you really +really wanted to be able to continue + + align:start position:0% +really wanted to be able to continue + + + align:start position:0% +really wanted to be able to continue +that you know you have to make a + + align:start position:0% +that you know you have to make a + + + align:start position:0% +that you know you have to make a +decision of whether it's like the way + + align:start position:0% +decision of whether it's like the way + + + align:start position:0% +decision of whether it's like the way +there is part of the game stage well + + align:start position:0% +there is part of the game stage well + + + align:start position:0% +there is part of the game stage well +maybe you know in sports often it's the + + align:start position:0% +maybe you know in sports often it's the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you know in sports often it's the +reason why the game was interrupted in + + align:start position:0% +reason why the game was interrupted in + + + align:start position:0% +reason why the game was interrupted in +the first place yeah I think so which + + align:start position:0% +the first place yeah I think so which + + + align:start position:0% +the first place yeah I think so which +makes it kind of difficult right it's + + align:start position:0% +makes it kind of difficult right it's + + + align:start position:0% +makes it kind of difficult right it's +like we're going to stop the game at + + align:start position:0% +like we're going to stop the game at + + + align:start position:0% +like we're going to stop the game at +halftime and then we'll pick this game + + align:start position:0% +halftime and then we'll pick this game + + + align:start position:0% +halftime and then we'll pick this game +up tomorrow playing the second half and + + align:start position:0% +up tomorrow playing the second half and + + + align:start position:0% +up tomorrow playing the second half and +it's like that's a very different game + + align:start position:0% +it's like that's a very different game + + + align:start position:0% +it's like that's a very different game +for multiplication + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first exhaust yourself I will throw + + align:start position:0% +first exhaust yourself I will throw + + + align:start position:0% +first exhaust yourself I will throw +those results out so so I'll stop and + + align:start position:0% +those results out so so I'll stop and + + + align:start position:0% +those results out so so I'll stop and +let me tell you my just oh well I mean + + align:start position:0% +let me tell you my just oh well I mean + + + align:start position:0% +let me tell you my just oh well I mean +that's a problems like if you actually + + align:start position:0% +that's a problems like if you actually + + + align:start position:0% +that's a problems like if you actually +had and and this one does happen in sort + + align:start position:0% +had and and this one does happen in sort + + + align:start position:0% +had and and this one does happen in sort +of not marathons but like multi-day + + align:start position:0% +of not marathons but like multi-day + + + align:start position:0% +of not marathons but like multi-day +races you have the situation where + + align:start position:0% +races you have the situation where + + + align:start position:0% +races you have the situation where +people get a good night's sleep before + + align:start position:0% +people get a good night's sleep before + + + align:start position:0% +people get a good night's sleep before +they resume the second leg of the race + + align:start position:0% +they resume the second leg of the race + + + align:start position:0% +they resume the second leg of the race +and and if which point they've decided + + align:start position:0% +and and if which point they've decided + + + align:start position:0% +and and if which point they've decided +that you know fatigue is not the thing + + align:start position:0% +that you know fatigue is not the thing + + + align:start position:0% +that you know fatigue is not the thing +that they're going for but if trial + + align:start position:0% +that they're going for but if trial + + + align:start position:0% +that they're going for but if trial +quant and you quantify your advantage or + + align:start position:0% +quant and you quantify your advantage or + + + align:start position:0% +quant and you quantify your advantage or +your disadvantage based on your start + + align:start position:0% +your disadvantage based on your start + + + align:start position:0% +your disadvantage based on your start +time the next day or something like that + + align:start position:0% +time the next day or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +time the next day or something like that +right I try to think of like a + + align:start position:0% +right I try to think of like a + + + align:start position:0% +right I try to think of like a +competition as I just what difference do + + align:start position:0% +competition as I just what difference do + + + align:start position:0% +competition as I just what difference do +that I think that the Tour de France is + + align:start position:0% +that I think that the Tour de France is + + + align:start position:0% +that I think that the Tour de France is +not one day right it's yeah so you have + + align:start position:0% +not one day right it's yeah so you have + + + align:start position:0% +not one day right it's yeah so you have +to stop you have to sleep you have to + + align:start position:0% +to stop you have to sleep you have to + + + align:start position:0% +to stop you have to sleep you have to +wake up and then depending on when you + + align:start position:0% +wake up and then depending on when you + + + align:start position:0% +wake up and then depending on when you +reached the checkpoint determines when + + align:start position:0% +reached the checkpoint determines when + + + align:start position:0% +reached the checkpoint determines when +you get to give the text + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it could be like dark but they didn't + + align:start position:0% +it could be like dark but they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +it could be like dark but they didn't +get taught my name is finished for the + + align:start position:0% +get taught my name is finished for the + + + align:start position:0% +get taught my name is finished for the +day + + align:start position:0% +day + + + align:start position:0% +day +and they'll put it like no like suppose + + align:start position:0% +and they'll put it like no like suppose + + + align:start position:0% +and they'll put it like no like suppose +they put in the teams that like started + + align:start position:0% +they put in the teams that like started + + + align:start position:0% +they put in the teams that like started +executing strategies basically trying to + + align:start position:0% +executing strategies basically trying to + + + align:start position:0% +executing strategies basically trying to +delay until the next day starts there oh + + align:start position:0% +delay until the next day starts there oh + + + align:start position:0% +delay until the next day starts there oh +oh so so so that their rules to sort of + + align:start position:0% +oh so so so that their rules to sort of + + + align:start position:0% +oh so so so that their rules to sort of +counteract these sort of like + + align:start position:0% +counteract these sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +counteract these sort of like +exploitative yeah I mean because you + + align:start position:0% +exploitative yeah I mean because you + + + align:start position:0% +exploitative yeah I mean because you +have these emergency strategies and it + + align:start position:0% +have these emergency strategies and it + + + align:start position:0% +have these emergency strategies and it +are probably rules that will come up to + + align:start position:0% +are probably rules that will come up to + + + align:start position:0% +are probably rules that will come up to +prevent some of them do the worst + + align:start position:0% +prevent some of them do the worst + + + align:start position:0% +prevent some of them do the worst +strategies from being put into play + + align:start position:0% +strategies from being put into play + + + align:start position:0% +strategies from being put into play +you've got the same thing in baseball + + align:start position:0% +you've got the same thing in baseball + + + align:start position:0% +you've got the same thing in baseball +sometimes you put in you know these that + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you put in you know these that + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you put in you know these that +that there are late inning pitches right + + align:start position:0% +that there are late inning pitches right + + + align:start position:0% +that there are late inning pitches right +that you will and there are your + + align:start position:0% +that you will and there are your + + + align:start position:0% +that you will and there are your +starters and yet that try to achieve + + align:start position:0% +starters and yet that try to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +starters and yet that try to achieve +completely different things so so we've + + align:start position:0% +completely different things so so we've + + + align:start position:0% +completely different things so so we've +talked a little bit about game state and + + align:start position:0% +talked a little bit about game state and + + + align:start position:0% +talked a little bit about game state and +we've played all of these games or at + + align:start position:0% +we've played all of these games or at + + + align:start position:0% +we've played all of these games or at +least a audio play played a good portion + + align:start position:0% +least a audio play played a good portion + + + align:start position:0% +least a audio play played a good portion +of them and I have gone to team to team + + align:start position:0% +of them and I have gone to team to team + + + align:start position:0% +of them and I have gone to team to team +to sort of talk a little bit about the + + align:start position:0% +to sort of talk a little bit about the + + + align:start position:0% +to sort of talk a little bit about the +mechanics so let's let's just pick one + + align:start position:0% +mechanics so let's let's just pick one + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics so let's let's just pick one +that that not that many people played so + + align:start position:0% +that that not that many people played so + + + align:start position:0% +that that not that many people played so +we can talk a little bit about it + + align:start position:0% +we can talk a little bit about it + + + align:start position:0% +we can talk a little bit about it +there's a lot of people I think like + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of people I think like + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of people I think like +blockers for state once today so by this + + align:start position:0% +blockers for state once today so by this + + + align:start position:0% +blockers for state once today so by this +group right so so game state is + + align:start position:0% +group right so so game state is + + + align:start position:0% +group right so so game state is +characterized by yeah and the location + + align:start position:0% +characterized by yeah and the location + + + align:start position:0% +characterized by yeah and the location +of pieces on this great board but there + + align:start position:0% +of pieces on this great board but there + + + align:start position:0% +of pieces on this great board but there +is I think every player has the same set + + align:start position:0% +is I think every player has the same set + + + align:start position:0% +is I think every player has the same set +of pieces just in a different color and + + align:start position:0% +of pieces just in a different color and + + + align:start position:0% +of pieces just in a different color and +which pieces have already been played + + align:start position:0% +which pieces have already been played + + + align:start position:0% +which pieces have already been played +you know so it's not just a location but + + align:start position:0% +you know so it's not just a location but + + + align:start position:0% +you know so it's not just a location but +also which pieces have been played in + + align:start position:0% +also which pieces have been played in + + + align:start position:0% +also which pieces have been played in +which means which pieces are still + + align:start position:0% +which means which pieces are still + + + align:start position:0% +which means which pieces are still +available to them whose turn it is of + + align:start position:0% +available to them whose turn it is of + + + align:start position:0% +available to them whose turn it is of +course is in a part of the game state + + align:start position:0% +course is in a part of the game state + + + align:start position:0% +course is in a part of the game state +because you take turns placing pieces + + align:start position:0% +because you take turns placing pieces + + + align:start position:0% +because you take turns placing pieces +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so so what's the car mechanic of oh yeah + + align:start position:0% +so so what's the car mechanic of oh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +so so what's the car mechanic of oh yeah +you you select a piece from all of the + + align:start position:0% +you you select a piece from all of the + + + align:start position:0% +you you select a piece from all of the +pieces you have been placed yet and then + + align:start position:0% +pieces you have been placed yet and then + + + align:start position:0% +pieces you have been placed yet and then +you figure out where it goes and the + + align:start position:0% +you figure out where it goes and the + + + align:start position:0% +you figure out where it goes and the +rule that you have to fit to to meet + + align:start position:0% +rule that you have to fit to to meet + + + align:start position:0% +rule that you have to fit to to meet +before you play to put it down a corner + + align:start position:0% +before you play to put it down a corner + + + align:start position:0% +before you play to put it down a corner +of one of your own pieces right right + + align:start position:0% +of one of your own pieces right right + + + align:start position:0% +of one of your own pieces right right +so you don't have two pieces putting up + + align:start position:0% +so you don't have two pieces putting up + + + align:start position:0% +so you don't have two pieces putting up +like that but you can't have two corners + + align:start position:0% +like that but you can't have two corners + + + align:start position:0% +like that but you can't have two corners +touching each other and you have to have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah trying to find a little space + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah trying to find a little space + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah trying to find a little space +to place which are the open space that + + align:start position:0% +to place which are the open space that + + + align:start position:0% +to place which are the open space that +your piece will actually fit out of all + + align:start position:0% +your piece will actually fit out of all + + + align:start position:0% +your piece will actually fit out of all +of the pieces that you've got which is + + align:start position:0% +of the pieces that you've got which is + + + align:start position:0% +of the pieces that you've got which is +part of the game thing and I'll cost + + align:start position:0% +part of the game thing and I'll cost + + + align:start position:0% +part of the game thing and I'll cost +that changes game state by not only a + + align:start position:0% +that changes game state by not only a + + + align:start position:0% +that changes game state by not only a +change changing my pieces on the board + + align:start position:0% +change changing my pieces on the board + + + align:start position:0% +change changing my pieces on the board +as we described earlier but also takes + + align:start position:0% +as we described earlier but also takes + + + align:start position:0% +as we described earlier but also takes +away at least then you've already gone + + align:start position:0% +away at least then you've already gone + + + align:start position:0% +away at least then you've already gone +that's the core mechanic and I think the + + align:start position:0% +that's the core mechanic and I think the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the core mechanic and I think the +next class typically this again oh wow + + align:start position:0% +next class typically this again oh wow + + + align:start position:0% +next class typically this again oh wow +it's going to be like February 19th + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be like February 19th + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be like February 19th +no it's going to be holy cow it's going + + align:start position:0% +no it's going to be holy cow it's going + + + align:start position:0% +no it's going to be holy cow it's going +to be like a month before we get to + + align:start position:0% +to be like a month before we get to + + + align:start position:0% +to be like a month before we get to +chapter 2 of this book okay just just + + align:start position:0% +chapter 2 of this book okay just just + + + align:start position:0% +chapter 2 of this book okay just just +for your sanity you might just want to + + align:start position:0% +for your sanity you might just want to + + + align:start position:0% +for your sanity you might just want to +read chapter 2 of challenges for game + + align:start position:0% +read chapter 2 of challenges for game + + + align:start position:0% +read chapter 2 of challenges for game +designers because it's like five pages + + align:start position:0% +designers because it's like five pages + + + align:start position:0% +designers because it's like five pages +it's not much pages with illustrations + + align:start position:0% +it's not much pages with illustrations + + + align:start position:0% +it's not much pages with illustrations +on them they go past chapter two ghosts + + align:start position:0% +on them they go past chapter two ghosts + + + align:start position:0% +on them they go past chapter two ghosts +into a lot of more specific definitions + + align:start position:0% +into a lot of more specific definitions + + + align:start position:0% +into a lot of more specific definitions +but they also talk about something a + + align:start position:0% +but they also talk about something a + + + align:start position:0% +but they also talk about something a +core dynamic which is something I + + align:start position:0% +core dynamic which is something I + + + align:start position:0% +core dynamic which is something I +usually don't necessarily want you to + + align:start position:0% +usually don't necessarily want you to + + + align:start position:0% +usually don't necessarily want you to +worry too much about right now we are + + align:start position:0% +worry too much about right now we are + + + align:start position:0% +worry too much about right now we are +right in identifying that often the core + + align:start position:0% +right in identifying that often the core + + + align:start position:0% +right in identifying that often the core +dynamics actually more important than + + align:start position:0% +dynamics actually more important than + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics actually more important than +the core mechanic of the game + + align:start position:0% +the core mechanic of the game + + + align:start position:0% +the core mechanic of the game +so the core dynamic probably has bigger + + align:start position:0% +so the core dynamic probably has bigger + + + align:start position:0% +so the core dynamic probably has bigger +influence on what a player is going to + + align:start position:0% +influence on what a player is going to + + + align:start position:0% +influence on what a player is going to +experience whether it's kind of some + + align:start position:0% +experience whether it's kind of some + + + align:start position:0% +experience whether it's kind of some +sort of like crazy frenetic you know + + align:start position:0% +sort of like crazy frenetic you know + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like crazy frenetic you know +game play are trying to screw over your + + align:start position:0% +game play are trying to screw over your + + + align:start position:0% +game play are trying to screw over your +opponent or whether it's like my animal + + align:start position:0% +opponent or whether it's like my animal + + + align:start position:0% +opponent or whether it's like my animal +was a animal up on an animal way almost + + align:start position:0% +was a animal up on an animal way almost + + + align:start position:0% +was a animal up on an animal way almost +feels like a cooperative game at times + + align:start position:0% +feels like a cooperative game at times + + + align:start position:0% +feels like a cooperative game at times +even though there is a winner you all + + align:start position:0% +even though there is a winner you all + + + align:start position:0% +even though there is a winner you all +kind of play together to make not make + + align:start position:0% +kind of play together to make not make + + + align:start position:0% +kind of play together to make not make +to not tip the whole thing over those + + align:start position:0% +to not tip the whole thing over those + + + align:start position:0% +to not tip the whole thing over those +things often come out of the dynamics + + align:start position:0% +things often come out of the dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +things often come out of the dynamics +will go into the theory at once some of + + align:start position:0% +will go into the theory at once some of + + + align:start position:0% +will go into the theory at once some of +you have already accounted is another + + align:start position:0% +you have already accounted is another + + + align:start position:0% +you have already accounted is another +class system the mechanics dynamics + + align:start position:0% +class system the mechanics dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +class system the mechanics dynamics +aesthetics theory we'll get into that + + align:start position:0% +aesthetics theory we'll get into that + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetics theory we'll get into that +later into this semester and that's just + + align:start position:0% +later into this semester and that's just + + + align:start position:0% +later into this semester and that's just +a very convoluted way of explaining why + + align:start position:0% +a very convoluted way of explaining why + + + align:start position:0% +a very convoluted way of explaining why +sometimes game design is hard but the + + align:start position:0% +sometimes game design is hard but the + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes game design is hard but the +mechanic is the thing that you get to + + align:start position:0% +mechanic is the thing that you get to + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic is the thing that you get to +control as a designer it's you get to + + align:start position:0% +control as a designer it's you get to + + + align:start position:0% +control as a designer it's you get to +write the rules you get to decide what + + align:start position:0% +write the rules you get to decide what + + + align:start position:0% +write the rules you get to decide what +collection of rule + + align:start position:0% +collection of rule + + + align:start position:0% +collection of rule +that the players have to go through in + + align:start position:0% +that the players have to go through in + + + align:start position:0% +that the players have to go through in +order people have changed this data of + + align:start position:0% +order people have changed this data of + + + align:start position:0% +order people have changed this data of +the game and I want you to go through in + + align:start position:0% +the game and I want you to go through in + + + align:start position:0% +the game and I want you to go through in +deep deep permutations on what you can + + align:start position:0% +deep deep permutations on what you can + + + align:start position:0% +deep deep permutations on what you can +possibly do with one core mechanic so in + + align:start position:0% +possibly do with one core mechanic so in + + + align:start position:0% +possibly do with one core mechanic so in +an escape is very clearly radiates + + align:start position:0% +an escape is very clearly radiates + + + align:start position:0% +an escape is very clearly radiates +easier he's a noted game designer and in + + align:start position:0% +easier he's a noted game designer and in + + + align:start position:0% +easier he's a noted game designer and in +fact there's a little bio of him in + + align:start position:0% +fact there's a little bio of him in + + + align:start position:0% +fact there's a little bio of him in +chapter chapter one I think yeah in + + align:start position:0% +chapter chapter one I think yeah in + + + align:start position:0% +chapter chapter one I think yeah in +Chapter there's no photo of it the guy + + align:start position:0% +Chapter there's no photo of it the guy + + + align:start position:0% +Chapter there's no photo of it the guy +who designed a game and it's very + + align:start position:0% +who designed a game and it's very + + + align:start position:0% +who designed a game and it's very +clearly him I trying to do everything + + align:start position:0% +clearly him I trying to do everything + + + align:start position:0% +clearly him I trying to do everything +that he can do a dice in a short design + + align:start position:0% +that he can do a dice in a short design + + + align:start position:0% +that he can do a dice in a short design +period of time and and when you see his + + align:start position:0% +period of time and and when you see his + + + align:start position:0% +period of time and and when you see his +other games later this semester you will + + align:start position:0% +other games later this semester you will + + + align:start position:0% +other games later this semester you will +see that he's trying to do everything he + + align:start position:0% +see that he's trying to do everything he + + + align:start position:0% +see that he's trying to do everything he +can do with auctions he's trying to do + + align:start position:0% +can do with auctions he's trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +can do with auctions he's trying to do +everything that you can do with it and + + align:start position:0% +everything that you can do with it and + + + align:start position:0% +everything that you can do with it and +he's thinking about these game mechanics + + align:start position:0% +he's thinking about these game mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +he's thinking about these game mechanics +and that's what I want that's the + + align:start position:0% +and that's what I want that's the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what I want that's the +thought process I need it to go through + + align:start position:0% +thought process I need it to go through + + + align:start position:0% +thought process I need it to go through +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so use us with just a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +so use us with just a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +so use us with just a little bit more +time I'm going to end this with like the + + align:start position:0% +time I'm going to end this with like the + + + align:start position:0% +time I'm going to end this with like the +stupidest question in the world which is + + align:start position:0% +stupidest question in the world which is + + + align:start position:0% +stupidest question in the world which is +what is the game what is the game + + align:start position:0% +what is the game what is the game + + + align:start position:0% +what is the game what is the game +recording three hours into the class and + + align:start position:0% +recording three hours into the class and + + + align:start position:0% +recording three hours into the class and +we haven't actually talked about this + + align:start position:0% +we haven't actually talked about this + + + align:start position:0% +we haven't actually talked about this +yet why is why okay maybe I think why + + align:start position:0% +yet why is why okay maybe I think why + + + align:start position:0% +yet why is why okay maybe I think why +don't why is it a stupid question why + + align:start position:0% +don't why is it a stupid question why + + + align:start position:0% +don't why is it a stupid question why +did I describe it as a stupid question + + align:start position:0% +did I describe it as a stupid question + + + align:start position:0% +did I describe it as a stupid question +because it's kind of intuitive like oh I + + align:start position:0% +because it's kind of intuitive like oh I + + + align:start position:0% +because it's kind of intuitive like oh I +can look at tell you say this is a game + + align:start position:0% +can look at tell you say this is a game + + + align:start position:0% +can look at tell you say this is a game +this is not a game but it's actually + + align:start position:0% +this is not a game but it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +this is not a game but it's actually +described maybe there's like some edge + + align:start position:0% +described maybe there's like some edge + + + align:start position:0% +described maybe there's like some edge +cases where it gets really difficult and + + align:start position:0% +cases where it gets really difficult and + + + align:start position:0% +cases where it gets really difficult and +then to actually define what is what is + + align:start position:0% +then to actually define what is what is + + + align:start position:0% +then to actually define what is what is +it it's really that is definitely that + + align:start position:0% +it it's really that is definitely that + + + align:start position:0% +it it's really that is definitely that +is definitely true but you you have a + + align:start position:0% +is definitely true but you you have a + + + align:start position:0% +is definitely true but you you have a +counterpoint + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to build objective objective rules + + align:start position:0% +to build objective objective rules + + + align:start position:0% +to build objective objective rules +objectives or sub objectives goals as as + + align:start position:0% +objectives or sub objectives goals as as + + + align:start position:0% +objectives or sub objectives goals as as +you describe them some sort of + + align:start position:0% +you describe them some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you describe them some sort of +constraints + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no questions yeah stupid question + + align:start position:0% +no questions yeah stupid question + + + align:start position:0% +no questions yeah stupid question +because it is everybody does + + align:start position:0% +because it is everybody does + + + align:start position:0% +because it is everybody does +ridiculously say they gave me this but + + align:start position:0% +ridiculously say they gave me this but + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculously say they gave me this but +when we actually look at then it does it + + align:start position:0% +when we actually look at then it does it + + + align:start position:0% +when we actually look at then it does it +gets hard like this company yeah again + + align:start position:0% +gets hard like this company yeah again + + + align:start position:0% +gets hard like this company yeah again +so many educate so many edge cases but + + align:start position:0% +so many educate so many edge cases but + + + align:start position:0% +so many educate so many edge cases but +there are these things that a lot of + + align:start position:0% +there are these things that a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +there are these things that a lot of +games do share these goals that you're + + align:start position:0% +games do share these goals that you're + + + align:start position:0% +games do share these goals that you're +working towards these constraints that + + align:start position:0% +working towards these constraints that + + + align:start position:0% +working towards these constraints that +you are trying to work in these + + align:start position:0% +you are trying to work in these + + + align:start position:0% +you are trying to work in these +decisions are trying to make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no in the procedures different like it + + align:start position:0% +no in the procedures different like it + + + align:start position:0% +no in the procedures different like it +spawn is quite easy to take off a game + + align:start position:0% +spawn is quite easy to take off a game + + + align:start position:0% +spawn is quite easy to take off a game +that as a game that everyone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I think that's Bernard suits who posits + + align:start position:0% +I think that's Bernard suits who posits + + + align:start position:0% +I think that's Bernard suits who posits +that and he likes to use golf as an + + align:start position:0% +that and he likes to use golf as an + + + align:start position:0% +that and he likes to use golf as an +example right you know it's like because + + align:start position:0% +example right you know it's like because + + + align:start position:0% +example right you know it's like because +clearly golf is an inefficient way of + + align:start position:0% +clearly golf is an inefficient way of + + + align:start position:0% +clearly golf is an inefficient way of +delivering a ball into a car yes let's + + align:start position:0% +delivering a ball into a car yes let's + + + align:start position:0% +delivering a ball into a car yes let's +just use this very long stick you know + + align:start position:0% +just use this very long stick you know + + + align:start position:0% +just use this very long stick you know +far away like we have to learn like well + + align:start position:0% +far away like we have to learn like well + + + align:start position:0% +far away like we have to learn like well +this ball club is good for like long + + align:start position:0% +this ball club is good for like long + + + align:start position:0% +this ball club is good for like long +distances you know this this and that + + align:start position:0% +distances you know this this and that + + + align:start position:0% +distances you know this this and that +tolling all these constraints kind of + + align:start position:0% +tolling all these constraints kind of + + + align:start position:0% +tolling all these constraints kind of +yield different strategies which is + + align:start position:0% +yield different strategies which is + + + align:start position:0% +yield different strategies which is +really interesting to say right and any + + align:start position:0% +really interesting to say right and any + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting to say right and any +of any example of the cricket thing + + align:start position:0% +of any example of the cricket thing + + + align:start position:0% +of any example of the cricket thing +right it's not you know it's like this + + align:start position:0% +right it's not you know it's like this + + + align:start position:0% +right it's not you know it's like this +weird collection set of rules we give to + + align:start position:0% +weird collection set of rules we give to + + + align:start position:0% +weird collection set of rules we give to +this emergent strategy which is like a + + align:start position:0% +this emergent strategy which is like a + + + align:start position:0% +this emergent strategy which is like a +now we put in this particular kind of + + align:start position:0% +now we put in this particular kind of + + + align:start position:0% +now we put in this particular kind of +better or feature that is going to help + + align:start position:0% +better or feature that is going to help + + + align:start position:0% +better or feature that is going to help +us maximize our it's going to extend + + align:start position:0% +us maximize our it's going to extend + + + align:start position:0% +us maximize our it's going to extend +this game by a table so so sorry just by + + align:start position:0% +this game by a table so so sorry just by + + + align:start position:0% +this game by a table so so sorry just by +the point-wise it's not an entire it's + + align:start position:0% +the point-wise it's not an entire it's + + + align:start position:0% +the point-wise it's not an entire it's +not an entirely if you know I + + align:start position:0% +not an entirely if you know I + + + align:start position:0% +not an entirely if you know I +experimented try to define games in fact + + align:start position:0% +experimented try to define games in fact + + + align:start position:0% +experimented try to define games in fact +I believe we do have a definition of + + align:start position:0% +I believe we do have a definition of + + + align:start position:0% +I believe we do have a definition of +games coming up in in one of the rules + + align:start position:0% +games coming up in in one of the rules + + + align:start position:0% +games coming up in in one of the rules +of play readings and it is one that is + + align:start position:0% +of play readings and it is one that is + + + align:start position:0% +of play readings and it is one that is +functional you know I + + align:start position:0% +functional you know I + + + align:start position:0% +functional you know I +it has goals it has the constraints that + + align:start position:0% +it has goals it has the constraints that + + + align:start position:0% +it has goals it has the constraints that +you're working in it's I believe they + + align:start position:0% +you're working in it's I believe they + + + align:start position:0% +you're working in it's I believe they +also have it describing an activity + + align:start position:0% +also have it describing an activity + + + align:start position:0% +also have it describing an activity +that's actually carved out of sort of + + align:start position:0% +that's actually carved out of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually carved out of sort of +red of regular life and the consequences + + align:start position:0% +red of regular life and the consequences + + + align:start position:0% +red of regular life and the consequences +that happen inside it + + align:start position:0% +that happen inside it + + + align:start position:0% +that happen inside it +map it outside it but as many people + + align:start position:0% +map it outside it but as many people + + + align:start position:0% +map it outside it but as many people +have already pointed out in class if I + + align:start position:0% +have already pointed out in class if I + + + align:start position:0% +have already pointed out in class if I +give you a little bit of time you will + + align:start position:0% +give you a little bit of time you will + + + align:start position:0% +give you a little bit of time you will +be able to come up with a game that + + align:start position:0% +be able to come up with a game that + + + align:start position:0% +be able to come up with a game that +people will recognize as a game and + + align:start position:0% +people will recognize as a game and + + + align:start position:0% +people will recognize as a game and +follow that other definition the reason + + align:start position:0% +follow that other definition the reason + + + align:start position:0% +follow that other definition the reason +why I personally this is this is not + + align:start position:0% +why I personally this is this is not + + + align:start position:0% +why I personally this is this is not +this is not gonna be useful to you + + align:start position:0% +this is not gonna be useful to you + + + align:start position:0% +this is not gonna be useful to you +outside of this class so so I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +outside of this class so so I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +outside of this class so so I'm gonna +tell you personally the reason why I + + align:start position:0% +tell you personally the reason why I + + + align:start position:0% +tell you personally the reason why I +don't like the question of what is a + + align:start position:0% +don't like the question of what is a + + + align:start position:0% +don't like the question of what is a +game is because it invites you to carve + + align:start position:0% +game is because it invites you to carve + + + align:start position:0% +game is because it invites you to carve +things out of the game space and say + + align:start position:0% +things out of the game space and say + + + align:start position:0% +things out of the game space and say +like that thing is not a game because it + + align:start position:0% +like that thing is not a game because it + + + align:start position:0% +like that thing is not a game because it +doesn't meet this definition and I find + + align:start position:0% +doesn't meet this definition and I find + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't meet this definition and I find +that activity to be pointless to just + + align:start position:0% +that activity to be pointless to just + + + align:start position:0% +that activity to be pointless to just +just telling people who've made + + align:start position:0% +just telling people who've made + + + align:start position:0% +just telling people who've made +something and have decided to call it a + + align:start position:0% +something and have decided to call it a + + + align:start position:0% +something and have decided to call it a +game that is not that that thing that + + align:start position:0% +game that is not that that thing that + + + align:start position:0% +game that is not that that thing that +you created is not a game I actually + + align:start position:0% +you created is not a game I actually + + + align:start position:0% +you created is not a game I actually +feel that very is very social very + + align:start position:0% +feel that very is very social very + + + align:start position:0% +feel that very is very social very +non-invasive way of thinking about what + + align:start position:0% +non-invasive way of thinking about what + + + align:start position:0% +non-invasive way of thinking about what +could actually be useful in thinking + + align:start position:0% +could actually be useful in thinking + + + align:start position:0% +could actually be useful in thinking +about games but you know in but for your + + align:start position:0% +about games but you know in but for your + + + align:start position:0% +about games but you know in but for your +own benefit of working in a team it is + + align:start position:0% +own benefit of working in a team it is + + + align:start position:0% +own benefit of working in a team it is +reasonable to set goals that you want to + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to set goals that you want to + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable to set goals that you want to +hit which again you know many of the + + align:start position:0% +hit which again you know many of the + + + align:start position:0% +hit which again you know many of the +descriptions that have already come up + + align:start position:0% +descriptions that have already come up + + + align:start position:0% +descriptions that have already come up +in the past ten minutes are actually + + align:start position:0% +in the past ten minutes are actually + + + align:start position:0% +in the past ten minutes are actually +things I will use to describe good games + + align:start position:0% +things I will use to describe good games + + + align:start position:0% +things I will use to describe good games +but not necessarily games as a whole you + + align:start position:0% +but not necessarily games as a whole you + + + align:start position:0% +but not necessarily games as a whole you +know entertaining for instance it's like + + align:start position:0% +know entertaining for instance it's like + + + align:start position:0% +know entertaining for instance it's like +how many of you can can think of a game + + align:start position:0% +how many of you can can think of a game + + + align:start position:0% +how many of you can can think of a game +that's not entertaining but it's a game + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what else depends on you right it + + align:start position:0% +what else depends on you right it + + + align:start position:0% +what else depends on you right it +depends on the player actually a lot + + align:start position:0% +depends on the player actually a lot + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the player actually a lot +depends on the player you can come up + + align:start position:0% +depends on the player you can come up + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the player you can come up +with the the worst game in the world + + align:start position:0% +with the the worst game in the world + + + align:start position:0% +with the the worst game in the world +conversely you can come up with a word + + align:start position:0% +conversely you can come up with a word + + + align:start position:0% +conversely you can come up with a word +game in animal and find people who would + + align:start position:0% +game in animal and find people who would + + + align:start position:0% +game in animal and find people who would +enjoy it and you can make a game that's + + align:start position:0% +enjoy it and you can make a game that's + + + align:start position:0% +enjoy it and you can make a game that's +trying to deliver a particular message + + align:start position:0% +trying to deliver a particular message + + + align:start position:0% +trying to deliver a particular message +and people are going to walk away with + + align:start position:0% +and people are going to walk away with + + + align:start position:0% +and people are going to walk away with +completely the wrong interpretation of + + align:start position:0% +completely the wrong interpretation of + + + align:start position:0% +completely the wrong interpretation of +it and that's fine because there are + + align:start position:0% +it and that's fine because there are + + + align:start position:0% +it and that's fine because there are +players they all say it's not even + + align:start position:0% +players they all say it's not even + + + align:start position:0% +players they all say it's not even +completely wrong interpretation they + + align:start position:0% +completely wrong interpretation they + + + align:start position:0% +completely wrong interpretation they +come up with a valid interpretation that + + align:start position:0% +come up with a valid interpretation that + + + align:start position:0% +come up with a valid interpretation that +they walked away with their very little + + align:start position:0% +they walked away with their very little + + + align:start position:0% +they walked away with their very little +control over that but it's okay because + + align:start position:0% +control over that but it's okay because + + + align:start position:0% +control over that but it's okay because +the game's more about + + align:start position:0% +the game's more about + + + align:start position:0% +the game's more about +usually the designers even though you + + align:start position:0% +usually the designers even though you + + + align:start position:0% +usually the designers even though you +see the designers names on many of these + + align:start position:0% +see the designers names on many of these + + + align:start position:0% +see the designers names on many of these +boxes although I did a lot of second + + align:start position:0% +boxes although I did a lot of second + + + align:start position:0% +boxes although I did a lot of second +hand and I think in the end there are + + align:start position:0% +hand and I think in the end there are + + + align:start position:0% +hand and I think in the end there are +relatively few famous game designers out + + align:start position:0% +relatively few famous game designers out + + + align:start position:0% +relatively few famous game designers out +there but there are many many famous + + align:start position:0% +there but there are many many famous + + + align:start position:0% +there but there are many many famous +game players out there and I think + + align:start position:0% +game players out there and I think + + + align:start position:0% +game players out there and I think +there's a good reason for that + + align:start position:0% +there's a good reason for that + + + align:start position:0% +there's a good reason for that +all the creatives all the creativity + + align:start position:0% +all the creatives all the creativity + + + align:start position:0% +all the creatives all the creativity +that comes out from constraints all the + + align:start position:0% +that comes out from constraints all the + + + align:start position:0% +that comes out from constraints all the +night eternal sports the athleticism the + + align:start position:0% +night eternal sports the athleticism the + + + align:start position:0% +night eternal sports the athleticism the +idea of the build ability to work within + + align:start position:0% +idea of the build ability to work within + + + align:start position:0% +idea of the build ability to work within +these constraints to do something that + + align:start position:0% +these constraints to do something that + + + align:start position:0% +these constraints to do something that +people then necessarily think that was + + align:start position:0% +people then necessarily think that was + + + align:start position:0% +people then necessarily think that was +possible + + align:start position:0% +possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible +you know it's usually the hallmark of a + + align:start position:0% +you know it's usually the hallmark of a + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's usually the hallmark of a +great player and the design that's just + + align:start position:0% +great player and the design that's just + + + align:start position:0% +great player and the design that's just +provided then the sandbox for them to be + + align:start position:0% +provided then the sandbox for them to be + + + align:start position:0% +provided then the sandbox for them to be +able to express that so I think it's a + + align:start position:0% +able to express that so I think it's a + + + align:start position:0% +able to express that so I think it's a +when when you come back on Monday you + + align:start position:0% +when when you come back on Monday you + + + align:start position:0% +when when you come back on Monday you +know to be able to come in with the + + align:start position:0% +know to be able to come in with the + + + align:start position:0% +know to be able to come in with the +concept after taking a look at some of + + align:start position:0% +concept after taking a look at some of + + + align:start position:0% +concept after taking a look at some of +the readings off this is what I want to + + align:start position:0% +the readings off this is what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +the readings off this is what I want to +hit right you know I want to have a game + + align:start position:0% +hit right you know I want to have a game + + + align:start position:0% +hit right you know I want to have a game +that that has a goal or I want to have a + + align:start position:0% +that that has a goal or I want to have a + + + align:start position:0% +that that has a goal or I want to have a +game where the players have a goal I + + align:start position:0% +game where the players have a goal I + + + align:start position:0% +game where the players have a goal I +want to have a game where the players + + align:start position:0% +want to have a game where the players + + + align:start position:0% +want to have a game where the players +are going to express a sentiment of + + align:start position:0% +are going to express a sentiment of + + + align:start position:0% +are going to express a sentiment of +creativity or whether is the really just + + align:start position:0% +creativity or whether is the really just + + + align:start position:0% +creativity or whether is the really just +sort of like mechanically going through + + align:start position:0% +sort of like mechanically going through + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like mechanically going through +the possibility space I think we've got + + align:start position:0% +the possibility space I think we've got + + + align:start position:0% +the possibility space I think we've got +a couple of games that actually were + + align:start position:0% +a couple of games that actually were + + + align:start position:0% +a couple of games that actually were +very mechanical and just like you're + + align:start position:0% +very mechanical and just like you're + + + align:start position:0% +very mechanical and just like you're +just stepping through the stepping + + align:start position:0% +just stepping through the stepping + + + align:start position:0% +just stepping through the stepping +through the paces something cold seven + + align:start position:0% +through the paces something cold seven + + + align:start position:0% +through the paces something cold seven +seven and all this almost a little bit + + align:start position:0% +seven and all this almost a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +seven and all this almost a little bit +like that right because you don't get to + + align:start position:0% +like that right because you don't get to + + + align:start position:0% +like that right because you don't get to +decide what question you ask yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +decide what question you ask yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +decide what question you ask yeah yeah +you just draw it you ask the question + + align:start position:0% +you just draw it you ask the question + + + align:start position:0% +you just draw it you ask the question +you get any information and at some + + align:start position:0% +you get any information and at some + + + align:start position:0% +you get any information and at some +point of time you get all the + + align:start position:0% +point of time you get all the + + + align:start position:0% +point of time you get all the +information you need so so you know + + align:start position:0% +information you need so so you know + + + align:start position:0% +information you need so so you know +that's just that that this game has very + + align:start position:0% +that's just that that this game has very + + + align:start position:0% +that's just that that this game has very +relatively little decision-making on the + + align:start position:0% +relatively little decision-making on the + + + align:start position:0% +relatively little decision-making on the +players part if you're playing optimally + + align:start position:0% +players part if you're playing optimally + + + align:start position:0% +players part if you're playing optimally +you're not playing optimally dynamically + + align:start position:0% +you're not playing optimally dynamically + + + align:start position:0% +you're not playing optimally dynamically +you're making a whole bunch of incorrect + + align:start position:0% +you're making a whole bunch of incorrect + + + align:start position:0% +you're making a whole bunch of incorrect +decisions that actually makes it a + + align:start position:0% +decisions that actually makes it a + + + align:start position:0% +decisions that actually makes it a +little bit more variable and he's going + + align:start position:0% +little bit more variable and he's going + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more variable and he's going +to win that's why the games actually + + align:start position:0% +to win that's why the games actually + + + align:start position:0% +to win that's why the games actually +interesting come in on Monday be willing + + align:start position:0% +interesting come in on Monday be willing + + + align:start position:0% +interesting come in on Monday be willing +to discuss that come in on Monday be + + align:start position:0% +to discuss that come in on Monday be + + + align:start position:0% +to discuss that come in on Monday be +willing to change your mind when you + + align:start position:0% +willing to change your mind when you + + + align:start position:0% +willing to change your mind when you +actually need up with your team we're + + align:start position:0% +actually need up with your team we're + + + align:start position:0% +actually need up with your team we're +going to do a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +going to do a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +going to do a little bit of +brainstorming on Monday and what sort of + + align:start position:0% +brainstorming on Monday and what sort of + + + align:start position:0% +brainstorming on Monday and what sort of +of games that you want to work on and + + align:start position:0% +of games that you want to work on and + + + align:start position:0% +of games that you want to work on and +more importantly what mechanics you want + + align:start position:0% +more importantly what mechanics you want + + + align:start position:0% +more importantly what mechanics you want +to work on one more clarification about + + align:start position:0% +to work on one more clarification about + + + align:start position:0% +to work on one more clarification about +the first assignment it is not about the + + align:start position:0% +the first assignment it is not about the + + + align:start position:0% +the first assignment it is not about the +story of your game or the fiction of + + align:start position:0% +story of your game or the fiction of + + + align:start position:0% +story of your game or the fiction of +your game or where your game is set in + + align:start position:0% +your game or where your game is set in + + + align:start position:0% +your game or where your game is set in +ancient history or in science sci-fi or + + align:start position:0% +ancient history or in science sci-fi or + + + align:start position:0% +ancient history or in science sci-fi or +anything like that we'll get to that + + align:start position:0% +anything like that we'll get to that + + + align:start position:0% +anything like that we'll get to that +later on in this lesson I want you to + + align:start position:0% +later on in this lesson I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +later on in this lesson I want you to +think about what are the rules that a + + align:start position:0% +think about what are the rules that a + + + align:start position:0% +think about what are the rules that a +player needs to deal with right you are + + align:start position:0% +player needs to deal with right you are + + + align:start position:0% +player needs to deal with right you are +your own target audience for us I think + + align:start position:0% +your own target audience for us I think + + + align:start position:0% +your own target audience for us I think +that publicity thank you very much + + align:start position:0% +that publicity thank you very much + + + align:start position:0% +that publicity thank you very much +please make sure that you did fine it if + + align:start position:0% +please make sure that you did fine it if + + + align:start position:0% +please make sure that you did fine it if +you haven't gotten the attendance sheet + + align:start position:0% +you haven't gotten the attendance sheet + + + align:start position:0% +you haven't gotten the attendance sheet +a facial \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/dlbMuv-jix8.txt b/dlbMuv-jix8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2772f0d030b22e08fec0ef4a6a70a7b12384dcfa --- /dev/null +++ b/dlbMuv-jix8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2864 @@ +[MUSIC PLAYING BY J.S. BACH] + +PROFESSOR: Hi. + +You've seen that the job of +a programmer is to design + +processes that accomplish +particular goals, such as + +finding the square roots of +numbers or other sorts of + +things you might want to do. + +We haven't introduced +anything else yet. + +Of course, the way in which a +programmer does this is by + +constructing spells, which are +constructed out of procedures + +and expressions. + +And that these spells are +somehow direct a process to + +accomplish the goal that was +intended by the programmer. + +In order for the programmer to +do this effectively, he has to + +understand the relationship +between the particular things + +that he writes, these particular +spells, and the + +behavior of the process that +he's attempting to control. + +So what we're doing this +lecture is attempt to + +establish that connection in +as clear a way as possible. + +What we will particularly do is +understand how particular + +patterns of procedures and +expressions cause particular + +patterns of execution, +particular + +behaviors from the processes. + +Let's get down to that. + +I'm going to start with +a very simple program. + +This is a program to compute +the sum of the + +squares of two numbers. + +And we'll define the sum of the +squares of x and y to be + +the sum of the square of x-- + +I'm going to write +it that way-- + +and the square of y where +the square of x is the + +product of x and x. + +Now, supposing I were to say +something to this, like, to + +the system after having defined +these things, of the + +form, the sum of the squares of +three and four, I am hoping + +that I will get out a 25. + +Because the square of three is +nine, and the square of four + +is 16, and 25 is the +sum of those. + +But how does that happen? + +If we're going to understand +processes and how we control + +them, then we have to have a +mapping from the mechanisms of + +this procedure into the way in +which these processes behave. + +What we're going to have is +a formal, or semi-formal, + +mechanical model whereby you +understand how a machine + +could, in fact, in principle, +do this. + +Whether or not the actual +machine really does what I'm + +about to tell you is completely + +irrelevant at this moment. + +In fact, this is an engineering +model in the same + +way that, electrical resistor, +we write down a model v equals + +i r, it's approximately true. + +It's not really true. + +If I put up current through +the resistor it goes boom. + +So the voltage is not always +proportional to the current, + +but for some purposes the +model is appropriate. + +In particular, the model we're +going to describe right now, + +which I call the substitution +model, is the simplest model + +that we have for understanding +how procedures work and how + +processes work. + +How procedures yield +processes. + +And that substitution model will +be accurate for most of + +the things we'll be dealing +with in the next few days. + +But eventually, it will become +impossible to sustain the + +illusion that that's the way the +machine works, and we'll + +go to other more specific and +particular models that will + +show more detail. + +OK, well, the first thing, of +course, is we say, what are + +the things we have here? + +We have some cryptic symbols. + +And these cryptic symbols +are made out of pieces. + +There are kinds of +expressions. + +So let's write down +here the kinds of + +expressions there are. + +And we have-- and so far I +see things like numbers. + +I see things like symbols +like that. + +We have seen things before like +lambda expressions, but + +they're not here. + +I'm going to leave them out. + +Lambda expressions, we'll +worry about them later. + +Things like definitions. + +Things like conditionals. + +And finally, things +like combinations. + +These kinds of expressions +are-- + +I'll worry about later-- + +these are special forms. + +There are particular rules +for each of these. + +I'm going to tell you, however, +the rules for doing a + +general case. + +How does one evaluate +a combination? + +Because, in fact, over here, +all I really have are + +combinations and some +symbols and numbers. + +And the simple things like +a number, well, it + +will evaluate to itself. + +In the model I will +have for you, the + +symbols will disappear. + +They won't be there at the time +when you need them, when + +you need to get at them. + +So the only thing I really have +to explain to you is, how + +do we evaluate combinations? + +OK, let's see. + +So first I want to get +the first slide. + +Here is the rule for evaluating +an application. + +What we have is a rule that +says, to evaluate a + +combination, there are +two parts, three + +parts to the rule. + +The combination has +several parts. + +It has operators and +it has operands. + +The operator returns +into a procedure. + +If we evaluate the operator, +we will get a procedure. + +And you saw, for example, how +I'll type at the machine and + +out came compound procedure +something or other. + +And the operands produce +arguments. + +Once we've gotten the operator +evaluated to get a procedure, + +and the argument is evaluated +to get argument-- + +the operand's value +to get arguments-- + +we apply the procedure to these +arguments by copying the + +body of the procedure, which +is the expression that the + +procedure is defined +in terms of. + +What is it supposed to do? + +Substituting the argument +supplied for the formal + +parameters of the procedure, +the formal parameters being + +the names defined by the +declaration of the procedure. + +Then we evaluate the resulting +new body, the body resulting + +from copying the old body with +the substitutions made. + +It's a very simple rule, and +we're going to do it very + +formally for a little while. + +Because for the next few +lectures, what I want you to + +do is to say, if I don't +understand something, if I + +don't understand something, be +very mechanical and do this. + +So let's see. + +Let's consider a particular +evaluation, the one we were + +talking about before. + +The sum of the squares +of three and three. + +What does that mean? + +It says, take-- + +well, I could find out what's +on the square-- it's some + +procedure, and I'm not going +to worry about the + +representation, and I'm not +going to write it on the + +blackboard for you. + +And I have that three represents +some number, but if + +I have to repeat that number, +I can't tell you the number. + +The number itself is some +abstract thing. + +There's a numeral which +represents it, which I'll call + +three, and I'll use that +in my substitution. + +And four is also a number. + +I'm going to substitute three +for x and four for y in the + +body of this procedure that +you see over here. + +Here's the body of +the procedure. + +It corresponds to this + +combination, which is an addition. + +So what that reduces to, as a +reduction step, we call it, is + +the sum of the square of three +and the square of four. + +Now, what's the next step +I have to do here? + +I say, well, I have +to evaluate this. + +According to my rule, which you +just saw on that overhead + +or slide, what we had +was that we have to + +evaluate the operands-- + +and here are the operands, +here's one and + +here's the next operand-- + +and how we have to evaluate +procedure. + +The order doesn't matter. + +And then we're going to apply +the procedure, which is plus, + +and magically somehow that's +going to produce the answer. + +I'm not to open up plus +and look inside of it. + +However, in order to evaluate +the operand, let's pick some + +arbitrary order and do them. + +I'm going to go from +right to left. + +Well, in order to evaluate +this operand, I have to + +evaluate the parts of +it by the same rule. + +And the parts are I have to find +out what square is-- it's + +some procedure, which has +a formal parameter x. + +And also, I have an operand +which is four, which I have to + +substitute for x in the +body of square. + +So the next step is basically to +say that this is the sum of + +the square of three and the +product of four and four. + +Of course, I could open up +asterisk if I liked-- + +the multiplication operation-- + +but I'm not going to do that. + +I'm going to consider +that primitive. + +And, of course, at any level of +detail, if you look inside + +this machine, you're going to +find that there's multiple + +levels below that that +you don't know about. + +But one of the things we +have to learn how to + +do is ignore details. + +The key to understanding +complicated things is to know + +what not to look at and +what not compute + +and what not to think. + +So we're going to stop this +one here and say, oh, yes, + +this is the product +of two things. + +We're going to do it now. + +So this is nothing more than +the sum of the square + +of three and 16. + +And now I have another thing I +have to evaluate, but that + +square of three, well, +it's the same thing. + +That's the sum of the product +of three and three and 16, + +which is the sum of nine +and 16, which is 25. + +So now you see the basic method +of doing substitutions. + +And I warn you that this is not +a perfect description of + +what the computer does. + +But it's a good enough +description for the problems + +that we're going to have in the +next few lectures that you + +should think about +this religiously. + +And this is how the machine +works for now. + +Later we'll get more detailed. + +Now, of course, I made a +specific choice of the order + +of evaluation here. + +There are other possibilities. + +If we go back to the telestrator +here and look at + +the substitution rule, we see +that I evaluated the operator + +to get the procedures, and I +evaluated the operands to get + +the arguments first, before +I do the application. + +It's entirely possible, and +there are alternate rules + +called normal order evaluation +whereby you can do the + +substitution of the expressions +which are the + +operands for the formal +parameters + +inside the body first. + +And you'll get also +the same answer. + +But right now, for concreteness, +and because this + +is the way our machine really +does it, I'm going to give you + +this rule, which has +a particular order. + +But that order is to some +extent arbitrary, too. + +In the long run, there are some +reasons why you might + +pick one order or another, +and we'll get to that + +later in the subject. + +OK, well now the only other +thing I have to tell you about + +just to understand what's going +on is let's look at the + +rule for conditionals. + +Conditionals are very simple, +and I'd like to examine this. + +A conditional is something +that is if-- there's also + +cond, of course-- + +but I'm going to give names to +the parts of the expression. + +There's a predicate, which +is a thing that is + +either true or false. + +And there's a consequent, which +is the thing you do if + +the predicate is true. + +And there's an alternative, +which is the thing you do if + +the predicate is false. + +It's important, by the way, to +get names for, to get names + +for, the parts of things, or +the parts of expressions. + +One of the things that every +sorcerer will tell you is if + +you have the name of a spirit, +you have power over it. + +So you have to learn these names +so that we can discuss + +these things. + +So here we have a predicate, +a consequent, and an + +alternative. + +And, using such words, we see +that an if expression, the + +problems you evaluate to the +predicate expression, if that + +yields true, then you then go on +to evaluate the consequent. + +Otherwise, you evaluate the +alternative expression. + +So I'd like to illustrate that +now in the context of a + +particular little program. + +Going to write down a +program which we're + +going to see many times. + +This is the sum of x and y done +by what's called Peano + +arithmetic, which is all we're +doing is incrementing and + +decrementing. + +And we're going to see this +for a little bit. + +It's a very important program. + +If x equals zero, then +the result is y. + +Otherwise, this is the sum of +the decrement of x and the + +increment of y. + +We're going to look at this +a lot more in the future. + +Let's look at the overhead. + +So here we have this procedure, +and we're going to + +look at how we do the +substitutions, the sequence of + +substitutions. + +Well, I'm going to try and add +together three and four. + +Well, using the first rule +that I showed you, we + +substitute three for x and four +four y in the body of + +this procedure. + +The body of the procedure is the +thing that begins with if + +and finishes over here. + +So what we get is, of course, +if three is zero, then the + +result is four. + +Otherwise, it's the sum of the +decrement of three and the + +increment of four. + +But I'm not going to worry about +these yet because three + +is not zero. + +So the answer is not four. + +Therefore, this if reduces +to an evaluation of the + +expression, the sum to the +decrement of three and the + +increment of four. + +Continuing with my evaluation, +the increment I presume to be + +primitive, and so I +get a five there. + +OK, and then the decrement +is also + +primitive, and I get a two. + +And so I change the problem +into a simpler problem. + +Instead of adding three to four, +I'm adding two to five. + +The reason why this is a simpler +problem is because I'm + +counting down on x, +and eventually, + +then, x will be zero. + +So, so much for the +substitution rule. + +In general, I'm not going to +write down intermediate steps + +when using substitutions having +to do with ifs, because + +they just expand things +to become complicated. + +What we will be doing is saying, +oh, yes, the sum of + +three and four results in the +sum of two and five and + +reduces to the sum of two and +five, which, in fact, reduces + +to the sum of one and six, which +reduces to the sum of + +zero and seven over here, which +reduces to a seven. + +That's what we're going +to be seeing. + +Are there any questions for +the first segment yet? + +Yes? + +STUDENT: You're using one +plus and minus one plus. + +Are those primitive +operations? + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +One of the things you're going +to be seeing in this subject + +is I'm going to, without +thinking about it, introduce + +more and more primitive +operations. + +There's presumably some large +library of primitive + +operations somewhere. + +But it doesn't matter that +they're primitive-- + +there may be some manual +that lists them all. + +If I tell you what they do, +you say, oh, yes, I + +know what they do. + +So one of them is the +decrementor-- + +minus one plus-- and the other +operation is increment, which + +is one plus. + +Thank you. + +That's the end of the +first segment. + +[MUSIC PLAYING BY J.S. BACH] + +PROFESSOR: Now that we have a +reasonably mechanical way of + +understanding how a program +made out of procedures and + +expressions evolves a process, +I'd like to develop some + +intuition about how particular +programs evolve particular + +processes, what the shapes of +programs have to be in order + +to get particular shaped +processes. + +This is a question about, +really, pre-visualizing. + +That's a word from +photography. + +I used to be interested in +photography a lot, and one of + +the things you discover when +you start trying to learn + +about photography is that you +say, gee, I'd like to be a + +creative photographer. + +Now, I know the rules, I push +buttons, and I adjust the + +aperture and things like that. + +But the key to being a creative +person, partly, is to + +be able to do analysis +at some level. + +To say, how do I know what it +is that I'm going to get on + +the film before I +push the button. + +Can I imagine in my mind the +resulting image very precisely + +and clearly as a consequence of +the particular framing, of + +the aperture I choose, of the +focus, and things like that? + +That's part of the art of doing +this sort of thing. + +And learning a lot +of that involves + +things like test strips. + +You take very simple images that +have varying degrees of + +density in them, for example, +and examine what those look + +like on a piece of paper when +you print them out. + +You find out what is the range +of contrasts that you can + +actually see. + +And what, in a real scene, +would correspond to the + +various levels and zones +that you have of + +density in an image. + +Well, today I want to look at +some very particular test + +strips, and I suppose one of +them I see here is up on the + +telestrator, so we should +switch to that. + +There's a very important, very +important pair of programs for + +understanding what's going on in +the evolution of a process + +by the execution of a program. + +What we have here are +two procedures + +that are almost identical. + +Almost no difference between +them at all. + +It's a few characters that +distinguish them. + +These are two ways of adding +numbers together. + +The first one, which you see +here, the first one is the sum + +of two numbers-- just +what we did before-- + +is, if the first one is +zero, it's the answer + +of the second one. + +Otherwise, it's the sum of the +decrement of the first and the + +increment of the second. + +And you may think of that +as having two piles. + +And the way I'm adding these +numbers together to make a + +third pile is by moving marbles +from one to the other. + +Nothing more than that. + +And eventually, when I run +out of one, then the + +other is the sum. + +However, the second procedure +here doesn't do it that way. + +It says if the first number +is zero, then the + +answer is the second. + +Otherwise, it's the increment of +the sum of the decrement of + +the first number +and the second. + +So what this says is add +together the decrement of the + +first number and the second-- a +simpler problem, no doubt-- + +and then change that result +to increment it. + +And so this means that if you +think about this in terms of + +piles, it means I'm holding +in my hand the + +things to be added later. + +And then I'm going +to add them in. + +As I slowly decrease one pile to +zero, I've got what's left + +here, and then I'm going +to add them back. + +Two different ways of adding. + +The nice thing about these two +programs is that they're + +almost identical. + +The only thing is where +I put the increment. + +A couple of characters +moved around. + +Now I want to understand the +kind of behavior we're going + +to get from each of +these programs. + +Just to get them firmly +in your mind-- + +I usually don't want to +be this careful-- + +but just to get them firmly in +your mind, I'm going to write + +the programs again on the +blackboard, and then I'm going + +to evolve a process. + +And you're going to +see what happens. + +We're going to look at the +shape of the process as a + +consequence of the program. + +So the program we started with +is this: the sum of x and y + +says if x is zero, then +the result is y. + +Otherwise, it's the sum of the +decrement of x and the + +increment of y. + +Now, supposing we wish to do +this addition of three and + +four, the sum of three and +four, well, what is that? + +It says that I have to +substitute the arguments for + +the formal parameters +in the body. + +I'm doing that in my mind. + +And I say, oh, yes, three is +substituted for x, but three + +is not zero, so I'm going to go +directly to this part and + +write down the simplified +consequent here. + +Because I'm really interested +in the behavior of addition. + +Well, what is that? + +That therefore turns into +the sum of two and five. + +In other words, I've reduced +this problem to this problem. + +Then I reduce this problem to +the sum of one and six, and + +then, going around again +once, I get the + +sum of zero and seven. + +And that's one where x equals +zero so the result is y, and + +so I write down here a seven. + +So this is the behavior of the +process evolved by trying to + +add together three and four +with this program. + +For the other program, which +is over here, I will define + +the sum of x and y. + +And what is it? + +If x is zero, then the result +is y-- almost the same-- + +otherwise the increment +of the sum of the + +decrement of x and y. + +No. + +I don't have my balancer +in front of me. + +OK, well, let's do it now. + +The sum of three and four. + +Well, this is actually a little +more interesting. + +Of course, three is not zero as +before, so that results in + +the increment of the sum of the +decrement of x, which is + +two and four, which is +the increment of + +the sum of one and-- + +whoops: the increment +of the increment. + +What I have to do now is compute +what this means. + +I have to evaluate this. + +Or what that is, the result of +substituting two and four for + +x and y here. + +But that is the increment +of the sum of one + +and four, which is-- + +well, now I have +to expand this. + +Ah, but that's the increment +of the increment of the + +increment of the sum +of zero and four. + +Ah, but now I'm beginning +to find things I can do. + +The increment of the increment +of the increment of-- well, + +the sum of zero and +four is four. + +The increment of four is five. + +So this is the increment of the +increment of five, which + +is the increment of six, +which is seven. + +Two different ways of +computing sums. + +Now, let's see. + +These processes have very +different shapes. + +I want you to feel +these shapes. + +It's the feeling for the +shapes that matters. + +What's some things we +can see about this? + +Well, somehow this is +sort of straight. + +It goes this way-- straight. + +This right edge doesn't vary +particularly in size. + +Whereas this one, I see that +this thing gets bigger and + +then it gets smaller. + +So I don't know what +that means yet, + +but what are we seeing? + +We're seeing here that somehow +these increments are expanding + +out and then contracting back. + +I'm building up a bunch +of them to do later. + +I can't do them now. + +There's things to be deferred. + +Well, let's see. + +I can imagine an abstract +machine. + +There's some physical machine, +perhaps, that could be built + +to do it, which, in fact, +executes these programs + +exactly as I tell you, +substituting character strings + +in like this. + +Such a machine, the number of +such steps is an approximation + +of the amount of +time it takes. + +So this way is time. + +And the width of the thing is +how much I have to remember in + +order to continue the process. + +And this much is space. + +And what we see here is a +process that takes a time + +which is proportional +to the argument x. + +Because if I made x larger +by one, then I'd + +had an extra line. + +So this is a process which +is space-- sorry-- + +time. + +The time of this process is +what we say order of x. + +That means it is proportional +to x by some constant of + +proportionality, and I'm not +particularly interested in + +what the constant is. + +The other thing we see here is +that the amount of space this + +takes up is constant, it's +proportional to one. + +So the space complexity of +this is order of one. + +We have a name for +such a process. + +Such a process is called +an iteration. + +And what matters here is not +that some particular machine I + +designed here and talked to +you about and called a + +substitution machine +or whatever-- + +substitution model-- + +managed to do this in +constant space. + +What really matters is this +tells us a bound. + +Any machine could do this +in constant space. + +This algorithm represented by +this procedure is executable + +in constant space. + +Now, of course, the model is +ignoring some things, standard + +sorts of things. + +Like numbers that are bigger +take up more space and so on. + +But that's a level of +abstraction at which I'm + +cutting off. + +How do you represent numbers? + +I'm considering every number +to be the same size. + +And numbers grow slowly for the +amount of space they take + +up and their size. + +Now, this algorithm is different +in its complexity. + +As we can see here, this +algorithm has a time + +complexity which is also +proportional to the input + +argument x. + +That's because if I were to add +one to three, if I made a + +larger problem, which is larger +by one here, then I'd + +add a line at the top and I'd +add a line at the bottom. + +And the fact that it's a +constant amount, like this is + +twice as many lines as that, +is not interesting at the + +level of detail I'm talking +about right now. + +So this is a time complexity +order of the input argument x. + +And space complexity, well, +this is more interesting. + +I happen to have some overhead, +which you see over + +here, which is constant +approximately. + +Constant overhead. + +But then I have something which +increases and decreases + +and is proportional to +the input argument x. + +The input argument x is three. + +That's why there are three +deferred increments sitting + +around here. + +See? + +So the space complexity +here is also order x. + +And this kind of process, named +for the kind of process, + +this is a recursion. + +A linear recursion, I will call +it, because of the fact + +that it's proportional to +the input argument in + +both time and space. + +This could have been +a linear iteration. + +So then what's the essence +of this matter? + +This matter isn't so obvious. + +Maybe there are other models by +which we can describe the + +differences between iterative +and recursive processes. + +Because this is hard now. + +Remember, we have-- those are +both recursive definitions. + +What we're seeing there are both +recursive definitions, + +definitions that refer to the +thing being defined in the + +definition. + +But they lead to different +shape processes. + +There's nothing special about +the fact that the definition + +is recursive that leads to +a recursive process. + +OK. + +Let's think of another model. + +I'm going to talk to you +about bureaucracy. + +Bureaucracy is sort +of interesting. + +Here we see on a slide +an iteration. + +An iteration is sort of +a fun kind of process. + +Imagine that there's a +fellow called GJS-- + +that stands for me-- + +and he's got a problem: +he wants to add + +together three and four. + +This fella here wants to add +together three and four. + +Well, the way he's going to do +it-- he's lazy-- is he's going + +to find somebody else +to help him do it. + +They way he finds someone +else to-- + +he finds someone else to help +him do it and says, well, give + +me the answer to three +and four and return + +the result to me. + +He makes a little piece of paper +and says, here, here's a + +piece of paper-- you go ahead +and solve this problem and + +give the result back to me. + +And this guy, of course, +is lazy, too. + +He doesn't want to see this +piece of paper again. + +He says, oh, yes, produce a new +problem, which is the sum + +of two ad five, and return +the result back to GJS. + +I don't want to see it again. + +This guy does not want to +see this piece of paper. + +And then this fellow makes a +new problem, which is the + +addition of the sum of one and +six, and he give it to this + +fella and says, produce that +answer and returned it to GJS. + +And that produces a problem, +which is to add together zero + +and seven, and give +the result to GJS. + +This fella finally just says, +oh, yeah, the answer is seven, + +and sends it back to GJS. + +That's what an iteration is. + +By contrast, a recursion +is a slightly + +different kind of process. + +This one involves more +bureaucracy. + +It keeps more people busy. + +It keeps more people employed. + +Perhaps it's better +for that reason. + +But here it is: I want +the answer to the + +problem three and four. + +So I make a piece of paper that +says, give the result + +back to me. + +Give it to this fella. + +This fellow says, oh, yes, I +will remember that I have to + +add later, and I want to get +the answer the problem two + +plus four, give that one to +Harry, and have the results + +sent back to me-- + +I'm Joe. + +When the answer comes back from +Harry, which is a six, I + +will then do the increment and +give that seven back to GJS. + +So there are more pieces of +paper outstanding in the + +recursive process than +the iteration. + +There's another way to think +about what an iteration is and + +the difference between an +iteration and a recursion. + +You see, the question is, how +much stuff is under the table? + +If I were to stop-- + +supposing I were to kill this +computer right now, OK? + +And at this point I lose the +state of affairs, well, I + +could continue the computation +from this point but everything + +I need to continue the +computation is in the + +valuables that were defined +in the procedure that the + +programmer wrote for me. + +An iteration is a system that +has all of its state in + +explicit variables. + +Whereas the recursion is +not quite the same. + +If I were to lose this pile of +junk over here, and all I was + +left with was the sum of one +and four, that's not enough + +information to continue the +process of computing out the + +seven from the original problem +of adding together + +three of four. + +Besides the information that's +in the variables of the formal + +parameters of the program, +there is also information + +under the table belonging to +the computer, which is what + +things have been deferred +for later. + +And, of course, there's a +physical analogy to this, + +which is in differential +equations, for example, when + +we talk about something +like drawing a circle. + +Try to draw a circle, you make +that out of a differential + +equation which says the change +in my state as a function of + +my current state. + +So if my current state +corresponds to particular + +values of y and x, then I can +compute from them a derivative + +which says how the state +must change. + +And, in fact, you can see this +was a circle because if I + +happen to be, say, at this place +over here, at one, zero, + +for example, on this graph, +then it means that the + +derivative of y is x, which +we see over here. + +That's one, so I'm going up. + +And the derivative of +x is minus y, which + +means I'm going backwards. + +I'm actually doing nothing at +this point, then I start going + +backwards as y increases. + +So that's how you +make a circle. + +And the interesting thing to see +is a little program that + +will draw a circle +by this method. + +Actually, this won't draw a +circle because it's a forward + +oil or integrator and +will eventually + +spiral out and all that. + +But it'll draw a circle +for a while + +before it starts spiraling. + +However, what we see here is two +state variables, x and y. + +And there's an iteration that +says, in order to circle, + +given an x and y, what I want +is to circle with the next + +values of x and y being the old +value of x decrement by y + +times dt where dt is the time +step and the old value of y + +being implemented by x times dt, +giving me the new values + +of x and y. + +So now you have a feeling for +at least two different kinds + +of processes that can +be evolved by + +almost the same program. + +And with a little bit of +perturbation analysis like + +this, how you change a program +a little bit and see how the + +process changes, that's how +we get some intuition. + +Pretty soon we're going to use +that intuition to build big, + +hairy, complicated systems. + +Thank you. + +[MUSIC PLAYING BY J.S. BACH] + +PROFESSOR: Well, you've just +seen a simple perturbational + +analysis of some programs. + +I took a program that was very +similar to another program and + +looked at them both and saw how +they evolved processes. + +I want to show you some variety +by showing you some + +other processes and shapes +they may have. + +Again, we're going to take very +simple things, programs + +that you wouldn't want +to ever write. + +They would be probably the worst +way of computing some of + +the things we're going +to compute. + +But I'm just going to show you +these things for the purpose + +of feeling out how to program +represents itself as the rule + +for the evolution +of a process. + +So let's consider a fun thing, +the Fibonacci numbers. + +You probably know about +the Fibonacci numbers. + +Somebody, I can't remember who, +was interested in the + +growth of piles of rabbits. + +And for some reason or other, +the piles of rabbits tend to + +grow exponentially, +as we know. + +And we have a nice model for +this process, is that we start + +with two numbers, +zero and one. + +And then every number +after this is the + +sum of the two previous. + +So we have here a one. + +Then the sum of these +two is two. + +The sum of those two is three. + +The sum of those two is five. + +The sum of those two is eight. + +The sum of those two is 13. + +This is 21. + +34. + +55. + +Et cetera. + +If we start numbering these +numbers, say this is the + +zeroth one, the first one, the +second one, the third one, the + +fourth one, et cetera. + +This is the 10th one, the +10th Fibonacci number. + +These numbers grow very fast. + +Just like rabbits. + +Why rabbits grow this way I'm +not going to hazard a guess. + +Now, I'm going to try to write +for you the very simplest + +program that computes +Fibonacci numbers. + +What I want is a program that, +given an n, will produce for + +me Fibonacci event. + +OK? + +I'll write it right here. + +I want the Fibonacci of n, which +means the-- this is the + +n, and this is Fibonacci of n. + +And here's the story. + +If n is less than two, +then the result is n. + +Because that's what these are. + +That's how you start it up. + +Otherwise, the result is the sum +of Fib of n minus one and + +the Fibonacci number, +n minus two. + +So this is a very simple, direct +specification of the + +description of Fibonacci numbers +that I gave you when I + +introduced those numbers. + +It represents the recurrence +relation in the simplest + +possible way. + +Now, how do we use +such a thing? + +Let's draw this process. + +Let's figure out +what this does. + +Let's consider something very +simple by computing + +Fibonacci of four. + +To compute Fibonacci of +four, what do I do? + +Well, it says I have-- + +it's not less than two. + +Therefore it's the sum +of two things. + +Well, in order to compute that +I have to compute, then, + +Fibonacci of three and +Fibonacci of two. + +In order to compute Fibonacci +of three, I have to compute + +Fibonacci of two and +Fibonacci of one. + +In order to compute Fibonacci +of two, I have to compute + +Fibonacci of one and +Fibonacci of zero. + +In order to compute Fibonacci +of one, well, + +the answer is one. + +That's from the base case +of this recursion. + +And in order to compute +Fibonacci of one, well, that + +answer is zero, from +the same base. + +And here is a one. + +And Fibonacci of two is really +the sum of Fibonacci of one. + +And Fib of zero, in order to +compute that, I get a one, and + +here I've got a zero. + +I've built a tree. + +Now, we can observe some +things about this tree. + +We can see why this is an +extremely bad way to compute + +Fibonacci numbers. + +Because in order to compute +Fibonacci of four, I had to + +compute Fibonacci of two's +sub-tree twice. + +In fact, in order way to add one +more, supposing I want to + +do Fibonacci of five, what I +really have to do then is + +compute Fibonacci of four +plus Fibonacci of three. + +But Fibonacci of three's +sub-tree has + +already been built. + +This is a prescription +for a process that's + +exponential in time. + +To add one, I have to multiply +by something because I take a + +proportion of the existing thing +and add it to itself to + +add one more step. + +So this is a thing whose time +complexity is order of-- + +actually, it turns out +to be Fibonacci-- + +of n. + +There's a thing that grows +exactly at Fibonacci numbers. + +It's a horrible thing. + +You wouldn't want to do it. + +The reason why the time has to +grow that way is because we're + +presuming in the model-- + +the substitution model that I +gave you, which I'm not doing + +formally here, I sort of now +spit it out in a simple way-- + +but presuming that everything +is done sequentially. + +That every one of these +nodes in this + +tree has to be examined. + +And so since the number of +nodes in this tree grows + +exponentially, because I add a +proportion of the existing + +nodes to the nodes I already +have to add one, then I know + +I've got an exponential +explosion here. + +Now, let's see if we can +think of how much + +space this takes up. + +Well, it's not so bad. + +It depends on how much we have +to remember in order to + +continue this thing running. + +Well, that's not so hard. + +It says, gee, in order to know +where I am in this tree, I + +have to have a path +back to the root. + +In other words, in order to-- +let's consider the path I + +would have to execute this. + +I'd say, oh, yes, I'm going +to go down here. + +I don't care which +direction I go. + +I have to do this. + +I have to then do this. + +I have to traverse this tree +in a sort of funny way. + +I'm going to walk this +nice little path. + +I come back to here. + +Well, I've got to remember where +I'm going to be next. + +I've got to keep that in mind. + +So I have to know +what I've done. + +I have to know what's left. + +In order to compute Fibonacci +of four, at some point I'm + +going to have to be down here. + +And I have to remember that I +have to go back and then go + +back to here to do +an addition. + +And then go back to here to do +an addition to something I + +haven't touched yet. + +The amount of space that +takes up is the + +path, the longest path. + +How long it is. + +And that grows as n. + +So the space-- + +because that's the length +of the deepest + +line through the tree-- + +the space is order of n. + +It's a pretty bad process. + +Now, one thing I want to see +from this is a feeling of + +what's going on here. + +Why are there-- + +how is this program related +to this process? + +Well, what are we seeing here? + +There really are only +two sorts of things + +this program does. + +This program consists of +two rules, if you will. + +One rule that says Fibonacci of +n is this sum that you see + +over here, which is a node +that's shaped like this. + +It says that I break up +something into two parts. + +Under some condition over here +that n is greater than two, + +then the node breaks +up into two parts. + +Less than two. + +No. + +Greater than two. + +Yes. + +The other possibility is +that I have a reduction + +that looks like this. + +And that's this case. + +If it's less than two, the +answer is n itself. + +So what we're seeing here is +that the process that got + +built locally at every place is +an instance of this rule. + +Here's one instance +of the rule. + +Here is another instance +of the rule. + +And the reason why people think +of programming as being + +hard, of course, is because +you're writing down a general + +rule, which is going to be used +for lots of instances, + +that a particular instance-- + +it's going to control each +particular instance for you. + +You've got to write down +something that's a general in + +terms of variables, and you +have to think of all the + +things that could possibly fit +in those variables, and all + +those have to lead to the +process you want to work. + +Locally, you have to break up +your process into things that + +can be represented in +terms of these very + +specific local rules. + +Well, let's see. + +Fibonaccis are, of course, +not much fun. + +Yes, they are. + +You get something called the +golden ratio, and we may even + +see a lot of that some time. + +Well, let's talk about +another thing. + +There's a famous game called the +Towers of Hanoi, because I + +want to teach you how to think +about these recursively. + +The problem is this one: I have +a bunch of disks, I have + +a bunch of spikes, and it's +rumored that somewhere in the + +Orient there is a 64-high tower, +and the job of various + +monks or something is to move +these spikes in some + +complicated pattern +so eventually-- + +these disks-- + +so eventually I moved all +of the disks from one + +spike to the other. + +And if it's 64 high, and it's +going to take two to the 64th + +moves, then it's a long time. + +They claim that the universe +ends when this is done. + +Well, let's see. + +The way in which you would +construct a recursive process + +is by wishful thinking. + +You have to believe. + +So, the idea. + +Supposing I want to move this +pile from here to here, from + +spike one to spike two, well, +that's not so hard. + +See, supposing somehow, by some +magic-- because I've got + +a simpler problem-- + +I move a three-high +pile to here-- + +I can only move one +disk at a time, so + +identifying how I did it. + +But supposing I could do that, +well, then I could just pick + +up this disk and move it here. + +And now I have a +simple problem. + +I have to move a three-high +tower to + +here, which is no problem. + +So by two moves of a three high +tower plus one move of a + +single object, I can move the +tower from here to here. + +Now, whether or not-- + +this is not obvious in any +deep way that this works. + +And why? + +Now, why is it the case that I +can presume, maybe, that I can + +move the three-high tower? + +Well, the answer is because I'm +always counting down, and + +eventually I get down to +zero-high tower, and a + +zero-high tower requires +no moves. + +So let's write the algorithm +for that. + +Very easy. + +I'm going to label these towers +with numbers, but it + +doesn't matter what they're +labelled with. + +And the problem is to move an +n-high tower from a spike + +called From to a spike called +To with a particular spike + +called Spare. + +That's what we're going to do. + +Using the algorithm I informally +described to you, + +move of a n-high tower from +From to To with a Spare. + +Well, I've got two cases, and +this is a case analysis, just + +like it is in all the other +things we've done. + +If n is zero, then-- + +I'm going to put out +some answers-- + +Done, we'll say. + +I don't know what that means. + +Because we'll never use that +answer for anything. + +We're going to do these moves. + +Else. + +I'm going to do a move. + +Move a tower of height +less than n, the + +decrement of n height. + +Now, I'm going to move it +to the Spare tower. + +The whole idea now is to move +this from here to here, to the + +Spare tower-- so from +From to Spare-- + +using To as a spare tower. + +Later, somewhere later, I'm +going to move that same n-high + +tower, after I've done this. + +Going to move that same n minus +one-high tower from the + +Spare tower to the To +tower using the + +From tower as my spare. + +So the Spare tower to +the To tower using + +the From as the spare. + +All I have to do now is when +I've gotten it in this + +condition, between these two +moves of a whole tower-- + +I've got it into that +condition-- + +now I just have to +move one disk. + +So I'm going to say that some +things are printing a move and + +I don't care how it works. + +From the To. + +Now, you see the reason why I'm +bringing this up at this + +moment is this is an almost +identical program to this one + +in some sense. + +It's not computing the same +mathematical quantity, it's + +not exactly the same tree, but +it's going to produce a tree. + +The general way of making these +moves is going to lead + +to an exponential tree. + +Well, let's do this four-high. + +I have my little crib sheet here +otherwise I get confused. + +Well, what I'm going to put in +is the question of move a + +tower of height four from one to +spike two using spike three + +as a spare. + +That's all I'm really +going to do. + +You know, let's just do it. + +I'm not going to worry +about writing out + +the traits of this. + +You can do that yourself because +it's very simple. + +I'm going to move disk +one to disk three. + +And how do I get to move +disk one to disk three? + +How do I know that? + +Well, I suppose I have to look +at the trace a little bit. + +What am I doing here? + +Well, and this is not-- +n is not zero. + +So I'm going to look +down here. + +This is going to require +doing two moves. + +I'm only going to look +at the first one. + +It's going to require moving-- + +why do I have move tower? + +It makes it harder +for me to move. + +I'm going to move a three-high +tower from the from place, + +which is four, to the +spare, which is two, + +using three as my-- + +no, using from-- + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yes. + +I'm sorry. + +From two-- + +from one to three using +two as my spare. + +That's right. + +And then there's another move +over here afterwards. + +So now I say, oh, yes, that +requires me moving a two-high + +tower from one to two using +three as a spare. + +And so, are the same, and that's +going to require me + +moving and one-high tower +from one to three + +using two as a spare. + +Well, and then there's lots of +other things to be done. + +So I move my one-high tower from +one to three using two as + +a spare, which I didn't +do anything with. + +Well, this thing just proceeds +very simply. + +I move this from one to two. + +And I move this disk +from three to two. + +And I don't really want +to do it, but I + +move from one to three. + +Then I move two to one. + +Then I move two to three. + +Then one to three. + +One to two. + +Three to two. + +Three to one. + +This all got worked out +beforehand, of course. + +Two to one. + +Three to two. + +One to three. + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]. + +PROFESSOR: Oh, one to three. + +Excuse me. + +Thank you. + +One to two. + +And then three to two. + +Whew. + +Now what I'd like you to think +about, you just saw a + +recursive algorithm for doing +this, and it takes exponential + +time, of course. + +Now, I don't know if there's +any algorithm that doesn't + +take exponential time-- +it has to. + +As I'm doing one operation-- + +I can only move one +thing at a time-- + +there's no algorithm +that's not going to + +take exponential time. + +But can you write an iterative +algorithm rather than a + +recursive algorithm +for doing this? + +One of the sort of little things +I like to think about. + +Can you write one that, in +fact, doesn't break this + +problem into two sub-problems +the way I described, but + +rather proceeds a step at a time +using a more local rule? + +That might be fun. + +Thank you so much for +the third segment. + +Are there questions? + +STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] a way to +reduce a tree or recursion + +problem, how do you save the +immediate work you have done + +in computing the Fibonacci +number? + +PROFESSOR: Oh, well, in fact, +one of the ways to do is what + +you just said. + +You said, I save the +intermediate work. + +OK? + +Well, let me tell you-- + +this, again, we'll see later-- + +but suppose it's the case that +anytime I compute anything, + +any one of these Fibonacci +numbers, I remember the table + +that takes only linear time +to look up the answer. + +Then if I ever see it again, +instead of doing the + +expansional tree, +I look it up. + +I've just transformed my problem +into a problem that's + +much simpler. + +Now, of course, there are the +way to do this, as well. + +That one's called memoization, +and you'll see it sometime + +later in this term. + +But I suppose there's a very +simple linear time, and, in + +fact, iterative model for +computing Fibonaccis, and + +that's another thing you should +sit down and work out. + +That's important. + +It's important to see +how to do this. + +I want you to practice. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eRJ_r8WF1Y0.txt b/eRJ_r8WF1Y0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c151e4498c1787d9435e61680ae4e1a595ebcbab --- /dev/null +++ b/eRJ_r8WF1Y0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4487 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help +MIT OpenCourseWare + +continue to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: All right, guys. + +Let's get started with +the next installment + +of our exciting journey +into computer security. + +Today, we're actually going +to talk about web security. + +Web security is, actually, +one of my favorite topics + +to talk about because +it really exposes you + +to the true horrors +of the world. + +It's very easy to +think, as a student, + +that everything will be +great when you graduate. + +Today's lecture and +the next lecture + +will be telling you that's, +in fact, not the case. + +Everything's terrible. + +So what Is the web? + +Well back in the olden days, the +web was, actually, much simpler + +than it is today, right. + +So clients, which is +to say the browsers, + +couldn't really do anything +with respect of displaying + +rigid or active content. + +Basically they could just get +static images, static text, + +and that was about it. + +Now the server side was +a little more interesting + +because even if there was static +content on a clients side. + +Maybe the server was +talking databases, + +maybe it was talking to other +machines on the server side. + +Things like that. + +So for a very long time, +the notion of web security, + +basically, meant looking at +what the server was doing. + +And to this point +in this class, we've + +essentially taken that approach. + +So we looked at things like +buffer to overflow attacks. + +So how clients can trick +the server into doing things + +the server doesn't want to do. + +You also looked +at the OKWS server + +and looked at how we can do +some privilege isolation there. + +So to this point, we, sort +of, looked at security + +through the experiences +that were actually + +experienced by the security +resources themselves. + +But now, actually, the +browser is very interesting + +to think about, in +terms of security, + +because the browser is super, +super complicated these days. + +So now there's all kinds +of insane, dynamic stuff + +that the browser +can actually do. + +So for example, you probably +heard of JavaScript. + +So JavaScript now +allows pages to execute + +client side code, +Turing complete, + +can do all kinds of wacky stuff. + +There is the DOM +model, which we'll + +talk about in more +depth later today. + +The DOM model, essentially, +allows JavaScript code + +to dynamically change the +visual appearance of the page. + +Fiddle with things like font +stylings and stuff like that. + +There's XML HTTP request. + +These are, basically, +a way for JavaScript + +to asynchronously fetch +contents from servers. + +You may also hear XML HTTP +requests referred to as AJAX. + +Asynchronous +JavaScript fetching. + +There are things +like web sockets. + +This is, actually, +recently introduced API. + +So WebSockets, essentially, +allow a full duplex + +communication between +clients and servers. + +Communication going both ways. + +We've got all kinds +of multimedia support. + +So for example, we have +things like the video tag, + +which allows a web +page to play video + +without using a Flash app. + +It can actually just +play that video natively. + +There's also a geolocation. + +So now a web page can actually +determine, physically, + +where you are. + +For example, if you're running +a web page on a smartphone, + +the browser can actually +access your GPS unit. + +If you're accessing a +page on a desktop browser, + +it can actually look at +your Wi-Fi connection + +and connect to Google's +Wi-Fi geolocation service + +to figure out where +exactly you are. + +That's, kind of, insane. + +Right? + +But now web pages can do +do that kind of stuff. + +So we've also talked +about things like NaCl, + +for example, which allows +browsers to run native code. + +So there's many, +many other features + +that I haven't mentioned here. + +But suffice it to +say the browser + +is now incredibly complicated. + +So what does this mean from +the perspective of security? + +Well basically, it means +that we're screwed. + +Right? + +The thread surface for that +right there is enormous. + +And loosely speaking, when +you're thinking about security, + +you can think of a graph that, +sort of, looks like this. + +So you've got the +likelihood of correctness. + +And then, you've got the number +of features that you have. + +And so you know, this graph +starts up here at 100. + +Well of course, we +never even started 100, + +even with very simple +code because we can't even + +do bubble sort right. + +So essentially, that curve +looks something like this. + +And web browsers +are right over here. + +So as we'll discuss +today, There's + +all kinds of wacky security bugs +that are arising constantly. + +And as soon as the +old ones are fixed, + +new ones are rising +because people + +keep adding these new features. + +Oftentimes, without +thinking about what + +the security implications +of those features are. + +So if you think about what a +web application is these days, + +well it's this client thing +and it's a server thing. + +And a web application now spans +multiple programming languages, + +multiple machines, and +multiple hardware programs. + +You could be using +Firefox on Windows. + +Then it's going to go talk to +a machine in the cloud that's + +running Linux. + +It's running the Apache server. + +Maybe it's running an ARM chip +opposed to x86 or something + +like that, or the +other way around. + +So long story short, there's all +these problems of composition. + +There's all these software +layers and all these hardware + +layers that all can impact +security in some way. + +But it's also complicated. + +It's not quite clear how we can +make sense of the entire whole. + +So for example, one common +problem with the web + +is this problem of +a parsing context. + +So as an example, +suppose that you + +had something in a page +that looked like this. + +You declare a script tag. + +Inside that script tag, +you declare a variable. + +There's some string here. + +And let's say that this string +comes from an untrusted party. + +Either the user or another +machine or something like that. + +And then, you close +that script tag. + +So this stuff is trusted. + +This stuff is trusted. + +This stuff is not trusted. + +So can anybody +figure out why there + +might be some problems here if +we take this entrusted string + +and put it in there? + +AUDIENCE: You can have a closing +quote mark in [INAUDIBLE] + +and then have some [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Right, +right, exactly. + +So the problem is there +are multiple context, + +that this untrusted code +could, sort of, break into. + +So for example, if the untrusted +code had a double quote here, + +now we've closed the definition +of this JavaScript string. + +So now we're added the +JavaScript string context + +and render the regular +JavaScript execution context. + +And then the attacker +gets a regular job + +zip code here and go to town. + +Alternatively, the +attacker could just + +put a closing script tag here. + +Right? + +And then, at that +point, the attacker + +can, sort of, get out of +the JavaScript context + +and then get into +the HTML context. + +Maybe to find some new HTML +nodes or something like that. + +So you see this problem +with composition + +all over the place in +the web because there + +are so many different +languages and run + +times for you to think about. + +HTML, CSS, JavaScript, maybe +MySQL on the server side, + +and so on and so forth. + +So this is just +a classic example + +of why you have to do something +called content standardization. + +So whenever you get +untrusted input from someone, + +you actually need to +analyze it very carefully + +to make sure that it's not being +used as a vector for an attack. + +So another reason why +web security so tricky + +is because the web +specifications are incredibly + +long, they're +incredibly tedious, + +they're incredibly boring, and +they're often inconsistent. + +So when I mean the +web specifications, + +I mean things like the +definition of JPEG, + +the definition of CSS, +the definition of HTML. + +These documents +are, like, the size + +of the EU constitution and +equally as easy to understand. + +So what ends up happening +is that the browser vendors + +see all these specs. + +And they essentially +say, OK, thanks for that. + +I'm going to do something +that somewhat resembles + +what these specs look like. + +Then they call it a day +and they laugh about it + +with their friends. + +OK, so what ends up happening +is that these specifications + +end up being like these vague, +aspirational documents that + +don't always accurately reflect +what real browsers are doing. + +And if you want to understand +the horror of this, + +you can go to this site +called quirksmode.org. + +I mean, don't go to this +site if you want to be happy. + +But you can go there. + +And it actually documents all of +these terrible inconsistencies + +that browsers have with +respect to what happens + +when the user hits a key press? + +There should just be one key +precedent that's generated. + +You are so wrong. + +So go to quirksmode.org +and check that out, + +and see what's going on. + +So anyway, in this +lecture, we're + +going to focus on the client +side of the web application. + +In particular, +we're going to look + +at how we can isolate +content from different web + +providers that has +to coexist, somehow, + +in the same machine +and the same browser. + +So at a high level, there's +this fundamental difference + +between the way +you traditionally + +think of a desktop +application and the way + +you think of a web application. + +Abstractly speaking, most of the +desktop applications that you + +use, you can think of it as +coming from a single principal. + +So word comes from Microsoft. + +And maybe TurboTax comes +from Mr. and Mrs. TurboTax, + +so on and so forth. + +But when you look at a +web application, something + +that looks to you, visually, +as a single application + +is actually composed of a +bunch of different content + +from a bunch of +different people. + +So you go to CNN, it looks +like it's all on one tab. + +But each of those visual +things that you see + +may, in fact, come +from someone different. + +So let's just look at a +very simple example here. + +So let's say that we were +looking at the following site. + +So HTTP food.com. + +And we're just +looking at index.html. + +So you know, you look +at your browser tab. + +What might you see? + +So one thing that you might +see is an advertisement. + +So you might see +an advertisement + +in the form of a gift. + +And maybe that was +downloaded from ads.com. + +Then you also might see, let's +say, an analytics library. + +And maybe this comes +from google.com. + +So these libraries are very +popular for doing things + +like tracking how many +people have loaded your page, + +looking to see where +people click on things + +to see which parts of their +site are the most interesting + +for people to interact +with, so on and so forth. + +And you might also have +another JavaScript library. + +Let's say it's jQuery. + +And maybe that comes +from cdn.foo.com. + +So some content distribution +network that foo.com runs. + +jQuery is very popular +library for doing things + +like GUI manipulation. + +Things like that. + +So a lot of popular +websites have jQuery. + +Although, they serve it +from different places. + +And then, on this page +you might see some HTML. + +And here's where +you might see stuff + +like buttons for the user to +click on, text input, and so + +on and so forth. + +So that's just raw +HTML on the page. + +And then, you might +see what they call + +inline JavaScript from foo.com. + +In my inline, you +have a script tag. + +And then, you have +a closed script tag. + +And then you just have +some JavaScript code + +included in their directly. + +That's as opposed to where +you say something like script. + +And then, the source +equals something that + +lives on some server remotely. + +So this is what's called +inline JavaScript. + +This is what's referred to +as an externally defined + +JavaScript file. + +So you might have some inline +JavaScript there from foo.com. + +And the other thing that +you might have in here + +is actually a frame. + +So we'll talk about frames +a bit more in a little bit, + +but think of a frame as almost +like a separate JavaScript + +universe. + +It's a little bit equivalent +to a process and UNIX. + +So maybe this frame here, +maybe this guy belongs + +to https://facebook +.com/likethis.html. + +So maybe here we have +some inline JavaScript + +from Facebook. + +And then, maybe, we +also have some image. + +So you know, f.jpeg. + +That comes from +https://facebook.com. + +OK, so this is what a single +tab might have in its contents. + +But as I just +mentioned, all this + +can, potentially, come from +all these different principles. + +So there's a bunch of +interesting questions + +that we can ask about +a application that + +looks like this + +So for example, can this +analytics code from google.com + +actually access +JavaScript state that + +resides in the jQuery code. + +So to first approximation, +maybe that seems like a bad idea + +because these two pieces of +code came from different places. + +But then again, maybe +it's actually OK + +because, presumably, foo.com +brought both of these libraries + +in so that they can +work with each other. + +So who knows. + +Another question +you might have is + +can the analytics +code here actually + +interact with the +text inputs here. + +So for example, can +the analytics code + +define event handlers? + +So a little bit of +background in JavaScript. + +JavaScript is single +threaded vent driven model. + +So basically, in +each frame, there's + +just an event loop that's just +constantly pulling events. + +Key presses, network events +timers, and stuff like that. + +And then, seeing if there +are any handlers associated + +with those events. + +And if so, it fires them. + +So who should be able to define +event handlers for this HTML. + +Should google.com +be able to do it. + +It's not from foo.com +so maybe, maybe not. + +Another question, too, is +what's the relationship + +between this Facebook frame +here and the larger frame? + +The Facebook frame +is an HTTPS, secure. + +foo.com is an HTTP, nonsecure. + +So how should these two +things be able to interact? + +So basically, to +answer these questions, + +browsers use a security model +called the same-origin policy. + +So there's, sort +of, this vague goal + +because a lot of things +with respect to web security + +are, kind of, vague +because nobody + +knows what they're doing. + +But the basic idea +is two websites + +should not be able to +tamper with each other, + +unless they want to. + +So defining what tampering +means was actually easier + +when the web was simpler. + +But as we keep adding +these new APIs, + +it's more and more +difficult to understand what + +this non-tampering goal means. + +So for example, +it's obviously bad + +if two websites, which +don't trust each other, + +can over write o each +other's visual display. + +That seems like an +obviously bad thing. + +It seems like an +obviously good thing + +if two websites, which +want to collaborate, + +are able to, somehow, +exchange data in a safe way. + +So you can think of mash up +sites you may have heard of. + +So sometimes you'll see +these things in the internet. + +It's like someone +takes Google map data, + +and then takes the +location of food trucks. + +And then, you have +this amazing mash up + +that allows you to eat cheaply +and avoid salmonella, right? + +So that seems like a thing +you should be able to do. + +But how, exactly, do we enable +that type of composition? + +Then there's other things that +are, kind of, hard to say. + +So for example, if JavaScript +code comes from origin + +x inside of a page +that's from origin y, + +how exactly should that code +and that content compose? + +So the strategy that the +same-origin policy user can be + +roughly described as follows. + +So each resource is +assigned an origin, which + +we'll discuss in a second. + +And essentially, +a JavaScript code + +can only access resources +from its own origin. + +So this is the +high level strategy + +the same origin policy uses. + +But the devil's in the details. + +And there's the ton of +exceptions, which we're + +going to look into in a second. + +But first of all, +before we proceed, + +let's define what an origin is. + +So an origin is, basically, +a network protocol scheme + +plus a host name plus a port. + +So for example, we can have +something like HTTP foo.com. + +And then, maybe, +it's index.html. + +So the scheme here is HTTP. + +And the host name is foo.com. + +And the port is 80. + +Now the port, in this +case, is implicit. + +The port is the port +on the server side + +that the client uses to connect. + +So if you see a URL +from the HTTP scheme + +and there's no port that's +explicitly supplied, then, + +implicitly, that port is 80. + +So then, if we look at +something like the HTTPS, + +once again, foo.com index.html. + +So these two URLs have +the same host name. + +Right? + +But they have, actually, +different schemes. + +HTTPS vs HTTP. + +And also, here, the +port is implicitly 443. + +That's the default HTTPS port. + +So these two URLs have +different origins. + +And then, as a final +example, if you + +had a site like HTTP +bar.com, then you + +can use this colon +notation here. + +8181. + +You know, these +things beyond here + +don't matter with respect to +the same origin policy, at least + +with respect to this +very simple example. + +Here, we see that we have +a scheme of HTTP, a host + +name of bar.com, and here we've +explicitly specified the port. + +So in this case, it's a +non-default port of 8181. + +So does that make sense? + +It's pretty straightforward. + +OK, so this is, basically, +what an origin is. + +Loosely speaking, you can think +of an origin as a UID in Unix + +with the frame being loosely +considered as, like, a process. + +So there are four basic +ideas behind the browser's + +implementation of the +same origin policy. + +So first idea is each origin +has client side resources. + +So what are examples +of those resources? + +Things like cookies. + +Now you can think of +cookies as a very simple way + +to implement state in a +stateless protocol like HTTP. + +Basically, a cookie is +like a tiny file that's + +associated with each origin. + +And we'll talk about the +specifics of this in a bit. + +But the basic idea is that when +the browser sends a request + +to a particular website, +it includes any cookies + +that the client has +for that website. + +And you can use these +cookies for things + +like implementing +password remembering. + +Maybe if you were going +to an ecommerce site, + +you can remember stuff +about a user's shopping cart + +in these cookies, +so on and so forth. + +So cookies are one +thing that each origin + +can be associated with. + +Also, you can think +of DOM storage + +as another one of +these resources. + +This is a fairly new interface. + +But think of DOM storage +as just a key value store. + +So DOM storage allows +an origin to say, + +for this given key, +which is a string, + +let me associate +it with this given + +value, which is also a string. + +Another thing that is +social with an origin + +is a JavaScript name space. + +So that JavaScript +name space defines + +what functions and +what interfaces + +are available to the origin. + +Some of those +interfaces are built in. + +Like, let's say, the string +prototype and stuff like that. + +And then, an application +might actually + +fill the JavaScript namespace +with some other content. + +There's also this thing +called the DOM tree. + +So DOM is short for +Document Object Model. + +And the Dom tree +is, essentially, + +a JavaScript reflection +of the HTML in a page. + +So you can imagine +that the DOM tree + +has a node for the topmost +HTML5 node in the HTML. + +And then, it's going to have +a node for the head tag. + +Then, it's going to have +a node for the body tag. + +All right, so on and so forth. + +So the way that a lot +of dynamic web pages + +are made dynamic is +the JavaScript code + +can access this data +structure in JavaScript + +that mirrors the HTML content. + +So you can imagine an +animation takes place + +by changing some +of these nodes down + +here to implement different +organizations of various tabs. + +So that's what the DOM tree is. + +There's also a +visual display area. + +Although, we'll see that +the visual display area + +actually interacts very +strangely with the same origin + +policy. + +So on and so forth. + +So at high level, +each origin has access + +to some set of client side +resources of these types. + +Doe that make sense? + +And then, the second big +idea is that each frame + +gets the origin of its URL. + +So as I mentioned +before, a frame + +is, roughly, analogous +to a process in Unix. + +It's, kind of, like +a name space that + +aggregates a bunch of +other different resources. + +So third idea is that +scripts, so JavaScript code, + +execute with the authority +of it's frame's origin. + +OK, so what that means is that +foo.com imports a JavaScript + +file from bar.com. + +Well, that JavaScript +file is going + +to be able to act with +the authority of foo.com. + +So loosely speaking, this +is, sort of, similar to + +if you were in the +Unix world to run + +a binary that, sort of, +belonged in someone else's home + +directory. + +That thing would sort of, +execute, with your privileged + +there. + +And the fourth thing is +there's passive content. + +So by passive content I mean +things like that images, + +for example. + +Or CSS file or things like that. + +These are things, +which we don't think + +of as having executable code. + +So passive content gets zero +authority from the browser. + +So that, kind of, makes sense. + +We'll see why this fourth +thing is a little bit + +subtle in a second. + +So going back to +our example here. + +So we see, for example, +that the Google Analytics + +script and the jQuery script +can access all kinds of stuff + +in foo.com. + +So for example, they can +read and write cookies. + +They can do things like attach +event handlers to buttons here. + +So on and so forth. + +If we look at the Facebook +frame and its relationship + +to the larger foo.com +frame, then we + +see that they're from +different origins + +because they have +different schemes here. + +They have different host names. + +Different ports. + +So what this means is that they +are, to a first approximation, + +isolated. + +Now they can communicate +if they both opt + +into it using this interface +called postMessage. + +So postMessage allows +two different frames + +to exchange asynchronous +immutable messages + +with each other. + +So think of this facility +as allowing Facebook + +to try to send a string. + +Not a reference, a string up +to the enclosing foo.com frame. + +Now note that if foo.com doesn't +want to receive those messages, + +it doesn't have to. + +So this has to be opt +in from both sides + +to get this thing to work. + +So note that the JavaScript +code here in the Facebook frame + +cannot issue an XML HTTP +request to the foo.com server. + +That's once again because +network destinations also + +have these origins that +are associated with them. + +So because Facebook.com does not +have the same origin as foo.com + +it can't asynchronously fetch +stuff from it via HTML request. + +So the last thing +we can look at we + +can say, OK, we got an +image up here from ads.com. + +This is rule number +four over there. + +So it seems pretty +straightforward. + +This is an image. + +It has no executable code. + +So clearly, the browser's +going to give it no authority. + +Now that seems kind +of like a dumb thing. + +Like, why are you even +talking about images + +having authority or +not having authority? + +It seems obvious that images +shouldn't be able to do stuff. + +Well it's a security class. + +So clearly, there is mischief +that hides in statement number + +four up there. + +So what happens if the browser +incorrectly parses an object + +and misattributes it's type? + +So you can actually get into +security problems there. + +And this was actually a +real security problem. + +So there's this thing called +the MIME sniffing attack. + +So the MIME type-- +I mean, you've + +probably seen these before. + +You knows it's Something +like text dot HTML + +or image.JPEG Things like that. + +This was like a MIME type. + +So old versions of i.e used to +do something that they thought + +was going to be helpful for you. + +So sometimes what +web servers will do + +is they will misattribute the +file extension of an object. + +So you can imagine that +a web server that's + +been configured incorrectly +might attach a dot HTML + +suffix to something +that's really an image. + +Or it might attach +a dot JPEG suffix + +to something that's really HTML. + +So what IE would do +back in the olden + +days is try to help you out. + +So IE would go out. + +It would go fetch this resource. + +And it would say, +OK, this resource + +claims to be of some type, +according to its file name + +extension. + +But then it would actually +look at the first 256 bytes + +of what was in that object. + +And if it found certain +magic values in there + +that indicated that there +was a different type for that + +object, it would just say, hey, +I found something cool here. + +The web server +misidentified the object. + +Let me just treat the +object like it's type + +that I found in these +first 256 bytes. + +And then, everybody's +a winner because I've + +helped the web +server developer out + +because now their website's +going to render properly. + +And the user's +going to like this + +because they get to +unlock this content that + +would have been garbage before. + +But this is clearly +a vulnerability + +because suppose that a page +includes some passive content. + +Like, let's say, an image +from a domain that's + +controlled by the attacker. + +Now from the perspective of +the victim page, it's saying, + +even if this attacker site is +evil, it's passive content. + +It can't do anything. + +Like, at worst, it displays +an unfortunate image. + +But it can't actually +access any code + +because passive content +gives 0 authority. + +But what would happen is that +IE could sniff this image. + +The first 256 bytes. + +And the attacker +could intentionally + +put HTML and +JavaScript in there. + +So what would happen is +that the victim site brings + +in what it thinks is an image. + +IE coerces it into +HTML and JavaScript. + +And then, executes that +code in the context + +of that enclosing page. + +So does that attack make sense? + +so + +This is, sort of, an example +of how complex browsers are + +and how adding even a very +well intentioned feature + +can cause these very +subtle security bugs. + +So let's now dig down +and take a deeper look + +at how the browser +secures various resources. + +So let's look at frames +and window objects. + +So frames represent these +separate JavaScript universes + +that we discussed over here. + +I mean, implementation +wise, a frame + +with respect to JavaScript +is an instance of a DOM node. + +So I forget where +I drew-- oh, yeah. + +This DOM node up here. + +So the frame would +exist as a DOM node + +object somewhere in +this hierarchy that's + +visible to JavaScript. + +In JavaScript, the window +object is actually an alias + +for the global name space. + +It's, kind of, this wacky idea. + +Like, if you were to find +this global variable name x, + +you can also access it +via the name window.x. + +OK, so basically, frames +and window objects + +are very powerful references +for you to be able to access. + +And they actually contain +pointers to each other. + +The frame can +[INAUDIBLE] a pointer + +to the associated window +object and vice versa. + +So these two things +are, essentially, + +equivalently powerful. + +So frame and window objects get +the origin of the framed URL. + +Or because there's always +an or in web security, + +they can get a suffix of +the original domain name. + +The original origin. + +So for example, a +frame could start off + +having an initial origin. + +x dot y dot z dot com. + +So let's ignore the scheme +and the protocol for a second. + +So initially, the page +can start off like this. + +It can then intentionally +say I want to set my origin + +to be y dot z dot com. + +A suffix of that. + +And the way that +it indicates this + +is by doing an assignment +to the special document + +dot domain value that's +accessible via JavaScript. + +So we can set document dot +domain explicitly to this right + +here. + +And that's allowable +because this guy + +is a suffix of that guy. + +And then, similarly, +it could also + +set document dot domain to +z.com and effectively reset + +it's origin like that. + +Now what it cannot do is +it cannot do something like + +setting document domain +to a dot y dot z dot com. + +That's disallowed +because this is not + +a problem this is not a proper +suffix of the original origin. + +And also, it cannot set +its suffix to dot com. + +So does anyone have any theories +about why this is a bad idea? + +Right, exactly. + +So people are laughing +because, clearly, this + +is going to bring out +the apocalypse, right. + +So if it does this, +then this means + +that the site could somehow +be able to impact cookies + +or things like that in +any dot com site, which + +will be pretty devastating. + +The motivation for why these +types of things are allowable + +is because, presumably, +these origins + +have some type of preexisting +trust relationship. + +So this seems to be vaguely OK. + +Whereas, this would +seem to be bad. + +AUDIENCE: So you can +make these splits + +on any dot or actual end point? + +Like, for example, +for your x.y.zz.com, + +can you change +that to your z.com? + +PROFESSOR: No, it +says on every dot. + +AUDIENCE: OK. + +Is there a reason +that it wasn't made + +so that you could specify +super- or subdomain, + +but somehow they had to agree +on where the information was + +coming from. + +So, like, you said some kind of +I want to consider all of these + +to be the same origin as me. + +So any of them can attack me. + +And then you made this +symmetric in order for me + +to impact them as well? + +[INAUDIBLE] .com means anything +that's .com can impact me. + +And then you put [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's tricky. + +So there's a couple of +different answers to that. + +So first of all, people were +very worried about this attack + +here. + +So they wanted to make +the domain manipulation + +language be, at least, +somewhat easy to understand. + +So they don't allow +more broke settings. + +I'll get to one thing in a +second, which kind of allows + +what you're talking about but +only with respect to domain + +[INAUDIBLE]. + +I'll get to that in one second. + +And another to mention, too, is +that the post message interface + +does allow arbitrary domains +to communicate with each other + +if they both opt into it. + +So in practice, people +use post message + +to cross domain +communication if they + +can't set their origins +to be the same using + +these tricks here. + +So yeah, so browsers +can constrain or widen, + +I should say, their +domain to these suffixes + +of the original domain. + +And there's also this little +interesting quark here, + +which is that browsers actually +distinguish between a document + +dot domain value +that has been written + +and one that has not +been written, OK. + +And there's a subtle +reason for this + +we'll get into in a second. + +So basically, two frames +can access each other + +if one of two things is true. + +The first thing is both of +the frames set document dot + +domain to the same value. + +And the other way that two +frames can access each other + +is that neither of those frames +has changed document domain. + +And of course, both +values have to match. + +And there's a value match. + +So the reason for +this is a bit subtle. + +But the basic idea is that +these two rules prevent a domain + +from being attacked by +one of its own buggy + +or malicious sub-domains. + +OK? + +So imagine that you have +the domain x.y.z.com. + +And then, imagine that it's +trying to attack y.z.com. + +So this guy up here +is buggy or evil. + +So what this guy could try to do +is actually shorten his domain + +to be y.z.com. + +And then, start messing +around with JavaScript state, + +or cookies or stuff +like that here. + +Right? + +So basically, what these +two rules over here will say + +is that if y.z.com does not +want to actually allow anyone + +to interact with +it, it will never + +change it's +document.domain value + +so that when this frame +up here does shorten it, + +the browser will say aha. + +You've shortened it. + +You have not. + +There's a match here +in terms of the values. + +But this person +hasn't indicated they + +want to opt into this +type of chicanery. + +So does that makes sense? + +OK, so that is, basically, +how frames work with respect + +to the same origin policy. + +So then we can look at how +our DOM node's treated. + +So DOM nodes, it's pretty +straightforward for DOM nodes. + +So DOM nodes, basically, +get the origin + +of their surrounding frame. + +Makes sense. + +Then we can look at cookies. + +Cookies are complicated +and a bit tricky. + +So cookies have a domain. + +And they have a path. + +So for example, you can imagine +a cookie might be associated + +with the following information. + +So asterisks dot MIT.edu. + +And then, 6.858. + +So you've got this domain +thing sitting here, + +and then, you've got this +path thing sitting over here. + +So note that this domain +can be, possibly, complete + +suffix of the pages +current domain. + +So you can play, +somewhat, similar tricks + +as we had over there. + +And note that this path +here can actually just + +be set just to the slash with +nothing else there, which + +indicates that all +paths in the domain + +should be able to have +access to this cookie here. + +But in this case, +we actually have + +one of these nonempty paths. + +So whoever sets this +cookie, basically, + +gets to choose what the +domain in the path look like. + +And it can actually +be set by the server + +or can be set on +the client side. + +So on the client side, +you can basically + +right to this JavaScript +object called document.cooking. + +And there's, sort of, +this Byzantine format + +that you can use to +indicate all these paths + +and things like that. + +But suffice to say +it can be done. + +So JavaScript can set +cookies like this. + +And also, the +server can actually + +set cookies on HP responses when +they come back over the wire. + +So you can, basically, just +use the set cookie header, + +if you're the server, to +set some of these things. + +And know that there's +also a secure flag + +that you can set in the cookie +to indicate that it's an HTTPS + +cookie, meaning that +HTTP content should not + +be able to access that cookie. + +So that's the basic +idea behind cookies. + +Now note that whenever the +browser generates a request + +to a particular web +server, it's going + +to include all of the matching +cookies in that request. + +So there's a little +bit of, sort of, + +string matching +and algorithms that + +have to take place to +figure out what are all + +the exact cookies +that should be sent + +to the service for +a particular request + +because you can have +all these weird, + +sort of, suffix +domain things going on + +and so on and so forth. + +But that's the basic +idea behind cookies. + +So does that all make sense? + +AUDIENCE: So can frames +access each other cookies + +if they match those rules? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, so +frames can do that. + +But it's dependent on how the +document.domain has been set. + +And then, it's dependent +on what the cookie domain + +and path have been set. + +So yeah, after a bunch of +these strained comparisons, + +yes, frames can access +each others cookies + +if all those tests pass. + +OK, so yes, that leads me +into the next question. + +So we're trying to figure +out how different frames can + +access each others cookies. + +So what's the problem? + +What would be the problem is +we allowed arbitrary frames + +to write arbitrary +people's cookies? + +So what do you think? + +Well, it will be bad, +suffice it to say. + +The reason it would be bad +is because, once again, + +these cookies allow the +client side of the application + +to store a per user data. + +So you can imagine that if +an attacker could control + +or override a users cookie, +the attacker could actually, + +for example, change +that cookie for a Gmail + +to make the user log into +the attackers Gmail account. + +So when the user logged +into the attacker Gmail + +account, any email +that the user typed in + +could be read by the +attacker, for example. + +You could also imagine +that someone could tamper + +with the Amazon.com cookie. + +You know, put all kinds of +embarrassing ridiculous stuff + +in your shopping cart, +perhaps, or so and so forth. + +So cookies are, actually, a very +important resource to protect. + +And a lot of web +security attacks + +try to steal that cookie to +do various kinds of evil. + +So here's another +interesting question + +with respect to cookies. + +So let's say that you've +got the site that's + +coming from foo.co.uk. + +So should the site +from this host name + +be allowed to set +a cookie for co.uk? + +So this is a bit subtle +because, according + +to the rules that +we've discussed + +before, a site from here should +be able to shorten its domain, + +set a cookie for this, and +that all seems to be legal. + +Now of course, as +a human, we think + +this is kind of suspicious +because, as a human, + +we actually understand that +this is morally speaking + +a single atomic domain. + +Morally speaking, this +is equivalent to .com. + +The British got screwed. + +They have to have +a dot in there. + +But that's not their +fault. History's unfair. + +Right? + +So morally speaking, +this is a single domain. + +So you actually have to have +some special infrastructure + +to get the cookie setting +rules to work out correctly. + +So essentially, Mozilla, +they have this website + +called publicsuffix.org. + +And basically, what +this website contains + +are lists of these rules for +how cookies, and origins, + +and domains should be shrunk +given that some things might + +have dots in them. + +But actually, they should be +treated as a single, sort of, + +atomic thing. + +So actually, when your +browser is figuring out + +how it should do all these +various cookie manipulations, + +it's actually going +to consult this side. + +Or it's going to have +this baked in somehow + +or something like +that to make sure + +that foo.co.uk can't actually +just shorten its domain + +to co.uk. + +And then, perform +some chicanery. + +So once again, this +is very subtle. + +And a lot of the +interesting web security + +issues that we find +come about because a lot + +of the original infrastructure +was designed just + +for the English language. + +You know, for ASCII text +or something like this. + +It wasn't designed for an +international community. + +So as the internet became more +popular, people said, hey, + +we made some pretty big +design decisions here + +at the beginning. + +We should actually +make this usable + +on people who use our narrow +understanding of what language + +means. + +You run into all +these crazy problems. + +And I'll give you +another example one + +of those a later lecture. + +So does this all makes sense? + +OK. + +So with respect to +XML HTTP responses, + +how are they treated by +the same origin policy? + +So by default, JavaScript can +only generate one of these + +if it's going to +its origin server. + +However, there's this +new interface called + +cross origin request or CORS. + +All right, so this +is the same origin + +unless the server has +enabled this CORS thing. + +So basically, this adds a new +HTTP response header called + +access control allow origin. + +So let's say that +JavaScript from foo.com + +wants to make an XML +HTTP request to bar.com. + +So that's cross origin, as we +described in the rules so far. + +So if the server in bar.com +wants to allow this, + +it will return in it's HTTP +response this header here + +that's going to say, yes, I +allow, for example, foo.com + +to send me these cross +origin XML HTTP request. + +The server on bar.com +could actually say no. + +It could refuse the request. + +In which case, the browser +would fail the XML HTTP request. + +So this is, sort of, +a new thing that's + +come up in large part because +of these mash up applications. + +This need for, +somehow, applications + +from different developers +and different domains + +to be able to share data in +some type of constrained way. + +So this could also be +asterisks over here + +if anybody can fetch +the data cross-origin, + +so on and so forth. + +So I think that's +pretty straightforward. + +So I mean, there's a +bunch of other resources + +we could look at. + +For example, images. + +So a frame can load images from +any origin that it desires. + +But it can't actually inspect +the bits in that image + +because, somehow, the +same origin policy + +says that having +different origin + +directly inspect each others +content is a bad thing. + +So the frame can't +inspect the bits. + +But it can, actually, +infer things + +like what the size of the image +is because it can actually + +see where the other +dominoes in that page + +have been placed, for example. + +So this is another one of +these weird instances where + +the same origin +policy is ostensibly + +trying to prevent all +information leakage. + +But it can't actually +prevent all of it + +because embedding +inherently reveals + +some types of information. + +CSS has a similar +story to images. + +So a frame can embed +CSS from any origin. + +However, it cannot directly +inspect the text inside that + +CSS file, if it's from +a different origin. + +But it can actually imply what +this CSS does because it just + +can create a bunch of nodes. + +And then, see how they're +styling gets changed. + +So it's a bit wacky. + +JavaScript is actually +my favorite example + +of how this same +origin policy struggles + +to maintain any type of +intellectual consistency. + +So the idea here is that, if +you do a cross origin fetch + +of JavaScript, that is allowed. + +You can allow that +external JavaScript + +to execute in the +context of your own page. + +You cannot, however, look +at the source code for it. + +So if you have a +script tag source + +equals something +outside your domain, + +then when that +source gets executed, + +you can call functions in it. + +But you can't actually look +at the JavaScript source + +code in it. + +OK, fine. + +So that seems very nice. + +However, there are a +bunch of holes in this. + +So for example, JavaScript is +dynamic scripting language. + +And functions are +first class objects. + +So for any function f, you +can just call f.tostring. + +And that will give you the +source code for the function. + +And people do this all the time. + +Do things like dynamic +rewriting and stuff like that. + +So you know the +same origin policy + +doesn't allow you +to directly look + +at the contents of +the script tag itself? + +You can just call this +for any public function + +that that external +script has given you. + +And just get the +source code like that. + +Another thing you +could imagine doing + +is you could just get your +home server from your domain + +to just fetch the +source code for you. + +And then, just send +it back to you. + +So oops. + +I mean, you essentially +just asked your home server + +to run Wget. + +And you get the +source code that way. + +OK, so that's, kind +of think, goofy. + +So long story short, +the same origin policies + +here are a bit odd. + +AUDIENCE: Presume that +par of the reason they + +do it is to prevent the user +from fetching JavaScript + +because then cookies +will be sent as well. + +So you can get JavaScript +tailored to you. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: So if you get your +server to fetch it for you, + +it won't have the user's +cookies [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: That is true. + +Although, in practice, +a lot of times, + +the raw source code, itself, is +not user tailored in practice. + +But you're right +that it will prevent + +some cookie-mediated +attacks like that. + +Modulo, some of the +cookie [INAUDIBLE]. + +But that's exactly correct. + +So because it's actually pretty +easy for users and applications + +to get JavaScript source +code, a lot of times, + +JavaScript source code, +when it's deployed, + +it's actually +obfuscated and minified. + +So if you've ever tried to look +and see how a web page works, + +if you look at the +source, sometimes people + +will do things like move +all the white space. + +They will also change +all the variable names + +to be super short and have +all these exclamation marks. + +Looks like cartoon characters +cursing in the cartoons. + +So that's, sort of, +like a cheat form + +of digital rights management. + +But it's all, ultimately, +a bit of a crap shoot + +because you can do +things like execute + +that code in your own browser. + +See what it does. + +Sniff the network. + +See who it talks to, +so on and so forth. + +But that's, basically, the same +origin story for JavaScript. + +Plug-ins-- + +AUDIENCE: I was +under the impression + +that the reason you +do that is [INAUDIBLE] + +take less time to download +rather than [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: So that is also +a reason they do that, too. + +That's a good point. + +But I mean, if you type +into the internet, sort of, + +web page obfuscation +or stuff like that, + +people often try to, somehow, +make some type of secrets + +into either their HTML +or their JavaScript. + +Maybe they want to +obscure the protocol. + +For example, if the client +uses it to talk to the server. + +Some people will also do the +obfuscation for that reason. + +Pure minification-- +in other words, + +just making the +variable names small + +and moving the +[INAUDIBLE] space-- + +yeah, that's mainly just to save +download band, download time. + +OK, so that's the +story for JavaScript. + +There's also plug-ins. + +So this is stuff like +Java and things like this. + +So a frame can easily run a +plug-in from either origin. + +Now plug-ins, depending +on who you believe, + +are actually going to +the way of the dinosaurs. + +Because a lot of the +new HTML 5 features, + +like video tag and +things like this, + +can actually do +stuff that you used + +to only be able to do +with a plug-in like Java. + +So it's not clear how +much longer these things + +are going to be around. + +OK, so any questions. + +OK, so remember that when +a browser generates an HTTP + +request it automatically +includes the relevant cookies + +in that request. + +So what happens if a +malicious site generates + +a URL that looks like this? + +So for example, it +creates a new child frame. + +It says that URL to bank.com. + +And then, it actually tries to +mimic what the browser would + +do if there was going to +be a transfer of money + +between the user +and someone else. + +So in this URL, in this +frame that the attack + +is trying to create, it tries +to invoke this transfer command + +here. + +Say $500. + +And that should go to the +attacker's account at the bank. + +Now the attacker +page, which the user + +visited because, somehow, +the attacker is [INAUDIBLE] + +go there. + +What's interesting +about this is that, + +even though the +attacker page won't + +be able to see the contents +of this child frame + +because it's probably going +to be in a different origin. + +The bank.com page will still +do what the attacker wants + +because the browser's going +to transfer all the users + +cookies with this request. + +It's going to look +at this command here + +and say, oh, the user +must've, somehow, + +asked me to transfer $500 +to this mysteriously named + +individual named attacker. + +OK, I'll do. + +All right, seems reasonable. + +So that's a problem. + +Then the reason +this attack works + +is because, essentially, +the attacker + +can figure out +deterministically what + +this command should look like. + +There's no randomness +in this command here. + +So essentially, +what the attacker + +can do is try this on his +or her own bank account, + +figure out this +protocol, and then + +just, somehow, force the +user browser to execute + +this on the attackers behalf. + +So this is what's called a +cross site request forgery. + +So sometimes you hear +this is called CSRF. + +C-S-R-F. + +So the solution to +fixing this attack here + +is that you actually just need +to include some randomness + +in this URL that's generated. + +A type of randomness +that the attacker + +can't guess statically. + +So for example, you can imagine +that inside the bank's web page + +it's going to have some form. + +The form is the +thing, which actually + +generates request like this. + +So maybe the action of +that form is transfer.cgi. + +And then, inside this form, +you're going to have an input. + +Inputs are usually used to +get in user input like text, + +key presses, mouse clicks, +and stuff like that. + +But we can actually +give this input + +a type of hidden, which +means that it's not + +shown to the user. + +And then, we can give +it this attribute. + +We'll call it CSRF. + +And then, we'll give +it some random value. + +You know, a72f. + +Whatever. + +So remember, this is +generated on the server side. + +So when the user goes to this +page, on the server side, + +it sometimes generates +this random here + +and embeds that in the HTML +that the user receives. + +So when the user +submits this form, + +then this URL that we +have up here will actually + +have this extra thing up here, +which is this token here. + +So what this does +is that this now + +means that the +attacker would have + +to be able to guess the +particular range of token + +that the server generated +for the user each time + +the user had gone to the page. + +So if you sufficient +randomness here, + +the attacker can't just +forge one of these things + +because if the attacker +guesses the wrong token, + +then the server orders +will reject your request. + +AUDIENCE: Well why +should these always + +be included in the URL and not +in the body of the [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, yea. + +So HTTPS helps a +lot of these things. + +And there's actually +no intrinsic reason + +why you couldn't put +some of this stuff + +in the body of the request. + +There's some legacy reasons why +forms, sort of, work like this. + +But you're correct. + +And in practice, you can put +that information somewhere else + +in the HTTPS request. + +But note that just moving +that information, for example, + +to the body of the +request, there's + +still a challenge there, +potentially because if there's + +something there that +the attacker can guess. + +Then the attacker may +still be able to, somehow, + +conjure up that URL. + +For example, when I'm making +XML HTTP request and then, + +explicitly, setting +the body to this thing + +that the attacker +knows how to guess. + +AUDIENCE: Well if the +attacker just gives you a URL, + +then that just gets encoded +in the header of [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: If the attacker +just gives you a URL. + +So if you're just +setting a frame to URL, + +then, that's all that +the attacker can control. + +But if you're using +an XML HTTP request + +if, if somehow the attacker +can generate one of those, + +then XML HTTP interface actually +allows you to set the body. + +AUDIENCE: The XML +HTTP request would + +be limited by, say, an origin. + +But the attacker could just +write a form and submit it. + +There's nothing [INAUDIBLE] +submitting a form like using + +[INAUDIBLE]. + +And then, it's sent in the body. + +But it's still-- + +PROFESSOR: That's right. + +So XML HTTP request is +limited to the same origin. + +However, if for example, +the attacker can, + +maybe, do something +like this, for example. + +And the attacker can inject +the XML HTTP request here, + +which would then execute +with the authority + +of the embedded page. + +AUDIENCE: Can the +attacker [INAUDIBLE] + +by inspecting the +HTML source code? + +PROFESSOR: Yes, that's actually +a good question. right so + +it depends on what the +attacker has access to. + +If the attacker-- for example, +by doing something goofy + +like that-- can actually +access this JavaScript property + +called inner HTML. + +This is a property +[INAUDIBLE], right. + +So if I document that +body dot inner HTML, + +I will get all of the HTML +that's inside that page + +right now. + +So yeah. + +So if the attacker can +do this, then yeah. + +Then you're in trouble. + +That's right. + +So a lot of these +details, though, + +depend on exactly what the +attacker can and can't do. + +So it, kind of, makes sense. + +So if the attacker can or +cannot generate Ajax request, + +that means one thing. + +The attacker can or cannot +look at the right HTML, + +then you have another thing. + +So on and so forth. + +All right. + +So yeah. + +So this is token based +thing is a popular way + +to get around +these CSRF attacks. + +All right, so another +thing we can look at + +are network addresses. + +So this gets into some of the +conversation we've been having + +about who the attacker cannot +contact via XML HTTP request, + +for example. + +So with respect to +network addresses, + +a frame can send HTTP +and HTTPS requests + +to a host plus a port +that matches it's origin. + +But note that the security +of the same origin policy is, + +actually, very tightly tied +with the security of the DNS + +infrastructure because +all the same origin + +policies' rules are +based upon what names me. + +So if you can control +what names me, + +you can actually want some +pretty vicious attacks. + +So an example of this is +the DNS rebinding attack. + +So in this attack, the +goal of the attacker + +is run attacker controlled +JavaScript with the authority + +of some victim website. + +We'll just call them victim.com. + +So the attacker wants to +bus the same origin policies + +and somehow run code +that he has written + +with the authority +of some other site. + +So here's the approach. + +So the first thing that +the attacker is going to do + +is register a domain name. + +So let's say we just +call that attacker.com. + +Very simple to do. + +Just pay a couple of bucks. + +You're ready to go. + +You own your own domain name. + +So note that the +attacker is also + +going to set up a +DNS server to respond + +to name resolution +requests for objects + +that reside in attacker.com. + +So the second thing +that has to happen + +is that the user has +to visit attacker.com. + +In particular, the user has +to visit some website that + +hangs off of this domain name. + +This part is +actually not tricky. + +See if you can create +an ad campaign. + +Free iPad. + +Everybody wants +a free iPad, even + +though I don't know anyone +who's ever won a free iPad. + +The click on this. + +They're there. + +It's in the phishing +email, so and so forth. + +This part's not hard. + +So what's going to happen? + +So this is actually going +to cause the browser + +to generate a DNS +request to attacker.com + +because this page +has some objects that + +refer to some objects +that live in attacker.com. + +The browser's going to say I +never seen this domain before. + +Let me send the DNS resolution +request to attacker.com. + +So what's going to +end up happening + +is that the attackers +DNS server is going + +to respond to that request. + +But it's going to respond +with a DNS result that + +has a very short time to live. + +OK? + +Meaning that the +browser will think + +that it's only valid for a +very short period of time + +before it has to go out +and revalidate that. + +OK? + +So in other words, the attacker +response has a small DTL. + +OK, fine. + +So the user gets +the response back. + +The malicious website is now +running on the user side. + +Meanwhile, while the user's +interacting with the sight, + +the attacker is going +to configure the DNS + +server that he controls. + +The attacker is going to +bind the attacker.com name + +to victim.com's IP address. + +Right? + +So what that means is that +now if the user's browser ask + +for a domain name resolution +for something that + +resides in attacker.com, +it's actually + +going to get some internal +address to victim.com. + +This is actually very subtle. + +Now why can the attacker's +DNS resolver do that? + +Because the attacker +configures it to do so. + +The attacker's DNS +server does not + +have to consult victim.com +to do this rebinding. + +So perhaps, you can see some of +the outline in the attack now. + +So what will happen +is that the website + +wants to fetch a new object +via, let's say, AJAX. + +And it thinks that +that AJAX request + +is going to go to attacker.com +somewhere externally. + +But this AJAX request +actually goes to victim.com. + +And the reason why that's +bad is because now we've + +got this code on +appliance side that + +resides on the attacker.com web +page that's actually accessing + +now data that is from +a different origin + +from victim.com. + +So once this step of +the attack completes, + +then the attacker.com web page +can send that contact back + +to the server using [INAUDIBLE] +or do other things like that. + +So does this attack make sense? + +AUDIENCE: Wouldn't it be more +sensible to do the attack + +the other way around? + +So to [INAUDIBLE] victim.com +to the attackers IP address. + +Because that way you're the +same origin as victim.com + +so you can get all +the cookies and such. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, so that +would work, too, as well. + +So what's nice about +this though is that, + +presumably, this allows you o do +nice things like port scanning + +and stuff like that. + +I mean, your approach +will work, right. + +But I think here the +reason why you do-- + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Because, +essentially, you + +can do things like constantly +rebind what attacker.com points + +to to different machine names +and different ports inside + +of victim.com's network. + +So then, you can, +sort of, step through. + +So in other words, let's say +that the attacker.com web page + +always thinks it's +going to attacker.com + +and issuing an +AJAX request there. + +So every time the +DNS server rebinds, + +it [INAUDIBLE] to some +different IP address + +inside of victim.com's network. + +So it can just, sort of, step +through the IP addresses one + +by one and see if anybody's +responding to those requests. + +AUDIENCE: But the client, +the user you're attacking, + +doesn't necessarily have inside +access to victim.com's network. + +PROFESSOR: So what this +attack, typically, ensues + +is that there are certain +firewall rules that + +would prevent attacker.com +from outside the network + +from actually looking through +each one of the IP addresses + +inside of victim.com. + +However, if you're inside +corp.net-- if you're + +inside the corporate +firewall, let's say-- + +then machines often do have the +ability to contact [INAUDIBLE]. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, yeah. + +Exactly. + +AUDIENCE: Does this +work over HTTPS? + +PROFESSOR: Ah, so that's +an interesting question. + +So HTTPS has these keys. + +So the way you'd have to +get this to work with HTTPS + +is if somehow, for example, +if attacker.com could-- let + +me think about this. + +Yeah, it's interesting +because, presumably, + +if you were using HTTPS, then +when you sent out this Ajax + +request, the victim +machine wouldn't + +have the attackers HTTPS keys. + +So the cryptography +would fail somehow. + +So I think HTTPS +would stop that. + +AUDIENCE: Or if the the victim +only has things on HTTPS? + +PROFESSOR: Yeah. + +So I think that would stop it. + +AUDIENCE: If you +configure the [INAUDIBLE] + +use the initial or receiving +result [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: That's +a good question. + +I'm actually not +sure about that. + +So actually, a lot +of these attacks + +were dependant on the devil +in the details, right? + +So I'm not actually +sure how that wold work. + +AUDIENCE: It uses +the first domain. + +PROFESSOR: It would +use the first domain? + +OK. + +Yep? + +AUDIENCE: So why +can the attacker + +respond with the victims IP +address in the first place? + +PROFESSOR: So why +can't-- what do you mean? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +Why has the attacker +team [INAUDIBLE] + +has to respond with the +attacker's IP [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: Oh, well, yeah. + +Since the attacker +has to, somehow, + +get it's own code on +the victim machine + +first before it can then start +doing this nonsense where it's + +looking inside the network. + +So it's that initial +step where it + +has to put that code +on the victims machine. + +All right, so in the +interest of time, + +let's keep moving forward. + +But come see me +after class if you + +want to follow up the question. + +So that's the DNS +rebinding attack. + +So how can you fix this? + +So one way you +could fix it is so + +that you modify your +client-side DNS resolver + +so that external +host names can never + +resolve to internal IP address. + +It's, kind of, goofy that +someone outside of your network + +should be able to create a +DNS binding for something + +inside of your network. + +That's the most +straightforward solution. + +You could also imagine that +the browser could do something + +called DNS pinning. + +Whereby, if it receives +a DNS resolution record, + +then it will always treat +that record as valid for, + +let's say, 30 minutes, +regardless of whether it + +has a short TTL set inside +it because that also + +prevents the attack, as well. + +That solution is a little +bit tricky because there + +are some sites that actually, +intentionally, use dynamic DNS + +and do things like load +balancing and stuff like that. + +So the first solution is +probably the better one. + +OK, so here is, sort +of, a fun attack. + +So we've talked about +a lot of resources + +that the origin protects-- +the the same origin + +policy protects. + +So what about pixels? + +So how does the same origin +policy protect pixels? + +Well as it turns out, pixels +don't really have an origin. + +So each frame gets its +own little bounding box. + +Just a square, basically. + +So a frame can draw wherever +it wants on that square. + +So this is, actually, +a problem because what + +this means is that +a parent frame can + +draw atop of it's child frame. + +So this can lead to some +very insidious attacks. + +So let's say that the +attacker creates some page. + +And let's say, +inside of that page, + +the attacker says +click to win the iPad. + +The very same standard thing. + +So this is the parent frame. + +Now what the parent frame +can do is actually create + +a child frame that is actually +the Facebook Like button frame. + +So Facebook allows you to run +this little piece of Facebook + +code you can put on your page. + +You know, if the user +clicks Like, then that means + +that it'll go on +Facebook and say, hey, + +the user likes the +particular page. + +So we've got this +child frame over here. + +That actually turned +out remarkably well. + +Anyway, so you've got +this Like thing over here. + +Now what the attacker can do +is actually overlay this frame + +on top of the click +to get the free iPad + +and also make this invisible. + +So CSS let's you do that. + +So what's going to happen? + +As we've already established, +everybody wants a free iPad. + +So the user's going +to go to this site, + +click on thing-- this area +of the screen-- thinking + +that they're going to click +here and get the free iPad. + +But in reality, they're +clicking the Like button + +that they can't see +that's invisible. + +It's like layered +atop the C index. + +So what that means is +that now maybe they + +go check their Facebook profile, +and they've liked attacker.com. + +You know, and they don't +remember how that happened. + +So this is actually called +click jacking attack + +because you can imagine you +can do all kinds of evil things + +here. + +So you can imagine you could +steal passwords this way. + +You could get raw input. + +I mean, it's madness. + +So once again, this +happens because the parent, + +essentially, gets the right +to draw over anything that's + +inside this bounding box. + +So does that attack make sense? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE], +what do you + +mean the parent gets to draw +over anything [INAUDIBLE]? + +PROFESSOR: So what I'm +trying to indicate here + +is that, visually speaking, +what the user just sees is this. + +AUDIENCE: Oh, that's +the parent frames. + +PROFESSOR: Yeah, this +is the parent frame. + +That's right. + +This is the child frame. + +So visually speaking, +the user just sees this. + +But using the miracle of my da +Vinci style drawing techniques, + +this is actually overlaid +atop this transparently. + +So that's the child frame. + +That's the parent frame. + +OK so, there's a couple +different solutions-- + +you can imagine-- +for solving this. + +The first solution is to +use a frame busting code. + +So you can actually use +JavaScript expressions + +to figure out if you have +been put into a frame + +by someone else. + +So like, one of these tests is +you compare the reference self + +to top. + +So in the JavaScript +world, self refers + +to frame that you +yourself aren't in. + +Top refers to the frame at the +top of the frame hierarchy. + +So if you do this +test and you find out + +that self is not +equal to top, then you + +realize that you +are a child frame. + +And then you can refuse to +load or do things like this. + +So this, in fact, +is what will happen + +if you try to create a frame +for, let's say, CNN.com. + +You can actually look +in the JavaScript source + +and see that it does +this test because CNN.com + +doesn't want other people +taking credit for it's content. + +So it only wants to +be the top most frame. + +So that's one solution +you can use here. + +The other solution +that you can use here + +is also to have your web +server send this HTTP response + +hitter called x-frame options. + +So when the web server +returns a response, + +it can set this header. + +And it can basically +say, hey, browser, + +do not allow anyone to put +my content inside of a frame. + +So that allows the browser +to do the enforcement. + +So that's pretty +straightforward. + +So there's a bunch of +other, sort of, crazy + +attacks that you can launch. + +Here's another one that's +actually pretty funny. + +So as I was mentioning +before, the fact + +that we're now living in a +web that's internationalized + +actually mean that there's +all these issues that + +come up involving name and +how you represent host names. + +So for example, let's say that +you see this letter right here. + +So what does this look like? + +This looks like a C, right? + +What is this? + +A C in ASCII in +the Latin alphabet? + +Or is this a C in Cyrillic? + +Hard to say, right? + +So you can end up having these +really strange attacks where + +attackers will register a +domain name, like cats.com, + +for example. + +But this is a Cyrillic C. + +So users will go to this domain. + +They might click +on it or whatever + +thinking they're going to +Latin alphabet C, cats.com. + +But instead, they're +going to an attacker one. + +And then, all kinds of madness +can happen from there, as well. + +So you might have +heard of attacks + +like this are like +typo squatting attacks + +where people register for +names like F-C-E book.com. + +This is a common fumble finger +typing for Facebook.com. + +So if you control this, you're +going to get a ton of traffic + +from people who think they're +going to Facebook.com. + +So there's a bunch of different, +sort of, wacky attacks + +that you can launch +through the domain + +registry system that are tricky +to defend from first principles + +because how are you going to +prevent users from mistyping + +things, for example? + +Or how would the browser +indicate to the user, hey, + +this is Cyrillic? + +Is the browser going to +alert the user every time + +Cyrillic fonts are included? + +That's going to make people +angry if they actually use + +Cyrillic as their native font. + +So it's not quite clear, +technologically speaking, + +how we deal with +some of those issues. + +So yeah, there's a bunch +of other security issues + +that are very subtle here. + +One thing that's interesting +is if you look at plugins. + +So how do plugins treat +the same origin policy? + +Well plugins often have very +subtle incompatibilities + +with the rest of the +browser with respect + +to the same origin. + +So for example, if you +look at a Java plug-in, + +Java, oftentimes, assumes +that different host + +names that have +the same IP address + +actually have the same origin. + +That's actually a pretty big +deviation from the standard + +interpretation of the same +origin policy because this + +means that if you have something +like x.y.com and, lets say, + +z.y.com, if they map +onto the same IP address, + +then Java will consider these +to be in the same origin, + +which is a problem +if, for example, + +this site gets [? owned ?] +but this one doesn't. + +So there's a bunch +of other corner + +cases involving plug-ins. + +You can refer to the tangled +web to see some more about some + +of those types of things. + +So the final thing that +I want to discuss-- + +you can see the +lecture notes for more + +examples of a crazy Attacks +that people can launch-- + +but the final thing +that I want to discuss + +is this screen sharing attack. + +So HTML 5 actually +define this NEW API + +by which a web page can allow +all the bits in it's screen + +to be shared with +another browser + +or shared with the server. + +This seems like a +really cool idea + +because now I can do +collaborative foo. + +We can collaborate on a +document at the same time. + +And it's exciting because +we live in the future. + +But what's funny +about this is that, + +when they designed this API, +and it's a very new API, + +they apparently didn't think +about same origin policies + +at all. + +So what that means is that +if you have some page that + +has multiple frames, then +any one of these frames, + +if they are granted +permission to take + +a screenshot of your monitor, +it can take an entire screen + +shot of the entire +thing, regardless + +of what origin that other +content's coming from. + +So this is, actually, a +pretty devastating flaw + +in the same origin policy. + +So there's some pretty obvious +fixes you can think about. + +So for example, if this person's +given screenshot capabilities, + +only let it take a +screenshot of this. + +Right? + +Not this whole thing. + +Why didn't the browser vendors +implement it like this? + +Because there's such pressure +to compete on features, + +and to innovate on features, and +to get that next new thing out + +there. + +So for example, a lot of the +questions that people were + +asking about this particular +lecture online [INAUDIBLE] + +was like, well, why +couldn't you do this? + +Wouldn't this thing +make more sense? + +It seems like this current +scheme is brain dead. + +Wouldn't this other +one be better? + +And the answer is, yes. + +Everything, yes. + +That's exactly correct. + +Almost anything would +be better than this. + +I'm ashamed to be +associated with this. + +But this is what we had. + +So what ends up happening +is if you look at the nuts + +and bolts of how web +browsers get developed, + +people are a little bit +better about security now. + +But like, with the +screen sharing thing, + +people were so pumped to +get this thing out there, + +they didn't realize +that's it's going to leak + +all the bits on your screen. + +So now we're at his +point with the web + +where-- I mean, look +at all these things + +that we've discussed today. + +So if we were going +to start from scratch + +and come up with a +better security policy, + +what fraction of websites +that you have today + +are going to actually work? + +Like, approximately, +.2% of them. + +Right? + +So users are going to complain. + +And this is another constant +story with security. + +Once you give users a feature, +it's often very difficult + +to claw that back, even if +that feature is insecure. + +So today, we discussed a +lot of different things + +about the same origin +policy and stuff like that. + +Next lecture, we'll +go into some more + +depth about some of those things +we talked about [INAUDIBLE]. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eSRLIYaPPA0.txt b/eSRLIYaPPA0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70dbbe002adc43861cc7dd141a952783d007d123 --- /dev/null +++ b/eSRLIYaPPA0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,483 @@ +align:start position:0% + +representing an entire University + + align:start position:0% +representing an entire University + + + align:start position:0% +representing an entire University +curriculum MIT open courseware is unique + + align:start position:0% +curriculum MIT open courseware is unique + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum MIT open courseware is unique +in the world of open educational + + align:start position:0% +in the world of open educational + + + align:start position:0% +in the world of open educational +Resources with so many courses online + + align:start position:0% +Resources with so many courses online + + + align:start position:0% +Resources with so many courses online +currently over 2300 we're always working + + align:start position:0% +currently over 2300 we're always working + + + align:start position:0% +currently over 2300 we're always working +on better ways to help you find courses + + align:start position:0% +on better ways to help you find courses + + + align:start position:0% +on better ways to help you find courses +and make sense of the + + align:start position:0% +and make sense of the + + + align:start position:0% +and make sense of the +collection this new interactive + + align:start position:0% +collection this new interactive + + + align:start position:0% +collection this new interactive +visualization tool the MIT undergraduate + + align:start position:0% +visualization tool the MIT undergraduate + + + align:start position:0% +visualization tool the MIT undergraduate +curriculum map is a great way to explore + + align:start position:0% +curriculum map is a great way to explore + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum map is a great way to explore +what ocws broad curriculum coverage + + align:start position:0% +what ocws broad curriculum coverage + + + align:start position:0% +what ocws broad curriculum coverage +really means + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +each circle or node is a subject taught + + align:start position:0% +each circle or node is a subject taught + + + align:start position:0% +each circle or node is a subject taught +at + + align:start position:0% +at + + + align:start position:0% +at +MIT a node that's blue is on ocw Gray + + align:start position:0% +MIT a node that's blue is on ocw Gray + + + align:start position:0% +MIT a node that's blue is on ocw Gray +nodes are subjects not currently on + + align:start position:0% +nodes are subjects not currently on + + + align:start position:0% +nodes are subjects not currently on +ocw a line between two nodes shows a + + align:start position:0% +ocw a line between two nodes shows a + + + align:start position:0% +ocw a line between two nodes shows a +prerequisite + + align:start position:0% +prerequisite + + + align:start position:0% +prerequisite +relationship rest your mouse on any node + + align:start position:0% +relationship rest your mouse on any node + + + align:start position:0% +relationship rest your mouse on any node +and its number title and prerequisites + + align:start position:0% +and its number title and prerequisites + + + align:start position:0% +and its number title and prerequisites +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +highlighted here in the Department of + + align:start position:0% +highlighted here in the Department of + + + align:start position:0% +highlighted here in the Department of +Mathematics you can see that most + + align:start position:0% +Mathematics you can see that most + + + align:start position:0% +Mathematics you can see that most +subjects are on OC do W click on any + + align:start position:0% +subjects are on OC do W click on any + + + align:start position:0% +subjects are on OC do W click on any +blue node to see a link to the ocw + + align:start position:0% +blue node to see a link to the ocw + + + align:start position:0% +blue node to see a link to the ocw +version of the course here's 1801 + + align:start position:0% +version of the course here's 1801 + + + align:start position:0% +version of the course here's 1801 +Calculus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 what else can you learn from the map + + align:start position:0% +1 what else can you learn from the map + + + align:start position:0% +1 what else can you learn from the map +well you can find important foundational + + align:start position:0% +well you can find important foundational + + + align:start position:0% +well you can find important foundational +courses by looking for nodes that are + + align:start position:0% +courses by looking for nodes that are + + + align:start position:0% +courses by looking for nodes that are +heavily + + align:start position:0% +heavily + + + align:start position:0% +heavily +connected here's 1806 linear algebra + + align:start position:0% +connected here's 1806 linear algebra + + + align:start position:0% +connected here's 1806 linear algebra +which is a prerequisite for many other + + align:start position:0% +which is a prerequisite for many other + + + align:start position:0% +which is a prerequisite for many other +subjects you can also search for courses + + align:start position:0% +subjects you can also search for courses + + + align:start position:0% +subjects you can also search for courses +by keyword found in the titles or topic + + align:start position:0% +by keyword found in the titles or topic + + + align:start position:0% +by keyword found in the titles or topic +tags for instance here are the + + align:start position:0% +tags for instance here are the + + + align:start position:0% +tags for instance here are the +undergraduate courses currently offered + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate courses currently offered + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate courses currently offered +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +algorithms you can show on the + + align:start position:0% +algorithms you can show on the + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms you can show on the +map or view details on a specific class + + align:start position:0% +map or view details on a specific class + + + align:start position:0% +map or view details on a specific class +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +clicking here are a few things to keep + + align:start position:0% +clicking here are a few things to keep + + + align:start position:0% +clicking here are a few things to keep +in mind about the curriculum map first + + align:start position:0% +in mind about the curriculum map first + + + align:start position:0% +in mind about the curriculum map first +it only reflects about onethird of the + + align:start position:0% +it only reflects about onethird of the + + + align:start position:0% +it only reflects about onethird of the +total ocw publication it's undergraduate + + align:start position:0% +total ocw publication it's undergraduate + + + align:start position:0% +total ocw publication it's undergraduate +courses only it does not show any + + align:start position:0% +courses only it does not show any + + + align:start position:0% +courses only it does not show any +graduate courses nor any special topic + + align:start position:0% +graduate courses nor any special topic + + + align:start position:0% +graduate courses nor any special topic +seminars that are outside the standard + + align:start position:0% +seminars that are outside the standard + + + align:start position:0% +seminars that are outside the standard +curriculum finally the map doesn't show + + align:start position:0% +curriculum finally the map doesn't show + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum finally the map doesn't show +subjects that are no longer taught at + + align:start position:0% +subjects that are no longer taught at + + + align:start position:0% +subjects that are no longer taught at +MIT but which are still shared and quite + + align:start position:0% +MIT but which are still shared and quite + + + align:start position:0% +MIT but which are still shared and quite +popular on + + align:start position:0% +popular on + + + align:start position:0% +popular on +ocw for the complete ocw picture you'll + + align:start position:0% +ocw for the complete ocw picture you'll + + + align:start position:0% +ocw for the complete ocw picture you'll +want to keep referring back to or many + + align:start position:0% +want to keep referring back to or many + + + align:start position:0% +want to keep referring back to or many +other find courses tools along with the + + align:start position:0% +other find courses tools along with the + + + align:start position:0% +other find courses tools along with the +curriculum + + align:start position:0% +curriculum + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum +map we hope this curriculum map helps + + align:start position:0% +map we hope this curriculum map helps + + + align:start position:0% +map we hope this curriculum map helps +you understand and make even better use + + align:start position:0% +you understand and make even better use + + + align:start position:0% +you understand and make even better use +of OC's extensive collection of it + + align:start position:0% +of OC's extensive collection of it + + + align:start position:0% +of OC's extensive collection of it +teaching materials always free and + + align:start position:0% +teaching materials always free and + + + align:start position:0% +teaching materials always free and +always open for you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/fJx3baRGjj8.txt b/fJx3baRGjj8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2ec74907ced13e24b45bfc7f59670006f8e173b --- /dev/null +++ b/fJx3baRGjj8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9843 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +to view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +to view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT +opencourseware at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu okay guys um let me remind + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay guys um let me remind + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu okay guys um let me remind +you where we stand and I'll give you a + + align:start position:0% +you where we stand and I'll give you a + + + align:start position:0% +you where we stand and I'll give you a +kind of quick um overview of where we're + + align:start position:0% +kind of quick um overview of where we're + + + align:start position:0% +kind of quick um overview of where we're +going to go we're going to I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +going to go we're going to I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to go we're going to I'm going to +say a few more things uh briefly about + + align:start position:0% +say a few more things uh briefly about + + + align:start position:0% +say a few more things uh briefly about +about the idea of representation to + + align:start position:0% +about the idea of representation to + + + align:start position:0% +about the idea of representation to +review some obvious stuff but that + + align:start position:0% +review some obvious stuff but that + + + align:start position:0% +review some obvious stuff but that +clearly not everybody uh what used to be + + align:start position:0% +clearly not everybody uh what used to be + + + align:start position:0% +clearly not everybody uh what used to be +obvious to undergraduates When I Was An + + align:start position:0% +obvious to undergraduates When I Was An + + + align:start position:0% +obvious to undergraduates When I Was An +undergraduate in the mid in the Middle + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate in the mid in the Middle + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate in the mid in the Middle +Ages but may not be so obvious now and + + align:start position:0% +Ages but may not be so obvious now and + + + align:start position:0% +Ages but may not be so obvious now and +then I want to go on to try to do what + + align:start position:0% +then I want to go on to try to do what + + + align:start position:0% +then I want to go on to try to do what +we've been postponing for a long time + + align:start position:0% +we've been postponing for a long time + + + align:start position:0% +we've been postponing for a long time +which is to compare do a quick + + align:start position:0% +which is to compare do a quick + + + align:start position:0% +which is to compare do a quick +comparison between two episodes between + + align:start position:0% +comparison between two episodes between + + + align:start position:0% +comparison between two episodes between +one episode of The Honeymooners and one + + align:start position:0% +one episode of The Honeymooners and one + + + align:start position:0% +one episode of The Honeymooners and one +of I Love Lucy to to to strengthen and + + align:start position:0% +of I Love Lucy to to to strengthen and + + + align:start position:0% +of I Love Lucy to to to strengthen and +fortify the argument we' made before + + align:start position:0% +fortify the argument we' made before + + + align:start position:0% +fortify the argument we' made before +about uh uh the the necessity at certain + + align:start position:0% +about uh uh the the necessity at certain + + + align:start position:0% +about uh uh the the necessity at certain +points in this project of understanding + + align:start position:0% +points in this project of understanding + + + align:start position:0% +points in this project of understanding +television of bringing evaluative + + align:start position:0% +television of bringing evaluative + + + align:start position:0% +television of bringing evaluative +criteria to Bear words remember I'm not + + align:start position:0% +criteria to Bear words remember I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +criteria to Bear words remember I'm not +saying that these aesthetic evalua + + align:start position:0% +saying that these aesthetic evalua + + + align:start position:0% +saying that these aesthetic evalua +aesthetically evaluative uh procedures + + align:start position:0% +aesthetically evaluative uh procedures + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetically evaluative uh procedures +that is say trying to tell whether a + + align:start position:0% +that is say trying to tell whether a + + + align:start position:0% +that is say trying to tell whether a +whether a television fiction is + + align:start position:0% +whether a television fiction is + + + align:start position:0% +whether a television fiction is +artistically good or not is artistically + + align:start position:0% +artistically good or not is artistically + + + align:start position:0% +artistically good or not is artistically +excellent or not I'm not saying that + + align:start position:0% +excellent or not I'm not saying that + + + align:start position:0% +excellent or not I'm not saying that +that Enterprise + + align:start position:0% +that Enterprise + + + align:start position:0% +that Enterprise +is is is essential to all the ways in + + align:start position:0% +is is is essential to all the ways in + + + align:start position:0% +is is is essential to all the ways in +which to all the projects that and + + align:start position:0% +which to all the projects that and + + + align:start position:0% +which to all the projects that and +procedures we might commit ourselves in + + align:start position:0% +procedures we might commit ourselves in + + + align:start position:0% +procedures we might commit ourselves in +order to understand television fully but + + align:start position:0% +order to understand television fully but + + + align:start position:0% +order to understand television fully but +it is part of the project and a crucial + + align:start position:0% +it is part of the project and a crucial + + + align:start position:0% +it is part of the project and a crucial +part of the project the project would be + + align:start position:0% +part of the project the project would be + + + align:start position:0% +part of the project the project would be +incomplete in some sense we wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +incomplete in some sense we wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +incomplete in some sense we wouldn't +really be able to estimate the + + align:start position:0% +really be able to estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +really be able to estimate the +importance the significance the + + align:start position:0% +importance the significance the + + + align:start position:0% +importance the significance the +cultural impact of our media system if + + align:start position:0% +cultural impact of our media system if + + + align:start position:0% +cultural impact of our media system if +we couldn't make a judgment about + + align:start position:0% +we couldn't make a judgment about + + + align:start position:0% +we couldn't make a judgment about +whether or not it could sustain what + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it could sustain what + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it could sustain what +what what earlier cultures what what we + + align:start position:0% +what what earlier cultures what what we + + + align:start position:0% +what what earlier cultures what what we +designate in earlier cultures as works + + align:start position:0% +designate in earlier cultures as works + + + align:start position:0% +designate in earlier cultures as works +of art that we can call them something + + align:start position:0% +of art that we can call them something + + + align:start position:0% +of art that we can call them something +else if the word art makes people + + align:start position:0% +else if the word art makes people + + + align:start position:0% +else if the word art makes people +nervous but clearly there have been uh + + align:start position:0% +nervous but clearly there have been uh + + + align:start position:0% +nervous but clearly there have been uh +systems of representation and + + align:start position:0% +systems of representation and + + + align:start position:0% +systems of representation and +communication and and and dramatic + + align:start position:0% +communication and and and dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +communication and and and dramatic +performance in older cultures that + + align:start position:0% +performance in older cultures that + + + align:start position:0% +performance in older cultures that +served all kinds of cultural and + + align:start position:0% +served all kinds of cultural and + + + align:start position:0% +served all kinds of cultural and +political and anthropological functions + + align:start position:0% +political and anthropological functions + + + align:start position:0% +political and anthropological functions +but were also a kind of staging area for + + align:start position:0% +but were also a kind of staging area for + + + align:start position:0% +but were also a kind of staging area for +what we in retrospect call artworks and + + align:start position:0% +what we in retrospect call artworks and + + + align:start position:0% +what we in retrospect call artworks and +uh if the media of our own Society are + + align:start position:0% +uh if the media of our own Society are + + + align:start position:0% +uh if the media of our own Society are +incapable of sustaining that level of + + align:start position:0% +incapable of sustaining that level of + + + align:start position:0% +incapable of sustaining that level of +discourse uh then our Judgment of Our + + align:start position:0% +discourse uh then our Judgment of Our + + + align:start position:0% +discourse uh then our Judgment of Our +Own soci soety uh as against let's say + + align:start position:0% +Own soci soety uh as against let's say + + + align:start position:0% +Own soci soety uh as against let's say +the system in Elizabeth in England which + + align:start position:0% +the system in Elizabeth in England which + + + align:start position:0% +the system in Elizabeth in England which +who whose commercial engines generated a + + align:start position:0% +who whose commercial engines generated a + + + align:start position:0% +who whose commercial engines generated a +system of Serial narrative that + + align:start position:0% +system of Serial narrative that + + + align:start position:0% +system of Serial narrative that +entertained vastly and propagandized + + align:start position:0% +entertained vastly and propagandized + + + align:start position:0% +entertained vastly and propagandized +vastly but also enabled the novels of + + align:start position:0% +vastly but also enabled the novels of + + + align:start position:0% +vastly but also enabled the novels of +Dickens or the novels of fery uh if if + + align:start position:0% +Dickens or the novels of fery uh if if + + + align:start position:0% +Dickens or the novels of fery uh if if +the equivalent American system is + + align:start position:0% +the equivalent American system is + + + align:start position:0% +the equivalent American system is +incapable of that kind of uh empowerment + + align:start position:0% +incapable of that kind of uh empowerment + + + align:start position:0% +incapable of that kind of uh empowerment +uh generating those that that that that + + align:start position:0% +uh generating those that that that that + + + align:start position:0% +uh generating those that that that that +level of of of uh U complexity in in + + align:start position:0% +level of of of uh U complexity in in + + + align:start position:0% +level of of of uh U complexity in in +dramatic discourse that's significant + + align:start position:0% +dramatic discourse that's significant + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic discourse that's significant +fact and the only way we can figure that + + align:start position:0% +fact and the only way we can figure that + + + align:start position:0% +fact and the only way we can figure that +fact out is by having some aesthetic + + align:start position:0% +fact out is by having some aesthetic + + + align:start position:0% +fact out is by having some aesthetic +sense some way of deciding uh when we're + + align:start position:0% +sense some way of deciding uh when we're + + + align:start position:0% +sense some way of deciding uh when we're +looking at a text whether or not it + + align:start position:0% +looking at a text whether or not it + + + align:start position:0% +looking at a text whether or not it +meets the criteria that we might + + align:start position:0% +meets the criteria that we might + + + align:start position:0% +meets the criteria that we might +designate as belonging to works of art + + align:start position:0% +designate as belonging to works of art + + + align:start position:0% +designate as belonging to works of art +okay so I'm going to talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'm going to talk a little bit +about a working distinction here between + + align:start position:0% +about a working distinction here between + + + align:start position:0% +about a working distinction here between +art and entertainment it's just a modest + + align:start position:0% +art and entertainment it's just a modest + + + align:start position:0% +art and entertainment it's just a modest +working distinction then we'll turn to + + align:start position:0% +working distinction then we'll turn to + + + align:start position:0% +working distinction then we'll turn to +uh we'll turn to the uh two two shows to + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll turn to the uh two two shows to + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll turn to the uh two two shows to +try to who who lent me this + + align:start position:0% +try to who who lent me this + + + align:start position:0% +try to who who lent me this +who are you I'm Laura Laura Laura thank + + align:start position:0% +who are you I'm Laura Laura Laura thank + + + align:start position:0% +who are you I'm Laura Laura Laura thank +oh I got it thank you very much okay uh + + align:start position:0% +oh I got it thank you very much okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +oh I got it thank you very much okay uh +so that's what that's our plan for today + + align:start position:0% +so that's what that's our plan for today + + + align:start position:0% +so that's what that's our plan for today +but let me let me quickly skip ahead uh + + align:start position:0% +but let me let me quickly skip ahead uh + + + align:start position:0% +but let me let me quickly skip ahead uh +what we're going to do for the rest of + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do for the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do for the rest of +the term is we're almost finished in a + + align:start position:0% +the term is we're almost finished in a + + + align:start position:0% +the term is we're almost finished in a +way with what I'll call sort of the + + align:start position:0% +way with what I'll call sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +way with what I'll call sort of the +framework part of the course and I hope + + align:start position:0% +framework part of the course and I hope + + + align:start position:0% +framework part of the course and I hope +I've been able to do it in a way that's + + align:start position:0% +I've been able to do it in a way that's + + + align:start position:0% +I've been able to do it in a way that's +also kept you interested in concrete + + align:start position:0% +also kept you interested in concrete + + + align:start position:0% +also kept you interested in concrete +details but one more step uh which we'll + + align:start position:0% +details but one more step uh which we'll + + + align:start position:0% +details but one more step uh which we'll +take sort of next week after you've done + + align:start position:0% +take sort of next week after you've done + + + align:start position:0% +take sort of next week after you've done +the exam where we talk in a more + + align:start position:0% +the exam where we talk in a more + + + align:start position:0% +the exam where we talk in a more +systematic way we return to the question + + align:start position:0% +systematic way we return to the question + + + align:start position:0% +systematic way we return to the question +of ideology of what we might call + + align:start position:0% +of ideology of what we might call + + + align:start position:0% +of ideology of what we might call +broadly sort of the political or or or + + align:start position:0% +broadly sort of the political or or or + + + align:start position:0% +broadly sort of the political or or or +ideological meanings that are embedded + + align:start position:0% +ideological meanings that are embedded + + + align:start position:0% +ideological meanings that are embedded +in television and and and we sort of + + align:start position:0% +in television and and and we sort of + + + align:start position:0% +in television and and and we sort of +review how you uh H how you how you read + + align:start position:0% +review how you uh H how you how you read + + + align:start position:0% +review how you uh H how you how you read +media texts really all narrative text + + align:start position:0% +media texts really all narrative text + + + align:start position:0% +media texts really all narrative text +but how you read media texts uh in order + + align:start position:0% +but how you read media texts uh in order + + + align:start position:0% +but how you read media texts uh in order +to be responsive to what we might think + + align:start position:0% +to be responsive to what we might think + + + align:start position:0% +to be responsive to what we might think +of as their ideological or or or or + + align:start position:0% +of as their ideological or or or or + + + align:start position:0% +of as their ideological or or or or +political assumptions not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +political assumptions not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +political assumptions not necessarily +what they openly dramatize but what they + + align:start position:0% +what they openly dramatize but what they + + + align:start position:0% +what they openly dramatize but what they +take for granted is often more important + + align:start position:0% +take for granted is often more important + + + align:start position:0% +take for granted is often more important +important they want they and and and + + align:start position:0% +important they want they and and and + + + align:start position:0% +important they want they and and and +what you need to focus on so we're going + + align:start position:0% +what you need to focus on so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +what you need to focus on so we're going +to make we're going to talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +to make we're going to talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +to make we're going to talk a little bit +more next next week about ideological + + align:start position:0% +more next next week about ideological + + + align:start position:0% +more next next week about ideological +questions and political questions and + + align:start position:0% +questions and political questions and + + + align:start position:0% +questions and political questions and +then we're essentially going to + + align:start position:0% +then we're essentially going to + + + align:start position:0% +then we're essentially going to +proceed uh in roughly chronological + + align:start position:0% +proceed uh in roughly chronological + + + align:start position:0% +proceed uh in roughly chronological +fashion through television history by + + align:start position:0% +fashion through television history by + + + align:start position:0% +fashion through television history by +looking at what I will in an arbitr + + align:start position:0% +looking at what I will in an arbitr + + + align:start position:0% +looking at what I will in an arbitr +almost arbitrary way decide are + + align:start position:0% +almost arbitrary way decide are + + + align:start position:0% +almost arbitrary way decide are +representative shows uh and the the + + align:start position:0% +representative shows uh and the the + + + align:start position:0% +representative shows uh and the the +viewings that you'll watch on the on the + + align:start position:0% +viewings that you'll watch on the on the + + + align:start position:0% +viewings that you'll watch on the on the +few Wednesday evening viewings that re + + align:start position:0% +few Wednesday evening viewings that re + + + align:start position:0% +few Wednesday evening viewings that re +that remain will continue to try to + + align:start position:0% +that remain will continue to try to + + + align:start position:0% +that remain will continue to try to +single out uh episodes of pro of of + + align:start position:0% +single out uh episodes of pro of of + + + align:start position:0% +single out uh episodes of pro of of +particularly significant programs + + align:start position:0% +particularly significant programs + + + align:start position:0% +particularly significant programs +culturally and artistically significant + + align:start position:0% +culturally and artistically significant + + + align:start position:0% +culturally and artistically significant +programs and in our discourse in class + + align:start position:0% +programs and in our discourse in class + + + align:start position:0% +programs and in our discourse in class +we'll look at fragments of other + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at fragments of other + + + align:start position:0% +we'll look at fragments of other +programs and and and and practice and + + align:start position:0% +programs and and and and practice and + + + align:start position:0% +programs and and and and practice and +hone our our our powers of of + + align:start position:0% +hone our our our powers of of + + + align:start position:0% +hone our our our powers of of +discrimination and and uh uh we're going + + align:start position:0% +discrimination and and uh uh we're going + + + align:start position:0% +discrimination and and uh uh we're going +to continue to jump back and forth + + align:start position:0% +to continue to jump back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +to continue to jump back and forth +between what I'll call aesthetic and + + align:start position:0% +between what I'll call aesthetic and + + + align:start position:0% +between what I'll call aesthetic and +cultural forms of interpretation between + + align:start position:0% +cultural forms of interpretation between + + + align:start position:0% +cultural forms of interpretation between +an interest in the cultural and + + align:start position:0% +an interest in the cultural and + + + align:start position:0% +an interest in the cultural and +sociological and anthropological work + + align:start position:0% +sociological and anthropological work + + + align:start position:0% +sociological and anthropological work +the texts are doing and their potential + + align:start position:0% +the texts are doing and their potential + + + align:start position:0% +the texts are doing and their potential +partial artistic interest for us and + + align:start position:0% +partial artistic interest for us and + + + align:start position:0% +partial artistic interest for us and +that's so and and uh uh there'll be my + + align:start position:0% +that's so and and uh uh there'll be my + + + align:start position:0% +that's so and and uh uh there'll be my +expectation is there'll be uh some text + + align:start position:0% +expectation is there'll be uh some text + + + align:start position:0% +expectation is there'll be uh some text +or other some television program or + + align:start position:0% +or other some television program or + + + align:start position:0% +or other some television program or +other will Center our discourse in + + align:start position:0% +other will Center our discourse in + + + align:start position:0% +other will Center our discourse in +almost every class from now + + align:start position:0% +almost every class from now + + + align:start position:0% +almost every class from now +on all right so let me turn back now uh + + align:start position:0% +on all right so let me turn back now uh + + + align:start position:0% +on all right so let me turn back now uh +partly to review and partly to cl to to + + align:start position:0% +partly to review and partly to cl to to + + + align:start position:0% +partly to review and partly to cl to to +to fortify uh arguments that I think + + align:start position:0% +to fortify uh arguments that I think + + + align:start position:0% +to fortify uh arguments that I think +I've left perhaps a little more implicit + + align:start position:0% +I've left perhaps a little more implicit + + + align:start position:0% +I've left perhaps a little more implicit +in the course so far than than I would + + align:start position:0% +in the course so far than than I would + + + align:start position:0% +in the course so far than than I would +like to + + align:start position:0% +like to + + + align:start position:0% +like to +uh leave you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh one way to talk about the the kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh one way to talk about the the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh one way to talk about the the kind of +preoccupation I've been describing uh in + + align:start position:0% +preoccupation I've been describing uh in + + + align:start position:0% +preoccupation I've been describing uh in +the last few minutes is to make a + + align:start position:0% +the last few minutes is to make a + + + align:start position:0% +the last few minutes is to make a +distinction between art and + + align:start position:0% +distinction between art and + + + align:start position:0% +distinction between art and +entertainment and some of you are + + align:start position:0% +entertainment and some of you are + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment and some of you are +familiar with this from other courses of + + align:start position:0% +familiar with this from other courses of + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with this from other courses of +mine and I don't want to overdo this but + + align:start position:0% +mine and I don't want to overdo this but + + + align:start position:0% +mine and I don't want to overdo this but +I but I don't want to insist on too + + align:start position:0% +I but I don't want to insist on too + + + align:start position:0% +I but I don't want to insist on too +sharp a distinction but one way one way + + align:start position:0% +sharp a distinction but one way one way + + + align:start position:0% +sharp a distinction but one way one way +that it's useful to think about this + + align:start position:0% +that it's useful to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +that it's useful to think about this +category is to or or way it's useful to + + align:start position:0% +category is to or or way it's useful to + + + align:start position:0% +category is to or or way it's useful to +imagine what art is to demystify the + + align:start position:0% +imagine what art is to demystify the + + + align:start position:0% +imagine what art is to demystify the +category of art to recognize that at + + align:start position:0% +category of art to recognize that at + + + align:start position:0% +category of art to recognize that at +least the way I want to use the term uh + + align:start position:0% +least the way I want to use the term uh + + + align:start position:0% +least the way I want to use the term uh +uh I'm not talking about something + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm not talking about something + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm not talking about something +that's mystical uh or impossible to + + align:start position:0% +that's mystical uh or impossible to + + + align:start position:0% +that's mystical uh or impossible to +recognize is to say that + + align:start position:0% +recognize is to say that + + + align:start position:0% +recognize is to say that +um all art is a form of entertainment + + align:start position:0% +um all art is a form of entertainment + + + align:start position:0% +um all art is a form of entertainment +belongs to to a kind to to to a sort of + + align:start position:0% +belongs to to a kind to to to a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +belongs to to a kind to to to a sort of +world of entertainment but not all + + align:start position:0% +world of entertainment but not all + + + align:start position:0% +world of entertainment but not all +entertainment a attains to the + + align:start position:0% +entertainment a attains to the + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment a attains to the +complexity to the richness of artworks + + align:start position:0% +complexity to the richness of artworks + + + align:start position:0% +complexity to the richness of artworks +that is to say it's an idea of artworks + + align:start position:0% +that is to say it's an idea of artworks + + + align:start position:0% +that is to say it's an idea of artworks +and especially in terms of of narrative + + align:start position:0% +and especially in terms of of narrative + + + align:start position:0% +and especially in terms of of narrative +and and uh uh verbal uh materials it's + + align:start position:0% +and and uh uh verbal uh materials it's + + + align:start position:0% +and and uh uh verbal uh materials it's +an idea of artworks that sees art as + + align:start position:0% +an idea of artworks that sees art as + + + align:start position:0% +an idea of artworks that sees art as +synonymous with forms of intelligence it + + align:start position:0% +synonymous with forms of intelligence it + + + align:start position:0% +synonymous with forms of intelligence it +sees art as a particularly intelligent + + align:start position:0% +sees art as a particularly intelligent + + + align:start position:0% +sees art as a particularly intelligent +embodiment uh and and and and use of the + + align:start position:0% +embodiment uh and and and and use of the + + + align:start position:0% +embodiment uh and and and and use of the +materials available to uh entertainment + + align:start position:0% +materials available to uh entertainment + + + align:start position:0% +materials available to uh entertainment +uh items in other words it's a more + + align:start position:0% +uh items in other words it's a more + + + align:start position:0% +uh items in other words it's a more +valuable a more complex a more a more + + align:start position:0% +valuable a more complex a more a more + + + align:start position:0% +valuable a more complex a more a more +instructive kind of entertainment would + + align:start position:0% +instructive kind of entertainment would + + + align:start position:0% +instructive kind of entertainment would +be one way to say in other words what or + + align:start position:0% +be one way to say in other words what or + + + align:start position:0% +be one way to say in other words what or +to put it in another way one could say + + align:start position:0% +to put it in another way one could say + + + align:start position:0% +to put it in another way one could say +that that what I'm calling entertainment + + align:start position:0% +that that what I'm calling entertainment + + + align:start position:0% +that that what I'm calling entertainment +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +uh is a phenomenon that will reflect and + + align:start position:0% +uh is a phenomenon that will reflect and + + + align:start position:0% +uh is a phenomenon that will reflect and +carry the beliefs of a society but will + + align:start position:0% +carry the beliefs of a society but will + + + align:start position:0% +carry the beliefs of a society but will +not but but will not reflect upon them + + align:start position:0% +not but but will not reflect upon them + + + align:start position:0% +not but but will not reflect upon them +that it carries the beliefs and + + align:start position:0% +that it carries the beliefs and + + + align:start position:0% +that it carries the beliefs and +attitudes and themes that it that it + + align:start position:0% +attitudes and themes that it that it + + + align:start position:0% +attitudes and themes that it that it +that it dramatizes in a way that is + + align:start position:0% +that it dramatizes in a way that is + + + align:start position:0% +that it dramatizes in a way that is +partly unconscious and unaware and that + + align:start position:0% +partly unconscious and unaware and that + + + align:start position:0% +partly unconscious and unaware and that +the difference between an entertainment + + align:start position:0% +the difference between an entertainment + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between an entertainment +object like that and a work of art is is + + align:start position:0% +object like that and a work of art is is + + + align:start position:0% +object like that and a work of art is is +that the is that the work of art is a + + align:start position:0% +that the is that the work of art is a + + + align:start position:0% +that the is that the work of art is a +aare of and takes responsibility for the + + align:start position:0% +aare of and takes responsibility for the + + + align:start position:0% +aare of and takes responsibility for the +subjects that are implied by its story + + align:start position:0% +subjects that are implied by its story + + + align:start position:0% +subjects that are implied by its story +that for the subject matter for the for + + align:start position:0% +that for the subject matter for the for + + + align:start position:0% +that for the subject matter for the for +the for the issues the themes the + + align:start position:0% +the for the issues the themes the + + + align:start position:0% +the for the issues the themes the +concerns that seem to be part of it uh + + align:start position:0% +concerns that seem to be part of it uh + + + align:start position:0% +concerns that seem to be part of it uh +such texts are intrinsically interesting + + align:start position:0% +such texts are intrinsically interesting + + + align:start position:0% +such texts are intrinsically interesting +that is to say they're interesting to us + + align:start position:0% +that is to say they're interesting to us + + + align:start position:0% +that is to say they're interesting to us +not only and not even and certainly not + + align:start position:0% +not only and not even and certainly not + + + align:start position:0% +not only and not even and certainly not +merely because they reflect a culture's + + align:start position:0% +merely because they reflect a culture's + + + align:start position:0% +merely because they reflect a culture's +values right which we can we we read all + + align:start position:0% +values right which we can we we read all + + + align:start position:0% +values right which we can we we read all +artifacts as historical and + + align:start position:0% +artifacts as historical and + + + align:start position:0% +artifacts as historical and +anthropological objects that reveal to + + align:start position:0% +anthropological objects that reveal to + + + align:start position:0% +anthropological objects that reveal to +us something of the culture from which + + align:start position:0% +us something of the culture from which + + + align:start position:0% +us something of the culture from which +they grow but the artwork has another + + align:start position:0% +they grow but the artwork has another + + + align:start position:0% +they grow but the artwork has another +claim on our it has that claim on us but + + align:start position:0% +claim on our it has that claim on us but + + + align:start position:0% +claim on our it has that claim on us but +it has a a second claim and the second + + align:start position:0% +it has a a second claim and the second + + + align:start position:0% +it has a a second claim and the second +claim is I am intrinsically interesting + + align:start position:0% +claim is I am intrinsically interesting + + + align:start position:0% +claim is I am intrinsically interesting +the world that I imagine the work of art + + align:start position:0% +the world that I imagine the work of art + + + align:start position:0% +the world that I imagine the work of art +is saying the world as it is constituted + + align:start position:0% +is saying the world as it is constituted + + + align:start position:0% +is saying the world as it is constituted +within my borders is intrinsically + + align:start position:0% +within my borders is intrinsically + + + align:start position:0% +within my borders is intrinsically +interesting and if you pay attention to + + align:start position:0% +interesting and if you pay attention to + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and if you pay attention to +it it will instruct you about the real + + align:start position:0% +it it will instruct you about the real + + + align:start position:0% +it it will instruct you about the real +world it will actually in some sense + + align:start position:0% +world it will actually in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +world it will actually in some sense +have a level of truthfulness or + + align:start position:0% +have a level of truthfulness or + + + align:start position:0% +have a level of truthfulness or +complexity that will be instructive that + + align:start position:0% +complexity that will be instructive that + + + align:start position:0% +complexity that will be instructive that +will be valuable in other words you + + align:start position:0% +will be valuable in other words you + + + align:start position:0% +will be valuable in other words you +won't Simply Be amused or diverted by it + + align:start position:0% +won't Simply Be amused or diverted by it + + + align:start position:0% +won't Simply Be amused or diverted by it +you'll also be taught something by it if + + align:start position:0% +you'll also be taught something by it if + + + align:start position:0% +you'll also be taught something by it if +you pay attention to it right in other + + align:start position:0% +you pay attention to it right in other + + + align:start position:0% +you pay attention to it right in other +words it has an intrinsic claim on our + + align:start position:0% +words it has an intrinsic claim on our + + + align:start position:0% +words it has an intrinsic claim on our +attention these are very fast and loose + + align:start position:0% +attention these are very fast and loose + + + align:start position:0% +attention these are very fast and loose +distinctions because and and uh the + + align:start position:0% +distinctions because and and uh the + + + align:start position:0% +distinctions because and and uh the +truth of the matter is especially in + + align:start position:0% +truth of the matter is especially in + + + align:start position:0% +truth of the matter is especially in +popular art that most that most uh texts + + align:start position:0% +popular art that most that most uh texts + + + align:start position:0% +popular art that most that most uh texts +are imperfect they'll be partly they + + align:start position:0% +are imperfect they'll be partly they + + + align:start position:0% +are imperfect they'll be partly they +they they will they will attain to + + align:start position:0% +they they will they will attain to + + + align:start position:0% +they they will they will attain to +levels of complexity and richness only + + align:start position:0% +levels of complexity and richness only + + + align:start position:0% +levels of complexity and richness only +in part and in other parts won't do and + + align:start position:0% +in part and in other parts won't do and + + + align:start position:0% +in part and in other parts won't do and +by the same token uh the enter the + + align:start position:0% +by the same token uh the enter the + + + align:start position:0% +by the same token uh the enter the +entertainment work there may be certain + + align:start position:0% +entertainment work there may be certain + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment work there may be certain +very elegant and Powerful aspects of the + + align:start position:0% +very elegant and Powerful aspects of the + + + align:start position:0% +very elegant and Powerful aspects of the +work of that of entertainment but it + + align:start position:0% +work of that of entertainment but it + + + align:start position:0% +work of that of entertainment but it +still might not attain to the full + + align:start position:0% +still might not attain to the full + + + align:start position:0% +still might not attain to the full +richness or complexity of what I'm + + align:start position:0% +richness or complexity of what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +richness or complexity of what I'm +calling a work of art so there you know + + align:start position:0% +calling a work of art so there you know + + + align:start position:0% +calling a work of art so there you know +it's a so it's not as if the two + + align:start position:0% +it's a so it's not as if the two + + + align:start position:0% +it's a so it's not as if the two +categories are utterly separate from + + align:start position:0% +categories are utterly separate from + + + align:start position:0% +categories are utterly separate from +each other what I'm talking about is a + + align:start position:0% +each other what I'm talking about is a + + + align:start position:0% +each other what I'm talking about is a +greater level of complexity and I'm + + align:start position:0% +greater level of complexity and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +greater level of complexity and I'm +going to try to dramatize that + + align:start position:0% +going to try to dramatize that + + + align:start position:0% +going to try to dramatize that +difference to you by looking at the at + + align:start position:0% +difference to you by looking at the at + + + align:start position:0% +difference to you by looking at the at +these two episodes very quickly of of of + + align:start position:0% +these two episodes very quickly of of of + + + align:start position:0% +these two episodes very quickly of of of +Lucy and The Honeymooners it's a version + + align:start position:0% +Lucy and The Honeymooners it's a version + + + align:start position:0% +Lucy and The Honeymooners it's a version +of what we've already said about those + + align:start position:0% +of what we've already said about those + + + align:start position:0% +of what we've already said about those +other two episodes which were also very + + align:start position:0% +other two episodes which were also very + + + align:start position:0% +other two episodes which were also very +similar that the where where both of + + align:start position:0% +similar that the where where both of + + + align:start position:0% +similar that the where where both of +protagonist go on television and try to + + align:start position:0% +protagonist go on television and try to + + + align:start position:0% +protagonist go on television and try to +sell a uh an item to the audience try to + + align:start position:0% +sell a uh an item to the audience try to + + + align:start position:0% +sell a uh an item to the audience try to +they both have get-rich quick schemes + + align:start position:0% +they both have get-rich quick schemes + + + align:start position:0% +they both have get-rich quick schemes +and they and and they and their uh and + + align:start position:0% +and they and and they and their uh and + + + align:start position:0% +and they and and they and their uh and +and the plots of both episodes are very + + align:start position:0% +and the plots of both episodes are very + + + align:start position:0% +and the plots of both episodes are very +similar as well because their their + + align:start position:0% +similar as well because their their + + + align:start position:0% +similar as well because their their +scheme ends in a kind of catastrophe and + + align:start position:0% +scheme ends in a kind of catastrophe and + + + align:start position:0% +scheme ends in a kind of catastrophe and +physical embarrassment and physical + + align:start position:0% +physical embarrassment and physical + + + align:start position:0% +physical embarrassment and physical +physical shock so uh + + align:start position:0% +physical shock so uh + + + align:start position:0% +physical shock so uh +uh let me take a further step back now + + align:start position:0% +uh let me take a further step back now + + + align:start position:0% +uh let me take a further step back now +and and and maybe make clear the grounds + + align:start position:0% +and and and maybe make clear the grounds + + + align:start position:0% +and and and maybe make clear the grounds +on which I would begin to think about + + align:start position:0% +on which I would begin to think about + + + align:start position:0% +on which I would begin to think about +works of art in general and the and uh + + align:start position:0% +works of art in general and the and uh + + + align:start position:0% +works of art in general and the and uh +television stories in particular uh many + + align:start position:0% +television stories in particular uh many + + + align:start position:0% +television stories in particular uh many +of you know this but but one of the + + align:start position:0% +of you know this but but one of the + + + align:start position:0% +of you know this but but one of the +reasons I'm mentioning it is I could + + align:start position:0% +reasons I'm mentioning it is I could + + + align:start position:0% +reasons I'm mentioning it is I could +hear I could hear John + + align:start position:0% +hear I could hear John + + + align:start position:0% +hear I could hear John +Romano uh utilizing this terminology + + align:start position:0% +Romano uh utilizing this terminology + + + align:start position:0% +Romano uh utilizing this terminology +himself thinking that uh uh + + align:start position:0% +himself thinking that uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +himself thinking that uh uh +undergraduates at MIT are surely more + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates at MIT are surely more + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates at MIT are surely more +sophisticated than his tele than + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated than his tele than + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated than his tele than +television audiences he normally writes + + align:start position:0% +television audiences he normally writes + + + align:start position:0% +television audiences he normally writes +for and he's partly right about that but + + align:start position:0% +for and he's partly right about that but + + + align:start position:0% +for and he's partly right about that but +he used some technical Tech he he used + + align:start position:0% +he used some technical Tech he he used + + + align:start position:0% +he used some technical Tech he he used +at least one term that many of you might + + align:start position:0% +at least one term that many of you might + + + align:start position:0% +at least one term that many of you might +find Technical and I did Define it at + + align:start position:0% +find Technical and I did Define it at + + + align:start position:0% +find Technical and I did Define it at +the time and it's something I've talked + + align:start position:0% +the time and it's something I've talked + + + align:start position:0% +the time and it's something I've talked +about before + + align:start position:0% +about before + + + align:start position:0% +about before +he used the adjective my medic and he + + align:start position:0% +he used the adjective my medic and he + + + align:start position:0% +he used the adjective my medic and he +used it several times to talk about his + + align:start position:0% +used it several times to talk about his + + + align:start position:0% +used it several times to talk about his +Enterprise right uh and some of you know + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise right uh and some of you know + + + align:start position:0% +Enterprise right uh and some of you know +where this comes from but let's talk + + align:start position:0% +where this comes from but let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +where this comes from but let's talk +about it very briefly U before we uh go + + align:start position:0% +about it very briefly U before we uh go + + + align:start position:0% +about it very briefly U before we uh go +further because it's at the heart of + + align:start position:0% +further because it's at the heart of + + + align:start position:0% +further because it's at the heart of +what rep it's at the heart of of this + + align:start position:0% +what rep it's at the heart of of this + + + align:start position:0% +what rep it's at the heart of of this +term and and the noun that comes from it + + align:start position:0% +term and and the noun that comes from it + + + align:start position:0% +term and and the noun that comes from it +which I talked about + + align:start position:0% +which I talked about + + + align:start position:0% +which I talked about +earlier these two terms uh this is a the + + align:start position:0% +earlier these two terms uh this is a the + + + align:start position:0% +earlier these two terms uh this is a the +adjective this is the noun uh are are + + align:start position:0% +adjective this is the noun uh are are + + + align:start position:0% +adjective this is the noun uh are are +are important for any understand of how + + align:start position:0% +are important for any understand of how + + + align:start position:0% +are important for any understand of how +forms of representation operate in other + + align:start position:0% +forms of representation operate in other + + + align:start position:0% +forms of representation operate in other +words a theory of + + align:start position:0% +words a theory of + + + align:start position:0% +words a theory of +representation uh a theory a theory of + + align:start position:0% +representation uh a theory a theory of + + + align:start position:0% +representation uh a theory a theory of +of words or or texts of any kind + + align:start position:0% +of words or or texts of any kind + + + align:start position:0% +of words or or texts of any kind +representing the world embodying the + + align:start position:0% +representing the world embodying the + + + align:start position:0% +representing the world embodying the +world enacting the world displaying the + + align:start position:0% +world enacting the world displaying the + + + align:start position:0% +world enacting the world displaying the +world uh is has to be grounded in + + align:start position:0% +world uh is has to be grounded in + + + align:start position:0% +world uh is has to be grounded in +Notions of mesis where does the term + + align:start position:0% +Notions of mesis where does the term + + + align:start position:0% +Notions of mesis where does the term +come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from well actually that the our our + + align:start position:0% +from well actually that the our our + + + align:start position:0% +from well actually that the our our +English word for pantomime and for and + + align:start position:0% +English word for pantomime and for and + + + align:start position:0% +English word for pantomime and for and +for mimic and for miming uh derives from + + align:start position:0% +for mimic and for miming uh derives from + + + align:start position:0% +for mimic and for miming uh derives from +this from this Greek root that's right + + align:start position:0% +this from this Greek root that's right + + + align:start position:0% +this from this Greek root that's right +and in fact it's helpful to realize that + + align:start position:0% +and in fact it's helpful to realize that + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact it's helpful to realize that +that the that the the the source for a + + align:start position:0% +that the that the the the source for a + + + align:start position:0% +that the that the the the source for a +lot of words in in in our in our + + align:start position:0% +lot of words in in in our in our + + + align:start position:0% +lot of words in in in our in our +language having to do with mimicry and + + align:start position:0% +language having to do with mimicry and + + + align:start position:0% +language having to do with mimicry and +pantomime are connected to the word Mist + + align:start position:0% +pantomime are connected to the word Mist + + + align:start position:0% +pantomime are connected to the word Mist +etymologically yes + + align:start position:0% +etymologically yes + + + align:start position:0% +etymologically yes +Susanna yes yes the source the + + align:start position:0% +Susanna yes yes the source the + + + align:start position:0% +Susanna yes yes the source the +fundamental source of it is the it is + + align:start position:0% +fundamental source of it is the it is + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental source of it is the it is +what is what is recognized to be the + + align:start position:0% +what is what is recognized to be the + + + align:start position:0% +what is what is recognized to be the +first systematic work of literary + + align:start position:0% +first systematic work of literary + + + align:start position:0% +first systematic work of literary +criticism in the western world the the + + align:start position:0% +criticism in the western world the the + + + align:start position:0% +criticism in the western world the the +the fifth + + align:start position:0% +the fifth + + + align:start position:0% +the fifth +century Greek philosopher Aristotle the + + align:start position:0% +century Greek philosopher Aristotle the + + + align:start position:0% +century Greek philosopher Aristotle the +founder of the modern world in many ways + + align:start position:0% +founder of the modern world in many ways + + + align:start position:0% +founder of the modern world in many ways +uh uh who who uh one of whose students + + align:start position:0% +uh uh who who uh one of whose students + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh who who uh one of whose students +took very careful notes at a lecture he + + align:start position:0% +took very careful notes at a lecture he + + + align:start position:0% +took very careful notes at a lecture he +gave on on mainly on Comedy uh and in + + align:start position:0% +gave on on mainly on Comedy uh and in + + + align:start position:0% +gave on on mainly on Comedy uh and in +part on on drama uh and uh they those + + align:start position:0% +part on on drama uh and uh they those + + + align:start position:0% +part on on drama uh and uh they those +lecture notes survive as as as + + align:start position:0% +lecture notes survive as as as + + + align:start position:0% +lecture notes survive as as as +Aristotle's Poetics and it's a + + align:start position:0% +Aristotle's Poetics and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Aristotle's Poetics and it's a +relatively short text in which Aristotle + + align:start position:0% +relatively short text in which Aristotle + + + align:start position:0% +relatively short text in which Aristotle +tries to articulate the it's the first + + align:start position:0% +tries to articulate the it's the first + + + align:start position:0% +tries to articulate the it's the first +systematic attempt at the articulation + + align:start position:0% +systematic attempt at the articulation + + + align:start position:0% +systematic attempt at the articulation +of aesthetic principles and at the very + + align:start position:0% +of aesthetic principles and at the very + + + align:start position:0% +of aesthetic principles and at the very +heart of Aristotle's Poetics is the word + + align:start position:0% +heart of Aristotle's Poetics is the word + + + align:start position:0% +heart of Aristotle's Poetics is the word +mesis he describes he says he's talking + + align:start position:0% +mesis he describes he says he's talking + + + align:start position:0% +mesis he describes he says he's talking +about the great Greek tragedies among + + align:start position:0% +about the great Greek tragedies among + + + align:start position:0% +about the great Greek tragedies among +other texts and he says what the what + + align:start position:0% +other texts and he says what the what + + + align:start position:0% +other texts and he says what the what +the Greek tragedies enact is a mimesis + + align:start position:0% +the Greek tragedies enact is a mimesis + + + align:start position:0% +the Greek tragedies enact is a mimesis +of reality and imit and the most the + + align:start position:0% +of reality and imit and the most the + + + align:start position:0% +of reality and imit and the most the +most literal definition of the word the + + align:start position:0% +most literal definition of the word the + + + align:start position:0% +most literal definition of the word the +most literal translation of the word + + align:start position:0% +most literal translation of the word + + + align:start position:0% +most literal translation of the word +mesis would be + + align:start position:0% +mesis would be + + + align:start position:0% +mesis would be +imitation right as so it says a play is + + align:start position:0% +imitation right as so it says a play is + + + align:start position:0% +imitation right as so it says a play is +an imitation of reality it imitates + + align:start position:0% +an imitation of reality it imitates + + + align:start position:0% +an imitation of reality it imitates +reality and what what and and he does + + align:start position:0% +reality and what what and and he does + + + align:start position:0% +reality and what what and and he does +what what as Aristotle's definition goes + + align:start position:0% +what what as Aristotle's definition goes + + + align:start position:0% +what what as Aristotle's definition goes +on what becomes clear is that his idea + + align:start position:0% +on what becomes clear is that his idea + + + align:start position:0% +on what becomes clear is that his idea +of mimesis is not a a sort of is not a + + align:start position:0% +of mimesis is not a a sort of is not a + + + align:start position:0% +of mimesis is not a a sort of is not a +narrow is not a narrow idea which + + align:start position:0% +narrow is not a narrow idea which + + + align:start position:0% +narrow is not a narrow idea which +involves a kind + + align:start position:0% +involves a kind + + + align:start position:0% +involves a kind +of confining what we might think of as a + + align:start position:0% +of confining what we might think of as a + + + align:start position:0% +of confining what we might think of as a +confining realism right words my uh when + + align:start position:0% +confining realism right words my uh when + + + align:start position:0% +confining realism right words my uh when +a text mimes reality when a text + + align:start position:0% +a text mimes reality when a text + + + align:start position:0% +a text mimes reality when a text +imitates reality when a text represents + + align:start position:0% +imitates reality when a text represents + + + align:start position:0% +imitates reality when a text represents +reality that + + align:start position:0% +reality that + + + align:start position:0% +reality that +representation that reimagining of it + + align:start position:0% +representation that reimagining of it + + + align:start position:0% +representation that reimagining of it +that mesis of it doesn't actually have + + align:start position:0% +that mesis of it doesn't actually have + + + align:start position:0% +that mesis of it doesn't actually have +to have in the narrow sense a a totally + + align:start position:0% +to have in the narrow sense a a totally + + + align:start position:0% +to have in the narrow sense a a totally +realistic texture it doesn't have to + + align:start position:0% +realistic texture it doesn't have to + + + align:start position:0% +realistic texture it doesn't have to +mirror the outer the world it's the + + align:start position:0% +mirror the outer the world it's the + + + align:start position:0% +mirror the outer the world it's the +actual world it is mimicking uh in + + align:start position:0% +actual world it is mimicking uh in + + + align:start position:0% +actual world it is mimicking uh in +exactly every detail in order to + + align:start position:0% +exactly every detail in order to + + + align:start position:0% +exactly every detail in order to +be an a sufficient and an instructive + + align:start position:0% +be an a sufficient and an instructive + + + align:start position:0% +be an a sufficient and an instructive +form of imitation a form of mimesis the + + align:start position:0% +form of imitation a form of mimesis the + + + align:start position:0% +form of imitation a form of mimesis the +advantage of the term is that it's wider + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the term is that it's wider + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of the term is that it's wider +and broader than the narrow term realism + + align:start position:0% +and broader than the narrow term realism + + + align:start position:0% +and broader than the narrow term realism +uh because and once one recognizes that + + align:start position:0% +uh because and once one recognizes that + + + align:start position:0% +uh because and once one recognizes that +what what that allows one to do is to + + align:start position:0% +what what that allows one to do is to + + + align:start position:0% +what what that allows one to do is to +recognize that various forms of + + align:start position:0% +recognize that various forms of + + + align:start position:0% +recognize that various forms of +distortion of the sort we would + + align:start position:0% +distortion of the sort we would + + + align:start position:0% +distortion of the sort we would +associate with expressionist art or with + + align:start position:0% +associate with expressionist art or with + + + align:start position:0% +associate with expressionist art or with +or with certain forms of romantic poetry + + align:start position:0% +or with certain forms of romantic poetry + + + align:start position:0% +or with certain forms of romantic poetry +uh Distortion in which the real world is + + align:start position:0% +uh Distortion in which the real world is + + + align:start position:0% +uh Distortion in which the real world is +seen in in in ways that are clearly not + + align:start position:0% +seen in in in ways that are clearly not + + + align:start position:0% +seen in in in ways that are clearly not +totally realistic can still be forms of + + align:start position:0% +totally realistic can still be forms of + + + align:start position:0% +totally realistic can still be forms of +mimesis imitation because the world has + + align:start position:0% +mimesis imitation because the world has + + + align:start position:0% +mimesis imitation because the world has +irrational and and Nightmare elements + + align:start position:0% +irrational and and Nightmare elements + + + align:start position:0% +irrational and and Nightmare elements +and the world that the world that's + + align:start position:0% +and the world that the world that's + + + align:start position:0% +and the world that the world that's +inside our heads may not obey the exact + + align:start position:0% +inside our heads may not obey the exact + + + align:start position:0% +inside our heads may not obey the exact +uh the world the world of our dreams + + align:start position:0% +uh the world the world of our dreams + + + align:start position:0% +uh the world the world of our dreams +won't won't obey the the sort of the + + align:start position:0% +won't won't obey the the sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +won't won't obey the the sort of the +laws of physics but the world of our + + align:start position:0% +laws of physics but the world of our + + + align:start position:0% +laws of physics but the world of our +dreams is also is part of the human the + + align:start position:0% +dreams is also is part of the human the + + + align:start position:0% +dreams is also is part of the human the +experiential world and and an adequate + + align:start position:0% +experiential world and and an adequate + + + align:start position:0% +experiential world and and an adequate +idea of myis an adequate idea of of of + + align:start position:0% +idea of myis an adequate idea of of of + + + align:start position:0% +idea of myis an adequate idea of of of +of of of of art as a form of imitation + + align:start position:0% +of of of of art as a form of imitation + + + align:start position:0% +of of of of art as a form of imitation +would have to embrace these + + align:start position:0% +would have to embrace these + + + align:start position:0% +would have to embrace these +non-realistic elements as well right so + + align:start position:0% +non-realistic elements as well right so + + + align:start position:0% +non-realistic elements as well right so +that the great Kafka short story which + + align:start position:0% +that the great Kafka short story which + + + align:start position:0% +that the great Kafka short story which +begins Gregor samama awoke one more + + align:start position:0% +begins Gregor samama awoke one more + + + align:start position:0% +begins Gregor samama awoke one more +morning after a night of uneasy dreams + + align:start position:0% +morning after a night of uneasy dreams + + + align:start position:0% +morning after a night of uneasy dreams +to find him trans find himself + + align:start position:0% +to find him trans find himself + + + align:start position:0% +to find him trans find himself +transformed into a gigantic + + align:start position:0% +transformed into a gigantic + + + align:start position:0% +transformed into a gigantic +insect one of the great opening + + align:start position:0% +insect one of the great opening + + + align:start position:0% +insect one of the great opening +sentences in the history of literature + + align:start position:0% +sentences in the history of literature + + + align:start position:0% +sentences in the history of literature +uh that's certainly not a realistic + + align:start position:0% +uh that's certainly not a realistic + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's certainly not a realistic +story people are not transformed into + + align:start position:0% +story people are not transformed into + + + align:start position:0% +story people are not transformed into +insects in their bed and yet it is a + + align:start position:0% +insects in their bed and yet it is a + + + align:start position:0% +insects in their bed and yet it is a +profound mimesis it's a profoundly + + align:start position:0% +profound mimesis it's a profoundly + + + align:start position:0% +profound mimesis it's a profoundly +mimetic text it's realistic in other + + align:start position:0% +mimetic text it's realistic in other + + + align:start position:0% +mimetic text it's realistic in other +ways in other words it gets to the real + + align:start position:0% +ways in other words it gets to the real + + + align:start position:0% +ways in other words it gets to the real +world but it gets to the real world by + + align:start position:0% +world but it gets to the real world by + + + align:start position:0% +world but it gets to the real world by +by um systems of distortion this may + + align:start position:0% +by um systems of distortion this may + + + align:start position:0% +by um systems of distortion this may +seem like an odd distinction to you or + + align:start position:0% +seem like an odd distinction to you or + + + align:start position:0% +seem like an odd distinction to you or +boring to you some of you understand why + + align:start position:0% +boring to you some of you understand why + + + align:start position:0% +boring to you some of you understand why +it's but it's a very some of you + + align:start position:0% +it's but it's a very some of you + + + align:start position:0% +it's but it's a very some of you +understand now what it's a very + + align:start position:0% +understand now what it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +understand now what it's a very +important distinction because the word + + align:start position:0% +important distinction because the word + + + align:start position:0% +important distinction because the word +mesis and the adjective mytic are often + + align:start position:0% +mesis and the adjective mytic are often + + + align:start position:0% +mesis and the adjective mytic are often +narrowed un uh very ineffectively most + + align:start position:0% +narrowed un uh very ineffectively most + + + align:start position:0% +narrowed un uh very ineffectively most +most recently and disturbingly by the + + align:start position:0% +most recently and disturbingly by the + + + align:start position:0% +most recently and disturbingly by the +film critic David Bardwell who uses the + + align:start position:0% +film critic David Bardwell who uses the + + + align:start position:0% +film critic David Bardwell who uses the +term myis in far too narrow a way uh uh + + align:start position:0% +term myis in far too narrow a way uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +term myis in far too narrow a way uh uh +tries to reduce it to a form of narrow + + align:start position:0% +tries to reduce it to a form of narrow + + + align:start position:0% +tries to reduce it to a form of narrow +realism so texts that are not realistic + + align:start position:0% +realism so texts that are not realistic + + + align:start position:0% +realism so texts that are not realistic +let's say Hitchcock movie right that are + + align:start position:0% +let's say Hitchcock movie right that are + + + align:start position:0% +let's say Hitchcock movie right that are +distorted in certain ways and have + + align:start position:0% +distorted in certain ways and have + + + align:start position:0% +distorted in certain ways and have +Express expressionist Tendencies + + align:start position:0% +Express expressionist Tendencies + + + align:start position:0% +Express expressionist Tendencies +Hitchcock's only an interesting director + + align:start position:0% +Hitchcock's only an interesting director + + + align:start position:0% +Hitchcock's only an interesting director +if you think of him as as a giving you a + + align:start position:0% +if you think of him as as a giving you a + + + align:start position:0% +if you think of him as as a giving you a +kind of a a nightmare Fable of what the + + align:start position:0% +kind of a a nightmare Fable of what the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a a nightmare Fable of what the +world is like not an accurate picture of + + align:start position:0% +world is like not an accurate picture of + + + align:start position:0% +world is like not an accurate picture of +the world uh uh under bardwell's narrow + + align:start position:0% +the world uh uh under bardwell's narrow + + + align:start position:0% +the world uh uh under bardwell's narrow +definition of mesis Hitchcock is not a + + align:start position:0% +definition of mesis Hitchcock is not a + + + align:start position:0% +definition of mesis Hitchcock is not a +my medic director and it's a it's a it's + + align:start position:0% +my medic director and it's a it's a it's + + + align:start position:0% +my medic director and it's a it's a it's +a it's a reductive and destructive way + + align:start position:0% +a it's a reductive and destructive way + + + align:start position:0% +a it's a reductive and destructive way +of understanding what is a really + + align:start position:0% +of understanding what is a really + + + align:start position:0% +of understanding what is a really +encompassing uh way of understanding + + align:start position:0% +encompassing uh way of understanding + + + align:start position:0% +encompassing uh way of understanding +what artworks do in words so that one + + align:start position:0% +what artworks do in words so that one + + + align:start position:0% +what artworks do in words so that one +fundamental side of what all narrative + + align:start position:0% +fundamental side of what all narrative + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental side of what all narrative +texts and all dramatic Tex try to do is + + align:start position:0% +texts and all dramatic Tex try to do is + + + align:start position:0% +texts and all dramatic Tex try to do is +they try to create a model of the world + + align:start position:0% +they try to create a model of the world + + + align:start position:0% +they try to create a model of the world +a picture of the world it can't be an + + align:start position:0% +a picture of the world it can't be an + + + align:start position:0% +a picture of the world it can't be an +exact picture it can't the world's + + align:start position:0% +exact picture it can't the world's + + + align:start position:0% +exact picture it can't the world's +complexity is far too great for any text + + align:start position:0% +complexity is far too great for any text + + + align:start position:0% +complexity is far too great for any text +to Encompass right but but it can in + + align:start position:0% +to Encompass right but but it can in + + + align:start position:0% +to Encompass right but but it can in +various ways attain to some level of + + align:start position:0% +various ways attain to some level of + + + align:start position:0% +various ways attain to some level of +adequacy when that model when that + + align:start position:0% +adequacy when that model when that + + + align:start position:0% +adequacy when that model when that +mimesis when that mimicry of the world + + align:start position:0% +mimesis when that mimicry of the world + + + align:start position:0% +mimesis when that mimicry of the world +attains to a level of complexity such + + align:start position:0% +attains to a level of complexity such + + + align:start position:0% +attains to a level of complexity such +that we say well that matches the world + + align:start position:0% +that we say well that matches the world + + + align:start position:0% +that we say well that matches the world +yes that text that text isn't simply uh + + align:start position:0% +yes that text that text isn't simply uh + + + align:start position:0% +yes that text that text isn't simply uh +um reducing some aspect of the world for + + align:start position:0% +um reducing some aspect of the world for + + + align:start position:0% +um reducing some aspect of the world for +for for a momentary diversion but it's + + align:start position:0% +for for a momentary diversion but it's + + + align:start position:0% +for for a momentary diversion but it's +actually capturing something of the + + align:start position:0% +actually capturing something of the + + + align:start position:0% +actually capturing something of the +multiplicity something of the complexity + + align:start position:0% +multiplicity something of the complexity + + + align:start position:0% +multiplicity something of the complexity +something of the Tangled potency of + + align:start position:0% +something of the Tangled potency of + + + align:start position:0% +something of the Tangled potency of +actuality then we say it's attained to + + align:start position:0% +actuality then we say it's attained to + + + align:start position:0% +actuality then we say it's attained to +the level of art right it's words it's + + align:start position:0% +the level of art right it's words it's + + + align:start position:0% +the level of art right it's words it's +my mesis is it's my mesis is sufficient + + align:start position:0% +my mesis is it's my mesis is sufficient + + + align:start position:0% +my mesis is it's my mesis is sufficient +it's my mesis is is adequate uh and and + + align:start position:0% +it's my mesis is is adequate uh and and + + + align:start position:0% +it's my mesis is is adequate uh and and +uh they it's and as I say it's + + align:start position:0% +uh they it's and as I say it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh they it's and as I say it's +incredibly common experience for us + + align:start position:0% +incredibly common experience for us + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly common experience for us +especially in the movies and in + + align:start position:0% +especially in the movies and in + + + align:start position:0% +especially in the movies and in +television to see see a kind of partial + + align:start position:0% +television to see see a kind of partial + + + align:start position:0% +television to see see a kind of partial +success along these lines to see to to + + align:start position:0% +success along these lines to see to to + + + align:start position:0% +success along these lines to see to to +watch programs that will be very + + align:start position:0% +watch programs that will be very + + + align:start position:0% +watch programs that will be very +persuasive along one dimension and + + align:start position:0% +persuasive along one dimension and + + + align:start position:0% +persuasive along one dimension and +relatively unpersuasive along another + + align:start position:0% +relatively unpersuasive along another + + + align:start position:0% +relatively unpersuasive along another +dimension uh + + align:start position:0% +dimension uh + + + align:start position:0% +dimension uh +relatively relatively plausible and + + align:start position:0% +relatively relatively plausible and + + + align:start position:0% +relatively relatively plausible and +adequately complex uh in one aspect but + + align:start position:0% +adequately complex uh in one aspect but + + + align:start position:0% +adequately complex uh in one aspect but +not in another aspect and we have to be + + align:start position:0% +not in another aspect and we have to be + + + align:start position:0% +not in another aspect and we have to be +attentive to those moments and be + + align:start position:0% +attentive to those moments and be + + + align:start position:0% +attentive to those moments and be +willing to embrace the partial + + align:start position:0% +willing to embrace the partial + + + align:start position:0% +willing to embrace the partial +Excellence of popular art the the US the + + align:start position:0% +Excellence of popular art the the US the + + + align:start position:0% +Excellence of popular art the the US the +normally partial Excellence of popular + + align:start position:0% +normally partial Excellence of popular + + + align:start position:0% +normally partial Excellence of popular +so so the word so so the adjective + + align:start position:0% +so so the word so so the adjective + + + align:start position:0% +so so the word so so the adjective +mimetic means + + align:start position:0% +mimetic means + + + align:start position:0% +mimetic means +the the uh the the the the that that the + + align:start position:0% +the the uh the the the the that that the + + + align:start position:0% +the the uh the the the the that that the +mimetic dimension of a of a of a text is + + align:start position:0% +mimetic dimension of a of a of a text is + + + align:start position:0% +mimetic dimension of a of a of a text is +that dimension of the text which tries + + align:start position:0% +that dimension of the text which tries + + + align:start position:0% +that dimension of the text which tries +to reflect or reenact or represent + + align:start position:0% +to reflect or reenact or represent + + + align:start position:0% +to reflect or reenact or represent +reality okay and there's a second + + align:start position:0% +reality okay and there's a second + + + align:start position:0% +reality okay and there's a second +dimension to the text which we might + + align:start position:0% +dimension to the text which we might + + + align:start position:0% +dimension to the text which we might +call the mimetic dimension the mimesis + + align:start position:0% +call the mimetic dimension the mimesis + + + align:start position:0% +call the mimetic dimension the mimesis +dimension of of all stories are mimetic + + align:start position:0% +dimension of of all stories are mimetic + + + align:start position:0% +dimension of of all stories are mimetic +in some way uh either either adequately + + align:start position:0% +in some way uh either either adequately + + + align:start position:0% +in some way uh either either adequately +or inadequately right uh and we might + + align:start position:0% +or inadequately right uh and we might + + + align:start position:0% +or inadequately right uh and we might +call that the content Dimension the + + align:start position:0% +call that the content Dimension the + + + align:start position:0% +call that the content Dimension the +aboutness of the text the text is about + + align:start position:0% +aboutness of the text the text is about + + + align:start position:0% +aboutness of the text the text is about +the world and in the ways in which it's + + align:start position:0% +the world and in the ways in which it's + + + align:start position:0% +the world and in the ways in which it's +about the world it is behaving + + align:start position:0% +about the world it is behaving + + + align:start position:0% +about the world it is behaving +mimetically right that's what a a + + align:start position:0% +mimetically right that's what a a + + + align:start position:0% +mimetically right that's what a a +mimesis is an enactment a representation + + align:start position:0% +mimesis is an enactment a representation + + + align:start position:0% +mimesis is an enactment a representation +a reimagining of the world in an + + align:start position:0% +a reimagining of the world in an + + + align:start position:0% +a reimagining of the world in an +aesthetic in an aesthetic order right in + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic in an aesthetic order right in + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic in an aesthetic order right in +a play in a in a poem in a movie in a + + align:start position:0% +a play in a in a poem in a movie in a + + + align:start position:0% +a play in a in a poem in a movie in a +television program in a novel in an oral + + align:start position:0% +television program in a novel in an oral + + + align:start position:0% +television program in a novel in an oral +narrative right and then there's a so so + + align:start position:0% +narrative right and then there's a so so + + + align:start position:0% +narrative right and then there's a so so +the one fundamental dimension of of a of + + align:start position:0% +the one fundamental dimension of of a of + + + align:start position:0% +the one fundamental dimension of of a of +a text is therefore what we might what I + + align:start position:0% +a text is therefore what we might what I + + + align:start position:0% +a text is therefore what we might what I +what I sometimes would call its + + align:start position:0% +what I sometimes would call its + + + align:start position:0% +what I sometimes would call its +aesthetic Dimension it's it's it's it's + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic Dimension it's it's it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic Dimension it's it's it's it's +my it's mimetic Dimension it's content + + align:start position:0% +my it's mimetic Dimension it's content + + + align:start position:0% +my it's mimetic Dimension it's content +Dimension and it's and it has a second + + align:start position:0% +Dimension and it's and it has a second + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension and it's and it has a second +dimension which we might call its formal + + align:start position:0% +dimension which we might call its formal + + + align:start position:0% +dimension which we might call its formal +or its structural element right the way + + align:start position:0% +or its structural element right the way + + + align:start position:0% +or its structural element right the way +it's put together the it's its various + + align:start position:0% +it's put together the it's its various + + + align:start position:0% +it's put together the it's its various +formal features in a serious work of art + + align:start position:0% +formal features in a serious work of art + + + align:start position:0% +formal features in a serious work of art +those formal features will be part of + + align:start position:0% +those formal features will be part of + + + align:start position:0% +those formal features will be part of +the mimesis the way the structure of the + + align:start position:0% +the mimesis the way the structure of the + + + align:start position:0% +the mimesis the way the structure of the +text Will in some sense contribute to + + align:start position:0% +text Will in some sense contribute to + + + align:start position:0% +text Will in some sense contribute to +and be part of what the text means right + + align:start position:0% +and be part of what the text means right + + + align:start position:0% +and be part of what the text means right +the form will enact the meaning uh it's + + align:start position:0% +the form will enact the meaning uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +the form will enact the meaning uh it's +what we mean in a way when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +what we mean in a way when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +what we mean in a way when we talk about +mastering a medium when it when when an + + align:start position:0% +mastering a medium when it when when an + + + align:start position:0% +mastering a medium when it when when an +artist understands that the the nuances + + align:start position:0% +artist understands that the the nuances + + + align:start position:0% +artist understands that the the nuances +of his or her medium when he ex when he + + align:start position:0% +of his or her medium when he ex when he + + + align:start position:0% +of his or her medium when he ex when he +or she exploits the medium she finds + + align:start position:0% +or she exploits the medium she finds + + + align:start position:0% +or she exploits the medium she finds +herself in with seriousness and with + + align:start position:0% +herself in with seriousness and with + + + align:start position:0% +herself in with seriousness and with +richness we're watching another form of + + align:start position:0% +richness we're watching another form of + + + align:start position:0% +richness we're watching another form of +artistic Mastery right so there are two + + align:start position:0% +artistic Mastery right so there are two + + + align:start position:0% +artistic Mastery right so there are two +ways to judge and they're related inter + + align:start position:0% +ways to judge and they're related inter + + + align:start position:0% +ways to judge and they're related inter +and they're interrelated there are two + + align:start position:0% +and they're interrelated there are two + + + align:start position:0% +and they're interrelated there are two +ways to talk about two two sort of + + align:start position:0% +ways to talk about two two sort of + + + align:start position:0% +ways to talk about two two sort of +aspects or fundamental features of uh of + + align:start position:0% +aspects or fundamental features of uh of + + + align:start position:0% +aspects or fundamental features of uh of +any of any artwork or or of any of any + + align:start position:0% +any of any artwork or or of any of any + + + align:start position:0% +any of any artwork or or of any of any +narrative text that we need to take + + align:start position:0% +narrative text that we need to take + + + align:start position:0% +narrative text that we need to take +account of if we were going to do a kind + + align:start position:0% +account of if we were going to do a kind + + + align:start position:0% +account of if we were going to do a kind +of evaluation of it if we're going to + + align:start position:0% +of evaluation of it if we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +of evaluation of it if we're going to +try to determine whether it's a work of + + align:start position:0% +try to determine whether it's a work of + + + align:start position:0% +try to determine whether it's a work of +art or whether it's a successful or a + + align:start position:0% +art or whether it's a successful or a + + + align:start position:0% +art or whether it's a successful or a +good or a persuasive or a valid work of + + align:start position:0% +good or a persuasive or a valid work of + + + align:start position:0% +good or a persuasive or a valid work of +art any of those adjectives would do + + align:start position:0% +art any of those adjectives would do + + + align:start position:0% +art any of those adjectives would do +right a validity in interpretation is is + + align:start position:0% +right a validity in interpretation is is + + + align:start position:0% +right a validity in interpretation is is +is is is the standard not not Perfection + + align:start position:0% +is is is the standard not not Perfection + + + align:start position:0% +is is is the standard not not Perfection +or Purity but validity in in in our own + + align:start position:0% +or Purity but validity in in in our own + + + align:start position:0% +or Purity but validity in in in our own +interpretations and in the text account + + align:start position:0% +interpretations and in the text account + + + align:start position:0% +interpretations and in the text account +of the world is might or persuasiveness + + align:start position:0% +of the world is might or persuasiveness + + + align:start position:0% +of the world is might or persuasiveness +might be another term for right uh uh + + align:start position:0% +might be another term for right uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +might be another term for right uh uh +and those two aspects are the mimetic + + align:start position:0% +and those two aspects are the mimetic + + + align:start position:0% +and those two aspects are the mimetic +aspect and the formal aspect we uh the + + align:start position:0% +aspect and the formal aspect we uh the + + + align:start position:0% +aspect and the formal aspect we uh the +formal aspect goes to all those + + align:start position:0% +formal aspect goes to all those + + + align:start position:0% +formal aspect goes to all those +questions about the text that have to do + + align:start position:0% +questions about the text that have to do + + + align:start position:0% +questions about the text that have to do +with the tools the instruments available + + align:start position:0% +with the tools the instruments available + + + align:start position:0% +with the tools the instruments available +to the if it's a poet it has to do with + + align:start position:0% +to the if it's a poet it has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +to the if it's a poet it has to do with +the poet's Mastery of of vocabulary and + + align:start position:0% +the poet's Mastery of of vocabulary and + + + align:start position:0% +the poet's Mastery of of vocabulary and +of and of and of Rhythm right and of + + align:start position:0% +of and of and of Rhythm right and of + + + align:start position:0% +of and of and of Rhythm right and of +meter right uh and of rhyme right and if + + align:start position:0% +meter right uh and of rhyme right and if + + + align:start position:0% +meter right uh and of rhyme right and if +it's a filmmaker it would have to do not + + align:start position:0% +it's a filmmaker it would have to do not + + + align:start position:0% +it's a filmmaker it would have to do not +only with the with the filmmaker's + + align:start position:0% +only with the with the filmmaker's + + + align:start position:0% +only with the with the filmmaker's +Mastery of character and story but also + + align:start position:0% +Mastery of character and story but also + + + align:start position:0% +Mastery of character and story but also +with all the with the technology of the + + align:start position:0% +with all the with the technology of the + + + align:start position:0% +with all the with the technology of the +motion picture camera and with the + + align:start position:0% +motion picture camera and with the + + + align:start position:0% +motion picture camera and with the +technology of the editing Suite right + + align:start position:0% +technology of the editing Suite right + + + align:start position:0% +technology of the editing Suite right +and and and and uh uh uh someone who + + align:start position:0% +and and and and uh uh uh someone who + + + align:start position:0% +and and and and uh uh uh someone who +someone who was careless or incompetent + + align:start position:0% +someone who was careless or incompetent + + + align:start position:0% +someone who was careless or incompetent +in a technical sense could never really + + align:start position:0% +in a technical sense could never really + + + align:start position:0% +in a technical sense could never really +be a great artist but someone who was + + align:start position:0% +be a great artist but someone who was + + + align:start position:0% +be a great artist but someone who was +incredibly brilliant technically but had + + align:start position:0% +incredibly brilliant technically but had + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly brilliant technically but had +nothing to say could not like Hitchcock + + align:start position:0% +nothing to say could not like Hitchcock + + + align:start position:0% +nothing to say could not like Hitchcock +might be makes Hitchcock a partial + + align:start position:0% +might be makes Hitchcock a partial + + + align:start position:0% +might be makes Hitchcock a partial +artist because he doesn't you know his + + align:start position:0% +artist because he doesn't you know his + + + align:start position:0% +artist because he doesn't you know his +he is technically very remarkable but + + align:start position:0% +he is technically very remarkable but + + + align:start position:0% +he is technically very remarkable but +his content is isn't totally stupid but + + align:start position:0% +his content is isn't totally stupid but + + + align:start position:0% +his content is isn't totally stupid but +his content is perverse in certain ways + + align:start position:0% +his content is perverse in certain ways + + + align:start position:0% +his content is perverse in certain ways +and he's not fully aware of how he's + + align:start position:0% +and he's not fully aware of how he's + + + align:start position:0% +and he's not fully aware of how he's +acting out his own + + align:start position:0% +acting out his own + + + align:start position:0% +acting out his own +perversities Hitchcock's on my mind + + align:start position:0% +perversities Hitchcock's on my mind + + + align:start position:0% +perversities Hitchcock's on my mind +because I'm doing him today in the film + + align:start position:0% +because I'm doing him today in the film + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm doing him today in the film +course but one could think of many other + + align:start position:0% +course but one could think of many other + + + align:start position:0% +course but one could think of many other +examples of the process I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +examples of the process I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +examples of the process I'm talking +about of of of writers or or or or + + align:start position:0% +about of of of writers or or or or + + + align:start position:0% +about of of of writers or or or or +directors or or television creators of + + align:start position:0% +directors or or television creators of + + + align:start position:0% +directors or or television creators of +television programs whose whose + + align:start position:0% +television programs whose whose + + + align:start position:0% +television programs whose whose +technical Mastery ex might might be said + + align:start position:0% +technical Mastery ex might might be said + + + align:start position:0% +technical Mastery ex might might be said +to exceed their their power of + + align:start position:0% +to exceed their their power of + + + align:start position:0% +to exceed their their power of +understanding and there are certain + + align:start position:0% +understanding and there are certain + + + align:start position:0% +understanding and there are certain +writers drier comes to mind the great + + align:start position:0% +writers drier comes to mind the great + + + align:start position:0% +writers drier comes to mind the great +careless American uh genius uh whose + + align:start position:0% +careless American uh genius uh whose + + + align:start position:0% +careless American uh genius uh whose +stories and whose who whose power of + + align:start position:0% +stories and whose who whose power of + + + align:start position:0% +stories and whose who whose power of +myth power to imagine myth is much + + align:start position:0% +myth power to imagine myth is much + + + align:start position:0% +myth power to imagine myth is much +greater and more and more decisive than + + align:start position:0% +greater and more and more decisive than + + + align:start position:0% +greater and more and more decisive than +his technical prowess and you know you + + align:start position:0% +his technical prowess and you know you + + + align:start position:0% +his technical prowess and you know you +drier when I read drier I it's like I'm + + align:start position:0% +drier when I read drier I it's like I'm + + + align:start position:0% +drier when I read drier I it's like I'm +reading a freshman English paper and I + + align:start position:0% +reading a freshman English paper and I + + + align:start position:0% +reading a freshman English paper and I +can't put my red pencil down he writes + + align:start position:0% +can't put my red pencil down he writes + + + align:start position:0% +can't put my red pencil down he writes +so so poorly and yet his imagination is + + align:start position:0% +so so poorly and yet his imagination is + + + align:start position:0% +so so poorly and yet his imagination is +so astounding that that there's a kind + + align:start position:0% +so astounding that that there's a kind + + + align:start position:0% +so astounding that that there's a kind +of Mythic power even to his to his uh + + align:start position:0% +of Mythic power even to his to his uh + + + align:start position:0% +of Mythic power even to his to his uh +most disappointing sentences uh uh so + + align:start position:0% +most disappointing sentences uh uh so + + + align:start position:0% +most disappointing sentences uh uh so +there's a there's an example of a writer + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's an example of a writer + + + align:start position:0% +there's a there's an example of a writer +who who's who's who's who's uh who who + + align:start position:0% +who who's who's who's who's uh who who + + + align:start position:0% +who who's who's who's who's uh who who +who whose imagination + + align:start position:0% +who whose imagination + + + align:start position:0% +who whose imagination +of his material is sufficient in one + + align:start position:0% +of his material is sufficient in one + + + align:start position:0% +of his material is sufficient in one +dimension but disappointing and in and + + align:start position:0% +dimension but disappointing and in and + + + align:start position:0% +dimension but disappointing and in and +and and insufficient in the in a + + align:start position:0% +and and insufficient in the in a + + + align:start position:0% +and and insufficient in the in a +technical or structural Dimension all + + align:start position:0% +technical or structural Dimension all + + + align:start position:0% +technical or structural Dimension all +right this may seem excessively + + align:start position:0% +right this may seem excessively + + + align:start position:0% +right this may seem excessively +theoretical to you but it's useful I + + align:start position:0% +theoretical to you but it's useful I + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical to you but it's useful I +think to clarify uh because we might so + + align:start position:0% +think to clarify uh because we might so + + + align:start position:0% +think to clarify uh because we might so +that so because because all of the both + + align:start position:0% +that so because because all of the both + + + align:start position:0% +that so because because all of the both +elements both the mimetic dimension of + + align:start position:0% +elements both the mimetic dimension of + + + align:start position:0% +elements both the mimetic dimension of +the text and its formal or structural + + align:start position:0% +the text and its formal or structural + + + align:start position:0% +the text and its formal or structural +Dimension need to be part of our + + align:start position:0% +Dimension need to be part of our + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension need to be part of our +discussion if we're making a kind of if + + align:start position:0% +discussion if we're making a kind of if + + + align:start position:0% +discussion if we're making a kind of if +we're trying to give a full account of a + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to give a full account of a + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to give a full account of a +text Ex or lack thereof right uh with + + align:start position:0% +text Ex or lack thereof right uh with + + + align:start position:0% +text Ex or lack thereof right uh with +with these broad principles in mind + + align:start position:0% +with these broad principles in mind + + + align:start position:0% +with these broad principles in mind +let's turn back to a question that we've + + align:start position:0% +let's turn back to a question that we've + + + align:start position:0% +let's turn back to a question that we've +really already settled in a way and I + + align:start position:0% +really already settled in a way and I + + + align:start position:0% +really already settled in a way and I +thought about skipping over this but it + + align:start position:0% +thought about skipping over this but it + + + align:start position:0% +thought about skipping over this but it +seems important to nail it down and I + + align:start position:0% +seems important to nail it down and I + + + align:start position:0% +seems important to nail it down and I +think this is an early stage uh uh in + + align:start position:0% +think this is an early stage uh uh in + + + align:start position:0% +think this is an early stage uh uh in +which to do it uh what I what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +which to do it uh what I what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +which to do it uh what I what I'm going +to show you is a is a comparison uh uh + + align:start position:0% +to show you is a is a comparison uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +to show you is a is a comparison uh uh +virtually like the comparison you've + + align:start position:0% +virtually like the comparison you've + + + align:start position:0% +virtually like the comparison you've +already seen But about from two + + align:start position:0% +already seen But about from two + + + align:start position:0% +already seen But about from two +different episodes and I'm going to try + + align:start position:0% +different episodes and I'm going to try + + + align:start position:0% +different episodes and I'm going to try +to skip through uh the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's let's hope I can get this to work + + align:start position:0% +let's let's hope I can get this to work + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's hope I can get this to work +here I'm going to try to skip + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +through all right uh this first episode + + align:start position:0% +through all right uh this first episode + + + align:start position:0% +through all right uh this first episode +fairly quickly and just give you a give + + align:start position:0% +fairly quickly and just give you a give + + + align:start position:0% +fairly quickly and just give you a give +you a brief sense of it but both of the + + align:start position:0% +you a brief sense of it but both of the + + + align:start position:0% +you a brief sense of it but both of the +episodes both of the episodes I want you + + align:start position:0% +episodes both of the episodes I want you + + + align:start position:0% +episodes both of the episodes I want you +to look at from that that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +to look at from that that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +to look at from that that we're going to +use as + + align:start position:0% +use as + + + align:start position:0% +use as +our as our + + align:start position:0% +our as our + + + align:start position:0% +our as our +um templates today are versions of what + + align:start position:0% +um templates today are versions of what + + + align:start position:0% +um templates today are versions of what +you've seen before but I think maybe + + align:start position:0% +you've seen before but I think maybe + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen before but I think maybe +even more decisive versions let's see if + + align:start position:0% +even more decisive versions let's see if + + + align:start position:0% +even more decisive versions let's see if +I can make this make this work are we up + + align:start position:0% +I can make this make this work are we up + + + align:start position:0% +I can make this make this work are we up +on the screen okay this is a the + + align:start position:0% +on the screen okay this is a the + + + align:start position:0% +on the screen okay this is a the +beginning of an episode of I Love Lucy + + align:start position:0% +beginning of an episode of I Love Lucy + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of an episode of I Love Lucy +from the very early 50s probably + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +52 we'll continue this in a second but + + align:start position:0% +52 we'll continue this in a second but + + + align:start position:0% +52 we'll continue this in a second but +very quickly I mean and and I'm not you + + align:start position:0% +very quickly I mean and and I'm not you + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly I mean and and I'm not you +know uh asking you just to make fun of + + align:start position:0% +know uh asking you just to make fun of + + + align:start position:0% +know uh asking you just to make fun of +it or but just make some observations + + align:start position:0% +it or but just make some observations + + + align:start position:0% +it or but just make some observations +that seem relevant about what you've + + align:start position:0% +that seem relevant about what you've + + + align:start position:0% +that seem relevant about what you've +seen how about even technically Greg + + align:start position:0% +seen how about even technically Greg + + + align:start position:0% +seen how about even technically Greg +start us off oh I was just going to make + + align:start position:0% +start us off oh I was just going to make + + + align:start position:0% +start us off oh I was just going to make +an observation of people in the in the + + align:start position:0% +an observation of people in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +an observation of people in the in the +scene that it's it's uh clear that + + align:start position:0% +scene that it's it's uh clear that + + + align:start position:0% +scene that it's it's uh clear that +they've all come over to watch + + align:start position:0% +they've all come over to watch + + + align:start position:0% +they've all come over to watch +television together even though + + align:start position:0% +television together even though + + + align:start position:0% +television together even though +television's a really tiny box and + + align:start position:0% +television's a really tiny box and + + + align:start position:0% +television's a really tiny box and +they're sitting around watching + + align:start position:0% +they're sitting around watching + + + align:start position:0% +they're sitting around watching +it that's a good point so there there + + align:start position:0% +it that's a good point so there there + + + align:start position:0% +it that's a good point so there there +we're in an era when if te television + + align:start position:0% +we're in an era when if te television + + + align:start position:0% +we're in an era when if te television +itself is still a novelty item everyone + + align:start position:0% +itself is still a novelty item everyone + + + align:start position:0% +itself is still a novelty item everyone +watches and in fact Neighbors come into + + align:start position:0% +watches and in fact Neighbors come into + + + align:start position:0% +watches and in fact Neighbors come into +the house that have the television to + + align:start position:0% +the house that have the television to + + + align:start position:0% +the house that have the television to +watch it together what else + + align:start position:0% +watch it together what else + + + align:start position:0% +watch it together what else +Wally they're all fully dressed I they + + align:start position:0% +Wally they're all fully dressed I they + + + align:start position:0% +Wally they're all fully dressed I they +they may as well be at the office the + + align:start position:0% +they may as well be at the office the + + + align:start position:0% +they may as well be at the office the +way they're dressed yes there not + + align:start position:0% +way they're dressed yes there not + + + align:start position:0% +way they're dressed yes there not +they're not very casual are they what + + align:start position:0% +they're not very casual are they what + + + align:start position:0% +they're not very casual are they what +that's that's that's also in and maybe + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's also in and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's also in and maybe +in a certain sense implausible as if + + align:start position:0% +in a certain sense implausible as if + + + align:start position:0% +in a certain sense implausible as if +there there's still there's still a + + align:start position:0% +there there's still there's still a + + + align:start position:0% +there there's still there's still a +sense that that the program has has uh + + align:start position:0% +sense that that the program has has uh + + + align:start position:0% +sense that that the program has has uh +imperfectly translated itself into a + + align:start position:0% +imperfectly translated itself into a + + + align:start position:0% +imperfectly translated itself into a +dramatic mode which I think is always + + align:start position:0% +dramatic mode which I think is always + + + align:start position:0% +dramatic mode which I think is always +the ca look one of the things about + + align:start position:0% +the ca look one of the things about + + + align:start position:0% +the ca look one of the things about +television it was always said was + + align:start position:0% +television it was always said was + + + align:start position:0% +television it was always said was +intuitively understood from the very + + align:start position:0% +intuitively understood from the very + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively understood from the very +beginning was the television was a more + + align:start position:0% +beginning was the television was a more + + + align:start position:0% +beginning was the television was a more +intimate medium than the movies and even + + align:start position:0% +intimate medium than the movies and even + + + align:start position:0% +intimate medium than the movies and even +in some way it had the intimacy of radio + + align:start position:0% +in some way it had the intimacy of radio + + + align:start position:0% +in some way it had the intimacy of radio +but a much greater uh Power because it + + align:start position:0% +but a much greater uh Power because it + + + align:start position:0% +but a much greater uh Power because it +was visual as well as as auditory and uh + + align:start position:0% +was visual as well as as auditory and uh + + + align:start position:0% +was visual as well as as auditory and uh +one of the effects of that sense that we + + align:start position:0% +one of the effects of that sense that we + + + align:start position:0% +one of the effects of that sense that we +that that uh that television was a more + + align:start position:0% +that that uh that television was a more + + + align:start position:0% +that that uh that television was a more +intimate space was that even from the + + align:start position:0% +intimate space was that even from the + + + align:start position:0% +intimate space was that even from the +very earliest days there was a blurring + + align:start position:0% +very earliest days there was a blurring + + + align:start position:0% +very earliest days there was a blurring +of the difference between the actor and + + align:start position:0% +of the difference between the actor and + + + align:start position:0% +of the difference between the actor and +the role and it's not uncommon for the + + align:start position:0% +the role and it's not uncommon for the + + + align:start position:0% +the role and it's not uncommon for the +The Lucy Show Lucille B was a known + + align:start position:0% +The Lucy Show Lucille B was a known + + + align:start position:0% +The Lucy Show Lucille B was a known +actress she was a a a semistar not quite + + align:start position:0% +actress she was a a a semistar not quite + + + align:start position:0% +actress she was a a a semistar not quite +a big gigantic um movie so but she was + + align:start position:0% +a big gigantic um movie so but she was + + + align:start position:0% +a big gigantic um movie so but she was +on her way if had been born a decade + + align:start position:0% +on her way if had been born a decade + + + align:start position:0% +on her way if had been born a decade +earlier she would have been presumably + + align:start position:0% +earlier she would have been presumably + + + align:start position:0% +earlier she would have been presumably +one of the great movie stars instead + + align:start position:0% +one of the great movie stars instead + + + align:start position:0% +one of the great movie stars instead +television came along and she moved into + + align:start position:0% +television came along and she moved into + + + align:start position:0% +television came along and she moved into +in into into into television and in fact + + align:start position:0% +in into into into television and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +in into into into television and in fact +there are some people who think that her + + align:start position:0% +there are some people who think that her + + + align:start position:0% +there are some people who think that her +career as as a movie actress had reached + + align:start position:0% +career as as a movie actress had reached + + + align:start position:0% +career as as a movie actress had reached +its peak had stalled in a way although + + align:start position:0% +its peak had stalled in a way although + + + align:start position:0% +its peak had stalled in a way although +what one could never know for sure + + align:start position:0% +what one could never know for sure + + + align:start position:0% +what one could never know for sure +because her translation to icon of early + + align:start position:0% +because her translation to icon of early + + + align:start position:0% +because her translation to icon of early +television happened so relatively + + align:start position:0% +television happened so relatively + + + align:start position:0% +television happened so relatively +quickly and she became a kind of + + align:start position:0% +quickly and she became a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +quickly and she became a kind of +National Institution within the first + + align:start position:0% +National Institution within the first + + + align:start position:0% +National Institution within the first +few years of the show which was one of + + align:start position:0% +few years of the show which was one of + + + align:start position:0% +few years of the show which was one of +the great it's it pro The Lucy Show and + + align:start position:0% +the great it's it pro The Lucy Show and + + + align:start position:0% +the great it's it pro The Lucy Show and +the Milton Burl show are are the two + + align:start position:0% +the Milton Burl show are are the two + + + align:start position:0% +the Milton Burl show are are the two +programs that probably sold more + + align:start position:0% +programs that probably sold more + + + align:start position:0% +programs that probably sold more +television sets than any other programs + + align:start position:0% +television sets than any other programs + + + align:start position:0% +television sets than any other programs +because people bought them to watch + + align:start position:0% +because people bought them to watch + + + align:start position:0% +because people bought them to watch +those programs that the buzz about those + + align:start position:0% +those programs that the buzz about those + + + align:start position:0% +those programs that the buzz about those +programs was so incredibly great in our + + align:start position:0% +programs was so incredibly great in our + + + align:start position:0% +programs was so incredibly great in our +discussions last week when John romano + + align:start position:0% +discussions last week when John romano + + + align:start position:0% +discussions last week when John romano +and Julia D were speaking about + + align:start position:0% +and Julia D were speaking about + + + align:start position:0% +and Julia D were speaking about +contemporary television they both but + + align:start position:0% +contemporary television they both but + + + align:start position:0% +contemporary television they both but +especially Julia who's so young that she + + align:start position:0% +especially Julia who's so young that she + + + align:start position:0% +especially Julia who's so young that she +has no memory of televisions even recent + + align:start position:0% +has no memory of televisions even recent + + + align:start position:0% +has no memory of televisions even recent +uh past uh m m made implicit Mistakes by + + align:start position:0% +uh past uh m m made implicit Mistakes by + + + align:start position:0% +uh past uh m m made implicit Mistakes by +trying to claim that the audiences for + + align:start position:0% +trying to claim that the audiences for + + + align:start position:0% +trying to claim that the audiences for +today's television network Blockbuster + + align:start position:0% +today's television network Blockbuster + + + align:start position:0% +today's television network Blockbuster +show the ones that get the best + + align:start position:0% +show the ones that get the best + + + align:start position:0% +show the ones that get the best +audiences are really large and of course + + align:start position:0% +audiences are really large and of course + + + align:start position:0% +audiences are really large and of course +they don't remotely measure the size of + + align:start position:0% +they don't remotely measure the size of + + + align:start position:0% +they don't remotely measure the size of +the audience in the early days if we + + align:start position:0% +the audience in the early days if we + + + align:start position:0% +the audience in the early days if we +measure by proportion of sets owned in + + align:start position:0% +measure by proportion of sets owned in + + + align:start position:0% +measure by proportion of sets owned in +other words when mil the Milton Burl + + align:start position:0% +other words when mil the Milton Burl + + + align:start position:0% +other words when mil the Milton Burl +show came on in the early 50s or the I + + align:start position:0% +show came on in the early 50s or the I + + + align:start position:0% +show came on in the early 50s or the I +Love Lucy show came on and and uh uh + + align:start position:0% +Love Lucy show came on and and uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +Love Lucy show came on and and uh uh +when they tracked audiences what they + + align:start position:0% +when they tracked audiences what they + + + align:start position:0% +when they tracked audiences what they +would find as many as 60 70% of the + + align:start position:0% +would find as many as 60 70% of the + + + align:start position:0% +would find as many as 60 70% of the +audience would be watching that single + + align:start position:0% +audience would be watching that single + + + align:start position:0% +audience would be watching that single +program by the end of the 50s that meant + + align:start position:0% +program by the end of the 50s that meant + + + align:start position:0% +program by the end of the 50s that meant +almost the whole society with so that so + + align:start position:0% +almost the whole society with so that so + + + align:start position:0% +almost the whole society with so that so +that uh Network programs that got + + align:start position:0% +that uh Network programs that got + + + align:start position:0% +that uh Network programs that got +ratings of 50 or that or or 50 or 60 + + align:start position:0% +ratings of 50 or that or or 50 or 60 + + + align:start position:0% +ratings of 50 or that or or 50 or 60 +were get or were we're actually getting + + align:start position:0% +were get or were we're actually getting + + + align:start position:0% +were get or were we're actually getting +60% of the audience were would be + + align:start position:0% +60% of the audience were would be + + + align:start position:0% +60% of the audience were would be +watching a single program part of that + + align:start position:0% +watching a single program part of that + + + align:start position:0% +watching a single program part of that +of course had to do with the fact that + + align:start position:0% +of course had to do with the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +of course had to do with the fact that +there was a limited number of choices + + align:start position:0% +there was a limited number of choices + + + align:start position:0% +there was a limited number of choices +there were only three essentially three + + align:start position:0% +there were only three essentially three + + + align:start position:0% +there were only three essentially three +or at most four or five choices + + align:start position:0% +or at most four or five choices + + + align:start position:0% +or at most four or five choices +available and the fourth and fifth + + align:start position:0% +available and the fourth and fifth + + + align:start position:0% +available and the fourth and fifth +Choice were independent uh stations + + align:start position:0% +Choice were independent uh stations + + + align:start position:0% +Choice were independent uh stations +broadcasting and urban centers that + + align:start position:0% +broadcasting and urban centers that + + + align:start position:0% +broadcasting and urban centers that +would would that had very little uh + + align:start position:0% +would would that had very little uh + + + align:start position:0% +would would that had very little uh +interesting fair to offer so the three + + align:start position:0% +interesting fair to offer so the three + + + align:start position:0% +interesting fair to offer so the three +networks had very little competition + + align:start position:0% +networks had very little competition + + + align:start position:0% +networks had very little competition +that partly explain explains the + + align:start position:0% +that partly explain explains the + + + align:start position:0% +that partly explain explains the +condition so so and and and that's I + + align:start position:0% +condition so so and and and that's I + + + align:start position:0% +condition so so and and and that's I +think some of that's implied in what we + + align:start position:0% +think some of that's implied in what we + + + align:start position:0% +think some of that's implied in what we +what we've seen one more obvious thing + + align:start position:0% +what we've seen one more obvious thing + + + align:start position:0% +what we've seen one more obvious thing +in a technical + + align:start position:0% +in a technical + + + align:start position:0% +in a technical +sense I mean I think in a way it sort of + + align:start position:0% +sense I mean I think in a way it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sense I mean I think in a way it sort of +argues for the implausibility of the of + + align:start position:0% +argues for the implausibility of the of + + + align:start position:0% +argues for the implausibility of the of +so so one of the things I'm saying is + + align:start position:0% +so so one of the things I'm saying is + + + align:start position:0% +so so one of the things I'm saying is +that they call it the Lucy show as a way + + align:start position:0% +that they call it the Lucy show as a way + + + align:start position:0% +that they call it the Lucy show as a way +of reminding you that this is Lucille + + align:start position:0% +of reminding you that this is Lucille + + + align:start position:0% +of reminding you that this is Lucille +Ball and everyone knew that Lucille Ball + + align:start position:0% +Ball and everyone knew that Lucille Ball + + + align:start position:0% +Ball and everyone knew that Lucille Ball +was really married to a band leader + + align:start position:0% +was really married to a band leader + + + align:start position:0% +was really married to a band leader +named Desi Ares so even though they call + + align:start position:0% +named Desi Ares so even though they call + + + align:start position:0% +named Desi Ares so even though they call +themselves the Ricardos and not the + + align:start position:0% +themselves the Ricardos and not the + + + align:start position:0% +themselves the Ricardos and not the +areses on the show there's this blurring + + align:start position:0% +areses on the show there's this blurring + + + align:start position:0% +areses on the show there's this blurring +of their identities so there's as if + + align:start position:0% +of their identities so there's as if + + + align:start position:0% +of their identities so there's as if +there's a claim that they are really + + align:start position:0% +there's a claim that they are really + + + align:start position:0% +there's a claim that they are really +real they're at least partly real people + + align:start position:0% +real they're at least partly real people + + + align:start position:0% +real they're at least partly real people +we know that at some level they're + + align:start position:0% +we know that at some level they're + + + align:start position:0% +we know that at some level they're +fictional but at another level we're + + align:start position:0% +fictional but at another level we're + + + align:start position:0% +fictional but at another level we're +always aware of the real Desi Ares and + + align:start position:0% +always aware of the real Desi Ares and + + + align:start position:0% +always aware of the real Desi Ares and +the real Lucille Ball behind the thing + + align:start position:0% +the real Lucille Ball behind the thing + + + align:start position:0% +the real Lucille Ball behind the thing +and and I think that element of the show + + align:start position:0% +and and I think that element of the show + + + align:start position:0% +and and I think that element of the show +is both it part of its appeal but also + + align:start position:0% +is both it part of its appeal but also + + + align:start position:0% +is both it part of its appeal but also +part of its aesthetic + + align:start position:0% +part of its aesthetic + + + align:start position:0% +part of its aesthetic +limitation um but we uh but there's some + + align:start position:0% +limitation um but we uh but there's some + + + align:start position:0% +limitation um but we uh but there's some +there's one very obvious thing about why + + align:start position:0% +there's one very obvious thing about why + + + align:start position:0% +there's one very obvious thing about why +you feel that it's a kind of + + align:start position:0% +you feel that it's a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you feel that it's a kind of +insufficiently dramatized or imagined as + + align:start position:0% +insufficiently dramatized or imagined as + + + align:start position:0% +insufficiently dramatized or imagined as +a drama yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes but I think that what you say is + + align:start position:0% +yes but I think that what you say is + + + align:start position:0% +yes but I think that what you say is +right and television exploits that even + + align:start position:0% +right and television exploits that even + + + align:start position:0% +right and television exploits that even +early television exploits that sense + + align:start position:0% +early television exploits that sense + + + align:start position:0% +early television exploits that sense +very much and I think another part of + + align:start position:0% +very much and I think another part of + + + align:start position:0% +very much and I think another part of +the appeal of Lucy as we've suggested is + + align:start position:0% +the appeal of Lucy as we've suggested is + + + align:start position:0% +the appeal of Lucy as we've suggested is +uh that it mirrored in a in a way the + + align:start position:0% +uh that it mirrored in a in a way the + + + align:start position:0% +uh that it mirrored in a in a way the +domestic environment of the of the + + align:start position:0% +domestic environment of the of the + + + align:start position:0% +domestic environment of the of the +audience itself not in the literal sense + + align:start position:0% +audience itself not in the literal sense + + + align:start position:0% +audience itself not in the literal sense +that you would necessarily watch it + + align:start position:0% +that you would necessarily watch it + + + align:start position:0% +that you would necessarily watch it +while you were having breakfast in the + + align:start position:0% +while you were having breakfast in the + + + align:start position:0% +while you were having breakfast in the +kitchen but that but that the scenes + + align:start position:0% +kitchen but that but that the scenes + + + align:start position:0% +kitchen but that but that the scenes +dramatized the human experiences that + + align:start position:0% +dramatized the human experiences that + + + align:start position:0% +dramatized the human experiences that +the show implicitly valorizes simply + + align:start position:0% +the show implicitly valorizes simply + + + align:start position:0% +the show implicitly valorizes simply +because it projects them are the human + + align:start position:0% +because it projects them are the human + + + align:start position:0% +because it projects them are the human +experiences that the audience shared + + align:start position:0% +experiences that the audience shared + + + align:start position:0% +experiences that the audience shared +with the show and there was then that's + + align:start position:0% +with the show and there was then that's + + + align:start position:0% +with the show and there was then that's +another way in which television is small + + align:start position:0% +another way in which television is small + + + align:start position:0% +another way in which television is small +domesticate it's domesticated not not + + align:start position:0% +domesticate it's domesticated not not + + + align:start position:0% +domesticate it's domesticated not not +only because it's literally in the house + + align:start position:0% +only because it's literally in the house + + + align:start position:0% +only because it's literally in the house +right and because its screen size is + + align:start position:0% +right and because its screen size is + + + align:start position:0% +right and because its screen size is +small those are all domesticating + + align:start position:0% +small those are all domesticating + + + align:start position:0% +small those are all domesticating +Smalling Tendencies but there are other + + align:start position:0% +Smalling Tendencies but there are other + + + align:start position:0% +Smalling Tendencies but there are other +ways in which and in fact televisions + + align:start position:0% +ways in which and in fact televisions + + + align:start position:0% +ways in which and in fact televisions +that accept the principle television + + align:start position:0% +that accept the principle television + + + align:start position:0% +that accept the principle television +programs that understand this Smalling + + align:start position:0% +programs that understand this Smalling + + + align:start position:0% +programs that understand this Smalling +tendency this deep fundamental element + + align:start position:0% +tendency this deep fundamental element + + + align:start position:0% +tendency this deep fundamental element +of Television do better than programs + + align:start position:0% +of Television do better than programs + + + align:start position:0% +of Television do better than programs +that try to deny that small that + + align:start position:0% +that try to deny that small that + + + align:start position:0% +that try to deny that small that +smallness that try to fight against it + + align:start position:0% +smallness that try to fight against it + + + align:start position:0% +smallness that try to fight against it +uh and and I think The Lucy Show does + + align:start position:0% +uh and and I think The Lucy Show does + + + align:start position:0% +uh and and I think The Lucy Show does +reflect that in certain ways but what + + align:start position:0% +reflect that in certain ways but what + + + align:start position:0% +reflect that in certain ways but what +about the way the what I'll call the + + align:start position:0% +about the way the what I'll call the + + + align:start position:0% +about the way the what I'll call the +Misan sin what we actually see on the + + align:start position:0% +Misan sin what we actually see on the + + + align:start position:0% +Misan sin what we actually see on the +screen uh when we in the in the scene + + align:start position:0% +screen uh when we in the in the scene + + + align:start position:0% +screen uh when we in the in the scene +we've just looked at we can't take too + + align:start position:0% +we've just looked at we can't take too + + + align:start position:0% +we've just looked at we can't take too +long on this but it's very obvious yes + + align:start position:0% +long on this but it's very obvious yes + + + align:start position:0% +long on this but it's very obvious yes +who are + + align:start position:0% +who are + + + align:start position:0% +who are +you Aaron + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right yes one of the things we feel if + + align:start position:0% +right yes one of the things we feel if + + + align:start position:0% +right yes one of the things we feel if +we really listen closely is that is that + + align:start position:0% +we really listen closely is that is that + + + align:start position:0% +we really listen closely is that is that +there hasn't been much uh attention paid + + align:start position:0% +there hasn't been much uh attention paid + + + align:start position:0% +there hasn't been much uh attention paid +to what I'll call the the mimetic + + align:start position:0% +to what I'll call the the mimetic + + + align:start position:0% +to what I'll call the the mimetic +plausibility of what we're seeing right + + align:start position:0% +plausibility of what we're seeing right + + + align:start position:0% +plausibility of what we're seeing right +in other words it's a very inadequate my + + align:start position:0% +in other words it's a very inadequate my + + + align:start position:0% +in other words it's a very inadequate my +Mees is not that it's even a defect + + align:start position:0% +Mees is not that it's even a defect + + + align:start position:0% +Mees is not that it's even a defect +because you could say the show isn't + + align:start position:0% +because you could say the show isn't + + + align:start position:0% +because you could say the show isn't +really trying very hard it doesn't it's + + align:start position:0% +really trying very hard it doesn't it's + + + align:start position:0% +really trying very hard it doesn't it's +as if it doesn't really want you to + + align:start position:0% +as if it doesn't really want you to + + + align:start position:0% +as if it doesn't really want you to +believe in the in the in the realistic + + align:start position:0% +believe in the in the in the realistic + + + align:start position:0% +believe in the in the in the realistic +situation of the they don't it's they're + + align:start position:0% +situation of the they don't it's they're + + + align:start position:0% +situation of the they don't it's they're +it's it's as if the Audi it's as if the + + align:start position:0% +it's it's as if the Audi it's as if the + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's as if the Audi it's as if the +program itself is satisfied to remain in + + align:start position:0% +program itself is satisfied to remain in + + + align:start position:0% +program itself is satisfied to remain in +this half dramatized state + + align:start position:0% +this half dramatized state + + + align:start position:0% +this half dramatized state +right uh partly because it knows that + + align:start position:0% +right uh partly because it knows that + + + align:start position:0% +right uh partly because it knows that +it's capable of delivering a lot of + + align:start position:0% +it's capable of delivering a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +it's capable of delivering a lot of +entertainment but partly also because + + align:start position:0% +entertainment but partly also because + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment but partly also because +television is still at some level in its + + align:start position:0% +television is still at some level in its + + + align:start position:0% +television is still at some level in its +novelty stage right uh in the very + + align:start position:0% +novelty stage right uh in the very + + + align:start position:0% +novelty stage right uh in the very +earliest uh uh moments of its history + + align:start position:0% +earliest uh uh moments of its history + + + align:start position:0% +earliest uh uh moments of its history +movie audiences were perfectly satisfied + + align:start position:0% +movie audiences were perfectly satisfied + + + align:start position:0% +movie audiences were perfectly satisfied +with the electrocution of an elephant + + align:start position:0% +with the electrocution of an elephant + + + align:start position:0% +with the electrocution of an elephant +and with and with Fred art sneezing + + align:start position:0% +and with and with Fred art sneezing + + + align:start position:0% +and with and with Fred art sneezing +right but it but but as they became more + + align:start position:0% +right but it but but as they became more + + + align:start position:0% +right but it but but as they became more +Adept and as they began to take this + + align:start position:0% +Adept and as they began to take this + + + align:start position:0% +Adept and as they began to take this +novelty item for granted and to see to + + align:start position:0% +novelty item for granted and to see to + + + align:start position:0% +novelty item for granted and to see to +and to and to to make it a part of their + + align:start position:0% +and to and to to make it a part of their + + + align:start position:0% +and to and to to make it a part of their +habitual daily or weekly rituals they + + align:start position:0% +habitual daily or weekly rituals they + + + align:start position:0% +habitual daily or weekly rituals they +began to have higher expectations and + + align:start position:0% +began to have higher expectations and + + + align:start position:0% +began to have higher expectations and +one could say in part that the + + align:start position:0% +one could say in part that the + + + align:start position:0% +one could say in part that the +insufficiently incompletely dramatized + + align:start position:0% +insufficiently incompletely dramatized + + + align:start position:0% +insufficiently incompletely dramatized +quality imagined quality of I Love Lucy + + align:start position:0% +quality imagined quality of I Love Lucy + + + align:start position:0% +quality imagined quality of I Love Lucy +is partly a function of that and it was + + align:start position:0% +is partly a function of that and it was + + + align:start position:0% +is partly a function of that and it was +necessary in a certain way to keep those + + align:start position:0% +necessary in a certain way to keep those + + + align:start position:0% +necessary in a certain way to keep those +bonds loose because Lucy had to be + + align:start position:0% +bonds loose because Lucy had to be + + + align:start position:0% +bonds loose because Lucy had to be +liberated into forms of comic behavior + + align:start position:0% +liberated into forms of comic behavior + + + align:start position:0% +liberated into forms of comic behavior +that her pantomime skills and her uh uh + + align:start position:0% +that her pantomime skills and her uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +that her pantomime skills and her uh uh +rubberface skills and encouraged uh and + + align:start position:0% +rubberface skills and encouraged uh and + + + align:start position:0% +rubberface skills and encouraged uh and +it might well be that that that that too + + align:start position:0% +it might well be that that that that too + + + align:start position:0% +it might well be that that that that too +systematic and complete a reimagining of + + align:start position:0% +systematic and complete a reimagining of + + + align:start position:0% +systematic and complete a reimagining of +Lucy and Desi as a real couple would + + align:start position:0% +Lucy and Desi as a real couple would + + + align:start position:0% +Lucy and Desi as a real couple would +would uh as a trying to imagine that as + + align:start position:0% +would uh as a trying to imagine that as + + + align:start position:0% +would uh as a trying to imagine that as +a full dramatic world might inhibit the + + align:start position:0% +a full dramatic world might inhibit the + + + align:start position:0% +a full dramatic world might inhibit the +kind of Freedom they wanted to let Lucy + + align:start position:0% +kind of Freedom they wanted to let Lucy + + + align:start position:0% +kind of Freedom they wanted to let Lucy +perform as they as they did so what I'm + + align:start position:0% +perform as they as they did so what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +perform as they as they did so what I'm +pointing to in a way I'm pointing to + + align:start position:0% +pointing to in a way I'm pointing to + + + align:start position:0% +pointing to in a way I'm pointing to +what I think of as an aesthetic defect + + align:start position:0% +what I think of as an aesthetic defect + + + align:start position:0% +what I think of as an aesthetic defect +although we're also trying to explain it + + align:start position:0% +although we're also trying to explain it + + + align:start position:0% +although we're also trying to explain it +historically and in terms of what the + + align:start position:0% +historically and in terms of what the + + + align:start position:0% +historically and in terms of what the +Stars gifts allowed but what I was + + align:start position:0% +Stars gifts allowed but what I was + + + align:start position:0% +Stars gifts allowed but what I was +asking you about the most obvious thing + + align:start position:0% +asking you about the most obvious thing + + + align:start position:0% +asking you about the most obvious thing +about that about the misen what's the + + align:start position:0% +about that about the misen what's the + + + align:start position:0% +about that about the misen what's the +misen what you what is put in the scene + + align:start position:0% +misen what you what is put in the scene + + + align:start position:0% +misen what you what is put in the scene +right it's the composition within the + + align:start position:0% +right it's the composition within the + + + align:start position:0% +right it's the composition within the +frame right it's a key word for for + + align:start position:0% +frame right it's a key word for for + + + align:start position:0% +frame right it's a key word for for +movie criticism right it's it's the + + align:start position:0% +movie criticism right it's it's the + + + align:start position:0% +movie criticism right it's it's the +painterly element of it's what's in the + + align:start position:0% +painterly element of it's what's in the + + + align:start position:0% +painterly element of it's what's in the +frame right and if you think about + + align:start position:0% +frame right and if you think about + + + align:start position:0% +frame right and if you think about +what's the frame what is the frame like + + align:start position:0% +what's the frame what is the frame like + + + align:start position:0% +what's the frame what is the frame like +is it realistic when + + align:start position:0% +is it realistic when + + + align:start position:0% +is it realistic when +PE or or are they in a certain way it's + + align:start position:0% +PE or or are they in a certain way it's + + + align:start position:0% +PE or or are they in a certain way it's +in a modest way it's part it's almost + + align:start position:0% +in a modest way it's part it's almost + + + align:start position:0% +in a modest way it's part it's almost +credible that there'll be a television + + align:start position:0% +credible that there'll be a television + + + align:start position:0% +credible that there'll be a television +in the foreground and they'll all sit on + + align:start position:0% +in the foreground and they'll all sit on + + + align:start position:0% +in the foreground and they'll all sit on +a couch looking at it but what what's + + align:start position:0% +a couch looking at it but what what's + + + align:start position:0% +a couch looking at it but what what's +really going on there that displaying + + align:start position:0% +really going on there that displaying + + + align:start position:0% +really going on there that displaying +all four characters for the audience + + align:start position:0% +all four characters for the audience + + + align:start position:0% +all four characters for the audience +there's something in fact profoundly + + align:start position:0% +there's something in fact profoundly + + + align:start position:0% +there's something in fact profoundly +unnatural about the feel of that room + + align:start position:0% +unnatural about the feel of that room + + + align:start position:0% +unnatural about the feel of that room +and about the way the characters disport + + align:start position:0% +and about the way the characters disport + + + align:start position:0% +and about the way the characters disport +themselves while he's right even the way + + align:start position:0% +themselves while he's right even the way + + + align:start position:0% +themselves while he's right even the way +they dress uh there's something + + align:start position:0% +they dress uh there's something + + + align:start position:0% +they dress uh there's something +profoundly UN implausible about it + + align:start position:0% +profoundly UN implausible about it + + + align:start position:0% +profoundly UN implausible about it +because the show's not very interested + + align:start position:0% +because the show's not very interested + + + align:start position:0% +because the show's not very interested +in that level of plausibility + + align:start position:0% +in that level of plausibility + + + align:start position:0% +in that level of plausibility +Sharice I thought it was kind of awkward + + align:start position:0% +Sharice I thought it was kind of awkward + + + align:start position:0% +Sharice I thought it was kind of awkward +that the that Lucy and Desi were split + + align:start position:0% +that the that Lucy and Desi were split + + + align:start position:0% +that the that Lucy and Desi were split +and sitting on basically the arms of the + + align:start position:0% +and sitting on basically the arms of the + + + align:start position:0% +and sitting on basically the arms of the +couch that uh the yes it rein forces + + align:start position:0% +couch that uh the yes it rein forces + + + align:start position:0% +couch that uh the yes it rein forces +that that's right that's right and it's + + align:start position:0% +that that's right that's right and it's + + + align:start position:0% +that that's right that's right and it's +I mean it's as if again what I'm + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's as if again what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's as if again what I'm +suggesting is not I I wouldn't call this + + align:start position:0% +suggesting is not I I wouldn't call this + + + align:start position:0% +suggesting is not I I wouldn't call this +you know a horrific failing but but it + + align:start position:0% +you know a horrific failing but but it + + + align:start position:0% +you know a horrific failing but but it +point it points to what elements of the + + align:start position:0% +point it points to what elements of the + + + align:start position:0% +point it points to what elements of the +show the the the people creating the + + align:start position:0% +show the the the people creating the + + + align:start position:0% +show the the the people creating the +show and and producing the show took + + align:start position:0% +show and and producing the show took + + + align:start position:0% +show and and producing the show took +seriously and what what elements of the + + align:start position:0% +seriously and what what elements of the + + + align:start position:0% +seriously and what what elements of the +show they didn't care about were not we + + align:start position:0% +show they didn't care about were not we + + + align:start position:0% +show they didn't care about were not we +not as important uh and and this doesn't + + align:start position:0% +not as important uh and and this doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +not as important uh and and this doesn't +go to the question of whether or not + + align:start position:0% +go to the question of whether or not + + + align:start position:0% +go to the question of whether or not +Lucy is herself an entertaining uh + + align:start position:0% +Lucy is herself an entertaining uh + + + align:start position:0% +Lucy is herself an entertaining uh +performer not at all but it does go to + + align:start position:0% +performer not at all but it does go to + + + align:start position:0% +performer not at all but it does go to +the question of how persuasive and + + align:start position:0% +the question of how persuasive and + + + align:start position:0% +the question of how persuasive and +complete the m the m of that program is + + align:start position:0% +complete the m the m of that program is + + + align:start position:0% +complete the m the m of that program is +and I think we what we constantly feel + + align:start position:0% +and I think we what we constantly feel + + + align:start position:0% +and I think we what we constantly feel +about The Lucy Show is that the wind is + + align:start position:0% +about The Lucy Show is that the wind is + + + align:start position:0% +about The Lucy Show is that the wind is +that the mirror keeps cracking that we + + align:start position:0% +that the mirror keeps cracking that we + + + align:start position:0% +that the mirror keeps cracking that we +keep that we keep being reminded that + + align:start position:0% +keep that we keep being reminded that + + + align:start position:0% +keep that we keep being reminded that +we're not really watching a dramatically + + align:start position:0% +we're not really watching a dramatically + + + align:start position:0% +we're not really watching a dramatically +imagined world that the characters are + + align:start position:0% +imagined world that the characters are + + + align:start position:0% +imagined world that the characters are +not real characters they're just they're + + align:start position:0% +not real characters they're just they're + + + align:start position:0% +not real characters they're just they're +just persona for Lucy and Desi they're + + align:start position:0% +just persona for Lucy and Desi they're + + + align:start position:0% +just persona for Lucy and Desi they're +and that the plots are not intended to + + align:start position:0% +and that the plots are not intended to + + + align:start position:0% +and that the plots are not intended to +illuminate reality or to tell us + + align:start position:0% +illuminate reality or to tell us + + + align:start position:0% +illuminate reality or to tell us +something about real people they're + + align:start position:0% +something about real people they're + + + align:start position:0% +something about real people they're +platforms that will allow performance + + align:start position:0% +platforms that will allow performance + + + align:start position:0% +platforms that will allow performance +and and uh uh I don't want to overdo + + align:start position:0% +and and uh uh I don't want to overdo + + + align:start position:0% +and and uh uh I don't want to overdo +this because there because there are + + align:start position:0% +this because there because there are + + + align:start position:0% +this because there because there are +certainly I'm very surprised that you + + align:start position:0% +certainly I'm very surprised that you + + + align:start position:0% +certainly I'm very surprised that you +have how did you have answered all those + + align:start position:0% +have how did you have answered all those + + + align:start position:0% +have how did you have answered all those +question Moment In The Lucy Show that + + align:start position:0% +question Moment In The Lucy Show that + + + align:start position:0% +question Moment In The Lucy Show that +you hour and and even sometimes but let + + align:start position:0% +you hour and and even sometimes but let + + + align:start position:0% +you hour and and even sometimes but let +Flash Forward so so so they discover + + align:start position:0% +Flash Forward so so so they discover + + + align:start position:0% +Flash Forward so so so they discover +that Ricky is really in Cuba too you + + align:start position:0% +that Ricky is really in Cuba too you + + + align:start position:0% +that Ricky is really in Cuba too you +know apparently a genius + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at um now without without well reflect + + align:start position:0% +at um now without without well reflect + + + align:start position:0% +at um now without without well reflect +on that and and let me let me contrast + + align:start position:0% +on that and and let me let me contrast + + + align:start position:0% +on that and and let me let me contrast +that episode with with its with it + + align:start position:0% +that episode with with its with it + + + align:start position:0% +that episode with with its with it +really in a way it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +clone let me contrast that episode with + + align:start position:0% +clone let me contrast that episode with + + + align:start position:0% +clone let me contrast that episode with +a with a with with an almost identical + + align:start position:0% +a with a with with an almost identical + + + align:start position:0% +a with a with with an almost identical +version of the same of the same story on + + align:start position:0% +version of the same of the same story on + + + align:start position:0% +version of the same of the same story on +the honey Ms and that's that's part of + + align:start position:0% +the honey Ms and that's that's part of + + + align:start position:0% +the honey Ms and that's that's part of +what makes the comparison so so much + + align:start position:0% +what makes the comparison so so much + + + align:start position:0% +what makes the comparison so so much +more interesting it's also about how + + align:start position:0% +more interesting it's also about how + + + align:start position:0% +more interesting it's also about how +many of you have seen this episode of + + align:start position:0% +many of you have seen this episode of + + + align:start position:0% +many of you have seen this episode of +the honey MERS where Ralph goes on the + + align:start position:0% +the honey MERS where Ralph goes on the + + + align:start position:0% +the honey MERS where Ralph goes on the +quiz + + align:start position:0% +quiz + + + align:start position:0% +quiz +show none + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's one of the great works of art of + + align:start position:0% +it's one of the great works of art of + + + align:start position:0% +it's one of the great works of art of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1950s minutes we can continue this + + align:start position:0% +1950s minutes we can continue this + + + align:start position:0% +1950s minutes we can continue this +briefly next time but let's what why is + + align:start position:0% +briefly next time but let's what why is + + + align:start position:0% +briefly next time but let's what why is +the honeymoon is + + align:start position:0% +the honeymoon is + + + align:start position:0% +the honeymoon is +better I mean you know we could play + + align:start position:0% +better I mean you know we could play + + + align:start position:0% +better I mean you know we could play +game but you obviously know I think that + + align:start position:0% +game but you obviously know I think that + + + align:start position:0% +game but you obviously know I think that +so why why is it + + align:start position:0% +so why why is it + + + align:start position:0% +so why why is it +better you don't think it is yes Sant + + align:start position:0% +better you don't think it is yes Sant + + + align:start position:0% +better you don't think it is yes Sant +Desi just seems fake compared to Ralph + + align:start position:0% +Desi just seems fake compared to Ralph + + + align:start position:0% +Desi just seems fake compared to Ralph +Ralph seems so genuine + + align:start position:0% +Ralph seems so genuine + + + align:start position:0% +Ralph seems so genuine +when when he's up there acting you're + + align:start position:0% +when when he's up there acting you're + + + align:start position:0% +when when he's up there acting you're +right of course but I I put it in a + + align:start position:0% +right of course but I I put it in a + + + align:start position:0% +right of course but I I put it in a +different way but you're surely right + + align:start position:0% +different way but you're surely right + + + align:start position:0% +different way but you're surely right +that is to say that that Gleason + + align:start position:0% +that is to say that that Gleason + + + align:start position:0% +that is to say that that Gleason +inhabits the character there's really a + + align:start position:0% +inhabits the character there's really a + + + align:start position:0% +inhabits the character there's really a +character there it's not Jackie gleon + + align:start position:0% +character there it's not Jackie gleon + + + align:start position:0% +character there it's not Jackie gleon +it's a character he's imagining a + + align:start position:0% +it's a character he's imagining a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a character he's imagining a +character a character who's most of all + + align:start position:0% +character a character who's most of all + + + align:start position:0% +character a character who's most of all +what makes us feel that it's so + + align:start position:0% +what makes us feel that it's so + + + align:start position:0% +what makes us feel that it's so +authentic so part of it is the + + align:start position:0% +authentic so part of it is the + + + align:start position:0% +authentic so part of it is the +performance in other words it's an act + + align:start position:0% +performance in other words it's an act + + + align:start position:0% +performance in other words it's an act +but but it what another way of putting + + align:start position:0% +but but it what another way of putting + + + align:start position:0% +but but it what another way of putting +it is to say that the the dramatic + + align:start position:0% +it is to say that the the dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +it is to say that the the dramatic +circumstances of the honey Motors are + + align:start position:0% +circumstances of the honey Motors are + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances of the honey Motors are +more thoroughly and completely imagined + + align:start position:0% +more thoroughly and completely imagined + + + align:start position:0% +more thoroughly and completely imagined +taken serious iously what is it + + align:start position:0% +taken serious iously what is it + + + align:start position:0% +taken serious iously what is it +specifically about Ralph in this scene + + align:start position:0% +specifically about Ralph in this scene + + + align:start position:0% +specifically about Ralph in this scene +that especially at the end that makes us + + align:start position:0% +that especially at the end that makes us + + + align:start position:0% +that especially at the end that makes us +feel that he's more believable more real + + align:start position:0% +feel that he's more believable more real + + + align:start position:0% +feel that he's more believable more real +Sharice I actually want to say that in + + align:start position:0% +Sharice I actually want to say that in + + + align:start position:0% +Sharice I actually want to say that in +both cases you know what's going to + + align:start position:0% +both cases you know what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +both cases you know what's going to +happen you there's no question that uh + + align:start position:0% +happen you there's no question that uh + + + align:start position:0% +happen you there's no question that uh +that Desi or that Ricky is going to get + + align:start position:0% +that Desi or that Ricky is going to get + + + align:start position:0% +that Desi or that Ricky is going to get +it right out of a fluke and you know + + align:start position:0% +it right out of a fluke and you know + + + align:start position:0% +it right out of a fluke and you know +that it's going to be Swan River that + + align:start position:0% +that it's going to be Swan River that + + + align:start position:0% +that it's going to be Swan River that +comes up either as the first question + + align:start position:0% +comes up either as the first question + + + align:start position:0% +comes up either as the first question +question or the $99,000 question uh I + + align:start position:0% +question or the $99,000 question uh I + + + align:start position:0% +question or the $99,000 question uh I +think the difference is a in the acting + + align:start position:0% +think the difference is a in the acting + + + align:start position:0% +think the difference is a in the acting +and be in the development of the + + align:start position:0% +and be in the development of the + + + align:start position:0% +and be in the development of the +relationship between the + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the +spouses because I I've seen that honey + + align:start position:0% +spouses because I I've seen that honey + + + align:start position:0% +spouses because I I've seen that honey +mooners episode and I haven't seen all + + align:start position:0% +mooners episode and I haven't seen all + + + align:start position:0% +mooners episode and I haven't seen all +of the that particular Lucy episode but + + align:start position:0% +of the that particular Lucy episode but + + + align:start position:0% +of the that particular Lucy episode but +it seems that uh + + align:start position:0% +it seems that uh + + + align:start position:0% +it seems that uh +Ricky I Alice seems like more of a + + align:start position:0% +Ricky I Alice seems like more of a + + + align:start position:0% +Ricky I Alice seems like more of a +believable wife in so much that she nags + + align:start position:0% +believable wife in so much that she nags + + + align:start position:0% +believable wife in so much that she nags +and yes she uh and she's usually more + + align:start position:0% +and yes she uh and she's usually more + + + align:start position:0% +and yes she uh and she's usually more +reasonable than that's right we didn't + + align:start position:0% +reasonable than that's right we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable than that's right we didn't +we we we didn't actually I mean I I + + align:start position:0% +we we we didn't actually I mean I I + + + align:start position:0% +we we we didn't actually I mean I I +skipped through that episode but what + + align:start position:0% +skipped through that episode but what + + + align:start position:0% +skipped through that episode but what +you're saying is surely true about it + + align:start position:0% +you're saying is surely true about it + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying is surely true about it +and we could nail it down by showing + + align:start position:0% +and we could nail it down by showing + + + align:start position:0% +and we could nail it down by showing +more of the interactions between Alice + + align:start position:0% +more of the interactions between Alice + + + align:start position:0% +more of the interactions between Alice +and Ralph part of the truthfulness of + + align:start position:0% +and Ralph part of the truthfulness of + + + align:start position:0% +and Ralph part of the truthfulness of +the show what we're saying is that art + + align:start position:0% +the show what we're saying is that art + + + align:start position:0% +the show what we're saying is that art +tells the truth that art just doesn't + + align:start position:0% +tells the truth that art just doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +tells the truth that art just doesn't +amuse us it touches truths it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +amuse us it touches truths it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +amuse us it touches truths it doesn't +mean that it that the truths it touches + + align:start position:0% +mean that it that the truths it touches + + + align:start position:0% +mean that it that the truths it touches +are brand new often the truths that + + align:start position:0% +are brand new often the truths that + + + align:start position:0% +are brand new often the truths that +especially popular art reveals to us are + + align:start position:0% +especially popular art reveals to us are + + + align:start position:0% +especially popular art reveals to us are +truths we already know but are + + align:start position:0% +truths we already know but are + + + align:start position:0% +truths we already know but are +reinforced in us or brought to the + + align:start position:0% +reinforced in us or brought to the + + + align:start position:0% +reinforced in us or brought to the +surface of our Consciousness and part of + + align:start position:0% +surface of our Consciousness and part of + + + align:start position:0% +surface of our Consciousness and part of +the truth in quotes that were the + + align:start position:0% +the truth in quotes that were the + + + align:start position:0% +the truth in quotes that were the +truthfulness of the show has to do with + + align:start position:0% +truthfulness of the show has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +truthfulness of the show has to do with +the interactions between husband and + + align:start position:0% +the interactions between husband and + + + align:start position:0% +the interactions between husband and +wife There's real hostility and real + + align:start position:0% +wife There's real hostility and real + + + align:start position:0% +wife There's real hostility and real +anger in the show it's or or there is + + align:start position:0% +anger in the show it's or or there is + + + align:start position:0% +anger in the show it's or or there is +appearance of real anger in words what + + align:start position:0% +appearance of real anger in words what + + + align:start position:0% +appearance of real anger in words what +the the conflicts are genuine conflicts + + align:start position:0% +the the conflicts are genuine conflicts + + + align:start position:0% +the the conflicts are genuine conflicts +and we sense that the relationship + + align:start position:0% +and we sense that the relationship + + + align:start position:0% +and we sense that the relationship +between uh Ralph and his wife is is has + + align:start position:0% +between uh Ralph and his wife is is has + + + align:start position:0% +between uh Ralph and his wife is is has +something of the ambiguity ity and + + align:start position:0% +something of the ambiguity ity and + + + align:start position:0% +something of the ambiguity ity and +contradictoriness that actual relations + + align:start position:0% +contradictoriness that actual relations + + + align:start position:0% +contradictoriness that actual relations +among human beings have at least there's + + align:start position:0% +among human beings have at least there's + + + align:start position:0% +among human beings have at least there's +a hint at this because there are moment + + align:start position:0% +a hint at this because there are moment + + + align:start position:0% +a hint at this because there are moment +there are moments when of course they're + + align:start position:0% +there are moments when of course they're + + + align:start position:0% +there are moments when of course they're +very affectionate to each other and + + align:start position:0% +very affectionate to each other and + + + align:start position:0% +very affectionate to each other and +other moments when they when they're + + align:start position:0% +other moments when they when they're + + + align:start position:0% +other moments when they when they're +when they're full of hostility and + + align:start position:0% +when they're full of hostility and + + + align:start position:0% +when they're full of hostility and +something of the same kind of complexity + + align:start position:0% +something of the same kind of complexity + + + align:start position:0% +something of the same kind of complexity +or layered quality multiplicity is true + + align:start position:0% +or layered quality multiplicity is true + + + align:start position:0% +or layered quality multiplicity is true +in the interactions between Ralph and + + align:start position:0% +in the interactions between Ralph and + + + align:start position:0% +in the interactions between Ralph and +his friend Norton again the friend so + + align:start position:0% +his friend Norton again the friend so + + + align:start position:0% +his friend Norton again the friend so +again the pattern is basically the same + + align:start position:0% +again the pattern is basically the same + + + align:start position:0% +again the pattern is basically the same +as the Lucy pattern but but it's treated + + align:start position:0% +as the Lucy pattern but but it's treated + + + align:start position:0% +as the Lucy pattern but but it's treated +with a much W with with with a greater + + align:start position:0% +with a much W with with with a greater + + + align:start position:0% +with a much W with with with a greater +sense of the of the of the uh + + align:start position:0% +sense of the of the of the uh + + + align:start position:0% +sense of the of the of the uh +unpredictable complexity of of human + + align:start position:0% +unpredictable complexity of of human + + + align:start position:0% +unpredictable complexity of of human +nature and some of it has to do with + + align:start position:0% +nature and some of it has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +nature and some of it has to do with +acknowledging again the possibility of + + align:start position:0% +acknowledging again the possibility of + + + align:start position:0% +acknowledging again the possibility of +aggression and hostility right uh but + + align:start position:0% +aggression and hostility right uh but + + + align:start position:0% +aggression and hostility right uh but +but I'm thinking especially to come back + + align:start position:0% +but I'm thinking especially to come back + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm thinking especially to come back +to Sagan's point about at the very end + + align:start position:0% +to Sagan's point about at the very end + + + align:start position:0% +to Sagan's point about at the very end +what's really powerful about the end is + + align:start position:0% +what's really powerful about the end is + + + align:start position:0% +what's really powerful about the end is +that it isn't funny anymore is it or + + align:start position:0% +that it isn't funny anymore is it or + + + align:start position:0% +that it isn't funny anymore is it or +that it's only partly funny that that + + align:start position:0% +that it's only partly funny that that + + + align:start position:0% +that it's only partly funny that that +you're not that that you feel uneasy and + + align:start position:0% +you're not that that you feel uneasy and + + + align:start position:0% +you're not that that you feel uneasy and +and and and in some in some sense sad + + align:start position:0% +and and and in some in some sense sad + + + align:start position:0% +and and and in some in some sense sad +for what's happening to Ralph cramden at + + align:start position:0% +for what's happening to Ralph cramden at + + + align:start position:0% +for what's happening to Ralph cramden at +the end of that that is to say that what + + align:start position:0% +the end of that that is to say that what + + + align:start position:0% +the end of that that is to say that what +what is dramatized there is an authentic + + align:start position:0% +what is dramatized there is an authentic + + + align:start position:0% +what is dramatized there is an authentic +sense of of failure and humiliation and + + align:start position:0% +sense of of failure and humiliation and + + + align:start position:0% +sense of of failure and humiliation and +when Ralph loses he had been such a big + + align:start position:0% +when Ralph loses he had been such a big + + + align:start position:0% +when Ralph loses he had been such a big +shot and then when he loses the power of + + align:start position:0% +shot and then when he loses the power of + + + align:start position:0% +shot and then when he loses the power of +speech at the end of the at the end of + + align:start position:0% +speech at the end of the at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +speech at the end of the at the end of +the uh episode what what what's partly + + align:start position:0% +the uh episode what what what's partly + + + align:start position:0% +the uh episode what what what's partly +going on there is a is an enactment of + + align:start position:0% +going on there is a is an enactment of + + + align:start position:0% +going on there is a is an enactment of +humiliation that that has power for us + + align:start position:0% +humiliation that that has power for us + + + align:start position:0% +humiliation that that has power for us +so there's so so what happens is the The + + align:start position:0% +so there's so so what happens is the The + + + align:start position:0% +so there's so so what happens is the The +Honeymooners releases Mo uh uh meanings + + align:start position:0% +Honeymooners releases Mo uh uh meanings + + + align:start position:0% +Honeymooners releases Mo uh uh meanings +releases possibilities that are more + + align:start position:0% +releases possibilities that are more + + + align:start position:0% +releases possibilities that are more +complicated more painful uh less + + align:start position:0% +complicated more painful uh less + + + align:start position:0% +complicated more painful uh less +reassuring than the than the amusement + + align:start position:0% +reassuring than the than the amusement + + + align:start position:0% +reassuring than the than the amusement +that is released by The Lucy episode and + + align:start position:0% +that is released by The Lucy episode and + + + align:start position:0% +that is released by The Lucy episode and +if you think again about how in a + + align:start position:0% +if you think again about how in a + + + align:start position:0% +if you think again about how in a +certain sense both both comedies depend + + align:start position:0% +certain sense both both comedies depend + + + align:start position:0% +certain sense both both comedies depend +on a relatively arbitrary trick at the + + align:start position:0% +on a relatively arbitrary trick at the + + + align:start position:0% +on a relatively arbitrary trick at the +end right uh in the one case it has to + + align:start position:0% +end right uh in the one case it has to + + + align:start position:0% +end right uh in the one case it has to +do with Norton's buildup of playing + + align:start position:0% +do with Norton's buildup of playing + + + align:start position:0% +do with Norton's buildup of playing +swanny River before he plays any tune + + align:start position:0% +swanny River before he plays any tune + + + align:start position:0% +swanny River before he plays any tune +for Ralph in the other case it has to do + + align:start position:0% +for Ralph in the other case it has to do + + + align:start position:0% +for Ralph in the other case it has to do +with the fact that in a in a casual + + align:start position:0% +with the fact that in a in a casual + + + align:start position:0% +with the fact that in a in a casual +comment not intended to be the answer + + align:start position:0% +comment not intended to be the answer + + + align:start position:0% +comment not intended to be the answer +Ricky gives the answer by mistake right + + align:start position:0% +Ricky gives the answer by mistake right + + + align:start position:0% +Ricky gives the answer by mistake right +both are in some deep sense + + align:start position:0% +both are in some deep sense + + + align:start position:0% +both are in some deep sense +implausible but but the second uh the + + align:start position:0% +implausible but but the second uh the + + + align:start position:0% +implausible but but the second uh the +the the honeymooner strategy is uh uh + + align:start position:0% +the the honeymooner strategy is uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +the the honeymooner strategy is uh uh +deepens our sense of Ralph's humiliation + + align:start position:0% +deepens our sense of Ralph's humiliation + + + align:start position:0% +deepens our sense of Ralph's humiliation +and contributes in some sense or is a + + align:start position:0% +and contributes in some sense or is a + + + align:start position:0% +and contributes in some sense or is a +reminder to us of the eccentricity and + + align:start position:0% +reminder to us of the eccentricity and + + + align:start position:0% +reminder to us of the eccentricity and +and Humanity of his of his of of of his + + align:start position:0% +and Humanity of his of his of of of his + + + align:start position:0% +and Humanity of his of his of of of his +of his friend Norton whereas the ending + + align:start position:0% +of his friend Norton whereas the ending + + + align:start position:0% +of his friend Norton whereas the ending +of the of The Lucy Show is simply a way + + align:start position:0% +of the of The Lucy Show is simply a way + + + align:start position:0% +of the of The Lucy Show is simply a way +out of the show to leave you with a + + align:start position:0% +out of the show to leave you with a + + + align:start position:0% +out of the show to leave you with a +happy ending there something much more + + align:start position:0% +happy ending there something much more + + + align:start position:0% +happy ending there something much more +arbitrary uh even though both endings + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary uh even though both endings + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary uh even though both endings +are arbitrary the arbitrariness of The + + align:start position:0% +are arbitrary the arbitrariness of The + + + align:start position:0% +are arbitrary the arbitrariness of The +Lucy Show doesn't lead to anything + + align:start position:0% +Lucy Show doesn't lead to anything + + + align:start position:0% +Lucy Show doesn't lead to anything +except a happy solution to the plot + + align:start position:0% +except a happy solution to the plot + + + align:start position:0% +except a happy solution to the plot +whereas the the conclusion to the to the + + align:start position:0% +whereas the the conclusion to the to the + + + align:start position:0% +whereas the the conclusion to the to the +uh Honeymooners opens out into a vision + + align:start position:0% +uh Honeymooners opens out into a vision + + + align:start position:0% +uh Honeymooners opens out into a vision +of a man feeling humiliation and + + align:start position:0% +of a man feeling humiliation and + + + align:start position:0% +of a man feeling humiliation and +disappointment and trying desperately to + + align:start position:0% +disappointment and trying desperately to + + + align:start position:0% +disappointment and trying desperately to +recoup even though he can't the game is + + align:start position:0% +recoup even though he can't the game is + + + align:start position:0% +recoup even though he can't the game is +over and in fact anyone who's ever been + + align:start position:0% +over and in fact anyone who's ever been + + + align:start position:0% +over and in fact anyone who's ever been +humiliated and humiliated or who's made + + align:start position:0% +humiliated and humiliated or who's made + + + align:start position:0% +humiliated and humiliated or who's made +an irredeemable mistake that can't be + + align:start position:0% +an irredeemable mistake that can't be + + + align:start position:0% +an irredeemable mistake that can't be +fixed reacts to what's being what's + + align:start position:0% +fixed reacts to what's being what's + + + align:start position:0% +fixed reacts to what's being what's +happening there it's as if what happens + + align:start position:0% +happening there it's as if what happens + + + align:start position:0% +happening there it's as if what happens +is that The Honeymooners moves into a + + align:start position:0% +is that The Honeymooners moves into a + + + align:start position:0% +is that The Honeymooners moves into a +realm of truthfulness The Honeymooners + + align:start position:0% +realm of truthfulness The Honeymooners + + + align:start position:0% +realm of truthfulness The Honeymooners +moves in not that it remains there at + + align:start position:0% +moves in not that it remains there at + + + align:start position:0% +moves in not that it remains there at +every moment but it moves into and is + + align:start position:0% +every moment but it moves into and is + + + align:start position:0% +every moment but it moves into and is +sustained by the powerful performance as + + align:start position:0% +sustained by the powerful performance as + + + align:start position:0% +sustained by the powerful performance as +sjin says of jaie gleon it moves into a + + align:start position:0% +sjin says of jaie gleon it moves into a + + + align:start position:0% +sjin says of jaie gleon it moves into a +realm in which what it is dramatizing + + align:start position:0% +realm in which what it is dramatizing + + + align:start position:0% +realm in which what it is dramatizing +are authentic human experiences + + align:start position:0% +are authentic human experiences + + + align:start position:0% +are authentic human experiences +authentic human emotions uh something of + + align:start position:0% +authentic human emotions uh something of + + + align:start position:0% +authentic human emotions uh something of +the psychological and moral complexity + + align:start position:0% +the psychological and moral complexity + + + align:start position:0% +the psychological and moral complexity +of of the human world and when + + align:start position:0% +of of the human world and when + + + align:start position:0% +of of the human world and when +entertainment gets to that Lev of + + align:start position:0% +entertainment gets to that Lev of + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment gets to that Lev of +seriousness 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then + + align:start position:0% +something of the world's complexity then + + + align:start position:0% +something of the world's complexity then +we're looking at what I call Art you can + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at what I call Art you can + + + align:start position:0% +we're looking at what I call Art you can +call it something else you can just call + + align:start position:0% +call it something else you can just call + + + align:start position:0% +call it something else you can just call +it good entertainment right or powerful + + align:start position:0% +it good entertainment right or powerful + + + align:start position:0% +it good entertainment right or powerful +television you don't have to you don't + + align:start position:0% +television you don't have to you don't + + + align:start position:0% +television you don't have to you don't +have to use the honorific word art if it + + align:start position:0% +have to use the honorific word art if it + + + align:start position:0% +have to use the honorific word art if it +makes you nervous it seems to me useful + + align:start position:0% +makes you nervous it seems to me useful + + + align:start position:0% +makes you nervous it seems to me useful +to say say it because I think that's + + align:start position:0% +to say say it because I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +to say say it because I think that's +what art does it that art art unlike + + align:start position:0% +what art does it that art art unlike + + + align:start position:0% +what art does it that art art unlike +entertainment breaks into this world of + + align:start position:0% +entertainment breaks into this world of + + + align:start position:0% +entertainment breaks into this world of +human truthfulness uh and one of the + + align:start position:0% +human truthfulness uh and one of the + + + align:start position:0% +human truthfulness uh and one of the +most interesting things to recognize + + align:start position:0% +most interesting things to recognize + + + align:start position:0% +most interesting things to recognize +about this program is that it's one of + + align:start position:0% +about this program is that it's one of + + + align:start position:0% +about this program is that it's one of +the very earliest programs in in + + align:start position:0% +the very earliest programs in in + + + align:start position:0% +the very earliest programs in in +television history to do that uh why + + align:start position:0% +television history to do that uh why + + + align:start position:0% +television history to do that uh why +does that happen well in one minute I + + align:start position:0% +does that happen well in one minute I + + + align:start position:0% +does that happen well in one minute I +can give you a partial answer and I'll + + align:start position:0% +can give you a partial answer and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +can give you a partial answer and I'll +want you to reflect on this and we'll + + align:start position:0% +want you to reflect on this and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +want you to reflect on this and we'll +deal with it other aspects of it as the + + align:start position:0% +deal with it other aspects of it as the + + + align:start position:0% +deal with it other aspects of it as the +term goes on one way to understand + + align:start position:0% +term goes on one way to understand + + + align:start position:0% +term goes on one way to understand +what's happening there is to recognize + + align:start position:0% +what's happening there is to recognize + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening there is to recognize +that that that this as as we've already + + align:start position:0% +that that that this as as we've already + + + align:start position:0% +that that that this as as we've already +implied in earlier discourse in the + + align:start position:0% +implied in earlier discourse in the + + + align:start position:0% +implied in earlier discourse in the +course this episode of The Honeymooners + + align:start position:0% +course this episode of The Honeymooners + + + align:start position:0% +course this episode of The Honeymooners +like this entire season far from being + + align:start position:0% +like this entire season far from being + + + align:start position:0% +like this entire season far from being +something new that they're trying for + + align:start position:0% +something new that they're trying for + + + align:start position:0% +something new that they're trying for +the first time is from one angle a + + align:start position:0% +the first time is from one angle a + + + align:start position:0% +the first time is from one angle a +culmination they've rehearsed it and + + align:start position:0% +culmination they've rehearsed it and + + + align:start position:0% +culmination they've rehearsed it and +tried it out in many different ways + + align:start position:0% +tried it out in many 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on as if + + align:start position:0% +has to photograph straight on as if + + + align:start position:0% +has to photograph straight on as if +reminding us of the staginess of the + + align:start position:0% +reminding us of the staginess of the + + + align:start position:0% +reminding us of the staginess of the +show it's it retains that old-fashioned + + align:start position:0% +show it's it retains that old-fashioned + + + align:start position:0% +show it's it retains that old-fashioned +visual quality that we associate with + + align:start position:0% +visual quality that we associate with + + + align:start position:0% +visual quality that we associate with +early television with not with + + align:start position:0% +early television with not with + + + align:start position:0% +early television with not with +television that hasn't fully embraced + + align:start position:0% +television that hasn't fully embraced + + + align:start position:0% +television that hasn't fully embraced +its identity as a form of film right so + + align:start position:0% +its identity as a form of film right so + + + align:start position:0% +its identity as a form of film right so +it's not that it's a per a perfect show + + align:start position:0% +it's not that it's a per a perfect show + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that it's a per a perfect show +or or that or that it's technically a a + + align:start position:0% +or or that or that it's technically a a + + + align:start position:0% +or or that or that it's technically a a +total success but but even so there is a + + align:start position:0% +total success but but even so there is a + + + align:start position:0% +total success but but even so there is a +sense in which it's a culminating + + align:start position:0% +sense in which it's a culminating + + + align:start position:0% +sense in which it's a culminating +example not only that gleon himself on + + align:start position:0% +example not only that gleon himself on + + + align:start position:0% +example not only that gleon himself on +his variety shows had rehearsed many + + align:start position:0% +his variety shows had rehearsed many + + + align:start position:0% +his variety shows had rehearsed many +prior episodes of The Honeymooners in in + + align:start position:0% +prior episodes of The Honeymooners in in + + + align:start position:0% +prior episodes of The Honeymooners in in +less than half hour format so that by + + align:start position:0% +less than half hour format so that by + + + align:start position:0% +less than half hour format so that by +the time they came to make that season + + align:start position:0% +the time they came to make that season + + + align:start position:0% +the time they came to make that season +of half hour programs they had done the + + align:start position:0% +of half hour programs they had done the + + + align:start position:0% +of half hour programs they had done the +characters many times before and had + + align:start position:0% +characters many times before and had + + + align:start position:0% +characters many times before and had +rehearsed the their interactions and + + align:start position:0% +rehearsed the their interactions and + + + align:start position:0% +rehearsed the their interactions and +knew the the characters and the actors + + align:start position:0% +knew the the characters and the actors + + + align:start position:0% +knew the the characters and the actors +knew how to interact with each other + + align:start position:0% +knew how to interact with each other + + + align:start position:0% +knew how to interact with each other +with a with an ease and a persuasiveness + + align:start position:0% +with a with an ease and a persuasiveness + + + align:start position:0% +with a with an ease and a persuasiveness +that comes from long practice it's also + + align:start position:0% +that comes from long practice it's also + + + align:start position:0% +that comes from long 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that + + + align:start position:0% +were a series of radio programs that +influenced early situation comedies + + align:start position:0% +influenced early situation comedies + + + align:start position:0% +influenced early situation comedies +we've mentioned some of them the + + align:start position:0% +we've mentioned some of them the + + + align:start position:0% +we've mentioned some of them the +Goldbergs Amos and Andy right uh and one + + align:start position:0% +Goldbergs Amos and Andy right uh and one + + + align:start position:0% +Goldbergs Amos and Andy right uh and one +of them was called The Life of Riley it + + align:start position:0% +of them was called The Life of Riley it + + + align:start position:0% +of them was called The Life of Riley it +appeared in in its first incarnation in + + align:start position:0% +appeared in in its first incarnation in + + + align:start position:0% +appeared in in its first incarnation in +1947 or 1948 starring this Vaudeville + + align:start position:0% +1947 or 1948 starring this Vaudeville + + + align:start position:0% +1947 or 1948 starring this Vaudeville +comedian Jackie gleon who had his first + + align:start position:0% +comedian Jackie gleon who had his first + + + align:start position:0% +comedian Jackie gleon who had his first +chance in that first version of The Life + + align:start position:0% +chance in that first version of The Life + + + align:start position:0% +chance in that first version of The Life +of Riley to work through the conventions + + align:start position:0% +of Riley to work through the conventions + + + align:start position:0% +of Riley to work through the conventions +of situation comedy after gleon left + + align:start position:0% +of situation comedy after gleon left + + + align:start position:0% +of situation comedy after gleon left +that program the show was revived before + + align:start position:0% +that program the show was revived before + + + align:start position:0% +that program the show was revived before +I think this Honeymooners episode was + + align:start position:0% +I think this Honeymooners episode was + + + align:start position:0% +I think this Honeymooners episode was +made this time starring William Bendix + + align:start position:0% +made this time starring William Bendix + + + align:start position:0% +made this time starring William Bendix +and it was a better more effective + + align:start position:0% +and it was a better more effective + + + align:start position:0% +and it was a better more effective +program the second time round uh it was + + align:start position:0% +program the second time round uh it was + + + align:start position:0% +program the second time round uh it was +was filmed in Hollywood among other + + align:start position:0% +was filmed in Hollywood among other + + + align:start position:0% +was filmed in Hollywood among other +things copying The Lucy Show uh and and + + align:start position:0% +things copying The Lucy 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complexity of the human Vis you a + + align:start position:0% +to the complexity of the human Vis you a + + + align:start position:0% +to the complexity of the human Vis you a +great part of the meaning of this show + + align:start position:0% +great part of the meaning of this show + + + align:start position:0% +great part of the meaning of this show +has to do with Gleason's astonishing + + align:start position:0% +has to do with Gleason's astonishing + + + align:start position:0% +has to do with Gleason's astonishing +power to register a range of emotions + + align:start position:0% +power to register a range of emotions + + + align:start position:0% +power to register a range of emotions +with facial expressions and with his and + + align:start position:0% +with facial expressions and with his and + + + align:start position:0% +with facial expressions and with his and +with his voice uh so for for many + + align:start position:0% +with his voice uh so for for many + + + align:start position:0% +with his voice uh so for for many +reasons then including the fact that + + align:start position:0% +reasons then including the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +reasons then including the fact that +it's a kind of culminating much + + align:start position:0% +it's a kind of culminating much + + + align:start position:0% +it's a kind of culminating much +rehearsed version of Something the end + + align:start position:0% +rehearsed version of Something the end + + + align:start position:0% +rehearsed version of Something the end +an end product that's already layered by + + align:start position:0% +an end product that's already layered by + + + align:start position:0% +an end product that's already layered by +the time it comes to be made in 19 in in + + align:start position:0% +the time it comes to be made in 19 in in + + + align:start position:0% +the time it comes to be made in 19 in in +in in the 1955 56 season uh the honey Ms + + align:start position:0% +in in the 1955 56 season uh the honey Ms + + + align:start position:0% +in in the 1955 56 season uh the honey Ms +is not a beginning exactly so much + + align:start position:0% +is not a beginning exactly so much + + + align:start position:0% +is not a beginning exactly so much +although it is that a kind of beginning + + align:start position:0% +although it is that a kind of beginning + + + align:start position:0% +although it is that a kind of beginning +because it's the first great situation + + align:start position:0% +because it's the first great situation + + + align:start position:0% +because it's the first great situation +comedy but it's also a kind of ending it + + align:start position:0% +comedy but it's also a kind of ending it + + + align:start position:0% +comedy but it's also a kind of ending it +marks it it marks the culmination of a + + align:start position:0% +marks it it marks the culmination of a + + + align:start position:0% +marks it it marks the culmination of a +of a certain early tradition of of uh uh + + align:start position:0% +of a certain early tradition of of uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +of a certain early tradition of of uh uh +television of television sitcom so for + + align:start position:0% +television of television sitcom so for + + + align:start position:0% +television of television sitcom so for +for for those reasons that are part we + + align:start position:0% +for for those reasons that are part we + + + align:start position:0% +for for those reasons that are part we +might think of them as partly technical + + align:start position:0% +might think of them as partly technical + + + align:start position:0% +might think of them as partly technical +reasons uh uh or at least dramatic + + align:start position:0% +reasons uh uh or at least dramatic + + + align:start position:0% +reasons uh uh or at least dramatic +reasons and and and also because of the + + align:start position:0% +reasons and and and also because of the + + + align:start position:0% +reasons and and and also because of the +power of the performance and the acting + + align:start position:0% +power of the performance and the acting + + + align:start position:0% +power of the performance and the acting +the world of The Honeymooners is a more + + align:start position:0% +the world of The Honeymooners is a more + + + align:start position:0% +the world of The Honeymooners is a more +credible a more complex a more a more uh + + align:start position:0% +credible a more complex a more a more uh + + + align:start position:0% +credible a more complex a more a more uh +my medically adequate world than the + + align:start position:0% +my medically adequate world than the + + + align:start position:0% +my medically adequate world than the +world of I Love Lucy and that's why I + + align:start position:0% +world of I Love Lucy and that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +world of I Love Lucy and that's why I +would call The Honeymooners a work of + + align:start position:0% +would call The Honeymooners a work of + + + align:start position:0% +would call The Honeymooners a work of +art and Lucy a remarkable entertainment + + align:start position:0% +art and Lucy a remarkable entertainment + + + align:start position:0% +art and Lucy a remarkable entertainment +why I would in in the end value The + + align:start position:0% +why I would in in the end value The + + + align:start position:0% +why I would in in the end value The +Honeymooners more even though that + + align:start position:0% +Honeymooners more even though that + + + align:start position:0% +Honeymooners more even though that +doesn't mean I don't think that that + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean I don't think that that + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean I don't think that that +that Lucy is Unworthy of attention well + + align:start position:0% +that Lucy is Unworthy of attention well + + + align:start position:0% +that Lucy is Unworthy of attention well +many of these principles we will have to + + align:start position:0% +many of these principles we will have to + + + align:start position:0% +many of these principles we will have to +complicate and elaborate as the term + + align:start position:0% +complicate and elaborate as the term + + + align:start position:0% +complicate and elaborate as the term +goes on and I hope you'll begin to + + align:start position:0% +goes on and I hope you'll begin to + + + align:start position:0% +goes on and I hope you'll begin to +exercise this kind of distin this kind + + align:start position:0% +exercise this kind of distin this kind + + + align:start position:0% +exercise this kind of distin this kind +of judgment making these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +of judgment making these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +of judgment making these kinds of +distinctions + + align:start position:0% +distinctions + + + align:start position:0% +distinctions +as the semester continues \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/h0e2HAPTGF4.txt b/h0e2HAPTGF4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9fb5651f04d0f3fefa2fbd855b1def82c5e707ce --- /dev/null +++ b/h0e2HAPTGF4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3454 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help +MIT OpenCourseWare + +continue to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or to +view additional materials + +from hundreds of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +ERIC GRIMSON: OK. + +Welcome back. + +You know, it's that +time a term when + +we're all kind of doing this. + +So let me see if I can get a few +smiles by simply noting to you + +that two weeks from +today is the last class. + +Should be worth at least a +little bit of a smile, right? + +Professor Guttag is smiling. + +He likes that idea. + +You're almost there. + +What are we doing for the +last couple of lectures? + +We're talking about +linear regression. + +And I just want to +remind you, this + +was the idea of I have +some experimental data. + +Case of a spring where I put +different weights on measure + +displacements. + +And regression was giving +us a way of deducing a model + +to fit that data. + +And In some cases it was easy. + +We knew, for example, it was +going to be a linear model. + +We found the best line +that would fit that data. + +In some cases, we said +we could use validation + +to actually let us explore +to find the best model that + +would fit it, whether a +linear, a quadratic, a cubic, + +some higher order thing. + +So we'll be using that to +deduce something about a model. + +That's a nice segue into +the topic for the next three + +lectures, the last big +topic of the class, + +which is machine learning. + +And I'm going to argue, you can +debate whether that's actually + +an example of learning. + +But it has many of +the elements that we + +want to talk about when we +talk about machine learning. + +So as always, there's +a reading assignment. + +Chapter 22 of the book gives +you a good start on this, + +and it will follow +up with other pieces. + +And I want to start +by basically outlining + +what we're going to do. + +And I'm going to +begin by saying, + +as I'm sure you're aware, +this is a huge topic. + +I've listed just five +subjects in course six + +that all focus on +machine learning. + +And that doesn't +include other subjects + +where learning is +a central part. + +So natural language processing, +computational biology, + +computer vision +robotics all rely today, + +heavily on machine learning. + +And you'll see those in +those subjects as well. + +So we're not going to +compress five subjects + +into three lectures. + +But what we are going to do +is give you the introduction. + +We're going to start by talking +about the basic concepts + +of machine learning. + +The idea of having examples, and +how do you talk about features + +representing those +examples, how do + +you measure distances +between them, + +and use the notion +of distance to try + +and group similar +things together as a way + +of doing machine learning. + +And we're going to +look, as a consequence, + +of two different standard +ways of doing learning. + +One, we call +classification methods. + +Example we're +going to see, there + +is something called +"k nearest neighbor" + +and the second class, +called clustering methods. + +Classification works +well when I have what + +we would call labeled data. + +I know labels on my +examples, and I'm + +going to use that to +try and define classes + +that I can learn, and +clustering working well, + +when I don't have labeled data. + +And we'll see what that +means in a couple of minutes. + +But we're going to give +you an early view of this. + +Unless Professor Guttag +changes his mind, + +we're probably not going to +show you the current really + +sophisticated machine +learning methods + +like convolutional neural +nets or deep learning, + +things you'll read +about in the news. + +But you're going to +get a sense of what's + +behind those, by looking +at what we do when we + +talk about learning algorithms. + +Before I do it, I want +to point out to you + +just how prevalent this is. + +And I'm going to admit +with my gray hair, + +I started working in AI in +1975 when machine learning was + +a pretty simple thing to do. + +And it's been +fascinating to watch + +over 40 years, the change. + +And if you think about it, just +think about where you see it. + +AlphaGo, machine learning based +system from Google that beat + +a world-class level Go player. + +Chess has already been conquered +by computers for a while. + +Go now belongs to computers. + +Best Go players in the +world are computers. + +I'm sure many of +you use Netflix. + +Any recommendation +system, Netflix, + +Amazon, pick your favorite, uses +a machine learning algorithm + +to suggest things for you. + +And in fact, you've probably +seen it on Google, right? + +The ads that pop +up on Google are + +coming from a machine +learning algorithm that's + +looking at your preferences. + +Scary thought. + +Drug discovery, character +recognition-- the post office + +does character recognition of +handwritten characters using + +a machine learning algorithm +and a computer vision system + +behind it. + +You probably don't +know this company. + +It's actually an MIT +spin-off called Two Sigma, + +it's a hedge fund in New York. + +They heavily use AI and +machine learning techniques. + +And two years ago, their +fund returned a 56% return. + +I wish I'd invested in the fund. + +I don't have the kinds +of millions you need, + +but that's an impressive return. + +56% return on your +money in one year. + +Last year they didn't +do quite as well, + +but they do extremely well using +machine learning techniques. + +Siri. + +Another great MIT +company called Mobileye + +that does computer vision +systems with a heavy machine + +learning component that is +used in assistive driving + +and will be used in +completely autonomous driving. + +It will do things like +kick in your brakes + +if you're closing too fast +on the car in front of you, + +which is going to +be really bad for me + +because I drive +like a Bostonian. + +And it would be +kicking in constantly. + +Face recognition. + +Facebook uses this, +many other systems + +do to both detect +and recognize faces. + +IBM Watson-- cancer diagnosis. + +These are all just +examples of machine + +learning being used everywhere. + +And it really is. + +I've only picked nine. + +So what is it? + +I'm going to make an +obnoxious statement. + +You're now used to that. + +I'm going to claim +that you could + +argue that almost every computer +program learns something. + +But the level of learning +really varies a lot. + +So if you think back to +the first lecture in 60001, + +we showed you Newton's method +for computing square roots. + +And you could argue, +you'd have to stretch it, + +but you could argue +that that method learns + +something about how to +compute square roots. + +In fact, you could generalize +it to roots of any order power. + +But it really didn't learn. + +I really had to program it. + +All right. + +Think about last week when we +talked about linear regression. + +Now it starts to feel +a little bit more + +like a learning algorithm. + +Because what did we do? + +We gave you a set +of data points, + +mass displacement data points. + +And then we showed you how +the computer could essentially + +fit a curve to that data point. + +And it was, in some sense, +learning a model for that data + +that it could then use +to predict behavior. + +In other situations. + +And that's getting +closer to what + +we would like when we +think about a machine + +learning algorithm. + +We'd like to have program that +can learn from experience, + +something that it can then +use to deduce new facts. + +Now it's been a problem in +AI for a very long time. + +And I love this quote. + +It's from a gentleman +named Art Samuel. + +1959 is the quote +in which he says, + +his definition of +machine learning + +is the field of study +that gives computers + +the ability to learn without +being explicitly programmed. + +And I think many +people would argue, + +he wrote the first such program. + +It learned from experience. + +In his case, it played checkers. + +Kind of shows you how +the field has progressed. + +But we started with checkers, +we got to chess, we now do Go. + +But it played checkers. + +It beat national level +players, most importantly, + +it learned to +improve its methods + +by watching how it did in games +and then inferring something + +to change what it thought +about as it did that. + +Samuel did a bunch +of other things. + +I just highlighted one. + +You may see in a +follow on course, + +he invented what's called +Alpha-Beta Pruning, which + +is a really useful +technique for doing search. + +But the idea is, how can +we have the computer learn + +without being +explicitly programmed? + +And one way to +think about this is + +to think about the difference +between how we would normally + +program and what we would +like from a machine learning + +algorithm. + +Normal programming, I +know you're not convinced + +there's such a thing +as normal programming, + +but if you think of +traditional programming, + +what's the process? + +I write a program that +I input to the computer + +so that it can then +take data and produce + +some appropriate output. + +And the square root finder +really sits there, right? + +I wrote code for using Newton +method to find a square root, + +and then it gave me the +process of given any number, + +I'll give you the square root. + +But if you think about +what we did last time, + +it was a little different. + +And in fact, in a machine +learning approach, + +the idea is that I'm going +to give the computer output. + +I'm going to give it examples of +what I want the program to do, + +labels on data, +characterizations + +of different classes of things. + +And what I want +the computer to do + +is, given that characterization +of output and data, + +I wanted that machine +learning algorithm + +to actually produce +for me a program, + +a program that I can +then use to infer + +new information about things. + +And that creates, if you +like, a really nice loop + +where I can have the +machine learning algorithm + +learn the program +which I can then use + +to solve some other problem. + +That would be really +great if we could do it. + +And as I suggested, that +curve-fitting algorithm + +is a simple version of that. + +It learned a model for the +data, which I could then + +use to label any other +instances of the data + +or predict what I would see in +terms of spring displacement + +as I changed the masses. + +So that's the kind of idea +we're going to explore. + +If we want to learn +things, we could also + +ask, so how do you learn? + +And how should a computer learn? + +Well, for you as a human, there +are a couple of possibilities. + +This is the boring one. + +This is the old style +way of doing it, right? + +Memorize facts. + +Memorize as many facts as you +can and hope that we ask you + +on the final exam +instances of those facts, + +as opposed to some other +facts you haven't memorized. + +This is, if you think way +back to the first lecture, + +an example of declarative +knowledge, statements of truth. + +Memorize as many as you can. + +Have Wikipedia in +your back pocket. + +Better way to learn is to +be able to infer, to deduce + +new information from old. + +And if you think +about this, this + +gets closer to what we +called imperative knowledge-- + +ways to deduce new things. + +Now, in the first +cases, we built + +that in when we wrote that +program to do square roots. + +But what we'd like in +a learning algorithm + +is to have much more like +that generalization idea. + +We're interested in +extending our capabilities + +to write programs that can +infer useful information + +from implicit +patterns in the data. + +So not something +explicitly built + +like that comparison of +weights and displacements, + +but actually implicit +patterns in the data, + +and have the algorithm figure +out what those patterns are, + +and use those to +generate a program you + +can use to infer new +data about objects, + +about string +displacements, whatever + +it is you're trying to do. + +OK. + +So the idea then, +the basic paradigm + +that we're going +to see, is we're + +going to give the +system some training + +data, some observations. + +We did that last time with +just the spring displacements. + +We're going to then +try and have a way + +to figure out, how do +we write code, how do we + +write a program, a system +that will infer something + +about the process that +generated the data? + +And then from +that, we want to be + +able to use that to make +predictions about things + +we haven't seen before. + +So again, I want to +drive home this point. + +If you think about it, the +spring example fit that model. + +I gave you a set of +data, spatial deviations + +relative to mass displacements. + +For different masses, how +far did the spring move? + +I then inferred something +about the underlying process. + +In the first case, I +said I know it's linear, + +but let me figure out what +the actual linear equation is. + +What's the spring constant +associated with it? + +And based on that result, +I got a piece of code + +I could use to predict +new displacements. + +So it's got all of those +elements, training data, + +an inference engine, +and then the ability + +to use that to make +new predictions. + +But that's a very simple +kind of learning setting. + +So the more common +one is one I'm + +going to use as +an example, which + +is, when I give you +a set of examples, + +those examples have some +data associated with them, + +some features and some labels. + +For each example, +I might say this + +is a particular kind of thing. + +This other one is +another kind of thing. + +And what I want to +do is figure out + +how to do inference on +labeling new things. + +So it's not just, what's the +displacement of the mass, + +it's actually a label. + +And I'm going to use one +of my favorite examples. + +I'm a big New +England Patriots fan, + +if you're not, my apologies. + +But I'm going to use +football players. + +So I'm going to show +you in a second, + +I'm going to give you a set of +examples of football players. + +The label is the +position they play. + +And the data, well, it +could be lots of things. + +We're going to use +height and weight. + +But what we want +to do is then see + +how would we come up with +a way of characterizing + +the implicit pattern of how +does weight and height predict + +the kind of position +this player could play. + +And then come up +with an algorithm + +that will predict the +position of new players. + +We'll do the draft +for next year. + +Where do we want them to play? + +That's the paradigm. + +Set of observations, potentially +labeled, potentially not. + +Think about how do we do +inference to find a model. + +And then how do we use that +model to make predictions. + +What we're going +to see, and we're + +going to see multiple +examples today, + +is that that +learning can be done + +in one of two very broad ways. + +The first one is called +supervised learning. + +And in that case, +for every new example + +I give you as part +of the training data, + +I have a label on it. + +I know the kind of thing it is. + +And what I'm going +to do is look for how + +do I find a rule that would +predict the label associated + +with unseen input based +on those examples. + +It's supervised because I +know what the labeling is. + +Second kind, if +this is supervised, + +the obvious other one +is called unsupervised. + +In that case, I'm just going to +give you a bunch of examples. + +But I don't know the labels +associated with them. + +I'm going to just +try and find what + +are the natural ways +to group those examples + +together into different models. + +And in some cases, I may know +how many models are there. + +In some cases, I may +want to just say what's + +the best grouping I can find. + +OK. + +What I'm going to do today +is not a lot of code. + +I was expecting cheers for that, +John, but I didn't get them. + +Not a lot of code. + +What I'm going to do +is show you basically, + +the intuitions behind +doing this learning. + +And I"m going to start with my +New England Patriots example. + +So here are some data points +about current Patriots players. + +And I've got two +kinds of positions. + +I've got receivers, +and I have linemen. + +And each one is just labeled by +the name, the height in inches, + +and the weight in pounds. + +OK? + +Five of each. + +If I plot those on a +two dimensional plot, + +this is what I get. + +OK? + +No big deal. + +What am I trying to do? + +I'm trying to learn, are +their characteristics + +that distinguish the two +classes from one another? + +And in the unlabeled +case, all I have + +are just a set of examples. + +So what I want to +do is decide what + +makes two players similar +with the goal of seeing, + +can I separate this +distribution into two or more + +natural groups. + +Similar is a distance measure. + +It says how do I take +two examples with values + +or features +associated, and we're + +going to decide how +far apart are they? + +And in the unlabeled case, the +simple way to do it is to say, + +if I know that there are +at least k groups there-- + +in this case, I'm going +to tell you there are + +two different groups there-- + +how could I decide how +best to cluster things + +together so that all the +examples in one group + +are close to each other, all +the examples in the other group + +are close to each other, and +they're reasonably far apart. + +There are many ways to do it. + +I'm going to show you one. + +It's a very standard way, and +it works, basically, as follows. + +If all I know is that +there are two groups there, + +I'm going to start +by just picking + +two examples as my exemplars. + +Pick them at random. + +Actually at random is not great. + +I don't want to pick too +closely to each other. + +I'm going to try and +pick them far apart. + +But I pick two examples +as my exemplars. + +And for all the other +examples in the training data, + +I say which one +is it closest to. + +What I'm going to try +and do is create clusters + +with the property +that the distances + +between all of the examples +of that cluster are small. + +The average distance is small. + +And see if I can +find clusters that + +gets the average distance +for both clusters + +as small as possible. + +This algorithm works by +picking two examples, + +clustering all the other +examples by simply saying + +put it in the group to which +it's closest to that example. + +Once I've got +those clusters, I'm + +going to find the median +element of that group. + +Not mean, but median, what's +the one closest to the center? + +And treat those as exemplars +and repeat the process. + +And I'll just do it either +some number of times + +or until I don't get any +change in the process. + +So it's clustering +based on distance. + +And we'll come back to +distance in a second. + +So here's what would +have my football players. + +If I just did this +based on weight, + +there's the natural +dividing line. + +And it kind of makes sense. + +All right? + +These three are +obviously clustered, + +and again, it's +just on this axis. + +They're all down here. + +These seven are at +a different place. + +There's a natural +dividing line there. + +If I were to do it based +on height, not as clean. + +This is what my +algorithm came up + +with as the best +dividing line here, + +meaning that these four, +again, just based on this axis + +are close together. + +These six are close together. + +But it's not nearly as clean. + +And that's part of the +issue we'll look at + +is how do I find +the best clusters. + +If I use both +height and weight, I + +get that, which was actually +kind of nice, right? + +Those three cluster together. +they're near each other, + +in terms of just +distance in the plane. + +Those seven are near each other. + +There's a nice, natural +dividing line through here. + +And in fact, that +gives me a classifier. + +This line is the +equidistant line + +between the centers +of those two clusters. + +Meaning, any point +along this line + +is the same distance to +the center of that group + +as it is to that group. + +And so any new example, +if it's above the line, + +I would say gets that label, +if it's below the line, + +gets that label. + +In a second, we'll +come back to look + +at how do we measure +the distances, + +but the idea here +is pretty simple. + +I want to find groupings +near each other + +and far apart from +the other group. + +Now suppose I actually knew +the labels on these players. + +These are the receivers. + +Those are the linemen. + +And for those of you +who are football fans, + +you can figure it out, right? + +Those are the two tight ends. + +They are much bigger. + +I think that's Bennett and +that's Gronk if you're really + +a big Patriots fan. + +But those are tight ends, +those are wide receivers, + +and it's going to +come back in a second, + +but there are the labels. + +Now what I want to do is say, +if I could take advantage + +of knowing the labels, how +would I divide these groups up? + +And that's kind of easy to see. + +Basic idea, in this +case, is if I've + +got labeled groups +in that feature + +space, what I want to do is +find a subsurface that naturally + +divides that space. + +Now subsurface is a fancy word. + +It says, in the +two-dimensional case, + +I want to know +what's the best line, + +if I can find a single line, +that separates all the examples + +with one label from all the +examples of the second label. + +We'll see that, if the +examples are well separated, + +this is easy to +do, and it's great. + +But in some cases, +it's going to be + +more complicated because +some of the examples + +may be very close +to one another. + +And that's going +to raise a problem + +that you saw last lecture. + +I want to avoid overfitting. + +I don't want to create a +really complicated surface + +to separate things. + +And so we may have to +tolerate a few incorrectly + +labeled things, if +we can't pull it out. + +And as you already +figured out, in this case, + +with the labeled data, +there's the best fitting line + +right there. + +Anybody over 280 pounds is +going to be a great lineman. + +Anybody under 280 pounds is +more likely to be a receiver. + +OK. + +So I've got two different +ways of trying to think + +about doing this labeling. + +I'm going to come back to +both of them in a second. + +Now suppose I add +in some new data. + +I want to label new instances. + +Now these are actually players +of a different position. + +These are running backs. + +But I say, all I know about +is receivers and linemen. + +I get these two new data points. + +I'd like to know, are +they more likely to be + +a receiver or a linemen? + +And there's the data +for these two gentlemen. + +So if I go back to +now plotting them, + +oh you notice one of the issues. + +So there are my linemen, the +red ones are my receivers, + +the two black dots are +the two running backs. + +And notice right here. + +It's going to be really +hard to separate those two + +examples from one another. + +They are so close to each other. + +And that's going to +be one of the things + +we have to trade off. + +But if I think about using +what I learned as a classifier + +with unlabeled data, there +were my two clusters. + +Now you see, oh, I've got +an interesting example. + +This new example I would +say is clearly more + +like a receiver than a lineman. + +But that one there, unclear. + +Almost exactly lies +along that dividing line + +between those two clusters. + +And I would either say, I +want to rethink the clustering + +or I want to say, you know what? + +As I know, maybe there +aren't two clusters here. + +Maybe there are three. + +And I want to classify +them a little differently. + +So I'll come back to that. + +On the other hand, if I +had used the labeled data, + +there was my dividing line. + +This is really easy. + +Both of those new +examples are clearly + +below the dividing line. + +They are clearly +examples that I would + +categorize as being +more like receivers + +than they are like linemen. + +And I know it's a +football example. + +If you don't like football, +pick another example. + +But you get the +sense of why I can + +use the data in a labeled +case and the unlabeled case + +to come up with different +ways of building the clusters. + +So what we're going +to do over the next 2 + +and 1/2 lectures is +look at how can we + +write code to learn that way +of separating things out? + +We're going to learn models +based on unlabeled data. + +That's the case where I don't +know what the labels are, + +by simply trying to find ways +to cluster things together + +nearby, and then use the +clusters to assign labels + +to new data. + +And we're going to learn models +by looking at labeled data + +and seeing how do we best come +up with a way of separating + +with a line or a plane or a +collection of lines, examples + +from one group, from +examples of the other group. + +With the acknowledgment that +we want to avoid overfitting, + +we don't want to create a +really complicated system. + +And as a consequence, +we're going + +to have to make some +trade-offs between what + +we call false positives +and false negatives. + +But the resulting classifier +can then label any new data + +by just deciding where +you are with respect + +to that separating line. + +So here's what you're going +to see over the next 2 + +and 1/2 lectures. + +Every machine learning method +has five essential components. + +We need to decide what's +the training data, + +and how are we going to evaluate +the success of that system. + +We've already seen +some examples of that. + +We need to decide +how are we going + +to represent each instance +that we're giving it. + +I happened to choose height and +weight for football players. + +But I might have been better +off to pick average speed + +or, I don't know, arm +length, something else. + +How do I figure out what +are the right features. + +And associated with that, +how do I measure distances + +between those features? + +How do I decide what's +close and what's not close? + +Maybe it should be different, in +terms of weight versus height, + +for example. + +I need to make that decision. + +And those are the +two things we're + +going to show you examples of +today, how to go through that. + +Starting next week, +Professor Guttag + +is going to show you how you +take those and actually start + +building more detailed versions +of measuring clustering, + +measuring similarities to find +an objective function that you + +want to minimize to decide what +is the best cluster to use. + +And then what is the best +optimization method you want + +to use to learn that model. + +So let's start talking +about features. + +I've got a set of +examples, labeled or not. + +I need to decide what is it +about those examples that's + +useful to use when I +want to decide what's + +close to another thing or not. + +And one of the problems +is, if it was really easy, + +it would be really easy. + +Features don't always +capture what you want. + +I'm going to belabor +that football analogy, + +but why did I pick +height and weight. + +Because it was easy to find. + +You know, if you work for the +New England Patriots, what + +is the thing that you really +look for when you're asking, + +what's the right feature? + +It's probably some other +combination of things. + +So you, as a designer, +have to say what + +are the features I want to use. + +That quote, by the +way, is from one + +of the great statisticians +of the 20th century, which + +I think captures it well. + +So feature engineering, +as you, as a programmer, + +comes down to deciding +both what are the features + +I want to measure in that vector +that I'm going to put together, + +and how do I decide +relative ways to weight it? + +So John, and Ana, and I +could have made our job + +this term really easy +if we had sat down + +at the beginning of the +term and said, you know, + +we've taught this +course many times. + +We've got data +from, I don't know, + +John, thousands of students, +probably over this time. + +Let's just build a +little learning algorithm + +that takes a set of data and +predicts your final grade. + +You don't have to +come to class, don't + +have to go through +all the problems, + +because we'll just +predict your final grade. + +Wouldn't that be nice? + +Make our job a little easier, +and you may or may not + +like that idea. + +But I could think about +predicting that grade? + +Now why am I telling +this example. + +I was trying to see if I +could get a few smiles. + +I saw a couple of them there. + +But think about the features. + +What I measure? + +Actually, I'll put this on +John because it's his idea. + +What would he measure? + +Well, GPA is probably not a +bad predictor of performance. + +You do well in other +classes, you're + +likely to do well in this class. + +I'm going to use this +one very carefully. + +Prior programming experience +is at least a predictor, + +but it is not a +perfect predictor. + +Those of you who haven't +programmed before, + +in this class, you can still +do really well in this class. + +But it's an indication that +you've seen other programming + +languages. + +On the other hand, I don't +believe in astrology. + +So I don't think the month +in which you're born, + +the astrological sign +under which you were born + +has probably anything to do +with how well you'd program. + +I doubt that eye color +has anything to do + +with how well you'd program. + +You get the idea. + +Some features +matter, others don't. + +Now I could just throw all +the features in and hope that + +the machine learning algorithm +sorts out those it wants + +to keep from those it doesn't. + +But I remind you of that +idea of overfitting. + +If I do that, +there is the danger + +that it will find some +correlation between birth + +month, eye color, and GPA. + +And that's going to +lead to a conclusion + +that we really don't like. + +By the way, in case +you're worried, + +I can assure you +that Stu Schmill + +in the dean of +admissions department + +does not use machine +learning to pick you. + +He actually looks at a +whole bunch of things + +because it's not easy to +replace him with a machine-- + +yet. + +All right. + +So what this says is +we need to think about + +how do we pick the features. + +And mostly, what +we're trying to do + +is to maximize something called +the signal to noise ratio. + +Maximize those features that +carry the most information, + +and remove the ones that don't. + +So I want to show +you an example of how + +you might think about this. + +I want to label reptiles. + +I want to come up with a +way of labeling animals as, + +are they a reptile or not. + +And I give you a single example. + +With a single example, +you can't really do much. + +But from this example, I know +that a cobra, it lays eggs, + +it has scales, it's +poisonous, it's cold blooded, + +it has no legs, +and it's a reptile. + +So I could say my model +of a reptile is well, + +I'm not certain. + +I don't have enough data yet. + +But if I give you +a second example, + +and it also happens +to be egg-laying, + +have scales, poisonous, +cold blooded, no legs. + +There is my model, right? + +Perfectly reasonable +model, whether I design it + +or a machine learning +algorithm would + +do it says, if all of these are +true, label it as a reptile. + +OK? + +And now I give you +a boa constrictor. + +Ah. + +It's a reptile. + +But it doesn't fit the model. + +And in particular, +it's not egg-laying, + +and it's not poisonous. + +So I've got to refine the model. + +Or the algorithm has +got to refine the model. + +And this, I want to remind you, +is looking at the features. + +So I started out +with five features. + +This doesn't fit. + +So probably what I +should do is reduce it. + +I'm going to look at scales. + +I'm going to look +at cold blooded. + +I'm going to look at legs. + +That captures all +three examples. + +Again, if you think about +this in terms of clustering, + +all three of them +would fit with that. + +OK. + +Now I give you another example-- + +chicken. + +I don't think it's a reptile. + +In fact, I'm pretty +sure it's not a reptile. + +And it nicely still +fits this model, right? + +Because, while it has scales, +which you may or not realize, + +it's not cold blooded, +and it has legs. + +So it is a negative example +that reinforces the model. + +Sounds good. + +And now I'll give +you an alligator. + +It's a reptile. + +And oh fudge, right? + +It doesn't satisfy the model. + +Because while it does have +scales and it is cold blooded, + +it has legs. + +I'm almost done +with the example. + +But you see the point. + +Again, I've got to think +about how do I refine this. + +And I could by +saying, all right. + +Let's make it a little more +complicated-- has scales, + +cold blooded, 0 or four legs-- + +I'm going to say it's a reptile. + +I'll give you the dart frog. + +Not a reptile, +it's an amphibian. + +And that's nice because +it still satisfies this. + +So it's an example outside +of the cluster that + +says no scales, +not cold blooded, + +but happens to have four legs. + +It's not a reptile. + +That's good. + +And then I give you-- + +I have to give you +a python, right? + +I mean, there has to +be a python in here. + +Oh come on. + +At least grown at +me when I say that. + +There has to be a python here. + +And I give you +that and a salmon. + +And now I am in trouble. + +Because look at scales, look +at cold blooded, look at legs. + +I can't separate them. + +On those features, +there's no way + +to come up with a way +that will correctly + +say that the python is a +reptile and the salmon is not. + +And so there's no easy +way to add in that rule. + +And probably my best +thing is to simply go back + +to just two features, +scales and cold blooded. + +And basically say, +if something has + +scales and it's cold blooded, +I'm going to call it a reptile. + +If it doesn't have +both of those, + +I'm going to say +it's not a reptile. + +It won't be perfect. + +It's going to incorrectly +label the salmon. + +But I've made a design +choice here that's important. + +And the design choice is that +I will have no false negatives. + +What that means is +there's not going + +to be any instance of something +that's not a reptile that I'm + +going to call a reptile. + +I may have some false positives. + +So I did that the wrong way. + +A false negative +says, everything + +that's not a reptile I'm going +to categorize that direction. + +I may have some false +positives, in that, + +I may have a few things +that I will incorrectly + +label as a reptile. + +And in particular, +salmon is going + +to be an instance of that. + +This trade off of false +positives and false negatives + +is something that we worry +about, as we think about it. + +Because there's no perfect +way, in many cases, + +to separate out the data. + +And if you think back to my +example of the New England + +Patriots, that running back +and that wide receiver were + +so close together in +height and weight, + +there was no way I'm going to +be able to separate them apart. + +And I just have to +be willing to decide + +how many false positives +or false negatives + +do I want to tolerate. + +Once I've figured out what +features to use, which is good, + +then I have to decide +about distance. + +How do I compare +two feature vectors? + +I'm going to say vector +because there could + +be multiple dimensions to it. + +How do I decide how +to compare them? + +Because I want to use the +distances to figure out either + +how to group things together +or how to find a dividing line + +that separates things apart. + +So one of the things I have +to decide is which features. + +I also have to +decide the distance. + +And finally, I +may want to decide + +how to weigh relative importance +of different dimensions + +in the feature vector. + +Some may be more valuable than +others in making that decision. + +And I want to show you +an example of that. + +So let's go back to my animals. + +I started off with a +feature vector that actually + +had five dimensions to it. + +It was egg-laying, cold +blooded, has scales, + +I forget what the other one +was, and number of legs. + +So one of the ways I +could think about this + +is saying I've got four binary +features and one integer + +feature associated +with each animal. + +And one way to learn to separate +out reptiles from non reptiles + +is to measure the distance +between pairs of examples + +and use that distance to +decide what's near each other + +and what's not. + +And as we've said +before, it will either + +be used to cluster things or to +find a classifier surface that + +separates them. + +So here's a simple way to do it. + +For each of these examples, +I'm going to just let true + +be 1, false be 0. + +So the first four +are either 0s or 1s. + +And the last one is +the number of legs. + +And now I could say, all right. + +How do I measure +distances between animals + +or anything else, but these +kinds of feature vectors? + +Here, we're going +to use something + +called the Minkowski Metric +or the Minkowski difference. + +Given two vectors +and a power, p, + +we basically take +the absolute value + +of the difference between +each of the components + +of the vector, raise it to +the p-th power, take the sum, + +and take the p-th route of that. + +So let's do the two +obvious examples. + +If p is equal to 1, I just +measure the absolute distance + +between each component, add +them up, and that's my distance. + +It's called the +Manhattan metric. + +The one you've seen more, +the one we saw last time, + +if p is equal to 2, this is +Euclidean distance, right? + +It's the sum of the +squares of the differences + +of the components. + +Take the square root. + +Take the square root +because it makes + +it have certain +properties of a distance. + +That's the Euclidean distance. + +So now if I want to measure +difference between these two, + +here's the question. + +Is this circle closer to the +star or closer to the cross? + +Unfortunately, I put +the answer up here. + +But it differs, depending +on the metric I use. + +Right? + +Euclidean distance, well, +that's square root of 2 times 2, + +so it's about 2.8. + +And that's three. + +So in terms of just standard +distance in the plane, + +we would say that these two +are closer than those two are. + +Manhattan distance, +why is it called that? + +Because you can only walk along +the avenues and the streets. + +Manhattan distance +would basically + +say this is one, two, +three, four units away. + +This is one, two, +three units away. + +And under Manhattan +distance, this is closer, + +this pairing is closer +than that pairing is. + +Now you're used to +thinking Euclidean. + +We're going to use that. + +But this is going +to be important + +when we think about how +are we comparing distances + +between these different pieces. + +So typically, we'll +use Euclidean. + +We're going to see Manhattan +actually has some value. + +So if I go back to my three +examples-- boy, that's + +a gross slide, isn't it? + +But there we go-- + +rattlesnake, boa +constrictor, and dart frog. + +There is the representation. + +I can ask, what's the +distance between them? + +In the handout for today, +we've given you a little piece + +of code that would do that. + +And if I actually run +through it, I get, + +actually, a nice +little result. Here + +are the distances between those +vectors using Euclidean metric. + +I'm going to come back to them. + +But you can see the +two snakes, nicely, are + +reasonably close to each other. + +Whereas, the dart frog is a +fair distance away from that. + +Nice, right? + +That's a nice separation +that says there's + +a difference between these two. + +OK. + +Now I throw in the alligator. + +Sounds like a Dungeons +& Dragons game. + +I throw in the alligator, and I +want to do the same comparison. + +And I don't get nearly as nice +a result. Because now it says, + +as before, the two snakes +are close to each other. + +But it says that the dart +frog and the alligator + +are much closer, under +this measurement, + +than either of them +is to the other. + +And to remind you, right, +the alligator and the two + +snakes I would like to be close +to one another and a distance + +away from the frog. + +Because I'm trying to +classify reptiles versus not. + +So what happened here? + +Well, this is a place where +the feature engineering + +is going to be important. + +Because in fact, the alligator +differs from the frog + +in three features. + +And only in two features from, +say, the boa constrictor. + +But one of those features +is the number of legs. + +And there, while +on the binary axes, + +the difference is +between a 0 and 1, + +here it can be between 0 and 4. + +So that is weighing the distance +a lot more than we would like. + +The legs dimension is +too large, if you like. + +How would I fix this? + +This is actually, I would +argue, a natural place + +to use Manhattan distance. + +Why should I think +that the difference + +in the number of legs or the +number of legs difference + +is more important than +whether it has scales or not? + +Why should I think that +measuring that distance + +Euclidean-wise makes sense? + +They are really completely +different measurements. + +And in fact, I'm +not going to do it, + +but if I ran Manhattan +metric on this, + +it would get the alligator +much closer to the snakes, + +exactly because it differs only +in two features, not three. + +The other way I +could fix it would + +be to say I'm letting too +much weight be associated + +with the difference +in the number of legs. + +So let's just make +it a binary feature. + +Either it doesn't have +legs or it does have legs. + +Run the same classification. + +And now you see the +snakes and the alligator + +are all close to each other. + +Whereas the dart frog, not +as far away as it was before, + +but there's a pretty natural +separation, especially + +using that number between them. + +What's my point? + +Choice of features matters. + +Throwing too many +features in may, in fact, + +give us some overfitting. + +And in particular, +deciding the weights + +that I want on those +features has a real impact. + +And you, as a designer +or a programmer, + +have a lot of influence in how +you think about using those. + +So feature engineering +really matters. + +How you pick the +features, what you use + +is going to be important. + +OK. + +The last piece of +this then is we're + +going to look at some examples +where we give you data, got + +features associated with them. + +We're going to, in some +cases have them labeled, + +in other cases not. + +And we know how now to +think about how do we + +measure distances between them. + +John. + +JOHN GUTTAG: You +probably didn't intend + +to say weights of features. + +You intended to say +how they're scaled. + +ERIC GRIMSON: Sorry. + +The scales and not +the-- thank you, John. + +No, I did. + +I take that back. + +I did not mean to say +weights of features. + +I meant to say the +scale of the dimension + +is going to be important here. + +Thank you, for the +amplification and correction. + +You're absolutely right. + +JOHN GUTTAG: Weights, we +use in a different way, + +as we'll see next time. + +ERIC GRIMSON: And +we're going to see + +next time why we're going to +use weights in different ways. + +So rephrase it. + +Block that out of your mind. + +We're going to talk about +scales and the scale on the axes + +as being important here. + +And we already said +we're going to look + +at two different +kinds of learning, + +labeled and unlabeled, +clustering and classifying. + +And I want to just +finish up by showing you + +two examples of that. + +How we would think about +them algorithmically, + +and we'll look at them +in more detail next time. + +As we look at it, +I want to remind + +you the things that are +going to be important to you. + +How do I measure distance +between examples? + +What's the right +way to design that? + +What is the right set of +features to use in that vector? + +And then, what constraints do +I want to put on the model? + +In the case of +unlabelled data, how + +do I decide how many +clusters I want to have? + +Because I can give you a really +easy way to do clustering. + +If I give you 100 examples, +I say build 100 clusters. + +Every example is +its own cluster. + +Distance is really good. + +It's really close to itself, +but it does a lousy job + +of labeling things on it. + +So I have to think +about, how do I + +decide how many clusters, +what's the complexity + +of that separating service? + +How do I basically avoid +the overfitting problem, + +which I don't want to have? + +So just to remind +you, we've already + +seen a little version of +this, the clustering method. + +This is a standard way to +do it, simply repeating what + +we had on an earlier slide. + +If I want to cluster +it into groups, + +I start by saying how many +clusters am I looking for? + +Pick an example I take as +my early representation. + +For every other example +in the training data, + +put it to the closest cluster. + +Once I've got those, find the +median, repeat the process. + +And that led to that separation. + +Now once I've got it, +I like to validate it. + +And in fact, I should +have said this better. + +Those two clusters came without +looking at the two black dots. + +Once I put the +black dots in, I'd + +like to validate, how well +does this really work? + +And that example there is +really not very encouraging. + +It's too close. + +So that's a natural place to +say, OK, what if I did this + +with three clusters? + +That's what I get. + +I like the that. + +All right? + +That has a really +nice cluster up here. + +The fact that the algorithm +didn't know the labeling + +is irrelevant. + +There's a nice grouping of five. + +There's a nice grouping of four. + +And there's a nice grouping +of three in between. + +And in fact, if I looked +at the average distance + +between examples in +each of these clusters, + +it is much tighter +than in that example. + +And so that leads to, then, +the question of should I + +look for four clusters? + +Question, please. + +AUDIENCE: Is that overlap +between the two clusters + +not an issue? + +ERIC GRIMSON: Yes. + +The question is, is the overlap +between the two clusters + +a problem? + +No. + +I just drew it +here so I could let + +you see where those pieces are. + +But in fact, if you like, +the center is there. + +Those three points are +all closer to that center + +than they are to that center. + +So the fact that they +overlap is a good question. + +It's just the way I +happened to draw them. + +I should really +draw these, not as + +circles, but as some little +bit more convoluted surface. + +OK? + +Having done three, I could +say should I look for four? + +Well, those points down +there, as I've already said, + +are an example where +it's going to be + +hard to separate them out. + +And I don't want to overfit. + +Because the only way +to separate those out + +is going to be to come up with +a really convoluted cluster, + +which I don't like. + +All right? + +Let me finish with showing +you one other example + +from the other direction. + +Which is, suppose I give +you labeled examples. + +So again, the goal +is I've got features + +associated with each example. + +They're going to have +multiple dimensions on it. + +But I also know the label +associated with them. + +And I want to learn +what is the best + +way to come up with a rule that +will let me take new examples + +and assign them to +the right group. + +A number of ways to do this. + +You can simply say I'm looking +for the simplest surface that + +will separate those examples. + +In my football case that +were in the plane, what's + +the best line that +separates them, + +which turns out to be easy. + +I might look for a more +complicated surface. + +And we're going to see +an example in a second + +where maybe it's a +sequence of line segments + +that separates them out. + +Because there's not just one +line that does the separation. + +As before, I want to be careful. + +If I make it too +complicated, I may + +get a really good separator, +but I overfit to the data. + +And you're going +to see next time. + +I'm going to just +highlight it here. + +There's a third +way, which will lead + +to almost the same +kind of result + +called k nearest neighbors. + +And the idea here is I've +got a set of labeled data. + +And what I'm going to do +is, for every new example, + +say find the k, say the five +closest labeled examples. + +And take a vote. + +If 3 out of 5 or 4 out of 5 +or 5 out of 5 of those labels + +are the same, I'm going to +say it's part of that group. + +And if I have less +than that, I'm + +going to leave it +as unclassified. + +And that's a nice way +of actually thinking + +about how to learn them. + +And let me just finish by +showing you an example. + +Now I won't use football +players on this one. + +I'll use a different example. + +I'm going to give +you some voting data. + +I think this is +actually simulated data. + +But these are a set of +voters in the United States + +with their preference. + +They tend to vote Republican. + +They tend to vote Democrat. + +And the two categories are +their age and how far away + +they live from Boston. + +Whether those are relevant +or not, I don't know, + +but they are just two things I'm +going to use to classify them. + +And I'd like to say, +how would I fit a curve + +to separate those two classes? + +I'm going to keep +half the data to test. + +I'm going to use half +the data to train. + +So if this is my +training data, I + +can say what's the best +line that separates these? + +I don't know about best, +but here are two examples. + +This solid line has the +property that all the Democrats + +are on one side. + +Everything on the other +side is a Republican, + +but there are some Republicans +on this side of the line. + +I can't find a line that +completely separates these, + +as I did with the +football players. + +But there is a decent +line to separate them. + +Here's another candidate. + +That dash line has the +property that on the right side + +you've got-- boy, I don't +think this is deliberate, + +John, right-- but +on the right side, + +you've got almost +all Republicans. + +It seems perfectly appropriate. + +One Democrat, but there's a +pretty good separation there. + +And on the left side, +you've got a mix of things. + +But most of the Democrats are +on the left side of that line. + +All right? + +The fact that left +and right correlates + +with distance from Boston is +completely irrelevant here. + +But it has a nice punch to it. + +JOHN GUTTAG: Relevant, +but not accidental. + +ERIC GRIMSON: But +not accidental. + +Thank you. + +All right. + +So now the question is, +how would I evaluate these? + +How do I decide +which one is better? + +And I'm simply +going to show you, + +very quickly, some examples. + +First one is to look at what's +called the confusion matrix. + +What does that mean? + +It says for this, one of +these classifiers for example, + +the solid line. + +Here are the predictions, +based on the solid line + +of whether they would +be more likely to be + +Democrat or Republican. + +And here is the actual label. + +Same thing for the dashed line. + +And that diagonal is +important because those are + +the correctly labeled results. + +Right? + +It correctly, in +the solid line case, + +gets all of the correct +labelings of the Democrats. + +It gets half of the +Republicans right. + +But it has some where +it's actually Republican, + +but it labels it as a Democrat. + +That, we'd like to +be really large. + +And in fact, it leads +to a natural measure + +called the accuracy. + +Which is, just to +go back to that, + +we say that these +are true positives. + +Meaning, I labeled it as being +an instance, and it really is. + +These are true negatives. + +I label it as not being an +instance, and it really isn't. + +And then these are +the false positives. + +I labeled it as being an +instance and it's not, + +and these are the +false negatives. + +I labeled it as not being +an instance, and it is. + +And an easy way to measure it +is to look at the correct labels + +over all of the labels. + +The true positives and +the true negatives, + +the ones I got right. + +And in that case, both models +come up with a value of 0.7. + +So which one is better? + +Well, I should validate that. + +And I'm going to +do that in a second + +by looking at other data. + +We could also ask, +could we find something + +with less training error? + +This is only getting 70% right. + +Not great. + +Well, here is a more +complicated model. + +And this is where +you start getting + +worried about overfitting. + +Now what I've done, +is I've come up + +with a sequence of lines +that separate them. + +So everything above this +line, I'm going to say + +is a Republican. + +Everything below this line, +I'm going to say is a Democrat. + +So I'm avoiding that one. + +I'm avoiding that one. + +I'm still capturing +many of the same things. + +And in this case, I get 12 true +positives, 13 true negatives, + +and only 5 false positives. + +And that's kind of nice. + +You can see the 5. + +It's those five red +ones down there. + +It's accuracy is 0.833. + +And now, if I apply that to the +test data, I get an OK result. + +It has an accuracy of about 0.6. + +I could use this idea to try +and generalize to say could I + +come up with a better model. + +And you're going to +see that next time. + +There could be other ways +in which I measure this. + +And I want to use this +as the last example. + +Another good measure we use is +called PPV, Positive Predictive + +Value which is how many true +positives do I come up with out + +of all the things I +labeled positively. + +And in this solid model, +in the dashed line, + +I can get values about 0.57. + +The complex model on the +training data is better. + +And then the testing +data is even stronger. + +And finally, two other +examples are called + +sensitivity and specificity. + +Sensitivity basically +tells you what percentage + +did I correctly find. + +And specificity +said what percentage + +did I correctly reject. + +And I show you this +because this is + +where the trade-off comes in. + +If sensitivity is how +many did I correctly + +label out of those +that I both correctly + +labeled and incorrectly +labeled as being negative, + +how many them did +I correctly label + +as being the kind that I want? + +I can make sensitivity 1. + +Label everything is the +thing I'm looking for. + +Great. + +Everything is correct. + +But the specificity will be 0. + +Because I'll have a bunch of +things incorrectly labeled. + +I could make the specificity +1, reject everything. + +Say nothing as an instance. + +True negatives goes to 1, and +I'm in a great place there, + +but my sensitivity goes to 0. + +I've got a trade-off. + +As I think about the machine +learning algorithm I'm using + +and my choice of +that classifier, + +I'm going to see +a trade off where + +I can increase specificity at +the cost of sensitivity or vice + +versa. + +And you'll see a nice technique +called ROC or Receiver Operator + +Curve that gives you a sense of +how you want to deal with that. + +And with that, we'll +see you next time. + +We'll take your +question off line + +if you don't mind, because +I've run over time. + +But we'll see you next +time where Professor Guttag + +will show you examples of this. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/h5abkZ_Ch6c.txt b/h5abkZ_Ch6c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05e5d93c3cb155f8638f1515d6a6b08089334eb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/h5abkZ_Ch6c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8203 @@ +align:start position:0% + +So today we're going to wrap up talking + + align:start position:0% +So today we're going to wrap up talking + + + align:start position:0% +So today we're going to wrap up talking +about functions by talking about these + + align:start position:0% +about functions by talking about these + + + align:start position:0% +about functions by talking about these +things called Lambda functions as a way + + align:start position:0% +things called Lambda functions as a way + + + align:start position:0% +things called Lambda functions as a way +for us to create Anonymous functions um + + align:start position:0% +for us to create Anonymous functions um + + + align:start position:0% +for us to create Anonymous functions um +and that'll pretty much finish uh our + + align:start position:0% +and that'll pretty much finish uh our + + + align:start position:0% +and that'll pretty much finish uh our +exploration into uh creating uh + + align:start position:0% +exploration into uh creating uh + + + align:start position:0% +exploration into uh creating uh +functions and the last part of the + + align:start position:0% +functions and the last part of the + + + align:start position:0% +functions and the last part of the +lecture we're going to introduce new + + align:start position:0% +lecture we're going to introduce new + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we're going to introduce new +object types tupes and lists so + + align:start position:0% +object types tupes and lists so + + + align:start position:0% +object types tupes and lists so +let's remember what we did last time + + align:start position:0% +let's remember what we did last time + + + align:start position:0% +let's remember what we did last time +okay we ended with this example we + + align:start position:0% +okay we ended with this example we + + + align:start position:0% +okay we ended with this example we +created a function you guys wrote it for + + align:start position:0% +created a function you guys wrote it for + + + align:start position:0% +created a function you guys wrote it for +me and then we kind of wrote it and + + align:start position:0% +me and then we kind of wrote it and + + + align:start position:0% +me and then we kind of wrote it and +debugged it together but we created this + + align:start position:0% +debugged it together but we created this + + + align:start position:0% +debugged it together but we created this +function called apply so what was + + align:start position:0% +function called apply so what was + + + align:start position:0% +function called apply so what was +interesting about this function is that + + align:start position:0% +interesting about this function is that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting about this function is that +one of its parameters was uh was a + + align:start position:0% +one of its parameters was uh was a + + + align:start position:0% +one of its parameters was uh was a +function and the other one was an + + align:start position:0% +function and the other one was an + + + align:start position:0% +function and the other one was an +integer and that seemed a little strange + + align:start position:0% +integer and that seemed a little strange + + + align:start position:0% +integer and that seemed a little strange +at first but not when we realized realiz + + align:start position:0% +at first but not when we realized realiz + + + align:start position:0% +at first but not when we realized realiz +that uh functions in Python are actually + + align:start position:0% +that uh functions in Python are actually + + + align:start position:0% +that uh functions in Python are actually +just objects and so they have a name + + align:start position:0% +just objects and so they have a name + + + align:start position:0% +just objects and so they have a name +which means that anywhere where we use + + align:start position:0% +which means that anywhere where we use + + + align:start position:0% +which means that anywhere where we use +other kinds of objects like integers + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of objects like integers + + + align:start position:0% +other kinds of objects like integers +floats you know we can use them as + + align:start position:0% +floats you know we can use them as + + + align:start position:0% +floats you know we can use them as +parameters to functions we can use other + + align:start position:0% +parameters to functions we can use other + + + align:start position:0% +parameters to functions we can use other +functions as parameter parameters to + + align:start position:0% +functions as parameter parameters to + + + align:start position:0% +functions as parameter parameters to +functions as well so here criteria we + + align:start position:0% +functions as well so here criteria we + + + align:start position:0% +functions as well so here criteria we +had just used it as a variable name + + align:start position:0% +had just used it as a variable name + + + align:start position:0% +had just used it as a variable name +assuming that the type of criteria is a + + align:start position:0% +assuming that the type of criteria is a + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that the type of criteria is a +function uh according to this uh + + align:start position:0% +function uh according to this uh + + + align:start position:0% +function uh according to this uh +documentation we assume assum that it + + align:start position:0% +documentation we assume assum that it + + + align:start position:0% +documentation we assume assum that it +takes in a number and returns a Boolean + + align:start position:0% +takes in a number and returns a Boolean + + + align:start position:0% +takes in a number and returns a Boolean +so we just wrote the body of the + + align:start position:0% +so we just wrote the body of the + + + align:start position:0% +so we just wrote the body of the +function assuming that that is true so + + align:start position:0% +function assuming that that is true so + + + align:start position:0% +function assuming that that is true so +right here is what where we used this + + align:start position:0% +right here is what where we used this + + + align:start position:0% +right here is what where we used this +function named + + align:start position:0% +function named + + + align:start position:0% +function named +criteria we assumed that it takes in an + + align:start position:0% +criteria we assumed that it takes in an + + + align:start position:0% +criteria we assumed that it takes in an +integer so we passed in the loop + + align:start position:0% +integer so we passed in the loop + + + align:start position:0% +integer so we passed in the loop +variable I as an integer and we assumed + + align:start position:0% +variable I as an integer and we assumed + + + align:start position:0% +variable I as an integer and we assumed +it returns a Boolean so we were able to + + align:start position:0% +it returns a Boolean so we were able to + + + align:start position:0% +it returns a Boolean so we were able to +use the return of criteria parenthesis I + + align:start position:0% +use the return of criteria parenthesis I + + + align:start position:0% +use the return of criteria parenthesis I +just as a Boolean inside my as my + + align:start position:0% +just as a Boolean inside my as my + + + align:start position:0% +just as a Boolean inside my as my +condition for this if statement okay so + + align:start position:0% +condition for this if statement okay so + + + align:start position:0% +condition for this if statement okay so +hopefully you got a chance to look + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you got a chance to look + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you got a chance to look +through this example from last lecture + + align:start position:0% +through this example from last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +through this example from last lecture +so that's the definition of this + + align:start position:0% +so that's the definition of this + + + align:start position:0% +so that's the definition of this +function that takes in another function + + align:start position:0% +function that takes in another function + + + align:start position:0% +function that takes in another function +as a parameter and then the way we use + + align:start position:0% +as a parameter and then the way we use + + + align:start position:0% +as a parameter and then the way we use +the function is down here so apply is us + + align:start position:0% +the function is down here so apply is us + + + align:start position:0% +the function is down here so apply is us +making our function call and then the + + align:start position:0% +making our function call and then the + + + align:start position:0% +making our function call and then the +first parameter is the name of a + + align:start position:0% +first parameter is the name of a + + + align:start position:0% +first parameter is the name of a +function and the second parameter is an + + align:start position:0% +function and the second parameter is an + + + align:start position:0% +function and the second parameter is an +integer so the name of the function + + align:start position:0% +integer so the name of the function + + + align:start position:0% +integer so the name of the function +we're running is this uh object that we + + align:start position:0% +we're running is this uh object that we + + + align:start position:0% +we're running is this uh object that we +defined over here okay hopefully this is + + align:start position:0% +defined over here okay hopefully this is + + + align:start position:0% +defined over here okay hopefully this is +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +review now what's interesting about this + + align:start position:0% +review now what's interesting about this + + + align:start position:0% +review now what's interesting about this +example is that this is even function is + + align:start position:0% +example is that this is even function is + + + align:start position:0% +example is that this is even function is +pretty simple right it's it's basically + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple right it's it's basically + + + align:start position:0% +pretty simple right it's it's basically +a oneliner it doesn't do any + + align:start position:0% +a oneliner it doesn't do any + + + align:start position:0% +a oneliner it doesn't do any +computations inside the function body it + + align:start position:0% +computations inside the function body it + + + align:start position:0% +computations inside the function body it +basically just takes in an an in a value + + align:start position:0% +basically just takes in an an in a value + + + align:start position:0% +basically just takes in an an in a value +an input and returns + + align:start position:0% +an input and returns + + + align:start position:0% +an input and returns +something and so we didn't really need + + align:start position:0% +something and so we didn't really need + + + align:start position:0% +something and so we didn't really need +to create a function uh a full-fledged + + align:start position:0% +to create a function uh a full-fledged + + + align:start position:0% +to create a function uh a full-fledged +function definition just to do this + + align:start position:0% +function definition just to do this + + + align:start position:0% +function definition just to do this +really simple task and in fact that's + + align:start position:0% +really simple task and in fact that's + + + align:start position:0% +really simple task and in fact that's +what a a Lambda function is it's + + align:start position:0% +what a a Lambda function is it's + + + align:start position:0% +what a a Lambda function is it's +basically a way for us to create an + + align:start position:0% +basically a way for us to create an + + + align:start position:0% +basically a way for us to create an +anonymous function a function that does + + align:start position:0% +anonymous function a function that does + + + align:start position:0% +anonymous function a function that does +something really simple um but we just + + align:start position:0% +something really simple um but we just + + + align:start position:0% +something really simple um but we just +don't give it a name okay and so here is + + align:start position:0% +don't give it a name okay and so here is + + + align:start position:0% +don't give it a name okay and so here is +the function that we created with an + + align:start position:0% +the function that we created with an + + + align:start position:0% +the function that we created with an +actual definition up here we can create + + align:start position:0% +actual definition up here we can create + + + align:start position:0% +actual definition up here we can create +an equivalent Anonymous function that + + align:start position:0% +an equivalent Anonymous function that + + + align:start position:0% +an equivalent Anonymous function that +looks like this so this is a much more + + align:start position:0% +looks like this so this is a much more + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this so this is a much more +concise way for us to create a really + + align:start position:0% +concise way for us to create a really + + + align:start position:0% +concise way for us to create a really +simple function that we only need to use + + align:start position:0% +simple function that we only need to use + + + align:start position:0% +simple function that we only need to use +one time so here is uh uh I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +one time so here is uh uh I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +one time so here is uh uh I'm going to +just map out sort of one by one the + + align:start position:0% +just map out sort of one by one the + + + align:start position:0% +just map out sort of one by one the +important pieces of the Lambda function + + align:start position:0% +important pieces of the Lambda function + + + align:start position:0% +important pieces of the Lambda function +so the Lambda keyword starts out uh the + + align:start position:0% +so the Lambda keyword starts out uh the + + + align:start position:0% +so the Lambda keyword starts out uh the +anonymous function and it tells python + + align:start position:0% +anonymous function and it tells python + + + align:start position:0% +anonymous function and it tells python +that we're creating this Anonymous + + align:start position:0% +that we're creating this Anonymous + + + align:start position:0% +that we're creating this Anonymous +function so Lambda is not the name of + + align:start position:0% +function so Lambda is not the name of + + + align:start position:0% +function so Lambda is not the name of +the function it just tells python we're + + align:start position:0% +the function it just tells python we're + + + align:start position:0% +the function it just tells python we're +going to create this function in one + + align:start position:0% +going to create this function in one + + + align:start position:0% +going to create this function in one +line that is + + align:start position:0% +line that is + + + align:start position:0% +line that is +nameless X is going to be any parameters + + align:start position:0% +nameless X is going to be any parameters + + + align:start position:0% +nameless X is going to be any parameters +that we expect this function to take so + + align:start position:0% +that we expect this function to take so + + + align:start position:0% +that we expect this function to take so +if we have more than one we just + + align:start position:0% +if we have more than one we just + + + align:start position:0% +if we have more than one we just +separate them with commas colon is again + + align:start position:0% +separate them with commas colon is again + + + align:start position:0% +separate them with commas colon is again +the same and then the body of the + + align:start position:0% +the same and then the body of the + + + align:start position:0% +the same and then the body of the +function if you can write it in one + + align:start position:0% +function if you can write it in one + + + align:start position:0% +function if you can write it in one +liner that's not too complicated you can + + align:start position:0% +liner that's not too complicated you can + + + align:start position:0% +liner that's not too complicated you can +make a Lambda function out of it so here + + align:start position:0% +make a Lambda function out of it so here + + + align:start position:0% +make a Lambda function out of it so here +notice we don't actually have a return + + align:start position:0% +notice we don't actually have a return + + + align:start position:0% +notice we don't actually have a return +keyword when we're creating the Lambda + + align:start position:0% +keyword when we're creating the Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +keyword when we're creating the Lambda +function we're just doing the operation + + align:start position:0% +function we're just doing the operation + + + align:start position:0% +function we're just doing the operation +that we wish to return the value + + align:start position:0% +that we wish to return the value + + + align:start position:0% +that we wish to return the value +from okay so the x% 2 equal zero is + + align:start position:0% +from okay so the x% 2 equal zero is + + + align:start position:0% +from okay so the x% 2 equal zero is +basically the body of my Lambda function + + align:start position:0% +basically the body of my Lambda function + + + align:start position:0% +basically the body of my Lambda function +over here okay so the key thing about + + align:start position:0% +over here okay so the key thing about + + + align:start position:0% +over here okay so the key thing about +Lambda functions is that it allows you + + align:start position:0% +Lambda functions is that it allows you + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda functions is that it allows you +to create a really quick function object + + align:start position:0% +to create a really quick function object + + + align:start position:0% +to create a really quick function object +that you basically want to use only one + + align:start position:0% +that you basically want to use only one + + + align:start position:0% +that you basically want to use only one +time and so we're not giving it a name + + align:start position:0% +time and so we're not giving it a name + + + align:start position:0% +time and so we're not giving it a name +so let's look uh look at the code so + + align:start position:0% +so let's look uh look at the code so + + + align:start position:0% +so let's look uh look at the code so +here is my apply function that we've + + align:start position:0% +here is my apply function that we've + + + align:start position:0% +here is my apply function that we've +seen before here is US uh I showed you + + align:start position:0% +seen before here is US uh I showed you + + + align:start position:0% +seen before here is US uh I showed you +this last time I created another + + align:start position:0% +this last time I created another + + + align:start position:0% +this last time I created another +definition for another simple function + + align:start position:0% +definition for another simple function + + + align:start position:0% +definition for another simple function +that takes in an integer and returns a + + align:start position:0% +that takes in an integer and returns a + + + align:start position:0% +that takes in an integer and returns a +Boolean in this case this function just + + align:start position:0% +Boolean in this case this function just + + + align:start position:0% +Boolean in this case this function just +tells me whether that input is equal to + + align:start position:0% +tells me whether that input is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +tells me whether that input is equal to +five and this is kind of where we left + + align:start position:0% +five and this is kind of where we left + + + align:start position:0% +five and this is kind of where we left +off last time we ran apply with this is + + align:start position:0% +off last time we ran apply with this is + + + align:start position:0% +off last time we ran apply with this is +five function okay so that prints uh you + + align:start position:0% +five function okay so that prints uh you + + + align:start position:0% +five function okay so that prints uh you +know apply with is5 is one there's only + + align:start position:0% +know apply with is5 is one there's only + + + align:start position:0% +know apply with is5 is one there's only +one integer between 0 and 10 where + + align:start position:0% +one integer between 0 and 10 where + + + align:start position:0% +one integer between 0 and 10 where +applying this returns true okay now with + + align:start position:0% +applying this returns true okay now with + + + align:start position:0% +applying this returns true okay now with +an anonymous function just to show you + + align:start position:0% +an anonymous function just to show you + + + align:start position:0% +an anonymous function just to show you +how we would write a Lambda function for + + align:start position:0% +how we would write a Lambda function for + + + align:start position:0% +how we would write a Lambda function for +this isore 5 it would look like this so + + align:start position:0% +this isore 5 it would look like this so + + + align:start position:0% +this isore 5 it would look like this so +again we tell python we're creating an + + align:start position:0% +again we tell python we're creating an + + + align:start position:0% +again we tell python we're creating an +anonymous function it has just the one + + align:start position:0% +anonymous function it has just the one + + + align:start position:0% +anonymous function it has just the one +input X colon no return and just the + + align:start position:0% +input X colon no return and just the + + + align:start position:0% +input X colon no return and just the +body of the function is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +body of the function is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +body of the function is going to be the +thing that we would like to return x equ + + align:start position:0% +thing that we would like to return x equ + + + align:start position:0% +thing that we would like to return x equ +equal 5 okay so again this notice we're + + align:start position:0% +equal 5 okay so again this notice we're + + + align:start position:0% +equal 5 okay so again this notice we're +not actually passing in the name there + + align:start position:0% +not actually passing in the name there + + + align:start position:0% +not actually passing in the name there +is no name for the synonymous function + + align:start position:0% +is no name for the synonymous function + + + align:start position:0% +is no name for the synonymous function +but it works in the exact same way as if + + align:start position:0% +but it works in the exact same way as if + + + align:start position:0% +but it works in the exact same way as if +we had created this function over + + align:start position:0% +we had created this function over + + + align:start position:0% +we had created this function over +here and just to sort of bring that or + + align:start position:0% +here and just to sort of bring that or + + + align:start position:0% +here and just to sort of bring that or +and I can run it again and you can see + + align:start position:0% +and I can run it again and you can see + + + align:start position:0% +and I can run it again and you can see +it apply with the function name is one + + align:start position:0% +it apply with the function name is one + + + align:start position:0% +it apply with the function name is one +right and obviously apply with the + + align:start position:0% +right and obviously apply with the + + + align:start position:0% +right and obviously apply with the +synonymous function also returns + + align:start position:0% +synonymous function also returns + + + align:start position:0% +synonymous function also returns +one so just to bring the point home I + + align:start position:0% +one so just to bring the point home I + + + align:start position:0% +one so just to bring the point home I +want to show you one other way to think + + align:start position:0% +want to show you one other way to think + + + align:start position:0% +want to show you one other way to think +of these uh Anonymous functions so here + + align:start position:0% +of these uh Anonymous functions so here + + + align:start position:0% +of these uh Anonymous functions so here +is me calling my is even function with a + + align:start position:0% +is me calling my is even function with a + + + align:start position:0% +is me calling my is even function with a +parameter + + align:start position:0% +parameter + + + align:start position:0% +parameter +8 now in order for me to actually run it + + align:start position:0% +8 now in order for me to actually run it + + + align:start position:0% +8 now in order for me to actually run it +run this line here I had to have the + + align:start position:0% +run this line here I had to have the + + + align:start position:0% +run this line here I had to have the +function definition way up here but + + align:start position:0% +function definition way up here but + + + align:start position:0% +function definition way up here but +again it's a really simple function if I + + align:start position:0% +again it's a really simple function if I + + + align:start position:0% +again it's a really simple function if I +only want to use it one time I can + + align:start position:0% +only want to use it one time I can + + + align:start position:0% +only want to use it one time I can +create a Lambda function and this over + + align:start position:0% +create a Lambda function and this over + + + align:start position:0% +create a Lambda function and this over +here is equivalent to this function + + align:start position:0% +here is equivalent to this function + + + align:start position:0% +here is equivalent to this function +definition and uh function definition + + align:start position:0% +definition and uh function definition + + + align:start position:0% +definition and uh function definition +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +right so you can think of this line over + + align:start position:0% +right so you can think of this line over + + + align:start position:0% +right so you can think of this line over +here so the part that I've highlighted + + align:start position:0% +here so the part that I've highlighted + + + align:start position:0% +here so the part that I've highlighted +as sort of creating the definition Allin + + align:start position:0% +as sort of creating the definition Allin + + + align:start position:0% +as sort of creating the definition Allin +one line not giving it a name and then + + align:start position:0% +one line not giving it a name and then + + + align:start position:0% +one line not giving it a name and then +the parentheses here is US calling those + + align:start position:0% +the parentheses here is US calling those + + + align:start position:0% +the parentheses here is US calling those +lines of code for that function + + align:start position:0% +lines of code for that function + + + align:start position:0% +lines of code for that function +definition with that parameter + + align:start position:0% +definition with that parameter + + + align:start position:0% +definition with that parameter +eight okay and so the usefulness of + + align:start position:0% +eight okay and so the usefulness of + + + align:start position:0% +eight okay and so the usefulness of +Lambda functions is when you want to + + align:start position:0% +Lambda functions is when you want to + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda functions is when you want to +create these really quick functions uh + + align:start position:0% +create these really quick functions uh + + + align:start position:0% +create these really quick functions uh +that you don't want to reuse obviously + + align:start position:0% +that you don't want to reuse obviously + + + align:start position:0% +that you don't want to reuse obviously +if we wanted to reuse this uh the + + align:start position:0% +if we wanted to reuse this uh the + + + align:start position:0% +if we wanted to reuse this uh the +functionality of the is even but we + + align:start position:0% +functionality of the is even but we + + + align:start position:0% +functionality of the is even but we +created it using a Lambda function we + + align:start position:0% +created it using a Lambda function we + + + align:start position:0% +created it using a Lambda function we +would have to basically copy this line + + align:start position:0% +would have to basically copy this line + + + align:start position:0% +would have to basically copy this line +and paste it all over again right so + + align:start position:0% +and paste it all over again right so + + + align:start position:0% +and paste it all over again right so +we'd have to take this copy it paste it + + align:start position:0% +we'd have to take this copy it paste it + + + align:start position:0% +we'd have to take this copy it paste it +and give it another input okay because + + align:start position:0% +and give it another input okay because + + + align:start position:0% +and give it another input okay because +this Lambda function does not actually + + align:start position:0% +this Lambda function does not actually + + + align:start position:0% +this Lambda function does not actually +create it in memory with a name there's + + align:start position:0% +create it in memory with a name there's + + + align:start position:0% +create it in memory with a name there's +no way for us to access the body + + align:start position:0% +no way for us to access the body + + + align:start position:0% +no way for us to access the body +uh because it's it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nameless + + align:start position:0% +nameless + + + align:start position:0% +nameless +okay so when we uh so just uh to to + + align:start position:0% +okay so when we uh so just uh to to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so when we uh so just uh to to +finish uh how we call Lambda functions + + align:start position:0% +finish uh how we call Lambda functions + + + align:start position:0% +finish uh how we call Lambda functions +so basically when we called apply is + + align:start position:0% +so basically when we called apply is + + + align:start position:0% +so basically when we called apply is +even + + align:start position:0% +even + + + align:start position:0% +even +10 the equivalent to calling that + + align:start position:0% +10 the equivalent to calling that + + + align:start position:0% +10 the equivalent to calling that +function name but with a Lambda function + + align:start position:0% +function name but with a Lambda function + + + align:start position:0% +function name but with a Lambda function +is basically putting in the entire body + + align:start position:0% +is basically putting in the entire body + + + align:start position:0% +is basically putting in the entire body +of the Lambda function inside this other + + align:start position:0% +of the Lambda function inside this other + + + align:start position:0% +of the Lambda function inside this other +function call right so here we're both + + align:start position:0% +function call right so here we're both + + + align:start position:0% +function call right so here we're both +defining and telling uh and then telling + + align:start position:0% +defining and telling uh and then telling + + + align:start position:0% +defining and telling uh and then telling +python that this is my input to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function okay so I know this is a UT Tri + + align:start position:0% +function okay so I know this is a UT Tri + + + align:start position:0% +function okay so I know this is a UT Tri +it but I thought that we would actually + + align:start position:0% +it but I thought that we would actually + + + align:start position:0% +it but I thought that we would actually +run through it together step by step uh + + align:start position:0% +run through it together step by step uh + + + align:start position:0% +run through it together step by step uh +on the next few slides so let's try to + + align:start position:0% +on the next few slides so let's try to + + + align:start position:0% +on the next few slides so let's try to +understand what this is doing I've got a + + align:start position:0% +understand what this is doing I've got a + + + align:start position:0% +understand what this is doing I've got a +function definition named do twice it + + align:start position:0% +function definition named do twice it + + + align:start position:0% +function definition named do twice it +takes in one input another input but if + + align:start position:0% +takes in one input another input but if + + + align:start position:0% +takes in one input another input but if +we look at the body here this FN that's + + align:start position:0% +we look at the body here this FN that's + + + align:start position:0% +we look at the body here this FN that's +the input is actually being called like + + align:start position:0% +the input is actually being called like + + + align:start position:0% +the input is actually being called like +a function inside the body right so we + + align:start position:0% +a function inside the body right so we + + + align:start position:0% +a function inside the body right so we +can Auto so we can immediately tell that + + align:start position:0% +can Auto so we can immediately tell that + + + align:start position:0% +can Auto so we can immediately tell that +FN is going to be a function when we + + align:start position:0% +FN is going to be a function when we + + + align:start position:0% +FN is going to be a function when we +actually make the call to do twice and + + align:start position:0% +actually make the call to do twice and + + + align:start position:0% +actually make the call to do twice and +indeed when we make the call to do twice + + align:start position:0% +indeed when we make the call to do twice + + + align:start position:0% +indeed when we make the call to do twice +down here n is mapped to three and the + + align:start position:0% +down here n is mapped to three and the + + + align:start position:0% +down here n is mapped to three and the +second parameter FN is mapped to this + + align:start position:0% +second parameter FN is mapped to this + + + align:start position:0% +second parameter FN is mapped to this +Anonymous Lambda function + + align:start position:0% +Anonymous Lambda function + + + align:start position:0% +Anonymous Lambda function +okay so let's step through one uh little + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's step through one uh little + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's step through one uh little +by little uh in the same manner that we + + align:start position:0% +by little uh in the same manner that we + + + align:start position:0% +by little uh in the same manner that we +learned last lecture so creating actual + + align:start position:0% +learned last lecture so creating actual + + + align:start position:0% +learned last lecture so creating actual +environments whenever we see a function + + align:start position:0% +environments whenever we see a function + + + align:start position:0% +environments whenever we see a function +call mapping parameters actual + + align:start position:0% +call mapping parameters actual + + + align:start position:0% +call mapping parameters actual +parameters to formal parameters and + + align:start position:0% +parameters to formal parameters and + + + align:start position:0% +parameters to formal parameters and +following through on what exactly uh uh + + align:start position:0% +following through on what exactly uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +following through on what exactly uh uh +happens within each function + + align:start position:0% +happens within each function + + + align:start position:0% +happens within each function +body so when we first make the function + + align:start position:0% +body so when we first make the function + + + align:start position:0% +body so when we first make the function +call right uh or sorry when we first run + + align:start position:0% +call right uh or sorry when we first run + + + align:start position:0% +call right uh or sorry when we first run +this program if it has these uh sort of + + align:start position:0% +this program if it has these uh sort of + + + align:start position:0% +this program if it has these uh sort of +three lines of code inside it uh python + + align:start position:0% +three lines of code inside it uh python + + + align:start position:0% +three lines of code inside it uh python +creates our + + align:start position:0% +creates our + + + align:start position:0% +creates our +environment inside the environment we've + + align:start position:0% +environment inside the environment we've + + + align:start position:0% +environment inside the environment we've +got one function definition here so this + + align:start position:0% +got one function definition here so this + + + align:start position:0% +got one function definition here so this +is going to be this function + + align:start position:0% +is going to be this function + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be this function +object and then I've got the thing that + + align:start position:0% +object and then I've got the thing that + + + align:start position:0% +object and then I've got the thing that +actually kicks off my my you know my + + align:start position:0% +actually kicks off my my you know my + + + align:start position:0% +actually kicks off my my you know my +function calls my my program so I've got + + align:start position:0% +function calls my my program so I've got + + + align:start position:0% +function calls my my program so I've got +a print statement that will print the + + align:start position:0% +a print statement that will print the + + + align:start position:0% +a print statement that will print the +result of doing + + align:start position:0% +result of doing + + + align:start position:0% +result of doing +something so the first thing I can see + + align:start position:0% +something so the first thing I can see + + + align:start position:0% +something so the first thing I can see +here is that I've got a function called + + align:start position:0% +here is that I've got a function called + + + align:start position:0% +here is that I've got a function called +to do twice right so I'm going left to + + align:start position:0% +to do twice right so I'm going left to + + + align:start position:0% +to do twice right so I'm going left to +right the first thing I do when I have a + + align:start position:0% +right the first thing I do when I have a + + + align:start position:0% +right the first thing I do when I have a +function call is I create a new + + align:start position:0% +function call is I create a new + + + align:start position:0% +function call is I create a new +environment + + align:start position:0% +environment + + + align:start position:0% +environment +M inside this environment of do twice I + + align:start position:0% +M inside this environment of do twice I + + + align:start position:0% +M inside this environment of do twice I +have to see what it takes in what are + + align:start position:0% +have to see what it takes in what are + + + align:start position:0% +have to see what it takes in what are +its formal parameters there's one called + + align:start position:0% +its formal parameters there's one called + + + align:start position:0% +its formal parameters there's one called +n and one called FN so there's one + + align:start position:0% +n and one called FN so there's one + + + align:start position:0% +n and one called FN so there's one +parameter n and the other one FN and now + + align:start position:0% +parameter n and the other one FN and now + + + align:start position:0% +parameter n and the other one FN and now +I basically map one by one the param the + + align:start position:0% +I basically map one by one the param the + + + align:start position:0% +I basically map one by one the param the +formal parameter to the actual parameter + + align:start position:0% +formal parameter to the actual parameter + + + align:start position:0% +formal parameter to the actual parameter +so the N gets mapped to the three + + align:start position:0% +so the N gets mapped to the three + + + align:start position:0% +so the N gets mapped to the three +because that's the first parameter of + + align:start position:0% +because that's the first parameter of + + + align:start position:0% +because that's the first parameter of +due twice and the FN gets mapped to this + + align:start position:0% +due twice and the FN gets mapped to this + + + align:start position:0% +due twice and the FN gets mapped to this +function object here right so the FN + + align:start position:0% +function object here right so the FN + + + align:start position:0% +function object here right so the FN +gets mapped to this Lambda function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here uh okay that's exactly what I said + + align:start position:0% +here uh okay that's exactly what I said + + + align:start position:0% +here uh okay that's exactly what I said +so we've done the mapping and now that + + align:start position:0% +so we've done the mapping and now that + + + align:start position:0% +so we've done the mapping and now that +we've done the mapping we can do the + + align:start position:0% +we've done the mapping we can do the + + + align:start position:0% +we've done the mapping we can do the +body of due twice so the body of doe + + align:start position:0% +body of due twice so the body of doe + + + align:start position:0% +body of due twice so the body of doe +twice says return and then I have to + + align:start position:0% +twice says return and then I have to + + + align:start position:0% +twice says return and then I have to +replace every everywhere I see FN with + + align:start position:0% +replace every everywhere I see FN with + + + align:start position:0% +replace every everywhere I see FN with +this Lambda function and everywhere I + + align:start position:0% +this Lambda function and everywhere I + + + align:start position:0% +this Lambda function and everywhere I +see n with this + + align:start position:0% +see n with this + + + align:start position:0% +see n with this +three well FN is going to be a function + + align:start position:0% +three well FN is going to be a function + + + align:start position:0% +three well FN is going to be a function +call right whenever we see a function + + align:start position:0% +call right whenever we see a function + + + align:start position:0% +call right whenever we see a function +call we need to create a function scope + + align:start position:0% +call we need to create a function scope + + + align:start position:0% +call we need to create a function scope +so before I can do the return before + + align:start position:0% +so before I can do the return before + + + align:start position:0% +so before I can do the return before +this do twice can terminate can return + + align:start position:0% +this do twice can terminate can return + + + align:start position:0% +this do twice can terminate can return +its value it sees a function call so + + align:start position:0% +its value it sees a function call so + + + align:start position:0% +its value it sees a function call so +when there's a function call we need to + + align:start position:0% +when there's a function call we need to + + + align:start position:0% +when there's a function call we need to +create another scope right another + + align:start position:0% +create another scope right another + + + align:start position:0% +create another scope right another +environment this environment belongs to + + align:start position:0% +environment this environment belongs to + + + align:start position:0% +environment this environment belongs to +the function call of Lambda X colon + + align:start position:0% +the function call of Lambda X colon + + + align:start position:0% +the function call of Lambda X colon +x^2 right now this function of course + + align:start position:0% +x^2 right now this function of course + + + align:start position:0% +x^2 right now this function of course +doesn't have a name normal I would say + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a name normal I would say + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have a name normal I would say +you know this is the F environment or + + align:start position:0% +you know this is the F environment or + + + align:start position:0% +you know this is the F environment or +this is the G environment or the is even + + align:start position:0% +this is the G environment or the is even + + + align:start position:0% +this is the G environment or the is even +environment but there's no name for this + + align:start position:0% +environment but there's no name for this + + + align:start position:0% +environment but there's no name for this +one so I'm just going to write up here + + align:start position:0% +one so I'm just going to write up here + + + align:start position:0% +one so I'm just going to write up here +the the body of that + + align:start position:0% +the the body of that + + + align:start position:0% +the the body of that +function all right well in this function + + align:start position:0% +function all right well in this function + + + align:start position:0% +function all right well in this function +again following sort of the the rules + + align:start position:0% +again following sort of the the rules + + + align:start position:0% +again following sort of the the rules +one by one what we need to do is figure + + align:start position:0% +one by one what we need to do is figure + + + align:start position:0% +one by one what we need to do is figure +out what are the parameters of this + + align:start position:0% +out what are the parameters of this + + + align:start position:0% +out what are the parameters of this +function well there's one called + + align:start position:0% +function well there's one called + + + align:start position:0% +function well there's one called +X so here's my parameter X and then I + + align:start position:0% +X so here's my parameter X and then I + + + align:start position:0% +X so here's my parameter X and then I +need to figure out what does this map + + align:start position:0% +need to figure out what does this map + + + align:start position:0% +need to figure out what does this map +to well what it maps to is the parameter + + align:start position:0% +to well what it maps to is the parameter + + + align:start position:0% +to well what it maps to is the parameter +inside it but the parameter inside it is + + align:start position:0% +inside it but the parameter inside it is + + + align:start position:0% +inside it but the parameter inside it is +FN parentheses + + align:start position:0% +FN parentheses + + + align:start position:0% +FN parentheses +n do we have a return value for this yet + + align:start position:0% +n do we have a return value for this yet + + + align:start position:0% +n do we have a return value for this yet +no right because this is another + + align:start position:0% +no right because this is another + + + align:start position:0% +no right because this is another +function call so what ends up happening + + align:start position:0% +function call so what ends up happening + + + align:start position:0% +function call so what ends up happening +is this environment gets put on hold as + + align:start position:0% +is this environment gets put on hold as + + + align:start position:0% +is this environment gets put on hold as +well because we can't figure out what + + align:start position:0% +well because we can't figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +well because we can't figure out what +parameter this Lambda function takes in + + align:start position:0% +parameter this Lambda function takes in + + + align:start position:0% +parameter this Lambda function takes in +what is its value so we create another + + align:start position:0% +what is its value so we create another + + + align:start position:0% +what is its value so we create another +scope another + + align:start position:0% +scope another + + + align:start position:0% +scope another +environment and in this particular case + + align:start position:0% +environment and in this particular case + + + align:start position:0% +environment and in this particular case +this one is going to belong + + align:start position:0% +this one is going to belong + + + align:start position:0% +this one is going to belong +to uh this this this inside bit here FN + + align:start position:0% +to uh this this this inside bit here FN + + + align:start position:0% +to uh this this this inside bit here FN +parentheses + + align:start position:0% +parentheses + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses +n so this Lambda uh xx2 is going to be + + align:start position:0% +n so this Lambda uh xx2 is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +n so this Lambda uh xx2 is going to be +the exact same function again being + + align:start position:0% +the exact same function again being + + + align:start position:0% +the exact same function again being +called again and in this particular + + align:start position:0% +called again and in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +called again and in this particular +environment we need to Map X to its + + align:start position:0% +environment we need to Map X to its + + + align:start position:0% +environment we need to Map X to its +input so the input to X to sorry to this + + align:start position:0% +input so the input to X to sorry to this + + + align:start position:0% +input so the input to X to sorry to this +uh Lambda X X2 is going to be n well + + align:start position:0% +uh Lambda X X2 is going to be n well + + + align:start position:0% +uh Lambda X X2 is going to be n well +this environment doesn't know about n so + + align:start position:0% +this environment doesn't know about n so + + + align:start position:0% +this environment doesn't know about n so +we pop up one level this environment + + align:start position:0% +we pop up one level this environment + + + align:start position:0% +we pop up one level this environment +knows about n it's three so it passes + + align:start position:0% +knows about n it's three so it passes + + + align:start position:0% +knows about n it's three so it passes +that value along down to this Lambda uh + + align:start position:0% +that value along down to this Lambda uh + + + align:start position:0% +that value along down to this Lambda uh +Lambda + + align:start position:0% +Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda +call so now that this inner sort of + + align:start position:0% +call so now that this inner sort of + + + align:start position:0% +call so now that this inner sort of +highlight yellow over here knows what it + + align:start position:0% +highlight yellow over here knows what it + + + align:start position:0% +highlight yellow over here knows what it +needs to do it needs to take in this X + + align:start position:0% +needs to do it needs to take in this X + + + align:start position:0% +needs to do it needs to take in this X +and return X squ so calculates N9 and + + align:start position:0% +and return X squ so calculates N9 and + + + align:start position:0% +and return X squ so calculates N9 and +then returns N9 to whoever called it + + align:start position:0% +then returns N9 to whoever called it + + + align:start position:0% +then returns N9 to whoever called it +that nine gets replaced now as the + + align:start position:0% +that nine gets replaced now as the + + + align:start position:0% +that nine gets replaced now as the +input to this outer FN okay so just to + + align:start position:0% +input to this outer FN okay so just to + + + align:start position:0% +input to this outer FN okay so just to +show you exactly what gets replaced that + + align:start position:0% +show you exactly what gets replaced that + + + align:start position:0% +show you exactly what gets replaced that +entire function call there gets replaced + + align:start position:0% +entire function call there gets replaced + + + align:start position:0% +entire function call there gets replaced +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +nine all right as soon as we've done the + + align:start position:0% +nine all right as soon as we've done the + + + align:start position:0% +nine all right as soon as we've done the +return that environment goes away and at + + align:start position:0% +return that environment goes away and at + + + align:start position:0% +return that environment goes away and at +this point this uh call to Lambda XX squ + + align:start position:0% +this point this uh call to Lambda XX squ + + + align:start position:0% +this point this uh call to Lambda XX squ +can terminate as well because it takes + + align:start position:0% +can terminate as well because it takes + + + align:start position:0% +can terminate as well because it takes +in the number uh n and it returns 9 squ + + align:start position:0% +in the number uh n and it returns 9 squ + + + align:start position:0% +in the number uh n and it returns 9 squ +so this one returns 81 so this entire + + align:start position:0% +so this one returns 81 so this entire + + + align:start position:0% +so this one returns 81 so this entire +function call is + + align:start position:0% +function call is + + + align:start position:0% +function call is +81 and as soon as it returns that + + align:start position:0% +81 and as soon as it returns that + + + align:start position:0% +81 and as soon as it returns that +environment goes away and now due twice + + align:start position:0% +environment goes away and now due twice + + + align:start position:0% +environment goes away and now due twice +can finally finish its job and return 81 + + align:start position:0% +can finally finish its job and return 81 + + + align:start position:0% +can finally finish its job and return 81 +it just basically passes this value + + align:start position:0% +it just basically passes this value + + + align:start position:0% +it just basically passes this value +along back up okay so that returns 81 so + + align:start position:0% +along back up okay so that returns 81 so + + + align:start position:0% +along back up okay so that returns 81 so +this entire due twice call is going to + + align:start position:0% +this entire due twice call is going to + + + align:start position:0% +this entire due twice call is going to +be a + + align:start position:0% +be a + + + align:start position:0% +be a +81 why why are there why does Lambda why + + align:start position:0% +81 why why are there why does Lambda why + + + align:start position:0% +81 why why are there why does Lambda why +were there two of them again uh there + + align:start position:0% +were there two of them again uh there + + + align:start position:0% +were there two of them again uh there +were two of them because uh this outer + + align:start position:0% +were two of them because uh this outer + + + align:start position:0% +were two of them because uh this outer +FN calls an inner FN so we yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so that wraps up our + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so that wraps up our + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so that wraps up our +discussion on functions and there's a + + align:start position:0% +discussion on functions and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +discussion on functions and there's a +couple exercises in this uh the python + + align:start position:0% +couple exercises in this uh the python + + + align:start position:0% +couple exercises in this uh the python +file associated with this lecture with + + align:start position:0% +file associated with this lecture with + + + align:start position:0% +file associated with this lecture with +Lambda functions uh just so you can uh + + align:start position:0% +Lambda functions uh just so you can uh + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda functions uh just so you can uh +give it a try with those yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question um well apply was just a + + align:start position:0% +question um well apply was just a + + + align:start position:0% +question um well apply was just a +function that I wrote so uh in in this + + align:start position:0% +function that I wrote so uh in in this + + + align:start position:0% +function that I wrote so uh in in this +partic in this new example I was just + + align:start position:0% +partic in this new example I was just + + + align:start position:0% +partic in this new example I was just +printing the result of calling that + + align:start position:0% +printing the result of calling that + + + align:start position:0% +printing the result of calling that +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +yeah so again this kind of trace of what + + align:start position:0% +yeah so again this kind of trace of what + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so again this kind of trace of what +happens throughout the program is really + + align:start position:0% +happens throughout the program is really + + + align:start position:0% +happens throughout the program is really +really useful so if you can you know if + + align:start position:0% +really useful so if you can you know if + + + align:start position:0% +really useful so if you can you know if +you have some time to to try to get that + + align:start position:0% +you have some time to to try to get that + + + align:start position:0% +you have some time to to try to get that +down it'll be very very helpful as you + + align:start position:0% +down it'll be very very helpful as you + + + align:start position:0% +down it'll be very very helpful as you +trace through some + + align:start position:0% +trace through some + + + align:start position:0% +trace through some +programs okay so that ends our + + align:start position:0% +programs okay so that ends our + + + align:start position:0% +programs okay so that ends our +discussion on functions and really the + + align:start position:0% +discussion on functions and really the + + + align:start position:0% +discussion on functions and really the +only syntax we've introduced in the past + + align:start position:0% +only syntax we've introduced in the past + + + align:start position:0% +only syntax we've introduced in the past +couple lectures were just about how to + + align:start position:0% +couple lectures were just about how to + + + align:start position:0% +couple lectures were just about how to +wrap code we've already been using in a + + align:start position:0% +wrap code we've already been using in a + + + align:start position:0% +wrap code we've already been using in a +function right so not much new syntax + + align:start position:0% +function right so not much new syntax + + + align:start position:0% +function right so not much new syntax +but today we're going to introduce some + + align:start position:0% +but today we're going to introduce some + + + align:start position:0% +but today we're going to introduce some +new syntax um along with the + + align:start position:0% +new syntax um along with the + + + align:start position:0% +new syntax um along with the +introduction of two new data types one + + align:start position:0% +introduction of two new data types one + + + align:start position:0% +introduction of two new data types one +is called a tupal and the other one is + + align:start position:0% +is called a tupal and the other one is + + + align:start position:0% +is called a tupal and the other one is +called a + + align:start position:0% +called a + + + align:start position:0% +called a +list so what are the data types we've + + align:start position:0% +list so what are the data types we've + + + align:start position:0% +list so what are the data types we've +seen so so far we've seen integers + + align:start position:0% +seen so so far we've seen integers + + + align:start position:0% +seen so so far we've seen integers +floats basically numbers we've seen + + align:start position:0% +floats basically numbers we've seen + + + align:start position:0% +floats basically numbers we've seen +booleans as truth values we've seen this + + align:start position:0% +booleans as truth values we've seen this + + + align:start position:0% +booleans as truth values we've seen this +nun type type which has one value none + + align:start position:0% +nun type type which has one value none + + + align:start position:0% +nun type type which has one value none +and we actually also saw the string data + + align:start position:0% +and we actually also saw the string data + + + align:start position:0% +and we actually also saw the string data +type right we could think of the string + + align:start position:0% +type right we could think of the string + + + align:start position:0% +type right we could think of the string +data type as sort of a compound data + + align:start position:0% +data type as sort of a compound data + + + align:start position:0% +data type as sort of a compound data +type like a sequence of single + + align:start position:0% +type like a sequence of single + + + align:start position:0% +type like a sequence of single +characters and in fact we were using + + align:start position:0% +characters and in fact we were using + + + align:start position:0% +characters and in fact we were using +that string uh in that way because we + + align:start position:0% +that string uh in that way because we + + + align:start position:0% +that string uh in that way because we +were able to index into the string to + + align:start position:0% +were able to index into the string to + + + align:start position:0% +were able to index into the string to +grab the character at index zero sort of + + align:start position:0% +grab the character at index zero sort of + + + align:start position:0% +grab the character at index zero sort of +slice the substring right to get the + + align:start position:0% +slice the substring right to get the + + + align:start position:0% +slice the substring right to get the +length of the + + align:start position:0% +length of the + + + align:start position:0% +length of the +string today we're going to introduce + + align:start position:0% +string today we're going to introduce + + + align:start position:0% +string today we're going to introduce +two more compound data types so these + + align:start position:0% +two more compound data types so these + + + align:start position:0% +two more compound data types so these +things called tupal and these things + + align:start position:0% +things called tupal and these things + + + align:start position:0% +things called tupal and these things +called lists and throughout the the + + align:start position:0% +called lists and throughout the the + + + align:start position:0% +called lists and throughout the the +lecture um you should really think about + + align:start position:0% +lecture um you should really think about + + + align:start position:0% +lecture um you should really think about +how it's very very similar to the + + align:start position:0% +how it's very very similar to the + + + align:start position:0% +how it's very very similar to the +strings the the the strings that we + + align:start position:0% +strings the the the strings that we + + + align:start position:0% +strings the the the strings that we +we've already seen so a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +we've already seen so a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +we've already seen so a lot of the +operations I'm actually going to skip um + + align:start position:0% +operations I'm actually going to skip um + + + align:start position:0% +operations I'm actually going to skip um +aside from sort of the syntax of how we + + align:start position:0% +aside from sort of the syntax of how we + + + align:start position:0% +aside from sort of the syntax of how we +denote a tupal or a list really the + + align:start position:0% +denote a tupal or a list really the + + + align:start position:0% +denote a tupal or a list really the +operations that we do with tupal and + + align:start position:0% +operations that we do with tupal and + + + align:start position:0% +operations that we do with tupal and +lists are going to be exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +lists are going to be exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +lists are going to be exactly the same +as the ones that we did with strings + + align:start position:0% +as the ones that we did with strings + + + align:start position:0% +as the ones that we did with strings +right so if you understand indexing and + + align:start position:0% +right so if you understand indexing and + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you understand indexing and +slicing and getting the length of the + + align:start position:0% +slicing and getting the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +slicing and getting the length of the +string all that stuff you'll understand + + align:start position:0% +string all that stuff you'll understand + + + align:start position:0% +string all that stuff you'll understand +how to do that for tupal and + + align:start position:0% +how to do that for tupal and + + + align:start position:0% +how to do that for tupal and +lists all right so tupal are indexable + + align:start position:0% +lists all right so tupal are indexable + + + align:start position:0% +lists all right so tupal are indexable +ordered sequences of objects that's kind + + align:start position:0% +ordered sequences of objects that's kind + + + align:start position:0% +ordered sequences of objects that's kind +of a lot so we can break that down um so + + align:start position:0% +of a lot so we can break that down um so + + + align:start position:0% +of a lot so we can break that down um so +first of all it's a sequence of objects + + align:start position:0% +first of all it's a sequence of objects + + + align:start position:0% +first of all it's a sequence of objects +just like a string was a sequence of + + align:start position:0% +just like a string was a sequence of + + + align:start position:0% +just like a string was a sequence of +single characters a tupo is going to be + + align:start position:0% +single characters a tupo is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +single characters a tupo is going to be +a sequence of not just characters but + + align:start position:0% +a sequence of not just characters but + + + align:start position:0% +a sequence of not just characters but +any kind of + + align:start position:0% +any kind of + + + align:start position:0% +any kind of +object ordered sequence means that there + + align:start position:0% +object ordered sequence means that there + + + align:start position:0% +object ordered sequence means that there +will be an order to this sequence so + + align:start position:0% +will be an order to this sequence so + + + align:start position:0% +will be an order to this sequence so +there's going to be an object at the + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be an object at the + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be an object at the +first position in my tupal an object at + + align:start position:0% +first position in my tupal an object at + + + align:start position:0% +first position in my tupal an object at +the second position in my tupal and so + + align:start position:0% +the second position in my tupal and so + + + align:start position:0% +the second position in my tupal and so +on just like there was a character at + + align:start position:0% +on just like there was a character at + + + align:start position:0% +on just like there was a character at +the first position character at the + + align:start position:0% +the first position character at the + + + align:start position:0% +the first position character at the +second position and so on an indexable + + align:start position:0% +second position and so on an indexable + + + align:start position:0% +second position and so on an indexable +ordered sequence means that we can index + + align:start position:0% +ordered sequence means that we can index + + + align:start position:0% +ordered sequence means that we can index +into this object so we can grab the + + align:start position:0% +into this object so we can grab the + + + align:start position:0% +into this object so we can grab the +element at index zero grab the element + + align:start position:0% +element at index zero grab the element + + + align:start position:0% +element at index zero grab the element +index one and so on and so + + align:start position:0% +index one and so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +index one and so on and so +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +so how do we create these tuples uh I + + align:start position:0% +so how do we create these tuples uh I + + + align:start position:0% +so how do we create these tuples uh I +should note that some people call them + + align:start position:0% +should note that some people call them + + + align:start position:0% +should note that some people call them +tupples because they're just kind of + + align:start position:0% +tupples because they're just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +tupples because they're just kind of +like an endle kind of thing so you can + + align:start position:0% +like an endle kind of thing so you can + + + align:start position:0% +like an endle kind of thing so you can +call them tupes or tuples however you'd + + align:start position:0% +call them tupes or tuples however you'd + + + align:start position:0% +call them tupes or tuples however you'd +like all right so how do we create these + + align:start position:0% +like all right so how do we create these + + + align:start position:0% +like all right so how do we create these +uh these these tupal objects well we can + + align:start position:0% +uh these these tupal objects well we can + + + align:start position:0% +uh these these tupal objects well we can +create a tupal object that's empty using + + align:start position:0% +create a tupal object that's empty using + + + align:start position:0% +create a tupal object that's empty using +just open and close parentheses so we + + align:start position:0% +just open and close parentheses so we + + + align:start position:0% +just open and close parentheses so we +could create strings using just sort of + + align:start position:0% +could create strings using just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +could create strings using just sort of +the open and close quotation marks we + + align:start position:0% +the open and close quotation marks we + + + align:start position:0% +the open and close quotation marks we +create an empty tle by doing open and + + align:start position:0% +create an empty tle by doing open and + + + align:start position:0% +create an empty tle by doing open and +close parentheses now this is different + + align:start position:0% +close parentheses now this is different + + + align:start position:0% +close parentheses now this is different +than functions right we this is a little + + align:start position:0% +than functions right we this is a little + + + align:start position:0% +than functions right we this is a little +bit similar or might beit confusing + + align:start position:0% +bit similar or might beit confusing + + + align:start position:0% +bit similar or might beit confusing +because we use parentheses to make + + align:start position:0% +because we use parentheses to make + + + align:start position:0% +because we use parentheses to make +function calls but notice it's just the + + align:start position:0% +function calls but notice it's just the + + + align:start position:0% +function calls but notice it's just the +parentheses by themselves right there's + + align:start position:0% +parentheses by themselves right there's + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses by themselves right there's +no function name nothing preceding the + + align:start position:0% +no function name nothing preceding the + + + align:start position:0% +no function name nothing preceding the +parentheses so to python it's not going + + align:start position:0% +parentheses so to python it's not going + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses so to python it's not going +to be confusing when you just do + + align:start position:0% +to be confusing when you just do + + + align:start position:0% +to be confusing when you just do +this um you can create a tupal with one + + align:start position:0% +this um you can create a tupal with one + + + align:start position:0% +this um you can create a tupal with one +element in it by putting open close + + align:start position:0% +element in it by putting open close + + + align:start position:0% +element in it by putting open close +parentheses that element that you want + + align:start position:0% +parentheses that element that you want + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses that element that you want +to add to your tupal and then a comma + + align:start position:0% +to add to your tupal and then a comma + + + align:start position:0% +to add to your tupal and then a comma +right after it now the comma is there + + align:start position:0% +right after it now the comma is there + + + align:start position:0% +right after it now the comma is there +to uh + + align:start position:0% +to uh + + + align:start position:0% +to uh +differentiate a tuple with one element + + align:start position:0% +differentiate a tuple with one element + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate a tuple with one element +from sort of using parentheses as + + align:start position:0% +from sort of using parentheses as + + + align:start position:0% +from sort of using parentheses as +precedence over an operation so just as + + align:start position:0% +precedence over an operation so just as + + + align:start position:0% +precedence over an operation so just as +an example if I create a is equal to 5 + + align:start position:0% +an example if I create a is equal to 5 + + + align:start position:0% +an example if I create a is equal to 5 +like this right I'm using parentheses + + align:start position:0% +like this right I'm using parentheses + + + align:start position:0% +like this right I'm using parentheses +around an integer but the type of a a is + + align:start position:0% +around an integer but the type of a a is + + + align:start position:0% +around an integer but the type of a a is +still an integer I'm basically just + + align:start position:0% +still an integer I'm basically just + + + align:start position:0% +still an integer I'm basically just +using the parenthesis to say I want to + + align:start position:0% +using the parenthesis to say I want to + + + align:start position:0% +using the parenthesis to say I want to +you know do this five you know before + + align:start position:0% +you know do this five you know before + + + align:start position:0% +you know do this five you know before +doing anything else which is a little + + align:start position:0% +doing anything else which is a little + + + align:start position:0% +doing anything else which is a little +strange to do and right the value of a + + align:start position:0% +strange to do and right the value of a + + + align:start position:0% +strange to do and right the value of a +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +five but if I do B is equal to the Tuple + + align:start position:0% +five but if I do B is equal to the Tuple + + + align:start position:0% +five but if I do B is equal to the Tuple +you know four comma this tells python + + align:start position:0% +you know four comma this tells python + + + align:start position:0% +you know four comma this tells python +that this is now a sequence of objects + + align:start position:0% +that this is now a sequence of objects + + + align:start position:0% +that this is now a sequence of objects +but there's just one object in my + + align:start position:0% +but there's just one object in my + + + align:start position:0% +but there's just one object in my +sequence so the type of B is a tupal not + + align:start position:0% +sequence so the type of B is a tupal not + + + align:start position:0% +sequence so the type of B is a tupal not +an integer + + align:start position:0% +an integer + + + align:start position:0% +an integer +right and if I say ask what B is you can + + align:start position:0% +right and if I say ask what B is you can + + + align:start position:0% +right and if I say ask what B is you can +see it's it's for comma right in + + align:start position:0% +see it's it's for comma right in + + + align:start position:0% +see it's it's for comma right in +parenthesis so it's an object uh it's a + + align:start position:0% +parenthesis so it's an object uh it's a + + + align:start position:0% +parenthesis so it's an object uh it's a +tupal with one object in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it okay so to create a tupal with many + + align:start position:0% +it okay so to create a tupal with many + + + align:start position:0% +it okay so to create a tupal with many +objects in it we basically put in + + align:start position:0% +objects in it we basically put in + + + align:start position:0% +objects in it we basically put in +parentheses all the objects I want to + + align:start position:0% +parentheses all the objects I want to + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses all the objects I want to +add in my tupal separated by commas so + + align:start position:0% +add in my tupal separated by commas so + + + align:start position:0% +add in my tupal separated by commas so +here I've got my first element in my + + align:start position:0% +here I've got my first element in my + + + align:start position:0% +here I've got my first element in my +tupal integer two second element in the + + align:start position:0% +tupal integer two second element in the + + + align:start position:0% +tupal integer two second element in the +tupal the string MIT and the third + + align:start position:0% +tupal the string MIT and the third + + + align:start position:0% +tupal the string MIT and the third +element in my tupal being the integer 3 + + align:start position:0% +element in my tupal being the integer 3 + + + align:start position:0% +element in my tupal being the integer 3 +and notice we can mix and match now + + align:start position:0% +and notice we can mix and match now + + + align:start position:0% +and notice we can mix and match now +objects of different types within my + + align:start position:0% +objects of different types within my + + + align:start position:0% +objects of different types within my +tupal object so here I've got integers + + align:start position:0% +tupal object so here I've got integers + + + align:start position:0% +tupal object so here I've got integers +and strings and uh and integers I can + + align:start position:0% +and strings and uh and integers I can + + + align:start position:0% +and strings and uh and integers I can +even add floats and booleans and + + align:start position:0% +even add floats and booleans and + + + align:start position:0% +even add floats and booleans and +whatever object types I'd like I can + + align:start position:0% +whatever object types I'd like I can + + + align:start position:0% +whatever object types I'd like I can +make them elements to my tupal which is + + align:start position:0% +make them elements to my tupal which is + + + align:start position:0% +make them elements to my tupal which is +pretty cool right different than strings + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool right different than strings + + + align:start position:0% +pretty cool right different than strings +in that respect but still uh you know in + + align:start position:0% +in that respect but still uh you know in + + + align:start position:0% +in that respect but still uh you know in +the in in order within my + + align:start position:0% +the in in order within my + + + align:start position:0% +the in in order within my +tupo and so the rest of this is actually + + align:start position:0% +tupo and so the rest of this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +tupo and so the rest of this is actually +operation that we've already seen on + + align:start position:0% +operation that we've already seen on + + + align:start position:0% +operation that we've already seen on +strings so I'm not going to go through + + align:start position:0% +strings so I'm not going to go through + + + align:start position:0% +strings so I'm not going to go through +them in too much detail we can use the + + align:start position:0% +them in too much detail we can use the + + + align:start position:0% +them in too much detail we can use the +square bracket to index into the Tuple + + align:start position:0% +square bracket to index into the Tuple + + + align:start position:0% +square bracket to index into the Tuple +so to grab the element at a particular + + align:start position:0% +so to grab the element at a particular + + + align:start position:0% +so to grab the element at a particular +index again indexing starts from zero we + + align:start position:0% +index again indexing starts from zero we + + + align:start position:0% +index again indexing starts from zero we +can use the plus operator to concatenate + + align:start position:0% +can use the plus operator to concatenate + + + align:start position:0% +can use the plus operator to concatenate +two tupal together to create one larger + + align:start position:0% +two tupal together to create one larger + + + align:start position:0% +two tupal together to create one larger +tupal with all those elements in a + + align:start position:0% +tupal with all those elements in a + + + align:start position:0% +tupal with all those elements in a +row we can slice down here uh we can get + + align:start position:0% +row we can slice down here uh we can get + + + align:start position:0% +row we can slice down here uh we can get +the length of the tupal which tells us + + align:start position:0% +the length of the tupal which tells us + + + align:start position:0% +the length of the tupal which tells us +how many elements are in it so three + + align:start position:0% +how many elements are in it so three + + + align:start position:0% +how many elements are in it so three +elements um we can use the max Min sum + + align:start position:0% +elements um we can use the max Min sum + + + align:start position:0% +elements um we can use the max Min sum +things like that to grab the maximum + + align:start position:0% +things like that to grab the maximum + + + align:start position:0% +things like that to grab the maximum +element and minimum element sum all the + + align:start position:0% +element and minimum element sum all the + + + align:start position:0% +element and minimum element sum all the +elements of my tupal and things like + + align:start position:0% +elements of my tupal and things like + + + align:start position:0% +elements of my tupal and things like +that notice that here I've got + + align:start position:0% +that notice that here I've got + + + align:start position:0% +that notice that here I've got +parentheses for the max function call + + align:start position:0% +parentheses for the max function call + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses for the max function call +and then another set of parentheses here + + align:start position:0% +and then another set of parentheses here + + + align:start position:0% +and then another set of parentheses here +to denote that I have one tupal object + + align:start position:0% +to denote that I have one tupal object + + + align:start position:0% +to denote that I have one tupal object +I'd like to grab the max + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of um and then the last bit here is + + align:start position:0% +of um and then the last bit here is + + + align:start position:0% +of um and then the last bit here is +something that we're going to see that's + + align:start position:0% +something that we're going to see that's + + + align:start position:0% +something that we're going to see that's +different with lists in the in next + + align:start position:0% +different with lists in the in next + + + align:start position:0% +different with lists in the in next +lecture not today but + + align:start position:0% +lecture not today but + + + align:start position:0% +lecture not today but +basically you you might think that once + + align:start position:0% +basically you you might think that once + + + align:start position:0% +basically you you might think that once +you create this Tuple object in memory + + align:start position:0% +you create this Tuple object in memory + + + align:start position:0% +you create this Tuple object in memory +right that has two mit3 as its three + + align:start position:0% +right that has two mit3 as its three + + + align:start position:0% +right that has two mit3 as its three +elements in it you can go into memory + + align:start position:0% +elements in it you can go into memory + + + align:start position:0% +elements in it you can go into memory +and modify one of the elements right + + align:start position:0% +and modify one of the elements right + + + align:start position:0% +and modify one of the elements right +like if I don't want the middle one to + + align:start position:0% +like if I don't want the middle one to + + + align:start position:0% +like if I don't want the middle one to +be a string I want it to be a common + + align:start position:0% +be a string I want it to be a common + + + align:start position:0% +be a string I want it to be a common +integer you might think that you should + + align:start position:0% +integer you might think that you should + + + align:start position:0% +integer you might think that you should +be able to change it you can with lists + + align:start position:0% +be able to change it you can with lists + + + align:start position:0% +be able to change it you can with lists +as we'll see in the next lecture but you + + align:start position:0% +as we'll see in the next lecture but you + + + align:start position:0% +as we'll see in the next lecture but you +cannot do this with tupal just like once + + align:start position:0% +cannot do this with tupal just like once + + + align:start position:0% +cannot do this with tupal just like once +we created sort of an integer five + + align:start position:0% +we created sort of an integer five + + + align:start position:0% +we created sort of an integer five +inside memory we can't go into memory + + align:start position:0% +inside memory we can't go into memory + + + align:start position:0% +inside memory we can't go into memory +and tell python to change this five to a + + align:start position:0% +and tell python to change this five to a + + + align:start position:0% +and tell python to change this five to a +six it's just not allowed or once we + + align:start position:0% +six it's just not allowed or once we + + + align:start position:0% +six it's just not allowed or once we +created a string ABC and memory you + + align:start position:0% +created a string ABC and memory you + + + align:start position:0% +created a string ABC and memory you +can't go into memory and change the + + align:start position:0% +can't go into memory and change the + + + align:start position:0% +can't go into memory and change the +string you can certainly create new + + align:start position:0% +string you can certainly create new + + + align:start position:0% +string you can certainly create new +objects that are based on this string + + align:start position:0% +objects that are based on this string + + + align:start position:0% +objects that are based on this string +but you can't go in and modify that + + align:start position:0% +but you can't go in and modify that + + + align:start position:0% +but you can't go in and modify that +object once it's created so once you've + + align:start position:0% +object once it's created so once you've + + + align:start position:0% +object once it's created so once you've +made your sequence of tuples you cannot + + align:start position:0% +made your sequence of tuples you cannot + + + align:start position:0% +made your sequence of tuples you cannot +go in and change + + align:start position:0% +go in and change + + + align:start position:0% +go in and change +it so yeah question so like if you just + + align:start position:0% +it so yeah question so like if you just + + + align:start position:0% +it so yeah question so like if you just +rewrote like T equals and then something + + align:start position:0% +rewrote like T equals and then something + + + align:start position:0% +rewrote like T equals and then something +different it would give you an error if + + align:start position:0% +different it would give you an error if + + + align:start position:0% +different it would give you an error if +you wrote T equals and then something + + align:start position:0% +you wrote T equals and then something + + + align:start position:0% +you wrote T equals and then something +different so you can't can't modify one + + align:start position:0% +different so you can't can't modify one + + + align:start position:0% +different so you can't can't modify one +thing yeah that's a good question so it + + align:start position:0% +thing yeah that's a good question so it + + + align:start position:0% +thing yeah that's a good question so it +in so the variable T so the name t and + + align:start position:0% +in so the variable T so the name t and + + + align:start position:0% +in so the variable T so the name t and +the object it's bound to are two + + align:start position:0% +the object it's bound to are two + + + align:start position:0% +the object it's bound to are two +different things so the object it's + + align:start position:0% +different things so the object it's + + + align:start position:0% +different things so the object it's +bound to will still sit in memory we're + + align:start position:0% +bound to will still sit in memory we're + + + align:start position:0% +bound to will still sit in memory we're +just going to lose the binding from it + + align:start position:0% +just going to lose the binding from it + + + align:start position:0% +just going to lose the binding from it +so that t initially points to this one + + align:start position:0% +so that t initially points to this one + + + align:start position:0% +so that t initially points to this one +but then if you say t equals something + + align:start position:0% +but then if you say t equals something + + + align:start position:0% +but then if you say t equals something +else later on this one still stays there + + align:start position:0% +else later on this one still stays there + + + align:start position:0% +else later on this one still stays there +but that t is going to point to this new + + align:start position:0% +but that t is going to point to this new + + + align:start position:0% +but that t is going to point to this new +thing so the object itself is still in + + align:start position:0% +thing so the object itself is still in + + + align:start position:0% +thing so the object itself is still in +memory we've just lost the binding to it + + align:start position:0% +memory we've just lost the binding to it + + + align:start position:0% +memory we've just lost the binding to it +and that's something we did sort of way + + align:start position:0% +and that's something we did sort of way + + + align:start position:0% +and that's something we did sort of way +back in the first early lectures where + + align:start position:0% +back in the first early lectures where + + + align:start position:0% +back in the first early lectures where +we kind of rebound + + align:start position:0% +we kind of rebound + + + align:start position:0% +we kind of rebound +variables yeah so it's the same yeah + + align:start position:0% +variables yeah so it's the same yeah + + + align:start position:0% +variables yeah so it's the same yeah +it's the same + + align:start position:0% +it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +it's the same +idea um one interesting thing that we + + align:start position:0% +idea um one interesting thing that we + + + align:start position:0% +idea um one interesting thing that we +can do now with tupal that we couldn't + + align:start position:0% +can do now with tupal that we couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +can do now with tupal that we couldn't +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +strings is to have elements of a tuple + + align:start position:0% +strings is to have elements of a tuple + + + align:start position:0% +strings is to have elements of a tuple +will be another tupal okay and that's + + align:start position:0% +will be another tupal okay and that's + + + align:start position:0% +will be another tupal okay and that's +what this example is going to Showcase + + align:start position:0% +what this example is going to Showcase + + + align:start position:0% +what this example is going to Showcase +so here I've got an integer two as my + + align:start position:0% +so here I've got an integer two as my + + + align:start position:0% +so here I've got an integer two as my +first element my second element is the + + align:start position:0% +first element my second element is the + + + align:start position:0% +first element my second element is the +string a my third element is my integer + + align:start position:0% +string a my third element is my integer + + + align:start position:0% +string a my third element is my integer +4 and my fourth element is a tupal + + align:start position:0% +4 and my fourth element is a tupal + + + align:start position:0% +4 and my fourth element is a tupal +object that just happens to have two + + align:start position:0% +object that just happens to have two + + + align:start position:0% +object that just happens to have two +elements inside + + align:start position:0% +elements inside + + + align:start position:0% +elements inside +it but + + align:start position:0% +it but + + + align:start position:0% +it but +this Tuple object that I'm referencing + + align:start position:0% +this Tuple object that I'm referencing + + + align:start position:0% +this Tuple object that I'm referencing +by seq seek only has four elements in it + + align:start position:0% +by seq seek only has four elements in it + + + align:start position:0% +by seq seek only has four elements in it +it just so happens that the last one is + + align:start position:0% +it just so happens that the last one is + + + align:start position:0% +it just so happens that the last one is +a tle but that I'm not going to dive + + align:start position:0% +a tle but that I'm not going to dive + + + align:start position:0% +a tle but that I'm not going to dive +further down to figure out if I have Tes + + align:start position:0% +further down to figure out if I have Tes + + + align:start position:0% +further down to figure out if I have Tes +that have subtles that have subtles and + + align:start position:0% +that have subtles that have subtles and + + + align:start position:0% +that have subtles that have subtles and +so on only top level I care about uh how + + align:start position:0% +so on only top level I care about uh how + + + align:start position:0% +so on only top level I care about uh how +many elements I have and so when I print + + align:start position:0% +many elements I have and so when I print + + + align:start position:0% +many elements I have and so when I print +the length of seek it's it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +the length of seek it's it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +the length of seek it's it's going to be +four right because I have one two three + + align:start position:0% +four right because I have one two three + + + align:start position:0% +four right because I have one two three +and then this last object is just one + + align:start position:0% +and then this last object is just one + + + align:start position:0% +and then this last object is just one +object that takes up one slot it happens + + align:start position:0% +object that takes up one slot it happens + + + align:start position:0% +object that takes up one slot it happens +to have elements with uh in within + + align:start position:0% +to have elements with uh in within + + + align:start position:0% +to have elements with uh in within +it and so the the rest of these are + + align:start position:0% +it and so the the rest of these are + + + align:start position:0% +it and so the the rest of these are +basically what we've seen with strings + + align:start position:0% +basically what we've seen with strings + + + align:start position:0% +basically what we've seen with strings +except for this one here if we were to + + align:start position:0% +except for this one here if we were to + + + align:start position:0% +except for this one here if we were to +index into the last element here of seek + + align:start position:0% +index into the last element here of seek + + + align:start position:0% +index into the last element here of seek +one comma 2 well this is another tupal + + align:start position:0% +one comma 2 well this is another tupal + + + align:start position:0% +one comma 2 well this is another tupal +right so it should follow that I can + + align:start position:0% +right so it should follow that I can + + + align:start position:0% +right so it should follow that I can +then take that Tuple and further index + + align:start position:0% +then take that Tuple and further index + + + align:start position:0% +then take that Tuple and further index +into it and so that's what this line + + align:start position:0% +into it and so that's what this line + + + align:start position:0% +into it and so that's what this line +here is doing um when you know when we + + align:start position:0% +here is doing um when you know when we + + + align:start position:0% +here is doing um when you know when we +read an expression we go left to right + + align:start position:0% +read an expression we go left to right + + + align:start position:0% +read an expression we go left to right +so basically seek at index three grabs + + align:start position:0% +so basically seek at index three grabs + + + align:start position:0% +so basically seek at index three grabs +for me the one comma 2 and then if I + + align:start position:0% +for me the one comma 2 and then if I + + + align:start position:0% +for me the one comma 2 and then if I +further index into one comma 2 at index + + align:start position:0% +further index into one comma 2 at index + + + align:start position:0% +further index into one comma 2 at index +zero I'm going to grab the uh the number + + align:start position:0% +zero I'm going to grab the uh the number + + + align:start position:0% +zero I'm going to grab the uh the number +one all right so I'm basically chaining + + align:start position:0% +one all right so I'm basically chaining + + + align:start position:0% +one all right so I'm basically chaining +all these indices indexing operations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +together um and then this is again very + + align:start position:0% +together um and then this is again very + + + align:start position:0% +together um and then this is again very +similar uh to what we've seen from + + align:start position:0% +similar uh to what we've seen from + + + align:start position:0% +similar uh to what we've seen from +strings so it's just slicing instead of + + align:start position:0% +strings so it's just slicing instead of + + + align:start position:0% +strings so it's just slicing instead of +indexing into the into the Tuple I'm not + + align:start position:0% +indexing into the into the Tuple I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +indexing into the into the Tuple I'm not +going to go through it uh today but I + + align:start position:0% +going to go through it uh today but I + + + align:start position:0% +going to go through it uh today but I +encourage you to type them in and type + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to type them in and type + + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to type them in and type +in some other you know things as you + + align:start position:0% +in some other you know things as you + + + align:start position:0% +in some other you know things as you +might have done with + + align:start position:0% +might have done with + + + align:start position:0% +might have done with +strings one thing that I do want to + + align:start position:0% +strings one thing that I do want to + + + align:start position:0% +strings one thing that I do want to +mention is that we can iterate over a + + align:start position:0% +mention is that we can iterate over a + + + align:start position:0% +mention is that we can iterate over a +tuple just like we could iterate over a + + align:start position:0% +tuple just like we could iterate over a + + + align:start position:0% +tuple just like we could iterate over a +string I don't mean over indices but I + + align:start position:0% +string I don't mean over indices but I + + + align:start position:0% +string I don't mean over indices but I +mean over the elements directly so when + + align:start position:0% +mean over the elements directly so when + + + align:start position:0% +mean over the elements directly so when +we iterated over a string directly we + + align:start position:0% +we iterated over a string directly we + + + align:start position:0% +we iterated over a string directly we +were able to grab in our uh loop + + align:start position:0% +were able to grab in our uh loop + + + align:start position:0% +were able to grab in our uh loop +variable the characters at each Index + + align:start position:0% +variable the characters at each Index + + + align:start position:0% +variable the characters at each Index +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +similarly we can iterate over a twole to + + align:start position:0% +similarly we can iterate over a twole to + + + align:start position:0% +similarly we can iterate over a twole to +grab the elements at each index directly + + align:start position:0% +grab the elements at each index directly + + + align:start position:0% +grab the elements at each index directly +so here I've got four e in seek is going + + align:start position:0% +so here I've got four e in seek is going + + + align:start position:0% +so here I've got four e in seek is going +to make my Loop variable e take on each + + align:start position:0% +to make my Loop variable e take on each + + + align:start position:0% +to make my Loop variable e take on each +element of the Tuple + + align:start position:0% +element of the Tuple + + + align:start position:0% +element of the Tuple +directly not the index but each element + + align:start position:0% +directly not the index but each element + + + align:start position:0% +directly not the index but each element +so as I'm looping through e will first + + align:start position:0% +so as I'm looping through e will first + + + align:start position:0% +so as I'm looping through e will first +have a value two then it'll have a value + + align:start position:0% +have a value two then it'll have a value + + + align:start position:0% +have a value two then it'll have a value +a then it'll have a value four and + + align:start position:0% +a then it'll have a value four and + + + align:start position:0% +a then it'll have a value four and +lastly it'll have this value one comma 2 + + align:start position:0% +lastly it'll have this value one comma 2 + + + align:start position:0% +lastly it'll have this value one comma 2 +and so if I just print that out directly + + align:start position:0% +and so if I just print that out directly + + + align:start position:0% +and so if I just print that out directly +you'll you will see these values uh + + align:start position:0% +you'll you will see these values uh + + + align:start position:0% +you'll you will see these values uh +printed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out so very very similar to some of the + + align:start position:0% +out so very very similar to some of the + + + align:start position:0% +out so very very similar to some of the +operations we've done with strings the + + align:start position:0% +operations we've done with strings the + + + align:start position:0% +operations we've done with strings the +only difference is we just now have to + + align:start position:0% +only difference is we just now have to + + + align:start position:0% +only difference is we just now have to +be careful that our tupal can have + + align:start position:0% +be careful that our tupal can have + + + align:start position:0% +be careful that our tupal can have +elements that are other tupal or + + align:start position:0% +elements that are other tupal or + + + align:start position:0% +elements that are other tupal or +basically any object in + + align:start position:0% +basically any object in + + + align:start position:0% +basically any object in +Python so what do we use tupal for well + + align:start position:0% +Python so what do we use tupal for well + + + align:start position:0% +Python so what do we use tupal for well +there was this one example we did way + + align:start position:0% +there was this one example we did way + + + align:start position:0% +there was this one example we did way +back at the beginning of uh of this of + + align:start position:0% +back at the beginning of uh of this of + + + align:start position:0% +back at the beginning of uh of this of +6100 l where we tried to swap variables + + align:start position:0% +6100 l where we tried to swap variables + + + align:start position:0% +6100 l where we tried to swap variables +and we basically said that this way + + align:start position:0% +and we basically said that this way + + + align:start position:0% +and we basically said that this way +didn't work because we overwrote the + + align:start position:0% +didn't work because we overwrote the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't work because we overwrote the +variable right we overwrote the variable + + align:start position:0% +variable right we overwrote the variable + + + align:start position:0% +variable right we overwrote the variable +and then we weren't able to get back to + + align:start position:0% +and then we weren't able to get back to + + + align:start position:0% +and then we weren't able to get back to +the value that was overwritten so our + + align:start position:0% +the value that was overwritten so our + + + align:start position:0% +the value that was overwritten so our +solution was to create this temporary + + align:start position:0% +solution was to create this temporary + + + align:start position:0% +solution was to create this temporary +variable to save the value before we + + align:start position:0% +variable to save the value before we + + + align:start position:0% +variable to save the value before we +overwrote it then overwrite the variable + + align:start position:0% +overwrote it then overwrite the variable + + + align:start position:0% +overwrote it then overwrite the variable +and then use the temporary variable to + + align:start position:0% +and then use the temporary variable to + + + align:start position:0% +and then use the temporary variable to +grab back that saved value well it turns + + align:start position:0% +grab back that saved value well it turns + + + align:start position:0% +grab back that saved value well it turns +out tles actually allow us to do these + + align:start position:0% +out tles actually allow us to do these + + + align:start position:0% +out tles actually allow us to do these +three lines of code in one one line of + + align:start position:0% +three lines of code in one one line of + + + align:start position:0% +three lines of code in one one line of +code + + align:start position:0% +code + + + align:start position:0% +code +here so we can say uh X comma y equal y + + align:start position:0% +here so we can say uh X comma y equal y + + + align:start position:0% +here so we can say uh X comma y equal y +x so this is an assignment and it's + + align:start position:0% +x so this is an assignment and it's + + + align:start position:0% +x so this is an assignment and it's +allowed because the left hand side is + + align:start position:0% +allowed because the left hand side is + + + align:start position:0% +allowed because the left hand side is +basically a set of uh variables uh in in + + align:start position:0% +basically a set of uh variables uh in in + + + align:start position:0% +basically a set of uh variables uh in in +sequence and the right hand side gets + + align:start position:0% +sequence and the right hand side gets + + + align:start position:0% +sequence and the right hand side gets +evaluated first as we would an + + align:start position:0% +evaluated first as we would an + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated first as we would an +assignment statement so y gets the value + + align:start position:0% +assignment statement so y gets the value + + + align:start position:0% +assignment statement so y gets the value +two because that's what it is up here + + align:start position:0% +two because that's what it is up here + + + align:start position:0% +two because that's what it is up here +and X gets the value one so Y is 2 X is + + align:start position:0% +and X gets the value one so Y is 2 X is + + + align:start position:0% +and X gets the value one so Y is 2 X is +one over here on the right hand side and + + align:start position:0% +one over here on the right hand side and + + + align:start position:0% +one over here on the right hand side and +then python one at a time matches the + + align:start position:0% +then python one at a time matches the + + + align:start position:0% +then python one at a time matches the +values on the right to the values on the + + align:start position:0% +values on the right to the values on the + + + align:start position:0% +values on the right to the values on the +Left Right separated by commas so + + align:start position:0% +Left Right separated by commas so + + + align:start position:0% +Left Right separated by commas so +basically what we have here is X is + + align:start position:0% +basically what we have here is X is + + + align:start position:0% +basically what we have here is X is +equal to 2 Y is equal to 1 and then the + + align:start position:0% +equal to 2 Y is equal to 1 and then the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 2 Y is equal to 1 and then the +values have been + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rebound so very very very useful um uh + + align:start position:0% +rebound so very very very useful um uh + + + align:start position:0% +rebound so very very very useful um uh +very good use of of tuples here now this + + align:start position:0% +very good use of of tuples here now this + + + align:start position:0% +very good use of of tuples here now this +idea can actually be taken one step + + align:start position:0% +idea can actually be taken one step + + + align:start position:0% +idea can actually be taken one step +further and we can use tupal to return + + align:start position:0% +further and we can use tupal to return + + + align:start position:0% +further and we can use tupal to return +more than one value from a + + align:start position:0% +more than one value from a + + + align:start position:0% +more than one value from a +function now I know in the past couple + + align:start position:0% +function now I know in the past couple + + + align:start position:0% +function now I know in the past couple +lectures I said basically you can't + + align:start position:0% +lectures I said basically you can't + + + align:start position:0% +lectures I said basically you can't +return more than one thing from a + + align:start position:0% +return more than one thing from a + + + align:start position:0% +return more than one thing from a +function right a function returns only + + align:start position:0% +function right a function returns only + + + align:start position:0% +function right a function returns only +one thing as soon as it sees a return + + align:start position:0% +one thing as soon as it sees a return + + + align:start position:0% +one thing as soon as it sees a return +statement it takes the value associated + + align:start position:0% +statement it takes the value associated + + + align:start position:0% +statement it takes the value associated +with that return and returns it back to + + align:start position:0% +with that return and returns it back to + + + align:start position:0% +with that return and returns it back to +whoever called + + align:start position:0% +whoever called + + + align:start position:0% +whoever called +it but tupes are one object + + align:start position:0% +it but tupes are one object + + + align:start position:0% +it but tupes are one object +they just so happen to have + + align:start position:0% +they just so happen to have + + + align:start position:0% +they just so happen to have +elements that can have different values + + align:start position:0% +elements that can have different values + + + align:start position:0% +elements that can have different values +right you can have a tupal with 10 + + align:start position:0% +right you can have a tupal with 10 + + + align:start position:0% +right you can have a tupal with 10 +elements in it you can have a tupal with + + align:start position:0% +elements in it you can have a tupal with + + + align:start position:0% +elements in it you can have a tupal with +two elements in + + align:start position:0% +two elements in + + + align:start position:0% +two elements in +it using a tuple we can actually return + + align:start position:0% +it using a tuple we can actually return + + + align:start position:0% +it using a tuple we can actually return +one object the Tuple itself it just so + + align:start position:0% +one object the Tuple itself it just so + + + align:start position:0% +one object the Tuple itself it just so +happens to have a whole bunch of values + + align:start position:0% +happens to have a whole bunch of values + + + align:start position:0% +happens to have a whole bunch of values +that my function might + + align:start position:0% +that my function might + + + align:start position:0% +that my function might +calculate right and so by way of the + + align:start position:0% +calculate right and so by way of the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate right and so by way of the +Tuple I'm actually able to return a + + align:start position:0% +Tuple I'm actually able to return a + + + align:start position:0% +Tuple I'm actually able to return a +whole bunch of different values through + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of different values through + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of different values through +this one object Tuple and and so in this + + align:start position:0% +this one object Tuple and and so in this + + + align:start position:0% +this one object Tuple and and so in this +particular example I have a function + + align:start position:0% +particular example I have a function + + + align:start position:0% +particular example I have a function +that calculates the quotient and the + + align:start position:0% +that calculates the quotient and the + + + align:start position:0% +that calculates the quotient and the +remainder when X is divided by + + align:start position:0% +remainder when X is divided by + + + align:start position:0% +remainder when X is divided by +y yeah so the function itself takes in + + align:start position:0% +y yeah so the function itself takes in + + + align:start position:0% +y yeah so the function itself takes in +uh the uses integer division to find the + + align:start position:0% +uh the uses integer division to find the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the uses integer division to find the +quotient and uses the remainder operator + + align:start position:0% +quotient and uses the remainder operator + + + align:start position:0% +quotient and uses the remainder operator +to find the remainder and then it + + align:start position:0% +to find the remainder and then it + + + align:start position:0% +to find the remainder and then it +returns that Q calculation right some + + align:start position:0% +returns that Q calculation right some + + + align:start position:0% +returns that Q calculation right some +number and that our calculation another + + align:start position:0% +number and that our calculation another + + + align:start position:0% +number and that our calculation another +number as elements to a tupal and python + + align:start position:0% +number as elements to a tupal and python + + + align:start position:0% +number as elements to a tupal and python +returns this one Tuple object using + + align:start position:0% +returns this one Tuple object using + + + align:start position:0% +returns this one Tuple object using +using this this line here returning this + + align:start position:0% +using this this line here returning this + + + align:start position:0% +using this this line here returning this +object and so when I make this function + + align:start position:0% +object and so when I make this function + + + align:start position:0% +object and so when I make this function +call to quotient and remainder 10 comma + + align:start position:0% +call to quotient and remainder 10 comma + + + align:start position:0% +call to quotient and remainder 10 comma +3 it's going to go in it's going to + + align:start position:0% +3 it's going to go in it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +3 it's going to go in it's going to +calculate the quotient to be three the + + align:start position:0% +calculate the quotient to be three the + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the quotient to be three the +remainder to be one and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +remainder to be one and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +remainder to be one and it's going to +return one object 3 comma 1 and then + + align:start position:0% +return one object 3 comma 1 and then + + + align:start position:0% +return one object 3 comma 1 and then +that gets assigned to this variable both + + align:start position:0% +that gets assigned to this variable both + + + align:start position:0% +that gets assigned to this variable both +that I named both in this particular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case if I if I wanted to access the + + align:start position:0% +case if I if I wanted to access the + + + align:start position:0% +case if I if I wanted to access the +quotient part of both I would do both + + align:start position:0% +quotient part of both I would do both + + + align:start position:0% +quotient part of both I would do both +square bracket 0o and the remainder part + + align:start position:0% +square bracket 0o and the remainder part + + + align:start position:0% +square bracket 0o and the remainder part +of both would be both square bracket one + + align:start position:0% +of both would be both square bracket one + + + align:start position:0% +of both would be both square bracket one +right accessing the zeroth element and + + align:start position:0% +right accessing the zeroth element and + + + align:start position:0% +right accessing the zeroth element and +the first element of the return now if I + + align:start position:0% +the first element of the return now if I + + + align:start position:0% +the first element of the return now if I +wanted to explicitly save the quotient + + align:start position:0% +wanted to explicitly save the quotient + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to explicitly save the quotient +and remainder as variables after they + + align:start position:0% +and remainder as variables after they + + + align:start position:0% +and remainder as variables after they +got returned I can actually do the trick + + align:start position:0% +got returned I can actually do the trick + + + align:start position:0% +got returned I can actually do the trick +we saw in the previous slide right the + + align:start position:0% +we saw in the previous slide right the + + + align:start position:0% +we saw in the previous slide right the +trick that we saw in the previous slide + + align:start position:0% +trick that we saw in the previous slide + + + align:start position:0% +trick that we saw in the previous slide +was X comma y equals some other tupal + + align:start position:0% +was X comma y equals some other tupal + + + align:start position:0% +was X comma y equals some other tupal +well that's what I'm doing here I'm + + align:start position:0% +well that's what I'm doing here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +well that's what I'm doing here I'm +making a function called a quotient and + + align:start position:0% +making a function called a quotient and + + + align:start position:0% +making a function called a quotient and +remainder 5 comma 2 that's going to + + align:start position:0% +remainder 5 comma 2 that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +remainder 5 comma 2 that's going to +return 2 comma 1 and then I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +return 2 comma 1 and then I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +return 2 comma 1 and then I'm going to +have quote comma REM equals 2 comma 1 so + + align:start position:0% +have quote comma REM equals 2 comma 1 so + + + align:start position:0% +have quote comma REM equals 2 comma 1 so +python one one at a time is going to map + + align:start position:0% +python one one at a time is going to map + + + align:start position:0% +python one one at a time is going to map +the quote to two and the REM to + + align:start position:0% +the quote to two and the REM to + + + align:start position:0% +the quote to two and the REM to +one and so what that means for us in + + align:start position:0% +one and so what that means for us in + + + align:start position:0% +one and so what that means for us in +terms of the code is we can then do + + align:start position:0% +terms of the code is we can then do + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the code is we can then do +whatever we'd like in the remaining part + + align:start position:0% +whatever we'd like in the remaining part + + + align:start position:0% +whatever we'd like in the remaining part +of the code code assuming that quote and + + align:start position:0% +of the code code assuming that quote and + + + align:start position:0% +of the code code assuming that quote and +REM are just regular variables so so + + align:start position:0% +REM are just regular variables so so + + + align:start position:0% +REM are just regular variables so so +here I'm just showing that you can print + + align:start position:0% +here I'm just showing that you can print + + + align:start position:0% +here I'm just showing that you can print +them out in these print statements right + + align:start position:0% +them out in these print statements right + + + align:start position:0% +them out in these print statements right +so here I have quotient is two and + + align:start position:0% +so here I have quotient is two and + + + align:start position:0% +so here I have quotient is two and +remainder is one as these two lines of + + align:start position:0% +remainder is one as these two lines of + + + align:start position:0% +remainder is one as these two lines of +code + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here okay so the big idea of tupal the + + align:start position:0% +here okay so the big idea of tupal the + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so the big idea of tupal the +reason why we use them is you can use + + align:start position:0% +reason why we use them is you can use + + + align:start position:0% +reason why we use them is you can use +you can use them to return more than one + + align:start position:0% +you can use them to return more than one + + + align:start position:0% +you can use them to return more than one +value via this one tupal object from a + + align:start position:0% +value via this one tupal object from a + + + align:start position:0% +value via this one tupal object from a +function and so in this way we can have + + align:start position:0% +function and so in this way we can have + + + align:start position:0% +function and so in this way we can have +a function that does a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +a function that does a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +a function that does a whole bunch of +calculations returns this one + + align:start position:0% +calculations returns this one + + + align:start position:0% +calculations returns this one +object that might contain all of these + + align:start position:0% +object that might contain all of these + + + align:start position:0% +object that might contain all of these +different values as the elements to this + + align:start position:0% +different values as the elements to this + + + align:start position:0% +different values as the elements to this +tupal + + align:start position:0% +tupal + + + align:start position:0% +tupal +object so let's have you work on this + + align:start position:0% +object so let's have you work on this + + + align:start position:0% +object so let's have you work on this +for a couple + + align:start position:0% +for a couple + + + align:start position:0% +for a couple +minutes um write a function that meets + + align:start position:0% +minutes um write a function that meets + + + align:start position:0% +minutes um write a function that meets +the specification so I've got it's + + align:start position:0% +the specification so I've got it's + + + align:start position:0% +the specification so I've got it's +called Char counts I've got an input + + align:start position:0% +called Char counts I've got an input + + + align:start position:0% +called Char counts I've got an input +that is a string s lowercase characters + + align:start position:0% +that is a string s lowercase characters + + + align:start position:0% +that is a string s lowercase characters +assume it's just got vowels and + + align:start position:0% +assume it's just got vowels and + + + align:start position:0% +assume it's just got vowels and +consonants return for me a tupal where + + align:start position:0% +consonants return for me a tupal where + + + align:start position:0% +consonants return for me a tupal where +the first element in the tupal is how + + align:start position:0% +the first element in the tupal is how + + + align:start position:0% +the first element in the tupal is how +many vowels are in s and the second + + align:start position:0% +many vowels are in s and the second + + + align:start position:0% +many vowels are in s and the second +element of the tupal is how many + + align:start position:0% +element of the tupal is how many + + + align:start position:0% +element of the tupal is how many +consonants are in s right so it should + + align:start position:0% +consonants are in s right so it should + + + align:start position:0% +consonants are in s right so it should +be pretty straightforward a hint I have + + align:start position:0% +be pretty straightforward a hint I have + + + align:start position:0% +be pretty straightforward a hint I have +here if you don't remember that will + + align:start position:0% +here if you don't remember that will + + + align:start position:0% +here if you don't remember that will +make your life easier is try to remember + + align:start position:0% +make your life easier is try to remember + + + align:start position:0% +make your life easier is try to remember +how to check um if a character is in a + + align:start position:0% +how to check um if a character is in a + + + align:start position:0% +how to check um if a character is in a +string so using the special in keyword + + align:start position:0% +string so using the special in keyword + + + align:start position:0% +string so using the special in keyword +right we saw an example of this probably + + align:start position:0% +right we saw an example of this probably + + + align:start position:0% +right we saw an example of this probably +back when we learned about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +strings so so you can try to write your + + align:start position:0% +strings so so you can try to write your + + + align:start position:0% +strings so so you can try to write your +code around line 65 is and then we can + + align:start position:0% +code around line 65 is and then we can + + + align:start position:0% +code around line 65 is and then we can +write it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +together all right so how would you + + align:start position:0% +together all right so how would you + + + align:start position:0% +together all right so how would you +approach this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +problem so what's the first step + + align:start position:0% +problem so what's the first step + + + align:start position:0% +problem so what's the first step +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yep we can make a string uh that + + align:start position:0% +yeah yep we can make a string uh that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yep we can make a string uh that +contains all the vowels vowels equals a + + align:start position:0% +contains all the vowels vowels equals a + + + align:start position:0% +contains all the vowels vowels equals a +i o u and lowercase + + align:start position:0% +i o u and lowercase + + + align:start position:0% +i o u and lowercase +yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we yep vowels plus equals + + align:start position:0% +we yep vowels plus equals + + + align:start position:0% +we yep vowels plus equals +1 and else we know it's not a vowel so + + align:start position:0% +1 and else we know it's not a vowel so + + + align:start position:0% +1 and else we know it's not a vowel so +we'll keep a consonants count plus + + align:start position:0% +we'll keep a consonants count plus + + + align:start position:0% +we'll keep a consonants count plus +equals 1 so this is the consonant count + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 so this is the consonant count + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 so this is the consonant count +and this is the vowels + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +count what is Char in this case + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +though yeah exactly we have to Loop so + + align:start position:0% +though yeah exactly we have to Loop so + + + align:start position:0% +though yeah exactly we have to Loop so +for CH in + + align:start position:0% +for CH in + + + align:start position:0% +for CH in +s so we need to look at every character + + align:start position:0% +s so we need to look at every character + + + align:start position:0% +s so we need to look at every character +and side s and this is where now that + + align:start position:0% +and side s and this is where now that + + + align:start position:0% +and side s and this is where now that +we're dealing with you know things that + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with you know things that + + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with you know things that +that are just that might be non integers + + align:start position:0% +that are just that might be non integers + + + align:start position:0% +that are just that might be non integers +in my for Loops we can write little + + align:start position:0% +in my for Loops we can write little + + + align:start position:0% +in my for Loops we can write little +notes for ourselves that's something + + align:start position:0% +notes for ourselves that's something + + + align:start position:0% +notes for ourselves that's something +like Char is you know a then B then C or + + align:start position:0% +like Char is you know a then B then C or + + + align:start position:0% +like Char is you know a then B then C or +something like that to remind us that + + align:start position:0% +something like that to remind us that + + + align:start position:0% +something like that to remind us that +Char is not sort of the index but it's + + align:start position:0% +Char is not sort of the index but it's + + + align:start position:0% +Char is not sort of the index but it's +an actual + + align:start position:0% +an actual + + + align:start position:0% +an actual +thing and then + + align:start position:0% +thing and then + + + align:start position:0% +thing and then +what else we need to do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah we can initiate cnv Z we can use + + align:start position:0% +yeah we can initiate cnv Z we can use + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we can initiate cnv Z we can use +the trick where you do c comma V equal 0 + + align:start position:0% +the trick where you do c comma V equal 0 + + + align:start position:0% +the trick where you do c comma V equal 0 +comma 0 or we can just do it on separate + + align:start position:0% +comma 0 or we can just do it on separate + + + align:start position:0% +comma 0 or we can just do it on separate +lines all + + align:start position:0% +lines all + + + align:start position:0% +lines all +good and then lastly this does the work + + align:start position:0% +good and then lastly this does the work + + + align:start position:0% +good and then lastly this does the work +for us but the function needs to have + + align:start position:0% +for us but the function needs to have + + + align:start position:0% +for us but the function needs to have +something to show for + + align:start position:0% +something to show for + + + align:start position:0% +something to show for +it yeah after the loop we'll + + align:start position:0% +it yeah after the loop we'll + + + align:start position:0% +it yeah after the loop we'll +return the tupo C comma V uh sorry V + + align:start position:0% +return the tupo C comma V uh sorry V + + + align:start position:0% +return the tupo C comma V uh sorry V +comma C + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probably and if we run + + align:start position:0% +probably and if we run + + + align:start position:0% +probably and if we run +it it matches what we expected so 1 + + align:start position:0% +it it matches what we expected so 1 + + + align:start position:0% +it it matches what we expected so 1 +three and 0 five and you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +three and 0 five and you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +three and 0 five and you can imagine +adding a couple more test cases maybe + + align:start position:0% +adding a couple more test cases maybe + + + align:start position:0% +adding a couple more test cases maybe +something with an empty string that + + align:start position:0% +something with an empty string that + + + align:start position:0% +something with an empty string that +should return Z 0 and maybe something + + align:start position:0% +should return Z 0 and maybe something + + + align:start position:0% +should return Z 0 and maybe something +with all vowels which should return some + + align:start position:0% +with all vowels which should return some + + + align:start position:0% +with all vowels which should return some +number comma + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +okay so one other thing we can do with + + align:start position:0% +okay so one other thing we can do with + + + align:start position:0% +okay so one other thing we can do with +with tuples is to create these functions + + align:start position:0% +with tuples is to create these functions + + + align:start position:0% +with tuples is to create these functions +that take a variable number of arguments + + align:start position:0% +that take a variable number of arguments + + + align:start position:0% +that take a variable number of arguments +is in as a parameter so remember when we + + align:start position:0% +is in as a parameter so remember when we + + + align:start position:0% +is in as a parameter so remember when we +Define functions we basically tell + + align:start position:0% +Define functions we basically tell + + + align:start position:0% +Define functions we basically tell +python how many parameter we expect it + + align:start position:0% +python how many parameter we expect it + + + align:start position:0% +python how many parameter we expect it +to take right but it's possible to have + + align:start position:0% +to take right but it's possible to have + + + align:start position:0% +to take right but it's possible to have +some functions for example Max or Min + + align:start position:0% +some functions for example Max or Min + + + align:start position:0% +some functions for example Max or Min +that can take in two parameters here and + + align:start position:0% +that can take in two parameters here and + + + align:start position:0% +that can take in two parameters here and +notice there's no extra + + align:start position:0% +notice there's no extra + + + align:start position:0% +notice there's no extra +parentheses or we can just add as many + + align:start position:0% +parentheses or we can just add as many + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses or we can just add as many +numbers as we'd like and it will still + + align:start position:0% +numbers as we'd like and it will still + + + align:start position:0% +numbers as we'd like and it will still +work to take the max of all of these + + align:start position:0% +work to take the max of all of these + + + align:start position:0% +work to take the max of all of these +sets of numbers and again we didn't make + + align:start position:0% +sets of numbers and again we didn't make + + + align:start position:0% +sets of numbers and again we didn't make +this inner thing a tupal although it + + align:start position:0% +this inner thing a tupal although it + + + align:start position:0% +this inner thing a tupal although it +works even with the tupal as an object + + align:start position:0% +works even with the tupal as an object + + + align:start position:0% +works even with the tupal as an object +but our goal here is to try to write a + + align:start position:0% +but our goal here is to try to write a + + + align:start position:0% +but our goal here is to try to write a +function that can take in a variable + + align:start position:0% +function that can take in a variable + + + align:start position:0% +function that can take in a variable +number of arguments right either two or + + align:start position:0% +number of arguments right either two or + + + align:start position:0% +number of arguments right either two or +three or 10 or 20 and it should still + + align:start position:0% +three or 10 or 20 and it should still + + + align:start position:0% +three or 10 or 20 and it should still +work and the way we do that is using a + + align:start position:0% +work and the way we do that is using a + + + align:start position:0% +work and the way we do that is using a +parameter that's defined using the star + + align:start position:0% +parameter that's defined using the star + + + align:start position:0% +parameter that's defined using the star +notation so as soon as you create a + + align:start position:0% +notation so as soon as you create a + + + align:start position:0% +notation so as soon as you create a +function and its parameter is star and + + align:start position:0% +function and its parameter is star and + + + align:start position:0% +function and its parameter is star and +then the name of your input python + + align:start position:0% +then the name of your input python + + + align:start position:0% +then the name of your input python +basically takes that input and assigns + + align:start position:0% +basically takes that input and assigns + + + align:start position:0% +basically takes that input and assigns +it to a tupal behind the scenes so you + + align:start position:0% +it to a tupal behind the scenes so you + + + align:start position:0% +it to a tupal behind the scenes so you +don't have to okay and so in this + + align:start position:0% +don't have to okay and so in this + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to okay and so in this +particular case we're uh not use not + + align:start position:0% +particular case we're uh not use not + + + align:start position:0% +particular case we're uh not use not +writing our own Max or Min or sum we're + + align:start position:0% +writing our own Max or Min or sum we're + + + align:start position:0% +writing our own Max or Min or sum we're +writing our own mean function and this + + align:start position:0% +writing our own mean function and this + + + align:start position:0% +writing our own mean function and this +mean function will take in a variable + + align:start position:0% +mean function will take in a variable + + + align:start position:0% +mean function will take in a variable +number of arguments right and it's going + + align:start position:0% +number of arguments right and it's going + + + align:start position:0% +number of arguments right and it's going +to figure out the mean of all of these + + align:start position:0% +to figure out the mean of all of these + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out the mean of all of these +values the way it does that is pretty + + align:start position:0% +values the way it does that is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +values the way it does that is pretty +simple now that we know that we can just + + align:start position:0% +simple now that we know that we can just + + + align:start position:0% +simple now that we know that we can just +treat args as a tupal of a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +treat args as a tupal of a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +treat args as a tupal of a bunch of +numbers so we just Loop through all of + + align:start position:0% +numbers so we just Loop through all of + + + align:start position:0% +numbers so we just Loop through all of +the elements in args we add up this + + align:start position:0% +the elements in args we add up this + + + align:start position:0% +the elements in args we add up this +running total and at the end we return + + align:start position:0% +running total and at the end we return + + + align:start position:0% +running total and at the end we return +the total divided by how many arguments + + align:start position:0% +the total divided by how many arguments + + + align:start position:0% +the total divided by how many arguments +were given right so return total divided + + align:start position:0% +were given right so return total divided + + + align:start position:0% +were given right so return total divided +by the length of the arcs and then when + + align:start position:0% +by the length of the arcs and then when + + + align:start position:0% +by the length of the arcs and then when +we make a function call to the function + + align:start position:0% +we make a function call to the function + + + align:start position:0% +we make a function call to the function +we just wrote mean here args will take + + align:start position:0% +we just wrote mean here args will take + + + align:start position:0% +we just wrote mean here args will take +in uh sorry args will become a tuple + + align:start position:0% +in uh sorry args will become a tuple + + + align:start position:0% +in uh sorry args will become a tuple +that's all of the parameters inside + + align:start position:0% +that's all of the parameters inside + + + align:start position:0% +that's all of the parameters inside +there and so here is that example which + + align:start position:0% +there and so here is that example which + + + align:start position:0% +there and so here is that example which +means that we can use our function to + + align:start position:0% +means that we can use our function to + + + align:start position:0% +means that we can use our function to +get the mean of 1 2 3 4 5 + + align:start position:0% +get the mean of 1 2 3 4 5 + + + align:start position:0% +get the mean of 1 2 3 4 5 +six but we can use the exact same + + align:start position:0% +six but we can use the exact same + + + align:start position:0% +six but we can use the exact same +function to get the mean of 609 for + + align:start position:0% +function to get the mean of 609 for + + + align:start position:0% +function to get the mean of 609 for +example so first case I have six + + align:start position:0% +example so first case I have six + + + align:start position:0% +example so first case I have six +parameters as my input but in the second + + align:start position:0% +parameters as my input but in the second + + + align:start position:0% +parameters as my input but in the second +case I've got only three parameters as + + align:start position:0% +case I've got only three parameters as + + + align:start position:0% +case I've got only three parameters as +my input and that little star uh in my + + align:start position:0% +my input and that little star uh in my + + + align:start position:0% +my input and that little star uh in my +argument + + align:start position:0% +argument + + + align:start position:0% +argument +it allows me to uh to to do this now I + + align:start position:0% +it allows me to uh to to do this now I + + + align:start position:0% +it allows me to uh to to do this now I +did write a version of this mean for you + + align:start position:0% +did write a version of this mean for you + + + align:start position:0% +did write a version of this mean for you +guys down here where I'm assuming that + + align:start position:0% +guys down here where I'm assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +guys down here where I'm assuming that +mean doesn't have the St doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +mean doesn't have the St doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +mean doesn't have the St doesn't have +the star so assuming that args is a + + align:start position:0% +the star so assuming that args is a + + + align:start position:0% +the star so assuming that args is a +tupal itself and in that case uh you + + align:start position:0% +tupal itself and in that case uh you + + + align:start position:0% +tupal itself and in that case uh you +would have to call the mean function by + + align:start position:0% +would have to call the mean function by + + + align:start position:0% +would have to call the mean function by +explicitly passing in only one argument + + align:start position:0% +explicitly passing in only one argument + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly passing in only one argument +that is a tuple so this extra set of + + align:start position:0% +that is a tuple so this extra set of + + + align:start position:0% +that is a tuple so this extra set of +parentheses makes my argument the Tuple + + align:start position:0% +parentheses makes my argument the Tuple + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses makes my argument the Tuple +so you take take a closer look at that + + align:start position:0% +so you take take a closer look at that + + + align:start position:0% +so you take take a closer look at that +if you're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +interested so I want to introduce lists + + align:start position:0% +interested so I want to introduce lists + + + align:start position:0% +interested so I want to introduce lists +today and a lot of the slides here are + + align:start position:0% +today and a lot of the slides here are + + + align:start position:0% +today and a lot of the slides here are +basically copy and pastes from the tupo + + align:start position:0% +basically copy and pastes from the tupo + + + align:start position:0% +basically copy and pastes from the tupo +slides the only difference in these + + align:start position:0% +slides the only difference in these + + + align:start position:0% +slides the only difference in these +slides that I have um regarding lists is + + align:start position:0% +slides that I have um regarding lists is + + + align:start position:0% +slides that I have um regarding lists is +the way we Define a list so in terms of + + align:start position:0% +the way we Define a list so in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +the way we Define a list so in terms of +defining a list or defining a tupo we + + align:start position:0% +defining a list or defining a tupo we + + + align:start position:0% +defining a list or defining a tupo we +were using parentheses but to Define a + + align:start position:0% +were using parentheses but to Define a + + + align:start position:0% +were using parentheses but to Define a +list we use open close square brackets + + align:start position:0% +list we use open close square brackets + + + align:start position:0% +list we use open close square brackets +but otherwise a lot of the operations + + align:start position:0% +but otherwise a lot of the operations + + + align:start position:0% +but otherwise a lot of the operations +are exactly the same as as tupal and as + + align:start position:0% +are exactly the same as as tupal and as + + + align:start position:0% +are exactly the same as as tupal and as +strings we're not going to look at what + + align:start position:0% +strings we're not going to look at what + + + align:start position:0% +strings we're not going to look at what +it means for t for lists to be mutable + + align:start position:0% +it means for t for lists to be mutable + + + align:start position:0% +it means for t for lists to be mutable +this lecture but next lecture will be + + align:start position:0% +this lecture but next lecture will be + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture but next lecture will be +all about mutability okay but today I + + align:start position:0% +all about mutability okay but today I + + + align:start position:0% +all about mutability okay but today I +just want to give you a sense of what a + + align:start position:0% +just want to give you a sense of what a + + + align:start position:0% +just want to give you a sense of what a +list + + align:start position:0% +list + + + align:start position:0% +list +is so as I said this is copy and paste + + align:start position:0% +is so as I said this is copy and paste + + + align:start position:0% +is so as I said this is copy and paste +from the the tupo slide when I create a + + align:start position:0% +from the the tupo slide when I create a + + + align:start position:0% +from the the tupo slide when I create a +list um I just use open and close square + + align:start position:0% +list um I just use open and close square + + + align:start position:0% +list um I just use open and close square +brackets this creates a list for me with + + align:start position:0% +brackets this creates a list for me with + + + align:start position:0% +brackets this creates a list for me with +no elements within it um creating a list + + align:start position:0% +no elements within it um creating a list + + + align:start position:0% +no elements within it um creating a list +with one element in it doesn't need that + + align:start position:0% +with one element in it doesn't need that + + + align:start position:0% +with one element in it doesn't need that +extra comma because there's no confusion + + align:start position:0% +extra comma because there's no confusion + + + align:start position:0% +extra comma because there's no confusion +with uh operation precedence with square + + align:start position:0% +with uh operation precedence with square + + + align:start position:0% +with uh operation precedence with square +brackets right so there's no need for + + align:start position:0% +brackets right so there's no need for + + + align:start position:0% +brackets right so there's no need for +that but otherwise everything else here + + align:start position:0% +that but otherwise everything else here + + + align:start position:0% +that but otherwise everything else here +is exactly the same as with tupal we're + + align:start position:0% +is exactly the same as with tupal we're + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly the same as with tupal we're +just using square brackets instead of + + align:start position:0% +just using square brackets instead of + + + align:start position:0% +just using square brackets instead of +parentheses okay so remember strings and + + align:start position:0% +parentheses okay so remember strings and + + + align:start position:0% +parentheses okay so remember strings and +tuples it's the + + align:start position:0% +tuples it's the + + + align:start position:0% +tuples it's the +same what I do want to mention and talk + + align:start position:0% +same what I do want to mention and talk + + + align:start position:0% +same what I do want to mention and talk +a little a little bit about um now that + + align:start position:0% +a little a little bit about um now that + + + align:start position:0% +a little a little bit about um now that +we've introduced tupal and lists is the + + align:start position:0% +we've introduced tupal and lists is the + + + align:start position:0% +we've introduced tupal and lists is the +idea of having our Loops iterate over + + align:start position:0% +idea of having our Loops iterate over + + + align:start position:0% +idea of having our Loops iterate over +elements of tupal and lists directly and + + align:start position:0% +elements of tupal and lists directly and + + + align:start position:0% +elements of tupal and lists directly and +I'm going to basically write these + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to basically write these + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to basically write these +slides in the context of lists but the + + align:start position:0% +slides in the context of lists but the + + + align:start position:0% +slides in the context of lists but the +exact same thing is applicable to tupal + + align:start position:0% +exact same thing is applicable to tupal + + + align:start position:0% +exact same thing is applicable to tupal +as well + + align:start position:0% +as well + + + align:start position:0% +as well +so here is an example of you know us + + align:start position:0% +so here is an example of you know us + + + align:start position:0% +so here is an example of you know us +wanting to find the sum of the elements + + align:start position:0% +wanting to find the sum of the elements + + + align:start position:0% +wanting to find the sum of the elements +in a list the code on the left is a + + align:start position:0% +in a list the code on the left is a + + + align:start position:0% +in a list the code on the left is a +little bit hard to parse right we've got + + align:start position:0% +little bit hard to parse right we've got + + + align:start position:0% +little bit hard to parse right we've got +a loop variable going through through + + align:start position:0% +a loop variable going through through + + + align:start position:0% +a loop variable going through through +range length n and then I have to keep + + align:start position:0% +range length n and then I have to keep + + + align:start position:0% +range length n and then I have to keep +my running total but I have to index + + align:start position:0% +my running total but I have to index + + + align:start position:0% +my running total but I have to index +into the list at that index here and + + align:start position:0% +into the list at that index here and + + + align:start position:0% +into the list at that index here and +it's really hard to tell what's going on + + align:start position:0% +it's really hard to tell what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +it's really hard to tell what's going on +at a quick glance and so luckily for us + + align:start position:0% +at a quick glance and so luckily for us + + + align:start position:0% +at a quick glance and so luckily for us +right the way that we were able to + + align:start position:0% +right the way that we were able to + + + align:start position:0% +right the way that we were able to +iterate over string characters directly + + align:start position:0% +iterate over string characters directly + + + align:start position:0% +iterate over string characters directly +we can iterate over Tuple and list + + align:start position:0% +we can iterate over Tuple and list + + + align:start position:0% +we can iterate over Tuple and list +elements directly so the right hand side + + align:start position:0% +elements directly so the right hand side + + + align:start position:0% +elements directly so the right hand side +here is exactly the uh is code that does + + align:start position:0% +here is exactly the uh is code that does + + + align:start position:0% +here is exactly the uh is code that does +exactly the same thing as the one on the + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same thing as the one on the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same thing as the one on the +left except that our our Loop variable I + + align:start position:0% +left except that our our Loop variable I + + + align:start position:0% +left except that our our Loop variable I +in this particular case will take on the + + align:start position:0% +in this particular case will take on the + + + align:start position:0% +in this particular case will take on the +values of my list uh directly okay and + + align:start position:0% +values of my list uh directly okay and + + + align:start position:0% +values of my list uh directly okay and +so if we take that + + align:start position:0% +so if we take that + + + align:start position:0% +so if we take that +code uh yes and I guess we call this + + align:start position:0% +code uh yes and I guess we call this + + + align:start position:0% +code uh yes and I guess we call this +version more pythonic because it's a lot + + align:start position:0% +version more pythonic because it's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +version more pythonic because it's a lot +easier to read so if we take that + + align:start position:0% +easier to read so if we take that + + + align:start position:0% +easier to read so if we take that +code um and wrap it around a function to + + align:start position:0% +code um and wrap it around a function to + + + align:start position:0% +code um and wrap it around a function to +make this piece of code be something + + align:start position:0% +make this piece of code be something + + + align:start position:0% +make this piece of code be something +that we can reuse in a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +that we can reuse in a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +that we can reuse in a whole bunch of +places to grab the sum of all the + + align:start position:0% +places to grab the sum of all the + + + align:start position:0% +places to grab the sum of all the +elements of a list right we can do that + + align:start position:0% +elements of a list right we can do that + + + align:start position:0% +elements of a list right we can do that +so here I've taken the the code that + + align:start position:0% +so here I've taken the the code that + + + align:start position:0% +so here I've taken the the code that +does the work I've plopped it inside + + align:start position:0% +does the work I've plopped it inside + + + align:start position:0% +does the work I've plopped it inside +this function I've named list sum I've + + align:start position:0% +this function I've named list sum I've + + + align:start position:0% +this function I've named list sum I've +taken a list as a parameter and instead + + align:start position:0% +taken a list as a parameter and instead + + + align:start position:0% +taken a list as a parameter and instead +of printing the total I'm returning the + + align:start position:0% +of printing the total I'm returning the + + + align:start position:0% +of printing the total I'm returning the +total right so very useful function + + align:start position:0% +total right so very useful function + + + align:start position:0% +total right so very useful function +now this Loop variable I will take on + + align:start position:0% +now this Loop variable I will take on + + + align:start position:0% +now this Loop variable I will take on +the values eight then three then five if + + align:start position:0% +the values eight then three then five if + + + align:start position:0% +the values eight then three then five if +that's the list I called this function + + align:start position:0% +that's the list I called this function + + + align:start position:0% +that's the list I called this function +with right so a lot nicer than iter + + align:start position:0% +with right so a lot nicer than iter + + + align:start position:0% +with right so a lot nicer than iter +iterating over the index and and then + + align:start position:0% +iterating over the index and and then + + + align:start position:0% +iterating over the index and and then +indexing into the list with the square + + align:start position:0% +indexing into the list with the square + + + align:start position:0% +indexing into the list with the square +brackets at that + + align:start position:0% +brackets at that + + + align:start position:0% +brackets at that +index what I do want to mention is + + align:start position:0% +index what I do want to mention is + + + align:start position:0% +index what I do want to mention is +something sort of when you're writing + + align:start position:0% +something sort of when you're writing + + + align:start position:0% +something sort of when you're writing +code and uh this is something that I + + align:start position:0% +code and uh this is something that I + + + align:start position:0% +code and uh this is something that I +sort of used to do when I first started + + align:start position:0% +sort of used to do when I first started + + + align:start position:0% +sort of used to do when I first started +out is to write a little comment for + + align:start position:0% +out is to write a little comment for + + + align:start position:0% +out is to write a little comment for +yourself right underneath the for Loop + + align:start position:0% +yourself right underneath the for Loop + + + align:start position:0% +yourself right underneath the for Loop +now I know it's um it's a little tedious + + align:start position:0% +now I know it's um it's a little tedious + + + align:start position:0% +now I know it's um it's a little tedious +but it does help you keep track of + + align:start position:0% +but it does help you keep track of + + + align:start position:0% +but it does help you keep track of +especially if you're now that we're + + align:start position:0% +especially if you're now that we're + + + align:start position:0% +especially if you're now that we're +iterating over tupal or over lists or + + align:start position:0% +iterating over tupal or over lists or + + + align:start position:0% +iterating over tupal or over lists or +over string elements directly or even + + align:start position:0% +over string elements directly or even + + + align:start position:0% +over string elements directly or even +over the indices it helps you keep track + + align:start position:0% +over the indices it helps you keep track + + + align:start position:0% +over the indices it helps you keep track +track of what this Loop variable is + + align:start position:0% +track of what this Loop variable is + + + align:start position:0% +track of what this Loop variable is +value is going to be right and then you + + align:start position:0% +value is going to be right and then you + + + align:start position:0% +value is going to be right and then you +don't have to keep track of it in your + + align:start position:0% +don't have to keep track of it in your + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to keep track of it in your +mind it's on paper and you can use your + + align:start position:0% +mind it's on paper and you can use your + + + align:start position:0% +mind it's on paper and you can use your +mind to keep track of other things so if + + align:start position:0% +mind to keep track of other things so if + + + align:start position:0% +mind to keep track of other things so if +you just write a little comment for + + align:start position:0% +you just write a little comment for + + + align:start position:0% +you just write a little comment for +yourself there it helps you debug along + + align:start position:0% +yourself there it helps you debug along + + + align:start position:0% +yourself there it helps you debug along +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +way so once we have these uh once we + + align:start position:0% +way so once we have these uh once we + + + align:start position:0% +way so once we have these uh once we +iterate over list elements directly it + + align:start position:0% +iterate over list elements directly it + + + align:start position:0% +iterate over list elements directly it +makes code that we write really easy to + + align:start position:0% +makes code that we write really easy to + + + align:start position:0% +makes code that we write really easy to +read so here the code on the left is + + align:start position:0% +read so here the code on the left is + + + align:start position:0% +read so here the code on the left is +going to iterate over the elements + + align:start position:0% +going to iterate over the elements + + + align:start position:0% +going to iterate over the elements +directly and get the the running total + + align:start position:0% +directly and get the the running total + + + align:start position:0% +directly and get the the running total +but we can make a really small change to + + align:start position:0% +but we can make a really small change to + + + align:start position:0% +but we can make a really small change to +the input list let's say our input list + + align:start position:0% +the input list let's say our input list + + + align:start position:0% +the input list let's say our input list +no longer takes in just numbers but it + + align:start position:0% +no longer takes in just numbers but it + + + align:start position:0% +no longer takes in just numbers but it +can take in uh + + align:start position:0% +can take in uh + + + align:start position:0% +can take in uh +strings we can make one small change to + + align:start position:0% +strings we can make one small change to + + + align:start position:0% +strings we can make one small change to +our Loop uh to our Loop + + align:start position:0% +our Loop uh to our Loop + + + align:start position:0% +our Loop uh to our Loop +body our Loop variable still iterates + + align:start position:0% +body our Loop variable still iterates + + + align:start position:0% +body our Loop variable still iterates +over all the elements in the list L and + + align:start position:0% +over all the elements in the list L and + + + align:start position:0% +over all the elements in the list L and +then if we write the note for ourselves + + align:start position:0% +then if we write the note for ourselves + + + align:start position:0% +then if we write the note for ourselves +that s is going to be a then DF then G + + align:start position:0% +that s is going to be a then DF then G + + + align:start position:0% +that s is going to be a then DF then G +if we wanted to write code that grabbed + + align:start position:0% +if we wanted to write code that grabbed + + + align:start position:0% +if we wanted to write code that grabbed +the sum of all of the lengths of the + + align:start position:0% +the sum of all of the lengths of the + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of all of the lengths of the +list the total plus equals e on the left + + align:start position:0% +list the total plus equals e on the left + + + align:start position:0% +list the total plus equals e on the left +hand side becomes total plus equal + + align:start position:0% +hand side becomes total plus equal + + + align:start position:0% +hand side becomes total plus equal +length of s on the right hand side so + + align:start position:0% +length of s on the right hand side so + + + align:start position:0% +length of s on the right hand side so +length of s one at a time will take on + + align:start position:0% +length of s one at a time will take on + + + align:start position:0% +length of s one at a time will take on +the value two because AB has length two + + align:start position:0% +the value two because AB has length two + + + align:start position:0% +the value two because AB has length two +and then three because DF has length + + align:start position:0% +and then three because DF has length + + + align:start position:0% +and then three because DF has length +three and then one because G has length + + align:start position:0% +three and then one because G has length + + + align:start position:0% +three and then one because G has length +one right so the code looks very similar + + align:start position:0% +one right so the code looks very similar + + + align:start position:0% +one right so the code looks very similar +but they have different functionalities + + align:start position:0% +but they have different functionalities + + + align:start position:0% +but they have different functionalities +depending on what we want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do okay um we don't have time to go + + align:start position:0% +do okay um we don't have time to go + + + align:start position:0% +do okay um we don't have time to go +through this you try it but definitely + + align:start position:0% +through this you try it but definitely + + + align:start position:0% +through this you try it but definitely +try it um on your own at home uh it's + + align:start position:0% +try it um on your own at home uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +try it um on your own at home uh it's +very useful plus a whole bunch of other + + align:start position:0% +very useful plus a whole bunch of other + + + align:start position:0% +very useful plus a whole bunch of other +functions that I've put in this python + + align:start position:0% +functions that I've put in this python + + + align:start position:0% +functions that I've put in this python +file for you to get a lot of experience + + align:start position:0% +file for you to get a lot of experience + + + align:start position:0% +file for you to get a lot of experience +with tupal and lists + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/hfq1T9windg.txt b/hfq1T9windg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee5ca4ed66a72c597f41b7fda2aff03e0b44f5b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/hfq1T9windg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14008 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right so today uh the + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right so today uh the + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right so today uh the +basic idea is to try to understand uh + + align:start position:0% +basic idea is to try to understand uh + + + align:start position:0% +basic idea is to try to understand uh +the toggle switch uh you know how such a + + align:start position:0% +the toggle switch uh you know how such a + + + align:start position:0% +the toggle switch uh you know how such a +thing can be made why it represents a + + align:start position:0% +thing can be made why it represents a + + + align:start position:0% +thing can be made why it represents a +memory module um but then we'll + + align:start position:0% +memory module um but then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +memory module um but then we'll +relatively quickly get into two um + + align:start position:0% +relatively quickly get into two um + + + align:start position:0% +relatively quickly get into two um +themes that are going to be useful + + align:start position:0% +themes that are going to be useful + + + align:start position:0% +themes that are going to be useful +throughout the rest of the semester + + align:start position:0% +throughout the rest of the semester + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the rest of the semester +first is um the these dimensionless + + align:start position:0% +first is um the these dimensionless + + + align:start position:0% +first is um the these dimensionless +equations that uh that often pop up in + + align:start position:0% +equations that uh that often pop up in + + + align:start position:0% +equations that uh that often pop up in +the analysis of these Gene circuits um + + align:start position:0% +the analysis of these Gene circuits um + + + align:start position:0% +the analysis of these Gene circuits um +and we it's it's absolutely essential + + align:start position:0% +and we it's it's absolutely essential + + + align:start position:0% +and we it's it's absolutely essential +that you understand uh how to get to the + + align:start position:0% +that you understand uh how to get to the + + + align:start position:0% +that you understand uh how to get to the +dimensionless equations uh and also uh + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless equations uh and also uh + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless equations uh and also uh +what these what these parameters end up + + align:start position:0% +what these what these parameters end up + + + align:start position:0% +what these what these parameters end up +uh end up meaning okay and then uh and + + align:start position:0% +uh end up meaning okay and then uh and + + + align:start position:0% +uh end up meaning okay and then uh and +then we'll at the end talk about + + align:start position:0% +then we'll at the end talk about + + + align:start position:0% +then we'll at the end talk about +stability analysis how is it that you + + align:start position:0% +stability analysis how is it that you + + + align:start position:0% +stability analysis how is it that you +can determine whether uh a particular + + align:start position:0% +can determine whether uh a particular + + + align:start position:0% +can determine whether uh a particular +set of interacting pieces in a cell or + + align:start position:0% +set of interacting pieces in a cell or + + + align:start position:0% +set of interacting pieces in a cell or +in an ecosystem whatnot once you get in + + align:start position:0% +in an ecosystem whatnot once you get in + + + align:start position:0% +in an ecosystem whatnot once you get in +the form of an equation how is it you + + align:start position:0% +the form of an equation how is it you + + + align:start position:0% +the form of an equation how is it you +can determine whether a particular fix + + align:start position:0% +can determine whether a particular fix + + + align:start position:0% +can determine whether a particular fix +point or particular location is going to + + align:start position:0% +point or particular location is going to + + + align:start position:0% +point or particular location is going to +be uh stable to perturbations right this + + align:start position:0% +be uh stable to perturbations right this + + + align:start position:0% +be uh stable to perturbations right this +is going to be useful for us to + + align:start position:0% +is going to be useful for us to + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be useful for us to +determine where the gene network is + + align:start position:0% +determine where the gene network is + + + align:start position:0% +determine where the gene network is +going to kind of uh move towards also + + align:start position:0% +going to kind of uh move towards also + + + align:start position:0% +going to kind of uh move towards also +it'll be useful for us to determine + + align:start position:0% +it'll be useful for us to determine + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be useful for us to determine +whether a gene network is going to + + align:start position:0% +whether a gene network is going to + + + align:start position:0% +whether a gene network is going to +oscillate uh and later it will be + + align:start position:0% +oscillate uh and later it will be + + + align:start position:0% +oscillate uh and later it will be +relevant in the context of Predator prey + + align:start position:0% +relevant in the context of Predator prey + + + align:start position:0% +relevant in the context of Predator prey +oscillations a bunch of other things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so um right so can + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so um right so can + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so um right so can +somebody maybe uh explain briefly uh the + + align:start position:0% +somebody maybe uh explain briefly uh the + + + align:start position:0% +somebody maybe uh explain briefly uh the +idea of the toggle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +switch yes please you have these two gen + + align:start position:0% +switch yes please you have these two gen + + + align:start position:0% +switch yes please you have these two gen +that uh that repress expression of each + + align:start position:0% +that uh that repress expression of each + + + align:start position:0% +that uh that repress expression of each +other so when one of them is large the + + align:start position:0% +other so when one of them is large the + + + align:start position:0% +other so when one of them is large the +other one is not expressed and perfect + + align:start position:0% +other one is not expressed and perfect + + + align:start position:0% +other one is not expressed and perfect +right yeah so you have two uh two genes + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so you have two uh two genes + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so you have two uh two genes +that going to mutually repress each + + align:start position:0% +that going to mutually repress each + + + align:start position:0% +that going to mutually repress each +other so uh in this case each U each of + + align:start position:0% +other so uh in this case each U each of + + + align:start position:0% +other so uh in this case each U each of +them will be a transcription factor of + + align:start position:0% +them will be a transcription factor of + + + align:start position:0% +them will be a transcription factor of +some sort that will uh that will bind to + + align:start position:0% +some sort that will uh that will bind to + + + align:start position:0% +some sort that will uh that will bind to +the other promoter and repress it so + + align:start position:0% +the other promoter and repress it so + + + align:start position:0% +the other promoter and repress it so +there are various uh kind of levels of + + align:start position:0% +there are various uh kind of levels of + + + align:start position:0% +there are various uh kind of levels of +abstraction that we might use to + + align:start position:0% +abstraction that we might use to + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction that we might use to +describe such things right so we might + + align:start position:0% +describe such things right so we might + + + align:start position:0% +describe such things right so we might +for example just say a repressing b b we + + align:start position:0% +for example just say a repressing b b we + + + align:start position:0% +for example just say a repressing b b we +pressing a of course when you write it + + align:start position:0% +pressing a of course when you write it + + + align:start position:0% +pressing a of course when you write it +that way it doesn't have to be in the + + align:start position:0% +that way it doesn't have to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +that way it doesn't have to be in the +context of a gene Network this A's and + + align:start position:0% +context of a gene Network this A's and + + + align:start position:0% +context of a gene Network this A's and +B's could be um they could just be + + align:start position:0% +B's could be um they could just be + + + align:start position:0% +B's could be um they could just be +chemicals they could be species eating + + align:start position:0% +chemicals they could be species eating + + + align:start position:0% +chemicals they could be species eating +each other right it could be almost + + align:start position:0% +each other right it could be almost + + + align:start position:0% +each other right it could be almost +anything right uh now in this framework + + align:start position:0% +anything right uh now in this framework + + + align:start position:0% +anything right uh now in this framework +you can just uh to get a basic sense of + + align:start position:0% +you can just uh to get a basic sense of + + + align:start position:0% +you can just uh to get a basic sense of +why this thing might uh be have two + + align:start position:0% +why this thing might uh be have two + + + align:start position:0% +why this thing might uh be have two +alternative stable States is that you + + align:start position:0% +alternative stable States is that you + + + align:start position:0% +alternative stable States is that you +know often we like to take kind of the + + align:start position:0% +know often we like to take kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +know often we like to take kind of the +Boolean approximation this thing will + + align:start position:0% +Boolean approximation this thing will + + + align:start position:0% +Boolean approximation this thing will +not always work but it's a useful thing + + align:start position:0% +not always work but it's a useful thing + + + align:start position:0% +not always work but it's a useful thing +to do to just kind of first get a sense + + align:start position:0% +to do to just kind of first get a sense + + + align:start position:0% +to do to just kind of first get a sense +of what might possibly be happening + + align:start position:0% +of what might possibly be happening + + + align:start position:0% +of what might possibly be happening +right so we might say Okay zero + + align:start position:0% +right so we might say Okay zero + + + align:start position:0% +right so we might say Okay zero +corresponds to some sort of low one + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to some sort of low one + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to some sort of low one +might correspond to high and of course + + align:start position:0% +might correspond to high and of course + + + align:start position:0% +might correspond to high and of course +these these things have to be put in + + align:start position:0% +these these things have to be put in + + + align:start position:0% +these these things have to be put in +quotes because we haven't specified what + + align:start position:0% +quotes because we haven't specified what + + + align:start position:0% +quotes because we haven't specified what +we mean by this but it's useful to just + + align:start position:0% +we mean by this but it's useful to just + + + align:start position:0% +we mean by this but it's useful to just +make sure that we're all thinking about + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we're all thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we're all thinking about +the same things right and then and then + + align:start position:0% +the same things right and then and then + + + align:start position:0% +the same things right and then and then +in the context of A and B we can just + + align:start position:0% +in the context of A and B we can just + + + align:start position:0% +in the context of A and B we can just +say all right well there's a number of + + align:start position:0% +say all right well there's a number of + + + align:start position:0% +say all right well there's a number of +different states could possibly be in + + align:start position:0% +different states could possibly be in + + + align:start position:0% +different states could possibly be in +right and you can ask whether there's a + + align:start position:0% +right and you can ask whether there's a + + + align:start position:0% +right and you can ask whether there's a +whether this assignment of logic values + + align:start position:0% +whether this assignment of logic values + + + align:start position:0% +whether this assignment of logic values +kind of has everybody keeps everybody + + align:start position:0% +kind of has everybody keeps everybody + + + align:start position:0% +kind of has everybody keeps everybody +happy right and you know so you might + + align:start position:0% +happy right and you know so you might + + + align:start position:0% +happy right and you know so you might +ask well uh does zero is z00 a mutually + + align:start position:0% +ask well uh does zero is z00 a mutually + + + align:start position:0% +ask well uh does zero is z00 a mutually +happy State and of course then you have + + align:start position:0% +happy State and of course then you have + + + align:start position:0% +happy State and of course then you have +to say well if if you're in the zero + + align:start position:0% +to say well if if you're in the zero + + + align:start position:0% +to say well if if you're in the zero +State you're not repressing the other + + align:start position:0% +State you're not repressing the other + + + align:start position:0% +State you're not repressing the other +guy but maybe it's um maybe zero is sort + + align:start position:0% +guy but maybe it's um maybe zero is sort + + + align:start position:0% +guy but maybe it's um maybe zero is sort +of your equilibrium anyway so what we + + align:start position:0% +of your equilibrium anyway so what we + + + align:start position:0% +of your equilibrium anyway so what we +have to do is we have to make the + + align:start position:0% +have to do is we have to make the + + + align:start position:0% +have to do is we have to make the +assumption that when you're not being + + align:start position:0% +assumption that when you're not being + + + align:start position:0% +assumption that when you're not being +repressed that then in that case the + + align:start position:0% +repressed that then in that case the + + + align:start position:0% +repressed that then in that case the +promoter will be actively making that + + align:start position:0% +promoter will be actively making that + + + align:start position:0% +promoter will be actively making that +protein and so then you'll kind of go to + + align:start position:0% +protein and so then you'll kind of go to + + + align:start position:0% +protein and so then you'll kind of go to +some sort of high or one state right so + + align:start position:0% +some sort of high or one state right so + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of high or one state right so +in that case you say all right well if + + align:start position:0% +in that case you say all right well if + + + align:start position:0% +in that case you say all right well if +you start out with both repressed maybe + + align:start position:0% +you start out with both repressed maybe + + + align:start position:0% +you start out with both repressed maybe +uh both of them should start trying to + + align:start position:0% +uh both of them should start trying to + + + align:start position:0% +uh both of them should start trying to +increase their their levels right + + align:start position:0% +increase their their levels right + + + align:start position:0% +increase their their levels right +right so this in some ways is not a + + align:start position:0% +right so this in some ways is not a + + + align:start position:0% +right so this in some ways is not a +stable State U similarly here this is + + align:start position:0% +stable State U similarly here this is + + + align:start position:0% +stable State U similarly here this is +also not a stable State because in this + + align:start position:0% +also not a stable State because in this + + + align:start position:0% +also not a stable State because in this +case they're both going to be trying to + + align:start position:0% +case they're both going to be trying to + + + align:start position:0% +case they're both going to be trying to +repress one another right so then + + align:start position:0% +repress one another right so then + + + align:start position:0% +repress one another right so then +they'll both start coming down and then + + align:start position:0% +they'll both start coming down and then + + + align:start position:0% +they'll both start coming down and then +the situation may resolve into one of + + align:start position:0% +the situation may resolve into one of + + + align:start position:0% +the situation may resolve into one of +these two okay so this is just where + + align:start position:0% +these two okay so this is just where + + + align:start position:0% +these two okay so this is just where +either a A or B is on and repressing the + + align:start position:0% +either a A or B is on and repressing the + + + align:start position:0% +either a A or B is on and repressing the +other one right so for example in the + + align:start position:0% +other one right so for example in the + + + align:start position:0% +other one right so for example in the +context of the repress lator on Thursday + + align:start position:0% +context of the repress lator on Thursday + + + align:start position:0% +context of the repress lator on Thursday +this is just a useful way to start + + align:start position:0% +this is just a useful way to start + + + align:start position:0% +this is just a useful way to start +imagining how this a repressing b + + align:start position:0% +imagining how this a repressing b + + + align:start position:0% +imagining how this a repressing b +repressing c repressing a how such a + + align:start position:0% +repressing c repressing a how such a + + + align:start position:0% +repressing c repressing a how such a +loop can lead to oscillations okay this + + align:start position:0% +loop can lead to oscillations okay this + + + align:start position:0% +loop can lead to oscillations okay this +kind of analysis does not at all prove + + align:start position:0% +kind of analysis does not at all prove + + + align:start position:0% +kind of analysis does not at all prove +that there are + + align:start position:0% +that there are + + + align:start position:0% +that there are +oscillations uh in any you know any + + align:start position:0% +oscillations uh in any you know any + + + align:start position:0% +oscillations uh in any you know any +given manifestation of this thing but + + align:start position:0% +given manifestation of this thing but + + + align:start position:0% +given manifestation of this thing but +it's useful to just make sure that + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to just make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to just make sure that +you're kind of roughly getting uh the + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of roughly getting uh the + + + align:start position:0% +you're kind of roughly getting uh the +idea of what the system might be doing + + align:start position:0% +idea of what the system might be doing + + + align:start position:0% +idea of what the system might be doing +okay now in in many cases we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +okay now in in many cases we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +okay now in in many cases we'll we'll +want to be a little bit more explicit + + align:start position:0% +want to be a little bit more explicit + + + align:start position:0% +want to be a little bit more explicit +and draw the gene Network in more detail + + align:start position:0% +and draw the gene Network in more detail + + + align:start position:0% +and draw the gene Network in more detail +um and and there there are multiple + + align:start position:0% +um and and there there are multiple + + + align:start position:0% +um and and there there are multiple +manifestations of the toggle switch + + align:start position:0% +manifestations of the toggle switch + + + align:start position:0% +manifestations of the toggle switch +there are many of them that have been + + align:start position:0% +there are many of them that have been + + + align:start position:0% +there are many of them that have been +made so it's the important thing is not + + align:start position:0% +made so it's the important thing is not + + + align:start position:0% +made so it's the important thing is not +to necessarily keep track of uh exactly + + align:start position:0% +to necessarily keep track of uh exactly + + + align:start position:0% +to necessarily keep track of uh exactly +what the components are but uh in one + + align:start position:0% +what the components are but uh in one + + + align:start position:0% +what the components are but uh in one +case for example we might have a + + align:start position:0% +case for example we might have a + + + align:start position:0% +case for example we might have a +corresponding to uh something here it's + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to uh something here it's + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to uh something here it's +coming back and repressing again uh + + align:start position:0% +coming back and repressing again uh + + + align:start position:0% +coming back and repressing again uh +expression of this + + align:start position:0% +expression of this + + + align:start position:0% +expression of this +B and this might all be on one piece of + + align:start position:0% +B and this might all be on one piece of + + + align:start position:0% +B and this might all be on one piece of +DNA all right whereas this B here will + + align:start position:0% +DNA all right whereas this B here will + + + align:start position:0% +DNA all right whereas this B here will +come back and repress repress a now + + align:start position:0% +come back and repress repress a now + + + align:start position:0% +come back and repress repress a now +one thing that is uh and I I just want + + align:start position:0% +one thing that is uh and I I just want + + + align:start position:0% +one thing that is uh and I I just want +to mention here they also have a + + align:start position:0% +to mention here they also have a + + + align:start position:0% +to mention here they also have a +gfp right and and this actually is a + + align:start position:0% +gfp right and and this actually is a + + + align:start position:0% +gfp right and and this actually is a +case where um those two can be expressed + + align:start position:0% +case where um those two can be expressed + + + align:start position:0% +case where um those two can be expressed +off of a single promoter so this is + + align:start position:0% +off of a single promoter so this is + + + align:start position:0% +off of a single promoter so this is +often done in bacteria where uh there's + + align:start position:0% +often done in bacteria where uh there's + + + align:start position:0% +often done in bacteria where uh there's +a single promoter right so RNA + + align:start position:0% +a single promoter right so RNA + + + align:start position:0% +a single promoter right so RNA +polymerase actually will transcribe both + + align:start position:0% +polymerase actually will transcribe both + + + align:start position:0% +polymerase actually will transcribe both +of these genes right this repressor B as + + align:start position:0% +of these genes right this repressor B as + + + align:start position:0% +of these genes right this repressor B as +well as this fluorescent protein okay so + + align:start position:0% +well as this fluorescent protein okay so + + + align:start position:0% +well as this fluorescent protein okay so +it's going there going to be alternative + + align:start position:0% +it's going there going to be alternative + + + align:start position:0% +it's going there going to be alternative +loading sites for for the ribosome in + + align:start position:0% +loading sites for for the ribosome in + + + align:start position:0% +loading sites for for the ribosome in +that case right UK carots uh typically + + align:start position:0% +that case right UK carots uh typically + + + align:start position:0% +that case right UK carots uh typically +do not do + + align:start position:0% +do not do + + + align:start position:0% +do not do +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +yeah can you say that when it starts + + align:start position:0% +yeah can you say that when it starts + + + align:start position:0% +yeah can you say that when it starts +transcription that's right so and it + + align:start position:0% +transcription that's right so and it + + + align:start position:0% +transcription that's right so and it +will transcribe everything until exactly + + align:start position:0% +will transcribe everything until exactly + + + align:start position:0% +will transcribe everything until exactly +right so here comes so an RNA + + align:start position:0% +right so here comes so an RNA + + + align:start position:0% +right so here comes so an RNA +polymerase U bound here made this whole + + align:start position:0% +polymerase U bound here made this whole + + + align:start position:0% +polymerase U bound here made this whole +thing and now you might have two + + align:start position:0% +thing and now you might have two + + + align:start position:0% +thing and now you might have two +separate locations where the uh ribosome + + align:start position:0% +separate locations where the uh ribosome + + + align:start position:0% +separate locations where the uh ribosome +loads and makes this protein B and and + + align:start position:0% +loads and makes this protein B and and + + + align:start position:0% +loads and makes this protein B and and +then a different rone would make this + + align:start position:0% +then a different rone would make this + + + align:start position:0% +then a different rone would make this +gfp and when does it stop keeps going + + align:start position:0% +gfp and when does it stop keeps going + + + align:start position:0% +gfp and when does it stop keeps going +yeah so so right so there's a + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so right so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so so right so there's a +termination sequence and then gfp and + + align:start position:0% +termination sequence and then gfp and + + + align:start position:0% +termination sequence and then gfp and +then it will just keep going no no so + + align:start position:0% +then it will just keep going no no so + + + align:start position:0% +then it will just keep going no no so +the r the ribosome uh is is told to + + align:start position:0% +the r the ribosome uh is is told to + + + align:start position:0% +the r the ribosome uh is is told to +basically start here and end here so + + align:start position:0% +basically start here and end here so + + + align:start position:0% +basically start here and end here so +then it so it just makes the B protein + + align:start position:0% +then it so it just makes the B protein + + + align:start position:0% +then it so it just makes the B protein +and then another ribosome binds here and + + align:start position:0% +and then another ribosome binds here and + + + align:start position:0% +and then another ribosome binds here and +then sorry um if you had more proteins + + align:start position:0% +then sorry um if you had more proteins + + + align:start position:0% +then sorry um if you had more proteins +on the same strand after gfp and when + + align:start position:0% +on the same strand after gfp and when + + + align:start position:0% +on the same strand after gfp and when +you say prot you're referring to the + + align:start position:0% +you say prot you're referring to the + + + align:start position:0% +you say prot you're referring to the +ribosome okay I just want okay I mean I + + align:start position:0% +ribosome okay I just want okay I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +ribosome okay I just want okay I mean I +mean gen right oh okay you're saying if + + align:start position:0% +mean gen right oh okay you're saying if + + + align:start position:0% +mean gen right oh okay you're saying if +there were another another gen if you + + align:start position:0% +there were another another gen if you + + + align:start position:0% +there were another another gen if you +have more gened if if you're coding for + + align:start position:0% +have more gened if if you're coding for + + + align:start position:0% +have more gened if if you're coding for +more proteins after gfp if you have more + + align:start position:0% +more proteins after gfp if you have more + + + align:start position:0% +more proteins after gfp if you have more +gen + + align:start position:0% +gen + + + align:start position:0% +gen +on it will just keep + + align:start position:0% +on it will just keep + + + align:start position:0% +on it will just keep +going an arbitrarily long that PR at the + + align:start position:0% +going an arbitrarily long that PR at the + + + align:start position:0% +going an arbitrarily long that PR at the +beginning will promote you know + + align:start position:0% +beginning will promote you know + + + align:start position:0% +beginning will promote you know +arbitrary is always a dangerous word but + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary is always a dangerous word but + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary is always a dangerous word but +but it can it can be more than more than + + align:start position:0% +but it can it can be more than more than + + + align:start position:0% +but it can it can be more than more than +two and actually um at The biophysics + + align:start position:0% +two and actually um at The biophysics + + + align:start position:0% +two and actually um at The biophysics +Retreat uh that some of you guys were at + + align:start position:0% +Retreat uh that some of you guys were at + + + align:start position:0% +Retreat uh that some of you guys were at +uh just the last two days there was a + + align:start position:0% +uh just the last two days there was a + + + align:start position:0% +uh just the last two days there was a +great talk by Gan way Lee who's going to + + align:start position:0% +great talk by Gan way Lee who's going to + + + align:start position:0% +great talk by Gan way Lee who's going to +be a new incoming biology faculty member + + align:start position:0% +be a new incoming biology faculty member + + + align:start position:0% +be a new incoming biology faculty member +and he was talking about the um I + + align:start position:0% +and he was talking about the um I + + + align:start position:0% +and he was talking about the um I +believe is the fof1 ATP synthes so it's + + align:start position:0% +believe is the fof1 ATP synthes so it's + + + align:start position:0% +believe is the fof1 ATP synthes so it's +thing it's responsible for making ATP + + align:start position:0% +thing it's responsible for making ATP + + + align:start position:0% +thing it's responsible for making ATP +and um and what he he he analyzed this + + align:start position:0% +and um and what he he he analyzed this + + + align:start position:0% +and um and what he he he analyzed this +process where and there are many + + align:start position:0% +process where and there are many + + + align:start position:0% +process where and there are many +subunits right so there are half a dozen + + align:start position:0% +subunits right so there are half a dozen + + + align:start position:0% +subunits right so there are half a dozen +or so and you know so so it's a very + + align:start position:0% +or so and you know so so it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +or so and you know so so it's a very +long transcript and then what he showed + + align:start position:0% +long transcript and then what he showed + + + align:start position:0% +long transcript and then what he showed +is that actually you could have + + align:start position:0% +is that actually you could have + + + align:start position:0% +is that actually you could have +different rates of synthesis of the + + align:start position:0% +different rates of synthesis of the + + + align:start position:0% +different rates of synthesis of the +different genes on this uh on this one + + align:start position:0% +different genes on this uh on this one + + + align:start position:0% +different genes on this uh on this one +transcript and in some cases you have + + align:start position:0% +transcript and in some cases you have + + + align:start position:0% +transcript and in some cases you have +you want actually more copies of one of + + align:start position:0% +you want actually more copies of one of + + + align:start position:0% +you want actually more copies of one of +the subunits than another one so then + + align:start position:0% +the subunits than another one so then + + + align:start position:0% +the subunits than another one so then +actually if you need you know if the if + + align:start position:0% +actually if you need you know if the if + + + align:start position:0% +actually if you need you know if the if +theal final protein if it needs you know + + align:start position:0% +theal final protein if it needs you know + + + align:start position:0% +theal final protein if it needs you know +12 of these only one of these then + + align:start position:0% +12 of these only one of these then + + + align:start position:0% +12 of these only one of these then +actually you can make 12 times as much + + align:start position:0% +actually you can make 12 times as much + + + align:start position:0% +actually you can make 12 times as much +of this because you just have more + + align:start position:0% +of this because you just have more + + + align:start position:0% +of this because you just have more +translation here than you did here and + + align:start position:0% +translation here than you did here and + + + align:start position:0% +translation here than you did here and +then then it's great because then you + + align:start position:0% +then then it's great because then you + + + align:start position:0% +then then it's great because then you +have all the right ratios of all the + + align:start position:0% +have all the right ratios of all the + + + align:start position:0% +have all the right ratios of all the +components to make this make this + + align:start position:0% +components to make this make this + + + align:start position:0% +components to make this make this +protein so you can you can actually have + + align:start position:0% +protein so you can you can actually have + + + align:start position:0% +protein so you can you can actually have +additional regulation even at even at + + align:start position:0% +additional regulation even at even at + + + align:start position:0% +additional regulation even at even at +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +stage all right that may it's possible + + align:start position:0% +stage all right that may it's possible + + + align:start position:0% +stage all right that may it's possible +not everybody followed that discussion + + align:start position:0% +not everybody followed that discussion + + + align:start position:0% +not everybody followed that discussion +and my apologies but if that's you know + + align:start position:0% +and my apologies but if that's you know + + + align:start position:0% +and my apologies but if that's you know +feel free to just erase it from your + + align:start position:0% +feel free to just erase it from your + + + align:start position:0% +feel free to just erase it from your +brain if if you're very if you're too + + align:start position:0% +brain if if you're very if you're too + + + align:start position:0% +brain if if you're very if you're too +confused right um but what you need to + + align:start position:0% +confused right um but what you need to + + + align:start position:0% +confused right um but what you need to +kind of keep track of here is that this + + align:start position:0% +kind of keep track of here is that this + + + align:start position:0% +kind of keep track of here is that this +uh the the level of gfp is going to be + + align:start position:0% +uh the the level of gfp is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the level of gfp is going to be +perhaps proportional to the uh level of + + align:start position:0% +perhaps proportional to the uh level of + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps proportional to the uh level of +B right because they're being expressed + + align:start position:0% +B right because they're being expressed + + + align:start position:0% +B right because they're being expressed +at the same time okay now in order um + + align:start position:0% +at the same time okay now in order um + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time okay now in order um +for this thing to be a memory module you + + align:start position:0% +for this thing to be a memory module you + + + align:start position:0% +for this thing to be a memory module you +also want to be able to reset the state + + align:start position:0% +also want to be able to reset the state + + + align:start position:0% +also want to be able to reset the state +right so if you were're in this state + + align:start position:0% +right so if you were're in this state + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you were're in this state +you'd like to be able to somehow get it + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to be able to somehow get it + + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to be able to somehow get it +to move to this state instead right does + + align:start position:0% +to move to this state instead right does + + + align:start position:0% +to move to this state instead right does +anybody remember what the kind of inputs + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember what the kind of inputs + + + align:start position:0% +anybody remember what the kind of inputs +were in the context of the the sample + + align:start position:0% +were in the context of the the sample + + + align:start position:0% +were in the context of the the sample +toggle switch that that was in that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +review right okay okay so um all right + + align:start position:0% +review right okay okay so um all right + + + align:start position:0% +review right okay okay so um all right +so there are multiple versions of the + + align:start position:0% +so there are multiple versions of the + + + align:start position:0% +so there are multiple versions of the +toggle switch um and indeed in in one + + align:start position:0% +toggle switch um and indeed in in one + + + align:start position:0% +toggle switch um and indeed in in one +case this was just a small molecule ipg + + align:start position:0% +case this was just a small molecule ipg + + + align:start position:0% +case this was just a small molecule ipg +right and that's because this was in + + align:start position:0% +right and that's because this was in + + + align:start position:0% +right and that's because this was in +that case um the black ey all right um + + align:start position:0% +that case um the black ey all right um + + + align:start position:0% +that case um the black ey all right um +and this then represses the repression + + align:start position:0% +and this then represses the repression + + + align:start position:0% +and this then represses the repression +right so in many context in this class + + align:start position:0% +right so in many context in this class + + + align:start position:0% +right so in many context in this class +you'll have to remember that a minus + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to remember that a minus + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have to remember that a minus +minus is equal to a + + align:start position:0% +minus is equal to a + + + align:start position:0% +minus is equal to a +plus and um and and in different toggle + + align:start position:0% +plus and um and and in different toggle + + + align:start position:0% +plus and um and and in different toggle +switches uh you you indeed have + + align:start position:0% +switches uh you you indeed have + + + align:start position:0% +switches uh you you indeed have +different ways of inhibiting uh this + + align:start position:0% +different ways of inhibiting uh this + + + align:start position:0% +different ways of inhibiting uh this +repression right so this could be + + align:start position:0% +repression right so this could be + + + align:start position:0% +repression right so this could be +another small molecule say ATC and in + + align:start position:0% +another small molecule say ATC and in + + + align:start position:0% +another small molecule say ATC and in +the example that that they had in in + + align:start position:0% +the example that that they had in in + + + align:start position:0% +the example that that they had in in +this uh review it was actually heat that + + align:start position:0% +this uh review it was actually heat that + + + align:start position:0% +this uh review it was actually heat that +um that did this but that's just because + + align:start position:0% +um that did this but that's just because + + + align:start position:0% +um that did this but that's just because +this uh transcription Factor was a + + align:start position:0% +this uh transcription Factor was a + + + align:start position:0% +this uh transcription Factor was a +temperature sensitive mutant so above + + align:start position:0% +temperature sensitive mutant so above + + + align:start position:0% +temperature sensitive mutant so above +some temperature it could no longer + + align:start position:0% +some temperature it could no longer + + + align:start position:0% +some temperature it could no longer +repress + + align:start position:0% +repress + + + align:start position:0% +repress +okay so for example if you start out in + + align:start position:0% +okay so for example if you start out in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for example if you start out in +high + + align:start position:0% +high + + + align:start position:0% +high +gfp right so in this case where they all + + align:start position:0% +gfp right so in this case where they all + + + align:start position:0% +gfp right so in this case where they all +right if the cells are in high + + align:start position:0% +right if the cells are in high + + + align:start position:0% +right if the cells are in high +gfp and you want to switch it into the + + align:start position:0% +gfp and you want to switch it into the + + + align:start position:0% +gfp and you want to switch it into the +alternative + + align:start position:0% +alternative + + + align:start position:0% +alternative +State what uh stimulus do you want to + + align:start position:0% +State what uh stimulus do you want to + + + align:start position:0% +State what uh stimulus do you want to +apply + + align:start position:0% +apply + + + align:start position:0% +apply +here all right so I'll give you a guess + + align:start position:0% +here all right so I'll give you a guess + + + align:start position:0% +here all right so I'll give you a guess +it's going to be either heat or ipg + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay I just want to make sure that we + + align:start position:0% +okay I just want to make sure that we + + + align:start position:0% +okay I just want to make sure that we +can all read these + + align:start position:0% +can all read these + + + align:start position:0% +can all read these +diagrams all right this is to + + align:start position:0% +diagrams all right this is to + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams all right this is to +switch from the high gfp and we want to + + align:start position:0% +switch from the high gfp and we want to + + + align:start position:0% +switch from the high gfp and we want to +go to the low + + align:start position:0% +go to the low + + + align:start position:0% +go to the low +gfp all right give you 15 seconds to + + align:start position:0% +gfp all right give you 15 seconds to + + + align:start position:0% +gfp all right give you 15 seconds to +just try to read off this diagram all + + align:start position:0% +just try to read off this diagram all + + + align:start position:0% +just try to read off this diagram all +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right do you need more time no ready + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more time no ready + + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more time no ready +three two + + align:start position:0% +three two + + + align:start position:0% +three two +one all right so we have a majority or B + + align:start position:0% +one all right so we have a majority or B + + + align:start position:0% +one all right so we have a majority or B +okay so majority of people saying well + + align:start position:0% +okay so majority of people saying well + + + align:start position:0% +okay so majority of people saying well +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +case you have a lot of gfp means you + + align:start position:0% +case you have a lot of gfp means you + + + align:start position:0% +case you have a lot of gfp means you +have a lot of this protein B in this + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of this protein B in this + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of this protein B in this +case the lack ey right and we don't have + + align:start position:0% +case the lack ey right and we don't have + + + align:start position:0% +case the lack ey right and we don't have +very much of this other + + align:start position:0% +very much of this other + + + align:start position:0% +very much of this other +protein okay so that means that if we + + align:start position:0% +protein okay so that means that if we + + + align:start position:0% +protein okay so that means that if we +want to switch the state and get a lot + + align:start position:0% +want to switch the state and get a lot + + + align:start position:0% +want to switch the state and get a lot +of a we have to stop this repression so + + align:start position:0% +of a we have to stop this repression so + + + align:start position:0% +of a we have to stop this repression so +we have to add ipg okay um all right any + + align:start position:0% +we have to add ipg okay um all right any + + + align:start position:0% +we have to add ipg okay um all right any +questions about how to what we mean by + + align:start position:0% +questions about how to what we mean by + + + align:start position:0% +questions about how to what we mean by +the various symbols up on on this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +board great um all right so after we had + + align:start position:0% +board great um all right so after we had + + + align:start position:0% +board great um all right so after we had +after we had + + align:start position:0% +after we had + + + align:start position:0% +after we had +ipg + + align:start position:0% +ipg + + + align:start position:0% +ipg +then indeed the gfp should go down how + + align:start position:0% +then indeed the gfp should go down how + + + align:start position:0% +then indeed the gfp should go down how +how long is it going to take for it to + + align:start position:0% +how long is it going to take for it to + + + align:start position:0% +how long is it going to take for it to +go down does this switch go down + + align:start position:0% +go down does this switch go down + + + align:start position:0% +go down does this switch go down +immediately no all right after you add + + align:start position:0% +immediately no all right after you add + + + align:start position:0% +immediately no all right after you add +the ipdg how long do you think it's + + align:start position:0% +the ipdg how long do you think it's + + + align:start position:0% +the ipdg how long do you think it's +going to take for this repressor lacky + + align:start position:0% +going to take for this repressor lacky + + + align:start position:0% +going to take for this repressor lacky +to fall off of that promoter do you + + align:start position:0% +to fall off of that promoter do you + + + align:start position:0% +to fall off of that promoter do you +think it's going to + + align:start position:0% +think it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +think it's going to +be seconds or + + align:start position:0% +be seconds or + + + align:start position:0% +be seconds or +hours so it's actually seconds right + + align:start position:0% +hours so it's actually seconds right + + + align:start position:0% +hours so it's actually seconds right +that's because this ipdg rapidly can go + + align:start position:0% +that's because this ipdg rapidly can go + + + align:start position:0% +that's because this ipdg rapidly can go +across the membrane it'll rapidly bind + + align:start position:0% +across the membrane it'll rapidly bind + + + align:start position:0% +across the membrane it'll rapidly bind +to the inhibitor lack ey and then the + + align:start position:0% +to the inhibitor lack ey and then the + + + align:start position:0% +to the inhibitor lack ey and then the +lack ey will fall + + align:start position:0% +lack ey will fall + + + align:start position:0% +lack ey will fall +off okay so in this case lack ey lack ey + + align:start position:0% +off okay so in this case lack ey lack ey + + + align:start position:0% +off okay so in this case lack ey lack ey +is actually still present right so it's + + align:start position:0% +is actually still present right so it's + + + align:start position:0% +is actually still present right so it's +going to take hours actually for lack ey + + align:start position:0% +going to take hours actually for lack ey + + + align:start position:0% +going to take hours actually for lack ey +to go away but it takes seconds for the + + align:start position:0% +to go away but it takes seconds for the + + + align:start position:0% +to go away but it takes seconds for the +lack ey to um to become inactive you + + align:start position:0% +lack ey to um to become inactive you + + + align:start position:0% +lack ey to um to become inactive you +know ineffective okay so this is the + + align:start position:0% +know ineffective okay so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +know ineffective okay so this is the +separation of time scales idea right but + + align:start position:0% +separation of time scales idea right but + + + align:start position:0% +separation of time scales idea right but +yeah how long is it going to take for + + align:start position:0% +yeah how long is it going to take for + + + align:start position:0% +yeah how long is it going to take for +the concentration + + align:start position:0% +the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration +of well how long is it going to take for + + align:start position:0% +of well how long is it going to take for + + + align:start position:0% +of well how long is it going to take for +gfp to go away maybe is that going to be + + align:start position:0% +gfp to go away maybe is that going to be + + + align:start position:0% +gfp to go away maybe is that going to be +seconds or + + align:start position:0% +seconds or + + + align:start position:0% +seconds or +hourss yeah right so you know in this in + + align:start position:0% +hourss yeah right so you know in this in + + + align:start position:0% +hourss yeah right so you know in this in +this environment the bacteria might be + + align:start position:0% +this environment the bacteria might be + + + align:start position:0% +this environment the bacteria might be +dividing every half hour right so it's + + align:start position:0% +dividing every half hour right so it's + + + align:start position:0% +dividing every half hour right so it's +going to take that's the characteristic + + align:start position:0% +going to take that's the characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +going to take that's the characteristic +time if these are if these are stable + + align:start position:0% +time if these are if these are stable + + + align:start position:0% +time if these are if these are stable +that would be the characteristic time + + align:start position:0% +that would be the characteristic time + + + align:start position:0% +that would be the characteristic time +scale for example gfp to go down right + + align:start position:0% +scale for example gfp to go down right + + + align:start position:0% +scale for example gfp to go down right +and of course that's that's even after + + align:start position:0% +and of course that's that's even after + + + align:start position:0% +and of course that's that's even after +it's inhibited after you stop making gfp + + align:start position:0% +it's inhibited after you stop making gfp + + + align:start position:0% +it's inhibited after you stop making gfp +and you know in this case once you add + + align:start position:0% +and you know in this case once you add + + + align:start position:0% +and you know in this case once you add +the ipg the the lacky is going to fall + + align:start position:0% +the ipg the the lacky is going to fall + + + align:start position:0% +the ipg the the lacky is going to fall +off this promoter and then we have to + + align:start position:0% +off this promoter and then we have to + + + align:start position:0% +off this promoter and then we have to +first make a and only after we make a + + align:start position:0% +first make a and only after we make a + + + align:start position:0% +first make a and only after we make a +will we start repressing expression of + + align:start position:0% +will we start repressing expression of + + + align:start position:0% +will we start repressing expression of +of B and + + align:start position:0% +of B and + + + align:start position:0% +of B and +gfp okay + + align:start position:0% +gfp okay + + + align:start position:0% +gfp okay +right so that that's going to that's a + + align:start position:0% +right so that that's going to that's a + + + align:start position:0% +right so that that's going to that's a +process that you expect to + + align:start position:0% +process that you expect to + + + align:start position:0% +process that you expect to +take + + align:start position:0% +take + + + align:start position:0% +take +hours based on the cell the generation + + align:start position:0% +hours based on the cell the generation + + + align:start position:0% +hours based on the cell the generation +times + + align:start position:0% +times + + + align:start position:0% +times +okay right but this is a memory module + + align:start position:0% +okay right but this is a memory module + + + align:start position:0% +okay right but this is a memory module +because after we've added the ipg now uh + + align:start position:0% +because after we've added the ipg now uh + + + align:start position:0% +because after we've added the ipg now uh +we can in principle take the ipg + + align:start position:0% +we can in principle take the ipg + + + align:start position:0% +we can in principle take the ipg +away and it'll stay + + align:start position:0% +away and it'll stay + + + align:start position:0% +away and it'll stay +low + + align:start position:0% +low + + + align:start position:0% +low +right so in principle this ipg signal + + align:start position:0% +right so in principle this ipg signal + + + align:start position:0% +right so in principle this ipg signal +can be a transient signal + + align:start position:0% +can be a transient signal + + + align:start position:0% +can be a transient signal +and the cells will remember that they + + align:start position:0% +and the cells will remember that they + + + align:start position:0% +and the cells will remember that they +encountered + + align:start position:0% +encountered + + + align:start position:0% +encountered +ipg okay that's what makes this memory + + align:start position:0% +ipg okay that's what makes this memory + + + align:start position:0% +ipg okay that's what makes this memory +so this can be this this input can be + + align:start position:0% +so this can be this this input can be + + + align:start position:0% +so this can be this this input can be +transient transient signal is + + align:start position:0% +transient transient signal is + + + align:start position:0% +transient transient signal is +remembered + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now uh a big part of why this why + + align:start position:0% +okay now uh a big part of why this why + + + align:start position:0% +okay now uh a big part of why this why +this paper was important is because this + + align:start position:0% +this paper was important is because this + + + align:start position:0% +this paper was important is because this +toggle switch was constructed out of + + align:start position:0% +toggle switch was constructed out of + + + align:start position:0% +toggle switch was constructed out of +components that previously in principle + + align:start position:0% +components that previously in principle + + + align:start position:0% +components that previously in principle +had not even ever seen each other before + + align:start position:0% +had not even ever seen each other before + + + align:start position:0% +had not even ever seen each other before +right so it maybe that lack eyy and this + + align:start position:0% +right so it maybe that lack eyy and this + + + align:start position:0% +right so it maybe that lack eyy and this +promoter had uh been put together but + + align:start position:0% +promoter had uh been put together but + + + align:start position:0% +promoter had uh been put together but +this whole system this whole Gene uh + + align:start position:0% +this whole system this whole Gene uh + + + align:start position:0% +this whole system this whole Gene uh +network was composed of uh individual + + align:start position:0% +network was composed of uh individual + + + align:start position:0% +network was composed of uh individual +components that uh that were that were + + align:start position:0% +components that uh that were that were + + + align:start position:0% +components that uh that were that were +synthetic and that were were put + + align:start position:0% +synthetic and that were were put + + + align:start position:0% +synthetic and that were were put +together because they thought oh this + + align:start position:0% +together because they thought oh this + + + align:start position:0% +together because they thought oh this +should kind of + + align:start position:0% +should kind of + + + align:start position:0% +should kind of +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +right and it's led to uh I think a real + + align:start position:0% +right and it's led to uh I think a real + + + align:start position:0% +right and it's led to uh I think a real +a real flowering of this intersection + + align:start position:0% +a real flowering of this intersection + + + align:start position:0% +a real flowering of this intersection +between modeling and experiment this uh + + align:start position:0% +between modeling and experiment this uh + + + align:start position:0% +between modeling and experiment this uh +this thing was built uh based on a Model + + align:start position:0% +this thing was built uh based on a Model + + + align:start position:0% +this thing was built uh based on a Model +that told them that oh maybe if we if we + + align:start position:0% +that told them that oh maybe if we if we + + + align:start position:0% +that told them that oh maybe if we if we +do this these things are you know + + align:start position:0% +do this these things are you know + + + align:start position:0% +do this these things are you know +they're they they they multimerize in + + align:start position:0% +they're they they they multimerize in + + + align:start position:0% +they're they they they multimerize in +order to repress and so forth right so + + align:start position:0% +order to repress and so forth right so + + + align:start position:0% +order to repress and so forth right so +there was a real sense in which the the + + align:start position:0% +there was a real sense in which the the + + + align:start position:0% +there was a real sense in which the the +modeling and and we're going to talk + + align:start position:0% +modeling and and we're going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +modeling and and we're going to talk +more about the modeling um how it was + + align:start position:0% +more about the modeling um how it was + + + align:start position:0% +more about the modeling um how it was +essential to kind of get an idea of how + + align:start position:0% +essential to kind of get an idea of how + + + align:start position:0% +essential to kind of get an idea of how +um how we should construct this thing + + align:start position:0% +um how we should construct this thing + + + align:start position:0% +um how we should construct this thing +and to to guide our work because if any + + align:start position:0% +and to to guide our work because if any + + + align:start position:0% +and to to guide our work because if any +of you do work in the lab you'll know + + align:start position:0% +of you do work in the lab you'll know + + + align:start position:0% +of you do work in the lab you'll know +that you know that things are hard and + + align:start position:0% +that you know that things are hard and + + + align:start position:0% +that you know that things are hard and +often often components don't behave the + + align:start position:0% +often often components don't behave the + + + align:start position:0% +often often components don't behave the +way you think they should and so forth + + align:start position:0% +way you think they should and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +way you think they should and so forth +now modeling can't save you from all of + + align:start position:0% +now modeling can't save you from all of + + + align:start position:0% +now modeling can't save you from all of +that pain but at least it can guide you + + align:start position:0% +that pain but at least it can guide you + + + align:start position:0% +that pain but at least it can guide you +in the right direction so that you it + + align:start position:0% +in the right direction so that you it + + + align:start position:0% +in the right direction so that you it +limits the number of things you have to + + align:start position:0% +limits the number of things you have to + + + align:start position:0% +limits the number of things you have to +try + + align:start position:0% +try + + + align:start position:0% +try +Okay are there any questions about about + + align:start position:0% +Okay are there any questions about about + + + align:start position:0% +Okay are there any questions about about +this element before we switch over to + + align:start position:0% +this element before we switch over to + + + align:start position:0% +this element before we switch over to +the um to some of the dimensionless + + align:start position:0% +the um to some of the dimensionless + + + align:start position:0% +the um to some of the dimensionless +equations that we're going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +using so um yeah so the reading for + + align:start position:0% +using so um yeah so the reading for + + + align:start position:0% +using so um yeah so the reading for +today was composed of um a review that + + align:start position:0% +today was composed of um a review that + + + align:start position:0% +today was composed of um a review that +you know these two pieces one of which I + + align:start position:0% +you know these two pieces one of which I + + + align:start position:0% +you know these two pieces one of which I +think might be hard for some people and + + align:start position:0% +think might be hard for some people and + + + align:start position:0% +think might be hard for some people and +the other one might be hard for other + + align:start position:0% +the other one might be hard for other + + + align:start position:0% +the other one might be hard for other +people right so for those of you with + + align:start position:0% +people right so for those of you with + + + align:start position:0% +people right so for those of you with +maybe more limited uh experimental + + align:start position:0% +maybe more limited uh experimental + + + align:start position:0% +maybe more limited uh experimental +experience in biology maybe the review + + align:start position:0% +experience in biology maybe the review + + + align:start position:0% +experience in biology maybe the review +uh was a challenge to try to understand + + align:start position:0% +uh was a challenge to try to understand + + + align:start position:0% +uh was a challenge to try to understand +all of the n clature and the words um + + align:start position:0% +all of the n clature and the words um + + + align:start position:0% +all of the n clature and the words um +whereas those of you that have not U + + align:start position:0% +whereas those of you that have not U + + + align:start position:0% +whereas those of you that have not U +played with differential equations as + + align:start position:0% +played with differential equations as + + + align:start position:0% +played with differential equations as +much recently might may have found the U + + align:start position:0% +much recently might may have found the U + + + align:start position:0% +much recently might may have found the U +the the reading on on modeling the + + align:start position:0% +the the reading on on modeling the + + + align:start position:0% +the the reading on on modeling the +toggle switch and stability analysis to + + align:start position:0% +toggle switch and stability analysis to + + + align:start position:0% +toggle switch and stability analysis to +be to be more challenging so um that you + + align:start position:0% +be to be more challenging so um that you + + + align:start position:0% +be to be more challenging so um that you +know we will in some cases do this where + + align:start position:0% +know we will in some cases do this where + + + align:start position:0% +know we will in some cases do this where +we have two different hopefully shorter + + align:start position:0% +we have two different hopefully shorter + + + align:start position:0% +we have two different hopefully shorter +kinds of readings that U and and + + align:start position:0% +kinds of readings that U and and + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of readings that U and and +hopefully they're not both hard for you + + align:start position:0% +hopefully they're not both hard for you + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully they're not both hard for you +because then you'll spend a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +because then you'll spend a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +because then you'll spend a lot of time +reading but it'll be good for you so um + + align:start position:0% +reading but it'll be good for you so um + + + align:start position:0% +reading but it'll be good for you so um +don't Don't Run Away quite yet + + align:start position:0% +don't Don't Run Away quite yet + + + align:start position:0% +don't Don't Run Away quite yet +um but from my standpoint it's it's + + align:start position:0% +um but from my standpoint it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +um but from my standpoint it's it's +essential that uh that you develop + + align:start position:0% +essential that uh that you develop + + + align:start position:0% +essential that uh that you develop +intuition Behind these ideas right so + + align:start position:0% +intuition Behind these ideas right so + + + align:start position:0% +intuition Behind these ideas right so +once you have this equation that um + + align:start position:0% +once you have this equation that um + + + align:start position:0% +once you have this equation that um +somebody gives you you should you have + + align:start position:0% +somebody gives you you should you have + + + align:start position:0% +somebody gives you you should you have +to be able to figure out you know what + + align:start position:0% +to be able to figure out you know what + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to figure out you know what +assumptions have they made and um what + + align:start position:0% +assumptions have they made and um what + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions have they made and um what +should the behavior kind of you know + + align:start position:0% +should the behavior kind of you know + + + align:start position:0% +should the behavior kind of you know +kind of be roughly before you go off and + + align:start position:0% +kind of be roughly before you go off and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of be roughly before you go off and +you you do simulations and and full + + align:start position:0% +you you do simulations and and full + + + align:start position:0% +you you do simulations and and full +mathematical analysis right so a lot of + + align:start position:0% +mathematical analysis right so a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical analysis right so a lot of +what we're going to do in this class in + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do in this class in + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do in this class in +particular during uh the lectures is to + + align:start position:0% +particular during uh the lectures is to + + + align:start position:0% +particular during uh the lectures is to +try to uh to work on that intuition + + align:start position:0% +try to uh to work on that intuition + + + align:start position:0% +try to uh to work on that intuition +right and the first thing you need to do + + align:start position:0% +right and the first thing you need to do + + + align:start position:0% +right and the first thing you need to do +is make sure that you um you know if you + + align:start position:0% +is make sure that you um you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +is make sure that you um you know if you +don't understand something sometimes + + align:start position:0% +don't understand something sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +don't understand something sometimes +things look really simple especially + + align:start position:0% +things look really simple especially + + + align:start position:0% +things look really simple especially +these dimensionless equations part of + + align:start position:0% +these dimensionless equations part of + + + align:start position:0% +these dimensionless equations part of +what's attractive about them is that + + align:start position:0% +what's attractive about them is that + + + align:start position:0% +what's attractive about them is that +they are simpler but um the connection + + align:start position:0% +they are simpler but um the connection + + + align:start position:0% +they are simpler but um the connection +to experiments can be uh quite + + align:start position:0% +to experiments can be uh quite + + + align:start position:0% +to experiments can be uh quite +challenging right and we we'll kind of + + align:start position:0% +challenging right and we we'll kind of + + + align:start position:0% +challenging right and we we'll kind of +see some of this all right so uh these + + align:start position:0% +see some of this all right so uh these + + + align:start position:0% +see some of this all right so uh these +dimensionless equations + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless equations + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless equations +dimensionless equations um I think that + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless equations um I think that + + + align:start position:0% +dimensionless equations um I think that +there um there both good and bad uh the + + align:start position:0% +there um there both good and bad uh the + + + align:start position:0% +there um there both good and bad uh the +good is that you can um you can figure + + align:start position:0% +good is that you can um you can figure + + + align:start position:0% +good is that you can um you can figure +out what are the essential features of + + align:start position:0% +out what are the essential features of + + + align:start position:0% +out what are the essential features of +the model right so you can uh it Focus + + align:start position:0% +the model right so you can uh it Focus + + + align:start position:0% +the model right so you can uh it Focus +your attentional on the essential uh + + align:start position:0% +your attentional on the essential uh + + + align:start position:0% +your attentional on the essential uh +mathematical features + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the disadvantage is that you might not + + align:start position:0% +the disadvantage is that you might not + + + align:start position:0% +the disadvantage is that you might not +even know which of the parameters change + + align:start position:0% +even know which of the parameters change + + + align:start position:0% +even know which of the parameters change +when you do something + + align:start position:0% +when you do something + + + align:start position:0% +when you do something +experimentally okay so the problem is + + align:start position:0% +experimentally okay so the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally okay so the problem is +that um the connection to um to the + + align:start position:0% +that um the connection to um to the + + + align:start position:0% +that um the connection to um to the +biology or + + align:start position:0% +biology or + + + align:start position:0% +biology or +experiments uh is is obscured in some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cases connection to experiments + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +obscured and as kind of an example of + + align:start position:0% +obscured and as kind of an example of + + + align:start position:0% +obscured and as kind of an example of +this what we want to do is uh is look at + + align:start position:0% +this what we want to do is uh is look at + + + align:start position:0% +this what we want to do is uh is look at +these uh equations for the toggle switch + + align:start position:0% +these uh equations for the toggle switch + + + align:start position:0% +these uh equations for the toggle switch +I know that you guys just did reading on + + align:start position:0% +I know that you guys just did reading on + + + align:start position:0% +I know that you guys just did reading on +how to kind of get to these uh final + + align:start position:0% +how to kind of get to these uh final + + + align:start position:0% +how to kind of get to these uh final +pair of equations it's important to + + align:start position:0% +pair of equations it's important to + + + align:start position:0% +pair of equations it's important to +remember that in the context of the + + align:start position:0% +remember that in the context of the + + + align:start position:0% +remember that in the context of the +paper they had a model where they said + + align:start position:0% +paper they had a model where they said + + + align:start position:0% +paper they had a model where they said +okay here are the here are the + + align:start position:0% +okay here are the here are the + + + align:start position:0% +okay here are the here are the +dimensional equations that describe our + + align:start position:0% +dimensional equations that describe our + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional equations that describe our +system and we're going to you know we + + align:start position:0% +system and we're going to you know we + + + align:start position:0% +system and we're going to you know we +use them to design our the toggle switch + + align:start position:0% +use them to design our the toggle switch + + + align:start position:0% +use them to design our the toggle switch +but um just from that you don't + + align:start position:0% +but um just from that you don't + + + align:start position:0% +but um just from that you don't +necessarily realize what's been done + + align:start position:0% +necessarily realize what's been done + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily realize what's been done +okay so we we want to just make sure we + + align:start position:0% +okay so we we want to just make sure we + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we we want to just make sure we +understand it right so the equations + + align:start position:0% +understand it right so the equations + + + align:start position:0% +understand it right so the equations +that we want to be comfortable with are + + align:start position:0% +that we want to be comfortable with are + + + align:start position:0% +that we want to be comfortable with are +the following + + align:start position:0% +the following + + + align:start position:0% +the following +all right so it's U + + align:start position:0% +all right so it's U + + + align:start position:0% +all right so it's U +dot all right d + + align:start position:0% +dot all right d + + + align:start position:0% +dot all right d +DT right now here they use Alpha as the + + align:start position:0% +DT right now here they use Alpha as the + + + align:start position:0% +DT right now here they use Alpha as the +rates of uh expression so beware in the + + align:start position:0% +rates of uh expression so beware in the + + + align:start position:0% +rates of uh expression so beware in the +past we've sometimes used Alpha as a + + align:start position:0% +past we've sometimes used Alpha as a + + + align:start position:0% +past we've sometimes used Alpha as a +rate of degradation so fair warning all + + align:start position:0% +rate of degradation so fair warning all + + + align:start position:0% +rate of degradation so fair warning all +right alpha + + align:start position:0% +right alpha + + + align:start position:0% +right alpha + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +1+ that's V beta V to the beta minus + + align:start position:0% +1+ that's V beta V to the beta minus + + + align:start position:0% +1+ that's V beta V to the beta minus +U V Dot is equal to here's an alpha 2 + + align:start position:0% +U V Dot is equal to here's an alpha 2 + + + align:start position:0% +U V Dot is equal to here's an alpha 2 +/ 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + ++ U to the gamma minus V okay now u in + + align:start position:0% ++ U to the gamma minus V okay now u in + + + align:start position:0% ++ U to the gamma minus V okay now u in +many many cases we're going to get equ + + align:start position:0% +many many cases we're going to get equ + + + align:start position:0% +many many cases we're going to get equ +you know equations that look like this + + align:start position:0% +you know equations that look like this + + + align:start position:0% +you know equations that look like this +are going to pop up uh time and time and + + align:start position:0% +are going to pop up uh time and time and + + + align:start position:0% +are going to pop up uh time and time and +again over the rest of the semester and + + align:start position:0% +again over the rest of the semester and + + + align:start position:0% +again over the rest of the semester and +you just have to be kind of intimately + + align:start position:0% +you just have to be kind of intimately + + + align:start position:0% +you just have to be kind of intimately +familiar with them all right so first of + + align:start position:0% +familiar with them all right so first of + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with them all right so first of +all can somebody say why this might be + + align:start position:0% +all can somebody say why this might be + + + align:start position:0% +all can somebody say why this might be +capturing the Dynamics of a toggle + + align:start position:0% +capturing the Dynamics of a toggle + + + align:start position:0% +capturing the Dynamics of a toggle +switch + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I can say something + + align:start position:0% +I can say something + + + align:start position:0% +I can say something +um yes please some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +more that's right right so the more V + + align:start position:0% +more that's right right so the more V + + + align:start position:0% +more that's right right so the more V +you have the less production you're + + align:start position:0% +you have the less production you're + + + align:start position:0% +you have the less production you're +going to have of you and vice versa + + align:start position:0% +going to have of you and vice versa + + + align:start position:0% +going to have of you and vice versa +right now uh in many cases beta and + + align:start position:0% +right now uh in many cases beta and + + + align:start position:0% +right now uh in many cases beta and +gamma are going to be something that's + + align:start position:0% +gamma are going to be something that's + + + align:start position:0% +gamma are going to be something that's +kind of larger than one this is + + align:start position:0% +kind of larger than one this is + + + align:start position:0% +kind of larger than one this is +capturing some element of cooperativity + + align:start position:0% +capturing some element of cooperativity + + + align:start position:0% +capturing some element of cooperativity +in the repression on each side right so + + align:start position:0% +in the repression on each side right so + + + align:start position:0% +in the repression on each side right so +this thing is indeed just a u repressing + + align:start position:0% +this thing is indeed just a u repressing + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is indeed just a u repressing +a v and vice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +versa now uh these things are are + + align:start position:0% +versa now uh these things are are + + + align:start position:0% +versa now uh these things are are +wonderfully simple equations right see + + align:start position:0% +wonderfully simple equations right see + + + align:start position:0% +wonderfully simple equations right see +that there are four parameters that are + + align:start position:0% +that there are four parameters that are + + + align:start position:0% +that there are four parameters that are +completely specifying the + + align:start position:0% +completely specifying the + + + align:start position:0% +completely specifying the +Dynamics okay now you'll notice that the + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics okay now you'll notice that the + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamics okay now you'll notice that the +world is always going to be more + + align:start position:0% +world is always going to be more + + + align:start position:0% +world is always going to be more +complicated than four parameters U now + + align:start position:0% +complicated than four parameters U now + + + align:start position:0% +complicated than four parameters U now +there are two ways in which this these + + align:start position:0% +there are two ways in which this these + + + align:start position:0% +there are two ways in which this these +complications went away one is that we + + align:start position:0% +complications went away one is that we + + + align:start position:0% +complications went away one is that we +are modeling a simple uh you know it's a + + align:start position:0% +are modeling a simple uh you know it's a + + + align:start position:0% +are modeling a simple uh you know it's a +simple model of a complex system right + + align:start position:0% +simple model of a complex system right + + + align:start position:0% +simple model of a complex system right +but the other is that even the simple + + align:start position:0% +but the other is that even the simple + + + align:start position:0% +but the other is that even the simple +model has been simplified by going to + + align:start position:0% +model has been simplified by going to + + + align:start position:0% +model has been simplified by going to +these dimensionless this dimensionless + + align:start position:0% +these dimensionless this dimensionless + + + align:start position:0% +these dimensionless this dimensionless +version right so I just want to make + + align:start position:0% +version right so I just want to make + + + align:start position:0% +version right so I just want to make +sure that uh that you understood kind of + + align:start position:0% +sure that uh that you understood kind of + + + align:start position:0% +sure that uh that you understood kind of +the the the reading to the point where + + align:start position:0% +the the the reading to the point where + + + align:start position:0% +the the the reading to the point where +at least you understand what um you know + + align:start position:0% +at least you understand what um you know + + + align:start position:0% +at least you understand what um you know +units of concentrations times and so + + align:start position:0% +units of concentrations times and so + + + align:start position:0% +units of concentrations times and so +forth are in this u in this model right + + align:start position:0% +forth are in this u in this model right + + + align:start position:0% +forth are in this u in this model right +so first + + align:start position:0% +so first + + + align:start position:0% +so first +um want to ask about the effective + + align:start position:0% +um want to ask about the effective + + + align:start position:0% +um want to ask about the effective +lifetimes of proteins u and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +v of um U versus + + align:start position:0% +v of um U versus + + + align:start position:0% +v of um U versus +V okay so we'll uh we'll maybe call this + + align:start position:0% +V okay so we'll uh we'll maybe call this + + + align:start position:0% +V okay so we'll uh we'll maybe call this +um t u and T V okay uh and I want to + + align:start position:0% +um t u and T V okay uh and I want to + + + align:start position:0% +um t u and T V okay uh and I want to +know which one and how these things are + + align:start position:0% +know which one and how these things are + + + align:start position:0% +know which one and how these things are +related to each + + align:start position:0% +related to each + + + align:start position:0% +related to each +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +other T greater than + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +DK is again don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know right now of course in + + align:start position:0% +know right now of course in + + + align:start position:0% +know right now of course in +principle the lifetimes of u and v can + + align:start position:0% +principle the lifetimes of u and v can + + + align:start position:0% +principle the lifetimes of u and v can +be anything right the question is once + + align:start position:0% +be anything right the question is once + + + align:start position:0% +be anything right the question is once +we've written down that equation have we + + align:start position:0% +we've written down that equation have we + + + align:start position:0% +we've written down that equation have we +actually said anything about that have + + align:start position:0% +actually said anything about that have + + + align:start position:0% +actually said anything about that have +we already made an assumption or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not do you need more + + align:start position:0% +not do you need more + + + align:start position:0% +not do you need more +time I see a fair number of quizzical + + align:start position:0% +time I see a fair number of quizzical + + + align:start position:0% +time I see a fair number of quizzical +faces which um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which may mean that even with extra time + + align:start position:0% +which may mean that even with extra time + + + align:start position:0% +which may mean that even with extra time +you the the quizzical faces would not go + + align:start position:0% +you the the quizzical faces would not go + + + align:start position:0% +you the the quizzical faces would not go +away uh question yes are you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +asking okay all right so all right so + + align:start position:0% +asking okay all right so all right so + + + align:start position:0% +asking okay all right so all right so +maybe the qual phase are just yeah so + + align:start position:0% +maybe the qual phase are just yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +maybe the qual phase are just yeah so +when I say uh effective lifetime that's + + align:start position:0% +when I say uh effective lifetime that's + + + align:start position:0% +when I say uh effective lifetime that's +because uh you know if it's a stable + + align:start position:0% +because uh you know if it's a stable + + + align:start position:0% +because uh you know if it's a stable +protein then then the uh the the + + align:start position:0% +protein then then the uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +protein then then the uh the the +lifetime of that individual protein is + + align:start position:0% +lifetime of that individual protein is + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime of that individual protein is +is maybe infinite but the you get an + + align:start position:0% +is maybe infinite but the you get an + + + align:start position:0% +is maybe infinite but the you get an +effective lifetime because of this this + + align:start position:0% +effective lifetime because of this this + + + align:start position:0% +effective lifetime because of this this +dilution effect so when when I say + + align:start position:0% +dilution effect so when when I say + + + align:start position:0% +dilution effect so when when I say +effective lifetime in general in this + + align:start position:0% +effective lifetime in general in this + + + align:start position:0% +effective lifetime in general in this +class what I'm referring to is the um + + align:start position:0% +class what I'm referring to is the um + + + align:start position:0% +class what I'm referring to is the um +the sum of the two effects of of + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the two effects of of + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the two effects of of +dilution due to cell growth as well as + + align:start position:0% +dilution due to cell growth as well as + + + align:start position:0% +dilution due to cell growth as well as +actual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +degradation and you're saying how do + + align:start position:0% +degradation and you're saying how do + + + align:start position:0% +degradation and you're saying how do +those parameters need to relate in order + + align:start position:0% +those parameters need to relate in order + + + align:start position:0% +those parameters need to relate in order +to create the CC no no no I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +to create the CC no no no I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +to create the CC no no no I'm saying +given that the Collins lab in their + + align:start position:0% +given that the Collins lab in their + + + align:start position:0% +given that the Collins lab in their +paper wrote down those set of equations + + align:start position:0% +paper wrote down those set of equations + + + align:start position:0% +paper wrote down those set of equations +I'm saying that I'm asking have they + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying that I'm asking have they + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying that I'm asking have they +already specified anything about the + + align:start position:0% +already specified anything about the + + + align:start position:0% +already specified anything about the +effective lifetimes of these two + + align:start position:0% +effective lifetimes of these two + + + align:start position:0% +effective lifetimes of these two +proteins + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the taken is dimension your question + + align:start position:0% +the taken is dimension your question + + + align:start position:0% +the taken is dimension your question +asks in UNS of that Dimension time yeah + + align:start position:0% +asks in UNS of that Dimension time yeah + + + align:start position:0% +asks in UNS of that Dimension time yeah +I mean we can compare two times in some + + align:start position:0% +I mean we can compare two times in some + + + align:start position:0% +I mean we can compare two times in some +dimensional yeah we're going to also + + align:start position:0% +dimensional yeah we're going to also + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional yeah we're going to also +talk about that maybe I should have done + + align:start position:0% +talk about that maybe I should have done + + + align:start position:0% +talk about that maybe I should have done +that first but yeah yeah I know but I + + align:start position:0% +that first but yeah yeah I know but I + + + align:start position:0% +that first but yeah yeah I know but I +guess this is I think a nice question + + align:start position:0% +guess this is I think a nice question + + + align:start position:0% +guess this is I think a nice question +because it's highlighting that you get a + + align:start position:0% +because it's highlighting that you get a + + + align:start position:0% +because it's highlighting that you get a +pair of equations they look obvious but + + align:start position:0% +pair of equations they look obvious but + + + align:start position:0% +pair of equations they look obvious but +then the the some of the most basic + + align:start position:0% +then the the some of the most basic + + + align:start position:0% +then the the some of the most basic +things about the system you are somehow + + align:start position:0% +things about the system you are somehow + + + align:start position:0% +things about the system you are somehow +not not quite clear yeah so I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +not not quite clear yeah so I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +not not quite clear yeah so I'm I'm +talking about in this units of whatever + + align:start position:0% +talking about in this units of whatever + + + align:start position:0% +talking about in this units of whatever +time is being you know however time + + align:start position:0% +time is being you know however time + + + align:start position:0% +time is being you know however time +we're going to discuss how time is being + + align:start position:0% +we're going to discuss how time is being + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to discuss how time is being +measured in a moment as well um but you + + align:start position:0% +measured in a moment as well um but you + + + align:start position:0% +measured in a moment as well um but you +know however time is being + + align:start position:0% +know however time is being + + + align:start position:0% +know however time is being +measured is there some relationship here + + align:start position:0% +measured is there some relationship here + + + align:start position:0% +measured is there some relationship here +or or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no let's go ahead and and vote and it's + + align:start position:0% +no let's go ahead and and vote and it's + + + align:start position:0% +no let's go ahead and and vote and it's +fine if if you really um do not know + + align:start position:0% +fine if if you really um do not know + + + align:start position:0% +fine if if you really um do not know +what I'm talking about you can you can + + align:start position:0% +what I'm talking about you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm talking about you can you can +say e and and that's fine all right + + align:start position:0% +say e and and that's fine all right + + + align:start position:0% +say e and and that's fine all right +let's Let's uh let's see where we are + + align:start position:0% +let's Let's uh let's see where we are + + + align:start position:0% +let's Let's uh let's see where we are +ready 3 2 + + align:start position:0% +ready 3 2 + + + align:start position:0% +ready 3 2 +1 okay all right so there so I would say + + align:start position:0% +1 okay all right so there so I would say + + + align:start position:0% +1 okay all right so there so I would say +that it's it's split between B's and + + align:start position:0% +that it's it's split between B's and + + + align:start position:0% +that it's it's split between B's and +D's all right um and and that's great + + align:start position:0% +D's all right um and and that's great + + + align:start position:0% +D's all right um and and that's great +because that means we have something to + + align:start position:0% +because that means we have something to + + + align:start position:0% +because that means we have something to +talk about okay so I'd say that there + + align:start position:0% +talk about okay so I'd say that there + + + align:start position:0% +talk about okay so I'd say that there +there's broad agreement that it's one of + + align:start position:0% +there's broad agreement that it's one of + + + align:start position:0% +there's broad agreement that it's one of +these two all right so turn to your + + align:start position:0% +these two all right so turn to your + + + align:start position:0% +these two all right so turn to your +neighbor you should be able to find + + align:start position:0% +neighbor you should be able to find + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor you should be able to find +somebody that disagrees with you once + + align:start position:0% +somebody that disagrees with you once + + + align:start position:0% +somebody that disagrees with you once +you if you can't find anybody that + + align:start position:0% +you if you can't find anybody that + + + align:start position:0% +you if you can't find anybody that +disagrees with you you can think about + + align:start position:0% +disagrees with you you can think about + + + align:start position:0% +disagrees with you you can think about +how parameters are going to change as + + align:start position:0% +how parameters are going to change as + + + align:start position:0% +how parameters are going to change as +you vary other experimental things + + align:start position:0% +you vary other experimental things + + + align:start position:0% +you vary other experimental things +all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why don't we go ahead and reconvene I + + align:start position:0% +why don't we go ahead and reconvene I + + + align:start position:0% +why don't we go ahead and reconvene I +just want to see where we are all right + + align:start position:0% +just want to see where we are all right + + + align:start position:0% +just want to see where we are all right +so uh let's get our get our cards ready + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's get our get our cards ready + + + align:start position:0% +so uh let's get our get our cards ready +and we're still working on this one so + + align:start position:0% +and we're still working on this one so + + + align:start position:0% +and we're still working on this one so +you know you can ignore this all right + + align:start position:0% +you know you can ignore this all right + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can ignore this all right +um yeah is it b or d ready 3 2 + + align:start position:0% +um yeah is it b or d ready 3 2 + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah is it b or d ready 3 2 +1 all right so I'd say um you know + + align:start position:0% +1 all right so I'd say um you know + + + align:start position:0% +1 all right so I'd say um you know +there's there's some migration towards B + + align:start position:0% +there's there's some migration towards B + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's some migration towards B +but um but not not 100% still all right + + align:start position:0% +but um but not not 100% still all right + + + align:start position:0% +but um but not not 100% still all right +so um I I'm going to side with this here + + align:start position:0% +so um I I'm going to side with this here + + + align:start position:0% +so um I I'm going to side with this here +can somebody uh can somebody volunteer + + align:start position:0% +can somebody uh can somebody volunteer + + + align:start position:0% +can somebody uh can somebody volunteer +um why why they're saying + + align:start position:0% +um why why they're saying + + + align:start position:0% +um why why they're saying +that yeah well um if I remember + + align:start position:0% +that yeah well um if I remember + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah well um if I remember +correctly then they they uh they + + align:start position:0% +correctly then they they uh they + + + align:start position:0% +correctly then they they uh they +non-dimensionalize Time by multiplying + + align:start position:0% +non-dimensionalize Time by multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +non-dimensionalize Time by multiplying +Time by degradation rate and they do + + align:start position:0% +Time by degradation rate and they do + + + align:start position:0% +Time by degradation rate and they do +that with the same degradation rate for + + align:start position:0% +that with the same degradation rate for + + + align:start position:0% +that with the same degradation rate for +both both right okay so the answer here + + align:start position:0% +both both right okay so the answer here + + + align:start position:0% +both both right okay so the answer here +is yeah so the way that we got to this + + align:start position:0% +is yeah so the way that we got to this + + + align:start position:0% +is yeah so the way that we got to this +non-dimensional time that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +non-dimensional time that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +non-dimensional time that we're going to +discuss in a moment is multiplying by or + + align:start position:0% +discuss in a moment is multiplying by or + + + align:start position:0% +discuss in a moment is multiplying by or +dividing by some degradation rate right + + align:start position:0% +dividing by some degradation rate right + + + align:start position:0% +dividing by some degradation rate right +and and and you remember the derivation + + align:start position:0% +and and and you remember the derivation + + + align:start position:0% +and and and you remember the derivation +you remember that it was done um okay + + align:start position:0% +you remember that it was done um okay + + + align:start position:0% +you remember that it was done um okay +but but you know in many cases you don't + + align:start position:0% +but but you know in many cases you don't + + + align:start position:0% +but but you know in many cases you don't +get to read the derivation before before + + align:start position:0% +get to read the derivation before before + + + align:start position:0% +get to read the derivation before before +you have to answer right in many cases + + align:start position:0% +you have to answer right in many cases + + + align:start position:0% +you have to answer right in many cases +you just get these equations and you + + align:start position:0% +you just get these equations and you + + + align:start position:0% +you just get these equations and you +have to figure out what the authors have + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out what the authors have + + + align:start position:0% +have to figure out what the authors have +assumed right so um I think your answer + + align:start position:0% +assumed right so um I think your answer + + + align:start position:0% +assumed right so um I think your answer +is very much correct but it might be I'm + + align:start position:0% +is very much correct but it might be I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is very much correct but it might be I'm +glad that you're using the pre-class + + align:start position:0% +glad that you're using the pre-class + + + align:start position:0% +glad that you're using the pre-class +reading but at the same time we we have + + align:start position:0% +reading but at the same time we we have + + + align:start position:0% +reading but at the same time we we have +to be able to we have to be able to + + align:start position:0% +to be able to we have to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to we have to be able to +answer this question just from these + + align:start position:0% +answer this question just from these + + + align:start position:0% +answer this question just from these +equations right because it's actually + + align:start position:0% +equations right because it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +equations right because it's actually +because it is contained there right yeah + + align:start position:0% +because it is contained there right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +because it is contained there right yeah +so you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +removeal you solve that equation + + align:start position:0% +removeal you solve that equation + + + align:start position:0% +removeal you solve that equation +exponential + + align:start position:0% +exponential + + + align:start position:0% +exponential +andet that would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes that's right so so the the statement + + align:start position:0% +yes that's right so so the the statement + + + align:start position:0% +yes that's right so so the the statement +here is that if we you know it's nice to + + align:start position:0% +here is that if we you know it's nice to + + + align:start position:0% +here is that if we you know it's nice to +just imagine that we shut down + + align:start position:0% +just imagine that we shut down + + + align:start position:0% +just imagine that we shut down +production right so these first terms go + + align:start position:0% +production right so these first terms go + + + align:start position:0% +production right so these first terms go +away right now we just have U dot is + + align:start position:0% +away right now we just have U dot is + + + align:start position:0% +away right now we just have U dot is +equal to minus U right so it's going to + + align:start position:0% +equal to minus U right so it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to minus U right so it's going to +fall the concentration of u and v will + + align:start position:0% +fall the concentration of u and v will + + + align:start position:0% +fall the concentration of u and v will +both fall exponentially and they're + + align:start position:0% +both fall exponentially and they're + + + align:start position:0% +both fall exponentially and they're +going to fall at the same rate in + + align:start position:0% +going to fall at the same rate in + + + align:start position:0% +going to fall at the same rate in +whatever units of time and we'll discuss + + align:start position:0% +whatever units of time and we'll discuss + + + align:start position:0% +whatever units of time and we'll discuss +this in a moment but however time is + + align:start position:0% +this in a moment but however time is + + + align:start position:0% +this in a moment but however time is +being measured they're going to fall at + + align:start position:0% +being measured they're going to fall at + + + align:start position:0% +being measured they're going to fall at +the same rate because it's whatever + + align:start position:0% +the same rate because it's whatever + + + align:start position:0% +the same rate because it's whatever +appears in front of these two that + + align:start position:0% +appears in front of these two that + + + align:start position:0% +appears in front of these two that +determines that rate right so we've + + align:start position:0% +determines that rate right so we've + + + align:start position:0% +determines that rate right so we've +already assumed that the effective + + align:start position:0% +already assumed that the effective + + + align:start position:0% +already assumed that the effective +lifetime of u and v are the same once + + align:start position:0% +lifetime of u and v are the same once + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime of u and v are the same once +we've written down these equations now + + align:start position:0% +we've written down these equations now + + + align:start position:0% +we've written down these equations now +that doesn't have to be true what that + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't have to be true what that + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't have to be true what that +means that if experimentally you want to + + align:start position:0% +means that if experimentally you want to + + + align:start position:0% +means that if experimentally you want to +make a toggle switch with two proteins + + align:start position:0% +make a toggle switch with two proteins + + + align:start position:0% +make a toggle switch with two proteins +with different stabilities then you know + + align:start position:0% +with different stabilities then you know + + + align:start position:0% +with different stabilities then you know +you can't use these equations you have + + align:start position:0% +you can't use these equations you have + + + align:start position:0% +you can't use these equations you have +to add a Delta on one of the two + + align:start position:0% +to add a Delta on one of the two + + + align:start position:0% +to add a Delta on one of the two +equations to capture that Dynamic that + + align:start position:0% +equations to capture that Dynamic that + + + align:start position:0% +equations to capture that Dynamic that +they have different lifetimes + + align:start position:0% +they have different lifetimes + + + align:start position:0% +they have different lifetimes +okay right so these equations are um are + + align:start position:0% +okay right so these equations are um are + + + align:start position:0% +okay right so these equations are um are +simple because we've already combined + + align:start position:0% +simple because we've already combined + + + align:start position:0% +simple because we've already combined +things but they they've also already + + align:start position:0% +things but they they've also already + + + align:start position:0% +things but they they've also already +assumed some things to make them look + + align:start position:0% +assumed some things to make them look + + + align:start position:0% +assumed some things to make them look +make it look more simple and more + + align:start position:0% +make it look more simple and more + + + align:start position:0% +make it look more simple and more +symmetric right so for example they're + + align:start position:0% +symmetric right so for example they're + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric right so for example they're +allowing for different effective + + align:start position:0% +allowing for different effective + + + align:start position:0% +allowing for different effective +cooperativities beta gamma for the two + + align:start position:0% +cooperativities beta gamma for the two + + + align:start position:0% +cooperativities beta gamma for the two +repressors right they didn't have to do + + align:start position:0% +repressors right they didn't have to do + + + align:start position:0% +repressors right they didn't have to do +that if they didn't want to okay if they + + align:start position:0% +that if they didn't want to okay if they + + + align:start position:0% +that if they didn't want to okay if they +wanted to they could have just had beta + + align:start position:0% +wanted to they could have just had beta + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to they could have just had beta +in both equations right and in that case + + align:start position:0% +in both equations right and in that case + + + align:start position:0% +in both equations right and in that case +they would be assuming that the + + align:start position:0% +they would be assuming that the + + + align:start position:0% +they would be assuming that the +effective repression ctivity of the + + align:start position:0% +effective repression ctivity of the + + + align:start position:0% +effective repression ctivity of the +repression is the same for the two right + + align:start position:0% +repression is the same for the two right + + + align:start position:0% +repression is the same for the two right +so depending on what you write down + + align:start position:0% +so depending on what you write down + + + align:start position:0% +so depending on what you write down +you're you're making different + + align:start position:0% +you're you're making different + + + align:start position:0% +you're you're making different +assumptions about the system and so you + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about the system and so you + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about the system and so you +have to be able to look at these + + align:start position:0% +have to be able to look at these + + + align:start position:0% +have to be able to look at these +equations figure out what assumptions + + align:start position:0% +equations figure out what assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +equations figure out what assumptions +have been + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +made yes question um I'm having trouble + + align:start position:0% +made yes question um I'm having trouble + + + align:start position:0% +made yes question um I'm having trouble +seeing what the + + align:start position:0% +seeing what the + + + align:start position:0% +seeing what the +first the second one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is right okay so broadly I mean the + + align:start position:0% +is right okay so broadly I mean the + + + align:start position:0% +is right okay so broadly I mean the +first term in these equations is is the + + align:start position:0% +first term in these equations is is the + + + align:start position:0% +first term in these equations is is the +production rate of the protein and the + + align:start position:0% +production rate of the protein and the + + + align:start position:0% +production rate of the protein and the +second term is some sort of effective + + align:start position:0% +second term is some sort of effective + + + align:start position:0% +second term is some sort of effective +degradation but it could be due to + + align:start position:0% +degradation but it could be due to + + + align:start position:0% +degradation but it could be due to +delusion right now um the the nice thing + + align:start position:0% +delusion right now um the the nice thing + + + align:start position:0% +delusion right now um the the nice thing +about just ignoring the production term + + align:start position:0% +about just ignoring the production term + + + align:start position:0% +about just ignoring the production term +is that it's a way of focusing only on + + align:start position:0% +is that it's a way of focusing only on + + + align:start position:0% +is that it's a way of focusing only on +the effective light time portion right + + align:start position:0% +the effective light time portion right + + + align:start position:0% +the effective light time portion right +so um so the um we can get it you know + + align:start position:0% +so um so the um we can get it you know + + + align:start position:0% +so um so the um we can get it you know +this effective lifetime is uh is + + align:start position:0% +this effective lifetime is uh is + + + align:start position:0% +this effective lifetime is uh is +captured here irrespective of whether + + align:start position:0% +captured here irrespective of whether + + + align:start position:0% +captured here irrespective of whether +there is production or not right of + + align:start position:0% +there is production or not right of + + + align:start position:0% +there is production or not right of +course the production is going to affect + + align:start position:0% +course the production is going to affect + + + align:start position:0% +course the production is going to affect +whether you know what the equilibrium is + + align:start position:0% +whether you know what the equilibrium is + + + align:start position:0% +whether you know what the equilibrium is +that we go to and so forth U but + + align:start position:0% +that we go to and so forth U but + + + align:start position:0% +that we go to and so forth U but +remember for example that this um this + + align:start position:0% +remember for example that this um this + + + align:start position:0% +remember for example that this um this +effective lifetime that sets the time + + align:start position:0% +effective lifetime that sets the time + + + align:start position:0% +effective lifetime that sets the time +scale both to come up to some + + align:start position:0% +scale both to come up to some + + + align:start position:0% +scale both to come up to some +equilibrium as well as to come down to + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium as well as to come down to + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium as well as to come down to +some equilibrium right so there that's + + align:start position:0% +some equilibrium right so there that's + + + align:start position:0% +some equilibrium right so there that's +telling us about this this this + + align:start position:0% +telling us about this this this + + + align:start position:0% +telling us about this this this +effective lifetime is is essential to + + align:start position:0% +effective lifetime is is essential to + + + align:start position:0% +effective lifetime is is essential to +tell us um about the the the rate that + + align:start position:0% +tell us um about the the the rate that + + + align:start position:0% +tell us um about the the the rate that +that concentration is going to change + + align:start position:0% +that concentration is going to change + + + align:start position:0% +that concentration is going to change +within the cell whether whether you're + + align:start position:0% +within the cell whether whether you're + + + align:start position:0% +within the cell whether whether you're +going up or down or not right I did that + + align:start position:0% +going up or down or not right I did that + + + align:start position:0% +going up or down or not right I did that +answer your question I'm a little bit + + align:start position:0% +answer your question I'm a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +answer your question I'm a little bit +worri okay um yes me that that last + + align:start position:0% +worri okay um yes me that that last + + + align:start position:0% +worri okay um yes me that that last +thing you said is not quite true because + + align:start position:0% +thing you said is not quite true because + + + align:start position:0% +thing you said is not quite true because +because of the because of the talk I + + align:start position:0% +because of the because of the talk I + + + align:start position:0% +because of the because of the talk I +agree yeah no and right I I what I was + + align:start position:0% +agree yeah no and right I I what I was + + + align:start position:0% +agree yeah no and right I I what I was +really referring to there was if you + + align:start position:0% +really referring to there was if you + + + align:start position:0% +really referring to there was if you +just if we get rid of one and we're just + + align:start position:0% +just if we get rid of one and we're just + + + align:start position:0% +just if we get rid of one and we're just +talking about where we just manually set + + align:start position:0% +talking about where we just manually set + + + align:start position:0% +talking about where we just manually set +the production rate to one thing or + + align:start position:0% +the production rate to one thing or + + + align:start position:0% +the production rate to one thing or +another yeah you know the actual + + align:start position:0% +another yeah you know the actual + + + align:start position:0% +another yeah you know the actual +dynamics of this are more complicated + + align:start position:0% +dynamics of this are more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics of this are more complicated +and certainly + + align:start position:0% +and certainly + + + align:start position:0% +and certainly +yeah all right so U so is everybody + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right so U so is everybody + + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right so U so is everybody +happy with this idea that just by + + align:start position:0% +happy with this idea that just by + + + align:start position:0% +happy with this idea that just by +writing down those equations we've we've + + align:start position:0% +writing down those equations we've we've + + + align:start position:0% +writing down those equations we've we've +made some assumptions constraining + + align:start position:0% +made some assumptions constraining + + + align:start position:0% +made some assumptions constraining +relationships between u and v in some + + align:start position:0% +relationships between u and v in some + + + align:start position:0% +relationships between u and v in some +ways but not in other ways yeah all + + align:start position:0% +ways but not in other ways yeah all + + + align:start position:0% +ways but not in other ways yeah all +right so we've kind of already gced + + align:start position:0% +right so we've kind of already gced + + + align:start position:0% +right so we've kind of already gced +around this other question but I want to + + align:start position:0% +around this other question but I want to + + + align:start position:0% +around this other question but I want to +make sure that we address it head on all + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we address it head on all + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we address it head on all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +so we want to know you know what is this + + align:start position:0% +so we want to know you know what is this + + + align:start position:0% +so we want to know you know what is this +unit of time I if if I say oh at time t + + align:start position:0% +unit of time I if if I say oh at time t + + + align:start position:0% +unit of time I if if I say oh at time t +equal to one versus time t equal to two + + align:start position:0% +equal to one versus time t equal to two + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one versus time t equal to two +right so delta T you know what what is + + align:start position:0% +right so delta T you know what what is + + + align:start position:0% +right so delta T you know what what is +one in this case right is it are we + + align:start position:0% +one in this case right is it are we + + + align:start position:0% +one in this case right is it are we +referring to one second right CGS or is + + align:start position:0% +referring to one second right CGS or is + + + align:start position:0% +referring to one second right CGS or is +it 1 hour corresponding to another unit + + align:start position:0% +it 1 hour corresponding to another unit + + + align:start position:0% +it 1 hour corresponding to another unit +cell generation time effective lifetime + + align:start position:0% +cell generation time effective lifetime + + + align:start position:0% +cell generation time effective lifetime +or don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know all right 10 seconds since we've + + align:start position:0% +know all right 10 seconds since we've + + + align:start position:0% +know all right 10 seconds since we've +already kind of said this but um it's + + align:start position:0% +already kind of said this but um it's + + + align:start position:0% +already kind of said this but um it's +important enough to to make sure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ready no yes all right okay I I'll give + + align:start position:0% +ready no yes all right okay I I'll give + + + align:start position:0% +ready no yes all right okay I I'll give +you another another 10 seconds just to + + align:start position:0% +you another another 10 seconds just to + + + align:start position:0% +you another another 10 seconds just to +make sure we're + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right do you need more time all + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more time all + + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more time all +right let's vote ready three two + + align:start position:0% +right let's vote ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +right let's vote ready three two +one okay so uh okay that's fine all + + align:start position:0% +one okay so uh okay that's fine all + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so uh okay that's fine all +right so at least a majority of the + + align:start position:0% +right so at least a majority of the + + + align:start position:0% +right so at least a majority of the +group is agreeing in this case it's the + + align:start position:0% +group is agreeing in this case it's the + + + align:start position:0% +group is agreeing in this case it's the +effective Lifetime right um and it's um + + align:start position:0% +effective Lifetime right um and it's um + + + align:start position:0% +effective Lifetime right um and it's um +and it's not the cell generation time + + align:start position:0% +and it's not the cell generation time + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not the cell generation time +necessarily because if we actually uh + + align:start position:0% +necessarily because if we actually uh + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily because if we actually uh +have a degradation tag on this on this + + align:start position:0% +have a degradation tag on this on this + + + align:start position:0% +have a degradation tag on this on this +protein if it's not a stable protein + + align:start position:0% +protein if it's not a stable protein + + + align:start position:0% +protein if it's not a stable protein +then the the effective life time is + + align:start position:0% +then the the effective life time is + + + align:start position:0% +then the the effective life time is +going to be shorter than the cell + + align:start position:0% +going to be shorter than the cell + + + align:start position:0% +going to be shorter than the cell +generation time okay um so we've we've + + align:start position:0% +generation time okay um so we've we've + + + align:start position:0% +generation time okay um so we've we've +normalized Time by dividing out that + + align:start position:0% +normalized Time by dividing out that + + + align:start position:0% +normalized Time by dividing out that +whatever that that the Delta thing would + + align:start position:0% +whatever that that the Delta thing would + + + align:start position:0% +whatever that that the Delta thing would +have been on the on the right okay now + + align:start position:0% +have been on the on the right okay now + + + align:start position:0% +have been on the on the right okay now +um this is this is great because it + + align:start position:0% +um this is this is great because it + + + align:start position:0% +um this is this is great because it +makes the equations simple but remember + + align:start position:0% +makes the equations simple but remember + + + align:start position:0% +makes the equations simple but remember +what that means is that if we change the + + align:start position:0% +what that means is that if we change the + + + align:start position:0% +what that means is that if we change the +degradation rate then all of a sudden + + align:start position:0% +degradation rate then all of a sudden + + + align:start position:0% +degradation rate then all of a sudden +it's not obvious what's going to + + align:start position:0% +it's not obvious what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +it's not obvious what's going to +happen right experimentally we're always + + align:start position:0% +happen right experimentally we're always + + + align:start position:0% +happen right experimentally we're always +allowed to affect the degradation + + align:start position:0% +allowed to affect the degradation + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to affect the degradation +right okay but the question is which + + align:start position:0% +right okay but the question is which + + + align:start position:0% +right okay but the question is which +parameter or parameters + + align:start position:0% +parameter or parameters + + + align:start position:0% +parameter or parameters +change if + + align:start position:0% +change if + + + align:start position:0% +change if +you uh add a degradation tag right so if + + align:start position:0% +you uh add a degradation tag right so if + + + align:start position:0% +you uh add a degradation tag right so if +you increase the degradation + + align:start position:0% +you increase the degradation + + + align:start position:0% +you increase the degradation +rate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um oh that that's what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +okay um oh that that's what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +okay um oh that that's what I want to do +um okay before I we we'll do that in + + align:start position:0% +um okay before I we we'll do that in + + + align:start position:0% +um okay before I we we'll do that in +just a moment there I have another + + align:start position:0% +just a moment there I have another + + + align:start position:0% +just a moment there I have another +question that I wanted to do um do you + + align:start position:0% +question that I wanted to do um do you + + + align:start position:0% +question that I wanted to do um do you +guys remember the equations up there + + align:start position:0% +guys remember the equations up there + + + align:start position:0% +guys remember the equations up there +maybe I'll I'll come over to the other + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'll I'll come over to the other + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I'll I'll come over to the other +side just so that I I it's useful to be + + align:start position:0% +side just so that I I it's useful to be + + + align:start position:0% +side just so that I I it's useful to be +able to stare at those equations as we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +discuss all right um so the other + + align:start position:0% +discuss all right um so the other + + + align:start position:0% +discuss all right um so the other +question is uh what is the unit of + + align:start position:0% +question is uh what is the unit of + + + align:start position:0% +question is uh what is the unit of +concentration of protein U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and uh and of course these are as we + + align:start position:0% +and uh and of course these are as we + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and of course these are as we +discussed they're dimensionless what we + + align:start position:0% +discussed they're dimensionless what we + + + align:start position:0% +discussed they're dimensionless what we +what I really mean is what does what + + align:start position:0% +what I really mean is what does what + + + align:start position:0% +what I really mean is what does what +does U equal to one mean in real + + align:start position:0% +does U equal to one mean in real + + + align:start position:0% +does U equal to one mean in real +units um what + + align:start position:0% +units um what + + + align:start position:0% +units um what +is I'll just write + + align:start position:0% +is I'll just write + + + align:start position:0% +is I'll just write +that what does U equal to 1 mean what + + align:start position:0% +that what does U equal to 1 mean what + + + align:start position:0% +that what does U equal to 1 mean what +does it what does U equal to 1 + + align:start position:0% +does it what does U equal to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +does it what does U equal to 1 +correspond to in something that is + + align:start position:0% +correspond to in something that is + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to in something that is +recognizable to an experimentalist in + + align:start position:0% +recognizable to an experimentalist in + + + align:start position:0% +recognizable to an experimentalist in +the lab + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s + + align:start position:0% +s + + + align:start position:0% +s +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right you guys understand what I + + align:start position:0% +all right you guys understand what I + + + align:start position:0% +all right you guys understand what I +mean right so if in this model I say all + + align:start position:0% +mean right so if in this model I say all + + + align:start position:0% +mean right so if in this model I say all +right U is equal to one or U is equal to + + align:start position:0% +right U is equal to one or U is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +right U is equal to one or U is equal to +10 what do those + + align:start position:0% +10 what do those + + + align:start position:0% +10 what do those +numbers what do they + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right first are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +right first are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +right first are there any questions +about my question first of all yes are + + align:start position:0% +about my question first of all yes are + + + align:start position:0% +about my question first of all yes are +we int Bas Sol + + align:start position:0% +we int Bas Sol + + + align:start position:0% +we int Bas Sol +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +Bas yeah well I would say that um yeah + + align:start position:0% +Bas yeah well I would say that um yeah + + + align:start position:0% +Bas yeah well I would say that um yeah +and the reading actually has a somewhat + + align:start position:0% +and the reading actually has a somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +and the reading actually has a somewhat +more complicated model and involves + + align:start position:0% +more complicated model and involves + + + align:start position:0% +more complicated model and involves +multiple steps right so this is really + + align:start position:0% +multiple steps right so this is really + + + align:start position:0% +multiple steps right so this is really +just looking at those equations given + + align:start position:0% +just looking at those equations given + + + align:start position:0% +just looking at those equations given +that we can see that there is some ass + + align:start position:0% +that we can see that there is some ass + + + align:start position:0% +that we can see that there is some ass +some statement about how u and v are + + align:start position:0% +some statement about how u and v are + + + align:start position:0% +some statement about how u and v are +repressing each other right so we're + + align:start position:0% +repressing each other right so we're + + + align:start position:0% +repressing each other right so we're +saying that there's some fun function + + align:start position:0% +saying that there's some fun function + + + align:start position:0% +saying that there's some fun function +that descri it's a phenomenological + + align:start position:0% +that descri it's a phenomenological + + + align:start position:0% +that descri it's a phenomenological +function describes uh the input output + + align:start position:0% +function describes uh the input output + + + align:start position:0% +function describes uh the input output +relationship in terms of the some + + align:start position:0% +relationship in terms of the some + + + align:start position:0% +relationship in terms of the some +concentration of U leads to some + + align:start position:0% +concentration of U leads to some + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of U leads to some +repression of v and vice versa from that + + align:start position:0% +repression of v and vice versa from that + + + align:start position:0% +repression of v and vice versa from that +actually we should be able to say + + align:start position:0% +actually we should be able to say + + + align:start position:0% +actually we should be able to say +something about what we've already + + align:start position:0% +something about what we've already + + + align:start position:0% +something about what we've already +assumed in the in these equations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do you need more time yeah question so + + align:start position:0% +do you need more time yeah question so + + + align:start position:0% +do you need more time yeah question so +the K of promoter is yeah that's defined + + align:start position:0% +the K of promoter is yeah that's defined + + + align:start position:0% +the K of promoter is yeah that's defined +as the That's The Binding of V to U the + + align:start position:0% +as the That's The Binding of V to U the + + + align:start position:0% +as the That's The Binding of V to U the +U promoter the piece of DNA on in front + + align:start position:0% +U promoter the piece of DNA on in front + + + align:start position:0% +U promoter the piece of DNA on in front +of the the U + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Gene all right uh do you need more time + + align:start position:0% +Gene all right uh do you need more time + + + align:start position:0% +Gene all right uh do you need more time +or shall we give it a go + + align:start position:0% +or shall we give it a go + + + align:start position:0% +or shall we give it a go +all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% +all right ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +all right ready three two +one all right so we got um some a b c + + align:start position:0% +one all right so we got um some a b c + + + align:start position:0% +one all right so we got um some a b c +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +D's no e all right so we're at least it + + align:start position:0% +D's no e all right so we're at least it + + + align:start position:0% +D's no e all right so we're at least it +means that your neighbor has an opinion + + align:start position:0% +means that your neighbor has an opinion + + + align:start position:0% +means that your neighbor has an opinion +all right he or she cannot say that that + + align:start position:0% +all right he or she cannot say that that + + + align:start position:0% +all right he or she cannot say that that +he all right so yeah turn to your + + align:start position:0% +he all right so yeah turn to your + + + align:start position:0% +he all right so yeah turn to your +neighbor and uh and discuss + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +better just all there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Happ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right did you guys all decide you're + + align:start position:0% +all right did you guys all decide you're + + + align:start position:0% +all right did you guys all decide you're +comfortable all right why don't why + + align:start position:0% +comfortable all right why don't why + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable all right why don't why +don't we uh why don't we go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +don't we uh why don't we go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +don't we uh why don't we go ahead and +reconvene uh it seems like maybe we're + + align:start position:0% +reconvene uh it seems like maybe we're + + + align:start position:0% +reconvene uh it seems like maybe we're +coming to consensus here ready uh three + + align:start position:0% +coming to consensus here ready uh three + + + align:start position:0% +coming to consensus here ready uh three +two one all right so now we got a clear + + align:start position:0% +two one all right so now we got a clear + + + align:start position:0% +two one all right so now we got a clear +clear majority agreeing that it should + + align:start position:0% +clear majority agreeing that it should + + + align:start position:0% +clear majority agreeing that it should +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +d uh oh is that + + align:start position:0% +d uh oh is that + + + align:start position:0% +d uh oh is that +okay right so what happened was + + align:start position:0% +okay right so what happened was + + + align:start position:0% +okay right so what happened was +that over here in the original equations + + align:start position:0% +that over here in the original equations + + + align:start position:0% +that over here in the original equations +we had some the real concentration of U + + align:start position:0% +we had some the real concentration of U + + + align:start position:0% +we had some the real concentration of U +divided + + align:start position:0% +divided + + + align:start position:0% +divided +by some K and that was the k for + + align:start position:0% +by some K and that was the k for + + + align:start position:0% +by some K and that was the k for +repressing V right because V is the sky + + align:start position:0% +repressing V right because V is the sky + + + align:start position:0% +repressing V right because V is the sky +that is over here okay and what we did + + align:start position:0% +that is over here okay and what we did + + + align:start position:0% +that is over here okay and what we did +is we then just turn we turned U divided + + align:start position:0% +is we then just turn we turned U divided + + + align:start position:0% +is we then just turn we turned U divided +by this k for binding the V promoter + + align:start position:0% +by this k for binding the V promoter + + + align:start position:0% +by this k for binding the V promoter +into just U okay so in + + align:start position:0% +into just U okay so in + + + align:start position:0% +into just U okay so in +particular when that concentration of U + + align:start position:0% +particular when that concentration of U + + + align:start position:0% +particular when that concentration of U +is equal to the um to its Associated K + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the um to its Associated K + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to the um to its Associated K +that corresponds to half repression same + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to half repression same + + + align:start position:0% +that corresponds to half repression same +thing here one way to think about this + + align:start position:0% +thing here one way to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +thing here one way to think about this +is just that when U is equal to one + + align:start position:0% +is just that when U is equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +is just that when U is equal to one +we're getting half of Maximum possible + + align:start position:0% +we're getting half of Maximum possible + + + align:start position:0% +we're getting half of Maximum possible +repression similarly that's what V equal + + align:start position:0% +repression similarly that's what V equal + + + align:start position:0% +repression similarly that's what V equal +to one means right u and v do they have + + align:start position:0% +to one means right u and v do they have + + + align:start position:0% +to one means right u and v do they have +to have the same unit I mean do they + + align:start position:0% +to have the same unit I mean do they + + + align:start position:0% +to have the same unit I mean do they +have to have the same does U equal to + + align:start position:0% +have to have the same does U equal to + + + align:start position:0% +have to have the same does U equal to +one and V equal to one mean the same + + align:start position:0% +one and V equal to one mean the same + + + align:start position:0% +one and V equal to one mean the same +thing in terms of the number of the + + align:start position:0% +thing in terms of the number of the + + + align:start position:0% +thing in terms of the number of the +proteins in the + + align:start position:0% +proteins in the + + + align:start position:0% +proteins in the +cell no not necessarily right so we've + + align:start position:0% +cell no not necessarily right so we've + + + align:start position:0% +cell no not necessarily right so we've +allowed for uh the possibility that + + align:start position:0% +allowed for uh the possibility that + + + align:start position:0% +allowed for uh the possibility that +those things are are measured in + + align:start position:0% +those things are are measured in + + + align:start position:0% +those things are are measured in +different uh different real units okay + + align:start position:0% +different uh different real units okay + + + align:start position:0% +different uh different real units okay +but there the but in both cases it's + + align:start position:0% +but there the but in both cases it's + + + align:start position:0% +but there the but in both cases it's +telling us about the strength of + + align:start position:0% +telling us about the strength of + + + align:start position:0% +telling us about the strength of +repression okay and u and v equal one + + align:start position:0% +repression okay and u and v equal one + + + align:start position:0% +repression okay and u and v equal one +tells us about that crossing point where + + align:start position:0% +tells us about that crossing point where + + + align:start position:0% +tells us about that crossing point where +it's where the the the other promoter is + + align:start position:0% +it's where the the the other promoter is + + + align:start position:0% +it's where the the the other promoter is +half + + align:start position:0% +half + + + align:start position:0% +half +repressed okay are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +repressed okay are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +repressed okay are there any questions +about what + + align:start position:0% +about what + + + align:start position:0% +about what +there I think this is especially + + align:start position:0% +there I think this is especially + + + align:start position:0% +there I think this is especially +confusing because it doesn't enter into + + align:start position:0% +confusing because it doesn't enter into + + + align:start position:0% +confusing because it doesn't enter into +the equations at all you know I mean it + + align:start position:0% +the equations at all you know I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +the equations at all you know I mean it +just you know things just went away + + align:start position:0% +just you know things just went away + + + align:start position:0% +just you know things just went away +right but + + align:start position:0% +right but + + + align:start position:0% +right but +um but you know that you know that this + + align:start position:0% +um but you know that you know that this + + + align:start position:0% +um but you know that you know that this +is the dimensional subversion of the + + align:start position:0% +is the dimensional subversion of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the dimensional subversion of the +equations because we have U here and + + align:start position:0% +equations because we have U here and + + + align:start position:0% +equations because we have U here and +we're adding one to it right are we + + align:start position:0% +we're adding one to it right are we + + + align:start position:0% +we're adding one to it right are we +allowed to add things with different + + align:start position:0% +allowed to add things with different + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to add things with different +units + + align:start position:0% +units + + + align:start position:0% +units +no never okay um what that means is that + + align:start position:0% +no never okay um what that means is that + + + align:start position:0% +no never okay um what that means is that +uh since they're since they're being + + align:start position:0% +uh since they're since they're being + + + align:start position:0% +uh since they're since they're being +being added that means that we already + + align:start position:0% +being added that means that we already + + + align:start position:0% +being added that means that we already +know that we we made that this is the + + align:start position:0% +know that we we made that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +know that we we made that this is the +dimensional version of of the equation + + align:start position:0% +dimensional version of of the equation + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional version of of the equation +right and it actually then immediately + + align:start position:0% +right and it actually then immediately + + + align:start position:0% +right and it actually then immediately +tells us what this What U equal one + + align:start position:0% +tells us what this What U equal one + + + align:start position:0% +tells us what this What U equal one +means + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all right so now what we want to + + align:start position:0% +right all right so now what we want to + + + align:start position:0% +right all right so now what we want to +do is we want to make sure that our + + align:start position:0% +do is we want to make sure that our + + + align:start position:0% +do is we want to make sure that our +intuition on this is like tiptop shape + + align:start position:0% +intuition on this is like tiptop shape + + + align:start position:0% +intuition on this is like tiptop shape +in particular we want to know U if I + + align:start position:0% +in particular we want to know U if I + + + align:start position:0% +in particular we want to know U if I +want to change the Dynamics of the + + align:start position:0% +want to change the Dynamics of the + + + align:start position:0% +want to change the Dynamics of the +system right so let's say that we go and + + align:start position:0% +system right so let's say that we go and + + + align:start position:0% +system right so let's say that we go and +we do lots spend lots of time + + align:start position:0% +we do lots spend lots of time + + + align:start position:0% +we do lots spend lots of time +calculating the fixed points stability + + align:start position:0% +calculating the fixed points stability + + + align:start position:0% +calculating the fixed points stability +and we do everything on these equations + + align:start position:0% +and we do everything on these equations + + + align:start position:0% +and we do everything on these equations +and then and then we know all right know + + align:start position:0% +and then and then we know all right know + + + align:start position:0% +and then and then we know all right know +what we need to do is we need to change + + align:start position:0% +what we need to do is we need to change + + + align:start position:0% +what we need to do is we need to change +some parameter in order to get say a + + align:start position:0% +some parameter in order to get say a + + + align:start position:0% +some parameter in order to get say a +toggle switch we need to know how we do + + align:start position:0% +toggle switch we need to know how we do + + + align:start position:0% +toggle switch we need to know how we do +that right we need to know how the + + align:start position:0% +that right we need to know how the + + + align:start position:0% +that right we need to know how the +parameters in real life or even in the + + align:start position:0% +parameters in real life or even in the + + + align:start position:0% +parameters in real life or even in the +context of of the model right how is it + + align:start position:0% +context of of the model right how is it + + + align:start position:0% +context of of the model right how is it +that the parameters you can actually + + align:start position:0% +that the parameters you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +that the parameters you can actually +change experimentally how is it that + + align:start position:0% +change experimentally how is it that + + + align:start position:0% +change experimentally how is it that +they affect or not the parameters in uh + + align:start position:0% +they affect or not the parameters in uh + + + align:start position:0% +they affect or not the parameters in uh +in this model okay so the question is if + + align:start position:0% +in this model okay so the question is if + + + align:start position:0% +in this model okay so the question is if +the if if let's say we we increase the + + align:start position:0% +the if if let's say we we increase the + + + align:start position:0% +the if if let's say we we increase the +degradation rate of these two + + align:start position:0% +degradation rate of these two + + + align:start position:0% +degradation rate of these two +transcription factors u and v what which + + align:start position:0% +transcription factors u and v what which + + + align:start position:0% +transcription factors u and v what which +of the parameters are going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +change all right so I'll give you 30 + + align:start position:0% +change all right so I'll give you 30 + + + align:start position:0% +change all right so I'll give you 30 +seconds to think about + + align:start position:0% +seconds to think about + + + align:start position:0% +seconds to think about +what should be happening here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right do you need more + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more + + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more +time okay let's let's see where we are + + align:start position:0% +time okay let's let's see where we are + + + align:start position:0% +time okay let's let's see where we are +uh ready three two one oh yeah and this + + align:start position:0% +uh ready three two one oh yeah and this + + + align:start position:0% +uh ready three two one oh yeah and this +is the possibility where you can put up + + align:start position:0% +is the possibility where you can put up + + + align:start position:0% +is the possibility where you can put up +two things things remember our fabulous + + align:start position:0% +two things things remember our fabulous + + + align:start position:0% +two things things remember our fabulous +card system all right okay so I think + + align:start position:0% +card system all right okay so I think + + + align:start position:0% +card system all right okay so I think +most people are saying it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +most people are saying it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +most people are saying it's going to be +a and b are going to change all right um + + align:start position:0% +a and b are going to change all right um + + + align:start position:0% +a and b are going to change all right um +so beta and gamma are capturing how + + align:start position:0% +so beta and gamma are capturing how + + + align:start position:0% +so beta and gamma are capturing how +Cooperative that transition is and the + + align:start position:0% +Cooperative that transition is and the + + + align:start position:0% +Cooperative that transition is and the +cooperativity um is is not affected by + + align:start position:0% +cooperativity um is is not affected by + + + align:start position:0% +cooperativity um is is not affected by +uh the the questions of uh the the exact + + align:start position:0% +uh the the questions of uh the the exact + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the questions of uh the the exact +concentration or time scales so forth + + align:start position:0% +concentration or time scales so forth + + + align:start position:0% +concentration or time scales so forth +because that has to do with sort of the + + align:start position:0% +because that has to do with sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +because that has to do with sort of the +molecular nature of the interactions + + align:start position:0% +molecular nature of the interactions + + + align:start position:0% +molecular nature of the interactions +with the promoter okay so in some ways + + align:start position:0% +with the promoter okay so in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +with the promoter okay so in some ways +beta and gamma are the simplest things + + align:start position:0% +beta and gamma are the simplest things + + + align:start position:0% +beta and gamma are the simplest things +in this um in this system okay right now + + align:start position:0% +in this um in this system okay right now + + + align:start position:0% +in this um in this system okay right now +uh the question + + align:start position:0% +uh the question + + + align:start position:0% +uh the question +is do Alpha One do they go up or do they + + align:start position:0% +is do Alpha One do they go up or do they + + + align:start position:0% +is do Alpha One do they go up or do they +go down now that I've told you that they + + align:start position:0% +go down now that I've told you that they + + + align:start position:0% +go down now that I've told you that they +change right so um so if degradation + + align:start position:0% +change right so um so if degradation + + + align:start position:0% +change right so um so if degradation +rate goes up do um Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 + + align:start position:0% +rate goes up do um Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 + + + align:start position:0% +rate goes up do um Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 +do they go up or do they go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down I'll give you 10 seconds to think + + align:start position:0% +down I'll give you 10 seconds to think + + + align:start position:0% +down I'll give you 10 seconds to think +about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right do you need more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time all right well let's see where + + align:start position:0% +time all right well let's see where + + + align:start position:0% +time all right well let's see where +let's see it all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% +let's see it all right ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +let's see it all right ready three two +one okay great yeah so I'll say yeah + + align:start position:0% +one okay great yeah so I'll say yeah + + + align:start position:0% +one okay great yeah so I'll say yeah +it's it's a majority are saying that + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a majority are saying that + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's a majority are saying that +it's gonna it's going to go down all + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna it's going to go down all + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna it's going to go down all +right can somebody offer up an intuitive + + align:start position:0% +right can somebody offer up an intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +right can somebody offer up an intuitive +explanation for why this might be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +John number per the get + + align:start position:0% +John number per the get + + + align:start position:0% +John number per the get +smaller right so if the degradation rate + + align:start position:0% +smaller right so if the degradation rate + + + align:start position:0% +smaller right so if the degradation rate +goes up that's kind of reducing this + + align:start position:0% +goes up that's kind of reducing this + + + align:start position:0% +goes up that's kind of reducing this +unit of time so you just are not going + + align:start position:0% +unit of time so you just are not going + + + align:start position:0% +unit of time so you just are not going +to make as much protein in that unit of + + align:start position:0% +to make as much protein in that unit of + + + align:start position:0% +to make as much protein in that unit of +time okay the way that I like to think + + align:start position:0% +time okay the way that I like to think + + + align:start position:0% +time okay the way that I like to think +about this maybe is that if the + + align:start position:0% +about this maybe is that if the + + + align:start position:0% +about this maybe is that if the +degradation rate goes up then um the the + + align:start position:0% +degradation rate goes up then um the the + + + align:start position:0% +degradation rate goes up then um the the +real concentration of the protein should + + align:start position:0% +real concentration of the protein should + + + align:start position:0% +real concentration of the protein should +go down and that means that the + + align:start position:0% +go down and that means that the + + + align:start position:0% +go down and that means that the +repression uh should be um should be + + align:start position:0% +repression uh should be um should be + + + align:start position:0% +repression uh should be um should be +less effective and wait is this helping + + align:start position:0% +less effective and wait is this helping + + + align:start position:0% +less effective and wait is this helping +me no now that I'm saying this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay no that I I don't like to think + + align:start position:0% +um okay no that I I don't like to think + + + align:start position:0% +um okay no that I I don't like to think +about it that way I think now that um + + align:start position:0% +about it that way I think now that um + + + align:start position:0% +about it that way I think now that um +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what right it's no right that's right + + align:start position:0% +what right it's no right that's right + + + align:start position:0% +what right it's no right that's right +yeah so that's right okay yeah yeah yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's right okay yeah yeah yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's right okay yeah yeah yeah +that's right so yeah so if if the de um + + align:start position:0% +that's right so yeah so if if the de um + + + align:start position:0% +that's right so yeah so if if the de um +you you should decrease the sort of your + + align:start position:0% +you you should decrease the sort of your + + + align:start position:0% +you you should decrease the sort of your +right so if the degradation rate goes up + + align:start position:0% +right so if the degradation rate goes up + + + align:start position:0% +right so if the degradation rate goes up +you decrease the the real concentration + + align:start position:0% +you decrease the the real concentration + + + align:start position:0% +you decrease the the real concentration +which it means indeed that you are at + + align:start position:0% +which it means indeed that you are at + + + align:start position:0% +which it means indeed that you are at +steady state say a less effective + + align:start position:0% +steady state say a less effective + + + align:start position:0% +steady state say a less effective +repressor that means the concentration + + align:start position:0% +repressor that means the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +repressor that means the concentration +goes down in these units of you know how + + align:start position:0% +goes down in these units of you know how + + + align:start position:0% +goes down in these units of you know how +how repressive are you right okay so you + + align:start position:0% +how repressive are you right okay so you + + + align:start position:0% +how repressive are you right okay so you +know I think that the way of thinking it + + align:start position:0% +know I think that the way of thinking it + + + align:start position:0% +know I think that the way of thinking it +was about it was correct just the the + + align:start position:0% +was about it was correct just the the + + + align:start position:0% +was about it was correct just the the +words were not right so but you know and + + align:start position:0% +words were not right so but you know and + + + align:start position:0% +words were not right so but you know and +you can also go and it's useful in the + + align:start position:0% +you can also go and it's useful in the + + + align:start position:0% +you can also go and it's useful in the +context of uh when you actually go and + + align:start position:0% +context of uh when you actually go and + + + align:start position:0% +context of uh when you actually go and +you do the math of removing all these + + align:start position:0% +you do the math of removing all these + + + align:start position:0% +you do the math of removing all these +parameters just to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +parameters just to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +parameters just to make sure that +because it's easy to do this thing where + + align:start position:0% +because it's easy to do this thing where + + + align:start position:0% +because it's easy to do this thing where +you you just divide everything out and + + align:start position:0% +you you just divide everything out and + + + align:start position:0% +you you just divide everything out and +you're happy and whistling and so forth + + align:start position:0% +you're happy and whistling and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +you're happy and whistling and so forth +but but at the end of the day you really + + align:start position:0% +but but at the end of the day you really + + + align:start position:0% +but but at the end of the day you really +just have no sense of what of of what + + align:start position:0% +just have no sense of what of of what + + + align:start position:0% +just have no sense of what of of what +happened right of of of how the real how + + align:start position:0% +happened right of of of how the real how + + + align:start position:0% +happened right of of of how the real how +the how the parameters that come out in + + align:start position:0% +the how the parameters that come out in + + + align:start position:0% +the how the parameters that come out in +the model are affected by kind of the + + align:start position:0% +the model are affected by kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +the model are affected by kind of the +real things that you can change right + + align:start position:0% +real things that you can change right + + + align:start position:0% +real things that you can change right +and and in some ways what's funny about + + align:start position:0% +and and in some ways what's funny about + + + align:start position:0% +and and in some ways what's funny about +these equations is that um essentially + + align:start position:0% +these equations is that um essentially + + + align:start position:0% +these equations is that um essentially +everything is in the Alphas + + align:start position:0% +everything is in the Alphas + + + align:start position:0% +everything is in the Alphas +right because beta and gamma that's + + align:start position:0% +right because beta and gamma that's + + + align:start position:0% +right because beta and gamma that's +that's this cooperativity parameter and + + align:start position:0% +that's this cooperativity parameter and + + + align:start position:0% +that's this cooperativity parameter and +that's that's what it is and that's + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what it is and that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's what it is and that's +that's all it is so that means that + + align:start position:0% +that's all it is so that means that + + + align:start position:0% +that's all it is so that means that +everything else ends up in the + + align:start position:0% +everything else ends up in the + + + align:start position:0% +everything else ends up in the +alphas right so um + + align:start position:0% +alphas right so um + + + align:start position:0% +alphas right so um +so you the the the strength of the + + align:start position:0% +so you the the the strength of the + + + align:start position:0% +so you the the the strength of the +promoter the concentration you need to + + align:start position:0% +promoter the concentration you need to + + + align:start position:0% +promoter the concentration you need to +repress the Lifetime right everything + + align:start position:0% +repress the Lifetime right everything + + + align:start position:0% +repress the Lifetime right everything +rolls up in these Alphas right and this + + align:start position:0% +rolls up in these Alphas right and this + + + align:start position:0% +rolls up in these Alphas right and this +is the beauty of the dimensional + + align:start position:0% +is the beauty of the dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +is the beauty of the dimensional +equations is it's telling you that you + + align:start position:0% +equations is it's telling you that you + + + align:start position:0% +equations is it's telling you that you +don't have all these different separate + + align:start position:0% +don't have all these different separate + + + align:start position:0% +don't have all these different separate +knobs you can't do you can't change one + + align:start position:0% +knobs you can't do you can't change one + + + align:start position:0% +knobs you can't do you can't change one +change another and go into fun some + + align:start position:0% +change another and go into fun some + + + align:start position:0% +change another and go into fun some +funny regime and then change you know + + align:start position:0% +funny regime and then change you know + + + align:start position:0% +funny regime and then change you know +because because it's all rolled into one + + align:start position:0% +because because it's all rolled into one + + + align:start position:0% +because because it's all rolled into one +fundamental parameter these Alphas + + align:start position:0% +fundamental parameter these Alphas + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental parameter these Alphas +that's that's telling you that once you + + align:start position:0% +that's that's telling you that once you + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's telling you that once you +understand how these equations behave + + align:start position:0% +understand how these equations behave + + + align:start position:0% +understand how these equations behave +then you you in principle understand + + align:start position:0% +then you you in principle understand + + + align:start position:0% +then you you in principle understand +everything that can possibly happen in + + align:start position:0% +everything that can possibly happen in + + + align:start position:0% +everything that can possibly happen in +that simple model right that's what's + + align:start position:0% +that simple model right that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +that simple model right that's what's +wonderful about the dimensional + + align:start position:0% +wonderful about the dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful about the dimensional +equations but the problem is that you + + align:start position:0% +equations but the problem is that you + + + align:start position:0% +equations but the problem is that you +sometimes lose track of how it's related + + align:start position:0% +sometimes lose track of how it's related + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes lose track of how it's related +to the real experimental things right so + + align:start position:0% +to the real experimental things right so + + + align:start position:0% +to the real experimental things right so +um I would say that I very much like + + align:start position:0% +um I would say that I very much like + + + align:start position:0% +um I would say that I very much like +these dimensionless equations they they + + align:start position:0% +these dimensionless equations they they + + + align:start position:0% +these dimensionless equations they they +clarify things for you but but you have + + align:start position:0% +clarify things for you but but you have + + + align:start position:0% +clarify things for you but but you have +to spend the time to make sure that you + + align:start position:0% +to spend the time to make sure that you + + + align:start position:0% +to spend the time to make sure that you +understand U where where all the where + + align:start position:0% +understand U where where all the where + + + align:start position:0% +understand U where where all the where +all of reality went right because they + + align:start position:0% +all of reality went right because they + + + align:start position:0% +all of reality went right because they +it all ends up in this mathematical + + align:start position:0% +it all ends up in this mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +it all ends up in this mathematical +equation and then and then and and that + + align:start position:0% +equation and then and then and and that + + + align:start position:0% +equation and then and then and and that +simplifies things you you're you're not + + align:start position:0% +simplifies things you you're you're not + + + align:start position:0% +simplifies things you you're you're not +like floating in the sea of of symbols + + align:start position:0% +like floating in the sea of of symbols + + + align:start position:0% +like floating in the sea of of symbols +anymore but + + align:start position:0% +anymore but + + + align:start position:0% +anymore but +um but it's it's really easy to lose + + align:start position:0% +um but it's it's really easy to lose + + + align:start position:0% +um but it's it's really easy to lose +track of um of the connection to to real + + align:start position:0% +track of um of the connection to to real + + + align:start position:0% +track of um of the connection to to real +measurements that and that that's that's + + align:start position:0% +measurements that and that that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +measurements that and that that's that's +why we want to do modeling is so that we + + align:start position:0% +why we want to do modeling is so that we + + + align:start position:0% +why we want to do modeling is so that we +can make that connection okay so uh so + + align:start position:0% +can make that connection okay so uh so + + + align:start position:0% +can make that connection okay so uh so +do the dimensional L equations but uh + + align:start position:0% +do the dimensional L equations but uh + + + align:start position:0% +do the dimensional L equations but uh +but make sure that you you play play + + align:start position:0% +but make sure that you you play play + + + align:start position:0% +but make sure that you you play play +with them a bit so you know what changes + + align:start position:0% +with them a bit so you know what changes + + + align:start position:0% +with them a bit so you know what changes +when you change what okay and we'll + + align:start position:0% +when you change what okay and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +when you change what okay and we'll +actually see you know a bit later some + + align:start position:0% +actually see you know a bit later some + + + align:start position:0% +actually see you know a bit later some +other cases where it's actually quite + + align:start position:0% +other cases where it's actually quite + + + align:start position:0% +other cases where it's actually quite +tricky to figure out um figure out + + align:start position:0% +tricky to figure out um figure out + + + align:start position:0% +tricky to figure out um figure out +what's happening U and I always you know + + align:start position:0% +what's happening U and I always you know + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening U and I always you know +on exams I always want to just ask + + align:start position:0% +on exams I always want to just ask + + + align:start position:0% +on exams I always want to just ask +equation like this if you know if this + + align:start position:0% +equation like this if you know if this + + + align:start position:0% +equation like this if you know if this +parameter goes up what you know and then + + align:start position:0% +parameter goes up what you know and then + + + align:start position:0% +parameter goes up what you know and then +the T always say it's too hard of a + + align:start position:0% +the T always say it's too hard of a + + + align:start position:0% +the T always say it's too hard of a +question and I and I I feel like it's + + align:start position:0% +question and I and I I feel like it's + + + align:start position:0% +question and I and I I feel like it's +like the most basic thing you would want + + align:start position:0% +like the most basic thing you would want + + + align:start position:0% +like the most basic thing you would want +from from an equation like this right is + + align:start position:0% +from from an equation like this right is + + + align:start position:0% +from from an equation like this right is +that if you increase the strength this + + align:start position:0% +that if you increase the strength this + + + align:start position:0% +that if you increase the strength this +we know but um but it actually is it's + + align:start position:0% +we know but um but it actually is it's + + + align:start position:0% +we know but um but it actually is it's +surprisingly difficult so um so I you + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly difficult so um so I you + + + align:start position:0% +surprisingly difficult so um so I you +know maybe this year I'll convince the T + + align:start position:0% +know maybe this year I'll convince the T + + + align:start position:0% +know maybe this year I'll convince the T +that that it's an okay question right um + + align:start position:0% +that that it's an okay question right um + + + align:start position:0% +that that it's an okay question right um +all right are there are there any uh any + + align:start position:0% +all right are there are there any uh any + + + align:start position:0% +all right are there are there any uh any +questions about where we are right + + align:start position:0% +questions about where we are right + + + align:start position:0% +questions about where we are right +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +um okay so what I want to do for the + + align:start position:0% +um okay so what I want to do for the + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so what I want to do for the +last half hour is is talk about uh + + align:start position:0% +last half hour is is talk about uh + + + align:start position:0% +last half hour is is talk about uh +stability analysis U now you know the + + align:start position:0% +stability analysis U now you know the + + + align:start position:0% +stability analysis U now you know the +the first context in which stability + + align:start position:0% +the first context in which stability + + + align:start position:0% +the first context in which stability +analysis comes up in this class is + + align:start position:0% +analysis comes up in this class is + + + align:start position:0% +analysis comes up in this class is +indeed in this toggle switch um but it's + + align:start position:0% +indeed in this toggle switch um but it's + + + align:start position:0% +indeed in this toggle switch um but it's +not the I would say the most satisfying + + align:start position:0% +not the I would say the most satisfying + + + align:start position:0% +not the I would say the most satisfying +application of it in some ways it's just + + align:start position:0% +application of it in some ways it's just + + + align:start position:0% +application of it in some ways it's just +because the you end up with equations + + align:start position:0% +because the you end up with equations + + + align:start position:0% +because the you end up with equations +that all you can do is plot them and + + align:start position:0% +that all you can do is plot them and + + + align:start position:0% +that all you can do is plot them and +it's useful to be able to uh + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to be able to uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to be able to uh +recapitulate to understand how the + + align:start position:0% +recapitulate to understand how the + + + align:start position:0% +recapitulate to understand how the +figures from that paper come about but + + align:start position:0% +figures from that paper come about but + + + align:start position:0% +figures from that paper come about but +at the same time uh it's not always um + + align:start position:0% +at the same time uh it's not always um + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time uh it's not always um +you know you know after you after you do + + align:start position:0% +you know you know after you after you do + + + align:start position:0% +you know you know after you after you do +find the solution you don't feel so + + align:start position:0% +find the solution you don't feel so + + + align:start position:0% +find the solution you don't feel so +happy about it either you know because + + align:start position:0% +happy about it either you know because + + + align:start position:0% +happy about it either you know because +you know in terms of complexity is a + + align:start position:0% +you know in terms of complexity is a + + + align:start position:0% +you know in terms of complexity is a +function of time right things always + + align:start position:0% +function of time right things always + + + align:start position:0% +function of time right things always +start out simple and then in the course + + align:start position:0% +start out simple and then in the course + + + align:start position:0% +start out simple and then in the course +of the calculations things get + + align:start position:0% +of the calculations things get + + + align:start position:0% +of the calculations things get +complicated and the problems that are + + align:start position:0% +complicated and the problems that are + + + align:start position:0% +complicated and the problems that are +fun to solve are the cases where it + + align:start position:0% +fun to solve are the cases where it + + + align:start position:0% +fun to solve are the cases where it +comes simple again right this one it + + align:start position:0% +comes simple again right this one it + + + align:start position:0% +comes simple again right this one it +doesn't never quite converges so um but + + align:start position:0% +doesn't never quite converges so um but + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't never quite converges so um but +I think um but I do want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +I think um but I do want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +I think um but I do want to talk about +the stability analysis so that so that + + align:start position:0% +the stability analysis so that so that + + + align:start position:0% +the stability analysis so that so that +you can understand the the calculation + + align:start position:0% +you can understand the the calculation + + + align:start position:0% +you can understand the the calculation +that was in the notes but also so that + + align:start position:0% +that was in the notes but also so that + + + align:start position:0% +that was in the notes but also so that +you can uh just get some more intuition + + align:start position:0% +you can uh just get some more intuition + + + align:start position:0% +you can uh just get some more intuition +about some of the other problems that + + align:start position:0% +about some of the other problems that + + + align:start position:0% +about some of the other problems that +we're going to be solving in the next + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be solving in the next + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be solving in the next +few weeks okay um so ju just to make + + align:start position:0% +few weeks okay um so ju just to make + + + align:start position:0% +few weeks okay um so ju just to make +sure that we're all um once again + + align:start position:0% +sure that we're all um once again + + + align:start position:0% +sure that we're all um once again +talking about the same thing uh it's + + align:start position:0% +talking about the same thing uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the same thing uh it's +useful you know to start by just making + + align:start position:0% +useful you know to start by just making + + + align:start position:0% +useful you know to start by just making +sure that in a onedimensional problem + + align:start position:0% +sure that in a onedimensional problem + + + align:start position:0% +sure that in a onedimensional problem +excuse me um we we understand what we + + align:start position:0% +excuse me um we we understand what we + + + align:start position:0% +excuse me um we we understand what we +mean by stability + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right okay we're going to be fast all + + align:start position:0% +right okay we're going to be fast all + + + align:start position:0% +right okay we're going to be fast all +right x equal to Z is + + align:start position:0% +right x equal to Z is + + + align:start position:0% +right x equal to Z is +stable all right if and only if + + align:start position:0% +stable all right if and only if + + + align:start position:0% +stable all right if and only if +what okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right I'll give you 10 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seconds all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one all + + align:start position:0% +one all + + + align:start position:0% +one all +right yeah so you know this is always + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so you know this is always + + + align:start position:0% +right yeah so you know this is always +um yeah so there there's actually a fair + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so there there's actually a fair + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so there there's actually a fair +number of answers here um and um and and + + align:start position:0% +number of answers here um and um and and + + + align:start position:0% +number of answers here um and um and and +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +um tricky because um the Temptation is + + align:start position:0% +um tricky because um the Temptation is + + + align:start position:0% +um tricky because um the Temptation is +always to jump into the two-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +always to jump into the two-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +always to jump into the two-dimensional +stability analysis or the end + + align:start position:0% +stability analysis or the end + + + align:start position:0% +stability analysis or the end +dimensional stability analysis and the + + align:start position:0% +dimensional stability analysis and the + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional stability analysis and the +thing is that um if if um we have to + + align:start position:0% +thing is that um if if um we have to + + + align:start position:0% +thing is that um if if um we have to +make sure that we're completely + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we're completely + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we're completely +comfortable with one talking about one + + align:start position:0% +comfortable with one talking about one + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable with one talking about one +dimension before you talk about multiple + + align:start position:0% +dimension before you talk about multiple + + + align:start position:0% +dimension before you talk about multiple +Dimensions because then everything is is + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions because then everything is is + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions because then everything is is +lost all right so + + align:start position:0% +lost all right so + + + align:start position:0% +lost all right so +um I + + align:start position:0% +um I + + + align:start position:0% +um I +um I I'm not going to have you guys + + align:start position:0% +um I I'm not going to have you guys + + + align:start position:0% +um I I'm not going to have you guys +discuss but uh but it's going to be a c + + align:start position:0% +discuss but uh but it's going to be a c + + + align:start position:0% +discuss but uh but it's going to be a c +okay many people are saying a or other + + align:start position:0% +okay many people are saying a or other + + + align:start position:0% +okay many people are saying a or other +things now the there is a context in + + align:start position:0% +things now the there is a context in + + + align:start position:0% +things now the there is a context in +which this this guy comes out right but + + align:start position:0% +which this this guy comes out right but + + + align:start position:0% +which this this guy comes out right but +let let's just make sure okay so + + align:start position:0% +let let's just make sure okay so + + + align:start position:0% +let let's just make sure okay so +um right so x equal to Z Now first of + + align:start position:0% +um right so x equal to Z Now first of + + + align:start position:0% +um right so x equal to Z Now first of +all is this thing is x equal to Z is it + + align:start position:0% +all is this thing is x equal to Z is it + + + align:start position:0% +all is this thing is x equal to Z is it +always a fixed point of the + + align:start position:0% +always a fixed point of the + + + align:start position:0% +always a fixed point of the +system yes right so fixed Point means + + align:start position:0% +system yes right so fixed Point means + + + align:start position:0% +system yes right so fixed Point means +that if you go right there Then in + + align:start position:0% +that if you go right there Then in + + + align:start position:0% +that if you go right there Then in +principle you don't move off it right so + + align:start position:0% +principle you don't move off it right so + + + align:start position:0% +principle you don't move off it right so +it doesn't say anything about whether + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't say anything about whether + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't say anything about whether +it's stable or unstable right but if x + + align:start position:0% +it's stable or unstable right but if x + + + align:start position:0% +it's stable or unstable right but if x +equal to Z then indeed x dot is equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to Z then indeed x dot is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to Z then indeed x dot is equal to +zero so that's that's a fixed point + + align:start position:0% +zero so that's that's a fixed point + + + align:start position:0% +zero so that's that's a fixed point +right but if you have positive + + align:start position:0% +right but if you have positive + + + align:start position:0% +right but if you have positive +X in order for that to be stable you + + align:start position:0% +X in order for that to be stable you + + + align:start position:0% +X in order for that to be stable you +have to have a negative change in + + align:start position:0% +have to have a negative change in + + + align:start position:0% +have to have a negative change in +X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all right so if you time about the + + align:start position:0% +right all right so if you time about the + + + align:start position:0% +right all right so if you time about the +behavior as a function of time fun of X + + align:start position:0% +behavior as a function of time fun of X + + + align:start position:0% +behavior as a function of time fun of X +here you want if you start out above + + align:start position:0% +here you want if you start out above + + + align:start position:0% +here you want if you start out above +zero the definition of stable is if you + + align:start position:0% +zero the definition of stable is if you + + + align:start position:0% +zero the definition of stable is if you +go a little bit away you should come + + align:start position:0% +go a little bit away you should come + + + align:start position:0% +go a little bit away you should come +back right and that means and you know + + align:start position:0% +back right and that means and you know + + + align:start position:0% +back right and that means and you know +just you know okay but that means that x + + align:start position:0% +just you know okay but that means that x + + + align:start position:0% +just you know okay but that means that x +dot has to be + + align:start position:0% +dot has to be + + + align:start position:0% +dot has to be +negative right so positive X and + + align:start position:0% +negative right so positive X and + + + align:start position:0% +negative right so positive X and +similarly if x is negative you want it + + align:start position:0% +similarly if x is negative you want it + + + align:start position:0% +similarly if x is negative you want it +to be stable then you + + align:start position:0% +to be stable then you + + + align:start position:0% +to be stable then you +need um you you need the x dot to be + + align:start position:0% +need um you you need the x dot to be + + + align:start position:0% +need um you you need the x dot to be +positive right so this is the a equal to + + align:start position:0% +positive right so this is the a equal to + + + align:start position:0% +positive right so this is the a equal to +a less than zero right now there is a + + align:start position:0% +a less than zero right now there is a + + + align:start position:0% +a less than zero right now there is a +context in which a stability condition + + align:start position:0% +context in which a stability condition + + + align:start position:0% +context in which a stability condition +looks something a little bit more like + + align:start position:0% +looks something a little bit more like + + + align:start position:0% +looks something a little bit more like +this and can somebody + + align:start position:0% +this and can somebody + + + align:start position:0% +this and can somebody +uh say when when it is that you get + + align:start position:0% +uh say when when it is that you get + + + align:start position:0% +uh say when when it is that you get +something that looks condition around + + align:start position:0% +something that looks condition around + + + align:start position:0% +something that looks condition around +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one yes yeah right in discret maps then + + align:start position:0% +one yes yeah right in discret maps then + + + align:start position:0% +one yes yeah right in discret maps then +indeed the this condition for stability + + align:start position:0% +indeed the this condition for stability + + + align:start position:0% +indeed the this condition for stability +looks something like this right so if + + align:start position:0% +looks something like this right so if + + + align:start position:0% +looks something like this right so if +you have something that looks that X of + + align:start position:0% +you have something that looks that X of + + + align:start position:0% +you have something that looks that X of +T +1 is equal to a XT + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +then if the condition for x equal to Z + + align:start position:0% +then if the condition for x equal to Z + + + align:start position:0% +then if the condition for x equal to Z +being stable is for indeed a to be less + + align:start position:0% +being stable is for indeed a to be less + + + align:start position:0% +being stable is for indeed a to be less +than one um or it's in this case it's + + align:start position:0% +than one um or it's in this case it's + + + align:start position:0% +than one um or it's in this case it's +really the magnitude of a being less + + align:start position:0% +really the magnitude of a being less + + + align:start position:0% +really the magnitude of a being less +than one because you in that case you + + align:start position:0% +than one because you in that case you + + + align:start position:0% +than one because you in that case you +might get hopping you know but um but + + align:start position:0% +might get hopping you know but um but + + + align:start position:0% +might get hopping you know but um but +then then the condition is around is + + align:start position:0% +then then the condition is around is + + + align:start position:0% +then then the condition is around is +around the one thing whereas here zero + + align:start position:0% +around the one thing whereas here zero + + + align:start position:0% +around the one thing whereas here zero +right indeed solution of this different + + align:start position:0% +right indeed solution of this different + + + align:start position:0% +right indeed solution of this different +you know it's a it's going to go + + align:start position:0% +you know it's a it's going to go + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's a it's going to go +exponentially to so X is a function of + + align:start position:0% +exponentially to so X is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially to so X is a function of +time is just going to be some x notot e + + align:start position:0% +time is just going to be some x notot e + + + align:start position:0% +time is just going to be some x notot e +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +um and is it a or a is less than + + align:start position:0% +um and is it a or a is less than + + + align:start position:0% +um and is it a or a is less than +zero it's just a + + align:start position:0% +zero it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +zero it's just a +right all right um okay so um so and in + + align:start position:0% +right all right um okay so um so and in + + + align:start position:0% +right all right um okay so um so and in +this case we just have one dimension + + align:start position:0% +this case we just have one dimension + + + align:start position:0% +this case we just have one dimension +right so the igen vector when not is + + align:start position:0% +right so the igen vector when not is + + + align:start position:0% +right so the igen vector when not is +really just X and the IG there's just + + align:start position:0% +really just X and the IG there's just + + + align:start position:0% +really just X and the IG there's just +one IG value and a is indeed the igen + + align:start position:0% +one IG value and a is indeed the igen + + + align:start position:0% +one IG value and a is indeed the igen +value right so the stability for x equal + + align:start position:0% +value right so the stability for x equal + + + align:start position:0% +value right so the stability for x equal +to Z to be stable is that all you know + + align:start position:0% +to Z to be stable is that all you know + + + align:start position:0% +to Z to be stable is that all you know +in general for n dimensions + + align:start position:0% +in general for n dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +in general for n dimensions +is that uh that you need all the igen + + align:start position:0% +is that uh that you need all the igen + + + align:start position:0% +is that uh that you need all the igen +values to be less than zero and in this + + align:start position:0% +values to be less than zero and in this + + + align:start position:0% +values to be less than zero and in this +case a is indeed the igen value and you + + align:start position:0% +case a is indeed the igen value and you + + + align:start position:0% +case a is indeed the igen value and you +need that to be less than zero okay so + + align:start position:0% +need that to be less than zero okay so + + + align:start position:0% +need that to be less than zero okay so +if you're um if you're not comfortable + + align:start position:0% +if you're um if you're not comfortable + + + align:start position:0% +if you're um if you're not comfortable +with this or you you got something other + + align:start position:0% +with this or you you got something other + + + align:start position:0% +with this or you you got something other +than c then um I think it's it's + + align:start position:0% +than c then um I think it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +than c then um I think it's it's +essential that you you you take the time + + align:start position:0% +essential that you you you take the time + + + align:start position:0% +essential that you you you take the time +now to go over all of these uh these + + align:start position:0% +now to go over all of these uh these + + + align:start position:0% +now to go over all of these uh these +ideas first in one dimension make sure + + align:start position:0% +ideas first in one dimension make sure + + + align:start position:0% +ideas first in one dimension make sure +you're all comfortable with that but + + align:start position:0% +you're all comfortable with that but + + + align:start position:0% +you're all comfortable with that but +then to to look again at these uh + + align:start position:0% +then to to look again at these uh + + + align:start position:0% +then to to look again at these uh +two-dimensional higher dimensional + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional higher dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional higher dimensional +stabil analysis because if if these + + align:start position:0% +stabil analysis because if if these + + + align:start position:0% +stabil analysis because if if these +These Things Are are you're you you're + + align:start position:0% +These Things Are are you're you you're + + + align:start position:0% +These Things Are are you're you you're +finding tricky just because it's been a + + align:start position:0% +finding tricky just because it's been a + + + align:start position:0% +finding tricky just because it's been a +while since you looked at this stuff + + align:start position:0% +while since you looked at this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +while since you looked at this stuff +that's fine but if you don't spend the + + align:start position:0% +that's fine but if you don't spend the + + + align:start position:0% +that's fine but if you don't spend the +time to Iron out now then uh then + + align:start position:0% +time to Iron out now then uh then + + + align:start position:0% +time to Iron out now then uh then +everything gets much more painful later + + align:start position:0% +everything gets much more painful later + + + align:start position:0% +everything gets much more painful later +okay um I I highly recommend uh um stro + + align:start position:0% +okay um I I highly recommend uh um stro + + + align:start position:0% +okay um I I highly recommend uh um stro +get's book on uh dynamical systems it's + + align:start position:0% +get's book on uh dynamical systems it's + + + align:start position:0% +get's book on uh dynamical systems it's +a beautiful book with um just as clear + + align:start position:0% +a beautiful book with um just as clear + + + align:start position:0% +a beautiful book with um just as clear +as a textbook could be all right so um + + align:start position:0% +as a textbook could be all right so um + + + align:start position:0% +as a textbook could be all right so um +that that book is available at various + + align:start position:0% +that that book is available at various + + + align:start position:0% +that that book is available at various +libraries reading rooms and so forth so + + align:start position:0% +libraries reading rooms and so forth so + + + align:start position:0% +libraries reading rooms and so forth so +um so it's it's a great reference + + align:start position:0% +um so it's it's a great reference + + + align:start position:0% +um so it's it's a great reference +okay all right um now what we to do is + + align:start position:0% +okay all right um now what we to do is + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right um now what we to do is +is is generalize this idea to think + + align:start position:0% +is is generalize this idea to think + + + align:start position:0% +is is generalize this idea to think +about in end Dimensions okay so now what + + align:start position:0% +about in end Dimensions okay so now what + + + align:start position:0% +about in end Dimensions okay so now what +we have a vector + + align:start position:0% +we have a vector + + + align:start position:0% +we have a vector +X right and there's going to be some + + align:start position:0% +X right and there's going to be some + + + align:start position:0% +X right and there's going to be some +Matrix a that U oh index + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a that U oh index + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix a that U oh index +dot okay right so the uh the change in + + align:start position:0% +dot okay right so the uh the change in + + + align:start position:0% +dot okay right so the uh the change in +this Vector X is going to be uh can be + + align:start position:0% +this Vector X is going to be uh can be + + + align:start position:0% +this Vector X is going to be uh can be +described by a linear set of equations + + align:start position:0% +described by a linear set of equations + + + align:start position:0% +described by a linear set of equations +that can be speci by by some Matrix + + align:start position:0% +that can be speci by by some Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that can be speci by by some Matrix +right now uh for + + align:start position:0% +right now uh for + + + align:start position:0% +right now uh for +to determine the stability we we're + + align:start position:0% +to determine the stability we we're + + + align:start position:0% +to determine the stability we we're +going to then look at the um at the igen + + align:start position:0% +going to then look at the um at the igen + + + align:start position:0% +going to then look at the um at the igen +values of um of this Matrix okay now in + + align:start position:0% +values of um of this Matrix okay now in + + + align:start position:0% +values of um of this Matrix okay now in +in many cases in in this class what + + align:start position:0% +in many cases in in this class what + + + align:start position:0% +in many cases in in this class what +we're going to do is we're going to find + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is we're going to find + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to do is we're going to find +that some uh set of nonlinear equations + + align:start position:0% +that some uh set of nonlinear equations + + + align:start position:0% +that some uh set of nonlinear equations +has a fixed Point somewhere and then + + align:start position:0% +has a fixed Point somewhere and then + + + align:start position:0% +has a fixed Point somewhere and then +we're going to linearize around that + + align:start position:0% +we're going to linearize around that + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to linearize around that +fixed point right to convert it into a + + align:start position:0% +fixed point right to convert it into a + + + align:start position:0% +fixed point right to convert it into a +linear problem that looks like looks + + align:start position:0% +linear problem that looks like looks + + + align:start position:0% +linear problem that looks like looks +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +okay um but um for now what we're going + + align:start position:0% +okay um but um for now what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +okay um but um for now what we're going +to do this is this you know is the + + align:start position:0% +to do this is this you know is the + + + align:start position:0% +to do this is this you know is the +general statement is for in and + + align:start position:0% +general statement is for in and + + + align:start position:0% +general statement is for in and +Dimensions you want uh You Want U you + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions you want uh You Want U you + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions you want uh You Want U you +want all the um all the IG values Lambda + + align:start position:0% +want all the um all the IG values Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +want all the um all the IG values Lambda +I um in particular to be you want the + + align:start position:0% +I um in particular to be you want the + + + align:start position:0% +I um in particular to be you want the +real + + align:start position:0% +real + + + align:start position:0% +real +part to be less than zero and that has + + align:start position:0% +part to be less than zero and that has + + + align:start position:0% +part to be less than zero and that has +to be true for all the I values okay + + align:start position:0% +to be true for all the I values okay + + + align:start position:0% +to be true for all the I values okay +we're going to be talking about uh the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be talking about uh the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be talking about uh the +condition in uh in a two- dimensional + + align:start position:0% +condition in uh in a two- dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +condition in uh in a two- dimensional +system right where there are in + + align:start position:0% +system right where there are in + + + align:start position:0% +system right where there are in +principle some shortcuts but it's all + + align:start position:0% +principle some shortcuts but it's all + + + align:start position:0% +principle some shortcuts but it's all +the same thing it's all that you need + + align:start position:0% +the same thing it's all that you need + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing it's all that you need +all the the real part of all the a + + align:start position:0% +all the the real part of all the a + + + align:start position:0% +all the the real part of all the a +values to be less than zero for the fix + + align:start position:0% +values to be less than zero for the fix + + + align:start position:0% +values to be less than zero for the fix +point to be + + align:start position:0% +point to be + + + align:start position:0% +point to be +stable + + align:start position:0% +stable + + + align:start position:0% +stable +okay all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so for now what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +right so for now what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +right so for now what we're going to do +is we're just going to uh imagine that + + align:start position:0% +is we're just going to uh imagine that + + + align:start position:0% +is we're just going to uh imagine that +we have uh assume we have + + align:start position:0% +we have uh assume we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have uh assume we have +two two netal problem so it can just be + + align:start position:0% +two two netal problem so it can just be + + + align:start position:0% +two two netal problem so it can just be +this Vector X we we're going to write as + + align:start position:0% +this Vector X we we're going to write as + + + align:start position:0% +this Vector X we we're going to write as +X and Y now this equ this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh right so we can write uh the Dynamics + + align:start position:0% +uh right so we can write uh the Dynamics + + + align:start position:0% +uh right so we can write uh the Dynamics +like this right um and and and in this + + align:start position:0% +like this right um and and and in this + + + align:start position:0% +like this right um and and and in this +okay this is X sorry this is x dot y Dot + + align:start position:0% +okay this is X sorry this is x dot y Dot + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is X sorry this is x dot y Dot +and this is really the same thing as + + align:start position:0% +and this is really the same thing as + + + align:start position:0% +and this is really the same thing as +saying that x dot is can be described by + + align:start position:0% +saying that x dot is can be described by + + + align:start position:0% +saying that x dot is can be described by +some ax plus b + + align:start position:0% +some ax plus b + + + align:start position:0% +some ax plus b +y and Y dot is some + + align:start position:0% +y and Y dot is some + + + align:start position:0% +y and Y dot is some +cx+ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Dy right and and and so we want to be as + + align:start position:0% +Dy right and and and so we want to be as + + + align:start position:0% +Dy right and and and so we want to be as +comfortable as we can with all the + + align:start position:0% +comfortable as we can with all the + + + align:start position:0% +comfortable as we can with all the +possible things that can happen in this + + align:start position:0% +possible things that can happen in this + + + align:start position:0% +possible things that can happen in this +uh these two uh linear differential + + align:start position:0% +uh these two uh linear differential + + + align:start position:0% +uh these two uh linear differential +equations and uh and in particular we + + align:start position:0% +equations and uh and in particular we + + + align:start position:0% +equations and uh and in particular we +want to know uh what is the condition + + align:start position:0% +want to know uh what is the condition + + + align:start position:0% +want to know uh what is the condition +for 0 0 being + + align:start position:0% +for 0 0 being + + + align:start position:0% +for 0 0 being +stable right 0 is + + align:start position:0% +stable right 0 is + + + align:start position:0% +stable right 0 is +stable if and only if okay now U you + + align:start position:0% +stable if and only if okay now U you + + + align:start position:0% +stable if and only if okay now U you +know there's a rule that you found in + + align:start position:0% +know there's a rule that you found in + + + align:start position:0% +know there's a rule that you found in +your reading uh having to do with the + + align:start position:0% +your reading uh having to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +your reading uh having to do with the +trace and the determinant right so Trace + + align:start position:0% +trace and the determinant right so Trace + + + align:start position:0% +trace and the determinant right so Trace +is the sum of these two determinant is + + align:start position:0% +is the sum of these two determinant is + + + align:start position:0% +is the sum of these two determinant is +product minus the product here right now + + align:start position:0% +product minus the product here right now + + + align:start position:0% +product minus the product here right now +this is not the kind of thing that you + + align:start position:0% +this is not the kind of thing that you + + + align:start position:0% +this is not the kind of thing that you +have to you have to memorize but it's + + align:start position:0% +have to you have to memorize but it's + + + align:start position:0% +have to you have to memorize but it's +useful to know that there is the simple + + align:start position:0% +useful to know that there is the simple + + + align:start position:0% +useful to know that there is the simple +rule because it allows you to quickly + + align:start position:0% +rule because it allows you to quickly + + + align:start position:0% +rule because it allows you to quickly +determine whether something can possibly + + align:start position:0% +determine whether something can possibly + + + align:start position:0% +determine whether something can possibly +be stable right and you don't have to + + align:start position:0% +be stable right and you don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +be stable right and you don't have to +memorize it but you should be able to + + align:start position:0% +memorize it but you should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +memorize it but you should be able to +figure it back out later + + align:start position:0% +figure it back out later + + + align:start position:0% +figure it back out later +right so what we have is uh the trace of + + align:start position:0% +right so what we have is uh the trace of + + + align:start position:0% +right so what we have is uh the trace of +this thing being less than zero all + + align:start position:0% +this thing being less than zero all + + + align:start position:0% +this thing being less than zero all +right so I'm going to give you some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +options all right now of course you can + + align:start position:0% +options all right now of course you can + + + align:start position:0% +options all right now of course you can +always look at your notes um and that is + + align:start position:0% +always look at your notes um and that is + + + align:start position:0% +always look at your notes um and that is +not going to help you so my what I will + + align:start position:0% +not going to help you so my what I will + + + align:start position:0% +not going to help you so my what I will +you know you're not being graded on your + + align:start position:0% +you know you're not being graded on your + + + align:start position:0% +you know you're not being graded on your +answers right now I'm going to encourage + + align:start position:0% +answers right now I'm going to encourage + + + align:start position:0% +answers right now I'm going to encourage +you to try and think about it and see if + + align:start position:0% +you to try and think about it and see if + + + align:start position:0% +you to try and think about it and see if +you can recapitulate what this thing + + align:start position:0% +you can recapitulate what this thing + + + align:start position:0% +you can recapitulate what this thing +should be all right so it's less than + + align:start position:0% +should be all right so it's less than + + + align:start position:0% +should be all right so it's less than +greater + + align:start position:0% +greater + + + align:start position:0% +greater +than greater + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +than so for example you can start to + + align:start position:0% +than so for example you can start to + + + align:start position:0% +than so for example you can start to +think about + + align:start position:0% +think about + + + align:start position:0% +think about +you should be able to write down some + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to write down some + + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to write down some +equ some equation that you know is + + align:start position:0% +equ some equation that you know is + + + align:start position:0% +equ some equation that you know is +stable right and figure out okay what + + align:start position:0% +stable right and figure out okay what + + + align:start position:0% +stable right and figure out okay what +conditions would it satisfy all right + + align:start position:0% +conditions would it satisfy all right + + + align:start position:0% +conditions would it satisfy all right +that's an a a common useful trick to be + + align:start position:0% +that's an a a common useful trick to be + + + align:start position:0% +that's an a a common useful trick to be +able to do in life to dredge these + + align:start position:0% +able to do in life to dredge these + + + align:start position:0% +able to do in life to dredge these +things out of memory right do you guys + + align:start position:0% +things out of memory right do you guys + + + align:start position:0% +things out of memory right do you guys +do you understand the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question okay all right I'm GNA give you + + align:start position:0% +question okay all right I'm GNA give you + + + align:start position:0% +question okay all right I'm GNA give you +30 seconds because it's uh it's well + + align:start position:0% +30 seconds because it's uh it's well + + + align:start position:0% +30 seconds because it's uh it's well +worth trying to um figure out what this + + align:start position:0% +worth trying to um figure out what this + + + align:start position:0% +worth trying to um figure out what this +rule should be right so from the reading + + align:start position:0% +rule should be right so from the reading + + + align:start position:0% +rule should be right so from the reading +you know there's some rule about the + + align:start position:0% +you know there's some rule about the + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's some rule about the +trace and the determinant right and + + align:start position:0% +trace and the determinant right and + + + align:start position:0% +trace and the determinant right and +indeed they they both have to be true in + + align:start position:0% +indeed they they both have to be true in + + + align:start position:0% +indeed they they both have to be true in +order you know this is an and + + align:start position:0% +order you know this is an and + + + align:start position:0% +order you know this is an and +sign maybe an and sign okay um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right do you need more time it's + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more time it's + + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more time it's +okay if you haven't actually been able + + align:start position:0% +okay if you haven't actually been able + + + align:start position:0% +okay if you haven't actually been able +to um recapitulate this but um I think + + align:start position:0% +to um recapitulate this but um I think + + + align:start position:0% +to um recapitulate this but um I think +it's it's us useful to think about a bit + + align:start position:0% +it's it's us useful to think about a bit + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's us useful to think about a bit +all right should we should we go ahead + + align:start position:0% +all right should we should we go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +all right should we should we go ahead +and vote just to see I'm just curious + + align:start position:0% +and vote just to see I'm just curious + + + align:start position:0% +and vote just to see I'm just curious +where where we are um ready three two + + align:start position:0% +where where we are um ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +where where we are um ready three two +one all right so we have lots of bees + + align:start position:0% +one all right so we have lots of bees + + + align:start position:0% +one all right so we have lots of bees +okay um and can can somebody give me an + + align:start position:0% +okay um and can can somebody give me an + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and can can somebody give me an +example of a matrix a that that really + + align:start position:0% +example of a matrix a that that really + + + align:start position:0% +example of a matrix a that that really +ought to be + + align:start position:0% +ought to be + + + align:start position:0% +ought to be +stable yeah negative idti negative + + align:start position:0% +stable yeah negative idti negative + + + align:start position:0% +stable yeah negative idti negative +identity okay so if if the Matrix a well + + align:start position:0% +identity okay so if if the Matrix a well + + + align:start position:0% +identity okay so if if the Matrix a well +is something it's - one here 0 0 - + + align:start position:0% +is something it's - one here 0 0 - + + + align:start position:0% +is something it's - one here 0 0 - +one right then X and Y are + + align:start position:0% +one right then X and Y are + + + align:start position:0% +one right then X and Y are +uncoupled X decays exponentially y + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled X decays exponentially y + + + align:start position:0% +uncoupled X decays exponentially y +decays exponentially right and now we + + align:start position:0% +decays exponentially right and now we + + + align:start position:0% +decays exponentially right and now we +can just directly say okay well this the + + align:start position:0% +can just directly say okay well this the + + + align:start position:0% +can just directly say okay well this the +trace is definitely negative right and + + align:start position:0% +trace is definitely negative right and + + + align:start position:0% +trace is definitely negative right and +the determinant is positive right it's + + align:start position:0% +the determinant is positive right it's + + + align:start position:0% +the determinant is positive right it's +one minus Z okay right so that's that + + align:start position:0% +one minus Z okay right so that's that + + + align:start position:0% +one minus Z okay right so that's that +gives us here right so I think it's um + + align:start position:0% +gives us here right so I think it's um + + + align:start position:0% +gives us here right so I think it's um +because I think there there are many + + align:start position:0% +because I think there there are many + + + align:start position:0% +because I think there there are many +situations in life that are like this + + align:start position:0% +situations in life that are like this + + + align:start position:0% +situations in life that are like this +where you you know that there's some + + align:start position:0% +where you you know that there's some + + + align:start position:0% +where you you know that there's some +Rule and you can't remember what it is + + align:start position:0% +Rule and you can't remember what it is + + + align:start position:0% +Rule and you can't remember what it is +you don't need to actually remember you + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to actually remember you + + + align:start position:0% +you don't need to actually remember you +just need to once you know that there's + + align:start position:0% +just need to once you know that there's + + + align:start position:0% +just need to once you know that there's +the rule then you just you can figure + + align:start position:0% +the rule then you just you can figure + + + align:start position:0% +the rule then you just you can figure +figure out what it had to have been + + align:start position:0% +figure out what it had to have been + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what it had to have been +right this is not a proof the proof is + + align:start position:0% +right this is not a proof the proof is + + + align:start position:0% +right this is not a proof the proof is +only a few lines you can do it but the + + align:start position:0% +only a few lines you can do it but the + + + align:start position:0% +only a few lines you can do it but the +point is that this this kind of + + align:start position:0% +point is that this this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +point is that this this kind of +situation comes up a lot right it's + + align:start position:0% +situation comes up a lot right it's + + + align:start position:0% +situation comes up a lot right it's +useful to just have simple things that + + align:start position:0% +useful to just have simple things that + + + align:start position:0% +useful to just have simple things that +you know what the answer has to be and + + align:start position:0% +you know what the answer has to be and + + + align:start position:0% +you know what the answer has to be and +then that allows you to figure out you + + align:start position:0% +then that allows you to figure out you + + + align:start position:0% +then that allows you to figure out you +know where things work + + align:start position:0% +know where things work + + + align:start position:0% +know where things work +okay all right um and indeed what you'll + + align:start position:0% +okay all right um and indeed what you'll + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right um and indeed what you'll +find is that for a two-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +find is that for a two-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +find is that for a two-dimensional +system this condition that the trace of + + align:start position:0% +system this condition that the trace of + + + align:start position:0% +system this condition that the trace of +the Matrix is less zero and the + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix is less zero and the + + + align:start position:0% +the Matrix is less zero and the +determinant is is is larger that is + + align:start position:0% +determinant is is is larger that is + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is is is larger that is +equivalent to the statement that the + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to the statement that the + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to the statement that the +real part of both Aug values is less + + align:start position:0% +real part of both Aug values is less + + + align:start position:0% +real part of both Aug values is less +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +okay and there the derivation is simple + + align:start position:0% +okay and there the derivation is simple + + + align:start position:0% +okay and there the derivation is simple +and it's it's in your + + align:start position:0% +and it's it's in your + + + align:start position:0% +and it's it's in your +noes all right are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +noes all right are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +noes all right are there any questions +about where we are right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now all right so I I I want to just uh + + align:start position:0% +now all right so I I I want to just uh + + + align:start position:0% +now all right so I I I want to just uh +make say a few more things + + align:start position:0% +make say a few more things + + + align:start position:0% +make say a few more things +about the trajectories here all right + + align:start position:0% +about the trajectories here all right + + + align:start position:0% +about the trajectories here all right +can somebody say that um explain the of + + align:start position:0% +can somebody say that um explain the of + + + align:start position:0% +can somebody say that um explain the of +you know what's the intuitive statement + + align:start position:0% +you know what's the intuitive statement + + + align:start position:0% +you know what's the intuitive statement +about these the vectors that you get out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here right what what is why why do we + + align:start position:0% +here right what what is why why do we + + + align:start position:0% +here right what what is why why do we +like igen vectors what are they what are + + align:start position:0% +like igen vectors what are they what are + + + align:start position:0% +like igen vectors what are they what are +they useful + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for right so they're decoupling and and + + align:start position:0% +for right so they're decoupling and and + + + align:start position:0% +for right so they're decoupling and and +and there and there's a sense that and I + + align:start position:0% +and there and there's a sense that and I + + + align:start position:0% +and there and there's a sense that and I +I guess what I the way I like to think + + align:start position:0% +I guess what I the way I like to think + + + align:start position:0% +I guess what I the way I like to think +about this is that you have a fixed + + align:start position:0% +about this is that you have a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +about this is that you have a fixed +Point say like this okay + + align:start position:0% +Point say like this okay + + + align:start position:0% +Point say like this okay +now if these things are stable that + + align:start position:0% +now if these things are stable that + + + align:start position:0% +now if these things are stable that +means the arrows are all say coming in + + align:start position:0% +means the arrows are all say coming in + + + align:start position:0% +means the arrows are all say coming in +right do I want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to all + + align:start position:0% +to all + + + align:start position:0% +to all +right are these uh are + + align:start position:0% +right are these uh are + + + align:start position:0% +right are these uh are +these igen uh igen values are they uh + + align:start position:0% +these igen uh igen values are they uh + + + align:start position:0% +these igen uh igen values are they uh +are they Pur real or are they complex + + align:start position:0% +are they Pur real or are they complex + + + align:start position:0% +are they Pur real or are they complex +reminder + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somebody real and negative right P + + align:start position:0% +somebody real and negative right P + + + align:start position:0% +somebody real and negative right P +there's no imaginary component okay so + + align:start position:0% +there's no imaginary component okay so + + + align:start position:0% +there's no imaginary component okay so +we this is a stable fix point with real + + align:start position:0% +we this is a stable fix point with real + + + align:start position:0% +we this is a stable fix point with real +negative IG values right now the idea of + + align:start position:0% +negative IG values right now the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +negative IG values right now the idea of +these igen vectors is that these are the + + align:start position:0% +these igen vectors is that these are the + + + align:start position:0% +these igen vectors is that these are the +two directions in which if you start out + + align:start position:0% +two directions in which if you start out + + + align:start position:0% +two directions in which if you start out +on one of them you'll stay on + + align:start position:0% +on one of them you'll stay on + + + align:start position:0% +on one of them you'll stay on +them okay whereas U and and in general + + align:start position:0% +them okay whereas U and and in general + + + align:start position:0% +them okay whereas U and and in general +then you can uh any other trajectory you + + align:start position:0% +then you can uh any other trajectory you + + + align:start position:0% +then you can uh any other trajectory you +can decompose as a as a combination of + + align:start position:0% +can decompose as a as a combination of + + + align:start position:0% +can decompose as a as a combination of +the paths on the two okay so + + align:start position:0% +the paths on the two okay so + + + align:start position:0% +the paths on the two okay so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the position as function time can always + + align:start position:0% +the position as function time can always + + + align:start position:0% +the position as function time can always +be described as the sum of the these + + align:start position:0% +be described as the sum of the these + + + align:start position:0% +be described as the sum of the these +igen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vectors um where you you grow or you + + align:start position:0% +vectors um where you you grow or you + + + align:start position:0% +vectors um where you you grow or you +shrink along each I Vector + + align:start position:0% +shrink along each I Vector + + + align:start position:0% +shrink along each I Vector +exponentially right now for this thing + + align:start position:0% +exponentially right now for this thing + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially right now for this thing +to be stable all these Lambda eyes are + + align:start position:0% +to be stable all these Lambda eyes are + + + align:start position:0% +to be stable all these Lambda eyes are +going to be negative right but um and + + align:start position:0% +going to be negative right but um and + + + align:start position:0% +going to be negative right but um and +it's also we have this property that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um that the Dynamics of + + align:start position:0% +um that the Dynamics of + + + align:start position:0% +um that the Dynamics of +this of this Matrix kind of keep you + + align:start position:0% +this of this Matrix kind of keep you + + + align:start position:0% +this of this Matrix kind of keep you +along the direction of the um of the I + + align:start position:0% +along the direction of the um of the I + + + align:start position:0% +along the direction of the um of the I +Vector okay now so this what this is + + align:start position:0% +Vector okay now so this what this is + + + align:start position:0% +Vector okay now so this what this is +saying is that if you start somewhere + + align:start position:0% +saying is that if you start somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +saying is that if you start somewhere +random you'll uh that is off one of the + + align:start position:0% +random you'll uh that is off one of the + + + align:start position:0% +random you'll uh that is off one of the +I vectors then you can you can decompose + + align:start position:0% +I vectors then you can you can decompose + + + align:start position:0% +I vectors then you can you can decompose +the trajectory along each but I just + + align:start position:0% +the trajectory along each but I just + + + align:start position:0% +the trajectory along each but I just +want to highlight that if + + align:start position:0% +want to highlight that if + + + align:start position:0% +want to highlight that if +the it's often useful to draw what these + + align:start position:0% +the it's often useful to draw what these + + + align:start position:0% +the it's often useful to draw what these +things end up looking like + + align:start position:0% +things end up looking like + + + align:start position:0% +things end up looking like +all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right um okay now I want to make sure I + + align:start position:0% +right um okay now I want to make sure I + + + align:start position:0% +right um okay now I want to make sure I +get this one + + align:start position:0% +get this one + + + align:start position:0% +get this one +correct all + + align:start position:0% +correct all + + + align:start position:0% +correct all +right um I'm a little bit worried I'm + + align:start position:0% +right um I'm a little bit worried I'm + + + align:start position:0% +right um I'm a little bit worried I'm +going to do something funny all right so + + align:start position:0% +going to do something funny all right so + + + align:start position:0% +going to do something funny all right so +right so here we're going to say this is + + align:start position:0% +right so here we're going to say this is + + + align:start position:0% +right so here we're going to say this is +V1 and this is V2 right so this + + align:start position:0% +V1 and this is V2 right so this + + + align:start position:0% +V1 and this is V2 right so this +direction is one ion Vector this + + align:start position:0% +direction is one ion Vector this + + + align:start position:0% +direction is one ion Vector this +direction is the + + align:start position:0% +direction is the + + + align:start position:0% +direction is the +other right and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's imagine that the + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's imagine that the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's imagine that the +trajectories look like this the question + + align:start position:0% +trajectories look like this the question + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories look like this the question +is which IG value is closer to zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay is it a i Vector one you know V1 or + + align:start position:0% +okay is it a i Vector one you know V1 or + + + align:start position:0% +okay is it a i Vector one you know V1 or +B IG Vector uh Vector sorry the igen + + align:start position:0% +B IG Vector uh Vector sorry the igen + + + align:start position:0% +B IG Vector uh Vector sorry the igen +value so this is this is really so we'll + + align:start position:0% +value so this is this is really so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +value so this is this is really so we'll +say Lambda one versus Lambda two right + + align:start position:0% +say Lambda one versus Lambda two right + + + align:start position:0% +say Lambda one versus Lambda two right +okay you know one is closer to zero than + + align:start position:0% +okay you know one is closer to zero than + + + align:start position:0% +okay you know one is closer to zero than +is two yeah um all right um yeah which + + align:start position:0% +is two yeah um all right um yeah which + + + align:start position:0% +is two yeah um all right um yeah which +of the igen values is closer to zero + + align:start position:0% +of the igen values is closer to zero + + + align:start position:0% +of the igen values is closer to zero +all right I'll give you I'll give you 20 + + align:start position:0% +all right I'll give you I'll give you 20 + + + align:start position:0% +all right I'll give you I'll give you 20 +seconds to think about this because um + + align:start position:0% +seconds to think about this because um + + + align:start position:0% +seconds to think about this because um +it's it's useful to be able to extract + + align:start position:0% +it's it's useful to be able to extract + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's useful to be able to extract +these things from from the trajectories + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right do you need more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time right and it's fine if if if you + + align:start position:0% +time right and it's fine if if if you + + + align:start position:0% +time right and it's fine if if if you +don't if you don't really understand how + + align:start position:0% +don't if you don't really understand how + + + align:start position:0% +don't if you don't really understand how +you can get to this question from this + + align:start position:0% +you can get to this question from this + + + align:start position:0% +you can get to this question from this +figure then uh then go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +figure then uh then go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +figure then uh then go ahead and +and Flash CD or e or just so I know + + align:start position:0% +and Flash CD or e or just so I know + + + align:start position:0% +and Flash CD or e or just so I know +where where where we are right all right + + align:start position:0% +where where where we are right all right + + + align:start position:0% +where where where we are right all right +let's uh let's vote ready three two one + + align:start position:0% +let's uh let's vote ready three two one + + + align:start position:0% +let's uh let's vote ready three two one +okay all right so there's a at least a + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so there's a at least a + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so there's a at least a +majority are saying that it's going to + + align:start position:0% +majority are saying that it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +majority are saying that it's going to +be um Lambda 2 all right can somebody + + align:start position:0% +be um Lambda 2 all right can somebody + + + align:start position:0% +be um Lambda 2 all right can somebody +offer why why that + + align:start position:0% +offer why why that + + + align:start position:0% +offer why why that +is yes I + + align:start position:0% +is yes I + + + align:start position:0% +is yes I +sort whichever one is bigger is going to + + align:start position:0% +sort whichever one is bigger is going to + + + align:start position:0% +sort whichever one is bigger is going to +be more effective at squeezing things + + align:start position:0% +be more effective at squeezing things + + + align:start position:0% +be more effective at squeezing things +towards the origin along that axis okay + + align:start position:0% +towards the origin along that axis okay + + + align:start position:0% +towards the origin along that axis okay +and and and bigger and you're saying + + align:start position:0% +and and and bigger and you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +and and and bigger and you're saying +more negative in this case you're saying + + align:start position:0% +more negative in this case you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +more negative in this case you're saying +yeah all right yeah larger negative yes + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right yeah larger negative yes + + + align:start position:0% +yeah all right yeah larger negative yes +right so um + + align:start position:0% +right so um + + + align:start position:0% +right so um +that's that's right so there's some + + align:start position:0% +that's that's right so there's some + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's right so there's some +notion that + + align:start position:0% +notion that + + + align:start position:0% +notion that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that Lambda one has to be more negative + + align:start position:0% +that Lambda one has to be more negative + + + align:start position:0% +that Lambda one has to be more negative +than Lambda 2 because you first collapse + + align:start position:0% +than Lambda 2 because you first collapse + + + align:start position:0% +than Lambda 2 because you first collapse +along the direction of I Vector one and + + align:start position:0% +along the direction of I Vector one and + + + align:start position:0% +along the direction of I Vector one and +then you slowly come in along the + + align:start position:0% +then you slowly come in along the + + + align:start position:0% +then you slowly come in along the +direction of IG Vector 2 right that me + + align:start position:0% +direction of IG Vector 2 right that me + + + align:start position:0% +direction of IG Vector 2 right that me +that's saying that you you have these + + align:start position:0% +that's saying that you you have these + + + align:start position:0% +that's saying that you you have these +two exponential decays and the direction + + align:start position:0% +two exponential decays and the direction + + + align:start position:0% +two exponential decays and the direction +along igen Vector one is more rapid than + + align:start position:0% +along igen Vector one is more rapid than + + + align:start position:0% +along igen Vector one is more rapid than +the direction along I Vector + + align:start position:0% +the direction along I Vector + + + align:start position:0% +the direction along I Vector +2 okay + + align:start position:0% +2 okay + + + align:start position:0% +2 okay +I think in many of these cases of in + + align:start position:0% +I think in many of these cases of in + + + align:start position:0% +I think in many of these cases of in +dynamical systems differential equations + + align:start position:0% +dynamical systems differential equations + + + align:start position:0% +dynamical systems differential equations +it's hugely valuable to be able to draw + + align:start position:0% +it's hugely valuable to be able to draw + + + align:start position:0% +it's hugely valuable to be able to draw +the trajectories right so in many cases + + align:start position:0% +the trajectories right so in many cases + + + align:start position:0% +the trajectories right so in many cases +what we're going to do over the course + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do over the course + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do over the course +of the semester is we're going to have a + + align:start position:0% +of the semester is we're going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +of the semester is we're going to have a +simple pair of differential equations + + align:start position:0% +simple pair of differential equations + + + align:start position:0% +simple pair of differential equations +that are going to be two proteins or + + align:start position:0% +that are going to be two proteins or + + + align:start position:0% +that are going to be two proteins or +that they're going to be uh you know + + align:start position:0% +that they're going to be uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +that they're going to be uh you know +rabbits and foxes or whatever you know + + align:start position:0% +rabbits and foxes or whatever you know + + + align:start position:0% +rabbits and foxes or whatever you know +and so we're going to we're going to + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to we're going to +locate the where the fixed points are + + align:start position:0% +locate the where the fixed points are + + + align:start position:0% +locate the where the fixed points are +and then we're going to figure out the + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to figure out the +stabilities and the I vectors and then + + align:start position:0% +stabilities and the I vectors and then + + + align:start position:0% +stabilities and the I vectors and then +we can we can really understand the + + align:start position:0% +we can we can really understand the + + + align:start position:0% +we can we can really understand the +entire dynamics of the system without + + align:start position:0% +entire dynamics of the system without + + + align:start position:0% +entire dynamics of the system without +solving the full thing without go you + + align:start position:0% +solving the full thing without go you + + + align:start position:0% +solving the full thing without go you +know using a computer but just by + + align:start position:0% +know using a computer but just by + + + align:start position:0% +know using a computer but just by +figuring out where the fix points are + + align:start position:0% +figuring out where the fix points are + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out where the fix points are +and then uh the Dynamics around there + + align:start position:0% +and then uh the Dynamics around there + + + align:start position:0% +and then uh the Dynamics around there +then you can basically understand all + + align:start position:0% +then you can basically understand all + + + align:start position:0% +then you can basically understand all +the Dynamics of the system all right but + + align:start position:0% +the Dynamics of the system all right but + + + align:start position:0% +the Dynamics of the system all right but +um but you have to make sure that you + + align:start position:0% +um but you have to make sure that you + + + align:start position:0% +um but you have to make sure that you +can uh you develop intuition of how the + + align:start position:0% +can uh you develop intuition of how the + + + align:start position:0% +can uh you develop intuition of how the +how systems behave near their fixed + + align:start position:0% +how systems behave near their fixed + + + align:start position:0% +how systems behave near their fixed +points + + align:start position:0% +points + + + align:start position:0% +points +okay now this is a case where the um + + align:start position:0% +okay now this is a case where the um + + + align:start position:0% +okay now this is a case where the um +both of the igen values were real but of + + align:start position:0% +both of the igen values were real but of + + + align:start position:0% +both of the igen values were real but of +course if you have uh if you have + + align:start position:0% +course if you have uh if you have + + + align:start position:0% +course if you have uh if you have +complex IG Valu then the if you do the + + align:start position:0% +complex IG Valu then the if you do the + + + align:start position:0% +complex IG Valu then the if you do the +calculation you'll see that the the IG + + align:start position:0% +calculation you'll see that the the IG + + + align:start position:0% +calculation you'll see that the the IG +values are going to be complex + + align:start position:0% +values are going to be complex + + + align:start position:0% +values are going to be complex +conjugates of each other and there you + + align:start position:0% +conjugates of each other and there you + + + align:start position:0% +conjugates of each other and there you +get you get spirals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and so it might so trajectories + + align:start position:0% +okay and so it might so trajectories + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so it might so trajectories +might + + align:start position:0% +might + + + align:start position:0% +might +look like + + align:start position:0% +look like + + + align:start position:0% +look like +so all right so there are two kind of + + align:start position:0% +so all right so there are two kind of + + + align:start position:0% +so all right so there are two kind of +qualitatively different ways that the + + align:start position:0% +qualitatively different ways that the + + + align:start position:0% +qualitatively different ways that the +fix Point can be stable right you can + + align:start position:0% +fix Point can be stable right you can + + + align:start position:0% +fix Point can be stable right you can +have spiraling to the state of + + align:start position:0% +have spiraling to the state of + + + align:start position:0% +have spiraling to the state of +coexistence or state of the fixed point + + align:start position:0% +coexistence or state of the fixed point + + + align:start position:0% +coexistence or state of the fixed point +or you can um or you can come in uh + + align:start position:0% +or you can um or you can come in uh + + + align:start position:0% +or you can um or you can come in uh +these these uh kind of straight lines + + align:start position:0% +these these uh kind of straight lines + + + align:start position:0% +these these uh kind of straight lines +okay of course the specific trajectories + + align:start position:0% +okay of course the specific trajectories + + + align:start position:0% +okay of course the specific trajectories +in some cases can be curved and so if + + align:start position:0% +in some cases can be curved and so if + + + align:start position:0% +in some cases can be curved and so if +you if you look at a particular + + align:start position:0% +you if you look at a particular + + + align:start position:0% +you if you look at a particular +trajectory sometimes even these can look + + align:start position:0% +trajectory sometimes even these can look + + + align:start position:0% +trajectory sometimes even these can look +a little bit spiral so um be careful but + + align:start position:0% +a little bit spiral so um be careful but + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit spiral so um be careful but +um yeah but those are the two basic ways + + align:start position:0% +um yeah but those are the two basic ways + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah but those are the two basic ways +it works and we can there's there's a + + align:start position:0% +it works and we can there's there's a + + + align:start position:0% +it works and we can there's there's a +simple way of of getting a sense of of + + align:start position:0% +simple way of of getting a sense of of + + + align:start position:0% +simple way of of getting a sense of of +the Dynamics of the system as a function + + align:start position:0% +the Dynamics of the system as a function + + + align:start position:0% +the Dynamics of the system as a function +of the trace and the determinant all + + align:start position:0% +of the trace and the determinant all + + + align:start position:0% +of the trace and the determinant all +right so what we + + align:start position:0% +right so what we + + + align:start position:0% +right so what we +have something here all right + + align:start position:0% +have something here all right + + + align:start position:0% +have something here all right +if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you if you go ahead and you uh you do + + align:start position:0% +you if you go ahead and you uh you do + + + align:start position:0% +you if you go ahead and you uh you do +the calculation um what you find is that + + align:start position:0% +the calculation um what you find is that + + + align:start position:0% +the calculation um what you find is that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +yeah the two I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +values are going to be described by this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and the basic Dynamics are going to + + align:start position:0% +okay and the basic Dynamics are going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the basic Dynamics are going to +be the following so down here you have + + align:start position:0% +be the following so down here you have + + + align:start position:0% +be the following so down here you have +um case where + + align:start position:0% +um case where + + + align:start position:0% +um case where +it the the the a values are real and + + align:start position:0% +it the the the a values are real and + + + align:start position:0% +it the the the a values are real and +they're of opposite sign okay and in + + align:start position:0% +they're of opposite sign okay and in + + + align:start position:0% +they're of opposite sign okay and in +this case is that stable or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unstable unstable right so in order for + + align:start position:0% +unstable unstable right so in order for + + + align:start position:0% +unstable unstable right so in order for +it to be stable all the I values have to + + align:start position:0% +it to be stable all the I values have to + + + align:start position:0% +it to be stable all the I values have to +have negative real components right so + + align:start position:0% +have negative real components right so + + + align:start position:0% +have negative real components right so +if they have opposite sign one of them + + align:start position:0% +if they have opposite sign one of them + + + align:start position:0% +if they have opposite sign one of them +is going to be positive right so this is + + align:start position:0% +is going to be positive right so this is + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be positive right so this is +all unstable down + + align:start position:0% +all unstable down + + + align:start position:0% +all unstable down +here um over here you have a case where + + align:start position:0% +here um over here you have a case where + + + align:start position:0% +here um over here you have a case where +the ion values are real greater than + + align:start position:0% +the ion values are real greater than + + + align:start position:0% +the ion values are real greater than +zero so in this case you know the + + align:start position:0% +zero so in this case you know the + + + align:start position:0% +zero so in this case you know the +trajectories are all coming out + + align:start position:0% +trajectories are all coming out + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories are all coming out +somehow all right here this is a case + + align:start position:0% +somehow all right here this is a case + + + align:start position:0% +somehow all right here this is a case +where they're + + align:start position:0% +where they're + + + align:start position:0% +where they're +real but now all less both less than + + align:start position:0% +real but now all less both less than + + + align:start position:0% +real but now all less both less than +zero so this is again this is like what + + align:start position:0% +zero so this is again this is like what + + + align:start position:0% +zero so this is again this is like what +we drew here where everything is stable + + align:start position:0% +we drew here where everything is stable + + + align:start position:0% +we drew here where everything is stable +coming in + + align:start position:0% +coming in + + + align:start position:0% +coming in +and the up here is where we get the + + align:start position:0% +and the up here is where we get the + + + align:start position:0% +and the up here is where we get the +spirals okay uh but over here it's the + + align:start position:0% +spirals okay uh but over here it's the + + + align:start position:0% +spirals okay uh but over here it's the +real part is less than zero so this is + + align:start position:0% +real part is less than zero so this is + + + align:start position:0% +real part is less than zero so this is +where we have the spirals coming + + align:start position:0% +where we have the spirals coming + + + align:start position:0% +where we have the spirals coming +in whereas over here the real part is + + align:start position:0% +in whereas over here the real part is + + + align:start position:0% +in whereas over here the real part is +greater than zero and we have spirals + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero and we have spirals + + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero and we have spirals +coming + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out oh I'm sorry yeah that would have + + align:start position:0% +out oh I'm sorry yeah that would have + + + align:start position:0% +out oh I'm sorry yeah that would have +been useful all right so this is in the + + align:start position:0% +been useful all right so this is in the + + + align:start position:0% +been useful all right so this is in the +trace of a and this isn't the + + align:start position:0% +trace of a and this isn't the + + + align:start position:0% +trace of a and this isn't the +determinant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these are the variety of possible + + align:start position:0% +so these are the variety of possible + + + align:start position:0% +so these are the variety of possible +uh possible outcomes when you have a + + align:start position:0% +uh possible outcomes when you have a + + + align:start position:0% +uh possible outcomes when you have a +two-dimensional system with um that + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional system with um that + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional system with um that +that's already line a linear two + + align:start position:0% +that's already line a linear two + + + align:start position:0% +that's already line a linear two +dimensional + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system and and this is indeed consistent + + align:start position:0% +system and and this is indeed consistent + + + align:start position:0% +system and and this is indeed consistent +with it for the to have a stable fix + + align:start position:0% +with it for the to have a stable fix + + + align:start position:0% +with it for the to have a stable fix +point you need to have the trace less + + align:start position:0% +point you need to have the trace less + + + align:start position:0% +point you need to have the trace less +than zero and the determinant greater + + align:start position:0% +than zero and the determinant greater + + + align:start position:0% +than zero and the determinant greater +than zero right so it's in this quadrant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now it's finally it it's useful to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh what do I want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to right so let's just uh for now uh + + align:start position:0% +to right so let's just uh for now uh + + + align:start position:0% +to right so let's just uh for now uh +stick with the the linear system all + + align:start position:0% +stick with the the linear system all + + + align:start position:0% +stick with the the linear system all +right and just it's it's just imagine a + + align:start position:0% +right and just it's it's just imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +right and just it's it's just imagine a +a case where we have + + align:start position:0% +a case where we have + + + align:start position:0% +a case where we have +in this a + + align:start position:0% +in this a + + + align:start position:0% +in this a +right right so remember it's a b c and + + align:start position:0% +right right so remember it's a b c and + + + align:start position:0% +right right so remember it's a b c and +d right so we saw one case this one way + + align:start position:0% +d right so we saw one case this one way + + + align:start position:0% +d right so we saw one case this one way +in which this thing could be stable was + + align:start position:0% +in which this thing could be stable was + + + align:start position:0% +in which this thing could be stable was +that if if there's no if B and C were + + align:start position:0% +that if if there's no if B and C were + + + align:start position:0% +that if if there's no if B and C were +both equal to zero so there's no cross + + align:start position:0% +both equal to zero so there's no cross + + + align:start position:0% +both equal to zero so there's no cross +interaction But A and D were both less + + align:start position:0% +interaction But A and D were both less + + + align:start position:0% +interaction But A and D were both less +than zero then okay then it's all + + align:start position:0% +than zero then okay then it's all + + + align:start position:0% +than zero then okay then it's all +trivially stable right the question is + + align:start position:0% +trivially stable right the question is + + + align:start position:0% +trivially stable right the question is +if you have something that looks like + + align:start position:0% +if you have something that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +if you have something that looks like +this a is equal to min-2 and uh and D is + + align:start position:0% +this a is equal to min-2 and uh and D is + + + align:start position:0% +this a is equal to min-2 and uh and D is +equal to+ one + + align:start position:0% +equal to+ one + + + align:start position:0% +equal to+ one +all right question is C could such a + + align:start position:0% +all right question is C could such a + + + align:start position:0% +all right question is C could such a +system be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stable all right so I'm seeing some nods + + align:start position:0% +stable all right so I'm seeing some nods + + + align:start position:0% +stable all right so I'm seeing some nods +right and on the face of this you know + + align:start position:0% +right and on the face of this you know + + + align:start position:0% +right and on the face of this you know +you say oh that's a little bit + + align:start position:0% +you say oh that's a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +you say oh that's a little bit +surprising right because uh D being plus + + align:start position:0% +surprising right because uh D being plus + + + align:start position:0% +surprising right because uh D being plus +one what that's saying is that y on its + + align:start position:0% +one what that's saying is that y on its + + + align:start position:0% +one what that's saying is that y on its +own is unstable right so if you just if + + align:start position:0% +own is unstable right so if you just if + + + align:start position:0% +own is unstable right so if you just if +you start out with no X and just and no + + align:start position:0% +you start out with no X and just and no + + + align:start position:0% +you start out with no X and just and no +Y and you add a little bit of y y starts + + align:start position:0% +Y and you add a little bit of y y starts + + + align:start position:0% +Y and you add a little bit of y y starts +growing + + align:start position:0% +growing + + + align:start position:0% +growing +exponentially okay so y on its own is + + align:start position:0% +exponentially okay so y on its own is + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially okay so y on its own is +unstable but X is stable on its own + + align:start position:0% +unstable but X is stable on its own + + + align:start position:0% +unstable but X is stable on its own +right and the trace being less than zero + + align:start position:0% +right and the trace being less than zero + + + align:start position:0% +right and the trace being less than zero +that's saying that there's some sense in + + align:start position:0% +that's saying that there's some sense in + + + align:start position:0% +that's saying that there's some sense in +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +if Y is unstable on its own then X has + + align:start position:0% +if Y is unstable on its own then X has + + + align:start position:0% +if Y is unstable on its own then X has +to somehow be more stable than y is + + align:start position:0% +to somehow be more stable than y is + + + align:start position:0% +to somehow be more stable than y is +unstable right because the sum of those + + align:start position:0% +unstable right because the sum of those + + + align:start position:0% +unstable right because the sum of those +things still has to be negative right + + align:start position:0% +things still has to be negative right + + + align:start position:0% +things still has to be negative right +now that necessary but not sufficient in + + align:start position:0% +now that necessary but not sufficient in + + + align:start position:0% +now that necessary but not sufficient in +order to have stability right because we + + align:start position:0% +order to have stability right because we + + + align:start position:0% +order to have stability right because we +also need to have a condition on the + + align:start position:0% +also need to have a condition on the + + + align:start position:0% +also need to have a condition on the +determinant right now so that the trace + + align:start position:0% +determinant right now so that the trace + + + align:start position:0% +determinant right now so that the trace +of a + + align:start position:0% +of a + + + align:start position:0% +of a +here that's minus one that's less than + + align:start position:0% +here that's minus one that's less than + + + align:start position:0% +here that's minus one that's less than +zero okay that's great now the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +determinant okay now it's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +determinant okay now it's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +determinant okay now it's going to be a +* d That's minus + + align:start position:0% +* d That's minus + + + align:start position:0% +* d That's minus +2 okay but then we also have to say + + align:start position:0% +2 okay but then we also have to say + + + align:start position:0% +2 okay but then we also have to say +minus B * C + + align:start position:0% +minus B * C + + + align:start position:0% +minus B * C +right and this thing has to be greater + + align:start position:0% +right and this thing has to be greater + + + align:start position:0% +right and this thing has to be greater +than zero okay so what you see here is + + align:start position:0% +than zero okay so what you see here is + + + align:start position:0% +than zero okay so what you see here is +that B and C they have to have opposite + + align:start position:0% +that B and C they have to have opposite + + + align:start position:0% +that B and C they have to have opposite +signs in order in order for this thing + + align:start position:0% +signs in order in order for this thing + + + align:start position:0% +signs in order in order for this thing +to work in order for the origin to be + + align:start position:0% +to work in order for the origin to be + + + align:start position:0% +to work in order for the origin to be +stable right and the product has to + + align:start position:0% +stable right and the product has to + + + align:start position:0% +stable right and the product has to +somehow be + + align:start position:0% +somehow be + + + align:start position:0% +somehow be +strong okay now this makes sense because + + align:start position:0% +strong okay now this makes sense because + + + align:start position:0% +strong okay now this makes sense because +of course if B and if B and C or even + + align:start position:0% +of course if B and if B and C or even + + + align:start position:0% +of course if B and if B and C or even +for that matter just one of them were + + align:start position:0% +for that matter just one of them were + + + align:start position:0% +for that matter just one of them were +zero then we would not then it would be + + align:start position:0% +zero then we would not then it would be + + + align:start position:0% +zero then we would not then it would be +impossible to get uh to get the + + align:start position:0% +impossible to get uh to get the + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to get uh to get the +stability but for example + + align:start position:0% +stability but for example + + + align:start position:0% +stability but for example +we need if we have some situation where + + align:start position:0% +we need if we have some situation where + + + align:start position:0% +we need if we have some situation where +we have some X that's inhibiting + + align:start position:0% +we have some X that's inhibiting + + + align:start position:0% +we have some X that's inhibiting +itself right that's a here but then Y is + + align:start position:0% +itself right that's a here but then Y is + + + align:start position:0% +itself right that's a here but then Y is +activating itself right so y here is is + + align:start position:0% +activating itself right so y here is is + + + align:start position:0% +activating itself right so y here is is +somehow on its own unstable okay then + + align:start position:0% +somehow on its own unstable okay then + + + align:start position:0% +somehow on its own unstable okay then +what you need is you + + align:start position:0% +what you need is you + + + align:start position:0% +what you need is you +need maybe something that looks like + + align:start position:0% +need maybe something that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +need maybe something that looks like +this right some cross activation and or + + align:start position:0% +this right some cross activation and or + + + align:start position:0% +this right some cross activation and or +repression and what's interesting is + + align:start position:0% +repression and what's interesting is + + + align:start position:0% +repression and what's interesting is +that uh the it doesn't matter which of + + align:start position:0% +that uh the it doesn't matter which of + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the it doesn't matter which of +the two B or C is negative right it's + + align:start position:0% +the two B or C is negative right it's + + + align:start position:0% +the two B or C is negative right it's +you know you can get actually the origin + + align:start position:0% +you know you can get actually the origin + + + align:start position:0% +you know you can get actually the origin +to be stable in either way right but in + + align:start position:0% +to be stable in either way right but in + + + align:start position:0% +to be stable in either way right but in +in this situation you need the direction + + align:start position:0% +in this situation you need the direction + + + align:start position:0% +in this situation you need the direction +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +regulation to be uh to be in the + + align:start position:0% +regulation to be uh to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +regulation to be uh to be in the +opposite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +directions + + align:start position:0% +directions + + + align:start position:0% +directions +okay um and you know if you'd like you + + align:start position:0% +okay um and you know if you'd like you + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and you know if you'd like you +could then play with okay what you know + + align:start position:0% +could then play with okay what you know + + + align:start position:0% +could then play with okay what you know +what would the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um you could you could think for example + + align:start position:0% +um you could you could think for example + + + align:start position:0% +um you could you could think for example +about the the direction of these + + align:start position:0% +about the the direction of these + + + align:start position:0% +about the the direction of these +trajectories around the origin and so + + align:start position:0% +trajectories around the origin and so + + + align:start position:0% +trajectories around the origin and so +forth but it's useful I think to play + + align:start position:0% +forth but it's useful I think to play + + + align:start position:0% +forth but it's useful I think to play +with the simplest kind of toy systems + + align:start position:0% +with the simplest kind of toy systems + + + align:start position:0% +with the simplest kind of toy systems +that you can imagine just so that you + + align:start position:0% +that you can imagine just so that you + + + align:start position:0% +that you can imagine just so that you +can get a sense of what are kind of the + + align:start position:0% +can get a sense of what are kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +can get a sense of what are kind of the +basic ingredients that you need in order + + align:start position:0% +basic ingredients that you need in order + + + align:start position:0% +basic ingredients that you need in order +to get stability in something like this + + align:start position:0% +to get stability in something like this + + + align:start position:0% +to get stability in something like this +because once you start doing the whole + + align:start position:0% +because once you start doing the whole + + + align:start position:0% +because once you start doing the whole +linearization around the fix point and + + align:start position:0% +linearization around the fix point and + + + align:start position:0% +linearization around the fix point and +and then calculating traces and + + align:start position:0% +and then calculating traces and + + + align:start position:0% +and then calculating traces and +determinants you're not going to have + + align:start position:0% +determinants you're not going to have + + + align:start position:0% +determinants you're not going to have +you're going to lose all your intuition + + align:start position:0% +you're going to lose all your intuition + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to lose all your intuition +about that about things at that stage so + + align:start position:0% +about that about things at that stage so + + + align:start position:0% +about that about things at that stage so +it's useful to make sure that you kind + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to make sure that you kind + + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to make sure that you kind +of nail things down in this context all + + align:start position:0% +of nail things down in this context all + + + align:start position:0% +of nail things down in this context all +right we um are out of time so I'll let + + align:start position:0% +right we um are out of time so I'll let + + + align:start position:0% +right we um are out of time so I'll let +you go \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/i0-2sd9RQ6E.txt b/i0-2sd9RQ6E.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ad0bee34018a7f09f5b94296350ac2b10e9c109 --- /dev/null +++ b/i0-2sd9RQ6E.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11635 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu +I was supposed to go before Ken and + + align:start position:0% +I was supposed to go before Ken and + + + align:start position:0% +I was supposed to go before Ken and +thank goodness Ken insisted he went + + align:start position:0% +thank goodness Ken insisted he went + + + align:start position:0% +thank goodness Ken insisted he went +before me because in some ways that was + + align:start position:0% +before me because in some ways that was + + + align:start position:0% +before me because in some ways that was +the most amazing introduction to my + + align:start position:0% +the most amazing introduction to my + + + align:start position:0% +the most amazing introduction to my +research program that you could possibly + + align:start position:0% +research program that you could possibly + + + align:start position:0% +research program that you could possibly +have ever had and articulating deeply + + align:start position:0% +have ever had and articulating deeply + + + align:start position:0% +have ever had and articulating deeply +why social intelligence should pervade + + align:start position:0% +why social intelligence should pervade + + + align:start position:0% +why social intelligence should pervade +our thinking about the mind and brain + + align:start position:0% +our thinking about the mind and brain + + + align:start position:0% +our thinking about the mind and brain +and the range of phenomena that people + + align:start position:0% +and the range of phenomena that people + + + align:start position:0% +and the range of phenomena that people +mean in social intelligence from + + align:start position:0% +mean in social intelligence from + + + align:start position:0% +mean in social intelligence from +extremely complex phenomena that + + align:start position:0% +extremely complex phenomena that + + + align:start position:0% +extremely complex phenomena that +governed the interactions of large + + align:start position:0% +governed the interactions of large + + + align:start position:0% +governed the interactions of large +groups of people like war to incredibly + + align:start position:0% +groups of people like war to incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +groups of people like war to incredibly +Manute phenomena like whether you can + + align:start position:0% +Manute phenomena like whether you can + + + align:start position:0% +Manute phenomena like whether you can +get your hand to a target in 100 + + align:start position:0% +get your hand to a target in 100 + + + align:start position:0% +get your hand to a target in 100 +milliseconds or less right I think that + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds or less right I think that + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds or less right I think that +when people talk about social cognition + + align:start position:0% +when people talk about social cognition + + + align:start position:0% +when people talk about social cognition +they do actually mean all of those + + align:start position:0% +they do actually mean all of those + + + align:start position:0% +they do actually mean all of those +things and that is both thrilling when + + align:start position:0% +things and that is both thrilling when + + + align:start position:0% +things and that is both thrilling when +you work in social cognition and also + + align:start position:0% +you work in social cognition and also + + + align:start position:0% +you work in social cognition and also +terrifying especially when people are + + align:start position:0% +terrifying especially when people are + + + align:start position:0% +terrifying especially when people are +hoping for a coherent theory of all of + + align:start position:0% +hoping for a coherent theory of all of + + + align:start position:0% +hoping for a coherent theory of all of +that right I think that trying to get a + + align:start position:0% +that right I think that trying to get a + + + align:start position:0% +that right I think that trying to get a +coherent account of everything from your + + align:start position:0% +coherent account of everything from your + + + align:start position:0% +coherent account of everything from your +hand motions and your perception of + + align:start position:0% +hand motions and your perception of + + + align:start position:0% +hand motions and your perception of +other people's head motions all the way + + align:start position:0% +other people's head motions all the way + + + align:start position:0% +other people's head motions all the way +to you know politics and sociology is a + + align:start position:0% +to you know politics and sociology is a + + + align:start position:0% +to you know politics and sociology is a +is daunting and frankly deeply unlikely + + align:start position:0% +is daunting and frankly deeply unlikely + + + align:start position:0% +is daunting and frankly deeply unlikely +and so by contrast to Ken and who starts + + align:start position:0% +and so by contrast to Ken and who starts + + + align:start position:0% +and so by contrast to Ken and who starts +with like let's look at social + + align:start position:0% +with like let's look at social + + + align:start position:0% +with like let's look at social +interactions and see what's there which + + align:start position:0% +interactions and see what's there which + + + align:start position:0% +interactions and see what's there which +i think is a very awesome approach I'm + + align:start position:0% +i think is a very awesome approach I'm + + + align:start position:0% +i think is a very awesome approach I'm +gonna take almost the opposite approach + + align:start position:0% +gonna take almost the opposite approach + + + align:start position:0% +gonna take almost the opposite approach +which is say there's one thing that's + + align:start position:0% +which is say there's one thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +which is say there's one thing that's +probably there are a lot let's try to + + align:start position:0% +probably there are a lot let's try to + + + align:start position:0% +probably there are a lot let's try to +study that one thing in many different + + align:start position:0% +study that one thing in many different + + + align:start position:0% +study that one thing in many different +ways and contexts and the one thing is + + align:start position:0% +ways and contexts and the one thing is + + + align:start position:0% +ways and contexts and the one thing is +listed that I'm going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +listed that I'm going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +listed that I'm going to talk about +although contrary to many people's + + align:start position:0% +although contrary to many people's + + + align:start position:0% +although contrary to many people's +impression it's not the only thing I + + align:start position:0% +impression it's not the only thing I + + + align:start position:0% +impression it's not the only thing I +work on is this ability that we have ok + + align:start position:0% +work on is this ability that we have ok + + + align:start position:0% +work on is this ability that we have ok +good ok so a little demo of the problem + + align:start position:0% +good ok so a little demo of the problem + + + align:start position:0% +good ok so a little demo of the problem +that I work on and and because it's + + align:start position:0% +that I work on and and because it's + + + align:start position:0% +that I work on and and because it's +early in the morning and everybody needs + + align:start position:0% +early in the morning and everybody needs + + + align:start position:0% +early in the morning and everybody needs +to wake up I'm gonna get you guys to do + + align:start position:0% +to wake up I'm gonna get you guys to do + + + align:start position:0% +to wake up I'm gonna get you guys to do +this as a task so it's an experiment + + align:start position:0% +this as a task so it's an experiment + + + align:start position:0% +this as a task so it's an experiment +so in this experiment I'm gonna ask you + + align:start position:0% +so in this experiment I'm gonna ask you + + + align:start position:0% +so in this experiment I'm gonna ask you +guys to make a moral judgement of a + + align:start position:0% +guys to make a moral judgement of a + + + align:start position:0% +guys to make a moral judgement of a +character her name is Grace and the way + + align:start position:0% +character her name is Grace and the way + + + align:start position:0% +character her name is Grace and the way +you're gonna make a moral judgment is + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna make a moral judgment is + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna make a moral judgment is +I'm gonna tell you something she did and + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna tell you something she did and + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna tell you something she did and +you're gonna say how much blame she + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna say how much blame she + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna say how much blame she +deserves moral blame how that how wrong + + align:start position:0% +deserves moral blame how that how wrong + + + align:start position:0% +deserves moral blame how that how wrong +that was you're gonna do so by raising + + align:start position:0% +that was you're gonna do so by raising + + + align:start position:0% +that was you're gonna do so by raising +your hand the more wrong it was the + + align:start position:0% +your hand the more wrong it was the + + + align:start position:0% +your hand the more wrong it was the +higher your hand goes and everybody has + + align:start position:0% +higher your hand goes and everybody has + + + align:start position:0% +higher your hand goes and everybody has +to vote okay + + align:start position:0% +to vote okay + + + align:start position:0% +to vote okay +yes okay so this is a story about grace + + align:start position:0% +yes okay so this is a story about grace + + + align:start position:0% +yes okay so this is a story about grace +she's on a tour of a chemical factory so + + align:start position:0% +she's on a tour of a chemical factory so + + + align:start position:0% +she's on a tour of a chemical factory so +they're walking around be given a tour + + align:start position:0% +they're walking around be given a tour + + + align:start position:0% +they're walking around be given a tour +there's a break in the tour and she goes + + align:start position:0% +there's a break in the tour and she goes + + + align:start position:0% +there's a break in the tour and she goes +to make coffee another girl on the tour + + align:start position:0% +to make coffee another girl on the tour + + + align:start position:0% +to make coffee another girl on the tour +asks for a cup of coffee with sugar in + + align:start position:0% +asks for a cup of coffee with sugar in + + + align:start position:0% +asks for a cup of coffee with sugar in +it so grace goes to the coffee machine + + align:start position:0% +it so grace goes to the coffee machine + + + align:start position:0% +it so grace goes to the coffee machine +to make a cup of coffee for herself and + + align:start position:0% +to make a cup of coffee for herself and + + + align:start position:0% +to make a cup of coffee for herself and +for this other girl next to the coffee + + align:start position:0% +for this other girl next to the coffee + + + align:start position:0% +for this other girl next to the coffee +machine is a jar of white powder labeled + + align:start position:0% +machine is a jar of white powder labeled + + + align:start position:0% +machine is a jar of white powder labeled +sugar so grace thinks the powder of + + align:start position:0% +sugar so grace thinks the powder of + + + align:start position:0% +sugar so grace thinks the powder of +sugar she put some of that powder in the + + align:start position:0% +sugar she put some of that powder in the + + + align:start position:0% +sugar she put some of that powder in the +other girl's coffee but it turns out + + align:start position:0% +other girl's coffee but it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +other girl's coffee but it turns out +that powder is contaminated by a + + align:start position:0% +that powder is contaminated by a + + + align:start position:0% +that powder is contaminated by a +dangerous toxic poison and when the girl + + align:start position:0% +dangerous toxic poison and when the girl + + + align:start position:0% +dangerous toxic poison and when the girl +drinks the coffee she dies how much + + align:start position:0% +drinks the coffee she dies how much + + + align:start position:0% +drinks the coffee she dies how much +blame does grace deserve for putting the + + align:start position:0% +blame does grace deserve for putting the + + + align:start position:0% +blame does grace deserve for putting the +powder in the coffee okay now what if I + + align:start position:0% +powder in the coffee okay now what if I + + + align:start position:0% +powder in the coffee okay now what if I +slightly change that story so next to + + align:start position:0% +slightly change that story so next to + + + align:start position:0% +slightly change that story so next to +the coffee machine there's a jar of + + align:start position:0% +the coffee machine there's a jar of + + + align:start position:0% +the coffee machine there's a jar of +white powder and it's labeled dangerous + + align:start position:0% +white powder and it's labeled dangerous + + + align:start position:0% +white powder and it's labeled dangerous +toxic poison so grace thinks that the + + align:start position:0% +toxic poison so grace thinks that the + + + align:start position:0% +toxic poison so grace thinks that the +powder is toxic poison and she's put + + align:start position:0% +powder is toxic poison and she's put + + + align:start position:0% +powder is toxic poison and she's put +some of the poison in the coffee and + + align:start position:0% +some of the poison in the coffee and + + + align:start position:0% +some of the poison in the coffee and +when the girl drinks it she dies + + align:start position:0% +when the girl drinks it she dies + + + align:start position:0% +when the girl drinks it she dies +now how much blame disgraces are for + + align:start position:0% +now how much blame disgraces are for + + + align:start position:0% +now how much blame disgraces are for +putting the powder in the coffee okay so + + align:start position:0% +putting the powder in the coffee okay so + + + align:start position:0% +putting the powder in the coffee okay so +what's characteristic about these + + align:start position:0% +what's characteristic about these + + + align:start position:0% +what's characteristic about these +stories is that I'm in the story I told + + align:start position:0% +stories is that I'm in the story I told + + + align:start position:0% +stories is that I'm in the story I told +you everything was the same from the + + align:start position:0% +you everything was the same from the + + + align:start position:0% +you everything was the same from the +beginning the scenario where grace was + + align:start position:0% +beginning the scenario where grace was + + + align:start position:0% +beginning the scenario where grace was +to the action and the outcome that the + + align:start position:0% +to the action and the outcome that the + + + align:start position:0% +to the action and the outcome that the +girl died and but your moral judgments + + align:start position:0% +girl died and but your moral judgments + + + align:start position:0% +girl died and but your moral judgments +differed by about the entire scale that + + align:start position:0% +differed by about the entire scale that + + + align:start position:0% +differed by about the entire scale that +I gave you from saying that she deserved + + align:start position:0% +I gave you from saying that she deserved + + + align:start position:0% +I gave you from saying that she deserved +almost no blame to saying that she + + align:start position:0% +almost no blame to saying that she + + + align:start position:0% +almost no blame to saying that she +deserved pretty much as much blame as + + align:start position:0% +deserved pretty much as much blame as + + + align:start position:0% +deserved pretty much as much blame as +you could reach and that's the same kind + + align:start position:0% +you could reach and that's the same kind + + + align:start position:0% +you could reach and that's the same kind +of moral judgment we get from typical + + align:start position:0% +of moral judgment we get from typical + + + align:start position:0% +of moral judgment we get from typical +human subjects and also from MIT + + align:start position:0% +human subjects and also from MIT + + + align:start position:0% +human subjects and also from MIT +undergraduates and which say that in + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates and which say that in + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates and which say that in +scenarios like the one I gave you what + + align:start position:0% +scenarios like the one I gave you what + + + align:start position:0% +scenarios like the one I gave you what +matters most for the moral blame that we + + align:start position:0% +matters most for the moral blame that we + + + align:start position:0% +matters most for the moral blame that we +assign is not what happened did somebody + + align:start position:0% +assign is not what happened did somebody + + + align:start position:0% +assign is not what happened did somebody +die or not or how bad that outcome was + + align:start position:0% +die or not or how bad that outcome was + + + align:start position:0% +die or not or how bad that outcome was +but what grace thought she was doing + + align:start position:0% +but what grace thought she was doing + + + align:start position:0% +but what grace thought she was doing +whether she thought that powder was + + align:start position:0% +whether she thought that powder was + + + align:start position:0% +whether she thought that powder was +sugar or she thought that it was poison + + align:start position:0% +sugar or she thought that it was poison + + + align:start position:0% +sugar or she thought that it was poison +I should just say right away that I set + + align:start position:0% +I should just say right away that I set + + + align:start position:0% +I should just say right away that I set +up that scenario I gave you the best + + align:start position:0% +up that scenario I gave you the best + + + align:start position:0% +up that scenario I gave you the best +case scenario for the role of beliefs + + align:start position:0% +case scenario for the role of beliefs + + + align:start position:0% +case scenario for the role of beliefs +it's easy to make these things way more + + align:start position:0% +it's easy to make these things way more + + + align:start position:0% +it's easy to make these things way more +complicated but that scenario isolates + + align:start position:0% +complicated but that scenario isolates + + + align:start position:0% +complicated but that scenario isolates +one important feature of our moral + + align:start position:0% +one important feature of our moral + + + align:start position:0% +one important feature of our moral +judgment + + align:start position:0% +judgment + + + align:start position:0% +judgment +and also an important feature of a lot + + align:start position:0% +and also an important feature of a lot + + + align:start position:0% +and also an important feature of a lot +of the rest of our social cognition not + + align:start position:0% +of the rest of our social cognition not + + + align:start position:0% +of the rest of our social cognition not +how we avoid bumping into people in + + align:start position:0% +how we avoid bumping into people in + + + align:start position:0% +how we avoid bumping into people in +Subway's but a lot of the other kind of + + align:start position:0% +Subway's but a lot of the other kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Subway's but a lot of the other kind of +social cognition we do about the people + + align:start position:0% +social cognition we do about the people + + + align:start position:0% +social cognition we do about the people +that around us which is our ability to + + align:start position:0% +that around us which is our ability to + + + align:start position:0% +that around us which is our ability to +assign thoughts or internal mental + + align:start position:0% +assign thoughts or internal mental + + + align:start position:0% +assign thoughts or internal mental +states to other people so in psychology + + align:start position:0% +states to other people so in psychology + + + align:start position:0% +states to other people so in psychology +disability has been studied from kind of + + align:start position:0% +disability has been studied from kind of + + + align:start position:0% +disability has been studied from kind of +relatively simple perceptual phenomena + + align:start position:0% +relatively simple perceptual phenomena + + + align:start position:0% +relatively simple perceptual phenomena +like assigning intentions and goals to + + align:start position:0% +like assigning intentions and goals to + + + align:start position:0% +like assigning intentions and goals to +simple moving characters in an animation + + align:start position:0% +simple moving characters in an animation + + + align:start position:0% +simple moving characters in an animation +this is the very famous Heider and + + align:start position:0% +this is the very famous Heider and + + + align:start position:0% +this is the very famous Heider and +Simmel example from the 40s and all the + + align:start position:0% +Simmel example from the 40s and all the + + + align:start position:0% +Simmel example from the 40s and all the +way to understanding some of the most + + align:start position:0% +way to understanding some of the most + + + align:start position:0% +way to understanding some of the most +complex abstract ideas that we ever + + align:start position:0% +complex abstract ideas that we ever + + + align:start position:0% +complex abstract ideas that we ever +encounter and like this famous + + align:start position:0% +encounter and like this famous + + + align:start position:0% +encounter and like this famous +apocryphal statement attributed to alan + + align:start position:0% +apocryphal statement attributed to alan + + + align:start position:0% +apocryphal statement attributed to alan +greenspan which is I know you think you + + align:start position:0% +greenspan which is I know you think you + + + align:start position:0% +greenspan which is I know you think you +understand what you thought I said but I + + align:start position:0% +understand what you thought I said but I + + + align:start position:0% +understand what you thought I said but I +don't think you realize that what you + + align:start position:0% +don't think you realize that what you + + + align:start position:0% +don't think you realize that what you +heard was not what I meant + + align:start position:0% +heard was not what I meant + + + align:start position:0% +heard was not what I meant +so to the degree that our minds let us + + align:start position:0% +so to the degree that our minds let us + + + align:start position:0% +so to the degree that our minds let us +make any sense of that at all we're + + align:start position:0% +make any sense of that at all we're + + + align:start position:0% +make any sense of that at all we're +using our ability to make sense of other + + align:start position:0% +using our ability to make sense of other + + + align:start position:0% +using our ability to make sense of other +people's minds how many people here have + + align:start position:0% +people's minds how many people here have + + + align:start position:0% +people's minds how many people here have +seen the standard test of theory of + + align:start position:0% +seen the standard test of theory of + + + align:start position:0% +seen the standard test of theory of +disability of thinking about other + + align:start position:0% +disability of thinking about other + + + align:start position:0% +disability of thinking about other +people's thoughts which is the false + + align:start position:0% +people's thoughts which is the false + + + align:start position:0% +people's thoughts which is the false +belief to ask how many people have seen + + align:start position:0% +belief to ask how many people have seen + + + align:start position:0% +belief to ask how many people have seen +somebody do a false belief task or give + + align:start position:0% +somebody do a false belief task or give + + + align:start position:0% +somebody do a false belief task or give +a false belief task how many people + + align:start position:0% +a false belief task how many people + + + align:start position:0% +a false belief task how many people +would like to see a false belief task ok + + align:start position:0% +would like to see a false belief task ok + + + align:start position:0% +would like to see a false belief task ok +so then I'm just going to show you one + + align:start position:0% +so then I'm just going to show you one + + + align:start position:0% +so then I'm just going to show you one +so as I said the scope of tests of our + + align:start position:0% +so as I said the scope of tests of our + + + align:start position:0% +so as I said the scope of tests of our +ability and think about other people's + + align:start position:0% +ability and think about other people's + + + align:start position:0% +ability and think about other people's +and thoughts or internal states is very + + align:start position:0% +and thoughts or internal states is very + + + align:start position:0% +and thoughts or internal states is very +large I'm seeing that two ways on + + align:start position:0% +large I'm seeing that two ways on + + + align:start position:0% +large I'm seeing that two ways on +purpose because actually although these + + align:start position:0% +purpose because actually although these + + + align:start position:0% +purpose because actually although these +are often conflated I think there's a + + align:start position:0% +are often conflated I think there's a + + + align:start position:0% +are often conflated I think there's a +really important difference between + + align:start position:0% +really important difference between + + + align:start position:0% +really important difference between +thinking about epistemic States so + + align:start position:0% +thinking about epistemic States so + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about epistemic States so +things like what you know what you see + + align:start position:0% +things like what you know what you see + + + align:start position:0% +things like what you know what you see +and what you think versus states like + + align:start position:0% +and what you think versus states like + + + align:start position:0% +and what you think versus states like +what you want and how you feel I think + + align:start position:0% +what you want and how you feel I think + + + align:start position:0% +what you want and how you feel I think +it turns out empirically that those are + + align:start position:0% +it turns out empirically that those are + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out empirically that those are +really different problems and I'm almost + + align:start position:0% +really different problems and I'm almost + + + align:start position:0% +really different problems and I'm almost +exclusively going to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +exclusively going to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +exclusively going to talk about the +first one so how we think about what + + align:start position:0% +first one so how we think about what + + + align:start position:0% +first one so how we think about what +other people see think want see think + + align:start position:0% +other people see think want see think + + + align:start position:0% +other people see think want see think +and know but not want or feel at the end + + align:start position:0% +and know but not want or feel at the end + + + align:start position:0% +and know but not want or feel at the end +I'll come back to wanting and feeling ok + + align:start position:0% +I'll come back to wanting and feeling ok + + + align:start position:0% +I'll come back to wanting and feeling ok +so how do we know what other people have + + align:start position:0% +so how do we know what other people have + + + align:start position:0% +so how do we know what other people have +seen and what they think and what they + + align:start position:0% +seen and what they think and what they + + + align:start position:0% +seen and what they think and what they +know this problem was set up as kind of + + align:start position:0% +know this problem was set up as kind of + + + align:start position:0% +know this problem was set up as kind of +a litmus test for our ability to think + + align:start position:0% +a litmus test for our ability to think + + + align:start position:0% +a litmus test for our ability to think +about other people's minds starting in + + align:start position:0% +about other people's minds starting in + + + align:start position:0% +about other people's minds starting in +the late 70s and coming out of + + align:start position:0% +the late 70s and coming out of + + + align:start position:0% +the late 70s and coming out of +comparative psychology so the origin of + + align:start position:0% +comparative psychology so the origin of + + + align:start position:0% +comparative psychology so the origin of +this problem for psychology is everybody + + align:start position:0% +this problem for psychology is everybody + + + align:start position:0% +this problem for psychology is everybody +knows humans could do this what about + + align:start position:0% +knows humans could do this what about + + + align:start position:0% +knows humans could do this what about +animals + + align:start position:0% +animals + + + align:start position:0% +animals +and actually the debate about whether + + align:start position:0% +and actually the debate about whether + + + align:start position:0% +and actually the debate about whether +this capacity for thinking about other + + align:start position:0% +this capacity for thinking about other + + + align:start position:0% +this capacity for thinking about other +people's thoughts is or is not shared + + align:start position:0% +people's thoughts is or is not shared + + + align:start position:0% +people's thoughts is or is not shared +with which other animals has gone on + + align:start position:0% +with which other animals has gone on + + + align:start position:0% +with which other animals has gone on +continuously since the late seventies + + align:start position:0% +continuously since the late seventies + + + align:start position:0% +continuously since the late seventies +and has not been resolved so that's the + + align:start position:0% +and has not been resolved so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +and has not been resolved so that's the +origin of this debate and it's not not + + align:start position:0% +origin of this debate and it's not not + + + align:start position:0% +origin of this debate and it's not not +resolved yet but it led to the + + align:start position:0% +resolved yet but it led to the + + + align:start position:0% +resolved yet but it led to the +construction of this particular task as + + align:start position:0% +construction of this particular task as + + + align:start position:0% +construction of this particular task as +a litmus test for what one person knows + + align:start position:0% +a litmus test for what one person knows + + + align:start position:0% +a litmus test for what one person knows +about somebody else's thoughts called + + align:start position:0% +about somebody else's thoughts called + + + align:start position:0% +about somebody else's thoughts called +the false belief task and so here's what + + align:start position:0% +the false belief task and so here's what + + + align:start position:0% +the false belief task and so here's what +a false belief task looks like this is + + align:start position:0% +a false belief task looks like this is + + + align:start position:0% +a false belief task looks like this is +being given to a five-year-old human + + align:start position:0% +being given to a five-year-old human + + + align:start position:0% +being given to a five-year-old human +child this is the first part his name is + + align:start position:0% +child this is the first part his name is + + + align:start position:0% +child this is the first part his name is +- you don't really like how it's really + + align:start position:0% +- you don't really like how it's really + + + align:start position:0% +- you don't really like how it's really +like cheese sandwiches I really love + + align:start position:0% +like cheese sandwiches I really love + + + align:start position:0% +like cheese sandwiches I really love +cheese sandwiches Ivan puts his sandwich + + align:start position:0% +cheese sandwiches Ivan puts his sandwich + + + align:start position:0% +cheese sandwiches Ivan puts his sandwich +over here on top of the pirate chest and + + align:start position:0% +over here on top of the pirate chest and + + + align:start position:0% +over here on top of the pirate chest and +Ivan says you know what I need to drink + + align:start position:0% +Ivan says you know what I need to drink + + + align:start position:0% +Ivan says you know what I need to drink +with my lunch so I haven't goes to get a + + align:start position:0% +with my lunch so I haven't goes to get a + + + align:start position:0% +with my lunch so I haven't goes to get a +drink and while eivin is away wind comes + + align:start position:0% +drink and while eivin is away wind comes + + + align:start position:0% +drink and while eivin is away wind comes +and it blows the sandwich down onto the + + align:start position:0% +and it blows the sandwich down onto the + + + align:start position:0% +and it blows the sandwich down onto the +grass and now here comes the other part + + align:start position:0% +grass and now here comes the other part + + + align:start position:0% +grass and now here comes the other part +this parrot is called Joshua and + + align:start position:0% +this parrot is called Joshua and + + + align:start position:0% +this parrot is called Joshua and +judgment also really loves cheese + + align:start position:0% +judgment also really loves cheese + + + align:start position:0% +judgment also really loves cheese +sandwich - Joshua a cheese sandwich he + + align:start position:0% +sandwich - Joshua a cheese sandwich he + + + align:start position:0% +sandwich - Joshua a cheese sandwich he +says yum-yum-yum-yum-yum + + align:start position:0% +says yum-yum-yum-yum-yum + + + align:start position:0% +says yum-yum-yum-yum-yum +I love cheese sandwiches and he puts his + + align:start position:0% +I love cheese sandwiches and he puts his + + + align:start position:0% +I love cheese sandwiches and he puts his +cheese sandwich over here on top of the + + align:start position:0% +cheese sandwich over here on top of the + + + align:start position:0% +cheese sandwich over here on top of the +Pirates + + align:start position:0% +Pirates + + + align:start position:0% +Pirates +that was justice that's right yeah + + align:start position:0% +that was justice that's right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that was justice that's right yeah +that's exactly right + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly right + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly right +oh so now Josh what moves off to get a + + align:start position:0% +oh so now Josh what moves off to get a + + + align:start position:0% +oh so now Josh what moves off to get a +drink + + align:start position:0% +drink + + + align:start position:0% +drink +I haven't comes back if he says I want + + align:start position:0% +I haven't comes back if he says I want + + + align:start position:0% +I haven't comes back if he says I want +my cheese sandwich so which one do you + + align:start position:0% +my cheese sandwich so which one do you + + + align:start position:0% +my cheese sandwich so which one do you +think Ivan's gonna take okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +think Ivan's gonna take okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +think Ivan's gonna take okay so that's +called passing the false belief task and + + align:start position:0% +called passing the false belief task and + + + align:start position:0% +called passing the false belief task and +the thing that's reported in scientific + + align:start position:0% +the thing that's reported in scientific + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that's reported in scientific +papers is that he correctly predicted + + align:start position:0% +papers is that he correctly predicted + + + align:start position:0% +papers is that he correctly predicted +that Ivan would take Joshua's sandwich + + align:start position:0% +that Ivan would take Joshua's sandwich + + + align:start position:0% +that Ivan would take Joshua's sandwich +although if you watch the video you see + + align:start position:0% +although if you watch the video you see + + + align:start position:0% +although if you watch the video you see +that the knowledge the kid is bringing + + align:start position:0% +that the knowledge the kid is bringing + + + align:start position:0% +that the knowledge the kid is bringing +to bear is way richer than just his + + align:start position:0% +to bear is way richer than just his + + + align:start position:0% +to bear is way richer than just his +correct prediction and includes him in + + align:start position:0% +correct prediction and includes him in + + + align:start position:0% +correct prediction and includes him in +fact trying to stop me in the story to + + align:start position:0% +fact trying to stop me in the story to + + + align:start position:0% +fact trying to stop me in the story to +warn me of what's coming right so a rich + + align:start position:0% +warn me of what's coming right so a rich + + + align:start position:0% +warn me of what's coming right so a rich +interpretation of what other people know + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of what other people know + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of what other people know +and don't know and will know and haven't + + align:start position:0% +and don't know and will know and haven't + + + align:start position:0% +and don't know and will know and haven't +seen and so forth + + align:start position:0% +seen and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +seen and so forth +okay the reason why this task became so + + align:start position:0% +okay the reason why this task became so + + + align:start position:0% +okay the reason why this task became so +famous is that not all participants + + align:start position:0% +famous is that not all participants + + + align:start position:0% +famous is that not all participants +perform the same way and so one class of + + align:start position:0% +perform the same way and so one class of + + + align:start position:0% +perform the same way and so one class of +participants who've become the focus of + + align:start position:0% +participants who've become the focus of + + + align:start position:0% +participants who've become the focus of +intense scrutiny and it's slightly + + align:start position:0% +intense scrutiny and it's slightly + + + align:start position:0% +intense scrutiny and it's slightly +younger kids namely three-year-olds and + + align:start position:0% +younger kids namely three-year-olds and + + + align:start position:0% +younger kids namely three-year-olds and +so I'll give you a sense of what that + + align:start position:0% +so I'll give you a sense of what that + + + align:start position:0% +so I'll give you a sense of what that +looks like this is a three-year-old he's + + align:start position:0% +looks like this is a three-year-old he's + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this is a three-year-old he's +paid equally rapt attention throughout + + align:start position:0% +paid equally rapt attention throughout + + + align:start position:0% +paid equally rapt attention throughout +the entire story and we come to the + + align:start position:0% +the entire story and we come to the + + + align:start position:0% +the entire story and we come to the +crucial moment and he's asked again the + + align:start position:0% +crucial moment and he's asked again the + + + align:start position:0% +crucial moment and he's asked again the +same question which sense is he gonna + + align:start position:0% +same question which sense is he gonna + + + align:start position:0% +same question which sense is he gonna +take do you think he's gonna take that + + align:start position:0% +take do you think he's gonna take that + + + align:start position:0% +take do you think he's gonna take that +one let's see what happens let's see + + align:start position:0% +one let's see what happens let's see + + + align:start position:0% +one let's see what happens let's see +what he does here comes Ivan he says I + + align:start position:0% +what he does here comes Ivan he says I + + + align:start position:0% +what he does here comes Ivan he says I +won't make cheese sandwich and he takes + + align:start position:0% +won't make cheese sandwich and he takes + + + align:start position:0% +won't make cheese sandwich and he takes +this one why'd you take that one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +okay and so the traditional read of what + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the traditional read of what + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so the traditional read of what +just happened there is that's a kid who + + align:start position:0% +just happened there is that's a kid who + + + align:start position:0% +just happened there is that's a kid who +gets wanting right Ivan wants his cheese + + align:start position:0% +gets wanting right Ivan wants his cheese + + + align:start position:0% +gets wanting right Ivan wants his cheese +sandwich but he doesn't get believing he + + align:start position:0% +sandwich but he doesn't get believing he + + + align:start position:0% +sandwich but he doesn't get believing he +doesn't understand that because Ivan + + align:start position:0% +doesn't understand that because Ivan + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't understand that because Ivan +left his cheese sandwich on top of the + + align:start position:0% +left his cheese sandwich on top of the + + + align:start position:0% +left his cheese sandwich on top of the +pirate chest and he doesn't know that + + align:start position:0% +pirate chest and he doesn't know that + + + align:start position:0% +pirate chest and he doesn't know that +it's been moved that he'll believe that + + align:start position:0% +it's been moved that he'll believe that + + + align:start position:0% +it's been moved that he'll believe that +that sandwich is his and that his + + align:start position:0% +that sandwich is his and that his + + + align:start position:0% +that sandwich is his and that his +actions depend on his own beliefs his + + align:start position:0% +actions depend on his own beliefs his + + + align:start position:0% +actions depend on his own beliefs his +internal representation of the world + + align:start position:0% +internal representation of the world + + + align:start position:0% +internal representation of the world +rather than the true state of the world + + align:start position:0% +rather than the true state of the world + + + align:start position:0% +rather than the true state of the world +namely which one is history sandwich and + + align:start position:0% +namely which one is history sandwich and + + + align:start position:0% +namely which one is history sandwich and +that's the source of both this wrong + + align:start position:0% +that's the source of both this wrong + + + align:start position:0% +that's the source of both this wrong +prediction why does he say that he'll + + align:start position:0% +prediction why does he say that he'll + + + align:start position:0% +prediction why does he say that he'll +take his cheese sandwich and the wrong + + align:start position:0% +take his cheese sandwich and the wrong + + + align:start position:0% +take his cheese sandwich and the wrong +explanation so when he goes to take the + + align:start position:0% +explanation so when he goes to take the + + + align:start position:0% +explanation so when he goes to take the +other cheese sandwich the one that's + + align:start position:0% +other cheese sandwich the one that's + + + align:start position:0% +other cheese sandwich the one that's +actually Joshua's then what the kid does + + align:start position:0% +actually Joshua's then what the kid does + + + align:start position:0% +actually Joshua's then what the kid does +is we say why did he do that and again + + align:start position:0% +is we say why did he do that and again + + + align:start position:0% +is we say why did he do that and again +this is typical performance the little + + align:start position:0% +this is typical performance the little + + + align:start position:0% +this is typical performance the little +kids confabulate they come up with a + + align:start position:0% +kids confabulate they come up with a + + + align:start position:0% +kids confabulate they come up with a +reason why he might have taken that + + align:start position:0% +reason why he might have taken that + + + align:start position:0% +reason why he might have taken that +other cheese sandwich which is + + align:start position:0% +other cheese sandwich which is + + + align:start position:0% +other cheese sandwich which is +consistent with him not wanting his own + + align:start position:0% +consistent with him not wanting his own + + + align:start position:0% +consistent with him not wanting his own +anymore so in this case it's that well + + align:start position:0% +anymore so in this case it's that well + + + align:start position:0% +anymore so in this case it's that well +his fell on the ground he doesn't want + + align:start position:0% +his fell on the ground he doesn't want + + + align:start position:0% +his fell on the ground he doesn't want +his anymore that's why he's taking + + align:start position:0% +his anymore that's why he's taking + + + align:start position:0% +his anymore that's why he's taking +Joshua's sandwich and that pattern of + + align:start position:0% +Joshua's sandwich and that pattern of + + + align:start position:0% +Joshua's sandwich and that pattern of +performance was interpreted as evidence + + align:start position:0% +performance was interpreted as evidence + + + align:start position:0% +performance was interpreted as evidence +of conceptual change and development + + align:start position:0% +of conceptual change and development + + + align:start position:0% +of conceptual change and development +kids going from having a partial + + align:start position:0% +kids going from having a partial + + + align:start position:0% +kids going from having a partial +understanding of other people's minds + + align:start position:0% +understanding of other people's minds + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of other people's minds +that included wanting to a richer + + align:start position:0% +that included wanting to a richer + + + align:start position:0% +that included wanting to a richer +interpretation of other people's minds + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of other people's minds + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation of other people's minds +that also included believing so what I + + align:start position:0% +that also included believing so what I + + + align:start position:0% +that also included believing so what I +want to get from this actually is not + + align:start position:0% +want to get from this actually is not + + + align:start position:0% +want to get from this actually is not +whether or not it's true that there's + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it's true that there's + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not it's true that there's +conceptual change between 3 & 5 although + + align:start position:0% +conceptual change between 3 & 5 although + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual change between 3 & 5 although +I do think it is true and but just an + + align:start position:0% +I do think it is true and but just an + + + align:start position:0% +I do think it is true and but just an +idea of what capacity are we talking + + align:start position:0% +idea of what capacity are we talking + + + align:start position:0% +idea of what capacity are we talking +about right we're talking about the + + align:start position:0% +about right we're talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +about right we're talking about the +capacity actually that the five-year-old + + align:start position:0% +capacity actually that the five-year-old + + + align:start position:0% +capacity actually that the five-year-old +showed however they got it and whenever + + align:start position:0% +showed however they got it and whenever + + + align:start position:0% +showed however they got it and whenever +they got it which is this capacity to + + align:start position:0% +they got it which is this capacity to + + + align:start position:0% +they got it which is this capacity to +when watching other people act in the + + align:start position:0% +when watching other people act in the + + + align:start position:0% +when watching other people act in the +world bring to bear both spontaneously + + align:start position:0% +world bring to bear both spontaneously + + + align:start position:0% +world bring to bear both spontaneously +and when asked a conception of the other + + align:start position:0% +and when asked a conception of the other + + + align:start position:0% +and when asked a conception of the other +person is having beliefs percent + + align:start position:0% +person is having beliefs percent + + + align:start position:0% +person is having beliefs percent +perceptual history knowledge an internal + + align:start position:0% +perceptual history knowledge an internal + + + align:start position:0% +perceptual history knowledge an internal +representation of the world that guides + + align:start position:0% +representation of the world that guides + + + align:start position:0% +representation of the world that guides +actions and so that is what I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +actions and so that is what I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +actions and so that is what I'm gonna +call thinking about thought and the idea + + align:start position:0% +call thinking about thought and the idea + + + align:start position:0% +call thinking about thought and the idea +that this is a domain that you could + + align:start position:0% +that this is a domain that you could + + + align:start position:0% +that this is a domain that you could +study on its own well there's two + + align:start position:0% +study on its own well there's two + + + align:start position:0% +study on its own well there's two +questions here one is can you study this + + align:start position:0% +questions here one is can you study this + + + align:start position:0% +questions here one is can you study this +at all and the second one is can you + + align:start position:0% +at all and the second one is can you + + + align:start position:0% +at all and the second one is can you +study it separate from the whole rest of + + align:start position:0% +study it separate from the whole rest of + + + align:start position:0% +study it separate from the whole rest of +cognition both of those are related to + + align:start position:0% +cognition both of those are related to + + + align:start position:0% +cognition both of those are related to +live + + align:start position:0% +live + + + align:start position:0% +live +and indeed Nancy and many people's + + align:start position:0% +and indeed Nancy and many people's + + + align:start position:0% +and indeed Nancy and many people's +worries that you could never make + + align:start position:0% +worries that you could never make + + + align:start position:0% +worries that you could never make +progress on a problem like this which I + + align:start position:0% +progress on a problem like this which I + + + align:start position:0% +progress on a problem like this which I +share I share the word that you could + + align:start position:0% +share I share the word that you could + + + align:start position:0% +share I share the word that you could +never make progress on this and so what + + align:start position:0% +never make progress on this and so what + + + align:start position:0% +never make progress on this and so what +I what I want to tell you guys is two + + align:start position:0% +I what I want to tell you guys is two + + + align:start position:0% +I what I want to tell you guys is two +phases of my attempt to make progress on + + align:start position:0% +phases of my attempt to make progress on + + + align:start position:0% +phases of my attempt to make progress on +understanding how we do that how do we + + align:start position:0% +understanding how we do that how do we + + + align:start position:0% +understanding how we do that how do we +think about other people as containing + + align:start position:0% +think about other people as containing + + + align:start position:0% +think about other people as containing +internal mental lives mental + + align:start position:0% +internal mental lives mental + + + align:start position:0% +internal mental lives mental +representations I'm gonna talk about + + align:start position:0% +representations I'm gonna talk about + + + align:start position:0% +representations I'm gonna talk about +just fMRI although I do use other + + align:start position:0% +just fMRI although I do use other + + + align:start position:0% +just fMRI although I do use other +methods to study this problem and but I + + align:start position:0% +methods to study this problem and but I + + + align:start position:0% +methods to study this problem and but I +think fMRI has been both an incredible + + align:start position:0% +think fMRI has been both an incredible + + + align:start position:0% +think fMRI has been both an incredible +gift to our ability to understand the + + align:start position:0% +gift to our ability to understand the + + + align:start position:0% +gift to our ability to understand the +human mind and also imposes a huge + + align:start position:0% +human mind and also imposes a huge + + + align:start position:0% +human mind and also imposes a huge +number of limitations on what we can + + align:start position:0% +number of limitations on what we can + + + align:start position:0% +number of limitations on what we can +discover and so what I'm gonna tell you + + align:start position:0% +discover and so what I'm gonna tell you + + + align:start position:0% +discover and so what I'm gonna tell you +about is just a tiny bit of my phase one + + align:start position:0% +about is just a tiny bit of my phase one + + + align:start position:0% +about is just a tiny bit of my phase one +investigations using the early + + align:start position:0% +investigations using the early + + + align:start position:0% +investigations using the early +strategies that fMRI allowed us and then + + align:start position:0% +strategies that fMRI allowed us and then + + + align:start position:0% +strategies that fMRI allowed us and then +a more in-depth look at how I'm using + + align:start position:0% +a more in-depth look at how I'm using + + + align:start position:0% +a more in-depth look at how I'm using +more modern techniques in fMRI to try to + + align:start position:0% +more modern techniques in fMRI to try to + + + align:start position:0% +more modern techniques in fMRI to try to +get further partly because I think it's + + align:start position:0% +get further partly because I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +get further partly because I think it's +interesting what we've learned but + + align:start position:0% +interesting what we've learned but + + + align:start position:0% +interesting what we've learned but +mainly because I think that you guys + + align:start position:0% +mainly because I think that you guys + + + align:start position:0% +mainly because I think that you guys +might not actually want to know about + + align:start position:0% +might not actually want to know about + + + align:start position:0% +might not actually want to know about +theory of mine but you might want to + + align:start position:0% +theory of mine but you might want to + + + align:start position:0% +theory of mine but you might want to +know can you use that from write to + + align:start position:0% +know can you use that from write to + + + align:start position:0% +know can you use that from write to +study interesting questions about the + + align:start position:0% +study interesting questions about the + + + align:start position:0% +study interesting questions about the +human mind and how and so I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +human mind and how and so I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +human mind and how and so I'm gonna +focus on three ways to use modern + + align:start position:0% +focus on three ways to use modern + + + align:start position:0% +focus on three ways to use modern +techniques in fMRI to study interesting + + align:start position:0% +techniques in fMRI to study interesting + + + align:start position:0% +techniques in fMRI to study interesting +representations in the human mind hoping + + align:start position:0% +representations in the human mind hoping + + + align:start position:0% +representations in the human mind hoping +that either you'll learn something about + + align:start position:0% +that either you'll learn something about + + + align:start position:0% +that either you'll learn something about +theory of mind or something about how + + align:start position:0% +theory of mind or something about how + + + align:start position:0% +theory of mind or something about how +you could use fMRI to pursue your own + + align:start position:0% +you could use fMRI to pursue your own + + + align:start position:0% +you could use fMRI to pursue your own +interests so phase one in fMRI um which + + align:start position:0% +interests so phase one in fMRI um which + + + align:start position:0% +interests so phase one in fMRI um which +as Liz said started 15 years ago is okay + + align:start position:0% +as Liz said started 15 years ago is okay + + + align:start position:0% +as Liz said started 15 years ago is okay +thinking about other people's thoughts + + align:start position:0% +thinking about other people's thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about other people's thoughts +is that a thing in the mind and brain at + + align:start position:0% +is that a thing in the mind and brain at + + + align:start position:0% +is that a thing in the mind and brain at +all right so when you go to start + + align:start position:0% +all right so when you go to start + + + align:start position:0% +all right so when you go to start +studying something you want to know am i + + align:start position:0% +studying something you want to know am i + + + align:start position:0% +studying something you want to know am i +studying a thing a part of a problem or + + align:start position:0% +studying a thing a part of a problem or + + + align:start position:0% +studying a thing a part of a problem or +am I just studying the whole mind right + + align:start position:0% +am I just studying the whole mind right + + + align:start position:0% +am I just studying the whole mind right +our entire capacity to think any + + align:start position:0% +our entire capacity to think any + + + align:start position:0% +our entire capacity to think any +interesting complicated thought and fMRI + + align:start position:0% +interesting complicated thought and fMRI + + + align:start position:0% +interesting complicated thought and fMRI +turns out to be more useful mostly when + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be more useful mostly when + + + align:start position:0% +turns out to be more useful mostly when +you're studying something that is in + + align:start position:0% +you're studying something that is in + + + align:start position:0% +you're studying something that is in +some way compartmentalized from the rest + + align:start position:0% +some way compartmentalized from the rest + + + align:start position:0% +some way compartmentalized from the rest +of the mind and so one question is is + + align:start position:0% +of the mind and so one question is is + + + align:start position:0% +of the mind and so one question is is +theory of mind the ability to think + + align:start position:0% +theory of mind the ability to think + + + align:start position:0% +theory of mind the ability to think +about other people's thoughts in any + + align:start position:0% +about other people's thoughts in any + + + align:start position:0% +about other people's thoughts in any +sense its own problem or are we just + + align:start position:0% +sense its own problem or are we just + + + align:start position:0% +sense its own problem or are we just +studying the whole problem of human + + align:start position:0% +studying the whole problem of human + + + align:start position:0% +studying the whole problem of human +intelligence and + + align:start position:0% +intelligence and + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence and +capacity so that was sort of the first + + align:start position:0% +capacity so that was sort of the first + + + align:start position:0% +capacity so that was sort of the first +question that we set out to answer we + + align:start position:0% +question that we set out to answer we + + + align:start position:0% +question that we set out to answer we +and a number of people did this and the + + align:start position:0% +and a number of people did this and the + + + align:start position:0% +and a number of people did this and the +way we did it is that we had people in + + align:start position:0% +way we did it is that we had people in + + + align:start position:0% +way we did it is that we had people in +an fMRI machine doing basically an adult + + align:start position:0% +an fMRI machine doing basically an adult + + + align:start position:0% +an fMRI machine doing basically an adult +version of the pirate's task that I just + + align:start position:0% +version of the pirate's task that I just + + + align:start position:0% +version of the pirate's task that I just +showed you so they read short verbal + + align:start position:0% +showed you so they read short verbal + + + align:start position:0% +showed you so they read short verbal +stories that describe somebody who comes + + align:start position:0% +stories that describe somebody who comes + + + align:start position:0% +stories that describe somebody who comes +to have a false belief this is an + + align:start position:0% +to have a false belief this is an + + + align:start position:0% +to have a false belief this is an +example so Anne puts lasagna in the blue + + align:start position:0% +example so Anne puts lasagna in the blue + + + align:start position:0% +example so Anne puts lasagna in the blue +dish Ian takes the lasagna and put + + align:start position:0% +dish Ian takes the lasagna and put + + + align:start position:0% +dish Ian takes the lasagna and put +spaghetti in the blue dish and then we + + align:start position:0% +spaghetti in the blue dish and then we + + + align:start position:0% +spaghetti in the blue dish and then we +ask what is Anne think is in the blue + + align:start position:0% +ask what is Anne think is in the blue + + + align:start position:0% +ask what is Anne think is in the blue +dish okay so this is a very simple + + align:start position:0% +dish okay so this is a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +dish okay so this is a very simple +encapsulation of our ability to + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation of our ability to + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulation of our ability to +represent what somebody else thinks and + + align:start position:0% +represent what somebody else thinks and + + + align:start position:0% +represent what somebody else thinks and +separate it from the state of the world + + align:start position:0% +separate it from the state of the world + + + align:start position:0% +separate it from the state of the world +okay so while you are doing that you are + + align:start position:0% +okay so while you are doing that you are + + + align:start position:0% +okay so while you are doing that you are +clearly using your theory of mind but + + align:start position:0% +clearly using your theory of mind but + + + align:start position:0% +clearly using your theory of mind but +you are clearly also using many many + + align:start position:0% +you are clearly also using many many + + + align:start position:0% +you are clearly also using many many +many other capacities of your mind and + + align:start position:0% +many other capacities of your mind and + + + align:start position:0% +many other capacities of your mind and +brain right like the capacity to see + + align:start position:0% +brain right like the capacity to see + + + align:start position:0% +brain right like the capacity to see +those words to know there are words in + + align:start position:0% +those words to know there are words in + + + align:start position:0% +those words to know there are words in +English to put them together in + + align:start position:0% +English to put them together in + + + align:start position:0% +English to put them together in +sentences and then to make a response by + + align:start position:0% +sentences and then to make a response by + + + align:start position:0% +sentences and then to make a response by +pushing a button so we're using + + align:start position:0% +pushing a button so we're using + + + align:start position:0% +pushing a button so we're using +everything from your eyes to your + + align:start position:0% +everything from your eyes to your + + + align:start position:0% +everything from your eyes to your +fingers and most of the brain in between + + align:start position:0% +fingers and most of the brain in between + + + align:start position:0% +fingers and most of the brain in between +and then the question is the part that + + align:start position:0% +and then the question is the part that + + + align:start position:0% +and then the question is the part that +required you thinking about thoughts is + + align:start position:0% +required you thinking about thoughts is + + + align:start position:0% +required you thinking about thoughts is +there any sense in which that's special + + align:start position:0% +there any sense in which that's special + + + align:start position:0% +there any sense in which that's special +are different from the whole rest of the + + align:start position:0% +are different from the whole rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +are different from the whole rest of the +logical and cognitive capacity of your + + align:start position:0% +logical and cognitive capacity of your + + + align:start position:0% +logical and cognitive capacity of your +brain so to ask that question we + + align:start position:0% +brain so to ask that question we + + + align:start position:0% +brain so to ask that question we +designed a control condition in which + + align:start position:0% +designed a control condition in which + + + align:start position:0% +designed a control condition in which +you similarly read stories that involve + + align:start position:0% +you similarly read stories that involve + + + align:start position:0% +you similarly read stories that involve +something that was true and becomes + + align:start position:0% +something that was true and becomes + + + align:start position:0% +something that was true and becomes +false and need to think about those two + + align:start position:0% +false and need to think about those two + + + align:start position:0% +false and need to think about those two +and respond using a button press but in + + align:start position:0% +and respond using a button press but in + + + align:start position:0% +and respond using a button press but in +this case what it is is a state of the + + align:start position:0% +this case what it is is a state of the + + + align:start position:0% +this case what it is is a state of the +world so this is an island and a + + align:start position:0% +world so this is an island and a + + + align:start position:0% +world so this is an island and a +photograph taken of it then the + + align:start position:0% +photograph taken of it then the + + + align:start position:0% +photograph taken of it then the +photograph of course stays the same but + + align:start position:0% +photograph of course stays the same but + + + align:start position:0% +photograph of course stays the same but +the world changes so there's a volcano + + align:start position:0% +the world changes so there's a volcano + + + align:start position:0% +the world changes so there's a volcano +that erupts and now we can ask you + + align:start position:0% +that erupts and now we can ask you + + + align:start position:0% +that erupts and now we can ask you +either about the photograph what's in + + align:start position:0% +either about the photograph what's in + + + align:start position:0% +either about the photograph what's in +the photograph or what's the world + + align:start position:0% +the photograph or what's the world + + + align:start position:0% +the photograph or what's the world +actually like now and the idea is that + + align:start position:0% +actually like now and the idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +actually like now and the idea is that +in this comparison you need the ability + + align:start position:0% +in this comparison you need the ability + + + align:start position:0% +in this comparison you need the ability +to see the stimuli and read English and + + align:start position:0% +to see the stimuli and read English and + + + align:start position:0% +to see the stimuli and read English and +put together your logical thoughts and + + align:start position:0% +put together your logical thoughts and + + + align:start position:0% +put together your logical thoughts and +choose a button press in both cases but + + align:start position:0% +choose a button press in both cases but + + + align:start position:0% +choose a button press in both cases but +only in the first case do you also need + + align:start position:0% +only in the first case do you also need + + + align:start position:0% +only in the first case do you also need +to think about other people's thoughts + + align:start position:0% +to think about other people's thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +to think about other people's thoughts +and so that comparison would let us look + + align:start position:0% +and so that comparison would let us look + + + align:start position:0% +and so that comparison would let us look +for brain regions where blood + + align:start position:0% +for brain regions where blood + + + align:start position:0% +for brain regions where blood +oxygenation or metabolism is higher if + + align:start position:0% +oxygenation or metabolism is higher if + + + align:start position:0% +oxygenation or metabolism is higher if +you're thinking about other people's + + align:start position:0% +you're thinking about other people's + + + align:start position:0% +you're thinking about other people's +thoughts okay so that is old news now + + align:start position:0% +thoughts okay so that is old news now + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts okay so that is old news now +the simple answer is that we and many + + align:start position:0% +the simple answer is that we and many + + + align:start position:0% +the simple answer is that we and many +many other groups that tried this in + + align:start position:0% +many other groups that tried this in + + + align:start position:0% +many other groups that tried this in +many different ways + + align:start position:0% +many different ways + + + align:start position:0% +many different ways +found a whole group of brain regions + + align:start position:0% +found a whole group of brain regions + + + align:start position:0% +found a whole group of brain regions +where metabolism or blood oxygenation is + + align:start position:0% +where metabolism or blood oxygenation is + + + align:start position:0% +where metabolism or blood oxygenation is +higher if you need to think about other + + align:start position:0% +higher if you need to think about other + + + align:start position:0% +higher if you need to think about other +people's thoughts + + align:start position:0% +people's thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +people's thoughts +in the stories part of what's + + align:start position:0% +in the stories part of what's + + + align:start position:0% +in the stories part of what's +interesting though about this brain + + align:start position:0% +interesting though about this brain + + + align:start position:0% +interesting though about this brain +region is not just the claims about + + align:start position:0% +region is not just the claims about + + + align:start position:0% +region is not just the claims about +selectivity and the other thing that's + + align:start position:0% +selectivity and the other thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +selectivity and the other thing that's +interesting and extremely fortunate for + + align:start position:0% +interesting and extremely fortunate for + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and extremely fortunate for +research purposes is that this signal is + + align:start position:0% +research purposes is that this signal is + + + align:start position:0% +research purposes is that this signal is +ridiculously strong and reliable the + + align:start position:0% +ridiculously strong and reliable the + + + align:start position:0% +ridiculously strong and reliable the +difference between thinking about + + align:start position:0% +difference between thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +difference between thinking about +somebody else's thoughts and other + + align:start position:0% +somebody else's thoughts and other + + + align:start position:0% +somebody else's thoughts and other +logical problems is in terms of how + + align:start position:0% +logical problems is in terms of how + + + align:start position:0% +logical problems is in terms of how +significant how reliable have similar + + align:start position:0% +significant how reliable have similar + + + align:start position:0% +significant how reliable have similar +across individual subjects is comparable + + align:start position:0% +across individual subjects is comparable + + + align:start position:0% +across individual subjects is comparable +to the difference between looking at + + align:start position:0% +to the difference between looking at + + + align:start position:0% +to the difference between looking at +gratings and not looking at gratings in + + align:start position:0% +gratings and not looking at gratings in + + + align:start position:0% +gratings and not looking at gratings in +v1 which is nuts right that's crazy + + align:start position:0% +v1 which is nuts right that's crazy + + + align:start position:0% +v1 which is nuts right that's crazy +that's something that's complicated and + + align:start position:0% +that's something that's complicated and + + + align:start position:0% +that's something that's complicated and +abstract would have an unbelievably + + align:start position:0% +abstract would have an unbelievably + + + align:start position:0% +abstract would have an unbelievably +large robust reliable signal in + + align:start position:0% +large robust reliable signal in + + + align:start position:0% +large robust reliable signal in +individual subjects I'll give you a + + align:start position:0% +individual subjects I'll give you a + + + align:start position:0% +individual subjects I'll give you a +little hint of it but everyone who's + + align:start position:0% +little hint of it but everyone who's + + + align:start position:0% +little hint of it but everyone who's +ever come through my lab says that they + + align:start position:0% +ever come through my lab says that they + + + align:start position:0% +ever come through my lab says that they +never believed me till they see in their + + align:start position:0% +never believed me till they see in their + + + align:start position:0% +never believed me till they see in their +own data but if and you can do this in + + align:start position:0% +own data but if and you can do this in + + + align:start position:0% +own data but if and you can do this in +any individual subject so here's just + + align:start position:0% +any individual subject so here's just + + + align:start position:0% +any individual subject so here's just +three individual participants after five + + align:start position:0% +three individual participants after five + + + align:start position:0% +three individual participants after five +minutes to ten minutes of scanning you + + align:start position:0% +minutes to ten minutes of scanning you + + + align:start position:0% +minutes to ten minutes of scanning you +need to read only between 10 and 20 + + align:start position:0% +need to read only between 10 and 20 + + + align:start position:0% +need to read only between 10 and 20 +total stories then literally 5 to 10 + + align:start position:0% +total stories then literally 5 to 10 + + + align:start position:0% +total stories then literally 5 to 10 +minutes and every individual subject + + align:start position:0% +minutes and every individual subject + + + align:start position:0% +minutes and every individual subject +basically shows the same pattern of + + align:start position:0% +basically shows the same pattern of + + + align:start position:0% +basically shows the same pattern of +brain activation and for thinking about + + align:start position:0% +brain activation and for thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +brain activation and for thinking about +thoughts compared to the other story is + + align:start position:0% +thoughts compared to the other story is + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts compared to the other story is +it's just this unbelievably strong + + align:start position:0% +it's just this unbelievably strong + + + align:start position:0% +it's just this unbelievably strong +signal literally unbelievable it should + + align:start position:0% +signal literally unbelievable it should + + + align:start position:0% +signal literally unbelievable it should +not possibly be true on any a priori + + align:start position:0% +not possibly be true on any a priori + + + align:start position:0% +not possibly be true on any a priori +story except for maybe the story Ken + + align:start position:0% +story except for maybe the story Ken + + + align:start position:0% +story except for maybe the story Ken +just told you about how social cognition + + align:start position:0% +just told you about how social cognition + + + align:start position:0% +just told you about how social cognition +is the fundamental basis of everything + + align:start position:0% +is the fundamental basis of everything + + + align:start position:0% +is the fundamental basis of everything +and when you look inside this brain + + align:start position:0% +and when you look inside this brain + + + align:start position:0% +and when you look inside this brain +region this is in one of them that's the + + align:start position:0% +region this is in one of them that's the + + + align:start position:0% +region this is in one of them that's the +I'm showing you pictures of the right + + align:start position:0% +I'm showing you pictures of the right + + + align:start position:0% +I'm showing you pictures of the right +TPJ it's one of five cortical regions + + align:start position:0% +TPJ it's one of five cortical regions + + + align:start position:0% +TPJ it's one of five cortical regions +I'm gonna talk a lot about it because + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna talk a lot about it because + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna talk a lot about it because +the data from the right TPJ are + + align:start position:0% +the data from the right TPJ are + + + align:start position:0% +the data from the right TPJ are +particularly clean and so in the right + + align:start position:0% +particularly clean and so in the right + + + align:start position:0% +particularly clean and so in the right +TPJ that's average percent single change + + align:start position:0% +TPJ that's average percent single change + + + align:start position:0% +TPJ that's average percent single change +in some of our early experiments two + + align:start position:0% +in some of our early experiments two + + + align:start position:0% +in some of our early experiments two +stories about beliefs compared to + + align:start position:0% +stories about beliefs compared to + + + align:start position:0% +stories about beliefs compared to +control stories about photographs and + + align:start position:0% +control stories about photographs and + + + align:start position:0% +control stories about photographs and +two things are striking one is that it's + + align:start position:0% +two things are striking one is that it's + + + align:start position:0% +two things are striking one is that it's +a really big difference right a big + + align:start position:0% +a really big difference right a big + + + align:start position:0% +a really big difference right a big +positive signal when you're reading + + align:start position:0% +positive signal when you're reading + + + align:start position:0% +positive signal when you're reading +stories about beliefs and not much when + + align:start position:0% +stories about beliefs and not much when + + + align:start position:0% +stories about beliefs and not much when +you're reading stories about photographs + + align:start position:0% +you're reading stories about photographs + + + align:start position:0% +you're reading stories about photographs +and the other thing is that it starts at + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing is that it starts at + + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing is that it starts at +the time you start reading the story so + + align:start position:0% +the time you start reading the story so + + + align:start position:0% +the time you start reading the story so +you start reading a story and the signal + + align:start position:0% +you start reading a story and the signal + + + align:start position:0% +you start reading a story and the signal +starts to go out and this is just + + align:start position:0% +starts to go out and this is just + + + align:start position:0% +starts to go out and this is just +showing that the difference in how much + + align:start position:0% +showing that the difference in how much + + + align:start position:0% +showing that the difference in how much +you think about thoughts contributes a + + align:start position:0% +you think about thoughts contributes a + + + align:start position:0% +you think about thoughts contributes a +lot of variants across many different + + align:start position:0% +lot of variants across many different + + + align:start position:0% +lot of variants across many different +individual stories and if you look + + align:start position:0% +individual stories and if you look + + + align:start position:0% +individual stories and if you look +within a story it's the time when you're + + align:start position:0% +within a story it's the time when you're + + + align:start position:0% +within a story it's the time when you're +thinking about a thoughts that you get + + align:start position:0% +thinking about a thoughts that you get + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about a thoughts that you get +activity in this brain region we also + + align:start position:0% +activity in this brain region we also + + + align:start position:0% +activity in this brain region we also +spend a bunch of time saying fMRI as + + align:start position:0% +spend a bunch of time saying fMRI as + + + align:start position:0% +spend a bunch of time saying fMRI as +everybody knows is a correlational + + align:start position:0% +everybody knows is a correlational + + + align:start position:0% +everybody knows is a correlational +signal does this brain region actually + + align:start position:0% +signal does this brain region actually + + + align:start position:0% +signal does this brain region actually +play a causal role in letting you say + + align:start position:0% +play a causal role in letting you say + + + align:start position:0% +play a causal role in letting you say +about thoughts and so we did a version + + align:start position:0% +about thoughts and so we did a version + + + align:start position:0% +about thoughts and so we did a version +of the same experiment that I gave you + + align:start position:0% +of the same experiment that I gave you + + + align:start position:0% +of the same experiment that I gave you +guys on moral reasoning with TMS and + + align:start position:0% +guys on moral reasoning with TMS and + + + align:start position:0% +guys on moral reasoning with TMS and +asked whether using TMS on the right TPJ + + align:start position:0% +asked whether using TMS on the right TPJ + + + align:start position:0% +asked whether using TMS on the right TPJ +compared to a control brain region would + + align:start position:0% +compared to a control brain region would + + + align:start position:0% +compared to a control brain region would +disproportionately affect how you use + + align:start position:0% +disproportionately affect how you use + + + align:start position:0% +disproportionately affect how you use +people's mental states in making moral + + align:start position:0% +people's mental states in making moral + + + align:start position:0% +people's mental states in making moral +judgments and showed that after TMS to + + align:start position:0% +judgments and showed that after TMS to + + + align:start position:0% +judgments and showed that after TMS to +the right TPJ compared to a control + + align:start position:0% +the right TPJ compared to a control + + + align:start position:0% +the right TPJ compared to a control +brain region people use the beliefs of + + align:start position:0% +brain region people use the beliefs of + + + align:start position:0% +brain region people use the beliefs of +the character less in making their moral + + align:start position:0% +the character less in making their moral + + + align:start position:0% +the character less in making their moral +judgments and so where we get to after + + align:start position:0% +judgments and so where we get to after + + + align:start position:0% +judgments and so where we get to after +all of this is a hypothesis and this was + + align:start position:0% +all of this is a hypothesis and this was + + + align:start position:0% +all of this is a hypothesis and this was +after about eight years and that I was + + align:start position:0% +after about eight years and that I was + + + align:start position:0% +after about eight years and that I was +saying here's what we've learned we've + + align:start position:0% +saying here's what we've learned we've + + + align:start position:0% +saying here's what we've learned we've +learned that the right TPJ is + + align:start position:0% +learned that the right TPJ is + + + align:start position:0% +learned that the right TPJ is +selectively involved in theory of mind + + align:start position:0% +selectively involved in theory of mind + + + align:start position:0% +selectively involved in theory of mind +and so selectively depends on all the + + align:start position:0% +and so selectively depends on all the + + + align:start position:0% +and so selectively depends on all the +experiments I didn't show you right + + align:start position:0% +experiments I didn't show you right + + + align:start position:0% +experiments I didn't show you right +that's a claim about specificity but + + align:start position:0% +that's a claim about specificity but + + + align:start position:0% +that's a claim about specificity but +involved in and that's a euphemism and + + align:start position:0% +involved in and that's a euphemism and + + + align:start position:0% +involved in and that's a euphemism and +it's a euphemism that I think a lot of + + align:start position:0% +it's a euphemism that I think a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +it's a euphemism that I think a lot of +cognitive neuroscientists use and are + + align:start position:0% +cognitive neuroscientists use and are + + + align:start position:0% +cognitive neuroscientists use and are +satisfied with but after a while I found + + align:start position:0% +satisfied with but after a while I found + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied with but after a while I found +it deeply embarrassing like what on + + align:start position:0% +it deeply embarrassing like what on + + + align:start position:0% +it deeply embarrassing like what on +earth is involved in and so what I want + + align:start position:0% +earth is involved in and so what I want + + + align:start position:0% +earth is involved in and so what I want +to talk to you about is how to get + + align:start position:0% +to talk to you about is how to get + + + align:start position:0% +to talk to you about is how to get +beyond the euphemism of involved in in + + align:start position:0% +beyond the euphemism of involved in in + + + align:start position:0% +beyond the euphemism of involved in in +using fMRI to understand the mind this + + align:start position:0% +using fMRI to understand the mind this + + + align:start position:0% +using fMRI to understand the mind this +is why fMRI typically looks like you + + align:start position:0% +is why fMRI typically looks like you + + + align:start position:0% +is why fMRI typically looks like you +read a bunch of stories in the skin or + + align:start position:0% +read a bunch of stories in the skin or + + + align:start position:0% +read a bunch of stories in the skin or +fMRI in my hands you read a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +fMRI in my hands you read a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +fMRI in my hands you read a bunch of +stories in the scanner and we record + + align:start position:0% +stories in the scanner and we record + + + align:start position:0% +stories in the scanner and we record +activity in a brain region here for + + align:start position:0% +activity in a brain region here for + + + align:start position:0% +activity in a brain region here for +example the right TPJ + + align:start position:0% +example the right TPJ + + + align:start position:0% +example the right TPJ +while you're reading those stories and + + align:start position:0% +while you're reading those stories and + + + align:start position:0% +while you're reading those stories and +so our traditional measures the measures + + align:start position:0% +so our traditional measures the measures + + + align:start position:0% +so our traditional measures the measures +that let us estimate specificity and + + align:start position:0% +that let us estimate specificity and + + + align:start position:0% +that let us estimate specificity and +selectivity and answer all the questions + + align:start position:0% +selectivity and answer all the questions + + + align:start position:0% +selectivity and answer all the questions +you guys fast me is it more for this + + align:start position:0% +you guys fast me is it more for this + + + align:start position:0% +you guys fast me is it more for this +less for that what makes it go up what + + align:start position:0% +less for that what makes it go up what + + + align:start position:0% +less for that what makes it go up what +makes it go down those measures which + + align:start position:0% +makes it go down those measures which + + + align:start position:0% +makes it go down those measures which +are called univariate measures measure + + align:start position:0% +are called univariate measures measure + + + align:start position:0% +are called univariate measures measure +the amount of activity in that region on + + align:start position:0% +the amount of activity in that region on + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of activity in that region on +average as you read a given story right + + align:start position:0% +average as you read a given story right + + + align:start position:0% +average as you read a given story right +so you get something that looks like + + align:start position:0% +so you get something that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +so you get something that looks like +this and what you show is that this + + align:start position:0% +this and what you show is that this + + + align:start position:0% +this and what you show is that this +brain region responds a certain amount + + align:start position:0% +brain region responds a certain amount + + + align:start position:0% +brain region responds a certain amount +or there's a certain amount of activity + + align:start position:0% +or there's a certain amount of activity + + + align:start position:0% +or there's a certain amount of activity +metabolism in this brain region while + + align:start position:0% +metabolism in this brain region while + + + align:start position:0% +metabolism in this brain region while +you're reading that story and so what we + + align:start position:0% +you're reading that story and so what we + + + align:start position:0% +you're reading that story and so what we +do with that is we make arguments about + + align:start position:0% +do with that is we make arguments about + + + align:start position:0% +do with that is we make arguments about +selectivity and and these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +selectivity and and these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +selectivity and and these kinds of +things that we've been talking about + + align:start position:0% +things that we've been talking about + + + align:start position:0% +things that we've been talking about +this entire time and if you did that in + + align:start position:0% +this entire time and if you did that in + + + align:start position:0% +this entire time and if you did that in +the reverse direction you say okay what + + align:start position:0% +the reverse direction you say okay what + + + align:start position:0% +the reverse direction you say okay what +can we learn about these stimuli or the + + align:start position:0% +can we learn about these stimuli or the + + + align:start position:0% +can we learn about these stimuli or the +representation of these stimuli the + + align:start position:0% +representation of these stimuli the + + + align:start position:0% +representation of these stimuli the +to stimuli from activity like this is + + align:start position:0% +to stimuli from activity like this is + + + align:start position:0% +to stimuli from activity like this is +like well okay both of them are within + + align:start position:0% +like well okay both of them are within + + + align:start position:0% +like well okay both of them are within +the set that this brain region cares + + align:start position:0% +the set that this brain region cares + + + align:start position:0% +the set that this brain region cares +about they both elicit high activity and + + align:start position:0% +about they both elicit high activity and + + + align:start position:0% +about they both elicit high activity and +so both stories involve thinking about + + align:start position:0% +so both stories involve thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +so both stories involve thinking about +thoughts and one of the things we showed + + align:start position:0% +thoughts and one of the things we showed + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts and one of the things we showed +early on is that activity generalizes in + + align:start position:0% +early on is that activity generalizes in + + + align:start position:0% +early on is that activity generalizes in +the sense that's many different stories + + align:start position:0% +the sense that's many different stories + + + align:start position:0% +the sense that's many different stories +about many different kinds of thoughts + + align:start position:0% +about many different kinds of thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +about many different kinds of thoughts +all elicit activity in this brain region + + align:start position:0% +all elicit activity in this brain region + + + align:start position:0% +all elicit activity in this brain region +and so from the amount of activity in + + align:start position:0% +and so from the amount of activity in + + + align:start position:0% +and so from the amount of activity in +this brain region you know something + + align:start position:0% +this brain region you know something + + + align:start position:0% +this brain region you know something +like that story is about thoughts okay + + align:start position:0% +like that story is about thoughts okay + + + align:start position:0% +like that story is about thoughts okay +and I told you that I think that that is + + align:start position:0% +and I told you that I think that that is + + + align:start position:0% +and I told you that I think that that is +related to this idea of involvement + + align:start position:0% +related to this idea of involvement + + + align:start position:0% +related to this idea of involvement +right this brain region is involved when + + align:start position:0% +right this brain region is involved when + + + align:start position:0% +right this brain region is involved when +a story describes thoughts okay what's + + align:start position:0% +a story describes thoughts okay what's + + + align:start position:0% +a story describes thoughts okay what's +wrong with that for making theoretical + + align:start position:0% +wrong with that for making theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +wrong with that for making theoretical +progress on theory of mind + + align:start position:0% +progress on theory of mind + + + align:start position:0% +progress on theory of mind +is that with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +is that with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +is that with respect to the +representation of other people's + + align:start position:0% +representation of other people's + + + align:start position:0% +representation of other people's +thoughts that doesn't tell us anything + + align:start position:0% +thoughts that doesn't tell us anything + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts that doesn't tell us anything +about how our brain does it right all it + + align:start position:0% +about how our brain does it right all it + + + align:start position:0% +about how our brain does it right all it +tells us is that it's so for example + + align:start position:0% +tells us is that it's so for example + + + align:start position:0% +tells us is that it's so for example +what it doesn't tell us it doesn't tell + + align:start position:0% +what it doesn't tell us it doesn't tell + + + align:start position:0% +what it doesn't tell us it doesn't tell +us how we know who thinks what it + + align:start position:0% +us how we know who thinks what it + + + align:start position:0% +us how we know who thinks what it +doesn't tell us why they think that + + align:start position:0% +doesn't tell us why they think that + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't tell us why they think that +right it doesn't tell us what the + + align:start position:0% +right it doesn't tell us what the + + + align:start position:0% +right it doesn't tell us what the +consequences were of them thinking that + + align:start position:0% +consequences were of them thinking that + + + align:start position:0% +consequences were of them thinking that +it doesn't tell us how our brains track + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't tell us how our brains track + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't tell us how our brains track +or represent any of these properties so + + align:start position:0% +or represent any of these properties so + + + align:start position:0% +or represent any of these properties so +the things that would make something a + + align:start position:0% +the things that would make something a + + + align:start position:0% +the things that would make something a +theory of mind right a representation of + + align:start position:0% +theory of mind right a representation of + + + align:start position:0% +theory of mind right a representation of +who thinks what why and with what + + align:start position:0% +who thinks what why and with what + + + align:start position:0% +who thinks what why and with what +consequences we can't see in the + + align:start position:0% +consequences we can't see in the + + + align:start position:0% +consequences we can't see in the +univariate signal and so what what I + + align:start position:0% +univariate signal and so what what I + + + align:start position:0% +univariate signal and so what what I +would like to make progress on what I + + align:start position:0% +would like to make progress on what I + + + align:start position:0% +would like to make progress on what I +think we're starting to make progress on + + align:start position:0% +think we're starting to make progress on + + + align:start position:0% +think we're starting to make progress on +using MVPA is getting beyond that this + + align:start position:0% +using MVPA is getting beyond that this + + + align:start position:0% +using MVPA is getting beyond that this +brain region is involved in theory of + + align:start position:0% +brain region is involved in theory of + + + align:start position:0% +brain region is involved in theory of +mind and trying to ask something about + + align:start position:0% +mind and trying to ask something about + + + align:start position:0% +mind and trying to ask something about +what is represented in this brain region + + align:start position:0% +what is represented in this brain region + + + align:start position:0% +what is represented in this brain region +and we're doing this using a key + + align:start position:0% +and we're doing this using a key + + + align:start position:0% +and we're doing this using a key +assumption which comes from systems + + align:start position:0% +assumption which comes from systems + + + align:start position:0% +assumption which comes from systems +neuroscience and which is that we can + + align:start position:0% +neuroscience and which is that we can + + + align:start position:0% +neuroscience and which is that we can +think of representations in terms of + + align:start position:0% +think of representations in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +think of representations in terms of +population codes of features or + + align:start position:0% +population codes of features or + + + align:start position:0% +population codes of features or +dimensions and I'm I want to say that + + align:start position:0% +dimensions and I'm I want to say that + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions and I'm I want to say that +right now because that is a old + + align:start position:0% +right now because that is a old + + + align:start position:0% +right now because that is a old +discredited theory of concepts but + + align:start position:0% +discredited theory of concepts but + + + align:start position:0% +discredited theory of concepts but +nevertheless a powerful strategy in + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless a powerful strategy in + + + align:start position:0% +nevertheless a powerful strategy in +neuroscience and including in this + + align:start position:0% +neuroscience and including in this + + + align:start position:0% +neuroscience and including in this +context this is another thing I could + + align:start position:0% +context this is another thing I could + + + align:start position:0% +context this is another thing I could +talk a greater length about but so the + + align:start position:0% +talk a greater length about but so the + + + align:start position:0% +talk a greater length about but so the +idea that we're going to look at is that + + align:start position:0% +idea that we're going to look at is that + + + align:start position:0% +idea that we're going to look at is that +populations of neurons will respond + + align:start position:0% +populations of neurons will respond + + + align:start position:0% +populations of neurons will respond +differentially to features or dimensions + + align:start position:0% +differentially to features or dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +differentially to features or dimensions +of our stimuli and that by figuring out + + align:start position:0% +of our stimuli and that by figuring out + + + align:start position:0% +of our stimuli and that by figuring out +what are + + align:start position:0% +what are + + + align:start position:0% +what are +the main features or dimensions are it's + + align:start position:0% +the main features or dimensions are it's + + + align:start position:0% +the main features or dimensions are it's +our stimuli we can infer something about + + align:start position:0% +our stimuli we can infer something about + + + align:start position:0% +our stimuli we can infer something about +the representation underlying to the + + align:start position:0% +the representation underlying to the + + + align:start position:0% +the representation underlying to the +representation that this brain region + + align:start position:0% +representation that this brain region + + + align:start position:0% +representation that this brain region +participates in and that is the + + align:start position:0% +participates in and that is the + + + align:start position:0% +participates in and that is the +representation of theory of mind and ok + + align:start position:0% +representation of theory of mind and ok + + + align:start position:0% +representation of theory of mind and ok +and I'm not gonna talk about that okay + + align:start position:0% +and I'm not gonna talk about that okay + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm not gonna talk about that okay +so what is MVP a I'll briefly say my + + align:start position:0% +so what is MVP a I'll briefly say my + + + align:start position:0% +so what is MVP a I'll briefly say my +idea + + align:start position:0% +idea + + + align:start position:0% +idea +I like how to think about MVP a so a + + align:start position:0% +I like how to think about MVP a so a + + + align:start position:0% +I like how to think about MVP a so a +traditional analysis the things that we + + align:start position:0% +traditional analysis the things that we + + + align:start position:0% +traditional analysis the things that we +were doing mostly for the first 15 years + + align:start position:0% +were doing mostly for the first 15 years + + + align:start position:0% +were doing mostly for the first 15 years +of fMRI um are called now univariate + + align:start position:0% +of fMRI um are called now univariate + + + align:start position:0% +of fMRI um are called now univariate +analysis in the sense that you would + + align:start position:0% +analysis in the sense that you would + + + align:start position:0% +analysis in the sense that you would +take a group of so a patch of cortex as + + align:start position:0% +take a group of so a patch of cortex as + + + align:start position:0% +take a group of so a patch of cortex as +represented by a bunch of pixels in the + + align:start position:0% +represented by a bunch of pixels in the + + + align:start position:0% +represented by a bunch of pixels in the +brain are called voxels a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +brain are called voxels a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +brain are called voxels a bunch of +volume elements in the brain you're + + align:start position:0% +volume elements in the brain you're + + + align:start position:0% +volume elements in the brain you're +studying and look at the average amount + + align:start position:0% +studying and look at the average amount + + + align:start position:0% +studying and look at the average amount +of response so the unit of analysis was + + align:start position:0% +of response so the unit of analysis was + + + align:start position:0% +of response so the unit of analysis was +the amount of response these experiments + + align:start position:0% +the amount of response these experiments + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of response these experiments +typically proceed in what's called now + + align:start position:0% +typically proceed in what's called now + + + align:start position:0% +typically proceed in what's called now +the forward or encoding direction so + + align:start position:0% +the forward or encoding direction so + + + align:start position:0% +the forward or encoding direction so +that is you have some hypothesis of what + + align:start position:0% +that is you have some hypothesis of what + + + align:start position:0% +that is you have some hypothesis of what +might be represented you vary it in your + + align:start position:0% +might be represented you vary it in your + + + align:start position:0% +might be represented you vary it in your +stimuli and you look at how varying that + + align:start position:0% +stimuli and you look at how varying that + + + align:start position:0% +stimuli and you look at how varying that +to mention your stimuli causes + + align:start position:0% +to mention your stimuli causes + + + align:start position:0% +to mention your stimuli causes +differences in the magnitude of the + + align:start position:0% +differences in the magnitude of the + + + align:start position:0% +differences in the magnitude of the +thing that you're measuring the what was + + align:start position:0% +thing that you're measuring the what was + + + align:start position:0% +thing that you're measuring the what was +most effectively revealed by these + + align:start position:0% +most effectively revealed by these + + + align:start position:0% +most effectively revealed by these +analyses are differences in the cortex + + align:start position:0% +analyses are differences in the cortex + + + align:start position:0% +analyses are differences in the cortex +at the scale of regions what one region + + align:start position:0% +at the scale of regions what one region + + + align:start position:0% +at the scale of regions what one region +as opposed to another region does so + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to another region does so + + + align:start position:0% +as opposed to another region does so +what the kind of large-scale structure + + align:start position:0% +what the kind of large-scale structure + + + align:start position:0% +what the kind of large-scale structure +of the cortex is on the scale maybe of a + + align:start position:0% +of the cortex is on the scale maybe of a + + + align:start position:0% +of the cortex is on the scale maybe of a +centimeter and and that turns out in + + align:start position:0% +centimeter and and that turns out in + + + align:start position:0% +centimeter and and that turns out in +many contexts especially in the back + + align:start position:0% +many contexts especially in the back + + + align:start position:0% +many contexts especially in the back +half of the brain the representation + + align:start position:0% +half of the brain the representation + + + align:start position:0% +half of the brain the representation +regions to correspond in some sense to + + align:start position:0% +regions to correspond in some sense to + + + align:start position:0% +regions to correspond in some sense to +the stimulus type what kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +the stimulus type what kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +the stimulus type what kind of thing +were you dealing with what is it that + + align:start position:0% +were you dealing with what is it that + + + align:start position:0% +were you dealing with what is it that +you're looking at or processing and this + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at or processing and this + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at or processing and this +is I think in some ways the shortest + + align:start position:0% +is I think in some ways the shortest + + + align:start position:0% +is I think in some ways the shortest +possible version of nancies you know + + align:start position:0% +possible version of nancies you know + + + align:start position:0% +possible version of nancies you know +amazing 30 year research program of + + align:start position:0% +amazing 30 year research program of + + + align:start position:0% +amazing 30 year research program of +figuring out how to parse elite cortex + + align:start position:0% +figuring out how to parse elite cortex + + + align:start position:0% +figuring out how to parse elite cortex +into chunks of about a centimeter that + + align:start position:0% +into chunks of about a centimeter that + + + align:start position:0% +into chunks of about a centimeter that +correspond to something about the type + + align:start position:0% +correspond to something about the type + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to something about the type +of stimulus that we're presenting to you + + align:start position:0% +of stimulus that we're presenting to you + + + align:start position:0% +of stimulus that we're presenting to you +okay and divided up in this forward + + align:start position:0% +okay and divided up in this forward + + + align:start position:0% +okay and divided up in this forward +direction right think of a type of + + align:start position:0% +direction right think of a type of + + + align:start position:0% +direction right think of a type of +stimulus find the brain region and where + + align:start position:0% +stimulus find the brain region and where + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus find the brain region and where +the magnitude response is selective to + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude response is selective to + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude response is selective to +that stimulus type okay MVP analyses so + + align:start position:0% +that stimulus type okay MVP analyses so + + + align:start position:0% +that stimulus type okay MVP analyses so +multi voxel pattern analysis are + + align:start position:0% +multi voxel pattern analysis are + + + align:start position:0% +multi voxel pattern analysis are +contrasted to this in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +contrasted to this in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +contrasted to this in the sense that +they tend to be multivariate so that is + + align:start position:0% +they tend to be multivariate so that is + + + align:start position:0% +they tend to be multivariate so that is +you're looking at not how much on + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at not how much on + + + align:start position:0% +you're looking at not how much on +average a group of voxels respond but + + align:start position:0% +average a group of voxels respond but + + + align:start position:0% +average a group of voxels respond but +the relative response + + align:start position:0% +the relative response + + + align:start position:0% +the relative response +between one box alone another from trial + + align:start position:0% +between one box alone another from trial + + + align:start position:0% +between one box alone another from trial +to trial and so which of two voxels is + + align:start position:0% +to trial and so which of two voxels is + + + align:start position:0% +to trial and so which of two voxels is +higher or lower than the other rather + + align:start position:0% +higher or lower than the other rather + + + align:start position:0% +higher or lower than the other rather +than what their overall amount of + + align:start position:0% +than what their overall amount of + + + align:start position:0% +than what their overall amount of +activity is and it has mostly though not + + align:start position:0% +activity is and it has mostly though not + + + align:start position:0% +activity is and it has mostly though not +always been used in the reverse or + + align:start position:0% +always been used in the reverse or + + + align:start position:0% +always been used in the reverse or +decoding direction so the answer at the + + align:start position:0% +decoding direction so the answer at the + + + align:start position:0% +decoding direction so the answer at the +end is given that I got this pattern can + + align:start position:0% +end is given that I got this pattern can + + + align:start position:0% +end is given that I got this pattern can +I tell what can I figure out about the + + align:start position:0% +I tell what can I figure out about the + + + align:start position:0% +I tell what can I figure out about the +stimulus right so that's the way many of + + align:start position:0% +stimulus right so that's the way many of + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus right so that's the way many of +these analyses proceed you asked having + + align:start position:0% +these analyses proceed you asked having + + + align:start position:0% +these analyses proceed you asked having +done all of this now I get a new pattern + + align:start position:0% +done all of this now I get a new pattern + + + align:start position:0% +done all of this now I get a new pattern +of activity what can I do about the + + align:start position:0% +of activity what can I do about the + + + align:start position:0% +of activity what can I do about the +stimulus from the new pattern of neural + + align:start position:0% +stimulus from the new pattern of neural + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus from the new pattern of neural +activity and to me these analyses are + + align:start position:0% +activity and to me these analyses are + + + align:start position:0% +activity and to me these analyses are +most interesting when they're looking + + align:start position:0% +most interesting when they're looking + + + align:start position:0% +most interesting when they're looking +for things smaller than a region this is + + align:start position:0% +for things smaller than a region this is + + + align:start position:0% +for things smaller than a region this is +again another interesting long + + align:start position:0% +again another interesting long + + + align:start position:0% +again another interesting long +conversation that I would have got to at + + align:start position:0% +conversation that I would have got to at + + + align:start position:0% +conversation that I would have got to at +the end all the techniques that the + + align:start position:0% +the end all the techniques that the + + + align:start position:0% +the end all the techniques that the +mathematical techniques of MVPA could be + + align:start position:0% +mathematical techniques of MVPA could be + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical techniques of MVPA could be +used to rediscover all the things Nancy + + align:start position:0% +used to rediscover all the things Nancy + + + align:start position:0% +used to rediscover all the things Nancy +already discovered using the traditional + + align:start position:0% +already discovered using the traditional + + + align:start position:0% +already discovered using the traditional +analyses and in fact if you use them on + + align:start position:0% +analyses and in fact if you use them on + + + align:start position:0% +analyses and in fact if you use them on +carefully that's what you're most likely + + align:start position:0% +carefully that's what you're most likely + + + align:start position:0% +carefully that's what you're most likely +to do because those are huge signals in + + align:start position:0% +to do because those are huge signals in + + + align:start position:0% +to do because those are huge signals in +the brain and so if you're not careful + + align:start position:0% +the brain and so if you're not careful + + + align:start position:0% +the brain and so if you're not careful +what you will do is just rego over old + + align:start position:0% +what you will do is just rego over old + + + align:start position:0% +what you will do is just rego over old +territory with new maths and I am more + + align:start position:0% +territory with new maths and I am more + + + align:start position:0% +territory with new maths and I am more +interested in these techniques when they + + align:start position:0% +interested in these techniques when they + + + align:start position:0% +interested in these techniques when they +let us see things we could never see + + align:start position:0% +let us see things we could never see + + + align:start position:0% +let us see things we could never see +before so when instead of telling us + + align:start position:0% +before so when instead of telling us + + + align:start position:0% +before so when instead of telling us +about region level differences or + + align:start position:0% +about region level differences or + + + align:start position:0% +about region level differences or +centimetres scale differences they're + + align:start position:0% +centimetres scale differences they're + + + align:start position:0% +centimetres scale differences they're +telling us about much smaller more + + align:start position:0% +telling us about much smaller more + + + align:start position:0% +telling us about much smaller more +interleaved populations on the spatial + + align:start position:0% +interleaved populations on the spatial + + + align:start position:0% +interleaved populations on the spatial +and representational scales and and when + + align:start position:0% +and representational scales and and when + + + align:start position:0% +and representational scales and and when +what they're revealing are not the type + + align:start position:0% +what they're revealing are not the type + + + align:start position:0% +what they're revealing are not the type +classifications of stimulates are the + + align:start position:0% +classifications of stimulates are the + + + align:start position:0% +classifications of stimulates are the +things that decide whether this region + + align:start position:0% +things that decide whether this region + + + align:start position:0% +things that decide whether this region +or that region will be more activated + + align:start position:0% +or that region will be more activated + + + align:start position:0% +or that region will be more activated +but for a given type of stimuli what are + + align:start position:0% +but for a given type of stimuli what are + + + align:start position:0% +but for a given type of stimuli what are +the key dimensions of representation and + + align:start position:0% +the key dimensions of representation and + + + align:start position:0% +the key dimensions of representation and +so what the reason why I think MVP is + + align:start position:0% +so what the reason why I think MVP is + + + align:start position:0% +so what the reason why I think MVP is +giving a new life to fMRI is because + + align:start position:0% +giving a new life to fMRI is because + + + align:start position:0% +giving a new life to fMRI is because +many of the most interesting questions + + align:start position:0% +many of the most interesting questions + + + align:start position:0% +many of the most interesting questions +about cognition and cognitive science + + align:start position:0% +about cognition and cognitive science + + + align:start position:0% +about cognition and cognitive science +that we wanted to answer and that fMRI + + align:start position:0% +that we wanted to answer and that fMRI + + + align:start position:0% +that we wanted to answer and that fMRI +never let us answer we're about within + + align:start position:0% +never let us answer we're about within + + + align:start position:0% +never let us answer we're about within +type feet width so within stimulus type + + align:start position:0% +type feet width so within stimulus type + + + align:start position:0% +type feet width so within stimulus type +features or dimensions right what makes + + align:start position:0% +features or dimensions right what makes + + + align:start position:0% +features or dimensions right what makes +this face look like person a versus + + align:start position:0% +this face look like person a versus + + + align:start position:0% +this face look like person a versus +person B right what makes this thought + + align:start position:0% +person B right what makes this thought + + + align:start position:0% +person B right what makes this thought +predict moral blame versus not blame but + + align:start position:0% +predict moral blame versus not blame but + + + align:start position:0% +predict moral blame versus not blame but +so within type just dimensions of + + align:start position:0% +so within type just dimensions of + + + align:start position:0% +so within type just dimensions of +importance and MVP I think is letting us + + align:start position:0% +importance and MVP I think is letting us + + + align:start position:0% +importance and MVP I think is letting us +do that in its most + + align:start position:0% +do that in its most + + + align:start position:0% +do that in its most +interesting applications the intuition + + align:start position:0% +interesting applications the intuition + + + align:start position:0% +interesting applications the intuition +here is that think about a region like + + align:start position:0% +here is that think about a region like + + + align:start position:0% +here is that think about a region like +the right TPJ or the face area if you + + align:start position:0% +the right TPJ or the face area if you + + + align:start position:0% +the right TPJ or the face area if you +think about faces um or v1 is often + + align:start position:0% +think about faces um or v1 is often + + + align:start position:0% +think about faces um or v1 is often +where I start because we know enough + + align:start position:0% +where I start because we know enough + + + align:start position:0% +where I start because we know enough +about v1 that I can use it to imagine + + align:start position:0% +about v1 that I can use it to imagine + + + align:start position:0% +about v1 that I can use it to imagine +what we're talking about so you can + + align:start position:0% +what we're talking about so you can + + + align:start position:0% +what we're talking about so you can +think about that whole area and you + + align:start position:0% +think about that whole area and you + + + align:start position:0% +think about that whole area and you +think what can we learn about what it + + align:start position:0% +think what can we learn about what it + + + align:start position:0% +think what can we learn about what it +does so let's talk about v1 right + + align:start position:0% +does so let's talk about v1 right + + + align:start position:0% +does so let's talk about v1 right +because does everybody here have some + + align:start position:0% +because does everybody here have some + + + align:start position:0% +because does everybody here have some +sense of v1 everyone's had kind of a + + align:start position:0% +sense of v1 everyone's had kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +sense of v1 everyone's had kind of a +first introductory neuroscience class + + align:start position:0% +first introductory neuroscience class + + + align:start position:0% +first introductory neuroscience class +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so v1 is called v1 because information + + align:start position:0% +so v1 is called v1 because information + + + align:start position:0% +so v1 is called v1 because information +goes from your eyes to the LGN of your + + align:start position:0% +goes from your eyes to the LGN of your + + + align:start position:0% +goes from your eyes to the LGN of your +thalamus to v1 right it's the first + + align:start position:0% +thalamus to v1 right it's the first + + + align:start position:0% +thalamus to v1 right it's the first +cortical stop of visual information and + + align:start position:0% +cortical stop of visual information and + + + align:start position:0% +cortical stop of visual information and +and one way that we know that it's very + + align:start position:0% +and one way that we know that it's very + + + align:start position:0% +and one way that we know that it's very +involved in vision is that if you are + + align:start position:0% +involved in vision is that if you are + + + align:start position:0% +involved in vision is that if you are +doing visions if you're seeing visual + + align:start position:0% +doing visions if you're seeing visual + + + align:start position:0% +doing visions if you're seeing visual +stimuli you get a big response in v1 if + + align:start position:0% +stimuli you get a big response in v1 if + + + align:start position:0% +stimuli you get a big response in v1 if +you're not seeing visual stimuli like + + align:start position:0% +you're not seeing visual stimuli like + + + align:start position:0% +you're not seeing visual stimuli like +you're securing auditory stimuli are + + align:start position:0% +you're securing auditory stimuli are + + + align:start position:0% +you're securing auditory stimuli are +feeling tactile stimuli you don't get a + + align:start position:0% +feeling tactile stimuli you don't get a + + + align:start position:0% +feeling tactile stimuli you don't get a +big response would be ones that's a + + align:start position:0% +big response would be ones that's a + + + align:start position:0% +big response would be ones that's a +selectivity type measure but a + + align:start position:0% +selectivity type measure but a + + + align:start position:0% +selectivity type measure but a +univariate measure for the amount of + + align:start position:0% +univariate measure for the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +univariate measure for the amount of +activity in v1 tells a v1 is in some way + + align:start position:0% +activity in v1 tells a v1 is in some way + + + align:start position:0% +activity in v1 tells a v1 is in some way +involved in vision relative to addition + + align:start position:0% +involved in vision relative to addition + + + align:start position:0% +involved in vision relative to addition +or somatic sensation okay and but that + + align:start position:0% +or somatic sensation okay and but that + + + align:start position:0% +or somatic sensation okay and but that +misses pretty much all the interesting + + align:start position:0% +misses pretty much all the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +misses pretty much all the interesting +contributions that visual cortex makes + + align:start position:0% +contributions that visual cortex makes + + + align:start position:0% +contributions that visual cortex makes +division right well we want to know + + align:start position:0% +division right well we want to know + + + align:start position:0% +division right well we want to know +about v1 is not that it is involved when + + align:start position:0% +about v1 is not that it is involved when + + + align:start position:0% +about v1 is not that it is involved when +you are doing vision and not involved + + align:start position:0% +you are doing vision and not involved + + + align:start position:0% +you are doing vision and not involved +when you were not doing vision we want + + align:start position:0% +when you were not doing vision we want + + + align:start position:0% +when you were not doing vision we want +to know what transformations over the + + align:start position:0% +to know what transformations over the + + + align:start position:0% +to know what transformations over the +information coming from lgn is v1 + + align:start position:0% +information coming from lgn is v1 + + + align:start position:0% +information coming from lgn is v1 +implementing right what computations and + + align:start position:0% +implementing right what computations and + + + align:start position:0% +implementing right what computations and +transformation is what representations + + align:start position:0% +transformation is what representations + + + align:start position:0% +transformation is what representations +and that's why theories like Mars theory + + align:start position:0% +and that's why theories like Mars theory + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why theories like Mars theory +which say and you know that it's edge + + align:start position:0% +which say and you know that it's edge + + + align:start position:0% +which say and you know that it's edge +detection right or that they are that + + align:start position:0% +detection right or that they are that + + + align:start position:0% +detection right or that they are that +there are receptive fields that it + + align:start position:0% +there are receptive fields that it + + + align:start position:0% +there are receptive fields that it +depends on the contrast the position and + + align:start position:0% +depends on the contrast the position and + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the contrast the position and +the orientation of the information and + + align:start position:0% +the orientation of the information and + + + align:start position:0% +the orientation of the information and +the in the field that counts as an + + align:start position:0% +the in the field that counts as an + + + align:start position:0% +the in the field that counts as an +account of the representation that V + + align:start position:0% +account of the representation that V + + + align:start position:0% +account of the representation that V +widen forms of the image in the first + + align:start position:0% +widen forms of the image in the first + + + align:start position:0% +widen forms of the image in the first +bottom-up sweep in a way that's saying + + align:start position:0% +bottom-up sweep in a way that's saying + + + align:start position:0% +bottom-up sweep in a way that's saying +it's involved in vision doesn't even + + align:start position:0% +it's involved in vision doesn't even + + + align:start position:0% +it's involved in vision doesn't even +begin to count okay so the question is + + align:start position:0% +begin to count okay so the question is + + + align:start position:0% +begin to count okay so the question is +if we were gonna look at v1 could we + + align:start position:0% +if we were gonna look at v1 could we + + + align:start position:0% +if we were gonna look at v1 could we +discover from fMRI that v1 for example + + align:start position:0% +discover from fMRI that v1 for example + + + align:start position:0% +discover from fMRI that v1 for example +has an orientation map right that + + align:start position:0% +has an orientation map right that + + + align:start position:0% +has an orientation map right that +neurons in Gy and have an orientation + + align:start position:0% +neurons in Gy and have an orientation + + + align:start position:0% +neurons in Gy and have an orientation +preference that's a key feature of + + align:start position:0% +preference that's a key feature of + + + align:start position:0% +preference that's a key feature of +neurons if v1 is a key feature of the + + align:start position:0% +neurons if v1 is a key feature of the + + + align:start position:0% +neurons if v1 is a key feature of the +computation view one does different from + + align:start position:0% +computation view one does different from + + + align:start position:0% +computation view one does different from +the LJN on the retina is the orientation + + align:start position:0% +the LJN on the retina is the orientation + + + align:start position:0% +the LJN on the retina is the orientation +map right + + align:start position:0% +map right + + + align:start position:0% +map right +reference for the orientation of a + + align:start position:0% +reference for the orientation of a + + + align:start position:0% +reference for the orientation of a +contrast and edge I'm and the answer in + + align:start position:0% +contrast and edge I'm and the answer in + + + align:start position:0% +contrast and edge I'm and the answer in +standard analyses is no you can't write + + align:start position:0% +standard analyses is no you can't write + + + align:start position:0% +standard analyses is no you can't write +because v1 as a whole will activate two + + align:start position:0% +because v1 as a whole will activate two + + + align:start position:0% +because v1 as a whole will activate two +big images regardless of the orientation + + align:start position:0% +big images regardless of the orientation + + + align:start position:0% +big images regardless of the orientation +of the content of the image so you need + + align:start position:0% +of the content of the image so you need + + + align:start position:0% +of the content of the image so you need +to be able to get to something more + + align:start position:0% +to be able to get to something more + + + align:start position:0% +to be able to get to something more +fine-grained than v1 you need to be able + + align:start position:0% +fine-grained than v1 you need to be able + + + align:start position:0% +fine-grained than v1 you need to be able +to say there are different + + align:start position:0% +to say there are different + + + align:start position:0% +to say there are different +subpopulations of neurons inside v1 some + + align:start position:0% +subpopulations of neurons inside v1 some + + + align:start position:0% +subpopulations of neurons inside v1 some +of which will be responding when in line + + align:start position:0% +of which will be responding when in line + + + align:start position:0% +of which will be responding when in line +is like this and some of which will be + + align:start position:0% +is like this and some of which will be + + + align:start position:0% +is like this and some of which will be +responding when a line is like that and + + align:start position:0% +responding when a line is like that and + + + align:start position:0% +responding when a line is like that and +that's the decoding perspective that + + align:start position:0% +that's the decoding perspective that + + + align:start position:0% +that's the decoding perspective that +says if we wanted to look at v1 and know + + align:start position:0% +says if we wanted to look at v1 and know + + + align:start position:0% +says if we wanted to look at v1 and know +is the line like this or like that + + align:start position:0% +is the line like this or like that + + + align:start position:0% +is the line like this or like that +the way we would tell is not how much + + align:start position:0% +the way we would tell is not how much + + + align:start position:0% +the way we would tell is not how much +activity there is in v1 but is there a + + align:start position:0% +activity there is in v1 but is there a + + + align:start position:0% +activity there is in v1 but is there a +relatively more activity in the + + align:start position:0% +relatively more activity in the + + + align:start position:0% +relatively more activity in the +population of neurons that responds like + + align:start position:0% +population of neurons that responds like + + + align:start position:0% +population of neurons that responds like +this or in the sub population of neurons + + align:start position:0% +this or in the sub population of neurons + + + align:start position:0% +this or in the sub population of neurons +that responds like that and it's the + + align:start position:0% +that responds like that and it's the + + + align:start position:0% +that responds like that and it's the +relative activity in those two + + align:start position:0% +relative activity in those two + + + align:start position:0% +relative activity in those two +populations that would let you say is + + align:start position:0% +populations that would let you say is + + + align:start position:0% +populations that would let you say is +the line like this or is it like that + + align:start position:0% +the line like this or is it like that + + + align:start position:0% +the line like this or is it like that +so that's population coding or + + align:start position:0% +so that's population coding or + + + align:start position:0% +so that's population coding or +population decoding and then you take + + align:start position:0% +population decoding and then you take + + + align:start position:0% +population decoding and then you take +that to the fMRI level so you now you + + align:start position:0% +that to the fMRI level so you now you + + + align:start position:0% +that to the fMRI level so you now you +want to say well can we tell which of + + align:start position:0% +want to say well can we tell which of + + + align:start position:0% +want to say well can we tell which of +those two subpopulations is more active + + align:start position:0% +those two subpopulations is more active + + + align:start position:0% +those two subpopulations is more active +in fMRI now if you couldn't measure the + + align:start position:0% +in fMRI now if you couldn't measure the + + + align:start position:0% +in fMRI now if you couldn't measure the +individual neurons so if you know these + + align:start position:0% +individual neurons so if you know these + + + align:start position:0% +individual neurons so if you know these +neurons prefer this and these neurons + + align:start position:0% +neurons prefer this and these neurons + + + align:start position:0% +neurons prefer this and these neurons +prefer that and then I measure your + + align:start position:0% +prefer that and then I measure your + + + align:start position:0% +prefer that and then I measure your +firing patterns then decoding from the + + align:start position:0% +firing patterns then decoding from the + + + align:start position:0% +firing patterns then decoding from the +population is simple what makes it + + align:start position:0% +population is simple what makes it + + + align:start position:0% +population is simple what makes it +really hard in fMRI is that the unit of + + align:start position:0% +really hard in fMRI is that the unit of + + + align:start position:0% +really hard in fMRI is that the unit of +measurement right is the blood + + align:start position:0% +measurement right is the blood + + + align:start position:0% +measurement right is the blood +oxygenation in a hundred thousand + + align:start position:0% +oxygenation in a hundred thousand + + + align:start position:0% +oxygenation in a hundred thousand +neurons two hundred thousand neurons + + align:start position:0% +neurons two hundred thousand neurons + + + align:start position:0% +neurons two hundred thousand neurons +maybe five hundred thousand dollars and + + align:start position:0% +maybe five hundred thousand dollars and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe five hundred thousand dollars and +so it seems potentially really unlikely + + align:start position:0% +so it seems potentially really unlikely + + + align:start position:0% +so it seems potentially really unlikely +that you would be able to tell from the + + align:start position:0% +that you would be able to tell from the + + + align:start position:0% +that you would be able to tell from the +fMRI signal whether the neurons that + + align:start position:0% +fMRI signal whether the neurons that + + + align:start position:0% +fMRI signal whether the neurons that +prefer bars like this or bars like this + + align:start position:0% +prefer bars like this or bars like this + + + align:start position:0% +prefer bars like this or bars like this +are more active because they're all + + align:start position:0% +are more active because they're all + + + align:start position:0% +are more active because they're all +intermixed inside a single measurement + + align:start position:0% +intermixed inside a single measurement + + + align:start position:0% +intermixed inside a single measurement +in FM Ryan okay and so it's not stupid + + align:start position:0% +in FM Ryan okay and so it's not stupid + + + align:start position:0% +in FM Ryan okay and so it's not stupid +that we used to focus on things like how + + align:start position:0% +that we used to focus on things like how + + + align:start position:0% +that we used to focus on things like how +much activity the reason we used to + + align:start position:0% +much activity the reason we used to + + + align:start position:0% +much activity the reason we used to +focus on how much activity was fMRI is + + align:start position:0% +focus on how much activity was fMRI is + + + align:start position:0% +focus on how much activity was fMRI is +but it was quite plausible that that's + + align:start position:0% +but it was quite plausible that that's + + + align:start position:0% +but it was quite plausible that that's +all fMRI could tell us the neural + + align:start position:0% +all fMRI could tell us the neural + + + align:start position:0% +all fMRI could tell us the neural +populations like orientation preferring + + align:start position:0% +populations like orientation preferring + + + align:start position:0% +populations like orientation preferring +neurons and v1 were two spatially mixed + + align:start position:0% +neurons and v1 were two spatially mixed + + + align:start position:0% +neurons and v1 were two spatially mixed +it to tell the difference between them + + align:start position:0% +it to tell the difference between them + + + align:start position:0% +it to tell the difference between them +in fMRI and so what we were gonna get + + align:start position:0% +in fMRI and so what we were gonna get + + + align:start position:0% +in fMRI and so what we were gonna get +was just how much activity in the + + align:start position:0% +was just how much activity in the + + + align:start position:0% +was just how much activity in the +population as a whole so the traditional + + align:start position:0% +population as a whole so the traditional + + + align:start position:0% +population as a whole so the traditional +way of thinking about what you + + align:start position:0% +way of thinking about what you + + + align:start position:0% +way of thinking about what you +out of Ephrem rise yes you would see + + align:start position:0% +out of Ephrem rise yes you would see + + + align:start position:0% +out of Ephrem rise yes you would see +differences across voxels so these fine + + align:start position:0% +differences across voxels so these fine + + + align:start position:0% +differences across voxels so these fine +spatial patterns but there's so many + + align:start position:0% +spatial patterns but there's so many + + + align:start position:0% +spatial patterns but there's so many +things that could cause find spatial + + align:start position:0% +things that could cause find spatial + + + align:start position:0% +things that could cause find spatial +patterns that we don't care about noise + + align:start position:0% +patterns that we don't care about noise + + + align:start position:0% +patterns that we don't care about noise +for a start + + align:start position:0% +for a start + + + align:start position:0% +for a start +where the blood vessels happen to be is + + align:start position:0% +where the blood vessels happen to be is + + + align:start position:0% +where the blood vessels happen to be is +another thing and so people assumed I + + align:start position:0% +another thing and so people assumed I + + + align:start position:0% +another thing and so people assumed I +think very reasonably that because fMRI + + align:start position:0% +think very reasonably that because fMRI + + + align:start position:0% +think very reasonably that because fMRI +is such a coarse spatial measure that + + align:start position:0% +is such a coarse spatial measure that + + + align:start position:0% +is such a coarse spatial measure that +the only thing that could tell you was + + align:start position:0% +the only thing that could tell you was + + + align:start position:0% +the only thing that could tell you was +the average over the hundred millions of + + align:start position:0% +the average over the hundred millions of + + + align:start position:0% +the average over the hundred millions of +neurons that make up a region and the + + align:start position:0% +neurons that make up a region and the + + + align:start position:0% +neurons that make up a region and the +key intuition underlying MVPA is that + + align:start position:0% +key intuition underlying MVPA is that + + + align:start position:0% +key intuition underlying MVPA is that +there might still be in sight so there's + + align:start position:0% +there might still be in sight so there's + + + align:start position:0% +there might still be in sight so there's +the big signal which is the regional + + align:start position:0% +the big signal which is the regional + + + align:start position:0% +the big signal which is the regional +signal right v1 and vision and there's + + align:start position:0% +signal right v1 and vision and there's + + + align:start position:0% +signal right v1 and vision and there's +lots of noise but there might also be + + align:start position:0% +lots of noise but there might also be + + + align:start position:0% +lots of noise but there might also be +inside there a tiny bit of spatial + + align:start position:0% +inside there a tiny bit of spatial + + + align:start position:0% +inside there a tiny bit of spatial +pattern that says something like well + + align:start position:0% +pattern that says something like well + + + align:start position:0% +pattern that says something like well +this voxel happens to have more neurons + + align:start position:0% +this voxel happens to have more neurons + + + align:start position:0% +this voxel happens to have more neurons +that prefer one orientation and this + + align:start position:0% +that prefer one orientation and this + + + align:start position:0% +that prefer one orientation and this +voxel happens to have more neurons that + + align:start position:0% +voxel happens to have more neurons that + + + align:start position:0% +voxel happens to have more neurons that +prefer a different orientation and so + + align:start position:0% +prefer a different orientation and so + + + align:start position:0% +prefer a different orientation and so +from the relative activity in those two + + align:start position:0% +from the relative activity in those two + + + align:start position:0% +from the relative activity in those two +voxels we could still tell you the + + align:start position:0% +voxels we could still tell you the + + + align:start position:0% +voxels we could still tell you the +orientation even though that would be a + + align:start position:0% +orientation even though that would be a + + + align:start position:0% +orientation even though that would be a +tiny subtle little signal + + align:start position:0% +tiny subtle little signal + + + align:start position:0% +tiny subtle little signal +superimposed on top of this massive + + align:start position:0% +superimposed on top of this massive + + + align:start position:0% +superimposed on top of this massive +signal which is the average of us that + + align:start position:0% +signal which is the average of us that + + + align:start position:0% +signal which is the average of us that +was the intuition behind multi voxel + + align:start position:0% +was the intuition behind multi voxel + + + align:start position:0% +was the intuition behind multi voxel +pattern analysis when it was first + + align:start position:0% +pattern analysis when it was first + + + align:start position:0% +pattern analysis when it was first +proposed and and it's now sweeping the + + align:start position:0% +proposed and and it's now sweeping the + + + align:start position:0% +proposed and and it's now sweeping the +fMRI world many different versions of + + align:start position:0% +fMRI world many different versions of + + + align:start position:0% +fMRI world many different versions of +these analyses and so actually what I'm + + align:start position:0% +these analyses and so actually what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +these analyses and so actually what I'm +gonna do again to give you a more + + align:start position:0% +gonna do again to give you a more + + + align:start position:0% +gonna do again to give you a more +concrete sense of what this is and how + + align:start position:0% +concrete sense of what this is and how + + + align:start position:0% +concrete sense of what this is and how +it works is I'm just gonna show you two + + align:start position:0% +it works is I'm just gonna show you two + + + align:start position:0% +it works is I'm just gonna show you two +different ways MVP is done concretely in + + align:start position:0% +different ways MVP is done concretely in + + + align:start position:0% +different ways MVP is done concretely in +my lab to try to get you more of a sense + + align:start position:0% +my lab to try to get you more of a sense + + + align:start position:0% +my lab to try to get you more of a sense +of what's going on and then we can come + + align:start position:0% +of what's going on and then we can come + + + align:start position:0% +of what's going on and then we can come +back to these more general issues of + + align:start position:0% +back to these more general issues of + + + align:start position:0% +back to these more general issues of +what it's measuring and what that means + + align:start position:0% +what it's measuring and what that means + + + align:start position:0% +what it's measuring and what that means +okay so here's what it looks like when + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's what it looks like when + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's what it looks like when +we do MVP a again if it helps think + + align:start position:0% +we do MVP a again if it helps think + + + align:start position:0% +we do MVP a again if it helps think +about the analogy from vision we've gone + + align:start position:0% +about the analogy from vision we've gone + + + align:start position:0% +about the analogy from vision we've gone +from saying is this vision or addition + + align:start position:0% +from saying is this vision or addition + + + align:start position:0% +from saying is this vision or addition +to trying to say which orientation is it + + align:start position:0% +to trying to say which orientation is it + + + align:start position:0% +to trying to say which orientation is it +so we're moving from saying is this + + align:start position:0% +so we're moving from saying is this + + + align:start position:0% +so we're moving from saying is this +theory of mind or not to trying to say + + align:start position:0% +theory of mind or not to trying to say + + + align:start position:0% +theory of mind or not to trying to say +anything interesting about the space + + align:start position:0% +anything interesting about the space + + + align:start position:0% +anything interesting about the space +within theory of mind some dimension + + align:start position:0% +within theory of mind some dimension + + + align:start position:0% +within theory of mind some dimension +that might matter within theory of mind + + align:start position:0% +that might matter within theory of mind + + + align:start position:0% +that might matter within theory of mind +and the first dimension or potential + + align:start position:0% +and the first dimension or potential + + + align:start position:0% +and the first dimension or potential +feature that we went to look for and we + + align:start position:0% +feature that we went to look for and we + + + align:start position:0% +feature that we went to look for and we +chose because it really matters to human + + align:start position:0% +chose because it really matters to human + + + align:start position:0% +chose because it really matters to human +judgments and it's the one that you guys + + align:start position:0% +judgments and it's the one that you guys + + + align:start position:0% +judgments and it's the one that you guys +did in the very beginning of my talk + + align:start position:0% +did in the very beginning of my talk + + + align:start position:0% +did in the very beginning of my talk +telling the difference between somebody + + align:start position:0% +telling the difference between somebody + + + align:start position:0% +telling the difference between somebody +who knowingly or + + align:start position:0% +who knowingly or + + + align:start position:0% +who knowingly or +knowingly commits murder is that that as + + align:start position:0% +knowingly commits murder is that that as + + + align:start position:0% +knowingly commits murder is that that as +you saw makes a huge huge difference in + + align:start position:0% +you saw makes a huge huge difference in + + + align:start position:0% +you saw makes a huge huge difference in +behavior and also we know it's + + align:start position:0% +behavior and also we know it's + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and also we know it's +represented in the right TPJ because of + + align:start position:0% +represented in the right TPJ because of + + + align:start position:0% +represented in the right TPJ because of +the TMS experiment right if we mess up + + align:start position:0% +the TMS experiment right if we mess up + + + align:start position:0% +the TMS experiment right if we mess up +the signaling in the TPJ we change that + + align:start position:0% +the signaling in the TPJ we change that + + + align:start position:0% +the signaling in the TPJ we change that +judgment and so that was our best guess + + align:start position:0% +judgment and so that was our best guess + + + align:start position:0% +judgment and so that was our best guess +that if any feature of other people's + + align:start position:0% +that if any feature of other people's + + + align:start position:0% +that if any feature of other people's +mental states is represented in the + + align:start position:0% +mental states is represented in the + + + align:start position:0% +mental states is represented in the +right TPJ it would be that feature so if + + align:start position:0% +right TPJ it would be that feature so if + + + align:start position:0% +right TPJ it would be that feature so if +MVPA was ever gonna be able to decode a + + align:start position:0% +MVPA was ever gonna be able to decode a + + + align:start position:0% +MVPA was ever gonna be able to decode a +feature of other people's mental states + + align:start position:0% +feature of other people's mental states + + + align:start position:0% +feature of other people's mental states +we should start there that was the idea + + align:start position:0% +we should start there that was the idea + + + align:start position:0% +we should start there that was the idea +okay so here's how these experiments go + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's how these experiments go + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's how these experiments go +in every and every trial you read a long + + align:start position:0% +in every and every trial you read a long + + + align:start position:0% +in every and every trial you read a long +complicated story that sets up a murder + + align:start position:0% +complicated story that sets up a murder + + + align:start position:0% +complicated story that sets up a murder +okay so here's an example your families + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's an example your families + + + align:start position:0% +okay so here's an example your families +over for dinner you want to show off + + align:start position:0% +over for dinner you want to show off + + + align:start position:0% +over for dinner you want to show off +your culinary skills for one of the + + align:start position:0% +your culinary skills for one of the + + + align:start position:0% +your culinary skills for one of the +dishes adding peanuts will bring out the + + align:start position:0% +dishes adding peanuts will bring out the + + + align:start position:0% +dishes adding peanuts will bring out the +flavor so you grind up peanuts and put + + align:start position:0% +flavor so you grind up peanuts and put + + + align:start position:0% +flavor so you grind up peanuts and put +them in the dish and feed everyone + + align:start position:0% +them in the dish and feed everyone + + + align:start position:0% +them in the dish and feed everyone +your cousin one of the dinner guests is + + align:start position:0% +your cousin one of the dinner guests is + + + align:start position:0% +your cousin one of the dinner guests is +severely allergic to peanuts you had + + align:start position:0% +severely allergic to peanuts you had + + + align:start position:0% +severely allergic to peanuts you had +absolutely no idea about his allergy + + align:start position:0% +absolutely no idea about his allergy + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely no idea about his allergy +when you added the peanuts and then at + + align:start position:0% +when you added the peanuts and then at + + + align:start position:0% +when you added the peanuts and then at +the end we ask how much blame we should + + align:start position:0% +the end we ask how much blame we should + + + align:start position:0% +the end we ask how much blame we should +get and somebody asked me this earlier + + align:start position:0% +get and somebody asked me this earlier + + + align:start position:0% +get and somebody asked me this earlier +this is in the second person and doesn't + + align:start position:0% +this is in the second person and doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +this is in the second person and doesn't +matter somebody asked me about could you + + align:start position:0% +matter somebody asked me about could you + + + align:start position:0% +matter somebody asked me about could you +do it in a second person then you can + + align:start position:0% +do it in a second person then you can + + + align:start position:0% +do it in a second person then you can +okay what's nice about this experiment + + align:start position:0% +okay what's nice about this experiment + + + align:start position:0% +okay what's nice about this experiment +is that we can do a relatively minimal + + align:start position:0% +is that we can do a relatively minimal + + + align:start position:0% +is that we can do a relatively minimal +pair so in all of our old experiments we + + align:start position:0% +pair so in all of our old experiments we + + + align:start position:0% +pair so in all of our old experiments we +wrote one set of stories about people's + + align:start position:0% +wrote one set of stories about people's + + + align:start position:0% +wrote one set of stories about people's +mental states and a completely different + + align:start position:0% +mental states and a completely different + + + align:start position:0% +mental states and a completely different +set of stories about other things and + + align:start position:0% +set of stories about other things and + + + align:start position:0% +set of stories about other things and +those stories are different in many many + + align:start position:0% +those stories are different in many many + + + align:start position:0% +those stories are different in many many +many ways in this experiment we make one + + align:start position:0% +many ways in this experiment we make one + + + align:start position:0% +many ways in this experiment we make one +tiny change right so we make for example + + align:start position:0% +tiny change right so we make for example + + + align:start position:0% +tiny change right so we make for example +a change from you had no idea to you + + align:start position:0% +a change from you had no idea to you + + + align:start position:0% +a change from you had no idea to you +knew we change on average two to four + + align:start position:0% +knew we change on average two to four + + + align:start position:0% +knew we change on average two to four +words in this whole long scenario right + + align:start position:0% +words in this whole long scenario right + + + align:start position:0% +words in this whole long scenario right +so we can make these tiny interventions + + align:start position:0% +so we can make these tiny interventions + + + align:start position:0% +so we can make these tiny interventions +on the it's a complicated stimulus but + + align:start position:0% +on the it's a complicated stimulus but + + + align:start position:0% +on the it's a complicated stimulus but +the change you make is very small and + + align:start position:0% +the change you make is very small and + + + align:start position:0% +the change you make is very small and +totally change the meaning of the whole + + align:start position:0% +totally change the meaning of the whole + + + align:start position:0% +totally change the meaning of the whole +story right by just changing your mental + + align:start position:0% +story right by just changing your mental + + + align:start position:0% +story right by just changing your mental +states okay what univariate analyses + + align:start position:0% +states okay what univariate analyses + + + align:start position:0% +states okay what univariate analyses +would say is okay this is a really + + align:start position:0% +would say is okay this is a really + + + align:start position:0% +would say is okay this is a really +important fact whether you knew or you + + align:start position:0% +important fact whether you knew or you + + + align:start position:0% +important fact whether you knew or you +didn't know about your peasants peanut + + align:start position:0% +didn't know about your peasants peanut + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know about your peasants peanut +allergy is really important to the moral + + align:start position:0% +allergy is really important to the moral + + + align:start position:0% +allergy is really important to the moral +judgment of what happened we know that + + align:start position:0% +judgment of what happened we know that + + + align:start position:0% +judgment of what happened we know that +and it's represented in the right TPJ + + align:start position:0% +and it's represented in the right TPJ + + + align:start position:0% +and it's represented in the right TPJ +because if we TMS the right TPJ you make + + align:start position:0% +because if we TMS the right TPJ you make + + + align:start position:0% +because if we TMS the right TPJ you make +your moral judgments of this distinction + + align:start position:0% +your moral judgments of this distinction + + + align:start position:0% +your moral judgments of this distinction +specifically change but if you look in + + align:start position:0% +specifically change but if you look in + + + align:start position:0% +specifically change but if you look in +at if you ask how much does the right + + align:start position:0% +at if you ask how much does the right + + + align:start position:0% +at if you ask how much does the right +TPJ respond to these stories the answer + + align:start position:0% +TPJ respond to these stories the answer + + + align:start position:0% +TPJ respond to these stories the answer +is the right TPJ responds exactly + + align:start position:0% +is the right TPJ responds exactly + + + align:start position:0% +is the right TPJ responds exactly +equally to these two conditions and the + + align:start position:0% +equally to these two conditions and the + + + align:start position:0% +equally to these two conditions and the +intuition is because in both cases it + + align:start position:0% +intuition is because in both cases it + + + align:start position:0% +intuition is because in both cases it +matter + + align:start position:0% +matter + + + align:start position:0% +matter +what you think right it matters that you + + align:start position:0% +what you think right it matters that you + + + align:start position:0% +what you think right it matters that you +knew and it matters that you didn't know + + align:start position:0% +knew and it matters that you didn't know + + + align:start position:0% +knew and it matters that you didn't know +and the right TPJ is tracking what you + + align:start position:0% +and the right TPJ is tracking what you + + + align:start position:0% +and the right TPJ is tracking what you +you know the important information about + + align:start position:0% +you know the important information about + + + align:start position:0% +you know the important information about +what you think and so it's activated for + + align:start position:0% +what you think and so it's activated for + + + align:start position:0% +what you think and so it's activated for +both of these kinds of stories so that's + + align:start position:0% +both of these kinds of stories so that's + + + align:start position:0% +both of these kinds of stories so that's +a univariate analysis okay + + align:start position:0% +a univariate analysis okay + + + align:start position:0% +a univariate analysis okay +now what's a multivariate analysis so + + align:start position:0% +now what's a multivariate analysis so + + + align:start position:0% +now what's a multivariate analysis so +here's the key intuition behind a + + align:start position:0% +here's the key intuition behind a + + + align:start position:0% +here's the key intuition behind a +multivariate analysis + + align:start position:0% +multivariate analysis + + + align:start position:0% +multivariate analysis +the idea is think in a very abstract + + align:start position:0% +the idea is think in a very abstract + + + align:start position:0% +the idea is think in a very abstract +similarity space if we take the two + + align:start position:0% +similarity space if we take the two + + + align:start position:0% +similarity space if we take the two +stories and so we take the story you had + + align:start position:0% +stories and so we take the story you had + + + align:start position:0% +stories and so we take the story you had +no idea about your cousin's allergy when + + align:start position:0% +no idea about your cousin's allergy when + + + align:start position:0% +no idea about your cousin's allergy when +you add in the peanuts that's story it's + + align:start position:0% +you add in the peanuts that's story it's + + + align:start position:0% +you add in the peanuts that's story it's +complicated it has many important + + align:start position:0% +complicated it has many important + + + align:start position:0% +complicated it has many important +dimensions right now we take a news + + align:start position:0% +dimensions right now we take a news + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions right now we take a news +story this is a story about for example + + align:start position:0% +story this is a story about for example + + + align:start position:0% +story this is a story about for example +faulty parachute within that story + + align:start position:0% +faulty parachute within that story + + + align:start position:0% +faulty parachute within that story +there's many many different mentions + + align:start position:0% +there's many many different mentions + + + align:start position:0% +there's many many different mentions +it's about parachutes there's all kinds + + align:start position:0% +it's about parachutes there's all kinds + + + align:start position:0% +it's about parachutes there's all kinds +of complicated things going but there's + + align:start position:0% +of complicated things going but there's + + + align:start position:0% +of complicated things going but there's +this one feature whether you knew or + + align:start position:0% +this one feature whether you knew or + + + align:start position:0% +this one feature whether you knew or +didn't know that the parachute was + + align:start position:0% +didn't know that the parachute was + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know that the parachute was +faulty right or another story about + + align:start position:0% +faulty right or another story about + + + align:start position:0% +faulty right or another story about +publicly shaming your classmate by + + align:start position:0% +publicly shaming your classmate by + + + align:start position:0% +publicly shaming your classmate by +saying something embarrassing about + + align:start position:0% +saying something embarrassing about + + + align:start position:0% +saying something embarrassing about +their essay so again that's a whole new + + align:start position:0% +their essay so again that's a whole new + + + align:start position:0% +their essay so again that's a whole new +scenario with all kinds of dimensions in + + align:start position:0% +scenario with all kinds of dimensions in + + + align:start position:0% +scenario with all kinds of dimensions in +it but there's this one feature did you + + align:start position:0% +it but there's this one feature did you + + + align:start position:0% +it but there's this one feature did you +know or not know that you're the person + + align:start position:0% +know or not know that you're the person + + + align:start position:0% +know or not know that you're the person +who wrote the essay was in the room when + + align:start position:0% +who wrote the essay was in the room when + + + align:start position:0% +who wrote the essay was in the room when +you said that publicly shaming thing or + + align:start position:0% +you said that publicly shaming thing or + + + align:start position:0% +you said that publicly shaming thing or +a different story about demonstrating + + align:start position:0% +a different story about demonstrating + + + align:start position:0% +a different story about demonstrating +your karate skills and I'm knocking out + + align:start position:0% +your karate skills and I'm knocking out + + + align:start position:0% +your karate skills and I'm knocking out +your classmate right again totally new + + align:start position:0% +your classmate right again totally new + + + align:start position:0% +your classmate right again totally new +moral scenario but again this one + + align:start position:0% +moral scenario but again this one + + + align:start position:0% +moral scenario but again this one +feature did you know or not know that + + align:start position:0% +feature did you know or not know that + + + align:start position:0% +feature did you know or not know that +your classmate was there when you did + + align:start position:0% +your classmate was there when you did + + + align:start position:0% +your classmate was there when you did +the kick okay now here's the idea the + + align:start position:0% +the kick okay now here's the idea the + + + align:start position:0% +the kick okay now here's the idea the +idea is even though each of those new + + align:start position:0% +idea is even though each of those new + + + align:start position:0% +idea is even though each of those new +scenarios is completely different if + + align:start position:0% +scenarios is completely different if + + + align:start position:0% +scenarios is completely different if +there are different subpopulations + + align:start position:0% +there are different subpopulations + + + align:start position:0% +there are different subpopulations +within your right gpj responding when + + align:start position:0% +within your right gpj responding when + + + align:start position:0% +within your right gpj responding when +you knew you were gonna cause harm + + align:start position:0% +you knew you were gonna cause harm + + + align:start position:0% +you knew you were gonna cause harm +compared to when you didn't know you + + align:start position:0% +compared to when you didn't know you + + + align:start position:0% +compared to when you didn't know you +were gonna cause harm then even though + + align:start position:0% +were gonna cause harm then even though + + + align:start position:0% +were gonna cause harm then even though +the pattern of activity in your right + + align:start position:0% +the pattern of activity in your right + + + align:start position:0% +the pattern of activity in your right +TPJ will be different on every trial + + align:start position:0% +TPJ will be different on every trial + + + align:start position:0% +TPJ will be different on every trial +because you're representing a different + + align:start position:0% +because you're representing a different + + + align:start position:0% +because you're representing a different +person having a different mental state + + align:start position:0% +person having a different mental state + + + align:start position:0% +person having a different mental state +in a different context a little part of + + align:start position:0% +in a different context a little part of + + + align:start position:0% +in a different context a little part of +that response will be the same or it + + align:start position:0% +that response will be the same or it + + + align:start position:0% +that response will be the same or it +will be different in the same way right + + align:start position:0% +will be different in the same way right + + + align:start position:0% +will be different in the same way right +because the same sub population will be + + align:start position:0% +because the same sub population will be + + + align:start position:0% +because the same sub population will be +more active for all the stories that + + align:start position:0% +more active for all the stories that + + + align:start position:0% +more active for all the stories that +have a knowing harm and it's the the + + align:start position:0% +have a knowing harm and it's the the + + + align:start position:0% +have a knowing harm and it's the the +other population the relatively active + + align:start position:0% +other population the relatively active + + + align:start position:0% +other population the relatively active +in all the stories that have the + + align:start position:0% +in all the stories that have the + + + align:start position:0% +in all the stories that have the +unknowing harm okay and so the logic is + + align:start position:0% +unknowing harm okay and so the logic is + + + align:start position:0% +unknowing harm okay and so the logic is +then if we could look in the right TPJ + + align:start position:0% +then if we could look in the right TPJ + + + align:start position:0% +then if we could look in the right TPJ +and measure the pattern of activity so + + align:start position:0% +and measure the pattern of activity so + + + align:start position:0% +and measure the pattern of activity so +and hope that that reflects something + + align:start position:0% +and hope that that reflects something + + + align:start position:0% +and hope that that reflects something +like the relative activation of + + align:start position:0% +like the relative activation of + + + align:start position:0% +like the relative activation of +different subpopulations inside the + + align:start position:0% +different subpopulations inside the + + + align:start position:0% +different subpopulations inside the +right TPJ that the pattern of activity + + align:start position:0% +right TPJ that the pattern of activity + + + align:start position:0% +right TPJ that the pattern of activity +would be more similar + + align:start position:0% +would be more similar + + + align:start position:0% +would be more similar +four pairs or subsets of stories that + + align:start position:0% +four pairs or subsets of stories that + + + align:start position:0% +four pairs or subsets of stories that +share this one feature and are different + + align:start position:0% +share this one feature and are different + + + align:start position:0% +share this one feature and are different +in every other way compared to pairs + + align:start position:0% +in every other way compared to pairs + + + align:start position:0% +in every other way compared to pairs +that are different in every other way + + align:start position:0% +that are different in every other way + + + align:start position:0% +that are different in every other way +and don't share that feature okay so + + align:start position:0% +and don't share that feature okay so + + + align:start position:0% +and don't share that feature okay so +this is the central logic is that take + + align:start position:0% +this is the central logic is that take + + + align:start position:0% +this is the central logic is that take +any two stories within this set they're + + align:start position:0% +any two stories within this set they're + + + align:start position:0% +any two stories within this set they're +all unique so those two stories are + + align:start position:0% +all unique so those two stories are + + + align:start position:0% +all unique so those two stories are +different you're representing a new + + align:start position:0% +different you're representing a new + + + align:start position:0% +different you're representing a new +mental state of a new person you have a + + align:start position:0% +mental state of a new person you have a + + + align:start position:0% +mental state of a new person you have a +new pattern and you're right TPJ but if + + align:start position:0% +new pattern and you're right TPJ but if + + + align:start position:0% +new pattern and you're right TPJ but if +they share the feature that you knew you + + align:start position:0% +they share the feature that you knew you + + + align:start position:0% +they share the feature that you knew you +were gonna cause harm there will be + + align:start position:0% +were gonna cause harm there will be + + + align:start position:0% +were gonna cause harm there will be +something a little bit similar in your + + align:start position:0% +something a little bit similar in your + + + align:start position:0% +something a little bit similar in your +right to bj's activation compared to if + + align:start position:0% +right to bj's activation compared to if + + + align:start position:0% +right to bj's activation compared to if +they don't share that feature does that + + align:start position:0% +they don't share that feature does that + + + align:start position:0% +they don't share that feature does that +logic make sense and so when you get is + + align:start position:0% +logic make sense and so when you get is + + + align:start position:0% +logic make sense and so when you get is +a spatial pattern of activation so we're + + align:start position:0% +a spatial pattern of activation so we're + + + align:start position:0% +a spatial pattern of activation so we're +now not looking at how much the right + + align:start position:0% +now not looking at how much the right + + + align:start position:0% +now not looking at how much the right +TPJ responded but within the space of + + align:start position:0% +TPJ responded but within the space of + + + align:start position:0% +TPJ responded but within the space of +the right TPJ where was there a little + + align:start position:0% +the right TPJ where was there a little + + + align:start position:0% +the right TPJ where was there a little +bit more or a little bit less activity + + align:start position:0% +bit more or a little bit less activity + + + align:start position:0% +bit more or a little bit less activity +and these signals are tiny compared to + + align:start position:0% +and these signals are tiny compared to + + + align:start position:0% +and these signals are tiny compared to +the thing I showed you before so the + + align:start position:0% +the thing I showed you before so the + + + align:start position:0% +the thing I showed you before so the +amount of activity in the right TPJ is a + + align:start position:0% +amount of activity in the right TPJ is a + + + align:start position:0% +amount of activity in the right TPJ is a +big signal the relative activity between + + align:start position:0% +big signal the relative activity between + + + align:start position:0% +big signal the relative activity between +one voxel another is a tiny signal and + + align:start position:0% +one voxel another is a tiny signal and + + + align:start position:0% +one voxel another is a tiny signal and +it's superimposed on a lot of noise but + + align:start position:0% +it's superimposed on a lot of noise but + + + align:start position:0% +it's superimposed on a lot of noise but +if there's anything there at all then + + align:start position:0% +if there's anything there at all then + + + align:start position:0% +if there's anything there at all then +you'll still be able to pick up a little + + align:start position:0% +you'll still be able to pick up a little + + + align:start position:0% +you'll still be able to pick up a little +more similarity for pairs that are + + align:start position:0% +more similarity for pairs that are + + + align:start position:0% +more similarity for pairs that are +matched on the future of interest + + align:start position:0% +matched on the future of interest + + + align:start position:0% +matched on the future of interest +compares that are compared to pairs that + + align:start position:0% +compares that are compared to pairs that + + + align:start position:0% +compares that are compared to pairs that +are not matched on the future good test + + align:start position:0% +are not matched on the future good test + + + align:start position:0% +are not matched on the future good test +that's the logic behind a Haxby style + + align:start position:0% +that's the logic behind a Haxby style + + + align:start position:0% +that's the logic behind a Haxby style +analysis and so literally what you do is + + align:start position:0% +analysis and so literally what you do is + + + align:start position:0% +analysis and so literally what you do is +you take the vector of responses across + + align:start position:0% +you take the vector of responses across + + + align:start position:0% +you take the vector of responses across +all the voxels inside a region and you + + align:start position:0% +all the voxels inside a region and you + + + align:start position:0% +all the voxels inside a region and you +correlate them across subsets of your + + align:start position:0% +correlate them across subsets of your + + + align:start position:0% +correlate them across subsets of your +data and ask whether the correlation in + + align:start position:0% +data and ask whether the correlation in + + + align:start position:0% +data and ask whether the correlation in +space so what looks what it looks like + + align:start position:0% +space so what looks what it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +space so what looks what it looks like +the spatial pattern of activity over + + align:start position:0% +the spatial pattern of activity over + + + align:start position:0% +the spatial pattern of activity over +those voxels whether the correlation in + + align:start position:0% +those voxels whether the correlation in + + + align:start position:0% +those voxels whether the correlation in +space is more similar for pairs that + + align:start position:0% +space is more similar for pairs that + + + align:start position:0% +space is more similar for pairs that +share the feature you're interested in + + align:start position:0% +share the feature you're interested in + + + align:start position:0% +share the feature you're interested in +compares that compared to pairs that + + align:start position:0% +compares that compared to pairs that + + + align:start position:0% +compares that compared to pairs that +don't show the feature that you're + + align:start position:0% +don't show the feature that you're + + + align:start position:0% +don't show the feature that you're +interested in and what you get out is + + align:start position:0% +interested in and what you get out is + + + align:start position:0% +interested in and what you get out is +two numbers the correlation for pairs + + align:start position:0% +two numbers the correlation for pairs + + + align:start position:0% +two numbers the correlation for pairs +that do share the feature and the + + align:start position:0% +that do share the feature and the + + + align:start position:0% +that do share the feature and the +correlation for pairs that don't share + + align:start position:0% +correlation for pairs that don't share + + + align:start position:0% +correlation for pairs that don't share +the feature for each individual subject + + align:start position:0% +the feature for each individual subject + + + align:start position:0% +the feature for each individual subject +and the question you asked in a Haxby + + align:start position:0% +and the question you asked in a Haxby + + + align:start position:0% +and the question you asked in a Haxby +style correlation is are the what's + + align:start position:0% +style correlation is are the what's + + + align:start position:0% +style correlation is are the what's +called the within condition correlations + + align:start position:0% +called the within condition correlations + + + align:start position:0% +called the within condition correlations +so the course spatial correlation of the + + align:start position:0% +so the course spatial correlation of the + + + align:start position:0% +so the course spatial correlation of the +response to two independent sets of + + align:start position:0% +response to two independent sets of + + + align:start position:0% +response to two independent sets of +stories that are share this one feature + + align:start position:0% +stories that are share this one feature + + + align:start position:0% +stories that are share this one feature +is the spatial pattern more similar in + + align:start position:0% +is the spatial pattern more similar in + + + align:start position:0% +is the spatial pattern more similar in +that pair compared to a pair that don't + + align:start position:0% +that pair compared to a pair that don't + + + align:start position:0% +that pair compared to a pair that don't +share that feature when everything else + + align:start position:0% +share that feature when everything else + + + align:start position:0% +share that feature when everything else +is different + + align:start position:0% +is different + + + align:start position:0% +is different +okay and so what you get out of an + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what you get out of an + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so what you get out of an +analysis like this for example in our + + align:start position:0% +analysis like this for example in our + + + align:start position:0% +analysis like this for example in our +first attempt to do this in + + align:start position:0% +first attempt to do this in + + + align:start position:0% +first attempt to do this in +stimuli is these two correlations the + + align:start position:0% +stimuli is these two correlations the + + + align:start position:0% +stimuli is these two correlations the +same condition correlation between + + align:start position:0% +same condition correlation between + + + align:start position:0% +same condition correlation between +condition correlation and you ask if + + align:start position:0% +condition correlation and you ask if + + + align:start position:0% +condition correlation and you ask if +they're different right okay and what we + + align:start position:0% +they're different right okay and what we + + + align:start position:0% +they're different right okay and what we +got in our first experiment is that the + + align:start position:0% +got in our first experiment is that the + + + align:start position:0% +got in our first experiment is that the +within condition correlation is + + align:start position:0% +within condition correlation is + + + align:start position:0% +within condition correlation is +significantly a tiny bit stronger then + + align:start position:0% +significantly a tiny bit stronger then + + + align:start position:0% +significantly a tiny bit stronger then +the between condition correlation okay + + align:start position:0% +the between condition correlation okay + + + align:start position:0% +the between condition correlation okay +so there's a lot of things to ask about + + align:start position:0% +so there's a lot of things to ask about + + + align:start position:0% +so there's a lot of things to ask about +this but the first question is is that + + align:start position:0% +this but the first question is is that + + + align:start position:0% +this but the first question is is that +real or is that a coincidence right it's + + align:start position:0% +real or is that a coincidence right it's + + + align:start position:0% +real or is that a coincidence right it's +the first thing you want to know when + + align:start position:0% +the first thing you want to know when + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing you want to know when +you see data like this afterwards we can + + align:start position:0% +you see data like this afterwards we can + + + align:start position:0% +you see data like this afterwards we can +ask what does it mean but let's start + + align:start position:0% +ask what does it mean but let's start + + + align:start position:0% +ask what does it mean but let's start +with is that real okay and so the way + + align:start position:0% +with is that real okay and so the way + + + align:start position:0% +with is that real okay and so the way +that you ask is real is you just make + + align:start position:0% +that you ask is real is you just make + + + align:start position:0% +that you ask is real is you just make +sure that it would replicate that an + + align:start position:0% +sure that it would replicate that an + + + align:start position:0% +sure that it would replicate that an +independent data you get the same answer + + align:start position:0% +independent data you get the same answer + + + align:start position:0% +independent data you get the same answer +and so just before we set out to + + align:start position:0% +and so just before we set out to + + + align:start position:0% +and so just before we set out to +actually replicate this experiment we + + align:start position:0% +actually replicate this experiment we + + + align:start position:0% +actually replicate this experiment we +remembered that we had actually already + + align:start position:0% +remembered that we had actually already + + + align:start position:0% +remembered that we had actually already +run this experiment two times before + + align:start position:0% +run this experiment two times before + + + align:start position:0% +run this experiment two times before +because we were studying this process of + + align:start position:0% +because we were studying this process of + + + align:start position:0% +because we were studying this process of +representing accidental intentional + + align:start position:0% +representing accidental intentional + + + align:start position:0% +representing accidental intentional +hemes + + align:start position:0% +hemes + + + align:start position:0% +hemes +for a long time before we thought of + + align:start position:0% +for a long time before we thought of + + + align:start position:0% +for a long time before we thought of +using MVP a so we had these two old data + + align:start position:0% +using MVP a so we had these two old data + + + align:start position:0% +using MVP a so we had these two old data +sets in the lab and two whole + + align:start position:0% +sets in the lab and two whole + + + align:start position:0% +sets in the lab and two whole +independent experiments in which people + + align:start position:0% +independent experiments in which people + + + align:start position:0% +independent experiments in which people +had read stories about knowing and + + align:start position:0% +had read stories about knowing and + + + align:start position:0% +had read stories about knowing and +unknowing harm and and the other thing + + align:start position:0% +unknowing harm and and the other thing + + + align:start position:0% +unknowing harm and and the other thing +is that we had manipulated this + + align:start position:0% +is that we had manipulated this + + + align:start position:0% +is that we had manipulated this +distinction in different ways across the + + align:start position:0% +distinction in different ways across the + + + align:start position:0% +distinction in different ways across the +stimuli so the example I just told you + + align:start position:0% +stimuli so the example I just told you + + + align:start position:0% +stimuli so the example I just told you +the way that we did it is we said you + + align:start position:0% +the way that we did it is we said you + + + align:start position:0% +the way that we did it is we said you +knew about the allergy or you didn't + + align:start position:0% +knew about the allergy or you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +knew about the allergy or you didn't +know about the allergy but in the older + + align:start position:0% +know about the allergy but in the older + + + align:start position:0% +know about the allergy but in the older +experiments like this example I gave you + + align:start position:0% +experiments like this example I gave you + + + align:start position:0% +experiments like this example I gave you +at the beginning of the talk we had + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning of the talk we had + + + align:start position:0% +at the beginning of the talk we had +described two different beliefs + + align:start position:0% +described two different beliefs + + + align:start position:0% +described two different beliefs +so either believing that it's sugar or + + align:start position:0% +so either believing that it's sugar or + + + align:start position:0% +so either believing that it's sugar or +believing that it's poison so no + + align:start position:0% +believing that it's poison so no + + + align:start position:0% +believing that it's poison so no +negation this is just important because + + align:start position:0% +negation this is just important because + + + align:start position:0% +negation this is just important because +that's a different way to create the + + align:start position:0% +that's a different way to create the + + + align:start position:0% +that's a different way to create the +same distinction and what you want to + + align:start position:0% +same distinction and what you want to + + + align:start position:0% +same distinction and what you want to +know is are you decoding the abstract + + align:start position:0% +know is are you decoding the abstract + + + align:start position:0% +know is are you decoding the abstract +thing that she knew she was causing harm + + align:start position:0% +thing that she knew she was causing harm + + + align:start position:0% +thing that she knew she was causing harm +or not or something less abstract like + + align:start position:0% +or not or something less abstract like + + + align:start position:0% +or not or something less abstract like +whether the story has negation in it + + align:start position:0% +whether the story has negation in it + + + align:start position:0% +whether the story has negation in it +right that's an alternative possibility + + align:start position:0% +right that's an alternative possibility + + + align:start position:0% +right that's an alternative possibility +and so the in experiments B and C we had + + align:start position:0% +and so the in experiments B and C we had + + + align:start position:0% +and so the in experiments B and C we had +done it this way by saying it's also in + + align:start position:0% +done it this way by saying it's also in + + + align:start position:0% +done it this way by saying it's also in +the third person not the second person + + align:start position:0% +the third person not the second person + + + align:start position:0% +the third person not the second person +so if the we find the same result then + + align:start position:0% +so if the we find the same result then + + + align:start position:0% +so if the we find the same result then +it generalizes across all these + + align:start position:0% +it generalizes across all these + + + align:start position:0% +it generalizes across all these +incidental features of the way the + + align:start position:0% +incidental features of the way the + + + align:start position:0% +incidental features of the way the +experiment was written okay and that's + + align:start position:0% +experiment was written okay and that's + + + align:start position:0% +experiment was written okay and that's +experiment - and that's experiment three + + align:start position:0% +experiment - and that's experiment three + + + align:start position:0% +experiment - and that's experiment three +I also want to say that there's some + + align:start position:0% +I also want to say that there's some + + + align:start position:0% +I also want to say that there's some +weird magical property of being a + + align:start position:0% +weird magical property of being a + + + align:start position:0% +weird magical property of being a +scientist where if you don't know the + + align:start position:0% +scientist where if you don't know the + + + align:start position:0% +scientist where if you don't know the +hypothesis when you're running the + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis when you're running the + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis when you're running the +experiment and you have all the data and + + align:start position:0% +experiment and you have all the data and + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and you have all the data and +then you go back and check there's + + align:start position:0% +then you go back and check there's + + + align:start position:0% +then you go back and check there's +something more real about it than if you + + align:start position:0% +something more real about it than if you + + + align:start position:0% +something more real about it than if you +knew the hypothesis before you ran the + + align:start position:0% +knew the hypothesis before you ran the + + + align:start position:0% +knew the hypothesis before you ran the +experiment even though that makes no + + align:start position:0% +experiment even though that makes no + + + align:start position:0% +experiment even though that makes no +sense whatsoever there's just this + + align:start position:0% +sense whatsoever there's just this + + + align:start position:0% +sense whatsoever there's just this +experience like if I have the hypothesis + + align:start position:0% +experience like if I have the hypothesis + + + align:start position:0% +experience like if I have the hypothesis +in my head + + align:start position:0% +in my head + + + align:start position:0% +in my head +maybe it's somehow got from my head to + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's somehow got from my head to + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's somehow got from my head to +the data but when the data were already + + align:start position:0% +the data but when the data were already + + + align:start position:0% +the data but when the data were already +there and then you went back and + + align:start position:0% +there and then you went back and + + + align:start position:0% +there and then you went back and +analyzed them and the effect was hiding + + align:start position:0% +analyzed them and the effect was hiding + + + align:start position:0% +analyzed them and the effect was hiding +in the data that you'd had on your + + align:start position:0% +in the data that you'd had on your + + + align:start position:0% +in the data that you'd had on your +server it just there's something like + + align:start position:0% +server it just there's something like + + + align:start position:0% +server it just there's something like +way more real and magical about that + + align:start position:0% +way more real and magical about that + + + align:start position:0% +way more real and magical about that +okay so anyway because it was there on + + align:start position:0% +okay so anyway because it was there on + + + align:start position:0% +okay so anyway because it was there on +all of our old data I just believed it + + align:start position:0% +all of our old data I just believed it + + + align:start position:0% +all of our old data I just believed it +was true the other thing to notice about + + align:start position:0% +was true the other thing to notice about + + + align:start position:0% +was true the other thing to notice about +this is to get an MVP a signal we didn't + + align:start position:0% +this is to get an MVP a signal we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +this is to get an MVP a signal we didn't +change anything about the fMRI right we + + align:start position:0% +change anything about the fMRI right we + + + align:start position:0% +change anything about the fMRI right we +didn't change the resolution the + + align:start position:0% +didn't change the resolution the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't change the resolution the +temporal resolution the spatial + + align:start position:0% +temporal resolution the spatial + + + align:start position:0% +temporal resolution the spatial +resolution you can know that for sure + + align:start position:0% +resolution you can know that for sure + + + align:start position:0% +resolution you can know that for sure +because these are our old data that we + + align:start position:0% +because these are our old data that we + + + align:start position:0% +because these are our old data that we +had before we started doing MVP a MVP is + + align:start position:0% +had before we started doing MVP a MVP is + + + align:start position:0% +had before we started doing MVP a MVP is +not a technique for collecting better + + align:start position:0% +not a technique for collecting better + + + align:start position:0% +not a technique for collecting better +data it's a technique for getting more + + align:start position:0% +data it's a technique for getting more + + + align:start position:0% +data it's a technique for getting more +information about this from out of the + + align:start position:0% +information about this from out of the + + + align:start position:0% +information about this from out of the +same data it's an analysis technique + + align:start position:0% +same data it's an analysis technique + + + align:start position:0% +same data it's an analysis technique +it's a way of thinking about data not a + + align:start position:0% +it's a way of thinking about data not a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a way of thinking about data not a +way of getting data okay so um so what + + align:start position:0% +way of getting data okay so um so what + + + align:start position:0% +way of getting data okay so um so what +this says is that however similar to + + align:start position:0% +this says is that however similar to + + + align:start position:0% +this says is that however similar to +unrelated stories are about a case in + + align:start position:0% +unrelated stories are about a case in + + + align:start position:0% +unrelated stories are about a case in +which somebody kills somebody they are + + align:start position:0% +which somebody kills somebody they are + + + align:start position:0% +which somebody kills somebody they are +more similar if they are both cases of + + align:start position:0% +more similar if they are both cases of + + + align:start position:0% +more similar if they are both cases of +knowing murder or both cases of + + align:start position:0% +knowing murder or both cases of + + + align:start position:0% +knowing murder or both cases of +Unknowing murder then if you cross that + + align:start position:0% +Unknowing murder then if you cross that + + + align:start position:0% +Unknowing murder then if you cross that +feature so that just making that feature + + align:start position:0% +feature so that just making that feature + + + align:start position:0% +feature so that just making that feature +match makes the pattern of neural + + align:start position:0% +match makes the pattern of neural + + + align:start position:0% +match makes the pattern of neural +response in the right TPJ more similar + + align:start position:0% +response in the right TPJ more similar + + + align:start position:0% +response in the right TPJ more similar +suggesting that which part of the right + + align:start position:0% +suggesting that which part of the right + + + align:start position:0% +suggesting that which part of the right +TPJ is more or less active contains + + align:start position:0% +TPJ is more or less active contains + + + align:start position:0% +TPJ is more or less active contains +information about whether or not the + + align:start position:0% +information about whether or not the + + + align:start position:0% +information about whether or not the +person who committed the murder knew + + align:start position:0% +person who committed the murder knew + + + align:start position:0% +person who committed the murder knew +what they were doing at the time this is + + align:start position:0% +what they were doing at the time this is + + + align:start position:0% +what they were doing at the time this is +specific to the right TPJ so these are a + + align:start position:0% +specific to the right TPJ so these are a + + + align:start position:0% +specific to the right TPJ so these are a +bunch of the other brain regions I'm + + align:start position:0% +bunch of the other brain regions I'm + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of the other brain regions I'm +involved in their mind and social + + align:start position:0% +involved in their mind and social + + + align:start position:0% +involved in their mind and social +cognition and none of them contain any + + align:start position:0% +cognition and none of them contain any + + + align:start position:0% +cognition and none of them contain any +information about this dimension at all + + align:start position:0% +information about this dimension at all + + + align:start position:0% +information about this dimension at all +so this dimension is represented in the + + align:start position:0% +so this dimension is represented in the + + + align:start position:0% +so this dimension is represented in the +right TPJ and not represented anywhere + + align:start position:0% +right TPJ and not represented anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +right TPJ and not represented anywhere +else another thing that makes these data + + align:start position:0% +else another thing that makes these data + + + align:start position:0% +else another thing that makes these data +interesting is that um so people are + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that um so people are + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that um so people are +reading these stories in they're making + + align:start position:0% +reading these stories in they're making + + + align:start position:0% +reading these stories in they're making +moral judgments and moral judgments of + + align:start position:0% +moral judgments and moral judgments of + + + align:start position:0% +moral judgments and moral judgments of +these stories vary across people so some + + align:start position:0% +these stories vary across people so some + + + align:start position:0% +these stories vary across people so some +people tend to go more with what the + + align:start position:0% +people tend to go more with what the + + + align:start position:0% +people tend to go more with what the +person thought whereas other people tend + + align:start position:0% +person thought whereas other people tend + + + align:start position:0% +person thought whereas other people tend +to go more with what the person caused + + align:start position:0% +to go more with what the person caused + + + align:start position:0% +to go more with what the person caused +and so they're stable it's not extreme + + align:start position:0% +and so they're stable it's not extreme + + + align:start position:0% +and so they're stable it's not extreme +individual variability everybody agrees + + align:start position:0% +individual variability everybody agrees + + + align:start position:0% +individual variability everybody agrees +that it's worse to knowingly murder than + + align:start position:0% +that it's worse to knowingly murder than + + + align:start position:0% +that it's worse to knowingly murder than +to unknowingly murder and but there's + + align:start position:0% +to unknowingly murder and but there's + + + align:start position:0% +to unknowingly murder and but there's +variability in how much worse some + + align:start position:0% +variability in how much worse some + + + align:start position:0% +variability in how much worse some +people think that basically what you + + align:start position:0% +people think that basically what you + + + align:start position:0% +people think that basically what you +thought you were doing is all that + + align:start position:0% +thought you were doing is all that + + + align:start position:0% +thought you were doing is all that +matters in these stories whereas other + + align:start position:0% +matters in these stories whereas other + + + align:start position:0% +matters in these stories whereas other +people think both of those things matter + + align:start position:0% +people think both of those things matter + + + align:start position:0% +people think both of those things matter +so it matters to some degree that you + + align:start position:0% +so it matters to some degree that you + + + align:start position:0% +so it matters to some degree that you +caused the murder and to some degree + + align:start position:0% +caused the murder and to some degree + + + align:start position:0% +caused the murder and to some degree +that you didn't know okay so there's + + align:start position:0% +that you didn't know okay so there's + + + align:start position:0% +that you didn't know okay so there's +individual variability and one thing + + align:start position:0% +individual variability and one thing + + + align:start position:0% +individual variability and one thing +that we can look at is how does the + + align:start position:0% +that we can look at is how does the + + + align:start position:0% +that we can look at is how does the +individual variability in the behavior + + align:start position:0% +individual variability in the behavior + + + align:start position:0% +individual variability in the behavior +relate to the individual variability in + + align:start position:0% +relate to the individual variability in + + + align:start position:0% +relate to the individual variability in +the representation so what this looks + + align:start position:0% +the representation so what this looks + + + align:start position:0% +the representation so what this looks +like is on the x-axis I measure for you + + align:start position:0% +like is on the x-axis I measure for you + + + align:start position:0% +like is on the x-axis I measure for you +how much worse are intentional than + + align:start position:0% +how much worse are intentional than + + + align:start position:0% +how much worse are intentional than +accidental harms right how much worse is + + align:start position:0% +accidental harms right how much worse is + + + align:start position:0% +accidental harms right how much worse is +that when you knew you were gonna cause + + align:start position:0% +that when you knew you were gonna cause + + + align:start position:0% +that when you knew you were gonna cause +harm than when you didn't know okay so + + align:start position:0% +harm than when you didn't know okay so + + + align:start position:0% +harm than when you didn't know okay so +that's always gonna be a positive number + + align:start position:0% +that's always gonna be a positive number + + + align:start position:0% +that's always gonna be a positive number +right everybody thinks it's worse but + + align:start position:0% +right everybody thinks it's worse but + + + align:start position:0% +right everybody thinks it's worse but +for some people it doesn't it's a lot + + align:start position:0% +for some people it doesn't it's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +for some people it doesn't it's a lot +more worse than it is for other people + + align:start position:0% +more worse than it is for other people + + + align:start position:0% +more worse than it is for other people +and and then relate that to while you + + align:start position:0% +and and then relate that to while you + + + align:start position:0% +and and then relate that to while you +were reading that story how different + + align:start position:0% +were reading that story how different + + + align:start position:0% +were reading that story how different +were the patterns in your brain when you + + align:start position:0% +were the patterns in your brain when you + + + align:start position:0% +were the patterns in your brain when you +were reading about knowing harm compared + + align:start position:0% +were reading about knowing harm compared + + + align:start position:0% +were reading about knowing harm compared +to unknowing harm does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +to unknowing harm does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +to unknowing harm does that make sense +okay and they're pretty correlated so + + align:start position:0% +okay and they're pretty correlated so + + + align:start position:0% +okay and they're pretty correlated so +the more that you represented knowing + + align:start position:0% +the more that you represented knowing + + + align:start position:0% +the more that you represented knowing +harm as different from unknowing harm + + align:start position:0% +harm as different from unknowing harm + + + align:start position:0% +harm as different from unknowing harm +and you're right TPJ the more that you + + align:start position:0% +and you're right TPJ the more that you + + + align:start position:0% +and you're right TPJ the more that you +judge them is different when we asked + + align:start position:0% +judge them is different when we asked + + + align:start position:0% +judge them is different when we asked +you for moral judgment and the pattern + + align:start position:0% +you for moral judgment and the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +you for moral judgment and the pattern +difference in your right TPJ accounts + + align:start position:0% +difference in your right TPJ accounts + + + align:start position:0% +difference in your right TPJ accounts +for 35% of the variance in your moral + + align:start position:0% +for 35% of the variance in your moral + + + align:start position:0% +for 35% of the variance in your moral +judgment which is pretty amazing because + + align:start position:0% +judgment which is pretty amazing because + + + align:start position:0% +judgment which is pretty amazing because +that's a pretty noisy measurement I'm + + align:start position:0% +that's a pretty noisy measurement I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that's a pretty noisy measurement I'm +actually if both it's a pretty noisy + + align:start position:0% +actually if both it's a pretty noisy + + + align:start position:0% +actually if both it's a pretty noisy +measurement of your brain and a pretty + + align:start position:0% +measurement of your brain and a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +measurement of your brain and a pretty +noisy measurement of your behavior so + + align:start position:0% +noisy measurement of your behavior so + + + align:start position:0% +noisy measurement of your behavior so +it's it's quite amazing that those are + + align:start position:0% +it's it's quite amazing that those are + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's quite amazing that those are +that correlated okay and so that's + + align:start position:0% +that correlated okay and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +that correlated okay and so that's +what's cool about the data but to get to + + align:start position:0% +what's cool about the data but to get to + + + align:start position:0% +what's cool about the data but to get to +the method + + align:start position:0% +the method + + + align:start position:0% +the method +so what hacks b-style correlations these + + align:start position:0% +so what hacks b-style correlations these + + + align:start position:0% +so what hacks b-style correlations these +are called hacks be sad because they + + align:start position:0% +are called hacks be sad because they + + + align:start position:0% +are called hacks be sad because they +were the first form of MVPA introduced + + align:start position:0% +were the first form of MVPA introduced + + + align:start position:0% +were the first form of MVPA introduced +and they were introduced by Jim Haxby in + + align:start position:0% +and they were introduced by Jim Haxby in + + + align:start position:0% +and they were introduced by Jim Haxby in +2001 so actually a long time ago it took + + align:start position:0% +2001 so actually a long time ago it took + + + align:start position:0% +2001 so actually a long time ago it took +a long time for other people to + + align:start position:0% +a long time for other people to + + + align:start position:0% +a long time for other people to +recognize what a cool technique this was + + align:start position:0% +recognize what a cool technique this was + + + align:start position:0% +recognize what a cool technique this was +but he had this idea a very long time + + align:start position:0% +but he had this idea a very long time + + + align:start position:0% +but he had this idea a very long time +ago okay and the idea is so take a + + align:start position:0% +ago okay and the idea is so take a + + + align:start position:0% +ago okay and the idea is so take a +region you care about and ask this ask + + align:start position:0% +region you care about and ask this ask + + + align:start position:0% +region you care about and ask this ask +this basic question for some feature + + align:start position:0% +this basic question for some feature + + + align:start position:0% +this basic question for some feature +that I wonder if it's represented is the + + align:start position:0% +that I wonder if it's represented is the + + + align:start position:0% +that I wonder if it's represented is the +correlation across neural responses more + + align:start position:0% +correlation across neural responses more + + + align:start position:0% +correlation across neural responses more +similar when the stimuli share that + + align:start position:0% +similar when the stimuli share that + + + align:start position:0% +similar when the stimuli share that +feature than when they don't show that + + align:start position:0% +feature than when they don't show that + + + align:start position:0% +feature than when they don't show that +feature so that gives you a pretty + + align:start position:0% +feature so that gives you a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +feature so that gives you a pretty +robust measurement because you're using + + align:start position:0% +robust measurement because you're using + + + align:start position:0% +robust measurement because you're using +all the voxels in the region to get one + + align:start position:0% +all the voxels in the region to get one + + + align:start position:0% +all the voxels in the region to get one +number out the correlation and you're + + align:start position:0% +number out the correlation and you're + + + align:start position:0% +number out the correlation and you're +doing it over partitions of the data + + align:start position:0% +doing it over partitions of the data + + + align:start position:0% +doing it over partitions of the data +often halves of the data so many trials + + align:start position:0% +often halves of the data so many trials + + + align:start position:0% +often halves of the data so many trials +are going into both the Train and tests + + align:start position:0% +are going into both the Train and tests + + + align:start position:0% +are going into both the Train and tests +so in this case we're using halves of + + align:start position:0% +so in this case we're using halves of + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case we're using halves of +the data right so + + align:start position:0% +the data right so + + + align:start position:0% +the data right so +even halves a nod halves and so each of + + align:start position:0% +even halves a nod halves and so each of + + + align:start position:0% +even halves a nod halves and so each of +the things we're correlating is a + + align:start position:0% +the things we're correlating is a + + + align:start position:0% +the things we're correlating is a +relatively less noisy knurl measure + + align:start position:0% +relatively less noisy knurl measure + + + align:start position:0% +relatively less noisy knurl measure +because it has many trials averaged into + + align:start position:0% +because it has many trials averaged into + + + align:start position:0% +because it has many trials averaged into +it so it's robust and simple in this + + align:start position:0% +it so it's robust and simple in this + + + align:start position:0% +it so it's robust and simple in this +case it can be sensitive to pretty + + align:start position:0% +case it can be sensitive to pretty + + + align:start position:0% +case it can be sensitive to pretty +minimal stimulus variation so as I + + align:start position:0% +minimal stimulus variation so as I + + + align:start position:0% +minimal stimulus variation so as I +showed you this is a two to four word + + align:start position:0% +showed you this is a two to four word + + + align:start position:0% +showed you this is a two to four word +variation on a about eighty word long + + align:start position:0% +variation on a about eighty word long + + + align:start position:0% +variation on a about eighty word long +story so it's sensitive to small + + align:start position:0% +story so it's sensitive to small + + + align:start position:0% +story so it's sensitive to small +distinctions of the stimuli and here we + + align:start position:0% +distinctions of the stimuli and here we + + + align:start position:0% +distinctions of the stimuli and here we +showed that it generalizes so we used + + align:start position:0% +showed that it generalizes so we used + + + align:start position:0% +showed that it generalizes so we used +totally independent stories in the Train + + align:start position:0% +totally independent stories in the Train + + + align:start position:0% +totally independent stories in the Train +and test set and so we're always + + align:start position:0% +and test set and so we're always + + + align:start position:0% +and test set and so we're always +generalizing from one set of examples to + + align:start position:0% +generalizing from one set of examples to + + + align:start position:0% +generalizing from one set of examples to +a totally different set of examples and + + align:start position:0% +a totally different set of examples and + + + align:start position:0% +a totally different set of examples and +it gave us a measure that was stable + + align:start position:0% +it gave us a measure that was stable + + + align:start position:0% +it gave us a measure that was stable +within a participant in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +within a participant in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +within a participant in the sense that +the measure in each individual related + + align:start position:0% +the measure in each individual related + + + align:start position:0% +the measure in each individual related +to that individual's behavior so it's + + align:start position:0% +to that individual's behavior so it's + + + align:start position:0% +to that individual's behavior so it's +characterizing individuals in a + + align:start position:0% +characterizing individuals in a + + + align:start position:0% +characterizing individuals in a +relatively stable way and we could show + + align:start position:0% +relatively stable way and we could show + + + align:start position:0% +relatively stable way and we could show +that it differs across regions right so + + align:start position:0% +that it differs across regions right so + + + align:start position:0% +that it differs across regions right so +we could show that this was present in + + align:start position:0% +we could show that this was present in + + + align:start position:0% +we could show that this was present in +the right TPJ but not present in other + + align:start position:0% +the right TPJ but not present in other + + + align:start position:0% +the right TPJ but not present in other +regions and that that's a bunch of stuff + + align:start position:0% +regions and that that's a bunch of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +regions and that that's a bunch of stuff +you would want to know right that's a + + align:start position:0% +you would want to know right that's a + + + align:start position:0% +you would want to know right that's a +whole bunch of extra information and + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of extra information and + + + align:start position:0% +whole bunch of extra information and +then we ever were able to get before and + + align:start position:0% +then we ever were able to get before and + + + align:start position:0% +then we ever were able to get before and +just to give you one more example of the + + align:start position:0% +just to give you one more example of the + + + align:start position:0% +just to give you one more example of the +way that Haxby correlations can be used + + align:start position:0% +way that Haxby correlations can be used + + + align:start position:0% +way that Haxby correlations can be used +so in this case I showed you we + + align:start position:0% +so in this case I showed you we + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case I showed you we +hypothesized one dimension and we tried + + align:start position:0% +hypothesized one dimension and we tried + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesized one dimension and we tried +to decode that dimension obviously you + + align:start position:0% +to decode that dimension obviously you + + + align:start position:0% +to decode that dimension obviously you +don't only have to do one and so another + + align:start position:0% +don't only have to do one and so another + + + align:start position:0% +don't only have to do one and so another +way to do this is to build stimulus sets + + align:start position:0% +way to do this is to build stimulus sets + + + align:start position:0% +way to do this is to build stimulus sets +that for example have two orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +that for example have two orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +that for example have two orthogonal +dimensions and ask about both of them + + align:start position:0% +dimensions and ask about both of them + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions and ask about both of them +right and so here's an experiment in + + align:start position:0% +right and so here's an experiment in + + + align:start position:0% +right and so here's an experiment in +which we asked about decoding two + + align:start position:0% +which we asked about decoding two + + + align:start position:0% +which we asked about decoding two +orthogonal differences within the same + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal differences within the same + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal differences within the same +set of stimuli so again you're reading + + align:start position:0% +set of stimuli so again you're reading + + + align:start position:0% +set of stimuli so again you're reading +stories about people who are having + + align:start position:0% +stories about people who are having + + + align:start position:0% +stories about people who are having +experiences and some sets of these + + align:start position:0% +experiences and some sets of these + + + align:start position:0% +experiences and some sets of these +stories and vary in terms of see if we + + align:start position:0% +stories and vary in terms of see if we + + + align:start position:0% +stories and vary in terms of see if we +didn't get this okay so here's a bunch + + align:start position:0% +didn't get this okay so here's a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get this okay so here's a bunch +of story so what is Li is it I've just + + align:start position:0% +of story so what is Li is it I've just + + + align:start position:0% +of story so what is Li is it I've just +been in a big important interview and he + + align:start position:0% +been in a big important interview and he + + + align:start position:0% +been in a big important interview and he +sees himself in a mirror and he sees + + align:start position:0% +sees himself in a mirror and he sees + + + align:start position:0% +sees himself in a mirror and he sees +that his shirt has a big coffee stain + + align:start position:0% +that his shirt has a big coffee stain + + + align:start position:0% +that his shirt has a big coffee stain +down the front and another one is Erik + + align:start position:0% +down the front and another one is Erik + + + align:start position:0% +down the front and another one is Erik +gets to restaurant to meet his fiance's + + align:start position:0% +gets to restaurant to meet his fiance's + + + align:start position:0% +gets to restaurant to meet his fiance's +parents and he sees them and they're + + align:start position:0% +parents and he sees them and they're + + + align:start position:0% +parents and he sees them and they're +looking happy okay so that's two + + align:start position:0% +looking happy okay so that's two + + + align:start position:0% +looking happy okay so that's two +completely different stories and then a + + align:start position:0% +completely different stories and then a + + + align:start position:0% +completely different stories and then a +third story abigail is cleaning her dorm + + align:start position:0% +third story abigail is cleaning her dorm + + + align:start position:0% +third story abigail is cleaning her dorm +room and she hears somebody's footsteps + + align:start position:0% +room and she hears somebody's footsteps + + + align:start position:0% +room and she hears somebody's footsteps +down the hallway and the footsteps sound + + align:start position:0% +down the hallway and the footsteps sound + + + align:start position:0% +down the hallway and the footsteps sound +like her beloved boyfriends okay so + + align:start position:0% +like her beloved boyfriends okay so + + + align:start position:0% +like her beloved boyfriends okay so +these stories are all different again + + align:start position:0% +these stories are all different again + + + align:start position:0% +these stories are all different again +they're all unique and but these two the + + align:start position:0% +they're all unique and but these two the + + + align:start position:0% +they're all unique and but these two the +first two stories I read you share a + + align:start position:0% +first two stories I read you share a + + + align:start position:0% +first two stories I read you share a +feature which is the + + align:start position:0% +feature which is the + + + align:start position:0% +feature which is the +somebody in the story is seeing + + align:start position:0% +somebody in the story is seeing + + + align:start position:0% +somebody in the story is seeing +something and they don't share that + + align:start position:0% +something and they don't share that + + + align:start position:0% +something and they don't share that +feature with the third story in which + + align:start position:0% +feature with the third story in which + + + align:start position:0% +feature with the third story in which +somebody in the story is hearing + + align:start position:0% +somebody in the story is hearing + + + align:start position:0% +somebody in the story is hearing +something does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +something does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +something does that make sense +um compared to for example Quentin who + + align:start position:0% +um compared to for example Quentin who + + + align:start position:0% +um compared to for example Quentin who +hears a phone message and the message so + + align:start position:0% +hears a phone message and the message so + + + align:start position:0% +hears a phone message and the message so +she has bad news to tell him that's + + align:start position:0% +she has bad news to tell him that's + + + align:start position:0% +she has bad news to tell him that's +another story that shares this feature + + align:start position:0% +another story that shares this feature + + + align:start position:0% +another story that shares this feature +that somebody in the story is hearing + + align:start position:0% +that somebody in the story is hearing + + + align:start position:0% +that somebody in the story is hearing +something and so we can use this set of + + align:start position:0% +something and so we can use this set of + + + align:start position:0% +something and so we can use this set of +stories to ask is the neural response to + + align:start position:0% +stories to ask is the neural response to + + + align:start position:0% +stories to ask is the neural response to +stories in which somebody is seeing + + align:start position:0% +stories in which somebody is seeing + + + align:start position:0% +stories in which somebody is seeing +something more similar within that set + + align:start position:0% +something more similar within that set + + + align:start position:0% +something more similar within that set +so one set of stories about seeing + + align:start position:0% +so one set of stories about seeing + + + align:start position:0% +so one set of stories about seeing +something compared to another set of + + align:start position:0% +something compared to another set of + + + align:start position:0% +something compared to another set of +stories about seeing something or those + + align:start position:0% +stories about seeing something or those + + + align:start position:0% +stories about seeing something or those +stories more similar to one another then + + align:start position:0% +stories more similar to one another then + + + align:start position:0% +stories more similar to one another then +when you cross that feature so you ask + + align:start position:0% +when you cross that feature so you ask + + + align:start position:0% +when you cross that feature so you ask +one set of stories about seeing + + align:start position:0% +one set of stories about seeing + + + align:start position:0% +one set of stories about seeing +something compared to one set of stories + + align:start position:0% +something compared to one set of stories + + + align:start position:0% +something compared to one set of stories +about hearing something okay and so in + + align:start position:0% +about hearing something okay and so in + + + align:start position:0% +about hearing something okay and so in +the right TPJ what we found is that + + align:start position:0% +the right TPJ what we found is that + + + align:start position:0% +the right TPJ what we found is that +stories about seeing are more similar to + + align:start position:0% +stories about seeing are more similar to + + + align:start position:0% +stories about seeing are more similar to +other stories about seeing and stories + + align:start position:0% +other stories about seeing and stories + + + align:start position:0% +other stories about seeing and stories +about hearing or more similar to other + + align:start position:0% +about hearing or more similar to other + + + align:start position:0% +about hearing or more similar to other +stories about hearing so when you cross + + align:start position:0% +stories about hearing so when you cross + + + align:start position:0% +stories about hearing so when you cross +that feature but as you may have noticed + + align:start position:0% +that feature but as you may have noticed + + + align:start position:0% +that feature but as you may have noticed +the stimulus set had another distinction + + align:start position:0% +the stimulus set had another distinction + + + align:start position:0% +the stimulus set had another distinction +in it which is whether you're getting + + align:start position:0% +in it which is whether you're getting + + + align:start position:0% +in it which is whether you're getting +whether the thing is good or bad that's + + align:start position:0% +whether the thing is good or bad that's + + + align:start position:0% +whether the thing is good or bad that's +happening to you right so finding out + + align:start position:0% +happening to you right so finding out + + + align:start position:0% +happening to you right so finding out +after an interview of coffee down your + + align:start position:0% +after an interview of coffee down your + + + align:start position:0% +after an interview of coffee down your +shirt or hearing a message to the test + + align:start position:0% +shirt or hearing a message to the test + + + align:start position:0% +shirt or hearing a message to the test +they're bad news those are both bad + + align:start position:0% +they're bad news those are both bad + + + align:start position:0% +they're bad news those are both bad +things whereas seeing your fiancee + + align:start position:0% +things whereas seeing your fiancee + + + align:start position:0% +things whereas seeing your fiancee +looking happy or hearing that your + + align:start position:0% +looking happy or hearing that your + + + align:start position:0% +looking happy or hearing that your +beloved boyfriend is coming down the + + align:start position:0% +beloved boyfriend is coming down the + + + align:start position:0% +beloved boyfriend is coming down the +hallway those are both good things and + + align:start position:0% +hallway those are both good things and + + + align:start position:0% +hallway those are both good things and +so we could ask in the same data set + + align:start position:0% +so we could ask in the same data set + + + align:start position:0% +so we could ask in the same data set +well what about stories that share this + + align:start position:0% +well what about stories that share this + + + align:start position:0% +well what about stories that share this +feature of valence are the pairs of + + align:start position:0% +feature of valence are the pairs of + + + align:start position:0% +feature of valence are the pairs of +stories that are matched on valence do + + align:start position:0% +stories that are matched on valence do + + + align:start position:0% +stories that are matched on valence do +they have a more similar neural + + align:start position:0% +they have a more similar neural + + + align:start position:0% +they have a more similar neural +signature than the pairs of stories that + + align:start position:0% +signature than the pairs of stories that + + + align:start position:0% +signature than the pairs of stories that +are crossed on valence is that that + + align:start position:0% +are crossed on valence is that that + + + align:start position:0% +are crossed on valence is that that +makes sense okay and in the right TPJ + + align:start position:0% +makes sense okay and in the right TPJ + + + align:start position:0% +makes sense okay and in the right TPJ +they're not and we've actually found + + align:start position:0% +they're not and we've actually found + + + align:start position:0% +they're not and we've actually found +this a whole bunch of times the right + + align:start position:0% +this a whole bunch of times the right + + + align:start position:0% +this a whole bunch of times the right +TPJ doesn't care about valence and other + + align:start position:0% +TPJ doesn't care about valence and other + + + align:start position:0% +TPJ doesn't care about valence and other +regions do don't worry we do represent + + align:start position:0% +regions do don't worry we do represent + + + align:start position:0% +regions do don't worry we do represent +valence and but the right TPJ doesn't + + align:start position:0% +valence and but the right TPJ doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +valence and but the right TPJ doesn't +represent valence and so that's another + + align:start position:0% +represent valence and so that's another + + + align:start position:0% +represent valence and so that's another +way that you can use this method is to + + align:start position:0% +way that you can use this method is to + + + align:start position:0% +way that you can use this method is to +say okay we'll hypothesize two + + align:start position:0% +say okay we'll hypothesize two + + + align:start position:0% +say okay we'll hypothesize two +orthogonal dimensions within the same + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal dimensions within the same + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal dimensions within the same +stimulus set and then we can get for + + align:start position:0% +stimulus set and then we can get for + + + align:start position:0% +stimulus set and then we can get for +example interactions between these two + + align:start position:0% +example interactions between these two + + + align:start position:0% +example interactions between these two +say okay the right TPJ does represent + + align:start position:0% +say okay the right TPJ does represent + + + align:start position:0% +say okay the right TPJ does represent +some dimensions doesn't represent other + + align:start position:0% +some dimensions doesn't represent other + + + align:start position:0% +some dimensions doesn't represent other +dimensions in principle + + align:start position:0% +dimensions in principle + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions in principle +and right so you can test potentially + + align:start position:0% +and right so you can test potentially + + + align:start position:0% +and right so you can test potentially +multiple orthogonal distinctions the + + align:start position:0% +multiple orthogonal distinctions the + + + align:start position:0% +multiple orthogonal distinctions the +most there's a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +most there's a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +most there's a whole bunch of +limitations of Haxby style correlations + + align:start position:0% +limitations of Haxby style correlations + + + align:start position:0% +limitations of Haxby style correlations +and one of them is that all the tests + + align:start position:0% +and one of them is that all the tests + + + align:start position:0% +and one of them is that all the tests +are binary the answer you get for + + align:start position:0% +are binary the answer you get for + + + align:start position:0% +are binary the answer you get for +anything you test is that there is or is + + align:start position:0% +anything you test is that there is or is + + + align:start position:0% +anything you test is that there is or is +not information about that distinction + + align:start position:0% +not information about that distinction + + + align:start position:0% +not information about that distinction +and see there's no continuous measure + + align:start position:0% +and see there's no continuous measure + + + align:start position:0% +and see there's no continuous measure +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +it's just that two things are more they + + align:start position:0% +it's just that two things are more they + + + align:start position:0% +it's just that two things are more they +are different from one another or they + + align:start position:0% +are different from one another or they + + + align:start position:0% +are different from one another or they +are not different from one another and + + align:start position:0% +are not different from one another and + + + align:start position:0% +are not different from one another and +so once people started thinking about + + align:start position:0% +so once people started thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +so once people started thinking about +this method it became clear that this is + + align:start position:0% +this method it became clear that this is + + + align:start position:0% +this method it became clear that this is +actually just a special case of a much + + align:start position:0% +actually just a special case of a much + + + align:start position:0% +actually just a special case of a much +more general way of thinking about from + + align:start position:0% +more general way of thinking about from + + + align:start position:0% +more general way of thinking about from +riah data so these this particular + + align:start position:0% +riah data so these this particular + + + align:start position:0% +riah data so these this particular +method using spatial correlations is + + align:start position:0% +method using spatial correlations is + + + align:start position:0% +method using spatial correlations is +very stable and robust and but it's a + + align:start position:0% +very stable and robust and but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +very stable and robust and but it's a +but it's a special case of a much more + + align:start position:0% +but it's a special case of a much more + + + align:start position:0% +but it's a special case of a much more +general set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/i3CzkU4Ft9U.txt b/i3CzkU4Ft9U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60c695be61787358575ac1fc7f33b971311ca3f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/i3CzkU4Ft9U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7299 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alright guys so today is gonna be the + + align:start position:0% +alright guys so today is gonna be the + + + align:start position:0% +alright guys so today is gonna be the +last day of Neutron physics as promised + + align:start position:0% +last day of Neutron physics as promised + + + align:start position:0% +last day of Neutron physics as promised +we're gonna talk about what happens as a + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about what happens as a + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about what happens as a +function of time when you perturb the + + align:start position:0% +function of time when you perturb the + + + align:start position:0% +function of time when you perturb the +reactor like you all did about a month + + align:start position:0% +reactor like you all did about a month + + + align:start position:0% +reactor like you all did about a month +ago did any of you guys notice the old + + align:start position:0% +ago did any of you guys notice the old + + + align:start position:0% +ago did any of you guys notice the old +fashioned analog panel meter that said + + align:start position:0% +fashioned analog panel meter that said + + + align:start position:0% +fashioned analog panel meter that said +reactor period when you were doing your + + align:start position:0% +reactor period when you were doing your + + + align:start position:0% +reactor period when you were doing your +power manipulations we're gonna do that + + align:start position:0% +power manipulations we're gonna do that + + + align:start position:0% +power manipulations we're gonna do that +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +and you're gonna explore that on the + + align:start position:0% +and you're gonna explore that on the + + + align:start position:0% +and you're gonna explore that on the +homework so I'm arranging for all of + + align:start position:0% +homework so I'm arranging for all of + + + align:start position:0% +homework so I'm arranging for all of +your actual power manipulation traces to + + align:start position:0% +your actual power manipulation traces to + + + align:start position:0% +your actual power manipulation traces to +be sent with to you so each one you'll + + align:start position:0% +be sent with to you so each one you'll + + + align:start position:0% +be sent with to you so each one you'll +have your own reactor data you'll be + + align:start position:0% +have your own reactor data you'll be + + + align:start position:0% +have your own reactor data you'll be +able to describe the reactor period and + + align:start position:0% +able to describe the reactor period and + + + align:start position:0% +able to describe the reactor period and +see how well it fits our sort of + + align:start position:0% +see how well it fits our sort of + + + align:start position:0% +see how well it fits our sort of +infinite medium single group equations + + align:start position:0% +infinite medium single group equations + + + align:start position:0% +infinite medium single group equations +which it turns out is not very well but + + align:start position:0% +which it turns out is not very well but + + + align:start position:0% +which it turns out is not very well but +that's okay because you'll get to + + align:start position:0% +that's okay because you'll get to + + + align:start position:0% +that's okay because you'll get to +explain the differences first before we + + align:start position:0% +explain the differences first before we + + + align:start position:0% +explain the differences first before we +get into transients I wanted to talk a + + align:start position:0% +get into transients I wanted to talk a + + + align:start position:0% +get into transients I wanted to talk a +bit about criticality and perturbing it + + align:start position:0% +bit about criticality and perturbing it + + + align:start position:0% +bit about criticality and perturbing it +so let's say we had our old single group + + align:start position:0% +so let's say we had our old single group + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say we had our old single group +criticality in relation and I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +criticality in relation and I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +criticality in relation and I'd like to +analyze just intuitively or mentally + + align:start position:0% +analyze just intuitively or mentally + + + align:start position:0% +analyze just intuitively or mentally +with you guys a few different situations + + align:start position:0% +with you guys a few different situations + + + align:start position:0% +with you guys a few different situations +let's say we're talking about a light + + align:start position:0% +let's say we're talking about a light + + + align:start position:0% +let's say we're talking about a light +water reactor or a thermal reactor like + + align:start position:0% +water reactor or a thermal reactor like + + + align:start position:0% +water reactor or a thermal reactor like +the MIT reactor or pretty much all the + + align:start position:0% +the MIT reactor or pretty much all the + + + align:start position:0% +the MIT reactor or pretty much all the +reactors we have in this country + + align:start position:0% +reactors we have in this country + + + align:start position:0% +reactors we have in this country +what sort of things could you do to + + align:start position:0% +what sort of things could you do to + + + align:start position:0% +what sort of things could you do to +perturb it and how would that affect + + align:start position:0% +perturb it and how would that affect + + + align:start position:0% +perturb it and how would that affect +criticality like for example let's say + + align:start position:0% +criticality like for example let's say + + + align:start position:0% +criticality like for example let's say +you shoved in a control rod let's take a + + align:start position:0% +you shoved in a control rod let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +you shoved in a control rod let's take a +sieve the simplest scenario control rods + + align:start position:0% +sieve the simplest scenario control rods + + + align:start position:0% +sieve the simplest scenario control rods +in what would happen to each of the + + align:start position:0% +in what would happen to each of the + + + align:start position:0% +in what would happen to each of the +terms in the criticality condition and + + align:start position:0% +terms in the criticality condition and + + + align:start position:0% +terms in the criticality condition and +then what would happen to K effective so + + align:start position:0% +then what would happen to K effective so + + + align:start position:0% +then what would happen to K effective so +let's just go one by one + + align:start position:0% +let's just go one by one + + + align:start position:0% +let's just go one by one +does nu ever change ever actually yeah + + align:start position:0% +does nu ever change ever actually yeah + + + align:start position:0% +does nu ever change ever actually yeah +it does over time you'll start that that + + align:start position:0% +it does over time you'll start that that + + + align:start position:0% +it does over time you'll start that that +nu right there remember that's a new bar + + align:start position:0% +nu right there remember that's a new bar + + + align:start position:0% +nu right there remember that's a new bar +number of neutrons produced per fission + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons produced per fission + + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons produced per fission +as you start to burn you to thir or + + align:start position:0% +as you start to burn you to thir or + + + align:start position:0% +as you start to burn you to thir or +consume you two or thirty-eight add + + align:start position:0% +consume you two or thirty-eight add + + + align:start position:0% +consume you two or thirty-eight add +neutrons and as you guys saw through a + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and as you guys saw through a + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons and as you guys saw through a +complicated chain of events on the exam + + align:start position:0% +complicated chain of events on the exam + + + align:start position:0% +complicated chain of events on the exam +eventually make plutonium 239 which is a + + align:start position:0% +eventually make plutonium 239 which is a + + + align:start position:0% +eventually make plutonium 239 which is a +fissile fuel + + align:start position:0% +fissile fuel + + + align:start position:0% +fissile fuel +the new for 238 it's actually different + + align:start position:0% +the new for 238 it's actually different + + + align:start position:0% +the new for 238 it's actually different +than the new for 239 so I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +than the new for 239 so I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +than the new for 239 so I don't want to +say that new never changes + + align:start position:0% +say that new never changes + + + align:start position:0% +say that new never changes +it's just that shoving the control rods + + align:start position:0% +it's just that shoving the control rods + + + align:start position:0% +it's just that shoving the control rods +into the reactor isn't God not going to + + align:start position:0% +into the reactor isn't God not going to + + + align:start position:0% +into the reactor isn't God not going to +change new but it does change slowly + + align:start position:0% +change new but it does change slowly + + + align:start position:0% +change new but it does change slowly +over time as you build up plutonium what + + align:start position:0% +over time as you build up plutonium what + + + align:start position:0% +over time as you build up plutonium what +about Sigma fission if this were a + + align:start position:0% +about Sigma fission if this were a + + + align:start position:0% +about Sigma fission if this were a +blended homogeneous reactor our reactor + + align:start position:0% +blended homogeneous reactor our reactor + + + align:start position:0% +blended homogeneous reactor our reactor +in a blender what would happen to Sigma + + align:start position:0% +in a blender what would happen to Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +in a blender what would happen to Sigma +fission as you then shove in an + + align:start position:0% +fission as you then shove in an + + + align:start position:0% +fission as you then shove in an +absorbing material does it change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you say no and I'm gonna adhere + + align:start position:0% +you say no and I'm gonna adhere + + + align:start position:0% +you say no and I'm gonna adhere +homogeneous so in this case remember if + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous so in this case remember if + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneous so in this case remember if +we define the average Sigma fission as a + + align:start position:0% +we define the average Sigma fission as a + + + align:start position:0% +we define the average Sigma fission as a +sum I'll add bits to it of each + + align:start position:0% +sum I'll add bits to it of each + + + align:start position:0% +sum I'll add bits to it of each +materials volume fraction or let's say + + align:start position:0% +materials volume fraction or let's say + + + align:start position:0% +materials volume fraction or let's say +atomic fraction times each materials + + align:start position:0% +atomic fraction times each materials + + + align:start position:0% +atomic fraction times each materials +Sigma fission if we throw new materials + + align:start position:0% +Sigma fission if we throw new materials + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma fission if we throw new materials +into the reactor then this homogeneous + + align:start position:0% +into the reactor then this homogeneous + + + align:start position:0% +into the reactor then this homogeneous +Sigma fission does change when we put + + align:start position:0% +Sigma fission does change when we put + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma fission does change when we put +materials in or take materials out so + + align:start position:0% +materials in or take materials out so + + + align:start position:0% +materials in or take materials out so +you guys want to revise your idea yes + + align:start position:0% +you guys want to revise your idea yes + + + align:start position:0% +you guys want to revise your idea yes +thank you there's only one other choice + + align:start position:0% +thank you there's only one other choice + + + align:start position:0% +thank you there's only one other choice +now the question is by how much if you + + align:start position:0% +now the question is by how much if you + + + align:start position:0% +now the question is by how much if you +put in a control rod where let's say the + + align:start position:0% +put in a control rod where let's say the + + + align:start position:0% +put in a control rod where let's say the +control rods Sigma fission would be + + align:start position:0% +control rods Sigma fission would be + + + align:start position:0% +control rods Sigma fission would be +equal to zero but volume would be equal + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero but volume would be equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero but volume would be equal +to small can't be any more specific than + + align:start position:0% +to small can't be any more specific than + + + align:start position:0% +to small can't be any more specific than +that how much of an effect do you think + + align:start position:0% +that how much of an effect do you think + + + align:start position:0% +that how much of an effect do you think +you'll have on Sigma fission very small + + align:start position:0% +you'll have on Sigma fission very small + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have on Sigma fission very small +so let's say a little down arrow like + + align:start position:0% +so let's say a little down arrow like + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say a little down arrow like +that what about Sigma absorption the + + align:start position:0% +that what about Sigma absorption the + + + align:start position:0% +that what about Sigma absorption the +volume is still small but the control + + align:start position:0% +volume is still small but the control + + + align:start position:0% +volume is still small but the control +rod by definition Sigma absorption + + align:start position:0% +rod by definition Sigma absorption + + + align:start position:0% +rod by definition Sigma absorption +equals huge so what do you think it's + + align:start position:0% +equals huge so what do you think it's + + + align:start position:0% +equals huge so what do you think it's +gonna increase a little or a lot quite a + + align:start position:0% +gonna increase a little or a lot quite a + + + align:start position:0% +gonna increase a little or a lot quite a +bit now let's look at the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +bit now let's look at the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +bit now let's look at the diffusion +constant and remember that the diffusion + + align:start position:0% +constant and remember that the diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +constant and remember that the diffusion +constant is 1 over 3 Sigma total minus + + align:start position:0% +constant is 1 over 3 Sigma total minus + + + align:start position:0% +constant is 1 over 3 Sigma total minus +the average cosine scattering angle + + align:start position:0% +the average cosine scattering angle + + + align:start position:0% +the average cosine scattering angle +Sigma scattering what do you think is + + align:start position:0% +Sigma scattering what do you think is + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma scattering what do you think is +going to happen to the neutron diffusion + + align:start position:0% +going to happen to the neutron diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen to the neutron diffusion +coefficient as you throw in an absorbing + + align:start position:0% +coefficient as you throw in an absorbing + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient as you throw in an absorbing +material + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +something that's got an enormous + + align:start position:0% +something that's got an enormous + + + align:start position:0% +something that's got an enormous +absorption cross-section is also going + + align:start position:0% +absorption cross-section is also going + + + align:start position:0% +absorption cross-section is also going +to have an enormous total cross section + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because Sigma total the Sigma absorption + + align:start position:0% +because Sigma total the Sigma absorption + + + align:start position:0% +because Sigma total the Sigma absorption +plus Sigma scattering and Sigma + + align:start position:0% +plus Sigma scattering and Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +plus Sigma scattering and Sigma +scattering doesn't change that much but + + align:start position:0% +scattering doesn't change that much but + + + align:start position:0% +scattering doesn't change that much but +if Sigma absorption goes up Sigma total + + align:start position:0% +if Sigma absorption goes up Sigma total + + + align:start position:0% +if Sigma absorption goes up Sigma total +goes up if Sigma total goes up then what + + align:start position:0% +goes up if Sigma total goes up then what + + + align:start position:0% +goes up if Sigma total goes up then what +happens to the diffusion coefficient yep + + align:start position:0% +happens to the diffusion coefficient yep + + + align:start position:0% +happens to the diffusion coefficient yep +it's got a decrease and how does + + align:start position:0% +it's got a decrease and how does + + + align:start position:0% +it's got a decrease and how does +inserting a control rod change the + + align:start position:0% +inserting a control rod change the + + + align:start position:0% +inserting a control rod change the +geometry very very close so it yeah + + align:start position:0% +geometry very very close so it yeah + + + align:start position:0% +geometry very very close so it yeah +you're right the control rod better not + + align:start position:0% +you're right the control rod better not + + + align:start position:0% +you're right the control rod better not +change the geometry but what I do want + + align:start position:0% +change the geometry but what I do want + + + align:start position:0% +change the geometry but what I do want +to let you remind you of is that this + + align:start position:0% +to let you remind you of is that this + + + align:start position:0% +to let you remind you of is that this +buckling term includes let's say this + + align:start position:0% +buckling term includes let's say this + + + align:start position:0% +buckling term includes let's say this +was a one-dimensional infinite slab + + align:start position:0% +was a one-dimensional infinite slab + + + align:start position:0% +was a one-dimensional infinite slab +Cartesian reactor that little hat over + + align:start position:0% +Cartesian reactor that little hat over + + + align:start position:0% +Cartesian reactor that little hat over +there means we have some extrapolation + + align:start position:0% +there means we have some extrapolation + + + align:start position:0% +there means we have some extrapolation +distance remember if we were to draw our + + align:start position:0% +distance remember if we were to draw our + + + align:start position:0% +distance remember if we were to draw our +infinite reactor with a thickness a and + + align:start position:0% +infinite reactor with a thickness a and + + + align:start position:0% +infinite reactor with a thickness a and +we wanted to draw a flux profile on top + + align:start position:0% +we wanted to draw a flux profile on top + + + align:start position:0% +we wanted to draw a flux profile on top +of that it would have to be symmetric + + align:start position:0% +of that it would have to be symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +of that it would have to be symmetric +about the middle and let's say we had + + align:start position:0% +about the middle and let's say we had + + + align:start position:0% +about the middle and let's say we had +our axes of this as X and this is flux + + align:start position:0% +our axes of this as X and this is flux + + + align:start position:0% +our axes of this as X and this is flux +flux can't go to zero right at the edge + + align:start position:0% +flux can't go to zero right at the edge + + + align:start position:0% +flux can't go to zero right at the edge +of the reactor because that would mean + + align:start position:0% +of the reactor because that would mean + + + align:start position:0% +of the reactor because that would mean +that no neutrons were literally leaking + + align:start position:0% +that no neutrons were literally leaking + + + align:start position:0% +that no neutrons were literally leaking +out so there's going to be some small + + align:start position:0% +out so there's going to be some small + + + align:start position:0% +out so there's going to be some small +extrapolation distance equal to about + + align:start position:0% +extrapolation distance equal to about + + + align:start position:0% +extrapolation distance equal to about +two times the diffusion coefficient so + + align:start position:0% +two times the diffusion coefficient so + + + align:start position:0% +two times the diffusion coefficient so +this geometric buckling is actually PI + + align:start position:0% +this geometric buckling is actually PI + + + align:start position:0% +this geometric buckling is actually PI +over the reactor geometry plus two times + + align:start position:0% +over the reactor geometry plus two times + + + align:start position:0% +over the reactor geometry plus two times +the diffusion coefficient and if the + + align:start position:0% +the diffusion coefficient and if the + + + align:start position:0% +the diffusion coefficient and if the +diffusion coefficient goes down + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient goes down + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient goes down +but it's also very very small compared + + align:start position:0% +but it's also very very small compared + + + align:start position:0% +but it's also very very small compared +to the geometric buckling how much does + + align:start position:0% +to the geometric buckling how much does + + + align:start position:0% +to the geometric buckling how much does +the buckling change and by how much and + + align:start position:0% +the buckling change and by how much and + + + align:start position:0% +the buckling change and by how much and +in what direction increases very + + align:start position:0% +in what direction increases very + + + align:start position:0% +in what direction increases very +slightly so the buckling might increase + + align:start position:0% +slightly so the buckling might increase + + + align:start position:0% +slightly so the buckling might increase +very slightly what's the overall net + + align:start position:0% +very slightly what's the overall net + + + align:start position:0% +very slightly what's the overall net +effect on K effective should go down you + + align:start position:0% +effect on K effective should go down you + + + align:start position:0% +effect on K effective should go down you +would hope if you put a control rod in + + align:start position:0% +would hope if you put a control rod in + + + align:start position:0% +would hope if you put a control rod in +it should make K effective go down + + align:start position:0% +it should make K effective go down + + + align:start position:0% +it should make K effective go down +because there's a little decrease here + + align:start position:0% +because there's a little decrease here + + + align:start position:0% +because there's a little decrease here +things kind of cancel out there but the + + align:start position:0% +things kind of cancel out there but the + + + align:start position:0% +things kind of cancel out there but the +big one is putting an absorption + + align:start position:0% +big one is putting an absorption + + + align:start position:0% +big one is putting an absorption +material like a control rod in should + + align:start position:0% +material like a control rod in should + + + align:start position:0% +material like a control rod in should +make K effective go down and that's the + + align:start position:0% +make K effective go down and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +make K effective go down and that's the +most intuitive one but you can work out + + align:start position:0% +most intuitive one but you can work out + + + align:start position:0% +most intuitive one but you can work out +one term at a time what's generally + + align:start position:0% +one term at a time what's generally + + + align:start position:0% +one term at a time what's generally +going to happen so let's now look at + + align:start position:0% +going to happen so let's now look at + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen so let's now look at +some other scenarios for the same + + align:start position:0% +some other scenarios for the same + + + align:start position:0% +some other scenarios for the same +criticality condition I'll just rewrite + + align:start position:0% +criticality condition I'll just rewrite + + + align:start position:0% +criticality condition I'll just rewrite +it so that we can mess it all up again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we want to go for the case of boil + + align:start position:0% +now we want to go for the case of boil + + + align:start position:0% +now we want to go for the case of boil +or avoid your coolant and now we're + + align:start position:0% +or avoid your coolant and now we're + + + align:start position:0% +or avoid your coolant and now we're +getting into the concept of different + + align:start position:0% +getting into the concept of different + + + align:start position:0% +getting into the concept of different +feedback mechanisms we've already talked + + align:start position:0% +feedback mechanisms we've already talked + + + align:start position:0% +feedback mechanisms we've already talked +once about how raising the temperature + + align:start position:0% +once about how raising the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +once about how raising the temperature +of something tends to increase cross + + align:start position:0% +of something tends to increase cross + + + align:start position:0% +of something tends to increase cross +sections in certain ways but now let's + + align:start position:0% +sections in certain ways but now let's + + + align:start position:0% +sections in certain ways but now let's +say what would happen if you boil your + + align:start position:0% +say what would happen if you boil your + + + align:start position:0% +say what would happen if you boil your +coolant if things got really hot and the + + align:start position:0% +coolant if things got really hot and the + + + align:start position:0% +coolant if things got really hot and the +water started to boil what do you want + + align:start position:0% +water started to boil what do you want + + + align:start position:0% +water started to boil what do you want +to happen to K effective you want it to + + align:start position:0% +to happen to K effective you want it to + + + align:start position:0% +to happen to K effective you want it to +increase decrease thank you you want it + + align:start position:0% +increase decrease thank you you want it + + + align:start position:0% +increase decrease thank you you want it +to decrease or else you get a Chernobyl + + align:start position:0% +to decrease or else you get a Chernobyl + + + align:start position:0% +to decrease or else you get a Chernobyl +and we'll talk about how that happened + + align:start position:0% +and we'll talk about how that happened + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll talk about how that happened +in a week or two so now let's reason + + align:start position:0% +in a week or two so now let's reason + + + align:start position:0% +in a week or two so now let's reason +through each one of these let's assume + + align:start position:0% +through each one of these let's assume + + + align:start position:0% +through each one of these let's assume +that nu doesn't change when you boil the + + align:start position:0% +that nu doesn't change when you boil the + + + align:start position:0% +that nu doesn't change when you boil the +coolant what about Sigma fission of the + + align:start position:0% +coolant what about Sigma fission of the + + + align:start position:0% +coolant what about Sigma fission of the +whole reactor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're taking a little bit of material + + align:start position:0% +you're taking a little bit of material + + + align:start position:0% +you're taking a little bit of material +out of the reactor by taking liquid + + align:start position:0% +out of the reactor by taking liquid + + + align:start position:0% +out of the reactor by taking liquid +water which is fairly dense and making + + align:start position:0% +water which is fairly dense and making + + + align:start position:0% +water which is fairly dense and making +it gaseous water which is less dense so + + align:start position:0% +it gaseous water which is less dense so + + + align:start position:0% +it gaseous water which is less dense so +overall there are more fissile atoms in + + align:start position:0% +overall there are more fissile atoms in + + + align:start position:0% +overall there are more fissile atoms in +the reactor proportionally when the + + align:start position:0% +the reactor proportionally when the + + + align:start position:0% +the reactor proportionally when the +coolant is boiled away then when it's + + align:start position:0% +coolant is boiled away then when it's + + + align:start position:0% +coolant is boiled away then when it's +not so what happens to Sigma fission the + + align:start position:0% +not so what happens to Sigma fission the + + + align:start position:0% +not so what happens to Sigma fission the +average Sigma fission for the reactor + + align:start position:0% +average Sigma fission for the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +average Sigma fission for the reactor +will go up ever so slightly probably not + + align:start position:0% +will go up ever so slightly probably not + + + align:start position:0% +will go up ever so slightly probably not +enough to matter what about Sigma + + align:start position:0% +enough to matter what about Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +enough to matter what about Sigma +absorption if the coolant disappears + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah water is an absorber hydrogen and + + align:start position:0% +yeah water is an absorber hydrogen and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah water is an absorber hydrogen and +oxygen but really just hydrogen have + + align:start position:0% +oxygen but really just hydrogen have + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen but really just hydrogen have +some pretty non negligible absorption + + align:start position:0% +some pretty non negligible absorption + + + align:start position:0% +some pretty non negligible absorption +coefficients and if those go away then + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and if those go away then + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and if those go away then +you're losing a bit of absorber aren't + + align:start position:0% +you're losing a bit of absorber aren't + + + align:start position:0% +you're losing a bit of absorber aren't +you oxygen actually it's interesting + + align:start position:0% +you oxygen actually it's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +you oxygen actually it's interesting +oxygen is the lowest thermal cross + + align:start position:0% +oxygen is the lowest thermal cross + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen is the lowest thermal cross +section of any element so we can treat + + align:start position:0% +section of any element so we can treat + + + align:start position:0% +section of any element so we can treat +it as pretty much transparent now how + + align:start position:0% +it as pretty much transparent now how + + + align:start position:0% +it as pretty much transparent now how +about the diffusion coefficient we've + + align:start position:0% +about the diffusion coefficient we've + + + align:start position:0% +about the diffusion coefficient we've +got the formula for it up there if all + + align:start position:0% +got the formula for it up there if all + + + align:start position:0% +got the formula for it up there if all +of a sudden your neutrons don't have + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden your neutrons don't have + + + align:start position:0% +of a sudden your neutrons don't have +much to moderate from or there's not + + align:start position:0% +much to moderate from or there's not + + + align:start position:0% +much to moderate from or there's not +much to moderate your neutrons yeah your + + align:start position:0% +much to moderate your neutrons yeah your + + + align:start position:0% +much to moderate your neutrons yeah your +scattering just like disappears right + + align:start position:0% +scattering just like disappears right + + + align:start position:0% +scattering just like disappears right +but some so does some of your total + + align:start position:0% +but some so does some of your total + + + align:start position:0% +but some so does some of your total +cross-section so chances are those + + align:start position:0% +cross-section so chances are those + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section so chances are those +neutrons are going to go farther before + + align:start position:0% +neutrons are going to go farther before + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons are going to go farther before +they undergo any given collision because + + align:start position:0% +they undergo any given collision because + + + align:start position:0% +they undergo any given collision because +there's no water in the way so you'd + + align:start position:0% +there's no water in the way so you'd + + + align:start position:0% +there's no water in the way so you'd +expect Neutron diffusion to go up and + + align:start position:0% +expect Neutron diffusion to go up and + + + align:start position:0% +expect Neutron diffusion to go up and +what about geometric buckling the fusion + + align:start position:0% +what about geometric buckling the fusion + + + align:start position:0% +what about geometric buckling the fusion +goes up then the geometric buckling I'm + + align:start position:0% +goes up then the geometric buckling I'm + + + align:start position:0% +goes up then the geometric buckling I'm +just gonna make it really small but the + + align:start position:0% +just gonna make it really small but the + + + align:start position:0% +just gonna make it really small but the +net effect here once again K effective + + align:start position:0% +net effect here once again K effective + + + align:start position:0% +net effect here once again K effective +goes down we didn't talk about anything + + align:start position:0% +goes down we didn't talk about anything + + + align:start position:0% +goes down we didn't talk about anything +to do with the actual temperature + + align:start position:0% +to do with the actual temperature + + + align:start position:0% +to do with the actual temperature +effects on the cross-sections this is + + align:start position:0% +effects on the cross-sections this is + + + align:start position:0% +effects on the cross-sections this is +just a density thing on the coolant + + align:start position:0% +just a density thing on the coolant + + + align:start position:0% +just a density thing on the coolant +itself so let's now look at that what + + align:start position:0% +itself so let's now look at that what + + + align:start position:0% +itself so let's now look at that what +about if you have some power spike raise + + align:start position:0% +about if you have some power spike raise + + + align:start position:0% +about if you have some power spike raise +fuel temperature I'll write it again so + + align:start position:0% +fuel temperature I'll write it again so + + + align:start position:0% +fuel temperature I'll write it again so +we can mess it up again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's say you raise the fuel + + align:start position:0% +so let's say you raise the fuel + + + align:start position:0% +so let's say you raise the fuel +temperature and that's going to cause + + align:start position:0% +temperature and that's going to cause + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and that's going to cause +every cross-section effectively to + + align:start position:0% +every cross-section effectively to + + + align:start position:0% +every cross-section effectively to +increase if you're doing this average + + align:start position:0% +increase if you're doing this average + + + align:start position:0% +increase if you're doing this average +scenario let's talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +scenario let's talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +scenario let's talk a little bit about +why it's not it's not as simple as just + + align:start position:0% +why it's not it's not as simple as just + + + align:start position:0% +why it's not it's not as simple as just +saying the cross-sections go up so let's + + align:start position:0% +saying the cross-sections go up so let's + + + align:start position:0% +saying the cross-sections go up so let's +say we had two different temperatures + + align:start position:0% +say we had two different temperatures + + + align:start position:0% +say we had two different temperatures +cold and hot so this would be your Sigma + + align:start position:0% +cold and hot so this would be your Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +cold and hot so this would be your Sigma +fission cold and this would be your + + align:start position:0% +fission cold and this would be your + + + align:start position:0% +fission cold and this would be your +Sigma fission hot for cold Sigma fission + + align:start position:0% +Sigma fission hot for cold Sigma fission + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma fission hot for cold Sigma fission +looks something like that + + align:start position:0% +looks something like that + + + align:start position:0% +looks something like that +and as the temperature goes up these + + align:start position:0% +and as the temperature goes up these + + + align:start position:0% +and as the temperature goes up these +resonances which I'll just label right + + align:start position:0% +resonances which I'll just label right + + + align:start position:0% +resonances which I'll just label right +here resonances being specific energy is + + align:start position:0% +here resonances being specific energy is + + + align:start position:0% +here resonances being specific energy is +where the absorption suddenly goes up + + align:start position:0% +where the absorption suddenly goes up + + + align:start position:0% +where the absorption suddenly goes up +suddenly goes down will actually + + align:start position:0% +suddenly goes down will actually + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly goes down will actually +decrease in height but they'll start to + + align:start position:0% +decrease in height but they'll start to + + + align:start position:0% +decrease in height but they'll start to +spread out more that's about as well as + + align:start position:0% +spread out more that's about as well as + + + align:start position:0% +spread out more that's about as well as +I can draw it very crudely and same + + align:start position:0% +I can draw it very crudely and same + + + align:start position:0% +I can draw it very crudely and same +thing goes well not just for Sigma + + align:start position:0% +thing goes well not just for Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +thing goes well not just for Sigma +fission but for Sigma anything including + + align:start position:0% +fission but for Sigma anything including + + + align:start position:0% +fission but for Sigma anything including +absorption including total whatever you + + align:start position:0% +absorption including total whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +absorption including total whatever you +want and so if your goal is to get your + + align:start position:0% +want and so if your goal is to get your + + + align:start position:0% +want and so if your goal is to get your +neutrons from the fast region where + + align:start position:0% +neutrons from the fast region where + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons from the fast region where +they're born into the thermal region + + align:start position:0% +they're born into the thermal region + + + align:start position:0% +they're born into the thermal region +where you get fission broadening these + + align:start position:0% +where you get fission broadening these + + + align:start position:0% +where you get fission broadening these +cross-sections makes it more likely that + + align:start position:0% +cross-sections makes it more likely that + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sections makes it more likely that +if the neutron loses any amount of + + align:start position:0% +if the neutron loses any amount of + + + align:start position:0% +if the neutron loses any amount of +energy it's going to hit one of these + + align:start position:0% +energy it's going to hit one of these + + + align:start position:0% +energy it's going to hit one of these +big resonance regions and get absorbed + + align:start position:0% +big resonance regions and get absorbed + + + align:start position:0% +big resonance regions and get absorbed +or taken away before it gets a chance to + + align:start position:0% +or taken away before it gets a chance to + + + align:start position:0% +or taken away before it gets a chance to +go to the fission region so what this is + + align:start position:0% +go to the fission region so what this is + + + align:start position:0% +go to the fission region so what this is +really going to do it's it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +really going to do it's it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +really going to do it's it's kind of +funny to say it in terms of a one group + + align:start position:0% +funny to say it in terms of a one group + + + align:start position:0% +funny to say it in terms of a one group +criticality relation but your fission + + align:start position:0% +criticality relation but your fission + + + align:start position:0% +criticality relation but your fission +cross-sections actually gonna go down + + align:start position:0% +cross-sections actually gonna go down + + + align:start position:0% +cross-sections actually gonna go down +one reason is that the fuel physically + + align:start position:0% +one reason is that the fuel physically + + + align:start position:0% +one reason is that the fuel physically +spreads out and so this just from the + + align:start position:0% +spreads out and so this just from the + + + align:start position:0% +spreads out and so this just from the +density modification you're not going to + + align:start position:0% +density modification you're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +density modification you're not going to +get as much but then you've also got + + align:start position:0% +get as much but then you've also got + + + align:start position:0% +get as much but then you've also got +that effect of increasing fission from + + align:start position:0% +that effect of increasing fission from + + + align:start position:0% +that effect of increasing fission from +these resonance regions spreading out + + align:start position:0% +these resonance regions spreading out + + + align:start position:0% +these resonance regions spreading out +the question is which one is a bigger + + align:start position:0% +the question is which one is a bigger + + + align:start position:0% +the question is which one is a bigger +effect + + align:start position:0% +effect + + + align:start position:0% +effect +I can't answer that with a simplest + + align:start position:0% +I can't answer that with a simplest + + + align:start position:0% +I can't answer that with a simplest +statement you'll go over a lot more of + + align:start position:0% +statement you'll go over a lot more of + + + align:start position:0% +statement you'll go over a lot more of +that in 2205 when you talk about what + + align:start position:0% +that in 2205 when you talk about what + + + align:start position:0% +that in 2205 when you talk about what +actually defines a residence region how + + align:start position:0% +actually defines a residence region how + + + align:start position:0% +actually defines a residence region how +do you calculate them and how do they + + align:start position:0% +do you calculate them and how do they + + + align:start position:0% +do you calculate them and how do they +Doppler broaden our broaden with + + align:start position:0% +Doppler broaden our broaden with + + + align:start position:0% +Doppler broaden our broaden with +temperature + + align:start position:0% +temperature + + + align:start position:0% +temperature +how about Sigma absorption yeah Sigma + + align:start position:0% +how about Sigma absorption yeah Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +how about Sigma absorption yeah Sigma +absorption well it's gonna go down + + align:start position:0% +absorption well it's gonna go down + + + align:start position:0% +absorption well it's gonna go down +because things spread out but it might + + align:start position:0% +because things spread out but it might + + + align:start position:0% +because things spread out but it might +also go up because the the cross + + align:start position:0% +also go up because the the cross + + + align:start position:0% +also go up because the the cross +sections spread out or the residence is + + align:start position:0% +sections spread out or the residence is + + + align:start position:0% +sections spread out or the residence is +spread out what's really gonna happen + + align:start position:0% +spread out what's really gonna happen + + + align:start position:0% +spread out what's really gonna happen +though is the reactor atoms are + + align:start position:0% +though is the reactor atoms are + + + align:start position:0% +though is the reactor atoms are +effectively like spreading themselves + + align:start position:0% +effectively like spreading themselves + + + align:start position:0% +effectively like spreading themselves +apart the coolants less dense the + + align:start position:0% +apart the coolants less dense the + + + align:start position:0% +apart the coolants less dense the +structural materials in the fuel and + + align:start position:0% +structural materials in the fuel and + + + align:start position:0% +structural materials in the fuel and +everything are still there they're less + + align:start position:0% +everything are still there they're less + + + align:start position:0% +everything are still there they're less +dense but there's not few of them in the + + align:start position:0% +dense but there's not few of them in the + + + align:start position:0% +dense but there's not few of them in the +reactor but there is going to be less + + align:start position:0% +reactor but there is going to be less + + + align:start position:0% +reactor but there is going to be less +coolant in the reactor because it has + + align:start position:0% +coolant in the reactor because it has + + + align:start position:0% +coolant in the reactor because it has +the ability to spar safai or get less + + align:start position:0% +the ability to spar safai or get less + + + align:start position:0% +the ability to spar safai or get less +dense and kind of squeeze out the inlet + + align:start position:0% +dense and kind of squeeze out the inlet + + + align:start position:0% +dense and kind of squeeze out the inlet +and outlet of the reactor so what's + + align:start position:0% +and outlet of the reactor so what's + + + align:start position:0% +and outlet of the reactor so what's +really gonna happen here is we know + + align:start position:0% +really gonna happen here is we know + + + align:start position:0% +really gonna happen here is we know +diffusions going to go up which might + + align:start position:0% +diffusions going to go up which might + + + align:start position:0% +diffusions going to go up which might +cause a corresponding change in buckling + + align:start position:0% +cause a corresponding change in buckling + + + align:start position:0% +cause a corresponding change in buckling +and the net effect as we would hope k + + align:start position:0% +and the net effect as we would hope k + + + align:start position:0% +and the net effect as we would hope k +effective would go down and so what + + align:start position:0% +effective would go down and so what + + + align:start position:0% +effective would go down and so what +we've talked about now here is directly + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about now here is directly + + + align:start position:0% +we've talked about now here is directly +controlling reactivity with control rods + + align:start position:0% +controlling reactivity with control rods + + + align:start position:0% +controlling reactivity with control rods +what's called a void coefficient where + + align:start position:0% +what's called a void coefficient where + + + align:start position:0% +what's called a void coefficient where +you actually want to have a negative + + align:start position:0% +you actually want to have a negative + + + align:start position:0% +you actually want to have a negative +void coefficient so if you boil your + + align:start position:0% +void coefficient so if you boil your + + + align:start position:0% +void coefficient so if you boil your +coolant too much K effective should go + + align:start position:0% +coolant too much K effective should go + + + align:start position:0% +coolant too much K effective should go +down and that's one of the mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +down and that's one of the mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +down and that's one of the mechanisms +that a light water or thermal reactor + + align:start position:0% +that a light water or thermal reactor + + + align:start position:0% +that a light water or thermal reactor +can help stabilize itself and you can + + align:start position:0% +can help stabilize itself and you can + + + align:start position:0% +can help stabilize itself and you can +see that now from just the really + + align:start position:0% +see that now from just the really + + + align:start position:0% +see that now from just the really +simplified one group criticality rate + + align:start position:0% +simplified one group criticality rate + + + align:start position:0% +simplified one group criticality rate +relation and if you raise the fuel + + align:start position:0% +relation and if you raise the fuel + + + align:start position:0% +relation and if you raise the fuel +temperature let's say the fuel gets + + align:start position:0% +temperature let's say the fuel gets + + + align:start position:0% +temperature let's say the fuel gets +really hot because there's been some + + align:start position:0% +really hot because there's been some + + + align:start position:0% +really hot because there's been some +power spike you also want the reactor to + + align:start position:0% +power spike you also want the reactor to + + + align:start position:0% +power spike you also want the reactor to +shut itself down which you can see that + + align:start position:0% +shut itself down which you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +shut itself down which you can see that +it does let's make things a little + + align:start position:0% +it does let's make things a little + + + align:start position:0% +it does let's make things a little +trickier + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's now talk about a sodium reactor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fast reactor this one relies a lot more + + align:start position:0% +fast reactor this one relies a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +fast reactor this one relies a lot more +on fast fission of u-238 so if we were + + align:start position:0% +on fast fission of u-238 so if we were + + + align:start position:0% +on fast fission of u-238 so if we were +to draw the two cross-sections of 235 + + align:start position:0% +to draw the two cross-sections of 235 + + + align:start position:0% +to draw the two cross-sections of 235 +Sigma fission and 238 Sigma fission + + align:start position:0% +Sigma fission and 238 Sigma fission + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma fission and 238 Sigma fission +remember uranium-235 looked like the one + + align:start position:0% +remember uranium-235 looked like the one + + + align:start position:0% +remember uranium-235 looked like the one +that we drew before whereas you 238 go + + align:start position:0% +that we drew before whereas you 238 go + + + align:start position:0% +that we drew before whereas you 238 go +something like that with no actual scale + + align:start position:0% +something like that with no actual scale + + + align:start position:0% +something like that with no actual scale +given I'm not going to even go there but + + align:start position:0% +given I'm not going to even go there but + + + align:start position:0% +given I'm not going to even go there but +uranium 238 does not need moderation for + + align:start position:0% +uranium 238 does not need moderation for + + + align:start position:0% +uranium 238 does not need moderation for +the neutrons to induce more fission so + + align:start position:0% +the neutrons to induce more fission so + + + align:start position:0% +the neutrons to induce more fission so +let's now write the same criticality + + align:start position:0% +let's now write the same criticality + + + align:start position:0% +let's now write the same criticality +reaction which again is a super + + align:start position:0% +reaction which again is a super + + + align:start position:0% +reaction which again is a super +simplified view of things but that's + + align:start position:0% +simplified view of things but that's + + + align:start position:0% +simplified view of things but that's +okay what would happen to each of these + + align:start position:0% +okay what would happen to each of these + + + align:start position:0% +okay what would happen to each of these +terms in a sodium fast reactor if you + + align:start position:0% +terms in a sodium fast reactor if you + + + align:start position:0% +terms in a sodium fast reactor if you +void the coolant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so new won't change what about Sigma + + align:start position:0% +so new won't change what about Sigma + + + align:start position:0% +so new won't change what about Sigma +fission well if the coolant goes away + + align:start position:0% +fission well if the coolant goes away + + + align:start position:0% +fission well if the coolant goes away +then on average there's fissile + + align:start position:0% +then on average there's fissile + + + align:start position:0% +then on average there's fissile +materials contributing more to that + + align:start position:0% +materials contributing more to that + + + align:start position:0% +materials contributing more to that +cross-section but not that much so do + + align:start position:0% +cross-section but not that much so do + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section but not that much so do +you want to get technical might be the + + align:start position:0% +you want to get technical might be the + + + align:start position:0% +you want to get technical might be the +slightest of increases but doesn't + + align:start position:0% +slightest of increases but doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +slightest of increases but doesn't +matter that much what really matters + + align:start position:0% +matter that much what really matters + + + align:start position:0% +matter that much what really matters +though is the stuff on the bottom sodium + + align:start position:0% +though is the stuff on the bottom sodium + + + align:start position:0% +though is the stuff on the bottom sodium +does have a low but non negligible + + align:start position:0% +does have a low but non negligible + + + align:start position:0% +does have a low but non negligible +absorption cross-section so if the + + align:start position:0% +absorption cross-section so if the + + + align:start position:0% +absorption cross-section so if the +sodium were to boil away then the + + align:start position:0% +sodium were to boil away then the + + + align:start position:0% +sodium were to boil away then the +absorption would go down by a non + + align:start position:0% +absorption would go down by a non + + + align:start position:0% +absorption would go down by a non +negligible amount and then what about + + align:start position:0% +negligible amount and then what about + + + align:start position:0% +negligible amount and then what about +diffusion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well we've got the formula for it up + + align:start position:0% +well we've got the formula for it up + + + align:start position:0% +well we've got the formula for it up +there if there's not as much coolant in + + align:start position:0% +there if there's not as much coolant in + + + align:start position:0% +there if there's not as much coolant in +the way then the neutrons of God I got + + align:start position:0% +the way then the neutrons of God I got + + + align:start position:0% +the way then the neutrons of God I got +are gonna be able to get further on on + + align:start position:0% +are gonna be able to get further on on + + + align:start position:0% +are gonna be able to get further on on +average let's say they're not going to + + align:start position:0% +average let's say they're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +average let's say they're not going to +be scattering around with as much of the + + align:start position:0% +be scattering around with as much of the + + + align:start position:0% +be scattering around with as much of the +sodium so there might be a small + + align:start position:0% +sodium so there might be a small + + + align:start position:0% +sodium so there might be a small +increase in diffusion and corresponding + + align:start position:0% +increase in diffusion and corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +increase in diffusion and corresponding +small increase in buckling but this is + + align:start position:0% +small increase in buckling but this is + + + align:start position:0% +small increase in buckling but this is +where the one group kind of fails right + + align:start position:0% +where the one group kind of fails right + + + align:start position:0% +where the one group kind of fails right +what the sodium is actually doing is + + align:start position:0% +what the sodium is actually doing is + + + align:start position:0% +what the sodium is actually doing is +providing a little bit of moderation so + + align:start position:0% +providing a little bit of moderation so + + + align:start position:0% +providing a little bit of moderation so +that some of those neutrons when they + + align:start position:0% +that some of those neutrons when they + + + align:start position:0% +that some of those neutrons when they +bounce off of sodium leave the fast + + align:start position:0% +bounce off of sodium leave the fast + + + align:start position:0% +bounce off of sodium leave the fast +fission region and get absorbed and + + align:start position:0% +fission region and get absorbed and + + + align:start position:0% +fission region and get absorbed and +that's part of the balance of the + + align:start position:0% +that's part of the balance of the + + + align:start position:0% +that's part of the balance of the +reactor if all of the neutrons are then + + align:start position:0% +reactor if all of the neutrons are then + + + align:start position:0% +reactor if all of the neutrons are then +born fast and don't really slow down and + + align:start position:0% +born fast and don't really slow down and + + + align:start position:0% +born fast and don't really slow down and +just get absorbed then you might have an + + align:start position:0% +just get absorbed then you might have an + + + align:start position:0% +just get absorbed then you might have an +overall positive void coefficient so + + align:start position:0% +overall positive void coefficient so + + + align:start position:0% +overall positive void coefficient so +this would tell you that in a fast + + align:start position:0% +this would tell you that in a fast + + + align:start position:0% +this would tell you that in a fast +reactor where you're depending on your + + align:start position:0% +reactor where you're depending on your + + + align:start position:0% +reactor where you're depending on your +coolant not just to cool the reactor but + + align:start position:0% +coolant not just to cool the reactor but + + + align:start position:0% +coolant not just to cool the reactor but +to absorb somewhat and to moderate some + + align:start position:0% +to absorb somewhat and to moderate some + + + align:start position:0% +to absorb somewhat and to moderate some +what you don't want to boil the coolant + + align:start position:0% +what you don't want to boil the coolant + + + align:start position:0% +what you don't want to boil the coolant +in a fast reactor and this is a lot of + + align:start position:0% +in a fast reactor and this is a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +in a fast reactor and this is a lot of +the reason why most fast reactor + + align:start position:0% +the reason why most fast reactor + + + align:start position:0% +the reason why most fast reactor +coolants tend to have extremely high + + align:start position:0% +coolants tend to have extremely high + + + align:start position:0% +coolants tend to have extremely high +boiling points sodium is approximately + + align:start position:0% +boiling points sodium is approximately + + + align:start position:0% +boiling points sodium is approximately +893 Celsius LED business is + + align:start position:0% +893 Celsius LED business is + + + align:start position:0% +893 Celsius LED business is +approximately 1670 Celsius molten salts + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1670 Celsius molten salts + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1670 Celsius molten salts +about 1,400 Celsius so those all those + + align:start position:0% +about 1,400 Celsius so those all those + + + align:start position:0% +about 1,400 Celsius so those all those +cool ins except for the sodium one + + align:start position:0% +cool ins except for the sodium one + + + align:start position:0% +cool ins except for the sodium one +you'll melt the steel that the reactor + + align:start position:0% +you'll melt the steel that the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +you'll melt the steel that the reactor +is made out of before your boil to + + align:start position:0% +is made out of before your boil to + + + align:start position:0% +is made out of before your boil to +coolant so boiling the coolant is a bad + + align:start position:0% +coolant so boiling the coolant is a bad + + + align:start position:0% +coolant so boiling the coolant is a bad +day in a fast reactor because then + + align:start position:0% +day in a fast reactor because then + + + align:start position:0% +day in a fast reactor because then +things will go from bad to worse because + + align:start position:0% +things will go from bad to worse because + + + align:start position:0% +things will go from bad to worse because +in this case the feedback coefficient + + align:start position:0% +in this case the feedback coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +in this case the feedback coefficient +can be positive for voiding the coolant + + align:start position:0% +can be positive for voiding the coolant + + + align:start position:0% +can be positive for voiding the coolant +that's no good so you want to keep the + + align:start position:0% +that's no good so you want to keep the + + + align:start position:0% +that's no good so you want to keep the +reactor submerged and that's another + + align:start position:0% +reactor submerged and that's another + + + align:start position:0% +reactor submerged and that's another +reason why a lot of these fast reactors + + align:start position:0% +reason why a lot of these fast reactors + + + align:start position:0% +reason why a lot of these fast reactors +are what's called pool type reactors the + + align:start position:0% +are what's called pool type reactors the + + + align:start position:0% +are what's called pool type reactors the +reactor is not a vessel with a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +reactor is not a vessel with a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +reactor is not a vessel with a bunch of +piping under it that can break and fail + + align:start position:0% +piping under it that can break and fail + + + align:start position:0% +piping under it that can break and fail +but instead it's designed as a huge pool + + align:start position:0% +but instead it's designed as a huge pool + + + align:start position:0% +but instead it's designed as a huge pool +of liquid sodium and then the core is + + align:start position:0% +of liquid sodium and then the core is + + + align:start position:0% +of liquid sodium and then the core is +somewhere in here with a bunch of pumps + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in here with a bunch of pumps + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in here with a bunch of pumps +sending the coolant in and back out or + + align:start position:0% +sending the coolant in and back out or + + + align:start position:0% +sending the coolant in and back out or +through some heat exchanger or something + + align:start position:0% +through some heat exchanger or something + + + align:start position:0% +through some heat exchanger or something +so there's not really any penetrations + + align:start position:0% +so there's not really any penetrations + + + align:start position:0% +so there's not really any penetrations +on the bottom of this pool and you make + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom of this pool and you make + + + align:start position:0% +on the bottom of this pool and you make +sure that you maintain either when you + + align:start position:0% +sure that you maintain either when you + + + align:start position:0% +sure that you maintain either when you +have sodium or lead bismuth eutectic or + + align:start position:0% +have sodium or lead bismuth eutectic or + + + align:start position:0% +have sodium or lead bismuth eutectic or +a liquid lead or some other fast reactor + + align:start position:0% +a liquid lead or some other fast reactor + + + align:start position:0% +a liquid lead or some other fast reactor +coolant so these are some kind of + + align:start position:0% +coolant so these are some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +coolant so these are some kind of +interesting scenarios to think about I + + align:start position:0% +interesting scenarios to think about I + + + align:start position:0% +interesting scenarios to think about I +think one of them that I put in the + + align:start position:0% +think one of them that I put in the + + + align:start position:0% +think one of them that I put in the +homework was imagine you have the MIT + + align:start position:0% +homework was imagine you have the MIT + + + align:start position:0% +homework was imagine you have the MIT +reactor and replace the coolant with + + align:start position:0% +reactor and replace the coolant with + + + align:start position:0% +reactor and replace the coolant with +molten sodium what's going to happen + + align:start position:0% +molten sodium what's going to happen + + + align:start position:0% +molten sodium what's going to happen +well let's say you got all the water out + + align:start position:0% +well let's say you got all the water out + + + align:start position:0% +well let's say you got all the water out +first and it wouldn't just blow up right + + align:start position:0% +first and it wouldn't just blow up right + + + align:start position:0% +first and it wouldn't just blow up right +what would actually happen to the + + align:start position:0% +what would actually happen to the + + + align:start position:0% +what would actually happen to the +criticality relation that's something I + + align:start position:0% +criticality relation that's something I + + + align:start position:0% +criticality relation that's something I +want you to think about because one of + + align:start position:0% +want you to think about because one of + + + align:start position:0% +want you to think about because one of +the big problems on the homework is + + align:start position:0% +the big problems on the homework is + + + align:start position:0% +the big problems on the homework is +doing exactly this for scenarios that + + align:start position:0% +doing exactly this for scenarios that + + + align:start position:0% +doing exactly this for scenarios that +have happened to the MIT reactor except + + align:start position:0% +have happened to the MIT reactor except + + + align:start position:0% +have happened to the MIT reactor except +for the sodium one that's never happened + + align:start position:0% +for the sodium one that's never happened + + + align:start position:0% +for the sodium one that's never happened +and hopefully never will yeah I can't + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully never will yeah I can't + + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully never will yeah I can't +even imagine but so now let's talk a + + align:start position:0% +even imagine but so now let's talk a + + + align:start position:0% +even imagine but so now let's talk a +little bit about when you perturb a + + align:start position:0% +little bit about when you perturb a + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about when you perturb a +reactor by doing something to it putting + + align:start position:0% +reactor by doing something to it putting + + + align:start position:0% +reactor by doing something to it putting +the control rods in or pulling them out + + align:start position:0% +the control rods in or pulling them out + + + align:start position:0% +the control rods in or pulling them out +or doing whatever you want you're by + + align:start position:0% +or doing whatever you want you're by + + + align:start position:0% +or doing whatever you want you're by +definition going to take one of our + + align:start position:0% +definition going to take one of our + + + align:start position:0% +definition going to take one of our +first assumptions about how the neutron + + align:start position:0% +first assumptions about how the neutron + + + align:start position:0% +first assumptions about how the neutron +diffusion equation works and throw it + + align:start position:0% +diffusion equation works and throw it + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion equation works and throw it +out the window so we're now moving into + + align:start position:0% +out the window so we're now moving into + + + align:start position:0% +out the window so we're now moving into +the transient regime so to study what + + align:start position:0% +the transient regime so to study what + + + align:start position:0% +the transient regime so to study what +happens in a reactor transient or when + + align:start position:0% +happens in a reactor transient or when + + + align:start position:0% +happens in a reactor transient or when +something changes as a function of time + + align:start position:0% +something changes as a function of time + + + align:start position:0% +something changes as a function of time +let's first go from K effective to what + + align:start position:0% +let's first go from K effective to what + + + align:start position:0% +let's first go from K effective to what +we call K infinity the multiplication + + align:start position:0% +we call K infinity the multiplication + + + align:start position:0% +we call K infinity the multiplication +factor for an infinite medium we're only + + align:start position:0% +factor for an infinite medium we're only + + + align:start position:0% +factor for an infinite medium we're only +doing this because it's analytically + + align:start position:0% +doing this because it's analytically + + + align:start position:0% +doing this because it's analytically +easier to understand and still gets the + + align:start position:0% +easier to understand and still gets the + + + align:start position:0% +easier to understand and still gets the +point across so we'll say that our K + + align:start position:0% +point across so we'll say that our K + + + align:start position:0% +point across so we'll say that our K +infinity is still a balance between + + align:start position:0% +infinity is still a balance between + + + align:start position:0% +infinity is still a balance between +production and destruction the + + align:start position:0% +production and destruction the + + + align:start position:0% +production and destruction the +difference is if we have an infinite + + align:start position:0% +difference is if we have an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +difference is if we have an infinite +medium there's no leakage you can't leak + + align:start position:0% +medium there's no leakage you can't leak + + + align:start position:0% +medium there's no leakage you can't leak +out of an infinitely sized reactor + + align:start position:0% +out of an infinitely sized reactor + + + align:start position:0% +out of an infinitely sized reactor +should one ever exist and so it just + + align:start position:0% +should one ever exist and so it just + + + align:start position:0% +should one ever exist and so it just +comes out as new Sigma fission over + + align:start position:0% +comes out as new Sigma fission over + + + align:start position:0% +comes out as new Sigma fission over +Sigma absorption a much simpler form and + + align:start position:0% +Sigma absorption a much simpler form and + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma absorption a much simpler form and +so now we can write what would happen to + + align:start position:0% +so now we can write what would happen to + + + align:start position:0% +so now we can write what would happen to +the flux in the reactor as a function of + + align:start position:0% +the flux in the reactor as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +the flux in the reactor as a function of +time and in this case is gonna be one + + align:start position:0% +time and in this case is gonna be one + + + align:start position:0% +time and in this case is gonna be one +over velocity I'm going to make this a + + align:start position:0% +over velocity I'm going to make this a + + + align:start position:0% +over velocity I'm going to make this a +very obvious wide V that change in the + + align:start position:0% +very obvious wide V that change in the + + + align:start position:0% +very obvious wide V that change in the +reactor flux is going to just be + + align:start position:0% +reactor flux is going to just be + + + align:start position:0% +reactor flux is going to just be +proportional to the imbalance now in the + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the imbalance now in the + + + align:start position:0% +proportional to the imbalance now in the +number of neutrons produced and + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons produced and + + + align:start position:0% +number of neutrons produced and +destroyed so the number of neutrons + + align:start position:0% +destroyed so the number of neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +destroyed so the number of neutrons +produced would be proportional to very + + align:start position:0% +produced would be proportional to very + + + align:start position:0% +produced would be proportional to very +sharp new Sigma fission minus the number + + align:start position:0% +sharp new Sigma fission minus the number + + + align:start position:0% +sharp new Sigma fission minus the number +of neutrons destroyed Sigma absorption + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times Phi as a function of T you all + + align:start position:0% +times Phi as a function of T you all + + + align:start position:0% +times Phi as a function of T you all +with me so far so this right here is a + + align:start position:0% +with me so far so this right here is a + + + align:start position:0% +with me so far so this right here is a +change which is proportional to an + + align:start position:0% +change which is proportional to an + + + align:start position:0% +change which is proportional to an +imbalance between production and + + align:start position:0% +imbalance between production and + + + align:start position:0% +imbalance between production and +destruction times the actual flux that + + align:start position:0% +destruction times the actual flux that + + + align:start position:0% +destruction times the actual flux that +you have in some given time so to make + + align:start position:0% +you have in some given time so to make + + + align:start position:0% +you have in some given time so to make +the simpler let's multiply everything by + + align:start position:0% +the simpler let's multiply everything by + + + align:start position:0% +the simpler let's multiply everything by +V where's my green substitute color + + align:start position:0% +V where's my green substitute color + + + align:start position:0% +V where's my green substitute color +multiply everything by V and the only + + align:start position:0% +multiply everything by V and the only + + + align:start position:0% +multiply everything by V and the only +unfortunate situation is we have a + + align:start position:0% +unfortunate situation is we have a + + + align:start position:0% +unfortunate situation is we have a +Vienna knew next to each other I'm going + + align:start position:0% +Vienna knew next to each other I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +Vienna knew next to each other I'm going +to try to keep them looking really + + align:start position:0% +to try to keep them looking really + + + align:start position:0% +to try to keep them looking really +different those go away and then we end + + align:start position:0% +different those go away and then we end + + + align:start position:0% +different those go away and then we end +up with if we divide by Phi and those + + align:start position:0% +up with if we divide by Phi and those + + + align:start position:0% +up with if we divide by Phi and those +Phi's go away and we have v prime over + + align:start position:0% +Phi's go away and we have v prime over + + + align:start position:0% +Phi's go away and we have v prime over +Phi equals V nu Sigma fission minus V + + align:start position:0% +Phi equals V nu Sigma fission minus V + + + align:start position:0% +Phi equals V nu Sigma fission minus V +Sigma absorption and now we can start to + + align:start position:0% +Sigma absorption and now we can start to + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma absorption and now we can start to +define things in terms of our K infinity + + align:start position:0% +define things in terms of our K infinity + + + align:start position:0% +define things in terms of our K infinity +factor and a new quantity I'd like to + + align:start position:0% +factor and a new quantity I'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +factor and a new quantity I'd like to +introduce called the prompt lifetime + + align:start position:0% +introduce called the prompt lifetime + + + align:start position:0% +introduce called the prompt lifetime +it's a measure of how long a given + + align:start position:0% +it's a measure of how long a given + + + align:start position:0% +it's a measure of how long a given +Neutron tends to live before something + + align:start position:0% +Neutron tends to live before something + + + align:start position:0% +Neutron tends to live before something +happens to it before it's either + + align:start position:0% +happens to it before it's either + + + align:start position:0% +happens to it before it's either +absorbed or leaks out well not from our + + align:start position:0% +absorbed or leaks out well not from our + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed or leaks out well not from our +infinite reactor and so we can define + + align:start position:0% +infinite reactor and so we can define + + + align:start position:0% +infinite reactor and so we can define +this as 1 over their Neutron Vil + + align:start position:0% +this as 1 over their Neutron Vil + + + align:start position:0% +this as 1 over their Neutron Vil +ASSA tea time Sigma absorption and just + + align:start position:0% +ASSA tea time Sigma absorption and just + + + align:start position:0% +ASSA tea time Sigma absorption and just +to check the unit's here velocities in + + align:start position:0% +to check the unit's here velocities in + + + align:start position:0% +to check the unit's here velocities in +meters per second + + align:start position:0% +meters per second + + + align:start position:0% +meters per second +macroscopic cross-sections are in one + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic cross-sections are in one + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic cross-sections are in one +over meters so those cancel out and + + align:start position:0% +over meters so those cancel out and + + + align:start position:0% +over meters so those cancel out and +we're left with a total units of seconds + + align:start position:0% +we're left with a total units of seconds + + + align:start position:0% +we're left with a total units of seconds +that's nice we would want a mean Neutron + + align:start position:0% +that's nice we would want a mean Neutron + + + align:start position:0% +that's nice we would want a mean Neutron +lifetime or a prompt lifetime to have + + align:start position:0% +lifetime or a prompt lifetime to have + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime or a prompt lifetime to have +units of seconds or time at least yep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why the DV DT squared went away okay so + + align:start position:0% +why the DV DT squared went away okay so + + + align:start position:0% +why the DV DT squared went away okay so +that's because we assume we're gonna be + + align:start position:0% +that's because we assume we're gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +that's because we assume we're gonna be +analyzing an infinite medium so right + + align:start position:0% +analyzing an infinite medium so right + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing an infinite medium so right +here this two real able these terms this + + align:start position:0% +here this two real able these terms this + + + align:start position:0% +here this two real able these terms this +would be the total production term that + + align:start position:0% +would be the total production term that + + + align:start position:0% +would be the total production term that +right there represents absorption and + + align:start position:0% +right there represents absorption and + + + align:start position:0% +right there represents absorption and +that right there represents leakage but + + align:start position:0% +that right there represents leakage but + + + align:start position:0% +that right there represents leakage but +if we're analyzing an infinite medium + + align:start position:0% +if we're analyzing an infinite medium + + + align:start position:0% +if we're analyzing an infinite medium +you can't leak out because it takes up + + align:start position:0% +you can't leak out because it takes up + + + align:start position:0% +you can't leak out because it takes up +the entire universe and Beyond depending + + align:start position:0% +the entire universe and Beyond depending + + + align:start position:0% +the entire universe and Beyond depending +on what you believe metaphysically or + + align:start position:0% +on what you believe metaphysically or + + + align:start position:0% +on what you believe metaphysically or +whatever anyway that's different costs + + align:start position:0% +whatever anyway that's different costs + + + align:start position:0% +whatever anyway that's different costs +so this right here we can rewrite as 1 + + align:start position:0% +so this right here we can rewrite as 1 + + + align:start position:0% +so this right here we can rewrite as 1 +over lifetime that makes it easier and + + align:start position:0% +over lifetime that makes it easier and + + + align:start position:0% +over lifetime that makes it easier and +this right here if we note that new SiC + + align:start position:0% +this right here if we note that new SiC + + + align:start position:0% +this right here if we note that new SiC +that's a new I'm gonna be really + + align:start position:0% +that's a new I'm gonna be really + + + align:start position:0% +that's a new I'm gonna be really +explicit about that new Sigma fission + + align:start position:0% +explicit about that new Sigma fission + + + align:start position:0% +explicit about that new Sigma fission +over Sigma absorption this kind of looks + + align:start position:0% +over Sigma absorption this kind of looks + + + align:start position:0% +over Sigma absorption this kind of looks +like well this is looking to be like K + + align:start position:0% +like well this is looking to be like K + + + align:start position:0% +like well this is looking to be like K +whoops wrong color like RK infinity over + + align:start position:0% +whoops wrong color like RK infinity over + + + align:start position:0% +whoops wrong color like RK infinity over +LP so all of a sudden we have a much + + align:start position:0% +LP so all of a sudden we have a much + + + align:start position:0% +LP so all of a sudden we have a much +simpler relation we have v prime over + + align:start position:0% +simpler relation we have v prime over + + + align:start position:0% +simpler relation we have v prime over +Phi equals K infinity minus 1 over the + + align:start position:0% +Phi equals K infinity minus 1 over the + + + align:start position:0% +Phi equals K infinity minus 1 over the +prompt Neutron lifetime so if we solve + + align:start position:0% +prompt Neutron lifetime so if we solve + + + align:start position:0% +prompt Neutron lifetime so if we solve +this this is just the next + + align:start position:0% +this this is just the next + + + align:start position:0% +this this is just the next +financial so we end up with our Phi as a + + align:start position:0% +financial so we end up with our Phi as a + + + align:start position:0% +financial so we end up with our Phi as a +function of T is whatever flux we + + align:start position:0% +function of T is whatever flux we + + + align:start position:0% +function of T is whatever flux we +started at like for your power in amid + + align:start position:0% +started at like for your power in amid + + + align:start position:0% +started at like for your power in amid +manipulations it would be whatever the + + align:start position:0% +manipulations it would be whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +manipulations it would be whatever the +Neutron flux was before you touch the + + align:start position:0% +Neutron flux was before you touch the + + + align:start position:0% +Neutron flux was before you touch the +control rod times e to the T or e to the + + align:start position:0% +control rod times e to the T or e to the + + + align:start position:0% +control rod times e to the T or e to the +that stuff + + align:start position:0% +that stuff + + + align:start position:0% +that stuff +okay infinity minus one over L P times T + + align:start position:0% +okay infinity minus one over L P times T + + + align:start position:0% +okay infinity minus one over L P times T +which we can rewrite as T over capital T + + align:start position:0% +which we can rewrite as T over capital T + + + align:start position:0% +which we can rewrite as T over capital T +where we're going to define this symbol + + align:start position:0% +where we're going to define this symbol + + + align:start position:0% +where we're going to define this symbol +as what's called the reactor period the + + align:start position:0% +as what's called the reactor period the + + + align:start position:0% +as what's called the reactor period the +reactor period actually measures how + + align:start position:0% +reactor period actually measures how + + + align:start position:0% +reactor period actually measures how +what the reactor period actually says is + + align:start position:0% +what the reactor period actually says is + + + align:start position:0% +what the reactor period actually says is +how long before the flux increases by a + + align:start position:0% +how long before the flux increases by a + + + align:start position:0% +how long before the flux increases by a +factor of e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so this is actually what that meter + + align:start position:0% +and so this is actually what that meter + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is actually what that meter +was measuring on the reactor it's the + + align:start position:0% +was measuring on the reactor it's the + + + align:start position:0% +was measuring on the reactor it's the +reactor period or the time it would then + + align:start position:0% +reactor period or the time it would then + + + align:start position:0% +reactor period or the time it would then +take for the reactors power to increase + + align:start position:0% +take for the reactors power to increase + + + align:start position:0% +take for the reactors power to increase +by a factor of e because it's an + + align:start position:0% +by a factor of e because it's an + + + align:start position:0% +by a factor of e because it's an +exponential to tell you what these + + align:start position:0% +exponential to tell you what these + + + align:start position:0% +exponential to tell you what these +typical reactor periods tend to be for a + + align:start position:0% +typical reactor periods tend to be for a + + + align:start position:0% +typical reactor periods tend to be for a +thermal reactor T is about 0.1 seconds + + align:start position:0% +thermal reactor T is about 0.1 seconds + + + align:start position:0% +thermal reactor T is about 0.1 seconds +corresponding to an average prompt + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to an average prompt + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to an average prompt +Neutron lifetime of 10 to the minus 4 + + align:start position:0% +Neutron lifetime of 10 to the minus 4 + + + align:start position:0% +Neutron lifetime of 10 to the minus 4 +seconds seems fast doesn't it like + + align:start position:0% +seconds seems fast doesn't it like + + + align:start position:0% +seconds seems fast doesn't it like +really fast so the question I ask to you + + align:start position:0% +really fast so the question I ask to you + + + align:start position:0% +really fast so the question I ask to you +guys is why don't reactors just blow up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes there is something we've neglected + + align:start position:0% +yes there is something we've neglected + + + align:start position:0% +yes there is something we've neglected +from here it's like what Sarah said and + + align:start position:0% +from here it's like what Sarah said and + + + align:start position:0% +from here it's like what Sarah said and +it deserves its own board there is a + + align:start position:0% +it deserves its own board there is a + + + align:start position:0% +it deserves its own board there is a +fraction of delayed neutrons well good + + align:start position:0% +fraction of delayed neutrons well good + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of delayed neutrons well good +well give that fraction the symbol beta + + align:start position:0% +well give that fraction the symbol beta + + + align:start position:0% +well give that fraction the symbol beta +and for a uranium 235 it equals about + + align:start position:0% +and for a uranium 235 it equals about + + + align:start position:0% +and for a uranium 235 it equals about +point Oh Oh 6 4 so there's less than a + + align:start position:0% +point Oh Oh 6 4 so there's less than a + + + align:start position:0% +point Oh Oh 6 4 so there's less than a +percent of all the neutrons coming out + + align:start position:0% +percent of all the neutrons coming out + + + align:start position:0% +percent of all the neutrons coming out +of a reactor have some delay to them + + align:start position:0% +of a reactor have some delay to them + + + align:start position:0% +of a reactor have some delay to them +because they're not made directly from + + align:start position:0% +because they're not made directly from + + + align:start position:0% +because they're not made directly from +fission in the 10 to the minus 14 + + align:start position:0% +fission in the 10 to the minus 14 + + + align:start position:0% +fission in the 10 to the minus 14 +seconds that we talked about in the + + align:start position:0% +seconds that we talked about in the + + + align:start position:0% +seconds that we talked about in the +timeline but they come out of + + align:start position:0% +timeline but they come out of + + + align:start position:0% +timeline but they come out of +radioactive decay processes with delayed + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay processes with delayed + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay processes with delayed +lifetimes ranging from about 0.2 seconds + + align:start position:0% +lifetimes ranging from about 0.2 seconds + + + align:start position:0% +lifetimes ranging from about 0.2 seconds +to about 54 seconds this is the whole + + align:start position:0% +to about 54 seconds this is the whole + + + align:start position:0% +to about 54 seconds this is the whole +reason why reactors don't just blow up + + align:start position:0% +reason why reactors don't just blow up + + + align:start position:0% +reason why reactors don't just blow up +so you can actually make a reactor go + + align:start position:0% +so you can actually make a reactor go + + + align:start position:0% +so you can actually make a reactor go +supercritical but if the K effective is + + align:start position:0% +supercritical but if the K effective is + + + align:start position:0% +supercritical but if the K effective is +less than 1 plus beta then the reactor + + align:start position:0% +less than 1 plus beta then the reactor + + + align:start position:0% +less than 1 plus beta then the reactor +is not what we call prompt supercritical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so the reason for that is let's say + + align:start position:0% +and so the reason for that is let's say + + + align:start position:0% +and so the reason for that is let's say +you raise the reactor power by some + + align:start position:0% +you raise the reactor power by some + + + align:start position:0% +you raise the reactor power by some +amount and the K effective goes up to + + align:start position:0% +amount and the K effective goes up to + + + align:start position:0% +amount and the K effective goes up to +like one point zero five there's still + + align:start position:0% +like one point zero five there's still + + + align:start position:0% +like one point zero five there's still +this fraction point zero six four of the + + align:start position:0% +this fraction point zero six four of the + + + align:start position:0% +this fraction point zero six four of the +neutrons are not going to be released + + align:start position:0% +neutrons are not going to be released + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons are not going to be released +immediately they're gonna be released + + align:start position:0% +immediately they're gonna be released + + + align:start position:0% +immediately they're gonna be released +not in ten to the minus fourteen seconds + + align:start position:0% +not in ten to the minus fourteen seconds + + + align:start position:0% +not in ten to the minus fourteen seconds +but in like ten to the two seconds so + + align:start position:0% +but in like ten to the two seconds so + + + align:start position:0% +but in like ten to the two seconds so +you know amis Li 15 orders of magnitude + + align:start position:0% +you know amis Li 15 orders of magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +you know amis Li 15 orders of magnitude +slower meaning that there's actually + + align:start position:0% +slower meaning that there's actually + + + align:start position:0% +slower meaning that there's actually +some ability for this reactor to raise + + align:start position:0% +some ability for this reactor to raise + + + align:start position:0% +some ability for this reactor to raise +its power level and these delayed + + align:start position:0% +its power level and these delayed + + + align:start position:0% +its power level and these delayed +neutrons even though that's such a small + + align:start position:0% +neutrons even though that's such a small + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons even though that's such a small +fraction takes the reactor period from + + align:start position:0% +fraction takes the reactor period from + + + align:start position:0% +fraction takes the reactor period from +its T infinity value of about 0.1 + + align:start position:0% +its T infinity value of about 0.1 + + + align:start position:0% +its T infinity value of about 0.1 +seconds to about a hundred seconds so + + align:start position:0% +seconds to about a hundred seconds so + + + align:start position:0% +seconds to about a hundred seconds so +the same reactor when you account for + + align:start position:0% +the same reactor when you account for + + + align:start position:0% +the same reactor when you account for +the delayed neutrons increases in power + + align:start position:0% +the delayed neutrons increases in power + + + align:start position:0% +the delayed neutrons increases in power +by a factor of e and it takes it about a + + align:start position:0% +by a factor of e and it takes it about a + + + align:start position:0% +by a factor of e and it takes it about a +hundred seconds which means this is + + align:start position:0% +hundred seconds which means this is + + + align:start position:0% +hundred seconds which means this is +totally controllable now I have a + + align:start position:0% +totally controllable now I have a + + + align:start position:0% +totally controllable now I have a +question for you guys would you guys + + align:start position:0% +question for you guys would you guys + + + align:start position:0% +question for you guys would you guys +like me to derive this formula or do you + + align:start position:0% +like me to derive this formula or do you + + + align:start position:0% +like me to derive this formula or do you +want to go into more of the intuitive + + align:start position:0% +want to go into more of the intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +want to go into more of the intuitive +implications of it because we can go + + align:start position:0% +implications of it because we can go + + + align:start position:0% +implications of it because we can go +either way there is a formula that will + + align:start position:0% +either way there is a formula that will + + + align:start position:0% +either way there is a formula that will +tell you what the reactor period and + + align:start position:0% +tell you what the reactor period and + + + align:start position:0% +tell you what the reactor period and +time dependence will be and you will hit + + align:start position:0% +time dependence will be and you will hit + + + align:start position:0% +time dependence will be and you will hit +it in 22:05 probably I can't guarantee + + align:start position:0% +it in 22:05 probably I can't guarantee + + + align:start position:0% +it in 22:05 probably I can't guarantee +it cuz I'm not teaching it or we can + + align:start position:0% +it cuz I'm not teaching it or we can + + + align:start position:0% +it cuz I'm not teaching it or we can +talk a little bit more about some of the + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit more about some of the + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit more about some of the +intuition behind delayed neutrons so a + + align:start position:0% +intuition behind delayed neutrons so a + + + align:start position:0% +intuition behind delayed neutrons so a +bit of your choose-your-own-adventure + + align:start position:0% +bit of your choose-your-own-adventure + + + align:start position:0% +bit of your choose-your-own-adventure +math or intuition intuition okay that's + + align:start position:0% +math or intuition intuition okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +math or intuition intuition okay that's +fine good so that that was the route + + align:start position:0% +fine good so that that was the route + + + align:start position:0% +fine good so that that was the route +that was the derivation I'll post that + + align:start position:0% +that was the derivation I'll post that + + + align:start position:0% +that was the derivation I'll post that +anyway if you guys want to see says I + + align:start position:0% +anyway if you guys want to see says I + + + align:start position:0% +anyway if you guys want to see says I +think in the yep reading it says like + + align:start position:0% +think in the yep reading it says like + + + align:start position:0% +think in the yep reading it says like +okay let's account for the delayed + + align:start position:0% +okay let's account for the delayed + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's account for the delayed +neutrons intuitively we find that the + + align:start position:0% +neutrons intuitively we find that the + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons intuitively we find that the +answer ends up being so I'll skip the + + align:start position:0% +answer ends up being so I'll skip the + + + align:start position:0% +answer ends up being so I'll skip the +derivation and it comes out - oh boy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +find out eetu the + + align:start position:0% +find out eetu the + + + align:start position:0% +find out eetu the +beta minus 1 times K minus 1 over L T + + align:start position:0% +beta minus 1 times K minus 1 over L T + + + align:start position:0% +beta minus 1 times K minus 1 over L T +plus beta Phi naught over beta minus 1 K + + align:start position:0% +plus beta Phi naught over beta minus 1 K + + + align:start position:0% +plus beta Phi naught over beta minus 1 K +minus 1 times 1 minus e to the beta + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 times 1 minus e to the beta + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 times 1 minus e to the beta +minus 1 K minus 1 over L ok so left as + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 K minus 1 over L ok so left as + + + align:start position:0% +minus 1 K minus 1 over L ok so left as +an exercise to the reader yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +an exercise to the reader yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +an exercise to the reader yeah that's +intuitive so but let's actually talk + + align:start position:0% +intuitive so but let's actually talk + + + align:start position:0% +intuitive so but let's actually talk +about how intuitive it is I do want to + + align:start position:0% +about how intuitive it is I do want to + + + align:start position:0% +about how intuitive it is I do want to +give you the starting and the ending + + align:start position:0% +give you the starting and the ending + + + align:start position:0% +give you the starting and the ending +equation and we will not go through the + + align:start position:0% +equation and we will not go through the + + + align:start position:0% +equation and we will not go through the +rest yeah charlie no you should it I'm + + align:start position:0% +rest yeah charlie no you should it I'm + + + align:start position:0% +rest yeah charlie no you should it I'm +gonna I'm gonna scan it for you guys so + + align:start position:0% +gonna I'm gonna scan it for you guys so + + + align:start position:0% +gonna I'm gonna scan it for you guys so +don't bother copying it down let's talk + + align:start position:0% +don't bother copying it down let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +don't bother copying it down let's talk +about where it comes from and the answer + + align:start position:0% +about where it comes from and the answer + + + align:start position:0% +about where it comes from and the answer +may astound you because we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +may astound you because we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +may astound you because we're gonna +bring right back the idea of series + + align:start position:0% +bring right back the idea of series + + + align:start position:0% +bring right back the idea of series +radioactive decay so let's say you had + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay so let's say you had + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay so let's say you had +you want to relate the change in the + + align:start position:0% +you want to relate the change in the + + + align:start position:0% +you want to relate the change in the +number in the neutron flux to a 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +number in the neutron flux to a 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +number in the neutron flux to a 1 minus +I'm gonna take a quick look at the + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna take a quick look at the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna take a quick look at the +original equation so I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +original equation so I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +original equation so I don't want to +screw that up that's the first page and + + align:start position:0% +screw that up that's the first page and + + + align:start position:0% +screw that up that's the first page and +that's the one we want let's say we had + + align:start position:0% +that's the one we want let's say we had + + + align:start position:0% +that's the one we want let's say we had +some equation that looked something like + + align:start position:0% +some equation that looked something like + + + align:start position:0% +some equation that looked something like +this 5 plus 5 naught times beta this is + + align:start position:0% +this 5 plus 5 naught times beta this is + + + align:start position:0% +this 5 plus 5 naught times beta this is +the original differential equation from + + align:start position:0% +the original differential equation from + + + align:start position:0% +the original differential equation from +once it came and the intuitive part that + + align:start position:0% +once it came and the intuitive part that + + + align:start position:0% +once it came and the intuitive part that +I want you to note is that the jump from + + align:start position:0% +I want you to note is that the jump from + + + align:start position:0% +I want you to note is that the jump from +changing K effective is moderated by + + align:start position:0% +changing K effective is moderated by + + + align:start position:0% +changing K effective is moderated by +this term right here 1 minus beta so + + align:start position:0% +this term right here 1 minus beta so + + + align:start position:0% +this term right here 1 minus beta so +that's the fraction of prompt neutrons + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that as soon as you pull the control rod + + align:start position:0% +that as soon as you pull the control rod + + + align:start position:0% +that as soon as you pull the control rod +out that's your instantaneous feedback + + align:start position:0% +out that's your instantaneous feedback + + + align:start position:0% +out that's your instantaneous feedback +by instantaneous I mean on the order of + + align:start position:0% +by instantaneous I mean on the order of + + + align:start position:0% +by instantaneous I mean on the order of +like 10 to the minus 4 seconds or + + align:start position:0% +like 10 to the minus 4 seconds or + + + align:start position:0% +like 10 to the minus 4 seconds or +something you can't really control this + + align:start position:0% +something you can't really control this + + + align:start position:0% +something you can't really control this +right here represents the delayed + + align:start position:0% +right here represents the delayed + + + align:start position:0% +right here represents the delayed +fraction this is as mathy as it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +fraction this is as mathy as it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +fraction this is as mathy as it's gonna +get because you have chosen intuition I + + align:start position:0% +get because you have chosen intuition I + + + align:start position:0% +get because you have chosen intuition I +think you have chosen wisely it's gonna + + align:start position:0% +think you have chosen wisely it's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +think you have chosen wisely it's gonna +be a lot more fun so what this + + align:start position:0% +be a lot more fun so what this + + + align:start position:0% +be a lot more fun so what this +represents right here is a kind of + + align:start position:0% +represents right here is a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +represents right here is a kind of +instant change because whatever you + + align:start position:0% +instant change because whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +instant change because whatever you +change K effective to is going to be + + align:start position:0% +change K effective to is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +change K effective to is going to be +moderated by the prompt fraction how + + align:start position:0% +moderated by the prompt fraction how + + + align:start position:0% +moderated by the prompt fraction how +long the neutrons tend to take to + + align:start position:0% +long the neutrons tend to take to + + + align:start position:0% +long the neutrons tend to take to +undergo that feedback yeah Sara the + + align:start position:0% +undergo that feedback yeah Sara the + + + align:start position:0% +undergo that feedback yeah Sara the +average one yes this is the average + + align:start position:0% +average one yes this is the average + + + align:start position:0% +average one yes this is the average +Neutron lifetime so let's define the + + align:start position:0% +Neutron lifetime so let's define the + + + align:start position:0% +Neutron lifetime so let's define the +average Neutron lifetime as simply 1 + + align:start position:0% +average Neutron lifetime as simply 1 + + + align:start position:0% +average Neutron lifetime as simply 1 +minus beta times the prompt Neutron + + align:start position:0% +minus beta times the prompt Neutron + + + align:start position:0% +minus beta times the prompt Neutron +lifetime plus the I'm sorry beta times + + align:start position:0% +lifetime plus the I'm sorry beta times + + + align:start position:0% +lifetime plus the I'm sorry beta times +some delayed Neutron lifetime so what no + + align:start position:0% +some delayed Neutron lifetime so what no + + + align:start position:0% +some delayed Neutron lifetime so what no +book I've ever seen actually says this + + align:start position:0% +book I've ever seen actually says this + + + align:start position:0% +book I've ever seen actually says this +is what's referred to as a Maxwell + + align:start position:0% +is what's referred to as a Maxwell + + + align:start position:0% +is what's referred to as a Maxwell +mixing model it's just the simplest + + align:start position:0% +mixing model it's just the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +mixing model it's just the simplest +thing to say oh if you want to get the + + align:start position:0% +thing to say oh if you want to get the + + + align:start position:0% +thing to say oh if you want to get the +average of some variable take the + + align:start position:0% +average of some variable take the + + + align:start position:0% +average of some variable take the +fraction of one species times its + + align:start position:0% +fraction of one species times its + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of one species times its +variable plus the fraction of the other + + align:start position:0% +variable plus the fraction of the other + + + align:start position:0% +variable plus the fraction of the other +species times its variable folks do the + + align:start position:0% +species times its variable folks do the + + + align:start position:0% +species times its variable folks do the +same thing with electrical resistivity + + align:start position:0% +same thing with electrical resistivity + + + align:start position:0% +same thing with electrical resistivity +thermal conductivity or any sort of + + align:start position:0% +thermal conductivity or any sort of + + + align:start position:0% +thermal conductivity or any sort of +other material property and it is or + + align:start position:0% +other material property and it is or + + + align:start position:0% +other material property and it is or +isn't good in some situations like if + + align:start position:0% +isn't good in some situations like if + + + align:start position:0% +isn't good in some situations like if +you had a piece of material made out of + + align:start position:0% +you had a piece of material made out of + + + align:start position:0% +you had a piece of material made out of +two different things + + align:start position:0% +two different things + + + align:start position:0% +two different things +let's say this had thermal conductivity + + align:start position:0% +let's say this had thermal conductivity + + + align:start position:0% +let's say this had thermal conductivity +taewon that had thermal conductivity k - + + align:start position:0% +taewon that had thermal conductivity k - + + + align:start position:0% +taewon that had thermal conductivity k - +what a Maxwell mixing model be + + align:start position:0% +what a Maxwell mixing model be + + + align:start position:0% +what a Maxwell mixing model be +appropriate to describe the flow of heat + + align:start position:0% +appropriate to describe the flow of heat + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate to describe the flow of heat +across this thing probably not but in + + align:start position:0% +across this thing probably not but in + + + align:start position:0% +across this thing probably not but in +the case of neutrons where they're + + align:start position:0% +the case of neutrons where they're + + + align:start position:0% +the case of neutrons where they're +flying about like crazy and they're mean + + align:start position:0% +flying about like crazy and they're mean + + + align:start position:0% +flying about like crazy and they're mean +free path is much larger than the + + align:start position:0% +free path is much larger than the + + + align:start position:0% +free path is much larger than the +distance between atoms this works great + + align:start position:0% +distance between atoms this works great + + + align:start position:0% +distance between atoms this works great +so we can define this mean + + align:start position:0% +so we can define this mean + + + align:start position:0% +so we can define this mean +neutron lifetime and use that in this + + align:start position:0% +neutron lifetime and use that in this + + + align:start position:0% +neutron lifetime and use that in this +equation right here so this term right + + align:start position:0% +equation right here so this term right + + + align:start position:0% +equation right here so this term right +here describes the instantaneous change + + align:start position:0% +here describes the instantaneous change + + + align:start position:0% +here describes the instantaneous change +you pull the control rods out and + + align:start position:0% +you pull the control rods out and + + + align:start position:0% +you pull the control rods out and +fraction 1 minus beta neutrons respond + + align:start position:0% +fraction 1 minus beta neutrons respond + + + align:start position:0% +fraction 1 minus beta neutrons respond +immediately what about that fraction of + + align:start position:0% +immediately what about that fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +immediately what about that fraction of +neutrons those are being produced with a + + align:start position:0% +neutrons those are being produced with a + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons those are being produced with a +fraction beta depending on what the flux + + align:start position:0% +fraction beta depending on what the flux + + + align:start position:0% +fraction beta depending on what the flux +was before because they're still waiting + + align:start position:0% +was before because they're still waiting + + + align:start position:0% +was before because they're still waiting +to decay from the old power level does + + align:start position:0% +to decay from the old power level does + + + align:start position:0% +to decay from the old power level does +anyone notice anything suspicious Li + + align:start position:0% +anyone notice anything suspicious Li + + + align:start position:0% +anyone notice anything suspicious Li +familiar about the final form of this + + align:start position:0% +familiar about the final form of this + + + align:start position:0% +familiar about the final form of this +equation for flux you've seen it before + + align:start position:0% +equation for flux you've seen it before + + + align:start position:0% +equation for flux you've seen it before +with a couple of constants changed + + align:start position:0% +with a couple of constants changed + + + align:start position:0% +with a couple of constants changed +around what about the form of this + + align:start position:0% +around what about the form of this + + + align:start position:0% +around what about the form of this +differential equation it is exactly the + + align:start position:0% +differential equation it is exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation it is exactly the +same as series radioactive decay so the + + align:start position:0% +same as series radioactive decay so the + + + align:start position:0% +same as series radioactive decay so the +horrible derivation I was going to do + + align:start position:0% +horrible derivation I was going to do + + + align:start position:0% +horrible derivation I was going to do +for you guys and we're not anymore + + align:start position:0% +for you guys and we're not anymore + + + align:start position:0% +for you guys and we're not anymore +is use an integrating factor you solve + + align:start position:0% +is use an integrating factor you solve + + + align:start position:0% +is use an integrating factor you solve +it in exactly the same way you bring + + align:start position:0% +it in exactly the same way you bring + + + align:start position:0% +it in exactly the same way you bring +everything to one side of the equation + + align:start position:0% +everything to one side of the equation + + + align:start position:0% +everything to one side of the equation +find some factor mu that makes this a + + align:start position:0% +find some factor mu that makes this a + + + align:start position:0% +find some factor mu that makes this a +product rule do a lot of algebra and you + + align:start position:0% +product rule do a lot of algebra and you + + + align:start position:0% +product rule do a lot of algebra and you +end up with a very suspiciously similar + + align:start position:0% +end up with a very suspiciously similar + + + align:start position:0% +end up with a very suspiciously similar +looking equation so it's exactly the + + align:start position:0% +looking equation so it's exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +looking equation so it's exactly the +same posing and solution as series + + align:start position:0% +same posing and solution as series + + + align:start position:0% +same posing and solution as series +radioactive decay with the difference + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay with the difference + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay with the difference +being that's the constant in front of + + align:start position:0% +being that's the constant in front of + + + align:start position:0% +being that's the constant in front of +everything it's instead of a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +everything it's instead of a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +everything it's instead of a bunch of +lambdas and fluxes so what this says + + align:start position:0% +lambdas and fluxes so what this says + + + align:start position:0% +lambdas and fluxes so what this says +here is that the flux as a function of + + align:start position:0% +here is that the flux as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +here is that the flux as a function of +time this is the prompt feedback right + + align:start position:0% +time this is the prompt feedback right + + + align:start position:0% +time this is the prompt feedback right +here which says that if let's graph it + + align:start position:0% +here which says that if let's graph it + + + align:start position:0% +here which says that if let's graph it +since we're going intuitive there's no + + align:start position:0% +since we're going intuitive there's no + + + align:start position:0% +since we're going intuitive there's no +room + + align:start position:0% +room + + + align:start position:0% +room +yeah even those all boards are full ok + + align:start position:0% +yeah even those all boards are full ok + + + align:start position:0% +yeah even those all boards are full ok +here we go if we graph time and flux + + align:start position:0% +here we go if we graph time and flux + + + align:start position:0% +here we go if we graph time and flux +right here what that part right there + + align:start position:0% +right here what that part right there + + + align:start position:0% +right here what that part right there +says is that you're going to get some + + align:start position:0% +says is that you're going to get some + + + align:start position:0% +says is that you're going to get some +sort of instantaneous exponential + + align:start position:0% +sort of instantaneous exponential + + + align:start position:0% +sort of instantaneous exponential +feedback but it's going to be moderated + + align:start position:0% +feedback but it's going to be moderated + + + align:start position:0% +feedback but it's going to be moderated +by this 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +by this 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +by this 1 minus +on top so you're gonna end up with a + + align:start position:0% +on top so you're gonna end up with a + + + align:start position:0% +on top so you're gonna end up with a +little bit of prompt feedback this stuff + + align:start position:0% +little bit of prompt feedback this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of prompt feedback this stuff +right here and then have to draw longer + + align:start position:0% +right here and then have to draw longer + + + align:start position:0% +right here and then have to draw longer +because it's gonna take forever you'll + + align:start position:0% +because it's gonna take forever you'll + + + align:start position:0% +because it's gonna take forever you'll +have some delayed feedback because + + align:start position:0% +have some delayed feedback because + + + align:start position:0% +have some delayed feedback because +you've got to wait a hundred or so + + align:start position:0% +you've got to wait a hundred or so + + + align:start position:0% +you've got to wait a hundred or so +seconds or whatever that new reactor + + align:start position:0% +seconds or whatever that new reactor + + + align:start position:0% +seconds or whatever that new reactor +period is for the delayed neutrons to + + align:start position:0% +period is for the delayed neutrons to + + + align:start position:0% +period is for the delayed neutrons to +take effect and that's the whole reason + + align:start position:0% +take effect and that's the whole reason + + + align:start position:0% +take effect and that's the whole reason +you could pull the control rods out at + + align:start position:0% +you could pull the control rods out at + + + align:start position:0% +you could pull the control rods out at +almost any speed you wanted and the + + align:start position:0% +almost any speed you wanted and the + + + align:start position:0% +almost any speed you wanted and the +reactor doesn't just explode if you pull + + align:start position:0% +reactor doesn't just explode if you pull + + + align:start position:0% +reactor doesn't just explode if you pull +the control rods out fast enough such + + align:start position:0% +the control rods out fast enough such + + + align:start position:0% +the control rods out fast enough such +that the change in K effective is + + align:start position:0% +that the change in K effective is + + + align:start position:0% +that the change in K effective is +greater than beta then the reactor goes + + align:start position:0% +greater than beta then the reactor goes + + + align:start position:0% +greater than beta then the reactor goes +prompt supercritical which means you + + align:start position:0% +prompt supercritical which means you + + + align:start position:0% +prompt supercritical which means you +don't have any delayed neutrons slowing + + align:start position:0% +don't have any delayed neutrons slowing + + + align:start position:0% +don't have any delayed neutrons slowing +down the feedback and you've kind of + + align:start position:0% +down the feedback and you've kind of + + + align:start position:0% +down the feedback and you've kind of +turned your reactor into a weapon a very + + align:start position:0% +turned your reactor into a weapon a very + + + align:start position:0% +turned your reactor into a weapon a very +poor terrible weapon but a prompt + + align:start position:0% +poor terrible weapon but a prompt + + + align:start position:0% +poor terrible weapon but a prompt +supercritical nuclear device nonetheless + + align:start position:0% +supercritical nuclear device nonetheless + + + align:start position:0% +supercritical nuclear device nonetheless +did anybody pull out the control rods + + align:start position:0% +did anybody pull out the control rods + + + align:start position:0% +did anybody pull out the control rods +too fast and the controls took over for + + align:start position:0% +too fast and the controls took over for + + + align:start position:0% +too fast and the controls took over for +you what about you guys in training did + + align:start position:0% +you what about you guys in training did + + + align:start position:0% +you what about you guys in training did +you ever do things when you watch the + + align:start position:0% +you ever do things when you watch the + + + align:start position:0% +you ever do things when you watch the +cotta Matic control take over no that's + + align:start position:0% +cotta Matic control take over no that's + + + align:start position:0% +cotta Matic control take over no that's +what I mean is is the machine takes over + + align:start position:0% +what I mean is is the machine takes over + + + align:start position:0% +what I mean is is the machine takes over +and it will kick you off right and stop + + align:start position:0% +and it will kick you off right and stop + + + align:start position:0% +and it will kick you off right and stop +responding to you I see but the annoying + + align:start position:0% +responding to you I see but the annoying + + + align:start position:0% +responding to you I see but the annoying +alarm is to stop you from doing + + align:start position:0% +alarm is to stop you from doing + + + align:start position:0% +alarm is to stop you from doing +something like that like making the + + align:start position:0% +something like that like making the + + + align:start position:0% +something like that like making the +reactor go prompt supercritical okay so + + align:start position:0% +reactor go prompt supercritical okay so + + + align:start position:0% +reactor go prompt supercritical okay so +that's what I would call the Machine + + align:start position:0% +that's what I would call the Machine + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I would call the Machine +taking over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay so if your blood-alcohol level + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so if your blood-alcohol level + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so if your blood-alcohol level +is above beta and you try and let's say + + align:start position:0% +is above beta and you try and let's say + + + align:start position:0% +is above beta and you try and let's say +increase the reactor reactivity too much + + align:start position:0% +increase the reactor reactivity too much + + + align:start position:0% +increase the reactor reactivity too much +it will then take over insert a control + + align:start position:0% +it will then take over insert a control + + + align:start position:0% +it will then take over insert a control +rod make a horrible noise and say go + + align:start position:0% +rod make a horrible noise and say go + + + align:start position:0% +rod make a horrible noise and say go +home you're drunk something like that + + align:start position:0% +home you're drunk something like that + + + align:start position:0% +home you're drunk something like that +okay that makes sense to me + + align:start position:0% +okay that makes sense to me + + + align:start position:0% +okay that makes sense to me +so what did your guyses reactor power + + align:start position:0% +so what did your guyses reactor power + + + align:start position:0% +so what did your guyses reactor power +traces look like did they look something + + align:start position:0% +traces look like did they look something + + + align:start position:0% +traces look like did they look something +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +where there was an initial rise as you + + align:start position:0% +where there was an initial rise as you + + + align:start position:0% +where there was an initial rise as you +pulled the control rod out and then + + align:start position:0% +pulled the control rod out and then + + + align:start position:0% +pulled the control rod out and then +after you pulled the control rod out the + + align:start position:0% +after you pulled the control rod out the + + + align:start position:0% +after you pulled the control rod out the +power kept rising just a smidge right + + align:start position:0% +power kept rising just a smidge right + + + align:start position:0% +power kept rising just a smidge right +and what happened when you put the + + align:start position:0% +and what happened when you put the + + + align:start position:0% +and what happened when you put the +control rod back in let's say you put + + align:start position:0% +control rod back in let's say you put + + + align:start position:0% +control rod back in let's say you put +the control rod back in you're gonna get + + align:start position:0% +the control rod back in you're gonna get + + + align:start position:0% +the control rod back in you're gonna get +another prompt to drop not equal to the + + align:start position:0% +another prompt to drop not equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +another prompt to drop not equal to the +same prompt gain that you got because + + align:start position:0% +same prompt gain that you got because + + + align:start position:0% +same prompt gain that you got because +now the reactors at a different flux and + + align:start position:0% +now the reactors at a different flux and + + + align:start position:0% +now the reactors at a different flux and +then some asymptotic feedback like that + + align:start position:0% +then some asymptotic feedback like that + + + align:start position:0% +then some asymptotic feedback like that +and so this is why to those who don't + + align:start position:0% +and so this is why to those who don't + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is why to those who don't +understand Neutron physics reactor + + align:start position:0% +understand Neutron physics reactor + + + align:start position:0% +understand Neutron physics reactor +feedback is very non-intuitive it's not + + align:start position:0% +feedback is very non-intuitive it's not + + + align:start position:0% +feedback is very non-intuitive it's not +a linear system you can't just pull the + + align:start position:0% +a linear system you can't just pull the + + + align:start position:0% +a linear system you can't just pull the +control rod out and change the power + + align:start position:0% +control rod out and change the power + + + align:start position:0% +control rod out and change the power +accordingly this is why there's animated + + align:start position:0% +accordingly this is why there's animated + + + align:start position:0% +accordingly this is why there's animated +controls and systems to stop you in case + + align:start position:0% +controls and systems to stop you in case + + + align:start position:0% +controls and systems to stop you in case +like I said if your blood alcohol + + align:start position:0% +like I said if your blood alcohol + + + align:start position:0% +like I said if your blood alcohol +content suppose beta which is very low + + align:start position:0% +content suppose beta which is very low + + + align:start position:0% +content suppose beta which is very low +by the way you shouldn't be drinking on + + align:start position:0% +by the way you shouldn't be drinking on + + + align:start position:0% +by the way you shouldn't be drinking on +the job especially at a nuclear reactor + + align:start position:0% +the job especially at a nuclear reactor + + + align:start position:0% +the job especially at a nuclear reactor +plus you're all under 21 so what am I + + align:start position:0% +plus you're all under 21 so what am I + + + align:start position:0% +plus you're all under 21 so what am I +even saying okay that's right good + + align:start position:0% +even saying okay that's right good + + + align:start position:0% +even saying okay that's right good +answer + + align:start position:0% +answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer +what is alcohol that'll be on the exam + + align:start position:0% +what is alcohol that'll be on the exam + + + align:start position:0% +what is alcohol that'll be on the exam +yeah yeah cool so that's all I want to + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah cool so that's all I want to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah cool so that's all I want to +go into for the intuitive stuff and it's + + align:start position:0% +go into for the intuitive stuff and it's + + + align:start position:0% +go into for the intuitive stuff and it's +about 5 of 5 of so I'd like to stop here + + align:start position:0% +about 5 of 5 of so I'd like to stop here + + + align:start position:0% +about 5 of 5 of so I'd like to stop here +and see if you guys have any questions + + align:start position:0% +and see if you guys have any questions + + + align:start position:0% +and see if you guys have any questions +on Neutron physics at a-hole noting that + + align:start position:0% +on Neutron physics at a-hole noting that + + + align:start position:0% +on Neutron physics at a-hole noting that +we're gonna take Thursday's class and + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna take Thursday's class and + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna take Thursday's class and +turn into a recitation so I would like + + align:start position:0% +turn into a recitation so I would like + + + align:start position:0% +turn into a recitation so I would like +all of you guys to look at the problem + + align:start position:0% +all of you guys to look at the problem + + + align:start position:0% +all of you guys to look at the problem +set because it is posted it is hard + + align:start position:0% +set because it is posted it is hard + + + align:start position:0% +set because it is posted it is hard +trust me this one's a doozy so I want to + + align:start position:0% +trust me this one's a doozy so I want to + + + align:start position:0% +trust me this one's a doozy so I want to +warn you guys because you got 7 days to + + align:start position:0% +warn you guys because you got 7 days to + + + align:start position:0% +warn you guys because you got 7 days to +work on it but I want you to look at it + + align:start position:0% +work on it but I want you to look at it + + + align:start position:0% +work on it but I want you to look at it +so that we can start formulating + + align:start position:0% +so that we can start formulating + + + align:start position:0% +so that we can start formulating +strategies for the problems together on + + align:start position:0% +strategies for the problems together on + + + align:start position:0% +strategies for the problems together on +Thursday because there are some tricks + + align:start position:0% +Thursday because there are some tricks + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday because there are some tricks +to it as usual if you guys know me by + + align:start position:0% +to it as usual if you guys know me by + + + align:start position:0% +to it as usual if you guys know me by +now right there's always some sort of a + + align:start position:0% +now right there's always some sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +now right there's always some sort of a +trick like do you have to integrate + + align:start position:0% +trick like do you have to integrate + + + align:start position:0% +trick like do you have to integrate +every energy to get the stopping power + + align:start position:0% +every energy to get the stopping power + + + align:start position:0% +every energy to get the stopping power +no you actually don't have to do any + + align:start position:0% +no you actually don't have to do any + + + align:start position:0% +no you actually don't have to do any +integrals at all but you can if you want + + align:start position:0% +integrals at all but you can if you want + + + align:start position:0% +integrals at all but you can if you want +and your answer will be more accurate + + align:start position:0% +and your answer will be more accurate + + + align:start position:0% +and your answer will be more accurate +and correct it'll just take longer to + + align:start position:0% +and correct it'll just take longer to + + + align:start position:0% +and correct it'll just take longer to +get to so there's a lot of diminishing + + align:start position:0% +get to so there's a lot of diminishing + + + align:start position:0% +get to so there's a lot of diminishing +returns on these problem sets if you're + + align:start position:0% +returns on these problem sets if you're + + + align:start position:0% +returns on these problem sets if you're +willing to take an hour and think about + + align:start position:0% +willing to take an hour and think about + + + align:start position:0% +willing to take an hour and think about +how can I do this simpler and with fewer + + align:start position:0% +how can I do this simpler and with fewer + + + align:start position:0% +how can I do this simpler and with fewer +decimal points you're probably on to + + align:start position:0% +decimal points you're probably on to + + + align:start position:0% +decimal points you're probably on to +something and we'll work on those + + align:start position:0% +something and we'll work on those + + + align:start position:0% +something and we'll work on those +strategies together yes yeah so I posted + + align:start position:0% +strategies together yes yeah so I posted + + + align:start position:0% +strategies together yes yeah so I posted +it yesterday at around noon or whatever + + align:start position:0% +it yesterday at around noon or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +it yesterday at around noon or whatever +the stellar site says yeah I'll also + + align:start position:0% +the stellar site says yeah I'll also + + + align:start position:0% +the stellar site says yeah I'll also +teach you guys sort of explicitly how to + + align:start position:0% +teach you guys sort of explicitly how to + + + align:start position:0% +teach you guys sort of explicitly how to +use Janus so we got a comment in from + + align:start position:0% +use Janus so we got a comment in from + + + align:start position:0% +use Janus so we got a comment in from +the anonymous feedback saying we have to + + align:start position:0% +the anonymous feedback saying we have to + + + align:start position:0% +the anonymous feedback saying we have to +use a lot of software can we have some + + align:start position:0% +use a lot of software can we have some + + + align:start position:0% +use a lot of software can we have some +sort of tutorial for dummy as well you + + align:start position:0% +sort of tutorial for dummy as well you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of tutorial for dummy as well you +guys aren't dummies but you still + + align:start position:0% +guys aren't dummies but you still + + + align:start position:0% +guys aren't dummies but you still +deserve a tutorial so I will show you + + align:start position:0% +deserve a tutorial so I will show you + + + align:start position:0% +deserve a tutorial so I will show you +how to export the data you'll need from + + align:start position:0% +how to export the data you'll need from + + + align:start position:0% +how to export the data you'll need from +this problem set for Janus so you can + + align:start position:0% +this problem set for Janus so you can + + + align:start position:0% +this problem set for Janus so you can +focus on the intuition in the physics + + align:start position:0% +focus on the intuition in the physics + + + align:start position:0% +focus on the intuition in the physics +and not get frustrated with getting data + + align:start position:0% +and not get frustrated with getting data + + + align:start position:0% +and not get frustrated with getting data +out of a computer so any questions on + + align:start position:0% +out of a computer so any questions on + + + align:start position:0% +out of a computer so any questions on +anything from the neutron diffusion + + align:start position:0% +anything from the neutron diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +anything from the neutron diffusion +equation yeah Luke the prompt neutrons + + align:start position:0% +equation yeah Luke the prompt neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +equation yeah Luke the prompt neutrons +come right out of fission if we looked + + align:start position:0% +come right out of fission if we looked + + + align:start position:0% +come right out of fission if we looked +at that time line of let's say the + + align:start position:0% +at that time line of let's say the + + + align:start position:0% +at that time line of let's say the +fission event happens here to fission + + align:start position:0% +fission event happens here to fission + + + align:start position:0% +fission event happens here to fission +products are released in about 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +products are released in about 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +products are released in about 10 to the +minus 14 seconds they move a little + + align:start position:0% +minus 14 seconds they move a little + + + align:start position:0% +minus 14 seconds they move a little +further apart and then some of them just + + align:start position:0% +further apart and then some of them just + + + align:start position:0% +further apart and then some of them just +boil off neutrons because they're so + + align:start position:0% +boil off neutrons because they're so + + + align:start position:0% +boil off neutrons because they're so +Neutron heavy after around like I would + + align:start position:0% +Neutron heavy after around like I would + + + align:start position:0% +Neutron heavy after around like I would +is at 10 to the minus 13 seconds or so + + align:start position:0% +is at 10 to the minus 13 seconds or so + + + align:start position:0% +is at 10 to the minus 13 seconds or so +these right here are prompt neutrons + + align:start position:0% +these right here are prompt neutrons + + + align:start position:0% +these right here are prompt neutrons +coming directly from the immediate decay + + align:start position:0% +coming directly from the immediate decay + + + align:start position:0% +coming directly from the immediate decay +of Neutron rich fission products some of + + align:start position:0% +of Neutron rich fission products some of + + + align:start position:0% +of Neutron rich fission products some of +the delayed neutrons come from + + align:start position:0% +the delayed neutrons come from + + + align:start position:0% +the delayed neutrons come from +radioactive decay but of the much later + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay but of the much later + + + align:start position:0% +radioactive decay but of the much later +fission products + + align:start position:0% +fission products + + + align:start position:0% +fission products +with much less likely occurrences which + + align:start position:0% +with much less likely occurrences which + + + align:start position:0% +with much less likely occurrences which +is why the fractions very low but also + + align:start position:0% +is why the fractions very low but also + + + align:start position:0% +is why the fractions very low but also +because it's much longer half-life those + + align:start position:0% +because it's much longer half-life those + + + align:start position:0% +because it's much longer half-life those +delayed neutrons take seconds instead of + + align:start position:0% +delayed neutrons take seconds instead of + + + align:start position:0% +delayed neutrons take seconds instead of +picoseconds to show up that's the whole + + align:start position:0% +picoseconds to show up that's the whole + + + align:start position:0% +picoseconds to show up that's the whole +basis behind easier control and feedback + + align:start position:0% +basis behind easier control and feedback + + + align:start position:0% +basis behind easier control and feedback +of reactor good question + + align:start position:0% +of reactor good question + + + align:start position:0% +of reactor good question +so anything starting from neutron + + align:start position:0% +so anything starting from neutron + + + align:start position:0% +so anything starting from neutron +transport to simplifying to Neutron + + align:start position:0% +transport to simplifying to Neutron + + + align:start position:0% +transport to simplifying to Neutron +diffusion to getting to this criticality + + align:start position:0% +diffusion to getting to this criticality + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion to getting to this criticality +condition making the to group get a + + align:start position:0% +condition making the to group get a + + + align:start position:0% +condition making the to group get a +criticality condition if you want to + + align:start position:0% +criticality condition if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +criticality condition if you want to +let's say have fast and thermal or any + + align:start position:0% +let's say have fast and thermal or any + + + align:start position:0% +let's say have fast and thermal or any +of the time-dependent stuff that we + + align:start position:0% +of the time-dependent stuff that we + + + align:start position:0% +of the time-dependent stuff that we +intuited today yeah was it on the other + + align:start position:0% +intuited today yeah was it on the other + + + align:start position:0% +intuited today yeah was it on the other +border from a different day yes so in + + align:start position:0% +border from a different day yes so in + + + align:start position:0% +border from a different day yes so in +this case let me get a finer chalk this + + align:start position:0% +this case let me get a finer chalk this + + + align:start position:0% +this case let me get a finer chalk this +blue one would be for low temperature + + align:start position:0% +blue one would be for low temperature + + + align:start position:0% +blue one would be for low temperature +and this red one would be for high + + align:start position:0% +and this red one would be for high + + + align:start position:0% +and this red one would be for high +temperature so this blue graph there are + + align:start position:0% +temperature so this blue graph there are + + + align:start position:0% +temperature so this blue graph there are +resonances which have very high values + + align:start position:0% +resonances which have very high values + + + align:start position:0% +resonances which have very high values +but they're very narrow and because the + + align:start position:0% +but they're very narrow and because the + + + align:start position:0% +but they're very narrow and because the +width of a resonance doesn't matter it + + align:start position:0% +width of a resonance doesn't matter it + + + align:start position:0% +width of a resonance doesn't matter it +doesn't affect the probability that a + + align:start position:0% +doesn't affect the probability that a + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't affect the probability that a +neutron scatters up here and moves some + + align:start position:0% +neutron scatters up here and moves some + + + align:start position:0% +neutron scatters up here and moves some +distance down the energy spectrum + + align:start position:0% +distance down the energy spectrum + + + align:start position:0% +distance down the energy spectrum +thinner resonances get tend to get + + align:start position:0% +thinner resonances get tend to get + + + align:start position:0% +thinner resonances get tend to get +passed over especially like if your + + align:start position:0% +passed over especially like if your + + + align:start position:0% +passed over especially like if your +reactors full of hydrogen some of those + + align:start position:0% +reactors full of hydrogen some of those + + + align:start position:0% +reactors full of hydrogen some of those +neutrons will be born and immediately + + align:start position:0% +neutrons will be born and immediately + + + align:start position:0% +neutrons will be born and immediately +jump into the thermal region where it's + + align:start position:0% +jump into the thermal region where it's + + + align:start position:0% +jump into the thermal region where it's +easy to tell how much fission they'll + + align:start position:0% +easy to tell how much fission they'll + + + align:start position:0% +easy to tell how much fission they'll +undergo as you go up in temperature you + + align:start position:0% +undergo as you go up in temperature you + + + align:start position:0% +undergo as you go up in temperature you +undergo what's called Doppler broadening + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which causes these resonances to spread + + align:start position:0% +which causes these resonances to spread + + + align:start position:0% +which causes these resonances to spread +out and also go down in value so the + + align:start position:0% +out and also go down in value so the + + + align:start position:0% +out and also go down in value so the +actual value of the cross-section at + + align:start position:0% +actual value of the cross-section at + + + align:start position:0% +actual value of the cross-section at +these residences is lower but the widths + + align:start position:0% +these residences is lower but the widths + + + align:start position:0% +these residences is lower but the widths +are larger so there's a higher + + align:start position:0% +are larger so there's a higher + + + align:start position:0% +are larger so there's a higher +probability that a neutron scattering + + align:start position:0% +probability that a neutron scattering + + + align:start position:0% +probability that a neutron scattering +around and losing energy will hit one of + + align:start position:0% +around and losing energy will hit one of + + + align:start position:0% +around and losing energy will hit one of +these higher cross-section regions call + + align:start position:0% +these higher cross-section regions call + + + align:start position:0% +these higher cross-section regions call +the resonance at a higher temperature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's the difference there is these two + + align:start position:0% +that's the difference there is these two + + + align:start position:0% +that's the difference there is these two +plots show the same cross-section at low + + align:start position:0% +plots show the same cross-section at low + + + align:start position:0% +plots show the same cross-section at low +and high temperature these plots show + + align:start position:0% +and high temperature these plots show + + + align:start position:0% +and high temperature these plots show +the difference between uranium-235 and + + align:start position:0% +the difference between uranium-235 and + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between uranium-235 and +uranium-238 good question anyone else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cool ok well for the first time in + + align:start position:0% +cool ok well for the first time in + + + align:start position:0% +cool ok well for the first time in +history I'll let you out a minute early + + align:start position:0% +history I'll let you out a minute early + + + align:start position:0% +history I'll let you out a minute early +bring all your questions on Thursday so + + align:start position:0% +bring all your questions on Thursday so + + + align:start position:0% +bring all your questions on Thursday so +we'll start off with a janice tutorial + + align:start position:0% +we'll start off with a janice tutorial + + + align:start position:0% +we'll start off with a janice tutorial +and then we'll start attacking this + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll start attacking this + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll start attacking this +problem set together \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ivvxfWR1azI.txt b/ivvxfWR1azI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7423392543be878ce045dec7924edf323aa928f --- /dev/null +++ b/ivvxfWR1azI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11371 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay let's uh let's get started right on + + align:start position:0% +okay let's uh let's get started right on + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's uh let's get started right on +time both to set a good precedent and + + align:start position:0% +time both to set a good precedent and + + + align:start position:0% +time both to set a good precedent and +there's quite a bit uh to do today um I + + align:start position:0% +there's quite a bit uh to do today um I + + + align:start position:0% +there's quite a bit uh to do today um I +will put that back down for one second + + align:start position:0% +will put that back down for one second + + + align:start position:0% +will put that back down for one second +so that those who just got in can see + + align:start position:0% +so that those who just got in can see + + + align:start position:0% +so that those who just got in can see +the agenda for today + + align:start position:0% +the agenda for today + + + align:start position:0% +the agenda for today +um uh first first two things will just + + align:start position:0% +um uh first first two things will just + + + align:start position:0% +um uh first first two things will just +be a minute or two and then we'll spend + + align:start position:0% +be a minute or two and then we'll spend + + + align:start position:0% +be a minute or two and then we'll spend +the rest of the time on um you know what + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the time on um you know what + + + align:start position:0% +the rest of the time on um you know what +everybody thinks is the coolest thing uh + + align:start position:0% +everybody thinks is the coolest thing uh + + + align:start position:0% +everybody thinks is the coolest thing uh +in the world these days in computation + + align:start position:0% +in the world these days in computation + + + align:start position:0% +in the world these days in computation +artificial intelligence and machine + + align:start position:0% +artificial intelligence and machine + + + align:start position:0% +artificial intelligence and machine +learning um but this is not a class in + + align:start position:0% +learning um but this is not a class in + + + align:start position:0% +learning um but this is not a class in +that uh we'll spend most of our time on + + align:start position:0% +that uh we'll spend most of our time on + + + align:start position:0% +that uh we'll spend most of our time on +uh feature extraction the necessary evil + + align:start position:0% +uh feature extraction the necessary evil + + + align:start position:0% +uh feature extraction the necessary evil +before uh doing great things with + + align:start position:0% +before uh doing great things with + + + align:start position:0% +before uh doing great things with +artificial intelligence and machine + + align:start position:0% +artificial intelligence and machine + + + align:start position:0% +artificial intelligence and machine +learning when you're dealing with data + + align:start position:0% +learning when you're dealing with data + + + align:start position:0% +learning when you're dealing with data +that's not already uh numbers uh I want + + align:start position:0% +that's not already uh numbers uh I want + + + align:start position:0% +that's not already uh numbers uh I want +to do a really quick uh discussion on um + + align:start position:0% +to do a really quick uh discussion on um + + + align:start position:0% +to do a really quick uh discussion on um +something on problem set 78 uh I'm still + + align:start position:0% +something on problem set 78 uh I'm still + + + align:start position:0% +something on problem set 78 uh I'm still +listening to the composition some of + + align:start position:0% +listening to the composition some of + + + align:start position:0% +listening to the composition some of +them are really really cool uh just + + align:start position:0% +them are really really cool uh just + + + align:start position:0% +them are really really cool uh just +they're all they're all a great that + + align:start position:0% +they're all they're all a great that + + + align:start position:0% +they're all they're all a great that +I've heard so far but uh some really + + align:start position:0% +I've heard so far but uh some really + + + align:start position:0% +I've heard so far but uh some really +went into it um but there was one um + + align:start position:0% +went into it um but there was one um + + + align:start position:0% +went into it um but there was one um +thing that um among people who attempted + + align:start position:0% +thing that um among people who attempted + + + align:start position:0% +thing that um among people who attempted +every problem um ended up being a + + align:start position:0% +every problem um ended up being a + + + align:start position:0% +every problem um ended up being a +consistent eror what actually two things + + align:start position:0% +consistent eror what actually two things + + + align:start position:0% +consistent eror what actually two things +uh one that a lot lot of people um + + align:start position:0% +uh one that a lot lot of people um + + + align:start position:0% +uh one that a lot lot of people um +missed here was in um let's say you were + + align:start position:0% +missed here was in um let's say you were + + + align:start position:0% +missed here was in um let's say you were +in C major because that'll make life + + align:start position:0% +in C major because that'll make life + + + align:start position:0% +in C major because that'll make life +sort of easier I gave some chords that + + align:start position:0% +sort of easier I gave some chords that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of easier I gave some chords that +were like + + align:start position:0% +were like + + + align:start position:0% +were like +this and uh what do we call this in C + + align:start position:0% +this and uh what do we call this in C + + + align:start position:0% +this and uh what do we call this in C +major what's the SC if Roman numeral + + align:start position:0% +major what's the SC if Roman numeral + + + align:start position:0% +major what's the SC if Roman numeral +we're doing the Roman numeral exercise + + align:start position:0% +we're doing the Roman numeral exercise + + + align:start position:0% +we're doing the Roman numeral exercise +for a second what's uh what's scale + + align:start position:0% +for a second what's uh what's scale + + + align:start position:0% +for a second what's uh what's scale +degree two good and what is the the + + align:start position:0% +degree two good and what is the the + + + align:start position:0% +degree two good and what is the the +quality of the chord di diminish great + + align:start position:0% +quality of the chord di diminish great + + + align:start position:0% +quality of the chord di diminish great +um so you don't have your problem Set uh + + align:start position:0% +um so you don't have your problem Set uh + + + align:start position:0% +um so you don't have your problem Set uh +back for two reasons one the a couple + + align:start position:0% +back for two reasons one the a couple + + + align:start position:0% +back for two reasons one the a couple +more songs I'm listening to and also so + + align:start position:0% +more songs I'm listening to and also so + + + align:start position:0% +more songs I'm listening to and also so +how would we write two + + align:start position:0% +how would we write two + + + align:start position:0% +how would we write two +diminished Circle yeah and then I + + align:start position:0% +diminished Circle yeah and then I + + + align:start position:0% +diminished Circle yeah and then I +noticed that my thing said or if it's um + + align:start position:0% +noticed that my thing said or if it's um + + + align:start position:0% +noticed that my thing said or if it's um +or if it's seven + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diminished write this and I did not say + + align:start position:0% +diminished write this and I did not say + + + align:start position:0% +diminished write this and I did not say +um in general if it's diminished write + + align:start position:0% +um in general if it's diminished write + + + align:start position:0% +um in general if it's diminished write +this so I think that some people seem to + + align:start position:0% +this so I think that some people seem to + + + align:start position:0% +this so I think that some people seem to +write specific code for um making sure + + align:start position:0% +write specific code for um making sure + + + align:start position:0% +write specific code for um making sure +that only happened on seven but two + + align:start position:0% +that only happened on seven but two + + + align:start position:0% +that only happened on seven but two +diminished happens quite often um how + + align:start position:0% +diminished happens quite often um how + + + align:start position:0% +diminished happens quite often um how +does it happen in C major you're + + align:start position:0% +does it happen in C major you're + + + align:start position:0% +does it happen in C major you're +borrowing from C minor for a little + + align:start position:0% +borrowing from C minor for a little + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing from C minor for a little +bit so these borrowed + + align:start position:0% +bit so these borrowed + + + align:start position:0% +bit so these borrowed +chords either flat and natural and then + + align:start position:0% +chords either flat and natural and then + + + align:start position:0% +chords either flat and natural and then +you end up with that + + align:start position:0% +you end up with that + + + align:start position:0% +you end up with that +DF a flat chord so that's where that + + align:start position:0% +DF a flat chord so that's where that + + + align:start position:0% +DF a flat chord so that's where that +comes in but I want to make sure I'm + + align:start position:0% +comes in but I want to make sure I'm + + + align:start position:0% +comes in but I want to make sure I'm +going to go back because there was an + + align:start position:0% +going to go back because there was an + + + align:start position:0% +going to go back because there was an +ambiguity in the instructions I want to + + align:start position:0% +ambiguity in the instructions I want to + + + align:start position:0% +ambiguity in the instructions I want to +make sure that everybody gets um the + + align:start position:0% +make sure that everybody gets um the + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that everybody gets um the +little point back who made that who + + align:start position:0% +little point back who made that who + + + align:start position:0% +little point back who made that who +didn't put that in okay so that was one + + align:start position:0% +didn't put that in okay so that was one + + + align:start position:0% +didn't put that in okay so that was one +of the two systematic uh issues and that + + align:start position:0% +of the two systematic uh issues and that + + + align:start position:0% +of the two systematic uh issues and that +came from an ambiguity for me here is + + align:start position:0% +came from an ambiguity for me here is + + + align:start position:0% +came from an ambiguity for me here is +the other one that came up a lot that um + + align:start position:0% +the other one that came up a lot that um + + + align:start position:0% +the other one that came up a lot that um +I want to sort of address um oh yeah so + + align:start position:0% +I want to sort of address um oh yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +I want to sort of address um oh yeah so +so we just went from C major + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we + + align:start position:0% +and we + + + align:start position:0% +and we +played that two diminished + + align:start position:0% +played that two diminished + + + align:start position:0% +played that two diminished +sound then what about this + + align:start position:0% +sound then what about this + + + align:start position:0% +sound then what about this +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +sound anyone identify that chord by + + align:start position:0% +sound anyone identify that chord by + + + align:start position:0% +sound anyone identify that chord by +ear just the what's that augmented + + align:start position:0% +ear just the what's that augmented + + + align:start position:0% +ear just the what's that augmented +great good I was + + align:start position:0% +great good I was + + + align:start position:0% +great good I was +in doing that borrowing from minor thing + + align:start position:0% +in doing that borrowing from minor thing + + + align:start position:0% +in doing that borrowing from minor thing +and I left my blue pen which probably + + align:start position:0% +and I left my blue pen which probably + + + align:start position:0% +and I left my blue pen which probably +shows up better um I was borrowing from + + align:start position:0% +shows up better um I was borrowing from + + + align:start position:0% +shows up better um I was borrowing from +minor and I started on the third scale + + align:start position:0% +minor and I started on the third scale + + + align:start position:0% +minor and I started on the third scale +degree and so this was not part of your + + align:start position:0% +degree and so this was not part of your + + + align:start position:0% +degree and so this was not part of your +Roman numeral thing but it came on the + + align:start position:0% +Roman numeral thing but it came on the + + + align:start position:0% +Roman numeral thing but it came on the +roots + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question what is the root of that + + align:start position:0% +question what is the root of that + + + align:start position:0% +question what is the root of that +chord no it could not ah we'll get to + + align:start position:0% +chord no it could not ah we'll get to + + + align:start position:0% +chord no it could not ah we'll get to +that that's where where something + + align:start position:0% +that that's where where something + + + align:start position:0% +that that's where where something +happens yep exactly it's great great + + align:start position:0% +happens yep exactly it's great great + + + align:start position:0% +happens yep exactly it's great great +idea John E flat E flat now we'll get + + align:start position:0% +idea John E flat E flat now we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +idea John E flat E flat now we'll get +we'll get to it in just a second what is + + align:start position:0% +we'll get to it in just a second what is + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get to it in just a second what is +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +root of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chord g + + align:start position:0% +chord g + + + align:start position:0% +chord g +g and let's see if I can make one um + + align:start position:0% +g and let's see if I can make one um + + + align:start position:0% +g and let's see if I can make one um +we'll go back to our E flat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what is the root of that + + align:start position:0% +what is the root of that + + + align:start position:0% +what is the root of that +one C flat C flat now why is it and so + + align:start position:0% +one C flat C flat now why is it and so + + + align:start position:0% +one C flat C flat now why is it and so +just just so we all have it in our ears + + align:start position:0% +just just so we all have it in our ears + + + align:start position:0% +just just so we all have it in our ears +again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um three chords three exact same sound + + align:start position:0% +um three chords three exact same sound + + + align:start position:0% +um three chords three exact same sound +but Roots the concept of root is + + align:start position:0% +but Roots the concept of root is + + + align:start position:0% +but Roots the concept of root is +something that comes from a a triotic um + + align:start position:0% +something that comes from a a triotic um + + + align:start position:0% +something that comes from a a triotic um +sort of a spelling enabled thing so + + align:start position:0% +sort of a spelling enabled thing so + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a spelling enabled thing so +where do we find the root we talked + + align:start position:0% +where do we find the root we talked + + + align:start position:0% +where do we find the root we talked +about the algorithm last time what do we + + align:start position:0% +about the algorithm last time what do we + + + align:start position:0% +about the algorithm last time what do we +want to find a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +want to find a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +want to find a bunch of +stacked thirds good I heard it so + + align:start position:0% +stacked thirds good I heard it so + + + align:start position:0% +stacked thirds good I heard it so +stacked thirds so here we have a third + + align:start position:0% +stacked thirds so here we have a third + + + align:start position:0% +stacked thirds so here we have a third +followed by a third or a third and a + + align:start position:0% +followed by a third or a third and a + + + align:start position:0% +followed by a third or a third and a +fifth depending on how you're counting + + align:start position:0% +fifth depending on how you're counting + + + align:start position:0% +fifth depending on how you're counting +but here what's this + + align:start position:0% +but here what's this + + + align:start position:0% +but here what's this +interval diminished diminished fourth + + align:start position:0% +interval diminished diminished fourth + + + align:start position:0% +interval diminished diminished fourth +yeah a fourth of some sort so we have to + + align:start position:0% +yeah a fourth of some sort so we have to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah a fourth of some sort so we have to +move it up the + + align:start position:0% +move it up the + + + align:start position:0% +move it up the +octave in order to get our stacked + + align:start position:0% +octave in order to get our stacked + + + align:start position:0% +octave in order to get our stacked +thir and here um we can move them both + + align:start position:0% +thir and here um we can move them both + + + align:start position:0% +thir and here um we can move them both +up an + + align:start position:0% +up an + + + align:start position:0% +up an +octave in order to get our stack thirds + + align:start position:0% +octave in order to get our stack thirds + + + align:start position:0% +octave in order to get our stack thirds +so the diminished uh the augmented Triad + + align:start position:0% +so the diminished uh the augmented Triad + + + align:start position:0% +so the diminished uh the augmented Triad +is the one of the places where the um + + align:start position:0% +is the one of the places where the um + + + align:start position:0% +is the one of the places where the um +the concept of root has everything to do + + align:start position:0% +the concept of root has everything to do + + + align:start position:0% +the concept of root has everything to do +with spelling there's one other very + + align:start position:0% +with spelling there's one other very + + + align:start position:0% +with spelling there's one other very +common chord where the concept of root + + align:start position:0% +common chord where the concept of root + + + align:start position:0% +common chord where the concept of root +has everything to do with + + align:start position:0% +has everything to do with + + + align:start position:0% +has everything to do with +Spelling saw a big smile uh it's a + + align:start position:0% +Spelling saw a big smile uh it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Spelling saw a big smile uh it's a +Triad diminish seven diminish seventh + + align:start position:0% +Triad diminish seven diminish seventh + + + align:start position:0% +Triad diminish seven diminish seventh +chord yeah um here I'll just keep it in + + align:start position:0% +chord yeah um here I'll just keep it in + + + align:start position:0% +chord yeah um here I'll just keep it in +the light assuming that's good so yeah + + align:start position:0% +the light assuming that's good so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the light assuming that's good so yeah +diminish seventh chord let's say we're + + align:start position:0% +diminish seventh chord let's say we're + + + align:start position:0% +diminish seventh chord let's say we're +in c minor we're going + + align:start position:0% +in c minor we're going + + + align:start position:0% +in c minor we're going +to start one + + align:start position:0% +to start one + + + align:start position:0% +to start one +B what somebody shout out the next note + + align:start position:0% +B what somebody shout out the next note + + + align:start position:0% +B what somebody shout out the next note +d + + align:start position:0% +d + + + align:start position:0% +d +d f and + + align:start position:0% +d f and + + + align:start position:0% +d f and +then a flat yeah so seven do with a root + + align:start position:0% +then a flat yeah so seven do with a root + + + align:start position:0% +then a flat yeah so seven do with a root +on B but we can change this to move it + + align:start position:0% +on B but we can change this to move it + + + align:start position:0% +on B but we can change this to move it +up an octave and flip the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +enharmonic and suddenly we have third + + align:start position:0% +enharmonic and suddenly we have third + + + align:start position:0% +enharmonic and suddenly we have third +third + + align:start position:0% +third + + + align:start position:0% +third +third and our root + + align:start position:0% +third and our root + + + align:start position:0% +third and our root +becomes D we got a lot more to get + + align:start position:0% +becomes D we got a lot more to get + + + align:start position:0% +becomes D we got a lot more to get +through today so I will leave it to um + + align:start position:0% +through today so I will leave it to um + + + align:start position:0% +through today so I will leave it to um +attest to prove to yourself that we can + + align:start position:0% +attest to prove to yourself that we can + + + align:start position:0% +attest to prove to yourself that we can +keep doing this somehow and get all uh + + align:start position:0% +keep doing this somehow and get all uh + + + align:start position:0% +keep doing this somehow and get all uh +every one of the four notes as a um as a + + align:start position:0% +every one of the four notes as a um as a + + + align:start position:0% +every one of the four notes as a um as a +a diminished uh as having its own that + + align:start position:0% +a diminished uh as having its own that + + + align:start position:0% +a diminished uh as having its own that +note as a root so each of the chord + + align:start position:0% +note as a root so each of the chord + + + align:start position:0% +note as a root so each of the chord +factors depending on how you spell and + + align:start position:0% +factors depending on how you spell and + + + align:start position:0% +factors depending on how you spell and +that's one of the reasons by the way + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the reasons by the way + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the reasons by the way +this gets away from the computational + + align:start position:0% +this gets away from the computational + + + align:start position:0% +this gets away from the computational +side but maybe a cool computational + + align:start position:0% +side but maybe a cool computational + + + align:start position:0% +side but maybe a cool computational +compositional tool one of the reasons + + align:start position:0% +compositional tool one of the reasons + + + align:start position:0% +compositional tool one of the reasons +why a diminished seventh chord is often + + align:start position:0% +why a diminished seventh chord is often + + + align:start position:0% +why a diminished seventh chord is often +a very useful way to modulate to remote + + align:start position:0% +a very useful way to modulate to remote + + + align:start position:0% +a very useful way to modulate to remote +keys because you just sort of start + + align:start position:0% +keys because you just sort of start + + + align:start position:0% +keys because you just sort of start +emphasizing a different note as your + + align:start position:0% +emphasizing a different note as your + + + align:start position:0% +emphasizing a different note as your +root + + align:start position:0% +root + + + align:start position:0% +root +okay any questions on this or on other + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions on this or on other + + + align:start position:0% +okay any questions on this or on other +things well eager to get to feature + + align:start position:0% +things well eager to get to feature + + + align:start position:0% +things well eager to get to feature +extraction on this there should be um + + align:start position:0% +extraction on this there should be um + + + align:start position:0% +extraction on this there should be um +there should be a a notebook that says + + align:start position:0% +there should be a a notebook that says + + + align:start position:0% +there should be a a notebook that says +um under today um 2023 AI template + + align:start position:0% +um under today um 2023 AI template + + + align:start position:0% +um under today um 2023 AI template +lank that one is it it's there good good + + align:start position:0% +lank that one is it it's there good good + + + align:start position:0% +lank that one is it it's there good good +good so feel free to download that and + + align:start position:0% +good so feel free to download that and + + + align:start position:0% +good so feel free to download that and +put that where you are and um + + align:start position:0% +put that where you are and um + + + align:start position:0% +put that where you are and um +and run it it will install uh if your + + align:start position:0% +and run it it will install uh if your + + + align:start position:0% +and run it it will install uh if your +hard drive is almost completely full it + + align:start position:0% +hard drive is almost completely full it + + + align:start position:0% +hard drive is almost completely full it +will install um a a learning tool kit + + align:start position:0% +will install um a a learning tool kit + + + align:start position:0% +will install um a a learning tool kit +called orange which also in installs + + align:start position:0% +called orange which also in installs + + + align:start position:0% +called orange which also in installs +another machine learning tool kit called + + align:start position:0% +another machine learning tool kit called + + + align:start position:0% +another machine learning tool kit called +s kit learn and I think they might be a + + align:start position:0% +s kit learn and I think they might be a + + + align:start position:0% +s kit learn and I think they might be a +little bit big might be whatever so uh + + align:start position:0% +little bit big might be whatever so uh + + + align:start position:0% +little bit big might be whatever so uh +make sure to run all um first and that + + align:start position:0% +make sure to run all um first and that + + + align:start position:0% +make sure to run all um first and that +will uh get you in a pretty decent uh + + align:start position:0% +will uh get you in a pretty decent uh + + + align:start position:0% +will uh get you in a pretty decent uh +shape I'm going to get started on what + + align:start position:0% +shape I'm going to get started on what + + + align:start position:0% +shape I'm going to get started on what +we're talking about today is um + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about today is um + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about today is um +something called feature extraction and + + align:start position:0% +something called feature extraction and + + + align:start position:0% +something called feature extraction and +so feature extraction is a conversion of + + align:start position:0% +so feature extraction is a conversion of + + + align:start position:0% +so feature extraction is a conversion of +elements in this case musical elements + + align:start position:0% +elements in this case musical elements + + + align:start position:0% +elements in this case musical elements +into single numbers or lists arrays + + align:start position:0% +into single numbers or lists arrays + + + align:start position:0% +into single numbers or lists arrays +vectors tensors whatever you want to + + align:start position:0% +vectors tensors whatever you want to + + + align:start position:0% +vectors tensors whatever you want to +call them of + + align:start position:0% +call them of + + + align:start position:0% +call them of +numbers it is the most boring thing I + + align:start position:0% +numbers it is the most boring thing I + + + align:start position:0% +numbers it is the most boring thing I +will teach in the class and please don't + + align:start position:0% +will teach in the class and please don't + + + align:start position:0% +will teach in the class and please don't +correct me if you're like you there's + + align:start position:0% +correct me if you're like you there's + + + align:start position:0% +correct me if you're like you there's +plenty of other boring things you've + + align:start position:0% +plenty of other boring things you've + + + align:start position:0% +plenty of other boring things you've +done but no it's it's really one of the + + align:start position:0% +done but no it's it's really one of the + + + align:start position:0% +done but no it's it's really one of the +most boring things in the world and um + + align:start position:0% +most boring things in the world and um + + + align:start position:0% +most boring things in the world and um +here's a reason to hate it um it really + + align:start position:0% +here's a reason to hate it um it really + + + align:start position:0% +here's a reason to hate it um it really +sucks the lifeblood out of Music + + align:start position:0% +sucks the lifeblood out of Music + + + align:start position:0% +sucks the lifeblood out of Music +everything that you love about music is + + align:start position:0% +everything that you love about music is + + + align:start position:0% +everything that you love about music is +going to be converted into a few numbers + + align:start position:0% +going to be converted into a few numbers + + + align:start position:0% +going to be converted into a few numbers +uh it is Tes the life off it is the + + align:start position:0% +uh it is Tes the life off it is the + + + align:start position:0% +uh it is Tes the life off it is the +zombie of Music World Adam's very + + align:start position:0% +zombie of Music World Adam's very + + + align:start position:0% +zombie of Music World Adam's very +excited yes Zombie Invasion uh but + + align:start position:0% +excited yes Zombie Invasion uh but + + + align:start position:0% +excited yes Zombie Invasion uh but +there's a lot of amazing things we know + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of amazing things we know + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of amazing things we know +happening in artificial intelligence + + align:start position:0% +happening in artificial intelligence + + + align:start position:0% +happening in artificial intelligence +machine learning deep learning + + align:start position:0% +machine learning deep learning + + + align:start position:0% +machine learning deep learning +algorithms all these things and as as + + align:start position:0% +algorithms all these things and as as + + + align:start position:0% +algorithms all these things and as as +far as I know they all have one thing in + + align:start position:0% +far as I know they all have one thing in + + + align:start position:0% +far as I know they all have one thing in +common and that is they work on + + align:start position:0% +common and that is they work on + + + align:start position:0% +common and that is they work on +collection big collections of + + align:start position:0% +collection big collections of + + + align:start position:0% +collection big collections of +numbers um you know there's there's some + + align:start position:0% +numbers um you know there's there's some + + + align:start position:0% +numbers um you know there's there's some +ways that you can work with um you know + + align:start position:0% +ways that you can work with um you know + + + align:start position:0% +ways that you can work with um you know +images that effectively are kind of like + + align:start position:0% +images that effectively are kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +images that effectively are kind of like +two or multi-dimensional arrays of + + align:start position:0% +two or multi-dimensional arrays of + + + align:start position:0% +two or multi-dimensional arrays of +numbers but basically they're all going + + align:start position:0% +numbers but basically they're all going + + + align:start position:0% +numbers but basically they're all going +to be numbers so you know when I when I + + align:start position:0% +to be numbers so you know when I when I + + + align:start position:0% +to be numbers so you know when I when I +put some music notation on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +board we're not going to be able to work + + align:start position:0% +board we're not going to be able to work + + + align:start position:0% +board we're not going to be able to work +with that even an image of it even a + + align:start position:0% +with that even an image of it even a + + + align:start position:0% +with that even an image of it even a +JPEG unless we convert it to pixels and + + align:start position:0% +JPEG unless we convert it to pixels and + + + align:start position:0% +JPEG unless we convert it to pixels and +convert it to numbers when you hear a + + align:start position:0% +convert it to numbers when you hear a + + + align:start position:0% +convert it to numbers when you hear a +sound something like that you're going + + align:start position:0% +sound something like that you're going + + + align:start position:0% +sound something like that you're going +to have to convert that into numbers in + + align:start position:0% +to have to convert that into numbers in + + + align:start position:0% +to have to convert that into numbers in +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +ways so we're going to be just working + + align:start position:0% +ways so we're going to be just working + + + align:start position:0% +ways so we're going to be just working +on converting things to numbers so uh + + align:start position:0% +on converting things to numbers so uh + + + align:start position:0% +on converting things to numbers so uh +it's pretty simple and um + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty simple and um + + + align:start position:0% +it's pretty simple and um +but how to do it and what to extract and + + align:start position:0% +but how to do it and what to extract and + + + align:start position:0% +but how to do it and what to extract and +how to make your extractions is sort of + + align:start position:0% +how to make your extractions is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +how to make your extractions is sort of +the the Deep art that takes a while now + + align:start position:0% +the the Deep art that takes a while now + + + align:start position:0% +the the Deep art that takes a while now +um I I'll get to a little bit later um + + align:start position:0% +um I I'll get to a little bit later um + + + align:start position:0% +um I I'll get to a little bit later um +some of the things that people are doing + + align:start position:0% +some of the things that people are doing + + + align:start position:0% +some of the things that people are doing +today where feature extraction is less + + align:start position:0% +today where feature extraction is less + + + align:start position:0% +today where feature extraction is less +or careful feature extraction is less + + align:start position:0% +or careful feature extraction is less + + + align:start position:0% +or careful feature extraction is less +important and I'll tell you what those + + align:start position:0% +important and I'll tell you what those + + + align:start position:0% +important and I'll tell you what those +things tend to have in common and that + + align:start position:0% +things tend to have in common and that + + + align:start position:0% +things tend to have in common and that +is their um they work on much bigger + + align:start position:0% +is their um they work on much bigger + + + align:start position:0% +is their um they work on much bigger +data sets than um than what we have so + + align:start position:0% +data sets than um than what we have so + + + align:start position:0% +data sets than um than what we have so +we're g to get started on um this yep + + align:start position:0% +we're g to get started on um this yep + + + align:start position:0% +we're g to get started on um this yep +that's my template here and we're going + + align:start position:0% +that's my template here and we're going + + + align:start position:0% +that's my template here and we're going +to start with uh why not we always start + + align:start position:0% +to start with uh why not we always start + + + align:start position:0% +to start with uh why not we always start +with our favorite Bach caral what's the + + align:start position:0% +with our favorite Bach caral what's the + + + align:start position:0% +with our favorite Bach caral what's the +number 66.6 + + align:start position:0% +number 66.6 + + + align:start position:0% +number 66.6 +66.6 conjure up the bwv + + align:start position:0% +66.6 conjure up the bwv + + + align:start position:0% +66.6 conjure up the bwv +66.6 I'm going to show it get it back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay great oh feel um so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +okay great oh feel um so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay great oh feel um so we're going to +do some manual feature extraction first + + align:start position:0% +do some manual feature extraction first + + + align:start position:0% +do some manual feature extraction first +we're going to convert this into numbers + + align:start position:0% +we're going to convert this into numbers + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to convert this into numbers +I'm going to extract two things from + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to extract two things from + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to extract two things from +this number of parts and initial number + + align:start position:0% +this number of parts and initial number + + + align:start position:0% +this number of parts and initial number +of beats per measure so let's just do + + align:start position:0% +of beats per measure so let's just do + + + align:start position:0% +of beats per measure so let's just do +our super you don't have to type this if + + align:start position:0% +our super you don't have to type this if + + + align:start position:0% +our super you don't have to type this if +you want num Parts equals 4 time + + align:start position:0% +you want num Parts equals 4 time + + + align:start position:0% +you want num Parts equals 4 time +signature numerator equals 4 there I + + align:start position:0% +signature numerator equals 4 there I + + + align:start position:0% +signature numerator equals 4 there I +have done manual feature extraction and + + align:start position:0% +have done manual feature extraction and + + + align:start position:0% +have done manual feature extraction and +describing the piece as two numbers um + + align:start position:0% +describing the piece as two numbers um + + + align:start position:0% +describing the piece as two numbers um +they seem to look like four four but I + + align:start position:0% +they seem to look like four four but I + + + align:start position:0% +they seem to look like four four but I +didn't ever extract the denominator that + + align:start position:0% +didn't ever extract the denominator that + + + align:start position:0% +didn't ever extract the denominator that +just happens to be coincidence they're + + align:start position:0% +just happens to be coincidence they're + + + align:start position:0% +just happens to be coincidence they're +both four so I don't know if we'd even + + align:start position:0% +both four so I don't know if we'd even + + + align:start position:0% +both four so I don't know if we'd even +call this feature extraction but you can + + align:start position:0% +call this feature extraction but you can + + + align:start position:0% +call this feature extraction but you can +see it's it's pretty you know we were + + align:start position:0% +see it's it's pretty you know we were + + + align:start position:0% +see it's it's pretty you know we were +not talking about very very much here so + + align:start position:0% +not talking about very very much here so + + + align:start position:0% +not talking about very very much here so +I'm going to um Define uh a an automatic + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to um Define uh a an automatic + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to um Define uh a an automatic +feature extractor so we call it extract + + align:start position:0% +feature extractor so we call it extract + + + align:start position:0% +feature extractor so we call it extract +meter and extract meter you can save + + align:start position:0% +meter and extract meter you can save + + + align:start position:0% +meter and extract meter you can save +time by not putting these annotations it + + align:start position:0% +time by not putting these annotations it + + + align:start position:0% +time by not putting these annotations it +takes in some sort of a stream I'm + + align:start position:0% +takes in some sort of a stream I'm + + + align:start position:0% +takes in some sort of a stream I'm +calling it score even though um it's not + + align:start position:0% +calling it score even though um it's not + + + align:start position:0% +calling it score even though um it's not +and returns two integers what do you + + align:start position:0% +and returns two integers what do you + + + align:start position:0% +and returns two integers what do you +think the two inte are going to + + align:start position:0% +think the two inte are going to + + + align:start position:0% +think the two inte are going to +be if you're extracting the + + align:start position:0% +be if you're extracting the + + + align:start position:0% +be if you're extracting the +meter numerator and denominator great + + align:start position:0% +meter numerator and denominator great + + + align:start position:0% +meter numerator and denominator great +super so we can say all the meters in + + align:start position:0% +super so we can say all the meters in + + + align:start position:0% +super so we can say all the meters in +the piece equals the score meter time + + align:start position:0% +the piece equals the score meter time + + + align:start position:0% +the piece equals the score meter time +signature re + + align:start position:0% +signature re + + + align:start position:0% +signature re +curse and um the first one we'll just + + align:start position:0% +curse and um the first one we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +curse and um the first one we'll just +get the first one first meter all + + align:start position:0% +get the first one first meter all + + + align:start position:0% +get the first one first meter all +meters + + align:start position:0% +meters + + + align:start position:0% +meters +zero and we'll return first + + align:start position:0% +zero and we'll return first + + + align:start position:0% +zero and we'll return first +meters + + align:start position:0% +meters + + + align:start position:0% +meters +numerator and first meters denominator I + + align:start position:0% +numerator and first meters denominator I + + + align:start position:0% +numerator and first meters denominator I +know I don't need the parenthesis but I + + align:start position:0% +know I don't need the parenthesis but I + + + align:start position:0% +know I don't need the parenthesis but I +just kind of got used to that + + align:start position:0% +just kind of got used to that + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of got used to that +it's all let + + align:start position:0% +it's all let + + + align:start position:0% +it's all let +people get caught up um now by the way + + align:start position:0% +people get caught up um now by the way + + + align:start position:0% +people get caught up um now by the way +uh how many time signatures does this + + align:start position:0% +uh how many time signatures does this + + + align:start position:0% +uh how many time signatures does this +little Corral have are we going Overkill + + align:start position:0% +little Corral have are we going Overkill + + + align:start position:0% +little Corral have are we going Overkill +by getting the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one want to take a guess you all know it + + align:start position:0% +one want to take a guess you all know it + + + align:start position:0% +one want to take a guess you all know it +by now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one actually has four the way music 21 + + align:start position:0% +one actually has four the way music 21 + + + align:start position:0% +one actually has four the way music 21 +counts 1 2 3 they're all the same but + + align:start position:0% +counts 1 2 3 they're all the same but + + + align:start position:0% +counts 1 2 3 they're all the same but +this is an error I make quite a bit + + align:start position:0% +this is an error I make quite a bit + + + align:start position:0% +this is an error I make quite a bit +often that each of the parts has its own + + align:start position:0% +often that each of the parts has its own + + + align:start position:0% +often that each of the parts has its own +time signature so this is uh something + + align:start position:0% +time signature so this is uh something + + + align:start position:0% +time signature so this is uh something +to be careful on and now we'll get to + + align:start position:0% +to be careful on and now we'll get to + + + align:start position:0% +to be careful on and now we'll get to +the first sort of ethical dilemma of um + + align:start position:0% +the first sort of ethical dilemma of um + + + align:start position:0% +the first sort of ethical dilemma of um +of feature extraction and machine + + align:start position:0% +of feature extraction and machine + + + align:start position:0% +of feature extraction and machine +learning of which there will be many um + + align:start position:0% +learning of which there will be many um + + + align:start position:0% +learning of which there will be many um +and quite a number today uh what happens + + align:start position:0% +and quite a number today uh what happens + + + align:start position:0% +and quite a number today uh what happens +if a score doesn't have any time + + align:start position:0% +if a score doesn't have any time + + + align:start position:0% +if a score doesn't have any time +signatures do we want this will this + + align:start position:0% +signatures do we want this will this + + + align:start position:0% +signatures do we want this will this +crash first off + + align:start position:0% +crash first off + + + align:start position:0% +crash first off +and if you think it will crash tell me + + align:start position:0% +and if you think it will crash tell me + + + align:start position:0% +and if you think it will crash tell me +what the error that's probably going to + + align:start position:0% +what the error that's probably going to + + + align:start position:0% +what the error that's probably going to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +returned out list index out of range or + + align:start position:0% +returned out list index out of range or + + + align:start position:0% +returned out list index out of range or +index error yep that we're trying to get + + align:start position:0% +index error yep that we're trying to get + + + align:start position:0% +index error yep that we're trying to get +zero so we can say um something + + align:start position:0% +zero so we can say um something + + + align:start position:0% +zero so we can say um something +like if not all meters now so here's the + + align:start position:0% +like if not all meters now so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +like if not all meters now so here's the +ethical dilemma I'm going to return 0 + + align:start position:0% +ethical dilemma I'm going to return 0 + + + align:start position:0% +ethical dilemma I'm going to return 0 +comma 0 as a special value that's also + + align:start position:0% +comma 0 as a special value that's also + + + align:start position:0% +comma 0 as a special value that's also +in integer uh to of two integers that + + align:start position:0% +in integer uh to of two integers that + + + align:start position:0% +in integer uh to of two integers that +says I have no time signature because + + align:start position:0% +says I have no time signature because + + + align:start position:0% +says I have no time signature because +you know I'm I'm raised as a medieval + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm I'm raised as a medieval + + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm I'm raised as a medieval +musicologist so I have Gregorian chant + + align:start position:0% +musicologist so I have Gregorian chant + + + align:start position:0% +musicologist so I have Gregorian chant +lying around and other meterless time um + + align:start position:0% +lying around and other meterless time um + + + align:start position:0% +lying around and other meterless time um +pieces but um the other reason is that + + align:start position:0% +pieces but um the other reason is that + + + align:start position:0% +pieces but um the other reason is that +we sometimes in case of an error or an + + align:start position:0% +we sometimes in case of an error or an + + + align:start position:0% +we sometimes in case of an error or an +outof bound value we return some sort of + + align:start position:0% +outof bound value we return some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +outof bound value we return some sort of +we call of Sentinel some kind of special + + align:start position:0% +we call of Sentinel some kind of special + + + align:start position:0% +we call of Sentinel some kind of special +meaning number that says you know some + + align:start position:0% +meaning number that says you know some + + + align:start position:0% +meaning number that says you know some +sort of an error happened + + align:start position:0% +sort of an error happened + + + align:start position:0% +sort of an error happened +why because you're going to someday have + + align:start position:0% +why because you're going to someday have + + + align:start position:0% +why because you're going to someday have +a gigantic data set maybe you're going + + align:start position:0% +a gigantic data set maybe you're going + + + align:start position:0% +a gigantic data set maybe you're going +to be doing this up in the cloud + + align:start position:0% +to be doing this up in the cloud + + + align:start position:0% +to be doing this up in the cloud +somewhere or something and you're going + + align:start position:0% +somewhere or something and you're going + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere or something and you're going +to have + + align:start position:0% +to have + + + align:start position:0% +to have +um uh you're going to be letting it run + + align:start position:0% +um uh you're going to be letting it run + + + align:start position:0% +um uh you're going to be letting it run +overnight consuming a huge amount of + + align:start position:0% +overnight consuming a huge amount of + + + align:start position:0% +overnight consuming a huge amount of +processor money and eventually there's + + align:start position:0% +processor money and eventually there's + + + align:start position:0% +processor money and eventually there's +going to be some bad data in there + + align:start position:0% +going to be some bad data in there + + + align:start position:0% +going to be some bad data in there +that's going to crash your + + align:start position:0% +that's going to crash your + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to crash your +system and you want to be like okay I + + align:start position:0% +system and you want to be like okay I + + + align:start position:0% +system and you want to be like okay I +just let this run for 47 hours and uh + + align:start position:0% +just let this run for 47 hours and uh + + + align:start position:0% +just let this run for 47 hours and uh +now I have to start all over again + + align:start position:0% +now I have to start all over again + + + align:start position:0% +now I have to start all over again +because of course I didn't save + + align:start position:0% +because of course I didn't save + + + align:start position:0% +because of course I didn't save +intermediary values because you know I'm + + align:start position:0% +intermediary values because you know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +intermediary values because you know I'm +a theoretical person not a practical + + align:start position:0% +a theoretical person not a practical + + + align:start position:0% +a theoretical person not a practical +programmer but um always say write write + + align:start position:0% +programmer but um always say write write + + + align:start position:0% +programmer but um always say write write +to dis every once in a while um + + align:start position:0% +to dis every once in a while um + + + align:start position:0% +to dis every once in a while um +but so so this type of thing helps to + + align:start position:0% +but so so this type of thing helps to + + + align:start position:0% +but so so this type of thing helps to +save you from a little bit of bad data + + align:start position:0% +save you from a little bit of bad data + + + align:start position:0% +save you from a little bit of bad data +what it also does though is it can + + align:start position:0% +what it also does though is it can + + + align:start position:0% +what it also does though is it can +swallow up systematic errors in your + + align:start position:0% +swallow up systematic errors in your + + + align:start position:0% +swallow up systematic errors in your +thought you know what I'm saying that + + align:start position:0% +thought you know what I'm saying that + + + align:start position:0% +thought you know what I'm saying that +that you didn't realize that um the one + + align:start position:0% +that you didn't realize that um the one + + + align:start position:0% +that you didn't realize that um the one +that I always get is I'm looking at the + + align:start position:0% +that I always get is I'm looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +that I always get is I'm looking at the +pitch of everything in the piece I pitch + + align:start position:0% +pitch of everything in the piece I pitch + + + align:start position:0% +pitch of everything in the piece I pitch +of everything in there and then I forget + + align:start position:0% +of everything in there and then I forget + + + align:start position:0% +of everything in there and then I forget +that these structures called chords + + align:start position:0% +that these structures called chords + + + align:start position:0% +that these structures called chords +exist which don't just have a pitch they + + align:start position:0% +exist which don't just have a pitch they + + + align:start position:0% +exist which don't just have a pitch they +have multiple and so I could end up + + align:start position:0% +have multiple and so I could end up + + + align:start position:0% +have multiple and so I could end up +silently throwing out all of my data + + align:start position:0% +silently throwing out all of my data + + + align:start position:0% +silently throwing out all of my data +about chords rather than realizing I + + align:start position:0% +about chords rather than realizing I + + + align:start position:0% +about chords rather than realizing I +have a mental model problem in there and + + align:start position:0% +have a mental model problem in there and + + + align:start position:0% +have a mental model problem in there and +this is some of the things that um that + + align:start position:0% +this is some of the things that um that + + + align:start position:0% +this is some of the things that um that +can lead to uh AI that doesn't include + + align:start position:0% +can lead to uh AI that doesn't include + + + align:start position:0% +can lead to uh AI that doesn't include +all of us that programmers forget that + + align:start position:0% +all of us that programmers forget that + + + align:start position:0% +all of us that programmers forget that +women exist or that nonwhite people + + align:start position:0% +women exist or that nonwhite people + + + align:start position:0% +women exist or that nonwhite people +exist and therefore oh that's data + + align:start position:0% +exist and therefore oh that's data + + + align:start position:0% +exist and therefore oh that's data +that's out of bounds so you know we'll + + align:start position:0% +that's out of bounds so you know we'll + + + align:start position:0% +that's out of bounds so you know we'll +we'll go with a default response rather + + align:start position:0% +we'll go with a default response rather + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go with a default response rather +than learning um you know how to deal + + align:start position:0% +than learning um you know how to deal + + + align:start position:0% +than learning um you know how to deal +with uh facial recognition on things + + align:start position:0% +with uh facial recognition on things + + + align:start position:0% +with uh facial recognition on things +like that so here it's not such a big I + + align:start position:0% +like that so here it's not such a big I + + + align:start position:0% +like that so here it's not such a big I +don't think that we're um you know that + + align:start position:0% +don't think that we're um you know that + + + align:start position:0% +don't think that we're um you know that +we're going to have a problem with um + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a problem with um + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have a problem with um +systematically discriminating against + + align:start position:0% +systematically discriminating against + + + align:start position:0% +systematically discriminating against +Gregorian chant but um but it's these + + align:start position:0% +Gregorian chant but um but it's these + + + align:start position:0% +Gregorian chant but um but it's these +kinds of issues that lead to so many of + + align:start position:0% +kinds of issues that lead to so many of + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of issues that lead to so many of +the other uh ethical issues um in in + + align:start position:0% +the other uh ethical issues um in in + + + align:start position:0% +the other uh ethical issues um in in +artificial + + align:start position:0% +artificial + + + align:start position:0% +artificial +intelligence okay with that aside we've + + align:start position:0% +intelligence okay with that aside we've + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence okay with that aside we've +all caught up let's see did I somebody + + align:start position:0% +all caught up let's see did I somebody + + + align:start position:0% +all caught up let's see did I somebody +and everybody just save me time when I + + align:start position:0% +and everybody just save me time when I + + + align:start position:0% +and everybody just save me time when I +type something wrong um check it but + + align:start position:0% +type something wrong um check it but + + + align:start position:0% +type something wrong um check it but +let's see if that + + align:start position:0% +let's see if that + + + align:start position:0% +let's see if that +works extract meter Bo we have our + + align:start position:0% +works extract meter Bo we have our + + + align:start position:0% +works extract meter Bo we have our +first um our first uh automatic feature + + align:start position:0% +first um our first uh automatic feature + + + align:start position:0% +first um our first uh automatic feature +extractor is this topic so far as boring + + align:start position:0% +extractor is this topic so far as boring + + + align:start position:0% +extractor is this topic so far as boring +as I + + align:start position:0% +as I + + + align:start position:0% +as I +promised no okay somebody likes it yeah + + align:start position:0% +promised no okay somebody likes it yeah + + + align:start position:0% +promised no okay somebody likes it yeah +I I it's it's pretty good but let's + + align:start position:0% +I I it's it's pretty good but let's + + + align:start position:0% +I I it's it's pretty good but let's +let's go with something else and we're + + align:start position:0% +let's go with something else and we're + + + align:start position:0% +let's go with something else and we're +going to start with another ethical + + align:start position:0% +going to start with another ethical + + + align:start position:0% +going to start with another ethical +dilemma we're going to be working with + + align:start position:0% +dilemma we're going to be working with + + + align:start position:0% +dilemma we're going to be working with +Ryan's Mammoth collection and I think um + + align:start position:0% +Ryan's Mammoth collection and I think um + + + align:start position:0% +Ryan's Mammoth collection and I think um +if you type blooming you should get + + align:start position:0% +if you type blooming you should get + + + align:start position:0% +if you type blooming you should get +something that's not an error do you + + align:start position:0% +something that's not an error do you + + + align:start position:0% +something that's not an error do you +because you've already if you've run + + align:start position:0% +because you've already if you've run + + + align:start position:0% +because you've already if you've run +everything you've already run Corpus + + align:start position:0% +everything you've already run Corpus + + + align:start position:0% +everything you've already run Corpus +parse blooming + + align:start position:0% +parse blooming + + + align:start position:0% +parse blooming +Meadows + + align:start position:0% +Meadows + + + align:start position:0% +Meadows +jig and let's see + + align:start position:0% +jig and let's see + + + align:start position:0% +jig and let's see +that so apologies we didn't get to The + + align:start position:0% +that so apologies we didn't get to The + + + align:start position:0% +that so apologies we didn't get to The +Jig um composition yet I do plan to pick + + align:start position:0% +Jig um composition yet I do plan to pick + + + align:start position:0% +Jig um composition yet I do plan to pick +that up next week but I figure that + + align:start position:0% +that up next week but I figure that + + + align:start position:0% +that up next week but I figure that +there's some other things that people + + align:start position:0% +there's some other things that people + + + align:start position:0% +there's some other things that people +need for their final projects more + + align:start position:0% +need for their final projects more + + + align:start position:0% +need for their final projects more +importantly than uh working with that um + + align:start position:0% +importantly than uh working with that um + + + align:start position:0% +importantly than uh working with that um +so you all see something like + + align:start position:0% +so you all see something like + + + align:start position:0% +so you all see something like +this but we're going to be back on jigs + + align:start position:0% +this but we're going to be back on jigs + + + align:start position:0% +this but we're going to be back on jigs +again today for a bit now Ryan's Mammoth + + align:start position:0% +again today for a bit now Ryan's Mammoth + + + align:start position:0% +again today for a bit now Ryan's Mammoth +collection is a little bit of an ethical + + align:start position:0% +collection is a little bit of an ethical + + + align:start position:0% +collection is a little bit of an ethical +dilemma and I'm trying to replace it it + + align:start position:0% +dilemma and I'm trying to replace it it + + + align:start position:0% +dilemma and I'm trying to replace it it +is a collection of a think something + + align:start position:0% +is a collection of a think something + + + align:start position:0% +is a collection of a think something +like uh 1, 79 fiddle Tunes from the 19th + + align:start position:0% +like uh 1, 79 fiddle Tunes from the 19th + + + align:start position:0% +like uh 1, 79 fiddle Tunes from the 19th +century um that has a bunch of jigs horn + + align:start position:0% +century um that has a bunch of jigs horn + + + align:start position:0% +century um that has a bunch of jigs horn +pipes uh things that if you take uh Joe + + align:start position:0% +pipes uh things that if you take uh Joe + + + align:start position:0% +pipes uh things that if you take uh Joe +Mor's um C shanties and um English folk + + align:start position:0% +Mor's um C shanties and um English folk + + + align:start position:0% +Mor's um C shanties and um English folk +music class and all those things you you + + align:start position:0% +music class and all those things you you + + + align:start position:0% +music class and all those things you you +can learn more about them um it also is + + align:start position:0% +can learn more about them um it also is + + + align:start position:0% +can learn more about them um it also is +a large collection of musical + + align:start position:0% +a large collection of musical + + + align:start position:0% +a large collection of musical +experiences of 19th century + + align:start position:0% +experiences of 19th century + + + align:start position:0% +experiences of 19th century +African-Americans that has been um sort + + align:start position:0% +African-Americans that has been um sort + + + align:start position:0% +African-Americans that has been um sort +of parody + + align:start position:0% +of parody + + + align:start position:0% +of parody +and or um appropriated into white + + align:start position:0% +and or um appropriated into white + + + align:start position:0% +and or um appropriated into white +minstral shows so I've tried to remove + + align:start position:0% +minstral shows so I've tried to remove + + + align:start position:0% +minstral shows so I've tried to remove +um things that are um + + align:start position:0% +um things that are um + + + align:start position:0% +um things that are um +offensive on First Sight from The + + align:start position:0% +offensive on First Sight from The + + + align:start position:0% +offensive on First Sight from The +Collection titles and things like that + + align:start position:0% +Collection titles and things like that + + + align:start position:0% +Collection titles and things like that +but um but the deeper history a lot of + + align:start position:0% +but um but the deeper history a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +but um but the deeper history a lot of +these songs has to do with a lot of + + align:start position:0% +these songs has to do with a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +these songs has to do with a lot of +appropriation so um I'm hoping to be + + align:start position:0% +appropriation so um I'm hoping to be + + + align:start position:0% +appropriation so um I'm hoping to be +able to get a collection to replace it + + align:start position:0% +able to get a collection to replace it + + + align:start position:0% +able to get a collection to replace it +at some point because um you know it's + + align:start position:0% +at some point because um you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +at some point because um you know it's +not exactly everything I want to do with + + align:start position:0% +not exactly everything I want to do with + + + align:start position:0% +not exactly everything I want to do with +it but anyhow so we have for um for + + align:start position:0% +it but anyhow so we have for um for + + + align:start position:0% +it but anyhow so we have for um for +going through we have the one jig + + align:start position:0% +going through we have the one jig + + + align:start position:0% +going through we have the one jig +blooming Meadows jig and um I gave you + + align:start position:0% +blooming Meadows jig and um I gave you + + + align:start position:0% +blooming Meadows jig and um I gave you +just a contrast um uh a real + + align:start position:0% +just a contrast um uh a real + + + align:start position:0% +just a contrast um uh a real +reel um and you should already have the + + align:start position:0% +reel um and you should already have the + + + align:start position:0% +reel um and you should already have the +Reel I think uh already loaded so you + + align:start position:0% +Reel I think uh already loaded so you + + + align:start position:0% +Reel I think uh already loaded so you +don't need to type this it's called the + + align:start position:0% +don't need to type this it's called the + + + align:start position:0% +don't need to type this it's called the +seventh regiment + + align:start position:0% +seventh regiment + + + align:start position:0% +seventh regiment +reel and hopefully I got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that and it looks a little a little bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different so what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +different so what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +different so what we're going to do +today is try to build a system that can + + align:start position:0% +today is try to build a system that can + + + align:start position:0% +today is try to build a system that can +tell the difference between a jig and a + + align:start position:0% +tell the difference between a jig and a + + + align:start position:0% +tell the difference between a jig and a +reel or jig and uh we'll defit it into + + align:start position:0% +reel or jig and uh we'll defit it into + + + align:start position:0% +reel or jig and uh we'll defit it into +the remaining 52 minutes between a jig + + align:start position:0% +the remaining 52 minutes between a jig + + + align:start position:0% +the remaining 52 minutes between a jig +and a not jig the whole all of music is + + align:start position:0% +and a not jig the whole all of music is + + + align:start position:0% +and a not jig the whole all of music is +divided into Jigs and not jigs it's + + align:start position:0% +divided into Jigs and not jigs it's + + + align:start position:0% +divided into Jigs and not jigs it's +great um okay so we um we'll be looking + + align:start position:0% +great um okay so we um we'll be looking + + + align:start position:0% +great um okay so we um we'll be looking +how would you how would you define the + + align:start position:0% +how would you how would you define the + + + align:start position:0% +how would you how would you define the +difference you can look down at your own + + align:start position:0% +difference you can look down at your own + + + align:start position:0% +difference you can look down at your own +so I don't have to keep scrolling back + + align:start position:0% +so I don't have to keep scrolling back + + + align:start position:0% +so I don't have to keep scrolling back +and forth um just if if you're somebody + + align:start position:0% +and forth um just if if you're somebody + + + align:start position:0% +and forth um just if if you're somebody +who didn't know hadn't encountered a + + align:start position:0% +who didn't know hadn't encountered a + + + align:start position:0% +who didn't know hadn't encountered a +real or a jig before what is the um what + + align:start position:0% +real or a jig before what is the um what + + + align:start position:0% +real or a jig before what is the um what +would you say is an obvious + + align:start position:0% +would you say is an obvious + + + align:start position:0% +would you say is an obvious +difference Matthew you uh 24 versus 68 + + align:start position:0% +difference Matthew you uh 24 versus 68 + + + align:start position:0% +difference Matthew you uh 24 versus 68 +24 versus 68 good another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +obvious one I think what's that is the S + + align:start position:0% +obvious one I think what's that is the S + + + align:start position:0% +obvious one I think what's that is the S +one the time signature the same same one + + align:start position:0% +one the time signature the same same one + + + align:start position:0% +one the time signature the same same one +time signature good + + align:start position:0% +time signature good + + + align:start position:0% +time signature good +yeah seems more syn which one seems more + + align:start position:0% +yeah seems more syn which one seems more + + + align:start position:0% +yeah seems more syn which one seems more +synr The Jig The Jig a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +synr The Jig The Jig a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +synr The Jig The Jig a little bit more +syncopated especially um things there's + + align:start position:0% +syncopated especially um things there's + + + align:start position:0% +syncopated especially um things there's +always things like this that are not + + align:start position:0% +always things like this that are not + + + align:start position:0% +always things like this that are not +technically rhythmically syncopated but + + align:start position:0% +technically rhythmically syncopated but + + + align:start position:0% +technically rhythmically syncopated but +kind of feel a little bit + + align:start position:0% +kind of feel a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +kind of feel a little bit +um good anything else + + align:start position:0% +um good anything else + + + align:start position:0% +um good anything else +yeah what's that 16 16th versus 8th + + align:start position:0% +yeah what's that 16 16th versus 8th + + + align:start position:0% +yeah what's that 16 16th versus 8th +notes thank you I'm going to put that in + + align:start position:0% +notes thank you I'm going to put that in + + + align:start position:0% +notes thank you I'm going to put that in +I'm also going to disable my uh my what + + align:start position:0% +I'm also going to disable my uh my what + + + align:start position:0% +I'm also going to disable my uh my what +do you call it my + + align:start position:0% +do you call it my + + + align:start position:0% +do you call it my +notifications supposed to + + align:start position:0% +notifications supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +notifications supposed to +happen automatically okay yeah 16th + + align:start position:0% +happen automatically okay yeah 16th + + + align:start position:0% +happen automatically okay yeah 16th +versus e8th notes we're actually going + + align:start position:0% +versus e8th notes we're actually going + + + align:start position:0% +versus e8th notes we're actually going +to uh possibly use that as as something + + align:start position:0% +to uh possibly use that as as something + + + align:start position:0% +to uh possibly use that as as something +so we're going to try to um have a + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to try to um have a + + + align:start position:0% +so we're going to try to um have a +system that can do the difference you + + align:start position:0% +system that can do the difference you + + + align:start position:0% +system that can do the difference you +should have if you type Ryan uh you + + align:start position:0% +should have if you type Ryan uh you + + + align:start position:0% +should have if you type Ryan uh you +should be you should be getting + + align:start position:0% +should be you should be getting + + + align:start position:0% +should be you should be getting +something I'm going to really quickly um + + align:start position:0% +something I'm going to really quickly um + + + align:start position:0% +something I'm going to really quickly um +just cut and paste what I did to get to + + align:start position:0% +just cut and paste what I did to get to + + + align:start position:0% +just cut and paste what I did to get to +Ryan and explain it I first created a + + align:start position:0% +Ryan and explain it I first created a + + + align:start position:0% +Ryan and explain it I first created a +sign called Ryan M where I find + + align:start position:0% +sign called Ryan M where I find + + + align:start position:0% +sign called Ryan M where I find +everything in Ryan's Mammoth collection + + align:start position:0% +everything in Ryan's Mammoth collection + + + align:start position:0% +everything in Ryan's Mammoth collection +and then what I've + + align:start position:0% +and then what I've + + + align:start position:0% +and then what I've +done is here's another cut and paste + + align:start position:0% +done is here's another cut and paste + + + align:start position:0% +done is here's another cut and paste +1059 I think yep is that I've gone + + align:start position:0% +1059 I think yep is that I've gone + + + align:start position:0% +1059 I think yep is that I've gone +through everything in there and said + + align:start position:0% +through everything in there and said + + + align:start position:0% +through everything in there and said +first off I only want to look at the + + align:start position:0% +first off I only want to look at the + + + align:start position:0% +first off I only want to look at the +first 500 of them and then I'm looking + + align:start position:0% +first 500 of them and then I'm looking + + + align:start position:0% +first 500 of them and then I'm looking +without parsing if the name name of the + + align:start position:0% +without parsing if the name name of the + + + align:start position:0% +without parsing if the name name of the +file has jig in + + align:start position:0% +file has jig in + + + align:start position:0% +file has jig in +it um if it doesn't have jig in it and + + align:start position:0% +it um if it doesn't have jig in it and + + + align:start position:0% +it um if it doesn't have jig in it and +if you're over file 100 continue so I've + + align:start position:0% +if you're over file 100 continue so I've + + + align:start position:0% +if you're over file 100 continue so I've +why did I do all this stuff just so that + + align:start position:0% +why did I do all this stuff just so that + + + align:start position:0% +why did I do all this stuff just so that +I can get something that is + + align:start position:0% +I can get something that is + + + align:start position:0% +I can get something that is +approximately 50/50 jig not Jake um so + + align:start position:0% +approximately 50/50 jig not Jake um so + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 50/50 jig not Jake um so +we end up with about 200 U here I + + align:start position:0% +we end up with about 200 U here I + + + align:start position:0% +we end up with about 200 U here I +can we end up with 212 pieces and I + + align:start position:0% +can we end up with 212 pieces and I + + + align:start position:0% +can we end up with 212 pieces and I +happen to know that 59% of them are jigs + + align:start position:0% +happen to know that 59% of them are jigs + + + align:start position:0% +happen to know that 59% of them are jigs +so uh that's pretty good these are all + + align:start position:0% +so uh that's pretty good these are all + + + align:start position:0% +so uh that's pretty good these are all +what we call uh metadata entries so they + + align:start position:0% +what we call uh metadata entries so they + + + align:start position:0% +what we call uh metadata entries so they +haven't been parsed + + align:start position:0% +haven't been parsed + + + align:start position:0% +haven't been parsed +yet okay great everybody with me there + + align:start position:0% +yet okay great everybody with me there + + + align:start position:0% +yet okay great everybody with me there +great I'm going to Define um a helper + + align:start position:0% +great I'm going to Define um a helper + + + align:start position:0% +great I'm going to Define um a helper +function that is how many ethical + + align:start position:0% +function that is how many ethical + + + align:start position:0% +function that is how many ethical +dilemas are we doing today uh this one's + + align:start position:0% +dilemas are we doing today uh this one's + + + align:start position:0% +dilemas are we doing today uh this one's +not ethical but this one's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +not ethical but this one's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +not ethical but this one's sort of a +research thing called is jig which um + + align:start position:0% +research thing called is jig which um + + + align:start position:0% +research thing called is jig which um +which determines if something is a jig + + align:start position:0% +which determines if something is a jig + + + align:start position:0% +which determines if something is a jig +by looking at the file name and um lower + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the file name and um lower + + + align:start position:0% +by looking at the file name and um lower +casing it and seeing if the word jig is + + align:start position:0% +casing it and seeing if the word jig is + + + align:start position:0% +casing it and seeing if the word jig is +in that um I've done this with uh Rags + + align:start position:0% +in that um I've done this with uh Rags + + + align:start position:0% +in that um I've done this with uh Rags +before uh rag time a really great um + + align:start position:0% +before uh rag time a really great um + + + align:start position:0% +before uh rag time a really great um +piano genre most Scott Joplin the most + + align:start position:0% +piano genre most Scott Joplin the most + + + align:start position:0% +piano genre most Scott Joplin the most +famous person and a lot of Rags have um + + align:start position:0% +famous person and a lot of Rags have um + + + align:start position:0% +famous person and a lot of Rags have um +rag in the title Maple Leaf Rag and so + + align:start position:0% +rag in the title Maple Leaf Rag and so + + + align:start position:0% +rag in the title Maple Leaf Rag and so +on but then there's like the entertain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know that which doesn't have the + + align:start position:0% +you know that which doesn't have the + + + align:start position:0% +you know that which doesn't have the +word rag in the title so we're + + align:start position:0% +word rag in the title so we're + + + align:start position:0% +word rag in the title so we're +possibly having what we call a bad + + align:start position:0% +possibly having what we call a bad + + + align:start position:0% +possibly having what we call a bad +ground truth the ground truth is the + + align:start position:0% +ground truth the ground truth is the + + + align:start position:0% +ground truth the ground truth is the +definition that is correct beforehand + + align:start position:0% +definition that is correct beforehand + + + align:start position:0% +definition that is correct beforehand +and so is this song a jig is this not a + + align:start position:0% +and so is this song a jig is this not a + + + align:start position:0% +and so is this song a jig is this not a +jig this is probably not the greatest + + align:start position:0% +jig this is probably not the greatest + + + align:start position:0% +jig this is probably not the greatest +ground truth there the other thing that + + align:start position:0% +ground truth there the other thing that + + + align:start position:0% +ground truth there the other thing that +will come up a lot is that there is a + + align:start position:0% +will come up a lot is that there is a + + + align:start position:0% +will come up a lot is that there is a +some pieces that will be very hard to + + align:start position:0% +some pieces that will be very hard to + + + align:start position:0% +some pieces that will be very hard to +tell if they are and two different + + align:start position:0% +tell if they are and two different + + + align:start position:0% +tell if they are and two different +intelligent people could disagree on + + align:start position:0% +intelligent people could disagree on + + + align:start position:0% +intelligent people could disagree on +something that's a jig this comes up a + + align:start position:0% +something that's a jig this comes up a + + + align:start position:0% +something that's a jig this comes up a +lot in genre classification where people + + align:start position:0% +lot in genre classification where people + + + align:start position:0% +lot in genre classification where people +can't really decide is this country or + + align:start position:0% +can't really decide is this country or + + + align:start position:0% +can't really decide is this country or +is this rock is this uh Funk is this hip + + align:start position:0% +is this rock is this uh Funk is this hip + + + align:start position:0% +is this rock is this uh Funk is this hip +hop is this romantic is this classical + + align:start position:0% +hop is this romantic is this classical + + + align:start position:0% +hop is this romantic is this classical +um so you know somebody once told me um + + align:start position:0% +um so you know somebody once told me um + + + align:start position:0% +um so you know somebody once told me um +when they realized I came from a music + + align:start position:0% +when they realized I came from a music + + + align:start position:0% +when they realized I came from a music +history training musicology that they + + align:start position:0% +history training musicology that they + + + align:start position:0% +history training musicology that they +said the worst part about musicologists + + align:start position:0% +said the worst part about musicologists + + + align:start position:0% +said the worst part about musicologists +getting into this field is that they + + align:start position:0% +getting into this field is that they + + + align:start position:0% +getting into this field is that they +give us really crappy ground truths you + + align:start position:0% +give us really crappy ground truths you + + + align:start position:0% +give us really crappy ground truths you +know you all won't say what the right + + align:start position:0% +know you all won't say what the right + + + align:start position:0% +know you all won't say what the right +answer is and that's I hope an ambiguity + + align:start position:0% +answer is and that's I hope an ambiguity + + + align:start position:0% +answer is and that's I hope an ambiguity +we like as humans but anyhow so we'll + + align:start position:0% +we like as humans but anyhow so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we like as humans but anyhow so we'll +we'll have our is jig let's um we'll + + align:start position:0% +we'll have our is jig let's um we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have our is jig let's um we'll +actually see um is jig blooming I think + + align:start position:0% +actually see um is jig blooming I think + + + align:start position:0% +actually see um is jig blooming I think +that was the one that is jig and what + + align:start position:0% +that was the one that is jig and what + + + align:start position:0% +that was the one that is jig and what +was the other one uh + + align:start position:0% +was the other one uh + + + align:start position:0% +was the other one uh +real okay + + align:start position:0% +real okay + + + align:start position:0% +real okay +so so with our garbage in garbage out + + align:start position:0% +so so with our garbage in garbage out + + + align:start position:0% +so so with our garbage in garbage out +terrible ground truth um we seems to be + + align:start position:0% +terrible ground truth um we seems to be + + + align:start position:0% +terrible ground truth um we seems to be +working okay and I happen to know 127 of + + align:start position:0% +working okay and I happen to know 127 of + + + align:start position:0% +working okay and I happen to know 127 of +the things in there jig so let's get our + + align:start position:0% +the things in there jig so let's get our + + + align:start position:0% +the things in there jig so let's get our +second feature extractor this one's + + align:start position:0% +second feature extractor this one's + + + align:start position:0% +second feature extractor this one's +going to be pretty easy we'll just get + + align:start position:0% +going to be pretty easy we'll just get + + + align:start position:0% +going to be pretty easy we'll just get +the number of sharps in the piece uh we + + align:start position:0% +the number of sharps in the piece uh we + + + align:start position:0% +the number of sharps in the piece uh we +started working on jigs in G so we + + align:start position:0% +started working on jigs in G so we + + + align:start position:0% +started working on jigs in G so we +happen to know that there are a whole + + align:start position:0% +happen to know that there are a whole + + + align:start position:0% +happen to know that there are a whole +bunch of them so maybe we'll do this and + + align:start position:0% +bunch of them so maybe we'll do this and + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of them so maybe we'll do this and +here we can just do again a try return + + align:start position:0% +here we can just do again a try return + + + align:start position:0% +here we can just do again a try return +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +scores key key + + align:start position:0% +scores key key + + + align:start position:0% +scores key key +signature the number of + + align:start position:0% +signature the number of + + + align:start position:0% +signature the number of +Sharps uh if it's two Flats what's it + + align:start position:0% +Sharps uh if it's two Flats what's it + + + align:start position:0% +Sharps uh if it's two Flats what's it +going to + + align:start position:0% +going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to +return negative -2 yep great so and if + + align:start position:0% +return negative -2 yep great so and if + + + align:start position:0% +return negative -2 yep great so and if +there's no key signature um this one's + + align:start position:0% +there's no key signature um this one's + + + align:start position:0% +there's no key signature um this one's +actually not a terrible assumption right + + align:start position:0% +actually not a terrible assumption right + + + align:start position:0% +actually not a terrible assumption right +something without a key signature + + align:start position:0% +something without a key signature + + + align:start position:0% +something without a key signature +probably has a key signature of no + + align:start position:0% +probably has a key signature of no + + + align:start position:0% +probably has a key signature of no +sharps or flat + + align:start position:0% +sharps or flat + + + align:start position:0% +sharps or flat +I no maybe maybe we should in this case + + align:start position:0% +I no maybe maybe we should in this case + + + align:start position:0% +I no maybe maybe we should in this case +analyze the key and uh do something like + + align:start position:0% +analyze the key and uh do something like + + + align:start position:0% +analyze the key and uh do something like +that but good enough for a little bit so + + align:start position:0% +that but good enough for a little bit so + + + align:start position:0% +that but good enough for a little bit so +let's see um the + + align:start position:0% +let's see um the + + + align:start position:0% +let's see um the +blooming hopefully this will return one + + align:start position:0% +blooming hopefully this will return one + + + align:start position:0% +blooming hopefully this will return one +oops oh I know what I did this is why + + align:start position:0% +oops oh I know what I did this is why + + + align:start position:0% +oops oh I know what I did this is why +you should never do something like this + + align:start position:0% +you should never do something like this + + + align:start position:0% +you should never do something like this +uh except index error we + + align:start position:0% +uh except index error we + + + align:start position:0% +uh except index error we +said and we didn't get an index error + + align:start position:0% +said and we didn't get an index error + + + align:start position:0% +said and we didn't get an index error +what did we get we got a attribute error + + align:start position:0% +what did we get we got a attribute error + + + align:start position:0% +what did we get we got a attribute error +yep there is no Sharps cuz I forgot to + + align:start position:0% +yep there is no Sharps cuz I forgot to + + + align:start position:0% +yep there is no Sharps cuz I forgot to +say that we want the first key + + align:start position:0% +say that we want the first key + + + align:start position:0% +say that we want the first key +signatures Sharps you can also do the do + + align:start position:0% +signatures Sharps you can also do the do + + + align:start position:0% +signatures Sharps you can also do the do +zero or bracket zero however you'd like + + align:start position:0% +zero or bracket zero however you'd like + + + align:start position:0% +zero or bracket zero however you'd like +that and so let me try the get Sharps + + align:start position:0% +that and so let me try the get Sharps + + + align:start position:0% +that and so let me try the get Sharps +again getting one and what's the answer + + align:start position:0% +again getting one and what's the answer + + + align:start position:0% +again getting one and what's the answer +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +Bach three good you can either do that + + align:start position:0% +Bach three good you can either do that + + + align:start position:0% +Bach three good you can either do that +by hand or make sure thing work great + + align:start position:0% +by hand or make sure thing work great + + + align:start position:0% +by hand or make sure thing work great +and let's we'll Define one more feature + + align:start position:0% +and let's we'll Define one more feature + + + align:start position:0% +and let's we'll Define one more feature +extractor so that we can um + + align:start position:0% +extractor so that we can um + + + align:start position:0% +extractor so that we can um +oops we're actually making good time + + align:start position:0% +oops we're actually making good time + + + align:start position:0% +oops we're actually making good time +this uh we'll do eighth fraction uh + + align:start position:0% +this uh we'll do eighth fraction uh + + + align:start position:0% +this uh we'll do eighth fraction uh +based on based on the observation that + + align:start position:0% +based on based on the observation that + + + align:start position:0% +based on based on the observation that +there's uh more eighth notes in some in + + align:start position:0% +there's uh more eighth notes in some in + + + align:start position:0% +there's uh more eighth notes in some in +one piece than the other so we'll take + + align:start position:0% +one piece than the other so we'll take + + + align:start position:0% +one piece than the other so we'll take +in a stream. score and this time we'll + + align:start position:0% +in a stream. score and this time we'll + + + align:start position:0% +in a stream. score and this time we'll +return a float so usually you can um + + align:start position:0% +return a float so usually you can um + + + align:start position:0% +return a float so usually you can um +return an INT which we call a continuous + + align:start position:0% +return an INT which we call a continuous + + + align:start position:0% +return an INT which we call a continuous +a a discrete VAR answer or a float which + + align:start position:0% +a a discrete VAR answer or a float which + + + align:start position:0% +a a discrete VAR answer or a float which +is continuous variable so let's just do + + align:start position:0% +is continuous variable so let's just do + + + align:start position:0% +is continuous variable so let's just do +this get the number of notes in the + + align:start position:0% +this get the number of notes in the + + + align:start position:0% +this get the number of notes in the +piece actually you do this you give me + + align:start position:0% +piece actually you do this you give me + + + align:start position:0% +piece actually you do this you give me +go ahead and try try coding this for a + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and try try coding this for a + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and try try coding this for a +little bit because we are a couple + + align:start position:0% +little bit because we are a couple + + + align:start position:0% +little bit because we are a couple +minutes ahead of time how do we get + + align:start position:0% +minutes ahead of time how do we get + + + align:start position:0% +minutes ahead of time how do we get +the returns the fra you I need to put + + align:start position:0% +the returns the fra you I need to put + + + align:start position:0% +the returns the fra you I need to put +this Returns the fraction of notes in a + + align:start position:0% +this Returns the fraction of notes in a + + + align:start position:0% +this Returns the fraction of notes in a +score that are eighth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +notes okay you can keep doing yours if + + align:start position:0% +notes okay you can keep doing yours if + + + align:start position:0% +notes okay you can keep doing yours if +you're stuck I'm going to give what I to + + align:start position:0% +you're stuck I'm going to give what I to + + + align:start position:0% +you're stuck I'm going to give what I to +sign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like not the most efficient use of + + align:start position:0% +like not the most efficient use of + + + align:start position:0% +like not the most efficient use of +iterators I've done two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm uh where am I missing it it's + + align:start position:0% +I'm uh where am I missing it it's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm uh where am I missing it it's +somewhere in eths right + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in eths right + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in eths right +where eight yep eight thank you + + align:start position:0% +where eight yep eight thank you + + + align:start position:0% +where eight yep eight thank you +appreciate that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and go ahead and run your num a on + + align:start position:0% +and go ahead and run your num a on + + + align:start position:0% +and go ahead and run your num a on +blooming on real and unb and use your + + align:start position:0% +blooming on real and unb and use your + + + align:start position:0% +blooming on real and unb and use your +spidey sense to figure out if the if + + align:start position:0% +spidey sense to figure out if the if + + + align:start position:0% +spidey sense to figure out if the if +your numbers are um pretty meaningful if + + align:start position:0% +your numbers are um pretty meaningful if + + + align:start position:0% +your numbers are um pretty meaningful if +there's anything I can I can get from + + align:start position:0% +there's anything I can I can get from + + + align:start position:0% +there's anything I can I can get from +this class to just use in all of your + + align:start position:0% +this class to just use in all of your + + + align:start position:0% +this class to just use in all of your +programming things is always um use your + + align:start position:0% +programming things is always um use your + + + align:start position:0% +programming things is always um use your +intuition to see if something like that + + align:start position:0% +intuition to see if something like that + + + align:start position:0% +intuition to see if something like that +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +is uh working right woo wow look at + + align:start position:0% +is uh working right woo wow look at + + + align:start position:0% +is uh working right woo wow look at +that the real is incredibly low + + align:start position:0% +that the real is incredibly low + + + align:start position:0% +that the real is incredibly low +oops uh now I have too many eighth + + align:start position:0% +oops uh now I have too many eighth + + + align:start position:0% +oops uh now I have too many eighth +fraction I should have done it eth's + + align:start position:0% +fraction I should have done it eth's + + + align:start position:0% +fraction I should have done it eth's +fraction but whatever + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm that actually feels too low for that + + align:start position:0% +I'm that actually feels too low for that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm that actually feels too low for that +reel only 8% but I guess there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +reel only 8% but I guess there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +reel only 8% but I guess there's a lot +of 16th + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay give me a snap if you're ready to + + align:start position:0% +okay give me a snap if you're ready to + + + align:start position:0% +okay give me a snap if you're ready to +move on okay hearing some snaps not all + + align:start position:0% +move on okay hearing some snaps not all + + + align:start position:0% +move on okay hearing some snaps not all +we'll give another 10 seconds or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so so far we have we have the first + + align:start position:0% +so so so far we have we have the first + + + align:start position:0% +so so so far we have we have the first +one that seems you know really to give + + align:start position:0% +one that seems you know really to give + + + align:start position:0% +one that seems you know really to give +at least in this one piece a big + + align:start position:0% +at least in this one piece a big + + + align:start position:0% +at least in this one piece a big +distinction among the three um + + align:start position:0% +distinction among the three um + + + align:start position:0% +distinction among the three um +types oops + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now I'm going to we uh wade into + + align:start position:0% +okay now I'm going to we uh wade into + + + align:start position:0% +okay now I'm going to we uh wade into +something that people don't um always + + align:start position:0% +something that people don't um always + + + align:start position:0% +something that people don't um always +say is this a feature extractor because + + align:start position:0% +say is this a feature extractor because + + + align:start position:0% +say is this a feature extractor because +it returns a number or something or is + + align:start position:0% +it returns a number or something or is + + + align:start position:0% +it returns a number or something or is +when you put them all together is that + + align:start position:0% +when you put them all together is that + + + align:start position:0% +when you put them all together is that +the feature extractor I'm not sure but + + align:start position:0% +the feature extractor I'm not sure but + + + align:start position:0% +the feature extractor I'm not sure but +I'll use this term so the feature + + align:start position:0% +I'll use this term so the feature + + + align:start position:0% +I'll use this term so the feature +extractor is going to run all of our + + align:start position:0% +extractor is going to run all of our + + + align:start position:0% +extractor is going to run all of our +different little feature extractors and + + align:start position:0% +different little feature extractors and + + + align:start position:0% +different little feature extractors and +in this case I'm going to say it's going + + align:start position:0% +in this case I'm going to say it's going + + + align:start position:0% +in this case I'm going to say it's going +to return a tuple of I'll tell you what + + align:start position:0% +to return a tuple of I'll tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +to return a tuple of I'll tell you what +these are in a bit but here I'll write + + align:start position:0% +these are in a bit but here I'll write + + + align:start position:0% +these are in a bit but here I'll write +this out here a string two inss a float + + align:start position:0% +this out here a string two inss a float + + + align:start position:0% +this out here a string two inss a float +and int and an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +INT what are these going to + + align:start position:0% +INT what are these going to + + + align:start position:0% +INT what are these going to +be they're going to be the file name + + align:start position:0% +be they're going to be the file name + + + align:start position:0% +be they're going to be the file name +which is pure metadata just so we can + + align:start position:0% +which is pure metadata just so we can + + + align:start position:0% +which is pure metadata just so we can +look at things later they're going to be + + align:start position:0% +look at things later they're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +look at things later they're going to be +the numerator and the + + align:start position:0% +the numerator and the + + + align:start position:0% +the numerator and the +denominator of the um of the piece using + + align:start position:0% +denominator of the um of the piece using + + + align:start position:0% +denominator of the um of the piece using +our function we wrote extract me met + + align:start position:0% +our function we wrote extract me met + + + align:start position:0% +our function we wrote extract me met +they going to be what's the only thing + + align:start position:0% +they going to be what's the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +they going to be what's the only thing +we've written that has a returns a float + + align:start position:0% +we've written that has a returns a float + + + align:start position:0% +we've written that has a returns a float +as the answer what's that eth yeah eth + + align:start position:0% +as the answer what's that eth yeah eth + + + align:start position:0% +as the answer what's that eth yeah eth +fraction eth proportion whatever we're + + align:start position:0% +fraction eth proportion whatever we're + + + align:start position:0% +fraction eth proportion whatever we're +going to call it um the number of + + align:start position:0% +going to call it um the number of + + + align:start position:0% +going to call it um the number of +Sharps and then that last one we'll get + + align:start position:0% +Sharps and then that last one we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +Sharps and then that last one we'll get +to that's going to be the ground truth + + align:start position:0% +to that's going to be the ground truth + + + align:start position:0% +to that's going to be the ground truth +um and doing too much Json I stopped + + align:start position:0% +um and doing too much Json I stopped + + + align:start position:0% +um and doing too much Json I stopped +doing trailing commas okay so the file + + align:start position:0% +doing trailing commas okay so the file + + + align:start position:0% +doing trailing commas okay so the file +name um you get this from a scores + + align:start position:0% +name um you get this from a scores + + + align:start position:0% +name um you get this from a scores +metadata object which we haven't really + + align:start position:0% +metadata object which we haven't really + + + align:start position:0% +metadata object which we haven't really +talked about it's file + + align:start position:0% +talked about it's file + + + align:start position:0% +talked about it's file +path split I'm just going to get the + + align:start position:0% +path split I'm just going to get the + + + align:start position:0% +path split I'm just going to get the +last bit so I'm not showing my entire um + + align:start position:0% +last bit so I'm not showing my entire um + + + align:start position:0% +last bit so I'm not showing my entire um +directory R Tree to everything so I'll + + align:start position:0% +directory R Tree to everything so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +directory R Tree to everything so I'll +just get the last thing after the slash + + align:start position:0% +just get the last thing after the slash + + + align:start position:0% +just get the last thing after the slash +those of you who know Python's path + + align:start position:0% +those of you who know Python's path + + + align:start position:0% +those of you who know Python's path +Library you can probably do better + + align:start position:0% +Library you can probably do better + + + align:start position:0% +Library you can probably do better +um the numerator and the + + align:start position:0% +um the numerator and the + + + align:start position:0% +um the numerator and the +denominator will + + align:start position:0% +denominator will + + + align:start position:0% +denominator will +extract meter from the + + align:start position:0% +extract meter from the + + + align:start position:0% +extract meter from the +score the eths we'll say is the + + align:start position:0% +score the eths we'll say is the + + + align:start position:0% +score the eths we'll say is the +eighth fraction of the + + align:start position:0% +eighth fraction of the + + + align:start position:0% +eighth fraction of the +score Sharp's feature is get Sharps you + + align:start position:0% +score Sharp's feature is get Sharps you + + + align:start position:0% +score Sharp's feature is get Sharps you +can call them whatever you'd like + + align:start position:0% +can call them whatever you'd like + + + align:start position:0% +can call them whatever you'd like +and then the ground + + align:start position:0% +and then the ground + + + align:start position:0% +and then the ground +truth is it a jig or is it + + align:start position:0% +truth is it a jig or is it + + + align:start position:0% +truth is it a jig or is it +not but it has to be a number so we'll + + align:start position:0% +not but it has to be a number so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +not but it has to be a number so we'll +say integer of is + + align:start position:0% +say integer of is + + + align:start position:0% +say integer of is +jig you could also say um if you like + + align:start position:0% +jig you could also say um if you like + + + align:start position:0% +jig you could also say um if you like +this python one if if jig else zero + + align:start position:0% +this python one if if jig else zero + + + align:start position:0% +this python one if if jig else zero +that's sometimes uh sometimes explicits + + align:start position:0% +that's sometimes uh sometimes explicits + + + align:start position:0% +that's sometimes uh sometimes explicits +a little bit nicer to see what that's + + align:start position:0% +a little bit nicer to see what that's + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit nicer to see what that's +going to be and then we want to return + + align:start position:0% +going to be and then we want to return + + + align:start position:0% +going to be and then we want to return +all that file name numerator + + align:start position:0% +all that file name numerator + + + align:start position:0% +all that file name numerator +denominator eth I should do quarters I + + align:start position:0% +denominator eth I should do quarters I + + + align:start position:0% +denominator eth I should do quarters I +can spell quarter feature and ground + + align:start position:0% +can spell quarter feature and ground + + + align:start position:0% +can spell quarter feature and ground +truth I'll let everybody get caught up + + align:start position:0% +truth I'll let everybody get caught up + + + align:start position:0% +truth I'll let everybody get caught up +while I debug my own system whoa some + + align:start position:0% +while I debug my own system whoa some + + + align:start position:0% +while I debug my own system whoa some +fast typists in this class feature + + align:start position:0% +fast typists in this class feature + + + align:start position:0% +fast typists in this class feature +extractor on Bach let me just see + + align:start position:0% +extractor on Bach let me just see + + + align:start position:0% +extractor on Bach let me just see +feature extractor on uh + + align:start position:0% +feature extractor on uh + + + align:start position:0% +feature extractor on uh +blooming + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay ABC file extension yep yeah a lot + + align:start position:0% +okay ABC file extension yep yeah a lot + + + align:start position:0% +okay ABC file extension yep yeah a lot +of these are all written as ABC files do + + align:start position:0% +of these are all written as ABC files do + + + align:start position:0% +of these are all written as ABC files do +we we didn't really cover no we didn't + + align:start position:0% +we we didn't really cover no we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +we we didn't really cover no we didn't +cover ABC files because they're um + + align:start position:0% +cover ABC files because they're um + + + align:start position:0% +cover ABC files because they're um +they're tiny bit more complex than the + + align:start position:0% +they're tiny bit more complex than the + + + align:start position:0% +they're tiny bit more complex than the +easiest to encode handwritten things but + + align:start position:0% +easiest to encode handwritten things but + + + align:start position:0% +easiest to encode handwritten things but +not um not complex enough for uh as like + + align:start position:0% +not um not complex enough for uh as like + + + align:start position:0% +not um not complex enough for uh as like +music XML or + + align:start position:0% +music XML or + + + align:start position:0% +music XML or +something okay so blooming Metals jig + + align:start position:0% +something okay so blooming Metals jig + + + align:start position:0% +something okay so blooming Metals jig +it's in 68 77% of its uh notes are + + align:start position:0% +it's in 68 77% of its uh notes are + + + align:start position:0% +it's in 68 77% of its uh notes are +eighth notes it's in one sharp and that + + align:start position:0% +eighth notes it's in one sharp and that + + + align:start position:0% +eighth notes it's in one sharp and that +last one indicates what + + align:start position:0% +last one indicates what + + + align:start position:0% +last one indicates what +again yep so the one indicates jig right + + align:start position:0% +again yep so the one indicates jig right + + + align:start position:0% +again yep so the one indicates jig right +great Okay so + + align:start position:0% +great Okay so + + + align:start position:0% +great Okay so +um what I'm going to do right now is I'm + + align:start position:0% +um what I'm going to do right now is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +um what I'm going to do right now is I'm +just going to run this for a second uh + + align:start position:0% +just going to run this for a second uh + + + align:start position:0% +just going to run this for a second uh +so how would I get everything so we can + + align:start position:0% +so how would I get everything so we can + + + align:start position:0% +so how would I get everything so we can +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +metadata I'm just doing this so we can + + align:start position:0% +metadata I'm just doing this so we can + + + align:start position:0% +metadata I'm just doing this so we can +kind of see how we do this in the Ryan + + align:start position:0% +kind of see how we do this in the Ryan + + + align:start position:0% +kind of see how we do this in the Ryan +thing piece equals metadata entry. parse + + align:start position:0% +thing piece equals metadata entry. parse + + + align:start position:0% +thing piece equals metadata entry. parse +and then we'll print the feature + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll print the feature + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll print the feature +extractor on the + + align:start position:0% +extractor on the + + + align:start position:0% +extractor on the +piece and you can kind of see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yep uh because of the way I did it uh + + align:start position:0% +yep uh because of the way I did it uh + + + align:start position:0% +yep uh because of the way I did it uh +you'll see that at first there's not too + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that at first there's not too + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see that at first there's not too +many Jigs and then later on there's + + align:start position:0% +many Jigs and then later on there's + + + align:start position:0% +many Jigs and then later on there's +jigs okay + + align:start position:0% +jigs okay + + + align:start position:0% +jigs okay +um now if you um scroll back up to the + + align:start position:0% +um now if you um scroll back up to the + + + align:start position:0% +um now if you um scroll back up to the +top of yours sorry I'm going to have to + + align:start position:0% +top of yours sorry I'm going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +top of yours sorry I'm going to have to +get my blank template for a second oops + + align:start position:0% +get my blank template for a second oops + + + align:start position:0% +get my blank template for a second oops +that's way smaller um there should be uh + + align:start position:0% +that's way smaller um there should be uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's way smaller um there should be uh +on the top of your template if you + + align:start position:0% +on the top of your template if you + + + align:start position:0% +on the top of your template if you +downloaded it something called WR + + align:start position:0% +downloaded it something called WR + + + align:start position:0% +downloaded it something called WR +Ryan and um you just need to change your + + align:start position:0% +Ryan and um you just need to change your + + + align:start position:0% +Ryan and um you just need to change your +path to someplace that you're going to + + align:start position:0% +path to someplace that you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +path to someplace that you're going to +be able to remember it so change that + + align:start position:0% +be able to remember it so change that + + + align:start position:0% +be able to remember it so change that +unless you have a unless you've created + + align:start position:0% +unless you have a unless you've created + + + align:start position:0% +unless you have a unless you've created +a cprit user because it makes it easier + + align:start position:0% +a cprit user because it makes it easier + + + align:start position:0% +a cprit user because it makes it easier +for you to cut and paste my code um + + align:start position:0% +for you to cut and paste my code um + + + align:start position:0% +for you to cut and paste my code um +probably want to change that and then + + align:start position:0% +probably want to change that and then + + + align:start position:0% +probably want to change that and then +you can run run this while I explain a + + align:start position:0% +you can run run this while I explain a + + + align:start position:0% +you can run run this while I explain a +little bit what it + + align:start position:0% +little bit what it + + + align:start position:0% +little bit what it +is um okay is Right Ryan working for + + align:start position:0% +is um okay is Right Ryan working for + + + align:start position:0% +is um okay is Right Ryan working for +people when you get that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great so I'm going + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to have my own version + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here the right in command + + align:start position:0% +here the right in command + + + align:start position:0% +here the right in command +W you don't have to do any of this it'll + + align:start position:0% +W you don't have to do any of this it'll + + + align:start position:0% +W you don't have to do any of this it'll +be kind of fun because then you'll have + + align:start position:0% +be kind of fun because then you'll have + + + align:start position:0% +be kind of fun because then you'll have +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +underscore + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ryan and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry okay I've seen more people waiting + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay I've seen more people waiting + + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay I've seen more people waiting +than typing for a little bit so I'll + + align:start position:0% +than typing for a little bit so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +than typing for a little bit so I'll +just s of explain what we do U some of + + align:start position:0% +just s of explain what we do U some of + + + align:start position:0% +just s of explain what we do U some of +these things if you work with files you + + align:start position:0% +these things if you work with files you + + + align:start position:0% +these things if you work with files you +probably know them pretty well uh this + + align:start position:0% +probably know them pretty well uh this + + + align:start position:0% +probably know them pretty well uh this +is really not necessarily the best way + + align:start position:0% +is really not necessarily the best way + + + align:start position:0% +is really not necessarily the best way +to do this but I'm going to open two + + align:start position:0% +to do this but I'm going to open two + + + align:start position:0% +to do this but I'm going to open two +files one of them is the file that we're + + align:start position:0% +files one of them is the file that we're + + + align:start position:0% +files one of them is the file that we're +going to use to train um our classifier + + align:start position:0% +going to use to train um our classifier + + + align:start position:0% +going to use to train um our classifier +the thing that is going to try to learn + + align:start position:0% +the thing that is going to try to learn + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that is going to try to learn +if something is a jig or not the other + + align:start position:0% +if something is a jig or not the other + + + align:start position:0% +if something is a jig or not the other +one is the file we're going to do to try + + align:start position:0% +one is the file we're going to do to try + + + align:start position:0% +one is the file we're going to do to try +to test whether it can do it um no or + + align:start position:0% +to test whether it can do it um no or + + + align:start position:0% +to test whether it can do it um no or +not we're going to hope that um that we + + align:start position:0% +not we're going to hope that um that we + + + align:start position:0% +not we're going to hope that um that we +don't put the same data into both so + + align:start position:0% +don't put the same data into both so + + + align:start position:0% +don't put the same data into both so +we're going to try to put some data in + + align:start position:0% +we're going to try to put some data in + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to try to put some data in +the testing somay in the training + + align:start position:0% +the testing somay in the training + + + align:start position:0% +the testing somay in the training +there's a number of different ways you + + align:start position:0% +there's a number of different ways you + + + align:start position:0% +there's a number of different ways you +can do this type of work um you put 90% + + align:start position:0% +can do this type of work um you put 90% + + + align:start position:0% +can do this type of work um you put 90% +in the testing in the training and 10% + + align:start position:0% +in the testing in the training and 10% + + + align:start position:0% +in the testing in the training and 10% +in the testing SI you put 50/50 which is + + align:start position:0% +in the testing SI you put 50/50 which is + + + align:start position:0% +in the testing SI you put 50/50 which is +what we're going to do uh some of it has + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do uh some of it has + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do uh some of it has +to do with how much data you have + + align:start position:0% +to do with how much data you have + + + align:start position:0% +to do with how much data you have +um so what I'm going to do it maybe + + align:start position:0% +um so what I'm going to do it maybe + + + align:start position:0% +um so what I'm going to do it maybe +it'll be easier to see I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +it'll be easier to see I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +it'll be easier to see I'm just going to +separate. tab means everything's going + + align:start position:0% +separate. tab means everything's going + + + align:start position:0% +separate. tab means everything's going +to be separated by tabs so I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +to be separated by tabs so I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +to be separated by tabs so I'm going to +first put a header line that says the + + align:start position:0% +first put a header line that says the + + + align:start position:0% +first put a header line that says the +name of the columns these are just for + + align:start position:0% +name of the columns these are just for + + + align:start position:0% +name of the columns these are just for +us to read so we have a file name + + align:start position:0% +us to read so we have a file name + + + align:start position:0% +us to read so we have a file name +numerator denominator a sharp and is jig + + align:start position:0% +numerator denominator a sharp and is jig + + + align:start position:0% +numerator denominator a sharp and is jig +and so we're going to write that to the + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to write that to the + + + align:start position:0% +and so we're going to write that to the +top of it because a lot of the um + + align:start position:0% +top of it because a lot of the um + + + align:start position:0% +top of it because a lot of the um +classifiers that work on Tab data expect + + align:start position:0% +classifiers that work on Tab data expect + + + align:start position:0% +classifiers that work on Tab data expect +this to be the first line now we're + + align:start position:0% +this to be the first line now we're + + + align:start position:0% +this to be the first line now we're +going to hope that when running this + + align:start position:0% +going to hope that when running this + + + align:start position:0% +going to hope that when running this +system that uh it doesn't Peak at the + + align:start position:0% +system that uh it doesn't Peak at the + + + align:start position:0% +system that uh it doesn't Peak at the +file name and we'll see because that + + align:start position:0% +file name and we'll see because that + + + align:start position:0% +file name and we'll see because that +since obviously file name would give it + + align:start position:0% +since obviously file name would give it + + + align:start position:0% +since obviously file name would give it +away um and then so the descriptions + + align:start position:0% +away um and then so the descriptions + + + align:start position:0% +away um and then so the descriptions +what kind of data is this the file names + + align:start position:0% +what kind of data is this the file names + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of data is this the file names +a string then we have discret as we said + + align:start position:0% +a string then we have discret as we said + + + align:start position:0% +a string then we have discret as we said +for an integer discret continuous + + align:start position:0% +for an integer discret continuous + + + align:start position:0% +for an integer discret continuous +discret discret so we'll write that out + + align:start position:0% +discret discret so we'll write that out + + + align:start position:0% +discret discret so we'll write that out +again to each of the different um things + + align:start position:0% +again to each of the different um things + + + align:start position:0% +again to each of the different um things +the the two files and then we have most + + align:start position:0% +the the two files and then we have most + + + align:start position:0% +the the two files and then we have most +a third line which is mostly blank for + + align:start position:0% +a third line which is mostly blank for + + + align:start position:0% +a third line which is mostly blank for +all these things and the first one just + + align:start position:0% +all these things and the first one just + + + align:start position:0% +all these things and the first one just +says metadata um that is to say don't + + align:start position:0% +says metadata um that is to say don't + + + align:start position:0% +says metadata um that is to say don't +Peak at the file name do not use the + + align:start position:0% +Peak at the file name do not use the + + + align:start position:0% +Peak at the file name do not use the +file name to try to classify this then + + align:start position:0% +file name to try to classify this then + + + align:start position:0% +file name to try to classify this then +normal information and then the class + + align:start position:0% +normal information and then the class + + + align:start position:0% +normal information and then the class +the thing that we're trying to figure + + align:start position:0% +the thing that we're trying to figure + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that we're trying to figure +out and we really really hope that um + + align:start position:0% +out and we really really hope that um + + + align:start position:0% +out and we really really hope that um +the artificial intelligence uh thing + + align:start position:0% +the artificial intelligence uh thing + + + align:start position:0% +the artificial intelligence uh thing +does not uh Peak at the class when it's + + align:start position:0% +does not uh Peak at the class when it's + + + align:start position:0% +does not uh Peak at the class when it's +trying to look you can really really + + align:start position:0% +trying to look you can really really + + + align:start position:0% +trying to look you can really really +quickly create an incredible AI thing if + + align:start position:0% +quickly create an incredible AI thing if + + + align:start position:0% +quickly create an incredible AI thing if +you would allow it to peek and so we'll + + align:start position:0% +you would allow it to peek and so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +you would allow it to peek and so we'll +put that out so that's just all headers + + align:start position:0% +put that out so that's just all headers + + + align:start position:0% +put that out so that's just all headers +and that's why I didn't want to spend + + align:start position:0% +and that's why I didn't want to spend + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why I didn't want to spend +too much time writing it then what are + + align:start position:0% +too much time writing it then what are + + + align:start position:0% +too much time writing it then what are +we going to do same thing they were + + align:start position:0% +we going to do same thing they were + + + align:start position:0% +we going to do same thing they were +saying before we're just going to get + + align:start position:0% +saying before we're just going to get + + + align:start position:0% +saying before we're just going to get +each piece into there and I've done + + align:start position:0% +each piece into there and I've done + + + align:start position:0% +each piece into there and I've done +enumerate for a reason so I can keep + + align:start position:0% +enumerate for a reason so I can keep + + + align:start position:0% +enumerate for a reason so I can keep +track of what the piece number is um and + + align:start position:0% +track of what the piece number is um and + + + align:start position:0% +track of what the piece number is um and +then we can extract the piece uh all the + + align:start position:0% +then we can extract the piece uh all the + + + align:start position:0% +then we can extract the piece uh all the +features from it and then we'll just + + align:start position:0% +features from it and then we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +features from it and then we'll just +write them out um in this case we're + + align:start position:0% +write them out um in this case we're + + + align:start position:0% +write them out um in this case we're +going to write them as a string because + + align:start position:0% +going to write them as a string because + + + align:start position:0% +going to write them as a string because +we can only write strings out to a text + + align:start position:0% +we can only write strings out to a text + + + align:start position:0% +we can only write strings out to a text +file um write each of the features out + + align:start position:0% +file um write each of the features out + + + align:start position:0% +file um write each of the features out +tab separated actually we'll get get + + align:start position:0% +tab separated actually we'll get get + + + align:start position:0% +tab separated actually we'll get get +ready to write it we'll just put it into + + align:start position:0% +ready to write it we'll just put it into + + + align:start position:0% +ready to write it we'll just put it into +a string and then um every other one + + align:start position:0% +a string and then um every other one + + + align:start position:0% +a string and then um every other one +we're going to write to training and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to write to training and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to write to training and +test training and test probably another + + align:start position:0% +test training and test probably another + + + align:start position:0% +test training and test probably another +way to do it would be to flip a coin + + align:start position:0% +way to do it would be to flip a coin + + + align:start position:0% +way to do it would be to flip a coin +each time and use a random number so you + + align:start position:0% +each time and use a random number so you + + + align:start position:0% +each time and use a random number so you +can see uh if things are going there I'm + + align:start position:0% +can see uh if things are going there I'm + + + align:start position:0% +can see uh if things are going there I'm +not an expert on on this type of work + + align:start position:0% +not an expert on on this type of work + + + align:start position:0% +not an expert on on this type of work +but um that's how that works I don't + + align:start position:0% +but um that's how that works I don't + + + align:start position:0% +but um that's how that works I don't +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +I yeah I don't think I'm going to run it + + align:start position:0% +I yeah I don't think I'm going to run it + + + align:start position:0% +I yeah I don't think I'm going to run it +now because I should have been running + + align:start position:0% +now because I should have been running + + + align:start position:0% +now because I should have been running +it during this time uh you know what I'm + + align:start position:0% +it during this time uh you know what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it during this time uh you know what I'm +just going to put train + + align:start position:0% +just going to put train + + + align:start position:0% +just going to put train +data X and Test data X so that while + + align:start position:0% +data X and Test data X so that while + + + align:start position:0% +data X and Test data X so that while +it's running I have access to um + + align:start position:0% +it's running I have access to um + + + align:start position:0% +it's running I have access to um +to our baked one so I can actually we + + align:start position:0% +to our baked one so I can actually we + + + align:start position:0% +to our baked one so I can actually we +can look at it uh you know magic feature + + align:start position:0% +can look at it uh you know magic feature + + + align:start position:0% +can look at it uh you know magic feature +so we switch out of python and immediate + + align:start position:0% +so we switch out of python and immediate + + + align:start position:0% +so we switch out of python and immediate +and um look at the Shell for a + + align:start position:0% +and um look at the Shell for a + + + align:start position:0% +and um look at the Shell for a +second train data wherever you put your + + align:start position:0% +second train data wherever you put your + + + align:start position:0% +second train data wherever you put your +thing and I can + + align:start position:0% +thing and I can + + + align:start position:0% +thing and I can +see that I've written out it's kind of + + align:start position:0% +see that I've written out it's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +see that I've written out it's kind of +weird that the tabs don't show up you + + align:start position:0% +weird that the tabs don't show up you + + + align:start position:0% +weird that the tabs don't show up you +would love to have something that would + + align:start position:0% +would love to have something that would + + + align:start position:0% +would love to have something that would +automatically put it out but we have the + + align:start position:0% +automatically put it out but we have the + + + align:start position:0% +automatically put it out but we have the +file name all our headers description of + + align:start position:0% +file name all our headers description of + + + align:start position:0% +file name all our headers description of +the data the metadata here and then um + + align:start position:0% +the data the metadata here and then um + + + align:start position:0% +the data the metadata here and then um +yeah we have our um all of our + + align:start position:0% +yeah we have our um all of our + + + align:start position:0% +yeah we have our um all of our +information written out so that's pretty + + align:start position:0% +information written out so that's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +information written out so that's pretty +good does this finish oh that did finish + + align:start position:0% +good does this finish oh that did finish + + + align:start position:0% +good does this finish oh that did finish +great um + + align:start position:0% +great um + + + align:start position:0% +great um +okay so now we've done our feature + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we've done our feature + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we've done our feature +extraction the feature extraction part + + align:start position:0% +extraction the feature extraction part + + + align:start position:0% +extraction the feature extraction part +of the lecture is done for a little bit + + align:start position:0% +of the lecture is done for a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +of the lecture is done for a little bit +um this is a small number of + + align:start position:0% +um this is a small number of + + + align:start position:0% +um this is a small number of +features but I think that they're going + + align:start position:0% +features but I think that they're going + + + align:start position:0% +features but I think that they're going +to end up being halfway decent features + + align:start position:0% +to end up being halfway decent features + + + align:start position:0% +to end up being halfway decent features +um because we thought about them a bit + + align:start position:0% +um because we thought about them a bit + + + align:start position:0% +um because we thought about them a bit +and when the data is small you want to + + align:start position:0% +and when the data is small you want to + + + align:start position:0% +and when the data is small you want to +think more about your features so uh you + + align:start position:0% +think more about your features so uh you + + + align:start position:0% +think more about your features so uh you +installed something called Orange 3 but + + align:start position:0% +installed something called Orange 3 but + + + align:start position:0% +installed something called Orange 3 but +it's a little bit weird uh it comes as + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit weird uh it comes as + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit weird uh it comes as +capital orange I just I don't know why I + + align:start position:0% +capital orange I just I don't know why I + + + align:start position:0% +capital orange I just I don't know why I +don't like things Capital so I always + + align:start position:0% +don't like things Capital so I always + + + align:start position:0% +don't like things Capital so I always +import orange as lowercase + + align:start position:0% +import orange as lowercase + + + align:start position:0% +import orange as lowercase +orange great um we're going to load our + + align:start position:0% +orange great um we're going to load our + + + align:start position:0% +orange great um we're going to load our +training data and our test data so first + + align:start position:0% +training data and our test data so first + + + align:start position:0% +training data and our test data so first +training data + + align:start position:0% +training data + + + align:start position:0% +training data +orange. + + align:start position:0% +orange. + + + align:start position:0% +orange. +dat. you can a lot of these things are + + align:start position:0% +dat. you can a lot of these things are + + + align:start position:0% +dat. you can a lot of these things are +they're going to be very similar in a in + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be very similar in a in + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be very similar in a in +a super modern um uh artificial + + align:start position:0% +a super modern um uh artificial + + + align:start position:0% +a super modern um uh artificial +intelligence uh sort of framework like + + align:start position:0% +intelligence uh sort of framework like + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence uh sort of framework like +uh P torch or um or tensor flow or + + align:start position:0% +uh P torch or um or tensor flow or + + + align:start position:0% +uh P torch or um or tensor flow or +something like this similar idea you + + align:start position:0% +something like this similar idea you + + + align:start position:0% +something like this similar idea you +want to load data in as a table um if + + align:start position:0% +want to load data in as a table um if + + + align:start position:0% +want to load data in as a table um if +it's too big to load on your all at once + + align:start position:0% +it's too big to load on your all at once + + + align:start position:0% +it's too big to load on your all at once +then you know there's special techniques + + align:start position:0% +then you know there's special techniques + + + align:start position:0% +then you know there's special techniques +and stuff like that but we'll load the + + align:start position:0% +and stuff like that but we'll load the + + + align:start position:0% +and stuff like that but we'll load the +training data in and now when we look at + + align:start position:0% +training data in and now when we look at + + + align:start position:0% +training data in and now when we look at +it it just looks a little bit + + align:start position:0% +it it just looks a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +it it just looks a little bit +nicer um actually if I do where's our + + align:start position:0% +nicer um actually if I do where's our + + + align:start position:0% +nicer um actually if I do where's our +first I + + align:start position:0% +first I + + + align:start position:0% +first I +know 45 to 50 does that work yeah okay + + align:start position:0% +know 45 to 50 does that work yeah okay + + + align:start position:0% +know 45 to 50 does that work yeah okay +so that might be a little bit better + + align:start position:0% +so that might be a little bit better + + + align:start position:0% +so that might be a little bit better +because we can see we have our um our + + align:start position:0% +because we can see we have our um our + + + align:start position:0% +because we can see we have our um our +features here 2 4 12% + + align:start position:0% +features here 2 4 12% + + + align:start position:0% +features here 2 4 12% +and three Sharps and this one happens to + + align:start position:0% +and three Sharps and this one happens to + + + align:start position:0% +and three Sharps and this one happens to +be a jig so there um and so the + + align:start position:0% +be a jig so there um and so the + + + align:start position:0% +be a jig so there um and so the +afterward is what the what the class is + + align:start position:0% +afterward is what the what the class is + + + align:start position:0% +afterward is what the what the class is +great and we'll do the exact same thing + + align:start position:0% +great and we'll do the exact same thing + + + align:start position:0% +great and we'll do the exact same thing +with the test data and we'll call it + + align:start position:0% +with the test data and we'll call it + + + align:start position:0% +with the test data and we'll call it +variable test data so I'm just going to + + align:start position:0% +variable test data so I'm just going to + + + align:start position:0% +variable test data so I'm just going to +copy and paste and hopefully the test + + align:start position:0% +copy and paste and hopefully the test + + + align:start position:0% +copy and paste and hopefully the test +data looks a lot like the training + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +data oh yeah yeah it looks a lot like + + align:start position:0% +data oh yeah yeah it looks a lot like + + + align:start position:0% +data oh yeah yeah it looks a lot like +the the training data if you don't + + align:start position:0% +the the training data if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +the the training data if you don't +change the file path see how well it is + + align:start position:0% +change the file path see how well it is + + + align:start position:0% +change the file path see how well it is +okay um so now we're going to create + + align:start position:0% +okay um so now we're going to create + + + align:start position:0% +okay um so now we're going to create +some uh we call Learners classifiers + + align:start position:0% +some uh we call Learners classifiers + + + align:start position:0% +some uh we call Learners classifiers +things that can um classify the data + + align:start position:0% +things that can um classify the data + + + align:start position:0% +things that can um classify the data +here's the the first one and I think in + + align:start position:0% +here's the the first one and I think in + + + align:start position:0% +here's the the first one and I think in +some ways the most important classifier + + align:start position:0% +some ways the most important classifier + + + align:start position:0% +some ways the most important classifier +that you'll ever use and that is when + + align:start position:0% +that you'll ever use and that is when + + + align:start position:0% +that you'll ever use and that is when +did I switch into camel case okay I + + align:start position:0% +did I switch into camel case okay I + + + align:start position:0% +did I switch into camel case okay I +guess I'm in camel case now something + + align:start position:0% +guess I'm in camel case now something + + + align:start position:0% +guess I'm in camel case now something +called called orange. + + align:start position:0% +called called orange. + + + align:start position:0% +called called orange. +classification. majority + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +learner and um what a majority learner + + align:start position:0% +learner and um what a majority learner + + + align:start position:0% +learner and um what a majority learner +is is it's kind of the control or the + + align:start position:0% +is is it's kind of the control or the + + + align:start position:0% +is is it's kind of the control or the +placebo of your system to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +placebo of your system to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +placebo of your system to make sure that +you don't get too excited by how good + + align:start position:0% +you don't get too excited by how good + + + align:start position:0% +you don't get too excited by how good +your system is working uh what it does + + align:start position:0% +your system is working uh what it does + + + align:start position:0% +your system is working uh what it does +is it looks at the training data which + + align:start position:0% +is it looks at the training data which + + + align:start position:0% +is it looks at the training data which +has 100 what maybe the training data uh + + align:start position:0% +has 100 what maybe the training data uh + + + align:start position:0% +has 100 what maybe the training data uh +has I don't know let's say it has 51 + + align:start position:0% +has I don't know let's say it has 51 + + + align:start position:0% +has I don't know let's say it has 51 +Jigs and 49 non Jigs and it + + align:start position:0% +Jigs and 49 non Jigs and it + + + align:start position:0% +Jigs and 49 non Jigs and it +says I will always say that any piece + + align:start position:0% +says I will always say that any piece + + + align:start position:0% +says I will always say that any piece +that's ever shown to me is a jig because + + align:start position:0% +that's ever shown to me is a jig because + + + align:start position:0% +that's ever shown to me is a jig because +then I will get over 50% right or I will + + align:start position:0% +then I will get over 50% right or I will + + + align:start position:0% +then I will get over 50% right or I will +get the highest answer of doing anything + + align:start position:0% +get the highest answer of doing anything + + + align:start position:0% +get the highest answer of doing anything +so if you are not beating your majority + + align:start position:0% +so if you are not beating your majority + + + align:start position:0% +so if you are not beating your majority +learner you um then you're not doing any + + align:start position:0% +learner you um then you're not doing any + + + align:start position:0% +learner you um then you're not doing any +classifications so the majority + + align:start position:0% +classifications so the majority + + + align:start position:0% +classifications so the majority +classifier hope y'all who have taken a + + align:start position:0% +classifier hope y'all who have taken a + + + align:start position:0% +classifier hope y'all who have taken a +machine learning class do you you get + + align:start position:0% +machine learning class do you you get + + + align:start position:0% +machine learning class do you you get +taught this or no yeah okay good good + + align:start position:0% +taught this or no yeah okay good good + + + align:start position:0% +taught this or no yeah okay good good +some people this will be totally um old + + align:start position:0% +some people this will be totally um old + + + align:start position:0% +some people this will be totally um old +story and not so we're going to the + + align:start position:0% +story and not so we're going to the + + + align:start position:0% +story and not so we're going to the +majority learner is just a sort of a + + align:start position:0% +majority learner is just a sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +majority learner is just a sort of a +generic thing and now we have a + + align:start position:0% +generic thing and now we have a + + + align:start position:0% +generic thing and now we have a +classifier which is one trained on our + + align:start position:0% +classifier which is one trained on our + + + align:start position:0% +classifier which is one trained on our +data so we're going to say that this the + + align:start position:0% +data so we're going to say that this the + + + align:start position:0% +data so we're going to say that this the +majority classifier will now know how to + + align:start position:0% +majority classifier will now know how to + + + align:start position:0% +majority classifier will now know how to +work with this particular + + align:start position:0% +work with this particular + + + align:start position:0% +work with this particular +data um and then we'll use another one + + align:start position:0% +data um and then we'll use another one + + + align:start position:0% +data um and then we'll use another one +called K nearest neighbors this is this + + align:start position:0% +called K nearest neighbors this is this + + + align:start position:0% +called K nearest neighbors this is this +was um I don't know maybe 20 years ago + + align:start position:0% +was um I don't know maybe 20 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +was um I don't know maybe 20 years ago +the state-of-the-art of of of um machine + + align:start position:0% +the state-of-the-art of of of um machine + + + align:start position:0% +the state-of-the-art of of of um machine +learning it's a little bit out of date + + align:start position:0% +learning it's a little bit out of date + + + align:start position:0% +learning it's a little bit out of date +now but it does work pretty well on + + align:start position:0% +now but it does work pretty well on + + + align:start position:0% +now but it does work pretty well on +small data sets and few classifiers so + + align:start position:0% +small data sets and few classifiers so + + + align:start position:0% +small data sets and few classifiers so +not not nothing that is going to get you + + align:start position:0% +not not nothing that is going to get you + + + align:start position:0% +not not nothing that is going to get you +uh super excited at a top um Tech firm + + align:start position:0% +uh super excited at a top um Tech firm + + + align:start position:0% +uh super excited at a top um Tech firm +but um you know it still has still has + + align:start position:0% +but um you know it still has still has + + + align:start position:0% +but um you know it still has still has +its uses so we're going to do the same + + align:start position:0% +its uses so we're going to do the same + + + align:start position:0% +its uses so we're going to do the same +exact same thing I just put everything + + align:start position:0% +exact same thing I just put everything + + + align:start position:0% +exact same thing I just put everything +that I put for majority learner and then + + align:start position:0% +that I put for majority learner and then + + + align:start position:0% +that I put for majority learner and then +put it as KN andn neighbors look at the + + align:start position:0% +put it as KN andn neighbors look at the + + + align:start position:0% +put it as KN andn neighbors look at the +K which might be four might be three + + align:start position:0% +K which might be four might be three + + + align:start position:0% +K which might be four might be three +might be five the nearest Neighbors in a + + align:start position:0% +might be five the nearest Neighbors in a + + + align:start position:0% +might be five the nearest Neighbors in a +multi-dimensional vector space to your + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional vector space to your + + + align:start position:0% +multi-dimensional vector space to your +one piece and try to learn where um + + align:start position:0% +one piece and try to learn where um + + + align:start position:0% +one piece and try to learn where um +where in the space it + + align:start position:0% +where in the space it + + + align:start position:0% +where in the space it +goes snap if you're caught + + align:start position:0% +goes snap if you're caught + + + align:start position:0% +goes snap if you're caught +snap if you're not now if you need a sec + + align:start position:0% +snap if you're not now if you need a sec + + + align:start position:0% +snap if you're not now if you need a sec +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +good great so I'm just going to keep + + align:start position:0% +good great so I'm just going to keep + + + align:start position:0% +good great so I'm just going to keep +track of how many correct the majority + + align:start position:0% +track of how many correct the majority + + + align:start position:0% +track of how many correct the majority +gets in a variable called M correct and + + align:start position:0% +gets in a variable called M correct and + + + align:start position:0% +gets in a variable called M correct and +how many correct the um K nearest + + align:start position:0% +how many correct the um K nearest + + + align:start position:0% +how many correct the um K nearest +neighbor gets in a variable called K + + align:start position:0% +neighbor gets in a variable called K + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor gets in a variable called K +andn correct and then total equals the + + align:start position:0% +andn correct and then total equals the + + + align:start position:0% +andn correct and then total equals the +length of the test data not the training + + align:start position:0% +length of the test data not the training + + + align:start position:0% +length of the test data not the training +data so now we're going to be working on + + align:start position:0% +data so now we're going to be working on + + + align:start position:0% +data so now we're going to be working on +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and should have something like this by + + align:start position:0% +and should have something like this by + + + align:start position:0% +and should have something like this by +the way um I actually I lost like half + + align:start position:0% +the way um I actually I lost like half + + + align:start position:0% +the way um I actually I lost like half +an hour in in rep preparing this lecture + + align:start position:0% +an hour in in rep preparing this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +an hour in in rep preparing this lecture +on like wait why do I keep getting over + + align:start position:0% +on like wait why do I keep getting over + + + align:start position:0% +on like wait why do I keep getting over +100% always make sure uh to recar out + + align:start position:0% +100% always make sure uh to recar out + + + align:start position:0% +100% always make sure uh to recar out +your number correct as you recode or + + align:start position:0% +your number correct as you recode or + + + align:start position:0% +your number correct as you recode or +something or make sure to do it within + + align:start position:0% +something or make sure to do it within + + + align:start position:0% +something or make sure to do it within +your Loop okay + + align:start position:0% +your Loop okay + + + align:start position:0% +your Loop okay +so good so we have 106 uh things that + + align:start position:0% +so good so we have 106 uh things that + + + align:start position:0% +so good so we have 106 uh things that +we're going to be able to do now now is + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be able to do now now is + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be able to do now now is +for our Loop + + align:start position:0% +for our Loop + + + align:start position:0% +for our Loop +um so we'll just do an enumeration of + + align:start position:0% +um so we'll just do an enumeration of + + + align:start position:0% +um so we'll just do an enumeration of +each row in the test data so for I comma + + align:start position:0% +each row in the test data so for I comma + + + align:start position:0% +each row in the test data so for I comma +test Row in enumerate test + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +data okay and then the majority learner + + align:start position:0% +data okay and then the majority learner + + + align:start position:0% +data okay and then the majority learner +is going to take a guess for each one so + + align:start position:0% +is going to take a guess for each one so + + + align:start position:0% +is going to take a guess for each one so +majority's guest is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +majority's guest is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +majority's guest is going to be the +majority classifier of the test + + align:start position:0% +majority classifier of the test + + + align:start position:0% +majority classifier of the test +row which it's always going to guess the + + align:start position:0% +row which it's always going to guess the + + + align:start position:0% +row which it's always going to guess the +same thing I guess in this case it's + + align:start position:0% +same thing I guess in this case it's + + + align:start position:0% +same thing I guess in this case it's +always going to guess jig because + + align:start position:0% +always going to guess jig because + + + align:start position:0% +always going to guess jig because +there's like four more jigs than there + + align:start position:0% +there's like four more jigs than there + + + align:start position:0% +there's like four more jigs than there +are non- Jigs and then our classifier + + align:start position:0% +are non- Jigs and then our classifier + + + align:start position:0% +are non- Jigs and then our classifier +our K nearest neighbor classifier will + + align:start position:0% +our K nearest neighbor classifier will + + + align:start position:0% +our K nearest neighbor classifier will +also take a guess can + + align:start position:0% +also take a guess can + + + align:start position:0% +also take a guess can +classifier I know some somebody's + + align:start position:0% +classifier I know some somebody's + + + align:start position:0% +classifier I know some somebody's +probably saying guess is not the right + + align:start position:0% +probably saying guess is not the right + + + align:start position:0% +probably saying guess is not the right +word but um you know it kind of works + + align:start position:0% +word but um you know it kind of works + + + align:start position:0% +word but um you know it kind of works +and then we'll get the + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll get the + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll get the +real is the test rows get class so as + + align:start position:0% +real is the test rows get class so as + + + align:start position:0% +real is the test rows get class so as +you said the class is either one or zero + + align:start position:0% +you said the class is either one or zero + + + align:start position:0% +you said the class is either one or zero +something like that + + align:start position:0% +something like that + + + align:start position:0% +something like that +and we can do print out something but um + + align:start position:0% +and we can do print out something but um + + + align:start position:0% +and we can do print out something but um +print how about this we'll just say m + + align:start position:0% +print how about this we'll just say m + + + align:start position:0% +print how about this we'll just say m +guess Cann + + align:start position:0% +guess Cann + + + align:start position:0% +guess Cann +guess and uh + + align:start position:0% +guess and uh + + + align:start position:0% +guess and uh +real so I'll I'll start this running for + + align:start position:0% +real so I'll I'll start this running for + + + align:start position:0% +real so I'll I'll start this running for +for a second but we notice we haven't + + align:start position:0% +for a second but we notice we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +for a second but we notice we haven't +put in anything on whether they got it + + align:start position:0% +put in anything on whether they got it + + + align:start position:0% +put in anything on whether they got it +right or not but we can just look at + + align:start position:0% +right or not but we can just look at + + + align:start position:0% +right or not but we can just look at +that oh one of them guesses + + align:start position:0% +that oh one of them guesses + + + align:start position:0% +that oh one of them guesses +um so you can see that the majority one + + align:start position:0% +um so you can see that the majority one + + + align:start position:0% +um so you can see that the majority one +for every single piece just puts + + align:start position:0% +for every single piece just puts + + + align:start position:0% +for every single piece just puts +out yep it's always a jig always a jig + + align:start position:0% +out yep it's always a jig always a jig + + + align:start position:0% +out yep it's always a jig always a jig +always a + + align:start position:0% +always a + + + align:start position:0% +always a +jig Ker's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +neighbor says I don't think this is jig + + align:start position:0% +neighbor says I don't think this is jig + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor says I don't think this is jig +and here's the correct answer not a jig + + align:start position:0% +and here's the correct answer not a jig + + + align:start position:0% +and here's the correct answer not a jig +not a jig not a jig and here K nearest + + align:start position:0% +not a jig not a jig and here K nearest + + + align:start position:0% +not a jig not a jig and here K nearest +neighbor is learning that o this one + + align:start position:0% +neighbor is learning that o this one + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor is learning that o this one +looks like a jig + + align:start position:0% +looks like a jig + + + align:start position:0% +looks like a jig +so we'll I'll just modify this a tiny + + align:start position:0% +so we'll I'll just modify this a tiny + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll I'll just modify this a tiny +bit and say if majority guests equals + + align:start position:0% +bit and say if majority guests equals + + + align:start position:0% +bit and say if majority guests equals +real then K then majority correct add + + align:start position:0% +real then K then majority correct add + + + align:start position:0% +real then K then majority correct add +one if KNN guess equals + + align:start position:0% +one if KNN guess equals + + + align:start position:0% +one if KNN guess equals +real KNN + + align:start position:0% +real KNN + + + align:start position:0% +real KNN +correct equals one you'll probably um + + align:start position:0% +correct equals one you'll probably um + + + align:start position:0% +correct equals one you'll probably um +when you're trying to figure out how to + + align:start position:0% +when you're trying to figure out how to + + + align:start position:0% +when you're trying to figure out how to +do things you'll use more classifiers + + align:start position:0% +do things you'll use more classifiers + + + align:start position:0% +do things you'll use more classifiers +there's a lot more and so probably want + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot more and so probably want + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot more and so probably want +to do this you know in some sort of a + + align:start position:0% +to do this you know in some sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +to do this you know in some sort of a +loop but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +good so now we'll we'll see how we did + + align:start position:0% +good so now we'll we'll see how we did + + + align:start position:0% +good so now we'll we'll see how we did +how did majority do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um here I'll do this + + align:start position:0% +um here I'll do this + + + align:start position:0% +um here I'll do this +majority M correct I always like making + + align:start position:0% +majority M correct I always like making + + + align:start position:0% +majority M correct I always like making +things look nice for humans + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why am I anal enough to start already + + align:start position:0% +why am I anal enough to start already + + + align:start position:0% +why am I anal enough to start already +putting in um some sort of a rounding + + align:start position:0% +putting in um some sort of a rounding + + + align:start position:0% +putting in um some sort of a rounding +thing to look because I I do feel like + + align:start position:0% +thing to look because I I do feel like + + + align:start position:0% +thing to look because I I do feel like +when you see all those significant all + + align:start position:0% +when you see all those significant all + + + align:start position:0% +when you see all those significant all +those digits it's really really hard to + + align:start position:0% +those digits it's really really hard to + + + align:start position:0% +those digits it's really really hard to +figure out um how important the + + align:start position:0% +figure out um how important the + + + align:start position:0% +figure out um how important the +difference is so the majority uh this is + + align:start position:0% +difference is so the majority uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +difference is so the majority uh this is +what I happen to know that there's 59% + + align:start position:0% +what I happen to know that there's 59% + + + align:start position:0% +what I happen to know that there's 59% +of them are Jigs and so the majority + + align:start position:0% +of them are Jigs and so the majority + + + align:start position:0% +of them are Jigs and so the majority +learner got 59% of them right and then + + align:start position:0% +learner got 59% of them right and then + + + align:start position:0% +learner got 59% of them right and then +we'll do the same thing for + + align:start position:0% +we'll do the same thing for + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do the same thing for +KNN here I can I can cut and paste right + + align:start position:0% +KNN here I can I can cut and paste right + + + align:start position:0% +KNN here I can I can cut and paste right +we all know how to do that what are we + + align:start position:0% +we all know how to do that what are we + + + align:start position:0% +we all know how to do that what are we +looking + + align:start position:0% +looking + + + align:start position:0% +looking +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +great + + align:start position:0% +great + + + align:start position:0% +great +um and we want to make sure that that's + + align:start position:0% +um and we want to make sure that that's + + + align:start position:0% +um and we want to make sure that that's +K&N + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +correct so our classifiers get getting + + align:start position:0% +correct so our classifiers get getting + + + align:start position:0% +correct so our classifiers get getting +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +87% correct at this just with these few + + align:start position:0% +87% correct at this just with these few + + + align:start position:0% +87% correct at this just with these few +little things now this is always EXC the + + align:start position:0% +little things now this is always EXC the + + + align:start position:0% +little things now this is always EXC the +exciting moment and then the hard part + + align:start position:0% +exciting moment and then the hard part + + + align:start position:0% +exciting moment and then the hard part +is almost always getting it from 87 to + + align:start position:0% +is almost always getting it from 87 to + + + align:start position:0% +is almost always getting it from 87 to +95 and the next harder part is getting + + align:start position:0% +95 and the next harder part is getting + + + align:start position:0% +95 and the next harder part is getting +from 95 to 97 and then going up and up + + align:start position:0% +from 95 to 97 and then going up and up + + + align:start position:0% +from 95 to 97 and then going up and up +and up from + + align:start position:0% +and up from + + + align:start position:0% +and up from +there um so that's sort of the + + align:start position:0% +there um so that's sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +there um so that's sort of the +theoretical part aside I'm going to um + + align:start position:0% +theoretical part aside I'm going to um + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical part aside I'm going to um +really quickly just um go through some + + align:start position:0% +really quickly just um go through some + + + align:start position:0% +really quickly just um go through some +things that music 21 has so this is you + + align:start position:0% +things that music 21 has so this is you + + + align:start position:0% +things that music 21 has so this is you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +uh uh + + align:start position:0% +uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh +um that that just make some of this a + + align:start position:0% +um that that just make some of this a + + + align:start position:0% +um that that just make some of this a +little bit + + align:start position:0% +little bit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit +easier um so there's I know it's already + + align:start position:0% +easier um so there's I know it's already + + + align:start position:0% +easier um so there's I know it's already +imported since I imported star but + + align:start position:0% +imported since I imported star but + + + align:start position:0% +imported since I imported star but +there's something called + + align:start position:0% +there's something called + + + align:start position:0% +there's something called +features and what we can do is set + + align:start position:0% +features and what we can do is set + + + align:start position:0% +features and what we can do is set +equals a features data set class label + + align:start position:0% +equals a features data set class label + + + align:start position:0% +equals a features data set class label +equals is jig + + align:start position:0% +equals is jig + + + align:start position:0% +equals is jig +and then we'll do the same thing with + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll do the same thing with + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll do the same thing with +the test + + align:start position:0% +the test + + + align:start position:0% +the test +set so far it's basically the same type + + align:start position:0% +set so far it's basically the same type + + + align:start position:0% +set so far it's basically the same type +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +thing and then I believe you have if you + + align:start position:0% +thing and then I believe you have if you + + + align:start position:0% +thing and then I believe you have if you +type FES you should have something there + + align:start position:0% +type FES you should have something there + + + align:start position:0% +type FES you should have something there +I think I put pasted this this is + + align:start position:0% +I think I put pasted this this is + + + align:start position:0% +I think I put pasted this this is +features these are built-in feature + + align:start position:0% +features these are built-in feature + + + align:start position:0% +features these are built-in feature +extractor and each one of them has an ID + + align:start position:0% +extractor and each one of them has an ID + + + align:start position:0% +extractor and each one of them has an ID +and no I don't have these memorized but + + align:start position:0% +and no I don't have these memorized but + + + align:start position:0% +and no I don't have these memorized but +something about um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I can't remember what these are M2 you + + align:start position:0% +I can't remember what these are M2 you + + + align:start position:0% +I can't remember what these are M2 you +know what I'm just going to cut and + + align:start position:0% +know what I'm just going to cut and + + + align:start position:0% +know what I'm just going to cut and +paste because you already have this and + + align:start position:0% +paste because you already have this and + + + align:start position:0% +paste because you already have this and +put it + + align:start position:0% +put it + + + align:start position:0% +put it +here fears fears yes that my my hidden + + align:start position:0% +here fears fears yes that my my hidden + + + align:start position:0% +here fears fears yes that my my hidden +uh thank you very much appreciating that + + align:start position:0% +uh thank you very much appreciating that + + + align:start position:0% +uh thank you very much appreciating that +and think that should + + align:start position:0% +and think that should + + + align:start position:0% +and think that should +work and so these are some features that + + align:start position:0% +work and so these are some features that + + + align:start position:0% +work and so these are some features that +have already been put in um so one of + + align:start position:0% +have already been put in um so one of + + + align:start position:0% +have already been put in um so one of +them I don't know what's the range of + + align:start position:0% +them I don't know what's the range of + + + align:start position:0% +them I don't know what's the range of +the piece how far is it from the lowest + + align:start position:0% +the piece how far is it from the lowest + + + align:start position:0% +the piece how far is it from the lowest +note to the highest note a lot of these + + align:start position:0% +note to the highest note a lot of these + + + align:start position:0% +note to the highest note a lot of these +come uh they're adapted from a really + + align:start position:0% +come uh they're adapted from a really + + + align:start position:0% +come uh they're adapted from a really +really cool toolkit called J symbolic + + align:start position:0% +really cool toolkit called J symbolic + + + align:start position:0% +really cool toolkit called J symbolic +part of jmir by uh Corey McKay uh up in + + align:start position:0% +part of jmir by uh Corey McKay uh up in + + + align:start position:0% +part of jmir by uh Corey McKay uh up in +Canada and um just ported them over + + align:start position:0% +Canada and um just ported them over + + + align:start position:0% +Canada and um just ported them over +because they're they're kind of neat + + align:start position:0% +because they're they're kind of neat + + + align:start position:0% +because they're they're kind of neat +then some of them are ones that um that + + align:start position:0% +then some of them are ones that um that + + + align:start position:0% +then some of them are ones that um that +I've written because I kind of think + + align:start position:0% +I've written because I kind of think + + + align:start position:0% +I've written because I kind of think +that they're a little valuable or + + align:start position:0% +that they're a little valuable or + + + align:start position:0% +that they're a little valuable or +somebody and the music 21 team has + + align:start position:0% +somebody and the music 21 team has + + + align:start position:0% +somebody and the music 21 team has +written so here we have a lot more + + align:start position:0% +written so here we have a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +written so here we have a lot more +features here and what we can do is we + + align:start position:0% +features here and what we can do is we + + + align:start position:0% +features here and what we can do is we +have our two data sets so we'll say the + + align:start position:0% +have our two data sets so we'll say the + + + align:start position:0% +have our two data sets so we'll say the +training set add feature + + align:start position:0% +training set add feature + + + align:start position:0% +training set add feature +extractors and add all those features + + align:start position:0% +extractors and add all those features + + + align:start position:0% +extractors and add all those features +extractors and then same thing for the + + align:start position:0% +extractors and then same thing for the + + + align:start position:0% +extractors and then same thing for the +test + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +set and this as I said you don't need to + + align:start position:0% +set and this as I said you don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +set and this as I said you don't need to +be typing too much because I'm just + + align:start position:0% +be typing too much because I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +be typing too much because I'm just +going to go pretty fast and what we'll + + align:start position:0% +going to go pretty fast and what we'll + + + align:start position:0% +going to go pretty fast and what we'll +do is um I'm just going + + align:start position:0% +do is um I'm just going + + + align:start position:0% +do is um I'm just going +to cut and paste this because all we're + + align:start position:0% +to cut and paste this because all we're + + + align:start position:0% +to cut and paste this because all we're +doing is dividing things up into either + + align:start position:0% +doing is dividing things up into either + + + align:start position:0% +doing is dividing things up into either +the test or the training set depending + + align:start position:0% +the test or the training set depending + + + align:start position:0% +the test or the training set depending +on if it's even or odd and so we'll just + + align:start position:0% +on if it's even or odd and so we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +on if it's even or odd and so we'll just +add the data on + + align:start position:0% +add the data on + + + align:start position:0% +add the data on +here with some nice little features that + + align:start position:0% +here with some nice little features that + + + align:start position:0% +here with some nice little features that +and this will just generate all the + + align:start position:0% +and this will just generate all the + + + align:start position:0% +and this will just generate all the +headers for you oops what did I + + align:start position:0% +headers for you oops what did I + + + align:start position:0% +headers for you oops what did I +do testing set is what I called it + + align:start position:0% +do testing set is what I called it + + + align:start position:0% +do testing set is what I called it +before sorry training and testing that + + align:start position:0% +before sorry training and testing that + + + align:start position:0% +before sorry training and testing that +makes + + align:start position:0% +makes + + + align:start position:0% +makes +sense no did I do something wrong oh I + + align:start position:0% +sense no did I do something wrong oh I + + + align:start position:0% +sense no did I do something wrong oh I +have to change it up here there we go + + align:start position:0% +have to change it up here there we go + + + align:start position:0% +have to change it up here there we go +starting all over hopefully I don't have + + align:start position:0% +starting all over hopefully I don't have + + + align:start position:0% +starting all over hopefully I don't have +any numb cracks great and that's just + + align:start position:0% +any numb cracks great and that's just + + + align:start position:0% +any numb cracks great and that's just +doing all the um feature extraction kind + + align:start position:0% +doing all the um feature extraction kind + + + align:start position:0% +doing all the um feature extraction kind +of getting them in that's going to take + + align:start position:0% +of getting them in that's going to take + + + align:start position:0% +of getting them in that's going to take +a little bit of time so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of time so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of time so we're going to +switch like they do in the cooking shows + + align:start position:0% +switch like they do in the cooking shows + + + align:start position:0% +switch like they do in the cooking shows +to the already baked version where it's + + align:start position:0% +to the already baked version where it's + + + align:start position:0% +to the already baked version where it's +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +done okay um + + align:start position:0% +done okay um + + + align:start position:0% +done okay um +oops here we + + align:start position:0% +oops here we + + + align:start position:0% +oops here we +go where do we where' we + + align:start position:0% +go where do we where' we + + + align:start position:0% +go where do we where' we +go is it yep so the next couple things + + align:start position:0% +go is it yep so the next couple things + + + align:start position:0% +go is it yep so the next couple things +that you do you want to process all your + + align:start position:0% +that you do you want to process all your + + + align:start position:0% +that you do you want to process all your +dating set training set and write it out + + align:start position:0% +dating set training set and write it out + + + align:start position:0% +dating set training set and write it out +just like before process it and write it + + align:start position:0% +just like before process it and write it + + + align:start position:0% +just like before process it and write it +out why is it taking so much longer + + align:start position:0% +out why is it taking so much longer + + + align:start position:0% +out why is it taking so much longer +because we gave it a whole bunch of + + align:start position:0% +because we gave it a whole bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +because we gave it a whole bunch of +features and some of them take a long + + align:start position:0% +features and some of them take a long + + + align:start position:0% +features and some of them take a long +time to do like ones that have to do + + align:start position:0% +time to do like ones that have to do + + + align:start position:0% +time to do like ones that have to do +with um variability between parts and um + + align:start position:0% +with um variability between parts and um + + + align:start position:0% +with um variability between parts and um +parallel fifths finding if it's a + + align:start position:0% +parallel fifths finding if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +parallel fifths finding if it's a +multi-part thing and so + + align:start position:0% +multi-part thing and so + + + align:start position:0% +multi-part thing and so +on but then the next row ends up being + + align:start position:0% +on but then the next row ends up being + + + align:start position:0% +on but then the next row ends up being +the exact same type of thing we have a + + align:start position:0% +the exact same type of thing we have a + + + align:start position:0% +the exact same type of thing we have a +majority learner we're going to still + + align:start position:0% +majority learner we're going to still + + + align:start position:0% +majority learner we're going to still +use the KNN learner and um then try to + + align:start position:0% +use the KNN learner and um then try to + + + align:start position:0% +use the KNN learner and um then try to +see how well it did + + align:start position:0% +see how well it did + + + align:start position:0% +see how well it did +and we keep looking and again the + + align:start position:0% +and we keep looking and again the + + + align:start position:0% +and we keep looking and again the +majority learner is still 59% you hope + + align:start position:0% +majority learner is still 59% you hope + + + align:start position:0% +majority learner is still 59% you hope +that that doesn't change and now using + + align:start position:0% +that that doesn't change and now using + + + align:start position:0% +that that doesn't change and now using +all of these extra features we've gotten + + align:start position:0% +all of these extra features we've gotten + + + align:start position:0% +all of these extra features we've gotten +our number from 87% all the way up to + + align:start position:0% +our number from 87% all the way up to + + + align:start position:0% +our number from 87% all the way up to +61% so um sometimes just throwing more + + align:start position:0% +61% so um sometimes just throwing more + + + align:start position:0% +61% so um sometimes just throwing more +feature extractors at the problem is + + align:start position:0% +feature extractors at the problem is + + + align:start position:0% +feature extractors at the problem is +just going to have you wait longer at + + align:start position:0% +just going to have you wait longer at + + + align:start position:0% +just going to have you wait longer at +the computer um sometimes sometimes + + align:start position:0% +the computer um sometimes sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +the computer um sometimes sometimes +thinking really carefully about what you + + align:start position:0% +thinking really carefully about what you + + + align:start position:0% +thinking really carefully about what you +already think the data might look like + + align:start position:0% +already think the data might look like + + + align:start position:0% +already think the data might look like +is a pretty good thing and especially if + + align:start position:0% +is a pretty good thing and especially if + + + align:start position:0% +is a pretty good thing and especially if +you're working with a small data set + + align:start position:0% +you're working with a small data set + + + align:start position:0% +you're working with a small data set +where it's not going to be able to do + + align:start position:0% +where it's not going to be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +where it's not going to be able to do +the kinds of deep um neural network + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of deep um neural network + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of deep um neural network +learning have to keep going through + + align:start position:0% +learning have to keep going through + + + align:start position:0% +learning have to keep going through +enough to really build a model of the + + align:start position:0% +enough to really build a model of the + + + align:start position:0% +enough to really build a model of the +the set as um some people say you know + + align:start position:0% +the set as um some people say you know + + + align:start position:0% +the set as um some people say you know +that uh look the computers the neural + + align:start position:0% +that uh look the computers the neural + + + align:start position:0% +that uh look the computers the neural +networks are getting getting better and + + align:start position:0% +networks are getting getting better and + + + align:start position:0% +networks are getting getting better and +better and um we just need to throw more + + align:start position:0% +better and um we just need to throw more + + + align:start position:0% +better and um we just need to throw more +data at it but imagine if you wanted to + + align:start position:0% +data at it but imagine if you wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +data at it but imagine if you wanted to +have a program that was uh automatically + + align:start position:0% +have a program that was uh automatically + + + align:start position:0% +have a program that was uh automatically +you know reading handwriting and you + + align:start position:0% +you know reading handwriting and you + + + align:start position:0% +you know reading handwriting and you +gave the program um all these papers of + + align:start position:0% +gave the program um all these papers of + + + align:start position:0% +gave the program um all these papers of +handwriting and you just gave them an + + align:start position:0% +handwriting and you just gave them an + + + align:start position:0% +handwriting and you just gave them an +audio file of how it drops how it sounds + + align:start position:0% +audio file of how it drops how it sounds + + + align:start position:0% +audio file of how it drops how it sounds +when it drops and try to do it you're + + align:start position:0% +when it drops and try to do it you're + + + align:start position:0% +when it drops and try to do it you're +giving it kind of the wrong data to + + align:start position:0% +giving it kind of the wrong data to + + + align:start position:0% +giving it kind of the wrong data to +learn on and so a lot of the extractors + + align:start position:0% +learn on and so a lot of the extractors + + + align:start position:0% +learn on and so a lot of the extractors +now unless you're giv writing your own + + align:start position:0% +now unless you're giv writing your own + + + align:start position:0% +now unless you're giv writing your own +unless you're using really musically + + align:start position:0% +unless you're using really musically + + + align:start position:0% +unless you're using really musically +sensitive ones you're you can save the + + align:start position:0% +sensitive ones you're you can save the + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive ones you're you can save the +computer a lot of time by trying to + + align:start position:0% +computer a lot of time by trying to + + + align:start position:0% +computer a lot of time by trying to +trying to already say you know hey let's + + align:start position:0% +trying to already say you know hey let's + + + align:start position:0% +trying to already say you know hey let's +process this as a symbols ahead of time + + align:start position:0% +process this as a symbols ahead of time + + + align:start position:0% +process this as a symbols ahead of time +or something like that um a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +or something like that um a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that um a lot of the +by the way state-ofthe-art of symbolic + + align:start position:0% +by the way state-ofthe-art of symbolic + + + align:start position:0% +by the way state-ofthe-art of symbolic +um music machine learning things are uh + + align:start position:0% +um music machine learning things are uh + + + align:start position:0% +um music machine learning things are uh +you all remember the piano + + align:start position:0% +you all remember the piano + + + align:start position:0% +you all remember the piano +rooll you know where we put things like + + align:start position:0% +rooll you know where we put things like + + + align:start position:0% +rooll you know where we put things like +this to show length and stuff like that + + align:start position:0% +this to show length and stuff like that + + + align:start position:0% +this to show length and stuff like that +yeah well it's converting the entire + + align:start position:0% +yeah well it's converting the entire + + + align:start position:0% +yeah well it's converting the entire +musical score to a piano roll saving + + align:start position:0% +musical score to a piano roll saving + + + align:start position:0% +musical score to a piano roll saving +that as an image and then using image + + align:start position:0% +that as an image and then using image + + + align:start position:0% +that as an image and then using image +classifiers and image uh generators to + + align:start position:0% +classifiers and image uh generators to + + + align:start position:0% +classifiers and image uh generators to +generate pieces that look like the piano + + align:start position:0% +generate pieces that look like the piano + + + align:start position:0% +generate pieces that look like the piano +rolls and then translating them back so + + align:start position:0% +rolls and then translating them back so + + + align:start position:0% +rolls and then translating them back so +I think I'm hoping that over the next + + align:start position:0% +I think I'm hoping that over the next + + + align:start position:0% +I think I'm hoping that over the next +decade or so we we can do better and do + + align:start position:0% +decade or so we we can do better and do + + + align:start position:0% +decade or so we we can do better and do +some things that uh help help these + + align:start position:0% +some things that uh help help these + + + align:start position:0% +some things that uh help help these +neural Nets and classifiers uh work with + + align:start position:0% +neural Nets and classifiers uh work with + + + align:start position:0% +neural Nets and classifiers uh work with +data that's a little bit closer to uh + + align:start position:0% +data that's a little bit closer to uh + + + align:start position:0% +data that's a little bit closer to uh +the original + + align:start position:0% +the original + + + align:start position:0% +the original +numbers okay um I have time for just a + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay um I have time for just a + + + align:start position:0% +numbers okay um I have time for just a +little little fun thing with my favorite + + align:start position:0% +little little fun thing with my favorite + + + align:start position:0% +little little fun thing with my favorite +uh low um feature uh extraction thing so + + align:start position:0% +uh low um feature uh extraction thing so + + + align:start position:0% +uh low um feature uh extraction thing so +let me just show a couple little things + + align:start position:0% +let me just show a couple little things + + + align:start position:0% +let me just show a couple little things +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +yeah the importance of first off the + + align:start position:0% +yeah the importance of first off the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah the importance of first off the +importance of thinking about data sets + + align:start position:0% +importance of thinking about data sets + + + align:start position:0% +importance of thinking about data sets +and ground truths um this is you know I + + align:start position:0% +and ground truths um this is you know I + + + align:start position:0% +and ground truths um this is you know I +think one of the first pieces that + + align:start position:0% +think one of the first pieces that + + + align:start position:0% +think one of the first pieces that +showed uh deep learning the the kind of + + align:start position:0% +showed uh deep learning the the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +showed uh deep learning the the kind of +uh for people in the no moment uh like + + align:start position:0% +uh for people in the no moment uh like + + + align:start position:0% +uh for people in the no moment uh like +chat GPT has been in the last year uh + + align:start position:0% +chat GPT has been in the last year uh + + + align:start position:0% +chat GPT has been in the last year uh +happened I think it was about 10 years + + align:start position:0% +happened I think it was about 10 years + + + align:start position:0% +happened I think it was about 10 years +ago when um Alpha zero and Alpha go + + align:start position:0% +ago when um Alpha zero and Alpha go + + + align:start position:0% +ago when um Alpha zero and Alpha go +suddenly became the world's greatest go + + align:start position:0% +suddenly became the world's greatest go + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly became the world's greatest go +and chess players um and so a lot of + + align:start position:0% +and chess players um and so a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +and chess players um and so a lot of +people think you this was with + + align:start position:0% +people think you this was with + + + align:start position:0% +people think you this was with +generalized knowledge no rules being + + align:start position:0% +generalized knowledge no rules being + + + align:start position:0% +generalized knowledge no rules being +taught except for legal move or not um + + align:start position:0% +taught except for legal move or not um + + + align:start position:0% +taught except for legal move or not um +but one of the things to think about um + + align:start position:0% +but one of the things to think about um + + + align:start position:0% +but one of the things to think about um +the difference between a lot of the the + + align:start position:0% +the difference between a lot of the the + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between a lot of the the +things that they were being trained on + + align:start position:0% +things that they were being trained on + + + align:start position:0% +things that they were being trained on +and what you have is that Alpha zero the + + align:start position:0% +and what you have is that Alpha zero the + + + align:start position:0% +and what you have is that Alpha zero the +chess plane computer you know played + + align:start position:0% +chess plane computer you know played + + + align:start position:0% +chess plane computer you know played +what was it 700,000 games or million + + align:start position:0% +what was it 700,000 games or million + + + align:start position:0% +what was it 700,000 games or million +games or something like that and at the + + align:start position:0% +games or something like that and at the + + + align:start position:0% +games or something like that and at the +end of every single game it played it + + align:start position:0% +end of every single game it played it + + + align:start position:0% +end of every single game it played it +got perfect feedback on how how it did + + align:start position:0% +got perfect feedback on how how it did + + + align:start position:0% +got perfect feedback on how how it did +you won you lost you tied you won you + + align:start position:0% +you won you lost you tied you won you + + + align:start position:0% +you won you lost you tied you won you +lost you tied a lot of the things that + + align:start position:0% +lost you tied a lot of the things that + + + align:start position:0% +lost you tied a lot of the things that +we're interested in doing with music + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in doing with music + + + align:start position:0% +we're interested in doing with music +like music recommendation or you know uh + + align:start position:0% +like music recommendation or you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +like music recommendation or you know uh +things like this you predicting what's + + align:start position:0% +things like this you predicting what's + + + align:start position:0% +things like this you predicting what's +the next great hit first off we can't we + + align:start position:0% +the next great hit first off we can't we + + + align:start position:0% +the next great hit first off we can't we +don't have that correct data Maybe you + + align:start position:0% +don't have that correct data Maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +don't have that correct data Maybe you +know what's the Billboard Chart or + + align:start position:0% +know what's the Billboard Chart or + + + align:start position:0% +know what's the Billboard Chart or +something like that but for how good was + + align:start position:0% +something like that but for how good was + + + align:start position:0% +something like that but for how good was +this piece because it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +this piece because it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +this piece because it's going to be +different every time it's going to take + + align:start position:0% +different every time it's going to take + + + align:start position:0% +different every time it's going to take +us 3 minutes to listen to if it's + + align:start position:0% +us 3 minutes to listen to if it's + + + align:start position:0% +us 3 minutes to listen to if it's +computer generating song and then we're + + align:start position:0% +computer generating song and then we're + + + align:start position:0% +computer generating song and then we're +going to give it feedack back that we + + align:start position:0% +going to give it feedack back that we + + + align:start position:0% +going to give it feedack back that we +might feel differently about that piece + + align:start position:0% +might feel differently about that piece + + + align:start position:0% +might feel differently about that piece +tomorrow so we don't give perfect + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow so we don't give perfect + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow so we don't give perfect +feedback and it takes a long time so + + align:start position:0% +feedback and it takes a long time so + + + align:start position:0% +feedback and it takes a long time so +this is why one of the reasons I like um + + align:start position:0% +this is why one of the reasons I like um + + + align:start position:0% +this is why one of the reasons I like um +working with uh some of the older things + + align:start position:0% +working with uh some of the older things + + + align:start position:0% +working with uh some of the older things +okay we'll go back great um I don't + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll go back great um I don't + + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll go back great um I don't +think I've I presented this no I + + align:start position:0% +think I've I presented this no I + + + align:start position:0% +think I've I presented this no I +presented another place so this is what + + align:start position:0% +presented another place so this is what + + + align:start position:0% +presented another place so this is what +we'll end for the last 10 minutes and + + align:start position:0% +we'll end for the last 10 minutes and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll end for the last 10 minutes and +talking about um some of the interesting + + align:start position:0% +talking about um some of the interesting + + + align:start position:0% +talking about um some of the interesting +things that come out with features um so + + align:start position:0% +things that come out with features um so + + + align:start position:0% +things that come out with features um so +how would you distinguish Coral music + + align:start position:0% +how would you distinguish Coral music + + + align:start position:0% +how would you distinguish Coral music +from Bach from + + align:start position:0% +from Bach from + + + align:start position:0% +from Bach from +monver so just we we're doing a lot of + + align:start position:0% +monver so just we we're doing a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +monver so just we we're doing a lot of +Bach in this class but we'll get a + + align:start position:0% +Bach in this class but we'll get a + + + align:start position:0% +Bach in this class but we'll get a +little bit more into ear here is sign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Bach so this is + + align:start position:0% +Bach so this is + + + align:start position:0% +Bach so this is +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Bach and so then we'll switch to one of + + align:start position:0% +Bach and so then we'll switch to one of + + + align:start position:0% +Bach and so then we'll switch to one of +the other other great composers about + + align:start position:0% +the other other great composers about + + + align:start position:0% +the other other great composers about +100 and 100 years before Bach claudo Mon + + align:start position:0% +100 and 100 years before Bach claudo Mon + + + align:start position:0% +100 and 100 years before Bach claudo Mon +and so some of you this might be the + + align:start position:0% +and so some of you this might be the + + + align:start position:0% +and so some of you this might be the +first time you'll hear him + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one second to the bo again so we can get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +great what's something you you heard + + align:start position:0% +great what's something you you heard + + + align:start position:0% +great what's something you you heard +different between the two of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them Som with more of minor Keys okay + + align:start position:0% +them Som with more of minor Keys okay + + + align:start position:0% +them Som with more of minor Keys okay +somber more minor Keys we can do a key + + align:start position:0% +somber more minor Keys we can do a key + + + align:start position:0% +somber more minor Keys we can do a key +detection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Jonathan I mean b had sounded like there + + align:start position:0% +Jonathan I mean b had sounded like there + + + align:start position:0% +Jonathan I mean b had sounded like there +were like more people see but it's hard + + align:start position:0% +were like more people see but it's hard + + + align:start position:0% +were like more people see but it's hard +uhuh yeah but it could be it could be + + align:start position:0% +uhuh yeah but it could be it could be + + + align:start position:0% +uhuh yeah but it could be it could be +more people Fuller than good + + align:start position:0% +more people Fuller than good + + + align:start position:0% +more people Fuller than good +yeah is more together where like lot + + align:start position:0% +yeah is more together where like lot + + + align:start position:0% +yeah is more together where like lot +of do BU more together homophonic maybe + + align:start position:0% +of do BU more together homophonic maybe + + + align:start position:0% +of do BU more together homophonic maybe +mon Verity doing their own thing good + + align:start position:0% +mon Verity doing their own thing good + + + align:start position:0% +mon Verity doing their own thing good +one last one else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +want okay that's a pretty good place to + + align:start position:0% +want okay that's a pretty good place to + + + align:start position:0% +want okay that's a pretty good place to +start so + + align:start position:0% +start so + + + align:start position:0% +start so +I threw um everything in all the kitchen + + align:start position:0% +I threw um everything in all the kitchen + + + align:start position:0% +I threw um everything in all the kitchen +sink of classifier of feature extractors + + align:start position:0% +sink of classifier of feature extractors + + + align:start position:0% +sink of classifier of feature extractors +and got to see what a particular um + + align:start position:0% +and got to see what a particular um + + + align:start position:0% +and got to see what a particular um +algorithm did that um that uh that + + align:start position:0% +algorithm did that um that uh that + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm did that um that uh that +seemed to work pretty pretty well and + + align:start position:0% +seemed to work pretty pretty well and + + + align:start position:0% +seemed to work pretty pretty well and +the first um here's a little quiz it's + + align:start position:0% +the first um here's a little quiz it's + + + align:start position:0% +the first um here's a little quiz it's +one of the few quizzes that uh + + align:start position:0% +one of the few quizzes that uh + + + align:start position:0% +one of the few quizzes that uh +Elementary School students do better + + align:start position:0% +Elementary School students do better + + + align:start position:0% +Elementary School students do better +than adults at so let's see if we can + + align:start position:0% +than adults at so let's see if we can + + + align:start position:0% +than adults at so let's see if we can +figure this out 7802 is three + + align:start position:0% +figure this out 7802 is three + + + align:start position:0% +figure this out 7802 is three +1065 is two okay if you've seen it + + align:start position:0% +1065 is two okay if you've seen it + + + align:start position:0% +1065 is two okay if you've seen it +before then don't answer it 998 is + + align:start position:0% +before then don't answer it 998 is + + + align:start position:0% +before then don't answer it 998 is +four and one 1773 is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero if you're new to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this one two three three circles + + align:start position:0% +this one two three three circles + + + align:start position:0% +this one two three three circles +one Circle two circles one two 3 four + + align:start position:0% +one Circle two circles one two 3 four + + + align:start position:0% +one Circle two circles one two 3 four +circles and no circles so I put that up + + align:start position:0% +circles and no circles so I put that up + + + align:start position:0% +circles and no circles so I put that up +to say that some days the computer is + + align:start position:0% +to say that some days the computer is + + + align:start position:0% +to say that some days the computer is +going to be looking at things that are + + align:start position:0% +going to be looking at things that are + + + align:start position:0% +going to be looking at things that are +really really far um out um in trying to + + align:start position:0% +really really far um out um in trying to + + + align:start position:0% +really really far um out um in trying to +figure out things so there's all these + + align:start position:0% +figure out things so there's all these + + + align:start position:0% +figure out things so there's all these +things that we could be looking at um + + align:start position:0% +things that we could be looking at um + + + align:start position:0% +things that we could be looking at um +I'll bet that the proportion of + + align:start position:0% +I'll bet that the proportion of + + + align:start position:0% +I'll bet that the proportion of +instruments that are electronic um isn't + + align:start position:0% +instruments that are electronic um isn't + + + align:start position:0% +instruments that are electronic um isn't +going to help with Bach versus Mon + + align:start position:0% +going to help with Bach versus Mon + + + align:start position:0% +going to help with Bach versus Mon +Verity but one of the things I like + + align:start position:0% +Verity but one of the things I like + + + align:start position:0% +Verity but one of the things I like +about a particular uh class Pacifier + + align:start position:0% +about a particular uh class Pacifier + + + align:start position:0% +about a particular uh class Pacifier +that is not close to the + + align:start position:0% +that is not close to the + + + align:start position:0% +that is not close to the +state-of-the-art it is not or to the + + align:start position:0% +state-of-the-art it is not or to the + + + align:start position:0% +state-of-the-art it is not or to the +getting the best results but this uh + + align:start position:0% +getting the best results but this uh + + + align:start position:0% +getting the best results but this uh +tree learner can ex unlike being a black + + align:start position:0% +tree learner can ex unlike being a black + + + align:start position:0% +tree learner can ex unlike being a black +box it can actually show what the path + + align:start position:0% +box it can actually show what the path + + + align:start position:0% +box it can actually show what the path +so it's of a decision tree branching + + align:start position:0% +so it's of a decision tree branching + + + align:start position:0% +so it's of a decision tree branching +tree uh it took to get there so here's + + align:start position:0% +tree uh it took to get there so here's + + + align:start position:0% +tree uh it took to get there so here's +how it can say to begin if the note F + + align:start position:0% +how it can say to begin if the note F + + + align:start position:0% +how it can say to begin if the note F +below Middle Sea is used more than 14% + + align:start position:0% +below Middle Sea is used more than 14% + + + align:start position:0% +below Middle Sea is used more than 14% +of the time the pieces by Bach + + align:start position:0% +of the time the pieces by Bach + + + align:start position:0% +of the time the pieces by Bach +otherwise if the top number in the time + + align:start position:0% +otherwise if the top number in the time + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise if the top number in the time +signature is three or less It Is by + + align:start position:0% +signature is three or less It Is by + + + align:start position:0% +signature is three or less It Is by +Bach + + align:start position:0% +Bach + + + align:start position:0% +Bach +otherwise I love this one if the + + align:start position:0% +otherwise I love this one if the + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise I love this one if the +distance between the highest note in the + + align:start position:0% +distance between the highest note in the + + + align:start position:0% +distance between the highest note in the +soprano and the lowest note of the base + + align:start position:0% +soprano and the lowest note of the base + + + align:start position:0% +soprano and the lowest note of the base +is less than two octaves and a minor 6th + + align:start position:0% +is less than two octaves and a minor 6th + + + align:start position:0% +is less than two octaves and a minor 6th +then it's by boach and then there's + + align:start position:0% +then it's by boach and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +then it's by boach and then there's +three more things we get to the final + + align:start position:0% +three more things we get to the final + + + align:start position:0% +three more things we get to the final +one uh count the number of times each + + align:start position:0% +one uh count the number of times each + + + align:start position:0% +one uh count the number of times each +note is used find the note that used the + + align:start position:0% +note is used find the note that used the + + + align:start position:0% +note is used find the note that used the +most often and the note they used the + + align:start position:0% +most often and the note they used the + + + align:start position:0% +most often and the note they used the +second most often if the second most + + align:start position:0% +second most often if the second most + + + align:start position:0% +second most often if the second most +often used note is used less than 90 7% + + align:start position:0% +often used note is used less than 90 7% + + + align:start position:0% +often used note is used less than 90 7% +as often as the most commonly used note + + align:start position:0% +as often as the most commonly used note + + + align:start position:0% +as often as the most commonly used note +the piece is by + + align:start position:0% +the piece is by + + + align:start position:0% +the piece is by +Bach otherwise it's by Mon and this + + align:start position:0% +Bach otherwise it's by Mon and this + + + align:start position:0% +Bach otherwise it's by Mon and this +worked with 99% + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +accuracy what I loved about this is I + + align:start position:0% +accuracy what I loved about this is I + + + align:start position:0% +accuracy what I loved about this is I +that this was the first decision to + + align:start position:0% +that this was the first decision to + + + align:start position:0% +that this was the first decision to +distinguish and I was just baffled by it + + align:start position:0% +distinguish and I was just baffled by it + + + align:start position:0% +distinguish and I was just baffled by it +until I realized well okay Bach has more + + align:start position:0% +until I realized well okay Bach has more + + + align:start position:0% +until I realized well okay Bach has more +pieces in uh sharp Keys than Mont ver is + + align:start position:0% +pieces in uh sharp Keys than Mont ver is + + + align:start position:0% +pieces in uh sharp Keys than Mont ver is +so okay that would make sense Mont ver + + align:start position:0% +so okay that would make sense Mont ver + + + align:start position:0% +so okay that would make sense Mont ver +was most ly hovering around um you know + + align:start position:0% +was most ly hovering around um you know + + + align:start position:0% +was most ly hovering around um you know +no sharps or flats or one flat assign + + align:start position:0% +no sharps or flats or one flat assign + + + align:start position:0% +no sharps or flats or one flat assign +but then you know it's minor and there's + + align:start position:0% +but then you know it's minor and there's + + + align:start position:0% +but then you know it's minor and there's +raised leaning tones and stuff like that + + align:start position:0% +raised leaning tones and stuff like that + + + align:start position:0% +raised leaning tones and stuff like that +so why not well um the leading tone + + align:start position:0% +so why not well um the leading tone + + + align:start position:0% +so why not well um the leading tone +tends to get raised in the melody which + + align:start position:0% +tends to get raised in the melody which + + + align:start position:0% +tends to get raised in the melody which +tends to be in a higher + + align:start position:0% +tends to be in a higher + + + align:start position:0% +tends to be in a higher +voice the middle area tenor will only + + align:start position:0% +voice the middle area tenor will only + + + align:start position:0% +voice the middle area tenor will only +appear as FP if the key signature is + + align:start position:0% +appear as FP if the key signature is + + + align:start position:0% +appear as FP if the key signature is +already F so it's a way of learning some + + align:start position:0% +already F so it's a way of learning some + + + align:start position:0% +already F so it's a way of learning some +things like this and um this particular + + align:start position:0% +things like this and um this particular + + + align:start position:0% +things like this and um this particular +one ended up being garbage in Gage out + + align:start position:0% +one ended up being garbage in Gage out + + + align:start position:0% +one ended up being garbage in Gage out +that monity uh doesn't using modern time + + align:start position:0% +that monity uh doesn't using modern time + + + align:start position:0% +that monity uh doesn't using modern time +signatures and so when we the people who + + align:start position:0% +signatures and so when we the people who + + + align:start position:0% +signatures and so when we the people who +encoded this chose never to use two4 + + align:start position:0% +encoded this chose never to use two4 + + + align:start position:0% +encoded this chose never to use two4 +always put it into 44 two bar because + + align:start position:0% +always put it into 44 two bar because + + + align:start position:0% +always put it into 44 two bar because +because there also weren't bar lines so + + align:start position:0% +because there also weren't bar lines so + + + align:start position:0% +because there also weren't bar lines so +you could decide how long so this ended + + align:start position:0% +you could decide how long so this ended + + + align:start position:0% +you could decide how long so this ended +up being that the computer learned not + + align:start position:0% +up being that the computer learned not + + + align:start position:0% +up being that the computer learned not +the difference between Bach and monver + + align:start position:0% +the difference between Bach and monver + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between Bach and monver +but the difference between box editor + + align:start position:0% +but the difference between box editor + + + align:start position:0% +but the difference between box editor +modern editor and Mon's modern editor I + + align:start position:0% +modern editor and Mon's modern editor I + + + align:start position:0% +modern editor and Mon's modern editor I +have lost the reference but I've been + + align:start position:0% +have lost the reference but I've been + + + align:start position:0% +have lost the reference but I've been +told about an audio um an audio + + align:start position:0% +told about an audio um an audio + + + align:start position:0% +told about an audio um an audio +classifier that tried to classify VI + + align:start position:0% +classifier that tried to classify VI + + + align:start position:0% +classifier that tried to classify VI +genre and it was doing very very well + + align:start position:0% +genre and it was doing very very well + + + align:start position:0% +genre and it was doing very very well +until it turns out that different genres + + align:start position:0% +until it turns out that different genres + + + align:start position:0% +until it turns out that different genres +of music use different microphones on in + + align:start position:0% +of music use different microphones on in + + + align:start position:0% +of music use different microphones on in +general and it was picking up the + + align:start position:0% +general and it was picking up the + + + align:start position:0% +general and it was picking up the +difference between the microphone so if + + align:start position:0% +difference between the microphone so if + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the microphone so if +you sing country music on a hip-hop + + align:start position:0% +you sing country music on a hip-hop + + + align:start position:0% +you sing country music on a hip-hop +microphone it would classify as hip hop + + align:start position:0% +microphone it would classify as hip hop + + + align:start position:0% +microphone it would classify as hip hop +so all these things we need to be really + + align:start position:0% +so all these things we need to be really + + + align:start position:0% +so all these things we need to be really +careful about um what's going on with + + align:start position:0% +careful about um what's going on with + + + align:start position:0% +careful about um what's going on with +potential for classification and so this + + align:start position:0% +potential for classification and so this + + + align:start position:0% +potential for classification and so this +is where I kind of like this old school + + align:start position:0% +is where I kind of like this old school + + + align:start position:0% +is where I kind of like this old school +um imagine this is s of a tree diagram + + align:start position:0% +um imagine this is s of a tree diagram + + + align:start position:0% +um imagine this is s of a tree diagram +of things going left and right I guess + + align:start position:0% +of things going left and right I guess + + + align:start position:0% +of things going left and right I guess +if you turn it sideways these kind of + + align:start position:0% +if you turn it sideways these kind of + + + align:start position:0% +if you turn it sideways these kind of +old school feature um classifiers a + + align:start position:0% +old school feature um classifiers a + + + align:start position:0% +old school feature um classifiers a +little bit just to check what's what + + align:start position:0% +little bit just to check what's what + + + align:start position:0% +little bit just to check what's what +might be happening in the latest + + align:start position:0% +might be happening in the latest + + + align:start position:0% +might be happening in the latest +blackbox + + align:start position:0% +blackbox + + + align:start position:0% +blackbox +so you guys did a remarkable stamina you + + align:start position:0% +so you guys did a remarkable stamina you + + + align:start position:0% +so you guys did a remarkable stamina you +got through the zombie of of music + + align:start position:0% +got through the zombie of of music + + + align:start position:0% +got through the zombie of of music +eating feature extraction and um I hope + + align:start position:0% +eating feature extraction and um I hope + + + align:start position:0% +eating feature extraction and um I hope +that some people will choose to um find + + align:start position:0% +that some people will choose to um find + + + align:start position:0% +that some people will choose to um find +if you find this to be helpful in doing + + align:start position:0% +if you find this to be helpful in doing + + + align:start position:0% +if you find this to be helpful in doing +something in your final project you now + + align:start position:0% +something in your final project you now + + + align:start position:0% +something in your final project you now +have some of the tools to do it on uh + + align:start position:0% +have some of the tools to do it on uh + + + align:start position:0% +have some of the tools to do it on uh +Friday we'll continue with searching and + + align:start position:0% +Friday we'll continue with searching and + + + align:start position:0% +Friday we'll continue with searching and +similarity and we will be giving um the + + align:start position:0% +similarity and we will be giving um the + + + align:start position:0% +similarity and we will be giving um the +first 15 minutes explaining what he's + + align:start position:0% +first 15 minutes explaining what he's + + + align:start position:0% +first 15 minutes explaining what he's +doing at MIT he's a professor of + + align:start position:0% +doing at MIT he's a professor of + + + align:start position:0% +doing at MIT he's a professor of +computer science and um what he's been + + align:start position:0% +computer science and um what he's been + + + align:start position:0% +computer science and um what he's been +doing with music on his uh work so um + + align:start position:0% +doing with music on his uh work so um + + + align:start position:0% +doing with music on his uh work so um +that'll be a start and then I'll + + align:start position:0% +that'll be a start and then I'll + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be a start and then I'll +continue with some other things great + + align:start position:0% +continue with some other things great + + + align:start position:0% +continue with some other things great +thanks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/iwQ49oG-DO8.txt b/iwQ49oG-DO8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfc3e5c0212234b7072c585269e0298f85a20792 --- /dev/null +++ b/iwQ49oG-DO8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3202 @@ +The following +content is provided + +under a Creative +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue + +to offer high quality +educational resources for free. + +To make a donation or +view additional materials + +from 100s of MIT courses, +visit MIT OpenCourseWare + +at ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: Welcome +to a new teaching, + +new lecturing of 8.421. + +8.421 is an advanced course in +atomic physics-- graduate level + +course. + +8.421 is part of a new semester +sequence in atomic physics. + +Actually, 8.421 is taken +first in this sequence + +because we start with more basic +things about light and atoms. + +But the cost is +designed in such a way + +that you can start +with 8.422 or 8.421. + +So just to get an idea, who +has already taken 8.422? + +Should be about half the class. + +OK, great. + +So yes, you're not +repeating anything. + +And maybe for those of you +it's a little bit anticlimactic + +because you had all the fun. + +You saw all the +great things which + +can be done with +two level systems. + +And now in this +course we sit down + +and I explain to you what +are those two levels. + +What happens to those two +levels in magnetic field + +and electric fields? + +How are what they modified by +the lens shift and all of that? + +But you see how the two +things are connected. + +I talk about some course +formalities in a few moments. + +But let me first point +out that you're interested + +or you're doing research in +atomic physics at a really + +exciting time. + +AMO science is booming +and is rapidly advancing. + +And a lot of it is really +do to, well, of course, + +new insight, new ideas, +new breakthrough, + +but also combined +with technology. + +We have seen over the +last couple of decades + +a major development +in light sources. + +If I remember what lasers +I have used in my PH.D. + +And what lasers you were using, +well, there's a big difference. + +Big difference in performance +but also big difference + +in reliability and convenience. + +But just a few systems which +didn't exist a few decades ago. + +The Ti:sapphire laser, which +has really become the workhorse + +of generating lots and lots of +power in the infrared domain. + +But then it can +also be frequency + +doubled to the visible. + +When I was a [INAUDIBLE] +in the early '90s, + +people just starting to use +diode lasers in atomic physics. + +Here you are 20 years later. + +We see you much more +solid state lasers. + +And I would say even in +the last 5 to 10 years + +there has been another, +well, revolution + +is too strong a word but +another major advance by having + +extremely high power fiber +lasers, which are covering + +more and more of +the spectral range. + +So those advanced lasers +empower in the spectral range. + +We have seen major advances +in shaping short pulses. + +I remember when I was a student +how femtosecond lasers were + +that the latest-- +well, they're required. + +The [INAUDIBLE] and femtosecond +pulses could only be produced + +in a few laboratories in +the world with a discovery + +of the Ti:sapphire laser +in Kerr lens mode locking. + +This has now become standard and +is even commercially available. + +But researchers have pushed +on attosecond policies + +are now the frontier +of the field. + +Well, if you have very short +pulses that also opens up + +the possibility to go +to very high intensity, + +you don't need so +much energy per pulse. + +You just, if the +pulse is very short, + +you reach a very high intensity, +which is the range of terawatt. + +And it is now pretty standard +if you focus the short pulse + +laser. + +In the focus of the +short pulse laser, + +you create electric +field strengths, + +which are stronger than the +electric field in an atom. + +So therefore, the +dominant electric field + +is the one of the laser. + +And then you may add +[INAUDIBLE] on whatever scheme + +the field between the electons +or the electron and the proton. + +So this is the +generational flight. + +But light also +wants to be control. + +And this is done +by using cavities. + +A single photon +would just fly by. + +But If you want a photo to +really intimately interact + +with a atom-- maybe +get it absorbed, + +immediate absorbed, immediate. + +If you really want to have the +photon as a [INAUDIBLE] state + +and not just as +something which flies by, + +you need cavities, +resonators, and we have really + +seen peak advances in +superconducting cavities + +as super codings in +the optical regime. + +And cavity QED in the optical +and the microwave domain + +have led to major +advances in the series + +of spectacular +experiment performed now + +with single photons. + +So the single +photon is no longer + +an idealized concept for +the description of life atom + +interaction. + +It has been a reality. + +And single photon control +has advances quickly. + +Well you can make major +advances in terms of light. + +Find new lasers, shorter +policies, higher intensity + +policies, and things like this. + +But the other part of atomic +physics-- one is light, + +the other one are the atoms-- we +haven't invented new atoms yet. + +We still got stuck with +the same periodic table. + +But we have modified the way +how we can prepare and control + +atomic samples. + +A big revolution +in the '90s or '80s + +has been the cooling of +atoms that now microkelvin, + +nanokelvin, and with +evaporative cooling, + +even picokelvin regime +had become possible. + +In terms of atomic +samplers, this + +was an evolution which +took place during my time + +as a researcher. + +Atoms always mean you're the +sample of individual atoms. + +Sometimes you +started interaction + +when two atoms are colliding. + +But atomic physics +was really the physics + +of senior particles +or two particles + +interacting, colliding, +or forming a molecule. + +But the moment we reach for +cooling nanokelvin temperature, + +atoms move so slowly that +they feel out each other. + +And that means suddenly +we have a system + +to do many-body physics. + +So the event of quantum +degenerate gases + +and many developments after that +with optical lattices and lots + +of bells and +whistles really meant + +that-- and this dramatic-- +that atomic physics + +has made the transition +from single and two particle + +physics to many body physics. + +And for several research +groups in this end + +of what are called +atoms, this is, + +of course, an +important point here. + +Well, somewhat related to +that but more generally, + +the precision and +preparation and manipulation + +which atomic physics has +reached with quantum systems + +puts now atomic physics +in a leading position + +at the forefront of exploring +new aspects of Hilbert space. + +One can say that +Hilbert space is vast. + +But what is realized, +this simple quantum system + +is only a tiny little +corner of Hilbert space. + +And atomic physics, +if I want to define it + +in the most abstract +way, the goal + +is to master Hilbert space. + +And that means we +want to harness + +parts of Hilbert space, +which are characterized + +by quantum entanglement. + +Maybe single forms +between two particles + +but also between many particles. + +And of course, this is it +to a whole new frontier + +in quantum computation and +quantum information processing. + +So this sort of should show +you how technology, new ideas, + +control, and manipulation +is suddenly opening up + +whole new scientific directions. + +And just to add something +more recent to the list, + +we have now a major +research direction + +in AMO physics dealing +with cold molecules. + +And they're even prospects +of rewritting chapters + +of chemistry. + +What happens when +you do chemistry + +but not in the ordinary way +but at nanokelvin temperature? + +Or what happens when +you do chemistry + +where you have coherent +control in such a way + +that maybe the molecules +before and after the reaction + +are in a cool and +superposition state. + +So in that sense, the +conclusion of that introduction + +is atomic physics +has been successful + +because it continues +to redefine itself. + +And to prove the case, I +can say when I predict, + +when I try to +predict-- I didn't even + +try because I know +it wouldn't work. + +But if I tried to +predict 10 years ago what + +would be the hot topics of +today, I would have failed. + +What happens is just +breakthroughs and discoveries. + +And usually they happen in areas +where they are not predicted. + +As another angle, +atomic physics has + +seen more than its usual +share of Nobel prizes + +in the last two decades. + +Maybe the price in +1989 for ion trapping + +in Ramsey spectroscopy. + +Ramsey spectroscopy is used for +the generation of atomic clock. + +Iron trapping is a +basic building block. + +This was sort of givenof +some of the technology. + +But this was the only prize in +the long list I'm writing down + +now which was given for +something which was maybe + +invented a few decades ago. + +A lot of Nobel prizes are given +decades after the discovery. + +But all the more recent +Nobel Prize and this + +speaks for the +vitality of the field, + +we awarded for +developments which had just + +happened in the decade +before the prize. + +Whether it was laser cooling +just invented in the '80s. + +Whether it was Bose +Einstein condensation + +observed for six years +before the 2005 prize + +on precision spectroscopy with +lasers and frequency comb. + +This was also a development that +happened just a few years ago. + +And the most recent recognition +for Serge Haroche and Dave + +Wineland is about +the manipulation + +of individual quantum system. + +And this is where the +highlights of this + +were accomplished just +a few years, lets say, + +over the last five or 10 years. + +OK. + +Just sort of to make +a general case here, + +I continue to be amazed +how interesting ad + +rich the physics of +simple systems are. + +I actually expect that there +maybe even two Nobel Prizes + +in the near future +for, pretty much, + +understanding the +Schrodinger equation. + +You would say this has been +done in the old days of quantum + +mechanics in the '20s and '30s. + +And of course, lots of +people have been recognized. + +But there are two aspects +of the Schrodinger equation, + +which hadn't been +understood or which + +have been understood +only recently. + +One is the aspect of +entanglement and error + +correction. + +Nobody until 10 or +20 years-- nobody + +until [INAUDIBLE] +and collaborators + +introduced error +correction would + +have thought that the quantum +system can [INAUDIBLE] here, + +but you can +reestablish coherence + +by what is called quantum +error corrections. + +[INAUDIBLE] properties of the +simplest wording or equation + +for just a few-- +well, [INAUDIBLE] + +it's for a few particles-- +which we are not known + +or even the expert in the +field would have fled and said, + +no, this is not possible. + +And another aspect of actually +single particle quantum + +physics, which has been fully +appreciated only recently + +is the question of [INAUDIBLE] +phase and topological phase. + +All the [INAUDIBLE] in +quantum metaphysics, + +which is also spilling over +to atomic physics of quantum + +[INAUDIBLE] +topologically insulate + +as an [INAUDIBLE] means that +there are non-trivial phases-- + +non-trivial symmetries in the +single particle Schrodinger + +equation. + +So it's just that +as a case in point + +that the single particle +Schrodinger equation a lot + +of people thought in +the '40s and '50s. + +That's it. + +There is nothing +else to do research. + +And now we when whole +new fields emerging + +exploiting new aspects of +the Schrodinger equation. + +Will there be something +else of the same caliber + +to be discovered? + +20 years ago, people +would've said no. + +And I just gave you two examples +of major new insight, which + +is has really changed our +understanding of quantum + +physics. + +A few years ago, I served +on a National Academy + +of Science committee trying to +do the impossible to predict + +the future of the field. + +But sometimes the National +Academy of Science + +is asked to give advice and try +to provide the best [INAUDIBLE] + +impossible but is exciting. + +Of course, we didn't +predict the future. + +But at least to the +extent possible, + +we summarized what are +the frontier areas where + +we see rapid +development and where + +it would be worth +investing further. + +And you will actually see that +a number of those frontier areas + +are where your research happens. + +One is the traditional area +of precision measurements. + +As long as atomic +physics exists, + +one of the specialty +of atomic physics is we + +can emphasize +measurements, atomic locks, + +and precision measurements of +fundamental concepts and all + +that. + +And that continues +until the present day. + +It was just two weeks ago +that there was a new nature + +paper on the really major +advance in atomic locks. + +[INAUDIBLE] clock has reached +the precision of 6 times 10 + +to the minus 18. + +It's amazing. + +We'll talk more about it. + +You really have to carefully +understand and measure + +small changes in the black-body +radiation because just + +the black-body radiation +creates frequency shifts, which + +would interfere with +their precision. + +An amazing accomplishment +for the field. + +So precision +measurements continue + +to be an important frontier. + +Of course, is there's always +the aspect of metrology, + +determine time frequency, +and other things + +with higher and +higher [INAUDIBLE]. + +But there are also applications. + +Just one example is +making atomically. + +Atomic physics methods +can be now used + +if you open at home +in an environment you + +can measure the magnetic field. + +So people are now talking +by using atoms or artificial + +atoms in the form of +[INAUDIBLE] senders + +to measure the magnetic field, +biological sounds, and all + +that. + +So measurement is +fundamental aspects + +but is also applied aspects. + +Well, other frontiers +are, of course, + +you can use support ultra cold. + +We've talked about +high intensity lasers. + +Ultra intense. + +Ultra short. + +Atomic physics is +more and more getting + +involved with nano materials. + +Materials with blue properties. + +Maybe materials with negative +index of the refrection, + +metamaterials or, in general +or plus [INAUDIBLE] materials. + +Nano materials can help +to shed light and explore + +new aspects of how light +interacts with matter. + +And of course, +the major frontier + +is the frontier of +quantum information. + +So given all this +excitement, you + +have many reasons to want +to learn more about it. + +And this course is definitely +a good starting point. + +Let me maybe tell +you a little bit + +what is the philosophy behind +the cost and what you will get. + +That means, of course, +at the same time + +what you will not get. + +This course is meant as an +systematic, basic introduction + +into AMO physics. + +It should really lead +the basic foundation + +that when you talk about +atoms to talk about light + +you are really an expert and you +can talk about it at the most + +profound level. + +So it's important here, and +this is the goal of this course, + +to provide enough knowledge +and enough foundation for that. + +So it's not a cause +where I just try + +to sample highlights +of the field + +and provide you with a +semi understanding of all + +this wonderful phenomena. + +I rather try to focus on +selective basic things + +but then also exciting things +but rather explain them + +thoroughly and teach you by +example than teaching you + +the big overview. + +The course, if I +want to characterize, + +is I would say it is +a conservative course. + +It's also, r in this +sense, traditional. + +One reason for that is MIT. + +The tradition we have at MIT. + +At MIT we have this +several generations + +of atomic physicists who +have shaped the field. + +And I learned atomic +physics as a postdoc + +from Dave Pritchard, who was +a graduate student of Dan + +Kleppner. + +Dan Kleppner was a graduate +student from Norman Ramsey. + +And Norman Ramsay was +a postdoc with I Rabi. + +And Rabi resonance is this +is [? reciprocating ?] + +of atomic physics. + +The resonance is sort +of what we will also + +focus on today and +in the first week. + +This is, sort of, the +most important concept + +in atomic physics +to really understand + +the nature of resonances +and all its implication. + +So I should say late in +my life-- I was already + +passed 30-- when I took +the first atomic physics + +class in my life, I took +it from Dave Pritchard. + +And I was really, +sort of, amazed + +about the course, which +had the traditional topics + +but provided a lot of insight. + +You can teach +traditional physics + +from the perspective of somebody +who does research today. + +So I want to give +you all connections. + +But at the same +time, I like a lot + +about the traditional approach. + +And some of it can be traced +back to Norman Ramsey. + +So eventually, over +the last years, + +I was the main person who has +shaped that on atomic physics + +course when I expanded it from +one semester to two semesters. + +But when I created +a lot of new topics, + +I always looked through Dan's +and Dave's notes and made + +sure the best of what they +taught, the best ideas they put + +the course, they still +survive until the present day. + +So this course is a +development and continuation + +of a longstanding tradition. + +I should say I +have been immensely + +enjoyed to co-teach the +course on a couple of occasion + +with [INAUDIBLE] +and [INAUDIBLE]. + +And [INAUDIBLE] has +made major contribution + +to the second part of the +course and [INAUDIBLE], + +especially to what +we will be discussing + +in the next few weeks. + +So what I think is unusual-- you +won't find it in many textbooks + +is that we start +out by discussing + +the phenomenon of resonance of +the [? harmonic ?] oscillator. + +And we will emphasize for +a while the classical part + +but then also, of course, +go to the [? creating ?] + +the mechanical aspects +of [INAUDIBLE]. + +Now I have to say +this [INAUDIBLE] + +between classical +and quantum mechanics + +is something I will emphasize +again and again in the course. + +I can guarantee you in this +course I will sometimes ask you + +interesting question, which +challenge your intuition. + +And you will most +likely recognize + +that often when your intuition +goes completely wrong + +it happens because +you believe too much + +or you over-interpret one +aspect of quantum physics. + +If I then tell you, but wait a +moment, now think classically. + +Push the classical +concept further. + +[INAUDIBLE] the electron +and the [INAUDIBLE] + +as an [? harmonic ?] oscillator. + +Regard lights [? catering ?] +as [INAUDIBLE] not of a kind + +of mechanical [INAUDIBLE] but +of a driven [? harmonic ?] + +oscillator. + +Suddenly, a lot of things which +come out of quantum mechanics + +make much more sense. + +So I've often seen when I had +a conflict in my understanding. + +And it's a [INAUDIBLE] +classical and [INAUDIBLE] + +mechanical explanation, +I've learned + +to trust much more +the [? semi ?] + +classical explanation. + +So that's why I feel it's +important to understand + +the classical aspects. + +And usually I would +also say understand + +the means to really +understand it's limits. + +And often I feel you can +understand the phenomenon only + +when you have a quantum +aspect, a classical aspect, + +and we know exactly where they +overlap and where they differ. + +So to see even quantum +mechanical objects occasionally + +from the classical perspective +provide [INAUDIBLE] insight. + +So therefore, I would +emphasize classical aspects. + +And for instance, +it may come for , + +many of who as a surprise and +you will see that next week + +that some aspects like the +generalized [INAUDIBLE] + +frequency, which you all or +many of you have seen for a two + +level system. + +We find it in +classical resonance. + +Just the classic [INAUDIBLE] of +[? motion ?] of a [? childes ?] + +[? core ?] has a generalized +[INAUDIBLE] frequency. + +And I do feel that +it is absolutely + +important for the understanding +of concepts that you know + +where do the concepts emerge? + +Where are they? + +Are they already there +in classical physics + +and [? survive ?] +in quantum physics? + +Or is it something new, which +is genuinely [INAUDIBLE]. + +So yes, I will teach a little +bit more classical physics + +in [INAUDIBLE] course. + +But because I've seen +within my own research + +experience that it's +healthy to shape + +the intuition for the +fuller understanding + +of the systems [INAUDIBLE] for. + +So residence is an over +arching [INAUDIBLE]. + +But then we have to +introduce our main players. + +The atoms come to stage. + +And we want to understand +the electronic structure, + +the [? fine ?], structure, +the hyperfine structure, + +you're going to +understand what happens in + +magnetic, electric, and +electromagnetic light fields. + +We want to understand +in a deep [? way ?] + +how do atoms interact +with radiation. + +This also leads us. + +There's a big difference. + +You would say, well, what's the +difference when atoms interact + +with microwave and atoms +interact with light. + +Well light or at high +frequency spontaneous emission + +becomes important. + +And then you have +an [INAUDIBLE]. + +You have an [INAUDIBLE], +which couples automatically + +to many, many states. + +So that's why radiation +is different from just + +electric and magnetic fields +because of the presence of all + +the vacuum modes, and +we'll talk a lot about it. + +There's one special aspect +about the cost, which + +I don't think I've seen in +textbooks in the same way. + +We are singling out +in a rather long unit + +the aspect of line shape. + +OK, we talk a lot +about an [INAUDIBLE]. + +But when you measure +the resonance, + +there is a line shape. + +And I found it +extremely insightful + +when I first saw Dave +[INAUDIBLE] doing it + +in his atomic physics +course to just talk + +about all aspects which +modify a resonance from a data + +function from a stick +diagram into a real shape. + +It can be +[? doppled ?] up water. + +It can be finite +lifetime [INAUDIBLE]. + +It can be an [INAUDIBLE] field. + +But there are lots of +interesting effects. + +And By discussing +them all together + +you gain major insight. + +So we discuss how +[INAUDIBLE] recoil, + +how the velocity of atoms +effect the line shape. + +And if you think you've +understood everything, + +I will talk to you about in a +very [? counter intunitie ?] + +aspect of line shapes +named the [INAUDIBLE]. + +If you put atoms +in the environment, + +you would say they collide. + +This should lead to +collision [INAUDIBLE]. + +But there is one aspect where +clinicians need to [INAUDIBLE]. + +And that's sort of a highlight +of this chapter which really + +sort of shows you how actually +all of those [INAUDIBLE] + +mechanisms are +somehow connected. + +Finally, and this puts us more +towards the end of the course, + +we want to understand what +happens when atoms interact not + +just with one photon +but several photons. + +And then we talk about +multiple photon processes. + +I should actually +say that I'm also + +emphasizing the multi +photon process a lot. + +I mean, often we just +simply do a transition + +between two levels. + +And there is a +operator that can be + +[INAUDIBLE] on a +[? two folder ?] operator, yes. + +But to understand the multi +photon aspect is important. + +And maybe to just give +you one aspect of it, + +when you think you do +one photon physics, + +often, you do two +photon physics. + +A lot of people think atoms +can absorb the photon. + +I've never seen +in my life an atom + +which has absorbed a photon. + +The photon is +immediately readmitted. + +It's a scattering event. + +An atom cannot absorb the photon +for good because the lifetime + +of the [? excited ?] +state is shot. + +So when you think absorption +is a similar [INAUDIBLE] event, + +there is a limitation +where, yes, you're + +allowed to think about it. + +But if you get confused +and it will confuse you, + +then you need the fact that +every absorption process + +is actually a two +photon process. + +Photon in and photon out. + +And sometimes by remembering +that it's not single photons, + +there are always two +photons involved, + +it helps you to avoid some +pitfalls of the similar photon + +picture. + +So therefore, multi photon, yes. + +It's not just high intensity +to photo transitions + +and atomic and such. + +It's also about the +deeper understanding. + +How does the single photon +interact with atoms? + +And finally, there +is something which + +has fascinated many physicists. + +The question about coherence. + +And coherence is as +fascinating as it is diverse + +because coherence can +have as many aspects + +and has many implications. + +And I also like a lot in +this traditional MIT cause + +that coherence is sort of +singled out as a chapter. + +And now I'll tell you about +all the different phases + +of coherence in +this chapter and not + +scattered throughout +the whole course. + +We have coherence +in single atoms. + +The simplest one is the +coherent superposition + +of two level, which is so +simple that it's almost boring. + +But there is an +enormous [? richness ?] + +when we put in a third letter. + +About 20 years ago, +an understanding + +of [? three level ?] +physics has really + +created a new +frontier in the field. + +Let me just tell you +[INAUDIBLE] words. + +Lasing without inversion. + +Electromagnetically +induced resonance. + +Those concepts happen due to +coherence between three levels. + +And we'll talk about that +towards the end of the course. + +Well we have coherence within +an atom between two different + +or three different +energy levels. + +But we can have also +coherence between the atoms. + +And at that point, the atoms +interact not individually. + +They act collectively. + +And of course, +coherence between atoms + +can be the coherence of +many atoms in a [INAUDIBLE] + +where they form one +big [INAUDIBLE]. + +But it can also +be the coherence. + +The atoms are not +coherent because they've + +[? formed the ?] [INAUDIBLE]. + +But they interact in a +coherent way with light. + +So there's only one aspect +where the atoms act coherently. + +They may be in different +quantum states. + +But the interaction with the +light is absolutely identical. + +And when it then comes +to optical properties + +of the system, the +light doesn't care + +if the atoms are different. + +The light only cares if +whether the atoms interact + +with the light in an +absolute identical way. + +And then you have certain +[? symmetries ?] of the light + +[INAUDIBLE]. + +And these coherence +between many atoms + +in the interaction +with light needs to-- I + +just give you the passwords. + +It's responsible for the +[? poses ?] of phase matching. + +Renew the crystal and +frequency [INAUDIBLE] + +you want all the atoms +to interact coherently. + +And it is also important +for the [? phenomenon ?] + +of super radiance. + +I found this +subject of coherence + +particularly fascinating. + +I should say it was the +subject of coherence where + +some maybe 10 years ago, I was +in a long lasting controversy + +with some colleagues +in my field. + +You know, they're +people like Phillips. + +When I met him, he's +one of the smartest + +[? genoatomic ?] physicist +and one of the fastest ones. + +And ideas just fly +back and forth. + +And there was only +one example where + +we disagreed over a +long period of time + +where he had good, +intuitive arguments, + +I had good intuitive arguments, +and we couldn't agree. + +And this was related +to the question when + +it came to warm +atom amplification. + +You know, some coherent +process, whether it + +is really necessary to +[INAUDIBLE] our [INAUDIBLE] + +or whether you can get away +with less, which is more + +the simple radiant way +where the atoms are + +different on different states +but they have an identical way + +to interact with light. + +And in the end, I could prove +that certain aspect which + +all people thought +in the field were + +due to the coherent nature +of atoms where sort of they + +were due to the fact that +these atoms can [INAUDIBLE] + +as an atom laser. + +It was just some form of +super radiance in disguise. + +So anyway, you will notice +some of my own interest + +in the chapter of +coherence when I teach it. + +So it's something which is +this face [? matching ?] + +and super radiance is +the physics of the '50s. + +But a deeper +understanding of it really + +developed when we had Bose +Einstein [? comments ?] + +and could put some of +those ideas to the test. + +So lets what you expect. + +Let's an overview +over the topics. + +The course will +have 26 lectures. + +And these are the +topics we cover. + +Do you have any questions +about the [INAUDIBLE] + +the structure of the course. + +There is something I'm going +to say about home-work. + +This semester [? Ike Shaman ?] +has teamed up with me. + +And as many of you know, +[? Ike ?] is one of the real + +drivers of MIT x, ED x, and +[? teach ?] [INAUDIBLE] learn + +at MIT. + +So he is now teaming +up with me and trying + +to put some of the +pieces online that you + +can have conceptional questions +where you can work on. + +And you will et +immediate feedback + +whether you're on the +right track or not. + +So this is a new +element, which we + +ant to introduce to the course. + +I still think there +are certain problems + +you have to just sit down +with a white piece of paper + +not knowing what +to write and start + +scribbling some creations. + +So we'll have +conventional problems. + +But you also want to +experiment to what [INAUDIBLE] + +possible to use elements +of new technology + +of [INAUDIBLE] course like that. + +I actually have +to say I regard it + +as a really very interesting +and Paul promising experiment + +to have some aspects of +teaching and learning + +in a graduate course. + +When MIT does MIT +x and, you know, + +broadcasting education +to the whole world, + +it's much easier +to think about what + +to do when you have +a basic introduction + +to classical physics +and yo [INAUDIBLE]. + +There is, sort of, a +standard curriculum. + +A lot of questions are simple. + +It's pretty +straightforward how you + +can have simple questions as +multiple choice questions. + +But this is different. + +This is really a [INAUDIBLE] +course in atomic physics. + +It's about deep and +profound understanding + +of complicated and +complex physics. + +I'm not sure to what +extent those complexity can + +be broken into smaller +elements, which + +can be put up as multiple +choice questions. + +Probably not. + +But on the other hand, +since MIT will never + +reach millions of people +with a graduate course + +in atomic physics, +the whole interest + +of going to the whole world +and reaching the whole world + +is [? absent. ?] + +And for me, I just want to +introduce this technology + +to increase the residential +experience for you students. + +So for instance, +videotaping, I'm + +not sure if these +videotapes will ever + +be shown to a +[INAUDIBLE] audience + +before we make them available. + +But the primary audience +maybe people like you + +who have a conflict +in attending a class + +and you want to check what +was presenting in class. + +I also have the idea that +this would be in the future. + +Once we have the +videotapes, maybe I + +can tell you look at the +video recording of the class. + +And instead of having +a lecture, we'll + +just have a +classroom discussion. + +So these are aspects +I want to experiment. + +But it's sort of exciting to see +how can new technology be used + +for a course, which is very, +very different from all + +the other courses, which +have been put online at MIT. + +Well then, as expected, +we have some 20 minutes + +to start with our first +topic, which is resonance. + +And resonance is what +describes the [INAUDIBLE] + +for two level systems. + +And also, and we +will touch upon this, + +resonances are the way hope +precision measurements are + +made. + +So what is a resonance? + +Well, we can first look at +the classical resonance. + +Well a resonance is something +where we have some variable + +and it varies periodically. + +So in other words, yes, +there is a variable, + +which an be anything. + +It can be the population +of quantum state. + +It can be an electric field. + +It can be the +position of an atom. + +It can be anything +you can think about + +and anything you can measure. + +And if this variable +the varies periodically, + +you have a resonance. + +Of course, the periodic +variation usually + +requires that you +drive the system. + +So you first drive it. + +And then the system oscillates. + +And this means now that when +you drive the system-- so this + +maybe a free oscillation. + +But now you drive the system +with a variable frequency. + +And what you then observe +is you observe a peak. + +So the phenomenon +of resonance is + +that you have something +which can periodically vary. + +And when you drive it, +you see peaked response + +when driven with a +variable frequency. + +Yep, this is pretty basic. + +And I don't want to +[INAUDIBLE] much more about it. + +But I can tell you we are +interested in atomic physics + +in every single possible +aspect of this resonance. + +The shape of the curve. + +How we can modify it. + +What happens when +we tie it strongly? + +When we tie it weakly? + +I mean, resonance is really the +language we talk atoms with. + +So but here I just want to give +a lighthearted introduction. + +The first thing we want +to add to the phenomenon + +that there is a resonance +at [? a certain ?] frequency + +is finite damping +that would mean, + +after the system is +driven, the oscillation + +does not last for an +infinite amount of time. + +And that implies that when +we drive the system and look + +at the response as a +function of frequency, + +it's there is a finite +[INAUDIBLE] [? delta ?] [? f ?] + +for the driven system. + +And as we will see in many ways, +the damping time in delta f + +are related by +[INAUDIBLE] transform. + +And we usually +characterize oscillators + +by the sharpness +of the resonance. + +And the sharpness +of the resonance + +is a ratio of the +beats of the resonance + +and the frequency of +the [? inverse ?] of it. + +So if you have an oscillator, +the kilohertz and the resonance + +is one hertz wide. + +We see the resonance +has a [? que ?]-- + +a quality factor of 1,000-- +and that means you can observe + +a thousand oscillations before +the oscillation decays away. + +So what is special about +atomic physics here? + +Why do I emphasize it in +the [? introduction ?] + +of an atomic physics course? + +Well, the system is +that in atomic physics + +we often have exquisitely +isolated system. + +An [? atomic ?] [INAUDIBLE] +vacuum chamber or systems, + +which are prepared with all of +the tools and the precision, + +which we have developed over +decades in atomic physics. + +And therefore, the result +is that in atomic physics + +our oscillators +are characterized + +by an extremely high +quality factor [? Que. ?] + +And let me give you an example. + +If we look at an +optical excitation, + +the-- maybe let me point out +[? it's ?] something you all + +should try when you take a +class in atomic physics and even + +[INAUDIBLE] in atomic +physics that you have + +a few numbers in your +mind which match. + +So you know, every single +person in this room + +should know what is +the frequency of light. + +How many [? hertz ?] is-- what +is the frequency of a laser? + +The number I usually use for +those estimates is 10 to 15 + +[? hertz ?]. + +Who knows what +wavelengths this laser-- + +10 to the 15 [? hertz ?]-- is? + +Well I view some visible light. + +But the speed of light +is 3 times 10 to the 10. + +So therefore, if I just use +the power 10 to the 15 hertz, + +it has to be 300 [INAUDIBLE]. + +OK, so never forget that +for the rest of your life. + +300 nanometer is +10 to the 15 hertz. + +That means that most +of us who are working + +with [INAUDIBLE], which is 600 +nanometer or 800 nanometer, + +the frequency is more 5 times +10 to the [? 40 ?] or 3 times 10 + +to the [? 40 ?]. + +But just as a ballpark +number, 10 to the 15 hertz + +is 300 nanometer. + +OK, so if we have an +optical excitation + +and many atoms have +that, what is the Q? + +What is the quality +factor of this resonance? + +Well when you stabilize you +laser to a vapor cell and you + +look at the resonance, then you +observe in a vapor cell that + +you have room temperature +Doppler [INAUDIBLE]-- + +we'll talk about Doppler +[INAUDIBLE] later in this + +course-- that usually +corresponds to a frequency + +on the order of a gigahertz. + +And that means that your quality +factor is on the order of 10 + +to the 6 a [? million ?]. + +That's pretty good. + +A million oscillation. + +That's a very pure oscillator. + +But of course, you can do much +better if you do Doppler free + +spectroscopy. + +[? Either ?] by having +the atomic [INAUDIBLE], + +which is intersected +at the right angle. + +Or even better, put the atoms +in an optical [? lettuce. ?] And + +this is what people are +now doing with the optical + +[? lettuce ?] clocks that +they put an atom in optical + +[? lettuce ?] where the Doppler +[INAUDIBLE] is completely + +eliminated. + +If you take a metastable +level, the lifetime + +of the exciting state +is, maybe, one second. + +And [INAUDIBLE] and other atoms +have those metastable labels. + +Then you can actually +get [? aligned ?] with, + +which is one hertz. + +And the Q factor is on +the order of 10 to the 15. + +I will show you a graphic +example of such an experiment + +in one hertz line [INAUDIBLE] +of an optical transition + +for an optical clock experiment +in the next class on Monday + +when I want to discuss +other aspects of it. + +But this is one of the +worlds best oscillator + +you can imagine. + +10 to the 15. + +It's a mind boggling number. + +Well it's clear why +clocks have gone atomic. + +Mechanical systems +are actually not bad + +but, of course, +not nearly as good. + +If you take quartz +oscillator, well you + +can build pretty good clocks +out of quartz oscillators. + +You have quality +factors which vary + +between a few thousands +and a million. + +The best values are +reached at low temperature. + +And actually, even in the +event of atomic clocks, + +quartz oscillators or sapphire +oscillators still play a roll + +because you need, sort of, +[? fly ?] [? wheels. ?] + +In atomic clock you may +[INAUDIBLE] only every + +[? Ramsey ?] spectroscopy. + +You know, every tens of +seconds you get a signal. + +And in between you +need a fly wheel. + +And then clocks, which +have a very high signal + +to an [INAUDIBLE] station +but not the [INAUDIBLE] + +have you to [? interpret ?] +the premeasurements. + +We see actually a [INAUDIBLE] +source of mechanical systems + +in the form of +micro-mechanical oscillators. + +It was only achieved in +the last 2 or 3 years + +that micro mechanical +oscillators could + +be cool to the +actual ground state. + +And there's a lot of +interest of coupling + +the emotion of the +mechanical oscillator + +to an atomic oscillator because +they have different properties + +and for parental computation +and other explorations + +of [? filbert ?] space you want +to have different oscillators. + +And, you know, combine the +best of the properties. + +So therefore, there +is a real [INAUDIBLE] + +in mechanical oscillators. + +And those micro-mechanical +mechanical oscillators + +have often quality +factors of 10 to the 5. + +Here, I want to show you +a picture of [INAUDIBLE]. + +A nice one. + +Yeah, this is a micro +fabricated device. + +It looks like a little mushroom. + +And what happens is this +mushroom type structure + +can confine light, which +travels around the parameter + +as a so-called +whispering gallery mode. + +It's similar to an +acoustic mode, which + +can travel in the dome of +a [? beak ?] cathedral. + +That's how it was discovered. + +It's an amazing effect. + +I wish somebody would +demonstrate it to me. + +But if you go to one of +the ancient cathedrals + +and you're in a dome, somebody +can talk in one direction, + +the sound can travel +around, and you can hear it. + +There's a guided +special mode, which + +can travel around the +parameter of the dome. + +And here in the +microscopic domain, + +it's light, which is confined +in such [? and resonator ?]. + +So this is resonator for +whispering gallery mode. + +And that can have a Q on +the order of a billion. + +So the idea here +is that you have + +either one of those +mushrooms or a glass sphere + +and the light can, +sort of, travel around. + +And this is the +characteristics of this mode. + +Well you can go from +a tiny glass sphere + +to astronomical dimensions. + +And you also find oscillators. + +And the Q of those +oscillators is not really bad. + +How good is the Q of the +rotation of the earth? + +It fulfills all of +our requirements + +for resonance and oscillator. + +It's a [? parodic ?] phenomenon. + +[INAUDIBLE] + +The Earth rotates around +the sun once a year. + +And the question is +how stable is it. + +Well the number is 10 to the 7. + +It has a Q of 10 to the 7. + +So the precision of the rotation +of the earth is better than + +[? one part ?] +[? in a million ?]. + +You can also look at the +rotation of [? neutron ?] star. + +If those [? neutron ?] star emit +flashes of X-rays [INAUDIBLE] + +[? pulses ?] and you can measure +the rotation [? of neutron ?] + +stars, those neutron stars +have a quality factor of 10 + +to the 10. + +And of course, if +[INAUDIBLE] says, + +if a resonance has a +high quality factor, + +it can be used for +quality research. + +Then everywhere the line +is the more sensitive + +you are to tiny little changes. + +And you probably know this +[INAUDIBLE] with a Q of 10 + +to the 10, well, has been +used for the first, also + +indirect, observation +of computation waves. + +The [INAUDIBLE] rotates with +a very precise frequency. + +And you can measure it with +one part of 10 to the 10. + +And people have seen +that, over the years, + +the frequency of +rotation became smaller. + +And you can figure out that +it becomes smaller by just one + +[INAUDIBLE] 10 to the 10 +because you're at this position. + +And what happens is when +the [INAUDIBLE] rotates-- + +when a neutron star +rotates-- [? it admits ?] + +[? computational ?] waves. + +And the computational +wave is energy, + +which is taking away from the +kinetic energy of the rotation. + +And therefore, the +pulses slows down. + +So having an oscillator +with such a high Q + +has an allowed researchers +to find a small effect + +in the damping of this +oscillator, which in this case + +were [? computation ?] waves. + +Of course, the story +I will tell you + +is about very small changes +of atomic oscillators, + +which led to the discovery +of the Lamb shift + +and to quantum electrodynamics. + +But the story is the same. + +A high quality oscillator +is the tool for discovery. + +OK, so we've talked +about resonances. + +Of course, there are +resonances which are useful + +and others which +are less useful. + +By useful we mean +they're reproducible. + +We can really make a +measurement and [INAUDIBLE] + +and do it again. + +And that's not enough +[? for ?] being useful. + +You also want to learn +something about it. + +So usually, we got +resonances as useful + +when they are connected +by a theory to something + +we are interested in. + +It can either be +fundamentally constance + +or let [? me say ?] other +parameters of interest. + +If you want to measure the +magnetic field with very high + +precision and you look +at atomic resonance, + +it's only useful then +[? to the ?] theory, + +which tells you how chief +[? or the ?] [? broadening ?] + +of the resonance is +related to magnetic fields. + +And this is, again, a +specialty of AMO physics. + +We have plenty of +resonances, which + +are useful by those standards. + +And if you compare to +[? astrophysical ?] + +oscillators, or +quartz oscillators, + +or [? fabricated ?] +oscillators, in atomic physics, + +we have the great advantage +that atoms are identical. + +We know when you measure the +concision atomic hydrogen + +in Japan and Europe and +in the United States, + +the [? venue ?] +has to be the same. + +For other oscillators, +you often don't note It. + +[? So ?] [? the ?] +[? showcase ?] of atomic + +physics is the +[? root back ?] constant, + +which is the best known-- +the most accurately known-- + +constant in all of physics. + +And the reason is because +it can be directly measured + +by performing +spectroscopy and hydrogen + +with highly +[? stipulised ?] lasers. + +OK, of course, the +question is who's + +interested in all +those [? teachings ?]? + +Why do you want to spend +all of your PH.D or half + +of your life measuring your +[INAUDIBLE] constant to, maybe, + +10 times more precision? + +Well it depends. + +It's maybe not +something for everybody. + +But there are some +connoisseurs who + +think that every +[INAUDIBLE] has provided + +new inside into nature. + +And let me just give +you one example. + +If you measure the [INAUDIBLE] +constant very precisely, + +you can now-- and +this has become + +the frontier of our +field-- ask the question, + +is their change with time +a fundamental constance? + +So when you measure the +[INAUDIBLE] constant today + +with 10 to the +minus 15 precision + +and measure it +again in a year, who + +is guaranteeing to you that you +will measure the same value. + +So with the precision +which I've just + +given to you in this measurement +of the [INAUDIBLE] constant, + +people are now able to say +whether the [INAUDIBLE] + +constant has changed 10 +to the minus 15 per year. + +Of course of know, the +age of the universe + +is 14 billion years. + +That's about 10 to the 10 years. + +So even the worst case is +that if you would go back + +to the beginning of the universe +and the [INAUDIBLE] constant + +would change to 10 +the minus 15 per year, + +it would've changed +by 10 to the minus 5 + +over the age of the universe. + +But this would be climatic +because the connection shows + +that life would +not have developed. + +The whole organic chemistry +would have been different + +if some fundamental +constant of nature + +had been different by one +[INAUDIBLE] to the minus 6, 7, + +or 8. + +So [? there are very ?] +extremely stringent + +limits how much +fundamental constant + +could have changed through +the evolution of life + +because life would +not have been the same + +if fundamental +constant had changed. + +The question, of +course, is should + +those fundamental +constant change. + +Well the answer +is we don't know. + +But there is a whole research +area in [? string ?] theory + +where they say that +our universe is, + +sort of, just one of many +possible [? minima ?] + +in a multi-dimensional space. + +And it's actually dynamic +[? minimal ?] [INAUDIBLE] + +changes the function of time. + +So there are people who +wouldn't be surprised + +if the world is not +the same in the future + +as it is right now +because the universe + +or whatever defines fundamental +constants is changing + +as a function of time. + +So the question is will +it be during your lifetime + +or will it even +be during, maybe, + +your PH.D when one +researcher says you know + +have an [INAUDIBLE]. + +And we find out that, yes, we +measure fundamental constant + +using the most +accurate atomic clock. + +And a year later, you +have measured something + +that's just a tiny bit but +significantly different. + +The second aspect why you +should always measure things + +as accurately as +possible and this + +is, sort of the, tradition +[? of our ?] field. + +If you can measure +something very accurately, + +do it because, yes, +there maybe surprising. + +And for instance, when people +looked at the [INAUDIBLE] + +with higher precision, they +found [? what we ?] talk + +about when we talk about +atoms in the magnetic field + +when people looked at the +anomalies [INAUDIBLE] effect, + +the discovery of that +is what nobody expected. + +That particles +electron has a spin. + +Or when people saw a tiny +shift in the spectrum + +of atomic hydrogen, it was +1,000 megahertz splitting. + +It was [? the Lamb ?] shift. + +This was the discovery of +quantum electrodynamics. + +And we know that precision +always becomes a tool. + +A tool to control atomic systems +control quantum mechanics + +with more precision. + +For instance, if you +can completely, sort + +of, hyper [INAUDIBLE] +structure, you + +can prepare atoms in a certain +hyper [INAUDIBLE] state. + +If you don't have the +resolution, you can't do that. + +OK so we're now going to talk. + +Go back to the resonance. + +When we look at +typical resonance, + +we have a frequency omega. + +A resonance frequency +omega [? 0 ?]. + +And we measure line +with [? delta ?] omega. + +In many cases, we will +discuss in great detail + +the line shape is a [INAUDIBLE]. + +And the [INAUDIBLE] is the +imaginary part of the 1 over 6 + +function. + +Omega 0 minus omega. + +And then there is +this parameter gamma. + +Gamma, which appears +in the [INAUDIBLE], + +is identical to +the [? full bits ?] + +at half maximum. + +And the Q factor +of a [INAUDIBLE] + +is omega 0 over gamma. + +Let me finish a few more minutes +with a short note about-- we've + +talked about resonances. + +I've talked about now the +two important parameters. + +The resonance frequency +and the full [INAUDIBLE] + +set half maximum. + +How do we measure those? + +And there is actually +sometimes a confusion. + +The more systematic +approach is you + +should measure all those +frequency and line [INAUDIBLE] + +in angular frequency +units, which + +are technically +radian per second. + +2 pi per second. + +But since radian +has more dimension, + +you sometimes say we measure +it in inverse seconds. + +So this is the measurement +angular frequencies. + +And this is different from +the unit of frequencies. + +When we have a frequency, which +is an angular frequency divided + +by 2 pi, frequencies are +usually measured in hertz. + +The problem is that a hertz is +always also 1 over a second. + +And this is where +the confusion comes. + +So then you just point out how +you can avoid the confusion. + +You may right an angular +frequency or maybe a 0. + +It is 2 pie times 1 megahertz. + +Then you exactly +know what it is. + +Of course, this is nothing +else than six times 6.28 times + +10 to the 6 second +to the minus 1. + +But you should never +say that omega 0 is + +6.8 times 10 to the 6 +hertz because then people + +don't really know +and you get confused + +and you confuse other +people if you really + +mean that this has a +frequency of 6 times + +into the 6 hertz on +angular frequency. + +So just be clean in your +thinking and your homework + +and all that that +a frequency when + +you mean angular frequency +is 1 over second, + +when you mean it as a +frequency, it's hertz, + +and this is often the +clearest form to say, + +yes, I know where to put the two +pie and I put it in explicitly. + +So we often in our papers +report frequencies like that. + +Finally, there is the +question about gamma. + +So what are the units for gamma? + +Well if you look at the +exponential which decays, + +it has e to the minus i omega t. + +And then it has the +imaginary part, gamma t. + +So gamma is really +a temporal decay. + +And there is no question +about frequency and angular + +frequency. + +It's not a frequency. + +It's not an angular frequency. + +It's a decay of it. + +So for instance, if gamma +is 10 to the 4 per second, + +you should never say gamma +is 10 to the 4 hertz. + +Or you should also +never say gamma + +is 2 pi times 1.66 kilohertz. + +That just doesn't +make any sense. + +Gamma is really +at a damping rate. + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. + +PROFESSOR: Yes? + +I need one more minute. + +AUDIENCE: OK. + +PROFESSOR: And is there +for an inverse time. + +The damping time +associated with this camera + +is simply the inverse of it and +in the case chosen its hundred + +microsecond. + +So just keep that in mind. + +Time is over. + +Any questions? + +OK, great. + +We meet again same place, +same time, on Monday. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/j7EBObU5Tjk.txt b/j7EBObU5Tjk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78d4c525a2fa0d91e16fdcc3e98eec3dbeba214a --- /dev/null +++ b/j7EBObU5Tjk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2937 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high-quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +MIT OpenCourseWare at + +ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: All right. + +It's 11:05. + +OK, let's get started. + +Last day we talked about +protein structure. + +We talked about composition, +which is the primary structure + +of proteins, and that's the +instant R group sequence, as + +you go down the backbone. + +The secondary structure proteins +is all about packing, + +and we saw that there were three +different structures, + +the alpha helix, the +beta pleated sheet, + +and the random coil. + +And the gambit here is to +maximize hydrogen bonding. + +And why you choose alpha, beta, +or random coil depends + +upon the instant R group +sequence, which is why in some + +instances, you can't +form the coil. + +Because the R groups +won't allow it. + +And then lastly, we talked about +tertiary structure, and + +that's conformation, and that +talks about our group + +interactions, and ultimately +explains protein folding. + +Today I want to talk about +denaturing of proteins, which + +is disruption of secondary +and tertiary structures. + +But before we do so, I +wanted to show you. + +I found another movie reference +to chemistry. + +This comes from 1957, +and the movie + +is called Silk Stockings. + +It's based on an old +Cole Porter play. + +And this stars Cyd Charisse +and Fred Astaire, who were + +both fantastic dancers. + +And I want you to see +in this film clip + +how she carries herself. + +And she actually sings this. + +She didn't have somebody +dub it over. + +So the singing is OK. + +It's not great, but you've +got to see her posture. + +She's so graceful. + +And Fred Astaire is a terrific +dancer, but he doesn't dance + +in this sequence. + +And last thing you need to +know here is, this is set + +during the Cold War. + +So she's playing Ninotchka +Yoschenka, a good Ukrainian + +name, and she's a Soviet +representative. + +And she's fighting with +Fred Astaire, who + +is an American agent. + +And they're talking about the +differences between the Soviet + +and the American systems. So +that's the background. + +It's 1957. + +I guess we better get +some volume up here + +so we can hear it. + +And she will explain to you-- +and remember, just + +parenthetically, that my +particular interest in + +chemistry is, of course, +electrochemistry, which is the + +highest form of chemistry. + +Now she'll explain it to you. + +[BEGIN FILM PLAYBACK] + +-If you studied, Kamachev, +you would know what + +I am talking about. + +-Who's Kamachev? + +-He was one of our greatest +scientists. + +He has proved beyond any +question that physical + +attraction is purely +electrochemical. + +-You don't say. + +-Kamachev has proven it! + +-For 30 years, he worked. + +-I happen to have worked on the +same subject for about the + +same amount of time, and I have +very good reasons for + +believing otherwise. + +-Facts are facts + +[SINGING] + +-When the electromagnetic +of the he-male meets the + +electromagnetic of the female, +if right away, she should say, + +this is the male, it's a +chemical reaction, that's all. + +And though you Fascists may +answer with kisses, the same + +applies when your Mr. And Mrs. +Hey-diddle-diddle with + +middle-class kisses, it's a +chemical reaction, that's all. + +Say in love, with you, I fall. + +And in love, with me, +you also fall. + +Though the uninstructed faction +calls it mutual + +attraction, it's a chemical +reaction, that's all. + +[END SINGING] + +-You don't believe +in Kamachev? + +-No, ma'am. + +[END FILM PLAYBACK] + +PROFESSOR: See the posture? + +It's just unbelievable. + +Fantastic. + +OK. + +So let's talk about denaturing +of proteins. + +So we want to talk about how +we can alter the structure. + +And we do so by invasive +means. + +So let's get to the +next slide. + +So here's the tertiary +structure, and I + +can point to that. + +The first thing I wanted to draw +attention to, is we can + +disrupt that structure by +change in temperature. + +So temperature is the first +agent that we can use in + +disrupting, or denaturing, +protein. + +And the whole idea here +is to break bonds. + +But we're only going to break +secondary or tertiary bonds. + +We're not going to do anything +to the backbone. + +And a good example is what +happens when we fry an egg. + +The egg has protein in it. + +One of them is ovalbumin. + +It's about 90% water, +about 10% protein. + +And its native state, its +natural state, conformation is + +a tight ball. + +And the diameter of that ball is +small enough that uncooked + +egg is transparent +to visible light. + +Egg white is transparent to +visible light in its natural + +form, but when we heat beyond +the denaturing temperature, + +that changes the bonds in +here, and it unpacks. + +And when it unpacks, +two things happen. + +First of all, the length scale +changes to be great enough + +that it scatters light. + +So now the egg white +appears white. + +And secondly, those various +chains entangle, and that + +gives it its rubbery +character. + +So all of that is happening as +a result of the increase in + +temperature. + +So second way that we can +operate, is to change pH. + +And what that does, is it +changes hydrogen bonding and + +electrostatic interactions. + +Now I draw your attention +to zone two here. + +In zone two, imagine if we take +that proverbial drink of + +cola, and now the pH in here +goes way, way down. + +You can see this N has got a +hydrogen bond over to here. + +Now, if there's a proton excess, +the proton can cap, + +because this is a proton +attachment site. + +If the proton caps this +carboxyl, then this hydrogen + +bond is broken, and now +this thing can unfurl. + +Over here, you see, this is an +electrostatic attraction. + +Again, the carboxyl could be +kept by a proton, and now the + +plus minus electrostatic +attraction is lost. So by + +change of pH, we could denature +what we see here. + +So there's a good example. + +And in fact, I think +we do this. + +We pickle our foods. + +And then this one I have, +because of my interest in high + +temperature electrochemical +processing of metals, I've + +been to Norway many times. + +And this is a food that they +will never let me eat, because + +they're afraid if I ever +taste this, I'll + +never return to Norway. + +But this is lutefisk, which +literally means lye fish. + +And lye has high pH. + +And this is an example of +denaturing protein by going to + +very, very high pH. + +And then you soak it and draw +back out and so on. + +So there's a good +example of food. + +Now the third one I want to +talk about is oxidizing + +reducing agents to denature +proteins. + +And what they do, they can +either create or destroy the + +sulfide linkages, the +sulfur-sulfur linkages. + +So for example, you see at +position number one. + +Position number one, we +can use oxidizing + +and reducing agents. + +And a good example, that +comes from hair. + +So first of all, I want +to talk to you. + +Hair is protein. + +And this first example is just, +how protein can, one + +strand can bond to the other +by hydrogen bonding. + +So up here you have one strand +and a second strand, and there + +are hydrogen bonds +in your hair. + +Now, what you do when you want +to change your hair by blow + +drying is first you +wet the hair. + +And the water goes in and +interrupts these hydrogen + +bonds between strands. + +So now each of these cross-links +that want to form + +instead terminate with +a water molecule. + +And now with the water +molecules, now you can move + +the hair one strand versus the +other, hold it in place, blow + +dry, get rid of the water, and +form new hydrogen bonds. + +So what, on the basis of what +I've just told you, how can + +you account for a +bad hair day? + +What is a bad hair day? + +A bad hair day is a day in +which it's rather humid. + +And so water can get in from the +atmosphere and interrupt + +these bonds, and then the hair +will relax, and go back to a + +native state that is unfavorable +vis-a-vis what you + +tried to achieve with the blow +dryer in the mirror. + +So you want to combat this. + +So what do you do? + +Well, you bring out +covalent bonds. + +So here's two strains of hair, +and there are disulfide + +linkages between the +strands of hair. + +So now with a reducing agent, +reducing agent is going to be + +a proton donor. + +And can you see, these disulfide +linkages are capped + +with hydrogen, and now +they're terminated. + +And so now the two strands of +hair are free to move relative + +to one another. + +And now when you're at the +beauty parlor or the + +hairdresser, now you can take +this hair, for example, and + +wrap it around-- + +what do you call this thing? + +It's a mandrel in the +metallurgical word. + +What do you call this thing? + +Curling iron or something? + +Yeah. + +OK. + +So here you are. + +You wrap this around-- + +I know what it does. + +I don't know the terms, +all right. + +So now you see, we've got the +hair now wrapped around in + +this fashion, and now we +use an oxidizing agent. + +The oxidizing agent +is peroxide here. + +You know the derogatory +term, peroxide blonde. + +There it is, right here. + +So the peroxide goes +in, and now it + +removes these hydrogens. + +The peroxide takes the hydrogens +away and reforms the + +disulfide linkages, but +now the hair is + +in this curled state. + +You know, you might +have the opposite. + +Maybe in your native state, your +hair, because of the way + +the R groups are formed along +the length of your hair, you + +know, it's always, the ones with +the curly hair want the + +straight hair, the ones with +the straight hair want the + +curly hair. + +And so, you know, maybe you +could be running this sequence + +in reverse. + +But in this case, somebody +obviously wants curly hair. + +Now they form the disulfide +linkages. + +So this is the object, +here, of denaturing. + +So now when we go over to here, +we have a disulfide + +linkage, which is forcing +this run of the random + +coil to stay straight. + +But if we get, in this case, the +oxidizing, the reducing, + +and what will happen is that +we will break this. + +So the reducing agents will +destroy disulfide linkages, + +and the oxidizing agents will +create disulfide linkages, and + +thereby we can distort the +natural form of the protein. + +And here's a fourth example. + +There are many others, but I'll +just give you four here. + +In the fourth one, we +can use detergents. + +And last day, I showed +you the example of + +how to do your laundry. + +And so you've got this long +aliphatic tail and the + +hydrophobic head, and you can +imagine if you take such + +species and you've got this +hydrophobic pocket, the + +species will operate in such a +way as to pull these non-polar + +entities out, and +then destabilize + +this hydrophobic pocket. + +So depending on what the nature +is of the protein, + +these various chemical and +thermal actions can lead to + +denaturing. + +So this destabilizes hydrophobic +pockets. + +All right. + +So that's pretty good. + +All right. + +Well, I think this is where I +want to leave it with the + +treatment of proteins. + +And I want to move on to +a second biomolecule, + +and that's the lipid. + +We'll say a few words +about lipids. + +Lipids are not classified +on the basis of their + +composition, but rather +by their properties. + +So they are defined +their properties, + +which is kind of unusual. + +Normally we define things in +terms of their chemical + +compositions. + +And in particular, they're +soluble in + +solvents of low polarity. + +Some of the books say nonpolar +solvents, but even something + +that's polar but only mildly so +will work, in solvents of + +low polarity. + +So that's the example. + +They're insoluble in water, +they're oily to the touch. + +And this includes things +like fats, oils, + +these are all lipids. + +Cholesterol, hormones. + +These are all members +of the lipid class. + +And so let's look at +some examples. + +We've got some slides. + +So if you start over here with +the glycerol, this is a + +trialcohol. + +And you can see the OH. + +We're going to drop the H's, and +we're going to put these + +long aliphatic chains on. + +There's 14 carbons here, +plus the two, so + +it's 16 carbons long. + +And this also is seven +plus seven, and + +then the two carbons. + +And the difference here is that +in this case, it's all + +straight chain. + +In this case, we go for seven, +then we put in a double bond. + +And by doing so, when we get +to the double bond, that + +forces everything to go into +planar 120 degree arrangement. + +So you go for seven however +you want, and then there's + +this rigid 120 degree placement, +and then you go for + +seven however you want. + +Well, clearly, the one in the +middle is going to pack better + +than the one on the left. + +And so even though they have +seemingly the same chemical + +composition, the one in +the middle is a solid. + +It's a fat. + +The one on the right is a +liquid, because it doesn't + +pack well enough. + +The bonds aren't +strong enough. + +So these are both examples. + +And this is called +a palmitic acid. + +And you can see here +oxygen acting as a + +bridge, as an ester. + +So oxygen, over and over again, +acting in this way to + +give us the ability to make +these other longer structures. + +Now we can replace that oxygen +bridge with a dibridge. + +So instead of having just an +oxygen here, we're going to + +put a phosphate. + +So with the phosphate, we've got +a phosphodiester linkage. + +There's one ester, there's +a second ester. + +And why we doing this? + +Because nature wants to +get the spacing right. + +And remember what I just said, +because by the end, you're + +going to see that spacing +is everything. + +So we can use this, and we can +even lose that oxygen, and put + +something else here. + +So here's a-- + +I'm not expecting you to +know these by heart. + +I would give you the structure +and tell you what it is, tell + +you its name, and then we +can go on from here. + +So what do you see here? + +Well, this is called +a phosphatide. + +And this one is a +phosphatidylethanolamine, + +because there's the +amine here. + +And look at this thing. + +Well, you've got a +phosphate in the + +center that's the bridge. + +This is the glycerol, +the three carbons. + +In its most primitive +form, we could just + +have hydroxyls here. + +This is the fatty acid +off the one end. + +Long chains here, +not to scale. + +So these things should be +way, way over to here. + +And over here, we have +an ethanol amine. + +But look more closely. + +Well, this is a hydrophilic +head, this is + +twin hydrophobic tails. + +Look, this is just +hydrocarbon. + +It's not soluble in water. + +So now you've got this +amphipathic molecule. + +It looks like a detergent, +doesn't it? + +This long, hydrophobic tail +could stab the grease, and + +this hydrophilic head can +bond to the water. + +And now if we shake things up, +we'll release the grease + +that's binding the soil +to your T-shirt. + +Got the phosphate bridge here, +and look even more closely. + +There's a minus, and +there's a plus! + +This is zitterionic, on top +of everything else. + +So this can function as +a zwitterion, too. + +And everything we learned about +zwitterionic chemistry + +and buffering, this +thing can do. + +That's cool. + +All right. + +So now I want to show what +happens when I take a whole + +bunch of those. + +All right? + +So let's go back. + +I want to keep this one up, and +I want to want to do is + +take a whole bunch of those, +and show how lipids can + +actually operate in order +to build complex + +structures for us. + +So what I'm going to +do, is I want to + +represent that molecule. + +So here's the hydrophilic +head. + +That's the amine, right? + +And then we've got twin +hydrophobic tails. + +And that's your carbon +sp3 chains. + +And I don't want to write +that so much. + +So I'm just going to simplify +that as simply hydrophilic + +head and hydrophobic +twin tails. + +So this now represents +the twin tails. + +Now if I put a whole bunch +of these in water, + +what's going to happen? + +First of all, this +is hydrophilic. + +And what if I were to just +pour this into a beaker? + +What do you think would happen +if I introduced this into a + +beaker of water? + +Well, this is hydrophobic, +this is hydrophilic. + +Can you imagine that they +would all sort of + +line up like this? + +We're trying to stick +the hydrophobic + +tails up into the air. + +Because they don't want +to be down in here. + +This is hydrophobic. + +Doesn't want to be here. + +So now suppose I put a whole +bunch of these in water. + +More than four, right? + +With only four, that's +the best can do. + +What if I put some molar? + +So then what it does, is +it forms a pocket. + +It's going to do this. + +All the heads are going to find +each other, and all of + +the tails are going to +find each other. + +Because now they're going to +form a hydrophobic pocket. + +So they'll do it this way, +because they can-- can you see + +how the heads can sort of make +a wall against the water? + +And you go on and on and on, not +to scale, and then finally + +you have some end +effects here. + +So what have I formed here? + +I've got something, first of +all, I've got a lipid layer + +here, and a lipid layer here. + +So together, I have +a lipid bilayer. + +In here, there's a pocket. + +And now, what I can do with +this whole thing, is I can + +build a cell wall with this. + +I've got a cell wall. + +I've got an outside +and an inside. + +So what happens is, when we put +all these things together, + +because of the clustering +of the hydrophobic and + +hydrophilic, we say this thing +is endowed with the property + +of self-assembly. + +Very hot topic in material +science. + +And that leads to cellular +structure, and I think we've + +got a nice cartoon here. + +So this is taken from +one of the readings. + +So you can see this with +the plurality of these. + +They're actually showing +the twin tails. + +Now, this was taken +from another text. + +I like this one, because it +shows the hydrophilic top, + +hydrophilic bottom, and the +hydrophobic interior. + +And then this thing is called +an integral protein. + +Why? + +Because it's integrated +into the cell wall. + +And let's think about this +protein for a second. + +What must be the nature of the +R groups in this vicinity of + +the protein, that it +sits where it does? + +The R groups around here must +be dominantly hydrophilic, + +otherwise it would get dumped +out of that zone. + +And in here, it must be +dominantly hydrophobic, so + +that it feels at home with all +of these hydrophobic tails. + +And over here, it must +be hydrophilic. + +Now imagine what happens. + +I'm going to go back to that +drink of Coca Cola. + +Forgive me, no brand names. + +Cola. + +And now the this zone here gets +flooded with protons, + +because the pH is dropping. + +So that could cause +conformational changes, + +because pH changes the +conformation of the protein, + +and it could cause this +thing to change shape. + +It could unfold, or it might +unfold in such a way as to + +open a channel down +the center here. + +And so in response to a change +in pH here, we open up a + +channel, which means this is +acting as a chemical gate. + +This is how things +are animated! + +It responds. + +And then once the proton +concentration has been + +depleted and you're back to a +more neutral pH, then this + +thing changes back to its +old confirmation, + +and the gate closes. + +It's that simple! + +The secondary bonding +explains animation. + +That's what's happening. + +And there's one other +cool thing. + +Look at this. + +If they all have the +same head, They're + +going to close pack! + +It's fantastic. + +Everything. + +Everything you need to +know, 3.091 here. + +All right. + +So what is the key +to animation? + +The key to animation +is self-assembly. + +And why do we have +self-assembly? + +Because we have these molecules +with the hydrophilic + +head and the hydrophobic tail. + +These molecules are called +amphipathic. + +OK. + +So this has hydrophobic and +hydrophilic components. + +So if you take amphipathy, you +end up with self-assembly. + +That's the key. + +All right, good. + +All right. + +I think that's all I want +to say about lipids. + +That's all you need to know +about lipids, is lipids will + +give you cellular structure. + +Now we've got a little bit of +time left, and we're going to + +talk about nucleic acids. + +So what do I want to say +about nucleic acids? + +Nucleic acids carry +information. + +They carry information that +directs metabolic activity, + +including replication. + +And something can be animated, +but it doesn't count as a life + +form unless it replicates. + +That's the characteristic of +life forms. So nucleic acids + +carry information that directs +metabolic activity, including + +replication. + +So these are macromolecules. + +Not polymers, but +macromolecules. + +We'll take a look in a moment +at their structure. + +They're macromolecules, and the +basic structural unit is + +called a nucleotide. + +And it's got three +building blocks. + +Every nucleotide has three +building blocks. + +See, what we're doing right +now, is we're really tying + +together all of that chemistry +you've been learning the + +entire semester. + +And it's fun to see it +actually go to use. + +So what are the three +building blocks? + +Every nucleotide has a sugar. + +And we didn't study +carbohydrates, but I'll just + +show you the structure +the sugar. + +It's got an amine. + +You know what that is. + +That's the NH something group. + +And it's got a phosphate. + +So the nucleotide has those +three components, + +So let's take a look +at the sugar. + +There's really two types of +sugars found in amino acids. + +There's the ribose-- + +and the only reason I'm showing +you this, is so that + +you'll understand +the terminology. + +There's the deoxyribose. + +So if you look here, the sugar +on the left has this five-fold + +symmetry, the five-fold ring. + +And there's hydroxyls at the +number one position, number + +two position, number +three position. + +The deoxyribose is missing +the hydroxyl at + +the number two position. + +That's the difference. + +The reason I'm showing you +this, is this is called + +deoxyribose, and ultimately +this is the D in DNA. + +So you'll be able to at least +hold your own with your course + +seven major friends, +if you have any + +friends in course seven. + +And you can say, I know +what the D is. + +It's deoxyribose. + +OK. + +So then the amines. + +The amines we've got, there's +five of these. + +And they split for +RNA and DNA. + +And they're shown here. + +So it's interesting. + +There's two of them that are +called purines, because + +they've got this +ring structure. + +And then the six fold, and +then the five fold. + +So these are the purines, and +then the pyrimidines have just + +the six fold structure. + +There are three of those. + +So A, G, C, U, and T. + +Those are the five different +amino acids. + +And the difference is that in +DNA, you only have A, G, C and + +T, whereas in RNA, you +have A, G, C, and U. + +This is the chemistry. + +If you take 7012, you'll figure +out how all of this + +other stuff goes. + +And this thing here +is phosphate. + +And why is phosphate present? + +Because it's acting as the +bridge and a spacer. + +So let's take a look +at the structure. + +OK. + +There's more of the amines +in nucleic acid. + +So this is what it looks like. + +So you have a backbone that +consists of sugar phosphate, + +sugar phosphate, sugar +phosphate, shown here. + +So in this case, you've +got the deoxyribose. + +So there's the sugar, there's +the five-fold symmetry. + +Then the spacer, the phosphate, +then the sugar, and + +then the spacer, +the phosphate. + +And you can see that the sugars +are acting as hangers + +for these amine groups. + +And they're called bases, +because in fact they act as + +Bronsted bases. + +They're proton acceptors, and in +the early days of molecular + +biology, people determine the +chemical composition by wet + +assay, and these +were determined + +to be Bronsted bases. + +And so to this day, people refer +to them as base pairs, + +et cetera, et cetera, even +though now we know they're + +amines, et cetera. + +So this is the structure +going up. + +And you see, at one end, you've +got the three, and + +going up to the five. + +The three is, you have the +carboxylic acid end, and at + +the other end you have +the amino end. + +OK. + +So there the structure. + +And you have a choice here. + +So again, the sugar hanger, +the phosphate spacer, the + +sugar hanger, the phosphate +spacer. + +And you have a choice of +one of these four. + +Any one of these four is what's +found in a DNA strand, + +as you go up the strand. + +Now, how is information +encoded? + +Well, the information +is encoded-- + +first of all, we have +to recognize what + +the structure is. + +Know that the structure, turns +out that it forms a double + +helix, which is the first +secondary structure, right? + +It doesn't have. The primary +structure is this instant A, + +C, G, T sequence all along. + +And then the secondary structure +is, in order to + +maximize hydrogen bonds, this +forms a double helix with a + +second chain. + +And furthermore, the pairing +is such that A always pairs + +with T, because they have two +hydrogen bonding sites between + +them, whereas C pairs with G, +because they have three + +hydrogen bonding sites +between them. + +And furthermore, look +at the spacing here. + +This always just stuns me. + +If you look down the center +of the strand-- + +so I've got two strands +of nucleic acid. + +The center to center spacing is +1.085 nanometers between A + +and T, and it's 1.085 nanometers +to four significant + +figures between C and G. + +And you might say, well, is it +possible that I could take two + +of these hydrogen bond sites and +line them up to two of the + +three hydrogen bond sites? + +And the answer is no, because +the spacing is wrong. + +You can't, these two are far +enough apart that they won't + +line up here. + +So it's guaranteed that it's +always A to T, C to G. + +All right. + +So now you see the +double strand. + +You have one strand moving up. + +You see the pentagon is pointing +up, and here you see + +the pentagon is pointing +down, and we have the + +base pairs in between. + +C pairs to G, and +T pairs to A. + +And down here is the basic end, +the acidic end, the basic + +end, the acidic end. + +And so the secondary structure +is the double helix. + +Why? + +To maximize hydrogen bonds in +between, and then to keep + +maximizing hydrogen bonds. + +Hydrogen bonds between +the galleries. + +Maximize, maximize, maximize. + +So there's what they call the +base pairs, and et cetera, et + +cetera, et cetera. + +This distance is all prescribed +by the fact that we + +have the phosphate present. + +OK. + +Now where's the information +here? + +I said this encodes metabolic +information. + +Well, suppose I want to direct +protein synthesis. + +I want to put amino acids +in a sequence. + +So I have to be able to call. + +You know, I'm sitting here as +nature, and I'm saying, I want + +to make this protein. + +So I need this amino acid, and +then I need this amino acid, + +and then maybe that amino acid, + +and put them in sequence. + +So I need 20 different +words to call 20 + +different amino acids. + +Well clearly, clearly if I have +just A, C, G, and T-- + +so if I have one-letter +words, it won't work. + +Because I need to call out 20. + +I need 20 amino acids. + +So how am I going +to get to 20? + +I don't have 20 of these. + +I'm only using, there's +only four of these. + +So I say, oh. + +I know what to do. + +I can use this idea. + +The number of words will equal +the number of letters that I + +have in my alphabet, raised +to the power, number + +of letters per word. + +OK? + +So if I use this idea, +then I can say-- + +what if I have two-letter +words? + +So in other words, to call out +an amino acid, I have to take + +two base pairs in sequence. + +That means I'll have-- + +there's only four letters. + +But if I have two letters per +word, that's 16, which is + +still less than 20, and that's +no good, because I + +can only call 16. + +So what does nature do? + +What if I had three-letter +words? + +Three-letter words, then, is a +64, which is greater than 20, + +and that works. + +So now I've got, in point +of fact, 61 of these + +three-letter words. + +So I go down the sequence. + +First base pair, second base +pair, third base pair. + +That triad represents +one amino acid. + +I've got 61 to call out 20, And +I've got three left over. + +For what? + +Well, let's think about this. + +See this? + +How do you know to read this, +defined by their properties? + +You know to read from +left to right. + +You know that there's a space +here between words. + +So if I just give you +this strand of + +DNA, where do I begin? + +Do I take these three, or +do I start counting + +from here or here? + +So built into this, it tells you +to read either from left + +to right, or right to left. + +It tells you where to +start, and it tells + +you where to stop. + +These three-letter words, by +the way, are called codons. + +So we've got sixty-one to call +out 20 amino acids, which + +means, some amino acids have +more than one name. + +There's one of them that has +six different names. + +There's six different codons +that can call it + +a given amino acid. + +For some of them it's only +one, for some it's + +two, three, et cetera. + +OK. + +So that's the information. + +Look! + +Here it is! + +There's the information! + +It's all in there. + +Just hydrogen bonds like this, +hydrogen bonds like this. + +It's all bonding. + +So here's the codon. + +So somewhere here, see, we take +this, this, and this. + +This triad represents one +piece of information. + +All right. + +So let's go back and look +at some of the history. + +Who got us to this point? + +This is fresh! + +A lot of this happened +in my lifetime. + +All right. + +So Oswald Avery-- + +this is before my lifetime. + +He was working at the +Rochester Institute. + +And he was the first +person-- he was + +born in Halifax, actually. + +And he worked professionally +here in the United States. + +And he was the first person to +recognize that nucleic acids + +store and transmit genetic +information. + +Up until the 1940s, people +thought nucleic acids-- + +are you ready for this?-- +are too complicated. + +Their structure was too +complex to contain + +information. + +It's precisely the complexity +that gives us the abundance of + +information! + +The prevailing belief was that +proteins contained the genetic + +information. + +But people couldn't figure +out how to make it work. + +So he was the first to make the +argument that the nucleic + +acids have the information. + +And then the second giant +is Erwin Chargaff. + +Erwin Chargaff worked at +Columbia in New York, and + +hospitals in the vicinity. + +And he was a painstaking +analytical chemist. He did all + +of this work by analytical +chemistry, and he gave us + +Chargaff's Rules, 1949. + +And he said that in any +biological system, the + +concentration of a-- + +remember, they didn't know +the structure of DNA yet. + +I'm going to lead up to how we +get to the structure of DNA. + +So we're going back, this is +like a flashback in a movie. + +Now we're going back to see +how we got to the double + +helix, all right? + +People knew that the +concentration of A in any + +nucleic acid was equal to +the concentration of T. + +They knew that there were sugar +present, they knew there + +were amines present, +and they knew there + +were phosphates present. + +That's all they knew, based +on chemical analysis. + +And now he tells us that, of the +amines, concentration of A + +always equals concentration of +T, concentration of G always + +equals concentration of C. + +And then the sum of +concentration A plus G is the + +sum of C plus T. + +That's Chargaff's rule. + +And so here we are, +Homo sapiens. + +31, 31, 19, 19, a little bit of + +statistical error, et cetera. + +But look! + +Corn! + +Yes! + +Corn reproduces using +this same code. + +All living organisms on this +planet use the same code. + +Which makes sense! + +If I eat corn, and I'm going to +get nutrition from it, and + +it's going to help me build +cells, and regenerate my body, + +and get energy from it, it has +to be made of this same stuff, + +otherwise my body can't +recognize it! + +Because I'm a biological +machine. + +This is not a fireplace +in here, right? + +If it's a fireplace, you +can drink something + +combustible and boom! + +You've got energy. + +But we can't derive energy from +something combustible. + +We can only derive energy from +something like this. + +So, you know, when you think +you're really hot stuff, your + +DNA is not that different from +that of an ear of corn. + +So a little bit of humility +might be in order. + +All right. + +And then the last person +we want to talk + +about is Rosalind Franklin. + +Rosalind Franklin worked at the +King's College in London, + +and her specialty was +x-ray diffraction. + +And she made painstaking +experiments where she could + +take a strand of DNA with a +stainless steel needle and + +pull it out of an aqueous +solution, and hold it in a + +chamber where the chamber was +humidified so that the DNA + +didn't dry out. + +And while it was humidified in +this chamber, take an x-ray + +diffraction exposure for hours, +because all of the + +recording was done by film. + +By halide photography, +and you had to have + +long exposure time. + +This is one of the most famous +images of the 20 century. + +This is the image of +the DNA from calf + +thymus, the beta structure. + +And this is a Laue pattern. + +So the symmetry of this pattern +is reflective of the + +symmetry in the DNA structure, +which people don't know yet. + +And what you see is +five positions. + +One, two, three, four, five. + +Four is missing. + +There's no reflection there. + +But it's where you would expect +a position to be. + +So it's sort of Bragg-like, +isn't it? + +Not all of the lines +are reflecting. + +On the basis of this image, +this is what we learned. + +We learned, first of all, that +the Laue pattern is indicative + +of a double helix. + +Based on X pattern. + +Remember, they had no computers +in those days! + +All they had was a +pencil and paper. + +So to do the Fourier transform, +and go back out of + +K-space, and discern what +the pattern is-- + +you know, today it's trivial! + +They did this all longhand. + +Number two. + +On the basis of that pattern, +you learn that it's 3.4 + +angstroms between nucleotides +along the backbone. + +We don't know what +the backbone is! + +We just know that there's +sugar, there's + +amine, there's phosphate. + +There's different ways +of putting this + +together to make a chain. + +And the third thing that you +learn, because the strong, + +clear lines indicate +that the heaviest + +elements must lie outboard. + +What does that mean? + +If you've got a double helix, +based on the first finding, + +what's the heaviest element? + +Phosphorus. + +Because otherwise you've got +carbon, oxygen, nitrogen. + +Nitrogen is atomic mass 14. + +Phosphorus is atomic mass 30. + +So it must be outboard. + +Otherwise, if it were inboard, +there would be other elements + +farther out, and you wouldn't +get the clear lines. + +Because the heavy elements are +the ones that give the + +reflection, and if the heavy +elements are obscured by + +lighter elements that are +shielding them, you get a + +lousy reflections. + +Blunted reflections, +blurry reflections. + +So all of that comes out +of her findings. + +So what happens next? + +So there's the 3.4, and 10, +and et cetera, et cetera. + +All of that happens based +on the pattern that + +I just showed you. + +So I'm going to read to you what +happens in those days, + +back in the 1950s. + +There was intense competition. + +You know, Linus Pauling had +proposed a triple helix, and + +people in the UK were working +hard on it, and so on. + +A lot of competition. + +So what happens is that Watson +goes down to King's College in + +London, and he meets Rosalind +Franklin in the hallway, and + +they get into a big argument. + +And she really chews him him +out, and he goes running away. + +She was very tough. + +And so he goes to Maurice +Wilkins, who was her boss. + +And I'm reading, now, from +Freeman Judson's book. + +"Wilkins told Watson as they +went down the hall that + +Franklin had found that DNA +fibers, when kept wet, yielded + +a different x-ray pattern, +suggesting a second structure. + +Fourteen months after the King's +colloquium, despite + +repeated correspondence and +conversations, visits, meals + +together between Wilkins, +Watson, and Crick, the + +possibility of a second +structure was news to Watson, + +he wrote." + +Now, this is quoting +from Watson's own + +book, The Double Helix. + +'When I asked what the pattern +was like, Maurice went into + +the adjacent room to pick up a +print of the new form they + +called the beta structure. + +The instant I saw the picture, +my mouth fell open, and my + +pulse began to raise. + +The pattern was unbelievably +simpler than those obtained + +previously, the a-form. + +Moreover, the black cross of +reflections which dominated + +the picture could arise only +from a helical structure. + +With the a-form, the argument +for a helix was never + +straightforward. + +With the b-form, however, mere +inspection of its x-ray + +picture gave"-- + +listen to this-- "several of the +vital helical parameters." + +I'm going to come +back to that. + +"The picture that Wilkins showed +Watson was Rosalind + +Franklin's, without +her approval." + +So then Watson goes on the train +back to Cambridge, and + +sits down with Crick, and in +no time, they've put the + +structure together. + +And this is a famous picture. + +This is Crick. + +This is Watson. + +And I don't know if you +can see really well. + +These are lab clamps +that they're using. + +This is a lab stand. + +They're using lab clamps to put +the structure together. + +So here's the paper. + +The paper as it comes +out, Molecular + +Structure of Nucleic Acids. + +And this was the first +image of DNA. + +And I submit to you that if +the earth were to end in a + +giant explosion, and we were to +only send two images in a + +spaceship out to let some other +race discover what we're + +all about, it would be +this image, and the + +image of the atom. + +That's all you need. + +Because you have the simple +atom, and you've got this, and + +everything else is just +detail in between. + +So there's the first image. + +All right. + +"We wish to suggest a structure +for the salt of + +deoxyribonucleic acid. + +The structure has novel +features which have + +considerable biological +interest. The structure for + +nucleic acid has already been +proposed by Pauling and Corey. + +They kindly made their +manuscript available to us in + +advance." + +These guys never made their +manuscripts available to Corey + +and Pauling. + +"Their model consists of three +intertwined chains with the + +phosphates near the fiber axis +and the bases on the outside." + +See, they got the +positions wrong. + +"Without acidic--" da, da, +da, da, da, and so on. + +Whatever. + +Now here's-- + +remember, I've quoted +from Watson's book. + +"The previously published x-ray +data on deoxyribonucleic + +acid are insufficient for +a rigorous test of our + +structure." + +Really? + +"So far as we can tell, it is +roughly compatible with the + +experimental data, but it must +be regarded as unproved until + +it's been checked against some +more exact results." + +Remember, he's writing this +after having seen Rosalind + +Franklin's x-ray pattern. + +"Some of these are given in the +following communications." + +Yeah, the next paper is Rosalind +Franklin's paper. + +"We were not aware of the +details of the results + +presented there when we devised +our structure,--" + +That's a lie. + +"--which rests mainly, though +not entirely, on published + +experimental data and +stereochemical arguments." + +You know what? once I've given +you the data, and you know + +what the structure is, you can +give me a very, very strong + +stereochemical argument. + +But that's hindsight. + +If you don't know what the +structure is, you have no idea + +what the stereochemical +arguments are, because you can + +justify anything. + +So this is just absolute lies. + +Who are the authors? + +Watson and Crick, even though +it's based on data that was + +taken from other people. + +So here they are. + +This is the acknowledgments. + +We're indebted to-- +blah, blah, blah. + +The experimental results in +ideas of Wilkins, Rosalind + +Franklin, and their coworkers +at King's College. + +And one of us, Jim Watson, he +was the American, and I think + +there's an irony here, was aided +by a fellowship from the + +National Foundation for +Infantile Paralysis. + +And I think there's a joke +there, if you know anything + +about Jim Watson. + +And now contrast +that with this. + +This is the publication +of the human genome. + +And look at all the +names here. + +Everybody who was involved in +the enterprise was named. + +This is not the paper. + +This is just the names +of the authors. + +Now, to be literate, there's +this one phrase. + +Typical British understatement. + +Remember, this was about +the structure of DNA. + +But there's this passage. + +It has not escaped our notice. + +This is the litotes. + +Understatement, right? + +"It has not escaped our notice +that the specific pairing we + +have postulated immediately +suggests a possible copying + +mechanism for the genetic +material." + +That is the understatement +all time. + +We've got the structure of DNA, +and parenthetically, I + +think this is how you direct +replication in all living + +creatures, by the way. + +So when this paper +was published. + +and they rolled out +the human genome + +as a sort of a literary-- + +what's the word-- + +allusion, thank you. + +The literary allusion was-- +there's a passage in this + +paper that at one point begins +"It has not escaped our + +noticed," da, da, da, da. + +So if you're ever with some +Course 7 people, and you want + +to really get under their skin, +you know, you could be + +at a party or something, and +finally, you say you know, + +it's not escaped my notice. + +And they know what +you're saying. + +It'll make you less popular +then you are now. + +So let's fast forward. + +This is Stockholm, December +10, 1962, + +the Nobel Prize ceremony. + +Here is the King of Sweden. + +This is Francis Crick. + +This is James Watson. + +This is Maurice Wilkins. + +No Rosalind Franklin. + +This is Kendrew, and I'm +drawing a blank. + +These two guys were getting the +Nobel Prize in Chemistry + +for hemoglobin structure. + +This, if you look carefully, is +John Steinbeck, getting the + +Nobel Prize in Literature. + +Over in Oslo is Linus Pauling, +getting his second Nobel + +Prize, but for peace. + +So ironically, he's getting +his Nobel Prize. + +They're getting the Nobel Prize +not in Chemistry, not in + +Physics, but in Medicine. + +You know, what's medicine? + +I mean it's not really +a science. + +But anyway. + +Here it is. + +It's worthy of a Nobel Prize. + +So what really happened here? + +What really happened? + +Why was there no Rosalind +Franklin? + +She was marginalized +as a woman. + +She was mistreated +by these men. + +It was 1955. + +You realize in the 1950s-- + +and I'm not talking about the +England of Charles Dickens. + +I'm talking about the England +after World War II. + +Women were not allowed +in the common room. + +And the common room +is where everybody + +congregates at 4:00 p.m. + +to drink coffee and +exchange ideas. + +So she couldn't go into the +common room and so on. + +And it was just a terrible, +terrible story of misuse, of + +information, lack of +attribution, and so on. + +If this story were unfolded +today, I guarantee you these + +guys would not be getting a +prize, and in fact, the + +publication would probably be +rescinded on the grounds of + +its fraudulent claims, that +they were unaware of the + +previous information. + +So after the paper was +published, she was so + +brokenhearted that she resigned +her position at + +King's College, and took a job +at another college in London. + +Her terms of severance included +her signing a + +document in which she agreed to +abandon all future work in + +biochemistry. + +I mean, imagine that you leave +your job, and they tell you + +what you cannot do! + +I mean, obviously, if you were +privy to intellectual property + +and so on, you're bound +by confidentiality. + +But no one can tell you, you +can't go to work for somebody! + +And so she changed fields, and +made seminal discoveries in + +two other fields outside +of the DNA work. + +So why isn't she here? + +She died of cancer in +1958, very young. + +And you can't get the Nobel +Prize posthumously. + +So some people are quite +outraged by this story. + +But there's a symbolism +here to have Wilkins. + +It's basically saying that +you two guys are not + +the authors of this. + +And so some people say that +Wilkins is standing in for + +Rosalind Franklin, and the +Nobel committee at least + +acknowledged that. + +So what's the message here? + +The message here is, I hope +nobody in 3.091 is ever + +embroiled in a controversy +like this. + +We have to acknowledge +our collaborators. + +All of us are here because +somebody helped us. + +Don't go away. + +You haven't been +dismissed yet. + +This is important. + +What I'm telling +you is far more + +important than that structure. + +I'm telling you how to +stay out of jail. + +See, here, you know, 50 years +ago, you cheat and steal, you + +get a Nobel Prize. + +Today you go to jail. + +It is a Nobel Prize +in Medicine, + +of course, but anyway. + +So this is a book, if you're +interested in Rosalind + +Franklin's story, it's +fantastic reading. + +Real page-turner. + +This is James Watson's book. + +If you read this, you know, +have your you-know-what + +sensors on all the time. + +And here's a picture of +Rosalind Franklin + +on vacation in France. + +And we'll leave with The Twist +by Hank Ballard, who was + +another person who +was marginalized, + +because he was black! + +And so you couldn't listen to +this music, and so there was a + +cover made. + +The version of The Twist that +you have heard is probably by + +Chubby Checker. + +This is the original one +by Hank Ballard. + +It's gritty. + +It's very gritty. + +All right. + +Treat each other well. + +Get out of here. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/j9WZyLZCBzs.txt b/j9WZyLZCBzs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45bd408d3766ed4bf03fae708251a0ef705e19cd --- /dev/null +++ b/j9WZyLZCBzs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9139 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu +okay so uh welcome to 6041 6431 a class + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh welcome to 6041 6431 a class + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh welcome to 6041 6431 a class +on probability models and the like I'm + + align:start position:0% +on probability models and the like I'm + + + align:start position:0% +on probability models and the like I'm +John C I will be teaching this class and + + align:start position:0% +John C I will be teaching this class and + + + align:start position:0% +John C I will be teaching this class and +I'm looking forward to this being an an + + align:start position:0% +I'm looking forward to this being an an + + + align:start position:0% +I'm looking forward to this being an an +enjoyable and also useful experience we + + align:start position:0% +enjoyable and also useful experience we + + + align:start position:0% +enjoyable and also useful experience we +have a fair amount of staff involved in + + align:start position:0% +have a fair amount of staff involved in + + + align:start position:0% +have a fair amount of staff involved in +this course your restation instructors + + align:start position:0% +this course your restation instructors + + + align:start position:0% +this course your restation instructors +and also a bunch of T but I want to + + align:start position:0% +and also a bunch of T but I want to + + + align:start position:0% +and also a bunch of T but I want to +single out our head ta uzoma who is the + + align:start position:0% +single out our head ta uzoma who is the + + + align:start position:0% +single out our head ta uzoma who is the +key person in this class everything has + + align:start position:0% +key person in this class everything has + + + align:start position:0% +key person in this class everything has +to go through him if he doesn't know in + + align:start position:0% +to go through him if he doesn't know in + + + align:start position:0% +to go through him if he doesn't know in +which recitation section you are then + + align:start position:0% +which recitation section you are then + + + align:start position:0% +which recitation section you are then +simply you do not exist so keep that in + + align:start position:0% +simply you do not exist so keep that in + + + align:start position:0% +simply you do not exist so keep that in +mind all right so we want to jump right + + align:start position:0% +mind all right so we want to jump right + + + align:start position:0% +mind all right so we want to jump right +in into the subject but I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +in into the subject but I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +in into the subject but I'm going to +take just a few minutes to talk about a + + align:start position:0% +take just a few minutes to talk about a + + + align:start position:0% +take just a few minutes to talk about a +few administrative details and how the + + align:start position:0% +few administrative details and how the + + + align:start position:0% +few administrative details and how the +course is run so we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +course is run so we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +course is run so we're going to have +lectures twice a week and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +lectures twice a week and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +lectures twice a week and I'm going to +use oldfashioned transparencies now you + + align:start position:0% +use oldfashioned transparencies now you + + + align:start position:0% +use oldfashioned transparencies now you +get copies of these slides with plenty + + align:start position:0% +get copies of these slides with plenty + + + align:start position:0% +get copies of these slides with plenty +of space for you to keep notes on them + + align:start position:0% +of space for you to keep notes on them + + + align:start position:0% +of space for you to keep notes on them +uh a useful way of uh making good use of + + align:start position:0% +uh a useful way of uh making good use of + + + align:start position:0% +uh a useful way of uh making good use of +the slides is to use them as a sort of + + align:start position:0% +the slides is to use them as a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the slides is to use them as a sort of +pneumonic summary of what happened in + + align:start position:0% +pneumonic summary of what happened in + + + align:start position:0% +pneumonic summary of what happened in +lecture not everything that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +lecture not everything that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +lecture not everything that I'm going to +say is of course on the slides but by + + align:start position:0% +say is of course on the slides but by + + + align:start position:0% +say is of course on the slides but by +looking them you get a sense of what's + + align:start position:0% +looking them you get a sense of what's + + + align:start position:0% +looking them you get a sense of what's +happening right now and it may be a good + + align:start position:0% +happening right now and it may be a good + + + align:start position:0% +happening right now and it may be a good +idea to review them before you go to + + align:start position:0% +idea to review them before you go to + + + align:start position:0% +idea to review them before you go to +recitation so what happens in recitation + + align:start position:0% +recitation so what happens in recitation + + + align:start position:0% +recitation so what happens in recitation +in recitation your recitation instructor + + align:start position:0% +in recitation your recitation instructor + + + align:start position:0% +in recitation your recitation instructor +is going to maybe review some of the + + align:start position:0% +is going to maybe review some of the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to maybe review some of the +theory and then solve some problems for + + align:start position:0% +theory and then solve some problems for + + + align:start position:0% +theory and then solve some problems for +you and then you have tutorials where + + align:start position:0% +you and then you have tutorials where + + + align:start position:0% +you and then you have tutorials where +you meet in very small groups together + + align:start position:0% +you meet in very small groups together + + + align:start position:0% +you meet in very small groups together +with your ta and what happens in + + align:start position:0% +with your ta and what happens in + + + align:start position:0% +with your ta and what happens in +tutorials is that you actually do the + + align:start position:0% +tutorials is that you actually do the + + + align:start position:0% +tutorials is that you actually do the +problem solving with the help of your ta + + align:start position:0% +problem solving with the help of your ta + + + align:start position:0% +problem solving with the help of your ta +and the help of your classmates in your + + align:start position:0% +and the help of your classmates in your + + + align:start position:0% +and the help of your classmates in your +in your tutorial section now probability + + align:start position:0% +in your tutorial section now probability + + + align:start position:0% +in your tutorial section now probability +is a tricky subject you may be reading + + align:start position:0% +is a tricky subject you may be reading + + + align:start position:0% +is a tricky subject you may be reading +the text listening to lectures + + align:start position:0% +the text listening to lectures + + + align:start position:0% +the text listening to lectures +everything makes perfect sense and so on + + align:start position:0% +everything makes perfect sense and so on + + + align:start position:0% +everything makes perfect sense and so on +but until you actually sit down and try + + align:start position:0% +but until you actually sit down and try + + + align:start position:0% +but until you actually sit down and try +to solve problems you don't quite + + align:start position:0% +to solve problems you don't quite + + + align:start position:0% +to solve problems you don't quite +appreciate the subtleties and the + + align:start position:0% +appreciate the subtleties and the + + + align:start position:0% +appreciate the subtleties and the +difficulties that are involved so + + align:start position:0% +difficulties that are involved so + + + align:start position:0% +difficulties that are involved so +problem solving is a key part of this + + align:start position:0% +problem solving is a key part of this + + + align:start position:0% +problem solving is a key part of this +class and tutorials are extremely useful + + align:start position:0% +class and tutorials are extremely useful + + + align:start position:0% +class and tutorials are extremely useful +just for this reason because that's + + align:start position:0% +just for this reason because that's + + + align:start position:0% +just for this reason because that's +where you actually get the practice of + + align:start position:0% +where you actually get the practice of + + + align:start position:0% +where you actually get the practice of +solving problems on your own as opposed + + align:start position:0% +solving problems on your own as opposed + + + align:start position:0% +solving problems on your own as opposed +to seeing someone else uh who's solving + + align:start position:0% +to seeing someone else uh who's solving + + + align:start position:0% +to seeing someone else uh who's solving +them for you okay uh about mechanics a + + align:start position:0% +them for you okay uh about mechanics a + + + align:start position:0% +them for you okay uh about mechanics a +key part of what's going to happen today + + align:start position:0% +key part of what's going to happen today + + + align:start position:0% +key part of what's going to happen today +is that you will all turn in your uh + + align:start position:0% +is that you will all turn in your uh + + + align:start position:0% +is that you will all turn in your uh +schedule forms that are at the end of + + align:start position:0% +schedule forms that are at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +schedule forms that are at the end of +the handout that you have in your hands + + align:start position:0% +the handout that you have in your hands + + + align:start position:0% +the handout that you have in your hands +then the Tas will be working frantically + + align:start position:0% +then the Tas will be working frantically + + + align:start position:0% +then the Tas will be working frantically +through the night and they're going to + + align:start position:0% +through the night and they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +through the night and they're going to +be producing a list of uh who goes into + + align:start position:0% +be producing a list of uh who goes into + + + align:start position:0% +be producing a list of uh who goes into +what section and when that happens any + + align:start position:0% +what section and when that happens any + + + align:start position:0% +what section and when that happens any +person in this class with probability + + align:start position:0% +person in this class with probability + + + align:start position:0% +person in this class with probability +90% is going to be happy with their + + align:start position:0% +90% is going to be happy with their + + + align:start position:0% +90% is going to be happy with their +assignment and with probability 10% + + align:start position:0% +assignment and with probability 10% + + + align:start position:0% +assignment and with probability 10% +they're going to be unhappy now unhappy + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be unhappy now unhappy + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be unhappy now unhappy +people have an option though you can + + align:start position:0% +people have an option though you can + + + align:start position:0% +people have an option though you can +resubmit your form together with your + + align:start position:0% +resubmit your form together with your + + + align:start position:0% +resubmit your form together with your +full schedule and constraints give it + + align:start position:0% +full schedule and constraints give it + + + align:start position:0% +full schedule and constraints give it +back to the Head ta who will then do + + align:start position:0% +back to the Head ta who will then do + + + align:start position:0% +back to the Head ta who will then do +some further juggling + + align:start position:0% +some further juggling + + + align:start position:0% +some further juggling +and reassign people and after that + + align:start position:0% +and reassign people and after that + + + align:start position:0% +and reassign people and after that +happens 90% of those unhappy people will + + align:start position:0% +happens 90% of those unhappy people will + + + align:start position:0% +happens 90% of those unhappy people will +become happy and 10% of them will be + + align:start position:0% +become happy and 10% of them will be + + + align:start position:0% +become happy and 10% of them will be +left unhappy okay so what's the + + align:start position:0% +left unhappy okay so what's the + + + align:start position:0% +left unhappy okay so what's the +probability that out that random person + + align:start position:0% +probability that out that random person + + + align:start position:0% +probability that out that random person +is going to be unhappy at the end of + + align:start position:0% +is going to be unhappy at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be unhappy at the end of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +process it's 1% excellent maybe you + + align:start position:0% +process it's 1% excellent maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +process it's 1% excellent maybe you +don't need this class okay so 1% we have + + align:start position:0% +don't need this class okay so 1% we have + + + align:start position:0% +don't need this class okay so 1% we have +about 100 people in this class so + + align:start position:0% +about 100 people in this class so + + + align:start position:0% +about 100 people in this class so +there's going to be about one unhappy + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be about one unhappy + + + align:start position:0% +there's going to be about one unhappy +person and anywhere you look in life + + align:start position:0% +person and anywhere you look in life + + + align:start position:0% +person and anywhere you look in life +there's all in any group you look at + + align:start position:0% +there's all in any group you look at + + + align:start position:0% +there's all in any group you look at +there's always one unhappy person right + + align:start position:0% +there's always one unhappy person right + + + align:start position:0% +there's always one unhappy person right +so what can we do about + + align:start position:0% +so what can we do about + + + align:start position:0% +so what can we do about +it all right another important part + + align:start position:0% +it all right another important part + + + align:start position:0% +it all right another important part +about mechanics is to read carefully the + + align:start position:0% +about mechanics is to read carefully the + + + align:start position:0% +about mechanics is to read carefully the +statement that we have about + + align:start position:0% +statement that we have about + + + align:start position:0% +statement that we have about +collaboration academic honesty and all + + align:start position:0% +collaboration academic honesty and all + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration academic honesty and all +that you encouraged it's a very good + + align:start position:0% +that you encouraged it's a very good + + + align:start position:0% +that you encouraged it's a very good +idea to work with other students you can + + align:start position:0% +idea to work with other students you can + + + align:start position:0% +idea to work with other students you can +consult sources that are out there but + + align:start position:0% +consult sources that are out there but + + + align:start position:0% +consult sources that are out there but +when you sit down and write your + + align:start position:0% +when you sit down and write your + + + align:start position:0% +when you sit down and write your +Solutions you have to do that by setting + + align:start position:0% +Solutions you have to do that by setting + + + align:start position:0% +Solutions you have to do that by setting +things aside and just just write them on + + align:start position:0% +things aside and just just write them on + + + align:start position:0% +things aside and just just write them on +your own you cannot copy something that + + align:start position:0% +your own you cannot copy something that + + + align:start position:0% +your own you cannot copy something that +somebody else has given to you uh one + + align:start position:0% +somebody else has given to you uh one + + + align:start position:0% +somebody else has given to you uh one +reason is that we're not going to like + + align:start position:0% +reason is that we're not going to like + + + align:start position:0% +reason is that we're not going to like +it when it happens and another reason is + + align:start position:0% +it when it happens and another reason is + + + align:start position:0% +it when it happens and another reason is +that you're not going to do yourself any + + align:start position:0% +that you're not going to do yourself any + + + align:start position:0% +that you're not going to do yourself any +favor really the only way to do well in + + align:start position:0% +favor really the only way to do well in + + + align:start position:0% +favor really the only way to do well in +this class is to get a lot of practice + + align:start position:0% +this class is to get a lot of practice + + + align:start position:0% +this class is to get a lot of practice +by solving problems yourselves so if you + + align:start position:0% +by solving problems yourselves so if you + + + align:start position:0% +by solving problems yourselves so if you +don't do that on your own then when quiz + + align:start position:0% +don't do that on your own then when quiz + + + align:start position:0% +don't do that on your own then when quiz +and exam time comes uh things are going + + align:start position:0% +and exam time comes uh things are going + + + align:start position:0% +and exam time comes uh things are going +to be difficult so as I mentioned + + align:start position:0% +to be difficult so as I mentioned + + + align:start position:0% +to be difficult so as I mentioned +mentioned here so we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +mentioned here so we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned here so we're going to have +section restation sections that some of + + align:start position:0% +section restation sections that some of + + + align:start position:0% +section restation sections that some of +them are for 6041 students some are for + + align:start position:0% +them are for 6041 students some are for + + + align:start position:0% +them are for 6041 students some are for +631 students The Graduate section of the + + align:start position:0% +631 students The Graduate section of the + + + align:start position:0% +631 students The Graduate section of the +class now undergraduates can sit in The + + align:start position:0% +class now undergraduates can sit in The + + + align:start position:0% +class now undergraduates can sit in The +Graduate recitation sections what's + + align:start position:0% +Graduate recitation sections what's + + + align:start position:0% +Graduate recitation sections what's +going to happen there is that things may + + align:start position:0% +going to happen there is that things may + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen there is that things may +be just a little faster and you may be + + align:start position:0% +be just a little faster and you may be + + + align:start position:0% +be just a little faster and you may be +covering a problem that's a little more + + align:start position:0% +covering a problem that's a little more + + + align:start position:0% +covering a problem that's a little more +advanced and is not covered in the + + align:start position:0% +advanced and is not covered in the + + + align:start position:0% +advanced and is not covered in the +undergrad sections but if you sit in The + + align:start position:0% +undergrad sections but if you sit in The + + + align:start position:0% +undergrad sections but if you sit in The +Graduate section you still just respond + + align:start position:0% +Graduate section you still just respond + + + align:start position:0% +Graduate section you still just respond +and you're an undergraduate you're still + + align:start position:0% +and you're an undergraduate you're still + + + align:start position:0% +and you're an undergraduate you're still +just responsible for the undergraduate + + align:start position:0% +just responsible for the undergraduate + + + align:start position:0% +just responsible for the undergraduate +material that is you can just do the + + align:start position:0% +material that is you can just do the + + + align:start position:0% +material that is you can just do the +undergraduate work in the class but + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate work in the class but + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate work in the class but +maybe be exposed at a different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +section okay um few words about the + + align:start position:0% +section okay um few words about the + + + align:start position:0% +section okay um few words about the +style of this class we want to focus on + + align:start position:0% +style of this class we want to focus on + + + align:start position:0% +style of this class we want to focus on +basic ideas and Concepts there's going + + align:start position:0% +basic ideas and Concepts there's going + + + align:start position:0% +basic ideas and Concepts there's going +to be lots of formulas but what we try + + align:start position:0% +to be lots of formulas but what we try + + + align:start position:0% +to be lots of formulas but what we try +to do in this class is to actually have + + align:start position:0% +to do in this class is to actually have + + + align:start position:0% +to do in this class is to actually have +you understand what those formulas mean + + align:start position:0% +you understand what those formulas mean + + + align:start position:0% +you understand what those formulas mean +and in a year from now when when almost + + align:start position:0% +and in a year from now when when almost + + + align:start position:0% +and in a year from now when when almost +all of the formulas have been wiped out + + align:start position:0% +all of the formulas have been wiped out + + + align:start position:0% +all of the formulas have been wiped out +from your memory you still have the + + align:start position:0% +from your memory you still have the + + + align:start position:0% +from your memory you still have the +basic concepts you can understand them + + align:start position:0% +basic concepts you can understand them + + + align:start position:0% +basic concepts you can understand them +so when you look things up again they + + align:start position:0% +so when you look things up again they + + + align:start position:0% +so when you look things up again they +will still make sense uh it's not a it's + + align:start position:0% +will still make sense uh it's not a it's + + + align:start position:0% +will still make sense uh it's not a it's +not a plug and chug kind of class where + + align:start position:0% +not a plug and chug kind of class where + + + align:start position:0% +not a plug and chug kind of class where +you're given list of formulas you're + + align:start position:0% +you're given list of formulas you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're given list of formulas you're +given numbers and you plug in and you + + align:start position:0% +given numbers and you plug in and you + + + align:start position:0% +given numbers and you plug in and you +get answers the really hard part is + + align:start position:0% +get answers the really hard part is + + + align:start position:0% +get answers the really hard part is +usually to choose which formulas you're + + align:start position:0% +usually to choose which formulas you're + + + align:start position:0% +usually to choose which formulas you're +going to use you need judgment you need + + align:start position:0% +going to use you need judgment you need + + + align:start position:0% +going to use you need judgment you need +intuition lots of prob ility problems at + + align:start position:0% +intuition lots of prob ility problems at + + + align:start position:0% +intuition lots of prob ility problems at +least the interesting ones often have + + align:start position:0% +least the interesting ones often have + + + align:start position:0% +least the interesting ones often have +lots of different solutions some are + + align:start position:0% +lots of different solutions some are + + + align:start position:0% +lots of different solutions some are +extremely long some are extremely short + + align:start position:0% +extremely long some are extremely short + + + align:start position:0% +extremely long some are extremely short +the extremely short ones usually involve + + align:start position:0% +the extremely short ones usually involve + + + align:start position:0% +the extremely short ones usually involve +some kind of deeper understanding where + + align:start position:0% +some kind of deeper understanding where + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of deeper understanding where +of what's going on so that you can pick + + align:start position:0% +of what's going on so that you can pick + + + align:start position:0% +of what's going on so that you can pick +a shortcut and use it and hopefully + + align:start position:0% +a shortcut and use it and hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +a shortcut and use it and hopefully +we're going to develop this skill during + + align:start position:0% +we're going to develop this skill during + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to develop this skill during +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +class now I I could spend a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +class now I I could spend a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +class now I I could spend a lot of time +in this lecture talking about why the + + align:start position:0% +in this lecture talking about why the + + + align:start position:0% +in this lecture talking about why the +subject is important I'll keep it short + + align:start position:0% +subject is important I'll keep it short + + + align:start position:0% +subject is important I'll keep it short +because I think it's almost obvious + + align:start position:0% +because I think it's almost obvious + + + align:start position:0% +because I think it's almost obvious +anything that happens in life is + + align:start position:0% +anything that happens in life is + + + align:start position:0% +anything that happens in life is +uncertain there's uncertainty anywhere + + align:start position:0% +uncertain there's uncertainty anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +uncertain there's uncertainty anywhere +so whatever you try to do you need to + + align:start position:0% +so whatever you try to do you need to + + + align:start position:0% +so whatever you try to do you need to +have some way of dealing or thinking + + align:start position:0% +have some way of dealing or thinking + + + align:start position:0% +have some way of dealing or thinking +about this uncertainty and the way to do + + align:start position:0% +about this uncertainty and the way to do + + + align:start position:0% +about this uncertainty and the way to do +that in a systematic way is by using the + + align:start position:0% +that in a systematic way is by using the + + + align:start position:0% +that in a systematic way is by using the +models that are given to us by + + align:start position:0% +models that are given to us by + + + align:start position:0% +models that are given to us by +probability Theory so if you're an + + align:start position:0% +probability Theory so if you're an + + + align:start position:0% +probability Theory so if you're an +engineer and you're dealing with a + + align:start position:0% +engineer and you're dealing with a + + + align:start position:0% +engineer and you're dealing with a +communication system or signal + + align:start position:0% +communication system or signal + + + align:start position:0% +communication system or signal +processing basically you're facing a + + align:start position:0% +processing basically you're facing a + + + align:start position:0% +processing basically you're facing a +fight against noise noise is random is + + align:start position:0% +fight against noise noise is random is + + + align:start position:0% +fight against noise noise is random is +uncertain how do you model it how do you + + align:start position:0% +uncertain how do you model it how do you + + + align:start position:0% +uncertain how do you model it how do you +deal with it if you're a manager yes + + align:start position:0% +deal with it if you're a manager yes + + + align:start position:0% +deal with it if you're a manager yes +you're dealing with customer demand + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with customer demand + + + align:start position:0% +you're dealing with customer demand +which is of course random or you're + + align:start position:0% +which is of course random or you're + + + align:start position:0% +which is of course random or you're +dealing with the stock market which is + + align:start position:0% +dealing with the stock market which is + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with the stock market which is +definitely random or you play at the + + align:start position:0% +definitely random or you play at the + + + align:start position:0% +definitely random or you play at the +casino which is again random and so on + + align:start position:0% +casino which is again random and so on + + + align:start position:0% +casino which is again random and so on +and the same goes for pretty much any + + align:start position:0% +and the same goes for pretty much any + + + align:start position:0% +and the same goes for pretty much any +other field that you can think of but uh + + align:start position:0% +other field that you can think of but uh + + + align:start position:0% +other field that you can think of but uh +independent of which field you're coming + + align:start position:0% +independent of which field you're coming + + + align:start position:0% +independent of which field you're coming +from the basic concepts and tools are + + align:start position:0% +from the basic concepts and tools are + + + align:start position:0% +from the basic concepts and tools are +really all the same so you may see in + + align:start position:0% +really all the same so you may see in + + + align:start position:0% +really all the same so you may see in +bookstores that there there are books + + align:start position:0% +bookstores that there there are books + + + align:start position:0% +bookstores that there there are books +probability for scientists probability + + align:start position:0% +probability for scientists probability + + + align:start position:0% +probability for scientists probability +for engineers probability for social + + align:start position:0% +for engineers probability for social + + + align:start position:0% +for engineers probability for social +scientists probability for astrologists + + align:start position:0% +scientists probability for astrologists + + + align:start position:0% +scientists probability for astrologists +well what all those books have inside + + align:start position:0% +well what all those books have inside + + + align:start position:0% +well what all those books have inside +them is exactly the same models the same + + align:start position:0% +them is exactly the same models the same + + + align:start position:0% +them is exactly the same models the same +equations the same problems they just + + align:start position:0% +equations the same problems they just + + + align:start position:0% +equations the same problems they just +make them somewhat different word + + align:start position:0% +make them somewhat different word + + + align:start position:0% +make them somewhat different word +problems the basic concepts are just one + + align:start position:0% +problems the basic concepts are just one + + + align:start position:0% +problems the basic concepts are just one +and the same and we'll take this as an + + align:start position:0% +and the same and we'll take this as an + + + align:start position:0% +and the same and we'll take this as an +excuse for not going too much into to + + align:start position:0% +excuse for not going too much into to + + + align:start position:0% +excuse for not going too much into to +specific domain applications we will + + align:start position:0% +specific domain applications we will + + + align:start position:0% +specific domain applications we will +have problems and examples that are + + align:start position:0% +have problems and examples that are + + + align:start position:0% +have problems and examples that are +motivated in some loose sense from Real + + align:start position:0% +motivated in some loose sense from Real + + + align:start position:0% +motivated in some loose sense from Real +World situations but we're not really + + align:start position:0% +World situations but we're not really + + + align:start position:0% +World situations but we're not really +try in this class to develop the skills + + align:start position:0% +try in this class to develop the skills + + + align:start position:0% +try in this class to develop the skills +for a specific uh for domain specific + + align:start position:0% +for a specific uh for domain specific + + + align:start position:0% +for a specific uh for domain specific +problems rather we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +problems rather we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +problems rather we're going to try to +stick to General understanding of the + + align:start position:0% +stick to General understanding of the + + + align:start position:0% +stick to General understanding of the +subject okay so the next slide of which + + align:start position:0% +subject okay so the next slide of which + + + align:start position:0% +subject okay so the next slide of which +you do which you do have in your handout + + align:start position:0% +you do which you do have in your handout + + + align:start position:0% +you do which you do have in your handout +gives you a few more details about the + + align:start position:0% +gives you a few more details about the + + + align:start position:0% +gives you a few more details about the +class + + align:start position:0% +class + + + align:start position:0% +class +uh maybe one thing to comment here is + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe one thing to comment here is + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe one thing to comment here is +that you do need to read the text in + + align:start position:0% +that you do need to read the text in + + + align:start position:0% +that you do need to read the text in +with Calculus books perhaps you can live + + align:start position:0% +with Calculus books perhaps you can live + + + align:start position:0% +with Calculus books perhaps you can live +with just a two-page summary of all the + + align:start position:0% +with just a two-page summary of all the + + + align:start position:0% +with just a two-page summary of all the +interesting formulas in calculus and you + + align:start position:0% +interesting formulas in calculus and you + + + align:start position:0% +interesting formulas in calculus and you +can get by + + align:start position:0% +can get by + + + align:start position:0% +can get by +uh just with those formulas but here + + align:start position:0% +uh just with those formulas but here + + + align:start position:0% +uh just with those formulas but here +because we want to develop Concepts and + + align:start position:0% +because we want to develop Concepts and + + + align:start position:0% +because we want to develop Concepts and +intuition actually reading words as + + align:start position:0% +intuition actually reading words as + + + align:start position:0% +intuition actually reading words as +opposed to just browsing through + + align:start position:0% +opposed to just browsing through + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to just browsing through +equations does make a difference in the + + align:start position:0% +equations does make a difference in the + + + align:start position:0% +equations does make a difference in the +beginning the class is kind of easy when + + align:start position:0% +beginning the class is kind of easy when + + + align:start position:0% +beginning the class is kind of easy when +we deal with discrete probability that's + + align:start position:0% +we deal with discrete probability that's + + + align:start position:0% +we deal with discrete probability that's +the material until our first quiz and + + align:start position:0% +the material until our first quiz and + + + align:start position:0% +the material until our first quiz and +some of you may get by without being too + + align:start position:0% +some of you may get by without being too + + + align:start position:0% +some of you may get by without being too +systematic about following the material + + align:start position:0% +systematic about following the material + + + align:start position:0% +systematic about following the material +but it does get substantially harder + + align:start position:0% +but it does get substantially harder + + + align:start position:0% +but it does get substantially harder +afterwards and I will keep restating + + align:start position:0% +afterwards and I will keep restating + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards and I will keep restating +that you do have to read the text to + + align:start position:0% +that you do have to read the text to + + + align:start position:0% +that you do have to read the text to +really understand the + + align:start position:0% +really understand the + + + align:start position:0% +really understand the +material okay so now we can start with + + align:start position:0% +material okay so now we can start with + + + align:start position:0% +material okay so now we can start with +the real part of the lecture let us set + + align:start position:0% +the real part of the lecture let us set + + + align:start position:0% +the real part of the lecture let us set +the goals for + + align:start position:0% +the goals for + + + align:start position:0% +the goals for +today so probability probability theory + + align:start position:0% +today so probability probability theory + + + align:start position:0% +today so probability probability theory +is a framework for dealing with + + align:start position:0% +is a framework for dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +is a framework for dealing with +uncertainty for dealing with situations + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty for dealing with situations + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty for dealing with situations +in which we have some kind of Randomness + + align:start position:0% +in which we have some kind of Randomness + + + align:start position:0% +in which we have some kind of Randomness +so what we want to do is by the end of + + align:start position:0% +so what we want to do is by the end of + + + align:start position:0% +so what we want to do is by the end of +today's lecture to give you anything + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture to give you anything + + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture to give you anything +that you need to know how to set up what + + align:start position:0% +that you need to know how to set up what + + + align:start position:0% +that you need to know how to set up what +does it take to set up a probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +does it take to set up a probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +does it take to set up a probabilistic +model and uh what are the basic rules of + + align:start position:0% +model and uh what are the basic rules of + + + align:start position:0% +model and uh what are the basic rules of +the game for dealing with probabilistic + + align:start position:0% +the game for dealing with probabilistic + + + align:start position:0% +the game for dealing with probabilistic +model + + align:start position:0% +model + + + align:start position:0% +model +so by the end of this lecture you will + + align:start position:0% +so by the end of this lecture you will + + + align:start position:0% +so by the end of this lecture you will +have essentially recovered half of this + + align:start position:0% +have essentially recovered half of this + + + align:start position:0% +have essentially recovered half of this +semester's tuition right so we're going + + align:start position:0% +semester's tuition right so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +semester's tuition right so we're going +to talk about probabilistic models in + + align:start position:0% +to talk about probabilistic models in + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about probabilistic models in +more detail the sample space which is + + align:start position:0% +more detail the sample space which is + + + align:start position:0% +more detail the sample space which is +basically a description of all the + + align:start position:0% +basically a description of all the + + + align:start position:0% +basically a description of all the +things that may happen during a random + + align:start position:0% +things that may happen during a random + + + align:start position:0% +things that may happen during a random +experiment and the probability law which + + align:start position:0% +experiment and the probability law which + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and the probability law which +describes our beliefs about which + + align:start position:0% +describes our beliefs about which + + + align:start position:0% +describes our beliefs about which +outcomes are more likely to occur + + align:start position:0% +outcomes are more likely to occur + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes are more likely to occur +compared to other outcomes uh + + align:start position:0% +compared to other outcomes uh + + + align:start position:0% +compared to other outcomes uh +probability laws have to obey certain + + align:start position:0% +probability laws have to obey certain + + + align:start position:0% +probability laws have to obey certain +properties that we call the axioms of + + align:start position:0% +properties that we call the axioms of + + + align:start position:0% +properties that we call the axioms of +probability so B main part of today's + + align:start position:0% +probability so B main part of today's + + + align:start position:0% +probability so B main part of today's +lecture is to describe those axioms + + align:start position:0% +lecture is to describe those axioms + + + align:start position:0% +lecture is to describe those axioms +which are the rules of the game and + + align:start position:0% +which are the rules of the game and + + + align:start position:0% +which are the rules of the game and +consider a few really trivial + + align:start position:0% +consider a few really trivial + + + align:start position:0% +consider a few really trivial +examples okay so let's start with our + + align:start position:0% +examples okay so let's start with our + + + align:start position:0% +examples okay so let's start with our +agenda the first piece in a + + align:start position:0% +agenda the first piece in a + + + align:start position:0% +agenda the first piece in a +probabilistic model is a description of + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic model is a description of + + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic model is a description of +the sample space of an + + align:start position:0% +the sample space of an + + + align:start position:0% +the sample space of an +experiment so we do an + + align:start position:0% +experiment so we do an + + + align:start position:0% +experiment so we do an +experiment and by experiment we just + + align:start position:0% +experiment and by experiment we just + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and by experiment we just +mean that just something happens out + + align:start position:0% +mean that just something happens out + + + align:start position:0% +mean that just something happens out +there there and that's something that + + align:start position:0% +there there and that's something that + + + align:start position:0% +there there and that's something that +happens it could be flipping a coin or + + align:start position:0% +happens it could be flipping a coin or + + + align:start position:0% +happens it could be flipping a coin or +it could be rolling a Dy or it could be + + align:start position:0% +it could be rolling a Dy or it could be + + + align:start position:0% +it could be rolling a Dy or it could be +doing something in a card game so we fix + + align:start position:0% +doing something in a card game so we fix + + + align:start position:0% +doing something in a card game so we fix +a particular experiment and we come up + + align:start position:0% +a particular experiment and we come up + + + align:start position:0% +a particular experiment and we come up +with a list of all the possible things + + align:start position:0% +with a list of all the possible things + + + align:start position:0% +with a list of all the possible things +that may happen during this experiment + + align:start position:0% +that may happen during this experiment + + + align:start position:0% +that may happen during this experiment +so we write down a list of all the + + align:start position:0% +so we write down a list of all the + + + align:start position:0% +so we write down a list of all the +possible outcomes so here's a list of + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes so here's a list of + + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes so here's a list of +all the possible outcomes of the + + align:start position:0% +all the possible outcomes of the + + + align:start position:0% +all the possible outcomes of the +experiment I use the word list but if + + align:start position:0% +experiment I use the word list but if + + + align:start position:0% +experiment I use the word list but if +you want to be a little more formal it's + + align:start position:0% +you want to be a little more formal it's + + + align:start position:0% +you want to be a little more formal it's +better to think of that list as a set so + + align:start position:0% +better to think of that list as a set so + + + align:start position:0% +better to think of that list as a set so +we have a set that set is our sample + + align:start position:0% +we have a set that set is our sample + + + align:start position:0% +we have a set that set is our sample +space and it's a set whose elements are + + align:start position:0% +space and it's a set whose elements are + + + align:start position:0% +space and it's a set whose elements are +the possible outcomes of the experiment + + align:start position:0% +the possible outcomes of the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +the possible outcomes of the experiment +so for example if you're dealing with + + align:start position:0% +so for example if you're dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +so for example if you're dealing with +flipping a coin your sample space would + + align:start position:0% +flipping a coin your sample space would + + + align:start position:0% +flipping a coin your sample space would +be Heads This is one outcome tails is + + align:start position:0% +be Heads This is one outcome tails is + + + align:start position:0% +be Heads This is one outcome tails is +one outcome and this set which has two + + align:start position:0% +one outcome and this set which has two + + + align:start position:0% +one outcome and this set which has two +elements is the sample space of the + + align:start position:0% +elements is the sample space of the + + + align:start position:0% +elements is the sample space of the +experiment + + align:start position:0% +experiment + + + align:start position:0% +experiment +okay what do we need to think about when + + align:start position:0% +okay what do we need to think about when + + + align:start position:0% +okay what do we need to think about when +we're setting up this sample space first + + align:start position:0% +we're setting up this sample space first + + + align:start position:0% +we're setting up this sample space first +the list should be mutually exclusive + + align:start position:0% +the list should be mutually exclusive + + + align:start position:0% +the list should be mutually exclusive +collectively exhaustive what does that + + align:start position:0% +collectively exhaustive what does that + + + align:start position:0% +collectively exhaustive what does that +mean collectively exhaustive means that + + align:start position:0% +mean collectively exhaustive means that + + + align:start position:0% +mean collectively exhaustive means that +no matter what happens in the experiment + + align:start position:0% +no matter what happens in the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +no matter what happens in the experiment +you're going to get one of the outcomes + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get one of the outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get one of the outcomes +inside here so you have not forgotten + + align:start position:0% +inside here so you have not forgotten + + + align:start position:0% +inside here so you have not forgotten +any of the possibilities of what may + + align:start position:0% +any of the possibilities of what may + + + align:start position:0% +any of the possibilities of what may +happen in the experiment mutually + + align:start position:0% +happen in the experiment mutually + + + align:start position:0% +happen in the experiment mutually +exclusive means that if this happens + + align:start position:0% +exclusive means that if this happens + + + align:start position:0% +exclusive means that if this happens +then that cannot happen so it's at the + + align:start position:0% +then that cannot happen so it's at the + + + align:start position:0% +then that cannot happen so it's at the +end of the experiment you should be able + + align:start position:0% +end of the experiment you should be able + + + align:start position:0% +end of the experiment you should be able +to point out to me just one exactly one + + align:start position:0% +to point out to me just one exactly one + + + align:start position:0% +to point out to me just one exactly one +of these outcomes and say this is the + + align:start position:0% +of these outcomes and say this is the + + + align:start position:0% +of these outcomes and say this is the +outcome that + + align:start position:0% +outcome that + + + align:start position:0% +outcome that +happened okay so these are sort of basic + + align:start position:0% +happened okay so these are sort of basic + + + align:start position:0% +happened okay so these are sort of basic +requirements there's another requirement + + align:start position:0% +requirements there's another requirement + + + align:start position:0% +requirements there's another requirement +which is a little more loose when you + + align:start position:0% +which is a little more loose when you + + + align:start position:0% +which is a little more loose when you +set up your sample space sometimes you + + align:start position:0% +set up your sample space sometimes you + + + align:start position:0% +set up your sample space sometimes you +do have some Freedom about the details + + align:start position:0% +do have some Freedom about the details + + + align:start position:0% +do have some Freedom about the details +of the of what you're of how you're + + align:start position:0% +of the of what you're of how you're + + + align:start position:0% +of the of what you're of how you're +going to describe it and the question is + + align:start position:0% +going to describe it and the question is + + + align:start position:0% +going to describe it and the question is +how much detail are you going to include + + align:start position:0% +how much detail are you going to include + + + align:start position:0% +how much detail are you going to include +so let's let's take this coin flipping + + align:start position:0% +so let's let's take this coin flipping + + + align:start position:0% +so let's let's take this coin flipping +experiment and think of the following + + align:start position:0% +experiment and think of the following + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and think of the following +sample space one possible outcome is + + align:start position:0% +sample space one possible outcome is + + + align:start position:0% +sample space one possible outcome is +heads a second possible outcome is Tails + + align:start position:0% +heads a second possible outcome is Tails + + + align:start position:0% +heads a second possible outcome is Tails +and it's + + align:start position:0% +and it's + + + align:start position:0% +and it's +raining and the third possible outcome + + align:start position:0% +raining and the third possible outcome + + + align:start position:0% +raining and the third possible outcome +is Tails and it's not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +training so this is another possible + + align:start position:0% +training so this is another possible + + + align:start position:0% +training so this is another possible +sample space for the experiment where I + + align:start position:0% +sample space for the experiment where I + + + align:start position:0% +sample space for the experiment where I +flip a coin just + + align:start position:0% +flip a coin just + + + align:start position:0% +flip a coin just +once it's a legitimate one these three + + align:start position:0% +once it's a legitimate one these three + + + align:start position:0% +once it's a legitimate one these three +possib abilities are mutually exclusive + + align:start position:0% +possib abilities are mutually exclusive + + + align:start position:0% +possib abilities are mutually exclusive +and collectively exhaustive which one is + + align:start position:0% +and collectively exhaustive which one is + + + align:start position:0% +and collectively exhaustive which one is +the right sample space is it this one or + + align:start position:0% +the right sample space is it this one or + + + align:start position:0% +the right sample space is it this one or +that one well if you think that my coin + + align:start position:0% +that one well if you think that my coin + + + align:start position:0% +that one well if you think that my coin +flipping inside this room is completely + + align:start position:0% +flipping inside this room is completely + + + align:start position:0% +flipping inside this room is completely +unrelated to the weather outside then + + align:start position:0% +unrelated to the weather outside then + + + align:start position:0% +unrelated to the weather outside then +you're going to stick with this sample + + align:start position:0% +you're going to stick with this sample + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to stick with this sample +space if on the other hand you have some + + align:start position:0% +space if on the other hand you have some + + + align:start position:0% +space if on the other hand you have some +superstitious beliefs that maybe rain + + align:start position:0% +superstitious beliefs that maybe rain + + + align:start position:0% +superstitious beliefs that maybe rain +has an effect on my coins you might work + + align:start position:0% +has an effect on my coins you might work + + + align:start position:0% +has an effect on my coins you might work +with a sample space of this kind + + align:start position:0% +with a sample space of this kind + + + align:start position:0% +with a sample space of this kind +so you probably wouldn't do that but + + align:start position:0% +so you probably wouldn't do that but + + + align:start position:0% +so you probably wouldn't do that but +it's a legitimate option strictly + + align:start position:0% +it's a legitimate option strictly + + + align:start position:0% +it's a legitimate option strictly +speaking now this example is a little on + + align:start position:0% +speaking now this example is a little on + + + align:start position:0% +speaking now this example is a little on +the bit on the frivolous side but the + + align:start position:0% +the bit on the frivolous side but the + + + align:start position:0% +the bit on the frivolous side but the +issue that comes up here is a basic one + + align:start position:0% +issue that comes up here is a basic one + + + align:start position:0% +issue that comes up here is a basic one +that shows up anywhere in science and + + align:start position:0% +that shows up anywhere in science and + + + align:start position:0% +that shows up anywhere in science and +engineering whenever you're dealing with + + align:start position:0% +engineering whenever you're dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +engineering whenever you're dealing with +a model or with a situation there are + + align:start position:0% +a model or with a situation there are + + + align:start position:0% +a model or with a situation there are +zillions of details in that situation + + align:start position:0% +zillions of details in that situation + + + align:start position:0% +zillions of details in that situation +and when you come up with a model you + + align:start position:0% +and when you come up with a model you + + + align:start position:0% +and when you come up with a model you +choose some of those details that you + + align:start position:0% +choose some of those details that you + + + align:start position:0% +choose some of those details that you +keep in your model and some that you say + + align:start position:0% +keep in your model and some that you say + + + align:start position:0% +keep in your model and some that you say +well these are irrelevant or maybe there + + align:start position:0% +well these are irrelevant or maybe there + + + align:start position:0% +well these are irrelevant or maybe there +are small effects I can like neglect + + align:start position:0% +are small effects I can like neglect + + + align:start position:0% +are small effects I can like neglect +them and you keep them outside your + + align:start position:0% +them and you keep them outside your + + + align:start position:0% +them and you keep them outside your +model so there's definitely when you go + + align:start position:0% +model so there's definitely when you go + + + align:start position:0% +model so there's definitely when you go +to the real world there's definitely an + + align:start position:0% +to the real world there's definitely an + + + align:start position:0% +to the real world there's definitely an +element of art and some judgment that + + align:start position:0% +element of art and some judgment that + + + align:start position:0% +element of art and some judgment that +you need to do in order to set up an + + align:start position:0% +you need to do in order to set up an + + + align:start position:0% +you need to do in order to set up an +appropriate sample + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +space so an easy example + + align:start position:0% +space so an easy example + + + align:start position:0% +space so an easy example +now so of course the elementary examples + + align:start position:0% +now so of course the elementary examples + + + align:start position:0% +now so of course the elementary examples +are coins cards dice + + align:start position:0% +are coins cards dice + + + align:start position:0% +are coins cards dice +so let's deal with dyes but to keep the + + align:start position:0% +so let's deal with dyes but to keep the + + + align:start position:0% +so let's deal with dyes but to keep the +diagram small instead of a six-sided Dy + + align:start position:0% +diagram small instead of a six-sided Dy + + + align:start position:0% +diagram small instead of a six-sided Dy +we're going to think about a Dy that + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think about a Dy that + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to think about a Dy that +only has four faces so you can do that + + align:start position:0% +only has four faces so you can do that + + + align:start position:0% +only has four faces so you can do that +with a tetrahedr and doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +with a tetrahedr and doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +with a tetrahedr and doesn't really +matter basically it's a die that when + + align:start position:0% +matter basically it's a die that when + + + align:start position:0% +matter basically it's a die that when +you roll it you get a result which is + + align:start position:0% +you roll it you get a result which is + + + align:start position:0% +you roll it you get a result which is +one two three or four however the + + align:start position:0% +one two three or four however the + + + align:start position:0% +one two three or four however the +experiment that I'm going to think about + + align:start position:0% +experiment that I'm going to think about + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that I'm going to think about +will consist of two rolls of a + + align:start position:0% +will consist of two rolls of a + + + align:start position:0% +will consist of two rolls of a +Dy crucial Point here I'm rolling the Dy + + align:start position:0% +Dy crucial Point here I'm rolling the Dy + + + align:start position:0% +Dy crucial Point here I'm rolling the Dy +twice + + align:start position:0% +twice + + + align:start position:0% +twice +but I'm thinking of this as just one + + align:start position:0% +but I'm thinking of this as just one + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm thinking of this as just one +experiment not two different experiments + + align:start position:0% +experiment not two different experiments + + + align:start position:0% +experiment not two different experiments +not a repetition of twice of the same + + align:start position:0% +not a repetition of twice of the same + + + align:start position:0% +not a repetition of twice of the same +experiment so it's one big experiment + + align:start position:0% +experiment so it's one big experiment + + + align:start position:0% +experiment so it's one big experiment +during that big experiment various + + align:start position:0% +during that big experiment various + + + align:start position:0% +during that big experiment various +things will happen such as I'm rolling + + align:start position:0% +things will happen such as I'm rolling + + + align:start position:0% +things will happen such as I'm rolling +the D once and then I'm rolling the die + + align:start position:0% +the D once and then I'm rolling the die + + + align:start position:0% +the D once and then I'm rolling the die +twice okay so what's the sample space + + align:start position:0% +twice okay so what's the sample space + + + align:start position:0% +twice okay so what's the sample space +for that experiment well the sample + + align:start position:0% +for that experiment well the sample + + + align:start position:0% +for that experiment well the sample +space consists of the possible outcomes + + align:start position:0% +space consists of the possible outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +space consists of the possible outcomes +one one possible outcome is that your + + align:start position:0% +one one possible outcome is that your + + + align:start position:0% +one one possible outcome is that your +first role resulted in two and the + + align:start position:0% +first role resulted in two and the + + + align:start position:0% +first role resulted in two and the +second role resulted in three in which + + align:start position:0% +second role resulted in three in which + + + align:start position:0% +second role resulted in three in which +case the outcome that you get is this + + align:start position:0% +case the outcome that you get is this + + + align:start position:0% +case the outcome that you get is this +one a two followed by three this is one + + align:start position:0% +one a two followed by three this is one + + + align:start position:0% +one a two followed by three this is one +possible + + align:start position:0% +possible + + + align:start position:0% +possible +outcome the way I'm describing things + + align:start position:0% +outcome the way I'm describing things + + + align:start position:0% +outcome the way I'm describing things +this outcome is to be distinguished from + + align:start position:0% +this outcome is to be distinguished from + + + align:start position:0% +this outcome is to be distinguished from +this outcome here where a three is + + align:start position:0% +this outcome here where a three is + + + align:start position:0% +this outcome here where a three is +followed by + + align:start position:0% +followed by + + + align:start position:0% +followed by +two if you're playing Bon it does + + align:start position:0% +two if you're playing Bon it does + + + align:start position:0% +two if you're playing Bon it does +doesn't matter which one of the two + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter which one of the two + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter which one of the two +happened but if you're do dealing with a + + align:start position:0% +happened but if you're do dealing with a + + + align:start position:0% +happened but if you're do dealing with a +probabilistic model that he wants to + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic model that he wants to + + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic model that he wants to +keep track of everything that happens in + + align:start position:0% +keep track of everything that happens in + + + align:start position:0% +keep track of everything that happens in +this composite + + align:start position:0% +this composite + + + align:start position:0% +this composite +experiment there are good reasons for + + align:start position:0% +experiment there are good reasons for + + + align:start position:0% +experiment there are good reasons for +distinguishing between these two + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing between these two + + + align:start position:0% +distinguishing between these two +outcomes I mean when this happens it's + + align:start position:0% +outcomes I mean when this happens it's + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes I mean when this happens it's +definitely something different from that + + align:start position:0% +definitely something different from that + + + align:start position:0% +definitely something different from that +happening a two followed by a three is + + align:start position:0% +happening a two followed by a three is + + + align:start position:0% +happening a two followed by a three is +different from a three followed by a two + + align:start position:0% +different from a three followed by a two + + + align:start position:0% +different from a three followed by a two +so this is the correct sample space for + + align:start position:0% +so this is the correct sample space for + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the correct sample space for +this experiment where we roll the DI + + align:start position:0% +this experiment where we roll the DI + + + align:start position:0% +this experiment where we roll the DI +twice it has a total of 16 elements and + + align:start position:0% +twice it has a total of 16 elements and + + + align:start position:0% +twice it has a total of 16 elements and +it's of course a finite + + align:start position:0% +it's of course a finite + + + align:start position:0% +it's of course a finite +set sometimes instead of describing + + align:start position:0% +set sometimes instead of describing + + + align:start position:0% +set sometimes instead of describing +sample spaces in terms of lists or sets + + align:start position:0% +sample spaces in terms of lists or sets + + + align:start position:0% +sample spaces in terms of lists or sets +or diagrams of this kind it's useful to + + align:start position:0% +or diagrams of this kind it's useful to + + + align:start position:0% +or diagrams of this kind it's useful to +describe the experiment in some + + align:start position:0% +describe the experiment in some + + + align:start position:0% +describe the experiment in some +sequential way whenever you have an + + align:start position:0% +sequential way whenever you have an + + + align:start position:0% +sequential way whenever you have an +experiment that consists of multiple + + align:start position:0% +experiment that consists of multiple + + + align:start position:0% +experiment that consists of multiple +stages it might be useful at least + + align:start position:0% +stages it might be useful at least + + + align:start position:0% +stages it might be useful at least +visually to give a diagram that shows + + align:start position:0% +visually to give a diagram that shows + + + align:start position:0% +visually to give a diagram that shows +you how those stages evolve and that's + + align:start position:0% +you how those stages evolve and that's + + + align:start position:0% +you how those stages evolve and that's +what we do by using a sequential + + align:start position:0% +what we do by using a sequential + + + align:start position:0% +what we do by using a sequential +description or a tree based description + + align:start position:0% +description or a tree based description + + + align:start position:0% +description or a tree based description +by drawing a tree of the possible + + align:start position:0% +by drawing a tree of the possible + + + align:start position:0% +by drawing a tree of the possible +Evolutions during our experiment so in + + align:start position:0% +Evolutions during our experiment so in + + + align:start position:0% +Evolutions during our experiment so in +this tree I'm thinking of a first stage + + align:start position:0% +this tree I'm thinking of a first stage + + + align:start position:0% +this tree I'm thinking of a first stage +in which I roll the first die and there + + align:start position:0% +in which I roll the first die and there + + + align:start position:0% +in which I roll the first die and there +are four possible results one two three + + align:start position:0% +are four possible results one two three + + + align:start position:0% +are four possible results one two three +and four and given what happened in the + + align:start position:0% +and four and given what happened in the + + + align:start position:0% +and four and given what happened in the +first in let's say in the first roll + + align:start position:0% +first in let's say in the first roll + + + align:start position:0% +first in let's say in the first roll +suppose I got a one then I'm rolling the + + align:start position:0% +suppose I got a one then I'm rolling the + + + align:start position:0% +suppose I got a one then I'm rolling the +second die and the four possibilities + + align:start position:0% +second die and the four possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +second die and the four possibilities +for what may happen to the second die + + align:start position:0% +for what may happen to the second die + + + align:start position:0% +for what may happen to the second die +and the possible results are 1 two 3 and + + align:start position:0% +and the possible results are 1 two 3 and + + + align:start position:0% +and the possible results are 1 two 3 and +four again so what's the relation + + align:start position:0% +four again so what's the relation + + + align:start position:0% +four again so what's the relation +between the two diagrams well for + + align:start position:0% +between the two diagrams well for + + + align:start position:0% +between the two diagrams well for +example the outcome two followed by + + align:start position:0% +example the outcome two followed by + + + align:start position:0% +example the outcome two followed by +three corresponds to this path on the + + align:start position:0% +three corresponds to this path on the + + + align:start position:0% +three corresponds to this path on the +tree so this path corresponds to two + + align:start position:0% +tree so this path corresponds to two + + + align:start position:0% +tree so this path corresponds to two +followed by a three any path is + + align:start position:0% +followed by a three any path is + + + align:start position:0% +followed by a three any path is +associated to a particular outcome any + + align:start position:0% +associated to a particular outcome any + + + align:start position:0% +associated to a particular outcome any +outcome is associated to a particular + + align:start position:0% +outcome is associated to a particular + + + align:start position:0% +outcome is associated to a particular +path and instead of path you may want to + + align:start position:0% +path and instead of path you may want to + + + align:start position:0% +path and instead of path you may want to +think in terms of the leaves of this + + align:start position:0% +think in terms of the leaves of this + + + align:start position:0% +think in terms of the leaves of this +diagram same thing think of each one of + + align:start position:0% +diagram same thing think of each one of + + + align:start position:0% +diagram same thing think of each one of +the leaves as being one possible + + align:start position:0% +the leaves as being one possible + + + align:start position:0% +the leaves as being one possible +outcome and of course we have 16 + + align:start position:0% +outcome and of course we have 16 + + + align:start position:0% +outcome and of course we have 16 +outcomes here we have 16 outcomes here + + align:start position:0% +outcomes here we have 16 outcomes here + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes here we have 16 outcomes here +uh maybe you noticed a subtlety that I + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe you noticed a subtlety that I + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe you noticed a subtlety that I +used in my language I said I roll the + + align:start position:0% +used in my language I said I roll the + + + align:start position:0% +used in my language I said I roll the +first die and the result that I get is a + + align:start position:0% +first die and the result that I get is a + + + align:start position:0% +first die and the result that I get is a +two I didn't use the word outcome I want + + align:start position:0% +two I didn't use the word outcome I want + + + align:start position:0% +two I didn't use the word outcome I want +to reserve the word outcome to mean the + + align:start position:0% +to reserve the word outcome to mean the + + + align:start position:0% +to reserve the word outcome to mean the +overall outcome at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +overall outcome at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +overall outcome at the end of the +overall experiment so 2 comma 3 is the + + align:start position:0% +overall experiment so 2 comma 3 is the + + + align:start position:0% +overall experiment so 2 comma 3 is the +outcome of the experiment the experiment + + align:start position:0% +outcome of the experiment the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +outcome of the experiment the experiment +consisted of stages two was the result + + align:start position:0% +consisted of stages two was the result + + + align:start position:0% +consisted of stages two was the result +in the first stage three was the result + + align:start position:0% +in the first stage three was the result + + + align:start position:0% +in the first stage three was the result +in the second stage you put all those + + align:start position:0% +in the second stage you put all those + + + align:start position:0% +in the second stage you put all those +results together and you get your + + align:start position:0% +results together and you get your + + + align:start position:0% +results together and you get your +outcome okay perhaps we are splitting + + align:start position:0% +outcome okay perhaps we are splitting + + + align:start position:0% +outcome okay perhaps we are splitting +hairs here but it's useful to keep the + + align:start position:0% +hairs here but it's useful to keep the + + + align:start position:0% +hairs here but it's useful to keep the +concepts to keep the concepts + + align:start position:0% +concepts to keep the concepts + + + align:start position:0% +concepts to keep the concepts +right what's special about this example + + align:start position:0% +right what's special about this example + + + align:start position:0% +right what's special about this example +is that besides being trivial it has a + + align:start position:0% +is that besides being trivial it has a + + + align:start position:0% +is that besides being trivial it has a +sample space which is finite there's 16 + + align:start position:0% +sample space which is finite there's 16 + + + align:start position:0% +sample space which is finite there's 16 +possible total outcomes not every + + align:start position:0% +possible total outcomes not every + + + align:start position:0% +possible total outcomes not every +experiment has a finite sample space + + align:start position:0% +experiment has a finite sample space + + + align:start position:0% +experiment has a finite sample space +Here's an experiment in which the sample + + align:start position:0% +Here's an experiment in which the sample + + + align:start position:0% +Here's an experiment in which the sample +space is infinite so you are you're + + align:start position:0% +space is infinite so you are you're + + + align:start position:0% +space is infinite so you are you're +playing darts and the target is this + + align:start position:0% +playing darts and the target is this + + + align:start position:0% +playing darts and the target is this +square and you're a perfect you're + + align:start position:0% +square and you're a perfect you're + + + align:start position:0% +square and you're a perfect you're +perfect at that game so you're sure that + + align:start position:0% +perfect at that game so you're sure that + + + align:start position:0% +perfect at that game so you're sure that +your darts will always fall inside the + + align:start position:0% +your darts will always fall inside the + + + align:start position:0% +your darts will always fall inside the +square so but where exactly your Dart + + align:start position:0% +square so but where exactly your Dart + + + align:start position:0% +square so but where exactly your Dart +will fall ins inside that square that + + align:start position:0% +will fall ins inside that square that + + + align:start position:0% +will fall ins inside that square that +itself is random we don't know what it's + + align:start position:0% +itself is random we don't know what it's + + + align:start position:0% +itself is random we don't know what it's +going to be it's uncertain so all the + + align:start position:0% +going to be it's uncertain so all the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be it's uncertain so all the +possible points inside the square are + + align:start position:0% +possible points inside the square are + + + align:start position:0% +possible points inside the square are +possible outcomes of the experiment so a + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes of the experiment so a + + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes of the experiment so a +typical outcome of the experiment is + + align:start position:0% +typical outcome of the experiment is + + + align:start position:0% +typical outcome of the experiment is +going to be a pair of numbers X Y where + + align:start position:0% +going to be a pair of numbers X Y where + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a pair of numbers X Y where +X and Y are real numbers between zero + + align:start position:0% +X and Y are real numbers between zero + + + align:start position:0% +X and Y are real numbers between zero +and one now there's infinitely many real + + align:start position:0% +and one now there's infinitely many real + + + align:start position:0% +and one now there's infinitely many real +numbers there's infinitely many points + + align:start position:0% +numbers there's infinitely many points + + + align:start position:0% +numbers there's infinitely many points +in the Square so this is an example in + + align:start position:0% +in the Square so this is an example in + + + align:start position:0% +in the Square so this is an example in +which our sample space is an infinite + + align:start position:0% +which our sample space is an infinite + + + align:start position:0% +which our sample space is an infinite +set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so we're going to revisit this + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're going to revisit this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we're going to revisit this +example a little + + align:start position:0% +example a little + + + align:start position:0% +example a little +later okay so these are two examples of + + align:start position:0% +later okay so these are two examples of + + + align:start position:0% +later okay so these are two examples of +what a sample space might be in simple + + align:start position:0% +what a sample space might be in simple + + + align:start position:0% +what a sample space might be in simple +experiments now the more important order + + align:start position:0% +experiments now the more important order + + + align:start position:0% +experiments now the more important order +of business is now to look at those + + align:start position:0% +of business is now to look at those + + + align:start position:0% +of business is now to look at those +possible outcomes and make some + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes and make some + + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes and make some +statements about their relative + + align:start position:0% +statements about their relative + + + align:start position:0% +statements about their relative +likelihoods which outcome is more likely + + align:start position:0% +likelihoods which outcome is more likely + + + align:start position:0% +likelihoods which outcome is more likely +to occur to occur compared to the other + + align:start position:0% +to occur to occur compared to the other + + + align:start position:0% +to occur to occur compared to the other +and the way we do this is by assigning + + align:start position:0% +and the way we do this is by assigning + + + align:start position:0% +and the way we do this is by assigning +probabilities to the + + align:start position:0% +probabilities to the + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities to the +outcomes well not exactly suppose that + + align:start position:0% +outcomes well not exactly suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes well not exactly suppose that +all you were to do was to assign + + align:start position:0% +all you were to do was to assign + + + align:start position:0% +all you were to do was to assign +probabilities to individual outcomes if + + align:start position:0% +probabilities to individual outcomes if + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities to individual outcomes if +you go back to this example and you + + align:start position:0% +you go back to this example and you + + + align:start position:0% +you go back to this example and you +consider one particular outcome let's + + align:start position:0% +consider one particular outcome let's + + + align:start position:0% +consider one particular outcome let's +say this point what would be the + + align:start position:0% +say this point what would be the + + + align:start position:0% +say this point what would be the +probability that you hit exactly this + + align:start position:0% +probability that you hit exactly this + + + align:start position:0% +probability that you hit exactly this +point to infinite precision + + align:start position:0% +point to infinite precision + + + align:start position:0% +point to infinite precision +intuitively that probability would be + + align:start position:0% +intuitively that probability would be + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively that probability would be +zero so any individual point in this + + align:start position:0% +zero so any individual point in this + + + align:start position:0% +zero so any individual point in this +diagram in any reasonable model should + + align:start position:0% +diagram in any reasonable model should + + + align:start position:0% +diagram in any reasonable model should +have zero probability so if you just + + align:start position:0% +have zero probability so if you just + + + align:start position:0% +have zero probability so if you just +tell me that any individual outcome has + + align:start position:0% +tell me that any individual outcome has + + + align:start position:0% +tell me that any individual outcome has +zero probability you're not really + + align:start position:0% +zero probability you're not really + + + align:start position:0% +zero probability you're not really +telling me much to work with for that + + align:start position:0% +telling me much to work with for that + + + align:start position:0% +telling me much to work with for that +reason what instead we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +reason what instead we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +reason what instead we're going to do is +to assign probabilities to subsets of + + align:start position:0% +to assign probabilities to subsets of + + + align:start position:0% +to assign probabilities to subsets of +the sample space as opposed to assigning + + align:start position:0% +the sample space as opposed to assigning + + + align:start position:0% +the sample space as opposed to assigning +probabilities to individual outcomes + + align:start position:0% +probabilities to individual outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities to individual outcomes +so here's the + + align:start position:0% +so here's the + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the +picture we have our sample space which + + align:start position:0% +picture we have our sample space which + + + align:start position:0% +picture we have our sample space which +is Omega and we consider some subset of + + align:start position:0% +is Omega and we consider some subset of + + + align:start position:0% +is Omega and we consider some subset of +the sample space call it + + align:start position:0% +the sample space call it + + + align:start position:0% +the sample space call it +a and I want to assign a num a number a + + align:start position:0% +a and I want to assign a num a number a + + + align:start position:0% +a and I want to assign a num a number a +numerical probability to this particular + + align:start position:0% +numerical probability to this particular + + + align:start position:0% +numerical probability to this particular +subset which uh represents my belief + + align:start position:0% +subset which uh represents my belief + + + align:start position:0% +subset which uh represents my belief +about How likely this set is to occur + + align:start position:0% +about How likely this set is to occur + + + align:start position:0% +about How likely this set is to occur +okay what do we mean to occur + + align:start position:0% +okay what do we mean to occur + + + align:start position:0% +okay what do we mean to occur +and I'm introducing here a language + + align:start position:0% +and I'm introducing here a language + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm introducing here a language +that's being used in probability Theory + + align:start position:0% +that's being used in probability Theory + + + align:start position:0% +that's being used in probability Theory +when we talk about subsets of the sample + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about subsets of the sample + + + align:start position:0% +when we talk about subsets of the sample +space we usually call them events as + + align:start position:0% +space we usually call them events as + + + align:start position:0% +space we usually call them events as +opposed to subsets and the reason is + + align:start position:0% +opposed to subsets and the reason is + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to subsets and the reason is +because it works nicely with the + + align:start position:0% +because it works nicely with the + + + align:start position:0% +because it works nicely with the +language that describes what's going on + + align:start position:0% +language that describes what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +language that describes what's going on +so the outcome is a point the outcome is + + align:start position:0% +so the outcome is a point the outcome is + + + align:start position:0% +so the outcome is a point the outcome is +random the outcome may be inside this + + align:start position:0% +random the outcome may be inside this + + + align:start position:0% +random the outcome may be inside this +set in which case we say that event a + + align:start position:0% +set in which case we say that event a + + + align:start position:0% +set in which case we say that event a +occurred + + align:start position:0% +occurred + + + align:start position:0% +occurred +if we get an outcome inside here or the + + align:start position:0% +if we get an outcome inside here or the + + + align:start position:0% +if we get an outcome inside here or the +outcome may fall outside the set in + + align:start position:0% +outcome may fall outside the set in + + + align:start position:0% +outcome may fall outside the set in +which case we say that event a did not + + align:start position:0% +which case we say that event a did not + + + align:start position:0% +which case we say that event a did not +occur so we're going to assign + + align:start position:0% +occur so we're going to assign + + + align:start position:0% +occur so we're going to assign +probabilities to + + align:start position:0% +probabilities to + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities to +events and now how should we do this + + align:start position:0% +events and now how should we do this + + + align:start position:0% +events and now how should we do this +assignment well probabilities are meant + + align:start position:0% +assignment well probabilities are meant + + + align:start position:0% +assignment well probabilities are meant +to describe your beliefs about which + + align:start position:0% +to describe your beliefs about which + + + align:start position:0% +to describe your beliefs about which +sets are more likely to occur versus + + align:start position:0% +sets are more likely to occur versus + + + align:start position:0% +sets are more likely to occur versus +other set so there's many ways that you + + align:start position:0% +other set so there's many ways that you + + + align:start position:0% +other set so there's many ways that you +can assign those probabilities but there + + align:start position:0% +can assign those probabilities but there + + + align:start position:0% +can assign those probabilities but there +are some ground rules for this game + + align:start position:0% +are some ground rules for this game + + + align:start position:0% +are some ground rules for this game +first we want probabilities to be + + align:start position:0% +first we want probabilities to be + + + align:start position:0% +first we want probabilities to be +numbers between zero and one because + + align:start position:0% +numbers between zero and one because + + + align:start position:0% +numbers between zero and one because +that's the usual + + align:start position:0% +that's the usual + + + align:start position:0% +that's the usual +convention uh so probability of zero + + align:start position:0% +convention uh so probability of zero + + + align:start position:0% +convention uh so probability of zero +means we're certain that something is + + align:start position:0% +means we're certain that something is + + + align:start position:0% +means we're certain that something is +not going to happen probability of one + + align:start position:0% +not going to happen probability of one + + + align:start position:0% +not going to happen probability of one +means that we're essentially certain + + align:start position:0% +means that we're essentially certain + + + align:start position:0% +means that we're essentially certain +that something is not going to happen so + + align:start position:0% +that something is not going to happen so + + + align:start position:0% +that something is not going to happen so +we want numbers between zero and one we + + align:start position:0% +we want numbers between zero and one we + + + align:start position:0% +we want numbers between zero and one we +also want a few other things and those + + align:start position:0% +also want a few other things and those + + + align:start position:0% +also want a few other things and those +few other things are going to be + + align:start position:0% +few other things are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +few other things are going to be +encapsulated in a set of axioms what + + align:start position:0% +encapsulated in a set of axioms what + + + align:start position:0% +encapsulated in a set of axioms what +axioms means in this context it's the + + align:start position:0% +axioms means in this context it's the + + + align:start position:0% +axioms means in this context it's the +ground rules that any legitimate + + align:start position:0% +ground rules that any legitimate + + + align:start position:0% +ground rules that any legitimate +probabilistic model should obey you have + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic model should obey you have + + + align:start position:0% +probabilistic model should obey you have +a choice of how what kind of + + align:start position:0% +a choice of how what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +a choice of how what kind of +probabilities you use but no matter what + + align:start position:0% +probabilities you use but no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities you use but no matter what +you use they should obey certain + + align:start position:0% +you use they should obey certain + + + align:start position:0% +you use they should obey certain +consistency properties because if they + + align:start position:0% +consistency properties because if they + + + align:start position:0% +consistency properties because if they +obey those properties then you can go + + align:start position:0% +obey those properties then you can go + + + align:start position:0% +obey those properties then you can go +ahead and do useful calculations and do + + align:start position:0% +ahead and do useful calculations and do + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and do useful calculations and do +some useful reasoning so what are these + + align:start position:0% +some useful reasoning so what are these + + + align:start position:0% +some useful reasoning so what are these +properties first probabilities should be + + align:start position:0% +properties first probabilities should be + + + align:start position:0% +properties first probabilities should be +non- + + align:start position:0% +non- + + + align:start position:0% +non- +negative okay uh that's our convention + + align:start position:0% +negative okay uh that's our convention + + + align:start position:0% +negative okay uh that's our convention +we want probability to be numbers + + align:start position:0% +we want probability to be numbers + + + align:start position:0% +we want probability to be numbers +between zero and one so they should + + align:start position:0% +between zero and one so they should + + + align:start position:0% +between zero and one so they should +certainly be non- negative the + + align:start position:0% +certainly be non- negative the + + + align:start position:0% +certainly be non- negative the +probability that event a occurs should + + align:start position:0% +probability that event a occurs should + + + align:start position:0% +probability that event a occurs should +be a non- negative number what's the + + align:start position:0% +be a non- negative number what's the + + + align:start position:0% +be a non- negative number what's the +second Axiom the probability of the + + align:start position:0% +second Axiom the probability of the + + + align:start position:0% +second Axiom the probability of the +entire sample space is equal to one why + + align:start position:0% +entire sample space is equal to one why + + + align:start position:0% +entire sample space is equal to one why +does this make sense well the outcome is + + align:start position:0% +does this make sense well the outcome is + + + align:start position:0% +does this make sense well the outcome is +certain to be an element of the sample + + align:start position:0% +certain to be an element of the sample + + + align:start position:0% +certain to be an element of the sample +space because we set up a sample space + + align:start position:0% +space because we set up a sample space + + + align:start position:0% +space because we set up a sample space +which is collectively exhaustive no + + align:start position:0% +which is collectively exhaustive no + + + align:start position:0% +which is collectively exhaustive no +matter what no matter what the outcome + + align:start position:0% +matter what no matter what the outcome + + + align:start position:0% +matter what no matter what the outcome +is it's going to be an element of the + + align:start position:0% +is it's going to be an element of the + + + align:start position:0% +is it's going to be an element of the +sample space we're certain that event + + align:start position:0% +sample space we're certain that event + + + align:start position:0% +sample space we're certain that event +Omega is going to occur therefore we + + align:start position:0% +Omega is going to occur therefore we + + + align:start position:0% +Omega is going to occur therefore we +require we represent this certainty by + + align:start position:0% +require we represent this certainty by + + + align:start position:0% +require we represent this certainty by +saying that the probability of Omega is + + align:start position:0% +saying that the probability of Omega is + + + align:start position:0% +saying that the probability of Omega is +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +one pretty straightforward so + + align:start position:0% +one pretty straightforward so + + + align:start position:0% +one pretty straightforward so +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +far the more interesting axium is the + + align:start position:0% +far the more interesting axium is the + + + align:start position:0% +far the more interesting axium is the +third + + align:start position:0% +third + + + align:start position:0% +third +rule uh before getting into it just a + + align:start position:0% +rule uh before getting into it just a + + + align:start position:0% +rule uh before getting into it just a +quick reminder if you have two sets a + + align:start position:0% +quick reminder if you have two sets a + + + align:start position:0% +quick reminder if you have two sets a +and b + + align:start position:0% +and b + + + align:start position:0% +and b +the intersection of A and B consists of + + align:start position:0% +the intersection of A and B consists of + + + align:start position:0% +the intersection of A and B consists of +those elements that belong both to a and + + align:start position:0% +those elements that belong both to a and + + + align:start position:0% +those elements that belong both to a and +to B and we denote it this way when you + + align:start position:0% +to B and we denote it this way when you + + + align:start position:0% +to B and we denote it this way when you +think probabilistically the way to think + + align:start position:0% +think probabilistically the way to think + + + align:start position:0% +think probabilistically the way to think +of intersection is by using the word + + align:start position:0% +of intersection is by using the word + + + align:start position:0% +of intersection is by using the word +end this event this intersection is the + + align:start position:0% +end this event this intersection is the + + + align:start position:0% +end this event this intersection is the +event that a occurred and B occurred if + + align:start position:0% +event that a occurred and B occurred if + + + align:start position:0% +event that a occurred and B occurred if +I get an outcome inside here a has + + align:start position:0% +I get an outcome inside here a has + + + align:start position:0% +I get an outcome inside here a has +occurred and B has occurred at the same + + align:start position:0% +occurred and B has occurred at the same + + + align:start position:0% +occurred and B has occurred at the same +time so you may find the word end to be + + align:start position:0% +time so you may find the word end to be + + + align:start position:0% +time so you may find the word end to be +a little more convenient than the word + + align:start position:0% +a little more convenient than the word + + + align:start position:0% +a little more convenient than the word +intersection and similarly we have some + + align:start position:0% +intersection and similarly we have some + + + align:start position:0% +intersection and similarly we have some +notation for the union of two + + align:start position:0% +notation for the union of two + + + align:start position:0% +notation for the union of two +events which we write this way the union + + align:start position:0% +events which we write this way the union + + + align:start position:0% +events which we write this way the union +of two sets or two events is the + + align:start position:0% +of two sets or two events is the + + + align:start position:0% +of two sets or two events is the +collection of all elements that belong + + align:start position:0% +collection of all elements that belong + + + align:start position:0% +collection of all elements that belong +either to the first set or to the second + + align:start position:0% +either to the first set or to the second + + + align:start position:0% +either to the first set or to the second +or to both when you talk about events + + align:start position:0% +or to both when you talk about events + + + align:start position:0% +or to both when you talk about events +you can use the word or so this is the + + align:start position:0% +you can use the word or so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +you can use the word or so this is the +event that a occurred or or be occurred + + align:start position:0% +event that a occurred or or be occurred + + + align:start position:0% +event that a occurred or or be occurred +and this or means that it could also be + + align:start position:0% +and this or means that it could also be + + + align:start position:0% +and this or means that it could also be +that both of them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +occurred okay so now that we have this + + align:start position:0% +occurred okay so now that we have this + + + align:start position:0% +occurred okay so now that we have this +notation what does the first the third + + align:start position:0% +notation what does the first the third + + + align:start position:0% +notation what does the first the third +Axiom say the third axum says that if we + + align:start position:0% +Axiom say the third axum says that if we + + + align:start position:0% +Axiom say the third axum says that if we +have two events A and B that have no + + align:start position:0% +have two events A and B that have no + + + align:start position:0% +have two events A and B that have no +common + + align:start position:0% +common + + + align:start position:0% +common +elements so here's a here's B and and + + align:start position:0% +elements so here's a here's B and and + + + align:start position:0% +elements so here's a here's B and and +perhaps this is our big sample space the + + align:start position:0% +perhaps this is our big sample space the + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps this is our big sample space the +two events have no common elements so + + align:start position:0% +two events have no common elements so + + + align:start position:0% +two events have no common elements so +the intersection of the two events is + + align:start position:0% +the intersection of the two events is + + + align:start position:0% +the intersection of the two events is +the empty set there's nothing in their + + align:start position:0% +the empty set there's nothing in their + + + align:start position:0% +the empty set there's nothing in their +intersection then the total probability + + align:start position:0% +intersection then the total probability + + + align:start position:0% +intersection then the total probability +of a together with B has to be equal to + + align:start position:0% +of a together with B has to be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +of a together with B has to be equal to +the sum of the individual probabilities + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the individual probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the individual probabilities +so the probability that a occurs or B + + align:start position:0% +so the probability that a occurs or B + + + align:start position:0% +so the probability that a occurs or B +occurs is equal to the probability that + + align:start position:0% +occurs is equal to the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +occurs is equal to the probability that +a occurs plus the probability that b + + align:start position:0% +a occurs plus the probability that b + + + align:start position:0% +a occurs plus the probability that b +occurs so think of probability as being + + align:start position:0% +occurs so think of probability as being + + + align:start position:0% +occurs so think of probability as being +cream cheese + + align:start position:0% +cream cheese + + + align:start position:0% +cream cheese +you have one pound of cream cheese the + + align:start position:0% +you have one pound of cream cheese the + + + align:start position:0% +you have one pound of cream cheese the +total probability assigned to the entire + + align:start position:0% +total probability assigned to the entire + + + align:start position:0% +total probability assigned to the entire +sample space and that cream cheese is + + align:start position:0% +sample space and that cream cheese is + + + align:start position:0% +sample space and that cream cheese is +spread out over this uh over this set + + align:start position:0% +spread out over this uh over this set + + + align:start position:0% +spread out over this uh over this set +the probability of a is how much cream + + align:start position:0% +the probability of a is how much cream + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of a is how much cream +cheese sits on top of a probability of B + + align:start position:0% +cheese sits on top of a probability of B + + + align:start position:0% +cheese sits on top of a probability of B +is how much sits on top of B the + + align:start position:0% +is how much sits on top of B the + + + align:start position:0% +is how much sits on top of B the +probability of a union B is the total + + align:start position:0% +probability of a union B is the total + + + align:start position:0% +probability of a union B is the total +amount of cream cheese sitting on top of + + align:start position:0% +amount of cream cheese sitting on top of + + + align:start position:0% +amount of cream cheese sitting on top of +this and that + + align:start position:0% +this and that + + + align:start position:0% +this and that +which is obviously the sum of how much + + align:start position:0% +which is obviously the sum of how much + + + align:start position:0% +which is obviously the sum of how much +is sitting here and how much is sitting + + align:start position:0% +is sitting here and how much is sitting + + + align:start position:0% +is sitting here and how much is sitting +there so probabilities behave like cream + + align:start position:0% +there so probabilities behave like cream + + + align:start position:0% +there so probabilities behave like cream +cheese or they behave like mass for + + align:start position:0% +cheese or they behave like mass for + + + align:start position:0% +cheese or they behave like mass for +example the total mass uh over the mass + + align:start position:0% +example the total mass uh over the mass + + + align:start position:0% +example the total mass uh over the mass +of a set if you think of some material + + align:start position:0% +of a set if you think of some material + + + align:start position:0% +of a set if you think of some material +object the mass of this set consisting + + align:start position:0% +object the mass of this set consisting + + + align:start position:0% +object the mass of this set consisting +of two pieces is obviously the sum of + + align:start position:0% +of two pieces is obviously the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +of two pieces is obviously the sum of +the two masses so this property is a + + align:start position:0% +the two masses so this property is a + + + align:start position:0% +the two masses so this property is a +very intuitive one it's a pretty natural + + align:start position:0% +very intuitive one it's a pretty natural + + + align:start position:0% +very intuitive one it's a pretty natural +one to have + + align:start position:0% +one to have + + + align:start position:0% +one to have +okay uh are these axioms enough for what + + align:start position:0% +okay uh are these axioms enough for what + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh are these axioms enough for what +we want to do I mentioned a while ago + + align:start position:0% +we want to do I mentioned a while ago + + + align:start position:0% +we want to do I mentioned a while ago +that we want probabilities to be numbers + + align:start position:0% +that we want probabilities to be numbers + + + align:start position:0% +that we want probabilities to be numbers +between zero and one here's an axium + + align:start position:0% +between zero and one here's an axium + + + align:start position:0% +between zero and one here's an axium +that tells you that probabilities are + + align:start position:0% +that tells you that probabilities are + + + align:start position:0% +that tells you that probabilities are +non- negative should we have another + + align:start position:0% +non- negative should we have another + + + align:start position:0% +non- negative should we have another +Axiom that tells us that probabilities + + align:start position:0% +Axiom that tells us that probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +Axiom that tells us that probabilities +are less than or equal to one it's a + + align:start position:0% +are less than or equal to one it's a + + + align:start position:0% +are less than or equal to one it's a +desirable property we would like to have + + align:start position:0% +desirable property we would like to have + + + align:start position:0% +desirable property we would like to have +it in our + + align:start position:0% +it in our + + + align:start position:0% +it in our +hands okay why is it not in that l + + align:start position:0% +hands okay why is it not in that l + + + align:start position:0% +hands okay why is it not in that l +well the people who are in the axum + + align:start position:0% +well the people who are in the axum + + + align:start position:0% +well the people who are in the axum +making business are mathematicians and + + align:start position:0% +making business are mathematicians and + + + align:start position:0% +making business are mathematicians and +mathematicians tend to be pretty laconic + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians tend to be pretty laconic + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians tend to be pretty laconic +you don't say something if you don't + + align:start position:0% +you don't say something if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you don't say something if you don't +have to say it and this is a CA this is + + align:start position:0% +have to say it and this is a CA this is + + + align:start position:0% +have to say it and this is a CA this is +the case here we don't need that extra + + align:start position:0% +the case here we don't need that extra + + + align:start position:0% +the case here we don't need that extra +Axiom because we can derive it from the + + align:start position:0% +Axiom because we can derive it from the + + + align:start position:0% +Axiom because we can derive it from the +existing axioms here's how it + + align:start position:0% +existing axioms here's how it + + + align:start position:0% +existing axioms here's how it +goes one is the probability of the + + align:start position:0% +goes one is the probability of the + + + align:start position:0% +goes one is the probability of the +entire sample space here we're using the + + align:start position:0% +entire sample space here we're using the + + + align:start position:0% +entire sample space here we're using the +second axom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now the sample space is consists of a + + align:start position:0% +now the sample space is consists of a + + + align:start position:0% +now the sample space is consists of a +together with the complement of a okay + + align:start position:0% +together with the complement of a okay + + + align:start position:0% +together with the complement of a okay +so this + + align:start position:0% +so this + + + align:start position:0% +so this +is uh when we I write the complement of + + align:start position:0% +is uh when we I write the complement of + + + align:start position:0% +is uh when we I write the complement of +a I mean the complement of a inside the + + align:start position:0% +a I mean the complement of a inside the + + + align:start position:0% +a I mean the complement of a inside the +set Omega so we have omega here's a + + align:start position:0% +set Omega so we have omega here's a + + + align:start position:0% +set Omega so we have omega here's a +here's the complement of a and the + + align:start position:0% +here's the complement of a and the + + + align:start position:0% +here's the complement of a and the +overall set is Omega Okay now what's the + + align:start position:0% +overall set is Omega Okay now what's the + + + align:start position:0% +overall set is Omega Okay now what's the +next step what should I do next which + + align:start position:0% +next step what should I do next which + + + align:start position:0% +next step what should I do next which +axum should I + + align:start position:0% +axum should I + + + align:start position:0% +axum should I +use we use axium three because a set and + + align:start position:0% +use we use axium three because a set and + + + align:start position:0% +use we use axium three because a set and +the complement of that set are disjoined + + align:start position:0% +the complement of that set are disjoined + + + align:start position:0% +the complement of that set are disjoined +they don't have any common elements so + + align:start position:0% +they don't have any common elements so + + + align:start position:0% +they don't have any common elements so +Axiom 3 + + align:start position:0% +Axiom 3 + + + align:start position:0% +Axiom 3 +applies and tells me that this is the + + align:start position:0% +applies and tells me that this is the + + + align:start position:0% +applies and tells me that this is the +probability of a plus the probability of + + align:start position:0% +probability of a plus the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +probability of a plus the probability of +a complement in particular the + + align:start position:0% +a complement in particular the + + + align:start position:0% +a complement in particular the +probability of a is equal to 1 minus the + + align:start position:0% +probability of a is equal to 1 minus the + + + align:start position:0% +probability of a is equal to 1 minus the +probability of a + + align:start position:0% +probability of a + + + align:start position:0% +probability of a +complement and this is less than or + + align:start position:0% +complement and this is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +complement and this is less than or +equal to one + + align:start position:0% +equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one +why because probabilities are non- + + align:start position:0% +why because probabilities are non- + + + align:start position:0% +why because probabilities are non- +negative by the first + + align:start position:0% +negative by the first + + + align:start position:0% +negative by the first +AUM okay so we got the conclusion that + + align:start position:0% +AUM okay so we got the conclusion that + + + align:start position:0% +AUM okay so we got the conclusion that +we wanted probabilities are always less + + align:start position:0% +we wanted probabilities are always less + + + align:start position:0% +we wanted probabilities are always less +than or equal to one and this is a + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to one and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to one and this is a +simple consequence of the three aums + + align:start position:0% +simple consequence of the three aums + + + align:start position:0% +simple consequence of the three aums +that we have this is a really nice + + align:start position:0% +that we have this is a really nice + + + align:start position:0% +that we have this is a really nice +argument because it actually uses each + + align:start position:0% +argument because it actually uses each + + + align:start position:0% +argument because it actually uses each +one of those axioms the argument is + + align:start position:0% +one of those axioms the argument is + + + align:start position:0% +one of those axioms the argument is +simple but you you have to use all these + + align:start position:0% +simple but you you have to use all these + + + align:start position:0% +simple but you you have to use all these +three properties to get the conclusion + + align:start position:0% +three properties to get the conclusion + + + align:start position:0% +three properties to get the conclusion +that you want okay so we can get + + align:start position:0% +that you want okay so we can get + + + align:start position:0% +that you want okay so we can get +interesting things out of our axioms can + + align:start position:0% +interesting things out of our axioms can + + + align:start position:0% +interesting things out of our axioms can +we get some more interesting ones how + + align:start position:0% +we get some more interesting ones how + + + align:start position:0% +we get some more interesting ones how +about the union of three + + align:start position:0% +about the union of three + + + align:start position:0% +about the union of three +sets what kind of probability should it + + align:start position:0% +sets what kind of probability should it + + + align:start position:0% +sets what kind of probability should it +have so here's an event consisting of + + align:start position:0% +have so here's an event consisting of + + + align:start position:0% +have so here's an event consisting of +three of three pieces and I want to say + + align:start position:0% +three of three pieces and I want to say + + + align:start position:0% +three of three pieces and I want to say +something about the probability of a + + align:start position:0% +something about the probability of a + + + align:start position:0% +something about the probability of a +union B Union C what I would like to say + + align:start position:0% +union B Union C what I would like to say + + + align:start position:0% +union B Union C what I would like to say +is that this probability is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +is that this probability is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +is that this probability is equal to the +sum of the three individual + + align:start position:0% +sum of the three individual + + + align:start position:0% +sum of the three individual +probabilities how can I do it I have an + + align:start position:0% +probabilities how can I do it I have an + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities how can I do it I have an +axium that tells me that I can do it for + + align:start position:0% +axium that tells me that I can do it for + + + align:start position:0% +axium that tells me that I can do it for +two events I don't have an axium for + + align:start position:0% +two events I don't have an axium for + + + align:start position:0% +two events I don't have an axium for +three events well maybe I can massage + + align:start position:0% +three events well maybe I can massage + + + align:start position:0% +three events well maybe I can massage +things and still be able to use that + + align:start position:0% +things and still be able to use that + + + align:start position:0% +things and still be able to use that +axium and here's the trick the union of + + align:start position:0% +axium and here's the trick the union of + + + align:start position:0% +axium and here's the trick the union of +three sets you can think of it as + + align:start position:0% +three sets you can think of it as + + + align:start position:0% +three sets you can think of it as +forming the union of the first two sets + + align:start position:0% +forming the union of the first two sets + + + align:start position:0% +forming the union of the first two sets +and then taking the union with the third + + align:start position:0% +and then taking the union with the third + + + align:start position:0% +and then taking the union with the third +set okay so taking unions you can take + + align:start position:0% +set okay so taking unions you can take + + + align:start position:0% +set okay so taking unions you can take +the unions in any order that you want so + + align:start position:0% +the unions in any order that you want so + + + align:start position:0% +the unions in any order that you want so +here we have the union of two sets now A + + align:start position:0% +here we have the union of two sets now A + + + align:start position:0% +here we have the union of two sets now A +B C are + + align:start position:0% +B C are + + + align:start position:0% +B C are +disjointed by assumption or that's how I + + align:start position:0% +disjointed by assumption or that's how I + + + align:start position:0% +disjointed by assumption or that's how I +drew it so if a B and C are disjointed + + align:start position:0% +drew it so if a B and C are disjointed + + + align:start position:0% +drew it so if a B and C are disjointed +then a union B is disjointed from C so + + align:start position:0% +then a union B is disjointed from C so + + + align:start position:0% +then a union B is disjointed from C so +here we have the union of two disjoint + + align:start position:0% +here we have the union of two disjoint + + + align:start position:0% +here we have the union of two disjoint +sets so by the additivity axum the + + align:start position:0% +sets so by the additivity axum the + + + align:start position:0% +sets so by the additivity axum the +probability of that Union is going to be + + align:start position:0% +probability of that Union is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +probability of that Union is going to be +the probability of the first set plus + + align:start position:0% +the probability of the first set plus + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of the first set plus +the probability of the second set and + + align:start position:0% +the probability of the second set and + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of the second set and +now I can use the additivity axium once + + align:start position:0% +now I can use the additivity axium once + + + align:start position:0% +now I can use the additivity axium once +more to write that this is probability + + align:start position:0% +more to write that this is probability + + + align:start position:0% +more to write that this is probability +of a plus probability of B plus + + align:start position:0% +of a plus probability of B plus + + + align:start position:0% +of a plus probability of B plus +probability of + + align:start position:0% +probability of + + + align:start position:0% +probability of +C so by using this axum which was stated + + align:start position:0% +C so by using this axum which was stated + + + align:start position:0% +C so by using this axum which was stated +for two sets we can actually derive + + align:start position:0% +for two sets we can actually derive + + + align:start position:0% +for two sets we can actually derive +a similar property for the union of + + align:start position:0% +a similar property for the union of + + + align:start position:0% +a similar property for the union of +three disjointed sets and then you can + + align:start position:0% +three disjointed sets and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +three disjointed sets and then you can +repeat this argument as many times as + + align:start position:0% +repeat this argument as many times as + + + align:start position:0% +repeat this argument as many times as +you want it's valid for the union of 10 + + align:start position:0% +you want it's valid for the union of 10 + + + align:start position:0% +you want it's valid for the union of 10 +disjoint sets for the union of 100 + + align:start position:0% +disjoint sets for the union of 100 + + + align:start position:0% +disjoint sets for the union of 100 +disjoint sets for the union of any + + align:start position:0% +disjoint sets for the union of any + + + align:start position:0% +disjoint sets for the union of any +finite number of sets so if A1 up to i n + + align:start position:0% +finite number of sets so if A1 up to i n + + + align:start position:0% +finite number of sets so if A1 up to i n +are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +disjointed then the probability of A1 + + align:start position:0% +disjointed then the probability of A1 + + + align:start position:0% +disjointed then the probability of A1 +Union a n is equal to the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +Union a n is equal to the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +Union a n is equal to the sum of the +probabilities of the individual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sets Okay special case of this is when + + align:start position:0% +sets Okay special case of this is when + + + align:start position:0% +sets Okay special case of this is when +we're dealing with finite sets suppose I + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with finite sets suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with finite sets suppose I +have just a finite set of outcomes I put + + align:start position:0% +have just a finite set of outcomes I put + + + align:start position:0% +have just a finite set of outcomes I put +them together in a set and I'm + + align:start position:0% +them together in a set and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +them together in a set and I'm +interesting in the probability of that + + align:start position:0% +interesting in the probability of that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting in the probability of that +set so here's our sample space there's + + align:start position:0% +set so here's our sample space there's + + + align:start position:0% +set so here's our sample space there's +lots of outcomes but I'm taking a few of + + align:start position:0% +lots of outcomes but I'm taking a few of + + + align:start position:0% +lots of outcomes but I'm taking a few of +these and I form a set set out of them + + align:start position:0% +these and I form a set set out of them + + + align:start position:0% +these and I form a set set out of them +this is a set consisting of in this + + align:start position:0% +this is a set consisting of in this + + + align:start position:0% +this is a set consisting of in this +picture of three elements in general it + + align:start position:0% +picture of three elements in general it + + + align:start position:0% +picture of three elements in general it +consists of K elements now a finite set + + align:start position:0% +consists of K elements now a finite set + + + align:start position:0% +consists of K elements now a finite set +I can write it as a union of single + + align:start position:0% +I can write it as a union of single + + + align:start position:0% +I can write it as a union of single +element sets so this set here is the + + align:start position:0% +element sets so this set here is the + + + align:start position:0% +element sets so this set here is the +union of this one element set together + + align:start position:0% +union of this one element set together + + + align:start position:0% +union of this one element set together +with this one element set together with + + align:start position:0% +with this one element set together with + + + align:start position:0% +with this one element set together with +that one element set so the total + + align:start position:0% +that one element set so the total + + + align:start position:0% +that one element set so the total +probability of this set is going to be + + align:start position:0% +probability of this set is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +probability of this set is going to be +the sum of the probabilities of the one + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the probabilities of the one + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the probabilities of the one +element + + align:start position:0% +element + + + align:start position:0% +element +sets now probability of a one element + + align:start position:0% +sets now probability of a one element + + + align:start position:0% +sets now probability of a one element +set you need to use the brackets here + + align:start position:0% +set you need to use the brackets here + + + align:start position:0% +set you need to use the brackets here +because probabilities are assigned to + + align:start position:0% +because probabilities are assigned to + + + align:start position:0% +because probabilities are assigned to +sets but this gets kind of tuse so here + + align:start position:0% +sets but this gets kind of tuse so here + + + align:start position:0% +sets but this gets kind of tuse so here +one abuses notation a little bit and we + + align:start position:0% +one abuses notation a little bit and we + + + align:start position:0% +one abuses notation a little bit and we +get rid of those brackets and just write + + align:start position:0% +get rid of those brackets and just write + + + align:start position:0% +get rid of those brackets and just write +probability of this single individual + + align:start position:0% +probability of this single individual + + + align:start position:0% +probability of this single individual +outcome in any case conclusion from this + + align:start position:0% +outcome in any case conclusion from this + + + align:start position:0% +outcome in any case conclusion from this +exercise is that the total probability + + align:start position:0% +exercise is that the total probability + + + align:start position:0% +exercise is that the total probability +of a finite collection of possible + + align:start position:0% +of a finite collection of possible + + + align:start position:0% +of a finite collection of possible +outcomes the total probability is equal + + align:start position:0% +outcomes the total probability is equal + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes the total probability is equal +to the sum of the probabilities of + + align:start position:0% +to the sum of the probabilities of + + + align:start position:0% +to the sum of the probabilities of +individual + + align:start position:0% +individual + + + align:start position:0% +individual +elements so these are basically the + + align:start position:0% +elements so these are basically the + + + align:start position:0% +elements so these are basically the +axioms of probability Theory or well + + align:start position:0% +axioms of probability Theory or well + + + align:start position:0% +axioms of probability Theory or well +they're almost the axioms there are some + + align:start position:0% +they're almost the axioms there are some + + + align:start position:0% +they're almost the axioms there are some +subtleties that are involved here one + + align:start position:0% +subtleties that are involved here one + + + align:start position:0% +subtleties that are involved here one +subtlety is that this axium here is + + align:start position:0% +subtlety is that this axium here is + + + align:start position:0% +subtlety is that this axium here is +doesn't doesn't quite do the job for + + align:start position:0% +doesn't doesn't quite do the job for + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't doesn't quite do the job for +everything we would like to do and we're + + align:start position:0% +everything we would like to do and we're + + + align:start position:0% +everything we would like to do and we're +going to come back to this at the end of + + align:start position:0% +going to come back to this at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +going to come back to this at the end of +the lecture a second subtlety is has to + + align:start position:0% +the lecture a second subtlety is has to + + + align:start position:0% +the lecture a second subtlety is has to +do with weird sets we said that an event + + align:start position:0% +do with weird sets we said that an event + + + align:start position:0% +do with weird sets we said that an event +is a subset of the sample space and we + + align:start position:0% +is a subset of the sample space and we + + + align:start position:0% +is a subset of the sample space and we +assign probabilities to + + align:start position:0% +assign probabilities to + + + align:start position:0% +assign probabilities to +events does this mean that we are going + + align:start position:0% +events does this mean that we are going + + + align:start position:0% +events does this mean that we are going +to assign probability to every possible + + align:start position:0% +to assign probability to every possible + + + align:start position:0% +to assign probability to every possible +subset of the sample space ideally we + + align:start position:0% +subset of the sample space ideally we + + + align:start position:0% +subset of the sample space ideally we +would wish to do that unfortunately this + + align:start position:0% +would wish to do that unfortunately this + + + align:start position:0% +would wish to do that unfortunately this +is not always possible if you take a + + align:start position:0% +is not always possible if you take a + + + align:start position:0% +is not always possible if you take a +sample space such as the + + align:start position:0% +sample space such as the + + + align:start position:0% +sample space such as the +square the square has nice subsets those + + align:start position:0% +square the square has nice subsets those + + + align:start position:0% +square the square has nice subsets those +that you can describe by cutting it with + + align:start position:0% +that you can describe by cutting it with + + + align:start position:0% +that you can describe by cutting it with +lines and so on but it does have some + + align:start position:0% +lines and so on but it does have some + + + align:start position:0% +lines and so on but it does have some +very ugly subsets as well that are that + + align:start position:0% +very ugly subsets as well that are that + + + align:start position:0% +very ugly subsets as well that are that +are impossible to visualize impossible + + align:start position:0% +are impossible to visualize impossible + + + align:start position:0% +are impossible to visualize impossible +to imagine but they do exist and those + + align:start position:0% +to imagine but they do exist and those + + + align:start position:0% +to imagine but they do exist and those +very weird scent sets are such that + + align:start position:0% +very weird scent sets are such that + + + align:start position:0% +very weird scent sets are such that +there's no way to assign probabilities + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to assign probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +there's no way to assign probabilities +to them in a way that's consistent with + + align:start position:0% +to them in a way that's consistent with + + + align:start position:0% +to them in a way that's consistent with +the AUM probability okay so this is a + + align:start position:0% +the AUM probability okay so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +the AUM probability okay so this is a +very very fine point that you can + + align:start position:0% +very very fine point that you can + + + align:start position:0% +very very fine point that you can +immediately forget for the rest of this + + align:start position:0% +immediately forget for the rest of this + + + align:start position:0% +immediately forget for the rest of this +class uh you will only encounter these + + align:start position:0% +class uh you will only encounter these + + + align:start position:0% +class uh you will only encounter these +sets if you end up doing doctoral work + + align:start position:0% +sets if you end up doing doctoral work + + + align:start position:0% +sets if you end up doing doctoral work +on the theoretical aspects of + + align:start position:0% +on the theoretical aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +on the theoretical aspects of +probability Theory so uh so it's just a + + align:start position:0% +probability Theory so uh so it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +probability Theory so uh so it's just a +mathematical subtlety uh that some very + + align:start position:0% +mathematical subtlety uh that some very + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical subtlety uh that some very +weird sets do not have probabilities + + align:start position:0% +weird sets do not have probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +weird sets do not have probabilities +assigned to them but we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +assigned to them but we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +assigned to them but we're not going to +encounter these sets and they do not + + align:start position:0% +encounter these sets and they do not + + + align:start position:0% +encounter these sets and they do not +show up in any applications + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now let's revisit our examples + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's revisit our examples + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let's revisit our examples +let's go back to the D example we have + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to the D example we have + + + align:start position:0% +let's go back to the D example we have +our sample space now we need to assign a + + align:start position:0% +our sample space now we need to assign a + + + align:start position:0% +our sample space now we need to assign a +probability law there's lots of possible + + align:start position:0% +probability law there's lots of possible + + + align:start position:0% +probability law there's lots of possible +probability laws that you can assign I'm + + align:start position:0% +probability laws that you can assign I'm + + + align:start position:0% +probability laws that you can assign I'm +picking one here + + align:start position:0% +picking one here + + + align:start position:0% +picking one here +arbitrarily in which I say that every + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily in which I say that every + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily in which I say that every +possible outcome has the same + + align:start position:0% +possible outcome has the same + + + align:start position:0% +possible outcome has the same +probability of 1 over + + align:start position:0% +probability of 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +probability of 1 over +16 okay why do I make this model well + + align:start position:0% +16 okay why do I make this model well + + + align:start position:0% +16 okay why do I make this model well +empirically if you have well + + align:start position:0% +empirically if you have well + + + align:start position:0% +empirically if you have well +manufactured dice they tend to behave + + align:start position:0% +manufactured dice they tend to behave + + + align:start position:0% +manufactured dice they tend to behave +that way we will be coming back to this + + align:start position:0% +that way we will be coming back to this + + + align:start position:0% +that way we will be coming back to this +kind of story later in this class but + + align:start position:0% +kind of story later in this class but + + + align:start position:0% +kind of story later in this class but +I'm not saying that this is the only + + align:start position:0% +I'm not saying that this is the only + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not saying that this is the only +probability lot that there can be you + + align:start position:0% +probability lot that there can be you + + + align:start position:0% +probability lot that there can be you +might have weird di in which certain + + align:start position:0% +might have weird di in which certain + + + align:start position:0% +might have weird di in which certain +outcomes are more likely than others but + + align:start position:0% +outcomes are more likely than others but + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes are more likely than others but +to keep things simple let's take every + + align:start position:0% +to keep things simple let's take every + + + align:start position:0% +to keep things simple let's take every +outcome to have the same probability of + + align:start position:0% +outcome to have the same probability of + + + align:start position:0% +outcome to have the same probability of +one over 16 okay so let's now now that + + align:start position:0% +one over 16 okay so let's now now that + + + align:start position:0% +one over 16 okay so let's now now that +we have in our hands the sample space + + align:start position:0% +we have in our hands the sample space + + + align:start position:0% +we have in our hands the sample space +and the probability law we can actually + + align:start position:0% +and the probability law we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +and the probability law we can actually +solve any problem there is we can answer + + align:start position:0% +solve any problem there is we can answer + + + align:start position:0% +solve any problem there is we can answer +any question that could be posed to us + + align:start position:0% +any question that could be posed to us + + + align:start position:0% +any question that could be posed to us +for example what's the probability that + + align:start position:0% +for example what's the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +for example what's the probability that +the outcome which is this pair is either + + align:start position:0% +the outcome which is this pair is either + + + align:start position:0% +the outcome which is this pair is either +1 one or one two we're talking here + + align:start position:0% +1 one or one two we're talking here + + + align:start position:0% +1 one or one two we're talking here +about this particular event one one or + + align:start position:0% +about this particular event one one or + + + align:start position:0% +about this particular event one one or +one two so it's an event consisting of + + align:start position:0% +one two so it's an event consisting of + + + align:start position:0% +one two so it's an event consisting of +these two items according to what we + + align:start position:0% +these two items according to what we + + + align:start position:0% +these two items according to what we +were just discussing the probability of + + align:start position:0% +were just discussing the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +were just discussing the probability of +a finite collection of outcomes is the + + align:start position:0% +a finite collection of outcomes is the + + + align:start position:0% +a finite collection of outcomes is the +sum of their individual probabilities + + align:start position:0% +sum of their individual probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +sum of their individual probabilities +each one of them has probability one + + align:start position:0% +each one of them has probability one + + + align:start position:0% +each one of them has probability one +over 16 so the probability of this is 2 + + align:start position:0% +over 16 so the probability of this is 2 + + + align:start position:0% +over 16 so the probability of this is 2 +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +16 how about the probability of the + + align:start position:0% +16 how about the probability of the + + + align:start position:0% +16 how about the probability of the +event that X is equal to 1 x is the + + align:start position:0% +event that X is equal to 1 x is the + + + align:start position:0% +event that X is equal to 1 x is the +first rle so that's the probability that + + align:start position:0% +first rle so that's the probability that + + + align:start position:0% +first rle so that's the probability that +the first R uh is equal to one notice + + align:start position:0% +the first R uh is equal to one notice + + + align:start position:0% +the first R uh is equal to one notice +the syntax that's being used here uh + + align:start position:0% +the syntax that's being used here uh + + + align:start position:0% +the syntax that's being used here uh +probabilities are assigned to subsets to + + align:start position:0% +probabilities are assigned to subsets to + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities are assigned to subsets to +sets so we think of this as meaning the + + align:start position:0% +sets so we think of this as meaning the + + + align:start position:0% +sets so we think of this as meaning the +set of all outcomes such that X is equal + + align:start position:0% +set of all outcomes such that X is equal + + + align:start position:0% +set of all outcomes such that X is equal +to one how do you answer this question + + align:start position:0% +to one how do you answer this question + + + align:start position:0% +to one how do you answer this question +you go back to the picture and you try + + align:start position:0% +you go back to the picture and you try + + + align:start position:0% +you go back to the picture and you try +to visualize or identify this event of + + align:start position:0% +to visualize or identify this event of + + + align:start position:0% +to visualize or identify this event of +Interest X is equal to 1 corresponds to + + align:start position:0% +Interest X is equal to 1 corresponds to + + + align:start position:0% +Interest X is equal to 1 corresponds to +this event here these are all the + + align:start position:0% +this event here these are all the + + + align:start position:0% +this event here these are all the +outcomes at which X is equal to one + + align:start position:0% +outcomes at which X is equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes at which X is equal to one +there's four outcomes each one has + + align:start position:0% +there's four outcomes each one has + + + align:start position:0% +there's four outcomes each one has +probability one over 16 so the answer is + + align:start position:0% +probability one over 16 so the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +probability one over 16 so the answer is +4 over + + align:start position:0% +4 over + + + align:start position:0% +4 over +16 okay + + align:start position:0% +16 okay + + + align:start position:0% +16 okay +how about + + align:start position:0% +how about + + + align:start position:0% +how about +the probability that x + y is + + align:start position:0% +the probability that x + y is + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that x + y is +odd okay that will take a little bit + + align:start position:0% +odd okay that will take a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +odd okay that will take a little bit +more work but you go to the sample space + + align:start position:0% +more work but you go to the sample space + + + align:start position:0% +more work but you go to the sample space +and you identify all the outcomes at + + align:start position:0% +and you identify all the outcomes at + + + align:start position:0% +and you identify all the outcomes at +which the sum is an odd number so that's + + align:start position:0% +which the sum is an odd number so that's + + + align:start position:0% +which the sum is an odd number so that's +a place where the the sum is odd these + + align:start position:0% +a place where the the sum is odd these + + + align:start position:0% +a place where the the sum is odd these +are other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +places and I guess that exhausts all the + + align:start position:0% +places and I guess that exhausts all the + + + align:start position:0% +places and I guess that exhausts all the +possible outcomes at which we have an + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes at which we have an + + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes at which we have an +odd sum uh we count them how many are + + align:start position:0% +odd sum uh we count them how many are + + + align:start position:0% +odd sum uh we count them how many are +there there's a total of eight of them + + align:start position:0% +there there's a total of eight of them + + + align:start position:0% +there there's a total of eight of them +each one has probability 1 over 16 total + + align:start position:0% +each one has probability 1 over 16 total + + + align:start position:0% +each one has probability 1 over 16 total +probability is 8 over 16 and harder + + align:start position:0% +probability is 8 over 16 and harder + + + align:start position:0% +probability is 8 over 16 and harder +question what's the probability that the + + align:start position:0% +question what's the probability that the + + + align:start position:0% +question what's the probability that the +minimum of the two rols is equal to two + + align:start position:0% +minimum of the two rols is equal to two + + + align:start position:0% +minimum of the two rols is equal to two +this is something that you probably + + align:start position:0% +this is something that you probably + + + align:start position:0% +this is something that you probably +couldn't do in your head without the + + align:start position:0% +couldn't do in your head without the + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't do in your head without the +help of a diagram but once you have a + + align:start position:0% +help of a diagram but once you have a + + + align:start position:0% +help of a diagram but once you have a +diagram things are simple you ask the + + align:start position:0% +diagram things are simple you ask the + + + align:start position:0% +diagram things are simple you ask the +question okay this is an event that the + + align:start position:0% +question okay this is an event that the + + + align:start position:0% +question okay this is an event that the +minimum of the two rols is equal to two + + align:start position:0% +minimum of the two rols is equal to two + + + align:start position:0% +minimum of the two rols is equal to two +this can happen in several ways what are + + align:start position:0% +this can happen in several ways what are + + + align:start position:0% +this can happen in several ways what are +the several ways that it can happen go + + align:start position:0% +the several ways that it can happen go + + + align:start position:0% +the several ways that it can happen go +to the diagram and try to identify them + + align:start position:0% +to the diagram and try to identify them + + + align:start position:0% +to the diagram and try to identify them +so the minimum is equal to two if both + + align:start position:0% +so the minimum is equal to two if both + + + align:start position:0% +so the minimum is equal to two if both +of them are + + align:start position:0% +of them are + + + align:start position:0% +of them are +twos and or it could be that X is two + + align:start position:0% +twos and or it could be that X is two + + + align:start position:0% +twos and or it could be that X is two +and Y is bigger or Y is two and X is + + align:start position:0% +and Y is bigger or Y is two and X is + + + align:start position:0% +and Y is bigger or Y is two and X is +bigger okay I guess we rediscovered that + + align:start position:0% +bigger okay I guess we rediscovered that + + + align:start position:0% +bigger okay I guess we rediscovered that +uh yellow and blue make green so we see + + align:start position:0% +uh yellow and blue make green so we see + + + align:start position:0% +uh yellow and blue make green so we see +here that there's a total of five + + align:start position:0% +here that there's a total of five + + + align:start position:0% +here that there's a total of five +possible outcomes the probability of + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +possible outcomes the probability of +this event is 5 over + + align:start position:0% +this event is 5 over + + + align:start position:0% +this event is 5 over +16 simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example but the procedure that we + + align:start position:0% +example but the procedure that we + + + align:start position:0% +example but the procedure that we +followed in this example actually + + align:start position:0% +followed in this example actually + + + align:start position:0% +followed in this example actually +applies to any probability model you + + align:start position:0% +applies to any probability model you + + + align:start position:0% +applies to any probability model you +might ever encounter you set up your + + align:start position:0% +might ever encounter you set up your + + + align:start position:0% +might ever encounter you set up your +sample space you make a state M that + + align:start position:0% +sample space you make a state M that + + + align:start position:0% +sample space you make a state M that +describes the probability law over that + + align:start position:0% +describes the probability law over that + + + align:start position:0% +describes the probability law over that +sample space then somebody asks you + + align:start position:0% +sample space then somebody asks you + + + align:start position:0% +sample space then somebody asks you +questions about various events you go to + + align:start position:0% +questions about various events you go to + + + align:start position:0% +questions about various events you go to +your pictures identify those events pin + + align:start position:0% +your pictures identify those events pin + + + align:start position:0% +your pictures identify those events pin +them down and then start kind of + + align:start position:0% +them down and then start kind of + + + align:start position:0% +them down and then start kind of +counting and calculating the total + + align:start position:0% +counting and calculating the total + + + align:start position:0% +counting and calculating the total +probability for those outcomes that you + + align:start position:0% +probability for those outcomes that you + + + align:start position:0% +probability for those outcomes that you +are + + align:start position:0% +are + + + align:start position:0% +are +considering uh this example is a special + + align:start position:0% +considering uh this example is a special + + + align:start position:0% +considering uh this example is a special +case of what is called the discrete + + align:start position:0% +case of what is called the discrete + + + align:start position:0% +case of what is called the discrete +uniform law the uh model obeys the + + align:start position:0% +uniform law the uh model obeys the + + + align:start position:0% +uniform law the uh model obeys the +discrete uniform law if all outcomes are + + align:start position:0% +discrete uniform law if all outcomes are + + + align:start position:0% +discrete uniform law if all outcomes are +equally likely it doesn't have to be + + align:start position:0% +equally likely it doesn't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +equally likely it doesn't have to be +that way that's just one example of a + + align:start position:0% +that way that's just one example of a + + + align:start position:0% +that way that's just one example of a +probability law but when things are that + + align:start position:0% +probability law but when things are that + + + align:start position:0% +probability law but when things are that +way if all outcomes are equally likely + + align:start position:0% +way if all outcomes are equally likely + + + align:start position:0% +way if all outcomes are equally likely +and we have n of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them and and you have a set a that has + + align:start position:0% +them and and you have a set a that has + + + align:start position:0% +them and and you have a set a that has +little n + + align:start position:0% +little n + + + align:start position:0% +little n +elements then each one of those elements + + align:start position:0% +elements then each one of those elements + + + align:start position:0% +elements then each one of those elements +has probability 1 / capital N since all + + align:start position:0% +has probability 1 / capital N since all + + + align:start position:0% +has probability 1 / capital N since all +outcomes are equally likely and for + + align:start position:0% +outcomes are equally likely and for + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes are equally likely and for +probab to add up to one each one must + + align:start position:0% +probab to add up to one each one must + + + align:start position:0% +probab to add up to one each one must +have this much probability and there's + + align:start position:0% +have this much probability and there's + + + align:start position:0% +have this much probability and there's +little n elements that gives you the + + align:start position:0% +little n elements that gives you the + + + align:start position:0% +little n elements that gives you the +probability of the event of Interest so + + align:start position:0% +probability of the event of Interest so + + + align:start position:0% +probability of the event of Interest so +problems like the one in the previous + + align:start position:0% +problems like the one in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +problems like the one in the previous +slid and more generally of the type + + align:start position:0% +slid and more generally of the type + + + align:start position:0% +slid and more generally of the type +described here under a discrete uniform + + align:start position:0% +described here under a discrete uniform + + + align:start position:0% +described here under a discrete uniform +law these problems reduce to just + + align:start position:0% +law these problems reduce to just + + + align:start position:0% +law these problems reduce to just +counting how many elements are there in + + align:start position:0% +counting how many elements are there in + + + align:start position:0% +counting how many elements are there in +my sample space how many elements are + + align:start position:0% +my sample space how many elements are + + + align:start position:0% +my sample space how many elements are +there inside the event of Interest + + align:start position:0% +there inside the event of Interest + + + align:start position:0% +there inside the event of Interest +counting is generally simple but for + + align:start position:0% +counting is generally simple but for + + + align:start position:0% +counting is generally simple but for +some problems it gets pretty complicated + + align:start position:0% +some problems it gets pretty complicated + + + align:start position:0% +some problems it gets pretty complicated +and uh you a couple of weeks we're going + + align:start position:0% +and uh you a couple of weeks we're going + + + align:start position:0% +and uh you a couple of weeks we're going +to have to spend the whole lecture just + + align:start position:0% +to have to spend the whole lecture just + + + align:start position:0% +to have to spend the whole lecture just +on the subject of how to count + + align:start position:0% +on the subject of how to count + + + align:start position:0% +on the subject of how to count +systematically now the procedure we + + align:start position:0% +systematically now the procedure we + + + align:start position:0% +systematically now the procedure we +followed in the previous example is the + + align:start position:0% +followed in the previous example is the + + + align:start position:0% +followed in the previous example is the +same as the procedure you would follow + + align:start position:0% +same as the procedure you would follow + + + align:start position:0% +same as the procedure you would follow +in continuous probability problems so + + align:start position:0% +in continuous probability problems so + + + align:start position:0% +in continuous probability problems so +going back to our Dart problem we get a + + align:start position:0% +going back to our Dart problem we get a + + + align:start position:0% +going back to our Dart problem we get a +random Point inside this Square that's + + align:start position:0% +random Point inside this Square that's + + + align:start position:0% +random Point inside this Square that's +our sample space we need to assign a + + align:start position:0% +our sample space we need to assign a + + + align:start position:0% +our sample space we need to assign a +probability law for lack of imagination + + align:start position:0% +probability law for lack of imagination + + + align:start position:0% +probability law for lack of imagination +I'm taking the probability law to be the + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking the probability law to be the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking the probability law to be the +area of a subset so if we have two + + align:start position:0% +area of a subset so if we have two + + + align:start position:0% +area of a subset so if we have two +subsets of the sample space that have + + align:start position:0% +subsets of the sample space that have + + + align:start position:0% +subsets of the sample space that have +equal areas then I'm postulating that + + align:start position:0% +equal areas then I'm postulating that + + + align:start position:0% +equal areas then I'm postulating that +they are equally likely to occur the + + align:start position:0% +they are equally likely to occur the + + + align:start position:0% +they are equally likely to occur the +probability that I fall here is the same + + align:start position:0% +probability that I fall here is the same + + + align:start position:0% +probability that I fall here is the same +as the probability that I fall + + align:start position:0% +as the probability that I fall + + + align:start position:0% +as the probability that I fall +there the model doesn't have to be that + + align:start position:0% +there the model doesn't have to be that + + + align:start position:0% +there the model doesn't have to be that +way but if I have sort of complete + + align:start position:0% +way but if I have sort of complete + + + align:start position:0% +way but if I have sort of complete +ignorance of which points are more + + align:start position:0% +ignorance of which points are more + + + align:start position:0% +ignorance of which points are more +likely than others that might be the + + align:start position:0% +likely than others that might be the + + + align:start position:0% +likely than others that might be the +reasonable model to use so equal areas + + align:start position:0% +reasonable model to use so equal areas + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable model to use so equal areas +mean equal probabilities uh if the area + + align:start position:0% +mean equal probabilities uh if the area + + + align:start position:0% +mean equal probabilities uh if the area +is twice as large the probabilties going + + align:start position:0% +is twice as large the probabilties going + + + align:start position:0% +is twice as large the probabilties going +to be twice as big so this is our + + align:start position:0% +to be twice as big so this is our + + + align:start position:0% +to be twice as big so this is our +model uh we can now answer questions + + align:start position:0% +model uh we can now answer questions + + + align:start position:0% +model uh we can now answer questions +let's answer the easy one what's the + + align:start position:0% +let's answer the easy one what's the + + + align:start position:0% +let's answer the easy one what's the +probability that the outcome is exactly + + align:start position:0% +probability that the outcome is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the outcome is exactly +this point that of course is zero + + align:start position:0% +this point that of course is zero + + + align:start position:0% +this point that of course is zero +because a single point has zero area and + + align:start position:0% +because a single point has zero area and + + + align:start position:0% +because a single point has zero area and +since probability is equal to area + + align:start position:0% +since probability is equal to area + + + align:start position:0% +since probability is equal to area +that's zero probability how about the + + align:start position:0% +that's zero probability how about the + + + align:start position:0% +that's zero probability how about the +probability that the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +probability that the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the sum of the +coordinates of the point that we got got + + align:start position:0% +coordinates of the point that we got got + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates of the point that we got got +is less than or equal to 1/2 how do you + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to 1/2 how do you + + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to 1/2 how do you +deal with it well you look at the + + align:start position:0% +deal with it well you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +deal with it well you look at the +picture again at your sample space and + + align:start position:0% +picture again at your sample space and + + + align:start position:0% +picture again at your sample space and +try to describe the event that you're + + align:start position:0% +try to describe the event that you're + + + align:start position:0% +try to describe the event that you're +talking about the sum being less than + + align:start position:0% +talking about the sum being less than + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the sum being less than +1/2 corresponds to getting an outcome + + align:start position:0% +1/2 corresponds to getting an outcome + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 corresponds to getting an outcome +that's below this line where this line + + align:start position:0% +that's below this line where this line + + + align:start position:0% +that's below this line where this line +is the line where X + Y = to 12 so the + + align:start position:0% +is the line where X + Y = to 12 so the + + + align:start position:0% +is the line where X + Y = to 12 so the +intercepts of that line with the axis + + align:start position:0% +intercepts of that line with the axis + + + align:start position:0% +intercepts of that line with the axis +are 1/2 and + + align:start position:0% +are 1/2 and + + + align:start position:0% +are 1/2 and +1/2 so you describe the event visually + + align:start position:0% +1/2 so you describe the event visually + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 so you describe the event visually +and then you use your probability law + + align:start position:0% +and then you use your probability law + + + align:start position:0% +and then you use your probability law +the probability law that we have is that + + align:start position:0% +the probability law that we have is that + + + align:start position:0% +the probability law that we have is that +the probability of a set is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +the probability of a set is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of a set is equal to the +area of that set so all we need to find + + align:start position:0% +area of that set so all we need to find + + + align:start position:0% +area of that set so all we need to find +is the area of this triangle which is 12 + + align:start position:0% +is the area of this triangle which is 12 + + + align:start position:0% +is the area of this triangle which is 12 +* 1 12 * + + align:start position:0% +* 1 12 * + + + align:start position:0% +* 1 12 * +1/2 equals to 1/ + + align:start position:0% +1/2 equals to 1/ + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 equals to 1/ +18 okay moral from these two examples is + + align:start position:0% +18 okay moral from these two examples is + + + align:start position:0% +18 okay moral from these two examples is +that it's always useful to have a + + align:start position:0% +that it's always useful to have a + + + align:start position:0% +that it's always useful to have a +picture and work with a picture to + + align:start position:0% +picture and work with a picture to + + + align:start position:0% +picture and work with a picture to +visualize the event that you're talking + + align:start position:0% +visualize the event that you're talking + + + align:start position:0% +visualize the event that you're talking +about and once you have a probability + + align:start position:0% +about and once you have a probability + + + align:start position:0% +about and once you have a probability +law in your hands then it's a matter of + + align:start position:0% +law in your hands then it's a matter of + + + align:start position:0% +law in your hands then it's a matter of +calculation to find the probabilities of + + align:start position:0% +calculation to find the probabilities of + + + align:start position:0% +calculation to find the probabilities of +an event of Interest the calculations we + + align:start position:0% +an event of Interest the calculations we + + + align:start position:0% +an event of Interest the calculations we +did in these two examples of course were + + align:start position:0% +did in these two examples of course were + + + align:start position:0% +did in these two examples of course were +very simple sometimes calculations may + + align:start position:0% +very simple sometimes calculations may + + + align:start position:0% +very simple sometimes calculations may +be a lot harder but it's a different + + align:start position:0% +be a lot harder but it's a different + + + align:start position:0% +be a lot harder but it's a different +business it's a business of calculus for + + align:start position:0% +business it's a business of calculus for + + + align:start position:0% +business it's a business of calculus for +example or being good in algebra and so + + align:start position:0% +example or being good in algebra and so + + + align:start position:0% +example or being good in algebra and so +on as far as probability is concerned uh + + align:start position:0% +on as far as probability is concerned uh + + + align:start position:0% +on as far as probability is concerned uh +it's clear what you will be doing and + + align:start position:0% +it's clear what you will be doing and + + + align:start position:0% +it's clear what you will be doing and +then maybe you're faced with a harder + + align:start position:0% +then maybe you're faced with a harder + + + align:start position:0% +then maybe you're faced with a harder +algebraic part to actually carry out the + + align:start position:0% +algebraic part to actually carry out the + + + align:start position:0% +algebraic part to actually carry out the +calculations the area of a triangle is + + align:start position:0% +calculations the area of a triangle is + + + align:start position:0% +calculations the area of a triangle is +easy to compute if I had put down a very + + align:start position:0% +easy to compute if I had put down a very + + + align:start position:0% +easy to compute if I had put down a very +complicated shape then you might need to + + align:start position:0% +complicated shape then you might need to + + + align:start position:0% +complicated shape then you might need to +solve a hard integration problem to find + + align:start position:0% +solve a hard integration problem to find + + + align:start position:0% +solve a hard integration problem to find +the area of that shape but that's stuff + + align:start position:0% +the area of that shape but that's stuff + + + align:start position:0% +the area of that shape but that's stuff +that belongs to another class that you + + align:start position:0% +that belongs to another class that you + + + align:start position:0% +that belongs to another class that you +have presumably Mastered by now good + + align:start position:0% +have presumably Mastered by now good + + + align:start position:0% +have presumably Mastered by now good +okay so now let me spend just a couple + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let me spend just a couple + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now let me spend just a couple +of minutes to return to a point that I + + align:start position:0% +of minutes to return to a point that I + + + align:start position:0% +of minutes to return to a point that I +raised before I was saying that the axum + + align:start position:0% +raised before I was saying that the axum + + + align:start position:0% +raised before I was saying that the axum +that we had about + + align:start position:0% +that we had about + + + align:start position:0% +that we had about +additivity might not not quite be enough + + align:start position:0% +additivity might not not quite be enough + + + align:start position:0% +additivity might not not quite be enough +let's illustrate what I mean by the + + align:start position:0% +let's illustrate what I mean by the + + + align:start position:0% +let's illustrate what I mean by the +following example think of the + + align:start position:0% +following example think of the + + + align:start position:0% +following example think of the +experiment where you keep flipping a + + align:start position:0% +experiment where you keep flipping a + + + align:start position:0% +experiment where you keep flipping a +coin and you wait until you obtain heads + + align:start position:0% +coin and you wait until you obtain heads + + + align:start position:0% +coin and you wait until you obtain heads +for the first time what's the sample + + align:start position:0% +for the first time what's the sample + + + align:start position:0% +for the first time what's the sample +space of this experiment you might have + + align:start position:0% +space of this experiment you might have + + + align:start position:0% +space of this experiment you might have +it might happen in the first flip it + + align:start position:0% +it might happen in the first flip it + + + align:start position:0% +it might happen in the first flip it +might happen in the 10th flip heads for + + align:start position:0% +might happen in the 10th flip heads for + + + align:start position:0% +might happen in the 10th flip heads for +the first time might occur in the + + align:start position:0% +the first time might occur in the + + + align:start position:0% +the first time might occur in the +millionth flip so the outcome of this + + align:start position:0% +millionth flip so the outcome of this + + + align:start position:0% +millionth flip so the outcome of this +experiment is going to be an integer and + + align:start position:0% +experiment is going to be an integer and + + + align:start position:0% +experiment is going to be an integer and +there's no bound to that integer you + + align:start position:0% +there's no bound to that integer you + + + align:start position:0% +there's no bound to that integer you +might have to wait very much until that + + align:start position:0% +might have to wait very much until that + + + align:start position:0% +might have to wait very much until that +happens so the natural sample space is + + align:start position:0% +happens so the natural sample space is + + + align:start position:0% +happens so the natural sample space is +the set of all possible integers + + align:start position:0% +the set of all possible integers + + + align:start position:0% +the set of all possible integers +somebody tells you uh some information + + align:start position:0% +somebody tells you uh some information + + + align:start position:0% +somebody tells you uh some information +about the probability law the + + align:start position:0% +about the probability law the + + + align:start position:0% +about the probability law the +probability that you have to wait for n + + align:start position:0% +probability that you have to wait for n + + + align:start position:0% +probability that you have to wait for n +flips is equal 2 to the minus n where + + align:start position:0% +flips is equal 2 to the minus n where + + + align:start position:0% +flips is equal 2 to the minus n where +did this come that's a separate story + + align:start position:0% +did this come that's a separate story + + + align:start position:0% +did this come that's a separate story +where did it come from somebody tells + + align:start position:0% +where did it come from somebody tells + + + align:start position:0% +where did it come from somebody tells +this to us and they ask and those + + align:start position:0% +this to us and they ask and those + + + align:start position:0% +this to us and they ask and those +probabilities are plotted here as a + + align:start position:0% +probabilities are plotted here as a + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities are plotted here as a +function of N and you're asked to find + + align:start position:0% +function of N and you're asked to find + + + align:start position:0% +function of N and you're asked to find +the probability that the outcome is an + + align:start position:0% +the probability that the outcome is an + + + align:start position:0% +the probability that the outcome is an +even number how do you bow how do you go + + align:start position:0% +even number how do you bow how do you go + + + align:start position:0% +even number how do you bow how do you go +about calculating that probability so + + align:start position:0% +about calculating that probability so + + + align:start position:0% +about calculating that probability so +the probability of being an even number + + align:start position:0% +the probability of being an even number + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of being an even number +is the probability of the subset that + + align:start position:0% +is the probability of the subset that + + + align:start position:0% +is the probability of the subset that +consists of just the even numbers so it + + align:start position:0% +consists of just the even numbers so it + + + align:start position:0% +consists of just the even numbers so it +would be a subset of this kind that + + align:start position:0% +would be a subset of this kind that + + + align:start position:0% +would be a subset of this kind that +includes two four and so one so any + + align:start position:0% +includes two four and so one so any + + + align:start position:0% +includes two four and so one so any +reasonable person would say well the + + align:start position:0% +reasonable person would say well the + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable person would say well the +probability of obtaining an outcome + + align:start position:0% +probability of obtaining an outcome + + + align:start position:0% +probability of obtaining an outcome +that's either two or four or six and so + + align:start position:0% +that's either two or four or six and so + + + align:start position:0% +that's either two or four or six and so +on is equal to the probability of + + align:start position:0% +on is equal to the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +on is equal to the probability of +obtaining a two plus the probability of + + align:start position:0% +obtaining a two plus the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +obtaining a two plus the probability of +obtaining a four plus the probability of + + align:start position:0% +obtaining a four plus the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +obtaining a four plus the probability of +obtaining a six and so on these + + align:start position:0% +obtaining a six and so on these + + + align:start position:0% +obtaining a six and so on these +probabilities are given to us so here I + + align:start position:0% +probabilities are given to us so here I + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities are given to us so here I +have to do my algebra I add this + + align:start position:0% +have to do my algebra I add this + + + align:start position:0% +have to do my algebra I add this +geometric series and I get an answer of + + align:start position:0% +geometric series and I get an answer of + + + align:start position:0% +geometric series and I get an answer of +1/3 that's what any reasonable person + + align:start position:0% +1/3 that's what any reasonable person + + + align:start position:0% +1/3 that's what any reasonable person +would do but a person who only knows the + + align:start position:0% +would do but a person who only knows the + + + align:start position:0% +would do but a person who only knows the +axioms that I posted just a little + + align:start position:0% +axioms that I posted just a little + + + align:start position:0% +axioms that I posted just a little +earlier may get stuck they would get + + align:start position:0% +earlier may get stuck they would get + + + align:start position:0% +earlier may get stuck they would get +stuck at this point how do how do we + + align:start position:0% +stuck at this point how do how do we + + + align:start position:0% +stuck at this point how do how do we +justify this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we had this property for the union of + + align:start position:0% +we had this property for the union of + + + align:start position:0% +we had this property for the union of +disjointed sets and the corresponding + + align:start position:0% +disjointed sets and the corresponding + + + align:start position:0% +disjointed sets and the corresponding +property that tells us that the total + + align:start position:0% +property that tells us that the total + + + align:start position:0% +property that tells us that the total +probability of finitely many things + + align:start position:0% +probability of finitely many things + + + align:start position:0% +probability of finitely many things +outcomes is the sum of their individual + + align:start position:0% +outcomes is the sum of their individual + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes is the sum of their individual +probabilities but here we're using it on + + align:start position:0% +probabilities but here we're using it on + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities but here we're using it on +an infinite collection the probability + + align:start position:0% +an infinite collection the probability + + + align:start position:0% +an infinite collection the probability +of infinitely many points is equal to + + align:start position:0% +of infinitely many points is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +of infinitely many points is equal to +the prob to the sum of the probabilities + + align:start position:0% +the prob to the sum of the probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +the prob to the sum of the probabilities +of each one of these to justify by this + + align:start position:0% +of each one of these to justify by this + + + align:start position:0% +of each one of these to justify by this +step we need to introduce one additional + + align:start position:0% +step we need to introduce one additional + + + align:start position:0% +step we need to introduce one additional +rule an additional axum that tells us + + align:start position:0% +rule an additional axum that tells us + + + align:start position:0% +rule an additional axum that tells us +that this step is actually legitimate + + align:start position:0% +that this step is actually legitimate + + + align:start position:0% +that this step is actually legitimate +and this is the countable additivity + + align:start position:0% +and this is the countable additivity + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the countable additivity +axium which is a little stronger or + + align:start position:0% +axium which is a little stronger or + + + align:start position:0% +axium which is a little stronger or +quite a bit stronger than the additivity + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit stronger than the additivity + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit stronger than the additivity +axium we had before it tells us that if + + align:start position:0% +axium we had before it tells us that if + + + align:start position:0% +axium we had before it tells us that if +we have a sequence of sets that are + + align:start position:0% +we have a sequence of sets that are + + + align:start position:0% +we have a sequence of sets that are +disjoined and we want to find their + + align:start position:0% +disjoined and we want to find their + + + align:start position:0% +disjoined and we want to find their +total + + align:start position:0% +total + + + align:start position:0% +total +probability then we are allowed to add + + align:start position:0% +probability then we are allowed to add + + + align:start position:0% +probability then we are allowed to add +their indiv visual probabilities so the + + align:start position:0% +their indiv visual probabilities so the + + + align:start position:0% +their indiv visual probabilities so the +picture might be as follows we have a + + align:start position:0% +picture might be as follows we have a + + + align:start position:0% +picture might be as follows we have a +sequence of sets A1 A2 A3 and so on I + + align:start position:0% +sequence of sets A1 A2 A3 and so on I + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of sets A1 A2 A3 and so on I +guess in order to fit them inside the + + align:start position:0% +guess in order to fit them inside the + + + align:start position:0% +guess in order to fit them inside the +sample space the sets need to get + + align:start position:0% +sample space the sets need to get + + + align:start position:0% +sample space the sets need to get +smaller and smaller + + align:start position:0% +smaller and smaller + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and smaller +perhaps uh they are disjointed we have a + + align:start position:0% +perhaps uh they are disjointed we have a + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps uh they are disjointed we have a +sequence of such sets the total + + align:start position:0% +sequence of such sets the total + + + align:start position:0% +sequence of such sets the total +probability of falling anywhere inside + + align:start position:0% +probability of falling anywhere inside + + + align:start position:0% +probability of falling anywhere inside +one of those sets is the sum of their + + align:start position:0% +one of those sets is the sum of their + + + align:start position:0% +one of those sets is the sum of their +individual + + align:start position:0% +individual + + + align:start position:0% +individual +probabilities key s that's involved here + + align:start position:0% +probabilities key s that's involved here + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities key s that's involved here +is that we're talking about a sequence + + align:start position:0% +is that we're talking about a sequence + + + align:start position:0% +is that we're talking about a sequence +of events if by sequence we mean that + + align:start position:0% +of events if by sequence we mean that + + + align:start position:0% +of events if by sequence we mean that +these events can be arranged in order I + + align:start position:0% +these events can be arranged in order I + + + align:start position:0% +these events can be arranged in order I +can tell you the first event the second + + align:start position:0% +can tell you the first event the second + + + align:start position:0% +can tell you the first event the second +event the third event and so on so if + + align:start position:0% +event the third event and so on so if + + + align:start position:0% +event the third event and so on so if +you have such a collection of events + + align:start position:0% +you have such a collection of events + + + align:start position:0% +you have such a collection of events +that can be ordered as first second + + align:start position:0% +that can be ordered as first second + + + align:start position:0% +that can be ordered as first second +third and so on then you can add their + + align:start position:0% +third and so on then you can add their + + + align:start position:0% +third and so on then you can add their +probabilities you can find to find the + + align:start position:0% +probabilities you can find to find the + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities you can find to find the +probability of their Union so this point + + align:start position:0% +probability of their Union so this point + + + align:start position:0% +probability of their Union so this point +is actually actually a little more + + align:start position:0% +is actually actually a little more + + + align:start position:0% +is actually actually a little more +subtle that you might appreciate at this + + align:start position:0% +subtle that you might appreciate at this + + + align:start position:0% +subtle that you might appreciate at this +point and I'm going to return to it at + + align:start position:0% +point and I'm going to return to it at + + + align:start position:0% +point and I'm going to return to it at +the beginning of the next lecture for + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the next lecture for + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the next lecture for +now enjoy the first week of classes and + + align:start position:0% +now enjoy the first week of classes and + + + align:start position:0% +now enjoy the first week of classes and +have a good weekend thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jHEPQpSKdbg.txt b/jHEPQpSKdbg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07aad947d297496fcfa606c315127f501aa6fe1b --- /dev/null +++ b/jHEPQpSKdbg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9347 @@ +align:start position:0% + +today we're going to continue our + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to continue our + + + align:start position:0% +today we're going to continue our +discussion of consumer choice and we're + + align:start position:0% +discussion of consumer choice and we're + + + align:start position:0% +discussion of consumer choice and we're +going to talk now about what happens + + align:start position:0% +going to talk now about what happens + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk now about what happens +when we take that unconstrained choice + + align:start position:0% +when we take that unconstrained choice + + + align:start position:0% +when we take that unconstrained choice +we talked about on Monday and impose + + align:start position:0% +we talked about on Monday and impose + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about on Monday and impose +budget constraints we'll talk about what + + align:start position:0% +budget constraints we'll talk about what + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraints we'll talk about what +budget constraints are will then come to + + align:start position:0% +budget constraints are will then come to + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraints are will then come to +talking about how consumers may + + align:start position:0% +talking about how consumers may + + + align:start position:0% +talking about how consumers may +constrain choices and then we'll end + + align:start position:0% +constrain choices and then we'll end + + + align:start position:0% +constrain choices and then we'll end +with an example of food stamps so let's + + align:start position:0% +with an example of food stamps so let's + + + align:start position:0% +with an example of food stamps so let's +talk start by talking about budget + + align:start position:0% +talk start by talking about budget + + + align:start position:0% +talk start by talking about budget +constraints and we'll start by talking + + align:start position:0% +constraints and we'll start by talking + + + align:start position:0% +constraints and we'll start by talking +about their construction the + + align:start position:0% +about their construction the + + + align:start position:0% +about their construction the +construction of budget constraints + + align:start position:0% +construction of budget constraints + + + align:start position:0% +construction of budget constraints +so basically um last time we talked + + align:start position:0% +so basically um last time we talked + + + align:start position:0% +so basically um last time we talked +about the fundamental axiom of consumer + + align:start position:0% +about the fundamental axiom of consumer + + + align:start position:0% +about the fundamental axiom of consumer +choice that more is better so what + + align:start position:0% +choice that more is better so what + + + align:start position:0% +choice that more is better so what +stopped people from just binging on + + align:start position:0% +stopped people from just binging on + + + align:start position:0% +stopped people from just binging on +everything it's their budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +everything it's their budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +everything it's their budget constraint +it's their limited resources now for + + align:start position:0% +it's their limited resources now for + + + align:start position:0% +it's their limited resources now for +most of this course we're gonna make a + + align:start position:0% +most of this course we're gonna make a + + + align:start position:0% +most of this course we're gonna make a +simplifying assumption that your budget + + align:start position:0% +simplifying assumption that your budget + + + align:start position:0% +simplifying assumption that your budget +that is what you spend equals your + + align:start position:0% +that is what you spend equals your + + + align:start position:0% +that is what you spend equals your +income that is what you earn okay that + + align:start position:0% +income that is what you earn okay that + + + align:start position:0% +income that is what you earn okay that +is there won't be any savings or + + align:start position:0% +is there won't be any savings or + + + align:start position:0% +is there won't be any savings or +borrowing okay now that is a simplifying + + align:start position:0% +borrowing okay now that is a simplifying + + + align:start position:0% +borrowing okay now that is a simplifying +assumption and indeed we'll spend a + + align:start position:0% +assumption and indeed we'll spend a + + + align:start position:0% +assumption and indeed we'll spend a +couple lectures to the end of semester + + align:start position:0% +couple lectures to the end of semester + + + align:start position:0% +couple lectures to the end of semester +talking about what happens when people + + align:start position:0% +talking about what happens when people + + + align:start position:0% +talking about what happens when people +can save or borrow that said this is not + + align:start position:0% +can save or borrow that said this is not + + + align:start position:0% +can save or borrow that said this is not +a terrible description of most Americans + + align:start position:0% +a terrible description of most Americans + + + align:start position:0% +a terrible description of most Americans +the median American household has four + + align:start position:0% +the median American household has four + + + align:start position:0% +the median American household has four +hundred dollars in the bank so this is + + align:start position:0% +hundred dollars in the bank so this is + + + align:start position:0% +hundred dollars in the bank so this is +not kind of a terrible description of + + align:start position:0% +not kind of a terrible description of + + + align:start position:0% +not kind of a terrible description of +the way most people live their lives in + + align:start position:0% +the way most people live their lives in + + + align:start position:0% +the way most people live their lives in +America which is what they earn each + + align:start position:0% +America which is what they earn each + + + align:start position:0% +America which is what they earn each +week is what they spend each week so + + align:start position:0% +week is what they spend each week so + + + align:start position:0% +week is what they spend each week so +that's what we'll do it also might not + + align:start position:0% +that's what we'll do it also might not + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we'll do it also might not +be sort of a terrible description of + + align:start position:0% +be sort of a terrible description of + + + align:start position:0% +be sort of a terrible description of +your life I presume in college you're + + align:start position:0% +your life I presume in college you're + + + align:start position:0% +your life I presume in college you're +not doing a lot of savings you maybe do + + align:start position:0% +not doing a lot of savings you maybe do + + + align:start position:0% +not doing a lot of savings you maybe do +a little borrowing but not a lot of + + align:start position:0% +a little borrowing but not a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +a little borrowing but not a lot of +savings are borrowing so we're gonna do + + align:start position:0% +savings are borrowing so we're gonna do + + + align:start position:0% +savings are borrowing so we're gonna do +is we're gonna assume that's true for + + align:start position:0% +is we're gonna assume that's true for + + + align:start position:0% +is we're gonna assume that's true for +you as well we're gonna assume your + + align:start position:0% +you as well we're gonna assume your + + + align:start position:0% +you as well we're gonna assume your +parents have given you some amount of + + align:start position:0% +parents have given you some amount of + + + align:start position:0% +parents have given you some amount of +money to spend we'll call it why your + + align:start position:0% +money to spend we'll call it why your + + + align:start position:0% +money to spend we'll call it why your +income why is the amount of money your + + align:start position:0% +income why is the amount of money your + + + align:start position:0% +income why is the amount of money your +parents are giving you to spend for save + + align:start position:0% +parents are giving you to spend for save + + + align:start position:0% +parents are giving you to spend for save +the semester or the month and once again + + align:start position:0% +the semester or the month and once again + + + align:start position:0% +the semester or the month and once again +let's say all you spend your money on is + + align:start position:0% +let's say all you spend your money on is + + + align:start position:0% +let's say all you spend your money on is +pizza and cookies okay that's all you + + align:start position:0% +pizza and cookies okay that's all you + + + align:start position:0% +pizza and cookies okay that's all you +want to spend your money on we write the + + align:start position:0% +want to spend your money on we write the + + + align:start position:0% +want to spend your money on we write the +budget constraint as saying that your + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint as saying that your + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint as saying that your +resources your income why can + + align:start position:0% +resources your income why can + + + align:start position:0% +resources your income why can +spent on either pizza or cookies and the + + align:start position:0% +spent on either pizza or cookies and the + + + align:start position:0% +spent on either pizza or cookies and the +constraint is that you could spend it + + align:start position:0% +constraint is that you could spend it + + + align:start position:0% +constraint is that you could spend it +that that a budget has to be divided + + align:start position:0% +that that a budget has to be divided + + + align:start position:0% +that that a budget has to be divided +between Pizza where there's the price + + align:start position:0% +between Pizza where there's the price + + + align:start position:0% +between Pizza where there's the price +per slice of pizza times the number of + + align:start position:0% +per slice of pizza times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +per slice of pizza times the number of +slices of pizza or cookies we have the + + align:start position:0% +slices of pizza or cookies we have the + + + align:start position:0% +slices of pizza or cookies we have the +price per cookie times the number of + + align:start position:0% +price per cookie times the number of + + + align:start position:0% +price per cookie times the number of +cookies so P sub P is the price per + + align:start position:0% +cookies so P sub P is the price per + + + align:start position:0% +cookies so P sub P is the price per +slice of pizza P sub C is the price per + + align:start position:0% +slice of pizza P sub C is the price per + + + align:start position:0% +slice of pizza P sub C is the price per +cookie P's then it repeats us and sees + + align:start position:0% +cookie P's then it repeats us and sees + + + align:start position:0% +cookie P's then it repeats us and sees +the number of cookies that's your budget + + align:start position:0% +the number of cookies that's your budget + + + align:start position:0% +the number of cookies that's your budget +constraint you can essentially devote + + align:start position:0% +constraint you can essentially devote + + + align:start position:0% +constraint you can essentially devote +your income to some combination of pizza + + align:start position:0% +your income to some combination of pizza + + + align:start position:0% +your income to some combination of pizza +and cookies and but you have to consider + + align:start position:0% +and cookies and but you have to consider + + + align:start position:0% +and cookies and but you have to consider +how much they actually cost in doing + + align:start position:0% +how much they actually cost in doing + + + align:start position:0% +how much they actually cost in doing +that I find this easy to see graphically + + align:start position:0% +that I find this easy to see graphically + + + align:start position:0% +that I find this easy to see graphically +so let's turn to figure 3 1 figure 3 1 + + align:start position:0% +so let's turn to figure 3 1 figure 3 1 + + + align:start position:0% +so let's turn to figure 3 1 figure 3 1 +shows a budget constraint so how's the + + align:start position:0% +shows a budget constraint so how's the + + + align:start position:0% +shows a budget constraint so how's the +budget constraint look well the x-axis + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint look well the x-axis + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint look well the x-axis +is your income divided by the price of + + align:start position:0% +is your income divided by the price of + + + align:start position:0% +is your income divided by the price of +cookies that is if you decide to devote + + align:start position:0% +cookies that is if you decide to devote + + + align:start position:0% +cookies that is if you decide to devote +all your income to cookies that how many + + align:start position:0% +all your income to cookies that how many + + + align:start position:0% +all your income to cookies that how many +cookies you can you have Y over PC if + + align:start position:0% +cookies you can you have Y over PC if + + + align:start position:0% +cookies you can you have Y over PC if +your income is 100 and cookies are 10 + + align:start position:0% +your income is 100 and cookies are 10 + + + align:start position:0% +your income is 100 and cookies are 10 +bucks yeah that means you're going to + + align:start position:0% +bucks yeah that means you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +bucks yeah that means you're going to +miss on your cookies then then you can + + align:start position:0% +miss on your cookies then then you can + + + align:start position:0% +miss on your cookies then then you can +only have 10 cookies etc likewise the + + align:start position:0% +only have 10 cookies etc likewise the + + + align:start position:0% +only have 10 cookies etc likewise the +y-intercept is the income divided by the + + align:start position:0% +y-intercept is the income divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +y-intercept is the income divided by the +price of pizza that's how many pieces + + align:start position:0% +price of pizza that's how many pieces + + + align:start position:0% +price of pizza that's how many pieces +you can have the budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +you can have the budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +you can have the budget constraint +represents the budget constraint the + + align:start position:0% +represents the budget constraint the + + + align:start position:0% +represents the budget constraint the +slope of the budget constraint is the + + align:start position:0% +slope of the budget constraint is the + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the budget constraint is the +price ratio the negative of the price + + align:start position:0% +price ratio the negative of the price + + + align:start position:0% +price ratio the negative of the price +ratio because it's a downward sloping + + align:start position:0% +ratio because it's a downward sloping + + + align:start position:0% +ratio because it's a downward sloping +line PC over P P that is on every extra + + align:start position:0% +line PC over P P that is on every extra + + + align:start position:0% +line PC over P P that is on every extra +cookie that you by holding your income + + align:start position:0% +cookie that you by holding your income + + + align:start position:0% +cookie that you by holding your income +constant lowers the amount of pizza you + + align:start position:0% +constant lowers the amount of pizza you + + + align:start position:0% +constant lowers the amount of pizza you +can have by P sub P ok so let's consider + + align:start position:0% +can have by P sub P ok so let's consider + + + align:start position:0% +can have by P sub P ok so let's consider +an example suppose that Y is 96 dollars + + align:start position:0% +an example suppose that Y is 96 dollars + + + align:start position:0% +an example suppose that Y is 96 dollars +that the price of pizza is expensive + + align:start position:0% +that the price of pizza is expensive + + + align:start position:0% +that the price of pizza is expensive +pizza place is $12 and the price of a + + align:start position:0% +pizza place is $12 and the price of a + + + align:start position:0% +pizza place is $12 and the price of a +cookie is $6 ok $12 for pizza this is + + align:start position:0% +cookie is $6 ok $12 for pizza this is + + + align:start position:0% +cookie is $6 ok $12 for pizza this is +like downtown San Francisco or New York + + align:start position:0% +like downtown San Francisco or New York + + + align:start position:0% +like downtown San Francisco or New York +$96 + + align:start position:0% +$96 + + + align:start position:0% +$96 +come $12 for a slice of pizza $6 for a + + align:start position:0% +come $12 for a slice of pizza $6 for a + + + align:start position:0% +come $12 for a slice of pizza $6 for a +cookie okay I'm sorry why it's going to + + align:start position:0% +cookie okay I'm sorry why it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +cookie okay I'm sorry why it's going to +make y72 my bed it's why 72 your income + + align:start position:0% +make y72 my bed it's why 72 your income + + + align:start position:0% +make y72 my bed it's why 72 your income +is $72 okay and you could spend it on + + align:start position:0% +is $72 okay and you could spend it on + + + align:start position:0% +is $72 okay and you could spend it on +pizza and cookies and those two prices + + align:start position:0% +pizza and cookies and those two prices + + + align:start position:0% +pizza and cookies and those two prices +now what that means is if you wanted + + align:start position:0% +now what that means is if you wanted + + + align:start position:0% +now what that means is if you wanted +just pizza you get six pizzas if you + + align:start position:0% +just pizza you get six pizzas if you + + + align:start position:0% +just pizza you get six pizzas if you +want to just cookies you can get twelve + + align:start position:0% +want to just cookies you can get twelve + + + align:start position:0% +want to just cookies you can get twelve +cookies and generally the rate of the + + align:start position:0% +cookies and generally the rate of the + + + align:start position:0% +cookies and generally the rate of the +rate at which you can trade off pizza + + align:start position:0% +rate at which you can trade off pizza + + + align:start position:0% +rate at which you can trade off pizza +for cookies is minus a half okay + + align:start position:0% +for cookies is minus a half okay + + + align:start position:0% +for cookies is minus a half okay +that is every additional cookie would + + align:start position:0% +that is every additional cookie would + + + align:start position:0% +that is every additional cookie would +require giving up half a slice of pizza + + align:start position:0% +require giving up half a slice of pizza + + + align:start position:0% +require giving up half a slice of pizza +okay every additional cookie Christ give + + align:start position:0% +okay every additional cookie Christ give + + + align:start position:0% +okay every additional cookie Christ give +me have a slice of pizza that's why the + + align:start position:0% +me have a slice of pizza that's why the + + + align:start position:0% +me have a slice of pizza that's why the +slope would be negative 1/2 okay so + + align:start position:0% +slope would be negative 1/2 okay so + + + align:start position:0% +slope would be negative 1/2 okay so +basically we're gonna call the slope of + + align:start position:0% +basically we're gonna call the slope of + + + align:start position:0% +basically we're gonna call the slope of +the budget constraint the slope we're + + align:start position:0% +the budget constraint the slope we're + + + align:start position:0% +the budget constraint the slope we're +gonna call the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +gonna call the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +gonna call the marginal rate of +transformation the MRT last time with + + align:start position:0% +transformation the MRT last time with + + + align:start position:0% +transformation the MRT last time with +EMRs the margin rate of substitution now + + align:start position:0% +EMRs the margin rate of substitution now + + + align:start position:0% +EMRs the margin rate of substitution now +we're gonna have MRT the margin rate of + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna have MRT the margin rate of + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna have MRT the margin rate of +transformation which is equal to minus + + align:start position:0% +transformation which is equal to minus + + + align:start position:0% +transformation which is equal to minus +PC over P P or the slope of the budget + + align:start position:0% +PC over P P or the slope of the budget + + + align:start position:0% +PC over P P or the slope of the budget +constraint okay that is the marginal + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay that is the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +constraint okay that is the marginal +rate of transformation now this class is + + align:start position:0% +rate of transformation now this class is + + + align:start position:0% +rate of transformation now this class is +not alchemy we are not literally + + align:start position:0% +not alchemy we are not literally + + + align:start position:0% +not alchemy we are not literally +transforming pizza into cookies that + + align:start position:0% +transforming pizza into cookies that + + + align:start position:0% +transforming pizza into cookies that +would be kind of cool but we're not + + align:start position:0% +would be kind of cool but we're not + + + align:start position:0% +would be kind of cool but we're not +doing that that's somewhere else at MIT + + align:start position:0% +doing that that's somewhere else at MIT + + + align:start position:0% +doing that that's somewhere else at MIT +okay but if effectively doing the same + + align:start position:0% +okay but if effectively doing the same + + + align:start position:0% +okay but if effectively doing the same +thing what we're doing is given Italy a + + align:start position:0% +thing what we're doing is given Italy a + + + align:start position:0% +thing what we're doing is given Italy a +fixed amount of money and given that + + align:start position:0% +fixed amount of money and given that + + + align:start position:0% +fixed amount of money and given that +we're going to spend it all the more you + + align:start position:0% +we're going to spend it all the more you + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to spend it all the more you +spend on pizza the less you spend on + + align:start position:0% +spend on pizza the less you spend on + + + align:start position:0% +spend on pizza the less you spend on +cookies so you're effectively + + align:start position:0% +cookies so you're effectively + + + align:start position:0% +cookies so you're effectively +transforming pizza into cookies and vice + + align:start position:0% +transforming pizza into cookies and vice + + + align:start position:0% +transforming pizza into cookies and vice +versa because you're gonna spend all + + align:start position:0% +versa because you're gonna spend all + + + align:start position:0% +versa because you're gonna spend all +your money you guys been on something so + + align:start position:0% +your money you guys been on something so + + + align:start position:0% +your money you guys been on something so +the more you spend on one the less you + + align:start position:0% +the more you spend on one the less you + + + align:start position:0% +the more you spend on one the less you +get of another go through the budget + + align:start position:0% +get of another go through the budget + + + align:start position:0% +get of another go through the budget +string we are effectively transforming + + align:start position:0% +string we are effectively transforming + + + align:start position:0% +string we are effectively transforming +one good to the other worth by having + + align:start position:0% +one good to the other worth by having + + + align:start position:0% +one good to the other worth by having +more of one we're getting less of the + + align:start position:0% +more of one we're getting less of the + + + align:start position:0% +more of one we're getting less of the +other so that's this said to which we + + align:start position:0% +other so that's this said to which we + + + align:start position:0% +other so that's this said to which we +call it the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +call it the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +call it the marginal rate of +transportation and you have + + align:start position:0% +transportation and you have + + + align:start position:0% +transportation and you have +transformation so basically this comes + + align:start position:0% +transformation so basically this comes + + + align:start position:0% +transformation so basically this comes +back to the key concept we talked about + + align:start position:0% +back to the key concept we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +back to the key concept we talked about +in the very first lecture opportunity + + align:start position:0% +in the very first lecture opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +in the very first lecture opportunity +cost the opportunity cost + + align:start position:0% +cost the opportunity cost + + + align:start position:0% +cost the opportunity cost +of a slice of pizza is two cookies + + align:start position:0% +of a slice of pizza is two cookies + + + align:start position:0% +of a slice of pizza is two cookies +remember opportunity costs is that is + + align:start position:0% +remember opportunity costs is that is + + + align:start position:0% +remember opportunity costs is that is +the value of the next best alternative + + align:start position:0% +the value of the next best alternative + + + align:start position:0% +the value of the next best alternative +okay the opportunity cost is value the + + align:start position:0% +okay the opportunity cost is value the + + + align:start position:0% +okay the opportunity cost is value the +next best alternative well here you only + + align:start position:0% +next best alternative well here you only + + + align:start position:0% +next best alternative well here you only +have two alternatives pizza and cookies + + align:start position:0% +have two alternatives pizza and cookies + + + align:start position:0% +have two alternatives pizza and cookies +so the opportunity cost of a slice of + + align:start position:0% +so the opportunity cost of a slice of + + + align:start position:0% +so the opportunity cost of a slice of +pizzas to cookies and that's the sense + + align:start position:0% +pizzas to cookies and that's the sense + + + align:start position:0% +pizzas to cookies and that's the sense +of what you're transforming pizza into + + align:start position:0% +of what you're transforming pizza into + + + align:start position:0% +of what you're transforming pizza into +cookies or cookies into pizza okay + + align:start position:0% +cookies or cookies into pizza okay + + + align:start position:0% +cookies or cookies into pizza okay +now this seems kind of abstract but + + align:start position:0% +now this seems kind of abstract but + + + align:start position:0% +now this seems kind of abstract but +let's actually think of an organization + + align:start position:0% +let's actually think of an organization + + + align:start position:0% +let's actually think of an organization +which is taking this principle the heart + + align:start position:0% +which is taking this principle the heart + + + align:start position:0% +which is taking this principle the heart +to develop the best method of weight + + align:start position:0% +to develop the best method of weight + + + align:start position:0% +to develop the best method of weight +loss in America which is Weight Watchers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay Weight Watchers now it turns out + + align:start position:0% +okay Weight Watchers now it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +okay Weight Watchers now it turns out +that dieting is super hard and basically + + align:start position:0% +that dieting is super hard and basically + + + align:start position:0% +that dieting is super hard and basically +doesn't work okay there's a large + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work okay there's a large + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work okay there's a large +literature which says that people go on + + align:start position:0% +literature which says that people go on + + + align:start position:0% +literature which says that people go on +diets all the time then they stop them + + align:start position:0% +diets all the time then they stop them + + + align:start position:0% +diets all the time then they stop them +and they gain the weight back + + align:start position:0% +and they gain the weight back + + + align:start position:0% +and they gain the weight back +okay dieting is incredibly hard to base + + align:start position:0% +okay dieting is incredibly hard to base + + + align:start position:0% +okay dieting is incredibly hard to base +that doesn't work okay but a much more + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't work okay but a much more + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't work okay but a much more +successful approach has been established + + align:start position:0% +successful approach has been established + + + align:start position:0% +successful approach has been established +by Weight Watchers it's not the only + + align:start position:0% +by Weight Watchers it's not the only + + + align:start position:0% +by Weight Watchers it's not the only +approach but it's been proven and much + + align:start position:0% +approach but it's been proven and much + + + align:start position:0% +approach but it's been proven and much +more successful okay + + align:start position:0% +more successful okay + + + align:start position:0% +more successful okay +and essentially what does Weight + + align:start position:0% +and essentially what does Weight + + + align:start position:0% +and essentially what does Weight +Watchers do they set up a budget + + align:start position:0% +Watchers do they set up a budget + + + align:start position:0% +Watchers do they set up a budget +constraint and ask you to follow it so + + align:start position:0% +constraint and ask you to follow it so + + + align:start position:0% +constraint and ask you to follow it so +for example they essentially assign + + align:start position:0% +for example they essentially assign + + + align:start position:0% +for example they essentially assign +point values to every good you might + + align:start position:0% +point values to every good you might + + + align:start position:0% +point values to every good you might +consume you go on the website and + + align:start position:0% +consume you go on the website and + + + align:start position:0% +consume you go on the website and +everything in the world you might want + + align:start position:0% +everything in the world you might want + + + align:start position:0% +everything in the world you might want +to eat has a point value they then asked + + align:start position:0% +to eat has a point value they then asked + + + align:start position:0% +to eat has a point value they then asked +well what weight do you are you today + + align:start position:0% +well what weight do you are you today + + + align:start position:0% +well what weight do you are you today +what's your age and gender that stuff + + align:start position:0% +what's your age and gender that stuff + + + align:start position:0% +what's your age and gender that stuff +matters for weight loss and what weight + + align:start position:0% +matters for weight loss and what weight + + + align:start position:0% +matters for weight loss and what weight +do you want to achieve and they say if + + align:start position:0% +do you want to achieve and they say if + + + align:start position:0% +do you want to achieve and they say if +you want to achieve a weight loss of X + + align:start position:0% +you want to achieve a weight loss of X + + + align:start position:0% +you want to achieve a weight loss of X +over Y days then you've got to limit + + align:start position:0% +over Y days then you've got to limit + + + align:start position:0% +over Y days then you've got to limit +yourself to Z points okay + + align:start position:0% +yourself to Z points okay + + + align:start position:0% +yourself to Z points okay +so essentially your goal is to lose + + align:start position:0% +so essentially your goal is to lose + + + align:start position:0% +so essentially your goal is to lose +weight so we're going to view the budget + + align:start position:0% +weight so we're going to view the budget + + + align:start position:0% +weight so we're going to view the budget +constraint we're not gonna tell you what + + align:start position:0% +constraint we're not gonna tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +constraint we're not gonna tell you what +to eat that's why it's better than + + align:start position:0% +to eat that's why it's better than + + + align:start position:0% +to eat that's why it's better than +dieting because once again Adam Smith + + align:start position:0% +dieting because once again Adam Smith + + + align:start position:0% +dieting because once again Adam Smith +was right people like to have choices + + align:start position:0% +was right people like to have choices + + + align:start position:0% +was right people like to have choices +they like to let choice drive things but + + align:start position:0% +they like to let choice drive things but + + + align:start position:0% +they like to let choice drive things but +we are going to tell you total budget so + + align:start position:0% +we are going to tell you total budget so + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to tell you total budget so +for example weight vegetables are like + + align:start position:0% +for example weight vegetables are like + + + align:start position:0% +for example weight vegetables are like +zero points Snickers bars are like six + + align:start position:0% +zero points Snickers bars are like six + + + align:start position:0% +zero points Snickers bars are like six +points etc they have various point + + align:start position:0% +points etc they have various point + + + align:start position:0% +points etc they have various point +systems okay so for example suppose your + + align:start position:0% +systems okay so for example suppose your + + + align:start position:0% +systems okay so for example suppose your +budgets 30 points which would be pretty + + align:start position:0% +budgets 30 points which would be pretty + + + align:start position:0% +budgets 30 points which would be pretty +typical okay + + align:start position:0% +typical okay + + + align:start position:0% +typical okay +suppose you go to McDonald's for lunch + + align:start position:0% +suppose you go to McDonald's for lunch + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you go to McDonald's for lunch +and you get a number one the number one + + align:start position:0% +and you get a number one the number one + + + align:start position:0% +and you get a number one the number one +in McDonald's is a Big Mac which has 14 + + align:start position:0% +in McDonald's is a Big Mac which has 14 + + + align:start position:0% +in McDonald's is a Big Mac which has 14 +points fries which have ten points and a + + align:start position:0% +points fries which have ten points and a + + + align:start position:0% +points fries which have ten points and a +coke which has six points that's thirty + + align:start position:0% +coke which has six points that's thirty + + + align:start position:0% +coke which has six points that's thirty +points and it's only lunch okay you've + + align:start position:0% +points and it's only lunch okay you've + + + align:start position:0% +points and it's only lunch okay you've +blown your whole budget for the day on + + align:start position:0% +blown your whole budget for the day on + + + align:start position:0% +blown your whole budget for the day on +lunch now you could just get depressed + + align:start position:0% +lunch now you could just get depressed + + + align:start position:0% +lunch now you could just get depressed +and say screw it I'll just be fat but + + align:start position:0% +and say screw it I'll just be fat but + + + align:start position:0% +and say screw it I'll just be fat but +clearly looking around the room you guys + + align:start position:0% +clearly looking around the room you guys + + + align:start position:0% +clearly looking around the room you guys +have not made that choice or you could + + align:start position:0% +have not made that choice or you could + + + align:start position:0% +have not made that choice or you could +look at the budget constraint say well + + align:start position:0% +look at the budget constraint say well + + + align:start position:0% +look at the budget constraint say well +what else can I get what turns out you + + align:start position:0% +what else can I get what turns out you + + + align:start position:0% +what else can I get what turns out you +can get a ten-piece nugget which is + + align:start position:0% +can get a ten-piece nugget which is + + + align:start position:0% +can get a ten-piece nugget which is +twelve points apple slices which is one + + align:start position:0% +twelve points apple slices which is one + + + align:start position:0% +twelve points apple slices which is one +point in a diet coke which is zero + + align:start position:0% +point in a diet coke which is zero + + + align:start position:0% +point in a diet coke which is zero +points for only 13 points + + align:start position:0% +points for only 13 points + + + align:start position:0% +points for only 13 points +now if 13 points have plenty of room for + + align:start position:0% +now if 13 points have plenty of room for + + + align:start position:0% +now if 13 points have plenty of room for +dinner now to be honest anyone who tells + + align:start position:0% +dinner now to be honest anyone who tells + + + align:start position:0% +dinner now to be honest anyone who tells +you that second lunch is goes that first + + align:start position:0% +you that second lunch is goes that first + + + align:start position:0% +you that second lunch is goes that first +lunch is a liar okay + + align:start position:0% +lunch is a liar okay + + + align:start position:0% +lunch is a liar okay +I'd much rather a Big Mac and fries and + + align:start position:0% +I'd much rather a Big Mac and fries and + + + align:start position:0% +I'd much rather a Big Mac and fries and +a coke then nuggets an apple slices and + + align:start position:0% +a coke then nuggets an apple slices and + + + align:start position:0% +a coke then nuggets an apple slices and +Diet Coke give me a break + + align:start position:0% +Diet Coke give me a break + + + align:start position:0% +Diet Coke give me a break +but I'd also much rather have dinner + + align:start position:0% +but I'd also much rather have dinner + + + align:start position:0% +but I'd also much rather have dinner +okay so basically this lets you make the + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically this lets you make the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically this lets you make the +trade-off by imposing a budget + + align:start position:0% +trade-off by imposing a budget + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off by imposing a budget +constraint by setting relative prices + + align:start position:0% +constraint by setting relative prices + + + align:start position:0% +constraint by setting relative prices +across goods the points are like noodles + + align:start position:0% +across goods the points are like noodles + + + align:start position:0% +across goods the points are like noodles +they're not meaningful they're only + + align:start position:0% +they're not meaningful they're only + + + align:start position:0% +they're not meaningful they're only +meaningful relatively let's you said + + align:start position:0% +meaningful relatively let's you said + + + align:start position:0% +meaningful relatively let's you said +relative price across goods and then it + + align:start position:0% +relative price across goods and then it + + + align:start position:0% +relative price across goods and then it +lets you essentially optimize across + + align:start position:0% +lets you essentially optimize across + + + align:start position:0% +lets you essentially optimize across +those various across those various goods + + align:start position:0% +those various across those various goods + + + align:start position:0% +those various across those various goods +so budget constraints essentially by + + align:start position:0% +so budget constraints essentially by + + + align:start position:0% +so budget constraints essentially by +setting up this marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +setting up this marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +setting up this marginal rate of +transformation help can help with a lot + + align:start position:0% +transformation help can help with a lot + + + align:start position:0% +transformation help can help with a lot +of kind of decisions in life okay + + align:start position:0% +of kind of decisions in life okay + + + align:start position:0% +of kind of decisions in life okay +questions about that okay now what + + align:start position:0% +questions about that okay now what + + + align:start position:0% +questions about that okay now what +happens if we shock the budget + + align:start position:0% +happens if we shock the budget + + + align:start position:0% +happens if we shock the budget +constraint so we talked about + + align:start position:0% +constraint so we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +constraint so we talked about +constructing them what about shocking + + align:start position:0% +constructing them what about shocking + + + align:start position:0% +constructing them what about shocking +the budget constraint we're gonna do a + + align:start position:0% +the budget constraint we're gonna do a + + + align:start position:0% +the budget constraint we're gonna do a +lot in this class what we call + + align:start position:0% +lot in this class what we call + + + align:start position:0% +lot in this class what we call +comparative statics which is essentially + + align:start position:0% +comparative statics which is essentially + + + align:start position:0% +comparative statics which is essentially +making changes in one thing or another + + align:start position:0% +making changes in one thing or another + + + align:start position:0% +making changes in one thing or another +and seeing what it does to the system so + + align:start position:0% +and seeing what it does to the system so + + + align:start position:0% +and seeing what it does to the system so +let's talk about shocking the budget + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about shocking the budget + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about shocking the budget +constraint let's start first with a + + align:start position:0% +constraint let's start first with a + + + align:start position:0% +constraint let's start first with a +change in prices suppose the price of + + align:start position:0% +change in prices suppose the price of + + + align:start position:0% +change in prices suppose the price of +pizza goes from 12 dollars up to 18 + + align:start position:0% +pizza goes from 12 dollars up to 18 + + + align:start position:0% +pizza goes from 12 dollars up to 18 +dollars this is a really good slice of + + align:start position:0% +dollars this is a really good slice of + + + align:start position:0% +dollars this is a really good slice of +pizza okay well what happens to the + + align:start position:0% +pizza okay well what happens to the + + + align:start position:0% +pizza okay well what happens to the +budget constraint let's look at figure + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint let's look at figure + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint let's look at figure +three to figure three two shows what + + align:start position:0% +three to figure three two shows what + + + align:start position:0% +three to figure three two shows what +happens your regional budgets for NBC + + align:start position:0% +happens your regional budgets for NBC + + + align:start position:0% +happens your regional budgets for NBC +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +the equation of that line is 12 people 6 + + align:start position:0% +the equation of that line is 12 people 6 + + + align:start position:0% +the equation of that line is 12 people 6 +equals 72 ok the price of pizza dough + + align:start position:0% +equals 72 ok the price of pizza dough + + + align:start position:0% +equals 72 ok the price of pizza dough +number slice of pizza plus the price of + + align:start position:0% +number slice of pizza plus the price of + + + align:start position:0% +number slice of pizza plus the price of +cookies times the number of cookies + + align:start position:0% +cookies times the number of cookies + + + align:start position:0% +cookies times the number of cookies +equals 72 now the price of pizzas gone + + align:start position:0% +equals 72 now the price of pizzas gone + + + align:start position:0% +equals 72 now the price of pizzas gone +up what that's done is that has pivoted + + align:start position:0% +up what that's done is that has pivoted + + + align:start position:0% +up what that's done is that has pivoted +inward your budget strength to be C 2 it + + align:start position:0% +inward your budget strength to be C 2 it + + + align:start position:0% +inward your budget strength to be C 2 it +is flattened the budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +is flattened the budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +is flattened the budget constraint +because the slope remembers the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +because the slope remembers the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +because the slope remembers the ratio of +the price of cookies to the price of + + align:start position:0% +the price of cookies to the price of + + + align:start position:0% +the price of cookies to the price of +pizza right that's a ratio + + align:start position:0% +pizza right that's a ratio + + + align:start position:0% +pizza right that's a ratio +well that ratio is just fallen it used + + align:start position:0% +well that ratio is just fallen it used + + + align:start position:0% +well that ratio is just fallen it used +to be a half now it's 1/3 negative 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +to be a half now it's 1/3 negative 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +to be a half now it's 1/3 negative 1/2 +do all used to be 1/2 now it's 1/3 so + + align:start position:0% +do all used to be 1/2 now it's 1/3 so + + + align:start position:0% +do all used to be 1/2 now it's 1/3 so +slope has fallen from negative 1/2 to + + align:start position:0% +slope has fallen from negative 1/2 to + + + align:start position:0% +slope has fallen from negative 1/2 to +negative 1/3 so what's happened is you + + align:start position:0% +negative 1/3 so what's happened is you + + + align:start position:0% +negative 1/3 so what's happened is you +can still have as many cookies as you + + align:start position:0% +can still have as many cookies as you + + + align:start position:0% +can still have as many cookies as you +had before the y-intercept has not + + align:start position:0% +had before the y-intercept has not + + + align:start position:0% +had before the y-intercept has not +changed but you can have fewer slices of + + align:start position:0% +changed but you can have fewer slices of + + + align:start position:0% +changed but you can have fewer slices of +pizza that's why it's a pivot because + + align:start position:0% +pizza that's why it's a pivot because + + + align:start position:0% +pizza that's why it's a pivot because +one price has not changed only the other + + align:start position:0% +one price has not changed only the other + + + align:start position:0% +one price has not changed only the other +price so it's a pivot inward the other + + align:start position:0% +price so it's a pivot inward the other + + + align:start position:0% +price so it's a pivot inward the other +thing here you'll notice we have all + + align:start position:0% +thing here you'll notice we have all + + + align:start position:0% +thing here you'll notice we have all +these funny dots and stuff ok that + + align:start position:0% +these funny dots and stuff ok that + + + align:start position:0% +these funny dots and stuff ok that +represents what has happened to what we + + align:start position:0% +represents what has happened to what we + + + align:start position:0% +represents what has happened to what we +call your opportunity set your + + align:start position:0% +call your opportunity set your + + + align:start position:0% +call your opportunity set your +opportunity set which is an important + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set which is an important + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set which is an important +concept ok your opportunity set is the + + align:start position:0% +concept ok your opportunity set is the + + + align:start position:0% +concept ok your opportunity set is the +set of choices available to you given + + align:start position:0% +set of choices available to you given + + + align:start position:0% +set of choices available to you given +your income and market prices the set of + + align:start position:0% +your income and market prices the set of + + + align:start position:0% +your income and market prices the set of +choices available to you given your + + align:start position:0% +choices available to you given your + + + align:start position:0% +choices available to you given your +income and market prices so your + + align:start position:0% +income and market prices so your + + + align:start position:0% +income and market prices so your +opportunity set initially was the black + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set initially was the black + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set initially was the black +dots plus the red dots now your + + align:start position:0% +dots plus the red dots now your + + + align:start position:0% +dots plus the red dots now your +opportunity set has shrunk your + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set has shrunk your + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set has shrunk your +opportunity set is now just the black + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set is now just the black + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set is now just the black +dots given your income you can now get + + align:start position:0% +dots given your income you can now get + + + align:start position:0% +dots given your income you can now get +less stuff same amount of cookies but + + align:start position:0% +less stuff same amount of cookies but + + + align:start position:0% +less stuff same amount of cookies but +less pizza and you are worse off your + + align:start position:0% +less pizza and you are worse off your + + + align:start position:0% +less pizza and you are worse off your +opportunity set has shrunk okay your + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set has shrunk okay your + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set has shrunk okay your +opportunity even though your parents + + align:start position:0% +opportunity even though your parents + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity even though your parents +still send me the same check you are + + align:start position:0% +still send me the same check you are + + + align:start position:0% +still send me the same check you are +worse off because you can now buy for + + align:start position:0% +worse off because you can now buy for + + + align:start position:0% +worse off because you can now buy for +less pizza with it ok so that's that's + + align:start position:0% +less pizza with it ok so that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +less pizza with it ok so that's that's +what happens the opportunity set when a + + align:start position:0% +what happens the opportunity set when a + + + align:start position:0% +what happens the opportunity set when a +price changed and likewise should show + + align:start position:0% +price changed and likewise should show + + + align:start position:0% +price changed and likewise should show +to yourself the same thing will happen + + align:start position:0% +to yourself the same thing will happen + + + align:start position:0% +to yourself the same thing will happen +when the price of cookies change and + + align:start position:0% +when the price of cookies change and + + + align:start position:0% +when the price of cookies change and +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +you'll get an increase in the steepness + + align:start position:0% +you'll get an increase in the steepness + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get an increase in the steepness +of the budget constraint okay but your + + align:start position:0% +of the budget constraint okay but your + + + align:start position:0% +of the budget constraint okay but your +opportunity set will still your + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set will still your + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set will still your +opportunity set will still shrink okay + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set will still shrink okay + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set will still shrink okay +now what about yeah well that's a good + + align:start position:0% +now what about yeah well that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +now what about yeah well that's a good +point we're gonna come back to that we + + align:start position:0% +point we're gonna come back to that we + + + align:start position:0% +point we're gonna come back to that we +haven't we assume they're spending all + + align:start position:0% +haven't we assume they're spending all + + + align:start position:0% +haven't we assume they're spending all +their money but it's just a way of + + align:start position:0% +their money but it's just a way of + + + align:start position:0% +their money but it's just a way of +representing you can think of the line + + align:start position:0% +representing you can think of the line + + + align:start position:0% +representing you can think of the line +being lower it's the same thing + + align:start position:0% +being lower it's the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +being lower it's the same thing +so the Rappard we care about we just + + align:start position:0% +so the Rappard we care about we just + + + align:start position:0% +so the Rappard we care about we just +care about the area because it + + align:start position:0% +care about the area because it + + + align:start position:0% +care about the area because it +represents the set but you're right you + + align:start position:0% +represents the set but you're right you + + + align:start position:0% +represents the set but you're right you +could just focus on the line and say the + + align:start position:0% +could just focus on the line and say the + + + align:start position:0% +could just focus on the line and say the +line is everywhere lower so they're + + align:start position:0% +line is everywhere lower so they're + + + align:start position:0% +line is everywhere lower so they're +they're worse off that's another way to + + align:start position:0% +they're worse off that's another way to + + + align:start position:0% +they're worse off that's another way to +look at it but we like to think about it + + align:start position:0% +look at it but we like to think about it + + + align:start position:0% +look at it but we like to think about it +as a set it comes in handy for later for + + align:start position:0% +as a set it comes in handy for later for + + + align:start position:0% +as a set it comes in handy for later for +various reasons okay it's a good + + align:start position:0% +various reasons okay it's a good + + + align:start position:0% +various reasons okay it's a good +question now let's ask about a second + + align:start position:0% +question now let's ask about a second + + + align:start position:0% +question now let's ask about a second +thing what if your income goes up what + + align:start position:0% +thing what if your income goes up what + + + align:start position:0% +thing what if your income goes up what +if prices are back to twelve and six but + + align:start position:0% +if prices are back to twelve and six but + + + align:start position:0% +if prices are back to twelve and six but +your parents decide to send you more + + align:start position:0% +your parents decide to send you more + + + align:start position:0% +your parents decide to send you more +money + + align:start position:0% +money + + + align:start position:0% +money +suppose your parents or set thank you + + align:start position:0% +suppose your parents or set thank you + + + align:start position:0% +suppose your parents or set thank you +less money turns out you haven't been + + align:start position:0% +less money turns out you haven't been + + + align:start position:0% +less money turns out you haven't been +paying enough attention to 14:01 your + + align:start position:0% +paying enough attention to 14:01 your + + + align:start position:0% +paying enough attention to 14:01 your +parents are mad they're monitoring you + + align:start position:0% +parents are mad they're monitoring you + + + align:start position:0% +parents are mad they're monitoring you +that's why we have the camera here this + + align:start position:0% +that's why we have the camera here this + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we have the camera here this +goes directly to all your parents okay + + align:start position:0% +goes directly to all your parents okay + + + align:start position:0% +goes directly to all your parents okay +I'm sort of joking and and so let's say + + align:start position:0% +I'm sort of joking and and so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +I'm sort of joking and and so let's say +your parents cut your allowance to $60 + + align:start position:0% +your parents cut your allowance to $60 + + + align:start position:0% +your parents cut your allowance to $60 +okay well what does that do that's in + + align:start position:0% +okay well what does that do that's in + + + align:start position:0% +okay well what does that do that's in +figure 3 3 okay in figure 3 3 the old + + align:start position:0% +figure 3 3 okay in figure 3 3 the old + + + align:start position:0% +figure 3 3 okay in figure 3 3 the old +budget constraint was that you get + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint was that you get + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint was that you get +pizzas and cookies at prices 6 and 12 + + align:start position:0% +pizzas and cookies at prices 6 and 12 + + + align:start position:0% +pizzas and cookies at prices 6 and 12 +and you get them to spend $72 now you + + align:start position:0% +and you get them to spend $72 now you + + + align:start position:0% +and you get them to spend $72 now you +can only get them to you spend $60 now + + align:start position:0% +can only get them to you spend $60 now + + + align:start position:0% +can only get them to you spend $60 now +what we see is not a pivot in the budget + + align:start position:0% +what we see is not a pivot in the budget + + + align:start position:0% +what we see is not a pivot in the budget +constraint but an inward shift in the + + align:start position:0% +constraint but an inward shift in the + + + align:start position:0% +constraint but an inward shift in the +budget constraint because the relative + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint because the relative + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint because the relative +price of pizza cookies has not changed + + align:start position:0% +price of pizza cookies has not changed + + + align:start position:0% +price of pizza cookies has not changed +therefore the slope hasn't changed + + align:start position:0% +therefore the slope hasn't changed + + + align:start position:0% +therefore the slope hasn't changed +okay the slope is dictated solely you + + align:start position:0% +okay the slope is dictated solely you + + + align:start position:0% +okay the slope is dictated solely you +don't do anything to control the slope + + align:start position:0% +don't do anything to control the slope + + + align:start position:0% +don't do anything to control the slope +the market controls the slope okay but + + align:start position:0% +the market controls the slope okay but + + + align:start position:0% +the market controls the slope okay but +you and your family control the level + + align:start position:0% +you and your family control the level + + + align:start position:0% +you and your family control the level +okay and the level has shrunk so you're + + align:start position:0% +okay and the level has shrunk so you're + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the level has shrunk so you're +pivoting inwards okay and once again now + + align:start position:0% +pivoting inwards okay and once again now + + + align:start position:0% +pivoting inwards okay and once again now +instead of being able to buy say 12 + + align:start position:0% +instead of being able to buy say 12 + + + align:start position:0% +instead of being able to buy say 12 +cookies and six pizzas now you can only + + align:start position:0% +cookies and six pizzas now you can only + + + align:start position:0% +cookies and six pizzas now you can only +buy say 10 cookies and five pizzas + + align:start position:0% +buy say 10 cookies and five pizzas + + + align:start position:0% +buy say 10 cookies and five pizzas +that's the most you can get okay so once + + align:start position:0% +that's the most you can get okay so once + + + align:start position:0% +that's the most you can get okay so once +again your opportunity stat has been + + align:start position:0% +again your opportunity stat has been + + + align:start position:0% +again your opportunity stat has been +restricted but in a different kind of + + align:start position:0% +restricted but in a different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +restricted but in a different kind of +way do this pivot inward + + align:start position:0% +way do this pivot inward + + + align:start position:0% +way do this pivot inward +so that's how we sort of manipulate + + align:start position:0% +so that's how we sort of manipulate + + + align:start position:0% +so that's how we sort of manipulate +these budget constraints so we're going + + align:start position:0% +these budget constraints so we're going + + + align:start position:0% +these budget constraints so we're going +to come back to that next lecture + + align:start position:0% +to come back to that next lecture + + + align:start position:0% +to come back to that next lecture +that'll be important + + align:start position:0% +that'll be important + + + align:start position:0% +that'll be important +yeah is it more showing that like the + + align:start position:0% +yeah is it more showing that like the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah is it more showing that like the +change of slopes doesn't really invite + + align:start position:0% +change of slopes doesn't really invite + + + align:start position:0% +change of slopes doesn't really invite +you to the state by more cookies and + + align:start position:0% +you to the state by more cookies and + + + align:start position:0% +you to the state by more cookies and +pizza boiling in terms of accurate + + align:start position:0% +pizza boiling in terms of accurate + + + align:start position:0% +pizza boiling in terms of accurate +budget as a whole decreases and it + + align:start position:0% +budget as a whole decreases and it + + + align:start position:0% +budget as a whole decreases and it +affects you overall that's a great + + align:start position:0% +affects you overall that's a great + + + align:start position:0% +affects you overall that's a great +question and we're gonna actually answer + + align:start position:0% +question and we're gonna actually answer + + + align:start position:0% +question and we're gonna actually answer +that question next election very + + align:start position:0% +that question next election very + + + align:start position:0% +that question next election very +explicitly so hold on to that question + + align:start position:0% +explicitly so hold on to that question + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly so hold on to that question +and we'll talk about we're gonna compare + + align:start position:0% +and we'll talk about we're gonna compare + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll talk about we're gonna compare +explicitly why income changes differ + + align:start position:0% +explicitly why income changes differ + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly why income changes differ +from price changes and what are the + + align:start position:0% +from price changes and what are the + + + align:start position:0% +from price changes and what are the +underlying mechanisms yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great great question so as I said we + + align:start position:0% +great great question so as I said we + + + align:start position:0% +great great question so as I said we +always are going to start with + + align:start position:0% +always are going to start with + + + align:start position:0% +always are going to start with +simplifying it some just to make life + + align:start position:0% +simplifying it some just to make life + + + align:start position:0% +simplifying it some just to make life +easy there's no reason that this + + align:start position:0% +easy there's no reason that this + + + align:start position:0% +easy there's no reason that this +couldn't be written in three dimensions + + align:start position:0% +couldn't be written in three dimensions + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't be written in three dimensions +and you'd have relative marginal rates + + align:start position:0% +and you'd have relative marginal rates + + + align:start position:0% +and you'd have relative marginal rates +of transformation and rates of which + + align:start position:0% +of transformation and rates of which + + + align:start position:0% +of transformation and rates of which +you're willing to trade off various + + align:start position:0% +you're willing to trade off various + + + align:start position:0% +you're willing to trade off various +things so you could just extend the math + + align:start position:0% +things so you could just extend the math + + + align:start position:0% +things so you could just extend the math +from all dimensions it wouldn't add any + + align:start position:0% +from all dimensions it wouldn't add any + + + align:start position:0% +from all dimensions it wouldn't add any +richness and just make your head spin so + + align:start position:0% +richness and just make your head spin so + + + align:start position:0% +richness and just make your head spin so +but the base so the basic all the basic + + align:start position:0% +but the base so the basic all the basic + + + align:start position:0% +but the base so the basic all the basic +ideas can come across with two goods but + + align:start position:0% +ideas can come across with two goods but + + + align:start position:0% +ideas can come across with two goods but +it would be the same mechanics with more + + align:start position:0% +it would be the same mechanics with more + + + align:start position:0% +it would be the same mechanics with more +goods okay you essentially when we get + + align:start position:0% +goods okay you essentially when we get + + + align:start position:0% +goods okay you essentially when we get +to the constrained optimization you + + align:start position:0% +to the constrained optimization you + + + align:start position:0% +to the constrained optimization you +essentially have more first-order + + align:start position:0% +essentially have more first-order + + + align:start position:0% +essentially have more first-order +conditions in your constrained + + align:start position:0% +conditions in your constrained + + + align:start position:0% +conditions in your constrained +optimization it's the way to think about + + align:start position:0% +optimization it's the way to think about + + + align:start position:0% +optimization it's the way to think about +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +okay so let's access a great segue let's + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's access a great segue let's + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's access a great segue let's +turn to the second part which is how we + + align:start position:0% +turn to the second part which is how we + + + align:start position:0% +turn to the second part which is how we +use budget constraints and the utility + + align:start position:0% +use budget constraints and the utility + + + align:start position:0% +use budget constraints and the utility +function we learned out last time to + + align:start position:0% +function we learned out last time to + + + align:start position:0% +function we learned out last time to +actually decide describe how consumers + + align:start position:0% +actually decide describe how consumers + + + align:start position:0% +actually decide describe how consumers +make choices so we take utility remember + + align:start position:0% +make choices so we take utility remember + + + align:start position:0% +make choices so we take utility remember +I said last time consumers are going to + + align:start position:0% +I said last time consumers are going to + + + align:start position:0% +I said last time consumers are going to +maximize the utility subject your + + align:start position:0% +maximize the utility subject your + + + align:start position:0% +maximize the utility subject your +buckets budget constraint well now we've + + align:start position:0% +buckets budget constraint well now we've + + + align:start position:0% +buckets budget constraint well now we've +taught you about utility we've taught + + align:start position:0% +taught you about utility we've taught + + + align:start position:0% +taught you about utility we've taught +you about budget constraints let's put + + align:start position:0% +you about budget constraints let's put + + + align:start position:0% +you about budget constraints let's put +them together okay how to consume how do + + align:start position:0% +them together okay how to consume how do + + + align:start position:0% +them together okay how to consume how do +consumers put them together well + + align:start position:0% +consumers put them together well + + + align:start position:0% +consumers put them together well +graphically the representation of + + align:start position:0% +graphically the representation of + + + align:start position:0% +graphically the representation of +preferences was our indifference curves + + align:start position:0% +preferences was our indifference curves + + + align:start position:0% +preferences was our indifference curves +that represented people's indifference + + align:start position:0% +that represented people's indifference + + + align:start position:0% +that represented people's indifference +with further indifference curves made + + align:start position:0% +with further indifference curves made + + + align:start position:0% +with further indifference curves made +people happy right that was last time so + + align:start position:0% +people happy right that was last time so + + + align:start position:0% +people happy right that was last time so +a sense who organized graphically is + + align:start position:0% +a sense who organized graphically is + + + align:start position:0% +a sense who organized graphically is +what is the highest indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +what is the highest indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +what is the highest indifference curve +you can achieve given your budget right + + align:start position:0% +you can achieve given your budget right + + + align:start position:0% +you can achieve given your budget right +we know you want be the highest + + align:start position:0% +we know you want be the highest + + + align:start position:0% +we know you want be the highest +indifference curve possible buy mores + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve possible buy mores + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve possible buy mores +better so we're simply going to ask what + + align:start position:0% +better so we're simply going to ask what + + + align:start position:0% +better so we're simply going to ask what +is the highest indifference curve you + + align:start position:0% +is the highest indifference curve you + + + align:start position:0% +is the highest indifference curve you +can reach given your budget okay + + align:start position:0% +can reach given your budget okay + + + align:start position:0% +can reach given your budget okay +so let's consider the same utility from + + align:start position:0% +so let's consider the same utility from + + + align:start position:0% +so let's consider the same utility from +last time utility is square root of P + + align:start position:0% +last time utility is square root of P + + + align:start position:0% +last time utility is square root of P +times C okay + + align:start position:0% +times C okay + + + align:start position:0% +times C okay +and let's consider the same budget we + + align:start position:0% +and let's consider the same budget we + + + align:start position:0% +and let's consider the same budget we +wrote down up here $72 income $12 price + + align:start position:0% +wrote down up here $72 income $12 price + + + align:start position:0% +wrote down up here $72 income $12 price +of Pizza $6 price of cookies and now + + align:start position:0% +of Pizza $6 price of cookies and now + + + align:start position:0% +of Pizza $6 price of cookies and now +let's ask where can you go with that so + + align:start position:0% +let's ask where can you go with that so + + + align:start position:0% +let's ask where can you go with that so +let's sort of figure three four and do + + align:start position:0% +let's sort of figure three four and do + + + align:start position:0% +let's sort of figure three four and do +it graphically we'll do it + + align:start position:0% +it graphically we'll do it + + + align:start position:0% +it graphically we'll do it +mathematically in a minute okay so in + + align:start position:0% +mathematically in a minute okay so in + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically in a minute okay so in +figure three four you have our budget + + align:start position:0% +figure three four you have our budget + + + align:start position:0% +figure three four you have our budget +constraint which runs from six pizzas to + + align:start position:0% +constraint which runs from six pizzas to + + + align:start position:0% +constraint which runs from six pizzas to +twelve cookies that + + align:start position:0% +twelve cookies that + + + align:start position:0% +twelve cookies that +the original budget constraint and you + + align:start position:0% +the original budget constraint and you + + + align:start position:0% +the original budget constraint and you +have a series of indifference curves and + + align:start position:0% +have a series of indifference curves and + + + align:start position:0% +have a series of indifference curves and +these indifference curves i1 i2 i3 i-4 + + align:start position:0% +these indifference curves i1 i2 i3 i-4 + + + align:start position:0% +these indifference curves i1 i2 i3 i-4 +they all come directly from this utility + + align:start position:0% +they all come directly from this utility + + + align:start position:0% +they all come directly from this utility +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +so simply I've solved this utility + + align:start position:0% +so simply I've solved this utility + + + align:start position:0% +so simply I've solved this utility +function I'll start to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +function I'll start to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +function I'll start to talk about the +math in a little bit you'll do more math + + align:start position:0% +math in a little bit you'll do more math + + + align:start position:0% +math in a little bit you'll do more math +and section on Friday okay but + + align:start position:0% +and section on Friday okay but + + + align:start position:0% +and section on Friday okay but +essentially you can solve we will show + + align:start position:0% +essentially you can solve we will show + + + align:start position:0% +essentially you can solve we will show +you you'll derive on Friday how you take + + align:start position:0% +you you'll derive on Friday how you take + + + align:start position:0% +you you'll derive on Friday how you take +this utility function literally can draw + + align:start position:0% +this utility function literally can draw + + + align:start position:0% +this utility function literally can draw +the indifference curves from it okay but + + align:start position:0% +the indifference curves from it okay but + + + align:start position:0% +the indifference curves from it okay but +for now take my word that these + + align:start position:0% +for now take my word that these + + + align:start position:0% +for now take my word that these +indifference curves represent this + + align:start position:0% +indifference curves represent this + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curves represent this +utility function and what we see is that + + align:start position:0% +utility function and what we see is that + + + align:start position:0% +utility function and what we see is that +point D is the farthest out indifference + + align:start position:0% +point D is the farthest out indifference + + + align:start position:0% +point D is the farthest out indifference +curve you can achieve while still + + align:start position:0% +curve you can achieve while still + + + align:start position:0% +curve you can achieve while still +meeting your budget while saving your + + align:start position:0% +meeting your budget while saving your + + + align:start position:0% +meeting your budget while saving your +budget constraint and therefore we say + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint and therefore we say + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint and therefore we say +that the optimum graphically is the + + align:start position:0% +that the optimum graphically is the + + + align:start position:0% +that the optimum graphically is the +tangency between your indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +tangency between your indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +tangency between your indifference curve +and your budget constraint is the + + align:start position:0% +and your budget constraint is the + + + align:start position:0% +and your budget constraint is the +optimal constrained bundle you see we + + align:start position:0% +optimal constrained bundle you see we + + + align:start position:0% +optimal constrained bundle you see we +brought last time we talked about + + align:start position:0% +brought last time we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +brought last time we talked about +further indifference curves make you + + align:start position:0% +further indifference curves make you + + + align:start position:0% +further indifference curves make you +happier this today we talked about the + + align:start position:0% +happier this today we talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +happier this today we talked about the +fact you are limited by your budget so + + align:start position:0% +fact you are limited by your budget so + + + align:start position:0% +fact you are limited by your budget so +we have the furthest indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +we have the furthest indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +we have the furthest indifference curve +you can get to is going to be + + align:start position:0% +you can get to is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +you can get to is going to be +definitionally at the tangent of the + + align:start position:0% +definitionally at the tangent of the + + + align:start position:0% +definitionally at the tangent of the +indifference curve in the budget + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve in the budget + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve in the budget +constraint and once again that gives you + + align:start position:0% +constraint and once again that gives you + + + align:start position:0% +constraint and once again that gives you +we realize we don't want to measure + + align:start position:0% +we realize we don't want to measure + + + align:start position:0% +we realize we don't want to measure +utils but just for mathematical for Rep + + align:start position:0% +utils but just for mathematical for Rep + + + align:start position:0% +utils but just for mathematical for Rep +methanol voters that gives utility at + + align:start position:0% +methanol voters that gives utility at + + + align:start position:0% +methanol voters that gives utility at +that tangency of square root of 18 okay + + align:start position:0% +that tangency of square root of 18 okay + + + align:start position:0% +that tangency of square root of 18 okay +at that point you are choosing six + + align:start position:0% +at that point you are choosing six + + + align:start position:0% +at that point you are choosing six +cookies and three pizzas that is the + + align:start position:0% +cookies and three pizzas that is the + + + align:start position:0% +cookies and three pizzas that is the +choice you are making that is the best + + align:start position:0% +choice you are making that is the best + + + align:start position:0% +choice you are making that is the best +off you can get given your budget and to + + align:start position:0% +off you can get given your budget and to + + + align:start position:0% +off you can get given your budget and to +see this let's talk about some other + + align:start position:0% +see this let's talk about some other + + + align:start position:0% +see this let's talk about some other +points and why they're not better okay + + align:start position:0% +points and why they're not better okay + + + align:start position:0% +points and why they're not better okay +let's talk about point a why is it point + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about point a why is it point + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about point a why is it point +a about it why isn't it better to have + + align:start position:0% +a about it why isn't it better to have + + + align:start position:0% +a about it why isn't it better to have +two maybe just maybe you like cookies a + + align:start position:0% +two maybe just maybe you like cookies a + + + align:start position:0% +two maybe just maybe you like cookies a +lot and don't let it would like pizza on + + align:start position:0% +lot and don't let it would like pizza on + + + align:start position:0% +lot and don't let it would like pizza on +all the cookies that much how can we say + + align:start position:0% +all the cookies that much how can we say + + + align:start position:0% +all the cookies that much how can we say +that point D is better than point a yeah + + align:start position:0% +that point D is better than point a yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that point D is better than point a yeah +it's not a higher indifference curve so + + align:start position:0% +it's not a higher indifference curve so + + + align:start position:0% +it's not a higher indifference curve so +Point D dominates point a because a + + align:start position:0% +Point D dominates point a because a + + + align:start position:0% +Point D dominates point a because a +higher indifference curve well find the + + align:start position:0% +higher indifference curve well find the + + + align:start position:0% +higher indifference curve well find the +same person by that logic why not choose + + align:start position:0% +same person by that logic why not choose + + + align:start position:0% +same person by that logic why not choose +point E + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah you can't afford it so the bottom + + align:start position:0% +yeah you can't afford it so the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you can't afford it so the bottom +line is you can see graphically why the + + align:start position:0% +line is you can see graphically why the + + + align:start position:0% +line is you can see graphically why the +tangency is the best your going is the + + align:start position:0% +tangency is the best your going is the + + + align:start position:0% +tangency is the best your going is the +best you're going to to do okay + + align:start position:0% +best you're going to to do okay + + + align:start position:0% +best you're going to to do okay +likewise points II wouldn't choose Point + + align:start position:0% +likewise points II wouldn't choose Point + + + align:start position:0% +likewise points II wouldn't choose Point +C is has this has the same slope it has + + align:start position:0% +C is has this has the same slope it has + + + align:start position:0% +C is has this has the same slope it has +the same slope as Point D in other words + + align:start position:0% +the same slope as Point D in other words + + + align:start position:0% +the same slope as Point D in other words +the slopes minus 1/2 at Point C you've + + align:start position:0% +the slopes minus 1/2 at Point C you've + + + align:start position:0% +the slopes minus 1/2 at Point C you've +drew a line tangent to Point C the slope + + align:start position:0% +drew a line tangent to Point C the slope + + + align:start position:0% +drew a line tangent to Point C the slope +will be minus 1/2 just like it is a + + align:start position:0% +will be minus 1/2 just like it is a + + + align:start position:0% +will be minus 1/2 just like it is a +point D but you wouldn't be spending all + + align:start position:0% +point D but you wouldn't be spending all + + + align:start position:0% +point D but you wouldn't be spending all +your money so you wouldn't choose that + + align:start position:0% +your money so you wouldn't choose that + + + align:start position:0% +your money so you wouldn't choose that +point either yeah we're we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +point either yeah we're we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +point either yeah we're we're gonna +we're gonna come to it we got well I + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna come to it we got well I + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna come to it we got well I +just first of all we're not gonna have + + align:start position:0% +just first of all we're not gonna have + + + align:start position:0% +just first of all we're not gonna have +discrete and if it well we can have + + align:start position:0% +discrete and if it well we can have + + + align:start position:0% +discrete and if it well we can have +lines and the lines could end up you + + align:start position:0% +lines and the lines could end up you + + + align:start position:0% +lines and the lines could end up you +could end up lying along and then you + + align:start position:0% +could end up lying along and then you + + + align:start position:0% +could end up lying along and then you +could and then applying along a budget + + align:start position:0% +could and then applying along a budget + + + align:start position:0% +could and then applying along a budget +constraint for example or you could have + + align:start position:0% +constraint for example or you could have + + + align:start position:0% +constraint for example or you could have +you could even have utility functions + + align:start position:0% +you could even have utility functions + + + align:start position:0% +you could even have utility functions +which judge your budget rating at one + + align:start position:0% +which judge your budget rating at one + + + align:start position:0% +which judge your budget rating at one +extreme or another and we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +extreme or another and we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +extreme or another and we'll talk about +those cases yeah yeah well let's come to + + align:start position:0% +those cases yeah yeah well let's come to + + + align:start position:0% +those cases yeah yeah well let's come to +the math then ok let's come to the + + align:start position:0% +the math then ok let's come to the + + + align:start position:0% +the math then ok let's come to the +mathematical derivation so that's the + + align:start position:0% +mathematical derivation so that's the + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical derivation so that's the +graphics let's come to the math okay now + + align:start position:0% +graphics let's come to the math okay now + + + align:start position:0% +graphics let's come to the math okay now +always a bit of a tightrope act when I'm + + align:start position:0% +always a bit of a tightrope act when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +always a bit of a tightrope act when I'm +doing math up here on the board so bear + + align:start position:0% +doing math up here on the board so bear + + + align:start position:0% +doing math up here on the board so bear +with me okay but the key thing is the + + align:start position:0% +with me okay but the key thing is the + + + align:start position:0% +with me okay but the key thing is the +math of constraint optimization is all + + align:start position:0% +math of constraint optimization is all + + + align:start position:0% +math of constraint optimization is all +about the marginal decision + + align:start position:0% +about the marginal decision + + + align:start position:0% +about the marginal decision +remember it's hard to say how many + + align:start position:0% +remember it's hard to say how many + + + align:start position:0% +remember it's hard to say how many +cookies you want it's easier to say + + align:start position:0% +cookies you want it's easier to say + + + align:start position:0% +cookies you want it's easier to say +should I have the next cookie okay it's + + align:start position:0% +should I have the next cookie okay it's + + + align:start position:0% +should I have the next cookie okay it's +about constraint optimization and what + + align:start position:0% +about constraint optimization and what + + + align:start position:0% +about constraint optimization and what +we want to ask is we essentially want to + + align:start position:0% +we want to ask is we essentially want to + + + align:start position:0% +we want to ask is we essentially want to +compare how do you feel about trading + + align:start position:0% +compare how do you feel about trading + + + align:start position:0% +compare how do you feel about trading +off pizzas versus cookies versus what + + align:start position:0% +off pizzas versus cookies versus what + + + align:start position:0% +off pizzas versus cookies versus what +will the market let you do instead of + + align:start position:0% +will the market let you do instead of + + + align:start position:0% +will the market let you do instead of +trading off pieces versus cookies that + + align:start position:0% +trading off pieces versus cookies that + + + align:start position:0% +trading off pieces versus cookies that +is we the Optoma is going to occur when + + align:start position:0% +is we the Optoma is going to occur when + + + align:start position:0% +is we the Optoma is going to occur when +we set your marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +we set your marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +we set your marginal rate of +substitution which remember we defined + + align:start position:0% +substitution which remember we defined + + + align:start position:0% +substitution which remember we defined +is minus mu c over mu P equal I'm going + + align:start position:0% +is minus mu c over mu P equal I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +is minus mu c over mu P equal I'm going +to get rid of this equal to ah + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of this equal to ah + + + align:start position:0% +to get rid of this equal to ah +your marginal rate of transformation + + align:start position:0% +your marginal rate of transformation + + + align:start position:0% +your marginal rate of transformation +which we defined as - PC over PEP and + + align:start position:0% +which we defined as - PC over PEP and + + + align:start position:0% +which we defined as - PC over PEP and +this is the fundamental equation of + + align:start position:0% +this is the fundamental equation of + + + align:start position:0% +this is the fundamental equation of +consumer choice if you understand this + + align:start position:0% +consumer choice if you understand this + + + align:start position:0% +consumer choice if you understand this +equation you can solve virtually every + + align:start position:0% +equation you can solve virtually every + + + align:start position:0% +equation you can solve virtually every +consumer choice problem we'll give you + + align:start position:0% +consumer choice problem we'll give you + + + align:start position:0% +consumer choice problem we'll give you +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +that basically at the optimum the ratio + + align:start position:0% +that basically at the optimum the ratio + + + align:start position:0% +that basically at the optimum the ratio +of margin utilities equals the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +of margin utilities equals the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +of margin utilities equals the ratio of +prices prices that is the rate at which + + align:start position:0% +prices prices that is the rate at which + + + align:start position:0% +prices prices that is the rate at which +you want to trade off Pizza for cookies + + align:start position:0% +you want to trade off Pizza for cookies + + + align:start position:0% +you want to trade off Pizza for cookies +is the rate at which the market will + + align:start position:0% +is the rate at which the market will + + + align:start position:0% +is the rate at which the market will +allow you to trade off Pizza for cookies + + align:start position:0% +allow you to trade off Pizza for cookies + + + align:start position:0% +allow you to trade off Pizza for cookies +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +basically it's saying the ratio of the + + align:start position:0% +basically it's saying the ratio of the + + + align:start position:0% +basically it's saying the ratio of the +benefits think of this as the benefits + + align:start position:0% +benefits think of this as the benefits + + + align:start position:0% +benefits think of this as the benefits +and this is the cost think of the mrs as + + align:start position:0% +and this is the cost think of the mrs as + + + align:start position:0% +and this is the cost think of the mrs as +the benefits it's what you want MRT is + + align:start position:0% +the benefits it's what you want MRT is + + + align:start position:0% +the benefits it's what you want MRT is +the cost it's where your constraint you + + align:start position:0% +the cost it's where your constraint you + + + align:start position:0% +the cost it's where your constraint you +want set the ratio of the benefits equal + + align:start position:0% +want set the ratio of the benefits equal + + + align:start position:0% +want set the ratio of the benefits equal +to the ratio of the costs okay now I + + align:start position:0% +to the ratio of the costs okay now I + + + align:start position:0% +to the ratio of the costs okay now I +find it actually easier to think of it + + align:start position:0% +find it actually easier to think of it + + + align:start position:0% +find it actually easier to think of it +this way if you just rearrange terms you + + align:start position:0% +this way if you just rearrange terms you + + + align:start position:0% +this way if you just rearrange terms you +can write it as mu C over PC equals mu P + + align:start position:0% +can write it as mu C over PC equals mu P + + + align:start position:0% +can write it as mu C over PC equals mu P +over P sub P I like this way of writing + + align:start position:0% +over P sub P I like this way of writing + + + align:start position:0% +over P sub P I like this way of writing +it because I I call this the bang for + + align:start position:0% +it because I I call this the bang for + + + align:start position:0% +it because I I call this the bang for +the buck equation what this is saying + + align:start position:0% +the buck equation what this is saying + + + align:start position:0% +the buck equation what this is saying +your marginal happiness per dollar + + align:start position:0% +your marginal happiness per dollar + + + align:start position:0% +your marginal happiness per dollar +should be equal this is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +should be equal this is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +should be equal this is sort of the +happiness per dollar spent on cookies + + align:start position:0% +happiness per dollar spent on cookies + + + align:start position:0% +happiness per dollar spent on cookies +this is the happiness per dollar spent + + align:start position:0% +this is the happiness per dollar spent + + + align:start position:0% +this is the happiness per dollar spent +on pizza and you want those to be equal + + align:start position:0% +on pizza and you want those to be equal + + + align:start position:0% +on pizza and you want those to be equal +if you want the bang for the put your + + align:start position:0% +if you want the bang for the put your + + + align:start position:0% +if you want the bang for the put your +next dollar where it's gonna make you + + align:start position:0% +next dollar where it's gonna make you + + + align:start position:0% +next dollar where it's gonna make you +happiest okay + + align:start position:0% +happiest okay + + + align:start position:0% +happiest okay +and so basically think of that as your + + align:start position:0% +and so basically think of that as your + + + align:start position:0% +and so basically think of that as your +bang for your buck so for example + + align:start position:0% +bang for your buck so for example + + + align:start position:0% +bang for your buck so for example +suppose you were in a position where the + + align:start position:0% +suppose you were in a position where the + + + align:start position:0% +suppose you were in a position where the +mrs was greater than the mrt you're in a + + align:start position:0% +mrs was greater than the mrt you're in a + + + align:start position:0% +mrs was greater than the mrt you're in a +position where the marginal utility of + + align:start position:0% +position where the marginal utility of + + + align:start position:0% +position where the marginal utility of +cookies and I'm getting rid the + + align:start position:0% +cookies and I'm getting rid the + + + align:start position:0% +cookies and I'm getting rid the +negatives there's negative on both sides + + align:start position:0% +negatives there's negative on both sides + + + align:start position:0% +negatives there's negative on both sides +I'm just gonna get rid of the negatives + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna get rid of the negatives + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just gonna get rid of the negatives +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +the Marrs utility of cookies over the + + align:start position:0% +the Marrs utility of cookies over the + + + align:start position:0% +the Marrs utility of cookies over the +Marg utility of pizza was greater than + + align:start position:0% +Marg utility of pizza was greater than + + + align:start position:0% +Marg utility of pizza was greater than +the price of cookies over the price of + + align:start position:0% +the price of cookies over the price of + + + align:start position:0% +the price of cookies over the price of +pizza okay that is the slope of the + + align:start position:0% +pizza okay that is the slope of the + + + align:start position:0% +pizza okay that is the slope of the +indifference curve was greater than the + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve was greater than the + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve was greater than the +slope of the budget constraint this is a + + align:start position:0% +slope of the budget constraint this is a + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the budget constraint this is a +slope of the indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +slope of the indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the indifference curve +okay so I'll be your scribe this is the + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'll be your scribe this is the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so I'll be your scribe this is the +slope of the budget constraint in + + align:start position:0% +slope of the budget constraint in + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the budget constraint in +absolute value the slope of the + + align:start position:0% +absolute value the slope of the + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value the slope of the +indifference curve is greater an + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve is greater an + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve is greater an +absolute value than the slope of the + + align:start position:0% +absolute value than the slope of the + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value than the slope of the +budget constraint okay that'd be true at + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint okay that'd be true at + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint okay that'd be true at +points like point a point a where you + + align:start position:0% +points like point a point a where you + + + align:start position:0% +points like point a point a where you +intersect where you basically except + + align:start position:0% +intersect where you basically except + + + align:start position:0% +intersect where you basically except +from above the the budget rent by the + + align:start position:0% +from above the the budget rent by the + + + align:start position:0% +from above the the budget rent by the +indifference curve so a point like a + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve so a point like a + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve so a point like a +point a has a steeper slope of the + + align:start position:0% +point a has a steeper slope of the + + + align:start position:0% +point a has a steeper slope of the +indifference curves than does the budget + + align:start position:0% +indifference curves than does the budget + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curves than does the budget +constraint what that says is intuitively + + align:start position:0% +constraint what that says is intuitively + + + align:start position:0% +constraint what that says is intuitively +and once again I want you to see any + + align:start position:0% +and once again I want you to see any + + + align:start position:0% +and once again I want you to see any +intuition the rate at which you are + + align:start position:0% +intuition the rate at which you are + + + align:start position:0% +intuition the rate at which you are +willing to give up the rate at which you + + align:start position:0% +willing to give up the rate at which you + + + align:start position:0% +willing to give up the rate at which you +are willing to give up cookies for + + align:start position:0% +are willing to give up cookies for + + + align:start position:0% +are willing to give up cookies for +pizzas I'm sorry let me say that let me + + align:start position:0% +pizzas I'm sorry let me say that let me + + + align:start position:0% +pizzas I'm sorry let me say that let me +say in a better way the marginal benefit + + align:start position:0% +say in a better way the marginal benefit + + + align:start position:0% +say in a better way the marginal benefit +to you of another cookie relative to + + align:start position:0% +to you of another cookie relative to + + + align:start position:0% +to you of another cookie relative to +another pizza is higher than what the + + align:start position:0% +another pizza is higher than what the + + + align:start position:0% +another pizza is higher than what the +market will charge you to turn pizza + + align:start position:0% +market will charge you to turn pizza + + + align:start position:0% +market will charge you to turn pizza +into cookies let me say it again the + + align:start position:0% +into cookies let me say it again the + + + align:start position:0% +into cookies let me say it again the +marginal benefit to you of another + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit to you of another + + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit to you of another +cookie which is this this how much more + + align:start position:0% +cookie which is this this how much more + + + align:start position:0% +cookie which is this this how much more +you want the next cookie relative how + + align:start position:0% +you want the next cookie relative how + + + align:start position:0% +you want the next cookie relative how +much more you want the next pizza it's + + align:start position:0% +much more you want the next pizza it's + + + align:start position:0% +much more you want the next pizza it's +greater than what the markets gonna + + align:start position:0% +greater than what the markets gonna + + + align:start position:0% +greater than what the markets gonna +charge you to trade in your pizza for + + align:start position:0% +charge you to trade in your pizza for + + + align:start position:0% +charge you to trade in your pizza for +cookies + + align:start position:0% +cookies + + + align:start position:0% +cookies +therefore you should trade in your pizza + + align:start position:0% +therefore you should trade in your pizza + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you should trade in your pizza +for cookies okay so let's see this + + align:start position:0% +for cookies okay so let's see this + + + align:start position:0% +for cookies okay so let's see this +mathematically at a point like a point a + + align:start position:0% +mathematically at a point like a point a + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically at a point like a point a +okay you have your margin utility for + + align:start position:0% +okay you have your margin utility for + + + align:start position:0% +okay you have your margin utility for +pizza is the derivative of the utility + + align:start position:0% +pizza is the derivative of the utility + + + align:start position:0% +pizza is the derivative of the utility +function with respect to the number of + + align:start position:0% +function with respect to the number of + + + align:start position:0% +function with respect to the number of +slices of pizza it's marginal utilities + + align:start position:0% +slices of pizza it's marginal utilities + + + align:start position:0% +slices of pizza it's marginal utilities +the river the utility function so it's D + + align:start position:0% +the river the utility function so it's D + + + align:start position:0% +the river the utility function so it's D +u DP okay which is equal to 0.5 times C + + align:start position:0% +u DP okay which is equal to 0.5 times C + + + align:start position:0% +u DP okay which is equal to 0.5 times C +over square root of P times C okay so + + align:start position:0% +over square root of P times C okay so + + + align:start position:0% +over square root of P times C okay so +and at Point a at Point a we had we had + + align:start position:0% +and at Point a at Point a we had we had + + + align:start position:0% +and at Point a at Point a we had we had +two cookies and five pizzas at Point a P + + align:start position:0% +two cookies and five pizzas at Point a P + + + align:start position:0% +two cookies and five pizzas at Point a P +was five C was - okay that's true point + + align:start position:0% +was five C was - okay that's true point + + + align:start position:0% +was five C was - okay that's true point +a so we can evaluate this Marg utility + + align:start position:0% +a so we can evaluate this Marg utility + + + align:start position:0% +a so we can evaluate this Marg utility +UDP which equals zero point five times C + + align:start position:0% +UDP which equals zero point five times C + + + align:start position:0% +UDP which equals zero point five times C +over square root of P times C so that's + + align:start position:0% +over square root of P times C so that's + + + align:start position:0% +over square root of P times C so that's +1 over the square root of 10 okay + + align:start position:0% +1 over the square root of 10 okay + + + align:start position:0% +1 over the square root of 10 okay +that's a margin utility of the next + + align:start position:0% +that's a margin utility of the next + + + align:start position:0% +that's a margin utility of the next +slice of pizza the next slice the + + align:start position:0% +slice of pizza the next slice the + + + align:start position:0% +slice of pizza the next slice the +Pichichi makes you one over square root + + align:start position:0% +Pichichi makes you one over square root + + + align:start position:0% +Pichichi makes you one over square root +of ten happy once again that numbers + + align:start position:0% +of ten happy once again that numbers + + + align:start position:0% +of ten happy once again that numbers +meaningless we only care about in ratios + + align:start position:0% +meaningless we only care about in ratios + + + align:start position:0% +meaningless we only care about in ratios +so we need the ratio so let's do the + + align:start position:0% +so we need the ratio so let's do the + + + align:start position:0% +so we need the ratio so let's do the +Mars utility of cookies that's D you DC + + align:start position:0% +Mars utility of cookies that's D you DC + + + align:start position:0% +Mars utility of cookies that's D you DC +which is 0.5 times P over square root of + + align:start position:0% +which is 0.5 times P over square root of + + + align:start position:0% +which is 0.5 times P over square root of +P times C which is 2.5 over the square + + align:start position:0% +P times C which is 2.5 over the square + + + align:start position:0% +P times C which is 2.5 over the square +root of 10 okay so the Mars utility of + + align:start position:0% +root of 10 okay so the Mars utility of + + + align:start position:0% +root of 10 okay so the Mars utility of +Pizza is 1 over square root of 10 large + + align:start position:0% +Pizza is 1 over square root of 10 large + + + align:start position:0% +Pizza is 1 over square root of 10 large +utility of cookies is 2.5 or the square + + align:start position:0% +utility of cookies is 2.5 or the square + + + align:start position:0% +utility of cookies is 2.5 or the square +root of 10 therefore your marginal rate + + align:start position:0% +root of 10 therefore your marginal rate + + + align:start position:0% +root of 10 therefore your marginal rate +of substitution is minus 2.5 remember + + align:start position:0% +of substitution is minus 2.5 remember + + + align:start position:0% +of substitution is minus 2.5 remember +marginal rate of substitution is mu C + + align:start position:0% +marginal rate of substitution is mu C + + + align:start position:0% +marginal rate of substitution is mu C +over mu P so your modulated + + align:start position:0% +over mu P so your modulated + + + align:start position:0% +over mu P so your modulated +substitutions minus 2.5 what does that + + align:start position:0% +substitutions minus 2.5 what does that + + + align:start position:0% +substitutions minus 2.5 what does that +mean + + align:start position:0% +mean + + + align:start position:0% +mean +can anyone tell me what that means your + + align:start position:0% +can anyone tell me what that means your + + + align:start position:0% +can anyone tell me what that means your +margin rate of substitution is 2.5 what + + align:start position:0% +margin rate of substitution is 2.5 what + + + align:start position:0% +margin rate of substitution is 2.5 what +is that that is a meaningful concept + + align:start position:0% +is that that is a meaningful concept + + + align:start position:0% +is that that is a meaningful concept +noodles are not but that is yeah say + + align:start position:0% +noodles are not but that is yeah say + + + align:start position:0% +noodles are not but that is yeah say +you'll at least within here you will + + align:start position:0% +you'll at least within here you will + + + align:start position:0% +you'll at least within here you will +exactly or willing to give up 2.5 slices + + align:start position:0% +exactly or willing to give up 2.5 slices + + + align:start position:0% +exactly or willing to give up 2.5 slices +of pizza for one cookie that's what that + + align:start position:0% +of pizza for one cookie that's what that + + + align:start position:0% +of pizza for one cookie that's what that +number means and that is a meaningful + + align:start position:0% +number means and that is a meaningful + + + align:start position:0% +number means and that is a meaningful +number that's not an order that's + + align:start position:0% +number that's not an order that's + + + align:start position:0% +number that's not an order that's +cardinal we can use that you are willing + + align:start position:0% +cardinal we can use that you are willing + + + align:start position:0% +cardinal we can use that you are willing +to give up 2.5 slices of pizza to get + + align:start position:0% +to give up 2.5 slices of pizza to get + + + align:start position:0% +to give up 2.5 slices of pizza to get +one cookie + + align:start position:0% +one cookie + + + align:start position:0% +one cookie +what is the market asking you to give up + + align:start position:0% +what is the market asking you to give up + + + align:start position:0% +what is the market asking you to give up +how much pizza do you have to give up to + + align:start position:0% +how much pizza do you have to give up to + + + align:start position:0% +how much pizza do you have to give up to +get one cookie half a slice you are + + align:start position:0% +get one cookie half a slice you are + + + align:start position:0% +get one cookie half a slice you are +happy to give up two and a half slices + + align:start position:0% +happy to give up two and a half slices + + + align:start position:0% +happy to give up two and a half slices +of pizza to get a cookie but the markets + + align:start position:0% +of pizza to get a cookie but the markets + + + align:start position:0% +of pizza to get a cookie but the markets +saying we'll let you have a cookie for + + align:start position:0% +saying we'll let you have a cookie for + + + align:start position:0% +saying we'll let you have a cookie for +half a slice of pizza so what should you + + align:start position:0% +half a slice of pizza so what should you + + + align:start position:0% +half a slice of pizza so what should you +do eat less Petey more cookies that will + + align:start position:0% +do eat less Petey more cookies that will + + + align:start position:0% +do eat less Petey more cookies that will +unambiguously make you happier and + + align:start position:0% +unambiguously make you happier and + + + align:start position:0% +unambiguously make you happier and +that's why you should move from point A + + align:start position:0% +that's why you should move from point A + + + align:start position:0% +that's why you should move from point A +towards point D okay that's the + + align:start position:0% +towards point D okay that's the + + + align:start position:0% +towards point D okay that's the +intuition okay you basically want to + + align:start position:0% +intuition okay you basically want to + + + align:start position:0% +intuition okay you basically want to +trade pizza for cookies until these + + align:start position:0% +trade pizza for cookies until these + + + align:start position:0% +trade pizza for cookies until these +things are equal indeed I would like you + + align:start position:0% +things are equal indeed I would like you + + + align:start position:0% +things are equal indeed I would like you +to go home and do the same math starting + + align:start position:0% +to go home and do the same math starting + + + align:start position:0% +to go home and do the same math starting +at point B if you the main same math + + align:start position:0% +at point B if you the main same math + + + align:start position:0% +at point B if you the main same math +start at point B you'll find the MRF + + align:start position:0% +start at point B you'll find the MRF + + + align:start position:0% +start at point B you'll find the MRF +is much below 1/2 that is at that point + + align:start position:0% +is much below 1/2 that is at that point + + + align:start position:0% +is much below 1/2 that is at that point +you're happy to give up tons of cookies + + align:start position:0% +you're happy to give up tons of cookies + + + align:start position:0% +you're happy to give up tons of cookies +to get pizza because geez you got 10 + + align:start position:0% +to get pizza because geez you got 10 + + + align:start position:0% +to get pizza because geez you got 10 +cookies at one slice of pizza you give + + align:start position:0% +cookies at one slice of pizza you give + + + align:start position:0% +cookies at one slice of pizza you give +up tons of cookies to get pizza but the + + align:start position:0% +up tons of cookies to get pizza but the + + + align:start position:0% +up tons of cookies to get pizza but the +market says you only have to get 2 + + align:start position:0% +market says you only have to get 2 + + + align:start position:0% +market says you only have to get 2 +cookies to get pizza + + align:start position:0% +cookies to get pizza + + + align:start position:0% +cookies to get pizza +so you'll happily do it and you move + + align:start position:0% +so you'll happily do it and you move + + + align:start position:0% +so you'll happily do it and you move +back towards point D and that's the sort + + align:start position:0% +back towards point D and that's the sort + + + align:start position:0% +back towards point D and that's the sort +of in a bundle sort of the intuition in + + align:start position:0% +of in a bundle sort of the intuition in + + + align:start position:0% +of in a bundle sort of the intuition in +math and graphics of how we do + + align:start position:0% +math and graphics of how we do + + + align:start position:0% +math and graphics of how we do +constrained optimization okay that is + + align:start position:0% +constrained optimization okay that is + + + align:start position:0% +constrained optimization okay that is +hard and very important questions about + + align:start position:0% +hard and very important questions about + + + align:start position:0% +hard and very important questions about +that don't hesitate to ask okay + + align:start position:0% +that don't hesitate to ask okay + + + align:start position:0% + +that is hard and very important if you + + align:start position:0% +that is hard and very important if you + + + align:start position:0% +that is hard and very important if you +understand this you're sort of done with + + align:start position:0% +understand this you're sort of done with + + + align:start position:0% +understand this you're sort of done with +consumer theory okay this is sort of the + + align:start position:0% +consumer theory okay this is sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +consumer theory okay this is sort of the +core of what consumer theory is all + + align:start position:0% +core of what consumer theory is all + + + align:start position:0% +core of what consumer theory is all +about it's all about this balancing act + + align:start position:0% +about it's all about this balancing act + + + align:start position:0% +about it's all about this balancing act +the whole course is fundamentally all + + align:start position:0% +the whole course is fundamentally all + + + align:start position:0% +the whole course is fundamentally all +about one equation which is marginal + + align:start position:0% +about one equation which is marginal + + + align:start position:0% +about one equation which is marginal +benefits equals marginal costs okay + + align:start position:0% +benefits equals marginal costs okay + + + align:start position:0% +benefits equals marginal costs okay +everything we do is going about weighing + + align:start position:0% +everything we do is going about weighing + + + align:start position:0% +everything we do is going about weighing +the marginal benefit of an activity + + align:start position:0% +the marginal benefit of an activity + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal benefit of an activity +against its marginal costs the if we + + align:start position:0% +against its marginal costs the if we + + + align:start position:0% +against its marginal costs the if we +take the next step what's the benefit + + align:start position:0% +take the next step what's the benefit + + + align:start position:0% +take the next step what's the benefit +what's the cost well here the marginal + + align:start position:0% +what's the cost well here the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +what's the cost well here the marginal +benefit CMRS the marginal cost the MRT + + align:start position:0% +benefit CMRS the marginal cost the MRT + + + align:start position:0% +benefit CMRS the marginal cost the MRT +we want to set them equal and this sort + + align:start position:0% +we want to set them equal and this sort + + + align:start position:0% +we want to set them equal and this sort +of example I hope explained why ok so + + align:start position:0% +of example I hope explained why ok so + + + align:start position:0% +of example I hope explained why ok so +that is how we think about good strange + + align:start position:0% +that is how we think about good strange + + + align:start position:0% +that is how we think about good strange +choice now want to apply it I don't + + align:start position:0% +choice now want to apply it I don't + + + align:start position:0% +choice now want to apply it I don't +apply it by looking at the example of + + align:start position:0% +apply it by looking at the example of + + + align:start position:0% +apply it by looking at the example of +food stamps ok + + align:start position:0% +food stamps ok + + + align:start position:0% +food stamps ok +now food stamps are not actually called + + align:start position:0% +now food stamps are not actually called + + + align:start position:0% +now food stamps are not actually called +food stamps anymore when I was a kid + + align:start position:0% +food stamps anymore when I was a kid + + + align:start position:0% +food stamps anymore when I was a kid +they're called food stamps it's + + align:start position:0% +they're called food stamps it's + + + align:start position:0% +they're called food stamps it's +basically a program the government has + + align:start position:0% +basically a program the government has + + + align:start position:0% +basically a program the government has +that provides money for individuals to + + align:start position:0% +that provides money for individuals to + + + align:start position:0% +that provides money for individuals to +buy food if they're low-income + + align:start position:0% +buy food if they're low-income + + + align:start position:0% +buy food if they're low-income +essentially we have in the u.s. what's + + align:start position:0% +essentially we have in the u.s. what's + + + align:start position:0% +essentially we have in the u.s. what's +called the poverty line and I'll talk a + + align:start position:0% +called the poverty line and I'll talk a + + + align:start position:0% +called the poverty line and I'll talk a +lot more about this at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +lot more about this at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +lot more about this at the end of the +class but the poverty line says she's a + + align:start position:0% +class but the poverty line says she's a + + + align:start position:0% +class but the poverty line says she's a +measure of what's a minimum level of + + align:start position:0% +measure of what's a minimum level of + + + align:start position:0% +measure of what's a minimum level of +resources you need to live in America + + align:start position:0% +resources you need to live in America + + + align:start position:0% +resources you need to live in America +the poverty line for an individual is + + align:start position:0% +the poverty line for an individual is + + + align:start position:0% +the poverty line for an individual is +about $14,000 ok for a family of four + + align:start position:0% +about $14,000 ok for a family of four + + + align:start position:0% +about $14,000 ok for a family of four +it's about $28,000 I feel that number + + align:start position:0% +it's about $28,000 I feel that number + + + align:start position:0% +it's about $28,000 I feel that number +obvious can depend on where you're from + + align:start position:0% +obvious can depend on where you're from + + + align:start position:0% +obvious can depend on where you're from +if you're in Boston will say that's + + align:start position:0% +if you're in Boston will say that's + + + align:start position:0% +if you're in Boston will say that's +insane if for some real part of the + + align:start position:0% +insane if for some real part of the + + + align:start position:0% +insane if for some real part of the +country you think yeah that's poor but + + align:start position:0% +country you think yeah that's poor but + + + align:start position:0% +country you think yeah that's poor but +manageable ok we'll talk later about the + + align:start position:0% +manageable ok we'll talk later about the + + + align:start position:0% +manageable ok we'll talk later about the +poverty line what's good and bad about + + align:start position:0% +poverty line what's good and bad about + + + align:start position:0% +poverty line what's good and bad about +it but in any case if you're below the + + align:start position:0% +it but in any case if you're below the + + + align:start position:0% +it but in any case if you're below the +poverty line in America roughly speaking + + align:start position:0% +poverty line in America roughly speaking + + + align:start position:0% +poverty line in America roughly speaking +you get help with buying food + + align:start position:0% +you get help with buying food + + + align:start position:0% +you get help with buying food +and that comes the program we now call + + align:start position:0% +and that comes the program we now call + + + align:start position:0% +and that comes the program we now call +snap used to be called food stamps I got + + align:start position:0% +snap used to be called food stamps I got + + + align:start position:0% +snap used to be called food stamps I got +update my notes supplemental nutrition + + align:start position:0% +update my notes supplemental nutrition + + + align:start position:0% +update my notes supplemental nutrition +and I don't know I know the answer for + + align:start position:0% +and I don't know I know the answer for + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't know I know the answer for +nutrition okay so basically what the + + align:start position:0% +nutrition okay so basically what the + + + align:start position:0% +nutrition okay so basically what the +snap program does is it gives you a + + align:start position:0% +snap program does is it gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +snap program does is it gives you a +debit card if you qualifying income + + align:start position:0% +debit card if you qualifying income + + + align:start position:0% +debit card if you qualifying income +grounds you get a debit card and that + + align:start position:0% +grounds you get a debit card and that + + + align:start position:0% +grounds you get a debit card and that +debit card can be used to buy food and + + align:start position:0% +debit card can be used to buy food and + + + align:start position:0% +debit card can be used to buy food and +food only okay so essentially a debit + + align:start position:0% +food only okay so essentially a debit + + + align:start position:0% +food only okay so essentially a debit +card from the government that you can + + align:start position:0% +card from the government that you can + + + align:start position:0% +card from the government that you can +use to buy food if you're poor enough + + align:start position:0% +use to buy food if you're poor enough + + + align:start position:0% +use to buy food if you're poor enough +and they give you sort of a fixed amount + + align:start position:0% +and they give you sort of a fixed amount + + + align:start position:0% +and they give you sort of a fixed amount +every month and that month could be used + + align:start position:0% +every month and that month could be used + + + align:start position:0% +every month and that month could be used +to purchase food so here's the question + + align:start position:0% +to purchase food so here's the question + + + align:start position:0% +to purchase food so here's the question +why Co through this rigmarole why not + + align:start position:0% +why Co through this rigmarole why not + + + align:start position:0% +why Co through this rigmarole why not +just give people cash well this fancy + + align:start position:0% +just give people cash well this fancy + + + align:start position:0% +just give people cash well this fancy +thing one if we want to give poor people + + align:start position:0% +thing one if we want to give poor people + + + align:start position:0% +thing one if we want to give poor people +money much give money and we're gonna I + + align:start position:0% +money much give money and we're gonna I + + + align:start position:0% +money much give money and we're gonna I +don't want the answer yet okay what I + + align:start position:0% +don't want the answer yet okay what I + + + align:start position:0% +don't want the answer yet okay what I +want to do is show you graphically how + + align:start position:0% +want to do is show you graphically how + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is show you graphically how +we think about the trade-off and then + + align:start position:0% +we think about the trade-off and then + + + align:start position:0% +we think about the trade-off and then +we'll come to the answer so hold your + + align:start position:0% +we'll come to the answer so hold your + + + align:start position:0% +we'll come to the answer so hold your +thoughts + + align:start position:0% +thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts +so let's actually graph how we think + + align:start position:0% +so let's actually graph how we think + + + align:start position:0% +so let's actually graph how we think +about food stamps let's go to figure + + align:start position:0% +about food stamps let's go to figure + + + align:start position:0% +about food stamps let's go to figure +three five a and let's start with a cash + + align:start position:0% +three five a and let's start with a cash + + + align:start position:0% +three five a and let's start with a cash +transfer so here's the setup imagine + + align:start position:0% +transfer so here's the setup imagine + + + align:start position:0% +transfer so here's the setup imagine +people start with an income of $5,000 + + align:start position:0% +people start with an income of $5,000 + + + align:start position:0% +people start with an income of $5,000 +that's super poor okay five thousand + + align:start position:0% +that's super poor okay five thousand + + + align:start position:0% +that's super poor okay five thousand +dollars a whole family income for the + + align:start position:0% +dollars a whole family income for the + + + align:start position:0% +dollars a whole family income for the +year okay and let's say all they can + + align:start position:0% +year okay and let's say all they can + + + align:start position:0% +year okay and let's say all they can +spend it on is food or shelter remember + + align:start position:0% +spend it on is food or shelter remember + + + align:start position:0% +spend it on is food or shelter remember +us this gentleman pointed out in life + + align:start position:0% +us this gentleman pointed out in life + + + align:start position:0% +us this gentleman pointed out in life +there's more than two goods but it makes + + align:start position:0% +there's more than two goods but it makes + + + align:start position:0% +there's more than two goods but it makes +a lot easier to have two goods so + + align:start position:0% +a lot easier to have two goods so + + + align:start position:0% +a lot easier to have two goods so +imagine in this case you're two goods + + align:start position:0% +imagine in this case you're two goods + + + align:start position:0% +imagine in this case you're two goods +are food and shelter and actually quite + + align:start position:0% +are food and shelter and actually quite + + + align:start position:0% +are food and shelter and actually quite +frankly you're that poor that probably + + align:start position:0% +frankly you're that poor that probably + + + align:start position:0% +frankly you're that poor that probably +is only two goods you have to well you + + align:start position:0% +is only two goods you have to well you + + + align:start position:0% +is only two goods you have to well you +can worry about at that level of income + + align:start position:0% +can worry about at that level of income + + + align:start position:0% +can worry about at that level of income +okay it's food and shelter see if five + + align:start position:0% +okay it's food and shelter see if five + + + align:start position:0% +okay it's food and shelter see if five +thousand dollars to vote to food and + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars to vote to food and + + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars to vote to food and +shelter so you have some original budget + + align:start position:0% +shelter so you have some original budget + + + align:start position:0% +shelter so you have some original budget +line okay which is labeled their + + align:start position:0% +line okay which is labeled their + + + align:start position:0% +line okay which is labeled their +original budget line that runs from five + + align:start position:0% +original budget line that runs from five + + + align:start position:0% +original budget line that runs from five +thousand and food to five thousand + + align:start position:0% +thousand and food to five thousand + + + align:start position:0% +thousand and food to five thousand +shelter and then you can have some of + + align:start position:0% +shelter and then you can have some of + + + align:start position:0% +shelter and then you can have some of +in-between some some of some along the + + align:start position:0% +in-between some some of some along the + + + align:start position:0% +in-between some some of some along the +way okay now let's say we give someone + + align:start position:0% +way okay now let's say we give someone + + + align:start position:0% +way okay now let's say we give someone +five or drawls in cash obviously this + + align:start position:0% +five or drawls in cash obviously this + + + align:start position:0% +five or drawls in cash obviously this +graph is not to scale okay it looks like + + align:start position:0% +graph is not to scale okay it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +graph is not to scale okay it looks like +you're doubling as income is only five + + align:start position:0% +you're doubling as income is only five + + + align:start position:0% +you're doubling as income is only five +hundred dollars just this just sort of + + align:start position:0% +hundred dollars just this just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +hundred dollars just this just sort of +makes it easier not to scale graph let's + + align:start position:0% +makes it easier not to scale graph let's + + + align:start position:0% +makes it easier not to scale graph let's +say we give someone we say to them look + + align:start position:0% +say we give someone we say to them look + + + align:start position:0% +say we give someone we say to them look +you're poor we're gonna give you five + + align:start position:0% +you're poor we're gonna give you five + + + align:start position:0% +you're poor we're gonna give you five +hundred bucks in cash well now all we've + + align:start position:0% +hundred bucks in cash well now all we've + + + align:start position:0% +hundred bucks in cash well now all we've +done is shift out your budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +done is shift out your budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +done is shift out your budget constraint +from five thousand fifty five hundred + + align:start position:0% +from five thousand fifty five hundred + + + align:start position:0% +from five thousand fifty five hundred +okay we've shifted out your budget + + align:start position:0% +okay we've shifted out your budget + + + align:start position:0% +okay we've shifted out your budget +training for five thousand and fifty + + align:start position:0% +training for five thousand and fifty + + + align:start position:0% +training for five thousand and fifty +five hundred + + align:start position:0% +five hundred + + + align:start position:0% +five hundred +what is that due to your choices well + + align:start position:0% +what is that due to your choices well + + + align:start position:0% +what is that due to your choices well +consider two different types of people + + align:start position:0% +consider two different types of people + + + align:start position:0% +consider two different types of people +person why okay they used to be on + + align:start position:0% +person why okay they used to be on + + + align:start position:0% +person why okay they used to be on +different skirt eyes ear oh they used to + + align:start position:0% +different skirt eyes ear oh they used to + + + align:start position:0% +different skirt eyes ear oh they used to +spend almost all their income on food + + align:start position:0% +spend almost all their income on food + + + align:start position:0% +spend almost all their income on food +and not allowed on shelter they're + + align:start position:0% +and not allowed on shelter they're + + + align:start position:0% +and not allowed on shelter they're +probably homeless okay + + align:start position:0% +probably homeless okay + + + align:start position:0% +probably homeless okay +so they spend all their money on food + + align:start position:0% +so they spend all their money on food + + + align:start position:0% +so they spend all their money on food +and we're basically homeless now what do + + align:start position:0% +and we're basically homeless now what do + + + align:start position:0% +and we're basically homeless now what do +they do well they spend a little more on + + align:start position:0% +they do well they spend a little more on + + + align:start position:0% +they do well they spend a little more on +food and a lot more on shelter maybe now + + align:start position:0% +food and a lot more on shelter maybe now + + + align:start position:0% +food and a lot more on shelter maybe now +they get you know foreign Joss doesn't + + align:start position:0% +they get you know foreign Joss doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +they get you know foreign Joss doesn't +buy you much shelter they spend a little + + align:start position:0% +buy you much shelter they spend a little + + + align:start position:0% +buy you much shelter they spend a little +more okay maybe if maybe a night a week + + align:start position:0% +more okay maybe if maybe a night a week + + + align:start position:0% +more okay maybe if maybe a night a week +they can get shelter okay so basically + + align:start position:0% +they can get shelter okay so basically + + + align:start position:0% +they can get shelter okay so basically +that's what they do that's their + + align:start position:0% +that's what they do that's their + + + align:start position:0% +that's what they do that's their +constrained optimization we're not + + align:start position:0% +constrained optimization we're not + + + align:start position:0% +constrained optimization we're not +saying it's right or wrong this is not + + align:start position:0% +saying it's right or wrong this is not + + + align:start position:0% +saying it's right or wrong this is not +normative economics it's positive the + + align:start position:0% +normative economics it's positive the + + + align:start position:0% +normative economics it's positive the +positive thing is given their utility + + align:start position:0% +positive thing is given their utility + + + align:start position:0% +positive thing is given their utility +function they move from point y1 to y2 + + align:start position:0% +function they move from point y1 to y2 + + + align:start position:0% +function they move from point y1 to y2 +now imagine someone like individual X + + align:start position:0% +now imagine someone like individual X + + + align:start position:0% +now imagine someone like individual X +they're different their tastes are such + + align:start position:0% +they're different their tastes are such + + + align:start position:0% +they're different their tastes are such +that they don't need to eat they just + + align:start position:0% +that they don't need to eat they just + + + align:start position:0% +that they don't need to eat they just +want to have shelter so they're up at + + align:start position:0% +want to have shelter so they're up at + + + align:start position:0% +want to have shelter so they're up at +point x1 initially and you even that + + align:start position:0% +point x1 initially and you even that + + + align:start position:0% +point x1 initially and you even that +$500 and they spend just a little bit + + align:start position:0% +$500 and they spend just a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +$500 and they spend just a little bit +more of it than food and even more of it + + align:start position:0% +more of it than food and even more of it + + + align:start position:0% +more of it than food and even more of it +on shelter they just love their shelter + + align:start position:0% +on shelter they just love their shelter + + + align:start position:0% +on shelter they just love their shelter +okay and they're just super + + align:start position:0% +okay and they're just super + + + align:start position:0% +okay and they're just super +they're super weight watchers they don't + + align:start position:0% +they're super weight watchers they don't + + + align:start position:0% +they're super weight watchers they don't +eat okay so basically they move from x1 + + align:start position:0% +eat okay so basically they move from x1 + + + align:start position:0% +eat okay so basically they move from x1 +x2 once again not normative right or + + align:start position:0% +x2 once again not normative right or + + + align:start position:0% +x2 once again not normative right or +wrong it's just these are feasible + + align:start position:0% +wrong it's just these are feasible + + + align:start position:0% +wrong it's just these are feasible +choices people could make given the + + align:start position:0% +choices people could make given the + + + align:start position:0% +choices people could make given the +opportunity set with which they're faced + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set with which they're faced + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity set with which they're faced +and that's absolutely the $500 in cash + + align:start position:0% +and that's absolutely the $500 in cash + + + align:start position:0% +and that's absolutely the $500 in cash +question about what I did here on this + + align:start position:0% +question about what I did here on this + + + align:start position:0% +question about what I did here on this +graph alone yeah okay that's a good + + align:start position:0% +graph alone yeah okay that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +graph alone yeah okay that's a good +point we'll come back to that that's + + align:start position:0% +point we'll come back to that that's + + + align:start position:0% +point we'll come back to that that's +time out if you're not a sports fan okay + + align:start position:0% +time out if you're not a sports fan okay + + + align:start position:0% +time out if you're not a sports fan okay +so we will we will we will come back to + + align:start position:0% +so we will we will we will come back to + + + align:start position:0% +so we will we will we will come back to +that and in fact um okay but but do + + align:start position:0% +that and in fact um okay but but do + + + align:start position:0% +that and in fact um okay but but do +people understand what the cash transfer + + align:start position:0% +people understand what the cash transfer + + + align:start position:0% +people understand what the cash transfer +is how it works okay now let's go to + + align:start position:0% +is how it works okay now let's go to + + + align:start position:0% +is how it works okay now let's go to +snap and let's say with snap instead of + + align:start position:0% +snap and let's say with snap instead of + + + align:start position:0% +snap and let's say with snap instead of +giving them 500 hours to get in the + + align:start position:0% +giving them 500 hours to get in the + + + align:start position:0% +giving them 500 hours to get in the +debit card instead of hanging them 500 + + align:start position:0% +debit card instead of hanging them 500 + + + align:start position:0% +debit card instead of hanging them 500 +AutoCheck we give them a debit card with + + align:start position:0% +AutoCheck we give them a debit card with + + + align:start position:0% +AutoCheck we give them a debit card with +500 hours on it that can only be used on + + align:start position:0% +500 hours on it that can only be used on + + + align:start position:0% +500 hours on it that can only be used on +food how does this affect their budget + + align:start position:0% +food how does this affect their budget + + + align:start position:0% +food how does this affect their budget +constraint now we see where budget + + align:start position:0% +constraint now we see where budget + + + align:start position:0% +constraint now we see where budget +renditions start to get interesting and + + align:start position:0% +renditions start to get interesting and + + + align:start position:0% +renditions start to get interesting and +fun and the kind of challenges you're + + align:start position:0% +fun and the kind of challenges you're + + + align:start position:0% +fun and the kind of challenges you're +going to face in this course in drawing + + align:start position:0% +going to face in this course in drawing + + + align:start position:0% +going to face in this course in drawing +budget constraints the original budget + + align:start position:0% +budget constraints the original budget + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraints the original budget +constraint continues to be the original + + align:start position:0% +constraint continues to be the original + + + align:start position:0% +constraint continues to be the original +budget line running for five thousand + + align:start position:0% +budget line running for five thousand + + + align:start position:0% +budget line running for five thousand +five thousand the new budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +five thousand the new budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +five thousand the new budget constraint +is this kinked line + + align:start position:0% +is this kinked line + + + align:start position:0% +is this kinked line +that runs from 5,000 the y-axis to the + + align:start position:0% +that runs from 5,000 the y-axis to the + + + align:start position:0% +that runs from 5,000 the y-axis to the +point x2 okay at 5,000 y-axis so it + + align:start position:0% +point x2 okay at 5,000 y-axis so it + + + align:start position:0% +point x2 okay at 5,000 y-axis so it +starts at 5,000 y-axis 0 on the x-axis + + align:start position:0% +starts at 5,000 y-axis 0 on the x-axis + + + align:start position:0% +starts at 5,000 y-axis 0 on the x-axis +there's a flat line that goes to 5000 on + + align:start position:0% +there's a flat line that goes to 5000 on + + + align:start position:0% +there's a flat line that goes to 5000 on +Y axis 500 on the x-axis and then it + + align:start position:0% +Y axis 500 on the x-axis and then it + + + align:start position:0% +Y axis 500 on the x-axis and then it +slopes down parallel to the original + + align:start position:0% +slopes down parallel to the original + + + align:start position:0% +slopes down parallel to the original +budget constraint to 5500 can someone + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint to 5500 can someone + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint to 5500 can someone +explain to me why that's the new budget + + align:start position:0% +explain to me why that's the new budget + + + align:start position:0% +explain to me why that's the new budget +constraint yeah exactly we are forcing + + align:start position:0% +constraint yeah exactly we are forcing + + + align:start position:0% +constraint yeah exactly we are forcing +you to spend at least $500 compared to + + align:start position:0% +you to spend at least $500 compared to + + + align:start position:0% +you to spend at least $500 compared to +cash we can do whatever the hell you + + align:start position:0% +cash we can do whatever the hell you + + + align:start position:0% +cash we can do whatever the hell you +want we are forcing you to spend $500 of + + align:start position:0% +want we are forcing you to spend $500 of + + + align:start position:0% +want we are forcing you to spend $500 of +your money on food come into the + + align:start position:0% +your money on food come into the + + + align:start position:0% +your money on food come into the +question back there + + align:start position:0% +question back there + + + align:start position:0% +question back there +it doesn't have to be a specific label + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have to be a specific label + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't have to be a specific label +500 could be any 500 but we're forcing + + align:start position:0% +500 could be any 500 but we're forcing + + + align:start position:0% +500 could be any 500 but we're forcing +you to spend at least 500 dollars on + + align:start position:0% +you to spend at least 500 dollars on + + + align:start position:0% +you to spend at least 500 dollars on +food well what does that do to your + + align:start position:0% +food well what does that do to your + + + align:start position:0% +food well what does that do to your +choices well for person Y it makes no + + align:start position:0% +choices well for person Y it makes no + + + align:start position:0% +choices well for person Y it makes no +difference whether they get cash or + + align:start position:0% +difference whether they get cash or + + + align:start position:0% +difference whether they get cash or +whether they get food stamps now the + + align:start position:0% +whether they get food stamps now the + + + align:start position:0% +whether they get food stamps now the +person like blue shirt turquoise shirt + + align:start position:0% +person like blue shirt turquoise shirt + + + align:start position:0% +person like blue shirt turquoise shirt +or ask that question why does it make no + + align:start position:0% +or ask that question why does it make no + + + align:start position:0% +or ask that question why does it make no +difference yeah why does it with + + align:start position:0% +difference yeah why does it with + + + align:start position:0% +difference yeah why does it with +whatever greenish I'm no waste yeah you + + align:start position:0% +whatever greenish I'm no waste yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +whatever greenish I'm no waste yeah you +what why does it make no difference for + + align:start position:0% +what why does it make no difference for + + + align:start position:0% +what why does it make no difference for +person Y it's like in food stamps or + + align:start position:0% +person Y it's like in food stamps or + + + align:start position:0% +person Y it's like in food stamps or +cash + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly he could just reallocate his + + align:start position:0% +exactly he could just reallocate his + + + align:start position:0% +exactly he could just reallocate his +money okay + + align:start position:0% +money okay + + + align:start position:0% +money okay +that's exactly right so foreperson why + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly right so foreperson why + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly right so foreperson why +there's no difference look they're + + align:start position:0% +there's no difference look they're + + + align:start position:0% +there's no difference look they're +already spending what forty nine hundred + + align:start position:0% +already spending what forty nine hundred + + + align:start position:0% +already spending what forty nine hundred +bucks on food you give him a thing + + align:start position:0% +bucks on food you give him a thing + + + align:start position:0% +bucks on food you give him a thing +labeled five dollars for food it's not + + align:start position:0% +labeled five dollars for food it's not + + + align:start position:0% +labeled five dollars for food it's not +going to affect their life they'll just + + align:start position:0% +going to affect their life they'll just + + + align:start position:0% +going to affect their life they'll just +take five hundred they'll just Spence + + align:start position:0% +take five hundred they'll just Spence + + + align:start position:0% +take five hundred they'll just Spence +they'll just treat his 500 more in cash + + align:start position:0% +they'll just treat his 500 more in cash + + + align:start position:0% +they'll just treat his 500 more in cash +they're indifferent so nothing affects + + align:start position:0% +they're indifferent so nothing affects + + + align:start position:0% +they're indifferent so nothing affects +them but what about person X well person + + align:start position:0% +them but what about person X well person + + + align:start position:0% +them but what about person X well person +X remember the dashed portion of this + + align:start position:0% +X remember the dashed portion of this + + + align:start position:0% +X remember the dashed portion of this +budget constraint is from the old cash + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint is from the old cash + + + align:start position:0% +budget constraint is from the old cash +example and the dotted indifference + + align:start position:0% +example and the dotted indifference + + + align:start position:0% +example and the dotted indifference +curve is what they would have chosen + + align:start position:0% +curve is what they would have chosen + + + align:start position:0% +curve is what they would have chosen +with cash + + align:start position:0% +with cash + + + align:start position:0% +with cash +remember person X with cash what ifs + + align:start position:0% +remember person X with cash what ifs + + + align:start position:0% +remember person X with cash what ifs +chosen to still spend less than five + + align:start position:0% +chosen to still spend less than five + + + align:start position:0% +chosen to still spend less than five +hundred dollars on food even when you + + align:start position:0% +hundred dollars on food even when you + + + align:start position:0% +hundred dollars on food even when you +gave them five hundred dollars they + + align:start position:0% +gave them five hundred dollars they + + + align:start position:0% +gave them five hundred dollars they +still only spent $300 on food so we are + + align:start position:0% +still only spent $300 on food so we are + + + align:start position:0% +still only spent $300 on food so we are +forcing them to not be on their + + align:start position:0% +forcing them to not be on their + + + align:start position:0% +forcing them to not be on their +preferred budget constraint rather we're + + align:start position:0% +preferred budget constraint rather we're + + + align:start position:0% +preferred budget constraint rather we're +forcing them down to point X 2 which is + + align:start position:0% +forcing them down to point X 2 which is + + + align:start position:0% +forcing them down to point X 2 which is +they'll spend you know the minimum they + + align:start position:0% +they'll spend you know the minimum they + + + align:start position:0% +they'll spend you know the minimum they +can on food to the minimum is $500 okay + + align:start position:0% +can on food to the minimum is $500 okay + + + align:start position:0% +can on food to the minimum is $500 okay +they are forcing them down to point X 2 + + align:start position:0% +they are forcing them down to point X 2 + + + align:start position:0% +they are forcing them down to point X 2 +now why do I say forcing them why do I + + align:start position:0% +now why do I say forcing them why do I + + + align:start position:0% +now why do I say forcing them why do I +know for sure they are being forced that + + align:start position:0% +know for sure they are being forced that + + + align:start position:0% +know for sure they are being forced that +they're less happy at X 2 than they + + align:start position:0% +they're less happy at X 2 than they + + + align:start position:0% +they're less happy at X 2 than they +would have been when they get in the + + align:start position:0% +would have been when they get in the + + + align:start position:0% +would have been when they get in the +cash I don't know that for sure yeah + + align:start position:0% +cash I don't know that for sure yeah + + + align:start position:0% +cash I don't know that for sure yeah +exactly think of it this way the + + align:start position:0% +exactly think of it this way the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly think of it this way the +fundamental thing is people always get + + align:start position:0% +fundamental thing is people always get + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental thing is people always get +to the point that makes them happiest + + align:start position:0% +to the point that makes them happiest + + + align:start position:0% +to the point that makes them happiest +okay we call the robustness of economic + + align:start position:0% +okay we call the robustness of economic + + + align:start position:0% +okay we call the robustness of economic +equilibria people get to what makes and + + align:start position:0% +equilibria people get to what makes and + + + align:start position:0% +equilibria people get to what makes and +happiest they want they always before + + align:start position:0% +happiest they want they always before + + + align:start position:0% +happiest they want they always before +had the choice of any 500 food and they + + align:start position:0% +had the choice of any 500 food and they + + + align:start position:0% +had the choice of any 500 food and they +chose not to therefore if you forced a + + align:start position:0% +chose not to therefore if you forced a + + + align:start position:0% +chose not to therefore if you forced a +9,500 food they must be less happy ok + + align:start position:0% +9,500 food they must be less happy ok + + + align:start position:0% +9,500 food they must be less happy ok +think of it that way + + align:start position:0% +think of it that way + + + align:start position:0% +think of it that way +they always could have spent $5.00 on + + align:start position:0% +they always could have spent $5.00 on + + + align:start position:0% +they always could have spent $5.00 on +food they didn't there's where I forced + + align:start position:0% +food they didn't there's where I forced + + + align:start position:0% +food they didn't there's where I forced +them you're making them less happy ok so + + align:start position:0% +them you're making them less happy ok so + + + align:start position:0% +them you're making them less happy ok so +they are worse off okay they are forced + + align:start position:0% +they are worse off okay they are forced + + + align:start position:0% +they are worse off okay they are forced +to spend they'd rather spend some of + + align:start position:0% +to spend they'd rather spend some of + + + align:start position:0% +to spend they'd rather spend some of +that money finding nicer place to live + + align:start position:0% +that money finding nicer place to live + + + align:start position:0% +that money finding nicer place to live +but we're not letting them we're making + + align:start position:0% +but we're not letting them we're making + + + align:start position:0% +but we're not letting them we're making +them buy food ok do people I don't want + + align:start position:0% +them buy food ok do people I don't want + + + align:start position:0% +them buy food ok do people I don't want +I just want to be understand that the + + align:start position:0% +I just want to be understand that the + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to be understand that the +graphics here and the collusions I drew + + align:start position:0% +graphics here and the collusions I drew + + + align:start position:0% +graphics here and the collusions I drew +ok + + align:start position:0% +ok + + + align:start position:0% +ok +now why why are we doing this why would + + align:start position:0% +now why why are we doing this why would + + + align:start position:0% +now why why are we doing this why would +you they're better off with cash why + + align:start position:0% +you they're better off with cash why + + + align:start position:0% +you they're better off with cash why +would we force them to have food yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay but basically what you're saying is + + align:start position:0% +okay but basically what you're saying is + + + align:start position:0% +okay but basically what you're saying is +you know better than the guy if let me + + align:start position:0% +you know better than the guy if let me + + + align:start position:0% +you know better than the guy if let me +let me say I'm not accusing you I'm just + + align:start position:0% +let me say I'm not accusing you I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +let me say I'm not accusing you I'm just +saying look if if people knew best maybe + + align:start position:0% +saying look if if people knew best maybe + + + align:start position:0% +saying look if if people knew best maybe +they'd like to just like have a nice + + align:start position:0% +they'd like to just like have a nice + + + align:start position:0% +they'd like to just like have a nice +house and die okay if people knew best + + align:start position:0% +house and die okay if people knew best + + + align:start position:0% +house and die okay if people knew best +then there'd be no reason to do this the + + align:start position:0% +then there'd be no reason to do this the + + + align:start position:0% +then there'd be no reason to do this the +reason to do this is because we think + + align:start position:0% +reason to do this is because we think + + + align:start position:0% +reason to do this is because we think +they don't know best so for example + + align:start position:0% +they don't know best so for example + + + align:start position:0% +they don't know best so for example +let's change the label on the y-axis + + align:start position:0% +let's change the label on the y-axis + + + align:start position:0% +let's change the label on the y-axis +just a small change let's cross our + + align:start position:0% +just a small change let's cross our + + + align:start position:0% +just a small change let's cross our +shelter and write cocaine okay + + align:start position:0% +shelter and write cocaine okay + + + align:start position:0% +shelter and write cocaine okay +well in that case maybe we don't feel so + + align:start position:0% +well in that case maybe we don't feel so + + + align:start position:0% +well in that case maybe we don't feel so +bad by forcing the guy to buy food + + align:start position:0% +bad by forcing the guy to buy food + + + align:start position:0% +bad by forcing the guy to buy food +instead of cocaine okay in other words + + align:start position:0% +instead of cocaine okay in other words + + + align:start position:0% +instead of cocaine okay in other words +this is a program which might make sense + + align:start position:0% +this is a program which might make sense + + + align:start position:0% +this is a program which might make sense +if we are paternalistic now we're + + align:start position:0% +if we are paternalistic now we're + + + align:start position:0% +if we are paternalistic now we're +getting into norm of economics + + align:start position:0% +getting into norm of economics + + + align:start position:0% +getting into norm of economics +paternalistic if we think that people + + align:start position:0% +paternalistic if we think that people + + + align:start position:0% +paternalistic if we think that people +will initially make the right decisions + + align:start position:0% +will initially make the right decisions + + + align:start position:0% +will initially make the right decisions +for themselves then it may be worth + + align:start position:0% +for themselves then it may be worth + + + align:start position:0% +for themselves then it may be worth +actually making them worse off because + + align:start position:0% +actually making them worse off because + + + align:start position:0% +actually making them worse off because +they're not worse off they're their + + align:start position:0% +they're not worse off they're their + + + align:start position:0% +they're not worse off they're their +perceived benefits are worse but they + + align:start position:0% +perceived benefits are worse but they + + + align:start position:0% +perceived benefits are worse but they +don't know what they're doing okay + + align:start position:0% +don't know what they're doing okay + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what they're doing okay +now you can see why I hope you can sort + + align:start position:0% +now you can see why I hope you can sort + + + align:start position:0% +now you can see why I hope you can sort +of immediately see why this concept + + align:start position:0% +of immediately see why this concept + + + align:start position:0% +of immediately see why this concept +makes economists a little nervous + + align:start position:0% +makes economists a little nervous + + + align:start position:0% +makes economists a little nervous +because why don't we know what they want + + align:start position:0% +because why don't we know what they want + + + align:start position:0% +because why don't we know what they want +better than they do okay so it makes + + align:start position:0% +better than they do okay so it makes + + + align:start position:0% +better than they do okay so it makes +people a little bit nerdy kinds a little + + align:start position:0% +people a little bit nerdy kinds a little + + + align:start position:0% +people a little bit nerdy kinds a little +bit nervous a lot of people a little bit + + align:start position:0% +bit nervous a lot of people a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +bit nervous a lot of people a little bit +nervous to say gee maybe they're just + + align:start position:0% +nervous to say gee maybe they're just + + + align:start position:0% +nervous to say gee maybe they're just +happy you're doing cocaine and how do we + + align:start position:0% +happy you're doing cocaine and how do we + + + align:start position:0% +happy you're doing cocaine and how do we +know that that's the wrong way for them + + align:start position:0% +know that that's the wrong way for them + + + align:start position:0% +know that that's the wrong way for them +to spend the resources yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's a very good point now but there's + + align:start position:0% +that's a very good point now but there's + + + align:start position:0% +that's a very good point now but there's +sort of two points there first of all if + + align:start position:0% +sort of two points there first of all if + + + align:start position:0% +sort of two points there first of all if +the taxpayers goal is to help poor + + align:start position:0% +the taxpayers goal is to help poor + + + align:start position:0% +the taxpayers goal is to help poor +people then why shouldn't you make them + + align:start position:0% +people then why shouldn't you make them + + + align:start position:0% +people then why shouldn't you make them +as happy as possible right if they tax + + align:start position:0% +as happy as possible right if they tax + + + align:start position:0% +as happy as possible right if they tax +why am i giving money this poor guy + + align:start position:0% +why am i giving money this poor guy + + + align:start position:0% +why am i giving money this poor guy +because I'm sad he's poor but what + + align:start position:0% +because I'm sad he's poor but what + + + align:start position:0% +because I'm sad he's poor but what +you're saying I'm not actually that sad + + align:start position:0% +you're saying I'm not actually that sad + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying I'm not actually that sad +he's poor I'm sad he's not eating if + + align:start position:0% +he's poor I'm sad he's not eating if + + + align:start position:0% +he's poor I'm sad he's not eating if +you're really just sad he's poor they + + align:start position:0% +you're really just sad he's poor they + + + align:start position:0% +you're really just sad he's poor they +should give him money if what you're sad + + align:start position:0% +should give him money if what you're sad + + + align:start position:0% +should give him money if what you're sad +about is gee I don't like how he's + + align:start position:0% +about is gee I don't like how he's + + + align:start position:0% +about is gee I don't like how he's +living I don't like this I'm sad he can + + align:start position:0% +living I don't like this I'm sad he can + + + align:start position:0% +living I don't like this I'm sad he can +have better food eat excited Felice + + align:start position:0% +have better food eat excited Felice + + + align:start position:0% +have better food eat excited Felice +didn't live then you're starting to + + align:start position:0% +didn't live then you're starting to + + + align:start position:0% +didn't live then you're starting to +impose your preferences but let's be + + align:start position:0% +impose your preferences but let's be + + + align:start position:0% +impose your preferences but let's be +important that's imposing your + + align:start position:0% +important that's imposing your + + + align:start position:0% +important that's imposing your +preferences yeah well that's that's a + + align:start position:0% +preferences yeah well that's that's a + + + align:start position:0% +preferences yeah well that's that's a +related point of the taxpayer if the + + align:start position:0% +related point of the taxpayer if the + + + align:start position:0% +related point of the taxpayer if the +taxpayer cares about look we want + + align:start position:0% +taxpayer cares about look we want + + + align:start position:0% +taxpayer cares about look we want +healthy populace that's going to live a + + align:start position:0% +healthy populace that's going to live a + + + align:start position:0% +healthy populace that's going to live a +long time and be productive and pay + + align:start position:0% +long time and be productive and pay + + + align:start position:0% +long time and be productive and pay +taxes then that would be a reason to do + + align:start position:0% +taxes then that would be a reason to do + + + align:start position:0% +taxes then that would be a reason to do +this but once again I want to emphasize + + align:start position:0% +this but once again I want to emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +this but once again I want to emphasize +okay this is paternalism if you really + + align:start position:0% +okay this is paternalism if you really + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is paternalism if you really +just care what makes people happy it's + + align:start position:0% +just care what makes people happy it's + + + align:start position:0% +just care what makes people happy it's +you should give them cash okay so that + + align:start position:0% +you should give them cash okay so that + + + align:start position:0% +you should give them cash okay so that +raises two questions okay um first of + + align:start position:0% +raises two questions okay um first of + + + align:start position:0% +raises two questions okay um first of +all uh first question yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah so basically it's a great + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so basically it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so basically it's a great +question in general we're gonna I'm + + align:start position:0% +question in general we're gonna I'm + + + align:start position:0% +question in general we're gonna I'm +gonna answer a lot of those questions + + align:start position:0% +gonna answer a lot of those questions + + + align:start position:0% +gonna answer a lot of those questions +with the same cheat this semester which + + align:start position:0% +with the same cheat this semester which + + + align:start position:0% +with the same cheat this semester which +is we're going to assume the markets are + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to assume the markets are + + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to assume the markets are +perfectly functioning so there's no + + align:start position:0% +perfectly functioning so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly functioning so there's no +you're imposing sort of a market failure + + align:start position:0% +you're imposing sort of a market failure + + + align:start position:0% +you're imposing sort of a market failure +if there's no market once there's market + + align:start position:0% +if there's no market once there's market + + + align:start position:0% +if there's no market once there's market +failures all bets are off but with no + + align:start position:0% +failures all bets are off but with no + + + align:start position:0% +failures all bets are off but with no +market failure and no paternalism you'd + + align:start position:0% +market failure and no paternalism you'd + + + align:start position:0% +market failure and no paternalism you'd +want to give them cash this raises an + + align:start position:0% +want to give them cash this raises an + + + align:start position:0% +want to give them cash this raises an +important question do food stamps + + align:start position:0% +important question do food stamps + + + align:start position:0% +important question do food stamps +actually increase food purchases first + + align:start position:0% +actually increase food purchases first + + + align:start position:0% +actually increase food purchases first +of all there's two reasons why that + + align:start position:0% +of all there's two reasons why that + + + align:start position:0% +of all there's two reasons why that +might not reason one is everybody could + + align:start position:0% +might not reason one is everybody could + + + align:start position:0% +might not reason one is everybody could +be like why ok X is sort of silly case + + align:start position:0% +be like why ok X is sort of silly case + + + align:start position:0% +be like why ok X is sort of silly case +right you're gonna die if you eat that + + align:start position:0% +right you're gonna die if you eat that + + + align:start position:0% +right you're gonna die if you eat that +little and food stamps aren't that much + + align:start position:0% +little and food stamps aren't that much + + + align:start position:0% +little and food stamps aren't that much +they're you know maybe like three grand + + align:start position:0% +they're you know maybe like three grand + + + align:start position:0% +they're you know maybe like three grand +a year that reason is ten three grand on + + align:start position:0% +a year that reason is ten three grand on + + + align:start position:0% +a year that reason is ten three grand on +food so the first issue is you know the + + align:start position:0% +food so the first issue is you know the + + + align:start position:0% +food so the first issue is you know the +first reason why food stamps may not + + align:start position:0% +first reason why food stamps may not + + + align:start position:0% +first reason why food stamps may not +matter is that in fact everybody's + + align:start position:0% +matter is that in fact everybody's + + + align:start position:0% +matter is that in fact everybody's +spending at least a dime a degrees like + + align:start position:0% +spending at least a dime a degrees like + + + align:start position:0% +spending at least a dime a degrees like +why nobody's like X what's another + + align:start position:0% +why nobody's like X what's another + + + align:start position:0% +why nobody's like X what's another +reason why it might not matter what's a + + align:start position:0% +reason why it might not matter what's a + + + align:start position:0% +reason why it might not matter what's a +REIT what's a way people could get + + align:start position:0% +REIT what's a way people could get + + + align:start position:0% +REIT what's a way people could get +around food stamps yeah yeah they could + + align:start position:0% +around food stamps yeah yeah they could + + + align:start position:0% +around food stamps yeah yeah they could +set up a black market where they + + align:start position:0% +set up a black market where they + + + align:start position:0% +set up a black market where they +essentially say look I only want two + + align:start position:0% +essentially say look I only want two + + + align:start position:0% +essentially say look I only want two +thousand dollars of food the guards + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars of food the guards + + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars of food the guards +making worth three thousand I'll buy my + + align:start position:0% +making worth three thousand I'll buy my + + + align:start position:0% +making worth three thousand I'll buy my +extra thousand dollars of food I'll sell + + align:start position:0% +extra thousand dollars of food I'll sell + + + align:start position:0% +extra thousand dollars of food I'll sell +the people who do want it and I'll end + + align:start position:0% +the people who do want it and I'll end + + + align:start position:0% +the people who do want it and I'll end +up still leaving two thousand dollars + + align:start position:0% +up still leaving two thousand dollars + + + align:start position:0% +up still leaving two thousand dollars +worth of food so we actually want to + + align:start position:0% +worth of food so we actually want to + + + align:start position:0% +worth of food so we actually want to +know do food stamps actually increase + + align:start position:0% +know do food stamps actually increase + + + align:start position:0% +know do food stamps actually increase +food consumption in practice are they + + align:start position:0% +food consumption in practice are they + + + align:start position:0% +food consumption in practice are they +making a difference well actually we've + + align:start position:0% +making a difference well actually we've + + + align:start position:0% +making a difference well actually we've +run an experiment on this okay we're + + align:start position:0% +run an experiment on this okay we're + + + align:start position:0% +run an experiment on this okay we're +gonna talk in this class a lot about + + align:start position:0% +gonna talk in this class a lot about + + + align:start position:0% +gonna talk in this class a lot about +empirical results in economics we'll + + align:start position:0% +empirical results in economics we'll + + + align:start position:0% +empirical results in economics we'll +talk where this class is mostly going to + + align:start position:0% +talk where this class is mostly going to + + + align:start position:0% +talk where this class is mostly going to +be a theoretical class that is we talk + + align:start position:0% +be a theoretical class that is we talk + + + align:start position:0% +be a theoretical class that is we talk +about models and ideas but we're also + + align:start position:0% +about models and ideas but we're also + + + align:start position:0% +about models and ideas but we're also +since basically I'm an empirical + + align:start position:0% +since basically I'm an empirical + + + align:start position:0% +since basically I'm an empirical +economists we're going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +economists we're going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +economists we're going to talk about +about empirical economics which is + + align:start position:0% +about empirical economics which is + + + align:start position:0% +about empirical economics which is +results and testing the theories we + + align:start position:0% +results and testing the theories we + + + align:start position:0% +results and testing the theories we +develop empirically now here's a great + + align:start position:0% +develop empirically now here's a great + + + align:start position:0% +develop empirically now here's a great +example in our mixes we set up a + + align:start position:0% +example in our mixes we set up a + + + align:start position:0% +example in our mixes we set up a +theoretical model you always want to + + align:start position:0% +theoretical model you always want to + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical model you always want to +start with the theory but the theory + + align:start position:0% +start with the theory but the theory + + + align:start position:0% +start with the theory but the theory +sometimes has predictions which are + + align:start position:0% +sometimes has predictions which are + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes has predictions which are +uncertain here we have an uncertain + + align:start position:0% +uncertain here we have an uncertain + + + align:start position:0% +uncertain here we have an uncertain +prediction from theory about whether + + align:start position:0% +prediction from theory about whether + + + align:start position:0% +prediction from theory about whether +food stamps will affect food purchase or + + align:start position:0% +food stamps will affect food purchase or + + + align:start position:0% +food stamps will affect food purchase or +not so let's test it and the way we test + + align:start position:0% +not so let's test it and the way we test + + + align:start position:0% +not so let's test it and the way we test +it is we actually have run that food + + align:start position:0% +it is we actually have run that food + + + align:start position:0% +it is we actually have run that food +stamps cash out experiments where we + + align:start position:0% +stamps cash out experiments where we + + + align:start position:0% +stamps cash out experiments where we +literally take + + align:start position:0% +literally take + + + align:start position:0% +literally take +food stamps that give them cash instead + + align:start position:0% +food stamps that give them cash instead + + + align:start position:0% +food stamps that give them cash instead +and watch what happens to their + + align:start position:0% +and watch what happens to their + + + align:start position:0% +and watch what happens to their +consumption before and after it's a real + + align:start position:0% +consumption before and after it's a real + + + align:start position:0% +consumption before and after it's a real +randomized trial we literally flip a + + align:start position:0% +randomized trial we literally flip a + + + align:start position:0% +randomized trial we literally flip a +coin head you keep your food stamped + + align:start position:0% +coin head you keep your food stamped + + + align:start position:0% +coin head you keep your food stamped +tails we replace those food stamps with + + align:start position:0% +tails we replace those food stamps with + + + align:start position:0% +tails we replace those food stamps with +an equal amount of cash then watch what + + align:start position:0% +an equal amount of cash then watch what + + + align:start position:0% +an equal amount of cash then watch what +happens what happens is that people + + align:start position:0% +happens what happens is that people + + + align:start position:0% +happens what happens is that people +spend about 15% less on food when you + + align:start position:0% +spend about 15% less on food when you + + + align:start position:0% +spend about 15% less on food when you +give them cash instead of food stamps + + align:start position:0% +give them cash instead of food stamps + + + align:start position:0% +give them cash instead of food stamps +that is food stamps is forcing people to + + align:start position:0% +that is food stamps is forcing people to + + + align:start position:0% +that is food stamps is forcing people to +spend about 15% more on food than they + + align:start position:0% +spend about 15% more on food than they + + + align:start position:0% +spend about 15% more on food than they +would like to unconstraint by the cash + + align:start position:0% +would like to unconstraint by the cash + + + align:start position:0% +would like to unconstraint by the cash +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah you know it's a great question and + + align:start position:0% +yeah you know it's a great question and + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you know it's a great question and +that's there's you're asking about + + align:start position:0% +that's there's you're asking about + + + align:start position:0% +that's there's you're asking about +richer theory richer theory and I'm + + align:start position:0% +richer theory richer theory and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +richer theory richer theory and I'm +telling you that I'm gonna give you the + + align:start position:0% +telling you that I'm gonna give you the + + + align:start position:0% +telling you that I'm gonna give you the +empirical evidence or whatever the + + align:start position:0% +empirical evidence or whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +empirical evidence or whatever the +theory is the empirical evidence tells + + align:start position:0% +theory is the empirical evidence tells + + + align:start position:0% +theory is the empirical evidence tells +you what happens and you just those + + align:start position:0% +you what happens and you just those + + + align:start position:0% +you what happens and you just those +different explanations for why empirical + + align:start position:0% +different explanations for why empirical + + + align:start position:0% +different explanations for why empirical +evidence is that basically the price of + + align:start position:0% +evidence is that basically the price of + + + align:start position:0% +evidence is that basically the price of +our paternalism is 15% okay we are + + align:start position:0% +our paternalism is 15% okay we are + + + align:start position:0% +our paternalism is 15% okay we are +making people effectively 15% worse off + + align:start position:0% +making people effectively 15% worse off + + + align:start position:0% +making people effectively 15% worse off +making them spend 15% more on food and + + align:start position:0% +making them spend 15% more on food and + + + align:start position:0% +making them spend 15% more on food and +they want to so is it worth it well + + align:start position:0% +they want to so is it worth it well + + + align:start position:0% +they want to so is it worth it well +actually the evidence is starting to + + align:start position:0% +actually the evidence is starting to + + + align:start position:0% +actually the evidence is starting to +pour in that it might not be worth it + + align:start position:0% +pour in that it might not be worth it + + + align:start position:0% +pour in that it might not be worth it +because there's starting to be a lot of + + align:start position:0% +because there's starting to be a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +because there's starting to be a lot of +experiments we're giving people just + + align:start position:0% +experiments we're giving people just + + + align:start position:0% +experiments we're giving people just +cash especially developing countries and + + align:start position:0% +cash especially developing countries and + + + align:start position:0% +cash especially developing countries and +developing countries the answer seems to + + align:start position:0% +developing countries the answer seems to + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries the answer seems to +be just giving people cash makes them + + align:start position:0% +be just giving people cash makes them + + + align:start position:0% +be just giving people cash makes them +better off that actually especially in + + align:start position:0% +better off that actually especially in + + + align:start position:0% +better off that actually especially in +developing countries people use the cash + + align:start position:0% +developing countries people use the cash + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries people use the cash +in productive ways so for example they + + align:start position:0% +in productive ways so for example they + + + align:start position:0% +in productive ways so for example they +have a series of evaluation programs + + align:start position:0% +have a series of evaluation programs + + + align:start position:0% +have a series of evaluation programs +where they've given people cash most in + + align:start position:0% +where they've given people cash most in + + + align:start position:0% +where they've given people cash most in +developing countries in Africa in + + align:start position:0% +developing countries in Africa in + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries in Africa in +particular some in the US and they find + + align:start position:0% +particular some in the US and they find + + + align:start position:0% +particular some in the US and they find +that people spend relatively little of + + align:start position:0% +that people spend relatively little of + + + align:start position:0% +that people spend relatively little of +that on you know drugs and alcohol but + + align:start position:0% +that on you know drugs and alcohol but + + + align:start position:0% +that on you know drugs and alcohol but +they actually tend to spend it + + align:start position:0% +they actually tend to spend it + + + align:start position:0% +they actually tend to spend it +productively and in fact they found + + align:start position:0% +productively and in fact they found + + + align:start position:0% +productively and in fact they found +developing countries this all provides + + align:start position:0% +developing countries this all provides + + + align:start position:0% +developing countries this all provides +valuable resources for individuals to + + align:start position:0% +valuable resources for individuals to + + + align:start position:0% +valuable resources for individuals to +start businesses sarandon experiment in + + align:start position:0% +start businesses sarandon experiment in + + + align:start position:0% +start businesses sarandon experiment in +Uganda where a non-profit company + + align:start position:0% +Uganda where a non-profit company + + + align:start position:0% +Uganda where a non-profit company +randomly offered a group of winner 150 + + align:start position:0% +randomly offered a group of winner 150 + + + align:start position:0% +randomly offered a group of winner 150 +dollars okay which is huge Rolf's our + + align:start position:0% +dollars okay which is huge Rolf's our + + + align:start position:0% +dollars okay which is huge Rolf's our +income that's 50 to 100 percent of + + align:start position:0% +income that's 50 to 100 percent of + + + align:start position:0% +income that's 50 to 100 percent of +annual income in Uganda fifty one + + align:start position:0% +annual income in Uganda fifty one + + + align:start position:0% +annual income in Uganda fifty one +hundred and fifty dollars and what they + + align:start position:0% +hundred and fifty dollars and what they + + + align:start position:0% +hundred and fifty dollars and what they +found was after two months after + + align:start position:0% +found was after two months after + + + align:start position:0% +found was after two months after +eighteen months these women had used + + align:start position:0% +eighteen months these women had used + + + align:start position:0% +eighteen months these women had used +that money to start businesses and that + + align:start position:0% +that money to start businesses and that + + + align:start position:0% +that money to start businesses and that +actually raised their earnings that + + align:start position:0% +actually raised their earnings that + + + align:start position:0% +actually raised their earnings that +actually effectively + + align:start position:0% +actually effectively + + + align:start position:0% +actually effectively +doubled their earnings from that one in + + align:start position:0% +doubled their earnings from that one in + + + align:start position:0% +doubled their earnings from that one in +injection of cash it led them to + + align:start position:0% +injection of cash it led them to + + + align:start position:0% +injection of cash it led them to +actually double their annual earnings + + align:start position:0% +actually double their annual earnings + + + align:start position:0% +actually double their annual earnings +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so that leads one to think that maybe we + + align:start position:0% +so that leads one to think that maybe we + + + align:start position:0% +so that leads one to think that maybe we +should stop being paternalistic and just + + align:start position:0% +should stop being paternalistic and just + + + align:start position:0% +should stop being paternalistic and just +give cash unfortunately if you're a + + align:start position:0% +give cash unfortunately if you're a + + + align:start position:0% +give cash unfortunately if you're a +reader of policy websites like I am the + + align:start position:0% +reader of policy websites like I am the + + + align:start position:0% +reader of policy websites like I am the +best one of which is voxcom it's a great + + align:start position:0% +best one of which is voxcom it's a great + + + align:start position:0% +best one of which is voxcom it's a great +website they had an article just the + + align:start position:0% +website they had an article just the + + + align:start position:0% +website they had an article just the +other day pointing out how it so he + + align:start position:0% +other day pointing out how it so he + + + align:start position:0% +other day pointing out how it so he +followed these women up nine years later + + align:start position:0% +followed these women up nine years later + + + align:start position:0% +followed these women up nine years later +in nine years later the effect had + + align:start position:0% +in nine years later the effect had + + + align:start position:0% +in nine years later the effect had +totally gone away so until you know the + + align:start position:0% +totally gone away so until you know the + + + align:start position:0% +totally gone away so until you know the +story isn't quite necessarily positive + + align:start position:0% +story isn't quite necessarily positive + + + align:start position:0% +story isn't quite necessarily positive +but it's not negative they're not worse + + align:start position:0% +but it's not negative they're not worse + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not negative they're not worse +off but it looks like at least was in + + align:start position:0% +off but it looks like at least was in + + + align:start position:0% +off but it looks like at least was in +the short run made them better off all + + align:start position:0% +the short run made them better off all + + + align:start position:0% +the short run made them better off all +that effect fades over time + + align:start position:0% +that effect fades over time + + + align:start position:0% +that effect fades over time +but the bottom line is at this point the + + align:start position:0% +but the bottom line is at this point the + + + align:start position:0% +but the bottom line is at this point the +evidence is sort of probably in favor of + + align:start position:0% +evidence is sort of probably in favor of + + + align:start position:0% +evidence is sort of probably in favor of +being less paternalistic in just giving + + align:start position:0% +being less paternalistic in just giving + + + align:start position:0% +being less paternalistic in just giving +people cash but that that runs into a + + align:start position:0% +people cash but that that runs into a + + + align:start position:0% +people cash but that that runs into a +lot of difficulties in terms of our + + align:start position:0% +lot of difficulties in terms of our + + + align:start position:0% +lot of difficulties in terms of our +concerns about how people spend it so + + align:start position:0% +concerns about how people spend it so + + + align:start position:0% +concerns about how people spend it so +let me stop there we will come back on + + align:start position:0% +let me stop there we will come back on + + + align:start position:0% +let me stop there we will come back on +Monday and we'll talk about how we + + align:start position:0% +Monday and we'll talk about how we + + + align:start position:0% +Monday and we'll talk about how we +actually go from this stuff to the + + align:start position:0% +actually go from this stuff to the + + + align:start position:0% +actually go from this stuff to the +demand curves we started the class with \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jHSlZ1imn4Y.txt b/jHSlZ1imn4Y.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c10fc9207760b48ea2cf09e711327606053f61f --- /dev/null +++ b/jHSlZ1imn4Y.txt @@ -0,0 +1,939 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the capacitance attenuator demonstrates + + align:start position:0% +the capacitance attenuator demonstrates + + + align:start position:0% +the capacitance attenuator demonstrates +the nature of solutions to lass's + + align:start position:0% +the nature of solutions to lass's + + + align:start position:0% +the nature of solutions to lass's +equation the potential can be viewed as + + align:start position:0% +equation the potential can be viewed as + + + align:start position:0% +equation the potential can be viewed as +the vertical dimension on this floor + + align:start position:0% +the vertical dimension on this floor + + + align:start position:0% +the vertical dimension on this floor +this is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential the X Direction the direction + + align:start position:0% +potential the X Direction the direction + + + align:start position:0% +potential the X Direction the direction +of periodicity is that direction and + + align:start position:0% +of periodicity is that direction and + + + align:start position:0% +of periodicity is that direction and +here's our sign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function this is the Y + + align:start position:0% +function this is the Y + + + align:start position:0% +function this is the Y +Direction and here's our hyperbolic sign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function more of the X + + align:start position:0% +function more of the X + + + align:start position:0% +function more of the X +dependence and the Y + + align:start position:0% +dependence and the Y + + + align:start position:0% +dependence and the Y +dependence lines of equal potential on + + align:start position:0% +dependence lines of equal potential on + + + align:start position:0% +dependence lines of equal potential on +our model are represented by these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wires lines of constant altitude + + align:start position:0% +wires lines of constant altitude + + + align:start position:0% +wires lines of constant altitude +are the lines of equip + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential this particular one is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rectangular here's another way to + + align:start position:0% +rectangular here's another way to + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular here's another way to +represent our potential function this is + + align:start position:0% +represent our potential function this is + + + align:start position:0% +represent our potential function this is +the X Direction This is the Y + + align:start position:0% +the X Direction This is the Y + + + align:start position:0% +the X Direction This is the Y +Direction with these clamps + + align:start position:0% +Direction with these clamps + + + align:start position:0% +Direction with these clamps +we're holding the membrane down on these + + align:start position:0% +we're holding the membrane down on these + + + align:start position:0% +we're holding the membrane down on these +edges on this Edge we're going to raise + + align:start position:0% +edges on this Edge we're going to raise + + + align:start position:0% +edges on this Edge we're going to raise +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential these boundaries are clamped + + align:start position:0% +potential these boundaries are clamped + + + align:start position:0% +potential these boundaries are clamped +to zero potential now we've raised this + + align:start position:0% +to zero potential now we've raised this + + + align:start position:0% +to zero potential now we've raised this +potential to a potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +V under uniform from tension the + + align:start position:0% +V under uniform from tension the + + + align:start position:0% +V under uniform from tension the +membrane altitude satisfies llosa's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation far from the elevated Edge the + + align:start position:0% +equation far from the elevated Edge the + + + align:start position:0% +equation far from the elevated Edge the +membrane then has the same shape as with + + align:start position:0% +membrane then has the same shape as with + + + align:start position:0% +membrane then has the same shape as with +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +model rather than using wires to show + + align:start position:0% +model rather than using wires to show + + + align:start position:0% +model rather than using wires to show +the lines of equal altitude the equal + + align:start position:0% +the lines of equal altitude the equal + + + align:start position:0% +the lines of equal altitude the equal +potentials we now use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +backlighting here's what it looks like + + align:start position:0% +backlighting here's what it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +backlighting here's what it looks like +from the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +top the elevated potential is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uniform not a sign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function however the square distribution + + align:start position:0% +function however the square distribution + + + align:start position:0% +function however the square distribution +can be represented by a forier + + align:start position:0% +can be represented by a forier + + + align:start position:0% +can be represented by a forier +series this amounts to a superposition + + align:start position:0% +series this amounts to a superposition + + + align:start position:0% +series this amounts to a superposition +of solutions like the one we've + + align:start position:0% +of solutions like the one we've + + + align:start position:0% +of solutions like the one we've +seen except they have more Wiggles in + + align:start position:0% +seen except they have more Wiggles in + + + align:start position:0% +seen except they have more Wiggles in +the X Direction and therefore Decay more + + align:start position:0% +the X Direction and therefore Decay more + + + align:start position:0% +the X Direction and therefore Decay more +rapidly in the y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +direction what we see is the potential + + align:start position:0% +direction what we see is the potential + + + align:start position:0% +direction what we see is the potential +if three of the walls enclosing a + + align:start position:0% +if three of the walls enclosing a + + + align:start position:0% +if three of the walls enclosing a +rectangular region are + + align:start position:0% +rectangular region are + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular region are +grounded and the fourth has a uniform + + align:start position:0% +grounded and the fourth has a uniform + + + align:start position:0% +grounded and the fourth has a uniform +distribution in potential + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the electric field lines are + + align:start position:0% +the electric field lines are + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field lines are +perpendicular to the equip potentials + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the equip potentials + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular to the equip potentials +and follow Paths of steepest + + align:start position:0% +and follow Paths of steepest + + + align:start position:0% +and follow Paths of steepest +descent if they begin on positive + + align:start position:0% +descent if they begin on positive + + + align:start position:0% +descent if they begin on positive +charges + + align:start position:0% +charges + + + align:start position:0% +charges +here they terminate on negative charges + + align:start position:0% +here they terminate on negative charges + + + align:start position:0% +here they terminate on negative charges +on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +boundaries a boundary that has zero + + align:start position:0% +boundaries a boundary that has zero + + + align:start position:0% +boundaries a boundary that has zero +potential nevertheless supports surface + + align:start position:0% +potential nevertheless supports surface + + + align:start position:0% +potential nevertheless supports surface +charges + + align:start position:0% +charges + + + align:start position:0% +charges +the surface charge is proportional to + + align:start position:0% +the surface charge is proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +the surface charge is proportional to +the slope of the adjacent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +potential this is a cross-section of the + + align:start position:0% +potential this is a cross-section of the + + + align:start position:0% +potential this is a cross-section of the +electrical system that has been + + align:start position:0% +electrical system that has been + + + align:start position:0% +electrical system that has been +pictured these boundaries are + + align:start position:0% +pictured these boundaries are + + + align:start position:0% +pictured these boundaries are +grounded while this one is at the + + align:start position:0% +grounded while this one is at the + + + align:start position:0% +grounded while this one is at the +potential + + align:start position:0% +potential + + + align:start position:0% +potential +V if V were positive this charge on the + + align:start position:0% +V if V were positive this charge on the + + + align:start position:0% +V if V were positive this charge on the +lower surface would be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negative in the actual experiment a + + align:start position:0% +negative in the actual experiment a + + + align:start position:0% +negative in the actual experiment a +conducting box is grounded on two side + + align:start position:0% +conducting box is grounded on two side + + + align:start position:0% +conducting box is grounded on two side +surfaces and virtually grounded on the + + align:start position:0% +surfaces and virtually grounded on the + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces and virtually grounded on the +bottom surface through a small resistor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R here's the top + + align:start position:0% +R here's the top + + + align:start position:0% +R here's the top +electrode its potential is determined by + + align:start position:0% +electrode its potential is determined by + + + align:start position:0% +electrode its potential is determined by +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oscillator that's the top trace of the + + align:start position:0% +oscillator that's the top trace of the + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator that's the top trace of the +scope + + align:start position:0% +scope + + + align:start position:0% +scope +pattern here's the bottom + + align:start position:0% +pattern here's the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +pattern here's the bottom +electrode its potential + + align:start position:0% +electrode its potential + + + align:start position:0% +electrode its potential +is measured by the bottom trace on the + + align:start position:0% +is measured by the bottom trace on the + + + align:start position:0% +is measured by the bottom trace on the +scope we'll use our solutions to lass's + + align:start position:0% +scope we'll use our solutions to lass's + + + align:start position:0% +scope we'll use our solutions to lass's +equation to find the net charge on the + + align:start position:0% +equation to find the net charge on the + + + align:start position:0% +equation to find the net charge on the +lower + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electrode before we make any + + align:start position:0% +electrode before we make any + + + align:start position:0% +electrode before we make any +measurements we should put our second + + align:start position:0% +measurements we should put our second + + + align:start position:0% +measurements we should put our second +side wall on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +apparatus as the lower electrode is + + align:start position:0% +apparatus as the lower electrode is + + + align:start position:0% +apparatus as the lower electrode is +withdrawn + + align:start position:0% +withdrawn + + + align:start position:0% +withdrawn +its potential decreases + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exponentially if B over a is small + + align:start position:0% +exponentially if B over a is small + + + align:start position:0% +exponentially if B over a is small +almost all of the images are on the + + align:start position:0% +almost all of the images are on the + + + align:start position:0% +almost all of the images are on the +output electrode + + align:start position:0% +output electrode + + + align:start position:0% +output electrode +but as we withdraw it more and more of + + align:start position:0% +but as we withdraw it more and more of + + + align:start position:0% +but as we withdraw it more and more of +the images are on the side walls and + + align:start position:0% +the images are on the side walls and + + + align:start position:0% +the images are on the side walls and +fewer on the output + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +electrode according to our model the + + align:start position:0% +electrode according to our model the + + + align:start position:0% +electrode according to our model the +output voltage should be proportional to + + align:start position:0% +output voltage should be proportional to + + + align:start position:0% +output voltage should be proportional to +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +frequency this is true if the frequency + + align:start position:0% +frequency this is true if the frequency + + + align:start position:0% +frequency this is true if the frequency +is taken from 100 Herz to 200 Herz + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember the upper Trace is the upper + + align:start position:0% +remember the upper Trace is the upper + + + align:start position:0% +remember the upper Trace is the upper +driving electrode and on a different + + align:start position:0% +driving electrode and on a different + + + align:start position:0% +driving electrode and on a different +scale the lower one is the lower + + align:start position:0% +scale the lower one is the lower + + + align:start position:0% +scale the lower one is the lower +electrode + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +voltage however if the frequency is + + align:start position:0% +voltage however if the frequency is + + + align:start position:0% +voltage however if the frequency is +taken from 1,00 Hertz to 2,000 + + align:start position:0% +taken from 1,00 Hertz to 2,000 + + + align:start position:0% +taken from 1,00 Hertz to 2,000 +htz the output ceases to be linear in + + align:start position:0% +htz the output ceases to be linear in + + + align:start position:0% +htz the output ceases to be linear in +the frequency + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +with the frequency this High the current + + align:start position:0% +with the frequency this High the current + + + align:start position:0% +with the frequency this High the current +through the output resistor is too large + + align:start position:0% +through the output resistor is too large + + + align:start position:0% +through the output resistor is too large +too large to make the potential of the + + align:start position:0% +too large to make the potential of the + + + align:start position:0% +too large to make the potential of the +output electrode + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +negligible we have demonstrated how + + align:start position:0% +negligible we have demonstrated how + + + align:start position:0% +negligible we have demonstrated how +solutions to Lassa equation that are + + align:start position:0% +solutions to Lassa equation that are + + + align:start position:0% +solutions to Lassa equation that are +periodic in One Direction decay in the + + align:start position:0% +periodic in One Direction decay in the + + + align:start position:0% +periodic in One Direction decay in the +perpendicular Direction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jPB9zI8F7rE.txt b/jPB9zI8F7rE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..073e730666ab9ef6cbe9e0f763a0285e403b058c --- /dev/null +++ b/jPB9zI8F7rE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,499 @@ +align:start position:0% + +let us now give an example of a + + align:start position:0% +let us now give an example of a + + + align:start position:0% +let us now give an example of a +continuous random variable the uniform + + align:start position:0% +continuous random variable the uniform + + + align:start position:0% +continuous random variable the uniform +random variable it is patterned after + + align:start position:0% +random variable it is patterned after + + + align:start position:0% +random variable it is patterned after +the discrete random variable similar to + + align:start position:0% +the discrete random variable similar to + + + align:start position:0% +the discrete random variable similar to +the discrete case we will have a range + + align:start position:0% +the discrete case we will have a range + + + align:start position:0% +the discrete case we will have a range +of possible values in the discrete case + + align:start position:0% +of possible values in the discrete case + + + align:start position:0% +of possible values in the discrete case +these values would be the integers + + align:start position:0% +these values would be the integers + + + align:start position:0% +these values would be the integers +between a and B in the continuous case + + align:start position:0% +between a and B in the continuous case + + + align:start position:0% +between a and B in the continuous case +any real number between a and B will be + + align:start position:0% +any real number between a and B will be + + + align:start position:0% +any real number between a and B will be +possible in the discrete case these + + align:start position:0% +possible in the discrete case these + + + align:start position:0% +possible in the discrete case these +values were equally likely in the + + align:start position:0% +values were equally likely in the + + + align:start position:0% +values were equally likely in the +continuous case at all points we have + + align:start position:0% +continuous case at all points we have + + + align:start position:0% +continuous case at all points we have +the same height for the probability + + align:start position:0% +the same height for the probability + + + align:start position:0% +the same height for the probability +density function and as a consequence if + + align:start position:0% +density function and as a consequence if + + + align:start position:0% +density function and as a consequence if +we take two intervals that have the same + + align:start position:0% +we take two intervals that have the same + + + align:start position:0% +we take two intervals that have the same +length then these two intervals will be + + align:start position:0% +length then these two intervals will be + + + align:start position:0% +length then these two intervals will be +assigned the same probability + + align:start position:0% +assigned the same probability + + + align:start position:0% +assigned the same probability +intuitively uniform random variables + + align:start position:0% +intuitively uniform random variables + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively uniform random variables +model the following situation we know + + align:start position:0% +model the following situation we know + + + align:start position:0% +model the following situation we know +that the numerical value of the random + + align:start position:0% +that the numerical value of the random + + + align:start position:0% +that the numerical value of the random +variable will be between a and B but we + + align:start position:0% +variable will be between a and B but we + + + align:start position:0% +variable will be between a and B but we +know nothing more we have no reason to + + align:start position:0% +know nothing more we have no reason to + + + align:start position:0% +know nothing more we have no reason to +believe that certain locations are more + + align:start position:0% +believe that certain locations are more + + + align:start position:0% +believe that certain locations are more +likely than others and in this sense the + + align:start position:0% +likely than others and in this sense the + + + align:start position:0% +likely than others and in this sense the +uniform random variable models a + + align:start position:0% +uniform random variable models a + + + align:start position:0% +uniform random variable models a +situation of complete ignorance by the + + align:start position:0% +situation of complete ignorance by the + + + align:start position:0% +situation of complete ignorance by the +way since probabilities must add to 1 + + align:start position:0% +way since probabilities must add to 1 + + + align:start position:0% +way since probabilities must add to 1 +the area of this rectangle must be equal + + align:start position:0% +the area of this rectangle must be equal + + + align:start position:0% +the area of this rectangle must be equal +to 1 and therefore the height of this + + align:start position:0% +to 1 and therefore the height of this + + + align:start position:0% +to 1 and therefore the height of this +rectangle has to be 1 over B minus a so + + align:start position:0% +rectangle has to be 1 over B minus a so + + + align:start position:0% +rectangle has to be 1 over B minus a so +that we have a height of 1 over B minus + + align:start position:0% +that we have a height of 1 over B minus + + + align:start position:0% +that we have a height of 1 over B minus +a we have a length of B minus a so the + + align:start position:0% +a we have a length of B minus a so the + + + align:start position:0% +a we have a length of B minus a so the +product of the two which is the area is + + align:start position:0% +product of the two which is the area is + + + align:start position:0% +product of the two which is the area is +equal to 1 finally here is a more + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 finally here is a more + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1 finally here is a more +general PDF which is piecewise constant + + align:start position:0% +general PDF which is piecewise constant + + + align:start position:0% +general PDF which is piecewise constant +one thing to notice is that this in + + align:start position:0% +one thing to notice is that this in + + + align:start position:0% +one thing to notice is that this in +particular tells us that PDFs do not + + align:start position:0% +particular tells us that PDFs do not + + + align:start position:0% +particular tells us that PDFs do not +have to be continuous functions they can + + align:start position:0% +have to be continuous functions they can + + + align:start position:0% +have to be continuous functions they can +have discontinuities of course for this + + align:start position:0% +have discontinuities of course for this + + + align:start position:0% +have discontinuities of course for this +to be a legitimate PDF the total area + + align:start position:0% +to be a legitimate PDF the total area + + + align:start position:0% +to be a legitimate PDF the total area +under the curve which is the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +under the curve which is the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +under the curve which is the sum of the +areas of the rectangles that we have + + align:start position:0% +areas of the rectangles that we have + + + align:start position:0% +areas of the rectangles that we have +here must be equal to 1 with a piecewise + + align:start position:0% +here must be equal to 1 with a piecewise + + + align:start position:0% +here must be equal to 1 with a piecewise +constant PDF we can calculate + + align:start position:0% +constant PDF we can calculate + + + align:start position:0% +constant PDF we can calculate +probabilities of events fairly easily + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of events fairly easily + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities of events fairly easily +for example if you wish to find the + + align:start position:0% +for example if you wish to find the + + + align:start position:0% +for example if you wish to find the +probability of this particular interval + + align:start position:0% +probability of this particular interval + + + align:start position:0% +probability of this particular interval +which is going to be the area under the + + align:start position:0% +which is going to be the area under the + + + align:start position:0% +which is going to be the area under the +curve that area really + + align:start position:0% +curve that area really + + + align:start position:0% +curve that area really +consists of two pieces we find the areas + + align:start position:0% +consists of two pieces we find the areas + + + align:start position:0% +consists of two pieces we find the areas +of these two rectangles add them up and + + align:start position:0% +of these two rectangles add them up and + + + align:start position:0% +of these two rectangles add them up and +this gives us the total probability of + + align:start position:0% +this gives us the total probability of + + + align:start position:0% +this gives us the total probability of +this particular interval so at this + + align:start position:0% +this particular interval so at this + + + align:start position:0% +this particular interval so at this +point our agenda moving forward will be + + align:start position:0% +point our agenda moving forward will be + + + align:start position:0% +point our agenda moving forward will be +twofold first we will introduce some + + align:start position:0% +twofold first we will introduce some + + + align:start position:0% +twofold first we will introduce some +interesting continuous random variables + + align:start position:0% +interesting continuous random variables + + + align:start position:0% +interesting continuous random variables +we just started with the presentation of + + align:start position:0% +we just started with the presentation of + + + align:start position:0% +we just started with the presentation of +the uniform random variable and then we + + align:start position:0% +the uniform random variable and then we + + + align:start position:0% +the uniform random variable and then we +will also go over all the concepts and + + align:start position:0% +will also go over all the concepts and + + + align:start position:0% +will also go over all the concepts and +results that we have developed for + + align:start position:0% +results that we have developed for + + + align:start position:0% +results that we have developed for +discrete random variables and develop + + align:start position:0% +discrete random variables and develop + + + align:start position:0% +discrete random variables and develop +them again for their continuous + + align:start position:0% +them again for their continuous + + + align:start position:0% +them again for their continuous +counterparts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jY2w9Ipthpg.txt b/jY2w9Ipthpg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6652dff993be3ab0cda0ce3c9bf8d4bbc2ec2e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/jY2w9Ipthpg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2059 @@ +align:start position:0% + +when I got my first smartphone and I + + align:start position:0% +when I got my first smartphone and I + + + align:start position:0% +when I got my first smartphone and I +landed on YouTube I went looking for + + align:start position:0% +landed on YouTube I went looking for + + + align:start position:0% +landed on YouTube I went looking for +answers to some of the questions I had + + align:start position:0% +answers to some of the questions I had + + + align:start position:0% +answers to some of the questions I had +and then I found this entire world of + + align:start position:0% +and then I found this entire world of + + + align:start position:0% +and then I found this entire world of +people who actually had answers and all + + align:start position:0% +people who actually had answers and all + + + align:start position:0% +people who actually had answers and all +this other knowledge that was out there + + align:start position:0% +this other knowledge that was out there + + + align:start position:0% +this other knowledge that was out there +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +free I'm Sarah Hansen for this episode + + align:start position:0% +free I'm Sarah Hansen for this episode + + + align:start position:0% +free I'm Sarah Hansen for this episode +of chalk radio I sat down with two very + + align:start position:0% +of chalk radio I sat down with two very + + + align:start position:0% +of chalk radio I sat down with two very +special guests hi I'm Emanuel igazi I'm + + align:start position:0% +special guests hi I'm Emanuel igazi I'm + + + align:start position:0% +special guests hi I'm Emanuel igazi I'm +a data scientist a creative a learner + + align:start position:0% +a data scientist a creative a learner + + + align:start position:0% +a data scientist a creative a learner +and AI SP I'm from campala Uganda East + + align:start position:0% +and AI SP I'm from campala Uganda East + + + align:start position:0% +and AI SP I'm from campala Uganda East +Africa hi I'm Michael Jordan Pilgreen + + align:start position:0% +Africa hi I'm Michael Jordan Pilgreen + + + align:start position:0% +Africa hi I'm Michael Jordan Pilgreen +I'm from Memphis Tennessee I'm a learner + + align:start position:0% +I'm from Memphis Tennessee I'm a learner + + + align:start position:0% +I'm from Memphis Tennessee I'm a learner +an educator an engineer and a bridge + + align:start position:0% +an educator an engineer and a bridge + + + align:start position:0% +an educator an engineer and a bridge +builder and it's a pleasure to be here + + align:start position:0% +builder and it's a pleasure to be here + + + align:start position:0% +builder and it's a pleasure to be here +today Michael and Emanuel are two of the + + align:start position:0% +today Michael and Emanuel are two of the + + + align:start position:0% +today Michael and Emanuel are two of the +millions of people who have used MIT + + align:start position:0% +millions of people who have used MIT + + + align:start position:0% +millions of people who have used MIT +open courseware in their Journeys as + + align:start position:0% +open courseware in their Journeys as + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware in their Journeys as +lifelong Learners after connecting with + + align:start position:0% +lifelong Learners after connecting with + + + align:start position:0% +lifelong Learners after connecting with +ocw they connected with each other and + + align:start position:0% +ocw they connected with each other and + + + align:start position:0% +ocw they connected with each other and +are now good friends despite living on + + align:start position:0% +are now good friends despite living on + + + align:start position:0% +are now good friends despite living on +two different + + align:start position:0% +two different + + + align:start position:0% +two different +continents in this conversation they + + align:start position:0% +continents in this conversation they + + + align:start position:0% +continents in this conversation they +explain how they've both used ocw to + + align:start position:0% +explain how they've both used ocw to + + + align:start position:0% +explain how they've both used ocw to +transform their lives and later they + + align:start position:0% +transform their lives and later they + + + align:start position:0% +transform their lives and later they +tell us about the open Learners podcast + + align:start position:0% +tell us about the open Learners podcast + + + align:start position:0% +tell us about the open Learners podcast +an exciting new season of chalk radio + + align:start position:0% +an exciting new season of chalk radio + + + align:start position:0% +an exciting new season of chalk radio +that they're hosting that will bring + + align:start position:0% +that they're hosting that will bring + + + align:start position:0% +that they're hosting that will bring +stories like Theirs to listeners and + + align:start position:0% +stories like Theirs to listeners and + + + align:start position:0% +stories like Theirs to listeners and +Learners around the world so what + + align:start position:0% +Learners around the world so what + + + align:start position:0% +Learners around the world so what +exactly is an open + + align:start position:0% +exactly is an open + + + align:start position:0% +exactly is an open +learner so an open learner can be a lot + + align:start position:0% +learner so an open learner can be a lot + + + align:start position:0% +learner so an open learner can be a lot +of things I think Emanuel and I within + + align:start position:0% +of things I think Emanuel and I within + + + align:start position:0% +of things I think Emanuel and I within +the context of open courseware and MIT + + align:start position:0% +the context of open courseware and MIT + + + align:start position:0% +the context of open courseware and MIT +specifically think it's anybody that is + + align:start position:0% +specifically think it's anybody that is + + + align:start position:0% +specifically think it's anybody that is +engaging with material and hopes of + + align:start position:0% +engaging with material and hopes of + + + align:start position:0% +engaging with material and hopes of +learning + + align:start position:0% +learning + + + align:start position:0% +learning +anything and we specifically call it + + align:start position:0% +anything and we specifically call it + + + align:start position:0% +anything and we specifically call it +open Learners because going back to when + + align:start position:0% +open Learners because going back to when + + + align:start position:0% +open Learners because going back to when +we first met being from Memphis + + align:start position:0% +we first met being from Memphis + + + align:start position:0% +we first met being from Memphis +Tennessee and Emanuel from Calo + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee and Emanuel from Calo + + + align:start position:0% +Tennessee and Emanuel from Calo +Uganda it was so fascinating that we + + align:start position:0% +Uganda it was so fascinating that we + + + align:start position:0% +Uganda it was so fascinating that we +both had experienced a certain level of + + align:start position:0% +both had experienced a certain level of + + + align:start position:0% +both had experienced a certain level of +anti-intellectualism growing + + align:start position:0% +anti-intellectualism growing + + + align:start position:0% +anti-intellectualism growing +up and I think as adults we're both at + + align:start position:0% +up and I think as adults we're both at + + + align:start position:0% +up and I think as adults we're both at +the point now where we can be open about + + align:start position:0% +the point now where we can be open about + + + align:start position:0% +the point now where we can be open about +learning and I know that's a weird + + align:start position:0% +learning and I know that's a weird + + + align:start position:0% +learning and I know that's a weird +concept to wrap your brain around but it + + align:start position:0% +concept to wrap your brain around but it + + + align:start position:0% +concept to wrap your brain around but it +finally feels good and like + + align:start position:0% +finally feels good and like + + + align:start position:0% +finally feels good and like +accepted it is something to be proud + + align:start position:0% +accepted it is something to be proud + + + align:start position:0% +accepted it is something to be proud +about being proud of being a learner + + align:start position:0% +about being proud of being a learner + + + align:start position:0% +about being proud of being a learner +everybody comes out of a fouryear degree + + align:start position:0% +everybody comes out of a fouryear degree + + + align:start position:0% +everybody comes out of a fouryear degree +nowadays especially in the United States + + align:start position:0% +nowadays especially in the United States + + + align:start position:0% +nowadays especially in the United States +and they think they need to be an expert + + align:start position:0% +and they think they need to be an expert + + + align:start position:0% +and they think they need to be an expert +and they try to put on this Persona that + + align:start position:0% +and they try to put on this Persona that + + + align:start position:0% +and they try to put on this Persona that +they do know everything and it's okay to + + align:start position:0% +they do know everything and it's okay to + + + align:start position:0% +they do know everything and it's okay to +admit I don't you know and and I'm + + align:start position:0% +admit I don't you know and and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +admit I don't you know and and I'm +willing and open about the fact that I'm + + align:start position:0% +willing and open about the fact that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +willing and open about the fact that I'm +still + + align:start position:0% +still + + + align:start position:0% +still +learning I was curious to know how + + align:start position:0% +learning I was curious to know how + + + align:start position:0% +learning I was curious to know how +Michael and emanuel's learning Journeys + + align:start position:0% +Michael and emanuel's learning Journeys + + + align:start position:0% +Michael and emanuel's learning Journeys +eventually LED them to MIT open + + align:start position:0% +eventually LED them to MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +eventually LED them to MIT open +courseware I've always been interested + + align:start position:0% +courseware I've always been interested + + + align:start position:0% +courseware I've always been interested +in finding out + + align:start position:0% +in finding out + + + align:start position:0% +in finding out +how things work and more so how we work + + align:start position:0% +how things work and more so how we work + + + align:start position:0% +how things work and more so how we work +as human beings uh I know this is going + + align:start position:0% +as human beings uh I know this is going + + + align:start position:0% +as human beings uh I know this is going +to sound cliche but I was that kid who + + align:start position:0% +to sound cliche but I was that kid who + + + align:start position:0% +to sound cliche but I was that kid who +used to look up at the stars and wonder + + align:start position:0% +used to look up at the stars and wonder + + + align:start position:0% +used to look up at the stars and wonder +what all of this is what are we what is + + align:start position:0% +what all of this is what are we what is + + + align:start position:0% +what all of this is what are we what is +consciousness what is life how comes I + + align:start position:0% +consciousness what is life how comes I + + + align:start position:0% +consciousness what is life how comes I +can talk and that tree can't you know + + align:start position:0% +can talk and that tree can't you know + + + align:start position:0% +can talk and that tree can't you know +and the further I grew up the more I + + align:start position:0% +and the further I grew up the more I + + + align:start position:0% +and the further I grew up the more I +went looking for these answers to these + + align:start position:0% +went looking for these answers to these + + + align:start position:0% +went looking for these answers to these +questions that father led me to the path + + align:start position:0% +questions that father led me to the path + + + align:start position:0% +questions that father led me to the path +of psychology philosophy and trying to + + align:start position:0% +of psychology philosophy and trying to + + + align:start position:0% +of psychology philosophy and trying to +answer the great questions of the world + + align:start position:0% +answer the great questions of the world + + + align:start position:0% +answer the great questions of the world +how I got to ocw was that through my + + align:start position:0% +how I got to ocw was that through my + + + align:start position:0% +how I got to ocw was that through my +hobbies what I like I came through + + align:start position:0% +hobbies what I like I came through + + + align:start position:0% +hobbies what I like I came through +psychology I was trying to just you know + + align:start position:0% +psychology I was trying to just you know + + + align:start position:0% +psychology I was trying to just you know +at any point in life at any stage in my + + align:start position:0% +at any point in life at any stage in my + + + align:start position:0% +at any point in life at any stage in my +life I always have a + + align:start position:0% +life I always have a + + + align:start position:0% +life I always have a +psychological kind of thing that I'm + + align:start position:0% +psychological kind of thing that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +psychological kind of thing that I'm +watching or studying you know just for + + align:start position:0% +watching or studying you know just for + + + align:start position:0% +watching or studying you know just for +my own interest just to try and + + align:start position:0% +my own interest just to try and + + + align:start position:0% +my own interest just to try and +understand I'm still on this journey + + align:start position:0% +understand I'm still on this journey + + + align:start position:0% +understand I'm still on this journey +trying to understand who we are what the + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand who we are what the + + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand who we are what the +world is and you know the wise the house + + align:start position:0% +world is and you know the wise the house + + + align:start position:0% +world is and you know the wise the house +the great questions of the world I'm + + align:start position:0% +the great questions of the world I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the great questions of the world I'm +still on that + + align:start position:0% +still on that + + + align:start position:0% +still on that +journey I was led to been learning an + + align:start position:0% +journey I was led to been learning an + + + align:start position:0% +journey I was led to been learning an +MIT open course where doing a very + + align:start position:0% +MIT open course where doing a very + + + align:start position:0% +MIT open course where doing a very +stressful and desperate part of my + + align:start position:0% +stressful and desperate part of my + + + align:start position:0% +stressful and desperate part of my +life I am trained as a poet from my + + align:start position:0% +life I am trained as a poet from my + + + align:start position:0% +life I am trained as a poet from my +undergrad degree during the covid-19 + + align:start position:0% +undergrad degree during the covid-19 + + + align:start position:0% +undergrad degree during the covid-19 +pandemic all + + align:start position:0% +pandemic all + + + align:start position:0% +pandemic all +the artwork jobs out there both public + + align:start position:0% +the artwork jobs out there both public + + + align:start position:0% +the artwork jobs out there both public +and private facing sort of evaporated + + align:start position:0% +and private facing sort of evaporated + + + align:start position:0% +and private facing sort of evaporated +overnight and I had to figure out what + + align:start position:0% +overnight and I had to figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +overnight and I had to figure out what +was next and I found an introduction to + + align:start position:0% +was next and I found an introduction to + + + align:start position:0% +was next and I found an introduction to +finance course by Andrew low and I fell + + align:start position:0% +finance course by Andrew low and I fell + + + align:start position:0% +finance course by Andrew low and I fell +in love with his Charisma and his + + align:start position:0% +in love with his Charisma and his + + + align:start position:0% +in love with his Charisma and his +ability to Captivate an audience and + + align:start position:0% +ability to Captivate an audience and + + + align:start position:0% +ability to Captivate an audience and +that led me to discovering Gary guinsler + + align:start position:0% +that led me to discovering Gary guinsler + + + align:start position:0% +that led me to discovering Gary guinsler +you know the SEC + + align:start position:0% +you know the SEC + + + align:start position:0% +you know the SEC +commissioner and I was just shocked that + + align:start position:0% +commissioner and I was just shocked that + + + align:start position:0% +commissioner and I was just shocked that +he had multiple courses online for free + + align:start position:0% +he had multiple courses online for free + + + align:start position:0% +he had multiple courses online for free +where he's articulating and dialoguing + + align:start position:0% +where he's articulating and dialoguing + + + align:start position:0% +where he's articulating and dialoguing +with students in a masterful way about + + align:start position:0% +with students in a masterful way about + + + align:start position:0% +with students in a masterful way about +Capital markets even for people that may + + align:start position:0% +Capital markets even for people that may + + + align:start position:0% +Capital markets even for people that may +not be interested in capital Marcus he + + align:start position:0% +not be interested in capital Marcus he + + + align:start position:0% +not be interested in capital Marcus he +was able to digest these very complex + + align:start position:0% +was able to digest these very complex + + + align:start position:0% +was able to digest these very complex +interconnected Concepts and simplify + + align:start position:0% +interconnected Concepts and simplify + + + align:start position:0% +interconnected Concepts and simplify +them in a way that everyday Learners + + align:start position:0% +them in a way that everyday Learners + + + align:start position:0% +them in a way that everyday Learners +could interact with and that fascinated + + align:start position:0% +could interact with and that fascinated + + + align:start position:0% +could interact with and that fascinated +me and it encouraged me to continue down + + align:start position:0% +me and it encouraged me to continue down + + + align:start position:0% +me and it encouraged me to continue down +the financial technology + + align:start position:0% +the financial technology + + + align:start position:0% +the financial technology +path so how exactly did these two open + + align:start position:0% +path so how exactly did these two open + + + align:start position:0% +path so how exactly did these two open +Learners connect and end up co-hosting a + + align:start position:0% +Learners connect and end up co-hosting a + + + align:start position:0% +Learners connect and end up co-hosting a +special season of chalk + + align:start position:0% +special season of chalk + + + align:start position:0% +special season of chalk +radio so after watching the psychology + + align:start position:0% +radio so after watching the psychology + + + align:start position:0% +radio so after watching the psychology +lessons because this was one of the most + + align:start position:0% +lessons because this was one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +lessons because this was one of the most +profound like I said I'd been doing + + align:start position:0% +profound like I said I'd been doing + + + align:start position:0% +profound like I said I'd been doing +courses on this but not from like the + + align:start position:0% +courses on this but not from like the + + + align:start position:0% +courses on this but not from like the +top top institutions so when I found the + + align:start position:0% +top top institutions so when I found the + + + align:start position:0% +top top institutions so when I found the +top instiution was honestly different so + + align:start position:0% +top instiution was honestly different so + + + align:start position:0% +top instiution was honestly different so +I was like this is amazing does this + + align:start position:0% +I was like this is amazing does this + + + align:start position:0% +I was like this is amazing does this +professor know what he's doing for the + + align:start position:0% +professor know what he's doing for the + + + align:start position:0% +professor know what he's doing for the +world and I remember sitting one day and + + align:start position:0% +world and I remember sitting one day and + + + align:start position:0% +world and I remember sitting one day and +I'm like you know what I want to thank + + align:start position:0% +I'm like you know what I want to thank + + + align:start position:0% +I'm like you know what I want to thank +this person I'm done with this coures + + align:start position:0% +this person I'm done with this coures + + + align:start position:0% +this person I'm done with this coures +cuz this is something groundbreaking so + + align:start position:0% +cuz this is something groundbreaking so + + + align:start position:0% +cuz this is something groundbreaking so +when I saw the psychology profess Prof I + + align:start position:0% +when I saw the psychology profess Prof I + + + align:start position:0% +when I saw the psychology profess Prof I +wrote out to him like thank you for this + + align:start position:0% +wrote out to him like thank you for this + + + align:start position:0% +wrote out to him like thank you for this +amazing course you're doing amazing work + + align:start position:0% +amazing course you're doing amazing work + + + align:start position:0% +amazing course you're doing amazing work +I just wanted to thank the professor and + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to thank the professor and + + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted to thank the professor and +then CT wrote me + + align:start position:0% +then CT wrote me + + + align:start position:0% +then CT wrote me +back for those of you who are new to the + + align:start position:0% +back for those of you who are new to the + + + align:start position:0% +back for those of you who are new to the +podcast the Kurt he's referring to here + + align:start position:0% +podcast the Kurt he's referring to here + + + align:start position:0% +podcast the Kurt he's referring to here +is Kurt Newton the director of MIT open + + align:start position:0% +is Kurt Newton the director of MIT open + + + align:start position:0% +is Kurt Newton the director of MIT open +courseware and he asked if they could + + align:start position:0% +courseware and he asked if they could + + + align:start position:0% +courseware and he asked if they could +share my story I didn't understand what + + align:start position:0% +share my story I didn't understand what + + + align:start position:0% +share my story I didn't understand what +that meant at the time but I was like + + align:start position:0% +that meant at the time but I was like + + + align:start position:0% +that meant at the time but I was like +okay cool and then in that email they + + align:start position:0% +okay cool and then in that email they + + + align:start position:0% +okay cool and then in that email they +sent me a link to Michael's story we're + + align:start position:0% +sent me a link to Michael's story we're + + + align:start position:0% +sent me a link to Michael's story we're +going to write a story about you and + + align:start position:0% +going to write a story about you and + + + align:start position:0% +going to write a story about you and +it's a story like this one so one day + + align:start position:0% +it's a story like this one so one day + + + align:start position:0% +it's a story like this one so one day +I'm playing around my LinkedIn and I see + + align:start position:0% +I'm playing around my LinkedIn and I see + + + align:start position:0% +I'm playing around my LinkedIn and I see +an invitation from Michael I'm like wait + + align:start position:0% +an invitation from Michael I'm like wait + + + align:start position:0% +an invitation from Michael I'm like wait +I know this gentleman so I accept the + + align:start position:0% +I know this gentleman so I accept the + + + align:start position:0% +I know this gentleman so I accept the +invitation then I write him back I'm + + align:start position:0% +invitation then I write him back I'm + + + align:start position:0% +invitation then I write him back I'm +like thank you for inspiring us I saw + + align:start position:0% +like thank you for inspiring us I saw + + + align:start position:0% +like thank you for inspiring us I saw +your story it was a great piece uh thank + + align:start position:0% +your story it was a great piece uh thank + + + align:start position:0% +your story it was a great piece uh thank +you and Michael wrote back like do you + + align:start position:0% +you and Michael wrote back like do you + + + align:start position:0% +you and Michael wrote back like do you +want to get on a call I was like why not + + align:start position:0% +want to get on a call I was like why not + + + align:start position:0% +want to get on a call I was like why not +so we get on a call I remember that day + + align:start position:0% +so we get on a call I remember that day + + + align:start position:0% +so we get on a call I remember that day +my power even went out + + align:start position:0% +my power even went out + + + align:start position:0% +my power even went out +yeah so I had this laptop that had like + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I had this laptop that had like + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I had this laptop that had like +20% battery left I was like either way + + align:start position:0% +20% battery left I was like either way + + + align:start position:0% +20% battery left I was like either way +I'm taking this call if we talk for only + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking this call if we talk for only + + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking this call if we talk for only +like five minutes it's okay so we talk + + align:start position:0% +like five minutes it's okay so we talk + + + align:start position:0% +like five minutes it's okay so we talk +Michael was it blew my mind that this + + align:start position:0% +Michael was it blew my mind that this + + + align:start position:0% +Michael was it blew my mind that this +was this person across the continent but + + align:start position:0% +was this person across the continent but + + + align:start position:0% +was this person across the continent but +then as we kept talking we found that we + + align:start position:0% +then as we kept talking we found that we + + + align:start position:0% +then as we kept talking we found that we +have similar interests we both have a + + align:start position:0% +have similar interests we both have a + + + align:start position:0% +have similar interests we both have a +background in arts we both L philosophy + + align:start position:0% +background in arts we both L philosophy + + + align:start position:0% +background in arts we both L philosophy +and psychology we are both on this + + align:start position:0% +and psychology we are both on this + + + align:start position:0% +and psychology we are both on this +journey to kind of transition our + + align:start position:0% +journey to kind of transition our + + + align:start position:0% +journey to kind of transition our +careers were both and it was just + + align:start position:0% +careers were both and it was just + + + align:start position:0% +careers were both and it was just +mind-blowing to me and that this what + + align:start position:0% +mind-blowing to me and that this what + + + align:start position:0% +mind-blowing to me and that this what +brought all this together was this + + align:start position:0% +brought all this together was this + + + align:start position:0% +brought all this together was this +platform this ocw platform and since + + align:start position:0% +platform this ocw platform and since + + + align:start position:0% +platform this ocw platform and since +then we've been talking almost every + + align:start position:0% +then we've been talking almost every + + + align:start position:0% +then we've been talking almost every +week here at ocw we love how open + + align:start position:0% +week here at ocw we love how open + + + align:start position:0% +week here at ocw we love how open +learning and open education can forge + + align:start position:0% +learning and open education can forge + + + align:start position:0% +learning and open education can forge +the kinds of relationships that Michael + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of relationships that Michael + + + align:start position:0% +the kinds of relationships that Michael +and Emanuel have it inspired an idea how + + align:start position:0% +and Emanuel have it inspired an idea how + + + align:start position:0% +and Emanuel have it inspired an idea how +could we amplify this community-building + + align:start position:0% +could we amplify this community-building + + + align:start position:0% +could we amplify this community-building +effect of open learning to even more + + align:start position:0% +effect of open learning to even more + + + align:start position:0% +effect of open learning to even more +people and so a new podcast was + + align:start position:0% +people and so a new podcast was + + + align:start position:0% +people and so a new podcast was +born we are just trying to do or give + + align:start position:0% +born we are just trying to do or give + + + align:start position:0% +born we are just trying to do or give +people what me and Michael + + align:start position:0% +people what me and Michael + + + align:start position:0% +people what me and Michael +experienced like these were two people + + align:start position:0% +experienced like these were two people + + + align:start position:0% +experienced like these were two people +from two separate continents other side + + align:start position:0% +from two separate continents other side + + + align:start position:0% +from two separate continents other side +of the world ours apart but then you get + + align:start position:0% +of the world ours apart but then you get + + + align:start position:0% +of the world ours apart but then you get +to talking and then you find you kind of + + align:start position:0% +to talking and then you find you kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to talking and then you find you kind of +have similar interests and now you get + + align:start position:0% +have similar interests and now you get + + + align:start position:0% +have similar interests and now you get +to know this person and then you get to + + align:start position:0% +to know this person and then you get to + + + align:start position:0% +to know this person and then you get to +start this commune with this person they + + align:start position:0% +start this commune with this person they + + + align:start position:0% +start this commune with this person they +become your friend they become your + + align:start position:0% +become your friend they become your + + + align:start position:0% +become your friend they become your +mentor they become your colleague + + align:start position:0% +mentor they become your colleague + + + align:start position:0% +mentor they become your colleague +building that community and that + + align:start position:0% +building that community and that + + + align:start position:0% +building that community and that +connection between Learners across the + + align:start position:0% +connection between Learners across the + + + align:start position:0% +connection between Learners across the +world despite everything despite + + align:start position:0% +world despite everything despite + + + align:start position:0% +world despite everything despite +differentiated + + align:start position:0% +differentiated + + + align:start position:0% +differentiated +context and different you know + + align:start position:0% +context and different you know + + + align:start position:0% +context and different you know +Lifestyles all these things that people + + align:start position:0% +Lifestyles all these things that people + + + align:start position:0% +Lifestyles all these things that people +are still fundamentally the same and + + align:start position:0% +are still fundamentally the same and + + + align:start position:0% +are still fundamentally the same and +going through the same struggles going + + align:start position:0% +going through the same struggles going + + + align:start position:0% +going through the same struggles going +through the same self-doubts When + + align:start position:0% +through the same self-doubts When + + + align:start position:0% +through the same self-doubts When +approaching learning really giv giving a + + align:start position:0% +approaching learning really giv giving a + + + align:start position:0% +approaching learning really giv giving a +platform for people to continue to share + + align:start position:0% +platform for people to continue to share + + + align:start position:0% +platform for people to continue to share +their stories and + + align:start position:0% +their stories and + + + align:start position:0% +their stories and +hopefully that will serve as + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that will serve as + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully that will serve as +inspiration along the way for other + + align:start position:0% +inspiration along the way for other + + + align:start position:0% +inspiration along the way for other +Learners right just + + align:start position:0% +Learners right just + + + align:start position:0% +Learners right just +another support system to know that + + align:start position:0% +another support system to know that + + + align:start position:0% +another support system to know that +you're not alone in this journey when + + align:start position:0% +you're not alone in this journey when + + + align:start position:0% +you're not alone in this journey when +you're going to learn it's about the + + align:start position:0% +you're going to learn it's about the + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to learn it's about the +people that you can go along with + + align:start position:0% +people that you can go along with + + + align:start position:0% +people that you can go along with +because in schools that's easy you're + + align:start position:0% +because in schools that's easy you're + + + align:start position:0% +because in schools that's easy you're +all in one Community you're in one space + + align:start position:0% +all in one Community you're in one space + + + align:start position:0% +all in one Community you're in one space +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +but online learning and open learning as + + align:start position:0% +but online learning and open learning as + + + align:start position:0% +but online learning and open learning as +a whole it's kind of vague and it's not + + align:start position:0% +a whole it's kind of vague and it's not + + + align:start position:0% +a whole it's kind of vague and it's not +so clear written but in school you know + + align:start position:0% +so clear written but in school you know + + + align:start position:0% +so clear written but in school you know +I'm in class with 70 people you know so + + align:start position:0% +I'm in class with 70 people you know so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm in class with 70 people you know so +that's what we're trying to give people + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're trying to give people + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're trying to give people +with this open learning platform also + + align:start position:0% +with this open learning platform also + + + align:start position:0% +with this open learning platform also +maybe learning in your culture is an act + + align:start position:0% +maybe learning in your culture is an act + + + align:start position:0% +maybe learning in your culture is an act +of defiance right you know + + align:start position:0% +of defiance right you know + + + align:start position:0% +of defiance right you know +especially given the global context not + + align:start position:0% +especially given the global context not + + + align:start position:0% +especially given the global context not +everybody can just openly learn whatever + + align:start position:0% +everybody can just openly learn whatever + + + align:start position:0% +everybody can just openly learn whatever +they want and I think an inspiration for + + align:start position:0% +they want and I think an inspiration for + + + align:start position:0% +they want and I think an inspiration for +change we are looking at talking to + + align:start position:0% +change we are looking at talking to + + + align:start position:0% +change we are looking at talking to +people from every continent every + + align:start position:0% +people from every continent every + + + align:start position:0% +people from every continent every +background every culture whichever + + align:start position:0% +background every culture whichever + + + align:start position:0% +background every culture whichever +tradition is constrained those who can + + align:start position:0% +tradition is constrained those who can + + + align:start position:0% +tradition is constrained those who can +learn those who can't learn just to make + + align:start position:0% +learn those who can't learn just to make + + + align:start position:0% +learn those who can't learn just to make +them know that whatever it is you're + + align:start position:0% +them know that whatever it is you're + + + align:start position:0% +them know that whatever it is you're +going through it's scary yes but you're + + align:start position:0% +going through it's scary yes but you're + + + align:start position:0% +going through it's scary yes but you're +not alone he's another person from the + + align:start position:0% +not alone he's another person from the + + + align:start position:0% +not alone he's another person from the +other side of the continent who went + + align:start position:0% +other side of the continent who went + + + align:start position:0% +other side of the continent who went +through the same thing and they made it + + align:start position:0% +through the same thing and they made it + + + align:start position:0% +through the same thing and they made it +and it was okay and we just want you to + + align:start position:0% +and it was okay and we just want you to + + + align:start position:0% +and it was okay and we just want you to +know that and that's the purpose of open + + align:start position:0% +know that and that's the purpose of open + + + align:start position:0% +know that and that's the purpose of open +learning + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you're interested in sharing your + + align:start position:0% +if you're interested in sharing your + + + align:start position:0% +if you're interested in sharing your +open learning story with Michael and + + align:start position:0% +open learning story with Michael and + + + align:start position:0% +open learning story with Michael and +Emanuel and maybe being featured on + + align:start position:0% +Emanuel and maybe being featured on + + + align:start position:0% +Emanuel and maybe being featured on +their upcoming podcast please send them + + align:start position:0% +their upcoming podcast please send them + + + align:start position:0% +their upcoming podcast please send them +an email at open Learners corod mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +an email at open Learners corod mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +an email at open Learners corod mit.edu +we are so excited to launch this special + + align:start position:0% +we are so excited to launch this special + + + align:start position:0% +we are so excited to launch this special +season and to share more stories like + + align:start position:0% +season and to share more stories like + + + align:start position:0% +season and to share more stories like +Michael and emanuels with the world so + + align:start position:0% +Michael and emanuels with the world so + + + align:start position:0% +Michael and emanuels with the world so +stay tuned to this podcast feed for + + align:start position:0% +stay tuned to this podcast feed for + + + align:start position:0% +stay tuned to this podcast feed for +updates thank you so much for listening + + align:start position:0% +updates thank you so much for listening + + + align:start position:0% +updates thank you so much for listening +until next time siging off from + + align:start position:0% +until next time siging off from + + + align:start position:0% +until next time siging off from +Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host + + + align:start position:0% +Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host +Sarah Hansen from MIT open courseware + + align:start position:0% +Sarah Hansen from MIT open courseware + + + align:start position:0% +Sarah Hansen from MIT open courseware +MIT Chuck radio's producers include + + align:start position:0% +MIT Chuck radio's producers include + + + align:start position:0% +MIT Chuck radio's producers include +myself Brett POI and Dave Lansky show + + align:start position:0% +myself Brett POI and Dave Lansky show + + + align:start position:0% +myself Brett POI and Dave Lansky show +notes for this episode were written by + + align:start position:0% +notes for this episode were written by + + + align:start position:0% +notes for this episode were written by +Peter Chipman Jason player made our + + align:start position:0% +Peter Chipman Jason player made our + + + align:start position:0% +Peter Chipman Jason player made our +episode cassette animation on YouTube + + align:start position:0% +episode cassette animation on YouTube + + + align:start position:0% +episode cassette animation on YouTube +We're funded by MIT open learning and + + align:start position:0% +We're funded by MIT open learning and + + + align:start position:0% +We're funded by MIT open learning and +supporters like you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jejZMh_-geI.txt b/jejZMh_-geI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df7848d44f61b7b6b7aa169d7f5719ba90b4d736 --- /dev/null +++ b/jejZMh_-geI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4019 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we all think we know what numbers are we + + align:start position:0% +we all think we know what numbers are we + + + align:start position:0% +we all think we know what numbers are we +use them every day + + align:start position:0% +use them every day + + + align:start position:0% +use them every day +but very quickly you get into some real + + align:start position:0% +but very quickly you get into some real + + + align:start position:0% +but very quickly you get into some real +mathematical questions that aren't + + align:start position:0% +mathematical questions that aren't + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical questions that aren't +buried at the end of some course they're + + align:start position:0% +buried at the end of some course they're + + + align:start position:0% +buried at the end of some course they're +right on the surface + + align:start position:0% +right on the surface + + + align:start position:0% +right on the surface +hi my name is Paige bright and I'm a + + align:start position:0% +hi my name is Paige bright and I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +hi my name is Paige bright and I'm a +junior studying mathematics at MIT and + + align:start position:0% +junior studying mathematics at MIT and + + + align:start position:0% +junior studying mathematics at MIT and +I'll be your guest host for today's + + align:start position:0% +I'll be your guest host for today's + + + align:start position:0% +I'll be your guest host for today's +episode of chalk radio + + align:start position:0% +episode of chalk radio + + + align:start position:0% +episode of chalk radio +for this episode I sat down with + + align:start position:0% +for this episode I sat down with + + + align:start position:0% +for this episode I sat down with +Professor Haynes Miller + + align:start position:0% +Professor Haynes Miller + + + align:start position:0% +Professor Haynes Miller +I'm a professor now emeritus of + + align:start position:0% +I'm a professor now emeritus of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a professor now emeritus of +mathematics at MIT I got here in 1986 a + + align:start position:0% +mathematics at MIT I got here in 1986 a + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics at MIT I got here in 1986 a +long time ago I've taught a lot of + + align:start position:0% +long time ago I've taught a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +long time ago I've taught a lot of +subjects to undergraduates especially + + align:start position:0% +subjects to undergraduates especially + + + align:start position:0% +subjects to undergraduates especially +1803 differential equations and I hope + + align:start position:0% +1803 differential equations and I hope + + + align:start position:0% +1803 differential equations and I hope +we have a chance to talk about that + + align:start position:0% +we have a chance to talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +we have a chance to talk about that +that's who I am + + align:start position:0% +that's who I am + + + align:start position:0% +that's who I am +I first met with Haynes when he was my + + align:start position:0% +I first met with Haynes when he was my + + + align:start position:0% +I first met with Haynes when he was my +instructor for a special first year + + align:start position:0% +instructor for a special first year + + + align:start position:0% +instructor for a special first year +seminar at MIT I'll let Haynes tell you + + align:start position:0% +seminar at MIT I'll let Haynes tell you + + + align:start position:0% +seminar at MIT I'll let Haynes tell you +more about these seminars he facilitated + + align:start position:0% +more about these seminars he facilitated + + + align:start position:0% +more about these seminars he facilitated +MIT has a wonderful series of classes + + align:start position:0% +MIT has a wonderful series of classes + + + align:start position:0% +MIT has a wonderful series of classes +called first year advising seminars + + align:start position:0% +called first year advising seminars + + + align:start position:0% +called first year advising seminars +these are small seminars maybe eight + + align:start position:0% +these are small seminars maybe eight + + + align:start position:0% +these are small seminars maybe eight +students the seminar that you and I were + + align:start position:0% +students the seminar that you and I were + + + align:start position:0% +students the seminar that you and I were +in page was unusual because this was the + + align:start position:0% +in page was unusual because this was the + + + align:start position:0% +in page was unusual because this was the +first fall of the pandemic so it was + + align:start position:0% +first fall of the pandemic so it was + + + align:start position:0% +first fall of the pandemic so it was +entirely remote very interesting we had + + align:start position:0% +entirely remote very interesting we had + + + align:start position:0% +entirely remote very interesting we had +many time zones represented one student + + align:start position:0% +many time zones represented one student + + + align:start position:0% +many time zones represented one student +was calling in from Vietnam another from + + align:start position:0% +was calling in from Vietnam another from + + + align:start position:0% +was calling in from Vietnam another from +Kuwait another from Nepal and places in + + align:start position:0% +Kuwait another from Nepal and places in + + + align:start position:0% +Kuwait another from Nepal and places in +the U.S and it was the most successful + + align:start position:0% +the U.S and it was the most successful + + + align:start position:0% +the U.S and it was the most successful +seminar that I've run because it was a + + align:start position:0% +seminar that I've run because it was a + + + align:start position:0% +seminar that I've run because it was a +chance for students to interact on a + + align:start position:0% +chance for students to interact on a + + + align:start position:0% +chance for students to interact on a +personal level with their peers even + + align:start position:0% +personal level with their peers even + + + align:start position:0% +personal level with their peers even +though they were halfway across the + + align:start position:0% +though they were halfway across the + + + align:start position:0% +though they were halfway across the +world + + align:start position:0% +world + + + align:start position:0% +world +one of the most important aspects of + + align:start position:0% +one of the most important aspects of + + + align:start position:0% +one of the most important aspects of +these first year advising seminars is + + align:start position:0% +these first year advising seminars is + + + align:start position:0% +these first year advising seminars is +his focus on communication and + + align:start position:0% +his focus on communication and + + + align:start position:0% +his focus on communication and +Mathematics the seminars start by asking + + align:start position:0% +Mathematics the seminars start by asking + + + align:start position:0% +Mathematics the seminars start by asking +a simple question that hooks and + + align:start position:0% +a simple question that hooks and + + + align:start position:0% +a simple question that hooks and +mathematicians of any background like + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians of any background like + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians of any background like +how do you define symmetry or what is a + + align:start position:0% +how do you define symmetry or what is a + + + align:start position:0% +how do you define symmetry or what is a +number and in the end covers complex + + align:start position:0% +number and in the end covers complex + + + align:start position:0% +number and in the end covers complex +mathematical topics like modulus bases + + align:start position:0% +mathematical topics like modulus bases + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical topics like modulus bases +and surreal numbers + + align:start position:0% +and surreal numbers + + + align:start position:0% +and surreal numbers +part of what makes haynes's classes so + + align:start position:0% +part of what makes haynes's classes so + + + align:start position:0% +part of what makes haynes's classes so +compelling is his focus on the ways we + + align:start position:0% +compelling is his focus on the ways we + + + align:start position:0% +compelling is his focus on the ways we +communicate as mathematicians + + align:start position:0% +communicate as mathematicians + + + align:start position:0% +communicate as mathematicians +in a way I envy my engineering + + align:start position:0% +in a way I envy my engineering + + + align:start position:0% +in a way I envy my engineering +colleagues because they produce + + align:start position:0% +colleagues because they produce + + + align:start position:0% +colleagues because they produce +artifacts they produce actual physical + + align:start position:0% +artifacts they produce actual physical + + + align:start position:0% +artifacts they produce actual physical +things and my lab science colleagues do + + align:start position:0% +things and my lab science colleagues do + + + align:start position:0% +things and my lab science colleagues do +the same thing they interact in + + align:start position:0% +the same thing they interact in + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing they interact in +complicated ways with the world + + align:start position:0% +complicated ways with the world + + + align:start position:0% +complicated ways with the world +mathematicians all we have is + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians all we have is + + + align:start position:0% +mathematicians all we have is +communication all we have is the writing + + align:start position:0% +communication all we have is the writing + + + align:start position:0% +communication all we have is the writing +that we do we publish and we try to + + align:start position:0% +that we do we publish and we try to + + + align:start position:0% +that we do we publish and we try to +explain our ideas and there isn't any + + align:start position:0% +explain our ideas and there isn't any + + + align:start position:0% +explain our ideas and there isn't any +physical object that we produce so + + align:start position:0% +physical object that we produce so + + + align:start position:0% +physical object that we produce so +communicating is the whole game in + + align:start position:0% +communicating is the whole game in + + + align:start position:0% +communicating is the whole game in +mathematics in a way + + align:start position:0% +mathematics in a way + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics in a way +given that communicating math is so + + align:start position:0% +given that communicating math is so + + + align:start position:0% +given that communicating math is so +integral in haynes's teaching and + + align:start position:0% +integral in haynes's teaching and + + + align:start position:0% +integral in haynes's teaching and +research I was curious how he thinks + + align:start position:0% +research I was curious how he thinks + + + align:start position:0% +research I was curious how he thinks +about it what's his approach + + align:start position:0% +about it what's his approach + + + align:start position:0% +about it what's his approach +whenever you're writing or communicating + + align:start position:0% +whenever you're writing or communicating + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you're writing or communicating +the the main thing is to keep your + + align:start position:0% +the the main thing is to keep your + + + align:start position:0% +the the main thing is to keep your +audience in mind who are you talking to + + align:start position:0% +audience in mind who are you talking to + + + align:start position:0% +audience in mind who are you talking to +where are they what is their background + + align:start position:0% +where are they what is their background + + + align:start position:0% +where are they what is their background +interest uh why are they there what is + + align:start position:0% +interest uh why are they there what is + + + align:start position:0% +interest uh why are they there what is +their background knowledge and when + + align:start position:0% +their background knowledge and when + + + align:start position:0% +their background knowledge and when +you're teaching that's Paramount + + align:start position:0% +you're teaching that's Paramount + + + align:start position:0% +you're teaching that's Paramount +importance so when I was teaching + + align:start position:0% +importance so when I was teaching + + + align:start position:0% +importance so when I was teaching +differential equations 1803 I always had + + align:start position:0% +differential equations 1803 I always had + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations 1803 I always had +in mind that I was teaching mainly + + align:start position:0% +in mind that I was teaching mainly + + + align:start position:0% +in mind that I was teaching mainly +engineers and there were some science + + align:start position:0% +engineers and there were some science + + + align:start position:0% +engineers and there were some science +majors and some math majors in my + + align:start position:0% +majors and some math majors in my + + + align:start position:0% +majors and some math majors in my +audience but for them this was often as + + align:start position:0% +audience but for them this was often as + + + align:start position:0% +audience but for them this was often as +close to an engineering course as they + + align:start position:0% +close to an engineering course as they + + + align:start position:0% +close to an engineering course as they +were going to see here at MIT so I tried + + align:start position:0% +were going to see here at MIT so I tried + + + align:start position:0% +were going to see here at MIT so I tried +very hard to use engineering language in + + align:start position:0% +very hard to use engineering language in + + + align:start position:0% +very hard to use engineering language in +fact one of the things that I would do + + align:start position:0% +fact one of the things that I would do + + + align:start position:0% +fact one of the things that I would do +was to invite an engineer into the + + align:start position:0% +was to invite an engineer into the + + + align:start position:0% +was to invite an engineer into the +classroom one day during the semester + + align:start position:0% +classroom one day during the semester + + + align:start position:0% +classroom one day during the semester +and we would talk the talk with each + + align:start position:0% +and we would talk the talk with each + + + align:start position:0% +and we would talk the talk with each +other we'd use the language that we'd + + align:start position:0% +other we'd use the language that we'd + + + align:start position:0% +other we'd use the language that we'd +been developing in the class and it + + align:start position:0% +been developing in the class and it + + + align:start position:0% +been developing in the class and it +became clear to the students that this + + align:start position:0% +became clear to the students that this + + + align:start position:0% +became clear to the students that this +was real this was the language that + + align:start position:0% +was real this was the language that + + + align:start position:0% +was real this was the language that +Engineers used of course the engineers + + align:start position:0% +Engineers used of course the engineers + + + align:start position:0% +Engineers used of course the engineers +always knew much more about the kind of + + align:start position:0% +always knew much more about the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +always knew much more about the kind of +systems and signals language than I was + + align:start position:0% +systems and signals language than I was + + + align:start position:0% +systems and signals language than I was +talking about so I formed a kind of + + align:start position:0% +talking about so I formed a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +talking about so I formed a kind of +translating device between the students + + align:start position:0% +translating device between the students + + + align:start position:0% +translating device between the students +who knew little and the engineers who + + align:start position:0% +who knew little and the engineers who + + + align:start position:0% +who knew little and the engineers who +knew a great deal + + align:start position:0% +knew a great deal + + + align:start position:0% +knew a great deal +so let's talk for a minute about this + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk for a minute about this + + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk for a minute about this +class that Hans is referring to + + align:start position:0% +class that Hans is referring to + + + align:start position:0% +class that Hans is referring to +differential equations or 1803 the study + + align:start position:0% +differential equations or 1803 the study + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations or 1803 the study +of differential equations is the study + + align:start position:0% +of differential equations is the study + + + align:start position:0% +of differential equations is the study +of how small changes in a function or + + align:start position:0% +of how small changes in a function or + + + align:start position:0% +of how small changes in a function or +derivatives impact the function itself + + align:start position:0% +derivatives impact the function itself + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives impact the function itself +for instance how does heating a metallic + + align:start position:0% +for instance how does heating a metallic + + + align:start position:0% +for instance how does heating a metallic +Rod at one point affect the temperature + + align:start position:0% +Rod at one point affect the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +Rod at one point affect the temperature +of the rod everywhere + + align:start position:0% +of the rod everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +of the rod everywhere +in a class like 1803 one hopes to + + align:start position:0% +in a class like 1803 one hopes to + + + align:start position:0% +in a class like 1803 one hopes to +systematically understand these types of + + align:start position:0% +systematically understand these types of + + + align:start position:0% +systematically understand these types of +problems but Haynes has a bit of a + + align:start position:0% +problems but Haynes has a bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +problems but Haynes has a bit of a +different approach to teaching + + align:start position:0% +different approach to teaching + + + align:start position:0% +different approach to teaching +differential equations one that changes + + align:start position:0% +differential equations one that changes + + + align:start position:0% +differential equations one that changes +how students think about functions as a + + align:start position:0% +how students think about functions as a + + + align:start position:0% +how students think about functions as a +whole + + align:start position:0% +whole + + + align:start position:0% +whole +students come into a differential + + align:start position:0% +students come into a differential + + + align:start position:0% +students come into a differential +equations course and they've seen + + align:start position:0% +equations course and they've seen + + + align:start position:0% +equations course and they've seen +calculus and they're getting used to the + + align:start position:0% +calculus and they're getting used to the + + + align:start position:0% +calculus and they're getting used to the +idea of a function but still for many of + + align:start position:0% +idea of a function but still for many of + + + align:start position:0% +idea of a function but still for many of +them a function it's a complicated thing + + align:start position:0% +them a function it's a complicated thing + + + align:start position:0% +them a function it's a complicated thing +it has many parts there's many input + + align:start position:0% +it has many parts there's many input + + + align:start position:0% +it has many parts there's many input +values and each one has an output value + + align:start position:0% +values and each one has an output value + + + align:start position:0% +values and each one has an output value +it's a complicated thing and what + + align:start position:0% +it's a complicated thing and what + + + align:start position:0% +it's a complicated thing and what +happens in the course of a differential + + align:start position:0% +happens in the course of a differential + + + align:start position:0% +happens in the course of a differential +equations course is you come to think of + + align:start position:0% +equations course is you come to think of + + + align:start position:0% +equations course is you come to think of +a function as a single thing it's a + + align:start position:0% +a function as a single thing it's a + + + align:start position:0% +a function as a single thing it's a +composite thing it has smaller parts but + + align:start position:0% +composite thing it has smaller parts but + + + align:start position:0% +composite thing it has smaller parts but +you think of it as a single object + + align:start position:0% +you think of it as a single object + + + align:start position:0% +you think of it as a single object +that process of collecting a group of + + align:start position:0% +that process of collecting a group of + + + align:start position:0% +that process of collecting a group of +things and coalescing them into a single + + align:start position:0% +things and coalescing them into a single + + + align:start position:0% +things and coalescing them into a single +object that's a fundamental mathematical + + align:start position:0% +object that's a fundamental mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +object that's a fundamental mathematical +operation that you can see in action + + align:start position:0% +operation that you can see in action + + + align:start position:0% +operation that you can see in action +already very clearly in a differential + + align:start position:0% +already very clearly in a differential + + + align:start position:0% +already very clearly in a differential +equations course and it's one of the + + align:start position:0% +equations course and it's one of the + + + align:start position:0% +equations course and it's one of the +main skills that I hope students Come + + align:start position:0% +main skills that I hope students Come + + + align:start position:0% +main skills that I hope students Come +Away with from taking a course like this + + align:start position:0% +Away with from taking a course like this + + + align:start position:0% +Away with from taking a course like this +they think of a function as a single + + align:start position:0% +they think of a function as a single + + + align:start position:0% +they think of a function as a single +object that you can manipulate you can + + align:start position:0% +object that you can manipulate you can + + + align:start position:0% +object that you can manipulate you can +compare two of them because one is the + + align:start position:0% +compare two of them because one is the + + + align:start position:0% +compare two of them because one is the +derivative of another or they enter into + + align:start position:0% +derivative of another or they enter into + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of another or they enter into +a differential equation together + + align:start position:0% +a differential equation together + + + align:start position:0% +a differential equation together +foreign + + align:start position:0% +foreign + + + align:start position:0% +foreign +get too deep into the math here I want + + align:start position:0% +get too deep into the math here I want + + + align:start position:0% +get too deep into the math here I want +to take a minute to focus on haines's + + align:start position:0% +to take a minute to focus on haines's + + + align:start position:0% +to take a minute to focus on haines's +Innovative approach to teaching I asked + + align:start position:0% +Innovative approach to teaching I asked + + + align:start position:0% +Innovative approach to teaching I asked +him about how he makes math not just + + align:start position:0% +him about how he makes math not just + + + align:start position:0% +him about how he makes math not just +comprehensible but also engaging for + + align:start position:0% +comprehensible but also engaging for + + + align:start position:0% +comprehensible but also engaging for +students + + align:start position:0% +students + + + align:start position:0% +students +we human beings are most of us are + + align:start position:0% +we human beings are most of us are + + + align:start position:0% +we human beings are most of us are +equipped we're all equipped with a + + align:start position:0% +equipped we're all equipped with a + + + align:start position:0% +equipped we're all equipped with a +visual cortex we're all equipped with an + + align:start position:0% +visual cortex we're all equipped with an + + + align:start position:0% +visual cortex we're all equipped with an +extremely highly developed elaborate and + + align:start position:0% +extremely highly developed elaborate and + + + align:start position:0% +extremely highly developed elaborate and +sophisticated visual system even if + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated visual system even if + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated visual system even if +we're blind that system is still at work + + align:start position:0% +we're blind that system is still at work + + + align:start position:0% +we're blind that system is still at work +in our brain it's still available in our + + align:start position:0% +in our brain it's still available in our + + + align:start position:0% +in our brain it's still available in our +brain and what does it do + + align:start position:0% +brain and what does it do + + + align:start position:0% +brain and what does it do +an infant looks around in the world and + + align:start position:0% +an infant looks around in the world and + + + align:start position:0% +an infant looks around in the world and +sees a million pixels sees a million + + align:start position:0% +sees a million pixels sees a million + + + align:start position:0% +sees a million pixels sees a million +spots of color + + align:start position:0% +spots of color + + + align:start position:0% +spots of color +but one of the first operations that an + + align:start position:0% +but one of the first operations that an + + + align:start position:0% +but one of the first operations that an +infant performs in growing up is + + align:start position:0% +infant performs in growing up is + + + align:start position:0% +infant performs in growing up is +learning the notion of an object putting + + align:start position:0% +learning the notion of an object putting + + + align:start position:0% +learning the notion of an object putting +together a collection of pixels and + + align:start position:0% +together a collection of pixels and + + + align:start position:0% +together a collection of pixels and +seeing that they constitute an object + + align:start position:0% +seeing that they constitute an object + + + align:start position:0% +seeing that they constitute an object +that has its own identity so that our + + align:start position:0% +that has its own identity so that our + + + align:start position:0% +that has its own identity so that our +visual cortex is really well suited to + + align:start position:0% +visual cortex is really well suited to + + + align:start position:0% +visual cortex is really well suited to +doing exactly this operation of + + align:start position:0% +doing exactly this operation of + + + align:start position:0% +doing exactly this operation of +assembling things and seeing them as a + + align:start position:0% +assembling things and seeing them as a + + + align:start position:0% +assembling things and seeing them as a +single unit it's it's a special feature + + align:start position:0% +single unit it's it's a special feature + + + align:start position:0% +single unit it's it's a special feature +that we have in our brain so one of the + + align:start position:0% +that we have in our brain so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +that we have in our brain so one of the +things that I did to help students make + + align:start position:0% +things that I did to help students make + + + align:start position:0% +things that I did to help students make +this step in the differential equations + + align:start position:0% +this step in the differential equations + + + align:start position:0% +this step in the differential equations +course was to create a series of + + align:start position:0% +course was to create a series of + + + align:start position:0% +course was to create a series of +computer manipulatives I call them + + align:start position:0% +computer manipulatives I call them + + + align:start position:0% +computer manipulatives I call them +programs you can find them on the web at + + align:start position:0% +programs you can find them on the web at + + + align:start position:0% +programs you can find them on the web at +mathlets.org and they display functions + + align:start position:0% +mathlets.org and they display functions + + + align:start position:0% +mathlets.org and they display functions +as units and they show how the functions + + align:start position:0% +as units and they show how the functions + + + align:start position:0% +as units and they show how the functions +will change when you change parameters + + align:start position:0% +will change when you change parameters + + + align:start position:0% +will change when you change parameters +they show you the relationship between + + align:start position:0% +they show you the relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +they show you the relationship between +functions that participate in a + + align:start position:0% +functions that participate in a + + + align:start position:0% +functions that participate in a +differential equation + + align:start position:0% +differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation +and I think that for many students + + align:start position:0% +and I think that for many students + + + align:start position:0% +and I think that for many students +seeing the graph visually seeing the + + align:start position:0% +seeing the graph visually seeing the + + + align:start position:0% +seeing the graph visually seeing the +graph of a function is a huge asset in + + align:start position:0% +graph of a function is a huge asset in + + + align:start position:0% +graph of a function is a huge asset in +making them see a see this as a single + + align:start position:0% +making them see a see this as a single + + + align:start position:0% +making them see a see this as a single +object + + align:start position:0% +object + + + align:start position:0% +object +and keeping with his work helping + + align:start position:0% +and keeping with his work helping + + + align:start position:0% +and keeping with his work helping +students visualize differential + + align:start position:0% +students visualize differential + + + align:start position:0% +students visualize differential +equations Haynes noticed that there was + + align:start position:0% +equations Haynes noticed that there was + + + align:start position:0% +equations Haynes noticed that there was +a big part of the academic experience + + align:start position:0% +a big part of the academic experience + + + align:start position:0% +a big part of the academic experience +that was missing a mathematical element + + align:start position:0% +that was missing a mathematical element + + + align:start position:0% +that was missing a mathematical element +Beyond visualization lab work + + align:start position:0% +Beyond visualization lab work + + + align:start position:0% +Beyond visualization lab work +MIT has a general Institute requirement + + align:start position:0% +MIT has a general Institute requirement + + + align:start position:0% +MIT has a general Institute requirement +all undergraduates are required to take + + align:start position:0% +all undergraduates are required to take + + + align:start position:0% +all undergraduates are required to take +a course that has a designation as a lab + + align:start position:0% +a course that has a designation as a lab + + + align:start position:0% +a course that has a designation as a lab +course + + align:start position:0% +course + + + align:start position:0% +course +historically mathematics didn't have a + + align:start position:0% +historically mathematics didn't have a + + + align:start position:0% +historically mathematics didn't have a +lab course the the wisdom was that how + + align:start position:0% +lab course the the wisdom was that how + + + align:start position:0% +lab course the the wisdom was that how +could you have a laboratory in + + align:start position:0% +could you have a laboratory in + + + align:start position:0% +could you have a laboratory in +mathematics there is no artifact but I + + align:start position:0% +mathematics there is no artifact but I + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics there is no artifact but I +felt that mathematics is a science we + + align:start position:0% +felt that mathematics is a science we + + + align:start position:0% +felt that mathematics is a science we +employ the scientific method we collect + + align:start position:0% +employ the scientific method we collect + + + align:start position:0% +employ the scientific method we collect +data perhaps by doing examples perhaps + + align:start position:0% +data perhaps by doing examples perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +data perhaps by doing examples perhaps +by computer we form hypotheses maybe we + + align:start position:0% +by computer we form hypotheses maybe we + + + align:start position:0% +by computer we form hypotheses maybe we +call them conjectures and we try to get + + align:start position:0% +call them conjectures and we try to get + + + align:start position:0% +call them conjectures and we try to get +evidence for them our evidence typically + + align:start position:0% +evidence for them our evidence typically + + + align:start position:0% +evidence for them our evidence typically +is called a proof + + align:start position:0% +is called a proof + + + align:start position:0% +is called a proof +there's not a bench with lab equipment + + align:start position:0% +there's not a bench with lab equipment + + + align:start position:0% +there's not a bench with lab equipment +on it that people are working on + + align:start position:0% +on it that people are working on + + + align:start position:0% +on it that people are working on +together but there is the Blackboard or + + align:start position:0% +together but there is the Blackboard or + + + align:start position:0% +together but there is the Blackboard or +the Whiteboard or the tablet these days + + align:start position:0% +the Whiteboard or the tablet these days + + + align:start position:0% +the Whiteboard or the tablet these days +and of Zoom where people are are working + + align:start position:0% +and of Zoom where people are are working + + + align:start position:0% +and of Zoom where people are are working +in parallel + + align:start position:0% +in parallel + + + align:start position:0% +in parallel +so together with his colleague in the + + align:start position:0% +so together with his colleague in the + + + align:start position:0% +so together with his colleague in the +math department Professor Michael arton + + align:start position:0% +math department Professor Michael arton + + + align:start position:0% +math department Professor Michael arton +Haynes pulled together a series of small + + align:start position:0% +Haynes pulled together a series of small + + + align:start position:0% +Haynes pulled together a series of small +open-ended research projects that + + align:start position:0% +open-ended research projects that + + + align:start position:0% +open-ended research projects that +undergraduate students could work on to + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate students could work on to + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate students could work on to +fulfill their lab requirement in a math + + align:start position:0% +fulfill their lab requirement in a math + + + align:start position:0% +fulfill their lab requirement in a math +focused environment this led to the + + align:start position:0% +focused environment this led to the + + + align:start position:0% +focused environment this led to the +creation of a class entitled the project + + align:start position:0% +creation of a class entitled the project + + + align:start position:0% +creation of a class entitled the project +laboratory in mathematics + + align:start position:0% +laboratory in mathematics + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory in mathematics +it's a very high communication kind of + + align:start position:0% +it's a very high communication kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it's a very high communication kind of +course but it also gives a pretty honest + + align:start position:0% +course but it also gives a pretty honest + + + align:start position:0% +course but it also gives a pretty honest +introduction to the research process in + + align:start position:0% +introduction to the research process in + + + align:start position:0% +introduction to the research process in +mathematics it's something that's been + + align:start position:0% +mathematics it's something that's been + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics it's something that's been +useful for students who come to it never + + align:start position:0% +useful for students who come to it never + + + align:start position:0% +useful for students who come to it never +having engaged in any kind of research + + align:start position:0% +having engaged in any kind of research + + + align:start position:0% +having engaged in any kind of research +before it opens their eyes to the notion + + align:start position:0% +before it opens their eyes to the notion + + + align:start position:0% +before it opens their eyes to the notion +that not everything is a textbook + + align:start position:0% +that not everything is a textbook + + + align:start position:0% +that not everything is a textbook +exercise and for people who have had + + align:start position:0% +exercise and for people who have had + + + align:start position:0% +exercise and for people who have had +research experience it's even there also + + align:start position:0% +research experience it's even there also + + + align:start position:0% +research experience it's even there also +it's a great training in teamwork and in + + align:start position:0% +it's a great training in teamwork and in + + + align:start position:0% +it's a great training in teamwork and in +writing in communicating + + align:start position:0% +writing in communicating + + + align:start position:0% +writing in communicating +one part of my conversation with Haynes + + align:start position:0% +one part of my conversation with Haynes + + + align:start position:0% +one part of my conversation with Haynes +that I really loved was this explanation + + align:start position:0% +that I really loved was this explanation + + + align:start position:0% +that I really loved was this explanation +of how teaching these courses led to his + + align:start position:0% +of how teaching these courses led to his + + + align:start position:0% +of how teaching these courses led to his +own understanding of what goes into + + align:start position:0% +own understanding of what goes into + + + align:start position:0% +own understanding of what goes into +effective mass communication + + align:start position:0% +effective mass communication + + + align:start position:0% +effective mass communication +after I got involved with these + + align:start position:0% +after I got involved with these + + + align:start position:0% +after I got involved with these +communication intensive subjects I + + align:start position:0% +communication intensive subjects I + + + align:start position:0% +communication intensive subjects I +became much more aware of the sort of + + align:start position:0% +became much more aware of the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +became much more aware of the sort of +stylistic issues in mathematics writing + + align:start position:0% +stylistic issues in mathematics writing + + + align:start position:0% +stylistic issues in mathematics writing +and I have to say I became a much more + + align:start position:0% +and I have to say I became a much more + + + align:start position:0% +and I have to say I became a much more +severe editor and reviewer and worked + + align:start position:0% +severe editor and reviewer and worked + + + align:start position:0% +severe editor and reviewer and worked +quite hard to help the author use + + align:start position:0% +quite hard to help the author use + + + align:start position:0% +quite hard to help the author use +language correctly and be more careful + + align:start position:0% +language correctly and be more careful + + + align:start position:0% +language correctly and be more careful +about Their audience because it's very + + align:start position:0% +about Their audience because it's very + + + align:start position:0% +about Their audience because it's very +common you know in mathematics to begin + + align:start position:0% +common you know in mathematics to begin + + + align:start position:0% +common you know in mathematics to begin +a paragraph with a statement that comes + + align:start position:0% +a paragraph with a statement that comes + + + align:start position:0% +a paragraph with a statement that comes +out of the blue + + align:start position:0% +out of the blue + + + align:start position:0% +out of the blue +because there's an image that we're + + align:start position:0% +because there's an image that we're + + + align:start position:0% +because there's an image that we're +struck by lightning and we have this + + align:start position:0% +struck by lightning and we have this + + + align:start position:0% +struck by lightning and we have this +inspiration this of course not true + + align:start position:0% +inspiration this of course not true + + + align:start position:0% +inspiration this of course not true +there's a big background to that there's + + align:start position:0% +there's a big background to that there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's a big background to that there's +a lot of a lot of preparation that goes + + align:start position:0% +a lot of a lot of preparation that goes + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of a lot of preparation that goes +into that and writing should be the same + + align:start position:0% +into that and writing should be the same + + + align:start position:0% +into that and writing should be the same +way you build up to a point + + align:start position:0% +way you build up to a point + + + align:start position:0% +way you build up to a point +and then you connect you make the next + + align:start position:0% +and then you connect you make the next + + + align:start position:0% +and then you connect you make the next +step + + align:start position:0% +step + + + align:start position:0% +step +hence it's been collaborating with Susan + + align:start position:0% +hence it's been collaborating with Susan + + + align:start position:0% +hence it's been collaborating with Susan +Ruff a lecturer in writing across the + + align:start position:0% +Ruff a lecturer in writing across the + + + align:start position:0% +Ruff a lecturer in writing across the +curriculum who has been working with the + + align:start position:0% +curriculum who has been working with the + + + align:start position:0% +curriculum who has been working with the +mathematics department and the project + + align:start position:0% +mathematics department and the project + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics department and the project +lab for many years now + + align:start position:0% +lab for many years now + + + align:start position:0% +lab for many years now +Susan Ruff is very clear on the + + align:start position:0% +Susan Ruff is very clear on the + + + align:start position:0% +Susan Ruff is very clear on the +importance of what she calls + + align:start position:0% +importance of what she calls + + + align:start position:0% +importance of what she calls +connectivity which is to say you don't + + align:start position:0% +connectivity which is to say you don't + + + align:start position:0% +connectivity which is to say you don't +introduce a lot of new Concepts + + align:start position:0% +introduce a lot of new Concepts + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a lot of new Concepts +simultaneously you begin where the last + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously you begin where the last + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously you begin where the last +sentence ended and you may take the next + + align:start position:0% +sentence ended and you may take the next + + + align:start position:0% +sentence ended and you may take the next +step and when you think of writing + + align:start position:0% +step and when you think of writing + + + align:start position:0% +step and when you think of writing +mathematics writing in that way you + + align:start position:0% +mathematics writing in that way you + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics writing in that way you +really improve the comprehensibility of + + align:start position:0% +really improve the comprehensibility of + + + align:start position:0% +really improve the comprehensibility of +the writing so I think that my work as + + align:start position:0% +the writing so I think that my work as + + + align:start position:0% +the writing so I think that my work as +an editor and as a reviewer of math + + align:start position:0% +an editor and as a reviewer of math + + + align:start position:0% +an editor and as a reviewer of math +papers has really been influenced by the + + align:start position:0% +papers has really been influenced by the + + + align:start position:0% +papers has really been influenced by the +communication intensive teaching that + + align:start position:0% +communication intensive teaching that + + + align:start position:0% +communication intensive teaching that +I've been involved with here + + align:start position:0% +I've been involved with here + + + align:start position:0% +I've been involved with here +hence his clear intention to constantly + + align:start position:0% +hence his clear intention to constantly + + + align:start position:0% +hence his clear intention to constantly +be improving his teaching is truly + + align:start position:0% +be improving his teaching is truly + + + align:start position:0% +be improving his teaching is truly +remarkable + + align:start position:0% +remarkable + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable +one way he's helped both himself and + + align:start position:0% +one way he's helped both himself and + + + align:start position:0% +one way he's helped both himself and +other instructors develop their teaching + + align:start position:0% +other instructors develop their teaching + + + align:start position:0% +other instructors develop their teaching +skills is through a program he created + + align:start position:0% +skills is through a program he created + + + align:start position:0% +skills is through a program he created +and hosts called the online seminar on + + align:start position:0% +and hosts called the online seminar on + + + align:start position:0% +and hosts called the online seminar on +undergraduate mathematics education or + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate mathematics education or + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduate mathematics education or +ulsum + + align:start position:0% +ulsum + + + align:start position:0% +ulsum +so about six years ago or so I was + + align:start position:0% +so about six years ago or so I was + + + align:start position:0% +so about six years ago or so I was +sitting in a coffee shop with a former + + align:start position:0% +sitting in a coffee shop with a former + + + align:start position:0% +sitting in a coffee shop with a former +postdoc Grace Leo from the math + + align:start position:0% +postdoc Grace Leo from the math + + + align:start position:0% +postdoc Grace Leo from the math +department here and she was making the + + align:start position:0% +department here and she was making the + + + align:start position:0% +department here and she was making the +point that you research universities + + align:start position:0% +point that you research universities + + + align:start position:0% +point that you research universities +like Stanford where she was employed at + + align:start position:0% +like Stanford where she was employed at + + + align:start position:0% +like Stanford where she was employed at +the time at MIT where she used to be + + align:start position:0% +the time at MIT where she used to be + + + align:start position:0% +the time at MIT where she used to be +employed the professors there think hard + + align:start position:0% +employed the professors there think hard + + + align:start position:0% +employed the professors there think hard +about teaching + + align:start position:0% +about teaching + + + align:start position:0% +about teaching +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +they don't talk to each other very much + + align:start position:0% +they don't talk to each other very much + + + align:start position:0% +they don't talk to each other very much +about their thoughts about teaching we + + align:start position:0% +about their thoughts about teaching we + + + align:start position:0% +about their thoughts about teaching we +really don't talk too much with each + + align:start position:0% +really don't talk too much with each + + + align:start position:0% +really don't talk too much with each +other normally within a given faculty + + align:start position:0% +other normally within a given faculty + + + align:start position:0% +other normally within a given faculty +about teaching so we thought well there + + align:start position:0% +about teaching so we thought well there + + + align:start position:0% +about teaching so we thought well there +are these few campuses maybe we should + + align:start position:0% +are these few campuses maybe we should + + + align:start position:0% +are these few campuses maybe we should +have a meeting together but it occurred + + align:start position:0% +have a meeting together but it occurred + + + align:start position:0% +have a meeting together but it occurred +to me that we have zoom which existed + + align:start position:0% +to me that we have zoom which existed + + + align:start position:0% +to me that we have zoom which existed +back before covid believe it or not and + + align:start position:0% +back before covid believe it or not and + + + align:start position:0% +back before covid believe it or not and +we could do this remotely and start up a + + align:start position:0% +we could do this remotely and start up a + + + align:start position:0% +we could do this remotely and start up a +monthly seminar every two weeks actually + + align:start position:0% +monthly seminar every two weeks actually + + + align:start position:0% +monthly seminar every two weeks actually +seminar asking faculty to talk about the + + align:start position:0% +seminar asking faculty to talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +seminar asking faculty to talk about the +teaching initiatives that they'd engaged + + align:start position:0% +teaching initiatives that they'd engaged + + + align:start position:0% +teaching initiatives that they'd engaged +in in their own campus sometimes it was + + align:start position:0% +in in their own campus sometimes it was + + + align:start position:0% +in in their own campus sometimes it was +a specific different way of grading + + align:start position:0% +a specific different way of grading + + + align:start position:0% +a specific different way of grading +sometimes it was a different way of + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it was a different way of + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it was a different way of +organizing basic courses sometimes it + + align:start position:0% +organizing basic courses sometimes it + + + align:start position:0% +organizing basic courses sometimes it +was interacting with Engineers to + + align:start position:0% +was interacting with Engineers to + + + align:start position:0% +was interacting with Engineers to +optimize the basic courses that the math + + align:start position:0% +optimize the basic courses that the math + + + align:start position:0% +optimize the basic courses that the math +department was offering + + align:start position:0% +department was offering + + + align:start position:0% +department was offering +and we've been running it every two + + align:start position:0% +and we've been running it every two + + + align:start position:0% +and we've been running it every two +weeks during the Academic Year ever + + align:start position:0% +weeks during the Academic Year ever + + + align:start position:0% +weeks during the Academic Year ever +since it's become quite a useful + + align:start position:0% +since it's become quite a useful + + + align:start position:0% +since it's become quite a useful +resource I think my original thought + + align:start position:0% +resource I think my original thought + + + align:start position:0% +resource I think my original thought +that there was a lot of activity going + + align:start position:0% +that there was a lot of activity going + + + align:start position:0% +that there was a lot of activity going +on around the country in different + + align:start position:0% +on around the country in different + + + align:start position:0% +on around the country in different +departments with a lot of imagination + + align:start position:0% +departments with a lot of imagination + + + align:start position:0% +departments with a lot of imagination +and creativity and passion it was true + + align:start position:0% +and creativity and passion it was true + + + align:start position:0% +and creativity and passion it was true +and we have it we have it on record now + + align:start position:0% +and we have it we have it on record now + + + align:start position:0% +and we have it we have it on record now +archived and available at the Olsen + + align:start position:0% +archived and available at the Olsen + + + align:start position:0% +archived and available at the Olsen +website + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on top of teach ER friendial equations + + align:start position:0% +on top of teach ER friendial equations + + + align:start position:0% +on top of teach ER friendial equations +course and running the project lab + + align:start position:0% +course and running the project lab + + + align:start position:0% +course and running the project lab +Haynes also runs the first year seminars + + align:start position:0% +Haynes also runs the first year seminars + + + align:start position:0% +Haynes also runs the first year seminars +that we mentioned earlier + + align:start position:0% +that we mentioned earlier + + + align:start position:0% +that we mentioned earlier +the title of the seminar I was in was + + align:start position:0% +the title of the seminar I was in was + + + align:start position:0% +the title of the seminar I was in was +titled what is a number and while you + + align:start position:0% +titled what is a number and while you + + + align:start position:0% +titled what is a number and while you +might be surprised that a math major + + align:start position:0% +might be surprised that a math major + + + align:start position:0% +might be surprised that a math major +would take a class titled what is a + + align:start position:0% +would take a class titled what is a + + + align:start position:0% +would take a class titled what is a +number it's actually a rather + + align:start position:0% +number it's actually a rather + + + align:start position:0% +number it's actually a rather +fascinating question we all think we + + align:start position:0% +fascinating question we all think we + + + align:start position:0% +fascinating question we all think we +know what numbers are we use them every + + align:start position:0% +know what numbers are we use them every + + + align:start position:0% +know what numbers are we use them every +day but very quickly you get into some + + align:start position:0% +day but very quickly you get into some + + + align:start position:0% +day but very quickly you get into some +real mathematical questions that aren't + + align:start position:0% +real mathematical questions that aren't + + + align:start position:0% +real mathematical questions that aren't +buried at the end of some course they're + + align:start position:0% +buried at the end of some course they're + + + align:start position:0% +buried at the end of some course they're +right on the surface and you realize for + + align:start position:0% +right on the surface and you realize for + + + align:start position:0% +right on the surface and you realize for +example that you can't really answer + + align:start position:0% +example that you can't really answer + + + align:start position:0% +example that you can't really answer +that question what is a number it + + align:start position:0% +that question what is a number it + + + align:start position:0% +that question what is a number it +doesn't make sense in itself you can + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense in itself you can + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't make sense in itself you can +answer a question like what is a number + + align:start position:0% +answer a question like what is a number + + + align:start position:0% +answer a question like what is a number +system + + align:start position:0% +system + + + align:start position:0% +system +because the whole point about numbers is + + align:start position:0% +because the whole point about numbers is + + + align:start position:0% +because the whole point about numbers is +how they relate to each other so we get + + align:start position:0% +how they relate to each other so we get + + + align:start position:0% +how they relate to each other so we get +back to this issue about things forming + + align:start position:0% +back to this issue about things forming + + + align:start position:0% +back to this issue about things forming +complexes things forming combinations + + align:start position:0% +complexes things forming combinations + + + align:start position:0% +complexes things forming combinations +before they really have meaning that was + + align:start position:0% +before they really have meaning that was + + + align:start position:0% +before they really have meaning that was +one of the most interesting and fun + + align:start position:0% +one of the most interesting and fun + + + align:start position:0% +one of the most interesting and fun +things about the seminar that we were in + + align:start position:0% +things about the seminar that we were in + + + align:start position:0% +things about the seminar that we were in +was thinking carefully about the concept + + align:start position:0% +was thinking carefully about the concept + + + align:start position:0% +was thinking carefully about the concept +of number and the many different + + align:start position:0% +of number and the many different + + + align:start position:0% +of number and the many different +varieties of numbers that there are but + + align:start position:0% +varieties of numbers that there are but + + + align:start position:0% +varieties of numbers that there are but +every time every one of them you see + + align:start position:0% +every time every one of them you see + + + align:start position:0% +every time every one of them you see +that it doesn't make sense until you + + align:start position:0% +that it doesn't make sense until you + + + align:start position:0% +that it doesn't make sense until you +think of them in a system + + align:start position:0% +think of them in a system + + + align:start position:0% +think of them in a system +other mathematical Concepts that came + + align:start position:0% +other mathematical Concepts that came + + + align:start position:0% +other mathematical Concepts that came +out very clearly was the notion that you + + align:start position:0% +out very clearly was the notion that you + + + align:start position:0% +out very clearly was the notion that you +get at something by characterizing its + + align:start position:0% +get at something by characterizing its + + + align:start position:0% +get at something by characterizing its +properties + + align:start position:0% +properties + + + align:start position:0% +properties +so I guess this is the axiomatic system + + align:start position:0% +so I guess this is the axiomatic system + + + align:start position:0% +so I guess this is the axiomatic system +you gain much better insight into what + + align:start position:0% +you gain much better insight into what + + + align:start position:0% +you gain much better insight into what +an integer is + + align:start position:0% +an integer is + + + align:start position:0% +an integer is +by thinking about it axiomatically what + + align:start position:0% +by thinking about it axiomatically what + + + align:start position:0% +by thinking about it axiomatically what +are the properties that you expect that + + align:start position:0% +are the properties that you expect that + + + align:start position:0% +are the properties that you expect that +number system to have you can construct + + align:start position:0% +number system to have you can construct + + + align:start position:0% +number system to have you can construct +them in different ways but every single + + align:start position:0% +them in different ways but every single + + + align:start position:0% +them in different ways but every single +construction of them is artificial + + align:start position:0% +construction of them is artificial + + + align:start position:0% +construction of them is artificial +and in a sense irrelevant because in the + + align:start position:0% +and in a sense irrelevant because in the + + + align:start position:0% +and in a sense irrelevant because in the +end you're just using their properties + + align:start position:0% +end you're just using their properties + + + align:start position:0% +end you're just using their properties +so this is a very deep mathematical + + align:start position:0% +so this is a very deep mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a very deep mathematical +perspective actually that came out quite + + align:start position:0% +perspective actually that came out quite + + + align:start position:0% +perspective actually that came out quite +clearly right away without a great deal + + align:start position:0% +clearly right away without a great deal + + + align:start position:0% +clearly right away without a great deal +of background and it was accessible to + + align:start position:0% +of background and it was accessible to + + + align:start position:0% +of background and it was accessible to +freshmen pretty easily + + align:start position:0% +freshmen pretty easily + + + align:start position:0% +freshmen pretty easily +hands is truly dedicated to helping + + align:start position:0% +hands is truly dedicated to helping + + + align:start position:0% +hands is truly dedicated to helping +people understand complex and + + align:start position:0% +people understand complex and + + + align:start position:0% +people understand complex and +intimidating subjects + + align:start position:0% +intimidating subjects + + + align:start position:0% +intimidating subjects +he also cares about crafting his + + align:start position:0% +he also cares about crafting his + + + align:start position:0% +he also cares about crafting his +materials in a way that gets students + + align:start position:0% +materials in a way that gets students + + + align:start position:0% +materials in a way that gets students +thinking differently and there's one + + align:start position:0% +thinking differently and there's one + + + align:start position:0% +thinking differently and there's one +seminar where this certainly comes to + + align:start position:0% +seminar where this certainly comes to + + + align:start position:0% +seminar where this certainly comes to +fruition the Khan seminar + + align:start position:0% +fruition the Khan seminar + + + align:start position:0% +fruition the Khan seminar +so Dan Khan was a faculty member here he + + align:start position:0% +so Dan Khan was a faculty member here he + + + align:start position:0% +so Dan Khan was a faculty member here he +was here when I got here he's now + + align:start position:0% +was here when I got here he's now + + + align:start position:0% +was here when I got here he's now +deceased + + align:start position:0% +deceased + + + align:start position:0% +deceased +he ran a graduate course but he declined + + align:start position:0% +he ran a graduate course but he declined + + + align:start position:0% +he ran a graduate course but he declined +to lecture + + align:start position:0% +to lecture + + + align:start position:0% +to lecture +instead he had students lectured and + + align:start position:0% +instead he had students lectured and + + + align:start position:0% +instead he had students lectured and +this was a revolutionary concept I think + + align:start position:0% +this was a revolutionary concept I think + + + align:start position:0% +this was a revolutionary concept I think +when it began back in about 1965. + + align:start position:0% +when it began back in about 1965. + + + align:start position:0% +when it began back in about 1965. +the Cannes seminar has been in action + + align:start position:0% +the Cannes seminar has been in action + + + align:start position:0% +the Cannes seminar has been in action +every fall ever since then run by him + + align:start position:0% +every fall ever since then run by him + + + align:start position:0% +every fall ever since then run by him +first and then by other people and then + + align:start position:0% +first and then by other people and then + + + align:start position:0% +first and then by other people and then +for a number of years by me now it's + + align:start position:0% +for a number of years by me now it's + + + align:start position:0% +for a number of years by me now it's +passed on to other people + + align:start position:0% +passed on to other people + + + align:start position:0% +passed on to other people +it's a literature seminar on the classic + + align:start position:0% +it's a literature seminar on the classic + + + align:start position:0% +it's a literature seminar on the classic +papers in this subject algebraic + + align:start position:0% +papers in this subject algebraic + + + align:start position:0% +papers in this subject algebraic +topology + + align:start position:0% +topology + + + align:start position:0% +topology +and it gives students it gives this + + align:start position:0% +and it gives students it gives this + + + align:start position:0% +and it gives students it gives this +graduate students and now increasingly + + align:start position:0% +graduate students and now increasingly + + + align:start position:0% +graduate students and now increasingly +undergraduates from from MIT and from + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates from from MIT and from + + + align:start position:0% +undergraduates from from MIT and from +Harvard will take it it gives them a + + align:start position:0% +Harvard will take it it gives them a + + + align:start position:0% +Harvard will take it it gives them a +chance to appreciate how the subject + + align:start position:0% +chance to appreciate how the subject + + + align:start position:0% +chance to appreciate how the subject +developed + + align:start position:0% +developed + + + align:start position:0% +developed +and to really learn the basic examples + + align:start position:0% +and to really learn the basic examples + + + align:start position:0% +and to really learn the basic examples +that are still motivating the subject + + align:start position:0% +that are still motivating the subject + + + align:start position:0% +that are still motivating the subject +today + + align:start position:0% +today + + + align:start position:0% +today +it gives students a chance to talk to a + + align:start position:0% +it gives students a chance to talk to a + + + align:start position:0% +it gives students a chance to talk to a +faculty member regularly I talk with + + align:start position:0% +faculty member regularly I talk with + + + align:start position:0% +faculty member regularly I talk with +each student every week about the paper + + align:start position:0% +each student every week about the paper + + + align:start position:0% +each student every week about the paper +that they're going to present and learn + + align:start position:0% +that they're going to present and learn + + + align:start position:0% +that they're going to present and learn +to read a paper in two ways they learn + + align:start position:0% +to read a paper in two ways they learn + + + align:start position:0% +to read a paper in two ways they learn +to read a paper in great detail because + + align:start position:0% +to read a paper in great detail because + + + align:start position:0% +to read a paper in great detail because +they're going to give a talk about it + + align:start position:0% +they're going to give a talk about it + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to give a talk about it +they have to understand it and they will + + align:start position:0% +they have to understand it and they will + + + align:start position:0% +they have to understand it and they will +pick some part of the paper that they + + align:start position:0% +pick some part of the paper that they + + + align:start position:0% +pick some part of the paper that they +think is especially interesting and they + + align:start position:0% +think is especially interesting and they + + + align:start position:0% +think is especially interesting and they +want to tell their peers about + + align:start position:0% +want to tell their peers about + + + align:start position:0% +want to tell their peers about +but also they're expected to read the + + align:start position:0% +but also they're expected to read the + + + align:start position:0% +but also they're expected to read the +papers that everybody else is talking + + align:start position:0% +papers that everybody else is talking + + + align:start position:0% +papers that everybody else is talking +about so they also learn to read a paper + + align:start position:0% +about so they also learn to read a paper + + + align:start position:0% +about so they also learn to read a paper +very quickly and get something useful + + align:start position:0% +very quickly and get something useful + + + align:start position:0% +very quickly and get something useful +from it very efficiently + + align:start position:0% +from it very efficiently + + + align:start position:0% +from it very efficiently +I was curious about how we had students + + align:start position:0% +I was curious about how we had students + + + align:start position:0% +I was curious about how we had students +teach the lectures + + align:start position:0% +teach the lectures + + + align:start position:0% +teach the lectures +Haynes told me a bit about his own + + align:start position:0% +Haynes told me a bit about his own + + + align:start position:0% +Haynes told me a bit about his own +Beginnings as an instructor and also how + + align:start position:0% +Beginnings as an instructor and also how + + + align:start position:0% +Beginnings as an instructor and also how +he gets students to present in ways that + + align:start position:0% +he gets students to present in ways that + + + align:start position:0% +he gets students to present in ways that +are both engaging and useful to others + + align:start position:0% +are both engaging and useful to others + + + align:start position:0% +are both engaging and useful to others +I remember when I first got here I was + + align:start position:0% +I remember when I first got here I was + + + align:start position:0% +I remember when I first got here I was +videotaped as many beginning teachers + + align:start position:0% +videotaped as many beginning teachers + + + align:start position:0% +videotaped as many beginning teachers +are here and I watched the video of + + align:start position:0% +are here and I watched the video of + + + align:start position:0% +are here and I watched the video of +myself teaching and I thought why is + + align:start position:0% +myself teaching and I thought why is + + + align:start position:0% +myself teaching and I thought why is +this guy trying to act so cool and why + + align:start position:0% +this guy trying to act so cool and why + + + align:start position:0% +this guy trying to act so cool and why +doesn't he just say things like they are + + align:start position:0% +doesn't he just say things like they are + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't he just say things like they are +and so I learned to be a mortar act from + + align:start position:0% +and so I learned to be a mortar act from + + + align:start position:0% +and so I learned to be a mortar act from +that experience + + align:start position:0% +that experience + + + align:start position:0% +that experience +a tendency to assume that everybody in + + align:start position:0% +a tendency to assume that everybody in + + + align:start position:0% +a tendency to assume that everybody in +their audience knows everything they're + + align:start position:0% +their audience knows everything they're + + + align:start position:0% +their audience knows everything they're +going to say + + align:start position:0% +going to say + + + align:start position:0% +going to say +and so they'll rush through it they'll + + align:start position:0% +and so they'll rush through it they'll + + + align:start position:0% +and so they'll rush through it they'll +not do an adequate job in explaining + + align:start position:0% +not do an adequate job in explaining + + + align:start position:0% +not do an adequate job in explaining +what they have to say because they think + + align:start position:0% +what they have to say because they think + + + align:start position:0% +what they have to say because they think +there's no point this is just a + + align:start position:0% +there's no point this is just a + + + align:start position:0% +there's no point this is just a +formality of some kind so really + + align:start position:0% +formality of some kind so really + + + align:start position:0% +formality of some kind so really +persuading them that + + align:start position:0% +persuading them that + + + align:start position:0% +persuading them that +they're saying something that + + align:start position:0% +they're saying something that + + + align:start position:0% +they're saying something that +the audience doesn't know and it's up to + + align:start position:0% +the audience doesn't know and it's up to + + + align:start position:0% +the audience doesn't know and it's up to +them to explain it that's that's a big + + align:start position:0% +them to explain it that's that's a big + + + align:start position:0% +them to explain it that's that's a big +deal + + align:start position:0% +deal + + + align:start position:0% +deal +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +to close our episode today I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +to close our episode today I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +to close our episode today I wanted to +share some Reflections from Haynes about + + align:start position:0% +share some Reflections from Haynes about + + + align:start position:0% +share some Reflections from Haynes about +ocw having personally worked on some + + align:start position:0% +ocw having personally worked on some + + + align:start position:0% +ocw having personally worked on some +course content for open courseware I can + + align:start position:0% +course content for open courseware I can + + + align:start position:0% +course content for open courseware I can +say that it's an amazing experience to + + align:start position:0% +say that it's an amazing experience to + + + align:start position:0% +say that it's an amazing experience to +get to make materials to help Educators + + align:start position:0% +get to make materials to help Educators + + + align:start position:0% +get to make materials to help Educators +and students alike learn from the + + align:start position:0% +and students alike learn from the + + + align:start position:0% +and students alike learn from the +amazing resources at MIT regardless of + + align:start position:0% +amazing resources at MIT regardless of + + + align:start position:0% +amazing resources at MIT regardless of +where they are or what academic Avenues + + align:start position:0% +where they are or what academic Avenues + + + align:start position:0% +where they are or what academic Avenues +are available to them + + align:start position:0% +are available to them + + + align:start position:0% +are available to them +the MIT faculty are so incredibly lucky + + align:start position:0% +the MIT faculty are so incredibly lucky + + + align:start position:0% +the MIT faculty are so incredibly lucky +to have open courseware as a as a + + align:start position:0% +to have open courseware as a as a + + + align:start position:0% +to have open courseware as a as a +conduit as a way of expressing + + align:start position:0% +conduit as a way of expressing + + + align:start position:0% +conduit as a way of expressing +yourselves as a way of publishing this + + align:start position:0% +yourselves as a way of publishing this + + + align:start position:0% +yourselves as a way of publishing this +work that we do that we spend a great + + align:start position:0% +work that we do that we spend a great + + + align:start position:0% +work that we do that we spend a great +part of our professional life working on + + align:start position:0% +part of our professional life working on + + + align:start position:0% +part of our professional life working on +other universities don't have that + + align:start position:0% +other universities don't have that + + + align:start position:0% +other universities don't have that +luxury typically they don't have a way + + align:start position:0% +luxury typically they don't have a way + + + align:start position:0% +luxury typically they don't have a way +to memorialize and contribute their + + align:start position:0% +to memorialize and contribute their + + + align:start position:0% +to memorialize and contribute their +teaching work to the World At Large it's + + align:start position:0% +teaching work to the World At Large it's + + + align:start position:0% +teaching work to the World At Large it's +it's such a great resource that we have + + align:start position:0% +it's such a great resource that we have + + + align:start position:0% +it's such a great resource that we have +here one of the great things about ocw + + align:start position:0% +here one of the great things about ocw + + + align:start position:0% +here one of the great things about ocw +is you run the course and then they tell + + align:start position:0% +is you run the course and then they tell + + + align:start position:0% +is you run the course and then they tell +open courseware to go run with it and + + align:start position:0% +open courseware to go run with it and + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware to go run with it and +something amazing happens + + align:start position:0% +something amazing happens + + + align:start position:0% +something amazing happens +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Professor Miller shares additional + + align:start position:0% +Professor Miller shares additional + + + align:start position:0% +Professor Miller shares additional +thoughts on the courses talked about + + align:start position:0% +thoughts on the courses talked about + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts on the courses talked about +today such as the Khan seminar and the + + align:start position:0% +today such as the Khan seminar and the + + + align:start position:0% +today such as the Khan seminar and the +project lab in mathematics on ocw + + align:start position:0% +project lab in mathematics on ocw + + + align:start position:0% +project lab in mathematics on ocw +it can views these resources at + + align:start position:0% +it can views these resources at + + + align:start position:0% +it can views these resources at +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu +you can also learn more about his work + + align:start position:0% +you can also learn more about his work + + + align:start position:0% +you can also learn more about his work +with the online seminar on undergraduate + + align:start position:0% +with the online seminar on undergraduate + + + align:start position:0% +with the online seminar on undergraduate +mathematics education or alsoom at + + align:start position:0% +mathematics education or alsoom at + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics education or alsoom at +olsume.org + + align:start position:0% +olsume.org + + + align:start position:0% +olsume.org +thank you so much for listening to this + + align:start position:0% +thank you so much for listening to this + + + align:start position:0% +thank you so much for listening to this +guest podcast until next time I'm Paige + + align:start position:0% +guest podcast until next time I'm Paige + + + align:start position:0% +guest podcast until next time I'm Paige +bright from MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +MIT chalk radios producers include Sarah + + align:start position:0% +MIT chalk radios producers include Sarah + + + align:start position:0% +MIT chalk radios producers include Sarah +Hansen Brett patchy and Dave leshansky + + align:start position:0% +Hansen Brett patchy and Dave leshansky + + + align:start position:0% +Hansen Brett patchy and Dave leshansky +show notes for this episode were in my + + align:start position:0% +show notes for this episode were in my + + + align:start position:0% +show notes for this episode were in my +peter Chipman we're funded by Amity open + + align:start position:0% +peter Chipman we're funded by Amity open + + + align:start position:0% +peter Chipman we're funded by Amity open +learning and supporters like you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jogwl3z8wA8.txt b/jogwl3z8wA8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f53b5ceae63d0b842ca360b7fb145c008f473767 --- /dev/null +++ b/jogwl3z8wA8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,707 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I have this background in computer + + align:start position:0% +I have this background in computer + + + align:start position:0% +I have this background in computer +science and this background in medicine + + align:start position:0% +science and this background in medicine + + + align:start position:0% +science and this background in medicine +I was looking for ways to combine them + + align:start position:0% +I was looking for ways to combine them + + + align:start position:0% +I was looking for ways to combine them +it's the only course that focuses solely + + align:start position:0% +it's the only course that focuses solely + + + align:start position:0% +it's the only course that focuses solely +on Healthcare Information Technology um + + align:start position:0% +on Healthcare Information Technology um + + + align:start position:0% +on Healthcare Information Technology um +which as we all know is a burgeoning + + align:start position:0% +which as we all know is a burgeoning + + + align:start position:0% +which as we all know is a burgeoning +portion of our economy um given the new + + align:start position:0% +portion of our economy um given the new + + + align:start position:0% +portion of our economy um given the new +health reform law it's a great way not + + align:start position:0% +health reform law it's a great way not + + + align:start position:0% +health reform law it's a great way not +only to develop employment contact but + + align:start position:0% +only to develop employment contact but + + + align:start position:0% +only to develop employment contact but +also to understand real world problems + + align:start position:0% +also to understand real world problems + + + align:start position:0% +also to understand real world problems +we kind of hatch this idea that it would + + align:start position:0% +we kind of hatch this idea that it would + + + align:start position:0% +we kind of hatch this idea that it would +be really great to have students from + + align:start position:0% +be really great to have students from + + + align:start position:0% +be really great to have students from +different backgrounds and schools work + + align:start position:0% +different backgrounds and schools work + + + align:start position:0% +different backgrounds and schools work +together on projects using information + + align:start position:0% +together on projects using information + + + align:start position:0% +together on projects using information +technology to solve Healthcare problems + + align:start position:0% +technology to solve Healthcare problems + + + align:start position:0% +technology to solve Healthcare problems +it's more of a seminar Series where you + + align:start position:0% +it's more of a seminar Series where you + + + align:start position:0% +it's more of a seminar Series where you +have enough industry peers coming in and + + align:start position:0% +have enough industry peers coming in and + + + align:start position:0% +have enough industry peers coming in and +talking and there's a great opportunity + + align:start position:0% +talking and there's a great opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +talking and there's a great opportunity +given for interclass inter student + + align:start position:0% +given for interclass inter student + + + align:start position:0% +given for interclass inter student +faculty and student uh speaker + + align:start position:0% +faculty and student uh speaker + + + align:start position:0% +faculty and student uh speaker +interaction when I looked at the list of + + align:start position:0% +interaction when I looked at the list of + + + align:start position:0% +interaction when I looked at the list of +speakers who are going to be speaking at + + align:start position:0% +speakers who are going to be speaking at + + + align:start position:0% +speakers who are going to be speaking at +the course it's very much a who's who of + + align:start position:0% +the course it's very much a who's who of + + + align:start position:0% +the course it's very much a who's who of +who you know who's doing interesting + + align:start position:0% +who you know who's doing interesting + + + align:start position:0% +who you know who's doing interesting +things in health it and you know in + + align:start position:0% +things in health it and you know in + + + align:start position:0% +things in health it and you know in +healthcare in general and I thought you + + align:start position:0% +healthcare in general and I thought you + + + align:start position:0% +healthcare in general and I thought you +know if nothing else if I got nothing + + align:start position:0% +know if nothing else if I got nothing + + + align:start position:0% +know if nothing else if I got nothing +else other than a chance to sit and + + align:start position:0% +else other than a chance to sit and + + + align:start position:0% +else other than a chance to sit and +listen to some of those folks and think + + align:start position:0% +listen to some of those folks and think + + + align:start position:0% +listen to some of those folks and think +about hear about how they think about + + align:start position:0% +about hear about how they think about + + + align:start position:0% +about hear about how they think about +things it'll be worth the time at I + + align:start position:0% +things it'll be worth the time at I + + + align:start position:0% +things it'll be worth the time at I +being an application layer and a + + align:start position:0% +being an application layer and a + + + align:start position:0% +being an application layer and a +business layer or middleware and then + + align:start position:0% +business layer or middleware and then + + + align:start position:0% +business layer or middleware and then +the data layer we're going to be moving + + align:start position:0% +the data layer we're going to be moving + + + align:start position:0% +the data layer we're going to be moving +to a world in which you can connect to + + align:start position:0% +to a world in which you can connect to + + + align:start position:0% +to a world in which you can connect to +care wherever you might be it's not + + align:start position:0% +care wherever you might be it's not + + + align:start position:0% +care wherever you might be it's not +about just making those connections but + + align:start position:0% +about just making those connections but + + + align:start position:0% +about just making those connections but +it's about creating sustainability + + align:start position:0% +it's about creating sustainability + + + align:start position:0% +it's about creating sustainability +around those connections it's really + + align:start position:0% +around those connections it's really + + + align:start position:0% +around those connections it's really +easy to come up with an app for anything + + align:start position:0% +easy to come up with an app for anything + + + align:start position:0% +easy to come up with an app for anything +these days uh but but to make something + + align:start position:0% +these days uh but but to make something + + + align:start position:0% +these days uh but but to make something +that's actually that has enduring enough + + align:start position:0% +that's actually that has enduring enough + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually that has enduring enough +value that people are willing to pay for + + align:start position:0% +value that people are willing to pay for + + + align:start position:0% +value that people are willing to pay for +it then that's the real opportunity and + + align:start position:0% +it then that's the real opportunity and + + + align:start position:0% +it then that's the real opportunity and +that's what we're trying to teach people + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're trying to teach people + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we're trying to teach people +is the disciplined around creating + + align:start position:0% +is the disciplined around creating + + + align:start position:0% +is the disciplined around creating +systems that are sustainable did they + + align:start position:0% +systems that are sustainable did they + + + align:start position:0% +systems that are sustainable did they +negotiate with both of you at the same + + align:start position:0% +negotiate with both of you at the same + + + align:start position:0% +negotiate with both of you at the same +time one of the primary opportunities + + align:start position:0% +time one of the primary opportunities + + + align:start position:0% +time one of the primary opportunities +for companies that partner with us by + + align:start position:0% +for companies that partner with us by + + + align:start position:0% +for companies that partner with us by +providing projects that students can + + align:start position:0% +providing projects that students can + + + align:start position:0% +providing projects that students can +work on is to be able to tap into the + + align:start position:0% +work on is to be able to tap into the + + + align:start position:0% +work on is to be able to tap into the +creativity of students who don't have to + + align:start position:0% +creativity of students who don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +creativity of students who don't have to +fit into a corporate culture is is there + + align:start position:0% +fit into a corporate culture is is there + + + align:start position:0% +fit into a corporate culture is is there +a way like to run your your own program + + align:start position:0% +a way like to run your your own program + + + align:start position:0% +a way like to run your your own program +and see what one of our interests was to + + align:start position:0% +and see what one of our interests was to + + + align:start position:0% +and see what one of our interests was to +improve patient care uh for patients who + + align:start position:0% +improve patient care uh for patients who + + + align:start position:0% +improve patient care uh for patients who +are suffering from insomnia or + + align:start position:0% +are suffering from insomnia or + + + align:start position:0% +are suffering from insomnia or +sleeplessness they were able to help us + + align:start position:0% +sleeplessness they were able to help us + + + align:start position:0% +sleeplessness they were able to help us +they consulted with us really to try to + + align:start position:0% +they consulted with us really to try to + + + align:start position:0% +they consulted with us really to try to +create a process to adopt some of the + + align:start position:0% +create a process to adopt some of the + + + align:start position:0% +create a process to adopt some of the +technology and to make sure we can + + align:start position:0% +technology and to make sure we can + + + align:start position:0% +technology and to make sure we can +recommend against other things for + + align:start position:0% +recommend against other things for + + + align:start position:0% +recommend against other things for +patients every speaker that came was + + align:start position:0% +patients every speaker that came was + + + align:start position:0% +patients every speaker that came was +amazing I can count at least three or + + align:start position:0% +amazing I can count at least three or + + + align:start position:0% +amazing I can count at least three or +four people who after the course like + + align:start position:0% +four people who after the course like + + + align:start position:0% +four people who after the course like +maybe several months after the course I + + align:start position:0% +maybe several months after the course I + + + align:start position:0% +maybe several months after the course I +emailed H and said uh you know hey I I + + align:start position:0% +emailed H and said uh you know hey I I + + + align:start position:0% +emailed H and said uh you know hey I I +remember you speaking of this course um + + align:start position:0% +remember you speaking of this course um + + + align:start position:0% +remember you speaking of this course um +I'm thinking about this issue um you + + align:start position:0% +I'm thinking about this issue um you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm thinking about this issue um you +know can you help me out with and they + + align:start position:0% +know can you help me out with and they + + + align:start position:0% +know can you help me out with and they +email back and we'd end up with the + + align:start position:0% +email back and we'd end up with the + + + align:start position:0% +email back and we'd end up with the +phone call there are very few courses + + align:start position:0% +phone call there are very few courses + + + align:start position:0% +phone call there are very few courses +across Harvard MIT that actually join + + align:start position:0% +across Harvard MIT that actually join + + + align:start position:0% +across Harvard MIT that actually join +students from all of the different + + align:start position:0% +students from all of the different + + + align:start position:0% +students from all of the different +departments whether it be science + + align:start position:0% +departments whether it be science + + + align:start position:0% +departments whether it be science +medicine business um or engineering and + + align:start position:0% +medicine business um or engineering and + + + align:start position:0% +medicine business um or engineering and +this is one of those courses that + + align:start position:0% +this is one of those courses that + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of those courses that +actually brings students together from + + align:start position:0% +actually brings students together from + + + align:start position:0% +actually brings students together from +all over those disciplines it helped me + + align:start position:0% +all over those disciplines it helped me + + + align:start position:0% +all over those disciplines it helped me +shape and Target my resume it helped me + + align:start position:0% +shape and Target my resume it helped me + + + align:start position:0% +shape and Target my resume it helped me +shape and Target my speaking pitch to my + + align:start position:0% +shape and Target my speaking pitch to my + + + align:start position:0% +shape and Target my speaking pitch to my +fential employers and some people might + + align:start position:0% +fential employers and some people might + + + align:start position:0% +fential employers and some people might +even predict that the uh that the mo + + align:start position:0% +even predict that the uh that the mo + + + align:start position:0% +even predict that the uh that the mo +mobile phones might be the the Health + + align:start position:0% +mobile phones might be the the Health + + + align:start position:0% +mobile phones might be the the Health +Appliance of the future the importance + + align:start position:0% +Appliance of the future the importance + + + align:start position:0% +Appliance of the future the importance +of courses like hsd 921 cannot be + + align:start position:0% +of courses like hsd 921 cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +of courses like hsd 921 cannot be +underestimated because they are the + + align:start position:0% +underestimated because they are the + + + align:start position:0% +underestimated because they are the +channel to the real world \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/k9f0N3ADvdM.txt b/k9f0N3ADvdM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..488b463c816df4ac4b68385e7213b1fd4886f7b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/k9f0N3ADvdM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,779 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we will now develop the solution to the + + align:start position:0% +we will now develop the solution to the + + + align:start position:0% +we will now develop the solution to the +linear least mean squares estimation + + align:start position:0% +linear least mean squares estimation + + + align:start position:0% +linear least mean squares estimation +problem we want to find coefficients a + + align:start position:0% +problem we want to find coefficients a + + + align:start position:0% +problem we want to find coefficients a +and B that make this expression this + + align:start position:0% +and B that make this expression this + + + align:start position:0% +and B that make this expression this +mean squared error as small as possible + + align:start position:0% +mean squared error as small as possible + + + align:start position:0% +mean squared error as small as possible +we will approach this problem by + + align:start position:0% +we will approach this problem by + + + align:start position:0% +we will approach this problem by +proceeding in two stages in the first + + align:start position:0% +proceeding in two stages in the first + + + align:start position:0% +proceeding in two stages in the first +stage we assume that the choice of a has + + align:start position:0% +stage we assume that the choice of a has + + + align:start position:0% +stage we assume that the choice of a has +already been found and concentrate on + + align:start position:0% +already been found and concentrate on + + + align:start position:0% +already been found and concentrate on +the question of choosing B now if a has + + align:start position:0% +the question of choosing B now if a has + + + align:start position:0% +the question of choosing B now if a has +been found and has been fixed to a + + align:start position:0% +been found and has been fixed to a + + + align:start position:0% +been found and has been fixed to a +specific number then this quantity here + + align:start position:0% +specific number then this quantity here + + + align:start position:0% +specific number then this quantity here +is a specific random variable and what + + align:start position:0% +is a specific random variable and what + + + align:start position:0% +is a specific random variable and what +do we have we have a random variable + + align:start position:0% +do we have we have a random variable + + + align:start position:0% +do we have we have a random variable +minus a constant and we want to choose + + align:start position:0% +minus a constant and we want to choose + + + align:start position:0% +minus a constant and we want to choose +that constant so that this difference + + align:start position:0% +that constant so that this difference + + + align:start position:0% +that constant so that this difference +squared is as small as possible in the + + align:start position:0% +squared is as small as possible in the + + + align:start position:0% +squared is as small as possible in the +expected value sense so essentially we + + align:start position:0% +expected value sense so essentially we + + + align:start position:0% +expected value sense so essentially we +are trying to choose a constant B that + + align:start position:0% +are trying to choose a constant B that + + + align:start position:0% +are trying to choose a constant B that +estimates this random variable in the + + align:start position:0% +estimates this random variable in the + + + align:start position:0% +estimates this random variable in the +best possible way but this is a problem + + align:start position:0% +best possible way but this is a problem + + + align:start position:0% +best possible way but this is a problem +that's familiar to us and we know that + + align:start position:0% +that's familiar to us and we know that + + + align:start position:0% +that's familiar to us and we know that +the best choice of B is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +the best choice of B is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +the best choice of B is equal to the +expected value of that random variable + + align:start position:0% +expected value of that random variable + + + align:start position:0% +expected value of that random variable +and using also linearity this expected + + align:start position:0% +and using also linearity this expected + + + align:start position:0% +and using also linearity this expected +value can be written in this form so if + + align:start position:0% +value can be written in this form so if + + + align:start position:0% +value can be written in this form so if +we know a this is how B should be chosen + + align:start position:0% +we know a this is how B should be chosen + + + align:start position:0% +we know a this is how B should be chosen +let us now move on to the choice of a + + align:start position:0% +let us now move on to the choice of a + + + align:start position:0% +let us now move on to the choice of a +since we know what B should be equal to + + align:start position:0% +since we know what B should be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +since we know what B should be equal to +we can rewrite this expression that we + + align:start position:0% +we can rewrite this expression that we + + + align:start position:0% +we can rewrite this expression that we +are trying to minimize by substituting + + align:start position:0% +are trying to minimize by substituting + + + align:start position:0% +are trying to minimize by substituting +our choice of B which is the expected + + align:start position:0% +our choice of B which is the expected + + + align:start position:0% +our choice of B which is the expected +value of theta minus a X and this is the + + align:start position:0% +value of theta minus a X and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +value of theta minus a X and this is the +quantity we want to minimize what is it + + align:start position:0% +quantity we want to minimize what is it + + + align:start position:0% +quantity we want to minimize what is it +we have a random variable minus the + + align:start position:0% +we have a random variable minus the + + + align:start position:0% +we have a random variable minus the +expected value of that random variable + + align:start position:0% +expected value of that random variable + + + align:start position:0% +expected value of that random variable +squared and then we take expected value + + align:start position:0% +squared and then we take expected value + + + align:start position:0% +squared and then we take expected value +this is just the variance of the random + + align:start position:0% +this is just the variance of the random + + + align:start position:0% +this is just the variance of the random +variable theta minus a X this is the + + align:start position:0% +variable theta minus a X this is the + + + align:start position:0% +variable theta minus a X this is the +variance of the difference of two random + + align:start position:0% +variance of the difference of two random + + + align:start position:0% +variance of the difference of two random +variables because the two random + + align:start position:0% +variables because the two random + + + align:start position:0% +variables because the two random +variables are dependent this is not just + + align:start position:0% +variables are dependent this is not just + + + align:start position:0% +variables are dependent this is not just +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +of the individual variances but we do + + align:start position:0% +of the individual variances but we do + + + align:start position:0% +of the individual variances but we do +have a formula even for the general case + + align:start position:0% +have a formula even for the general case + + + align:start position:0% +have a formula even for the general case +and the formula tells us that the + + align:start position:0% +and the formula tells us that the + + + align:start position:0% +and the formula tells us that the +variance of the difference of two random + + align:start position:0% +variance of the difference of two random + + + align:start position:0% +variance of the difference of two random +variables is the variance of the first + + align:start position:0% +variables is the variance of the first + + + align:start position:0% +variables is the variance of the first +random variable plus the variance of the + + align:start position:0% +random variable plus the variance of the + + + align:start position:0% +random variable plus the variance of the +second and when we pull a outside the + + align:start position:0% +second and when we pull a outside the + + + align:start position:0% +second and when we pull a outside the +variance that gives us a contribution of + + align:start position:0% +variance that gives us a contribution of + + + align:start position:0% +variance that gives us a contribution of +a squared and then we have a cross term + + align:start position:0% +a squared and then we have a cross term + + + align:start position:0% +a squared and then we have a cross term +because of the minus sign here the cross + + align:start position:0% +because of the minus sign here the cross + + + align:start position:0% +because of the minus sign here the cross +term will have a minus sign we have a + + align:start position:0% +term will have a minus sign we have a + + + align:start position:0% +term will have a minus sign we have a +factor of two and then we want the + + align:start position:0% +factor of two and then we want the + + + align:start position:0% +factor of two and then we want the +covariance of theta with a X and because + + align:start position:0% +covariance of theta with a X and because + + + align:start position:0% +covariance of theta with a X and because +we have seen that covariance is behaved + + align:start position:0% +we have seen that covariance is behaved + + + align:start position:0% +we have seen that covariance is behaved +in a linear manner we can pull a outside + + align:start position:0% +in a linear manner we can pull a outside + + + align:start position:0% +in a linear manner we can pull a outside +the covariance and this is what we are + + align:start position:0% +the covariance and this is what we are + + + align:start position:0% +the covariance and this is what we are +left with this is the quantity we want + + align:start position:0% +left with this is the quantity we want + + + align:start position:0% +left with this is the quantity we want +to optimize with respect away and to do + + align:start position:0% +to optimize with respect away and to do + + + align:start position:0% +to optimize with respect away and to do +this optimization we just set the + + align:start position:0% +this optimization we just set the + + + align:start position:0% +this optimization we just set the +derivative with respect to a to zero and + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to a to zero and + + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to a to zero and +that's going to give us two a times the + + align:start position:0% +that's going to give us two a times the + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to give us two a times the +variance of X minus twice the covariance + + align:start position:0% +variance of X minus twice the covariance + + + align:start position:0% +variance of X minus twice the covariance +of theta with X equal to zero from which + + align:start position:0% +of theta with X equal to zero from which + + + align:start position:0% +of theta with X equal to zero from which +it follows that a should be equal to the + + align:start position:0% +it follows that a should be equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +it follows that a should be equal to the +covariance of theta with X divided by + + align:start position:0% +covariance of theta with X divided by + + + align:start position:0% +covariance of theta with X divided by +the variance of X so we have found what + + align:start position:0% +the variance of X so we have found what + + + align:start position:0% +the variance of X so we have found what +a should be once we know what a is we + + align:start position:0% +a should be once we know what a is we + + + align:start position:0% +a should be once we know what a is we +know what B should be equal to so we + + align:start position:0% +know what B should be equal to so we + + + align:start position:0% +know what B should be equal to so we +have solved the problem and here's the + + align:start position:0% +have solved the problem and here's the + + + align:start position:0% +have solved the problem and here's the +form of the solution this coefficient + + align:start position:0% +form of the solution this coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +form of the solution this coefficient +here is the coefficient a so we have + + align:start position:0% +here is the coefficient a so we have + + + align:start position:0% +here is the coefficient a so we have +here the term a X and then this term + + align:start position:0% +here the term a X and then this term + + + align:start position:0% +here the term a X and then this term +together with a times the expected value + + align:start position:0% +together with a times the expected value + + + align:start position:0% +together with a times the expected value +of x this corresponds to the coefficient + + align:start position:0% +of x this corresponds to the coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +of x this corresponds to the coefficient +B it's also instructive to rewrite this + + align:start position:0% +B it's also instructive to rewrite this + + + align:start position:0% +B it's also instructive to rewrite this +solution in a slightly different form + + align:start position:0% +solution in a slightly different form + + + align:start position:0% +solution in a slightly different form +involving the correlation coefficient + + align:start position:0% +involving the correlation coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +involving the correlation coefficient +recall that the correlation coefficient + + align:start position:0% +recall that the correlation coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +recall that the correlation coefficient +between two random variables is defined + + align:start position:0% +between two random variables is defined + + + align:start position:0% +between two random variables is defined +as the covariance between the two random + + align:start position:0% +as the covariance between the two random + + + align:start position:0% +as the covariance between the two random +variables divided by the product of + + align:start position:0% +variables divided by the product of + + + align:start position:0% +variables divided by the product of +their standard deviations + + align:start position:0% +their standard deviations + + + align:start position:0% +their standard deviations +using this relation we can now write the + + align:start position:0% +using this relation we can now write the + + + align:start position:0% +using this relation we can now write the +coefficient a as the covariance which is + + align:start position:0% +coefficient a as the covariance which is + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient a as the covariance which is +Rho times Sigma Theta Sigma X divided by + + align:start position:0% +Rho times Sigma Theta Sigma X divided by + + + align:start position:0% +Rho times Sigma Theta Sigma X divided by +the variance of X which is Sigma x + + align:start position:0% +the variance of X which is Sigma x + + + align:start position:0% +the variance of X which is Sigma x +squared and after we cancel a factor of + + align:start position:0% +squared and after we cancel a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +squared and after we cancel a factor of +Sigma X from the numerator and the + + align:start position:0% +Sigma X from the numerator and the + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma X from the numerator and the +denominator we see that a is also equal + + align:start position:0% +denominator we see that a is also equal + + + align:start position:0% +denominator we see that a is also equal +to Rho times Sigma Theta divided by + + align:start position:0% +to Rho times Sigma Theta divided by + + + align:start position:0% +to Rho times Sigma Theta divided by +Sigma X and this gives us this + + align:start position:0% +Sigma X and this gives us this + + + align:start position:0% +Sigma X and this gives us this +alternative form for the solution what + + align:start position:0% +alternative form for the solution what + + + align:start position:0% +alternative form for the solution what +we will be doing next will be to + + align:start position:0% +we will be doing next will be to + + + align:start position:0% +we will be doing next will be to +interpret this solution and also to give + + align:start position:0% +interpret this solution and also to give + + + align:start position:0% +interpret this solution and also to give +a number of examples \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kBwUoWpeH_Q.txt b/kBwUoWpeH_Q.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..807ade089f8c3e8c9661f430307d9b92975ad308 --- /dev/null +++ b/kBwUoWpeH_Q.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3890 @@ +Good morning. +Today we're going to talk about + +it a balanced search structure, +so a data structure that + +maintains a dynamic set subject +to insertion, + +deletion, and search called +skip lists. + +So, I'll call this a dynamic +search structure because it's a + +data structure. +It supports search, + +and it's dynamic, +meaning insert and delete. + +So, what other dynamic search +structures do we know, + +just for sake of comparison, +and to wake everyone up? + +Shut them out, +efficient, I should say, + +also good, logarithmic time per +operation. + +So, this is a really easy +question to get us off the + +ground. +You've seen them all in the + +last week, so it shouldn't be so +hard. + +Treap, good. +On the problems that we saw + +treaps. +That's, in some sense, + +the simplest dynamic search +structure you can get from first + +principles because all we needed +was a bound on a randomly + +constructed binary search tree. +And then treaps did well. + +So, that was sort of the first +one you saw depending on when + +you did your problem set. +What else? + +Charles? +Red black trees, + +good answer. +So, that was exactly one week + +ago. +I hope you still remember it. + +They have guaranteed log n +performance. + +So, this was an expected bound. +This was a worst-case order log + +n per operation, +insert, delete, + +and search. +And, there was one more for + +those who want to recitation on +Friday: B trees, + +good. +And, by B trees, + +I also include two-three trees, +two-three-four trees, + +and all those guys. +So, if B is a constant, + +or if you want your B trees +knows a little bit cleverly, + +that these have guaranteed +order log n performance, + +so, worst case, +order log n. + +So, you should know this. +These are all balanced search + +structures. +They are dynamic. + +They support insertions and +deletions. + +They support searches, +finding a given key. + +And if you don't find the key, +you find its predecessor and + +successor pretty easily in all +of these structures. + +If you want to augment some +data structure, + +you should think about which +one of these is easiest to + +augment, as in Monday's lecture. +So, the question I want to pose + +to you is supposed I gave you +all a laptop right now, + +which would be great. +Then I asked you, + +in order to keep this laptop +you have to implement one of + +these data structures, +let's say, within this class + +hour. +Do you think you could do it? + +How many people think you could +do it? + +A couple people, +a few people, + +OK, all front row people, +good. + +I could probably do it. +My preference would be B trees. + +They're sort of the simplest in +my mind. + +This is without using the +textbook. + +This would be a closed book +exam. + +I don't have enough laptops to +do it, unfortunately. + +So, B trees are pretty +reasonable. + +Deletion, you have to remember +stealing from a sibling and + +whatnot. +So, deletions are a bit tricky. + +Red black trees, +I can never remember it. + +I'd have to look it up, +or re-derive the three cases. + +treaps are a bit fancy. +So, that would take a little + +while to remember exactly how +those work. + +You'd have to solve your +problem set again, + +if you don't have it memorized. +Skip lists, on the other hand, + +are a data structure you will +never forget, + +and something you can implement +within an hour, + +no problem. +I've made this claim a couple + +times before, +and I always felt bad because I + +had never actually done it. +So, this morning, + +I implemented skip lists, +and it took me ten minutes to + +implement a linked list, +and 30 minutes to implement + +skip lists. +And another 30 minutes + +debugging them. +There you go. + +It can be done. +Skip lists are really simple. + +And, at no point writing the +code did I have to think, + +whereas every other structure I +would have to think. + +There was one moment when I +thought, ah, how do I flip a + +coin? +That was the entire amount of + +thinking. +So, skip lists are a randomized + +structure. +Let's add in another adjective + +here, and let's also add in +simple. + +So, we have a simple, +efficient, dynamic, + +randomized search structure: +all those things together. + +So, it's sort of like treaps +and that the bound is only a + +randomized bound. +But today, we're going to see a + +much stronger bound than an +expectation bound. + +So, in particular, +skip lists will run in order + +log n expected time. +So, the running time for each + +operation will be order log n in +expectation. + +But, we're going to prove a +much stronger result that their + +order log n, with high +probability. + +So, this is a very strong +claim. + +And it means that the running +time of each operation, + +the running time of every +operation is order log n almost + +always in a certain sense. +Why don't I foreshadow that? + +So, it's something like, +the probability that it's order + +log n is at least one minus one +over some polynomial, + +and n. +And, you get to set the + +polynomial however large you +like. + +So, what this basically means +is that almost all the time, + +you take your skip lists, +you do a polynomial number of + +operations on it, +because presumably you are + +running a polynomial time +algorithm that using this data + +structure. +Do polynomial numbers of + +inserts, delete searches, +every single one of them will + +take order log n time, +almost guaranteed. + +So this is a really strong +bound on the tail of the + +distribution. +The mean is order log n. + +That's not so exciting. +But, in fact, + +almost all of the weight of +this probability distribution is + +right around the log n, +just tiny little epsilons, + +very tiny probabilities you +could be bigger than log n. + +So that's where we are going. +This is a data structure by + +Pugh] in 1989. +This is the most recent. + +Actually, no, +sorry, treaps are more recent. + +They were like '93 or so, +but a fairly recent data + +structure for just insert, +delete, search. + +And, it's very simple. +You can derive it if you don't + +know anything about data +structures, well, + +almost nothing. +Now, analyzing that the + +performance is log n, +that, of course, + +takes our sophistication. +But the data structure itself + +is very simple. +We're going to start from + +scratch. +Suppose you don't know what a + +red black tree is. +You don't know what a B tree + +is. +Suppose you don't even know + +what a tree is. +What is the simplest data + +structure for storing a bunch of +items for storing a dynamic set? + +A list, good, +a linked list. + +Now, suppose that it's a sorted +linked list. + +So, I'm going to be a little +bit fancier there. + +So, if you have a linked list +of items, here it is, + +maybe we'll make it doubly +linked just for kicks, + +how long does it take to search +in a sorted linked list? + +Log n is one answer. +n is the other answer. + +Which one is right? +n is the right answer. + +So, even though it's sorted, +we can't do binary search + +because we don't have +random-access into a linked + +list. +So, suppose I'm only given a + +pointer to the head. +Otherwise, I'm assuming it's an + +array. +So, in a sorted array you can + +search in log n. +Sorted linked list: + +you've still got to scan +through the darn thing. + +So, theta n, +worst case search. + +Not so good, +but if we just try to improve + +it a little bit, +we will discover skip lists + +automatically. +So, this is our starting point: + +sorted linked lists, +data n time. + +And, I'm not going to think too +much about insertions and + +deletions for the moment. +Let's just get search better, + +and then we'll worry about +dates. + +Updates are where randomization +will come in. + +Search: pretty easy idea. +So, how can we make a linked + +list better? +Suppose all we know about our + +linked lists. +What can I do to make it + +faster? +This is where you need a little + +bit of innovation, +some creativity. + +More links: that's a good idea. +So, I do try to maybe add + +pointers to go a couple steps +ahead. + +If I had log n pointers, +I could do all powers of two + +ahead. +That's a pretty good search + +structure. +Some people use that; + +like, some peer-to-peer +networks use that idea. + +But that's a little too fancy +for me. + +Ah, good. +You could try to build a tree + +on this linear structure. +That's essentially where we're + +going. +So, you could try to put + +pointers to, like, +the middle of the list from the + +roots. +So, you search between either + +here. +You point to the median, + +so you can compare against the +median, and know whether you + +should go in the first half or +the second half that's + +definitely on the right track, +also a bit too sophisticated. + +Another list: +yes. + +Yes, good. +So, we are going to use two + +lists. +That's sort of the next + +simplest thing you could do. +OK, and as you suggested, + +we could maybe have pointers +between them. + +So, maybe we have some elements +down here, some of the elements + +up here. +We want to have pointers + +between the lists. +OK, it gets a little bit crazy + +in how exactly you might do +that. + +But somehow, +this feels good. + +So this is one linked list: +L_1. + +This is another linked list: +L_2. + +And, to give you some +inspiration, I want to give you, + +so let's play a game. +The game is, + +what is this sequence? +So, the sequence is 14. + +If you know the answer, +shout it out. + +Anyone yet? OK, it's tricky. + +It's a bit of a small class, +so I hope someone knows the + +answer. + +How many TA's know the answer? +Just a couple, + +OK, if you're looking at the +slides, probably you know the + +answer. +That's cheating. + +OK, I'll give you a hint. +It is not a mathematical + +sequence. +This is a real-life sequence. + +Yeah? +Yeah, and what city? + +New York, yeah, +this is the 7th Ave line. + +This is my favorite subway line +in New York. + +But, what's a cool feature of +the New York City subway? + +OK, it's a skip list. +Good answer. + +[LAUGHTER] Indeed it is. +Skip lists are so practical. + +They've been implemented in the +subway system. + +How cool is that? +OK, Boston subway is pretty + +cool because it's the oldest +subway definitely in the United + +States, maybe in the world. +New York is close, + +and it has other nice features +like it's open 24 hours. + +That's a definite plus, +but it also has this feature of + +express lines. +So, it's a bit of an + +abstraction, +but the 7th Ave line has + +essentially two kinds of cars. +These are street numbers by the + +way. +This is, Penn Station, + +Times Square, +and so on. + +So, there are essentially two +lines. + +There's the express line which +goes 14, to 34, + +to 42, to 72, +to 96. + +And then, there's the local +line which stops at every stop. + +And, they accomplish this with +four sets of tracks. + +So, I mean, the express lines +have their own dedicated track. + +If you want to go to stop 59 +from, let's say, + +Penn Station, +well, let's say from lower west + +side, you get on the express +line. + +You jump to 42 pretty quickly, +and then you switch over to the + +local line, and go on to 59 or +wherever I said I was going. + +OK, so this is express and +local lines, and we can + +represent that with a couple of +lists. + +We have one list, +sure, we have one list on the + +bottom, so leave some space up +here. + +This is the local line, +L_2, 34, 42, + +50, 59, 66, 72, +79, and so on. + +And then we had the express +line on top, which only stops at + +14, 34, 42, 72, +and so on. + +I'm not going to redraw the +whole list. + +You get the idea. +And so, what we're going to do + +is put links between in the +local and express lines, + +wherever they happen to meet. +And, that's our two linked list + +structure. +So, that's what I actually + +meant what I was trying to draw +some picture. + +Now, this has a property that +in one list, the bottom list, + +every element occurs. +And the top list just copies + +some of those elements. +And we're going to preserve + +that property. +So, L_2 stores all the + +elements, and L_1 stores some +subset. + +And, it's still open which ones +we should store. + +That's the one thing we need to +think about. + +But, our inspiration is from +the New York subway system. + +OK, there, that the idea. +Of course, we're also going to + +use more than two lists. +OK, we also have links. + +Let's say it links between +equal keys in L_1 and L_2. + +Good. +So, just for the sake of + +completeness, +and because we will need this + +later, let's talk about searches +before we worry about how these + +lists are actually constructed. +Of course, if I wanted that + +board. +So, if you want to search for + +an element, x, +what do you do? + +Well, this is the taking the +subway algorithm. + +And, suppose you always start +in the upper left corner of the + +subway system, +if you're always in the lower + +west side, 14th St, +and I don't know exactly where + +that is, but more or less, +somewhere down at the bottom of + +Manhattan. +And, you want to go to a + +particular station like 59. +Well, you'd stay on the express + +line as long as you can because +it happens that we started on + +the express line. +And then, you go down. + +And then you take the local +line the rest of the way. + +That's clearly the right thing +to do if you always start in the + +top left corner. +So, I'm going to write that + +down in some kind of an +algorithm because we will be + +generalizing it. +It's pretty obvious at this + +point. +It will remain obvious. + +So, I want to walk right in the +top list until that would go too + +far. +So, you imagine giving someone + +directions on the subway system +they've never been on. + +So, you say, +OK, you start at 14th. + +Take the express line, +and when you get to 72nd, + +you've gone too far. +Go back one, + +and then go down to the local +line. + +It's really annoying +directions. + +But this is what an algorithm +has to do because it's never + +taken the subway before. +So, it's going to check, + +so let's do it here. +So, suppose I'm aiming for 59. + +So, I started 14, +say the first thing I do is go + +to 34. +Then from there, + +I go to 42. +Still good because 59 is bigger + +than 42. +I go right again. + +I say, oops, +72 is too big. + +That was too far. +So, I go back to where it just + +was. +Then I go down and then I keep + +going right until I find the +element that I want, + +or discover that it's not in +the bottom list because bottom + +list has everyone. +So, that's the algorithm. + +Stop when going right would go +too far, and you discover that + +with a comparison. +Then you walk down to L_2. + +And then you walk right in L_2 +until you find x, + +or you find something greater +than x, in which case x is + +definitely not on your list. +And you found the predecessor + +and successor, +which may be your goal. + +If you didn't find where x was, +you should find where it would + +go if it were there, +because then maybe you could + +insert there. +We're going to use this + +algorithm in insertion. +OK, but that search: + +pretty easy at this point. +Now, what we haven't discussed + +is how fast the search algorithm +is, and it depends, + +of course, which elements we're +going to store in L_1, + +which subset of elements should +go in L_1. + +Now, in the subway system, +you probably put all the + +popular stations in L_1. +But here, we want worst-case + +performance. +So, we don't have some + +probability distribution on the +nodes. + +We just like every node to be +accessed sort of as quickly as + +possible, uniformly. +So, we want to minimize the + +maximum time over all queries. +So, any ideas what we should do + +with L_1? +Should I put all the nodes of + +L_1 in the beginning? +OK, it's a strict subset. + +Suppose I told you what the +size of L_1 was. + +I can tell you, +I could afford to build this + +many express stops. +How should you distribute them + +among the elements of L_2? +Uniformly, good. + +So, what nodes, +sorry, what keys, + +let's say, go in L_1? +Well, definitely the best thing + +to do is to spread them out +uniformly, OK, + +which is definitely not what +the 7th Ave line looks like. + +But, let's imagine that we +could reengineer everything. + +So, we're going to try to space +these things out a little bit + +more. +So, 34 and 42nd are way too + +close. +We'll take a few more stops. + +And, now we can start to +analyze things. + +OK, as a function of the length +of L_1. + +So, the cost of a search is now +roughly, so, I want a function + +of the length of L_1, +and the length of L_2, + +which is all the elements, +n. + +What is the cost of the search +if I spread out all the elements + +in L_1 uniformly? +Yeah? + +Right, the total number of +elements in the top lists, + +plus the division between the +bottom and the top. + +So, I'll write the length of +L_1 plus the length of L_2 + +divided by the length of L_1. +OK, this is roughly, + +I mean, there's maybe a plus +one or so here because in the + +worst case, I have to search +through all of L_1 because the + +station I could be looking for +could be the max. + +OK, and maybe I'm not lucky, +and the max is not on the + +express line. +So then, I have to go down to + +the local line. +And how many stops will I have + +to go on the local line? +Well, L_1 just evenly + +partitions L_2. +So this is the number of + +consecutive stations between two +express stops. + +So, I take the express, +possibly this long, + +but I take the local possibly +this long. + +And, this is an L_2. +And there is, + +plus, a constant, +for example, + +go walking down. +But that's basically the number + +of nodes that I visit. +So, I'd like to minimize this + +function. +Now, L_2, I'm going to call + +that n because that's the total +number of elements. + +L_1, I can choose to be +whatever I want. + +So, let's go over here. +So, I want to minimize L_1 plus + +n over L_1. +And I get to choose L_1. + +Now, I could differentiate +this, set it to zero, + +and go crazy. +Or, I could realize that, + +I mean, that's not hard. +But, that's a little bit too + +fancy for me. +So, I could say, + +well, this is clearly best when +L_1 is small. + +And this is clearly best when +L_1 is large. + +So, there's a trade-off there. +And, the trade-off will be + +roughly minimized up to constant +factors when these two terms are + +equal. +That's when I have pretty good + +balance between the two ends of +the trade-off. + +So, this is up to constant +factors. + +I can let L_1 equal n over L_1, +OK, because at most I'm losing + +a factor of two there when they +happen to be equal. + +So now, I just solve this. +This is really easy. + +This is (L_1)^2 equals n. +So, L_1 is the square root of + +n. +OK, so the cost that I'm + +getting over here, +L_1 plus L_2 over L_1 is the + +square root of n plus n over +root n, which is, + +again, root n. +So, I get two root n. + +So, search cost, +and I'm caring about the + +constant here, +because it will matter in a + +moment. +Two square root of n: + +I'm not caring about the +additive constant, + +but the multiplicative constant +I care about. + +OK, that seems good. +We started with a linked list + +that searched in n time, +theta n time per operation. + +Now we have two linked lists, +search and theta root n time. + +It seems pretty good. +This is what the structure + +looks like. +We have root n guys here. + +This is in the local line. +And, we have one express stop + +which represents that. +But we have another root n + +values in the local line. +And we have one express stop + +that represents that. +And these two are linked, + +and so on. + +Well, I should put some dot, +dot, dots in there. + +OK, so each of these chunks has +length root n, + +and the number of +representatives up here is + +square root of n. +The number of express stops is + +square root of n. +So clearly, things are balanced + +now. +I search for, + +at most, square root of n up +here. + +Then I search in one of these +lists for, at most, + +square root of n. +So, every search takes, + +at most, two root n. +Cool, what should we do next? + +So, again, ignore insertions +and deletions. + +I want to make searches faster +because square root of n is not + +so hot as we know. +Sorry? + +More lines. +Let's add a super express line, + +or another linked list. +OK, this was two. + +Why not do three? +So, we started with a sorted + +linked list. +Then we went to two. + +This gave us two square root of +n. + +Now, I want three sorted linked +lists. + +I didn't pluralize here. +Any guesses what the running + +time might be? +This is just guesswork. + +Don't think. +From two square root of n, + +you would go to, +sorry? + +Two square root of two, +fourth root of n? + +That's on the right track. +Both the constant and the root + +change, but not quite so +fancily. + +Three times the cubed root: +good. + +Intuition is very helpful here. +It doesn't matter what the + +right answer is. +Use your intuition. + +You can prove that. +It's not so hard. + +You now have three lists, +and what you want to balance + +are at the length of the top +list, the ratio between the top + +two lists, and the ratio between +the bottom two lists. + +So, you want these three to +multiply out to n, + +because the top times the ratio +times the ratio: + +that has to equal n. +And, so that's where you get + +the cubed root of n. +Each of these should be equal. + +So, you set them because the +cost is the sum of those three + +things. +So, you set each of them to + +cubed root of n, +and there are three of them. + +OK, check it at home if you +want to be more sure. + +Obviously, we want a few more. +So, let's think about k sorted + +lists. +k sorted lists will be k times + +the k'th root of n. +You probably guessed that by + +now. +So, what should we set k to? + +I don't want the exact minimum. +What's a good value for k? + +Should I set it to n? +n's kind of nice, + +because the n'th root of n is +just one. + +Now that's n. +So, this is why I cared about + +the lead constant because it's +going to grow as I add more + +lists. +What's the biggest reasonable + +value of k that I could use? +Log n, because I have a k out + +there. +I certainly don't want to use + +more than log n. +So, log n times the log n'th + +root, and this is a little hard +to draw of n. + +Now, what is the log n'th root +of n? + +That's what you're all thinking +about. + +What is the log n'th root of n +minus two? + +It's one of these good +questions whose answer is? + +Oh man. +Remember the definition of + +root? +OK, the root is n to the one + +over log n. +OK, good, remember the + +definition of having a power, +A to the B? + +It was like two to the power, +B log A? + +Does that sound familiar? +So, this is two to the log n + +over log n, which is, +I hope you can get it at this + +point, two. +Wow, so the log n'th root of n + +minus two is zero: +my favorite answer. + +OK, this is to. +So this whole thing is two log + +n: pretty nifty. +So, you could be a little + +fancier and tweak this a little +bit, but two log n is plenty + +good for me. +We clearly don't want to use + +any more lists, +but log n lists sounds pretty + +good. +I get, now, logarithmic search + +time. +Let's check. + +I mean, we sort of did this all +intuitively. + +Let's draw what the list looks +like. + +But, it will work. +So, I'm going to redraw this + +example because you have to, +also. + +So, let's redesign that New +York City subway system. + +And, I want you to leave three +blank lines up here. + +So, you should have this +memorized by now. + +But I don't. +So, we are not allowed to + +change the local line, +though it would be nice, + +add a few more stops there. +OK, we can stop at 79th Street. + +That's enough. +So now, we have log n lists. + +And here, log n is about four. +So, I want to make a bunch of + +lists here. +In particular, + +14 will appear on all of them. +So, why don't I draw those in? + +And, the question is, +which elements go in here? + +So, I have log n lists. +And, my goal is to balance the + +number of items up here, +and the ratio between these two + +lists, and the ratio between +these two lists, + +and the ratio between these two +lists. + +I want all these things to be +balanced. + +There are log n of them. +So, the product of all those + +ratios better be n, +the number of elements down + +here. +So, the product of all these + +ratios is n. +And there's log n of them; + +how big is each ratio? +So, I'll call the ratio r. + +The ratio's r. +I should have r to the power of + +log n equals n. +What's r? + +What's r minus two? +Zero. + +OK, this should be two to the +power of log n. + +So, if the ratio between the +number of elements here and here + +is to all the way down, +then I will have an elements at + +the bottom, which is what I +want. + +So, in other words, +I want half the elements here, + +a quarter of the elements here, +an eighth of the elements here, + +and so on. +So, I'm going to take half of + +the elements evenly spaced out: +34th, 50th, 66th, + +79th, and so on. +So, this is our new + +semi-express line: +not terribly fast, + +but you save a factor of two +for going up there. + +And, when you're done, +you go down, + +and you walk, +at most, one step. + +And you find what you're +looking for. + +OK, and then we do the same +thing over and over and over + +until we run out of elements. +I can't read my own writing. + +It's 79th. + +OK, if I had a bigger example, +I would be more levels, + +but this is just barely enough. +Let's say two elements is where + +I stop. +So, this looks good. + +Does this look like a structure +you've seen before, + +at all, vaguely? +Yes? + +A tree: yes. +It looks a lot like a binary + +tree. +I'll just leave it at that. + +In your problem set, +you'll understand why skip + +lists are really like trees. +But it's more or less a tree. + +Let's say at this level, +it looks sort of like binary + +search. +You look at 14; + +you look at 15, +and therefore, + +you decide whether you are in +the left half for the right + +half. +And that's sort of like a tree. + +It's not quite a tree because +we have this element repeated + +all over. +But more or less, + +this is a binary tree. +At depth I, we have two to the + +I nodes, just like a tree, +just like a balanced tree. + +I'm going to call this +structure an ideal skip list. + +And, if all we are doing our +searches, ideal skip lists are + +pretty good. +Maybe at practice: + +not quite as good as a binary +search tree, but up to constant + +factors: just as good. +So, for example, + +I mean, we can generalize +search, just check that it's log + +n. +So, the search procedure is you + +start at the top left. +So, let's say we are looking + +for 72. +You start at the top left. + +14 is smaller than 72, +so I try to go right. + +79 is too big. +So, I follow this arrow, + +but I say, oops, +that's too much. + +So, instead, +I go down 14 still. + +I go to the right: +oh, 50, that's still smaller + +than 72: OK. +I tried to go right again. + +Oh: 79, that's too big. +That's no good. + +So, I go down. +So, I get 50. + +I do the same thing over and +over. + +I try to go to the right: +oh, 66, that's OK. + +Try to go to the right: +oh, 79, that's too big. + +So I go down. +Now I go to the right and, + +oh, 72: done. +Otherwise, I'd go too far and + +try to go down and say, +oops, element must not be + +there. +It's a very simple search + +algorithm: same as here except +just remove the L_1 and L_2. + +Go right until that would go +too far. + +Then go down. +Then go right until we'd go too + +far, and then go down. +You might have to do this log n + +times. +In each level, + +you're clearly only walking a +couple of steps because the + +ratio between these two sizes is +only two. + +So, this will cost two log n +for search. + +Good, I mean, +so that was to check because we + +were using intuition over here; +a little bit shaky. + +So, this is an ideal skip list, +we have to support insertions + +and deletions. +As soon as we do an insert and + +delete, there's no way we're +going to maintain the structure. + +It's a bit too special. +There is only one of these + +where everything is perfectly +spaced out, and everything is + +beautiful. +So, we can't do that. + +We're going to maintain roughly +this structure as best we can. + +And, if anyone of you knows +someone in New York City subway + +planning, you can tell them +this. + +OK, so: skip lists. +So, I mean, this is basically + +our data structure. +You could use this as a + +starting point, +but then you start using skip + +lists. +And, we need to somehow + +implement insertions and +deletions, and maintain roughly + +this structure well enough that +the search still costs order log + +n time. +So, let's focus on insertions. + +If we do insertions right, +it turns out deletions are + +really trivial. + +And again, this is all from +first principles. + +We're not allowed to use +anything fancy. + +But, it would be nice if we +used some good chalk. + +This one looks better. +So, suppose you want to insert + +an element, x. +We said how to search for an + +element. +So, how do we insert it? + +Well, the first thing we should +do is figure out where it goes. + +So, we search for x. +We call search of x to find + +where x fits in the bottom list, +not just any list. + +Pretty easy to find out where +it fits in the top list. + +That takes, like, +constant time. + +What we want to know: +because the top list has + +constant length, +we want to know where x goes in + +the bottom list. +So, let's say we want to insert + +a search for 80. +Well, it is a bit too big. + +Let search for 75. +So, we'll find the 75 fits + +right here between 72 and 79 +using the same path. + +OK, if it's there already, +we complain because I'm going + +to assume all keys are distinct +for now just so the picture + +stays simple. +But this works fine even if you + +are inserting the same key over +and over. + +So, that seems good. +One thing we should clearly do + +is insert x into the bottom +list. + +We now know where it fits. +It should go there. + +Because we want to maintain +this invariant, + +that the bottom list contains +all the elements. + +So, there we go. +We've maintained the invariant. + +The bottom list contains all +the elements. + +So, we search for 75. +We say, oh, 75 goes here, + +and we just sort of link in 75. +You know how to do a linked + +list, I hope. +Let me just erase that pointer. + +All the work in implementing +skip lists is the linked list + +manipulation. +Is that enough? + +No, it would be fine for now +because now there's only a chain + +of length three here that you'd +have to walk over if you're + +looking for something in this +range. + +But if I just keep inserting +75, and 76, than 76 plus + +epsilon, 76 plus two epsilon, +and so on, just pack a whole + +bunch of elements in here, +this chain will get really + +long. +Now, suddenly, + +things are not so balanced. +If I do a search, + +I'll pay an arbitrarily long +amount time here to search for + +someone. +If I insert k things, + +it'll take k time. +I want it to stay log n. + +If I only insert log n items, +it's OK for now. + +What I want to do is decide +which of these lists contain 75. + +So, clearly it goes on the +bottom. + +Every element goes in the +bottom. + +Should it go up a level? +Maybe. + +It depends. +It's not clear yet. + +If I insert a few items here, +definitely some of them should + +go on the next level. +Should I go to levels up? + +Maybe, but even less likely. +So, what should I do? + +Yeah? +Right, so you maintain the + +ideal partition size, +which may be like the length of + +this chain. +And you see, + +well, if that gets too long, +then I should split it in the + +middle, promote that guy up to +the next level, + +and do the same thing up here. +If this chain gets too long + +between two consecutive next +level express stops, + +then I'll promote the middle +guy. + +And that's what you'll do in +your problem set. + +That's too fancy for me. +I don't need no stinking + +counters. +What else could I do? + +I could try to maintain the +ideal skip list structure. + +That will be too expensive. +Like I say, 75 is the guy that + +gets promoted, +and this guy gets demoted all + +the way down. +But that will propagate + +everything to the right. +And that could cost linear time + +for update. +Other idea? + +If I only want half of them to +go up, I could flip a coin. + +Good idea. +All right, for that, + +I will give you a quarter. +It's a good one. + +It's the old line state, +Maryland. + +There you go. +However, you have to perform + +some services for that quarter, +namely, flip the coin. + +Can you flip a coin? +Good. + +What did you get? +Tails, OK, that's the first + +random bit. +But we are going to do is build + +a skip list. +Maybe I should tell you how + +first. +OK, but the idea is flip a + +coin. +If it's heads, + +so, sorry, if it's heads, +we will promote it to the next + +level, and flip again. +So, this is an answer to the + +question, which other lists +should store x? + +How many other lists should we +add x to? + +Well, the algorithm is, +flip a coin, + +and if it comes out heads, +then promote x. + +to the next level up, +and flip again. + +OK, that's key because we might +want this element to go + +arbitrarily high. +But for starters, + +we flip a coin. +It doesn't go to the next + +level. +Well, we'd like it to go to the + +next level with probability one +half because we want the ratio + +between these two sizes to be a +half, or sorry, + +two, depending which way you +take the ratio. + +So, I want roughly half the +elements up here. + +So, I flip a coin. +If it comes up heads, + +I go up here. +This is a fair coin. + +So I want it 50-50. +OK, then how many should that + +element go up to the next level +up? + +Well, with 50% probability +again. + +So, I flip another point. +If it comes up heads, + +I'll go up another level. +And that will maintain the + +approximate ratio between these +two guys as being two. + +The expected ratio will +definitely be two, + +and so on, all the way up. +If I go up to the top and flip + +a coin, it comes up heads, +I'll make another level. + +This is the insertion +algorithm: dead simple. + +The fancier one you will see on +your problem set. + +So, let's do it. + +OK, I also need someone to +generate random numbers. + +Who can generate random +numbers? + +Pseudo-random? +I'll give you a quarter. + +I have one here. +Here you go. + +That's a boring quarter. +Who would like to generate + +random numbers? +Someone volunteering someone + +else: that's a good way to do +it. + +Here you go. +You get a quarter, + +but you're not allowed to flip +it. + +No randomness for you; +well, OK, you can generate + +bits, and then compute a number. +So, give me a number. + +44, can answer. +OK, we already flipped a coin + +and I got tails. +Done. + +That's the insertion algorithm. +I'm going to make some more + +space actually, +put it way down here. + +OK, so 44 does not get promoted +because we got a tails. + +So, give me another number. +Nine, OK, I search for nine in + +this list. +I should mention one other + +thing, sorry. +I need a small change. + +This is just to make sure +searches still work. + +So, the worry is suppose I +insert something bigger and then + +I promote it. +This would look very bad for a + +skip list data structure because +I always want to start at the + +top left, and now there's no top +left. + +So, just minor change: +just let me remember that. + +The minor change is that I'm +going to store a special value + +minus infinity in every list. +So, minus infinity always gets + +promoted all the way to the top, +whatever the top happens to be + +now. +So, initially, + +that way I'll always have a top +left. + +Sorry, I forgot to mention +that. + +So, initially I'll just have +minus infinity. + +Then I insert 44. +I say, OK, 44 goes there, + +no promotion, +done. + +Now, we're going to insert +nine. + +Nine goes here. +So, minus infinity to nine, + +flip your coin, +heads. + +Did he actually flip it? +OK, good. + +He flipped it before, +yeah, sure. + +I'm just giving you a hard +time. + +So, we have nine up here. +We need to maintain this minus + +infinity just to make sure it +gets promoted along with + +everything else. +So, that looks like a nice skip + +list. +Flip it again. + +Tails, good. +OK, so this looks like an ideal + +skip list. +Isn't that great? + +It works every time. +OK, give me another number. + +26, OK, so I search for 26. +26 goes here. + +It clearly goes on the bottom +list. + +Here we go, 26, +and then I you raised 44. + +Flip. +Tails, OK, another number. + +50, oh, a big one. +It costs me a little while to + +search, and I get over here. +50. + +Flip. +Heads, good. + +So 50 gets promoted. +Flip it again. + +Tails, OK, still a reasonable +number. + +Another number? +12, it takes a little while to + +get exciting here. +OK, 12 goes here between nine + +and 26. +You're giving me a hard time + +here. +OK, flip. + +Heads, OK, 12 gets promoted. +I know you have to work a + +little bit, but we just came +here to search for 12. + +So, we know that nine was the +last point we went down. + +So, we promote 12. +It gets inserted up here. + +We are just inserting into this +particular linked list: + +nothing fancy. +We link the two twelves + +together. +It still looks kind of like a + +linked list. +Flip again. + +OK, tails, another number. +37. + +Jeez. +It's a good test of memory. + +37, what was it, +44 and 50? + +And 50 was at the next level +up. + +I think I should just keep +appending elements and have you + +flip coins. +OK, we just inserted 37. + +Tails. +OK, that's getting to be a long + +chain. +That looks a bit worse. + +OK, give me another number +larger than 50. + +51, good answer. +Thank you. + +OK, flip again. +And again. + +Tails. +Another number. + +Wait, someone else should pick +a number. + +It's not working. +What did you say? + +52, good answer. +Flip. + +Tails, not surprising. +We've gotten a lot of heads + +there. +OK, another number. + +53, thank you. +Flip. + +Heads, heads, +OK. + +Heads, heads, +you didn't flip. + +All right, 53, +you get the idea. + +If you get two consecutive +heads, then the guy goes up two + +levels. +OK, now flip for real. + +Heads. +Finally. + +Heads we've been waiting for. +If you flipped three heads in a + +row, you go three levels. +And each time, + +we keep promoting minus +infinity. + +Look again. +Heads, oh my God. + +Where were they before? +Flip again. + +It better be tails this time. +Tails, good. + +OK, you get the idea. +Eventually you run out of board + +space. +Now, it's pretty rare that you + +go too high. +What's the probability that you + +go higher than log n? +Another easy log computation. + +Each time, I have a 50% +probability of going up. + +One in n probability of going +up log n levels because half to + +the power of log n is one out of +n. + +So, it depends on n, +but I'm not going to go too + +high. +And, intuitively, + +this is not so bad. +So, these are skip lists. + +You have the ratios right in +expectation, which is a pretty + +weak statement. +This doesn't say anything about + +the lengths of these change. +But intuitively, + +it's pretty good. +Let's say pretty good on + +average. +So, I had two semi-random + +processes going on here. +One is picking the numbers, + +and that, I don't want to +assume anything about. + +The numbers could be +adversarial. + +It could be sequential. +It could be reverse sorted. + +It could be random. +I don't know. + +So, it didn't matter what he +said. + +At least, it shouldn't matter. +I mean, it matters here. + +Don't worry. +You're still loved. + +You still get your $0.25. +But what the algorithm cares + +about is the outcomes of these +coins. + +And the probability, +the statement that this data + +structure is fast with high +probability is only about the + +random coins. +Right, it doesn't matter what + +the adversary chooses for +numbers as long as those coins + +are random, and the adversary +doesn't know the coins. + +It doesn't know the outcomes of +the coins. + +So, in that case, +on average, overall of the coin + +flips, you should be OK. +But the claim is not just that + +it's pretty good on average. +But, it's really, + +really good almost always. +OK, with really high + +probability it's log n. +So, for example, + +with probability, +one minus one over n, + +it's order of log n, +with probability one minus one + +over n^2 it's log n, +probability one minus one over + +n^100, it's order log n. +All those statements are true + +for any value of 100. +So, that's where we're going. + +OK, I should mention, +how do you delete in a skip + +list? +Find the element. + +You delete it all the way. +There's nothing fancy with + +delete. +Because we have all these + +independent, random choices, +all of these elements are sort + +of independent from each other. +We don't really care. + +So, delete an element, +just throw it away. + +The tricky part is insertion. +When I insert an element, + +I'm just going to randomly see +how high it should go. + +With probability one over two +to the i, it will go to height + +i. +Good, that's my time. + +I've been having too much fun +here. + +I've got to go a little bit +faster, OK. + +So here's the theorem. +Let's see exactly what we are + +proving first. +With high probability, + +this is a formal notion which I +will define a second. + +Every search in n elements skip +lists costs order of log n. + +So, that's the theorem. +Now I need to define with high + +probability. +So, with high probability. + +And, it's a bit of a long +phrase. + +So, often we will, +and you can abbreviate it WHP. + +So, if I have a random event, +and the random event here is + +that every search in an n +element skip list costs order + +log n, I want to know what it +means for that event E to occur + +with high probability. + +So this is the definition. +So, the statement is that for + +any alpha greater than or equal +to one, there is a suitable + +choice of constants -- + +-- for which the event, +E, occurs with this probability + +I keep mentioning. +So, the probability at least + +one minus one over n to the +alpha. + +So, this is a bit imprecise, +but it will suffice for our + +purposes. +If you want to really formal + +definition, you can read the +lecture notes. + +There are special lecture notes +for this lecture on the stellar + +site. +And, there's the PowerPoint + +notes on the SMA site. +But, right, there's a bit of a + +subtlety in the choice of +constants here. + +There is a choice of this +constant. + +And there's a choice of this +constant. + +And, these are related. +And, there's alpha, + +which we get to whatever we +want. + +But the bottom line is, +we get to choose what + +probability we want this to be +true. + +If I want it to be true, +with probability one minus one + +over n^100, I can do that. +I just sat alpha to a hundred, + +and up to this little constant +that's going to grow much slower + +than n to the alpha. +I get the error probability. + +So this thing is called the +error probability. + +The probability that I fail is +polynomially small, + +for any polynomial I want. +Now, with the same data + +structure, right, +I fixed the data structure. + +It doesn't depend on alpha. +Anything you want, + +any alpha value you want, +this data structure will take + +order of log n time. +Now, this constant will depend + +on alpha. +So, you know, + +you want error probability one +over n^100 is probably going to + +be, like, 100 log n. +It's still log n. + +OK, this is a very strong claim +about the tale of the + +distribution of the running time +of search, very strong. + +Let me give you an idea of how +strong it is. + +How many people know what +Boole's inequality is? + +How many people know what the +union bound is in probability? + +You should. +It's in appendix c. + +Maybe you'll know it by the +theorem. + +It's good to know it by name. +It's sort of like linearity of + +expectations. +It's a lot easier to + +communicate to someone. +Linearity of expectations: + +instead of saying, +you know that thing where you + +sum up all the expectations of +things, and that's the + +expectation of the sum? +It's a lot easier to say + +linearity of expectation. +So, let me quiz you in a + +different way. +So, if I take a bunch of + +events, and I take their union, +either this happens or this + +happens, or so on. +So, this is the inclusive OR of + +k events. +And, instead, + +I look at the sum of the +probabilities of those events. + +OK, easy question: +are these equal? + +No, unless they are +independent. + +But can I say anything about +them, any relation? + +Smaller, yeah. +This is less than or equal to + +that. +OK, this should be intuitive to + +you from a probability point of +view. + +Look at the textbook. +OK: very basic result, + +trivial result almost. +What does this tell us? + +Well, suppose that E_i is some +kind of error event. + +We don't want it to happen. +OK, and suppose, + +mix some letters here. +Suppose I have a bunch of + +events which occur with high +probability. + +OK, call those E_i complement. +So, suppose, + +so this is the end of that +statement, E_i complement occurs + +with high probability. +OK, so then the probability of + +E_i is very small, +polynomially small. + +One over n to the alpha for any +alpha I want. + +Now, suppose I take a whole +bunch of these events, + +and let's say that k is +polynomial in n. + +So, I take a bunch of events, +which I'd like to happen. + +They all occur with high +probability. + +There is only polynomially many +of them. + +So let's say, +let me give this constant a + +name. +Let's call it c. + +Let's say I take n to the c +such events. + +Well, what's the probability +that all those events occur + +together? +Because they should rest of the + +time occurred together because +each one occurs most of the + +time, occurs with high +probability. + +So, I want to look at E_1 bar +intersect, E_2 bar, + +and so on. +So, each of these occurs as + +high probability. +What's the chance that they all + +occur? +It's also with high + +probability. +I'm changing the alpha. + +So, the union bound tells me +the probability of any one of + +these failing, +the probability of this + +failing, or this failing, +or this failing, + +which is this thing, +is, at most, + +the sum of the probabilities of +each failure. + +These are the error +probabilities. + +I know that each of them is, +at most, one over n to the + +alpha, with a constant in front. +If I add them all up, + +there's only n to the c of +them. + +So, I take this error +probability, and I multiply by n + +to the c. +So, I get like n to the c over + +n to the alpha, +which is one over n to the + +alpha minus c. +I can set alpha as big as I + +want. +So, I said it much, + +much bigger than c, +and this event occurs with high + +probability. +I sort of made a mess here, + +but this event occurs with high +probability because of this. + +Whatever the constant is here, +however many events I'm taking, + +I just set alpha to be bigger +than that. + +And, this event will occur with +high probability, + +too. +So, when I say here that every + +search of cost order log n with +high probability, + +not only do I mean that if you +look at one search, + +it costs order log n with high +probability. + +You look at another search, +and it costs log n with high + +probability. +I mean, if you take every + +search, all of them take order +log n time with high + +probability. +So, this event that every + +single search you do takes order +log n, is true with high + +probability estimate the number +of searches you are doing is + +polynomial in n. +So, I'm assuming that I'm not + +using this data structure +forever, just for a polynomial + +amount of time. +But, who's got more than a + +polynomial amount of time +anyway? + +This is MIT. +So, hopefully that's clear. + +We'll see it a few more times. +Yeah? + +The algorithm doesn't depend on +Alpha. + +The question is how do you +choose alpha in the algorithm. + +So, we don't need to. +This is just sort of for an + +analysis tool. +This is saying that the farther + +out you get, so you say, +well, what's the probability + +that more than ten log n. +Well, it's like one over n^10. + +Let's say it's linear. +Well, what's the chance that + +you're more than 20 log n? +Well that's one over n^20. + +So, the point is the tail of +this distribution is getting a + +really small, +really fast. + +And, such using alpha is more +like sort of for your own + +feeling good. +OK, you can set it to 100, + +and then n is at least two. +So, that's like one over 2^100 + +chance that you fail. +That's damn small. + +If you've got a real random +number generator, + +the chance that you're going to +hit one over 2^200 is pretty + +tiny, right? +So, let's say you set alpha to + +256, which is always a good +number. + +2^256 is much bigger than the +number of particles in the known + +universe, so, +the light matter. + +So, actually I think this even +accounts for some notion of dark + +matter. +So, this is really, + +really, really big. +So, the chance that you pick a + +random particle in the universe +that happens to be your favorite + +particle, this one right here, +that's over one over 2^256, + +or even smaller. +So, set alpha to 256, + +the chance to your algorithm +takes more than order log n time + +is a lot smaller than the chance +that a meteor strikes your + +computer at the same time that +it has a flooding point error, + +at the same time that the earth +explodes because they're putting + +a transport through this part of +the solar system at the same + +time, I mean, +I could go on, + +right? +It's really, + +really unlikely that you are +more than log n. + +And how unlikely: +you get to choose. + +But it's just in the analysis +the algorithm doesn't depend on + +it. +It's the same algorithm, + +very cool. +Sometimes, with high + +probability, bounds depends on +alpha. + +I mean, the algorithm depends +on alpha. + +But here, it will not. +OK, away we go. + +So now you all understand the +claim. + +So let's do a warm up. +We will also need this fact. + +But it's pretty easy. +The lemma is that with high + +probability, the number of +levels in the skip list is order + +log n. +I think it's order log n, + +certainly. +So, how do we prove that + +something happens with high +probably? + +Compute the probability that it +happened; show that it's high. + +Even if you don't know what +high probability means, + +in fact, I used to ask that +earlier on. + +So, let's compute the chance +that it doesn't happen, + +the error probability, +because that's just a one minus + +the cleaner. +So, I'd like to say, + +let's say, that it's, +at most, c log n levels. + +So, what's the error +probability for that event? + +This is sort of an event. +I'll put it in squiggles just + +for, all set. +This is the probability that + +they are strictly greater than c +log n levels. + +So, I want to say that that +probability is particularly + +small, polynomially small. +Well, how do I make levels? + +When I insert an element, +the probability half, + +it goes up. +And, the number of levels in + +the skip list is the max over +all the elements of how high it + +goes up. +But, max, oh, + +that's a mess. +All right, you can compute the + +expectation of the max if you +have a bunch of unknown + +variables; there is expectation +there is a constant, + +and you take the max. +It's like log in and + +expectation, but we want a much +stronger statement. + +And, we have this Boole's +inequality that says I have a + +bunch of things, +polynomially many things. + +Let's say we have n items. +Each one independently, + +I don't even care if it's a +dependent. + +If it goes up more than c log +n, yeah, the number of levels is + +more than c log n. +So, this is, + +at most, and then I want to +know, do any of those events + +happen for any of the n +elements? + +So, I just multiplied by n. +It's certainly, + +at most, n times the +probability that x gets + +promoted, this much here, +greater than or equal to log n + +times. +OK, if I pick, + +for any element, +x, because it's the same for + +each element. +They are done independently. + +So, I'm just summing over x +here, and that's just a factor + +of n. +Clear? + +This is Boole's inequality. +Now, what's the probability + +that x gets promoted c log n +times? + +We did this before for log n. +It was one over n. + +For c log n, +it's one over n to the c. + +OK, this is n times two. +Let's be nicer: + +one half to the power of c log +n. + +One half to the power of c log +n is one over two to the c log + +n. +The log n comes out here, + +becomes an n. +We get n to the c. + +So, this is n divided by n to +the c, which is n to the c minus + +one. +And, I get to choose c to be + +whatever I want. +So, I choose c minus one to be + +alpha. +I think exactly that. + +Oh, sorry, one over n to the c +minus one. + +Thank you. +It better be small. + +This is an upper bound. +So, probability is polynomially + +small. +I get to choose, + +and this is a bit of the trik. +I'm choosing this constant to + +be large, large enough for +alpha. + +The point is, +as c grows, alpha grows. + +Therefore, I can set alpha to +be whatever I want, + +set c accordingly. +So, there's a little bit more + +words that have to go here. +But, they're in the notes. + +I can set alpha to be as large +as I want. + +So, I can make this probability +as small as I want in the + +polynomial sets. +So, that's it. + +Number of levels, +order log n: + +wasn't that easy? +Rules and equality, + +the point is that when you're +dealing with high probability, + +use Boole's inequality. +And, anything that's true for + +one element is true for all of +them, just like that. + +Just lose a factor of n, +but that's just one in the + +alpha, and alpha is big: +big constant, + +but it's big. +OK, so let's prove the theorem. + +High probability searches cost +order log n. + +We now know the height is order +log n, but it depends how + +balanced this thing is. +It depends how long the chains + +are to really know that a search +costs log n. + +Just knowing a bound on the +height is not enough, + +unlike a binary tree. +So, we have one cool idea for + +this analysis. +And it's called backwards + +analysis. +So, normally you think of a + +search as starting in the top +left corner going left and down + +until you get to the item that +you're looking for. + +I'm going to look at the +reverse process. + +You start at the item you're +looking for, and you go left and + +up until you get to the top left +corner. + +The number of steps in those +two walks is the same. + +And, I'm not implementing an +algorithm here, + +I'm just doing analysis. +So, those are the same + +processes, just in reverse. +So, here's what it looks like. + +You have a search, +and it starts, + +which really means that it ends +at a node in the bottom list. + +Then, each time you visit a +node in this search, + +you either go left or up. +And, when do you go left or up? + +Well, it depends with the coin +flip was. + +So, if the node wasn't promoted +at this level. + +So, if it wasn't promoted +higher, and that happened + +exactly when we got a tails. +Then, we go left, + +which really means we came from +the left. + +Or, if we got a heads, +so if this node was promoted to + +the next level, +which happened whenever we got + +a heads at that particular +moment. + +This is in the past some time +when we did the insertion. + +Then we go, or came from, +up. + +And, we stop at the root. +This is really where we start; + +same thing. +So, either at the root or I'm + +also going to think of this as +stopping at minus infinity. + +OK, that was a bit messy, +but let me review. + +So, normally we start up here. +Well, just looking at + +everything backwards, +and in brackets is what's + +really happening. +So, this search ends at the + +node you were looking for. +It's always in the bottom list. + +Then it says, +well, was this node promoted + +higher? +If it was, I came from above. + +If not, I came to the left. +It must have been in the bottom + +chain somewhere. +OK, and that's true at every + +node you visit. +It depends whether that quite + +slipped heads or tails at the +time that you inserted that node + +into that level. +But, these are just a bunch of + +events. +I'm just going to check, + +what is the probability that +its heads, and what is the + +probability that a tails? +It's always a half. + +Every time I look at a coin +flip, when it was flipped, + +there was a probability of half +going out of their way. + +That's the magic. +And, I'm not using that these + +events are independent anyway. +For every element that I search + +for, for every value, +x, that's another search. + +Those events may not be +independent. + +I can still use Boole's +inequality and conclude that all + +of them are order log n with +high probability. + +As long as I can prove that any +one event happens with high + +probability. +So, I don't need independence + +between, I knew that these coin +flips in a single search are + +independent, but everything +else, for different searches I + +don't care. +So, how long can this process + +go on? +We want to know how many times + +can I make this walk? +Well, when I hit the root node, + +I'm done. +Well, how quickly would I hit + +the root node? +Well, with probability, + +a half, I go up each step. +The number of times I go up is, + +at most, the number of levels +minus one. + +And that's order log n with +high probability. + +So, this is the only other +idea. + +So, we are now improving this +theorem. + +So, the number of up moves in a +search, which are really down + +moves, but same thing, +is less than the number of + +levels. +Certainly, you can't go up more + +than there are levels in the +search. + +And in insert, +you can go arbitrarily high. + +But a search: +as high as you can go. + +And this is, +at most, c log n with high + +probability. +This is what we proved in the + +lemma. +So, we have a bound on the + +number of up moves. +Half of the moves, + +roughly, are going to be up +moves. + +So, this pretty much down to +the number of moves. + +Not quite. +So, what this means is that + +with high probability, +so this is the same + +probability, but I could choose +that as high as I want by + +setting c large enough. +The number of moves, + +in other words, +the cost of the search is at + +most the number of coin flips +until we get c long n heads, + +right, because in every step of +the search, I make a move, + +and then I flip another coin, +conceptually. + +There is another independent +coin lying there. + +And it's either heads or tails. +Each of those is independent. + +So, how many independent coin +flips does it take until I get c + +log n heads? +The claim is that that's order + +log n with high probability. +But we need to prove that. + +So, this is a claim. +So, if you just sit there with + +a coin, and you want to know how +many times does it take until I + +get c log n heads, +the claim is that that number + +is order log n with high +probability. + +As long as I prove that, +I know that the total number of + +steps I make, +which is the number of heads + +and tails is order log n because +I definitely know the number of + +heads is, at most, +c log n. + +The claim is that the number of +tails can't be too much bigger. + +Notice, I can't just say c +here. + +OK, it's really important that +I have log n. + +Why? +Because with high probability, + +it depends on n. +This notion depends on n. + +Log n: it's true. +Anything bigger that log n: + +it's true, like n. +If I put n here, + +this is also true. +But, if I put a constant or a + +log log n, this is not true. +It's really important that I + +have log n here because my +notion of high probability + +depends on what's written here. +OK, it's clear so far. + +We're almost done, +which is good because I just + +ran out of time. +Sorry, we're going to go a + +couple minutes over. +So, I want to compute the error + +probability here. +So, I want to compute the + +probability that there is less +than c log n heads. + +Let me skip this step. +So, I will be approximate and + +say, what's the probability that +there is, at most, + +c log n heads? +So, I need to say how many + +coins we are flipping here for +what this event is. + +So, I need to specify this +constant. + +Let's say we flip ten c log n +coins. + +Now I want to look at the error +probability under that event. + +The probability that there is +at most c log n heads among + +those ten c log n flips. +So, the claim is this should be + +pretty small. +It's going to depend on ten. + +Then I'll choose ten to be +arbitrarily large, + +and I'll be done, +OK, make my life a little bit + +easier. +Well, I would ask you normally, + +but this is 6.042 material. +So, what's the probability that + +we have, at most, +this many heads? + +Well, that means that nine c +log n of the coins, + +because there are ten c log n +flips, c log n heads at most, + +nine c log n at least better be +tails. + +So this is the probability that +all those other guys become + +tails, which is already pretty +small. + +And then, there is this +permutation thing. + +So, if I had exactly c log n +heads, this would be the number + +of ways to rearrange c log n +heads among ten c log n coin + +flips. +OK, that's just the number of + +permutations. +So, this is a bit big, + +which is kind of annoying. +This is really, + +really small. +The claim is this is much + +smaller than that is big. + +So, this is just some math. +I'm going to whiz through it. + +So, you don't have to stay too +long. + +But you should go over it. +You should know that y choose x + +is, at most, ey over x to the x, +good fact. + +Therefore, this is, +at most, ten c log n over c log + +n, also known as ten. +These cancel. + +There's an e out here. +And then I raise that to the c + +log n power. +OK, then I divide by two to the + +power, nine c log n. +OK, so what's this? + +This is e times ten to the c +log n divided by two to the nine + +c log n. +OK, claim this is very big. + +This is not so big, +because I have a nine here. + +So, let's work it out. +This e times ten, + +that's a good number, +we can put upstairs. + +So, we get log of e times ten, +ten times, e, + +and then c log n. +And then, we have over two to + +the nine c log n. +So, we have this two to the c + +log n in both cases. +So, this is two to the log, + +ten e minus nine, +c, log n: some basic algebra. + +So, I'm going to set, +not quite. + +This is one over two to the +nine minus log: + +so, just inverting everything +here, negating the sign in here. + +And, this is my alpha because +the rest is n. + +So, this is one over n to the +alpha when alpha is this + +particular value: +nine minus log of ten times e + +times c. +It's a bit of a strange thing. + +But, the point is, +as ten goes to infinity, + +nine here is the number one +smaller than ten, + +right? +We subtracted one somewhere + +along the way. +So, as ten goes to infinity, + +this is basically, +this is ten minus one. + +This is log of ten times e. +e doesn't really matter. + +The point is, +this is logarithmic in ten. + +This is linear in ten. +The thing that's linear in ten + +is much bigger than the thing +that's logarithmic in ten. + +This is called abusive +notation. + +OK, as ten goes to infinity, +this goes to infinity, + +gets bigger. +And, there is a c out here. + +But, for any value of c that +you want, whatever value of c + +you wanted in that claim, +I can make alpha arbitrarily + +large by changing the constant +in the big O, + +which here was ten. +OK, so that claim is true with + +high probability. +Whatever probability you want, + +which tells you alpha, +you set a constant effort of + +the log N to be this number, +which grows, + +and you're done. +You get the claim that is order + +log N heads, order log N flips +with the high probability, + +therefore. +[None of the steps?] in the + +search is order log N with high +probability. + +Really cool stuff; +read the notes. + +Sorry I went so fast at the +end. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/l59IX58Wce8.txt b/l59IX58Wce8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f255a4d8b72e67ae073c03577bfdef0434104133 --- /dev/null +++ b/l59IX58Wce8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6832 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at +ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hi in our last two lectures we've been + + align:start position:0% +hi in our last two lectures we've been + + + align:start position:0% +hi in our last two lectures we've been +talking quite theoretically about what + + align:start position:0% +talking quite theoretically about what + + + align:start position:0% +talking quite theoretically about what +we mean by spanning vectors Dimension + + align:start position:0% +we mean by spanning vectors Dimension + + + align:start position:0% +we mean by spanning vectors Dimension +Vector spaces today what we'd like to do + + align:start position:0% +Vector spaces today what we'd like to do + + + align:start position:0% +Vector spaces today what we'd like to do +is add some computational knowhow to our + + align:start position:0% +is add some computational knowhow to our + + + align:start position:0% +is add some computational knowhow to our +bag of knowledge and let me say at the + + align:start position:0% +bag of knowledge and let me say at the + + + align:start position:0% +bag of knowledge and let me say at the +outset by way of a reinforcement of what + + align:start position:0% +outset by way of a reinforcement of what + + + align:start position:0% +outset by way of a reinforcement of what +we've already said in the study guide + + align:start position:0% +we've already said in the study guide + + + align:start position:0% +we've already said in the study guide +much of the material in this block is + + align:start position:0% +much of the material in this block is + + + align:start position:0% +much of the material in this block is +very difficult if you're not used to it + + align:start position:0% +very difficult if you're not used to it + + + align:start position:0% +very difficult if you're not used to it +and we have already reminded you but + + align:start position:0% +and we have already reminded you but + + + align:start position:0% +and we have already reminded you but +let's do it again watch the lectures get + + align:start position:0% +let's do it again watch the lectures get + + + align:start position:0% +let's do it again watch the lectures get +as much out of them as you can do the + + align:start position:0% +as much out of them as you can do the + + + align:start position:0% +as much out of them as you can do the +exercises which hopefully will cement + + align:start position:0% +exercises which hopefully will cement + + + align:start position:0% +exercises which hopefully will cement +down many aspects of the lecture and + + align:start position:0% +down many aspects of the lecture and + + + align:start position:0% +down many aspects of the lecture and +then if certain things still aren't + + align:start position:0% +then if certain things still aren't + + + align:start position:0% +then if certain things still aren't +Crystal Clear watch the lecture a second + + align:start position:0% +Crystal Clear watch the lecture a second + + + align:start position:0% +Crystal Clear watch the lecture a second +time hopefully you may not even have to + + align:start position:0% +time hopefully you may not even have to + + + align:start position:0% +time hopefully you may not even have to +watch the lecture the second time but + + align:start position:0% +watch the lecture the second time but + + + align:start position:0% +watch the lecture the second time but +try not to read too much into the + + align:start position:0% +try not to read too much into the + + + align:start position:0% +try not to read too much into the +lectures this is material which I think + + align:start position:0% +lectures this is material which I think + + + align:start position:0% +lectures this is material which I think +that once you get the first Insight you + + align:start position:0% +that once you get the first Insight you + + + align:start position:0% +that once you get the first Insight you +must then really work hard and do a lot + + align:start position:0% +must then really work hard and do a lot + + + align:start position:0% +must then really work hard and do a lot +of exercises but at any rate let's go + + align:start position:0% +of exercises but at any rate let's go + + + align:start position:0% +of exercises but at any rate let's go +into today's lesson which I call + + align:start position:0% +into today's lesson which I call + + + align:start position:0% +into today's lesson which I call +constructing bases and by way of review + + align:start position:0% +constructing bases and by way of review + + + align:start position:0% +constructing bases and by way of review +let's see what theory we've had going + + align:start position:0% +let's see what theory we've had going + + + align:start position:0% +let's see what theory we've had going +into today's lesson first of all given a + + align:start position:0% +into today's lesson first of all given a + + + align:start position:0% +into today's lesson first of all given a +vector space V with certain elements + + align:start position:0% +vector space V with certain elements + + + align:start position:0% +vector space V with certain elements +alpha 1 up to alpha n the set of n + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 up to alpha n the set of n + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 up to alpha n the set of n +elements alpha 1 up to alpha n is called + + align:start position:0% +elements alpha 1 up to alpha n is called + + + align:start position:0% +elements alpha 1 up to alpha n is called +a basis for V provided two things happen + + align:start position:0% +a basis for V provided two things happen + + + align:start position:0% +a basis for V provided two things happen +first the alphas must span V and + + align:start position:0% +first the alphas must span V and + + + align:start position:0% +first the alphas must span V and +secondly the alphas must be linearly + + align:start position:0% +secondly the alphas must be linearly + + + align:start position:0% +secondly the alphas must be linearly +independent okay and again if this gives + + align:start position:0% +independent okay and again if this gives + + + align:start position:0% +independent okay and again if this gives +you any trouble think in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +you any trouble think in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +you any trouble think in terms of the +naive example of the plane or + + align:start position:0% +naive example of the plane or + + + align:start position:0% +naive example of the plane or +three-dimensional space for example in + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space for example in + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space for example in +three-dimensional space i j and k span + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space i j and k span + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space i j and k span +three-dimensional space and they also + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space and they also + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space and they also +happen to be linearly independent all + + align:start position:0% +happen to be linearly independent all + + + align:start position:0% +happen to be linearly independent all +right at any rate what we then proved + + align:start position:0% +right at any rate what we then proved + + + align:start position:0% +right at any rate what we then proved +was that if Alpha One up to alpha n is a + + align:start position:0% +was that if Alpha One up to alpha n is a + + + align:start position:0% +was that if Alpha One up to alpha n is a +basis for V and don't be blinded by the + + align:start position:0% +basis for V and don't be blinded by the + + + align:start position:0% +basis for V and don't be blinded by the +alphas now what we're really saying here + + align:start position:0% +alphas now what we're really saying here + + + align:start position:0% +alphas now what we're really saying here +is that if you have found a basis for V + + align:start position:0% +is that if you have found a basis for V + + + align:start position:0% +is that if you have found a basis for V +which has n elements then the following + + align:start position:0% +which has n elements then the following + + + align:start position:0% +which has n elements then the following +things must be true one any set of more + + align:start position:0% +things must be true one any set of more + + + align:start position:0% +things must be true one any set of more +than n elements for example any n plus1 + + align:start position:0% +than n elements for example any n plus1 + + + align:start position:0% +than n elements for example any n plus1 +elements of V are linearly dependent + + align:start position:0% +elements of V are linearly dependent + + + align:start position:0% +elements of V are linearly dependent +again in terms of three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +again in terms of three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +again in terms of three-dimensional +space what we're saying is if you have + + align:start position:0% +space what we're saying is if you have + + + align:start position:0% +space what we're saying is if you have +four or more vectors in three space + + align:start position:0% +four or more vectors in three space + + + align:start position:0% +four or more vectors in three space +those vectors may or may not span V but + + align:start position:0% +those vectors may or may not span V but + + + align:start position:0% +those vectors may or may not span V but +the thing that we're sure of is that + + align:start position:0% +the thing that we're sure of is that + + + align:start position:0% +the thing that we're sure of is that +they must be linearly dependent you + + align:start position:0% +they must be linearly dependent you + + + align:start position:0% +they must be linearly dependent you +can't have more than than three linearly + + align:start position:0% +can't have more than than three linearly + + + align:start position:0% +can't have more than than three linearly +independent vectors in three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +independent vectors in three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +independent vectors in three-dimensional +space secondly fewer than n elements + + align:start position:0% +space secondly fewer than n elements + + + align:start position:0% +space secondly fewer than n elements +cannot span V again in terms of our + + align:start position:0% +cannot span V again in terms of our + + + align:start position:0% +cannot span V again in terms of our +three-dimensional example no two vectors + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional example no two vectors + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional example no two vectors +in three space no two vectors in thre + + align:start position:0% +in three space no two vectors in thre + + + align:start position:0% +in three space no two vectors in thre +space can span three space in other + + align:start position:0% +space can span three space in other + + + align:start position:0% +space can span three space in other +words then a basis has two properties if + + align:start position:0% +words then a basis has two properties if + + + align:start position:0% +words then a basis has two properties if +you have too + + align:start position:0% +you have too + + + align:start position:0% +you have too +many vectors you cannot have linear + + align:start position:0% +many vectors you cannot have linear + + + align:start position:0% +many vectors you cannot have linear +depend Independence and if you have too + + align:start position:0% +depend Independence and if you have too + + + align:start position:0% +depend Independence and if you have too +few you can't span the space so what is + + align:start position:0% +few you can't span the space so what is + + + align:start position:0% +few you can't span the space so what is +it then that a basis must have if one + + align:start position:0% +it then that a basis must have if one + + + align:start position:0% +it then that a basis must have if one +basis has n elements every basis must + + align:start position:0% +basis has n elements every basis must + + + align:start position:0% +basis has n elements every basis must +have n elements Again by way of review + + align:start position:0% +have n elements Again by way of review + + + align:start position:0% +have n elements Again by way of review +why more than n couldn't be linearly + + align:start position:0% +why more than n couldn't be linearly + + + align:start position:0% +why more than n couldn't be linearly +independent fewer than n could not span + + align:start position:0% +independent fewer than n could not span + + + align:start position:0% +independent fewer than n could not span +the space okay so every basis for V has + + align:start position:0% +the space okay so every basis for V has + + + align:start position:0% +the space okay so every basis for V has +n elements once we know that one basis + + align:start position:0% +n elements once we know that one basis + + + align:start position:0% +n elements once we know that one basis +has n + + align:start position:0% +has n + + + align:start position:0% +has n +elements now this of course does not + + align:start position:0% +elements now this of course does not + + + align:start position:0% +elements now this of course does not +mean that any set are n elements will be + + align:start position:0% +mean that any set are n elements will be + + + align:start position:0% +mean that any set are n elements will be +a basis again in terms of + + align:start position:0% +a basis again in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +a basis again in terms of +three-dimensional space suppose for + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space suppose for + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space suppose for +example that I take the following three + + align:start position:0% +example that I take the following three + + + align:start position:0% +example that I take the following three +vectors of uh three-dimensional space oh + + align:start position:0% +vectors of uh three-dimensional space oh + + + align:start position:0% +vectors of uh three-dimensional space oh +heck let's just say I J and i+ J those + + align:start position:0% +heck let's just say I J and i+ J those + + + align:start position:0% +heck let's just say I J and i+ J those +are three vectors i j and i+j but they + + align:start position:0% +are three vectors i j and i+j but they + + + align:start position:0% +are three vectors i j and i+j but they +only span two-dimensional space the + + align:start position:0% +only span two-dimensional space the + + + align:start position:0% +only span two-dimensional space the +trouble with i j and I +j is that they + + align:start position:0% +trouble with i j and I +j is that they + + + align:start position:0% +trouble with i j and I +j is that they +were linearly dependent you see all we + + align:start position:0% +were linearly dependent you see all we + + + align:start position:0% +were linearly dependent you see all we +know is that every basis for V has n + + align:start position:0% +know is that every basis for V has n + + + align:start position:0% +know is that every basis for V has n +elements it does not mean that every set + + align:start position:0% +elements it does not mean that every set + + + align:start position:0% +elements it does not mean that every set +of n elements will be a basis for V + + align:start position:0% +of n elements will be a basis for V + + + align:start position:0% +of n elements will be a basis for V +however what is true is that if we have + + align:start position:0% +however what is true is that if we have + + + align:start position:0% +however what is true is that if we have +a set of n linearly independent elements + + align:start position:0% +a set of n linearly independent elements + + + align:start position:0% +a set of n linearly independent elements +or else a set of n Elements which span V + + align:start position:0% +or else a set of n Elements which span V + + + align:start position:0% +or else a set of n Elements which span V +then if either of those two Criterion + + align:start position:0% +then if either of those two Criterion + + + align:start position:0% +then if either of those two Criterion +criteria are obeyed then the set of n + + align:start position:0% +criteria are obeyed then the set of n + + + align:start position:0% +criteria are obeyed then the set of n +elements will be a basis for V again in + + align:start position:0% +elements will be a basis for V again in + + + align:start position:0% +elements will be a basis for V again in +three-dimensional space if you have + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space if you have + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional space if you have +three linearly independent vectors in + + align:start position:0% +three linearly independent vectors in + + + align:start position:0% +three linearly independent vectors in +three space they will be a basis they + + align:start position:0% +three space they will be a basis they + + + align:start position:0% +three space they will be a basis they +will automatically span the space and if + + align:start position:0% +will automatically span the space and if + + + align:start position:0% +will automatically span the space and if +you have three vectors which span the + + align:start position:0% +you have three vectors which span the + + + align:start position:0% +you have three vectors which span the +space in three space they must be + + align:start position:0% +space in three space they must be + + + align:start position:0% +space in three space they must be +linearly independent okay that's all + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent okay that's all + + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent okay that's all +we're saying in other words to say that + + align:start position:0% +we're saying in other words to say that + + + align:start position:0% +we're saying in other words to say that +the dimension of V equals n is + + align:start position:0% +the dimension of V equals n is + + + align:start position:0% +the dimension of V equals n is +unambiguous in other words if we Define + + align:start position:0% +unambiguous in other words if we Define + + + align:start position:0% +unambiguous in other words if we Define +the dimension of a space to be the + + align:start position:0% +the dimension of a space to be the + + + align:start position:0% +the dimension of a space to be the +number of elements in any + + align:start position:0% +number of elements in any + + + align:start position:0% +number of elements in any +basis then what we're saying is that + + align:start position:0% +basis then what we're saying is that + + + align:start position:0% +basis then what we're saying is that +that is unambiguous that once one basis + + align:start position:0% +that is unambiguous that once one basis + + + align:start position:0% +that is unambiguous that once one basis +has n elements all bases will have n + + align:start position:0% +has n elements all bases will have n + + + align:start position:0% +has n elements all bases will have n +elements okay and now with respect to a + + align:start position:0% +elements okay and now with respect to a + + + align:start position:0% +elements okay and now with respect to a +particular basis what we're saying is + + align:start position:0% +particular basis what we're saying is + + + align:start position:0% +particular basis what we're saying is +this suppose we know the dimension of V + + align:start position:0% +this suppose we know the dimension of V + + + align:start position:0% +this suppose we know the dimension of V +is n and we have a particular basis for + + align:start position:0% +is n and we have a particular basis for + + + align:start position:0% +is n and we have a particular basis for +V say U1 up to unu n a particular basis + + align:start position:0% +V say U1 up to unu n a particular basis + + + align:start position:0% +V say U1 up to unu n a particular basis +that we single out then with respect to + + align:start position:0% +that we single out then with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +that we single out then with respect to +that basis each vector v in the vector + + align:start position:0% +that basis each vector v in the vector + + + align:start position:0% +that basis each vector v in the vector +space V has a unique representation as a + + align:start position:0% +space V has a unique representation as a + + + align:start position:0% +space V has a unique representation as a +linear combination of the U in other + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the U in other + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the U in other +words if the U's are a basis for v a + + align:start position:0% +words if the U's are a basis for v a + + + align:start position:0% +words if the U's are a basis for v a +particular Vector in V can be written in + + align:start position:0% +particular Vector in V can be written in + + + align:start position:0% +particular Vector in V can be written in +one and only one way as a linear + + align:start position:0% +one and only one way as a linear + + + align:start position:0% +one and only one way as a linear +combination of the use which means you + + align:start position:0% +combination of the use which means you + + + align:start position:0% +combination of the use which means you +see that relative to the use v may be + + align:start position:0% +see that relative to the use v may be + + + align:start position:0% +see that relative to the use v may be +written + + align:start position:0% +written + + + align:start position:0% +written +unambiguously as the npple C1 up to CN + + align:start position:0% +unambiguously as the npple C1 up to CN + + + align:start position:0% +unambiguously as the npple C1 up to CN +where that's an abbreviation for C1 U1 + + align:start position:0% +where that's an abbreviation for C1 U1 + + + align:start position:0% +where that's an abbreviation for C1 U1 +plus Etc CNU n and in this case we also + + align:start position:0% +plus Etc CNU n and in this case we also + + + align:start position:0% +plus Etc CNU n and in this case we also +write that V is equal to and to indicate + + align:start position:0% +write that V is equal to and to indicate + + + align:start position:0% +write that V is equal to and to indicate +that we're talking about the N + + align:start position:0% +that we're talking about the N + + + align:start position:0% +that we're talking about the N +dimensional space V with respect to a + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space V with respect to a + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional space V with respect to a +particular basis U1 up to un we simply + + align:start position:0% +particular basis U1 up to un we simply + + + align:start position:0% +particular basis U1 up to un we simply +enclose the set of basis vectors in + + align:start position:0% +enclose the set of basis vectors in + + + align:start position:0% +enclose the set of basis vectors in +square brackets in other words this + + align:start position:0% +square brackets in other words this + + + align:start position:0% +square brackets in other words this +expression is read V is being viewed as + + align:start position:0% +expression is read V is being viewed as + + + align:start position:0% +expression is read V is being viewed as +the n-dimensional space that has U1 up + + align:start position:0% +the n-dimensional space that has U1 up + + + align:start position:0% +the n-dimensional space that has U1 up +to unu as its basis and unless otherwise + + align:start position:0% +to unu as its basis and unless otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +to unu as its basis and unless otherwise +specified every time we write an endle + + align:start position:0% +specified every time we write an endle + + + align:start position:0% +specified every time we write an endle +in V it's understood that that Endo is + + align:start position:0% +in V it's understood that that Endo is + + + align:start position:0% +in V it's understood that that Endo is +being abbreviated relative to the basis + + align:start position:0% +being abbreviated relative to the basis + + + align:start position:0% +being abbreviated relative to the basis +U1 up to un and I think again the best + + align:start position:0% +U1 up to un and I think again the best + + + align:start position:0% +U1 up to un and I think again the best +way to illustrate this is by means of an + + align:start position:0% +way to illustrate this is by means of an + + + align:start position:0% +way to illustrate this is by means of an +example and in fact the remainder of + + align:start position:0% +example and in fact the remainder of + + + align:start position:0% +example and in fact the remainder of +today's lesson will be one + + align:start position:0% +today's lesson will be one + + + align:start position:0% +today's lesson will be one +example wherein we will take one problem + + align:start position:0% +example wherein we will take one problem + + + align:start position:0% +example wherein we will take one problem +and try to look at it from as many + + align:start position:0% +and try to look at it from as many + + + align:start position:0% +and try to look at it from as many +different points of view as possible so + + align:start position:0% +different points of view as possible so + + + align:start position:0% +different points of view as possible so +that we get a broad spectrum as to + + align:start position:0% +that we get a broad spectrum as to + + + align:start position:0% +that we get a broad spectrum as to +what's involved in constructing bases + + align:start position:0% +what's involved in constructing bases + + + align:start position:0% +what's involved in constructing bases +looking at endles and how the endle + + align:start position:0% +looking at endles and how the endle + + + align:start position:0% +looking at endles and how the endle +depends on the basis Etc so the example + + align:start position:0% +depends on the basis Etc so the example + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the basis Etc so the example +I have in mind is the following let's + + align:start position:0% +I have in mind is the following let's + + + align:start position:0% +I have in mind is the following let's +suppose that all I know is that I have a + + align:start position:0% +suppose that all I know is that I have a + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that all I know is that I have a +four-dimensional vector space what does + + align:start position:0% +four-dimensional vector space what does + + + align:start position:0% +four-dimensional vector space what does +that mean again it means if the dimens + + align:start position:0% +that mean again it means if the dimens + + + align:start position:0% +that mean again it means if the dimens +if the dimension is four that any basis + + align:start position:0% +if the dimension is four that any basis + + + align:start position:0% +if the dimension is four that any basis +has four elements let me now pick a + + align:start position:0% +has four elements let me now pick a + + + align:start position:0% +has four elements let me now pick a +particular basis which I will call U1 U2 + + align:start position:0% +particular basis which I will call U1 U2 + + + align:start position:0% +particular basis which I will call U1 U2 +u3 and u4 and notice that notation now + + align:start position:0% +u3 and u4 and notice that notation now + + + align:start position:0% +u3 and u4 and notice that notation now +I'm saying that V is the vector space + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying that V is the vector space + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying that V is the vector space +which has U1 U2 u3 and u4 as a basis + + align:start position:0% +which has U1 U2 u3 and u4 as a basis + + + align:start position:0% +which has U1 U2 u3 and u4 as a basis +what that means is if I now elect to use + + align:start position:0% +what that means is if I now elect to use + + + align:start position:0% +what that means is if I now elect to use +the four tle notation for V that unless + + align:start position:0% +the four tle notation for V that unless + + + align:start position:0% +the four tle notation for V that unless +anything is said to the contrary it + + align:start position:0% +anything is said to the contrary it + + + align:start position:0% +anything is said to the contrary it +means that that four Tuple is relative + + align:start position:0% +means that that four Tuple is relative + + + align:start position:0% +means that that four Tuple is relative +to the vectors U1 U2 u3 and u4 for + + align:start position:0% +to the vectors U1 U2 u3 and u4 for + + + align:start position:0% +to the vectors U1 U2 u3 and u4 for +example let's suppose I were to say to + + align:start position:0% +example let's suppose I were to say to + + + align:start position:0% +example let's suppose I were to say to +you describe the Subspace of V span by + + align:start position:0% +you describe the Subspace of V span by + + + align:start position:0% +you describe the Subspace of V span by +the four vectors alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 + + align:start position:0% +the four vectors alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 + + + align:start position:0% +the four vectors alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 +Alpha 4 where alpha 1 is the four tle 1 + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 where alpha 1 is the four tle 1 + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 where alpha 1 is the four tle 1 +1 2 3 Alpha 2 is the 4le + + align:start position:0% +1 2 3 Alpha 2 is the 4le + + + align:start position:0% +1 2 3 Alpha 2 is the 4le +2345 Alpha 3 is the 4le 3765 + + align:start position:0% +2345 Alpha 3 is the 4le 3765 + + + align:start position:0% +2345 Alpha 3 is the 4le 3765 +and Alpha 4 is the 4 + + align:start position:0% +and Alpha 4 is the 4 + + + align:start position:0% +and Alpha 4 is the 4 +4599 notice that what I'm really saying + + align:start position:0% +4599 notice that what I'm really saying + + + align:start position:0% +4599 notice that what I'm really saying +here is that alpha 1 is 1 U1 + 1 U2 + 2 + + align:start position:0% +here is that alpha 1 is 1 U1 + 1 U2 + 2 + + + align:start position:0% +here is that alpha 1 is 1 U1 + 1 U2 + 2 +u3 + 3 u4 Alpha 2 is 2 U1 plus 3 U2 plus + + align:start position:0% +u3 + 3 u4 Alpha 2 is 2 U1 plus 3 U2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +u3 + 3 u4 Alpha 2 is 2 U1 plus 3 U2 plus +4 u3 plus 5 u4 in essence what I'm + + align:start position:0% +4 u3 plus 5 u4 in essence what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +4 u3 plus 5 u4 in essence what I'm +saying then is what once I've specified + + align:start position:0% +saying then is what once I've specified + + + align:start position:0% +saying then is what once I've specified +a particular basis every four Tuple + + align:start position:0% +a particular basis every four Tuple + + + align:start position:0% +a particular basis every four Tuple +notation is relative to that basis and + + align:start position:0% +notation is relative to that basis and + + + align:start position:0% +notation is relative to that basis and +by the the way what do I mean by being + + align:start position:0% +by the the way what do I mean by being + + + align:start position:0% +by the the way what do I mean by being +vague over here when I say describe the + + align:start position:0% +vague over here when I say describe the + + + align:start position:0% +vague over here when I say describe the +space what I mean is for example is the + + align:start position:0% +space what I mean is for example is the + + + align:start position:0% +space what I mean is for example is the +Subspace all of v in other words we know + + align:start position:0% +Subspace all of v in other words we know + + + align:start position:0% +Subspace all of v in other words we know +that the dimension of V is four I have + + align:start position:0% +that the dimension of V is four I have + + + align:start position:0% +that the dimension of V is four I have +four vectors if those four vectors are + + align:start position:0% +four vectors if those four vectors are + + + align:start position:0% +four vectors if those four vectors are +linearly independent they will span all + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent they will span all + + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent they will span all +of V I guess an equivalent question + + align:start position:0% +of V I guess an equivalent question + + + align:start position:0% +of V I guess an equivalent question +would be that therefore are the alphas + + align:start position:0% +would be that therefore are the alphas + + + align:start position:0% +would be that therefore are the alphas +linearly independent uh I can make this + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent uh I can make this + + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent uh I can make this +even more vague I can say if W doesn't + + align:start position:0% +even more vague I can say if W doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +even more vague I can say if W doesn't +equal V what does w equal in other words + + align:start position:0% +equal V what does w equal in other words + + + align:start position:0% +equal V what does w equal in other words +what Subspace is spanned by the vectors + + align:start position:0% +what Subspace is spanned by the vectors + + + align:start position:0% +what Subspace is spanned by the vectors +alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and Alpha 4 now + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and Alpha 4 now + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and Alpha 4 now +what I'd like to do is to introduce to + + align:start position:0% +what I'd like to do is to introduce to + + + align:start position:0% +what I'd like to do is to introduce to +you at this time a rather nice + + align:start position:0% +you at this time a rather nice + + + align:start position:0% +you at this time a rather nice +computational technique it's nice for + + align:start position:0% +computational technique it's nice for + + + align:start position:0% +computational technique it's nice for +two reasons the first reason is that it + + align:start position:0% +two reasons the first reason is that it + + + align:start position:0% +two reasons the first reason is that it +gets the job done very nicely which is + + align:start position:0% +gets the job done very nicely which is + + + align:start position:0% +gets the job done very nicely which is +perhaps the best reason of all the + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the best reason of all the + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps the best reason of all the +second reason which is also very nice is + + align:start position:0% +second reason which is also very nice is + + + align:start position:0% +second reason which is also very nice is +the fact that we've already had the + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we've already had the + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that we've already had the +technique before keep in mind the + + align:start position:0% +technique before keep in mind the + + + align:start position:0% +technique before keep in mind the +following property of spanning vectors + + align:start position:0% +following property of spanning vectors + + + align:start position:0% +following property of spanning vectors +if we have a set of vectors and we talk + + align:start position:0% +if we have a set of vectors and we talk + + + align:start position:0% +if we have a set of vectors and we talk +about the space spanned by those vectors + + align:start position:0% +about the space spanned by those vectors + + + align:start position:0% +about the space spanned by those vectors +notice from our previous homework + + align:start position:0% +notice from our previous homework + + + align:start position:0% +notice from our previous homework +exercises that we have shown that if you + + align:start position:0% +exercises that we have shown that if you + + + align:start position:0% +exercises that we have shown that if you +replace any member of that spanning set + + align:start position:0% +replace any member of that spanning set + + + align:start position:0% +replace any member of that spanning set +by itself plus a multiple of any other + + align:start position:0% +by itself plus a multiple of any other + + + align:start position:0% +by itself plus a multiple of any other +member of the spanning set you do not SP + + align:start position:0% +member of the spanning set you do not SP + + + align:start position:0% +member of the spanning set you do not SP +change the space spanned by those + + align:start position:0% +change the space spanned by those + + + align:start position:0% +change the space spanned by those +vectors or Again by means of an example + + align:start position:0% +vectors or Again by means of an example + + + align:start position:0% +vectors or Again by means of an example +because I as I say this sounds very + + align:start position:0% +because I as I say this sounds very + + + align:start position:0% +because I as I say this sounds very +difficult from an abstract point of view + + align:start position:0% +difficult from an abstract point of view + + + align:start position:0% +difficult from an abstract point of view +but if you use three-dimensional space + + align:start position:0% +but if you use three-dimensional space + + + align:start position:0% +but if you use three-dimensional space +as an analogy as a reference point I + + align:start position:0% +as an analogy as a reference point I + + + align:start position:0% +as an analogy as a reference point I +think you'll see more clearly what these + + align:start position:0% +think you'll see more clearly what these + + + align:start position:0% +think you'll see more clearly what these +things mean for example I J and K are a + + align:start position:0% +things mean for example I J and K are a + + + align:start position:0% +things mean for example I J and K are a +basis for three-dimensional space all + + align:start position:0% +basis for three-dimensional space all + + + align:start position:0% +basis for three-dimensional space all +right I J and K span three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +right I J and K span three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +right I J and K span three-dimensional +space suppose I replace I or for the + + align:start position:0% +space suppose I replace I or for the + + + align:start position:0% +space suppose I replace I or for the +sake of argument by I + 3j look at the + + align:start position:0% +sake of argument by I + 3j look at the + + + align:start position:0% +sake of argument by I + 3j look at the +three vectors I + 3j J and K those three + + align:start position:0% +three vectors I + 3j J and K those three + + + align:start position:0% +three vectors I + 3j J and K those three +vectors span the same space as i j and k + + align:start position:0% +vectors span the same space as i j and k + + + align:start position:0% +vectors span the same space as i j and k +namely all of threedimensional space in + + align:start position:0% +namely all of threedimensional space in + + + align:start position:0% +namely all of threedimensional space in +other words I + 3j and J are nonparallel + + align:start position:0% +other words I + 3j and J are nonparallel + + + align:start position:0% +other words I + 3j and J are nonparallel +vectors in the XY plane consequently + + align:start position:0% +vectors in the XY plane consequently + + + align:start position:0% +vectors in the XY plane consequently +they span the entire XY plane and then + + align:start position:0% +they span the entire XY plane and then + + + align:start position:0% +they span the entire XY plane and then +with the K Vector all of three space is + + align:start position:0% +with the K Vector all of three space is + + + align:start position:0% +with the K Vector all of three space is +spanned so the idea is that if ever we + + align:start position:0% +spanned so the idea is that if ever we + + + align:start position:0% +spanned so the idea is that if ever we +replace a vector by itself plus a + + align:start position:0% +replace a vector by itself plus a + + + align:start position:0% +replace a vector by itself plus a +multiple of any other Vector in the + + align:start position:0% +multiple of any other Vector in the + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of any other Vector in the +spanning space we do not change the + + align:start position:0% +spanning space we do not change the + + + align:start position:0% +spanning space we do not change the +space span by the vectors and my claim + + align:start position:0% +space span by the vectors and my claim + + + align:start position:0% +space span by the vectors and my claim +is that this suggests the row reduced + + align:start position:0% +is that this suggests the row reduced + + + align:start position:0% +is that this suggests the row reduced +Matrix technique now why is that well + + align:start position:0% +Matrix technique now why is that well + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix technique now why is that well +the best way to see this is let's write + + align:start position:0% +the best way to see this is let's write + + + align:start position:0% +the best way to see this is let's write +as a coding system the alphas as a + + align:start position:0% +as a coding system the alphas as a + + + align:start position:0% +as a coding system the alphas as a +matrix in other words what we'll do is + + align:start position:0% +matrix in other words what we'll do is + + + align:start position:0% +matrix in other words what we'll do is +is we will label The Columns of our + + align:start position:0% +is we will label The Columns of our + + + align:start position:0% +is we will label The Columns of our +Matrix U1 U2 u3 and then the rows of our + + align:start position:0% +Matrix U1 U2 u3 and then the rows of our + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix U1 U2 u3 and then the rows of our +Matrix will simply be 1 1 2 3 2 345 + + align:start position:0% +Matrix will simply be 1 1 2 3 2 345 + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix will simply be 1 1 2 3 2 345 + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +4599 in other words in terms of our code + + align:start position:0% +4599 in other words in terms of our code + + + align:start position:0% +4599 in other words in terms of our code +we have what Alpha one is 1 U1 + 1 U2 + + + align:start position:0% +we have what Alpha one is 1 U1 + 1 U2 + + + + align:start position:0% +we have what Alpha one is 1 U1 + 1 U2 + +2 u3 plus u4 Etc this is my coding + + align:start position:0% +2 u3 plus u4 Etc this is my coding + + + align:start position:0% +2 u3 plus u4 Etc this is my coding +Matrix now what did we do when we row + + align:start position:0% +Matrix now what did we do when we row + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix now what did we do when we row +reduced for example to get a zero in + + align:start position:0% +reduced for example to get a zero in + + + align:start position:0% +reduced for example to get a zero in +this entry remember our old Technique we + + align:start position:0% +this entry remember our old Technique we + + + align:start position:0% +this entry remember our old Technique we +said something like let's take the + + align:start position:0% +said something like let's take the + + + align:start position:0% +said something like let's take the +second row and replace it by the second + + align:start position:0% +second row and replace it by the second + + + align:start position:0% +second row and replace it by the second +minus twice the first in terms of our + + align:start position:0% +minus twice the first in terms of our + + + align:start position:0% +minus twice the first in terms of our +coding system this says let's take the + + align:start position:0% +coding system this says let's take the + + + align:start position:0% +coding system this says let's take the +spanning vectors Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 + + align:start position:0% +spanning vectors Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 + + + align:start position:0% +spanning vectors Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 +Alpha 4 and let's replace Alpha 2 by + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 and let's replace Alpha 2 by + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 and let's replace Alpha 2 by +Alpha + + align:start position:0% +Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha +2 minus twice alpha 1 you see we are + + align:start position:0% +2 minus twice alpha 1 you see we are + + + align:start position:0% +2 minus twice alpha 1 you see we are +replacing Alpha 2 by Alpha 2 plus a + + align:start position:0% +replacing Alpha 2 by Alpha 2 plus a + + + align:start position:0% +replacing Alpha 2 by Alpha 2 plus a +Scala multiple the Scala happens to be + + align:start position:0% +Scala multiple the Scala happens to be + + + align:start position:0% +Scala multiple the Scala happens to be +minus two but that's irrelevant plus a + + align:start position:0% +minus two but that's irrelevant plus a + + + align:start position:0% +minus two but that's irrelevant plus a +Scala multiple of alpha 1 so the space + + align:start position:0% +Scala multiple of alpha 1 so the space + + + align:start position:0% +Scala multiple of alpha 1 so the space +span will not have changed in other + + align:start position:0% +span will not have changed in other + + + align:start position:0% +span will not have changed in other +words if I now go through this row + + align:start position:0% +words if I now go through this row + + + align:start position:0% +words if I now go through this row +reduction what do I do I get zeros every + + align:start position:0% +reduction what do I do I get zeros every + + + align:start position:0% +reduction what do I do I get zeros every +place here how do I do that it's I + + align:start position:0% +place here how do I do that it's I + + + align:start position:0% +place here how do I do that it's I +replace the second row by the second + + align:start position:0% +replace the second row by the second + + + align:start position:0% +replace the second row by the second +minus twice the first the third row by + + align:start position:0% +minus twice the first the third row by + + + align:start position:0% +minus twice the first the third row by +the 3 - 3 * the 1st the fourth row by + + align:start position:0% +the 3 - 3 * the 1st the fourth row by + + + align:start position:0% +the 3 - 3 * the 1st the fourth row by +the 4th - 4 * the 1st in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +the 4th - 4 * the 1st in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +the 4th - 4 * the 1st in terms of the +coding system what am I doing I'm + + align:start position:0% +coding system what am I doing I'm + + + align:start position:0% +coding system what am I doing I'm +replacing Alpha 2 by Alpha 2us twice + + align:start position:0% +replacing Alpha 2 by Alpha 2us twice + + + align:start position:0% +replacing Alpha 2 by Alpha 2us twice +alpha 1 I'm replacing Alpha 3 by Alpha 3 + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 I'm replacing Alpha 3 by Alpha 3 + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 I'm replacing Alpha 3 by Alpha 3 +- 3 * alpha 1 I'm replacing Alpha 4 by + + align:start position:0% +- 3 * alpha 1 I'm replacing Alpha 4 by + + + align:start position:0% +- 3 * alpha 1 I'm replacing Alpha 4 by +Alpha 4 - 4 * Alpha 1 when I do that my + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 - 4 * Alpha 1 when I do that my + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 - 4 * Alpha 1 when I do that my +resulting Matrix looks like this see + + align:start position:0% +resulting Matrix looks like this see + + + align:start position:0% +resulting Matrix looks like this see +notice now what's happened is these + + align:start position:0% +notice now what's happened is these + + + align:start position:0% +notice now what's happened is these +columns are still you want 1 U2 u3 and + + align:start position:0% +columns are still you want 1 U2 u3 and + + + align:start position:0% +columns are still you want 1 U2 u3 and +u4 but notice now that whereas this + + align:start position:0% +u4 but notice now that whereas this + + + align:start position:0% +u4 but notice now that whereas this +Vector here is still alpha 1 the vector + + align:start position:0% +Vector here is still alpha 1 the vector + + + align:start position:0% +Vector here is still alpha 1 the vector +0 1 0 minus one in other words what U2 + + align:start position:0% +0 1 0 minus one in other words what U2 + + + align:start position:0% +0 1 0 minus one in other words what U2 +minus u4 is no longer Alpha 2 in fact + + align:start position:0% +minus u4 is no longer Alpha 2 in fact + + + align:start position:0% +minus u4 is no longer Alpha 2 in fact +what is it how did we get this row it + + align:start position:0% +what is it how did we get this row it + + + align:start position:0% +what is it how did we get this row it +was Alpha 2 minus t alpha 1 in a similar + + align:start position:0% +was Alpha 2 minus t alpha 1 in a similar + + + align:start position:0% +was Alpha 2 minus t alpha 1 in a similar +way this would be what 0 4 0 minus 4 but + + align:start position:0% +way this would be what 0 4 0 minus 4 but + + + align:start position:0% +way this would be what 0 4 0 minus 4 but +it's also what Alpha 3 - 3 alpha 1 and + + align:start position:0% +it's also what Alpha 3 - 3 alpha 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +it's also what Alpha 3 - 3 alpha 1 and +the vector 0 1 1 - 3 is Alpha 4 - 4 + + align:start position:0% +the vector 0 1 1 - 3 is Alpha 4 - 4 + + + align:start position:0% +the vector 0 1 1 - 3 is Alpha 4 - 4 +Alpha 4 what we're saying is these four + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 what we're saying is these four + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 what we're saying is these four +vectors may not look the same as our + + align:start position:0% +vectors may not look the same as our + + + align:start position:0% +vectors may not look the same as our +original vectors but the thing that + + align:start position:0% +original vectors but the thing that + + + align:start position:0% +original vectors but the thing that +we're sure of is that they span the same + + align:start position:0% +we're sure of is that they span the same + + + align:start position:0% +we're sure of is that they span the same +space now at this point let me pause for + + align:start position:0% +space now at this point let me pause for + + + align:start position:0% +space now at this point let me pause for +a moment and try to give you some pseudo + + align:start position:0% +a moment and try to give you some pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +a moment and try to give you some pseudo +motivation as to why I'm doing this you + + align:start position:0% +motivation as to why I'm doing this you + + + align:start position:0% +motivation as to why I'm doing this you +see in the same way that we solved + + align:start position:0% +see in the same way that we solved + + + align:start position:0% +see in the same way that we solved +systems of linear equations when we said + + align:start position:0% +systems of linear equations when we said + + + align:start position:0% +systems of linear equations when we said +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +different system the same system of + + align:start position:0% +different system the same system of + + + align:start position:0% +different system the same system of +equations could be represented in + + align:start position:0% +equations could be represented in + + + align:start position:0% +equations could be represented in +different ways in other words two + + align:start position:0% +different ways in other words two + + + align:start position:0% +different ways in other words two +different systems could repres could + + align:start position:0% +different systems could repres could + + + align:start position:0% +different systems could repres could +have the same solution set but one of + + align:start position:0% +have the same solution set but one of + + + align:start position:0% +have the same solution set but one of +the systems was easier to solve than the + + align:start position:0% +the systems was easier to solve than the + + + align:start position:0% +the systems was easier to solve than the +other see one thing I'm saying over here + + align:start position:0% +other see one thing I'm saying over here + + + align:start position:0% +other see one thing I'm saying over here +is that somehow or other these four + + align:start position:0% +is that somehow or other these four + + + align:start position:0% +is that somehow or other these four +vectors look perhaps a bit simpler than + + align:start position:0% +vectors look perhaps a bit simpler than + + + align:start position:0% +vectors look perhaps a bit simpler than +these four because of the fact that I + + align:start position:0% +these four because of the fact that I + + + align:start position:0% +these four because of the fact that I +have zeros appearing over here well I'll + + align:start position:0% +have zeros appearing over here well I'll + + + align:start position:0% +have zeros appearing over here well I'll +go into that in more detail later the + + align:start position:0% +go into that in more detail later the + + + align:start position:0% +go into that in more detail later the +other thing is this + + align:start position:0% +other thing is this + + + align:start position:0% +other thing is this +suppose by row reducing this way suppose + + align:start position:0% +suppose by row reducing this way suppose + + + align:start position:0% +suppose by row reducing this way suppose +I were to eventually wind up with the + + align:start position:0% +I were to eventually wind up with the + + + align:start position:0% +I were to eventually wind up with the +4x4 identity Matrix in other words 1 0 0 + + align:start position:0% +4x4 identity Matrix in other words 1 0 0 + + + align:start position:0% +4x4 identity Matrix in other words 1 0 0 +0 0 1 0 0 00 0 1 0 0000 0 1 what would + + align:start position:0% +0 0 1 0 0 00 0 1 0 0000 0 1 what would + + + align:start position:0% +0 0 1 0 0 00 0 1 0 0000 0 1 what would +that Matrix represent notice in terms of + + align:start position:0% +that Matrix represent notice in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +that Matrix represent notice in terms of +this coding system that 1 0 0 0 would + + align:start position:0% +this coding system that 1 0 0 0 would + + + align:start position:0% +this coding system that 1 0 0 0 would +just be U1 0 1 0 0 would just be U2 Etc + + align:start position:0% +just be U1 0 1 0 0 would just be U2 Etc + + + align:start position:0% +just be U1 0 1 0 0 would just be U2 Etc +in other words if by reducing this I + + align:start position:0% +in other words if by reducing this I + + + align:start position:0% +in other words if by reducing this I +could ultimately wind up with the + + align:start position:0% +could ultimately wind up with the + + + align:start position:0% +could ultimately wind up with the +identity Matrix that would say that the + + align:start position:0% +identity Matrix that would say that the + + + align:start position:0% +identity Matrix that would say that the +space ban by alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and + + align:start position:0% +space ban by alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and + + + align:start position:0% +space ban by alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and +Alpha 4 is the same as a space spanned + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 is the same as a space spanned + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 is the same as a space spanned +by U1 U2 u3 and u4 but by our definition + + align:start position:0% +by U1 U2 u3 and u4 but by our definition + + + align:start position:0% +by U1 U2 u3 and u4 but by our definition +of the 's that those four vectors span + + align:start position:0% +of the 's that those four vectors span + + + align:start position:0% +of the 's that those four vectors span +my entire four-dimensional space in + + align:start position:0% +my entire four-dimensional space in + + + align:start position:0% +my entire four-dimensional space in +other words if in row reducing my Alphas + + align:start position:0% +other words if in row reducing my Alphas + + + align:start position:0% +other words if in row reducing my Alphas +I wind up with the identity Matrix that + + align:start position:0% +I wind up with the identity Matrix that + + + align:start position:0% +I wind up with the identity Matrix that +will be proof in terms of my coding + + align:start position:0% +will be proof in terms of my coding + + + align:start position:0% +will be proof in terms of my coding +system that the alpha span all of V + + align:start position:0% +system that the alpha span all of V + + + align:start position:0% +system that the alpha span all of V +because they will span the same space as + + align:start position:0% +because they will span the same space as + + + align:start position:0% +because they will span the same space as +U1 U2 u3 and u4 so maybe that's a more + + align:start position:0% +U1 U2 u3 and u4 so maybe that's a more + + + align:start position:0% +U1 U2 u3 and u4 so maybe that's a more +immediate reason for proceeding the way + + align:start position:0% +immediate reason for proceeding the way + + + align:start position:0% +immediate reason for proceeding the way +we're going at any rate what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +we're going at any rate what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +we're going at any rate what I'm going +to do now is to continue on with my row + + align:start position:0% +to do now is to continue on with my row + + + align:start position:0% +to do now is to continue on with my row +reduction scheme in other words what + + align:start position:0% +reduction scheme in other words what + + + align:start position:0% +reduction scheme in other words what +will I do now in terms of row reduction + + align:start position:0% +will I do now in terms of row reduction + + + align:start position:0% +will I do now in terms of row reduction +I will replace the first Vector here by + + align:start position:0% +I will replace the first Vector here by + + + align:start position:0% +I will replace the first Vector here by +the first minus the second in other + + align:start position:0% +the first minus the second in other + + + align:start position:0% +the first minus the second in other +words I'm replacing Alpha 1 by Alpha 1 + + align:start position:0% +words I'm replacing Alpha 1 by Alpha 1 + + + align:start position:0% +words I'm replacing Alpha 1 by Alpha 1 +minus this vector which is Alpha 2us 2 + + align:start position:0% +minus this vector which is Alpha 2us 2 + + + align:start position:0% +minus this vector which is Alpha 2us 2 +alpha 1 the important point being what + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 the important point being what + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 the important point being what +I'm replacing a spanning vector by + + align:start position:0% +I'm replacing a spanning vector by + + + align:start position:0% +I'm replacing a spanning vector by +itself plus a Scala multiple of another + + align:start position:0% +itself plus a Scala multiple of another + + + align:start position:0% +itself plus a Scala multiple of another +one in any event going through this + + align:start position:0% +one in any event going through this + + + align:start position:0% +one in any event going through this +operation what I wind up with now is the + + align:start position:0% +operation what I wind up with now is the + + + align:start position:0% +operation what I wind up with now is the +following 4x4 + + align:start position:0% +following 4x4 + + + align:start position:0% +following 4x4 +Matrix and you see again what I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and you see again what I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and you see again what I'm saying +is that the four tles + + align:start position:0% +is that the four tles + + + align:start position:0% +is that the four tles +one24 0 1 0 - one 0 0 0 and 0 0 1 2 1us + + align:start position:0% +one24 0 1 0 - one 0 0 0 and 0 0 1 2 1us + + + align:start position:0% +one24 0 1 0 - one 0 0 0 and 0 0 1 2 1us +2 span the same space as alpha 1 Alpha 2 + + align:start position:0% +2 span the same space as alpha 1 Alpha 2 + + + align:start position:0% +2 span the same space as alpha 1 Alpha 2 +Alpha 3 Alpha 4 let me keep emphasizing + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 3 Alpha 4 let me keep emphasizing + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 3 Alpha 4 let me keep emphasizing +that even though I said a four Tuple + + align:start position:0% +that even though I said a four Tuple + + + align:start position:0% +that even though I said a four Tuple +always means with respect to U1 U2 u3 u4 + + align:start position:0% +always means with respect to U1 U2 u3 u4 + + + align:start position:0% +always means with respect to U1 U2 u3 u4 +unless otherwise specified I think I + + align:start position:0% +unless otherwise specified I think I + + + align:start position:0% +unless otherwise specified I think I +will always specify it so we make sure + + align:start position:0% +will always specify it so we make sure + + + align:start position:0% +will always specify it so we make sure +that we get this idea hammered home now + + align:start position:0% +that we get this idea hammered home now + + + align:start position:0% +that we get this idea hammered home now +here's the first key point my dream of + + align:start position:0% +here's the first key point my dream of + + + align:start position:0% +here's the first key point my dream of +having this Matrix row reduced to the + + align:start position:0% +having this Matrix row reduced to the + + + align:start position:0% +having this Matrix row reduced to the +identity Matrix is now sh shed why is it + + align:start position:0% +identity Matrix is now sh shed why is it + + + align:start position:0% +identity Matrix is now sh shed why is it +shattered the third row is already all + + align:start position:0% +shattered the third row is already all + + + align:start position:0% +shattered the third row is already all +Zer so I can't possibly get a one into + + align:start position:0% +Zer so I can't possibly get a one into + + + align:start position:0% +Zer so I can't possibly get a one into +this position here that I can no longer + + align:start position:0% +this position here that I can no longer + + + align:start position:0% +this position here that I can no longer +hope to get the identity Matrix here but + + align:start position:0% +hope to get the identity Matrix here but + + + align:start position:0% +hope to get the identity Matrix here but +this tells me something much more than + + align:start position:0% +this tells me something much more than + + + align:start position:0% +this tells me something much more than +that in other words even failure is + + align:start position:0% +that in other words even failure is + + + align:start position:0% +that in other words even failure is +success in this situation namely the + + align:start position:0% +success in this situation namely the + + + align:start position:0% +success in this situation namely the +fact that this is the zero Vector tells + + align:start position:0% +fact that this is the zero Vector tells + + + align:start position:0% +fact that this is the zero Vector tells +me that the space look at the space span + + align:start position:0% +me that the space look at the space span + + + align:start position:0% +me that the space look at the space span +by Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and Alpha 4 + + align:start position:0% +by Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and Alpha 4 + + + align:start position:0% +by Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and Alpha 4 +is certainly the same as the space span + + align:start position:0% +is certainly the same as the space span + + + align:start position:0% +is certainly the same as the space span +by these four vectors but one of these + + align:start position:0% +by these four vectors but one of these + + + align:start position:0% +by these four vectors but one of these +vectors is the zero vector and the zero + + align:start position:0% +vectors is the zero vector and the zero + + + align:start position:0% +vectors is the zero vector and the zero +Vector spans no space as we've already + + align:start position:0% +Vector spans no space as we've already + + + align:start position:0% +Vector spans no space as we've already +seen in other words the zero Vector is + + align:start position:0% +seen in other words the zero Vector is + + + align:start position:0% +seen in other words the zero Vector is +always redundant because any Scala + + align:start position:0% +always redundant because any Scala + + + align:start position:0% +always redundant because any Scala +multiple of the zero Vector is still the + + align:start position:0% +multiple of the zero Vector is still the + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of the zero Vector is still the +zero Vector so that doesn't change what + + align:start position:0% +zero Vector so that doesn't change what + + + align:start position:0% +zero Vector so that doesn't change what +any other linear combination would be so + + align:start position:0% +any other linear combination would be so + + + align:start position:0% +any other linear combination would be so +I immediately know now that the space + + align:start position:0% +I immediately know now that the space + + + align:start position:0% +I immediately know now that the space +span by Alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 3 + + align:start position:0% +span by Alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 3 + + + align:start position:0% +span by Alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 3 +can't be any more than three-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +can't be any more than three-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +can't be any more than three-dimensional +space in other words it's also spanned + + align:start position:0% +space in other words it's also spanned + + + align:start position:0% +space in other words it's also spanned +by these three vectors by the way let me + + align:start position:0% +by these three vectors by the way let me + + + align:start position:0% +by these three vectors by the way let me +just continue to row reduce this for the + + align:start position:0% +just continue to row reduce this for the + + + align:start position:0% +just continue to row reduce this for the +sake of argument anyway in other words + + align:start position:0% +sake of argument anyway in other words + + + align:start position:0% +sake of argument anyway in other words +let me now replace the first row by the + + align:start position:0% +let me now replace the first row by the + + + align:start position:0% +let me now replace the first row by the +first minus twice the 4th or if I delete + + align:start position:0% +first minus twice the 4th or if I delete + + + align:start position:0% +first minus twice the 4th or if I delete +this twice the third but that's not + + align:start position:0% +this twice the third but that's not + + + align:start position:0% +this twice the third but that's not +important if I do this notice that the + + align:start position:0% +important if I do this notice that the + + + align:start position:0% +important if I do this notice that the +Matrix I get now is 1 0 08 0 1 0us one a + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I get now is 1 0 08 0 1 0us one a + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix I get now is 1 0 08 0 1 0us one a +zero row and then 0 01 - 2 let me give + + align:start position:0% +zero row and then 0 01 - 2 let me give + + + align:start position:0% +zero row and then 0 01 - 2 let me give +the three nonzero vectors here special + + align:start position:0% +the three nonzero vectors here special + + + align:start position:0% +the three nonzero vectors here special +names let me call this Vector beta 1 + + align:start position:0% +names let me call this Vector beta 1 + + + align:start position:0% +names let me call this Vector beta 1 +this Vector beta 2 this Vector beta 3 + + align:start position:0% +this Vector beta 2 this Vector beta 3 + + + align:start position:0% +this Vector beta 2 this Vector beta 3 +and what does that mean it means what + + align:start position:0% +and what does that mean it means what + + + align:start position:0% +and what does that mean it means what +that beta 1 is U1 + 8 u4 beta 2 is U2 - + + align:start position:0% +that beta 1 is U1 + 8 u4 beta 2 is U2 - + + + align:start position:0% +that beta 1 is U1 + 8 u4 beta 2 is U2 - +u4 beta 3 is u3 - 2 u4 in other words + + align:start position:0% +u4 beta 3 is u3 - 2 u4 in other words + + + align:start position:0% +u4 beta 3 is u3 - 2 u4 in other words +this is beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 what do + + align:start position:0% +this is beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 what do + + + align:start position:0% +this is beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 what do +we know about beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 + + align:start position:0% +we know about beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 + + + align:start position:0% +we know about beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 +because they were obtained from The + + align:start position:0% +because they were obtained from The + + + align:start position:0% +because they were obtained from The +Matrix of the alphas by row reduction + + align:start position:0% +Matrix of the alphas by row reduction + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix of the alphas by row reduction +they span the same space as Alpha 1 + + align:start position:0% +they span the same space as Alpha 1 + + + align:start position:0% +they span the same space as Alpha 1 +Alpha 2 Alpha 3 Alpha 4 and in other + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 2 Alpha 3 Alpha 4 and in other + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 2 Alpha 3 Alpha 4 and in other +words the first thing we know is that + + align:start position:0% +words the first thing we know is that + + + align:start position:0% +words the first thing we know is that +the space span by alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha + + align:start position:0% +the space span by alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +the space span by alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha +3 and Alpha 4 is not four-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +3 and Alpha 4 is not four-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +3 and Alpha 4 is not four-dimensional +space but rather it's the space span by + + align:start position:0% +space but rather it's the space span by + + + align:start position:0% +space but rather it's the space span by +beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 by the way that + + align:start position:0% +beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 by the way that + + + align:start position:0% +beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 by the way that +immediately tells me since beta 1 beta 2 + + align:start position:0% +immediately tells me since beta 1 beta 2 + + + align:start position:0% +immediately tells me since beta 1 beta 2 +and beta 3 span my space w that I'm + + align:start position:0% +and beta 3 span my space w that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and beta 3 span my space w that I'm +looking for that the dimension of that + + align:start position:0% +looking for that the dimension of that + + + align:start position:0% +looking for that the dimension of that +space can be no greater than three + + align:start position:0% +space can be no greater than three + + + align:start position:0% +space can be no greater than three +because three vectors span it now at + + align:start position:0% +because three vectors span it now at + + + align:start position:0% +because three vectors span it now at +this stage of the game the question + + align:start position:0% +this stage of the game the question + + + align:start position:0% +this stage of the game the question +might come up what so great about the + + align:start position:0% +might come up what so great about the + + + align:start position:0% +might come up what so great about the +betas why do we have the betas rather + + align:start position:0% +betas why do we have the betas rather + + + align:start position:0% +betas why do we have the betas rather +than the alphas do the betas help us at + + align:start position:0% +than the alphas do the betas help us at + + + align:start position:0% +than the alphas do the betas help us at +all and my claim is making this + + align:start position:0% +all and my claim is making this + + + align:start position:0% +all and my claim is making this +metaphysical for a moment if you just + + align:start position:0% +metaphysical for a moment if you just + + + align:start position:0% +metaphysical for a moment if you just +look at what the betas look like over + + align:start position:0% +look at what the betas look like over + + + align:start position:0% +look at what the betas look like over +here just look at what the betas look + + align:start position:0% +here just look at what the betas look + + + align:start position:0% +here just look at what the betas look +like forget about the u4 component + + align:start position:0% +like forget about the u4 component + + + align:start position:0% +like forget about the u4 component +notice that the betas without the u4 + + align:start position:0% +notice that the betas without the u4 + + + align:start position:0% +notice that the betas without the u4 +component look like the identity Matrix + + align:start position:0% +component look like the identity Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +component look like the identity Matrix +see 1 0 0 0 1 0 01 my claim is that the + + align:start position:0% +see 1 0 0 0 1 0 01 my claim is that the + + + align:start position:0% +see 1 0 0 0 1 0 01 my claim is that the +betas are indeed a very special basis + + align:start position:0% +betas are indeed a very special basis + + + align:start position:0% +betas are indeed a very special basis +and let me show you what I mean by that + + align:start position:0% +and let me show you what I mean by that + + + align:start position:0% +and let me show you what I mean by that +what does it mean for a vector to be in + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean for a vector to be in + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean for a vector to be in +the space span by beta 1 beta 2 and beta + + align:start position:0% +the space span by beta 1 beta 2 and beta + + + align:start position:0% +the space span by beta 1 beta 2 and beta +3 well it means that that Vector must be + + align:start position:0% +3 well it means that that Vector must be + + + align:start position:0% +3 well it means that that Vector must be +a linear combination of beta 1 beta 2 + + align:start position:0% +a linear combination of beta 1 beta 2 + + + align:start position:0% +a linear combination of beta 1 beta 2 +and beta 3 let me write down that linear + + align:start position:0% +and beta 3 let me write down that linear + + + align:start position:0% +and beta 3 let me write down that linear +combination in the form X1 beta1 plus X2 + + align:start position:0% +combination in the form X1 beta1 plus X2 + + + align:start position:0% +combination in the form X1 beta1 plus X2 +beta 2 plus X3 beta 3 where X1 X2 and X3 + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 plus X3 beta 3 where X1 X2 and X3 + + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 plus X3 beta 3 where X1 X2 and X3 +represent arbitrary constants here by + + align:start position:0% +represent arbitrary constants here by + + + align:start position:0% +represent arbitrary constants here by +the way don't be upset that I've used + + align:start position:0% +the way don't be upset that I've used + + + align:start position:0% +the way don't be upset that I've used +X's now for the first time instead of + + align:start position:0% +X's now for the first time instead of + + + align:start position:0% +X's now for the first time instead of +C's uh OB essentially done the same + + align:start position:0% +C's uh OB essentially done the same + + + align:start position:0% +C's uh OB essentially done the same +thing that we did when we were dealing + + align:start position:0% +thing that we did when we were dealing + + + align:start position:0% +thing that we did when we were dealing +with arrows in the plane when we were + + align:start position:0% +with arrows in the plane when we were + + + align:start position:0% +with arrows in the plane when we were +talking about a typical Arrow we refer + + align:start position:0% +talking about a typical Arrow we refer + + + align:start position:0% +talking about a typical Arrow we refer +to it as being x i + YJ rather than + + align:start position:0% +to it as being x i + YJ rather than + + + align:start position:0% +to it as being x i + YJ rather than +refer to it as being AI plus BJ to + + align:start position:0% +refer to it as being AI plus BJ to + + + align:start position:0% +refer to it as being AI plus BJ to +indicate somehow or other that we had + + align:start position:0% +indicate somehow or other that we had + + + align:start position:0% +indicate somehow or other that we had +arbitrarily chosen the constants the + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily chosen the constants the + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily chosen the constants the +coefficients it's sort of like an + + align:start position:0% +coefficients it's sort of like an + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients it's sort of like an +algebra there's no law that says when + + align:start position:0% +algebra there's no law that says when + + + align:start position:0% +algebra there's no law that says when +you have a constant that you couldn't + + align:start position:0% +you have a constant that you couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +you have a constant that you couldn't +call the constant X or if you have a + + align:start position:0% +call the constant X or if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +call the constant X or if you have a +variable you couldn't call the variable + + align:start position:0% +variable you couldn't call the variable + + + align:start position:0% +variable you couldn't call the variable +C but somehow or other when we see a c + + align:start position:0% +C but somehow or other when we see a c + + + align:start position:0% +C but somehow or other when we see a c +we assume it's a constant in algebra + + align:start position:0% +we assume it's a constant in algebra + + + align:start position:0% +we assume it's a constant in algebra +when we see an X we assume it's a + + align:start position:0% +when we see an X we assume it's a + + + align:start position:0% +when we see an X we assume it's a +variable the X's are just thrown in here + + align:start position:0% +variable the X's are just thrown in here + + + align:start position:0% +variable the X's are just thrown in here +to suggest that I'm looking at all + + align:start position:0% +to suggest that I'm looking at all + + + align:start position:0% +to suggest that I'm looking at all +linear combinations of beta 1 beta 2 and + + align:start position:0% +linear combinations of beta 1 beta 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +linear combinations of beta 1 beta 2 and +beta 3 and now watch how beautifully the + + align:start position:0% +beta 3 and now watch how beautifully the + + + align:start position:0% +beta 3 and now watch how beautifully the +form of the betas comes to help us now + + align:start position:0% +form of the betas comes to help us now + + + align:start position:0% +form of the betas comes to help us now +let's look explicitly to see what X1 + + align:start position:0% +let's look explicitly to see what X1 + + + align:start position:0% +let's look explicitly to see what X1 +beta 1 plus X2 beta 2 plus X3 beta 3 + + align:start position:0% +beta 1 plus X2 beta 2 plus X3 beta 3 + + + align:start position:0% +beta 1 plus X2 beta 2 plus X3 beta 3 +really is let's come back to what our + + align:start position:0% +really is let's come back to what our + + + align:start position:0% +really is let's come back to what our +betas were to multiply beta 1 by X1 + + align:start position:0% +betas were to multiply beta 1 by X1 + + + align:start position:0% +betas were to multiply beta 1 by X1 +means that we multiply each component by + + align:start position:0% +means that we multiply each component by + + + align:start position:0% +means that we multiply each component by +X1 so this will be what X1 0 0 8 X1 we + + align:start position:0% +X1 so this will be what X1 0 0 8 X1 we + + + align:start position:0% +X1 so this will be what X1 0 0 8 X1 we +multiply each component of beta 2 by X2 + + align:start position:0% +multiply each component of beta 2 by X2 + + + align:start position:0% +multiply each component of beta 2 by X2 +that's 0 X2 0 - X2 we multiply each + + align:start position:0% +that's 0 X2 0 - X2 we multiply each + + + align:start position:0% +that's 0 X2 0 - X2 we multiply each +component of beta 3 by X3 so I'll get 0 + + align:start position:0% +component of beta 3 by X3 so I'll get 0 + + + align:start position:0% +component of beta 3 by X3 so I'll get 0 +0 x3 - 2x3 notice again that these + + align:start position:0% +0 x3 - 2x3 notice again that these + + + align:start position:0% +0 x3 - 2x3 notice again that these +components as four tles are relative to + + align:start position:0% +components as four tles are relative to + + + align:start position:0% +components as four tles are relative to +the use in other words X1 beta 1 plus X2 + + align:start position:0% +the use in other words X1 beta 1 plus X2 + + + align:start position:0% +the use in other words X1 beta 1 plus X2 +beta 2 plus X3 beta 3 are the three four + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 plus X3 beta 3 are the three four + + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 plus X3 beta 3 are the three four +tles given here where it's understood + + align:start position:0% +tles given here where it's understood + + + align:start position:0% +tles given here where it's understood +that the column values are U1 U2 u3 and + + align:start position:0% +that the column values are U1 U2 u3 and + + + align:start position:0% +that the column values are U1 U2 u3 and +u4 now I want to add these up if I add + + align:start position:0% +u4 now I want to add these up if I add + + + align:start position:0% +u4 now I want to add these up if I add +them up I add component by component + + align:start position:0% +them up I add component by component + + + align:start position:0% +them up I add component by component +here's the beauty of that row reduced + + align:start position:0% +here's the beauty of that row reduced + + + align:start position:0% +here's the beauty of that row reduced +Matrix form that yielded the betas + + align:start position:0% +Matrix form that yielded the betas + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix form that yielded the betas +notice that when I add these up X1 + + align:start position:0% +notice that when I add these up X1 + + + align:start position:0% +notice that when I add these up X1 +appears only in the first Vector there + + align:start position:0% +appears only in the first Vector there + + + align:start position:0% +appears only in the first Vector there +is zeros every place else x2 in the + + align:start position:0% +is zeros every place else x2 in the + + + align:start position:0% +is zeros every place else x2 in the +second X3 only in the third notice that + + align:start position:0% +second X3 only in the third notice that + + + align:start position:0% +second X3 only in the third notice that +when I add these up I get what X1 X2 X3 + + align:start position:0% +when I add these up I get what X1 X2 X3 + + + align:start position:0% +when I add these up I get what X1 X2 X3 +8 X1 - X2 - 2 X3 in other words any + + align:start position:0% +8 X1 - X2 - 2 X3 in other words any + + + align:start position:0% +8 X1 - X2 - 2 X3 in other words any +linear combination of the betas in terms + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the betas in terms + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the betas in terms +of the use has a very interesting + + align:start position:0% +of the use has a very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +of the use has a very interesting +representation namely X1 beta 1 + X2 + + align:start position:0% +representation namely X1 beta 1 + X2 + + + align:start position:0% +representation namely X1 beta 1 + X2 +beta 2 + X3 beta 3 is simply X1 U1 + X2 + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 + X3 beta 3 is simply X1 U1 + X2 + + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 + X3 beta 3 is simply X1 U1 + X2 +U2 plus X3 u3 uh then plus 8x1 - X2 - + + align:start position:0% +U2 plus X3 u3 uh then plus 8x1 - X2 - + + + align:start position:0% +U2 plus X3 u3 uh then plus 8x1 - X2 - +2x3 + + align:start position:0% +2x3 + + + align:start position:0% +2x3 +X4 by the way as an aside notice that I + + align:start position:0% +X4 by the way as an aside notice that I + + + align:start position:0% +X4 by the way as an aside notice that I +can now very quickly show you that the + + align:start position:0% +can now very quickly show you that the + + + align:start position:0% +can now very quickly show you that the +betas are linearly independent namely + + align:start position:0% +betas are linearly independent namely + + + align:start position:0% +betas are linearly independent namely +for linear Independence notice that I + + align:start position:0% +for linear Independence notice that I + + + align:start position:0% +for linear Independence notice that I +want to show that the only way this can + + align:start position:0% +want to show that the only way this can + + + align:start position:0% +want to show that the only way this can +be zero is if all the X's are zero but + + align:start position:0% +be zero is if all the X's are zero but + + + align:start position:0% +be zero is if all the X's are zero but +notice that since this combination comes + + align:start position:0% +notice that since this combination comes + + + align:start position:0% +notice that since this combination comes +out to be this the only way this can be + + align:start position:0% +out to be this the only way this can be + + + align:start position:0% +out to be this the only way this can be +zero is to have zeros every place that + + align:start position:0% +zero is to have zeros every place that + + + align:start position:0% +zero is to have zeros every place that +says zero must equal X1 0 = X2 0al X3 in + + align:start position:0% +says zero must equal X1 0 = X2 0al X3 in + + + align:start position:0% +says zero must equal X1 0 = X2 0al X3 in +other words writing this out in more + + align:start position:0% +other words writing this out in more + + + align:start position:0% +other words writing this out in more +detail X X1 beta 1 + X2 beta 2 + X3 beta + + align:start position:0% +detail X X1 beta 1 + X2 beta 2 + X3 beta + + + align:start position:0% +detail X X1 beta 1 + X2 beta 2 + X3 beta +3 equal 0 means this which in turn means + + align:start position:0% +3 equal 0 means this which in turn means + + + align:start position:0% +3 equal 0 means this which in turn means +that X1 X2 and X3 must all be zero that + + align:start position:0% +that X1 X2 and X3 must all be zero that + + + align:start position:0% +that X1 X2 and X3 must all be zero that +proves in particular that the betas are + + align:start position:0% +proves in particular that the betas are + + + align:start position:0% +proves in particular that the betas are +linearly independent and therefore my + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent and therefore my + + + align:start position:0% +linearly independent and therefore my +space w not only is span by beta 1 beta + + align:start position:0% +space w not only is span by beta 1 beta + + + align:start position:0% +space w not only is span by beta 1 beta +2 and beta 3 but they are a basis that's + + align:start position:0% +2 and beta 3 but they are a basis that's + + + align:start position:0% +2 and beta 3 but they are a basis that's +why I write the square brackets here and + + align:start position:0% +why I write the square brackets here and + + + align:start position:0% +why I write the square brackets here and +so my dimension of w is actually three + + align:start position:0% +so my dimension of w is actually three + + + align:start position:0% +so my dimension of w is actually three +okay and by the way let me show you + + align:start position:0% +okay and by the way let me show you + + + align:start position:0% +okay and by the way let me show you +again what this thing means it means + + align:start position:0% +again what this thing means it means + + + align:start position:0% +again what this thing means it means +that to see if something is in W if it's + + align:start position:0% +that to see if something is in W if it's + + + align:start position:0% +that to see if something is in W if it's +written as a foro all I have to do is + + align:start position:0% +written as a foro all I have to do is + + + align:start position:0% +written as a foro all I have to do is +know what the first three components are + + align:start position:0% +know what the first three components are + + + align:start position:0% +know what the first three components are +because the fourth one is expressed in + + align:start position:0% +because the fourth one is expressed in + + + align:start position:0% +because the fourth one is expressed in +terms of the other three for example the + + align:start position:0% +terms of the other three for example the + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the other three for example the +U1 cannot belong to my space w why + + align:start position:0% +U1 cannot belong to my space w why + + + align:start position:0% +U1 cannot belong to my space w why +because U1 has X1 equal to 1 X2 equal to + + align:start position:0% +because U1 has X1 equal to 1 X2 equal to + + + align:start position:0% +because U1 has X1 equal to 1 X2 equal to +0 X3 equal to 0 and and this tells us + + align:start position:0% +0 X3 equal to 0 and and this tells us + + + align:start position:0% +0 X3 equal to 0 and and this tells us +what that when X1 is 1 and X2 and X3 are + + align:start position:0% +what that when X1 is 1 and X2 and X3 are + + + align:start position:0% +what that when X1 is 1 and X2 and X3 are +zero X4 must be 8 in other words the + + align:start position:0% +zero X4 must be 8 in other words the + + + align:start position:0% +zero X4 must be 8 in other words the +only member of w that begins with 1 z z + + align:start position:0% +only member of w that begins with 1 z z + + + align:start position:0% +only member of w that begins with 1 z z +is 1 08 and that's exactly what beta 1 + + align:start position:0% +is 1 08 and that's exactly what beta 1 + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 08 and that's exactly what beta 1 +is in other words I leave it for you to + + align:start position:0% +is in other words I leave it for you to + + + align:start position:0% +is in other words I leave it for you to +check that U1 U2 and u3 do not belong to + + align:start position:0% +check that U1 U2 and u3 do not belong to + + + align:start position:0% +check that U1 U2 and u3 do not belong to +our space w well so much for that let me + + align:start position:0% +our space w well so much for that let me + + + align:start position:0% +our space w well so much for that let me +review now very quickly what we've shown + + align:start position:0% +review now very quickly what we've shown + + + align:start position:0% +review now very quickly what we've shown +these betas are a rather remarkable + + align:start position:0% +these betas are a rather remarkable + + + align:start position:0% +these betas are a rather remarkable +basis in other words I claim that beta 1 + + align:start position:0% +basis in other words I claim that beta 1 + + + align:start position:0% +basis in other words I claim that beta 1 +beta 2 Beta 3 three is a natural basis + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 Beta 3 three is a natural basis + + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 Beta 3 three is a natural basis +for w you see much nicer than the alphas + + align:start position:0% +for w you see much nicer than the alphas + + + align:start position:0% +for w you see much nicer than the alphas +why is that well let me pick any four + + align:start position:0% +why is that well let me pick any four + + + align:start position:0% +why is that well let me pick any four +toule in W let me call it X1 X2 X3 X4 my + + align:start position:0% +toule in W let me call it X1 X2 X3 X4 my + + + align:start position:0% +toule in W let me call it X1 X2 X3 X4 my +claim is that once I know that that four + + align:start position:0% +claim is that once I know that that four + + + align:start position:0% +claim is that once I know that that four +topple is in W I can write down the + + align:start position:0% +topple is in W I can write down the + + + align:start position:0% +topple is in W I can write down the +linear combination of the betas that + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the betas that + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the betas that +this Vector is by inspection namely what + + align:start position:0% +this Vector is by inspection namely what + + + align:start position:0% +this Vector is by inspection namely what +I just showed was that that four Tuple + + align:start position:0% +I just showed was that that four Tuple + + + align:start position:0% +I just showed was that that four Tuple +is what it's X1 beta 1 plus X2 beta 2 + + align:start position:0% +is what it's X1 beta 1 plus X2 beta 2 + + + align:start position:0% +is what it's X1 beta 1 plus X2 beta 2 +plus X3 beta 3 or equivalently if you + + align:start position:0% +plus X3 beta 3 or equivalently if you + + + align:start position:0% +plus X3 beta 3 or equivalently if you +want to see it in terms of the four tle + + align:start position:0% +want to see it in terms of the four tle + + + align:start position:0% +want to see it in terms of the four tle +notation the in terms of the use the + + align:start position:0% +notation the in terms of the use the + + + align:start position:0% +notation the in terms of the use the +first three components can be chosen at + + align:start position:0% +first three components can be chosen at + + + align:start position:0% +first three components can be chosen at +random and then the fourth component is + + align:start position:0% +random and then the fourth component is + + + align:start position:0% +random and then the fourth component is +given by this and by way of a quick + + align:start position:0% +given by this and by way of a quick + + + align:start position:0% +given by this and by way of a quick +example notice that as a foro alpha 1 + + align:start position:0% +example notice that as a foro alpha 1 + + + align:start position:0% +example notice that as a foro alpha 1 +was what it was 1 1 2 3 in other words + + align:start position:0% +was what it was 1 1 2 3 in other words + + + align:start position:0% +was what it was 1 1 2 3 in other words +it was U1 plus U2 plus 2 u3 plus 3 u4 + + align:start position:0% +it was U1 plus U2 plus 2 u3 plus 3 u4 + + + align:start position:0% +it was U1 plus U2 plus 2 u3 plus 3 u4 +notice that because the first three + + align:start position:0% +notice that because the first three + + + align:start position:0% +notice that because the first three +coefficients were 112 relative to the + + align:start position:0% +coefficients were 112 relative to the + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients were 112 relative to the +betas the coefficients are also 1 one2 + + align:start position:0% +betas the coefficients are also 1 one2 + + + align:start position:0% +betas the coefficients are also 1 one2 +in other words I can write alpha 1 as + + align:start position:0% +in other words I can write alpha 1 as + + + align:start position:0% +in other words I can write alpha 1 as +the three Tuple + + align:start position:0% +the three Tuple + + + align:start position:0% +the three Tuple +112 provided I tacitly understand here + + align:start position:0% +112 provided I tacitly understand here + + + align:start position:0% +112 provided I tacitly understand here +that I'm making reference to the special + + align:start position:0% +that I'm making reference to the special + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm making reference to the special +betas as being my basis you see in other + + align:start position:0% +betas as being my basis you see in other + + + align:start position:0% +betas as being my basis you see in other +words referring to the alpha 1 Alpha 2 + + align:start position:0% +words referring to the alpha 1 Alpha 2 + + + align:start position:0% +words referring to the alpha 1 Alpha 2 +Alpha 3 Alpha 4 that we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 3 Alpha 4 that we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 3 Alpha 4 that we're talking about +just drop the fourth in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +just drop the fourth in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +just drop the fourth in terms of the +four tles drop the U sub4 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coefficient and just write down the + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and just write down the + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient and just write down the +remaining three tle in other words Alpha + + align:start position:0% +remaining three tle in other words Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +remaining three tle in other words Alpha +2 is 2 Beta 1+ 3 beta 2 + 4 beta 3 Alpha + + align:start position:0% +2 is 2 Beta 1+ 3 beta 2 + 4 beta 3 Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +2 is 2 Beta 1+ 3 beta 2 + 4 beta 3 Alpha +3 is 3 beta 1 + 7 beta 2 + 6 beta 3 + + align:start position:0% +3 is 3 beta 1 + 7 beta 2 + 6 beta 3 + + + align:start position:0% +3 is 3 beta 1 + 7 beta 2 + 6 beta 3 +Alpha 4 is 4 beta 1 + 5 beta 2 + 9 beta + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 is 4 beta 1 + 5 beta 2 + 9 beta + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 is 4 beta 1 + 5 beta 2 + 9 beta +3 you see the betas are a very nice + + align:start position:0% +3 you see the betas are a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +3 you see the betas are a very nice +basis because they're that special basis + + align:start position:0% +basis because they're that special basis + + + align:start position:0% +basis because they're that special basis +that once I know what the vector looks + + align:start position:0% +that once I know what the vector looks + + + align:start position:0% +that once I know what the vector looks +like as a for tle with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +like as a for tle with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +like as a for tle with respect to the +use I can immediately write down what it + + align:start position:0% +use I can immediately write down what it + + + align:start position:0% +use I can immediately write down what it +looks like with respect to the betas let + + align:start position:0% +looks like with respect to the betas let + + + align:start position:0% +looks like with respect to the betas let +me give you another example suppose I + + align:start position:0% +me give you another example suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +me give you another example suppose I +just pick at random uh a well it's not + + align:start position:0% +just pick at random uh a well it's not + + + align:start position:0% +just pick at random uh a well it's not +picked at random I picked one that works + + align:start position:0% +picked at random I picked one that works + + + align:start position:0% +picked at random I picked one that works +here but let's suppose I just take the + + align:start position:0% +here but let's suppose I just take the + + + align:start position:0% +here but let's suppose I just take the +four tle + + align:start position:0% +four tle + + + align:start position:0% +four tle +2535 and and I want to know whether + + align:start position:0% +2535 and and I want to know whether + + + align:start position:0% +2535 and and I want to know whether +that's in W and by the way again let me + + align:start position:0% +that's in W and by the way again let me + + + align:start position:0% +that's in W and by the way again let me +remind you just one more time that four + + align:start position:0% +remind you just one more time that four + + + align:start position:0% +remind you just one more time that four +tle stands for what 2 U1 plus 5 U2 plus + + align:start position:0% +tle stands for what 2 U1 plus 5 U2 plus + + + align:start position:0% +tle stands for what 2 U1 plus 5 U2 plus +3 u3 plus 5 u4 does that four tle belong + + align:start position:0% +3 u3 plus 5 u4 does that four tle belong + + + align:start position:0% +3 u3 plus 5 u4 does that four tle belong +to W the answer is it belongs to W if + + align:start position:0% +to W the answer is it belongs to W if + + + align:start position:0% +to W the answer is it belongs to W if +and only if it's equal to what 2 beta 1 + + align:start position:0% +and only if it's equal to what 2 beta 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and only if it's equal to what 2 beta 1 ++ 5 beta 2 + 3 beta 3 that's the beauty + + align:start position:0% ++ 5 beta 2 + 3 beta 3 that's the beauty + + + align:start position:0% ++ 5 beta 2 + 3 beta 3 that's the beauty +of that special basis of the betas well + + align:start position:0% +of that special basis of the betas well + + + align:start position:0% +of that special basis of the betas well +2 beta 1 is simply 2 + + align:start position:0% +2 beta 1 is simply 2 + + + align:start position:0% +2 beta 1 is simply 2 +06 5 beta 2 is 05 0 - 5 and 3 beta 3 is + + align:start position:0% +06 5 beta 2 is 05 0 - 5 and 3 beta 3 is + + + align:start position:0% +06 5 beta 2 is 05 0 - 5 and 3 beta 3 is +0 03 - 6 recalling of course that beta 1 + + align:start position:0% +0 03 - 6 recalling of course that beta 1 + + + align:start position:0% +0 03 - 6 recalling of course that beta 1 +was 1 0 08 uh beta 2 was 0 1 0 minus one + + align:start position:0% +was 1 0 08 uh beta 2 was 0 1 0 minus one + + + align:start position:0% +was 1 0 08 uh beta 2 was 0 1 0 minus one +and that beta 3 was 0 0 1 -2 see again + + align:start position:0% +and that beta 3 was 0 0 1 -2 see again + + + align:start position:0% +and that beta 3 was 0 0 1 -2 see again +this is all with respect as four tles + + align:start position:0% +this is all with respect as four tles + + + align:start position:0% +this is all with respect as four tles +with respect to the use if I add these + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the use if I add these + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the use if I add these +up I get what 2 53 5 which is exactly + + align:start position:0% +up I get what 2 53 5 which is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +up I get what 2 53 5 which is exactly +the vector I'm dealing with so 2535 + + align:start position:0% +the vector I'm dealing with so 2535 + + + align:start position:0% +the vector I'm dealing with so 2535 +belongs to W in fact another way of + + align:start position:0% +belongs to W in fact another way of + + + align:start position:0% +belongs to W in fact another way of +looking at this is once the two five and + + align:start position:0% +looking at this is once the two five and + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this is once the two five and +the three are given as the first three + + align:start position:0% +the three are given as the first three + + + align:start position:0% +the three are given as the first three +components the only way that the four + + align:start position:0% +components the only way that the four + + + align:start position:0% +components the only way that the four +tle can belong to W is if that fourth + + align:start position:0% +tle can belong to W is if that fourth + + + align:start position:0% +tle can belong to W is if that fourth +component is five in other words again + + align:start position:0% +component is five in other words again + + + align:start position:0% +component is five in other words again +looking at this from one more point of + + align:start position:0% +looking at this from one more point of + + + align:start position:0% +looking at this from one more point of +view remember over here we showed that + + align:start position:0% +view remember over here we showed that + + + align:start position:0% +view remember over here we showed that +the fourth component in terms of the use + + align:start position:0% +the fourth component in terms of the use + + + align:start position:0% +the fourth component in terms of the use +had to be 8 * the 1 minus the 2 minus + + align:start position:0% +had to be 8 * the 1 minus the 2 minus + + + align:start position:0% +had to be 8 * the 1 minus the 2 minus +twice the 3 and given 253 the only way + + align:start position:0% +twice the 3 and given 253 the only way + + + align:start position:0% +twice the 3 and given 253 the only way +that can happen is what 8 * 2 - 5 - t 3 + + align:start position:0% +that can happen is what 8 * 2 - 5 - t 3 + + + align:start position:0% +that can happen is what 8 * 2 - 5 - t 3 +and that happens to be five okay now we + + align:start position:0% +and that happens to be five okay now we + + + align:start position:0% +and that happens to be five okay now we +come to the home stretch and that is + + align:start position:0% +come to the home stretch and that is + + + align:start position:0% +come to the home stretch and that is +knowing now what the basis looks like in + + align:start position:0% +knowing now what the basis looks like in + + + align:start position:0% +knowing now what the basis looks like in +terms of the betas we come back to a + + align:start position:0% +terms of the betas we come back to a + + + align:start position:0% +terms of the betas we come back to a +more crucial question and that is look + + align:start position:0% +more crucial question and that is look + + + align:start position:0% +more crucial question and that is look +at we were given alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 + + align:start position:0% +at we were given alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 + + + align:start position:0% +at we were given alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 +Alpha 4 those were the the vectors that + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 those were the the vectors that + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 those were the the vectors that +we were given maybe for the problem that + + align:start position:0% +we were given maybe for the problem that + + + align:start position:0% +we were given maybe for the problem that +we're dealing with it's important to + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with it's important to + + + align:start position:0% +we're dealing with it's important to +have everything relative to the alphas + + align:start position:0% +have everything relative to the alphas + + + align:start position:0% +have everything relative to the alphas +so now what we're saying is knowing what + + align:start position:0% +so now what we're saying is knowing what + + + align:start position:0% +so now what we're saying is knowing what +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +2535 looks like as a linear combination + + align:start position:0% +2535 looks like as a linear combination + + + align:start position:0% +2535 looks like as a linear combination +of the betas how can we conveniently + + align:start position:0% +of the betas how can we conveniently + + + align:start position:0% +of the betas how can we conveniently +Express that as a linear combination of + + align:start position:0% +Express that as a linear combination of + + + align:start position:0% +Express that as a linear combination of +the alphas and again the answer comes + + align:start position:0% +the alphas and again the answer comes + + + align:start position:0% +the alphas and again the answer comes +from row reduced matrices in other words + + align:start position:0% +from row reduced matrices in other words + + + align:start position:0% +from row reduced matrices in other words +all we're going to say is this look at + + align:start position:0% +all we're going to say is this look at + + + align:start position:0% +all we're going to say is this look at +we know what this Vector looks like like + + align:start position:0% +we know what this Vector looks like like + + + align:start position:0% +we know what this Vector looks like like +in terms of the betas it's 2 Beta 1+ 5 + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the betas it's 2 Beta 1+ 5 + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the betas it's 2 Beta 1+ 5 +beta 2 plus 3 beta 3 suppose we could + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 plus 3 beta 3 suppose we could + + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 plus 3 beta 3 suppose we could +now Express the betas in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +now Express the betas in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +now Express the betas in terms of the +alphas see sort of like before with the + + align:start position:0% +alphas see sort of like before with the + + + align:start position:0% +alphas see sort of like before with the +matrices we sort of want to talk about + + align:start position:0% +matrices we sort of want to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +matrices we sort of want to talk about +inverting interchanging the roles of the + + align:start position:0% +inverting interchanging the roles of the + + + align:start position:0% +inverting interchanging the roles of the +vectors here's what I'm saying look at + + align:start position:0% +vectors here's what I'm saying look at + + + align:start position:0% +vectors here's what I'm saying look at +we already know from over here that + + align:start position:0% +we already know from over here that + + + align:start position:0% +we already know from over here that +alpha 1 is beta 1 plus beta 2 plus 2 + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 is beta 1 plus beta 2 plus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 is beta 1 plus beta 2 plus 2 +Beta 3 Etc let me do the following thing + + align:start position:0% +Beta 3 Etc let me do the following thing + + + align:start position:0% +Beta 3 Etc let me do the following thing +let me write down an augmented Matrix + + align:start position:0% +let me write down an augmented Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +let me write down an augmented Matrix +the first three columns will stand for + + align:start position:0% +the first three columns will stand for + + + align:start position:0% +the first three columns will stand for +beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 and the last + + align:start position:0% +beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 and the last + + + align:start position:0% +beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 and the last +four columns will stand for Alpha 1 + + align:start position:0% +four columns will stand for Alpha 1 + + + align:start position:0% +four columns will stand for Alpha 1 +Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and Alpha 4 notice that + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and Alpha 4 notice that + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and Alpha 4 notice that +I can write alpha 1 by two different + + align:start position:0% +I can write alpha 1 by two different + + + align:start position:0% +I can write alpha 1 by two different +names it's 1 one2 relative to the betas + + align:start position:0% +names it's 1 one2 relative to the betas + + + align:start position:0% +names it's 1 one2 relative to the betas +and one0 0 relative to the alphas and + + align:start position:0% +and one0 0 relative to the alphas and + + + align:start position:0% +and one0 0 relative to the alphas and +similarly Alpha 2 Alpha 3 Alpha 4 can be + + align:start position:0% +similarly Alpha 2 Alpha 3 Alpha 4 can be + + + align:start position:0% +similarly Alpha 2 Alpha 3 Alpha 4 can be +represented as I've written these things + + align:start position:0% +represented as I've written these things + + + align:start position:0% +represented as I've written these things +over here now what have I done I have + + align:start position:0% +over here now what have I done I have + + + align:start position:0% +over here now what have I done I have +written each Vector in two different + + align:start position:0% +written each Vector in two different + + + align:start position:0% +written each Vector in two different +ways one relative to the betas and one + + align:start position:0% +ways one relative to the betas and one + + + align:start position:0% +ways one relative to the betas and one +relative to the alphas if I now row + + align:start position:0% +relative to the alphas if I now row + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the alphas if I now row +reduce this Matrix notice that I'm + + align:start position:0% +reduce this Matrix notice that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +reduce this Matrix notice that I'm +dealing with vectors whatever Vector I + + align:start position:0% +dealing with vectors whatever Vector I + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with vectors whatever Vector I +get by one name must be the same Vector + + align:start position:0% +get by one name must be the same Vector + + + align:start position:0% +get by one name must be the same Vector +with respect to the other name in other + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the other name in other + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to the other name in other +words if I start row reducing now in the + + align:start position:0% +words if I start row reducing now in the + + + align:start position:0% +words if I start row reducing now in the +usual way this Matrix becomes this + + align:start position:0% +usual way this Matrix becomes this + + + align:start position:0% +usual way this Matrix becomes this +Matrix and again to show you what we're + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and again to show you what we're + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix and again to show you what we're +saying is this is just another way of + + align:start position:0% +saying is this is just another way of + + + align:start position:0% +saying is this is just another way of +saying what that uh for example this is + + align:start position:0% +saying what that uh for example this is + + + align:start position:0% +saying what that uh for example this is +beta 2 and this says that the vector + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 and this says that the vector + + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 and this says that the vector +beta 2 is the same as Alpha 2 minus 2 + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 is the same as Alpha 2 minus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 is the same as Alpha 2 minus 2 +alpha 1 uh this happens to be oh let's + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 uh this happens to be oh let's + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 uh this happens to be oh let's +look at this one this is beta 2 + beta 3 + + align:start position:0% +look at this one this is beta 2 + beta 3 + + + align:start position:0% +look at this one this is beta 2 + beta 3 +and that's the same as what -4 alpha 1 + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the same as what -4 alpha 1 + + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the same as what -4 alpha 1 + +Alpha 4 and you see what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 and you see what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 4 and you see what I'm going to +try to do is row reduce this part here + + align:start position:0% +try to do is row reduce this part here + + + align:start position:0% +try to do is row reduce this part here +and hopefully be able to express the + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully be able to express the + + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully be able to express the +betas in terms of the alphas so what + + align:start position:0% +betas in terms of the alphas so what + + + align:start position:0% +betas in terms of the alphas so what +I'll now do is continue my row reduction + + align:start position:0% +I'll now do is continue my row reduction + + + align:start position:0% +I'll now do is continue my row reduction +technique and you see if I do that my + + align:start position:0% +technique and you see if I do that my + + + align:start position:0% +technique and you see if I do that my +next step gives me this and this is a + + align:start position:0% +next step gives me this and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +next step gives me this and this is a +rather remarkable thing because you'll + + align:start position:0% +rather remarkable thing because you'll + + + align:start position:0% +rather remarkable thing because you'll +now notice that reading my first three + + align:start position:0% +now notice that reading my first three + + + align:start position:0% +now notice that reading my first three +components here this tells me that the + + align:start position:0% +components here this tells me that the + + + align:start position:0% +components here this tells me that the +third Vector at least in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +third Vector at least in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +third Vector at least in terms of the +betas is the zero vector by the way + + align:start position:0% +betas is the zero vector by the way + + + align:start position:0% +betas is the zero vector by the way +what's another name see what I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +what's another name see what I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +what's another name see what I'm saying +here this is what 0 beta 1 plus 0 beta 2 + + align:start position:0% +here this is what 0 beta 1 plus 0 beta 2 + + + align:start position:0% +here this is what 0 beta 1 plus 0 beta 2 +plus 0 beta 3 what's another name for + + align:start position:0% +plus 0 beta 3 what's another name for + + + align:start position:0% +plus 0 beta 3 what's another name for +that Vector it's 5 Alpha 1 minus 4 Alpha + + align:start position:0% +that Vector it's 5 Alpha 1 minus 4 Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +that Vector it's 5 Alpha 1 minus 4 Alpha +2 plus Alpha 3 in other words as an + + align:start position:0% +2 plus Alpha 3 in other words as an + + + align:start position:0% +2 plus Alpha 3 in other words as an +aside 5 Alpha 1 - 4 Alpha 2 + Alpha 3 is + + align:start position:0% +aside 5 Alpha 1 - 4 Alpha 2 + Alpha 3 is + + + align:start position:0% +aside 5 Alpha 1 - 4 Alpha 2 + Alpha 3 is +the zero Vector therefore by transposing + + align:start position:0% +the zero Vector therefore by transposing + + + align:start position:0% +the zero Vector therefore by transposing +Alpha 3 is 4 Alpha 2 - 5 alpha 1 and now + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 3 is 4 Alpha 2 - 5 alpha 1 and now + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 3 is 4 Alpha 2 - 5 alpha 1 and now +indeed we have not only seen that the + + align:start position:0% +indeed we have not only seen that the + + + align:start position:0% +indeed we have not only seen that the +alphas were linearly dependent we have + + align:start position:0% +alphas were linearly dependent we have + + + align:start position:0% +alphas were linearly dependent we have +found the redundancy that in the order + + align:start position:0% +found the redundancy that in the order + + + align:start position:0% +found the redundancy that in the order +given Alpha 3 is a linear combination of + + align:start position:0% +given Alpha 3 is a linear combination of + + + align:start position:0% +given Alpha 3 is a linear combination of +alpha 1 and Alpha 2 by the way just as a + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 and Alpha 2 by the way just as a + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 and Alpha 2 by the way just as a +computational check notice by our + + align:start position:0% +computational check notice by our + + + align:start position:0% +computational check notice by our +definitions of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 that + + align:start position:0% +definitions of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 that + + + align:start position:0% +definitions of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 that +4 Alpha 2 is 8 12 16 20 20 - 5 alpha 1 + + align:start position:0% +4 Alpha 2 is 8 12 16 20 20 - 5 alpha 1 + + + align:start position:0% +4 Alpha 2 is 8 12 16 20 20 - 5 alpha 1 +is - 5 - 5 - 10 -5 if I add these two I + + align:start position:0% +is - 5 - 5 - 10 -5 if I add these two I + + + align:start position:0% +is - 5 - 5 - 10 -5 if I add these two I +get 3 + + align:start position:0% +get 3 + + + align:start position:0% +get 3 +765 which as you will recall from + + align:start position:0% +765 which as you will recall from + + + align:start position:0% +765 which as you will recall from +looking at our definition of alpha 3 is + + align:start position:0% +looking at our definition of alpha 3 is + + + align:start position:0% +looking at our definition of alpha 3 is +indeed Alpha 3 at any rate what I'd now + + align:start position:0% +indeed Alpha 3 at any rate what I'd now + + + align:start position:0% +indeed Alpha 3 at any rate what I'd now +like to point out is that what this + + align:start position:0% +like to point out is that what this + + + align:start position:0% +like to point out is that what this +piece of information tells me is that + + align:start position:0% +piece of information tells me is that + + + align:start position:0% +piece of information tells me is that +this is the Redundant piece of + + align:start position:0% +this is the Redundant piece of + + + align:start position:0% +this is the Redundant piece of +information that what we really know is + + align:start position:0% +information that what we really know is + + + align:start position:0% +information that what we really know is +that the betas do not need Alpha 3 to + + align:start position:0% +that the betas do not need Alpha 3 to + + + align:start position:0% +that the betas do not need Alpha 3 to +express them why because the betas could + + align:start position:0% +express them why because the betas could + + + align:start position:0% +express them why because the betas could +originally be expressed in terms of + + align:start position:0% +originally be expressed in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +originally be expressed in terms of +alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and Alpha 4 see + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and Alpha 4 see + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 and Alpha 4 see +don't lose track of that the space + + align:start position:0% +don't lose track of that the space + + + align:start position:0% +don't lose track of that the space +spanned by the betas is the same as the + + align:start position:0% +spanned by the betas is the same as the + + + align:start position:0% +spanned by the betas is the same as the +space spanned by the alphas so in + + align:start position:0% +space spanned by the alphas so in + + + align:start position:0% +space spanned by the alphas so in +particular each of the betas must be a + + align:start position:0% +particular each of the betas must be a + + + align:start position:0% +particular each of the betas must be a +linear combination of the alphas by + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the alphas by + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination of the alphas by +definition of spanning space just as + + align:start position:0% +definition of spanning space just as + + + align:start position:0% +definition of spanning space just as +each of the alphas must be a linear + + align:start position:0% +each of the alphas must be a linear + + + align:start position:0% +each of the alphas must be a linear +combination of the betas so I know that + + align:start position:0% +combination of the betas so I know that + + + align:start position:0% +combination of the betas so I know that +the betas can be expressed in terms of + + align:start position:0% +the betas can be expressed in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +the betas can be expressed in terms of +the alphas but now I've seen that Alpha + + align:start position:0% +the alphas but now I've seen that Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +the alphas but now I've seen that Alpha +3 is redundant because Alpha 3 can be + + align:start position:0% +3 is redundant because Alpha 3 can be + + + align:start position:0% +3 is redundant because Alpha 3 can be +expressed in terms of alpha 1 and Alpha + + align:start position:0% +expressed in terms of alpha 1 and Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +expressed in terms of alpha 1 and Alpha +2 so what I now have is what that beta 1 + + align:start position:0% +2 so what I now have is what that beta 1 + + + align:start position:0% +2 so what I now have is what that beta 1 +beta 2 and beta 3 can be expressed in + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 and beta 3 can be expressed in + + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 and beta 3 can be expressed in +terms of alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 4 see + + align:start position:0% +terms of alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 4 see + + + align:start position:0% +terms of alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 4 see +notice that with this row deleted the + + align:start position:0% +notice that with this row deleted the + + + align:start position:0% +notice that with this row deleted the +alpha 3 column has all Zer in it and by + + align:start position:0% +alpha 3 column has all Zer in it and by + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 3 column has all Zer in it and by +the way if I now finally complete my row + + align:start position:0% +the way if I now finally complete my row + + + align:start position:0% +the way if I now finally complete my row +reduction you see I wind up with this + + align:start position:0% +reduction you see I wind up with this + + + align:start position:0% +reduction you see I wind up with this +Matrix this 3x s Matrix and this tells + + align:start position:0% +Matrix this 3x s Matrix and this tells + + + align:start position:0% +Matrix this 3x s Matrix and this tells +me in particular what how to to express + + align:start position:0% +me in particular what how to to express + + + align:start position:0% +me in particular what how to to express +beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 in terms of the +alphas in particular beta 1 is the four + + align:start position:0% +alphas in particular beta 1 is the four + + + align:start position:0% +alphas in particular beta 1 is the four +Tuple 710 minus 2 and notice now this I + + align:start position:0% +Tuple 710 minus 2 and notice now this I + + + align:start position:0% +Tuple 710 minus 2 and notice now this I +don't want to say the this as a four tle + + align:start position:0% +don't want to say the this as a four tle + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to say the this as a four tle +in the following sense notice if I now + + align:start position:0% +in the following sense notice if I now + + + align:start position:0% +in the following sense notice if I now +were to write 7 1 0us 2 that would be + + align:start position:0% +were to write 7 1 0us 2 that would be + + + align:start position:0% +were to write 7 1 0us 2 that would be +redundant because now I'm talking + + align:start position:0% +redundant because now I'm talking + + + align:start position:0% +redundant because now I'm talking +relative to the alpha is not the use the + + align:start position:0% +relative to the alpha is not the use the + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the alpha is not the use the +important thing is what that beta 1 is 7 + + align:start position:0% +important thing is what that beta 1 is 7 + + + align:start position:0% +important thing is what that beta 1 is 7 +alpha 1+ alpha 2 - 2 Alpha 4 beta 2 is - + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1+ alpha 2 - 2 Alpha 4 beta 2 is - + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1+ alpha 2 - 2 Alpha 4 beta 2 is - +2 alpha 1 + Alpha + + align:start position:0% +2 alpha 1 + Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +2 alpha 1 + Alpha +2 well just that's all it is and beta 3 + + align:start position:0% +2 well just that's all it is and beta 3 + + + align:start position:0% +2 well just that's all it is and beta 3 +is - 2 alpha 1 minus Alpha 2 + Alpha 4 + + align:start position:0% +is - 2 alpha 1 minus Alpha 2 + Alpha 4 + + + align:start position:0% +is - 2 alpha 1 minus Alpha 2 + Alpha 4 +this tells me that the betas are a basis + + align:start position:0% +this tells me that the betas are a basis + + + align:start position:0% +this tells me that the betas are a basis +the alphas weren't a basis but alpha 1 + + align:start position:0% +the alphas weren't a basis but alpha 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the alphas weren't a basis but alpha 1 +Alpha 2 and Alpha 4 are a basis getting + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 2 and Alpha 4 are a basis getting + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 2 and Alpha 4 are a basis getting +back to our original problem not that + + align:start position:0% +back to our original problem not that + + + align:start position:0% +back to our original problem not that +we've expressed beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 + + align:start position:0% +we've expressed beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 + + + align:start position:0% +we've expressed beta 1 beta 2 and beta 3 +in terms of alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 4 + + align:start position:0% +in terms of alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 4 + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 4 +knowing that + + align:start position:0% +knowing that + + + align:start position:0% +knowing that +2535 is 2 beta 1 + 5 beta 2 + 3 beta 3 + + align:start position:0% +2535 is 2 beta 1 + 5 beta 2 + 3 beta 3 + + + align:start position:0% +2535 is 2 beta 1 + 5 beta 2 + 3 beta 3 +we can now replace beta 1 by what what + + align:start position:0% +we can now replace beta 1 by what what + + + align:start position:0% +we can now replace beta 1 by what what +it's equal to in terms of the alphas + + align:start position:0% +it's equal to in terms of the alphas + + + align:start position:0% +it's equal to in terms of the alphas +beta 2 by what it's equal to in terms of + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 by what it's equal to in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 by what it's equal to in terms of +the alphas beta 3 well beta beta 2 is + + align:start position:0% +the alphas beta 3 well beta beta 2 is + + + align:start position:0% +the alphas beta 3 well beta beta 2 is +equal to minus 2 alpha 1+ alpha 2 Beta 3 + + align:start position:0% +equal to minus 2 alpha 1+ alpha 2 Beta 3 + + + align:start position:0% +equal to minus 2 alpha 1+ alpha 2 Beta 3 +is - 2 alpha 1 - Alpha 2 plus Alpha 4 + + align:start position:0% +is - 2 alpha 1 - Alpha 2 plus Alpha 4 + + + align:start position:0% +is - 2 alpha 1 - Alpha 2 plus Alpha 4 +replacing the betas by what they equal + + align:start position:0% +replacing the betas by what they equal + + + align:start position:0% +replacing the betas by what they equal +to in terms of the alphas I wind up with + + align:start position:0% +to in terms of the alphas I wind up with + + + align:start position:0% +to in terms of the alphas I wind up with +this expression and I find that 2535 + + align:start position:0% +this expression and I find that 2535 + + + align:start position:0% +this expression and I find that 2535 +is the following linear combination of + + align:start position:0% +is the following linear combination of + + + align:start position:0% +is the following linear combination of +alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 4 namely - 2 + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 4 namely - 2 + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 4 namely - 2 +alpha 1 + 4 Alpha 2 - Alpha 4 and I + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 + 4 Alpha 2 - Alpha 4 and I + + + align:start position:0% +alpha 1 + 4 Alpha 2 - Alpha 4 and I +leave it for you to check that if you + + align:start position:0% +leave it for you to check that if you + + + align:start position:0% +leave it for you to check that if you +actually take alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha + + align:start position:0% +actually take alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +actually take alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha +4 as given at the beginning of this + + align:start position:0% +4 as given at the beginning of this + + + align:start position:0% +4 as given at the beginning of this +example you will indeed find that this + + align:start position:0% +example you will indeed find that this + + + align:start position:0% +example you will indeed find that this +linear combination minus 2 alpha 1 + 4 + + align:start position:0% +linear combination minus 2 alpha 1 + 4 + + + align:start position:0% +linear combination minus 2 alpha 1 + 4 +Alpha 2 minus Alpha 4 is indeed the + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 2 minus Alpha 4 is indeed the + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 2 minus Alpha 4 is indeed the +vector 2535 that we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +vector 2535 that we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +vector 2535 that we're talking about +well as I as I mentioned to you I want + + align:start position:0% +well as I as I mentioned to you I want + + + align:start position:0% +well as I as I mentioned to you I want +you to get an overview of what we're + + align:start position:0% +you to get an overview of what we're + + + align:start position:0% +you to get an overview of what we're +talking about there are going to be + + align:start position:0% +talking about there are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +talking about there are going to be +plenty of exercises on this let me just + + align:start position:0% +plenty of exercises on this let me just + + + align:start position:0% +plenty of exercises on this let me just +summarize or at least give a partial + + align:start position:0% +summarize or at least give a partial + + + align:start position:0% +summarize or at least give a partial +summary of what we have really done + + align:start position:0% +summary of what we have really done + + + align:start position:0% +summary of what we have really done +computationally in this example we + + align:start position:0% +computationally in this example we + + + align:start position:0% +computationally in this example we +started with four-dimensional space V + + align:start position:0% +started with four-dimensional space V + + + align:start position:0% +started with four-dimensional space V +relative to a basis U1 U2 u3 u4 we + + align:start position:0% +relative to a basis U1 U2 u3 u4 we + + + align:start position:0% +relative to a basis U1 U2 u3 u4 we +picked four vectors alpha 1 Alpha 2 + + align:start position:0% +picked four vectors alpha 1 Alpha 2 + + + align:start position:0% +picked four vectors alpha 1 Alpha 2 +Alpha 3 Alpha 4 in that space and asked + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 3 Alpha 4 in that space and asked + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha 3 Alpha 4 in that space and asked +to see what space was spanned by those + + align:start position:0% +to see what space was spanned by those + + + align:start position:0% +to see what space was spanned by those +four vectors and we showed that there + + align:start position:0% +four vectors and we showed that there + + + align:start position:0% +four vectors and we showed that there +were three very special vectors they had + + align:start position:0% +were three very special vectors they had + + + align:start position:0% +were three very special vectors they had +a very nice form called beta 1 beta 2 + + align:start position:0% +a very nice form called beta 1 beta 2 + + + align:start position:0% +a very nice form called beta 1 beta 2 +Beta 3 such that V had the W had beta 1 + + align:start position:0% +Beta 3 such that V had the W had beta 1 + + + align:start position:0% +Beta 3 such that V had the W had beta 1 +beta 2 and beta 3 as a basis so the + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 and beta 3 as a basis so the + + + align:start position:0% +beta 2 and beta 3 as a basis so the +dimension of w was three we also showed + + align:start position:0% +dimension of w was three we also showed + + + align:start position:0% +dimension of w was three we also showed +in this particular problem that Not only + + align:start position:0% +in this particular problem that Not only + + + align:start position:0% +in this particular problem that Not only +was the dimension three but once you + + align:start position:0% +was the dimension three but once you + + + align:start position:0% +was the dimension three but once you +picked the U1 U2 and u3 components + + align:start position:0% +picked the U1 U2 and u3 components + + + align:start position:0% +picked the U1 U2 and u3 components +arbitrarily the u4 component was + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily the u4 component was + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrarily the u4 component was +determined by these in this particular + + align:start position:0% +determined by these in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +determined by these in this particular +way in other other words another way of + + align:start position:0% +way in other other words another way of + + + align:start position:0% +way in other other words another way of +saying this is that W consisted of all + + align:start position:0% +saying this is that W consisted of all + + + align:start position:0% +saying this is that W consisted of all +linear + + align:start position:0% +linear + + + align:start position:0% +linear +combinations of the + + align:start position:0% +combinations of the + + + align:start position:0% +combinations of the +betas where these are the same X's that + + align:start position:0% +betas where these are the same X's that + + + align:start position:0% +betas where these are the same X's that +appear here and as a case in point we + + align:start position:0% +appear here and as a case in point we + + + align:start position:0% +appear here and as a case in point we +showed that a particular Vector 2535 + + align:start position:0% +showed that a particular Vector 2535 + + + align:start position:0% +showed that a particular Vector 2535 +belonged to W that when we wrote that + + align:start position:0% +belonged to W that when we wrote that + + + align:start position:0% +belonged to W that when we wrote that +Vector relative to the betas that Vector + + align:start position:0% +Vector relative to the betas that Vector + + + align:start position:0% +Vector relative to the betas that Vector +was 253 when we wrote that same Vector + + align:start position:0% +was 253 when we wrote that same Vector + + + align:start position:0% +was 253 when we wrote that same Vector +relative to the Alphas it was -24 -1 + + align:start position:0% +relative to the Alphas it was -24 -1 + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the Alphas it was -24 -1 +notice by the + + align:start position:0% +notice by the + + + align:start position:0% +notice by the +way a very important thing here you see + + align:start position:0% +way a very important thing here you see + + + align:start position:0% +way a very important thing here you see +every single time that we talked about + + align:start position:0% +every single time that we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +every single time that we talked about +two vectors are equal if and only if + + align:start position:0% +two vectors are equal if and only if + + + align:start position:0% +two vectors are equal if and only if +they were equal component by component + + align:start position:0% +they were equal component by component + + + align:start position:0% +they were equal component by component +when we wrote them as nles it was + + align:start position:0% +when we wrote them as nles it was + + + align:start position:0% +when we wrote them as nles it was +assumed that the basis never changed + + align:start position:0% +assumed that the basis never changed + + + align:start position:0% +assumed that the basis never changed +look at forget about the betas and the + + align:start position:0% +look at forget about the betas and the + + + align:start position:0% +look at forget about the betas and the +alphas here look at the three tle 253 + + align:start position:0% +alphas here look at the three tle 253 + + + align:start position:0% +alphas here look at the three tle 253 +and the three tle -24 -1 certain L they + + align:start position:0% +and the three tle -24 -1 certain L they + + + align:start position:0% +and the three tle -24 -1 certain L they +are different three tles but they happen + + align:start position:0% +are different three tles but they happen + + + align:start position:0% +are different three tles but they happen +to name the same Vector because one is a + + align:start position:0% +to name the same Vector because one is a + + + align:start position:0% +to name the same Vector because one is a +three Tuple coded relative to the betas + + align:start position:0% +three Tuple coded relative to the betas + + + align:start position:0% +three Tuple coded relative to the betas +and the other is a three tle coded + + align:start position:0% +and the other is a three tle coded + + + align:start position:0% +and the other is a three tle coded +relative to the alphas in other words + + align:start position:0% +relative to the alphas in other words + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the alphas in other words +once we pick a particular basis we must + + align:start position:0% +once we pick a particular basis we must + + + align:start position:0% +once we pick a particular basis we must +remember that our coding system is + + align:start position:0% +remember that our coding system is + + + align:start position:0% +remember that our coding system is +relative to that basis if for some + + align:start position:0% +relative to that basis if for some + + + align:start position:0% +relative to that basis if for some +reason it becomes convenient to change + + align:start position:0% +reason it becomes convenient to change + + + align:start position:0% +reason it becomes convenient to change +the basis then we have to be very very + + align:start position:0% +the basis then we have to be very very + + + align:start position:0% +the basis then we have to be very very +careful and remember that therefore our + + align:start position:0% +careful and remember that therefore our + + + align:start position:0% +careful and remember that therefore our +coding system has changed and that's why + + align:start position:0% +coding system has changed and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +coding system has changed and that's why +in most advanced applications using + + align:start position:0% +in most advanced applications using + + + align:start position:0% +in most advanced applications using +Vector spaces a great degree of + + align:start position:0% +Vector spaces a great degree of + + + align:start position:0% +Vector spaces a great degree of +difficulty comes in because what we've + + align:start position:0% +difficulty comes in because what we've + + + align:start position:0% +difficulty comes in because what we've +done is is we've changed basis vectors + + align:start position:0% +done is is we've changed basis vectors + + + align:start position:0% +done is is we've changed basis vectors +and people who has are so rigid that + + align:start position:0% +and people who has are so rigid that + + + align:start position:0% +and people who has are so rigid that +they keep visualizing that you are using + + align:start position:0% +they keep visualizing that you are using + + + align:start position:0% +they keep visualizing that you are using +the same endles over and over again get + + align:start position:0% +the same endles over and over again get + + + align:start position:0% +the same endles over and over again get +confused as to how two different endles + + align:start position:0% +confused as to how two different endles + + + align:start position:0% +confused as to how two different endles +can name the same Vector well at any + + align:start position:0% +can name the same Vector well at any + + + align:start position:0% +can name the same Vector well at any +rate I think that's more than enough for + + align:start position:0% +rate I think that's more than enough for + + + align:start position:0% +rate I think that's more than enough for +one session do the exercises very + + align:start position:0% +one session do the exercises very + + + align:start position:0% +one session do the exercises very +carefully try your best as I say if you + + align:start position:0% +carefully try your best as I say if you + + + align:start position:0% +carefully try your best as I say if you +have any trouble after the exercises + + align:start position:0% +have any trouble after the exercises + + + align:start position:0% +have any trouble after the exercises +review the film again the listen to the + + align:start position:0% +review the film again the listen to the + + + align:start position:0% +review the film again the listen to the +lecture again and what we will do next + + align:start position:0% +lecture again and what we will do next + + + align:start position:0% +lecture again and what we will do next +time is pick up some consequences of + + align:start position:0% +time is pick up some consequences of + + + align:start position:0% +time is pick up some consequences of +vector spaces that tie in with other + + align:start position:0% +vector spaces that tie in with other + + + align:start position:0% +vector spaces that tie in with other +aspects of the course that we've already + + align:start position:0% +aspects of the course that we've already + + + align:start position:0% +aspects of the course that we've already +studied but at any rate until next time + + align:start position:0% +studied but at any rate until next time + + + align:start position:0% +studied but at any rate until next time +goodbye funding for the publication of + + align:start position:0% +goodbye funding for the publication of + + + align:start position:0% +goodbye funding for the publication of +this video was provided by the Gabriella + + align:start position:0% +this video was provided by the Gabriella + + + align:start position:0% +this video was provided by the Gabriella +and Paul rosenbom + + align:start position:0% +and Paul rosenbom + + + align:start position:0% +and Paul rosenbom +foundation help ocw continue to provide + + align:start position:0% +foundation help ocw continue to provide + + + align:start position:0% +foundation help ocw continue to provide +free and open access to MIT courses by + + align:start position:0% +free and open access to MIT courses by + + + align:start position:0% +free and open access to MIT courses by +making a donation at ocw.mit.edu/donate \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lLY1u2aghIQ.txt b/lLY1u2aghIQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23fa495ff8e09f5033b8d5e7eb90d3f0d09df8a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/lLY1u2aghIQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14723 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu all right so today uh we're + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right so today uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu all right so today uh we're +going to um can take a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +going to um can take a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +going to um can take a little bit of a +lightning tour through um some uh some + + align:start position:0% +lightning tour through um some uh some + + + align:start position:0% +lightning tour through um some uh some +basic topics on kind of uh chemical + + align:start position:0% +basic topics on kind of uh chemical + + + align:start position:0% +basic topics on kind of uh chemical +enzyme kinetics uh before thinking a + + align:start position:0% +enzyme kinetics uh before thinking a + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme kinetics uh before thinking a +little a little bit about um some what + + align:start position:0% +little a little bit about um some what + + + align:start position:0% +little a little bit about um some what +you might call Simple input output + + align:start position:0% +you might call Simple input output + + + align:start position:0% +you might call Simple input output +relationships in terms of uh gene + + align:start position:0% +relationships in terms of uh gene + + + align:start position:0% +relationships in terms of uh gene +expression uh talk about separation of + + align:start position:0% +expression uh talk about separation of + + + align:start position:0% +expression uh talk about separation of +time scale and also this this basic + + align:start position:0% +time scale and also this this basic + + + align:start position:0% +time scale and also this this basic +notion that for uh for a stable protein + + align:start position:0% +notion that for uh for a stable protein + + + align:start position:0% +notion that for uh for a stable protein +there's a natural time scale over which + + align:start position:0% +there's a natural time scale over which + + + align:start position:0% +there's a natural time scale over which +the concentration will go up or down and + + align:start position:0% +the concentration will go up or down and + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration will go up or down and +that's uh that's dictated by the cell + + align:start position:0% +that's uh that's dictated by the cell + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh that's dictated by the cell +generation time okay and then at the end + + align:start position:0% +generation time okay and then at the end + + + align:start position:0% +generation time okay and then at the end +uh we'll then uh talk about different + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll then uh talk about different + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll then uh talk about different +ways you can get this uh thing of ultra + + align:start position:0% +ways you can get this uh thing of ultra + + + align:start position:0% +ways you can get this uh thing of ultra +sensitivity right so so how is it that + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity right so so how is it that + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity right so so how is it that +you can get it you can make it so that a + + align:start position:0% +you can get it you can make it so that a + + + align:start position:0% +you can get it you can make it so that a +small change in the input concentration + + align:start position:0% +small change in the input concentration + + + align:start position:0% +small change in the input concentration +say the concentration of a transcription + + align:start position:0% +say the concentration of a transcription + + + align:start position:0% +say the concentration of a transcription +Factor might be able to lead to a large + + align:start position:0% +Factor might be able to lead to a large + + + align:start position:0% +Factor might be able to lead to a large +change in the output or the gene + + align:start position:0% +change in the output or the gene + + + align:start position:0% +change in the output or the gene +expression of its Target right we'll + + align:start position:0% +expression of its Target right we'll + + + align:start position:0% +expression of its Target right we'll +talk about how you can have for example + + align:start position:0% +talk about how you can have for example + + + align:start position:0% +talk about how you can have for example +Cooperative binding at the promoter or + + align:start position:0% +Cooperative binding at the promoter or + + + align:start position:0% +Cooperative binding at the promoter or +you can have multimerization kind of + + align:start position:0% +you can have multimerization kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you can have multimerization kind of +leads to similar things here but also + + align:start position:0% +leads to similar things here but also + + + align:start position:0% +leads to similar things here but also +we're going to talk about this idea of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk about this idea of +molecular titration right so if you have + + align:start position:0% +molecular titration right so if you have + + + align:start position:0% +molecular titration right so if you have +another protein that acts as kind of a + + align:start position:0% +another protein that acts as kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +another protein that acts as kind of a +sponge then um this can can lead to a + + align:start position:0% +sponge then um this can can lead to a + + + align:start position:0% +sponge then um this can can lead to a +similar uh a similar effect and this is + + align:start position:0% +similar uh a similar effect and this is + + + align:start position:0% +similar uh a similar effect and this is +indeed observed uh in uh various natural + + align:start position:0% +indeed observed uh in uh various natural + + + align:start position:0% +indeed observed uh in uh various natural +contexts so this is kind of motivated by + + align:start position:0% +contexts so this is kind of motivated by + + + align:start position:0% +contexts so this is kind of motivated by +a work by Nick buler who + + align:start position:0% +a work by Nick buler who + + + align:start position:0% +a work by Nick buler who +um b u c h l e r turns out I was um down + + align:start position:0% +um b u c h l e r turns out I was um down + + + align:start position:0% +um b u c h l e r turns out I was um down +at Princeton or no sorry I was down a + + align:start position:0% +at Princeton or no sorry I was down a + + + align:start position:0% +at Princeton or no sorry I was down a +Duke yesterday and um so I got to hang + + align:start position:0% +Duke yesterday and um so I got to hang + + + align:start position:0% +Duke yesterday and um so I got to hang +out with Nick and um talk about talk + + align:start position:0% +out with Nick and um talk about talk + + + align:start position:0% +out with Nick and um talk about talk +about this work I um I you know I + + align:start position:0% +about this work I um I you know I + + + align:start position:0% +about this work I um I you know I +previously told him that you know in my + + align:start position:0% +previously told him that you know in my + + + align:start position:0% +previously told him that you know in my +first lecture in the systems biology + + align:start position:0% +first lecture in the systems biology + + + align:start position:0% +first lecture in the systems biology +class we we like to discuss um this + + align:start position:0% +class we we like to discuss um this + + + align:start position:0% +class we we like to discuss um this +molecular titration effect that he was + + align:start position:0% +molecular titration effect that he was + + + align:start position:0% +molecular titration effect that he was +very he was instrumental in in kind of + + align:start position:0% +very he was instrumental in in kind of + + + align:start position:0% +very he was instrumental in in kind of +elucidating how it worked + + align:start position:0% +elucidating how it worked + + + align:start position:0% +elucidating how it worked +okay all right so let's uh let's go + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so let's uh let's go + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so let's uh let's go +ahead and and get started all right so + + align:start position:0% +ahead and and get started all right so + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and and get started all right so +uh hopefully you all have these cards + + align:start position:0% +uh hopefully you all have these cards + + + align:start position:0% +uh hopefully you all have these cards +all right we're going to start out with + + align:start position:0% +all right we're going to start out with + + + align:start position:0% +all right we're going to start out with +um we're going to start out with some uh + + align:start position:0% +um we're going to start out with some uh + + + align:start position:0% +um we're going to start out with some uh +simple questions just to make sure that + + align:start position:0% +simple questions just to make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +simple questions just to make sure that +you know how to use the complicated + + align:start position:0% +you know how to use the complicated + + + align:start position:0% +you know how to use the complicated +devices that are sitting in front of you + + align:start position:0% +devices that are sitting in front of you + + + align:start position:0% +devices that are sitting in front of you +okay um and uh all + + align:start position:0% +okay um and uh all + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and uh all +right so what we want to do is just + + align:start position:0% +right so what we want to do is just + + + align:start position:0% +right so what we want to do is just +start by thinking about a situation + + align:start position:0% +start by thinking about a situation + + + align:start position:0% +start by thinking about a situation +where you have two molecules all right + + align:start position:0% +where you have two molecules all right + + + align:start position:0% +where you have two molecules all right +we're going to call them E and F you + + align:start position:0% +we're going to call them E and F you + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to call them E and F you +know and of course you can imagine what + + align:start position:0% +know and of course you can imagine what + + + align:start position:0% +know and of course you can imagine what +these might possibly stand for in one + + align:start position:0% +these might possibly stand for in one + + + align:start position:0% +these might possibly stand for in one +context or another right so there's some + + align:start position:0% +context or another right so there's some + + + align:start position:0% +context or another right so there's some +uh there are two rates here that are + + align:start position:0% +uh there are two rates here that are + + + align:start position:0% +uh there are two rates here that are +describing uh the rate that these + + align:start position:0% +describing uh the rate that these + + + align:start position:0% +describing uh the rate that these +molecules find each other KF and KR is + + align:start position:0% +molecules find each other KF and KR is + + + align:start position:0% +molecules find each other KF and KR is +defining the rate at which uh this + + align:start position:0% +defining the rate at which uh this + + + align:start position:0% +defining the rate at which uh this +complex is going to fall apart okay so + + align:start position:0% +complex is going to fall apart okay so + + + align:start position:0% +complex is going to fall apart okay so +there's uh this forward + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rate that is some KF times concentration + + align:start position:0% +rate that is some KF times concentration + + + align:start position:0% +rate that is some KF times concentration +of etimes concentration of s now I'd say + + align:start position:0% +of etimes concentration of s now I'd say + + + align:start position:0% +of etimes concentration of s now I'd say +for the first maybe first part of this + + align:start position:0% +for the first maybe first part of this + + + align:start position:0% +for the first maybe first part of this +lecture we will indeed use the chemistry + + align:start position:0% +lecture we will indeed use the chemistry + + + align:start position:0% +lecture we will indeed use the chemistry +Convention of concentrations here + + align:start position:0% +Convention of concentrations here + + + align:start position:0% +Convention of concentrations here +although we will quickly get tired of + + align:start position:0% +although we will quickly get tired of + + + align:start position:0% +although we will quickly get tired of +these brackets and then we will just + + align:start position:0% +these brackets and then we will just + + + align:start position:0% +these brackets and then we will just +start writing the letters um and + + align:start position:0% +start writing the letters um and + + + align:start position:0% +start writing the letters um and +hopefully it is self-evident in the + + align:start position:0% +hopefully it is self-evident in the + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully it is self-evident in the +context that I'm referring to a + + align:start position:0% +context that I'm referring to a + + + align:start position:0% +context that I'm referring to a +concentration rather than uh something + + align:start position:0% +concentration rather than uh something + + + align:start position:0% +concentration rather than uh something +else but if you're ever confused please + + align:start position:0% +else but if you're ever confused please + + + align:start position:0% +else but if you're ever confused please +ask all right so this is uh forward rate + + align:start position:0% +ask all right so this is uh forward rate + + + align:start position:0% +ask all right so this is uh forward rate +and then the reverse rate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is something similar okay so we have + + align:start position:0% +is something similar okay so we have + + + align:start position:0% +is something similar okay so we have +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +KR now this is just the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +KR now this is just the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +KR now this is just the concentration of +the complex es okay right now um and + + align:start position:0% +the complex es okay right now um and + + + align:start position:0% +the complex es okay right now um and +many of you have spent a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +many of you have spent a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +many of you have spent a lot of time +thinking about how we often Define + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how we often Define + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how we often Define +things this KD dissociation constant is + + align:start position:0% +things this KD dissociation constant is + + + align:start position:0% +things this KD dissociation constant is +defined as the ratio + + align:start position:0% +defined as the ratio + + + align:start position:0% +defined as the ratio +KR over um over KF + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now um just so that we can practice + + align:start position:0% +okay now um just so that we can practice + + + align:start position:0% +okay now um just so that we can practice +using our cards what we're going to ask + + align:start position:0% +using our cards what we're going to ask + + + align:start position:0% +using our cards what we're going to ask +first is what the units of this KD thing + + align:start position:0% +first is what the units of this KD thing + + + align:start position:0% +first is what the units of this KD thing +is all + + align:start position:0% +is all + + + align:start position:0% +is all +right now in general when I ask such a + + align:start position:0% +right now in general when I ask such a + + + align:start position:0% +right now in general when I ask such a +question um I will give you some a b c d + + align:start position:0% +question um I will give you some a b c d + + + align:start position:0% +question um I will give you some a b c d +options uh don't feel Bound to You can + + align:start position:0% +options uh don't feel Bound to You can + + + align:start position:0% +options uh don't feel Bound to You can +start thinking even before I write down + + align:start position:0% +start thinking even before I write down + + + align:start position:0% +start thinking even before I write down +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +options yes you agree no all right I'll + + align:start position:0% +options yes you agree no all right I'll + + + align:start position:0% +options yes you agree no all right I'll +encourage you to think before I start + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to think before I start + + + align:start position:0% +encourage you to think before I start +writing down options okay um but let me + + align:start position:0% +writing down options okay um but let me + + + align:start position:0% +writing down options okay um but let me +um all right so either dimensionless + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +units of + + align:start position:0% +units of + + + align:start position:0% +units of +concentration one over + + align:start position:0% +concentration one over + + + align:start position:0% +concentration one over +concentration one over + + align:start position:0% +concentration one over + + + align:start position:0% +concentration one over +time and I will often include at the + + align:start position:0% +time and I will often include at the + + + align:start position:0% +time and I will often include at the +bottom something that simply is don't + + align:start position:0% +bottom something that simply is don't + + + align:start position:0% +bottom something that simply is don't +know right and um that is you know if + + align:start position:0% +know right and um that is you know if + + + align:start position:0% +know right and um that is you know if +you really I mean if you're really + + align:start position:0% +you really I mean if you're really + + + align:start position:0% +you really I mean if you're really +confused by what I'm talking about then + + align:start position:0% +confused by what I'm talking about then + + + align:start position:0% +confused by what I'm talking about then +feel free to + + align:start position:0% +feel free to + + + align:start position:0% +feel free to +just flash me that and that at least + + align:start position:0% +just flash me that and that at least + + + align:start position:0% +just flash me that and that at least +tells me that I'm you know that I'm + + align:start position:0% +tells me that I'm you know that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +tells me that I'm you know that I'm +gibbering nonsense okay all right so um + + align:start position:0% +gibbering nonsense okay all right so um + + + align:start position:0% +gibbering nonsense okay all right so um +so there's going to be a very um strict + + align:start position:0% +so there's going to be a very um strict + + + align:start position:0% +so there's going to be a very um strict +set of rules for how we do these + + align:start position:0% +set of rules for how we do these + + + align:start position:0% +set of rules for how we do these +flashcards all right you don't get to + + align:start position:0% +flashcards all right you don't get to + + + align:start position:0% +flashcards all right you don't get to +vote before I tell you to vote all right + + align:start position:0% +vote before I tell you to vote all right + + + align:start position:0% +vote before I tell you to vote all right +you have to keep on thinking make you + + align:start position:0% +you have to keep on thinking make you + + + align:start position:0% +you have to keep on thinking make you +know if you get if you think you know + + align:start position:0% +know if you get if you think you know + + + align:start position:0% +know if you get if you think you know +the right answer you know check limits + + align:start position:0% +the right answer you know check limits + + + align:start position:0% +the right answer you know check limits +you know just do whatever it is that you + + align:start position:0% +you know just do whatever it is that you + + + align:start position:0% +you know just do whatever it is that you +know to keep on thinking all and then + + align:start position:0% +know to keep on thinking all and then + + + align:start position:0% +know to keep on thinking all and then +we're and then we vote simultaneously + + align:start position:0% +we're and then we vote simultaneously + + + align:start position:0% +we're and then we vote simultaneously +all right that way uh that way it kind + + align:start position:0% +all right that way uh that way it kind + + + align:start position:0% +all right that way uh that way it kind +of builds up the tension everyone gets + + align:start position:0% +of builds up the tension everyone gets + + + align:start position:0% +of builds up the tension everyone gets +excited and then you vote all right um + + align:start position:0% +excited and then you vote all right um + + + align:start position:0% +excited and then you vote all right um +it also provides me an opportunity to um + + align:start position:0% +it also provides me an opportunity to um + + + align:start position:0% +it also provides me an opportunity to um +you know make sure that I can see that + + align:start position:0% +you know make sure that I can see that + + + align:start position:0% +you know make sure that I can see that +everybody is participating right so if + + align:start position:0% +everybody is participating right so if + + + align:start position:0% +everybody is participating right so if +you don't vote then you have the opport + + align:start position:0% +you don't vote then you have the opport + + + align:start position:0% +you don't vote then you have the opport +to tell the group what you think the + + align:start position:0% +to tell the group what you think the + + + align:start position:0% +to tell the group what you think the +answer should be and why okay all right + + align:start position:0% +answer should be and why okay all right + + + align:start position:0% +answer should be and why okay all right +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +okay all right and and the cards right + + align:start position:0% +okay all right and and the cards right + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right and and the cards right +they're they're they're they're both + + align:start position:0% +they're they're they're they're both + + + align:start position:0% +they're they're they're they're both +colored and they have letters on there + + align:start position:0% +colored and they have letters on there + + + align:start position:0% +colored and they have letters on there +so the letters corres correspond to the + + align:start position:0% +so the letters corres correspond to the + + + align:start position:0% +so the letters corres correspond to the +answer you think okay we're all on top + + align:start position:0% +answer you think okay we're all on top + + + align:start position:0% +answer you think okay we're all on top +of this all right okay right so + + align:start position:0% +of this all right okay right so + + + align:start position:0% +of this all right okay right so +hopefully have you had a chance to think + + align:start position:0% +hopefully have you had a chance to think + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully have you had a chance to think +or has my talking bothered + + align:start position:0% +or has my talking bothered + + + align:start position:0% +or has my talking bothered +you both okay right so what we do is I'm + + align:start position:0% +you both okay right so what we do is I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you both okay right so what we do is I'm +going to ask oh do you need more time + + align:start position:0% +going to ask oh do you need more time + + + align:start position:0% +going to ask oh do you need more time +you know and if if if you need more time + + align:start position:0% +you know and if if if you need more time + + + align:start position:0% +you know and if if if you need more time +just kind of Nod or something like that + + align:start position:0% +just kind of Nod or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +just kind of Nod or something like that +and you know if more than a few people + + align:start position:0% +and you know if more than a few people + + + align:start position:0% +and you know if more than a few people +nod I'll give you more time but you guys + + align:start position:0% +nod I'll give you more time but you guys + + + align:start position:0% +nod I'll give you more time but you guys +are totally uh all right well let's just + + align:start position:0% +are totally uh all right well let's just + + + align:start position:0% +are totally uh all right well let's just +okay let's see how let's see how we are + + align:start position:0% +okay let's see how let's see how we are + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's see how let's see how we are +okay all right so then I I'll say okay + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so then I I'll say okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so then I I'll say okay +all right we're ready okay and then you + + align:start position:0% +all right we're ready okay and then you + + + align:start position:0% +all right we're ready okay and then you +know we're going to go 3 two one and + + align:start position:0% +know we're going to go 3 two one and + + + align:start position:0% +know we're going to go 3 two one and +then I want a vote on your chest kind of + + align:start position:0% +then I want a vote on your chest kind of + + + align:start position:0% +then I want a vote on your chest kind of +you know you don't need to like display + + align:start position:0% +you know you don't need to like display + + + align:start position:0% +you know you don't need to like display +it to the group if you know whatever + + align:start position:0% +it to the group if you know whatever + + + align:start position:0% +it to the group if you know whatever +it's just here and then tell me what you + + align:start position:0% +it's just here and then tell me what you + + + align:start position:0% +it's just here and then tell me what you +think all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% +think all right ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +think all right ready three two +one all right okay so see you know + + align:start position:0% +one all right okay so see you know + + + align:start position:0% +one all right okay so see you know +broadly people know how to um people + + align:start position:0% +broadly people know how to um people + + + align:start position:0% +broadly people know how to um people +know how to use the cards um and and and + + align:start position:0% +know how to use the cards um and and and + + + align:start position:0% +know how to use the cards um and and and +I say and there there's a clear majority + + align:start position:0% +I say and there there's a clear majority + + + align:start position:0% +I say and there there's a clear majority +of the group although not it's not um + + align:start position:0% +of the group although not it's not um + + + align:start position:0% +of the group although not it's not um +100% that are saying that this thing is + + align:start position:0% +100% that are saying that this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +100% that are saying that this thing is +a concentration all right um now if I'd + + align:start position:0% +a concentration all right um now if I'd + + + align:start position:0% +a concentration all right um now if I'd +say that if if the um if the group is + + align:start position:0% +say that if if the um if the group is + + + align:start position:0% +say that if if the um if the group is +maybe between kind of 25 75% correct on + + align:start position:0% +maybe between kind of 25 75% correct on + + + align:start position:0% +maybe between kind of 25 75% correct on +these sorts of things U then I will + + align:start position:0% +these sorts of things U then I will + + + align:start position:0% +these sorts of things U then I will +often have you kind of pair off in uh + + align:start position:0% +often have you kind of pair off in uh + + + align:start position:0% +often have you kind of pair off in uh +well in pairs and uh you know the goal + + align:start position:0% +well in pairs and uh you know the goal + + + align:start position:0% +well in pairs and uh you know the goal +there would be to try to convince your + + align:start position:0% +there would be to try to convince your + + + align:start position:0% +there would be to try to convince your +neighbor that you're right in this case + + align:start position:0% +neighbor that you're right in this case + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor that you're right in this case +we're a bit above 75% so I'm not so I've + + align:start position:0% +we're a bit above 75% so I'm not so I've + + + align:start position:0% +we're a bit above 75% so I'm not so I've +already um indicated what the answer is + + align:start position:0% +already um indicated what the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +already um indicated what the answer is +all right in which case you but can + + align:start position:0% +all right in which case you but can + + + align:start position:0% +all right in which case you but can +somebody you know quickly say you know + + align:start position:0% +somebody you know quickly say you know + + + align:start position:0% +somebody you know quickly say you know +why is this a + + align:start position:0% +why is this a + + + align:start position:0% +why is this a +concentration yeah maybe in the back so + + align:start position:0% +concentration yeah maybe in the back so + + + align:start position:0% +concentration yeah maybe in the back so +we know the both rates need to have the + + align:start position:0% +we know the both rates need to have the + + + align:start position:0% +we know the both rates need to have the +same dimensions yeah and and what are + + align:start position:0% +same dimensions yeah and and what are + + + align:start position:0% +same dimensions yeah and and what are +the dimensions of these + + align:start position:0% +the dimensions of these + + + align:start position:0% +the dimensions of these +rates um okay yeah okay so this is an Al + + align:start position:0% +rates um okay yeah okay so this is an Al + + + align:start position:0% +rates um okay yeah okay so this is an Al +also an interesting yeah so the con um + + align:start position:0% +also an interesting yeah so the con um + + + align:start position:0% +also an interesting yeah so the con um +there are actually different conventions + + align:start position:0% +there are actually different conventions + + + align:start position:0% +there are actually different conventions +in principle um but we yeah we will um + + align:start position:0% +in principle um but we yeah we will um + + + align:start position:0% +in principle um but we yeah we will um +so depending on we will off often be + + align:start position:0% +so depending on we will off often be + + + align:start position:0% +so depending on we will off often be +working in you in like in numbers in + + align:start position:0% +working in you in like in numbers in + + + align:start position:0% +working in you in like in numbers in +most of this class in which case it + + align:start position:0% +most of this class in which case it + + + align:start position:0% +most of this class in which case it +would actually just be a one overtime + + align:start position:0% +would actually just be a one overtime + + + align:start position:0% +would actually just be a one overtime +but depending on whether you're kind of + + align:start position:0% +but depending on whether you're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +but depending on whether you're kind of +doing a chemistry so yeah so the the + + align:start position:0% +doing a chemistry so yeah so the the + + + align:start position:0% +doing a chemistry so yeah so the the +numerators may be ambiguous depending on + + align:start position:0% +numerators may be ambiguous depending on + + + align:start position:0% +numerators may be ambiguous depending on +um but yeah the important thing is yeah + + align:start position:0% +um but yeah the important thing is yeah + + + align:start position:0% +um but yeah the important thing is yeah +that is it they're definitely the same + + align:start position:0% +that is it they're definitely the same + + + align:start position:0% +that is it they're definitely the same +yeah these are definitely going to be + + align:start position:0% +yeah these are definitely going to be + + + align:start position:0% +yeah these are definitely going to be +the same right and actually but I you + + align:start position:0% +the same right and actually but I you + + + align:start position:0% +the same right and actually but I you +know but it is true that for in an awful + + align:start position:0% +know but it is true that for in an awful + + + align:start position:0% +know but it is true that for in an awful +lot of this class we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +lot of this class we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +lot of this class we're going to be +thinking about numbers rather than + + align:start position:0% +thinking about numbers rather than + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about numbers rather than +concentrations because uh for a lot of + + align:start position:0% +concentrations because uh for a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations because uh for a lot of +the class we'll be thinking about uh + + align:start position:0% +the class we'll be thinking about uh + + + align:start position:0% +the class we'll be thinking about uh +kind of finite number uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +kind of finite number uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of finite number uh kind of +fluctuations and stochastic Dynam in + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and stochastic Dynam in + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and stochastic Dynam in +which case um concentration you who + + align:start position:0% +which case um concentration you who + + + align:start position:0% +which case um concentration you who +knows what's going to happen there right + + align:start position:0% +knows what's going to happen there right + + + align:start position:0% +knows what's going to happen there right +okay so yeah but these have to have the + + align:start position:0% +okay so yeah but these have to have the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so yeah but these have to have the +same units right and um and the the + + align:start position:0% +same units right and um and the the + + + align:start position:0% +same units right and um and the the +important thing here is if you look at + + align:start position:0% +important thing here is if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +important thing here is if you look at +the right you see that these things you + + align:start position:0% +the right you see that these things you + + + align:start position:0% +the right you see that these things you +know this guy has an extra concentration + + align:start position:0% +know this guy has an extra concentration + + + align:start position:0% +know this guy has an extra concentration +up here right uh so I think that this is + + align:start position:0% +up here right uh so I think that this is + + + align:start position:0% +up here right uh so I think that this is +you know it's on the one hand a trivial + + align:start position:0% +you know it's on the one hand a trivial + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's on the one hand a trivial +point but it's just really easy to get + + align:start position:0% +point but it's just really easy to get + + + align:start position:0% +point but it's just really easy to get +to forget about as you move forward + + align:start position:0% +to forget about as you move forward + + + align:start position:0% +to forget about as you move forward +because these things they look awfully + + align:start position:0% +because these things they look awfully + + + align:start position:0% +because these things they look awfully +similar right there's a k little + + align:start position:0% +similar right there's a k little + + + align:start position:0% +similar right there's a k little +subscript something right okay so um so + + align:start position:0% +subscript something right okay so um so + + + align:start position:0% +subscript something right okay so um so +just you know be careful about this kind + + align:start position:0% +just you know be careful about this kind + + + align:start position:0% +just you know be careful about this kind +of thing all right um okay so in in + + align:start position:0% +of thing all right um okay so in in + + + align:start position:0% +of thing all right um okay so in in +these context I think it's useful to are + + align:start position:0% +these context I think it's useful to are + + + align:start position:0% +these context I think it's useful to are +are there any questions about what I've + + align:start position:0% +are there any questions about what I've + + + align:start position:0% +are there any questions about what I've +said so far right so in the in these + + align:start position:0% +said so far right so in the in these + + + align:start position:0% +said so far right so in the in these +cases I think that it's it's really very + + align:start position:0% +cases I think that it's it's really very + + + align:start position:0% +cases I think that it's it's really very +useful to try and get some intuition for + + align:start position:0% +useful to try and get some intuition for + + + align:start position:0% +useful to try and get some intuition for +what's going on all right these are all + + align:start position:0% +what's going on all right these are all + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on all right these are all +just definitions but then you know you + + align:start position:0% +just definitions but then you know you + + + align:start position:0% +just definitions but then you know you +want to ask well what happens if + + align:start position:0% +want to ask well what happens if + + + align:start position:0% +want to ask well what happens if +concentrations of various things could + + align:start position:0% +concentrations of various things could + + + align:start position:0% +concentrations of various things could +you know move around okay so what we + + align:start position:0% +you know move around okay so what we + + + align:start position:0% +you know move around okay so what we +wanted to think about is just the + + align:start position:0% +wanted to think about is just the + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to think about is just the +fraction and the reason we called this e + + align:start position:0% +fraction and the reason we called this e + + + align:start position:0% +fraction and the reason we called this e +is because for now we might be calling + + align:start position:0% +is because for now we might be calling + + + align:start position:0% +is because for now we might be calling +this uh an enzyme + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and over here a substrate something + + align:start position:0% +uh and over here a substrate something + + + align:start position:0% +uh and over here a substrate something +that the enzyme is acting on okay but um + + align:start position:0% +that the enzyme is acting on okay but um + + + align:start position:0% +that the enzyme is acting on okay but um +but we'll see that in many cases we + + align:start position:0% +but we'll see that in many cases we + + + align:start position:0% +but we'll see that in many cases we +might be thinking about one of these as + + align:start position:0% +might be thinking about one of these as + + + align:start position:0% +might be thinking about one of these as +being say the piece of DNA and then the + + align:start position:0% +being say the piece of DNA and then the + + + align:start position:0% +being say the piece of DNA and then the +this is not even substrate then this + + align:start position:0% +this is not even substrate then this + + + align:start position:0% +this is not even substrate then this +maybe this is the AR polymerous that + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is the AR polymerous that + + + align:start position:0% +maybe this is the AR polymerous that +will lead to transcription you know so + + align:start position:0% +will lead to transcription you know so + + + align:start position:0% +will lead to transcription you know so +in in various contexts we'll we'll think + + align:start position:0% +in in various contexts we'll we'll think + + + align:start position:0% +in in various contexts we'll we'll think +about these things as being having + + align:start position:0% +about these things as being having + + + align:start position:0% +about these things as being having +different kind of molecular identities + + align:start position:0% +different kind of molecular identities + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of molecular identities +but uh for now ens possibly enzyme + + align:start position:0% +but uh for now ens possibly enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +but uh for now ens possibly enzyme +substrate right so the question is if um + + align:start position:0% +substrate right so the question is if um + + + align:start position:0% +substrate right so the question is if um +if for now we just think about but these + + align:start position:0% +if for now we just think about but these + + + align:start position:0% +if for now we just think about but these +are just two molecules of whatever sort + + align:start position:0% +are just two molecules of whatever sort + + + align:start position:0% +are just two molecules of whatever sort +right with some at some concentration + + align:start position:0% +right with some at some concentration + + + align:start position:0% +right with some at some concentration +and we just want to make sure that we + + align:start position:0% +and we just want to make sure that we + + + align:start position:0% +and we just want to make sure that we +you know are on top of like what's going + + align:start position:0% +you know are on top of like what's going + + + align:start position:0% +you know are on top of like what's going +to happen if the concentrations of each + + align:start position:0% +to happen if the concentrations of each + + + align:start position:0% +to happen if the concentrations of each +of these molecular components goes + + align:start position:0% +of these molecular components goes + + + align:start position:0% +of these molecular components goes +either to zero or to Infinity right uh + + align:start position:0% +either to zero or to Infinity right uh + + + align:start position:0% +either to zero or to Infinity right uh +and I think that before you do any math + + align:start position:0% +and I think that before you do any math + + + align:start position:0% +and I think that before you do any math +in life it's good to just kind of think + + align:start position:0% +in life it's good to just kind of think + + + align:start position:0% +in life it's good to just kind of think +about these sorts of limits because it + + align:start position:0% +about these sorts of limits because it + + + align:start position:0% +about these sorts of limits because it +helps to it helps to make sure that your + + align:start position:0% +helps to it helps to make sure that your + + + align:start position:0% +helps to it helps to make sure that your +your intuition is is correct all right + + align:start position:0% +your intuition is is correct all right + + + align:start position:0% +your intuition is is correct all right +in many many cases you uh if you kind of + + align:start position:0% +in many many cases you uh if you kind of + + + align:start position:0% +in many many cases you uh if you kind of +think about the problem before and you + + align:start position:0% +think about the problem before and you + + + align:start position:0% +think about the problem before and you +know before you do any math then when + + align:start position:0% +know before you do any math then when + + + align:start position:0% +know before you do any math then when +you go do the math you'll get some + + align:start position:0% +you go do the math you'll get some + + + align:start position:0% +you go do the math you'll get some +solution you can check to see whether + + align:start position:0% +solution you can check to see whether + + + align:start position:0% +solution you can check to see whether +your solution is consistent with uh what + + align:start position:0% +your solution is consistent with uh what + + + align:start position:0% +your solution is consistent with uh what +your intuition said and if they disagree + + align:start position:0% +your intuition said and if they disagree + + + align:start position:0% +your intuition said and if they disagree +it means you have to update either your + + align:start position:0% +it means you have to update either your + + + align:start position:0% +it means you have to update either your +Intuition or the solution or or maybe + + align:start position:0% +Intuition or the solution or or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +Intuition or the solution or or maybe +both you know it's possible but but at + + align:start position:0% +both you know it's possible but but at + + + align:start position:0% +both you know it's possible but but at +least one of them has to be updated okay + + align:start position:0% +least one of them has to be updated okay + + + align:start position:0% +least one of them has to be updated okay +and that that's a way of both uh getting + + align:start position:0% +and that that's a way of both uh getting + + + align:start position:0% +and that that's a way of both uh getting +better scores on your exams but also + + align:start position:0% +better scores on your exams but also + + + align:start position:0% +better scores on your exams but also +improving your scientific intuition okay + + align:start position:0% +improving your scientific intuition okay + + + align:start position:0% +improving your scientific intuition okay +all right so so in particular I you know + + align:start position:0% +all right so so in particular I you know + + + align:start position:0% +all right so so in particular I you know +we just want to do some limits + + align:start position:0% +we just want to do some limits + + + align:start position:0% +we just want to do some limits +okay and um we'll think in the context + + align:start position:0% +okay and um we'll think in the context + + + align:start position:0% +okay and um we'll think in the context +of for example if the total + + align:start position:0% +of for example if the total + + + align:start position:0% +of for example if the total +concentration that you know you're + + align:start position:0% +concentration that you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +concentration that you know you're +adding of this small s if it goes to + + align:start position:0% +adding of this small s if it goes to + + + align:start position:0% +adding of this small s if it goes to +zero and what what we're going to try to + + align:start position:0% +zero and what what we're going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +zero and what what we're going to try to +get intuition about is this uh fraction + + align:start position:0% +get intuition about is this uh fraction + + + align:start position:0% +get intuition about is this uh fraction +of e bound might be the enzyme right so + + align:start position:0% +of e bound might be the enzyme right so + + + align:start position:0% +of e bound might be the enzyme right so +the fraction of this thing bound it's + + align:start position:0% +the fraction of this thing bound it's + + + align:start position:0% +the fraction of this thing bound it's +defined by the concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +defined by the concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +defined by the concentration of the +complex divided by the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +complex divided by the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +complex divided by the concentration of +the enzyme plus concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme plus concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme plus concentration of the +enzyme in the complex okay assuming that + + align:start position:0% +enzyme in the complex okay assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme in the complex okay assuming that +this is the only this the only two + + align:start position:0% +this is the only this the only two + + + align:start position:0% +this is the only this the only two +places that the enzyme can be located + + align:start position:0% +places that the enzyme can be located + + + align:start position:0% +places that the enzyme can be located +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +now in this and and these three arrows + + align:start position:0% +now in this and and these three arrows + + + align:start position:0% +now in this and and these three arrows +that that's in general means a + + align:start position:0% +that that's in general means a + + + align:start position:0% +that that's in general means a +definition okay all right so the + + align:start position:0% +definition okay all right so the + + + align:start position:0% +definition okay all right so the +question is if we come here what happens + + align:start position:0% +question is if we come here what happens + + + align:start position:0% +question is if we come here what happens +to the fraction of this enzyme that's + + align:start position:0% +to the fraction of this enzyme that's + + + align:start position:0% +to the fraction of this enzyme that's +bound + + align:start position:0% +bound + + + align:start position:0% +bound +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right can't be determined which is + + align:start position:0% +all right can't be determined which is + + + align:start position:0% +all right can't be determined which is +different from don't know all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and we're going to just do a few + + align:start position:0% +right and we're going to just do a few + + + align:start position:0% +right and we're going to just do a few +different limits so um we want to maybe + + align:start position:0% +different limits so um we want to maybe + + + align:start position:0% +different limits so um we want to maybe +go through these quickly I'll give you + + align:start position:0% +go through these quickly I'll give you + + + align:start position:0% +go through these quickly I'll give you +just 10 seconds to prepare your + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +card all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% +card all right ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +card all right ready three two +one okay so + + align:start position:0% +one okay so + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so +we're um we're pretty good not um all + + align:start position:0% +we're um we're pretty good not um all + + + align:start position:0% +we're um we're pretty good not um all +right so I'd say a majority at least of + + align:start position:0% +right so I'd say a majority at least of + + + align:start position:0% +right so I'd say a majority at least of +the group is saying that in this case um + + align:start position:0% +the group is saying that in this case um + + + align:start position:0% +the group is saying that in this case um +it's going you know the fraction bound + + align:start position:0% +it's going you know the fraction bound + + + align:start position:0% +it's going you know the fraction bound +should go to zero and intuitively why + + align:start position:0% +should go to zero and intuitively why + + + align:start position:0% +should go to zero and intuitively why +should that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be so a little bit + + align:start position:0% +be so a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +be so a little bit +louder have to yeah right so you know I + + align:start position:0% +louder have to yeah right so you know I + + + align:start position:0% +louder have to yeah right so you know I +mean if there's no + + align:start position:0% +mean if there's no + + + align:start position:0% +mean if there's no +around at all then you know you + + align:start position:0% +around at all then you know you + + + align:start position:0% +around at all then you know you +shouldn't have much of this complex + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have much of this complex + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't have much of this complex +right so then but you still have some + + align:start position:0% +right so then but you still have some + + + align:start position:0% +right so then but you still have some +enzymes so this thing yeah indeed this + + align:start position:0% +enzymes so this thing yeah indeed this + + + align:start position:0% +enzymes so this thing yeah indeed this +this thing should go to zero right that + + align:start position:0% +this thing should go to zero right that + + + align:start position:0% +this thing should go to zero right that +kind of makes sense all right and + + align:start position:0% +kind of makes sense all right and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of makes sense all right and +similarly uh you have to you know if you + + align:start position:0% +similarly uh you have to you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +similarly uh you have to you know if you +add a lot a lot of this substrate all + + align:start position:0% +add a lot a lot of this substrate all + + + align:start position:0% +add a lot a lot of this substrate all +right I'll give you eight + + align:start position:0% +right I'll give you eight + + + align:start position:0% +right I'll give you eight +seconds substrate on it own yeah so s + + align:start position:0% +seconds substrate on it own yeah so s + + + align:start position:0% +seconds substrate on it own yeah so s +total this is the total this is if you + + align:start position:0% +total this is the total this is if you + + + align:start position:0% +total this is the total this is if you +if you have a test tube and this is the + + align:start position:0% +if you have a test tube and this is the + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a test tube and this is the +amount of this sugar that you you add in + + align:start position:0% +amount of this sugar that you you add in + + + align:start position:0% +amount of this sugar that you you add in +there right right so s total then is is + + align:start position:0% +there right right so s total then is is + + + align:start position:0% +there right right so s total then is is +is the sum + + align:start position:0% +is the sum + + + align:start position:0% +is the sum +of that and + + align:start position:0% +of that and + + + align:start position:0% +of that and +S all right do you need more + + align:start position:0% +S all right do you need more + + + align:start position:0% +S all right do you need more +time all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% +time all right ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +time all right ready three two +one all right so this is this is uh + + align:start position:0% +one all right so this is this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +one all right so this is this is uh +Prett we have a little maybe a an island + + align:start position:0% +Prett we have a little maybe a an island + + + align:start position:0% +Prett we have a little maybe a an island +of people that disagree uh all right um + + align:start position:0% +of people that disagree uh all right um + + + align:start position:0% +of people that disagree uh all right um +okay so yeah but at least in here a + + align:start position:0% +okay so yeah but at least in here a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so yeah but at least in here a +majority are saying that in this case it + + align:start position:0% +majority are saying that in this case it + + + align:start position:0% +majority are saying that in this case it +should um should go to one all right of + + align:start position:0% +should um should go to one all right of + + + align:start position:0% +should um should go to one all right of +course um you know this is but this is a + + align:start position:0% +course um you know this is but this is a + + + align:start position:0% +course um you know this is but this is a +limit and a limit so I think these are + + align:start position:0% +limit and a limit so I think these are + + + align:start position:0% +limit and a limit so I think these are +cons you know it's always going to be + + align:start position:0% +cons you know it's always going to be + + + align:start position:0% +cons you know it's always going to be +between zero and one but in the limit it + + align:start position:0% +between zero and one but in the limit it + + + align:start position:0% +between zero and one but in the limit it +does go to one right so if you just add + + align:start position:0% +does go to one right so if you just add + + + align:start position:0% +does go to one right so if you just add +so much of this substrate then you + + align:start position:0% +so much of this substrate then you + + + align:start position:0% +so much of this substrate then you +should be able to kind of saturate that + + align:start position:0% +should be able to kind of saturate that + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to kind of saturate that +binding and drive all of that enzyme + + align:start position:0% +binding and drive all of that enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +binding and drive all of that enzyme +into the kind of the bound State + + align:start position:0% +into the kind of the bound State + + + align:start position:0% +into the kind of the bound State +okay all right so this one is actually + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so this one is actually + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so this one is actually +maybe a little bit more subtle all right + + align:start position:0% +maybe a little bit more subtle all right + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a little bit more subtle all right +so what if we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um take this + + align:start position:0% +um take this + + + align:start position:0% +um take this +limit all right I'm going to give you 20 + + align:start position:0% +limit all right I'm going to give you 20 + + + align:start position:0% +limit all right I'm going to give you 20 +seconds to think about it just because + + align:start position:0% +seconds to think about it just because + + + align:start position:0% +seconds to think about it just because +it's roughly three times as hard as the + + align:start position:0% +it's roughly three times as hard as the + + + align:start position:0% +it's roughly three times as hard as the +last one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right do you need more time or do + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more time or do + + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more time or do +you think that you have something you + + align:start position:0% +you think that you have something you + + + align:start position:0% +you think that you have something you +believe in that you're willing to turn + + align:start position:0% +believe in that you're willing to turn + + + align:start position:0% +believe in that you're willing to turn +to your neighbor + + align:start position:0% +to your neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +to your neighbor +and all right let's see where we are + + align:start position:0% +and all right let's see where we are + + + align:start position:0% +and all right let's see where we are +ready uh three two + + align:start position:0% +ready uh three two + + + align:start position:0% +ready uh three two +one okay all right so this is good so we + + align:start position:0% +one okay all right so this is good so we + + + align:start position:0% +one okay all right so this is good so we +have a fair distribution and I you know + + align:start position:0% +have a fair distribution and I you know + + + align:start position:0% +have a fair distribution and I you know +I think this is one that you can um you + + align:start position:0% +I think this is one that you can um you + + + align:start position:0% +I think this is one that you can um you +you know that reasonable people might be + + align:start position:0% +you know that reasonable people might be + + + align:start position:0% +you know that reasonable people might be +able to argue argue about but it's worth + + align:start position:0% +able to argue argue about but it's worth + + + align:start position:0% +able to argue argue about but it's worth +it's worth it's worth having the + + align:start position:0% +it's worth it's worth having the + + + align:start position:0% +it's worth it's worth having the +arguments so what you know you give uh + + align:start position:0% +arguments so what you know you give uh + + + align:start position:0% +arguments so what you know you give uh +give yourself 30 seconds turn to your + + align:start position:0% +give yourself 30 seconds turn to your + + + align:start position:0% +give yourself 30 seconds turn to your +neighbor preferably a neighbor that + + align:start position:0% +neighbor preferably a neighbor that + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor preferably a neighbor that +disagrees with you and uh tell them why + + align:start position:0% +disagrees with you and uh tell them why + + + align:start position:0% +disagrees with you and uh tell them why +you said what you said + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right and if in a pair you've + + align:start position:0% +all right and if in a pair you've + + + align:start position:0% +all right and if in a pair you've +already convinced each other of + + align:start position:0% +already convinced each other of + + + align:start position:0% +already convinced each other of +something then go ahead and look around + + align:start position:0% +something then go ahead and look around + + + align:start position:0% +something then go ahead and look around +to see if there's another pair that has + + align:start position:0% +to see if there's another pair that has + + + align:start position:0% +to see if there's another pair that has +maybe settled on a different answer okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all right I I think that um you + + align:start position:0% +right all right I I think that um you + + + align:start position:0% +right all right I I think that um you +know you guys are still kind of + + align:start position:0% +know you guys are still kind of + + + align:start position:0% +know you guys are still kind of +passionately arguing but maybe we'll go + + align:start position:0% +passionately arguing but maybe we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +passionately arguing but maybe we'll go +ahead and and um con you know and + + align:start position:0% +ahead and and um con you know and + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and and um con you know and +convene and you know try to get a sense + + align:start position:0% +convene and you know try to get a sense + + + align:start position:0% +convene and you know try to get a sense +of all right so um yeah so I think that + + align:start position:0% +of all right so um yeah so I think that + + + align:start position:0% +of all right so um yeah so I think that +there there from the sound of it at + + align:start position:0% +there there from the sound of it at + + + align:start position:0% +there there from the sound of it at +least there there's some disagreement + + align:start position:0% +least there there's some disagreement + + + align:start position:0% +least there there's some disagreement +about the way to think about this right + + align:start position:0% +about the way to think about this right + + + align:start position:0% +about the way to think about this right +can um somebody and in general if you + + align:start position:0% +can um somebody and in general if you + + + align:start position:0% +can um somebody and in general if you +want to volunteer an opinion um or an + + align:start position:0% +want to volunteer an opinion um or an + + + align:start position:0% +want to volunteer an opinion um or an +explanation what I like to do is I like + + align:start position:0% +explanation what I like to do is I like + + + align:start position:0% +explanation what I like to do is I like +to tell the group what uh what your + + align:start position:0% +to tell the group what uh what your + + + align:start position:0% +to tell the group what uh what your +neighbor thought all right so go Ahad + + align:start position:0% +neighbor thought all right so go Ahad + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor thought all right so go Ahad +and anybody want to either you know it + + align:start position:0% +and anybody want to either you know it + + + align:start position:0% +and anybody want to either you know it +could be neighbor and in quotes but yeah + + align:start position:0% +could be neighbor and in quotes but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +could be neighbor and in quotes but yeah +um yeah anybody want to volunteer one + + align:start position:0% +um yeah anybody want to volunteer one + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah anybody want to volunteer one +possible explanation of how to think + + align:start position:0% +possible explanation of how to think + + + align:start position:0% +possible explanation of how to think +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +this yeah what my neighbors + + align:start position:0% +this yeah what my neighbors + + + align:start position:0% +this yeah what my neighbors +thought + + align:start position:0% +thought + + + align:start position:0% +thought +was e total is defined as e Plus or E + + align:start position:0% +was e total is defined as e Plus or E + + + align:start position:0% +was e total is defined as e Plus or E +plus BS then as e + + align:start position:0% +plus BS then as e + + + align:start position:0% +plus BS then as e +goes to zero then this goes to zero over + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero then this goes to zero over + + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero then this goes to zero over +over zero at some you know vague unclear + + align:start position:0% +over zero at some you know vague unclear + + + align:start position:0% +over zero at some you know vague unclear +okay um yeah although okay right so + + align:start position:0% +okay um yeah although okay right so + + + align:start position:0% +okay um yeah although okay right so +you're saying all right so maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +you're saying all right so maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +you're saying all right so maybe it's +all going to zero and then then this is + + align:start position:0% +all going to zero and then then this is + + + align:start position:0% +all going to zero and then then this is +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +philosophy I'm not that I'm putting + + align:start position:0% +philosophy I'm not that I'm putting + + + align:start position:0% +philosophy I'm not that I'm putting +words in your neighbor's mouth but um + + align:start position:0% +words in your neighbor's mouth but um + + + align:start position:0% +words in your neighbor's mouth but um +all right you know um okay so so there + + align:start position:0% +all right you know um okay so so there + + + align:start position:0% +all right you know um okay so so there +there's a s sense in which this is true + + align:start position:0% +there's a s sense in which this is true + + + align:start position:0% +there's a s sense in which this is true +but um but at least you know + + align:start position:0% +but um but at least you know + + + align:start position:0% +but um but at least you know +mathematically and actually also + + align:start position:0% +mathematically and actually also + + + align:start position:0% +mathematically and actually also +physically um I there are well defined + + align:start position:0% +physically um I there are well defined + + + align:start position:0% +physically um I there are well defined +ways of you know of taking such a limit + + align:start position:0% +ways of you know of taking such a limit + + + align:start position:0% +ways of you know of taking such a limit +right so if you get Z over zero then you + + align:start position:0% +right so if you get Z over zero then you + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you get Z over zero then you +can you know use l Tal's rule which will + + align:start position:0% +can you know use l Tal's rule which will + + + align:start position:0% +can you know use l Tal's rule which will +have the opportunity to pull outtime in + + align:start position:0% +have the opportunity to pull outtime in + + + align:start position:0% +have the opportunity to pull outtime in +the class of course the most difficult + + align:start position:0% +the class of course the most difficult + + + align:start position:0% +the class of course the most difficult +part of Lal schule is knowing how to + + align:start position:0% +part of Lal schule is knowing how to + + + align:start position:0% +part of Lal schule is knowing how to +spell it right okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um all right yeah okay so so I think + + align:start position:0% +um all right yeah okay so so I think + + + align:start position:0% +um all right yeah okay so so I think +that you know and and there's um and + + align:start position:0% +that you know and and there's um and + + + align:start position:0% +that you know and and there's um and +there there so that's one answer right + + align:start position:0% +there there so that's one answer right + + + align:start position:0% +there there so that's one answer right +it's the mathematical answer that you + + align:start position:0% +it's the mathematical answer that you + + + align:start position:0% +it's the mathematical answer that you +should be able to just take this limit + + align:start position:0% +should be able to just take this limit + + + align:start position:0% +should be able to just take this limit +and so forth but I think there's another + + align:start position:0% +and so forth but I think there's another + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth but I think there's another +physical answer which is that you know + + align:start position:0% +physical answer which is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +physical answer which is that you know +this could happen right + + align:start position:0% +this could happen right + + + align:start position:0% +this could happen right +and something is going to something is + + align:start position:0% +and something is going to something is + + + align:start position:0% +and something is going to something is +going to occur right and you know you + + align:start position:0% +going to occur right and you know you + + + align:start position:0% +going to occur right and you know you +could in principle measure right even if + + align:start position:0% +could in principle measure right even if + + + align:start position:0% +could in principle measure right even if +you just had a single enzyme there this + + align:start position:0% +you just had a single enzyme there this + + + align:start position:0% +you just had a single enzyme there this +FB this would be the fraction of time + + align:start position:0% +FB this would be the fraction of time + + + align:start position:0% +FB this would be the fraction of time +that that enzyme is bound okay right so + + align:start position:0% +that that enzyme is bound okay right so + + + align:start position:0% +that that enzyme is bound okay right so +this is a well- defined experimental + + align:start position:0% +this is a well- defined experimental + + + align:start position:0% +this is a well- defined experimental +question that should and the answer + + align:start position:0% +question that should and the answer + + + align:start position:0% +question that should and the answer +should arise from from these + + align:start position:0% +should arise from from these + + + align:start position:0% +should arise from from these +interactions but I you know but then but + + align:start position:0% +interactions but I you know but then but + + + align:start position:0% +interactions but I you know but then but +then how do we add it mean what you know + + align:start position:0% +then how do we add it mean what you know + + + align:start position:0% +then how do we add it mean what you know +then what you know what does it all mean + + align:start position:0% +then what you know what does it all mean + + + align:start position:0% +then what you know what does it all mean +right or how how do how do we figure out + + align:start position:0% +right or how how do how do we figure out + + + align:start position:0% +right or how how do how do we figure out +the answer I guess is the other yeah + + align:start position:0% +the answer I guess is the other yeah + + + align:start position:0% +the answer I guess is the other yeah +what what uh what's another kind of + + align:start position:0% +what what uh what's another kind of + + + align:start position:0% +what what uh what's another kind of +possible view on + + align:start position:0% +possible view on + + + align:start position:0% +possible view on +this maybe in the backround um my + + align:start position:0% +this maybe in the backround um my + + + align:start position:0% +this maybe in the backround um my +neighbor thought that if there's a + + align:start position:0% +neighbor thought that if there's a + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor thought that if there's a +nonzero concentration of s and the + + align:start position:0% +nonzero concentration of s and the + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero concentration of s and the +concentration of e goes to zero then all + + align:start position:0% +concentration of e goes to zero then all + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of e goes to zero then all +of e will be found at some point so okay + + align:start position:0% +of e will be found at some point so okay + + + align:start position:0% +of e will be found at some point so okay +so this is interesting right so if um + + align:start position:0% +so this is interesting right so if um + + + align:start position:0% +so this is interesting right so if um +there's a finite concentration of s if e + + align:start position:0% +there's a finite concentration of s if e + + + align:start position:0% +there's a finite concentration of s if e +goes to zero then you you say oh well + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero then you you say oh well + + + align:start position:0% +goes to zero then you you say oh well +there's plenty of s to go around so I + + align:start position:0% +there's plenty of s to go around so I + + + align:start position:0% +there's plenty of s to go around so I +should always be + + align:start position:0% +should always be + + + align:start position:0% +should always be +bound is that what the neighbor I + + align:start position:0% +bound is that what the neighbor I + + + align:start position:0% +bound is that what the neighbor I +mean that's okay that's another okay so + + align:start position:0% +mean that's okay that's another okay so + + + align:start position:0% +mean that's okay that's another okay so +so s right so so far we've had an + + align:start position:0% +so s right so so far we've had an + + + align:start position:0% +so s right so so far we've had an +argument for um you know it's can't be + + align:start position:0% +argument for um you know it's can't be + + + align:start position:0% +argument for um you know it's can't be +determined it's philosophy we've had an + + align:start position:0% +determined it's philosophy we've had an + + + align:start position:0% +determined it's philosophy we've had an +argument for um one right okay other + + align:start position:0% +argument for um one right okay other + + + align:start position:0% +argument for um one right okay other +possibilities now I this is an + + align:start position:0% +possibilities now I this is an + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities now I this is an +interesting question because I think you + + align:start position:0% +interesting question because I think you + + + align:start position:0% +interesting question because I think you +know you know depending on how you think + + align:start position:0% +know you know depending on how you think + + + align:start position:0% +know you know depending on how you think +about it you can convince yourself that + + align:start position:0% +about it you can convince yourself that + + + align:start position:0% +about it you can convince yourself that +it's anything right yeah you know I'm + + align:start position:0% +it's anything right yeah you know I'm + + + align:start position:0% +it's anything right yeah you know I'm +you other other possible answers + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah s um so I don't really have a good + + align:start position:0% +yeah s um so I don't really have a good + + + align:start position:0% +yeah s um so I don't really have a good +answer but I I I guess I said I said B + + align:start position:0% +answer but I I I guess I said I said B + + + align:start position:0% +answer but I I I guess I said I said B +because in + + align:start position:0% +because in + + + align:start position:0% +because in +the like when there isn't very much of e + + align:start position:0% +the like when there isn't very much of e + + + align:start position:0% +the like when there isn't very much of e +then it's true that like a lot of it + + align:start position:0% +then it's true that like a lot of it + + + align:start position:0% +then it's true that like a lot of it +will go + + align:start position:0% +will go + + + align:start position:0% +will go +into yes but um yeah then yeah know I + + align:start position:0% +into yes but um yeah then yeah know I + + + align:start position:0% +into yes but um yeah then yeah know I +don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry that that's okay + + align:start position:0% +sorry that that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +sorry that that's okay +somebody another take on that answer a + + align:start position:0% +somebody another take on that answer a + + + align:start position:0% +somebody another take on that answer a +different one yeah + + align:start position:0% +different one yeah + + + align:start position:0% +different one yeah +I don't know if I had to complete that + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if I had to complete that + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if I had to complete that +answer maybe something like but you know + + align:start position:0% +answer maybe something like but you know + + + align:start position:0% +answer maybe something like but you know +there still might not be a total large + + align:start position:0% +there still might not be a total large + + + align:start position:0% +there still might not be a total large +concentration of either so there might + + align:start position:0% +concentration of either so there might + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of either so there might +still be a decent chance for E to be + + align:start position:0% +still be a decent chance for E to be + + + align:start position:0% +still be a decent chance for E to be +around for a while without encountering + + align:start position:0% +around for a while without encountering + + + align:start position:0% +around for a while without encountering +some of that so forward reaction rate + + align:start position:0% +some of that so forward reaction rate + + + align:start position:0% +some of that so forward reaction rate +will + + align:start position:0% +will + + + align:start position:0% +will +also even though s is very large the + + align:start position:0% +also even though s is very large the + + + align:start position:0% +also even though s is very large the +forward reaction rate will also go to + + align:start position:0% +forward reaction rate will also go to + + + align:start position:0% +forward reaction rate will also go to +zero as the + + align:start position:0% +zero as the + + + align:start position:0% +zero as the +concentration right the forward rate + + align:start position:0% +concentration right the forward rate + + + align:start position:0% +concentration right the forward rate +right and it's not necessarily very I + + align:start position:0% +right and it's not necessarily very I + + + align:start position:0% +right and it's not necessarily very I +mean it's just that it's depends on the + + align:start position:0% +mean it's just that it's depends on the + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's just that it's depends on the +substrate concentration in this case + + align:start position:0% +substrate concentration in this case + + + align:start position:0% +substrate concentration in this case +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +yeah right um other uh other takes on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it all right so yeah so this is uh this + + align:start position:0% +it all right so yeah so this is uh this + + + align:start position:0% +it all right so yeah so this is uh this +is interesting I'm going to um so I'm + + align:start position:0% +is interesting I'm going to um so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +is interesting I'm going to um so I'm +going to argue that that the the the + + align:start position:0% +going to argue that that the the the + + + align:start position:0% +going to argue that that the the the +most reasonable way to view this would + + align:start position:0% +most reasonable way to view this would + + + align:start position:0% +most reasonable way to view this would +give you you know as long as there is + + align:start position:0% +give you you know as long as there is + + + align:start position:0% +give you you know as long as there is +some finite concentration of that + + align:start position:0% +some finite concentration of that + + + align:start position:0% +some finite concentration of that +substrate around then I think that + + align:start position:0% +substrate around then I think that + + + align:start position:0% +substrate around then I think that +there's a very well defined sense in + + align:start position:0% +there's a very well defined sense in + + + align:start position:0% +there's a very well defined sense in +which it it's it's going to go to some + + align:start position:0% +which it it's it's going to go to some + + + align:start position:0% +which it it's it's going to go to some +finite fraction okay and um and I think + + align:start position:0% +finite fraction okay and um and I think + + + align:start position:0% +finite fraction okay and um and I think +that when you're thinking about this in + + align:start position:0% +that when you're thinking about this in + + + align:start position:0% +that when you're thinking about this in +the context of um kind of you know + + align:start position:0% +the context of um kind of you know + + + align:start position:0% +the context of um kind of you know +molecular kinetics kind of like the + + align:start position:0% +molecular kinetics kind of like the + + + align:start position:0% +molecular kinetics kind of like the +chemistry view I mean it still is all + + align:start position:0% +chemistry view I mean it still is all + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry view I mean it still is all +well defined but the way that I think + + align:start position:0% +well defined but the way that I think + + + align:start position:0% +well defined but the way that I think +that I I get the most clear intuition is + + align:start position:0% +that I I get the most clear intuition is + + + align:start position:0% +that I I get the most clear intuition is +just to imagine myself as being that one + + align:start position:0% +just to imagine myself as being that one + + + align:start position:0% +just to imagine myself as being that one +and only enzyme in the test tube okay + + align:start position:0% +and only enzyme in the test tube okay + + + align:start position:0% +and only enzyme in the test tube okay +now there's going to be some rate that I + + align:start position:0% +now there's going to be some rate that I + + + align:start position:0% +now there's going to be some rate that I +bind the substrates right and that's + + align:start position:0% +bind the substrates right and that's + + + align:start position:0% +bind the substrates right and that's +going to be um and what's going to + + align:start position:0% +going to be um and what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to be um and what's going to +determine what's going to determine that + + align:start position:0% +determine what's going to determine that + + + align:start position:0% +determine what's going to determine that +rate in this kind + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ofc the subate yeah the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +ofc the subate yeah the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +ofc the subate yeah the concentration of +the substrate right so if I double the + + align:start position:0% +the substrate right so if I double the + + + align:start position:0% +the substrate right so if I double the +substrate concentration + + align:start position:0% +substrate concentration + + + align:start position:0% +substrate concentration +that what should that do to the the rate + + align:start position:0% +that what should that do to the the rate + + + align:start position:0% +that what should that do to the the rate +of me binding should double it yeah + + align:start position:0% +of me binding should double it yeah + + + align:start position:0% +of me binding should double it yeah +right and then of course there's always + + align:start position:0% +right and then of course there's always + + + align:start position:0% +right and then of course there's always +this KF somewhere in there in some units + + align:start position:0% +this KF somewhere in there in some units + + + align:start position:0% +this KF somewhere in there in some units +right but there's going to be some rate + + align:start position:0% +right but there's going to be some rate + + + align:start position:0% +right but there's going to be some rate +that I bind right then when I bind again + + align:start position:0% +that I bind right then when I bind again + + + align:start position:0% +that I bind right then when I bind again +you know now I'm just an En enzyme sub + + align:start position:0% +you know now I'm just an En enzyme sub + + + align:start position:0% +you know now I'm just an En enzyme sub +substrate now instead of thinking about + + align:start position:0% +substrate now instead of thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +substrate now instead of thinking about +this in the context of kind of chemical + + align:start position:0% +this in the context of kind of chemical + + + align:start position:0% +this in the context of kind of chemical +kinetics I can just think about this + + align:start position:0% +kinetics I can just think about this + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics I can just think about this +from the standpoint of an individual + + align:start position:0% +from the standpoint of an individual + + + align:start position:0% +from the standpoint of an individual +molecule where I'm a complex e and + + align:start position:0% +molecule where I'm a complex e and + + + align:start position:0% +molecule where I'm a complex e and +sbound and there's some rate that I fall + + align:start position:0% +sbound and there's some rate that I fall + + + align:start position:0% +sbound and there's some rate that I fall +apart right and it's just the balance of + + align:start position:0% +apart right and it's just the balance of + + + align:start position:0% +apart right and it's just the balance of +those two rates of kind of binding a + + align:start position:0% +those two rates of kind of binding a + + + align:start position:0% +those two rates of kind of binding a +substrate and then falling apart that's + + align:start position:0% +substrate and then falling apart that's + + + align:start position:0% +substrate and then falling apart that's +going to lead to this uh this fraction + + align:start position:0% +going to lead to this uh this fraction + + + align:start position:0% +going to lead to this uh this fraction +bound okay yeah you just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +explain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z yes yeah so right I yeah so I mean if + + align:start position:0% +Z yes yeah so right I yeah so I mean if + + + align:start position:0% +Z yes yeah so right I yeah so I mean if +you'd like we could um put an average + + align:start position:0% +you'd like we could um put an average + + + align:start position:0% +you'd like we could um put an average +sign here you know so say an average + + align:start position:0% +sign here you know so say an average + + + align:start position:0% +sign here you know so say an average +over time yeah because in many many + + align:start position:0% +over time yeah because in many many + + + align:start position:0% +over time yeah because in many many +cases what we're really interested in is + + align:start position:0% +cases what we're really interested in is + + + align:start position:0% +cases what we're really interested in is +the is the fraction of the time that say + + align:start position:0% +the is the fraction of the time that say + + + align:start position:0% +the is the fraction of the time that say +the promoter is bound or the enzyme is + + align:start position:0% +the promoter is bound or the enzyme is + + + align:start position:0% +the promoter is bound or the enzyme is +bound or whatnot and you know if you + + align:start position:0% +bound or whatnot and you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +bound or whatnot and you know if you +have many uh if you have many many many + + align:start position:0% +have many uh if you have many many many + + + align:start position:0% +have many uh if you have many many many +molecules then um then at any moment in + + align:start position:0% +molecules then um then at any moment in + + + align:start position:0% +molecules then um then at any moment in +time the average is kind of the time + + align:start position:0% +time the average is kind of the time + + + align:start position:0% +time the average is kind of the time +average but if you know once you're down + + align:start position:0% +average but if you know once you're down + + + align:start position:0% +average but if you know once you're down +to a single molecule then you really + + align:start position:0% +to a single molecule then you really + + + align:start position:0% +to a single molecule then you really +want to take a Time average + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah um we're going to um we we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +yeah um we're going to um we we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um we're going to um we we'll we'll +revisit this in just a moment you know + + align:start position:0% +revisit this in just a moment you know + + + align:start position:0% +revisit this in just a moment you know +using the math what's interesting is the + + align:start position:0% +using the math what's interesting is the + + + align:start position:0% +using the math what's interesting is the +math also can mislead you so so you have + + align:start position:0% +math also can mislead you so so you have + + + align:start position:0% +math also can mislead you so so you have +to um are are there other questions I + + align:start position:0% +to um are are there other questions I + + + align:start position:0% +to um are are there other questions I +I'm happy to take if somebody wants to + + align:start position:0% +I'm happy to take if somebody wants to + + + align:start position:0% +I'm happy to take if somebody wants to +argue forcefully what their neighbor + + align:start position:0% +argue forcefully what their neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +argue forcefully what their neighbor +said was right then I'm happy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to all right yeah we will come back to + + align:start position:0% +to all right yeah we will come back to + + + align:start position:0% +to all right yeah we will come back to +this in um in a little bit all right so + + align:start position:0% +this in um in a little bit all right so + + + align:start position:0% +this in um in a little bit all right so +I just wanted but I want to do the + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted but I want to do the + + + align:start position:0% +I just wanted but I want to do the +fourth possibility which is the + + align:start position:0% +fourth possibility which is the + + + align:start position:0% +fourth possibility which is the +concentration total concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +concentration total concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration total concentration of the +enzyme is going to go to infinity and + + align:start position:0% +enzyme is going to go to infinity and + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme is going to go to infinity and +um yeah so I'll just give you again + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so I'll just give you again + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so I'll just give you again +eight seconds to think and then get your + + align:start position:0% +eight seconds to think and then get your + + + align:start position:0% +eight seconds to think and then get your +card uh get your card ready + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right are you ready all right three + + align:start position:0% +all right are you ready all right three + + + align:start position:0% +all right are you ready all right three +two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay so we actually have a fair + + align:start position:0% +one okay so we actually have a fair + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so we actually have a fair +amount of diff disagreement uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +amount of diff disagreement uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +amount of diff disagreement uh kind of +between A's and B's it seems right I + + align:start position:0% +between A's and B's it seems right I + + + align:start position:0% +between A's and B's it seems right I +think there there are enough all right + + align:start position:0% +think there there are enough all right + + + align:start position:0% +think there there are enough all right +so go ahead and um yeah again turn turn + + align:start position:0% +so go ahead and um yeah again turn turn + + + align:start position:0% +so go ahead and um yeah again turn turn +to your neighbor but you know maybe find + + align:start position:0% +to your neighbor but you know maybe find + + + align:start position:0% +to your neighbor but you know maybe find +somebody that disagrees with you um + + align:start position:0% +somebody that disagrees with you um + + + align:start position:0% +somebody that disagrees with you um +there are um sometimes there are pockets + + align:start position:0% +there are um sometimes there are pockets + + + align:start position:0% +there are um sometimes there are pockets +of people that agree one way or the + + align:start position:0% +of people that agree one way or the + + + align:start position:0% +of people that agree one way or the +other so or that think one you know so + + align:start position:0% +other so or that think one you know so + + + align:start position:0% +other so or that think one you know so +you know try to um find each other yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +it's yeah know I understand um all right + + align:start position:0% +it's yeah know I understand um all right + + + align:start position:0% +it's yeah know I understand um all right +you know then you can um try to write + + align:start position:0% +you know then you can um try to write + + + align:start position:0% +you know then you can um try to write +try to figure out the expression for the + + align:start position:0% +try to figure out the expression for the + + + align:start position:0% +try to figure out the expression for the +fraction bound and and how that um how + + align:start position:0% +fraction bound and and how that um how + + + align:start position:0% +fraction bound and and how that um how +that behaves cuz that's what we're going + + align:start position:0% +that behaves cuz that's what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +that behaves cuz that's what we're going +to and that's actually kind of weird as + + align:start position:0% +to and that's actually kind of weird as + + + align:start position:0% +to and that's actually kind of weird as +well frankly + + align:start position:0% +well frankly + + + align:start position:0% +well frankly +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um all right why why don't we go ahead + + align:start position:0% +um all right why why don't we go ahead + + + align:start position:0% +um all right why why don't we go ahead +and and reconvene um just so I can I can + + align:start position:0% +and and reconvene um just so I can I can + + + align:start position:0% +and and reconvene um just so I can I can +see and maybe let's go ahead and revote + + align:start position:0% +see and maybe let's go ahead and revote + + + align:start position:0% +see and maybe let's go ahead and revote +so I can see if anybody convinced + + align:start position:0% +so I can see if anybody convinced + + + align:start position:0% +so I can see if anybody convinced +anybody of anything else um all right + + align:start position:0% +anybody of anything else um all right + + + align:start position:0% +anybody of anything else um all right +ready three two + + align:start position:0% +ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +ready three two +one all right okay so it seems like now + + align:start position:0% +one all right okay so it seems like now + + + align:start position:0% +one all right okay so it seems like now +I think there's pretty good agreement + + align:start position:0% +I think there's pretty good agreement + + + align:start position:0% +I think there's pretty good agreement +that the answer to this is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +that the answer to this is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +that the answer to this is going to be a +there there were a fair number of people + + align:start position:0% +there there were a fair number of people + + + align:start position:0% +there there were a fair number of people +that said B before um all right so here + + align:start position:0% +that said B before um all right so here + + + align:start position:0% +that said B before um all right so here +comes a curvy lines okay um right and so + + align:start position:0% +comes a curvy lines okay um right and so + + + align:start position:0% +comes a curvy lines okay um right and so +the idea here is just that if you really + + align:start position:0% +the idea here is just that if you really + + + align:start position:0% +the idea here is just that if you really +have much you know in the limit of the + + align:start position:0% +have much you know in the limit of the + + + align:start position:0% +have much you know in the limit of the +enzyme concentration going to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +enzyme concentration going to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme concentration going to Infinity +then um in that limit the fraction bound + + align:start position:0% +then um in that limit the fraction bound + + + align:start position:0% +then um in that limit the fraction bound +has to go to zero because you um just + + align:start position:0% +has to go to zero because you um just + + + align:start position:0% +has to go to zero because you um just +don't have any substrate to bond and you + + align:start position:0% +don't have any substrate to bond and you + + + align:start position:0% +don't have any substrate to bond and you +know even if all the substrates bound + + align:start position:0% +know even if all the substrates bound + + + align:start position:0% +know even if all the substrates bound +and indeed in this limit what fraction + + align:start position:0% +and indeed in this limit what fraction + + + align:start position:0% +and indeed in this limit what fraction +of the substrate ends up being + + align:start position:0% +of the substrate ends up being + + + align:start position:0% +of the substrate ends up being +bound all of it right so then you know + + align:start position:0% +bound all of it right so then you know + + + align:start position:0% +bound all of it right so then you know +so then indeed the fraction bound is + + align:start position:0% +so then indeed the fraction bound is + + + align:start position:0% +so then indeed the fraction bound is +just going to be the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +just going to be the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +just going to be the concentration of +the substr divided by the concentration + + align:start position:0% +the substr divided by the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +the substr divided by the concentration +of the enzyme but in the limit of enzyme + + align:start position:0% +of the enzyme but in the limit of enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +of the enzyme but in the limit of enzyme +going to zero then that that or sorry + + align:start position:0% +going to zero then that that or sorry + + + align:start position:0% +going to zero then that that or sorry +the limit of the concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +the limit of the concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +the limit of the concentration of the +enzyme going to Infinity then the + + align:start position:0% +enzyme going to Infinity then the + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme going to Infinity then the +fraction of the enzyme bound is going to + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the enzyme bound is going to + + + align:start position:0% +fraction of the enzyme bound is going to +go to zero right you're unhappy I think + + align:start position:0% +go to zero right you're unhappy I think + + + align:start position:0% +go to zero right you're unhappy I think +um having made an extremely eloquent + + align:start position:0% +um having made an extremely eloquent + + + align:start position:0% +um having made an extremely eloquent +argument number three for b um I I + + align:start position:0% +argument number three for b um I I + + + align:start position:0% +argument number three for b um I I +actually think that that answer is wrong + + align:start position:0% +actually think that that answer is wrong + + + align:start position:0% +actually think that that answer is wrong +because okay all right so now okay all + + align:start position:0% +because okay all right so now okay all + + + align:start position:0% +because okay all right so now okay all +right so this one yes I mean you had + + align:start position:0% +right so this one yes I mean you had + + + align:start position:0% +right so this one yes I mean you had +convinced me but uh you know now that + + align:start position:0% +convinced me but uh you know now that + + + align:start position:0% +convinced me but uh you know now that +right so yeah okay so what no what yeah + + align:start position:0% +right so yeah okay so what no what yeah + + + align:start position:0% +right so yeah okay so what no what yeah +what so so if you take e total to zero + + align:start position:0% +what so so if you take e total to zero + + + align:start position:0% +what so so if you take e total to zero +at fixed um s fixed s yes then the the + + align:start position:0% +at fixed um s fixed s yes then the the + + + align:start position:0% +at fixed um s fixed s yes then the the +um reaction rate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is yeah know you have to take the limits + + align:start position:0% +is yeah know you have to take the limits + + + align:start position:0% +is yeah know you have to take the limits +carefully I think um is is a + + align:start position:0% +carefully I think um is is a + + + align:start position:0% +carefully I think um is is a +ratio like forward propensity and the + + align:start position:0% +ratio like forward propensity and the + + + align:start position:0% +ratio like forward propensity and the +backward propensity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um yeah you know but I think that there + + align:start position:0% +um yeah you know but I think that there + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah you know but I think that there +is a you know um yeah I think that the + + align:start position:0% +is a you know um yeah I think that the + + + align:start position:0% +is a you know um yeah I think that the +clearest way to think about it is is + + align:start position:0% +clearest way to think about it is is + + + align:start position:0% +clearest way to think about it is is +just that single enzyme uh because there + + align:start position:0% +just that single enzyme uh because there + + + align:start position:0% +just that single enzyme uh because there +there it's it's certainly going to have + + align:start position:0% +there it's it's certainly going to have + + + align:start position:0% +there it's it's certainly going to have +some rate of binding and then once it's + + align:start position:0% +some rate of binding and then once it's + + + align:start position:0% +some rate of binding and then once it's +bound it's going to have some rate of + + align:start position:0% +bound it's going to have some rate of + + + align:start position:0% +bound it's going to have some rate of +falling apart and that + + align:start position:0% +falling apart and that + + + align:start position:0% +falling apart and that +ratio and that that ratio is not a + + align:start position:0% +ratio and that that ratio is not a + + + align:start position:0% +ratio and that that ratio is not a +function of of whether there's one + + align:start position:0% +function of of whether there's one + + + align:start position:0% +function of of whether there's one +enzyme or two en you know I mean so that + + align:start position:0% +enzyme or two en you know I mean so that + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme or two en you know I mean so that +that ratio is is well defined and it and + + align:start position:0% +that ratio is is well defined and it and + + + align:start position:0% +that ratio is is well defined and it and +it is indeed uh so the time average of + + align:start position:0% +it is indeed uh so the time average of + + + align:start position:0% +it is indeed uh so the time average of +the the probability of that enzyme being + + align:start position:0% +the the probability of that enzyme being + + + align:start position:0% +the the probability of that enzyme being +bound is indeed a well-defined + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +quantity well um I mean know I mean + + align:start position:0% +quantity well um I mean know I mean + + + align:start position:0% +quantity well um I mean know I mean +people always like to argue D's you know + + align:start position:0% +people always like to argue D's you know + + + align:start position:0% +people always like to argue D's you know +no well you know I would say that um + + align:start position:0% +no well you know I would say that um + + + align:start position:0% +no well you know I would say that um +we'll go and we'll we'll you know can + + align:start position:0% +we'll go and we'll we'll you know can + + + align:start position:0% +we'll go and we'll we'll you know can +write down what the expression is + + align:start position:0% +write down what the expression is + + + align:start position:0% +write down what the expression is +actually now and then and then you can + + align:start position:0% +actually now and then and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +actually now and then and then you can +decide whether you think D is is + + align:start position:0% +decide whether you think D is is + + + align:start position:0% +decide whether you think D is is +Justified right um okay because we can + + align:start position:0% +Justified right um okay because we can + + + align:start position:0% +Justified right um okay because we can +also just right try to figure out you + + align:start position:0% +also just right try to figure out you + + + align:start position:0% +also just right try to figure out you +know what's the equilibrium of this + + align:start position:0% +know what's the equilibrium of this + + + align:start position:0% +know what's the equilibrium of this +thing right so the the change in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the um in the complex concentration as a + + align:start position:0% +the um in the complex concentration as a + + + align:start position:0% +the um in the complex concentration as a +function of time it's just it's going to + + align:start position:0% +function of time it's just it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +function of time it's just it's going to +be the rate of creation minus the rate + + align:start position:0% +be the rate of creation minus the rate + + + align:start position:0% +be the rate of creation minus the rate +of Destruction right so there's just + + align:start position:0% +of Destruction right so there's just + + + align:start position:0% +of Destruction right so there's just +going to be this K + + align:start position:0% +going to be this K + + + align:start position:0% +going to be this K +forward uh e s oh sorry + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these brackets are awful uh all right + + align:start position:0% +these brackets are awful uh all right + + + align:start position:0% +these brackets are awful uh all right +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +KR yes all right and we just want to set + + align:start position:0% +KR yes all right and we just want to set + + + align:start position:0% +KR yes all right and we just want to set +this equal to zero right if we want to + + align:start position:0% +this equal to zero right if we want to + + + align:start position:0% +this equal to zero right if we want to +figure out what the equilibrium there + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the equilibrium there + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the equilibrium there +is and you know you can in sort of one + + align:start position:0% +is and you know you can in sort of one + + + align:start position:0% +is and you know you can in sort of one +line you can find that indeed then the + + align:start position:0% +line you can find that indeed then the + + + align:start position:0% +line you can find that indeed then the +fraction bound can be written as uh the + + align:start position:0% +fraction bound can be written as uh the + + + align:start position:0% +fraction bound can be written as uh the +concentration of the substrate here + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the substrate here + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of the substrate here +divided by + + align:start position:0% +divided by + + + align:start position:0% +divided by +KD plus s right and is this is this + + align:start position:0% +KD plus s right and is this is this + + + align:start position:0% +KD plus s right and is this is this +correct um from the standpoint of units + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um all right so there's something really + + align:start position:0% +um all right so there's something really + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so there's something really +uh that you might find troubling about + + align:start position:0% +uh that you might find troubling about + + + align:start position:0% +uh that you might find troubling about +this expression + + align:start position:0% +this expression + + + align:start position:0% +this expression +though + + align:start position:0% +though + + + align:start position:0% +though +okay right is any is anybody troubled by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it right you say well what if e total is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero okay i' say if e total is is + + align:start position:0% +zero okay i' say if e total is is + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay i' say if e total is is +actually zero now I think that the + + align:start position:0% +actually zero now I think that the + + + align:start position:0% +actually zero now I think that the +fraction now I think that's an IL + + align:start position:0% +fraction now I think that's an IL + + + align:start position:0% +fraction now I think that's an IL +defined quantity you know so at some + + align:start position:0% +defined quantity you know so at some + + + align:start position:0% +defined quantity you know so at some +point I'll I'll side with the the + + align:start position:0% +point I'll I'll side with the the + + + align:start position:0% +point I'll I'll side with the the +philosophers here but you know for other + + align:start position:0% +philosophers here but you know for other + + + align:start position:0% +philosophers here but you know for other +you know if there is an enzyme to talk + + align:start position:0% +you know if there is an enzyme to talk + + + align:start position:0% +you know if there is an enzyme to talk +about a fraction bound then um yeah so + + align:start position:0% +about a fraction bound then um yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +about a fraction bound then um yeah so +there's it's it's related to this but + + align:start position:0% +there's it's it's related to this but + + + align:start position:0% +there's it's it's related to this but +it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um right okay so we've already discussed + + align:start position:0% +um right okay so we've already discussed + + + align:start position:0% +um right okay so we've already discussed +kind of from our intuition that as as + + align:start position:0% +kind of from our intuition that as as + + + align:start position:0% +kind of from our intuition that as as +the you know as e toal goes to Infinity + + align:start position:0% +the you know as e toal goes to Infinity + + + align:start position:0% +the you know as e toal goes to Infinity +then the fraction bound supposed to go + + align:start position:0% +then the fraction bound supposed to go + + + align:start position:0% +then the fraction bound supposed to go +what to to zero we decided right and + + align:start position:0% +what to to zero we decided right and + + + align:start position:0% +what to to zero we decided right and +does does that this expression do that + + align:start position:0% +does does that this expression do that + + + align:start position:0% +does does that this expression do that +well this is s not s total yes so this + + align:start position:0% +well this is s not s total yes so this + + + align:start position:0% +well this is s not s total yes so this +is s not s total and this is the really + + align:start position:0% +is s not s total and this is the really + + + align:start position:0% +is s not s total and this is the really +this is the thing that it's it's once + + align:start position:0% +this is the thing that it's it's once + + + align:start position:0% +this is the thing that it's it's once +again really easy to screw this up okay + + align:start position:0% +again really easy to screw this up okay + + + align:start position:0% +again really easy to screw this up okay +because um in in many contexts S and S + + align:start position:0% +because um in in many contexts S and S + + + align:start position:0% +because um in in many contexts S and S +total are the same thing especially in + + align:start position:0% +total are the same thing especially in + + + align:start position:0% +total are the same thing especially in +the context of enzyme kinetics it's + + align:start position:0% +the context of enzyme kinetics it's + + + align:start position:0% +the context of enzyme kinetics it's +often the case that the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +often the case that the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +often the case that the concentration of +enzymes is really low and and then the + + align:start position:0% +enzymes is really low and and then the + + + align:start position:0% +enzymes is really low and and then the +substrate concentration is huge so then + + align:start position:0% +substrate concentration is huge so then + + + align:start position:0% +substrate concentration is huge so then +S and S total we can really treat as + + align:start position:0% +S and S total we can really treat as + + + align:start position:0% +S and S total we can really treat as +being interchangeable okay but um but + + align:start position:0% +being interchangeable okay but um but + + + align:start position:0% +being interchangeable okay but um but +here you know but in the general context + + align:start position:0% +here you know but in the general context + + + align:start position:0% +here you know but in the general context +you know we can't and and this + + align:start position:0% +you know we can't and and this + + + align:start position:0% +you know we can't and and this +concentration of s this thing is a + + align:start position:0% +concentration of s this thing is a + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of s this thing is a +function of the concentration of the + + align:start position:0% +function of the concentration of the + + + align:start position:0% +function of the concentration of the +enzyme okay so this this this guy here + + align:start position:0% +enzyme okay so this this this guy here + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme okay so this this this guy here +it's um it's a function of well how much + + align:start position:0% +it's um it's a function of well how much + + + align:start position:0% +it's um it's a function of well how much +the total amount of substrate you add + + align:start position:0% +the total amount of substrate you add + + + align:start position:0% +the total amount of substrate you add +and also + + align:start position:0% +and also + + + align:start position:0% +and also +e total and for that matter KD + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right okay um okay so really I mean th + + align:start position:0% +right okay um okay so really I mean th + + + align:start position:0% +right okay um okay so really I mean th +this thing is a it's it's it's like a + + align:start position:0% +this thing is a it's it's it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is a it's it's it's like a +true statement but it's it's very + + align:start position:0% +true statement but it's it's very + + + align:start position:0% +true statement but it's it's very +misleading if you're if you're not + + align:start position:0% +misleading if you're if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +misleading if you're if you're not +keeping track of what these things mean + + align:start position:0% +keeping track of what these things mean + + + align:start position:0% +keeping track of what these things mean +because because this thing is very + + align:start position:0% +because because this thing is very + + + align:start position:0% +because because this thing is very +simple um except for the that it's + + align:start position:0% +simple um except for the that it's + + + align:start position:0% +simple um except for the that it's +really actually complicated because this + + align:start position:0% +really actually complicated because this + + + align:start position:0% +really actually complicated because this +s actually depends on everything + + align:start position:0% +s actually depends on everything + + + align:start position:0% +s actually depends on everything +right um now there's one context in + + align:start position:0% +right um now there's one context in + + + align:start position:0% +right um now there's one context in +which you can be I think safe and + + align:start position:0% +which you can be I think safe and + + + align:start position:0% +which you can be I think safe and +assuming that S and S total are the same + + align:start position:0% +assuming that S and S total are the same + + + align:start position:0% +assuming that S and S total are the same +and that's in the limit of for example e + + align:start position:0% +and that's in the limit of for example e + + + align:start position:0% +and that's in the limit of for example e +total going to zero so if you just have + + align:start position:0% +total going to zero so if you just have + + + align:start position:0% +total going to zero so if you just have +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +enzyme then this expression is + + align:start position:0% +enzyme then this expression is + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme then this expression is +essentially always valid right I mean + + align:start position:0% +essentially always valid right I mean + + + align:start position:0% +essentially always valid right I mean +okay every now and you know you might be + + align:start position:0% +okay every now and you know you might be + + + align:start position:0% +okay every now and you know you might be +using up one of your substrate molecules + + align:start position:0% +using up one of your substrate molecules + + + align:start position:0% +using up one of your substrate molecules +occasionally right but but it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +occasionally right but but it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +occasionally right but but it's pretty +safe to say that in the limit of e total + + align:start position:0% +safe to say that in the limit of e total + + + align:start position:0% +safe to say that in the limit of e total +going to zero when it's just in the + + align:start position:0% +going to zero when it's just in the + + + align:start position:0% +going to zero when it's just in the +limit of one enzyme then you then it's + + align:start position:0% +limit of one enzyme then you then it's + + + align:start position:0% +limit of one enzyme then you then it's +really just described by a curve that + + align:start position:0% +really just described by a curve that + + + align:start position:0% +really just described by a curve that +looks like this okay and this curve is + + align:start position:0% +looks like this okay and this curve is + + + align:start position:0% +looks like this okay and this curve is +something that you see over and over and + + align:start position:0% +something that you see over and over and + + + align:start position:0% +something that you see over and over and +over + + align:start position:0% +over + + + align:start position:0% +over +again right and this is the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +again right and this is the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +again right and this is the fundamental +reason that Michaela Menan kinetics + + align:start position:0% +reason that Michaela Menan kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +reason that Michaela Menan kinetics +looks the way it does okay um but this + + align:start position:0% +looks the way it does okay um but this + + + align:start position:0% +looks the way it does okay um but this +is going to be very useful for for us + + align:start position:0% +is going to be very useful for for us + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be very useful for for us +because in many uh context that we're + + align:start position:0% +because in many uh context that we're + + + align:start position:0% +because in many uh context that we're +interested in we want to think about for + + align:start position:0% +interested in we want to think about for + + + align:start position:0% +interested in we want to think about for +example the uh the rate of expression of + + align:start position:0% +example the uh the rate of expression of + + + align:start position:0% +example the uh the rate of expression of +um some some Gene right what we want to + + align:start position:0% +um some some Gene right what we want to + + + align:start position:0% +um some some Gene right what we want to +know about is the fraction of the time + + align:start position:0% +know about is the fraction of the time + + + align:start position:0% +know about is the fraction of the time +that it's going to be bound by say a + + align:start position:0% +that it's going to be bound by say a + + + align:start position:0% +that it's going to be bound by say a +transcription Factor right so then in + + align:start position:0% +transcription Factor right so then in + + + align:start position:0% +transcription Factor right so then in +the simplest case we get + + align:start position:0% +the simplest case we get + + + align:start position:0% +the simplest case we get +an input output relationship that is + + align:start position:0% +an input output relationship that is + + + align:start position:0% +an input output relationship that is +just given by this because that uh + + align:start position:0% +just given by this because that uh + + + align:start position:0% +just given by this because that uh +there's just one or few copies of that + + align:start position:0% +there's just one or few copies of that + + + align:start position:0% +there's just one or few copies of that +DNA so it doesn't really sequester the + + align:start position:0% +DNA so it doesn't really sequester the + + + align:start position:0% +DNA so it doesn't really sequester the +transcription Factor that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +transcription Factor that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +transcription Factor that's going to be +binding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it are + + align:start position:0% +it are + + + align:start position:0% +it are +there do you guys understand why this is + + align:start position:0% +there do you guys understand why this is + + + align:start position:0% +there do you guys understand why this is +weird + + align:start position:0% +weird + + + align:start position:0% +weird +but ways thing you have you have to be + + align:start position:0% +but ways thing you have you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +but ways thing you have you have to be +careful of so forth + + align:start position:0% +careful of so forth + + + align:start position:0% +careful of so forth +okay all right and and more generally I + + align:start position:0% +okay all right and and more generally I + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right and and more generally I +I strongly recommend that um in all of + + align:start position:0% +I strongly recommend that um in all of + + + align:start position:0% +I strongly recommend that um in all of +these sorts of problems it's good to + + align:start position:0% +these sorts of problems it's good to + + + align:start position:0% +these sorts of problems it's good to +just plot some things right so plot for + + align:start position:0% +just plot some things right so plot for + + + align:start position:0% +just plot some things right so plot for +example the fractioned bound is a + + align:start position:0% +example the fractioned bound is a + + + align:start position:0% +example the fractioned bound is a +function of you know if you vary the + + align:start position:0% +function of you know if you vary the + + + align:start position:0% +function of you know if you vary the +substr concentration so because this um + + align:start position:0% +substr concentration so because this um + + + align:start position:0% +substr concentration so because this um +you know often you think that you know + + align:start position:0% +you know often you think that you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know often you think that you know +what's going on and then and then when + + align:start position:0% +what's going on and then and then when + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on and then and then when +you just go and sit down to like draw + + align:start position:0% +you just go and sit down to like draw + + + align:start position:0% +you just go and sit down to like draw +some curve just to get your intuition + + align:start position:0% +some curve just to get your intuition + + + align:start position:0% +some curve just to get your intuition +you realize you don't know where it + + align:start position:0% +you realize you don't know where it + + + align:start position:0% +you realize you don't know where it +starts you don't know where it ends you + + align:start position:0% +starts you don't know where it ends you + + + align:start position:0% +starts you don't know where it ends you +don't know what it does in between you + + align:start position:0% +don't know what it does in between you + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what it does in between you +know and you know it's embarrassing but + + align:start position:0% +know and you know it's embarrassing but + + + align:start position:0% +know and you know it's embarrassing but +it's only when you sit down and try to + + align:start position:0% +it's only when you sit down and try to + + + align:start position:0% +it's only when you sit down and try to +do something like that that you realize + + align:start position:0% +do something like that that you realize + + + align:start position:0% +do something like that that you realize +that that it's not obvious right um so + + align:start position:0% +that that it's not obvious right um so + + + align:start position:0% +that that it's not obvious right um so +just for example it's useful to imagine + + align:start position:0% +just for example it's useful to imagine + + + align:start position:0% +just for example it's useful to imagine +a situation just between like a similar + + align:start position:0% +a situation just between like a similar + + + align:start position:0% +a situation just between like a similar +e and s where if we just for the sake of + + align:start position:0% +e and s where if we just for the sake of + + + align:start position:0% +e and s where if we just for the sake of +argument say that s total is um is + + align:start position:0% +argument say that s total is um is + + + align:start position:0% +argument say that s total is um is +around this uh this + + align:start position:0% +around this uh this + + + align:start position:0% +around this uh this +KD + + align:start position:0% +KD + + + align:start position:0% +KD +okay right now what we want to do is + + align:start position:0% +okay right now what we want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +okay right now what we want to do is +ask what's the fraction + + align:start position:0% +ask what's the fraction + + + align:start position:0% +ask what's the fraction +bound + + align:start position:0% +bound + + + align:start position:0% +bound +uh you know as a function of um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +e total right so we're going to fix + + align:start position:0% +e total right so we're going to fix + + + align:start position:0% +e total right so we're going to fix +total substrate + + align:start position:0% +total substrate + + + align:start position:0% +total substrate +vary the enzyme + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +concentration so we've we already know + + align:start position:0% +concentration so we've we already know + + + align:start position:0% +concentration so we've we already know +what the limit here should be right if + + align:start position:0% +what the limit here should be right if + + + align:start position:0% +what the limit here should be right if +we go to Infinity what does what should + + align:start position:0% +we go to Infinity what does what should + + + align:start position:0% +we go to Infinity what does what should +this go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to zero right um all right so we know + + align:start position:0% +to zero right um all right so we know + + + align:start position:0% +to zero right um all right so we know +that eventually it should go to zero and + + align:start position:0% +that eventually it should go to zero and + + + align:start position:0% +that eventually it should go to zero and +we already uh we already figured that + + align:start position:0% +we already uh we already figured that + + + align:start position:0% +we already uh we already figured that +out for you know kind of any finite + + align:start position:0% +out for you know kind of any finite + + + align:start position:0% +out for you know kind of any finite +substrate concentration right + + align:start position:0% +substrate concentration right + + + align:start position:0% +substrate concentration right +incidentally on um on many of the exams + + align:start position:0% +incidentally on um on many of the exams + + + align:start position:0% +incidentally on um on many of the exams +I will um I will ask for um plots of um + + align:start position:0% +I will um I will ask for um plots of um + + + align:start position:0% +I will um I will ask for um plots of um +curves like this so you know be aware + + align:start position:0% +curves like this so you know be aware + + + align:start position:0% +curves like this so you know be aware +you know there's basically you want to + + align:start position:0% +you know there's basically you want to + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's basically you want to +indicate where it goes on one end where + + align:start position:0% +indicate where it goes on one end where + + + align:start position:0% +indicate where it goes on one end where +it starts and where is it going to start + + align:start position:0% +it starts and where is it going to start + + + align:start position:0% +it starts and where is it going to start +in the limit of e total going to + + align:start position:0% +in the limit of e total going to + + + align:start position:0% +in the limit of e total going to +zero half right because then it's + + align:start position:0% +zero half right because then it's + + + align:start position:0% +zero half right because then it's +actually accurately described by that + + align:start position:0% +actually accurately described by that + + + align:start position:0% +actually accurately described by that +right um okay so we start here this is + + align:start position:0% +right um okay so we start here this is + + + align:start position:0% +right um okay so we start here this is +one so we start at a + + align:start position:0% +one so we start at a + + + align:start position:0% +one so we start at a +half okay and you know it's going to + + align:start position:0% +half okay and you know it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +half okay and you know it's going to +have to go in between those two right + + align:start position:0% +have to go in between those two right + + + align:start position:0% +have to go in between those two right +right so but what's the kind of + + align:start position:0% +right so but what's the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +right so but what's the kind of +characteristic concentration here where + + align:start position:0% +characteristic concentration here where + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic concentration here where +something where it's changing a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lot yeah KD KD is actually the only + + align:start position:0% +lot yeah KD KD is actually the only + + + align:start position:0% +lot yeah KD KD is actually the only +concentration in the problem right so + + align:start position:0% +concentration in the problem right so + + + align:start position:0% +concentration in the problem right so +that means that it that's what sets kind + + align:start position:0% +that means that it that's what sets kind + + + align:start position:0% +that means that it that's what sets kind +of scale and I don't know where whether + + align:start position:0% +of scale and I don't know where whether + + + align:start position:0% +of scale and I don't know where whether +KD exactly where it should be but + + align:start position:0% +KD exactly where it should be but + + + align:start position:0% +KD exactly where it should be but +something in there all right so in these + + align:start position:0% +something in there all right so in these + + + align:start position:0% +something in there all right so in these +sorts you know in these sorts of + + align:start position:0% +sorts you know in these sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +sorts you know in these sorts of +situations you want to kind of get the + + align:start position:0% +situations you want to kind of get the + + + align:start position:0% +situations you want to kind of get the +limits and kind of you know what is it + + align:start position:0% +limits and kind of you know what is it + + + align:start position:0% +limits and kind of you know what is it +that sets the scale you know if there's + + align:start position:0% +that sets the scale you know if there's + + + align:start position:0% +that sets the scale you know if there's +a peak you know where is where is it for + + align:start position:0% +a peak you know where is where is it for + + + align:start position:0% +a peak you know where is where is it for +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +or um all right so I I encourage you + + align:start position:0% +or um all right so I I encourage you + + + align:start position:0% +or um all right so I I encourage you +just for a few kind of toy examples just + + align:start position:0% +just for a few kind of toy examples just + + + align:start position:0% +just for a few kind of toy examples just +draw some of these things it's a fun way + + align:start position:0% +draw some of these things it's a fun way + + + align:start position:0% +draw some of these things it's a fun way +to you know spend a Saturday afternoon + + align:start position:0% +to you know spend a Saturday afternoon + + + align:start position:0% +to you know spend a Saturday afternoon +all right um right are there any other + + align:start position:0% +all right um right are there any other + + + align:start position:0% +all right um right are there any other +question any questions about where uh + + align:start position:0% +question any questions about where uh + + + align:start position:0% +question any questions about where uh +what we've said so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes right um okay so the question is + + align:start position:0% +yes right um okay so the question is + + + align:start position:0% +yes right um okay so the question is +what is uh the fraction of the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +what is uh the fraction of the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +what is uh the fraction of the enzyme +that's bound when uh e total is equal to + + align:start position:0% +that's bound when uh e total is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +that's bound when uh e total is equal to +KD right um and yeah so I think that we + + align:start position:0% +KD right um and yeah so I think that we + + + align:start position:0% +KD right um and yeah so I think that we +could figured out but it might actually + + align:start position:0% +could figured out but it might actually + + + align:start position:0% +could figured out but it might actually +be a little bit of math um let me see if + + align:start position:0% +be a little bit of math um let me see if + + + align:start position:0% +be a little bit of math um let me see if +it's yeah so I I I can't I I know I + + align:start position:0% +it's yeah so I I I can't I I know I + + + align:start position:0% +it's yeah so I I I can't I I know I +would have to I'd have to think about it + + align:start position:0% +would have to I'd have to think about it + + + align:start position:0% +would have to I'd have to think about it +but you know it's going to be around + + align:start position:0% +but you know it's going to be around + + + align:start position:0% +but you know it's going to be around +like a third or A fifth or you know I + + align:start position:0% +like a third or A fifth or you know I + + + align:start position:0% +like a third or A fifth or you know I +mean somewhere in there + + align:start position:0% +mean somewhere in there + + + align:start position:0% +mean somewhere in there +um okay but if if somebody gets bored + + align:start position:0% +um okay but if if somebody gets bored + + + align:start position:0% +um okay but if if somebody gets bored +with what I'm saying they can do the + + align:start position:0% +with what I'm saying they can do the + + + align:start position:0% +with what I'm saying they can do the +calculation and report to us the end of + + align:start position:0% +calculation and report to us the end of + + + align:start position:0% +calculation and report to us the end of +class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um um okay so um right so this what + + align:start position:0% +um um okay so um right so this what + + + align:start position:0% +um um okay so um right so this what +we've just done uh it it it's um you + + align:start position:0% +we've just done uh it it it's um you + + + align:start position:0% +we've just done uh it it it's um you +know it feels like you know a lot of + + align:start position:0% +know it feels like you know a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +know it feels like you know a lot of +time to spend on like two molecules + + align:start position:0% +time to spend on like two molecules + + + align:start position:0% +time to spend on like two molecules +binding to each other right but um but I + + align:start position:0% +binding to each other right but um but I + + + align:start position:0% +binding to each other right but um but I +think that it's good to just make sure + + align:start position:0% +think that it's good to just make sure + + + align:start position:0% +think that it's good to just make sure +that you're comfortable uh with the + + align:start position:0% +that you're comfortable uh with the + + + align:start position:0% +that you're comfortable uh with the +simplest kind of process before you + + align:start position:0% +simplest kind of process before you + + + align:start position:0% +simplest kind of process before you +start thinking about things that are + + align:start position:0% +start thinking about things that are + + + align:start position:0% +start thinking about things that are +super complicated for example okay Mel + + align:start position:0% +super complicated for example okay Mel + + + align:start position:0% +super complicated for example okay Mel +SM kinetics all right um okay so this + + align:start position:0% +SM kinetics all right um okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +SM kinetics all right um okay so this +not super complicated but uh all right + + align:start position:0% +not super complicated but uh all right + + + align:start position:0% +not super complicated but uh all right +all right e plus s right so now it's the + + align:start position:0% +all right e plus s right so now it's the + + + align:start position:0% +all right e plus s right so now it's the +same thing here where we have uh there's + + align:start position:0% +same thing here where we have uh there's + + + align:start position:0% +same thing here where we have uh there's +K forward K reverse to this complex but + + align:start position:0% +K forward K reverse to this complex but + + + align:start position:0% +K forward K reverse to this complex but +here at some rate Kat the enzyme does + + align:start position:0% +here at some rate Kat the enzyme does + + + align:start position:0% +here at some rate Kat the enzyme does +something right turns it into a product + + align:start position:0% +something right turns it into a product + + + align:start position:0% +something right turns it into a product +okay um now uh this is you know a model + + align:start position:0% +okay um now uh this is you know a model + + + align:start position:0% +okay um now uh this is you know a model +of how an enzyme works right um it um is + + align:start position:0% +of how an enzyme works right um it um is + + + align:start position:0% +of how an enzyme works right um it um is +not a perfect description of uh reality + + align:start position:0% +not a perfect description of uh reality + + + align:start position:0% +not a perfect description of uh reality +in um any given case or in general right + + align:start position:0% +in um any given case or in general right + + + align:start position:0% +in um any given case or in general right +right what's the most obvious possible + + align:start position:0% +right what's the most obvious possible + + + align:start position:0% +right what's the most obvious possible +point of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +concern yeah no way to back no way to go + + align:start position:0% +concern yeah no way to back no way to go + + + align:start position:0% +concern yeah no way to back no way to go +back well that's okay what's the matter + + align:start position:0% +back well that's okay what's the matter + + + align:start position:0% +back well that's okay what's the matter +with that well sometimes there is well + + align:start position:0% +with that well sometimes there is well + + + align:start position:0% +with that well sometimes there is well +sometimes there is okay yeah um right + + align:start position:0% +sometimes there is okay yeah um right + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes there is okay yeah um right +okay so that's that's one right so um + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's one right so um + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's that's one right so um +but I'd say the problem is in some ways + + align:start position:0% +but I'd say the problem is in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +but I'd say the problem is in some ways +more fundamental than just sometimes + + align:start position:0% +more fundamental than just sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +more fundamental than just sometimes +there is though right and and you know + + align:start position:0% +there is though right and and you know + + + align:start position:0% +there is though right and and you know +what's the um because I mean right I + + align:start position:0% +what's the um because I mean right I + + + align:start position:0% +what's the um because I mean right I +mean uh okay right it's true that + + align:start position:0% +mean uh okay right it's true that + + + align:start position:0% +mean uh okay right it's true that +sometimes but sometimes lots of things + + align:start position:0% +sometimes but sometimes lots of things + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes but sometimes lots of things +happen right sometimes you know the the + + align:start position:0% +happen right sometimes you know the the + + + align:start position:0% +happen right sometimes you know the the +enzyme binds two substrates I I don't + + align:start position:0% +enzyme binds two substrates I I don't + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme binds two substrates I I don't +know I mean you know so there you know + + align:start position:0% +know I mean you know so there you know + + + align:start position:0% +know I mean you know so there you know +on any specific case there there are + + align:start position:0% +on any specific case there there are + + + align:start position:0% +on any specific case there there are +many ways that this thing can fail right + + align:start position:0% +many ways that this thing can fail right + + + align:start position:0% +many ways that this thing can fail right +but I guess but on a fundament this this + + align:start position:0% +but I guess but on a fundament this this + + + align:start position:0% +but I guess but on a fundament this this +is there's a more fundamental sense of + + align:start position:0% +is there's a more fundamental sense of + + + align:start position:0% +is there's a more fundamental sense of +which it's a problem yeah the rate which + + align:start position:0% +which it's a problem yeah the rate which + + + align:start position:0% +which it's a problem yeah the rate which +it P doesn't depend on any other like + + align:start position:0% +it P doesn't depend on any other like + + + align:start position:0% +it P doesn't depend on any other like +small molecules other Concentra okay + + align:start position:0% +small molecules other Concentra okay + + + align:start position:0% +small molecules other Concentra okay +right so yeah that's right so what Sam + + align:start position:0% +right so yeah that's right so what Sam + + + align:start position:0% +right so yeah that's right so what Sam +is saying is all right well you know + + align:start position:0% +is saying is all right well you know + + + align:start position:0% +is saying is all right well you know +this K cat is not a function of other + + align:start position:0% +this K cat is not a function of other + + + align:start position:0% +this K cat is not a function of other +things and yeah yeah know no that's true + + align:start position:0% +things and yeah yeah know no that's true + + + align:start position:0% +things and yeah yeah know no that's true +it's true and and in many cases it might + + align:start position:0% +it's true and and in many cases it might + + + align:start position:0% +it's true and and in many cases it might +but um but I I guess what I'm really + + align:start position:0% +but um but I I guess what I'm really + + + align:start position:0% +but um but I I guess what I'm really +trying to ask is um I mean there's a + + align:start position:0% +trying to ask is um I mean there's a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to ask is um I mean there's a +real sense in which this thing is + + align:start position:0% +real sense in which this thing is + + + align:start position:0% +real sense in which this thing is +failing fundamentally kind of for any + + align:start position:0% +failing fundamentally kind of for any + + + align:start position:0% +failing fundamentally kind of for any +enzyme and I I just want to make sure + + align:start position:0% +enzyme and I I just want to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme and I I just want to make sure +that we're all + + align:start position:0% +that we're all + + + align:start position:0% +that we're all +yeah dissociation of p and and what from + + align:start position:0% +yeah dissociation of p and and what from + + + align:start position:0% +yeah dissociation of p and and what from +the en okay so so what's the matter with + + align:start position:0% +the en okay so so what's the matter with + + + align:start position:0% +the en okay so so what's the matter with +that you don't like the + + align:start position:0% +that you don't like the + + + align:start position:0% +that you don't like the +dissociation don't have dissociation + + align:start position:0% +dissociation don't have dissociation + + + align:start position:0% +dissociation don't have dissociation +you're + + align:start position:0% +you're + + + align:start position:0% +you're +assuming oh I'm right I'm assuming that + + align:start position:0% +assuming oh I'm right I'm assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +assuming oh I'm right I'm assuming that +yeah although you know you I you know + + align:start position:0% +yeah although you know you I you know + + + align:start position:0% +yeah although you know you I you know +could are you oh well Kat is some kind + + align:start position:0% +could are you oh well Kat is some kind + + + align:start position:0% +could are you oh well Kat is some kind +of bulk parameter that tells you about + + align:start position:0% +of bulk parameter that tells you about + + + align:start position:0% +of bulk parameter that tells you about +the rate of breaking some Bond and + + align:start position:0% +the rate of breaking some Bond and + + + align:start position:0% +the rate of breaking some Bond and +dissociating and you know it's a you + + align:start position:0% +dissociating and you know it's a you + + + align:start position:0% +dissociating and you know it's a you +know it's it's a simple model you know + + align:start position:0% +know it's it's a simple model you know + + + align:start position:0% +know it's it's a simple model you know +we don't want to um ask too much of it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you K reverse is hug K reverse is huge + + align:start position:0% +you K reverse is hug K reverse is huge + + + align:start position:0% +you K reverse is hug K reverse is huge +well I haven't told you what K reverse + + align:start position:0% +well I haven't told you what K reverse + + + align:start position:0% +well I haven't told you what K reverse +is so no it's not + + align:start position:0% +is so no it's not + + + align:start position:0% +is so no it's not +huge no yeah I mean it could be I mean + + align:start position:0% +huge no yeah I mean it could be I mean + + + align:start position:0% +huge no yeah I mean it could be I mean +so far we haven't said anything about + + align:start position:0% +so far we haven't said anything about + + + align:start position:0% +so far we haven't said anything about +what it is right um + + align:start position:0% +what it is right um + + + align:start position:0% +what it is right um +I me what are the fundamental properties + + align:start position:0% +I me what are the fundamental properties + + + align:start position:0% +I me what are the fundamental properties +of an enzyme or a catalyst for that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matter you know when when you go home + + align:start position:0% +matter you know when when you go home + + + align:start position:0% +matter you know when when you go home +for Thanksgiving you know your + + align:start position:0% +for Thanksgiving you know your + + + align:start position:0% +for Thanksgiving you know your +grandmother asks you you know honey tell + + align:start position:0% +grandmother asks you you know honey tell + + + align:start position:0% +grandmother asks you you know honey tell +me what's a + + align:start position:0% +me what's a + + + align:start position:0% +me what's a +catalyst get used the reaction what's + + align:start position:0% +catalyst get used the reaction what's + + + align:start position:0% +catalyst get used the reaction what's +that doesn't get used up all right so it + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't get used up all right so it + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't get used up all right so it +doesn't get used up in the reaction okay + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get used up in the reaction okay + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't get used up in the reaction okay +perfect all right not used up okay + + align:start position:0% +perfect all right not used up okay + + + align:start position:0% +perfect all right not used up okay +that's um and um and does this model + + align:start position:0% +that's um and um and does this model + + + align:start position:0% +that's um and um and does this model +violate that + + align:start position:0% +violate that + + + align:start position:0% +violate that +no no okay so all right so Grandma's + + align:start position:0% +no no okay so all right so Grandma's + + + align:start position:0% +no no okay so all right so Grandma's +happy okay so + + align:start position:0% +happy okay so + + + align:start position:0% +happy okay so +um yeah what what other yes maybe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +likea I don't know right so so that's + + align:start position:0% +likea I don't know right so so that's + + + align:start position:0% +likea I don't know right so so that's +true that you know some enzymes you can + + align:start position:0% +true that you know some enzymes you can + + + align:start position:0% +true that you know some enzymes you can +activate deactivate you know how would + + align:start position:0% +activate deactivate you know how would + + + align:start position:0% +activate deactivate you know how would +you deactivate a protein enzyme if you + + align:start position:0% +you deactivate a protein enzyme if you + + + align:start position:0% +you deactivate a protein enzyme if you +wanted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to yeah you can denat it from heat or + + align:start position:0% +to yeah you can denat it from heat or + + + align:start position:0% +to yeah you can denat it from heat or +you know salt but that's you know um you + + align:start position:0% +you know salt but that's you know um you + + + align:start position:0% +you know salt but that's you know um you +know what + + align:start position:0% +know what + + + align:start position:0% +know what +that's um maybe not you one of the most + + align:start position:0% +that's um maybe not you one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +that's um maybe not you one of the most +fundamental yeah you have from + + align:start position:0% +fundamental yeah you have from + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental yeah you have from +without right so maybe there should be a + + align:start position:0% +without right so maybe there should be a + + + align:start position:0% +without right so maybe there should be a +rate s top without the enzyme yeah I + + align:start position:0% +rate s top without the enzyme yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +rate s top without the enzyme yeah I +mean although you know I'm just trying + + align:start position:0% +mean although you know I'm just trying + + + align:start position:0% +mean although you know I'm just trying +to tell you about the rate of what the + + align:start position:0% +to tell you about the rate of what the + + + align:start position:0% +to tell you about the rate of what the +enzyme is doing you know so you could + + align:start position:0% +enzyme is doing you know so you could + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme is doing you know so you could +write a different equation right but I + + align:start position:0% +write a different equation right but I + + + align:start position:0% +write a different equation right but I +guess you know in this you know if I + + align:start position:0% +guess you know in this you know if I + + + align:start position:0% +guess you know in this you know if I +just let this model go to Infinity then + + align:start position:0% +just let this model go to Infinity then + + + align:start position:0% +just let this model go to Infinity then +what happens you get P you get p and and + + align:start position:0% +what happens you get P you get p and and + + + align:start position:0% +what happens you get P you get p and and +and how much p is it a lot of p a little + + align:start position:0% +and how much p is it a lot of p a little + + + align:start position:0% +and how much p is it a lot of p a little +bit of P + + align:start position:0% +bit of P + + + align:start position:0% +bit of P +yeah it's all P right and how much + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's all P right and how much + + + align:start position:0% +yeah it's all P right and how much +substrate none right so it's so if I + + align:start position:0% +substrate none right so it's so if I + + + align:start position:0% +substrate none right so it's so if I +just let this go you have zero substrate + + align:start position:0% +just let this go you have zero substrate + + + align:start position:0% +just let this go you have zero substrate +all product right is is that okay I mean + + align:start position:0% +all product right is is that okay I mean + + + align:start position:0% +all product right is is that okay I mean +is that in + + align:start position:0% +is that in + + + align:start position:0% +is that in +general yeah + + align:start position:0% +general yeah + + + align:start position:0% +general yeah +no s I like product you know no I mean + + align:start position:0% +no s I like product you know no I mean + + + align:start position:0% +no s I like product you know no I mean +there um no but I mean what + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um time how much time + + align:start position:0% +um time how much time + + + align:start position:0% +um time how much time +um well we can calculate what the V is + + align:start position:0% +um well we can calculate what the V is + + + align:start position:0% +um well we can calculate what the V is +in this model and then we could figure + + align:start position:0% +in this model and then we could figure + + + align:start position:0% +in this model and then we could figure +out what the you know um yeah so in this + + align:start position:0% +out what the you know um yeah so in this + + + align:start position:0% +out what the you know um yeah so in this +model indeed you know it all goes but + + align:start position:0% +model indeed you know it all goes but + + + align:start position:0% +model indeed you know it all goes but +you know there but there's something + + align:start position:0% +you know there but there's something + + + align:start position:0% +you know there but there's something +wrong with that um and normally I + + align:start position:0% +wrong with that um and normally I + + + align:start position:0% +wrong with that um and normally I +wouldn't want to belabor the point but + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't want to belabor the point but + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't want to belabor the point but +it but it's worth belaboring maybe um + + align:start position:0% +it but it's worth belaboring maybe um + + + align:start position:0% +it but it's worth belaboring maybe um +yeah if we had a back reaction then that + + align:start position:0% +yeah if we had a back reaction then that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah if we had a back reaction then that +wouldn't happen right okay so this gets + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't happen right okay so this gets + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't happen right okay so this gets +back to your back reaction right you + + align:start position:0% +back to your back reaction right you + + + align:start position:0% +back to your back reaction right you +know um and and I it's I like the back + + align:start position:0% +know um and and I it's I like the back + + + align:start position:0% +know um and and I it's I like the back +know but it's just you know that's + + align:start position:0% +know but it's just you know that's + + + align:start position:0% +know but it's just you know that's +that's why I saying there was something + + align:start position:0% +that's why I saying there was something + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I saying there was something +a little B more fundamental than the way + + align:start position:0% +a little B more fundamental than the way + + + align:start position:0% +a little B more fundamental than the way +you phrased it was my concern right and + + align:start position:0% +you phrased it was my concern right and + + + align:start position:0% +you phrased it was my concern right and +because what you said is oh that there + + align:start position:0% +because what you said is oh that there + + + align:start position:0% +because what you said is oh that there +might be some back rate right and I + + align:start position:0% +might be some back rate right and I + + + align:start position:0% +might be some back rate right and I +guess what I what I would say is that um + + align:start position:0% +guess what I what I would say is that um + + + align:start position:0% +guess what I what I would say is that um +you know there's kind of you know always + + align:start position:0% +you know there's kind of you know always + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's kind of you know always +some backr or that that the the the that + + align:start position:0% +some backr or that that the the the that + + + align:start position:0% +some backr or that that the the the that +the equilibri no no no but this is + + align:start position:0% +the equilibri no no no but this is + + + align:start position:0% +the equilibri no no no but this is +fundamental right the equilibrium ratio + + align:start position:0% +fundamental right the equilibrium ratio + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental right the equilibrium ratio +between S and P how does the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +between S and P how does the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +between S and P how does the enzyme +change it it doesn't change it right so + + align:start position:0% +change it it doesn't change it right so + + + align:start position:0% +change it it doesn't change it right so +if you take the enzyme invertase right + + align:start position:0% +if you take the enzyme invertase right + + + align:start position:0% +if you take the enzyme invertase right +and you put it in a test tube with super + + align:start position:0% +and you put it in a test tube with super + + + align:start position:0% +and you put it in a test tube with super +OSS it's going to break down almost all + + align:start position:0% +OSS it's going to break down almost all + + + align:start position:0% +OSS it's going to break down almost all +that sucrose right really fast or it's + + align:start position:0% +that sucrose right really fast or it's + + + align:start position:0% +that sucrose right really fast or it's +going to speed speed things up by factor + + align:start position:0% +going to speed speed things up by factor + + + align:start position:0% +going to speed speed things up by factor +of you know 10 to the five I don't know + + align:start position:0% +of you know 10 to the five I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +of you know 10 to the five I don't know +by a lot okay but if you leave it in + + align:start position:0% +by a lot okay but if you leave it in + + + align:start position:0% +by a lot okay but if you leave it in +that you leave the test tube for a year + + align:start position:0% +that you leave the test tube for a year + + + align:start position:0% +that you leave the test tube for a year +comes to an equilibrium with the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +comes to an equilibrium with the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +comes to an equilibrium with the enzyme +if you left it in the test tube without + + align:start position:0% +if you left it in the test tube without + + + align:start position:0% +if you left it in the test tube without +the enzyme for you know a million years + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme for you know a million years + + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme for you know a million years +you would get to the same outcome okay + + align:start position:0% +you would get to the same outcome okay + + + align:start position:0% +you would get to the same outcome okay +you come to some + + align:start position:0% +you come to some + + + align:start position:0% +you come to some +equilibrium between the the substrate + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium between the the substrate + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium between the the substrate +and the product and that's a function of + + align:start position:0% +and the product and that's a function of + + + align:start position:0% +and the product and that's a function of +the of the of the kinetics right there's + + align:start position:0% +the of the of the kinetics right there's + + + align:start position:0% +the of the of the kinetics right there's +you know there's a Delta G and so forth + + align:start position:0% +you know there's a Delta G and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's a Delta G and so forth +right but the important point is that + + align:start position:0% +right but the important point is that + + + align:start position:0% +right but the important point is that +the enzy does not change that + + align:start position:0% +the enzy does not change that + + + align:start position:0% +the enzy does not change that +equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium +okay right yes question this model + + align:start position:0% +okay right yes question this model + + + align:start position:0% +okay right yes question this model +effec it in a test for million years + + align:start position:0% +effec it in a test for million years + + + align:start position:0% +effec it in a test for million years +then you the ATP be cons all you keep + + align:start position:0% +then you the ATP be cons all you keep + + + align:start position:0% +then you the ATP be cons all you keep +you know providing ATP then you should + + align:start position:0% +you know providing ATP then you should + + + align:start position:0% +you know providing ATP then you should +okay well first of all not all enzymes + + align:start position:0% +okay well first of all not all enzymes + + + align:start position:0% +okay well first of all not all enzymes +actually are coupled to ATP so ATP is a + + align:start position:0% +actually are coupled to ATP so ATP is a + + + align:start position:0% +actually are coupled to ATP so ATP is a +way of like putting in a big Delta G + + align:start position:0% +way of like putting in a big Delta G + + + align:start position:0% +way of like putting in a big Delta G +right so that you can really push things + + align:start position:0% +right so that you can really push things + + + align:start position:0% +right so that you can really push things +far right but I you know and and ATP + + align:start position:0% +far right but I you know and and ATP + + + align:start position:0% +far right but I you know and and ATP +could in principle be included as a as a + + align:start position:0% +could in principle be included as a as a + + + align:start position:0% +could in principle be included as a as a +co-act you know then you take the + + align:start position:0% +co-act you know then you take the + + + align:start position:0% +co-act you know then you take the +overall Delta G of that and then and + + align:start position:0% +overall Delta G of that and then and + + + align:start position:0% +overall Delta G of that and then and +then calculate it um but you know if you + + align:start position:0% +then calculate it um but you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +then calculate it um but you know if you +want to keep on adding it you could then + + align:start position:0% +want to keep on adding it you could then + + + align:start position:0% +want to keep on adding it you could then +it complicates things but I think for + + align:start position:0% +it complicates things but I think for + + + align:start position:0% +it complicates things but I think for +many enzymes it's it's more + + align:start position:0% +many enzymes it's it's more + + + align:start position:0% +many enzymes it's it's more +straightforward just think about enzymes + + align:start position:0% +straightforward just think about enzymes + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward just think about enzymes +that don't require any extra input of + + align:start position:0% +that don't require any extra input of + + + align:start position:0% +that don't require any extra input of +energy right so they're just lowering + + align:start position:0% +energy right so they're just lowering + + + align:start position:0% +energy right so they're just lowering +the energy barrier and they're just + + align:start position:0% +the energy barrier and they're just + + + align:start position:0% +the energy barrier and they're just +speeding up the rate of reaction but the + + align:start position:0% +speeding up the rate of reaction but the + + + align:start position:0% +speeding up the rate of reaction but the +important point there is that they're + + align:start position:0% +important point there is that they're + + + align:start position:0% +important point there is that they're +speeding up both + + align:start position:0% +speeding up both + + + align:start position:0% +speeding up both +rates okay + + align:start position:0% +rates okay + + + align:start position:0% +rates okay +right so the equilibrium between those + + align:start position:0% +right so the equilibrium between those + + + align:start position:0% +right so the equilibrium between those +two is not going to change right and + + align:start position:0% +two is not going to change right and + + + align:start position:0% +two is not going to change right and +that's why you know so this thing it's a + + align:start position:0% +that's why you know so this thing it's a + + + align:start position:0% +that's why you know so this thing it's a +it's a great model you know but it's + + align:start position:0% +it's a great model you know but it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's a great model you know but it's +just it's like all models you have to + + align:start position:0% +just it's like all models you have to + + + align:start position:0% +just it's like all models you have to +make sure you keep track of what the + + align:start position:0% +make sure you keep track of what the + + + align:start position:0% +make sure you keep track of what the +assumptions are going into it okay + + align:start position:0% +assumptions are going into it okay + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions are going into it okay +because this is going to violate the + + align:start position:0% +because this is going to violate the + + + align:start position:0% +because this is going to violate the +laws of physics right if you take this + + align:start position:0% +laws of physics right if you take this + + + align:start position:0% +laws of physics right if you take this +model too + + align:start position:0% +model too + + + align:start position:0% +model too +seriously right yes + + align:start position:0% +seriously right yes + + + align:start position:0% +seriously right yes +IAL viated is why is it not that you can + + align:start position:0% +IAL viated is why is it not that you can + + + align:start position:0% +IAL viated is why is it not that you can +have a stable + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's you never see s how that + + align:start position:0% +that's you never see s how that + + + align:start position:0% +that's you never see s how that +situation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay no all right so but no but the + + align:start position:0% +um okay no all right so but no but the + + + align:start position:0% +um okay no all right so but no but the +same statement that we talked about for + + align:start position:0% +same statement that we talked about for + + + align:start position:0% +same statement that we talked about for +single you know then you would want if + + align:start position:0% +single you know then you would want if + + + align:start position:0% +single you know then you would want if +you had just a single substrate going to + + align:start position:0% +you had just a single substrate going to + + + align:start position:0% +you had just a single substrate going to +product then You' want to look talk + + align:start position:0% +product then You' want to look talk + + + align:start position:0% +product then You' want to look talk +about the time average you know because + + align:start position:0% +about the time average you know because + + + align:start position:0% +about the time average you know because +the thing is that the um the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +the thing is that the um the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +the thing is that the um the equilibrium +is determined by the Delta G of the + + align:start position:0% +is determined by the Delta G of the + + + align:start position:0% +is determined by the Delta G of the +reaction + + align:start position:0% +reaction + + + align:start position:0% +reaction +okay and that's going to determine um + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's going to determine um + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that's going to determine um +the equilibrium whether you have the the + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium whether you have the the + + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium whether you have the the +enzyme there or + + align:start position:0% +enzyme there or + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme there or +not okay so if the if the Delta G is + + align:start position:0% +not okay so if the if the Delta G is + + + align:start position:0% +not okay so if the if the Delta G is +such that it's at equilibrium you know + + align:start position:0% +such that it's at equilibrium you know + + + align:start position:0% +such that it's at equilibrium you know +sort of 90% product 10% substrate okay + + align:start position:0% +sort of 90% product 10% substrate okay + + + align:start position:0% +sort of 90% product 10% substrate okay +then what you can do is well if you + + align:start position:0% +then what you can do is well if you + + + align:start position:0% +then what you can do is well if you +start out with all substrate this model + + align:start position:0% +start out with all substrate this model + + + align:start position:0% +start out with all substrate this model +may work wonderfully right but then as + + align:start position:0% +may work wonderfully right but then as + + + align:start position:0% +may work wonderfully right but then as +you're getting closer to that + + align:start position:0% +you're getting closer to that + + + align:start position:0% +you're getting closer to that +equilibrium then this model is going to + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium then this model is going to + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium then this model is going to +be breaking down because because this + + align:start position:0% +be breaking down because because this + + + align:start position:0% +be breaking down because because this +model is not accounting for the back + + align:start position:0% +model is not accounting for the back + + + align:start position:0% +model is not accounting for the back +reaction as you were saying right but I + + align:start position:0% +reaction as you were saying right but I + + + align:start position:0% +reaction as you were saying right but I +just want to stress that that it's not + + align:start position:0% +just want to stress that that it's not + + + align:start position:0% +just want to stress that that it's not +just like a detail of the model or it's + + align:start position:0% +just like a detail of the model or it's + + + align:start position:0% +just like a detail of the model or it's +not just a failure for some enzymes this + + align:start position:0% +not just a failure for some enzymes this + + + align:start position:0% +not just a failure for some enzymes this +is just this is the way that enzymes + + align:start position:0% +is just this is the way that enzymes + + + align:start position:0% +is just this is the way that enzymes +work okay + + align:start position:0% +work okay + + + align:start position:0% +work okay +um yeah are there other questions about + + align:start position:0% +um yeah are there other questions about + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah are there other questions about +about this or different ways of thinking + + align:start position:0% +about this or different ways of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +about this or different ways of thinking +about it I because I think it is worth + + align:start position:0% +about it I because I think it is worth + + + align:start position:0% +about it I because I think it is worth +um all right okay so not used up it + + align:start position:0% +um all right okay so not used up it + + + align:start position:0% +um all right okay so not used up it +speeds up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reaction uh in both in both directions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can have an En that is only going in + + align:start position:0% +you can have an En that is only going in + + + align:start position:0% +you can have an En that is only going in +one dire really we should we should meet + + align:start position:0% +one dire really we should we should meet + + + align:start position:0% +one dire really we should we should meet +after class and um you can give me your + + align:start position:0% +after class and um you can give me your + + + align:start position:0% +after class and um you can give me your +no no + + align:start position:0% +no no + + + align:start position:0% +no no +mean yeah no it's it's no it's just not + + align:start position:0% +mean yeah no it's it's no it's just not + + + align:start position:0% +mean yeah no it's it's no it's just not +allowed no I mean you know I don't think + + align:start position:0% +allowed no I mean you know I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +allowed no I mean you know I don't think +that it's a matter of um yeah I mean it + + align:start position:0% +that it's a matter of um yeah I mean it + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a matter of um yeah I mean it +so it's it's true that enzymes can can + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's true that enzymes can can + + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's true that enzymes can can +and and this is getting to this the + + align:start position:0% +and and this is getting to this the + + + align:start position:0% +and and this is getting to this the +other I think fundamental point of an + + align:start position:0% +other I think fundamental point of an + + + align:start position:0% +other I think fundamental point of an +enzyme which is that they can especially + + align:start position:0% +enzyme which is that they can especially + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme which is that they can especially +um you know enzymes in biology can be uh + + align:start position:0% +um you know enzymes in biology can be uh + + + align:start position:0% +um you know enzymes in biology can be uh +kind of exquisitly uh specific okay and + + align:start position:0% +kind of exquisitly uh specific okay and + + + align:start position:0% +kind of exquisitly uh specific okay and +this is kind of the what you're saying + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of the what you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +this is kind of the what you're saying +is that it's it's that you know it's + + align:start position:0% +is that it's it's that you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +is that it's it's that you know it's +really only catalyzing this one weird + + align:start position:0% +really only catalyzing this one weird + + + align:start position:0% +really only catalyzing this one weird +reaction going from some funny substrate + + align:start position:0% +reaction going from some funny substrate + + + align:start position:0% +reaction going from some funny substrate +to some funny product right um but that + + align:start position:0% +to some funny product right um but that + + + align:start position:0% +to some funny product right um but that +enzyme + + align:start position:0% +enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme +also speeds up that back reaction going + + align:start position:0% +also speeds up that back reaction going + + + align:start position:0% +also speeds up that back reaction going +from the funny product to the funny um + + align:start position:0% +from the funny product to the funny um + + + align:start position:0% +from the funny product to the funny um +substrate um and that's just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like I don't know the nature of the + + align:start position:0% +like I don't know the nature of the + + + align:start position:0% +like I don't know the nature of the +Beast I I um I'm trying to think of what + + align:start position:0% +Beast I I um I'm trying to think of what + + + align:start position:0% +Beast I I um I'm trying to think of what +I uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +way okay right so it's it does it does + + align:start position:0% +way okay right so it's it does it does + + + align:start position:0% +way okay right so it's it does it does +happen there but then what um what + + align:start position:0% +happen there but then what um what + + + align:start position:0% +happen there but then what um what +they're often doing is they're coupling + + align:start position:0% +they're often doing is they're coupling + + + align:start position:0% +they're often doing is they're coupling +uh they're coupling things to ATP + + align:start position:0% +uh they're coupling things to ATP + + + align:start position:0% +uh they're coupling things to ATP +hydrolysis or something in order to to + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis or something in order to to + + + align:start position:0% +hydrolysis or something in order to to +actually make that reaction uh go go in + + align:start position:0% +actually make that reaction uh go go in + + + align:start position:0% +actually make that reaction uh go go in +in the way the sing in the single way + + align:start position:0% +in the way the sing in the single way + + + align:start position:0% +in the way the sing in the single way +just as kind of like a general statement + + align:start position:0% +just as kind of like a general statement + + + align:start position:0% +just as kind of like a general statement +um you know because the way that these + + align:start position:0% +um you know because the way that these + + + align:start position:0% +um you know because the way that these +things work is that + + align:start position:0% +things work is that + + + align:start position:0% +things work is that +there there's some you know it's over + + align:start position:0% +there there's some you know it's over + + + align:start position:0% +there there's some you know it's over +here and it's over here somehow right + + align:start position:0% +here and it's over here somehow right + + + align:start position:0% +here and it's over here somehow right +and these enzymes they just lower this + + align:start position:0% +and these enzymes they just lower this + + + align:start position:0% +and these enzymes they just lower this +energy barrier right yeah maybe so the + + align:start position:0% +energy barrier right yeah maybe so the + + + align:start position:0% +energy barrier right yeah maybe so the +thing that confused me at first is I was + + align:start position:0% +thing that confused me at first is I was + + + align:start position:0% +thing that confused me at first is I was +just thinking of rates and I think the + + align:start position:0% +just thinking of rates and I think the + + + align:start position:0% +just thinking of rates and I think the +thing that's important is to just + + align:start position:0% +thing that's important is to just + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's important is to just +realize again that the enzy doesn't + + align:start position:0% +realize again that the enzy doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +realize again that the enzy doesn't +change the dyamics right only changes + + align:start position:0% +change the dyamics right only changes + + + align:start position:0% +change the dyamics right only changes +that change where they are so the key + + align:start position:0% +that change where they are so the key + + + align:start position:0% +that change where they are so the key +thing is it doesn't change the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +thing is it doesn't change the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +thing is it doesn't change the ratio of +prod + + align:start position:0% +prod + + + align:start position:0% +prod +sub the rates are relatively right + + align:start position:0% +sub the rates are relatively right + + + align:start position:0% +sub the rates are relatively right +because from a thermodynamic standpoint + + align:start position:0% +because from a thermodynamic standpoint + + + align:start position:0% +because from a thermodynamic standpoint +it's not used up which means there's an + + align:start position:0% +it's not used up which means there's an + + + align:start position:0% +it's not used up which means there's an +enzyme here and an enzyme here right so + + align:start position:0% +enzyme here and an enzyme here right so + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme here and an enzyme here right so +these final States you can think about + + align:start position:0% +these final States you can think about + + + align:start position:0% +these final States you can think about +only in terms of the substrate and the + + align:start position:0% +only in terms of the substrate and the + + + align:start position:0% +only in terms of the substrate and the +product because the en enzyme was there + + align:start position:0% +product because the en enzyme was there + + + align:start position:0% +product because the en enzyme was there +in both in both situ you know both + + align:start position:0% +in both in both situ you know both + + + align:start position:0% +in both in both situ you know both +beginning and ending right yeah so from + + align:start position:0% +beginning and ending right yeah so from + + + align:start position:0% +beginning and ending right yeah so from +a thermodynamic standpoint it's just + + align:start position:0% +a thermodynamic standpoint it's just + + + align:start position:0% +a thermodynamic standpoint it's just +you're not allowed to change one rate + + align:start position:0% +you're not allowed to change one rate + + + align:start position:0% +you're not allowed to change one rate +without the + + align:start position:0% +without the + + + align:start position:0% +without the +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +okay right now uh in um in the reading + + align:start position:0% +okay right now uh in um in the reading + + + align:start position:0% +okay right now uh in um in the reading +you you you saw the the Mel men kinetics + + align:start position:0% +you you you saw the the Mel men kinetics + + + align:start position:0% +you you you saw the the Mel men kinetics +uh and oh I missed this U where you + + align:start position:0% +uh and oh I missed this U where you + + + align:start position:0% +uh and oh I missed this U where you +found that the + + align:start position:0% +found that the + + + align:start position:0% +found that the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that once you reach kind of this + + align:start position:0% +that once you reach kind of this + + + align:start position:0% +that once you reach kind of this +equilibrium between the enzyme uh + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium between the enzyme uh + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium between the enzyme uh +substrate complex the velocity can be + + align:start position:0% +substrate complex the velocity can be + + + align:start position:0% +substrate complex the velocity can be +described by something that is rather + + align:start position:0% +described by something that is rather + + + align:start position:0% +described by something that is rather +simple there's some + + align:start position:0% +simple there's some + + + align:start position:0% +simple there's some +km plus s right um and um and there's + + align:start position:0% +km plus s right um and um and there's + + + align:start position:0% +km plus s right um and um and there's +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +Vmax okay um and if if the substrate uh + + align:start position:0% +Vmax okay um and if if the substrate uh + + + align:start position:0% +Vmax okay um and if if the substrate uh +concentration the total concentration is + + align:start position:0% +concentration the total concentration is + + + align:start position:0% +concentration the total concentration is +very large then this could just be you + + align:start position:0% +very large then this could just be you + + + align:start position:0% +very large then this could just be you +can just think about this as the S total + + align:start position:0% +can just think about this as the S total + + + align:start position:0% +can just think about this as the S total +okay now in this case this is once again + + align:start position:0% +okay now in this case this is once again + + + align:start position:0% +okay now in this case this is once again +can be thought of in this limit of if + + align:start position:0% +can be thought of in this limit of if + + + align:start position:0% +can be thought of in this limit of if +the enzyme concentration is really small + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme concentration is really small + + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme concentration is really small +then this is really just the fraction of + + align:start position:0% +then this is really just the fraction of + + + align:start position:0% +then this is really just the fraction of +the enzyme that's bound right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so we've already spent a lot of + + align:start position:0% +right so we've already spent a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +right so we've already spent a lot of +time thinking about how to get at the + + align:start position:0% +time thinking about how to get at the + + + align:start position:0% +time thinking about how to get at the +fraction bound right and this isn't you + + align:start position:0% +fraction bound right and this isn't you + + + align:start position:0% +fraction bound right and this isn't you +know uh and the question is what should + + align:start position:0% +know uh and the question is what should + + + align:start position:0% +know uh and the question is what should +this km + + align:start position:0% +this km + + + align:start position:0% +this km +be here if we you know now that I've + + align:start position:0% +be here if we you know now that I've + + + align:start position:0% +be here if we you know now that I've +told you that it's the fraction bound is + + align:start position:0% +told you that it's the fraction bound is + + + align:start position:0% +told you that it's the fraction bound is +it just going to be the the same thing + + align:start position:0% +it just going to be the the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +it just going to be the the same thing +that we had before where there is the km + + align:start position:0% +that we had before where there is the km + + + align:start position:0% +that we had before where there is the km +the same thing as the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +KD right so remember before we found + + align:start position:0% +KD right so remember before we found + + + align:start position:0% +KD right so remember before we found +that KD was just KR over + + align:start position:0% +that KD was just KR over + + + align:start position:0% +that KD was just KR over +KF + + align:start position:0% +KF + + + align:start position:0% +KF +okay but if if if you should in + + align:start position:0% +okay but if if if you should in + + + align:start position:0% +okay but if if if you should in +principle be able to just look at that + + align:start position:0% +principle be able to just look at that + + + align:start position:0% +principle be able to just look at that +and kind of say what the fraction bound + + align:start position:0% +and kind of say what the fraction bound + + + align:start position:0% +and kind of say what the fraction bound +should + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be yes right because now it's really if + + align:start position:0% +be yes right because now it's really if + + + align:start position:0% +be yes right because now it's really if +from the standpoint of the + + align:start position:0% +from the standpoint of the + + + align:start position:0% +from the standpoint of the +enzyme right there's some rate at which + + align:start position:0% +enzyme right there's some rate at which + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme right there's some rate at which +you form the complex + + align:start position:0% +you form the complex + + + align:start position:0% +you form the complex +and now the lifetime of that complex has + + align:start position:0% +and now the lifetime of that complex has + + + align:start position:0% +and now the lifetime of that complex has +been reduced because now there are two + + align:start position:0% +been reduced because now there are two + + + align:start position:0% +been reduced because now there are two +ways for the complex to fall apart right + + align:start position:0% +ways for the complex to fall apart right + + + align:start position:0% +ways for the complex to fall apart right +one is it can it can just go back where + + align:start position:0% +one is it can it can just go back where + + + align:start position:0% +one is it can it can just go back where +it came from but the other is that you + + align:start position:0% +it came from but the other is that you + + + align:start position:0% +it came from but the other is that you +can catalyze the + + align:start position:0% +can catalyze the + + + align:start position:0% +can catalyze the +reaction right so from the standpoint of + + align:start position:0% +reaction right so from the standpoint of + + + align:start position:0% +reaction right so from the standpoint of +the enzyme and the fraction bound then + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme and the fraction bound then + + + align:start position:0% +the enzyme and the fraction bound then +we can just the entire discussion that + + align:start position:0% +we can just the entire discussion that + + + align:start position:0% +we can just the entire discussion that +we had before we can just replace KD + + align:start position:0% +we had before we can just replace KD + + + align:start position:0% +we had before we can just replace KD +with this new thing the michis constant + + align:start position:0% +with this new thing the michis constant + + + align:start position:0% +with this new thing the michis constant +km right where now we say okay now it's + + align:start position:0% +km right where now we say okay now it's + + + align:start position:0% +km right where now we say okay now it's +the KR up in the numerator still but now + + align:start position:0% +the KR up in the numerator still but now + + + align:start position:0% +the KR up in the numerator still but now +instead of just being KF at the bottom + + align:start position:0% +instead of just being KF at the bottom + + + align:start position:0% +instead of just being KF at the bottom +we we have to add K cat because there + + align:start position:0% +we we have to add K cat because there + + + align:start position:0% +we we have to add K cat because there +are just two ways that that um that + + align:start position:0% +are just two ways that that um that + + + align:start position:0% +are just two ways that that um that +enzyme substrate complex can um can fall + + align:start position:0% +enzyme substrate complex can um can fall + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme substrate complex can um can fall +apart + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right oh did I um KF oh I'm sorry I've + + align:start position:0% +right oh did I um KF oh I'm sorry I've + + + align:start position:0% +right oh did I um KF oh I'm sorry I've +already um messed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up KF over + + align:start position:0% +up KF over + + + align:start position:0% +up KF over +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +um all right so yeah so K cat has to be + + align:start position:0% +um all right so yeah so K cat has to be + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so yeah so K cat has to be +with R right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay yeah right there so it just kind of + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah right there so it just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah right there so it just kind of +speeds up the effective rate of + + align:start position:0% +speeds up the effective rate of + + + align:start position:0% +speeds up the effective rate of +dissociation okay um you know and of + + align:start position:0% +dissociation okay um you know and of + + + align:start position:0% +dissociation okay um you know and of +course depending on whether K you know + + align:start position:0% +course depending on whether K you know + + + align:start position:0% +course depending on whether K you know +whether Kat is large or small as + + align:start position:0% +whether Kat is large or small as + + + align:start position:0% +whether Kat is large or small as +compared to KR this can be either a + + align:start position:0% +compared to KR this can be either a + + + align:start position:0% +compared to KR this can be either a +large or small effect right but um but + + align:start position:0% +large or small effect right but um but + + + align:start position:0% +large or small effect right but um but +these uh these rates just they just add + + align:start position:0% +these uh these rates just they just add + + + align:start position:0% +these uh these rates just they just add +okay and we'll we'll spend a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +okay and we'll we'll spend a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we'll we'll spend a lot of time +thinking about how rates add and so + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how rates add and so + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how rates add and so +forth um in a few weeks okay yeah for + + align:start position:0% +forth um in a few weeks okay yeah for + + + align:start position:0% +forth um in a few weeks okay yeah for +this expression to be valid don't you + + align:start position:0% +this expression to be valid don't you + + + align:start position:0% +this expression to be valid don't you +need Kat to be much smaller than the + + align:start position:0% +need Kat to be much smaller than the + + + align:start position:0% +need Kat to be much smaller than the +otheres right so yeah so you want Kat to + + align:start position:0% +otheres right so yeah so you want Kat to + + + align:start position:0% +otheres right so yeah so you want Kat to +be right so there there there's various + + align:start position:0% +be right so there there there's various + + + align:start position:0% +be right so there there there's various +kind of limits in which you can talk + + align:start position:0% +kind of limits in which you can talk + + + align:start position:0% +kind of limits in which you can talk +about this thing yeah so in general what + + align:start position:0% +about this thing yeah so in general what + + + align:start position:0% +about this thing yeah so in general what +you want is Kat to be small and you also + + align:start position:0% +you want is Kat to be small and you also + + + align:start position:0% +you want is Kat to be small and you also +want um to the initial transient to have + + align:start position:0% +want um to the initial transient to have + + + align:start position:0% +want um to the initial transient to have +gone away in the sense that you because + + align:start position:0% +gone away in the sense that you because + + + align:start position:0% +gone away in the sense that you because +when you first add the substrate you + + align:start position:0% +when you first add the substrate you + + + align:start position:0% +when you first add the substrate you +don't yet yet have any enzyme substrate + + align:start position:0% +don't yet yet have any enzyme substrate + + + align:start position:0% +don't yet yet have any enzyme substrate +complex so you want to you have to wait + + align:start position:0% +complex so you want to you have to wait + + + align:start position:0% +complex so you want to you have to wait +till you've gotten to this this uh + + align:start position:0% +till you've gotten to this this uh + + + align:start position:0% +till you've gotten to this this uh +so-called steady state that you know the + + align:start position:0% +so-called steady state that you know the + + + align:start position:0% +so-called steady state that you know the +where the Mel smon uh formula applies + + align:start position:0% +where the Mel smon uh formula applies + + + align:start position:0% +where the Mel smon uh formula applies +and then you also have can't have let it + + align:start position:0% +and then you also have can't have let it + + + align:start position:0% +and then you also have can't have let it +go too far because then of course you're + + align:start position:0% +go too far because then of course you're + + + align:start position:0% +go too far because then of course you're +going to start running out of substrate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +okay all right I'm trying to decide + + align:start position:0% +okay all right I'm trying to decide + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right I'm trying to decide +whether to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um all right so in the homework you're + + align:start position:0% +um all right so in the homework you're + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so in the homework you're +going to get a chance to play with M SM + + align:start position:0% +going to get a chance to play with M SM + + + align:start position:0% +going to get a chance to play with M SM +kinetics a little bit and think about + + align:start position:0% +kinetics a little bit and think about + + + align:start position:0% +kinetics a little bit and think about +the Dynamics when you have um kinds of + + align:start position:0% +the Dynamics when you have um kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +the Dynamics when you have um kinds of +Inhibitors right so you can imagine um + + align:start position:0% +Inhibitors right so you can imagine um + + + align:start position:0% +Inhibitors right so you can imagine um +having Inhibitors that inhibit um + + align:start position:0% +having Inhibitors that inhibit um + + + align:start position:0% +having Inhibitors that inhibit um +multiple different ways right so you + + align:start position:0% +multiple different ways right so you + + + align:start position:0% +multiple different ways right so you +could have an inhibitor that binds the + + align:start position:0% +could have an inhibitor that binds the + + + align:start position:0% +could have an inhibitor that binds the +enzyme right and prevents the enzyme + + align:start position:0% +enzyme right and prevents the enzyme + + + align:start position:0% +enzyme right and prevents the enzyme +from binding the + + align:start position:0% +from binding the + + + align:start position:0% +from binding the +substrate now should this affect the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Vmax right we'll think about it for 10 + + align:start position:0% +Vmax right we'll think about it for 10 + + + align:start position:0% +Vmax right we'll think about it for 10 +seconds we'll we'll + + align:start position:0% +seconds we'll we'll + + + align:start position:0% +seconds we'll we'll +um well well we'll vote because it's so + + align:start position:0% +um well well we'll vote because it's so + + + align:start position:0% +um well well we'll vote because it's so +much fun we you know we have these cards + + align:start position:0% +much fun we you know we have these cards + + + align:start position:0% +much fun we you know we have these cards +okay Vmax + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +change and this is with an inhibitor + + align:start position:0% +change and this is with an inhibitor + + + align:start position:0% +change and this is with an inhibitor +that binds here and forming an EI + + align:start position:0% +that binds here and forming an EI + + + align:start position:0% +that binds here and forming an EI +complex reversibly the question is does + + align:start position:0% +complex reversibly the question is does + + + align:start position:0% +complex reversibly the question is does +Vmax + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +change in terms of a d okay oh yes okay + + align:start position:0% +change in terms of a d okay oh yes okay + + + align:start position:0% +change in terms of a d okay oh yes okay +a is yes + + align:start position:0% +a is yes + + + align:start position:0% +a is yes +and B is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no I'll give you 10 seconds to think + + align:start position:0% +no I'll give you 10 seconds to think + + + align:start position:0% +no I'll give you 10 seconds to think +about this right so Vmax is again + + align:start position:0% +about this right so Vmax is again + + + align:start position:0% +about this right so Vmax is again +defined as this rate of product + + align:start position:0% +defined as this rate of product + + + align:start position:0% +defined as this rate of product +formation at saturation when you have a + + align:start position:0% +formation at saturation when you have a + + + align:start position:0% +formation at saturation when you have a +lot of the substrate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right do you need time or will time + + align:start position:0% +right do you need time or will time + + + align:start position:0% +right do you need time or will time +help all right well who wants more time + + align:start position:0% +help all right well who wants more time + + + align:start position:0% +help all right well who wants more time +just nod if you want more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time okay well let's just see how we + + align:start position:0% +time okay well let's just see how we + + + align:start position:0% +time okay well let's just see how we +feel all right let's go ahead and vote + + align:start position:0% +feel all right let's go ahead and vote + + + align:start position:0% +feel all right let's go ahead and vote +okay so the question is yeah if I add + + align:start position:0% +okay so the question is yeah if I add + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the question is yeah if I add +this uh competitive + + align:start position:0% +this uh competitive + + + align:start position:0% +this uh competitive +inhibitor is the question is will Vmax + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor is the question is will Vmax + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor is the question is will Vmax +change okay ready 3 2 + + align:start position:0% +change okay ready 3 2 + + + align:start position:0% +change okay ready 3 2 +1 okay so we have um I'd say a majority + + align:start position:0% +1 okay so we have um I'd say a majority + + + align:start position:0% +1 okay so we have um I'd say a majority +of B's but some A's I can um Can + + align:start position:0% +of B's but some A's I can um Can + + + align:start position:0% +of B's but some A's I can um Can +somebody give the intuition for why Vmax + + align:start position:0% +somebody give the intuition for why Vmax + + + align:start position:0% +somebody give the intuition for why Vmax +should not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +change um yes VX + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +en right okay right so Vmax occurs when + + align:start position:0% +en right okay right so Vmax occurs when + + + align:start position:0% +en right okay right so Vmax occurs when +you have you know lots and lots of + + align:start position:0% +you have you know lots and lots of + + + align:start position:0% +you have you know lots and lots of +substrate and of course the condition + + align:start position:0% +substrate and of course the condition + + + align:start position:0% +substrate and of course the condition +you have to be a little bit careful + + align:start position:0% +you have to be a little bit careful + + + align:start position:0% +you have to be a little bit careful +because it's not just having more + + align:start position:0% +because it's not just having more + + + align:start position:0% +because it's not just having more +substrate than the enzyme okay but but + + align:start position:0% +substrate than the enzyme okay but but + + + align:start position:0% +substrate than the enzyme okay but but +it's it's when and it's when the + + align:start position:0% +it's it's when and it's when the + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's when and it's when the +substrate is saturating okay right so if + + align:start position:0% +substrate is saturating okay right so if + + + align:start position:0% +substrate is saturating okay right so if +you have lots and lots of substrate then + + align:start position:0% +you have lots and lots of substrate then + + + align:start position:0% +you have lots and lots of substrate then +the important point there right is that + + align:start position:0% +the important point there right is that + + + align:start position:0% +the important point there right is that +um it's when you've pushed this reaction + + align:start position:0% +um it's when you've pushed this reaction + + + align:start position:0% +um it's when you've pushed this reaction +all the way over here so the enzyme is + + align:start position:0% +all the way over here so the enzyme is + + + align:start position:0% +all the way over here so the enzyme is +just all the enzym is bound right and + + align:start position:0% +just all the enzym is bound right and + + + align:start position:0% +just all the enzym is bound right and +that's when you get this maximal rate of + + align:start position:0% +that's when you get this maximal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +that's when you get this maximal rate of +product formation okay um and it's true + + align:start position:0% +product formation okay um and it's true + + + align:start position:0% +product formation okay um and it's true +you might need more substrate in order + + align:start position:0% +you might need more substrate in order + + + align:start position:0% +you might need more substrate in order +to get all that enzyme bound because you + + align:start position:0% +to get all that enzyme bound because you + + + align:start position:0% +to get all that enzyme bound because you +have to pull the enzyme away from the + + align:start position:0% +have to pull the enzyme away from the + + + align:start position:0% +have to pull the enzyme away from the +side reaction right and indeed in this + + align:start position:0% +side reaction right and indeed in this + + + align:start position:0% +side reaction right and indeed in this +kind of inhibitor Alters the km the + + align:start position:0% +kind of inhibitor Alters the km the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of inhibitor Alters the km the +effect of KM of the reaction rather okay + + align:start position:0% +effect of KM of the reaction rather okay + + + align:start position:0% +effect of KM of the reaction rather okay +but uh it does not affect um this + + align:start position:0% +but uh it does not affect um this + + + align:start position:0% +but uh it does not affect um this +Vmax okay whereas um other + + align:start position:0% +Vmax okay whereas um other + + + align:start position:0% +Vmax okay whereas um other +Inhibitors can bind this complex and + + align:start position:0% +Inhibitors can bind this complex and + + + align:start position:0% +Inhibitors can bind this complex and +prevent it from catalyzing the reaction + + align:start position:0% +prevent it from catalyzing the reaction + + + align:start position:0% +prevent it from catalyzing the reaction +right and that will instead affect V Max + + align:start position:0% +right and that will instead affect V Max + + + align:start position:0% +right and that will instead affect V Max +but won't affect km right so um so this + + align:start position:0% +but won't affect km right so um so this + + + align:start position:0% +but won't affect km right so um so this +was a a powerful way that enzymologists + + align:start position:0% +was a a powerful way that enzymologists + + + align:start position:0% +was a a powerful way that enzymologists +have used to try to get a mechanism of + + align:start position:0% +have used to try to get a mechanism of + + + align:start position:0% +have used to try to get a mechanism of +Inhibitors right so if you have some + + align:start position:0% +Inhibitors right so if you have some + + + align:start position:0% +Inhibitors right so if you have some +small molecule that you know somehow + + align:start position:0% +small molecule that you know somehow + + + align:start position:0% +small molecule that you know somehow +inhibits some enzymatic reaction you + + align:start position:0% +inhibits some enzymatic reaction you + + + align:start position:0% +inhibits some enzymatic reaction you +want to know well you know how is it + + align:start position:0% +want to know well you know how is it + + + align:start position:0% +want to know well you know how is it +doing that one thing you can do is you + + align:start position:0% +doing that one thing you can do is you + + + align:start position:0% +doing that one thing you can do is you +can um titrate in that inhibitor and ask + + align:start position:0% +can um titrate in that inhibitor and ask + + + align:start position:0% +can um titrate in that inhibitor and ask +and then measure uh the michelis men uh + + align:start position:0% +and then measure uh the michelis men uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then measure uh the michelis men uh +curve uh to to get out the Vmax and km + + align:start position:0% +curve uh to to get out the Vmax and km + + + align:start position:0% +curve uh to to get out the Vmax and km +to try to get a sense of mechanism okay + + align:start position:0% +to try to get a sense of mechanism okay + + + align:start position:0% +to try to get a sense of mechanism okay +um and I I always say that you know we + + align:start position:0% +um and I I always say that you know we + + + align:start position:0% +um and I I always say that you know we +should be drawing these things I'll just + + align:start position:0% +should be drawing these things I'll just + + + align:start position:0% +should be drawing these things I'll just +okay so V as a function of and this is + + align:start position:0% +okay so V as a function of and this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so V as a function of and this is +in the L for a lot a lot of substrate + + align:start position:0% +in the L for a lot a lot of substrate + + + align:start position:0% +in the L for a lot a lot of substrate +relative to the enzyme then we can + + align:start position:0% +relative to the enzyme then we can + + + align:start position:0% +relative to the enzyme then we can +indeed say all right it's going to + + align:start position:0% +indeed say all right it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +indeed say all right it's going to +Plateau at + + align:start position:0% +Plateau at + + + align:start position:0% +Plateau at +VX at concentration km it's at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +half right and then it plate okay this + + align:start position:0% +half right and then it plate okay this + + + align:start position:0% +half right and then it plate okay this +is a very very very common curve lots of + + align:start position:0% +is a very very very common curve lots of + + + align:start position:0% +is a very very very common curve lots of +things in biology and in life started + + align:start position:0% +things in biology and in life started + + + align:start position:0% +things in biology and in life started +zero and plateau and there are almost + + align:start position:0% +zero and plateau and there are almost + + + align:start position:0% +zero and plateau and there are almost +only two ways you can do that okay there + + align:start position:0% +only two ways you can do that okay there + + + align:start position:0% +only two ways you can do that okay there +are more than two ways but there are a + + align:start position:0% +are more than two ways but there are a + + + align:start position:0% +are more than two ways but there are a +very small number of ways you can do + + align:start position:0% +very small number of ways you can do + + + align:start position:0% +very small number of ways you can do +that okay and this this is one of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them okay um any questions on kind of + + align:start position:0% +them okay um any questions on kind of + + + align:start position:0% +them okay um any questions on kind of +these Mel smitton kinetics Inhibitors + + align:start position:0% +these Mel smitton kinetics Inhibitors + + + align:start position:0% +these Mel smitton kinetics Inhibitors +you're gonna you're going to + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna you're going to +spend a couple hours over the next few + + align:start position:0% +spend a couple hours over the next few + + + align:start position:0% +spend a couple hours over the next few +days thinking about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so okay all right so what I want to do + + align:start position:0% +so okay all right so what I want to do + + + align:start position:0% +so okay all right so what I want to do +for the last 20 minutes + + align:start position:0% +for the last 20 minutes + + + align:start position:0% +for the last 20 minutes +is um is switch gears a little bit and + + align:start position:0% +is um is switch gears a little bit and + + + align:start position:0% +is um is switch gears a little bit and +to think about um the simple dynamics of + + align:start position:0% +to think about um the simple dynamics of + + + align:start position:0% +to think about um the simple dynamics of +uh of gene expression but the the ideas + + align:start position:0% +uh of gene expression but the the ideas + + + align:start position:0% +uh of gene expression but the the ideas +that we've just been talking about end + + align:start position:0% +that we've just been talking about end + + + align:start position:0% +that we've just been talking about end +up being just you know very relevant for + + align:start position:0% +up being just you know very relevant for + + + align:start position:0% +up being just you know very relevant for +um for the simple models here all right + + align:start position:0% +um for the simple models here all right + + + align:start position:0% +um for the simple models here all right +so what we want to think about is a + + align:start position:0% +so what we want to think about is a + + + align:start position:0% +so what we want to think about is a +situation where we have some + + align:start position:0% +situation where we have some + + + align:start position:0% +situation where we have some +transcription factor x that is + + align:start position:0% +transcription factor x that is + + + align:start position:0% +transcription factor x that is +activating expression + + align:start position:0% +activating expression + + + align:start position:0% +activating expression +of Gene y okay so we have X activating y + + align:start position:0% +of Gene y okay so we have X activating y + + + align:start position:0% +of Gene y okay so we have X activating y +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +the way that we can think about this for + + align:start position:0% +the way that we can think about this for + + + align:start position:0% +the way that we can think about this for +example is that we may have X which + + align:start position:0% +example is that we may have X which + + + align:start position:0% +example is that we may have X which +together with some signal s + + align:start position:0% +together with some signal s + + + align:start position:0% +together with some signal s +subx turns into do I want to have this + + align:start position:0% +subx turns into do I want to have this + + + align:start position:0% +subx turns into do I want to have this +okay well some X + + align:start position:0% +okay well some X + + + align:start position:0% +okay well some X +Star right and it's xstar that um Can + + align:start position:0% +Star right and it's xstar that um Can + + + align:start position:0% +Star right and it's xstar that um Can +bind to um to the promoter + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and lead to expression of + + align:start position:0% +and lead to expression of + + + align:start position:0% +and lead to expression of +um of of Y + + align:start position:0% +um of of Y + + + align:start position:0% +um of of Y +okay um now in in 's book he talks about + + align:start position:0% +okay um now in in 's book he talks about + + + align:start position:0% +okay um now in in 's book he talks about +this idea of a separation of time scales + + align:start position:0% +this idea of a separation of time scales + + + align:start position:0% +this idea of a separation of time scales +that is often useful to invoke when + + align:start position:0% +that is often useful to invoke when + + + align:start position:0% +that is often useful to invoke when +thinking about gene expression what what + + align:start position:0% +thinking about gene expression what what + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about gene expression what what +was it that in this context was um what + + align:start position:0% +was it that in this context was um what + + + align:start position:0% +was it that in this context was um what +was the fast + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +event sorry what was + + align:start position:0% +event sorry what was + + + align:start position:0% +event sorry what was +it activation of X right so in many + + align:start position:0% +it activation of X right so in many + + + align:start position:0% +it activation of X right so in many +cases if this is a sugar small molecule + + align:start position:0% +cases if this is a sugar small molecule + + + align:start position:0% +cases if this is a sugar small molecule +that is going to be um either activating + + align:start position:0% +that is going to be um either activating + + + align:start position:0% +that is going to be um either activating +in this case activating X that can occur + + align:start position:0% +in this case activating X that can occur + + + align:start position:0% +in this case activating X that can occur +uh really quite quickly right often + + align:start position:0% +uh really quite quickly right often + + + align:start position:0% +uh really quite quickly right often +maybe less than a second okay the the + + align:start position:0% +maybe less than a second okay the the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe less than a second okay the the +the rate loing step it would then in + + align:start position:0% +the rate loing step it would then in + + + align:start position:0% +the rate loing step it would then in +many cases be getting getting the signal + + align:start position:0% +many cases be getting getting the signal + + + align:start position:0% +many cases be getting getting the signal +into the cell so depending on how that + + align:start position:0% +into the cell so depending on how that + + + align:start position:0% +into the cell so depending on how that +works okay right then so this occurs + + align:start position:0% +works okay right then so this occurs + + + align:start position:0% +works okay right then so this occurs +very rapidly right so and then what that + + align:start position:0% +very rapidly right so and then what that + + + align:start position:0% +very rapidly right so and then what that +means is so if we if we look at a signal + + align:start position:0% +means is so if we if we look at a signal + + + align:start position:0% +means is so if we if we look at a signal +SX as a function of time where it starts + + align:start position:0% +SX as a function of time where it starts + + + align:start position:0% +SX as a function of time where it starts +out being absent and then all of a + + align:start position:0% +out being absent and then all of a + + + align:start position:0% +out being absent and then all of a +sudden you know sugar appears in the + + align:start position:0% +sudden you know sugar appears in the + + + align:start position:0% +sudden you know sugar appears in the +environment right we can think about the + + align:start position:0% +environment right we can think about the + + + align:start position:0% +environment right we can think about the +concentration of X and X Star right so X + + align:start position:0% +concentration of X and X Star right so X + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of X and X Star right so X +starts out high and then quickly goes + + align:start position:0% +starts out high and then quickly goes + + + align:start position:0% +starts out high and then quickly goes +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +right whereas xstar will do the reverse + + align:start position:0% +right whereas xstar will do the reverse + + + align:start position:0% +right whereas xstar will do the reverse +here quickly comes + + align:start position:0% +here quickly comes + + + align:start position:0% +here quickly comes +up and it should this should be flat you + + align:start position:0% +up and it should this should be flat you + + + align:start position:0% +up and it should this should be flat you +know okay all right now what is it that + + align:start position:0% +know okay all right now what is it that + + + align:start position:0% +know okay all right now what is it that +y will do as a function of + + align:start position:0% +y will do as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +y will do as a function of +time right + + align:start position:0% +time right + + + align:start position:0% +time right +so if x is an activator that means that + + align:start position:0% +so if x is an activator that means that + + + align:start position:0% +so if x is an activator that means that +in before X star became + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +available then uh there was no + + align:start position:0% +available then uh there was no + + + align:start position:0% +available then uh there was no +expression of Y so it should be + + align:start position:0% +expression of Y so it should be + + + align:start position:0% +expression of Y so it should be +low okay all right now uh xar is you + + align:start position:0% +low okay all right now uh xar is you + + + align:start position:0% +low okay all right now uh xar is you +know so X is quickly activated turns an + + align:start position:0% +know so X is quickly activated turns an + + + align:start position:0% +know so X is quickly activated turns an +xstar right so we start expressing y + + align:start position:0% +xstar right so we start expressing y + + + align:start position:0% +xstar right so we start expressing y +right so uh right so how does this what + + align:start position:0% +right so uh right so how does this what + + + align:start position:0% +right so uh right so how does this what +roughly what does this curve look like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +somebody please help + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me okay so right so it could be s-shaped + + align:start position:0% +me okay so right so it could be s-shaped + + + align:start position:0% +me okay so right so it could be s-shaped +right so there's a question of um and + + align:start position:0% +right so there's a question of um and + + + align:start position:0% +right so there's a question of um and +the S would + + align:start position:0% +the S would + + + align:start position:0% +the S would +be right so the thing that's very fast + + align:start position:0% +be right so the thing that's very fast + + + align:start position:0% +be right so the thing that's very fast +is activation of X right and then what's + + align:start position:0% +is activation of X right and then what's + + + align:start position:0% +is activation of X right and then what's +really rather still rather fast is + + align:start position:0% +really rather still rather fast is + + + align:start position:0% +really rather still rather fast is +equilibration of xstar on this promoter + + align:start position:0% +equilibration of xstar on this promoter + + + align:start position:0% +equilibration of xstar on this promoter +so that might still be + + align:start position:0% +so that might still be + + + align:start position:0% +so that might still be +very rapid because these things were + + align:start position:0% +very rapid because these things were + + + align:start position:0% +very rapid because these things were +nearly instantaneous right but coming to + + align:start position:0% +nearly instantaneous right but coming to + + + align:start position:0% +nearly instantaneous right but coming to +equilibrium here still might happen over + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium here still might happen over + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium here still might happen over +time scales of seconds right so it might + + align:start position:0% +time scales of seconds right so it might + + + align:start position:0% +time scales of seconds right so it might +be right so that means that you actually + + align:start position:0% +be right so that means that you actually + + + align:start position:0% +be right so that means that you actually +sort of quickly start getting expression + + align:start position:0% +sort of quickly start getting expression + + + align:start position:0% +sort of quickly start getting expression +at least on the time on time scales that + + align:start position:0% +at least on the time on time scales that + + + align:start position:0% +at least on the time on time scales that +are relevant in terms of hours kind of + + align:start position:0% +are relevant in terms of hours kind of + + + align:start position:0% +are relevant in terms of hours kind of +time scales of course it still does take + + align:start position:0% +time scales of course it still does take + + + align:start position:0% +time scales of course it still does take +time to express you know so it takes + + align:start position:0% +time to express you know so it takes + + + align:start position:0% +time to express you know so it takes +minutes for the RNA polymerase to you + + align:start position:0% +minutes for the RNA polymerase to you + + + align:start position:0% +minutes for the RNA polymerase to you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +transcribe uh and you know then of + + align:start position:0% +transcribe uh and you know then of + + + align:start position:0% +transcribe uh and you know then of +course the ribosome is going to have to + + align:start position:0% +course the ribosome is going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +course the ribosome is going to have to +do something right but um at least in + + align:start position:0% +do something right but um at least in + + + align:start position:0% +do something right but um at least in +terms of well + + align:start position:0% +terms of well + + + align:start position:0% +terms of well +uh what do I want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ask okay well let's write down the + + align:start position:0% +ask okay well let's write down the + + + align:start position:0% +ask okay well let's write down the +equation that ruri invokes and then we + + align:start position:0% +equation that ruri invokes and then we + + + align:start position:0% +equation that ruri invokes and then we +you know we can talk because there + + align:start position:0% +you know we can talk because there + + + align:start position:0% +you know we can talk because there +there's a very real sense in which it + + align:start position:0% +there's a very real sense in which it + + + align:start position:0% +there's a very real sense in which it +does maybe look a little bit more s-like + + align:start position:0% +does maybe look a little bit more s-like + + + align:start position:0% +does maybe look a little bit more s-like +but at least in terms of uh U's kind of + + align:start position:0% +but at least in terms of uh U's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +but at least in terms of uh U's kind of +formalism you know he often would say + + align:start position:0% +formalism you know he often would say + + + align:start position:0% +formalism you know he often would say +okay the the change in the concentration + + align:start position:0% +okay the the change in the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +okay the the change in the concentration +of this protein right right it's so it's + + align:start position:0% +of this protein right right it's so it's + + + align:start position:0% +of this protein right right it's so it's +going to be some function of in this + + align:start position:0% +going to be some function of in this + + + align:start position:0% +going to be some function of in this +case + + align:start position:0% +case + + + align:start position:0% +case +xar right um and then there's another + + align:start position:0% +xar right um and then there's another + + + align:start position:0% +xar right um and then there's another +term here which was the minus alpha y + + align:start position:0% +term here which was the minus alpha y + + + align:start position:0% +term here which was the minus alpha y +right what was the minus alpha y due + + align:start position:0% +right what was the minus alpha y due + + + align:start position:0% +right what was the minus alpha y due +to right so it could it there are two + + align:start position:0% +to right so it could it there are two + + + align:start position:0% +to right so it could it there are two +two terms right so there's Alpha and + + align:start position:0% +two terms right so there's Alpha and + + + align:start position:0% +two terms right so there's Alpha and +it's going to be uh it's going to be the + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be uh it's going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be uh it's going to be the +sum of two things so there's Alpha due + + align:start position:0% +sum of two things so there's Alpha due + + + align:start position:0% +sum of two things so there's Alpha due +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +degradation right so if the uh if the + + align:start position:0% +degradation right so if the uh if the + + + align:start position:0% +degradation right so if the uh if the +protein is degraded actively in some way + + align:start position:0% +protein is degraded actively in some way + + + align:start position:0% +protein is degraded actively in some way +right but if if the protein is not + + align:start position:0% +right but if if the protein is not + + + align:start position:0% +right but if if the protein is not +degraded then does that mean that Alpha + + align:start position:0% +degraded then does that mean that Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +degraded then does that mean that Alpha +is equal to + + align:start position:0% +is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +is equal to +zero no right so what is this other + + align:start position:0% +zero no right so what is this other + + + align:start position:0% +zero no right so what is this other +thing this other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +term right so it's it's it's Alpha due + + align:start position:0% +term right so it's it's it's Alpha due + + + align:start position:0% +term right so it's it's it's Alpha due +to some growth and the just cell growth + + align:start position:0% +to some growth and the just cell growth + + + align:start position:0% +to some growth and the just cell growth +leads + + align:start position:0% +leads + + + align:start position:0% +leads +to um some dilution effect right so if + + align:start position:0% +to um some dilution effect right so if + + + align:start position:0% +to um some dilution effect right so if +you have the same number of proteins in + + align:start position:0% +you have the same number of proteins in + + + align:start position:0% +you have the same number of proteins in +the cell the cell is growing that means + + align:start position:0% +the cell the cell is growing that means + + + align:start position:0% +the cell the cell is growing that means +the concentration is shrinking right now + + align:start position:0% +the concentration is shrinking right now + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration is shrinking right now +um the reality of this process is that + + align:start position:0% +um the reality of this process is that + + + align:start position:0% +um the reality of this process is that +it's complicated right because cell + + align:start position:0% +it's complicated right because cell + + + align:start position:0% +it's complicated right because cell +growth is not uniform uh there's all + + align:start position:0% +growth is not uniform uh there's all + + + align:start position:0% +growth is not uniform uh there's all +these you know but if you kind of + + align:start position:0% +these you know but if you kind of + + + align:start position:0% +these you know but if you kind of +average over things then a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +average over things then a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +average over things then a reasonable +description is just to say all right + + align:start position:0% +description is just to say all right + + + align:start position:0% +description is just to say all right +just a first order kind of effective + + align:start position:0% +just a first order kind of effective + + + align:start position:0% +just a first order kind of effective +delution rate right if you want to you + + align:start position:0% +delution rate right if you want to you + + + align:start position:0% +delution rate right if you want to you +can you know you know write down like a + + align:start position:0% +can you know you know write down like a + + + align:start position:0% +can you know you know write down like a +more kind of detailed formula or model + + align:start position:0% +more kind of detailed formula or model + + + align:start position:0% +more kind of detailed formula or model +where you say oh if cell growth does + + align:start position:0% +where you say oh if cell growth does + + + align:start position:0% +where you say oh if cell growth does +this then this is you know it's going to + + align:start position:0% +this then this is you know it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +this then this is you know it's going to +kind of Wiggle a little bit over the + + align:start position:0% +kind of Wiggle a little bit over the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of Wiggle a little bit over the +over the course of the cell cycle this + + align:start position:0% +over the course of the cell cycle this + + + align:start position:0% +over the course of the cell cycle this +is a reasonable description okay + + align:start position:0% +is a reasonable description okay + + + align:start position:0% +is a reasonable description okay +now what this is saying is that even if + + align:start position:0% +now what this is saying is that even if + + + align:start position:0% +now what this is saying is that even if +there's no active degradation then there + + align:start position:0% +there's no active degradation then there + + + align:start position:0% +there's no active degradation then there +still is an effective term right do this + + align:start position:0% +still is an effective term right do this + + + align:start position:0% +still is an effective term right do this +delution and this means that if we + + align:start position:0% +delution and this means that if we + + + align:start position:0% +delution and this means that if we +immediately activate and if F xar at + + align:start position:0% +immediately activate and if F xar at + + + align:start position:0% +immediately activate and if F xar at +time t equal to Z here if it just goes + + align:start position:0% +time t equal to Z here if it just goes + + + align:start position:0% +time t equal to Z here if it just goes +to some beta then what is the long time + + align:start position:0% +to some beta then what is the long time + + + align:start position:0% +to some beta then what is the long time +solution of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation beta over Alpha right so we + + align:start position:0% +equation beta over Alpha right so we + + + align:start position:0% +equation beta over Alpha right so we +should we know it should eventually come + + align:start position:0% +should we know it should eventually come + + + align:start position:0% +should we know it should eventually come +to Beta over Alpha okay now if um and + + align:start position:0% +to Beta over Alpha okay now if um and + + + align:start position:0% +to Beta over Alpha okay now if um and +how long should it take to get I mean + + align:start position:0% +how long should it take to get I mean + + + align:start position:0% +how long should it take to get I mean +what's the characteristic time scale for + + align:start position:0% +what's the characteristic time scale for + + + align:start position:0% +what's the characteristic time scale for +it to get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah right so character times one over + + align:start position:0% +yeah right so character times one over + + + align:start position:0% +yeah right so character times one over +Alpha right so this thing is going the + + align:start position:0% +Alpha right so this thing is going the + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha right so this thing is going the +solution to this differential equation + + align:start position:0% +solution to this differential equation + + + align:start position:0% +solution to this differential equation +is just an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exponential where if you kind of extend + + align:start position:0% +exponential where if you kind of extend + + + align:start position:0% +exponential where if you kind of extend +this line + + align:start position:0% +this line + + + align:start position:0% +this line +here this is one over Alpha + + align:start position:0% +here this is one over Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +here this is one over Alpha +so that's a time and then of course the + + align:start position:0% +so that's a time and then of course the + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a time and then of course the +T12 the time it takes to get to half is + + align:start position:0% +T12 the time it takes to get to half is + + + align:start position:0% +T12 the time it takes to get to half is +indeed different by log two and that's + + align:start position:0% +indeed different by log two and that's + + + align:start position:0% +indeed different by log two and that's +the cell division + + align:start position:0% +the cell division + + + align:start position:0% +the cell division +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so this point here this this is a T2 is + + align:start position:0% +so this point here this this is a T2 is + + + align:start position:0% +so this point here this this is a T2 is +cell + + align:start position:0% +cell + + + align:start position:0% +cell +division this is for a this is for a + + align:start position:0% +division this is for a this is for a + + + align:start position:0% +division this is for a this is for a +stable + + align:start position:0% +stable + + + align:start position:0% +stable +protein assuming assuming that Alpha + + align:start position:0% +protein assuming assuming that Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +protein assuming assuming that Alpha +degradation is equal to + + align:start position:0% +degradation is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +degradation is equal to +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +okay all right so the there so the the + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so the there so the the + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so the there so the the +thing to remember is that this basic + + align:start position:0% +thing to remember is that this basic + + + align:start position:0% +thing to remember is that this basic +differential equation of Y dot is equal + + align:start position:0% +differential equation of Y dot is equal + + + align:start position:0% +differential equation of Y dot is equal +to like a minus alpha y this is just + + align:start position:0% +to like a minus alpha y this is just + + + align:start position:0% +to like a minus alpha y this is just +this is an + + align:start position:0% +this is an + + + align:start position:0% +this is an +exponential right going to zero whereas + + align:start position:0% +exponential right going to zero whereas + + + align:start position:0% +exponential right going to zero whereas +if you have a constant term here then + + align:start position:0% +if you have a constant term here then + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a constant term here then +it's an exponential going to some + + align:start position:0% +it's an exponential going to some + + + align:start position:0% +it's an exponential going to some +non-zero + + align:start position:0% +non-zero + + + align:start position:0% +non-zero +value okay right so indeed if the signal + + align:start position:0% +value okay right so indeed if the signal + + + align:start position:0% +value okay right so indeed if the signal +here goes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +away then we we quickly come back here + + align:start position:0% +away then we we quickly come back here + + + align:start position:0% +away then we we quickly come back here +right so this comes here this comes here + + align:start position:0% +right so this comes here this comes here + + + align:start position:0% +right so this comes here this comes here +and then this this does it does it does + + align:start position:0% +and then this this does it does it does + + + align:start position:0% +and then this this does it does it does +it go back down to zero um is it more or + + align:start position:0% +it go back down to zero um is it more or + + + align:start position:0% +it go back down to zero um is it more or +less rapid returning to zero than it + + align:start position:0% +less rapid returning to zero than it + + + align:start position:0% +less rapid returning to zero than it +took to um come + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up all right okay will will I ask okay + + align:start position:0% +up all right okay will will I ask okay + + + align:start position:0% +up all right okay will will I ask okay +so this is um this is um going you know + + align:start position:0% +so this is um this is um going you know + + + align:start position:0% +so this is um this is um going you know +do you think that okay so this there's + + align:start position:0% +do you think that okay so this there's + + + align:start position:0% +do you think that okay so this there's +some what do I want how can I phrase + + align:start position:0% +some what do I want how can I phrase + + + align:start position:0% +some what do I want how can I phrase +this is it okay what + + align:start position:0% +this is it okay what + + + align:start position:0% +this is it okay what +faster um decay + + align:start position:0% +faster um decay + + + align:start position:0% +faster um decay +question mark a is + + align:start position:0% +question mark a is + + + align:start position:0% +question mark a is +yes and B is no and you can always do C + + align:start position:0% +yes and B is no and you can always do C + + + align:start position:0% +yes and B is no and you can always do C +or something if you don't if you don't + + align:start position:0% +or something if you don't if you don't + + + align:start position:0% +or something if you don't if you don't +know what I'm asking okay so the + + align:start position:0% +know what I'm asking okay so the + + + align:start position:0% +know what I'm asking okay so the +question is now we've turned off the + + align:start position:0% +question is now we've turned off the + + + align:start position:0% +question is now we've turned off the +signal is it going to take is it going + + align:start position:0% +signal is it going to take is it going + + + align:start position:0% +signal is it going to take is it going +to is it going to go away faster or + + align:start position:0% +to is it going to go away faster or + + + align:start position:0% +to is it going to go away faster or +slower or the + + align:start position:0% +slower or the + + + align:start position:0% +slower or the +same right + + align:start position:0% +same right + + + align:start position:0% +same right +well okay this is + + align:start position:0% +well okay this is + + + align:start position:0% +well okay this is +faster okay B can even be slower + + align:start position:0% +faster okay B can even be slower + + + align:start position:0% +faster okay B can even be slower +maybe C is same okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay do you understand what I'm do you + + align:start position:0% +okay do you understand what I'm do you + + + align:start position:0% +okay do you understand what I'm do you +understand the options now I'm asking + + align:start position:0% +understand the options now I'm asking + + + align:start position:0% +understand the options now I'm asking +okay so we we stopped expressing y so + + align:start position:0% +okay so we we stopped expressing y so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so we we stopped expressing y so +concentration of Y is going to decrease + + align:start position:0% +concentration of Y is going to decrease + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of Y is going to decrease +right question is is it going to go away + + align:start position:0% +right question is is it going to go away + + + align:start position:0% +right question is is it going to go away +faster slower or the same as uh the rate + + align:start position:0% +faster slower or the same as uh the rate + + + align:start position:0% +faster slower or the same as uh the rate +that it came + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up all right do you need more + + align:start position:0% +up all right do you need more + + + align:start position:0% +up all right do you need more +time all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay so right we have a fair + + align:start position:0% +one okay so right we have a fair + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so right we have a fair +agreement that this thing um it's going + + align:start position:0% +agreement that this thing um it's going + + + align:start position:0% +agreement that this thing um it's going +to be the same all right so there's a + + align:start position:0% +to be the same all right so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +to be the same all right so there's a +characteristic time for it to come and + + align:start position:0% +characteristic time for it to come and + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic time for it to come and +there's it's the same characteristic + + align:start position:0% +there's it's the same characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +there's it's the same characteristic +time for it to degrade away okay U right + + align:start position:0% +time for it to degrade away okay U right + + + align:start position:0% +time for it to degrade away okay U right +so this I would say is not a priority + + align:start position:0% +so this I would say is not a priority + + + align:start position:0% +so this I would say is not a priority +obvious right but um but it's really + + align:start position:0% +obvious right but um but it's really + + + align:start position:0% +obvious right but um but it's really +just the nature of um when you have + + align:start position:0% +just the nature of um when you have + + + align:start position:0% +just the nature of um when you have +these sorts of situations and this is + + align:start position:0% +these sorts of situations and this is + + + align:start position:0% +these sorts of situations and this is +always just it's just this sets the time + + align:start position:0% +always just it's just this sets the time + + + align:start position:0% +always just it's just this sets the time +scale for if you want to change the + + align:start position:0% +scale for if you want to change the + + + align:start position:0% +scale for if you want to change the +concentration doesn't matter whether + + align:start position:0% +concentration doesn't matter whether + + + align:start position:0% +concentration doesn't matter whether +you're going to zero finite number or if + + align:start position:0% +you're going to zero finite number or if + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to zero finite number or if +you go from high to low but not zero + + align:start position:0% +you go from high to low but not zero + + + align:start position:0% +you go from high to low but not zero +again it's going to be exponential with + + align:start position:0% +again it's going to be exponential with + + + align:start position:0% +again it's going to be exponential with +the same time scale okay right so if you + + align:start position:0% +the same time scale okay right so if you + + + align:start position:0% +the same time scale okay right so if you +want that to be + + align:start position:0% +want that to be + + + align:start position:0% +want that to be +faster right if you want to be able to + + align:start position:0% +faster right if you want to be able to + + + align:start position:0% +faster right if you want to be able to +respond more rapidly then one + + align:start position:0% +respond more rapidly then one + + + align:start position:0% +respond more rapidly then one +solution would be to actively degrade + + align:start position:0% +solution would be to actively degrade + + + align:start position:0% +solution would be to actively degrade +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +protein right now it's obvious that + + align:start position:0% +protein right now it's obvious that + + + align:start position:0% +protein right now it's obvious that +degrading the protein actively will + + align:start position:0% +degrading the protein actively will + + + align:start position:0% +degrading the protein actively will +allow it to go away more rapidly what's + + align:start position:0% +allow it to go away more rapidly what's + + + align:start position:0% +allow it to go away more rapidly what's +perhaps less obvious is that there's a a + + align:start position:0% +perhaps less obvious is that there's a a + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps less obvious is that there's a a +real sense in which degrading the + + align:start position:0% +real sense in which degrading the + + + align:start position:0% +real sense in which degrading the +protein allows this response to be more + + align:start position:0% +protein allows this response to be more + + + align:start position:0% +protein allows this response to be more +rapid as well okay but of course did we + + align:start position:0% +rapid as well okay but of course did we + + + align:start position:0% +rapid as well okay but of course did we +keep everything constant if I if I just + + align:start position:0% +keep everything constant if I if I just + + + align:start position:0% +keep everything constant if I if I just +say if I say oh I want the curve to look + + align:start position:0% +say if I say oh I want the curve to look + + + align:start position:0% +say if I say oh I want the curve to look +like this can I just increase the + + align:start position:0% +like this can I just increase the + + + align:start position:0% +like this can I just increase the +degradation + + align:start position:0% +degradation + + + align:start position:0% +degradation +rate to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +increase well let's say that X star is + + align:start position:0% +increase well let's say that X star is + + + align:start position:0% +increase well let's say that X star is +already maximal saturating right so + + align:start position:0% +already maximal saturating right so + + + align:start position:0% +already maximal saturating right so +we're + + align:start position:0% +we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're +already well okay so I understand okay + + align:start position:0% +already well okay so I understand okay + + + align:start position:0% +already well okay so I understand okay +now I understand what you're saying okay + + align:start position:0% +now I understand what you're saying okay + + + align:start position:0% +now I understand what you're saying okay +yeah yeah so I think what yeah you need + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so I think what yeah you need + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so I think what yeah you need +decreas beta right that could either be + + align:start position:0% +decreas beta right that could either be + + + align:start position:0% +decreas beta right that could either be +by increasing xstar or it could be just + + align:start position:0% +by increasing xstar or it could be just + + + align:start position:0% +by increasing xstar or it could be just +by increasing the the strength of that + + align:start position:0% +by increasing the the strength of that + + + align:start position:0% +by increasing the the strength of that +promoter right so the idea is that if + + align:start position:0% +promoter right so the idea is that if + + + align:start position:0% +promoter right so the idea is that if +you want a more rapid on or off you can + + align:start position:0% +you want a more rapid on or off you can + + + align:start position:0% +you want a more rapid on or off you can +also increase the degradation rate but + + align:start position:0% +also increase the degradation rate but + + + align:start position:0% +also increase the degradation rate but +there's a cost to that which is that you + + align:start position:0% +there's a cost to that which is that you + + + align:start position:0% +there's a cost to that which is that you +have to make more + + align:start position:0% +have to make more + + + align:start position:0% +have to make more +protein okay and indeed um many + + align:start position:0% +protein okay and indeed um many + + + align:start position:0% +protein okay and indeed um many +transcription factors are indeed + + align:start position:0% +transcription factors are indeed + + + align:start position:0% +transcription factors are indeed +actively + + align:start position:0% +actively + + + align:start position:0% +actively +degraded right and that may be because + + align:start position:0% +degraded right and that may be because + + + align:start position:0% +degraded right and that may be because +if you are using these transcription + + align:start position:0% +if you are using these transcription + + + align:start position:0% +if you are using these transcription +factors to turn things on and off then + + align:start position:0% +factors to turn things on and off then + + + align:start position:0% +factors to turn things on and off then +um then you want to get rapid responses + + align:start position:0% +um then you want to get rapid responses + + + align:start position:0% +um then you want to get rapid responses +right and also transcription factors are + + align:start position:0% +right and also transcription factors are + + + align:start position:0% +right and also transcription factors are +often they're not expressed at the same + + align:start position:0% +often they're not expressed at the same + + + align:start position:0% +often they're not expressed at the same +high levels as like structural proteins + + align:start position:0% +high levels as like structural proteins + + + align:start position:0% +high levels as like structural proteins +right so that means that the cost of + + align:start position:0% +right so that means that the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +right so that means that the cost of +degrading them is not going to be uh as + + align:start position:0% +degrading them is not going to be uh as + + + align:start position:0% +degrading them is not going to be uh as +severe right if you're actively + + align:start position:0% +severe right if you're actively + + + align:start position:0% +severe right if you're actively +degrading you know things that are you + + align:start position:0% +degrading you know things that are you + + + align:start position:0% +degrading you know things that are you +know that you know cell wall type + + align:start position:0% +know that you know cell wall type + + + align:start position:0% +know that you know cell wall type +components you know that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +components you know that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +components you know that's going to be +that's going to be really costly right + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be really costly right + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be really costly right +okay are there any questions about what + + align:start position:0% +okay are there any questions about what + + + align:start position:0% +okay are there any questions about what +I mean by this discussion of active + + align:start position:0% +I mean by this discussion of active + + + align:start position:0% +I mean by this discussion of active +degradation why it might help + + align:start position:0% +degradation why it might help + + + align:start position:0% +degradation why it might help +costs um because over the next um over + + align:start position:0% +costs um because over the next um over + + + align:start position:0% +costs um because over the next um over +the next week or two we're going to see + + align:start position:0% +the next week or two we're going to see + + + align:start position:0% +the next week or two we're going to see +U multiple possible solutions to this + + align:start position:0% +U multiple possible solutions to this + + + align:start position:0% +U multiple possible solutions to this +problem if you want to increase the the + + align:start position:0% +problem if you want to increase the the + + + align:start position:0% +problem if you want to increase the the +rate that you respond to some + + align:start position:0% +rate that you respond to some + + + align:start position:0% +rate that you respond to some +environmental change one way you can do + + align:start position:0% +environmental change one way you can do + + + align:start position:0% +environmental change one way you can do +it is by actively degrading some of the + + align:start position:0% +it is by actively degrading some of the + + + align:start position:0% +it is by actively degrading some of the +signaling proteins but but there are + + align:start position:0% +signaling proteins but but there are + + + align:start position:0% +signaling proteins but but there are +other solutions that we're going to come + + align:start position:0% +other solutions that we're going to come + + + align:start position:0% +other solutions that we're going to come +up with such as Auto regulation is one + + align:start position:0% +up with such as Auto regulation is one + + + align:start position:0% +up with such as Auto regulation is one +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right um okay so just um in the last few + + align:start position:0% +right um okay so just um in the last few + + + align:start position:0% +right um okay so just um in the last few +minutes here I wanted to uh I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +minutes here I wanted to uh I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +minutes here I wanted to uh I wanted to +say something about um this question of + + align:start position:0% +say something about um this question of + + + align:start position:0% +say something about um this question of +ultra sensitivity right so there are + + align:start position:0% +ultra sensitivity right so there are + + + align:start position:0% +ultra sensitivity right so there are +many cases where you would like to get + + align:start position:0% +many cases where you would like to get + + + align:start position:0% +many cases where you would like to get +um kind of very sensitive responses I.E + + align:start position:0% +um kind of very sensitive responses I.E + + + align:start position:0% +um kind of very sensitive responses I.E +you'd like to be able to make a modest + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to be able to make a modest + + + align:start position:0% +you'd like to be able to make a modest +change in the concentration of some for + + align:start position:0% +change in the concentration of some for + + + align:start position:0% +change in the concentration of some for +example transcription factor and get a + + align:start position:0% +example transcription factor and get a + + + align:start position:0% +example transcription factor and get a +significant change iness I don't know + + align:start position:0% +significant change iness I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +significant change iness I don't know +why I erased that but okay um but get + + align:start position:0% +why I erased that but okay um but get + + + align:start position:0% +why I erased that but okay um but get +and you want to be get a significant + + align:start position:0% +and you want to be get a significant + + + align:start position:0% +and you want to be get a significant +change in um in the output right and one + + align:start position:0% +change in um in the output right and one + + + align:start position:0% +change in um in the output right and one +way that you can do this is by having + + align:start position:0% +way that you can do this is by having + + + align:start position:0% +way that you can do this is by having +some sort of Cooperative uh binding + + align:start position:0% +some sort of Cooperative uh binding + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of Cooperative uh binding +right so if you have dimerization of a + + align:start position:0% +right so if you have dimerization of a + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you have dimerization of a +transcription Factor before binding then + + align:start position:0% +transcription Factor before binding then + + + align:start position:0% +transcription Factor before binding then +you for example can get a more sensitive + + align:start position:0% +you for example can get a more sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +you for example can get a more sensitive +response right so one way to think about + + align:start position:0% +response right so one way to think about + + + align:start position:0% +response right so one way to think about +this is if you have an + + align:start position:0% +this is if you have an + + + align:start position:0% +this is if you have an +X activating y right in the simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +case then the the rate of um y + + align:start position:0% +case then the the rate of um y + + + align:start position:0% +case then the the rate of um y +expression at a function of um and here + + align:start position:0% +expression at a function of um and here + + + align:start position:0% +expression at a function of um and here +we'll say we're going to say we're just + + align:start position:0% +we'll say we're going to say we're just + + + align:start position:0% +we'll say we're going to say we're just +going to write X for now and we'll just + + align:start position:0% +going to write X for now and we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +going to write X for now and we'll just +assume that all + + align:start position:0% +assume that all + + + align:start position:0% +assume that all +X's are indeed active + + align:start position:0% +X's are indeed active + + + align:start position:0% +X's are indeed active +Okay now if it just is a single X + + align:start position:0% +Okay now if it just is a single X + + + align:start position:0% +Okay now if it just is a single X +binding y then this should behave just + + align:start position:0% +binding y then this should behave just + + + align:start position:0% +binding y then this should behave just +like this Michela Menton formula where + + align:start position:0% +like this Michela Menton formula where + + + align:start position:0% +like this Michela Menton formula where +there's some maximal rate of expression + + align:start position:0% +there's some maximal rate of expression + + + align:start position:0% +there's some maximal rate of expression +here there's some going to be some K D + + align:start position:0% +here there's some going to be some K D + + + align:start position:0% +here there's some going to be some K D +at which it's bound half the + + align:start position:0% +at which it's bound half the + + + align:start position:0% +at which it's bound half the +time and then some curve that looks like + + align:start position:0% +time and then some curve that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +time and then some curve that looks like +this okay so this would be an example of + + align:start position:0% +this okay so this would be an example of + + + align:start position:0% +this okay so this would be an example of +something that's not Ultra sensitive and + + align:start position:0% +something that's not Ultra sensitive and + + + align:start position:0% +something that's not Ultra sensitive and +that uh you don't get a significant + + align:start position:0% +that uh you don't get a significant + + + align:start position:0% +that uh you don't get a significant +change in in the rate of Y expression or + + align:start position:0% +change in in the rate of Y expression or + + + align:start position:0% +change in in the rate of Y expression or +the equilibrium y value if you'd like + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium y value if you'd like + + + align:start position:0% +the equilibrium y value if you'd like +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +um as a function of changing X so if as + + align:start position:0% +um as a function of changing X so if as + + + align:start position:0% +um as a function of changing X so if as +you start making as you start having + + align:start position:0% +you start making as you start having + + + align:start position:0% +you start making as you start having +more and more X you you indeed get more + + align:start position:0% +more and more X you you indeed get more + + + align:start position:0% +more and more X you you indeed get more +and more y but it's all that ratio if + + align:start position:0% +and more y but it's all that ratio if + + + align:start position:0% +and more y but it's all that ratio if +you double X you always get less than a + + align:start position:0% +you double X you always get less than a + + + align:start position:0% +you double X you always get less than a +a doubling of Y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so the question is what can you do + + align:start position:0% +right so the question is what can you do + + + align:start position:0% +right so the question is what can you do +to make things somehow more sensitive + + align:start position:0% +to make things somehow more sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +to make things somehow more sensitive +right you'd like something that looks a + + align:start position:0% +right you'd like something that looks a + + + align:start position:0% +right you'd like something that looks a +little bit + + align:start position:0% +little bit + + + align:start position:0% +little bit +more well the ultimate would + + align:start position:0% +more well the ultimate would + + + align:start position:0% +more well the ultimate would +be you know + + align:start position:0% +be you know + + + align:start position:0% +be you know +zero and then beta and indeed this would + + align:start position:0% +zero and then beta and indeed this would + + + align:start position:0% +zero and then beta and indeed this would +be this logic kind of uh limit right so + + align:start position:0% +be this logic kind of uh limit right so + + + align:start position:0% +be this logic kind of uh limit right so +this is y + + align:start position:0% +this is y + + + align:start position:0% +this is y +expression as a function of X right if + + align:start position:0% +expression as a function of X right if + + + align:start position:0% +expression as a function of X right if +you didn't get any until some k d and + + align:start position:0% +you didn't get any until some k d and + + + align:start position:0% +you didn't get any until some k d and +then all of a sudden you have beta right + + align:start position:0% +then all of a sudden you have beta right + + + align:start position:0% +then all of a sudden you have beta right +that would be as sensitive as you could + + align:start position:0% +that would be as sensitive as you could + + + align:start position:0% +that would be as sensitive as you could +Poss Ultra this is ultra Ultra + + align:start position:0% +Poss Ultra this is ultra Ultra + + + align:start position:0% +Poss Ultra this is ultra Ultra +sensitive okay can somebody uh I mean so + + align:start position:0% +sensitive okay can somebody uh I mean so + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive okay can somebody uh I mean so +there was one solution that was talked + + align:start position:0% +there was one solution that was talked + + + align:start position:0% +there was one solution that was talked +about in the book to get something + + align:start position:0% +about in the book to get something + + + align:start position:0% +about in the book to get something +that's a little bit more like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this yeah Cooperative Bing yeah + + align:start position:0% +this yeah Cooperative Bing yeah + + + align:start position:0% +this yeah Cooperative Bing yeah +Cooperative binding right so um we often + + align:start position:0% +Cooperative binding right so um we often + + + align:start position:0% +Cooperative binding right so um we often +describe these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions as a function this is the the + + align:start position:0% +functions as a function this is the the + + + align:start position:0% +functions as a function this is the the +rate of expression as a function of X as + + align:start position:0% +rate of expression as a function of X as + + + align:start position:0% +rate of expression as a function of X as +um you know via some Hill equation right + + align:start position:0% +um you know via some Hill equation right + + + align:start position:0% +um you know via some Hill equation right +so I'm just going to write X's here + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just going to write X's here + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just going to write X's here +right so it could be there's x k plus + + align:start position:0% +right so it could be there's x k plus + + + align:start position:0% +right so it could be there's x k plus +okay sorry plus X + + align:start position:0% +okay sorry plus X + + + align:start position:0% +okay sorry plus X +here now um if you have Cooperative + + align:start position:0% +here now um if you have Cooperative + + + align:start position:0% +here now um if you have Cooperative +binding um either to at the side of the + + align:start position:0% +binding um either to at the side of the + + + align:start position:0% +binding um either to at the side of the +promoter or like dimerization + + align:start position:0% +promoter or like dimerization + + + align:start position:0% +promoter or like dimerization +trimerization something um before + + align:start position:0% +trimerization something um before + + + align:start position:0% +trimerization something um before +binding you can get some + + align:start position:0% +binding you can get some + + + align:start position:0% +binding you can get some +effective U Hill coefficient here where + + align:start position:0% +effective U Hill coefficient here where + + + align:start position:0% +effective U Hill coefficient here where +this is going to be up X the n x n k to + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be up X the n x n k to + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be up X the n x n k to +the N right we put K to the N here just + + align:start position:0% +the N right we put K to the N here just + + + align:start position:0% +the N right we put K to the N here just +so that all the units are still + + align:start position:0% +so that all the units are still + + + align:start position:0% +so that all the units are still +reasonable + + align:start position:0% +reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable +okay right and as n increases this thing + + align:start position:0% +okay right and as n increases this thing + + + align:start position:0% +okay right and as n increases this thing +becomes more and more sensitive or Ultra + + align:start position:0% +becomes more and more sensitive or Ultra + + + align:start position:0% +becomes more and more sensitive or Ultra +sensitive right so this is with n just + + align:start position:0% +sensitive right so this is with n just + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive right so this is with n just +equal to one just a monomer binding in a + + align:start position:0% +equal to one just a monomer binding in a + + + align:start position:0% +equal to one just a monomer binding in a +simple way if you have a an KD is still + + align:start position:0% +simple way if you have a an KD is still + + + align:start position:0% +simple way if you have a an KD is still +the half mark So this thing's always + + align:start position:0% +the half mark So this thing's always + + + align:start position:0% +the half mark So this thing's always +cross here right but if if it's two then + + align:start position:0% +cross here right but if if it's two then + + + align:start position:0% +cross here right but if if it's two then +it might look like this know + + align:start position:0% +it might look like this know + + + align:start position:0% +it might look like this know +three four all right so it gets steeper + + align:start position:0% +three four all right so it gets steeper + + + align:start position:0% +three four all right so it gets steeper +and steeper as that Hill coefficient + + align:start position:0% +and steeper as that Hill coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +and steeper as that Hill coefficient +increases + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so uh as I mentions uh for many um + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh as I mentions uh for many um + + + align:start position:0% +okay so uh as I mentions uh for many um +input in many genes if you go and + + align:start position:0% +input in many genes if you go and + + + align:start position:0% +input in many genes if you go and +measure these things you often get + + align:start position:0% +measure these things you often get + + + align:start position:0% +measure these things you often get +something reibly well defined by this + + align:start position:0% +something reibly well defined by this + + + align:start position:0% +something reibly well defined by this +with an N you know somewhere between one + + align:start position:0% +with an N you know somewhere between one + + + align:start position:0% +with an N you know somewhere between one +and four right so things are often + + align:start position:0% +and four right so things are often + + + align:start position:0% +and four right so things are often +moderately + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Cooperative + + align:start position:0% +Cooperative + + + align:start position:0% +Cooperative +right so what I'm going to do is + + align:start position:0% +right so what I'm going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +right so what I'm going to do is +um maybe I just tell you about this + + align:start position:0% +um maybe I just tell you about this + + + align:start position:0% +um maybe I just tell you about this +other mechanism for Ultra sensitivity uh + + align:start position:0% +other mechanism for Ultra sensitivity uh + + + align:start position:0% +other mechanism for Ultra sensitivity uh +this idea of molecular titration I'm + + align:start position:0% +this idea of molecular titration I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this idea of molecular titration I'm +going to leave you with the basic model + + align:start position:0% +going to leave you with the basic model + + + align:start position:0% +going to leave you with the basic model +or the basic idea and then uh on the + + align:start position:0% +or the basic idea and then uh on the + + + align:start position:0% +or the basic idea and then uh on the +beginning of class on Thursday we will + + align:start position:0% +beginning of class on Thursday we will + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of class on Thursday we will +try to figure out what are the + + align:start position:0% +try to figure out what are the + + + align:start position:0% +try to figure out what are the +requirements for the various binding + + align:start position:0% +requirements for the various binding + + + align:start position:0% +requirements for the various binding +affinities in order for that model to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +work right so what's neat about this is + + align:start position:0% +work right so what's neat about this is + + + align:start position:0% +work right so what's neat about this is +It's a situation where you can get + + align:start position:0% +It's a situation where you can get + + + align:start position:0% +It's a situation where you can get +something that is ultra sensitive + + align:start position:0% +something that is ultra sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +something that is ultra sensitive +without any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cooperativity and the idea is that you + + align:start position:0% +cooperativity and the idea is that you + + + align:start position:0% +cooperativity and the idea is that you +have some X that is indeed uh binding uh + + align:start position:0% +have some X that is indeed uh binding uh + + + align:start position:0% +have some X that is indeed uh binding uh +to the promoter to activate expression + + align:start position:0% +to the promoter to activate expression + + + align:start position:0% +to the promoter to activate expression +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +Y but um in addition you have some other + + align:start position:0% +Y but um in addition you have some other + + + align:start position:0% +Y but um in addition you have some other +protein say w that can bind to X + + align:start position:0% +protein say w that can bind to X + + + align:start position:0% +protein say w that can bind to X +all right so now and turn it into this + + align:start position:0% +all right so now and turn it into this + + + align:start position:0% +all right so now and turn it into this +complex + + align:start position:0% +complex + + + align:start position:0% +complex +xw okay right so we can always U + + align:start position:0% +xw okay right so we can always U + + + align:start position:0% +xw okay right so we can always U +describe things as there's some KW here + + align:start position:0% +describe things as there's some KW here + + + align:start position:0% +describe things as there's some KW here +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +KD for X to bind to the + + align:start position:0% +KD for X to bind to the + + + align:start position:0% +KD for X to bind to the +promoter right and for some relationship + + align:start position:0% +promoter right and for some relationship + + + align:start position:0% +promoter right and for some relationship +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +KW K + + align:start position:0% +KW K + + + align:start position:0% +KW K +D and W total you can get Ultra + + align:start position:0% +D and W total you can get Ultra + + + align:start position:0% +D and W total you can get Ultra +sensitivity right what happen happens is + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity right what happen happens is + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity right what happen happens is +that if you look at this rate of + + align:start position:0% +that if you look at this rate of + + + align:start position:0% +that if you look at this rate of +expression all right so this is y + + align:start position:0% +expression all right so this is y + + + align:start position:0% +expression all right so this is y +expression rate as a function of X right + + align:start position:0% +expression rate as a function of X right + + + align:start position:0% +expression rate as a function of X right +if if you don't have any W here then + + align:start position:0% +if if you don't have any W here then + + + align:start position:0% +if if you don't have any W here then +indeed it just + + align:start position:0% +indeed it just + + + align:start position:0% +indeed it just +looks like our standard thing here okay + + align:start position:0% +looks like our standard thing here okay + + + align:start position:0% +looks like our standard thing here okay +whereas in the in the case of uh when + + align:start position:0% +whereas in the in the case of uh when + + + align:start position:0% +whereas in the in the case of uh when +you add W when you add this uh molecular + + align:start position:0% +you add W when you add this uh molecular + + + align:start position:0% +you add W when you add this uh molecular +titration phenomenon you can make this + + align:start position:0% +titration phenomenon you can make this + + + align:start position:0% +titration phenomenon you can make this +curve slide over so that you don't get + + align:start position:0% +curve slide over so that you don't get + + + align:start position:0% +curve slide over so that you don't get +significant expression until X well this + + align:start position:0% +significant expression until X well this + + + align:start position:0% +significant expression until X well this +is X total if you'd like is larger than + + align:start position:0% +is X total if you'd like is larger than + + + align:start position:0% +is X total if you'd like is larger than +W total and this whole curve kind of + + align:start position:0% +W total and this whole curve kind of + + + align:start position:0% +W total and this whole curve kind of +just slides + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over all right and you can see that this + + align:start position:0% +over all right and you can see that this + + + align:start position:0% +over all right and you can see that this +is kind of there's some sense this is + + align:start position:0% +is kind of there's some sense this is + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of there's some sense this is +ultra sensitive right so nothing happens + + align:start position:0% +ultra sensitive right so nothing happens + + + align:start position:0% +ultra sensitive right so nothing happens +till all of a sudden you start getting + + align:start position:0% +till all of a sudden you start getting + + + align:start position:0% +till all of a sudden you start getting +expression right so what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +expression right so what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +expression right so what we're going to +do is on the beginning of class on + + align:start position:0% +do is on the beginning of class on + + + align:start position:0% +do is on the beginning of class on +Thursday uh we'll try to figure out what + + align:start position:0% +Thursday uh we'll try to figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday uh we'll try to figure out what +is the relationship between these + + align:start position:0% +is the relationship between these + + + align:start position:0% +is the relationship between these +different kind of + + align:start position:0% +different kind of + + + align:start position:0% +different kind of +uh binding parameters in order to get + + align:start position:0% +uh binding parameters in order to get + + + align:start position:0% +uh binding parameters in order to get +something uh that looks like + + align:start position:0% +something uh that looks like + + + align:start position:0% +something uh that looks like +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +okay are there any questions about um + + align:start position:0% +okay are there any questions about um + + + align:start position:0% +okay are there any questions about um +anything that we've we've said so far + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today right with that why don't we go + + align:start position:0% +today right with that why don't we go + + + align:start position:0% +today right with that why don't we go +ahead and and quit \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lPD9fx8fK1k.txt b/lPD9fx8fK1k.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9cb5d6bc8f51ce4a5de6491577236d6e39d39fce --- /dev/null +++ b/lPD9fx8fK1k.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12947 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right we're gonna we're gonna turn + + align:start position:0% +all right we're gonna we're gonna turn + + + align:start position:0% +all right we're gonna we're gonna turn +today to a fun topic of how central bags + + align:start position:0% +today to a fun topic of how central bags + + + align:start position:0% +today to a fun topic of how central bags +right at the heart of the financial + + align:start position:0% +right at the heart of the financial + + + align:start position:0% +right at the heart of the financial +system we're thinking about blockchain + + align:start position:0% +system we're thinking about blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +system we're thinking about blockchain +and we're going to do this over two + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to do this over two + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to do this over two +classes where we're fortunate that we + + align:start position:0% +classes where we're fortunate that we + + + align:start position:0% +classes where we're fortunate that we +have some real expertise in the room and + + align:start position:0% +have some real expertise in the room and + + + align:start position:0% +have some real expertise in the room and +I'm not talking about myself but Rob Ali + + align:start position:0% +I'm not talking about myself but Rob Ali + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not talking about myself but Rob Ali +who ran the digital efforts at the Bank + + align:start position:0% +who ran the digital efforts at the Bank + + + align:start position:0% +who ran the digital efforts at the Bank +of England and is now and has been for + + align:start position:0% +of England and is now and has been for + + + align:start position:0% +of England and is now and has been for +some time part of the digital currency + + align:start position:0% +some time part of the digital currency + + + align:start position:0% +some time part of the digital currency +initiative ever the Media Lab is going + + align:start position:0% +initiative ever the Media Lab is going + + + align:start position:0% +initiative ever the Media Lab is going +to come up from time to time and and + + align:start position:0% +to come up from time to time and and + + + align:start position:0% +to come up from time to time and and +give his perspective not only from mi + + align:start position:0% +give his perspective not only from mi + + + align:start position:0% +give his perspective not only from mi +t--'s media labs perspective but also + + align:start position:0% +t--'s media labs perspective but also + + + align:start position:0% +t--'s media labs perspective but also +from the history of what he's done he's + + align:start position:0% +from the history of what he's done he's + + + align:start position:0% +from the history of what he's done he's +authored a number of papers in this area + + align:start position:0% +authored a number of papers in this area + + + align:start position:0% +authored a number of papers in this area +he works with technologists creating a + + align:start position:0% +he works with technologists creating a + + + align:start position:0% +he works with technologists creating a +number of technologies but I'll let Rob + + align:start position:0% +number of technologies but I'll let Rob + + + align:start position:0% +number of technologies but I'll let Rob +tell you a little bit about what he's + + align:start position:0% +tell you a little bit about what he's + + + align:start position:0% +tell you a little bit about what he's +doing in central banking Simon + + align:start position:0% +doing in central banking Simon + + + align:start position:0% +doing in central banking Simon +Johnston's also joined us who is a + + align:start position:0% +Johnston's also joined us who is a + + + align:start position:0% +Johnston's also joined us who is a +former chief economist of the + + align:start position:0% +former chief economist of the + + + align:start position:0% +former chief economist of the +International Monetary Fund he's told me + + align:start position:0% +International Monetary Fund he's told me + + + align:start position:0% +International Monetary Fund he's told me +he doesn't want to be caught on but I + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't want to be caught on but I + + + align:start position:0% +he doesn't want to be caught on but I +will call on Simon to give his + + align:start position:0% +will call on Simon to give his + + + align:start position:0% +will call on Simon to give his +perspective at some point in time from + + align:start position:0% +perspective at some point in time from + + + align:start position:0% +perspective at some point in time from +the IMF days but as you all know Simon + + align:start position:0% +the IMF days but as you all know Simon + + + align:start position:0% +the IMF days but as you all know Simon +is a Sloan faculty a great teacher + + align:start position:0% +is a Sloan faculty a great teacher + + + align:start position:0% +is a Sloan faculty a great teacher +himself teaches a lot of you the global + + align:start position:0% +himself teaches a lot of you the global + + + align:start position:0% +himself teaches a lot of you the global +markets course and the G lab course and + + align:start position:0% +markets course and the G lab course and + + + align:start position:0% +markets course and the G lab course and +things like that and Simon and I and the + + align:start position:0% +things like that and Simon and I and the + + + align:start position:0% +things like that and Simon and I and the +spring teach a public policy and private + + align:start position:0% +spring teach a public policy and private + + + align:start position:0% +spring teach a public policy and private +sector course which is just one one more + + align:start position:0% +sector course which is just one one more + + + align:start position:0% +sector course which is just one one more +time for me to plug that that's a good + + align:start position:0% +time for me to plug that that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +time for me to plug that that's a good +course to so now let's just talk a + + align:start position:0% +course to so now let's just talk a + + + align:start position:0% +course to so now let's just talk a +little bit about central banking and and + + align:start position:0% +little bit about central banking and and + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about central banking and and +blockchain first what are we going to do + + align:start position:0% +blockchain first what are we going to do + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain first what are we going to do +a little bit about our readings and the + + align:start position:0% +a little bit about our readings and the + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit about our readings and the +study questions we're going to start + + align:start position:0% +study questions we're going to start + + + align:start position:0% +study questions we're going to start +with fiat currency and go back again to + + align:start position:0% +with fiat currency and go back again to + + + align:start position:0% +with fiat currency and go back again to +fiat currency and what how does it fit + + align:start position:0% +fiat currency and what how does it fit + + + align:start position:0% +fiat currency and what how does it fit +into central banking so the first 20 or + + align:start position:0% +into central banking so the first 20 or + + + align:start position:0% +into central banking so the first 20 or +30 percent of today is really just about + + align:start position:0% +30 percent of today is really just about + + + align:start position:0% +30 percent of today is really just about +what is the central bank and how does it + + align:start position:0% +what is the central bank and how does it + + + align:start position:0% +what is the central bank and how does it +fit into money then how are central + + align:start position:0% +fit into money then how are central + + + align:start position:0% +fit into money then how are central +bank's thinking about blockchain + + align:start position:0% +bank's thinking about blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +bank's thinking about blockchain +technology what are their approaches and + + align:start position:0% +technology what are their approaches and + + + align:start position:0% +technology what are their approaches and +we're gonna talk about four different + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about four different + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna talk about four different +approaches that central banks are taking + + align:start position:0% +approaches that central banks are taking + + + align:start position:0% +approaches that central banks are taking +to blockchain tech + + align:start position:0% +to blockchain tech + + + align:start position:0% +to blockchain tech +nology then dive into one of those four + + align:start position:0% +nology then dive into one of those four + + + align:start position:0% +nology then dive into one of those four +approaches payment systems and how are + + align:start position:0% +approaches payment systems and how are + + + align:start position:0% +approaches payment systems and how are +they looking at payment systems right + + align:start position:0% +they looking at payment systems right + + + align:start position:0% +they looking at payment systems right +now dive in the probably the most + + align:start position:0% +now dive in the probably the most + + + align:start position:0% +now dive in the probably the most +interesting one central bank digital + + align:start position:0% +interesting one central bank digital + + + align:start position:0% +interesting one central bank digital +currency and what's called the money + + align:start position:0% +currency and what's called the money + + + align:start position:0% +currency and what's called the money +flower you might remember that money + + align:start position:0% +flower you might remember that money + + + align:start position:0% +flower you might remember that money +flower that was in the BIS report and so + + align:start position:0% +flower that was in the BIS report and so + + + align:start position:0% +flower that was in the BIS report and so +forth and then just wrap it up so that's + + align:start position:0% +forth and then just wrap it up so that's + + + align:start position:0% +forth and then just wrap it up so that's +that's a little bit of what we're trying + + align:start position:0% +that's a little bit of what we're trying + + + align:start position:0% +that's a little bit of what we're trying +to do the study questions were really + + align:start position:0% +to do the study questions were really + + + align:start position:0% +to do the study questions were really +about central banking what are they + + align:start position:0% +about central banking what are they + + + align:start position:0% +about central banking what are they +thinking about how are they thinking + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how are they thinking + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about how are they thinking +about digital reserves and so forth + + align:start position:0% +about digital reserves and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +about digital reserves and so forth +because I have a guest with me I'm not + + align:start position:0% +because I have a guest with me I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +because I have a guest with me I'm not +going to do as much cold calling cuz + + align:start position:0% +going to do as much cold calling cuz + + + align:start position:0% +going to do as much cold calling cuz +we're going to leave time for Rob to get + + align:start position:0% +we're going to leave time for Rob to get + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to leave time for Rob to get +up here and give some of his thoughts as + + align:start position:0% +up here and give some of his thoughts as + + + align:start position:0% +up here and give some of his thoughts as +we go through but the key questions were + + align:start position:0% +we go through but the key questions were + + + align:start position:0% +we go through but the key questions were +really how are central bank's thinking + + align:start position:0% +really how are central bank's thinking + + + align:start position:0% +really how are central bank's thinking +about central bank digital currency how + + align:start position:0% +about central bank digital currency how + + + align:start position:0% +about central bank digital currency how +might they think of the design + + align:start position:0% +might they think of the design + + + align:start position:0% +might they think of the design +considerations which we're gonna dive + + align:start position:0% +considerations which we're gonna dive + + + align:start position:0% +considerations which we're gonna dive +into in the latter part of the class + + align:start position:0% +into in the latter part of the class + + + align:start position:0% +into in the latter part of the class +designing retail versus hotel access + + align:start position:0% +designing retail versus hotel access + + + align:start position:0% +designing retail versus hotel access +should it be a token or account based + + align:start position:0% +should it be a token or account based + + + align:start position:0% +should it be a token or account based +interest bearing or not and we'll talk a + + align:start position:0% +interest bearing or not and we'll talk a + + + align:start position:0% +interest bearing or not and we'll talk a +lot Thursday about why Sweden right now + + align:start position:0% +lot Thursday about why Sweden right now + + + align:start position:0% +lot Thursday about why Sweden right now +has come out with their most recent + + align:start position:0% +has come out with their most recent + + + align:start position:0% +has come out with their most recent +paper which was not an assigned reading + + align:start position:0% +paper which was not an assigned reading + + + align:start position:0% +paper which was not an assigned reading +because the paper came out of about a + + align:start position:0% +because the paper came out of about a + + + align:start position:0% +because the paper came out of about a +week ago but they're saying they're + + align:start position:0% +week ago but they're saying they're + + + align:start position:0% +week ago but they're saying they're +thinking they should make an + + align:start position:0% +thinking they should make an + + + align:start position:0% +thinking they should make an +interest-bearing which I wouldn't have + + align:start position:0% +interest-bearing which I wouldn't have + + + align:start position:0% +interest-bearing which I wouldn't have +necessarily predicted but that's where + + align:start position:0% +necessarily predicted but that's where + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily predicted but that's where +they're thinking is as of October of + + align:start position:0% +they're thinking is as of October of + + + align:start position:0% +they're thinking is as of October of +2018 and then what are the challenges + + align:start position:0% +2018 and then what are the challenges + + + align:start position:0% +2018 and then what are the challenges +that it might relate back to the + + align:start position:0% +that it might relate back to the + + + align:start position:0% +that it might relate back to the +commercial banking business the credit + + align:start position:0% +commercial banking business the credit + + + align:start position:0% +commercial banking business the credit +markets the economy as a whole so that's + + align:start position:0% +markets the economy as a whole so that's + + + align:start position:0% +markets the economy as a whole so that's +a little bit of the background and these + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of the background and these + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of the background and these +were the readings I apologize because + + align:start position:0% +were the readings I apologize because + + + align:start position:0% +were the readings I apologize because +this week is probably a little heavy + + align:start position:0% +this week is probably a little heavy + + + align:start position:0% +this week is probably a little heavy +reading which meant you all skimmed + + align:start position:0% +reading which meant you all skimmed + + + align:start position:0% +reading which meant you all skimmed +rather than actually dove in one of + + align:start position:0% +rather than actually dove in one of + + + align:start position:0% +rather than actually dove in one of +these readings Broadbent Rob did you + + align:start position:0% +these readings Broadbent Rob did you + + + align:start position:0% +these readings Broadbent Rob did you +help write this this speech that + + align:start position:0% +help write this this speech that + + + align:start position:0% +help write this this speech that +Broadbent wrote + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I reviewed the draft and anybody working + + align:start position:0% +I reviewed the draft and anybody working + + + align:start position:0% +I reviewed the draft and anybody working +in this central bank digital currency + + align:start position:0% +in this central bank digital currency + + + align:start position:0% +in this central bank digital currency +space really goes back to broadband + + align:start position:0% +space really goes back to broadband + + + align:start position:0% +space really goes back to broadband +speech I had assumed it Rob may have + + align:start position:0% +speech I had assumed it Rob may have + + + align:start position:0% +speech I had assumed it Rob may have +written it or reviewed it and and + + align:start position:0% +written it or reviewed it and and + + + align:start position:0% +written it or reviewed it and and +Garrett who gave testimony in front of + + align:start position:0% +Garrett who gave testimony in front of + + + align:start position:0% +Garrett who gave testimony in front of +the US Congress on that these issues is + + align:start position:0% +the US Congress on that these issues is + + + align:start position:0% +the US Congress on that these issues is +also often quoted by the Bank of + + align:start position:0% +also often quoted by the Bank of + + + align:start position:0% +also often quoted by the Bank of +International Settlement so if there + + align:start position:0% +International Settlement so if there + + + align:start position:0% +International Settlement so if there +were two that you really want to think + + align:start position:0% +were two that you really want to think + + + align:start position:0% +were two that you really want to think +about you know the economics of money + + align:start position:0% +about you know the economics of money + + + align:start position:0% +about you know the economics of money +and central bank digital currency + + align:start position:0% +and central bank digital currency + + + align:start position:0% +and central bank digital currency +Garrett and Broadbent or picked up a lot + + align:start position:0% +Garrett and Broadbent or picked up a lot + + + align:start position:0% +Garrett and Broadbent or picked up a lot +The Economist piece was kind of lively + + align:start position:0% +The Economist piece was kind of lively + + + align:start position:0% +The Economist piece was kind of lively +and walked us all the way back to Adam + + align:start position:0% +and walked us all the way back to Adam + + + align:start position:0% +and walked us all the way back to Adam +Adam Smith did anybody read The + + align:start position:0% +Adam Smith did anybody read The + + + align:start position:0% +Adam Smith did anybody read The +Economist piece and remember what would + + align:start position:0% +Economist piece and remember what would + + + align:start position:0% +Economist piece and remember what would +he anybody remember the Adam James dude + + align:start position:0% +he anybody remember the Adam James dude + + + align:start position:0% +he anybody remember the Adam James dude +everything that's done right and wrong + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and any quote in the Economist piece it + + align:start position:0% +and any quote in the Economist piece it + + + align:start position:0% +and any quote in the Economist piece it +talks about in the 1770s when they + + align:start position:0% +talks about in the 1770s when they + + + align:start position:0% +talks about in the 1770s when they +started to move a bit away from gold + + align:start position:0% +started to move a bit away from gold + + + align:start position:0% +started to move a bit away from gold +money to paper money and they set up a + + align:start position:0% +money to paper money and they set up a + + + align:start position:0% +money to paper money and they set up a +clearing house in 1773 to deal with the + + align:start position:0% +clearing house in 1773 to deal with the + + + align:start position:0% +clearing house in 1773 to deal with the +paper it was going but amongst in + + align:start position:0% +paper it was going but amongst in + + + align:start position:0% +paper it was going but amongst in +between all the banks that Adam Smith + + align:start position:0% +between all the banks that Adam Smith + + + align:start position:0% +between all the banks that Adam Smith +apparently wrote that it was wagon + + align:start position:0% +apparently wrote that it was wagon + + + align:start position:0% +apparently wrote that it was wagon +wheels in the air and that gold was was + + align:start position:0% +wheels in the air and that gold was was + + + align:start position:0% +wheels in the air and that gold was was +the highway of money but paper money and + + align:start position:0% +the highway of money but paper money and + + + align:start position:0% +the highway of money but paper money and +central clearing of that paper money was + + align:start position:0% +central clearing of that paper money was + + + align:start position:0% +central clearing of that paper money was +the wagon wheels in the air so the + + align:start position:0% +the wagon wheels in the air so the + + + align:start position:0% +the wagon wheels in the air so the +Economist was basically saying these + + align:start position:0% +Economist was basically saying these + + + align:start position:0% +Economist was basically saying these +debates are as old as time Adam Smith + + align:start position:0% +debates are as old as time Adam Smith + + + align:start position:0% +debates are as old as time Adam Smith +was saying you can promote an economy + + align:start position:0% +was saying you can promote an economy + + + align:start position:0% +was saying you can promote an economy +with wagon wheels in the air money but + + align:start position:0% +with wagon wheels in the air money but + + + align:start position:0% +with wagon wheels in the air money but +maybe that's what's going on now as well + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's what's going on now as well + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's what's going on now as well +so I've already introduced Rob research + + align:start position:0% +so I've already introduced Rob research + + + align:start position:0% +so I've already introduced Rob research +scientist from the digital currency + + align:start position:0% +scientist from the digital currency + + + align:start position:0% +scientist from the digital currency +initiative and before MIT + + align:start position:0% +initiative and before MIT + + + align:start position:0% +initiative and before MIT +he helped broadband he won't say did but + + align:start position:0% +he helped broadband he won't say did but + + + align:start position:0% +he helped broadband he won't say did but +he helped broadband do everything he did + + align:start position:0% +he helped broadband do everything he did + + + align:start position:0% +he helped broadband do everything he did +at the Bank of England and then Simon + + align:start position:0% +at the Bank of England and then Simon + + + align:start position:0% +at the Bank of England and then Simon +who's taking notes + + align:start position:0% +who's taking notes + + + align:start position:0% +who's taking notes +did I get your did I get this right yeah + + align:start position:0% +did I get your did I get this right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +did I get your did I get this right yeah +good picture + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's that not sure about the picture + + align:start position:0% +what's that not sure about the picture + + + align:start position:0% +what's that not sure about the picture +so fiat currency is anybody gonna remind + + align:start position:0% +so fiat currency is anybody gonna remind + + + align:start position:0% +so fiat currency is anybody gonna remind +me what fiat currency is British you're + + align:start position:0% +me what fiat currency is British you're + + + align:start position:0% +me what fiat currency is British you're +slouching in the chair a little bit + + align:start position:0% +slouching in the chair a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +slouching in the chair a little bit +there it's the norm in the system and + + align:start position:0% +there it's the norm in the system and + + + align:start position:0% +there it's the norm in the system and +what are what are two very important + + align:start position:0% +what are what are two very important + + + align:start position:0% +what are what are two very important +economic features of fiat currency that + + align:start position:0% +economic features of fiat currency that + + + align:start position:0% +economic features of fiat currency that +make it so widely accepted in any + + align:start position:0% +make it so widely accepted in any + + + align:start position:0% +make it so widely accepted in any +economy that we've talked about one of + + align:start position:0% +economy that we've talked about one of + + + align:start position:0% +economy that we've talked about one of +the reasons is that it's typically used + + align:start position:0% +the reasons is that it's typically used + + + align:start position:0% +the reasons is that it's typically used +as the B's to pay taxes taxes and what + + align:start position:0% +as the B's to pay taxes taxes and what + + + align:start position:0% +as the B's to pay taxes taxes and what +was the other big one that almost every + + align:start position:0% +was the other big one that almost every + + + align:start position:0% +was the other big one that almost every +country you can use it for Priya you + + align:start position:0% +country you can use it for Priya you + + + align:start position:0% +country you can use it for Priya you +looking at me no payments so so + + align:start position:0% +looking at me no payments so so + + + align:start position:0% +looking at me no payments so so +societies come together and say you can + + align:start position:0% +societies come together and say you can + + + align:start position:0% +societies come together and say you can +use it for for all debts public and + + align:start position:0% +use it for for all debts public and + + + align:start position:0% +use it for for all debts public and +private you can use it for taxes it sort + + align:start position:0% +private you can use it for taxes it sort + + + align:start position:0% +private you can use it for taxes it sort +of gives it an enormous network effect + + align:start position:0% +of gives it an enormous network effect + + + align:start position:0% +of gives it an enormous network effect +in an advantage in in in any economy and + + align:start position:0% +in an advantage in in in any economy and + + + align:start position:0% +in an advantage in in in any economy and +then what happens is so many of us in a + + align:start position:0% +then what happens is so many of us in a + + + align:start position:0% +then what happens is so many of us in a +society then use it as a unit of account + + align:start position:0% +society then use it as a unit of account + + + align:start position:0% +society then use it as a unit of account +and there's an enormous amount of + + align:start position:0% +and there's an enormous amount of + + + align:start position:0% +and there's an enormous amount of +network effect just the raw economics of + + align:start position:0% +network effect just the raw economics of + + + align:start position:0% +network effect just the raw economics of +money is that others will use it in + + align:start position:0% +money is that others will use it in + + + align:start position:0% +money is that others will use it in +exchange it and thus it becomes the + + align:start position:0% +exchange it and thus it becomes the + + + align:start position:0% +exchange it and thus it becomes the +medium of exchange unit account and + + align:start position:0% +medium of exchange unit account and + + + align:start position:0% +medium of exchange unit account and +store of value so it's represented by + + align:start position:0% +store of value so it's represented by + + + align:start position:0% +store of value so it's represented by +central bank notes and commercial bank + + align:start position:0% +central bank notes and commercial bank + + + align:start position:0% +central bank notes and commercial bank +deposits relies on a system of Ledger's + + align:start position:0% +deposits relies on a system of Ledger's + + + align:start position:0% +deposits relies on a system of Ledger's +which makes it somewhat adaptable and + + align:start position:0% +which makes it somewhat adaptable and + + + align:start position:0% +which makes it somewhat adaptable and +why blockchains + + align:start position:0% +why blockchains + + + align:start position:0% +why blockchains +interesting in this space and taxes and + + align:start position:0% +interesting in this space and taxes and + + + align:start position:0% +interesting in this space and taxes and +debts so then I've pieced together a + + align:start position:0% +debts so then I've pieced together a + + + align:start position:0% +debts so then I've pieced together a +little bit of a slide to think about + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a slide to think about + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a slide to think about +where does central banks fit into this + + align:start position:0% +where does central banks fit into this + + + align:start position:0% +where does central banks fit into this +ultimately you'll see where I'm going + + align:start position:0% +ultimately you'll see where I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately you'll see where I'm going +with this but commercial banks and + + align:start position:0% +with this but commercial banks and + + + align:start position:0% +with this but commercial banks and +central banks both have + + align:start position:0% +central banks both have + + + align:start position:0% +central banks both have +money central bank money our reserves + + align:start position:0% +money central bank money our reserves + + + align:start position:0% +money central bank money our reserves +and cash so it's not simply the cash in + + align:start position:0% +and cash so it's not simply the cash in + + + align:start position:0% +and cash so it's not simply the cash in +our pocket it's also reserves and bank + + align:start position:0% +our pocket it's also reserves and bank + + + align:start position:0% +our pocket it's also reserves and bank +deposits actually are a form of money so + + align:start position:0% +deposits actually are a form of money so + + + align:start position:0% +deposits actually are a form of money so +a little diagram if the central bank is + + align:start position:0% +a little diagram if the central bank is + + + align:start position:0% +a little diagram if the central bank is +at the top and these are number banks + + align:start position:0% +at the top and these are number banks + + + align:start position:0% +at the top and these are number banks +commercial banks reserves or the + + align:start position:0% +commercial banks reserves or the + + + align:start position:0% +commercial banks reserves or the +deposits that commercial banks have with + + align:start position:0% +deposits that commercial banks have with + + + align:start position:0% +deposits that commercial banks have with +the central bank when central banking + + align:start position:0% +the central bank when central banking + + + align:start position:0% +the central bank when central banking +started two and three hundred years ago + + align:start position:0% +started two and three hundred years ago + + + align:start position:0% +started two and three hundred years ago +was that commercial banks wanted + + align:start position:0% +was that commercial banks wanted + + + align:start position:0% +was that commercial banks wanted +something from the government they + + align:start position:0% +something from the government they + + + align:start position:0% +something from the government they +wanted some backing they wanted a lender + + align:start position:0% +wanted some backing they wanted a lender + + + align:start position:0% +wanted some backing they wanted a lender +of last resort and they would have to + + align:start position:0% +of last resort and they would have to + + + align:start position:0% +of last resort and they would have to +open up accounts at the central bank but + + align:start position:0% +open up accounts at the central bank but + + + align:start position:0% +open up accounts at the central bank but +today when we have kind of unified + + align:start position:0% +today when we have kind of unified + + + align:start position:0% +today when we have kind of unified +Ledger's then the central bank issues + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's then the central bank issues + + + align:start position:0% +Ledger's then the central bank issues +reserves to the banking system and those + + align:start position:0% +reserves to the banking system and those + + + align:start position:0% +reserves to the banking system and those +reserves are a form of money the next + + align:start position:0% +reserves are a form of money the next + + + align:start position:0% +reserves are a form of money the next +thing is there's the public down at the + + align:start position:0% +thing is there's the public down at the + + + align:start position:0% +thing is there's the public down at the +bottom Bob Alice and Charlie we all have + + align:start position:0% +bottom Bob Alice and Charlie we all have + + + align:start position:0% +bottom Bob Alice and Charlie we all have +money and it's called bank deposits but + + align:start position:0% +money and it's called bank deposits but + + + align:start position:0% +money and it's called bank deposits but +there's one other piece of this puzzle + + align:start position:0% +there's one other piece of this puzzle + + + align:start position:0% +there's one other piece of this puzzle +if I can get it is cash so three forms + + align:start position:0% +if I can get it is cash so three forms + + + align:start position:0% +if I can get it is cash so three forms +of money we can all have cash in our + + align:start position:0% +of money we can all have cash in our + + + align:start position:0% +of money we can all have cash in our +pocket as I commonly pull out this here + + align:start position:0% +pocket as I commonly pull out this here + + + align:start position:0% +pocket as I commonly pull out this here +right I'm gonna watch you Hugo + + align:start position:0% +right I'm gonna watch you Hugo + + + align:start position:0% +right I'm gonna watch you Hugo +I'm gonna watch you but no no but what + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna watch you but no no but what + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna watch you but no no but what +is that right there right that Federal + + align:start position:0% +is that right there right that Federal + + + align:start position:0% +is that right there right that Federal +Reserve Note is a representation that at + + align:start position:0% +Reserve Note is a representation that at + + + align:start position:0% +Reserve Note is a representation that at +the central bank they're storing some + + align:start position:0% +the central bank they're storing some + + + align:start position:0% +the central bank they're storing some +value for me it's got a serial number + + align:start position:0% +value for me it's got a serial number + + + align:start position:0% +value for me it's got a serial number +that piece of paper itself is not the + + align:start position:0% +that piece of paper itself is not the + + + align:start position:0% +that piece of paper itself is not the +store of value in a sense even though we + + align:start position:0% +store of value in a sense even though we + + + align:start position:0% +store of value in a sense even though we +accept it would you say that's a store + + align:start position:0% +accept it would you say that's a store + + + align:start position:0% +accept it would you say that's a store +of value and what way is that a store of + + align:start position:0% +of value and what way is that a store of + + + align:start position:0% +of value and what way is that a store of +value + + align:start position:0% +value + + + align:start position:0% +value +i dollars and why is it worth $20 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and see what happens if you hand it to + + align:start position:0% +and see what happens if you hand it to + + + align:start position:0% +and see what happens if you hand it to +rob he'll take it right that's how you + + align:start position:0% +rob he'll take it right that's how you + + + align:start position:0% +rob he'll take it right that's how you +know it's worth something but it's it's + + align:start position:0% +know it's worth something but it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +know it's worth something but it's it's +it's a tokenized means of money it's a + + align:start position:0% +it's a tokenized means of money it's a + + + align:start position:0% +it's a tokenized means of money it's a +physical token and the central bank has + + align:start position:0% +physical token and the central bank has + + + align:start position:0% +physical token and the central bank has +something stored there but you also have + + align:start position:0% +something stored there but you also have + + + align:start position:0% +something stored there but you also have +bank deposits and if you go into + + align:start position:0% +bank deposits and if you go into + + + align:start position:0% +bank deposits and if you go into +Starbucks and you buy something at + + align:start position:0% +Starbucks and you buy something at + + + align:start position:0% +Starbucks and you buy something at +Starbucks James if you buy something at + + align:start position:0% +Starbucks James if you buy something at + + + align:start position:0% +Starbucks James if you buy something at +Starbucks what are you giving them do + + align:start position:0% +Starbucks what are you giving them do + + + align:start position:0% +Starbucks what are you giving them do +you actually who here alright so when + + align:start position:0% +you actually who here alright so when + + + align:start position:0% +you actually who here alright so when +you give a credit card what are you + + align:start position:0% +you give a credit card what are you + + + align:start position:0% +you give a credit card what are you +giving to Starbucks ultimately exchange + + align:start position:0% +giving to Starbucks ultimately exchange + + + align:start position:0% +giving to Starbucks ultimately exchange +for coffee you're gonna I hope you give + + align:start position:0% +for coffee you're gonna I hope you give + + + align:start position:0% +for coffee you're gonna I hope you give +them more than a notion what will the + + align:start position:0% +them more than a notion what will the + + + align:start position:0% +them more than a notion what will the +payment system do Ross they just have a + + align:start position:0% +payment system do Ross they just have a + + + align:start position:0% +payment system do Ross they just have a +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +that company checks to make sure they're + + align:start position:0% +that company checks to make sure they're + + + align:start position:0% +that company checks to make sure they're +long and ultimately that receivable + + align:start position:0% +long and ultimately that receivable + + + align:start position:0% +long and ultimately that receivable +would be removed bank deposit to the + + align:start position:0% +would be removed bank deposit to the + + + align:start position:0% +would be removed bank deposit to the +bank deposit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you'll never be handing of my $20 bill + + align:start position:0% +you'll never be handing of my $20 bill + + + align:start position:0% +you'll never be handing of my $20 bill +what's that all right Rob that's his big + + align:start position:0% +what's that all right Rob that's his big + + + align:start position:0% +what's that all right Rob that's his big +teaching fees are cheaper than my tea + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but Ross you want to go through that so + + align:start position:0% +but Ross you want to go through that so + + + align:start position:0% +but Ross you want to go through that so +the receivable will be a bank deposit + + align:start position:0% +the receivable will be a bank deposit + + + align:start position:0% +the receivable will be a bank deposit +ultra and they collected from the credit + + align:start position:0% +ultra and they collected from the credit + + + align:start position:0% +ultra and they collected from the credit +card companies who's gonna move money + + align:start position:0% +card companies who's gonna move money + + + align:start position:0% +card companies who's gonna move money +from their account the Starbucks company + + align:start position:0% +from their account the Starbucks company + + + align:start position:0% +from their account the Starbucks company +sends you a bill so there's two + + align:start position:0% +sends you a bill so there's two + + + align:start position:0% +sends you a bill so there's two +separately so when they're checking your + + align:start position:0% +separately so when they're checking your + + + align:start position:0% +separately so when they're checking your +card it's just a credit card company + + align:start position:0% +card it's just a credit card company + + + align:start position:0% +card it's just a credit card company +checking its records to see if they're + + align:start position:0% +checking its records to see if they're + + + align:start position:0% +checking its records to see if they're +willing to teach you the receivable + + align:start position:0% +willing to teach you the receivable + + + align:start position:0% +willing to teach you the receivable +start you're really doing is you're + + align:start position:0% +start you're really doing is you're + + + align:start position:0% +start you're really doing is you're +spending a form of money caught bank + + align:start position:0% +spending a form of money caught bank + + + align:start position:0% +spending a form of money caught bank +deposits and you're back to pods it's + + align:start position:0% +deposits and you're back to pods it's + + + align:start position:0% +deposits and you're back to pods it's +gonna go down and what Starbucks back to + + align:start position:0% +gonna go down and what Starbucks back to + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go down and what Starbucks back to +posit gonna go go up so three forms of + + align:start position:0% +posit gonna go go up so three forms of + + + align:start position:0% +posit gonna go go up so three forms of +money the cash the deposits and the + + align:start position:0% +money the cash the deposits and the + + + align:start position:0% +money the cash the deposits and the +reserves because the central bank is + + align:start position:0% +reserves because the central bank is + + + align:start position:0% +reserves because the central bank is +giving some money + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all of this is handled in accounts and a + + align:start position:0% +all of this is handled in accounts and a + + + align:start position:0% +all of this is handled in accounts and a +ledger structure and we talked about it + + align:start position:0% +ledger structure and we talked about it + + + align:start position:0% +ledger structure and we talked about it +so the accounts there's central bank + + align:start position:0% +so the accounts there's central bank + + + align:start position:0% +so the accounts there's central bank +accounts and their bank accounts it just + + align:start position:0% +accounts and their bank accounts it just + + + align:start position:0% +accounts and their bank accounts it just +accounts are Ledger's I've just changed + + align:start position:0% +accounts are Ledger's I've just changed + + + align:start position:0% +accounts are Ledger's I've just changed +the words and it's moved through a + + align:start position:0% +the words and it's moved through a + + + align:start position:0% +the words and it's moved through a +system a payment system that we talked + + align:start position:0% +system a payment system that we talked + + + align:start position:0% +system a payment system that we talked +about last week and I'm putting to + + align:start position:0% +about last week and I'm putting to + + + align:start position:0% +about last week and I'm putting to +real-time gross settlement is that + + align:start position:0% +real-time gross settlement is that + + + align:start position:0% +real-time gross settlement is that +little box up there real-time gross + + align:start position:0% +little box up there real-time gross + + + align:start position:0% +little box up there real-time gross +settlement is a system between banks and + + align:start position:0% +settlement is a system between banks and + + + align:start position:0% +settlement is a system between banks and +a central bank almost every country has + + align:start position:0% +a central bank almost every country has + + + align:start position:0% +a central bank almost every country has +some form of real-time gross settlement + + align:start position:0% +some form of real-time gross settlement + + + align:start position:0% +some form of real-time gross settlement +system here in the u.s. we might call it + + align:start position:0% +system here in the u.s. we might call it + + + align:start position:0% +system here in the u.s. we might call it +the the Fed wire or ACH I see a lien + + align:start position:0% +the the Fed wire or ACH I see a lien + + + align:start position:0% +the the Fed wire or ACH I see a lien +which is ACH real-time gross settlement + + align:start position:0% +which is ACH real-time gross settlement + + + align:start position:0% +which is ACH real-time gross settlement +or maybe not just the Fed wire so in the + + align:start position:0% +or maybe not just the Fed wire so in the + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe not just the Fed wire so in the +US we have chips and the Fed wire both + + align:start position:0% +US we have chips and the Fed wire both + + + align:start position:0% +US we have chips and the Fed wire both +real-time gross settlement that's + + align:start position:0% +real-time gross settlement that's + + + align:start position:0% +real-time gross settlement that's +between banks and the central bank and + + align:start position:0% +between banks and the central bank and + + + align:start position:0% +between banks and the central bank and +then you have all sorts of systems + + align:start position:0% +then you have all sorts of systems + + + align:start position:0% +then you have all sorts of systems +what's in that little box is not as + + align:start position:0% +what's in that little box is not as + + + align:start position:0% +what's in that little box is not as +important to read is basically to move + + align:start position:0% +important to read is basically to move + + + align:start position:0% +important to read is basically to move +between backs so that's central banking + + align:start position:0% +between backs so that's central banking + + + align:start position:0% +between backs so that's central banking +and how it fits into money Rob how we + + align:start position:0% +and how it fits into money Rob how we + + + align:start position:0% +and how it fits into money Rob how we +doing all right so far you can come up + + align:start position:0% +doing all right so far you can come up + + + align:start position:0% +doing all right so far you can come up +here any time all right what's that + + align:start position:0% +here any time all right what's that + + + align:start position:0% +here any time all right what's that +all right we've got some feedback though + + align:start position:0% +all right we've got some feedback though + + + align:start position:0% +all right we've got some feedback though +wait so I just wanted to hit two things + + align:start position:0% +wait so I just wanted to hit two things + + + align:start position:0% +wait so I just wanted to hit two things +on cash cash in in in the economy is + + align:start position:0% +on cash cash in in in the economy is + + + align:start position:0% +on cash cash in in in the economy is +moving up a little bit the BIS report + + align:start position:0% +moving up a little bit the BIS report + + + align:start position:0% +moving up a little bit the BIS report +for those who read deeply this is just a + + align:start position:0% +for those who read deeply this is just a + + + align:start position:0% +for those who read deeply this is just a +chart that comes from your reading this + + align:start position:0% +chart that comes from your reading this + + + align:start position:0% +chart that comes from your reading this +is cash as a percentage of GDP you'll + + align:start position:0% +is cash as a percentage of GDP you'll + + + align:start position:0% +is cash as a percentage of GDP you'll +see one arrow going down Sweden Sweden + + align:start position:0% +see one arrow going down Sweden Sweden + + + align:start position:0% +see one arrow going down Sweden Sweden +only has about two percent of their + + align:start position:0% +only has about two percent of their + + + align:start position:0% +only has about two percent of their +economy in cash the u.s. is going up + + align:start position:0% +economy in cash the u.s. is going up + + + align:start position:0% +economy in cash the u.s. is going up +it's about eight percent we have a + + align:start position:0% +it's about eight percent we have a + + + align:start position:0% +it's about eight percent we have a +twenty trillion dollar economy we have + + align:start position:0% +twenty trillion dollar economy we have + + + align:start position:0% +twenty trillion dollar economy we have +one point six trillion dollars of those + + align:start position:0% +one point six trillion dollars of those + + + align:start position:0% +one point six trillion dollars of those +$20 bills so in most countries it's + + align:start position:0% +$20 bills so in most countries it's + + + align:start position:0% +$20 bills so in most countries it's +going up China Japan + + align:start position:0% +going up China Japan + + + align:start position:0% +going up China Japan +by the way as close to 20 percent of + + align:start position:0% +by the way as close to 20 percent of + + + align:start position:0% +by the way as close to 20 percent of +their GDP in cash I added this chart + + align:start position:0% +their GDP in cash I added this chart + + + align:start position:0% +their GDP in cash I added this chart +Simon this was to keep you guessing yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you want to answer this question at Kyra + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all the people are feel uncomfortable to + + align:start position:0% +all the people are feel uncomfortable to + + + align:start position:0% +all the people are feel uncomfortable to +use that number so a bit of a cultural - + + align:start position:0% +use that number so a bit of a cultural - + + + align:start position:0% +use that number so a bit of a cultural - +yeah hi Joe and technological or more + + align:start position:0% +yeah hi Joe and technological or more + + + align:start position:0% +yeah hi Joe and technological or more +culture yeah so long younger generations + + align:start position:0% +culture yeah so long younger generations + + + align:start position:0% +culture yeah so long younger generations +right to use that credit card Laura he + + align:start position:0% +right to use that credit card Laura he + + + align:start position:0% +right to use that credit card Laura he +loved it but all those people what's + + align:start position:0% +loved it but all those people what's + + + align:start position:0% +loved it but all those people what's +interesting about this slide is a lot of + + align:start position:0% +interesting about this slide is a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +interesting about this slide is a lot of +the other central banks in Sweden is + + align:start position:0% +the other central banks in Sweden is + + + align:start position:0% +the other central banks in Sweden is +like a canary in LA they see cash + + align:start position:0% +like a canary in LA they see cash + + + align:start position:0% +like a canary in LA they see cash +eavesdropping and they're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +eavesdropping and they're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +eavesdropping and they're thinking about +this or you know fundamental question + + align:start position:0% +this or you know fundamental question + + + align:start position:0% +this or you know fundamental question +about should the political access is + + align:start position:0% +about should the political access is + + + align:start position:0% +about should the political access is +simply like me at all and they have it + + align:start position:0% +simply like me at all and they have it + + + align:start position:0% +simply like me at all and they have it +now in terms of cash and ship we provide + + align:start position:0% +now in terms of cash and ship we provide + + + align:start position:0% +now in terms of cash and ship we provide +digital version - is not gonna be + + align:start position:0% +digital version - is not gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +digital version - is not gonna be +anymore + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +when you say this qe4 is a capturing the + + align:start position:0% +when you say this qe4 is a capturing the + + + align:start position:0% +when you say this qe4 is a capturing the +effect of the bank's buying a lot so + + align:start position:0% +effect of the bank's buying a lot so + + + align:start position:0% +effect of the bank's buying a lot so +facets in the market question is does + + align:start position:0% +facets in the market question is does + + + align:start position:0% +facets in the market question is does +this reflect because we start in 2007 to + + align:start position:0% +this reflect because we start in 2007 to + + + align:start position:0% +this reflect because we start in 2007 to +2016 is there something else going on + + align:start position:0% +2016 is there something else going on + + + align:start position:0% +2016 is there something else going on +the quantitative easing of central banks + + align:start position:0% +the quantitative easing of central banks + + + align:start position:0% +the quantitative easing of central banks +but what else happened during this + + align:start position:0% +but what else happened during this + + + align:start position:0% +but what else happened during this +period of time what what fundamentally + + align:start position:0% +period of time what what fundamentally + + + align:start position:0% +period of time what what fundamentally +happened during this period align the + + align:start position:0% +happened during this period align the + + + align:start position:0% +happened during this period align the +mortgage crisis or more broadly the + + align:start position:0% +mortgage crisis or more broadly the + + + align:start position:0% +mortgage crisis or more broadly the +financial crisis so there was a I think + + align:start position:0% +financial crisis so there was a I think + + + align:start position:0% +financial crisis so there was a I think +more than quantitative easing I think + + align:start position:0% +more than quantitative easing I think + + + align:start position:0% +more than quantitative easing I think +that this whole sense the satoshi + + align:start position:0% +that this whole sense the satoshi + + + align:start position:0% +that this whole sense the satoshi +nakamoto tapped into to is central + + align:start position:0% +nakamoto tapped into to is central + + + align:start position:0% +nakamoto tapped into to is central +institutions are failing so should there + + align:start position:0% +institutions are failing so should there + + + align:start position:0% +institutions are failing so should there +be a run to physical cash should is this + + align:start position:0% +be a run to physical cash should is this + + + align:start position:0% +be a run to physical cash should is this +it's not gold but is this more more in + + align:start position:0% +it's not gold but is this more more in + + + align:start position:0% +it's not gold but is this more more in +some cases safe than commercial bank + + align:start position:0% +some cases safe than commercial bank + + + align:start position:0% +some cases safe than commercial bank +deposits now my dad if he would have + + align:start position:0% +deposits now my dad if he would have + + + align:start position:0% +deposits now my dad if he would have +been well he was alive during this + + align:start position:0% +been well he was alive during this + + + align:start position:0% +been well he was alive during this +period but he would have been taking his + + align:start position:0% +period but he would have been taking his + + + align:start position:0% +period but he would have been taking his +money out of the bank and getting gold + + align:start position:0% +money out of the bank and getting gold + + + align:start position:0% +money out of the bank and getting gold +there Simon you haven't heard this story + + align:start position:0% +there Simon you haven't heard this story + + + align:start position:0% +there Simon you haven't heard this story +but my dad always had some gold coins + + align:start position:0% +but my dad always had some gold coins + + + align:start position:0% +but my dad always had some gold coins +and a few diamonds he did not he + + align:start position:0% +and a few diamonds he did not he + + + align:start position:0% +and a few diamonds he did not he +inherently did not trust government he + + align:start position:0% +inherently did not trust government he + + + align:start position:0% +inherently did not trust government he +also carried a gun in most days - he's + + align:start position:0% +also carried a gun in most days - he's + + + align:start position:0% +also carried a gun in most days - he's +in a tough business but in this period + + align:start position:0% +in a tough business but in this period + + + align:start position:0% +in a tough business but in this period +of time couldn't easily get the gold a + + align:start position:0% +of time couldn't easily get the gold a + + + align:start position:0% +of time couldn't easily get the gold a +lot of people went to cash how much do + + align:start position:0% +lot of people went to cash how much do + + + align:start position:0% +lot of people went to cash how much do +you think the u.s. is 1.6 trillion or 8% + + align:start position:0% +you think the u.s. is 1.6 trillion or 8% + + + align:start position:0% +you think the u.s. is 1.6 trillion or 8% +of our economy is $20 bills like like + + align:start position:0% +of our economy is $20 bills like like + + + align:start position:0% +of our economy is $20 bills like like +that and tens and how much do you think + + align:start position:0% +that and tens and how much do you think + + + align:start position:0% +that and tens and how much do you think +is $100 bills anybody it was not in the + + align:start position:0% +is $100 bills anybody it was not in the + + + align:start position:0% +is $100 bills anybody it was not in the +readings I'm just kind of curious what + + align:start position:0% +readings I'm just kind of curious what + + + align:start position:0% +readings I'm just kind of curious what +are people think here worth like 80% so + + align:start position:0% +are people think here worth like 80% so + + + align:start position:0% +are people think here worth like 80% so +80% of the of the 1.6 trillion so + + align:start position:0% +80% of the of the 1.6 trillion so + + + align:start position:0% +80% of the of the 1.6 trillion so +anybody have a different thought + + align:start position:0% +anybody have a different thought + + + align:start position:0% +anybody have a different thought +that was pretty good so here's a chart + + align:start position:0% +that was pretty good so here's a chart + + + align:start position:0% +that was pretty good so here's a chart +that I pulled out through 2017 of the + + align:start position:0% +that I pulled out through 2017 of the + + + align:start position:0% +that I pulled out through 2017 of the +1.6 trillion it looks like about 1.3 + + align:start position:0% +1.6 trillion it looks like about 1.3 + + + align:start position:0% +1.6 trillion it looks like about 1.3 +trillion is hundred-dollar bills + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what's expanding in the u.s. is not + + align:start position:0% +so what's expanding in the u.s. is not + + + align:start position:0% +so what's expanding in the u.s. is not +the use of $20 bills and $10 bills it's + + align:start position:0% +the use of $20 bills and $10 bills it's + + + align:start position:0% +the use of $20 bills and $10 bills it's +it's it's the use of the hundreds and + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the use of the hundreds and + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's the use of the hundreds and +and I could have put up another chart + + align:start position:0% +and I could have put up another chart + + + align:start position:0% +and I could have put up another chart +over half of those hundred-dollar bills + + align:start position:0% +over half of those hundred-dollar bills + + + align:start position:0% +over half of those hundred-dollar bills +are thought to be held internationally + + align:start position:0% +are thought to be held internationally + + + align:start position:0% +are thought to be held internationally +and they're not even held within the 50 + + align:start position:0% +and they're not even held within the 50 + + + align:start position:0% +and they're not even held within the 50 +Continental 48 continental states in + + align:start position:0% +Continental 48 continental states in + + + align:start position:0% +Continental 48 continental states in +Alaska Hawaii they're not helped + + align:start position:0% +Alaska Hawaii they're not helped + + + align:start position:0% +Alaska Hawaii they're not helped +domestically so it's great to be a + + align:start position:0% +domestically so it's great to be a + + + align:start position:0% +domestically so it's great to be a +reserve currency it's great to be a + + align:start position:0% +reserve currency it's great to be a + + + align:start position:0% +reserve currency it's great to be a +store of value Ross I was just gonna ask + + align:start position:0% +store of value Ross I was just gonna ask + + + align:start position:0% +store of value Ross I was just gonna ask +this core value question maybe I + + align:start position:0% +this core value question maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +this core value question maybe I +misheard the port when we were passing + + align:start position:0% +misheard the port when we were passing + + + align:start position:0% +misheard the port when we were passing +the $20 you said is it a store value + + align:start position:0% +the $20 you said is it a store value + + + align:start position:0% +the $20 you said is it a store value +might but you're sitting know and if + + align:start position:0% +might but you're sitting know and if + + + align:start position:0% +might but you're sitting know and if +half of that is hundreds I don't think + + align:start position:0% +half of that is hundreds I don't think + + + align:start position:0% +half of that is hundreds I don't think +there's a really answer to it I would + + align:start position:0% +there's a really answer to it I would + + + align:start position:0% +there's a really answer to it I would +say this represents a store of value + + align:start position:0% +say this represents a store of value + + + align:start position:0% +say this represents a store of value +ultimately on the central bank's ledger + + align:start position:0% +ultimately on the central bank's ledger + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately on the central bank's ledger +because the central bank could if they + + align:start position:0% +because the central bank could if they + + + align:start position:0% +because the central bank could if they +wish to deny use of this they haven't + + align:start position:0% +wish to deny use of this they haven't + + + align:start position:0% +wish to deny use of this they haven't +they haven't for decades but I'm saying + + align:start position:0% +they haven't for decades but I'm saying + + + align:start position:0% +they haven't for decades but I'm saying +somebody could say that's a bad serial + + align:start position:0% +somebody could say that's a bad serial + + + align:start position:0% +somebody could say that's a bad serial +number but most people would say that + + align:start position:0% +number but most people would say that + + + align:start position:0% +number but most people would say that +$20 piece of linen is a store of value + + align:start position:0% +$20 piece of linen is a store of value + + + align:start position:0% +$20 piece of linen is a store of value +what I was gonna ask would you expect + + align:start position:0% +what I was gonna ask would you expect + + + align:start position:0% +what I was gonna ask would you expect +the velocity needs to be like inverse + + align:start position:0% +the velocity needs to be like inverse + + + align:start position:0% +the velocity needs to be like inverse +inverse they're related yes so the + + align:start position:0% +inverse they're related yes so the + + + align:start position:0% +inverse they're related yes so the +question is is the velocity of 20s + + align:start position:0% +question is is the velocity of 20s + + + align:start position:0% +question is is the velocity of 20s +higher than hundreds yes meaning it they + + align:start position:0% +higher than hundreds yes meaning it they + + + align:start position:0% +higher than hundreds yes meaning it they +turn over faster and what measurement of + + align:start position:0% +turn over faster and what measurement of + + + align:start position:0% +turn over faster and what measurement of +it is is how quickly these currencies + + align:start position:0% +it is is how quickly these currencies + + + align:start position:0% +it is is how quickly these currencies +these linens have to be replaced and $1 + + align:start position:0% +these linens have to be replaced and $1 + + + align:start position:0% +these linens have to be replaced and $1 +bills I think have an average life about + + align:start position:0% +bills I think have an average life about + + + align:start position:0% +bills I think have an average life about +18 months they keep coming in and out of + + align:start position:0% +18 months they keep coming in and out of + + + align:start position:0% +18 months they keep coming in and out of +the system and I I'm not in + + align:start position:0% +the system and I I'm not in + + + align:start position:0% +the system and I I'm not in +entirely sure but I think 20s are maybe + + align:start position:0% +entirely sure but I think 20s are maybe + + + align:start position:0% +entirely sure but I think 20s are maybe +three four five years in essence you + + align:start position:0% +three four five years in essence you + + + align:start position:0% +three four five years in essence you +these are all signed by secretaries of + + align:start position:0% +these are all signed by secretaries of + + + align:start position:0% +these are all signed by secretaries of +the Treasuries and I apologize for those + + align:start position:0% +the Treasuries and I apologize for those + + + align:start position:0% +the Treasuries and I apologize for those +who aren't Americans but it's hard nails + + align:start position:0% +who aren't Americans but it's hard nails + + + align:start position:0% +who aren't Americans but it's hard nails +to still find Reubens Bob Rubin or + + align:start position:0% +to still find Reubens Bob Rubin or + + + align:start position:0% +to still find Reubens Bob Rubin or +Benson's which was early 90s signatures + + align:start position:0% +Benson's which was early 90s signatures + + + align:start position:0% +Benson's which was early 90s signatures +on the $20 bills now part of that is + + align:start position:0% +on the $20 bills now part of that is + + + align:start position:0% +on the $20 bills now part of that is +because the currency design keeps + + align:start position:0% +because the currency design keeps + + + align:start position:0% +because the currency design keeps +changing so hundreds aren't used as + + align:start position:0% +changing so hundreds aren't used as + + + align:start position:0% +changing so hundreds aren't used as +often they have turned over + + align:start position:0% +often they have turned over + + + align:start position:0% +often they have turned over +since the currency design has changed + + align:start position:0% +since the currency design has changed + + + align:start position:0% +since the currency design has changed +because even in illicit activity you'd + + align:start position:0% +because even in illicit activity you'd + + + align:start position:0% +because even in illicit activity you'd +prefer a new hundred to an old hundred + + align:start position:0% +prefer a new hundred to an old hundred + + + align:start position:0% +prefer a new hundred to an old hundred +because a new hundred is more secure + + align:start position:0% +because a new hundred is more secure + + + align:start position:0% +because a new hundred is more secure +it's less less able to be counterfeited + + align:start position:0% +it's less less able to be counterfeited + + + align:start position:0% +it's less less able to be counterfeited +and when I served in the US Department + + align:start position:0% +and when I served in the US Department + + + align:start position:0% +and when I served in the US Department +of Treasury I had to spend a lot of time + + align:start position:0% +of Treasury I had to spend a lot of time + + + align:start position:0% +of Treasury I had to spend a lot of time +because I I i chaired something called + + align:start position:0% +because I I i chaired something called + + + align:start position:0% +because I I i chaired something called +the interagency counterfeit deterrent + + align:start position:0% +the interagency counterfeit deterrent + + + align:start position:0% +the interagency counterfeit deterrent +committee and you know I had to meet in + + align:start position:0% +committee and you know I had to meet in + + + align:start position:0% +committee and you know I had to meet in +the secure rooms where they locked us in + + align:start position:0% +the secure rooms where they locked us in + + + align:start position:0% +the secure rooms where they locked us in +and you learned about who was + + align:start position:0% +and you learned about who was + + + align:start position:0% +and you learned about who was +counterfeiting the money most of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rationale of the issue more cash to meet + + align:start position:0% +rationale of the issue more cash to meet + + + align:start position:0% +rationale of the issue more cash to meet +that demand compared to smaller + + align:start position:0% +that demand compared to smaller + + + align:start position:0% +that demand compared to smaller +denominations where the Brodus is asking + + align:start position:0% +denominations where the Brodus is asking + + + align:start position:0% +denominations where the Brodus is asking +why why in essence is this happening + + align:start position:0% +why why in essence is this happening + + + align:start position:0% +why why in essence is this happening +well a central bank has a couple of + + align:start position:0% +well a central bank has a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +well a central bank has a couple of +choices they can issue paper currency to + + align:start position:0% +choices they can issue paper currency to + + + align:start position:0% +choices they can issue paper currency to +meet demand and the demand is really as + + align:start position:0% +meet demand and the demand is really as + + + align:start position:0% +meet demand and the demand is really as +evidence through this thing called this + + align:start position:0% +evidence through this thing called this + + + align:start position:0% +evidence through this thing called this +does the public ask for the cash and + + align:start position:0% +does the public ask for the cash and + + + align:start position:0% +does the public ask for the cash and +that's what's largely happening or can + + align:start position:0% +that's what's largely happening or can + + + align:start position:0% +that's what's largely happening or can +they put some quota system or buy + + align:start position:0% +they put some quota system or buy + + + align:start position:0% +they put some quota system or buy +government + + align:start position:0% +government + + + align:start position:0% +government +Fiat like in India where they said no + + align:start position:0% +Fiat like in India where they said no + + + align:start position:0% +Fiat like in India where they said no +you have to hand in all the old + + align:start position:0% +you have to hand in all the old + + + align:start position:0% +you have to hand in all the old +banknotes and there was an active desire + + align:start position:0% +banknotes and there was an active desire + + + align:start position:0% +banknotes and there was an active desire +in India to take cash out of the system + + align:start position:0% +in India to take cash out of the system + + + align:start position:0% +in India to take cash out of the system +but in the u.s. we've not had that we + + align:start position:0% +but in the u.s. we've not had that we + + + align:start position:0% +but in the u.s. we've not had that we +have not had any you know real large + + align:start position:0% +have not had any you know real large + + + align:start position:0% +have not had any you know real large +government interest of taking it out of + + align:start position:0% +government interest of taking it out of + + + align:start position:0% +government interest of taking it out of +the system and so what you do have is + + align:start position:0% +the system and so what you do have is + + + align:start position:0% +the system and so what you do have is +you have more more demand for hundreds + + align:start position:0% +you have more more demand for hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +you have more more demand for hundreds +as a cost store of value whether it's + + align:start position:0% +as a cost store of value whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +as a cost store of value whether it's +for illicit activity or straight-up + + align:start position:0% +for illicit activity or straight-up + + + align:start position:0% +for illicit activity or straight-up +appropriate you know activity and the + + align:start position:0% +appropriate you know activity and the + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate you know activity and the +central bank is facilitating that this + + align:start position:0% +central bank is facilitating that this + + + align:start position:0% +central bank is facilitating that this +entire eight percent of our GDP or one + + align:start position:0% +entire eight percent of our GDP or one + + + align:start position:0% +entire eight percent of our GDP or one +point six trillion dollars of notes is + + align:start position:0% +point six trillion dollars of notes is + + + align:start position:0% +point six trillion dollars of notes is +interest-free borrowing for the US + + align:start position:0% +interest-free borrowing for the US + + + align:start position:0% +interest-free borrowing for the US +government so there's a there's senior + + align:start position:0% +government so there's a there's senior + + + align:start position:0% +government so there's a there's senior +edge Eric I just wanted to make if we + + align:start position:0% +edge Eric I just wanted to make if we + + + align:start position:0% +edge Eric I just wanted to make if we +come in regarding the sort of body and + + align:start position:0% +come in regarding the sort of body and + + + align:start position:0% +come in regarding the sort of body and +going back to what we discussed the + + align:start position:0% +going back to what we discussed the + + + align:start position:0% +going back to what we discussed the +first assets was that this actually + + align:start position:0% +first assets was that this actually + + + align:start position:0% +first assets was that this actually +account a social construct that believe + + align:start position:0% +account a social construct that believe + + + align:start position:0% +account a social construct that believe +that you're going to solve Dimps or pay + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to solve Dimps or pay + + + align:start position:0% +that you're going to solve Dimps or pay +taxes without without fiat currency that + + align:start position:0% +taxes without without fiat currency that + + + align:start position:0% +taxes without without fiat currency that +remind you of a story + + align:start position:0% +remind you of a story + + + align:start position:0% +remind you of a story +so was this is true this was a South + + align:start position:0% +so was this is true this was a South + + + align:start position:0% +so was this is true this was a South +American drug lord family this this + + align:start position:0% +American drug lord family this this + + + align:start position:0% +American drug lord family this this +drachma was on the verge of being caught + + align:start position:0% +drachma was on the verge of being caught + + + align:start position:0% +drachma was on the verge of being caught +all their assets were were being seized + + align:start position:0% +all their assets were were being seized + + + align:start position:0% +all their assets were were being seized +by the government the stories told by by + + align:start position:0% +by the government the stories told by by + + + align:start position:0% +by the government the stories told by by +his son was actually sitting in the one + + align:start position:0% +his son was actually sitting in the one + + + align:start position:0% +his son was actually sitting in the one +apartment surrounded by piles and piles + + align:start position:0% +apartment surrounded by piles and piles + + + align:start position:0% +apartment surrounded by piles and piles +of dollar bills which they actually + + align:start position:0% +of dollar bills which they actually + + + align:start position:0% +of dollar bills which they actually +couldn't do anything with they actually + + align:start position:0% +couldn't do anything with they actually + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't do anything with they actually +use them to burn and get some heat and + + align:start position:0% +use them to burn and get some heat and + + + align:start position:0% +use them to burn and get some heat and +then you go back to think is it is going + + align:start position:0% +then you go back to think is it is going + + + align:start position:0% +then you go back to think is it is going +back to the social contract right + + align:start position:0% +back to the social contract right + + + align:start position:0% +back to the social contract right +because their money was was wasn't good + + align:start position:0% +because their money was was wasn't good + + + align:start position:0% +because their money was was wasn't good +for any merchant in the in the South in + + align:start position:0% +for any merchant in the in the South in + + + align:start position:0% +for any merchant in the in the South in +that specific South American country if + + align:start position:0% +that specific South American country if + + + align:start position:0% +that specific South American country if +your point is it's a social construct + + align:start position:0% +your point is it's a social construct + + + align:start position:0% +your point is it's a social construct +I'm a king + + align:start position:0% +I'm a king + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a king +agreeing in that case maybe it was also + + align:start position:0% +agreeing in that case maybe it was also + + + align:start position:0% +agreeing in that case maybe it was also +a little bit of time value of paper + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of time value of paper + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of time value of paper +money he was about to get arrested you + + align:start position:0% +money he was about to get arrested you + + + align:start position:0% +money he was about to get arrested you +know there there so there my but so I + + align:start position:0% +know there there so there my but so I + + + align:start position:0% +know there there so there my but so I +don't know enough about that + + align:start position:0% +don't know enough about that + + + align:start position:0% +don't know enough about that +circumstance but for sure so let's move + + align:start position:0% +circumstance but for sure so let's move + + + align:start position:0% +circumstance but for sure so let's move +a little bit on to central banking and I + + align:start position:0% +a little bit on to central banking and I + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit on to central banking and I +choose the US but it it it's true around + + align:start position:0% +choose the US but it it it's true around + + + align:start position:0% +choose the US but it it it's true around +the globe so there are economic policy + + align:start position:0% +the globe so there are economic policy + + + align:start position:0% +the globe so there are economic policy +goals that central banks have taken on + + align:start position:0% +goals that central banks have taken on + + + align:start position:0% +goals that central banks have taken on +in the US it was captured written into + + align:start position:0% +in the US it was captured written into + + + align:start position:0% +in the US it was captured written into +law in the 1970s 1977 to be precise + + align:start position:0% +law in the 1970s 1977 to be precise + + + align:start position:0% +law in the 1970s 1977 to be precise +something called the dual mandate + + align:start position:0% +something called the dual mandate + + + align:start position:0% +something called the dual mandate +interestingly the u.s. dual mandate for + + align:start position:0% +interestingly the u.s. dual mandate for + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly the u.s. dual mandate for +the central bank has three three things + + align:start position:0% +the central bank has three three things + + + align:start position:0% +the central bank has three three things +written in law this is a quote promote + + align:start position:0% +written in law this is a quote promote + + + align:start position:0% +written in law this is a quote promote +effectively the goals of maximum + + align:start position:0% +effectively the goals of maximum + + + align:start position:0% +effectively the goals of maximum +employment comma stable prices and + + align:start position:0% +employment comma stable prices and + + + align:start position:0% +employment comma stable prices and +moderate long-term interest rates that + + align:start position:0% +moderate long-term interest rates that + + + align:start position:0% +moderate long-term interest rates that +is what's known as in the u.s. is the + + align:start position:0% +is what's known as in the u.s. is the + + + align:start position:0% +is what's known as in the u.s. is the +Federal Reserve's dual mandate you might + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve's dual mandate you might + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve's dual mandate you might +say it looks like three mandates + + align:start position:0% +say it looks like three mandates + + + align:start position:0% +say it looks like three mandates +cĂ­mon DoD that's mostly people call the + + align:start position:0% +cĂ­mon DoD that's mostly people call the + + + align:start position:0% +cĂ­mon DoD that's mostly people call the +dual mandate is is price stability and + + align:start position:0% +dual mandate is is price stability and + + + align:start position:0% +dual mandate is is price stability and +maximum employment and then some central + + align:start position:0% +maximum employment and then some central + + + align:start position:0% +maximum employment and then some central +bankers would say the best way to + + align:start position:0% +bankers would say the best way to + + + align:start position:0% +bankers would say the best way to +promote maximum employment is stable + + align:start position:0% +promote maximum employment is stable + + + align:start position:0% +promote maximum employment is stable +prices you know depending on how you + + align:start position:0% +prices you know depending on how you + + + align:start position:0% +prices you know depending on how you +wouldn't say that if you're going for + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't say that if you're going for + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't say that if you're going for +Senate confirmation to be a member of + + align:start position:0% +Senate confirmation to be a member of + + + align:start position:0% +Senate confirmation to be a member of +the Federal Reserve Board but am I not + + align:start position:0% +the Federal Reserve Board but am I not + + + align:start position:0% +the Federal Reserve Board but am I not +right that some economist President of + + align:start position:0% +right that some economist President of + + + align:start position:0% +right that some economist President of +the European Central Bank because one + + align:start position:0% +the European Central Bank because one + + + align:start position:0% +the European Central Bank because one +mandate so around the globe central + + align:start position:0% +mandate so around the globe central + + + align:start position:0% +mandate so around the globe central +banks might have different mandates but + + align:start position:0% +banks might have different mandates but + + + align:start position:0% +banks might have different mandates but +almost I would say though I haven't + + align:start position:0% +almost I would say though I haven't + + + align:start position:0% +almost I would say though I haven't +studied 180 central banks all of them + + align:start position:0% +studied 180 central banks all of them + + + align:start position:0% +studied 180 central banks all of them +would have price stability or to ensure + + align:start position:0% +would have price stability or to ensure + + + align:start position:0% +would have price stability or to ensure +that there's not much inflation because + + align:start position:0% +that there's not much inflation because + + + align:start position:0% +that there's not much inflation because +they are in the business of having the + + align:start position:0% +they are in the business of having the + + + align:start position:0% +they are in the business of having the +public mandate to secure the money + + align:start position:0% +public mandate to secure the money + + + align:start position:0% +public mandate to secure the money +that's the core thing now what do they + + align:start position:0% +that's the core thing now what do they + + + align:start position:0% +that's the core thing now what do they +do they manage money and I think of it + + align:start position:0% +do they manage money and I think of it + + + align:start position:0% +do they manage money and I think of it +as supply and price so these are + + align:start position:0% +as supply and price so these are + + + align:start position:0% +as supply and price so these are +genzler's way to think about what + + align:start position:0% +genzler's way to think about what + + + align:start position:0% +genzler's way to think about what +central banks do but it's about supply + + align:start position:0% +central banks do but it's about supply + + + align:start position:0% +central banks do but it's about supply +money supply is physical cash do we keep + + align:start position:0% +money supply is physical cash do we keep + + + align:start position:0% +money supply is physical cash do we keep +issuing more physical cash this 1.6 + + align:start position:0% +issuing more physical cash this 1.6 + + + align:start position:0% +issuing more physical cash this 1.6 +trillion of cash but there's broader + + align:start position:0% +trillion of cash but there's broader + + + align:start position:0% +trillion of cash but there's broader +things called monetary base this is not + + align:start position:0% +things called monetary base this is not + + + align:start position:0% +things called monetary base this is not +in the reading does anybody want to tell + + align:start position:0% +in the reading does anybody want to tell + + + align:start position:0% +in the reading does anybody want to tell +me things like m2 and m3 what what + + align:start position:0% +me things like m2 and m3 what what + + + align:start position:0% +me things like m2 and m3 what what +anybody taking a finance course are you + + align:start position:0% +anybody taking a finance course are you + + + align:start position:0% +anybody taking a finance course are you +studying what what monetary base is or + + align:start position:0% +studying what what monetary base is or + + + align:start position:0% +studying what what monetary base is or +m1 or m2 or m3 is it there's no + + align:start position:0% +m1 or m2 or m3 is it there's no + + + align:start position:0% +m1 or m2 or m3 is it there's no +reflection on you it's maybe + + align:start position:0% +reflection on you it's maybe + + + align:start position:0% +reflection on you it's maybe +reflectional and Sloane I'm just asking + + align:start position:0% +reflectional and Sloane I'm just asking + + + align:start position:0% +reflectional and Sloane I'm just asking +know so there's different measurements + + align:start position:0% +know so there's different measurements + + + align:start position:0% +know so there's different measurements +of money that central bankers will + + align:start position:0% +of money that central bankers will + + + align:start position:0% +of money that central bankers will +monitor and manage my is usually the + + align:start position:0% +monitor and manage my is usually the + + + align:start position:0% +monitor and manage my is usually the +hardest core money it used to just be + + align:start position:0% +hardest core money it used to just be + + + align:start position:0% +hardest core money it used to just be +cash or cash and demand deposits in the + + align:start position:0% +cash or cash and demand deposits in the + + + align:start position:0% +cash or cash and demand deposits in the +u.s. system it's about three and a half + + align:start position:0% +u.s. system it's about three and a half + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. system it's about three and a half +to four trillion so about half of it's + + align:start position:0% +to four trillion so about half of it's + + + align:start position:0% +to four trillion so about half of it's +the cash and then they add the the the + + align:start position:0% +the cash and then they add the the the + + + align:start position:0% +the cash and then they add the the the +Federal Reserve says demand deposits in + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve says demand deposits in + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve says demand deposits in +a bank or just like cash and this comes + + align:start position:0% +a bank or just like cash and this comes + + + align:start position:0% +a bank or just like cash and this comes +back four and five decades ago started + + align:start position:0% +back four and five decades ago started + + + align:start position:0% +back four and five decades ago started +to say the hard money + + align:start position:0% +to say the hard money + + + align:start position:0% +to say the hard money +m1 is that m2 includes the rest of + + align:start position:0% +m1 is that m2 includes the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +m1 is that m2 includes the rest of +deposits so m2 in the u.s. is somewhere + + align:start position:0% +deposits so m2 in the u.s. is somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +deposits so m2 in the u.s. is somewhere +in the order of fourteen trillion + + align:start position:0% +in the order of fourteen trillion + + + align:start position:0% +in the order of fourteen trillion +dollars in the US there's about 13 + + align:start position:0% +dollars in the US there's about 13 + + + align:start position:0% +dollars in the US there's about 13 +trillion dollars or 65% of our economy + + align:start position:0% +trillion dollars or 65% of our economy + + + align:start position:0% +trillion dollars or 65% of our economy +is in deposits the banking system has + + align:start position:0% +is in deposits the banking system has + + + align:start position:0% +is in deposits the banking system has +every country that you're from has a + + align:start position:0% +every country that you're from has a + + + align:start position:0% +every country that you're from has a +different number I'm just using the US + + align:start position:0% +different number I'm just using the US + + + align:start position:0% +different number I'm just using the US +as an example so deposits make up more + + align:start position:0% +as an example so deposits make up more + + + align:start position:0% +as an example so deposits make up more +money than cash cash is about 1/2 to 2 + + align:start position:0% +money than cash cash is about 1/2 to 2 + + + align:start position:0% +money than cash cash is about 1/2 to 2 +trillion deposits or 13 trillion and you + + align:start position:0% +trillion deposits or 13 trillion and you + + + align:start position:0% +trillion deposits or 13 trillion and you +add them together you roughly I'm using + + align:start position:0% +add them together you roughly I'm using + + + align:start position:0% +add them together you roughly I'm using +this term loosely + + align:start position:0% +this term loosely + + + align:start position:0% +this term loosely +m2 which is a wider form of money is + + align:start position:0% +m2 which is a wider form of money is + + + align:start position:0% +m2 which is a wider form of money is +about 14 trillion dollars here in the US + + align:start position:0% +about 14 trillion dollars here in the US + + + align:start position:0% +about 14 trillion dollars here in the US +there's also an m3 and there's other + + align:start position:0% +there's also an m3 and there's other + + + align:start position:0% +there's also an m3 and there's other +measurements of money so the Federal + + align:start position:0% +measurements of money so the Federal + + + align:start position:0% +measurements of money so the Federal +Reserve tries to manage that and they + + align:start position:0% +Reserve tries to manage that and they + + + align:start position:0% +Reserve tries to manage that and they +manage it not only + + align:start position:0% +manage it not only + + + align:start position:0% +manage it not only +I have minutes physical cash is printed + + align:start position:0% +I have minutes physical cash is printed + + + align:start position:0% +I have minutes physical cash is printed +but it's also the leverage in the + + align:start position:0% +but it's also the leverage in the + + + align:start position:0% +but it's also the leverage in the +banking system if you let a banking + + align:start position:0% +banking system if you let a banking + + + align:start position:0% +banking system if you let a banking +system be highly leveraged then you're + + align:start position:0% +system be highly leveraged then you're + + + align:start position:0% +system be highly leveraged then you're +in essence creating more money if a + + align:start position:0% +in essence creating more money if a + + + align:start position:0% +in essence creating more money if a +banking system needs more capital then + + align:start position:0% +banking system needs more capital then + + + align:start position:0% +banking system needs more capital then +it's gonna have fewer abilities to + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna have fewer abilities to + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna have fewer abilities to +expand the economy and those are the big + + align:start position:0% +expand the economy and those are the big + + + align:start position:0% +expand the economy and those are the big +tools that a Federal Reserve or the Bank + + align:start position:0% +tools that a Federal Reserve or the Bank + + + align:start position:0% +tools that a Federal Reserve or the Bank +of England or any central bank has to + + align:start position:0% +of England or any central bank has to + + + align:start position:0% +of England or any central bank has to +basically shape the supply of money but + + align:start position:0% +basically shape the supply of money but + + + align:start position:0% +basically shape the supply of money but +there's also things they do to shape the + + align:start position:0% +there's also things they do to shape the + + + align:start position:0% +there's also things they do to shape the +price of money and that's interest rates + + align:start position:0% +price of money and that's interest rates + + + align:start position:0% +price of money and that's interest rates +the price of money is like I'm lending + + align:start position:0% +the price of money is like I'm lending + + + align:start position:0% +the price of money is like I'm lending +Rob money he's giving it back to me in a + + align:start position:0% +Rob money he's giving it back to me in a + + + align:start position:0% +Rob money he's giving it back to me in a +year what's the price of money and and + + align:start position:0% +year what's the price of money and and + + + align:start position:0% +year what's the price of money and and +it's that so two big tools supply of + + align:start position:0% +it's that so two big tools supply of + + + align:start position:0% +it's that so two big tools supply of +money and price of money if you ever + + align:start position:0% +money and price of money if you ever + + + align:start position:0% +money and price of money if you ever +want to be a governor of your central + + align:start position:0% +want to be a governor of your central + + + align:start position:0% +want to be a governor of your central +bank your business didn't end there was + + align:start position:0% +bank your business didn't end there was + + + align:start position:0% +bank your business didn't end there was +a history of the eurozone shopping + + align:start position:0% +a history of the eurozone shopping + + + align:start position:0% +a history of the eurozone shopping +bodies there was a guy at the IMF I + + align:start position:0% +bodies there was a guy at the IMF I + + + align:start position:0% +bodies there was a guy at the IMF I +think worked on the Greek crisis knee + + align:start position:0% +think worked on the Greek crisis knee + + + align:start position:0% +think worked on the Greek crisis knee +wrote a very good book about my + + align:start position:0% +wrote a very good book about my + + + align:start position:0% +wrote a very good book about my +committees fear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and how when one weekend in 1971 if I've + + align:start position:0% +and how when one weekend in 1971 if I've + + + align:start position:0% +and how when one weekend in 1971 if I've +got my year correct early 1970s Richard + + align:start position:0% +got my year correct early 1970s Richard + + + align:start position:0% +got my year correct early 1970s Richard +Nixon took to Camp David which is the + + align:start position:0% +Nixon took to Camp David which is the + + + align:start position:0% +Nixon took to Camp David which is the +presidential retreat in Western Maryland + + align:start position:0% +presidential retreat in Western Maryland + + + align:start position:0% +presidential retreat in Western Maryland +the leaders that he needed to get + + align:start position:0% +the leaders that he needed to get + + + align:start position:0% +the leaders that he needed to get +together in one weekend the head of the + + align:start position:0% +together in one weekend the head of the + + + align:start position:0% +together in one weekend the head of the +Federal Reserve the head of monetary + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve the head of monetary + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve the head of monetary +that the undersecretary for monetary + + align:start position:0% +that the undersecretary for monetary + + + align:start position:0% +that the undersecretary for monetary +affairs at the Treasury Department who + + align:start position:0% +affairs at the Treasury Department who + + + align:start position:0% +affairs at the Treasury Department who +was having to be Paul Volcker at the + + align:start position:0% +was having to be Paul Volcker at the + + + align:start position:0% +was having to be Paul Volcker at the +time but he got together four or five + + align:start position:0% +time but he got together four or five + + + align:start position:0% +time but he got together four or five +people in one weekend and what took the + + align:start position:0% +people in one weekend and what took the + + + align:start position:0% +people in one weekend and what took the +u.s. off the end of the gold standard we + + align:start position:0% +u.s. off the end of the gold standard we + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. off the end of the gold standard we +we kind of went off the gold standard in + + align:start position:0% +we kind of went off the gold standard in + + + align:start position:0% +we kind of went off the gold standard in +the 1930s but after World War Two there + + align:start position:0% +the 1930s but after World War Two there + + + align:start position:0% +the 1930s but after World War Two there +was an international consensus Bretton + + align:start position:0% +was an international consensus Bretton + + + align:start position:0% +was an international consensus Bretton +Woods and there was still that central + + align:start position:0% +Woods and there was still that central + + + align:start position:0% +Woods and there was still that central +banks to central banks could exchange + + align:start position:0% +banks to central banks could exchange + + + align:start position:0% +banks to central banks could exchange +money for gold so we were still in + + align:start position:0% +money for gold so we were still in + + + align:start position:0% +money for gold so we were still in +somewhat a gold standard and Rob might + + align:start position:0% +somewhat a gold standard and Rob might + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat a gold standard and Rob might +have a different point of view a good + + align:start position:0% +have a different point of view a good + + + align:start position:0% +have a different point of view a good +friend of mine Jeff Gordon is writing a + + align:start position:0% +friend of mine Jeff Gordon is writing a + + + align:start position:0% +friend of mine Jeff Gordon is writing a +book about that weekend he was dean of + + align:start position:0% +book about that weekend he was dean of + + + align:start position:0% +book about that weekend he was dean of +the business school at Yale but the + + align:start position:0% +the business school at Yale but the + + + align:start position:0% +the business school at Yale but the +French had asked for some of their gold + + align:start position:0% +French had asked for some of their gold + + + align:start position:0% +French had asked for some of their gold +back and they got it back + + align:start position:0% +back and they got it back + + + align:start position:0% +back and they got it back +but then the British started to make + + align:start position:0% +but then the British started to make + + + align:start position:0% +but then the British started to make +noise Bank of England start to make + + align:start position:0% +noise Bank of England start to make + + + align:start position:0% +noise Bank of England start to make +noise that they wanted some of their + + align:start position:0% +noise that they wanted some of their + + + align:start position:0% +noise that they wanted some of their +gold back and Richard Nixon had a + + align:start position:0% +gold back and Richard Nixon had a + + + align:start position:0% +gold back and Richard Nixon had a +challenge so he decided to just take us + + align:start position:0% +challenge so he decided to just take us + + + align:start position:0% +challenge so he decided to just take us +off the gold standard there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +off the gold standard there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +off the gold standard there's a lot of +historians debate whether the Bank of + + align:start position:0% +historians debate whether the Bank of + + + align:start position:0% +historians debate whether the Bank of +England forced it or not Simon so + + align:start position:0% +England forced it or not Simon so + + + align:start position:0% +England forced it or not Simon so +professor Johnson hastag was actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wait it was the u.s. gold or the UK's + + align:start position:0% +wait it was the u.s. gold or the UK's + + + align:start position:0% +wait it was the u.s. gold or the UK's +gone and so the question was whose gold + + align:start position:0% +gone and so the question was whose gold + + + align:start position:0% +gone and so the question was whose gold +was it and under Richard Nixon's view + + align:start position:0% +was it and under Richard Nixon's view + + + align:start position:0% +was it and under Richard Nixon's view +and I think Simon's agreeing it was I + + align:start position:0% +and I think Simon's agreeing it was I + + + align:start position:0% +and I think Simon's agreeing it was I +didn't know because you're you're a dual + + align:start position:0% +didn't know because you're you're a dual + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know because you're you're a dual +citizen aren't you + + align:start position:0% +citizen aren't you + + + align:start position:0% +citizen aren't you +I just didn't know when you said our + + align:start position:0% +I just didn't know when you said our + + + align:start position:0% +I just didn't know when you said our +gold whose gold so your British accent + + align:start position:0% +gold whose gold so your British accent + + + align:start position:0% +gold whose gold so your British accent +was throwing me off okay so Richard + + align:start position:0% +was throwing me off okay so Richard + + + align:start position:0% +was throwing me off okay so Richard +Nixon would agree with Professor Johnson + + align:start position:0% +Nixon would agree with Professor Johnson + + + align:start position:0% +Nixon would agree with Professor Johnson +that it was our gold and and and and the + + align:start position:0% +that it was our gold and and and and the + + + align:start position:0% +that it was our gold and and and and the +British to this day would say well we + + align:start position:0% +British to this day would say well we + + + align:start position:0% +British to this day would say well we +didn't really ask for it back there was + + align:start position:0% +didn't really ask for it back there was + + + align:start position:0% +didn't really ask for it back there was +kind of making some noises about this I + + align:start position:0% +kind of making some noises about this I + + + align:start position:0% +kind of making some noises about this I +don't know if that's I might even be so + + align:start position:0% +don't know if that's I might even be so + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if that's I might even be so +what did they do what is the central + + align:start position:0% +what did they do what is the central + + + align:start position:0% +what did they do what is the central +bank's actually do they oversee the + + align:start position:0% +bank's actually do they oversee the + + + align:start position:0% +bank's actually do they oversee the +fractional banking system providing + + align:start position:0% +fractional banking system providing + + + align:start position:0% +fractional banking system providing +those reserves but also regulating the + + align:start position:0% +those reserves but also regulating the + + + align:start position:0% +those reserves but also regulating the +banking system I mean if you're sitting + + align:start position:0% +banking system I mean if you're sitting + + + align:start position:0% +banking system I mean if you're sitting +on top of all of this back here you + + align:start position:0% +on top of all of this back here you + + + align:start position:0% +on top of all of this back here you +might want to regulate the whole system + + align:start position:0% +might want to regulate the whole system + + + align:start position:0% +might want to regulate the whole system +and that's why around the globe by and + + align:start position:0% +and that's why around the globe by and + + + align:start position:0% +and that's why around the globe by and +large central banks regulate the banking + + align:start position:0% +large central banks regulate the banking + + + align:start position:0% +large central banks regulate the banking +system not always and sometimes like in + + align:start position:0% +system not always and sometimes like in + + + align:start position:0% +system not always and sometimes like in +the United Kingdom they gave it up to + + align:start position:0% +the United Kingdom they gave it up to + + + align:start position:0% +the United Kingdom they gave it up to +another agency and then pulled it back + + align:start position:0% +another agency and then pulled it back + + + align:start position:0% +another agency and then pulled it back +you go so I understand how central banks + + align:start position:0% +you go so I understand how central banks + + + align:start position:0% +you go so I understand how central banks +introduce new money into the system but + + align:start position:0% +introduce new money into the system but + + + align:start position:0% +introduce new money into the system but +what would be the mechanism of trying to + + align:start position:0% +what would be the mechanism of trying to + + + align:start position:0% +what would be the mechanism of trying to +decrease the supply of cash would it be + + align:start position:0% +decrease the supply of cash would it be + + + align:start position:0% +decrease the supply of cash would it be +an increase in our like not allowing the + + align:start position:0% +an increase in our like not allowing the + + + align:start position:0% +an increase in our like not allowing the +commercial banks to so you can you can + + align:start position:0% +commercial banks to so you can you can + + + align:start position:0% +commercial banks to so you can you can +you can apply a very good question to + + align:start position:0% +you can apply a very good question to + + + align:start position:0% +you can apply a very good question to +you go saying how can you change the + + align:start position:0% +you go saying how can you change the + + + align:start position:0% +you go saying how can you change the +amount of money and I'm gonna use all + + align:start position:0% +amount of money and I'm gonna use all + + + align:start position:0% +amount of money and I'm gonna use all +digital forms of money not just physical + + align:start position:0% +digital forms of money not just physical + + + align:start position:0% +digital forms of money not just physical +cash but Dolf digital forms the way you + + align:start position:0% +cash but Dolf digital forms the way you + + + align:start position:0% +cash but Dolf digital forms the way you +can effect it if say that any one Bank + + align:start position:0% +can effect it if say that any one Bank + + + align:start position:0% +can effect it if say that any one Bank +needs more capital or more reserve so + + align:start position:0% +needs more capital or more reserve so + + + align:start position:0% +needs more capital or more reserve so +you're lowering the multiplier effect in + + align:start position:0% +you're lowering the multiplier effect in + + + align:start position:0% +you're lowering the multiplier effect in +fractional banking if you need 5% + + align:start position:0% +fractional banking if you need 5% + + + align:start position:0% +fractional banking if you need 5% +capital that means you can have $20 of + + align:start position:0% +capital that means you can have $20 of + + + align:start position:0% +capital that means you can have $20 of +balance sheet for every dollar of + + align:start position:0% +balance sheet for every dollar of + + + align:start position:0% +balance sheet for every dollar of +capital if all of a sudden you say no + + align:start position:0% +capital if all of a sudden you say no + + + align:start position:0% +capital if all of a sudden you say no +you need 10% and then you would be + + align:start position:0% +you need 10% and then you would be + + + align:start position:0% +you need 10% and then you would be +shrinking the banking system in half for + + align:start position:0% +shrinking the banking system in half for + + + align:start position:0% +shrinking the banking system in half for +instance so so that there's a number of + + align:start position:0% +instance so so that there's a number of + + + align:start position:0% +instance so so that there's a number of +tools but one of the direct tools is + + align:start position:0% +tools but one of the direct tools is + + + align:start position:0% +tools but one of the direct tools is +reserve required + + align:start position:0% +reserve required + + + align:start position:0% +reserve required +our mints and capital requirements it's + + align:start position:0% +our mints and capital requirements it's + + + align:start position:0% +our mints and capital requirements it's +not the only tool so it would be a + + align:start position:0% +not the only tool so it would be a + + + align:start position:0% +not the only tool so it would be a +mandate to the commercial banks it + + align:start position:0% +mandate to the commercial banks it + + + align:start position:0% +mandate to the commercial banks it +wouldn't necessarily directly interact + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't necessarily directly interact + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't necessarily directly interact +with a retailer retail correct + + align:start position:0% +with a retailer retail correct + + + align:start position:0% +with a retailer retail correct +Federal Reserve manages monetary supply + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve manages monetary supply + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve manages monetary supply +in numerous ways but some of the direct + + align:start position:0% +in numerous ways but some of the direct + + + align:start position:0% +in numerous ways but some of the direct +ways are and it's why they also regulate + + align:start position:0% +ways are and it's why they also regulate + + + align:start position:0% +ways are and it's why they also regulate +the fractional banking system they have + + align:start position:0% +the fractional banking system they have + + + align:start position:0% +the fractional banking system they have +that direct need but they also need very + + align:start position:0% +that direct need but they also need very + + + align:start position:0% +that direct need but they also need very +importantly the third bullet point to + + align:start position:0% +importantly the third bullet point to + + + align:start position:0% +importantly the third bullet point to +promote a safe and efficient payment + + align:start position:0% +promote a safe and efficient payment + + + align:start position:0% +promote a safe and efficient payment +system in some countries many of the + + align:start position:0% +system in some countries many of the + + + align:start position:0% +system in some countries many of the +countries represented here written right + + align:start position:0% +countries represented here written right + + + align:start position:0% +countries represented here written right +in the in the the legislative act that + + align:start position:0% +in the in the the legislative act that + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the the legislative act that +sets up a central bank says they must + + align:start position:0% +sets up a central bank says they must + + + align:start position:0% +sets up a central bank says they must +promote a safe and efficient payment + + align:start position:0% +promote a safe and efficient payment + + + align:start position:0% +promote a safe and efficient payment +system and if it's not written into + + align:start position:0% +system and if it's not written into + + + align:start position:0% +system and if it's not written into +legislation it's at the heart of every + + align:start position:0% +legislation it's at the heart of every + + + align:start position:0% +legislation it's at the heart of every +central bank they are also the lender of + + align:start position:0% +central bank they are also the lender of + + + align:start position:0% +central bank they are also the lender of +last resort when banks fail they come in + + align:start position:0% +last resort when banks fail they come in + + + align:start position:0% +last resort when banks fail they come in +and support them our central bank was + + align:start position:0% +and support them our central bank was + + + align:start position:0% +and support them our central bank was +set up in 1913 in 1907 we had a crisis + + align:start position:0% +set up in 1913 in 1907 we had a crisis + + + align:start position:0% +set up in 1913 in 1907 we had a crisis +banks were failing all around does + + align:start position:0% +banks were failing all around does + + + align:start position:0% +banks were failing all around does +anyone know the history of that crisis + + align:start position:0% +anyone know the history of that crisis + + + align:start position:0% +anyone know the history of that crisis +who who actually was the lender of last + + align:start position:0% +who who actually was the lender of last + + + align:start position:0% +who who actually was the lender of last +resort in the US economy in 1907 and it + + align:start position:0% +resort in the US economy in 1907 and it + + + align:start position:0% +resort in the US economy in 1907 and it +was not the US government JP Morgan and + + align:start position:0% +was not the US government JP Morgan and + + + align:start position:0% +was not the US government JP Morgan and +not JP Morgan the bank JP Morgan the man + + align:start position:0% +not JP Morgan the bank JP Morgan the man + + + align:start position:0% +not JP Morgan the bank JP Morgan the man +the man I mean he had it back he had a + + align:start position:0% +the man I mean he had it back he had a + + + align:start position:0% +the man I mean he had it back he had a +library he had a lot of other things + + align:start position:0% +library he had a lot of other things + + + align:start position:0% +library he had a lot of other things +going on for sure you know you could say + + align:start position:0% +going on for sure you know you could say + + + align:start position:0% +going on for sure you know you could say +he was the Bill Gates or Warren Buffett + + align:start position:0% +he was the Bill Gates or Warren Buffett + + + align:start position:0% +he was the Bill Gates or Warren Buffett +of his time but in sense he had more + + align:start position:0% +of his time but in sense he had more + + + align:start position:0% +of his time but in sense he had more +influence than a Warren Buffett or a + + align:start position:0% +influence than a Warren Buffett or a + + + align:start position:0% +influence than a Warren Buffett or a +Bill Gates in 1907 we had gone it we had + + align:start position:0% +Bill Gates in 1907 we had gone it we had + + + align:start position:0% +Bill Gates in 1907 we had gone it we had +had a in fact that picture in the upper + + align:start position:0% +had a in fact that picture in the upper + + + align:start position:0% +had a in fact that picture in the upper +right corner is the first bank of the + + align:start position:0% +right corner is the first bank of the + + + align:start position:0% +right corner is the first bank of the +u.s. in Philadelphia set up in 1791 it + + align:start position:0% +u.s. in Philadelphia set up in 1791 it + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. in Philadelphia set up in 1791 it +was set up with a 20-year Charter + + align:start position:0% +was set up with a 20-year Charter + + + align:start position:0% +was set up with a 20-year Charter +Hamilton and Jefferson had a huge fight + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton and Jefferson had a huge fight + + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton and Jefferson had a huge fight +the Congress passed the law to set up + + align:start position:0% +the Congress passed the law to set up + + + align:start position:0% +the Congress passed the law to set up +the first bank of the US and jefferson + + align:start position:0% +the first bank of the US and jefferson + + + align:start position:0% +the first bank of the US and jefferson +recommends hit jefferson was Secretary + + align:start position:0% +recommends hit jefferson was Secretary + + + align:start position:0% +recommends hit jefferson was Secretary +of State + + align:start position:0% +of State + + + align:start position:0% +of State +recommends to President Washington veto + + align:start position:0% +recommends to President Washington veto + + + align:start position:0% +recommends to President Washington veto +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +Hamilton's wrong + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton's wrong + + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton's wrong +Washington gave Hamilton one week to + + align:start position:0% +Washington gave Hamilton one week to + + + align:start position:0% +Washington gave Hamilton one week to +write him a report it's an it's a really + + align:start position:0% +write him a report it's an it's a really + + + align:start position:0% +write him a report it's an it's a really +well-written report I have not read it + + align:start position:0% +well-written report I have not read it + + + align:start position:0% +well-written report I have not read it +in a number of years but I went back and + + align:start position:0% +in a number of years but I went back and + + + align:start position:0% +in a number of years but I went back and +read it when I was at Treasury + + align:start position:0% +read it when I was at Treasury + + + align:start position:0% +read it when I was at Treasury +one week later Washington signed the + + align:start position:0% +one week later Washington signed the + + + align:start position:0% +one week later Washington signed the +bill Jefferson was never forgave + + align:start position:0% +bill Jefferson was never forgave + + + align:start position:0% +bill Jefferson was never forgave +Hamilton for that and many other things + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton for that and many other things + + + align:start position:0% +Hamilton for that and many other things +but it was a 20 it was a compromise it + + align:start position:0% +but it was a 20 it was a compromise it + + + align:start position:0% +but it was a 20 it was a compromise it +only lasted 20 years in 1811 we we no + + align:start position:0% +only lasted 20 years in 1811 we we no + + + align:start position:0% +only lasted 20 years in 1811 we we no +longer had a central bank so we had a + + align:start position:0% +longer had a central bank so we had a + + + align:start position:0% +longer had a central bank so we had a +love-hate in the US with this central + + align:start position:0% +love-hate in the US with this central + + + align:start position:0% +love-hate in the US with this central +authority in central banking sort of + + align:start position:0% +authority in central banking sort of + + + align:start position:0% +authority in central banking sort of +worthless I guess what would your + + align:start position:0% +worthless I guess what would your + + + align:start position:0% +worthless I guess what would your +response or the bankers in the room what + + align:start position:0% +response or the bankers in the room what + + + align:start position:0% +response or the bankers in the room what +would your response to that there I + + align:start position:0% +would your response to that there I + + + align:start position:0% +would your response to that there I +think I mean money is it comes back as + + align:start position:0% +think I mean money is it comes back as + + + align:start position:0% +think I mean money is it comes back as +money as a social construct big right + + align:start position:0% +money as a social construct big right + + + align:start position:0% +money as a social construct big right +and anything can be money if you want + + align:start position:0% +and anything can be money if you want + + + align:start position:0% +and anything can be money if you want +until almost anything so if you've got a + + align:start position:0% +until almost anything so if you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +until almost anything so if you've got a +big enough group of people you think + + align:start position:0% +big enough group of people you think + + + align:start position:0% +big enough group of people you think +some things money even has but it's + + align:start position:0% +some things money even has but it's + + + align:start position:0% +some things money even has but it's +valuable and that's true u.s. dollar and + + align:start position:0% +valuable and that's true u.s. dollar and + + + align:start position:0% +valuable and that's true u.s. dollar and +a Bitcoin but I guess the question is + + align:start position:0% +a Bitcoin but I guess the question is + + + align:start position:0% +a Bitcoin but I guess the question is +how do you generate trust in the system + + align:start position:0% +how do you generate trust in the system + + + align:start position:0% +how do you generate trust in the system +and I guess the US government generates + + align:start position:0% +and I guess the US government generates + + + align:start position:0% +and I guess the US government generates +it through having nation-states and an + + align:start position:0% +it through having nation-states and an + + + align:start position:0% +it through having nation-states and an +army and a Treasury and everything else + + align:start position:0% +army and a Treasury and everything else + + + align:start position:0% +army and a Treasury and everything else +when a Bitcoin has this network of - and + + align:start position:0% +when a Bitcoin has this network of - and + + + align:start position:0% +when a Bitcoin has this network of - and +this so just generates the trust in a + + align:start position:0% +this so just generates the trust in a + + + align:start position:0% +this so just generates the trust in a +different way but I'd like to say like + + align:start position:0% +different way but I'd like to say like + + + align:start position:0% +different way but I'd like to say like +money doesn't work as if everyone thinks + + align:start position:0% +money doesn't work as if everyone thinks + + + align:start position:0% +money doesn't work as if everyone thinks +it's worthless or like a significant + + align:start position:0% +it's worthless or like a significant + + + align:start position:0% +it's worthless or like a significant +group of people so there's embodiment + + align:start position:0% +group of people so there's embodiment + + + align:start position:0% +group of people so there's embodiment +dollars worthless right but fiat money + + align:start position:0% +dollars worthless right but fiat money + + + align:start position:0% +dollars worthless right but fiat money +is a general concept being worthless + + align:start position:0% +is a general concept being worthless + + + align:start position:0% +is a general concept being worthless +it's you know you've got choice you can + + align:start position:0% +it's you know you've got choice you can + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know you've got choice you can +choose + + align:start position:0% +choose + + + align:start position:0% +choose +depending on your preferences but I + + align:start position:0% +depending on your preferences but I + + + align:start position:0% +depending on your preferences but I +think it's difficult to maintain it's + + align:start position:0% +think it's difficult to maintain it's + + + align:start position:0% +think it's difficult to maintain it's +worthless when I think also fiat + + align:start position:0% +worthless when I think also fiat + + + align:start position:0% +worthless when I think also fiat +currency has had a lot of challenges in + + align:start position:0% +currency has had a lot of challenges in + + + align:start position:0% +currency has had a lot of challenges in +crises usually related to I their poor + + align:start position:0% +crises usually related to I their poor + + + align:start position:0% +crises usually related to I their poor +fiscal policy than the nation the + + align:start position:0% +fiscal policy than the nation the + + + align:start position:0% +fiscal policy than the nation the +government state is overspending its + + align:start position:0% +government state is overspending its + + + align:start position:0% +government state is overspending its +taxing ability because taxes are revenue + + align:start position:0% +taxing ability because taxes are revenue + + + align:start position:0% +taxing ability because taxes are revenue +and then the spending often related to + + align:start position:0% +and then the spending often related to + + + align:start position:0% +and then the spending often related to +Wars but not always or to the monetary + + align:start position:0% +Wars but not always or to the monetary + + + align:start position:0% +Wars but not always or to the monetary +policy in essence a lot of printing of + + align:start position:0% +policy in essence a lot of printing of + + + align:start position:0% +policy in essence a lot of printing of +money in the old days there was physical + + align:start position:0% +money in the old days there was physical + + + align:start position:0% +money in the old days there was physical +printing of money and the new days it's + + align:start position:0% +printing of money and the new days it's + + + align:start position:0% +printing of money and the new days it's +digital it's it's the overseeing of the + + align:start position:0% +digital it's it's the overseeing of the + + + align:start position:0% +digital it's it's the overseeing of the +banking sector and some of the biggest + + align:start position:0% +banking sector and some of the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +banking sector and some of the biggest +banking crises have led to a significant + + align:start position:0% +banking crises have led to a significant + + + align:start position:0% +banking crises have led to a significant +in essence expansion of the monetary + + align:start position:0% +in essence expansion of the monetary + + + align:start position:0% +in essence expansion of the monetary +base maybe it was lending against real + + align:start position:0% +base maybe it was lending against real + + + align:start position:0% +base maybe it was lending against real +estate in a housing bubble in Ireland + + align:start position:0% +estate in a housing bubble in Ireland + + + align:start position:0% +estate in a housing bubble in Ireland +there are other countries and so forth + + align:start position:0% +there are other countries and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +there are other countries and so forth +but we're not unique in the u.s. to have + + align:start position:0% +but we're not unique in the u.s. to have + + + align:start position:0% +but we're not unique in the u.s. to have +housing bubbles and that can undermine + + align:start position:0% +housing bubbles and that can undermine + + + align:start position:0% +housing bubbles and that can undermine +the the social consensus about fiat + + align:start position:0% +the the social consensus about fiat + + + align:start position:0% +the the social consensus about fiat +money take China in the late 1940s where + + align:start position:0% +money take China in the late 1940s where + + + align:start position:0% +money take China in the late 1940s where +every every few minutes you had to worry + + align:start position:0% +every every few minutes you had to worry + + + align:start position:0% +every every few minutes you had to worry +about did you have enough suitcases of + + align:start position:0% +about did you have enough suitcases of + + + align:start position:0% +about did you have enough suitcases of +physical cash to pay for your restaurant + + align:start position:0% +physical cash to pay for your restaurant + + + align:start position:0% +physical cash to pay for your restaurant +bill if you were at a restaurant and so + + align:start position:0% +bill if you were at a restaurant and so + + + align:start position:0% +bill if you were at a restaurant and so +forth and in any country that's in the + + align:start position:0% +forth and in any country that's in the + + + align:start position:0% +forth and in any country that's in the +midst of hyperinflation you're usually + + align:start position:0% +midst of hyperinflation you're usually + + + align:start position:0% +midst of hyperinflation you're usually +then the social construct falls away but + + align:start position:0% +then the social construct falls away but + + + align:start position:0% +then the social construct falls away but +it's rare that it hasn't been replaced + + align:start position:0% +it's rare that it hasn't been replaced + + + align:start position:0% +it's rare that it hasn't been replaced +by another fiat currency maybe with a + + align:start position:0% +by another fiat currency maybe with a + + + align:start position:0% +by another fiat currency maybe with a +stronger military or a stronger central + + align:start position:0% +stronger military or a stronger central + + + align:start position:0% +stronger military or a stronger central +bank or but after some crisis + + align:start position:0% +bank or but after some crisis + + + align:start position:0% +bank or but after some crisis +occasionally it's replaced by another + + align:start position:0% +occasionally it's replaced by another + + + align:start position:0% +occasionally it's replaced by another +country's fiat currency and there's a + + align:start position:0% +country's fiat currency and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +country's fiat currency and there's a +number of Latin American countries that + + align:start position:0% +number of Latin American countries that + + + align:start position:0% +number of Latin American countries that +have said well this isn't working we're + + align:start position:0% +have said well this isn't working we're + + + align:start position:0% +have said well this isn't working we're +gonna go to the US dollar and just be + + align:start position:0% +gonna go to the US dollar and just be + + + align:start position:0% +gonna go to the US dollar and just be +door and we're not going to trust our + + align:start position:0% +door and we're not going to trust our + + + align:start position:0% +door and we're not going to trust our +sovereign we're gonna trust somebody + + align:start position:0% +sovereign we're gonna trust somebody + + + align:start position:0% +sovereign we're gonna trust somebody +else and remember I've said this once I + + align:start position:0% +else and remember I've said this once I + + + align:start position:0% +else and remember I've said this once I +think in this class the history and + + align:start position:0% +think in this class the history and + + + align:start position:0% +think in this class the history and +Simon bailed me out and robbed bill me + + align:start position:0% +Simon bailed me out and robbed bill me + + + align:start position:0% +Simon bailed me out and robbed bill me +up + + align:start position:0% +up + + + align:start position:0% +up +history of the Bank of England was that + + align:start position:0% +history of the Bank of England was that + + + align:start position:0% +history of the Bank of England was that +the King of England was at war with the + + align:start position:0% +the King of England was at war with the + + + align:start position:0% +the King of England was at war with the +King of France and needed to borrow some + + align:start position:0% +King of France and needed to borrow some + + + align:start position:0% +King of France and needed to borrow some +money and couldn't borrow it readily I + + align:start position:0% +money and couldn't borrow it readily I + + + align:start position:0% +money and couldn't borrow it readily I +think it was like one and a half million + + align:start position:0% +think it was like one and a half million + + + align:start position:0% +think it was like one and a half million +pounds and some noble Lord said well + + align:start position:0% +pounds and some noble Lord said well + + + align:start position:0% +pounds and some noble Lord said well +this is how we'll give you the money if + + align:start position:0% +this is how we'll give you the money if + + + align:start position:0% +this is how we'll give you the money if +we set up a board + + align:start position:0% +we set up a board + + + align:start position:0% +we set up a board +it was initially the Bank of England was + + align:start position:0% +it was initially the Bank of England was + + + align:start position:0% +it was initially the Bank of England was +in essence a contract between the + + align:start position:0% +in essence a contract between the + + + align:start position:0% +in essence a contract between the +sovereign and the noble Lords that it + + align:start position:0% +sovereign and the noble Lords that it + + + align:start position:0% +sovereign and the noble Lords that it +said we have to check and and then the + + align:start position:0% +said we have to check and and then the + + + align:start position:0% +said we have to check and and then the +war went on I don't remember you guys + + align:start position:0% +war went on I don't remember you guys + + + align:start position:0% +war went on I don't remember you guys +probably want and beat the French but it + + align:start position:0% +probably want and beat the French but it + + + align:start position:0% +probably want and beat the French but it +was in the midst of a war all right + + align:start position:0% +was in the midst of a war all right + + + align:start position:0% +was in the midst of a war all right +you're recorded by the way video so + + align:start position:0% +you're recorded by the way video so + + + align:start position:0% +you're recorded by the way video so +let's move on a little bit just so we + + align:start position:0% +let's move on a little bit just so we + + + align:start position:0% +let's move on a little bit just so we +can get to what central banks are doing + + align:start position:0% +can get to what central banks are doing + + + align:start position:0% +can get to what central banks are doing +but in essence what central banks do is + + align:start position:0% +but in essence what central banks do is + + + align:start position:0% +but in essence what central banks do is +they oversee the banking system I mean + + align:start position:0% +they oversee the banking system I mean + + + align:start position:0% +they oversee the banking system I mean +back to they promote the economy through + + align:start position:0% +back to they promote the economy through + + + align:start position:0% +back to they promote the economy through +stable prices and in some countries also + + align:start position:0% +stable prices and in some countries also + + + align:start position:0% +stable prices and in some countries also +this concept of a dual mandate they + + align:start position:0% +this concept of a dual mandate they + + + align:start position:0% +this concept of a dual mandate they +manage the fiat currency money through + + align:start position:0% +manage the fiat currency money through + + + align:start position:0% +manage the fiat currency money through +supply and pricing oversee the banking + + align:start position:0% +supply and pricing oversee the banking + + + align:start position:0% +supply and pricing oversee the banking +system and basically are the bankers to + + align:start position:0% +system and basically are the bankers to + + + align:start position:0% +system and basically are the bankers to +the government when the government's + + align:start position:0% +the government when the government's + + + align:start position:0% +the government when the government's +really in trouble think back to the + + align:start position:0% +really in trouble think back to the + + + align:start position:0% +really in trouble think back to the +1690s when some noble lords were funding + + align:start position:0% +1690s when some noble lords were funding + + + align:start position:0% +1690s when some noble lords were funding +the king that still happens that central + + align:start position:0% +the king that still happens that central + + + align:start position:0% +the king that still happens that central +banks do sometimes fund governments so + + align:start position:0% +banks do sometimes fund governments so + + + align:start position:0% +banks do sometimes fund governments so +the US Federal Reserve balance sheet I'm + + align:start position:0% +the US Federal Reserve balance sheet I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the US Federal Reserve balance sheet I'm +not going to spend time on it it will be + + align:start position:0% +not going to spend time on it it will be + + + align:start position:0% +not going to spend time on it it will be +in the slides in canvas so let's talk + + align:start position:0% +in the slides in canvas so let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +in the slides in canvas so let's talk +about where central banks approaches to + + align:start position:0% +about where central banks approaches to + + + align:start position:0% +about where central banks approaches to +blockchain and crypto some I would say a + + align:start position:0% +blockchain and crypto some I would say a + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain and crypto some I would say a +majority or monitoring studying the US + + align:start position:0% +majority or monitoring studying the US + + + align:start position:0% +majority or monitoring studying the US +Federal Reserve would be this way the + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve would be this way the + + + align:start position:0% +Federal Reserve would be this way the +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +in Central Bank Rob has a better feel + + align:start position:0% +in Central Bank Rob has a better feel + + + align:start position:0% +in Central Bank Rob has a better feel +because he talks to central bank's all + + align:start position:0% +because he talks to central bank's all + + + align:start position:0% +because he talks to central bank's all +the time but monitor and study is the + + align:start position:0% +the time but monitor and study is the + + + align:start position:0% +the time but monitor and study is the +dominant place restrict restrict its use + + align:start position:0% +dominant place restrict restrict its use + + + align:start position:0% +dominant place restrict restrict its use +I'd say the the the People's Bank of + + align:start position:0% +I'd say the the the People's Bank of + + + align:start position:0% +I'd say the the the People's Bank of +China is more towards this they're kind + + align:start position:0% +China is more towards this they're kind + + + align:start position:0% +China is more towards this they're kind +of a mixture between monitor and study + + align:start position:0% +of a mixture between monitor and study + + + align:start position:0% +of a mixture between monitor and study +because one of the readings was actually + + align:start position:0% +because one of the readings was actually + + + align:start position:0% +because one of the readings was actually +from a senior policy person at the + + align:start position:0% +from a senior policy person at the + + + align:start position:0% +from a senior policy person at the +People's Bank of China he's and he's + + align:start position:0% +People's Bank of China he's and he's + + + align:start position:0% +People's Bank of China he's and he's +written some remarkable pieces every few + + align:start position:0% +written some remarkable pieces every few + + + align:start position:0% +written some remarkable pieces every few +months there's a piece in like CNN or CC + + align:start position:0% +months there's a piece in like CNN or CC + + + align:start position:0% +months there's a piece in like CNN or CC +Adhan which is a crypto newsletter or + + align:start position:0% +Adhan which is a crypto newsletter or + + + align:start position:0% +Adhan which is a crypto newsletter or +corn Telegraph that this one individual + + align:start position:0% +corn Telegraph that this one individual + + + align:start position:0% +corn Telegraph that this one individual +from the Central Bank of China is + + align:start position:0% +from the Central Bank of China is + + + align:start position:0% +from the Central Bank of China is +writing these pieces now I don't know a + + align:start position:0% +writing these pieces now I don't know a + + + align:start position:0% +writing these pieces now I don't know a +lot about the Central Bank China he + + align:start position:0% +lot about the Central Bank China he + + + align:start position:0% +lot about the Central Bank China he +always puts at the bottom these are my + + align:start position:0% +always puts at the bottom these are my + + + align:start position:0% +always puts at the bottom these are my +personal views but I have a suspicion he + + align:start position:0% +personal views but I have a suspicion he + + + align:start position:0% +personal views but I have a suspicion he +would not be allowed to write these + + align:start position:0% +would not be allowed to write these + + + align:start position:0% +would not be allowed to write these +things if it weren't something bubbling + + align:start position:0% +things if it weren't something bubbling + + + align:start position:0% +things if it weren't something bubbling +underneath but you can restrict the use + + align:start position:0% +underneath but you can restrict the use + + + align:start position:0% +underneath but you can restrict the use +of crypto and some countries like China + + align:start position:0% +of crypto and some countries like China + + + align:start position:0% +of crypto and some countries like China +and else we're doing that there's + + align:start position:0% +and else we're doing that there's + + + align:start position:0% +and else we're doing that there's +payment system experimentation which + + align:start position:0% +payment system experimentation which + + + align:start position:0% +payment system experimentation which +we're gonna chat about and then there's + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna chat about and then there's + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna chat about and then there's +this thing called central bank digital + + align:start position:0% +this thing called central bank digital + + + align:start position:0% +this thing called central bank digital +currency initiatives and Rob and I know + + align:start position:0% +currency initiatives and Rob and I know + + + align:start position:0% +currency initiatives and Rob and I know +the answer of this but I'm curious of + + align:start position:0% +the answer of this but I'm curious of + + + align:start position:0% +the answer of this but I'm curious of +the group central bank digital currency + + align:start position:0% +the group central bank digital currency + + + align:start position:0% +the group central bank digital currency +having read all that you've read for + + align:start position:0% +having read all that you've read for + + + align:start position:0% +having read all that you've read for +today does it rely on blockchain + + align:start position:0% +today does it rely on blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +today does it rely on blockchain +technology showing hands yes or no so + + align:start position:0% +technology showing hands yes or no so + + + align:start position:0% +technology showing hands yes or no so +yes it relies when my hand won't matter + + align:start position:0% +yes it relies when my hand won't matter + + + align:start position:0% +yes it relies when my hand won't matter +does it rely on blockchain technology + + align:start position:0% +does it rely on blockchain technology + + + align:start position:0% +does it rely on blockchain technology +central bank digital currency that's I + + align:start position:0% +central bank digital currency that's I + + + align:start position:0% +central bank digital currency that's I +don't see a single hand how about no how + + align:start position:0% +don't see a single hand how about no how + + + align:start position:0% +don't see a single hand how about no how +many people think now well you did your + + align:start position:0% +many people think now well you did your + + + align:start position:0% +many people think now well you did your +readings well did you read it thank you + + align:start position:0% +readings well did you read it thank you + + + align:start position:0% +readings well did you read it thank you +she's signing them so central bank + + align:start position:0% +she's signing them so central bank + + + align:start position:0% +she's signing them so central bank +digital currency is inspired by this + + align:start position:0% +digital currency is inspired by this + + + align:start position:0% +digital currency is inspired by this +whole crypto finance movement but it + + align:start position:0% +whole crypto finance movement but it + + + align:start position:0% +whole crypto finance movement but it +does not necessarily depend upon + + align:start position:0% +does not necessarily depend upon + + + align:start position:0% +does not necessarily depend upon +blockchain technology but I think it's + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology but I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology but I think it's +central to this course and central to a + + align:start position:0% +central to this course and central to a + + + align:start position:0% +central to this course and central to a +study of blockchain technology and money + + align:start position:0% +study of blockchain technology and money + + + align:start position:0% +study of blockchain technology and money +because it's absolutely inspired by this + + align:start position:0% +because it's absolutely inspired by this + + + align:start position:0% +because it's absolutely inspired by this +whole movement though the first person + + align:start position:0% +whole movement though the first person + + + align:start position:0% +whole movement though the first person +that wrote about it was Tobin in the + + align:start position:0% +that wrote about it was Tobin in the + + + align:start position:0% +that wrote about it was Tobin in the +eighteen 1980s if I'm right right yeah + + align:start position:0% +eighteen 1980s if I'm right right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +eighteen 1980s if I'm right right yeah +yeah 1987 or something I think + + align:start position:0% +yeah 1987 or something I think + + + align:start position:0% +yeah 1987 or something I think +Tobin wrote about basically giving the + + align:start position:0% +Tobin wrote about basically giving the + + + align:start position:0% +Tobin wrote about basically giving the +public a direct tokenized means beyond + + align:start position:0% +public a direct tokenized means beyond + + + align:start position:0% +public a direct tokenized means beyond +paper money a digital means of an + + align:start position:0% +paper money a digital means of an + + + align:start position:0% +paper money a digital means of an +account but most people would say + + align:start position:0% +account but most people would say + + + align:start position:0% +account but most people would say +central bank digital currency relies on + + align:start position:0% +central bank digital currency relies on + + + align:start position:0% +central bank digital currency relies on +blockchain technology and you've made me + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology and you've made me + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology and you've made me +proud that you said no let's talk about + + align:start position:0% +proud that you said no let's talk about + + + align:start position:0% +proud that you said no let's talk about +the pain points where this was last + + align:start position:0% +the pain points where this was last + + + align:start position:0% +the pain points where this was last +Thursday's lecture but there's some + + align:start position:0% +Thursday's lecture but there's some + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday's lecture but there's some +payment system pain points I added one + + align:start position:0% +payment system pain points I added one + + + align:start position:0% +payment system pain points I added one +or two because of your feedback but + + align:start position:0% +or two because of your feedback but + + + align:start position:0% +or two because of your feedback but +costs delayed settlement chargebacks + + align:start position:0% +costs delayed settlement chargebacks + + + align:start position:0% +costs delayed settlement chargebacks +frauds privacy Financial Inclusion and + + align:start position:0% +frauds privacy Financial Inclusion and + + + align:start position:0% +frauds privacy Financial Inclusion and +the like and for Robin Simon this was + + align:start position:0% +the like and for Robin Simon this was + + + align:start position:0% +the like and for Robin Simon this was +last Thursday's discussion so some of + + align:start position:0% +last Thursday's discussion so some of + + + align:start position:0% +last Thursday's discussion so some of +what the public sector is doing is non + + align:start position:0% +what the public sector is doing is non + + + align:start position:0% +what the public sector is doing is non +blockchain initiatives entire lien on + + align:start position:0% +blockchain initiatives entire lien on + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain initiatives entire lien on +blockchain initiatives the European + + align:start position:0% +blockchain initiatives the European + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain initiatives the European +Union the u.s. others are doing things + + align:start position:0% +Union the u.s. others are doing things + + + align:start position:0% +Union the u.s. others are doing things +about faster payment basically trying to + + align:start position:0% +about faster payment basically trying to + + + align:start position:0% +about faster payment basically trying to +move the payment system to 24 hours a + + align:start position:0% +move the payment system to 24 hours a + + + align:start position:0% +move the payment system to 24 hours a +day all seven days a week not locked up + + align:start position:0% +day all seven days a week not locked up + + + align:start position:0% +day all seven days a week not locked up +on the weekend where you can actually + + align:start position:0% +on the weekend where you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +on the weekend where you can actually +move and that merchants can do it as + + align:start position:0% +move and that merchants can do it as + + + align:start position:0% +move and that merchants can do it as +well as banks so whether it's the target + + align:start position:0% +well as banks so whether it's the target + + + align:start position:0% +well as banks so whether it's the target +instant payment system or what's known + + align:start position:0% +instant payment system or what's known + + + align:start position:0% +instant payment system or what's known +as tips in Europe or faster payment task + + align:start position:0% +as tips in Europe or faster payment task + + + align:start position:0% +as tips in Europe or faster payment task +force which has led to a faster payment + + align:start position:0% +force which has led to a faster payment + + + align:start position:0% +force which has led to a faster payment +mechanism I think I'm guessing Priya's + + align:start position:0% +mechanism I think I'm guessing Priya's + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism I think I'm guessing Priya's +husband's working on that right does he + + align:start position:0% +husband's working on that right does he + + + align:start position:0% +husband's working on that right does he +he was working on the task force + + align:start position:0% +he was working on the task force + + + align:start position:0% +he was working on the task force +shrimp joined us last Thursday and he + + align:start position:0% +shrimp joined us last Thursday and he + + + align:start position:0% +shrimp joined us last Thursday and he +talked about he's at MasterCard so a + + align:start position:0% +talked about he's at MasterCard so a + + + align:start position:0% +talked about he's at MasterCard so a +lots going on I just know the I put just + + align:start position:0% +lots going on I just know the I put just + + + align:start position:0% +lots going on I just know the I put just +two other countries India's immediate + + align:start position:0% +two other countries India's immediate + + + align:start position:0% +two other countries India's immediate +payment service is really government + + align:start position:0% +payment service is really government + + + align:start position:0% +payment service is really government +sponsored government pressed I think one + + align:start position:0% +sponsored government pressed I think one + + + align:start position:0% +sponsored government pressed I think one +of the gentlemen that works on it Simon + + align:start position:0% +of the gentlemen that works on it Simon + + + align:start position:0% +of the gentlemen that works on it Simon +you have speaking it mi t--'s campus in + + align:start position:0% +you have speaking it mi t--'s campus in + + + align:start position:0% +you have speaking it mi t--'s campus in +a few weeks + + align:start position:0% +a few weeks + + + align:start position:0% +a few weeks +Arvind worked on anything and in the UK + + align:start position:0% +Arvind worked on anything and in the UK + + + align:start position:0% +Arvind worked on anything and in the UK +where they're saying not only we + + align:start position:0% +where they're saying not only we + + + align:start position:0% +where they're saying not only we +updating a real-time gross settlement + + align:start position:0% +updating a real-time gross settlement + + + align:start position:0% +updating a real-time gross settlement +system but there's a government + + align:start position:0% +system but there's a government + + + align:start position:0% +system but there's a government +and eight that banks have to open up + + align:start position:0% +and eight that banks have to open up + + + align:start position:0% +and eight that banks have to open up +their bank accounts to what's called + + align:start position:0% +their bank accounts to what's called + + + align:start position:0% +their bank accounts to what's called +open API a lot is going on non + + align:start position:0% +open API a lot is going on non + + + align:start position:0% +open API a lot is going on non +blockchain related related to payments + + align:start position:0% +blockchain related related to payments + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain related related to payments +making it faster and more access but in + + align:start position:0% +making it faster and more access but in + + + align:start position:0% +making it faster and more access but in +the midst of that here's a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +the midst of that here's a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +the midst of that here's a little bit of +what's happening in the blockchain space + + align:start position:0% +what's happening in the blockchain space + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening in the blockchain space +and with the help of the South African + + align:start position:0% +and with the help of the South African + + + align:start position:0% +and with the help of the South African +white paper on this I break it into + + align:start position:0% +white paper on this I break it into + + + align:start position:0% +white paper on this I break it into +three phases so I thank South Africa's + + align:start position:0% +three phases so I thank South Africa's + + + align:start position:0% +three phases so I thank South Africa's +central bank first is phase one three + + align:start position:0% +central bank first is phase one three + + + align:start position:0% +central bank first is phase one three +countries wrote papers Canada Brazil in + + align:start position:0% +countries wrote papers Canada Brazil in + + + align:start position:0% +countries wrote papers Canada Brazil in +Singapore Canada and Singapore even + + align:start position:0% +Singapore Canada and Singapore even + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore Canada and Singapore even +called them something it's called + + align:start position:0% +called them something it's called + + + align:start position:0% +called them something it's called +project Jasper and Canada and project + + align:start position:0% +project Jasper and Canada and project + + + align:start position:0% +project Jasper and Canada and project +Rubin in Singapore and they they they + + align:start position:0% +Rubin in Singapore and they they they + + + align:start position:0% +Rubin in Singapore and they they they +did some experimentation all based on a + + align:start position:0% +did some experimentation all based on a + + + align:start position:0% +did some experimentation all based on a +theory of network could you do a better + + align:start position:0% +theory of network could you do a better + + + align:start position:0% +theory of network could you do a better +payment system based on a theory 'm so + + align:start position:0% +payment system based on a theory 'm so + + + align:start position:0% +payment system based on a theory 'm so +an open-source blockchain permissionless + + align:start position:0% +an open-source blockchain permissionless + + + align:start position:0% +an open-source blockchain permissionless +system and they tested out a new + + align:start position:0% +system and they tested out a new + + + align:start position:0% +system and they tested out a new +real-time gross settlement system and + + align:start position:0% +real-time gross settlement system and + + + align:start position:0% +real-time gross settlement system and +they generally the way they do this is + + align:start position:0% +they generally the way they do this is + + + align:start position:0% +they generally the way they do this is +they to get a group of banks in their + + align:start position:0% +they to get a group of banks in their + + + align:start position:0% +they to get a group of banks in their +country and if you were to read each of + + align:start position:0% +country and if you were to read each of + + + align:start position:0% +country and if you were to read each of +their detailed reports there's some + + align:start position:0% +their detailed reports there's some + + + align:start position:0% +their detailed reports there's some +similarities and some differences but by + + align:start position:0% +similarities and some differences but by + + + align:start position:0% +similarities and some differences but by +and large get a group of banks in your + + align:start position:0% +and large get a group of banks in your + + + align:start position:0% +and large get a group of banks in your +country use the platform try to do a + + align:start position:0% +country use the platform try to do a + + + align:start position:0% +country use the platform try to do a +talking through and see if it will work + + align:start position:0% +talking through and see if it will work + + + align:start position:0% +talking through and see if it will work +aleem trying to see if they could use + + align:start position:0% +aleem trying to see if they could use + + + align:start position:0% +aleem trying to see if they could use +the theory of network to build a better + + align:start position:0% +the theory of network to build a better + + + align:start position:0% +the theory of network to build a better +payment solution or are you saying they + + align:start position:0% +payment solution or are you saying they + + + align:start position:0% +payment solution or are you saying they +developed a smart contract on the + + align:start position:0% +developed a smart contract on the + + + align:start position:0% +developed a smart contract on the +current or did they deploy their own a + + align:start position:0% +current or did they deploy their own a + + + align:start position:0% +current or did they deploy their own a +theory on permissionless network which + + align:start position:0% +theory on permissionless network which + + + align:start position:0% +theory on permissionless network which +one i think it was they just + + align:start position:0% +one i think it was they just + + + align:start position:0% +one i think it was they just +like it says now what you'll see because + + align:start position:0% +like it says now what you'll see because + + + align:start position:0% +like it says now what you'll see because +I want to quickly go to phase two phase + + align:start position:0% +I want to quickly go to phase two phase + + + align:start position:0% +I want to quickly go to phase two phase +two none of them used ethereal phase two + + align:start position:0% +two none of them used ethereal phase two + + + align:start position:0% +two none of them used ethereal phase two +two two more initiatives happened Japan + + align:start position:0% +two two more initiatives happened Japan + + + align:start position:0% +two two more initiatives happened Japan +and Europe together and when I say Japan + + align:start position:0% +and Europe together and when I say Japan + + + align:start position:0% +and Europe together and when I say Japan +and Europe I mean the central banks in + + align:start position:0% +and Europe I mean the central banks in + + + align:start position:0% +and Europe I mean the central banks in +all all of these are central bank + + align:start position:0% +all all of these are central bank + + + align:start position:0% +all all of these are central bank +focused Japan and Europe added and South + + align:start position:0% +focused Japan and Europe added and South + + + align:start position:0% +focused Japan and Europe added and South +Africa and all five initiatives all of + + align:start position:0% +Africa and all five initiatives all of + + + align:start position:0% +Africa and all five initiatives all of +all have been published already work + + align:start position:0% +all have been published already work + + + align:start position:0% +all have been published already work +happening in those various states and + + align:start position:0% +happening in those various states and + + + align:start position:0% +happening in those various states and +lates + + align:start position:0% +lates + + + align:start position:0% +lates +in mid to late seventeen and into + + align:start position:0% +in mid to late seventeen and into + + + align:start position:0% +in mid to late seventeen and into +eighteen we're all on permission they + + align:start position:0% +eighteen we're all on permission they + + + align:start position:0% +eighteen we're all on permission they +were looking at kurta hyper Leger fabric + + align:start position:0% +were looking at kurta hyper Leger fabric + + + align:start position:0% +were looking at kurta hyper Leger fabric +and quorum quorum is the closed loop + + align:start position:0% +and quorum quorum is the closed loop + + + align:start position:0% +and quorum quorum is the closed loop +system that JP Morgan we talked about + + align:start position:0% +system that JP Morgan we talked about + + + align:start position:0% +system that JP Morgan we talked about +hyper Leger fabric and kurta so I think + + align:start position:0% +hyper Leger fabric and kurta so I think + + + align:start position:0% +hyper Leger fabric and kurta so I think +a lien this kind of starts to answer + + align:start position:0% +a lien this kind of starts to answer + + + align:start position:0% +a lien this kind of starts to answer +your question that they then said well + + align:start position:0% +your question that they then said well + + + align:start position:0% +your question that they then said well +no it's not going to work on a + + align:start position:0% +no it's not going to work on a + + + align:start position:0% +no it's not going to work on a +permissionless every one of them in + + align:start position:0% +permissionless every one of them in + + + align:start position:0% +permissionless every one of them in +phase one said we don't think this is + + align:start position:0% +phase one said we don't think this is + + + align:start position:0% +phase one said we don't think this is +going to work on a permissionless system + + align:start position:0% +going to work on a permissionless system + + + align:start position:0% +going to work on a permissionless system +let's then go into a phase two + + align:start position:0% +let's then go into a phase two + + + align:start position:0% +let's then go into a phase two +experimentation we're now in kind of + + align:start position:0% +experimentation we're now in kind of + + + align:start position:0% +experimentation we're now in kind of +phase three or a third wave we haven't + + align:start position:0% +phase three or a third wave we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +phase three or a third wave we haven't +heard from Brazil recently don't know + + align:start position:0% +heard from Brazil recently don't know + + + align:start position:0% +heard from Brazil recently don't know +whether that project is basically + + align:start position:0% +whether that project is basically + + + align:start position:0% +whether that project is basically +stopped but these are big countries in + + align:start position:0% +stopped but these are big countries in + + + align:start position:0% +stopped but these are big countries in +big central banks that are interested is + + align:start position:0% +big central banks that are interested is + + + align:start position:0% +big central banks that are interested is +can there be a payment system solution + + align:start position:0% +can there be a payment system solution + + + align:start position:0% +can there be a payment system solution +so I'm just going to talk about + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just going to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +so I'm just going to talk about +Singapore for a minute and give you a + + align:start position:0% +Singapore for a minute and give you a + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore for a minute and give you a +flavor for outside of the readings but a + + align:start position:0% +flavor for outside of the readings but a + + + align:start position:0% +flavor for outside of the readings but a +little bit of what the Singapore project + + align:start position:0% +little bit of what the Singapore project + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of what the Singapore project +is but it captures all of these by just + + align:start position:0% +is but it captures all of these by just + + + align:start position:0% +is but it captures all of these by just +talking about this project this is from + + align:start position:0% +talking about this project this is from + + + align:start position:0% +talking about this project this is from +their papers but they really see that + + align:start position:0% +their papers but they really see that + + + align:start position:0% +their papers but they really see that +we're in a multi phase project and they + + align:start position:0% +we're in a multi phase project and they + + + align:start position:0% +we're in a multi phase project and they +are willing to publicly say we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +are willing to publicly say we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +are willing to publicly say we're gonna +go further than where we are right now + + align:start position:0% +go further than where we are right now + + + align:start position:0% +go further than where we are right now +we want to get to the place where we + + align:start position:0% +we want to get to the place where we + + + align:start position:0% +we want to get to the place where we +have domestic delivery versus payment + + align:start position:0% +have domestic delivery versus payment + + + align:start position:0% +have domestic delivery versus payment +and in the future payment versus payment + + align:start position:0% +and in the future payment versus payment + + + align:start position:0% +and in the future payment versus payment +systems money versus money delivery + + align:start position:0% +systems money versus money delivery + + + align:start position:0% +systems money versus money delivery +versus payment DVP is basically a + + align:start position:0% +versus payment DVP is basically a + + + align:start position:0% +versus payment DVP is basically a +security versus + + align:start position:0% +security versus + + + align:start position:0% +security versus +money so if you see the words DVP it's + + align:start position:0% +money so if you see the words DVP it's + + + align:start position:0% +money so if you see the words DVP it's +in the in the securities business where + + align:start position:0% +in the in the securities business where + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the securities business where +you move a security and a payment + + align:start position:0% +you move a security and a payment + + + align:start position:0% +you move a security and a payment +simultaneously and there's no credit + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously and there's no credit + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously and there's no credit +risk I will not give Rob the security + + align:start position:0% +risk I will not give Rob the security + + + align:start position:0% +risk I will not give Rob the security +unless he gives me the cash or vice + + align:start position:0% +unless he gives me the cash or vice + + + align:start position:0% +unless he gives me the cash or vice +versa ask me one day about when before + + align:start position:0% +versa ask me one day about when before + + + align:start position:0% +versa ask me one day about when before +we had DV pay what what the markets were + + align:start position:0% +we had DV pay what what the markets were + + + align:start position:0% +we had DV pay what what the markets were +like so Singapore is willing to publicly + + align:start position:0% +like so Singapore is willing to publicly + + + align:start position:0% +like so Singapore is willing to publicly +announce we're we're gonna take this as + + align:start position:0% +announce we're we're gonna take this as + + + align:start position:0% +announce we're we're gonna take this as +far as we can go all the way to a + + align:start position:0% +far as we can go all the way to a + + + align:start position:0% +far as we can go all the way to a +cross-border settlement of payments and + + align:start position:0% +cross-border settlement of payments and + + + align:start position:0% +cross-border settlement of payments and +securities against each other D versus P + + align:start position:0% +securities against each other D versus P + + + align:start position:0% +securities against each other D versus P +versus P is what they call it the D you + + align:start position:0% +versus P is what they call it the D you + + + align:start position:0% +versus P is what they call it the D you +can think of as securities will they + + align:start position:0% +can think of as securities will they + + + align:start position:0% +can think of as securities will they +succeed do they need to stay on a + + align:start position:0% +succeed do they need to stay on a + + + align:start position:0% +succeed do they need to stay on a +blockchain I can't I can't predict that + + align:start position:0% +blockchain I can't I can't predict that + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain I can't I can't predict that +but they're they're willing to say we're + + align:start position:0% +but they're they're willing to say we're + + + align:start position:0% +but they're they're willing to say we're +gonna give this a try where are they + + align:start position:0% +gonna give this a try where are they + + + align:start position:0% +gonna give this a try where are they +right now in Phase two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well they tested court a hyper ledger + + align:start position:0% +well they tested court a hyper ledger + + + align:start position:0% +well they tested court a hyper ledger +fabric and quorum and they have a full + + align:start position:0% +fabric and quorum and they have a full + + + align:start position:0% +fabric and quorum and they have a full +60 page report they published a month or + + align:start position:0% +60 page report they published a month or + + + align:start position:0% +60 page report they published a month or +two ago about how did each of them work + + align:start position:0% +two ago about how did each of them work + + + align:start position:0% +two ago about how did each of them work +to do basically payment versus payment + + align:start position:0% +to do basically payment versus payment + + + align:start position:0% +to do basically payment versus payment +cash large cash movements but here were + + align:start position:0% +cash large cash movements but here were + + + align:start position:0% +cash large cash movements but here were +the six criteria they tested and they + + align:start position:0% +the six criteria they tested and they + + + align:start position:0% +the six criteria they tested and they +say they passed every one of them now I + + align:start position:0% +say they passed every one of them now I + + + align:start position:0% +say they passed every one of them now I +read the full report and I have to say + + align:start position:0% +read the full report and I have to say + + + align:start position:0% +read the full report and I have to say +it struck me that they probably did pass + + align:start position:0% +it struck me that they probably did pass + + + align:start position:0% +it struck me that they probably did pass +it but I'm not enough of an expert and + + align:start position:0% +it but I'm not enough of an expert and + + + align:start position:0% +it but I'm not enough of an expert and +this stuff gets very granular and the + + align:start position:0% +this stuff gets very granular and the + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff gets very granular and the +question still is could you just use an + + align:start position:0% +question still is could you just use an + + + align:start position:0% +question still is could you just use an +Oracle database to do the same thing and + + align:start position:0% +Oracle database to do the same thing and + + + align:start position:0% +Oracle database to do the same thing and +it's a fair question but they tested it + + align:start position:0% +it's a fair question but they tested it + + + align:start position:0% +it's a fair question but they tested it +basically can you digitize the payments + + align:start position:0% +basically can you digitize the payments + + + align:start position:0% +basically can you digitize the payments +can you decentralize the processing can + + align:start position:0% +can you decentralize the processing can + + + align:start position:0% +can you decentralize the processing can +you do the queuing the queuing of + + align:start position:0% +you do the queuing the queuing of + + + align:start position:0% +you do the queuing the queuing of +payments and a lot of cross entity + + align:start position:0% +payments and a lot of cross entity + + + align:start position:0% +payments and a lot of cross entity +payments you have to net the payments + + align:start position:0% +payments you have to net the payments + + + align:start position:0% +payments you have to net the payments +I'm gonna pay Rob Rob is gonna pay Hugo + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna pay Rob Rob is gonna pay Hugo + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna pay Rob Rob is gonna pay Hugo +Hugo is gonna pay me well that doesn't + + align:start position:0% +Hugo is gonna pay me well that doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +Hugo is gonna pay me well that doesn't +make sense you net it all and it's a + + align:start position:0% +make sense you net it all and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +make sense you net it all and it's a +queuing factor and all these real-time + + align:start position:0% +queuing factor and all these real-time + + + align:start position:0% +queuing factor and all these real-time +gross payments Aleen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this was in what country versus + + align:start position:0% +this was in what country versus + + + align:start position:0% +this was in what country versus +Singapore Singapore and there's a + + align:start position:0% +Singapore Singapore and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore Singapore and there's a +central banking system boards movie very + + align:start position:0% +central banking system boards movie very + + + align:start position:0% +central banking system boards movie very +centralized what is the central what + + align:start position:0% +centralized what is the central what + + + align:start position:0% +centralized what is the central what +they write about they think that you + + align:start position:0% +they write about they think that you + + + align:start position:0% +they write about they think that you +could lower the single point of failure + + align:start position:0% +could lower the single point of failure + + + align:start position:0% +could lower the single point of failure +risk by not having the central bank they + + align:start position:0% +risk by not having the central bank they + + + align:start position:0% +risk by not having the central bank they +actively this is a central bank writing + + align:start position:0% +actively this is a central bank writing + + + align:start position:0% +actively this is a central bank writing +the paper saying we could have more + + align:start position:0% +the paper saying we could have more + + + align:start position:0% +the paper saying we could have more +resilience in the system if the database + + align:start position:0% +resilience in the system if the database + + + align:start position:0% +resilience in the system if the database +is distributed amongst in this case they + + align:start position:0% +is distributed amongst in this case they + + + align:start position:0% +is distributed amongst in this case they +had eleven banks participating and the + + align:start position:0% +had eleven banks participating and the + + + align:start position:0% +had eleven banks participating and the +eleven banks have separate nodes now + + align:start position:0% +eleven banks have separate nodes now + + + align:start position:0% +eleven banks have separate nodes now +it's still a permission system you might + + align:start position:0% +it's still a permission system you might + + + align:start position:0% +it's still a permission system you might +say and somehow the central bank has a + + align:start position:0% +say and somehow the central bank has a + + + align:start position:0% +say and somehow the central bank has a +notary node maybe but it's amongst the + + align:start position:0% +notary node maybe but it's amongst the + + + align:start position:0% +notary node maybe but it's amongst the +11 banks and that there would be more + + align:start position:0% +11 banks and that there would be more + + + align:start position:0% +11 banks and that there would be more +resilience to the system than having its + + align:start position:0% +resilience to the system than having its + + + align:start position:0% +resilience to the system than having its +centralized monetary policy Rob what + + align:start position:0% +centralized monetary policy Rob what + + + align:start position:0% +centralized monetary policy Rob what +what do you what do you want to add to + + align:start position:0% +what do you what do you want to add to + + + align:start position:0% +what do you what do you want to add to +this because you rob swims this way and + + align:start position:0% +this because you rob swims this way and + + + align:start position:0% +this because you rob swims this way and +I don't I think it's because the + + align:start position:0% +I don't I think it's because the + + + align:start position:0% +I don't I think it's because the +question is like how much the central + + align:start position:0% +question is like how much the central + + + align:start position:0% +question is like how much the central +bank consciously limits its own power I + + align:start position:0% +bank consciously limits its own power I + + + align:start position:0% +bank consciously limits its own power I +think it's because if you have a system + + align:start position:0% +think it's because if you have a system + + + align:start position:0% +think it's because if you have a system +where because I think there is an + + align:start position:0% +where because I think there is an + + + align:start position:0% +where because I think there is an +instinct at certainly some central + + align:start position:0% +instinct at certainly some central + + + align:start position:0% +instinct at certainly some central +bank's they want to like a special know + + align:start position:0% +bank's they want to like a special know + + + align:start position:0% +bank's they want to like a special know +you for the for the central bank we + + align:start position:0% +you for the for the central bank we + + + align:start position:0% +you for the for the central bank we +could do a list on the other and my + + align:start position:0% +could do a list on the other and my + + + align:start position:0% +could do a list on the other and my +arguments of the new actions want to + + align:start position:0% +arguments of the new actions want to + + + align:start position:0% +arguments of the new actions want to +limit that the power of the central bank + + align:start position:0% +limit that the power of the central bank + + + align:start position:0% +limit that the power of the central bank +as far as you possibly can because it to + + align:start position:0% +as far as you possibly can because it to + + + align:start position:0% +as far as you possibly can because it to +the extent the central bank has special + + align:start position:0% +the extent the central bank has special + + + align:start position:0% +the extent the central bank has special +powers over the system that creates a + + align:start position:0% +powers over the system that creates a + + + align:start position:0% +powers over the system that creates a +weakness in the system because if that + + align:start position:0% +weakness in the system because if that + + + align:start position:0% +weakness in the system because if that +nobodies then taken over then whoever + + align:start position:0% +nobodies then taken over then whoever + + + align:start position:0% +nobodies then taken over then whoever +could you know go you know change the + + align:start position:0% +could you know go you know change the + + + align:start position:0% +could you know go you know change the +system has effectively all the power the + + align:start position:0% +system has effectively all the power the + + + align:start position:0% +system has effectively all the power the +set of baggage which sort of takes away + + align:start position:0% +set of baggage which sort of takes away + + + align:start position:0% +set of baggage which sort of takes away +the benefits of decentralization if + + align:start position:0% +the benefits of decentralization if + + + align:start position:0% +the benefits of decentralization if +there's because the tomorrow I can + + align:start position:0% +there's because the tomorrow I can + + + align:start position:0% +there's because the tomorrow I can +appoint decentralization is increment + + align:start position:0% +appoint decentralization is increment + + + align:start position:0% +appoint decentralization is increment +possibly attack by saying well to attack + + align:start position:0% +possibly attack by saying well to attack + + + align:start position:0% +possibly attack by saying well to attack +the system we have to attack 57 or + + align:start position:0% +the system we have to attack 57 or + + + align:start position:0% +the system we have to attack 57 or +whatever but if you have this small + + align:start position:0% +whatever but if you have this small + + + align:start position:0% +whatever but if you have this small +special no that + + align:start position:0% +special no that + + + align:start position:0% +special no that +we only have to tackle unknown and it + + align:start position:0% +we only have to tackle unknown and it + + + align:start position:0% +we only have to tackle unknown and it +sort defeats the object so I think when + + align:start position:0% +sort defeats the object so I think when + + + align:start position:0% +sort defeats the object so I think when +you're speaking circle times you have to + + align:start position:0% +you're speaking circle times you have to + + + align:start position:0% +you're speaking circle times you have to +persuade them of the need to have a + + align:start position:0% +persuade them of the need to have a + + + align:start position:0% +persuade them of the need to have a +system that they like almost stand up + + align:start position:0% +system that they like almost stand up + + + align:start position:0% +system that they like almost stand up +and let it go + + align:start position:0% +and let it go + + + align:start position:0% +and let it go +rather continuously with so many + + align:start position:0% +rather continuously with so many + + + align:start position:0% +rather continuously with so many +countries there's gonna be a wide + + align:start position:0% +countries there's gonna be a wide + + + align:start position:0% +countries there's gonna be a wide +variety and I really do think that I + + align:start position:0% +variety and I really do think that I + + + align:start position:0% +variety and I really do think that I +many of the central banks are in that + + align:start position:0% +many of the central banks are in that + + + align:start position:0% +many of the central banks are in that +monitor and studies slipstream and a + + align:start position:0% +monitor and studies slipstream and a + + + align:start position:0% +monitor and studies slipstream and a +couple are in there let's restrict the + + align:start position:0% +couple are in there let's restrict the + + + align:start position:0% +couple are in there let's restrict the +use slipstream and even China that says + + align:start position:0% +use slipstream and even China that says + + + align:start position:0% +use slipstream and even China that says +we're restricting the use is still + + align:start position:0% +we're restricting the use is still + + + align:start position:0% +we're restricting the use is still +studying the heck out of this but some + + align:start position:0% +studying the heck out of this but some + + + align:start position:0% +studying the heck out of this but some +countries like Singapore in Canada are + + align:start position:0% +countries like Singapore in Canada are + + + align:start position:0% +countries like Singapore in Canada are +in the forefront saying let's figure out + + align:start position:0% +in the forefront saying let's figure out + + + align:start position:0% +in the forefront saying let's figure out +maybe this technology will make the + + align:start position:0% +maybe this technology will make the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe this technology will make the +payment system and thus the system of + + align:start position:0% +payment system and thus the system of + + + align:start position:0% +payment system and thus the system of +fiat money more resilient it's it's + + align:start position:0% +fiat money more resilient it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +fiat money more resilient it's it's +still unknown but they're really do + + align:start position:0% +still unknown but they're really do + + + align:start position:0% +still unknown but they're really do +they're really trying to test it the + + align:start position:0% +they're really trying to test it the + + + align:start position:0% +they're really trying to test it the +edge so perhaps this is just like a + + align:start position:0% +edge so perhaps this is just like a + + + align:start position:0% +edge so perhaps this is just like a +peculiar observation but if you like the + + align:start position:0% +peculiar observation but if you like the + + + align:start position:0% +peculiar observation but if you like the +very like institutions that satochi and + + align:start position:0% +very like institutions that satochi and + + + align:start position:0% +very like institutions that satochi and +Bitcoin we're trying to disintermediate + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin we're trying to disintermediate + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin we're trying to disintermediate +are the ones that are taking inspiration + + align:start position:0% +are the ones that are taking inspiration + + + align:start position:0% +are the ones that are taking inspiration +from this and then trying to advance + + align:start position:0% +from this and then trying to advance + + + align:start position:0% +from this and then trying to advance +their own technology and the pills is it + + align:start position:0% +their own technology and the pills is it + + + align:start position:0% +their own technology and the pills is it +a competitive threat like what what's + + align:start position:0% +a competitive threat like what what's + + + align:start position:0% +a competitive threat like what what's +the disconnect like how are they + + align:start position:0% +the disconnect like how are they + + + align:start position:0% +the disconnect like how are they +thinking about using this for something + + align:start position:0% +thinking about using this for something + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about using this for something +that was basically built to + + align:start position:0% +that was basically built to + + + align:start position:0% +that was basically built to +disintermediate dawn so Zhaan's asking + + align:start position:0% +disintermediate dawn so Zhaan's asking + + + align:start position:0% +disintermediate dawn so Zhaan's asking +about Bitcoin and wasn't Satoshi + + align:start position:0% +about Bitcoin and wasn't Satoshi + + + align:start position:0% +about Bitcoin and wasn't Satoshi +nakamoto's innovation about it's doing + + align:start position:0% +nakamoto's innovation about it's doing + + + align:start position:0% +nakamoto's innovation about it's doing +something not just decentralized but you + + align:start position:0% +something not just decentralized but you + + + align:start position:0% +something not just decentralized but you +know not trusting trust lists sort of + + align:start position:0% +know not trusting trust lists sort of + + + align:start position:0% +know not trusting trust lists sort of +system but every technology evolution + + align:start position:0% +system but every technology evolution + + + align:start position:0% +system but every technology evolution +whether it's in electronics and + + align:start position:0% +whether it's in electronics and + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's in electronics and +telecommunications or elsewhere startups + + align:start position:0% +telecommunications or elsewhere startups + + + align:start position:0% +telecommunications or elsewhere startups +if they have something good incumbents + + align:start position:0% +if they have something good incumbents + + + align:start position:0% +if they have something good incumbents +will look at that technology and see + + align:start position:0% +will look at that technology and see + + + align:start position:0% +will look at that technology and see +what to it to adopt for themselves + + align:start position:0% +what to it to adopt for themselves + + + align:start position:0% +what to it to adopt for themselves +partly because they're threatened by the + + align:start position:0% +partly because they're threatened by the + + + align:start position:0% +partly because they're threatened by the +startups and in this case I really do + + align:start position:0% +startups and in this case I really do + + + align:start position:0% +startups and in this case I really do +think central banks have felt a little + + align:start position:0% +think central banks have felt a little + + + align:start position:0% +think central banks have felt a little +bit of heat on their neck a little bit + + align:start position:0% +bit of heat on their neck a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +bit of heat on their neck a little bit +of heat like we've got to think about + + align:start position:0% +of heat like we've got to think about + + + align:start position:0% +of heat like we've got to think about +our payment solutions and our money + + align:start position:0% +our payment solutions and our money + + + align:start position:0% +our payment solutions and our money +solutions and maybe there's something + + align:start position:0% +solutions and maybe there's something + + + align:start position:0% +solutions and maybe there's something +from blockchain technology + + align:start position:0% +from blockchain technology + + + align:start position:0% +from blockchain technology +but regardless of whether it's the heat + + align:start position:0% +but regardless of whether it's the heat + + + align:start position:0% +but regardless of whether it's the heat +on the neck or opportunity incumbents + + align:start position:0% +on the neck or opportunity incumbents + + + align:start position:0% +on the neck or opportunity incumbents +will always look at tech technology and + + align:start position:0% +will always look at tech technology and + + + align:start position:0% +will always look at tech technology and +see and it's why the paper that you've + + align:start position:0% +see and it's why the paper that you've + + + align:start position:0% +see and it's why the paper that you've +read sometimes the Geneva report that + + align:start position:0% +read sometimes the Geneva report that + + + align:start position:0% +read sometimes the Geneva report that +Simon and three of our colleagues and I + + align:start position:0% +Simon and three of our colleagues and I + + + align:start position:0% +Simon and three of our colleagues and I +co-authored this past summer we call + + align:start position:0% +co-authored this past summer we call + + + align:start position:0% +co-authored this past summer we call +blockchain technology a catalyst for + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology a catalyst for + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology a catalyst for +change and we were agnostic partly + + align:start position:0% +change and we were agnostic partly + + + align:start position:0% +change and we were agnostic partly +because there were five of us + + align:start position:0% +because there were five of us + + + align:start position:0% +because there were five of us +co-authoring it but we felt that + + align:start position:0% +co-authoring it but we felt that + + + align:start position:0% +co-authoring it but we felt that +captured our five points of view that it + + align:start position:0% +captured our five points of view that it + + + align:start position:0% +captured our five points of view that it +might be a catalyst for change for + + align:start position:0% +might be a catalyst for change for + + + align:start position:0% +might be a catalyst for change for +incumbents it might be a catalyst for + + align:start position:0% +incumbents it might be a catalyst for + + + align:start position:0% +incumbents it might be a catalyst for +change to inspire central bank digital + + align:start position:0% +change to inspire central bank digital + + + align:start position:0% +change to inspire central bank digital +currencies which frankly don't have to + + align:start position:0% +currencies which frankly don't have to + + + align:start position:0% +currencies which frankly don't have to +be on a blockchain at all or it might be + + align:start position:0% +be on a blockchain at all or it might be + + + align:start position:0% +be on a blockchain at all or it might be +some stored-up that does really a unique + + align:start position:0% +some stored-up that does really a unique + + + align:start position:0% +some stored-up that does really a unique +thing and I mean unique beyond crypto + + align:start position:0% +thing and I mean unique beyond crypto + + + align:start position:0% +thing and I mean unique beyond crypto +kitty's you know so not the study not + + align:start position:0% +kitty's you know so not the study not + + + align:start position:0% +kitty's you know so not the study not +this timeline but you're saying a + + align:start position:0% +this timeline but you're saying a + + + align:start position:0% +this timeline but you're saying a +timeline for specific and look back it's + + align:start position:0% +timeline for specific and look back it's + + + align:start position:0% +timeline for specific and look back it's +a good question I don't think Singapore + + align:start position:0% +a good question I don't think Singapore + + + align:start position:0% +a good question I don't think Singapore +said they're gonna finish this by 2019 + + align:start position:0% +said they're gonna finish this by 2019 + + + align:start position:0% +said they're gonna finish this by 2019 +but I don't know whether they said a + + align:start position:0% +but I don't know whether they said a + + + align:start position:0% +but I don't know whether they said a +date like 20 21 or 22 but it's a + + align:start position:0% +date like 20 21 or 22 but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +date like 20 21 or 22 but it's a +multi-year project specific transaction + + align:start position:0% +multi-year project specific transaction + + + align:start position:0% +multi-year project specific transaction +to process it all the way to sentiment + + align:start position:0% +to process it all the way to sentiment + + + align:start position:0% +to process it all the way to sentiment +how long it takes the test case in + + align:start position:0% +how long it takes the test case in + + + align:start position:0% +how long it takes the test case in +Singapore and Canada within seconds but + + align:start position:0% +Singapore and Canada within seconds but + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore and Canada within seconds but +I don't know if it was like nanoseconds + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if it was like nanoseconds + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know if it was like nanoseconds +no it's very quick three of you actually + + align:start position:0% +no it's very quick three of you actually + + + align:start position:0% +no it's very quick three of you actually +how is the central bank thinking about + + align:start position:0% +how is the central bank thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +how is the central bank thinking about +reporting for these transactions or is + + align:start position:0% +reporting for these transactions or is + + + align:start position:0% +reporting for these transactions or is +it a later stage problem to worry about + + align:start position:0% +it a later stage problem to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +it a later stage problem to worry about +well the reporting is I've read these + + align:start position:0% +well the reporting is I've read these + + + align:start position:0% +well the reporting is I've read these +reports and then I want to move on to + + align:start position:0% +reports and then I want to move on to + + + align:start position:0% +reports and then I want to move on to +central bank digital + + align:start position:0% +central bank digital + + + align:start position:0% +central bank digital +currencies which were going to be + + align:start position:0% +currencies which were going to be + + + align:start position:0% +currencies which were going to be +largely talking about Thursday but I + + align:start position:0% +largely talking about Thursday but I + + + align:start position:0% +largely talking about Thursday but I +want to set it up because Rob won't be + + align:start position:0% +want to set it up because Rob won't be + + + align:start position:0% +want to set it up because Rob won't be +with us Thursday reporting is this is a + + align:start position:0% +with us Thursday reporting is this is a + + + align:start position:0% +with us Thursday reporting is this is a +ledger this creates a database this + + align:start position:0% +ledger this creates a database this + + + align:start position:0% +ledger this creates a database this +permission block Jane amongst eleven + + align:start position:0% +permission block Jane amongst eleven + + + align:start position:0% +permission block Jane amongst eleven +banks in Singapore and it's just a test + + align:start position:0% +banks in Singapore and it's just a test + + + align:start position:0% +banks in Singapore and it's just a test +it was just a test is basically a form + + align:start position:0% +it was just a test is basically a form + + + align:start position:0% +it was just a test is basically a form +of a ledger so I don't think they've + + align:start position:0% +of a ledger so I don't think they've + + + align:start position:0% +of a ledger so I don't think they've +built out any customer user interface + + align:start position:0% +built out any customer user interface + + + align:start position:0% +built out any customer user interface +and reporting that way but but the the + + align:start position:0% +and reporting that way but but the the + + + align:start position:0% +and reporting that way but but the the +transaction Ledger's were kept similar + + align:start position:0% +transaction Ledger's were kept similar + + + align:start position:0% +transaction Ledger's were kept similar +to Bank Ledger's as I understood it but + + align:start position:0% +to Bank Ledger's as I understood it but + + + align:start position:0% +to Bank Ledger's as I understood it but +they didn't build out a user interface + + align:start position:0% +they didn't build out a user interface + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't build out a user interface +and this Rob you know any otherwise yeah + + align:start position:0% +and this Rob you know any otherwise yeah + + + align:start position:0% +and this Rob you know any otherwise yeah +so let's let's talk a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +so let's let's talk a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +so let's let's talk a little bit about +the next and the toughest central bank + + align:start position:0% +the next and the toughest central bank + + + align:start position:0% +the next and the toughest central bank +digital currencies that may or may not + + align:start position:0% +digital currencies that may or may not + + + align:start position:0% +digital currencies that may or may not +be based on blockchain technology but + + align:start position:0% +be based on blockchain technology but + + + align:start position:0% +be based on blockchain technology but +they're absolutely inspired by + + align:start position:0% +they're absolutely inspired by + + + align:start position:0% +they're absolutely inspired by +blockchain technology so central bank's + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology so central bank's + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology so central bank's +currently issued digital reserves we saw + + align:start position:0% +currently issued digital reserves we saw + + + align:start position:0% +currently issued digital reserves we saw +that earlier it's digital money already + + align:start position:0% +that earlier it's digital money already + + + align:start position:0% +that earlier it's digital money already +and then physical tokens I keep my eye + + align:start position:0% +and then physical tokens I keep my eye + + + align:start position:0% +and then physical tokens I keep my eye +on this physical token here right so + + align:start position:0% +on this physical token here right so + + + align:start position:0% +on this physical token here right so +that's the form of money commercial + + align:start position:0% +that's the form of money commercial + + + align:start position:0% +that's the form of money commercial +banks then issue bank deposits in the + + align:start position:0% +banks then issue bank deposits in the + + + align:start position:0% +banks then issue bank deposits in the +u.s. that's about thirteen trillion + + align:start position:0% +u.s. that's about thirteen trillion + + + align:start position:0% +u.s. that's about thirteen trillion +dollars to the public and bank deposits + + align:start position:0% +dollars to the public and bank deposits + + + align:start position:0% +dollars to the public and bank deposits +and there's only one point seven + + align:start position:0% +and there's only one point seven + + + align:start position:0% +and there's only one point seven +trillion of this so bank deposits are + + align:start position:0% +trillion of this so bank deposits are + + + align:start position:0% +trillion of this so bank deposits are +the biggest form of money and it's all + + align:start position:0% +the biggest form of money and it's all + + + align:start position:0% +the biggest form of money and it's all +digital + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +essentially bank deposits are + + align:start position:0% +essentially bank deposits are + + + align:start position:0% +essentially bank deposits are +intermediated central bank digital + + align:start position:0% +intermediated central bank digital + + + align:start position:0% +intermediated central bank digital +currency those are my words but it's + + align:start position:0% +currency those are my words but it's + + + align:start position:0% +currency those are my words but it's +digital currency bank deposits it's just + + align:start position:0% +digital currency bank deposits it's just + + + align:start position:0% +digital currency bank deposits it's just +not directly with the central bank it's + + align:start position:0% +not directly with the central bank it's + + + align:start position:0% +not directly with the central bank it's +intermediated in between if you sort of + + align:start position:0% +intermediated in between if you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +intermediated in between if you sort of +go back to that that flow chart that I + + align:start position:0% +go back to that that flow chart that I + + + align:start position:0% +go back to that that flow chart that I +had earlier so the private sector is + + align:start position:0% +had earlier so the private sector is + + + align:start position:0% +had earlier so the private sector is +also experimenting with stable valued + + align:start position:0% +also experimenting with stable valued + + + align:start position:0% +also experimenting with stable valued +tokens we're going to talk about that + + align:start position:0% +tokens we're going to talk about that + + + align:start position:0% +tokens we're going to talk about that +Thursday there's some readings I'm not + + align:start position:0% +Thursday there's some readings I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +Thursday there's some readings I'm not +going to dive in now so there's a little + + align:start position:0% +going to dive in now so there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +going to dive in now so there's a little +bit of competition so it's exams earlier + + align:start position:0% +bit of competition so it's exams earlier + + + align:start position:0% +bit of competition so it's exams earlier +question the private sector circle and + + align:start position:0% +question the private sector circle and + + + align:start position:0% +question the private sector circle and +tether and others are having these + + align:start position:0% +tether and others are having these + + + align:start position:0% +tether and others are having these +stable value tokens so there's a little + + align:start position:0% +stable value tokens so there's a little + + + align:start position:0% +stable value tokens so there's a little +bit of competition coming that way so + + align:start position:0% +bit of competition coming that way so + + + align:start position:0% +bit of competition coming that way so +the strategic question for the central + + align:start position:0% +the strategic question for the central + + + align:start position:0% +the strategic question for the central +bank says should we allow direct access + + align:start position:0% +bank says should we allow direct access + + + align:start position:0% +bank says should we allow direct access +to digital reserves we have this + + align:start position:0% +to digital reserves we have this + + + align:start position:0% +to digital reserves we have this +intermediated central bank digital + + align:start position:0% +intermediated central bank digital + + + align:start position:0% +intermediated central bank digital +reserve caught bang + + align:start position:0% +reserve caught bang + + + align:start position:0% +reserve caught bang +deposits but should we have something + + align:start position:0% +deposits but should we have something + + + align:start position:0% +deposits but should we have something +direct to us like cash is a direct + + align:start position:0% +direct to us like cash is a direct + + + align:start position:0% +direct to us like cash is a direct +relationship between the central bank + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the central bank + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the central bank +and the holder that's really the + + align:start position:0% +and the holder that's really the + + + align:start position:0% +and the holder that's really the +strategic question when you + + align:start position:0% +strategic question when you + + + align:start position:0% +strategic question when you +I believe when you move away from the + + align:start position:0% +I believe when you move away from the + + + align:start position:0% +I believe when you move away from the +technology you don't know I have to know + + align:start position:0% +technology you don't know I have to know + + + align:start position:0% +technology you don't know I have to know +about hash functions or anything that's + + align:start position:0% +about hash functions or anything that's + + + align:start position:0% +about hash functions or anything that's +the strategic question why do I think + + align:start position:0% +the strategic question why do I think + + + align:start position:0% +the strategic question why do I think +there's some opportunities and we're + + align:start position:0% +there's some opportunities and we're + + + align:start position:0% +there's some opportunities and we're +going to dive more into this Thursday + + align:start position:0% +going to dive more into this Thursday + + + align:start position:0% +going to dive more into this Thursday +but I wouldn't Rob to see if he he wants + + align:start position:0% +but I wouldn't Rob to see if he he wants + + + align:start position:0% +but I wouldn't Rob to see if he he wants +to speak about this and tell us I think + + align:start position:0% +to speak about this and tell us I think + + + align:start position:0% +to speak about this and tell us I think +this is a real question and Sweden has + + align:start position:0% +this is a real question and Sweden has + + + align:start position:0% +this is a real question and Sweden has +highlighted it they want to continued + + align:start position:0% +highlighted it they want to continued + + + align:start position:0% +highlighted it they want to continued +involvement in the means of payment + + align:start position:0% +involvement in the means of payment + + + align:start position:0% +involvement in the means of payment +Sweden is already down to about 2 + + align:start position:0% +Sweden is already down to about 2 + + + align:start position:0% +Sweden is already down to about 2 +percent of GDP or one and a half percent + + align:start position:0% +percent of GDP or one and a half percent + + + align:start position:0% +percent of GDP or one and a half percent +of GDP is there there's the Cronus the + + align:start position:0% +of GDP is there there's the Cronus the + + + align:start position:0% +of GDP is there there's the Cronus the +physical Cronus the US is still at eight + + align:start position:0% +physical Cronus the US is still at eight + + + align:start position:0% +physical Cronus the US is still at eight +or nine percent but but they're saying + + align:start position:0% +or nine percent but but they're saying + + + align:start position:0% +or nine percent but but they're saying +nobody's accepting physical Cronus + + align:start position:0% +nobody's accepting physical Cronus + + + align:start position:0% +nobody's accepting physical Cronus +anymore in Sweden in Norway and so forth + + align:start position:0% +anymore in Sweden in Norway and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +anymore in Sweden in Norway and so forth +pretty soon most retailers will not take + + align:start position:0% +pretty soon most retailers will not take + + + align:start position:0% +pretty soon most retailers will not take +them so they're saying maybe the + + align:start position:0% +them so they're saying maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +them so they're saying maybe the +government needs to have a continued + + align:start position:0% +government needs to have a continued + + + align:start position:0% +government needs to have a continued +direct relationship could it promote + + align:start position:0% +direct relationship could it promote + + + align:start position:0% +direct relationship could it promote +competition in the banking system + + align:start position:0% +competition in the banking system + + + align:start position:0% +competition in the banking system +because otherwise if you don't have it + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise if you don't have it + + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise if you don't have it +then the banks are controlling the + + align:start position:0% +then the banks are controlling the + + + align:start position:0% +then the banks are controlling the +payment system and the means of payment + + align:start position:0% +payment system and the means of payment + + + align:start position:0% +payment system and the means of payment +promoting financial inclusion not + + align:start position:0% +promoting financial inclusion not + + + align:start position:0% +promoting financial inclusion not +everybody will have a bank account well + + align:start position:0% +everybody will have a bank account well + + + align:start position:0% +everybody will have a bank account well +maybe they could have some digital form + + align:start position:0% +maybe they could have some digital form + + + align:start position:0% +maybe they could have some digital form +of central bank money instead of a bank + + align:start position:0% +of central bank money instead of a bank + + + align:start position:0% +of central bank money instead of a bank +account the pain points and I would say + + align:start position:0% +account the pain points and I would say + + + align:start position:0% +account the pain points and I would say +for some countries some countries are + + align:start position:0% +for some countries some countries are + + + align:start position:0% +for some countries some countries are +clearly looking at central bank digital + + align:start position:0% +clearly looking at central bank digital + + + align:start position:0% +clearly looking at central bank digital +currencies to avoid US sanctions + + align:start position:0% +currencies to avoid US sanctions + + + align:start position:0% +currencies to avoid US sanctions +Venezuela and Iran both have projects + + align:start position:0% +Venezuela and Iran both have projects + + + align:start position:0% +Venezuela and Iran both have projects +for central bank digital currency sorry + + align:start position:0% +for central bank digital currency sorry + + + align:start position:0% +for central bank digital currency sorry +question and so here here + + align:start position:0% +question and so here here + + + align:start position:0% +question and so here here +of course blockchain technology could be + + align:start position:0% +of course blockchain technology could be + + + align:start position:0% +of course blockchain technology could be +relevant for these six reasons or five + + align:start position:0% +relevant for these six reasons or five + + + align:start position:0% +relevant for these six reasons or five +reasons you didn't need blockchain + + align:start position:0% +reasons you didn't need blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +reasons you didn't need blockchain +technology but I'm going to say + + align:start position:0% +technology but I'm going to say + + + align:start position:0% +technology but I'm going to say +blockchain technology could be relevant + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology could be relevant + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology could be relevant +fiat currencies on a ledger verification + + align:start position:0% +fiat currencies on a ledger verification + + + align:start position:0% +fiat currencies on a ledger verification +and networking costs are critical to the + + align:start position:0% +and networking costs are critical to the + + + align:start position:0% +and networking costs are critical to the +economics of money so I wouldn't count + + align:start position:0% +economics of money so I wouldn't count + + + align:start position:0% +economics of money so I wouldn't count +blockchain technology out of this + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology out of this + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology out of this +because blockchain technology can lower + + align:start position:0% +because blockchain technology can lower + + + align:start position:0% +because blockchain technology can lower +verification and networking cost but I + + align:start position:0% +verification and networking cost but I + + + align:start position:0% +verification and networking cost but I +think we're too early to know whether + + align:start position:0% +think we're too early to know whether + + + align:start position:0% +think we're too early to know whether +blockchain technology will be at the + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology will be at the + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology will be at the +center of central vac digital currency + + align:start position:0% +center of central vac digital currency + + + align:start position:0% +center of central vac digital currency +but it could have an effect + + align:start position:0% +but it could have an effect + + + align:start position:0% +but it could have an effect +so the challenges and again we'll dive + + align:start position:0% +so the challenges and again we'll dive + + + align:start position:0% +so the challenges and again we'll dive +more of these Thursday Rob you want to + + align:start position:0% +more of these Thursday Rob you want to + + + align:start position:0% +more of these Thursday Rob you want to +say anything about these challenges very + + align:start position:0% +say anything about these challenges very + + + align:start position:0% +say anything about these challenges very +much the line on bank lending if you do + + align:start position:0% +much the line on bank lending if you do + + + align:start position:0% +much the line on bank lending if you do +something which essentially drains + + align:start position:0% +something which essentially drains + + + align:start position:0% +something which essentially drains +because it's from banks are you like + + align:start position:0% +because it's from banks are you like + + + align:start position:0% +because it's from banks are you like +fundamentally changing the nature of the + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally changing the nature of the + + + align:start position:0% +fundamentally changing the nature of the +system and how are you gonna create a + + align:start position:0% +system and how are you gonna create a + + + align:start position:0% +system and how are you gonna create a +system which allows people to like fund + + align:start position:0% +system which allows people to like fund + + + align:start position:0% +system which allows people to like fund +mortgages or find businesses or whatever + + align:start position:0% +mortgages or find businesses or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +mortgages or find businesses or whatever +it is nothing that's the date change + + align:start position:0% +it is nothing that's the date change + + + align:start position:0% +it is nothing that's the date change +something that's like the sensual + + align:start position:0% +something that's like the sensual + + + align:start position:0% +something that's like the sensual +question I think which i think is the + + align:start position:0% +question I think which i think is the + + + align:start position:0% +question I think which i think is the +boolean three okay so basically if you + + align:start position:0% +boolean three okay so basically if you + + + align:start position:0% +boolean three okay so basically if you +disintermediate the banks and the banks + + align:start position:0% +disintermediate the banks and the banks + + + align:start position:0% +disintermediate the banks and the banks +are not collecting again using us + + align:start position:0% +are not collecting again using us + + + align:start position:0% +are not collecting again using us +numbers thirteen trillion of deposits + + align:start position:0% +numbers thirteen trillion of deposits + + + align:start position:0% +numbers thirteen trillion of deposits +but only twelve trillion of deposits or + + align:start position:0% +but only twelve trillion of deposits or + + + align:start position:0% +but only twelve trillion of deposits or +maybe six trillion of deposits what are + + align:start position:0% +maybe six trillion of deposits what are + + + align:start position:0% +maybe six trillion of deposits what are +we doing to credit allocation because + + align:start position:0% +we doing to credit allocation because + + + align:start position:0% +we doing to credit allocation because +for three to five centuries or certainly + + align:start position:0% +for three to five centuries or certainly + + + align:start position:0% +for three to five centuries or certainly +for the since the Industrial Revolution + + align:start position:0% +for the since the Industrial Revolution + + + align:start position:0% +for the since the Industrial Revolution +banks form an important feature in our + + align:start position:0% +banks form an important feature in our + + + align:start position:0% +banks form an important feature in our +economy to promote the extension of + + align:start position:0% +economy to promote the extension of + + + align:start position:0% +economy to promote the extension of +credit and we had this six or eight + + align:start position:0% +credit and we had this six or eight + + + align:start position:0% +credit and we had this six or eight +lectures ago this graph that in the US + + align:start position:0% +lectures ago this graph that in the US + + + align:start position:0% +lectures ago this graph that in the US +debt to our economy is about three point + + align:start position:0% +debt to our economy is about three point + + + align:start position:0% +debt to our economy is about three point +eight or three hundred and eighty + + align:start position:0% +eight or three hundred and eighty + + + align:start position:0% +eight or three hundred and eighty +percent of our economy in debt it's not + + align:start position:0% +percent of our economy in debt it's not + + + align:start position:0% +percent of our economy in debt it's not +all bank debt but Bank that's a big + + align:start position:0% +all bank debt but Bank that's a big + + + align:start position:0% +all bank debt but Bank that's a big +piece of that + + align:start position:0% +piece of that + + + align:start position:0% +piece of that +can you move credit allocation away from + + align:start position:0% +can you move credit allocation away from + + + align:start position:0% +can you move credit allocation away from +the banking system well the answer has + + align:start position:0% +the banking system well the answer has + + + align:start position:0% +the banking system well the answer has +got to be in some level yes but what are + + align:start position:0% +got to be in some level yes but what are + + + align:start position:0% +got to be in some level yes but what are +the what are the pros and cons of doing + + align:start position:0% +the what are the pros and cons of doing + + + align:start position:0% +the what are the pros and cons of doing +that is it's not whether you can it's + + align:start position:0% +that is it's not whether you can it's + + + align:start position:0% +that is it's not whether you can it's +whether it's a better system a better + + align:start position:0% +whether it's a better system a better + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's a better system a better +economy better growth with or without it + + align:start position:0% +economy better growth with or without it + + + align:start position:0% +economy better growth with or without it +Shawn + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +straight stupid of color to represent + + align:start position:0% +straight stupid of color to represent + + + align:start position:0% +straight stupid of color to represent +different cut level risk and they use + + align:start position:0% +different cut level risk and they use + + + align:start position:0% +different cut level risk and they use +depreciation interest point as a way to + + align:start position:0% +depreciation interest point as a way to + + + align:start position:0% +depreciation interest point as a way to +fund the corporates they can get a + + align:start position:0% +fund the corporates they can get a + + + align:start position:0% +fund the corporates they can get a +little so the question is could you use + + align:start position:0% +little so the question is could you use + + + align:start position:0% +little so the question is could you use +interest rates to try to do it which + + align:start position:0% +interest rates to try to do it which + + + align:start position:0% +interest rates to try to do it which +leads us to design considerations which + + align:start position:0% +leads us to design considerations which + + + align:start position:0% +leads us to design considerations which +is basically I listed that the last one + + align:start position:0% +is basically I listed that the last one + + + align:start position:0% +is basically I listed that the last one +you could put you could have a central + + align:start position:0% +you could put you could have a central + + + align:start position:0% +you could put you could have a central +bank digital currency that had zero + + align:start position:0% +bank digital currency that had zero + + + align:start position:0% +bank digital currency that had zero +interest rate interestingly and we'll + + align:start position:0% +interest rate interestingly and we'll + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate interestingly and we'll +talk more Thursday Sweden said no they + + align:start position:0% +talk more Thursday Sweden said no they + + + align:start position:0% +talk more Thursday Sweden said no they +think they'd put an interest rate on it + + align:start position:0% +think they'd put an interest rate on it + + + align:start position:0% +think they'd put an interest rate on it +but you could do no interest rate well + + align:start position:0% +but you could do no interest rate well + + + align:start position:0% +but you could do no interest rate well +I'd like to hear your thoughts Thursday + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to hear your thoughts Thursday + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to hear your thoughts Thursday +well why'd Sweden come out there and + + align:start position:0% +well why'd Sweden come out there and + + + align:start position:0% +well why'd Sweden come out there and +what does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +what does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +what does that make sense +you could put limits or caps on it and + + align:start position:0% +you could put limits or caps on it and + + + align:start position:0% +you could put limits or caps on it and +say these are only low dollar accounts + + align:start position:0% +say these are only low dollar accounts + + + align:start position:0% +say these are only low dollar accounts +you can only have X hundred euro or X + + align:start position:0% +you can only have X hundred euro or X + + + align:start position:0% +you can only have X hundred euro or X +hundred kroner you know Y number of + + align:start position:0% +hundred kroner you know Y number of + + + align:start position:0% +hundred kroner you know Y number of +dollars and it's really just small + + align:start position:0% +dollars and it's really just small + + + align:start position:0% +dollars and it's really just small +transactional counts equivalent to $20 + + align:start position:0% +transactional counts equivalent to $20 + + + align:start position:0% +transactional counts equivalent to $20 +bills not hundred dollar or 500 euro + + align:start position:0% +bills not hundred dollar or 500 euro + + + align:start position:0% +bills not hundred dollar or 500 euro +notes so you can put limits or caps or + + align:start position:0% +notes so you can put limits or caps or + + + align:start position:0% +notes so you can put limits or caps or +no interest rates and so forth do you + + align:start position:0% +no interest rates and so forth do you + + + align:start position:0% +no interest rates and so forth do you +make it widely accessible and so forth + + align:start position:0% +make it widely accessible and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +make it widely accessible and so forth +so there's all these design + + align:start position:0% +so there's all these design + + + align:start position:0% +so there's all these design +considerations which I'm guessing Rob + + align:start position:0% +considerations which I'm guessing Rob + + + align:start position:0% +considerations which I'm guessing Rob +you've talked to a bunch of central + + align:start position:0% +you've talked to a bunch of central + + + align:start position:0% +you've talked to a bunch of central +bank's where do they come out on these + + align:start position:0% +bank's where do they come out on these + + + align:start position:0% +bank's where do they come out on these +issues as you see it in 2018 what + + align:start position:0% +issues as you see it in 2018 what + + + align:start position:0% +issues as you see it in 2018 what +practically happen is it wrong there'll + + align:start position:0% +practically happen is it wrong there'll + + + align:start position:0% +practically happen is it wrong there'll +be a lot of political pressure in any + + align:start position:0% +be a lot of political pressure in any + + + align:start position:0% +be a lot of political pressure in any +crisis I think a lot we see this like + + align:start position:0% +crisis I think a lot we see this like + + + align:start position:0% +crisis I think a lot we see this like +viable and then I think the + + align:start position:0% +viable and then I think the + + + align:start position:0% +viable and then I think the +interest-bearing thing is interesting I + + align:start position:0% +interest-bearing thing is interesting I + + + align:start position:0% +interest-bearing thing is interesting I +mean the only reason cash doesn't their + + align:start position:0% +mean the only reason cash doesn't their + + + align:start position:0% +mean the only reason cash doesn't their +interest is because it's like + + align:start position:0% +interest is because it's like + + + align:start position:0% +interest is because it's like +technologically difficult + + align:start position:0% +technologically difficult + + + align:start position:0% +technologically difficult +their interest so I've been with with + + align:start position:0% +their interest so I've been with with + + + align:start position:0% +their interest so I've been with with +digital they're marginally you don't + + align:start position:0% +digital they're marginally you don't + + + align:start position:0% +digital they're marginally you don't +matter give yourself the option so yeah + + align:start position:0% +matter give yourself the option so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +matter give yourself the option so yeah +well we can send the interface River + + align:start position:0% +well we can send the interface River + + + align:start position:0% +well we can send the interface River +Walter but why limit yourself to say we + + align:start position:0% +Walter but why limit yourself to say we + + + align:start position:0% +Walter but why limit yourself to say we +won't charge interest cuz it's again + + align:start position:0% +won't charge interest cuz it's again + + + align:start position:0% +won't charge interest cuz it's again +it's like that's a limitation that comes + + align:start position:0% +it's like that's a limitation that comes + + + align:start position:0% +it's like that's a limitation that comes +from the technology of physical + + align:start position:0% +from the technology of physical + + + align:start position:0% +from the technology of physical +banknotes and there's no real need to + + align:start position:0% +banknotes and there's no real need to + + + align:start position:0% +banknotes and there's no real need to +import it into the digital world when + + align:start position:0% +import it into the digital world when + + + align:start position:0% +import it into the digital world when +you can achieve the same effect one of + + align:start position:0% +you can achieve the same effect one of + + + align:start position:0% +you can achieve the same effect one of +the reasons that some countries are + + align:start position:0% +the reasons that some countries are + + + align:start position:0% +the reasons that some countries are +exploring this option is they think it + + align:start position:0% +exploring this option is they think it + + + align:start position:0% +exploring this option is they think it +would be easier to do monetary policy + + align:start position:0% +would be easier to do monetary policy + + + align:start position:0% +would be easier to do monetary policy +because you have negative interest rates + + align:start position:0% +because you have negative interest rates + + + align:start position:0% +because you have negative interest rates +physical cash makes it hard for all + + align:start position:0% +physical cash makes it hard for all + + + align:start position:0% +physical cash makes it hard for all +nobody like that huh now the two liens + + align:start position:0% +nobody like that huh now the two liens + + + align:start position:0% +nobody like that huh now the two liens +you don't like negative interest rates + + align:start position:0% +you don't like negative interest rates + + + align:start position:0% +you don't like negative interest rates +but for a while we effectively had + + align:start position:0% +but for a while we effectively had + + + align:start position:0% +but for a while we effectively had +negative interest rates certainly for + + align:start position:0% +negative interest rates certainly for + + + align:start position:0% +negative interest rates certainly for +corporate deposits but if everything was + + align:start position:0% +corporate deposits but if everything was + + + align:start position:0% +corporate deposits but if everything was +digital and there was no physical cash + + align:start position:0% +digital and there was no physical cash + + + align:start position:0% +digital and there was no physical cash +central banks say we could we could + + align:start position:0% +central banks say we could we could + + + align:start position:0% +central banks say we could we could +actually go and have no lower bound no + + align:start position:0% +actually go and have no lower bound no + + + align:start position:0% +actually go and have no lower bound no +zero bound to interest rates that by + + align:start position:0% +zero bound to interest rates that by + + + align:start position:0% +zero bound to interest rates that by +supply of money rather than the pricing + + align:start position:0% +supply of money rather than the pricing + + + align:start position:0% +supply of money rather than the pricing +of money and and so there's both both + + align:start position:0% +of money and and so there's both both + + + align:start position:0% +of money and and so there's both both +one of the most interesting to me is the + + align:start position:0% +one of the most interesting to me is the + + + align:start position:0% +one of the most interesting to me is the +second bullet point is a token or + + align:start position:0% +second bullet point is a token or + + + align:start position:0% +second bullet point is a token or +account based and and the two merged + + align:start position:0% +account based and and the two merged + + + align:start position:0% +account based and and the two merged +together in a sense this piece of paper + + align:start position:0% +together in a sense this piece of paper + + + align:start position:0% +together in a sense this piece of paper +is a token nobody's keeping in an + + align:start position:0% +is a token nobody's keeping in an + + + align:start position:0% +is a token nobody's keeping in an +account that I when I hand this to rob + + align:start position:0% +account that I when I hand this to rob + + + align:start position:0% +account that I when I hand this to rob +you can take it Rob that's your fee + + align:start position:0% +you can take it Rob that's your fee + + + align:start position:0% +you can take it Rob that's your fee +remember nobody so that's a token based + + align:start position:0% +remember nobody so that's a token based + + + align:start position:0% +remember nobody so that's a token based +a bit of money that's what it's called + + align:start position:0% +a bit of money that's what it's called + + + align:start position:0% +a bit of money that's what it's called +token based + + align:start position:0% +token based + + + align:start position:0% +token based +token based money is more anonymous and + + align:start position:0% +token based money is more anonymous and + + + align:start position:0% +token based money is more anonymous and +you can keep it more anonymous account + + align:start position:0% +you can keep it more anonymous account + + + align:start position:0% +you can keep it more anonymous account +base is when you're actually keeping the + + align:start position:0% +base is when you're actually keeping the + + + align:start position:0% +base is when you're actually keeping the +ownership somewhere on a registry even + + align:start position:0% +ownership somewhere on a registry even + + + align:start position:0% +ownership somewhere on a registry even +though that $20 bill is registered + + align:start position:0% +though that $20 bill is registered + + + align:start position:0% +though that $20 bill is registered +somewhere it has a serial number it's a + + align:start position:0% +somewhere it has a serial number it's a + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere it has a serial number it's a +token based bit of money the Swedes + + align:start position:0% +token based bit of money the Swedes + + + align:start position:0% +token based bit of money the Swedes +interestingly say they'd have to change + + align:start position:0% +interestingly say they'd have to change + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly say they'd have to change +the law their own central bank laws for + + align:start position:0% +the law their own central bank laws for + + + align:start position:0% +the law their own central bank laws for +one of these two and now I can't + + align:start position:0% +one of these two and now I can't + + + align:start position:0% +one of these two and now I can't +remember but they have if it's token + + align:start position:0% +remember but they have if it's token + + + align:start position:0% +remember but they have if it's token +base it would come under their emoney + + align:start position:0% +base it would come under their emoney + + + align:start position:0% +base it would come under their emoney +laws and I think they don't need to + + align:start position:0% +laws and I think they don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +laws and I think they don't need to +change the law to do that but in Sweden + + align:start position:0% +change the law to do that but in Sweden + + + align:start position:0% +change the law to do that but in Sweden +they would have to change their central + + align:start position:0% +they would have to change their central + + + align:start position:0% +they would have to change their central +bank laws to do a deposits because they + + align:start position:0% +bank laws to do a deposits because they + + + align:start position:0% +bank laws to do a deposits because they +would literally be opening up their + + align:start position:0% +would literally be opening up their + + + align:start position:0% +would literally be opening up their +central bank to something other than + + align:start position:0% +central bank to something other than + + + align:start position:0% +central bank to something other than +commercial banks that's it they have to + + align:start position:0% +commercial banks that's it they have to + + + align:start position:0% +commercial banks that's it they have to +they have to go to their legislative + + align:start position:0% +they have to go to their legislative + + + align:start position:0% +they have to go to their legislative +body and Parliament to actually do an + + align:start position:0% +body and Parliament to actually do an + + + align:start position:0% +body and Parliament to actually do an +account based and not a token based if I + + align:start position:0% +account based and not a token based if I + + + align:start position:0% +account based and not a token based if I +recall so there's some also legal + + align:start position:0% +recall so there's some also legal + + + align:start position:0% +recall so there's some also legal +reasons why you might need to do one or + + align:start position:0% +reasons why you might need to do one or + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why you might need to do one or +the other but one would have more + + align:start position:0% +the other but one would have more + + + align:start position:0% +the other but one would have more +anonymity than the other it's not well + + align:start position:0% +anonymity than the other it's not well + + + align:start position:0% +anonymity than the other it's not well +it's a token account so different + + align:start position:0% +it's a token account so different + + + align:start position:0% +it's a token account so different +sentence will say so when I see token I + + align:start position:0% +sentence will say so when I see token I + + + align:start position:0% +sentence will say so when I see token I +think about particular structures + + align:start position:0% +think about particular structures + + + align:start position:0% +think about particular structures +transactions which Bitcoin when I think + + align:start position:0% +transactions which Bitcoin when I think + + + align:start position:0% +transactions which Bitcoin when I think +about accounts I think a structure of + + align:start position:0% +about accounts I think a structure of + + + align:start position:0% +about accounts I think a structure of +transactions that are theory passed and + + align:start position:0% +transactions that are theory passed and + + + align:start position:0% +transactions that are theory passed and +that's how I just think we should do + + align:start position:0% +that's how I just think we should do + + + align:start position:0% +that's how I just think we should do +those two things but I think having + + align:start position:0% +those two things but I think having + + + align:start position:0% +those two things but I think having +started to do anything bankers they + + align:start position:0% +started to do anything bankers they + + + align:start position:0% +started to do anything bankers they +think about it differently because eat + + align:start position:0% +think about it differently because eat + + + align:start position:0% +think about it differently because eat +money is like you could think about it I + + align:start position:0% +money is like you could think about it I + + + align:start position:0% +money is like you could think about it I +mean to me that's an accounting system + + align:start position:0% +mean to me that's an accounting system + + + align:start position:0% +mean to me that's an accounting system +so it's but some bankers think about + + align:start position:0% +so it's but some bankers think about + + + align:start position:0% +so it's but some bankers think about +there's also some central bankers think + + align:start position:0% +there's also some central bankers think + + + align:start position:0% +there's also some central bankers think +about a stolen base it's worth noting + + align:start position:0% +about a stolen base it's worth noting + + + align:start position:0% +about a stolen base it's worth noting +that the definitions are very fluid so + + align:start position:0% +that the definitions are very fluid so + + + align:start position:0% +that the definitions are very fluid so +we're gonna save this for Thursday I'm + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna save this for Thursday I'm + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna save this for Thursday I'm +not gonna go through this it was in one + + align:start position:0% +not gonna go through this it was in one + + + align:start position:0% +not gonna go through this it was in one +of the readings Garrett who testified in + + align:start position:0% +of the readings Garrett who testified in + + + align:start position:0% +of the readings Garrett who testified in +Congress was so popular with this than + + align:start position:0% +Congress was so popular with this than + + + align:start position:0% +Congress was so popular with this than +the Bank of International Settlements up + + align:start position:0% +the Bank of International Settlements up + + + align:start position:0% +the Bank of International Settlements up +this thing called the money flower but + + align:start position:0% +this thing called the money flower but + + + align:start position:0% +this thing called the money flower but +I'm gonna save this I'm gonna kick this + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna save this I'm gonna kick this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm gonna save this I'm gonna kick this +to Thursday but it's basically the four + + align:start position:0% +to Thursday but it's basically the four + + + align:start position:0% +to Thursday but it's basically the four +things widely accessible is it digital + + align:start position:0% +things widely accessible is it digital + + + align:start position:0% +things widely accessible is it digital +is it central bank is a token based and + + align:start position:0% +is it central bank is a token based and + + + align:start position:0% +is it central bank is a token based and +depending upon where these intersect all + + align:start position:0% +depending upon where these intersect all + + + align:start position:0% +depending upon where these intersect all +you can take any form of money you could + + align:start position:0% +you can take any form of money you could + + + align:start position:0% +you can take any form of money you could +say well it's not central bank issued + + align:start position:0% +say well it's not central bank issued + + + align:start position:0% +say well it's not central bank issued +its token based private digital tokens + + align:start position:0% +its token based private digital tokens + + + align:start position:0% +its token based private digital tokens +down on the right hand corner is one + + align:start position:0% +down on the right hand corner is one + + + align:start position:0% +down on the right hand corner is one +piece of it it's just a way to take + + align:start position:0% +piece of it it's just a way to take + + + align:start position:0% +piece of it it's just a way to take +these four important features and we + + align:start position:0% +these four important features and we + + + align:start position:0% +these four important features and we +already have central bank digital money + + align:start position:0% +already have central bank digital money + + + align:start position:0% +already have central bank digital money +which is in the middle of all this is + + align:start position:0% +which is in the middle of all this is + + + align:start position:0% +which is in the middle of all this is +called reserves but but we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +called reserves but but we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +called reserves but but we're gonna +we're gonna hold this for Thursday but + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna hold this for Thursday but + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna hold this for Thursday but +this crazy little money flower central + + align:start position:0% +this crazy little money flower central + + + align:start position:0% +this crazy little money flower central +bankers who are in this world they kind + + align:start position:0% +bankers who are in this world they kind + + + align:start position:0% +bankers who are in this world they kind +of been using this because this + + align:start position:0% +of been using this because this + + + align:start position:0% +of been using this because this +professor Garrett came up with it I mean + + align:start position:0% +professor Garrett came up with it I mean + + + align:start position:0% +professor Garrett came up with it I mean +I've seen this in other papers they love + + align:start position:0% +I've seen this in other papers they love + + + align:start position:0% +I've seen this in other papers they love +it you know money and flowers together + + align:start position:0% +it you know money and flowers together + + + align:start position:0% +it you know money and flowers together +there you go + + align:start position:0% +there you go + + + align:start position:0% +there you go +but Rob I don't know if you want to come + + align:start position:0% +but Rob I don't know if you want to come + + + align:start position:0% +but Rob I don't know if you want to come +up and help close it but these are the + + align:start position:0% +up and help close it but these are the + + + align:start position:0% +up and help close it but these are the +ones we're gonna talk about on Thursday + + align:start position:0% +ones we're gonna talk about on Thursday + + + align:start position:0% +ones we're gonna talk about on Thursday +and since Rob won't be here on Thursday + + align:start position:0% +and since Rob won't be here on Thursday + + + align:start position:0% +and since Rob won't be here on Thursday +I'm kind of curious if he has a point of + + align:start position:0% +I'm kind of curious if he has a point of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm kind of curious if he has a point of +view on you can see them here as well I + + align:start position:0% +view on you can see them here as well I + + + align:start position:0% +view on you can see them here as well I +think it was actually shot and I think + + align:start position:0% +think it was actually shot and I think + + + align:start position:0% +think it was actually shot and I think +that's from the other projects for + + align:start position:0% +that's from the other projects for + + + align:start position:0% +that's from the other projects for +example the ones that go in say + + align:start position:0% +example the ones that go in say + + + align:start position:0% +example the ones that go in say +Singapore and Canada are really just + + align:start position:0% +Singapore and Canada are really just + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore and Canada are really just +in-house proofs of concept whereas the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the Swedish water gathers fairly early + + align:start position:0% +the Swedish water gathers fairly early + + + align:start position:0% +the Swedish water gathers fairly early +stage that there is the burners not out + + align:start position:0% +stage that there is the burners not out + + + align:start position:0% +stage that there is the burners not out +there yet we've just saw starting to + + align:start position:0% +there yet we've just saw starting to + + + align:start position:0% +there yet we've just saw starting to +explore it Museum one is interesting + + align:start position:0% +explore it Museum one is interesting + + + align:start position:0% +explore it Museum one is interesting +I've spoken to one of the guys working + + align:start position:0% +I've spoken to one of the guys working + + + align:start position:0% +I've spoken to one of the guys working +on that and again asked about interest + + align:start position:0% +on that and again asked about interest + + + align:start position:0% +on that and again asked about interest +because it's a live project its + + align:start position:0% +because it's a live project its + + + align:start position:0% +because it's a live project its +continuing unlike the you know wine + + align:start position:0% +continuing unlike the you know wine + + + align:start position:0% +continuing unlike the you know wine +project it's a continuing project so be + + align:start position:0% +project it's a continuing project so be + + + align:start position:0% +project it's a continuing project so be +interesting to see how it plays out + + align:start position:0% +interesting to see how it plays out + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to see how it plays out +there and I think the reason being is a + + align:start position:0% +there and I think the reason being is a + + + align:start position:0% +there and I think the reason being is a +lot of the thing that puts off central + + align:start position:0% +lot of the thing that puts off central + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the thing that puts off central +banks from actually doing is they don't + + align:start position:0% +banks from actually doing is they don't + + + align:start position:0% +banks from actually doing is they don't +whatever and I think you will start to + + align:start position:0% +whatever and I think you will start to + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and I think you will start to +see when you start see people actually + + align:start position:0% +see when you start see people actually + + + align:start position:0% +see when you start see people actually +trying in deployed at Central Bank PLC + + align:start position:0% +trying in deployed at Central Bank PLC + + + align:start position:0% +trying in deployed at Central Bank PLC +then you will have like a real pilot + + align:start position:0% +then you will have like a real pilot + + + align:start position:0% +then you will have like a real pilot +real-world examples because at the + + align:start position:0% +real-world examples because at the + + + align:start position:0% +real-world examples because at the +moment it's very but I think once you + + align:start position:0% +moment it's very but I think once you + + + align:start position:0% +moment it's very but I think once you +start to see and also because of the + + align:start position:0% +start to see and also because of the + + + align:start position:0% +start to see and also because of the +funding effect earlier about the cash + + align:start position:0% +funding effect earlier about the cash + + + align:start position:0% +funding effect earlier about the cash +like u.s. dollars physical cash is + + align:start position:0% +like u.s. dollars physical cash is + + + align:start position:0% +like u.s. dollars physical cash is +effectively one point six trillion of + + align:start position:0% +effectively one point six trillion of + + + align:start position:0% +effectively one point six trillion of +interest rate borrowing on the u.s. + + align:start position:0% +interest rate borrowing on the u.s. + + + align:start position:0% +interest rate borrowing on the u.s. +cotton and it's a US government issued + + align:start position:0% +cotton and it's a US government issued + + + align:start position:0% +cotton and it's a US government issued +digital dollars and arguably you could + + align:start position:0% +digital dollars and arguably you could + + + align:start position:0% +digital dollars and arguably you could +retire after the national debt replacing + + align:start position:0% +retire after the national debt replacing + + + align:start position:0% +retire after the national debt replacing +it money so there are these big sort of + + align:start position:0% +it money so there are these big sort of + + + align:start position:0% +it money so there are these big sort of +fiscal implications and the body would + + align:start position:0% +fiscal implications and the body would + + + align:start position:0% +fiscal implications and the body would +come off paper which is two years ago I + + align:start position:0% +come off paper which is two years ago I + + + align:start position:0% +come off paper which is two years ago I +think big attraction to politicians + + align:start position:0% +think big attraction to politicians + + + align:start position:0% +think big attraction to politicians +before we close + + align:start position:0% +before we close + + + align:start position:0% +before we close +Simon because you're rarely with us but + + align:start position:0% +Simon because you're rarely with us but + + + align:start position:0% +Simon because you're rarely with us but +from your perspective either from your + + align:start position:0% +from your perspective either from your + + + align:start position:0% +from your perspective either from your +chief economist days at the IMF or just + + align:start position:0% +chief economist days at the IMF or just + + + align:start position:0% +chief economist days at the IMF or just +because you Simon hosts the Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +because you Simon hosts the Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +because you Simon hosts the Tuesday +night blockchain seminar dinners by the + + align:start position:0% +night blockchain seminar dinners by the + + + align:start position:0% +night blockchain seminar dinners by the +way to for three years so Simon is way + + align:start position:0% +way to for three years so Simon is way + + + align:start position:0% +way to for three years so Simon is way +ahead + + align:start position:0% +ahead + + + align:start position:0% +ahead +one might say he was kind of a block J + + align:start position:0% +one might say he was kind of a block J + + + align:start position:0% +one might say he was kind of a block J +at Bitcoin maximalist three years ago I + + align:start position:0% +at Bitcoin maximalist three years ago I + + + align:start position:0% +at Bitcoin maximalist three years ago I +think you've moved more to the middle + + align:start position:0% +think you've moved more to the middle + + + align:start position:0% +think you've moved more to the middle +you can self declare where you are + + align:start position:0% +you can self declare where you are + + + align:start position:0% +you can self declare where you are +and Simon Johnson and Nahan Narula + + align:start position:0% +and Simon Johnson and Nahan Narula + + + align:start position:0% +and Simon Johnson and Nahan Narula +Michael Casey and I are gonna be + + align:start position:0% +Michael Casey and I are gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +Michael Casey and I are gonna be +standing up a blockchain lab course in + + align:start position:0% +standing up a blockchain lab course in + + + align:start position:0% +standing up a blockchain lab course in +the in the spring so Simon what your + + align:start position:0% +the in the spring so Simon what your + + + align:start position:0% +the in the spring so Simon what your +question is what do you think about all + + align:start position:0% +question is what do you think about all + + + align:start position:0% +question is what do you think about all +this and maybe for both of you in the + + align:start position:0% +this and maybe for both of you in the + + + align:start position:0% +this and maybe for both of you in the +last minute when are we gonna see a true + + align:start position:0% +last minute when are we gonna see a true + + + align:start position:0% +last minute when are we gonna see a true +central bank test this out I mean + + align:start position:0% +central bank test this out I mean + + + align:start position:0% +central bank test this out I mean +there's nine of them on this page that + + align:start position:0% +there's nine of them on this page that + + + align:start position:0% +there's nine of them on this page that +are kind of feeling it out but I think + + align:start position:0% +are kind of feeling it out but I think + + + align:start position:0% +are kind of feeling it out but I think +comes down to what Rob said what does it + + align:start position:0% +comes down to what Rob said what does it + + + align:start position:0% +comes down to what Rob said what does it +do to credit who really wants to find + + align:start position:0% +do to credit who really wants to find + + + align:start position:0% +do to credit who really wants to find +out the hard way and what does it do + + align:start position:0% +out the hard way and what does it do + + + align:start position:0% +out the hard way and what does it do +what happens in a crisis when everyone + + align:start position:0% +what happens in a crisis when everyone + + + align:start position:0% +what happens in a crisis when everyone +you know let's say you're not paying + + align:start position:0% +you know let's say you're not paying + + + align:start position:0% +you know let's say you're not paying +interest on the digital visual central + + align:start position:0% +interest on the digital visual central + + + align:start position:0% +interest on the digital visual central +bank currency and you can get into the + + align:start position:0% +bank currency and you can get into the + + + align:start position:0% +bank currency and you can get into the +bank account but there's a crisis and + + align:start position:0% +bank account but there's a crisis and + + + align:start position:0% +bank account but there's a crisis and +you can you say well I don't want to + + align:start position:0% +you can you say well I don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +you can you say well I don't want to +have this happy morning the liability + + align:start position:0% +have this happy morning the liability + + + align:start position:0% +have this happy morning the liability +but bank anymore I want to be morning + + align:start position:0% +but bank anymore I want to be morning + + + align:start position:0% +but bank anymore I want to be morning +though I build to you the central bank + + align:start position:0% +though I build to you the central bank + + + align:start position:0% +though I build to you the central bank +doesn't everyone run to the central bank + + align:start position:0% +doesn't everyone run to the central bank + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't everyone run to the central bank +and what does that do to credit right + + align:start position:0% +and what does that do to credit right + + + align:start position:0% +and what does that do to credit right +and how you gonna figure this out + + align:start position:0% +and how you gonna figure this out + + + align:start position:0% +and how you gonna figure this out +without actually running something like + + align:start position:0% +without actually running something like + + + align:start position:0% +without actually running something like +two predictions how many years before a + + align:start position:0% +two predictions how many years before a + + + align:start position:0% +two predictions how many years before a +country actually this 180 countries nine + + align:start position:0% +country actually this 180 countries nine + + + align:start position:0% +country actually this 180 countries nine +of them already bubbling around the two + + align:start position:0% +of them already bubbling around the two + + + align:start position:0% +of them already bubbling around the two +of these Ecuador stopped your gray maybe + + align:start position:0% +of these Ecuador stopped your gray maybe + + + align:start position:0% +of these Ecuador stopped your gray maybe +stopped and the UK Royal Mint might have + + align:start position:0% +stopped and the UK Royal Mint might have + + + align:start position:0% +stopped and the UK Royal Mint might have +been stopped by its own government but + + align:start position:0% +been stopped by its own government but + + + align:start position:0% +been stopped by its own government but +when do you think we're gonna see a + + align:start position:0% +when do you think we're gonna see a + + + align:start position:0% +when do you think we're gonna see a +country actually have a direct digital + + align:start position:0% +country actually have a direct digital + + + align:start position:0% +country actually have a direct digital +account to their reserves for the retail + + align:start position:0% +account to their reserves for the retail + + + align:start position:0% +account to their reserves for the retail +public + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when went back together on Thursday + + align:start position:0% +so when went back together on Thursday + + + align:start position:0% +so when went back together on Thursday +we're gonna dig back into these nine and + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna dig back into these nine and + + + align:start position:0% +we're gonna dig back into these nine and +talk a little bit more about the money + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit more about the money + + + align:start position:0% +talk a little bit more about the money +flour and the readings which I think as + + align:start position:0% +flour and the readings which I think as + + + align:start position:0% +flour and the readings which I think as +I always do I list them some of those + + align:start position:0% +I always do I list them some of those + + + align:start position:0% +I always do I list them some of those +are more fun and there's they're shorter + + align:start position:0% +are more fun and there's they're shorter + + + align:start position:0% +are more fun and there's they're shorter +readings as well so I I will see you all + + align:start position:0% +readings as well so I I will see you all + + + align:start position:0% +readings as well so I I will see you all +on Thursday at 2:30 to 4:00 and I thank + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday at 2:30 to 4:00 and I thank + + + align:start position:0% +on Thursday at 2:30 to 4:00 and I thank +you once again + + align:start position:0% +you once again + + + align:start position:0% +you once again +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lRSMmxJeaKA.txt b/lRSMmxJeaKA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bb0ea1e67d7daea5ea7d3f172cdb537c517fb78 --- /dev/null +++ b/lRSMmxJeaKA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1979 @@ +align:start position:0% + +welcome back + + align:start position:0% +welcome back + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back +to the last section of a 20 special + + align:start position:0% +to the last section of a 20 special + + + align:start position:0% +to the last section of a 20 special +relativity + + align:start position:0% +relativity + + + align:start position:0% +relativity +so as we discussed the special + + align:start position:0% +so as we discussed the special + + + align:start position:0% +so as we discussed the special +relativity itself + + align:start position:0% +relativity itself + + + align:start position:0% +relativity itself +um also general relativity is a theory + + align:start position:0% +um also general relativity is a theory + + + align:start position:0% +um also general relativity is a theory +which requires experimental evidence to + + align:start position:0% +which requires experimental evidence to + + + align:start position:0% +which requires experimental evidence to +be confirmed + + align:start position:0% +be confirmed + + + align:start position:0% +be confirmed +and there's plenty of experimental + + align:start position:0% +and there's plenty of experimental + + + align:start position:0% +and there's plenty of experimental +evidence for general relativity we + + align:start position:0% +evidence for general relativity we + + + align:start position:0% +evidence for general relativity we +talked about a few examples already but + + align:start position:0% +talked about a few examples already but + + + align:start position:0% +talked about a few examples already but +let's go through this one by one also a + + align:start position:0% +let's go through this one by one also a + + + align:start position:0% +let's go through this one by one also a +little bit within historic context + + align:start position:0% +little bit within historic context + + + align:start position:0% +little bit within historic context +so one of the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experimental pieces of evidence pointed + + align:start position:0% +experimental pieces of evidence pointed + + + align:start position:0% +experimental pieces of evidence pointed +out by einstein was the + + align:start position:0% +out by einstein was the + + + align:start position:0% +out by einstein was the +procession of mercury and also of other + + align:start position:0% +procession of mercury and also of other + + + align:start position:0% +procession of mercury and also of other +planets + + align:start position:0% +planets + + + align:start position:0% +planets +this was always + + align:start position:0% +this was always + + + align:start position:0% +this was always +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +this this problem that the procession of + + align:start position:0% +this this problem that the procession of + + + align:start position:0% +this this problem that the procession of +mercury deviates from newton's + + align:start position:0% +mercury deviates from newton's + + + align:start position:0% +mercury deviates from newton's +prediction was well known and first + + align:start position:0% +prediction was well known and first + + + align:start position:0% +prediction was well known and first +recognized already in 1859 + + align:start position:0% +recognized already in 1859 + + + align:start position:0% +recognized already in 1859 +and it turned out that attempts to + + align:start position:0% +and it turned out that attempts to + + + align:start position:0% +and it turned out that attempts to +correct this are failed uh you can think + + align:start position:0% +correct this are failed uh you can think + + + align:start position:0% +correct this are failed uh you can think +about maybe there's other objects in the + + align:start position:0% +about maybe there's other objects in the + + + align:start position:0% +about maybe there's other objects in the +solar system which modify + + align:start position:0% +solar system which modify + + + align:start position:0% +solar system which modify +the trajectory of mercury around the sun + + align:start position:0% +the trajectory of mercury around the sun + + + align:start position:0% +the trajectory of mercury around the sun +but nothing really added up correctly + + align:start position:0% +but nothing really added up correctly + + + align:start position:0% +but nothing really added up correctly +and then when einstein calculated the + + align:start position:0% +and then when einstein calculated the + + + align:start position:0% +and then when einstein calculated the +effect of the possession he found that + + align:start position:0% +effect of the possession he found that + + + align:start position:0% +effect of the possession he found that +it's in good agreement with the + + align:start position:0% +it's in good agreement with the + + + align:start position:0% +it's in good agreement with the +observation + + align:start position:0% +observation + + + align:start position:0% +observation +this was already very strong evidence + + align:start position:0% +this was already very strong evidence + + + align:start position:0% +this was already very strong evidence +for general relativity effect + + align:start position:0% +for general relativity effect + + + align:start position:0% +for general relativity effect +and then there is gravitational lensing + + align:start position:0% +and then there is gravitational lensing + + + align:start position:0% +and then there is gravitational lensing +and here this was first measured by + + align:start position:0% +and here this was first measured by + + + align:start position:0% +and here this was first measured by +dyson and 1919 + + align:start position:0% +dyson and 1919 + + + align:start position:0% +dyson and 1919 +of light passing the sun in a total + + align:start position:0% +of light passing the sun in a total + + + align:start position:0% +of light passing the sun in a total +eclipse + + align:start position:0% +eclipse + + + align:start position:0% +eclipse +their observation was in brazil but also + + align:start position:0% +their observation was in brazil but also + + + align:start position:0% +their observation was in brazil but also +at the west coast of africa + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this wasn't the first attempt to measure + + align:start position:0% +this wasn't the first attempt to measure + + + align:start position:0% +this wasn't the first attempt to measure +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +it was an eclipse a total eclipse in + + align:start position:0% +it was an eclipse a total eclipse in + + + align:start position:0% +it was an eclipse a total eclipse in +argentina in 1912 but unfortunately this + + align:start position:0% +argentina in 1912 but unfortunately this + + + align:start position:0% +argentina in 1912 but unfortunately this +expedition didn't lead to a result + + align:start position:0% +expedition didn't lead to a result + + + align:start position:0% +expedition didn't lead to a result +because it rained out + + align:start position:0% +because it rained out + + + align:start position:0% +because it rained out +there was + + align:start position:0% +there was + + + align:start position:0% +there was +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +eclipsed shortly after in 1914 + + align:start position:0% +eclipsed shortly after in 1914 + + + align:start position:0% +eclipsed shortly after in 1914 +but that happened during the second + + align:start position:0% +but that happened during the second + + + align:start position:0% +but that happened during the second +world war and there's long stories and + + align:start position:0% +world war and there's long stories and + + + align:start position:0% +world war and there's long stories and +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +accounts of how this + + align:start position:0% +accounts of how this + + + align:start position:0% +accounts of how this +failed but basically one of the + + align:start position:0% +failed but basically one of the + + + align:start position:0% +failed but basically one of the +expeditions + + align:start position:0% +expeditions + + + align:start position:0% +expeditions +wanted to + + align:start position:0% +wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to +travel to crimea + + align:start position:0% +travel to crimea + + + align:start position:0% +travel to crimea +in in russia and because russia was in + + align:start position:0% +in in russia and because russia was in + + + align:start position:0% +in in russia and because russia was in +war with germany um you know material + + align:start position:0% +war with germany um you know material + + + align:start position:0% +war with germany um you know material +was confiscated and people were + + align:start position:0% +was confiscated and people were + + + align:start position:0% +was confiscated and people were +imprisoned so this was cancelled if you + + align:start position:0% +imprisoned so this was cancelled if you + + + align:start position:0% +imprisoned so this was cancelled if you +want due to the second the first world + + align:start position:0% +want due to the second the first world + + + align:start position:0% +want due to the second the first world +war but then in 1919 this leads to the + + align:start position:0% +war but then in 1919 this leads to the + + + align:start position:0% +war but then in 1919 this leads to the +observation this the data was not as + + align:start position:0% +observation this the data was not as + + + align:start position:0% +observation this the data was not as +clear i think there was a little bit + + align:start position:0% +clear i think there was a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +clear i think there was a little bit +more hopes than science in the + + align:start position:0% +more hopes than science in the + + + align:start position:0% +more hopes than science in the +interpretation so there was + + align:start position:0% +interpretation so there was + + + align:start position:0% +interpretation so there was +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +i was not a strong evident a strong + + align:start position:0% +i was not a strong evident a strong + + + align:start position:0% +i was not a strong evident a strong +significance of the results but the + + align:start position:0% +significance of the results but the + + + align:start position:0% +significance of the results but the +evidence nevertheless was there and as i + + align:start position:0% +evidence nevertheless was there and as i + + + align:start position:0% +evidence nevertheless was there and as i +was explaining earlier that led to you + + align:start position:0% +was explaining earlier that led to you + + + align:start position:0% +was explaining earlier that led to you +know the fame of the triumph of einstein + + align:start position:0% +know the fame of the triumph of einstein + + + align:start position:0% +know the fame of the triumph of einstein +where really uh his fame resulted out of + + align:start position:0% +where really uh his fame resulted out of + + + align:start position:0% +where really uh his fame resulted out of +the reporting of those events + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's more uh + + align:start position:0% +there's more uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's more uh +experimental evidence live light travel + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence live light travel + + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence live light travel +time but round or close to masses object + + align:start position:0% +time but round or close to masses object + + + align:start position:0% +time but round or close to masses object +is modified + + align:start position:0% +is modified + + + align:start position:0% +is modified +we talked about gravitational time + + align:start position:0% +we talked about gravitational time + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about gravitational time +dilation which can be measured or has + + align:start position:0% +dilation which can be measured or has + + + align:start position:0% +dilation which can be measured or has +been measured + + align:start position:0% +been measured + + + align:start position:0% +been measured +um other tests of the equivalent + + align:start position:0% +um other tests of the equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +um other tests of the equivalent +principle + + align:start position:0% +principle + + + align:start position:0% +principle +but also the observation of + + align:start position:0% +but also the observation of + + + align:start position:0% +but also the observation of +gravitational waves gravitational waves + + align:start position:0% +gravitational waves gravitational waves + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational waves gravitational waves +where predicted by einstein by the + + align:start position:0% +where predicted by einstein by the + + + align:start position:0% +where predicted by einstein by the +theory of general relativity and only + + align:start position:0% +theory of general relativity and only + + + align:start position:0% +theory of general relativity and only +very recently we were able to observe + + align:start position:0% +very recently we were able to observe + + + align:start position:0% +very recently we were able to observe +those + + align:start position:0% +those + + + align:start position:0% +those +and then in addition there is plenty + + align:start position:0% +and then in addition there is plenty + + + align:start position:0% +and then in addition there is plenty +cosmological tests which require a + + align:start position:0% +cosmological tests which require a + + + align:start position:0% +cosmological tests which require a +precise understanding of general + + align:start position:0% +precise understanding of general + + + align:start position:0% +precise understanding of general +relativity in order to get + + align:start position:0% +relativity in order to get + + + align:start position:0% +relativity in order to get +to agreement between the observations + + align:start position:0% +to agreement between the observations + + + align:start position:0% +to agreement between the observations +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and the theoretical predictions + + align:start position:0% +and the theoretical predictions + + + align:start position:0% +and the theoretical predictions +but let's talk about + + align:start position:0% +but let's talk about + + + align:start position:0% +but let's talk about +let's talk about gravitational waves so + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about gravitational waves so + + + align:start position:0% +let's talk about gravitational waves so +those were predicted as i was say was + + align:start position:0% +those were predicted as i was say was + + + align:start position:0% +those were predicted as i was say was +saying but they're very very difficult + + align:start position:0% +saying but they're very very difficult + + + align:start position:0% +saying but they're very very difficult +to measure + + align:start position:0% +to measure + + + align:start position:0% +to measure +first indirect measurement + + align:start position:0% +first indirect measurement + + + align:start position:0% +first indirect measurement +was performed by hulse and taylor + + align:start position:0% +was performed by hulse and taylor + + + align:start position:0% +was performed by hulse and taylor +they were able to study a binary neutron + + align:start position:0% +they were able to study a binary neutron + + + align:start position:0% +they were able to study a binary neutron +star system + + align:start position:0% +star system + + + align:start position:0% +star system +and because + + align:start position:0% +and because + + + align:start position:0% +and because +the orbital the orbits of those two + + align:start position:0% +the orbital the orbits of those two + + + align:start position:0% +the orbital the orbits of those two +decayed + + align:start position:0% +decayed + + + align:start position:0% +decayed +required loss of energy and that loss of + + align:start position:0% +required loss of energy and that loss of + + + align:start position:0% +required loss of energy and that loss of +energy needs to happen somehow and + + align:start position:0% +energy needs to happen somehow and + + + align:start position:0% +energy needs to happen somehow and +it was theorized or predicted by general + + align:start position:0% +it was theorized or predicted by general + + + align:start position:0% +it was theorized or predicted by general +relativity that that loss of energy is + + align:start position:0% +relativity that that loss of energy is + + + align:start position:0% +relativity that that loss of energy is +due to the fact that gravitational waves + + align:start position:0% +due to the fact that gravitational waves + + + align:start position:0% +due to the fact that gravitational waves +are emitted and they received for their + + align:start position:0% +are emitted and they received for their + + + align:start position:0% +are emitted and they received for their +findings in nobel prize in physics in + + align:start position:0% +findings in nobel prize in physics in + + + align:start position:0% +findings in nobel prize in physics in +1993. + + align:start position:0% +1993. + + + align:start position:0% +1993. +so how are + + align:start position:0% +so how are + + + align:start position:0% +so how are +gravitational waves generated + + align:start position:0% +gravitational waves generated + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational waves generated +you can ask you know i have a spinning + + align:start position:0% +you can ask you know i have a spinning + + + align:start position:0% +you can ask you know i have a spinning +sphere like our sun would that generate + + align:start position:0% +sphere like our sun would that generate + + + align:start position:0% +sphere like our sun would that generate +a gravitational + + align:start position:0% +a gravitational + + + align:start position:0% +a gravitational +wave and the answer is no it's a + + align:start position:0% +wave and the answer is no it's a + + + align:start position:0% +wave and the answer is no it's a +symmetrical situation there's no change + + align:start position:0% +symmetrical situation there's no change + + + align:start position:0% +symmetrical situation there's no change +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +of the of the meta distribution and + + align:start position:0% +of the of the meta distribution and + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the meta distribution and +therefore space-time is not modified + + align:start position:0% +therefore space-time is not modified + + + align:start position:0% +therefore space-time is not modified +but if you have a sphere with a little + + align:start position:0% +but if you have a sphere with a little + + + align:start position:0% +but if you have a sphere with a little +bump + + align:start position:0% +bump + + + align:start position:0% +bump +that would create gravitational waves + + align:start position:0% +that would create gravitational waves + + + align:start position:0% +that would create gravitational waves +if you have a mass which is moving by + + align:start position:0% +if you have a mass which is moving by + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a mass which is moving by +maybe you know you know two passing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +galaxies + + align:start position:0% +galaxies + + + align:start position:0% +galaxies +that would not directly create + + align:start position:0% +that would not directly create + + + align:start position:0% +that would not directly create +gravitational waves but if you have + + align:start position:0% +gravitational waves but if you have + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational waves but if you have +those galaxies + + align:start position:0% +those galaxies + + + align:start position:0% +those galaxies +rotating or through stars rotating or + + align:start position:0% +rotating or through stars rotating or + + + align:start position:0% +rotating or through stars rotating or +neutron stars rotating or black holes + + align:start position:0% +neutron stars rotating or black holes + + + align:start position:0% +neutron stars rotating or black holes +rotating around each other those + + align:start position:0% +rotating around each other those + + + align:start position:0% +rotating around each other those +generate + + align:start position:0% +generate + + + align:start position:0% +generate +gravitational waves and the closer the + + align:start position:0% +gravitational waves and the closer the + + + align:start position:0% +gravitational waves and the closer the +objects the higher the masses of the + + align:start position:0% +objects the higher the masses of the + + + align:start position:0% +objects the higher the masses of the +objects the stronger the gravitational + + align:start position:0% +objects the stronger the gravitational + + + align:start position:0% +objects the stronger the gravitational +waves are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so how can you measure gravitational + + align:start position:0% +so how can you measure gravitational + + + align:start position:0% +so how can you measure gravitational +waves + + align:start position:0% +waves + + + align:start position:0% +waves +very similar to the michael snowley + + align:start position:0% +very similar to the michael snowley + + + align:start position:0% +very similar to the michael snowley +experiment what you want to do + + align:start position:0% +experiment what you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +experiment what you want to do +is measure + + align:start position:0% +is measure + + + align:start position:0% +is measure +differences + + align:start position:0% +differences + + + align:start position:0% +differences +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +arms of your of your + + align:start position:0% +arms of your of your + + + align:start position:0% +arms of your of your +parameter + + align:start position:0% +parameter + + + align:start position:0% +parameter +and you do this with very powerful + + align:start position:0% +and you do this with very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +and you do this with very powerful +lasers and with very precise mirrors so + + align:start position:0% +lasers and with very precise mirrors so + + + align:start position:0% +lasers and with very precise mirrors so +it's basically the very same uh + + align:start position:0% +it's basically the very same uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's basically the very same uh +experiment as michael's molly just much + + align:start position:0% +experiment as michael's molly just much + + + align:start position:0% +experiment as michael's molly just much +much bigger so we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +much bigger so we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +much bigger so we're talking about +multiple miles of arms and very powerful + + align:start position:0% +multiple miles of arms and very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +multiple miles of arms and very powerful +lasers in order to conduct those + + align:start position:0% +lasers in order to conduct those + + + align:start position:0% +lasers in order to conduct those +experiments + + align:start position:0% +experiments + + + align:start position:0% +experiments +ligo which is one of those measurements + + align:start position:0% +ligo which is one of those measurements + + + align:start position:0% +ligo which is one of those measurements +of those devices experiments measures + + align:start position:0% +of those devices experiments measures + + + align:start position:0% +of those devices experiments measures +the change in the length of one arm + + align:start position:0% +the change in the length of one arm + + + align:start position:0% +the change in the length of one arm +with a precision smaller than the + + align:start position:0% +with a precision smaller than the + + + align:start position:0% +with a precision smaller than the +diameter of a proton + + align:start position:0% +diameter of a proton + + + align:start position:0% +diameter of a proton +so that's just really it's mind-blowing + + align:start position:0% +so that's just really it's mind-blowing + + + align:start position:0% +so that's just really it's mind-blowing +the level of precision the level of + + align:start position:0% +the level of precision the level of + + + align:start position:0% +the level of precision the level of +understanding + + align:start position:0% +understanding + + + align:start position:0% +understanding +needed in order to measure gravitational + + align:start position:0% +needed in order to measure gravitational + + + align:start position:0% +needed in order to measure gravitational +waves but nevertheless + + align:start position:0% +waves but nevertheless + + + align:start position:0% +waves but nevertheless +they succeeded + + align:start position:0% +they succeeded + + + align:start position:0% +they succeeded +so here you see two experiments like was + + align:start position:0% +so here you see two experiments like was + + + align:start position:0% +so here you see two experiments like was +actually two experiments two of those + + align:start position:0% +actually two experiments two of those + + + align:start position:0% +actually two experiments two of those +devices + + align:start position:0% +devices + + + align:start position:0% +devices +in the united states and there's + + align:start position:0% +in the united states and there's + + + align:start position:0% +in the united states and there's +other experiments similar uh worldwide + + align:start position:0% +other experiments similar uh worldwide + + + align:start position:0% +other experiments similar uh worldwide +now you see also highlighted here + + align:start position:0% +now you see also highlighted here + + + align:start position:0% +now you see also highlighted here +carltec and mit + + align:start position:0% +carltec and mit + + + align:start position:0% +carltec and mit +those are the leading + + align:start position:0% +those are the leading + + + align:start position:0% +those are the leading +communities of the leading + + align:start position:0% +communities of the leading + + + align:start position:0% +communities of the leading +universities in this endeavor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then the first observation + + align:start position:0% +and then the first observation + + + align:start position:0% +and then the first observation +of gravitational waves happened in + + align:start position:0% +of gravitational waves happened in + + + align:start position:0% +of gravitational waves happened in +september 14th 2015 + + align:start position:0% +september 14th 2015 + + + align:start position:0% +september 14th 2015 +and this first observation was rather + + align:start position:0% +and this first observation was rather + + + align:start position:0% +and this first observation was rather +spectacular because it was not just any + + align:start position:0% +spectacular because it was not just any + + + align:start position:0% +spectacular because it was not just any +observation but it was + + align:start position:0% +observation but it was + + + align:start position:0% +observation but it was +the observation of two collapsing black + + align:start position:0% +the observation of two collapsing black + + + align:start position:0% +the observation of two collapsing black +holes so we have two black holes they + + align:start position:0% +holes so we have two black holes they + + + align:start position:0% +holes so we have two black holes they +get close to each other then they circle + + align:start position:0% +get close to each other then they circle + + + align:start position:0% +get close to each other then they circle +each other and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +create a new heavier black hole so the + + align:start position:0% +create a new heavier black hole so the + + + align:start position:0% +create a new heavier black hole so the +collisions are of those two black holes + + align:start position:0% +collisions are of those two black holes + + + align:start position:0% +collisions are of those two black holes +this mass is around 30 times the mass of + + align:start position:0% +this mass is around 30 times the mass of + + + align:start position:0% +this mass is around 30 times the mass of +the sun + + align:start position:0% +the sun + + + align:start position:0% +the sun +it actually took place 1.3 billion years + + align:start position:0% +it actually took place 1.3 billion years + + + align:start position:0% +it actually took place 1.3 billion years +ago so the gravitational wave was + + align:start position:0% +ago so the gravitational wave was + + + align:start position:0% +ago so the gravitational wave was +traveling towards us for 1.3 billion + + align:start position:0% +traveling towards us for 1.3 billion + + + align:start position:0% +traveling towards us for 1.3 billion +years + + align:start position:0% +years + + + align:start position:0% +years +the energy + + align:start position:0% +the energy + + + align:start position:0% +the energy +of about three times the mass of the sun + + align:start position:0% +of about three times the mass of the sun + + + align:start position:0% +of about three times the mass of the sun +was emitted as gravitational waves in + + align:start position:0% +was emitted as gravitational waves in + + + align:start position:0% +was emitted as gravitational waves in +fractions of seconds + + align:start position:0% +fractions of seconds + + + align:start position:0% +fractions of seconds +so the huge amount of energy released in + + align:start position:0% +so the huge amount of energy released in + + + align:start position:0% +so the huge amount of energy released in +form of gravitational waves + + align:start position:0% +form of gravitational waves + + + align:start position:0% +form of gravitational waves +the collision happens with both black + + align:start position:0% +the collision happens with both black + + + align:start position:0% +the collision happens with both black +holes moving with half the speed of + + align:start position:0% +holes moving with half the speed of + + + align:start position:0% +holes moving with half the speed of +light so this is just a + + align:start position:0% +light so this is just a + + + align:start position:0% +light so this is just a +catastrophic kind of event in our + + align:start position:0% +catastrophic kind of event in our + + + align:start position:0% +catastrophic kind of event in our +universe + + align:start position:0% +universe + + + align:start position:0% +universe +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +researchers or faculty at mit and + + align:start position:0% +researchers or faculty at mit and + + + align:start position:0% +researchers or faculty at mit and +caltech received the nobel prize in + + align:start position:0% +caltech received the nobel prize in + + + align:start position:0% +caltech received the nobel prize in +physics in 2017 for this discovery only + + align:start position:0% +physics in 2017 for this discovery only + + + align:start position:0% +physics in 2017 for this discovery only +two years after the discovery actually + + align:start position:0% +two years after the discovery actually + + + align:start position:0% +two years after the discovery actually +happened + + align:start position:0% +happened + + + align:start position:0% +happened +and very deserved very deserved + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me close this lecture by just + + align:start position:0% +let me close this lecture by just + + + align:start position:0% +let me close this lecture by just +reminding you of a quote of einstein + + align:start position:0% +reminding you of a quote of einstein + + + align:start position:0% +reminding you of a quote of einstein +which i use in order to start this very + + align:start position:0% +which i use in order to start this very + + + align:start position:0% +which i use in order to start this very +same lecture + + align:start position:0% +same lecture + + + align:start position:0% +same lecture +um it is true + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that we are living through some + + align:start position:0% +that we are living through some + + + align:start position:0% +that we are living through some +difficult times + + align:start position:0% +difficult times + + + align:start position:0% +difficult times +some turbulent times + + align:start position:0% +some turbulent times + + + align:start position:0% +some turbulent times +but if you think about the bigger + + align:start position:0% +but if you think about the bigger + + + align:start position:0% +but if you think about the bigger +picture where i think we're making a lot + + align:start position:0% +picture where i think we're making a lot + + + align:start position:0% +picture where i think we're making a lot +of progress scientifically but also as + + align:start position:0% +of progress scientifically but also as + + + align:start position:0% +of progress scientifically but also as +humanity + + align:start position:0% +humanity + + + align:start position:0% +humanity +and i like this quote from albert + + align:start position:0% +and i like this quote from albert + + + align:start position:0% +and i like this quote from albert +einstein a lot it is not the result of + + align:start position:0% +einstein a lot it is not the result of + + + align:start position:0% +einstein a lot it is not the result of +scientific research that ennobles humans + + align:start position:0% +scientific research that ennobles humans + + + align:start position:0% +scientific research that ennobles humans +and enriches their nature but it's a + + align:start position:0% +and enriches their nature but it's a + + + align:start position:0% +and enriches their nature but it's a +struggle to understand by performing + + align:start position:0% +struggle to understand by performing + + + align:start position:0% +struggle to understand by performing +created and creative and open-minded + + align:start position:0% +created and creative and open-minded + + + align:start position:0% +created and creative and open-minded +intellectual work + + align:start position:0% +intellectual work + + + align:start position:0% +intellectual work +i think if there's one thing i want you + + align:start position:0% +i think if there's one thing i want you + + + align:start position:0% +i think if there's one thing i want you +to take away from this lecture it is + + align:start position:0% +to take away from this lecture it is + + + align:start position:0% +to take away from this lecture it is +this i want you to be encouraged to be + + align:start position:0% +this i want you to be encouraged to be + + + align:start position:0% +this i want you to be encouraged to be +creative to be open-minded to question + + align:start position:0% +creative to be open-minded to question + + + align:start position:0% +creative to be open-minded to question +and to perform high-level intellectual + + align:start position:0% +and to perform high-level intellectual + + + align:start position:0% +and to perform high-level intellectual +work + + align:start position:0% +work + + + align:start position:0% +work +thank you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/m6PnN-aEYbc.txt b/m6PnN-aEYbc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1dce08bdabd2cd1bfec27c0eae4ef2599f47c062 --- /dev/null +++ b/m6PnN-aEYbc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1683 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so so now let now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +okay so so now let now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so so now let now we're going to +apply this same exercise that we just + + align:start position:0% +apply this same exercise that we just + + + align:start position:0% +apply this same exercise that we just +did so so here what we did we showed + + align:start position:0% +did so so here what we did we showed + + + align:start position:0% +did so so here what we did we showed +that there is no fundamental difference + + align:start position:0% +that there is no fundamental difference + + + align:start position:0% +that there is no fundamental difference +between language change in English + + align:start position:0% +between language change in English + + + align:start position:0% +between language change in English +versus then languages in the history of + + align:start position:0% +versus then languages in the history of + + + align:start position:0% +versus then languages in the history of +Asian Creole right because what we're + + align:start position:0% +Asian Creole right because what we're + + + align:start position:0% +Asian Creole right because what we're +doing here we're we're questioning this + + align:start position:0% +doing here we're we're questioning this + + + align:start position:0% +doing here we're we're questioning this +notion that Creole formation is + + align:start position:0% +notion that Creole formation is + + + align:start position:0% +notion that Creole formation is +something which is very interesting + + align:start position:0% +something which is very interesting + + + align:start position:0% +something which is very interesting +critique which separates Creoles from + + align:start position:0% +critique which separates Creoles from + + + align:start position:0% +critique which separates Creoles from +non Creoles in a fundamental sense now + + align:start position:0% +non Creoles in a fundamental sense now + + + align:start position:0% +non Creoles in a fundamental sense now +now what we need to do when to look at + + align:start position:0% +now what we need to do when to look at + + + align:start position:0% +now what we need to do when to look at +the history of French itself from Latin + + align:start position:0% +the history of French itself from Latin + + + align:start position:0% +the history of French itself from Latin +I'm going to ask + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to ask + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to ask +so does that history is it supposed to + + align:start position:0% +so does that history is it supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +so does that history is it supposed to +be can it be in any way compared to what + + align:start position:0% +be can it be in any way compared to what + + + align:start position:0% +be can it be in any way compared to what +having the history of Creole in fact + + align:start position:0% +having the history of Creole in fact + + + align:start position:0% +having the history of Creole in fact +what we're going to see is that if you + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to see is that if you + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to see is that if you +compare Latin and French in many ways + + align:start position:0% +compare Latin and French in many ways + + + align:start position:0% +compare Latin and French in many ways +they show that French also out + + align:start position:0% +they show that French also out + + + align:start position:0% +they show that French also out +creolization Creole right so we're just + + align:start position:0% +creolization Creole right so we're just + + + align:start position:0% +creolization Creole right so we're just +going to do it very in fact it is what + + align:start position:0% +going to do it very in fact it is what + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it very in fact it is what +I'm going to do now is wait and then + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do now is wait and then + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do now is wait and then +choose okay but I'm warning you that + + align:start position:0% +choose okay but I'm warning you that + + + align:start position:0% +choose okay but I'm warning you that +it's and then choose because invest what + + align:start position:0% +it's and then choose because invest what + + + align:start position:0% +it's and then choose because invest what +I'm doing that when I'm comparing French + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing that when I'm comparing French + + + align:start position:0% +I'm doing that when I'm comparing French +and Latin is exactly what other + + align:start position:0% +and Latin is exactly what other + + + align:start position:0% +and Latin is exactly what other +linguists do in the compare say Haitian + + align:start position:0% +linguists do in the compare say Haitian + + + align:start position:0% +linguists do in the compare say Haitian +Creole to all the languages they pick a + + align:start position:0% +Creole to all the languages they pick a + + + align:start position:0% +Creole to all the languages they pick a +small set of patterns and they say well + + align:start position:0% +small set of patterns and they say well + + + align:start position:0% +small set of patterns and they say well +look this set of patterns make really + + align:start position:0% +look this set of patterns make really + + + align:start position:0% +look this set of patterns make really +special so now I am picking this set of + + align:start position:0% +special so now I am picking this set of + + + align:start position:0% +special so now I am picking this set of +patterns actually which are very + + align:start position:0% +patterns actually which are very + + + align:start position:0% +patterns actually which are very +fundamental to the grammar of any + + align:start position:0% +fundamental to the grammar of any + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental to the grammar of any +language right which is the order of + + align:start position:0% +language right which is the order of + + + align:start position:0% +language right which is the order of +words so and this is so scrambling is a + + align:start position:0% +words so and this is so scrambling is a + + + align:start position:0% +words so and this is so scrambling is a +technical term so if that means that any + + align:start position:0% +technical term so if that means that any + + + align:start position:0% +technical term so if that means that any +of you know German who knows German you + + align:start position:0% +of you know German who knows German you + + + align:start position:0% +of you know German who knows German you +know German okay so okay you can so so + + align:start position:0% +know German okay so okay you can so so + + + align:start position:0% +know German okay so okay you can so so +German has it has this property that you + + align:start position:0% +German has it has this property that you + + + align:start position:0% +German has it has this property that you +can pronounce so if you see you know say + + align:start position:0% +can pronounce so if you see you know say + + + align:start position:0% +can pronounce so if you see you know say +I don't know Mary loves pancakes right + + align:start position:0% +I don't know Mary loves pancakes right + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know Mary loves pancakes right +you can move things around you can see + + align:start position:0% +you can move things around you can see + + + align:start position:0% +you can move things around you can see +pancakes rosemary right right yeah but + + align:start position:0% +pancakes rosemary right right yeah but + + + align:start position:0% +pancakes rosemary right right yeah but +the arguments can move around so the + + align:start position:0% +the arguments can move around so the + + + align:start position:0% +the arguments can move around so the +verb is is is as a strict position but + + align:start position:0% +verb is is is as a strict position but + + + align:start position:0% +verb is is is as a strict position but +then arguments a move around + + align:start position:0% +then arguments a move around + + + align:start position:0% +then arguments a move around +it can come first and Latin is of the + + align:start position:0% +it can come first and Latin is of the + + + align:start position:0% +it can come first and Latin is of the +same nature any of us still Latin if you + + align:start position:0% +same nature any of us still Latin if you + + + align:start position:0% +same nature any of us still Latin if you +know that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so many languages have this + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so many languages have this + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so many languages have this +capacity call that's a simple case of + + align:start position:0% +capacity call that's a simple case of + + + align:start position:0% +capacity call that's a simple case of +language like at MIT we'd call it + + align:start position:0% +language like at MIT we'd call it + + + align:start position:0% +language like at MIT we'd call it +scrambling right + + align:start position:0% +scrambling right + + + align:start position:0% +scrambling right +insects scramble egg you can scramble + + align:start position:0% +insects scramble egg you can scramble + + + align:start position:0% +insects scramble egg you can scramble +things around so you can have a sentence + + align:start position:0% +things around so you can have a sentence + + + align:start position:0% +things around so you can have a sentence +you have the subject within the object + + align:start position:0% +you have the subject within the object + + + align:start position:0% +you have the subject within the object +and if you have other things like I + + align:start position:0% +and if you have other things like I + + + align:start position:0% +and if you have other things like I +don't know the object if you say like + + align:start position:0% +don't know the object if you say like + + + align:start position:0% +don't know the object if you say like +John gave a book to Mary you have three + + align:start position:0% +John gave a book to Mary you have three + + + align:start position:0% +John gave a book to Mary you have three +roles in that sentence know the giver + + align:start position:0% +roles in that sentence know the giver + + + align:start position:0% +roles in that sentence know the giver +what's been given what we see what's + + align:start position:0% +what's been given what we see what's + + + align:start position:0% +what's been given what we see what's +being given and things can move around + + align:start position:0% +being given and things can move around + + + align:start position:0% +being given and things can move around +in the sentence we can be scrambled now + + align:start position:0% +in the sentence we can be scrambled now + + + align:start position:0% +in the sentence we can be scrambled now +Latin has that you can scramble things + + align:start position:0% +Latin has that you can scramble things + + + align:start position:0% +Latin has that you can scramble things +around not French so cases is like in + + align:start position:0% +around not French so cases is like in + + + align:start position:0% +around not French so cases is like in +Latin right when you say you know girl + + align:start position:0% +Latin right when you say you know girl + + + align:start position:0% +Latin right when you say you know girl +it's like we laugh we loom freely right + + align:start position:0% +it's like we laugh we loom freely right + + + align:start position:0% +it's like we laugh we loom freely right +you get you you indicate like in German + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly so exactly exactly so those two + + align:start position:0% +exactly so exactly exactly so those two + + + align:start position:0% +exactly so exactly exactly so those two +things are connected good point good for + + align:start position:0% +things are connected good point good for + + + align:start position:0% +things are connected good point good for +Jonathan so so in in in Latin you have + + align:start position:0% +Jonathan so so in in in Latin you have + + + align:start position:0% +Jonathan so so in in in Latin you have +these endings that are called + + align:start position:0% +these endings that are called + + + align:start position:0% +these endings that are called +case kids detentions that tell you + + align:start position:0% +case kids detentions that tell you + + + align:start position:0% +case kids detentions that tell you +whether the the noun is a subject is an + + align:start position:0% +whether the the noun is a subject is an + + + align:start position:0% +whether the the noun is a subject is an +object and and with that you can move + + align:start position:0% +object and and with that you can move + + + align:start position:0% +object and and with that you can move +things around more easily now notice + + align:start position:0% +things around more easily now notice + + + align:start position:0% +things around more easily now notice +that you have it in Latin and in French + + align:start position:0% +that you have it in Latin and in French + + + align:start position:0% +that you have it in Latin and in French +you don't so in French like in English + + align:start position:0% +you don't so in French like in English + + + align:start position:0% +you don't so in French like in English +you only have kiss smacking like on + + align:start position:0% +you only have kiss smacking like on + + + align:start position:0% +you only have kiss smacking like on +pronouns like he versus him versus his + + align:start position:0% +pronouns like he versus him versus his + + + align:start position:0% +pronouns like he versus him versus his +okay you have that on pronouns but you + + align:start position:0% +okay you have that on pronouns but you + + + align:start position:0% +okay you have that on pronouns but you +don't have some nouns you don't have the + + align:start position:0% +don't have some nouns you don't have the + + + align:start position:0% +don't have some nouns you don't have the +equivalent of he he him he him his you + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of he he him he him his you + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of he he him he him his you +don't have that one announced right but + + align:start position:0% +don't have that one announced right but + + + align:start position:0% +don't have that one announced right but +in Latin any noun will have to carry an + + align:start position:0% +in Latin any noun will have to carry an + + + align:start position:0% +in Latin any noun will have to carry an +ending that tells you is it a subject is + + align:start position:0% +ending that tells you is it a subject is + + + align:start position:0% +ending that tells you is it a subject is +an object that it's called case so you + + align:start position:0% +an object that it's called case so you + + + align:start position:0% +an object that it's called case so you +have overt case okay in Latin you don't + + align:start position:0% +have overt case okay in Latin you don't + + + align:start position:0% +have overt case okay in Latin you don't +have articles like that you know so if + + align:start position:0% +have articles like that you know so if + + + align:start position:0% +have articles like that you know so if +you learn Latin you have to learn that + + align:start position:0% +you learn Latin you have to learn that + + + align:start position:0% +you learn Latin you have to learn that +you don't have it the in French of it so + + align:start position:0% +you don't have it the in French of it so + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have it the in French of it so +these are four basic properties that you + + align:start position:0% +these are four basic properties that you + + + align:start position:0% +these are four basic properties that you +find in Latin that you don't find in + + align:start position:0% +find in Latin that you don't find in + + + align:start position:0% +find in Latin that you don't find in +French right so so the point is that + + align:start position:0% +French right so so the point is that + + + align:start position:0% +French right so so the point is that +well look you know along these four + + align:start position:0% +well look you know along these four + + + align:start position:0% +well look you know along these four +major parameters French is very + + align:start position:0% +major parameters French is very + + + align:start position:0% +major parameters French is very +different from Latin which so if one + + align:start position:0% +different from Latin which so if one + + + align:start position:0% +different from Latin which so if one +were to take the kind of words that are + + align:start position:0% +were to take the kind of words that are + + + align:start position:0% +were to take the kind of words that are +used to describe Creole you + + align:start position:0% +used to describe Creole you + + + align:start position:0% +used to describe Creole you +see well French has broken Latin grammar + + align:start position:0% +see well French has broken Latin grammar + + + align:start position:0% +see well French has broken Latin grammar +French is broken Latin right that's what + + align:start position:0% +French is broken Latin right that's what + + + align:start position:0% +French is broken Latin right that's what +you have to say right because we have + + align:start position:0% +you have to say right because we have + + + align:start position:0% +you have to say right because we have +four basic properties of of Latin that + + align:start position:0% +four basic properties of of Latin that + + + align:start position:0% +four basic properties of of Latin that +somehow friends because I've lost as + + align:start position:0% +somehow friends because I've lost as + + + align:start position:0% +somehow friends because I've lost as +they learn to speak Latin and create in + + align:start position:0% +they learn to speak Latin and create in + + + align:start position:0% +they learn to speak Latin and create in +French now guess what if we take those + + align:start position:0% +French now guess what if we take those + + + align:start position:0% +French now guess what if we take those +very same properties and we compare + + align:start position:0% +very same properties and we compare + + + align:start position:0% +very same properties and we compare +French and Haitian Creole they are the + + align:start position:0% +French and Haitian Creole they are the + + + align:start position:0% +French and Haitian Creole they are the +same no canonical order both languages + + align:start position:0% +same no canonical order both languages + + + align:start position:0% +same no canonical order both languages +exist + + align:start position:0% +exist + + + align:start position:0% +exist +well we saw that for pronouns we don't + + align:start position:0% +well we saw that for pronouns we don't + + + align:start position:0% +well we saw that for pronouns we don't +have we have very different for pronouns + + align:start position:0% +have we have very different for pronouns + + + align:start position:0% +have we have very different for pronouns +but for full nouns you have the same + + align:start position:0% +but for full nouns you have the same + + + align:start position:0% +but for full nouns you have the same +verb of the order scrambling French and + + align:start position:0% +verb of the order scrambling French and + + + align:start position:0% +verb of the order scrambling French and +Creole we have the same overt case the + + align:start position:0% +Creole we have the same overt case the + + + align:start position:0% +Creole we have the same overt case the +same article the same right so what is + + align:start position:0% +same article the same right so what is + + + align:start position:0% +same article the same right so what is +that show that at least along these four + + align:start position:0% +that show that at least along these four + + + align:start position:0% +that show that at least along these four +parameters in Creole is much better + + align:start position:0% +parameters in Creole is much better + + + align:start position:0% +parameters in Creole is much better +behaved than French you know so in fact + + align:start position:0% +behaved than French you know so in fact + + + align:start position:0% +behaved than French you know so in fact +so if you were to if you were to create + + align:start position:0% +so if you were to if you were to create + + + align:start position:0% +so if you were to if you were to create +a degree of coolness based on how broken + + align:start position:0% +a degree of coolness based on how broken + + + align:start position:0% +a degree of coolness based on how broken +the grammar is which is often what + + align:start position:0% +the grammar is which is often what + + + align:start position:0% +the grammar is which is often what +language well they people do often they + + align:start position:0% +language well they people do often they + + + align:start position:0% +language well they people do often they +think of Creole as Jamaican Creole in + + align:start position:0% +think of Creole as Jamaican Creole in + + + align:start position:0% +think of Creole as Jamaican Creole in +spoken English French Haitian Creole is + + align:start position:0% +spoken English French Haitian Creole is + + + align:start position:0% +spoken English French Haitian Creole is +broken French so here you'd have to say + + align:start position:0% +broken French so here you'd have to say + + + align:start position:0% +broken French so here you'd have to say +then that French is broken Latin and + + align:start position:0% +then that French is broken Latin and + + + align:start position:0% +then that French is broken Latin and +actually this is the day's a very + + align:start position:0% +actually this is the day's a very + + + align:start position:0% +actually this is the day's a very +well-known historical linguists go on 20 + + align:start position:0% +well-known historical linguists go on 20 + + + align:start position:0% +well-known historical linguists go on 20 +million and 20 media was aware of that + + align:start position:0% +million and 20 media was aware of that + + + align:start position:0% +million and 20 media was aware of that +and when me actually wrote something + + align:start position:0% +and when me actually wrote something + + + align:start position:0% +and when me actually wrote something +which I find very striking he said that + + align:start position:0% +which I find very striking he said that + + + align:start position:0% +which I find very striking he said that +you know if we compare the Romance + + align:start position:0% +you know if we compare the Romance + + + align:start position:0% +you know if we compare the Romance +languages so not only French but Spanish + + align:start position:0% +languages so not only French but Spanish + + + align:start position:0% +languages so not only French but Spanish +Italian Portuguese Romanian you know so + + align:start position:0% +Italian Portuguese Romanian you know so + + + align:start position:0% +Italian Portuguese Romanian you know so +they are called the Romance languages + + align:start position:0% +they are called the Romance languages + + + align:start position:0% +they are called the Romance languages +actually I often hear people say the + + align:start position:0% +actually I often hear people say the + + + align:start position:0% +actually I often hear people say the +romantic languages we can be romantic + + align:start position:0% +romantic languages we can be romantic + + + align:start position:0% +romantic languages we can be romantic +but the technical the technical term is + + align:start position:0% +but the technical the technical term is + + + align:start position:0% +but the technical the technical term is +there remains remains languages ok so so + + align:start position:0% +there remains remains languages ok so so + + + align:start position:0% +there remains remains languages ok so so +those Romance language is the a + + align:start position:0% +those Romance language is the a + + + align:start position:0% +those Romance language is the a +structures that are actually use the + + align:start position:0% +structures that are actually use the + + + align:start position:0% +structures that are actually use the +term fundamentally different from the + + align:start position:0% +term fundamentally different from the + + + align:start position:0% +term fundamentally different from the +Latin counterparts okay so so linguist + + align:start position:0% +Latin counterparts okay so so linguist + + + align:start position:0% +Latin counterparts okay so so linguist +very smart language aware of that and + + align:start position:0% +very smart language aware of that and + + + align:start position:0% +very smart language aware of that and +even say that this is still me + + align:start position:0% +even say that this is still me + + + align:start position:0% +even say that this is still me +all this makes you call it neo Latin + + align:start position:0% +all this makes you call it neo Latin + + + align:start position:0% +all this makes you call it neo Latin +languages fall into it the logical class + + align:start position:0% +languages fall into it the logical class + + + align:start position:0% +languages fall into it the logical class +that is quite remote from the social + + align:start position:0% +that is quite remote from the social + + + align:start position:0% +that is quite remote from the social +type + + align:start position:0% +type + + + align:start position:0% +type +flatten and let's make clear right + + align:start position:0% +flatten and let's make clear right + + + align:start position:0% +flatten and let's make clear right +that's couldn't be any clearer right so + + align:start position:0% +that's couldn't be any clearer right so + + + align:start position:0% +that's couldn't be any clearer right so +which means that this notion of of + + align:start position:0% +which means that this notion of of + + + align:start position:0% +which means that this notion of of +Creole languages having broken the + + align:start position:0% +Creole languages having broken the + + + align:start position:0% +Creole languages having broken the +syntax of the European ancestors is + + align:start position:0% +syntax of the European ancestors is + + + align:start position:0% +syntax of the European ancestors is +inflate intentions because it's second + + align:start position:0% +inflate intentions because it's second + + + align:start position:0% +inflate intentions because it's second +language realized that all languages + + align:start position:0% +language realized that all languages + + + align:start position:0% +language realized that all languages +evolved by through these structural + + align:start position:0% +evolved by through these structural + + + align:start position:0% +evolved by through these structural +breaks even those that are often + + align:start position:0% +breaks even those that are often + + + align:start position:0% +breaks even those that are often +presented as prototypical genetic + + align:start position:0% +presented as prototypical genetic + + + align:start position:0% +presented as prototypical genetic +lineages being that nemesis with parents + + align:start position:0% +lineages being that nemesis with parents + + + align:start position:0% +lineages being that nemesis with parents +so I think we're like the we're like the + + align:start position:0% +so I think we're like the we're like the + + + align:start position:0% +so I think we're like the we're like the +college languages did they have those + + align:start position:0% +college languages did they have those + + + align:start position:0% +college languages did they have those +like features a good question yeah I + + align:start position:0% +like features a good question yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +like features a good question yeah I +don't know about domination that's what + + align:start position:0% +don't know about domination that's what + + + align:start position:0% +don't know about domination that's what +you were to find out so how did French + + align:start position:0% +you were to find out so how did French + + + align:start position:0% +you were to find out so how did French +develop those patterns is it from the + + align:start position:0% +develop those patterns is it from the + + + align:start position:0% +develop those patterns is it from the +substrate language is like the college + + align:start position:0% +substrate language is like the college + + + align:start position:0% +substrate language is like the college +that's a very good question yeah that's + + align:start position:0% +that's a very good question yeah that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's a very good question yeah that's +exactly what you would want to ask + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you would want to ask + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what you would want to ask +because we know and in the case of + + align:start position:0% +because we know and in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +because we know and in the case of +Haitian Creole not all and I wanna + + align:start position:0% +Haitian Creole not all and I wanna + + + align:start position:0% +Haitian Creole not all and I wanna +stress not all but many of the other + + align:start position:0% +stress not all but many of the other + + + align:start position:0% +stress not all but many of the other +features efficient Creole were inherited + + align:start position:0% +features efficient Creole were inherited + + + align:start position:0% +features efficient Creole were inherited +from the African substrates like for + + align:start position:0% +from the African substrates like for + + + align:start position:0% +from the African substrates like for +example the fact that you have the + + align:start position:0% +example the fact that you have the + + + align:start position:0% +example the fact that you have the +article after the now not be further + + align:start position:0% +article after the now not be further + + + align:start position:0% +article after the now not be further +down that streets out from the be + + align:start position:0% +down that streets out from the be + + + align:start position:0% +down that streets out from the be +linkages which have the same pattern + + align:start position:0% +linkages which have the same pattern + + + align:start position:0% +linkages which have the same pattern +right so so so the point here so there's + + align:start position:0% +right so so so the point here so there's + + + align:start position:0% +right so so so the point here so there's +a common thread here in the argument + + align:start position:0% +a common thread here in the argument + + + align:start position:0% +a common thread here in the argument +right that those breaks that you see in + + align:start position:0% +right that those breaks that you see in + + + align:start position:0% +right that those breaks that you see in +the history of colleges you also find + + align:start position:0% +the history of colleges you also find + + + align:start position:0% +the history of colleges you also find +them in the history of non crew + + align:start position:0% +them in the history of non crew + + + align:start position:0% +them in the history of non crew +languages so there was one name is + + align:start position:0% +languages so there was one name is + + + align:start position:0% +languages so there was one name is +sometime ago called African secure + + align:start position:0% +sometime ago called African secure + + + align:start position:0% +sometime ago called African secure +language you get into big trouble + + align:start position:0% +language you get into big trouble + + + align:start position:0% +language you get into big trouble +because the Africans because were you + + align:start position:0% +because the Africans because were you + + + align:start position:0% +because the Africans because were you +upset that's right exactly tenants were + + align:start position:0% +upset that's right exactly tenants were + + + align:start position:0% +upset that's right exactly tenants were +upset that they they are compared the + + align:start position:0% +upset that they they are compared the + + + align:start position:0% +upset that they they are compared the +African language to do Korea because for + + align:start position:0% +African language to do Korea because for + + + align:start position:0% +African language to do Korea because for +them you know African was just with + + align:start position:0% +them you know African was just with + + + align:start position:0% +them you know African was just with +righty of Dutch and it should not be + + align:start position:0% +righty of Dutch and it should not be + + + align:start position:0% +righty of Dutch and it should not be +never colloquial that was in the early + + align:start position:0% +never colloquial that was in the early + + + align:start position:0% +never colloquial that was in the early +80s I think early 80s but it was a very + + align:start position:0% +80s I think early 80s but it was a very + + + align:start position:0% +80s I think early 80s but it was a very +live discussion in fact and at some + + align:start position:0% +live discussion in fact and at some + + + align:start position:0% +live discussion in fact and at some +point there was an English word to step + + align:start position:0% +point there was an English word to step + + + align:start position:0% +point there was an English word to step +back with you okay + + align:start position:0% +back with you okay + + + align:start position:0% +back with you okay +Africa + + align:start position:0% +Africa + + + align:start position:0% +Africa +is Ana creo if you see my creo you know + + align:start position:0% +is Ana creo if you see my creo you know + + + align:start position:0% +is Ana creo if you see my creo you know +and then so what I have to add that + + align:start position:0% +and then so what I have to add that + + + align:start position:0% +and then so what I have to add that +linguist actually is chan-hom late John + + align:start position:0% +linguist actually is chan-hom late John + + + align:start position:0% +linguist actually is chan-hom late John +home and I asked so how do you measure + + align:start position:0% +home and I asked so how do you measure + + + align:start position:0% +home and I asked so how do you measure +see my cruelness + + align:start position:0% +see my cruelness + + + align:start position:0% +see my cruelness +so how many features must you have to be + + align:start position:0% +so how many features must you have to be + + + align:start position:0% +so how many features must you have to be +a semi Creole right so which goes back + + align:start position:0% +a semi Creole right so which goes back + + + align:start position:0% +a semi Creole right so which goes back +to that question we can you define + + align:start position:0% +to that question we can you define + + + align:start position:0% +to that question we can you define +coolness based on instead of features + + align:start position:0% +coolness based on instead of features + + + align:start position:0% +coolness based on instead of features +which is very problematic machine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/n9H-6TQIEJc.txt b/n9H-6TQIEJc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..705fb878a7ef32103ae80d4f60219e6f9396b1fc --- /dev/null +++ b/n9H-6TQIEJc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1739 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so this is the second lecture about + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the second lecture about + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is the second lecture about +these pictures in the phase plane that's + + align:start position:0% +these pictures in the phase plane that's + + + align:start position:0% +these pictures in the phase plane that's +with X's y and y prime for a + + align:start position:0% +with X's y and y prime for a + + + align:start position:0% +with X's y and y prime for a +second-order constant coefficient linear + + align:start position:0% +second-order constant coefficient linear + + + align:start position:0% +second-order constant coefficient linear +under good problem good problem and you + + align:start position:0% +under good problem good problem and you + + + align:start position:0% +under good problem good problem and you +remember that we study that equation by + + align:start position:0% +remember that we study that equation by + + + align:start position:0% +remember that we study that equation by +looking for special solutions y equals e + + align:start position:0% +looking for special solutions y equals e + + + align:start position:0% +looking for special solutions y equals e +to the st when we plug that into the + + align:start position:0% +to the st when we plug that into the + + + align:start position:0% +to the st when we plug that into the +equation we get this simple quadratic + + align:start position:0% +equation we get this simple quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +equation we get this simple quadratic +equation and everything depends on that + + align:start position:0% +equation and everything depends on that + + + align:start position:0% +equation and everything depends on that +so today this video is about the case + + align:start position:0% +so today this video is about the case + + + align:start position:0% +so today this video is about the case +when the roots are complex you remember + + align:start position:0% +when the roots are complex you remember + + + align:start position:0% +when the roots are complex you remember +so the roots complex roots you have a + + align:start position:0% +so the roots complex roots you have a + + + align:start position:0% +so the roots complex roots you have a +real part plus or minus an imaginary + + align:start position:0% +real part plus or minus an imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +real part plus or minus an imaginary +part and this happens when B squared is + + align:start position:0% +part and this happens when B squared is + + + align:start position:0% +part and this happens when B squared is +smaller than 4ac because you remember + + align:start position:0% +smaller than 4ac because you remember + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than 4ac because you remember +there's a square root in the in the + + align:start position:0% +there's a square root in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +there's a square root in the in the +formula for the solution of a quadratic + + align:start position:0% +formula for the solution of a quadratic + + + align:start position:0% +formula for the solution of a quadratic +equation there's a square root of b + + align:start position:0% +equation there's a square root of b + + + align:start position:0% +equation there's a square root of b +squared minus 4ac the usual formula from + + align:start position:0% +squared minus 4ac the usual formula from + + + align:start position:0% +squared minus 4ac the usual formula from +school and if B squared is smaller we + + align:start position:0% +school and if B squared is smaller we + + + align:start position:0% +school and if B squared is smaller we +have a negative number under the square + + align:start position:0% +have a negative number under the square + + + align:start position:0% +have a negative number under the square +root and we get complex roots so last + + align:start position:0% +root and we get complex roots so last + + + align:start position:0% +root and we get complex roots so last +time the roots were real the pictures in + + align:start position:0% +time the roots were real the pictures in + + + align:start position:0% +time the roots were real the pictures in +the phase planes set off to infinity or + + align:start position:0% +the phase planes set off to infinity or + + + align:start position:0% +the phase planes set off to infinity or +came in to 0 more or less almost on + + align:start position:0% +came in to 0 more or less almost on + + + align:start position:0% +came in to 0 more or less almost on +straight lines now we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +straight lines now we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +straight lines now we're going to have +curves and spirals because of the + + align:start position:0% +curves and spirals because of the + + + align:start position:0% +curves and spirals because of the +complex part so here are the three + + align:start position:0% +complex part so here are the three + + + align:start position:0% +complex part so here are the three +possibilities now we had three last time + + align:start position:0% +possibilities now we had three last time + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities now we had three last time +here here are the other three with + + align:start position:0% +here here are the other three with + + + align:start position:0% +here here are the other three with +complex roots so the complex the real + + align:start position:0% +complex roots so the complex the real + + + align:start position:0% +complex roots so the complex the real +part everything depends on this real + + align:start position:0% +part everything depends on this real + + + align:start position:0% +part everything depends on this real +part that the stability going in going + + align:start position:0% +part that the stability going in going + + + align:start position:0% +part that the stability going in going +out staying on a circle depends on that + + align:start position:0% +out staying on a circle depends on that + + + align:start position:0% +out staying on a circle depends on that +real part if the real part is positive + + align:start position:0% +real part if the real part is positive + + + align:start position:0% +real part if the real part is positive +then we go out + + align:start position:0% +then we go out + + + align:start position:0% +then we go out +we have an exponential e to the a plus I + + align:start position:0% +we have an exponential e to the a plus I + + + align:start position:0% +we have an exponential e to the a plus I +Omega T and if a is positive that e to + + align:start position:0% +Omega T and if a is positive that e to + + + align:start position:0% +Omega T and if a is positive that e to +the 80 would blow up unstable so that's + + align:start position:0% +the 80 would blow up unstable so that's + + + align:start position:0% +the 80 would blow up unstable so that's +unstable here's a center when a is zero + + align:start position:0% +unstable here's a center when a is zero + + + align:start position:0% +unstable here's a center when a is zero +then we just have e to the I Omega T + + align:start position:0% +then we just have e to the I Omega T + + + align:start position:0% +then we just have e to the I Omega T +that's the nicest example I do that one + + align:start position:0% +that's the nicest example I do that one + + + align:start position:0% +that's the nicest example I do that one +first so in that case we're just going + + align:start position:0% +first so in that case we're just going + + + align:start position:0% +first so in that case we're just going +around in a circle or round in an + + align:start position:0% +around in a circle or round in an + + + align:start position:0% +around in a circle or round in an +ellipse and finally the physical problem + + align:start position:0% +ellipse and finally the physical problem + + + align:start position:0% +ellipse and finally the physical problem +where we have damping but not too much + + align:start position:0% +where we have damping but not too much + + + align:start position:0% +where we have damping but not too much +damping so the roots are still complex + + align:start position:0% +damping so the roots are still complex + + + align:start position:0% +damping so the roots are still complex +but they're going in because if a is + + align:start position:0% +but they're going in because if a is + + + align:start position:0% +but they're going in because if a is +negative e to the a T is going to zero + + align:start position:0% +negative e to the a T is going to zero + + + align:start position:0% +negative e to the a T is going to zero +so that's a stable case that's that's + + align:start position:0% +so that's a stable case that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a stable case that's that's +the physical case we hope to have a + + align:start position:0% +the physical case we hope to have a + + + align:start position:0% +the physical case we hope to have a +little damping in our system and be + + align:start position:0% +little damping in our system and be + + + align:start position:0% +little damping in our system and be +stable this one we could say neutrally + + align:start position:0% +stable this one we could say neutrally + + + align:start position:0% +stable this one we could say neutrally +stable this one is certainly unstable + + align:start position:0% +stable this one is certainly unstable + + + align:start position:0% +stable this one is certainly unstable +let me take a start with that a + + align:start position:0% +let me take a start with that a + + + align:start position:0% +let me take a start with that a +neutrally stable so because that's the + + align:start position:0% +neutrally stable so because that's the + + + align:start position:0% +neutrally stable so because that's the +most famous equation in second order + + align:start position:0% +most famous equation in second order + + + align:start position:0% +most famous equation in second order +equation in mechanics it's pure + + align:start position:0% +equation in mechanics it's pure + + + align:start position:0% +equation in mechanics it's pure +oscillation a spring going up and down + + align:start position:0% +oscillation a spring going up and down + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation a spring going up and down +an LC circuit going back and forth pure + + align:start position:0% +an LC circuit going back and forth pure + + + align:start position:0% +an LC circuit going back and forth pure +oscillation and we see the solutions so + + align:start position:0% +oscillation and we see the solutions so + + + align:start position:0% +oscillation and we see the solutions so +I've written I've taken this this + + align:start position:0% +I've written I've taken this this + + + align:start position:0% +I've written I've taken this this +particular equation you notice no + + align:start position:0% +particular equation you notice no + + + align:start position:0% +particular equation you notice no +damping there's no y prime term okay so + + align:start position:0% +damping there's no y prime term okay so + + + align:start position:0% +damping there's no y prime term okay so +here is the solution famous famous + + align:start position:0% +here is the solution famous famous + + + align:start position:0% +here is the solution famous famous +solution and y prime it will be c1 I + + align:start position:0% +solution and y prime it will be c1 I + + + align:start position:0% +solution and y prime it will be c1 I +guess the derivative of the cosine is + + align:start position:0% +guess the derivative of the cosine is + + + align:start position:0% +guess the derivative of the cosine is +minus Omega times sine Omega T plus c2 + + align:start position:0% +minus Omega times sine Omega T plus c2 + + + align:start position:0% +minus Omega times sine Omega T plus c2 +the derivative of that is Omega cos + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of that is Omega cos + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of that is Omega cos +Omega T so those are the that's the Y + + align:start position:0% +Omega T so those are the that's the Y + + + align:start position:0% +Omega T so those are the that's the Y +and Y prime so for every T + + align:start position:0% +and Y prime so for every T + + + align:start position:0% +and Y prime so for every T +it's going to be an easy figure here's + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be an easy figure here's + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be an easy figure here's +why here's y prime and and that's the + + align:start position:0% +why here's y prime and and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +why here's y prime and and that's the +phase plane phase plane so at each time + + align:start position:0% +phase plane phase plane so at each time + + + align:start position:0% +phase plane phase plane so at each time +T I have a Y and a y Prime and it gives + + align:start position:0% +T I have a Y and a y Prime and it gives + + + align:start position:0% +T I have a Y and a y Prime and it gives +me a point so let me put it in there + + align:start position:0% +me a point so let me put it in there + + + align:start position:0% +me a point so let me put it in there +more as time moves on that point moves + + align:start position:0% +more as time moves on that point moves + + + align:start position:0% +more as time moves on that point moves +and it's the picture in the phase plane + + align:start position:0% +and it's the picture in the phase plane + + + align:start position:0% +and it's the picture in the phase plane +the orbit sometimes you could say it's + + align:start position:0% +the orbit sometimes you could say it's + + + align:start position:0% +the orbit sometimes you could say it's +kind of like a planet or a move so the + + align:start position:0% +kind of like a planet or a move so the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like a planet or a move so the +for that + + align:start position:0% +for that + + + align:start position:0% +for that +what is the orbit for that one well it + + align:start position:0% +what is the orbit for that one well it + + + align:start position:0% +what is the orbit for that one well it +goes around in an ellipse it would be a + + align:start position:0% +goes around in an ellipse it would be a + + + align:start position:0% +goes around in an ellipse it would be a +circle with let me let me draw it this + + align:start position:0% +circle with let me let me draw it this + + + align:start position:0% +circle with let me let me draw it this +is the case Omega equal one in that case + + align:start position:0% +is the case Omega equal one in that case + + + align:start position:0% +is the case Omega equal one in that case +and that's most famous case we simply go + + align:start position:0% +and that's most famous case we simply go + + + align:start position:0% +and that's most famous case we simply go +around a circle there's why there's y + + align:start position:0% +around a circle there's why there's y + + + align:start position:0% +around a circle there's why there's y +prime we have cosine and sine and cost + + align:start position:0% +prime we have cosine and sine and cost + + + align:start position:0% +prime we have cosine and sine and cost +squared plus sine squared is 1 squared + + align:start position:0% +squared plus sine squared is 1 squared + + + align:start position:0% +squared plus sine squared is 1 squared +and we're going around a circle of + + align:start position:0% +and we're going around a circle of + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going around a circle of +radius 1 or another circle depending on + + align:start position:0% +radius 1 or another circle depending on + + + align:start position:0% +radius 1 or another circle depending on +the initial condition here there's a + + align:start position:0% +the initial condition here there's a + + + align:start position:0% +the initial condition here there's a +factor Omega giving a extra push to Y + + align:start position:0% +factor Omega giving a extra push to Y + + + align:start position:0% +factor Omega giving a extra push to Y +prime so if Omega was 2 for example then + + align:start position:0% +prime so if Omega was 2 for example then + + + align:start position:0% +prime so if Omega was 2 for example then +we'd have a 2 in Y prime from the Omega + + align:start position:0% +we'd have a 2 in Y prime from the Omega + + + align:start position:0% +we'd have a 2 in Y prime from the Omega +which is not in the Y and that would + + align:start position:0% +which is not in the Y and that would + + + align:start position:0% +which is not in the Y and that would +make Y prime a little larger and it + + align:start position:0% +make Y prime a little larger and it + + + align:start position:0% +make Y prime a little larger and it +would be twice as it would go up to + + align:start position:0% +would be twice as it would go up to + + + align:start position:0% +would be twice as it would go up to +twice as that's meant to be meant to be + + align:start position:0% +twice as that's meant to be meant to be + + + align:start position:0% +twice as that's meant to be meant to be +an ellipse with height 2 up there or in + + align:start position:0% +an ellipse with height 2 up there or in + + + align:start position:0% +an ellipse with height 2 up there or in +general Omega and 1 there so in the Y + + align:start position:0% +general Omega and 1 there so in the Y + + + align:start position:0% +general Omega and 1 there so in the Y +direction there's no factor Omega and we + + align:start position:0% +direction there's no factor Omega and we + + + align:start position:0% +direction there's no factor Omega and we +just have cosine and sine and that would + + align:start position:0% +just have cosine and sine and that would + + + align:start position:0% +just have cosine and sine and that would +be a typical picture in the phase plane + + align:start position:0% +be a typical picture in the phase plane + + + align:start position:0% +be a typical picture in the phase plane +but if we started with smaller initial + + align:start position:0% +but if we started with smaller initial + + + align:start position:0% +but if we started with smaller initial +conditions we would travel on another + + align:start position:0% +conditions we would travel on another + + + align:start position:0% +conditions we would travel on another +ellipse but the point is and these are + + align:start position:0% +ellipse but the point is and these are + + + align:start position:0% +ellipse but the point is and these are +called this picture is called a center + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that's one of the six possibilities + + align:start position:0% +so that's one of the six possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +so that's one of the six possibilities +and in some way kind of the most + + align:start position:0% +and in some way kind of the most + + + align:start position:0% +and in some way kind of the most +beautiful you get you get ellipsis in + + align:start position:0% +beautiful you get you get ellipsis in + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful you get you get ellipsis in +the phase plane they close off because + + align:start position:0% +the phase plane they close off because + + + align:start position:0% +the phase plane they close off because +the the solution just repeats itself + + align:start position:0% +the the solution just repeats itself + + + align:start position:0% +the the solution just repeats itself +every period it's periodic Y is periodic + + align:start position:0% +every period it's periodic Y is periodic + + + align:start position:0% +every period it's periodic Y is periodic +Y prime is periodic they come around + + align:start position:0% +Y prime is periodic they come around + + + align:start position:0% +Y prime is periodic they come around +again and again and again no energy is + + align:start position:0% +again and again and again no energy is + + + align:start position:0% +again and again and again no energy is +lost conservation of energy perfection + + align:start position:0% +lost conservation of energy perfection + + + align:start position:0% +lost conservation of energy perfection +and I would say neutrally stable neutral + + align:start position:0% +and I would say neutrally stable neutral + + + align:start position:0% +and I would say neutrally stable neutral +stability the solution doesn't go into + + align:start position:0% +stability the solution doesn't go into + + + align:start position:0% +stability the solution doesn't go into +zero because there's no damping it + + align:start position:0% +zero because there's no damping it + + + align:start position:0% +zero because there's no damping it +doesn't go out to infinity + + align:start position:0% +doesn't go out to infinity + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't go out to infinity +because there's constant energy and + + align:start position:0% +because there's constant energy and + + + align:start position:0% +because there's constant energy and +that's the picture in the phase plane + + align:start position:0% +that's the picture in the phase plane + + + align:start position:0% +that's the picture in the phase plane +okay so that's the center and now I'll + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the center and now I'll + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the center and now I'll +draw a one with a source or a sink I + + align:start position:0% +draw a one with a source or a sink I + + + align:start position:0% +draw a one with a source or a sink I +just have to change the sign on damping + + align:start position:0% +just have to change the sign on damping + + + align:start position:0% +just have to change the sign on damping +to get source or sink so let me do that + + align:start position:0% +to get source or sink so let me do that + + + align:start position:0% +to get source or sink so let me do that +so so that now I'm going to do a spiral + + align:start position:0% +so so that now I'm going to do a spiral + + + align:start position:0% +so so that now I'm going to do a spiral +source or sink this is the unstable one + + align:start position:0% +source or sink this is the unstable one + + + align:start position:0% +source or sink this is the unstable one +going out to infinity this is the stable + + align:start position:0% +going out to infinity this is the stable + + + align:start position:0% +going out to infinity this is the stable +one coming in to zero and let me do y + + align:start position:0% +one coming in to zero and let me do y + + + align:start position:0% +one coming in to zero and let me do y +double prime plus or maybe minus four Y + + align:start position:0% +double prime plus or maybe minus four Y + + + align:start position:0% +double prime plus or maybe minus four Y +prime a plus four y equals zero suppose + + align:start position:0% +prime a plus four y equals zero suppose + + + align:start position:0% +prime a plus four y equals zero suppose +I take that equator then I have s + + align:start position:0% +I take that equator then I have s + + + align:start position:0% +I take that equator then I have s +squared plus 4s oh maybe maybe two is a + + align:start position:0% +squared plus 4s oh maybe maybe two is a + + + align:start position:0% +squared plus 4s oh maybe maybe two is a +nicer number two is nicer than four yeah + + align:start position:0% +nicer number two is nicer than four yeah + + + align:start position:0% +nicer number two is nicer than four yeah +let me change this to a two and A two + + align:start position:0% +let me change this to a two and A two + + + align:start position:0% +let me change this to a two and A two +yeah and so I have s squared plus 2 s + + align:start position:0% +yeah and so I have s squared plus 2 s + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and so I have s squared plus 2 s +plus 2 or minus 2 s plus 2 equals 0 so + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 or minus 2 s plus 2 equals 0 so + + + align:start position:0% +plus 2 or minus 2 s plus 2 equals 0 so +those are my those are my positive + + align:start position:0% +those are my those are my positive + + + align:start position:0% +those are my those are my positive +damping would be with a plus so with a + + align:start position:0% +damping would be with a plus so with a + + + align:start position:0% +damping would be with a plus so with a +plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the roots are s squared plus 2 s plus 2 + + align:start position:0% +the roots are s squared plus 2 s plus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +the roots are s squared plus 2 s plus 2 +the roots are 1 or rather minus 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +the roots are 1 or rather minus 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +the roots are 1 or rather minus 1 plus +or minus I I'm a plot I'm plus sign and + + align:start position:0% +or minus I I'm a plot I'm plus sign and + + + align:start position:0% +or minus I I'm a plot I'm plus sign and +then the minus sign with a minus 2 now + + align:start position:0% +then the minus sign with a minus 2 now + + + align:start position:0% +then the minus sign with a minus 2 now +the roots have a plus plus or minus I + + align:start position:0% +the roots have a plus plus or minus I + + + align:start position:0% +the roots have a plus plus or minus I +everything is depending on these roots + + align:start position:0% +everything is depending on these roots + + + align:start position:0% +everything is depending on these roots +these exponents which are the solutions + + align:start position:0% +these exponents which are the solutions + + + align:start position:0% +these exponents which are the solutions +of the special characteristic equation + + align:start position:0% +of the special characteristic equation + + + align:start position:0% +of the special characteristic equation +the simple quadratic equation and you + + align:start position:0% +the simple quadratic equation and you + + + align:start position:0% +the simple quadratic equation and you +see that depending on positive damping + + align:start position:0% +see that depending on positive damping + + + align:start position:0% +see that depending on positive damping +or negative damping I get stability or + + align:start position:0% +or negative damping I get stability or + + + align:start position:0% +or negative damping I get stability or +instability and let me draw a picture I + + align:start position:0% +instability and let me draw a picture I + + + align:start position:0% +instability and let me draw a picture I +don't know if I can try two pictures in + + align:start position:0% +don't know if I can try two pictures in + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if I can try two pictures in +the same thing probably not that + + align:start position:0% +the same thing probably not that + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing probably not that +wouldn't be smart so what's happening + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be smart so what's happening + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be smart so what's happening +then let's take this one so this + + align:start position:0% +then let's take this one so this + + + align:start position:0% +then let's take this one so this +solution Y is e to the minus T that's + + align:start position:0% +solution Y is e to the minus T that's + + + align:start position:0% +solution Y is e to the minus T that's +what's making it stable coming in to + + align:start position:0% +what's making it stable coming in to + + + align:start position:0% +what's making it stable coming in to +zero times and from here we have a C 1 + + align:start position:0% +zero times and from here we have a C 1 + + + align:start position:0% +zero times and from here we have a C 1 +cos T and C 2 sine T that's what we get + + align:start position:0% +cos T and C 2 sine T that's what we get + + + align:start position:0% +cos T and C 2 sine T that's what we get +from the usual as in the case of a + + align:start position:0% +from the usual as in the case of a + + + align:start position:0% +from the usual as in the case of a +Center that's that that carries us + + align:start position:0% +Center that's that that carries us + + + align:start position:0% +Center that's that that carries us +around the circle so what's happening in + + align:start position:0% +around the circle so what's happening in + + + align:start position:0% +around the circle so what's happening in +this picture in this phase plane here's + + align:start position:0% +this picture in this phase plane here's + + + align:start position:0% +this picture in this phase plane here's +the phase plane again y and y prime + + align:start position:0% +the phase plane again y and y prime + + + align:start position:0% +the phase plane again y and y prime +without the minus one we have a center + + align:start position:0% +without the minus one we have a center + + + align:start position:0% +without the minus one we have a center +we just go around in a circle but now + + align:start position:0% +we just go around in a circle but now + + + align:start position:0% +we just go around in a circle but now +because of the minus one which which is + + align:start position:0% +because of the minus one which which is + + + align:start position:0% +because of the minus one which which is +the factor e to the minus T in the + + align:start position:0% +the factor e to the minus T in the + + + align:start position:0% +the factor e to the minus T in the +solution as we go around we come in and + + align:start position:0% +solution as we go around we come in and + + + align:start position:0% +solution as we go around we come in and +the word for that curve is a spiral so + + align:start position:0% +the word for that curve is a spiral so + + + align:start position:0% +the word for that curve is a spiral so +we have a we have a this would be the + + align:start position:0% +we have a we have a this would be the + + + align:start position:0% +we have a we have a this would be the +center + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +going around in a circle but now + + align:start position:0% +going around in a circle but now + + + align:start position:0% +going around in a circle but now +supposed we start here suppose we start + + align:start position:0% +supposed we start here suppose we start + + + align:start position:0% +supposed we start here suppose we start +at y at y equal one and y prime equals + + align:start position:0% +at y at y equal one and y prime equals + + + align:start position:0% +at y at y equal one and y prime equals +zero start there at time zero let time + + align:start position:0% +zero start there at time zero let time + + + align:start position:0% +zero start there at time zero let time +go plot where do we go where does this + + align:start position:0% +go plot where do we go where does this + + + align:start position:0% +go plot where do we go where does this +where does this Y and the y prime + + align:start position:0% +where does this Y and the y prime + + + align:start position:0% +where does this Y and the y prime +where's the point YY prime okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +where's the point YY prime okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +where's the point YY prime okay I'm +starting it at so I'm probably taking C + + align:start position:0% +starting it at so I'm probably taking C + + + align:start position:0% +starting it at so I'm probably taking C +1 as 1 and C 2 is 0 so I'm starting it + + align:start position:0% +1 as 1 and C 2 is 0 so I'm starting it + + + align:start position:0% +1 as 1 and C 2 is 0 so I'm starting it +right there and then I'll travel along + + align:start position:0% +right there and then I'll travel along + + + align:start position:0% +right there and then I'll travel along +depending on signs I would go I think + + align:start position:0% +depending on signs I would go I think + + + align:start position:0% +depending on signs I would go I think +probably this way so so it'll travel on + + align:start position:0% +probably this way so so it'll travel on + + + align:start position:0% +probably this way so so it'll travel on +a it comes in pretty fast of course + + align:start position:0% +a it comes in pretty fast of course + + + align:start position:0% +a it comes in pretty fast of course +because that exponential is a powerful + + align:start position:0% +because that exponential is a powerful + + + align:start position:0% +because that exponential is a powerful +guy that that e to the minus T so this + + align:start position:0% +guy that that e to the minus T so this + + + align:start position:0% +guy that that e to the minus T so this +is the this is the solution going + + align:start position:0% +is the this is the solution going + + + align:start position:0% +is the this is the solution going +damping out to 0 that's with the plus + + align:start position:0% +damping out to 0 that's with the plus + + + align:start position:0% +damping out to 0 that's with the plus +sign plus damping which gives the minus + + align:start position:0% +sign plus damping which gives the minus + + + align:start position:0% +sign plus damping which gives the minus +sign in the in the S and the exponent + + align:start position:0% +sign in the in the S and the exponent + + + align:start position:0% +sign in the in the S and the exponent +and then so that is a spiral cinq-cinq + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +meaning just as water in a bathtub flows + + align:start position:0% +meaning just as water in a bathtub flows + + + align:start position:0% +meaning just as water in a bathtub flows +in that's what happened now what happens + + align:start position:0% +in that's what happened now what happens + + + align:start position:0% +in that's what happened now what happens +in a spiral source that's what we have + + align:start position:0% +in a spiral source that's what we have + + + align:start position:0% +in a spiral source that's what we have +with a minus sign now we have a 1 now we + + align:start position:0% +with a minus sign now we have a 1 now we + + + align:start position:0% +with a minus sign now we have a 1 now we +have an e to the plus T everything's + + align:start position:0% +have an e to the plus T everything's + + + align:start position:0% +have an e to the plus T everything's +growing so instead of decaying we're + + align:start position:0% +growing so instead of decaying we're + + + align:start position:0% +growing so instead of decaying we're +going around but guro okay I'm off the + + align:start position:0% +going around but guro okay I'm off the + + + align:start position:0% +going around but guro okay I'm off the +board way off the board in with that + + align:start position:0% +board way off the board in with that + + + align:start position:0% +board way off the board in with that +spiral which is going to keep going + + align:start position:0% +spiral which is going to keep going + + + align:start position:0% +spiral which is going to keep going +around but explode out to infinity so + + align:start position:0% +around but explode out to infinity so + + + align:start position:0% +around but explode out to infinity so +those are the three possibilities for + + align:start position:0% +those are the three possibilities for + + + align:start position:0% +those are the three possibilities for +complex roots centers spiral source and + + align:start position:0% +complex roots centers spiral source and + + + align:start position:0% +complex roots centers spiral source and +spiral sink for real roots we had + + align:start position:0% +spiral sink for real roots we had + + + align:start position:0% +spiral sink for real roots we had +ordinary + + align:start position:0% +ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +ordinary +and ordinary sink no spiral and then the + + align:start position:0% +and ordinary sink no spiral and then the + + + align:start position:0% +and ordinary sink no spiral and then the +other possibility was a saddle point + + align:start position:0% +other possibility was a saddle point + + + align:start position:0% +other possibility was a saddle point +where almost surely we go out but there + + align:start position:0% +where almost surely we go out but there + + + align:start position:0% +where almost surely we go out but there +was one direction that came into the + + align:start position:0% +was one direction that came into the + + + align:start position:0% +was one direction that came into the +saddle point okay + + align:start position:0% +saddle point okay + + + align:start position:0% +saddle point okay +those six pictures are going to control + + align:start position:0% +those six pictures are going to control + + + align:start position:0% +those six pictures are going to control +the whole problem of stability which is + + align:start position:0% +the whole problem of stability which is + + + align:start position:0% +the whole problem of stability which is +our next subject thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nPyH0xPFjbE.txt b/nPyH0xPFjbE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90e040af91f6cfed2c6ac98317c3640cb6e04b16 --- /dev/null +++ b/nPyH0xPFjbE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1729 @@ +PROFESSOR: All right, lecture +19 is about mostly refolding, + +common unfoldings of polyhedra, +convex polyhedra, and also + +about Mozartkugel. + +But most questions were +about the common unfolding + +stuff, so let me +start with that. + +First question-- is +this fractal unfolding + +of regular tetrahedron +and the cube, + +which looks like +this-- is it resolved? + +The answer is no, but it +is at least published now. + +This is at EuroCG. + +One of the authors is +here, Ryuhei Uehara. + +And it's still +conjecture, although there + +is a way to explicitly +construct this. + +This does actually +fold into two things. + +It folds into a cube and a +tetramonohedron, a tetrahedron + +with equal sides. + +It's not a regular +tetrahedron, though, + +but this is actually +an unfolding. + +And they have another one, which +they haven't drawn because it + +has 10 to the 180 edges or so, +but it is within 3 times 10 + +to the minus 1796 of regular. + +So that's pretty good evidence +that this is gonna work out. + +Let me write that down. + +So they have a particular +iteration procedure. + +It's not always guaranteed to +make a connected unfolding, is + +the troubling part. + +I think it will converge, +but the challenge + +is to find an infinite +sequence of examples + +like this one, that form +a connected polygon, that + +would limit to the fractal. + +They have that instance. + +They have another instance +which is very, very good. + +This is the error. + +But we don't yet know +whether there are infinitely + +many examples the converge all +the way to some fractal set. + +So that is a state +of the fractal. + +Next we have a +question about boxes. + +When that lecture was +given, it was open + +whether there was a common +unfolding of three boxes. + +That problem is now solved. + +There's two papers +about this topic. + +The first one we wrote together. + +And this is just +a fun example, not + +yet related to the +three box problem, + +but you may recall there +were some unfoldings of two + +boxes where one was 45 +degrees to the other. + +This was the +challenge of making it + +not 45 degrees, something else. + +And here it's a 3 by 1 +triangle that is the axis. + +So you end up with root 10, root +of 3 squared plus 1 squared. + +So that's still two boxes, +but at least at a funny angle. + +And this was actually +found computationally, + +with an integer linear +program for this. + +Integer linear +programming-- set up + +the problem of which pixels +are in and which pixels are out + +in this representation, +and could you + +fit-- we started with +these parameters. + +You have to be very +careful about how + +you choose the numbers to +make the surface areas match. + +So we just chose that +by hand, and then tried + +to find whether there +was such a thing. + +You could formulate that as +an integer linear program. + +It's not guaranteed +to be solvable + +especially efficiently, but +this one we found a solution. + +For fun we also turned it into +a puzzle, where we were just + +modified the boundaries +in corresponding ways, + +so now finding either folding +is actually pretty challenging. + +Well, one of them's +probably easy, + +but the off center +one is challenging. + +But this paper also had +a first kind of solution + +to the three box problem. + +So this is one net-- it's +a grid unfolding, even-- + +and it folds into 1 by 1 by 5, +1 by 2 by 3, and 0 by 1 by 11. + +So this is a flat box, a +doubly covered rectangle. + +It's also not technically +a grid unfolding-- we're + +cutting in the middle +of a pixel, here. + +But if you just refine by 2 +and call this 0 by 2 by 22, + +2 by 4 by 6 and then +2 by 2 by 10, then + +this is a grid unfolding. + +I don't know if you care +whether it's a grid unfolding, + +but you can make +it one if you want. + +So this is the first +solution, and this is actually + +found by computer search. + +This came from a long +series of research + +in the two box problem. + +We started by looking at +all common unfoldings of 1 + +by 1 by 5, 1 by 2 by 3, and +then saw whether any of them + +folded in to 0 by one by 11. + +So the just for fun, +the way that search + +was done-- which is +in the same paper-- + +is essentially to try to +construct incrementally + +a common unfolding +of those two polygons + +so they both have +surface area 22. + +The idea is, you start +with a single pixel + +and you say, oh, a single +pixel can fit on both surfaces. + +Then you try all possible +ways to add a second pixel, + +and make sure that at +all times the thing + +you have is a partial +unfolding of both shapes. + +So that way you +get to throw away + +anything that's +guaranteed to be bad, + +that won't fit on either shape. + +And so as you grow your polygon, +you get more and more options. + +So the max we get to +here is about 5 million + +common partial +unfoldings of size 17. + +And for comparison, +the total number + +of ways to build +polyominals of size 17-- + +this is only looking +at grid unfoldings-- + +so all possible polyominals +of size 17 is 10 times that. + +So we're getting a +lot of savings in time + +by throwing away things that are +not common partial unfoldings. + +And then, conveniently, +things start getting smaller. + +You get to throw away +more and more stuff, + +and you end up with only 2,263 +common unfoldings of these two + +shapes, top. + +And surprisingly, exactly +one of them folds into a 0 + +by 1 by 11 box. + +So this is unique for +these three parameters. + +And unfortunately +that's kind of the limit + +of how far we could easily +go with a computer search. + +And we could maybe get +a little bit bigger, + +but it seemed like +we were not going + +to be able to find three +boxes just by computer search + +if we wanted a non-flat example, +because numbers are just + +going to have to get +bigger, and we're + +not to be able to do this +enumeration procedure. + +So we need to think, +instead of computer search. + +Before we get to that, +one other fun result + +we got from thinking is, if you +allow these flat doubly covered + +rectangles, there's one +polygon, namely a long strip, + +that will fold into arbitrarily +many distinct rectangles. + +So if you take a long strip, +you can do this zigzag pattern. + +In this case it's height 2, and +you alternate covered on top, + +covered on the bottom, covered +on top, covered on the bottom, + +and you turn around +and do the same. + +And if provided your dimensions +are properly divisible, + +this will make a doubly +covered rectangle of this size. + +And you could also +do it with-- this + +is height 1, height 2, +height 3, and so on. + +In general , if you have and l +by one strip you can make about + +l different rectangles, +depending on how you choose + +your angle to be one +of some integer thing. + +So that's cool. + +If you allow doubly +covered things, + +then you can actually +make many, many boxes. + +If you really want +3D boxes, that's + +where the next paper comes in. + +So next paper is about three +different orthogonal boxes, + +all not flat. + +It's by Shirakawa +and Uehara again. + +And here's one of the solutions. + +So this one polygon is a grid +unfolding-- folds into a 7 + +by 8 by 14, a 2 by 4 by +43, and a 2 by 13 by 16. + +And this is almost certainly +beyond what we could ever + +do by computer search, +by just exhaustion. + +This is found using human +intelligence, and this grid + +pattern. + +And they have another example. + +This one falls into 2 by 13 by +58, 7 by 14 by 38, and 7 by 56. + +This is actually-- this a +little more complicated, + +or a little bigger, +I should say. + +They're both based on a +common principle, which + +is to start from a solution +to the two box problem + +and then modify it +to make three boxes. + +So this is a common unfolding +event a by b by 8a box, + +and an a by two a +by 2a plus 3b box + +for, I think, for any +values of a and b. + +And essentially the way you +see that is, you either wrap it + +around this way, or you +wrap it around this way. + +I think that's how +the two foldings work. + +You have to figure out which +of these lines to keep, + +and which ones to throw. + +I haven't color coded them here. + +But that's a general +thing that's known before. + +I think maybe we +even saw in lecture + +this-- there was an example +where you could just repeat, + +and get infinitely many +examples of two different boxes. + +Now we want to modify it to +make three different boxes, + +or to add a third box. + +It's not known how to do a +fourth box of nonzero volume. + +So the basic idea, +which doesn't work, + +is following-- if +I built some box, + +and I slit it in this +sort of h pattern, + +and then I refold +it to be like this, + +I should get a different box. + +That would be really cool. + +The problem is, if +you look at what + +lengths have to +be equal for this. + +So these two lengths end +up being these two lengths, + +so those sums must be equal. + +And over here that +same length must + +equal the two +heights of the boxes. + +That implies that actually +this length equals this length, + +and so this is +actually a square. + +It's drawn here magically +to not be squares, + +but in fact they +must be squares, + +so it's good example +of misleading figure. + +Think about it as like, oh, +man, they have to be squares. + +That means you're converting +a 2 by 1 rectangle to a 1 + +by 2 rectangle. + +And that's really not +going to change anything. + +You just rotated your +box, which is frustrating. + +Fortunately, there's a +tweak to make it work. + +The tweak is, you add wiggly +tabs and you refold things. + +So this is a-- in terms of +the grid, here, we've got an 8 + +by 7 rectangle +originally on this face. + +We do all these cuts +that are in bold, + +and then when we refold we +also add in these dash creases. + +That's kind of +part of the magic. + +And we end up with +a 2 by 13 rectangle. + +These don't even have +the same surface area. + +Some of the material got +moved into the adjacent sides. + +But if you stare +at it long enough, + +this is a valid transformation +of an existing box. + +Now, of course, the challenge +is to get this trick + +to work with this +unfolding of two boxes. + +And it'll be really +nice if you could + +make it work for +both the boxes, then + +you'd get four boxes, total. + +We don't know how to do that. + +But with this particular +augmentation-- + +so, same picture, particular +values of a and b chosen here, + +but these extra tabs and +pockets are put in there. + +Then we get a common +unfolding of three boxes. + +And you can see from +the numbers here you've + +got the 2 by 13 and +the 7 by 8 appearing, + +And this comes from +the other folding. + +So, pretty cool, right? + +And the same gadget +is being used + +in this the first +example I showed you, + +which is a somewhat smaller one. + +Again you get 7 by +8 here, and 2 by 13. + +So, this is how we +know how to do boxes. + +Now, in fact, there +are infinitely + +many examples along these lines. + +You can change that grid. + +Parities have to be right and +maintain some proportions, + +but there are lots of +examples of taking that grid, + +applying it to this net, and +then you get these three boxes. + +For any integer, k greater +or equal to zero will work. + +And so you get a nice infinite +series of examples, I think. + +The rough ratios are almost +the same, but-- is that right? + +No, no, actually they're +changing the proportions. + +You've got k, 4k, 16k, versus +4k, 4k, 7k, versus 4k, k, 4k. + +So-- sorry? + +Oh, 4k, 2k, and 24k, +sorry-- and this is 32. + +Yeah, sorry. + +I need to expand on that that. + +So, pretty cool, and +this is the state + +of the art of common unfoldings. + +Next open problem is for +non-zero volume boxes. + +Can you prove that 100 nonzero +volume boxes are impossible? + +Who knows. + +Maybe even four or +five is impossible. + +It seems pretty tricky. + +OK, I have one more +question, which + +is about the smooth +unfolding stuff. + +I call this a limit, and there's +this is issue about the area. + +So I want to go into this. + +Remember this picture-- we +take a smooth prismatoid, which + +is two convex-- not +polygons, but two convex + +bodies, parallel. + +Take the convex hull. + +You get the smooth surface. + +And then we unfold +it in the volcano way + +of taking every rib +here, every rule line, + +and developing it out flat. + +And when you do that, +you take the union + +of the ribs and the +unfolding, does not + +have the same area as +the original surface + +area of the polyhedron, +which seems a little weird. + +Sometimes we might call I +might have called this a limit. + +It's not really a limit +of the discrete case. + +And this is why we don't know +how to solve the discrete case, + +and yet, we can solve +the smooth case. + +The issue is, if you wanted +to form this structure + +as a limit of +discrete prismatoids, + +you want to subdivide this +into a very fine polygon, + +subdivide this into +a very fine polygon, + +and then try to unfold +those discreetly, + +and then take the limit as +you take finer and finer, + +closer and closer approximations +of the smooth things + +as polygons. + +It really depends how you +discretize-- maybe one way + +to think about that +is, if I start here + +and I do uniform spacing +from this point-- + +or I do it from this, point or +from this point-- each of those + +is going to have a different-- +it's going to capture + +a somewhat different +discrete structure. + +I think the way to +think about that + +is, the gaps will be spread +out in different ways. + +If I always cut here, +there will always + +be a gap incident to that point, +whereas if I always cut here, + +there will always be a gap +incident to this point, + +and not necessarily +at this point. + +Depending on your +discrete approximation, + +you'll get a very +different unfolded diagram. + +You're going to +get holes out here, + +because when you do +the discrete thing, + +the discrete thing +does preserve area. + +And yet, you imagine, as +you take the limit somehow + +the area jumps at the end. + +That shouldn't happen for a +limit, so this is not a limit. + +What happens is, you have +many different limit points + +depending on your +discrete representation. + +And this green +thing is essentially + +the union of all +those limit points. + +When you take the +union, the area goes up. + +That's essentially +what's going on here. + +That's my best interpretation. + +But yeah, shouldn't +use the word limit. + +OK that's it for +questions, unless there + +are other questions +about this or anything + +we talked about in lecture. + +So the next topic I want to +talk about-- this is a bonus, + +extra topic hasn't been +covered in this class before, + +but I've always wanted to. + +I think there was a final +project about it once. + +It's this guy, +Theo Jansen, and he + +builds these crazy +linkage structures. + +And the next two classes are +about protein folding, which + +is more on the linkage +folding aspect, and so + +thought it'd be fun +to transition over. + +Maybe first I'll +just show you some. + +These are two kits you can +buy of his constructions. + +This guy-- I will blow. + +[BLOWS] + +This guy's on here. + +If I turn this guy, +he walks-- and walks + +pretty elegantly if I +turn this very uniformly. + +It's pretty cool. + +It can walk both directions. + +It's also unpowered. + +You blow it, and it works. + +Here's another example. + +You see just the legs. + +It's more clearly a linkage, +although this is actually + +just implementing +the same linkage. + +It's just got some thicker-- +filled in some rigid triangles + +here. + +[BLOWS] + +This is fun, because the +wind's going in one direction, + +and the guy's going in +the opposite direction. + +Here it's going in the +direction of the wind. + +Here it's going +perpendicular to the wind. + +[BLOWS] + +A little bit slower, though. + +I'll just manually +turn this guy. + +Is he going a little faster? + +So it's got really +cool leg mechanism. + +Looks almost like an animal. + +Theo calls these his +children, his animals. + +His goal is for them +to be self sufficient + +and to live on their +own in the beach. + +How many people have +seen his TED Talk? + +A few people. + +You should watch it. + +I'm not going to show it +here, because some people have + +seen it. + +He has this vision. + +He makes them all out of PVC. + +These are just injection molded +plastic kits which you can buy. + +They're super cool. + +Let me show you the bigger ones. + +This is living on the beach. + +At this point they're +not self sufficient, + +he has to correct +them occasionally. . + +But this guy's just walking +in the direction of the wind. + +I think here the wind slows down +a little bit, so lose momentum, + +then picks up. + +He does this in the Netherlands. + +He's got this crazy beach. + +Here's a much bigger one. + +It's got a lot more wind +collectors at the top. + +So these are all self powered. + +Originally he pushed them +along, but now they've + +learned to move by themselves. + +And very cool legs-- I want +to talk more about the leg + +linkage, because that's +the more mathematical part. + +So this is his original +drawing of the leg. + +It's a pretty simple idea. + +It's a pretty simple linkage. + +You've got a quadrilateral +here, 4 bar linkage, C-K-J-B, + +and you've got a rigid +triangle attached here. + +Then another quadrilateral +here, and then a rigid triangle + +at the bottom. + +So it's really just +two quadrilaterals + +connected by two +rigid triangles. + +And so it's a one degree +of freedom mechanism. + +As you flex this +quad, this one has + +to adapt because that +quad controls all three + +of these points because +of the rigid triangles, + +and so the fourth +one is determined. + +And then the crank is here. + +So this says vaste printer, +which means fixed points. + +So you've got these +two fixed points-- + +this is actually also fixed. + +This is just an x to y ratio. + +So these two guys are +pinned, and this guy + +is rotating around this fixed +point-- that's the actuation, + +and that causes this +quadrilateral to fold. + +We are basically setting the +center of rotation of this guy + +relative to this +guy by measuring + +these lengths, a and l. + +He has these numbers, which +he calls the 11 holy numbers. + +It's a little cause because +there's actually 13 of them. + +There are 11 edge +lengths, and then there's + +these two, which are +not really edge lengths. + +It's just a measurement of how +to put the center of rotation + +relative to this guy. + +And the reason why +x and y matter here + +is because there's actually +a floor at the bottom, + +and you have to orient yourself +correctly relative to the floor + +so you can actually walk. + +So he found these numbers +by genetic algorithm. + +In the early days there +weren't-- I guess, + +before there were a lot of +genetic algorithms around. + +So he tried lots of +different values, + +simulated them on +the computer, found + +which ones walked +best, basically. + +Ones that were walking well +in various kinds of terrain + +would survive to +the next generation, + +try various random +mutations, perturbing + +all of these numbers, and +eventually finding this set + +to be especially +good in simulation, + +and that's what all of the +built linkages are based on. + +This is his computer +drawing, plus some markings + +on top of it. + +If you take this linkage +and go through the one + +degree of freedom, +this point, of course, + +moves along a circle. + +Then we're just drawing lots of +instances on top of each other. + +The foot-- this +guy down here moves + +in this pattern, +which is pretty cool. + +This is basically lifting +your foot up off the ground, + +pushing it down, and then +dragging along the floor. + +That's how you walk, +if you think about it. + +You push and propel +yourself forward. + +So this scraping +along the floor, + +if you've got a +high friction foot, + +will actually move you forward. + +In some sense, all of this +design-- and the one way + +you would choose +these numbers-- is + +to guarantee that +A- you get lift, + +because if you have non-uniform +terrain, you want to walk. + +He likes to call this mechanism +better than the wheel. + +It's like every invention +of something like the wheel, + +but even better because +wheels don't really + +work if you have +steps on the ground. + +Walking is superior, +cause you could + +walk over bumps and steps +and things like that. + +So you want a good +amount of lift, + +and then you want a good +amount, and ideally-- you + +can kind of see this here. + +These are uniformly spaced +as you rotate around, + +and these are all-- +they look uniformly + +spaced on the bottom, +which means you're applying + +uniform force all along +the floor contact. + +It's not uniform here, but +it's uniform down here, mostly. + +It's not actually straight +in the true mechanism. + +I think this is another +drawing, two other people's + +drawings of the same mechanism. + +Here the triangles +have been filled in + +to be-- I think this is a +design for a metal version. + +And then this is a +mathematical simulation. + +Again, uniformly spaced +rotary cranking here. + +You get to see the spacing +of the points here. + +So it's moving a little +bit faster over the lift, + +and then pushing down and +spending a fair amount of time + +here, and pretty uniformly +applying . force. + +Also not completely flat. + +It looks like it's +convex-- in fact + +there's a little +upward dip here. + +But it's pretty good, pretty +straight, and a really good + +walking mechanism, possibly +the best within this family. + +Depends how you define +best, of course. + +And here's a fun +animation of how + +the parts of the linkage and +adding multiple legs, which + +is I wanted to show it. + +So you start with +one 4 bar mechanism. + +These are probably not quite +the right lengths, but close. + +You add two rigid +triangles it's a little + +add another quadrilateral on +there you see the spitting + +part offset relative to +that and then here you + +get the trajectory of the foot. + +And you see on a terrain how +it would move you forward, + +especially if you have +multiple legs, then one of them + +is always in contact so +you're moving forward. + +And then if you want +to be even cooler, + +you go to three dimensions, +use even more legs. + +And you have a little +crank in the center that + +offsets the timing of the feet +so they're all sporadically + +moving, and that's +essentially what's + +going on in this structure +where they're nicely, + +evenly distributed. + +There's a central +crank here that + +just offsets the timing +of all these feet, + +and it's super cool. + +I mean, some ways +the coolest part + +is how it looks like a +real animal walking-- + +the funny timing, and the +way you lift and then spend + +most your time with a foot +on the ground, and so on. + +So, fun stuff. + +Let's see. + +Of course, other +people have tried + +to improve it in various ways. + +There's a couple of papers +proposing alternate walking + +linkage mechanisms. + +This is the Theo +Jansen version, this + +is another version by Ghassaei. + +And it's actually a +simpler linkage, just + +a 4 bar linkage over here too +rigid triangles and another 4 + +bar linkage. + +I guess roughly the +same number of parts + +but, I think, one fewer +edge if I counted correctly, + +just because of the +way they're combined. + +And some fun things as you get-- +this is the foot pattern down + +here, still has a nice straight +part, looks pretty uniform, + +speeds up for the lift. + +Does not lift as high-- this one +has a 30 percent higher step, + +which is considered better. + +You could move over +rougher terrain. + +This one has other Jansen's +has other advantages, + +like if you have two of +them in the same plane + +they will not collide +with each other. + +Two legs reflected +around each other. + +This one, they would collide. + +You have to move them +to separate planes. + +But some fun things +here as you get + +that this foot pattern is +symmetric, down the y-axis, + +and you get much less +variation in the height, + +sort of more uniform, +and a little less + +velocity variation on the +stride part, the walking. + +And then the other +thing, which I + +think was the main +purpose of the design, + +was that the center of +mass of the whole structure + +doesn't move very much. + +The blue dots here +are the center + +of mass over the motion +of the Jansen mechanism. + +And this one, the blue dots are +much smaller areas, 85% less + +movement. + +I'm not sure of the exact +definition of 85% there. + +This should be, if you were +like riding on the thing, + +you should feel less +wobble, in principle. + +They did build one of these +out of PVC tubing as well, + +but I haven't seen any video +so I don't know how it looks. + +Be kind of neat to see + +So this is a two fat +example, apparently. + +Said this one was over eating, +and so it tends to fall over. + +So it's a challenge to get +these things to work and you-- + +I can't imagine how many hours +he spends building these, + +and then for one of +them to not live. + +He does things like, he'll +run these experiments. + +Like genetic algorithms +is one thing, + +but he'll do the +real genetics thing + +of building lots of +different variations, + +put them on the sand, see +which one goes the fastest. + +The other ones he kills. + +The one who went was +the fastest survives + +to the next generation. + +But each experiment must +take hours and hours-- + +really impressive. + +So there are issues in +getting these things to work, + +and just having the leg +mechanism is one thing. + +These guys have a lot of +very interesting mechanisms + +beyond the legs, in order to-- +they're sensors, essentially. + +They're purely mechanical-- +there's no electronics here + +that are physical, I should say. + +There are sensors to detect +things like the wind direction. + +Recently we had the honor of +co-exhibiting with Theo Jansen. + +So this is some of our curve +crease paper folding in this, + +or some of his structures. + +Some of these small kits and +photographs of his larger ones + +were at this show in Stonybrook, +New York, earlier this year. + +It's kind of fun. + +And while we're on the +topic of kinetic sculpture, + +I have to show Arthur Ganson. + +It's funny, Ganson and +Jensen are so close. + +This is our local kinetic +expert-- kinetic sculpture + +expert. + +These are four examples +I took from the web, + +but all of these examples +and many, many more + +at the MIT Museum. + +If you haven't seen +his exhibit, you must. + +He hand builds lots +of gears and cranks, + +and uses them to +build crazy things. + +This is called the +self-oiling machine. + +it just grabbed a +bunch of oil and it' + +about to pour all +that oil onto itself. + +It's really gross. + +There it goes, pour-- and +should never get rusty. + +This is a very simple mechanism +that's just the random and cool + +how the changes kind of +move, wiggles around. + +It's a force to be +planar, essentially + +because of that chain. + +This one-- you've got various +handmade gears and so on, + +and hand cut pieces of rough +paper, to make them fly. + +And this is another beautiful, +relatively simple one. + +You've got a big counterweight +to make this chair almost zero + +weight, and then there's +a little cat here + +that's just rigid and +going back and forth + +and it causes that chair to +dance around in very cool ways. + +It's pretty amazing. + +He lives locally, and has made +a huge array of sculptures, + +one which I don't have a video +of, which is a lot of fun, + +is just-- there's a +big crank, and then + +a series of like 20 +to 1 gear reductions, + +and at the other end +the turning element + +is in a solid block of concrete. + +And there's some +computation, like it'll + +take 100,000 years before that +before it turns that concrete + +around, which it can't do. + +Initially the gears +are going pretty fast, + +and then, slower +and slower, and then + +you just can't see them +for like five iterations + +and then it's +wedged into concrete + +It's a fun, practical example-- +practical Anyway, lots + +of very cool kinetic sculpture +and all somehow based + +around linkages although not +necessarily strictly following + +our definition. + +And next week we'll be +talking about protein folding. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/nwpzBE9IwJQ.txt b/nwpzBE9IwJQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f842e8344c4789b706de8ed273bc9550cb45bca3 --- /dev/null +++ b/nwpzBE9IwJQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1195 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the arguments that we just reviewed for + + align:start position:0% +the arguments that we just reviewed for + + + align:start position:0% +the arguments that we just reviewed for +proofing inclusion/exclusion by looking + + align:start position:0% +proofing inclusion/exclusion by looking + + + align:start position:0% +proofing inclusion/exclusion by looking +at how many times points are counted can + + align:start position:0% +at how many times points are counted can + + + align:start position:0% +at how many times points are counted can +be made perfectly rigorous in fact we'll + + align:start position:0% +be made perfectly rigorous in fact we'll + + + align:start position:0% +be made perfectly rigorous in fact we'll +do that in a later segment but it's + + align:start position:0% +do that in a later segment but it's + + + align:start position:0% +do that in a later segment but it's +interesting and good practice to realize + + align:start position:0% +interesting and good practice to realize + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and good practice to realize +that they can also be proved just from + + align:start position:0% +that they can also be proved just from + + + align:start position:0% +that they can also be proved just from +some simple set theoretic identities + + align:start position:0% +some simple set theoretic identities + + + align:start position:0% +some simple set theoretic identities +using the ordinary disjoint sum rule so + + align:start position:0% +using the ordinary disjoint sum rule so + + + align:start position:0% +using the ordinary disjoint sum rule so +um how am I going to prove the inclusion + + align:start position:0% +um how am I going to prove the inclusion + + + align:start position:0% +um how am I going to prove the inclusion +exclusion principle for two sets a union + + align:start position:0% +exclusion principle for two sets a union + + + align:start position:0% +exclusion principle for two sets a union +B is the size of a union B is the size + + align:start position:0% +B is the size of a union B is the size + + + align:start position:0% +B is the size of a union B is the size +of a plus the size of B minus the size + + align:start position:0% +of a plus the size of B minus the size + + + align:start position:0% +of a plus the size of B minus the size +of a intersection B then the idea is + + align:start position:0% +of a intersection B then the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +of a intersection B then the idea is +just break up of a union B into disjoint + + align:start position:0% +just break up of a union B into disjoint + + + align:start position:0% +just break up of a union B into disjoint +sets because once they're disjoint sets + + align:start position:0% +sets because once they're disjoint sets + + + align:start position:0% +sets because once they're disjoint sets +I can add up their sizes so if we look + + align:start position:0% +I can add up their sizes so if we look + + + align:start position:0% +I can add up their sizes so if we look +at a union B a union B can be expressed + + align:start position:0% +at a union B a union B can be expressed + + + align:start position:0% +at a union B a union B can be expressed +as the union of two disjoint sets namely + + align:start position:0% +as the union of two disjoint sets namely + + + align:start position:0% +as the union of two disjoint sets namely +a the round blue circle and what's left + + align:start position:0% +a the round blue circle and what's left + + + align:start position:0% +a the round blue circle and what's left +the points in B that are not in a so + + align:start position:0% +the points in B that are not in a so + + + align:start position:0% +the points in B that are not in a so +this lighter orange colored region so a + + align:start position:0% +this lighter orange colored region so a + + + align:start position:0% +this lighter orange colored region so a +and B Union and B minus a so these are + + align:start position:0% +and B Union and B minus a so these are + + + align:start position:0% +and B Union and B minus a so these are +the points in a and these are the points + + align:start position:0% +the points in a and these are the points + + + align:start position:0% +the points in a and these are the points +that are in B that are not in a are two + + align:start position:0% +that are in B that are not in a are two + + + align:start position:0% +that are in B that are not in a are two +disjoint sets whose union is a union B + + align:start position:0% +disjoint sets whose union is a union B + + + align:start position:0% +disjoint sets whose union is a union B +that means that I know the size of this + + align:start position:0% +that means that I know the size of this + + + align:start position:0% +that means that I know the size of this +it's just the size of a plus the size of + + align:start position:0% +it's just the size of a plus the size of + + + align:start position:0% +it's just the size of a plus the size of +B minus a because they're disjoint so we + + align:start position:0% +B minus a because they're disjoint so we + + + align:start position:0% +B minus a because they're disjoint so we +conclude by the sum rule that the size + + align:start position:0% +conclude by the sum rule that the size + + + align:start position:0% +conclude by the sum rule that the size +of a union B is equal to the size of a + + align:start position:0% +of a union B is equal to the size of a + + + align:start position:0% +of a union B is equal to the size of a +plus the size of B minus a so now I need + + align:start position:0% +plus the size of B minus a so now I need + + + align:start position:0% +plus the size of B minus a so now I need +a little lemma that says that the size + + align:start position:0% +a little lemma that says that the size + + + align:start position:0% +a little lemma that says that the size +of B minus a is the size of B minus the + + align:start position:0% +of B minus a is the size of B minus the + + + align:start position:0% +of B minus a is the size of B minus the +size of a intersection B if I get that + + align:start position:0% +size of a intersection B if I get that + + + align:start position:0% +size of a intersection B if I get that +then I've proved inclusion exclusion + + align:start position:0% +then I've proved inclusion exclusion + + + align:start position:0% +then I've proved inclusion exclusion +because now I have a plus B minus a + + align:start position:0% +because now I have a plus B minus a + + + align:start position:0% +because now I have a plus B minus a +intersection B so we need a lemma the + + align:start position:0% +intersection B so we need a lemma the + + + align:start position:0% +intersection B so we need a lemma the +lemma says that the size of B minus a is + + align:start position:0% +lemma says that the size of B minus a is + + + align:start position:0% +lemma says that the size of B minus a is +equal to the size of B minus the size of + + align:start position:0% +equal to the size of B minus the size of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the size of B minus the size of +a intersection B so you were back to the + + align:start position:0% +a intersection B so you were back to the + + + align:start position:0% +a intersection B so you were back to the +Venn diagram a is blue B is reddish and + + align:start position:0% +Venn diagram a is blue B is reddish and + + + align:start position:0% +Venn diagram a is blue B is reddish and +the intersection recent region that + + align:start position:0% +the intersection recent region that + + + align:start position:0% +the intersection recent region that +lens-shaped region is shown in purple + + align:start position:0% +lens-shaped region is shown in purple + + + align:start position:0% +lens-shaped region is shown in purple +and we want to prove this lemma well + + align:start position:0% +and we want to prove this lemma well + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to prove this lemma well +again um what we can do is look at UM + + align:start position:0% +again um what we can do is look at UM + + + align:start position:0% +again um what we can do is look at UM +the set be broken up into two pieces B + + align:start position:0% +the set be broken up into two pieces B + + + align:start position:0% +the set be broken up into two pieces B +can be expressed as a disjoint union of + + align:start position:0% +can be expressed as a disjoint union of + + + align:start position:0% +can be expressed as a disjoint union of +the part of B that's in a union the part + + align:start position:0% +the part of B that's in a union the part + + + align:start position:0% +the part of B that's in a union the part +of me that's not in a that is for any + + align:start position:0% +of me that's not in a that is for any + + + align:start position:0% +of me that's not in a that is for any +set B and any set a B is equal to a the + + align:start position:0% +set B and any set a B is equal to a the + + + align:start position:0% +set B and any set a B is equal to a the +B points that are in a and the B points + + align:start position:0% +B points that are in a and the B points + + + align:start position:0% +B points that are in a and the B points +that are not in a covers all the cases + + align:start position:0% +that are not in a covers all the cases + + + align:start position:0% +that are not in a covers all the cases +and this again is a disjoint Union so we + + align:start position:0% +and this again is a disjoint Union so we + + + align:start position:0% +and this again is a disjoint Union so we +conclude immediately that from the sum + + align:start position:0% +conclude immediately that from the sum + + + align:start position:0% +conclude immediately that from the sum +rule that the size of B is equal to the + + align:start position:0% +rule that the size of B is equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +rule that the size of B is equal to the +size of B intersection a plus the size + + align:start position:0% +size of B intersection a plus the size + + + align:start position:0% +size of B intersection a plus the size +of B minus a and then just transposing + + align:start position:0% +of B minus a and then just transposing + + + align:start position:0% +of B minus a and then just transposing +this term for the size of B minus a to + + align:start position:0% +this term for the size of B minus a to + + + align:start position:0% +this term for the size of B minus a to +the left-hand side of the equality I've + + align:start position:0% +the left-hand side of the equality I've + + + align:start position:0% +the left-hand side of the equality I've +proven the lemma and we're done now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inclusion/exclusion for three sets we've + + align:start position:0% +inclusion/exclusion for three sets we've + + + align:start position:0% +inclusion/exclusion for three sets we've +said before it's this slightly more + + align:start position:0% +said before it's this slightly more + + + align:start position:0% +said before it's this slightly more +complicated thing where you've got a sum + + align:start position:0% +complicated thing where you've got a sum + + + align:start position:0% +complicated thing where you've got a sum +of the of the intersections of one set + + align:start position:0% +of the of the intersections of one set + + + align:start position:0% +of the of the intersections of one set +minus the size of the sizes of the + + align:start position:0% +minus the size of the sizes of the + + + align:start position:0% +minus the size of the sizes of the +intersections of two of two sets plus + + align:start position:0% +intersections of two of two sets plus + + + align:start position:0% +intersections of two of two sets plus +the size of the intersection of three + + align:start position:0% +the size of the intersection of three + + + align:start position:0% +the size of the intersection of three +sets and that generalizes to the + + align:start position:0% +sets and that generalizes to the + + + align:start position:0% +sets and that generalizes to the +following somewhat messy formula but + + align:start position:0% +following somewhat messy formula but + + + align:start position:0% +following somewhat messy formula but +let's look at it closely together if I + + align:start position:0% +let's look at it closely together if I + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at it closely together if I +want to know what's the size of a 1 + + align:start position:0% +want to know what's the size of a 1 + + + align:start position:0% +want to know what's the size of a 1 +through a n if I have n sets potentially + + align:start position:0% +through a n if I have n sets potentially + + + align:start position:0% +through a n if I have n sets potentially +overlapping a 1 a 2 through a n and I + + align:start position:0% +overlapping a 1 a 2 through a n and I + + + align:start position:0% +overlapping a 1 a 2 through a n and I +want their Union and I I can express the + + align:start position:0% +want their Union and I I can express the + + + align:start position:0% +want their Union and I I can express the +union of them in terms of a sum of sizes + + align:start position:0% +union of them in terms of a sum of sizes + + + align:start position:0% +union of them in terms of a sum of sizes +of intersections and here's the formula + + align:start position:0% +of intersections and here's the formula + + + align:start position:0% +of intersections and here's the formula +let's read this slowly together so this + + align:start position:0% +let's read this slowly together so this + + + align:start position:0% +let's read this slowly together so this +is a sum over every possible subset of + + align:start position:0% +is a sum over every possible subset of + + + align:start position:0% +is a sum over every possible subset of +the indices 1 through n that's not empty + + align:start position:0% +the indices 1 through n that's not empty + + + align:start position:0% +the indices 1 through n that's not empty +so this sum is ranging over s and it can + + align:start position:0% +so this sum is ranging over s and it can + + + align:start position:0% +so this sum is ranging over s and it can +do it in any order it's typical to write + + align:start position:0% +do it in any order it's typical to write + + + align:start position:0% +do it in any order it's typical to write +the the somewhere you sum up first of + + align:start position:0% +the the somewhere you sum up first of + + + align:start position:0% +the the somewhere you sum up first of +all the sets of size s of size 1 and + + align:start position:0% +all the sets of size s of size 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +all the sets of size s of size 1 and +then sum up all the sets s of size 2 and + + align:start position:0% +then sum up all the sets s of size 2 and + + + align:start position:0% +then sum up all the sets s of size 2 and +so on but that's not necessary we just + + align:start position:0% +so on but that's not necessary we just + + + align:start position:0% +so on but that's not necessary we just +sum in any order for every subset of the + + align:start position:0% +sum in any order for every subset of the + + + align:start position:0% +sum in any order for every subset of the +indices the intersection + + align:start position:0% +indices the intersection + + + align:start position:0% +indices the intersection +are the size of the intersection of the + + align:start position:0% +are the size of the intersection of the + + + align:start position:0% +are the size of the intersection of the +AIS that are in this set of indices + + align:start position:0% +AIS that are in this set of indices + + + align:start position:0% +AIS that are in this set of indices +specified by s so this is just the + + align:start position:0% +specified by s so this is just the + + + align:start position:0% +specified by s so this is just the +intersection of those days that s + + align:start position:0% +intersection of those days that s + + + align:start position:0% +intersection of those days that s +specifies now what's the the sign of + + align:start position:0% +specifies now what's the the sign of + + + align:start position:0% +specifies now what's the the sign of +that of that size of intersection as we + + align:start position:0% +that of that size of intersection as we + + + align:start position:0% +that of that size of intersection as we +said if it's of odd size I want it to + + align:start position:0% +said if it's of odd size I want it to + + + align:start position:0% +said if it's of odd size I want it to +count positively so if I take minus 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +count positively so if I take minus 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +count positively so if I take minus 1/2 +the odd size plus 1 I get an even power + + align:start position:0% +the odd size plus 1 I get an even power + + + align:start position:0% +the odd size plus 1 I get an even power +of minus 1 so it comes out to be 1 if on + + align:start position:0% +of minus 1 so it comes out to be 1 if on + + + align:start position:0% +of minus 1 so it comes out to be 1 if on +the other hand the size of s is even so + + align:start position:0% +the other hand the size of s is even so + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand the size of s is even so +I'm taking an intersection of an even + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking an intersection of an even + + + align:start position:0% +I'm taking an intersection of an even +number of sets then this number to the + + align:start position:0% +number of sets then this number to the + + + align:start position:0% +number of sets then this number to the +plus 1 is odd I'm taking minus 1 to an + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 is odd I'm taking minus 1 to an + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 is odd I'm taking minus 1 to an +odd power and sure enough I'm getting + + align:start position:0% +odd power and sure enough I'm getting + + + align:start position:0% +odd power and sure enough I'm getting +the negative sign on all the + + align:start position:0% +the negative sign on all the + + + align:start position:0% +the negative sign on all the +intersections of odd size so that's what + + align:start position:0% +intersections of odd size so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +intersections of odd size so that's what +the this rather concise but hairy + + align:start position:0% +the this rather concise but hairy + + + align:start position:0% +the this rather concise but hairy +formula looks like here we have an + + align:start position:0% +formula looks like here we have an + + + align:start position:0% +formula looks like here we have an +intersection over the AIS where the AI + + align:start position:0% +intersection over the AIS where the AI + + + align:start position:0% +intersection over the AIS where the AI +is specified by the set s of indices and + + align:start position:0% +is specified by the set s of indices and + + + align:start position:0% +is specified by the set s of indices and +I sum up these terms over every possible + + align:start position:0% +I sum up these terms over every possible + + + align:start position:0% +I sum up these terms over every possible +non-empty set s that is the generalized + + align:start position:0% +non-empty set s that is the generalized + + + align:start position:0% +non-empty set s that is the generalized +form of inclusion exclusion for n sets + + align:start position:0% +form of inclusion exclusion for n sets + + + align:start position:0% +form of inclusion exclusion for n sets +all right now how do we prove this well + + align:start position:0% +all right now how do we prove this well + + + align:start position:0% +all right now how do we prove this well +as lots of ways to prove it the simplest + + align:start position:0% +as lots of ways to prove it the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +as lots of ways to prove it the simplest +ways to do actually by induction it's + + align:start position:0% +ways to do actually by induction it's + + + align:start position:0% +ways to do actually by induction it's +not very hard to do by induction you + + align:start position:0% +not very hard to do by induction you + + + align:start position:0% +not very hard to do by induction you +just use the to set version of inclusion + + align:start position:0% +just use the to set version of inclusion + + + align:start position:0% +just use the to set version of inclusion +exclusion which we've proved rigorously + + align:start position:0% +exclusion which we've proved rigorously + + + align:start position:0% +exclusion which we've proved rigorously +using the disjoint sum rule and you go + + align:start position:0% +using the disjoint sum rule and you go + + + align:start position:0% +using the disjoint sum rule and you go +from the union of the first n sets plus + + align:start position:0% +from the union of the first n sets plus + + + align:start position:0% +from the union of the first n sets plus +the end and apply the formula and + + align:start position:0% +the end and apply the formula and + + + align:start position:0% +the end and apply the formula and +simplify and that works fine the only + + align:start position:0% +simplify and that works fine the only + + + align:start position:0% +simplify and that works fine the only +problem with it is it's not really very + + align:start position:0% +problem with it is it's not really very + + + align:start position:0% +problem with it is it's not really very +informative if you prove the theorem all + + align:start position:0% +informative if you prove the theorem all + + + align:start position:0% +informative if you prove the theorem all +right as is frequently the case with + + align:start position:0% +right as is frequently the case with + + + align:start position:0% +right as is frequently the case with +induction proofs you have the right + + align:start position:0% +induction proofs you have the right + + + align:start position:0% +induction proofs you have the right +induction hypothesis the proof is kind + + align:start position:0% +induction hypothesis the proof is kind + + + align:start position:0% +induction hypothesis the proof is kind +of mechanical but you don't really learn + + align:start position:0% +of mechanical but you don't really learn + + + align:start position:0% +of mechanical but you don't really learn +much from it not always but in this case + + align:start position:0% +much from it not always but in this case + + + align:start position:0% +much from it not always but in this case +I don't think you do a second way to do + + align:start position:0% +I don't think you do a second way to do + + + align:start position:0% +I don't think you do a second way to do +it is by using the binomial theorem and + + align:start position:0% +it is by using the binomial theorem and + + + align:start position:0% +it is by using the binomial theorem and +Counting this is a way to make rigorous + + align:start position:0% +Counting this is a way to make rigorous + + + align:start position:0% +Counting this is a way to make rigorous +the argument that said ok we counted the + + align:start position:0% +the argument that said ok we counted the + + + align:start position:0% +the argument that said ok we counted the +in the intersection of two points in in + + align:start position:0% +in the intersection of two points in in + + + align:start position:0% +in the intersection of two points in in +the intersection of two things twice so + + align:start position:0% +the intersection of two things twice so + + + align:start position:0% +the intersection of two things twice so +we had to subtract them away and then + + align:start position:0% +we had to subtract them away and then + + + align:start position:0% +we had to subtract them away and then +that meant that we were not counting the + + align:start position:0% +that meant that we were not counting the + + + align:start position:0% +that meant that we were not counting the +things that were in the intersection of + + align:start position:0% +things that were in the intersection of + + + align:start position:0% +things that were in the intersection of +three not at all and so on and we've + + align:start position:0% +three not at all and so on and we've + + + align:start position:0% +three not at all and so on and we've +talked through that argument + + align:start position:0% +talked through that argument + + + align:start position:0% +talked through that argument +informally and I will do that in a next + + align:start position:0% +informally and I will do that in a next + + + align:start position:0% +informally and I will do that in a next +segment of making that argument a little + + align:start position:0% +segment of making that argument a little + + + align:start position:0% +segment of making that argument a little +bit more precise to prove the general + + align:start position:0% +bit more precise to prove the general + + + align:start position:0% +bit more precise to prove the general +theorem and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +algebra we can just look at a product of + + align:start position:0% +algebra we can just look at a product of + + + align:start position:0% +algebra we can just look at a product of +sums and understand how it expands into + + align:start position:0% +sums and understand how it expands into + + + align:start position:0% +sums and understand how it expands into +a sum of products by the distributive + + align:start position:0% +a sum of products by the distributive + + + align:start position:0% +a sum of products by the distributive +'ti law and that's worked out in a + + align:start position:0% +'ti law and that's worked out in a + + + align:start position:0% +'ti law and that's worked out in a +problem that is in the text and I'm not + + align:start position:0% +problem that is in the text and I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +problem that is in the text and I'm not +going to do that in a video \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/oLwZFBZylUw.txt b/oLwZFBZylUw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eaacb17f15cd1da5c8f9ede15e02e48da44f1132 --- /dev/null +++ b/oLwZFBZylUw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2759 @@ +YUFEI ZHAO: All +right, today we're + +going to start a new topic +an additive combinatorics. + +And this is a +fairly central topic + +having to do with the +structure of set addition. + +So the main players +that we're going + +to be seeing in this +chapter have to do with, + +if you start with a subset +of some obedient group + +under addition-- + +not necessarily finite. + +So the obedient +group that I'm going + +to keep in mind, the ones +that will come up generally + +are integers, z mod n or +the finite field model. + +We're going to be looking at +objects such as a sum set, so + +a plus b, meaning the set of +elements that can be written + +as a sum, where you +take one element + +from a and another from b. + +Likewise, you can also have +a minus b defined similarly, + +now taking a minus b. + +We can iterate this operation. + +So kA, so 2A, 3A, +4A, for instance, + +means I add A to +itself k times, not + +to be confused with a dilation, +which we'll denote by k dot A. + +So this is notation for +multiplying every element of A + +by the number k. + +So given a subset of integers +I can do these operations + +to the set. + +And I want to ask, how +does the size of the set + +change when I do +these operations? + +For example, what is the +largest or the smallest? + +So how large or small can A plus +A be for a given set size, A? + +So if I allow you +to use 10 elements, + +how can you make A plus +A as big as possible? + +And how can you make it +as small as possible? + +So this is not a hard question. + +How can you make it +as big as possible? + +So what's the +maximum size A plus A + +can be as a function of A? + +Well, I'm looking +at pairwise sums, + +so if there are no collisions +between different pairwise + +sums, this is as +large as possible. + +And then it's not hard to see +that the maximum possible is + +the size of A plus 1, choose 2. + +So since at most, +this many pairs + +and space possible if +all sums are distinct. + +So for example, in integers, +you can take 1, 2, 2 squared, + +and so on. + +So that will give you the span. + +The minimum possible +is also not too hard. + +We're allowed to work in +a general obedient group. + +So in that case, the minimum +could be just the size of A. + +The size is always at +least the size of A. + +And this is tight +if A is a subgroup. + +If you have a subgroup, then +it's closed under addition. + +So the set does not +expand under addition. + +In the integers, you don't +have any finite subgroups. + +So if I give you k integers, +what's the smallest, + +the sum set can be? + +AUDIENCE: 2k minus 1. + +YUFEI ZHAO: 2k minus 1, right? + +So the example is when you +have an arithmetic progression. + +So in integers, the +minimum is 2k minus 1. + +And it's achieved for an +arithmetic progression. + +So let me just give you the +one-line proof why you always + +have at least this +many elements, + +is if A has elements +sorted like this, + +then the following elements +are distinct in the sum set. + +So you start with +A plus A. And then + +you move A1 plus A2, A1 plus +A3, and so on, to A1 plus Ak. + +And then you move the +first element forward. + +OK, so here you already see +2k minus 1 distinct elements + +in A plus A. + +OK, so these are +fairly simple examples, + +fairly simple questions. + +So now let's get to some more +interesting questions, which + +is, what can you say +about a set if you know + +that it has small doubling? + +If it doesn't +expand by very much, + +what can you tell +me about the set? + +And for that, let me define the +notion of a doubling constant. + +So the doubling +constant of A is defined + +to be the number +which we often denote + +by k, the number obtained by +dividing the size of A plus A + +by the size of A. And we +would like to understand-- + +and this is the +main question that's + +addressed in the +upcoming lectures is, + +what is the structure of a set +with bounded doubling constant? + +So for instance, +think of k as fixed. + +Let's say k is 100. + +If you know a set has doubling +constant, at most, 100, + +what can you tell me about +the structure of the set? + +So that's the main question. + +Let me show you in a second +a few examples of sets + +the have bounded +doubling constant. + +So that's easy to check +that those examples indeed + +have bounded doubling constant. + +And what this +question amounts to + +is what is often known +as an inverse question. + +So it's an inverse +problem that asks + +you to describe in reverse-- + +so it's easy to check +in the upcoming examples + +that all of those examples +have bounded doubling constant. + +And what we want to +say is, in reverse, + +that if a set has bounded +doubling constant, + +then it must in some sense +look like one of our examples. + +It's the harder +inverse question. + +OK, so let me give you +some examples of sets + +with small doubling constant. + +One example we +already saw earlier + +is that if you have an +arithmetic progression. + +If you have an +arithmetic progression, + +then the size of +A plus A is always + +2 times the size of A minus 1. + +So the doubling constantly +is always, at most, 2. + +That's pretty small. + +That's as small as you can get +in arithmetic progressions is + +in the integers. + +But if you start with an +arithmetic progression + +and now I take just a +subset of the elements + +of this progression, +so if I take AP, + +and if I cross out a few +elements, just a small number + +of elements from this +progression, or even + +cross out most, but +keeping a constant fraction + +of elements still +remaining, I claim + +that's still a pretty good set. + +So if A can be +embedded inside an AP + +such that the AP has size +no more a constant factor + +and more than that of A, +then the size of A plus A is, + +at most-- + +so we bound it by the size of P +plus P, which is, at most, 2P. + +So the doubling constant +of A is, at most, 2C. + +So if you have a set which is +at least 1/10 fraction of an AP, + +then you are doubling +constant at most, 20, bounded. + +So this is another +class of examples. + +So it's kind of a +modification, some alteration + +of the arithmetic progression. + +Another more substantial +generalization of APs + +is that of a two-dimensional +arithmetic progression. + +So you think of an +arithmetic progression + +as equally spaced +points on a line. + +But you can extend this +in multiple dimensions, + +so like a grid. + +So this is a two-dimensional +arithmetic progression, + +but I still want to work +inside the integers. + +So what we are going to +do is project this picture + +onto the integers. + +So that's a two-dimensional +arithmetic progression. + +And specifically, we +have a set of the form, + +so x0 is the starting +point, plus l1 of x1-- + +l1 times x1, and l2 +2 times x2, where + +the little l's are +integers, non-negative + +integers up to big L. + +So that's a two-dimensional +arithmetic progression. + +So the picture that you can have +in mind is, on the number line, + +we can get, write +down first an AP + +and then a few more +points like that so + +that you can have a +two-dimensional arithmetic + +progression. + +We say that this set, this +two-dimensional arithmetic + +progression is proper if +all terms are distinct. + +And if that's the case, +then I can write A plus A + +in a very similar format. + +So A plus A contains elements +still of the same form, + +but now the indices +go up to 2L minus 1. + +So you see that A plus A +has size, at most, 4 times + +the original set, A. Also easy +to see from this blue picture + +up there-- + +you expand that grid. + +It goes to, at most, +4 times the size. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +YUFEI ZHAO: So the +question is, should it be? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +YUFEI ZHAO: 2x0? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +YUFEI ZHAO: What do you mean? + +AUDIENCE: 2x0 plus l1 x0 plus 1? + +YUFEI ZHAO: Ah, thank +you, so 2x0, thank you. + +Yeah, 2x0, great. + +OK, so that's the size. + +And of course, you can +generalize this example + +of a fairly straightforward +way to d dimensional arithmetic + +progressions. + +And we call those +things generalized + +arithmetic progressions. + +So a Generalized +Arithmetic Progression, + +which we will abbreviate +by the letters GAP, + +is a set of numbers +of the form as above, + +except now you have d different +directions and indices, + +are also straightforward +generalizations + +of what was earlier. + +So this is the notion of +a generalized arithmetic + +progression. + +So think about projection +of a d dimensional grid + +onto the integers. + +And for GAPs, we +say that it's proper + +if all the terms are distinct. + +We call d the +dimension of the GAP. + +And for a GAP, whether +it's proper or not, + +we call the size to be the +product of the lengths. + +And this is potentially larger. + +So this is larger than the +number of distinct elements + +if it's not proper. + +So when I refer to +the size of a GAP-- + +so I view the GAP more +than just as a set, + +but also with the data +of the initial point + +and the directions. + +If I talk about the +size, I'm always + +referring to this +quantity over here. + +Great. + +So you see, if you take a GAP +or a fraction of a GAP, then, + +as with earlier examples, +you have small doubling. + +So if P is a proper +GAP, of dimension d, + +then P plus P is, +at most, 2 raised + +to power d times the size +of P. And furthermore, + +if A is an arbitrary subset of +P and such that A has size-- + +such that the GAP +has size, at most, + +a constant fraction +bigger than that of A, + +then A has small +doubling as well. + +So all of these are +examples of constructions + +of sets where, for some +fixed constant, the doubling + +constant, we can +find a family of sets + +with doubling constant +bounded by that number. + +And the natural question though +is, are these all the examples? + +So have we missed +some important family + +of constructions not covered +by any of these examples? + +And so that's the kind +of inverse question + +I was referring to earlier. + +So all of these examples, +easy to check that they indeed + +have small doubling constant. + +Can you go in reverse? + +So can you ask the +inverse question, + +if a set has small +doubling constant, + +must it look like, in some +sense, one of these sets? + +It turns out this is not +such an easy problem. + +And there is a central result +in additive combinatorics known + +as Freiman's theorem which +gives a positive answer + +to that question. + +So Freiman's theorem is now +considered a central result + +in additive combinatorics. + +And it completely +describes, in some sense, + +the sets that have +small doubling. + +And let me write +down the statement. + +So if A is a subset of Z +and has bounded doubling, + +then A is contained in a GAP +of bounded dimension and size + +bounded by some constant +times the size of the set. + +This is a really +important result + +in additive combinatorics. + +The title of this chapter, +"Structure of Set Addition," + +Freiman's theorem tells us +something about the structure + +of a set with small doubling. + +The next few lecturers +are going to be occupied + +with proving this theorem. + +So this theorem will have-- + +its proof is involved and +probably the most involved + +proof that we have +in this course. + +And the proof will take +the next several lectures. + +And we'll see a lot of +different ingredients, + +a lot of really nice tools. + +Fourier analysis will +come up at some point, + +but also other tools like the +geometry of numbers and also + +some more classical additive +combinatorics ideas. + +But before starting +on a proof, I + +want to offer a few remarks +and historical remarks to just + +give you some more context +about Freiman's theorem, + +but first, a few +mathematical comments. + +In this conclusions +of Freiman's theorem, + +I didn't mention properness. + +And that's mostly a +matter of convenience. + +So you can, in fact, make +the conclusion proper + +as well at the cost of +increasing the number somewhat, + +but still constants +depending only on k-- + +can guarantee +properness as well. + +So there is an extra step +involved which we'll not cover, + +because it's not +entirely trivial, + +but it's also not too hard. + +Freiman's original proof, +so it's named after Freiman. + +So he proved that in the '60s. + +But at that time, the proof +was considered rather obscure. + +It actually did not get the +attention and the recognition + +that it deserved +until much later. + +So this was kind of a forgotten +result, a forgotten proof + +for a very long time until +quite a bit later when Ruzsa-- + +Ruzsa's name will come up +many times in this chapter. + +Ruzsa came and gave a different +proof of Freiman's theorem, + +and significantly +cleaned up the proof, + +and offered many new ideas. + +So much of what we'll +see today are results + +that we now attribute to Ruzsa. + +And theorem sometimes +is also called + +the Freiman-Ruzsa theorem. + +But this result was +really brought into-- + +brought as a highlight +of additive combinatorics + +in the work of Gowers +when he proved, + +that gave his new proof +of Szemerédi's theorem, + +giving much better bounds. + +So he had to use quite a bit of +serious additive combinatorics. + +And many of the ideas that +went into Gowers' proof + +of Szemerédi's theorem came +from this line of work, + +Freiman and Ruzsa. + +So and their work was, again, +brought into prominence + +as a result of Gowers' +Fields-Medal-winning work + +on Szemerédi's theorem. + +So this is some of the history. + +And now Freiman's +theorem is considered + +a central result in the area. + +You can see, it's +a beautiful result. + +And it's also quite +a deep result. + +Let me mention a few +things about bounds. + +So what do we know about +this d of k and f of k? + +But first, an example-- + +so if the set A is dissociated +in the sense of having + +no arithmetic structure, +no coincidental sums + +colliding, so for example, +if a of this form, + +then you see that-- + +also and we saw the size of A +plus A, so A plus 1 choose 2. + +So in this case, the +doubling constant + +is the size of A plus 1 +divided by 2, so roughly + +on the same order +as the size of A. + +But what do you need to +take in Freiman's theorem + +for d and for f? + +So how can I embed this A +in generalized arithmetic + +progression? + +See, there is not a +great way to do it. + +So I want to keep +the size small. + +There is not a +great way to do it. + +So one way to do it is +to use one direction + +for each of these elements. + +So contained in GAP-- + +now of course, there +is always a trade + +off between dimension and size. + +But usually, not a great-- + +I mean, it's not such +an important trade off. + +So but certainly it's +contained in the GAP + +of dimension size of +A minus 1 and size + +2 to the size of A minus 1, +by thinking about A as a cube. + +And so you convince yourself +that you basically cannot do + +much better. + +So the best possible bound +that we can hope to prove + +is of the form d being, +at most, linear in k, + +and f being, at most, +exponential in k. + +So you see already, +the bounds, that you + +have to lose some things. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Why can't we +just make the dimension 1 + +and just let our arithmetic +progression be 1 through 2 + +to the sine of A minus 1? + +YUFEI ZHAO: OK, great, so +that's a great question. + +So why can't we just +make dimension 1 + +and have the entire +thing be as part + +of a single linear +arithmetic progression? + +So you can do that, but then +I can cook up other examples + +where I blow up this cube. + +So I ask you to think +about how to do that. + +So you can try to +blow up this cube + +so that you really +do need the dimension + +to not be constant, so exercise. + +So the best result is +not quite this claim. + +So this is still open. + +So the best result so far is +due to Tom Sanders, whose name + +came up earlier, as he has +basically the best bound + +on Roth's theorem. + +And you know, many +of these results + +are all related to each other. + +So Sanders has-- so he showed +that Freiman's theorem is + +true with d being, +so basically k, + +but you lose a poly log factor. + +I think the big O is maybe +3, or 4, something like that, + +so not substantial. + +And then f of k is also +basically exponential, + +but you lose a poly log +factor in the exponent. + +Just a minor note about +how to read this notation-- + +so I mean, it's written +slightly sloppily as log k + +raised to big O of 1. + +You should think k as +constant, but somewhat big, + +because if k were 2, +this notation actually + +doesn't make sense. + +So just think of +chaos, as at least 3 + +when you read that notation. + +All right, so we will +prove Freiman's theorem. + +So this bound will +show a worse bound. + +It actually will be basically +exponentially worse, + +but it will be a constant. + +So it will be just +a function of k. + +And that will take us the +next several lectures. + +So we'll begin by developing +some tools that are, + +I think, of interest +individually. + +And they can all be +used for other things. + +So we'll develop +some tools that will + +help us to show, eventually +lead us to Freiman's theorem. + +And I'll try to structure +this proof in such a way + +that there are several +goal posts that + +are also interesting. + +So in particular, just as what +we did with Roth's theorem, + +we'll begin by +proving a finite field + +analog of Freiman's theorem. + +So what would that mean, +a finite field analog? + +So what would a problem like +this mean in F2 to the n? + +So in F2 to the n, so this +is a finite field analog. + +If A plus A is small-- + +so I'm not trying to +ask an inverse question. + +But what are examples of +sets in F2 to the n that + +have small doubling? + +AUDIENCE: 2 to the n. + +YUFEI ZHAO: So 2 to the n, so +you can take the entire space. + +Any other examples that +have small doubling? + +AUDIENCE: You can +take a subspace. + +YUFEI ZHAO: Exactly, +I can take a subspace. + +So a subspace, well, +it doesn't grow. + +So A plus A is the same +as A. All right, so + +and also, as before, you can +take a subset of a subspace. + +So then the analog +of Freiman's theorem + +will say that A is contained +in a subspace of size, at most, + +a constant times the size of A. + +So this is the analog of +Freiman's theorem in F2. + +And so we'll see, so +this will be much easier + +than the general result +about Freiman's theorem, + +but it will involve +a subset of F2. + +And we'll see this +theorem first. + +So we'll prove +that next lecture. + +Of course, this is much +easier in many ways, + +because here, unlike +before, I don't even + +have to think about +what subspace to take. + +I can just take the subspace +generated by the elements of A. + +All right, Any questions so far? + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: Is the f of k +here still exponential in k? + +YUFEI ZHAO: OK, so the +question, is the f of k + +here still exponential in k? + +So the answer is, yes. + +And the construction is if +you take A to be a basis. + +OK, so let's start with some +techniques and some proofs. + +So in this chapter, many +things are named after Ruzsa. + +And at some point, it +becomes slightly confusing + +which ones are not +named after Ruzsa. + +But the first thing will +be named after Ruzsa. + +So it's a Ruzsa +Triangle Inequality. + +All right, the Ruzsa +Triangle Inequality + +tells us that, if A, B, and C-- + +so unless otherwise +I tell you so, + +and I'll try to remind you +each time, but basically, + +we're always going to +be looking finite sets + +in an arbitrary obedient group +always with an under addition-- + +then one has the inequality on +their sizes of different sets. + +The size of A times +the size of B minus C + +is upper bounded by the size of +A minus B times the size of A + +minus C. So that's the +Ruzsa Triangle Inequality. + +Let me show you the proof. + +We will construct an injection +from A cross B minus C + +to A minus B cross A +minus C. Of course, + +if you can exhibit +such an injection, + +then you prove the +desired inequality. + +To obtain this injection, we +start with an element a, d. + +And for this a, d, so +for each d, let me pick-- + +so if d is an +element of B minus C, + +let us pick arbitrarily but +stick with those choices + +a b of d in the set B and +a c of d in the set C such + +that d equals to b +of d minus c of d. + +So because d is +the set B minus C, + +it can be represented as a +difference from one element + +from each set. + +So it may be represented +in many ways. + +But from the start, you +pick a way to represent it. + +And you stick with that choice. + +And you label that +function b of d and c of d. + +Now I map a, d to the element +a minus b of d and a minus + +c of d. + +So this is a map. + +I want to show that +it is injective. + +Why is it injective? + +Well, to show +something is injective, + +I just need to show that +I can recover where I came + +from if I tell you the image. + +So I can recover a and d +from these two numbers. + +So if-- sorry, new board. + +OK, so well you +basically can think + +about how you can recover a +and d from the image elements. + +So if the image-- + +so I label that map phi. + +So that's phi up there. + +So if the image is given, +then I can recover d. + +So how can we recover +the element d? + +So you subtract +these two numbers. + +So d is minus x. + +And once you recover d, +you can also then take + +a look at the first element. + +And you can recover a. + +So now you know d. + +I can now recover a. + +OK, so then this is-- you can +check this is an injection. + +And that proves the Ruzsa +Triangle Inequality. + +OK, so it's short, +but it's tricky. + +It's tricky. + +OK, so why is this called +Ruzsa's Triangle Inequality? + +Where is the triangle in this? + +The reason that it's given +that name is that you can write + +the inequality as follows. + +Suppose we use rho A, B to +denote this quantity obtained + +by taking the log of the +size of A minus B divided + +by the square root +of the product + +of their individual +sizes, then the inequality + +says that the rho +of B, C is, at most, + +rho of A, B plus rho of A, C, +which looks like a triangle + +inequality. + +So that's why it's called +Ruzsa's Triangle Inequality, + +because this is-- + +don't take it too seriously, +because this is not a distance. + +So rho of A, A is +not equal to 0. + +But it certainly has the form +of a triangle inequality, hence + +the name. + +How should you think of +Ruzsa's triangle inequality? + +So in this chapter, +there's going + +to be a lot of symbol +pushing around. + +And it's easy to get lost and +buried in all of these symbols. + +And I want to tell +you about how you + +might think about what's the +point of Ruzsa's Triangle + +Inequality. + +How would you use it? + +And the idea is that if you +have a set with small doubling, + +we want to use Ruzsa's +triangle inequality + +and other tools to control +its further doublings. + +So in particular, if-- + +so I'll say, applications. + +So suppose you knew +that 2A minus 2A + +is size, at most, k +times A. So this is + +a stronger hypothesis than +just A has small doublings. + +Even if you iterate +it several times, + +you still have size, at +most, constant times A. + +I would like to start +from this hypothesis + +and control further +iterations, further subsets + +of A. And Ruzsa's +Triangle Inequality + +allows us to do it, because +by the Ruzsa's Triangle + +Inequality, setting B +and C to be 2A minus A, + +we find that 3A minus 3A is, +at most, 2A minus 2A squared + +over A, the size of +A. So plug it in. + +This is what you get. + +So if the size of 2A plus 2A is, +at most, k times the size of A, + +then the size of +3A times 3A is-- + +blows up by a factor, +at most, k squared. + +So it controls +further doublings. + +And of course, we can iterate. + +If we know set B and +C to be 3A minus 2A, + +then what we get is 5A +minus 5A is, at most, + +a size of 3A minus 3A square +divided by the size of A. + +And so now you have a bound +which is k to the 4 times A. + +And you can continue. + +You can continue. + +OK, so this is all a +consequence of Ruzsa's triangle. + +So starting with +this hypothesis, + +now I get to control all +the further doublings, + +the further subset iterations. + +I call them doublings, but +they're no longer doubles, + +but further subsets. + +But this is a stronger +hypothesis than the one + +that we start with +in Freiman's theorem, + +because if you have that, +then this 2A minus 2A + +is at least as large +as the size of 2A. + +So can we start with +just doubling constant + +and then obtain bounds +on the iterations? + +| it turns out you can. + +It will require another theorem. + +So this theorem is called +Plunnecke inequality. + +But actually, these +days, in literature, + +it's often referred to as +Plunnecke-Ruzsa inequality. + +So Plunnecke +initially proved it. + +But nobody understood his proof. + +And Ruzsa gave a better proof. + +And actually, recently, there +was an even better proof. + +And that's the one +I will show you. + +So Plunnecke-Ruzsa +inequality tells us + +that if A is subset of +some obedient group, + +and has doubling +constant, at most, k, + +then for all non-negative +integers m and n, + +the size of mA minus +nA is, at most, + +k to the m plus n +times the size of A. + +So if you have bounded doubling, +then the further iterations, + +the further subset iterations +are also controlling size. + +I want you to think of +polynomial transformations in k + +as negligible. + +So don't worry about that +we're raising things here. + +k is constant. + +You should think of +m and n as constant. + +So I'm changing k to +some other constant. + +And in fact, I'm only +changing it by a polynomial. + +So this is, like, +almost no change at all. + +So this is tricky. + +So we'll do it +after a short break. + +All right, let's prove +Plunnecke's inequality, + +Plunnecke-Ruzsa inequality. + +So the history of +Plunnecke's inequality + +has some similarities +with Freiman's theorem. + +So Plunnecke +initially proved it, + +but his proof was +hard to understand + +and was sort of left not +understood for a long time + +until others like +Plun and Ruzsa came in + +and really simplified the proof. + +But even then, the +proof was not so easy. + +And if I were teaching this +course about 10 years ago, + +I would have just skipped +this proof, maybe sketched + +some ideas, but I would +have skipped the proof. + +And the proof, actually, +it's a beautiful proof, + +but it uses some +serious graph theory. + +It uses Menger's +theorem about flows. + +You construct some graph. + +And then you try to +understand its flows. + +It's very pretty stuff. + +And I do encourage +you to look it up. + +And then about eight +years ago, Petridis + +found a proof, so a +proof by Petridis, + +who was a PhD student that +Tim Gowers at the time. + +And that was surprisingly +short, and beautiful, + +and kind of surprised everyone +that such a short proof exists, + +given that this theorem +sat in that state + +for such a long time. + +And it's a pretty +central step in the proof + +of Freiman's theorem. + +We'll prove Plunnecke-Ruzsa +via a slightly more general + +statement. + +So you see, it generalizes +the earlier statement. + +Instead of having +one set, it will + +be convenient to have +two different sets. + +So let A and B be subsets of +some obedient group, as usual. + +If size of A plus B is, at +most, k times the size of A, + +then mB minus nB +has size, at most, + +k to the m plus n +times the size of A + +for all non-negative +integers m and n. + +So instead of having one +set, so I have two sets, + +A and B. Of course, then you +derive the earlier statement + +setting A and B to equal. + +So we'll prove this +more general statement. + +The proof uses a key lemma. + +And the key lemma says that if +a subset x of A is non-empty + +and-- + +so if x is a +non-empty subset of A + +that minimizes the ratio x +plus B divided by size of x, + +and let k prime be this +ratio, this minimum ratio, + +then so the conclusion +says that x plus B plus C + +has size, at most, k prime times +the size of x plus C for all + +sets C. + +So that's the statement. + +I'll explain how you should +think about the statement. + +These ratios which you +see in both hypotheses, + +how you should think about them +is that there is this graph. + +Let's say it's the group +bipartite graph with the group + +elements on both sides. + +And the graph has edges, +the bipartite graph, + +where the edges are from +each vertex a drawn edge + +for each element of +B. So I expand by B. + +So if you have +this graph and you + +start with some A on the left, +then its neighbors on the right + +will be A plus B. And +those ratios up there + +are the expansion ratios. + +so quantities like this, +they are expansion ratios. + +You start with some +set on the left + +and see by a what fraction +does it expand if you + +look at the neighborhood. + +So let's read the +statement of the key lemma. + +It says, if you have a set x-- + +I look, so I have +a set A. And I'm + +choosing a subset of A that +minimizes the expansion ratio, + +so choose a +non-empty subset that + +minimizes the expansion ratio. + +And if this minimum expense +ratio is k prime, then, + +so x minimizes expansion ratio +and expense ratios k prime, + +then x plus C also has expansion +ratio, at most, k prime + +as well. + +So that's the statement. + +I mentioned earlier that the +previous proofs of this theorem + +went through some graph +theory and Menger's theorem, + +that type of graph theory. + +You can kind of see +where it might come in. + +We're not going to do that. + +We're going to stick with +additive combinatorics. + +We're going to stick +with playing with sums, + +playing with additive +combinatorics. + +So let's see how we can +prove the statement up there, + +so using the key lemma. + +So assuming key lemma, so +let's prove the statement, + +the theorem up there. + +So take a non-empty +subset x of A-- + +sorry, so x subset of A that +minimizes the ratio x plus B + +divided by x. + +And let k prime be +this minimum ratio. + +Note that k prime +is, at most, k, + +because if you plug in x +equals the k, you get-- + +if you plug in x +equals to A, you get k. + +But I'm choosing x to +be possibly even lower. + +So k prime is, at most, k. + +Now, applying the lemma, so +applying the key lemma with C + +equals to B, we find that +x plus 2B, so C, plug in B, + +x plus 2B has size, at most, +k times size of x plus B. + +But the size of x plus B is, +at most, k times the size of A. + +So we get k squared, so k +times the size of x, at most, k + +squared x. + +So we're already in good shape. + +If you iterate +expansion twice-- so + +I imagine there +is several chains + +of these bipartite graphs. + +If you iterate this +expansion twice, + +you still do not +blow up by too much. + +So we can iterate further, +so apply the lemma + +with C being now 2B, and +then later 3B, and so on. + +So you find that x +plus nB has size, + +at most, k raised to power +n times the size of x + +for all non-negative +integers, n. + +What do we want to control? + +So we want to prove a bound +on the size of mB minus nB. + +Take a look at the statement +of Ruzsa Triangle Inequality. + +Applying Ruzsa +Triangle Inequality, + +we find that if we want +to control mB minus nB, + +we can upper bound it by x +plus mB x plus nB divided + +by the size of x. + +Because each of these two +factors in the numerator + +are small expansions +of x, now we + +can upper bound the whole +expression by k to the m + +plus n times the size of x. + +And because x is a subset of A, +we can do one more upper bound + +and obtain the bound +that we are looking for. + +OK, so that proves +the key lemma. + +It's OK? + +AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] + +YUFEI ZHAO: Sorry, that +proves the theorem, + +assuming the key lemma. + +Thank you, that's +what I meant to say. + +Yeah, so that +proves the theorem, + +assuming the key lemma. + +So now we do prove +the key lemma. + +Great, we need to +prove the key lemma. + +And so Petridis' proof +of the key lemma, + +it's quite surprising, in +that it uses induction. + +And basically, we have +not used induction + +in this course ever +since the first or maybe + +the second lecture, +and for good reason. + +So everything in this +course is fairly analytic. + +You know, you have +these Roth bounds. + +And putting one extra vertex +often doesn't really help. + +OK, so here, we're going to use +induction on the size of C. OK, + +I just want to emphasize again +that the use of induction + +here was surprising. + +So if the base case-- + +always check the base case-- + +when C is 1, then plus +C is a translation. + +So this shifts the set over. + +And so you can see that if +you do plus C and minus 1, + +you raise the plus C. And the +conclusion follows basically + +from the hypothesis. + +So in this case, +x plus B plus C is + +equal to x plus B, which is, at +most, k prime times the size x, + +by definition of-- + +so this actually is +equal to the size of k. + +The base case is easy. + +Now we do the induction step. + +So let's assume that the +size of C is bigger than 1 + +and C is C prime plus an +additional element, which + +we'll call gamma. + +So let's see this +expression, x plus B plus C, + +by separating it according +to if its contribution came + +from C prime or not. + +The contributions that +came from C prime, + +I can write it like that. + +And then there are other +contributions, namely + +those that came from +this extra element. + +But I may have some +redundancies in doing this. + +So I may have some redundancies +coming from the fact + +that some of the +elements in this set + +might have already +appeared earlier. + +So let me take +out those elements + +by taking out elements where +it already appeared earlier. + +So this means I'm +looking at the set z + +being elements of x such that +x plus B plus gamma is already + +a subset of x plus +B plus C prime. + +So the stuff in yellow, +I can safely discard, + +because it already +appeared earlier. + +So because of the +definition of z, + +we see that z plus +B plus gamma appears + +in x plus B plus C prime. + +So that union is valid. + +Now, z is a subset of x. + +So the expansion ratio +for z is at least k prime, + +because we chose x to +minimize this expansion ratio. + +We would like to understand +how big x plus B plus C. + +So let's evaluate the +cardinality of that expression + +up there. + +The cardinality +I can upper bound + +by the union of these sum of +the sizes of the components. + +So up there, so I just do a +union bound on that expression + +up there. + +And now you see z +is a subset of x. + +So I can split this +expression up even further. + +All right, now let's use +the induction hypothesis. + +So we have some +expression involving + +x plus B plus C prime. + +So now we apply induction +hypothesis over here + +to this expression +that has plus C prime. + +And we obtain an +upper bound which + +is k prime x plus C prime. + +And the two expressions +on the right, + +well, one of them here +is, by definition, + +coming from the +expansion ratio of x. + +And then the other, we +gave a bound just now. + +OK, so we're almost there. + +So we are trying to upper bound +the size of this quantity. + +So we decomposed it into pieces +according to its contribution + +coming from this extra element. + +And we analyzed these +pieces individually. + +But now I want to understand +the right-hand side, + +so x plus C. So let's try to +understand the right-hand side. + +See, the x plus C, I can +likewise write it as earlier + +by decomposing it into +contributions from C prime + +and those from +the extra element. + +And as earlier, we can take out +contributions that were already + +appearing earlier, which we +now recall W plus gamma, where + +W is the set of elements in +x, such that x plus gamma + +is already contained +in x plus C prime. + +So this part was already +included earlier. + +We don't need to +include it any more. + +A couple of observations that +were different from earlier-- + +now this union I claim +and say disjoined union. + +So this union is +a disjoined union. + +So there is actually +no more overlaps. + +And furthermore, W is contained +in the set z from earlier. + +Any questions? + +All right, therefore, +the size of x plus C + +is equal to, because this +is a disjoined union, x + +plus C prime plus the size +of x minus the size of W, + +and which is-- + +so W, because W +is contained in z, + +is x plus C prime plus the +size of x minus the size of z. + +Now you compare these +two expressions. + +And that proves the key lemma. + +OK? + +That's it. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Can you +explain one more time + +why it's a disjoined union? + +YUFEI ZHAO: OK, great, so why +is this a disjoined union? + +Now, I have the set here. + +So I'm looking at +this x plus gamma. + +So think about, let's +say, gamma equals to 0. + +So we translate, think +about if gamma equals to 0. + +So I include x, but if some +element of x was already here, + +I take it out. + +So here is x plus C prime. + +And let's say this set is x. + +This W then would there +be their intersection. + +So now x minus W +is just this set. + +So it's a disjoined union. + +So the points are, here, +you're adding single elements, + +where there, you're +adding some sets. + +So you cannot necessarily take +a whole partition, necessarily. + +But here it's OK. + +It's tricky. + +Yeah, it's tricky. + +And you know, this took a +long time for people to find. + +It was found about +eight years ago. + +And yeah, it was surprising +when this proof was discovered. + +People did not expect +that this proof existed. + +And it's also +tricky to get right. + +So the details-- I do it slowly. + +But the execution, +like, the order + +that you take the +minimalities is important. + +It's easy to mess up this proof. + +OK, any questions? + +Let me show you, just as +an aside, an application + +of this key lemma. + +So earlier we saw Ruzsa's +Triangle Inequality. + +And you may wonder, what if +you replace the minus signs + +in the theorem by plus signs? + +I mean, if you replace +the right-hand side, + +the two pluses by minuses, +the same proof works. + +But if you replace all the minus +signs by plus signs, you see, + +the proof doesn't work anymore. + +Just give yourself a moment +to convince yourself that. + +If you just replace all the +minus signs by plus signs, + +it doesn't work anymore, +but it's still true. + +So this is more of an aside. + +We will not use it. + +But it's nice. + +It's fun. + +So we have the inequality A B +plus C bounded by A plus B A + +plus C. + +So hopefully you've +convince yourself + +that if you follow our notes +with the previous proof, + +you are you're not +going to get it. + +You're not going to +prove this this way. + +It's still true. + +So how can we prove it? + +So we are going to +use the key lemma. + +So first, the statement +is trivial if A is empty. + +So let's assume +that's not the case. + +Let x be a subset +of A that minimizes + +the expression or the +expansion ratio x plus B + +divided by x as +in the key lemma. + +So let k denote the +quantity A plus B over A, + +so the expansion ratio +for A, and k prime + +be the expansion ratio for x. + +So the quantities +came up earlier. + +k prime is, at most, value of +k, because of our choice of x. + +So the key lemma +gives x B plus C-- + +OK, and this, it's really +amazing what's happening. + +It seems like we're just going +to throw in some extra stuff. + +So I'm going to upper +bound it by x plus B + +plus C. I'm just going to +throw in some extra stuff. + +And then by the lemma, I can +upper bound this expression + +by k prime times the +size of x plus C. + +So that's what the +lemma gives you. + +And because x is +a subset of A, we + +can upper bound it by the size +of A plus C. And now k prime + +is, at most, the size of k. + +k prime is, at most, k. + +So you have that. + +But now look at what +the definition of k is. + +And that's it. + +So that's how you +can prove this harder + +version of Ruzsa's Triangle +Inequality, Yes, question? + +AUDIENCE: Are there +equality cases for this? + +YUFEI ZHAO: All right, +question, are there + +equality cases for this? + +Yes, so I mean, if +you're in a subgroup, + +then all things are +equal, although, + +if A, B, and C are +all the same subgroup + +of some finite obedient group. + +AUDIENCE: What if you're +working in the integers? + +YUFEI ZHAO: Great, +yeah, so the question + +is, what if you're +working in integers? + +That's a good question. + +I mean, you can suddenly +get expansion ratio of two + +if you have-- + +no, OK. + +Right, yeah, so that's +a good question. + +Can you get equality cases? + +If you set A, B, and C to be +sets of very different sizes, + +AP is a very different set. + +Yes? + +AUDIENCE: If you set B being +true for the single element + +and B and C to just be sets +that have full extension + +so that B plus C is not [? B. ?] + +YUFEI ZHAO: Great, +yeah, so you take + +A to be a +single-element set, then + +it could be that B plus C +is the same as the size of B + +times the size of C if B and C +have no additive interactions. + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: Are there +other known proofs + +of this that are less involved? + +YUFEI ZHAO: OK, are there +other known proofs of this? + +I don't know. + +I'm not aware of other proofs. + +It would be nice to +find a different proof. + +More questions? + +Yeah? + +AUDIENCE: How did +come up with this? + +YUFEI ZHAO: How did +he come up with this? + +You know, Petridis +did a very long PhD. + +He spent, I think, seven +or eight years in his PhD. + +And he eventually came +up with this proof. + +So he must have thought +a lot about this problem. + +But the already +proofs are still nice. + +The earlier proofs, I think +they are worth looking at. + +They are looking at +expansion ratios in graphs. + +So you take a sequence of +graphs, multi-partite graphs. + +And you think about expansion. + +And you think about flows. + +It's, again, not easy at +all, but maybe more motivated + +if you're used to think about +expansions and flows in graphs. + +And this one really distills +the core ideas of that proof, + +but looks something you can +teach in half a lecture, + +whereas before this +proof came about, + +I could have taught the +proof, but most likely, + +I would have just skipped it. + +To just give you a sense of +what's coming up ahead, so + +going forward, the first thing +we'll do in the next lecture + +is we'll show-- + +we'll see the proof of +the Freiman's theorem + +in the finite field +setting, so in F2 to the n. + +There is one more thing, one +more very quick lemma called + +the covering lemma, +Ruzsa are Covering Lemma, + +that I will tell you. + +And then once we +have that, then we + +can prove Freiman's theorem +in the finite field setting. + +But then moving on +to the integers, + +we'll need to understand how +to think about the integers. + +Well, if you start with a +subset of integers, they could, + +even if you have a small +number of elements, + +they could be spread out, +really, all over the place. + +But because you only care +about the additive structure + +within the integers, +you can try to model + +that very spread-out +set of integers + +to something that +is very compact. + +So there is something +called the modeling + +lemma, Ruzsa's Modeling Lemma, +that we'll see next time. + +And that will play a +pretty important role. + +Before finishing +off, I also want + +to mention that Freiman in his +work, so he had this result. + +And he also wrote a book I think +called The Structural Theory + +of Set Addition, or +something like that, that + +emphasized this connection. + +He tried to draw this +analogy sort of comparing + +additive combinatorics to +geometry in the sense of cline, + +where in order to +understand sets, + +you don't think about sets. + +You think about +maps between sets, + +which was kind of an +obscure idea at the time. + +But we'll see next +lecture that this actually + +is a very powerful, it's +a very influential idea + +to really think about +a sets of integers + +under transformations +that only preserve + +their additive structure. + +So we'll see this next time. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/oNsscmUwjMU.txt b/oNsscmUwjMU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aeae2ceec8f8d87318ab7a0046bfa6291090f37d --- /dev/null +++ b/oNsscmUwjMU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13763 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hi folks + + align:start position:0% +hi folks + + + align:start position:0% +hi folks +um why don't we get started + + align:start position:0% +um why don't we get started + + + align:start position:0% +um why don't we get started +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +welcome back + + align:start position:0% +welcome back + + + align:start position:0% +welcome back +good to see you + + align:start position:0% +good to see you + + + align:start position:0% +good to see you +you all here + + align:start position:0% +you all here + + + align:start position:0% +you all here +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +i am going to + + align:start position:0% +i am going to + + + align:start position:0% +i am going to +first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we'll + + align:start position:0% +we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we'll +we'll recap what we did last time and + + align:start position:0% +we'll recap what we did last time and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll recap what we did last time and +what we're going to do today i'll talk a + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do today i'll talk a + + + align:start position:0% +what we're going to do today i'll talk a +little bit about the problem set + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the problem set + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about the problem set +and we'll also have a break as requested + + align:start position:0% +and we'll also have a break as requested + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll also have a break as requested +halfway through + + align:start position:0% +halfway through + + + align:start position:0% +halfway through +so why don't we jump in um what we did + + align:start position:0% +so why don't we jump in um what we did + + + align:start position:0% +so why don't we jump in um what we did +last time um was we introduced finite + + align:start position:0% +last time um was we introduced finite + + + align:start position:0% +last time um was we introduced finite +besides introduce introducing the course + + align:start position:0% +besides introduce introducing the course + + + align:start position:0% +besides introduce introducing the course +we introduced finite automata and + + align:start position:0% +we introduced finite automata and + + + align:start position:0% +we introduced finite automata and +regular languages which are the + + align:start position:0% +regular languages which are the + + + align:start position:0% +regular languages which are the +languages that the finite automata can + + align:start position:0% +languages that the finite automata can + + + align:start position:0% +languages that the finite automata can +recognize + + align:start position:0% +recognize + + + align:start position:0% +recognize +we talked about these regular operations + + align:start position:0% +we talked about these regular operations + + + align:start position:0% +we talked about these regular operations +um and the and then building um those + + align:start position:0% +um and the and then building um those + + + align:start position:0% +um and the and then building um those +those allow us to build what we call our + + align:start position:0% +those allow us to build what we call our + + + align:start position:0% +those allow us to build what we call our +regular expressions these are + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions these are + + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions these are +ways of describing languages so find we + + align:start position:0% +ways of describing languages so find we + + + align:start position:0% +ways of describing languages so find we +have finite automata can describe + + align:start position:0% +have finite automata can describe + + + align:start position:0% +have finite automata can describe +languages and regular expressions can + + align:start position:0% +languages and regular expressions can + + + align:start position:0% +languages and regular expressions can +describe languages and one of our goals + + align:start position:0% +describe languages and one of our goals + + + align:start position:0% +describe languages and one of our goals +is to show that those two systems are + + align:start position:0% +is to show that those two systems are + + + align:start position:0% +is to show that those two systems are +equivalent to one another even though + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to one another even though + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to one another even though +they look rather different um at first + + align:start position:0% +they look rather different um at first + + + align:start position:0% +they look rather different um at first +glance + + align:start position:0% +glance + + + align:start position:0% +glance +so um to + + align:start position:0% +so um to + + + align:start position:0% +so um to +move in that direction we first + + align:start position:0% +move in that direction we first + + + align:start position:0% +move in that direction we first +proved uh we're going to prove closure + + align:start position:0% +proved uh we're going to prove closure + + + align:start position:0% +proved uh we're going to prove closure +properties for all of the + + align:start position:0% +properties for all of the + + + align:start position:0% +properties for all of the +for the class of regular languages over + + align:start position:0% +for the class of regular languages over + + + align:start position:0% +for the class of regular languages over +these regular operations so we'll show + + align:start position:0% +these regular operations so we'll show + + + align:start position:0% +these regular operations so we'll show +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +well we already showed that any two + + align:start position:0% +well we already showed that any two + + + align:start position:0% +well we already showed that any two +regular languages have their union also + + align:start position:0% +regular languages have their union also + + + align:start position:0% +regular languages have their union also +being regular and we'll show that for + + align:start position:0% +being regular and we'll show that for + + + align:start position:0% +being regular and we'll show that for +the other two operations as well so + + align:start position:0% +the other two operations as well so + + + align:start position:0% +the other two operations as well so +let's just look ahead to what we're + + align:start position:0% +let's just look ahead to what we're + + + align:start position:0% +let's just look ahead to what we're +going to do today + + align:start position:0% +going to do today + + + align:start position:0% +going to do today +we're going to introduce an important + + align:start position:0% +we're going to introduce an important + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to introduce an important +concept which is going to be a theme + + align:start position:0% +concept which is going to be a theme + + + align:start position:0% +concept which is going to be a theme +throughout the course called + + align:start position:0% +throughout the course called + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the course called +non-determinism + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism +and we + + align:start position:0% +and we + + + align:start position:0% +and we +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +having that as a tool + + align:start position:0% +having that as a tool + + + align:start position:0% +having that as a tool +that we can use will be able to show + + align:start position:0% +that we can use will be able to show + + + align:start position:0% +that we can use will be able to show +closure under concatenation and star + + align:start position:0% +closure under concatenation and star + + + align:start position:0% +closure under concatenation and star +finishing up what we started to do last + + align:start position:0% +finishing up what we started to do last + + + align:start position:0% +finishing up what we started to do last +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +and then we'll use those closure + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll use those closure + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll use those closure +constructions to show how to convert + + align:start position:0% +constructions to show how to convert + + + align:start position:0% +constructions to show how to convert +regular expressions to finite finite + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions to finite finite + + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions to finite finite +automata + + align:start position:0% +automata + + + align:start position:0% +automata +um and that's going to be halfway to our + + align:start position:0% +um and that's going to be halfway to our + + + align:start position:0% +um and that's going to be halfway to our +goal of showing that the + + align:start position:0% +goal of showing that the + + + align:start position:0% +goal of showing that the +two systems are equivalent to one one + + align:start position:0% +two systems are equivalent to one one + + + align:start position:0% +two systems are equivalent to one one +another and the following lecture we + + align:start position:0% +another and the following lecture we + + + align:start position:0% +another and the following lecture we +will show how to do the conversion in + + align:start position:0% +will show how to do the conversion in + + + align:start position:0% +will show how to do the conversion in +the other direction + + align:start position:0% +the other direction + + + align:start position:0% +the other direction +so i thought we would just jump in then + + align:start position:0% +so i thought we would just jump in then + + + align:start position:0% +so i thought we would just jump in then +and look at um return to the material of + + align:start position:0% +and look at um return to the material of + + + align:start position:0% +and look at um return to the material of +the course + + align:start position:0% +the course + + + align:start position:0% +the course +um as you remember + + align:start position:0% +um as you remember + + + align:start position:0% +um as you remember +we were + + align:start position:0% +we were + + + align:start position:0% +we were +looking at the closure properties for + + align:start position:0% +looking at the closure properties for + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the closure properties for +the class of regular languages + + align:start position:0% +the class of regular languages + + + align:start position:0% +the class of regular languages +um we started doing that um and if you + + align:start position:0% +um we started doing that um and if you + + + align:start position:0% +um we started doing that um and if you +recall hopefully uh we did closure under + + align:start position:0% +recall hopefully uh we did closure under + + + align:start position:0% +recall hopefully uh we did closure under +union and then we tried to do closure + + align:start position:0% +union and then we tried to do closure + + + align:start position:0% +union and then we tried to do closure +under concatenation um which i have + + align:start position:0% +under concatenation um which i have + + + align:start position:0% +under concatenation um which i have +shown here + + align:start position:0% +shown here + + + align:start position:0% +shown here +um on the slide um you know the what the + + align:start position:0% +um on the slide um you know the what the + + + align:start position:0% +um on the slide um you know the what the +proof attempt + + align:start position:0% +proof attempt + + + align:start position:0% +proof attempt +that we tried to do last time and let's + + align:start position:0% +that we tried to do last time and let's + + + align:start position:0% +that we tried to do last time and let's +just review that quickly because i think + + align:start position:0% +just review that quickly because i think + + + align:start position:0% +just review that quickly because i think +that's going to be uh helpful to see how + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be uh helpful to see how + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be uh helpful to see how +to fix the problem that came up um so if + + align:start position:0% +to fix the problem that came up um so if + + + align:start position:0% +to fix the problem that came up um so if +you remember um we had a uh + + align:start position:0% +you remember um we had a uh + + + align:start position:0% +you remember um we had a uh +you know we're given two regular + + align:start position:0% +you know we're given two regular + + + align:start position:0% +you know we're given two regular +languages a1 and a2 and we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +languages a1 and a2 and we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +languages a1 and a2 and we're trying to +show that the concatenation language a1 + + align:start position:0% +show that the concatenation language a1 + + + align:start position:0% +show that the concatenation language a1 +a2 is also regular + + align:start position:0% +a2 is also regular + + + align:start position:0% +a2 is also regular +and so the way we you know the way we go + + align:start position:0% +and so the way we you know the way we go + + + align:start position:0% +and so the way we you know the way we go +about all of these things is you know we + + align:start position:0% +about all of these things is you know we + + + align:start position:0% +about all of these things is you know we +assume that a1 and a2 are regular so + + align:start position:0% +assume that a1 and a2 are regular so + + + align:start position:0% +assume that a1 and a2 are regular so +that means we have machines finite + + align:start position:0% +that means we have machines finite + + + align:start position:0% +that means we have machines finite +automata for a1 and a2 we'll call them + + align:start position:0% +automata for a1 and a2 we'll call them + + + align:start position:0% +automata for a1 and a2 we'll call them +m1 and m2 + + align:start position:0% +m1 and m2 + + + align:start position:0% +m1 and m2 +that recognize a1 and a2 respectively + + align:start position:0% +that recognize a1 and a2 respectively + + + align:start position:0% +that recognize a1 and a2 respectively +and then what we need to do in order to + + align:start position:0% +and then what we need to do in order to + + + align:start position:0% +and then what we need to do in order to +show that concatenation is + + align:start position:0% +show that concatenation is + + + align:start position:0% +show that concatenation is +regular is to make a finite automaton + + align:start position:0% +regular is to make a finite automaton + + + align:start position:0% +regular is to make a finite automaton +which recognizes the concat nation + + align:start position:0% +which recognizes the concat nation + + + align:start position:0% +which recognizes the concat nation +and we tried to do that last time um + + align:start position:0% +and we tried to do that last time um + + + align:start position:0% +and we tried to do that last time um +so uh if you remember that concatenation + + align:start position:0% +so uh if you remember that concatenation + + + align:start position:0% +so uh if you remember that concatenation +machine m we're calling it + + align:start position:0% +machine m we're calling it + + + align:start position:0% +machine m we're calling it +uh what is it supposed to do + + align:start position:0% +uh what is it supposed to do + + + align:start position:0% +uh what is it supposed to do +it's supposed to accept its input if + + align:start position:0% +it's supposed to accept its input if + + + align:start position:0% +it's supposed to accept its input if +it's in the concatenation language and + + align:start position:0% +it's in the concatenation language and + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the concatenation language and +that means that the input can be split + + align:start position:0% +that means that the input can be split + + + align:start position:0% +that means that the input can be split +into two parts x and y + + align:start position:0% +into two parts x and y + + + align:start position:0% +into two parts x and y +where x is in the a language and y is in + + align:start position:0% +where x is in the a language and y is in + + + align:start position:0% +where x is in the a language and y is in +the b line and in the end y is accepted + + align:start position:0% +the b line and in the end y is accepted + + + align:start position:0% +the b line and in the end y is accepted +by m1 and x is accepted by m1 and y's + + align:start position:0% +by m1 and x is accepted by m1 and y's + + + align:start position:0% +by m1 and x is accepted by m1 and y's +accepted by m2 sorry garbled that + + align:start position:0% +accepted by m2 sorry garbled that + + + align:start position:0% +accepted by m2 sorry garbled that +uh so x should be in a1 and y should be + + align:start position:0% +uh so x should be in a1 and y should be + + + align:start position:0% +uh so x should be in a1 and y should be +in a2 + + align:start position:0% +in a2 + + + align:start position:0% +in a2 +um if you can split w that way then m + + align:start position:0% +um if you can split w that way then m + + + align:start position:0% +um if you can split w that way then m +should accept it so m has to make + + align:start position:0% +should accept it so m has to make + + + align:start position:0% +should accept it so m has to make +figure out if there's some way to split + + align:start position:0% +figure out if there's some way to split + + + align:start position:0% +figure out if there's some way to split +the input + + align:start position:0% +the input + + + align:start position:0% +the input +so that the first machine accepts the + + align:start position:0% +so that the first machine accepts the + + + align:start position:0% +so that the first machine accepts the +first part the second machine accepts + + align:start position:0% +first part the second machine accepts + + + align:start position:0% +first part the second machine accepts +the second part + + align:start position:0% +the second part + + + align:start position:0% +the second part +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +um the idea that we came up with for + + align:start position:0% +um the idea that we came up with for + + + align:start position:0% +um the idea that we came up with for +doing that + + align:start position:0% +doing that + + + align:start position:0% +doing that +was to + + align:start position:0% +was to + + + align:start position:0% +was to +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +take these two machines + + align:start position:0% +take these two machines + + + align:start position:0% +take these two machines +build them in to a a new machine m + + align:start position:0% +build them in to a a new machine m + + + align:start position:0% +build them in to a a new machine m +and then connect the accepting states + + align:start position:0% +and then connect the accepting states + + + align:start position:0% +and then connect the accepting states +for m to the start state + + align:start position:0% +for m to the start state + + + align:start position:0% +for m to the start state +connect the the accepting states for m1 + + align:start position:0% +connect the the accepting states for m1 + + + align:start position:0% +connect the the accepting states for m1 +to the start state for m2 + + align:start position:0% +to the start state for m2 + + + align:start position:0% +to the start state for m2 +um because the idea would be that if m1 + + align:start position:0% +um because the idea would be that if m1 + + + align:start position:0% +um because the idea would be that if m1 +has accepted an initial part you want + + align:start position:0% +has accepted an initial part you want + + + align:start position:0% +has accepted an initial part you want +then you want to pass control to m2 to + + align:start position:0% +then you want to pass control to m2 to + + + align:start position:0% +then you want to pass control to m2 to +accept the rest + + align:start position:0% +accept the rest + + + align:start position:0% +accept the rest +but as we observed that doesn't quite + + align:start position:0% +but as we observed that doesn't quite + + + align:start position:0% +but as we observed that doesn't quite +work because + + align:start position:0% +work because + + + align:start position:0% +work because +um the first place to split w + + align:start position:0% +um the first place to split w + + + align:start position:0% +um the first place to split w +after you found an initial part that's + + align:start position:0% +after you found an initial part that's + + + align:start position:0% +after you found an initial part that's +accepted by m1 may not be the right + + align:start position:0% +accepted by m1 may not be the right + + + align:start position:0% +accepted by m1 may not be the right +place because the remainder may not be + + align:start position:0% +place because the remainder may not be + + + align:start position:0% +place because the remainder may not be +accepted by m2 you might have been + + align:start position:0% +accepted by m2 you might have been + + + align:start position:0% +accepted by m2 you might have been +better off waiting until you found + + align:start position:0% +better off waiting until you found + + + align:start position:0% +better off waiting until you found +another place that m1 accepted later on + + align:start position:0% +another place that m1 accepted later on + + + align:start position:0% +another place that m1 accepted later on +in the stream say over here + + align:start position:0% +in the stream say over here + + + align:start position:0% +in the stream say over here +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +uh by splitting it over there then maybe + + align:start position:0% +uh by splitting it over there then maybe + + + align:start position:0% +uh by splitting it over there then maybe +you do get successfully find that the + + align:start position:0% +you do get successfully find that the + + + align:start position:0% +you do get successfully find that the +remainder is accepted by m2 whereas if + + align:start position:0% +remainder is accepted by m2 whereas if + + + align:start position:0% +remainder is accepted by m2 whereas if +you tried to split it + + align:start position:0% +you tried to split it + + + align:start position:0% +you tried to split it +you know the first place the remainder + + align:start position:0% +you know the first place the remainder + + + align:start position:0% +you know the first place the remainder +wouldn't have been accepted by m2 so all + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have been accepted by m2 so all + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't have been accepted by m2 so all +you need to do you know m has to know is + + align:start position:0% +you need to do you know m has to know is + + + align:start position:0% +you need to do you know m has to know is +there someplace to split the input so + + align:start position:0% +there someplace to split the input so + + + align:start position:0% +there someplace to split the input so +that you know you can get both parts + + align:start position:0% +that you know you can get both parts + + + align:start position:0% +that you know you can get both parts +accepted by the respective machines + + align:start position:0% +accepted by the respective machines + + + align:start position:0% +accepted by the respective machines +the problem is is that m might need to + + align:start position:0% +the problem is is that m might need to + + + align:start position:0% +the problem is is that m might need to +know the future in order to know where + + align:start position:0% +know the future in order to know where + + + align:start position:0% +know the future in order to know where +to make the split + + align:start position:0% +to make the split + + + align:start position:0% +to make the split +and it doesn't have access to the future + + align:start position:0% +and it doesn't have access to the future + + + align:start position:0% +and it doesn't have access to the future +so what do we do + + align:start position:0% +so what do we do + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we do +um so what we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +um so what we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +um so what we're going to do is +introduce a new concept + + align:start position:0% +introduce a new concept + + + align:start position:0% +introduce a new concept +that will allow us to + + align:start position:0% +that will allow us to + + + align:start position:0% +that will allow us to +uh basically get the effect of m1 + + align:start position:0% +uh basically get the effect of m1 + + + align:start position:0% +uh basically get the effect of m1 +in the sort of being able to see the + + align:start position:0% +in the sort of being able to see the + + + align:start position:0% +in the sort of being able to see the +future + + align:start position:0% +future + + + align:start position:0% +future +um and that new concept is going to be + + align:start position:0% +um and that new concept is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +um and that new concept is going to be +very important for us throughout the + + align:start position:0% +very important for us throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +very important for us throughout the +term it's called non-determinism and so + + align:start position:0% +term it's called non-determinism and so + + + align:start position:0% +term it's called non-determinism and so +we're going to introduce a new kind of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to introduce a new kind of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to introduce a new kind of +finite automaton called a + + align:start position:0% +finite automaton called a + + + align:start position:0% +finite automaton called a +non-deterministic finite automaton and + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic finite automaton and + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic finite automaton and +first we'll look at that and then we'll + + align:start position:0% +first we'll look at that and then we'll + + + align:start position:0% +first we'll look at that and then we'll +see how that fits in with the previous + + align:start position:0% +see how that fits in with the previous + + + align:start position:0% +see how that fits in with the previous +deterministic finite automaton that we + + align:start position:0% +deterministic finite automaton that we + + + align:start position:0% +deterministic finite automaton that we +introduced last time + + align:start position:0% +introduced last time + + + align:start position:0% +introduced last time +so here's an example we're always good + + align:start position:0% +so here's an example we're always good + + + align:start position:0% +so here's an example we're always good +to start off with an example + + align:start position:0% +to start off with an example + + + align:start position:0% +to start off with an example +um here is an a picture of a + + align:start position:0% +um here is an a picture of a + + + align:start position:0% +um here is an a picture of a +non-deterministic fine art automaton + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic fine art automaton + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic fine art automaton +looks very similar at first glance to a + + align:start position:0% +looks very similar at first glance to a + + + align:start position:0% +looks very similar at first glance to a +to the former kind the deterministic + + align:start position:0% +to the former kind the deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +to the former kind the deterministic +finite automaton + + align:start position:0% +finite automaton + + + align:start position:0% +finite automaton +but if you look a little carefully you + + align:start position:0% +but if you look a little carefully you + + + align:start position:0% +but if you look a little carefully you +see that there are some key differences + + align:start position:0% +see that there are some key differences + + + align:start position:0% +see that there are some key differences +um the most important difference + + align:start position:0% +um the most important difference + + + align:start position:0% +um the most important difference +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +the in state q1 for example + + align:start position:0% +the in state q1 for example + + + align:start position:0% +the in state q1 for example +whereas in the machines that we + + align:start position:0% +whereas in the machines that we + + + align:start position:0% +whereas in the machines that we +introduced last time + + align:start position:0% +introduced last time + + + align:start position:0% +introduced last time +there had to be exactly one way to go on + + align:start position:0% +there had to be exactly one way to go on + + + align:start position:0% +there had to be exactly one way to go on +each possible input symbol so you knew + + align:start position:0% +each possible input symbol so you knew + + + align:start position:0% +each possible input symbol so you knew +how to you know how to follow along + + align:start position:0% +how to you know how to follow along + + + align:start position:0% +how to you know how to follow along +through the machine as its computing + + align:start position:0% +through the machine as its computing + + + align:start position:0% +through the machine as its computing +here there are two ways to go + + align:start position:0% +here there are two ways to go + + + align:start position:0% +here there are two ways to go +in q1 you can either stay in q1 or you + + align:start position:0% +in q1 you can either stay in q1 or you + + + align:start position:0% +in q1 you can either stay in q1 or you +can go to q2 + + align:start position:0% +can go to q2 + + + align:start position:0% +can go to q2 +that's the essence of non-determinism + + align:start position:0% +that's the essence of non-determinism + + + align:start position:0% +that's the essence of non-determinism +there could be many ways to proceed + + align:start position:0% +there could be many ways to proceed + + + align:start position:0% +there could be many ways to proceed +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and furthermore on q1 if you get a b + + align:start position:0% +and furthermore on q1 if you get a b + + + align:start position:0% +and furthermore on q1 if you get a b +then there's nowhere to go + + align:start position:0% +then there's nowhere to go + + + align:start position:0% +then there's nowhere to go +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um that's uh also possible within + + align:start position:0% +um that's uh also possible within + + + align:start position:0% +um that's uh also possible within +non-determinism there could be um so + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism there could be um so + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism there could be um so +let's let's just start looking at these + + align:start position:0% +let's let's just start looking at these + + + align:start position:0% +let's let's just start looking at these +features + + align:start position:0% +features + + + align:start position:0% +features +there are multiple paths forward but + + align:start position:0% +there are multiple paths forward but + + + align:start position:0% +there are multiple paths forward but +multiple paths possible you might be + + align:start position:0% +multiple paths possible you might be + + + align:start position:0% +multiple paths possible you might be +able to have uh one as we had before or + + align:start position:0% +able to have uh one as we had before or + + + align:start position:0% +able to have uh one as we had before or +many ways to go at each step or maybe + + align:start position:0% +many ways to go at each step or maybe + + + align:start position:0% +many ways to go at each step or maybe +zero ways to go at each step those are + + align:start position:0% +zero ways to go at each step those are + + + align:start position:0% +zero ways to go at each step those are +all legitimate for a non-deterministic + + align:start position:0% +all legitimate for a non-deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +all legitimate for a non-deterministic +machine which doing a non-deterministic + + align:start position:0% +machine which doing a non-deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +machine which doing a non-deterministic +computation + + align:start position:0% +computation + + + align:start position:0% +computation +another difference if you look carefully + + align:start position:0% +another difference if you look carefully + + + align:start position:0% +another difference if you look carefully +is that we're allowing here the empty + + align:start position:0% +is that we're allowing here the empty + + + align:start position:0% +is that we're allowing here the empty +string to appear on a transition + + align:start position:0% +string to appear on a transition + + + align:start position:0% +string to appear on a transition +that's perhaps a little less uh + + align:start position:0% +that's perhaps a little less uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's perhaps a little less uh +essential to the spirit of + + align:start position:0% +essential to the spirit of + + + align:start position:0% +essential to the spirit of +non-determinism but it's going to turn + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism but it's going to turn + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism but it's going to turn +out to be a convenience when we actually + + align:start position:0% +out to be a convenience when we actually + + + align:start position:0% +out to be a convenience when we actually +apply non-determinism to build machines + + align:start position:0% +apply non-determinism to build machines + + + align:start position:0% +apply non-determinism to build machines +as you'll see very shortly + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now if there are many different ways to + + align:start position:0% +now if there are many different ways to + + + align:start position:0% +now if there are many different ways to +go + + align:start position:0% +go + + + align:start position:0% +go +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +some of those ways to go might have + + align:start position:0% +some of those ways to go might have + + + align:start position:0% +some of those ways to go might have +different outcomes + + align:start position:0% +different outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +different outcomes +you know as we remember from before we + + align:start position:0% +you know as we remember from before we + + + align:start position:0% +you know as we remember from before we +accepted the input if you end up in an + + align:start position:0% +accepted the input if you end up in an + + + align:start position:0% +accepted the input if you end up in an +accept state + + align:start position:0% +accept state + + + align:start position:0% +accept state +and we rejected the input if you end up + + align:start position:0% +and we rejected the input if you end up + + + align:start position:0% +and we rejected the input if you end up +not in an except state in a + + align:start position:0% +not in an except state in a + + + align:start position:0% +not in an except state in a +non-accepting state then you reject + + align:start position:0% +non-accepting state then you reject + + + align:start position:0% +non-accepting state then you reject +but now there might be several different + + align:start position:0% +but now there might be several different + + + align:start position:0% +but now there might be several different +ways to go + + align:start position:0% +ways to go + + + align:start position:0% +ways to go +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so and we'll do an example in a minute + + align:start position:0% +so and we'll do an example in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +so and we'll do an example in a minute +but there might be several different + + align:start position:0% +but there might be several different + + + align:start position:0% +but there might be several different +ways to go and they might disagree + + align:start position:0% +ways to go and they might disagree + + + align:start position:0% +ways to go and they might disagree +some of them might accept other ones + + align:start position:0% +some of them might accept other ones + + + align:start position:0% +some of them might accept other ones +might reject so then what do you do + + align:start position:0% +might reject so then what do you do + + + align:start position:0% +might reject so then what do you do +well in that case + + align:start position:0% +well in that case + + + align:start position:0% +well in that case +um acceptance always overrules rejection + + align:start position:0% +um acceptance always overrules rejection + + + align:start position:0% +um acceptance always overrules rejection +that's the essence of non-determinism + + align:start position:0% +that's the essence of non-determinism + + + align:start position:0% +that's the essence of non-determinism +the way we're def the way we're setting + + align:start position:0% +the way we're def the way we're setting + + + align:start position:0% +the way we're def the way we're setting +it up + + align:start position:0% +it up + + + align:start position:0% +it up +um you may ask why that is and you know + + align:start position:0% +um you may ask why that is and you know + + + align:start position:0% +um you may ask why that is and you know +if um sort of the spirit of that will + + align:start position:0% +if um sort of the spirit of that will + + + align:start position:0% +if um sort of the spirit of that will +become clear in due course but right now + + align:start position:0% +become clear in due course but right now + + + align:start position:0% +become clear in due course but right now +just take it as a rule when we're having + + align:start position:0% +just take it as a rule when we're having + + + align:start position:0% +just take it as a rule when we're having +a non-deterministic machine acceptance + + align:start position:0% +a non-deterministic machine acceptance + + + align:start position:0% +a non-deterministic machine acceptance +overrules rejection + + align:start position:0% +overrules rejection + + + align:start position:0% +overrules rejection +so as long as there is one accepting + + align:start position:0% +so as long as there is one accepting + + + align:start position:0% +so as long as there is one accepting +copy + + align:start position:0% +copy + + + align:start position:0% +copy +one one of the possible ways to go ends + + align:start position:0% +one one of the possible ways to go ends + + + align:start position:0% +one one of the possible ways to go ends +up at an accept we say the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +up at an accept we say the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +up at an accept we say the whole thing +is accepted + + align:start position:0% +is accepted + + + align:start position:0% +is accepted +um the only way could possibly reject if + + align:start position:0% +um the only way could possibly reject if + + + align:start position:0% +um the only way could possibly reject if +all of the possible ways to go end up at + + align:start position:0% +all of the possible ways to go end up at + + + align:start position:0% +all of the possible ways to go end up at +rejection end up at a non-accept state + + align:start position:0% +rejection end up at a non-accept state + + + align:start position:0% +rejection end up at a non-accept state +so we'll see example we'll i think we're + + align:start position:0% +so we'll see example we'll i think we're + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll see example we'll i think we're +going to do an example right now yeah so + + align:start position:0% +going to do an example right now yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +going to do an example right now yeah so +we take for example um this machine n1 + + align:start position:0% +we take for example um this machine n1 + + + align:start position:0% +we take for example um this machine n1 +now on an input a b + + align:start position:0% +now on an input a b + + + align:start position:0% +now on an input a b +and we're going to process the symbols + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to process the symbols + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to process the symbols +one by one just like we did before + + align:start position:0% +one by one just like we did before + + + align:start position:0% +one by one just like we did before +but now to follow along there might be + + align:start position:0% +but now to follow along there might be + + + align:start position:0% +but now to follow along there might be +several different ways to go + + align:start position:0% +several different ways to go + + + align:start position:0% +several different ways to go +so if we take um + + align:start position:0% +so if we take um + + + align:start position:0% +so if we take um +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the first + + align:start position:0% +the first + + + align:start position:0% +the first +symbol a + + align:start position:0% +symbol a + + + align:start position:0% +symbol a +and we run the machine so the machine is + + align:start position:0% +and we run the machine so the machine is + + + align:start position:0% +and we run the machine so the machine is +starts at the start state um as before + + align:start position:0% +starts at the start state um as before + + + align:start position:0% +starts at the start state um as before +but now an a comes in and there might be + + align:start position:0% +but now an a comes in and there might be + + + align:start position:0% +but now an a comes in and there might be +two now there are two different ways to + + align:start position:0% +two now there are two different ways to + + + align:start position:0% +two now there are two different ways to +go so we're going to keep track of both + + align:start position:0% +go so we're going to keep track of both + + + align:start position:0% +go so we're going to keep track of both +of them + + align:start position:0% +of them + + + align:start position:0% +of them +after the machine reads an a you can + + align:start position:0% +after the machine reads an a you can + + + align:start position:0% +after the machine reads an a you can +think of it as think of it as being in + + align:start position:0% +think of it as think of it as being in + + + align:start position:0% +think of it as think of it as being in +two states now simultaneously it can be + + align:start position:0% +two states now simultaneously it can be + + + align:start position:0% +two states now simultaneously it can be +in state q one and it can be in state q + + align:start position:0% +in state q one and it can be in state q + + + align:start position:0% +in state q one and it can be in state q +two so those are two different possible + + align:start position:0% +two so those are two different possible + + + align:start position:0% +two so those are two different possible +places it could be at this moment + + align:start position:0% +places it could be at this moment + + + align:start position:0% +places it could be at this moment +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now um now we read the next symbol + + align:start position:0% +now um now we read the next symbol + + + align:start position:0% +now um now we read the next symbol +the b and from a b you take all of each + + align:start position:0% +the b and from a b you take all of each + + + align:start position:0% +the b and from a b you take all of each +of the places where the machine could be + + align:start position:0% +of the places where the machine could be + + + align:start position:0% +of the places where the machine could be +um at the end of the previous symbol + + align:start position:0% +um at the end of the previous symbol + + + align:start position:0% +um at the end of the previous symbol +and you then apply + + align:start position:0% +and you then apply + + + align:start position:0% +and you then apply +reading a b the next symbol to each of + + align:start position:0% +reading a b the next symbol to each of + + + align:start position:0% +reading a b the next symbol to each of +those uh from each of those states where + + align:start position:0% +those uh from each of those states where + + + align:start position:0% +those uh from each of those states where +the machine could be in uh from the + + align:start position:0% +the machine could be in uh from the + + + align:start position:0% +the machine could be in uh from the +previous symbol + + align:start position:0% +previous symbol + + + align:start position:0% +previous symbol +so the machine could be in q1 and q2 + + align:start position:0% +so the machine could be in q1 and q2 + + + align:start position:0% +so the machine could be in q1 and q2 +after reading an a now we apply a b well + + align:start position:0% +after reading an a now we apply a b well + + + align:start position:0% +after reading an a now we apply a b well +q one on a b + + align:start position:0% +q one on a b + + + align:start position:0% +q one on a b +goes nowhere + + align:start position:0% +goes nowhere + + + align:start position:0% +goes nowhere +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +you think of that uh + + align:start position:0% +you think of that uh + + + align:start position:0% +you think of that uh +a branch + + align:start position:0% +a branch + + + align:start position:0% +a branch +if you will of the computation as just + + align:start position:0% +if you will of the computation as just + + + align:start position:0% +if you will of the computation as just +dying off it has nowhere to go it just + + align:start position:0% +dying off it has nowhere to go it just + + + align:start position:0% +dying off it has nowhere to go it just +vanishes + + align:start position:0% +vanishes + + + align:start position:0% +vanishes +however when you're in the the other + + align:start position:0% +however when you're in the the other + + + align:start position:0% +however when you're in the the other +possibility which was state q2 on a b + + align:start position:0% +possibility which was state q2 on a b + + + align:start position:0% +possibility which was state q2 on a b +does allow does have a place to go so + + align:start position:0% +does allow does have a place to go so + + + align:start position:0% +does allow does have a place to go so +that the machine is now going to go from + + align:start position:0% +that the machine is now going to go from + + + align:start position:0% +that the machine is now going to go from +q2 to q3 um uh + + align:start position:0% +q2 to q3 um uh + + + align:start position:0% +q2 to q3 um uh +when it re on that branch of the + + align:start position:0% +when it re on that branch of the + + + align:start position:0% +when it re on that branch of the +computation which reading on reading a b + + align:start position:0% +computation which reading on reading a b + + + align:start position:0% +computation which reading on reading a b +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +it has + + align:start position:0% +it has + + + align:start position:0% +it has +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +coming out of q3 there are two symbols + + align:start position:0% +coming out of q3 there are two symbols + + + align:start position:0% +coming out of q3 there are two symbols +there's an a and an empty string symbol + + align:start position:0% +there's an a and an empty string symbol + + + align:start position:0% +there's an a and an empty string symbol +now on an a the machine would have to + + align:start position:0% +now on an a the machine would have to + + + align:start position:0% +now on an a the machine would have to +read + + align:start position:0% +read + + + align:start position:0% +read +an a in order to transition along that + + align:start position:0% +an a in order to transition along that + + + align:start position:0% +an a in order to transition along that +arrow + + align:start position:0% +arrow + + + align:start position:0% +arrow +but on when there's an empty symbol on + + align:start position:0% +but on when there's an empty symbol on + + + align:start position:0% +but on when there's an empty symbol on +the arrow that means the machine can go + + align:start position:0% +the arrow that means the machine can go + + + align:start position:0% +the arrow that means the machine can go +along that arrow for free without even + + align:start position:0% +along that arrow for free without even + + + align:start position:0% +along that arrow for free without even +reading anything + + align:start position:0% +reading anything + + + align:start position:0% +reading anything +as long as it gets to q3 it can + + align:start position:0% +as long as it gets to q3 it can + + + align:start position:0% +as long as it gets to q3 it can +automatically jump to q4 + + align:start position:0% +automatically jump to q4 + + + align:start position:0% +automatically jump to q4 +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +once it has read a b and gone to q3 + + align:start position:0% +once it has read a b and gone to q3 + + + align:start position:0% +once it has read a b and gone to q3 +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +um it it can either stay in q3 or it can + + align:start position:0% +um it it can either stay in q3 or it can + + + align:start position:0% +um it it can either stay in q3 or it can +re it can go along the empty transition + + align:start position:0% +re it can go along the empty transition + + + align:start position:0% +re it can go along the empty transition +and go to q4 so again it is going to be + + align:start position:0% +and go to q4 so again it is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and go to q4 so again it is going to be +a non-deterministic step at this point + + align:start position:0% +a non-deterministic step at this point + + + align:start position:0% +a non-deterministic step at this point +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +the essence of having a empty transition + + align:start position:0% +the essence of having a empty transition + + + align:start position:0% +the essence of having a empty transition +is that there's going to be + + align:start position:0% +is that there's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +is that there's going to be +non-determinism that's why we didn't + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism that's why we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism that's why we didn't +introduce that + + align:start position:0% +introduce that + + + align:start position:0% +introduce that +for deterministic automata because + + align:start position:0% +for deterministic automata because + + + align:start position:0% +for deterministic automata because +um you don't have to transition along an + + align:start position:0% +um you don't have to transition along an + + + align:start position:0% +um you don't have to transition along an +empty string transition you can stay + + align:start position:0% +empty string transition you can stay + + + align:start position:0% +empty string transition you can stay +where you are or you can go along the + + align:start position:0% +where you are or you can go along the + + + align:start position:0% +where you are or you can go along the +empty string transition without reading + + align:start position:0% +empty string transition without reading + + + align:start position:0% +empty string transition without reading +any input and go over to the next state + + align:start position:0% +any input and go over to the next state + + + align:start position:0% +any input and go over to the next state +which in this case is q4 + + align:start position:0% +which in this case is q4 + + + align:start position:0% +which in this case is q4 +so let's just see where we are after + + align:start position:0% +so let's just see where we are after + + + align:start position:0% +so let's just see where we are after +reading an a we're in states q1 q2 + + align:start position:0% +reading an a we're in states q1 q2 + + + align:start position:0% +reading an a we're in states q1 q2 +but now after reading a b we're in + + align:start position:0% +but now after reading a b we're in + + + align:start position:0% +but now after reading a b we're in +states q3 and q4 as possibilities and + + align:start position:0% +states q3 and q4 as possibilities and + + + align:start position:0% +states q3 and q4 as possibilities and +then we and now we're at the end of the + + align:start position:0% +then we and now we're at the end of the + + + align:start position:0% +then we and now we're at the end of the +input and we look and see what we got + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if any one of the states as + + align:start position:0% +if any one of the states as + + + align:start position:0% +if any one of the states as +possibilities that we are right now at + + align:start position:0% +possibilities that we are right now at + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities that we are right now at +the end of the string is an accept state + + align:start position:0% +the end of the string is an accept state + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the string is an accept state +then we say overall the machine has + + align:start position:0% +then we say overall the machine has + + + align:start position:0% +then we say overall the machine has +accepted + + align:start position:0% +accepted + + + align:start position:0% +accepted +so that corresponds to what we said over + + align:start position:0% +so that corresponds to what we said over + + + align:start position:0% +so that corresponds to what we said over +here before accept the input if some + + align:start position:0% +here before accept the input if some + + + align:start position:0% +here before accept the input if some +path leads to an accept + + align:start position:0% +path leads to an accept + + + align:start position:0% +path leads to an accept +so if any way of proceeding + + align:start position:0% +so if any way of proceeding + + + align:start position:0% +so if any way of proceeding +um through these you know + + align:start position:0% +um through these you know + + + align:start position:0% +um through these you know +non-deterministic choices will lead you + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic choices will lead you + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic choices will lead you +to an accept then you will say we're + + align:start position:0% +to an accept then you will say we're + + + align:start position:0% +to an accept then you will say we're +going to accept the input + + align:start position:0% +going to accept the input + + + align:start position:0% +going to accept the input +okay so this input here is accepted + + align:start position:0% +okay so this input here is accepted + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this input here is accepted +let's do another example suppose we have + + align:start position:0% +let's do another example suppose we have + + + align:start position:0% +let's do another example suppose we have +the input a a + + align:start position:0% +the input a a + + + align:start position:0% +the input a a +instead of a b + + align:start position:0% +instead of a b + + + align:start position:0% +instead of a b +so a a + + align:start position:0% +so a a + + + align:start position:0% +so a a +you know after the first a as before + + align:start position:0% +you know after the first a as before + + + align:start position:0% +you know after the first a as before +we're in states q one and q two as + + align:start position:0% +we're in states q one and q two as + + + align:start position:0% +we're in states q one and q two as +possibilities + + align:start position:0% +possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities +now we read in a again + + align:start position:0% +now we read in a again + + + align:start position:0% +now we read in a again +now the one that's on state q one that + + align:start position:0% +now the one that's on state q one that + + + align:start position:0% +now the one that's on state q one that +possibility q one possibility after + + align:start position:0% +possibility q one possibility after + + + align:start position:0% +possibility q one possibility after +reading an a it again branches to q1 and + + align:start position:0% +reading an a it again branches to q1 and + + + align:start position:0% +reading an a it again branches to q1 and +q2 + + align:start position:0% +q2 + + + align:start position:0% +q2 +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so when we know after reading the second + + align:start position:0% +so when we know after reading the second + + + align:start position:0% +so when we know after reading the second +a we're going to be in at least q1 and + + align:start position:0% +a we're going to be in at least q1 and + + + align:start position:0% +a we're going to be in at least q1 and +q2 now how about the + + align:start position:0% +q2 now how about the + + + align:start position:0% +q2 now how about the +the state that had been you know on q2 + + align:start position:0% +the state that had been you know on q2 + + + align:start position:0% +the state that had been you know on q2 +on reading in a + + align:start position:0% +on reading in a + + + align:start position:0% +on reading in a +the one from before after reading the + + align:start position:0% +the one from before after reading the + + + align:start position:0% +the one from before after reading the +first day you were in q2 now reading the + + align:start position:0% +first day you were in q2 now reading the + + + align:start position:0% +first day you were in q2 now reading the +second a there's nowhere to go so that + + align:start position:0% +second a there's nowhere to go so that + + + align:start position:0% +second a there's nowhere to go so that +one just gets removed + + align:start position:0% +one just gets removed + + + align:start position:0% +one just gets removed +so after reading a a + + align:start position:0% +so after reading a a + + + align:start position:0% +so after reading a a +we remain in states q1 and q2 as + + align:start position:0% +we remain in states q1 and q2 as + + + align:start position:0% +we remain in states q1 and q2 as +possibilities + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +neither of those are accept states + + align:start position:0% +neither of those are accept states + + + align:start position:0% +neither of those are accept states +so therefore on input a a + + align:start position:0% +so therefore on input a a + + + align:start position:0% +so therefore on input a a +the machine rejects + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +let's just do a couple more and then + + align:start position:0% +let's just do a couple more and then + + + align:start position:0% +let's just do a couple more and then +i'll ask you to do one + + align:start position:0% +i'll ask you to do one + + + align:start position:0% +i'll ask you to do one +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we have aba as an input let's see what + + align:start position:0% +we have aba as an input let's see what + + + align:start position:0% +we have aba as an input let's see what +happens then so + + align:start position:0% +happens then so + + + align:start position:0% +happens then so +um we have a + + align:start position:0% +um we have a + + + align:start position:0% +um we have a +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +remember after reading a b a b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the machine is in the two states q three + + align:start position:0% +the machine is in the two states q three + + + align:start position:0% +the machine is in the two states q three +q four as possibilities that's what we + + align:start position:0% +q four as possibilities that's what we + + + align:start position:0% +q four as possibilities that's what we +had from from um the first example + + align:start position:0% +had from from um the first example + + + align:start position:0% +had from from um the first example +so after reading a b we're in states two + + align:start position:0% +so after reading a b we're in states two + + + align:start position:0% +so after reading a b we're in states two +three q four now we read another a + + align:start position:0% +three q four now we read another a + + + align:start position:0% +three q four now we read another a +the confu the q4 + + align:start position:0% +the confu the q4 + + + align:start position:0% +the confu the q4 +on an a has nowhere to go in fact it has + + align:start position:0% +on an a has nowhere to go in fact it has + + + align:start position:0% +on an a has nowhere to go in fact it has +nowhere to go on any input so no matter + + align:start position:0% +nowhere to go on any input so no matter + + + align:start position:0% +nowhere to go on any input so no matter +what comes in after you're in state q4 + + align:start position:0% +what comes in after you're in state q4 + + + align:start position:0% +what comes in after you're in state q4 +that branch dies + + align:start position:0% +that branch dies + + + align:start position:0% +that branch dies +but on q3 which is another one of the + + align:start position:0% +but on q3 which is another one of the + + + align:start position:0% +but on q3 which is another one of the +possibilities reading in a um it can + + align:start position:0% +possibilities reading in a um it can + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities reading in a um it can +follow along just transition because + + align:start position:0% +follow along just transition because + + + align:start position:0% +follow along just transition because +that's one of the labels on that + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the labels on that + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the labels on that +transition is a so you can follow along + + align:start position:0% +transition is a so you can follow along + + + align:start position:0% +transition is a so you can follow along +just a transition reading in a which is + + align:start position:0% +just a transition reading in a which is + + + align:start position:0% +just a transition reading in a which is +the last uh + + align:start position:0% +the last uh + + + align:start position:0% +the last uh +symbol in the string and so now after + + align:start position:0% +symbol in the string and so now after + + + align:start position:0% +symbol in the string and so now after +aba you are in only state q4 + + align:start position:0% +aba you are in only state q4 + + + align:start position:0% +aba you are in only state q4 +as a possibility but that happens to be + + align:start position:0% +as a possibility but that happens to be + + + align:start position:0% +as a possibility but that happens to be +an accept state so the machine accepts + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay and now lastly what happens let's + + align:start position:0% +okay and now lastly what happens let's + + + align:start position:0% +okay and now lastly what happens let's +take our final examples uh what happens + + align:start position:0% +take our final examples uh what happens + + + align:start position:0% +take our final examples uh what happens +if we have a b b + + align:start position:0% +if we have a b b + + + align:start position:0% +if we have a b b +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +you know as you remember before when we + + align:start position:0% +you know as you remember before when we + + + align:start position:0% +you know as you remember before when we +um were after reading a b that was the + + align:start position:0% +um were after reading a b that was the + + + align:start position:0% +um were after reading a b that was the +first example we were in states q3 q4 as + + align:start position:0% +first example we were in states q3 q4 as + + + align:start position:0% +first example we were in states q3 q4 as +possibilities now we read a b + + align:start position:0% +possibilities now we read a b + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities now we read a b +well neither of those states have + + align:start position:0% +well neither of those states have + + + align:start position:0% +well neither of those states have +anywhere to go on a b + + align:start position:0% +anywhere to go on a b + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere to go on a b +so now all + + align:start position:0% +so now all + + + align:start position:0% +so now all +threads all branches of the computation + + align:start position:0% +threads all branches of the computation + + + align:start position:0% +threads all branches of the computation +die off + + align:start position:0% +die off + + + align:start position:0% +die off +and at this point the machine is totally + + align:start position:0% +and at this point the machine is totally + + + align:start position:0% +and at this point the machine is totally +dead it has no no active possibilities + + align:start position:0% +dead it has no no active possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +dead it has no no active possibilities +left + + align:start position:0% +left + + + align:start position:0% +left +so certainly it's going to reject this + + align:start position:0% +so certainly it's going to reject this + + + align:start position:0% +so certainly it's going to reject this +input because none of the active states + + align:start position:0% +input because none of the active states + + + align:start position:0% +input because none of the active states +there are no active states are accepting + + align:start position:0% +there are no active states are accepting + + + align:start position:0% +there are no active states are accepting +states and in fact if you looked at + + align:start position:0% +states and in fact if you looked at + + + align:start position:0% +states and in fact if you looked at +anything that came later + + align:start position:0% +anything that came later + + + align:start position:0% +anything that came later +they would anything that extended the + + align:start position:0% +they would anything that extended the + + + align:start position:0% +they would anything that extended the +string a b b would also be rejected + + align:start position:0% +string a b b would also be rejected + + + align:start position:0% +string a b b would also be rejected +because once the machine had all + + align:start position:0% +because once the machine had all + + + align:start position:0% +because once the machine had all +all possibilities have died off there's + + align:start position:0% +all possibilities have died off there's + + + align:start position:0% +all possibilities have died off there's +no way for them to uh come back to life + + align:start position:0% +no way for them to uh come back to life + + + align:start position:0% +no way for them to uh come back to life +on any extensions + + align:start position:0% +on any extensions + + + align:start position:0% +on any extensions +so with that um + + align:start position:0% +so with that um + + + align:start position:0% +so with that um +oh here's an important point before i + + align:start position:0% +oh here's an important point before i + + + align:start position:0% +oh here's an important point before i +i'm going to jump to a check-in on you + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to jump to a check-in on you + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to jump to a check-in on you +uh but um + + align:start position:0% +uh but um + + + align:start position:0% +uh but um +uh i think what one thing that you know + + align:start position:0% +uh i think what one thing that you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh i think what one thing that you know +might be on your mind about this + + align:start position:0% +might be on your mind about this + + + align:start position:0% +might be on your mind about this +non-determinism is how does how do we + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism is how does how do we + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism is how does how do we +actually what is that how does that + + align:start position:0% +actually what is that how does that + + + align:start position:0% +actually what is that how does that +correspond to reality + + align:start position:0% +correspond to reality + + + align:start position:0% +correspond to reality +well it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +well it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +well it doesn't +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're not intending for non-determinism + + align:start position:0% +we're not intending for non-determinism + + + align:start position:0% +we're not intending for non-determinism +as we're defining it to correspond to a + + align:start position:0% +as we're defining it to correspond to a + + + align:start position:0% +as we're defining it to correspond to a +physical device + + align:start position:0% +physical device + + + align:start position:0% +physical device +but nevertheless as you'll see it's a + + align:start position:0% +but nevertheless as you'll see it's a + + + align:start position:0% +but nevertheless as you'll see it's a +very mathematically useful concept uh + + align:start position:0% +very mathematically useful concept uh + + + align:start position:0% +very mathematically useful concept uh +this non-determinism and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +this non-determinism and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +this non-determinism and it's going to +be playing a big role throughout the + + align:start position:0% +be playing a big role throughout the + + + align:start position:0% +be playing a big role throughout the +subject as will uh + + align:start position:0% +subject as will uh + + + align:start position:0% +subject as will uh +as will experience it during the rest of + + align:start position:0% +as will experience it during the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +as will experience it during the rest of +the term + + align:start position:0% +the term + + + align:start position:0% +the term +so with that uh i'm going to have a + + align:start position:0% +so with that uh i'm going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +so with that uh i'm going to have a +little check in it's going to give i'm + + align:start position:0% +little check in it's going to give i'm + + + align:start position:0% +little check in it's going to give i'm +going to ask you to + + align:start position:0% +going to ask you to + + + align:start position:0% +going to ask you to +uh consider what happens on one of the + + align:start position:0% +uh consider what happens on one of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh consider what happens on one of the +inputs um so here we go what does it do + + align:start position:0% +inputs um so here we go what does it do + + + align:start position:0% +inputs um so here we go what does it do +on input a a b + + align:start position:0% +on input a a b + + + align:start position:0% +on input a a b +so here's the machine you can look at it + + align:start position:0% +so here's the machine you can look at it + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the machine you can look at it +and i'm gonna i'm supposed to hopefully + + align:start position:0% +and i'm gonna i'm supposed to hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm gonna i'm supposed to hopefully +there's a poll here for me to give to + + align:start position:0% +there's a poll here for me to give to + + + align:start position:0% +there's a poll here for me to give to +you um + + align:start position:0% +you um + + + align:start position:0% +you um +so you can + + align:start position:0% +so you can + + + align:start position:0% +so you can +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +give me your input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what does the machine do on input a + + align:start position:0% +so what does the machine do on input a + + + align:start position:0% +so what does the machine do on input a +a b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +most of you have answered + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again you're not going to be penalized + + align:start position:0% +again you're not going to be penalized + + + align:start position:0% +again you're not going to be penalized +for getting the wrong answer + + align:start position:0% +for getting the wrong answer + + + align:start position:0% +for getting the wrong answer +um but + + align:start position:0% +um but + + + align:start position:0% +um but +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +hopefully + + align:start position:0% +hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully +you you'll get the right answer + + align:start position:0% +you you'll get the right answer + + + align:start position:0% +you you'll get the right answer +anyway + + align:start position:0% +anyway + + + align:start position:0% +anyway +let's just take a look here uh so time + + align:start position:0% +let's just take a look here uh so time + + + align:start position:0% +let's just take a look here uh so time +is up + + align:start position:0% +is up + + + align:start position:0% +is up +um let's end the polling + + align:start position:0% +um let's end the polling + + + align:start position:0% +um let's end the polling +and share the results + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the majority of you majority have + + align:start position:0% +so the majority of you majority have + + + align:start position:0% +so the majority of you majority have +gotten the correct answer which is a the + + align:start position:0% +gotten the correct answer which is a the + + + align:start position:0% +gotten the correct answer which is a the +machine does accept a a b + + align:start position:0% +machine does accept a a b + + + align:start position:0% +machine does accept a a b +uh because you know when you have + + align:start position:0% +uh because you know when you have + + + align:start position:0% +uh because you know when you have +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +so if you if you like i'll show you the + + align:start position:0% +so if you if you like i'll show you the + + + align:start position:0% +so if you if you like i'll show you the +path that corresponds to accepting you + + align:start position:0% +path that corresponds to accepting you + + + align:start position:0% +path that corresponds to accepting you +go a + + align:start position:0% +go a + + + align:start position:0% +go a +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +b + + align:start position:0% +b + + + align:start position:0% +b +and then empty string + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +uh sequence of steps + + align:start position:0% +uh sequence of steps + + + align:start position:0% +uh sequence of steps +is one of the non-deterministic + + align:start position:0% +is one of the non-deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +is one of the non-deterministic +possibilities that the machine can + + align:start position:0% +possibilities that the machine can + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities that the machine can +follow + + align:start position:0% +follow + + + align:start position:0% +follow +and that shows that the machine does + + align:start position:0% +and that shows that the machine does + + + align:start position:0% +and that shows that the machine does +accept the input a a b you know you + + align:start position:0% +accept the input a a b you know you + + + align:start position:0% +accept the input a a b you know you +could think about it the way we did it + + align:start position:0% +could think about it the way we did it + + + align:start position:0% +could think about it the way we did it +before um also you know if you read an a + + align:start position:0% +before um also you know if you read an a + + + align:start position:0% +before um also you know if you read an a +it's in the two possibilities q one q + + align:start position:0% +it's in the two possibilities q one q + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the two possibilities q one q +two you read a second a again in the + + align:start position:0% +two you read a second a again in the + + + align:start position:0% +two you read a second a again in the +possibilities q one q two now you read a + + align:start position:0% +possibilities q one q two now you read a + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities q one q two now you read a +b + + align:start position:0% +b + + + align:start position:0% +b +it's into possibilities q three q four + + align:start position:0% +it's into possibilities q three q four + + + align:start position:0% +it's into possibilities q three q four +and um that's it + + align:start position:0% +and um that's it + + + align:start position:0% +and um that's it +a a b so now you read the b it's in + + align:start position:0% +a a b so now you read the b it's in + + + align:start position:0% +a a b so now you read the b it's in +possibility q three q four q four is an + + align:start position:0% +possibility q three q four q four is an + + + align:start position:0% +possibility q three q four q four is an +accepting state that overrules the + + align:start position:0% +accepting state that overrules the + + + align:start position:0% +accepting state that overrules the +non-accepting state and so the machine + + align:start position:0% +non-accepting state and so the machine + + + align:start position:0% +non-accepting state and so the machine +accepts + + align:start position:0% +accepts + + + align:start position:0% +accepts +you have to understand this so if you + + align:start position:0% +you have to understand this so if you + + + align:start position:0% +you have to understand this so if you +didn't get it right + + align:start position:0% +didn't get it right + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get it right +go back and think about where you + + align:start position:0% +go back and think about where you + + + align:start position:0% +go back and think about where you +slipped up + + align:start position:0% +slipped up + + + align:start position:0% +slipped up +okay because this is um + + align:start position:0% +okay because this is um + + + align:start position:0% +okay because this is um +you know the + + align:start position:0% +you know the + + + align:start position:0% +you know the +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +this is just getting we're just getting + + align:start position:0% +this is just getting we're just getting + + + align:start position:0% +this is just getting we're just getting +warmed up + + align:start position:0% +warmed up + + + align:start position:0% +warmed up +here it's going to get it's going to get + + align:start position:0% +here it's going to get it's going to get + + + align:start position:0% +here it's going to get it's going to get +a lot harder + + align:start position:0% +a lot harder + + + align:start position:0% +a lot harder +okay so stop sharing the results um + + align:start position:0% +okay so stop sharing the results um + + + align:start position:0% +okay so stop sharing the results um +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so let's continue + + align:start position:0% +so let's continue + + + align:start position:0% +so let's continue +so now + + align:start position:0% +so now + + + align:start position:0% +so now +we just as we did last time we can + + align:start position:0% +we just as we did last time we can + + + align:start position:0% +we just as we did last time we can +formally uh define a fine + + align:start position:0% +formally uh define a fine + + + align:start position:0% +formally uh define a fine +non-deterministic finite automata here's + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic finite automata here's + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic finite automata here's +the picture again um + + align:start position:0% +the picture again um + + + align:start position:0% +the picture again um +okay uh so it looks a lot like the the + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so it looks a lot like the the + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so it looks a lot like the the +the case we had before the deterministic + + align:start position:0% +the case we had before the deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +the case we had before the deterministic +finite automata or dfa as we'll call + + align:start position:0% +finite automata or dfa as we'll call + + + align:start position:0% +finite automata or dfa as we'll call +them um it's a five tuple so i've sort + + align:start position:0% +them um it's a five tuple so i've sort + + + align:start position:0% +them um it's a five tuple so i've sort +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +uh written down little reminders for + + align:start position:0% +uh written down little reminders for + + + align:start position:0% +uh written down little reminders for +what those components of that five tuple + + align:start position:0% +what those components of that five tuple + + + align:start position:0% +what those components of that five tuple +are that list of five uh + + align:start position:0% +are that list of five uh + + + align:start position:0% +are that list of five uh +five components um + + align:start position:0% +five components um + + + align:start position:0% +five components um +so they're all the same as before + + align:start position:0% +so they're all the same as before + + + align:start position:0% +so they're all the same as before +states alphabet + + align:start position:0% +states alphabet + + + align:start position:0% +states alphabet +transition function start state and + + align:start position:0% +transition function start state and + + + align:start position:0% +transition function start state and +accepting states so that the formal + + align:start position:0% +accepting states so that the formal + + + align:start position:0% +accepting states so that the formal +definition definition looks exactly the + + align:start position:0% +definition definition looks exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +definition definition looks exactly the +same except the structure of the + + align:start position:0% +same except the structure of the + + + align:start position:0% +same except the structure of the +transition function + + align:start position:0% +transition function + + + align:start position:0% +transition function +so now before if you remember you had a + + align:start position:0% +so now before if you remember you had a + + + align:start position:0% +so now before if you remember you had a +state and an input symbol and you got + + align:start position:0% +state and an input symbol and you got + + + align:start position:0% +state and an input symbol and you got +back a state + + align:start position:0% +back a state + + + align:start position:0% +back a state +uh now we have something more + + align:start position:0% +uh now we have something more + + + align:start position:0% +uh now we have something more +complicated looking + + align:start position:0% +complicated looking + + + align:start position:0% +complicated looking +we have a state and an input symbol + + align:start position:0% +we have a state and an input symbol + + + align:start position:0% +we have a state and an input symbol +but it you know it's instead of just + + align:start position:0% +but it you know it's instead of just + + + align:start position:0% +but it you know it's instead of just +sigma it's sigma sub epsilon and that + + align:start position:0% +sigma it's sigma sub epsilon and that + + + align:start position:0% +sigma it's sigma sub epsilon and that +that's a shorthand for sigma union + + align:start position:0% +that's a shorthand for sigma union + + + align:start position:0% +that's a shorthand for sigma union +epsilon + + align:start position:0% +epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon +and that's a way my way of saying that + + align:start position:0% +and that's a way my way of saying that + + + align:start position:0% +and that's a way my way of saying that +you're allowed to have on your + + align:start position:0% +you're allowed to have on your + + + align:start position:0% +you're allowed to have on your +transition um arrows either an input + + align:start position:0% +transition um arrows either an input + + + align:start position:0% +transition um arrows either an input +symbol or an empty string so the + + align:start position:0% +symbol or an empty string so the + + + align:start position:0% +symbol or an empty string so the +transition function has to tell you what + + align:start position:0% +transition function has to tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +transition function has to tell you what +to do when you have empty string coming + + align:start position:0% +to do when you have empty string coming + + + align:start position:0% +to do when you have empty string coming +in as well um so that would be part of + + align:start position:0% +in as well um so that would be part of + + + align:start position:0% +in as well um so that would be part of +your table for the transition function + + align:start position:0% +your table for the transition function + + + align:start position:0% +your table for the transition function +now over here what's going on over here + + align:start position:0% +now over here what's going on over here + + + align:start position:0% +now over here what's going on over here +well now + + align:start position:0% +well now + + + align:start position:0% +well now +instead of just producing a single state + + align:start position:0% +instead of just producing a single state + + + align:start position:0% +instead of just producing a single state +you know when you've read for example an + + align:start position:0% +you know when you've read for example an + + + align:start position:0% +you know when you've read for example an +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +on from q1 there's a whole set of + + align:start position:0% +on from q1 there's a whole set of + + + align:start position:0% +on from q1 there's a whole set of +possibilities + + align:start position:0% +possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities +so here we have what's called the power + + align:start position:0% +so here we have what's called the power + + + align:start position:0% +so here we have what's called the power +set + + align:start position:0% +set + + + align:start position:0% +set +that's the set of + + align:start position:0% +that's the set of + + + align:start position:0% +that's the set of +subsets + + align:start position:0% +subsets + + + align:start position:0% +subsets +of the collection queue + + align:start position:0% +of the collection queue + + + align:start position:0% +of the collection queue +so here we're going to produce an entire + + align:start position:0% +so here we're going to produce an entire + + + align:start position:0% +so here we're going to produce an entire +subset of states instead of just one + + align:start position:0% +subset of states instead of just one + + + align:start position:0% +subset of states instead of just one +state coming out there might be a subset + + align:start position:0% +state coming out there might be a subset + + + align:start position:0% +state coming out there might be a subset +of possible states that you can go to + + align:start position:0% +of possible states that you can go to + + + align:start position:0% +of possible states that you can go to +so the power set of q is the set of + + align:start position:0% +so the power set of q is the set of + + + align:start position:0% +so the power set of q is the set of +subsets of um of q + + align:start position:0% +subsets of um of q + + + align:start position:0% +subsets of um of q +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +that's what this notation means + + align:start position:0% +that's what this notation means + + + align:start position:0% +that's what this notation means +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +again this is something that + + align:start position:0% +again this is something that + + + align:start position:0% +again this is something that +i'm hopefully presenting to you as a bit + + align:start position:0% +i'm hopefully presenting to you as a bit + + + align:start position:0% +i'm hopefully presenting to you as a bit +of a reminder you've seen this somewhere + + align:start position:0% +of a reminder you've seen this somewhere + + + align:start position:0% +of a reminder you've seen this somewhere +else before but um please make sure you + + align:start position:0% +else before but um please make sure you + + + align:start position:0% +else before but um please make sure you +understand the notation uh going forward + + align:start position:0% +understand the notation uh going forward + + + align:start position:0% +understand the notation uh going forward +because + + align:start position:0% +because + + + align:start position:0% +because +we'll we'll be doing less hand-holding + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll be doing less hand-holding + + + align:start position:0% +we'll we'll be doing less hand-holding +as we start moving forward + + align:start position:0% +as we start moving forward + + + align:start position:0% +as we start moving forward +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so just let's take a look at the n1 + + align:start position:0% +so just let's take a look at the n1 + + + align:start position:0% +so just let's take a look at the n1 +example here + + align:start position:0% +example here + + + align:start position:0% +example here +um just to illustrate the illustrate + + align:start position:0% +um just to illustrate the illustrate + + + align:start position:0% +um just to illustrate the illustrate +what's going on when you're in state q1 + + align:start position:0% +what's going on when you're in state q1 + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on when you're in state q1 +reading an a + + align:start position:0% +reading an a + + + align:start position:0% +reading an a +now you get a whole set of possibilities + + align:start position:0% +now you get a whole set of possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +now you get a whole set of possibilities +which in this case is q1 and q2 + + align:start position:0% +which in this case is q1 and q2 + + + align:start position:0% +which in this case is q1 and q2 +um whereas if you're reading a b what + + align:start position:0% +um whereas if you're reading a b what + + + align:start position:0% +um whereas if you're reading a b what +would be that set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coming out of q1 what's the set of + + align:start position:0% +coming out of q1 what's the set of + + + align:start position:0% +coming out of q1 what's the set of +possible successor states + + align:start position:0% +possible successor states + + + align:start position:0% +possible successor states +well there are none so it's the empty + + align:start position:0% +well there are none so it's the empty + + + align:start position:0% +well there are none so it's the empty +set + + align:start position:0% +set + + + align:start position:0% +set +okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is +hopefully your understanding no notation + + align:start position:0% +hopefully your understanding no notation + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully your understanding no notation +here so now here's i think really + + align:start position:0% +here so now here's i think really + + + align:start position:0% +here so now here's i think really +important + + align:start position:0% +important + + + align:start position:0% +important +how do we understand non-determinism + + align:start position:0% +how do we understand non-determinism + + + align:start position:0% +how do we understand non-determinism +intuitively speaking and there are + + align:start position:0% +intuitively speaking and there are + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively speaking and there are +multiple different ways which each has + + align:start position:0% +multiple different ways which each has + + + align:start position:0% +multiple different ways which each has +their value under different + + align:start position:0% +their value under different + + + align:start position:0% +their value under different +circumstances + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so one way + + align:start position:0% +so one way + + + align:start position:0% +so one way +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +thinking about non-determinism as a kind + + align:start position:0% +thinking about non-determinism as a kind + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about non-determinism as a kind +of parallelism + + align:start position:0% +of parallelism + + + align:start position:0% +of parallelism +so every time the machine has a + + align:start position:0% +so every time the machine has a + + + align:start position:0% +so every time the machine has a +non-deterministic choice to make where + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic choice to make where + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic choice to make where +there is more than one outcome you think + + align:start position:0% +there is more than one outcome you think + + + align:start position:0% +there is more than one outcome you think +of the machine as um + + align:start position:0% +of the machine as um + + + align:start position:0% +of the machine as um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +branching forking + + align:start position:0% +branching forking + + + align:start position:0% +branching forking +new threads of the parallel computation + + align:start position:0% +new threads of the parallel computation + + + align:start position:0% +new threads of the parallel computation +at that stage where it makes entire copy + + align:start position:0% +at that stage where it makes entire copy + + + align:start position:0% +at that stage where it makes entire copy +of itself when there's a choice of + + align:start position:0% +of itself when there's a choice of + + + align:start position:0% +of itself when there's a choice of +possibilities + + align:start position:0% +possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities +and then each of those independently + + align:start position:0% +and then each of those independently + + + align:start position:0% +and then each of those independently +proceeds to read the rest of the input + + align:start position:0% +proceeds to read the rest of the input + + + align:start position:0% +proceeds to read the rest of the input +as separate threads of the computation + + align:start position:0% +as separate threads of the computation + + + align:start position:0% +as separate threads of the computation +so if you're familiar with parallel + + align:start position:0% +so if you're familiar with parallel + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're familiar with parallel +computing this should be reasonably + + align:start position:0% +computing this should be reasonably + + + align:start position:0% +computing this should be reasonably +familiar to you the only key thing to + + align:start position:0% +familiar to you the only key thing to + + + align:start position:0% +familiar to you the only key thing to +remember is that as this thing forks + + align:start position:0% +remember is that as this thing forks + + + align:start position:0% +remember is that as this thing forks +number possibilities + + align:start position:0% +number possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +number possibilities +the acceptance rule is that if any one + + align:start position:0% +the acceptance rule is that if any one + + + align:start position:0% +the acceptance rule is that if any one +of those possibilities gets to an accept + + align:start position:0% +of those possibilities gets to an accept + + + align:start position:0% +of those possibilities gets to an accept +at the end of the input it raises a flag + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the input it raises a flag + + + align:start position:0% +at the end of the input it raises a flag +and says accept and that overrules + + align:start position:0% +and says accept and that overrules + + + align:start position:0% +and says accept and that overrules +everybody else + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so acceptance dominates + + align:start position:0% +so acceptance dominates + + + align:start position:0% +so acceptance dominates +so another way of looking at it is the + + align:start position:0% +so another way of looking at it is the + + + align:start position:0% +so another way of looking at it is the +mathematical view + + align:start position:0% +mathematical view + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical view +where you can imagine and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +where you can imagine and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +where you can imagine and we're going to +use all these so it's you really need to + + align:start position:0% +use all these so it's you really need to + + + align:start position:0% +use all these so it's you really need to +understand them all the mathematical + + align:start position:0% +understand them all the mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +understand them all the mathematical +view + + align:start position:0% +view + + + align:start position:0% +view +is if you can think of the computation + + align:start position:0% +is if you can think of the computation + + + align:start position:0% +is if you can think of the computation +as kind of a tree of possibilities + + align:start position:0% +as kind of a tree of possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +as kind of a tree of possibilities +so you start off at the very beginning + + align:start position:0% +so you start off at the very beginning + + + align:start position:0% +so you start off at the very beginning +sort of at the root of the computation + + align:start position:0% +sort of at the root of the computation + + + align:start position:0% +sort of at the root of the computation +which is that when it really begins but + + align:start position:0% +which is that when it really begins but + + + align:start position:0% +which is that when it really begins but +every time there's a non-deterministic + + align:start position:0% +every time there's a non-deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +every time there's a non-deterministic +branching that occurs + + align:start position:0% +branching that occurs + + + align:start position:0% +branching that occurs +um the tree has + + align:start position:0% +um the tree has + + + align:start position:0% +um the tree has +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +that note of the tree has + + align:start position:0% +that note of the tree has + + + align:start position:0% +that note of the tree has +uh multiple children coming out of that + + align:start position:0% +uh multiple children coming out of that + + + align:start position:0% +uh multiple children coming out of that +node and so the different threads of the + + align:start position:0% +node and so the different threads of the + + + align:start position:0% +node and so the different threads of the +computation correspond to different + + align:start position:0% +computation correspond to different + + + align:start position:0% +computation correspond to different +branches of that tree + + align:start position:0% +branches of that tree + + + align:start position:0% +branches of that tree +and now you're going to accept if any + + align:start position:0% +and now you're going to accept if any + + + align:start position:0% +and now you're going to accept if any +one of those branches leads to an + + align:start position:0% +one of those branches leads to an + + + align:start position:0% +one of those branches leads to an +accepting state + + align:start position:0% +accepting state + + + align:start position:0% +accepting state +okay very obviously somewhat similar to + + align:start position:0% +okay very obviously somewhat similar to + + + align:start position:0% +okay very obviously somewhat similar to +what we had before but it's i think it's + + align:start position:0% +what we had before but it's i think it's + + + align:start position:0% +what we had before but it's i think it's +a little bit of a different perspective + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a different perspective + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of a different perspective +on what not how to think about + + align:start position:0% +on what not how to think about + + + align:start position:0% +on what not how to think about +non-determinism + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism +and the last one is going to sound a + + align:start position:0% +and the last one is going to sound a + + + align:start position:0% +and the last one is going to sound a +little weird + + align:start position:0% +little weird + + + align:start position:0% +little weird +but actually i think + + align:start position:0% +but actually i think + + + align:start position:0% +but actually i think +for people who are + + align:start position:0% +for people who are + + + align:start position:0% +for people who are +in the business + + align:start position:0% +in the business + + + align:start position:0% +in the business +it's the one they use the most + + align:start position:0% +it's the one they use the most + + + align:start position:0% +it's the one they use the most +and that's the magical way of thinking + + align:start position:0% +and that's the magical way of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the magical way of thinking +about non-determinism + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and that is + + align:start position:0% +and that is + + + align:start position:0% +and that is +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +when the machine has non-deterministic + + align:start position:0% +when the machine has non-deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +when the machine has non-deterministic +choices to make + + align:start position:0% +choices to make + + + align:start position:0% +choices to make +you think of the machine as magically + + align:start position:0% +you think of the machine as magically + + + align:start position:0% +you think of the machine as magically +guessing the correct one at every stage + + align:start position:0% +guessing the correct one at every stage + + + align:start position:0% +guessing the correct one at every stage +and the correct one being the one that + + align:start position:0% +and the correct one being the one that + + + align:start position:0% +and the correct one being the one that +will eventually lead to accept + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so you can think of the machine as + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can think of the machine as + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you can think of the machine as +guessing + + align:start position:0% +guessing + + + align:start position:0% +guessing +which is the right way to go + + align:start position:0% +which is the right way to go + + + align:start position:0% +which is the right way to go +and if there is some way right way to go + + align:start position:0% +and if there is some way right way to go + + + align:start position:0% +and if there is some way right way to go +it always guesses right of course if the + + align:start position:0% +it always guesses right of course if the + + + align:start position:0% +it always guesses right of course if the +machine ends up rejecting because there + + align:start position:0% +machine ends up rejecting because there + + + align:start position:0% +machine ends up rejecting because there +is no right way to go then it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +is no right way to go then it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +is no right way to go then it doesn't +matter there is no good guess + + align:start position:0% +matter there is no good guess + + + align:start position:0% +matter there is no good guess +but if there is some good guess we'll + + align:start position:0% +but if there is some good guess we'll + + + align:start position:0% +but if there is some good guess we'll +think of the machine as taking that good + + align:start position:0% +think of the machine as taking that good + + + align:start position:0% +think of the machine as taking that good +guess and going that way + + align:start position:0% +guess and going that way + + + align:start position:0% +guess and going that way +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +now here is very important thing we + + align:start position:0% +now here is very important thing we + + + align:start position:0% +now here is very important thing we +introduced this new model + + align:start position:0% +introduced this new model + + + align:start position:0% +introduced this new model +uh the uh the non-deterministic + + align:start position:0% +uh the uh the non-deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +uh the uh the non-deterministic +foundation nfa + + align:start position:0% +foundation nfa + + + align:start position:0% +foundation nfa +it turns out to be + + align:start position:0% +it turns out to be + + + align:start position:0% +it turns out to be +even though it looks more powerful + + align:start position:0% +even though it looks more powerful + + + align:start position:0% +even though it looks more powerful +because has this non-determinism it + + align:start position:0% +because has this non-determinism it + + + align:start position:0% +because has this non-determinism it +isn't any more powerful it can do + + align:start position:0% +isn't any more powerful it can do + + + align:start position:0% +isn't any more powerful it can do +exactly the same class of languages the + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same class of languages the + + + align:start position:0% +exactly the same class of languages the +regular languages and we'll show that + + align:start position:0% +regular languages and we'll show that + + + align:start position:0% +regular languages and we'll show that +um with the theorem here that if an nfi + + align:start position:0% +um with the theorem here that if an nfi + + + align:start position:0% +um with the theorem here that if an nfi +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +if an nfa recognizes a then a is regular + + align:start position:0% +if an nfa recognizes a then a is regular + + + align:start position:0% +if an nfa recognizes a then a is regular +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +we'll prove that by showing how to + + align:start position:0% +we'll prove that by showing how to + + + align:start position:0% +we'll prove that by showing how to +convert an nfa to an equivalent dfa + + align:start position:0% +convert an nfa to an equivalent dfa + + + align:start position:0% +convert an nfa to an equivalent dfa +which does the same language so we can + + align:start position:0% +which does the same language so we can + + + align:start position:0% +which does the same language so we can +take an nfa that has a non-determinism + + align:start position:0% +take an nfa that has a non-determinism + + + align:start position:0% +take an nfa that has a non-determinism +and find another dfa which doesn't have + + align:start position:0% +and find another dfa which doesn't have + + + align:start position:0% +and find another dfa which doesn't have +non-determinism but does the same + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism but does the same + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism but does the same +language it accepts exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +language it accepts exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +language it accepts exactly the same +strengths + + align:start position:0% +strengths + + + align:start position:0% +strengths +even though it lacks that + + align:start position:0% +even though it lacks that + + + align:start position:0% +even though it lacks that +non-deterministic capability + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic capability + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic capability +it's this is going to be extremely + + align:start position:0% +it's this is going to be extremely + + + align:start position:0% +it's this is going to be extremely +useful by the way and for example in + + align:start position:0% +useful by the way and for example in + + + align:start position:0% +useful by the way and for example in +showing that closure under concatenation + + align:start position:0% +showing that closure under concatenation + + + align:start position:0% +showing that closure under concatenation +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh you know in this + + align:start position:0% +uh you know in this + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know in this +presentation here i'm going to ignore + + align:start position:0% +presentation here i'm going to ignore + + + align:start position:0% +presentation here i'm going to ignore +the epsilon transitions because once you + + align:start position:0% +the epsilon transitions because once you + + + align:start position:0% +the epsilon transitions because once you +get the idea for how to do this you + + align:start position:0% +get the idea for how to do this you + + + align:start position:0% +get the idea for how to do this you +could figure out how to incorporate them + + align:start position:0% +could figure out how to incorporate them + + + align:start position:0% +could figure out how to incorporate them +they just make things a little more + + align:start position:0% +they just make things a little more + + + align:start position:0% +they just make things a little more +complicated so let's just focus on the + + align:start position:0% +complicated so let's just focus on the + + + align:start position:0% +complicated so let's just focus on the +key aspect of non-determinism which is + + align:start position:0% +key aspect of non-determinism which is + + + align:start position:0% +key aspect of non-determinism which is +that the machine could have several ways + + align:start position:0% +that the machine could have several ways + + + align:start position:0% +that the machine could have several ways +to go at any point in time + + align:start position:0% +to go at any point in time + + + align:start position:0% +to go at any point in time +there could be several next states + + align:start position:0% +there could be several next states + + + align:start position:0% +there could be several next states +on an input + + align:start position:0% +on an input + + + align:start position:0% +on an input +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now the idea for the construction so + + align:start position:0% +now the idea for the construction so + + + align:start position:0% +now the idea for the construction so +we're going to take we're going to start + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take we're going to start + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take we're going to start +with a non-deterministic machine m + + align:start position:0% +with a non-deterministic machine m + + + align:start position:0% +with a non-deterministic machine m +and we're going to build a deterministic + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to build a deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to build a deterministic +machine m prime which does exactly the + + align:start position:0% +machine m prime which does exactly the + + + align:start position:0% +machine m prime which does exactly the +same thing + + align:start position:0% +same thing + + + align:start position:0% +same thing +and the way m prime works is it's going + + align:start position:0% +and the way m prime works is it's going + + + align:start position:0% +and the way m prime works is it's going +to do what you would do + + align:start position:0% +to do what you would do + + + align:start position:0% +to do what you would do +if you were simulating m + + align:start position:0% +if you were simulating m + + + align:start position:0% +if you were simulating m +what would you do with me this is what + + align:start position:0% +what would you do with me this is what + + + align:start position:0% +what would you do with me this is what +we were doing as we were as i was + + align:start position:0% +we were doing as we were as i was + + + align:start position:0% +we were doing as we were as i was +explaining it to to you + + align:start position:0% +explaining it to to you + + + align:start position:0% +explaining it to to you +if you are simulating m every time you + + align:start position:0% +if you are simulating m every time you + + + align:start position:0% +if you are simulating m every time you +get an input symbol you just keep track + + align:start position:0% +get an input symbol you just keep track + + + align:start position:0% +get an input symbol you just keep track +of what is the set of possible states at + + align:start position:0% +of what is the set of possible states at + + + align:start position:0% +of what is the set of possible states at +that point in time + + align:start position:0% +that point in time + + + align:start position:0% +that point in time +that's what the dfa is going to do + + align:start position:0% +that's what the dfa is going to do + + + align:start position:0% +that's what the dfa is going to do +it's going to have + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +it's going to have to keep track + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have to keep track + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to have to keep track +of which possible set of states the nfa + + align:start position:0% +of which possible set of states the nfa + + + align:start position:0% +of which possible set of states the nfa +could be in + + align:start position:0% +could be in + + + align:start position:0% +could be in +at the + + align:start position:0% +at the + + + align:start position:0% +at the +point on that input where we are right + + align:start position:0% +point on that input where we are right + + + align:start position:0% +point on that input where we are right +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as you get the next symbol + + align:start position:0% +as you get the next symbol + + + align:start position:0% +as you get the next symbol +the dfa is going to have to update + + align:start position:0% +the dfa is going to have to update + + + align:start position:0% +the dfa is going to have to update +things to keep track of the next set of + + align:start position:0% +things to keep track of the next set of + + + align:start position:0% +things to keep track of the next set of +states the nfa could be in at this point + + align:start position:0% +states the nfa could be in at this point + + + align:start position:0% +states the nfa could be in at this point +just like you would do + + align:start position:0% +just like you would do + + + align:start position:0% +just like you would do +okay and so + + align:start position:0% +okay and so + + + align:start position:0% +okay and so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so here's a kind of a picture + + align:start position:0% +so here's a kind of a picture + + + align:start position:0% +so here's a kind of a picture +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +how do we implement that in in so here's + + align:start position:0% +how do we implement that in in so here's + + + align:start position:0% +how do we implement that in in so here's +the nfa that we're starting with m and + + align:start position:0% +the nfa that we're starting with m and + + + align:start position:0% +the nfa that we're starting with m and +we're going to make here the dfa + + align:start position:0% +we're going to make here the dfa + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to make here the dfa +but um + + align:start position:0% +but um + + + align:start position:0% +but um +in order to remember + + align:start position:0% +in order to remember + + + align:start position:0% +in order to remember +which set of states that dfa could be in + + align:start position:0% +which set of states that dfa could be in + + + align:start position:0% +which set of states that dfa could be in +at a given point so maybe it's the set + + align:start position:0% +at a given point so maybe it's the set + + + align:start position:0% +at a given point so maybe it's the set +of states that it that m could be in + + align:start position:0% +of states that it that m could be in + + + align:start position:0% +of states that it that m could be in +did i say that wrong which set of states + + align:start position:0% +did i say that wrong which set of states + + + align:start position:0% +did i say that wrong which set of states +the nfa could be at a given time so + + align:start position:0% +the nfa could be at a given time so + + + align:start position:0% +the nfa could be at a given time so +maybe m the nfa could be in + + align:start position:0% +maybe m the nfa could be in + + + align:start position:0% +maybe m the nfa could be in +at some point state q3 and q7 + + align:start position:0% +at some point state q3 and q7 + + + align:start position:0% +at some point state q3 and q7 +the way the dfa keeps track of that it's + + align:start position:0% +the way the dfa keeps track of that it's + + + align:start position:0% +the way the dfa keeps track of that it's +going to have a state for every possible + + align:start position:0% +going to have a state for every possible + + + align:start position:0% +going to have a state for every possible +subset of states + + align:start position:0% +subset of states + + + align:start position:0% +subset of states +of the nfa + + align:start position:0% +of the nfa + + + align:start position:0% +of the nfa +that's how it re remembers which subset + + align:start position:0% +that's how it re remembers which subset + + + align:start position:0% +that's how it re remembers which subset +of states the nfa is in that's the way + + align:start position:0% +of states the nfa is in that's the way + + + align:start position:0% +of states the nfa is in that's the way +dfas work they have a separate state for + + align:start position:0% +dfas work they have a separate state for + + + align:start position:0% +dfas work they have a separate state for +each possibility that they need to keep + + align:start position:0% +each possibility that they need to keep + + + align:start position:0% +each possibility that they need to keep +track of + + align:start position:0% +track of + + + align:start position:0% +track of +and the possibilities here are the + + align:start position:0% +and the possibilities here are the + + + align:start position:0% +and the possibilities here are the +different subsets of states that the nfa + + align:start position:0% +different subsets of states that the nfa + + + align:start position:0% +different subsets of states that the nfa +could be in at a given point + + align:start position:0% +could be in at a given point + + + align:start position:0% +could be in at a given point +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +corresponding to this subset to these + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to this subset to these + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to this subset to these +two possibilities q three q seven the + + align:start position:0% +two possibilities q three q seven the + + + align:start position:0% +two possibilities q three q seven the +dfa is going to have the sub a state + + align:start position:0% +dfa is going to have the sub a state + + + align:start position:0% +dfa is going to have the sub a state +with the subset q3 q7 and it's going to + + align:start position:0% +with the subset q3 q7 and it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +with the subset q3 q7 and it's going to +for every possible subset here there's + + align:start position:0% +for every possible subset here there's + + + align:start position:0% +for every possible subset here there's +going to be a different state of m prime + + align:start position:0% +going to be a different state of m prime + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a different state of m prime +so n prime is going to be bigger + + align:start position:0% +so n prime is going to be bigger + + + align:start position:0% +so n prime is going to be bigger +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +quickly the construction of m the states + + align:start position:0% +quickly the construction of m the states + + + align:start position:0% +quickly the construction of m the states +of m prime now um q prime + + align:start position:0% +of m prime now um q prime + + + align:start position:0% +of m prime now um q prime +are going to be the power set + + align:start position:0% +are going to be the power set + + + align:start position:0% +are going to be the power set +the set of subsets of states + + align:start position:0% +the set of subsets of states + + + align:start position:0% +the set of subsets of states +uh from the original machine m + + align:start position:0% +uh from the original machine m + + + align:start position:0% +uh from the original machine m +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh now we have to look at how the + + align:start position:0% +uh now we have to look at how the + + + align:start position:0% +uh now we have to look at how the +transition function of the dfa when you + + align:start position:0% +transition function of the dfa when you + + + align:start position:0% +transition function of the dfa when you +make the primed machines are the dfas as + + align:start position:0% +make the primed machines are the dfas as + + + align:start position:0% +make the primed machines are the dfas as +a dfa machine so these are the prime the + + align:start position:0% +a dfa machine so these are the prime the + + + align:start position:0% +a dfa machine so these are the prime the +the deterministic component so + + align:start position:0% +the deterministic component so + + + align:start position:0% +the deterministic component so +delta prime + + align:start position:0% +delta prime + + + align:start position:0% +delta prime +um when it when it has a subset + + align:start position:0% +um when it when it has a subset + + + align:start position:0% +um when it when it has a subset +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +something like this + + align:start position:0% +something like this + + + align:start position:0% +something like this +um has a has one of its states which + + align:start position:0% +um has a has one of its states which + + + align:start position:0% +um has a has one of its states which +corresponds to a subset of states of m + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a subset of states of m + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a subset of states of m +and it reads an input symbol you just + + align:start position:0% +and it reads an input symbol you just + + + align:start position:0% +and it reads an input symbol you just +have to do the updating the way you + + align:start position:0% +have to do the updating the way you + + + align:start position:0% +have to do the updating the way you +would naturally do you're going to look + + align:start position:0% +would naturally do you're going to look + + + align:start position:0% +would naturally do you're going to look +at every state in r + + align:start position:0% +at every state in r + + + align:start position:0% +at every state in r +look at where that can go under a so + + align:start position:0% +look at where that can go under a so + + + align:start position:0% +look at where that can go under a so +there's a bunch of sets there and look + + align:start position:0% +there's a bunch of sets there and look + + + align:start position:0% +there's a bunch of sets there and look +at all the possible + + align:start position:0% +at all the possible + + + align:start position:0% +at all the possible +states that could be in one of those + + align:start position:0% +states that could be in one of those + + + align:start position:0% +states that could be in one of those +subsets and that's the set of states + + align:start position:0% +subsets and that's the set of states + + + align:start position:0% +subsets and that's the set of states +that you you could be in that's going to + + align:start position:0% +that you you could be in that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +that you you could be in that's going to +be the new set of states and that's + + align:start position:0% +be the new set of states and that's + + + align:start position:0% +be the new set of states and that's +going to be the new state of m prime + + align:start position:0% +going to be the new state of m prime + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the new state of m prime +okay so it's going to be the subset + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's going to be the subset + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's going to be the subset +corresponding to + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to +all of the states that could be in + + align:start position:0% +all of the states that could be in + + + align:start position:0% +all of the states that could be in +uh when you apply the transition + + align:start position:0% +uh when you apply the transition + + + align:start position:0% +uh when you apply the transition +function of the non-deterministic + + align:start position:0% +function of the non-deterministic + + + align:start position:0% +function of the non-deterministic +machine um to one of the states in that + + align:start position:0% +machine um to one of the states in that + + + align:start position:0% +machine um to one of the states in that +in the subset of states that the not a + + align:start position:0% +in the subset of states that the not a + + + align:start position:0% +in the subset of states that the not a +terminus machine could be in + + align:start position:0% +terminus machine could be in + + + align:start position:0% +terminus machine could be in +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +it's a little bit of a mouthful you know + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit of a mouthful you know + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit of a mouthful you know +you you could + + align:start position:0% +you you could + + + align:start position:0% +you you could +i suggest you look at this if you didn't + + align:start position:0% +i suggest you look at this if you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +i suggest you look at this if you didn't +quite get it after the fact + + align:start position:0% +quite get it after the fact + + + align:start position:0% +quite get it after the fact +good to understand + + align:start position:0% +good to understand + + + align:start position:0% +good to understand +the starting state for the nfa + + align:start position:0% +the starting state for the nfa + + + align:start position:0% +the starting state for the nfa +for the dfa i'm sorry is going to be + + align:start position:0% +for the dfa i'm sorry is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +for the dfa i'm sorry is going to be +which subset now we're going to start + + align:start position:0% +which subset now we're going to start + + + align:start position:0% +which subset now we're going to start +off with it's going to be the subset + + align:start position:0% +off with it's going to be the subset + + + align:start position:0% +off with it's going to be the subset +corresponding to just the start state + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to just the start state + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to just the start state +of um + + align:start position:0% +of um + + + align:start position:0% +of um +uh of + + align:start position:0% +uh of + + + align:start position:0% +uh of +of m + + align:start position:0% +of m + + + align:start position:0% +of m +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and the accepting states are going to be + + align:start position:0% +and the accepting states are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +and the accepting states are going to be +uh of the deterministic machine are + + align:start position:0% +uh of the deterministic machine are + + + align:start position:0% +uh of the deterministic machine are +going to be all of the subsets that have + + align:start position:0% +going to be all of the subsets that have + + + align:start position:0% +going to be all of the subsets that have +at least one accepting state from the + + align:start position:0% +at least one accepting state from the + + + align:start position:0% +at least one accepting state from the +nfa + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so i hope you got that because i'm going + + align:start position:0% +so i hope you got that because i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +so i hope you got that because i'm going +to be another little check in here um + + align:start position:0% +to be another little check in here um + + + align:start position:0% +to be another little check in here um +which is i'm going to ask you how big is + + align:start position:0% +which is i'm going to ask you how big is + + + align:start position:0% +which is i'm going to ask you how big is +m prime how many states does n prime + + align:start position:0% +m prime how many states does n prime + + + align:start position:0% +m prime how many states does n prime +have uh i told you what those states are + + align:start position:0% +have uh i told you what those states are + + + align:start position:0% +have uh i told you what those states are +so just go think about that um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so check in two if m has n states how + + align:start position:0% +so check in two if m has n states how + + + align:start position:0% +so check in two if m has n states how +many states does m prime have by this + + align:start position:0% +many states does m prime have by this + + + align:start position:0% +many states does m prime have by this +construction + + align:start position:0% +construction + + + align:start position:0% +construction +okay so let's launch the next poll + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's launch the next poll + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's launch the next poll +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +five seconds and i think we're almost + + align:start position:0% +five seconds and i think we're almost + + + align:start position:0% +five seconds and i think we're almost +done here + + align:start position:0% +done here + + + align:start position:0% +done here +good + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right share results + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i know if sharing results is a good + + align:start position:0% +i know if sharing results is a good + + + align:start position:0% +i know if sharing results is a good +thing i'm not trying to make you if you + + align:start position:0% +thing i'm not trying to make you if you + + + align:start position:0% +thing i'm not trying to make you if you +didn't get the right answer um because + + align:start position:0% +didn't get the right answer um because + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get the right answer um because +most of the people did get the right + + align:start position:0% +most of the people did get the right + + + align:start position:0% +most of the people did get the right +answer we didn't get the right answer + + align:start position:0% +answer we didn't get the right answer + + + align:start position:0% +answer we didn't get the right answer +trying to make you feel bad but i do + + align:start position:0% +trying to make you feel bad but i do + + + align:start position:0% +trying to make you feel bad but i do +think you should it's a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +think you should it's a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +think you should it's a little bit of +suggestion you know that you you need to + + align:start position:0% +suggestion you know that you you need to + + + align:start position:0% +suggestion you know that you you need to +review some basic concepts so the basic + + align:start position:0% +review some basic concepts so the basic + + + align:start position:0% +review some basic concepts so the basic +concept here is if you have a collection + + align:start position:0% +concept here is if you have a collection + + + align:start position:0% +concept here is if you have a collection +you have a set of states how many + + align:start position:0% +you have a set of states how many + + + align:start position:0% +you have a set of states how many +subsets + + align:start position:0% +subsets + + + align:start position:0% +subsets +are there and the number of subsets is + + align:start position:0% +are there and the number of subsets is + + + align:start position:0% +are there and the number of subsets is +going to be exponential + + align:start position:0% +going to be exponential + + + align:start position:0% +going to be exponential +so if you have a collection of n + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a collection of n + + + align:start position:0% +so if you have a collection of n +elements the number of subsets of those + + align:start position:0% +elements the number of subsets of those + + + align:start position:0% +elements the number of subsets of those +n elements is 2 to the n + + align:start position:0% +n elements is 2 to the n + + + align:start position:0% +n elements is 2 to the n +um that's the fact we're using here and + + align:start position:0% +um that's the fact we're using here and + + + align:start position:0% +um that's the fact we're using here and +that's why + + align:start position:0% +that's why + + + align:start position:0% +that's why +m prime has two to the n states if m had + + align:start position:0% +m prime has two to the n states if m had + + + align:start position:0% +m prime has two to the n states if m had +n states + + align:start position:0% +n states + + + align:start position:0% +n states +um and that's you know you should make + + align:start position:0% +um and that's you know you should make + + + align:start position:0% +um and that's you know you should make +sure you understand why that is + + align:start position:0% +sure you understand why that is + + + align:start position:0% +sure you understand why that is +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so um with that um + + align:start position:0% +so um with that um + + + align:start position:0% +so um with that um +as requested we're gonna have a little + + align:start position:0% +as requested we're gonna have a little + + + align:start position:0% +as requested we're gonna have a little +break + + align:start position:0% +break + + + align:start position:0% +break +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and that break is going to last us + + align:start position:0% +and that break is going to last us + + + align:start position:0% +and that break is going to last us +exactly + + align:start position:0% +exactly + + + align:start position:0% +exactly +five minutes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we'll we will return in five minutes + + align:start position:0% +so we'll we will return in five minutes + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll we will return in five minutes +i'm going to be prompt so i give you a + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to be prompt so i give you a + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to be prompt so i give you a +little timer here so please + + align:start position:0% +little timer here so please + + + align:start position:0% +little timer here so please +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +i'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna +begin it write it right right when this + + align:start position:0% +begin it write it right right when this + + + align:start position:0% +begin it write it right right when this +is over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +almost almost ready + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i hope you're all refreshed + + align:start position:0% +i hope you're all refreshed + + + align:start position:0% +i hope you're all refreshed +and ready for the second half + + align:start position:0% +and ready for the second half + + + align:start position:0% +and ready for the second half +so now now that we have non-determinism + + align:start position:0% +so now now that we have non-determinism + + + align:start position:0% +so now now that we have non-determinism +we're going to use uh that as a tool to + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use uh that as a tool to + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to use uh that as a tool to +prove the uh closure properties that we + + align:start position:0% +prove the uh closure properties that we + + + align:start position:0% +prove the uh closure properties that we +were aiming for for um starting from + + align:start position:0% +were aiming for for um starting from + + + align:start position:0% +were aiming for for um starting from +last lecture + + align:start position:0% +last lecture + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +so remember + + align:start position:0% +so remember + + + align:start position:0% +so remember +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +let's look at closure under a union now + + align:start position:0% +let's look at closure under a union now + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at closure under a union now +we already did that + + align:start position:0% +we already did that + + + align:start position:0% +we already did that +but i'm going to do it again + + align:start position:0% +but i'm going to do it again + + + align:start position:0% +but i'm going to do it again +but this time using non-determinism and + + align:start position:0% +but this time using non-determinism and + + + align:start position:0% +but this time using non-determinism and +you'll see how powerful + + align:start position:0% +you'll see how powerful + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see how powerful +non-determinate non-determinism + + align:start position:0% +non-determinate non-determinism + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinate non-determinism +now determinism is because it's going to + + align:start position:0% +now determinism is because it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +now determinism is because it's going to +allow us to do it kind of + + align:start position:0% +allow us to do it kind of + + + align:start position:0% +allow us to do it kind of +almost + + align:start position:0% +almost + + + align:start position:0% +almost +with no effort + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we'll start off the way we did before + + align:start position:0% +we'll start off the way we did before + + + align:start position:0% +we'll start off the way we did before +i'm going to start off with two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dfas + + align:start position:0% +dfas + + + align:start position:0% +dfas +but actually these could be um nfas even + + align:start position:0% +but actually these could be um nfas even + + + align:start position:0% +but actually these could be um nfas even +but let's say we started with the two + + align:start position:0% +but let's say we started with the two + + + align:start position:0% +but let's say we started with the two +dfas for the two languages a1 and a2 and + + align:start position:0% +dfas for the two languages a1 and a2 and + + + align:start position:0% +dfas for the two languages a1 and a2 and +we're going to construct the nfa rec now + + align:start position:0% +we're going to construct the nfa rec now + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to construct the nfa rec now +we're going to construct an nfa + + align:start position:0% +we're going to construct an nfa + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to construct an nfa +recognizing the union + + align:start position:0% +recognizing the union + + + align:start position:0% +recognizing the union +um and that's good enough because we + + align:start position:0% +um and that's good enough because we + + + align:start position:0% +um and that's good enough because we +already know that we can convert nfas to + + align:start position:0% +already know that we can convert nfas to + + + align:start position:0% +already know that we can convert nfas to +dfas and therefore they do they do + + align:start position:0% +dfas and therefore they do they do + + + align:start position:0% +dfas and therefore they do they do +regulate languages too + + align:start position:0% +regulate languages too + + + align:start position:0% +regulate languages too +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so now here are the two + + align:start position:0% +so now here are the two + + + align:start position:0% +so now here are the two +dfas that do the languages a1 and a2 + + align:start position:0% +dfas that do the languages a1 and a2 + + + align:start position:0% +dfas that do the languages a1 and a2 +and what i'm going to do is i'm going to + + align:start position:0% +and what i'm going to do is i'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +and what i'm going to do is i'm going to +put them together into a bag of states + + align:start position:0% +put them together into a bag of states + + + align:start position:0% +put them together into a bag of states +um which is going to be m + + align:start position:0% +um which is going to be m + + + align:start position:0% +um which is going to be m +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +nfa + + align:start position:0% +nfa + + + align:start position:0% +nfa +that's going to do the union language so + + align:start position:0% +that's going to do the union language so + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to do the union language so +remember what does what does + + align:start position:0% +remember what does what does + + + align:start position:0% +remember what does what does +m supposed to do m is supposed to accept + + align:start position:0% +m supposed to do m is supposed to accept + + + align:start position:0% +m supposed to do m is supposed to accept +its input if either m1 or m2 accept so + + align:start position:0% +its input if either m1 or m2 accept so + + + align:start position:0% +its input if either m1 or m2 accept so +how is it going to do that what it's + + align:start position:0% +how is it going to do that what it's + + + align:start position:0% +how is it going to do that what it's +going to do we're going to add a new + + align:start position:0% +going to do we're going to add a new + + + align:start position:0% +going to do we're going to add a new +state + + align:start position:0% +state + + + align:start position:0% +state +to m + + align:start position:0% +to m + + + align:start position:0% +to m +which is going to branch under epsilon + + align:start position:0% +which is going to branch under epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +which is going to branch under epsilon +transitions and now you can start to see + + align:start position:0% +transitions and now you can start to see + + + align:start position:0% +transitions and now you can start to see +how useful these epsilon transitions are + + align:start position:0% +how useful these epsilon transitions are + + + align:start position:0% +how useful these epsilon transitions are +going to be for us going to branch under + + align:start position:0% +going to be for us going to branch under + + + align:start position:0% +going to be for us going to branch under +epsilon transitions to the two original + + align:start position:0% +epsilon transitions to the two original + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon transitions to the two original +start states of m1 and m2 and we're done + + align:start position:0% +start states of m1 and m2 and we're done + + + align:start position:0% +start states of m1 and m2 and we're done +y + + align:start position:0% +y + + + align:start position:0% +y +well now + + align:start position:0% +well now + + + align:start position:0% +well now +non-deterministically as we get an input + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministically as we get an input + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministically as we get an input +w coming in to m + + align:start position:0% +w coming in to m + + + align:start position:0% +w coming in to m +um m at the very beginning even just + + align:start position:0% +um m at the very beginning even just + + + align:start position:0% +um m at the very beginning even just +right after it gets going the very first + + align:start position:0% +right after it gets going the very first + + + align:start position:0% +right after it gets going the very first +thing that happens is it's going to + + align:start position:0% +thing that happens is it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +thing that happens is it's going to +branch to m1 and also branch to m2 + + align:start position:0% +branch to m1 and also branch to m2 + + + align:start position:0% +branch to m1 and also branch to m2 +non-deterministically as two + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministically as two + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministically as two +possibilities + + align:start position:0% +possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities +and then inside m1 and m2 it's going to + + align:start position:0% +and then inside m1 and m2 it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +and then inside m1 and m2 it's going to +actually start reading the input and + + align:start position:0% +actually start reading the input and + + + align:start position:0% +actually start reading the input and +each one is going to be now following + + align:start position:0% +each one is going to be now following + + + align:start position:0% +each one is going to be now following +along + + align:start position:0% +along + + + align:start position:0% +along +as it would have originally + + align:start position:0% +as it would have originally + + + align:start position:0% +as it would have originally +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +states corresponding to um reading those + + align:start position:0% +states corresponding to um reading those + + + align:start position:0% +states corresponding to um reading those +input symbols + + align:start position:0% +input symbols + + + align:start position:0% +input symbols +um and + + align:start position:0% +um and + + + align:start position:0% +um and +m + + align:start position:0% +m + + + align:start position:0% +m +as a combination of m1 and m2 is going + + align:start position:0% +as a combination of m1 and m2 is going + + + align:start position:0% +as a combination of m1 and m2 is going +to have a possibility for e for one + + align:start position:0% +to have a possibility for e for one + + + align:start position:0% +to have a possibility for e for one +state in m1 and once one stated m2 + + align:start position:0% +state in m1 and once one stated m2 + + + align:start position:0% +state in m1 and once one stated m2 +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and so m is going to have those combined + + align:start position:0% +and so m is going to have those combined + + + align:start position:0% +and so m is going to have those combined +into one in + + align:start position:0% +into one in + + + align:start position:0% +into one in +into one + + align:start position:0% +into one + + + align:start position:0% +into one +um package and now if either at the end + + align:start position:0% +um package and now if either at the end + + + align:start position:0% +um package and now if either at the end +of the input if either + + align:start position:0% +of the input if either + + + align:start position:0% +of the input if either +um of these end up at an accepting state + + align:start position:0% +um of these end up at an accepting state + + + align:start position:0% +um of these end up at an accepting state +then m + + align:start position:0% +then m + + + align:start position:0% +then m +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +is going to accept as a + + align:start position:0% +is going to accept as a + + + align:start position:0% +is going to accept as a +non-deterministic fighter automaton + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic fighter automaton + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic fighter automaton +because that's how non-determinism works + + align:start position:0% +because that's how non-determinism works + + + align:start position:0% +because that's how non-determinism works +you accept if either if any one of the + + align:start position:0% +you accept if either if any one of the + + + align:start position:0% +you accept if either if any one of the +branches ended up accepting which is + + align:start position:0% +branches ended up accepting which is + + + align:start position:0% +branches ended up accepting which is +just what you need for non-determinate + + align:start position:0% +just what you need for non-determinate + + + align:start position:0% +just what you need for non-determinate +for union + + align:start position:0% +for union + + + align:start position:0% +for union +so we're doing you and we want either + + align:start position:0% +so we're doing you and we want either + + + align:start position:0% +so we're doing you and we want either +one of these to be accepting and then + + align:start position:0% +one of these to be accepting and then + + + align:start position:0% +one of these to be accepting and then +the non-determinism just is built + + align:start position:0% +the non-determinism just is built + + + align:start position:0% +the non-determinism just is built +conveniently to allow us to do the union + + align:start position:0% +conveniently to allow us to do the union + + + align:start position:0% +conveniently to allow us to do the union +almost you know + + align:start position:0% +almost you know + + + align:start position:0% +almost you know +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so you can again thinking about + + align:start position:0% +so you can again thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +so you can again thinking about +non-determinism as terms of parallelism + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism as terms of parallelism + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism as terms of parallelism +you could think of it the + + align:start position:0% +you could think of it the + + + align:start position:0% +you could think of it the +non-deterministic machine is running in + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic machine is running in + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic machine is running in +parallel m1 and m2 on the input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and if either one of them ends up + + align:start position:0% +and if either one of them ends up + + + align:start position:0% +and if either one of them ends up +accepting m will accept + + align:start position:0% +accepting m will accept + + + align:start position:0% +accepting m will accept +or you can think about it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +or you can think about it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +or you can think about it in terms of +that guessing that i referred to before + + align:start position:0% +that guessing that i referred to before + + + align:start position:0% +that guessing that i referred to before +which means that + + align:start position:0% +which means that + + + align:start position:0% +which means that +as m is getting when it's just about to + + align:start position:0% +as m is getting when it's just about to + + + align:start position:0% +as m is getting when it's just about to +read these the first symbols of its + + align:start position:0% +read these the first symbols of its + + + align:start position:0% +read these the first symbols of its +input it guesses + + align:start position:0% +input it guesses + + + align:start position:0% +input it guesses +whether um that's going to be an input + + align:start position:0% +whether um that's going to be an input + + + align:start position:0% +whether um that's going to be an input +accepted by m1 or an input accepted by + + align:start position:0% +accepted by m1 or an input accepted by + + + align:start position:0% +accepted by m1 or an input accepted by +m2 and the magic of non-determinism is + + align:start position:0% +m2 and the magic of non-determinism is + + + align:start position:0% +m2 and the magic of non-determinism is +that it always guesses right + + align:start position:0% +that it always guesses right + + + align:start position:0% +that it always guesses right +so that input happens to be some an + + align:start position:0% +so that input happens to be some an + + + align:start position:0% +so that input happens to be some an +input that's going to be wrecked you're + + align:start position:0% +input that's going to be wrecked you're + + + align:start position:0% +input that's going to be wrecked you're +going to be accepted by m2 + + align:start position:0% +going to be accepted by m2 + + + align:start position:0% +going to be accepted by m2 +m is going to guess that + + align:start position:0% +m is going to guess that + + + align:start position:0% +m is going to guess that +m2 is the right way to follow and it's + + align:start position:0% +m2 is the right way to follow and it's + + + align:start position:0% +m2 is the right way to follow and it's +going to go in the m2 direction + + align:start position:0% +going to go in the m2 direction + + + align:start position:0% +going to go in the m2 direction +um because non-determinism the magic is + + align:start position:0% +um because non-determinism the magic is + + + align:start position:0% +um because non-determinism the magic is +you always guess right + + align:start position:0% +you always guess right + + + align:start position:0% +you always guess right +wish that was true in real life + + align:start position:0% +wish that was true in real life + + + align:start position:0% +wish that was true in real life +uh would make exams a lot easier um + + align:start position:0% +uh would make exams a lot easier um + + + align:start position:0% +uh would make exams a lot easier um +anyway so + + align:start position:0% +anyway so + + + align:start position:0% +anyway so +now let's see how we can use that to do + + align:start position:0% +now let's see how we can use that to do + + + align:start position:0% +now let's see how we can use that to do +closure under concatenation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now um we're gonna actually have + + align:start position:0% +okay so now um we're gonna actually have + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now um we're gonna actually have +a picture very similar to the one we had + + align:start position:0% +a picture very similar to the one we had + + + align:start position:0% +a picture very similar to the one we had +originally but now using non-determinism + + align:start position:0% +originally but now using non-determinism + + + align:start position:0% +originally but now using non-determinism +we can make it work + + align:start position:0% +we can make it work + + + align:start position:0% +we can make it work +so here we have the two machines doing + + align:start position:0% +so here we have the two machines doing + + + align:start position:0% +so here we have the two machines doing +the two + + align:start position:0% +the two + + + align:start position:0% +the two +languages a1 and a2 + + align:start position:0% +languages a1 and a2 + + + align:start position:0% +languages a1 and a2 +and we're going to combine them into one + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to combine them into one + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to combine them into one +bigger machine m + + align:start position:0% +bigger machine m + + + align:start position:0% +bigger machine m +as shown + + align:start position:0% +as shown + + + align:start position:0% +as shown +remember what m is supposed to do is + + align:start position:0% +remember what m is supposed to do is + + + align:start position:0% +remember what m is supposed to do is +accept its input if there's some way of + + align:start position:0% +accept its input if there's some way of + + + align:start position:0% +accept its input if there's some way of +splitting that input such that the first + + align:start position:0% +splitting that input such that the first + + + align:start position:0% +splitting that input such that the first +half is accepted by the m1 and the + + align:start position:0% +half is accepted by the m1 and the + + + align:start position:0% +half is accepted by the m1 and the +second part is accepted by m2 + + align:start position:0% +second part is accepted by m2 + + + align:start position:0% +second part is accepted by m2 +way we're going to get that effect + + align:start position:0% +way we're going to get that effect + + + align:start position:0% +way we're going to get that effect +is by + + align:start position:0% +is by + + + align:start position:0% +is by +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +putting in + + align:start position:0% +putting in + + + align:start position:0% +putting in +a uh + + align:start position:0% +a uh + + + align:start position:0% +a uh +transit empty + + align:start position:0% +transit empty + + + align:start position:0% +transit empty +empty transitions epsilon transitions + + align:start position:0% +empty transitions epsilon transitions + + + align:start position:0% +empty transitions epsilon transitions +going from the starts for the except + + align:start position:0% +going from the starts for the except + + + align:start position:0% +going from the starts for the except +states of m1 to the start state of m2 + + align:start position:0% +states of m1 to the start state of m2 + + + align:start position:0% +states of m1 to the start state of m2 +just as i've shown here in this diagram + + align:start position:0% +just as i've shown here in this diagram + + + align:start position:0% +just as i've shown here in this diagram +so these were the original accepting + + align:start position:0% +so these were the original accepting + + + align:start position:0% +so these were the original accepting +states of m1 + + align:start position:0% +states of m1 + + + align:start position:0% +states of m1 +and now + + align:start position:0% +and now + + + align:start position:0% +and now +um they're going to be declassified as + + align:start position:0% +um they're going to be declassified as + + + align:start position:0% +um they're going to be declassified as +accepting states but they're going to + + align:start position:0% +accepting states but they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +accepting states but they're going to +have new transitions empty transitions + + align:start position:0% +have new transitions empty transitions + + + align:start position:0% +have new transitions empty transitions +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +attached to them which allow them to + + align:start position:0% +attached to them which allow them to + + + align:start position:0% +attached to them which allow them to +branch to m2 without reading any input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so intuitively speaking this is + + align:start position:0% +and so intuitively speaking this is + + + align:start position:0% +and so intuitively speaking this is +going to do the right thing + + align:start position:0% +going to do the right thing + + + align:start position:0% +going to do the right thing +because once m1 has accepted + + align:start position:0% +because once m1 has accepted + + + align:start position:0% +because once m1 has accepted +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +part of w + + align:start position:0% +part of w + + + align:start position:0% +part of w +then you can + + align:start position:0% +then you can + + + align:start position:0% +then you can +non-deterministically + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministically + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministically +branch to + + align:start position:0% +branch to + + + align:start position:0% +branch to +m2 + + align:start position:0% +m2 + + + align:start position:0% +m2 +and um + + align:start position:0% +and um + + + align:start position:0% +and um +and you're going to be start processing + + align:start position:0% +and you're going to be start processing + + + align:start position:0% +and you're going to be start processing +inside m2 + + align:start position:0% +inside m2 + + + align:start position:0% +inside m2 +and the the point is as i kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +and the the point is as i kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +and the the point is as i kind of uh +jumped ahead of myself um is that the + + align:start position:0% +jumped ahead of myself um is that the + + + align:start position:0% +jumped ahead of myself um is that the +reason why it fixes the problem we had + + align:start position:0% +reason why it fixes the problem we had + + + align:start position:0% +reason why it fixes the problem we had +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +is that the epsilon transitions are + + align:start position:0% +is that the epsilon transitions are + + + align:start position:0% +is that the epsilon transitions are +don't machine does not have to take them + + align:start position:0% +don't machine does not have to take them + + + align:start position:0% +don't machine does not have to take them +it can + + align:start position:0% +it can + + + align:start position:0% +it can +stay where it is + + align:start position:0% +stay where it is + + + align:start position:0% +stay where it is +as one non-deterministic option or it + + align:start position:0% +as one non-deterministic option or it + + + align:start position:0% +as one non-deterministic option or it +can move along the epsilon transition + + align:start position:0% +can move along the epsilon transition + + + align:start position:0% +can move along the epsilon transition +without reading any input as another + + align:start position:0% +without reading any input as another + + + align:start position:0% +without reading any input as another +non-deterministic option + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic option + + + align:start position:0% +non-deterministic option +so it's using this non-determinism now + + align:start position:0% +so it's using this non-determinism now + + + align:start position:0% +so it's using this non-determinism now +to both + + align:start position:0% +to both + + + align:start position:0% +to both +stay in m1 to continue reading more of + + align:start position:0% +stay in m1 to continue reading more of + + + align:start position:0% +stay in m1 to continue reading more of +the input and to jump into m2 to start + + align:start position:0% +the input and to jump into m2 to start + + + align:start position:0% +the input and to jump into m2 to start +processing what might be the second half + + align:start position:0% +processing what might be the second half + + + align:start position:0% +processing what might be the second half +or the second part of the input which m2 + + align:start position:0% +or the second part of the input which m2 + + + align:start position:0% +or the second part of the input which m2 +accepts + + align:start position:0% +accepts + + + align:start position:0% +accepts +and you can think of it in terms of the + + align:start position:0% +and you can think of it in terms of the + + + align:start position:0% +and you can think of it in terms of the +guessing is that the machine is guessing + + align:start position:0% +guessing is that the machine is guessing + + + align:start position:0% +guessing is that the machine is guessing +where to make that split + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +once it found an initial part that's + + align:start position:0% +once it found an initial part that's + + + align:start position:0% +once it found an initial part that's +accepted by m1 it guesses that this is + + align:start position:0% +accepted by m1 it guesses that this is + + + align:start position:0% +accepted by m1 it guesses that this is +the right split point and that passes to + + align:start position:0% +the right split point and that passes to + + + align:start position:0% +the right split point and that passes to +m2 but there might be other guesses that + + align:start position:0% +m2 but there might be other guesses that + + + align:start position:0% +m2 but there might be other guesses that +it could make + + align:start position:0% +it could make + + + align:start position:0% +it could make +you know corresponding to other + + align:start position:0% +you know corresponding to other + + + align:start position:0% +you know corresponding to other +possibilities + + align:start position:0% +possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities +and so + + align:start position:0% +and so + + + align:start position:0% +and so +with non-determinism it always guesses + + align:start position:0% +with non-determinism it always guesses + + + align:start position:0% +with non-determinism it always guesses +right if there is some way to split the + + align:start position:0% +right if there is some way to split the + + + align:start position:0% +right if there is some way to split the +string into two parts + + align:start position:0% +string into two parts + + + align:start position:0% +string into two parts +uh accepted by m1 and m2 the machine + + align:start position:0% +uh accepted by m1 and m2 the machine + + + align:start position:0% +uh accepted by m1 and m2 the machine +will make that good guess + + align:start position:0% +will make that good guess + + + align:start position:0% +will make that good guess +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +m1 will accept the first part and m2 + + align:start position:0% +m1 will accept the first part and m2 + + + align:start position:0% +m1 will accept the first part and m2 +will accept us with the second part and + + align:start position:0% +will accept us with the second part and + + + align:start position:0% +will accept us with the second part and +we'll get m accepting that whole uh + + align:start position:0% +we'll get m accepting that whole uh + + + align:start position:0% +we'll get m accepting that whole uh +string uh altogether and so that is the + + align:start position:0% +string uh altogether and so that is the + + + align:start position:0% +string uh altogether and so that is the +uh solution um to our uh puzzle for how + + align:start position:0% +uh solution um to our uh puzzle for how + + + align:start position:0% +uh solution um to our uh puzzle for how +do we do closure under concatenation + + align:start position:0% +do we do closure under concatenation + + + align:start position:0% +do we do closure under concatenation +okay i hope that came through because + + align:start position:0% +okay i hope that came through because + + + align:start position:0% +okay i hope that came through because +this is um this is you know we're just + + align:start position:0% +this is um this is you know we're just + + + align:start position:0% +this is um this is you know we're just +getting going with non-determinism we're + + align:start position:0% +getting going with non-determinism we're + + + align:start position:0% +getting going with non-determinism we're +going to be using non-determinism a lot + + align:start position:0% +going to be using non-determinism a lot + + + align:start position:0% +going to be using non-determinism a lot +and you it's going to you're going to + + align:start position:0% +and you it's going to you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +and you it's going to you're going to +need to get very comfortable with it + + align:start position:0% +need to get very comfortable with it + + + align:start position:0% +need to get very comfortable with it +okay um + + align:start position:0% +okay um + + + align:start position:0% +okay um +now let's do closure under star + + align:start position:0% +now let's do closure under star + + + align:start position:0% +now let's do closure under star +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and closure under star + + align:start position:0% +and closure under star + + + align:start position:0% +and closure under star +works uh very similarly + + align:start position:0% +works uh very similarly + + + align:start position:0% +works uh very similarly +but now we're just gonna have a single + + align:start position:0% +but now we're just gonna have a single + + + align:start position:0% +but now we're just gonna have a single +language if a is regular so is a star so + + align:start position:0% +language if a is regular so is a star so + + + align:start position:0% +language if a is regular so is a star so +they're not a pair of languages because + + align:start position:0% +they're not a pair of languages because + + + align:start position:0% +they're not a pair of languages because +a star is a urinary operation + + align:start position:0% +a star is a urinary operation + + + align:start position:0% +a star is a urinary operation +applying to just a single uh + + align:start position:0% +applying to just a single uh + + + align:start position:0% +applying to just a single uh +language + + align:start position:0% +language + + + align:start position:0% +language +so if we have a dfa recognizing a in + + align:start position:0% +so if we have a dfa recognizing a in + + + align:start position:0% +so if we have a dfa recognizing a in +order to show that a star is regular we + + align:start position:0% +order to show that a star is regular we + + + align:start position:0% +order to show that a star is regular we +have to construct a machine that + + align:start position:0% +have to construct a machine that + + + align:start position:0% +have to construct a machine that +recognizes a star and a machine we're + + align:start position:0% +recognizes a star and a machine we're + + + align:start position:0% +recognizes a star and a machine we're +going to construct is as before and then + + align:start position:0% +going to construct is as before and then + + + align:start position:0% +going to construct is as before and then +an nfa + + align:start position:0% +an nfa + + + align:start position:0% +an nfa +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +here is m + + align:start position:0% +here is m + + + align:start position:0% +here is m +uh the dfa for a + + align:start position:0% +uh the dfa for a + + + align:start position:0% +uh the dfa for a +and we're going to build an nfa m prime + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to build an nfa m prime + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to build an nfa m prime +that recognizes a star + + align:start position:0% +that recognizes a star + + + align:start position:0% +that recognizes a star +and let's think now what does it mean to + + align:start position:0% +and let's think now what does it mean to + + + align:start position:0% +and let's think now what does it mean to +recognize a star + + align:start position:0% +recognize a star + + + align:start position:0% +recognize a star +so when should m you know if i'm going + + align:start position:0% +so when should m you know if i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +so when should m you know if i'm going +to give you an input when is it in the + + align:start position:0% +to give you an input when is it in the + + + align:start position:0% +to give you an input when is it in the +star language what does m prime have to + + align:start position:0% +star language what does m prime have to + + + align:start position:0% +star language what does m prime have to +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +um so m remember what star is star means + + align:start position:0% +um so m remember what star is star means + + + align:start position:0% +um so m remember what star is star means +you can take as many copies of you lot + + align:start position:0% +you can take as many copies of you lot + + + align:start position:0% +you can take as many copies of you lot +as you like of strings in the original + + align:start position:0% +as you like of strings in the original + + + align:start position:0% +as you like of strings in the original +language and that's in the star language + + align:start position:0% +language and that's in the star language + + + align:start position:0% +language and that's in the star language +so to determine if something's in the + + align:start position:0% +so to determine if something's in the + + + align:start position:0% +so to determine if something's in the +star language you have to see can i + + align:start position:0% +star language you have to see can i + + + align:start position:0% +star language you have to see can i +break it up into pieces which are all in + + align:start position:0% +break it up into pieces which are all in + + + align:start position:0% +break it up into pieces which are all in +the original language + + align:start position:0% +the original language + + + align:start position:0% +the original language +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so you want to see can i take my input + + align:start position:0% +so you want to see can i take my input + + + align:start position:0% +so you want to see can i take my input +w and cut it up into a bunch of pieces + + align:start position:0% +w and cut it up into a bunch of pieces + + + align:start position:0% +w and cut it up into a bunch of pieces +four in this case um where each of those + + align:start position:0% +four in this case um where each of those + + + align:start position:0% +four in this case um where each of those +pieces are members of a they're members + + align:start position:0% +pieces are members of a they're members + + + align:start position:0% +pieces are members of a they're members +of the original language so that's what + + align:start position:0% +of the original language so that's what + + + align:start position:0% +of the original language so that's what +that's what m prime's job is + + align:start position:0% +that's what m prime's job is + + + align:start position:0% +that's what m prime's job is +it's getting it has its input and wants + + align:start position:0% +it's getting it has its input and wants + + + align:start position:0% +it's getting it has its input and wants +to know can i cut that input up into + + align:start position:0% +to know can i cut that input up into + + + align:start position:0% +to know can i cut that input up into +pieces each of which are accepted by the + + align:start position:0% +pieces each of which are accepted by the + + + align:start position:0% +pieces each of which are accepted by the +original machine + + align:start position:0% +original machine + + + align:start position:0% +original machine +m + + align:start position:0% +m + + + align:start position:0% +m +that's what m prime does + + align:start position:0% +that's what m prime does + + + align:start position:0% +that's what m prime does +and if you think about it you know um + + align:start position:0% +and if you think about it you know um + + + align:start position:0% +and if you think about it you know um +a little bit + + align:start position:0% +a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit +really what's happening is that as soon + + align:start position:0% +really what's happening is that as soon + + + align:start position:0% +really what's happening is that as soon +as + + align:start position:0% +as + + + align:start position:0% +as +m + + align:start position:0% +m + + + align:start position:0% +m +so you know m prime is going to be + + align:start position:0% +so you know m prime is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +so you know m prime is going to be +simulating m that's why i like to think + + align:start position:0% +simulating m that's why i like to think + + + align:start position:0% +simulating m that's why i like to think +about this as having m inside so you + + align:start position:0% +about this as having m inside so you + + + align:start position:0% +about this as having m inside so you +know you're going to if you were going + + align:start position:0% +know you're going to if you were going + + + align:start position:0% +know you're going to if you were going +to be doing this yourself you're going + + align:start position:0% +to be doing this yourself you're going + + + align:start position:0% +to be doing this yourself you're going +to take w you're going to run it for a + + align:start position:0% +to take w you're going to run it for a + + + align:start position:0% +to take w you're going to run it for a +while you'll see oh m is accepted + + align:start position:0% +while you'll see oh m is accepted + + + align:start position:0% +while you'll see oh m is accepted +now i have to start m over again + + align:start position:0% +now i have to start m over again + + + align:start position:0% +now i have to start m over again +to see if it accepts + + align:start position:0% +to see if it accepts + + + align:start position:0% +to see if it accepts +uh on the next segment + + align:start position:0% +uh on the next segment + + + align:start position:0% +uh on the next segment +so every time m accepts you're going to + + align:start position:0% +so every time m accepts you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +so every time m accepts you're going to +restart m to see if it accepts another + + align:start position:0% +restart m to see if it accepts another + + + align:start position:0% +restart m to see if it accepts another +segment and so you by doing that you're + + align:start position:0% +segment and so you by doing that you're + + + align:start position:0% +segment and so you by doing that you're +going to be cutting w up into different + + align:start position:0% +going to be cutting w up into different + + + align:start position:0% +going to be cutting w up into different +segments which are each of which is + + align:start position:0% +segments which are each of which is + + + align:start position:0% +segments which are each of which is +accepted by m + + align:start position:0% +accepted by m + + + align:start position:0% +accepted by m +of course + + align:start position:0% +of course + + + align:start position:0% +of course +it's never totally clear + + align:start position:0% +it's never totally clear + + + align:start position:0% +it's never totally clear +whether you should + + align:start position:0% +whether you should + + + align:start position:0% +whether you should +and for any given segment you should cut + + align:start position:0% +and for any given segment you should cut + + + align:start position:0% +and for any given segment you should cut +it there or you should wait a little + + align:start position:0% +it there or you should wait a little + + + align:start position:0% +it there or you should wait a little +longer and find another play a later + + align:start position:0% +longer and find another play a later + + + align:start position:0% +longer and find another play a later +place to cut but that's exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +place to cut but that's exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +place to cut but that's exactly the same +problem that we had before with + + align:start position:0% +problem that we had before with + + + align:start position:0% +problem that we had before with +concatenation + + align:start position:0% +concatenation + + + align:start position:0% +concatenation +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +we saw that using non-determinism and + + align:start position:0% +we saw that using non-determinism and + + + align:start position:0% +we saw that using non-determinism and +we're going to solve it again using + + align:start position:0% +we're going to solve it again using + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to solve it again using +non-determinism + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism +so the way we're going to get that + + align:start position:0% +so the way we're going to get that + + + align:start position:0% +so the way we're going to get that +effect of starting the machine over + + align:start position:0% +effect of starting the machine over + + + align:start position:0% +effect of starting the machine over +again once once it's accepted is by + + align:start position:0% +again once once it's accepted is by + + + align:start position:0% +again once once it's accepted is by +adding in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +epsilon transitions that go from the + + align:start position:0% +epsilon transitions that go from the + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon transitions that go from the +start states back to the + + align:start position:0% +start states back to the + + + align:start position:0% +start states back to the +from the accept state back to the start + + align:start position:0% +from the accept state back to the start + + + align:start position:0% +from the accept state back to the start +state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now every time + + align:start position:0% +so now every time + + + align:start position:0% +so now every time +m has accepted it has an option not not + + align:start position:0% +m has accepted it has an option not not + + + align:start position:0% +m has accepted it has an option not not +a requirement but it has an option it + + align:start position:0% +a requirement but it has an option it + + + align:start position:0% +a requirement but it has an option it +can either stay continuing to process + + align:start position:0% +can either stay continuing to process + + + align:start position:0% +can either stay continuing to process +or it can restart + + align:start position:0% +or it can restart + + + align:start position:0% +or it can restart +making a cut at that point and + + align:start position:0% +making a cut at that point and + + + align:start position:0% +making a cut at that point and +trying to + + align:start position:0% +trying to + + + align:start position:0% +trying to +see if there's a yet a different a + + align:start position:0% +see if there's a yet a different a + + + align:start position:0% +see if there's a yet a different a +second another segment of the input + + align:start position:0% +second another segment of the input + + + align:start position:0% +second another segment of the input +that's going to be ex that it's going to + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be ex that it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be ex that it's going to +accept + + align:start position:0% +accept + + + align:start position:0% +accept +and this is basically the whole thing + + align:start position:0% +and this is basically the whole thing + + + align:start position:0% +and this is basically the whole thing +with one little + + align:start position:0% +with one little + + + align:start position:0% +with one little +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +problem + + align:start position:0% +problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem +that we need to deal with + + align:start position:0% +that we need to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +that we need to deal with +and that is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we need to make sure + + align:start position:0% +we need to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +we need to make sure +um that m prime + + align:start position:0% +um that m prime + + + align:start position:0% +um that m prime +accepts the empty string because + + align:start position:0% +accepts the empty string because + + + align:start position:0% +accepts the empty string because +remember the x empty string is always a + + align:start position:0% +remember the x empty string is always a + + + align:start position:0% +remember the x empty string is always a +member of the + + align:start position:0% +member of the + + + align:start position:0% +member of the +starred language + + align:start position:0% +starred language + + + align:start position:0% +starred language +and as it's as it's + + align:start position:0% +and as it's as it's + + + align:start position:0% +and as it's as it's +written right now + + align:start position:0% +written right now + + + align:start position:0% +written right now +we're going to be requiring there to be + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be requiring there to be + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to be requiring there to be +at least one copy + + align:start position:0% +at least one copy + + + align:start position:0% +at least one copy +of one at least one segment we're not + + align:start position:0% +of one at least one segment we're not + + + align:start position:0% +of one at least one segment we're not +taking into account the possibility of + + align:start position:0% +taking into account the possibility of + + + align:start position:0% +taking into account the possibility of +no segments which is the empty string + + align:start position:0% +no segments which is the empty string + + + align:start position:0% +no segments which is the empty string +and the way we're going to get that + + align:start position:0% +and the way we're going to get that + + + align:start position:0% +and the way we're going to get that +is well i mean + + align:start position:0% +is well i mean + + + align:start position:0% +is well i mean +one thing + + align:start position:0% +one thing + + + align:start position:0% +one thing +one way to get to it + + align:start position:0% +one way to get to it + + + align:start position:0% +one way to get to it +so you know we're missing the empty + + align:start position:0% +so you know we're missing the empty + + + align:start position:0% +so you know we're missing the empty +string right now so how do we fix it + + align:start position:0% +string right now so how do we fix it + + + align:start position:0% +string right now so how do we fix it +basically you know we're just going to + + align:start position:0% +basically you know we're just going to + + + align:start position:0% +basically you know we're just going to +take the construction we have + + align:start position:0% +take the construction we have + + + align:start position:0% +take the construction we have +get uh you know on on the screen and + + align:start position:0% +get uh you know on on the screen and + + + align:start position:0% +get uh you know on on the screen and +we're going to uh + + align:start position:0% +we're going to uh + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to uh +adjust it to to add in the empty string + + align:start position:0% +adjust it to to add in the empty string + + + align:start position:0% +adjust it to to add in the empty string +because it's possibly missing + + align:start position:0% +because it's possibly missing + + + align:start position:0% +because it's possibly missing +one way to do that + + align:start position:0% +one way to do that + + + align:start position:0% +one way to do that +which is tempting but + + align:start position:0% +which is tempting but + + + align:start position:0% +which is tempting but +wrong + + align:start position:0% +wrong + + + align:start position:0% +wrong +is to + + align:start position:0% +is to + + + align:start position:0% +is to +make the start state of m an accepting + + align:start position:0% +make the start state of m an accepting + + + align:start position:0% +make the start state of m an accepting +state for m prime + + align:start position:0% +state for m prime + + + align:start position:0% +state for m prime +so we could have and we could have made + + align:start position:0% +so we could have and we could have made + + + align:start position:0% +so we could have and we could have made +this an uh an accepting state too + + align:start position:0% +this an uh an accepting state too + + + align:start position:0% +this an uh an accepting state too +and now m prime is also going to accept + + align:start position:0% +and now m prime is also going to accept + + + align:start position:0% +and now m prime is also going to accept +the empty string that's the good news + + align:start position:0% +the empty string that's the good news + + + align:start position:0% +the empty string that's the good news +the problem is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the start state might be playing some + + align:start position:0% +the start state might be playing some + + + align:start position:0% +the start state might be playing some +other role + + align:start position:0% +other role + + + align:start position:0% +other role +in m besides just being the start there + + align:start position:0% +in m besides just being the start there + + + align:start position:0% +in m besides just being the start there +might be times when m comes back to the + + align:start position:0% +might be times when m comes back to the + + + align:start position:0% +might be times when m comes back to the +start state + + align:start position:0% +start state + + + align:start position:0% +start state +you know later on + + align:start position:0% +you know later on + + + align:start position:0% +you know later on +and if we make the start state the + + align:start position:0% +and if we make the start state the + + + align:start position:0% +and if we make the start state the +accept and accept state it's going to + + align:start position:0% +accept and accept state it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +accept and accept state it's going to +suddenly start accepting a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +suddenly start accepting a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly start accepting a bunch of +other things too which might not be + + align:start position:0% +other things too which might not be + + + align:start position:0% +other things too which might not be +intended + + align:start position:0% +intended + + + align:start position:0% +intended +so it's a bad idea to make the start + + align:start position:0% +so it's a bad idea to make the start + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a bad idea to make the start +state and accept state + + align:start position:0% +state and accept state + + + align:start position:0% +state and accept state +instead we'll take the simples uh + + align:start position:0% +instead we'll take the simples uh + + + align:start position:0% +instead we'll take the simples uh +solution alternative of adding a new + + align:start position:0% +solution alternative of adding a new + + + align:start position:0% +solution alternative of adding a new +start state + + align:start position:0% +start state + + + align:start position:0% +start state +which will never be returned to under + + align:start position:0% +which will never be returned to under + + + align:start position:0% +which will never be returned to under +any circumstances and make that a new + + align:start position:0% +any circumstances and make that a new + + + align:start position:0% +any circumstances and make that a new +start and accept state as well so here + + align:start position:0% +start and accept state as well so here + + + align:start position:0% +start and accept state as well so here +we'll have to make this additional + + align:start position:0% +we'll have to make this additional + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have to make this additional +modification + + align:start position:0% +modification + + + align:start position:0% +modification +so as i'm saying this is what we need to + + align:start position:0% +so as i'm saying this is what we need to + + + align:start position:0% +so as i'm saying this is what we need to +do and we will do that + + align:start position:0% +do and we will do that + + + align:start position:0% +do and we will do that +is by adding a new start state which is + + align:start position:0% +is by adding a new start state which is + + + align:start position:0% +is by adding a new start state which is +also an accept state to make sure it + + align:start position:0% +also an accept state to make sure it + + + align:start position:0% +also an accept state to make sure it +accepts the empty string + + align:start position:0% +accepts the empty string + + + align:start position:0% +accepts the empty string +and then that also can branch + + align:start position:0% +and then that also can branch + + + align:start position:0% +and then that also can branch +um to start off m + + align:start position:0% +um to start off m + + + align:start position:0% +um to start off m +as before + + align:start position:0% +as before + + + align:start position:0% +as before +um if the string that's input is not the + + align:start position:0% +um if the string that's input is not the + + + align:start position:0% +um if the string that's input is not the +empty string and so then m you know we m + + align:start position:0% +empty string and so then m you know we m + + + align:start position:0% +empty string and so then m you know we m +prime is actually going to have to do + + align:start position:0% +prime is actually going to have to do + + + align:start position:0% +prime is actually going to have to do +some work to see if it can be cut up as + + align:start position:0% +some work to see if it can be cut up as + + + align:start position:0% +some work to see if it can be cut up as +it was going as it was doing before + + align:start position:0% +it was going as it was doing before + + + align:start position:0% +it was going as it was doing before +um so + + align:start position:0% +um so + + + align:start position:0% +um so +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +the proof of closure under star i'm not + + align:start position:0% +the proof of closure under star i'm not + + + align:start position:0% +the proof of closure under star i'm not +going to do it anything beyond what i've + + align:start position:0% +going to do it anything beyond what i've + + + align:start position:0% +going to do it anything beyond what i've +just described these proofs by picture + + align:start position:0% +just described these proofs by picture + + + align:start position:0% +just described these proofs by picture +are convincing enough i hope um + + align:start position:0% +are convincing enough i hope um + + + align:start position:0% +are convincing enough i hope um +and if not you know you should they are + + align:start position:0% +and if not you know you should they are + + + align:start position:0% +and if not you know you should they are +explained in somewhat more detail + + align:start position:0% +explained in somewhat more detail + + + align:start position:0% +explained in somewhat more detail +somewhat more formally in the textbook + + align:start position:0% +somewhat more formally in the textbook + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat more formally in the textbook +but uh for the lecture this is where i'm + + align:start position:0% +but uh for the lecture this is where i'm + + + align:start position:0% +but uh for the lecture this is where i'm +going to stop with these these two + + align:start position:0% +going to stop with these these two + + + align:start position:0% +going to stop with these these two +arguments + + align:start position:0% +arguments + + + align:start position:0% +arguments +um and so now uh oh yeah one uh quick + + align:start position:0% +um and so now uh oh yeah one uh quick + + + align:start position:0% +um and so now uh oh yeah one uh quick +check in on this + + align:start position:0% +check in on this + + + align:start position:0% +check in on this +so if m has n states + + align:start position:0% +so if m has n states + + + align:start position:0% +so if m has n states +how many states does m prime have by + + align:start position:0% +how many states does m prime have by + + + align:start position:0% +how many states does m prime have by +this construction + + align:start position:0% +this construction + + + align:start position:0% +this construction +um so let's do + + align:start position:0% +um so let's do + + + align:start position:0% +um so let's do +really these are + + align:start position:0% +really these are + + + align:start position:0% +really these are +i'm not intending these to be very hard + + align:start position:0% +i'm not intending these to be very hard + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not intending these to be very hard +more just to keep you awake + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +how many + + align:start position:0% +how many + + + align:start position:0% +how many +states does + + align:start position:0% +states does + + + align:start position:0% +states does +m prime have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +maybe a little too easy even for a + + align:start position:0% +maybe a little too easy even for a + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a little too easy even for a +check-in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah everybody's getting this one um + + align:start position:0% +yeah everybody's getting this one um + + + align:start position:0% +yeah everybody's getting this one um +because all you did was we added one new + + align:start position:0% +because all you did was we added one new + + + align:start position:0% +because all you did was we added one new +state um so the answer is as you have um + + align:start position:0% +state um so the answer is as you have um + + + align:start position:0% +state um so the answer is as you have um +i think should pretty much everybody is + + align:start position:0% +i think should pretty much everybody is + + + align:start position:0% +i think should pretty much everybody is +uh observing that it's just the um + + align:start position:0% +uh observing that it's just the um + + + align:start position:0% +uh observing that it's just the um +it's number b um so i'm gonna end the + + align:start position:0% +it's number b um so i'm gonna end the + + + align:start position:0% +it's number b um so i'm gonna end the +polling + + align:start position:0% +polling + + + align:start position:0% +polling +i'm gonna share the results + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna share the results + + + align:start position:0% +i'm gonna share the results +and everybody got that one and so let's + + align:start position:0% +and everybody got that one and so let's + + + align:start position:0% +and everybody got that one and so let's +continue on + + align:start position:0% +continue on + + + align:start position:0% +continue on +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +so um + + align:start position:0% +so um + + + align:start position:0% +so um +the very last thing we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +the very last thing we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +the very last thing we're going to do +today and show you how to convert + + align:start position:0% +today and show you how to convert + + + align:start position:0% +today and show you how to convert +regular expressions + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions + + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions +to nfas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thereby showing that every language that + + align:start position:0% +thereby showing that every language that + + + align:start position:0% +thereby showing that every language that +you can describe with a regular + + align:start position:0% +you can describe with a regular + + + align:start position:0% +you can describe with a regular +expression is a regular language + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on tuesday we'll show how to do the + + align:start position:0% +on tuesday we'll show how to do the + + + align:start position:0% +on tuesday we'll show how to do the +conversion in the other direction and + + align:start position:0% +conversion in the other direction and + + + align:start position:0% +conversion in the other direction and +show thereby showing that these two + + align:start position:0% +show thereby showing that these two + + + align:start position:0% +show thereby showing that these two +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +methods of describing languages are + + align:start position:0% +methods of describing languages are + + + align:start position:0% +methods of describing languages are +equivalent to one another so here is our + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to one another so here is our + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent to one another so here is our +theorem if r is or is a regular + + align:start position:0% +theorem if r is or is a regular + + + align:start position:0% +theorem if r is or is a regular +expression and a is the language is + + align:start position:0% +expression and a is the language is + + + align:start position:0% +expression and a is the language is +instead of strings that like that + + align:start position:0% +instead of strings that like that + + + align:start position:0% +instead of strings that like that +regular expression describes then a is + + align:start position:0% +regular expression describes then a is + + + align:start position:0% +regular expression describes then a is +regular + + align:start position:0% +regular + + + align:start position:0% +regular +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so um we're going to show how to convert + + align:start position:0% +so um we're going to show how to convert + + + align:start position:0% +so um we're going to show how to convert +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +the the strategy is to convert r to an + + align:start position:0% +the the strategy is to convert r to an + + + align:start position:0% +the the strategy is to convert r to an +equivalent nfam + + align:start position:0% +equivalent nfam + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent nfam +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so we have to think about remember these + + align:start position:0% +so we have to think about remember these + + + align:start position:0% +so we have to think about remember these +regular expressions uh that we + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions uh that we + + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions uh that we +introduced last time these are these + + align:start position:0% +introduced last time these are these + + + align:start position:0% +introduced last time these are these +expressions that look like um you know a + + align:start position:0% +expressions that look like um you know a + + + align:start position:0% +expressions that look like um you know a +b union b star something like that + + align:start position:0% +b union b star something like that + + + align:start position:0% +b union b star something like that +um so built up out of the regular + + align:start position:0% +um so built up out of the regular + + + align:start position:0% +um so built up out of the regular +operations from um + + align:start position:0% +operations from um + + + align:start position:0% +operations from um +from the from the primitive regular + + align:start position:0% +from the from the primitive regular + + + align:start position:0% +from the from the primitive regular +expressions that don't have any + + align:start position:0% +expressions that don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +expressions that don't have any +operations that we're calling atomic + + align:start position:0% +operations that we're calling atomic + + + align:start position:0% +operations that we're calling atomic +so if r is an atomic regular expression + + align:start position:0% +so if r is an atomic regular expression + + + align:start position:0% +so if r is an atomic regular expression +it just looks like + + align:start position:0% +it just looks like + + + align:start position:0% +it just looks like +either just a single symbol or an empty + + align:start position:0% +either just a single symbol or an empty + + + align:start position:0% +either just a single symbol or an empty +string symbol or a + + align:start position:0% +string symbol or a + + + align:start position:0% +string symbol or a +an empty language symbol + + align:start position:0% +an empty language symbol + + + align:start position:0% +an empty language symbol +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +r can be + + align:start position:0% +r can be + + + align:start position:0% +r can be +a composite regular expression um + + align:start position:0% +a composite regular expression um + + + align:start position:0% +a composite regular expression um +whoops + + align:start position:0% +whoops + + + align:start position:0% +whoops +we're having a little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so + + align:start position:0% +yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so +so we have two possibilities here um r + + align:start position:0% +so we have two possibilities here um r + + + align:start position:0% +so we have two possibilities here um r +is either atomic or composite + + align:start position:0% +is either atomic or composite + + + align:start position:0% +is either atomic or composite +and so let's look at what the equivalent + + align:start position:0% +and so let's look at what the equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +and so let's look at what the equivalent +expression is um in each case + + align:start position:0% +expression is um in each case + + + align:start position:0% +expression is um in each case +so if r is just the single letter + + align:start position:0% +so if r is just the single letter + + + align:start position:0% +so if r is just the single letter +regular expression that's a totally + + align:start position:0% +regular expression that's a totally + + + align:start position:0% +regular expression that's a totally +legitimate regular expression just a + + align:start position:0% +legitimate regular expression just a + + + align:start position:0% +legitimate regular expression just a +regular expression + + align:start position:0% +regular expression + + + align:start position:0% +regular expression +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +so that just describes the language of + + align:start position:0% +so that just describes the language of + + + align:start position:0% +so that just describes the language of +the string one + + align:start position:0% +the string one + + + align:start position:0% +the string one +so we have to make a an nfa + + align:start position:0% +so we have to make a an nfa + + + align:start position:0% +so we have to make a an nfa +which accepts which recognizes just that + + align:start position:0% +which accepts which recognizes just that + + + align:start position:0% +which accepts which recognizes just that +language accepts only the string one + + align:start position:0% +language accepts only the string one + + + align:start position:0% +language accepts only the string one +so it's a very simple nfa + + align:start position:0% +so it's a very simple nfa + + + align:start position:0% +so it's a very simple nfa +it just starts uh in the start state and + + align:start position:0% +it just starts uh in the start state and + + + align:start position:0% +it just starts uh in the start state and +on that single symbol it branches to an + + align:start position:0% +on that single symbol it branches to an + + + align:start position:0% +on that single symbol it branches to an +accept state and there were no other + + align:start position:0% +accept state and there were no other + + + align:start position:0% +accept state and there were no other +transitions allowed so if you get + + align:start position:0% +transitions allowed so if you get + + + align:start position:0% +transitions allowed so if you get +anything else coming in besides that one + + align:start position:0% +anything else coming in besides that one + + + align:start position:0% +anything else coming in besides that one +that that string which is just that one + + align:start position:0% +that that string which is just that one + + + align:start position:0% +that that string which is just that one +symbol + + align:start position:0% +symbol + + + align:start position:0% +symbol +the nfa is going to reject it + + align:start position:0% +the nfa is going to reject it + + + align:start position:0% +the nfa is going to reject it +like if it goes if it's too long if if + + align:start position:0% +like if it goes if it's too long if if + + + align:start position:0% +like if it goes if it's too long if if +you know if it gets a a coming in well + + align:start position:0% +you know if it gets a a coming in well + + + align:start position:0% +you know if it gets a a coming in well +there's nowhere to go on from this um + + align:start position:0% +there's nowhere to go on from this um + + + align:start position:0% +there's nowhere to go on from this um +accepting state on an a so the machine + + align:start position:0% +accepting state on an a so the machine + + + align:start position:0% +accepting state on an a so the machine +is just going to die + + align:start position:0% +is just going to die + + + align:start position:0% +is just going to die +it has to be in an accept state at the + + align:start position:0% +it has to be in an accept state at the + + + align:start position:0% +it has to be in an accept state at the +end of the input + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um how about you know why don't you + + align:start position:0% +um how about you know why don't you + + + align:start position:0% +um how about you know why don't you +think for yourself for a minute how do + + align:start position:0% +think for yourself for a minute how do + + + align:start position:0% +think for yourself for a minute how do +we make an nfa which + + align:start position:0% +we make an nfa which + + + align:start position:0% +we make an nfa which +uh accepts only the empty string and no + + align:start position:0% +uh accepts only the empty string and no + + + align:start position:0% +uh accepts only the empty string and no +other strings + + align:start position:0% +other strings + + + align:start position:0% +other strings +you can do that with just one state with + + align:start position:0% +you can do that with just one state with + + + align:start position:0% +you can do that with just one state with +an nfa + + align:start position:0% +an nfa + + + align:start position:0% +an nfa +just this one here + + align:start position:0% +just this one here + + + align:start position:0% +just this one here +um the machine is going to start off in + + align:start position:0% +um the machine is going to start off in + + + align:start position:0% +um the machine is going to start off in +the start state which is also + + align:start position:0% +the start state which is also + + + align:start position:0% +the start state which is also +immediately an accept state so it + + align:start position:0% +immediately an accept state so it + + + align:start position:0% +immediately an accept state so it +accepts the empty string + + align:start position:0% +accepts the empty string + + + align:start position:0% +accepts the empty string +but if anything else comes in there's + + align:start position:0% +but if anything else comes in there's + + + align:start position:0% +but if anything else comes in there's +nowhere to go when the machine does + + align:start position:0% +nowhere to go when the machine does + + + align:start position:0% +nowhere to go when the machine does +so this machine accepts just the empty + + align:start position:0% +so this machine accepts just the empty + + + align:start position:0% +so this machine accepts just the empty +string or its language is the language + + align:start position:0% +string or its language is the language + + + align:start position:0% +string or its language is the language +with one element the empty string + + align:start position:0% +with one element the empty string + + + align:start position:0% +with one element the empty string +how about the empty language + + align:start position:0% +how about the empty language + + + align:start position:0% +how about the empty language +well here's a here's an nfa which + + align:start position:0% +well here's a here's an nfa which + + + align:start position:0% +well here's a here's an nfa which +has no accepting state so it can't be + + align:start position:0% +has no accepting state so it can't be + + + align:start position:0% +has no accepting state so it can't be +accepting anything + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now if we have a composite regular + + align:start position:0% +now if we have a composite regular + + + align:start position:0% +now if we have a composite regular +expression + + align:start position:0% +expression + + + align:start position:0% +expression +we're already finished because we showed + + align:start position:0% +we're already finished because we showed + + + align:start position:0% +we're already finished because we showed +how to build up + + align:start position:0% +how to build up + + + align:start position:0% +how to build up +we showed constructions which uh give us + + align:start position:0% +we showed constructions which uh give us + + + align:start position:0% +we showed constructions which uh give us +closure under union + + align:start position:0% +closure under union + + + align:start position:0% +closure under union +uh concatenation and star and those + + align:start position:0% +uh concatenation and star and those + + + align:start position:0% +uh concatenation and star and those +constructions are going to enable us to + + align:start position:0% +constructions are going to enable us to + + + align:start position:0% +constructions are going to enable us to +build up + + align:start position:0% +build up + + + align:start position:0% +build up +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +nfas + + align:start position:0% +nfas + + + align:start position:0% +nfas +that do + + align:start position:0% +that do + + + align:start position:0% +that do +the language of these more complex + + align:start position:0% +the language of these more complex + + + align:start position:0% +the language of these more complex +regular expressions built up out of the + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions built up out of the + + + align:start position:0% +regular expressions built up out of the +anaphase that do the individual parts + + align:start position:0% +anaphase that do the individual parts + + + align:start position:0% +anaphase that do the individual parts +so if we already have anaphase that do + + align:start position:0% +so if we already have anaphase that do + + + align:start position:0% +so if we already have anaphase that do +r1 and r2 + + align:start position:0% +r1 and r2 + + + align:start position:0% +r1 and r2 +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +the closure under union construction + + align:start position:0% +the closure under union construction + + + align:start position:0% +the closure under union construction +gives us an nfa that does + + align:start position:0% +gives us an nfa that does + + + align:start position:0% +gives us an nfa that does +r1 union r2 + + align:start position:0% +r1 union r2 + + + align:start position:0% +r1 union r2 +as a language + + align:start position:0% +as a language + + + align:start position:0% +as a language +so i'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +so i'm going to do +i hope that's clear but i'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +i hope that's clear but i'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +i hope that's clear but i'm going to do +an example which will help hopefully + + align:start position:0% +an example which will help hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +an example which will help hopefully +illustrate it and it's going to show you + + align:start position:0% +illustrate it and it's going to show you + + + align:start position:0% +illustrate it and it's going to show you +you know basically what i'm giving you + + align:start position:0% +you know basically what i'm giving you + + + align:start position:0% +you know basically what i'm giving you +is an automatic procedure for converting + + align:start position:0% +is an automatic procedure for converting + + + align:start position:0% +is an automatic procedure for converting +a regular expression into an equivalent + + align:start position:0% +a regular expression into an equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +a regular expression into an equivalent +nfa + + align:start position:0% +nfa + + + align:start position:0% +nfa +so let's just see if + + align:start position:0% +so let's just see if + + + align:start position:0% +so let's just see if +that that procedure in opera in action + + align:start position:0% +that that procedure in opera in action + + + align:start position:0% +that that procedure in opera in action +which is really just following this + + align:start position:0% +which is really just following this + + + align:start position:0% +which is really just following this +recipe that i described for you so here + + align:start position:0% +recipe that i described for you so here + + + align:start position:0% +recipe that i described for you so here +is a regular expression a union a b + + align:start position:0% +is a regular expression a union a b + + + align:start position:0% +is a regular expression a union a b +star + + align:start position:0% +star + + + align:start position:0% +star +so this is a regular expression + + align:start position:0% +so this is a regular expression + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a regular expression +it's some language whatever it is i + + align:start position:0% +it's some language whatever it is i + + + align:start position:0% +it's some language whatever it is i +don't care + + align:start position:0% +don't care + + + align:start position:0% +don't care +but i want to make an nfa which + + align:start position:0% +but i want to make an nfa which + + + align:start position:0% +but i want to make an nfa which +recognizes that same language + + align:start position:0% +recognizes that same language + + + align:start position:0% +recognizes that same language +and the way i'm going to do that is + + align:start position:0% +and the way i'm going to do that is + + + align:start position:0% +and the way i'm going to do that is +first build nfa for the + + align:start position:0% +first build nfa for the + + + align:start position:0% +first build nfa for the +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +components um + + align:start position:0% +components um + + + align:start position:0% +components um +the sub-expressions of this regular + + align:start position:0% +the sub-expressions of this regular + + + align:start position:0% +the sub-expressions of this regular +expression + + align:start position:0% +expression + + + align:start position:0% +expression +and then combine them using our closure + + align:start position:0% +and then combine them using our closure + + + align:start position:0% +and then combine them using our closure +constructions + + align:start position:0% +constructions + + + align:start position:0% +constructions +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +to be anaphase for larger and larger + + align:start position:0% +to be anaphase for larger and larger + + + align:start position:0% +to be anaphase for larger and larger +sub-expressions until i get the n of a + + align:start position:0% +sub-expressions until i get the n of a + + + align:start position:0% +sub-expressions until i get the n of a +that's the equivalent of the entire + + align:start position:0% +that's the equivalent of the entire + + + align:start position:0% +that's the equivalent of the entire +expression so let's just see how that + + align:start position:0% +expression so let's just see how that + + + align:start position:0% +expression so let's just see how that +goes so the the very most primitive + + align:start position:0% +goes so the the very most primitive + + + align:start position:0% +goes so the the very most primitive +parts the the the smallest + + align:start position:0% +parts the the the smallest + + + align:start position:0% +parts the the the smallest +sub-expressions here are just the + + align:start position:0% +sub-expressions here are just the + + + align:start position:0% +sub-expressions here are just the +expressions for a and for b + + align:start position:0% +expressions for a and for b + + + align:start position:0% +expressions for a and for b +so here's the one for a just + + align:start position:0% +so here's the one for a just + + + align:start position:0% +so here's the one for a just +just for a + + align:start position:0% +just for a + + + align:start position:0% +just for a +so this is the nfa which um + + align:start position:0% +so this is the nfa which um + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the nfa which um +recognizes the language which is just + + align:start position:0% +recognizes the language which is just + + + align:start position:0% +recognizes the language which is just +the one string a + + align:start position:0% +the one string a + + + align:start position:0% +the one string a +here's the nfa for the just whose + + align:start position:0% +here's the nfa for the just whose + + + align:start position:0% +here's the nfa for the just whose +language is just the one string b + + align:start position:0% +language is just the one string b + + + align:start position:0% +language is just the one string b +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +and now + + align:start position:0% +and now + + + align:start position:0% +and now +i want an nfa which is + + align:start position:0% +i want an nfa which is + + + align:start position:0% +i want an nfa which is +which accepts only the string a b + + align:start position:0% +which accepts only the string a b + + + align:start position:0% +which accepts only the string a b +now of course you could just do that by + + align:start position:0% +now of course you could just do that by + + + align:start position:0% +now of course you could just do that by +hand + + align:start position:0% +hand + + + align:start position:0% +hand +um yourself it's simple enough but what + + align:start position:0% +um yourself it's simple enough but what + + + align:start position:0% +um yourself it's simple enough but what +i'm arguing is that you we can do this + + align:start position:0% +i'm arguing is that you we can do this + + + align:start position:0% +i'm arguing is that you we can do this +automatically + + align:start position:0% +automatically + + + align:start position:0% +automatically +using the closure construction for + + align:start position:0% +using the closure construction for + + + align:start position:0% +using the closure construction for +concatenation because really there's an + + align:start position:0% +concatenation because really there's an + + + align:start position:0% +concatenation because really there's an +there's a hidden concatenate + + align:start position:0% +there's a hidden concatenate + + + align:start position:0% +there's a hidden concatenate +concatenation symbol this is the the you + + align:start position:0% +concatenation symbol this is the the you + + + align:start position:0% +concatenation symbol this is the the you +know a concatenate b + + align:start position:0% +know a concatenate b + + + align:start position:0% +know a concatenate b +so now for a b + + align:start position:0% +so now for a b + + + align:start position:0% +so now for a b +i'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +i'm going to take +um the the thing from a + + align:start position:0% +um the the thing from a + + + align:start position:0% +um the the thing from a +and the part from b + + align:start position:0% +and the part from b + + + align:start position:0% +and the part from b +so these these two things that i had + + align:start position:0% +so these these two things that i had + + + align:start position:0% +so these these two things that i had +from before + + align:start position:0% +from before + + + align:start position:0% +from before +and use the concatenation construction + + align:start position:0% +and use the concatenation construction + + + align:start position:0% +and use the concatenation construction +to combine them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you see that so now i have automatically + + align:start position:0% +you see that so now i have automatically + + + align:start position:0% +you see that so now i have automatically +a an nfa which does the language whose + + align:start position:0% +a an nfa which does the language whose + + + align:start position:0% +a an nfa which does the language whose +string is just a b + + align:start position:0% +string is just a b + + + align:start position:0% +string is just a b +th just the a b string + + align:start position:0% +th just the a b string + + + align:start position:0% +th just the a b string +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +it's not the simplest nfa you can make a + + align:start position:0% +it's not the simplest nfa you can make a + + + align:start position:0% +it's not the simplest nfa you can make a +simpler one but the virtue of this one + + align:start position:0% +simpler one but the virtue of this one + + + align:start position:0% +simpler one but the virtue of this one +is that i got it automatically + + align:start position:0% +is that i got it automatically + + + align:start position:0% +is that i got it automatically +just by following the closure + + align:start position:0% +just by following the closure + + + align:start position:0% +just by following the closure +construction so now i'm going to do a + + align:start position:0% +construction so now i'm going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +construction so now i'm going to do a +more complex one just the inside here a + + align:start position:0% +more complex one just the inside here a + + + align:start position:0% +more complex one just the inside here a +union a b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so the way i'm going to build that is + + align:start position:0% +so the way i'm going to build that is + + + align:start position:0% +so the way i'm going to build that is +from the two parts the a part and the a + + align:start position:0% +from the two parts the a part and the a + + + align:start position:0% +from the two parts the a part and the a +b part + + align:start position:0% +b part + + + align:start position:0% +b part +you know the a part and the a b part + + align:start position:0% +you know the a part and the a b part + + + align:start position:0% +you know the a part and the a b part +so here is the a part + + align:start position:0% +so here is the a part + + + align:start position:0% +so here is the a part +here's the a b part a b part i've + + align:start position:0% +here's the a b part a b part i've + + + align:start position:0% +here's the a b part a b part i've +already got those from before it's + + align:start position:0% +already got those from before it's + + + align:start position:0% +already got those from before it's +really kind of a proof by induction here + + align:start position:0% +really kind of a proof by induction here + + + align:start position:0% +really kind of a proof by induction here +but you know i think it's simple enough + + align:start position:0% +but you know i think it's simple enough + + + align:start position:0% +but you know i think it's simple enough +we don't have to use that language um + + align:start position:0% +we don't have to use that language um + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have to use that language um +so we have + + align:start position:0% +so we have + + + align:start position:0% +so we have +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know the a part the a b part and now + + align:start position:0% +you know the a part the a b part and now + + + align:start position:0% +you know the a part the a b part and now +we are going to apply the + + align:start position:0% +we are going to apply the + + + align:start position:0% +we are going to apply the +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +closure under union construction to + + align:start position:0% +closure under union construction to + + + align:start position:0% +closure under union construction to +combine those into one machine and + + align:start position:0% +combine those into one machine and + + + align:start position:0% +combine those into one machine and +remember how that worked + + align:start position:0% +remember how that worked + + + align:start position:0% +remember how that worked +we add a new symbol here which branches + + align:start position:0% +we add a new symbol here which branches + + + align:start position:0% +we add a new symbol here which branches +under empty string to the previous + + align:start position:0% +under empty string to the previous + + + align:start position:0% +under empty string to the previous +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +i'm adding a new start state which + + align:start position:0% +i'm adding a new start state which + + + align:start position:0% +i'm adding a new start state which +branches to the original start states + + align:start position:0% +branches to the original start states + + + align:start position:0% +branches to the original start states +under empty empty transition and now + + align:start position:0% +under empty empty transition and now + + + align:start position:0% +under empty empty transition and now +this is a an nfa for this language a + + align:start position:0% +this is a an nfa for this language a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a an nfa for this language a +union a b + + align:start position:0% +union a b + + + align:start position:0% +union a b +and lastly now we're one step away from + + align:start position:0% +and lastly now we're one step away from + + + align:start position:0% +and lastly now we're one step away from +getting uh the star of this + + align:start position:0% +getting uh the star of this + + + align:start position:0% +getting uh the star of this +and how we're going to do that + + align:start position:0% +and how we're going to do that + + + align:start position:0% +and how we're going to do that +we're going to take this thing here and + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take this thing here and + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to take this thing here and +apply the construction for the star + + align:start position:0% +apply the construction for the star + + + align:start position:0% +apply the construction for the star +closure + + align:start position:0% +closure + + + align:start position:0% +closure +and that's going to be an nfa which does + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to be an nfa which does + + + align:start position:0% +and that's going to be an nfa which does +a union a b star which is what we wanted + + align:start position:0% +a union a b star which is what we wanted + + + align:start position:0% +a union a b star which is what we wanted +in the first place + + align:start position:0% +in the first place + + + align:start position:0% +in the first place +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +first we're going to + + align:start position:0% +first we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +first we're going to +bring that one down because we've + + align:start position:0% +bring that one down because we've + + + align:start position:0% +bring that one down because we've +already built that one and now remember + + align:start position:0% +already built that one and now remember + + + align:start position:0% +already built that one and now remember +how we built um the + + align:start position:0% +how we built um the + + + align:start position:0% +how we built um the +uh closure under star + + align:start position:0% +uh closure under star + + + align:start position:0% +uh closure under star +we made this the accepting states return + + align:start position:0% +we made this the accepting states return + + + align:start position:0% +we made this the accepting states return +back to the um the start state and we + + align:start position:0% +back to the um the start state and we + + + align:start position:0% +back to the um the start state and we +added a new start state to make sure we + + align:start position:0% +added a new start state to make sure we + + + align:start position:0% +added a new start state to make sure we +got the empty string in there + + align:start position:0% +got the empty string in there + + + align:start position:0% +got the empty string in there +that transitioned to the original star + + align:start position:0% +that transitioned to the original star + + + align:start position:0% +that transitioned to the original star +state under epsilon + + align:start position:0% +state under epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +state under epsilon +okay so that's all + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's all + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's all +um i wanted to say for today's lecture + + align:start position:0% +um i wanted to say for today's lecture + + + align:start position:0% +um i wanted to say for today's lecture +let's do a quick review + + align:start position:0% +let's do a quick review + + + align:start position:0% +let's do a quick review +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +very important concept non-determinism + + align:start position:0% +very important concept non-determinism + + + align:start position:0% +very important concept non-determinism +and and non-deterministic finite + + align:start position:0% +and and non-deterministic finite + + + align:start position:0% +and and non-deterministic finite +automata we proved their equivalent in + + align:start position:0% +automata we proved their equivalent in + + + align:start position:0% +automata we proved their equivalent in +power + + align:start position:0% +power + + + align:start position:0% +power +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +showed the class of regular languages + + align:start position:0% +showed the class of regular languages + + + align:start position:0% +showed the class of regular languages +closed under concatenation and star we + + align:start position:0% +closed under concatenation and star we + + + align:start position:0% +closed under concatenation and star we +showed how to do conversion of regular + + align:start position:0% +showed how to do conversion of regular + + + align:start position:0% +showed how to do conversion of regular +expressions to nfas + + align:start position:0% +expressions to nfas + + + align:start position:0% +expressions to nfas +so um i think that is it for + + align:start position:0% +so um i think that is it for + + + align:start position:0% +so um i think that is it for +today's lecture and um + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture and um + + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture and um +thank you all for being here + + align:start position:0% +thank you all for being here + + + align:start position:0% +thank you all for being here +let me i'll try to answer a few of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +why does concatenation have order well + + align:start position:0% +why does concatenation have order well + + + align:start position:0% +why does concatenation have order well +because it's an ordered construction + + align:start position:0% +because it's an ordered construction + + + align:start position:0% +because it's an ordered construction +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +is there a simple way to prove closure + + align:start position:0% +is there a simple way to prove closure + + + align:start position:0% +is there a simple way to prove closure +under concatenation without using + + align:start position:0% +under concatenation without using + + + align:start position:0% +under concatenation without using +non-determinism no + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism no + + + align:start position:0% +non-determinism no +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +why are the empty strings at the accept + + align:start position:0% +why are the empty strings at the accept + + + align:start position:0% +why are the empty strings at the accept +state can't they be at any state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doesn't star make copies of any part of + + align:start position:0% +doesn't star make copies of any part of + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't star make copies of any part of +the input no it's only you have to + + align:start position:0% +the input no it's only you have to + + + align:start position:0% +the input no it's only you have to +you have to think about what's going on + + align:start position:0% +you have to think about what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +you have to think about what's going on +having you you don't want to you have to + + align:start position:0% +having you you don't want to you have to + + + align:start position:0% +having you you don't want to you have to +branch back to the beginning only on an + + align:start position:0% +branch back to the beginning only on an + + + align:start position:0% +branch back to the beginning only on an +accept because that means you found a + + align:start position:0% +accept because that means you found a + + + align:start position:0% +accept because that means you found a +piece that's in the original language um + + align:start position:0% +piece that's in the original language um + + + align:start position:0% +piece that's in the original language um +is there an automaton that can add some + + align:start position:0% +is there an automaton that can add some + + + align:start position:0% +is there an automaton that can add some +some or subtract + + align:start position:0% +some or subtract + + + align:start position:0% +some or subtract +memory automata + + align:start position:0% +memory automata + + + align:start position:0% +memory automata +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +depends on what you mean by all that but + + align:start position:0% +depends on what you mean by all that but + + + align:start position:0% +depends on what you mean by all that but +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +certainly there are more powerful + + align:start position:0% +certainly there are more powerful + + + align:start position:0% +certainly there are more powerful +machines that we're going to study than + + align:start position:0% +machines that we're going to study than + + + align:start position:0% +machines that we're going to study than +find out automata um so + + align:start position:0% +find out automata um so + + + align:start position:0% +find out automata um so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but yes there is um and even finite + + align:start position:0% +but yes there is um and even finite + + + align:start position:0% +but yes there is um and even finite +automata can add and subtract if you + + align:start position:0% +automata can add and subtract if you + + + align:start position:0% +automata can add and subtract if you +present the input in the right way i re + + align:start position:0% +present the input in the right way i re + + + align:start position:0% +present the input in the right way i re +refer you to the first problem on the + + align:start position:0% +refer you to the first problem on the + + + align:start position:0% +refer you to the first problem on the +homework um + + align:start position:0% +homework um + + + align:start position:0% +homework um +so i think i'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +so i think i'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +so i think i'm gonna +uh check out then um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +take care everybody bye + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/oQQtKDU5SdE.txt b/oQQtKDU5SdE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f78f5ad2ea6927e8d40597cfcdb9de955dd3e15 --- /dev/null +++ b/oQQtKDU5SdE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16747 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay I guess I will start the CH I + + align:start position:0% +okay I guess I will start the CH I + + + align:start position:0% +okay I guess I will start the CH I +started last time of starting at 904 um + + align:start position:0% +started last time of starting at 904 um + + + align:start position:0% +started last time of starting at 904 um +so if you remember uh last time I sort + + align:start position:0% +so if you remember uh last time I sort + + + align:start position:0% +so if you remember uh last time I sort +of finished a lecture right in the + + align:start position:0% +of finished a lecture right in the + + + align:start position:0% +of finished a lecture right in the +middle of an example I was talking about + + align:start position:0% +middle of an example I was talking about + + + align:start position:0% +middle of an example I was talking about +Monopoly information design which is + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly information design which is + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly information design which is +about you know how monopo can affect the + + align:start position:0% +about you know how monopo can affect the + + + align:start position:0% +about you know how monopo can affect the +um by changing the information that + + align:start position:0% +um by changing the information that + + + align:start position:0% +um by changing the information that +consumers receive about their product + + align:start position:0% +consumers receive about their product + + + align:start position:0% +consumers receive about their product +can affect the prices and this is you + + align:start position:0% +can affect the prices and this is you + + + align:start position:0% +can affect the prices and this is you +know sort of motivation both for firms + + align:start position:0% +know sort of motivation both for firms + + + align:start position:0% +know sort of motivation both for firms +who are giving information about their + + align:start position:0% +who are giving information about their + + + align:start position:0% +who are giving information about their +product to Consumers to try to maximize + + align:start position:0% +product to Consumers to try to maximize + + + align:start position:0% +product to Consumers to try to maximize +profits or potentially for platforms + + align:start position:0% +profits or potentially for platforms + + + align:start position:0% +profits or potentially for platforms +like Amazon giving information to + + align:start position:0% +like Amazon giving information to + + + align:start position:0% +like Amazon giving information to +Consumers to try to increase the + + align:start position:0% +Consumers to try to increase the + + + align:start position:0% +Consumers to try to increase the +consumer surplus and limit the Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus and limit the Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus and limit the Monopoly +power that the monopolist is going to + + align:start position:0% +power that the monopolist is going to + + + align:start position:0% +power that the monopolist is going to +exert okay um I I had been multiplying + + align:start position:0% +exert okay um I I had been multiplying + + + align:start position:0% +exert okay um I I had been multiplying +everything by 18 when I talked about the + + align:start position:0% +everything by 18 when I talked about the + + + align:start position:0% +everything by 18 when I talked about the +examples last Cass in my head so I you + + align:start position:0% +examples last Cass in my head so I you + + + align:start position:0% +examples last Cass in my head so I you +know I made this about the um the Chiron + + align:start position:0% +know I made this about the um the Chiron + + + align:start position:0% +know I made this about the um the Chiron +sandwich at Clover uh and said that if + + align:start position:0% +sandwich at Clover uh and said that if + + + align:start position:0% +sandwich at Clover uh and said that if +consumers had full information their + + align:start position:0% +consumers had full information their + + + align:start position:0% +consumers had full information their +about the sandwich their values be + + align:start position:0% +about the sandwich their values be + + + align:start position:0% +about the sandwich their values be +uniform on + + align:start position:0% +uniform on + + + align:start position:0% +uniform on +018 there's a cost of $6 of producing + + align:start position:0% +018 there's a cost of $6 of producing + + + align:start position:0% +018 there's a cost of $6 of producing +the sandwich and I discussed a few + + align:start position:0% +the sandwich and I discussed a few + + + align:start position:0% +the sandwich and I discussed a few +different how how sort of consumer + + align:start position:0% +different how how sort of consumer + + + align:start position:0% +different how how sort of consumer +surplus and profit would change a few + + align:start position:0% +surplus and profit would change a few + + + align:start position:0% +surplus and profit would change a few +different information structures you + + align:start position:0% +different information structures you + + + align:start position:0% +different information structures you +know if you give the consumers full + + align:start position:0% +know if you give the consumers full + + + align:start position:0% +know if you give the consumers full +information then their values are + + align:start position:0% +information then their values are + + + align:start position:0% +information then their values are +uniform 018 when you're price when your + + align:start position:0% +uniform 018 when you're price when your + + + align:start position:0% +uniform 018 when you're price when your +cost is six the Monopoly profit is + + align:start position:0% +cost is six the Monopoly profit is + + + align:start position:0% +cost is six the Monopoly profit is +halfway in between 6 and 18 which is 12 + + align:start position:0% +halfway in between 6 and 18 which is 12 + + + align:start position:0% +halfway in between 6 and 18 which is 12 +um another example I discussed is + + align:start position:0% +um another example I discussed is + + + align:start position:0% +um another example I discussed is +suppose cover puts the sandwich in a bag + + align:start position:0% +suppose cover puts the sandwich in a bag + + + align:start position:0% +suppose cover puts the sandwich in a bag +and tells you nothing other than it's a + + align:start position:0% +and tells you nothing other than it's a + + + align:start position:0% +and tells you nothing other than it's a +new sandwich we're not telling you + + align:start position:0% +new sandwich we're not telling you + + + align:start position:0% +new sandwich we're not telling you +anything about it then all consumers + + align:start position:0% +anything about it then all consumers + + + align:start position:0% +anything about it then all consumers +would have values of nine um and so the + + align:start position:0% +would have values of nine um and so the + + + align:start position:0% +would have values of nine um and so the +Monopoly price would be to set a price + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly price would be to set a price + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly price would be to set a price +of nine and in this case they actually + + align:start position:0% +of nine and in this case they actually + + + align:start position:0% +of nine and in this case they actually +make more money but consumer surplus is + + align:start position:0% +make more money but consumer surplus is + + + align:start position:0% +make more money but consumer surplus is +completely eliminated uh and then I gave + + align:start position:0% +completely eliminated uh and then I gave + + + align:start position:0% +completely eliminated uh and then I gave +this partial information example where + + align:start position:0% +this partial information example where + + + align:start position:0% +this partial information example where +uh I gave the consumer's partial + + align:start position:0% +uh I gave the consumer's partial + + + align:start position:0% +uh I gave the consumer's partial +information about the product then ended + + align:start position:0% +information about the product then ended + + + align:start position:0% +information about the product then ended +up with Monopoly price of 10 and + + align:start position:0% +up with Monopoly price of 10 and + + + align:start position:0% +up with Monopoly price of 10 and +consumers and the firm were both better + + align:start position:0% +consumers and the firm were both better + + + align:start position:0% +consumers and the firm were both better +off than with full information and you + + align:start position:0% +off than with full information and you + + + align:start position:0% +off than with full information and you +know this is what that example looked + + align:start position:0% +know this is what that example looked + + + align:start position:0% +know this is what that example looked +like you know I know people often ask me + + align:start position:0% +like you know I know people often ask me + + + align:start position:0% +like you know I know people often ask me +like how on Earth could a firm do this + + align:start position:0% +like how on Earth could a firm do this + + + align:start position:0% +like how on Earth could a firm do this +in practice and let's imagine you know + + align:start position:0% +in practice and let's imagine you know + + + align:start position:0% +in practice and let's imagine you know +you can think of this two ways one is + + align:start position:0% +you can think of this two ways one is + + + align:start position:0% +you can think of this two ways one is +this is a model of an omniscient firm + + align:start position:0% +this is a model of an omniscient firm + + + align:start position:0% +this is a model of an omniscient firm +like Amazon or Google or Apple that + + align:start position:0% +like Amazon or Google or Apple that + + + align:start position:0% +like Amazon or Google or Apple that +knows so much about you they know your + + align:start position:0% +knows so much about you they know your + + + align:start position:0% +knows so much about you they know your +preferences better than you do because + + align:start position:0% +preferences better than you do because + + + align:start position:0% +preferences better than you do because +they know what people like you thought + + align:start position:0% +they know what people like you thought + + + align:start position:0% +they know what people like you thought +of the product they can actually tell + + align:start position:0% +of the product they can actually tell + + + align:start position:0% +of the product they can actually tell +you about what your value is going to be + + align:start position:0% +you about what your value is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +you about what your value is going to be +if you eat that sandwich um the other + + align:start position:0% +if you eat that sandwich um the other + + + align:start position:0% +if you eat that sandwich um the other +example could be let's imagine that the + + align:start position:0% +example could be let's imagine that the + + + align:start position:0% +example could be let's imagine that the +value for having a sandwich depends on + + align:start position:0% +value for having a sandwich depends on + + + align:start position:0% +value for having a sandwich depends on +how much you like cauliflower and how + + align:start position:0% +how much you like cauliflower and how + + + align:start position:0% +how much you like cauliflower and how +much you like the indo-chinese sauce + + align:start position:0% +much you like the indo-chinese sauce + + + align:start position:0% +much you like the indo-chinese sauce +that it comes in and initially you know + + align:start position:0% +that it comes in and initially you know + + + align:start position:0% +that it comes in and initially you know +nothing and that initially you know + + align:start position:0% +nothing and that initially you know + + + align:start position:0% +nothing and that initially you know +nothing about the sandwich but then one + + align:start position:0% +nothing about the sandwich but then one + + + align:start position:0% +nothing about the sandwich but then one +thing they can tell you is I'm just + + align:start position:0% +thing they can tell you is I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +thing they can tell you is I'm just +telling you that the sandwich is made of + + align:start position:0% +telling you that the sandwich is made of + + + align:start position:0% +telling you that the sandwich is made of +cauliflower as the base and then people + + align:start position:0% +cauliflower as the base and then people + + + align:start position:0% +cauliflower as the base and then people +who don't like cauliflower are going to + + align:start position:0% +who don't like cauliflower are going to + + + align:start position:0% +who don't like cauliflower are going to +have values between zero and six + + align:start position:0% +have values between zero and six + + + align:start position:0% +have values between zero and six +depending on how much like the sauce + + align:start position:0% +depending on how much like the sauce + + + align:start position:0% +depending on how much like the sauce +those who have a medium preference for + + align:start position:0% +those who have a medium preference for + + + align:start position:0% +those who have a medium preference for +qualifer would have these values those + + align:start position:0% +qualifer would have these values those + + + align:start position:0% +qualifer would have these values those +of a high value for qualifer would have + + align:start position:0% +of a high value for qualifer would have + + + align:start position:0% +of a high value for qualifer would have +those values so it's like we're not + + align:start position:0% +those values so it's like we're not + + + align:start position:0% +those values so it's like we're not +going to tell you what the sauce is like + + align:start position:0% +going to tell you what the sauce is like + + + align:start position:0% +going to tell you what the sauce is like +or the vegetables but we'll tell you + + align:start position:0% +or the vegetables but we'll tell you + + + align:start position:0% +or the vegetables but we'll tell you +that califlower is the base of the + + align:start position:0% +that califlower is the base of the + + + align:start position:0% +that califlower is the base of the +sandwich um anyway but what happened + + align:start position:0% +sandwich um anyway but what happened + + + align:start position:0% +sandwich um anyway but what happened +with this example was all the consumers + + align:start position:0% +with this example was all the consumers + + + align:start position:0% +with this example was all the consumers +after getting the signal had values of 3 + + align:start position:0% +after getting the signal had values of 3 + + + align:start position:0% +after getting the signal had values of 3 +10 and 16 and that ended up making the + + align:start position:0% +10 and 16 and that ended up making the + + + align:start position:0% +10 and 16 and that ended up making the +Monopoly price 10 okay um so anyway the + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly price 10 okay um so anyway the + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly price 10 okay um so anyway the +you know Monopoly information design + + align:start position:0% +you know Monopoly information design + + + align:start position:0% +you know Monopoly information design +literature is about how can we think + + align:start position:0% +literature is about how can we think + + + align:start position:0% +literature is about how can we think +more generally about + + align:start position:0% +more generally about + + + align:start position:0% +more generally about +what types of information we want to + + align:start position:0% +what types of information we want to + + + align:start position:0% +what types of information we want to +give consumers to either maximize + + align:start position:0% +give consumers to either maximize + + + align:start position:0% +give consumers to either maximize +profits or maximize consumer surplus or + + align:start position:0% +profits or maximize consumer surplus or + + + align:start position:0% +profits or maximize consumer surplus or +do something in + + align:start position:0% +do something in + + + align:start position:0% +do something in +between so um you know the russler and + + align:start position:0% +between so um you know the russler and + + + align:start position:0% +between so um you know the russler and +Zenus paper that I put on the reading + + align:start position:0% +Zenus paper that I put on the reading + + + align:start position:0% +Zenus paper that I put on the reading +list assumes that the values are now + + align:start position:0% +list assumes that the values are now + + + align:start position:0% +list assumes that the values are now +distributed According to some + + align:start position:0% +distributed According to some + + + align:start position:0% +distributed According to some +distribution F on + + align:start position:0% +distribution F on + + + align:start position:0% +distribution F on +01 it specializes to the cost is zero + + align:start position:0% +01 it specializes to the cost is zero + + + align:start position:0% +01 it specializes to the cost is zero +I'm going to write mu for the mean value + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write mu for the mean value + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to write mu for the mean value +of the consumers and what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +of the consumers and what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +of the consumers and what I'm going to +do is give this firm tremendous ability + + align:start position:0% +do is give this firm tremendous ability + + + align:start position:0% +do is give this firm tremendous ability +to manipulate the signal distribution + + align:start position:0% +to manipulate the signal distribution + + + align:start position:0% +to manipulate the signal distribution +what the firm can do is choose signals + + align:start position:0% +what the firm can do is choose signals + + + align:start position:0% +what the firm can do is choose signals +to choose any joint distribution + + align:start position:0% +to choose any joint distribution + + + align:start position:0% +to choose any joint distribution +whatsoever on V ands so that's you know + + align:start position:0% +whatsoever on V ands so that's you know + + + align:start position:0% +whatsoever on V ands so that's you know +the most General set of signal + + align:start position:0% +the most General set of signal + + + align:start position:0% +the most General set of signal +structures is there's just some joint + + align:start position:0% +structures is there's just some joint + + + align:start position:0% +structures is there's just some joint +Distribution on VNS okay um notice that + + align:start position:0% +Distribution on VNS okay um notice that + + + align:start position:0% +Distribution on VNS okay um notice that +when consumers get signal s what they're + + align:start position:0% +when consumers get signal s what they're + + + align:start position:0% +when consumers get signal s what they're +going to be willing to pay is + + align:start position:0% +going to be willing to pay is + + + align:start position:0% +going to be willing to pay is +expectation of V given s so rather than + + align:start position:0% +expectation of V given s so rather than + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of V given s so rather than +giving them a signal like with a label + + align:start position:0% +giving them a signal like with a label + + + align:start position:0% +giving them a signal like with a label +like low medium high I might as well + + align:start position:0% +like low medium high I might as well + + + align:start position:0% +like low medium high I might as well +just say your signal is either 3 or 10 + + align:start position:0% +just say your signal is either 3 or 10 + + + align:start position:0% +just say your signal is either 3 or 10 +or 16 given given the information I + + align:start position:0% +or 16 given given the information I + + + align:start position:0% +or 16 given given the information I +given the information that I'm you know + + align:start position:0% +given the information that I'm you know + + + align:start position:0% +given the information that I'm you know +like given the information about the + + align:start position:0% +like given the information about the + + + align:start position:0% +like given the information about the +product I'm revealing your expected + + align:start position:0% +product I'm revealing your expected + + + align:start position:0% +product I'm revealing your expected +value is three your expected value is 10 + + align:start position:0% +value is three your expected value is 10 + + + align:start position:0% +value is three your expected value is 10 +your expected value is 16 and so you + + align:start position:0% +your expected value is 16 and so you + + + align:start position:0% +your expected value is 16 and so you +might as well you know consumers are + + align:start position:0% +might as well you know consumers are + + + align:start position:0% +might as well you know consumers are +going to do the B and updating off + + align:start position:0% +going to do the B and updating off + + + align:start position:0% +going to do the B and updating off +whatever letters or words you give them + + align:start position:0% +whatever letters or words you give them + + + align:start position:0% +whatever letters or words you give them +so you might as well just do the direct + + align:start position:0% +so you might as well just do the direct + + + align:start position:0% +so you might as well just do the direct +signal structure just tell them what + + align:start position:0% +signal structure just tell them what + + + align:start position:0% +signal structure just tell them what +their expected value is given what + + align:start position:0% +their expected value is given what + + + align:start position:0% +their expected value is given what +you've known okay uh now obviously I + + align:start position:0% +you've known okay uh now obviously I + + + align:start position:0% +you've known okay uh now obviously I +can't pick any distribution over values + + align:start position:0% +can't pick any distribution over values + + + align:start position:0% +can't pick any distribution over values +of s I'm going to I'm going to give them + + align:start position:0% +of s I'm going to I'm going to give them + + + align:start position:0% +of s I'm going to I'm going to give them +you know V is going to be S Plus Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +you know V is going to be S Plus Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +you know V is going to be S Plus Epsilon +where expectation of Epsilon given s is + + align:start position:0% +where expectation of Epsilon given s is + + + align:start position:0% +where expectation of Epsilon given s is +zero and so that means two things uh one + + align:start position:0% +zero and so that means two things uh one + + + align:start position:0% +zero and so that means two things uh one +thing that it means is that the + + align:start position:0% +thing that it means is that the + + + align:start position:0% +thing that it means is that the +expectation of the signals must be me uh + + align:start position:0% +expectation of the signals must be me uh + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of the signals must be me uh +because the expectation of V is + + align:start position:0% +because the expectation of V is + + + align:start position:0% +because the expectation of V is +expectation of S Plus Epsilon given s uh + + align:start position:0% +expectation of S Plus Epsilon given s uh + + + align:start position:0% +expectation of S Plus Epsilon given s uh +expectation over you know iterated + + align:start position:0% +expectation over you know iterated + + + align:start position:0% +expectation over you know iterated +expectations I guess you've much done + + align:start position:0% +expectations I guess you've much done + + + align:start position:0% +expectations I guess you've much done +380 already and so the expectation of + + align:start position:0% +380 already and so the expectation of + + + align:start position:0% +380 already and so the expectation of +the signal distribution has to be the + + align:start position:0% +the signal distribution has to be the + + + align:start position:0% +the signal distribution has to be the +same is the expectation of the prior + + align:start position:0% +same is the expectation of the prior + + + align:start position:0% +same is the expectation of the prior +distribution and the other thing is that + + align:start position:0% +distribution and the other thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and the other thing is that +f is going to be the distribution of of + + align:start position:0% +f is going to be the distribution of of + + + align:start position:0% +f is going to be the distribution of of +um V the True Values is a mean + + align:start position:0% +um V the True Values is a mean + + + align:start position:0% +um V the True Values is a mean +preserving spread of the dist + + align:start position:0% +preserving spread of the dist + + + align:start position:0% +preserving spread of the dist +distribution of G okay and so what I you + + align:start position:0% +distribution of G okay and so what I you + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of G okay and so what I you +want to think about what the monopolist + + align:start position:0% +want to think about what the monopolist + + + align:start position:0% +want to think about what the monopolist +is doing is just choosing a distribution + + align:start position:0% +is doing is just choosing a distribution + + + align:start position:0% +is doing is just choosing a distribution +G over possible signals subject to those + + align:start position:0% +G over possible signals subject to those + + + align:start position:0% +G over possible signals subject to those +two constraints I've got to choose a + + align:start position:0% +two constraints I've got to choose a + + + align:start position:0% +two constraints I've got to choose a +distribution that has + + align:start position:0% +distribution that has + + + align:start position:0% +distribution that has +mean um mu and I have to choose a + + align:start position:0% +mean um mu and I have to choose a + + + align:start position:0% +mean um mu and I have to choose a +distribution such that f is is a mean + + align:start position:0% +distribution such that f is is a mean + + + align:start position:0% +distribution such that f is is a mean +preserving spread of the distribution + + align:start position:0% +preserving spread of the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +preserving spread of the distribution +that I + + align:start position:0% +that I + + + align:start position:0% +that I +pick okay so for instance if this is the + + align:start position:0% +pick okay so for instance if this is the + + + align:start position:0% +pick okay so for instance if this is the +true + + align:start position:0% +true + + + align:start position:0% +true +distribution I I can't give signals like + + align:start position:0% +distribution I I can't give signals like + + + align:start position:0% +distribution I I can't give signals like +this because this distribution of finite + + align:start position:0% +this because this distribution of finite + + + align:start position:0% +this because this distribution of finite +support is not a mean preserving spread + + align:start position:0% +support is not a mean preserving spread + + + align:start position:0% +support is not a mean preserving spread +of that of that bigger distribution um I + + align:start position:0% +of that of that bigger distribution um I + + + align:start position:0% +of that of that bigger distribution um I +could choose something like this because + + align:start position:0% +could choose something like this because + + + align:start position:0% +could choose something like this because +this thing is a mean preserving spread + + align:start position:0% +this thing is a mean preserving spread + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is a mean preserving spread +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so how does so let me say the + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so how does so let me say the + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so how does so let me say the +um two problems here one is the profit + + align:start position:0% +um two problems here one is the profit + + + align:start position:0% +um two problems here one is the profit +maximization problem the other is the + + align:start position:0% +maximization problem the other is the + + + align:start position:0% +maximization problem the other is the +consumer surplus maximization problem + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus maximization problem + + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus maximization problem +profit maximization is Trivial it it + + align:start position:0% +profit maximization is Trivial it it + + + align:start position:0% +profit maximization is Trivial it it +it's you know economically probably more + + align:start position:0% +it's you know economically probably more + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know economically probably more +important no one ever writes about it + + align:start position:0% +important no one ever writes about it + + + align:start position:0% +important no one ever writes about it +because what do you do to maximize + + align:start position:0% +because what do you do to maximize + + + align:start position:0% +because what do you do to maximize +profits you just tell consumers your + + align:start position:0% +profits you just tell consumers your + + + align:start position:0% +profits you just tell consumers your +value is greater than C or your value is + + align:start position:0% +value is greater than C or your value is + + + align:start position:0% +value is greater than C or your value is +less than C and you just you and then if + + align:start position:0% +less than C and you just you and then if + + + align:start position:0% +less than C and you just you and then if +you tell them your value is greater than + + align:start position:0% +you tell them your value is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +you tell them your value is greater than +C you sell it to them at the price of P + + align:start position:0% +C you sell it to them at the price of P + + + align:start position:0% +C you sell it to them at the price of P +star is just the expectation of V given + + align:start position:0% +star is just the expectation of V given + + + align:start position:0% +star is just the expectation of V given +that V is greater than C okay so this + + align:start position:0% +that V is greater than C okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +that V is greater than C okay so this +simple pricing scheme just tell them + + align:start position:0% +simple pricing scheme just tell them + + + align:start position:0% +simple pricing scheme just tell them +your value is above or above C or below + + align:start position:0% +your value is above or above C or below + + + align:start position:0% +your value is above or above C or below +C when you hear your value is above + + align:start position:0% +C when you hear your value is above + + + align:start position:0% +C when you hear your value is above +C every consumer who hears the value is + + align:start position:0% +C every consumer who hears the value is + + + align:start position:0% +C every consumer who hears the value is +above C is willing to pay at this price + + align:start position:0% +above C is willing to pay at this price + + + align:start position:0% +above C is willing to pay at this price +so we get the fully efficient outcome + + align:start position:0% +so we get the fully efficient outcome + + + align:start position:0% +so we get the fully efficient outcome +and we fully extract all the consumer + + align:start position:0% +and we fully extract all the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +and we fully extract all the consumer +surplus okay so that's clearly the best + + align:start position:0% +surplus okay so that's clearly the best + + + align:start position:0% +surplus okay so that's clearly the best +thing you could do because you're + + align:start position:0% +thing you could do because you're + + + align:start position:0% +thing you could do because you're +maximizing social surplus the monopolis + + align:start position:0% +maximizing social surplus the monopolis + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing social surplus the monopolis +gets all of it + + align:start position:0% +gets all of it + + + align:start position:0% +gets all of it +what do we do if we're instead where + + align:start position:0% +what do we do if we're instead where + + + align:start position:0% +what do we do if we're instead where +Amazon we're trying to maximize consumer + + align:start position:0% +Amazon we're trying to maximize consumer + + + align:start position:0% +Amazon we're trying to maximize consumer +surplus intuitively what you're trying + + align:start position:0% +surplus intuitively what you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +surplus intuitively what you're trying +to do is get them an opus to charge the + + align:start position:0% +to do is get them an opus to charge the + + + align:start position:0% +to do is get them an opus to charge the +lowest price it can and sell to the + + align:start position:0% +lowest price it can and sell to the + + + align:start position:0% +lowest price it can and sell to the +largest number of consumers that it can + + align:start position:0% +largest number of consumers that it can + + + align:start position:0% +largest number of consumers that it can +because that's the way you generate + + align:start position:0% +because that's the way you generate + + + align:start position:0% +because that's the way you generate +consumer surplus is get everyone with a + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus is get everyone with a + + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus is get everyone with a +value greater than C to buy and do it at + + align:start position:0% +value greater than C to buy and do it at + + + align:start position:0% +value greater than C to buy and do it at +the lowest possible + + align:start position:0% +the lowest possible + + + align:start position:0% +the lowest possible +price okay you know could potentially be + + align:start position:0% +price okay you know could potentially be + + + align:start position:0% +price okay you know could potentially be +some trade-off between those two + + align:start position:0% +some trade-off between those two + + + align:start position:0% +some trade-off between those two +objectives it turns out it's not and in + + align:start position:0% +objectives it turns out it's not and in + + + align:start position:0% +objectives it turns out it's not and in +this problem you want to get everybody + + align:start position:0% +this problem you want to get everybody + + + align:start position:0% +this problem you want to get everybody +to buy + + align:start position:0% +to buy + + + align:start position:0% +to buy +um okay so what do you do the answer is + + align:start position:0% +um okay so what do you do the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so what do you do the answer is +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this I'm going to use some distribution + + align:start position:0% +this I'm going to use some distribution + + + align:start position:0% +this I'm going to use some distribution +that looks like that and so the the um + + align:start position:0% +that looks like that and so the the um + + + align:start position:0% +that looks like that and so the the um +two-step argument to show that this is + + align:start position:0% +two-step argument to show that this is + + + align:start position:0% +two-step argument to show that this is +optimal is I'm going to first look at + + align:start position:0% +optimal is I'm going to first look at + + + align:start position:0% +optimal is I'm going to first look at +distributions of this form I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +distributions of this form I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +distributions of this form I'm going to +show that they work very well I'm going + + align:start position:0% +show that they work very well I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +show that they work very well I'm going +to show what the maximum profit is I can + + align:start position:0% +to show what the maximum profit is I can + + + align:start position:0% +to show what the maximum profit is I can +get with the distribution of this form + + align:start position:0% +get with the distribution of this form + + + align:start position:0% +get with the distribution of this form +and then I'm going to show that no other + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm going to show that no other + + + align:start position:0% +and then I'm going to show that no other +distribution can do better than this one + + align:start position:0% +distribution can do better than this one + + + align:start position:0% +distribution can do better than this one +so it's like a guess and check answer I + + align:start position:0% +so it's like a guess and check answer I + + + align:start position:0% +so it's like a guess and check answer I +guess okay + + align:start position:0% +guess okay + + + align:start position:0% +guess okay +okay so what is that distribution + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is that distribution + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what is that distribution +formally um so I let the + + align:start position:0% +formally um so I let the + + + align:start position:0% +formally um so I let the +CDF I guess I graph the PDF here so the + + align:start position:0% +CDF I guess I graph the PDF here so the + + + align:start position:0% +CDF I guess I graph the PDF here so the +CDF looks like + + align:start position:0% +CDF looks like + + + align:start position:0% +CDF looks like +this uh it starts at some value s lower + + align:start position:0% +this uh it starts at some value s lower + + + align:start position:0% +this uh it starts at some value s lower +bar uh goes flat like that goes like + + align:start position:0% +bar uh goes flat like that goes like + + + align:start position:0% +bar uh goes flat like that goes like +that um and then has a + + align:start position:0% +that um and then has a + + + align:start position:0% +that um and then has a +jump and then goes across at + + align:start position:0% +jump and then goes across at + + + align:start position:0% +jump and then goes across at +one so this is um s upper bar so this is + + align:start position:0% +one so this is um s upper bar so this is + + + align:start position:0% +one so this is um s upper bar so this is +my graph of uh G of + + align:start position:0% +my graph of uh G of + + + align:start position:0% +my graph of uh G of +s okay so this is the cumulative + + align:start position:0% +s okay so this is the cumulative + + + align:start position:0% +s okay so this is the cumulative +distribution function that I'm choosing + + align:start position:0% +distribution function that I'm choosing + + + align:start position:0% +distribution function that I'm choosing +the signals + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from okay notice that if the platform + + align:start position:0% +from okay notice that if the platform + + + align:start position:0% +from okay notice that if the platform +chooses this + + align:start position:0% +chooses this + + + align:start position:0% +chooses this +distribution and the monopolis then + + align:start position:0% +distribution and the monopolis then + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and the monopolis then +picks Any Price p in this + + align:start position:0% +picks Any Price p in this + + + align:start position:0% +picks Any Price p in this +interval The Profit that the monopolist + + align:start position:0% +interval The Profit that the monopolist + + + align:start position:0% +interval The Profit that the monopolist +gets is P * 1 - G of + + align:start position:0% +gets is P * 1 - G of + + + align:start position:0% +gets is P * 1 - G of +p and p * 1 - G of p is just P * s lower + + align:start position:0% +p and p * 1 - G of p is just P * s lower + + + align:start position:0% +p and p * 1 - G of p is just P * s lower +bar over P equals s lower bar so what + + align:start position:0% +bar over P equals s lower bar so what + + + align:start position:0% +bar over P equals s lower bar so what +this distribution does is I choose that + + align:start position:0% +this distribution does is I choose that + + + align:start position:0% +this distribution does is I choose that +distribution and I get this graph + + align:start position:0% +distribution and I get this graph + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and I get this graph +of uh s lower + + align:start position:0% +of uh s lower + + + align:start position:0% +of uh s lower +bar s upper bar I get this distribution + + align:start position:0% +bar s upper bar I get this distribution + + + align:start position:0% +bar s upper bar I get this distribution +of profits so profits are if I charge a + + align:start position:0% +of profits so profits are if I charge a + + + align:start position:0% +of profits so profits are if I charge a +price of uh you know anything less than + + align:start position:0% +price of uh you know anything less than + + + align:start position:0% +price of uh you know anything less than +S lower bar everybody buys and so my + + align:start position:0% +S lower bar everybody buys and so my + + + align:start position:0% +S lower bar everybody buys and so my +profit is linear in the price that I + + align:start position:0% +profit is linear in the price that I + + + align:start position:0% +profit is linear in the price that I +charge so I'm putting price in this axis + + align:start position:0% +charge so I'm putting price in this axis + + + align:start position:0% +charge so I'm putting price in this axis +uh then here everybody buys and I get a + + align:start position:0% +uh then here everybody buys and I get a + + + align:start position:0% +uh then here everybody buys and I get a +price of I get a profit of exactly s + + align:start position:0% +price of I get a profit of exactly s + + + align:start position:0% +price of I get a profit of exactly s +lower bar and then I've made people I've + + align:start position:0% +lower bar and then I've made people I've + + + align:start position:0% +lower bar and then I've made people I've +made you indifferent over all prices in + + align:start position:0% +made you indifferent over all prices in + + + align:start position:0% +made you indifferent over all prices in +this range and then my profit drops to + + align:start position:0% +this range and then my profit drops to + + + align:start position:0% +this range and then my profit drops to +zero so this I'm graphing The Profit + + align:start position:0% +zero so this I'm graphing The Profit + + + align:start position:0% +zero so this I'm graphing The Profit +that you get charging + + align:start position:0% +that you get charging + + + align:start position:0% +that you get charging +P okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you know given that the monopolist is + + align:start position:0% +so you know given that the monopolist is + + + align:start position:0% +so you know given that the monopolist is +indifferent over all prices in this + + align:start position:0% +indifferent over all prices in this + + + align:start position:0% +indifferent over all prices in this +interval one of the optimal prices is s + + align:start position:0% +interval one of the optimal prices is s + + + align:start position:0% +interval one of the optimal prices is s +lower + + align:start position:0% +lower + + + align:start position:0% +lower +bar uh and so by setting this + + align:start position:0% +bar uh and so by setting this + + + align:start position:0% +bar uh and so by setting this +distribution and then the monopolis is + + align:start position:0% +distribution and then the monopolis is + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and then the monopolis is +in different overall prices it can + + align:start position:0% +in different overall prices it can + + + align:start position:0% +in different overall prices it can +charge price s lower bar we observe we + + align:start position:0% +charge price s lower bar we observe we + + + align:start position:0% +charge price s lower bar we observe we +get profit s lower + + align:start position:0% +get profit s lower + + + align:start position:0% +get profit s lower +bar and then the consumer surplus is you + + align:start position:0% +bar and then the consumer surplus is you + + + align:start position:0% +bar and then the consumer surplus is you +know the difference between each of + + align:start position:0% +know the difference between each of + + + align:start position:0% +know the difference between each of +these values and s lower bar so you + + align:start position:0% +these values and s lower bar so you + + + align:start position:0% +these values and s lower bar so you +integrate uh under this distribution + + align:start position:0% +integrate uh under this distribution + + + align:start position:0% +integrate uh under this distribution +you're going to get what the consumer + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get what the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to get what the consumer +surplus is and so by putting slower bar + + align:start position:0% +surplus is and so by putting slower bar + + + align:start position:0% +surplus is and so by putting slower bar +down here the lower I can put it the + + align:start position:0% +down here the lower I can put it the + + + align:start position:0% +down here the lower I can put it the +more consumer surplus I'm + + align:start position:0% +more consumer surplus I'm + + + align:start position:0% +more consumer surplus I'm +generating + + align:start position:0% +generating + + + align:start position:0% +generating +okay so within this class of G's the + + align:start position:0% +okay so within this class of G's the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so within this class of G's the +consumer surplus optimal solution is + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus optimal solution is + + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus optimal solution is +clear what I want to do is I just want + + align:start position:0% +clear what I want to do is I just want + + + align:start position:0% +clear what I want to do is I just want +to pick the smallest s lower bar that I + + align:start position:0% +to pick the smallest s lower bar that I + + + align:start position:0% +to pick the smallest s lower bar that I +can subject to the constraint that g has + + align:start position:0% +can subject to the constraint that g has + + + align:start position:0% +can subject to the constraint that g has +to have uh mean mu and F has to be a + + align:start position:0% +to have uh mean mu and F has to be a + + + align:start position:0% +to have uh mean mu and F has to be a +mean preserving spread of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +G how low can I go and still do that + + align:start position:0% +G how low can I go and still do that + + + align:start position:0% +G how low can I go and still do that +well um this distribution has the + + align:start position:0% +well um this distribution has the + + + align:start position:0% +well um this distribution has the +property that because it's only going + + align:start position:0% +property that because it's only going + + + align:start position:0% +property that because it's only going +down like one/ s if I were to set s uper + + align:start position:0% +down like one/ s if I were to set s uper + + + align:start position:0% +down like one/ s if I were to set s uper +bar going towards Infinity um the mean + + align:start position:0% +bar going towards Infinity um the mean + + + align:start position:0% +bar going towards Infinity um the mean +of this distribution would go to + + align:start position:0% +of this distribution would go to + + + align:start position:0% +of this distribution would go to +Infinity so for any s lower bar I can + + align:start position:0% +Infinity so for any s lower bar I can + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity so for any s lower bar I can +just pick a high enough SL lower bar and + + align:start position:0% +just pick a high enough SL lower bar and + + + align:start position:0% +just pick a high enough SL lower bar and +make the mean + + align:start position:0% +make the mean + + + align:start position:0% +make the mean +mu but the problem I run into + + align:start position:0% +mu but the problem I run into + + + align:start position:0% +mu but the problem I run into +is um I need this distribution to be a + + align:start position:0% +is um I need this distribution to be a + + + align:start position:0% +is um I need this distribution to be a +mean preserving spread of + + align:start position:0% +mean preserving spread of + + + align:start position:0% +mean preserving spread of +f okay do you guys I don't know do they + + align:start position:0% +f okay do you guys I don't know do they + + + align:start position:0% +f okay do you guys I don't know do they +still even do this in statistics what + + align:start position:0% +still even do this in statistics what + + + align:start position:0% +still even do this in statistics what +does a mean preserving spread look + + align:start position:0% +does a mean preserving spread look + + + align:start position:0% +does a mean preserving spread look +like okay so if this is G and this is f + + align:start position:0% +like okay so if this is G and this is f + + + align:start position:0% +like okay so if this is G and this is f +g is a mean preserving spread of F and + + align:start position:0% +g is a mean preserving spread of F and + + + align:start position:0% +g is a mean preserving spread of F and +it's a mean preserving spread of f + + align:start position:0% +it's a mean preserving spread of f + + + align:start position:0% +it's a mean preserving spread of f +because it crosses the CDF of f once + + align:start position:0% +because it crosses the CDF of f once + + + align:start position:0% +because it crosses the CDF of f once +From + + align:start position:0% +From + + + align:start position:0% +From +Below um if F looked like this this + + align:start position:0% +Below um if F looked like this this + + + align:start position:0% +Below um if F looked like this this +thing would not be + + align:start position:0% +thing would not be + + + align:start position:0% +thing would not be +valid um + + align:start position:0% +valid um + + + align:start position:0% +valid um +because oh no that would still be okay + + align:start position:0% +because oh no that would still be okay + + + align:start position:0% +because oh no that would still be okay +um you know the problem is going to come + + align:start position:0% +um you know the problem is going to come + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the problem is going to come +in if let's suppose that + + align:start position:0% +in if let's suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +in if let's suppose that +F uh F were to go like + + align:start position:0% +F uh F were to go like + + + align:start position:0% +F uh F were to go like +this then it it never crosses and so + + align:start position:0% +this then it it never crosses and so + + + align:start position:0% +this then it it never crosses and so +like if if I'm having to use an S upper + + align:start position:0% +like if if I'm having to use an S upper + + + align:start position:0% +like if if I'm having to use an S upper +bar that's bigger than the upper bound + + align:start position:0% +bar that's bigger than the upper bound + + + align:start position:0% +bar that's bigger than the upper bound +of the F + + align:start position:0% +of the F + + + align:start position:0% +of the F +distribution then this thing isn't a + + align:start position:0% +distribution then this thing isn't a + + + align:start position:0% +distribution then this thing isn't a +mean preserving spread of f + + align:start position:0% +mean preserving spread of f + + + align:start position:0% +mean preserving spread of f +anymore and so what I'm going to want to + + align:start position:0% +anymore and so what I'm going to want to + + + align:start position:0% +anymore and so what I'm going to want to +do is + + align:start position:0% +do is + + + align:start position:0% +do is +just P you know pick an SL lower bar and + + align:start position:0% +just P you know pick an SL lower bar and + + + align:start position:0% +just P you know pick an SL lower bar and +pick the smallest SL lower bar such that + + align:start position:0% +pick the smallest SL lower bar such that + + + align:start position:0% +pick the smallest SL lower bar such that +when I put the upper + + align:start position:0% +when I put the upper + + + align:start position:0% +when I put the upper +bound below the upper bound one I I'm + + align:start position:0% +bound below the upper bound one I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +bound below the upper bound one I I'm +I'm getting a mean of + + align:start position:0% +I'm getting a mean of + + + align:start position:0% +I'm getting a mean of +mu + + align:start position:0% +mu + + + align:start position:0% +mu +okay so anyway so that that's the best + + align:start position:0% +okay so anyway so that that's the best + + + align:start position:0% +okay so anyway so that that's the best +we can do within that class of + + align:start position:0% +we can do within that class of + + + align:start position:0% +we can do within that class of +distributions um and then step two the + + align:start position:0% +distributions um and then step two the + + + align:start position:0% +distributions um and then step two the +harder step of the proof I it's actually + + align:start position:0% +harder step of the proof I it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +harder step of the proof I it's actually +think I've done it pretty well on the + + align:start position:0% +think I've done it pretty well on the + + + align:start position:0% +think I've done it pretty well on the +slides if you want to look at the slides + + align:start position:0% +slides if you want to look at the slides + + + align:start position:0% +slides if you want to look at the slides +at home but the basic idea of the slides + + align:start position:0% +at home but the basic idea of the slides + + + align:start position:0% +at home but the basic idea of the slides +is that no other distribution could + + align:start position:0% +is that no other distribution could + + + align:start position:0% +is that no other distribution could +possibly do better than this + + align:start position:0% +possibly do better than this + + + align:start position:0% +possibly do better than this +one okay and how does that argument go + + align:start position:0% +one okay and how does that argument go + + + align:start position:0% +one okay and how does that argument go +well what I'm going to do is I'm going + + align:start position:0% +well what I'm going to do is I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +well what I'm going to do is I'm going +to say let GB any other valid + + align:start position:0% +to say let GB any other valid + + + align:start position:0% +to say let GB any other valid +choice if you give me G as a valid + + align:start position:0% +choice if you give me G as a valid + + + align:start position:0% +choice if you give me G as a valid +Choice um I'm going to pick a + + align:start position:0% +Choice um I'm going to pick a + + + align:start position:0% +Choice um I'm going to pick a +distribution in this class and show that + + align:start position:0% +distribution in this class and show that + + + align:start position:0% +distribution in this class and show that +it does at least as well as G and is + + align:start position:0% +it does at least as well as G and is + + + align:start position:0% +it does at least as well as G and is +valid so you know you give me any other + + align:start position:0% +valid so you know you give me any other + + + align:start position:0% +valid so you know you give me any other +Val any other valid + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution let Pi be the profit that + + align:start position:0% +distribution let Pi be the profit that + + + align:start position:0% +distribution let Pi be the profit that +you earn when you use + + align:start position:0% +you earn when you use + + + align:start position:0% +you earn when you use +G I'm going to consider the distribution + + align:start position:0% +G I'm going to consider the distribution + + + align:start position:0% +G I'm going to consider the distribution +G of Pi s upper bar where s upper bar is + + align:start position:0% +G of Pi s upper bar where s upper bar is + + + align:start position:0% +G of Pi s upper bar where s upper bar is +chosen such that s upper bar gives this + + align:start position:0% +chosen such that s upper bar gives this + + + align:start position:0% +chosen such that s upper bar gives this +thing a mean of + + align:start position:0% +thing a mean of + + + align:start position:0% +thing a mean of +mu + + align:start position:0% +mu + + + align:start position:0% +mu +um this distribution G of Pi s upper bar + + align:start position:0% +um this distribution G of Pi s upper bar + + + align:start position:0% +um this distribution G of Pi s upper bar +it also gives it gives the same profit + + align:start position:0% +it also gives it gives the same profit + + + align:start position:0% +it also gives it gives the same profit +as in G right because these + + align:start position:0% +as in G right because these + + + align:start position:0% +as in G right because these +distributions G of s lower bar s upper + + align:start position:0% +distributions G of s lower bar s upper + + + align:start position:0% +distributions G of s lower bar s upper +bar give profit s lower bar so if I + + align:start position:0% +bar give profit s lower bar so if I + + + align:start position:0% +bar give profit s lower bar so if I +choose the profit I get from using this + + align:start position:0% +choose the profit I get from using this + + + align:start position:0% +choose the profit I get from using this +this thing also gives the same profit Pi + + align:start position:0% +this thing also gives the same profit Pi + + + align:start position:0% +this thing also gives the same profit Pi +it gives the same profit Pi it's fully + + align:start position:0% +it gives the same profit Pi it's fully + + + align:start position:0% +it gives the same profit Pi it's fully +socially efficient everybody purchases + + align:start position:0% +socially efficient everybody purchases + + + align:start position:0% +socially efficient everybody purchases +in that distribution so it has to give + + align:start position:0% +in that distribution so it has to give + + + align:start position:0% +in that distribution so it has to give +at least as much social surplus because + + align:start position:0% +at least as much social surplus because + + + align:start position:0% +at least as much social surplus because +it's maximizing social welfare it has + + align:start position:0% +it's maximizing social welfare it has + + + align:start position:0% +it's maximizing social welfare it has +the same profit consumer surplus has to + + align:start position:0% +the same profit consumer surplus has to + + + align:start position:0% +the same profit consumer surplus has to +be at least as high so if I switch from + + align:start position:0% +be at least as high so if I switch from + + + align:start position:0% +be at least as high so if I switch from +g to g of Pi s upper + + align:start position:0% +g to g of Pi s upper + + + align:start position:0% +g to g of Pi s upper +bar then I've gotten at least as much + + align:start position:0% +bar then I've gotten at least as much + + + align:start position:0% +bar then I've gotten at least as much +consumer + + align:start position:0% +consumer + + + align:start position:0% +consumer +surplus to complete complet the proof I + + align:start position:0% +surplus to complete complet the proof I + + + align:start position:0% +surplus to complete complet the proof I +just then need to show that g of Pi s + + align:start position:0% +just then need to show that g of Pi s + + + align:start position:0% +just then need to show that g of Pi s +upper bar is a valid distribution to + + align:start position:0% +upper bar is a valid distribution to + + + align:start position:0% +upper bar is a valid distribution to +choose uh and to do that I just need to + + align:start position:0% +choose uh and to do that I just need to + + + align:start position:0% +choose uh and to do that I just need to +show that f is a mean preserving spread + + align:start position:0% +show that f is a mean preserving spread + + + align:start position:0% +show that f is a mean preserving spread +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +G um to do of G of Pi s uh to do that + + align:start position:0% +G um to do of G of Pi s uh to do that + + + align:start position:0% +G um to do of G of Pi s uh to do that +you know I'm trying to show that F you + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm trying to show that F you + + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm trying to show that F you +know first order f is a uh mean + + align:start position:0% +know first order f is a uh mean + + + align:start position:0% +know first order f is a uh mean +preserving spread of + + align:start position:0% +preserving spread of + + + align:start position:0% +preserving spread of +G Pi s upper bar I do that in two steps + + align:start position:0% +G Pi s upper bar I do that in two steps + + + align:start position:0% +G Pi s upper bar I do that in two steps +I show that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know we know that f is a mean + + align:start position:0% +you know we know that f is a mean + + + align:start position:0% +you know we know that f is a mean +preserving spread of G because G was + + align:start position:0% +preserving spread of G because G was + + + align:start position:0% +preserving spread of G because G was +valid and so that I just need to show + + align:start position:0% +valid and so that I just need to show + + + align:start position:0% +valid and so that I just need to show +that any G is a mean preserving spread + + align:start position:0% +that any G is a mean preserving spread + + + align:start position:0% +that any G is a mean preserving spread +of uh G of Pi s upper + + align:start position:0% +of uh G of Pi s upper + + + align:start position:0% +of uh G of Pi s upper +bar and the way I'm going to do that is + + align:start position:0% +bar and the way I'm going to do that is + + + align:start position:0% +bar and the way I'm going to do that is +show that any + + align:start position:0% +show that any + + + align:start position:0% +show that any +G looks like this any G that's valid has + + align:start position:0% +G looks like this any G that's valid has + + + align:start position:0% +G looks like this any G that's valid has +to start above G of Pi + + align:start position:0% +to start above G of Pi + + + align:start position:0% +to start above G of Pi +s upper bar here has to start above it + + align:start position:0% +s upper bar here has to start above it + + + align:start position:0% +s upper bar here has to start above it +and then it has to end uh below it + + align:start position:0% +and then it has to end uh below it + + + align:start position:0% +and then it has to end uh below it +okay uh anyway I got the argument here + + align:start position:0% +okay uh anyway I got the argument here + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh anyway I got the argument here +but basically the argument is it has to + + align:start position:0% +but basically the argument is it has to + + + align:start position:0% +but basically the argument is it has to +be above it here because this one is + + align:start position:0% +be above it here because this one is + + + align:start position:0% +be above it here because this one is +zero in this interval it has to be above + + align:start position:0% +zero in this interval it has to be above + + + align:start position:0% +zero in this interval it has to be above +it here because this one the maximized + + align:start position:0% +it here because this one the maximized + + + align:start position:0% +it here because this one the maximized +profit is at most Pi this one the + + align:start position:0% +profit is at most Pi this one the + + + align:start position:0% +profit is at most Pi this one the +maximized profit is exactly equal to Pi + + align:start position:0% +maximized profit is exactly equal to Pi + + + align:start position:0% +maximized profit is exactly equal to Pi +so you have to sell to fewer consumers + + align:start position:0% +so you have to sell to fewer consumers + + + align:start position:0% +so you have to sell to fewer consumers +so it's above it all the way to here and + + align:start position:0% +so it's above it all the way to here and + + + align:start position:0% +so it's above it all the way to here and +then it has to be below it here because + + align:start position:0% +then it has to be below it here because + + + align:start position:0% +then it has to be below it here because +that one's one that's the basic argument + + align:start position:0% +that one's one that's the basic argument + + + align:start position:0% +that one's one that's the basic argument +so it it's a you know what are my + + align:start position:0% +so it it's a you know what are my + + + align:start position:0% +so it it's a you know what are my +takeaways okay let me go my takeaways + + align:start position:0% +takeaways okay let me go my takeaways + + + align:start position:0% +takeaways okay let me go my takeaways +first um takeaways profit maximizing + + align:start position:0% +first um takeaways profit maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +first um takeaways profit maximizing +structure is simple you just tell people + + align:start position:0% +structure is simple you just tell people + + + align:start position:0% +structure is simple you just tell people +if their values at least + + align:start position:0% +if their values at least + + + align:start position:0% +if their values at least +c a good way to think about information + + align:start position:0% +c a good way to think about information + + + align:start position:0% +c a good way to think about information +design is think about choosing the + + align:start position:0% +design is think about choosing the + + + align:start position:0% +design is think about choosing the +distribution the consumer's posterior + + align:start position:0% +distribution the consumer's posterior + + + align:start position:0% +distribution the consumer's posterior +and if you want to do that + + align:start position:0% +and if you want to do that + + + align:start position:0% +and if you want to do that +um if you want to sort of minimize + + align:start position:0% +um if you want to sort of minimize + + + align:start position:0% +um if you want to sort of minimize +if you want to sort of maximize consumer + + align:start position:0% +if you want to sort of maximize consumer + + + align:start position:0% +if you want to sort of maximize consumer +surplus what you want to do is get + + align:start position:0% +surplus what you want to do is get + + + align:start position:0% +surplus what you want to do is get +everyone to buy and get everyone to buy + + align:start position:0% +everyone to buy and get everyone to buy + + + align:start position:0% +everyone to buy and get everyone to buy +at a lowest price possible the way you + + align:start position:0% +at a lowest price possible the way you + + + align:start position:0% +at a lowest price possible the way you +get people to buy at the lowest price + + align:start position:0% +get people to buy at the lowest price + + + align:start position:0% +get people to buy at the lowest price +possible is to use a distribution like + + align:start position:0% +possible is to use a distribution like + + + align:start position:0% +possible is to use a distribution like +this where there's a lot of low value + + align:start position:0% +this where there's a lot of low value + + + align:start position:0% +this where there's a lot of low value +consumers and if you raise your price at + + align:start position:0% +consumers and if you raise your price at + + + align:start position:0% +consumers and if you raise your price at +all you lose a lot of demand uh and + + align:start position:0% +all you lose a lot of demand uh and + + + align:start position:0% +all you lose a lot of demand uh and +demand is very steep here so that for + + align:start position:0% +demand is very steep here so that for + + + align:start position:0% +demand is very steep here so that for +that gets the monopolis to be + + align:start position:0% +that gets the monopolis to be + + + align:start position:0% +that gets the monopolis to be +indifferent between charging this price + + align:start position:0% +indifferent between charging this price + + + align:start position:0% +indifferent between charging this price +and charging those higher prices and so + + align:start position:0% +and charging those higher prices and so + + + align:start position:0% +and charging those higher prices and so +that's the kind of thing you want to do + + align:start position:0% +that's the kind of thing you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +that's the kind of thing you want to do +with the information structure rure is + + align:start position:0% +with the information structure rure is + + + align:start position:0% +with the information structure rure is +create a lot of low value consumers and + + align:start position:0% +create a lot of low value consumers and + + + align:start position:0% +create a lot of low value consumers and +and create a distribution where + + align:start position:0% +and create a distribution where + + + align:start position:0% +and create a distribution where +everything every time the monopolis + + align:start position:0% +everything every time the monopolis + + + align:start position:0% +everything every time the monopolis +raises their price a little bit they + + align:start position:0% +raises their price a little bit they + + + align:start position:0% +raises their price a little bit they +would be losing lots and lots of + + align:start position:0% +would be losing lots and lots of + + + align:start position:0% +would be losing lots and lots of +consumers and distributions like this + + align:start position:0% +consumers and distributions like this + + + align:start position:0% +consumers and distributions like this +are the way you get you maximize + + align:start position:0% +are the way you get you maximize + + + align:start position:0% +are the way you get you maximize +consumer surplus okay uh also um powo + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus okay uh also um powo + + + align:start position:0% +consumer surplus okay uh also um powo +had actually asked after last class + + align:start position:0% +had actually asked after last class + + + align:start position:0% +had actually asked after last class +what's the full set of things we can do + + align:start position:0% +what's the full set of things we can do + + + align:start position:0% +what's the full set of things we can do +and how do I show that uh I added a + + align:start position:0% +and how do I show that uh I added a + + + align:start position:0% +and how do I show that uh I added a +slide that I won't talk about but rough + + align:start position:0% +slide that I won't talk about but rough + + + align:start position:0% +slide that I won't talk about but rough +then just have this fairly simple + + align:start position:0% +then just have this fairly simple + + + align:start position:0% +then just have this fairly simple +argument that shows that you know this + + align:start position:0% +argument that shows that you know this + + + align:start position:0% +argument that shows that you know this +is the profit maximizing point this is + + align:start position:0% +is the profit maximizing point this is + + + align:start position:0% +is the profit maximizing point this is +the consumer surplus maximizing Point + + align:start position:0% +the consumer surplus maximizing Point + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer surplus maximizing Point +everything in this triangle is possible + + align:start position:0% +everything in this triangle is possible + + + align:start position:0% +everything in this triangle is possible +so if you want to sort of achieve less + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to sort of achieve less + + + align:start position:0% +so if you want to sort of achieve less +efficiency you can achieve less + + align:start position:0% +efficiency you can achieve less + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency you can achieve less +efficiency but basically what you can do + + align:start position:0% +efficiency but basically what you can do + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency but basically what you can do +is give the you have to give the + + align:start position:0% +is give the you have to give the + + + align:start position:0% +is give the you have to give the +monopolis at least this much profit if + + align:start position:0% +monopolis at least this much profit if + + + align:start position:0% +monopolis at least this much profit if +you were trying to hurt the monopolis + + align:start position:0% +you were trying to hurt the monopolis + + + align:start position:0% +you were trying to hurt the monopolis +you can't do any better and consumer + + align:start position:0% +you can't do any better and consumer + + + align:start position:0% +you can't do any better and consumer +surplus anyway it's going to have to be + + align:start position:0% +surplus anyway it's going to have to be + + + align:start position:0% +surplus anyway it's going to have to be +in that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +triangle I really think it's probably + + align:start position:0% +triangle I really think it's probably + + + align:start position:0% +triangle I really think it's probably +mostly the + + align:start position:0% +mostly the + + + align:start position:0% +mostly the +um you know it's mostly this sort of + + align:start position:0% +um you know it's mostly this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um you know it's mostly this sort of +diagonal that we're typically interested + + align:start position:0% +diagonal that we're typically interested + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal that we're typically interested +in how do we maximize consumer surplus + + align:start position:0% +in how do we maximize consumer surplus + + + align:start position:0% +in how do we maximize consumer surplus +versus profit and the way we do this is + + align:start position:0% +versus profit and the way we do this is + + + align:start position:0% +versus profit and the way we do this is +we choose these distributions G of s + + align:start position:0% +we choose these distributions G of s + + + align:start position:0% +we choose these distributions G of s +lower bar s upper bar and we just vary + + align:start position:0% +lower bar s upper bar and we just vary + + + align:start position:0% +lower bar s upper bar and we just vary +uh s lower bar and the higher we make S + + align:start position:0% +uh s lower bar and the higher we make S + + + align:start position:0% +uh s lower bar and the higher we make S +lower + + align:start position:0% +lower + + + align:start position:0% +lower +bar um the higher is the monopolis + + align:start position:0% +bar um the higher is the monopolis + + + align:start position:0% +bar um the higher is the monopolis +profit the lower is consumer surplus you + + align:start position:0% +profit the lower is consumer surplus you + + + align:start position:0% +profit the lower is consumer surplus you +know in some sense this is a special + + align:start position:0% +know in some sense this is a special + + + align:start position:0% +know in some sense this is a special +case of this argument where you just set + + align:start position:0% +case of this argument where you just set + + + align:start position:0% +case of this argument where you just set +s lower bar equals expectation of V + + align:start position:0% +s lower bar equals expectation of V + + + align:start position:0% +s lower bar equals expectation of V +given that V is greater than C that's + + align:start position:0% +given that V is greater than C that's + + + align:start position:0% +given that V is greater than C that's +that's the Monopoly Solution that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's the Monopoly Solution that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the Monopoly Solution that's the +Monopoly pricing solution and so as we + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly pricing solution and so as we + + + align:start position:0% +Monopoly pricing solution and so as we +raise s upper bar to that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +point uh that's that's what we're going + + align:start position:0% +point uh that's that's what we're going + + + align:start position:0% +point uh that's that's what we're going +to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do okay any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions let say you know I I sort of + + align:start position:0% +questions let say you know I I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +questions let say you know I I sort of +feel as this is um you just in terms of + + align:start position:0% +feel as this is um you just in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +feel as this is um you just in terms of +thinking about topics you know I don't + + align:start position:0% +thinking about topics you know I don't + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about topics you know I don't +really know I I looked I couldn't find + + align:start position:0% +really know I I looked I couldn't find + + + align:start position:0% +really know I I looked I couldn't find +any good empirical papers on Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +any good empirical papers on Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +any good empirical papers on Monopoly +information design it seems like that's + + align:start position:0% +information design it seems like that's + + + align:start position:0% +information design it seems like that's +something that I think there should be + + align:start position:0% +something that I think there should be + + + align:start position:0% +something that I think there should be +some empirical work on and also this + + align:start position:0% +some empirical work on and also this + + + align:start position:0% +some empirical work on and also this +sort of um question of translating this + + align:start position:0% +sort of um question of translating this + + + align:start position:0% +sort of um question of translating this +from Theory to IO is this I can choose + + align:start position:0% +from Theory to IO is this I can choose + + + align:start position:0% +from Theory to IO is this I can choose +any joint distribution over V ands + + align:start position:0% +any joint distribution over V ands + + + align:start position:0% +any joint distribution over V ands +that's possible uh is a heroic + + align:start position:0% +that's possible uh is a heroic + + + align:start position:0% +that's possible uh is a heroic +assumption and then I guess the question + + align:start position:0% +assumption and then I guess the question + + + align:start position:0% +assumption and then I guess the question +not you know interesting empirical + + align:start position:0% +not you know interesting empirical + + + align:start position:0% +not you know interesting empirical +question is sort of like how can one do + + align:start position:0% +question is sort of like how can one do + + + align:start position:0% +question is sort of like how can one do +that in practice and how close can one + + align:start position:0% +that in practice and how close can one + + + align:start position:0% +that in practice and how close can one +get to designing expectation of you know + + align:start position:0% +get to designing expectation of you know + + + align:start position:0% +get to designing expectation of you know +the distributions over expectation of V + + align:start position:0% +the distributions over expectation of V + + + align:start position:0% +the distributions over expectation of V +given the signals um with a finite set + + align:start position:0% +given the signals um with a finite set + + + align:start position:0% +given the signals um with a finite set +of signals or signals about product + + align:start position:0% +of signals or signals about product + + + align:start position:0% +of signals or signals about product +characteristics or a more limited sort + + align:start position:0% +characteristics or a more limited sort + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics or a more limited sort +of set of ways I can give signals than + + align:start position:0% +of set of ways I can give signals than + + + align:start position:0% +of set of ways I can give signals than +just this telling people their + + align:start position:0% +just this telling people their + + + align:start position:0% +just this telling people their +posteriors + + align:start position:0% +posteriors + + + align:start position:0% +posteriors +immediately okay anyway so rest of + + align:start position:0% +immediately okay anyway so rest of + + + align:start position:0% +immediately okay anyway so rest of +today's class I'm going to start doing + + align:start position:0% +today's class I'm going to start doing + + + align:start position:0% +today's class I'm going to start doing +empirical papers for the first + + align:start position:0% +empirical papers for the first + + + align:start position:0% +empirical papers for the first +time and I'm going to mostly talk about + + align:start position:0% +time and I'm going to mostly talk about + + + align:start position:0% +time and I'm going to mostly talk about +about two + + align:start position:0% +about two + + + align:start position:0% +about two +papers what I thought I would do first + + align:start position:0% +papers what I thought I would do first + + + align:start position:0% +papers what I thought I would do first +though is sort of go back and give you + + align:start position:0% +though is sort of go back and give you + + + align:start position:0% +though is sort of go back and give you +the the 8 Minute history of empirical IO + + align:start position:0% +the the 8 Minute history of empirical IO + + + align:start position:0% +the the 8 Minute history of empirical IO +I mean I think this sort of background + + align:start position:0% +I mean I think this sort of background + + + align:start position:0% +I mean I think this sort of background +is useful to understand you as you start + + align:start position:0% +is useful to understand you as you start + + + align:start position:0% +is useful to understand you as you start +reading I/O papers like you know there a + + align:start position:0% +reading I/O papers like you know there a + + + align:start position:0% +reading I/O papers like you know there a +lot of IO Papers written about catchup + + align:start position:0% +lot of IO Papers written about catchup + + + align:start position:0% +lot of IO Papers written about catchup +or cardboard boxes and people often ask + + align:start position:0% +or cardboard boxes and people often ask + + + align:start position:0% +or cardboard boxes and people often ask +me like why on Earth do IO economists do + + align:start position:0% +me like why on Earth do IO economists do + + + align:start position:0% +me like why on Earth do IO economists do +that and so I think giving some + + align:start position:0% +that and so I think giving some + + + align:start position:0% +that and so I think giving some +perspective on what IO people do and why + + align:start position:0% +perspective on what IO people do and why + + + align:start position:0% +perspective on what IO people do and why +could be useful + + align:start position:0% +could be useful + + + align:start position:0% +could be useful +so okay let so let me start my my brief + + align:start position:0% +so okay let so let me start my my brief + + + align:start position:0% +so okay let so let me start my my brief +empirical history so uh early empirical + + align:start position:0% +empirical history so uh early empirical + + + align:start position:0% +empirical history so uh early empirical +IO so you know before the 1960s IO + + align:start position:0% +IO so you know before the 1960s IO + + + align:start position:0% +IO so you know before the 1960s IO +economists or in IO Economist wrote + + align:start position:0% +economists or in IO Economist wrote + + + align:start position:0% +economists or in IO Economist wrote +books and they wrote big thick books + + align:start position:0% +books and they wrote big thick books + + + align:start position:0% +books and they wrote big thick books +they wrote books an Iowa conom was an + + align:start position:0% +they wrote books an Iowa conom was an + + + align:start position:0% +they wrote books an Iowa conom was an +expert in some industry like the airline + + align:start position:0% +expert in some industry like the airline + + + align:start position:0% +expert in some industry like the airline +industry or the car industry or the coal + + align:start position:0% +industry or the car industry or the coal + + + align:start position:0% +industry or the car industry or the coal +industry or the steel industry or + + align:start position:0% +industry or the steel industry or + + + align:start position:0% +industry or the steel industry or +whatever but Iowa economists were + + align:start position:0% +whatever but Iowa economists were + + + align:start position:0% +whatever but Iowa economists were +experts in Industries they wrote these + + align:start position:0% +experts in Industries they wrote these + + + align:start position:0% +experts in Industries they wrote these +big thick books um discussing lots of + + align:start position:0% +big thick books um discussing lots of + + + align:start position:0% +big thick books um discussing lots of +stuff about the industry um you know we + + align:start position:0% +stuff about the industry um you know we + + + align:start position:0% +stuff about the industry um you know we +actually used to have an assignment in + + align:start position:0% +actually used to have an assignment in + + + align:start position:0% +actually used to have an assignment in +this course which was you know try to + + align:start position:0% +this course which was you know try to + + + align:start position:0% +this course which was you know try to +get a Harvard Library Card go into the + + align:start position:0% +get a Harvard Library Card go into the + + + align:start position:0% +get a Harvard Library Card go into the +stacks of Widener pick out one of these + + align:start position:0% +stacks of Widener pick out one of these + + + align:start position:0% +stacks of Widener pick out one of these +many books read it and write something + + align:start position:0% +many books read it and write something + + + align:start position:0% +many books read it and write something +about it because you know was often + + align:start position:0% +about it because you know was often + + + align:start position:0% +about it because you know was often +they're full of facts and full of + + align:start position:0% +they're full of facts and full of + + + align:start position:0% +they're full of facts and full of +interesting things going on in the + + align:start position:0% +interesting things going on in the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting things going on in the +industry and they often have lots of + + align:start position:0% +industry and they often have lots of + + + align:start position:0% +industry and they often have lots of +puzzles going on about what's going on + + align:start position:0% +puzzles going on about what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +puzzles going on about what's going on +and why is this happening when with sort + + align:start position:0% +and why is this happening when with sort + + + align:start position:0% +and why is this happening when with sort +of modern Theory you're like okay I + + align:start position:0% +of modern Theory you're like okay I + + + align:start position:0% +of modern Theory you're like okay I +could tell you why that's happening or + + align:start position:0% +could tell you why that's happening or + + + align:start position:0% +could tell you why that's happening or +what's this is a good example of search + + align:start position:0% +what's this is a good example of search + + + align:start position:0% +what's this is a good example of search +affecting pricing or whatever you know + + align:start position:0% +affecting pricing or whatever you know + + + align:start position:0% +affecting pricing or whatever you know +some kind of in information story um you + + align:start position:0% +some kind of in information story um you + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of in information story um you +know it it was a very interesting field + + align:start position:0% +know it it was a very interesting field + + + align:start position:0% +know it it was a very interesting field +in the sense that you would read books + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that you would read books + + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that you would read books +about these industries and you would + + align:start position:0% +about these industries and you would + + + align:start position:0% +about these industries and you would +learn a tremendous amount about them + + align:start position:0% +learn a tremendous amount about them + + + align:start position:0% +learn a tremendous amount about them +they were typically very light on Theory + + align:start position:0% +they were typically very light on Theory + + + align:start position:0% +they were typically very light on Theory +it was really sort of a lot of + + align:start position:0% +it was really sort of a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +it was really sort of a lot of +descriptive work about how does the + + align:start position:0% +descriptive work about how does the + + + align:start position:0% +descriptive work about how does the +inury work what are the firms what are + + align:start position:0% +inury work what are the firms what are + + + align:start position:0% +inury work what are the firms what are +the prices like what are the markups + + align:start position:0% +the prices like what are the markups + + + align:start position:0% +the prices like what are the markups +what are all the practices that you see + + align:start position:0% +what are all the practices that you see + + + align:start position:0% +what are all the practices that you see +there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so uh in the 60s and 70s there was + + align:start position:0% +um so uh in the 60s and 70s there was + + + align:start position:0% +um so uh in the 60s and 70s there was +sort of this uh increasing use of + + align:start position:0% +sort of this uh increasing use of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of this uh increasing use of +Statistics in + + align:start position:0% +Statistics in + + + align:start position:0% +Statistics in +economics and instead of uh you know + + align:start position:0% +economics and instead of uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +economics and instead of uh you know +just writing discussions of Industries + + align:start position:0% +just writing discussions of Industries + + + align:start position:0% +just writing discussions of Industries +people wanted to have regressions in + + align:start position:0% +people wanted to have regressions in + + + align:start position:0% +people wanted to have regressions in +their papers um and so you know + + align:start position:0% +their papers um and so you know + + + align:start position:0% +their papers um and so you know +regressions started to come into the + + align:start position:0% +regressions started to come into the + + + align:start position:0% +regressions started to come into the +profession in the 1950s you know I have + + align:start position:0% +profession in the 1950s you know I have + + + align:start position:0% +profession in the 1950s you know I have +this one anecdote here that um my wife + + align:start position:0% +this one anecdote here that um my wife + + + align:start position:0% +this one anecdote here that um my wife +got from you know Z Gus who was a famous + + align:start position:0% +got from you know Z Gus who was a famous + + + align:start position:0% +got from you know Z Gus who was a famous +eist at Harvard that his summer job at + + align:start position:0% +eist at Harvard that his summer job at + + + align:start position:0% +eist at Harvard that his summer job at +some point in the 1950s was to run a + + align:start position:0% +some point in the 1950s was to run a + + + align:start position:0% +some point in the 1950s was to run a +regression and you might ask well okay + + align:start position:0% +regression and you might ask well okay + + + align:start position:0% +regression and you might ask well okay +what's your summer job to run a + + align:start position:0% +what's your summer job to run a + + + align:start position:0% +what's your summer job to run a +regression it's like no he was given the + + align:start position:0% +regression it's like no he was given the + + + align:start position:0% +regression it's like no he was given the +data set and and his job was to compute + + align:start position:0% +data set and and his job was to compute + + + align:start position:0% +data set and and his job was to compute +X Prime X and then invert it and you + + align:start position:0% +X Prime X and then invert it and you + + + align:start position:0% +X Prime X and then invert it and you +know like it was like a you know seven + + align:start position:0% +know like it was like a you know seven + + + align:start position:0% +know like it was like a you know seven +variable regression or something like + + align:start position:0% +variable regression or something like + + + align:start position:0% +variable regression or something like +that so his summer job was with a + + align:start position:0% +that so his summer job was with a + + + align:start position:0% +that so his summer job was with a +calculator like here's a 7x7 Matrix + + align:start position:0% +calculator like here's a 7x7 Matrix + + + align:start position:0% +calculator like here's a 7x7 Matrix +you're I want you to invert X Prime X so + + align:start position:0% +you're I want you to invert X Prime X so + + + align:start position:0% +you're I want you to invert X Prime X so +that we can then report the results of + + align:start position:0% +that we can then report the results of + + + align:start position:0% +that we can then report the results of +that regression um but anyway you know + + align:start position:0% +that regression um but anyway you know + + + align:start position:0% +that regression um but anyway you know +obviously this got easier in the 50s and + + align:start position:0% +obviously this got easier in the 50s and + + + align:start position:0% +obviously this got easier in the 50s and +60s when computers got invented + + align:start position:0% +60s when computers got invented + + + align:start position:0% +60s when computers got invented +um and you know Joe Bane who was a first + + align:start position:0% +um and you know Joe Bane who was a first + + + align:start position:0% +um and you know Joe Bane who was a first +one to do like regressions in an within + + align:start position:0% +one to do like regressions in an within + + + align:start position:0% +one to do like regressions in an within +industry study had this sort of view + + align:start position:0% +industry study had this sort of view + + + align:start position:0% +industry study had this sort of view +that IO shouldn't be developing these + + align:start position:0% +that IO shouldn't be developing these + + + align:start position:0% +that IO shouldn't be developing these +facts about the coal industry or the + + align:start position:0% +facts about the coal industry or the + + + align:start position:0% +facts about the coal industry or the +steel industry we want broad truths that + + align:start position:0% +steel industry we want broad truths that + + + align:start position:0% +steel industry we want broad truths that +apply to all Industries and so what + + align:start position:0% +apply to all Industries and so what + + + align:start position:0% +apply to all Industries and so what +became popular in iow after that was + + align:start position:0% +became popular in iow after that was + + + align:start position:0% +became popular in iow after that was +cross-section regressions and it what + + align:start position:0% +cross-section regressions and it what + + + align:start position:0% +cross-section regressions and it what +happen in these sort of cross-section + + align:start position:0% +happen in these sort of cross-section + + + align:start position:0% +happen in these sort of cross-section +regressions when people typically have a + + align:start position:0% +regressions when people typically have a + + + align:start position:0% +regressions when people typically have a +dependent variable like uh markups in + + align:start position:0% +dependent variable like uh markups in + + + align:start position:0% +dependent variable like uh markups in +Industry I and they would regress markup + + align:start position:0% +Industry I and they would regress markup + + + align:start position:0% +Industry I and they would regress markup +on industry I so it would be like markup + + align:start position:0% +on industry I so it would be like markup + + + align:start position:0% +on industry I so it would be like markup +up in Industry I is Alpha KN plus alpha + + align:start position:0% +up in Industry I is Alpha KN plus alpha + + + align:start position:0% +up in Industry I is Alpha KN plus alpha +1 time the four firm concentration + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ratio uh plus Alpha 2 times the + + align:start position:0% +ratio uh plus Alpha 2 times the + + + align:start position:0% +ratio uh plus Alpha 2 times the +advertising to sales + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ratio and you know there be a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +ratio and you know there be a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +ratio and you know there be a bunch of +other variables but you would just sort + + align:start position:0% +other variables but you would just sort + + + align:start position:0% +other variables but you would just sort +of do I'm running like a regression like + + align:start position:0% +of do I'm running like a regression like + + + align:start position:0% +of do I'm running like a regression like +this with six or seven or eight + + align:start position:0% +this with six or seven or eight + + + align:start position:0% +this with six or seven or eight +variables and I'm going to try to talk + + align:start position:0% +variables and I'm going to try to talk + + + align:start position:0% +variables and I'm going to try to talk +about what is it that makes Industries + + align:start position:0% +about what is it that makes Industries + + + align:start position:0% +about what is it that makes Industries +competitive okay and they were looking + + align:start position:0% +competitive okay and they were looking + + + align:start position:0% +competitive okay and they were looking +for these sort of broader truths that + + align:start position:0% +for these sort of broader truths that + + + align:start position:0% +for these sort of broader truths that +would sort of give us instead of having + + align:start position:0% +would sort of give us instead of having + + + align:start position:0% +would sort of give us instead of having +to study industry by industry how what + + align:start position:0% +to study industry by industry how what + + + align:start position:0% +to study industry by industry how what +determines profit levels in general + + align:start position:0% +determines profit levels in general + + + align:start position:0% +determines profit levels in general +because um anyway so you know + + align:start position:0% +because um anyway so you know + + + align:start position:0% +because um anyway so you know +regressions here there's a sort of data + + align:start position:0% +regressions here there's a sort of data + + + align:start position:0% +regressions here there's a sort of data +set the senses of Manufacturers um sens + + align:start position:0% +set the senses of Manufacturers um sens + + + align:start position:0% +set the senses of Manufacturers um sens +of Manufacturers is it's a census of + + align:start position:0% +of Manufacturers is it's a census of + + + align:start position:0% +of Manufacturers is it's a census of +manufacturing firms in the United States + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing firms in the United States + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing firms in the United States +so it has data on every individual firm + + align:start position:0% +so it has data on every individual firm + + + align:start position:0% +so it has data on every individual firm +in the United States and they send them + + align:start position:0% +in the United States and they send them + + + align:start position:0% +in the United States and they send them +a big long survey with hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +a big long survey with hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +a big long survey with hundreds of +questions um if you ever want to write + + align:start position:0% +questions um if you ever want to write + + + align:start position:0% +questions um if you ever want to write +papers using the sensus of Manufacturers + + align:start position:0% +papers using the sensus of Manufacturers + + + align:start position:0% +papers using the sensus of Manufacturers +you can access the sensus of + + align:start position:0% +you can access the sensus of + + + align:start position:0% +you can access the sensus of +Manufacturers individual data from the + + align:start position:0% +Manufacturers individual data from the + + + align:start position:0% +Manufacturers individual data from the +NBR uh from a small window list + + align:start position:0% +NBR uh from a small window list + + + align:start position:0% +NBR uh from a small window list +unpleasant room at the NBR but there's a + + align:start position:0% +unpleasant room at the NBR but there's a + + + align:start position:0% +unpleasant room at the NBR but there's a +there is a windowless room where you can + + align:start position:0% +there is a windowless room where you can + + + align:start position:0% +there is a windowless room where you can +access firm level data on every + + align:start position:0% +access firm level data on every + + + align:start position:0% +access firm level data on every +manufacturing firm in the US um people + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing firm in the US um people + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing firm in the US um people +do in the that era didn't really access + + align:start position:0% +do in the that era didn't really access + + + align:start position:0% +do in the that era didn't really access +census Micro Data they just got the + + align:start position:0% +census Micro Data they just got the + + + align:start position:0% +census Micro Data they just got the +published Census Data of means of these + + align:start position:0% +published Census Data of means of these + + + align:start position:0% +published Census Data of means of these +variables for each of the 153 digigit + + align:start position:0% +variables for each of the 153 digigit + + + align:start position:0% +variables for each of the 153 digigit +manufacturing Industries or 454 digigit + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing Industries or 454 digigit + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing Industries or 454 digigit +manufacturing Industries they'd run + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing Industries they'd run + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing Industries they'd run +these regressions and they' talk about + + align:start position:0% +these regressions and they' talk about + + + align:start position:0% +these regressions and they' talk about +what + + align:start position:0% +what + + + align:start position:0% +what +determined how you know how many firms + + align:start position:0% +determined how you know how many firms + + + align:start position:0% +determined how you know how many firms +did you need for a market to be + + align:start position:0% +did you need for a market to be + + + align:start position:0% +did you need for a market to be +competitive or how did competitiveness + + align:start position:0% +competitive or how did competitiveness + + + align:start position:0% +competitive or how did competitiveness +vary with the number of firms in the + + align:start position:0% +vary with the number of firms in the + + + align:start position:0% +vary with the number of firms in the +industry + + align:start position:0% +industry + + + align:start position:0% +industry +um you know this was popular in the 60s + + align:start position:0% +um you know this was popular in the 60s + + + align:start position:0% +um you know this was popular in the 60s +and 70s and then it started to become + + align:start position:0% +and 70s and then it started to become + + + align:start position:0% +and 70s and then it started to become +you know a number of critiques of this + + align:start position:0% +you know a number of critiques of this + + + align:start position:0% +you know a number of critiques of this +approach um became very well + + align:start position:0% +approach um became very well + + + align:start position:0% +approach um became very well +accepted one critique was that just all + + align:start position:0% +accepted one critique was that just all + + + align:start position:0% +accepted one critique was that just all +these studies are leaving out very + + align:start position:0% +these studies are leaving out very + + + align:start position:0% +these studies are leaving out very +important features of the industry so + + align:start position:0% +important features of the industry so + + + align:start position:0% +important features of the industry so +for instance if I'm going to study the + + align:start position:0% +for instance if I'm going to study the + + + align:start position:0% +for instance if I'm going to study the +steel industry I can't talk about prices + + align:start position:0% +steel industry I can't talk about prices + + + align:start position:0% +steel industry I can't talk about prices +in the steel industry or profits in the + + align:start position:0% +in the steel industry or profits in the + + + align:start position:0% +in the steel industry or profits in the +steel industry without having price of + + align:start position:0% +steel industry without having price of + + + align:start position:0% +steel industry without having price of +iron ore on the right side I can't think + + align:start position:0% +iron ore on the right side I can't think + + + align:start position:0% +iron ore on the right side I can't think +about prices in the steel industry + + align:start position:0% +about prices in the steel industry + + + align:start position:0% +about prices in the steel industry +without price of coc and coal on the + + align:start position:0% +without price of coc and coal on the + + + align:start position:0% +without price of coc and coal on the +right side I can't think about steel + + align:start position:0% +right side I can't think about steel + + + align:start position:0% +right side I can't think about steel +industry without strength of union labor + + align:start position:0% +industry without strength of union labor + + + align:start position:0% +industry without strength of union labor +in the midwestern United States on the + + align:start position:0% +in the midwestern United States on the + + + align:start position:0% +in the midwestern United States on the +right side so for every industry I had + + align:start position:0% +right side so for every industry I had + + + align:start position:0% +right side so for every industry I had +had I would think of three or four or + + align:start position:0% +had I would think of three or four or + + + align:start position:0% +had I would think of three or four or +five things that just had to be on the + + align:start position:0% +five things that just had to be on the + + + align:start position:0% +five things that just had to be on the +right side to talk about that industry + + align:start position:0% +right side to talk about that industry + + + align:start position:0% +right side to talk about that industry +but you know if you got 150 industry and + + align:start position:0% +but you know if you got 150 industry and + + + align:start position:0% +but you know if you got 150 industry and +each industry brings in three or four or + + align:start position:0% +each industry brings in three or four or + + + align:start position:0% +each industry brings in three or four or +five unique things to put on the right + + align:start position:0% +five unique things to put on the right + + + align:start position:0% +five unique things to put on the right +side and then you put them all in on the + + align:start position:0% +side and then you put them all in on the + + + align:start position:0% +side and then you put them all in on the +right side you end up with a regression + + align:start position:0% +right side you end up with a regression + + + align:start position:0% +right side you end up with a regression +with 750 things on the right side and + + align:start position:0% +with 750 things on the right side and + + + align:start position:0% +with 750 things on the right side and +150 observations and you know obviously + + align:start position:0% +150 observations and you know obviously + + + align:start position:0% +150 observations and you know obviously +you know now machine learning people + + align:start position:0% +you know now machine learning people + + + align:start position:0% +you know now machine learning people +will tell you that's totally fine 750 + + align:start position:0% +will tell you that's totally fine 750 + + + align:start position:0% +will tell you that's totally fine 750 +explanatory variables 150 observations + + align:start position:0% +explanatory variables 150 observations + + + align:start position:0% +explanatory variables 150 observations +it all works fine but at least in the + + align:start position:0% +it all works fine but at least in the + + + align:start position:0% +it all works fine but at least in the +1980s that did not work you couldn't run + + align:start position:0% +1980s that did not work you couldn't run + + + align:start position:0% +1980s that did not work you couldn't run +progressions like that um the other + + align:start position:0% +progressions like that um the other + + + align:start position:0% +progressions like that um the other +problem that came to be accepted is that + + align:start position:0% +problem that came to be accepted is that + + + align:start position:0% +problem that came to be accepted is that +you know this Census + + align:start position:0% +you know this Census + + + align:start position:0% +you know this Census +Data like when you're studying markups + + align:start position:0% +Data like when you're studying markups + + + align:start position:0% +Data like when you're studying markups +you know markup in Industry I was really + + align:start position:0% +you know markup in Industry I was really + + + align:start position:0% +you know markup in Industry I was really +you know price in Industry + + align:start position:0% +you know price in Industry + + + align:start position:0% +you know price in Industry +I minus the cost of production in + + align:start position:0% +I minus the cost of production in + + + align:start position:0% +I minus the cost of production in +Industry I or maybe it was price Minus + + align:start position:0% +Industry I or maybe it was price Minus + + + align:start position:0% +Industry I or maybe it was price Minus +cost over + + align:start position:0% +cost over + + + align:start position:0% +cost over +price um but you would need to use this + + align:start position:0% +price um but you would need to use this + + + align:start position:0% +price um but you would need to use this +data on what's the cost of production + + align:start position:0% +data on what's the cost of production + + + align:start position:0% +data on what's the cost of production +and the cost of production that you get + + align:start position:0% +and the cost of production that you get + + + align:start position:0% +and the cost of production that you get +when managers put in for the cost what + + align:start position:0% +when managers put in for the cost what + + + align:start position:0% +when managers put in for the cost what +their accountant told them the cost is + + align:start position:0% +their accountant told them the cost is + + + align:start position:0% +their accountant told them the cost is +is very different from what you would + + align:start position:0% +is very different from what you would + + + align:start position:0% +is very different from what you would +get if an economist ask what the cost is + + align:start position:0% +get if an economist ask what the cost is + + + align:start position:0% +get if an economist ask what the cost is +you know for an economist you really + + align:start position:0% +you know for an economist you really + + + align:start position:0% +you know for an economist you really +want the marginal cost not the average + + align:start position:0% +want the marginal cost not the average + + + align:start position:0% +want the marginal cost not the average +cost but then even the like when you + + align:start position:0% +cost but then even the like when you + + + align:start position:0% +cost but then even the like when you +think about a even getting the marginal + + align:start position:0% +think about a even getting the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +think about a even getting the marginal +versus average accounting cost of all + + align:start position:0% +versus average accounting cost of all + + + align:start position:0% +versus average accounting cost of all +these conventions in of how do you treat + + align:start position:0% +these conventions in of how do you treat + + + align:start position:0% +these conventions in of how do you treat +the cost of capital and do you amortise + + align:start position:0% +the cost of capital and do you amortise + + + align:start position:0% +the cost of capital and do you amortise +it over time and you put in like a + + align:start position:0% +it over time and you put in like a + + + align:start position:0% +it over time and you put in like a +depreciation + + align:start position:0% +depreciation + + + align:start position:0% +depreciation +adjustment and what do you do when the + + align:start position:0% +adjustment and what do you do when the + + + align:start position:0% +adjustment and what do you do when the +firm spends a lot of money on + + align:start position:0% +firm spends a lot of money on + + + align:start position:0% +firm spends a lot of money on +Advertising is that a one period cost or + + align:start position:0% +Advertising is that a one period cost or + + + align:start position:0% +Advertising is that a one period cost or +is that a flow cost that depreciates + + align:start position:0% +is that a flow cost that depreciates + + + align:start position:0% +is that a flow cost that depreciates +over the number of times that the + + align:start position:0% +over the number of times that the + + + align:start position:0% +over the number of times that the +Goodwill stock decays and so the costs a + + align:start position:0% +Goodwill stock decays and so the costs a + + + align:start position:0% +Goodwill stock decays and so the costs a +lot of the elements of the cost you know + + align:start position:0% +lot of the elements of the cost you know + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the elements of the cost you know +how do you put the firm overhead and all + + align:start position:0% +how do you put the firm overhead and all + + + align:start position:0% +how do you put the firm overhead and all +the people who work in the management + + align:start position:0% +the people who work in the management + + + align:start position:0% +the people who work in the management +office or whatever the costs have a lot + + align:start position:0% +office or whatever the costs have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +office or whatever the costs have a lot +of assumptions that go into defining + + align:start position:0% +of assumptions that go into defining + + + align:start position:0% +of assumptions that go into defining +them and so the difference between the + + align:start position:0% +them and so the difference between the + + + align:start position:0% +them and so the difference between the +accounting cost and the true cost is + + align:start position:0% +accounting cost and the true cost is + + + align:start position:0% +accounting cost and the true cost is +large and it's probably systematically + + align:start position:0% +large and it's probably systematically + + + align:start position:0% +large and it's probably systematically +related to things like whether the firm + + align:start position:0% +related to things like whether the firm + + + align:start position:0% +related to things like whether the firm +is doing a lot of advertising or not + + align:start position:0% +is doing a lot of advertising or not + + + align:start position:0% +is doing a lot of advertising or not +whether it's doing a lot of + + align:start position:0% +whether it's doing a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's doing a lot of +R&D how old the product is whether it's + + align:start position:0% +R&D how old the product is whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +R&D how old the product is whether it's +produced in big factories or little + + align:start position:0% +produced in big factories or little + + + align:start position:0% +produced in big factories or little +factories so all the stuff that you're + + align:start position:0% +factories so all the stuff that you're + + + align:start position:0% +factories so all the stuff that you're +putting on the right side is correlated + + align:start position:0% +putting on the right side is correlated + + + align:start position:0% +putting on the right side is correlated +with the measurement error that you want + + align:start position:0% +with the measurement error that you want + + + align:start position:0% +with the measurement error that you want +and so then are we really just finding + + align:start position:0% +and so then are we really just finding + + + align:start position:0% +and so then are we really just finding +correlations with measurement error are + + align:start position:0% +correlations with measurement error are + + + align:start position:0% +correlations with measurement error are +we finding correlations with actual firm + + align:start position:0% +we finding correlations with actual firm + + + align:start position:0% +we finding correlations with actual firm +conduct um and so you know + + align:start position:0% +conduct um and so you know + + + align:start position:0% +conduct um and so you know +that was a big issue endogeneity is also + + align:start position:0% +that was a big issue endogeneity is also + + + align:start position:0% +that was a big issue endogeneity is also +a big issue you know you're putting the + + align:start position:0% +a big issue you know you're putting the + + + align:start position:0% +a big issue you know you're putting the +number of firms on the right side + + align:start position:0% +number of firms on the right side + + + align:start position:0% +number of firms on the right side +something you know you're get taught + + align:start position:0% +something you know you're get taught + + + align:start position:0% +something you know you're get taught +over and over and get in classes like + + align:start position:0% +over and over and get in classes like + + + align:start position:0% +over and over and get in classes like +this is well if you have a fir a + + align:start position:0% +this is well if you have a fir a + + + align:start position:0% +this is well if you have a fir a +business that's highly profitable then + + align:start position:0% +business that's highly profitable then + + + align:start position:0% +business that's highly profitable then +more firms are going to enter and that's + + align:start position:0% +more firms are going to enter and that's + + + align:start position:0% +more firms are going to enter and that's +going to change the profits so this four + + align:start position:0% +going to change the profits so this four + + + align:start position:0% +going to change the profits so this four +firm concentration ratio is also going + + align:start position:0% +firm concentration ratio is also going + + + align:start position:0% +firm concentration ratio is also going +to be endogenous or the number of firms + + align:start position:0% +to be endogenous or the number of firms + + + align:start position:0% +to be endogenous or the number of firms +on the right side is going to be + + align:start position:0% +on the right side is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +on the right side is going to be +endogenous there really wasn't much in + + align:start position:0% +endogenous there really wasn't much in + + + align:start position:0% +endogenous there really wasn't much in +the way of IV estimation in the + + align:start position:0% +the way of IV estimation in the + + + align:start position:0% +the way of IV estimation in the +structure conduct performance literature + + align:start position:0% +structure conduct performance literature + + + align:start position:0% +structure conduct performance literature +um and then there was also you know + + align:start position:0% +um and then there was also you know + + + align:start position:0% +um and then there was also you know +interest in IO + + align:start position:0% +interest in IO + + + align:start position:0% +interest in IO +Theory uh this led to uh what was called + + align:start position:0% +Theory uh this led to uh what was called + + + align:start position:0% +Theory uh this led to uh what was called +the Neo Revolution so Neo stands for new + + align:start position:0% +the Neo Revolution so Neo stands for new + + + align:start position:0% +the Neo Revolution so Neo stands for new +empirical industrial organization I + + align:start position:0% +empirical industrial organization I + + + align:start position:0% +empirical industrial organization I +guess you know lots of fields running + + align:start position:0% +guess you know lots of fields running + + + align:start position:0% +guess you know lots of fields running +this problem like you know you have the + + align:start position:0% +this problem like you know you have the + + + align:start position:0% +this problem like you know you have the +sort + + align:start position:0% +sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort +of you know new something and then + + align:start position:0% +of you know new something and then + + + align:start position:0% +of you know new something and then +there's something comes after that right + + align:start position:0% +there's something comes after that right + + + align:start position:0% +there's something comes after that right +like you have the new trade Theory and + + align:start position:0% +like you have the new trade Theory and + + + align:start position:0% +like you have the new trade Theory and +then you have to have like the new new + + align:start position:0% +then you have to have like the new new + + + align:start position:0% +then you have to have like the new new +trade Theory or whatever because anyway + + align:start position:0% +trade Theory or whatever because anyway + + + align:start position:0% +trade Theory or whatever because anyway +so in the 19 early 80s people started to + + align:start position:0% +so in the 19 early 80s people started to + + + align:start position:0% +so in the 19 early 80s people started to +call this the the new empirical + + align:start position:0% +call this the the new empirical + + + align:start position:0% +call this the the new empirical +industrial organization it's no longer + + align:start position:0% +industrial organization it's no longer + + + align:start position:0% +industrial organization it's no longer +very new but uh what happened in Neo um + + align:start position:0% +very new but uh what happened in Neo um + + + align:start position:0% +very new but uh what happened in Neo um +so one is it it went back to the 60s and + + align:start position:0% +so one is it it went back to the 60s and + + + align:start position:0% +so one is it it went back to the 60s and +went back to people are writing papers + + align:start position:0% +went back to people are writing papers + + + align:start position:0% +went back to people are writing papers +about single industries that everyone + + align:start position:0% +about single industries that everyone + + + align:start position:0% +about single industries that everyone +thinks that there are a lot of specific + + align:start position:0% +thinks that there are a lot of specific + + + align:start position:0% +thinks that there are a lot of specific +things about every industry that matters + + align:start position:0% +things about every industry that matters + + + align:start position:0% +things about every industry that matters +so we need to study at one industry at a + + align:start position:0% +so we need to study at one industry at a + + + align:start position:0% +so we need to study at one industry at a +time and control for all those factors + + align:start position:0% +time and control for all those factors + + + align:start position:0% +time and control for all those factors +that should be on the right side um + + align:start position:0% +that should be on the right side um + + + align:start position:0% +that should be on the right side um +there was a emphasis on using what was + + align:start position:0% +there was a emphasis on using what was + + + align:start position:0% +there was a emphasis on using what was +well measured so in you know it's sort + + align:start position:0% +well measured so in you know it's sort + + + align:start position:0% +well measured so in you know it's sort +of funny like in macro they think cost + + align:start position:0% +of funny like in macro they think cost + + + align:start position:0% +of funny like in macro they think cost +is well measured and price is hard to + + align:start position:0% +is well measured and price is hard to + + + align:start position:0% +is well measured and price is hard to +measure so they always want to use cost + + align:start position:0% +measure so they always want to use cost + + + align:start position:0% +measure so they always want to use cost +data in IO people think that price is + + align:start position:0% +data in IO people think that price is + + + align:start position:0% +data in IO people think that price is +well measured cost is hard to measure so + + align:start position:0% +well measured cost is hard to measure so + + + align:start position:0% +well measured cost is hard to measure so +they always use we always use price data + + align:start position:0% +they always use we always use price data + + + align:start position:0% +they always use we always use price data +but so there's this emphasis on using + + align:start position:0% +but so there's this emphasis on using + + + align:start position:0% +but so there's this emphasis on using +quantities prices number of firms market + + align:start position:0% +quantities prices number of firms market + + + align:start position:0% +quantities prices number of firms market +shares those things as the explanatory + + align:start position:0% +shares those things as the explanatory + + + align:start position:0% +shares those things as the explanatory +variables as as the variables you use + + align:start position:0% +variables as as the variables you use + + + align:start position:0% +variables as as the variables you use +rather than accounting + + align:start position:0% +rather than accounting + + + align:start position:0% +rather than accounting +variables um you know great deal of + + align:start position:0% +variables um you know great deal of + + + align:start position:0% +variables um you know great deal of +attention paid now to identification and + + align:start position:0% +attention paid now to identification and + + + align:start position:0% +attention paid now to identification and +endogeneity and you Theory also came to + + align:start position:0% +endogeneity and you Theory also came to + + + align:start position:0% +endogeneity and you Theory also came to +take on a big role in empirical IO and + + align:start position:0% +take on a big role in empirical IO and + + + align:start position:0% +take on a big role in empirical IO and +it's often that the sort of two + + align:start position:0% +it's often that the sort of two + + + align:start position:0% +it's often that the sort of two +different reasons one is that you know + + align:start position:0% +different reasons one is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +different reasons one is that you know +the empirical work is often designed to + + align:start position:0% +the empirical work is often designed to + + + align:start position:0% +the empirical work is often designed to +improve our understanding of some + + align:start position:0% +improve our understanding of some + + + align:start position:0% +improve our understanding of some +theoretical model uh which had been were + + align:start position:0% +theoretical model uh which had been were + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical model uh which had been were +being recently developed in the 80s and + + align:start position:0% +being recently developed in the 80s and + + + align:start position:0% +being recently developed in the 80s and +then the second is because even if + + align:start position:0% +then the second is because even if + + + align:start position:0% +then the second is because even if +you're not trying to comment on the + + align:start position:0% +you're not trying to comment on the + + + align:start position:0% +you're not trying to comment on the +theory the theory is going to give you + + align:start position:0% +theory the theory is going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +theory the theory is going to give you +you know thoughts about what the + + align:start position:0% +you know thoughts about what the + + + align:start position:0% +you know thoughts about what the +functional form should be or what you + + align:start position:0% +functional form should be or what you + + + align:start position:0% +functional form should be or what you +should be regressing on what and the + + align:start position:0% +should be regressing on what and the + + + align:start position:0% +should be regressing on what and the +sort of papers are often designed to + + align:start position:0% +sort of papers are often designed to + + + align:start position:0% +sort of papers are often designed to +test some particular or enlightened by + + align:start position:0% +test some particular or enlightened by + + + align:start position:0% +test some particular or enlightened by +some particular Theory when they're + + align:start position:0% +some particular Theory when they're + + + align:start position:0% +some particular Theory when they're +setting up what analyses they're doing + + align:start position:0% +setting up what analyses they're doing + + + align:start position:0% +setting up what analyses they're doing +okay um you know more recently so at at + + align:start position:0% +okay um you know more recently so at at + + + align:start position:0% +okay um you know more recently so at at +the beginning of the Neo Revolution + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the Neo Revolution + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning of the Neo Revolution +people would sort of sometimes describe + + align:start position:0% +people would sort of sometimes describe + + + align:start position:0% +people would sort of sometimes describe +work as structural and they would use + + align:start position:0% +work as structural and they would use + + + align:start position:0% +work as structural and they would use +the word structural in a way that's + + align:start position:0% +the word structural in a way that's + + + align:start position:0% +the word structural in a way that's +different from what structural means + + align:start position:0% +different from what structural means + + + align:start position:0% +different from what structural means +today uh so in the 80s structural really + + align:start position:0% +today uh so in the 80s structural really + + + align:start position:0% +today uh so in the 80s structural really +meant instead of estimating equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +meant instead of estimating equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +meant instead of estimating equilibrium +objects like understanding price as a + + align:start position:0% +objects like understanding price as a + + + align:start position:0% +objects like understanding price as a +function of things you're understanding + + align:start position:0% +function of things you're understanding + + + align:start position:0% +function of things you're understanding +Supply as a function of things and + + align:start position:0% +Supply as a function of things and + + + align:start position:0% +Supply as a function of things and +demand is function of things and you're + + align:start position:0% +demand is function of things and you're + + + align:start position:0% +demand is function of things and you're +sort of the underlying equations that + + align:start position:0% +sort of the underlying equations that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the underlying equations that +determine the equilibrium instead of + + align:start position:0% +determine the equilibrium instead of + + + align:start position:0% +determine the equilibrium instead of +analyzing the + + align:start position:0% +analyzing the + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing the +equilibrium I think over time structure + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I think over time structure + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium I think over time structure +work has increasingly come to be used to + + align:start position:0% +work has increasingly come to be used to + + + align:start position:0% +work has increasingly come to be used to +describe papers that assume that some + + align:start position:0% +describe papers that assume that some + + + align:start position:0% +describe papers that assume that some +theoretical model is correct and then + + align:start position:0% +theoretical model is correct and then + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical model is correct and then +focus on estimating the parameters of + + align:start position:0% +focus on estimating the parameters of + + + align:start position:0% +focus on estimating the parameters of +that theoretical model and the word + + align:start position:0% +that theoretical model and the word + + + align:start position:0% +that theoretical model and the word +structural is also increasingly used to + + align:start position:0% +structural is also increasingly used to + + + align:start position:0% +structural is also increasingly used to +talk about work that goes all the way to + + align:start position:0% +talk about work that goes all the way to + + + align:start position:0% +talk about work that goes all the way to +estimating The Primitives in some ways + + align:start position:0% +estimating The Primitives in some ways + + + align:start position:0% +estimating The Primitives in some ways +every industry the outcomes depend on uh + + align:start position:0% +every industry the outcomes depend on uh + + + align:start position:0% +every industry the outcomes depend on uh +the production functions of the firms + + align:start position:0% +the production functions of the firms + + + align:start position:0% +the production functions of the firms +the utilities of the consumers and then + + align:start position:0% +the utilities of the consumers and then + + + align:start position:0% +the utilities of the consumers and then +something about the strategies that are + + align:start position:0% +something about the strategies that are + + + align:start position:0% +something about the strategies that are +available to the firms uh and so + + align:start position:0% +available to the firms uh and so + + + align:start position:0% +available to the firms uh and so +structure work increasing is sort of + + align:start position:0% +structure work increasing is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +structure work increasing is sort of +trying to go back to those Primitives + + align:start position:0% +trying to go back to those Primitives + + + align:start position:0% +trying to go back to those Primitives +instead of just estimating supply and + + align:start position:0% +instead of just estimating supply and + + + align:start position:0% +instead of just estimating supply and +demand you're trying to estimate + + align:start position:0% +demand you're trying to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +demand you're trying to estimate +distributions of consumer utility + + align:start position:0% +distributions of consumer utility + + + align:start position:0% +distributions of consumer utility +functions um something that's very + + align:start position:0% +functions um something that's very + + + align:start position:0% +functions um something that's very +popular in IO papers is that you know + + align:start position:0% +popular in IO papers is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +popular in IO papers is that you know +you sort of a reason for having getting + + align:start position:0% +you sort of a reason for having getting + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of a reason for having getting +all the way to The Primitives is then + + align:start position:0% +all the way to The Primitives is then + + + align:start position:0% +all the way to The Primitives is then +you have these sort of counterfactual + + align:start position:0% +you have these sort of counterfactual + + + align:start position:0% +you have these sort of counterfactual +simulations where you say I observe this + + align:start position:0% +simulations where you say I observe this + + + align:start position:0% +simulations where you say I observe this +industry in this state what would happen + + align:start position:0% +industry in this state what would happen + + + align:start position:0% +industry in this state what would happen +if there was entry in that industry what + + align:start position:0% +if there was entry in that industry what + + + align:start position:0% +if there was entry in that industry what +would happen if we broke up these firms + + align:start position:0% +would happen if we broke up these firms + + + align:start position:0% +would happen if we broke up these firms +what would happen if we put in a price + + align:start position:0% +what would happen if we put in a price + + + align:start position:0% +what would happen if we put in a price +cap regulation you know once you know + + align:start position:0% +cap regulation you know once you know + + + align:start position:0% +cap regulation you know once you know +the these Primitives you can then sort + + align:start position:0% +the these Primitives you can then sort + + + align:start position:0% +the these Primitives you can then sort +of talk about here are all these + + align:start position:0% +of talk about here are all these + + + align:start position:0% +of talk about here are all these +alternate policies we might Implement um + + align:start position:0% +alternate policies we might Implement um + + + align:start position:0% +alternate policies we might Implement um +and then what would that do and and you + + align:start position:0% +and then what would that do and and you + + + align:start position:0% +and then what would that do and and you +know in some sense this is what's really + + align:start position:0% +know in some sense this is what's really + + + align:start position:0% +know in some sense this is what's really +become pop very popular in many fields + + align:start position:0% +become pop very popular in many fields + + + align:start position:0% +become pop very popular in many fields +like education and development where you + + align:start position:0% +like education and development where you + + + align:start position:0% +like education and development where you +sort of estimate a fundament model and + + align:start position:0% +sort of estimate a fundament model and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of estimate a fundament model and +you sort of talk about I did a trial of + + align:start position:0% +you sort of talk about I did a trial of + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of talk about I did a trial of +this one I did a randomized trial of + + align:start position:0% +this one I did a randomized trial of + + + align:start position:0% +this one I did a randomized trial of +this policy I can also sort of do an + + align:start position:0% +this policy I can also sort of do an + + + align:start position:0% +this policy I can also sort of do an +empirical estimate of what other + + align:start position:0% +empirical estimate of what other + + + align:start position:0% +empirical estimate of what other +policies would have done because I've + + align:start position:0% +policies would have done because I've + + + align:start position:0% +policies would have done because I've +uncovered The + + align:start position:0% +uncovered The + + + align:start position:0% +uncovered The +Primitives okay um and I would say + + align:start position:0% +Primitives okay um and I would say + + + align:start position:0% +Primitives okay um and I would say +what's also happened at the same time + + align:start position:0% +what's also happened at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +what's also happened at the same time +you know well there's a lot of good + + align:start position:0% +you know well there's a lot of good + + + align:start position:0% +you know well there's a lot of good +structural work over time sort of + + align:start position:0% +structural work over time sort of + + + align:start position:0% +structural work over time sort of +structural empirical iio has become less + + align:start position:0% +structural empirical iio has become less + + + align:start position:0% +structural empirical iio has become less +and less connected to Theory and that + + align:start position:0% +and less connected to Theory and that + + + align:start position:0% +and less connected to Theory and that +some sense structural empirical iio + + align:start position:0% +some sense structural empirical iio + + + align:start position:0% +some sense structural empirical iio +models these days tend to use structures + + align:start position:0% +models these days tend to use structures + + + align:start position:0% +models these days tend to use structures +that previous structural empirical + + align:start position:0% +that previous structural empirical + + + align:start position:0% +that previous structural empirical +papers have used rather than than the + + align:start position:0% +papers have used rather than than the + + + align:start position:0% +papers have used rather than than the +structures that of the theoretical + + align:start position:0% +structures that of the theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +structures that of the theoretical +models that theorists would use to + + align:start position:0% +models that theorists would use to + + + align:start position:0% +models that theorists would use to +describe the same situation and part of + + align:start position:0% +describe the same situation and part of + + + align:start position:0% +describe the same situation and part of +that is because you know repeated games + + align:start position:0% +that is because you know repeated games + + + align:start position:0% +that is because you know repeated games +really don't work very well for + + align:start position:0% +really don't work very well for + + + align:start position:0% +really don't work very well for +empirical work incomplete information + + align:start position:0% +empirical work incomplete information + + + align:start position:0% +empirical work incomplete information +doesn't really work very well for + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really work very well for + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really work very well for +empirical work and so empirical work + + align:start position:0% +empirical work and so empirical work + + + align:start position:0% +empirical work and so empirical work +tends to have these models that have + + align:start position:0% +tends to have these models that have + + + align:start position:0% +tends to have these models that have +this very limited sense of Dynamic + + align:start position:0% +this very limited sense of Dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +this very limited sense of Dynamic +competition and of incomplete + + align:start position:0% +competition and of incomplete + + + align:start position:0% +competition and of incomplete +information and other factors because it + + align:start position:0% +information and other factors because it + + + align:start position:0% +information and other factors because it +it's not what you can estimate well + + align:start position:0% +it's not what you can estimate well + + + align:start position:0% +it's not what you can estimate well +structurally + + align:start position:0% +structurally + + + align:start position:0% +structurally +um although obviously there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +um although obviously there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +um although obviously there's a lot of +work trying to do that better um so as + + align:start position:0% +work trying to do that better um so as + + + align:start position:0% +work trying to do that better um so as +far as you know how do you come up with + + align:start position:0% +far as you know how do you come up with + + + align:start position:0% +far as you know how do you come up with +an a topic for an empirical IO paper you + + align:start position:0% +an a topic for an empirical IO paper you + + + align:start position:0% +an a topic for an empirical IO paper you +know people do multiple different things + + align:start position:0% +know people do multiple different things + + + align:start position:0% +know people do multiple different things +you know one thing that you can always + + align:start position:0% +you know one thing that you can always + + + align:start position:0% +you know one thing that you can always +do just like in any other applied field + + align:start position:0% +do just like in any other applied field + + + align:start position:0% +do just like in any other applied field +is just come up with some applied or + + align:start position:0% +is just come up with some applied or + + + align:start position:0% +is just come up with some applied or +policy question and say what can I teach + + align:start position:0% +policy question and say what can I teach + + + align:start position:0% +policy question and say what can I teach +people about that um a second thing one + + align:start position:0% +people about that um a second thing one + + + align:start position:0% +people about that um a second thing one +can do is improve understanding of some + + align:start position:0% +can do is improve understanding of some + + + align:start position:0% +can do is improve understanding of some +theoretical model there's recent work on + + align:start position:0% +theoretical model there's recent work on + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical model there's recent work on +this sort of uh you know uh Monopoly + + align:start position:0% +this sort of uh you know uh Monopoly + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of uh you know uh Monopoly +information design can I do some + + align:start position:0% +information design can I do some + + + align:start position:0% +information design can I do some +empirical work to understand does + + align:start position:0% +empirical work to understand does + + + align:start position:0% +empirical work to understand does +information design work in practice or + + align:start position:0% +information design work in practice or + + + align:start position:0% +information design work in practice or +how well does it work or does it not + + align:start position:0% +how well does it work or does it not + + + align:start position:0% +how well does it work or does it not +work uh the other third thing you can do + + align:start position:0% +work uh the other third thing you can do + + + align:start position:0% +work uh the other third thing you can do +is sort of also do an improvement on + + align:start position:0% +is sort of also do an improvement on + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of also do an improvement on +existing empirical technique if there + + align:start position:0% +existing empirical technique if there + + + align:start position:0% +existing empirical technique if there +are many previous papers trying to + + align:start position:0% +are many previous papers trying to + + + align:start position:0% +are many previous papers trying to +estimate empirical models of auctions I + + align:start position:0% +estimate empirical models of auctions I + + + align:start position:0% +estimate empirical models of auctions I +have some better way to estimate + + align:start position:0% +have some better way to estimate + + + align:start position:0% +have some better way to estimate +empirical model of an auction and you + + align:start position:0% +empirical model of an auction and you + + + align:start position:0% +empirical model of an auction and you +try to find a data set to improve on + + align:start position:0% +try to find a data set to improve on + + + align:start position:0% +try to find a data set to improve on +that empirical + + align:start position:0% +that empirical + + + align:start position:0% +that empirical +technique + + align:start position:0% +technique + + + align:start position:0% +technique +um how do you find your topic you know + + align:start position:0% +um how do you find your topic you know + + + align:start position:0% +um how do you find your topic you know +obviously if you have an applied + + align:start position:0% +obviously if you have an applied + + + align:start position:0% +obviously if you have an applied +question question you look for the data + + align:start position:0% +question question you look for the data + + + align:start position:0% +question question you look for the data +to find it um if you're trying to do + + align:start position:0% +to find it um if you're trying to do + + + align:start position:0% +to find it um if you're trying to do +something improving understanding of a + + align:start position:0% +something improving understanding of a + + + align:start position:0% +something improving understanding of a +theor theoretical model you know this is + + align:start position:0% +theor theoretical model you know this is + + + align:start position:0% +theor theoretical model you know this is +where we get papers on ketchup and + + align:start position:0% +where we get papers on ketchup and + + + align:start position:0% +where we get papers on ketchup and +cardboard it's like you know it's very + + align:start position:0% +cardboard it's like you know it's very + + + align:start position:0% +cardboard it's like you know it's very +complicated to estimate anything in the + + align:start position:0% +complicated to estimate anything in the + + + align:start position:0% +complicated to estimate anything in the +sort of mobile phone environment or the + + align:start position:0% +sort of mobile phone environment or the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of mobile phone environment or the +computer environment because there's so + + align:start position:0% +computer environment because there's so + + + align:start position:0% +computer environment because there's so +many different firms doing so many + + align:start position:0% +many different firms doing so many + + + align:start position:0% +many different firms doing so many +different things if you write a p If + + align:start position:0% +different things if you write a p If + + + align:start position:0% +different things if you write a p If +you're sort of trying to study some + + align:start position:0% +you're sort of trying to study some + + + align:start position:0% +you're sort of trying to study some +topic and you're like I could study this + + align:start position:0% +topic and you're like I could study this + + + align:start position:0% +topic and you're like I could study this +in the cardboard box industry the + + align:start position:0% +in the cardboard box industry the + + + align:start position:0% +in the cardboard box industry the +cardboard box industry is an incredibly + + align:start position:0% +cardboard box industry is an incredibly + + + align:start position:0% +cardboard box industry is an incredibly +simple industry you know you basically + + align:start position:0% +simple industry you know you basically + + + align:start position:0% +simple industry you know you basically +you take paper you or you take leftover + + align:start position:0% +you take paper you or you take leftover + + + align:start position:0% +you take paper you or you take leftover +waste from Pap from wood Mills you mush + + align:start position:0% +waste from Pap from wood Mills you mush + + + align:start position:0% +waste from Pap from wood Mills you mush +it together you add water you dry it you + + align:start position:0% +it together you add water you dry it you + + + align:start position:0% +it together you add water you dry it you +know there's just like three ingredients + + align:start position:0% +know there's just like three ingredients + + + align:start position:0% +know there's just like three ingredients +there's nothing much there you know you + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing much there you know you + + + align:start position:0% +there's nothing much there you know you +have shipping costs you can estimate + + align:start position:0% +have shipping costs you can estimate + + + align:start position:0% +have shipping costs you can estimate +what it cost to ship cardboard from + + align:start position:0% +what it cost to ship cardboard from + + + align:start position:0% +what it cost to ship cardboard from +point A to point B if you sort of find + + align:start position:0% +point A to point B if you sort of find + + + align:start position:0% +point A to point B if you sort of find +an industry that sort of strips away all + + align:start position:0% +an industry that sort of strips away all + + + align:start position:0% +an industry that sort of strips away all +the complicated stuff going on there + + align:start position:0% +the complicated stuff going on there + + + align:start position:0% +the complicated stuff going on there +aren't agreements with Google doing this + + align:start position:0% +aren't agreements with Google doing this + + + align:start position:0% +aren't agreements with Google doing this +for some other reason it's just + + align:start position:0% +for some other reason it's just + + + align:start position:0% +for some other reason it's just +cardboard so sometimes you can sort of + + align:start position:0% +cardboard so sometimes you can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +cardboard so sometimes you can sort of +pick a simple industry in order to study + + align:start position:0% +pick a simple industry in order to study + + + align:start position:0% +pick a simple industry in order to study +a complicated model because you want to + + align:start position:0% +a complicated model because you want to + + + align:start position:0% +a complicated model because you want to +isolate that theoretical factor that + + align:start position:0% +isolate that theoretical factor that + + + align:start position:0% +isolate that theoretical factor that +you're interested in um third thing you + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in um third thing you + + + align:start position:0% +you're interested in um third thing you +can always do is um you know find data + + align:start position:0% +can always do is um you know find data + + + align:start position:0% +can always do is um you know find data +like you know data is always in short + + align:start position:0% +like you know data is always in short + + + align:start position:0% +like you know data is always in short +supply IO papers tend to collect their + + align:start position:0% +supply IO papers tend to collect their + + + align:start position:0% +supply IO papers tend to collect their +own data so you have a friend who works + + align:start position:0% +own data so you have a friend who works + + + align:start position:0% +own data so you have a friend who works +at a startup and is willing to give you + + align:start position:0% +at a startup and is willing to give you + + + align:start position:0% +at a startup and is willing to give you +individual level consumer data on + + align:start position:0% +individual level consumer data on + + + align:start position:0% +individual level consumer data on +something or other you know I tend to + + align:start position:0% +something or other you know I tend to + + + align:start position:0% +something or other you know I tend to +think of like you look at all the topics + + align:start position:0% +think of like you look at all the topics + + + align:start position:0% +think of like you look at all the topics +this course you know I'm going to talk + + align:start position:0% +this course you know I'm going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +this course you know I'm going to talk +about Monopoly and I'm going to talk + + align:start position:0% +about Monopoly and I'm going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +about Monopoly and I'm going to talk +about price discrimination I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +about price discrimination I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +about price discrimination I'm going to +talk about entry and I'm going to talk + + align:start position:0% +talk about entry and I'm going to talk + + + align:start position:0% +talk about entry and I'm going to talk +about search costs and you know there + + align:start position:0% +about search costs and you know there + + + align:start position:0% +about search costs and you know there +must be some of those things that are + + align:start position:0% +must be some of those things that are + + + align:start position:0% +must be some of those things that are +involved in your friend's business so if + + align:start position:0% +involved in your friend's business so if + + + align:start position:0% +involved in your friend's business so if +you can get the really really rich Micro + + align:start position:0% +you can get the really really rich Micro + + + align:start position:0% +you can get the really really rich Micro +Data that no one has there must be some + + align:start position:0% +Data that no one has there must be some + + + align:start position:0% +Data that no one has there must be some +interesting comment about that industry + + align:start position:0% +interesting comment about that industry + + + align:start position:0% +interesting comment about that industry +that you can make there must be + + align:start position:0% +that you can make there must be + + + align:start position:0% +that you can make there must be +something that that industry that data + + align:start position:0% +something that that industry that data + + + align:start position:0% +something that that industry that data +set is good for studying and so that's + + align:start position:0% +set is good for studying and so that's + + + align:start position:0% +set is good for studying and so that's +another way to think about paper topics + + align:start position:0% +another way to think about paper topics + + + align:start position:0% +another way to think about paper topics +um okay so I would say that you know + + align:start position:0% +um okay so I would say that you know + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so I would say that you know +somehow back to the 1970s there has also + + align:start position:0% +somehow back to the 1970s there has also + + + align:start position:0% +somehow back to the 1970s there has also +been this sort of recent Revival of + + align:start position:0% +been this sort of recent Revival of + + + align:start position:0% +been this sort of recent Revival of +interest in IO in big questions in part + + align:start position:0% +interest in IO in big questions in part + + + align:start position:0% +interest in IO in big questions in part +driven by macroeconomists asking big I/O + + align:start position:0% +driven by macroeconomists asking big I/O + + + align:start position:0% +driven by macroeconomists asking big I/O +questions because the io people haven't + + align:start position:0% +questions because the io people haven't + + + align:start position:0% +questions because the io people haven't +been doing it uh and so there has been a + + align:start position:0% +been doing it uh and so there has been a + + + align:start position:0% +been doing it uh and so there has been a +big question and these questions like + + align:start position:0% +big question and these questions like + + + align:start position:0% +big question and these questions like +you know has competition declined in the + + align:start position:0% +you know has competition declined in the + + + align:start position:0% +you know has competition declined in the +US economy as a whole uh and do we + + align:start position:0% +US economy as a whole uh and do we + + + align:start position:0% +US economy as a whole uh and do we +believe that there's been sort of this + + align:start position:0% +believe that there's been sort of this + + + align:start position:0% +believe that there's been sort of this +increase in markups or drop in + + align:start position:0% +increase in markups or drop in + + + align:start position:0% +increase in markups or drop in +concentration over the last + + align:start position:0% +concentration over the last + + + align:start position:0% +concentration over the last +decades um okay so two papers today are + + align:start position:0% +decades um okay so two papers today are + + + align:start position:0% +decades um okay so two papers today are +both these are both sort of going to be + + align:start position:0% +both these are both sort of going to be + + + align:start position:0% +both these are both sort of going to be +classic Neo papers so they're going to + + align:start position:0% +classic Neo papers so they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +classic Neo papers so they're going to +have industry specific questions of + + align:start position:0% +have industry specific questions of + + + align:start position:0% +have industry specific questions of +interest and they're also going to have + + align:start position:0% +interest and they're also going to have + + + align:start position:0% +interest and they're also going to have +sort of theoretical models that they're + + align:start position:0% +sort of theoretical models that they're + + + align:start position:0% +sort of theoretical models that they're +either trying to comment on or use as + + align:start position:0% +either trying to comment on or use as + + + align:start position:0% +either trying to comment on or use as +guidance um the first one is I would + + align:start position:0% +guidance um the first one is I would + + + align:start position:0% +guidance um the first one is I would +sort of say really uh it's a industry + + align:start position:0% +sort of say really uh it's a industry + + + align:start position:0% +sort of say really uh it's a industry +speciic question of interest uh it's + + align:start position:0% +speciic question of interest uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +speciic question of interest uh it's +also more than that a paper that's about + + align:start position:0% +also more than that a paper that's about + + + align:start position:0% +also more than that a paper that's about +understanding theoretical models and + + align:start position:0% +understanding theoretical models and + + + align:start position:0% +understanding theoretical models and +whether they really apply or not so the + + align:start position:0% +whether they really apply or not so the + + + align:start position:0% +whether they really apply or not so the +papers are durable goods consumers + + align:start position:0% +papers are durable goods consumers + + + align:start position:0% +papers are durable goods consumers +forward-looking evidence from college + + align:start position:0% +forward-looking evidence from college + + + align:start position:0% +forward-looking evidence from college +textbooks um you know there are policy + + align:start position:0% +textbooks um you know there are policy + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks um you know there are policy +questions here I mean these should be + + align:start position:0% +questions here I mean these should be + + + align:start position:0% +questions here I mean these should be +familiar with you like one policy + + align:start position:0% +familiar with you like one policy + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with you like one policy +question is why is it the textbooks cost + + align:start position:0% +question is why is it the textbooks cost + + + align:start position:0% +question is why is it the textbooks cost +$300 like you know we know that you can + + align:start position:0% +$300 like you know we know that you can + + + align:start position:0% +$300 like you know we know that you can +print a book for 20 bucks why they cost + + align:start position:0% +print a book for 20 bucks why they cost + + + align:start position:0% +print a book for 20 bucks why they cost +300 is there something wrong with that + + align:start position:0% +300 is there something wrong with that + + + align:start position:0% +300 is there something wrong with that +and the other thing I don't know if you + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing I don't know if you + + + align:start position:0% +and the other thing I don't know if you +experienced as an undergraduate is why + + align:start position:0% +experienced as an undergraduate is why + + + align:start position:0% +experienced as an undergraduate is why +is it that this book that was only two + + align:start position:0% +is it that this book that was only two + + + align:start position:0% +is it that this book that was only two +and a half years old is now already + + align:start position:0% +and a half years old is now already + + + align:start position:0% +and a half years old is now already +having a new addition come out and I + + align:start position:0% +having a new addition come out and I + + + align:start position:0% +having a new addition come out and I +can't sell my old book back to the + + align:start position:0% +can't sell my old book back to the + + + align:start position:0% +can't sell my old book back to the +bookstore which I had bought for $300 + + align:start position:0% +bookstore which I had bought for $300 + + + align:start position:0% +bookstore which I had bought for $300 +and it's now worthless because the 14th + + align:start position:0% +and it's now worthless because the 14th + + + align:start position:0% +and it's now worthless because the 14th +Edition of somebody's book just came out + + align:start position:0% +Edition of somebody's book just came out + + + align:start position:0% +Edition of somebody's book just came out +replacing the 13th edition three years + + align:start position:0% +replacing the 13th edition three years + + + align:start position:0% +replacing the 13th edition three years +later is this some kind of you know scam + + align:start position:0% +later is this some kind of you know scam + + + align:start position:0% +later is this some kind of you know scam +or whatever the firms are doing that + + align:start position:0% +or whatever the firms are doing that + + + align:start position:0% +or whatever the firms are doing that +there's something about the durable + + align:start position:0% +there's something about the durable + + + align:start position:0% +there's something about the durable +goods sales where they sort of bring out + + align:start position:0% +goods sales where they sort of bring out + + + align:start position:0% +goods sales where they sort of bring out +these new books over and over and over + + align:start position:0% +these new books over and over and over + + + align:start position:0% +these new books over and over and over +again to earn greater profits than they + + align:start position:0% +again to earn greater profits than they + + + align:start position:0% +again to earn greater profits than they +could if they just brought out books + + align:start position:0% +could if they just brought out books + + + align:start position:0% +could if they just brought out books +that an efficient time scale whatever + + align:start position:0% +that an efficient time scale whatever + + + align:start position:0% +that an efficient time scale whatever +that means + + align:start position:0% +that means + + + align:start position:0% +that means +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +um okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I think I said most of these things + + align:start position:0% +um I think I said most of these things + + + align:start position:0% +um I think I said most of these things +um yeah so obviously the theory related + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so obviously the theory related + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so obviously the theory related +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +is are these durable goods models + + align:start position:0% +is are these durable goods models + + + align:start position:0% +is are these durable goods models +relevant in practice in particular you + + align:start position:0% +relevant in practice in particular you + + + align:start position:0% +relevant in practice in particular you +know are consumers forward-looking and + + align:start position:0% +know are consumers forward-looking and + + + align:start position:0% +know are consumers forward-looking and +well-designed and solving + + align:start position:0% +well-designed and solving + + + align:start position:0% +well-designed and solving +Dynamic optimization problems when + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic optimization problems when + + + align:start position:0% +Dynamic optimization problems when +they're doing things you know which + + align:start position:0% +they're doing things you know which + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing things you know which +always you sort of think about students + + align:start position:0% +always you sort of think about students + + + align:start position:0% +always you sort of think about students +are so bad at answering questions on my + + align:start position:0% +are so bad at answering questions on my + + + align:start position:0% +are so bad at answering questions on my +exams about Dynamic durable good pricing + + align:start position:0% +exams about Dynamic durable good pricing + + + align:start position:0% +exams about Dynamic durable good pricing +but somehow you know we always assume + + align:start position:0% +but somehow you know we always assume + + + align:start position:0% +but somehow you know we always assume +that they always know how to do that for + + align:start position:0% +that they always know how to do that for + + + align:start position:0% +that they always know how to do that for +themselves in real life and think about + + align:start position:0% +themselves in real life and think about + + + align:start position:0% +themselves in real life and think about +the sort of future discounted value when + + align:start position:0% +the sort of future discounted value when + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of future discounted value when +they're sort of making any purchases + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of making any purchases + + + align:start position:0% +they're sort of making any purchases +that they're making + + align:start position:0% +that they're making + + + align:start position:0% +that they're making +um is is that a good assumption + + align:start position:0% +um is is that a good assumption + + + align:start position:0% +um is is that a good assumption +um you know the choice to study this if + + align:start position:0% +um you know the choice to study this if + + + align:start position:0% +um you know the choice to study this if +you're trying to study durable goods and + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to study durable goods and + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to study durable goods and +are cons forward-looking + + align:start position:0% +are cons forward-looking + + + align:start position:0% +are cons forward-looking +consumers + + align:start position:0% +consumers + + + align:start position:0% +consumers +um you know this paper you can sort of + + align:start position:0% +um you know this paper you can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um you know this paper you can sort of +see why they do what they do first is + + align:start position:0% +see why they do what they do first is + + + align:start position:0% +see why they do what they do first is +that like in addition to studying + + align:start position:0% +that like in addition to studying + + + align:start position:0% +that like in addition to studying +durable goods they do get an industry + + align:start position:0% +durable goods they do get an industry + + + align:start position:0% +durable goods they do get an industry +specific question of interest at the + + align:start position:0% +specific question of interest at the + + + align:start position:0% +specific question of interest at the +same time it's good to do two things + + align:start position:0% +same time it's good to do two things + + + align:start position:0% +same time it's good to do two things +instead of one in a paper um there + + align:start position:0% +instead of one in a paper um there + + + align:start position:0% +instead of one in a paper um there +aspects of this textbook example that + + align:start position:0% +aspects of this textbook example that + + + align:start position:0% +aspects of this textbook example that +where the Simplicity of the business + + align:start position:0% +where the Simplicity of the business + + + align:start position:0% +where the Simplicity of the business +makes the modeling easier so for + + align:start position:0% +makes the modeling easier so for + + + align:start position:0% +makes the modeling easier so for +instance all consumers have to either + + align:start position:0% +instance all consumers have to either + + + align:start position:0% +instance all consumers have to either +buy the textbook in the first week of + + align:start position:0% +buy the textbook in the first week of + + + align:start position:0% +buy the textbook in the first week of +the semester or the week before the + + align:start position:0% +the semester or the week before the + + + align:start position:0% +the semester or the week before the +semester starts or not at all there's + + align:start position:0% +semester starts or not at all there's + + + align:start position:0% +semester starts or not at all there's +none of this I can wait till seven weeks + + align:start position:0% +none of this I can wait till seven weeks + + + align:start position:0% +none of this I can wait till seven weeks +into the semester and buy the book or + + align:start position:0% +into the semester and buy the book or + + + align:start position:0% +into the semester and buy the book or +buy it a semester after I take the + + align:start position:0% +buy it a semester after I take the + + + align:start position:0% +buy it a semester after I take the +course to take advantage of the price + + align:start position:0% +course to take advantage of the price + + + align:start position:0% +course to take advantage of the price +declines or things like that it just + + align:start position:0% +declines or things like that it just + + + align:start position:0% +declines or things like that it just +it's a static + + align:start position:0% +it's a static + + + align:start position:0% +it's a static +decision um the other thing is that they + + align:start position:0% +decision um the other thing is that they + + + align:start position:0% +decision um the other thing is that they +only buy the textbook that you're + + align:start position:0% +only buy the textbook that you're + + + align:start position:0% +only buy the textbook that you're +assigned right like if you're assigned + + align:start position:0% +assigned right like if you're assigned + + + align:start position:0% +assigned right like if you're assigned +by pendik and Ruben F's intermediate + + align:start position:0% +by pendik and Ruben F's intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +by pendik and Ruben F's intermediate +micro textbook you don't think about + + align:start position:0% +micro textbook you don't think about + + + align:start position:0% +micro textbook you don't think about +okay instead of buying pinik and + + align:start position:0% +okay instead of buying pinik and + + + align:start position:0% +okay instead of buying pinik and +rubenfeld I could buy uh I could buy uh + + align:start position:0% +rubenfeld I could buy uh I could buy uh + + + align:start position:0% +rubenfeld I could buy uh I could buy uh +burnheim and Winston or I could buy uh + + align:start position:0% +burnheim and Winston or I could buy uh + + + align:start position:0% +burnheim and Winston or I could buy uh +whoever and Snyder you know right you're + + align:start position:0% +whoever and Snyder you know right you're + + + align:start position:0% +whoever and Snyder you know right you're +not there's it's some sense you can + + align:start position:0% +not there's it's some sense you can + + + align:start position:0% +not there's it's some sense you can +students only make the decision between + + align:start position:0% +students only make the decision between + + + align:start position:0% +students only make the decision between +two product or three products by the new + + align:start position:0% +two product or three products by the new + + + align:start position:0% +two product or three products by the new +copy of pendik and rubenfeld by the used + + align:start position:0% +copy of pendik and rubenfeld by the used + + + align:start position:0% +copy of pendik and rubenfeld by the used +copy of pendik and rubenfeld by nothing + + align:start position:0% +copy of pendik and rubenfeld by nothing + + + align:start position:0% +copy of pendik and rubenfeld by nothing +and so you get this much simpler demand + + align:start position:0% +and so you get this much simpler demand + + + align:start position:0% +and so you get this much simpler demand +system than you would get if students + + align:start position:0% +system than you would get if students + + + align:start position:0% +system than you would get if students +were choosing from this menu of 57 + + align:start position:0% +were choosing from this menu of 57 + + + align:start position:0% +were choosing from this menu of 57 +different things they could buy um you + + align:start position:0% +different things they could buy um you + + + align:start position:0% +different things they could buy um you +know we also can think about things we + + align:start position:0% +know we also can think about things we + + + align:start position:0% +know we also can think about things we +can ignore like in many use good markets + + align:start position:0% +can ignore like in many use good markets + + + align:start position:0% +can ignore like in many use good markets +you'd want to study a lemon's problem + + align:start position:0% +you'd want to study a lemon's problem + + + align:start position:0% +you'd want to study a lemon's problem +what are consumers think about the + + align:start position:0% +what are consumers think about the + + + align:start position:0% +what are consumers think about the +quality of the used car versus the new + + align:start position:0% +quality of the used car versus the new + + + align:start position:0% +quality of the used car versus the new +car and how is that impacting them and + + align:start position:0% +car and how is that impacting them and + + + align:start position:0% +car and how is that impacting them and +how's that change over time use + + align:start position:0% +how's that change over time use + + + align:start position:0% +how's that change over time use +textbooks especially if you buy them in + + align:start position:0% +textbooks especially if you buy them in + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks especially if you buy them in +the College Bookstore you can just open + + align:start position:0% +the College Bookstore you can just open + + + align:start position:0% +the College Bookstore you can just open +them up look at them see how much + + align:start position:0% +them up look at them see how much + + + align:start position:0% +them up look at them see how much +highlighting there is in it and then buy + + align:start position:0% +highlighting there is in it and then buy + + + align:start position:0% +highlighting there is in it and then buy +it or not there isn't the sort of like + + align:start position:0% +it or not there isn't the sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +it or not there isn't the sort of like +asymmetric information we'd want to + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric information we'd want to + + + align:start position:0% +asymmetric information we'd want to +model um and then the other thing you're + + align:start position:0% +model um and then the other thing you're + + + align:start position:0% +model um and then the other thing you're +always trying to do is get enough um uh + + align:start position:0% +always trying to do is get enough um uh + + + align:start position:0% +always trying to do is get enough um uh +enough observations to sort of estimate + + align:start position:0% +enough observations to sort of estimate + + + align:start position:0% +enough observations to sort of estimate +your um your model and here what's + + align:start position:0% +your um your model and here what's + + + align:start position:0% +your um your model and here what's +really nice is that there's a very very + + align:start position:0% +really nice is that there's a very very + + + align:start position:0% +really nice is that there's a very very +large number of textbooks and so they're + + align:start position:0% +large number of textbooks and so they're + + + align:start position:0% +large number of textbooks and so they're +large you know they they sort of have + + align:start position:0% +large you know they they sort of have + + + align:start position:0% +large you know they they sort of have +three subjects uh what is it it's + + align:start position:0% +three subjects uh what is it it's + + + align:start position:0% +three subjects uh what is it it's +economics psychology and biology they + + align:start position:0% +economics psychology and biology they + + + align:start position:0% +economics psychology and biology they +have 10 semesters in which they can + + align:start position:0% +have 10 semesters in which they can + + + align:start position:0% +have 10 semesters in which they can +study it and then they have hundreds and + + align:start position:0% +study it and then they have hundreds and + + + align:start position:0% +study it and then they have hundreds and +hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of +textbooks and so that combination of + + align:start position:0% +textbooks and so that combination of + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks and so that combination of +semesters times subjects times the + + align:start position:0% +semesters times subjects times the + + + align:start position:0% +semesters times subjects times the +textbooks is going to give you many many + + align:start position:0% +textbooks is going to give you many many + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks is going to give you many many +observations and you can sort of you + + align:start position:0% +observations and you can sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +observations and you can sort of you +know like there's all this thing if if + + align:start position:0% +know like there's all this thing if if + + + align:start position:0% +know like there's all this thing if if +you do study 100 different products or + + align:start position:0% +you do study 100 different products or + + + align:start position:0% +you do study 100 different products or +those 100 different products really + + align:start position:0% +those 100 different products really + + + align:start position:0% +those 100 different products really +identical can use the same parameters + + align:start position:0% +identical can use the same parameters + + + align:start position:0% +identical can use the same parameters +for them you can think textbooks are + + align:start position:0% +for them you can think textbooks are + + + align:start position:0% +for them you can think textbooks are +similar enough to each other that the + + align:start position:0% +similar enough to each other that the + + + align:start position:0% +similar enough to each other that the +elasticity of demand for pendik and + + align:start position:0% +elasticity of demand for pendik and + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity of demand for pendik and +rubenfeld and the elasticity of demand + + align:start position:0% +rubenfeld and the elasticity of demand + + + align:start position:0% +rubenfeld and the elasticity of demand +for burnheim and Winston are probably + + align:start position:0% +for burnheim and Winston are probably + + + align:start position:0% +for burnheim and Winston are probably +the same and we can just put one + + align:start position:0% +the same and we can just put one + + + align:start position:0% +the same and we can just put one +parameter in there instead of having + + align:start position:0% +parameter in there instead of having + + + align:start position:0% +parameter in there instead of having +hundreds of parameters + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay uh some you know background facts + + align:start position:0% +okay uh some you know background facts + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh some you know background facts +uh before you start modeling it's always + + align:start position:0% +uh before you start modeling it's always + + + align:start position:0% +uh before you start modeling it's always +good to think about things that are true + + align:start position:0% +good to think about things that are true + + + align:start position:0% +good to think about things that are true +well one is that you know new additions + + align:start position:0% +well one is that you know new additions + + + align:start position:0% +well one is that you know new additions +come out every 3 to five + + align:start position:0% +come out every 3 to five + + + align:start position:0% +come out every 3 to five +years um second fact is that textbook + + align:start position:0% +years um second fact is that textbook + + + align:start position:0% +years um second fact is that textbook +prices seem to be fixed why this is true + + align:start position:0% +prices seem to be fixed why this is true + + + align:start position:0% +prices seem to be fixed why this is true +is kind of a puzzle you know maybe you + + align:start position:0% +is kind of a puzzle you know maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of a puzzle you know maybe you +have to have some reputation model but + + align:start position:0% +have to have some reputation model but + + + align:start position:0% +have to have some reputation model but +you know you might have thought okay + + align:start position:0% +you know you might have thought okay + + + align:start position:0% +you know you might have thought okay +here's how I'm going to do this test you + + align:start position:0% +here's how I'm going to do this test you + + + align:start position:0% +here's how I'm going to do this test you +know the book is going to come + + align:start position:0% +know the book is going to come + + + align:start position:0% +know the book is going to come +out the first if I buy the book when + + align:start position:0% +out the first if I buy the book when + + + align:start position:0% +out the first if I buy the book when +it's new I know I could like rent it to + + align:start position:0% +it's new I know I could like rent it to + + + align:start position:0% +it's new I know I could like rent it to +five future students if I buy the book + + align:start position:0% +five future students if I buy the book + + + align:start position:0% +five future students if I buy the book +The One Semester old I'm going to rent + + align:start position:0% +The One Semester old I'm going to rent + + + align:start position:0% +The One Semester old I'm going to rent +it to four future students if I buy it + + align:start position:0% +it to four future students if I buy it + + + align:start position:0% +it to four future students if I buy it +like four semesters in I'm going to rent + + align:start position:0% +like four semesters in I'm going to rent + + + align:start position:0% +like four semesters in I'm going to rent +it once to somebody so there ought to be + + align:start position:0% +it once to somebody so there ought to be + + + align:start position:0% +it once to somebody so there ought to be +this real decline in the prices of a + + align:start position:0% +this real decline in the prices of a + + + align:start position:0% +this real decline in the prices of a +book and like a book that's five + + align:start position:0% +book and like a book that's five + + + align:start position:0% +book and like a book that's five +semesters old ought to be worth one + + align:start position:0% +semesters old ought to be worth one + + + align:start position:0% +semesters old ought to be worth one +fifth of a book that's brand new because + + align:start position:0% +fifth of a book that's brand new because + + + align:start position:0% +fifth of a book that's brand new because +you can't keep renting it over and over + + align:start position:0% +you can't keep renting it over and over + + + align:start position:0% +you can't keep renting it over and over +again well that just doesn't happen like + + align:start position:0% +again well that just doesn't happen like + + + align:start position:0% +again well that just doesn't happen like +you know textbook prices Do not drop the + + align:start position:0% +you know textbook prices Do not drop the + + + align:start position:0% +you know textbook prices Do not drop the +book comes out it's + + align:start position:0% +book comes out it's + + + align:start position:0% +book comes out it's +$350 five semesters later it's + + align:start position:0% +$350 five semesters later it's + + + align:start position:0% +$350 five semesters later it's +$350 so for whatever reason + + align:start position:0% +$350 so for whatever reason + + + align:start position:0% +$350 so for whatever reason +we're not going to sort of think of + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to sort of think of + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to sort of think of +optimal pricing you know it's maybe it's + + align:start position:0% +optimal pricing you know it's maybe it's + + + align:start position:0% +optimal pricing you know it's maybe it's +an a pricing puzzle but textbook prices + + align:start position:0% +an a pricing puzzle but textbook prices + + + align:start position:0% +an a pricing puzzle but textbook prices +just don't change in between + + align:start position:0% +just don't change in between + + + align:start position:0% +just don't change in between +additions + + align:start position:0% +additions + + + align:start position:0% +additions +um um you know I don't know to what + + align:start position:0% +um um you know I don't know to what + + + align:start position:0% +um um you know I don't know to what +extent these are still true in the + + align:start position:0% +extent these are still true in the + + + align:start position:0% +extent these are still true in the +internet era but at the time the used to + + align:start position:0% +internet era but at the time the used to + + + align:start position:0% +internet era but at the time the used to +new ratio was standardized at 50 to + + align:start position:0% +new ratio was standardized at 50 to + + + align:start position:0% +new ratio was standardized at 50 to +75% um so if if um does the coupe even + + align:start position:0% +75% um so if if um does the coupe even + + + align:start position:0% +75% um so if if um does the coupe even +sell Coupe you can still go to the coupe + + align:start position:0% +sell Coupe you can still go to the coupe + + + align:start position:0% +sell Coupe you can still go to the coupe +and buy all the textbooks for the + + align:start position:0% +and buy all the textbooks for the + + + align:start position:0% +and buy all the textbooks for the +courses is that right so you know maybe + + align:start position:0% +courses is that right so you know maybe + + + align:start position:0% +courses is that right so you know maybe +no one does that okay so anyway you know + + align:start position:0% +no one does that okay so anyway you know + + + align:start position:0% +no one does that okay so anyway you know +you if you wanted to buy your books You' + + align:start position:0% +you if you wanted to buy your books You' + + + align:start position:0% +you if you wanted to buy your books You' +go to the MIT Coupe down in the basement + + align:start position:0% +go to the MIT Coupe down in the basement + + + align:start position:0% +go to the MIT Coupe down in the basement +of the MIT Coupe there'd be a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +of the MIT Coupe there'd be a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +of the MIT Coupe there'd be a bunch of +textbooks MIT would have an agreement + + align:start position:0% +textbooks MIT would have an agreement + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks MIT would have an agreement +with the bookstore in this case we we + + align:start position:0% +with the bookstore in this case we we + + + align:start position:0% +with the bookstore in this case we we +used to own the bookstore but it's now + + align:start position:0% +used to own the bookstore but it's now + + + align:start position:0% +used to own the bookstore but it's now +Barnes & Noble that owns it but they + + align:start position:0% +Barnes & Noble that owns it but they + + + align:start position:0% +Barnes & Noble that owns it but they +would sell the used textbook at at most + + align:start position:0% +would sell the used textbook at at most + + + align:start position:0% +would sell the used textbook at at most +75% of the price of the new textbook and + + align:start position:0% +75% of the price of the new textbook and + + + align:start position:0% +75% of the price of the new textbook and +then you would also often have an + + align:start position:0% +then you would also often have an + + + align:start position:0% +then you would also often have an +agreement with the company that was + + align:start position:0% +agreement with the company that was + + + align:start position:0% +agreement with the company that was +selling books in your bookstore if you + + align:start position:0% +selling books in your bookstore if you + + + align:start position:0% +selling books in your bookstore if you +want to buy back used books at the MIT + + align:start position:0% +want to buy back used books at the MIT + + + align:start position:0% +want to buy back used books at the MIT +Coupe you must pay 50% of the cover + + align:start position:0% +Coupe you must pay 50% of the cover + + + align:start position:0% +Coupe you must pay 50% of the cover +price when you buy it back uh and so + + align:start position:0% +price when you buy it back uh and so + + + align:start position:0% +price when you buy it back uh and so +there these sort of norms of people + + align:start position:0% +there these sort of norms of people + + + align:start position:0% +there these sort of norms of people +would show up in the bookstore at the + + align:start position:0% +would show up in the bookstore at the + + + align:start position:0% +would show up in the bookstore at the +end of the semester willing to buy back + + align:start position:0% +end of the semester willing to buy back + + + align:start position:0% +end of the semester willing to buy back +your books at 50% of the cover price if + + align:start position:0% +your books at 50% of the cover price if + + + align:start position:0% +your books at 50% of the cover price if +you wanted to buy a used book instead of + + align:start position:0% +you wanted to buy a used book instead of + + + align:start position:0% +you wanted to buy a used book instead of +a new book it would be sold at 75% of + + align:start position:0% +a new book it would be sold at 75% of + + + align:start position:0% +a new book it would be sold at 75% of +the cover + + align:start position:0% +the cover + + + align:start position:0% +the cover +price um and from you know uh aggregate + + align:start position:0% +price um and from you know uh aggregate + + + align:start position:0% +price um and from you know uh aggregate +numbers roughly 30% of the students in a + + align:start position:0% +numbers roughly 30% of the students in a + + + align:start position:0% +numbers roughly 30% of the students in a +course at the time would buy a textbook + + align:start position:0% +course at the time would buy a textbook + + + align:start position:0% +course at the time would buy a textbook +about 20% would buy a used textbook and + + align:start position:0% +about 20% would buy a used textbook and + + + align:start position:0% +about 20% would buy a used textbook and +then the other 50% we hope make + + align:start position:0% +then the other 50% we hope make + + + align:start position:0% +then the other 50% we hope make +extensive use of the library or some + + align:start position:0% +extensive use of the library or some + + + align:start position:0% +extensive use of the library or some +other resource um because they don't + + align:start position:0% +other resource um because they don't + + + align:start position:0% +other resource um because they don't +seem to buy books at all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um um the hazard rate for revision uh + + align:start position:0% +um um the hazard rate for revision uh + + + align:start position:0% +um um the hazard rate for revision uh +seems to Peak in about the third year + + align:start position:0% +seems to Peak in about the third year + + + align:start position:0% +seems to Peak in about the third year +that many books have a new version that + + align:start position:0% +that many books have a new version that + + + align:start position:0% +that many books have a new version that +comes out every three years so if you're + + align:start position:0% +comes out every three years so if you're + + + align:start position:0% +comes out every three years so if you're +looking at you know John gruber's Public + + align:start position:0% +looking at you know John gruber's Public + + + align:start position:0% +looking at you know John gruber's Public +Finance textbook if it's been two and a + + align:start position:0% +Finance textbook if it's been two and a + + + align:start position:0% +Finance textbook if it's been two and a +two years since it's come out he's + + align:start position:0% +two years since it's come out he's + + + align:start position:0% +two years since it's come out he's +probably going to have a third NE a new + + align:start position:0% +probably going to have a third NE a new + + + align:start position:0% +probably going to have a third NE a new +addition next year + + align:start position:0% +addition next year + + + align:start position:0% +addition next year +once you've gone a bit past three the + + align:start position:0% +once you've gone a bit past three the + + + align:start position:0% +once you've gone a bit past three the +probability that it gets revised goes + + align:start position:0% +probability that it gets revised goes + + + align:start position:0% +probability that it gets revised goes +down and down and down uh because it's + + align:start position:0% +down and down and down uh because it's + + + align:start position:0% +down and down and down uh because it's +probably the faculty member has just + + align:start position:0% +probably the faculty member has just + + + align:start position:0% +probably the faculty member has just +gotten exhausted with the 11th Edition + + align:start position:0% +gotten exhausted with the 11th Edition + + + align:start position:0% +gotten exhausted with the 11th Edition +or the 12th or the 13th and is decided + + align:start position:0% +or the 12th or the 13th and is decided + + + align:start position:0% +or the 12th or the 13th and is decided +they don't need they're not making + + align:start position:0% +they don't need they're not making + + + align:start position:0% +they don't need they're not making +enough money off the new editions to + + align:start position:0% +enough money off the new editions to + + + align:start position:0% +enough money off the new editions to +write the new ones they haven't got a + + align:start position:0% +write the new ones they haven't got a + + + align:start position:0% +write the new ones they haven't got a +new person to take over the book but if + + align:start position:0% +new person to take over the book but if + + + align:start position:0% +new person to take over the book but if +the thing hasn't come out and it's a few + + align:start position:0% +the thing hasn't come out and it's a few + + + align:start position:0% +the thing hasn't come out and it's a few +years late it's probably not coming out + + align:start position:0% +years late it's probably not coming out + + + align:start position:0% +years late it's probably not coming out +okay uh so you know paper's empirical + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so you know paper's empirical + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so you know paper's empirical +approach is a two-step strategy + + align:start position:0% +approach is a two-step strategy + + + align:start position:0% +approach is a two-step strategy +I'm going to estimate the probability + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to estimate the probability + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to estimate the probability +that the book is going to be revised + + align:start position:0% +that the book is going to be revised + + + align:start position:0% +that the book is going to be revised +before the next semester and then I'm + + align:start position:0% +before the next semester and then I'm + + + align:start position:0% +before the next semester and then I'm +going to see whether you know because + + align:start position:0% +going to see whether you know because + + + align:start position:0% +going to see whether you know because +prices don't change if you're a student + + align:start position:0% +prices don't change if you're a student + + + align:start position:0% +prices don't change if you're a student +and you know a new book is coming out + + align:start position:0% +and you know a new book is coming out + + + align:start position:0% +and you know a new book is coming out +next semester you shouldn't buy or you + + align:start position:0% +next semester you shouldn't buy or you + + + align:start position:0% +next semester you shouldn't buy or you +should be willing to pay much less for + + align:start position:0% +should be willing to pay much less for + + + align:start position:0% +should be willing to pay much less for +the book because you know that the cost + + align:start position:0% +the book because you know that the cost + + + align:start position:0% +the book because you know that the cost +is really $350 not + + align:start position:0% +is really $350 not + + + align:start position:0% +is really $350 not +$175 so that in some sense the price the + + align:start position:0% +$175 so that in some sense the price the + + + align:start position:0% +$175 so that in some sense the price the +the price is much much higher in the + + align:start position:0% +the price is much much higher in the + + + align:start position:0% +the price is much much higher in the +semester when it's a book is about to be + + align:start position:0% +semester when it's a book is about to be + + + align:start position:0% +semester when it's a book is about to be +rendered obsolete than it in other + + align:start position:0% +rendered obsolete than it in other + + + align:start position:0% +rendered obsolete than it in other +semesters and so what we ought to see is + + align:start position:0% +semesters and so what we ought to see is + + + align:start position:0% +semesters and so what we ought to see is +a drop in price a drop in demand in + + align:start position:0% +a drop in price a drop in demand in + + + align:start position:0% +a drop in price a drop in demand in +semesters when books are going to be + + align:start position:0% +semesters when books are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +semesters when books are going to be +obsolete or when people are going to + + align:start position:0% +obsolete or when people are going to + + + align:start position:0% +obsolete or when people are going to +think there's a higher probability that + + align:start position:0% +think there's a higher probability that + + + align:start position:0% +think there's a higher probability that +they will become + + align:start position:0% +they will become + + + align:start position:0% +they will become +obsolete okay and if you know consumers + + align:start position:0% +obsolete okay and if you know consumers + + + align:start position:0% +obsolete okay and if you know consumers +are rational and forward + + align:start position:0% +are rational and forward + + + align:start position:0% +are rational and forward +looking we can sort of we can see you + + align:start position:0% +looking we can sort of we can see you + + + align:start position:0% +looking we can sort of we can see you +know we can sort of figure out if we + + align:start position:0% +know we can sort of figure out if we + + + align:start position:0% +know we can sort of figure out if we +know the elasticity of demand for books + + align:start position:0% +know the elasticity of demand for books + + + align:start position:0% +know the elasticity of demand for books +we know how much drop demand would go + + align:start position:0% +we know how much drop demand would go + + + align:start position:0% +we know how much drop demand would go +down with such a price increase we can + + align:start position:0% +down with such a price increase we can + + + align:start position:0% +down with such a price increase we can +almost estimate how many consumers are + + align:start position:0% +almost estimate how many consumers are + + + align:start position:0% +almost estimate how many consumers are +rational and forward-looking seeing how + + align:start position:0% +rational and forward-looking seeing how + + + align:start position:0% +rational and forward-looking seeing how +much does demand drop when that new book + + align:start position:0% +much does demand drop when that new book + + + align:start position:0% +much does demand drop when that new book +is coming + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out um so the step one is a very simple + + align:start position:0% +out um so the step one is a very simple + + + align:start position:0% +out um so the step one is a very simple +exercise um this is just um regress you + + align:start position:0% +exercise um this is just um regress you + + + align:start position:0% +exercise um this is just um regress you +know the probability you know you just + + align:start position:0% +know the probability you know you just + + + align:start position:0% +know the probability you know you just +estimate a hazard model where you just + + align:start position:0% +estimate a hazard model where you just + + + align:start position:0% +estimate a hazard model where you just +have the probability that the book is + + align:start position:0% +have the probability that the book is + + + align:start position:0% +have the probability that the book is +replaced is a function of the age of the + + align:start position:0% +replaced is a function of the age of the + + + align:start position:0% +replaced is a function of the age of the +book in + + align:start position:0% +book in + + + align:start position:0% +book in +semesters whether it's the biology or + + align:start position:0% +semesters whether it's the biology or + + + align:start position:0% +semesters whether it's the biology or +psychology or economics book whether + + align:start position:0% +psychology or economics book whether + + + align:start position:0% +psychology or economics book whether +it's an introductory textbook you know + + align:start position:0% +it's an introductory textbook you know + + + align:start position:0% +it's an introductory textbook you know +like for uh for economics one or whether + + align:start position:0% +like for uh for economics one or whether + + + align:start position:0% +like for uh for economics one or whether +it's an intermediate micro textbook or + + align:start position:0% +it's an intermediate micro textbook or + + + align:start position:0% +it's an intermediate micro textbook or +intermediate macro textbook um and you + + align:start position:0% +intermediate macro textbook um and you + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate macro textbook um and you +know here's the graph they get for the + + align:start position:0% +know here's the graph they get for the + + + align:start position:0% +know here's the graph they get for the +introductory books um so you can see in + + align:start position:0% +introductory books um so you can see in + + + align:start position:0% +introductory books um so you can see in +economics books um you know your book is + + align:start position:0% +economics books um you know your book is + + + align:start position:0% +economics books um you know your book is +five semesters old there's like a 35% + + align:start position:0% +five semesters old there's like a 35% + + + align:start position:0% +five semesters old there's like a 35% +chance your book will be rendered + + align:start position:0% +chance your book will be rendered + + + align:start position:0% +chance your book will be rendered +obsolete one semester from now uh if + + align:start position:0% +obsolete one semester from now uh if + + + align:start position:0% +obsolete one semester from now uh if +your book is six semesters old uh oh + + align:start position:0% +your book is six semesters old uh oh + + + align:start position:0% +your book is six semesters old uh oh +actually this is six semesters old so + + align:start position:0% +actually this is six semesters old so + + + align:start position:0% +actually this is six semesters old so +there's actually only uh you know 8% + + align:start position:0% +there's actually only uh you know 8% + + + align:start position:0% +there's actually only uh you know 8% +chance your book's going to get rendered + + align:start position:0% +chance your book's going to get rendered + + + align:start position:0% +chance your book's going to get rendered +obsolete next semester or is it here uh + + align:start position:0% +obsolete next semester or is it here uh + + + align:start position:0% +obsolete next semester or is it here uh +anyway 7 semester old it's a 5% chance + + align:start position:0% +anyway 7 semester old it's a 5% chance + + + align:start position:0% +anyway 7 semester old it's a 5% chance +but there's this big peak centered + + align:start position:0% +but there's this big peak centered + + + align:start position:0% +but there's this big peak centered +around buying five semester old books is + + align:start position:0% +around buying five semester old books is + + + align:start position:0% +around buying five semester old books is +a bad idea okay and the thing is less uh + + align:start position:0% +a bad idea okay and the thing is less uh + + + align:start position:0% +a bad idea okay and the thing is less uh +consistent in some of the other + + align:start position:0% +consistent in some of the other + + + align:start position:0% +consistent in some of the other +disciplines some of the biology books + + align:start position:0% +disciplines some of the biology books + + + align:start position:0% +disciplines some of the biology books +are being on a 2-year cycle instead of a + + align:start position:0% +are being on a 2-year cycle instead of a + + + align:start position:0% +are being on a 2-year cycle instead of a +three-year cycle some of the psychology + + align:start position:0% +three-year cycle some of the psychology + + + align:start position:0% +three-year cycle some of the psychology +books are like on a 2 and a half year + + align:start position:0% +books are like on a 2 and a half year + + + align:start position:0% +books are like on a 2 and a half year +cycle something like + + align:start position:0% +cycle something like + + + align:start position:0% +cycle something like +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +um and again the your book is uh your + + align:start position:0% +um and again the your book is uh your + + + align:start position:0% +um and again the your book is uh your +economics book is eight years old or any + + align:start position:0% +economics book is eight years old or any + + + align:start position:0% +economics book is eight years old or any +of your books are eight years old eight + + align:start position:0% +of your books are eight years old eight + + + align:start position:0% +of your books are eight years old eight +years since the addition has changed + + align:start position:0% +years since the addition has changed + + + align:start position:0% +years since the addition has changed +they're not going to have a new one um + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to have a new one um + + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to have a new one um +so that book is very safe to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +buy + + align:start position:0% +buy + + + align:start position:0% +buy +okay how do we do demand um so I can I + + align:start position:0% +okay how do we do demand um so I can I + + + align:start position:0% +okay how do we do demand um so I can I +ask well actually some of you haven't + + align:start position:0% +ask well actually some of you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +ask well actually some of you haven't +taken it yet so how much discrete Choice + + align:start position:0% +taken it yet so how much discrete Choice + + + align:start position:0% +taken it yet so how much discrete Choice +estimation is is there left in uh 381 or + + align:start position:0% +estimation is is there left in uh 381 or + + + align:start position:0% +estimation is is there left in uh 381 or +has it all gone to causal inference + + align:start position:0% +has it all gone to causal inference + + + align:start position:0% +has it all gone to causal inference +these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +days lot of discreet choice or no it's + + align:start position:0% +days lot of discreet choice or no it's + + + align:start position:0% +days lot of discreet choice or no it's +all caal inference so is there any place + + align:start position:0% +all caal inference so is there any place + + + align:start position:0% +all caal inference so is there any place +where people are doing like lit models + + align:start position:0% +where people are doing like lit models + + + align:start position:0% +where people are doing like lit models +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +whatever + + align:start position:0% +whatever + + + align:start position:0% +whatever +okay okay anyway U you know let me say + + align:start position:0% +okay okay anyway U you know let me say + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay anyway U you know let me say +um tobas has a full week of lectures + + align:start position:0% +um tobas has a full week of lectures + + + align:start position:0% +um tobas has a full week of lectures +planned on discreet Choice estimation + + align:start position:0% +planned on discreet Choice estimation + + + align:start position:0% +planned on discreet Choice estimation +which obviously a full week is not so + + align:start position:0% +which obviously a full week is not so + + + align:start position:0% +which obviously a full week is not so +much there's much more in 273 + + align:start position:0% +much there's much more in 273 + + + align:start position:0% +much there's much more in 273 +but anyway so so it's week four of this + + align:start position:0% +but anyway so so it's week four of this + + + align:start position:0% +but anyway so so it's week four of this +course Tobias is going to spend a week + + align:start position:0% +course Tobias is going to spend a week + + + align:start position:0% +course Tobias is going to spend a week +on discret Choice uh estimation for now + + align:start position:0% +on discret Choice uh estimation for now + + + align:start position:0% +on discret Choice uh estimation for now +let me just s say this is how everybody + + align:start position:0% +let me just s say this is how everybody + + + align:start position:0% +let me just s say this is how everybody +always seems to do demand estimation in + + align:start position:0% +always seems to do demand estimation in + + + align:start position:0% +always seems to do demand estimation in +iio these days there a lot of funny + + align:start position:0% +iio these days there a lot of funny + + + align:start position:0% +iio these days there a lot of funny +elements of it but so what we're doing + + align:start position:0% +elements of it but so what we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +elements of it but so what we're doing +here is we have this model of consumers + + align:start position:0% +here is we have this model of consumers + + + align:start position:0% +here is we have this model of consumers +and we specify a utility function that + + align:start position:0% +and we specify a utility function that + + + align:start position:0% +and we specify a utility function that +they're going to get from buying three + + align:start position:0% +they're going to get from buying three + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to get from buying three +objects a new + + align:start position:0% +objects a new + + + align:start position:0% +objects a new +book uh a used book and no book at all + + align:start position:0% +book uh a used book and no book at all + + + align:start position:0% +book uh a used book and no book at all +okay and what utility do you get if you + + align:start position:0% +okay and what utility do you get if you + + + align:start position:0% +okay and what utility do you get if you +buy a new book first there's like a xjt + + align:start position:0% +buy a new book first there's like a xjt + + + align:start position:0% +buy a new book first there's like a xjt +beta which is something on book + + align:start position:0% +beta which is something on book + + + align:start position:0% +beta which is something on book +characteristics times some + + align:start position:0% +characteristics times some + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics times some +coefficients um then there's a + + align:start position:0% +coefficients um then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients um then there's a +disutility of paying for the book so + + align:start position:0% +disutility of paying for the book so + + + align:start position:0% +disutility of paying for the book so +Alpha is your price + + align:start position:0% +Alpha is your price + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha is your price +sensitivity and then we + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity and then we + + + align:start position:0% +sensitivity and then we +multiply Alpha by the net price that you + + align:start position:0% +multiply Alpha by the net price that you + + + align:start position:0% +multiply Alpha by the net price that you +would pay the net price that you would + + align:start position:0% +would pay the net price that you would + + + align:start position:0% +would pay the net price that you would +pay is the full + + align:start position:0% +pay is the full + + + align:start position:0% +pay is the full +price + + align:start position:0% +price + + + align:start position:0% +price +minus a discount that you apply to money + + align:start position:0% +minus a discount that you apply to money + + + align:start position:0% +minus a discount that you apply to money +that's going to come to you in the + + align:start position:0% +that's going to come to you in the + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to come to you in the +future + + align:start position:0% +future + + + align:start position:0% +future +times the money you expect to get back + + align:start position:0% +times the money you expect to get back + + + align:start position:0% +times the money you expect to get back +when you resell the book so this is if + + align:start position:0% +when you resell the book so this is if + + + align:start position:0% +when you resell the book so this is if +the book doesn't die I can sell it back + + align:start position:0% +the book doesn't die I can sell it back + + + align:start position:0% +the book doesn't die I can sell it back +and when I sell it back I get muw times + + align:start position:0% +and when I sell it back I get muw times + + + align:start position:0% +and when I sell it back I get muw times +pjt where mu is maybe + + align:start position:0% +pjt where mu is maybe + + + align:start position:0% +pjt where mu is maybe +50% okay and so this discount Factor + + align:start position:0% +50% okay and so this discount Factor + + + align:start position:0% +50% okay and so this discount Factor +Delta is both I'm getting the money six + + align:start position:0% +Delta is both I'm getting the money six + + + align:start position:0% +Delta is both I'm getting the money six +months from now when I sell it back + + align:start position:0% +months from now when I sell it back + + + align:start position:0% +months from now when I sell it back +instead of getting it today and it's + + align:start position:0% +instead of getting it today and it's + + + align:start position:0% +instead of getting it today and it's +also am I thinking about it like you + + align:start position:0% +also am I thinking about it like you + + + align:start position:0% +also am I thinking about it like you +could imagine totally myopic consumers + + align:start position:0% +could imagine totally myopic consumers + + + align:start position:0% +could imagine totally myopic consumers +are not thinking about selling it back + + align:start position:0% +are not thinking about selling it back + + + align:start position:0% +are not thinking about selling it back +and they're just treating Delta as zero + + align:start position:0% +and they're just treating Delta as zero + + + align:start position:0% +and they're just treating Delta as zero +so they're just do I want to pay $350 + + align:start position:0% +so they're just do I want to pay $350 + + + align:start position:0% +so they're just do I want to pay $350 +today not thinking about the future okay + + align:start position:0% +today not thinking about the future okay + + + align:start position:0% +today not thinking about the future okay +um in order to explain the data there + + align:start position:0% +um in order to explain the data there + + + align:start position:0% +um in order to explain the data there +always um you know for some reason uh P + + align:start position:0% +always um you know for some reason uh P + + + align:start position:0% +always um you know for some reason uh P +started this uh use of the letter c um + + align:start position:0% +started this uh use of the letter c um + + + align:start position:0% +started this uh use of the letter c um +so this is the unobserved quality of the + + align:start position:0% +so this is the unobserved quality of the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the unobserved quality of the +book you know what is it that makes + + align:start position:0% +book you know what is it that makes + + + align:start position:0% +book you know what is it that makes +pinik and rubenfeld sell many more + + align:start position:0% +pinik and rubenfeld sell many more + + + align:start position:0% +pinik and rubenfeld sell many more +copies than many other intermediate + + align:start position:0% +copies than many other intermediate + + + align:start position:0% +copies than many other intermediate +micro + + align:start position:0% +micro + + + align:start position:0% +micro +textbooks the characteristics in terms + + align:start position:0% +textbooks the characteristics in terms + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks the characteristics in terms +of how many pages long it is and whether + + align:start position:0% +of how many pages long it is and whether + + + align:start position:0% +of how many pages long it is and whether +it's hard cover and whether it's a cdrom + + align:start position:0% +it's hard cover and whether it's a cdrom + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard cover and whether it's a cdrom +shrink wrap to it those it's not very + + align:start position:0% +shrink wrap to it those it's not very + + + align:start position:0% +shrink wrap to it those it's not very +different but it must have some + + align:start position:0% +different but it must have some + + + align:start position:0% +different but it must have some +unobserved or it may have some + + align:start position:0% +unobserved or it may have some + + + align:start position:0% +unobserved or it may have some +unobserved quality that makes it a + + align:start position:0% +unobserved quality that makes it a + + + align:start position:0% +unobserved quality that makes it a +higher fraction of students buy it uh + + align:start position:0% +higher fraction of students buy it uh + + + align:start position:0% +higher fraction of students buy it uh +and then you have this consumers have + + align:start position:0% +and then you have this consumers have + + + align:start position:0% +and then you have this consumers have +sort of a type you know in my previous + + align:start position:0% +sort of a type you know in my previous + + + align:start position:0% +sort of a type you know in my previous +lectures consumers always had this type + + align:start position:0% +lectures consumers always had this type + + + align:start position:0% +lectures consumers always had this type +Theta that determined like their taste + + align:start position:0% +Theta that determined like their taste + + + align:start position:0% +Theta that determined like their taste +for goods here consumers have a + + align:start position:0% +for goods here consumers have a + + + align:start position:0% +for goods here consumers have a +three-dimensional type they have uh a + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional type they have uh a + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional type they have uh a +three-dimensional type Epsilon JT + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional type Epsilon JT + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional type Epsilon JT +new Epsilon JT + + align:start position:0% +new Epsilon JT + + + align:start position:0% +new Epsilon JT +used and Epsilon IGT none so I have this + + align:start position:0% +used and Epsilon IGT none so I have this + + + align:start position:0% +used and Epsilon IGT none so I have this +three-dimensional type describing how + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional type describing how + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional type describing how +much I like buying new books how much I + + align:start position:0% +much I like buying new books how much I + + + align:start position:0% +much I like buying new books how much I +like buying used books and how much I + + align:start position:0% +like buying used books and how much I + + + align:start position:0% +like buying used books and how much I +like buying no books at all for this + + align:start position:0% +like buying no books at all for this + + + align:start position:0% +like buying no books at all for this +particular book uh and we model this as + + align:start position:0% +particular book uh and we model this as + + + align:start position:0% +particular book uh and we model this as +being three independent extreme value + + align:start position:0% +being three independent extreme value + + + align:start position:0% +being three independent extreme value +errors typically okay so this would be + + align:start position:0% +errors typically okay so this would be + + + align:start position:0% +errors typically okay so this would be +my utility for buying a new book again + + align:start position:0% +my utility for buying a new book again + + + align:start position:0% +my utility for buying a new book again +if my utility for buying a used book is + + align:start position:0% +if my utility for buying a used book is + + + align:start position:0% +if my utility for buying a used book is +going to be some function of the book + + align:start position:0% +going to be some function of the book + + + align:start position:0% +going to be some function of the book +characteristics plus some unobserved + + align:start position:0% +characteristics plus some unobserved + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics plus some unobserved +quality of the used book plus this + + align:start position:0% +quality of the used book plus this + + + align:start position:0% +quality of the used book plus this +idiosyncratic reaction then I have an + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic reaction then I have an + + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic reaction then I have an +idiosyncratic utility for buying no book + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic utility for buying no book + + + align:start position:0% +idiosyncratic utility for buying no book +and so what we model many consumers + + align:start position:0% +and so what we model many consumers + + + align:start position:0% +and so what we model many consumers +doing is having these three choices and + + align:start position:0% +doing is having these three choices and + + + align:start position:0% +doing is having these three choices and +then based you know different people + + align:start position:0% +then based you know different people + + + align:start position:0% +then based you know different people +make different choices because + + align:start position:0% +make different choices because + + + align:start position:0% +make different choices because +different people have different + + align:start position:0% +different people have different + + + align:start position:0% +different people have different +epsilons okay so we have this utility + + align:start position:0% +epsilons okay so we have this utility + + + align:start position:0% +epsilons okay so we have this utility +specification but then given any set of + + align:start position:0% +specification but then given any set of + + + align:start position:0% +specification but then given any set of +parameters you know beta Alpha mu Etc + + align:start position:0% +parameters you know beta Alpha mu Etc + + + align:start position:0% +parameters you know beta Alpha mu Etc +and given assumptions about the joint + + align:start position:0% +and given assumptions about the joint + + + align:start position:0% +and given assumptions about the joint +distributions of these objects uh we're + + align:start position:0% +distributions of these objects uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +distributions of these objects uh we're +going to be able to get demand as a + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to get demand as a + + + align:start position:0% +going to be able to get demand as a +function of the economic Primitives yeah + + align:start position:0% +function of the economic Primitives yeah + + + align:start position:0% +function of the economic Primitives yeah +so does do the characteristics of the + + align:start position:0% +so does do the characteristics of the + + + align:start position:0% +so does do the characteristics of the +book enter differently in new users just + + align:start position:0% +book enter differently in new users just + + + align:start position:0% +book enter differently in new users just +y f is just another data yeah no so it + + align:start position:0% +y f is just another data yeah no so it + + + align:start position:0% +y f is just another data yeah no so it +it's potentially could be it could be + + align:start position:0% +it's potentially could be it could be + + + align:start position:0% +it's potentially could be it could be +xjt Time beta or it could be some other + + align:start position:0% +xjt Time beta or it could be some other + + + align:start position:0% +xjt Time beta or it could be some other +function of xjt in their estimation it + + align:start position:0% +function of xjt in their estimation it + + + align:start position:0% +function of xjt in their estimation it +turns out it's it's their under their + + align:start position:0% +turns out it's it's their under their + + + align:start position:0% +turns out it's it's their under their +estimation assumptions it doesn't matter + + align:start position:0% +estimation assumptions it doesn't matter + + + align:start position:0% +estimation assumptions it doesn't matter +it in some sense any function here would + + align:start position:0% +it in some sense any function here would + + + align:start position:0% +it in some sense any function here would +the estimation would work so it's like + + align:start position:0% +the estimation would work so it's like + + + align:start position:0% +the estimation would work so it's like +we estimate this robustly to we don't + + align:start position:0% +we estimate this robustly to we don't + + + align:start position:0% +we estimate this robustly to we don't +need to assume this equals this and so + + align:start position:0% +need to assume this equals this and so + + + align:start position:0% +need to assume this equals this and so +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +don't okay um so theorem and this is + + align:start position:0% +don't okay um so theorem and this is + + + align:start position:0% +don't okay um so theorem and this is +sort of the magic of low jit models um + + align:start position:0% +sort of the magic of low jit models um + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the magic of low jit models um +the magic of ljit models and I you know + + align:start position:0% +the magic of ljit models and I you know + + + align:start position:0% +the magic of ljit models and I you know +this may seem skeptical at first is like + + align:start position:0% +this may seem skeptical at first is like + + + align:start position:0% +this may seem skeptical at first is like +basically you have these + + align:start position:0% +basically you have these + + + align:start position:0% +basically you have these +quantities and then you take the log of + + align:start position:0% +quantities and then you take the log of + + + align:start position:0% +quantities and then you take the log of +the quantity and you subtract something + + align:start position:0% +the quantity and you subtract something + + + align:start position:0% +the quantity and you subtract something +and you have converted from uh quantity + + align:start position:0% +and you have converted from uh quantity + + + align:start position:0% +and you have converted from uh quantity +space to utility space um and again I + + align:start position:0% +space to utility space um and again I + + + align:start position:0% +space to utility space um and again I +will let tobas explain more make this + + align:start position:0% +will let tobas explain more make this + + + align:start position:0% +will let tobas explain more make this +stronger argument why that's not doesn't + + align:start position:0% +stronger argument why that's not doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +stronger argument why that's not doesn't +seem so crazy maybe it is crazy but + + align:start position:0% +seem so crazy maybe it is crazy but + + + align:start position:0% +seem so crazy maybe it is crazy but +people do it all the time um so anyway + + align:start position:0% +people do it all the time um so anyway + + + align:start position:0% +people do it all the time um so anyway +the theorem is if the epsilons are IID + + align:start position:0% +the theorem is if the epsilons are IID + + + align:start position:0% +the theorem is if the epsilons are IID +across consumers and + + align:start position:0% +across consumers and + + + align:start position:0% +across consumers and +products and each of those epsilons has + + align:start position:0% +products and each of those epsilons has + + + align:start position:0% +products and each of those epsilons has +a type one extreme value + + align:start position:0% +a type one extreme value + + + align:start position:0% +a type one extreme value +distribution then the log of the ratio + + align:start position:0% +distribution then the log of the ratio + + + align:start position:0% +distribution then the log of the ratio +between the number of people buying new + + align:start position:0% +between the number of people buying new + + + align:start position:0% +between the number of people buying new +books and the people buying no + + align:start position:0% +books and the people buying no + + + align:start position:0% +books and the people buying no +books is um uh that utility uh + + align:start position:0% +books is um uh that utility uh + + + align:start position:0% +books is um uh that utility uh +specification so it is book + + align:start position:0% +specification so it is book + + + align:start position:0% +specification so it is book +characteristics times eff of book + + align:start position:0% +characteristics times eff of book + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics times eff of book +characteristics on utility minus Alpha + + align:start position:0% +characteristics on utility minus Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics on utility minus Alpha +times the price plus Alpha Delta Mu + + align:start position:0% +times the price plus Alpha Delta Mu + + + align:start position:0% +times the price plus Alpha Delta Mu +times the probability that it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +times the probability that it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +times the probability that it doesn't +die times the price plus this um this + + align:start position:0% +die times the price plus this um this + + + align:start position:0% +die times the price plus this um this +thing that was the unobserved product + + align:start position:0% +thing that was the unobserved product + + + align:start position:0% +thing that was the unobserved product +quality becomes the error term uh if + + align:start position:0% +quality becomes the error term uh if + + + align:start position:0% +quality becomes the error term uh if +you're regressing new book sales on book + + align:start position:0% +you're regressing new book sales on book + + + align:start position:0% +you're regressing new book sales on book +characteristics and + + align:start position:0% +characteristics and + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics and +prices okay so we make this TR this + + align:start position:0% +prices okay so we make this TR this + + + align:start position:0% +prices okay so we make this TR this +functional form transformation and we we + + align:start position:0% +functional form transformation and we we + + + align:start position:0% +functional form transformation and we we +get to this thing that we could estimate + + align:start position:0% +get to this thing that we could estimate + + + align:start position:0% +get to this thing that we could estimate +these parameters the utility function uh + + align:start position:0% +these parameters the utility function uh + + + align:start position:0% +these parameters the utility function uh +just by running a regression so we're + + align:start position:0% +just by running a regression so we're + + + align:start position:0% +just by running a regression so we're +going to + + align:start position:0% +going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to +regress log of the share log of the + + align:start position:0% +regress log of the share log of the + + + align:start position:0% +regress log of the share log of the +fraction people who buy the book + + align:start position:0% +fraction people who buy the book + + + align:start position:0% +fraction people who buy the book +on uh you know book characteristics + + align:start position:0% +on uh you know book characteristics + + + align:start position:0% +on uh you know book characteristics +prices probability of death and so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on um one thing that this specification + + align:start position:0% +on um one thing that this specification + + + align:start position:0% +on um one thing that this specification +points out is you know the coefficient + + align:start position:0% +points out is you know the coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +points out is you know the coefficient +on the book characteristics are going to + + align:start position:0% +on the book characteristics are going to + + + align:start position:0% +on the book characteristics are going to +tell us how much people like big books + + align:start position:0% +tell us how much people like big books + + + align:start position:0% +tell us how much people like big books +versus small books um coefficient on + + align:start position:0% +versus small books um coefficient on + + + align:start position:0% +versus small books um coefficient on +Price is going to tell us how much + + align:start position:0% +Price is going to tell us how much + + + align:start position:0% +Price is going to tell us how much +people dislike buying books + + align:start position:0% +people dislike buying books + + + align:start position:0% +people dislike buying books +the coefficient on the probability of + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient on the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient on the probability of +survival times the price is going to + + align:start position:0% +survival times the price is going to + + + align:start position:0% +survival times the price is going to +give us Alpha time Delta time mu so + + align:start position:0% +give us Alpha time Delta time mu so + + + align:start position:0% +give us Alpha time Delta time mu so +Delta and mu are not separately + + align:start position:0% +Delta and mu are not separately + + + align:start position:0% +Delta and mu are not separately +identified so if I if I said right the + + align:start position:0% +identified so if I if I said right the + + + align:start position:0% +identified so if I if I said right the +Delta was the key parameter of our + + align:start position:0% +Delta was the key parameter of our + + + align:start position:0% +Delta was the key parameter of our +people forward looking the Mew was what + + align:start position:0% +people forward looking the Mew was what + + + align:start position:0% +people forward looking the Mew was what +how much money do they get expect to get + + align:start position:0% +how much money do they get expect to get + + + align:start position:0% +how much money do they get expect to get +back when they resell the book if + + align:start position:0% +back when they resell the book if + + + align:start position:0% +back when they resell the book if +they're allowed to resell it um we can't + + align:start position:0% +they're allowed to resell it um we can't + + + align:start position:0% +they're allowed to resell it um we can't +separately identify this product all we + + align:start position:0% +separately identify this product all we + + + align:start position:0% +separately identify this product all we +can do is is estimate those two things + + align:start position:0% +can do is is estimate those two things + + + align:start position:0% +can do is is estimate those two things +multiplied + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +together + + align:start position:0% +together + + + align:start position:0% +together +um so another observation you know we're + + align:start position:0% +um so another observation you know we're + + + align:start position:0% +um so another observation you know we're +going to need an instrument for Price + + align:start position:0% +going to need an instrument for Price + + + align:start position:0% +going to need an instrument for Price +why are we going to need an instrument + + align:start position:0% +why are we going to need an instrument + + + align:start position:0% +why are we going to need an instrument +for Price well we always need an + + align:start position:0% +for Price well we always need an + + + align:start position:0% +for Price well we always need an +instrument for price but you know if the + + align:start position:0% +instrument for price but you know if the + + + align:start position:0% +instrument for price but you know if the +firm has a book that has a high + + align:start position:0% +firm has a book that has a high + + + align:start position:0% +firm has a book that has a high +unobserved quality this is a book that + + align:start position:0% +unobserved quality this is a book that + + + align:start position:0% +unobserved quality this is a book that +many people like you know the same + + align:start position:0% +many people like you know the same + + + align:start position:0% +many people like you know the same +reason that just sort of like you know + + align:start position:0% +reason that just sort of like you know + + + align:start position:0% +reason that just sort of like you know +when when demand is high price is high + + align:start position:0% +when when demand is high price is high + + + align:start position:0% +when when demand is high price is high +to the extent that's true but if if the + + align:start position:0% +to the extent that's true but if if the + + + align:start position:0% +to the extent that's true but if if the +if the book has an Epsilon new that + + align:start position:0% +if the book has an Epsilon new that + + + align:start position:0% +if the book has an Epsilon new that +makes you the firm want to set a high + + align:start position:0% +makes you the firm want to set a high + + + align:start position:0% +makes you the firm want to set a high +price then you know price is going to be + + align:start position:0% +price then you know price is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +price then you know price is going to be +correlated with this error term so price + + align:start position:0% +correlated with this error term so price + + + align:start position:0% +correlated with this error term so price +is endogenous so we need an instrument + + align:start position:0% +is endogenous so we need an instrument + + + align:start position:0% +is endogenous so we need an instrument +for price um what do they do the + + align:start position:0% +for price um what do they do the + + + align:start position:0% +for price um what do they do the +instruments they use for Price are um + + align:start position:0% +instruments they use for Price are um + + + align:start position:0% +instruments they use for Price are um +having a nonprofit publisher so for + + align:start position:0% +having a nonprofit publisher so for + + + align:start position:0% +having a nonprofit publisher so for +instance Troll's textbook is published + + align:start position:0% +instance Troll's textbook is published + + + align:start position:0% +instance Troll's textbook is published +by MIT press rather than by you know + + align:start position:0% +by MIT press rather than by you know + + + align:start position:0% +by MIT press rather than by you know +McMillan or somebody else uh th book is + + align:start position:0% +McMillan or somebody else uh th book is + + + align:start position:0% +McMillan or somebody else uh th book is +cheaper than many other books um because + + align:start position:0% +cheaper than many other books um because + + + align:start position:0% +cheaper than many other books um because +nonprofit Publishers tend to set lower + + align:start position:0% +nonprofit Publishers tend to set lower + + + align:start position:0% +nonprofit Publishers tend to set lower +prices um other instruments they use are + + align:start position:0% +prices um other instruments they use are + + + align:start position:0% +prices um other instruments they use are +what fraction of your close competitors + + align:start position:0% +what fraction of your close competitors + + + align:start position:0% +what fraction of your close competitors +are published by nonprofit Publishers so + + align:start position:0% +are published by nonprofit Publishers so + + + align:start position:0% +are published by nonprofit Publishers so +if intermediate macro books there's a + + align:start position:0% +if intermediate macro books there's a + + + align:start position:0% +if intermediate macro books there's a +big a large a lot of them are sold by + + align:start position:0% +big a large a lot of them are sold by + + + align:start position:0% +big a large a lot of them are sold by +nonprofit Publishers then maybe the + + align:start position:0% +nonprofit Publishers then maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +nonprofit Publishers then maybe the +for-profit Publishers also have to set + + align:start position:0% +for-profit Publishers also have to set + + + align:start position:0% +for-profit Publishers also have to set +lower prices um they also have a measure + + align:start position:0% +lower prices um they also have a measure + + + align:start position:0% +lower prices um they also have a measure +which is what's the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +which is what's the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +which is what's the concentration of +ownership are there 10 different major + + align:start position:0% +ownership are there 10 different major + + + align:start position:0% +ownership are there 10 different major +Publishers who have you know + + align:start position:0% +Publishers who have you know + + + align:start position:0% +Publishers who have you know +intermediate machine learning books or + + align:start position:0% +intermediate machine learning books or + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate machine learning books or +are there only two such Publishers who + + align:start position:0% +are there only two such Publishers who + + + align:start position:0% +are there only two such Publishers who +have who have dominated the market okay + + align:start position:0% +have who have dominated the market okay + + + align:start position:0% +have who have dominated the market okay +um okay so anyway but so this is + + align:start position:0% +um okay so anyway but so this is + + + align:start position:0% +um okay so anyway but so this is +basically the EST estimating equation so + + align:start position:0% +basically the EST estimating equation so + + + align:start position:0% +basically the EST estimating equation so +it's just an IV it's just an IV + + align:start position:0% +it's just an IV it's just an IV + + + align:start position:0% +it's just an IV it's just an IV +regression and it's an IV regression + + align:start position:0% +regression and it's an IV regression + + + align:start position:0% +regression and it's an IV regression +that under the assumptions they've made + + align:start position:0% +that under the assumptions they've made + + + align:start position:0% +that under the assumptions they've made +should let let estimate Delta Mu which + + align:start position:0% +should let let estimate Delta Mu which + + + align:start position:0% +should let let estimate Delta Mu which +is what we care + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about and what do they find um + + align:start position:0% +about and what do they find um + + + align:start position:0% +about and what do they find um +um you know so they Define Lambda equals + + align:start position:0% +um you know so they Define Lambda equals + + + align:start position:0% +um you know so they Define Lambda equals +Delta time mu + + align:start position:0% +Delta time mu + + + align:start position:0% +Delta time mu +um what is we think Mew is we think that + + align:start position:0% +um what is we think Mew is we think that + + + align:start position:0% +um what is we think Mew is we think that +Mew you've got to be able to get at + + align:start position:0% +Mew you've got to be able to get at + + + align:start position:0% +Mew you've got to be able to get at +least for like normally you get 50% back + + align:start position:0% +least for like normally you get 50% back + + + align:start position:0% +least for like normally you get 50% back +at the bookstore if you're going to sell + + align:start position:0% +at the bookstore if you're going to sell + + + align:start position:0% +at the bookstore if you're going to sell +it back to your friends maybe you could + + align:start position:0% +it back to your friends maybe you could + + + align:start position:0% +it back to your friends maybe you could +go go to your well not your closest + + align:start position:0% +go go to your well not your closest + + + align:start position:0% +go go to your well not your closest +friends but you know like can say I'll + + align:start position:0% +friends but you know like can say I'll + + + align:start position:0% +friends but you know like can say I'll +sell my book to you for only 75% of the + + align:start position:0% +sell my book to you for only 75% of the + + + align:start position:0% +sell my book to you for only 75% of the +cover price because you know people want + + align:start position:0% +cover price because you know people want + + + align:start position:0% +cover price because you know people want +to go to the used the campus bookstore + + align:start position:0% +to go to the used the campus bookstore + + + align:start position:0% +to go to the used the campus bookstore +they can buy the used book at 75% of the + + align:start position:0% +they can buy the used book at 75% of the + + + align:start position:0% +they can buy the used book at 75% of the +cover price you're not going to be able + + align:start position:0% +cover price you're not going to be able + + + align:start position:0% +cover price you're not going to be able +to sell for more than that just posting + + align:start position:0% +to sell for more than that just posting + + + align:start position:0% +to sell for more than that just posting +a sign in the dorm saying I'm got to use + + align:start position:0% +a sign in the dorm saying I'm got to use + + + align:start position:0% +a sign in the dorm saying I'm got to use +copy to sell um but so if we think mu is + + align:start position:0% +copy to sell um but so if we think mu is + + + align:start position:0% +copy to sell um but so if we think mu is +between 04 and 75 you know they estimate + + align:start position:0% +between 04 and 75 you know they estimate + + + align:start position:0% +between 04 and 75 you know they estimate +is they estimate Lambda is + + align:start position:0% +is they estimate Lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +is they estimate Lambda is +61 and so if you estimate that Lambda is + + align:start position:0% +61 and so if you estimate that Lambda is + + + align:start position:0% +61 and so if you estimate that Lambda is +61 and you think that mu is in this + + align:start position:0% +61 and you think that mu is in this + + + align:start position:0% +61 and you think that mu is in this +range that's got to tell you that mu is + + align:start position:0% +range that's got to tell you that mu is + + + align:start position:0% +range that's got to tell you that mu is +not4 Mu is bigger than 04 and Delta is + + align:start position:0% +not4 Mu is bigger than 04 and Delta is + + + align:start position:0% +not4 Mu is bigger than 04 and Delta is +pretty close to one so the estimates are + + align:start position:0% +pretty close to one so the estimates are + + + align:start position:0% +pretty close to one so the estimates are +indicating that consumers must be fairly + + align:start position:0% +indicating that consumers must be fairly + + + align:start position:0% +indicating that consumers must be fairly +close to all being forward-looking + + align:start position:0% +close to all being forward-looking + + + align:start position:0% +close to all being forward-looking +and putting a very large weight on that + + align:start position:0% +and putting a very large weight on that + + + align:start position:0% +and putting a very large weight on that +revision probability + + align:start position:0% +revision probability + + + align:start position:0% +revision probability +because you know they're reacting a + + align:start position:0% +because you know they're reacting a + + + align:start position:0% +because you know they're reacting a +great deal to books that are about to + + align:start position:0% +great deal to books that are about to + + + align:start position:0% +great deal to books that are about to +die and they could only put react that + + align:start position:0% +die and they could only put react that + + + align:start position:0% +die and they could only put react that +much to books they're about to die if + + align:start position:0% +much to books they're about to die if + + + align:start position:0% +much to books they're about to die if +they both you know if they recognize + + align:start position:0% +they both you know if they recognize + + + align:start position:0% +they both you know if they recognize +they're going to die or there's a high + + align:start position:0% +they're going to die or there's a high + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to die or there's a high +probability of death and put a lot of + + align:start position:0% +probability of death and put a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +probability of death and put a lot of +weight on that right so in some sense + + align:start position:0% +weight on that right so in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +weight on that right so in some sense +we've we're made two things we get this + + align:start position:0% +we've we're made two things we get this + + + align:start position:0% +we've we're made two things we get this +sort + + align:start position:0% +sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort +of you know I have Alpha and Alpha Delta + + align:start position:0% +of you know I have Alpha and Alpha Delta + + + align:start position:0% +of you know I have Alpha and Alpha Delta +Mu so the you coefficient on the + + align:start position:0% +Mu so the you coefficient on the + + + align:start position:0% +Mu so the you coefficient on the +probability of death is giving + + align:start position:0% +probability of death is giving + + + align:start position:0% +probability of death is giving +me this the coefficient on The Price is + + align:start position:0% +me this the coefficient on The Price is + + + align:start position:0% +me this the coefficient on The Price is +giving me this and so then I divide them + + align:start position:0% +giving me this and so then I divide them + + + align:start position:0% +giving me this and so then I divide them +and that's where I get the Lambda + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from okay any questions on that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um you know so obviously as with any + + align:start position:0% +um you know so obviously as with any + + + align:start position:0% +um you know so obviously as with any +empirical paper I can think of lots of + + align:start position:0% +empirical paper I can think of lots of + + + align:start position:0% +empirical paper I can think of lots of +concerns um you know I think one of the + + align:start position:0% +concerns um you know I think one of the + + + align:start position:0% +concerns um you know I think one of the +hurdles to getting research done is you + + align:start position:0% +hurdles to getting research done is you + + + align:start position:0% +hurdles to getting research done is you +just there always going to be problems + + align:start position:0% +just there always going to be problems + + + align:start position:0% +just there always going to be problems +with your paper you just go ahead and + + align:start position:0% +with your paper you just go ahead and + + + align:start position:0% +with your paper you just go ahead and +write the you know like in our + + align:start position:0% +write the you know like in our + + + align:start position:0% +write the you know like in our +profession the people who get ahead are + + align:start position:0% +profession the people who get ahead are + + + align:start position:0% +profession the people who get ahead are +the people who write the papers and then + + align:start position:0% +the people who write the papers and then + + + align:start position:0% +the people who write the papers and then +other people criticize them that's okay + + align:start position:0% +other people criticize them that's okay + + + align:start position:0% +other people criticize them that's okay +like it's it's just writing the papers + + align:start position:0% +like it's it's just writing the papers + + + align:start position:0% +like it's it's just writing the papers +and having people talk about your paper + + align:start position:0% +and having people talk about your paper + + + align:start position:0% +and having people talk about your paper +is what you have to do to get ahead in + + align:start position:0% +is what you have to do to get ahead in + + + align:start position:0% +is what you have to do to get ahead in +this world and so you write the paper + + align:start position:0% +this world and so you write the paper + + + align:start position:0% +this world and so you write the paper +there may be flaws there are things you + + align:start position:0% +there may be flaws there are things you + + + align:start position:0% +there may be flaws there are things you +can criticize but you know as with any + + align:start position:0% +can criticize but you know as with any + + + align:start position:0% +can criticize but you know as with any +paper there could be lots of things to + + align:start position:0% +paper there could be lots of things to + + + align:start position:0% +paper there could be lots of things to +criticize and that's okay as long as you + + align:start position:0% +criticize and that's okay as long as you + + + align:start position:0% +criticize and that's okay as long as you +get it out there um so what can I + + align:start position:0% +get it out there um so what can I + + + align:start position:0% +get it out there um so what can I +criticize about this one you know they + + align:start position:0% +criticize about this one you know they + + + align:start position:0% +criticize about this one you know they +have no data on the non- bookstore sales + + align:start position:0% +have no data on the non- bookstore sales + + + align:start position:0% +have no data on the non- bookstore sales +they have very good data on the + + align:start position:0% +they have very good data on the + + + align:start position:0% +they have very good data on the +bookstore sales they get through the + + align:start position:0% +bookstore sales they get through the + + + align:start position:0% +bookstore sales they get through the +bookstores themselves uh they really + + align:start position:0% +bookstores themselves uh they really + + + align:start position:0% +bookstores themselves uh they really +don't know much about the used Market + + align:start position:0% +don't know much about the used Market + + + align:start position:0% +don't know much about the used Market +you know they have a couple different + + align:start position:0% +you know they have a couple different + + + align:start position:0% +you know they have a couple different +treatments of the used Market but in + + align:start position:0% +treatments of the used Market but in + + + align:start position:0% +treatments of the used Market but in +some sense they're they're kind of + + align:start position:0% +some sense they're they're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +some sense they're they're kind of +making up The Used Book Sales and just + + align:start position:0% +making up The Used Book Sales and just + + + align:start position:0% +making up The Used Book Sales and just +and just uh going with that + + align:start position:0% +and just uh going with that + + + align:start position:0% +and just uh going with that +um you know instruments are important + + align:start position:0% +um you know instruments are important + + + align:start position:0% +um you know instruments are important +like I think the nonprofit publisher + + align:start position:0% +like I think the nonprofit publisher + + + align:start position:0% +like I think the nonprofit publisher +instrument is a good instrument but you + + align:start position:0% +instrument is a good instrument but you + + + align:start position:0% +instrument is a good instrument but you +know let's suppose you haven't fully + + align:start position:0% +know let's suppose you haven't fully + + + align:start position:0% +know let's suppose you haven't fully +instrumented for this thing you know + + align:start position:0% +instrumented for this thing you know + + + align:start position:0% +instrumented for this thing you know +there the Lambda is Lambda hat is going + + align:start position:0% +there the Lambda is Lambda hat is going + + + align:start position:0% +there the Lambda is Lambda hat is going +to be like Alpha Delta Mu hat over Alpha + + align:start position:0% +to be like Alpha Delta Mu hat over Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +to be like Alpha Delta Mu hat over Alpha +hat if the alpha hat ends up biased + + align:start position:0% +hat if the alpha hat ends up biased + + + align:start position:0% +hat if the alpha hat ends up biased +towards zero you're going to be + + align:start position:0% +towards zero you're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +towards zero you're going to be +inflating the Lambda hat so it's + + align:start position:0% +inflating the Lambda hat so it's + + + align:start position:0% +inflating the Lambda hat so it's +imperfect job of instrumenting for Alpha + + align:start position:0% +imperfect job of instrumenting for Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +imperfect job of instrumenting for Alpha +is going to make you think that Lambda + + align:start position:0% +is going to make you think that Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +is going to make you think that Lambda +is bigger than it is you wor could that + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than it is you wor could that + + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than it is you wor could that +be part of what's going on um you know + + align:start position:0% +be part of what's going on um you know + + + align:start position:0% +be part of what's going on um you know +distribution of Errors you know again we + + align:start position:0% +distribution of Errors you know again we + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of Errors you know again we +have that theorem if the epsilons are + + align:start position:0% +have that theorem if the epsilons are + + + align:start position:0% +have that theorem if the epsilons are +IID extreme value type errors then log + + align:start position:0% +IID extreme value type errors then log + + + align:start position:0% +IID extreme value type errors then log +of s over log of s equals this um + + align:start position:0% +of s over log of s equals this um + + + align:start position:0% +of s over log of s equals this um +there's a Converse that theorem which + + align:start position:0% +there's a Converse that theorem which + + + align:start position:0% +there's a Converse that theorem which +says if the errors are not IID extreme + + align:start position:0% +says if the errors are not IID extreme + + + align:start position:0% +says if the errors are not IID extreme +value type one then log of s new over s + + align:start position:0% +value type one then log of s new over s + + + align:start position:0% +value type one then log of s new over s +not is not equal to x * beta minus Alpha + + align:start position:0% +not is not equal to x * beta minus Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +not is not equal to x * beta minus Alpha +* pus Alpha times P1 minus die so + + align:start position:0% +* pus Alpha times P1 minus die so + + + align:start position:0% +* pus Alpha times P1 minus die so +obviously you know we're relying on this + + align:start position:0% +obviously you know we're relying on this + + + align:start position:0% +obviously you know we're relying on this +functional form identification in that + + align:start position:0% +functional form identification in that + + + align:start position:0% +functional form identification in that +sense um we're also relying on + + align:start position:0% +sense um we're also relying on + + + align:start position:0% +sense um we're also relying on +functional form identification in a + + align:start position:0% +functional form identification in a + + + align:start position:0% +functional form identification in a +second sense which is like the + + align:start position:0% +second sense which is like the + + + align:start position:0% +second sense which is like the +probability that a book will die is a + + align:start position:0% +probability that a book will die is a + + + align:start position:0% +probability that a book will die is a +function of its age and the field it's + + align:start position:0% +function of its age and the field it's + + + align:start position:0% +function of its age and the field it's +in and other things um so by using that + + align:start position:0% +in and other things um so by using that + + + align:start position:0% +in and other things um so by using that +probability of death as an instrument on + + align:start position:0% +probability of death as an instrument on + + + align:start position:0% +probability of death as an instrument on +the right side um so you know the way + + align:start position:0% +the right side um so you know the way + + + align:start position:0% +the right side um so you know the way +the estimation is actually done is is + + align:start position:0% +the estimation is actually done is is + + + align:start position:0% +the estimation is actually done is is +they put one minus whether it actually + + align:start position:0% +they put one minus whether it actually + + + align:start position:0% +they put one minus whether it actually +died here on the right side and then use + + align:start position:0% +died here on the right side and then use + + + align:start position:0% +died here on the right side and then use +the probability of death as an + + align:start position:0% +the probability of death as an + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of death as an +instrument for whether it actually died + + align:start position:0% +instrument for whether it actually died + + + align:start position:0% +instrument for whether it actually died +but still using that you know you're + + align:start position:0% +but still using that you know you're + + + align:start position:0% +but still using that you know you're +using as an instrument something that's + + align:start position:0% +using as an instrument something that's + + + align:start position:0% +using as an instrument something that's +a function of variables that are all in + + align:start position:0% +a function of variables that are all in + + + align:start position:0% +a function of variables that are all in +your equation and so it has to be that + + align:start position:0% +your equation and so it has to be that + + + align:start position:0% +your equation and so it has to be that +somehow that nonlinear function of + + align:start position:0% +somehow that nonlinear function of + + + align:start position:0% +somehow that nonlinear function of +semesters and whatever is uncorrelated + + align:start position:0% +semesters and whatever is uncorrelated + + + align:start position:0% +semesters and whatever is uncorrelated +with the errors in the demand equation + + align:start position:0% +with the errors in the demand equation + + + align:start position:0% +with the errors in the demand equation +even though you put the variables + + align:start position:0% +even though you put the variables + + + align:start position:0% +even though you put the variables +themselves also on the right side just + + align:start position:0% +themselves also on the right side just + + + align:start position:0% +themselves also on the right side just +linearly um so there's a use of + + align:start position:0% +linearly um so there's a use of + + + align:start position:0% +linearly um so there's a use of +functional forms to identify that I + + align:start position:0% +functional forms to identify that I + + + align:start position:0% +functional forms to identify that I +should say you know one nice thing that + + align:start position:0% +should say you know one nice thing that + + + align:start position:0% +should say you know one nice thing that +they did at the back of the paper to + + align:start position:0% +they did at the back of the paper to + + + align:start position:0% +they did at the back of the paper to +sort of try to make it more convincing + + align:start position:0% +sort of try to make it more convincing + + + align:start position:0% +sort of try to make it more convincing +is this paper was written before books + + align:start position:0% +is this paper was written before books + + + align:start position:0% +is this paper was written before books +were sold on Amazon they then got some + + align:start position:0% +were sold on Amazon they then got some + + + align:start position:0% +were sold on Amazon they then got some +more recent data of used books sold on + + align:start position:0% +more recent data of used books sold on + + + align:start position:0% +more recent data of used books sold on +Amazon and they also find this effect + + align:start position:0% +Amazon and they also find this effect + + + align:start position:0% +Amazon and they also find this effect +there on the price side that if you look + + align:start position:0% +there on the price side that if you look + + + align:start position:0% +there on the price side that if you look +at at what price can you sell your used + + align:start position:0% +at at what price can you sell your used + + + align:start position:0% +at at what price can you sell your used +book on Amazon uh it goes down + + align:start position:0% +book on Amazon uh it goes down + + + align:start position:0% +book on Amazon uh it goes down +dramatically in semester + + align:start position:0% +dramatically in semester + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically in semester +5 and sometimes you go on Amazon and you + + align:start position:0% +5 and sometimes you go on Amazon and you + + + align:start position:0% +5 and sometimes you go on Amazon and you +see the 12th edition is already + + align:start position:0% +see the 12th edition is already + + + align:start position:0% +see the 12th edition is already +available not yet available to buy but + + align:start position:0% +available not yet available to buy but + + + align:start position:0% +available not yet available to buy but +it's there like you know I own the 11th + + align:start position:0% +it's there like you know I own the 11th + + + align:start position:0% +it's there like you know I own the 11th +like I'm being asked to buy the 11th + + align:start position:0% +like I'm being asked to buy the 11th + + + align:start position:0% +like I'm being asked to buy the 11th +Edition the 12th edition is listed on + + align:start position:0% +Edition the 12th edition is listed on + + + align:start position:0% +Edition the 12th edition is listed on +Amazon as available October 15th in that + + align:start position:0% +Amazon as available October 15th in that + + + align:start position:0% +Amazon as available October 15th in that +situation prices really you know uh + + align:start position:0% +situation prices really you know uh + + + align:start position:0% +situation prices really you know uh +prices of used books really really drop + + align:start position:0% +prices of used books really really drop + + + align:start position:0% +prices of used books really really drop +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay okay any uh any further questions + + align:start position:0% +okay okay any uh any further questions + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay any uh any further questions +on this paper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay um okay so let me go to uh final + + align:start position:0% +okay um okay so let me go to uh final + + + align:start position:0% +okay um okay so let me go to uh final +paper and again this is a you know final + + align:start position:0% +paper and again this is a you know final + + + align:start position:0% +paper and again this is a you know final +paper thought i' talk about is you know + + align:start position:0% +paper thought i' talk about is you know + + + align:start position:0% +paper thought i' talk about is you know +it's 10 years old it's 10 years old it + + align:start position:0% +it's 10 years old it's 10 years old it + + + align:start position:0% +it's 10 years old it's 10 years old it +almost seems or 12 years old it almost + + align:start position:0% +almost seems or 12 years old it almost + + + align:start position:0% +almost seems or 12 years old it almost +seems more topical than it did when it + + align:start position:0% +seems more topical than it did when it + + + align:start position:0% +seems more topical than it did when it +was written um so this is about media + + align:start position:0% +was written um so this is about media + + + align:start position:0% +was written um so this is about media +slant um this one you know the question + + align:start position:0% +slant um this one you know the question + + + align:start position:0% +slant um this one you know the question +is why it why do we see biased news + + align:start position:0% +is why it why do we see biased news + + + align:start position:0% +is why it why do we see biased news +media um one reason why you might think + + align:start position:0% +media um one reason why you might think + + + align:start position:0% +media um one reason why you might think +we see biased news media media is maybe + + align:start position:0% +we see biased news media media is maybe + + + align:start position:0% +we see biased news media media is maybe +Rupert Murdoch is very conservative and + + align:start position:0% +Rupert Murdoch is very conservative and + + + align:start position:0% +Rupert Murdoch is very conservative and +wants to spread conservative values + + align:start position:0% +wants to spread conservative values + + + align:start position:0% +wants to spread conservative values +across the United States or maybe you + + align:start position:0% +across the United States or maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +across the United States or maybe you +know maybe you know Newsmax is secretly + + align:start position:0% +know maybe you know Newsmax is secretly + + + align:start position:0% +know maybe you know Newsmax is secretly +controlled by Russia and they're out to + + align:start position:0% +controlled by Russia and they're out to + + + align:start position:0% +controlled by Russia and they're out to +display misinformation that will destroy + + align:start position:0% +display misinformation that will destroy + + + align:start position:0% +display misinformation that will destroy +American democracy but another + + align:start position:0% +American democracy but another + + + align:start position:0% +American democracy but another +explanation would simply be that running + + align:start position:0% +explanation would simply be that running + + + align:start position:0% +explanation would simply be that running +Fox News and getting people angry about + + align:start position:0% +Fox News and getting people angry about + + + align:start position:0% +Fox News and getting people angry about +things is a very very profitable + + align:start position:0% +things is a very very profitable + + + align:start position:0% +things is a very very profitable +business and you don't even doesn't even + + align:start position:0% +business and you don't even doesn't even + + + align:start position:0% +business and you don't even doesn't even +have to be conservative to want to do + + align:start position:0% +have to be conservative to want to do + + + align:start position:0% +have to be conservative to want to do +this because he's just making lots and + + align:start position:0% +this because he's just making lots and + + + align:start position:0% +this because he's just making lots and +lots of money because people watch Fox + + align:start position:0% +lots of money because people watch Fox + + + align:start position:0% +lots of money because people watch Fox +News um you know in this case you know I + + align:start position:0% +News um you know in this case you know I + + + align:start position:0% +News um you know in this case you know I +said in Shalia and gouby it was like + + align:start position:0% +said in Shalia and gouby it was like + + + align:start position:0% +said in Shalia and gouby it was like +there's a public policy question about + + align:start position:0% +there's a public policy question about + + + align:start position:0% +there's a public policy question about +books and why they're so expensive why + + align:start position:0% +books and why they're so expensive why + + + align:start position:0% +books and why they're so expensive why +they get revised but then there's a + + align:start position:0% +they get revised but then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +they get revised but then there's a +understanding the theory better here I + + align:start position:0% +understanding the theory better here I + + + align:start position:0% +understanding the theory better here I +think it's less of an understanding of + + align:start position:0% +think it's less of an understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +think it's less of an understanding of +the theory better than just the + + align:start position:0% +the theory better than just the + + + align:start position:0% +the theory better than just the +recognizing the theory which is the + + align:start position:0% +recognizing the theory which is the + + + align:start position:0% +recognizing the theory which is the +theory is the optimal product quality + + align:start position:0% +theory is the optimal product quality + + + align:start position:0% +theory is the optimal product quality +theorem from Monopoly pricing that you + + align:start position:0% +theorem from Monopoly pricing that you + + + align:start position:0% +theorem from Monopoly pricing that you +know we think monopolists ought to + + align:start position:0% +know we think monopolists ought to + + + align:start position:0% +know we think monopolists ought to +choose the quality of their product that + + align:start position:0% +choose the quality of their product that + + + align:start position:0% +choose the quality of their product that +is optimal to maximize profits and so + + align:start position:0% +is optimal to maximize profits and so + + + align:start position:0% +is optimal to maximize profits and so +the question here is does that optimal + + align:start position:0% +the question here is does that optimal + + + align:start position:0% +the question here is does that optimal +quality theorem apply to help us + + align:start position:0% +quality theorem apply to help us + + + align:start position:0% +quality theorem apply to help us +understand Fox News and does it look + + align:start position:0% +understand Fox News and does it look + + + align:start position:0% +understand Fox News and does it look +like Fox News is profit + + align:start position:0% +like Fox News is profit + + + align:start position:0% +like Fox News is profit +maximizing and do we understand things + + align:start position:0% +maximizing and do we understand things + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing and do we understand things +are Prof maximizing now turns out you + + align:start position:0% +are Prof maximizing now turns out you + + + align:start position:0% +are Prof maximizing now turns out you +know this paper is not about Fox News + + align:start position:0% +know this paper is not about Fox News + + + align:start position:0% +know this paper is not about Fox News +this is about newspapers and and you + + align:start position:0% +this is about newspapers and and you + + + align:start position:0% +this is about newspapers and and you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +um again you know things do age there + + align:start position:0% +um again you know things do age there + + + align:start position:0% +um again you know things do age there +was a time in the United States not so + + align:start position:0% +was a time in the United States not so + + + align:start position:0% +was a time in the United States not so +long ago when people read newspapers um + + align:start position:0% +long ago when people read newspapers um + + + align:start position:0% +long ago when people read newspapers um +newspapers were things printed on + + align:start position:0% +newspapers were things printed on + + + align:start position:0% +newspapers were things printed on +physical paper delivered to people's + + align:start position:0% +physical paper delivered to people's + + + align:start position:0% +physical paper delivered to people's +houses by carriers and then you would + + align:start position:0% +houses by carriers and then you would + + + align:start position:0% +houses by carriers and then you would +get up in the morning pick up your + + align:start position:0% +get up in the morning pick up your + + + align:start position:0% +get up in the morning pick up your +newspaper and read it while drinking + + align:start position:0% +newspaper and read it while drinking + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper and read it while drinking +your coffee and eating breakfast um + + align:start position:0% +your coffee and eating breakfast um + + + align:start position:0% +your coffee and eating breakfast um +there were many many local newspapers in + + align:start position:0% +there were many many local newspapers in + + + align:start position:0% +there were many many local newspapers in +the United States every city had + + align:start position:0% +the United States every city had + + + align:start position:0% +the United States every city had +multiple newspapers so in Boston instead + + align:start position:0% +multiple newspapers so in Boston instead + + + align:start position:0% +multiple newspapers so in Boston instead +of just having the Boston Globe we had + + align:start position:0% +of just having the Boston Globe we had + + + align:start position:0% +of just having the Boston Globe we had +the Boston Globe and something called + + align:start position:0% +the Boston Globe and something called + + + align:start position:0% +the Boston Globe and something called +the Boston Herald uh Boston Herald was + + align:start position:0% +the Boston Herald uh Boston Herald was + + + align:start position:0% +the Boston Herald uh Boston Herald was +smaller and easier to read while riding + + align:start position:0% +smaller and easier to read while riding + + + align:start position:0% +smaller and easier to read while riding +on the subway um but many towns across + + align:start position:0% +on the subway um but many towns across + + + align:start position:0% +on the subway um but many towns across +the United States had newspapers those + + align:start position:0% +the United States had newspapers those + + + align:start position:0% +the United States had newspapers those +newspapers would convey both local news + + align:start position:0% +newspapers would convey both local news + + + align:start position:0% +newspapers would convey both local news +and national news + + align:start position:0% +and national news + + + align:start position:0% +and national news +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um uh so let's see motivation so anyway + + align:start position:0% +um uh so let's see motivation so anyway + + + align:start position:0% +um uh so let's see motivation so anyway +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +know media slant remains a very big + + align:start position:0% +know media slant remains a very big + + + align:start position:0% +know media slant remains a very big +topic I should say that you know like I + + align:start position:0% +topic I should say that you know like I + + + align:start position:0% +topic I should say that you know like I +mentioned Fox News I think another very + + align:start position:0% +mentioned Fox News I think another very + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned Fox News I think another very +interesting topic there's a company + + align:start position:0% +interesting topic there's a company + + + align:start position:0% +interesting topic there's a company +flying more under the radar Sinclair + + align:start position:0% +flying more under the radar Sinclair + + + align:start position:0% +flying more under the radar Sinclair +media Sinclair media is basically the + + align:start position:0% +media Sinclair media is basically the + + + align:start position:0% +media Sinclair media is basically the +Fox News of local television so Sinclair + + align:start position:0% +Fox News of local television so Sinclair + + + align:start position:0% +Fox News of local television so Sinclair +has bought hundreds and hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +has bought hundreds and hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +has bought hundreds and hundreds of +local + + align:start position:0% +local + + + align:start position:0% +local +stations uh across the United States and + + align:start position:0% +stations uh across the United States and + + + align:start position:0% +stations uh across the United States and +made the 10 and 11:00 news that you + + align:start position:0% +made the 10 and 11:00 news that you + + + align:start position:0% +made the 10 and 11:00 news that you +receive free over the air more Fox News + + align:start position:0% +receive free over the air more Fox News + + + align:start position:0% +receive free over the air more Fox News +like um uh anyway um you know what jent + + align:start position:0% +like um uh anyway um you know what jent + + + align:start position:0% +like um uh anyway um you know what jent +coun here were trying to do is you know + + align:start position:0% +coun here were trying to do is you know + + + align:start position:0% +coun here were trying to do is you know +ideally they would like to have this + + align:start position:0% +ideally they would like to have this + + + align:start position:0% +ideally they would like to have this +two-step investigation of of + + align:start position:0% +two-step investigation of of + + + align:start position:0% +two-step investigation of of +understanding motivations for bias news + + align:start position:0% +understanding motivations for bias news + + + align:start position:0% +understanding motivations for bias news +uh Step One is estimate the slant that + + align:start position:0% +uh Step One is estimate the slant that + + + align:start position:0% +uh Step One is estimate the slant that +slant that would be profit maximizing + + align:start position:0% +slant that would be profit maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +slant that would be profit maximizing +and then step two is compare the actual + + align:start position:0% +and then step two is compare the actual + + + align:start position:0% +and then step two is compare the actual +and profit maximizing slant and see + + align:start position:0% +and profit maximizing slant and see + + + align:start position:0% +and profit maximizing slant and see +whether the you know there are are there + + align:start position:0% +whether the you know there are are there + + + align:start position:0% +whether the you know there are are there +differences between the to if there are + + align:start position:0% +differences between the to if there are + + + align:start position:0% +differences between the to if there are +differences are they related to the + + align:start position:0% +differences are they related to the + + + align:start position:0% +differences are they related to the +ideology of the person who owns the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +newspaper um you know I think the paper + + align:start position:0% +newspaper um you know I think the paper + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper um you know I think the paper +Falls a little short of the um you know + + align:start position:0% +Falls a little short of the um you know + + + align:start position:0% +Falls a little short of the um you know +self-description or it's a little heroic + + align:start position:0% +self-description or it's a little heroic + + + align:start position:0% +self-description or it's a little heroic +in the assumptions that you need to + + align:start position:0% +in the assumptions that you need to + + + align:start position:0% +in the assumptions that you need to +think that it's estimating profit + + align:start position:0% +think that it's estimating profit + + + align:start position:0% +think that it's estimating profit +maximizing Slants um but you know it has + + align:start position:0% +maximizing Slants um but you know it has + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing Slants um but you know it has +been very influential for the questions + + align:start position:0% +been very influential for the questions + + + align:start position:0% +been very influential for the questions +it raised and also actually for the ways + + align:start position:0% +it raised and also actually for the ways + + + align:start position:0% +it raised and also actually for the ways +it's quantifying media bias and sort of + + align:start position:0% +it's quantifying media bias and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +it's quantifying media bias and sort of +techniques developed here get used in + + align:start position:0% +techniques developed here get used in + + + align:start position:0% +techniques developed here get used in +many other papers on media + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bias okay so quantifying media slant um + + align:start position:0% +bias okay so quantifying media slant um + + + align:start position:0% +bias okay so quantifying media slant um +you know this was really one of the + + align:start position:0% +you know this was really one of the + + + align:start position:0% +you know this was really one of the +first papers to use you wouldn't even + + align:start position:0% +first papers to use you wouldn't even + + + align:start position:0% +first papers to use you wouldn't even +these days call the machine learning + + align:start position:0% +these days call the machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +these days call the machine learning +techniques but you know automated text + + align:start position:0% +techniques but you know automated text + + + align:start position:0% +techniques but you know automated text +processing as a way to get data and so + + align:start position:0% +processing as a way to get data and so + + + align:start position:0% +processing as a way to get data and so +what they're trying to do is they're + + align:start position:0% +what they're trying to do is they're + + + align:start position:0% +what they're trying to do is they're +trying to figure out is a + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out is a + + + align:start position:0% +trying to figure out is a +newspaper right skewed or is the + + align:start position:0% +newspaper right skewed or is the + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper right skewed or is the +newspaper left skewed how do you make a + + align:start position:0% +newspaper left skewed how do you make a + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper left skewed how do you make a +newspaper skewed one way or the other + + align:start position:0% +newspaper skewed one way or the other + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper skewed one way or the other +well one thing you do is just with the + + align:start position:0% +well one thing you do is just with the + + + align:start position:0% +well one thing you do is just with the +words you use in the in the early 2000s + + align:start position:0% +words you use in the in the early 2000s + + + align:start position:0% +words you use in the in the early 2000s +they give examples like do you call + + align:start position:0% +they give examples like do you call + + + align:start position:0% +they give examples like do you call +something the Iraq war or the war on + + align:start position:0% +something the Iraq war or the war on + + + align:start position:0% +something the Iraq war or the war on +terror and generally people who sort of + + align:start position:0% +terror and generally people who sort of + + + align:start position:0% +terror and generally people who sort of +favored the Iraq War would call it the + + align:start position:0% +favored the Iraq War would call it the + + + align:start position:0% +favored the Iraq War would call it the +war on terror people who opposed the war + + align:start position:0% +war on terror people who opposed the war + + + align:start position:0% +war on terror people who opposed the war +on Iraq would call it the Iraq War um + + align:start position:0% +on Iraq would call it the Iraq War um + + + align:start position:0% +on Iraq would call it the Iraq War um +estate tax and death tax is a very nice + + align:start position:0% +estate tax and death tax is a very nice + + + align:start position:0% +estate tax and death tax is a very nice +linguistic thing you know in the United + + align:start position:0% +linguistic thing you know in the United + + + align:start position:0% +linguistic thing you know in the United +States if you earn Le if you have less + + align:start position:0% +States if you earn Le if you have less + + + align:start position:0% +States if you earn Le if you have less +than $5 million when you die you can + + align:start position:0% +than $5 million when you die you can + + + align:start position:0% +than $5 million when you die you can +pass it onto your heirs tax-free um if + + align:start position:0% +pass it onto your heirs tax-free um if + + + align:start position:0% +pass it onto your heirs tax-free um if +you have billions of it seems like you + + align:start position:0% +you have billions of it seems like you + + + align:start position:0% +you have billions of it seems like you +can often pass on to your heirs taxfree + + align:start position:0% +can often pass on to your heirs taxfree + + + align:start position:0% +can often pass on to your heirs taxfree +never having paid the capital gains + + align:start position:0% +never having paid the capital gains + + + align:start position:0% +never having paid the capital gains +taxes either but there are sort of taxes + + align:start position:0% +taxes either but there are sort of taxes + + + align:start position:0% +taxes either but there are sort of taxes +on the books that you're supposed to pay + + align:start position:0% +on the books that you're supposed to pay + + + align:start position:0% +on the books that you're supposed to pay +when you pass your uh billions of + + align:start position:0% +when you pass your uh billions of + + + align:start position:0% +when you pass your uh billions of +dollars onto your um children um but + + align:start position:0% +dollars onto your um children um but + + + align:start position:0% +dollars onto your um children um but +anyway the the sort of Republicans tend + + align:start position:0% +anyway the the sort of Republicans tend + + + align:start position:0% +anyway the the sort of Republicans tend +to refer to it as the death tax because + + align:start position:0% +to refer to it as the death tax because + + + align:start position:0% +to refer to it as the death tax because +who wants to tax pile on someone's + + align:start position:0% +who wants to tax pile on someone's + + + align:start position:0% +who wants to tax pile on someone's +misery when someone has died and tax + + align:start position:0% +misery when someone has died and tax + + + align:start position:0% +misery when someone has died and tax +them for it versus the estate tax + + align:start position:0% +them for it versus the estate tax + + + align:start position:0% +them for it versus the estate tax +everyone can sort of agree on taxing + + align:start position:0% +everyone can sort of agree on taxing + + + align:start position:0% +everyone can sort of agree on taxing +Estates if you have wealthy people + + align:start position:0% +Estates if you have wealthy people + + + align:start position:0% +Estates if you have wealthy people +estate wealthy estates should pay taxes + + align:start position:0% +estate wealthy estates should pay taxes + + + align:start position:0% +estate wealthy estates should pay taxes +um so there a question of like what + + align:start position:0% +um so there a question of like what + + + align:start position:0% +um so there a question of like what +words do you use in your newspaper but + + align:start position:0% +words do you use in your newspaper but + + + align:start position:0% +words do you use in your newspaper but +then much more you know if you look at + + align:start position:0% +then much more you know if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +then much more you know if you look at +what Fox News does you know some of it + + align:start position:0% +what Fox News does you know some of it + + + align:start position:0% +what Fox News does you know some of it +may be outright lying about voting + + align:start position:0% +may be outright lying about voting + + + align:start position:0% +may be outright lying about voting +machine tampering or something like that + + align:start position:0% +machine tampering or something like that + + + align:start position:0% +machine tampering or something like that +to get people angry but much more it's a + + align:start position:0% +to get people angry but much more it's a + + + align:start position:0% +to get people angry but much more it's a +question of do you have a lot of news + + align:start position:0% +question of do you have a lot of news + + + align:start position:0% +question of do you have a lot of news +stories about undocumented immigrants + + align:start position:0% +stories about undocumented immigrants + + + align:start position:0% +stories about undocumented immigrants +assaulting and killing people or do you + + align:start position:0% +assaulting and killing people or do you + + + align:start position:0% +assaulting and killing people or do you +have a lot of stories about you know + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of stories about you know + + + align:start position:0% +have a lot of stories about you know +people invading the US capital and + + align:start position:0% +people invading the US capital and + + + align:start position:0% +people invading the US capital and +beating police officers or whatever you + + align:start position:0% +beating police officers or whatever you + + + align:start position:0% +beating police officers or whatever you +know so the in some sense + + align:start position:0% +know so the in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +know so the in some sense +the uh uh a extent to which you talk + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh a extent to which you talk + + + align:start position:0% +the uh uh a extent to which you talk +about tax breaks being given to + + align:start position:0% +about tax breaks being given to + + + align:start position:0% +about tax breaks being given to +corporations or the extent you talk + + align:start position:0% +corporations or the extent you talk + + + align:start position:0% +corporations or the extent you talk +about illegal immigrants committing + + align:start position:0% +about illegal immigrants committing + + + align:start position:0% +about illegal immigrants committing +crimes is going to be sort of one way in + + align:start position:0% +crimes is going to be sort of one way in + + + align:start position:0% +crimes is going to be sort of one way in +which you can slant your news coverage + + align:start position:0% +which you can slant your news coverage + + + align:start position:0% +which you can slant your news coverage +and sort of change political opinions of + + align:start position:0% +and sort of change political opinions of + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of change political opinions of +the people who live in the area that + + align:start position:0% +the people who live in the area that + + + align:start position:0% +the people who live in the area that +that you're serving okay and so what + + align:start position:0% +that you're serving okay and so what + + + align:start position:0% +that you're serving okay and so what +they try to do is the question is how do + + align:start position:0% +they try to do is the question is how do + + + align:start position:0% +they try to do is the question is how do +you pick out a democratic from a + + align:start position:0% +you pick out a democratic from a + + + align:start position:0% +you pick out a democratic from a +republican issue or Democratic from + + align:start position:0% +republican issue or Democratic from + + + align:start position:0% +republican issue or Democratic from +Republican talking point or Democratic + + align:start position:0% +Republican talking point or Democratic + + + align:start position:0% +Republican talking point or Democratic +Republican phrasing and what they do is + + align:start position:0% +Republican phrasing and what they do is + + + align:start position:0% +Republican phrasing and what they do is +they go through the full text of all + + align:start position:0% +they go through the full text of all + + + align:start position:0% +they go through the full text of all +speeches um given on the four of the US + + align:start position:0% +speeches um given on the four of the US + + + align:start position:0% +speeches um given on the four of the US +House of Representative and the house of + + align:start position:0% +House of Representative and the house of + + + align:start position:0% +House of Representative and the house of +Senate and they pick up two and + + align:start position:0% +Senate and they pick up two and + + + align:start position:0% +Senate and they pick up two and +three-word phrases that are being used + + align:start position:0% +three-word phrases that are being used + + + align:start position:0% +three-word phrases that are being used +by Democrats and Republicans and they + + align:start position:0% +by Democrats and Republicans and they + + + align:start position:0% +by Democrats and Republicans and they +actually classify each Congress person + + align:start position:0% +actually classify each Congress person + + + align:start position:0% +actually classify each Congress person +as a where they are on a Continuum + + align:start position:0% +as a where they are on a Continuum + + + align:start position:0% +as a where they are on a Continuum +Spectrum by what's the vote share for + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum by what's the vote share for + + + align:start position:0% +Spectrum by what's the vote share for +George W bush in their congressional + + align:start position:0% +George W bush in their congressional + + + align:start position:0% +George W bush in their congressional +district and so they use this sort of + + align:start position:0% +district and so they use this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +district and so they use this sort of +for what is being spoken by farle people + + align:start position:0% +for what is being spoken by farle people + + + align:start position:0% +for what is being spoken by farle people +what's being spoken by far-right people + + align:start position:0% +what's being spoken by far-right people + + + align:start position:0% +what's being spoken by far-right people +and so they identify basically you know + + align:start position:0% +and so they identify basically you know + + + align:start position:0% +and so they identify basically you know +a a uh they find like a thousand um they + + align:start position:0% +a a uh they find like a thousand um they + + + align:start position:0% +a a uh they find like a thousand um they +find select a th two and three-word + + align:start position:0% +find select a th two and three-word + + + align:start position:0% +find select a th two and three-word +phrases that are used significantly + + align:start position:0% +phrases that are used significantly + + + align:start position:0% +phrases that are used significantly +different frequencies by people on the + + align:start position:0% +different frequencies by people on the + + + align:start position:0% +different frequencies by people on the +left versus the right of the political + + align:start position:0% +left versus the right of the political + + + align:start position:0% +left versus the right of the political +spectrum and then they for each + + align:start position:0% +spectrum and then they for each + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum and then they for each +newspaper they regress the excess + + align:start position:0% +newspaper they regress the excess + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper they regress the excess +frequency with which it uses each phrase + + align:start position:0% +frequency with which it uses each phrase + + + align:start position:0% +frequency with which it uses each phrase +on that phrase is Republican and they + + align:start position:0% +on that phrase is Republican and they + + + align:start position:0% +on that phrase is Republican and they +Define the slant of the newspaper as uh + + align:start position:0% +Define the slant of the newspaper as uh + + + align:start position:0% +Define the slant of the newspaper as uh +the coefficient on that um on that + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient on that um on that + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficient on that um on that +variable so if it's really using almost + + align:start position:0% +variable so if it's really using almost + + + align:start position:0% +variable so if it's really using almost +exclusively right you know Republican + + align:start position:0% +exclusively right you know Republican + + + align:start position:0% +exclusively right you know Republican +phrases it's going a very high + + align:start position:0% +phrases it's going a very high + + + align:start position:0% +phrases it's going a very high +coefficient if it's using almost ex de + + align:start position:0% +coefficient if it's using almost ex de + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient if it's using almost ex de +Democratic phrases so like you know if + + align:start position:0% +Democratic phrases so like you know if + + + align:start position:0% +Democratic phrases so like you know if +it's if the distribution looks like this + + align:start position:0% +it's if the distribution looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +it's if the distribution looks like this +it's going to be a very left skewed + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a very left skewed + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be a very left skewed +newspaper if the distribution of phrases + + align:start position:0% +newspaper if the distribution of phrases + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper if the distribution of phrases +looks like that it's going to be a very + + align:start position:0% +looks like that it's going to be a very + + + align:start position:0% +looks like that it's going to be a very +right skewed newspaper they measure the + + align:start position:0% +right skewed newspaper they measure the + + + align:start position:0% +right skewed newspaper they measure the +skew by the sort of slope of those + + align:start position:0% +skew by the sort of slope of those + + + align:start position:0% +skew by the sort of slope of those +estimated lines + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now obviously part of that in these + + align:start position:0% +now obviously part of that in these + + + align:start position:0% +now obviously part of that in these +examples sound like things where you're + + align:start position:0% +examples sound like things where you're + + + align:start position:0% +examples sound like things where you're +sort of doing media slant there also be + + align:start position:0% +sort of doing media slant there also be + + + align:start position:0% +sort of doing media slant there also be +all kinds of other things picked up in + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of other things picked up in + + + align:start position:0% +all kinds of other things picked up in +this so for instance like you know some + + align:start position:0% +this so for instance like you know some + + + align:start position:0% +this so for instance like you know some +Congress people talk about agriculture + + align:start position:0% +Congress people talk about agriculture + + + align:start position:0% +Congress people talk about agriculture +policy and some talk about guns in urban + + align:start position:0% +policy and some talk about guns in urban + + + align:start position:0% +policy and some talk about guns in urban +in their Urban + + align:start position:0% +in their Urban + + + align:start position:0% +in their Urban +neighborhoods you know talking about + + align:start position:0% +neighborhoods you know talking about + + + align:start position:0% +neighborhoods you know talking about +agriculture policy may just mean that + + align:start position:0% +agriculture policy may just mean that + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture policy may just mean that +you're talking about agricultural policy + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about agricultural policy + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about agricultural policy +not that but it you know like generally + + align:start position:0% +not that but it you know like generally + + + align:start position:0% +not that but it you know like generally +Republicans tend to represent + + align:start position:0% +Republicans tend to represent + + + align:start position:0% +Republicans tend to represent +agriculture States and so you may get + + align:start position:0% +agriculture States and so you may get + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture States and so you may get +corn as being a republican phrase when + + align:start position:0% +corn as being a republican phrase when + + + align:start position:0% +corn as being a republican phrase when +it's not you know talking about corn + + align:start position:0% +it's not you know talking about corn + + + align:start position:0% +it's not you know talking about corn +prices is not a political statement but + + align:start position:0% +prices is not a political statement but + + + align:start position:0% +prices is not a political statement but +it you know it it every you know like + + align:start position:0% +it you know it it every you know like + + + align:start position:0% +it you know it it every you know like +they didn't pick the phrases to have + + align:start position:0% +they didn't pick the phrases to have + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't pick the phrases to have +political content they just picked + + align:start position:0% +political content they just picked + + + align:start position:0% +political content they just picked +phrases automatically and so there's + + align:start position:0% +phrases automatically and so there's + + + align:start position:0% +phrases automatically and so there's +going to be sort of some contamination + + align:start position:0% +going to be sort of some contamination + + + align:start position:0% +going to be sort of some contamination +of political Slant with other + + align:start position:0% +of political Slant with other + + + align:start position:0% +of political Slant with other +differences + + align:start position:0% +differences + + + align:start position:0% +differences +um okay um you know consumer demand + + align:start position:0% +um okay um you know consumer demand + + + align:start position:0% +um okay um you know consumer demand +again is going to be derived from + + align:start position:0% +again is going to be derived from + + + align:start position:0% +again is going to be derived from +utility function we assume that uh the + + align:start position:0% +utility function we assume that uh the + + + align:start position:0% +utility function we assume that uh the +utility that consumer I in zip code Z + + align:start position:0% +utility that consumer I in zip code Z + + + align:start position:0% +utility that consumer I in zip code Z +gets from buying newspaper n is some + + align:start position:0% +gets from buying newspaper n is some + + + align:start position:0% +gets from buying newspaper n is some +function of the average quality of the + + align:start position:0% +function of the average quality of the + + + align:start position:0% +function of the average quality of the +newspaper + + align:start position:0% +newspaper + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper +minus uh disutility that the consumer + + align:start position:0% +minus uh disutility that the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +minus uh disutility that the consumer +has from consuming something that's + + align:start position:0% +has from consuming something that's + + + align:start position:0% +has from consuming something that's +different from the ideal slant so I is + + align:start position:0% +different from the ideal slant so I is + + + align:start position:0% +different from the ideal slant so I is +the ideal slant of all people in zip + + align:start position:0% +the ideal slant of all people in zip + + + align:start position:0% +the ideal slant of all people in zip +code Z YN is the actual slant of + + align:start position:0% +code Z YN is the actual slant of + + + align:start position:0% +code Z YN is the actual slant of +newspaper n + + align:start position:0% +newspaper n + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper n +so as the slant of the newspaper differs + + align:start position:0% +so as the slant of the newspaper differs + + + align:start position:0% +so as the slant of the newspaper differs +from what's ideal for people in that zip + + align:start position:0% +from what's ideal for people in that zip + + + align:start position:0% +from what's ideal for people in that zip +code uh utility of people in that zip + + align:start position:0% +code uh utility of people in that zip + + + align:start position:0% +code uh utility of people in that zip +code goes down uh and then there's a + + align:start position:0% +code goes down uh and then there's a + + + align:start position:0% +code goes down uh and then there's a +random error + + align:start position:0% +random error + + + align:start position:0% +random error +term okay um there make they assume that + + align:start position:0% +term okay um there make they assume that + + + align:start position:0% +term okay um there make they assume that +the utility maximizing slant in zip code + + align:start position:0% +the utility maximizing slant in zip code + + + align:start position:0% +the utility maximizing slant in zip code +Z is just Alpha plus beta time RZ where + + align:start position:0% +Z is just Alpha plus beta time RZ where + + + align:start position:0% +Z is just Alpha plus beta time RZ where +RZ is the fraction of people in zip code + + align:start position:0% +RZ is the fraction of people in zip code + + + align:start position:0% +RZ is the fraction of people in zip code +Z who are + + align:start position:0% +Z who are + + + align:start position:0% +Z who are +Republican okay so it's a very + + align:start position:0% +Republican okay so it's a very + + + align:start position:0% +Republican okay so it's a very +specific assumption in in several ways + + align:start position:0% +specific assumption in in several ways + + + align:start position:0% +specific assumption in in several ways +so there's no heterogeneity all people + + align:start position:0% +so there's no heterogeneity all people + + + align:start position:0% +so there's no heterogeneity all people +in zip code Z have exactly the same + + align:start position:0% +in zip code Z have exactly the same + + + align:start position:0% +in zip code Z have exactly the same +preferred + + align:start position:0% +preferred + + + align:start position:0% +preferred +slant um + + align:start position:0% +slant um + + + align:start position:0% +slant um +and there is no error in this equation + + align:start position:0% +and there is no error in this equation + + + align:start position:0% +and there is no error in this equation +all people in zip the preferred slant in + + align:start position:0% +all people in zip the preferred slant in + + + align:start position:0% +all people in zip the preferred slant in +zip code Z is this linear function of + + align:start position:0% +zip code Z is this linear function of + + + align:start position:0% +zip code Z is this linear function of +the fraction Republican with no + + align:start position:0% +the fraction Republican with no + + + align:start position:0% +the fraction Republican with no +heterogen across zip codes there are no + + align:start position:0% +heterogen across zip codes there are no + + + align:start position:0% +heterogen across zip codes there are no +zip codes that are where a left slant is + + align:start position:0% +zip codes that are where a left slant is + + + align:start position:0% +zip codes that are where a left slant is +better than you would think given how + + align:start position:0% +better than you would think given how + + + align:start position:0% +better than you would think given how +Republicans live + + align:start position:0% +Republicans live + + + align:start position:0% +Republicans live +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +okay uh once again they also assume now + + align:start position:0% +okay uh once again they also assume now + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh once again they also assume now +that these Epsilon i ns are IID extreme + + align:start position:0% +that these Epsilon i ns are IID extreme + + + align:start position:0% +that these Epsilon i ns are IID extreme +value and then they make this magical + + align:start position:0% +value and then they make this magical + + + align:start position:0% +value and then they make this magical +transformation from sales of the + + align:start position:0% +transformation from sales of the + + + align:start position:0% +transformation from sales of the +newspaper to utility of the purchasing + + align:start position:0% +newspaper to utility of the purchasing + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper to utility of the purchasing +consumers and they get that the log of + + align:start position:0% +consumers and they get that the log of + + + align:start position:0% +consumers and they get that the log of +the market share of purchasers versus + + align:start position:0% +the market share of purchasers versus + + + align:start position:0% +the market share of purchasers versus +non-purchasers is the average utility + + align:start position:0% +non-purchasers is the average utility + + + align:start position:0% +non-purchasers is the average utility +minus gamma times the difference between + + align:start position:0% +minus gamma times the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +minus gamma times the difference between +the newspaper slant and that linear + + align:start position:0% +the newspaper slant and that linear + + + align:start position:0% +the newspaper slant and that linear +function uh of the of the fraction + + align:start position:0% +function uh of the of the fraction + + + align:start position:0% +function uh of the of the fraction +Republican in the zip code and obviously + + align:start position:0% +Republican in the zip code and obviously + + + align:start position:0% +Republican in the zip code and obviously +you know we can just expand this + + align:start position:0% +you know we can just expand this + + + align:start position:0% +you know we can just expand this +quadratic and when you expand this + + align:start position:0% +quadratic and when you expand this + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic and when you expand this +quadratic you're just going to get + + align:start position:0% +quadratic you're just going to get + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic you're just going to get +things like you're going to get y on the + + align:start position:0% +things like you're going to get y on the + + + align:start position:0% +things like you're going to get y on the +right you're going to get y on the right + + align:start position:0% +right you're going to get y on the right + + + align:start position:0% +right you're going to get y on the right +side you're going to get y 2ar you're + + align:start position:0% +side you're going to get y 2ar you're + + + align:start position:0% +side you're going to get y 2ar you're +going to get R squar you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +going to get R squar you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +going to get R squar you're going to get +y * R so you're just going to have this + + align:start position:0% +y * R so you're just going to have this + + + align:start position:0% +y * R so you're just going to have this +thing that's this right hand side term + + align:start position:0% +thing that's this right hand side term + + + align:start position:0% +thing that's this right hand side term +that's got y's and rs and Y squ and R + + align:start position:0% +that's got y's and rs and Y squ and R + + + align:start position:0% +that's got y's and rs and Y squ and R +squs and Y times + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are uh and you know in this model if + + align:start position:0% +are uh and you know in this model if + + + align:start position:0% +are uh and you know in this model if +this model is correct you know the + + align:start position:0% +this model is correct you know the + + + align:start position:0% +this model is correct you know the +utility maximizing slant is Alpha plus + + align:start position:0% +utility maximizing slant is Alpha plus + + + align:start position:0% +utility maximizing slant is Alpha plus +beta + + align:start position:0% +beta + + + align:start position:0% +beta +RZ + + align:start position:0% +RZ + + + align:start position:0% +RZ +and we can estimate how the utility + + align:start position:0% +and we can estimate how the utility + + + align:start position:0% +and we can estimate how the utility +maximizing slant varies with RZ by just + + align:start position:0% +maximizing slant varies with RZ by just + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing slant varies with RZ by just +looking at the coefficient of right the + + align:start position:0% +looking at the coefficient of right the + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the coefficient of right the +coefficient of YN times RZ is going to + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of YN times RZ is going to + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient of YN times RZ is going to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +um uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh +it's going to be gamma is it minus 2 * + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be gamma is it minus 2 * + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be gamma is it minus 2 * +gamma Time beta um so anyway we're going + + align:start position:0% +gamma Time beta um so anyway we're going + + + align:start position:0% +gamma Time beta um so anyway we're going +to get that sort of Coe yeah coefficient + + align:start position:0% +to get that sort of Coe yeah coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +to get that sort of Coe yeah coefficient +on YN * RZ is going to be minus 2 * + + align:start position:0% +on YN * RZ is going to be minus 2 * + + + align:start position:0% +on YN * RZ is going to be minus 2 * +gamma Time beta and so we're going to be + + align:start position:0% +gamma Time beta and so we're going to be + + + align:start position:0% +gamma Time beta and so we're going to be +estimate we're to get sort of gamma + + align:start position:0% +estimate we're to get sort of gamma + + + align:start position:0% +estimate we're to get sort of gamma +times identify gamma times beta by just + + align:start position:0% +times identify gamma times beta by just + + + align:start position:0% +times identify gamma times beta by just +looking at the coefficient of this when + + align:start position:0% +looking at the coefficient of this when + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the coefficient of this when +I regress a log of share of of purchases + + align:start position:0% +I regress a log of share of of purchases + + + align:start position:0% +I regress a log of share of of purchases +newspaper on you know right-and side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +variables what do they find um you know + + align:start position:0% +variables what do they find um you know + + + align:start position:0% +variables what do they find um you know +the clear finding is that this zipshare + + align:start position:0% +the clear finding is that this zipshare + + + align:start position:0% +the clear finding is that this zipshare +Republican time + + align:start position:0% +Republican time + + + align:start position:0% +Republican time +slant has a uh clear positive + + align:start position:0% +slant has a uh clear positive + + + align:start position:0% +slant has a uh clear positive +significant coefficient so this is sort + + align:start position:0% +significant coefficient so this is sort + + + align:start position:0% +significant coefficient so this is sort +of evidence that the you know ideal + + align:start position:0% +of evidence that the you know ideal + + + align:start position:0% +of evidence that the you know ideal +slant is you know the ideal slant is to + + align:start position:0% +slant is you know the ideal slant is to + + + align:start position:0% +slant is you know the ideal slant is to +sort of put more Republican news and a + + align:start position:0% +sort of put more Republican news and a + + + align:start position:0% +sort of put more Republican news and a +republican zip code from a profit + + align:start position:0% +republican zip code from a profit + + + align:start position:0% +republican zip code from a profit +maximizing sense okay um let me say that + + align:start position:0% +maximizing sense okay um let me say that + + + align:start position:0% +maximizing sense okay um let me say that +you know I my view on this + + align:start position:0% +you know I my view on this + + + align:start position:0% +you know I my view on this +is you know it's a very very strong + + align:start position:0% +is you know it's a very very strong + + + align:start position:0% +is you know it's a very very strong +assumption to assume that there's a + + align:start position:0% +assumption to assume that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +assumption to assume that there's a +profit maximizing slant and it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +profit maximizing slant and it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +profit maximizing slant and it doesn't +differ across consumers within a zip + + align:start position:0% +differ across consumers within a zip + + + align:start position:0% +differ across consumers within a zip +code and it has no error term across zip + + align:start position:0% +code and it has no error term across zip + + + align:start position:0% +code and it has no error term across zip +codes I I find it convincing evidence + + align:start position:0% +codes I I find it convincing evidence + + + align:start position:0% +codes I I find it convincing evidence +that in more right leaning areas you do + + align:start position:0% +that in more right leaning areas you do + + + align:start position:0% +that in more right leaning areas you do +better with a more right leaning + + align:start position:0% +better with a more right leaning + + + align:start position:0% +better with a more right leaning +newspaper the fact that this slant is + + align:start position:0% +newspaper the fact that this slant is + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper the fact that this slant is +ideal is the profit maximizing slant + + align:start position:0% +ideal is the profit maximizing slant + + + align:start position:0% +ideal is the profit maximizing slant +that relies on those sort of no errors + + align:start position:0% +that relies on those sort of no errors + + + align:start position:0% +that relies on those sort of no errors +homogeneity assumptions so it takes + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity assumptions so it takes + + + align:start position:0% +homogeneity assumptions so it takes +pretty heroic assumptions to say that + + align:start position:0% +pretty heroic assumptions to say that + + + align:start position:0% +pretty heroic assumptions to say that +this really is the profit maximizing + + align:start position:0% +this really is the profit maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +this really is the profit maximizing +slant but I do think it's pretty clear + + align:start position:0% +slant but I do think it's pretty clear + + + align:start position:0% +slant but I do think it's pretty clear +evidence that right slanted news does + + align:start position:0% +evidence that right slanted news does + + + align:start position:0% +evidence that right slanted news does +sell better in right slanted areas which + + align:start position:0% +sell better in right slanted areas which + + + align:start position:0% +sell better in right slanted areas which +is sort of fundamentally you know we're + + align:start position:0% +is sort of fundamentally you know we're + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of fundamentally you know we're +regressing log of Q on the share + + align:start position:0% +regressing log of Q on the share + + + align:start position:0% +regressing log of Q on the share +Republican times slant interaction and + + align:start position:0% +Republican times slant interaction and + + + align:start position:0% +Republican times slant interaction and +getting a positive effect saying in more + + align:start position:0% +getting a positive effect saying in more + + + align:start position:0% +getting a positive effect saying in more +Republican areas more right slanted news + + align:start position:0% +Republican areas more right slanted news + + + align:start position:0% +Republican areas more right slanted news +is selling more copies + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +uh is slant profit maximizing you know + + align:start position:0% +uh is slant profit maximizing you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh is slant profit maximizing you know +they show this + + align:start position:0% +they show this + + + align:start position:0% +they show this +graph um and this graph sort of is + + align:start position:0% +graph um and this graph sort of is + + + align:start position:0% +graph um and this graph sort of is +supposed to show you you know + + align:start position:0% +supposed to show you you know + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to show you you know +are newspapers more right slanted in + + align:start position:0% +are newspapers more right slanted in + + + align:start position:0% +are newspapers more right slanted in +more Republican areas and the answer + + align:start position:0% +more Republican areas and the answer + + + align:start position:0% +more Republican areas and the answer +unsurprisingly is yes um + + align:start position:0% +unsurprisingly is yes um + + + align:start position:0% +unsurprisingly is yes um +so we get this positive slope the more + + align:start position:0% +so we get this positive slope the more + + + align:start position:0% +so we get this positive slope the more +Republican is the area in which your + + align:start position:0% +Republican is the area in which your + + + align:start position:0% +Republican is the area in which your +news is being sold the more right you do + + align:start position:0% +news is being sold the more right you do + + + align:start position:0% +news is being sold the more right you do +make the slant of your + + align:start position:0% +make the slant of your + + + align:start position:0% +make the slant of your +newspaper um you demand + + align:start position:0% +newspaper um you demand + + + align:start position:0% +newspaper um you demand +estimates aren't separately identifying + + align:start position:0% +estimates aren't separately identifying + + + align:start position:0% +estimates aren't separately identifying +gamma and beta so it's a little hard to + + align:start position:0% +gamma and beta so it's a little hard to + + + align:start position:0% +gamma and beta so it's a little hard to +say whether this this slope is the slope + + align:start position:0% +say whether this this slope is the slope + + + align:start position:0% +say whether this this slope is the slope +we would expect given the profit + + align:start position:0% +we would expect given the profit + + + align:start position:0% +we would expect given the profit +maximization um so then the final thing + + align:start position:0% +maximization um so then the final thing + + + align:start position:0% +maximization um so then the final thing +they do is they sort of say well let's + + align:start position:0% +they do is they sort of say well let's + + + align:start position:0% +they do is they sort of say well let's +look + + align:start position:0% +look + + + align:start position:0% +look +at regress the slant on the share + + align:start position:0% +at regress the slant on the share + + + align:start position:0% +at regress the slant on the share +Republican in the market and then + + align:start position:0% +Republican in the market and then + + + align:start position:0% +Republican in the market and then +ownership fix + + align:start position:0% +ownership fix + + + align:start position:0% +ownership fix +effects uh to see whether it looks like + + align:start position:0% +effects uh to see whether it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +effects uh to see whether it looks like +you know they just two ways one is they + + align:start position:0% +you know they just two ways one is they + + + align:start position:0% +you know they just two ways one is they +look at owner political contributions + + align:start position:0% +look at owner political contributions + + + align:start position:0% +look at owner political contributions +and put owner political contributions on + + align:start position:0% +and put owner political contributions on + + + align:start position:0% +and put owner political contributions on +the right side for some reason it's not + + align:start position:0% +the right side for some reason it's not + + + align:start position:0% +the right side for some reason it's not +in the same table and the other thing + + align:start position:0% +in the same table and the other thing + + + align:start position:0% +in the same table and the other thing +they just do is put in ownership fixed + + align:start position:0% +they just do is put in ownership fixed + + + align:start position:0% +they just do is put in ownership fixed +effects and see whether the owner fixed + + align:start position:0% +effects and see whether the owner fixed + + + align:start position:0% +effects and see whether the owner fixed +effects increase the R square to the + + align:start position:0% +effects increase the R square to the + + + align:start position:0% +effects increase the R square to the +regression and if you put the owner + + align:start position:0% +regression and if you put the owner + + + align:start position:0% +regression and if you put the owner +fixed effects in it does make a big + + align:start position:0% +fixed effects in it does make a big + + + align:start position:0% +fixed effects in it does make a big +increase in the R square to the + + align:start position:0% +increase in the R square to the + + + align:start position:0% +increase in the R square to the +regression it more than doubles the r + + align:start position:0% +regression it more than doubles the r + + + align:start position:0% +regression it more than doubles the r +squ from8 to + + align:start position:0% +squ from8 to + + + align:start position:0% +squ from8 to +044 but obviously you're putting in an + + align:start position:0% +044 but obviously you're putting in an + + + align:start position:0% +044 but obviously you're putting in an +awful lot of fixed effect on the right + + align:start position:0% +awful lot of fixed effect on the right + + + align:start position:0% +awful lot of fixed effect on the right +side and so what they AR they not is + + align:start position:0% +side and so what they AR they not is + + + align:start position:0% +side and so what they AR they not is +that if you put in state fixed effects + + align:start position:0% +that if you put in state fixed effects + + + align:start position:0% +that if you put in state fixed effects +instead of owner fixed effects and put + + align:start position:0% +instead of owner fixed effects and put + + + align:start position:0% +instead of owner fixed effects and put +in state fixed effects and then an + + align:start position:0% +in state fixed effects and then an + + + align:start position:0% +in state fixed effects and then an +ownership effect then the ownership + + align:start position:0% +ownership effect then the ownership + + + align:start position:0% +ownership effect then the ownership +effect is not + + align:start position:0% +effect is not + + + align:start position:0% +effect is not +significant so it it's while the + + align:start position:0% +significant so it it's while the + + + align:start position:0% +significant so it it's while the +ownership fixed effects do increase the + + align:start position:0% +ownership fixed effects do increase the + + + align:start position:0% +ownership fixed effects do increase the +fit you put in owner fixed effects and + + align:start position:0% +fit you put in owner fixed effects and + + + align:start position:0% +fit you put in owner fixed effects and +state fixed effects suddenly you can't + + align:start position:0% +state fixed effects suddenly you can't + + + align:start position:0% +state fixed effects suddenly you can't +tell whether the owner effects are + + align:start position:0% +tell whether the owner effects are + + + align:start position:0% +tell whether the owner effects are +actually there or not at all um so they + + align:start position:0% +actually there or not at all um so they + + + align:start position:0% +actually there or not at all um so they +take this to argue that um it looks like + + align:start position:0% +take this to argue that um it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +take this to argue that um it looks like +there isn't much evidence that owner + + align:start position:0% +there isn't much evidence that owner + + + align:start position:0% +there isn't much evidence that owner +slant it it looks like the sort of rert + + align:start position:0% +slant it it looks like the sort of rert + + + align:start position:0% +slant it it looks like the sort of rert +Murdoch is just making money story works + + align:start position:0% +Murdoch is just making money story works + + + align:start position:0% +Murdoch is just making money story works +works pretty well here and it's hard to + + align:start position:0% +works pretty well here and it's hard to + + + align:start position:0% +works pretty well here and it's hard to +say that there's a lot of media bias + + align:start position:0% +say that there's a lot of media bias + + + align:start position:0% +say that there's a lot of media bias +other than that they also put in they do + + align:start position:0% +other than that they also put in they do + + + align:start position:0% +other than that they also put in they do +a version where they put in uh owners um + + align:start position:0% +a version where they put in uh owners um + + + align:start position:0% +a version where they put in uh owners um +political contributions on the right + + align:start position:0% +political contributions on the right + + + align:start position:0% +political contributions on the right +side and it's like while this sort of + + align:start position:0% +side and it's like while this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +side and it's like while this sort of +share Republican in the zip code + + align:start position:0% +share Republican in the zip code + + + align:start position:0% +share Republican in the zip code +explains 20% of the variance it's like + + align:start position:0% +explains 20% of the variance it's like + + + align:start position:0% +explains 20% of the variance it's like +the ownership political contributions + + align:start position:0% +the ownership political contributions + + + align:start position:0% +the ownership political contributions +explain 5% of the variance so it looks + + align:start position:0% +explain 5% of the variance so it looks + + + align:start position:0% +explain 5% of the variance so it looks +like the ownership political + + align:start position:0% +like the ownership political + + + align:start position:0% +like the ownership political +contributions are just not a powerful + + align:start position:0% +contributions are just not a powerful + + + align:start position:0% +contributions are just not a powerful +explanatory variable compared to the + + align:start position:0% +explanatory variable compared to the + + + align:start position:0% +explanatory variable compared to the +Republican of the ZIP code that they're + + align:start position:0% +Republican of the ZIP code that they're + + + align:start position:0% +Republican of the ZIP code that they're +serving \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/onL_UF4FLVM.txt b/onL_UF4FLVM.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5bfedd98bb0b42ee63522ae3a7b7a7ce01ca02c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/onL_UF4FLVM.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13755 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT open courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT open courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free to make a donation or + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free to make a donation or +view additional materials from hundreds + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +view additional materials from hundreds +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware + + + align:start position:0% +of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware +at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ocw.mit.edu today what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu today what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +ocw.mit.edu today what we're going to do +is we're going to kind of talk about + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to kind of talk about + + + align:start position:0% +is we're going to kind of talk about +some of the big ideas + + align:start position:0% +some of the big ideas + + + align:start position:0% +some of the big ideas +and all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right yeah today what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +all right yeah today what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +all right yeah today what we're going to +do is talk about uh pattern information + + align:start position:0% +do is talk about uh pattern information + + + align:start position:0% +do is talk about uh pattern information +in biology uh some of the different + + align:start position:0% +in biology uh some of the different + + + align:start position:0% +in biology uh some of the different +mechanisms that are employed uh in + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms that are employed uh in + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms that are employed uh in +development and other contexts in order + + align:start position:0% +development and other contexts in order + + + align:start position:0% +development and other contexts in order +to uh for organisms to kind of figure + + align:start position:0% +to uh for organisms to kind of figure + + + align:start position:0% +to uh for organisms to kind of figure +out where to put things all right now + + align:start position:0% +out where to put things all right now + + + align:start position:0% +out where to put things all right now +before I get into that too much I want + + align:start position:0% +before I get into that too much I want + + + align:start position:0% +before I get into that too much I want +to just make a couple administrative + + align:start position:0% +to just make a couple administrative + + + align:start position:0% +to just make a couple administrative +type announcements um so first uh we + + align:start position:0% +type announcements um so first uh we + + + align:start position:0% +type announcements um so first uh we +have graded the exams and we'll hand + + align:start position:0% +have graded the exams and we'll hand + + + align:start position:0% +have graded the exams and we'll hand +them back at the end of end of class + + align:start position:0% +them back at the end of end of class + + + align:start position:0% +them back at the end of end of class +today uh if I try to forget then please + + align:start position:0% +today uh if I try to forget then please + + + align:start position:0% +today uh if I try to forget then please +somebody remind me we're going to do is + + align:start position:0% +somebody remind me we're going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +somebody remind me we're going to do is +we're going to start by just uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start by just uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to start by just uh kind of +talking about diffusion a bit more uh I + + align:start position:0% +talking about diffusion a bit more uh I + + + align:start position:0% +talking about diffusion a bit more uh I +think that there's a fair range of + + align:start position:0% +think that there's a fair range of + + + align:start position:0% +think that there's a fair range of +different uh maybe experiences thinking + + align:start position:0% +different uh maybe experiences thinking + + + align:start position:0% +different uh maybe experiences thinking +about uh diffusion and what it can do + + align:start position:0% +about uh diffusion and what it can do + + + align:start position:0% +about uh diffusion and what it can do +for you so we'll we'll work on our + + align:start position:0% +for you so we'll we'll work on our + + + align:start position:0% +for you so we'll we'll work on our +intuition a little bit and then uh I'll + + align:start position:0% +intuition a little bit and then uh I'll + + + align:start position:0% +intuition a little bit and then uh I'll +say something about the reading that you + + align:start position:0% +say something about the reading that you + + + align:start position:0% +say something about the reading that you +did from from U's book about uh kind of + + align:start position:0% +did from from U's book about uh kind of + + + align:start position:0% +did from from U's book about uh kind of +robust mechanisms for pattern + + align:start position:0% +robust mechanisms for pattern + + + align:start position:0% +robust mechanisms for pattern +information in the context of + + align:start position:0% +information in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +information in the context of +development right so simple diffusion + + align:start position:0% +development right so simple diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +development right so simple diffusion +with degradation leads to these + + align:start position:0% +with degradation leads to these + + + align:start position:0% +with degradation leads to these +exponential profiles uh that are not + + align:start position:0% +exponential profiles uh that are not + + + align:start position:0% +exponential profiles uh that are not +robust to changes in uh the + + align:start position:0% +robust to changes in uh the + + + align:start position:0% +robust to changes in uh the +concentration or production rate of the + + align:start position:0% +concentration or production rate of the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration or production rate of the +morphen whereas whereas if you have + + align:start position:0% +morphen whereas whereas if you have + + + align:start position:0% +morphen whereas whereas if you have +self-enhanced degradation then this + + align:start position:0% +self-enhanced degradation then this + + + align:start position:0% +self-enhanced degradation then this +leads to power law um kind of fallof + + align:start position:0% +leads to power law um kind of fallof + + + align:start position:0% +leads to power law um kind of fallof +that does have some that's that's more + + align:start position:0% +that does have some that's that's more + + + align:start position:0% +that does have some that's that's more +robust to the uh the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +robust to the uh the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +robust to the uh the concentration of +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +morphen uh then what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +morphen uh then what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +morphen uh then what we're going to do +is uh transition to these these Turing + + align:start position:0% +is uh transition to these these Turing + + + align:start position:0% +is uh transition to these these Turing +patterns you reaction to Fusion systems + + align:start position:0% +patterns you reaction to Fusion systems + + + align:start position:0% +patterns you reaction to Fusion systems +where uh you can have a really + + align:start position:0% +where uh you can have a really + + + align:start position:0% +where uh you can have a really +surprising effect whereby if you in a + + align:start position:0% +surprising effect whereby if you in a + + + align:start position:0% +surprising effect whereby if you in a +well- mixed situation these uh chemicals + + align:start position:0% +well- mixed situation these uh chemicals + + + align:start position:0% +well- mixed situation these uh chemicals +or prot or reactants they might uh they + + align:start position:0% +or prot or reactants they might uh they + + + align:start position:0% +or prot or reactants they might uh they +might just reach a stable + + align:start position:0% +might just reach a stable + + + align:start position:0% +might just reach a stable +State however once you add diffusion + + align:start position:0% +State however once you add diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +State however once you add diffusion +then you can start getting pattern + + align:start position:0% +then you can start getting pattern + + + align:start position:0% +then you can start getting pattern +information which is a very funny thing + + align:start position:0% +information which is a very funny thing + + + align:start position:0% +information which is a very funny thing +because uh diffusion is normally + + align:start position:0% +because uh diffusion is normally + + + align:start position:0% +because uh diffusion is normally +something that Smooths out profile so + + align:start position:0% +something that Smooths out profile so + + + align:start position:0% +something that Smooths out profile so +normally we think about diffusion as + + align:start position:0% +normally we think about diffusion as + + + align:start position:0% +normally we think about diffusion as +being something that removes patterns + + align:start position:0% +being something that removes patterns + + + align:start position:0% +being something that removes patterns +and indeed that's generally what happens + + align:start position:0% +and indeed that's generally what happens + + + align:start position:0% +and indeed that's generally what happens +but uh in this uh following from this + + align:start position:0% +but uh in this uh following from this + + + align:start position:0% +but uh in this uh following from this +class of work from Alan Turing the end + + align:start position:0% +class of work from Alan Turing the end + + + align:start position:0% +class of work from Alan Turing the end +of his life he um he showed that it's + + align:start position:0% +of his life he um he showed that it's + + + align:start position:0% +of his life he um he showed that it's +actually in principle possible to have + + align:start position:0% +actually in principle possible to have + + + align:start position:0% +actually in principle possible to have +the eer of patterns from diffusion and + + align:start position:0% +the eer of patterns from diffusion and + + + align:start position:0% +the eer of patterns from diffusion and +we'll talk about some of the uh some of + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about some of the uh some of + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about some of the uh some of +the ways that that can possibly happen + + align:start position:0% +the ways that that can possibly happen + + + align:start position:0% +the ways that that can possibly happen +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +interestingly all right so turning + + align:start position:0% +interestingly all right so turning + + + align:start position:0% +interestingly all right so turning +patterns are already kind of a + + align:start position:0% +patterns are already kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +patterns are already kind of a +surprising case where where some where + + align:start position:0% +surprising case where where some where + + + align:start position:0% +surprising case where where some where +diffusion leads to patterns there's + + align:start position:0% +diffusion leads to patterns there's + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion leads to patterns there's +another interesting phenomenon where if + + align:start position:0% +another interesting phenomenon where if + + + align:start position:0% +another interesting phenomenon where if +you add another source of noise that + + align:start position:0% +you add another source of noise that + + + align:start position:0% +you add another source of noise that +again you think noise for example + + align:start position:0% +again you think noise for example + + + align:start position:0% +again you think noise for example +demographic noise the random creation + + align:start position:0% +demographic noise the random creation + + + align:start position:0% +demographic noise the random creation +destruction of of individuals or + + align:start position:0% +destruction of of individuals or + + + align:start position:0% +destruction of of individuals or +chemicals or proteins normally we think + + align:start position:0% +chemicals or proteins normally we think + + + align:start position:0% +chemicals or proteins normally we think +this should also kind of be a force for + + align:start position:0% +this should also kind of be a force for + + + align:start position:0% +this should also kind of be a force for +removing patterns but uh there's been a + + align:start position:0% +removing patterns but uh there's been a + + + align:start position:0% +removing patterns but uh there's been a +number of uh pieces of of work over the + + align:start position:0% +number of uh pieces of of work over the + + + align:start position:0% +number of uh pieces of of work over the +last decade showing that in some cases + + align:start position:0% +last decade showing that in some cases + + + align:start position:0% +last decade showing that in some cases +demographic noise can actually lead to + + align:start position:0% +demographic noise can actually lead to + + + align:start position:0% +demographic noise can actually lead to +patterns either in space or in time + + align:start position:0% +patterns either in space or in time + + + align:start position:0% +patterns either in space or in time +we're going to talk more about this in + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk more about this in + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to talk more about this in +the context of these so-called noise + + align:start position:0% +the context of these so-called noise + + + align:start position:0% +the context of these so-called noise +induced Predator pre oscillations but um + + align:start position:0% +induced Predator pre oscillations but um + + + align:start position:0% +induced Predator pre oscillations but um +since we're talking about patterns here + + align:start position:0% +since we're talking about patterns here + + + align:start position:0% +since we're talking about patterns here +I just want to me I will tell you + + align:start position:0% +I just want to me I will tell you + + + align:start position:0% +I just want to me I will tell you +something about how Such Noise can + + align:start position:0% +something about how Such Noise can + + + align:start position:0% +something about how Such Noise can +enhance the formation of patterns you + + align:start position:0% +enhance the formation of patterns you + + + align:start position:0% +enhance the formation of patterns you +know in in the context of of the Turning + + align:start position:0% +know in in the context of of the Turning + + + align:start position:0% +know in in the context of of the Turning +mechanism and uh and then we'll end by + + align:start position:0% +mechanism and uh and then we'll end by + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism and uh and then we'll end by +talking some about recent work of how + + align:start position:0% +talking some about recent work of how + + + align:start position:0% +talking some about recent work of how +eoli find uh the center of their cell + + align:start position:0% +eoli find uh the center of their cell + + + align:start position:0% +eoli find uh the center of their cell +when they want to divide all right so + + align:start position:0% +when they want to divide all right so + + + align:start position:0% +when they want to divide all right so +you can imagine that this is a not an + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine that this is a not an + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine that this is a not an +obvious not an obvious thing to figure + + align:start position:0% +obvious not an obvious thing to figure + + + align:start position:0% +obvious not an obvious thing to figure +out how you might do and we'll tell you + + align:start position:0% +out how you might do and we'll tell you + + + align:start position:0% +out how you might do and we'll tell you +uh we'll talk about the the so-called + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll talk about the the so-called + + + align:start position:0% +uh we'll talk about the the so-called +Min system that eoli use to find the + + align:start position:0% +Min system that eoli use to find the + + + align:start position:0% +Min system that eoli use to find the +center of their cells so they know where + + align:start position:0% +center of their cells so they know where + + + align:start position:0% +center of their cells so they know where +to septate where to cut off B two cells + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so I I just want to start + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so I I just want to start + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so I I just want to start +by making sure that when we talk about + + align:start position:0% +by making sure that when we talk about + + + align:start position:0% +by making sure that when we talk about +diffusion we're all talking about kind + + align:start position:0% +diffusion we're all talking about kind + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion we're all talking about kind +of the same thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh um now hopefully for those of you + + align:start position:0% +uh um now hopefully for those of you + + + align:start position:0% +uh um now hopefully for those of you +that have not been thinking about + + align:start position:0% +that have not been thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +that have not been thinking about +diffusion so much recently you did uh + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so much recently you did uh + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so much recently you did uh +read the notes that uh Alexander V Alor + + align:start position:0% +read the notes that uh Alexander V Alor + + + align:start position:0% +read the notes that uh Alexander V Alor +put together for systems biology a few + + align:start position:0% +put together for systems biology a few + + + align:start position:0% +put together for systems biology a few +years ago um I think it's just it's uh + + align:start position:0% +years ago um I think it's just it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +years ago um I think it's just it's uh +useful but in addition to the math uh as + + align:start position:0% +useful but in addition to the math uh as + + + align:start position:0% +useful but in addition to the math uh as +maybe many of you know I'm a I'm a huge + + align:start position:0% +maybe many of you know I'm a I'm a huge + + + align:start position:0% +maybe many of you know I'm a I'm a huge +fan of um sort of graphical + + align:start position:0% +fan of um sort of graphical + + + align:start position:0% +fan of um sort of graphical +representations of ideas right so um + + align:start position:0% +representations of ideas right so um + + + align:start position:0% +representations of ideas right so um +yeah so I just want to make sure that we + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I just want to make sure that we + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so I just want to make sure that we +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +we we all kind of agree on on some of + + align:start position:0% +we we all kind of agree on on some of + + + align:start position:0% +we we all kind of agree on on some of +the the basic ideas of how for example + + align:start position:0% +the the basic ideas of how for example + + + align:start position:0% +the the basic ideas of how for example +we get uh flux in the context of + + align:start position:0% +we get uh flux in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +we get uh flux in the context of +diffusion so imagine that there that we + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so imagine that there that we + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion so imagine that there that we +have a onedimensional system where + + align:start position:0% +have a onedimensional system where + + + align:start position:0% +have a onedimensional system where +there's some uh chemical with + + align:start position:0% +there's some uh chemical with + + + align:start position:0% +there's some uh chemical with +concentration um + + align:start position:0% +concentration um + + + align:start position:0% +concentration um +C and we can imagine for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example it starts out looking like this + + align:start position:0% +example it starts out looking like this + + + align:start position:0% +example it starts out looking like this +okay so this is a concentration profile + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a concentration profile + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this is a concentration profile +as a function of position X where we + + align:start position:0% +as a function of position X where we + + + align:start position:0% +as a function of position X where we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +uh maybe a box of length + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe a box of length + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe a box of length +L + + align:start position:0% +L + + + align:start position:0% +L +okay concentration of some chemical is a + + align:start position:0% +okay concentration of some chemical is a + + + align:start position:0% +okay concentration of some chemical is a +function of position + + align:start position:0% +function of position + + + align:start position:0% +function of position +X in some space okay now I just want to + + align:start position:0% +X in some space okay now I just want to + + + align:start position:0% +X in some space okay now I just want to +make sure that we're all thinking about + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we're all thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that we're all thinking about +the same thing all right so it starts + + align:start position:0% +the same thing all right so it starts + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing all right so it starts +out some concentration C1 over here + + align:start position:0% +out some concentration C1 over here + + + align:start position:0% +out some concentration C1 over here +might be some C2 right linearly here all + + align:start position:0% +might be some C2 right linearly here all + + + align:start position:0% +might be some C2 right linearly here all +right I just want to make sure uh we all + + align:start position:0% +right I just want to make sure uh we all + + + align:start position:0% +right I just want to make sure uh we all +agree on + + align:start position:0% +agree on + + + align:start position:0% +agree on +the um magnitude of the flux at some + + align:start position:0% +the um magnitude of the flux at some + + + align:start position:0% +the um magnitude of the flux at some +different points okay so in particular + + align:start position:0% +different points okay so in particular + + + align:start position:0% +different points okay so in particular +we can think about + + align:start position:0% +we can think about + + + align:start position:0% +we can think about +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b this is capital + + align:start position:0% +b this is capital + + + align:start position:0% +b this is capital +c all right so where is the uh magnitude + + align:start position:0% +c all right so where is the uh magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +c all right so where is the uh magnitude +of the flux largest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay A B C D corresponds to them being + + align:start position:0% +okay A B C D corresponds to them being + + + align:start position:0% +okay A B C D corresponds to them being +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +same e don't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +know all right are there any questions + + align:start position:0% +know all right are there any questions + + + align:start position:0% +know all right are there any questions +about the question yes on + + align:start position:0% +about the question yes on + + + align:start position:0% +about the question yes on +theis yes this y- axis is the + + align:start position:0% +theis yes this y- axis is the + + + align:start position:0% +theis yes this y- axis is the +concentration as a function of the + + align:start position:0% +concentration as a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +concentration as a function of the +position + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X all right I'll give + + align:start position:0% +X all right I'll give + + + align:start position:0% +X all right I'll give +you another five seconds to think about + + align:start position:0% +you another five seconds to think about + + + align:start position:0% +you another five seconds to think about +it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right do you need more + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more + + + align:start position:0% +all right do you need more +time all right let's vote ready three + + align:start position:0% +time all right let's vote ready three + + + align:start position:0% +time all right let's vote ready three +two + + align:start position:0% +two + + + align:start position:0% +two +one okay great uh so I'd say vast + + align:start position:0% +one okay great uh so I'd say vast + + + align:start position:0% +one okay great uh so I'd say vast +majority here are agreeing that it's + + align:start position:0% +majority here are agreeing that it's + + + align:start position:0% +majority here are agreeing that it's +going to be + + align:start position:0% +going to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to be +D this is all the the flux is going to + + align:start position:0% +D this is all the the flux is going to + + + align:start position:0% +D this is all the the flux is going to +be the same everywhere okay now the flux + + align:start position:0% +be the same everywhere okay now the flux + + + align:start position:0% +be the same everywhere okay now the flux +can somebody remind us we'll say flux J + + align:start position:0% +can somebody remind us we'll say flux J + + + align:start position:0% +can somebody remind us we'll say flux J +and what what is it going to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be all right so there's a minus a d + + align:start position:0% +be all right so there's a minus a d + + + align:start position:0% +be all right so there's a minus a d +times the change in C with respect to + + align:start position:0% +times the change in C with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +times the change in C with respect to +X and so this is this was derived in the + + align:start position:0% +X and so this is this was derived in the + + + align:start position:0% +X and so this is this was derived in the +notes right so this is uh highlighting + + align:start position:0% +notes right so this is uh highlighting + + + align:start position:0% +notes right so this is uh highlighting +that what leads to a flux is the chain + + align:start position:0% +that what leads to a flux is the chain + + + align:start position:0% +that what leads to a flux is the chain +is the change in the conc concentration + + align:start position:0% +is the change in the conc concentration + + + align:start position:0% +is the change in the conc concentration +with spect to position right so it + + align:start position:0% +with spect to position right so it + + + align:start position:0% +with spect to position right so it +doesn't matter that the concentration is + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter that the concentration is + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter that the concentration is +higher here than here you have the same + + align:start position:0% +higher here than here you have the same + + + align:start position:0% +higher here than here you have the same +flux and the flux is in which direction + + align:start position:0% +flux and the flux is in which direction + + + align:start position:0% +flux and the flux is in which direction +left right up down 3 2 1 left right so + + align:start position:0% +left right up down 3 2 1 left right so + + + align:start position:0% +left right up down 3 2 1 left right so +the flux is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +okay all right minus sign uh like always + + align:start position:0% +okay all right minus sign uh like always + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right minus sign uh like always +it's hard to remember from equations + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to remember from equations + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to remember from equations +whether there are plus minus signs but + + align:start position:0% +whether there are plus minus signs but + + + align:start position:0% +whether there are plus minus signs but +you should be able to just remember you + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to just remember you + + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to just remember you +can draw something like this and say + + align:start position:0% +can draw something like this and say + + + align:start position:0% +can draw something like this and say +okay this is a positive DC DX so flux is + + align:start position:0% +okay this is a positive DC DX so flux is + + + align:start position:0% +okay this is a positive DC DX so flux is +going to be in the negative direction + + align:start position:0% +going to be in the negative direction + + + align:start position:0% +going to be in the negative direction +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now what will be the change in the + + align:start position:0% +okay now what will be the change in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay now what will be the change in the +concentration with respect to time uh at + + align:start position:0% +concentration with respect to time uh at + + + align:start position:0% +concentration with respect to time uh at +this point right now is it all right so + + align:start position:0% +this point right now is it all right so + + + align:start position:0% +this point right now is it all right so +this is change in the concentration at + + align:start position:0% +this is change in the concentration at + + + align:start position:0% +this is change in the concentration at +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +B respect to time is it + + align:start position:0% +B respect to time is it + + + align:start position:0% +B respect to time is it +greater than zero equal zero less than + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero equal zero less than + + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero equal zero less than +zero or can't determine + + align:start position:0% +zero or can't determine + + + align:start position:0% +zero or can't determine +can't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +determine all right does everybody + + align:start position:0% +determine all right does everybody + + + align:start position:0% +determine all right does everybody +understand their question that I'm + + align:start position:0% +understand their question that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +understand their question that I'm +trying to ask the change in the + + align:start position:0% +trying to ask the change in the + + + align:start position:0% +trying to ask the change in the +concentration at this point respect to + + align:start position:0% +concentration at this point respect to + + + align:start position:0% +concentration at this point respect to +time at this time that draon I'll give + + align:start position:0% +time at this time that draon I'll give + + + align:start position:0% +time at this time that draon I'll give +you 5 Seconds to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% +all right ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +all right ready three two +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +one okay so this again it's pretty good + + align:start position:0% +one okay so this again it's pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +one okay so this again it's pretty good +but not um not + + align:start position:0% +but not um not + + + align:start position:0% +but not um not +everyone all right so it is going to be + + align:start position:0% +everyone all right so it is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +everyone all right so it is going to be +B can somebody can somebody explain why + + align:start position:0% +B can somebody can somebody explain why + + + align:start position:0% +B can somebody can somebody explain why +why it's B + + align:start position:0% +why it's B + + + align:start position:0% +why it's B +here yes there's as much + + align:start position:0% +here yes there's as much + + + align:start position:0% +here yes there's as much +yeah that's right so it's true that that + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right so it's true that that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's right so it's true that that +these particle that there's a net flux + + align:start position:0% +these particle that there's a net flux + + + align:start position:0% +these particle that there's a net flux +here coming to the left but from the SLE + + align:start position:0% +here coming to the left but from the SLE + + + align:start position:0% +here coming to the left but from the SLE +if we want to know how whether there's a + + align:start position:0% +if we want to know how whether there's a + + + align:start position:0% +if we want to know how whether there's a +change in the concentration at that + + align:start position:0% +change in the concentration at that + + + align:start position:0% +change in the concentration at that +point we need to know about what's the + + align:start position:0% +point we need to know about what's the + + + align:start position:0% +point we need to know about what's the +net number of particles moving to the + + align:start position:0% +net number of particles moving to the + + + align:start position:0% +net number of particles moving to the +left verus the net particle that are + + align:start position:0% +left verus the net particle that are + + + align:start position:0% +left verus the net particle that are +come particle number that are coming in + + align:start position:0% +come particle number that are coming in + + + align:start position:0% +come particle number that are coming in +to from the right okay now of course on + + align:start position:0% +to from the right okay now of course on + + + align:start position:0% +to from the right okay now of course on +this left face if I drew draw a little + + align:start position:0% +this left face if I drew draw a little + + + align:start position:0% +this left face if I drew draw a little +box here are all the particles Crossing + + align:start position:0% +box here are all the particles Crossing + + + align:start position:0% +box here are all the particles Crossing +this kind of position are they all + + align:start position:0% +this kind of position are they all + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of position are they all +moving to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +left + + align:start position:0% +left + + + align:start position:0% +left +no right so the idea is that all the + + align:start position:0% +no right so the idea is that all the + + + align:start position:0% +no right so the idea is that all the +particle motion is random and indeed + + align:start position:0% +particle motion is random and indeed + + + align:start position:0% +particle motion is random and indeed +there's only a slight excess of + + align:start position:0% +there's only a slight excess of + + + align:start position:0% +there's only a slight excess of +particles moving to the left as compared + + align:start position:0% +particles moving to the left as compared + + + align:start position:0% +particles moving to the left as compared +to the right in the sense that if you + + align:start position:0% +to the right in the sense that if you + + + align:start position:0% +to the right in the sense that if you +look at the + + align:start position:0% +look at the + + + align:start position:0% +look at the +concentration here the concentration is + + align:start position:0% +concentration here the concentration is + + + align:start position:0% +concentration here the concentration is +rather large it's only a little bit + + align:start position:0% +rather large it's only a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +rather large it's only a little bit +larger to the right than to the left of + + align:start position:0% +larger to the right than to the left of + + + align:start position:0% +larger to the right than to the left of +this plane which means that there's only + + align:start position:0% +this plane which means that there's only + + + align:start position:0% +this plane which means that there's only +a slight excess of particles diffusing + + align:start position:0% +a slight excess of particles diffusing + + + align:start position:0% +a slight excess of particles diffusing +to the left as compared to the right but + + align:start position:0% +to the left as compared to the right but + + + align:start position:0% +to the left as compared to the right but +that leads to a net flux of + + align:start position:0% +that leads to a net flux of + + + align:start position:0% +that leads to a net flux of +particles Crossing this plane to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +left all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so where um where will the + + align:start position:0% +right so where um where will the + + + align:start position:0% +right so where um where will the +concentration be changing at at this + + align:start position:0% +concentration be changing at at this + + + align:start position:0% +concentration be changing at at this +point here will the concentration be + + align:start position:0% +point here will the concentration be + + + align:start position:0% +point here will the concentration be +changing a Spector time ready 3 2 1 no + + align:start position:0% +changing a Spector time ready 3 2 1 no + + + align:start position:0% +changing a Spector time ready 3 2 1 no +right so will does it does it change at + + align:start position:0% +right so will does it does it change at + + + align:start position:0% +right so will does it does it change at +at all ever anywhere in this + + align:start position:0% +at all ever anywhere in this + + + align:start position:0% +at all ever anywhere in this +example right is this a steady state + + align:start position:0% +example right is this a steady state + + + align:start position:0% +example right is this a steady state +profile yes or no ready 3 2 1 no no okay + + align:start position:0% +profile yes or no ready 3 2 1 no no okay + + + align:start position:0% +profile yes or no ready 3 2 1 no no okay +what should be the steady state profile + + align:start position:0% +what should be the steady state profile + + + align:start position:0% +what should be the steady state profile +flat flat okay so how does that come + + align:start position:0% +flat flat okay so how does that come + + + align:start position:0% +flat flat okay so how does that come +about if if the concentration is not + + align:start position:0% +about if if the concentration is not + + + align:start position:0% +about if if the concentration is not +changing any you know yeah change at the + + align:start position:0% +changing any you know yeah change at the + + + align:start position:0% +changing any you know yeah change at the +edges it only change it's only changing + + align:start position:0% +edges it only change it's only changing + + + align:start position:0% +edges it only change it's only changing +at the edges + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +initially now it's important note that + + align:start position:0% +initially now it's important note that + + + align:start position:0% +initially now it's important note that +it's not that the concentration profile + + align:start position:0% +it's not that the concentration profile + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that the concentration profile +is going to just it's not going to start + + align:start position:0% +is going to just it's not going to start + + + align:start position:0% +is going to just it's not going to start +looking like + + align:start position:0% +looking like + + + align:start position:0% +looking like +this right so that will not actually be + + align:start position:0% +this right so that will not actually be + + + align:start position:0% +this right so that will not actually be +how it you know eventually it's going to + + align:start position:0% +how it you know eventually it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +how it you know eventually it's going to +be flat right but it's going to kind of + + align:start position:0% +be flat right but it's going to kind of + + + align:start position:0% +be flat right but it's going to kind of +uh smooth out on the edges and then + + align:start position:0% +uh smooth out on the edges and then + + + align:start position:0% +uh smooth out on the edges and then +it'll kind + + align:start position:0% +it'll kind + + + align:start position:0% +it'll kind +of do you guys understand what I'm + + align:start position:0% +of do you guys understand what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +of do you guys understand what I'm +trying to say it's not that it's a line + + align:start position:0% +trying to say it's not that it's a line + + + align:start position:0% +trying to say it's not that it's a line +that just kind of goes like this but + + align:start position:0% +that just kind of goes like this but + + + align:start position:0% +that just kind of goes like this but +instead we we do end up getting + + align:start position:0% +instead we we do end up getting + + + align:start position:0% +instead we we do end up getting +curvature andu like + + align:start position:0% +curvature andu like + + + align:start position:0% +curvature andu like +okay all right one more of these and + + align:start position:0% +okay all right one more of these and + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right one more of these and +then uh then we'll consider ourselves to + + align:start position:0% +then uh then we'll consider ourselves to + + + align:start position:0% +then uh then we'll consider ourselves to +be expert diffus diff + + align:start position:0% +be expert diffus diff + + + align:start position:0% +be expert diffus diff +fusionists okay all right so let's say + + align:start position:0% +fusionists okay all right so let's say + + + align:start position:0% +fusionists okay all right so let's say +the concentration is a function of + + align:start position:0% +the concentration is a function of + + + align:start position:0% +the concentration is a function of +position looks something like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +okay all right what I want to know is uh + + align:start position:0% +okay all right what I want to know is uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right what I want to know is uh +where is it where is + + align:start position:0% +where is it where is + + + align:start position:0% +where is it where is +dcdt uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maximum okay we have some different + + align:start position:0% +maximum okay we have some different + + + align:start position:0% +maximum okay we have some different +points we have a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b + + align:start position:0% +b + + + align:start position:0% +b +c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +d 5 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Seconds all right ready three two one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so we finally got a lot of + + align:start position:0% +all right so we finally got a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +all right so we finally got a lot of +disagreement I like it okay turn uh turn + + align:start position:0% +disagreement I like it okay turn uh turn + + + align:start position:0% +disagreement I like it okay turn uh turn +to your neighbor we should you should be + + align:start position:0% +to your neighbor we should you should be + + + align:start position:0% +to your neighbor we should you should be +able to find somebody that disagrees + + align:start position:0% +able to find somebody that disagrees + + + align:start position:0% +able to find somebody that disagrees +with + + align:start position:0% +with + + + align:start position:0% +with +you what is it that determines + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right did you guys all + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +agree okay but you all agree on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it okay let let's go ahead and reconvene + + align:start position:0% +it okay let let's go ahead and reconvene + + + align:start position:0% +it okay let let's go ahead and reconvene +and let let me see it may be that we're + + align:start position:0% +and let let me see it may be that we're + + + align:start position:0% +and let let me see it may be that we're +forming domains of some sort all right + + align:start position:0% +forming domains of some sort all right + + + align:start position:0% +forming domains of some sort all right +ready wait he says no no all right one + + align:start position:0% +ready wait he says no no all right one + + + align:start position:0% +ready wait he says no no all right one +okay one question yeah which is like is + + align:start position:0% +okay one question yeah which is like is + + + align:start position:0% +okay one question yeah which is like is +this instantaneous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in some sense um exactly at the all + + align:start position:0% +in some sense um exactly at the all + + + align:start position:0% +in some sense um exactly at the all +right so what I I guess what I would say + + align:start position:0% +right so what I I guess what I would say + + + align:start position:0% +right so what I I guess what I would say +is that um right this is this is + + align:start position:0% +is that um right this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +is that um right this is this is +concentration profile at some time at as + + align:start position:0% +concentration profile at some time at as + + + align:start position:0% +concentration profile at some time at as +function of position and time and if you + + align:start position:0% +function of position and time and if you + + + align:start position:0% +function of position and time and if you +want to know the Conant tration profile + + align:start position:0% +want to know the Conant tration profile + + + align:start position:0% +want to know the Conant tration profile +sometime delta T later + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right t plus delta T right well then you + + align:start position:0% +right t plus delta T right well then you + + + align:start position:0% +right t plus delta T right well then you +know it's going to be the concentration + + align:start position:0% +know it's going to be the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +know it's going to be the concentration +that we had before and then a little bit + + align:start position:0% +that we had before and then a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +that we had before and then a little bit +you know plus delta T times the the the + + align:start position:0% +you know plus delta T times the the the + + + align:start position:0% +you know plus delta T times the the the +derivative with respect to + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +derivative with respect to +time right so I get you know so it's + + align:start position:0% +time right so I get you know so it's + + + align:start position:0% +time right so I get you know so it's +it's at this right so this is the con + + align:start position:0% +it's at this right so this is the con + + + align:start position:0% +it's at this right so this is the con +profile at this time and I want to know + + align:start position:0% +profile at this time and I want to know + + + align:start position:0% +profile at this time and I want to know +how how much is it going to change in + + align:start position:0% +how how much is it going to change in + + + align:start position:0% +how how much is it going to change in +the next delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T and I'm assuming of course that I'm + + align:start position:0% +T and I'm assuming of course that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +T and I'm assuming of course that I'm +not adding any particles or taking any + + align:start position:0% +not adding any particles or taking any + + + align:start position:0% +not adding any particles or taking any +particles away right so just due to + + align:start position:0% +particles away right so just due to + + + align:start position:0% +particles away right so just due to +diffusion okay all right let's see where + + align:start position:0% +diffusion okay all right let's see where + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion okay all right let's see where +we are ready three two + + align:start position:0% +we are ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +we are ready three two +one okay all right so it's um yeah we + + align:start position:0% +one okay all right so it's um yeah we + + + align:start position:0% +one okay all right so it's um yeah we +got domain definitely some domains all + + align:start position:0% +got domain definitely some domains all + + + align:start position:0% +got domain definitely some domains all +right so it's some um all right well + + align:start position:0% +right so it's some um all right well + + + align:start position:0% +right so it's some um all right well +it's going to end up being a as I think + + align:start position:0% +it's going to end up being a as I think + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to end up being a as I think +a majority of the group is now saying + + align:start position:0% +a majority of the group is now saying + + + align:start position:0% +a majority of the group is now saying +all right so uh and why why is it + + align:start position:0% +all right so uh and why why is it + + + align:start position:0% +all right so uh and why why is it +a because the second derivative second + + align:start position:0% +a because the second derivative second + + + align:start position:0% +a because the second derivative second +derivative right so just what we said + + align:start position:0% +derivative right so just what we said + + + align:start position:0% +derivative right so just what we said +before is that if we wanted to know D + + align:start position:0% +before is that if we wanted to know D + + + align:start position:0% +before is that if we wanted to know D +the change of con duration respect to + + align:start position:0% +the change of con duration respect to + + + align:start position:0% +the change of con duration respect to +time at this point that was Zero + + align:start position:0% +time at this point that was Zero + + + align:start position:0% +time at this point that was Zero +because there was no the the flux of + + align:start position:0% +because there was no the the flux of + + + align:start position:0% +because there was no the the flux of +particles to the left or the flux par + + align:start position:0% +particles to the left or the flux par + + + align:start position:0% +particles to the left or the flux par +was leaving that point and the flux + + align:start position:0% +was leaving that point and the flux + + + align:start position:0% +was leaving that point and the flux +coming in were the + + align:start position:0% +coming in were the + + + align:start position:0% +coming in were the +same right and and that's + + align:start position:0% +same right and and that's + + + align:start position:0% +same right and and that's +because of and we can also think about + + align:start position:0% +because of and we can also think about + + + align:start position:0% +because of and we can also think about +second derivative all right so this + + align:start position:0% +second derivative all right so this + + + align:start position:0% +second derivative all right so this +indeed just from fixed I guess that was + + align:start position:0% +indeed just from fixed I guess that was + + + align:start position:0% +indeed just from fixed I guess that was +first law we get a d so this gives + + align:start position:0% +first law we get a d so this gives + + + align:start position:0% +first law we get a d so this gives +second + + align:start position:0% +second + + + align:start position:0% +second +derivative C with respect to X2 right so + + align:start position:0% +derivative C with respect to X2 right so + + + align:start position:0% +derivative C with respect to X2 right so +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +two okay what this is saying is that to + + align:start position:0% +two okay what this is saying is that to + + + align:start position:0% +two okay what this is saying is that to +determine how rapidly the concentration + + align:start position:0% +determine how rapidly the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +determine how rapidly the concentration +is going to + + align:start position:0% +is going to + + + align:start position:0% +is going to +change at a particular point with + + align:start position:0% +change at a particular point with + + + align:start position:0% +change at a particular point with +respect to time we need to know uh the + + align:start position:0% +respect to time we need to know uh the + + + align:start position:0% +respect to time we need to know uh the +curvature of the concentration with + + align:start position:0% +curvature of the concentration with + + + align:start position:0% +curvature of the concentration with +respect to + + align:start position:0% +respect to + + + align:start position:0% +respect to +position okay so many people were saying + + align:start position:0% +position okay so many people were saying + + + align:start position:0% +position okay so many people were saying +C here and actually this is where the + + align:start position:0% +C here and actually this is where the + + + align:start position:0% +C here and actually this is where the +concentration will remain exactly + + align:start position:0% +concentration will remain exactly + + + align:start position:0% +concentration will remain exactly +constant over this next delta T right of + + align:start position:0% +constant over this next delta T right of + + + align:start position:0% +constant over this next delta T right of +course if we if we want to know about + + align:start position:0% +course if we if we want to know about + + + align:start position:0% +course if we if we want to know about +what contion is going to do for a long + + align:start position:0% +what contion is going to do for a long + + + align:start position:0% +what contion is going to do for a long +time then we have to do something more + + align:start position:0% +time then we have to do something more + + + align:start position:0% +time then we have to do something more +subtle right but if we want to know how + + align:start position:0% +subtle right but if we want to know how + + + align:start position:0% +subtle right but if we want to know how +how the concentration is changing right + + align:start position:0% +how the concentration is changing right + + + align:start position:0% +how the concentration is changing right +now then we just look at the + + align:start position:0% +now then we just look at the + + + align:start position:0% +now then we just look at the +curvature okay and indeed the curvature + + align:start position:0% +curvature okay and indeed the curvature + + + align:start position:0% +curvature okay and indeed the curvature +here is is + + align:start position:0% +here is is + + + align:start position:0% +here is is +maximal right so concentration dcdt at + + align:start position:0% +maximal right so concentration dcdt at + + + align:start position:0% +maximal right so concentration dcdt at +this point is it going to be greater or + + align:start position:0% +this point is it going to be greater or + + + align:start position:0% +this point is it going to be greater or +less than zero ready 3 two + + align:start position:0% +less than zero ready 3 two + + + align:start position:0% +less than zero ready 3 two +1 less than zero right now it's true + + align:start position:0% +1 less than zero right now it's true + + + align:start position:0% +1 less than zero right now it's true +that only the curvature at a particular + + align:start position:0% +that only the curvature at a particular + + + align:start position:0% +that only the curvature at a particular +Point matters know how the concentration + + align:start position:0% +Point matters know how the concentration + + + align:start position:0% +Point matters know how the concentration +is going to change at this at over this + + align:start position:0% +is going to change at this at over this + + + align:start position:0% +is going to change at this at over this +next delta T but if you want to know + + align:start position:0% +next delta T but if you want to know + + + align:start position:0% +next delta T but if you want to know +about what's going to happen over longer + + align:start position:0% +about what's going to happen over longer + + + align:start position:0% +about what's going to happen over longer +periods of time then you have to worry + + align:start position:0% +periods of time then you have to worry + + + align:start position:0% +periods of time then you have to worry +about more of the global structure + + align:start position:0% +about more of the global structure + + + align:start position:0% +about more of the global structure +because what's true is that this may + + align:start position:0% +because what's true is that this may + + + align:start position:0% +because what's true is that this may +quickly this local maximum May quickly + + align:start position:0% +quickly this local maximum May quickly + + + align:start position:0% +quickly this local maximum May quickly +go away right so you don't have to wait + + align:start position:0% +go away right so you don't have to wait + + + align:start position:0% +go away right so you don't have to wait +very long before this thing gets smooth + + align:start position:0% +very long before this thing gets smooth + + + align:start position:0% +very long before this thing gets smooth +and then dcdt will uh kind of uh will + + align:start position:0% +and then dcdt will uh kind of uh will + + + align:start position:0% +and then dcdt will uh kind of uh will +the magnitude will go to zero right so + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude will go to zero right so + + + align:start position:0% +the magnitude will go to zero right so +in some sense this + + align:start position:0% +in some sense this + + + align:start position:0% +in some sense this +big hump will stick around + + align:start position:0% +big hump will stick around + + + align:start position:0% +big hump will stick around +longer right but because of the + + align:start position:0% +longer right but because of the + + + align:start position:0% +longer right but because of the +curvature this has U the maximal of um + + align:start position:0% +curvature this has U the maximal of um + + + align:start position:0% +curvature this has U the maximal of um +magnitude of + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude of +dcdt + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay right and it makes sense that the + + align:start position:0% +okay right and it makes sense that the + + + align:start position:0% +okay right and it makes sense that the +concentration is going to go down + + align:start position:0% +concentration is going to go down + + + align:start position:0% +concentration is going to go down +because the net flocks here is to the + + align:start position:0% +because the net flocks here is to the + + + align:start position:0% +because the net flocks here is to the +right and to the left and so there's a + + align:start position:0% +right and to the left and so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +right and to the left and so there's a +net flux particles leaving concentration + + align:start position:0% +net flux particles leaving concentration + + + align:start position:0% +net flux particles leaving concentration +is going to come down + + align:start position:0% +is going to come down + + + align:start position:0% +is going to come down +okay now are there any questions about + + align:start position:0% +okay now are there any questions about + + + align:start position:0% +okay now are there any questions about +what we''ve + + align:start position:0% +what we''ve + + + align:start position:0% +what we''ve +said i' say that if you're um if if you + + align:start position:0% +said i' say that if you're um if if you + + + align:start position:0% +said i' say that if you're um if if you +find this discussion confusing I would + + align:start position:0% +find this discussion confusing I would + + + align:start position:0% +find this discussion confusing I would +um I would strongly encourage you to get + + align:start position:0% +um I would strongly encourage you to get + + + align:start position:0% +um I would strongly encourage you to get +together with a friend and just draw + + align:start position:0% +together with a friend and just draw + + + align:start position:0% +together with a friend and just draw +some random lines curves and just make + + align:start position:0% +some random lines curves and just make + + + align:start position:0% +some random lines curves and just make +sure you understand where diffusion is + + align:start position:0% +sure you understand where diffusion is + + + align:start position:0% +sure you understand where diffusion is +going to pull things and so forth + + align:start position:0% +going to pull things and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +going to pull things and so forth +okay right no questions about + + align:start position:0% +okay right no questions about + + + align:start position:0% +okay right no questions about +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +okay all + + align:start position:0% +okay all + + + align:start position:0% +okay all +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +whoa um all right so I just want to say + + align:start position:0% +whoa um all right so I just want to say + + + align:start position:0% +whoa um all right so I just want to say +a few things about uh about the + + align:start position:0% +a few things about uh about the + + + align:start position:0% +a few things about uh about the +so-called French flag model in + + align:start position:0% +so-called French flag model in + + + align:start position:0% +so-called French flag model in +development so this is perhaps the most + + align:start position:0% +development so this is perhaps the most + + + align:start position:0% +development so this is perhaps the most +famous all right does everybody know + + align:start position:0% +famous all right does everybody know + + + align:start position:0% +famous all right does everybody know +what the French flag looks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like what's that all right I know there + + align:start position:0% +like what's that all right I know there + + + align:start position:0% +like what's that all right I know there +are three stripes and some orientation + + align:start position:0% +are three stripes and some orientation + + + align:start position:0% +are three stripes and some orientation +right um now the idea the idea here is + + align:start position:0% +right um now the idea the idea here is + + + align:start position:0% +right um now the idea the idea here is +just that a simple way to specify uh + + align:start position:0% +just that a simple way to specify uh + + + align:start position:0% +just that a simple way to specify uh +kind of a structure across um one axis + + align:start position:0% +kind of a structure across um one axis + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a structure across um one axis +is to have a + + align:start position:0% +is to have a + + + align:start position:0% +is to have a +diffusing um chemical or generally a + + align:start position:0% +diffusing um chemical or generally a + + + align:start position:0% +diffusing um chemical or generally a +protein and then based on the + + align:start position:0% +protein and then based on the + + + align:start position:0% +protein and then based on the +concentration of that protein or morphen + + align:start position:0% +concentration of that protein or morphen + + + align:start position:0% +concentration of that protein or morphen +you can just have the tissue kind of + + align:start position:0% +you can just have the tissue kind of + + + align:start position:0% +you can just have the tissue kind of +read out what it's supposed to be what + + align:start position:0% +read out what it's supposed to be what + + + align:start position:0% +read out what it's supposed to be what +you know what it's supposed to do right + + align:start position:0% +you know what it's supposed to do right + + + align:start position:0% +you know what it's supposed to do right +so the idea here is that you have um + + align:start position:0% +so the idea here is that you have um + + + align:start position:0% +so the idea here is that you have um +some morphogen that starts maybe on one + + align:start position:0% +some morphogen that starts maybe on one + + + align:start position:0% +some morphogen that starts maybe on one +end of an embryo and it + + align:start position:0% +end of an embryo and it + + + align:start position:0% +end of an embryo and it +diffuses right so we end up with some + + align:start position:0% +diffuses right so we end up with some + + + align:start position:0% +diffuses right so we end up with some +curve that tells us + + align:start position:0% +curve that tells us + + + align:start position:0% +curve that tells us +about the morphogen concentration is a + + align:start position:0% +about the morphogen concentration is a + + + align:start position:0% +about the morphogen concentration is a +function of + + align:start position:0% +function of + + + align:start position:0% +function of +position right this is as a function + + align:start position:0% +position right this is as a function + + + align:start position:0% +position right this is as a function +position all right so this is along say + + align:start position:0% +position all right so this is along say + + + align:start position:0% +position all right so this is along say +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +embryo now the general challenge in the + + align:start position:0% +embryo now the general challenge in the + + + align:start position:0% +embryo now the general challenge in the +context of development is + + align:start position:0% +context of development is + + + align:start position:0% +context of development is +asking you know we start with this we + + align:start position:0% +asking you know we start with this we + + + align:start position:0% +asking you know we start with this we +start with this embryo with many + + align:start position:0% +start with this embryo with many + + + align:start position:0% +start with this embryo with many +different cells they're all genetically + + align:start position:0% +different cells they're all genetically + + + align:start position:0% +different cells they're all genetically +identical and they all start out maybe + + align:start position:0% +identical and they all start out maybe + + + align:start position:0% +identical and they all start out maybe +without any uh positional information + + align:start position:0% +without any uh positional information + + + align:start position:0% +without any uh positional information +they don't know where they are but uh + + align:start position:0% +they don't know where they are but uh + + + align:start position:0% +they don't know where they are but uh +what that means they don't know they + + align:start position:0% +what that means they don't know they + + + align:start position:0% +what that means they don't know they +they need to uh develop into either a + + align:start position:0% +they need to uh develop into either a + + + align:start position:0% +they need to uh develop into either a +head or a tail or something in between + + align:start position:0% +head or a tail or something in between + + + align:start position:0% +head or a tail or something in between +okay now uh the what often happens is + + align:start position:0% +okay now uh the what often happens is + + + align:start position:0% +okay now uh the what often happens is +that you can have a deposition Often by + + align:start position:0% +that you can have a deposition Often by + + + align:start position:0% +that you can have a deposition Often by +the you know by the mother so you have + + align:start position:0% +the you know by the mother so you have + + + align:start position:0% +the you know by the mother so you have +maternal deposition of say RNA that + + align:start position:0% +maternal deposition of say RNA that + + + align:start position:0% +maternal deposition of say RNA that +leads to expression of some morphogen on + + align:start position:0% +leads to expression of some morphogen on + + + align:start position:0% +leads to expression of some morphogen on +one end and then it diffuses and based + + align:start position:0% +one end and then it diffuses and based + + + align:start position:0% +one end and then it diffuses and based +on the concentration you can say what um + + align:start position:0% +on the concentration you can say what um + + + align:start position:0% +on the concentration you can say what um +what part of the body you should be + + align:start position:0% +what part of the body you should be + + + align:start position:0% +what part of the body you should be +developing into right so there the idea + + align:start position:0% +developing into right so there the idea + + + align:start position:0% +developing into right so there the idea +is you just have these thresholds right + + align:start position:0% +is you just have these thresholds right + + + align:start position:0% +is you just have these thresholds right +that might be some M1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +M2 right now all the + + align:start position:0% +M2 right now all the + + + align:start position:0% +M2 right now all the +cells uh over here know that they should + + align:start position:0% +cells uh over here know that they should + + + align:start position:0% +cells uh over here know that they should +maybe develop into a head over + + align:start position:0% +maybe develop into a head over + + + align:start position:0% +maybe develop into a head over +here they're going to develop into the + + align:start position:0% +here they're going to develop into the + + + align:start position:0% +here they're going to develop into the +mid body and over down here could be the + + align:start position:0% +mid body and over down here could be the + + + align:start position:0% +mid body and over down here could be the +lower body for example okay so just from + + align:start position:0% +lower body for example okay so just from + + + align:start position:0% +lower body for example okay so just from +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +concentration that a cell feels at a + + align:start position:0% +concentration that a cell feels at a + + + align:start position:0% +concentration that a cell feels at a +particular location so if you imagine + + align:start position:0% +particular location so if you imagine + + + align:start position:0% +particular location so if you imagine +you're a cell right here you just say + + align:start position:0% +you're a cell right here you just say + + + align:start position:0% +you're a cell right here you just say +okay I can you know the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +okay I can you know the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +okay I can you know the concentration of +the morphogens is between M1 and M2 and + + align:start position:0% +the morphogens is between M1 and M2 and + + + align:start position:0% +the morphogens is between M1 and M2 and +then uh from that you you know what + + align:start position:0% +then uh from that you you know what + + + align:start position:0% +then uh from that you you know what +you're supposed to be okay now + + align:start position:0% +you're supposed to be okay now + + + align:start position:0% +you're supposed to be okay now +if you + + align:start position:0% +if you + + + align:start position:0% +if you +have uh no + + align:start position:0% +have uh no + + + align:start position:0% +have uh no +degradation within the body let's just + + align:start position:0% +degradation within the body let's just + + + align:start position:0% +degradation within the body let's just +imagine you say you + + align:start position:0% +imagine you say you + + + align:start position:0% +imagine you say you +um let's say that + + align:start position:0% +um let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +um let's say that +at one end zero we're + + align:start position:0% +at one end zero we're + + + align:start position:0% +at one end zero we're +told morphogen concentration is M and + + align:start position:0% +told morphogen concentration is M and + + + align:start position:0% +told morphogen concentration is M and +let's say that the other + + align:start position:0% +let's say that the other + + + align:start position:0% +let's say that the other +end we know that the morphogen + + align:start position:0% +end we know that the morphogen + + + align:start position:0% +end we know that the morphogen +concentration is going to be zero let's + + align:start position:0% +concentration is going to be zero let's + + + align:start position:0% +concentration is going to be zero let's +say there's a lot of degradation at an + + align:start position:0% +say there's a lot of degradation at an + + + align:start position:0% +say there's a lot of degradation at an +end right what um if there's no + + align:start position:0% +end right what um if there's no + + + align:start position:0% +end right what um if there's no +degradation in between what should the + + align:start position:0% +degradation in between what should the + + + align:start position:0% +degradation in between what should the +profile look like given these all right + + align:start position:0% +profile look like given these all right + + + align:start position:0% +profile look like given these all right +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no all right so just diffusion with + + align:start position:0% +no all right so just diffusion with + + + align:start position:0% +no all right so just diffusion with +these boundary + + align:start position:0% +these boundary + + + align:start position:0% +these boundary +conditions all right I'm going to draw + + align:start position:0% +conditions all right I'm going to draw + + + align:start position:0% +conditions all right I'm going to draw +some options and hopefully you can come + + align:start position:0% +some options and hopefully you can come + + + align:start position:0% +some options and hopefully you can come +close your eyes and imagine what it + + align:start position:0% +close your eyes and imagine what it + + + align:start position:0% +close your eyes and imagine what it +should be right we know that it starts + + align:start position:0% +should be right we know that it starts + + + align:start position:0% +should be right we know that it starts +out at M + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +KN over at L it's equal to zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right is it closest to A B C or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +D do you guys do you understand what I'm + + align:start position:0% +D do you guys do you understand what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +D do you guys do you understand what I'm +asking + + align:start position:0% +asking + + + align:start position:0% +asking +yes this is steady state this is the + + align:start position:0% +yes this is steady state this is the + + + align:start position:0% +yes this is steady state this is the +steady state um concentration profile + + align:start position:0% +steady state um concentration profile + + + align:start position:0% +steady state um concentration profile +the morphen given uh there's no + + align:start position:0% +the morphen given uh there's no + + + align:start position:0% +the morphen given uh there's no +degradation in the interior yeah ready + + align:start position:0% +degradation in the interior yeah ready + + + align:start position:0% +degradation in the interior yeah ready +three two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one all right yeah so we're at least a + + align:start position:0% +one all right yeah so we're at least a + + + align:start position:0% +one all right yeah so we're at least a +majority are agreeing it's going to be B + + align:start position:0% +majority are agreeing it's going to be B + + + align:start position:0% +majority are agreeing it's going to be B +although there's a significant minority + + align:start position:0% +although there's a significant minority + + + align:start position:0% +although there's a significant minority +that's saying a right and uh this is why + + align:start position:0% +that's saying a right and uh this is why + + + align:start position:0% +that's saying a right and uh this is why +I'm bringing this up because we're so + + align:start position:0% +I'm bringing this up because we're so + + + align:start position:0% +I'm bringing this up because we're so +used to seeing exponential profiles we + + align:start position:0% +used to seeing exponential profiles we + + + align:start position:0% +used to seeing exponential profiles we +kind of think that you should always be + + align:start position:0% +kind of think that you should always be + + + align:start position:0% +kind of think that you should always be +getting them and I want to be clear + + align:start position:0% +getting them and I want to be clear + + + align:start position:0% +getting them and I want to be clear +about why why it's an exponential + + align:start position:0% +about why why it's an exponential + + + align:start position:0% +about why why it's an exponential +profile that it's the thing that we + + align:start position:0% +profile that it's the thing that we + + + align:start position:0% +profile that it's the thing that we +start with and for example this model in + + align:start position:0% +start with and for example this model in + + + align:start position:0% +start with and for example this model in +n's book right n's book you you get + + align:start position:0% +n's book right n's book you you get + + + align:start position:0% +n's book right n's book you you get +exponential profiles as a result of + + align:start position:0% +exponential profiles as a result of + + + align:start position:0% +exponential profiles as a result of +first order + + align:start position:0% +first order + + + align:start position:0% +first order +degradation okay whereas if you do not + + align:start position:0% +degradation okay whereas if you do not + + + align:start position:0% +degradation okay whereas if you do not +have any if you don't have any + + align:start position:0% +have any if you don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +have any if you don't have any +degradation in the interior then you + + align:start position:0% +degradation in the interior then you + + + align:start position:0% +degradation in the interior then you +know we we say Okay DC D well do we want + + align:start position:0% +know we we say Okay DC D well do we want + + + align:start position:0% +know we we say Okay DC D well do we want +to use C or M no okay uh we'll use M + + align:start position:0% +to use C or M no okay uh we'll use M + + + align:start position:0% +to use C or M no okay uh we'll use M +just because now we're thinking very + + align:start position:0% +just because now we're thinking very + + + align:start position:0% +just because now we're thinking very +particularly for a morphogen all right + + align:start position:0% +particularly for a morphogen all right + + + align:start position:0% +particularly for a morphogen all right +so DM DT + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right okay we want to know the steady + + align:start position:0% +right okay we want to know the steady + + + align:start position:0% +right okay we want to know the steady +state profile okay we set this thing + + align:start position:0% +state profile okay we set this thing + + + align:start position:0% +state profile okay we set this thing +equal to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero all + + align:start position:0% +zero all + + + align:start position:0% +zero all +right integrate twice right so we're + + align:start position:0% +right integrate twice right so we're + + + align:start position:0% +right integrate twice right so we're +going to get this morphen profile should + + align:start position:0% +going to get this morphen profile should + + + align:start position:0% +going to get this morphen profile should +just be some ax plus b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay my line was kind of crappy I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry okay right however when we have + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay right however when we have + + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay right however when we have +first order degradation then we then we + + align:start position:0% +first order degradation then we then we + + + align:start position:0% +first order degradation then we then we +get these uh these exponential profiles + + align:start position:0% +get these uh these exponential profiles + + + align:start position:0% +get these uh these exponential profiles +okay are there are there any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about yeah right so this would be this + + align:start position:0% +about yeah right so this would be this + + + align:start position:0% +about yeah right so this would be this +require yeah what does this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +require degraded at yeah right so right + + align:start position:0% +require degraded at yeah right so right + + + align:start position:0% +require degraded at yeah right so right +so um that's what I saying is that to + + align:start position:0% +so um that's what I saying is that to + + + align:start position:0% +so um that's what I saying is that to +when I I guess when I said that at the + + align:start position:0% +when I I guess when I said that at the + + + align:start position:0% +when I I guess when I said that at the +end it was a zero this means that we + + align:start position:0% +end it was a zero this means that we + + + align:start position:0% +end it was a zero this means that we +have degradation at at this point so + + align:start position:0% +have degradation at at this point so + + + align:start position:0% +have degradation at at this point so +anytime that uh the morphogen reaches + + align:start position:0% +anytime that uh the morphogen reaches + + + align:start position:0% +anytime that uh the morphogen reaches +the end of the embryo say it would have + + align:start position:0% +the end of the embryo say it would have + + + align:start position:0% +the end of the embryo say it would have +it gets degraded okay um right so it's + + align:start position:0% +it gets degraded okay um right so it's + + + align:start position:0% +it gets degraded okay um right so it's +it's not degradation inside but it's + + align:start position:0% +it's not degradation inside but it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's not degradation inside but it's +only degradation here right and this + + align:start position:0% +only degradation here right and this + + + align:start position:0% +only degradation here right and this +would this would correspond to a + + align:start position:0% +would this would correspond to a + + + align:start position:0% +would this would correspond to a +situation where you have constant flocks + + align:start position:0% +situation where you have constant flocks + + + align:start position:0% +situation where you have constant flocks +throughout the embryo constant rate of + + align:start position:0% +throughout the embryo constant rate of + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the embryo constant rate of +production of the morphogen constant + + align:start position:0% +production of the morphogen constant + + + align:start position:0% +production of the morphogen constant +rate of degradation over here okay right + + align:start position:0% +rate of degradation over here okay right + + + align:start position:0% +rate of degradation over here okay right +uh right but when you have this first + + align:start position:0% +uh right but when you have this first + + + align:start position:0% +uh right but when you have this first +order degradation right so if uh if + + align:start position:0% +order degradation right so if uh if + + + align:start position:0% +order degradation right so if uh if +we're told that instead well maybe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so if in addition to having + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diffusion you also have this first order + + align:start position:0% +diffusion you also have this first order + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion you also have this first order +degradation right now remember m is a + + align:start position:0% +degradation right now remember m is a + + + align:start position:0% +degradation right now remember m is a +function of both x and t right then this + + align:start position:0% +function of both x and t right then this + + + align:start position:0% +function of both x and t right then this +is this is the situation where we get uh + + align:start position:0% +is this is the situation where we get uh + + + align:start position:0% +is this is the situation where we get uh +where we get exponential profiles + + align:start position:0% +where we get exponential profiles + + + align:start position:0% +where we get exponential profiles +okay now in in in U's book he often + + align:start position:0% +okay now in in in U's book he often + + + align:start position:0% +okay now in in in U's book he often +discusses this + + align:start position:0% +discusses this + + + align:start position:0% +discusses this +where the uh the boundary condition is + + align:start position:0% +where the uh the boundary condition is + + + align:start position:0% +where the uh the boundary condition is +that you have some concentration m not + + align:start position:0% +that you have some concentration m not + + + align:start position:0% +that you have some concentration m not +at the at one end and then uh this is M + + align:start position:0% +at the at one end and then uh this is M + + + align:start position:0% +at the at one end and then uh this is M +and then we get an exponential profile + + align:start position:0% +and then we get an exponential profile + + + align:start position:0% +and then we get an exponential profile +here okay what was the characteristic + + align:start position:0% +here okay what was the characteristic + + + align:start position:0% +here okay what was the characteristic +length + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scale and this is something that we + + align:start position:0% +scale and this is something that we + + + align:start position:0% +scale and this is something that we +should be able to figure out all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you should of course be able to solve + + align:start position:0% +you should of course be able to solve + + + align:start position:0% +you should of course be able to solve +the equations but you should be able to + + align:start position:0% +the equations but you should be able to + + + align:start position:0% +the equations but you should be able to +figure it + + align:start position:0% +figure it + + + align:start position:0% +figure it +out you know from our favorite uh + + align:start position:0% +out you know from our favorite uh + + + align:start position:0% +out you know from our favorite uh +approach of dimensional analysis what's + + align:start position:0% +approach of dimensional analysis what's + + + align:start position:0% +approach of dimensional analysis what's +the what's the units of things + + align:start position:0% +the what's the units of things + + + align:start position:0% +the what's the units of things +here okay so units of D is + + align:start position:0% +here okay so units of D is + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so units of D is +what length squar over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time all right and units of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alpha right so this is a morphogen + + align:start position:0% +alpha right so this is a morphogen + + + align:start position:0% +alpha right so this is a morphogen +concentration over a time this is a + + align:start position:0% +concentration over a time this is a + + + align:start position:0% +concentration over a time this is a +morphogen concentration so this thing + + align:start position:0% +morphogen concentration so this thing + + + align:start position:0% +morphogen concentration so this thing +has to be one over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time right so the length scale is then + + align:start position:0% +time right so the length scale is then + + + align:start position:0% +time right so the length scale is then +going to have to go as the square + + align:start position:0% +going to have to go as the square + + + align:start position:0% +going to have to go as the square +root of D over Alpha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right okay um + + align:start position:0% +right okay um + + + align:start position:0% +right okay um +and indeed if you solve it it's it's + + align:start position:0% +and indeed if you solve it it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +and indeed if you solve it it's it's +exactly equal to that but this + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to that but this + + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal to that but this +dimensional analysis was just told us + + align:start position:0% +dimensional analysis was just told us + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional analysis was just told us +that it had to scale like that okay all + + align:start position:0% +that it had to scale like that okay all + + + align:start position:0% +that it had to scale like that okay all +right so this is telling us about this + + align:start position:0% +right so this is telling us about this + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is telling us about this +characteristic length over which this + + align:start position:0% +characteristic length over which this + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic length over which this +morphogen profile is going to fall off + + align:start position:0% +morphogen profile is going to fall off + + + align:start position:0% +morphogen profile is going to fall off +right this is the characteristic length + + align:start position:0% +right this is the characteristic length + + + align:start position:0% +right this is the characteristic length +L + + align:start position:0% +L + + + align:start position:0% +L +okay incidentally you'll see many cases + + align:start position:0% +okay incidentally you'll see many cases + + + align:start position:0% +okay incidentally you'll see many cases +of of things that look like this right + + align:start position:0% +of of things that look like this right + + + align:start position:0% +of of things that look like this right +so if there's first order uh rate that's + + align:start position:0% +so if there's first order uh rate that's + + + align:start position:0% +so if there's first order uh rate that's +something something is either degraded + + align:start position:0% +something something is either degraded + + + align:start position:0% +something something is either degraded +or is uptaken or whatnot then um then + + align:start position:0% +or is uptaken or whatnot then um then + + + align:start position:0% +or is uptaken or whatnot then um then +together with diffusion you'll get uh an + + align:start position:0% +together with diffusion you'll get uh an + + + align:start position:0% +together with diffusion you'll get uh an +exponential profile um with uh with the + + align:start position:0% +exponential profile um with uh with the + + + align:start position:0% +exponential profile um with uh with the +characteristic length scale that's given + + align:start position:0% +characteristic length scale that's given + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic length scale that's given +by this ratio right so you'll see this + + align:start position:0% +by this ratio right so you'll see this + + + align:start position:0% +by this ratio right so you'll see this +in many different contexts of for + + align:start position:0% +in many different contexts of for + + + align:start position:0% +in many different contexts of for +example nutrients kind of going into a + + align:start position:0% +example nutrients kind of going into a + + + align:start position:0% +example nutrients kind of going into a +bofilm right if if you have cells + + align:start position:0% +bofilm right if if you have cells + + + align:start position:0% +bofilm right if if you have cells +picking up nutrients then it's roughly + + align:start position:0% +picking up nutrients then it's roughly + + + align:start position:0% +picking up nutrients then it's roughly +kind of OB it's not that it's being + + align:start position:0% +kind of OB it's not that it's being + + + align:start position:0% +kind of OB it's not that it's being +degraded but it's being imported right + + align:start position:0% +degraded but it's being imported right + + + align:start position:0% +degraded but it's being imported right +then you'll have a similar process okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so this is uh this is a nice + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is uh this is a nice + + + align:start position:0% +all right so this is uh this is a nice +fine situation except for um what was + + align:start position:0% +fine situation except for um what was + + + align:start position:0% +fine situation except for um what was +the problem that iie pointed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out it's not robust and it's not robust + + align:start position:0% +out it's not robust and it's not robust + + + align:start position:0% +out it's not robust and it's not robust +against + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what initial condition uh yes but I + + align:start position:0% +what initial condition uh yes but I + + + align:start position:0% +what initial condition uh yes but I +think we have to be a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +think we have to be a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +think we have to be a little bit more +specific than + + align:start position:0% +specific than + + + align:start position:0% +specific than +that right it's not robust to changes in + + align:start position:0% +that right it's not robust to changes in + + + align:start position:0% +that right it's not robust to changes in +m0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +incidentally in in most contexts I mean + + align:start position:0% +incidentally in in most contexts I mean + + + align:start position:0% +incidentally in in most contexts I mean +I think for for mathematical Simplicity + + align:start position:0% +I think for for mathematical Simplicity + + + align:start position:0% +I think for for mathematical Simplicity +it's useful to just have a boundary + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to just have a boundary + + + align:start position:0% +it's useful to just have a boundary +condition where m not is constant but uh + + align:start position:0% +condition where m not is constant but uh + + + align:start position:0% +condition where m not is constant but uh +in general uh is is that what the is + + align:start position:0% +in general uh is is that what the is + + + align:start position:0% +in general uh is is that what the is +that what the mother is going to be + + align:start position:0% +that what the mother is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that what the mother is going to be +fixing necessarily what would what would + + align:start position:0% +fixing necessarily what would what would + + + align:start position:0% +fixing necessarily what would what would +the mother typically be fixing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what's that production rate the + + align:start position:0% +what's that production rate the + + + align:start position:0% +what's that production rate the +production rate right how how do we + + align:start position:0% +production rate right how how do we + + + align:start position:0% +production rate right how how do we +figure out what the production rate is + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the production rate is + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what the production rate is +in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +situation it's right the flux where + + align:start position:0% +situation it's right the flux where + + + align:start position:0% +situation it's right the flux where +right that's right right so the + + align:start position:0% +right that's right right so the + + + align:start position:0% +right that's right right so the +production rate is the flux right at or + + align:start position:0% +production rate is the flux right at or + + + align:start position:0% +production rate is the flux right at or +just to the right of of zero okay only + + align:start position:0% +just to the right of of zero okay only + + + align:start position:0% +just to the right of of zero okay only +where is the flux maximal here is it + + align:start position:0% +where is the flux maximal here is it + + + align:start position:0% +where is the flux maximal here is it +maximal at a b or c ready three two one + + align:start position:0% +maximal at a b or c ready three two one + + + align:start position:0% +maximal at a b or c ready three two one +you can do it verbally fine a a right + + align:start position:0% +you can do it verbally fine a a right + + + align:start position:0% +you can do it verbally fine a a right +and that's because it's the profile is + + align:start position:0% +and that's because it's the profile is + + + align:start position:0% +and that's because it's the profile is +steepest here and then shallows out + + align:start position:0% +steepest here and then shallows out + + + align:start position:0% +steepest here and then shallows out +right so flux is decreasing here and + + align:start position:0% +right so flux is decreasing here and + + + align:start position:0% +right so flux is decreasing here and +that's because uh some of the morphogen + + align:start position:0% +that's because uh some of the morphogen + + + align:start position:0% +that's because uh some of the morphogen +is being degraded + + align:start position:0% +is being degraded + + + align:start position:0% +is being degraded +right right so indeed we can figure out + + align:start position:0% +right right so indeed we can figure out + + + align:start position:0% +right right so indeed we can figure out +what the the the production + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rate right this is um equal to the flux + + align:start position:0% +rate right this is um equal to the flux + + + align:start position:0% +rate right this is um equal to the flux +right which is equal to + + align:start position:0% +right which is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +right which is equal to +minus DC DX right that location right so + + align:start position:0% +minus DC DX right that location right so + + + align:start position:0% +minus DC DX right that location right so +the con the morphen profile m is a + + align:start position:0% +the con the morphen profile m is a + + + align:start position:0% +the con the morphen profile m is a +function of X is some m + + align:start position:0% +function of X is some m + + + align:start position:0% +function of X is some m +eus x over L where L is given by this + + align:start position:0% +eus x over L where L is given by this + + + align:start position:0% +eus x over L where L is given by this +characteristic length scale + + align:start position:0% +characteristic length scale + + + align:start position:0% +characteristic length scale +right so if we ask what's DM + + align:start position:0% +right so if we ask what's DM + + + align:start position:0% +right so if we ask what's DM +DX well it's going to be we get a minus + + align:start position:0% +DX well it's going to be we get a minus + + + align:start position:0% +DX well it's going to be we get a minus +M KN over l + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay evaluated at x equal to zero just + + align:start position:0% +okay evaluated at x equal to zero just + + + align:start position:0% +okay evaluated at x equal to zero just +makes that go away so we end up with u + + align:start position:0% +makes that go away so we end up with u + + + align:start position:0% +makes that go away so we end up with u +this uh so you can figure out what the + + align:start position:0% +this uh so you can figure out what the + + + align:start position:0% +this uh so you can figure out what the +what the flux is Right U yeah so it's + + align:start position:0% +what the flux is Right U yeah so it's + + + align:start position:0% +what the flux is Right U yeah so it's +just an extra couple of terms it's fine + + align:start position:0% +just an extra couple of terms it's fine + + + align:start position:0% +just an extra couple of terms it's fine +but that that would be what's what would + + align:start position:0% +but that that would be what's what would + + + align:start position:0% +but that that would be what's what would +typically be constant because there + + align:start position:0% +typically be constant because there + + + align:start position:0% +typically be constant because there +might be some um kind of RNA deposit + + align:start position:0% +might be some um kind of RNA deposit + + + align:start position:0% +might be some um kind of RNA deposit +there or if it's actually transcription + + align:start position:0% +there or if it's actually transcription + + + align:start position:0% +there or if it's actually transcription +off of um the genes at + + align:start position:0% +off of um the genes at + + + align:start position:0% +off of um the genes at +this you know in the cells in this + + align:start position:0% +this you know in the cells in this + + + align:start position:0% +this you know in the cells in this +location then and then it's based on + + align:start position:0% +location then and then it's based on + + + align:start position:0% +location then and then it's based on +whether there's one or two copies and so + + align:start position:0% +whether there's one or two copies and so + + + align:start position:0% +whether there's one or two copies and so +forth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so so okay so this is + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so so okay so this is + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so so okay so this is +this is all all fine except that this + + align:start position:0% +this is all all fine except that this + + + align:start position:0% +this is all all fine except that this +thing is not robust to changes in mot or + + align:start position:0% +thing is not robust to changes in mot or + + + align:start position:0% +thing is not robust to changes in mot or +this production rate whereas in many + + align:start position:0% +this production rate whereas in many + + + align:start position:0% +this production rate whereas in many +cases what we see experimentally is that + + align:start position:0% +cases what we see experimentally is that + + + align:start position:0% +cases what we see experimentally is that +if we uh if we for example have the + + align:start position:0% +if we uh if we for example have the + + + align:start position:0% +if we uh if we for example have the +production rate then the profile that we + + align:start position:0% +production rate then the profile that we + + + align:start position:0% +production rate then the profile that we +see out here is somehow remarkably + + align:start position:0% +see out here is somehow remarkably + + + align:start position:0% +see out here is somehow remarkably +similar + + align:start position:0% +similar + + + align:start position:0% +similar +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes right yeah yeah okay what are the + + align:start position:0% +yes right yeah yeah okay what are the + + + align:start position:0% +yes right yeah yeah okay what are the +kind of model Sy yeah yeah yeah okay so + + align:start position:0% +kind of model Sy yeah yeah yeah okay so + + + align:start position:0% +kind of model Sy yeah yeah yeah okay so +I'd say that um the in many cases it's + + align:start position:0% +I'd say that um the in many cases it's + + + align:start position:0% +I'd say that um the in many cases it's +not that it's directly this m squared + + align:start position:0% +not that it's directly this m squared + + + align:start position:0% +not that it's directly this m squared +business but there are number of cases + + align:start position:0% +business but there are number of cases + + + align:start position:0% +business but there are number of cases +in dropla that um where they actually do + + align:start position:0% +in dropla that um where they actually do + + + align:start position:0% +in dropla that um where they actually do +do see this uh and and in many cases it + + align:start position:0% +do see this uh and and in many cases it + + + align:start position:0% +do see this uh and and in many cases it +was via this active the it was sort of + + align:start position:0% +was via this active the it was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +was via this active the it was sort of +of it was a self-enhanced degradation + + align:start position:0% +of it was a self-enhanced degradation + + + align:start position:0% +of it was a self-enhanced degradation +but not that it was directly it was via + + align:start position:0% +but not that it was directly it was via + + + align:start position:0% +but not that it was directly it was via +binding to a receptor so this was seen + + align:start position:0% +binding to a receptor so this was seen + + + align:start position:0% +binding to a receptor so this was seen +in uh in patch list together I want to + + align:start position:0% +in uh in patch list together I want to + + + align:start position:0% +in uh in patch list together I want to +remember which uh which were the models + + align:start position:0% +remember which uh which were the models + + + align:start position:0% +remember which uh which were the models +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um I guess it was okay I'm I'm worried + + align:start position:0% +um I guess it was okay I'm I'm worried + + + align:start position:0% +um I guess it was okay I'm I'm worried +I'm always going to get so it's like + + align:start position:0% +I'm always going to get so it's like + + + align:start position:0% +I'm always going to get so it's like +patches patchus and frizzled or do you + + align:start position:0% +patches patchus and frizzled or do you + + + align:start position:0% +patches patchus and frizzled or do you +are there any dropa people here that + + align:start position:0% +are there any dropa people here that + + + align:start position:0% +are there any dropa people here that +that can the came up with these crazy + + align:start position:0% +that can the came up with these crazy + + + align:start position:0% +that can the came up with these crazy +names um + + align:start position:0% +names um + + + align:start position:0% +names um +I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying +to H all right yeah so I I always get + + align:start position:0% +to H all right yeah so I I always get + + + align:start position:0% +to H all right yeah so I I always get +confused about which which uh which are + + align:start position:0% +confused about which which uh which are + + + align:start position:0% +confused about which which uh which are +the morphogens and which are the + + align:start position:0% +the morphogens and which are the + + + align:start position:0% +the morphogens and which are the +receptors in in these situations but um + + align:start position:0% +receptors in in these situations but um + + + align:start position:0% +receptors in in these situations but um +but I'd say that uh it it it is + + align:start position:0% +but I'd say that uh it it it is + + + align:start position:0% +but I'd say that uh it it it is +something that's observed in a number + + align:start position:0% +something that's observed in a number + + + align:start position:0% +something that's observed in a number +both I'd say a number of different + + align:start position:0% +both I'd say a number of different + + + align:start position:0% +both I'd say a number of different +contexts both in um at different stages + + align:start position:0% +contexts both in um at different stages + + + align:start position:0% +contexts both in um at different stages +of development both in inoph and you + + align:start position:0% +of development both in inoph and you + + + align:start position:0% +of development both in inoph and you +know like both in they see this in the + + align:start position:0% +know like both in they see this in the + + + align:start position:0% +know like both in they see this in the +wing as well as in the body so at + + align:start position:0% +wing as well as in the body so at + + + align:start position:0% +wing as well as in the body so at +different stages I I think it um it it + + align:start position:0% +different stages I I think it um it it + + + align:start position:0% +different stages I I think it um it it +is seen actually um but I I'm very much + + align:start position:0% +is seen actually um but I I'm very much + + + align:start position:0% +is seen actually um but I I'm very much +not a developmental biologist so I um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so so the The Proposal + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so so the The Proposal + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so so the The Proposal +that that URI suggest as a way to kind + + align:start position:0% +that that URI suggest as a way to kind + + + align:start position:0% +that that URI suggest as a way to kind +of make this thing more robust is to + + align:start position:0% +of make this thing more robust is to + + + align:start position:0% +of make this thing more robust is to +somehow change this term + + align:start position:0% +somehow change this term + + + align:start position:0% +somehow change this term +right now the goal in in all this was to + + align:start position:0% +right now the goal in in all this was to + + + align:start position:0% +right now the goal in in all this was to +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +some degradation rate and he writes it + + align:start position:0% +some degradation rate and he writes it + + + align:start position:0% +some degradation rate and he writes it +as f is a function of concentration m in + + align:start position:0% +as f is a function of concentration m in + + + align:start position:0% +as f is a function of concentration m in +principle this thing could be a function + + align:start position:0% +principle this thing could be a function + + + align:start position:0% +principle this thing could be a function +of the position X but he doesn't want + + align:start position:0% +of the position X but he doesn't want + + + align:start position:0% +of the position X but he doesn't want +that and why was it that he didn't want + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yes right so the whole the whole + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes right so the whole the whole + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes right so the whole the whole +goal is that we want to start with some + + align:start position:0% +goal is that we want to start with some + + + align:start position:0% +goal is that we want to start with some +situation where we kind of don't know + + align:start position:0% +situation where we kind of don't know + + + align:start position:0% +situation where we kind of don't know +where we are as a function of position X + + align:start position:0% +where we are as a function of position X + + + align:start position:0% +where we are as a function of position X +and then from that get some spatial + + align:start position:0% +and then from that get some spatial + + + align:start position:0% +and then from that get some spatial +information right so we really want + + align:start position:0% +information right so we really want + + + align:start position:0% +information right so we really want +something that's not a function of X in + + align:start position:0% +something that's not a function of X in + + + align:start position:0% +something that's not a function of X in +there right because then we're kind of + + align:start position:0% +there right because then we're kind of + + + align:start position:0% +there right because then we're kind of +we've already solved the problem that + + align:start position:0% +we've already solved the problem that + + + align:start position:0% +we've already solved the problem that +we're trying to address + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to address + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to address +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um right and and so one one proposal is + + align:start position:0% +um right and and so one one proposal is + + + align:start position:0% +um right and and so one one proposal is +indeed just to have something that and + + align:start position:0% +indeed just to have something that and + + + align:start position:0% +indeed just to have something that and +this is very much a phenomenological + + align:start position:0% +this is very much a phenomenological + + + align:start position:0% +this is very much a phenomenological +approach which is to have have this + + align:start position:0% +approach which is to have have this + + + align:start position:0% +approach which is to have have this +thing be uh kind of have self-enhance + + align:start position:0% +thing be uh kind of have self-enhance + + + align:start position:0% +thing be uh kind of have self-enhance +degradation right and um right so the + + align:start position:0% +degradation right and um right so the + + + align:start position:0% +degradation right and um right so the +idea is that if if here if we have the + + align:start position:0% +idea is that if if here if we have the + + + align:start position:0% +idea is that if if here if we have the +morphen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +profile oh that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +was looks something like this and I just + + align:start position:0% +was looks something like this and I just + + + align:start position:0% +was looks something like this and I just +want yeah I want to highlight that um in + + align:start position:0% +want yeah I want to highlight that um in + + + align:start position:0% +want yeah I want to highlight that um in +the context of there's multiple ways you + + align:start position:0% +the context of there's multiple ways you + + + align:start position:0% +the context of there's multiple ways you +can have something that looks like this + + align:start position:0% +can have something that looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +can have something that looks like this +right so um if along the way to + + align:start position:0% +right so um if along the way to + + + align:start position:0% +right so um if along the way to +degradation if the morphen actually + + align:start position:0% +degradation if the morphen actually + + + align:start position:0% +degradation if the morphen actually +binds a receptor that then activates the + + align:start position:0% +binds a receptor that then activates the + + + align:start position:0% +binds a receptor that then activates the +degradation this is seen for + + align:start position:0% +degradation this is seen for + + + align:start position:0% +degradation this is seen for +example indrosophila uh this is Hedgehog + + align:start position:0% +example indrosophila uh this is Hedgehog + + + align:start position:0% +example indrosophila uh this is Hedgehog +and patched so R + + align:start position:0% +and patched so R + + + align:start position:0% +and patched so R +is right so in this case you have the + + align:start position:0% +is right so in this case you have the + + + align:start position:0% +is right so in this case you have the +morphen that's diffusing outside the + + align:start position:0% +morphen that's diffusing outside the + + + align:start position:0% +morphen that's diffusing outside the +cells it binds to the receptor and then + + align:start position:0% +cells it binds to the receptor and then + + + align:start position:0% +cells it binds to the receptor and then +the receptor activates important + + align:start position:0% +the receptor activates important + + + align:start position:0% +the receptor activates important +degradation of the morphogen right so + + align:start position:0% +degradation of the morphogen right so + + + align:start position:0% +degradation of the morphogen right so +this is It's not that the morphogen is + + align:start position:0% +this is It's not that the morphogen is + + + align:start position:0% +this is It's not that the morphogen is +directly leading to its own uh + + align:start position:0% +directly leading to its own uh + + + align:start position:0% +directly leading to its own uh +degradation but it's vs some Network + + align:start position:0% +degradation but it's vs some Network + + + align:start position:0% +degradation but it's vs some Network +here and there was another one that they + + align:start position:0% +here and there was another one that they + + + align:start position:0% +here and there was another one that they +talk about which is that when the + + align:start position:0% +talk about which is that when the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about which is that when the +degradation is + + align:start position:0% +degradation is + + + align:start position:0% +degradation is +mediated by you know two things that + + align:start position:0% +mediated by you know two things that + + + align:start position:0% +mediated by you know two things that +look like this and this is in context + + align:start position:0% +look like this and this is in context + + + align:start position:0% +look like this and this is in context +and this is again drop but um you could + + align:start position:0% +and this is again drop but um you could + + + align:start position:0% +and this is again drop but um you could +probably guess what this thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does okay and so in the context of wing + + align:start position:0% +does okay and so in the context of wing + + + align:start position:0% +does okay and so in the context of wing +development as well right um yeah so so + + align:start position:0% +development as well right um yeah so so + + + align:start position:0% +development as well right um yeah so so +it's not and it's not that this has to + + align:start position:0% +it's not and it's not that this has to + + + align:start position:0% +it's not and it's not that this has to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +if you write down an actual model of one + + align:start position:0% +if you write down an actual model of one + + + align:start position:0% +if you write down an actual model of one +of these things and you could play with + + align:start position:0% +of these things and you could play with + + + align:start position:0% +of these things and you could play with +it and see where you're going to get + + align:start position:0% +it and see where you're going to get + + + align:start position:0% +it and see where you're going to get +something that's going to look like an M + + align:start position:0% +something that's going to look like an M + + + align:start position:0% +something that's going to look like an M +Square type term but um the nice thing + + align:start position:0% +Square type term but um the nice thing + + + align:start position:0% +Square type term but um the nice thing +about this phenomenological approach is + + align:start position:0% +about this phenomenological approach is + + + align:start position:0% +about this phenomenological approach is +kind of gives you a sense of the kinds + + align:start position:0% +kind of gives you a sense of the kinds + + + align:start position:0% +kind of gives you a sense of the kinds +of uh effects that you should be looking + + align:start position:0% +of uh effects that you should be looking + + + align:start position:0% +of uh effects that you should be looking +for that will enhance uh the rosess of + + align:start position:0% +for that will enhance uh the rosess of + + + align:start position:0% +for that will enhance uh the rosess of +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pattern now the key thing in this whole + + align:start position:0% +pattern now the key thing in this whole + + + align:start position:0% +pattern now the key thing in this whole +discussion to remember is that if you + + align:start position:0% +discussion to remember is that if you + + + align:start position:0% +discussion to remember is that if you +have a profile here if you if you + + align:start position:0% +have a profile here if you if you + + + align:start position:0% +have a profile here if you if you +change that it's somehow translationally + + align:start position:0% +change that it's somehow translationally + + + align:start position:0% +change that it's somehow translationally +invariant in the sense that since + + align:start position:0% +invariant in the sense that since + + + align:start position:0% +invariant in the sense that since +there's no information about where you + + align:start position:0% +there's no information about where you + + + align:start position:0% +there's no information about where you +are here you know these patterns can + + align:start position:0% +are here you know these patterns can + + + align:start position:0% +are here you know these patterns can +kind of slide over right so if you + + align:start position:0% +kind of slide over right so if you + + + align:start position:0% +kind of slide over right so if you +change the boundary condition M that's + + align:start position:0% +change the boundary condition M that's + + + align:start position:0% +change the boundary condition M that's +just equivalent to Sliding this over + + align:start position:0% +just equivalent to Sliding this over + + + align:start position:0% +just equivalent to Sliding this over +some distance and you could figure out + + align:start position:0% +some distance and you could figure out + + + align:start position:0% +some distance and you could figure out +where everything has to go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all right the same and that's true + + align:start position:0% +right all right the same and that's true + + + align:start position:0% +right all right the same and that's true +not just for the exponential profile but + + align:start position:0% +not just for the exponential profile but + + + align:start position:0% +not just for the exponential profile but +for any of the profiles right and that's + + align:start position:0% +for any of the profiles right and that's + + + align:start position:0% +for any of the profiles right and that's +just because there's no information + + align:start position:0% +just because there's no information + + + align:start position:0% +just because there's no information +about what's going on once you're inside + + align:start position:0% +about what's going on once you're inside + + + align:start position:0% +about what's going on once you're inside +the embryo okay and can some can + + align:start position:0% +the embryo okay and can some can + + + align:start position:0% +the embryo okay and can some can +somebody kind of give the the intuitive + + align:start position:0% +somebody kind of give the the intuitive + + + align:start position:0% +somebody kind of give the the intuitive +explanation for why some sort of + + align:start position:0% +explanation for why some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +explanation for why some sort of +self-enhance degradation like this might + + align:start position:0% +self-enhance degradation like this might + + + align:start position:0% +self-enhance degradation like this might +U might make the pattern more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +robust decrease faster when m is Big + + align:start position:0% +robust decrease faster when m is Big + + + align:start position:0% +robust decrease faster when m is Big +that's right and and and so the idea is + + align:start position:0% +that's right and and and so the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +that's right and and and so the idea is +that if you change the M here for + + align:start position:0% +that if you change the M here for + + + align:start position:0% +that if you change the M here for +example you it then with a self-enhanced + + align:start position:0% +example you it then with a self-enhanced + + + align:start position:0% +example you it then with a self-enhanced +degradation you kind of quickly come + + align:start position:0% +degradation you kind of quickly come + + + align:start position:0% +degradation you kind of quickly come +back to where you kind of were right so + + align:start position:0% +back to where you kind of were right so + + + align:start position:0% +back to where you kind of were right so +there's some sense that you'll if the + + align:start position:0% +there's some sense that you'll if the + + + align:start position:0% +there's some sense that you'll if the +pattern kind of quickly comes down then + + align:start position:0% +pattern kind of quickly comes down then + + + align:start position:0% +pattern kind of quickly comes down then +um then you can get it being more robust + + align:start position:0% +um then you can get it being more robust + + + align:start position:0% +um then you can get it being more robust +right and in particular uh this profile + + align:start position:0% +right and in particular uh this profile + + + align:start position:0% +right and in particular uh this profile +uh for uh for large for large x and in + + align:start position:0% +uh for uh for large for large x and in + + + align:start position:0% +uh for uh for large for large x and in +kind of the proper regime it this thing + + align:start position:0% +kind of the proper regime it this thing + + + align:start position:0% +kind of the proper regime it this thing +falls off as some um some a over + + align:start position:0% +falls off as some um some a over + + + align:start position:0% +falls off as some um some a over +X2 and indeed uh one of the problems in + + align:start position:0% +X2 and indeed uh one of the problems in + + + align:start position:0% +X2 and indeed uh one of the problems in +U's book is that if if this is just + + align:start position:0% +U's book is that if if this is just + + + align:start position:0% +U's book is that if if this is just +degrading as m to^ n then you can + + align:start position:0% +degrading as m to^ n then you can + + + align:start position:0% +degrading as m to^ n then you can +calculate what happens here but but this + + align:start position:0% +calculate what happens here but but this + + + align:start position:0% +calculate what happens here but but this +is a you know some sort of power law + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fallof + + align:start position:0% +fallof + + + align:start position:0% +fallof +okay so of course it's falling off + + align:start position:0% +okay so of course it's falling off + + + align:start position:0% +okay so of course it's falling off +rapidly here but Som but not as rapidly + + align:start position:0% +rapidly here but Som but not as rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +rapidly here but Som but not as rapidly +as as if it weren't exponential right + + align:start position:0% +as as if it weren't exponential right + + + align:start position:0% +as as if it weren't exponential right +this is just like in the case of the + + align:start position:0% +this is just like in the case of the + + + align:start position:0% +this is just like in the case of the +power law distributions of networks that + + align:start position:0% +power law distributions of networks that + + + align:start position:0% +power law distributions of networks that +we talk talking about before right that + + align:start position:0% +we talk talking about before right that + + + align:start position:0% +we talk talking about before right that +for the exponential falloff then it's + + align:start position:0% +for the exponential falloff then it's + + + align:start position:0% +for the exponential falloff then it's +just very very unlikely that you'll find + + align:start position:0% +just very very unlikely that you'll find + + + align:start position:0% +just very very unlikely that you'll find +some node with many edges similarly here + + align:start position:0% +some node with many edges similarly here + + + align:start position:0% +some node with many edges similarly here +it's uh you you quickly fall to zero + + align:start position:0% +it's uh you you quickly fall to zero + + + align:start position:0% +it's uh you you quickly fall to zero +here as compared to a power lot head + + align:start position:0% +here as compared to a power lot head + + + align:start position:0% +here as compared to a power lot head +distribution right so that means that + + align:start position:0% +distribution right so that means that + + + align:start position:0% +distribution right so that means that +you can uh you can specify patterns out + + align:start position:0% +you can uh you can specify patterns out + + + align:start position:0% +you can uh you can specify patterns out +further in some sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right are there any questions about this + + align:start position:0% +right are there any questions about this + + + align:start position:0% +right are there any questions about this +this basic idea and where it comes from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um okay I think the discussion in uri's + + align:start position:0% +um okay I think the discussion in uri's + + + align:start position:0% +um okay I think the discussion in uri's +book is actually reasonable so I don't + + align:start position:0% +book is actually reasonable so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +book is actually reasonable so I don't +really want + + align:start position:0% +really want + + + align:start position:0% +really want +to spend too much time on it um in the + + align:start position:0% +to spend too much time on it um in the + + + align:start position:0% +to spend too much time on it um in the +context of uh the so the Eldar model + + align:start position:0% +context of uh the so the Eldar model + + + align:start position:0% +context of uh the so the Eldar model +that was sort of the last section of um + + align:start position:0% +that was sort of the last section of um + + + align:start position:0% +that was sort of the last section of um +of that chapter I think that it's um one + + align:start position:0% +of that chapter I think that it's um one + + + align:start position:0% +of that chapter I think that it's um one +thing I just want to highlight is that + + align:start position:0% +thing I just want to highlight is that + + + align:start position:0% +thing I just want to highlight is that +it's um it's useful to be able to look + + align:start position:0% +it's um it's useful to be able to look + + + align:start position:0% +it's um it's useful to be able to look +at these models and from the equations + + align:start position:0% +at these models and from the equations + + + align:start position:0% +at these models and from the equations +that you see for example in the + + align:start position:0% +that you see for example in the + + + align:start position:0% +that you see for example in the +supplemental material of the paper make + + align:start position:0% +supplemental material of the paper make + + + align:start position:0% +supplemental material of the paper make +sure you are very clear about what + + align:start position:0% +sure you are very clear about what + + + align:start position:0% +sure you are very clear about what +assumptions uh they've made in in in + + align:start position:0% +assumptions uh they've made in in in + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions uh they've made in in in +getting into this model right and um and + + align:start position:0% +getting into this model right and um and + + + align:start position:0% +getting into this model right and um and +so maybe I'll we'll just + + align:start position:0% +so maybe I'll we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe I'll we'll just +spend a few minutes um talking talking + + align:start position:0% +spend a few minutes um talking talking + + + align:start position:0% +spend a few minutes um talking talking +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +this all right so this is uh again an + + align:start position:0% +this all right so this is uh again an + + + align:start position:0% +this all right so this is uh again an +inop embryo two two and a half hours + + align:start position:0% +inop embryo two two and a half hours + + + align:start position:0% +inop embryo two two and a half hours +after um after + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fertilization + + align:start position:0% +fertilization + + + align:start position:0% +fertilization +where um at that stage you really have + + align:start position:0% +where um at that stage you really have + + + align:start position:0% +where um at that stage you really have +the embryo that kind of looks like a + + align:start position:0% +the embryo that kind of looks like a + + + align:start position:0% +the embryo that kind of looks like a +we're trying to understand the the + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to understand the the + + + align:start position:0% +we're trying to understand the the +patterning + + align:start position:0% +patterning + + + align:start position:0% +patterning +around the kind of the front back right + + align:start position:0% +around the kind of the front back right + + + align:start position:0% +around the kind of the front back right +so we think about diffusion along in one + + align:start position:0% +so we think about diffusion along in one + + + align:start position:0% +so we think about diffusion along in one +dimension but it's really around this + + align:start position:0% +dimension but it's really around this + + + align:start position:0% +dimension but it's really around this +radial direction right and in particular + + align:start position:0% +radial direction right and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +radial direction right and in particular +where he's this is trying to understand + + align:start position:0% +where he's this is trying to understand + + + align:start position:0% +where he's this is trying to understand +patterning in the dorsal + + align:start position:0% +patterning in the dorsal + + + align:start position:0% +patterning in the dorsal +region + + align:start position:0% +region + + + align:start position:0% +region +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and what we have is a situation where we + + align:start position:0% +and what we have is a situation where we + + + align:start position:0% +and what we have is a situation where we +have this proteas the inhibitor right so + + align:start position:0% +have this proteas the inhibitor right so + + + align:start position:0% +have this proteas the inhibitor right so +the proteas is kind of distributed + + align:start position:0% +the proteas is kind of distributed + + + align:start position:0% +the proteas is kind of distributed +uniformly the inhibitor starts out out + + align:start position:0% +uniformly the inhibitor starts out out + + + align:start position:0% +uniformly the inhibitor starts out out +there and then we have the morphogen + + align:start position:0% +there and then we have the morphogen + + + align:start position:0% +there and then we have the morphogen +that somehow starts out in here we want + + align:start position:0% +that somehow starts out in here we want + + + align:start position:0% +that somehow starts out in here we want +to end up with a situation where the + + align:start position:0% +to end up with a situation where the + + + align:start position:0% +to end up with a situation where the +morphogen profile in here is kind of + + align:start position:0% +morphogen profile in here is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +morphogen profile in here is kind of +well defined right so where you just + + align:start position:0% +well defined right so where you just + + + align:start position:0% +well defined right so where you just +have morphogen at the center of this uh + + align:start position:0% +have morphogen at the center of this uh + + + align:start position:0% +have morphogen at the center of this uh +this dorsal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region and and then we have diffusion of + + align:start position:0% +region and and then we have diffusion of + + + align:start position:0% +region and and then we have diffusion of +these Inhibitors coming in and then the + + align:start position:0% +these Inhibitors coming in and then the + + + align:start position:0% +these Inhibitors coming in and then the +morphogen coming out and the question is + + align:start position:0% +morphogen coming out and the question is + + + align:start position:0% +morphogen coming out and the question is +um how how can we make sense of this + + align:start position:0% +um how how can we make sense of this + + + align:start position:0% +um how how can we make sense of this +right and if you if you look + + align:start position:0% +right and if you if you look + + + align:start position:0% +right and if you if you look +at the equations that they write + + align:start position:0% +at the equations that they write + + + align:start position:0% +at the equations that they write +down right so we have diffusion of the + + align:start position:0% +down right so we have diffusion of the + + + align:start position:0% +down right so we have diffusion of the +inhibitor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right this is the complex of uh the + + align:start position:0% +all right this is the complex of uh the + + + align:start position:0% +all right this is the complex of uh the +inhibitor and the morphogen okay complex + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C oops + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so this is a case where they wrote + + align:start position:0% +right so this is a case where they wrote + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is a case where they wrote +down the basic what they what they + + align:start position:0% +down the basic what they what they + + + align:start position:0% +down the basic what they what they +basically knew about the biology of the + + align:start position:0% +basically knew about the biology of the + + + align:start position:0% +basically knew about the biology of the +system and then they asked well what + + align:start position:0% +system and then they asked well what + + + align:start position:0% +system and then they asked well what +kind of what range of parameters would + + align:start position:0% +kind of what range of parameters would + + + align:start position:0% +kind of what range of parameters would +lead + + align:start position:0% +lead + + + align:start position:0% +lead +to uh a robust pattern of the morphogen + + align:start position:0% +to uh a robust pattern of the morphogen + + + align:start position:0% +to uh a robust pattern of the morphogen +in here if you varied things such as the + + align:start position:0% +in here if you varied things such as the + + + align:start position:0% +in here if you varied things such as the +total concentration of the inhibitor the + + align:start position:0% +total concentration of the inhibitor the + + + align:start position:0% +total concentration of the inhibitor the +morphogen or the proteas + + align:start position:0% +morphogen or the proteas + + + align:start position:0% +morphogen or the proteas +okay all right so we have uh diffusion + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we have uh diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so we have uh diffusion +of each of these things the inhibitor + + align:start position:0% +of each of these things the inhibitor + + + align:start position:0% +of each of these things the inhibitor +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +morphogen complex we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +morphogen complex we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +morphogen complex we're not going to +worry about the proteas because this + + align:start position:0% +worry about the proteas because this + + + align:start position:0% +worry about the proteas because this +thing is unifor uniformly distributed + + align:start position:0% +thing is unifor uniformly distributed + + + align:start position:0% +thing is unifor uniformly distributed +all right you can argue about whether + + align:start position:0% +all right you can argue about whether + + + align:start position:0% +all right you can argue about whether +that's the right thing to do but that's + + align:start position:0% +that's the right thing to do but that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's the right thing to do but that's +at least in the model right so we have + + align:start position:0% +at least in the model right so we have + + + align:start position:0% +at least in the model right so we have +diffusion of each of these + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of each of these + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of each of these +guys right can somebody say what's going + + align:start position:0% +guys right can somebody say what's going + + + align:start position:0% +guys right can somebody say what's going +on here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and what what what are these things + + align:start position:0% +and what what what are these things + + + align:start position:0% +and what what what are these things +trying to capture yeah + + align:start position:0% +trying to capture yeah + + + align:start position:0% +trying to capture yeah +John right so this is just saying okay + + align:start position:0% +John right so this is just saying okay + + + align:start position:0% +John right so this is just saying okay +that's the complex is formed as a result + + align:start position:0% +that's the complex is formed as a result + + + align:start position:0% +that's the complex is formed as a result +of binding of inhibitor the morphen it's + + align:start position:0% +of binding of inhibitor the morphen it's + + + align:start position:0% +of binding of inhibitor the morphen it's +proportional the concentrations of those + + align:start position:0% +proportional the concentrations of those + + + align:start position:0% +proportional the concentrations of those +two things at that particular position + + align:start position:0% +two things at that particular position + + + align:start position:0% +two things at that particular position +at that particular time right and just + + align:start position:0% +at that particular time right and just + + + align:start position:0% +at that particular time right and just +remember that anytime that you create + + align:start position:0% +remember that anytime that you create + + + align:start position:0% +remember that anytime that you create +something if you are well if you have if + + align:start position:0% +something if you are well if you have if + + + align:start position:0% +something if you are well if you have if +you have binding of two things together + + align:start position:0% +you have binding of two things together + + + align:start position:0% +you have binding of two things together +then you have to consider uh these + + align:start position:0% +then you have to consider uh these + + + align:start position:0% +then you have to consider uh these +things going away and it's not that + + align:start position:0% +things going away and it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +things going away and it's not that +they're being degraded it's just that + + align:start position:0% +they're being degraded it's just that + + + align:start position:0% +they're being degraded it's just that +they're forming this complex okay so in + + align:start position:0% +they're forming this complex okay so in + + + align:start position:0% +they're forming this complex okay so in +these equations you just have to be very + + align:start position:0% +these equations you just have to be very + + + align:start position:0% +these equations you just have to be very +careful about keeping track of which + + align:start position:0% +careful about keeping track of which + + + align:start position:0% +careful about keeping track of which +things are are really going away and + + align:start position:0% +things are are really going away and + + + align:start position:0% +things are are really going away and +which things are just changing form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah never right so this is I I want to + + align:start position:0% +yeah never right so this is I I want to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah never right so this is I I want to +be you're saying why the there's not a a + + align:start position:0% +be you're saying why the there's not a a + + + align:start position:0% +be you're saying why the there's not a a +minus term in the yeah so this right so + + align:start position:0% +minus term in the yeah so this right so + + + align:start position:0% +minus term in the yeah so this right so +this is an assumption right you know and + + align:start position:0% +this is an assumption right you know and + + + align:start position:0% +this is an assumption right you know and +I think this is the kind of thing that + + align:start position:0% +I think this is the kind of thing that + + + align:start position:0% +I think this is the kind of thing that +right you know you have to be very clear + + align:start position:0% +right you know you have to be very clear + + + align:start position:0% +right you know you have to be very clear +about any of these because you can that + + align:start position:0% +about any of these because you can that + + + align:start position:0% +about any of these because you can that +that's always going to occur at some + + align:start position:0% +that's always going to occur at some + + + align:start position:0% +that's always going to occur at some +rate right and what the assumpt the + + align:start position:0% +rate right and what the assumpt the + + + align:start position:0% +rate right and what the assumpt the +assumption is that that this is the this + + align:start position:0% +assumption is that that this is the this + + + align:start position:0% +assumption is that that this is the this +is this is + + align:start position:0% +is this is + + + align:start position:0% +is this is +dominant okay right and then just to be + + align:start position:0% +dominant okay right and then just to be + + + align:start position:0% +dominant okay right and then just to be +clear in words what is this thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the right it's the + + align:start position:0% +the right it's the + + + align:start position:0% +the right it's the +proteas all right and you're saying + + align:start position:0% +proteas all right and you're saying + + + align:start position:0% +proteas all right and you're saying +cleaving the inhibitor and yeah CLE the + + align:start position:0% +cleaving the inhibitor and yeah CLE the + + + align:start position:0% +cleaving the inhibitor and yeah CLE the +comp bying + + align:start position:0% +comp bying + + + align:start position:0% +comp bying +the right so at at a rate proportional + + align:start position:0% +the right so at at a rate proportional + + + align:start position:0% +the right so at at a rate proportional +to the Proteus concentration the complex + + align:start position:0% +to the Proteus concentration the complex + + + align:start position:0% +to the Proteus concentration the complex +concentration this complex goes away + + align:start position:0% +concentration this complex goes away + + + align:start position:0% +concentration this complex goes away +right now the question is we have to + + align:start position:0% +right now the question is we have to + + + align:start position:0% +right now the question is we have to +figure out where it kind of went or what + + align:start position:0% +figure out where it kind of went or what + + + align:start position:0% +figure out where it kind of went or what +happened + + align:start position:0% +happened + + + align:start position:0% +happened +right well we have an alpha we have a + + align:start position:0% +right well we have an alpha we have a + + + align:start position:0% +right well we have an alpha we have a +minus Alpha C here but then we have an + + align:start position:0% +minus Alpha C here but then we have an + + + align:start position:0% +minus Alpha C here but then we have an +plus Alpha C here but this is at the + + align:start position:0% +plus Alpha C here but this is at the + + + align:start position:0% +plus Alpha C here but this is at the +morphogen + + align:start position:0% +morphogen + + + align:start position:0% +morphogen +right this is at the rate that the + + align:start position:0% +right this is at the rate that the + + + align:start position:0% +right this is at the rate that the +complex is being somehow is is being + + align:start position:0% +complex is being somehow is is being + + + align:start position:0% +complex is being somehow is is being +disappeared by the proteas the + + align:start position:0% +disappeared by the proteas the + + + align:start position:0% +disappeared by the proteas the +morphen is appearing right but then it + + align:start position:0% +morphen is appearing right but then it + + + align:start position:0% +morphen is appearing right but then it +we don't have the same term here right + + align:start position:0% +we don't have the same term here right + + + align:start position:0% +we don't have the same term here right +and that's that's for so it's that's how + + align:start position:0% +and that's that's for so it's that's how + + + align:start position:0% +and that's that's for so it's that's how +you know that what the proteas is doing + + align:start position:0% +you know that what the proteas is doing + + + align:start position:0% +you know that what the proteas is doing +is it's um it's degrading the + + align:start position:0% +is it's um it's degrading the + + + align:start position:0% +is it's um it's degrading the +inhibitor as part of the complex right + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor as part of the complex right + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor as part of the complex right +so by looking at these equations you can + + align:start position:0% +so by looking at these equations you can + + + align:start position:0% +so by looking at these equations you can +actually you can figure out what are the + + align:start position:0% +actually you can figure out what are the + + + align:start position:0% +actually you can figure out what are the +assumptions that have been made and what + + align:start position:0% +assumptions that have been made and what + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions that have been made and what +the biology is that's being captured + + align:start position:0% +the biology is that's being captured + + + align:start position:0% +the biology is that's being captured +here but in many cases there are + + align:start position:0% +here but in many cases there are + + + align:start position:0% +here but in many cases there are +assumptions about what's big and what's + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about what's big and what's + + + align:start position:0% +assumptions about what's big and what's +small right and then what's what's this + + align:start position:0% +small right and then what's what's this + + + align:start position:0% +small right and then what's what's this +thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here somebody else that has not yet do + + align:start position:0% +here somebody else that has not yet do + + + align:start position:0% +here somebody else that has not yet do +these equations look + + align:start position:0% +these equations look + + + align:start position:0% +these equations look +familiar all right yes please it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the that's right it's the proteas + + align:start position:0% +the that's right it's the proteas + + + align:start position:0% +the that's right it's the proteas +degrading the inhibitor when the + + align:start position:0% +degrading the inhibitor when the + + + align:start position:0% +degrading the inhibitor when the +inhibitor is not bound to the + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor is not bound to the + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor is not bound to the +morphen right now of course um what what + + align:start position:0% +morphen right now of course um what what + + + align:start position:0% +morphen right now of course um what what +the authors did next is they kind of + + align:start position:0% +the authors did next is they kind of + + + align:start position:0% +the authors did next is they kind of +searched numerically across parameter + + align:start position:0% +searched numerically across parameter + + + align:start position:0% +searched numerically across parameter +space over forward or magnitude and they + + align:start position:0% +space over forward or magnitude and they + + + align:start position:0% +space over forward or magnitude and they +found that for some parameter regime + + align:start position:0% +found that for some parameter regime + + + align:start position:0% +found that for some parameter regime +there was uh there was a robust pattern + + align:start position:0% +there was uh there was a robust pattern + + + align:start position:0% +there was uh there was a robust pattern +of the morphogen developed in here right + + align:start position:0% +of the morphogen developed in here right + + + align:start position:0% +of the morphogen developed in here right +um and there's no reason for you to + + align:start position:0% +um and there's no reason for you to + + + align:start position:0% +um and there's no reason for you to +necessarily remember which um which + + align:start position:0% +necessarily remember which um which + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily remember which um which +thing it was but what what they found is + + align:start position:0% +thing it was but what what they found is + + + align:start position:0% +thing it was but what what they found is +that if this term kind of went away and + + align:start position:0% +that if this term kind of went away and + + + align:start position:0% +that if this term kind of went away and +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +term went + + align:start position:0% +term went + + + align:start position:0% +term went +away then you end up + + align:start position:0% +away then you end up + + + align:start position:0% +away then you end up +getting a robust profile of the + + align:start position:0% +getting a robust profile of the + + + align:start position:0% +getting a robust profile of the +morphen against uh changes in the + + align:start position:0% +morphen against uh changes in the + + + align:start position:0% +morphen against uh changes in the +overall morphen or inhibitor + + align:start position:0% +overall morphen or inhibitor + + + align:start position:0% +overall morphen or inhibitor +concentration right now this but this is + + align:start position:0% +concentration right now this but this is + + + align:start position:0% +concentration right now this but this is +pretty weird I would say um right so I + + align:start position:0% +pretty weird I would say um right so I + + + align:start position:0% +pretty weird I would say um right so I +don't know do you think is this one + + align:start position:0% +don't know do you think is this one + + + align:start position:0% +don't know do you think is this one +weird + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I I don't know I mean weirdness is in + + align:start position:0% +I I don't know I mean weirdness is in + + + align:start position:0% +I I don't know I mean weirdness is in +the eye of the beholder but I would say + + align:start position:0% +the eye of the beholder but I would say + + + align:start position:0% +the eye of the beholder but I would say +it's not so shocking I mean + + align:start position:0% +it's not so shocking I mean + + + align:start position:0% +it's not so shocking I mean +know Pro but this is saying but okay + + align:start position:0% +know Pro but this is saying but okay + + + align:start position:0% +know Pro but this is saying but okay +this is saying that the well can + + align:start position:0% +this is saying that the well can + + + align:start position:0% +this is saying that the well can +somebody say verbally what what this + + align:start position:0% +somebody say verbally what what this + + + align:start position:0% +somebody say verbally what what this +would correspond to protas doesn't + + align:start position:0% +would correspond to protas doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +would correspond to protas doesn't +degrade the inhibitor on it own that's + + align:start position:0% +degrade the inhibitor on it own that's + + + align:start position:0% +degrade the inhibitor on it own that's +right the proteas doesn't degrade the + + align:start position:0% +right the proteas doesn't degrade the + + + align:start position:0% +right the proteas doesn't degrade the +inhibitor on its own only when it's part + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor on its own only when it's part + + + align:start position:0% +inhibitor on its own only when it's part +of the complex with the morphen okay and + + align:start position:0% +of the complex with the morphen okay and + + + align:start position:0% +of the complex with the morphen okay and +actually apparently there was + + align:start position:0% +actually apparently there was + + + align:start position:0% +actually apparently there was +experimental data already indicating + + align:start position:0% +experimental data already indicating + + + align:start position:0% +experimental data already indicating +that was true so you could have if you + + align:start position:0% +that was true so you could have if you + + + align:start position:0% +that was true so you could have if you +wanted to just written the model without + + align:start position:0% +wanted to just written the model without + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to just written the model without +that because that was there was already + + align:start position:0% +that because that was there was already + + + align:start position:0% +that because that was there was already +evidence for that but I said this is a + + align:start position:0% +evidence for that but I said this is a + + + align:start position:0% +evidence for that but I said this is a +pretty weird + + align:start position:0% +pretty weird + + + align:start position:0% +pretty weird +um this is a pretty weird thing right um + + align:start position:0% +um this is a pretty weird thing right um + + + align:start position:0% +um this is a pretty weird thing right um +okay and and so this would be saying + + align:start position:0% +okay and and so this would be saying + + + align:start position:0% +okay and and so this would be saying +that for some reason diffusion of the + + align:start position:0% +that for some reason diffusion of the + + + align:start position:0% +that for some reason diffusion of the +morphen on its own is is very small okay + + align:start position:0% +morphen on its own is is very small okay + + + align:start position:0% +morphen on its own is is very small okay +and in particular small compared to + + align:start position:0% +and in particular small compared to + + + align:start position:0% +and in particular small compared to +diffusion of the morphen when it's + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of the morphen when it's + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion of the morphen when it's +complexed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right now um Can somebody say why I + + align:start position:0% +right now um Can somebody say why I + + + align:start position:0% +right now um Can somebody say why I +might think that's weird I you don't + + align:start position:0% +might think that's weird I you don't + + + align:start position:0% +might think that's weird I you don't +have to believe it's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +weird something bigger and diffuses + + align:start position:0% +weird something bigger and diffuses + + + align:start position:0% +weird something bigger and diffuses +that's right yeah yeah exactly right so + + align:start position:0% +that's right yeah yeah exactly right so + + + align:start position:0% +that's right yeah yeah exactly right so +this is saying well when it's complex + + align:start position:0% +this is saying well when it's complex + + + align:start position:0% +this is saying well when it's complex +it's bigger it's somehow diffusing + + align:start position:0% +it's bigger it's somehow diffusing + + + align:start position:0% +it's bigger it's somehow diffusing +faster right so this is this would not + + align:start position:0% +faster right so this is this would not + + + align:start position:0% +faster right so this is this would not +happen due to simple Stokes type drag + + align:start position:0% +happen due to simple Stokes type drag + + + align:start position:0% +happen due to simple Stokes type drag +right this would have to be to this this + + align:start position:0% +right this would have to be to this this + + + align:start position:0% +right this would have to be to this this +would be biology right okay you know no + + align:start position:0% +would be biology right okay you know no + + + align:start position:0% +would be biology right okay you know no +but I mean you know but you know in some + + align:start position:0% +but I mean you know but you know in some + + + align:start position:0% +but I mean you know but you know in some +ways biology is allowed to do anything + + align:start position:0% +ways biology is allowed to do anything + + + align:start position:0% +ways biology is allowed to do anything +that doesn't violate the laws of physics + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't violate the laws of physics + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't violate the laws of physics +right indeed um late later there was + + align:start position:0% +right indeed um late later there was + + + align:start position:0% +right indeed um late later there was +experimental evidence something like + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence something like + + + align:start position:0% +experimental evidence something like +this was was actually happening you know + + align:start position:0% +this was was actually happening you know + + + align:start position:0% +this was was actually happening you know +and and and you know you can imagine it + + align:start position:0% +and and and you know you can imagine it + + + align:start position:0% +and and and you know you can imagine it +happening either from sort of active + + align:start position:0% +happening either from sort of active + + + align:start position:0% +happening either from sort of active +transport type Dynamics for the complex + + align:start position:0% +transport type Dynamics for the complex + + + align:start position:0% +transport type Dynamics for the complex +or from binding type Dynamics um of the + + align:start position:0% +or from binding type Dynamics um of the + + + align:start position:0% +or from binding type Dynamics um of the +morphen + + align:start position:0% +morphen + + + align:start position:0% +morphen +right um but uh I think the the key + + align:start position:0% +right um but uh I think the the key + + + align:start position:0% +right um but uh I think the the key +thing to take away from this example is + + align:start position:0% +thing to take away from this example is + + + align:start position:0% +thing to take away from this example is +just that um in general we would like + + align:start position:0% +just that um in general we would like + + + align:start position:0% +just that um in general we would like +biological function well we you know + + align:start position:0% +biological function well we you know + + + align:start position:0% +biological function well we you know +biology would like biological function + + align:start position:0% +biology would like biological function + + + align:start position:0% +biology would like biological function +to be robust to things that are often + + align:start position:0% +to be robust to things that are often + + + align:start position:0% +to be robust to things that are often +fluctuating or varying right and that's + + align:start position:0% +fluctuating or varying right and that's + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuating or varying right and that's +one way to try to make uh guesses about + + align:start position:0% +one way to try to make uh guesses about + + + align:start position:0% +one way to try to make uh guesses about +what might be happening in the system + + align:start position:0% +what might be happening in the system + + + align:start position:0% +what might be happening in the system +this is this sort of computational + + align:start position:0% +this is this sort of computational + + + align:start position:0% +this is this sort of computational +exercise is not at all a proof that this + + align:start position:0% +exercise is not at all a proof that this + + + align:start position:0% +exercise is not at all a proof that this +has to be what's happening right they + + align:start position:0% +has to be what's happening right they + + + align:start position:0% +has to be what's happening right they +wrote down a particular model it could + + align:start position:0% +wrote down a particular model it could + + + align:start position:0% +wrote down a particular model it could +have been that there are other terms + + align:start position:0% +have been that there are other terms + + + align:start position:0% +have been that there are other terms +they're not aware of and so forth but + + align:start position:0% +they're not aware of and so forth but + + + align:start position:0% +they're not aware of and so forth but +it's at least a way of generating + + align:start position:0% +it's at least a way of generating + + + align:start position:0% +it's at least a way of generating +hypotheses that you can go and test + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses that you can go and test + + + align:start position:0% +hypotheses that you can go and test +okay and quite generally I would also + + align:start position:0% +okay and quite generally I would also + + + align:start position:0% +okay and quite generally I would also +say that it's uh it's essential for all + + align:start position:0% +say that it's uh it's essential for all + + + align:start position:0% +say that it's uh it's essential for all +of us as consumers of models to be able + + align:start position:0% +of us as consumers of models to be able + + + align:start position:0% +of us as consumers of models to be able +to look at somebody's equations and + + align:start position:0% +to look at somebody's equations and + + + align:start position:0% +to look at somebody's equations and +figure out what it is that they they've + + align:start position:0% +figure out what it is that they they've + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what it is that they they've +assumed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay right so I with that I want to move + + align:start position:0% +okay right so I with that I want to move + + + align:start position:0% +okay right so I with that I want to move +on to this U idea of uh of pattern + + align:start position:0% +on to this U idea of uh of pattern + + + align:start position:0% +on to this U idea of uh of pattern +information via these uh the the + + align:start position:0% +information via these uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +information via these uh the the +reaction to Fusion or Turing type + + align:start position:0% +reaction to Fusion or Turing type + + + align:start position:0% +reaction to Fusion or Turing type +patterns uh and and I think it's it's + + align:start position:0% +patterns uh and and I think it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +patterns uh and and I think it's it's +it's really important to start by just + + align:start position:0% +it's really important to start by just + + + align:start position:0% +it's really important to start by just +acknowledging that this is this is + + align:start position:0% +acknowledging that this is this is + + + align:start position:0% +acknowledging that this is this is +really a surprising finding that that + + align:start position:0% +really a surprising finding that that + + + align:start position:0% +really a surprising finding that that +it's even possible for this to happen + + align:start position:0% +it's even possible for this to happen + + + align:start position:0% +it's even possible for this to happen +Okay because this is a situation where + + align:start position:0% +Okay because this is a situation where + + + align:start position:0% +Okay because this is a situation where +you have a couple + + align:start position:0% +you have a couple + + + align:start position:0% +you have a couple +chemicals or proteins or what you know + + align:start position:0% +chemicals or proteins or what you know + + + align:start position:0% +chemicals or proteins or what you know +reacting elements + + align:start position:0% +reacting elements + + + align:start position:0% +reacting elements +and if if you just mix them in a if you + + align:start position:0% +and if if you just mix them in a if you + + + align:start position:0% +and if if you just mix them in a if you +have them in some well mixed tube they + + align:start position:0% +have them in some well mixed tube they + + + align:start position:0% +have them in some well mixed tube they +they you know they reach some steady + + align:start position:0% +they you know they reach some steady + + + align:start position:0% +they you know they reach some steady +state okay whereas somehow if you allow + + align:start position:0% +state okay whereas somehow if you allow + + + align:start position:0% +state okay whereas somehow if you allow +diffusion then you can get uh you can + + align:start position:0% +diffusion then you can get uh you can + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion then you can get uh you can +get these patterns right and this is um + + align:start position:0% +get these patterns right and this is um + + + align:start position:0% +get these patterns right and this is um +and I would say based on my intuition at + + align:start position:0% +and I would say based on my intuition at + + + align:start position:0% +and I would say based on my intuition at +least I would I would not have thought + + align:start position:0% +least I would I would not have thought + + + align:start position:0% +least I would I would not have thought +that this would be possible + + align:start position:0% +that this would be possible + + + align:start position:0% +that this would be possible +okay um and and this really just Bec is + + align:start position:0% +okay um and and this really just Bec is + + + align:start position:0% +okay um and and this really just Bec is +because if you if you just imagine you + + align:start position:0% +because if you if you just imagine you + + + align:start position:0% +because if you if you just imagine you +start with some profile now there's some + + align:start position:0% +start with some profile now there's some + + + align:start position:0% +start with some profile now there's some +structure + + align:start position:0% +structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure +here but diffusion is going to naturally + + align:start position:0% +here but diffusion is going to naturally + + + align:start position:0% +here but diffusion is going to naturally +cause this to come down and this to come + + align:start position:0% +cause this to come down and this to come + + + align:start position:0% +cause this to come down and this to come +up and right so diffus acts to remove + + align:start position:0% +up and right so diffus acts to remove + + + align:start position:0% +up and right so diffus acts to remove +these spatial + + align:start position:0% +these spatial + + + align:start position:0% +these spatial +patterns but somehow you know in some in + + align:start position:0% +patterns but somehow you know in some in + + + align:start position:0% +patterns but somehow you know in some in +some parameter regimes if you have + + align:start position:0% +some parameter regimes if you have + + + align:start position:0% +some parameter regimes if you have +coupled reactants that are uh that're + + align:start position:0% +coupled reactants that are uh that're + + + align:start position:0% +coupled reactants that are uh that're +activating inhibiting each other then + + align:start position:0% +activating inhibiting each other then + + + align:start position:0% +activating inhibiting each other then +you can actually get these these spatial + + align:start position:0% +you can actually get these these spatial + + + align:start position:0% +you can actually get these these spatial +patterns okay and uh as as you as you + + align:start position:0% +patterns okay and uh as as you as you + + + align:start position:0% +patterns okay and uh as as you as you +read about there there's some idea that + + align:start position:0% +read about there there's some idea that + + + align:start position:0% +read about there there's some idea that +you need to have kind of Lo local + + align:start position:0% +you need to have kind of Lo local + + + align:start position:0% +you need to have kind of Lo local +activation and kind of a global + + align:start position:0% +activation and kind of a global + + + align:start position:0% +activation and kind of a global +inhibition but um ultimately the the + + align:start position:0% +inhibition but um ultimately the the + + + align:start position:0% +inhibition but um ultimately the the +mathematical you always have to go and + + align:start position:0% +mathematical you always have to go and + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical you always have to go and +think more carefully about the math than + + align:start position:0% +think more carefully about the math than + + + align:start position:0% +think more carefully about the math than +would be indicated just by those words + + align:start position:0% +would be indicated just by those words + + + align:start position:0% +would be indicated just by those words +so this this is at least a way to guide + + align:start position:0% +so this this is at least a way to guide + + + align:start position:0% +so this this is at least a way to guide +your thinking a little bit but um + + align:start position:0% +your thinking a little bit but um + + + align:start position:0% +your thinking a little bit but um +ultimately what what matters are you + + align:start position:0% +ultimately what what matters are you + + + align:start position:0% +ultimately what what matters are you +know around this stable what would be + + align:start position:0% +know around this stable what would be + + + align:start position:0% +know around this stable what would be +the stable fixed point you have to + + align:start position:0% +the stable fixed point you have to + + + align:start position:0% +the stable fixed point you have to +actually look at these derivatives and + + align:start position:0% +actually look at these derivatives and + + + align:start position:0% +actually look at these derivatives and +and so forth and the derivatives can be + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and the derivatives can be + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and the derivatives can be +um subtle I would say so it's not just + + align:start position:0% +um subtle I would say so it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +um subtle I would say so it's not just +because you think of something as an + + align:start position:0% +because you think of something as an + + + align:start position:0% +because you think of something as an +activator inhibitor doesn't mean that it + + align:start position:0% +activator inhibitor doesn't mean that it + + + align:start position:0% +activator inhibitor doesn't mean that it +that it's going to have um that role + + align:start position:0% +that it's going to have um that role + + + align:start position:0% +that it's going to have um that role +around the fixed point that you're that + + align:start position:0% +around the fixed point that you're that + + + align:start position:0% +around the fixed point that you're that +you're studying so this is just a a + + align:start position:0% +you're studying so this is just a a + + + align:start position:0% +you're studying so this is just a a +caution I + + align:start position:0% +caution I + + + align:start position:0% +caution I +suppose + + align:start position:0% +suppose + + + align:start position:0% +suppose +um all right so what um what I want to + + align:start position:0% +um all right so what um what I want to + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so what um what I want to +do is just give you for example one + + align:start position:0% +do is just give you for example one + + + align:start position:0% +do is just give you for example one +example of of a simple model that does + + align:start position:0% +example of of a simple model that does + + + align:start position:0% +example of of a simple model that does +experience uh these these Turing + + align:start position:0% +experience uh these these Turing + + + align:start position:0% +experience uh these these Turing +patterns uh in in an appropriate regime + + align:start position:0% +patterns uh in in an appropriate regime + + + align:start position:0% +patterns uh in in an appropriate regime +and this is uh this is the L seal model + + align:start position:0% +and this is uh this is the L seal model + + + align:start position:0% +and this is uh this is the L seal model +of pattern + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formation all right and this this is was + + align:start position:0% +formation all right and this this is was + + + align:start position:0% +formation all right and this this is was +published in 1976 and it was actually + + align:start position:0% +published in 1976 and it was actually + + + align:start position:0% +published in 1976 and it was actually +meant uh as a model of um kind of + + align:start position:0% +meant uh as a model of um kind of + + + align:start position:0% +meant uh as a model of um kind of +Predator prey interactions uh in um you + + align:start position:0% +Predator prey interactions uh in um you + + + align:start position:0% +Predator prey interactions uh in um you +know in oology we'll talk uh + + align:start position:0% +know in oology we'll talk uh + + + align:start position:0% +know in oology we'll talk uh +significantly uh more about Predator pre + + align:start position:0% +significantly uh more about Predator pre + + + align:start position:0% +significantly uh more about Predator pre +interactions in a few weeks but I just + + align:start position:0% +interactions in a few weeks but I just + + + align:start position:0% +interactions in a few weeks but I just +want to write down what they what they + + align:start position:0% +want to write down what they what they + + + align:start position:0% +want to write down what they what they +what they said and this is a simplified + + align:start position:0% +what they said and this is a simplified + + + align:start position:0% +what they said and this is a simplified +model of of their their stuff so I was + + align:start position:0% +model of of their their stuff so I was + + + align:start position:0% +model of of their their stuff so I was +actually um trying to think + + align:start position:0% +actually um trying to think + + + align:start position:0% +actually um trying to think +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +uh some Plankton herb before interaction + + align:start position:0% +uh some Plankton herb before interaction + + + align:start position:0% +uh some Plankton herb before interaction +all right and this is D respect to time + + align:start position:0% +all right and this is D respect to time + + + align:start position:0% +all right and this is D respect to time +okay we're going to and we're going to + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to and we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to and we're going to +follow the nomenclature of uh a paper by + + align:start position:0% +follow the nomenclature of uh a paper by + + + align:start position:0% +follow the nomenclature of uh a paper by +Butler and goldenfeld a few years ago + + align:start position:0% +Butler and goldenfeld a few years ago + + + align:start position:0% +Butler and goldenfeld a few years ago +because they're the ones that thought + + align:start position:0% +because they're the ones that thought + + + align:start position:0% +because they're the ones that thought +about the demographic noise enhancing + + align:start position:0% +about the demographic noise enhancing + + + align:start position:0% +about the demographic noise enhancing +the patterns right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so we + + align:start position:0% +all right so we + + + align:start position:0% +all right so we +have F and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Fe first of all who's eating whom + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right all right we're going to we're + + align:start position:0% +all right all right we're going to we're + + + align:start position:0% +all right all right we're going to we're +going to say it verbally who is the + + align:start position:0% +going to say it verbally who is the + + + align:start position:0% +going to say it verbally who is the +Predator ready three two + + align:start position:0% +Predator ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +Predator ready three two +one herbivore you know well all right so + + align:start position:0% +one herbivore you know well all right so + + + align:start position:0% +one herbivore you know well all right so +herbivores are not what they used to be + + align:start position:0% +herbivores are not what they used to be + + + align:start position:0% +herbivores are not what they used to be +okay yeah right so uh indeed the + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah right so uh indeed the + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah right so uh indeed the +herbivore benefits from the present + + align:start position:0% +herbivore benefits from the present + + + align:start position:0% +herbivore benefits from the present +of the Plankton right so nobody cares + + align:start position:0% +of the Plankton right so nobody cares + + + align:start position:0% +of the Plankton right so nobody cares +about Plankton I guess all right so um + + align:start position:0% +about Plankton I guess all right so um + + + align:start position:0% +about Plankton I guess all right so um +right so that's this is this this + + align:start position:0% +right so that's this is this this + + + align:start position:0% +right so that's this is this this +corresponds to the Predator prey type + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the Predator prey type + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the Predator prey type +interaction all right so there's some + + align:start position:0% +interaction all right so there's some + + + align:start position:0% +interaction all right so there's some +death rate associated with + + align:start position:0% +death rate associated with + + + align:start position:0% +death rate associated with +aore or the Predator uh and then what + + align:start position:0% +aore or the Predator uh and then what + + + align:start position:0% +aore or the Predator uh and then what +you see is that there's a there these + + align:start position:0% +you see is that there's a there these + + + align:start position:0% +you see is that there's a there these +two growth terms for the Plankton right + + align:start position:0% +two growth terms for the Plankton right + + + align:start position:0% +two growth terms for the Plankton right +so there's this term which would be kind + + align:start position:0% +so there's this term which would be kind + + + align:start position:0% +so there's this term which would be kind +of simple + + align:start position:0% +of simple + + + align:start position:0% +of simple +exponential growth and then there's this + + align:start position:0% +exponential growth and then there's this + + + align:start position:0% +exponential growth and then there's this +term which is actually some sort of + + align:start position:0% +term which is actually some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +term which is actually some sort of +super exponential growth right so + + align:start position:0% +super exponential growth right so + + + align:start position:0% +super exponential growth right so +there's some sense in which the Plankton + + align:start position:0% +there's some sense in which the Plankton + + + align:start position:0% +there's some sense in which the Plankton +benefit each + + align:start position:0% +benefit each + + + align:start position:0% +benefit each +other and this is originally introduced + + align:start position:0% +other and this is originally introduced + + + align:start position:0% +other and this is originally introduced +uh because of something called Predator + + align:start position:0% +uh because of something called Predator + + + align:start position:0% +uh because of something called Predator +satiation but it could it's just a + + align:start position:0% +satiation but it could it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +satiation but it could it's just a +general reflection of uh the fact that + + align:start position:0% +general reflection of uh the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +general reflection of uh the fact that +in many cases individuals benefit from + + align:start position:0% +in many cases individuals benefit from + + + align:start position:0% +in many cases individuals benefit from +the presence of other + + align:start position:0% +the presence of other + + + align:start position:0% +the presence of other +individuals right U and in particular + + align:start position:0% +individuals right U and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +individuals right U and in particular +this is known as the alley effect and + + align:start position:0% +this is known as the alley effect and + + + align:start position:0% +this is known as the alley effect and +we'll spend time talking about this uh + + align:start position:0% +we'll spend time talking about this uh + + + align:start position:0% +we'll spend time talking about this uh +in a few weeks as well in the context of + + align:start position:0% +in a few weeks as well in the context of + + + align:start position:0% +in a few weeks as well in the context of +population in ecology but for now I just + + align:start position:0% +population in ecology but for now I just + + + align:start position:0% +population in ecology but for now I just +want to use this as an example of a uh + + align:start position:0% +want to use this as an example of a uh + + + align:start position:0% +want to use this as an example of a uh +of a model that gives you these um these + + align:start position:0% +of a model that gives you these um these + + + align:start position:0% +of a model that gives you these um these +Turing patterns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay all right so if you want to you can + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so if you want to you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right so if you want to you can +go ahead and ask well what happens if we + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and ask well what happens if we + + + align:start position:0% +go ahead and ask well what happens if we +just have a well- mixed situation all + + align:start position:0% +just have a well- mixed situation all + + + align:start position:0% +just have a well- mixed situation all +right so if everything is it's not a + + align:start position:0% +right so if everything is it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +right so if everything is it's not a +function of X just but it's still can be + + align:start position:0% +function of X just but it's still can be + + + align:start position:0% +function of X just but it's still can be +a function of time all right you can + + align:start position:0% +a function of time all right you can + + + align:start position:0% +a function of time all right you can +solve these equations and you can find + + align:start position:0% +solve these equations and you can find + + + align:start position:0% +solve these equations and you can find +what the steady states are equal to Okay + + align:start position:0% +what the steady states are equal to Okay + + + align:start position:0% +what the steady states are equal to Okay +so so there is indeed a steady state + + align:start position:0% +so so there is indeed a steady state + + + align:start position:0% +so so there is indeed a steady state +stable coexistence of the predator and + + align:start position:0% +stable coexistence of the predator and + + + align:start position:0% +stable coexistence of the predator and +the prey uh in in a well- mixed + + align:start position:0% +the prey uh in in a well- mixed + + + align:start position:0% +the prey uh in in a well- mixed +situation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right however if you uh if you then go + + align:start position:0% +right however if you uh if you then go + + + align:start position:0% +right however if you uh if you then go +and you analyze the + + align:start position:0% +and you analyze the + + + align:start position:0% +and you analyze the +stability of different spatial modes + + align:start position:0% +stability of different spatial modes + + + align:start position:0% +stability of different spatial modes +what you'll find is that in some + + align:start position:0% +what you'll find is that in some + + + align:start position:0% +what you'll find is that in some +situations uh particular wavelengths or + + align:start position:0% +situations uh particular wavelengths or + + + align:start position:0% +situations uh particular wavelengths or +wave vectors become + + align:start position:0% +wave vectors become + + + align:start position:0% +wave vectors become +unstable right and it's just over some + + align:start position:0% +unstable right and it's just over some + + + align:start position:0% +unstable right and it's just over some +range of wavelength and that corresponds + + align:start position:0% +range of wavelength and that corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +range of wavelength and that corresponds +to the wavelength of the Turning + + align:start position:0% +to the wavelength of the Turning + + + align:start position:0% +to the wavelength of the Turning +patterns that you'll see if you're + + align:start position:0% +patterns that you'll see if you're + + + align:start position:0% +patterns that you'll see if you're +curious about these things in more depth + + align:start position:0% +curious about these things in more depth + + + align:start position:0% +curious about these things in more depth +I encourage you to uh to attend meon + + align:start position:0% +I encourage you to uh to attend meon + + + align:start position:0% +I encourage you to uh to attend meon +carder's class statistical physics and + + align:start position:0% +carder's class statistical physics and + + + align:start position:0% +carder's class statistical physics and +biology he is an expert on these topics + + align:start position:0% +biology he is an expert on these topics + + + align:start position:0% +biology he is an expert on these topics +and uh I think is a wonderful uh clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lecture all right now the there's going + + align:start position:0% +lecture all right now the there's going + + + align:start position:0% +lecture all right now the there's going +to be some + + align:start position:0% +to be some + + + align:start position:0% +to be some +condition + + align:start position:0% +condition + + + align:start position:0% +condition +for these things leading to curing + + align:start position:0% +for these things leading to curing + + + align:start position:0% +for these things leading to curing +patterns okay now from your reading do + + align:start position:0% +patterns okay now from your reading do + + + align:start position:0% +patterns okay now from your reading do +you think it's going to + + align:start position:0% +you think it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +you think it's going to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +new all right so this is Turing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +patterns require + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right I'll give you 30 seconds to + + align:start position:0% +all right I'll give you 30 seconds to + + + align:start position:0% +all right I'll give you 30 seconds to +think about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what right do you need more time I I'm + + align:start position:0% +what right do you need more time I I'm + + + align:start position:0% +what right do you need more time I I'm +not sure where we + + align:start position:0% +not sure where we + + + align:start position:0% +not sure where we +are maybe another 15 seconds just um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right let's see where we are uh + + align:start position:0% +all right let's see where we are uh + + + align:start position:0% +all right let's see where we are uh +ready three two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one okay we're + + align:start position:0% +one okay we're + + + align:start position:0% +one okay we're +all over the place I think um we we're + + align:start position:0% +all over the place I think um we we're + + + align:start position:0% +all over the place I think um we we're +uniformly distributed between a b and c + + align:start position:0% +uniformly distributed between a b and c + + + align:start position:0% +uniformly distributed between a b and c +okay so there's an idea that you're + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's an idea that you're + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there's an idea that you're +supposed to have so-called local + + align:start position:0% +supposed to have so-called local + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to have so-called local +activation and Global inhibition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right all right why don't we turn to a + + align:start position:0% +right all right why don't we turn to a + + + align:start position:0% +right all right why don't we turn to a +neighbor and and see if you can figure + + align:start position:0% +neighbor and and see if you can figure + + + align:start position:0% +neighbor and and see if you can figure +out what's going on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exactly that's what I'm trying + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right why don't we why reconvene I'm + + align:start position:0% +all right why don't we why reconvene I'm + + + align:start position:0% +all right why don't we why reconvene I'm +curious where where your thinking is all + + align:start position:0% +curious where where your thinking is all + + + align:start position:0% +curious where where your thinking is all +right let's go ahead and vote ready 3 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1 okay so we have many many C's the idea + + align:start position:0% +1 okay so we have many many C's the idea + + + align:start position:0% +1 okay so we have many many C's the idea +that so mu has to be much less than + + align:start position:0% +that so mu has to be much less than + + + align:start position:0% +that so mu has to be much less than +new much yes all right I I want to make + + align:start position:0% +new much yes all right I I want to make + + + align:start position:0% +new much yes all right I I want to make +sure I was busy doing okay right and all + + align:start position:0% +sure I was busy doing okay right and all + + + align:start position:0% +sure I was busy doing okay right and all +right so me is telling us about the + + align:start position:0% +right so me is telling us about the + + + align:start position:0% +right so me is telling us about the +diffusion coefficient of the + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient of the + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion coefficient of the +prey new is the diffusion coefficient of + + align:start position:0% +prey new is the diffusion coefficient of + + + align:start position:0% +prey new is the diffusion coefficient of +the herb of the Predator + + align:start position:0% +the herb of the Predator + + + align:start position:0% +the herb of the Predator +right so uh what you want is to have + + align:start position:0% +right so uh what you want is to have + + + align:start position:0% +right so uh what you want is to have +local + + align:start position:0% +local + + + align:start position:0% +local +activation right the thing that's + + align:start position:0% +activation right the thing that's + + + align:start position:0% +activation right the thing that's +activating itself is the Plankton right + + align:start position:0% +activating itself is the Plankton right + + + align:start position:0% +activating itself is the Plankton right +so you can see that that's this like for + + align:start position:0% +so you can see that that's this like for + + + align:start position:0% +so you can see that that's this like for +example five squar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +term and from the standpoint of a + + align:start position:0% +term and from the standpoint of a + + + align:start position:0% +term and from the standpoint of a +spatial situation you can say all right + + align:start position:0% +spatial situation you can say all right + + + align:start position:0% +spatial situation you can say all right +well let's say that we have some region + + align:start position:0% +well let's say that we have some region + + + align:start position:0% +well let's say that we have some region +with a lot of this prey right well it's + + align:start position:0% +with a lot of this prey right well it's + + + align:start position:0% +with a lot of this prey right well it's +able to activate itself so it kind of + + align:start position:0% +able to activate itself so it kind of + + + align:start position:0% +able to activate itself so it kind of +comes up and as it does that it + + align:start position:0% +comes up and as it does that it + + + align:start position:0% +comes up and as it does that it +is creating more of the Predator F right + + align:start position:0% +is creating more of the Predator F right + + + align:start position:0% +is creating more of the Predator F right +okay but because the Predator has a + + align:start position:0% +okay but because the Predator has a + + + align:start position:0% +okay but because the Predator has a +larger diffusion coefficient it well + + align:start position:0% +larger diffusion coefficient it well + + + align:start position:0% +larger diffusion coefficient it well +it's obviously going to grow here but it + + align:start position:0% +it's obviously going to grow here but it + + + align:start position:0% +it's obviously going to grow here but it +will also diffuse away a fair amount + + align:start position:0% +will also diffuse away a fair amount + + + align:start position:0% +will also diffuse away a fair amount +that's This Global inhibition of + + align:start position:0% +that's This Global inhibition of + + + align:start position:0% +that's This Global inhibition of +neighboring regions okay now of course + + align:start position:0% +neighboring regions okay now of course + + + align:start position:0% +neighboring regions okay now of course +this is just these are just words you + + align:start position:0% +this is just these are just words you + + + align:start position:0% +this is just these are just words you +have to take it with a little bit of a + + align:start position:0% +have to take it with a little bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +have to take it with a little bit of a +grain of salt all right but but if you + + align:start position:0% +grain of salt all right but but if you + + + align:start position:0% +grain of salt all right but but if you +can actually do this calculation + + align:start position:0% +can actually do this calculation + + + align:start position:0% +can actually do this calculation +analytically uh and and and derive the + + align:start position:0% +analytically uh and and and derive the + + + align:start position:0% +analytically uh and and and derive the +the in this model the condition for um + + align:start position:0% +the in this model the condition for um + + + align:start position:0% +the in this model the condition for um +for Turing patterns to emerge as a + + align:start position:0% +for Turing patterns to emerge as a + + + align:start position:0% +for Turing patterns to emerge as a +function of everything and for example + + align:start position:0% +function of everything and for example + + + align:start position:0% +function of everything and for example +if you have thing if you have + + align:start position:0% +if you have thing if you have + + + align:start position:0% +if you have thing if you have +B2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P1 all right so order Unity type + + align:start position:0% +P1 all right so order Unity type + + + align:start position:0% +P1 all right so order Unity type +parameters then the requirement for to + + align:start position:0% +parameters then the requirement for to + + + align:start position:0% +parameters then the requirement for to +get turning patterns is that new over mu + + align:start position:0% +get turning patterns is that new over mu + + + align:start position:0% +get turning patterns is that new over mu +is a oops has be greater than + + align:start position:0% +is a oops has be greater than + + + align:start position:0% +is a oops has be greater than +27.8 + + align:start position:0% +27.8 + + + align:start position:0% +27.8 +okay all right the key thing though is + + align:start position:0% +okay all right the key thing though is + + + align:start position:0% +okay all right the key thing though is +that this thing is much larger than one + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is much larger than one + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is much larger than one +okay right so a a general thing that + + align:start position:0% +okay right so a a general thing that + + + align:start position:0% +okay right so a a general thing that +emerges in these turning patterns is + + align:start position:0% +emerges in these turning patterns is + + + align:start position:0% +emerges in these turning patterns is +that you need this so-called uh the + + align:start position:0% +that you need this so-called uh the + + + align:start position:0% +that you need this so-called uh the +so-call inhibiting type partner to have + + align:start position:0% +so-call inhibiting type partner to have + + + align:start position:0% +so-call inhibiting type partner to have +a much larger effective diffusion + + align:start position:0% +a much larger effective diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +a much larger effective diffusion +coefficient than the activating + + align:start position:0% +coefficient than the activating + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient than the activating +partner okay now the problem with this + + align:start position:0% +partner okay now the problem with this + + + align:start position:0% +partner okay now the problem with this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +that this thing is indeed much larger + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is indeed much larger + + + align:start position:0% +that this thing is indeed much larger +than one okay which means which kind of + + align:start position:0% +than one okay which means which kind of + + + align:start position:0% +than one okay which means which kind of +which limits the + + align:start position:0% +which limits the + + + align:start position:0% +which limits the +overall maybe usefulness of this as a + + align:start position:0% +overall maybe usefulness of this as a + + + align:start position:0% +overall maybe usefulness of this as a +mechanism just because if if it really + + align:start position:0% +mechanism just because if if it really + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism just because if if it really +is simple + + align:start position:0% +is simple + + + align:start position:0% +is simple +diffusion + + align:start position:0% +diffusion + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion +right how much bigger would the if let's + + align:start position:0% +right how much bigger would the if let's + + + align:start position:0% +right how much bigger would the if let's +say low Reynolds number regime right + + align:start position:0% +say low Reynolds number regime right + + + align:start position:0% +say low Reynolds number regime right +these are just molecules experienced + + align:start position:0% +these are just molecules experienced + + + align:start position:0% +these are just molecules experienced +diffusion how much bigger does + + align:start position:0% +diffusion how much bigger does + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion how much bigger does +the um inhibitor have to be no no how + + align:start position:0% +the um inhibitor have to be no no how + + + align:start position:0% +the um inhibitor have to be no no how +much bigger does the + + align:start position:0% +much bigger does the + + + align:start position:0% +much bigger does the +which one oh this is so confusing all + + align:start position:0% +which one oh this is so confusing all + + + align:start position:0% +which one oh this is so confusing all +right the so this is big and this is + + align:start position:0% +right the so this is big and this is + + + align:start position:0% +right the so this is big and this is +little right okay yeah so how much + + align:start position:0% +little right okay yeah so how much + + + align:start position:0% +little right okay yeah so how much +bigger does the + + align:start position:0% +bigger does the + + + align:start position:0% +bigger does the +activator oh my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +goodness there are too many things to + + align:start position:0% +goodness there are too many things to + + + align:start position:0% +goodness there are too many things to +keep track of here okay um because I + + align:start position:0% +keep track of here okay um because I + + + align:start position:0% +keep track of here okay um because I +haven't even written down okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +haven't even written down okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +haven't even written down okay so that's +the activator okay all right let's just + + align:start position:0% +the activator okay all right let's just + + + align:start position:0% +the activator okay all right let's just +be okay so this one's the activator + + align:start position:0% +be okay so this one's the activator + + + align:start position:0% +be okay so this one's the activator +right this one's the inhibitor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right and the inhibitor has to + + align:start position:0% +all right and the inhibitor has to + + + align:start position:0% +all right and the inhibitor has to +diffuse much more than the + + align:start position:0% +diffuse much more than the + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse much more than the +activator so the inhibitor has to be + + align:start position:0% +activator so the inhibitor has to be + + + align:start position:0% +activator so the inhibitor has to be +much smaller than the activator okay + + align:start position:0% +much smaller than the activator okay + + + align:start position:0% +much smaller than the activator okay +good so how much bigger does the + + align:start position:0% +good so how much bigger does the + + + align:start position:0% +good so how much bigger does the +activator have to be than the inhibitor + + align:start position:0% +activator have to be than the inhibitor + + + align:start position:0% +activator have to be than the inhibitor +for this to be + + align:start position:0% +for this to be + + + align:start position:0% +for this to be +true does it scale as this 28 or 28 + + align:start position:0% +true does it scale as this 28 or 28 + + + align:start position:0% +true does it scale as this 28 or 28 +squared or 28 + + align:start position:0% +squared or 28 + + + align:start position:0% +squared or 28 +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cubed like in terms of radius how much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +scales linearly remember our Einstein + + align:start position:0% +scales linearly remember our Einstein + + + align:start position:0% +scales linearly remember our Einstein +equation you guys had fun thinking about + + align:start position:0% +equation you guys had fun thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +equation you guys had fun thinking about +on the exam KT over gamma all right yeah + + align:start position:0% +on the exam KT over gamma all right yeah + + + align:start position:0% +on the exam KT over gamma all right yeah +so this this would require for example + + align:start position:0% +so this this would require for example + + + align:start position:0% +so this this would require for example +the activator to be 30 times bigger in + + align:start position:0% +the activator to be 30 times bigger in + + + align:start position:0% +the activator to be 30 times bigger in +terms of radius than the inhibitor in + + align:start position:0% +terms of radius than the inhibitor in + + + align:start position:0% +terms of radius than the inhibitor in +order to and have this emerge just as a + + align:start position:0% +order to and have this emerge just as a + + + align:start position:0% +order to and have this emerge just as a +result of diffusion right simple + + align:start position:0% +result of diffusion right simple + + + align:start position:0% +result of diffusion right simple +diffusion and and that's just not a + + align:start position:0% +diffusion and and that's just not a + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion and and that's just not a +typical thing okay for for just range of + + align:start position:0% +typical thing okay for for just range of + + + align:start position:0% +typical thing okay for for just range of +protein sizes okay but you can imagine + + align:start position:0% +protein sizes okay but you can imagine + + + align:start position:0% +protein sizes okay but you can imagine +cooking up various ways to make this + + align:start position:0% +cooking up various ways to make this + + + align:start position:0% +cooking up various ways to make this +happen + + align:start position:0% +happen + + + align:start position:0% +happen +but there's a a very nice uh development + + align:start position:0% +but there's a a very nice uh development + + + align:start position:0% +but there's a a very nice uh development +that I mentioned which is + + align:start position:0% +that I mentioned which is + + + align:start position:0% +that I mentioned which is +that there's another surprising aspect + + align:start position:0% +that there's another surprising aspect + + + align:start position:0% +that there's another surprising aspect +in these problems which is that in uh in + + align:start position:0% +in these problems which is that in uh in + + + align:start position:0% +in these problems which is that in uh in +many cases demographic noise can lead to + + align:start position:0% +many cases demographic noise can lead to + + + align:start position:0% +many cases demographic noise can lead to +patterns or maybe you might call them + + align:start position:0% +patterns or maybe you might call them + + + align:start position:0% +patterns or maybe you might call them +quasy patterns but things that for all + + align:start position:0% +quasy patterns but things that for all + + + align:start position:0% +quasy patterns but things that for all +intensive purposes look like + + align:start position:0% +intensive purposes look like + + + align:start position:0% +intensive purposes look like +uh something of this pseudo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +periodic right so it's it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +periodic right so it's it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +periodic right so it's it's it's a +pseudo Turing pattern Maybe + + align:start position:0% +pseudo Turing pattern Maybe + + + align:start position:0% +pseudo Turing pattern Maybe +okay and indeed if you add if you + + align:start position:0% +okay and indeed if you add if you + + + align:start position:0% +okay and indeed if you add if you +actually do this simulation with those + + align:start position:0% +actually do this simulation with those + + + align:start position:0% +actually do this simulation with those +parameters right where you do the + + align:start position:0% +parameters right where you do the + + + align:start position:0% +parameters right where you do the +explicit demographic uh fluctuations I.E + + align:start position:0% +explicit demographic uh fluctuations I.E + + + align:start position:0% +explicit demographic uh fluctuations I.E +you take into account that this + + align:start position:0% +you take into account that this + + + align:start position:0% +you take into account that this +corresponds to a prey giving birth this + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a prey giving birth this + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a prey giving birth this +corresponds to a predator eating a prey + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a predator eating a prey + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a predator eating a prey +random events just like what we've done + + align:start position:0% +random events just like what we've done + + + align:start position:0% +random events just like what we've done +in the context of a gaspie simulation + + align:start position:0% +in the context of a gaspie simulation + + + align:start position:0% +in the context of a gaspie simulation +okay um then what you find is that with + + align:start position:0% +okay um then what you find is that with + + + align:start position:0% +okay um then what you find is that with +demographic + + align:start position:0% +demographic + + + align:start position:0% +demographic +uations or demographic + + align:start position:0% +uations or demographic + + + align:start position:0% +uations or demographic +noise then the condition here new over + + align:start position:0% +noise then the condition here new over + + + align:start position:0% +noise then the condition here new over +mu has to be it's only + + align:start position:0% +mu has to be it's only + + + align:start position:0% +mu has to be it's only +2.48 and indeed uh in Butler and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +goldenfeld they they they derive these + + align:start position:0% +goldenfeld they they they derive these + + + align:start position:0% +goldenfeld they they they derive these +things uh using kind of field theoretic + + align:start position:0% +things uh using kind of field theoretic + + + align:start position:0% +things uh using kind of field theoretic +approaches there was a 2011 paper and + + align:start position:0% +approaches there was a 2011 paper and + + + align:start position:0% +approaches there was a 2011 paper and +also 2008 or 9 okay all right the nice + + align:start position:0% +also 2008 or 9 okay all right the nice + + + align:start position:0% +also 2008 or 9 okay all right the nice +thing here is that what you see is that + + align:start position:0% +thing here is that what you see is that + + + align:start position:0% +thing here is that what you see is that +in the presence of the this this this + + align:start position:0% +in the presence of the this this this + + + align:start position:0% +in the presence of the this this this +demographic noise that will be will be + + align:start position:0% +demographic noise that will be will be + + + align:start position:0% +demographic noise that will be will be +will be there the difference and + + align:start position:0% +will be there the difference and + + + align:start position:0% +will be there the difference and +diffusivities that are required is not + + align:start position:0% +diffusivities that are required is not + + + align:start position:0% +diffusivities that are required is not +nearly as large as when you're thinking + + align:start position:0% +nearly as large as when you're thinking + + + align:start position:0% +nearly as large as when you're thinking +about the um the mean field + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equations all right so just in the last + + align:start position:0% +equations all right so just in the last + + + align:start position:0% +equations all right so just in the last +are there any questions about this + + align:start position:0% +are there any questions about this + + + align:start position:0% +are there any questions about this +before we talk about Center fighting an + + align:start position:0% +before we talk about Center fighting an + + + align:start position:0% +before we talk about Center fighting an +equal ey + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +oh okay now you're thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +oh okay now you're thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +oh okay now you're thinking about the +actual Plankton herbivore + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um all right so I think there are many + + align:start position:0% +um all right so I think there are many + + + align:start position:0% +um all right so I think there are many +things to say uh I mean one of them + + align:start position:0% +things to say uh I mean one of them + + + align:start position:0% +things to say uh I mean one of them +would just be that maybe the patterns + + align:start position:0% +would just be that maybe the patterns + + + align:start position:0% +would just be that maybe the patterns +that you see between actual Plankton and + + align:start position:0% +that you see between actual Plankton and + + + align:start position:0% +that you see between actual Plankton and +act actual herbivores is not due to the + + align:start position:0% +act actual herbivores is not due to the + + + align:start position:0% +act actual herbivores is not due to the +Turning mechanism right um + + align:start position:0% +Turning mechanism right um + + + align:start position:0% +Turning mechanism right um +yeah um right but but you would you + + align:start position:0% +yeah um right but but you would you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um right but but you would you +still I me for the Turing to for the + + align:start position:0% +still I me for the Turing to for the + + + align:start position:0% +still I me for the Turing to for the +Turing mechanism to be at play to + + align:start position:0% +Turing mechanism to be at play to + + + align:start position:0% +Turing mechanism to be at play to +generate P you know spatial patterns it + + align:start position:0% +generate P you know spatial patterns it + + + align:start position:0% +generate P you know spatial patterns it +it requires that uh that this inhibitor + + align:start position:0% +it requires that uh that this inhibitor + + + align:start position:0% +it requires that uh that this inhibitor +you know some do something equivalent to + + align:start position:0% +you know some do something equivalent to + + + align:start position:0% +you know some do something equivalent to +diffusion more rapidly it has it has to + + align:start position:0% +diffusion more rapidly it has it has to + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion more rapidly it has it has to +move away more rapidly right but but + + align:start position:0% +move away more rapidly right but but + + + align:start position:0% +move away more rapidly right but but +right but it could right that's the + + align:start position:0% +right but it could right that's the + + + align:start position:0% +right but it could right that's the +thing um it could be that I'm the + + align:start position:0% +thing um it could be that I'm the + + + align:start position:0% +thing um it could be that I'm the +Plankton only move around from the + + align:start position:0% +Plankton only move around from the + + + align:start position:0% +Plankton only move around from the +currents whereas the herbivore actually + + align:start position:0% +currents whereas the herbivore actually + + + align:start position:0% +currents whereas the herbivore actually +has a direct Ed motion I have to say I + + align:start position:0% +has a direct Ed motion I have to say I + + + align:start position:0% +has a direct Ed motion I have to say I +don't actually know enough about + + align:start position:0% +don't actually know enough about + + + align:start position:0% +don't actually know enough about +Plankton to know whether this is at all + + align:start position:0% +Plankton to know whether this is at all + + + align:start position:0% +Plankton to know whether this is at all +I mean it I think that base statement I + + align:start position:0% +I mean it I think that base statement I + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it I think that base statement I +think is true but I don't know how the + + align:start position:0% +think is true but I don't know how the + + + align:start position:0% +think is true but I don't know how the +numbers work + + align:start position:0% +numbers work + + + align:start position:0% +numbers work +out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yes uh yes um and I both in this + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes uh yes um and I both in this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yes uh yes um and I both in this +case and in the Predator the simple + + align:start position:0% +case and in the Predator the simple + + + align:start position:0% +case and in the Predator the simple +predator prey oscillations right whe you + + align:start position:0% +predator prey oscillations right whe you + + + align:start position:0% +predator prey oscillations right whe you +know so this one one thing we're going + + align:start position:0% +know so this one one thing we're going + + + align:start position:0% +know so this one one thing we're going +to see with The Predator prey + + align:start position:0% +to see with The Predator prey + + + align:start position:0% +to see with The Predator prey +populations later is that you can also + + align:start position:0% +populations later is that you can also + + + align:start position:0% +populations later is that you can also +get this sort of oscillations in time + + align:start position:0% +get this sort of oscillations in time + + + align:start position:0% +get this sort of oscillations in time +right so this could be in time or this + + align:start position:0% +right so this could be in time or this + + + align:start position:0% +right so this could be in time or this +could be a function of space right but + + align:start position:0% +could be a function of space right but + + + align:start position:0% +could be a function of space right but +in both cases it's really that you have + + align:start position:0% +in both cases it's really that you have + + + align:start position:0% +in both cases it's really that you have +um a resonant enhancement in some areas + + align:start position:0% +um a resonant enhancement in some areas + + + align:start position:0% +um a resonant enhancement in some areas +so the the demographic fluctuations + + align:start position:0% +so the the demographic fluctuations + + + align:start position:0% +so the the demographic fluctuations +somehow excite all um frequencies or all + + align:start position:0% +somehow excite all um frequencies or all + + + align:start position:0% +somehow excite all um frequencies or all +wavelengths but then what happens is + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths but then what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +wavelengths but then what happens is +that in this case if you look at the + + align:start position:0% +that in this case if you look at the + + + align:start position:0% +that in this case if you look at the +um the igen values okay I I want to be + + align:start position:0% +um the igen values okay I I want to be + + + align:start position:0% +um the igen values okay I I want to be +close to zero + + align:start position:0% +close to zero + + + align:start position:0% +close to zero +though um if you look at how the modes + + align:start position:0% +though um if you look at how the modes + + + align:start position:0% +though um if you look at how the modes +decay + + align:start position:0% +decay + + + align:start position:0% +decay +so the um the like the I value is + + align:start position:0% +so the um the like the I value is + + + align:start position:0% +so the um the like the I value is +function of the wave number what you see + + align:start position:0% +function of the wave number what you see + + + align:start position:0% +function of the wave number what you see +is that you end up getting things that + + align:start position:0% +is that you end up getting things that + + + align:start position:0% +is that you end up getting things that +look kind of like this so whereas a + + align:start position:0% +look kind of like this so whereas a + + + align:start position:0% +look kind of like this so whereas a +turing pattern is when particular wave + + align:start position:0% +turing pattern is when particular wave + + + align:start position:0% +turing pattern is when particular wave +lengths or wave modes C actually become + + align:start position:0% +lengths or wave modes C actually become + + + align:start position:0% +lengths or wave modes C actually become +unstable right and then you get you get + + align:start position:0% +unstable right and then you get you get + + + align:start position:0% +unstable right and then you get you get +mean field type patterns and in in this + + align:start position:0% +mean field type patterns and in in this + + + align:start position:0% +mean field type patterns and in in this +sort of situation what happens is that + + align:start position:0% +sort of situation what happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of situation what happens is that +you just are you're just close here so + + align:start position:0% +you just are you're just close here so + + + align:start position:0% +you just are you're just close here so +then uh you excite all of the wave + + align:start position:0% +then uh you excite all of the wave + + + align:start position:0% +then uh you excite all of the wave +numbers or wavelengths and then some of + + align:start position:0% +numbers or wavelengths and then some of + + + align:start position:0% +numbers or wavelengths and then some of +them take a long time to go away so then + + align:start position:0% +them take a long time to go away so then + + + align:start position:0% +them take a long time to go away so then +they build up and then that's the that's + + align:start position:0% +they build up and then that's the that's + + + align:start position:0% +they build up and then that's the that's +the resulting patterns that you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see all right so what I want to do is + + align:start position:0% +see all right so what I want to do is + + + align:start position:0% +see all right so what I want to do is +just uh for the last 10 minutes talk + + align:start position:0% +just uh for the last 10 minutes talk + + + align:start position:0% +just uh for the last 10 minutes talk +about uh this uh this Min system because + + align:start position:0% +about uh this uh this Min system because + + + align:start position:0% +about uh this uh this Min system because +it's um I think it's a beautiful example + + align:start position:0% +it's um I think it's a beautiful example + + + align:start position:0% +it's um I think it's a beautiful example +of combination of kind of system you + + align:start position:0% +of combination of kind of system you + + + align:start position:0% +of combination of kind of system you +know kind of systems biology questions + + align:start position:0% +know kind of systems biology questions + + + align:start position:0% +know kind of systems biology questions +together with reaction diffusion systems + + align:start position:0% +together with reaction diffusion systems + + + align:start position:0% +together with reaction diffusion systems +and also some beautiful invitro + + align:start position:0% +and also some beautiful invitro + + + align:start position:0% +and also some beautiful invitro +experiments that um that that I I've + + align:start position:0% +experiments that um that that I I've + + + align:start position:0% +experiments that um that that I I've +quite appreciated right so right so the + + align:start position:0% +quite appreciated right so right so the + + + align:start position:0% +quite appreciated right so right so the +question is uh you know you imagine + + align:start position:0% +question is uh you know you imagine + + + align:start position:0% +question is uh you know you imagine +yourself okay you've gone to all this + + align:start position:0% +yourself okay you've gone to all this + + + align:start position:0% +yourself okay you've gone to all this +work right so now you're nice and long + + align:start position:0% +work right so now you're nice and long + + + align:start position:0% +work right so now you're nice and long +so you'd like to divide into two cells + + align:start position:0% +so you'd like to divide into two cells + + + align:start position:0% +so you'd like to divide into two cells +and the question is how do you know + + align:start position:0% +and the question is how do you know + + + align:start position:0% +and the question is how do you know +where to + + align:start position:0% +where to + + + align:start position:0% +where to +divide + + align:start position:0% +divide + + + align:start position:0% +divide +okay so you imagine that you're some + + align:start position:0% +okay so you imagine that you're some + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you imagine that you're some +eoli cell all right so you you're you + + align:start position:0% +eoli cell all right so you you're you + + + align:start position:0% +eoli cell all right so you you're you +know maybe six microns long all right + + align:start position:0% +know maybe six microns long all right + + + align:start position:0% +know maybe six microns long all right +everything is great and the question is + + align:start position:0% +everything is great and the question is + + + align:start position:0% +everything is great and the question is +uh you want to divide where would you + + align:start position:0% +uh you want to divide where would you + + + align:start position:0% +uh you want to divide where would you +like to divide if you're an equi cell + + align:start position:0% +like to divide if you're an equi cell + + + align:start position:0% +like to divide if you're an equi cell +middle middle okay so what you'd like to + + align:start position:0% +middle middle okay so what you'd like to + + + align:start position:0% +middle middle okay so what you'd like to +do is + + align:start position:0% +do is + + + align:start position:0% +do is +go here indeed what happens is that + + align:start position:0% +go here indeed what happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +go here indeed what happens is that +there's the so-called z-ring right + + align:start position:0% +there's the so-called z-ring right + + + align:start position:0% +there's the so-called z-ring right +there's a kind of a pseudo polymeric + + align:start position:0% +there's a kind of a pseudo polymeric + + + align:start position:0% +there's a kind of a pseudo polymeric +protein that forms a ring around here + + align:start position:0% +protein that forms a ring around here + + + align:start position:0% +protein that forms a ring around here +and then it constricts + + align:start position:0% +and then it constricts + + + align:start position:0% +and then it constricts +itself and pinches off the membrane and + + align:start position:0% +itself and pinches off the membrane and + + + align:start position:0% +itself and pinches off the membrane and +that that's how you get two cells okay + + align:start position:0% +that that's how you get two cells okay + + + align:start position:0% +that that's how you get two cells okay +so there's this formation of this uh of + + align:start position:0% +so there's this formation of this uh of + + + align:start position:0% +so there's this formation of this uh of +the z-ring that constricts and that's um + + align:start position:0% +the z-ring that constricts and that's um + + + align:start position:0% +the z-ring that constricts and that's um +and that's this cell division event the + + align:start position:0% +and that's this cell division event the + + + align:start position:0% +and that's this cell division event the +question is how how do you know where to + + align:start position:0% +question is how how do you know where to + + + align:start position:0% +question is how how do you know where to +put + + align:start position:0% +put + + + align:start position:0% +put +it okay and and that's what this uh this + + align:start position:0% +it okay and and that's what this uh this + + + align:start position:0% +it okay and and that's what this uh this +Min system is for and it's uh of course + + align:start position:0% +Min system is for and it's uh of course + + + align:start position:0% +Min system is for and it's uh of course +like everything in in bacterial genetics + + align:start position:0% +like everything in in bacterial genetics + + + align:start position:0% +like everything in in bacterial genetics +it was identified by uh by mutations so + + align:start position:0% +it was identified by uh by mutations so + + + align:start position:0% +it was identified by uh by mutations so +um so the Min + + align:start position:0% +um so the Min + + + align:start position:0% +um so the Min +system is called that because um these + + align:start position:0% +system is called that because um these + + + align:start position:0% +system is called that because um these +mutants formed so-called mini + + align:start position:0% +mutants formed so-called mini + + + align:start position:0% +mutants formed so-called mini +cells right mini + + align:start position:0% +cells right mini + + + align:start position:0% +cells right mini +cells right so if you instead of + + align:start position:0% +cells right so if you instead of + + + align:start position:0% +cells right so if you instead of +dividing in the center where you have + + align:start position:0% +dividing in the center where you have + + + align:start position:0% +dividing in the center where you have +you might you might have two copies of + + align:start position:0% +you might you might have two copies of + + + align:start position:0% +you might you might have two copies of +the genome here if instead you divide + + align:start position:0% +the genome here if instead you divide + + + align:start position:0% +the genome here if instead you divide +over here then what you're going to end + + align:start position:0% +over here then what you're going to end + + + align:start position:0% +over here then what you're going to end +up with is a very long cell with two + + align:start position:0% +up with is a very long cell with two + + + align:start position:0% +up with is a very long cell with two +copies of the genome and you're going to + + align:start position:0% +copies of the genome and you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +copies of the genome and you're going to +end up with this mini cell without any + + align:start position:0% +end up with this mini cell without any + + + align:start position:0% +end up with this mini cell without any +uh any DNA okay and those mini cells are + + align:start position:0% +uh any DNA okay and those mini cells are + + + align:start position:0% +uh any DNA okay and those mini cells are +they going to do well for the long term + + align:start position:0% +they going to do well for the long term + + + align:start position:0% +they going to do well for the long term +no right and what they actually can can + + align:start position:0% +no right and what they actually can can + + + align:start position:0% +no right and what they actually can can +actually survive for a little bit and + + align:start position:0% +actually survive for a little bit and + + + align:start position:0% +actually survive for a little bit and +they um people have argued that maybe + + align:start position:0% +they um people have argued that maybe + + + align:start position:0% +they um people have argued that maybe +they could be useful useful for + + align:start position:0% +they could be useful useful for + + + align:start position:0% +they could be useful useful for +synthetic biology because they still + + align:start position:0% +synthetic biology because they still + + + align:start position:0% +synthetic biology because they still +make proteins but they're not going to + + align:start position:0% +make proteins but they're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +make proteins but they're not going to +go and like take over the world because + + align:start position:0% +go and like take over the world because + + + align:start position:0% +go and like take over the world because +they don't have any + + align:start position:0% +they don't have any + + + align:start position:0% +they don't have any +DNA um but but these are the so-called + + align:start position:0% +DNA um but but these are the so-called + + + align:start position:0% +DNA um but but these are the so-called +these are the mini cells that uh that + + align:start position:0% +these are the mini cells that uh that + + + align:start position:0% +these are the mini cells that uh that +that happen if you have mutations in the + + align:start position:0% +that happen if you have mutations in the + + + align:start position:0% +that happen if you have mutations in the +Min system okay now um I think the the + + align:start position:0% +Min system okay now um I think the the + + + align:start position:0% +Min system okay now um I think the the +the three players are men c d and + + align:start position:0% +the three players are men c d and + + + align:start position:0% +the three players are men c d and +e men + + align:start position:0% +e men + + + align:start position:0% +e men +C Min + + align:start position:0% +C Min + + + align:start position:0% +C Min +D Min e all right so I think that Min a + + align:start position:0% +D Min e all right so I think that Min a + + + align:start position:0% +D Min e all right so I think that Min a +and Min B ended up not actually existing + + align:start position:0% +and Min B ended up not actually existing + + + align:start position:0% +and Min B ended up not actually existing +or something I mean in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +or something I mean in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +or something I mean in the sense that +they identified the mutants but then + + align:start position:0% +they identified the mutants but then + + + align:start position:0% +they identified the mutants but then +they were wrong about something okay + + align:start position:0% +they were wrong about something okay + + + align:start position:0% +they were wrong about something okay +okay so um so the the three that + + align:start position:0% +okay so um so the the three that + + + align:start position:0% +okay so um so the the three that +actually ended up being involved in the + + align:start position:0% +actually ended up being involved in the + + + align:start position:0% +actually ended up being involved in the +actual mint system are CD and E right so + + align:start position:0% +actual mint system are CD and E right so + + + align:start position:0% +actual mint system are CD and E right so +this Min Min C prevents um formation of + + align:start position:0% +this Min Min C prevents um formation of + + + align:start position:0% +this Min Min C prevents um formation of +the Z + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ring right now men D and E are are kind + + align:start position:0% +ring right now men D and E are are kind + + + align:start position:0% +ring right now men D and E are are kind +of the amazing guys uh so this guy binds + + align:start position:0% +of the amazing guys uh so this guy binds + + + align:start position:0% +of the amazing guys uh so this guy binds +to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +membrane uh and recruits minc + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +whereas Min e what it does is it um + + align:start position:0% +whereas Min e what it does is it um + + + align:start position:0% +whereas Min e what it does is it um +it put pulls mind D off of the membrane + + align:start position:0% +it put pulls mind D off of the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +it put pulls mind D off of the membrane +okay so it binds to mind + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +D and ejects from the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +membrane and what has been seen by doing + + align:start position:0% +membrane and what has been seen by doing + + + align:start position:0% +membrane and what has been seen by doing +Imaging in live ecoli cells with + + align:start position:0% +Imaging in live ecoli cells with + + + align:start position:0% +Imaging in live ecoli cells with +fluorescently labeled m d and Min e is + + align:start position:0% +fluorescently labeled m d and Min e is + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescently labeled m d and Min e is +that they're remarkable oscillations + + align:start position:0% +that they're remarkable oscillations + + + align:start position:0% +that they're remarkable oscillations +from pole to pole okay so and indeed + + align:start position:0% +from pole to pole okay so and indeed + + + align:start position:0% +from pole to pole okay so and indeed +that's that doesn't require Min C so Min + + align:start position:0% +that's that doesn't require Min C so Min + + + align:start position:0% +that's that doesn't require Min C so Min +C is somehow following the others what + + align:start position:0% +C is somehow following the others what + + + align:start position:0% +C is somehow following the others what +happens is that m d binds over here then + + align:start position:0% +happens is that m d binds over here then + + + align:start position:0% +happens is that m d binds over here then +Min e binds and kind of pushes it off + + align:start position:0% +Min e binds and kind of pushes it off + + + align:start position:0% +Min e binds and kind of pushes it off +and then and then the Min D comes over + + align:start position:0% +and then and then the Min D comes over + + + align:start position:0% +and then and then the Min D comes over +here and then Min e kind of pulls it off + + align:start position:0% +here and then Min e kind of pulls it off + + + align:start position:0% +here and then Min e kind of pulls it off +and it it it kind of goes back and forth + + align:start position:0% +and it it it kind of goes back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +and it it it kind of goes back and forth +the period is sort of you know know + + align:start position:0% +the period is sort of you know know + + + align:start position:0% +the period is sort of you know know +minutes maybe + + align:start position:0% +minutes maybe + + + align:start position:0% +minutes maybe +okay so it's a really remarkable thing + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's a really remarkable thing + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's a really remarkable thing +that happens uh in Vivo and of course uh + + align:start position:0% +that happens uh in Vivo and of course uh + + + align:start position:0% +that happens uh in Vivo and of course uh +and and the idea of what's happening is + + align:start position:0% +and and the idea of what's happening is + + + align:start position:0% +and and the idea of what's happening is +that if mind D comes here and then it + + align:start position:0% +that if mind D comes here and then it + + + align:start position:0% +that if mind D comes here and then it +comes here right on each of the edges + + align:start position:0% +comes here right on each of the edges + + + align:start position:0% +comes here right on each of the edges +then it doesn't hang out in the middle + + align:start position:0% +then it doesn't hang out in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +then it doesn't hang out in the middle +and that means that it's only in the + + align:start position:0% +and that means that it's only in the + + + align:start position:0% +and that means that it's only in the +Middle where Min C can then um bind or + + align:start position:0% +Middle where Min C can then um bind or + + + align:start position:0% +Middle where Min C can then um bind or +sorry all right sorry no so so because + + align:start position:0% +sorry all right sorry no so so because + + + align:start position:0% +sorry all right sorry no so so because +Min C is following Min D then only in + + align:start position:0% +Min C is following Min D then only in + + + align:start position:0% +Min C is following Min D then only in +the middle can you form the Z because + + align:start position:0% +the middle can you form the Z because + + + align:start position:0% +the middle can you form the Z because +that's where Min C is not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right now from uh it's wonderful to do + + align:start position:0% +right now from uh it's wonderful to do + + + align:start position:0% +right now from uh it's wonderful to do +things in live cells because that's the + + align:start position:0% +things in live cells because that's the + + + align:start position:0% +things in live cells because that's the +the native context and so forth but I + + align:start position:0% +the native context and so forth but I + + + align:start position:0% +the native context and so forth but I +think that in some cases it's also + + align:start position:0% +think that in some cases it's also + + + align:start position:0% +think that in some cases it's also +wonderful if you can take purified + + align:start position:0% +wonderful if you can take purified + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful if you can take purified +components and recapitulate interesting + + align:start position:0% +components and recapitulate interesting + + + align:start position:0% +components and recapitulate interesting +behaviors uh in vitro right because then + + align:start position:0% +behaviors uh in vitro right because then + + + align:start position:0% +behaviors uh in vitro right because then +at least you know what is um you know + + align:start position:0% +at least you know what is um you know + + + align:start position:0% +at least you know what is um you know +what what is at Le what's sufficient to + + align:start position:0% +what what is at Le what's sufficient to + + + align:start position:0% +what what is at Le what's sufficient to +generate a particular kind of dynamical + + align:start position:0% +generate a particular kind of dynamical + + + align:start position:0% +generate a particular kind of dynamical +behavior and and because this system had + + align:start position:0% +behavior and and because this system had + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and and because this system had +been proposed as a model system for + + align:start position:0% +been proposed as a model system for + + + align:start position:0% +been proposed as a model system for +reaction diffusion uh mechanism to get + + align:start position:0% +reaction diffusion uh mechanism to get + + + align:start position:0% +reaction diffusion uh mechanism to get +this behavior and so there there was + + align:start position:0% +this behavior and so there there was + + + align:start position:0% +this behavior and so there there was +this paper by uh Martin loose in Petra + + align:start position:0% +this paper by uh Martin loose in Petra + + + align:start position:0% +this paper by uh Martin loose in Petra +Petra's lab uh in um well where was it + + align:start position:0% +Petra's lab uh in um well where was it + + + align:start position:0% +Petra's lab uh in um well where was it +yeah in + + align:start position:0% +yeah in + + + align:start position:0% +yeah in +Dresden and uh and what they did is they + + align:start position:0% +Dresden and uh and what they did is they + + + align:start position:0% +Dresden and uh and what they did is they +took a supported lipid Bayer okay so a + + align:start position:0% +took a supported lipid Bayer okay so a + + + align:start position:0% +took a supported lipid Bayer okay so a +membrane on glass and then they added + + align:start position:0% +membrane on glass and then they added + + + align:start position:0% +membrane on glass and then they added +purified components of Min D and Min e + + align:start position:0% +purified components of Min D and Min e + + + align:start position:0% +purified components of Min D and Min e +that were fluorescently labeled and then + + align:start position:0% +that were fluorescently labeled and then + + + align:start position:0% +that were fluorescently labeled and then +and then they saw uh amazing amazing + + align:start position:0% +and then they saw uh amazing amazing + + + align:start position:0% +and then they saw uh amazing amazing +patterns these amazing reaction + + align:start position:0% +patterns these amazing reaction + + + align:start position:0% +patterns these amazing reaction +diffusion waves traveling along right + + align:start position:0% +diffusion waves traveling along right + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion waves traveling along right +now in the first day of lecture I + + align:start position:0% +now in the first day of lecture I + + + align:start position:0% +now in the first day of lecture I +actually showed you what some of those + + align:start position:0% +actually showed you what some of those + + + align:start position:0% +actually showed you what some of those +things um looked like I um I didn't want + + align:start position:0% +things um looked like I um I didn't want + + + align:start position:0% +things um looked like I um I didn't want +to like use up the projector again but + + align:start position:0% +to like use up the projector again but + + + align:start position:0% +to like use up the projector again but +maybe I can pull up this movie because + + align:start position:0% +maybe I can pull up this movie because + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I can pull up this movie because +it is it is kind of fabulous um all + + align:start position:0% +it is it is kind of fabulous um all + + + align:start position:0% +it is it is kind of fabulous um all +right so it may be you can't see these + + align:start position:0% +right so it may be you can't see these + + + align:start position:0% +right so it may be you can't see these +things very well but this is uh Min Min + + align:start position:0% +things very well but this is uh Min Min + + + align:start position:0% +things very well but this is uh Min Min +D Min e and an overlay + + align:start position:0% +D Min e and an overlay + + + align:start position:0% +D Min e and an overlay +of the two imaged on a two-dimensional + + align:start position:0% +of the two imaged on a two-dimensional + + + align:start position:0% +of the two imaged on a two-dimensional +membrane okay and and the movies are + + align:start position:0% +membrane okay and and the movies are + + + align:start position:0% +membrane okay and and the movies are +just amazing I you know when I when you + + align:start position:0% +just amazing I you know when I when you + + + align:start position:0% +just amazing I you know when I when you +see this you think that it's like a + + align:start position:0% +see this you think that it's like a + + + align:start position:0% +see this you think that it's like a +simulation right it's so like incredible + + align:start position:0% +simulation right it's so like incredible + + + align:start position:0% +simulation right it's so like incredible +watching these things go after class you + + align:start position:0% +watching these things go after class you + + + align:start position:0% +watching these things go after class you +can come up I can show you the paper and + + align:start position:0% +can come up I can show you the paper and + + + align:start position:0% +can come up I can show you the paper and +you can uh you can look at the movie in + + align:start position:0% +you can uh you can look at the movie in + + + align:start position:0% +you can uh you can look at the movie in +in more depth but uh there are really uh + + align:start position:0% +in more depth but uh there are really uh + + + align:start position:0% +in more depth but uh there are really uh +amazing patterns and it's it's patterns + + align:start position:0% +amazing patterns and it's it's patterns + + + align:start position:0% +amazing patterns and it's it's patterns +that you would predict from some sort of + + align:start position:0% +that you would predict from some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that you would predict from some sort of +Turing type reaction diffusion mechanism + + align:start position:0% +Turing type reaction diffusion mechanism + + + align:start position:0% +Turing type reaction diffusion mechanism +okay uh and + + align:start position:0% +okay uh and + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh and +I so there are few things uh that are + + align:start position:0% +I so there are few things uh that are + + + align:start position:0% +I so there are few things uh that are +maybe worth saying in in this business + + align:start position:0% +maybe worth saying in in this business + + + align:start position:0% +maybe worth saying in in this business +so these are fluorescently labeled M Min + + align:start position:0% +so these are fluorescently labeled M Min + + + align:start position:0% +so these are fluorescently labeled M Min +right all right so they started out with + + align:start position:0% +right all right so they started out with + + + align:start position:0% +right all right so they started out with +mind D that was uniform and then they + + align:start position:0% +mind D that was uniform and then they + + + align:start position:0% +mind D that was uniform and then they +added Min and over the time scale about + + align:start position:0% +added Min and over the time scale about + + + align:start position:0% +added Min and over the time scale about +an hour they started seeing these sorts + + align:start position:0% +an hour they started seeing these sorts + + + align:start position:0% +an hour they started seeing these sorts +of patterns okay um and uh as may be + + align:start position:0% +of patterns okay um and uh as may be + + + align:start position:0% +of patterns okay um and uh as may be +kind of expected from the + + align:start position:0% +kind of expected from the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of expected from the +invivo behavior what you see are these + + align:start position:0% +invivo behavior what you see are these + + + align:start position:0% +invivo behavior what you see are these +things where the um where + + align:start position:0% +things where the um where + + + align:start position:0% +things where the um where +m + + align:start position:0% +m + + + align:start position:0% +m +d it looks like this whereas Min e looks + + align:start position:0% +d it looks like this whereas Min e looks + + + align:start position:0% +d it looks like this whereas Min e looks +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +that okay and then the wave travels here + + align:start position:0% +that okay and then the wave travels here + + + align:start position:0% +that okay and then the wave travels here +to the left okay because the Min e is + + align:start position:0% +to the left okay because the Min e is + + + align:start position:0% +to the left okay because the Min e is +ejecting the Min D from the membrane + + align:start position:0% +ejecting the Min D from the membrane + + + align:start position:0% +ejecting the Min D from the membrane +causing this whole thing to + + align:start position:0% +causing this whole thing to + + + align:start position:0% +causing this whole thing to +move okay all right so this is a + + align:start position:0% +move okay all right so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +move okay all right so this is a +situation where you have um both these + + align:start position:0% +situation where you have um both these + + + align:start position:0% +situation where you have um both these +proteins in the liquid right so in the + + align:start position:0% +proteins in the liquid right so in the + + + align:start position:0% +proteins in the liquid right so in the +buffer as well as on the MBR and they're + + align:start position:0% +buffer as well as on the MBR and they're + + + align:start position:0% +buffer as well as on the MBR and they're +coming on and off and so forth uh and in + + align:start position:0% +coming on and off and so forth uh and in + + + align:start position:0% +coming on and off and so forth uh and in +this situation it's wonderful because + + align:start position:0% +this situation it's wonderful because + + + align:start position:0% +this situation it's wonderful because +they can do all sorts of things like + + align:start position:0% +they can do all sorts of things like + + + align:start position:0% +they can do all sorts of things like +control the concentration of Min and see + + align:start position:0% +control the concentration of Min and see + + + align:start position:0% +control the concentration of Min and see +that the velocity of these waves changes + + align:start position:0% +that the velocity of these waves changes + + + align:start position:0% +that the velocity of these waves changes +uh as you change the concentration of + + align:start position:0% +uh as you change the concentration of + + + align:start position:0% +uh as you change the concentration of +Min right so this is a really + + align:start position:0% +Min right so this is a really + + + align:start position:0% +Min right so this is a really +experimentally tractable system and then + + align:start position:0% +experimentally tractable system and then + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally tractable system and then +you can ask well what kind of model + + align:start position:0% +you can ask well what kind of model + + + align:start position:0% +you can ask well what kind of model +would uh would lead to that sort of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +behavior all right so such waves do you + + align:start position:0% +behavior all right so such waves do you + + + align:start position:0% +behavior all right so such waves do you +think that it uh requires ATP + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just for fun we can vote Yes or no it's + + align:start position:0% +just for fun we can vote Yes or no it's + + + align:start position:0% +just for fun we can vote Yes or no it's +all right all right ready three two + + align:start position:0% +all right all right ready three two + + + align:start position:0% +all right all right ready three two +one yeah so indeed it does require ATP + + align:start position:0% +one yeah so indeed it does require ATP + + + align:start position:0% +one yeah so indeed it does require ATP +okay because the these things are + + align:start position:0% +okay because the these things are + + + align:start position:0% +okay because the these things are +uh and that's a general feature of the + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's a general feature of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh and that's a general feature of the +these these Turing type uh patterns is + + align:start position:0% +these these Turing type uh patterns is + + + align:start position:0% +these these Turing type uh patterns is +that there is some there there is a + + align:start position:0% +that there is some there there is a + + + align:start position:0% +that there is some there there is a +non-equilibrium structure formation okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now uh one nice thing that you can do in + + align:start position:0% +now uh one nice thing that you can do in + + + align:start position:0% +now uh one nice thing that you can do in +in this sort of system is you can ask + + align:start position:0% +in this sort of system is you can ask + + + align:start position:0% +in this sort of system is you can ask +well what happens if I photo bleach a + + align:start position:0% +well what happens if I photo bleach a + + + align:start position:0% +well what happens if I photo bleach a +particular area okay so I come in I + + align:start position:0% +particular area okay so I come in I + + + align:start position:0% +particular area okay so I come in I +photo bleach so now the profile looks + + align:start position:0% +photo bleach so now the profile looks + + + align:start position:0% +photo bleach so now the profile looks +like you + + align:start position:0% +like you + + + align:start position:0% +like you +know I you know I locally deplete the + + align:start position:0% +know I you know I locally deplete the + + + align:start position:0% +know I you know I locally deplete the +fluoresence here right right question is + + align:start position:0% +fluoresence here right right question is + + + align:start position:0% +fluoresence here right right question is +will this move together with the + + align:start position:0% +will this move together with the + + + align:start position:0% +will this move together with the +traveling wave or does it stay fixed + + align:start position:0% +traveling wave or does it stay fixed + + + align:start position:0% +traveling wave or does it stay fixed +right and in these mechanisms do you + + align:start position:0% +right and in these mechanisms do you + + + align:start position:0% +right and in these mechanisms do you +think should this locally depleted area + + align:start position:0% +think should this locally depleted area + + + align:start position:0% +think should this locally depleted area +should it move or should it stay where + + align:start position:0% +should it move or should it stay where + + + align:start position:0% +should it move or should it stay where +it is do you understand the + + align:start position:0% +it is do you understand the + + + align:start position:0% +it is do you understand the +question right all right move yes no + + align:start position:0% +question right all right move yes no + + + align:start position:0% +question right all right move yes no +ready three two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one it actually doesn't move uh right so + + align:start position:0% +one it actually doesn't move uh right so + + + align:start position:0% +one it actually doesn't move uh right so +um so depleted area doesn't move + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and and this is just a reflection of + + align:start position:0% +and and this is just a reflection of + + + align:start position:0% +and and this is just a reflection of +that these waves are are not the result + + align:start position:0% +that these waves are are not the result + + + align:start position:0% +that these waves are are not the result +of individual molecules moving together + + align:start position:0% +of individual molecules moving together + + + align:start position:0% +of individual molecules moving together +with a wave but it's it's a wave like + + align:start position:0% +with a wave but it's it's a wave like + + + align:start position:0% +with a wave but it's it's a wave like +what you see in the ocean or along a + + align:start position:0% +what you see in the ocean or along a + + + align:start position:0% +what you see in the ocean or along a +string or whatnot right so the um the + + align:start position:0% +string or whatnot right so the um the + + + align:start position:0% +string or whatnot right so the um the +motion is a result of uh + + align:start position:0% +motion is a result of uh + + + align:start position:0% +motion is a result of uh +the individual molecules coming and + + align:start position:0% +the individual molecules coming and + + + align:start position:0% +the individual molecules coming and +going and communicating with each other + + align:start position:0% +going and communicating with each other + + + align:start position:0% +going and communicating with each other +but it's not a reflection of of actual + + align:start position:0% +but it's not a reflection of of actual + + + align:start position:0% +but it's not a reflection of of actual +molecules having directed motion okay + + align:start position:0% +molecules having directed motion okay + + + align:start position:0% +molecules having directed motion okay +because indeed there's no mechanism in + + align:start position:0% +because indeed there's no mechanism in + + + align:start position:0% +because indeed there's no mechanism in +these models for directed motion right + + align:start position:0% +these models for directed motion right + + + align:start position:0% +these models for directed motion right +what you see is that in all these + + align:start position:0% +what you see is that in all these + + + align:start position:0% +what you see is that in all these +models the only thing that is change you + + align:start position:0% +models the only thing that is change you + + + align:start position:0% +models the only thing that is change you +know that has a that is a functional + + align:start position:0% +know that has a that is a functional + + + align:start position:0% +know that has a that is a functional +position or these is diffusion terms + + align:start position:0% +position or these is diffusion terms + + + align:start position:0% +position or these is diffusion terms +right so there's it's all random + + align:start position:0% +right so there's it's all random + + + align:start position:0% +right so there's it's all random +diffusion but then you get global global + + align:start position:0% +diffusion but then you get global global + + + align:start position:0% +diffusion but then you get global global +motion \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pGTaUcG2Woo.txt b/pGTaUcG2Woo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd737d08341f80750d208f3557556c8d80d2e26d --- /dev/null +++ b/pGTaUcG2Woo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9707 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So, uh this is uh Adam Smith uh + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, uh this is uh Adam Smith uh + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, uh this is uh Adam Smith uh +1776 and the concept of an + + align:start position:0% +1776 and the concept of an + + + align:start position:0% +1776 and the concept of an +economy. And you know the word economy + + align:start position:0% +economy. And you know the word economy + + + align:start position:0% +economy. And you know the word economy +gets spelled with an O in it. Um but uh + + align:start position:0% +gets spelled with an O in it. Um but uh + + + align:start position:0% +gets spelled with an O in it. Um but uh +means the same thing. And uh it is a + + align:start position:0% +means the same thing. And uh it is a + + + align:start position:0% +means the same thing. And uh it is a +word that uh we see appearing in various + + align:start position:0% +word that uh we see appearing in various + + + align:start position:0% +word that uh we see appearing in various +places sort of uh what does economy + + align:start position:0% +places sort of uh what does economy + + + align:start position:0% +places sort of uh what does economy +suggest just kind of from a general + + align:start position:0% +suggest just kind of from a general + + + align:start position:0% +suggest just kind of from a general +sense without + + align:start position:0% +sense without + + + align:start position:0% +sense without +any without any special without any + + align:start position:0% +any without any special without any + + + align:start position:0% +any without any special without any +specialized knowledge what would you + + align:start position:0% +specialized knowledge what would you + + + align:start position:0% +specialized knowledge what would you +associate with the world of econ with + + align:start position:0% +associate with the world of econ with + + + align:start position:0% +associate with the world of econ with +the word economy? + + align:start position:0% +the word economy? + + + align:start position:0% +the word economy? +Uh kind of like an organization of labor + + align:start position:0% +Uh kind of like an organization of labor + + + align:start position:0% +Uh kind of like an organization of labor +or skill. Okay. organization, we get + + align:start position:0% +or skill. Okay. organization, we get + + + align:start position:0% +or skill. Okay. organization, we get +some sense of order and some sense of uh + + align:start position:0% +some sense of order and some sense of uh + + + align:start position:0% +some sense of order and some sense of uh +organized + + align:start position:0% +organized + + + align:start position:0% +organized +uh behavior if you will because when you + + align:start position:0% +uh behavior if you will because when you + + + align:start position:0% +uh behavior if you will because when you +say organization you're suggesting you + + align:start position:0% +say organization you're suggesting you + + + align:start position:0% +say organization you're suggesting you +know people collectively doing something + + align:start position:0% +know people collectively doing something + + + align:start position:0% +know people collectively doing something +and uh this is uh a observation that uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is uh a observation that uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh this is uh a observation that uh +really is is prevalent in this work that + + align:start position:0% +really is is prevalent in this work that + + + align:start position:0% +really is is prevalent in this work that +people work together + + align:start position:0% +people work together + + + align:start position:0% +people work together +in amazing ways to produce uh all kinds + + align:start position:0% +in amazing ways to produce uh all kinds + + + align:start position:0% +in amazing ways to produce uh all kinds +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +things and Smith gives the name economy. + + align:start position:0% +things and Smith gives the name economy. + + + align:start position:0% +things and Smith gives the name economy. +Now Smith didn't invent this whole set + + align:start position:0% +Now Smith didn't invent this whole set + + + align:start position:0% +Now Smith didn't invent this whole set +of discussions. There were a lot of + + align:start position:0% +of discussions. There were a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +of discussions. There were a lot of +other people in his time discussing + + align:start position:0% +other people in his time discussing + + + align:start position:0% +other people in his time discussing +concepts of + + align:start position:0% +concepts of + + + align:start position:0% +concepts of +how you know how products were produced + + align:start position:0% +how you know how products were produced + + + align:start position:0% +how you know how products were produced +uh profits things of this sort + + align:start position:0% +uh profits things of this sort + + + align:start position:0% +uh profits things of this sort +struggling to understand the way things + + align:start position:0% +struggling to understand the way things + + + align:start position:0% +struggling to understand the way things +worked. uh but Smith uh in his wealth of + + align:start position:0% +worked. uh but Smith uh in his wealth of + + + align:start position:0% +worked. uh but Smith uh in his wealth of +nations really brought together a body + + align:start position:0% +nations really brought together a body + + + align:start position:0% +nations really brought together a body +of work that had been developing through + + align:start position:0% +of work that had been developing through + + + align:start position:0% +of work that had been developing through +uh the 18th century and so he's + + align:start position:0% +uh the 18th century and so he's + + + align:start position:0% +uh the 18th century and so he's +associated with u the whole concept of + + align:start position:0% +associated with u the whole concept of + + + align:start position:0% +associated with u the whole concept of +uh economics + + align:start position:0% +uh economics + + + align:start position:0% +uh economics +and the notion of uh how to study the + + align:start position:0% +and the notion of uh how to study the + + + align:start position:0% +and the notion of uh how to study the +production of wealth. So this is uh this + + align:start position:0% +production of wealth. So this is uh this + + + align:start position:0% +production of wealth. So this is uh this +is a key work. Uh many people consider + + align:start position:0% +is a key work. Uh many people consider + + + align:start position:0% +is a key work. Uh many people consider +it it's like a it's it's a little like + + align:start position:0% +it it's like a it's it's a little like + + + align:start position:0% +it it's like a it's it's a little like +the origins you know many people + + align:start position:0% +the origins you know many people + + + align:start position:0% +the origins you know many people +consider uh uh wealth of nations one of + + align:start position:0% +consider uh uh wealth of nations one of + + + align:start position:0% +consider uh uh wealth of nations one of +the great books if not the greatest book + + align:start position:0% +the great books if not the greatest book + + + align:start position:0% +the great books if not the greatest book +of the 18th century simply because it + + align:start position:0% +of the 18th century simply because it + + + align:start position:0% +of the 18th century simply because it +put into play a whole set of uh + + align:start position:0% +put into play a whole set of uh + + + align:start position:0% +put into play a whole set of uh +complicated arrangements but simplified + + align:start position:0% +complicated arrangements but simplified + + + align:start position:0% +complicated arrangements but simplified +them in many ways by observing some of + + align:start position:0% +them in many ways by observing some of + + + align:start position:0% +them in many ways by observing some of +the patterns of + + align:start position:0% +the patterns of + + + align:start position:0% +the patterns of +behavior and pattern recognition is a + + align:start position:0% +behavior and pattern recognition is a + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and pattern recognition is a +big you know Smith sees patterns + + align:start position:0% +big you know Smith sees patterns + + + align:start position:0% +big you know Smith sees patterns +And you can debate as you'll find our + + align:start position:0% +And you can debate as you'll find our + + + align:start position:0% +And you can debate as you'll find our +our reading for next week is Mouthys for + + align:start position:0% +our reading for next week is Mouthys for + + + align:start position:0% +our reading for next week is Mouthys for +Wednesday is + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday is + + + align:start position:0% +Wednesday is +Mouthys and Melus had some objections to + + align:start position:0% +Mouthys and Melus had some objections to + + + align:start position:0% +Mouthys and Melus had some objections to +Smith but uh you know both of these uh + + align:start position:0% +Smith but uh you know both of these uh + + + align:start position:0% +Smith but uh you know both of these uh +both Smith and Melus uh approached their + + align:start position:0% +both Smith and Melus uh approached their + + + align:start position:0% +both Smith and Melus uh approached their +uh approach their subject matter in a + + align:start position:0% +uh approach their subject matter in a + + + align:start position:0% +uh approach their subject matter in a +similar way. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um so part of the background to uh Smith + + align:start position:0% +Um so part of the background to uh Smith + + + align:start position:0% +Um so part of the background to uh Smith +is the rise of manufacturer. The fact + + align:start position:0% +is the rise of manufacturer. The fact + + + align:start position:0% +is the rise of manufacturer. The fact +that uh people were beginning to think + + align:start position:0% +that uh people were beginning to think + + + align:start position:0% +that uh people were beginning to think +about uh organized ways to produce goods + + align:start position:0% +about uh organized ways to produce goods + + + align:start position:0% +about uh organized ways to produce goods +for profit uh and Dero's encyclopedia + + align:start position:0% +for profit uh and Dero's encyclopedia + + + align:start position:0% +for profit uh and Dero's encyclopedia +which we actually had an exhibit on uh + + align:start position:0% +which we actually had an exhibit on uh + + + align:start position:0% +which we actually had an exhibit on uh +last year. I think it's been taken down + + align:start position:0% +last year. I think it's been taken down + + + align:start position:0% +last year. I think it's been taken down +now. But uh this encyclopedia was a + + align:start position:0% +now. But uh this encyclopedia was a + + + align:start position:0% +now. But uh this encyclopedia was a +great uh encyclopedia of u uh arts and + + align:start position:0% +great uh encyclopedia of u uh arts and + + + align:start position:0% +great uh encyclopedia of u uh arts and +trades and crafts um really captured a + + align:start position:0% +trades and crafts um really captured a + + + align:start position:0% +trades and crafts um really captured a +lot of the kinds of workshops that had + + align:start position:0% +lot of the kinds of workshops that had + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the kinds of workshops that had +been developing through the 18th century + + align:start position:0% +been developing through the 18th century + + + align:start position:0% +been developing through the 18th century +into organizes spaces for labor. + + align:start position:0% +into organizes spaces for labor. + + + align:start position:0% +into organizes spaces for labor. +bringing labor out of the localized uh + + align:start position:0% +bringing labor out of the localized uh + + + align:start position:0% +bringing labor out of the localized uh +sort of cottage industry into the more + + align:start position:0% +sort of cottage industry into the more + + + align:start position:0% +sort of cottage industry into the more +organized shop floor or the shop where + + align:start position:0% +organized shop floor or the shop where + + + align:start position:0% +organized shop floor or the shop where +you know people were beginning to you + + align:start position:0% +you know people were beginning to you + + + align:start position:0% +you know people were beginning to you +know identify a project making pins or + + align:start position:0% +know identify a project making pins or + + + align:start position:0% +know identify a project making pins or +making screws or making nails or making + + align:start position:0% +making screws or making nails or making + + + align:start position:0% +making screws or making nails or making +some fundamental kind of implement that + + align:start position:0% +some fundamental kind of implement that + + + align:start position:0% +some fundamental kind of implement that +was used widely in society. The idea + + align:start position:0% +was used widely in society. The idea + + + align:start position:0% +was used widely in society. The idea +began to emerge of, you know, not just + + align:start position:0% +began to emerge of, you know, not just + + + align:start position:0% +began to emerge of, you know, not just +having a group of people distributed + + align:start position:0% +having a group of people distributed + + + align:start position:0% +having a group of people distributed +around a country make it and then go and + + align:start position:0% +around a country make it and then go and + + + align:start position:0% +around a country make it and then go and +collect them, but to centralize that + + align:start position:0% +collect them, but to centralize that + + + align:start position:0% +collect them, but to centralize that +labor, bring it together into a room and + + align:start position:0% +labor, bring it together into a room and + + + align:start position:0% +labor, bring it together into a room and +begin to work with it. And this is uh + + align:start position:0% +begin to work with it. And this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +begin to work with it. And this is uh +and so a lot of these ideas were + + align:start position:0% +and so a lot of these ideas were + + + align:start position:0% +and so a lot of these ideas were +captured in Dita Rose Encyclopedia. And + + align:start position:0% +captured in Dita Rose Encyclopedia. And + + + align:start position:0% +captured in Dita Rose Encyclopedia. And +u you see an example of a shop floor + + align:start position:0% +u you see an example of a shop floor + + + align:start position:0% +u you see an example of a shop floor +here. They're actually making screw + + align:start position:0% +here. They're actually making screw + + + align:start position:0% +here. They're actually making screw +threads and uh you know they bring in + + align:start position:0% +threads and uh you know they bring in + + + align:start position:0% +threads and uh you know they bring in +machines, different people are working + + align:start position:0% +machines, different people are working + + + align:start position:0% +machines, different people are working +at different benches and you see how + + align:start position:0% +at different benches and you see how + + + align:start position:0% +at different benches and you see how +it's what's happening what's taking + + align:start position:0% +it's what's happening what's taking + + + align:start position:0% +it's what's happening what's taking +place here. Uh a kind of specialization + + align:start position:0% +place here. Uh a kind of specialization + + + align:start position:0% +place here. Uh a kind of specialization +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +diversification very powerful set of + + align:start position:0% +diversification very powerful set of + + + align:start position:0% +diversification very powerful set of +ideas that began to take hold and gave + + align:start position:0% +ideas that began to take hold and gave + + + align:start position:0% +ideas that began to take hold and gave +rise to of course the the big uh uh + + align:start position:0% +rise to of course the the big uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +rise to of course the the big uh uh +revolutions in industry and industrial + + align:start position:0% +revolutions in industry and industrial + + + align:start position:0% +revolutions in industry and industrial +production. Uh so this all this sort of + + align:start position:0% +production. Uh so this all this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +production. Uh so this all this sort of +development of a whole series of + + align:start position:0% +development of a whole series of + + + align:start position:0% +development of a whole series of +interactions and markets and specialized + + align:start position:0% +interactions and markets and specialized + + + align:start position:0% +interactions and markets and specialized +production so forth began to be seen as + + align:start position:0% +production so forth began to be seen as + + + align:start position:0% +production so forth began to be seen as +some kind of a organism if you will or + + align:start position:0% +some kind of a organism if you will or + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of a organism if you will or +organic or a system a complex system we + + align:start position:0% +organic or a system a complex system we + + + align:start position:0% +organic or a system a complex system we +would call it today. they didn't have + + align:start position:0% +would call it today. they didn't have + + + align:start position:0% +would call it today. they didn't have +that term then and so uh but uh you know + + align:start position:0% +that term then and so uh but uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +that term then and so uh but uh you know +it it it really was a tremendous + + align:start position:0% +it it it really was a tremendous + + + align:start position:0% +it it it really was a tremendous +innovation because it created great + + align:start position:0% +innovation because it created great + + + align:start position:0% +innovation because it created great +wealth new wealth wealth on the part of + + align:start position:0% +wealth new wealth wealth on the part of + + + align:start position:0% +wealth new wealth wealth on the part of +people who were + + align:start position:0% +people who were + + + align:start position:0% +people who were +entrepreneurs not just you know wealth + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs not just you know wealth + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs not just you know wealth +because you know you were the feudal + + align:start position:0% +because you know you were the feudal + + + align:start position:0% +because you know you were the feudal +lord or you were somebody higher very + + align:start position:0% +lord or you were somebody higher very + + + align:start position:0% +lord or you were somebody higher very +high in in the u inherited uh + + align:start position:0% +high in in the u inherited uh + + + align:start position:0% +high in in the u inherited uh +aristocracy + + align:start position:0% +aristocracy + + + align:start position:0% +aristocracy +but wealth through production of goods + + align:start position:0% +but wealth through production of goods + + + align:start position:0% +but wealth through production of goods +that in turn generated uh income and + + align:start position:0% +that in turn generated uh income and + + + align:start position:0% +that in turn generated uh income and +funds and for more production. So this + + align:start position:0% +funds and for more production. So this + + + align:start position:0% +funds and for more production. So this +was a big deal uh and a and a major part + + align:start position:0% +was a big deal uh and a and a major part + + + align:start position:0% +was a big deal uh and a and a major part +of the background to uh Smith and his + + align:start position:0% +of the background to uh Smith and his + + + align:start position:0% +of the background to uh Smith and his +wealth of nations and of course the + + align:start position:0% +wealth of nations and of course the + + + align:start position:0% +wealth of nations and of course the +title of the book wealth of nations the + + align:start position:0% +title of the book wealth of nations the + + + align:start position:0% +title of the book wealth of nations the +notion that whole + + align:start position:0% +notion that whole + + + align:start position:0% +notion that whole +nations are involved. This is something + + align:start position:0% +nations are involved. This is something + + + align:start position:0% +nations are involved. This is something +of national scale, something of vast + + align:start position:0% +of national scale, something of vast + + + align:start position:0% +of national scale, something of vast +scale, huge, uh much bigger than any + + align:start position:0% +scale, huge, uh much bigger than any + + + align:start position:0% +scale, huge, uh much bigger than any +sort of single local setting. It's sort + + align:start position:0% +sort of single local setting. It's sort + + + align:start position:0% +sort of single local setting. It's sort +of a network of things. + + align:start position:0% +of a network of things. + + + align:start position:0% +of a network of things. +Um, okay. + + align:start position:0% +Um, okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Um, okay. +So, I sent you this just because I + + align:start position:0% +So, I sent you this just because I + + + align:start position:0% +So, I sent you this just because I +wanted to capture this. I sent this in + + align:start position:0% +wanted to capture this. I sent this in + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to capture this. I sent this in +your slides so that you could get the + + align:start position:0% +your slides so that you could get the + + + align:start position:0% +your slides so that you could get the +key. you know, I'm not going to read the + + align:start position:0% +key. you know, I'm not going to read the + + + align:start position:0% +key. you know, I'm not going to read the +whole thing, but he goes through the + + align:start position:0% +whole thing, but he goes through the + + + align:start position:0% +whole thing, but he goes through the +whole process of, uh, producing pins. + + align:start position:0% +whole process of, uh, producing pins. + + + align:start position:0% +whole process of, uh, producing pins. +And as he says, uh, you know, a single + + align:start position:0% +And as he says, uh, you know, a single + + + align:start position:0% +And as he says, uh, you know, a single +person doing all these different steps + + align:start position:0% +person doing all these different steps + + + align:start position:0% +person doing all these different steps +to make pins would be lucky to, you + + align:start position:0% +to make pins would be lucky to, you + + + align:start position:0% +to make pins would be lucky to, you +know, make, uh, a few in a day. Whereas + + align:start position:0% +know, make, uh, a few in a day. Whereas + + + align:start position:0% +know, make, uh, a few in a day. Whereas +if you get uh a group of people to + + align:start position:0% +if you get uh a group of people to + + + align:start position:0% +if you get uh a group of people to +specialize in the various steps of pin + + align:start position:0% +specialize in the various steps of pin + + + align:start position:0% +specialize in the various steps of pin +making and identify rationalize those + + align:start position:0% +making and identify rationalize those + + + align:start position:0% +making and identify rationalize those +steps decide what has to be done for + + align:start position:0% +steps decide what has to be done for + + + align:start position:0% +steps decide what has to be done for +each u you can vastly increase the + + align:start position:0% +each u you can vastly increase the + + + align:start position:0% +each u you can vastly increase the +production. So as he mentions uh 10 + + align:start position:0% +production. So as he mentions uh 10 + + + align:start position:0% +production. So as he mentions uh 10 +people can make uh he says those 10 + + align:start position:0% +people can make uh he says those 10 + + + align:start position:0% +people can make uh he says those 10 +persons in the bold there those 10 + + align:start position:0% +persons in the bold there those 10 + + + align:start position:0% +persons in the bold there those 10 +persons therefore can make among them + + align:start position:0% +persons therefore can make among them + + + align:start position:0% +persons therefore can make among them +upwards of 48,000 pins in a day. + + align:start position:0% +upwards of 48,000 pins in a day. + + + align:start position:0% +upwards of 48,000 pins in a day. +Each person therefore making a tenth + + align:start position:0% +Each person therefore making a tenth + + + align:start position:0% +Each person therefore making a tenth +part of 48,000 pins might be considered + + align:start position:0% +part of 48,000 pins might be considered + + + align:start position:0% +part of 48,000 pins might be considered +as making 4,800 pins in a day. But if + + align:start position:0% +as making 4,800 pins in a day. But if + + + align:start position:0% +as making 4,800 pins in a day. But if +they had all rot separately and + + align:start position:0% +they had all rot separately and + + + align:start position:0% +they had all rot separately and +independently and without any of them + + align:start position:0% +independently and without any of them + + + align:start position:0% +independently and without any of them +having been educated to this particular + + align:start position:0% +having been educated to this particular + + + align:start position:0% +having been educated to this particular +business, they certainly could not each + + align:start position:0% +business, they certainly could not each + + + align:start position:0% +business, they certainly could not each +of them have made + + align:start position:0% +of them have made + + + align:start position:0% +of them have made +20. So this magnification of labor is uh + + align:start position:0% +20. So this magnification of labor is uh + + + align:start position:0% +20. So this magnification of labor is uh +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +impressive. Uh and you know people I + + align:start position:0% +impressive. Uh and you know people I + + + align:start position:0% +impressive. Uh and you know people I +mean this isn't like this is an old way + + align:start position:0% +mean this isn't like this is an old way + + + align:start position:0% +mean this isn't like this is an old way +of thinking. We don't do this anymore. I + + align:start position:0% +of thinking. We don't do this anymore. I + + + align:start position:0% +of thinking. We don't do this anymore. I +mean we still think about we still think + + align:start position:0% +mean we still think about we still think + + + align:start position:0% +mean we still think about we still think +about labor in these terms. We still + + align:start position:0% +about labor in these terms. We still + + + align:start position:0% +about labor in these terms. We still +think about how to you know + + align:start position:0% +think about how to you know + + + align:start position:0% +think about how to you know +divide steps of production of everything + + align:start position:0% +divide steps of production of everything + + + align:start position:0% +divide steps of production of everything +from food to implements. uh uh we are + + align:start position:0% +from food to implements. uh uh we are + + + align:start position:0% +from food to implements. uh uh we are +still in this business of trying to + + align:start position:0% +still in this business of trying to + + + align:start position:0% +still in this business of trying to +rationalize labor and understand how to + + align:start position:0% +rationalize labor and understand how to + + + align:start position:0% +rationalize labor and understand how to +make it more and more effective and more + + align:start position:0% +make it more and more effective and more + + + align:start position:0% +make it more and more effective and more +productive. Productivity is a big deal. + + align:start position:0% +productive. Productivity is a big deal. + + + align:start position:0% +productive. Productivity is a big deal. +I mean economists today still study it. + + align:start position:0% +I mean economists today still study it. + + + align:start position:0% +I mean economists today still study it. +So this is an idea that emerged in the + + align:start position:0% +So this is an idea that emerged in the + + + align:start position:0% +So this is an idea that emerged in the +wealth of nations. Um and as I + + align:start position:0% +wealth of nations. Um and as I + + + align:start position:0% +wealth of nations. Um and as I +I'm we don't want to make Smith into the + + align:start position:0% +I'm we don't want to make Smith into the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm we don't want to make Smith into the +inventor of all these ideas. He was a + + align:start position:0% +inventor of all these ideas. He was a + + + align:start position:0% +inventor of all these ideas. He was a +collector of ideas, a a person who + + align:start position:0% +collector of ideas, a a person who + + + align:start position:0% +collector of ideas, a a person who +synthesized a lot of work of many many + + align:start position:0% +synthesized a lot of work of many many + + + align:start position:0% +synthesized a lot of work of many many +people thinking, but he put it all + + align:start position:0% +people thinking, but he put it all + + + align:start position:0% +people thinking, but he put it all +together in a in a book. + + align:start position:0% +together in a in a book. + + + align:start position:0% +together in a in a book. +One of the excuse me, one of the things + + align:start position:0% +One of the excuse me, one of the things + + + align:start position:0% +One of the excuse me, one of the things +that happens with this too is that when + + align:start position:0% +that happens with this too is that when + + + align:start position:0% +that happens with this too is that when +you divide up labor and you're able to + + align:start position:0% +you divide up labor and you're able to + + + align:start position:0% +you divide up labor and you're able to +increase manufacturer, the the + + align:start position:0% +increase manufacturer, the the + + + align:start position:0% +increase manufacturer, the the +manufacturer kind of bootstraps itself + + align:start position:0% +manufacturer kind of bootstraps itself + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturer kind of bootstraps itself +because for every for every nail you + + align:start position:0% +because for every for every nail you + + + align:start position:0% +because for every for every nail you +make, you can build a better house, + + align:start position:0% +make, you can build a better house, + + + align:start position:0% +make, you can build a better house, +which you can, you know, build have + + align:start position:0% +which you can, you know, build have + + + align:start position:0% +which you can, you know, build have +better construction practices. Like for + + align:start position:0% +better construction practices. Like for + + + align:start position:0% +better construction practices. Like for +example, I heard this story that who + + align:start position:0% +example, I heard this story that who + + + align:start position:0% +example, I heard this story that who +made the first lathe because you need + + align:start position:0% +made the first lathe because you need + + + align:start position:0% +made the first lathe because you need +all you need the proper grinders and + + align:start position:0% +all you need the proper grinders and + + + align:start position:0% +all you need the proper grinders and +rotors and all that. So what they did is + + align:start position:0% +rotors and all that. So what they did is + + + align:start position:0% +rotors and all that. So what they did is +they made it by hand and they made the + + align:start position:0% +they made it by hand and they made the + + + align:start position:0% +they made it by hand and they made the +worst lathe they could and they used + + align:start position:0% +worst lathe they could and they used + + + align:start position:0% +worst lathe they could and they used +that lathe to make all the new parts for + + align:start position:0% +that lathe to make all the new parts for + + + align:start position:0% +that lathe to make all the new parts for +the next lathe and they kept + + align:start position:0% +the next lathe and they kept + + + align:start position:0% +the next lathe and they kept +bootstrapping that until they have the + + align:start position:0% +bootstrapping that until they have the + + + align:start position:0% +bootstrapping that until they have the +extremely fine-tuned high performance + + align:start position:0% +extremely fine-tuned high performance + + + align:start position:0% +extremely fine-tuned high performance +lathes that we have today. And the same + + align:start position:0% +lathes that we have today. And the same + + + align:start position:0% +lathes that we have today. And the same +goes for nails and houses and buildings + + align:start position:0% +goes for nails and houses and buildings + + + align:start position:0% +goes for nails and houses and buildings +and whatever. You're absolutely right. + + align:start position:0% +and whatever. You're absolutely right. + + + align:start position:0% +and whatever. You're absolutely right. +It's back to this workshop floor. You + + align:start position:0% +It's back to this workshop floor. You + + + align:start position:0% +It's back to this workshop floor. You +know, when you have a bunch of people + + align:start position:0% +know, when you have a bunch of people + + + align:start position:0% +know, when you have a bunch of people +sitting labor + + align:start position:0% +sitting labor + + + align:start position:0% +sitting labor +together, you know, they not only get + + align:start position:0% +together, you know, they not only get + + + align:start position:0% +together, you know, they not only get +better at what they're doing, but they + + align:start position:0% +better at what they're doing, but they + + + align:start position:0% +better at what they're doing, but they +talk to each other and they interact and + + align:start position:0% +talk to each other and they interact and + + + align:start position:0% +talk to each other and they interact and +they come up with new ways of doing + + align:start position:0% +they come up with new ways of doing + + + align:start position:0% +they come up with new ways of doing +stuff. And if they're all kind of in it + + align:start position:0% +stuff. And if they're all kind of in it + + + align:start position:0% +stuff. And if they're all kind of in it +for some kind of self uh gain, you know, + + align:start position:0% +for some kind of self uh gain, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +for some kind of self uh gain, you know, +that's what you that's an ideal setting + + align:start position:0% +that's what you that's an ideal setting + + + align:start position:0% +that's what you that's an ideal setting +for innovation. Getting people together, + + align:start position:0% +for innovation. Getting people together, + + + align:start position:0% +for innovation. Getting people together, +getting them thinking about it, getting + + align:start position:0% +getting them thinking about it, getting + + + align:start position:0% +getting them thinking about it, getting +them focused on the tasks and talking + + align:start position:0% +them focused on the tasks and talking + + + align:start position:0% +them focused on the tasks and talking +about how do you do it + + align:start position:0% +about how do you do it + + + align:start position:0% +about how do you do it +better? + + align:start position:0% +better? + + + align:start position:0% +better? +So why does specialization work? + + align:start position:0% +So why does specialization work? + + + align:start position:0% +So why does specialization work? +um uh in Smith's view um it can be + + align:start position:0% +um uh in Smith's view um it can be + + + align:start position:0% +um uh in Smith's view um it can be +traced to three different three + + align:start position:0% +traced to three different three + + + align:start position:0% +traced to three different three +different factors. Um one is of course + + align:start position:0% +different factors. Um one is of course + + + align:start position:0% +different factors. Um one is of course +increased + + align:start position:0% +increased + + + align:start position:0% +increased +dexterity. What does he mean by that? + + align:start position:0% +dexterity. What does he mean by that? + + + align:start position:0% +dexterity. What does he mean by that? +Increased dexterity. + + align:start position:0% +Increased dexterity. + + + align:start position:0% +Increased dexterity. +Just get better at what you're doing. If + + align:start position:0% +Just get better at what you're doing. If + + + align:start position:0% +Just get better at what you're doing. If +you do the same thing a 100 times, + + align:start position:0% +you do the same thing a 100 times, + + + align:start position:0% +you do the same thing a 100 times, +you're going to be better at it. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be better at it. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to be better at it. Yeah. +He says those those little boys, he used + + align:start position:0% +He says those those little boys, he used + + + align:start position:0% +He says those those little boys, he used +another example of those little boys + + align:start position:0% +another example of those little boys + + + align:start position:0% +another example of those little boys +making nails. And he says, you know, + + align:start position:0% +making nails. And he says, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +making nails. And he says, you know, +these kids could know together if they + + align:start position:0% +these kids could know together if they + + + align:start position:0% +these kids could know together if they +worked, they could make a couple of + + align:start position:0% +worked, they could make a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +worked, they could make a couple of +thousand of them a piece. And uh you + + align:start position:0% +thousand of them a piece. And uh you + + + align:start position:0% +thousand of them a piece. And uh you +know, they're really really good at what + + align:start position:0% +know, they're really really good at what + + + align:start position:0% +know, they're really really good at what +they do. They do one thing. What's the + + align:start position:0% +they do. They do one thing. What's the + + + align:start position:0% +they do. They do one thing. What's the +problem with that? Get pretty tedious, + + align:start position:0% +problem with that? Get pretty tedious, + + + align:start position:0% +problem with that? Get pretty tedious, +right? Just doing the same thing over + + align:start position:0% +right? Just doing the same thing over + + + align:start position:0% +right? Just doing the same thing over +and over and over and over again, you + + align:start position:0% +and over and over and over again, you + + + align:start position:0% +and over and over and over again, you +know? And early factory system was + + align:start position:0% +know? And early factory system was + + + align:start position:0% +know? And early factory system was +pretty brutal. I mean, Smith paints a + + align:start position:0% +pretty brutal. I mean, Smith paints a + + + align:start position:0% +pretty brutal. I mean, Smith paints a +very robust picture of it and rightly + + align:start position:0% +very robust picture of it and rightly + + + align:start position:0% +very robust picture of it and rightly +so. I mean, he's sort of looking at it + + align:start position:0% +so. I mean, he's sort of looking at it + + + align:start position:0% +so. I mean, he's sort of looking at it +from the large scale. He's he's taking + + align:start position:0% +from the large scale. He's he's taking + + + align:start position:0% +from the large scale. He's he's taking +the kind of cleanses look, you know, + + align:start position:0% +the kind of cleanses look, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +the kind of cleanses look, you know, +look at this great labor thing. But when + + align:start position:0% +look at this great labor thing. But when + + + align:start position:0% +look at this great labor thing. But when +you get down to the details, you know, + + align:start position:0% +you get down to the details, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +you get down to the details, you know, +some of this some of these early labor + + align:start position:0% +some of this some of these early labor + + + align:start position:0% +some of this some of these early labor +organizations were pretty brutal and u + + align:start position:0% +organizations were pretty brutal and u + + + align:start position:0% +organizations were pretty brutal and u +child labor and all these things. So, + + align:start position:0% +child labor and all these things. So, + + + align:start position:0% +child labor and all these things. So, +you know, there's a there's a big social + + align:start position:0% +you know, there's a there's a big social + + + align:start position:0% +you know, there's a there's a big social +cost here that, you know, we have to + + align:start position:0% +cost here that, you know, we have to + + + align:start position:0% +cost here that, you know, we have to +keep keep aware of. But yes, increased + + align:start position:0% +keep keep aware of. But yes, increased + + + align:start position:0% +keep keep aware of. But yes, increased +dexterity. The more you do something, + + align:start position:0% +dexterity. The more you do something, + + + align:start position:0% +dexterity. The more you do something, +the better and better you get at it. The + + align:start position:0% +the better and better you get at it. The + + + align:start position:0% +the better and better you get at it. The +more of a master you become at it. And + + align:start position:0% +more of a master you become at it. And + + + align:start position:0% +more of a master you become at it. And +you know, this holds for practically + + align:start position:0% +you know, this holds for practically + + + align:start position:0% +you know, this holds for practically +every kind of human endeavor we can + + align:start position:0% +every kind of human endeavor we can + + + align:start position:0% +every kind of human endeavor we can +think of. Even in the + + align:start position:0% +think of. Even in the + + + align:start position:0% +think of. Even in the +arts, not not just even in in the arts, + + align:start position:0% +arts, not not just even in in the arts, + + + align:start position:0% +arts, not not just even in in the arts, +you know, to become a great + + align:start position:0% +you know, to become a great + + + align:start position:0% +you know, to become a great +chist takes a lot of time, many many + + align:start position:0% +chist takes a lot of time, many many + + + align:start position:0% +chist takes a lot of time, many many +thousands of + + align:start position:0% +thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +thousands of +hours. And to become a great laboratory + + align:start position:0% +hours. And to become a great laboratory + + + align:start position:0% +hours. And to become a great laboratory +uh researcher, you know, at this at the + + align:start position:0% +uh researcher, you know, at this at the + + + align:start position:0% +uh researcher, you know, at this at the +state in the state-of-the-art, it's + + align:start position:0% +state in the state-of-the-art, it's + + + align:start position:0% +state in the state-of-the-art, it's +going to be the same thing. Whatever the + + align:start position:0% +going to be the same thing. Whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the same thing. Whatever the +human endeavor is, it's going to take a + + align:start position:0% +human endeavor is, it's going to take a + + + align:start position:0% +human endeavor is, it's going to take a +tremendous amount of input on the part + + align:start position:0% +tremendous amount of input on the part + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous amount of input on the part +of the individual. But that input has a + + align:start position:0% +of the individual. But that input has a + + + align:start position:0% +of the individual. But that input has a +impact in increasing the capacity in the + + align:start position:0% +impact in increasing the capacity in the + + + align:start position:0% +impact in increasing the capacity in the +in in the + + align:start position:0% +in in the + + + align:start position:0% +in in the +performance. So yeah, increased + + align:start position:0% +performance. So yeah, increased + + + align:start position:0% +performance. So yeah, increased +dexterity, time + + align:start position:0% +dexterity, time + + + align:start position:0% +dexterity, time +savings traces the second factor, the + + align:start position:0% +savings traces the second factor, the + + + align:start position:0% +savings traces the second factor, the +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +savings. How does time savings? What + + align:start position:0% +savings. How does time savings? What + + + align:start position:0% +savings. How does time savings? What +what's he talking about here? + + align:start position:0% +what's he talking about here? + + + align:start position:0% +what's he talking about here? +Um, so like if you didn't divide your + + align:start position:0% +Um, so like if you didn't divide your + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so like if you didn't divide your +labor and one person had to do several + + align:start position:0% +labor and one person had to do several + + + align:start position:0% +labor and one person had to do several +several steps or all of the steps and + + align:start position:0% +several steps or all of the steps and + + + align:start position:0% +several steps or all of the steps and +after doing the first step, he had to go + + align:start position:0% +after doing the first step, he had to go + + + align:start position:0% +after doing the first step, he had to go +figure out the second step or like go + + align:start position:0% +figure out the second step or like go + + + align:start position:0% +figure out the second step or like go +work on the second step. And so like and + + align:start position:0% +work on the second step. And so like and + + + align:start position:0% +work on the second step. And so like and +like until the last step. And so like + + align:start position:0% +like until the last step. And so like + + + align:start position:0% +like until the last step. And so like +the example that he provides is of um + + align:start position:0% +the example that he provides is of um + + + align:start position:0% +the example that he provides is of um +more or less a farmer. Um like it's by + + align:start position:0% +more or less a farmer. Um like it's by + + + align:start position:0% +more or less a farmer. Um like it's by +necessity that he has to do all the + + align:start position:0% +necessity that he has to do all the + + + align:start position:0% +necessity that he has to do all the +steps like of like harvesting and + + align:start position:0% +steps like of like harvesting and + + + align:start position:0% +steps like of like harvesting and +planting but that's only possible + + align:start position:0% +planting but that's only possible + + + align:start position:0% +planting but that's only possible +because it's seasonal and he's not doing + + align:start position:0% +because it's seasonal and he's not doing + + + align:start position:0% +because it's seasonal and he's not doing +all of those at once, right? And so if + + align:start position:0% +all of those at once, right? And so if + + + align:start position:0% +all of those at once, right? And so if +you if you specialize, you can save time + + align:start position:0% +you if you specialize, you can save time + + + align:start position:0% +you if you specialize, you can save time +transportation or just like figuring + + align:start position:0% +transportation or just like figuring + + + align:start position:0% +transportation or just like figuring +things out and also like you would have + + align:start position:0% +things out and also like you would have + + + align:start position:0% +things out and also like you would have +less dexterity if you did more things. + + align:start position:0% +less dexterity if you did more things. + + + align:start position:0% +less dexterity if you did more things. +Yeah. Yeah. It's it's basically the old + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. It's it's basically the old + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Yeah. It's it's basically the old +problem of uh shifting tasks. I mean, + + align:start position:0% +problem of uh shifting tasks. I mean, + + + align:start position:0% +problem of uh shifting tasks. I mean, +not too many people shift seamlessly + + align:start position:0% +not too many people shift seamlessly + + + align:start position:0% +not too many people shift seamlessly +from one task to another. There's always + + align:start position:0% +from one task to another. There's always + + + align:start position:0% +from one task to another. There's always +a a cost as you reset and refocus. + + align:start position:0% +a a cost as you reset and refocus. + + + align:start position:0% +a a cost as you reset and refocus. +uh and if you're continually doing that + + align:start position:0% +uh and if you're continually doing that + + + align:start position:0% +uh and if you're continually doing that +uh there there's uh there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +uh there there's uh there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +uh there there's uh there's a lot of +time absorbed just in the transition + + align:start position:0% +time absorbed just in the transition + + + align:start position:0% +time absorbed just in the transition +periods. And finally um the third he + + align:start position:0% +periods. And finally um the third he + + + align:start position:0% +periods. And finally um the third he +mentions is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +innovation. What does he mean by + + align:start position:0% +innovation. What does he mean by + + + align:start position:0% +innovation. What does he mean by +innovation? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I guess we sort of mentioned it. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. what you said earlier just if + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. what you said earlier just if + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. what you said earlier just if +you're doing the same task over and + + align:start position:0% +you're doing the same task over and + + + align:start position:0% +you're doing the same task over and +over, you're always going to be looking + + align:start position:0% +over, you're always going to be looking + + + align:start position:0% +over, you're always going to be looking +like, hey, how can I make this better? + + align:start position:0% +like, hey, how can I make this better? + + + align:start position:0% +like, hey, how can I make this better? +So like the example with the guy with + + align:start position:0% +So like the example with the guy with + + + align:start position:0% +So like the example with the guy with +the or the kid with the fire engine, he + + align:start position:0% +the or the kid with the fire engine, he + + + align:start position:0% +the or the kid with the fire engine, he +wants to go play with his friend, so he + + align:start position:0% +wants to go play with his friend, so he + + + align:start position:0% +wants to go play with his friend, so he +figures, hey, I can just tie a string + + align:start position:0% +figures, hey, I can just tie a string + + + align:start position:0% +figures, hey, I can just tie a string +and it'll do my job. Yeah. Yeah. This is + + align:start position:0% +and it'll do my job. Yeah. Yeah. This is + + + align:start position:0% +and it'll do my job. Yeah. Yeah. This is +that's a cute example. It's said to be + + align:start position:0% +that's a cute example. It's said to be + + + align:start position:0% +that's a cute example. It's said to be +apocryphal by some people, but the point + + align:start position:0% +apocryphal by some people, but the point + + + align:start position:0% +apocryphal by some people, but the point +is is, you know, people make innovation. + + align:start position:0% +is is, you know, people make innovation. + + + align:start position:0% +is is, you know, people make innovation. +They do all kinds of things. Uh I mean + + align:start position:0% +They do all kinds of things. Uh I mean + + + align:start position:0% +They do all kinds of things. Uh I mean +you must have all worked in places where + + align:start position:0% +you must have all worked in places where + + + align:start position:0% +you must have all worked in places where +you know you were doing something at one + + align:start position:0% +you know you were doing something at one + + + align:start position:0% +you know you were doing something at one +time and you suddenly thought gee if I + + align:start position:0% +time and you suddenly thought gee if I + + + align:start position:0% +time and you suddenly thought gee if I +do this you know it's going to be that + + align:start position:0% +do this you know it's going to be that + + + align:start position:0% +do this you know it's going to be that +much easier. I mean you're always trying + + align:start position:0% +much easier. I mean you're always trying + + + align:start position:0% +much easier. I mean you're always trying +to save your labor. You know it's labor + + align:start position:0% +to save your labor. You know it's labor + + + align:start position:0% +to save your labor. You know it's labor +is hard. Uh so if you can figure out + + align:start position:0% +is hard. Uh so if you can figure out + + + align:start position:0% +is hard. Uh so if you can figure out +some way to cut a corner you do it. So + + align:start position:0% +some way to cut a corner you do it. So + + + align:start position:0% +some way to cut a corner you do it. So +uh yeah he's got he's got a very uh + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah he's got he's got a very uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh yeah he's got he's got a very uh +charming example here. + + align:start position:0% +charming example here. + + + align:start position:0% +charming example here. +Um, you know, whoever has been much + + align:start position:0% +Um, you know, whoever has been much + + + align:start position:0% +Um, you know, whoever has been much +accustomed to visit such manufacturers + + align:start position:0% +accustomed to visit such manufacturers + + + align:start position:0% +accustomed to visit such manufacturers +must frequently have been shown very + + align:start position:0% +must frequently have been shown very + + + align:start position:0% +must frequently have been shown very +pretty machines which were the + + align:start position:0% +pretty machines which were the + + + align:start position:0% +pretty machines which were the +inventions of such workmen in order to + + align:start position:0% +inventions of such workmen in order to + + + align:start position:0% +inventions of such workmen in order to +facilitate and quicken their own + + align:start position:0% +facilitate and quicken their own + + + align:start position:0% +facilitate and quicken their own +particular part of the work. So that + + align:start position:0% +particular part of the work. So that + + + align:start position:0% +particular part of the work. So that +goes back to that lathe shop that you + + align:start position:0% +goes back to that lathe shop that you + + + align:start position:0% +goes back to that lathe shop that you +were that I showed you from Derero. Lots + + align:start position:0% +were that I showed you from Derero. Lots + + + align:start position:0% +were that I showed you from Derero. Lots +and lots of machines were being invented + + align:start position:0% +and lots of machines were being invented + + + align:start position:0% +and lots of machines were being invented +to, you know, increase labor. + + align:start position:0% +to, you know, increase labor. + + + align:start position:0% +to, you know, increase labor. +looms and things of that sort were + + align:start position:0% +looms and things of that sort were + + + align:start position:0% +looms and things of that sort were +being, you know, more and more developed + + align:start position:0% +being, you know, more and more developed + + + align:start position:0% +being, you know, more and more developed +that could be driven by water power and + + align:start position:0% +that could be driven by water power and + + + align:start position:0% +that could be driven by water power and +then steam power and so forth. These + + align:start position:0% +then steam power and so forth. These + + + align:start position:0% +then steam power and so forth. These +these sort of automatic mechanisms that + + align:start position:0% +these sort of automatic mechanisms that + + + align:start position:0% +these sort of automatic mechanisms that +could actually carry out these all these + + align:start position:0% +could actually carry out these all these + + + align:start position:0% +could actually carry out these all these +tasks. + + align:start position:0% +tasks. + + + align:start position:0% +tasks. +So, and you know as as you were saying + + align:start position:0% +So, and you know as as you were saying + + + align:start position:0% +So, and you know as as you were saying +uh you know the crude lathe at first + + align:start position:0% +uh you know the crude lathe at first + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know the crude lathe at first +starts and yeah it's clunky and so forth + + align:start position:0% +starts and yeah it's clunky and so forth + + + align:start position:0% +starts and yeah it's clunky and so forth +and then somebody else comes and over a + + align:start position:0% +and then somebody else comes and over a + + + align:start position:0% +and then somebody else comes and over a +series of in innovations uh the machines + + align:start position:0% +series of in innovations uh the machines + + + align:start position:0% +series of in innovations uh the machines +themselves begin to + + align:start position:0% +themselves begin to + + + align:start position:0% +themselves begin to +improve. there's a an incredible amount + + align:start position:0% +improve. there's a an incredible amount + + + align:start position:0% +improve. there's a an incredible amount +of uh improvement through the + + align:start position:0% +of uh improvement through the + + + align:start position:0% +of uh improvement through the +development and innovation of mechanical + + align:start position:0% +development and innovation of mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +development and innovation of mechanical +devices both for magnifying labor for + + align:start position:0% +devices both for magnifying labor for + + + align:start position:0% +devices both for magnifying labor for +extending it for appropriating and and + + align:start position:0% +extending it for appropriating and and + + + align:start position:0% +extending it for appropriating and and +dispatching it. So yeah, it's it's uh so + + align:start position:0% +dispatching it. So yeah, it's it's uh so + + + align:start position:0% +dispatching it. So yeah, it's it's uh so +he says + + align:start position:0% +he says + + + align:start position:0% +he says +uh in the first fire engines, a boy was + + align:start position:0% +uh in the first fire engines, a boy was + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the first fire engines, a boy was +constantly employed to open and shut + + align:start position:0% +constantly employed to open and shut + + + align:start position:0% +constantly employed to open and shut +alternately the communication between + + align:start position:0% +alternately the communication between + + + align:start position:0% +alternately the communication between +the boiler and the cylinder according to + + align:start position:0% +the boiler and the cylinder according to + + + align:start position:0% +the boiler and the cylinder according to +the piston as the piston either ascended + + align:start position:0% +the piston as the piston either ascended + + + align:start position:0% +the piston as the piston either ascended +or descended. One of those boys who + + align:start position:0% +or descended. One of those boys who + + + align:start position:0% +or descended. One of those boys who +loved to play with his companions + + align:start position:0% +loved to play with his companions + + + align:start position:0% +loved to play with his companions +observed that by tying a string from the + + align:start position:0% +observed that by tying a string from the + + + align:start position:0% +observed that by tying a string from the +handle of the valve which opened this + + align:start position:0% +handle of the valve which opened this + + + align:start position:0% +handle of the valve which opened this +communication to another part of the + + align:start position:0% +communication to another part of the + + + align:start position:0% +communication to another part of the +machine. The valve would open and shut + + align:start position:0% +machine. The valve would open and shut + + + align:start position:0% +machine. The valve would open and shut +without his assistance and leave him at + + align:start position:0% +without his assistance and leave him at + + + align:start position:0% +without his assistance and leave him at +liberty to divert himself with his + + align:start position:0% +liberty to divert himself with his + + + align:start position:0% +liberty to divert himself with his +playfellows. One of the greatest + + align:start position:0% +playfellows. One of the greatest + + + align:start position:0% +playfellows. One of the greatest +improvements that has been made upon + + align:start position:0% +improvements that has been made upon + + + align:start position:0% +improvements that has been made upon +this machine since it was first invented + + align:start position:0% +this machine since it was first invented + + + align:start position:0% +this machine since it was first invented +was in this manner the discovery of a + + align:start position:0% +was in this manner the discovery of a + + + align:start position:0% +was in this manner the discovery of a +boy who wanted to save his own labor. + + align:start position:0% +boy who wanted to save his own labor. + + + align:start position:0% +boy who wanted to save his own labor. +And it sort of throws me back to + + align:start position:0% +And it sort of throws me back to + + + align:start position:0% +And it sort of throws me back to +thinking, you know, Hume and the the + + align:start position:0% +thinking, you know, Hume and the the + + + align:start position:0% +thinking, you know, Hume and the the +great ship builder and those massive + + align:start position:0% +great ship builder and those massive + + + align:start position:0% +great ship builder and those massive +beautiful ships that they built to, you + + align:start position:0% +beautiful ships that they built to, you + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful ships that they built to, you +know, + + align:start position:0% +know, + + + align:start position:0% +know, +uh apply the seas and trade, uh, you + + align:start position:0% +uh apply the seas and trade, uh, you + + + align:start position:0% +uh apply the seas and trade, uh, you +know, those schooners and so forth. + + align:start position:0% +know, those schooners and so forth. + + + align:start position:0% +know, those schooners and so forth. +Well, they did many, many things, + + align:start position:0% +Well, they did many, many things, + + + align:start position:0% +Well, they did many, many things, +including many terrible things, + + align:start position:0% +including many terrible things, + + + align:start position:0% +including many terrible things, +but the workmanship of these these uh + + align:start position:0% +but the workmanship of these these uh + + + align:start position:0% +but the workmanship of these these uh +vast complicated ships was incredible. + + align:start position:0% +vast complicated ships was incredible. + + + align:start position:0% +vast complicated ships was incredible. +But it was probably the product wasn't + + align:start position:0% +But it was probably the product wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +But it was probably the product wasn't +probably the product of some grand + + align:start position:0% +probably the product of some grand + + + align:start position:0% +probably the product of some grand +designer who said, "Oh, I shall build + + align:start position:0% +designer who said, "Oh, I shall build + + + align:start position:0% +designer who said, "Oh, I shall build +this great ship. A lot of just + + align:start position:0% +this great ship. A lot of just + + + align:start position:0% +this great ship. A lot of just +people, everyday people who, you know, + + align:start position:0% +people, everyday people who, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +people, everyday people who, you know, +were skilled and very good at what they + + align:start position:0% +were skilled and very good at what they + + + align:start position:0% +were skilled and very good at what they +did and added something to the the whole + + align:start position:0% +did and added something to the the whole + + + align:start position:0% +did and added something to the the whole +this whole complex organism of a ship + + align:start position:0% +this whole complex organism of a ship + + + align:start position:0% +this whole complex organism of a ship +emerged. + + align:start position:0% +emerged. + + + align:start position:0% +emerged. +So again, there's a there's a new + + align:start position:0% +So again, there's a there's a new + + + align:start position:0% +So again, there's a there's a new +understanding of labor, the + + align:start position:0% +understanding of labor, the + + + align:start position:0% +understanding of labor, the +possibilities of labor as being more + + align:start position:0% +possibilities of labor as being more + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities of labor as being more +than just kind of iterative. You know, + + align:start position:0% +than just kind of iterative. You know, + + + align:start position:0% +than just kind of iterative. You know, +the same old thing over and over. Labor + + align:start position:0% +the same old thing over and over. Labor + + + align:start position:0% +the same old thing over and over. Labor +is something that works in interesting + + align:start position:0% +is something that works in interesting + + + align:start position:0% +is something that works in interesting +channels and collects and produces + + align:start position:0% +channels and collects and produces + + + align:start position:0% +channels and collects and produces +things. And you know the the product uh + + align:start position:0% +things. And you know the the product uh + + + align:start position:0% +things. And you know the the product uh +you know sometimes we think too much of + + align:start position:0% +you know sometimes we think too much of + + + align:start position:0% +you know sometimes we think too much of +the the great genius doing the you know + + align:start position:0% +the the great genius doing the you know + + + align:start position:0% +the the great genius doing the you know +labor the the genius the collective + + align:start position:0% +labor the the genius the collective + + + align:start position:0% +labor the the genius the collective +genius of many many people + + align:start position:0% +genius of many many people + + + align:start position:0% +genius of many many people +working on an art or on a on a on a type + + align:start position:0% +working on an art or on a on a on a type + + + align:start position:0% +working on an art or on a on a on a type +of production is uh very very powerful + + align:start position:0% +of production is uh very very powerful + + + align:start position:0% +of production is uh very very powerful +very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +amazing I always uh of course I'm in + + align:start position:0% +amazing I always uh of course I'm in + + + align:start position:0% +amazing I always uh of course I'm in +biology does does specialization work in + + align:start position:0% +biology does does specialization work in + + + align:start position:0% +biology does does specialization work in +biology + + align:start position:0% +biology + + + align:start position:0% +biology +ology. This is just a cute little + + align:start position:0% +ology. This is just a cute little + + + align:start position:0% +ology. This is just a cute little +evolutionary question + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary question + + + align:start position:0% +evolutionary question +here. Does do do organisms do organisms + + align:start position:0% +here. Does do do organisms do organisms + + + align:start position:0% +here. Does do do organisms do organisms +uh uh certain types of biology talks + + align:start position:0% +uh uh certain types of biology talks + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh certain types of biology talks +about you know dogs working together? + + align:start position:0% +about you know dogs working together? + + + align:start position:0% +about you know dogs working together? +Actually I think dogs probably we know + + align:start position:0% +Actually I think dogs probably we know + + + align:start position:0% +Actually I think dogs probably we know +from you know our our contemporary + + align:start position:0% +from you know our our contemporary + + + align:start position:0% +from you know our our contemporary +studies of animal behavior that uh many + + align:start position:0% +studies of animal behavior that uh many + + + align:start position:0% +studies of animal behavior that uh many +animals actually do work collectively to + + align:start position:0% +animals actually do work collectively to + + + align:start position:0% +animals actually do work collectively to +produce things. Uh do they work + + align:start position:0% +produce things. Uh do they work + + + align:start position:0% +produce things. Uh do they work +progressively to produce better and + + align:start position:0% +progressively to produce better and + + + align:start position:0% +progressively to produce better and +better things? That's another question. + + align:start position:0% +better things? That's another question. + + + align:start position:0% +better things? That's another question. +But they do collectively + + align:start position:0% +But they do collectively + + + align:start position:0% +But they do collectively +form groups and various types of + + align:start position:0% +form groups and various types of + + + align:start position:0% +form groups and various types of +families. And you know, if you see one + + align:start position:0% +families. And you know, if you see one + + + align:start position:0% +families. And you know, if you see one +of those uh I don't know those uh films + + align:start position:0% +of those uh I don't know those uh films + + + align:start position:0% +of those uh I don't know those uh films +on wild dogs in Africa chasing down + + align:start position:0% +on wild dogs in Africa chasing down + + + align:start position:0% +on wild dogs in Africa chasing down +their prey and you watch the complex + + align:start position:0% +their prey and you watch the complex + + + align:start position:0% +their prey and you watch the complex +kinds of behavior that are taking place + + align:start position:0% +kinds of behavior that are taking place + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of behavior that are taking place +there, you realize that uh organisms can + + align:start position:0% +there, you realize that uh organisms can + + + align:start position:0% +there, you realize that uh organisms can +do some pretty amazing things + + align:start position:0% +do some pretty amazing things + + + align:start position:0% +do some pretty amazing things +collectively too. Or if you look at + + align:start position:0% +collectively too. Or if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +collectively too. Or if you look at +beehives and things of that sort. So we + + align:start position:0% +beehives and things of that sort. So we + + + align:start position:0% +beehives and things of that sort. So we +we do have a lot of good examples of + + align:start position:0% +we do have a lot of good examples of + + + align:start position:0% +we do have a lot of good examples of +collective animal behavior but it's + + align:start position:0% +collective animal behavior but it's + + + align:start position:0% +collective animal behavior but it's +probably all driven not by + + align:start position:0% +probably all driven not by + + + align:start position:0% +probably all driven not by +rational process but more by instincts. + + align:start position:0% +rational process but more by instincts. + + + align:start position:0% +rational process but more by instincts. +So my question was uh in other sense + + align:start position:0% +So my question was uh in other sense + + + align:start position:0% +So my question was uh in other sense +does specialization work in biology? + + align:start position:0% +does specialization work in biology? + + + align:start position:0% +does specialization work in biology? +Well, so if you look at smaller biology + + align:start position:0% +Well, so if you look at smaller biology + + + align:start position:0% +Well, so if you look at smaller biology +like cell in terms of cells of any + + align:start position:0% +like cell in terms of cells of any + + + align:start position:0% +like cell in terms of cells of any +organism, cells are obviously + + align:start position:0% +organism, cells are obviously + + + align:start position:0% +organism, cells are obviously +specialized for first for the first + + align:start position:0% +specialized for first for the first + + + align:start position:0% +specialized for first for the first +moments of any cell's life as a stem + + align:start position:0% +moments of any cell's life as a stem + + + align:start position:0% +moments of any cell's life as a stem +cell. They're basically + + align:start position:0% +cell. They're basically + + + align:start position:0% +cell. They're basically +indistinguishable and then they go out + + align:start position:0% +indistinguishable and then they go out + + + align:start position:0% +indistinguishable and then they go out +just like people do and they do their + + align:start position:0% +just like people do and they do their + + + align:start position:0% +just like people do and they do their +one thing really well. Um and that's why + + align:start position:0% +one thing really well. Um and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +one thing really well. Um and that's why +we consumption. If everything if + + align:start position:0% +we consumption. If everything if + + + align:start position:0% +we consumption. If everything if +ourselves tried to do everything then we + + align:start position:0% +ourselves tried to do everything then we + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves tried to do everything then we +wouldn't be we wouldn't look the way we + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be we wouldn't look the way we + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be we wouldn't look the way we +do now. We wouldn't have skin cells like + + align:start position:0% +do now. We wouldn't have skin cells like + + + align:start position:0% +do now. We wouldn't have skin cells like +everything would just like this. It + + align:start position:0% +everything would just like this. It + + + align:start position:0% +everything would just like this. It +would be like a blob more like I think + + align:start position:0% +would be like a blob more like I think + + + align:start position:0% +would be like a blob more like I think +it works. All right. That's so at the + + align:start position:0% +it works. All right. That's so at the + + + align:start position:0% +it works. All right. That's so at the +cellular level you know nothing can be + + align:start position:0% +cellular level you know nothing can be + + + align:start position:0% +cellular level you know nothing can be +more impressive than the kind of + + align:start position:0% +more impressive than the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +more impressive than the kind of +cellular specialization that you find in + + align:start position:0% +cellular specialization that you find in + + + align:start position:0% +cellular specialization that you find in +in an organism especially a complex + + align:start position:0% +in an organism especially a complex + + + align:start position:0% +in an organism especially a complex +organism. Yeah. Yeah, animals and + + align:start position:0% +organism. Yeah. Yeah, animals and + + + align:start position:0% +organism. Yeah. Yeah, animals and +creatures by nature tend to be as well + + align:start position:0% +creatures by nature tend to be as well + + + align:start position:0% +creatures by nature tend to be as well +adapted to their environment as they + + align:start position:0% +adapted to their environment as they + + + align:start position:0% +adapted to their environment as they +possibly can be. And I guess that's what + + align:start position:0% +possibly can be. And I guess that's what + + + align:start position:0% +possibly can be. And I guess that's what +I consider a form of specialization is + + align:start position:0% +I consider a form of specialization is + + + align:start position:0% +I consider a form of specialization is +that, you know, rather than having, for + + align:start position:0% +that, you know, rather than having, for + + + align:start position:0% +that, you know, rather than having, for +example, like look at us. We're not + + align:start position:0% +example, like look at us. We're not + + + align:start position:0% +example, like look at us. We're not +we're we're not particularly suited to + + align:start position:0% +we're we're not particularly suited to + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're not particularly suited to +any one thing, but we're we're dextrous + + align:start position:0% +any one thing, but we're we're dextrous + + + align:start position:0% +any one thing, but we're we're dextrous +enough to be able to do stuff. But you + + align:start position:0% +enough to be able to do stuff. But you + + + align:start position:0% +enough to be able to do stuff. But you +look at, for example, certain kinds of + + align:start position:0% +look at, for example, certain kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +look at, for example, certain kinds of +certain kinds of fish that live deep in + + align:start position:0% +certain kinds of fish that live deep in + + + align:start position:0% +certain kinds of fish that live deep in +the ocean, you can see that they are + + align:start position:0% +the ocean, you can see that they are + + + align:start position:0% +the ocean, you can see that they are +absolutely fine-tuned. They only live + + align:start position:0% +absolutely fine-tuned. They only live + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely fine-tuned. They only live +there. They only do certain things. And + + align:start position:0% +there. They only do certain things. And + + + align:start position:0% +there. They only do certain things. And +I, you know, I so I think in that sense + + align:start position:0% +I, you know, I so I think in that sense + + + align:start position:0% +I, you know, I so I think in that sense +specialization absolutely occurs + + align:start position:0% +specialization absolutely occurs + + + align:start position:0% +specialization absolutely occurs +everywhere. Yeah, it really is + + align:start position:0% +everywhere. Yeah, it really is + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere. Yeah, it really is +impressive. There there are insects that + + align:start position:0% +impressive. There there are insects that + + + align:start position:0% +impressive. There there are insects that +are developed that + + align:start position:0% +are developed that + + + align:start position:0% +are developed that +have physical apparatus that will only + + align:start position:0% +have physical apparatus that will only + + + align:start position:0% +have physical apparatus that will only +interact interact with another kind of + + align:start position:0% +interact interact with another kind of + + + align:start position:0% +interact interact with another kind of +prey. And if that prey is gone, they + + align:start position:0% +prey. And if that prey is gone, they + + + align:start position:0% +prey. And if that prey is gone, they +they just can't they're so specialized + + align:start position:0% +they just can't they're so specialized + + + align:start position:0% +they just can't they're so specialized +that their entire + + align:start position:0% +that their entire + + + align:start position:0% +that their entire +bodies. So yeah there there there + + align:start position:0% +bodies. So yeah there there there + + + align:start position:0% +bodies. So yeah there there there +there's a concept of specialization in + + align:start position:0% +there's a concept of specialization in + + + align:start position:0% +there's a concept of specialization in +biological + + align:start position:0% +biological + + + align:start position:0% +biological +diversification you know you look at a + + align:start position:0% +diversification you know you look at a + + + align:start position:0% +diversification you know you look at a +biological tree I mean what is it what + + align:start position:0% +biological tree I mean what is it what + + + align:start position:0% +biological tree I mean what is it what +is it about if it's not about + + align:start position:0% +is it about if it's not about + + + align:start position:0% +is it about if it's not about +specialized + + align:start position:0% +specialized + + + align:start position:0% +specialized +specialization the whole concept of + + align:start position:0% +specialization the whole concept of + + + align:start position:0% +specialization the whole concept of +developing so you know it's just it's an + + align:start position:0% +developing so you know it's just it's an + + + align:start position:0% +developing so you know it's just it's an +interesting not that Smith was thinking + + align:start position:0% +interesting not that Smith was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +interesting not that Smith was thinking +about biology or Darwin was necessarily + + align:start position:0% +about biology or Darwin was necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +about biology or Darwin was necessarily +thinking about Smith however this notion + + align:start position:0% +thinking about Smith however this notion + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about Smith however this notion +of specialization in large complex + + align:start position:0% +of specialization in large complex + + + align:start position:0% +of specialization in large complex +systems is is is a is a penetrating and + + align:start position:0% +systems is is is a is a penetrating and + + + align:start position:0% +systems is is is a is a penetrating and +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +notion and to come back to Smith and and + + align:start position:0% +notion and to come back to Smith and and + + + align:start position:0% +notion and to come back to Smith and and +keep in mind that Darwin does again I + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind that Darwin does again I + + + align:start position:0% +keep in mind that Darwin does again I +don't want to make too much of this but + + align:start position:0% +don't want to make too much of this but + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to make too much of this but +uh uh Darwin does use the word of + + align:start position:0% +uh uh Darwin does use the word of + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh Darwin does use the word of +economy quite a bit in the origin the + + align:start position:0% +economy quite a bit in the origin the + + + align:start position:0% +economy quite a bit in the origin the +animal economy he thinks of it as an + + align:start position:0% +animal economy he thinks of it as an + + + align:start position:0% +animal economy he thinks of it as an +economy + + align:start position:0% +economy + + + align:start position:0% +economy +Um + + align:start position:0% +Um + + + align:start position:0% +Um +so what's interesting about these large + + align:start position:0% +so what's interesting about these large + + + align:start position:0% +so what's interesting about these large +complex quote + + align:start position:0% +complex quote + + + align:start position:0% +complex quote +economies is that they are the products + + align:start position:0% +economies is that they are the products + + + align:start position:0% +economies is that they are the products +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +what? Who made + + align:start position:0% +what? Who made + + + align:start position:0% +what? Who made +them? How do they come into existence? + + align:start position:0% +them? How do they come into existence? + + + align:start position:0% +them? How do they come into existence? +What is their method of + + align:start position:0% +What is their method of + + + align:start position:0% +What is their method of +origin? How do they how do they emerge? + + align:start position:0% +origin? How do they how do they emerge? + + + align:start position:0% +origin? How do they how do they emerge? +Let's see who's who else can say + + align:start position:0% +Let's see who's who else can say + + + align:start position:0% +Let's see who's who else can say +something here. + + align:start position:0% +something here. + + + align:start position:0% +something here. +I guess it's just sort of the natural + + align:start position:0% +I guess it's just sort of the natural + + + align:start position:0% +I guess it's just sort of the natural +system. This the system sort of + + align:start position:0% +system. This the system sort of + + + align:start position:0% +system. This the system sort of +naturally tends to form an economy as + + align:start position:0% +naturally tends to form an economy as + + + align:start position:0% +naturally tends to form an economy as +you know as specialization occurs they + + align:start position:0% +you know as specialization occurs they + + + align:start position:0% +you know as specialization occurs they +get more and more efficient. Okay. What + + align:start position:0% +get more and more efficient. Okay. What + + + align:start position:0% +get more and more efficient. Okay. What +uh what why what drives this you know + + align:start position:0% +uh what why what drives this you know + + + align:start position:0% +uh what why what drives this you know +what motivation human motivation drives + + align:start position:0% +what motivation human motivation drives + + + align:start position:0% +what motivation human motivation drives +this specialization? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Is this in the evolutionary? Well, I'm + + align:start position:0% +Is this in the evolutionary? Well, I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Is this in the evolutionary? Well, I'm +I'm I'm thinking now of Smith. What? + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm thinking now of Smith. What? + + + align:start position:0% +I'm I'm thinking now of Smith. What? +Well, you could say everything is in + + align:start position:0% +Well, you could say everything is in + + + align:start position:0% +Well, you could say everything is in +some sense. I guess it would be + + align:start position:0% +some sense. I guess it would be + + + align:start position:0% +some sense. I guess it would be +financial game which sort of drives it. + + align:start position:0% +financial game which sort of drives it. + + + align:start position:0% +financial game which sort of drives it. +Okay. In in the economy, the financial + + align:start position:0% +Okay. In in the economy, the financial + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. In in the economy, the financial +or at least uh finance being a metaphor + + align:start position:0% +or at least uh finance being a metaphor + + + align:start position:0% +or at least uh finance being a metaphor +for your ability to sustain yourself. + + align:start position:0% +for your ability to sustain yourself. + + + align:start position:0% +for your ability to sustain yourself. +Yeah. So everybody is uh involved in in + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So everybody is uh involved in in + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So everybody is uh involved in in +in in some way or another because u + + align:start position:0% +in in some way or another because u + + + align:start position:0% +in in some way or another because u +uh well he says uh he says his famous + + align:start position:0% +uh well he says uh he says his famous + + + align:start position:0% +uh well he says uh he says his famous +invisible hand argument uh every + + align:start position:0% +invisible hand argument uh every + + + align:start position:0% +invisible hand argument uh every +individual necessarily labors to render + + align:start position:0% +individual necessarily labors to render + + + align:start position:0% +individual necessarily labors to render +the annual revenue of the society as + + align:start position:0% +the annual revenue of the society as + + + align:start position:0% +the annual revenue of the society as +great as he can. He generally indeed + + align:start position:0% +great as he can. He generally indeed + + + align:start position:0% +great as he can. He generally indeed +neither intends to promote the public + + align:start position:0% +neither intends to promote the public + + + align:start position:0% +neither intends to promote the public +interest nor knows how much he is + + align:start position:0% +interest nor knows how much he is + + + align:start position:0% +interest nor knows how much he is +promoting it. He intends only his own + + align:start position:0% +promoting it. He intends only his own + + + align:start position:0% +promoting it. He intends only his own +gain and he is in thus as in many other + + align:start position:0% +gain and he is in thus as in many other + + + align:start position:0% +gain and he is in thus as in many other +cases led by an invisible hand to + + align:start position:0% +cases led by an invisible hand to + + + align:start position:0% +cases led by an invisible hand to +promote an end which was no part of his + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intention. These are non-intended + + align:start position:0% +intention. These are non-intended + + + align:start position:0% +intention. These are non-intended +systems. Um I just I personally found + + align:start position:0% +systems. Um I just I personally found + + + align:start position:0% +systems. Um I just I personally found +the idea of the invis the invis the + + align:start position:0% +the idea of the invis the invis the + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of the invis the invis the +invisible hand very interesting. Um just + + align:start position:0% +invisible hand very interesting. Um just + + + align:start position:0% +invisible hand very interesting. Um just +the thought that having a a + + align:start position:0% +the thought that having a a + + + align:start position:0% +the thought that having a a +self-preserving mentality + + align:start position:0% +self-preserving mentality + + + align:start position:0% +self-preserving mentality +would in itself be good for society. Um + + align:start position:0% +would in itself be good for society. Um + + + align:start position:0% +would in itself be good for society. Um +and then you think about + + align:start position:0% +and then you think about + + + align:start position:0% +and then you think about +how you know when people go too far with + + align:start position:0% +how you know when people go too far with + + + align:start position:0% +how you know when people go too far with +that like you have businesses who their + + align:start position:0% +that like you have businesses who their + + + align:start position:0% +that like you have businesses who their +first and foremost goal is to make a + + align:start position:0% +first and foremost goal is to make a + + + align:start position:0% +first and foremost goal is to make a +profit at the ex and it can be at the + + align:start position:0% +profit at the ex and it can be at the + + + align:start position:0% +profit at the ex and it can be at the +expense of others. Yeah. And at some + + align:start position:0% +expense of others. Yeah. And at some + + + align:start position:0% +expense of others. Yeah. And at some +point it can hurt the economy. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +point it can hurt the economy. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +point it can hurt the economy. Yeah. +Yeah. So I think in that sense there is + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So I think in that sense there is + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So I think in that sense there is +a a counterargument the invisible hand. + + align:start position:0% +a a counterargument the invisible hand. + + + align:start position:0% +a a counterargument the invisible hand. +Yeah. Those people those people with all + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Those people those people with all + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Those people those people with all +those derivatives and so they sort of uh + + align:start position:0% +those derivatives and so they sort of uh + + + align:start position:0% +those derivatives and so they sort of uh +yeah their their self-interest drove. So + + align:start position:0% +yeah their their self-interest drove. So + + + align:start position:0% +yeah their their self-interest drove. So +I mean some people say well greed is + + align:start position:0% +I mean some people say well greed is + + + align:start position:0% +I mean some people say well greed is +good and so on. And I don't I can assure + + align:start position:0% +good and so on. And I don't I can assure + + + align:start position:0% +good and so on. And I don't I can assure +you that's not what Smith had in mind + + align:start position:0% +you that's not what Smith had in mind + + + align:start position:0% +you that's not what Smith had in mind +and with self-interest. But uh you could + + align:start position:0% +and with self-interest. But uh you could + + + align:start position:0% +and with self-interest. But uh you could +you could push his argument and say well + + align:start position:0% +you could push his argument and say well + + + align:start position:0% +you could push his argument and say well +if everybody as he says here led by an + + align:start position:0% +if everybody as he says here led by an + + + align:start position:0% +if everybody as he says here led by an +invisible hand to promote an end which + + align:start position:0% +invisible hand to promote an end which + + + align:start position:0% +invisible hand to promote an end which +was no part of his intention. So these + + align:start position:0% +was no part of his intention. So these + + + align:start position:0% +was no part of his intention. So these +people involved in this economy aren't + + align:start position:0% +people involved in this economy aren't + + + align:start position:0% +people involved in this economy aren't +trying to help other people. They're + + align:start position:0% +trying to help other people. They're + + + align:start position:0% +trying to help other people. They're +trying to help + + align:start position:0% +trying to help + + + align:start position:0% +trying to help +themselves. But in Smith's view that's + + align:start position:0% +themselves. But in Smith's view that's + + + align:start position:0% +themselves. But in Smith's view that's +great. You know, when everybody tries to + + align:start position:0% +great. You know, when everybody tries to + + + align:start position:0% +great. You know, when everybody tries to +help himself or herself, they drive the + + align:start position:0% +help himself or herself, they drive the + + + align:start position:0% +help himself or herself, they drive the +economy and produce new levels of wealth + + align:start position:0% +economy and produce new levels of wealth + + + align:start position:0% +economy and produce new levels of wealth +and everybody gets to share at some + + align:start position:0% +and everybody gets to share at some + + + align:start position:0% +and everybody gets to share at some +level in that wealth. So self-interest + + align:start position:0% +level in that wealth. So self-interest + + + align:start position:0% +level in that wealth. So self-interest +is good. + + align:start position:0% +is good. + + + align:start position:0% +is good. +We sometimes call it quote enlightened + + align:start position:0% +We sometimes call it quote enlightened + + + align:start position:0% +We sometimes call it quote enlightened +self-interest as opposed to dark + + align:start position:0% +self-interest as opposed to dark + + + align:start position:0% +self-interest as opposed to dark +self-interest or I don't know what the + + align:start position:0% +self-interest or I don't know what the + + + align:start position:0% +self-interest or I don't know what the +word is but uh but let me just finish. + + align:start position:0% +word is but uh but let me just finish. + + + align:start position:0% +word is but uh but let me just finish. +By pursuing his own interest, he + + align:start position:0% +By pursuing his own interest, he + + + align:start position:0% +By pursuing his own interest, he +frequently promotes that of the society + + align:start position:0% +frequently promotes that of the society + + + align:start position:0% +frequently promotes that of the society +more effectually than when he really + + align:start position:0% +more effectually than when he really + + + align:start position:0% +more effectually than when he really +intends to promote + + align:start position:0% +intends to promote + + + align:start position:0% +intends to promote +it. I have never known much good done by + + align:start position:0% +it. I have never known much good done by + + + align:start position:0% +it. I have never known much good done by +those who affected to trade for the + + align:start position:0% +those who affected to trade for the + + + align:start position:0% +those who affected to trade for the +public + + align:start position:0% +public + + + align:start position:0% +public +good. He's not a big believer in, you + + align:start position:0% +good. He's not a big believer in, you + + + align:start position:0% +good. He's not a big believer in, you +know, giving handouts. + + align:start position:0% +know, giving handouts. + + + align:start position:0% +know, giving handouts. +Okay. So, uh this is all done and I I + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, uh this is all done and I I + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, uh this is all done and I I +emphasize no part of his intention. + + align:start position:0% +emphasize no part of his intention. + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize no part of his intention. +Non-intended complex systems. These + + align:start position:0% +Non-intended complex systems. These + + + align:start position:0% +Non-intended complex systems. These +nobody made nobody made the + + align:start position:0% +nobody made nobody made the + + + align:start position:0% +nobody made nobody made the +economy. It happened just through + + align:start position:0% +economy. It happened just through + + + align:start position:0% +economy. It happened just through +human desire to exchange + + align:start position:0% +human desire to exchange + + + align:start position:0% +human desire to exchange +and survive. And so, uh this is a a sort + + align:start position:0% +and survive. And so, uh this is a a sort + + + align:start position:0% +and survive. And so, uh this is a a sort +of a natural product of humans + + align:start position:0% +of a natural product of humans + + + align:start position:0% +of a natural product of humans +interacting with each other. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, so he uh I won't go into this but uh + + align:start position:0% +So, so he uh I won't go into this but uh + + + align:start position:0% +So, so he uh I won't go into this but uh +this whole notion of uh self-interest as + + align:start position:0% +this whole notion of uh self-interest as + + + align:start position:0% +this whole notion of uh self-interest as +a motivating force of human behavior. + + align:start position:0% +a motivating force of human behavior. + + + align:start position:0% +a motivating force of human behavior. +So, you know, people people want to gain + + align:start position:0% +So, you know, people people want to gain + + + align:start position:0% +So, you know, people people want to gain +goods. They want to go to the shopping + + align:start position:0% +goods. They want to go to the shopping + + + align:start position:0% +goods. They want to go to the shopping +malls. They want to you know whatever is + + align:start position:0% +malls. They want to you know whatever is + + + align:start position:0% +malls. They want to you know whatever is +available. They want to go + + align:start position:0% +available. They want to go + + + align:start position:0% +available. They want to go +shopping. We get people get upset with + + align:start position:0% +shopping. We get people get upset with + + + align:start position:0% +shopping. We get people get upset with +the notion that uh we're a nation of + + align:start position:0% +the notion that uh we're a nation of + + + align:start position:0% +the notion that uh we're a nation of +shoppers, but I I I think uh I think + + align:start position:0% +shoppers, but I I I think uh I think + + + align:start position:0% +shoppers, but I I I think uh I think +people have always been nations of + + align:start position:0% +people have always been nations of + + + align:start position:0% +people have always been nations of +shoppers in some sense. They're always + + align:start position:0% +shoppers in some sense. They're always + + + align:start position:0% +shoppers in some sense. They're always +out to find, you know, to get the food + + align:start position:0% +out to find, you know, to get the food + + + align:start position:0% +out to find, you know, to get the food +that they need to live and to improve + + align:start position:0% +that they need to live and to improve + + + align:start position:0% +that they need to live and to improve +their surroundings at least at some + + align:start position:0% +their surroundings at least at some + + + align:start position:0% +their surroundings at least at some +level. And so, uh and clothe themselves, + + align:start position:0% +level. And so, uh and clothe themselves, + + + align:start position:0% +level. And so, uh and clothe themselves, +feed and clothe themselves. So, yeah, + + align:start position:0% +feed and clothe themselves. So, yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +feed and clothe themselves. So, yeah, +they get out, it gets out of hand + + align:start position:0% +they get out, it gets out of hand + + + align:start position:0% +they get out, it gets out of hand +sometimes. and luxury comes in. But uh + + align:start position:0% +sometimes. and luxury comes in. But uh + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes. and luxury comes in. But uh +Smith even has a place for luxury here. + + align:start position:0% +Smith even has a place for luxury here. + + + align:start position:0% +Smith even has a place for luxury here. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh okay. So in almost every other race + + align:start position:0% +Uh okay. So in almost every other race + + + align:start position:0% +Uh okay. So in almost every other race +of animals, each individual one has + + align:start position:0% +of animals, each individual one has + + + align:start position:0% +of animals, each individual one has +grown up to maturity is entirely + + align:start position:0% +grown up to maturity is entirely + + + align:start position:0% +grown up to maturity is entirely +independent and in its natural state has + + align:start position:0% +independent and in its natural state has + + + align:start position:0% +independent and in its natural state has +occasion for the assistance of no other + + align:start position:0% +occasion for the assistance of no other + + + align:start position:0% +occasion for the assistance of no other +living creature. But man has almost + + align:start position:0% +living creature. But man has almost + + + align:start position:0% +living creature. But man has almost +constant occasion for the help of his + + align:start position:0% +constant occasion for the help of his + + + align:start position:0% +constant occasion for the help of his +brethren and it is in vain for him to + + align:start position:0% +brethren and it is in vain for him to + + + align:start position:0% +brethren and it is in vain for him to +expect it from their benevolence only. + + align:start position:0% +expect it from their benevolence only. + + + align:start position:0% +expect it from their benevolence only. +He will be more likely to prevail if he + + align:start position:0% +He will be more likely to prevail if he + + + align:start position:0% +He will be more likely to prevail if he +can interest their self-love in his + + align:start position:0% +can interest their self-love in his + + + align:start position:0% +can interest their self-love in his +favor. Okay. So this is a kind of a + + align:start position:0% +favor. Okay. So this is a kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +favor. Okay. So this is a kind of a +natural naturalized + + align:start position:0% +natural naturalized + + + align:start position:0% +natural naturalized +u + + align:start position:0% +u + + + align:start position:0% +u +motivation. It's it's not to so he he's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he's taking he he's he's finding + + align:start position:0% +he's taking he he's he's finding + + + align:start position:0% +he's taking he he's he's finding +motivation in natural behavior and + + align:start position:0% +motivation in natural behavior and + + + align:start position:0% +motivation in natural behavior and +that's motivation for social good in + + align:start position:0% +that's motivation for social good in + + + align:start position:0% +that's motivation for social good in +natural human behavior as compared to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what? It's not through religious desire + + align:start position:0% +what? It's not through religious desire + + + align:start position:0% +what? It's not through religious desire +to be a good person. + + align:start position:0% +to be a good person. + + + align:start position:0% +to be a good person. +in Smith's system uh you know this this + + align:start position:0% +in Smith's system uh you know this this + + + align:start position:0% +in Smith's system uh you know this this +sort of this is an important point is + + align:start position:0% +sort of this is an important point is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of this is an important point is +that uh the behavior of humans is + + align:start position:0% +that uh the behavior of humans is + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the behavior of humans is +it you see this as cynical + + align:start position:0% +it you see this as cynical + + + align:start position:0% +it you see this as cynical +okay what in what sense it was like + + align:start position:0% +okay what in what sense it was like + + + align:start position:0% +okay what in what sense it was like +everyone wants like everyone's greedy + + align:start position:0% +everyone wants like everyone's greedy + + + align:start position:0% +everyone wants like everyone's greedy +and therefore we mankind move towards + + align:start position:0% +and therefore we mankind move towards + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore we mankind move towards +the better okay + + align:start position:0% +the better okay + + + align:start position:0% +the better okay +all right it certainly You can certainly + + align:start position:0% +all right it certainly You can certainly + + + align:start position:0% +all right it certainly You can certainly +take that you you you can see that in + + align:start position:0% +take that you you you can see that in + + + align:start position:0% +take that you you you can see that in +it. Uh everybody anybody else think + + align:start position:0% +it. Uh everybody anybody else think + + + align:start position:0% +it. Uh everybody anybody else think +Smith is cynical or is it just a word + + align:start position:0% +Smith is cynical or is it just a word + + + align:start position:0% +Smith is cynical or is it just a word +that doesn't apply to him or is he + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't apply to him or is he + + + align:start position:0% +that doesn't apply to him or is he +beyond that or beneath that or what? I + + align:start position:0% +beyond that or beneath that or what? I + + + align:start position:0% +beyond that or beneath that or what? I +think it's realistic. I think everyone + + align:start position:0% +think it's realistic. I think everyone + + + align:start position:0% +think it's realistic. I think everyone +is I mean ultimately when the day ends + + align:start position:0% +is I mean ultimately when the day ends + + + align:start position:0% +is I mean ultimately when the day ends +out out for themselves they want to that + + align:start position:0% +out out for themselves they want to that + + + align:start position:0% +out out for themselves they want to that +everyone everyone's pretty selfish. + + align:start position:0% +everyone everyone's pretty selfish. + + + align:start position:0% +everyone everyone's pretty selfish. +Okay. So I think it's a realistic view. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So I think it's a realistic view. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So I think it's a realistic view. +Okay. Any other comments on this this + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Any other comments on this this + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Any other comments on this this +great new + + align:start position:0% +great new + + + align:start position:0% +great new +econ? Any other + + align:start position:0% +econ? Any other + + + align:start position:0% +econ? Any other +thoughts? Well, uh Jennifer, what do you + + align:start position:0% +thoughts? Well, uh Jennifer, what do you + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts? Well, uh Jennifer, what do you +think? + + align:start position:0% +think? + + + align:start position:0% +think? +She's sending him. + + align:start position:0% +She's sending him. + + + align:start position:0% +She's sending him. +I feel like if you were cynical though, + + align:start position:0% +I feel like if you were cynical though, + + + align:start position:0% +I feel like if you were cynical though, +you might see like problems that like if + + align:start position:0% +you might see like problems that like if + + + align:start position:0% +you might see like problems that like if +people got too greedy. He kind of like + + align:start position:0% +people got too greedy. He kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +people got too greedy. He kind of like +has that greed has limits and that + + align:start position:0% +has that greed has limits and that + + + align:start position:0% +has that greed has limits and that +everything will just work itself out. + + align:start position:0% +everything will just work itself out. + + + align:start position:0% +everything will just work itself out. +But he doesn't really consider + + align:start position:0% +But he doesn't really consider + + + align:start position:0% +But he doesn't really consider +go extremes, I guess. + + align:start position:0% +go extremes, I guess. + + + align:start position:0% +go extremes, I guess. +Yeah. I mean he he does mention people + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. I mean he he does mention people + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. I mean he he does mention people +who get great wealth and what do they do + + align:start position:0% +who get great wealth and what do they do + + + align:start position:0% +who get great wealth and what do they do +with their wealth + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +they spend it on + + align:start position:0% +they spend it on + + + align:start position:0% +they spend it on +stuff and somebody has to make the + + align:start position:0% +stuff and somebody has to make the + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and somebody has to make the +stuff. So and Smith's kind of as you + + align:start position:0% +stuff. So and Smith's kind of as you + + + align:start position:0% +stuff. So and Smith's kind of as you +said I I I think I think the phrase you + + align:start position:0% +said I I I think I think the phrase you + + + align:start position:0% +said I I I think I think the phrase you +use it will sort itself out. I think is + + align:start position:0% +use it will sort itself out. I think is + + + align:start position:0% +use it will sort itself out. I think is +very much uh Smith is very much that you + + align:start position:0% +very much uh Smith is very much that you + + + align:start position:0% +very much uh Smith is very much that you +know of that mentality things sort + + align:start position:0% +know of that mentality things sort + + + align:start position:0% +know of that mentality things sort +themselves out and without these drives + + align:start position:0% +themselves out and without these drives + + + align:start position:0% +themselves out and without these drives +in the economy you wouldn't have the + + align:start position:0% +in the economy you wouldn't have the + + + align:start position:0% +in the economy you wouldn't have the +growth in + + align:start position:0% +growth in + + + align:start position:0% +growth in +wealth. So yeah, there's an element of + + align:start position:0% +wealth. So yeah, there's an element of + + + align:start position:0% +wealth. So yeah, there's an element of +cynicism in it, but there's also a + + align:start position:0% +cynicism in it, but there's also a + + + align:start position:0% +cynicism in it, but there's also a +concept here, the production of wealth + + align:start position:0% +concept here, the production of wealth + + + align:start position:0% +concept here, the production of wealth +that the collective whole shares at some + + align:start position:0% +that the collective whole shares at some + + + align:start position:0% +that the collective whole shares at some +level. And yeah, some people get a lot + + align:start position:0% +level. And yeah, some people get a lot + + + align:start position:0% +level. And yeah, some people get a lot +more than other people, but then they + + align:start position:0% +more than other people, but then they + + + align:start position:0% +more than other people, but then they +spend it in dumb ways or they go buy + + align:start position:0% +spend it in dumb ways or they go buy + + + align:start position:0% +spend it in dumb ways or they go buy +bobbles or they do whatever they do with + + align:start position:0% +bobbles or they do whatever they do with + + + align:start position:0% +bobbles or they do whatever they do with +it and it ultimately gets back into the + + align:start position:0% +it and it ultimately gets back into the + + + align:start position:0% +it and it ultimately gets back into the +economy. + + align:start position:0% +economy. + + + align:start position:0% +economy. +Whether that's I mean somebody might say + + align:start position:0% +Whether that's I mean somebody might say + + + align:start position:0% +Whether that's I mean somebody might say +that's too idealized. It's this it's + + align:start position:0% +that's too idealized. It's this it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's too idealized. It's this it's +really panglossian. You know Smith is a + + align:start position:0% +really panglossian. You know Smith is a + + + align:start position:0% +really panglossian. You know Smith is a +kind of a panglossian thinker because he + + align:start position:0% +kind of a panglossian thinker because he + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a panglossian thinker because he +thinks that you know all is for the + + align:start position:0% +thinks that you know all is for the + + + align:start position:0% +thinks that you know all is for the +best. I mean this is a system in + + align:start position:0% +best. I mean this is a system in + + + align:start position:0% +best. I mean this is a system in +which all is for the best isn't + + align:start position:0% +which all is for the best isn't + + + align:start position:0% +which all is for the best isn't +it sort of but kind it's kind of the + + align:start position:0% +it sort of but kind it's kind of the + + + align:start position:0% +it sort of but kind it's kind of the +opposite of pain like it's like the same + + align:start position:0% +opposite of pain like it's like the same + + + align:start position:0% +opposite of pain like it's like the same +but different in like how pain says like + + align:start position:0% +but different in like how pain says like + + + align:start position:0% +but different in like how pain says like +every person's mis indiv individual's + + align:start position:0% +every person's mis indiv individual's + + + align:start position:0% +every person's mis indiv individual's +misfortune is for the public the greater + + align:start position:0% +misfortune is for the public the greater + + + align:start position:0% +misfortune is for the public the greater +good of the public but then in Smith + + align:start position:0% +good of the public but then in Smith + + + align:start position:0% +good of the public but then in Smith +it's more like every person's fortune + + align:start position:0% +it's more like every person's fortune + + + align:start position:0% +it's more like every person's fortune +is for the better of like general public + + align:start position:0% +is for the better of like general public + + + align:start position:0% +is for the better of like general public +because everyone in and everyone + + align:start position:0% +because everyone in and everyone + + + align:start position:0% +because everyone in and everyone +advancing and improving their own + + align:start position:0% +advancing and improving their own + + + align:start position:0% +advancing and improving their own +condition like society moves forward + + align:start position:0% +condition like society moves forward + + + align:start position:0% +condition like society moves forward +kind of like that slight difference I + + align:start position:0% +kind of like that slight difference I + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like that slight difference I +think well it uh I think it was a it was + + align:start position:0% +think well it uh I think it was a it was + + + align:start position:0% +think well it uh I think it was a it was +a it was a point that was not lost on + + align:start position:0% +a it was a point that was not lost on + + + align:start position:0% +a it was a point that was not lost on +people that you know yeah this is pretty + + align:start position:0% +people that you know yeah this is pretty + + + align:start position:0% +people that you know yeah this is pretty +self-oriented self-interest it's a big + + align:start position:0% +self-oriented self-interest it's a big + + + align:start position:0% +self-oriented self-interest it's a big +deal here + + align:start position:0% +deal here + + + align:start position:0% +deal here +This is kind of throwing out human + + align:start position:0% +This is kind of throwing out human + + + align:start position:0% +This is kind of throwing out human +ethical behavior or turning it on on its + + align:start position:0% +ethical behavior or turning it on on its + + + align:start position:0% +ethical behavior or turning it on on its +head because you know ethical behavior + + align:start position:0% +head because you know ethical behavior + + + align:start position:0% +head because you know ethical behavior +you know what is I mean we're supposed + + align:start position:0% +you know what is I mean we're supposed + + + align:start position:0% +you know what is I mean we're supposed +to treat our fellow person as we want + + align:start position:0% +to treat our fellow person as we want + + + align:start position:0% +to treat our fellow person as we want +him or her to treat us. + + align:start position:0% +him or her to treat us. + + + align:start position:0% +him or her to treat us. +So this ethical behavior that motivates + + align:start position:0% +So this ethical behavior that motivates + + + align:start position:0% +So this ethical behavior that motivates +or we think motivates important things + + align:start position:0% +or we think motivates important things + + + align:start position:0% +or we think motivates important things +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +society, it's not the main focus of + + align:start position:0% +society, it's not the main focus of + + + align:start position:0% +society, it's not the main focus of +Smith by any means. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +Smith by any means. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +Smith by any means. Yeah. +In the last part that we read of book + + align:start position:0% +In the last part that we read of book + + + align:start position:0% +In the last part that we read of book +three, he does warn against it. He I + + align:start position:0% +three, he does warn against it. He I + + + align:start position:0% +three, he does warn against it. He I +have a quote. It says, "All for + + align:start position:0% +have a quote. It says, "All for + + + align:start position:0% +have a quote. It says, "All for +ourselves and nothing for other people + + align:start position:0% +ourselves and nothing for other people + + + align:start position:0% +ourselves and nothing for other people +seems in every age of the worlds to have + + align:start position:0% +seems in every age of the worlds to have + + + align:start position:0% +seems in every age of the worlds to have +the vile maxim of the masters of mankind + + align:start position:0% +the vile maxim of the masters of mankind + + + align:start position:0% +the vile maxim of the masters of mankind +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +I kind of just thought that was a really + + align:start position:0% +I kind of just thought that was a really + + + align:start position:0% +I kind of just thought that was a really +important idea. + + align:start position:0% +important idea. + + + align:start position:0% +important idea. +Even though he says this system is + + align:start position:0% +Even though he says this system is + + + align:start position:0% +Even though he says this system is +pretty much perfect and everything + + align:start position:0% +pretty much perfect and everything + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much perfect and everything +should work out, there are going to be + + align:start position:0% +should work out, there are going to be + + + align:start position:0% +should work out, there are going to be +faults regardless because people aren't + + align:start position:0% +faults regardless because people aren't + + + align:start position:0% +faults regardless because people aren't +perfect. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. He's + + align:start position:0% +perfect. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. He's + + + align:start position:0% +perfect. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. He's +he's he's he is aware of these other + + align:start position:0% +he's he's he is aware of these other + + + align:start position:0% +he's he's he is aware of these other +sides to things and you know deep in the + + align:start position:0% +sides to things and you know deep in the + + + align:start position:0% +sides to things and you know deep in the +book there are all kinds of observations + + align:start position:0% +book there are all kinds of observations + + + align:start position:0% +book there are all kinds of observations +that he makes on people suffering + + align:start position:0% +that he makes on people suffering + + + align:start position:0% +that he makes on people suffering +through labor cycles where you know they + + align:start position:0% +through labor cycles where you know they + + + align:start position:0% +through labor cycles where you know they +can't find work and you know there there + + align:start position:0% +can't find work and you know there there + + + align:start position:0% +can't find work and you know there there +there is there is suffering in the + + align:start position:0% +there is there is suffering in the + + + align:start position:0% +there is there is suffering in the +system people in the highlands women in + + align:start position:0% +system people in the highlands women in + + + align:start position:0% +system people in the highlands women in +the highlands with large families of + + align:start position:0% +the highlands with large families of + + + align:start position:0% +the highlands with large families of +which only a few children survive uh you + + align:start position:0% +which only a few children survive uh you + + + align:start position:0% +which only a few children survive uh you +know they're they're There there + + align:start position:0% +know they're they're There there + + + align:start position:0% +know they're they're There there +definitely are costs. + + align:start position:0% +definitely are costs. + + + align:start position:0% +definitely are costs. +uh but uh when you stand back and you + + align:start position:0% +uh but uh when you stand back and you + + + align:start position:0% +uh but uh when you stand back and you +look the economy itself has done + + align:start position:0% +look the economy itself has done + + + align:start position:0% +look the economy itself has done +uh more good than evil as a whole + + align:start position:0% +uh more good than evil as a whole + + + align:start position:0% +uh more good than evil as a whole +because it + + align:start position:0% +because it + + + align:start position:0% +because it +has provided a growth and there is this + + align:start position:0% +has provided a growth and there is this + + + align:start position:0% +has provided a growth and there is this +this this + + align:start position:0% +this this + + + align:start position:0% +this this +notion we mentioned let me this notion + + align:start position:0% +notion we mentioned let me this notion + + + align:start position:0% +notion we mentioned let me this notion +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +progress theory of + + align:start position:0% +progress theory of + + + align:start position:0% +progress theory of +progress he says it is a great + + align:start position:0% +progress he says it is a great + + + align:start position:0% +progress he says it is a great +multiplication of the productions of all + + align:start position:0% +multiplication of the productions of all + + + align:start position:0% +multiplication of the productions of all +the different arts in consequence of the + + align:start position:0% +the different arts in consequence of the + + + align:start position:0% +the different arts in consequence of the +division of labor which occasions in a + + align:start position:0% +division of labor which occasions in a + + + align:start position:0% +division of labor which occasions in a +well-governed society that universal + + align:start position:0% +well-governed society that universal + + + align:start position:0% +well-governed society that universal +opulence which extends itself to the + + align:start position:0% +opulence which extends itself to the + + + align:start position:0% +opulence which extends itself to the +lowest ranks of the + + align:start position:0% +lowest ranks of the + + + align:start position:0% +lowest ranks of the +people. The word + + align:start position:0% +people. The word + + + align:start position:0% +people. The word +progress occurs over 100 times in this + + align:start position:0% +progress occurs over 100 times in this + + + align:start position:0% +progress occurs over 100 times in this +book. So that kind of puts a different + + align:start position:0% +book. So that kind of puts a different + + + align:start position:0% +book. So that kind of puts a different +light on it, doesn't it? I mean, yeah, + + align:start position:0% +light on it, doesn't it? I mean, yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +light on it, doesn't it? I mean, yeah, +at some level it seems + + align:start position:0% +at some level it seems + + + align:start position:0% +at some level it seems +cynical, but it's not the kind of + + align:start position:0% +cynical, but it's not the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +cynical, but it's not the kind of +cynicism we found in + + align:start position:0% +cynicism we found in + + + align:start position:0% +cynicism we found in +Voltater where, you know, in the end, + + align:start position:0% +Voltater where, you know, in the end, + + + align:start position:0% +Voltater where, you know, in the end, +you're just stuck in your garden and, + + align:start position:0% +you're just stuck in your garden and, + + + align:start position:0% +you're just stuck in your garden and, +you know, grubbing for tubers or + + align:start position:0% +you know, grubbing for tubers or + + + align:start position:0% +you know, grubbing for tubers or +whatever and trying to make a living + + align:start position:0% +whatever and trying to make a living + + + align:start position:0% +whatever and trying to make a living +and, you know, with + + align:start position:0% +and, you know, with + + + align:start position:0% +and, you know, with +everybody old and creepy and, you know, + + align:start position:0% +everybody old and creepy and, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +everybody old and creepy and, you know, +falling + + align:start position:0% +falling + + + align:start position:0% +falling +apart, you know, here there there's it's + + align:start position:0% +apart, you know, here there there's it's + + + align:start position:0% +apart, you know, here there there's it's +it's not that kind of cynicism. + + align:start position:0% +it's not that kind of cynicism. + + + align:start position:0% +it's not that kind of cynicism. +In fact, the larger idea here is + + align:start position:0% +In fact, the larger idea here is + + + align:start position:0% +In fact, the larger idea here is +collectively, you know, we produce + + align:start position:0% +collectively, you know, we produce + + + align:start position:0% +collectively, you know, we produce +something more for + + align:start position:0% +something more for + + + align:start position:0% +something more for +everybody. You can argue about whether + + align:start position:0% +everybody. You can argue about whether + + + align:start position:0% +everybody. You can argue about whether +whether this actually works or not, but + + align:start position:0% +whether this actually works or not, but + + + align:start position:0% +whether this actually works or not, but +certainly at the core of this idea is a + + align:start position:0% +certainly at the core of this idea is a + + + align:start position:0% +certainly at the core of this idea is a +notion that humans are, you know, + + align:start position:0% +notion that humans are, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +notion that humans are, you know, +enjoying the benefits of progress. Do + + align:start position:0% +enjoying the benefits of progress. Do + + + align:start position:0% +enjoying the benefits of progress. Do +you think this is a fiction or what's + + align:start position:0% +you think this is a fiction or what's + + + align:start position:0% +you think this is a fiction or what's +your how do you feel about that? + + align:start position:0% +your how do you feel about that? + + + align:start position:0% +your how do you feel about that? +I mean I think it kind of goes back to + + align:start position:0% +I mean I think it kind of goes back to + + + align:start position:0% +I mean I think it kind of goes back to +the same thing with like back like in + + align:start position:0% +the same thing with like back like in + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing with like back like in +the pin factory when all people are + + align:start position:0% +the pin factory when all people are + + + align:start position:0% +the pin factory when all people are +there they like improving themselves but + + align:start position:0% +there they like improving themselves but + + + align:start position:0% +there they like improving themselves but +they're also talking amongst themselves + + align:start position:0% +they're also talking amongst themselves + + + align:start position:0% +they're also talking amongst themselves +and that talking creates new ideas about + + align:start position:0% +and that talking creates new ideas about + + + align:start position:0% +and that talking creates new ideas about +oh maybe we can like make this new thing + + align:start position:0% +oh maybe we can like make this new thing + + + align:start position:0% +oh maybe we can like make this new thing +or this new thing. So I think by the + + align:start position:0% +or this new thing. So I think by the + + + align:start position:0% +or this new thing. So I think by the +division of labor it does kind of give + + align:start position:0% +division of labor it does kind of give + + + align:start position:0% +division of labor it does kind of give +rise to progress because people are + + align:start position:0% +rise to progress because people are + + + align:start position:0% +rise to progress because people are +always thinking and bouncing ideas off + + align:start position:0% +always thinking and bouncing ideas off + + + align:start position:0% +always thinking and bouncing ideas off +each other. Okay. Therefore new things. + + align:start position:0% +each other. Okay. Therefore new things. + + + align:start position:0% +each other. Okay. Therefore new things. +Yeah. So the notion of progress is you + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So the notion of progress is you + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. So the notion of progress is you +know we uh it's an abstract idea but we + + align:start position:0% +know we uh it's an abstract idea but we + + + align:start position:0% +know we uh it's an abstract idea but we +certainly feel it don't we? I mean we + + align:start position:0% +certainly feel it don't we? I mean we + + + align:start position:0% +certainly feel it don't we? I mean we +don't live in the same circumstances + + align:start position:0% +don't live in the same circumstances + + + align:start position:0% +don't live in the same circumstances +now. Uh well we have to be we have to be + + align:start position:0% +now. Uh well we have to be we have to be + + + align:start position:0% +now. Uh well we have to be we have to be +careful here because obviously there are + + align:start position:0% +careful here because obviously there are + + + align:start position:0% +careful here because obviously there are +many people in the world for whom + + align:start position:0% +many people in the world for whom + + + align:start position:0% +many people in the world for whom +progress has not been you know a big uh + + align:start position:0% +progress has not been you know a big uh + + + align:start position:0% +progress has not been you know a big uh +factor. I mean there's still lots and + + align:start position:0% +factor. I mean there's still lots and + + + align:start position:0% +factor. I mean there's still lots and +lots of hunger there you know. So + + align:start position:0% +lots of hunger there you know. So + + + align:start position:0% +lots of hunger there you know. So +progress itself is not as far as we can + + align:start position:0% +progress itself is not as far as we can + + + align:start position:0% +progress itself is not as far as we can +tell and we know this for sure um evenly + + align:start position:0% +tell and we know this for sure um evenly + + + align:start position:0% +tell and we know this for sure um evenly +distributed through the + + align:start position:0% +distributed through the + + + align:start position:0% +distributed through the +world. However, the concept of progress + + align:start position:0% +world. However, the concept of progress + + + align:start position:0% +world. However, the concept of progress +in any given + + align:start position:0% +in any given + + + align:start position:0% +in any given +society, if you look at uh or any uh any + + align:start position:0% +society, if you look at uh or any uh any + + + align:start position:0% +society, if you look at uh or any uh any +any given we can talk about a country or + + align:start position:0% +any given we can talk about a country or + + + align:start position:0% +any given we can talk about a country or +a society or large state unit of some + + align:start position:0% +a society or large state unit of some + + + align:start position:0% +a society or large state unit of some +sort. If you look at the way things were + + align:start position:0% +sort. If you look at the way things were + + + align:start position:0% +sort. If you look at the way things were +200 years + + align:start position:0% +200 years + + + align:start position:0% +200 years +ago and + + align:start position:0% +ago and + + + align:start position:0% +ago and +today, you know, there are evidences of + + align:start position:0% +today, you know, there are evidences of + + + align:start position:0% +today, you know, there are evidences of +something. I mean, we can argue about + + align:start position:0% +something. I mean, we can argue about + + + align:start position:0% +something. I mean, we can argue about +what progress consists of. Does it + + align:start position:0% +what progress consists of. Does it + + + align:start position:0% +what progress consists of. Does it +consist of more cars? + + align:start position:0% +consist of more cars? + + + align:start position:0% +consist of more cars? +What is progress? What do you think + + align:start position:0% +What is progress? What do you think + + + align:start position:0% +What is progress? What do you think +Smith's concept of progress is? Yeah, I + + align:start position:0% +Smith's concept of progress is? Yeah, I + + + align:start position:0% +Smith's concept of progress is? Yeah, I +I I'm not quite sure if this answers + + align:start position:0% +I I'm not quite sure if this answers + + + align:start position:0% +I I'm not quite sure if this answers +your question, but progress is kind of a + + align:start position:0% +your question, but progress is kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +your question, but progress is kind of a +dirty word. And one of the one of the + + align:start position:0% +dirty word. And one of the one of the + + + align:start position:0% +dirty word. And one of the one of the +problems with it seems to be is that + + align:start position:0% +problems with it seems to be is that + + + align:start position:0% +problems with it seems to be is that +progress implies some kind of direction + + align:start position:0% +progress implies some kind of direction + + + align:start position:0% +progress implies some kind of direction +goal or you know endpoint. And when we + + align:start position:0% +goal or you know endpoint. And when we + + + align:start position:0% +goal or you know endpoint. And when we +look at when we look at say the animal + + align:start position:0% +look at when we look at say the animal + + + align:start position:0% +look at when we look at say the animal +world, you don't you don't see any kind + + align:start position:0% +world, you don't you don't see any kind + + + align:start position:0% +world, you don't you don't see any kind +of direction from from descendants, you + + align:start position:0% +of direction from from descendants, you + + + align:start position:0% +of direction from from descendants, you +know, and and the same thing too, it's I + + align:start position:0% +know, and and the same thing too, it's I + + + align:start position:0% +know, and and the same thing too, it's I +it's hard to argue or at least you get + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to argue or at least you get + + + align:start position:0% +it's hard to argue or at least you get +really if you if you adhere to this + + align:start position:0% +really if you if you adhere to this + + + align:start position:0% +really if you if you adhere to this +notion that of progress in in mankind, + + align:start position:0% +notion that of progress in in mankind, + + + align:start position:0% +notion that of progress in in mankind, +it gets really hard to argue exactly + + align:start position:0% +it gets really hard to argue exactly + + + align:start position:0% +it gets really hard to argue exactly +what you mean by that because if you + + align:start position:0% +what you mean by that because if you + + + align:start position:0% +what you mean by that because if you +look at, for example, the Aztecs, you + + align:start position:0% +look at, for example, the Aztecs, you + + + align:start position:0% +look at, for example, the Aztecs, you +know, yes, they may have been, you know, + + align:start position:0% +know, yes, they may have been, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +know, yes, they may have been, you know, +sinister and barbaric, but at the same + + align:start position:0% +sinister and barbaric, but at the same + + + align:start position:0% +sinister and barbaric, but at the same +time, they had a much healthier + + align:start position:0% +time, they had a much healthier + + + align:start position:0% +time, they had a much healthier +relationship with the planet than we do. + + align:start position:0% +relationship with the planet than we do. + + + align:start position:0% +relationship with the planet than we do. +So, you know, if you're not only if + + align:start position:0% +So, you know, if you're not only if + + + align:start position:0% +So, you know, if you're not only if +you're not only trying to move towards + + align:start position:0% +you're not only trying to move towards + + + align:start position:0% +you're not only trying to move towards +some kind of artificial target, but the + + align:start position:0% +some kind of artificial target, but the + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of artificial target, but the +target is moving as you adapt the + + align:start position:0% +target is moving as you adapt the + + + align:start position:0% +target is moving as you adapt the +environment, it becomes almost + + align:start position:0% +environment, it becomes almost + + + align:start position:0% +environment, it becomes almost +meaningless to talk about what direction + + align:start position:0% +meaningless to talk about what direction + + + align:start position:0% +meaningless to talk about what direction +you're going in. So, + + align:start position:0% +you're going in. So, + + + align:start position:0% +you're going in. So, +yeah, it's it's certainly is a much more + + align:start position:0% +yeah, it's it's certainly is a much more + + + align:start position:0% +yeah, it's it's certainly is a much more +complicated concept than, you know, we + + align:start position:0% +complicated concept than, you know, we + + + align:start position:0% +complicated concept than, you know, we +like to think when we just toss the word + + align:start position:0% +like to think when we just toss the word + + + align:start position:0% +like to think when we just toss the word +out and say, "Oh, yeah, we're we're + + align:start position:0% +out and say, "Oh, yeah, we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +out and say, "Oh, yeah, we're we're +devoted to progress." Um but even in + + align:start position:0% +devoted to progress." Um but even in + + + align:start position:0% +devoted to progress." Um but even in +those uh you know the if if you think of + + align:start position:0% +those uh you know the if if you think of + + + align:start position:0% +those uh you know the if if you think of +the the the Mayan civilizations which uh + + align:start position:0% +the the the Mayan civilizations which uh + + + align:start position:0% +the the the Mayan civilizations which uh +flourished in Central America + + align:start position:0% +flourished in Central America + + + align:start position:0% +flourished in Central America +uh you know one of the great locations + + align:start position:0% +uh you know one of the great locations + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know one of the great locations +Tikall uh + + align:start position:0% +Tikall uh + + + align:start position:0% +Tikall uh +collapsed. Nobody quite knows why this + + align:start position:0% +collapsed. Nobody quite knows why this + + + align:start position:0% +collapsed. Nobody quite knows why this +vast uh array of uh uh people + + align:start position:0% +vast uh array of uh uh people + + + align:start position:0% +vast uh array of uh uh people +specialized who built these incredible + + align:start position:0% +specialized who built these incredible + + + align:start position:0% +specialized who built these incredible +buildings and canals and all sorts of + + align:start position:0% +buildings and canals and all sorts of + + + align:start position:0% +buildings and canals and all sorts of +irrigation system and everything and it + + align:start position:0% +irrigation system and everything and it + + + align:start position:0% +irrigation system and everything and it +collapsed before I mean long before the + + align:start position:0% +collapsed before I mean long before the + + + align:start position:0% +collapsed before I mean long before the +Europeans went to Central America and uh + + align:start position:0% +Europeans went to Central America and uh + + + align:start position:0% +Europeans went to Central America and uh +one theory is that they just uh + + align:start position:0% +one theory is that they just uh + + + align:start position:0% +one theory is that they just uh +exhausted you know they exhausted the + + align:start position:0% +exhausted you know they exhausted the + + + align:start position:0% +exhausted you know they exhausted the +surrounding areas. So it's probably true + + align:start position:0% +surrounding areas. So it's probably true + + + align:start position:0% +surrounding areas. So it's probably true +that humans have been doing this sort of + + align:start position:0% +that humans have been doing this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that humans have been doing this sort of +thing for many many years. They build up + + align:start position:0% +thing for many many years. They build up + + + align:start position:0% +thing for many many years. They build up +to a certain point. So there's a kind of + + align:start position:0% +to a certain point. So there's a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +to a certain point. So there's a kind of +a localized uh historical period of + + align:start position:0% +a localized uh historical period of + + + align:start position:0% +a localized uh historical period of +progress where yeah everything gets + + align:start position:0% +progress where yeah everything gets + + + align:start position:0% +progress where yeah everything gets +better and better and then collapse boom + + align:start position:0% +better and better and then collapse boom + + + align:start position:0% +better and better and then collapse boom +and then uh you know the civilization is + + align:start position:0% +and then uh you know the civilization is + + + align:start position:0% +and then uh you know the civilization is +uh maybe that happened and that has + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe that happened and that has + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe that happened and that has +probably happened. Do you have another? + + align:start position:0% +probably happened. Do you have another? + + + align:start position:0% +probably happened. Do you have another? +Oh, what you were just saying kind of + + align:start position:0% +Oh, what you were just saying kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, what you were just saying kind of +made me think about maybe there's like + + align:start position:0% +made me think about maybe there's like + + + align:start position:0% +made me think about maybe there's like +some sort of conservation of progress. + + align:start position:0% +some sort of conservation of progress. + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of conservation of progress. +Um, like so maybe over long period of + + align:start position:0% +Um, like so maybe over long period of + + + align:start position:0% +Um, like so maybe over long period of +time humans have progressed but that's + + align:start position:0% +time humans have progressed but that's + + + align:start position:0% +time humans have progressed but that's +also at the cost like more possibilities + + align:start position:0% +also at the cost like more possibilities + + + align:start position:0% +also at the cost like more possibilities +for every for every individual now + + align:start position:0% +for every for every individual now + + + align:start position:0% +for every for every individual now +compared to um back when like the kings + + align:start position:0% +compared to um back when like the kings + + + align:start position:0% +compared to um back when like the kings +of an older age like all these + + align:start position:0% +of an older age like all these + + + align:start position:0% +of an older age like all these +possibilities this increase in + + align:start position:0% +possibilities this increase in + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities this increase in +possibilities for us. Yeah. To do + + align:start position:0% +possibilities for us. Yeah. To do + + + align:start position:0% +possibilities for us. Yeah. To do +different things also is an increase in + + align:start position:0% +different things also is an increase in + + + align:start position:0% +different things also is an increase in +possibility for us to damage things. And + + align:start position:0% +possibility for us to damage things. And + + + align:start position:0% +possibility for us to damage things. And +so right maybe one% + + align:start position:0% +so right maybe one% + + + align:start position:0% +so right maybe one% +we have powers now that that very few + + align:start position:0% +we have powers now that that very few + + + align:start position:0% +we have powers now that that very few +people had before and you know we how do + + align:start position:0% +people had before and you know we how do + + + align:start position:0% +people had before and you know we how do +we use them? We you know we conduct wars + + align:start position:0% +we use them? We you know we conduct wars + + + align:start position:0% +we use them? We you know we conduct wars +and we blow each other up and we do all + + align:start position:0% +and we blow each other up and we do all + + + align:start position:0% +and we blow each other up and we do all +kinds of weird things. So uh these + + align:start position:0% +kinds of weird things. So uh these + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of weird things. So uh these +greater capacities of the modern world + + align:start position:0% +greater capacities of the modern world + + + align:start position:0% +greater capacities of the modern world +have not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +have not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +have not necessarily +delivered uh a unalloyed + + align:start position:0% +delivered uh a unalloyed + + + align:start position:0% +delivered uh a unalloyed +progress. There are people who would + + align:start position:0% +progress. There are people who would + + + align:start position:0% +progress. There are people who would +argue with some r with some reason that + + align:start position:0% +argue with some r with some reason that + + + align:start position:0% +argue with some r with some reason that +you know Werdsworth's ability to sit on + + align:start position:0% +you know Werdsworth's ability to sit on + + + align:start position:0% +you know Werdsworth's ability to sit on +the on the hillside and contemplate this + + align:start position:0% +the on the hillside and contemplate this + + + align:start position:0% +the on the hillside and contemplate this +ruined abbey and the little puffs of + + align:start position:0% +ruined abbey and the little puffs of + + + align:start position:0% +ruined abbey and the little puffs of +smoke coming from the cottages down + + align:start position:0% +smoke coming from the cottages down + + + align:start position:0% +smoke coming from the cottages down +below was a richer form of life and + + align:start position:0% +below was a richer form of life and + + + align:start position:0% +below was a richer form of life and +existence. + + align:start position:0% +existence. + + + align:start position:0% +existence. +than you know somebody sitting in you + + align:start position:0% +than you know somebody sitting in you + + + align:start position:0% +than you know somebody sitting in you +know basement playing I don't know World + + align:start position:0% +know basement playing I don't know World + + + align:start position:0% +know basement playing I don't know World +of Warcraft or something. I mean we do + + align:start position:0% +of Warcraft or something. I mean we do + + + align:start position:0% +of Warcraft or something. I mean we do +different sorts of things with our with + + align:start position:0% +different sorts of things with our with + + + align:start position:0% +different sorts of things with our with +our progress uh and not all of them + + align:start position:0% +our progress uh and not all of them + + + align:start position:0% +our progress uh and not all of them +necessarily + + align:start position:0% +necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily +uh deliver a u state of uh u enriched + + align:start position:0% +uh deliver a u state of uh u enriched + + + align:start position:0% +uh deliver a u state of uh u enriched +being. + + align:start position:0% +being. + + + align:start position:0% +being. +And it could be argued that major + + align:start position:0% +And it could be argued that major + + + align:start position:0% +And it could be argued that major +industrial + + align:start position:0% +industrial + + + align:start position:0% +industrial +countries haven't + + align:start position:0% +countries haven't + + + align:start position:0% +countries haven't +achieved the kind of mental satisfaction + + align:start position:0% +achieved the kind of mental satisfaction + + + align:start position:0% +achieved the kind of mental satisfaction +and emotional + + align:start position:0% +and emotional + + + align:start position:0% +and emotional +satisfaction that one would have thought + + align:start position:0% +satisfaction that one would have thought + + + align:start position:0% +satisfaction that one would have thought +they should have with having you know so + + align:start position:0% +they should have with having you know so + + + align:start position:0% +they should have with having you know so +many of their material material + + align:start position:0% +many of their material material + + + align:start position:0% +many of their material material +wants satisfied. So progress is a very + + align:start position:0% +wants satisfied. So progress is a very + + + align:start position:0% +wants satisfied. So progress is a very +elusive + + align:start position:0% +elusive + + + align:start position:0% +elusive +concept. But for + + align:start position:0% +concept. But for + + + align:start position:0% +concept. But for +Smith, I mean, we're back here in, you + + align:start position:0% +Smith, I mean, we're back here in, you + + + align:start position:0% +Smith, I mean, we're back here in, you +know, the 1700s and as he looks across + + align:start position:0% +know, the 1700s and as he looks across + + + align:start position:0% +know, the 1700s and as he looks across +and as he looks at the potential of this + + align:start position:0% +and as he looks at the potential of this + + + align:start position:0% +and as he looks at the potential of this +growth and economical + + align:start position:0% +growth and economical + + + align:start position:0% +growth and economical +development, he rightly sees, you know, + + align:start position:0% +development, he rightly sees, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +development, he rightly sees, you know, +incredible promise. And part of it is uh + + align:start position:0% +incredible promise. And part of it is uh + + + align:start position:0% +incredible promise. And part of it is uh +not just in things that people can buy + + align:start position:0% +not just in things that people can buy + + + align:start position:0% +not just in things that people can buy +and the bobles that they can own but he + + align:start position:0% +and the bobles that they can own but he + + + align:start position:0% +and the bobles that they can own but he +also traces to this whole development + + align:start position:0% +also traces to this whole development + + + align:start position:0% +also traces to this whole development +the rise of towns and all these other + + align:start position:0% +the rise of towns and all these other + + + align:start position:0% +the rise of towns and all these other +things. What are some of the things that + + align:start position:0% +things. What are some of the things that + + + align:start position:0% +things. What are some of the things that +he + + align:start position:0% +he + + + align:start position:0% +he +suggests these economies deliver to + + align:start position:0% +suggests these economies deliver to + + + align:start position:0% +suggests these economies deliver to +their their uh respective uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +countries? What are some of the + + align:start position:0% +countries? What are some of the + + + align:start position:0% +countries? What are some of the +benefits? What are some of the political + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +benefits? Nothing political. I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mean, this was a major part of his his + + align:start position:0% +mean, this was a major part of his his + + + align:start position:0% +mean, this was a major part of his his +his uh last section of of of the the + + align:start position:0% +his uh last section of of of the the + + + align:start position:0% +his uh last section of of of the the +book + + align:start position:0% +book + + + align:start position:0% +book +here. This whole notion that as + + align:start position:0% +here. This whole notion that as + + + align:start position:0% +here. This whole notion that as +economies + + align:start position:0% +economies + + + align:start position:0% +economies +develop, more people have more + + align:start position:0% +develop, more people have more + + + align:start position:0% +develop, more people have more +resources. And what happens when more + + align:start position:0% +resources. And what happens when more + + + align:start position:0% +resources. And what happens when more +people have more resources? + + align:start position:0% +people have more resources? + + + align:start position:0% +people have more resources? +specialization. + + align:start position:0% +specialization. + + + align:start position:0% +specialization. +Well, specialization delivers it so + + align:start position:0% +Well, specialization delivers it so + + + align:start position:0% +Well, specialization delivers it so +forth. Uh but you know what do they do + + align:start position:0% +forth. Uh but you know what do they do + + + align:start position:0% +forth. Uh but you know what do they do +with those resources and how does this + + align:start position:0% +with those resources and how does this + + + align:start position:0% +with those resources and how does this +change their societies? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Well, they become dependent on those + + align:start position:0% +Well, they become dependent on those + + + align:start position:0% +Well, they become dependent on those +resources. They definitely become, you + + align:start position:0% +resources. They definitely become, you + + + align:start position:0% +resources. They definitely become, you +know, they become part of their their + + align:start position:0% +know, they become part of their their + + + align:start position:0% +know, they become part of their their +level of expectations. + + align:start position:0% +level of expectations. + + + align:start position:0% +level of expectations. +What kinds of expectations do people + + align:start position:0% +What kinds of expectations do people + + + align:start position:0% +What kinds of expectations do people +with more resources develop? + + align:start position:0% +with more resources develop? + + + align:start position:0% +with more resources develop? +When when you have that many resources + + align:start position:0% +When when you have that many resources + + + align:start position:0% +When when you have that many resources +and that many people, there's more of a + + align:start position:0% +and that many people, there's more of a + + + align:start position:0% +and that many people, there's more of a +need to be collective. So you see the + + align:start position:0% +need to be collective. So you see the + + + align:start position:0% +need to be collective. So you see the +development of markets which are really + + align:start position:0% +development of markets which are really + + + align:start position:0% +development of markets which are really +towns are not really just places to live + + align:start position:0% +towns are not really just places to live + + + align:start position:0% +towns are not really just places to live +but places to conduct commercially. And + + align:start position:0% +but places to conduct commercially. And + + + align:start position:0% +but places to conduct commercially. And +if you look at a lot of even like + + align:start position:0% +if you look at a lot of even like + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at a lot of even like +medieval towns, you know, like in + + align:start position:0% +medieval towns, you know, like in + + + align:start position:0% +medieval towns, you know, like in +Florence or Italy or wherever, the town + + align:start position:0% +Florence or Italy or wherever, the town + + + align:start position:0% +Florence or Italy or wherever, the town +is always centered around the piaza or + + align:start position:0% +is always centered around the piaza or + + + align:start position:0% +is always centered around the piaza or +the the town square where all of the + + align:start position:0% +the the town square where all of the + + + align:start position:0% +the the town square where all of the +transactions took place. Absolutely + + align:start position:0% +transactions took place. Absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +transactions took place. Absolutely +true. And these towns + + align:start position:0% +true. And these towns + + + align:start position:0% +true. And these towns +developed cadres of people who were + + align:start position:0% +developed cadres of people who were + + + align:start position:0% +developed cadres of people who were +wealthier than when they were dependent + + align:start position:0% +wealthier than when they were dependent + + + align:start position:0% +wealthier than when they were dependent +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +surfs on the lair's land. + + align:start position:0% +surfs on the lair's land. + + + align:start position:0% +surfs on the lair's land. +they develop independence. town's people + + align:start position:0% +they develop independence. town's people + + + align:start position:0% +they develop independence. town's people +are you know this is this is not only + + align:start position:0% +are you know this is this is not only + + + align:start position:0% +are you know this is this is not only +the place where I mean it's not always + + align:start position:0% +the place where I mean it's not always + + + align:start position:0% +the place where I mean it's not always +uh orderly but uh the notion Smith has + + align:start position:0% +uh orderly but uh the notion Smith has + + + align:start position:0% +uh orderly but uh the notion Smith has +is as these markets developed and these + + align:start position:0% +is as these markets developed and these + + + align:start position:0% +is as these markets developed and these +towns developed around them they + + align:start position:0% +towns developed around them they + + + align:start position:0% +towns developed around them they +developed a need for + + align:start position:0% +developed a need for + + + align:start position:0% +developed a need for +order and some level of + + align:start position:0% +order and some level of + + + align:start position:0% +order and some level of +organization and through that + + align:start position:0% +organization and through that + + + align:start position:0% +organization and through that +organization a sharing of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh power may be too grand a word but a + + align:start position:0% +uh power may be too grand a word but a + + + align:start position:0% +uh power may be too grand a word but a +sharing of of the say of how things + + align:start position:0% +sharing of of the say of how things + + + align:start position:0% +sharing of of the say of how things +should be + + align:start position:0% +should be + + + align:start position:0% +should be +conducted. So these towns began to offer + + align:start position:0% +conducted. So these towns began to offer + + + align:start position:0% +conducted. So these towns began to offer +an alternative to you know being stuck + + align:start position:0% +an alternative to you know being stuck + + + align:start position:0% +an alternative to you know being stuck +on the land someplace and working for + + align:start position:0% +on the land someplace and working for + + + align:start position:0% +on the land someplace and working for +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +Lord and they became centers of uh + + align:start position:0% +Lord and they became centers of uh + + + align:start position:0% +Lord and they became centers of uh +political growth if you will. And I When + + align:start position:0% +political growth if you will. And I When + + + align:start position:0% +political growth if you will. And I When +I say growth, I mean + + align:start position:0% +I say growth, I mean + + + align:start position:0% +I say growth, I mean +development. + + align:start position:0% +development. + + + align:start position:0% +development. +Um, so he says um he says there are + + align:start position:0% +Um, so he says um he says there are + + + align:start position:0% +Um, so he says um he says there are +three uh three great improvements. One + + align:start position:0% +three uh three great improvements. One + + + align:start position:0% +three uh three great improvements. One +is uh that these towns stimulated + + align:start position:0% +is uh that these towns stimulated + + + align:start position:0% +is uh that these towns stimulated +production. So in these towns as people + + align:start position:0% +production. So in these towns as people + + + align:start position:0% +production. So in these towns as people +collected together there were more + + align:start position:0% +collected together there were more + + + align:start position:0% +collected together there were more +opportunities and more people got + + align:start position:0% +opportunities and more people got + + + align:start position:0% +opportunities and more people got +involved with you know producing. So + + align:start position:0% +involved with you know producing. So + + + align:start position:0% +involved with you know producing. So +towns were a direct stimulation of + + align:start position:0% +towns were a direct stimulation of + + + align:start position:0% +towns were a direct stimulation of +production itself. + + align:start position:0% +production itself. + + + align:start position:0% +production itself. +Um a second factor um he mentions uh is + + align:start position:0% +Um a second factor um he mentions uh is + + + align:start position:0% +Um a second factor um he mentions uh is +the development of + + align:start position:0% +the development of + + + align:start position:0% +the development of +wealth and the use of that wealth by + + align:start position:0% +wealth and the use of that wealth by + + + align:start position:0% +wealth and the use of that wealth by +entrepreneurs to put land to new uses to + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs to put land to new uses to + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurs to put land to new uses to +develop new manufacturers to + + align:start position:0% +develop new manufacturers to + + + align:start position:0% +develop new manufacturers to +re to utilize land that was not being + + align:start position:0% +re to utilize land that was not being + + + align:start position:0% +re to utilize land that was not being +used in the old system because it was + + align:start position:0% +used in the old system because it was + + + align:start position:0% +used in the old system because it was +just part of you know a vast system that + + align:start position:0% +just part of you know a vast system that + + + align:start position:0% +just part of you know a vast system that +was owned by somebody who really didn't + + align:start position:0% +was owned by somebody who really didn't + + + align:start position:0% +was owned by somebody who really didn't +think about what to do with it. So, a + + align:start position:0% +think about what to do with it. So, a + + + align:start position:0% +think about what to do with it. So, a +redistri redistribution of land, if you + + align:start position:0% +redistri redistribution of land, if you + + + align:start position:0% +redistri redistribution of land, if you +will, and a re utilization of land, a + + align:start position:0% +will, and a re utilization of land, a + + + align:start position:0% +will, and a re utilization of land, a +greater, more efficient utilization of + + align:start position:0% +greater, more efficient utilization of + + + align:start position:0% +greater, more efficient utilization of +land to produce again more products, + + align:start position:0% +land to produce again more products, + + + align:start position:0% +land to produce again more products, +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +wealth. And then finally, the third is + + align:start position:0% +wealth. And then finally, the third is + + + align:start position:0% +wealth. And then finally, the third is +under this expansion, + + align:start position:0% +under this expansion, + + + align:start position:0% +under this expansion, +uh the third improvement is to improve + + align:start position:0% +uh the third improvement is to improve + + + align:start position:0% +uh the third improvement is to improve +order and good government. uh this may + + align:start position:0% +order and good government. uh this may + + + align:start position:0% +order and good government. uh this may +be and the liberty and security of + + align:start position:0% +be and the liberty and security of + + + align:start position:0% +be and the liberty and security of +individuals. So in these towns an + + align:start position:0% +individuals. So in these towns an + + + align:start position:0% +individuals. So in these towns an +another level of security, another level + + align:start position:0% +another level of security, another level + + + align:start position:0% +another level of security, another level +of uh of uh u uh sort + + align:start position:0% +of uh of uh u uh sort + + + align:start position:0% +of uh of uh u uh sort +of liberty, the ability to do things on + + align:start position:0% +of liberty, the ability to do things on + + + align:start position:0% +of liberty, the ability to do things on +your own. + + align:start position:0% +your own. + + + align:start position:0% +your own. +Um so again you know this this kind of + + align:start position:0% +Um so again you know this this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Um so again you know this this kind of +you don't think of medieval towns as + + align:start position:0% +you don't think of medieval towns as + + + align:start position:0% +you don't think of medieval towns as +being particularly + + align:start position:0% +being particularly + + + align:start position:0% +being particularly +uh you + + align:start position:0% +uh you + + + align:start position:0% +uh you +know liberal places where you could do + + align:start position:0% +know liberal places where you could do + + + align:start position:0% +know liberal places where you could do +whatever you wanted. On the other hand + + align:start position:0% +whatever you wanted. On the other hand + + + align:start position:0% +whatever you wanted. On the other hand +the comparison out in the countryside it + + align:start position:0% +the comparison out in the countryside it + + + align:start position:0% +the comparison out in the countryside it +was pretty much every + + align:start position:0% +was pretty much every + + + align:start position:0% +was pretty much every +person was pretty wild out in the + + align:start position:0% +person was pretty wild out in the + + + align:start position:0% +person was pretty wild out in the +countryside. Country sides were not + + align:start position:0% +countryside. Country sides were not + + + align:start position:0% +countryside. Country sides were not +well. So + + align:start position:0% +well. So + + + align:start position:0% +well. So +uh you know this these these commercial + + align:start position:0% +uh you know this these these commercial + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know this these these commercial +centers did + + align:start position:0% +centers did + + + align:start position:0% +centers did +develop more government more + + align:start position:0% +develop more government more + + + align:start position:0% +develop more government more +distribution of uh uh of liberty and + + align:start position:0% +distribution of uh uh of liberty and + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of uh uh of liberty and +greater sources of + + align:start position:0% +greater sources of + + + align:start position:0% +greater sources of +wealth. So there was a natural + + align:start position:0% +wealth. So there was a natural + + + align:start position:0% +wealth. So there was a natural +progression for these places to to grow. + + align:start position:0% +progression for these places to to grow. + + + align:start position:0% +progression for these places to to grow. +Um okay. So he says um he says here a + + align:start position:0% +Um okay. So he says um he says here a + + + align:start position:0% +Um okay. So he says um he says here a +revolution of the greatest importance to + + align:start position:0% +revolution of the greatest importance to + + + align:start position:0% +revolution of the greatest importance to +the public happiness was in this manner + + align:start position:0% +the public happiness was in this manner + + + align:start position:0% +the public happiness was in this manner +brought about by two different orders of + + align:start position:0% +brought about by two different orders of + + + align:start position:0% +brought about by two different orders of +people who had not the least intention + + align:start position:0% +people who had not the least intention + + + align:start position:0% +people who had not the least intention +to serve the public to gratify the most + + align:start position:0% +to serve the public to gratify the most + + + align:start position:0% +to serve the public to gratify the most +childish vanity was the sole motive of + + align:start position:0% +childish vanity was the sole motive of + + + align:start position:0% +childish vanity was the sole motive of +the great proprietors. So these people + + align:start position:0% +the great proprietors. So these people + + + align:start position:0% +the great proprietors. So these people +who made out as you know wealth was + + align:start position:0% +who made out as you know wealth was + + + align:start position:0% +who made out as you know wealth was +produced and they sold land and all this + + align:start position:0% +produced and they sold land and all this + + + align:start position:0% +produced and they sold land and all this +um uh the merchants and the art and + + align:start position:0% +um uh the merchants and the art and + + + align:start position:0% +um uh the merchants and the art and +artificers uh much less ridiculous acted + + align:start position:0% +artificers uh much less ridiculous acted + + + align:start position:0% +artificers uh much less ridiculous acted +merely from a view to their own + + align:start position:0% +merely from a view to their own + + + align:start position:0% +merely from a view to their own +interests and in pursuit of their own + + align:start position:0% +interests and in pursuit of their own + + + align:start position:0% +interests and in pursuit of their own +pedal principle of turning a penny + + align:start position:0% +pedal principle of turning a penny + + + align:start position:0% +pedal principle of turning a penny +whenever a penny was to be got. Neither + + align:start position:0% +whenever a penny was to be got. Neither + + + align:start position:0% +whenever a penny was to be got. Neither +of them had either knowledge or + + align:start position:0% +of them had either knowledge or + + + align:start position:0% +of them had either knowledge or +foresight of the great revolution which + + align:start position:0% +foresight of the great revolution which + + + align:start position:0% +foresight of the great revolution which +the folly of the one and the industry of + + align:start position:0% +the folly of the one and the industry of + + + align:start position:0% +the folly of the one and the industry of +the other was gradually bringing about. + + align:start position:0% +the other was gradually bringing about. + + + align:start position:0% +the other was gradually bringing about. +So this shift in the social order from a + + align:start position:0% +So this shift in the social order from a + + + align:start position:0% +So this shift in the social order from a +kind of a feudal order of landholders + + align:start position:0% +kind of a feudal order of landholders + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a feudal order of landholders +and people living on them to a new town + + align:start position:0% +and people living on them to a new town + + + align:start position:0% +and people living on them to a new town +centered uh market centered order in + + align:start position:0% +centered uh market centered order in + + + align:start position:0% +centered uh market centered order in +which there was wealth being produced + + align:start position:0% +which there was wealth being produced + + + align:start position:0% +which there was wealth being produced +and so forth in Smith's view. This was a + + align:start position:0% +and so forth in Smith's view. This was a + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth in Smith's view. This was a +great political + + align:start position:0% +great political + + + align:start position:0% +great political +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +boon to the people who lived in these + + align:start position:0% +boon to the people who lived in these + + + align:start position:0% +boon to the people who lived in these +towns. And so, you know, the the economy + + align:start position:0% +towns. And so, you know, the the economy + + + align:start position:0% +towns. And so, you know, the the economy +actually didn't just make + + align:start position:0% +actually didn't just make + + + align:start position:0% +actually didn't just make +individuals and merchants especially + + align:start position:0% +individuals and merchants especially + + + align:start position:0% +individuals and merchants especially +wealthier, but uh it redistributed + + align:start position:0% +wealthier, but uh it redistributed + + + align:start position:0% +wealthier, but uh it redistributed +liberty. It extended liberty to in in + + align:start position:0% +liberty. It extended liberty to in in + + + align:start position:0% +liberty. It extended liberty to in in +new ways to people who had never had it + + align:start position:0% +new ways to people who had never had it + + + align:start position:0% +new ways to people who had never had it +before. And the natural growth of that + + align:start position:0% +before. And the natural growth of that + + + align:start position:0% +before. And the natural growth of that +process was a kind of a political + + align:start position:0% +process was a kind of a political + + + align:start position:0% +process was a kind of a political +progress. + + align:start position:0% +progress. + + + align:start position:0% +progress. +Now we can debate whether that was + + align:start position:0% +Now we can debate whether that was + + + align:start position:0% +Now we can debate whether that was +really what was happening but that's + + align:start position:0% +really what was happening but that's + + + align:start position:0% +really what was happening but that's +pretty much Adam Smith's view of what + + align:start position:0% +pretty much Adam Smith's view of what + + + align:start position:0% +pretty much Adam Smith's view of what +the importance of these economies + + align:start position:0% +the importance of these economies + + + align:start position:0% +the importance of these economies +were. Um so he says it is thus uh that + + align:start position:0% +were. Um so he says it is thus uh that + + + align:start position:0% +were. Um so he says it is thus uh that +through the greater part of Europe the + + align:start position:0% +through the greater part of Europe the + + + align:start position:0% +through the greater part of Europe the +commerce and manufacturers of cities + + align:start position:0% +commerce and manufacturers of cities + + + align:start position:0% +commerce and manufacturers of cities +instead of being the effect have been + + align:start position:0% +instead of being the effect have been + + + align:start position:0% +instead of being the effect have been +the cause and occasion of the + + align:start position:0% +the cause and occasion of the + + + align:start position:0% +the cause and occasion of the +improvement and cultivation of the + + align:start position:0% +improvement and cultivation of the + + + align:start position:0% +improvement and cultivation of the +country. A very important + + align:start position:0% +country. A very important + + + align:start position:0% +country. A very important +point. It's that process that + + align:start position:0% +point. It's that process that + + + align:start position:0% +point. It's that process that +improved the country. It's not that the + + align:start position:0% +improved the country. It's not that the + + + align:start position:0% +improved the country. It's not that the +country improved and then they could do + + align:start position:0% +country improved and then they could do + + + align:start position:0% +country improved and then they could do +more manufacturing more. So he sees it + + align:start position:0% +more manufacturing more. So he sees it + + + align:start position:0% +more manufacturing more. So he sees it +as a causal agent in the growth of human + + align:start position:0% +as a causal agent in the growth of human + + + align:start position:0% +as a causal agent in the growth of human +liberty and you know new levels of + + align:start position:0% +liberty and you know new levels of + + + align:start position:0% +liberty and you know new levels of +freedom + + align:start position:0% +freedom + + + align:start position:0% +freedom +and capacity that people never had + + align:start position:0% +and capacity that people never had + + + align:start position:0% +and capacity that people never had +before. + + align:start position:0% +before. + + + align:start position:0% +before. +um this can be overdone. We know that + + align:start position:0% +um this can be overdone. We know that + + + align:start position:0% +um this can be overdone. We know that +the 18th century uh the 18th + + align:start position:0% +the 18th century uh the 18th + + + align:start position:0% +the 18th century uh the 18th +century cities you know in in uh and as + + align:start position:0% +century cities you know in in uh and as + + + align:start position:0% +century cities you know in in uh and as +well as the 19th century cities. London + + align:start position:0% +well as the 19th century cities. London + + + align:start position:0% +well as the 19th century cities. London +was you know pretty much + + align:start position:0% +was you know pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +was you know pretty much +a was a place of great uh you know + + align:start position:0% +a was a place of great uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +a was a place of great uh you know +masses of people and it is true there + + align:start position:0% +masses of people and it is true there + + + align:start position:0% +masses of people and it is true there +were lots and lots of people who were uh + + align:start position:0% +were lots and lots of people who were uh + + + align:start position:0% +were lots and lots of people who were uh +inc whose lives were + + align:start position:0% +inc whose lives were + + + align:start position:0% +inc whose lives were +incredibly better than they had been a + + align:start position:0% +incredibly better than they had been a + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly better than they had been a +century before. + + align:start position:0% +century before. + + + align:start position:0% +century before. +But we only have to read someone like + + align:start position:0% +But we only have to read someone like + + + align:start position:0% +But we only have to read someone like +Charles Dickens to know that, you know, + + align:start position:0% +Charles Dickens to know that, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +Charles Dickens to know that, you know, +it was pretty grim for a lot of uh poor + + align:start position:0% +it was pretty grim for a lot of uh poor + + + align:start position:0% +it was pretty grim for a lot of uh poor +people in the laboring classes + + align:start position:0% +people in the laboring classes + + + align:start position:0% +people in the laboring classes +themselves. Although there was uh a + + align:start position:0% +themselves. Although there was uh a + + + align:start position:0% +themselves. Although there was uh a +level of wealth that made it possible + + align:start position:0% +level of wealth that made it possible + + + align:start position:0% +level of wealth that made it possible +for them to live + + align:start position:0% +for them to live + + + align:start position:0% +for them to live +uh did not necessarily live very + + align:start position:0% +uh did not necessarily live very + + + align:start position:0% +uh did not necessarily live very +well and many of them were stuck to in + + align:start position:0% +well and many of them were stuck to in + + + align:start position:0% +well and many of them were stuck to in +these manufacturing towns. So, the + + align:start position:0% +these manufacturing towns. So, the + + + align:start position:0% +these manufacturing towns. So, the +manufacturing towns themselves. This is + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing towns themselves. This is + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturing towns themselves. This is +uh this is a painting here by uh JMW + + align:start position:0% +uh this is a painting here by uh JMW + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is a painting here by uh JMW +Turner uh a 19th century artist + + align:start position:0% +Turner uh a 19th century artist + + + align:start position:0% +Turner uh a 19th century artist +uh very fine artist actually of a place + + align:start position:0% +uh very fine artist actually of a place + + + align:start position:0% +uh very fine artist actually of a place +called Dudley. But, uh you know, it's + + align:start position:0% +called Dudley. But, uh you know, it's + + + align:start position:0% +called Dudley. But, uh you know, it's +kind of got a + + align:start position:0% +kind of got a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of got a +nice ethereal feeling to it. But uh + + align:start position:0% +nice ethereal feeling to it. But uh + + + align:start position:0% +nice ethereal feeling to it. But uh +underneath uh well some of this was + + align:start position:0% +underneath uh well some of this was + + + align:start position:0% +underneath uh well some of this was +probably smoke and grime and you know + + align:start position:0% +probably smoke and grime and you know + + + align:start position:0% +probably smoke and grime and you know +the streets of streets of many of these + + align:start position:0% +the streets of streets of many of these + + + align:start position:0% +the streets of streets of many of these +towns were not very very attractive but + + align:start position:0% +towns were not very very attractive but + + + align:start position:0% +towns were not very very attractive but +it's all relative and compared to living + + align:start position:0% +it's all relative and compared to living + + + align:start position:0% +it's all relative and compared to living +you know as a indentured servant or + + align:start position:0% +you know as a indentured servant or + + + align:start position:0% +you know as a indentured servant or +living you know or starving in the + + align:start position:0% +living you know or starving in the + + + align:start position:0% +living you know or starving in the +countryside when things weren't uh going + + align:start position:0% +countryside when things weren't uh going + + + align:start position:0% +countryside when things weren't uh going +well. Uh many of these towns offered a + + align:start position:0% +well. Uh many of these towns offered a + + + align:start position:0% +well. Uh many of these towns offered a +whole new level of security. Why do + + align:start position:0% +whole new level of security. Why do + + + align:start position:0% +whole new level of security. Why do +people go to cities? Why do people go to + + align:start position:0% +people go to cities? Why do people go to + + + align:start position:0% +people go to cities? Why do people go to +towns? Why do people leave the land and + + align:start position:0% +towns? Why do people leave the land and + + + align:start position:0% +towns? Why do people leave the land and +godsworth say you idiots come back? You + + align:start position:0% +godsworth say you idiots come back? You + + + align:start position:0% +godsworth say you idiots come back? You +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +but they go because life is better. + + align:start position:0% +but they go because life is better. + + + align:start position:0% +but they go because life is better. +There's an improvement in life. Why are + + align:start position:0% +There's an improvement in life. Why are + + + align:start position:0% +There's an improvement in life. Why are +the people in China moving into the big + + align:start position:0% +the people in China moving into the big + + + align:start position:0% +the people in China moving into the big +ch into the cities? It's you know why + + align:start position:0% +ch into the cities? It's you know why + + + align:start position:0% +ch into the cities? It's you know why +have people from America moved into the + + align:start position:0% +have people from America moved into the + + + align:start position:0% +have people from America moved into the +great cities? Why are they still doing + + align:start position:0% +great cities? Why are they still doing + + + align:start position:0% +great cities? Why are they still doing +this? Because there are more resources, + + align:start position:0% +this? Because there are more resources, + + + align:start position:0% +this? Because there are more resources, +there are more possibilities and more + + align:start position:0% +there are more possibilities and more + + + align:start position:0% +there are more possibilities and more +potential and yes more + + align:start position:0% +potential and yes more + + + align:start position:0% +potential and yes more +freedom. So you know we don't need to + + align:start position:0% +freedom. So you know we don't need to + + + align:start position:0% +freedom. So you know we don't need to +glamorize this this view too much + + align:start position:0% +glamorize this this view too much + + + align:start position:0% +glamorize this this view too much +because you know it it was pretty grimy + + align:start position:0% +because you know it it was pretty grimy + + + align:start position:0% +because you know it it was pretty grimy +but uh the fundamental concept + + align:start position:0% +but uh the fundamental concept + + + align:start position:0% +but uh the fundamental concept +here of these economies generating + + align:start position:0% +here of these economies generating + + + align:start position:0% +here of these economies generating +wealth and extending that wealth to + + align:start position:0% +wealth and extending that wealth to + + + align:start position:0% +wealth and extending that wealth to +wider and wider circles of people is a + + align:start position:0% +wider and wider circles of people is a + + + align:start position:0% +wider and wider circles of people is a +very powerful principle that Adam Smith + + align:start position:0% +very powerful principle that Adam Smith + + + align:start position:0% +very powerful principle that Adam Smith +captured. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pR12XGWcn0U.txt b/pR12XGWcn0U.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..039960f68844e09b8fb1e65995e4af0aa7aa9ad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/pR12XGWcn0U.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2107 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Soon after a meal, your digestive system + + align:start position:0% +Soon after a meal, your digestive system + + + align:start position:0% +Soon after a meal, your digestive system +breaks down the food you have eaten into + + align:start position:0% +breaks down the food you have eaten into + + + align:start position:0% +breaks down the food you have eaten into +a simple sugar called glucose. Glucose + + align:start position:0% +a simple sugar called glucose. Glucose + + + align:start position:0% +a simple sugar called glucose. Glucose +is absorbed from the gut into the + + align:start position:0% +is absorbed from the gut into the + + + align:start position:0% +is absorbed from the gut into the +bloodstream, causing your blood sugar + + align:start position:0% +bloodstream, causing your blood sugar + + + align:start position:0% +bloodstream, causing your blood sugar +level to increase. In healthy + + align:start position:0% +level to increase. In healthy + + + align:start position:0% +level to increase. In healthy +individuals, feedback mechanisms in the + + align:start position:0% +individuals, feedback mechanisms in the + + + align:start position:0% +individuals, feedback mechanisms in the +body bring blood sugar levels back to + + align:start position:0% +body bring blood sugar levels back to + + + align:start position:0% +body bring blood sugar levels back to +normal. In some people, this process + + align:start position:0% +normal. In some people, this process + + + align:start position:0% +normal. In some people, this process +breaks down, resulting in diabetes. + + align:start position:0% +breaks down, resulting in diabetes. + + + align:start position:0% +breaks down, resulting in diabetes. +In this video, we'll take a closer look + + align:start position:0% +In this video, we'll take a closer look + + + align:start position:0% +In this video, we'll take a closer look +at feedback loops, how they tie into the + + align:start position:0% +at feedback loops, how they tie into the + + + align:start position:0% +at feedback loops, how they tie into the +body's mechanism of internal regulation, + + align:start position:0% +body's mechanism of internal regulation, + + + align:start position:0% +body's mechanism of internal regulation, +and what happens when these mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +and what happens when these mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +and what happens when these mechanisms +fail. This video is part of the + + align:start position:0% +fail. This video is part of the + + + align:start position:0% +fail. This video is part of the +information flow series. A system is + + align:start position:0% +information flow series. A system is + + + align:start position:0% +information flow series. A system is +shaped and changed by the nature and + + align:start position:0% +shaped and changed by the nature and + + + align:start position:0% +shaped and changed by the nature and +flow of information into, within, and + + align:start position:0% +flow of information into, within, and + + + align:start position:0% +flow of information into, within, and +out of the system. Hi, my name is Leah + + align:start position:0% +out of the system. Hi, my name is Leah + + + align:start position:0% +out of the system. Hi, my name is Leah +Okumura, and I'm a technical instructor + + align:start position:0% +Okumura, and I'm a technical instructor + + + align:start position:0% +Okumura, and I'm a technical instructor +in the biology department at MIT. Before + + align:start position:0% +in the biology department at MIT. Before + + + align:start position:0% +in the biology department at MIT. Before +watching this video, you should be + + align:start position:0% +watching this video, you should be + + + align:start position:0% +watching this video, you should be +familiar with the concept that your body + + align:start position:0% +familiar with the concept that your body + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with the concept that your body +is a tightly regulated environment. + + align:start position:0% +is a tightly regulated environment. + + + align:start position:0% +is a tightly regulated environment. +After watching this video, you will be + + align:start position:0% +After watching this video, you will be + + + align:start position:0% +After watching this video, you will be +able to identify the general components + + align:start position:0% +able to identify the general components + + + align:start position:0% +able to identify the general components +of a feedback loop, examples of negative + + align:start position:0% +of a feedback loop, examples of negative + + + align:start position:0% +of a feedback loop, examples of negative +and positive feedback loops in the body, + + align:start position:0% +and positive feedback loops in the body, + + + align:start position:0% +and positive feedback loops in the body, +and describe how feedback loops are + + align:start position:0% +and describe how feedback loops are + + + align:start position:0% +and describe how feedback loops are +vital to healthy function and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +survival. Our bodies rely heavily on + + align:start position:0% +survival. Our bodies rely heavily on + + + align:start position:0% +survival. Our bodies rely heavily on +feedback loops to control and regulate + + align:start position:0% +feedback loops to control and regulate + + + align:start position:0% +feedback loops to control and regulate +important biochemical and physiological + + align:start position:0% +important biochemical and physiological + + + align:start position:0% +important biochemical and physiological +functions. There are two types of + + align:start position:0% +functions. There are two types of + + + align:start position:0% +functions. There are two types of +feedback loops in biology. Negative + + align:start position:0% +feedback loops in biology. Negative + + + align:start position:0% +feedback loops in biology. Negative +feedback loops and positive feedback + + align:start position:0% +feedback loops and positive feedback + + + align:start position:0% +feedback loops and positive feedback +loops. These act to either reduce or + + align:start position:0% +loops. These act to either reduce or + + + align:start position:0% +loops. These act to either reduce or +amplify the changes that occur in a + + align:start position:0% +amplify the changes that occur in a + + + align:start position:0% +amplify the changes that occur in a +given system. Let's see how feedback + + align:start position:0% +given system. Let's see how feedback + + + align:start position:0% +given system. Let's see how feedback +loops can be applied to + + align:start position:0% +loops can be applied to + + + align:start position:0% +loops can be applied to +thermmorreulation. Imagine walking into + + align:start position:0% +thermmorreulation. Imagine walking into + + + align:start position:0% +thermmorreulation. Imagine walking into +a room that has an air conditioner on at + + align:start position:0% +a room that has an air conditioner on at + + + align:start position:0% +a room that has an air conditioner on at +full blast. After a few minutes, you + + align:start position:0% +full blast. After a few minutes, you + + + align:start position:0% +full blast. After a few minutes, you +find yourself shivering from the cold. + + align:start position:0% +find yourself shivering from the cold. + + + align:start position:0% +find yourself shivering from the cold. +Does the shivering serve a purpose? Yes. + + align:start position:0% +Does the shivering serve a purpose? Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +Does the shivering serve a purpose? Yes. +The rapid muscle contractions from + + align:start position:0% +The rapid muscle contractions from + + + align:start position:0% +The rapid muscle contractions from +shivering generate heat within the body + + align:start position:0% +shivering generate heat within the body + + + align:start position:0% +shivering generate heat within the body +and warm you back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up. Now imagine taking a walk outside on + + align:start position:0% +up. Now imagine taking a walk outside on + + + align:start position:0% +up. Now imagine taking a walk outside on +a very hot and sunny day. After a few + + align:start position:0% +a very hot and sunny day. After a few + + + align:start position:0% +a very hot and sunny day. After a few +minutes under the hot sun, you are + + align:start position:0% +minutes under the hot sun, you are + + + align:start position:0% +minutes under the hot sun, you are +persspiring profusely. What purpose does + + align:start position:0% +persspiring profusely. What purpose does + + + align:start position:0% +persspiring profusely. What purpose does +sweating serve? As sweat evaporates from + + align:start position:0% +sweating serve? As sweat evaporates from + + + align:start position:0% +sweating serve? As sweat evaporates from +your skin, it helps to cool you down. + + align:start position:0% +your skin, it helps to cool you down. + + + align:start position:0% +your skin, it helps to cool you down. +Thermore regulation serves to control + + align:start position:0% +Thermore regulation serves to control + + + align:start position:0% +Thermore regulation serves to control +our body's temperature much like a + + align:start position:0% +our body's temperature much like a + + + align:start position:0% +our body's temperature much like a +thermostat regulating the temperature of + + align:start position:0% +thermostat regulating the temperature of + + + align:start position:0% +thermostat regulating the temperature of +a room. + + align:start position:0% +a room. + + + align:start position:0% +a room. +From this diagram, you can see how + + align:start position:0% +From this diagram, you can see how + + + align:start position:0% +From this diagram, you can see how +thermmore regulation follows a simple + + align:start position:0% +thermmore regulation follows a simple + + + align:start position:0% +thermmore regulation follows a simple +loop. Because the response in this case + + align:start position:0% +loop. Because the response in this case + + + align:start position:0% +loop. Because the response in this case +is always to reverse a given change in + + align:start position:0% +is always to reverse a given change in + + + align:start position:0% +is always to reverse a given change in +body temperature, we call this a + + align:start position:0% +body temperature, we call this a + + + align:start position:0% +body temperature, we call this a +negative feedback loop. Positive + + align:start position:0% +negative feedback loop. Positive + + + align:start position:0% +negative feedback loop. Positive +feedback loops are just the opposite. + + align:start position:0% +feedback loops are just the opposite. + + + align:start position:0% +feedback loops are just the opposite. +When a change occurs in the system, a + + align:start position:0% +When a change occurs in the system, a + + + align:start position:0% +When a change occurs in the system, a +positive feedback loop acts to increase + + align:start position:0% +positive feedback loop acts to increase + + + align:start position:0% +positive feedback loop acts to increase +or exacerbate it. Labor preceding + + align:start position:0% +or exacerbate it. Labor preceding + + + align:start position:0% +or exacerbate it. Labor preceding +childirth is a classic example of a + + align:start position:0% +childirth is a classic example of a + + + align:start position:0% +childirth is a classic example of a +positive feedback loop. Contractions of + + align:start position:0% +positive feedback loop. Contractions of + + + align:start position:0% +positive feedback loop. Contractions of +the uterus during childirth stimulate + + align:start position:0% +the uterus during childirth stimulate + + + align:start position:0% +the uterus during childirth stimulate +the release of a hormone oxytocin, which + + align:start position:0% +the release of a hormone oxytocin, which + + + align:start position:0% +the release of a hormone oxytocin, which +in turn induces more uterine + + align:start position:0% +in turn induces more uterine + + + align:start position:0% +in turn induces more uterine +contractions. The self-amplifying nature + + align:start position:0% +contractions. The self-amplifying nature + + + align:start position:0% +contractions. The self-amplifying nature +of the positive feedback loop is + + align:start position:0% +of the positive feedback loop is + + + align:start position:0% +of the positive feedback loop is +repeated over and over with increasing + + align:start position:0% +repeated over and over with increasing + + + align:start position:0% +repeated over and over with increasing +intensity until the baby is born. After + + align:start position:0% +intensity until the baby is born. After + + + align:start position:0% +intensity until the baby is born. After +birth, contractions stop, and the + + align:start position:0% +birth, contractions stop, and the + + + align:start position:0% +birth, contractions stop, and the +feedback loop + + align:start position:0% +feedback loop + + + align:start position:0% +feedback loop +ceases. Here are a few well-known + + align:start position:0% +ceases. Here are a few well-known + + + align:start position:0% +ceases. Here are a few well-known +physiological processes and parameters + + align:start position:0% +physiological processes and parameters + + + align:start position:0% +physiological processes and parameters +that involve feedback loops. Pause the + + align:start position:0% +that involve feedback loops. Pause the + + + align:start position:0% +that involve feedback loops. Pause the +video here and determine which ones + + align:start position:0% +video here and determine which ones + + + align:start position:0% +video here and determine which ones +involve negative feedback and which ones + + align:start position:0% +involve negative feedback and which ones + + + align:start position:0% +involve negative feedback and which ones +involve positive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +feedback. Negative feedback loops + + align:start position:0% +feedback. Negative feedback loops + + + align:start position:0% +feedback. Negative feedback loops +minimize deviations within a system, + + align:start position:0% +minimize deviations within a system, + + + align:start position:0% +minimize deviations within a system, +keeping its parameters close to a + + align:start position:0% +keeping its parameters close to a + + + align:start position:0% +keeping its parameters close to a +desired set point. The control of blood + + align:start position:0% +desired set point. The control of blood + + + align:start position:0% +desired set point. The control of blood +glucose, blood pressure, and breathing + + align:start position:0% +glucose, blood pressure, and breathing + + + align:start position:0% +glucose, blood pressure, and breathing +rates rely heavily on negative feedback + + align:start position:0% +rates rely heavily on negative feedback + + + align:start position:0% +rates rely heavily on negative feedback +loops. + + align:start position:0% +loops. + + + align:start position:0% +loops. +Positive feedback loops on the other + + align:start position:0% +Positive feedback loops on the other + + + align:start position:0% +Positive feedback loops on the other +hand tend to destabilize a system by + + align:start position:0% +hand tend to destabilize a system by + + + align:start position:0% +hand tend to destabilize a system by +amplifying a stimulus towards an + + align:start position:0% +amplifying a stimulus towards an + + + align:start position:0% +amplifying a stimulus towards an +extreme. This is important in + + align:start position:0% +extreme. This is important in + + + align:start position:0% +extreme. This is important in +irreversible processes such as action + + align:start position:0% +irreversible processes such as action + + + align:start position:0% +irreversible processes such as action +potential generation, blood clotting, + + align:start position:0% +potential generation, blood clotting, + + + align:start position:0% +potential generation, blood clotting, +lactation, and + + align:start position:0% +lactation, and + + + align:start position:0% +lactation, and +ovulation. There are many other examples + + align:start position:0% +ovulation. There are many other examples + + + align:start position:0% +ovulation. There are many other examples +of negative and positive feedback loops + + align:start position:0% +of negative and positive feedback loops + + + align:start position:0% +of negative and positive feedback loops +in the human body. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now let's take a closer look at specific + + align:start position:0% +Now let's take a closer look at specific + + + align:start position:0% +Now let's take a closer look at specific +components involved in a feedback loop. + + align:start position:0% +components involved in a feedback loop. + + + align:start position:0% +components involved in a feedback loop. +The receptor is the component that + + align:start position:0% +The receptor is the component that + + + align:start position:0% +The receptor is the component that +detects and measures changes in a given + + align:start position:0% +detects and measures changes in a given + + + align:start position:0% +detects and measures changes in a given +parameter. The receptor then relays this + + align:start position:0% +parameter. The receptor then relays this + + + align:start position:0% +parameter. The receptor then relays this +information to a control + + align:start position:0% +information to a control + + + align:start position:0% +information to a control +center. The control center compares the + + align:start position:0% +center. The control center compares the + + + align:start position:0% +center. The control center compares the +measured parameter to a desired set + + align:start position:0% +measured parameter to a desired set + + + align:start position:0% +measured parameter to a desired set +point. Based on the extent of deviation, + + align:start position:0% +point. Based on the extent of deviation, + + + align:start position:0% +point. Based on the extent of deviation, +the control center decides on the + + align:start position:0% +the control center decides on the + + + align:start position:0% +the control center decides on the +appropriate response and sends it + + align:start position:0% +appropriate response and sends it + + + align:start position:0% +appropriate response and sends it +signals to + + align:start position:0% +signals to + + + align:start position:0% +signals to +anector. Aectors can be muscles, organs + + align:start position:0% +anector. Aectors can be muscles, organs + + + align:start position:0% +anector. Aectors can be muscles, organs +or any other component that receives + + align:start position:0% +or any other component that receives + + + align:start position:0% +or any other component that receives +signals from the control center. In + + align:start position:0% +signals from the control center. In + + + align:start position:0% +signals from the control center. In +response to these signals, the aectors + + align:start position:0% +response to these signals, the aectors + + + align:start position:0% +response to these signals, the aectors +can either enhance or reduce the + + align:start position:0% +can either enhance or reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +can either enhance or reduce the +deviation. If the deviation is enhanced, + + align:start position:0% +deviation. If the deviation is enhanced, + + + align:start position:0% +deviation. If the deviation is enhanced, +we have a positive feedback + + align:start position:0% +we have a positive feedback + + + align:start position:0% +we have a positive feedback +loop. And if it is reduced, we have a + + align:start position:0% +loop. And if it is reduced, we have a + + + align:start position:0% +loop. And if it is reduced, we have a +negative feedback loop. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now let's go back to our thermmore + + align:start position:0% +Now let's go back to our thermmore + + + align:start position:0% +Now let's go back to our thermmore +regulation example in greater detail. + + align:start position:0% +regulation example in greater detail. + + + align:start position:0% +regulation example in greater detail. +Here the parameter we are controlling is + + align:start position:0% +Here the parameter we are controlling is + + + align:start position:0% +Here the parameter we are controlling is +internal body + + align:start position:0% +internal body + + + align:start position:0% +internal body +temperature. The receptors of + + align:start position:0% +temperature. The receptors of + + + align:start position:0% +temperature. The receptors of +temperature in our body are specialized + + align:start position:0% +temperature in our body are specialized + + + align:start position:0% +temperature in our body are specialized +cells called + + align:start position:0% +cells called + + + align:start position:0% +cells called +thermosceptors. Thermceptors continually + + align:start position:0% +thermosceptors. Thermceptors continually + + + align:start position:0% +thermosceptors. Thermceptors continually +monitor our temperature and pass this + + align:start position:0% +monitor our temperature and pass this + + + align:start position:0% +monitor our temperature and pass this +information to the control center in the + + align:start position:0% +information to the control center in the + + + align:start position:0% +information to the control center in the +brain called the hypothalamus. + + align:start position:0% +brain called the hypothalamus. + + + align:start position:0% +brain called the hypothalamus. +The hypothalamus compares the measured + + align:start position:0% +The hypothalamus compares the measured + + + align:start position:0% +The hypothalamus compares the measured +temperature to the set point of + + align:start position:0% +temperature to the set point of + + + align:start position:0% +temperature to the set point of +37°. It can distinguish temperature + + align:start position:0% +37°. It can distinguish temperature + + + align:start position:0% +37°. It can distinguish temperature +differences as small as a hundredth of a + + align:start position:0% +differences as small as a hundredth of a + + + align:start position:0% +differences as small as a hundredth of a +degree. The hypothalamus then sends out + + align:start position:0% +degree. The hypothalamus then sends out + + + align:start position:0% +degree. The hypothalamus then sends out +signals toectors in the body to initiate + + align:start position:0% +signals toectors in the body to initiate + + + align:start position:0% +signals toectors in the body to initiate +corrective mechanisms when our + + align:start position:0% +corrective mechanisms when our + + + align:start position:0% +corrective mechanisms when our +temperatures are too high or too + + align:start position:0% +temperatures are too high or too + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures are too high or too +low. When we are too hot, signals are + + align:start position:0% +low. When we are too hot, signals are + + + align:start position:0% +low. When we are too hot, signals are +sent to activate our sweat glands. Blood + + align:start position:0% +sent to activate our sweat glands. Blood + + + align:start position:0% +sent to activate our sweat glands. Blood +vessels in the skin are also stimulated + + align:start position:0% +vessels in the skin are also stimulated + + + align:start position:0% +vessels in the skin are also stimulated +to dilate. These changes increase heat + + align:start position:0% +to dilate. These changes increase heat + + + align:start position:0% +to dilate. These changes increase heat +loss from the skin. + + align:start position:0% +loss from the skin. + + + align:start position:0% +loss from the skin. +When we are too cold, signals are sent + + align:start position:0% +When we are too cold, signals are sent + + + align:start position:0% +When we are too cold, signals are sent +to the tissues to increase metabolism + + align:start position:0% +to the tissues to increase metabolism + + + align:start position:0% +to the tissues to increase metabolism +and to the muscles to induce shivering. + + align:start position:0% +and to the muscles to induce shivering. + + + align:start position:0% +and to the muscles to induce shivering. +These mechanisms generate heat. Signals + + align:start position:0% +These mechanisms generate heat. Signals + + + align:start position:0% +These mechanisms generate heat. Signals +are also sent to constrict blood vessels + + align:start position:0% +are also sent to constrict blood vessels + + + align:start position:0% +are also sent to constrict blood vessels +and to raise skin hairs to minimize heat + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +loss. Both negative and positive + + align:start position:0% +loss. Both negative and positive + + + align:start position:0% +loss. Both negative and positive +feedback loops are equally important for + + align:start position:0% +feedback loops are equally important for + + + align:start position:0% +feedback loops are equally important for +the healthy functioning of one's body. + + align:start position:0% +the healthy functioning of one's body. + + + align:start position:0% +the healthy functioning of one's body. +Complications can arise from failure of + + align:start position:0% +Complications can arise from failure of + + + align:start position:0% +Complications can arise from failure of +these mechanisms. Let's look at blood + + align:start position:0% +these mechanisms. Let's look at blood + + + align:start position:0% +these mechanisms. Let's look at blood +glucose regulation and see what happens + + align:start position:0% +glucose regulation and see what happens + + + align:start position:0% +glucose regulation and see what happens +if the feedback mechanisms do not work + + align:start position:0% +if the feedback mechanisms do not work + + + align:start position:0% +if the feedback mechanisms do not work +as they + + align:start position:0% +as they + + + align:start position:0% +as they +should. Glucose is the primary source of + + align:start position:0% +should. Glucose is the primary source of + + + align:start position:0% +should. Glucose is the primary source of +energy for the body's cells. Thus, in a + + align:start position:0% +energy for the body's cells. Thus, in a + + + align:start position:0% +energy for the body's cells. Thus, in a +healthy individual, glucose levels are + + align:start position:0% +healthy individual, glucose levels are + + + align:start position:0% +healthy individual, glucose levels are +tightly regulated to maintain a fairly + + align:start position:0% +tightly regulated to maintain a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +tightly regulated to maintain a fairly +constant and optimal supply in the + + align:start position:0% +constant and optimal supply in the + + + align:start position:0% +constant and optimal supply in the +bloodstream. Too little or too much + + align:start position:0% +bloodstream. Too little or too much + + + align:start position:0% +bloodstream. Too little or too much +blood glucose could be damaging to the + + align:start position:0% +blood glucose could be damaging to the + + + align:start position:0% +blood glucose could be damaging to the +body. Circulating levels of glucose are + + align:start position:0% +body. Circulating levels of glucose are + + + align:start position:0% +body. Circulating levels of glucose are +monitored by specialized beta cells in + + align:start position:0% +monitored by specialized beta cells in + + + align:start position:0% +monitored by specialized beta cells in +the eyelets of Langangerhans in the + + align:start position:0% +the eyelets of Langangerhans in the + + + align:start position:0% +the eyelets of Langangerhans in the +pancreas. In response to high glucose + + align:start position:0% +pancreas. In response to high glucose + + + align:start position:0% +pancreas. In response to high glucose +levels, for example, after a large meal, + + align:start position:0% +levels, for example, after a large meal, + + + align:start position:0% +levels, for example, after a large meal, +these same beta cells release a hormone + + align:start position:0% +these same beta cells release a hormone + + + align:start position:0% +these same beta cells release a hormone +called insulin into the bloodstream. + + align:start position:0% +called insulin into the bloodstream. + + + align:start position:0% +called insulin into the bloodstream. +Insulin is transported to the rest of + + align:start position:0% +Insulin is transported to the rest of + + + align:start position:0% +Insulin is transported to the rest of +the body, whereupon it stimulates the + + align:start position:0% +the body, whereupon it stimulates the + + + align:start position:0% +the body, whereupon it stimulates the +cells to take up and absorb glucose. + + align:start position:0% +cells to take up and absorb glucose. + + + align:start position:0% +cells to take up and absorb glucose. +Insulin also promotes the storage of + + align:start position:0% +Insulin also promotes the storage of + + + align:start position:0% +Insulin also promotes the storage of +glucose in muscle and liver + + align:start position:0% +glucose in muscle and liver + + + align:start position:0% +glucose in muscle and liver +tissues. These actions act to remove + + align:start position:0% +tissues. These actions act to remove + + + align:start position:0% +tissues. These actions act to remove +glucose from the blood, thus lowering + + align:start position:0% +glucose from the blood, thus lowering + + + align:start position:0% +glucose from the blood, thus lowering +blood glucose levels to the normal set + + align:start position:0% +blood glucose levels to the normal set + + + align:start position:0% +blood glucose levels to the normal set +point. + + align:start position:0% +point. + + + align:start position:0% +point. +Blood glucose regulation is a classic + + align:start position:0% +Blood glucose regulation is a classic + + + align:start position:0% +Blood glucose regulation is a classic +example of negative feedback. Pause the + + align:start position:0% +example of negative feedback. Pause the + + + align:start position:0% +example of negative feedback. Pause the +video and identify the receptor control + + align:start position:0% +video and identify the receptor control + + + align:start position:0% +video and identify the receptor control +center andectors in this particular + + align:start position:0% +center andectors in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +center andectors in this particular +feedback + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system. The receptors are the beta cells + + align:start position:0% +system. The receptors are the beta cells + + + align:start position:0% +system. The receptors are the beta cells +in the pancreas. These same cells also + + align:start position:0% +in the pancreas. These same cells also + + + align:start position:0% +in the pancreas. These same cells also +act as the control center and send + + align:start position:0% +act as the control center and send + + + align:start position:0% +act as the control center and send +signals to the aectors in the form of + + align:start position:0% +signals to the aectors in the form of + + + align:start position:0% +signals to the aectors in the form of +insulin. The aectors are the cells of + + align:start position:0% +insulin. The aectors are the cells of + + + align:start position:0% +insulin. The aectors are the cells of +the body that increase their uptake and + + align:start position:0% +the body that increase their uptake and + + + align:start position:0% +the body that increase their uptake and +storage of glucose in response to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +insulin. Now let's see how failure of + + align:start position:0% +insulin. Now let's see how failure of + + + align:start position:0% +insulin. Now let's see how failure of +the body to regulate blood glucose + + align:start position:0% +the body to regulate blood glucose + + + align:start position:0% +the body to regulate blood glucose +levels results in a disease known as + + align:start position:0% +levels results in a disease known as + + + align:start position:0% +levels results in a disease known as +diabetes. There are two common forms of + + align:start position:0% +diabetes. There are two common forms of + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes. There are two common forms of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +disease. In type 1 diabetes, also known + + align:start position:0% +disease. In type 1 diabetes, also known + + + align:start position:0% +disease. In type 1 diabetes, also known +as early onset diabetes, the insulin + + align:start position:0% +as early onset diabetes, the insulin + + + align:start position:0% +as early onset diabetes, the insulin +producing beta cells of the pancreas are + + align:start position:0% +producing beta cells of the pancreas are + + + align:start position:0% +producing beta cells of the pancreas are +destroyed due to an autoimmune reaction. + + align:start position:0% +destroyed due to an autoimmune reaction. + + + align:start position:0% +destroyed due to an autoimmune reaction. +In this form of diabetes, the body is + + align:start position:0% +In this form of diabetes, the body is + + + align:start position:0% +In this form of diabetes, the body is +unable to produce + + align:start position:0% +unable to produce + + + align:start position:0% +unable to produce +insulin. The lack of insulin means that + + align:start position:0% +insulin. The lack of insulin means that + + + align:start position:0% +insulin. The lack of insulin means that +the cells of the body do not take up + + align:start position:0% +the cells of the body do not take up + + + align:start position:0% +the cells of the body do not take up +glucose in response to increasing + + align:start position:0% +glucose in response to increasing + + + align:start position:0% +glucose in response to increasing +glucose levels. Hence, glucose levels in + + align:start position:0% +glucose levels. Hence, glucose levels in + + + align:start position:0% +glucose levels. Hence, glucose levels in +the blood continue to + + align:start position:0% +the blood continue to + + + align:start position:0% +the blood continue to +rise. In type 2 diabetes or late onset + + align:start position:0% +rise. In type 2 diabetes or late onset + + + align:start position:0% +rise. In type 2 diabetes or late onset +diabetes, insulin is still produced, but + + align:start position:0% +diabetes, insulin is still produced, but + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes, insulin is still produced, but +the body's cells no longer respond to + + align:start position:0% +the body's cells no longer respond to + + + align:start position:0% +the body's cells no longer respond to +it. This is often due to years of + + align:start position:0% +it. This is often due to years of + + + align:start position:0% +it. This is often due to years of +insulin overproduction caused by a high + + align:start position:0% +insulin overproduction caused by a high + + + align:start position:0% +insulin overproduction caused by a high +sugar diet. + + align:start position:0% +sugar diet. + + + align:start position:0% +sugar diet. +The inability of cells to use insulin + + align:start position:0% +The inability of cells to use insulin + + + align:start position:0% +The inability of cells to use insulin +properly means that high glucose levels + + align:start position:0% +properly means that high glucose levels + + + align:start position:0% +properly means that high glucose levels +in the blood persist with + + align:start position:0% +in the blood persist with + + + align:start position:0% +in the blood persist with +time. Type 1 and type two diabetes have + + align:start position:0% +time. Type 1 and type two diabetes have + + + align:start position:0% +time. Type 1 and type two diabetes have +very similar symptoms, but they arise + + align:start position:0% +very similar symptoms, but they arise + + + align:start position:0% +very similar symptoms, but they arise +from different causes. Pause the video + + align:start position:0% +from different causes. Pause the video + + + align:start position:0% +from different causes. Pause the video +and identify parts of the feedback loop + + align:start position:0% +and identify parts of the feedback loop + + + align:start position:0% +and identify parts of the feedback loop +that break down in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +each. In type 1 diabetes, there is a + + align:start position:0% +each. In type 1 diabetes, there is a + + + align:start position:0% +each. In type 1 diabetes, there is a +lack of signaling between the control + + align:start position:0% +lack of signaling between the control + + + align:start position:0% +lack of signaling between the control +center and the aectors. In type two + + align:start position:0% +center and the aectors. In type two + + + align:start position:0% +center and the aectors. In type two +diabetes, the aectors fail to respond to + + align:start position:0% +diabetes, the aectors fail to respond to + + + align:start position:0% +diabetes, the aectors fail to respond to +the signals from the control + + align:start position:0% +the signals from the control + + + align:start position:0% +the signals from the control +center. The end result is the same in + + align:start position:0% +center. The end result is the same in + + + align:start position:0% +center. The end result is the same in +both forms of the disease. Glucose + + align:start position:0% +both forms of the disease. Glucose + + + align:start position:0% +both forms of the disease. Glucose +accumulates to toxic levels in the + + align:start position:0% +accumulates to toxic levels in the + + + align:start position:0% +accumulates to toxic levels in the +blood. If left unchecked, diabetes can + + align:start position:0% +blood. If left unchecked, diabetes can + + + align:start position:0% +blood. If left unchecked, diabetes can +lead to kidney failure, blindness, and + + align:start position:0% +lead to kidney failure, blindness, and + + + align:start position:0% +lead to kidney failure, blindness, and +heart + + align:start position:0% +heart + + + align:start position:0% +heart +disease. Feedback loop breakdown leads + + align:start position:0% +disease. Feedback loop breakdown leads + + + align:start position:0% +disease. Feedback loop breakdown leads +to the development of an unstable + + align:start position:0% +to the development of an unstable + + + align:start position:0% +to the development of an unstable +internal environment. This tips the + + align:start position:0% +internal environment. This tips the + + + align:start position:0% +internal environment. This tips the +scales towards imbalance, increasing the + + align:start position:0% +scales towards imbalance, increasing the + + + align:start position:0% +scales towards imbalance, increasing the +risk of illness and progressive damage + + align:start position:0% +risk of illness and progressive damage + + + align:start position:0% +risk of illness and progressive damage +to the body. Many other diseases and + + align:start position:0% +to the body. Many other diseases and + + + align:start position:0% +to the body. Many other diseases and +pathological conditions follow a similar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +progression. In this video, you learned + + align:start position:0% +progression. In this video, you learned + + + align:start position:0% +progression. In this video, you learned +about negative and positive feedback + + align:start position:0% +about negative and positive feedback + + + align:start position:0% +about negative and positive feedback +loops, their general components, and how + + align:start position:0% +loops, their general components, and how + + + align:start position:0% +loops, their general components, and how +they regulate the flow of information. + + align:start position:0% +they regulate the flow of information. + + + align:start position:0% +they regulate the flow of information. +We identified feedback loops in the body + + align:start position:0% +We identified feedback loops in the body + + + align:start position:0% +We identified feedback loops in the body +and examined their role in childbirth, + + align:start position:0% +and examined their role in childbirth, + + + align:start position:0% +and examined their role in childbirth, +thermmorreulation, and blood glucose + + align:start position:0% +thermmorreulation, and blood glucose + + + align:start position:0% +thermmorreulation, and blood glucose +regulation. Our body relies on a finely + + align:start position:0% +regulation. Our body relies on a finely + + + align:start position:0% +regulation. Our body relies on a finely +tuned system of checks and balances to + + align:start position:0% +tuned system of checks and balances to + + + align:start position:0% +tuned system of checks and balances to +function smoothly. Feedback loops like + + align:start position:0% +function smoothly. Feedback loops like + + + align:start position:0% +function smoothly. Feedback loops like +the ones described in this video provide + + align:start position:0% +the ones described in this video provide + + + align:start position:0% +the ones described in this video provide +this balance. Failure of these + + align:start position:0% +this balance. Failure of these + + + align:start position:0% +this balance. Failure of these +mechanisms, as in the case of diabetes, + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms, as in the case of diabetes, + + + align:start position:0% +mechanisms, as in the case of diabetes, +can be detrimental. We hope that you + + align:start position:0% +can be detrimental. We hope that you + + + align:start position:0% +can be detrimental. We hope that you +will apply your knowledge of feedback + + align:start position:0% +will apply your knowledge of feedback + + + align:start position:0% +will apply your knowledge of feedback +loops and the consequences of their + + align:start position:0% +loops and the consequences of their + + + align:start position:0% +loops and the consequences of their +failure in the study of other biological + + align:start position:0% +failure in the study of other biological + + + align:start position:0% +failure in the study of other biological +processes and diseases. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pmolioUklXI.txt b/pmolioUklXI.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..64f3020ef4796ffdea24b175aacc5d809a8008db --- /dev/null +++ b/pmolioUklXI.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2427 @@ +The following content is +provided under a Creative + +Commons license. + +Your support will help MIT +OpenCourseWare continue to + +offer high quality educational +resources for free. + +To make a donation or view +additional materials from + +hundreds of MIT courses, visit +mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu. + +PROFESSOR: So to review, what +we've been doing in the last + +two lectures, we talked about +equity versus efficiency, and + +the equity efficiency +trade off. + +We then talked about +redistribution and the leaky + +bucket, and basically how both +taxation and distortions and + +welfare programs lead to +leaks in the bucket. + +And we talked about +we do in the US to + +try to transfer income. + +The last lecture, we focused on +the fact that most of the + +US government transfers are not +about just the rich to the + +poor, they're about fixing +problems with our insurance + +markets in the form of +social insurance. + +And we ended last time by +talking about the nation's + +largest social insurance +program, social security. + +What I want to talk about today +is a particularly timely + +topic, which is the biggest +single issue in social + +insurance, indeed the biggest +single fiscal issue facing the + +US government over +your lifetimes, + +which is health care. + +Health care in the US today +consumes about 17% of our + +nation's income, so that +one in every $6 + +goes to health care. + +By 2075, so when you guys are +elders, when I'm no longer + +with you and you guys are +elders, health care will + +consume about 40% of our +nation's product, so $4 in + +every $10 will go +to health care. + +By 100 years later, when your +grandkids are elders, health + +will consume 100% of our +nation's product. + +That is literally if nothing's +done, every single dollar we + +earn will go to health care. + +Now, obviously that is +not sustainable. + +That's not a legitimate +outcome to envision. + +So something must be done, and +that has led to an enormous + +discussion about this area. + +Another way to think about this +is, if you think about + +the US, we haven't talked about +budgetary issues in this + +course, think about US +government having a budget, + +money it collects through taxes +and money it spends + +through revenues. + +We all know the US government +has a big budget deficit right + +now, about $1.3 trillion. + +Another way to think about that +is if you look at the US + +government and all the promises +it's made to pay for + +health care alone, forget +everything else, just for + +health care, we've promised to +pay, above and beyond any + +taxes we're planning to collect, +$100 trillion in + +health care promises to the +Medicare and Medicaid program, + +above and beyond any taxes +we'll collect. + +So if we do nothing, we're +facing a $100 trillion long + +term deficit in health care. + +Now, a year ago, that would +have sounded more stunning + +because a year ago, we didn't +use to talk in trillions. + +We only talked in billions. + +Now, we're all talking +trillions, so it doesn't sound + +that impressive, but believe +me that's a big number. + +So basically, we've got enormous +problem facing our + +country with health care, both +in terms of the country's + +devotion of resources, and in +terms of the government's + +devotion of its budget. + +Now, you might say, well, the +government should just get out + +of this activity, but that goes +back to the last lecture, + +which is why is government +in this activity? + +Because there's a market failure +for health insurance. + +We talked last time about +adverse selection, and the + +problem that, if the government +doesn't get + +involved, health insurance +markets might fail, and in + +practice we've seen that +in the United States. + +We've see a failure of health +insurance markets. + +Now, most people get +their health + +insurance through big companies. + +So I get mine through MIT. + +You get yours through MIT or +through your parents and the + +big companies where they work. + +And in those markets, health +insurance works well. + +And health insurance works +well through a simple + +statistical fact many of us +learned about in high school, + +which is the Law of +Large Numbers. + +The Law of Large Numbers simply +says that for most + +distributions we know, certainly +normal distribution, + +as the sample gets large +enough, the mean is + +predictable, and basically, +that's the principle under + +which insurers operate. + +So I talked about you, last +time, starting your MIT + +insurance company, where +you would go + +and insure MIT graduates. + +Well, as long as you have a +large sample of MIT graduates, + +and you knew they were all going +to buy health insurance, + +then you could clearly predict +what you'd have to spend, + +through the Law of Large +Numbers, and you could have a + +functioning insurance market +where you charge that plus a + +little money to make, to +pay for your profits. + +And that's how large +business works. + +So MIT has insurers, the MIT +insurers know MIT has about + +10,000 employees altogether, +12,000 maybe. + +The insurers say, look, that's +a large enough sample that we + +can basically predict what MIT +is going to cost, and we can + +basically figure out what to +charge them for premiums. MIT + +says, well gee, we wish it was +less, but that's fair. + +We understand what health care +costs, and we're done. + +That's not true if you don't +work for a large firm, + +particularly for +an individual. + +So let's say you've got your MIT +health insurance company. + +You've graduated, you're +successful, you set up a + +program insuring all +MIT graduates. + +Let's say, MIT forces everyone +to buy health insurance, so + +you've got a nice, predictable +distribution of risks, and + +you're making your money. + +And then I walk in the door, and +I don't have to buy health + +insurance from you. + +I'm just a regular guy +off the street. + +I say, hey, I hear you've +got this great + +health insurance product. + +I want in. + +And you look at me say, wait a +second, why do you want in? + +You probably only want in +because you're sick, and you + +know that you're going to need +health care, and that's why + +you want to buy from me. + +So no I'm not going +to sell to you. + +And that's the problem +individuals face who want to + +buy health insurance on their +own, is the problem of + +asymmetric information goes away +when you've got a large + +pool of people who are all +buying health insurance. + +For any one individual trying to +walk in off the street, the + +problem of asymmetric +information means that + +insurers will be unwilling to +sell to them, and if insurers + +are unwilling to sell to +them, those individuals + +might end up uninsured. + +Currently in the US, we have +about 50 million uninsured + +people, so that about 18% +of our non-elderly + +population is uninsured. + +Remember, the elderly, as I +discussed last time, get + +universal health coverage +through the Medicare program. + +But about 18% of our non-elderly +population, around + +50 million people, are +uninsured, and one of the + +reasons they're uninsured is +because of this insurance + +market failure. + +And to see that insurance market +failure, you can just + +look at what happens when +people try to get health + +insurance outside of large +employers, through what we + +call the non-group +insurance market. + +In the non-group insurance +market, when people try to get + +health insurance, it's typically +incredibly expensive + +because insurers are worried +you're sick, so they charge + +you a high price. + +I talked about that last time. + +That the lemons problem. + +Insurers also, in trying +to deal with asymmetric + +information, the way they +deal with it is by being + +discriminatory. + +So if you're an insurer who's +allowed to, what you can do is + +to say, fine, I'm going to +insure you, but I'm not going + +to insure you for any sickness +you previously had because I + +know that's something that +might flare up again. + +That's called a pre-existing +condition. + +I'm not going to insure +you for any + +pre-existing condition. + +Moreover, I'm going to +go even further. + +If you get sick, I'm +going to drop you. + +You might say, wait a second, +the whole idea of insurance is + +you cover me if I get sick, but +in fact, in most states' + +insurers, it's totally +legal to do. + +Insurers can simply say we're +not renewing you. + +You got sick. + +Well, that clearly +is a problem. + +That clearly means that adverse +selection's led to + +market failure because of +what we discussed in the + +uncertainty lectures. + +You should go back and review +that, in the uncertainty + +lecture, we talked about why +individuals would value + +insurance, why they pay a risk +premium for insurance, well, + +if insurers simply won't sell +to them once they get sick, + +the individuals aren't getting +something they value, and the + +market's failed. + +So we've got a situation in +the US where we've got + +insurance that works for many, +many people, those that work + +for large firms. But insurance +markets that are failed for + +individuals, and small firms +are sort of in between, and + +that leads to 50 million +uninsured people. + +So we got this problem. + +We got all these uninsured +people on the one hand. + +On the other hand, we have +incredibly rapidly rising + +health care costs. + +We, by far, devote the +largest share of our + +economy to health care. + +We're about twice the average +of industrialized countries, + +and our costs are rising +incredibly rapidly, although + +that's true around the +world, as well. + +So that's the sort of situation +we face ourselves + +in, and that's thte motivation +that underlies the discussion + +you're hearing now about +health care reform. + +And in particular, you're +hearing a lot of discussion + +now about the Patient Protection +and Affordable Care + +Act, which passed +last March 23. + +This was the single most +important piece of government + +legislation, perhaps, +since World War II. + +Certainly, the most significant +piece of domestic + +social policy legislation +since Medicare was + +introduced in 1965. + +What does this bill do? + +Full disclaimer, I'm going to +describe objectively, but I + +helped write it. + +I'll try to be objective, but +just full disclaimer, I was + +involved with writing +the legislation. + +So there is some bias +involved here. + +But what does this piece of +legislation try to do? + +What it tries to do is deal +with the second of the + +problems I discussed, which is +the insurance market failure, + +and it makes a vague stab at the +first, which is the fact + +that health costs are getting +very, very expensive. + +Since more economics is involved +in that second, in + +the insurance market failure, +let's talk about that. + +So how do you solve insurance +market failure? + +You've got this problem that +there are 50 million people + +without health insurance, often +because this asymmetric + +information problem. + +50 million people without +health insurance. + +Many more are in this market +that sort of can drop you when + +you get sick. + +We discussed the reasons last +time, so what are the two + +options we discussed last time +for what the government might + +do if they want to solve +this problem? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: Subsidizing the +insurance companies-- + +PROFESSOR: Subsidizing +the people and + +the insurance companies. + +So one thing I could do is I +could say, look, let's just + +make insurance free +for everyone. + +That way everyone will sign +up, and then insurance + +companies can offer +fair prices. + +And that's a solution that's +pursued by Canada. + +Canada has free universal +health care coverage. + +Everyone in the country is +covered by birth for their + +health insurance expenditures +under one, single government + +insurance company. + +But it wouldn't have to be +one, single government + +insurance company. + +That part's distinct. + +We could separate who provides +insurance versus + +who pays for it. + +OK, so let's just focus on +the who pays for it part. + +If we make health insurance +free, sign up everyone from + +birth, then we've solved the +adverse selection problem, but + +that costs a lot of money. + +To sign up everyone from birth +and cover them with insurance + +at the full government cost, +would cost on the order of $2 + +trillion a year. + +That's a lot of money. + +That's pretty hard to imagine +the US government raising + +taxes enough to cover that +kind of new program. + +So the second solution we talked +about was a mandate, + +was to say, OK fine, +we can't make + +insurance free for everyone. + +What we can do is we make sure +everyone buys, so that we + +fixed this adverse selection +problem. + +So that insurers can know they +are getting everyone, so they + +can price insurance fairly. + +And basically, that's +what PPACA does. + +It does three things. + +The first thing is it says to +insurance companies, we're + +going to give you an +individual mandate. + +So starting 2014, every person +in the US will have to buy + +health insurance. + +Now, it's not quite +every person. + +There's exemptions. + +For example, it doesn't apply +to illegal immigrants, it + +doesn't apply to people for +whom health insurance is + +particularly expensive, +et cetera. + +But the estimate is this mandate +would cause about 60% + +of the uninsured get coverage. + +So about 47% of the uninsured +will slip through the cracks, + +but about 60% will +get coverage. + +The second thing it does, it +says, OK, insurance companies, + +since we're giving you the +mandate, we're going to say + +you can no longer discriminate +in health insurance. + +OK, no more discrimination in +health insurance, so what + +that's saying is, now, you can +no longer, for example, drop + +people when they get sick. + +You can no longer exclude people +for their pre-existing + +conditions. + +You have to basically offer +insurance the way we described + +it when we talked about +insurance in + +the uncertainty lecture. + +Once you get sick, you're +covered, and anyone can get + +it, and it's priced fairly. + +So basically, the trade-off +is we're saying, insurance + +companies, we'll give you a +broad distribution of risks. + +On the other hand, you +can't discriminate + +anymore in health insurance. + +Let's give everyone the same +kind of health insurance that + +MIT gives people, that large +companies give people. + +But then finally, the final +thing the bill does is, to + +make that work, we have to +recognize that you can't + +mandate people to buy health +insurance if they + +can't afford it. + +Health insurance is +pretty expensive. + +My MIT health insurance policy +for my family cost about + +$14,000 a year. + +MIT pays about 10, +I pay about four. + +Remember we talked +about poverty. + +The poverty line now for a +family is about $22,000. + +You can't take a family earning +$22,000 and say I'm + +going to mandate you to spend +$14,000 on health insurance. + +That's just impossible. + +They couldn't live. + +So the third thing the bill does +is it introduces a whole + +bunch of subsidies, so in some +sense, it uses both the + +solutions we talked +about last time. + +Both making insurance cheap for +people, so they can afford + +it, but instead of spending $2 +trillion a year, it spends + +like $120 billion +a year on this. + +So it just subsidizes the very +poorest people, and mandates + +the other people to buy. + +So it's sort of a +mixed solution. + +We talked about two solutions +you could do to solve the + +asymmetric information +problem. + +You could subsidize insurance +and make it cheap, or you + +could mandate people to buy. + +This bill does both. + +It subsidizes it for the very +lowest income people and + +mandates it for people +who can afford it. + +So that's essentially what the +bill does to try to solve this + +problem, and we don't know +whether that will work. + +We have our best estimates, +but this is a radical new + +intervention. + +The best estimates suggest it'll +cover about 60% of the + +uninsured, but this is a pretty +brand new intervention, + +so we'll have to see, actually, +how that shakes out. + +But that's the basic structure +of what the bill's trying to + +do to try to solve this + +asymmetric information problem. + +Are there questions about that, +how it relates to what + +we learned in the last +couple lectures? + +So that's one problem that we're +trying to address with + +this legislation, is solving +that asymmetric information + +problem using both the mandate +and subsidy tools. + +And as I said, if you want to +learn more, I talk a lot more + +about stuff like this +in my course 14.41. + +This is sort of an example of +how government can use its + +tools to address the kind of +fundamental information + +failures that we talked +about last time. + +But we don't get into, in this +course, politics, but of + +course, we can't talk about a +government intervention this + +massive without talking about +politics for a minute, and + +recognize that this is going +to involve some sacrifice. + +I made it sound pretty easy. + +Well, we've got this asymmetric +information + +problem, we put in the +solution, we're done. + +But there's two problems +with the solution. + +The first problem +is you've got to + +pay for these subsidies. + +And this comes back to our +discussion of equity + +efficiency, the bill features +an enormous tax increase on + +the wealthiest Americans. + +The bill raises about $450 +billion over the next decade + +from the richest, about 5% +of American families. + +So going back to our equity +efficiency discussion, is that + +a good thing or bad thing? + +That depends on our social +welfare function. + +If our social welfare function +is very progressive, Rawlsian + +or some forms of utilitarian, +that's probably OK. + +If it's not, if it's a Nozickian +world, where we just + +think that people should just +be left alone and not taking + +money away from the rich just +because they're rich, then + +that's not OK. + +So that ties into our other +discussion of equity + +efficiency. + +So we have to pay for this, but +obviously, politically, + +that raises problems. That's +going to upset a large set of + +people who are going to have +to pay those taxes. + +The other issue of course this +is with the mandate, we talked + +about, well gee, you can't do it +by subsidies alone, that's + +too expense. + +You have to mandate. + +Well, the mandate isn't +free either. + +The mandate basically amounts +to a tax on people who don't + +want to buy health insurance. + +What's the mandate? + +A mandate is saying you didn't +want to buy health insurance, + +and now you have to. + +That's going to upset a lot +of people, as well. + +A lot of people out there +don't want to buy health + +insurance, and you're telling +them they have to. + +You don't make a change this +big without causing some + +problems, and these are the +problems that arise. + +This isn't a painless solution, +and so that's, once + +again, why they call this +the dismal science. + +We're all about the trade-offs, +and the trade-offs + +here are, you fix the market +failure that we learned about + +last lecture, but at, well, +the potential cost of the + +inefficiency of taxing people. + +Whether that's a good thing or +not depends on our social + +welfare function. + +And also the inequity, +potentially, of forcing people + +to buy health insurance +who didn't want it. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: How do they suggest +that you enforce the mandate? + +PROFESSOR: The mandate +is enforced + +through a tax penalty. + +We actually have +Massachusetts. + +We put in this system in +Massachusetts a few years ago. + +We pioneered it, basically. + +And the way it works in +Massachusetts is, every year, + +I get something called the +1099-HC from my insurance + +company, which says +here's proof that + +you have health insurance. + +I attach that to my tax +form, and I'm done. + +If you don't attach a 1099-HC, +you have to pay a tax penalty. + +In Massachusetts, it's about +$1,000 a year if you don't + +have health insurance. + +The federal tax penalty will +be about $700 a year. + +So it's going to be enforced +through a penalty if you don't + +show, on your taxes, that you +have health insurance. + +Other questions about this? + +Now, of course, I haven't +talked about the bigger + +problem, which is what about the +fact that we have enormous + +cost control problem. + +Now, last time I talked about +two kinds of asymmetric + +information, two +problems in the + +social insurance trade-off. + +On the one hand, there's adverse +selection, that fact + +that insurance markets might +not fail, but I also talked + +about moral hazard. + +I also talk about moral hazard, +and the fact that, if + +you insure individuals +for adverse events, + +they will act adversely. + +Now, there's several kinds of +moral hazard, and health care + +is rife with them. + +One kind of moral hazard is a +type we talked about, which is + +the classic moral hazard, which +is sort of individual + +precaution. + +So the story here is, if I have +fire insurance for my + +house, I don't bother buying +a fire extinguisher. + +Or if I have health insurance, +I don't bother wearing a + +helmet when I bicycle. + +So these are basically +individuals not taking caution + +because they're insured for +this adverse event. + +We don't think that's +that big a deal. + +I mean, we don't think that your +decision about whether to + +wear a helmet or not is much +affected by whether you have + +health insurance. + +It's probably not +that big a deal. + +The bigger type of moral +hazard is resource + +over-utilization, which is +that, basically, because + +people are insured, they will +overuse medical care. + +So basically, here's the way +we think about that. + +It's a standard dead weight +loss kind of argument. + +So think about the market +for medical care. + +Think about the market +for doctors visits. + +There's some quantity of +doctor's visits and some price + +of doctor's visits. + +And let's say that there's +a flat marginal + +cost of doctor's visit. + +Let's say delivering a doctor's +visit costs $100. + +So delivering a doctor's +visit costs $100. + +And let's say there's some +demand for doctor's visits. + +And importantly, I'm going to +make this downward sloping. + +Now, this is important. + +You might say, gee, wait a +second, shouldn't the demand + +for doctor's visits +be inelastic? + +Shouldn't people just go to the +doctor when they're sick, + +and not when they're not? + +And why would the +price matter? + +In fact, it's uncertain, from +theory, whether this should be + +inelastic or elastic. + +It's uncertain how elastic +demand should be, if people + +only go to the doctor +when they're sick. + +I hope you understand, the thing +about elasticity, it's a + +good thing to understand for +basic principles, if people + +only go to the doctor when +they're sick, that curve + +should be vertical because it +shouldn't depend on price. + +But if people care about the +price, and they decide to go + +to the doctor, then it could +be downwards sloping. + +In fact, there's excellent +evidence from a actual + +experiment that was +run in the US. + +In the 1970s, there was +something called the Rand + +Health Insurance Experiment. + +Rand is a company out +in California, + +a consulting company. + +They ran a health insurance +experiment where they + +literally, experimentally, gave +people health insurance + +of different generosity. + +You've got to plan the coverage, +everything, you've + +got to plan with a +big deductible. + +So they gave people plans of +different generosity and asked + +how much different medical +care did they us. + +Remember when we talked about, +when doing empirical work, + +what you'd like to do is think +about a randomized trial. + +They essentially ran a +randomized trial, where + +different people had different +prices, and they found demand + +was downward sloping. + +People who were charged +more for health care + +used less of it. + +So there is a downward-sloping +demand. + +And so what that says is, if +this is the marginal cost, and + +this is the marginal benefit of +getting health care, then + +the optimal amount of doctors +is just Q*, that basically, + +the socially efficient level +of doctors is Q*. + +However, when they're insured, +people don't face this $100. + +When you go to doctor, you +just pay $10, typically. + +Well now, this is the social +marginal cost, but your + +private marginal cost, what +it costs you, is only $10. + +So what do you do? + +You use a level of health care, +Q super p, for private. + +You use too much health care. + +You overuse the doctor's +office. + +Now when you think of this +intuitively, forgetting the + +graph, you just say intuitively, +if a doctor's + +visit is going to cost $10 +instead of the $100 it should, + +you use too many of them. + +But graphically, the point is +that the underlying cost of + +the doctor's visit is $100, but +because you're insured, + +and the marginal cost to you is +only $10, you overuse the + +doctor's office. + +You use too many doctor's +visits. + +This leads to a dead +weight loss. + +This leads to a dead weight loss +from people over using + +the doctor's office. + +OK And that the second kind +of moral hazard, which is + +resource over-utilization. + +Questions about that? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: How do you +define too much? + +If everybody else-- + +you said Qp is just right, and +Q* is like people go to the + +doctor too few times? + +PROFESSOR: That that's +a great question. + +If everything is working +perfectly, then Q* is, by + +definition, right. + +We talked about, earlier in +this course, about how the + +private market competitive +outcome is welfare maximizing. + +The private market competitive +outcome is where marginal cost + +equals marginal benefit, +supply equals demand. + +That's the optimal outcome +if there's no + +other market failures. + +So in this course up to a few +lectures ago, you shouldn't + +have even asked that question, +we know Q* is optimal because + +we know the private market +outcome's optimal. + +Now, you might say, OK well, +there's lots of reasons to + +think Q* might not be optimal. + +For example, many people aren't +fully informed about + +the right level of medical +care to use. + +Then you're right, then it might +be that Qp is optimal, + +but the point is, absent +other market failures-- + +We know Q* is the socially +maximizing point where + +marginal cost equals +marginal benefits. + +We developed that earlier. + +So if people use more than +that, that's inefficient. + +So you might say, well +gee, how do we know? + +Well, actually it turns +out we can tell. + +Let's go back the Rand Health +Insurance experiment. + +Same person, see if you +can figure it out. + +How could we use that same +experiment to tell whether it + +was optimal that people used +fewer or more doctor's visits? + +What could you do? + +Or anyone? + +What could you do using that +same experiment to see whether + +Q* was optimal or +Qp was optimal? + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: Take a look at +who gets sick less. + +PROFESSOR: Look at +their health. + +You've got a randomized +experiment. + +Some people are at Q*. + +Some people randomly +are moving to Qp. + +Look at their health. + +Well, it turns out, health is +totally unaffected, that the + +health of people at Q* was +the same as the health + +as people at Qp. + +People who had big deductibles +and used health care a lot + +less were no sicker than +people who used + +health care a lot. + +The answer is because +in America, we + +overuse health care. + +We do know Qp is too much. + +In America, we overuse health +care because it's so cheap, + +and so the way we can prove +that, this experiment showed + +it, that we caused people +to say stop overusing. + +I'll make you actually +bear the full price. + +Do the Q*, people were no +sicker, and they used less + +health care. + +And that was a striking +finding out of this + +experiment, that in fact, we +were overusing health care. + +There was a real problem +of Qp being too big. + +That's not the only form +of moral hazard. + +There's another one we even +talked about, which is + +provider moral hazard. + +We've blamed everything so far +on people, but doctors are + +people, too. + +And in fact, much of what's done +to you was determined, + +not by your decision, but by +your doctor's decision. + +So now we have to think +about the doctors and + +how they make decisions. + +We can teach a whole course on +that, but basically, if we + +think about doctors, we're going +to recognize that what + +doctors primarily care +about is making + +their patients better. + +But at the same time, doctors +are people, too, and they also + +care about how much +money they make. + +Let's say for example, doctors +didn't care about how much + +money they make. + +All they care about is making +their patients better. + +And let's say, I come into my +doctor's office, and I've got + +a headache. + +I say, Doc, I've had a headache +for like four days + +that's not going away. + +Well, the doctor says, +well, there's a point + +0.0000000000001 chance you've +got a brain tumor. + +I can find that with +a CAT scan. + +Now, it's really so small, it's +not worth it, but the + +same time, why not? + +It doesn't cost you anything. + +It just costs you Qp, +which is $10. + +Just costs you $10, so you don't +care about getting it, + +and I'll just order it. + +It's fine, why not? + +So because I'm over insured, +that doesn't just cause me to + +demand more medical care, it +causes my doctor to give me + +more medical care. + +Now, add on top of that the fact +the doctor makes money + +off the MRI. + +The doctor makes money +off the CAT scan. + +Now, he might say, gee, if it +doesn't do you any good at + +all, I still might +give it to you. + +If you're interested at all in +health care, the first thing + +you have to read is a terrific +article in the June 9, 2009, + +New Yorker by a guy name Atul +Gawande, who's a practicing + +physician and excellent author, +who wrote about a + +place called McAllen, Texas. + +McAllen, Texas, is the place in +America that where people + +spend the single largest amount +per person on health + +care in the Medicare program. + +He compared McAllen, Texas, to a +nearby town, El Paso, Texas. + +Very similar demographically, +very similar towns, but in + +McAllen, they spend twice +as much on health care. + +Why? + +Because they get six times as +many CAT scans, they have + +three times as many surgeries. + +Basically, doctors go nuts +treating people in McAllen, + +Texas, and the doctors are +really, really rich. + +They're not hurting people. + +There's no evidence +that the over + +treatment is hurting people. + +There's just no evidence +that it's helping them. + +So doctors are like why not? + +Doesn't cost the people +anything, and I + +make money off it. + +So that's another kind +of moral hazard. + +By providing insurance for +medical care, we've induced + +this over provision of medical +care, both because people want + +it because it's cheap, and +because doctors want it + +because they get paid for it. + +And that's a lot of the problem +in our health care + +system in the US. + +And once again, going back to +the question back there, if + +you look at McAllen, Texas, +where they spend twice as much + +on health care as El Paso, +people are no healthier. + +They're no healthier despite +the fact the + +spend twice as much. + +And indeed, based on facts +such as this, the best + +estimates are that the US wastes +about 1/3 of all of our + +medical spending, that +we could literally + +spent 2/3 as much. + +Or literally, at this point, we +could say we spend almost + +$1 trillion less per +year on health care + +and be no less healthy. + +And that is the thing we have +to grapple with now. + +It's the fact that if we can +deal with that problem, we + +could solve this long-running +cost growth problem, and our + +long-running fiscal problem, if +we just stop doing health + +care that didn't make +us any healthier. + +The problem is that's a lot +easier said than done. + +It's easier said than done +for two reasons. + +First reason is because people +make money off that health + +care we don't need, so the +first thing's political. + +The only way we're going to do +that is to tell some people + +they can't make money +they've been making. + +That's a hard thing +to do politically. + +The second problem is +scientific, which is we don't + +exactly know which is the 1/3rd +of health care that's + +being wasted and which is +the 1/3rd that's not. + +So let's put it another way. + +Since 1950, the share of our +economy we spend on health + +care has more than tripled. + +But you know what? + +Health care is a ton +better than 1950. + +Health care sucked in 1950. + +In 1950, the typical baby born +had more than twice as high a + +chance of dying in the first +year of life as today. + +Someone had a heart attack, +lived 1/3rd as long after a + +heart attack as they do today. + +Or to put in terms young healthy +people might care + +about, in 1950, if you hurt your +knee skiing, if you tore + +your ACL skiing, you went into +the hospital for a week, had + +major surgery, were on crutches +for six weeks, + +couldn't really do sports or +anything effective for about + +six months, and arthritis for +the rest of your life. + +Today, if you hurt your knee +skiing, you go to outpatient + +surgery for an hour and a half, +you get it scoped, a + +little camera, they fix it, and +then you're back skiing + +two weeks later. + +No permanent long run damage. + +Health care is just +better today. + +It just is. + +That's why we don't see any +health insurance plan saying + +we offer 1950s health care at +1950s prices because no one + +would want it. + +Even though it would be 1/10th +as cheap, no one would want + +because it would suck. + +So basically the problem is +health care's better over all, + +but at the same time, we're +wasting a lot of money, and + +that's why health care cost +control is really hard. + +That's because moral hazard +is hard to deal with. + +Moral hazard is hard to deal +with because it's hard to find + +because it's an information +asymmetry. + +If every procedure had attached +to it a magic + +identifier, which said this is +a waste and this is not, we'd + +have no moral hazard. + +Imagine every procedure +hospitals did had a magic + +identifier, which said this is +worth it, this is not, then + +you could set up the optimal +insurance company. + +You could simply say, for those +that are worth it, we'll + +insure you. + +For those that aren't worth it, +we won't, and you'd solve + +moral hazard. + +Then we could be fine. + +We could insure people, we'd +solve both information + +problems. + +But of course, we +don't know that. + +And so as we solve the first +information problem, which is + +adverse selection, by getting +more people health insurance, + +we're making the second problem +worse, moral hazard, + +by putting more people into a +system which wastes a lot of + +money because of these problems. +And that's the + +difficult part about +health care. + +So what do we do about that? + +Well, I told you what we do to +solve the first problem. + +What to do to solve the second +problem is a lot harder, and + +we don't really know. + +But we have some ideas about +what might work. + +The first thing we know might +work is a lot more work on + +what's call comparative +effectiveness, which is a + +fancy way of saying +understanding what works and + +what doesn't, and in particular, +what works better + +than what else. + +Many of you know about the +FDA, the Food and Drug + +Administration. + +They approve medical devices, so +if you want to introduce a + +new drug or a new medical +device, it has to be approved + +by the FDA. + +The way their approval runs is +they say, is it effective in + +curing what it's supposed to +cure, and if it is they + +approve it. + +They never say is it any more +effective than something that + +already exists, or even more is +it actually cost effective. + +So for example, in the treatment +of prostate cancer + +over the last decade, we've +moved to more and more + +expensive radioactive +laser-based treatments for + +prostate cancer. + +We used to treat prostate cancer +about a 10th the cost + +of treating it now with no +evidence that we're actually + +doing men any good through +these treatments. + +But they don't do harm, they +work, they do what they're + +supposed to do, so the FDA +keeps approving them. + +So comparative effectiveness +will be to actually say we're + +only going to pay for what works +better than something + +that exists already +more effectively. + +That's one direction +we can go in. + +The other direction we can go in +is we can start working to + +change the financial incentives +for both patients + +and providers. + +For patients, we can make them +pay more of the cost of health + +care, so that they move back +up this curve a little bit. + +Still insuring them, but +making them pay more. + +So for example, we could move +to systems where poor people + +are fully insured because +they can't afford it. + +But someone who's higher income, +they should have a + +high deductible, they should +bear the cost some of their + +health care because they can +afford it, and that will make + +them make their health care +decisions more wisely. + +We can work on the individual +moral hazard by making people + +pay more for their +health care. + +We can work on the provider +moral hazard by removing the + +financial incentives to +providers to provide excessive + +care, and the way we do this +is by something called + +prospective reimbursement. + +Prospective reimbursement is +basically saying to providers, + +look, the way things work now +is you do a CAT scan on the + +guy we pay you for the +CAT scan on the guy. + +You do a surgery on the +guy, we pay for your + +surgery on the guy. + +How about a different +way to approach it? + +How about we say this +guy is your patient? + +A guy like him, a 25 year old +healthy guy costs, on average, + +$1,500 a year. + +We will give you, at the end the +year, a check for $1,500. + +You do what you want. + +You do nothing, you +keep the $1,500. + +You go crazy and you make 1,000 +CAT scans and it costs + +$100,000, you eat +the difference. + +You doctors bear the risk. + +Pros, instead of we, the public +and the insurance + +companies and the individuals, +bearing the costs when you + +give me an extra CAT scan, you, +the doctor, bear the cost + +when you get the +extra CAT scan. + +We've turned the financial +incentives on their head. + +Now, instead of making money by +giving CAT scans, you lose + +money by giving CAT scans. + +Yeah. + +AUDIENCE: But might that have +some negative side effects on + +the health care of patients? + +Doctors are going to want to +check how much they are going + +to make [INAUDIBLE] + +PROFESSOR: Great question, +like the question before. + +How do we know that doesn't +go too far? + +Right now, you could think about +it, we're in a place for + +both patients and doctors +where there is + +clearly over treatment. + +There, of course, exists under +treatment as a problem, and we + +know that both making patients +pay more and putting risk on + +providers, through making them +bear the cost of CAT scans out + +of their pocket, will move +us in this direction. + +The question is, does it move +us past the happy medium, or + +does it just move us towards +the happy medium? + +In the back was asked a +question about patient + +payments, and here we know the +answer, which is making + +patients pay more reduces +utilization but still leaves + +us on the right side of a +laughter curve if we come to + +our tax analysis. + +It still leaves us in the place +where we're still, on + +average, still probably doing +too much care, but + +less too much care. + +What about providers? + +Well, we have evidence on that, +which is we've put in + +prospective payment systems +in a number of different + +contexts, and typically we also +find it does not hurt + +health, that providers still +provide, if anything, too much + +care and not too little. + +Now, we've never put +in a pure system of + +the kind I've described. + +We've always put in sort of +mixed systems, where you get a + +$1,500 check, but if you do a +lot of stuff, we'll also pay + +you extra, a little bit. + +So we've never put in a pure +prospective system. + +So for example, we put in a +system like this for Medicare, + +the way Medicare +pays hospitals. + +Medicare use to pay hospitals, +that when you went to the + +hospital, and the hospital +billed Medicare, + +they just paid it. + +Medicare then put in something +which said, look, if someone + +goes in the hospital with this +given diagnosis, we'll pay you + +this fixed amount, so it's +more prospective. + +What they found was an amazing +reduction in how intensely + +elders were being treated. + +The average length of stay for +an elderly person in the + +hospital fell 20% in one year. + +There's an enormous reduction +in how long elders were kept + +in hospital and how intensely +they were treated, yet elders + +were no worse off. + +So we moved in this direction, +but we clearly haven't moved + +passed the middle. + +Questions about that? + +So basically, what the bill +does is it tries to set up + +incentives, on both patients and +providers, to behave more + +economically, but the answer +is it's still very small. + +We're still years away from +really putting those + +incentives in place in a major +way, and that's sort of the + +next round of health care reform +that has to go on. + +And that's all. + +I don't want to go +on too long. + +I just wanted to give you an +overview of one example of how + +we take a public policy tool and +deal with these problems + +that we've raised earlier +in the course. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/psoIl5k1FIs.txt b/psoIl5k1FIs.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3209b41db7a98598e39520d3d1929adee4b5f051 --- /dev/null +++ b/psoIl5k1FIs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,299 @@ +align:start position:0% + +a rented to choose a number in flashes + + align:start position:0% +a rented to choose a number in flashes + + + align:start position:0% +a rented to choose a number in flashes +five times and if I choose a number + + align:start position:0% +five times and if I choose a number + + + align:start position:0% +five times and if I choose a number +between one to five you have a chance to + + align:start position:0% +between one to five you have a chance to + + + align:start position:0% +between one to five you have a chance to +win a lottery where it's out we have + + align:start position:0% +win a lottery where it's out we have + + + align:start position:0% +win a lottery where it's out we have +lotteries here by the way there is some + + align:start position:0% +lotteries here by the way there is some + + + align:start position:0% +lotteries here by the way there is some +percent of chances that you can't punch + + align:start position:0% +percent of chances that you can't punch + + + align:start position:0% +percent of chances that you can't punch +in the face or yeah like a punishment + + align:start position:0% +in the face or yeah like a punishment + + + align:start position:0% +in the face or yeah like a punishment +right okay yes some sort of punishment I + + align:start position:0% +right okay yes some sort of punishment I + + + align:start position:0% +right okay yes some sort of punishment I +welcome all of you to try it I made it a + + align:start position:0% +welcome all of you to try it I made it a + + + align:start position:0% +welcome all of you to try it I made it a +precise Arduino board so this is like + + align:start position:0% +precise Arduino board so this is like + + + align:start position:0% +precise Arduino board so this is like +off the sonic sensor and then it can + + align:start position:0% +off the sonic sensor and then it can + + + align:start position:0% +off the sonic sensor and then it can +tell like distance so I said they look + + align:start position:0% +tell like distance so I said they look + + + align:start position:0% +tell like distance so I said they look +like a series of Lights so what is half + + align:start position:0% +like a series of Lights so what is half + + + align:start position:0% +like a series of Lights so what is half +white we have just it's a cardboard over + + align:start position:0% +white we have just it's a cardboard over + + + align:start position:0% +white we have just it's a cardboard over +here it shows that oh it's like five + + align:start position:0% +here it shows that oh it's like five + + + align:start position:0% +here it shows that oh it's like five +centimeters + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so initially you would kind of want to + + align:start position:0% +so initially you would kind of want to + + + align:start position:0% +so initially you would kind of want to +combine them together like how many + + align:start position:0% +combine them together like how many + + + align:start position:0% +combine them together like how many +light shows on there I'm just like they + + align:start position:0% +light shows on there I'm just like they + + + align:start position:0% +light shows on there I'm just like they +would display the number over here and + + align:start position:0% +would display the number over here and + + + align:start position:0% +would display the number over here and +then win the lottery so since there are + + align:start position:0% +then win the lottery so since there are + + + align:start position:0% +then win the lottery so since there are +two different + + align:start position:0% +two different + + + align:start position:0% +two different +Arduino board so we just like kind of + + align:start position:0% +Arduino board so we just like kind of + + + align:start position:0% +Arduino board so we just like kind of +make except round please LEDs right now + + align:start position:0% +make except round please LEDs right now + + + align:start position:0% +make except round please LEDs right now +so what I want to suggest like right now + + align:start position:0% +so what I want to suggest like right now + + + align:start position:0% +so what I want to suggest like right now +it's like if something is going to + + align:start position:0% +it's like if something is going to + + + align:start position:0% +it's like if something is going to +receive either punishment or reward they + + align:start position:0% +receive either punishment or reward they + + + align:start position:0% +receive either punishment or reward they +get close to the sensor and really work + + align:start position:0% +get close to the sensor and really work + + + align:start position:0% +get close to the sensor and really work +out there and work on Franklin over + + align:start position:0% +out there and work on Franklin over + + + align:start position:0% +out there and work on Franklin over +there so have to be careful okay okay so + + align:start position:0% +there so have to be careful okay okay so + + + align:start position:0% +there so have to be careful okay okay so +I say like - so right so I just got the + + align:start position:0% +I say like - so right so I just got the + + + align:start position:0% +I say like - so right so I just got the +number - yeah you don't have to guess it + + align:start position:0% +number - yeah you don't have to guess it + + + align:start position:0% +number - yeah you don't have to guess it +will randomly choose it oh it's very + + align:start position:0% +will randomly choose it oh it's very + + + align:start position:0% +will randomly choose it oh it's very +undersized oh it's okay this lights up + + align:start position:0% +undersized oh it's okay this lights up + + + align:start position:0% +undersized oh it's okay this lights up +from distance from five to ten + + align:start position:0% +from distance from five to ten + + + align:start position:0% +from distance from five to ten +centimeters this was wrong this lights + + align:start position:0% +centimeters this was wrong this lights + + + align:start position:0% +centimeters this was wrong this lights +up when the object is 10 to 15 this is + + align:start position:0% +up when the object is 10 to 15 this is + + + align:start position:0% +up when the object is 10 to 15 this is +15 to 20 and so on \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/qOTTNo9iXJc.txt b/qOTTNo9iXJc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8126fce271a0c8c43e986d87dde8859f80ee88d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/qOTTNo9iXJc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11608 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Um as you have heard this is actually + + align:start position:0% +Um as you have heard this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +Um as you have heard this is actually +the last class of our course. It will be + + align:start position:0% +the last class of our course. It will be + + + align:start position:0% +the last class of our course. It will be +a split lecture. Um I'll start for half + + align:start position:0% +a split lecture. Um I'll start for half + + + align:start position:0% +a split lecture. Um I'll start for half +an hour then professor sed will continue + + align:start position:0% +an hour then professor sed will continue + + + align:start position:0% +an hour then professor sed will continue +and wrap up the course and then at the + + align:start position:0% +and wrap up the course and then at the + + + align:start position:0% +and wrap up the course and then at the +end I will also spend 15 minutes doing + + align:start position:0% +end I will also spend 15 minutes doing + + + align:start position:0% +end I will also spend 15 minutes doing +course evaluation. So we'll just leave + + align:start position:0% +course evaluation. So we'll just leave + + + align:start position:0% +course evaluation. So we'll just leave +you here with the forms and filling up. + + align:start position:0% +you here with the forms and filling up. + + + align:start position:0% +you here with the forms and filling up. +Um okay on my side here I think I'll end + + align:start position:0% +Um okay on my side here I think I'll end + + + align:start position:0% +Um okay on my side here I think I'll end +up um discussing a topic that's actually + + align:start position:0% +up um discussing a topic that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +up um discussing a topic that's actually +very dear to me. I think is um uh it's + + align:start position:0% +very dear to me. I think is um uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +very dear to me. I think is um uh it's +been a very intriguing and very fruitful + + align:start position:0% +been a very intriguing and very fruitful + + + align:start position:0% +been a very intriguing and very fruitful +application of uh um modeling and in + + align:start position:0% +application of uh um modeling and in + + + align:start position:0% +application of uh um modeling and in +particular modeling based on quantum + + align:start position:0% +particular modeling based on quantum + + + align:start position:0% +particular modeling based on quantum +mechanical uh energy schemes to an + + align:start position:0% +mechanical uh energy schemes to an + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical uh energy schemes to an +interesting set of scientific problems. + + align:start position:0% +interesting set of scientific problems. + + + align:start position:0% +interesting set of scientific problems. +Um you know we have said it over and + + align:start position:0% +Um you know we have said it over and + + + align:start position:0% +Um you know we have said it over and +over again sort of simulations allow you + + align:start position:0% +over again sort of simulations allow you + + + align:start position:0% +over again sort of simulations allow you +to do sort of computational experiments + + align:start position:0% +to do sort of computational experiments + + + align:start position:0% +to do sort of computational experiments +uh in areas where maybe things are + + align:start position:0% +uh in areas where maybe things are + + + align:start position:0% +uh in areas where maybe things are +happening too fast to follow them with a + + align:start position:0% +happening too fast to follow them with a + + + align:start position:0% +happening too fast to follow them with a +real experiments or maybe they happen on + + align:start position:0% +real experiments or maybe they happen on + + + align:start position:0% +real experiments or maybe they happen on +time scales uh sorry on length scales + + align:start position:0% +time scales uh sorry on length scales + + + align:start position:0% +time scales uh sorry on length scales +that are too small to really follow or + + align:start position:0% +that are too small to really follow or + + + align:start position:0% +that are too small to really follow or +as in this case they take place under + + align:start position:0% +as in this case they take place under + + + align:start position:0% +as in this case they take place under +certain thermodynamic conditions that + + align:start position:0% +certain thermodynamic conditions that + + + align:start position:0% +certain thermodynamic conditions that +are uh very difficult ult or even + + align:start position:0% +are uh very difficult ult or even + + + align:start position:0% +are uh very difficult ult or even +impossible to reproduce with an + + align:start position:0% +impossible to reproduce with an + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to reproduce with an +experimental apparatus. Let's let's look + + align:start position:0% +experimental apparatus. Let's let's look + + + align:start position:0% +experimental apparatus. Let's let's look +actually um at the first case and this + + align:start position:0% +actually um at the first case and this + + + align:start position:0% +actually um at the first case and this +is a research which a lot of work has + + align:start position:0% +is a research which a lot of work has + + + align:start position:0% +is a research which a lot of work has +been done at University College in + + align:start position:0% +been done at University College in + + + align:start position:0% +been done at University College in +London by Dariel F Gillan. So this is + + align:start position:0% +London by Dariel F Gillan. So this is + + + align:start position:0% +London by Dariel F Gillan. So this is +actually a cutout of the earth interior + + align:start position:0% +actually a cutout of the earth interior + + + align:start position:0% +actually a cutout of the earth interior +and in case you're not familiar with + + align:start position:0% +and in case you're not familiar with + + + align:start position:0% +and in case you're not familiar with +this the way it works is that we are + + align:start position:0% +this the way it works is that we are + + + align:start position:0% +this the way it works is that we are +actually sitting on a large liquid + + align:start position:0% +actually sitting on a large liquid + + + align:start position:0% +actually sitting on a large liquid +region. So you see on top here we have + + align:start position:0% +region. So you see on top here we have + + + align:start position:0% +region. So you see on top here we have +sort of the earth's crust and um what is + + align:start position:0% +sort of the earth's crust and um what is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the earth's crust and um what is +very important for us is actually this + + align:start position:0% +very important for us is actually this + + + align:start position:0% +very important for us is actually this +region dark yellow and light yellow in + + align:start position:0% +region dark yellow and light yellow in + + + align:start position:0% +region dark yellow and light yellow in +which we have the so-called core of the + + align:start position:0% +which we have the so-called core of the + + + align:start position:0% +which we have the so-called core of the +planet that is mainly mainly uh mainly + + align:start position:0% +planet that is mainly mainly uh mainly + + + align:start position:0% +planet that is mainly mainly uh mainly +constituted by iron. Iron actually has a + + align:start position:0% +constituted by iron. Iron actually has a + + + align:start position:0% +constituted by iron. Iron actually has a +very stable nucleus nucleus. So in sort + + align:start position:0% +very stable nucleus nucleus. So in sort + + + align:start position:0% +very stable nucleus nucleus. So in sort +of the early formation of stars, it's + + align:start position:0% +of the early formation of stars, it's + + + align:start position:0% +of the early formation of stars, it's +one of the elements that sort of you + + align:start position:0% +one of the elements that sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +one of the elements that sort of you +know once created sort of was was more + + align:start position:0% +know once created sort of was was more + + + align:start position:0% +know once created sort of was was more +stable than than the other. And what + + align:start position:0% +stable than than the other. And what + + + align:start position:0% +stable than than the other. And what +happens in our planet is that we have a + + align:start position:0% +happens in our planet is that we have a + + + align:start position:0% +happens in our planet is that we have a +sort of increasing pressure going going + + align:start position:0% +sort of increasing pressure going going + + + align:start position:0% +sort of increasing pressure going going +inside and the inner core so-called + + align:start position:0% +inside and the inner core so-called + + + align:start position:0% +inside and the inner core so-called +again sort of mostly iron is actually + + align:start position:0% +again sort of mostly iron is actually + + + align:start position:0% +again sort of mostly iron is actually +solid. And um we know very well what is + + align:start position:0% +solid. And um we know very well what is + + + align:start position:0% +solid. And um we know very well what is +the pressure here at the boundary + + align:start position:0% +the pressure here at the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +the pressure here at the boundary +between the outer core and the inner + + align:start position:0% +between the outer core and the inner + + + align:start position:0% +between the outer core and the inner +core. This part is liquid. Pressure is + + align:start position:0% +core. This part is liquid. Pressure is + + + align:start position:0% +core. This part is liquid. Pressure is +increasing here. So this part is liquid. + + align:start position:0% +increasing here. So this part is liquid. + + + align:start position:0% +increasing here. So this part is liquid. +This part is solid. It's mostly iron. + + align:start position:0% +This part is solid. It's mostly iron. + + + align:start position:0% +This part is solid. It's mostly iron. +And for this sort of case, I will assume + + align:start position:0% +And for this sort of case, I will assume + + + align:start position:0% +And for this sort of case, I will assume +that is 100% irons. Although there is, + + align:start position:0% +that is 100% irons. Although there is, + + + align:start position:0% +that is 100% irons. Although there is, +you know, another problem of really how + + align:start position:0% +you know, another problem of really how + + + align:start position:0% +you know, another problem of really how +much impurities they are diluted. And we + + align:start position:0% +much impurities they are diluted. And we + + + align:start position:0% +much impurities they are diluted. And we +know very well what is the pressure + + align:start position:0% +know very well what is the pressure + + + align:start position:0% +know very well what is the pressure +there because we can sort of look at + + align:start position:0% +there because we can sort of look at + + + align:start position:0% +there because we can sort of look at +seismic waves and how seismic waves get + + align:start position:0% +seismic waves and how seismic waves get + + + align:start position:0% +seismic waves and how seismic waves get +deflected by that discontinuities. And + + align:start position:0% +deflected by that discontinuities. And + + + align:start position:0% +deflected by that discontinuities. And +the pressure is roughly 330 gigap + + align:start position:0% +the pressure is roughly 330 gigap + + + align:start position:0% +the pressure is roughly 330 gigap +pascal. But we actually don't know what + + align:start position:0% +pascal. But we actually don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +pascal. But we actually don't know what +is the phase diagram of iron at that + + align:start position:0% +is the phase diagram of iron at that + + + align:start position:0% +is the phase diagram of iron at that +pressure. And you see if we knew what + + align:start position:0% +pressure. And you see if we knew what + + + align:start position:0% +pressure. And you see if we knew what +the phase diagram of iron at that + + align:start position:0% +the phase diagram of iron at that + + + align:start position:0% +the phase diagram of iron at that +pressure was, we could pinpoint exactly + + align:start position:0% +pressure was, we could pinpoint exactly + + + align:start position:0% +pressure was, we could pinpoint exactly +the temperature here because these + + align:start position:0% +the temperature here because these + + + align:start position:0% +the temperature here because these +points here are sort of points of + + align:start position:0% +points here are sort of points of + + + align:start position:0% +points here are sort of points of +coexistence 330 gigap pascal between the + + align:start position:0% +coexistence 330 gigap pascal between the + + + align:start position:0% +coexistence 330 gigap pascal between the +liquid and the solid phase at that + + align:start position:0% +liquid and the solid phase at that + + + align:start position:0% +liquid and the solid phase at that +boundary. So if you want by knowing the + + align:start position:0% +boundary. So if you want by knowing the + + + align:start position:0% +boundary. So if you want by knowing the +pressure we would be able via the phase + + align:start position:0% +pressure we would be able via the phase + + + align:start position:0% +pressure we would be able via the phase +diagram of iron to actually pinpoint + + align:start position:0% +diagram of iron to actually pinpoint + + + align:start position:0% +diagram of iron to actually pinpoint +what is the temperature inside inside + + align:start position:0% +what is the temperature inside inside + + + align:start position:0% +what is the temperature inside inside +the earth and before sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +the earth and before sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +the earth and before sort of you know +the set of experimental and theoretical + + align:start position:0% +the set of experimental and theoretical + + + align:start position:0% +the set of experimental and theoretical +work that I'll show the estimates + + align:start position:0% +work that I'll show the estimates + + + align:start position:0% +work that I'll show the estimates +actually for this were really sort of + + align:start position:0% +actually for this were really sort of + + + align:start position:0% +actually for this were really sort of +you know uh ranging in a very wide + + align:start position:0% +you know uh ranging in a very wide + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh ranging in a very wide +spectrum of possibilities from 3,000 + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of possibilities from 3,000 + + + align:start position:0% +spectrum of possibilities from 3,000 +Kelvin to 8,000 Kelvin and this is where + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin to 8,000 Kelvin and this is where + + + align:start position:0% +Kelvin to 8,000 Kelvin and this is where +a sort of ambinial simulations become + + align:start position:0% +a sort of ambinial simulations become + + + align:start position:0% +a sort of ambinial simulations become +very useful. ful because really once you + + align:start position:0% +very useful. ful because really once you + + + align:start position:0% +very useful. ful because really once you +believe your energy model there is no + + align:start position:0% +believe your energy model there is no + + + align:start position:0% +believe your energy model there is no +reason to sort of you know think that it + + align:start position:0% +reason to sort of you know think that it + + + align:start position:0% +reason to sort of you know think that it +would fail either because the pressure + + align:start position:0% +would fail either because the pressure + + + align:start position:0% +would fail either because the pressure +is too large or because the temperature + + align:start position:0% +is too large or because the temperature + + + align:start position:0% +is too large or because the temperature +is is too high and sort of you know in + + align:start position:0% +is is too high and sort of you know in + + + align:start position:0% +is is too high and sort of you know in +in all of this current sort of + + align:start position:0% +in all of this current sort of + + + align:start position:0% +in all of this current sort of +experimental capabilities to study this + + align:start position:0% +experimental capabilities to study this + + + align:start position:0% +experimental capabilities to study this +high pressure system uh sort of the best + + align:start position:0% +high pressure system uh sort of the best + + + align:start position:0% +high pressure system uh sort of the best +instrument is what is called the diamond + + align:start position:0% +instrument is what is called the diamond + + + align:start position:0% +instrument is what is called the diamond +anvil cell that is basically you know + + align:start position:0% +anvil cell that is basically you know + + + align:start position:0% +anvil cell that is basically you know +made by two diamonds. So, you know, the + + align:start position:0% +made by two diamonds. So, you know, the + + + align:start position:0% +made by two diamonds. So, you know, the +more perfect they are, the better that + + align:start position:0% +more perfect they are, the better that + + + align:start position:0% +more perfect they are, the better that +they squeeze whatever whatever you put + + align:start position:0% +they squeeze whatever whatever you put + + + align:start position:0% +they squeeze whatever whatever you put +inside. And, you know, diamond is + + align:start position:0% +inside. And, you know, diamond is + + + align:start position:0% +inside. And, you know, diamond is +transparent to a lot of wavelengths. So, + + align:start position:0% +transparent to a lot of wavelengths. So, + + + align:start position:0% +transparent to a lot of wavelengths. So, +that they are very useful to probe them + + align:start position:0% +that they are very useful to probe them + + + align:start position:0% +that they are very useful to probe them +with spectroscopic techniques. But + + align:start position:0% +with spectroscopic techniques. But + + + align:start position:0% +with spectroscopic techniques. But +basically, you know, the best you can do + + align:start position:0% +basically, you know, the best you can do + + + align:start position:0% +basically, you know, the best you can do +and you still sort of break up hundreds + + align:start position:0% +and you still sort of break up hundreds + + + align:start position:0% +and you still sort of break up hundreds +of diamonds in the process is that you + + align:start position:0% +of diamonds in the process is that you + + + align:start position:0% +of diamonds in the process is that you +can get to 300 gigap pascal if you're + + align:start position:0% +can get to 300 gigap pascal if you're + + + align:start position:0% +can get to 300 gigap pascal if you're +doing this at room temperature. But as + + align:start position:0% +doing this at room temperature. But as + + + align:start position:0% +doing this at room temperature. But as +soon as you want to study things at a + + align:start position:0% +soon as you want to study things at a + + + align:start position:0% +soon as you want to study things at a +higher temperature, realist of 200 gigap + + align:start position:0% +higher temperature, realist of 200 gigap + + + align:start position:0% +higher temperature, realist of 200 gigap +pascal is the limit that you can reach. + + align:start position:0% +pascal is the limit that you can reach. + + + align:start position:0% +pascal is the limit that you can reach. +While we want to figure out what's + + align:start position:0% +While we want to figure out what's + + + align:start position:0% +While we want to figure out what's +what's happening here, um there are + + align:start position:0% +what's happening here, um there are + + + align:start position:0% +what's happening here, um there are +other techniques, experimental + + align:start position:0% +other techniques, experimental + + + align:start position:0% +other techniques, experimental +techniques to sort of study uh um matter + + align:start position:0% +techniques to sort of study uh um matter + + + align:start position:0% +techniques to sort of study uh um matter +under sort of you know conditions of + + align:start position:0% +under sort of you know conditions of + + + align:start position:0% +under sort of you know conditions of +very high pressure and very high + + align:start position:0% +very high pressure and very high + + + align:start position:0% +very high pressure and very high +temperatures done with what is called + + align:start position:0% +temperatures done with what is called + + + align:start position:0% +temperatures done with what is called +the uh gunshot cannon in which you + + align:start position:0% +the uh gunshot cannon in which you + + + align:start position:0% +the uh gunshot cannon in which you +really sort of shoot pellets and try to + + align:start position:0% +really sort of shoot pellets and try to + + + align:start position:0% +really sort of shoot pellets and try to +sort of you know establish what's going + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know establish what's going + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know establish what's going +on in the instant in which they hit + + align:start position:0% +on in the instant in which they hit + + + align:start position:0% +on in the instant in which they hit +their target. And so they they find + + align:start position:0% +their target. And so they they find + + + align:start position:0% +their target. And so they they find +themselves at very high condition of + + align:start position:0% +themselves at very high condition of + + + align:start position:0% +themselves at very high condition of +pressure. But it's very difficult to get + + align:start position:0% +pressure. But it's very difficult to get + + + align:start position:0% +pressure. But it's very difficult to get +accurate accurate data out of this. And + + align:start position:0% +accurate accurate data out of this. And + + + align:start position:0% +accurate accurate data out of this. And +so we'll see here actually sort of how + + align:start position:0% +so we'll see here actually sort of how + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll see here actually sort of how +um ambition simulation and in particular + + align:start position:0% +um ambition simulation and in particular + + + align:start position:0% +um ambition simulation and in particular +thermodynamic integration has been used + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic integration has been used + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic integration has been used +to figure out what is going on in this + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what is going on in this + + + align:start position:0% +to figure out what is going on in this +in this region in this region here. And + + align:start position:0% +in this region in this region here. And + + + align:start position:0% +in this region in this region here. And +as usual sort of you know we you need to + + align:start position:0% +as usual sort of you know we you need to + + + align:start position:0% +as usual sort of you know we you need to +make sure that you believe your energy + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you believe your energy + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that you believe your energy +models. So these are a couple of + + align:start position:0% +models. So these are a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +models. So these are a couple of +validation curves. This is for HCP hyon + + align:start position:0% +validation curves. This is for HCP hyon + + + align:start position:0% +validation curves. This is for HCP hyon +that is one of the high pressure phases + + align:start position:0% +that is one of the high pressure phases + + + align:start position:0% +that is one of the high pressure phases +and a comparison between a sort of + + align:start position:0% +and a comparison between a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and a comparison between a sort of +experimental results and simulation + + align:start position:0% +experimental results and simulation + + + align:start position:0% +experimental results and simulation +where the simulation are the sort of + + align:start position:0% +where the simulation are the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +where the simulation are the sort of +solid lines and you see it agrees very + + align:start position:0% +solid lines and you see it agrees very + + + align:start position:0% +solid lines and you see it agrees very +well in describing the equation of state + + align:start position:0% +well in describing the equation of state + + + align:start position:0% +well in describing the equation of state +pressure versus volume in this case. And + + align:start position:0% +pressure versus volume in this case. And + + + align:start position:0% +pressure versus volume in this case. And +then in particular this is a calculation + + align:start position:0% +then in particular this is a calculation + + + align:start position:0% +then in particular this is a calculation +of the um phonon modes the the + + align:start position:0% +of the um phonon modes the the + + + align:start position:0% +of the um phonon modes the the +vibrational frequency. This is something + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency. This is something + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency. This is something +that you know you could very easily do + + align:start position:0% +that you know you could very easily do + + + align:start position:0% +that you know you could very easily do +with the quantum mechanical tools that + + align:start position:0% +with the quantum mechanical tools that + + + align:start position:0% +with the quantum mechanical tools that +you have done as a sort of + + align:start position:0% +you have done as a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you have done as a sort of +post-processing of your laboratory + + align:start position:0% +post-processing of your laboratory + + + align:start position:0% +post-processing of your laboratory +three. Uh but again it works it works it + + align:start position:0% +three. Uh but again it works it works it + + + align:start position:0% +three. Uh but again it works it works it +works very well. So once you believe + + align:start position:0% +works very well. So once you believe + + + align:start position:0% +works very well. So once you believe +iron now the issue is trying to figure + + align:start position:0% +iron now the issue is trying to figure + + + align:start position:0% +iron now the issue is trying to figure +out what is it phase diagram at say + + align:start position:0% +out what is it phase diagram at say + + + align:start position:0% +out what is it phase diagram at say +which temperature you have coexistence + + align:start position:0% +which temperature you have coexistence + + + align:start position:0% +which temperature you have coexistence +between the solid and the liquid and you + + align:start position:0% +between the solid and the liquid and you + + + align:start position:0% +between the solid and the liquid and you +have actually done this in your + + align:start position:0% +have actually done this in your + + + align:start position:0% +have actually done this in your +laboratory for a sort of explicit method + + align:start position:0% +laboratory for a sort of explicit method + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory for a sort of explicit method +to find out the transition temperature + + align:start position:0% +to find out the transition temperature + + + align:start position:0% +to find out the transition temperature +by just doing a simulation of a liquid + + align:start position:0% +by just doing a simulation of a liquid + + + align:start position:0% +by just doing a simulation of a liquid +and a solid phase and figuring out at + + align:start position:0% +and a solid phase and figuring out at + + + align:start position:0% +and a solid phase and figuring out at +which temperature uh the boundary + + align:start position:0% +which temperature uh the boundary + + + align:start position:0% +which temperature uh the boundary +between the two phases doesn't really + + align:start position:0% +between the two phases doesn't really + + + align:start position:0% +between the two phases doesn't really +grow into each other. So the solid + + align:start position:0% +grow into each other. So the solid + + + align:start position:0% +grow into each other. So the solid +doesn't keep growing or the liquid + + align:start position:0% +doesn't keep growing or the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't keep growing or the liquid +doesn't doesn't keep growing. And you'll + + align:start position:0% +doesn't doesn't keep growing. And you'll + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't doesn't keep growing. And you'll +see an example of this in sort of what + + align:start position:0% +see an example of this in sort of what + + + align:start position:0% +see an example of this in sort of what +follows. The caveat in doing this kind + + align:start position:0% +follows. The caveat in doing this kind + + + align:start position:0% +follows. The caveat in doing this kind +of simulation is that they are still + + align:start position:0% +of simulation is that they are still + + + align:start position:0% +of simulation is that they are still +sort of very expensive to do abinio. You + + align:start position:0% +sort of very expensive to do abinio. You + + + align:start position:0% +sort of very expensive to do abinio. You +usually need at least 4 500 atoms to do + + align:start position:0% +usually need at least 4 500 atoms to do + + + align:start position:0% +usually need at least 4 500 atoms to do +such kind of simulation and sort of to + + align:start position:0% +such kind of simulation and sort of to + + + align:start position:0% +such kind of simulation and sort of to +kill the finite size effects. And this + + align:start position:0% +kill the finite size effects. And this + + + align:start position:0% +kill the finite size effects. And this +is even now borderline for what we can + + align:start position:0% +is even now borderline for what we can + + + align:start position:0% +is even now borderline for what we can +do even for the simplest elements. Uh + + align:start position:0% +do even for the simplest elements. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +do even for the simplest elements. Uh +there is another approach that I wanted + + align:start position:0% +there is another approach that I wanted + + + align:start position:0% +there is another approach that I wanted +to introduce first and is the one in + + align:start position:0% +to introduce first and is the one in + + + align:start position:0% +to introduce first and is the one in +which we actually sort of determine + + align:start position:0% +which we actually sort of determine + + + align:start position:0% +which we actually sort of determine +explicitly uh the Gibbs free energy. So + + align:start position:0% +explicitly uh the Gibbs free energy. So + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly uh the Gibbs free energy. So +in this case what you want to find out + + align:start position:0% +in this case what you want to find out + + + align:start position:0% +in this case what you want to find out +is thermodynamic stability at a given + + align:start position:0% +is thermodynamic stability at a given + + + align:start position:0% +is thermodynamic stability at a given +pressure and at a given temperature. So + + align:start position:0% +pressure and at a given temperature. So + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and at a given temperature. So +the Gibbs free energy is your correct + + align:start position:0% +the Gibbs free energy is your correct + + + align:start position:0% +the Gibbs free energy is your correct +thermodynamic potential. And so your + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic potential. And so your + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic potential. And so your +goal if you want is being able to + + align:start position:0% +goal if you want is being able to + + + align:start position:0% +goal if you want is being able to +calculate the gives free energy of your + + align:start position:0% +calculate the gives free energy of your + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the gives free energy of your +solid system as a function of + + align:start position:0% +solid system as a function of + + + align:start position:0% +solid system as a function of +temperature and the gives free energy of + + align:start position:0% +temperature and the gives free energy of + + + align:start position:0% +temperature and the gives free energy of +your liquid system. And of course the + + align:start position:0% +your liquid system. And of course the + + + align:start position:0% +your liquid system. And of course the +point where these two free energy cross + + align:start position:0% +point where these two free energy cross + + + align:start position:0% +point where these two free energy cross +is really your coexistence point. Above + + align:start position:0% +is really your coexistence point. Above + + + align:start position:0% +is really your coexistence point. Above +that critical temperature the liquid + + align:start position:0% +that critical temperature the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +that critical temperature the liquid +phase is more stable and below that + + align:start position:0% +phase is more stable and below that + + + align:start position:0% +phase is more stable and below that +critical temperature the solid that + + align:start position:0% +critical temperature the solid that + + + align:start position:0% +critical temperature the solid that +solid phase is more stable. And sort of + + align:start position:0% +solid phase is more stable. And sort of + + + align:start position:0% +solid phase is more stable. And sort of +one possible way of calculating actually + + align:start position:0% +one possible way of calculating actually + + + align:start position:0% +one possible way of calculating actually +explicitly this um this free energy or + + align:start position:0% +explicitly this um this free energy or + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly this um this free energy or +in particular calculating the free + + align:start position:0% +in particular calculating the free + + + align:start position:0% +in particular calculating the free +energy difference with respect to a + + align:start position:0% +energy difference with respect to a + + + align:start position:0% +energy difference with respect to a +known phase is to use thermodynamic + + align:start position:0% +known phase is to use thermodynamic + + + align:start position:0% +known phase is to use thermodynamic +integration that is a technique that + + align:start position:0% +integration that is a technique that + + + align:start position:0% +integration that is a technique that +sort of has been discussed in some of + + align:start position:0% +sort of has been discussed in some of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of has been discussed in some of +the previous lecture by professor ceda. + + align:start position:0% +the previous lecture by professor ceda. + + + align:start position:0% +the previous lecture by professor ceda. +So I've just put up a reminder here and + + align:start position:0% +So I've just put up a reminder here and + + + align:start position:0% +So I've just put up a reminder here and +sort of you know the nomenclature is + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know the nomenclature is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know the nomenclature is +that we are using actually a Hamiltonian + + align:start position:0% +that we are using actually a Hamiltonian + + + align:start position:0% +that we are using actually a Hamiltonian +or an energy model that depends on a + + align:start position:0% +or an energy model that depends on a + + + align:start position:0% +or an energy model that depends on a +parameter lambda and the parameter + + align:start position:0% +parameter lambda and the parameter + + + align:start position:0% +parameter lambda and the parameter +lambda sort of is something that say + + align:start position:0% +lambda sort of is something that say + + + align:start position:0% +lambda sort of is something that say +brings us from the solid to the liquid + + align:start position:0% +brings us from the solid to the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +brings us from the solid to the liquid +because ultimately what we want to sort + + align:start position:0% +because ultimately what we want to sort + + + align:start position:0% +because ultimately what we want to sort +of figure out is what is the difference + + align:start position:0% +of figure out is what is the difference + + + align:start position:0% +of figure out is what is the difference +in gibs free energy say between the + + align:start position:0% +in gibs free energy say between the + + + align:start position:0% +in gibs free energy say between the +liquid and the solid or maybe between + + align:start position:0% +liquid and the solid or maybe between + + + align:start position:0% +liquid and the solid or maybe between +two solids, between one reference phase + + align:start position:0% +two solids, between one reference phase + + + align:start position:0% +two solids, between one reference phase +of the solid and another reference phase + + align:start position:0% +of the solid and another reference phase + + + align:start position:0% +of the solid and another reference phase +of the solid. And again, the idea behind + + align:start position:0% +of the solid. And again, the idea behind + + + align:start position:0% +of the solid. And again, the idea behind +thermodynamic integration is fairly + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic integration is fairly + + + align:start position:0% +thermodynamic integration is fairly +simple once you skip all the math here. + + align:start position:0% +simple once you skip all the math here. + + + align:start position:0% +simple once you skip all the math here. +Again, sort of one can write out + + align:start position:0% +Again, sort of one can write out + + + align:start position:0% +Again, sort of one can write out +explicitly the partition. The partition + + align:start position:0% +explicitly the partition. The partition + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly the partition. The partition +function is written here and then it + + align:start position:0% +function is written here and then it + + + align:start position:0% +function is written here and then it +just sort of you know requires a little + + align:start position:0% +just sort of you know requires a little + + + align:start position:0% +just sort of you know requires a little +bit of math sort of figuring out that + + align:start position:0% +bit of math sort of figuring out that + + + align:start position:0% +bit of math sort of figuring out that +the derivative of the in this case Gibbs + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the in this case Gibbs + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the in this case Gibbs +free energy um well sorry this is this + + align:start position:0% +free energy um well sorry this is this + + + align:start position:0% +free energy um well sorry this is this +is actually a constant volume so it + + align:start position:0% +is actually a constant volume so it + + + align:start position:0% +is actually a constant volume so it +would be um a sort of isalic simulation + + align:start position:0% +would be um a sort of isalic simulation + + + align:start position:0% +would be um a sort of isalic simulation +um no sorry it would be um constant + + align:start position:0% +um no sorry it would be um constant + + + align:start position:0% +um no sorry it would be um constant +volume constant temperature simulation + + align:start position:0% +volume constant temperature simulation + + + align:start position:0% +volume constant temperature simulation +so hel free energy so the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +so hel free energy so the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +so hel free energy so the derivative of +the free energy energy with respect to + + align:start position:0% +the free energy energy with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +the free energy energy with respect to +this parameter lambda. Um you see once + + align:start position:0% +this parameter lambda. Um you see once + + + align:start position:0% +this parameter lambda. Um you see once +you sort of make the appropriate + + align:start position:0% +you sort of make the appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +you sort of make the appropriate +substitution that is you put uh the + + align:start position:0% +substitution that is you put uh the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution that is you put uh the +logarithm of the partition function and + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of the partition function and + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of the partition function and +you work out explicitly what is that + + align:start position:0% +you work out explicitly what is that + + + align:start position:0% +you work out explicitly what is that +logarithm of the partition function in + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of the partition function in + + + align:start position:0% +logarithm of the partition function in +there you have 1 / q * the q over the + + align:start position:0% +there you have 1 / q * the q over the + + + align:start position:0% +there you have 1 / q * the q over the +lambda and 1 / q is the partition + + align:start position:0% +lambda and 1 / q is the partition + + + align:start position:0% +lambda and 1 / q is the partition +function here and this is the derivative + + align:start position:0% +function here and this is the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +function here and this is the derivative +of the partition function with respect + + align:start position:0% +of the partition function with respect + + + align:start position:0% +of the partition function with respect +to lambda. you basically get an + + align:start position:0% +to lambda. you basically get an + + + align:start position:0% +to lambda. you basically get an +expression that is nothing else than the + + align:start position:0% +expression that is nothing else than the + + + align:start position:0% +expression that is nothing else than the +average in your ensemble normalized by + + align:start position:0% +average in your ensemble normalized by + + + align:start position:0% +average in your ensemble normalized by +the partition function of the u over d + + align:start position:0% +the partition function of the u over d + + + align:start position:0% +the partition function of the u over d +lambda. So in order to calculate what is + + align:start position:0% +lambda. So in order to calculate what is + + + align:start position:0% +lambda. So in order to calculate what is +the derivative of the free energy with + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the free energy with + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the free energy with +respect to lambda, you need to calculate + + align:start position:0% +respect to lambda, you need to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +respect to lambda, you need to calculate +what is the thermodynamical average in + + align:start position:0% +what is the thermodynamical average in + + + align:start position:0% +what is the thermodynamical average in +your ensemble of the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +your ensemble of the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +your ensemble of the derivative of the +energy with respect with respect to + + align:start position:0% +energy with respect with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +energy with respect with respect to +lambda. And so this is a quantity that + + align:start position:0% +lambda. And so this is a quantity that + + + align:start position:0% +lambda. And so this is a quantity that +you can always calculate. And uh this is + + align:start position:0% +you can always calculate. And uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +you can always calculate. And uh this is +just an average over your ensemble. + + align:start position:0% +just an average over your ensemble. + + + align:start position:0% +just an average over your ensemble. +So let's uh let's look at sort of how + + align:start position:0% +So let's uh let's look at sort of how + + + align:start position:0% +So let's uh let's look at sort of how +this is done in a specific case. So I + + align:start position:0% +this is done in a specific case. So I + + + align:start position:0% +this is done in a specific case. So I +again I just written here the partition + + align:start position:0% +again I just written here the partition + + + align:start position:0% +again I just written here the partition +function the logarithm uh the free + + align:start position:0% +function the logarithm uh the free + + + align:start position:0% +function the logarithm uh the free +energy sorry as the logarithm of the + + align:start position:0% +energy sorry as the logarithm of the + + + align:start position:0% +energy sorry as the logarithm of the +partition function uh u will be our + + align:start position:0% +partition function uh u will be our + + + align:start position:0% +partition function uh u will be our +internal energy and this is what you + + align:start position:0% +internal energy and this is what you + + + align:start position:0% +internal energy and this is what you +calculate with your sort of quantum + + align:start position:0% +calculate with your sort of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +calculate with your sort of quantum +mechanical model and sort of for + + align:start position:0% +mechanical model and sort of for + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical model and sort of for +simplicity I've actually broken this in + + align:start position:0% +simplicity I've actually broken this in + + + align:start position:0% +simplicity I've actually broken this in +three parts that is I written out what + + align:start position:0% +three parts that is I written out what + + + align:start position:0% +three parts that is I written out what +is the energy at + + align:start position:0% +is the energy at + + + align:start position:0% +is the energy at +equilibrium and then sort of the energy + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and then sort of the energy + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium and then sort of the energy +for any possible configuration of the + + align:start position:0% +for any possible configuration of the + + + align:start position:0% +for any possible configuration of the +ions can be written as the energy at + + align:start position:0% +ions can be written as the energy at + + + align:start position:0% +ions can be written as the energy at +equilibrium plus what is called the + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium plus what is called the + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium plus what is called the +harmonic term. So when you expand the + + align:start position:0% +harmonic term. So when you expand the + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic term. So when you expand the +energy of a system around equilibrium, + + align:start position:0% +energy of a system around equilibrium, + + + align:start position:0% +energy of a system around equilibrium, +the first derivatives are zero by + + align:start position:0% +the first derivatives are zero by + + + align:start position:0% +the first derivatives are zero by +definition. And so here you have the + + align:start position:0% +definition. And so here you have the + + + align:start position:0% +definition. And so here you have the +quadratic terms in the displacement of + + align:start position:0% +quadratic terms in the displacement of + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic terms in the displacement of +the position around the equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +the position around the equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +the position around the equilibrium +position. And then you have all the + + align:start position:0% +position. And then you have all the + + + align:start position:0% +position. And then you have all the +nonlinear term that we'll call sort of + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear term that we'll call sort of + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinear term that we'll call sort of +an harmonic. And uh it's actually say in + + align:start position:0% +an harmonic. And uh it's actually say in + + + align:start position:0% +an harmonic. And uh it's actually say in +the case of a solid this makes a lot of + + align:start position:0% +the case of a solid this makes a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +the case of a solid this makes a lot of +sense because it's sort of fairly easy + + align:start position:0% +sense because it's sort of fairly easy + + + align:start position:0% +sense because it's sort of fairly easy +to calculate explicitly the integral of + + align:start position:0% +to calculate explicitly the integral of + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate explicitly the integral of +the partition function for this term in + + align:start position:0% +the partition function for this term in + + + align:start position:0% +the partition function for this term in +the overall energy functional and then + + align:start position:0% +the overall energy functional and then + + + align:start position:0% +the overall energy functional and then +this sort of is reserved for a explicit + + align:start position:0% +this sort of is reserved for a explicit + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of is reserved for a explicit +integration done using molecular + + align:start position:0% +integration done using molecular + + + align:start position:0% +integration done using molecular +dynamics. And because basically you have + + align:start position:0% +dynamics. And because basically you have + + + align:start position:0% +dynamics. And because basically you have +a logarithm of an exponential, if you + + align:start position:0% +a logarithm of an exponential, if you + + + align:start position:0% +a logarithm of an exponential, if you +sort of you know break out this thing in + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know break out this thing in + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know break out this thing in +the sum of different terms, all the + + align:start position:0% +the sum of different terms, all the + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of different terms, all the +terms contribute separate free energy + + align:start position:0% +terms contribute separate free energy + + + align:start position:0% +terms contribute separate free energy +pieces to your overall system. And so + + align:start position:0% +pieces to your overall system. And so + + + align:start position:0% +pieces to your overall system. And so +you know we could sort of calculate say + + align:start position:0% +you know we could sort of calculate say + + + align:start position:0% +you know we could sort of calculate say +for a solid system what is the + + align:start position:0% +for a solid system what is the + + + align:start position:0% +for a solid system what is the +additional vibrational in this case free + + align:start position:0% +additional vibrational in this case free + + + align:start position:0% +additional vibrational in this case free +energy that comes on top of the + + align:start position:0% +energy that comes on top of the + + + align:start position:0% +energy that comes on top of the +equilibrium ground state energy and + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium ground state energy and + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium ground state energy and +coming just from the harmonic term and I + + align:start position:0% +coming just from the harmonic term and I + + + align:start position:0% +coming just from the harmonic term and I +haven't worked out sort of the the + + align:start position:0% +haven't worked out sort of the the + + + align:start position:0% +haven't worked out sort of the the +algebra explicitly but it's actually + + align:start position:0% +algebra explicitly but it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +algebra explicitly but it's actually +fairly easy to do this integrals by + + align:start position:0% +fairly easy to do this integrals by + + + align:start position:0% +fairly easy to do this integrals by +writing the harmonic term + + align:start position:0% +writing the harmonic term + + + align:start position:0% +writing the harmonic term +in terms of the interatomic force + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the interatomic force + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of the interatomic force +constants. So if you sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +constants. So if you sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +constants. So if you sort of you know +figure out with you know uh electronic + + align:start position:0% +figure out with you know uh electronic + + + align:start position:0% +figure out with you know uh electronic +structure codes what are the normal + + align:start position:0% +structure codes what are the normal + + + align:start position:0% +structure codes what are the normal +modes of your system that is um what are + + align:start position:0% +modes of your system that is um what are + + + align:start position:0% +modes of your system that is um what are +the modes that give you an expression + + align:start position:0% +the modes that give you an expression + + + align:start position:0% +the modes that give you an expression +for the harmonic term that is diagonal + + align:start position:0% +for the harmonic term that is diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +for the harmonic term that is diagonal +in the displacement and you find out the + + align:start position:0% +in the displacement and you find out the + + + align:start position:0% +in the displacement and you find out the +frequencies. Well, you can actually + + align:start position:0% +frequencies. Well, you can actually + + + align:start position:0% +frequencies. Well, you can actually +substitute this expression here in here, + + align:start position:0% +substitute this expression here in here, + + + align:start position:0% +substitute this expression here in here, +work out the integral and basically what + + align:start position:0% +work out the integral and basically what + + + align:start position:0% +work out the integral and basically what +you obtain is that your um harmonic + + align:start position:0% +you obtain is that your um harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +you obtain is that your um harmonic +vibrational free energy is just given by + + align:start position:0% +vibrational free energy is just given by + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational free energy is just given by +a sum over the logarithm of all your + + align:start position:0% +a sum over the logarithm of all your + + + align:start position:0% +a sum over the logarithm of all your +vibrational frequency. So this omega + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency. So this omega + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational frequency. So this omega +here would be your phon frequency. If + + align:start position:0% +here would be your phon frequency. If + + + align:start position:0% +here would be your phon frequency. If +you go back to what we had seen before + + align:start position:0% +you go back to what we had seen before + + + align:start position:0% +you go back to what we had seen before +for the case of iron when we have + + align:start position:0% +for the case of iron when we have + + + align:start position:0% +for the case of iron when we have +calculated + + align:start position:0% +calculated + + + align:start position:0% +calculated +the phonon spectrum here it is. So here + + align:start position:0% +the phonon spectrum here it is. So here + + + align:start position:0% +the phonon spectrum here it is. So here +what we have calculated is all the + + align:start position:0% +what we have calculated is all the + + + align:start position:0% +what we have calculated is all the +possible frequency for iron depending on + + align:start position:0% +possible frequency for iron depending on + + + align:start position:0% +possible frequency for iron depending on +the wave vector. So in principle we have + + align:start position:0% +the wave vector. So in principle we have + + + align:start position:0% +the wave vector. So in principle we have +a continuum of frequency and we just + + align:start position:0% +a continuum of frequency and we just + + + align:start position:0% +a continuum of frequency and we just +need to basically integrate these curves + + align:start position:0% +need to basically integrate these curves + + + align:start position:0% +need to basically integrate these curves +or sum over a s course representation of + + align:start position:0% +or sum over a s course representation of + + + align:start position:0% +or sum over a s course representation of +them to get the vibrational free energy + + align:start position:0% +them to get the vibrational free energy + + + align:start position:0% +them to get the vibrational free energy +at least the harmonic term and this is + + align:start position:0% +at least the harmonic term and this is + + + align:start position:0% +at least the harmonic term and this is +it. And so this is sort of a the first + + align:start position:0% +it. And so this is sort of a the first + + + align:start position:0% +it. And so this is sort of a the first +step. This can give me + + align:start position:0% +step. This can give me + + + align:start position:0% +step. This can give me +say what is the change in uh the + + align:start position:0% +say what is the change in uh the + + + align:start position:0% +say what is the change in uh the +vibrational free energy in going say + + align:start position:0% +vibrational free energy in going say + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational free energy in going say +from one phase to the other and I just + + align:start position:0% +from one phase to the other and I just + + + align:start position:0% +from one phase to the other and I just +calculate the phon frequency in sort of + + align:start position:0% +calculate the phon frequency in sort of + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the phon frequency in sort of +two different two different phases. What + + align:start position:0% +two different two different phases. What + + + align:start position:0% +two different two different phases. What +is more intriguing is the calculation of + + align:start position:0% +is more intriguing is the calculation of + + + align:start position:0% +is more intriguing is the calculation of +all the nonlinear term that can be very + + align:start position:0% +all the nonlinear term that can be very + + + align:start position:0% +all the nonlinear term that can be very +important at high temperature and um and + + align:start position:0% +important at high temperature and um and + + + align:start position:0% +important at high temperature and um and +this is sort of you know the slightly + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of you know the slightly + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of you know the slightly +more difficult task because especially + + align:start position:0% +more difficult task because especially + + + align:start position:0% +more difficult task because especially +in an sort of abinio framework it + + align:start position:0% +in an sort of abinio framework it + + + align:start position:0% +in an sort of abinio framework it +requires um very extensive integration + + align:start position:0% +requires um very extensive integration + + + align:start position:0% +requires um very extensive integration +over your thermodynamical ensemble. So + + align:start position:0% +over your thermodynamical ensemble. So + + + align:start position:0% +over your thermodynamical ensemble. So +you would do something like molecular + + align:start position:0% +you would do something like molecular + + + align:start position:0% +you would do something like molecular +dynamic simulations or Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +dynamic simulations or Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +dynamic simulations or Monte Carlo +simulation to sample as much as possible + + align:start position:0% +simulation to sample as much as possible + + + align:start position:0% +simulation to sample as much as possible +a set of representative microates but it + + align:start position:0% +a set of representative microates but it + + + align:start position:0% +a set of representative microates but it +tends to be very um expensive. So there + + align:start position:0% +tends to be very um expensive. So there + + + align:start position:0% +tends to be very um expensive. So there +is actually sort of a very useful if you + + align:start position:0% +is actually sort of a very useful if you + + + align:start position:0% +is actually sort of a very useful if you +want trick that that is often that is + + align:start position:0% +want trick that that is often that is + + + align:start position:0% +want trick that that is often that is +often used in order to calculate this um + + align:start position:0% +often used in order to calculate this um + + + align:start position:0% +often used in order to calculate this um +anarmonic term that remember the + + align:start position:0% +anarmonic term that remember the + + + align:start position:0% +anarmonic term that remember the +anarmonic term is nothing else than you + + align:start position:0% +anarmonic term is nothing else than you + + + align:start position:0% +anarmonic term is nothing else than you +know the overall vibrational free energy + + align:start position:0% +know the overall vibrational free energy + + + align:start position:0% +know the overall vibrational free energy +minus the harmonic term. And the trick + + align:start position:0% +minus the harmonic term. And the trick + + + align:start position:0% +minus the harmonic term. And the trick +consist in using in introducing + + align:start position:0% +consist in using in introducing + + + align:start position:0% +consist in using in introducing +uh reference classical potential so that + + align:start position:0% +uh reference classical potential so that + + + align:start position:0% +uh reference classical potential so that +a lot of your expensive sampling of the + + align:start position:0% +a lot of your expensive sampling of the + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of your expensive sampling of the +phase space can be done with classical + + align:start position:0% +phase space can be done with classical + + + align:start position:0% +phase space can be done with classical +simulations and the very expensive + + align:start position:0% +simulations and the very expensive + + + align:start position:0% +simulations and the very expensive +abinia simulation are only used to + + align:start position:0% +abinia simulation are only used to + + + align:start position:0% +abinia simulation are only used to +figure out what is the sort of + + align:start position:0% +figure out what is the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +figure out what is the sort of +difference in thermodynamical terms + + align:start position:0% +difference in thermodynamical terms + + + align:start position:0% +difference in thermodynamical terms +between your quantum potential and your + + align:start position:0% +between your quantum potential and your + + + align:start position:0% +between your quantum potential and your +classical potential. potential. So again + + align:start position:0% +classical potential. potential. So again + + + align:start position:0% +classical potential. potential. So again +you know sort of just a mathematical + + align:start position:0% +you know sort of just a mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +you know sort of just a mathematical +term I mean we can sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +term I mean we can sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +term I mean we can sort of you know +think at our + + align:start position:0% +think at our + + + align:start position:0% +think at our +overall energy. Okay. So this would be + + align:start position:0% +overall energy. Okay. So this would be + + + align:start position:0% +overall energy. Okay. So this would be +the overall a apart from the sort of + + align:start position:0% +the overall a apart from the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the overall a apart from the sort of +equilibrium term. So what we are trying + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium term. So what we are trying + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium term. So what we are trying +to calculate is the difference between + + align:start position:0% +to calculate is the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate is the difference between +the whole term minus the harmonic term. + + align:start position:0% +the whole term minus the harmonic term. + + + align:start position:0% +the whole term minus the harmonic term. +But we actually introduce a classical + + align:start position:0% +But we actually introduce a classical + + + align:start position:0% +But we actually introduce a classical +potential that sort of hopefully + + align:start position:0% +potential that sort of hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +potential that sort of hopefully +reproduces as closely as possible the + + align:start position:0% +reproduces as closely as possible the + + + align:start position:0% +reproduces as closely as possible the +energies the interactions between all + + align:start position:0% +energies the interactions between all + + + align:start position:0% +energies the interactions between all +our atom. And so we can actually break + + align:start position:0% +our atom. And so we can actually break + + + align:start position:0% +our atom. And so we can actually break +down this term in two parts. One that + + align:start position:0% +down this term in two parts. One that + + + align:start position:0% +down this term in two parts. One that +has to do with the difference between + + align:start position:0% +has to do with the difference between + + + align:start position:0% +has to do with the difference between +the harmonic crystal and our reference + + align:start position:0% +the harmonic crystal and our reference + + + align:start position:0% +the harmonic crystal and our reference +system and one that has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +system and one that has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +system and one that has to do with the +difference between sort of our overall + + align:start position:0% +difference between sort of our overall + + + align:start position:0% +difference between sort of our overall +energy term here or the overall free + + align:start position:0% +energy term here or the overall free + + + align:start position:0% +energy term here or the overall free +energy term including nonlinear effects + + align:start position:0% +energy term including nonlinear effects + + + align:start position:0% +energy term including nonlinear effects +minus the reference minus the reference + + align:start position:0% +minus the reference minus the reference + + + align:start position:0% +minus the reference minus the reference +system. And now this here is a + + align:start position:0% +system. And now this here is a + + + align:start position:0% +system. And now this here is a +calculation that involves only sort of + + align:start position:0% +calculation that involves only sort of + + + align:start position:0% +calculation that involves only sort of +classical potential calculation of your + + align:start position:0% +classical potential calculation of your + + + align:start position:0% +classical potential calculation of your +phon frequency. So this can be done very + + align:start position:0% +phon frequency. So this can be done very + + + align:start position:0% +phon frequency. So this can be done very +extensively over long classical + + align:start position:0% +extensively over long classical + + + align:start position:0% +extensively over long classical +simulation and in a way it captures all + + align:start position:0% +simulation and in a way it captures all + + + align:start position:0% +simulation and in a way it captures all +the complexity of the phase space. While + + align:start position:0% +the complexity of the phase space. While + + + align:start position:0% +the complexity of the phase space. While +this that is very expensive because you + + align:start position:0% +this that is very expensive because you + + + align:start position:0% +this that is very expensive because you +need to calculate the internal energy + + align:start position:0% +need to calculate the internal energy + + + align:start position:0% +need to calculate the internal energy +with sort of you know the quantum + + align:start position:0% +with sort of you know the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +with sort of you know the quantum +mechanical model is sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +mechanical model is sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical model is sort of you know +you're trying to sample the difference + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to sample the difference + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to sample the difference +between two quantities that are as + + align:start position:0% +between two quantities that are as + + + align:start position:0% +between two quantities that are as +similar as possible. And you know in the + + align:start position:0% +similar as possible. And you know in the + + + align:start position:0% +similar as possible. And you know in the +ideal case in which your classical + + align:start position:0% +ideal case in which your classical + + + align:start position:0% +ideal case in which your classical +potential is able actually to reproduce + + align:start position:0% +potential is able actually to reproduce + + + align:start position:0% +potential is able actually to reproduce +your quantum potential this goes towards + + align:start position:0% +your quantum potential this goes towards + + + align:start position:0% +your quantum potential this goes towards +zero. So it's something that is very + + align:start position:0% +zero. So it's something that is very + + + align:start position:0% +zero. So it's something that is very +simple to integrate. So by introducing + + align:start position:0% +simple to integrate. So by introducing + + + align:start position:0% +simple to integrate. So by introducing +basically a reference potential you're + + align:start position:0% +basically a reference potential you're + + + align:start position:0% +basically a reference potential you're +shifting a lot of the thermodynamical + + align:start position:0% +shifting a lot of the thermodynamical + + + align:start position:0% +shifting a lot of the thermodynamical +integration to the classical simulation + + align:start position:0% +integration to the classical simulation + + + align:start position:0% +integration to the classical simulation +and you're just using the quantum + + align:start position:0% +and you're just using the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +and you're just using the quantum +mechanical simulations to sort of sample + + align:start position:0% +mechanical simulations to sort of sample + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical simulations to sort of sample +the difference. And so this can be done + + align:start position:0% +the difference. And so this can be done + + + align:start position:0% +the difference. And so this can be done +actually with much shorter and much + + align:start position:0% +actually with much shorter and much + + + align:start position:0% +actually with much shorter and much +smaller simulations. And you know I + + align:start position:0% +smaller simulations. And you know I + + + align:start position:0% +smaller simulations. And you know I +won't go actually into the details of + + align:start position:0% +won't go actually into the details of + + + align:start position:0% +won't go actually into the details of +what you need to do for the case of iron + + align:start position:0% +what you need to do for the case of iron + + + align:start position:0% +what you need to do for the case of iron +that is what is a good potential but + + align:start position:0% +that is what is a good potential but + + + align:start position:0% +that is what is a good potential but +sort of you know people have figured out + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know people have figured out + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know people have figured out +that something as simple as basically + + align:start position:0% +that something as simple as basically + + + align:start position:0% +that something as simple as basically +know sort of Leonard Jones like kind of + + align:start position:0% +know sort of Leonard Jones like kind of + + + align:start position:0% +know sort of Leonard Jones like kind of +potential on top of our harmonic term is + + align:start position:0% +potential on top of our harmonic term is + + + align:start position:0% +potential on top of our harmonic term is +actually sort of good enough to provide + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of good enough to provide + + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of good enough to provide +a reference a reference potential. So + + align:start position:0% +a reference a reference potential. So + + + align:start position:0% +a reference a reference potential. So +basically with all this uh formalism + + align:start position:0% +basically with all this uh formalism + + + align:start position:0% +basically with all this uh formalism +what one is able to do at the end is + + align:start position:0% +what one is able to do at the end is + + + align:start position:0% +what one is able to do at the end is +calculate free energy differences in + + align:start position:0% +calculate free energy differences in + + + align:start position:0% +calculate free energy differences in +which if you want the fundamental + + align:start position:0% +which if you want the fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +which if you want the fundamental +components are calculating the phonon + + align:start position:0% +components are calculating the phonon + + + align:start position:0% +components are calculating the phonon +frequency of your system in this case + + align:start position:0% +frequency of your system in this case + + + align:start position:0% +frequency of your system in this case +specifically for the case of a solid + + align:start position:0% +specifically for the case of a solid + + + align:start position:0% +specifically for the case of a solid +that gives you the first step in the + + align:start position:0% +that gives you the first step in the + + + align:start position:0% +that gives you the first step in the +vibrational free energy and is nothing + + align:start position:0% +vibrational free energy and is nothing + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational free energy and is nothing +else than this case a density functional + + align:start position:0% +else than this case a density functional + + + align:start position:0% +else than this case a density functional +perturbation theory calculation. You + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory calculation. You + + + align:start position:0% +perturbation theory calculation. You +want the phon spectrum and then you need + + align:start position:0% +want the phon spectrum and then you need + + + align:start position:0% +want the phon spectrum and then you need +to do a number of molecular dynamic + + align:start position:0% +to do a number of molecular dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +to do a number of molecular dynamic +simulations on very large and sort of + + align:start position:0% +simulations on very large and sort of + + + align:start position:0% +simulations on very large and sort of +very extensive for classical potential. + + align:start position:0% +very extensive for classical potential. + + + align:start position:0% +very extensive for classical potential. +And then if you want you just correct + + align:start position:0% +And then if you want you just correct + + + align:start position:0% +And then if you want you just correct +your classical simulations with the + + align:start position:0% +your classical simulations with the + + + align:start position:0% +your classical simulations with the +difference between the classical and the + + align:start position:0% +difference between the classical and the + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the classical and the +quantum potential. And once you have all + + align:start position:0% +quantum potential. And once you have all + + + align:start position:0% +quantum potential. And once you have all +of that you are basically able to + + align:start position:0% +of that you are basically able to + + + align:start position:0% +of that you are basically able to +calculate all sort of you know the free + + align:start position:0% +calculate all sort of you know the free + + + align:start position:0% +calculate all sort of you know the free +energies that you need. And u I guess + + align:start position:0% +energies that you need. And u I guess + + + align:start position:0% +energies that you need. And u I guess +this is an example. I show you in a + + align:start position:0% +this is an example. I show you in a + + + align:start position:0% +this is an example. I show you in a +moment a more telling example in which + + align:start position:0% +moment a more telling example in which + + + align:start position:0% +moment a more telling example in which +again sort of you know we compare + + align:start position:0% +again sort of you know we compare + + + align:start position:0% +again sort of you know we compare +actually sort of what were our + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of what were our + + + align:start position:0% +actually sort of what were our +prediction for the pressure volume curve + + align:start position:0% +prediction for the pressure volume curve + + + align:start position:0% +prediction for the pressure volume curve +uh coming from the abinia simulation and + + align:start position:0% +uh coming from the abinia simulation and + + + align:start position:0% +uh coming from the abinia simulation and +experimental results. But more + + align:start position:0% +experimental results. But more + + + align:start position:0% +experimental results. But more +importantly if you want we are actually + + align:start position:0% +importantly if you want we are actually + + + align:start position:0% +importantly if you want we are actually +able to figure out when the free energy + + align:start position:0% +able to figure out when the free energy + + + align:start position:0% +able to figure out when the free energy +of the solid and the free energy of the + + align:start position:0% +of the solid and the free energy of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the solid and the free energy of the +liquid cross. And we can do this as a + + align:start position:0% +liquid cross. And we can do this as a + + + align:start position:0% +liquid cross. And we can do this as a +function of pressure. And so this is you + + align:start position:0% +function of pressure. And so this is you + + + align:start position:0% +function of pressure. And so this is you +know at this stage our best prediction + + align:start position:0% +know at this stage our best prediction + + + align:start position:0% +know at this stage our best prediction +for the phase diagram of iron as a + + align:start position:0% +for the phase diagram of iron as a + + + align:start position:0% +for the phase diagram of iron as a +function of pressure. In particular the + + align:start position:0% +function of pressure. In particular the + + + align:start position:0% +function of pressure. In particular the +black line here is sort of you know the + + align:start position:0% +black line here is sort of you know the + + + align:start position:0% +black line here is sort of you know the +set of simulation that I described. And + + align:start position:0% +set of simulation that I described. And + + + align:start position:0% +set of simulation that I described. And +you know there starts to be a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +you know there starts to be a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +you know there starts to be a reasonable +agreement between the number of shock + + align:start position:0% +agreement between the number of shock + + + align:start position:0% +agreement between the number of shock +gun experiments and the number of + + align:start position:0% +gun experiments and the number of + + + align:start position:0% +gun experiments and the number of +simulation that puts roughly the + + align:start position:0% +simulation that puts roughly the + + + align:start position:0% +simulation that puts roughly the +temperature at 330 gap pascal just sort + + align:start position:0% +temperature at 330 gap pascal just sort + + + align:start position:0% +temperature at 330 gap pascal just sort +of above 6 6,000 Kelvin and so this was + + align:start position:0% +of above 6 6,000 Kelvin and so this was + + + align:start position:0% +of above 6 6,000 Kelvin and so this was +sort of you know when it came out the + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know when it came out the + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know when it came out the +scientific literature it was sort of + + align:start position:0% +scientific literature it was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +scientific literature it was sort of +hailed as you know taking the + + align:start position:0% +hailed as you know taking the + + + align:start position:0% +hailed as you know taking the +temperature of the core of the earth and + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the core of the earth and + + + align:start position:0% +temperature of the core of the earth and +at this stage is again sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +at this stage is again sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +at this stage is again sort of you know +our most accurate prediction of what is + + align:start position:0% +our most accurate prediction of what is + + + align:start position:0% +our most accurate prediction of what is +what is going on inside. Um just sort of + + align:start position:0% +what is going on inside. Um just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +what is going on inside. Um just sort of +to make the point that you know this is + + align:start position:0% +to make the point that you know this is + + + align:start position:0% +to make the point that you know this is +not the only way. Uh remember that you + + align:start position:0% +not the only way. Uh remember that you + + + align:start position:0% +not the only way. Uh remember that you +know one can also do the simulation of + + align:start position:0% +know one can also do the simulation of + + + align:start position:0% +know one can also do the simulation of +the coexistence between the solid and + + align:start position:0% +the coexistence between the solid and + + + align:start position:0% +the coexistence between the solid and +the liquid exactly as you have done sort + + align:start position:0% +the liquid exactly as you have done sort + + + align:start position:0% +the liquid exactly as you have done sort +of in your uh laboratory in your lab + + align:start position:0% +of in your uh laboratory in your lab + + + align:start position:0% +of in your uh laboratory in your lab +number four. This is actually a paper + + align:start position:0% +number four. This is actually a paper + + + align:start position:0% +number four. This is actually a paper +again sort of science 2000. So um really + + align:start position:0% +again sort of science 2000. So um really + + + align:start position:0% +again sort of science 2000. So um really +sort of you know um um state-of-the-art + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know um um state-of-the-art + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know um um state-of-the-art +research and in this particular + + align:start position:0% +research and in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +research and in this particular +simulations they used classical + + align:start position:0% +simulations they used classical + + + align:start position:0% +simulations they used classical +potential. So again not not very far + + align:start position:0% +potential. So again not not very far + + + align:start position:0% +potential. So again not not very far +from what you have done with the only + + align:start position:0% +from what you have done with the only + + + align:start position:0% +from what you have done with the only +caveat that you know the classical + + align:start position:0% +caveat that you know the classical + + + align:start position:0% +caveat that you know the classical +potential had been extensively optimized + + align:start position:0% +potential had been extensively optimized + + + align:start position:0% +potential had been extensively optimized +to describe solid and liquid iron. And + + align:start position:0% +to describe solid and liquid iron. And + + + align:start position:0% +to describe solid and liquid iron. And +the way that optimization was done um it + + align:start position:0% +the way that optimization was done um it + + + align:start position:0% +the way that optimization was done um it +uh it used what is called the force + + align:start position:0% +uh it used what is called the force + + + align:start position:0% +uh it used what is called the force +matching method in which basically you + + align:start position:0% +matching method in which basically you + + + align:start position:0% +matching method in which basically you +do again extensive but small abinia + + align:start position:0% +do again extensive but small abinia + + + align:start position:0% +do again extensive but small abinia +molecular dynamic simulation and you + + align:start position:0% +molecular dynamic simulation and you + + + align:start position:0% +molecular dynamic simulation and you +sort of tune your classical potential in + + align:start position:0% +sort of tune your classical potential in + + + align:start position:0% +sort of tune your classical potential in +order to have the smallest mean queen + + align:start position:0% +order to have the smallest mean queen + + + align:start position:0% +order to have the smallest mean queen +mean square error with respect to the + + align:start position:0% +mean square error with respect to the + + + align:start position:0% +mean square error with respect to the +abinia simulation and that often because + + align:start position:0% +abinia simulation and that often because + + + align:start position:0% +abinia simulation and that often because +you have basically so many + + align:start position:0% +you have basically so many + + + align:start position:0% +you have basically so many +configurations + + align:start position:0% +configurations + + + align:start position:0% +configurations +And so you sample so many possible + + align:start position:0% +And so you sample so many possible + + + align:start position:0% +And so you sample so many possible +different environments for your atoms + + align:start position:0% +different environments for your atoms + + + align:start position:0% +different environments for your atoms +can somehow give you uh reasonably + + align:start position:0% +can somehow give you uh reasonably + + + align:start position:0% +can somehow give you uh reasonably +robust classical potentials again in + + align:start position:0% +robust classical potentials again in + + + align:start position:0% +robust classical potentials again in +sort of you know very simple cases. This + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know very simple cases. This + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know very simple cases. This +case is just an elemental system and you + + align:start position:0% +case is just an elemental system and you + + + align:start position:0% +case is just an elemental system and you +know sort of in a range of temperature + + align:start position:0% +know sort of in a range of temperature + + + align:start position:0% +know sort of in a range of temperature +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +pressure. So this was a sort of an + + align:start position:0% +pressure. So this was a sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +pressure. So this was a sort of an +example that I wanted to discuss a + + align:start position:0% +example that I wanted to discuss a + + + align:start position:0% +example that I wanted to discuss a +little bit more in detail. uh I think + + align:start position:0% +little bit more in detail. uh I think + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more in detail. uh I think +all this sort of research area of + + align:start position:0% +all this sort of research area of + + + align:start position:0% +all this sort of research area of +studying the properties of matter at + + align:start position:0% +studying the properties of matter at + + + align:start position:0% +studying the properties of matter at +extreme condition uh has been extremely + + align:start position:0% +extreme condition uh has been extremely + + + align:start position:0% +extreme condition uh has been extremely +fruitful from the point of view of + + align:start position:0% +fruitful from the point of view of + + + align:start position:0% +fruitful from the point of view of +abinia simulations and sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +abinia simulations and sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +abinia simulations and sort of you know +there are other cases in which actually + + align:start position:0% +there are other cases in which actually + + + align:start position:0% +there are other cases in which actually +sort of you know the phase diagram of + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know the phase diagram of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of you know the phase diagram of +say methane under high pressure has sort + + align:start position:0% +say methane under high pressure has sort + + + align:start position:0% +say methane under high pressure has sort +of led to a number of interesting + + align:start position:0% +of led to a number of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +of led to a number of interesting +discoveries. There are all the sort of + + align:start position:0% +discoveries. There are all the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +discoveries. There are all the sort of +you know the planets uh Jupiter and uh + + align:start position:0% +you know the planets uh Jupiter and uh + + + align:start position:0% +you know the planets uh Jupiter and uh +and beyond often are made by mixture of + + align:start position:0% +and beyond often are made by mixture of + + + align:start position:0% +and beyond often are made by mixture of +you know methane, water or often say in + + align:start position:0% +you know methane, water or often say in + + + align:start position:0% +you know methane, water or often say in +the case of Jupiter a large amount of + + align:start position:0% +the case of Jupiter a large amount of + + + align:start position:0% +the case of Jupiter a large amount of +hydrogen and the phase diagram of this + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and the phase diagram of this + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and the phase diagram of this +system again at very high pressure is + + align:start position:0% +system again at very high pressure is + + + align:start position:0% +system again at very high pressure is +largely unknown. One of the most + + align:start position:0% +largely unknown. One of the most + + + align:start position:0% +largely unknown. One of the most +interesting sort of prediction that was + + align:start position:0% +interesting sort of prediction that was + + + align:start position:0% +interesting sort of prediction that was +made uh already in the 30s by Vner was + + align:start position:0% +made uh already in the 30s by Vner was + + + align:start position:0% +made uh already in the 30s by Vner was +that you know uh hydrogen under high + + align:start position:0% +that you know uh hydrogen under high + + + align:start position:0% +that you know uh hydrogen under high +pressure should really start to behave + + align:start position:0% +pressure should really start to behave + + + align:start position:0% +pressure should really start to behave +as all the other alkali metals in the + + align:start position:0% +as all the other alkali metals in the + + + align:start position:0% +as all the other alkali metals in the +first group. If you think hydrogen is in + + align:start position:0% +first group. If you think hydrogen is in + + + align:start position:0% +first group. If you think hydrogen is in +there and is a sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +there and is a sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +there and is a sort of you know +molecular gas at ambient condition but + + align:start position:0% +molecular gas at ambient condition but + + + align:start position:0% +molecular gas at ambient condition but +everything below it um it's really you + + align:start position:0% +everything below it um it's really you + + + align:start position:0% +everything below it um it's really you +know a simple metal lithium sodium + + align:start position:0% +know a simple metal lithium sodium + + + align:start position:0% +know a simple metal lithium sodium +potassium and so on and so forth and uh + + align:start position:0% +potassium and so on and so forth and uh + + + align:start position:0% +potassium and so on and so forth and uh +at ambient condition hydrogen if you + + align:start position:0% +at ambient condition hydrogen if you + + + align:start position:0% +at ambient condition hydrogen if you +want would belong much more to group + + align:start position:0% +want would belong much more to group + + + align:start position:0% +want would belong much more to group +seven with the hallogens that really + + align:start position:0% +seven with the hallogens that really + + + align:start position:0% +seven with the hallogens that really +form dimemer and gases like chlorine or + + align:start position:0% +form dimemer and gases like chlorine or + + + align:start position:0% +form dimemer and gases like chlorine or +bromine than on group group one. But if + + align:start position:0% +bromine than on group group one. But if + + + align:start position:0% +bromine than on group group one. But if +you keep compressing compressing there + + align:start position:0% +you keep compressing compressing there + + + align:start position:0% +you keep compressing compressing there +should be a point in which it becomes + + align:start position:0% +should be a point in which it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +should be a point in which it becomes +metallic and you know sort of we haven't + + align:start position:0% +metallic and you know sort of we haven't + + + align:start position:0% +metallic and you know sort of we haven't +really reached this state there are + + align:start position:0% +really reached this state there are + + + align:start position:0% +really reached this state there are +indication from the shotgun experiments + + align:start position:0% +indication from the shotgun experiments + + + align:start position:0% +indication from the shotgun experiments +that it could reach you know the + + align:start position:0% +that it could reach you know the + + + align:start position:0% +that it could reach you know the +metallic state at 350 400 gigap pascal + + align:start position:0% +metallic state at 350 400 gigap pascal + + + align:start position:0% +metallic state at 350 400 gigap pascal +but this is extremely important because + + align:start position:0% +but this is extremely important because + + + align:start position:0% +but this is extremely important because +say for a planet like Jupiter there is a + + align:start position:0% +say for a planet like Jupiter there is a + + + align:start position:0% +say for a planet like Jupiter there is a +huge difference if we are going to have + + align:start position:0% +huge difference if we are going to have + + + align:start position:0% +huge difference if we are going to have +in the inside of the planet say a + + align:start position:0% +in the inside of the planet say a + + + align:start position:0% +in the inside of the planet say a +molecular solid or a metallic solid + + align:start position:0% +molecular solid or a metallic solid + + + align:start position:0% +molecular solid or a metallic solid +or a metallic fluid. If we have a + + align:start position:0% +or a metallic fluid. If we have a + + + align:start position:0% +or a metallic fluid. If we have a +hydrogen that all of a sudden inside is + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen that all of a sudden inside is + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen that all of a sudden inside is +a metallic fluid, well, we can you know + + align:start position:0% +a metallic fluid, well, we can you know + + + align:start position:0% +a metallic fluid, well, we can you know +have there right away like for the case + + align:start position:0% +have there right away like for the case + + + align:start position:0% +have there right away like for the case +of earth a significant source of + + align:start position:0% +of earth a significant source of + + + align:start position:0% +of earth a significant source of +magnetic field if we start to have a + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field if we start to have a + + + align:start position:0% +magnetic field if we start to have a +sort of circulation in that in that + + align:start position:0% +sort of circulation in that in that + + + align:start position:0% +sort of circulation in that in that +fluid. So all of this is is very + + align:start position:0% +fluid. So all of this is is very + + + align:start position:0% +fluid. So all of this is is very +important and I think one of the most + + align:start position:0% +important and I think one of the most + + + align:start position:0% +important and I think one of the most +intriguing prediction that actually sort + + align:start position:0% +intriguing prediction that actually sort + + + align:start position:0% +intriguing prediction that actually sort +of had originally come just as a + + align:start position:0% +of had originally come just as a + + + align:start position:0% +of had originally come just as a +hypothesis by Marvin Ross in 1981 was + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis by Marvin Ross in 1981 was + + + align:start position:0% +hypothesis by Marvin Ross in 1981 was +that in some of this planet there could + + align:start position:0% +that in some of this planet there could + + + align:start position:0% +that in some of this planet there could +be an interesting decomposition of + + align:start position:0% +be an interesting decomposition of + + + align:start position:0% +be an interesting decomposition of +methane. So basically what could be + + align:start position:0% +methane. So basically what could be + + + align:start position:0% +methane. So basically what could be +going on is that uh inside say Neptune + + align:start position:0% +going on is that uh inside say Neptune + + + align:start position:0% +going on is that uh inside say Neptune +as sort of you increase the pressure + + align:start position:0% +as sort of you increase the pressure + + + align:start position:0% +as sort of you increase the pressure +your methane molecule under the effect + + align:start position:0% +your methane molecule under the effect + + + align:start position:0% +your methane molecule under the effect +of pressure starts decomposing and this + + align:start position:0% +of pressure starts decomposing and this + + + align:start position:0% +of pressure starts decomposing and this +is actually has been seen in quantum + + align:start position:0% +is actually has been seen in quantum + + + align:start position:0% +is actually has been seen in quantum +mechanical simulations. And so what you + + align:start position:0% +mechanical simulations. And so what you + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical simulations. And so what you +have is that on one side is that you + + align:start position:0% +have is that on one side is that you + + + align:start position:0% +have is that on one side is that you +know the carbon atoms and that you have + + align:start position:0% +know the carbon atoms and that you have + + + align:start position:0% +know the carbon atoms and that you have +a breaking of the carbon hydrogen bond. + + align:start position:0% +a breaking of the carbon hydrogen bond. + + + align:start position:0% +a breaking of the carbon hydrogen bond. +And so you have formation of pure carbon + + align:start position:0% +And so you have formation of pure carbon + + + align:start position:0% +And so you have formation of pure carbon +of diamonds and you have formation of + + align:start position:0% +of diamonds and you have formation of + + + align:start position:0% +of diamonds and you have formation of +higher hydrocarbons. And actually there + + align:start position:0% +higher hydrocarbons. And actually there + + + align:start position:0% +higher hydrocarbons. And actually there +has always been a sort of experimental + + align:start position:0% +has always been a sort of experimental + + + align:start position:0% +has always been a sort of experimental +observation of an anomalous presence of + + align:start position:0% +observation of an anomalous presence of + + + align:start position:0% +observation of an anomalous presence of +high order hydrocarbons on the surface + + align:start position:0% +high order hydrocarbons on the surface + + + align:start position:0% +high order hydrocarbons on the surface +of this planet. And so this simulation + + align:start position:0% +of this planet. And so this simulation + + + align:start position:0% +of this planet. And so this simulation +for the first time provided a reason why + + align:start position:0% +for the first time provided a reason why + + + align:start position:0% +for the first time provided a reason why +there should be higher order + + align:start position:0% +there should be higher order + + + align:start position:0% +there should be higher order +hydrocarbons. They are basically created + + align:start position:0% +hydrocarbons. They are basically created + + + align:start position:0% +hydrocarbons. They are basically created +when methane collapses under pressure + + align:start position:0% +when methane collapses under pressure + + + align:start position:0% +when methane collapses under pressure +and then somehow from deep inside the + + align:start position:0% +and then somehow from deep inside the + + + align:start position:0% +and then somehow from deep inside the +planet this sort of convective currents + + align:start position:0% +planet this sort of convective currents + + + align:start position:0% +planet this sort of convective currents +bring this hydrocarbon up. But the other + + align:start position:0% +bring this hydrocarbon up. But the other + + + align:start position:0% +bring this hydrocarbon up. But the other +prediction that I think you know um even + + align:start position:0% +prediction that I think you know um even + + + align:start position:0% +prediction that I think you know um even +if not confirmed at the time is the most + + align:start position:0% +if not confirmed at the time is the most + + + align:start position:0% +if not confirmed at the time is the most +appealing is that at the same time you + + align:start position:0% +appealing is that at the same time you + + + align:start position:0% +appealing is that at the same time you +have nucleation of diamond and so there + + align:start position:0% +have nucleation of diamond and so there + + + align:start position:0% +have nucleation of diamond and so there +is sort of this beautiful picture of + + align:start position:0% +is sort of this beautiful picture of + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of this beautiful picture of +basically a rain of diamonds sort of you + + align:start position:0% +basically a rain of diamonds sort of you + + + align:start position:0% +basically a rain of diamonds sort of you +know taking place inside the planet and + + align:start position:0% +know taking place inside the planet and + + + align:start position:0% +know taking place inside the planet and +basically converging to the inside and + + align:start position:0% +basically converging to the inside and + + + align:start position:0% +basically converging to the inside and +again you know this was just a + + align:start position:0% +again you know this was just a + + + align:start position:0% +again you know this was just a +prediction but um I think in 2002 or + + align:start position:0% +prediction but um I think in 2002 or + + + align:start position:0% +prediction but um I think in 2002 or +2003 maybe it's it's mentioned here no + + align:start position:0% +2003 maybe it's it's mentioned here no + + + align:start position:0% +2003 maybe it's it's mentioned here no +19 1999 so just two or three years after + + align:start position:0% +19 1999 so just two or three years after + + + align:start position:0% +19 1999 so just two or three years after +the previous paper finally there were + + align:start position:0% +the previous paper finally there were + + + align:start position:0% +the previous paper finally there were +sort of diamond anvil cell experiments + + align:start position:0% +sort of diamond anvil cell experiments + + + align:start position:0% +sort of diamond anvil cell experiments +by made by Ryman journal at Berkeley and + + align:start position:0% +by made by Ryman journal at Berkeley and + + + align:start position:0% +by made by Ryman journal at Berkeley and +uh all of a sudden methane under + + align:start position:0% +uh all of a sudden methane under + + + align:start position:0% +uh all of a sudden methane under +pressure sort of gave rise both to + + align:start position:0% +pressure sort of gave rise both to + + + align:start position:0% +pressure sort of gave rise both to +higher hydrocarbons but also to the + + align:start position:0% +higher hydrocarbons but also to the + + + align:start position:0% +higher hydrocarbons but also to the +clear signature of diamonds. So they saw + + align:start position:0% +clear signature of diamonds. So they saw + + + align:start position:0% +clear signature of diamonds. So they saw +basically the nucleation of pure + + align:start position:0% +basically the nucleation of pure + + + align:start position:0% +basically the nucleation of pure +diamonds just just under pressure. And I + + align:start position:0% +diamonds just just under pressure. And I + + + align:start position:0% +diamonds just just under pressure. And I +guess this brought in general both in + + align:start position:0% +guess this brought in general both in + + + align:start position:0% +guess this brought in general both in +the geoysical and in the planetary + + align:start position:0% +the geoysical and in the planetary + + + align:start position:0% +the geoysical and in the planetary +community uh a lot of resonance for the + + align:start position:0% +community uh a lot of resonance for the + + + align:start position:0% +community uh a lot of resonance for the +importance of this abinio simulation in + + align:start position:0% +importance of this abinio simulation in + + + align:start position:0% +importance of this abinio simulation in +in the in the field. And the last + + align:start position:0% +in the in the field. And the last + + + align:start position:0% +in the in the field. And the last +example that I wanted to show uh in + + align:start position:0% +example that I wanted to show uh in + + + align:start position:0% +example that I wanted to show uh in +terms of sort of you know geohysical or + + align:start position:0% +terms of sort of you know geohysical or + + + align:start position:0% +terms of sort of you know geohysical or +planetary importance is actually the one + + align:start position:0% +planetary importance is actually the one + + + align:start position:0% +planetary importance is actually the one +of water that has a very intriguing + + align:start position:0% +of water that has a very intriguing + + + align:start position:0% +of water that has a very intriguing +phase that was sort of you know + + align:start position:0% +phase that was sort of you know + + + align:start position:0% +phase that was sort of you know +suggested for the first time again in + + align:start position:0% +suggested for the first time again in + + + align:start position:0% +suggested for the first time again in +1999 and what I'm showing here is just a + + align:start position:0% +1999 and what I'm showing here is just a + + + align:start position:0% +1999 and what I'm showing here is just a +network of solid oxygen. So here I'm + + align:start position:0% +network of solid oxygen. So here I'm + + + align:start position:0% +network of solid oxygen. So here I'm +just showing the oxygen for a high + + align:start position:0% +just showing the oxygen for a high + + + align:start position:0% +just showing the oxygen for a high +pressure phase. In this simulation um we + + align:start position:0% +pressure phase. In this simulation um we + + + align:start position:0% +pressure phase. In this simulation um we +were looking at 20 gigap pascal of + + align:start position:0% +were looking at 20 gigap pascal of + + + align:start position:0% +were looking at 20 gigap pascal of +pressure and what happens is that if you + + align:start position:0% +pressure and what happens is that if you + + + align:start position:0% +pressure and what happens is that if you +increase the temperature enough actually + + align:start position:0% +increase the temperature enough actually + + + align:start position:0% +increase the temperature enough actually +water becomes a super protonic that is a + + align:start position:0% +water becomes a super protonic that is a + + + align:start position:0% +water becomes a super protonic that is a +very exotic phase. So the coalent bond + + align:start position:0% +very exotic phase. So the coalent bond + + + align:start position:0% +very exotic phase. So the coalent bond +between hydrogen and oxygen breaks apart + + align:start position:0% +between hydrogen and oxygen breaks apart + + + align:start position:0% +between hydrogen and oxygen breaks apart +and the system is still a solid again + + align:start position:0% +and the system is still a solid again + + + align:start position:0% +and the system is still a solid again +high pressure even if there is high + + align:start position:0% +high pressure even if there is high + + + align:start position:0% +high pressure even if there is high +temperature but the hydrogens start + + align:start position:0% +temperature but the hydrogens start + + + align:start position:0% +temperature but the hydrogens start +moving around like a liquid. So you have + + align:start position:0% +moving around like a liquid. So you have + + + align:start position:0% +moving around like a liquid. So you have +a coexistence of phases between a solid + + align:start position:0% +a coexistence of phases between a solid + + + align:start position:0% +a coexistence of phases between a solid +phase of one sublattis and the other + + align:start position:0% +phase of one sublattis and the other + + + align:start position:0% +phase of one sublattis and the other +sublattis that has gone that has gone + + align:start position:0% +sublattis that has gone that has gone + + + align:start position:0% +sublattis that has gone that has gone +liquid. There are a number of sort of + + align:start position:0% +liquid. There are a number of sort of + + + align:start position:0% +liquid. There are a number of sort of +materials that you know even at ordinary + + align:start position:0% +materials that you know even at ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +materials that you know even at ordinary +conditions do this. There are sort of + + align:start position:0% +conditions do this. There are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +conditions do this. There are sort of +you know some salts like silver iodide + + align:start position:0% +you know some salts like silver iodide + + + align:start position:0% +you know some salts like silver iodide +that does this and there are sort of + + align:start position:0% +that does this and there are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +that does this and there are sort of +interesting fuel cell materials that do + + align:start position:0% +interesting fuel cell materials that do + + + align:start position:0% +interesting fuel cell materials that do +this because again you know sort of in + + align:start position:0% +this because again you know sort of in + + + align:start position:0% +this because again you know sort of in +this case say when you have a super + + align:start position:0% +this case say when you have a super + + + align:start position:0% +this case say when you have a super +protonic in this case phase that is when + + align:start position:0% +protonic in this case phase that is when + + + align:start position:0% +protonic in this case phase that is when +you have that the protons behave as a + + align:start position:0% +you have that the protons behave as a + + + align:start position:0% +you have that the protons behave as a +liquid well this system becomes a very + + align:start position:0% +liquid well this system becomes a very + + + align:start position:0% +liquid well this system becomes a very +intriguing ionic conductor. But again + + align:start position:0% +intriguing ionic conductor. But again + + + align:start position:0% +intriguing ionic conductor. But again +this was a prediction from 1999 and + + align:start position:0% +this was a prediction from 1999 and + + + align:start position:0% +this was a prediction from 1999 and +actually just a few weeks ago came the + + align:start position:0% +actually just a few weeks ago came the + + + align:start position:0% +actually just a few weeks ago came the +experimental confirmation from Lawrence + + align:start position:0% +experimental confirmation from Lawrence + + + align:start position:0% +experimental confirmation from Lawrence +Livermore and uh lo and behold the super + + align:start position:0% +Livermore and uh lo and behold the super + + + align:start position:0% +Livermore and uh lo and behold the super +protonic phase of water has been found + + align:start position:0% +protonic phase of water has been found + + + align:start position:0% +protonic phase of water has been found +has been found at 47 gigap pascal + + align:start position:0% +has been found at 47 gigap pascal + + + align:start position:0% +has been found at 47 gigap pascal +instead of 20 gigap pascal uh as usual I + + align:start position:0% +instead of 20 gigap pascal uh as usual I + + + align:start position:0% +instead of 20 gigap pascal uh as usual I +mean you know because of all the errors + + align:start position:0% +mean you know because of all the errors + + + align:start position:0% +mean you know because of all the errors +involved in density functional theory + + align:start position:0% +involved in density functional theory + + + align:start position:0% +involved in density functional theory +and in this specific case also the + + align:start position:0% +and in this specific case also the + + + align:start position:0% +and in this specific case also the +errors involved with the sort of quantum + + align:start position:0% +errors involved with the sort of quantum + + + align:start position:0% +errors involved with the sort of quantum +mechanical description of the + + align:start position:0% +mechanical description of the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical description of the +vibrational excitation that remember is + + align:start position:0% +vibrational excitation that remember is + + + align:start position:0% +vibrational excitation that remember is +above the Einstein gas and I'll conclude + + align:start position:0% +above the Einstein gas and I'll conclude + + + align:start position:0% +above the Einstein gas and I'll conclude +with the last slide that again it's not + + align:start position:0% +with the last slide that again it's not + + + align:start position:0% +with the last slide that again it's not +anymore sort of geohysical or planetary + + align:start position:0% +anymore sort of geohysical or planetary + + + align:start position:0% +anymore sort of geohysical or planetary +but is again another very intriguing + + align:start position:0% +but is again another very intriguing + + + align:start position:0% +but is again another very intriguing +example of what was discovered in the + + align:start position:0% +example of what was discovered in the + + + align:start position:0% +example of what was discovered in the +high pressure um regime and this is + + align:start position:0% +high pressure um regime and this is + + + align:start position:0% +high pressure um regime and this is +again some work from the late 90s that + + align:start position:0% +again some work from the late 90s that + + + align:start position:0% +again some work from the late 90s that +has to do actually with the behavior of + + align:start position:0% +has to do actually with the behavior of + + + align:start position:0% +has to do actually with the behavior of +alkali like um sodium or lithium under + + align:start position:0% +alkali like um sodium or lithium under + + + align:start position:0% +alkali like um sodium or lithium under +pressure. You know these are metals that + + align:start position:0% +pressure. You know these are metals that + + + align:start position:0% +pressure. You know these are metals that +we really sort of um describe and + + align:start position:0% +we really sort of um describe and + + + align:start position:0% +we really sort of um describe and +consider simple metals where the valence + + align:start position:0% +consider simple metals where the valence + + + align:start position:0% +consider simple metals where the valence +electron behave as as you know almost + + align:start position:0% +electron behave as as you know almost + + + align:start position:0% +electron behave as as you know almost +nearly free electron gas. Think at + + align:start position:0% +nearly free electron gas. Think at + + + align:start position:0% +nearly free electron gas. Think at +lithium for a moment. You have a core + + align:start position:0% +lithium for a moment. You have a core + + + align:start position:0% +lithium for a moment. You have a core +with two electron in the 1s orbital and + + align:start position:0% +with two electron in the 1s orbital and + + + align:start position:0% +with two electron in the 1s orbital and +then you have a single electron on the + + align:start position:0% +then you have a single electron on the + + + align:start position:0% +then you have a single electron on the +2s orbital that becomes very deoized. + + align:start position:0% +2s orbital that becomes very deoized. + + + align:start position:0% +2s orbital that becomes very deoized. +And now this is what was discovered that + + align:start position:0% +And now this is what was discovered that + + + align:start position:0% +And now this is what was discovered that +I think it was very appealing and at + + align:start position:0% +I think it was very appealing and at + + + align:start position:0% +I think it was very appealing and at +some level was also confirmed uh + + align:start position:0% +some level was also confirmed uh + + + align:start position:0% +some level was also confirmed uh +recently by the Carnegie group that does + + align:start position:0% +recently by the Carnegie group that does + + + align:start position:0% +recently by the Carnegie group that does +a lot of these high pressure + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these high pressure + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of these high pressure +experiments. But basically when you + + align:start position:0% +experiments. But basically when you + + + align:start position:0% +experiments. But basically when you +start compressing your system what you + + align:start position:0% +start compressing your system what you + + + align:start position:0% +start compressing your system what you +have is that the 2s electrons starts + + align:start position:0% +have is that the 2s electrons starts + + + align:start position:0% +have is that the 2s electrons starts +over overlapping more and more if you + + align:start position:0% +over overlapping more and more if you + + + align:start position:0% +over overlapping more and more if you +want at very high pressure even the core + + align:start position:0% +want at very high pressure even the core + + + align:start position:0% +want at very high pressure even the core +of your lithium atoms start overlapping + + align:start position:0% +of your lithium atoms start overlapping + + + align:start position:0% +of your lithium atoms start overlapping +and what's happening is that pi + + align:start position:0% +and what's happening is that pi + + + align:start position:0% +and what's happening is that pi +principle becomes exceedingly relevant + + align:start position:0% +principle becomes exceedingly relevant + + + align:start position:0% +principle becomes exceedingly relevant +that is you start to have 2s electrons + + align:start position:0% +that is you start to have 2s electrons + + + align:start position:0% +that is you start to have 2s electrons +that by pressure would be forced to be + + align:start position:0% +that by pressure would be forced to be + + + align:start position:0% +that by pressure would be forced to be +almost in the same quantum state they + + align:start position:0% +almost in the same quantum state they + + + align:start position:0% +almost in the same quantum state they +start to overlap very significantly and + + align:start position:0% +start to overlap very significantly and + + + align:start position:0% +start to overlap very significantly and +what happens is that in order to escape + + align:start position:0% +what happens is that in order to escape + + + align:start position:0% +what happens is that in order to escape +this the electrons actually self-loize + + align:start position:0% +this the electrons actually self-loize + + + align:start position:0% +this the electrons actually self-loize +in the interstitial position. So the 2s + + align:start position:0% +in the interstitial position. So the 2s + + + align:start position:0% +in the interstitial position. So the 2s +electron from sort of you know being + + align:start position:0% +electron from sort of you know being + + + align:start position:0% +electron from sort of you know being +around the lithium atom sort of moves + + align:start position:0% +around the lithium atom sort of moves + + + align:start position:0% +around the lithium atom sort of moves +around and jumps into the interstial + + align:start position:0% +around and jumps into the interstial + + + align:start position:0% +around and jumps into the interstial +position it localizes and it actually + + align:start position:0% +position it localizes and it actually + + + align:start position:0% +position it localizes and it actually +pairs with another electron. So you have + + align:start position:0% +pairs with another electron. So you have + + + align:start position:0% +pairs with another electron. So you have +that you know your unit cell becomes + + align:start position:0% +that you know your unit cell becomes + + + align:start position:0% +that you know your unit cell becomes +double or sort of becomes more complex + + align:start position:0% +double or sort of becomes more complex + + + align:start position:0% +double or sort of becomes more complex +and actually your system has a phase + + align:start position:0% +and actually your system has a phase + + + align:start position:0% +and actually your system has a phase +transition from the metallic case of the + + align:start position:0% +transition from the metallic case of the + + + align:start position:0% +transition from the metallic case of the +sort of ordinary simple metals to an + + align:start position:0% +sort of ordinary simple metals to an + + + align:start position:0% +sort of ordinary simple metals to an +insulating case in which you have + + align:start position:0% +insulating case in which you have + + + align:start position:0% +insulating case in which you have +actually really pair of electrons + + align:start position:0% +actually really pair of electrons + + + align:start position:0% +actually really pair of electrons +localized in the interstitials. And + + align:start position:0% +localized in the interstitials. And + + + align:start position:0% +localized in the interstitials. And +again, you know, these are actually sort + + align:start position:0% +again, you know, these are actually sort + + + align:start position:0% +again, you know, these are actually sort +of, you know, cutting edge research that + + align:start position:0% +of, you know, cutting edge research that + + + align:start position:0% +of, you know, cutting edge research that +one nowadays can do on a simple computer + + align:start position:0% +one nowadays can do on a simple computer + + + align:start position:0% +one nowadays can do on a simple computer +because studying something like the + + align:start position:0% +because studying something like the + + + align:start position:0% +because studying something like the +equation of state of a simple metal in a + + align:start position:0% +equation of state of a simple metal in a + + + align:start position:0% +equation of state of a simple metal in a +variety of breatises in a variety of + + align:start position:0% +variety of breatises in a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +variety of breatises in a variety of +crystalallographic incarnation is is + + align:start position:0% +crystalallographic incarnation is is + + + align:start position:0% +crystalallographic incarnation is is +actually very simple to do. It's nothing + + align:start position:0% +actually very simple to do. It's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +actually very simple to do. It's nothing +different from what you have done for + + align:start position:0% +different from what you have done for + + + align:start position:0% +different from what you have done for +say silicon or the semiconductors in + + align:start position:0% +say silicon or the semiconductors in + + + align:start position:0% +say silicon or the semiconductors in +your first laboratory. Okay, with this + + align:start position:0% +your first laboratory. Okay, with this + + + align:start position:0% +your first laboratory. Okay, with this +I'll conclude my part and professor + + align:start position:0% +I'll conclude my part and professor + + + align:start position:0% +I'll conclude my part and professor +Cedar will continue from here and again + + align:start position:0% +Cedar will continue from here and again + + + align:start position:0% +Cedar will continue from here and again +as a summary just wanted to give you an + + align:start position:0% +as a summary just wanted to give you an + + + align:start position:0% +as a summary just wanted to give you an +example of a whole line of research that + + align:start position:0% +example of a whole line of research that + + + align:start position:0% +example of a whole line of research that +has come out from you know modeling and + + align:start position:0% +has come out from you know modeling and + + + align:start position:0% +has come out from you know modeling and +very accurate modeling and really going + + align:start position:0% +very accurate modeling and really going + + + align:start position:0% +very accurate modeling and really going +in directions where experiments would be + + align:start position:0% +in directions where experiments would be + + + align:start position:0% +in directions where experiments would be +sort of or still are exceeding + + align:start position:0% +sort of or still are exceeding + + + align:start position:0% +sort of or still are exceeding +exceedingly difficult or even impossible + + align:start position:0% +exceedingly difficult or even impossible + + + align:start position:0% +exceedingly difficult or even impossible +to do. + + align:start position:0% +to do. + + + align:start position:0% +to do. +And uh with this I I'll switch on to the + + align:start position:0% +And uh with this I I'll switch on to the + + + align:start position:0% +And uh with this I I'll switch on to the +next lecture. Let me so let me hammer in + + align:start position:0% +next lecture. Let me so let me hammer in + + + align:start position:0% +next lecture. Let me so let me hammer in +again the sort of overview the kind of + + align:start position:0% +again the sort of overview the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +again the sort of overview the kind of +guidelines by which we set up the + + align:start position:0% +guidelines by which we set up the + + + align:start position:0% +guidelines by which we set up the +course. You know I think by now + + align:start position:0% +course. You know I think by now + + + align:start position:0% +course. You know I think by now +hopefully you'll see the structure. Um + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you'll see the structure. Um + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you'll see the structure. Um +we covered energy methods we covered + + align:start position:0% +we covered energy methods we covered + + + align:start position:0% +we covered energy methods we covered +simulation methods and then the last + + align:start position:0% +simulation methods and then the last + + + align:start position:0% +simulation methods and then the last +third of the course was really a a kind + + align:start position:0% +third of the course was really a a kind + + + align:start position:0% +third of the course was really a a kind +of showing you how these are combined + + align:start position:0% +of showing you how these are combined + + + align:start position:0% +of showing you how these are combined +together. Um and that's often still the + + align:start position:0% +together. Um and that's often still the + + + align:start position:0% +together. Um and that's often still the +very hard part. how you combine all + + align:start position:0% +very hard part. how you combine all + + + align:start position:0% +very hard part. how you combine all +these things um to um to sort of make + + align:start position:0% +these things um to um to sort of make + + + align:start position:0% +these things um to um to sort of make +impact on something. And this is uh + + align:start position:0% +impact on something. And this is uh + + + align:start position:0% +impact on something. And this is uh +being at MIT impact is is is the one + + align:start position:0% +being at MIT impact is is is the one + + + align:start position:0% +being at MIT impact is is is the one +thing we worry a lot about. Um and and + + align:start position:0% +thing we worry a lot about. Um and and + + + align:start position:0% +thing we worry a lot about. Um and and +if you see the kind of things that you + + align:start position:0% +if you see the kind of things that you + + + align:start position:0% +if you see the kind of things that you +know to integrate modeling more with + + align:start position:0% +know to integrate modeling more with + + + align:start position:0% +know to integrate modeling more with +materials research, uh there really + + align:start position:0% +materials research, uh there really + + + align:start position:0% +materials research, uh there really +these four poles that you need u there's + + align:start position:0% +these four poles that you need u there's + + + align:start position:0% +these four poles that you need u there's +obviously method development. Um and we + + align:start position:0% +obviously method development. Um and we + + + align:start position:0% +obviously method development. Um and we +taught you a lot about that. You know we + + align:start position:0% +taught you a lot about that. You know we + + + align:start position:0% +taught you a lot about that. You know we +told you what goes into DFT, what goes + + align:start position:0% +told you what goes into DFT, what goes + + + align:start position:0% +told you what goes into DFT, what goes +into molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo. + + align:start position:0% +into molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo. + + + align:start position:0% +into molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo. +Um, you know, there's a important factor + + align:start position:0% +Um, you know, there's a important factor + + + align:start position:0% +Um, you know, there's a important factor +of dissemination which is getting better + + align:start position:0% +of dissemination which is getting better + + + align:start position:0% +of dissemination which is getting better +and better than I think in modeling. You + + align:start position:0% +and better than I think in modeling. You + + + align:start position:0% +and better than I think in modeling. You +know, there's now a lot of stuff where + + align:start position:0% +know, there's now a lot of stuff where + + + align:start position:0% +know, there's now a lot of stuff where +you really just can fairly easily get + + align:start position:0% +you really just can fairly easily get + + + align:start position:0% +you really just can fairly easily get +access to codes, good quantum codes, + + align:start position:0% +access to codes, good quantum codes, + + + align:start position:0% +access to codes, good quantum codes, +good MD codes, sometimes for money, but + + align:start position:0% +good MD codes, sometimes for money, but + + + align:start position:0% +good MD codes, sometimes for money, but +in many cases for free. And then there's + + align:start position:0% +in many cases for free. And then there's + + + align:start position:0% +in many cases for free. And then there's +of course the education part which um + + align:start position:0% +of course the education part which um + + + align:start position:0% +of course the education part which um +we've tried to + + align:start position:0% +we've tried to + + + align:start position:0% +we've tried to +um address here. There's actually a + + align:start position:0% +um address here. There's actually a + + + align:start position:0% +um address here. There's actually a +picture from last year or two years ago. + + align:start position:0% +picture from last year or two years ago. + + + align:start position:0% +picture from last year or two years ago. +Um I actually think I have one from + + align:start position:0% +Um I actually think I have one from + + + align:start position:0% +Um I actually think I have one from +longer ago where see professor Marzari + + align:start position:0% +longer ago where see professor Marzari + + + align:start position:0% +longer ago where see professor Marzari +still has a beard. This is how you know + + align:start position:0% +still has a beard. This is how you know + + + align:start position:0% +still has a beard. This is how you know +how old that picture is. But anyway um + + align:start position:0% +how old that picture is. But anyway um + + + align:start position:0% +how old that picture is. But anyway um +but I think then the fourth poll is the + + align:start position:0% +but I think then the fourth poll is the + + + align:start position:0% +but I think then the fourth poll is the +one you shouldn't forget. + + align:start position:0% +one you shouldn't forget. + + + align:start position:0% +one you shouldn't forget. +Um you know you think that for modeling + + align:start position:0% +Um you know you think that for modeling + + + align:start position:0% +Um you know you think that for modeling +you only need modeling but I think what + + align:start position:0% +you only need modeling but I think what + + + align:start position:0% +you only need modeling but I think what +you need more sometimes than modeling is + + align:start position:0% +you need more sometimes than modeling is + + + align:start position:0% +you need more sometimes than modeling is +um the basic science of your field. I + + align:start position:0% +um the basic science of your field. I + + + align:start position:0% +um the basic science of your field. I +think without understanding the field in + + align:start position:0% +think without understanding the field in + + + align:start position:0% +think without understanding the field in +which you work uh the theory the + + align:start position:0% +which you work uh the theory the + + + align:start position:0% +which you work uh the theory the +material science of it there's really + + align:start position:0% +material science of it there's really + + + align:start position:0% +material science of it there's really +very little impact you can do with + + align:start position:0% +very little impact you can do with + + + align:start position:0% +very little impact you can do with +modeling because you can be a good + + align:start position:0% +modeling because you can be a good + + + align:start position:0% +modeling because you can be a good +modeler but if you don't know what to + + align:start position:0% +modeler but if you don't know what to + + + align:start position:0% +modeler but if you don't know what to +model uh you're never going to have + + align:start position:0% +model uh you're never going to have + + + align:start position:0% +model uh you're never going to have +impact you know unless you choose to + + align:start position:0% +impact you know unless you choose to + + + align:start position:0% +impact you know unless you choose to +remain on the pure theory and method + + align:start position:0% +remain on the pure theory and method + + + align:start position:0% +remain on the pure theory and method +development side but I would argue that + + align:start position:0% +development side but I would argue that + + + align:start position:0% +development side but I would argue that +even then you need to understand uh you + + align:start position:0% +even then you need to understand uh you + + + align:start position:0% +even then you need to understand uh you +have to have field specific knowledge + + align:start position:0% +have to have field specific knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +have to have field specific knowledge +because otherwise you never know uh what + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise you never know uh what + + + align:start position:0% +because otherwise you never know uh what +is going to be important to develop so I + + align:start position:0% +is going to be important to develop so I + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be important to develop so I +sort of hope you don't forget that. Um + + align:start position:0% +sort of hope you don't forget that. Um + + + align:start position:0% +sort of hope you don't forget that. Um +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +um this being the end of the course, + + align:start position:0% +um this being the end of the course, + + + align:start position:0% +um this being the end of the course, +I'll give you a few more + + align:start position:0% +I'll give you a few more + + + align:start position:0% +I'll give you a few more +um maybe sort of loaded perspective uh + + align:start position:0% +um maybe sort of loaded perspective uh + + + align:start position:0% +um maybe sort of loaded perspective uh +personal perspectives on on on the field + + align:start position:0% +personal perspectives on on on the field + + + align:start position:0% +personal perspectives on on on the field +and what's good and what are d potential + + align:start position:0% +and what's good and what are d potential + + + align:start position:0% +and what's good and what are d potential +directions about + + align:start position:0% +directions about + + + align:start position:0% +directions about +it. Um you know this is what people want + + align:start position:0% +it. Um you know this is what people want + + + align:start position:0% +it. Um you know this is what people want +from you. They want properties, they + + align:start position:0% +from you. They want properties, they + + + align:start position:0% +from you. They want properties, they +want behavior, you know. Um and this is + + align:start position:0% +want behavior, you know. Um and this is + + + align:start position:0% +want behavior, you know. Um and this is +where you essentially start and + + align:start position:0% +where you essentially start and + + + align:start position:0% +where you essentially start and +typically you see people draw these kind + + align:start position:0% +typically you see people draw these kind + + + align:start position:0% +typically you see people draw these kind +of slides of the multiscale perspective. + + align:start position:0% +of slides of the multiscale perspective. + + + align:start position:0% +of slides of the multiscale perspective. +You go from atoms to microstructure to + + align:start position:0% +You go from atoms to microstructure to + + + align:start position:0% +You go from atoms to microstructure to +continuum. Um this is essentially has + + align:start position:0% +continuum. Um this is essentially has + + + align:start position:0% +continuum. Um this is essentially has +almost never worked. Um this is great + + align:start position:0% +almost never worked. Um this is great + + + align:start position:0% +almost never worked. Um this is great +for raising money. You know it's it's + + align:start position:0% +for raising money. You know it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +for raising money. You know it's it's +it's a great sort of cartoon view grab + + align:start position:0% +it's a great sort of cartoon view grab + + + align:start position:0% +it's a great sort of cartoon view grab +of what you do. It's rarely that you + + align:start position:0% +of what you do. It's rarely that you + + + align:start position:0% +of what you do. It's rarely that you +actually ever do this. Okay. There are + + align:start position:0% +actually ever do this. Okay. There are + + + align:start position:0% +actually ever do this. Okay. There are +very few properties where you make it + + align:start position:0% +very few properties where you make it + + + align:start position:0% +very few properties where you make it +across all the length scales. Um and so + + align:start position:0% +across all the length scales. Um and so + + + align:start position:0% +across all the length scales. Um and so +what you really do is um you know you + + align:start position:0% +what you really do is um you know you + + + align:start position:0% +what you really do is um you know you +you kind of connect at some level you + + align:start position:0% +you kind of connect at some level you + + + align:start position:0% +you kind of connect at some level you +sort of connect these through your + + align:start position:0% +sort of connect these through your + + + align:start position:0% +sort of connect these through your +brain. You know in many cases there are + + align:start position:0% +brain. You know in many cases there are + + + align:start position:0% +brain. You know in many cases there are +properties we determine just by doing + + align:start position:0% +properties we determine just by doing + + + align:start position:0% +properties we determine just by doing +stuff at the electronic level and we + + align:start position:0% +stuff at the electronic level and we + + + align:start position:0% +stuff at the electronic level and we +don't sort of bother coarse graining + + align:start position:0% +don't sort of bother coarse graining + + + align:start position:0% +don't sort of bother coarse graining +that explicitly through the link scales. + + align:start position:0% +that explicitly through the link scales. + + + align:start position:0% +that explicitly through the link scales. +And what you're really doing is you're + + align:start position:0% +And what you're really doing is you're + + + align:start position:0% +And what you're really doing is you're +using your basic materials theory + + align:start position:0% +using your basic materials theory + + + align:start position:0% +using your basic materials theory +knowledge for example that you know + + align:start position:0% +knowledge for example that you know + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge for example that you know +maybe when you work on um color of + + align:start position:0% +maybe when you work on um color of + + + align:start position:0% +maybe when you work on um color of +materials you know I mean I had this one + + align:start position:0% +materials you know I mean I had this one + + + align:start position:0% +materials you know I mean I had this one +jewelers once came to me and asked if I + + align:start position:0% +jewelers once came to me and asked if I + + + align:start position:0% +jewelers once came to me and asked if I +could predict color for gemstones and + + align:start position:0% +could predict color for gemstones and + + + align:start position:0% +could predict color for gemstones and +and for thin layer thin uh surface + + align:start position:0% +and for thin layer thin uh surface + + + align:start position:0% +and for thin layer thin uh surface +layers you know that they could use to + + align:start position:0% +layers you know that they could use to + + + align:start position:0% +layers you know that they could use to +coat. So in many cases you know those + + align:start position:0% +coat. So in many cases you know those + + + align:start position:0% +coat. So in many cases you know those +are fairly local properties especially + + align:start position:0% +are fairly local properties especially + + + align:start position:0% +are fairly local properties especially +in oxides and so uh so there you sort of + + align:start position:0% +in oxides and so uh so there you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +in oxides and so uh so there you sort of +decide yourself gee you know there's + + align:start position:0% +decide yourself gee you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +decide yourself gee you know there's +kind of one length scale that's + + align:start position:0% +kind of one length scale that's + + + align:start position:0% +kind of one length scale that's +important this one and I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +important this one and I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +important this one and I'm going to +directly calculate my property so this + + align:start position:0% +directly calculate my property so this + + + align:start position:0% +directly calculate my property so this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +you okay this is I think why your field + + align:start position:0% +you okay this is I think why your field + + + align:start position:0% +you okay this is I think why your field +specific knowledge is in some sense more + + align:start position:0% +specific knowledge is in some sense more + + + align:start position:0% +specific knowledge is in some sense more +important than um all these multiscale + + align:start position:0% +important than um all these multiscale + + + align:start position:0% +important than um all these multiscale +techniques + + align:start position:0% +techniques + + + align:start position:0% +techniques +um this is my my my pet topic + + align:start position:0% +um this is my my my pet topic + + + align:start position:0% +um this is my my my pet topic +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +that you know it may seem obvious that + + align:start position:0% +that you know it may seem obvious that + + + align:start position:0% +that you know it may seem obvious that +you can an obvious goal to try to + + align:start position:0% +you can an obvious goal to try to + + + align:start position:0% +you can an obvious goal to try to +simulate all the way from electrons to + + align:start position:0% +simulate all the way from electrons to + + + align:start position:0% +simulate all the way from electrons to +properties by coarse green the length + + align:start position:0% +properties by coarse green the length + + + align:start position:0% +properties by coarse green the length +scale but you'll have so much more + + align:start position:0% +scale but you'll have so much more + + + align:start position:0% +scale but you'll have so much more +impact if you just substitute that idea + + align:start position:0% +impact if you just substitute that idea + + + align:start position:0% +impact if you just substitute that idea +by knowledge okay I think if all the + + align:start position:0% +by knowledge okay I think if all the + + + align:start position:0% +by knowledge okay I think if all the +money that been spent on trying to + + align:start position:0% +money that been spent on trying to + + + align:start position:0% +money that been spent on trying to +integrate length scale had been spent on + + align:start position:0% +integrate length scale had been spent on + + + align:start position:0% +integrate length scale had been spent on +actually trying to integrate materials + + align:start position:0% +actually trying to integrate materials + + + align:start position:0% +actually trying to integrate materials +modeling with material science okay by + + align:start position:0% +modeling with material science okay by + + + align:start position:0% +modeling with material science okay by +connecting your field specific knowledge + + align:start position:0% +connecting your field specific knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +connecting your field specific knowledge +by trying to figure out what to compute + + align:start position:0% +by trying to figure out what to compute + + + align:start position:0% +by trying to figure out what to compute +which is often the hard part. We'd + + align:start position:0% +which is often the hard part. We'd + + + align:start position:0% +which is often the hard part. We'd +actually done um much + + align:start position:0% +actually done um much + + + align:start position:0% +actually done um much +better. + + align:start position:0% +better. + + + align:start position:0% +better. +So I'm going to give you an example + + align:start position:0% +So I'm going to give you an example + + + align:start position:0% +So I'm going to give you an example +which I I really like. Um it's not my + + align:start position:0% +which I I really like. Um it's not my + + + align:start position:0% +which I I really like. Um it's not my +work. It's it's done by people at + + align:start position:0% +work. It's it's done by people at + + + align:start position:0% +work. It's it's done by people at +Northwestern. It's on interranular and + + align:start position:0% +Northwestern. It's on interranular and + + + align:start position:0% +Northwestern. It's on interranular and +brittleman of iron. And this is sort of + + align:start position:0% +brittleman of iron. And this is sort of + + + align:start position:0% +brittleman of iron. And this is sort of +one of these things that you really + + align:start position:0% +one of these things that you really + + + align:start position:0% +one of these things that you really +think you need a multiscale sort of big + + align:start position:0% +think you need a multiscale sort of big + + + align:start position:0% +think you need a multiscale sort of big +kind of modeling approach on. Um + + align:start position:0% +kind of modeling approach on. Um + + + align:start position:0% +kind of modeling approach on. Um +essentially the observation is that um + + align:start position:0% +essentially the observation is that um + + + align:start position:0% +essentially the observation is that um +there's quite a few impurities in steel + + align:start position:0% +there's quite a few impurities in steel + + + align:start position:0% +there's quite a few impurities in steel +that imbrittle steel and there's some + + align:start position:0% +that imbrittle steel and there's some + + + align:start position:0% +that imbrittle steel and there's some +that actually enhance the interranal + + align:start position:0% +that actually enhance the interranal + + + align:start position:0% +that actually enhance the interranal +cohesion. Uh sort of the typical + + align:start position:0% +cohesion. Uh sort of the typical + + + align:start position:0% +cohesion. Uh sort of the typical +examples are phosphorus which is really + + align:start position:0% +examples are phosphorus which is really + + + align:start position:0% +examples are phosphorus which is really +bad. Phosphorus is a really bad and + + align:start position:0% +bad. Phosphorus is a really bad and + + + align:start position:0% +bad. Phosphorus is a really bad and +brittle of high strength steel. Uh + + align:start position:0% +brittle of high strength steel. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +brittle of high strength steel. Uh +whereas boron tends to enhance + + align:start position:0% +whereas boron tends to enhance + + + align:start position:0% +whereas boron tends to enhance +intergranal cohesion. So when you sort + + align:start position:0% +intergranal cohesion. So when you sort + + + align:start position:0% +intergranal cohesion. So when you sort +of hear about this for the first time + + align:start position:0% +of hear about this for the first time + + + align:start position:0% +of hear about this for the first time +you think well how am I going to study + + align:start position:0% +you think well how am I going to study + + + align:start position:0% +you think well how am I going to study +this? you know, you know, maybe I'll set + + align:start position:0% +this? you know, you know, maybe I'll set + + + align:start position:0% +this? you know, you know, maybe I'll set +up a big simulation with a grain + + align:start position:0% +up a big simulation with a grain + + + align:start position:0% +up a big simulation with a grain +boundary in and I'll put phosphorus + + align:start position:0% +boundary in and I'll put phosphorus + + + align:start position:0% +boundary in and I'll put phosphorus +there or I'll put bor on there and I'll + + align:start position:0% +there or I'll put bor on there and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +there or I'll put bor on there and I'll +try to pull it apart and that sort of be + + align:start position:0% +try to pull it apart and that sort of be + + + align:start position:0% +try to pull it apart and that sort of be +the brute force maybe you know + + align:start position:0% +the brute force maybe you know + + + align:start position:0% +the brute force maybe you know +multiscale approach you could embed that + + align:start position:0% +multiscale approach you could embed that + + + align:start position:0% +multiscale approach you could embed that +in a continuum theory. Um but there's a + + align:start position:0% +in a continuum theory. Um but there's a + + + align:start position:0% +in a continuum theory. Um but there's a +sort of very simpler a very basic theory + + align:start position:0% +sort of very simpler a very basic theory + + + align:start position:0% +sort of very simpler a very basic theory +that tells you there's a much simpler + + align:start position:0% +that tells you there's a much simpler + + + align:start position:0% +that tells you there's a much simpler +way to understand this and that's the + + align:start position:0% +way to understand this and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +way to understand this and that's the +rise wang theory um which essentially + + align:start position:0% +rise wang theory um which essentially + + + align:start position:0% +rise wang theory um which essentially +states that the the embriddling tendency + + align:start position:0% +states that the the embriddling tendency + + + align:start position:0% +states that the the embriddling tendency +of a solute depends on the difference in + + align:start position:0% +of a solute depends on the difference in + + + align:start position:0% +of a solute depends on the difference in +segregation energy between the + + align:start position:0% +segregation energy between the + + + align:start position:0% +segregation energy between the +segregation energy for that element to a + + align:start position:0% +segregation energy for that element to a + + + align:start position:0% +segregation energy for that element to a +grain boundary and to a free surface and + + align:start position:0% +grain boundary and to a free surface and + + + align:start position:0% +grain boundary and to a free surface and +you can sort of intuitively this is + + align:start position:0% +you can sort of intuitively this is + + + align:start position:0% +you can sort of intuitively this is +actually mathematically justified it's + + align:start position:0% +actually mathematically justified it's + + + align:start position:0% +actually mathematically justified it's +actually a quite elaborate theory that + + align:start position:0% +actually a quite elaborate theory that + + + align:start position:0% +actually a quite elaborate theory that +that I could that you can catch match in + + align:start position:0% +that I could that you can catch match in + + + align:start position:0% +that I could that you can catch match in +in two sentences. But you can sort of + + align:start position:0% +in two sentences. But you can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +in two sentences. But you can sort of +see why this is true from a driving + + align:start position:0% +see why this is true from a driving + + + align:start position:0% +see why this is true from a driving +force perspective. If you have an + + align:start position:0% +force perspective. If you have an + + + align:start position:0% +force perspective. If you have an +impurity that has a large segregation + + align:start position:0% +impurity that has a large segregation + + + align:start position:0% +impurity that has a large segregation +energy to a surface rather than a grain + + align:start position:0% +energy to a surface rather than a grain + + + align:start position:0% +energy to a surface rather than a grain +boundary, then its presence is going to + + align:start position:0% +boundary, then its presence is going to + + + align:start position:0% +boundary, then its presence is going to +enhance surfaces because then it can + + align:start position:0% +enhance surfaces because then it can + + + align:start position:0% +enhance surfaces because then it can +have that benefit from that large + + align:start position:0% +have that benefit from that large + + + align:start position:0% +have that benefit from that large +segregation energy. So those are going + + align:start position:0% +segregation energy. So those are going + + + align:start position:0% +segregation energy. So those are going +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +embrittleers. Okay? Because they will + + align:start position:0% +embrittleers. Okay? Because they will + + + align:start position:0% +embrittleers. Okay? Because they will +tend to promote the cohesion. Whereas + + align:start position:0% +tend to promote the cohesion. Whereas + + + align:start position:0% +tend to promote the cohesion. Whereas +the one that have a very large + + align:start position:0% +the one that have a very large + + + align:start position:0% +the one that have a very large +segregation energy at the grain boundary + + align:start position:0% +segregation energy at the grain boundary + + + align:start position:0% +segregation energy at the grain boundary +rather than the free surface will tend + + align:start position:0% +rather than the free surface will tend + + + align:start position:0% +rather than the free surface will tend +to promote cohesion. Um and so if you + + align:start position:0% +to promote cohesion. Um and so if you + + + align:start position:0% +to promote cohesion. Um and so if you +believe rightwing theory then this + + align:start position:0% +believe rightwing theory then this + + + align:start position:0% +believe rightwing theory then this +problem is very simple. All you have to + + align:start position:0% +problem is very simple. All you have to + + + align:start position:0% +problem is very simple. All you have to +do is calculate segregation + + align:start position:0% +do is calculate segregation + + + align:start position:0% +do is calculate segregation +energies and that you can do. See now + + align:start position:0% +energies and that you can do. See now + + + align:start position:0% +energies and that you can do. See now +you're back to the atomistic level. You + + align:start position:0% +you're back to the atomistic level. You + + + align:start position:0% +you're back to the atomistic level. You +know, you could set up a supercell with + + align:start position:0% +know, you could set up a supercell with + + + align:start position:0% +know, you could set up a supercell with +a grain boundary in literally calculate + + align:start position:0% +a grain boundary in literally calculate + + + align:start position:0% +a grain boundary in literally calculate +the energy there. Do the same on a + + align:start position:0% +the energy there. Do the same on a + + + align:start position:0% +the energy there. Do the same on a +surface and you really don't have to do + + align:start position:0% +surface and you really don't have to do + + + align:start position:0% +surface and you really don't have to do +um any + + align:start position:0% +um any + + + align:start position:0% +um any +dynamics. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um and that's what these folks did. This + + align:start position:0% +Um and that's what these folks did. This + + + align:start position:0% +Um and that's what these folks did. This +is out of work. This is a work that was + + align:start position:0% +is out of work. This is a work that was + + + align:start position:0% +is out of work. This is a work that was +published in science about 10 years ago + + align:start position:0% +published in science about 10 years ago + + + align:start position:0% +published in science about 10 years ago +now already by uh Art Freeman's group + + align:start position:0% +now already by uh Art Freeman's group + + + align:start position:0% +now already by uh Art Freeman's group +and Greg Olsen who sort of runs a a + + align:start position:0% +and Greg Olsen who sort of runs a a + + + align:start position:0% +and Greg Olsen who sort of runs a a +company that does atomistic modeling and + + align:start position:0% +company that does atomistic modeling and + + + align:start position:0% +company that does atomistic modeling and +other modeling for steel development. Um + + align:start position:0% +other modeling for steel development. Um + + + align:start position:0% +other modeling for steel development. Um +and essentially you see that + + align:start position:0% +and essentially you see that + + + align:start position:0% +and essentially you see that +this theory works out very well. Uh on + + align:start position:0% +this theory works out very well. Uh on + + + align:start position:0% +this theory works out very well. Uh on +one side you have the strong embrailers + + align:start position:0% +one side you have the strong embrailers + + + align:start position:0% +one side you have the strong embrailers +uh phosphorus and sulfur and they + + align:start position:0% +uh phosphorus and sulfur and they + + + align:start position:0% +uh phosphorus and sulfur and they +essentially have much higher this is the + + align:start position:0% +essentially have much higher this is the + + + align:start position:0% +essentially have much higher this is the +difference in segregation energy between + + align:start position:0% +difference in segregation energy between + + + align:start position:0% +difference in segregation energy between +the surface and the and the grain + + align:start position:0% +the surface and the and the grain + + + align:start position:0% +the surface and the and the grain +boundary. these uh very much want to + + align:start position:0% +boundary. these uh very much want to + + + align:start position:0% +boundary. these uh very much want to +segregate to the surface and that's why + + align:start position:0% +segregate to the surface and that's why + + + align:start position:0% +segregate to the surface and that's why +they tend to create internal surf + + align:start position:0% +they tend to create internal surf + + + align:start position:0% +they tend to create internal surf +surfaces whereas uh carbon to a lesser + + align:start position:0% +surfaces whereas uh carbon to a lesser + + + align:start position:0% +surfaces whereas uh carbon to a lesser +extent but born to a large extent + + align:start position:0% +extent but born to a large extent + + + align:start position:0% +extent but born to a large extent +promotes decohesion. So you can get a + + align:start position:0% +promotes decohesion. So you can get a + + + align:start position:0% +promotes decohesion. So you can get a +fairly easily a good insight of in in + + align:start position:0% +fairly easily a good insight of in in + + + align:start position:0% +fairly easily a good insight of in in +what are um imbrers without having to + + align:start position:0% +what are um imbrers without having to + + + align:start position:0% +what are um imbrers without having to +coarse grain across all the length + + align:start position:0% +coarse grain across all the length + + + align:start position:0% +coarse grain across all the length +scales. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm sorry. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. Uh why it's different, you know, + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Uh why it's different, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Uh why it's different, you know, +that's actually what that paper's about. + + align:start position:0% +that's actually what that paper's about. + + + align:start position:0% +that's actually what that paper's about. +Why it's different essentially. Uh and I + + align:start position:0% +Why it's different essentially. Uh and I + + + align:start position:0% +Why it's different essentially. Uh and I +don't remember anymore, but I know it + + align:start position:0% +don't remember anymore, but I know it + + + align:start position:0% +don't remember anymore, but I know it +had to do with the bonding. This is why + + align:start position:0% +had to do with the bonding. This is why + + + align:start position:0% +had to do with the bonding. This is why +these pictures are here. Um there's a + + align:start position:0% +these pictures are here. Um there's a + + + align:start position:0% +these pictures are here. Um there's a +ver I think it probably has to do with + + align:start position:0% +ver I think it probably has to do with + + + align:start position:0% +ver I think it probably has to do with +the um well, first of all, boron is + + align:start position:0% +the um well, first of all, boron is + + + align:start position:0% +the um well, first of all, boron is +smaller. There's definitely a size + + align:start position:0% +smaller. There's definitely a size + + + align:start position:0% +smaller. There's definitely a size +effect. Born and carbon, you know, these + + align:start position:0% +effect. Born and carbon, you know, these + + + align:start position:0% +effect. Born and carbon, you know, these +two are much smaller than these two. Um, + + align:start position:0% +two are much smaller than these two. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +two are much smaller than these two. Um, +but there's another effect I think which + + align:start position:0% +but there's another effect I think which + + + align:start position:0% +but there's another effect I think which +has to do with their um, uh, these I + + align:start position:0% +has to do with their um, uh, these I + + + align:start position:0% +has to do with their um, uh, these I +think tend to prefer uh, in some sense + + align:start position:0% +think tend to prefer uh, in some sense + + + align:start position:0% +think tend to prefer uh, in some sense +have much more bonding potency. Um, so + + align:start position:0% +have much more bonding potency. Um, so + + + align:start position:0% +have much more bonding potency. Um, so +in a grain boundary they have a lot they + + align:start position:0% +in a grain boundary they have a lot they + + + align:start position:0% +in a grain boundary they have a lot they +have higher coordination. So they gain a + + align:start position:0% +have higher coordination. So they gain a + + + align:start position:0% +have higher coordination. So they gain a +lot more from coalent bonding than these + + align:start position:0% +lot more from coalent bonding than these + + + align:start position:0% +lot more from coalent bonding than these +two. Okay? So these two don't gain as + + align:start position:0% +two. Okay? So these two don't gain as + + + align:start position:0% +two. Okay? So these two don't gain as +much from being coordinated by iron + + align:start position:0% +much from being coordinated by iron + + + align:start position:0% +much from being coordinated by iron +atoms. I think that's what I seem to + + align:start position:0% +atoms. I think that's what I seem to + + + align:start position:0% +atoms. I think that's what I seem to +remember the gist of it. But uh that's + + align:start position:0% +remember the gist of it. But uh that's + + + align:start position:0% +remember the gist of it. But uh that's +exactly what that paper's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about. Okay. Um to sort of end I I I + + align:start position:0% +about. Okay. Um to sort of end I I I + + + align:start position:0% +about. Okay. Um to sort of end I I I +wanted to uh mention one thing that we + + align:start position:0% +wanted to uh mention one thing that we + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to uh mention one thing that we +actually haven't talked about but I + + align:start position:0% +actually haven't talked about but I + + + align:start position:0% +actually haven't talked about but I +think that is becoming a fairly big + + align:start position:0% +think that is becoming a fairly big + + + align:start position:0% +think that is becoming a fairly big +issue in in computational modeling. Um + + align:start position:0% +issue in in computational modeling. Um + + + align:start position:0% +issue in in computational modeling. Um +you know there's sort of two ways that + + align:start position:0% +you know there's sort of two ways that + + + align:start position:0% +you know there's sort of two ways that +you know I've mentioned to go from all + + align:start position:0% +you know I've mentioned to go from all + + + align:start position:0% +you know I've mentioned to go from all +this stuff you can calculate at the + + align:start position:0% +this stuff you can calculate at the + + + align:start position:0% +this stuff you can calculate at the +atomistic and electronic level to the + + align:start position:0% +atomistic and electronic level to the + + + align:start position:0% +atomistic and electronic level to the +macroscopic level. One is to just sort + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic level. One is to just sort + + + align:start position:0% +macroscopic level. One is to just sort +of think your way through it. You know + + align:start position:0% +of think your way through it. You know + + + align:start position:0% +of think your way through it. You know +what's important and I'll just calculate + + align:start position:0% +what's important and I'll just calculate + + + align:start position:0% +what's important and I'll just calculate +that and then one is to sort of do this + + align:start position:0% +that and then one is to sort of do this + + + align:start position:0% +that and then one is to sort of do this +sort of much more explicit coarse + + align:start position:0% +sort of much more explicit coarse + + + align:start position:0% +sort of much more explicit coarse +graining or simply handing off + + align:start position:0% +graining or simply handing off + + + align:start position:0% +graining or simply handing off +information. You know with diffusion you + + align:start position:0% +information. You know with diffusion you + + + align:start position:0% +information. You know with diffusion you +can just hand off information. You can + + align:start position:0% +can just hand off information. You can + + + align:start position:0% +can just hand off information. You can +calculate activation barriers. you can + + align:start position:0% +calculate activation barriers. you can + + + align:start position:0% +calculate activation barriers. you can +put that in a kinetic monte carlo to get + + align:start position:0% +put that in a kinetic monte carlo to get + + + align:start position:0% +put that in a kinetic monte carlo to get +diffusivities and then you can hand that + + align:start position:0% +diffusivities and then you can hand that + + + align:start position:0% +diffusivities and then you can hand that +off to macroscopic diffusion theory and + + align:start position:0% +off to macroscopic diffusion theory and + + + align:start position:0% +off to macroscopic diffusion theory and +do simulations. Um there's really a + + align:start position:0% +do simulations. Um there's really a + + + align:start position:0% +do simulations. Um there's really a +third one that's emerging um and that's + + align:start position:0% +third one that's emerging um and that's + + + align:start position:0% +third one that's emerging um and that's +sort of essentially giving up on on + + align:start position:0% +sort of essentially giving up on on + + + align:start position:0% +sort of essentially giving up on on +trying to understand the relation + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand the relation + + + align:start position:0% +trying to understand the relation +between macroscopic and microscopic but + + align:start position:0% +between macroscopic and microscopic but + + + align:start position:0% +between macroscopic and microscopic but +rather try to determine it + + align:start position:0% +rather try to determine it + + + align:start position:0% +rather try to determine it +statistically and this has been done in + + align:start position:0% +statistically and this has been done in + + + align:start position:0% +statistically and this has been done in +chemistry for a long time. It's really + + align:start position:0% +chemistry for a long time. It's really + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry for a long time. It's really +only now I think reaching material + + align:start position:0% +only now I think reaching material + + + align:start position:0% +only now I think reaching material +science. Um you know chemists have used + + align:start position:0% +science. Um you know chemists have used + + + align:start position:0% +science. Um you know chemists have used +things like cusar which are a quantum + + align:start position:0% +things like cusar which are a quantum + + + align:start position:0% +things like cusar which are a quantum +structure + + align:start position:0% +structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure +uh I forgot about the a relations or + + align:start position:0% +uh I forgot about the a relations or + + + align:start position:0% +uh I forgot about the a relations or +something. Um but essentially their idea + + align:start position:0% +something. Um but essentially their idea + + + align:start position:0% +something. Um but essentially their idea +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +maybe there are certain macroscopic + + align:start position:0% +maybe there are certain macroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +maybe there are certain macroscopic +properties that are so hard to link to + + align:start position:0% +properties that are so hard to link to + + + align:start position:0% +properties that are so hard to link to +the electronic structure that you just + + align:start position:0% +the electronic structure that you just + + + align:start position:0% +the electronic structure that you just +try to correlate them. I'll give you an + + align:start position:0% +try to correlate them. I'll give you an + + + align:start position:0% +try to correlate them. I'll give you an +idea an example. Um one where this is + + align:start position:0% +idea an example. Um one where this is + + + align:start position:0% +idea an example. Um one where this is +done extensively is toxicity of + + align:start position:0% +done extensively is toxicity of + + + align:start position:0% +done extensively is toxicity of +molecules like you know how do you + + align:start position:0% +molecules like you know how do you + + + align:start position:0% +molecules like you know how do you +predict toxicity of molecules. This is a + + align:start position:0% +predict toxicity of molecules. This is a + + + align:start position:0% +predict toxicity of molecules. This is a +very difficult question. I mean you know + + align:start position:0% +very difficult question. I mean you know + + + align:start position:0% +very difficult question. I mean you know +how do chemists do it? Well they g they + + align:start position:0% +how do chemists do it? Well they g they + + + align:start position:0% +how do chemists do it? Well they g they +got a lot of experience essentially you + + align:start position:0% +got a lot of experience essentially you + + + align:start position:0% +got a lot of experience essentially you +know all these groups probably react + + align:start position:0% +know all these groups probably react + + + align:start position:0% +know all these groups probably react +with this part of your body and you know + + align:start position:0% +with this part of your body and you know + + + align:start position:0% +with this part of your body and you know +um but how do you even co grain towards + + align:start position:0% +um but how do you even co grain towards + + + align:start position:0% +um but how do you even co grain towards +toxicity? It's essentially what is + + align:start position:0% +toxicity? It's essentially what is + + + align:start position:0% +toxicity? It's essentially what is +toxicity? it's you know the reactivity + + align:start position:0% +toxicity? it's you know the reactivity + + + align:start position:0% +toxicity? it's you know the reactivity +with an enormous large potential of + + align:start position:0% +with an enormous large potential of + + + align:start position:0% +with an enormous large potential of +molecules what your molecule can do with + + align:start position:0% +molecules what your molecule can do with + + + align:start position:0% +molecules what your molecule can do with +it. Um so people have tried to do that + + align:start position:0% +it. Um so people have tried to do that + + + align:start position:0% +it. Um so people have tried to do that +with QARS. Essentially what they say is + + align:start position:0% +with QARS. Essentially what they say is + + + align:start position:0% +with QARS. Essentially what they say is +for a lot of molecules for which I know + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of molecules for which I know + + + align:start position:0% +for a lot of molecules for which I know +that they're either toxic or not toxic. + + align:start position:0% +that they're either toxic or not toxic. + + + align:start position:0% +that they're either toxic or not toxic. +I'm going to calculate with quantum + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to calculate with quantum + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to calculate with quantum +mechanics as much as I can bond lengths + + align:start position:0% +mechanics as much as I can bond lengths + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics as much as I can bond lengths +electron densities electro negativities. + + align:start position:0% +electron densities electro negativities. + + + align:start position:0% +electron densities electro negativities. +I mean people literally have + + align:start position:0% +I mean people literally have + + + align:start position:0% +I mean people literally have +parameterized charge density surfaces + + align:start position:0% +parameterized charge density surfaces + + + align:start position:0% +parameterized charge density surfaces +for molecules and then they do a + + align:start position:0% +for molecules and then they do a + + + align:start position:0% +for molecules and then they do a +correlation study. do something like + + align:start position:0% +correlation study. do something like + + + align:start position:0% +correlation study. do something like +principal component analys linear + + align:start position:0% +principal component analys linear + + + align:start position:0% +principal component analys linear +regression and they see which factors at + + align:start position:0% +regression and they see which factors at + + + align:start position:0% +regression and they see which factors at +the atomic scale correlate most to the + + align:start position:0% +the atomic scale correlate most to the + + + align:start position:0% +the atomic scale correlate most to the +output and there are powerful data + + align:start position:0% +output and there are powerful data + + + align:start position:0% +output and there are powerful data +mining techniques that do exactly this + + align:start position:0% +mining techniques that do exactly this + + + align:start position:0% +mining techniques that do exactly this +this is where the field of science + + align:start position:0% +this is where the field of science + + + align:start position:0% +this is where the field of science +really intersects with a lot of other + + align:start position:0% +really intersects with a lot of other + + + align:start position:0% +really intersects with a lot of other +fields you know when you apply for a + + align:start position:0% +fields you know when you apply for a + + + align:start position:0% +fields you know when you apply for a +credit card uh the first thing that + + align:start position:0% +credit card uh the first thing that + + + align:start position:0% +credit card uh the first thing that +people do on the information you provide + + align:start position:0% +people do on the information you provide + + + align:start position:0% +people do on the information you provide +that the companies do is they data mine + + align:start position:0% +that the companies do is they data mine + + + align:start position:0% +that the companies do is they data mine +you predict essentially your risk of + + align:start position:0% +you predict essentially your risk of + + + align:start position:0% +you predict essentially your risk of +default default and that's all done with + + align:start position:0% +default default and that's all done with + + + align:start position:0% +default default and that's all done with +you know they with correlation studies + + align:start position:0% +you know they with correlation studies + + + align:start position:0% +you know they with correlation studies +they have enormous large databases of + + align:start position:0% +they have enormous large databases of + + + align:start position:0% +they have enormous large databases of +people who have been in default and they + + align:start position:0% +people who have been in default and they + + + align:start position:0% +people who have been in default and they +know that well you know if you're 23 + + align:start position:0% +know that well you know if you're 23 + + + align:start position:0% +know that well you know if you're 23 +years old you're probably more likely to + + align:start position:0% +years old you're probably more likely to + + + align:start position:0% +years old you're probably more likely to +default than when you're 47 and so all + + align:start position:0% +default than when you're 47 and so all + + + align:start position:0% +default than when you're 47 and so all +that comes out of data and people have + + align:start position:0% +that comes out of data and people have + + + align:start position:0% +that comes out of data and people have +essentially tried to do the same thing + + align:start position:0% +essentially tried to do the same thing + + + align:start position:0% +essentially tried to do the same thing +with the relation between macroscopic + + align:start position:0% +with the relation between macroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +with the relation between macroscopic +behavior and electronic structure and in + + align:start position:0% +behavior and electronic structure and in + + + align:start position:0% +behavior and electronic structure and in +chemistry is very well advanced I would + + align:start position:0% +chemistry is very well advanced I would + + + align:start position:0% +chemistry is very well advanced I would +say you can buy QAR software you know + + align:start position:0% +say you can buy QAR software you know + + + align:start position:0% +say you can buy QAR software you know +you do a search on Google you'll find it + + align:start position:0% +you do a search on Google you'll find it + + + align:start position:0% +you do a search on Google you'll find it +everywhere uh in in sort of solid + + align:start position:0% +everywhere uh in in sort of solid + + + align:start position:0% +everywhere uh in in sort of solid +condensed matter. It's really sort of in + + align:start position:0% +condensed matter. It's really sort of in + + + align:start position:0% +condensed matter. It's really sort of in +its infancy, but you're starting to see + + align:start position:0% +its infancy, but you're starting to see + + + align:start position:0% +its infancy, but you're starting to see +it. And one of the reasons I think it's + + align:start position:0% +it. And one of the reasons I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +it. And one of the reasons I think it's +in its infancy, it's + + align:start position:0% +in its infancy, it's + + + align:start position:0% +in its infancy, it's +harder. Uh the link between those + + align:start position:0% +harder. Uh the link between those + + + align:start position:0% +harder. Uh the link between those +properties and electronic uh structure + + align:start position:0% +properties and electronic uh structure + + + align:start position:0% +properties and electronic uh structure +is harder. There are intermediate scales + + align:start position:0% +is harder. There are intermediate scales + + + align:start position:0% +is harder. There are intermediate scales +which can mess up the relation like this + + align:start position:0% +which can mess up the relation like this + + + align:start position:0% +which can mess up the relation like this +would never be successful probably for + + align:start position:0% +would never be successful probably for + + + align:start position:0% +would never be successful probably for +mechanical properties because we know + + align:start position:0% +mechanical properties because we know + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical properties because we know +that things that you know two materials + + align:start position:0% +that things that you know two materials + + + align:start position:0% +that things that you know two materials +that look almost identical on the + + align:start position:0% +that look almost identical on the + + + align:start position:0% +that look almost identical on the +microscopic scale can have very + + align:start position:0% +microscopic scale can have very + + + align:start position:0% +microscopic scale can have very +different mechanical behavior depending + + align:start position:0% +different mechanical behavior depending + + + align:start position:0% +different mechanical behavior depending +on the impurity level depending on the + + align:start position:0% +on the impurity level depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the impurity level depending on the +micro structure. So you kind of already + + align:start position:0% +micro structure. So you kind of already + + + align:start position:0% +micro structure. So you kind of already +know ahead of time. You're lost if you + + align:start position:0% +know ahead of time. You're lost if you + + + align:start position:0% +know ahead of time. You're lost if you +try to correlate just to atomistic + + align:start position:0% +try to correlate just to atomistic + + + align:start position:0% +try to correlate just to atomistic +properties. But it may work for um for + + align:start position:0% +properties. But it may work for um for + + + align:start position:0% +properties. But it may work for um for +other cases. The other thing that makes + + align:start position:0% +other cases. The other thing that makes + + + align:start position:0% +other cases. The other thing that makes +this possible is that you know + + align:start position:0% +this possible is that you know + + + align:start position:0% +this possible is that you know +essentially we get enormous amounts of + + align:start position:0% +essentially we get enormous amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +essentially we get enormous amounts of +computing power and we can do very high + + align:start position:0% +computing power and we can do very high + + + align:start position:0% +computing power and we can do very high +throughput data generation at the + + align:start position:0% +throughput data generation at the + + + align:start position:0% +throughput data generation at the +atomistic level. And I was going to show + + align:start position:0% +atomistic level. And I was going to show + + + align:start position:0% +atomistic level. And I was going to show +you just one example. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So this is the idea that you essentially + + align:start position:0% +So this is the idea that you essentially + + + align:start position:0% +So this is the idea that you essentially +correlate + + align:start position:0% +correlate + + + align:start position:0% +correlate +uh these things but let me skip through + + align:start position:0% +uh these things but let me skip through + + + align:start position:0% +uh these things but let me skip through +that um that you + + align:start position:0% +that um that you + + + align:start position:0% +that um that you +use some kind of learning method like + + align:start position:0% +use some kind of learning method like + + + align:start position:0% +use some kind of learning method like +neural networks or basian statistics or + + align:start position:0% +neural networks or basian statistics or + + + align:start position:0% +neural networks or basian statistics or +some kind of correlation method uh to + + align:start position:0% +some kind of correlation method uh to + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of correlation method uh to +correlate output to calculatable input. + + align:start position:0% +correlate output to calculatable input. + + + align:start position:0% +correlate output to calculatable input. +Um so let me show you one example. + + align:start position:0% +Um so let me show you one example. + + + align:start position:0% +Um so let me show you one example. +Um this is something I had gotten into + + align:start position:0% +Um this is something I had gotten into + + + align:start position:0% +Um this is something I had gotten into +myself and still am in uh since a few + + align:start position:0% +myself and still am in uh since a few + + + align:start position:0% +myself and still am in uh since a few +years. Um sort of a a very old problem + + align:start position:0% +years. Um sort of a a very old problem + + + align:start position:0% +years. Um sort of a a very old problem +and it was uh essentially trying to + + align:start position:0% +and it was uh essentially trying to + + + align:start position:0% +and it was uh essentially trying to +predict crystal structure of materials. + + align:start position:0% +predict crystal structure of materials. + + + align:start position:0% +predict crystal structure of materials. +It's a really old problem. It's + + align:start position:0% +It's a really old problem. It's + + + align:start position:0% +It's a really old problem. It's +essentially an unsolved problem and it's + + align:start position:0% +essentially an unsolved problem and it's + + + align:start position:0% +essentially an unsolved problem and it's +an intriguing one because you can + + align:start position:0% +an intriguing one because you can + + + align:start position:0% +an intriguing one because you can +actually show quite dramatically that + + align:start position:0% +actually show quite dramatically that + + + align:start position:0% +actually show quite dramatically that +the energetics of quantum mechanics the + + align:start position:0% +the energetics of quantum mechanics the + + + align:start position:0% +the energetics of quantum mechanics the +way we do it now density functional + + align:start position:0% +way we do it now density functional + + + align:start position:0% +way we do it now density functional +theory is actually pretty much most of + + align:start position:0% +theory is actually pretty much most of + + + align:start position:0% +theory is actually pretty much most of +the time accurate enough to predict the + + align:start position:0% +the time accurate enough to predict the + + + align:start position:0% +the time accurate enough to predict the +cradles create stable crystal structure. + + align:start position:0% +cradles create stable crystal structure. + + + align:start position:0% +cradles create stable crystal structure. +So what do I mean with predict? What it + + align:start position:0% +So what do I mean with predict? What it + + + align:start position:0% +So what do I mean with predict? What it +means is that the the true crystal + + align:start position:0% +means is that the the true crystal + + + align:start position:0% +means is that the the true crystal +structure will have the lowest energy + + align:start position:0% +structure will have the lowest energy + + + align:start position:0% +structure will have the lowest energy +but the problem is finding it. Okay. So + + align:start position:0% +but the problem is finding it. Okay. So + + + align:start position:0% +but the problem is finding it. Okay. So +what I'm saying is if I g if I gave you + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying is if I g if I gave you + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm saying is if I g if I gave you +a list of 20 and I say you know the + + align:start position:0% +a list of 20 and I say you know the + + + align:start position:0% +a list of 20 and I say you know the +winner is among here you're done because + + align:start position:0% +winner is among here you're done because + + + align:start position:0% +winner is among here you're done because +you calculate the energy of all 20 and + + align:start position:0% +you calculate the energy of all 20 and + + + align:start position:0% +you calculate the energy of all 20 and +the lowest one will be the real one but + + align:start position:0% +the lowest one will be the real one but + + + align:start position:0% +the lowest one will be the real one but +you can't make that list 20 that's the + + align:start position:0% +you can't make that list 20 that's the + + + align:start position:0% +you can't make that list 20 that's the +problem. It's a search problem. It's an + + align:start position:0% +problem. It's a search problem. It's an + + + align:start position:0% +problem. It's a search problem. It's an +optimization problem rather than a sort + + align:start position:0% +optimization problem rather than a sort + + + align:start position:0% +optimization problem rather than a sort +of energy problem. So, so the idea we + + align:start position:0% +of energy problem. So, so the idea we + + + align:start position:0% +of energy problem. So, so the idea we +had is that + + align:start position:0% +had is that + + + align:start position:0% +had is that +um rather than trying to calculate + + align:start position:0% +um rather than trying to calculate + + + align:start position:0% +um rather than trying to calculate +uh the energy of all crystal structures + + align:start position:0% +uh the energy of all crystal structures + + + align:start position:0% +uh the energy of all crystal structures +um can you guess them by calculating a + + align:start position:0% +um can you guess them by calculating a + + + align:start position:0% +um can you guess them by calculating a +few and correlating their relation with + + align:start position:0% +few and correlating their relation with + + + align:start position:0% +few and correlating their relation with +a whole lot of other ones. Okay. So it's + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot of other ones. Okay. So it's + + + align:start position:0% +a whole lot of other ones. Okay. So it's +the same idea you know let's say you + + align:start position:0% +the same idea you know let's say you + + + align:start position:0% +the same idea you know let's say you +have a really big vector this is like + + align:start position:0% +have a really big vector this is like + + + align:start position:0% +have a really big vector this is like +you know the energy of all possible + + align:start position:0% +you know the energy of all possible + + + align:start position:0% +you know the energy of all possible +crystal structures whatever it is it's + + align:start position:0% +crystal structures whatever it is it's + + + align:start position:0% +crystal structures whatever it is it's +in the end we have to use finite numbers + + align:start position:0% +in the end we have to use finite numbers + + + align:start position:0% +in the end we have to use finite numbers +you'll see but can I just calculate a + + align:start position:0% +you'll see but can I just calculate a + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see but can I just calculate a +few that goes fast that's the one in + + align:start position:0% +few that goes fast that's the one in + + + align:start position:0% +few that goes fast that's the one in +blue and then predict all the ones in + + align:start position:0% +blue and then predict all the ones in + + + align:start position:0% +blue and then predict all the ones in +red without calculating them okay so + + align:start position:0% +red without calculating them okay so + + + align:start position:0% +red without calculating them okay so +that I get to sort of a complete vector + + align:start position:0% +that I get to sort of a complete vector + + + align:start position:0% +that I get to sort of a complete vector +and the way you want to do this is by + + align:start position:0% +and the way you want to do this is by + + + align:start position:0% +and the way you want to do this is by +correlation methods you know the the the + + align:start position:0% +correlation methods you know the the the + + + align:start position:0% +correlation methods you know the the the +philosophical question is really If you + + align:start position:0% +philosophical question is really If you + + + align:start position:0% +philosophical question is really If you +calculate a few pieces of energetics of + + align:start position:0% +calculate a few pieces of energetics of + + + align:start position:0% +calculate a few pieces of energetics of +materials, do you have enough + + align:start position:0% +materials, do you have enough + + + align:start position:0% +materials, do you have enough +information in there to say a lot more + + align:start position:0% +information in there to say a lot more + + + align:start position:0% +information in there to say a lot more +about the material? And you can do that + + align:start position:0% +about the material? And you can do that + + + align:start position:0% +about the material? And you can do that +explicitly. Some people would say, I'm + + align:start position:0% +explicitly. Some people would say, I'm + + + align:start position:0% +explicitly. Some people would say, I'm +going to calculate a few pieces of + + align:start position:0% +going to calculate a few pieces of + + + align:start position:0% +going to calculate a few pieces of +energetics, fit potentials to it, say, + + align:start position:0% +energetics, fit potentials to it, say, + + + align:start position:0% +energetics, fit potentials to it, say, +and then with those potentials calculate + + align:start position:0% +and then with those potentials calculate + + + align:start position:0% +and then with those potentials calculate +a large amount of other things. That's + + align:start position:0% +a large amount of other things. That's + + + align:start position:0% +a large amount of other things. That's +the explicit approach. The question you + + align:start position:0% +the explicit approach. The question you + + + align:start position:0% +the explicit approach. The question you +can ask yourself, can you do this + + align:start position:0% +can ask yourself, can you do this + + + align:start position:0% +can ask yourself, can you do this +implicitly? Um, and that's what we did + + align:start position:0% +implicitly? Um, and that's what we did + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly? Um, and that's what we did +by building correlations. Essentially we + + align:start position:0% +by building correlations. Essentially we + + + align:start position:0% +by building correlations. Essentially we +build a sort of a smart algorithm call + + align:start position:0% +build a sort of a smart algorithm call + + + align:start position:0% +build a sort of a smart algorithm call +it a neural net or whatever that + + align:start position:0% +it a neural net or whatever that + + + align:start position:0% +it a neural net or whatever that +essentially builds this relation. So you + + align:start position:0% +essentially builds this relation. So you + + + align:start position:0% +essentially builds this relation. So you +train it on large amounts of data sets + + align:start position:0% +train it on large amounts of data sets + + + align:start position:0% +train it on large amounts of data sets +for which you have the full vector. + + align:start position:0% +for which you have the full vector. + + + align:start position:0% +for which you have the full vector. +Essentially you're asking yourself is + + align:start position:0% +Essentially you're asking yourself is + + + align:start position:0% +Essentially you're asking yourself is +there correlation between you know the + + align:start position:0% +there correlation between you know the + + + align:start position:0% +there correlation between you know the +pink data variables and the blue ones. + + align:start position:0% +pink data variables and the blue ones. + + + align:start position:0% +pink data variables and the blue ones. +And it turns out that there that there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is ah gee okay well this is the picture + + align:start position:0% +is ah gee okay well this is the picture + + + align:start position:0% +is ah gee okay well this is the picture +I forgot um you can actually with a few + + align:start position:0% +I forgot um you can actually with a few + + + align:start position:0% +I forgot um you can actually with a few +calculations predict very + + align:start position:0% +calculations predict very + + + align:start position:0% +calculations predict very +well the energy of other things and this + + align:start position:0% +well the energy of other things and this + + + align:start position:0% +well the energy of other things and this +is sort of the summary um you know this + + align:start position:0% +is sort of the summary um you know this + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of the summary um you know this +is out of a a very large collection of + + align:start position:0% +is out of a a very large collection of + + + align:start position:0% +is out of a a very large collection of +binary metals where we did the test and + + align:start position:0% +binary metals where we did the test and + + + align:start position:0% +binary metals where we did the test and +this is essentially out of how How many + + align:start position:0% +this is essentially out of how How many + + + align:start position:0% +this is essentially out of how How many +calculations do you need to do to get + + align:start position:0% +calculations do you need to do to get + + + align:start position:0% +calculations do you need to do to get +all the ground state structures in the + + align:start position:0% +all the ground state structures in the + + + align:start position:0% +all the ground state structures in the +system with a given accuracy? Because of + + align:start position:0% +system with a given accuracy? Because of + + + align:start position:0% +system with a given accuracy? Because of +course this is a statistical method. So + + align:start position:0% +course this is a statistical method. So + + + align:start position:0% +course this is a statistical method. So +you know you you're never going to get + + align:start position:0% +you know you you're never going to get + + + align:start position:0% +you know you you're never going to get +100% accuracy unless you calculate + + align:start position:0% +100% accuracy unless you calculate + + + align:start position:0% +100% accuracy unless you calculate +everything. But what you see is that you + + align:start position:0% +everything. But what you see is that you + + + align:start position:0% +everything. But what you see is that you +know with something like 15 calculations + + align:start position:0% +know with something like 15 calculations + + + align:start position:0% +know with something like 15 calculations +you get 85 to 90% accuracy with the this + + align:start position:0% +you get 85 to 90% accuracy with the this + + + align:start position:0% +you get 85 to 90% accuracy with the this +is with the data mining technique. So + + align:start position:0% +is with the data mining technique. So + + + align:start position:0% +is with the data mining technique. So +this is an example of you build a + + align:start position:0% +this is an example of you build a + + + align:start position:0% +this is an example of you build a +predictive method w without a + + align:start position:0% +predictive method w without a + + + align:start position:0% +predictive method w without a +theory you know purely based on + + align:start position:0% +theory you know purely based on + + + align:start position:0% +theory you know purely based on +statistics. + + align:start position:0% +statistics. + + + align:start position:0% +statistics. +uh and you know you see more and more of + + align:start position:0% +uh and you know you see more and more of + + + align:start position:0% +uh and you know you see more and more of +that done. You know there are people + + align:start position:0% +that done. You know there are people + + + align:start position:0% +that done. You know there are people +who've built correlation methods between + + align:start position:0% +who've built correlation methods between + + + align:start position:0% +who've built correlation methods between +um um very basic electronic structure + + align:start position:0% +um um very basic electronic structure + + + align:start position:0% +um um very basic electronic structure +input data and um finite temperature + + align:start position:0% +input data and um finite temperature + + + align:start position:0% +input data and um finite temperature +data for example like melting point + + align:start position:0% +data for example like melting point + + + align:start position:0% +data for example like melting point +which you know I think as you've seen is + + align:start position:0% +which you know I think as you've seen is + + + align:start position:0% +which you know I think as you've seen is +a non-trivial thing to actually + + align:start position:0% +a non-trivial thing to actually + + + align:start position:0% +a non-trivial thing to actually +calculate because melting point you sort + + align:start position:0% +calculate because melting point you sort + + + align:start position:0% +calculate because melting point you sort +of need the intersection of the liquid + + align:start position:0% +of need the intersection of the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +of need the intersection of the liquid +uh and the bulk free energy. of the you + + align:start position:0% +uh and the bulk free energy. of the you + + + align:start position:0% +uh and the bulk free energy. of the you +could argue yourself how is that melting + + align:start position:0% +could argue yourself how is that melting + + + align:start position:0% +could argue yourself how is that melting +point already hidden in the energetics + + align:start position:0% +point already hidden in the energetics + + + align:start position:0% +point already hidden in the energetics +and can I extract that + + align:start position:0% +and can I extract that + + + align:start position:0% +and can I extract that +correlation okay so I'm going to skip + + align:start position:0% +correlation okay so I'm going to skip + + + align:start position:0% +correlation okay so I'm going to skip +through a bunch of slides because I want + + align:start position:0% +through a bunch of slides because I want + + + align:start position:0% +through a bunch of slides because I want +to give you enough time to do the + + align:start position:0% +to give you enough time to do the + + + align:start position:0% +to give you enough time to do the +evaluations + + align:start position:0% +evaluations + + + align:start position:0% +evaluations +um these were actually slides on + + align:start position:0% +um these were actually slides on + + + align:start position:0% +um these were actually slides on +examples of materials design maybe I + + align:start position:0% +examples of materials design maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +examples of materials design maybe I +should few more minutes say a few things + + align:start position:0% +should few more minutes say a few things + + + align:start position:0% +should few more minutes say a few things +about it uh one was band gap engineering + + align:start position:0% +about it uh one was band gap engineering + + + align:start position:0% +about it uh one was band gap engineering +uh the reason I put it in there is + + align:start position:0% +uh the reason I put it in there is + + + align:start position:0% +uh the reason I put it in there is +because band gap is the one thing people + + align:start position:0% +because band gap is the one thing people + + + align:start position:0% +because band gap is the one thing people +always think with DFT well I can't do + + align:start position:0% +always think with DFT well I can't do + + + align:start position:0% +always think with DFT well I can't do +anything useful you know the band gap's + + align:start position:0% +anything useful you know the band gap's + + + align:start position:0% +anything useful you know the band gap's +always like a factor of two sometimes + + align:start position:0% +always like a factor of two sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +always like a factor of two sometimes +more off uh but you can correct for that + + align:start position:0% +more off uh but you can correct for that + + + align:start position:0% +more off uh but you can correct for that +uh people have made empirical pseudo + + align:start position:0% +uh people have made empirical pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +uh people have made empirical pseudo +potentials that correct for it there are + + align:start position:0% +potentials that correct for it there are + + + align:start position:0% +potentials that correct for it there are +actually now methods out there um that + + align:start position:0% +actually now methods out there um that + + + align:start position:0% +actually now methods out there um that +will give you the band gap more + + align:start position:0% +will give you the band gap more + + + align:start position:0% +will give you the band gap more +accurately um but the whole idea is that + + align:start position:0% +accurately um but the whole idea is that + + + align:start position:0% +accurately um but the whole idea is that +you know um you still get a fairly + + align:start position:0% +you know um you still get a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +you know um you still get a fairly +systematic ordering of the band gaps and + + align:start position:0% +systematic ordering of the band gaps and + + + align:start position:0% +systematic ordering of the band gaps and +you look at can look at bunches of + + align:start position:0% +you look at can look at bunches of + + + align:start position:0% +you look at can look at bunches of +semiconductors + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors + + + align:start position:0% +semiconductors +And what I want to show you here, this + + align:start position:0% +And what I want to show you here, this + + + align:start position:0% +And what I want to show you here, this +was actually a Monte Carlo optimization + + align:start position:0% +was actually a Monte Carlo optimization + + + align:start position:0% +was actually a Monte Carlo optimization +of the band gap of super latises. These + + align:start position:0% +of the band gap of super latises. These + + + align:start position:0% +of the band gap of super latises. These +were aluminum gallium arssonite super + + align:start position:0% +were aluminum gallium arssonite super + + + align:start position:0% +were aluminum gallium arssonite super +latises. And essentially um the um the + + align:start position:0% +latises. And essentially um the um the + + + align:start position:0% +latises. And essentially um the um the +the configurational space over which + + align:start position:0% +the configurational space over which + + + align:start position:0% +the configurational space over which +they searched was uh how do you arrange + + align:start position:0% +they searched was uh how do you arrange + + + align:start position:0% +they searched was uh how do you arrange +the aluminum and the gallium on the + + align:start position:0% +the aluminum and the gallium on the + + + align:start position:0% +the aluminum and the gallium on the +cation sublattis? And so essentially + + align:start position:0% +cation sublattis? And so essentially + + + align:start position:0% +cation sublattis? And so essentially +this was a um a scheme a Monte Carlo + + align:start position:0% +this was a um a scheme a Monte Carlo + + + align:start position:0% +this was a um a scheme a Monte Carlo +scheme to sort of go to the largest + + align:start position:0% +scheme to sort of go to the largest + + + align:start position:0% +scheme to sort of go to the largest +possible band gap in that system. Okay, + + align:start position:0% +possible band gap in that system. Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +possible band gap in that system. Okay, +this a a fairly well-known example of + + align:start position:0% +this a a fairly well-known example of + + + align:start position:0% +this a a fairly well-known example of +material design purely by computation + + align:start position:0% +material design purely by computation + + + align:start position:0% +material design purely by computation +and you know you find that after about + + align:start position:0% +and you know you find that after about + + + align:start position:0% +and you know you find that after about +10,000 Monte Carlo moves you seem to um + + align:start position:0% +10,000 Monte Carlo moves you seem to um + + + align:start position:0% +10,000 Monte Carlo moves you seem to um +find pretty much what the maximal band + + align:start position:0% +find pretty much what the maximal band + + + align:start position:0% +find pretty much what the maximal band +gap is uh in that system and then you + + align:start position:0% +gap is uh in that system and then you + + + align:start position:0% +gap is uh in that system and then you +can try to make that uh with MBE. A + + align:start position:0% +can try to make that uh with MBE. A + + + align:start position:0% +can try to make that uh with MBE. A +thermmoelectrics is one where there's + + align:start position:0% +thermmoelectrics is one where there's + + + align:start position:0% +thermmoelectrics is one where there's +been several abinio predictions um for + + align:start position:0% +been several abinio predictions um for + + + align:start position:0% +been several abinio predictions um for +very high thermal electric coefficient + + align:start position:0% +very high thermal electric coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +very high thermal electric coefficient +and I'll show you uh one one was this + + align:start position:0% +and I'll show you uh one one was this + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll show you uh one one was this +um uh lanternum and timonite essentially + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +okay so my last two slides are on the + + align:start position:0% +okay so my last two slides are on the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so my last two slides are on the +future of modeling uh I can't imagine a + + align:start position:0% +future of modeling uh I can't imagine a + + + align:start position:0% +future of modeling uh I can't imagine a +better field to be in um and I think + + align:start position:0% +better field to be in um and I think + + + align:start position:0% +better field to be in um and I think +there's a few reasons of the two things + + align:start position:0% +there's a few reasons of the two things + + + align:start position:0% +there's a few reasons of the two things +that we essentially benefit from + + align:start position:0% +that we essentially benefit from + + + align:start position:0% +that we essentially benefit from +tremendously. One is um computing power + + align:start position:0% +tremendously. One is um computing power + + + align:start position:0% +tremendously. One is um computing power +you know I mean when I started in this + + align:start position:0% +you know I mean when I started in this + + + align:start position:0% +you know I mean when I started in this +field in the early 90s I mean I mean I + + align:start position:0% +field in the early 90s I mean I mean I + + + align:start position:0% +field in the early 90s I mean I mean I +can't even think back anymore how slow + + align:start position:0% +can't even think back anymore how slow + + + align:start position:0% +can't even think back anymore how slow +and expensive computers were and you + + align:start position:0% +and expensive computers were and you + + + align:start position:0% +and expensive computers were and you +know that's in good a good 10 years ago. + + align:start position:0% +know that's in good a good 10 years ago. + + + align:start position:0% +know that's in good a good 10 years ago. +uh so we ride this curve you know with + + align:start position:0% +uh so we ride this curve you know with + + + align:start position:0% +uh so we ride this curve you know with +an enormous benefit in my department + + align:start position:0% +an enormous benefit in my department + + + align:start position:0% +an enormous benefit in my department +talks I usually show numbers I think in + + align:start position:0% +talks I usually show numbers I think in + + + align:start position:0% +talks I usually show numbers I think in +the last 20 years you've had an + + align:start position:0% +the last 20 years you've had an + + + align:start position:0% +the last 20 years you've had an +improvement of sort of performance + + align:start position:0% +improvement of sort of performance + + + align:start position:0% +improvement of sort of performance +versus price of of something like 10 to + + align:start position:0% +versus price of of something like 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +versus price of of something like 10 to + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +million that's how much more computing + + align:start position:0% +million that's how much more computing + + + align:start position:0% +million that's how much more computing +power you get for your buck now than + + align:start position:0% +power you get for your buck now than + + + align:start position:0% +power you get for your buck now than +actually about 15 20 years ago that's + + align:start position:0% +actually about 15 20 years ago that's + + + align:start position:0% +actually about 15 20 years ago that's +enormous there are no other techniques + + align:start position:0% +enormous there are no other techniques + + + align:start position:0% +enormous there are no other techniques +in material science that do that period + + align:start position:0% +in material science that do that period + + + align:start position:0% +in material science that do that period +so you ride this enormous curve and for + + align:start position:0% +so you ride this enormous curve and for + + + align:start position:0% +so you ride this enormous curve and for +whatever ever people say this is likely + + align:start position:0% +whatever ever people say this is likely + + + align:start position:0% +whatever ever people say this is likely +to continue at least for quite a while. + + align:start position:0% +to continue at least for quite a while. + + + align:start position:0% +to continue at least for quite a while. +Um I think the another one is that we + + align:start position:0% +Um I think the another one is that we + + + align:start position:0% +Um I think the another one is that we +benefit tremendously from all the + + align:start position:0% +benefit tremendously from all the + + + align:start position:0% +benefit tremendously from all the +developments in condensed matter theory + + align:start position:0% +developments in condensed matter theory + + + align:start position:0% +developments in condensed matter theory +because you know this allows us to + + align:start position:0% +because you know this allows us to + + + align:start position:0% +because you know this allows us to +compute those allows the the benefits in + + align:start position:0% +compute those allows the the benefits in + + + align:start position:0% +compute those allows the the benefits in +condensed matter theory allow us to + + align:start position:0% +condensed matter theory allow us to + + + align:start position:0% +condensed matter theory allow us to +compute things much more accurately and + + align:start position:0% +compute things much more accurately and + + + align:start position:0% +compute things much more accurately and +the third leg is the basic materials + + align:start position:0% +the third leg is the basic materials + + + align:start position:0% +the third leg is the basic materials +theory development uh which is probably + + align:start position:0% +theory development uh which is probably + + + align:start position:0% +theory development uh which is probably +the sort of weaker leg of that + + align:start position:0% +the sort of weaker leg of that + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of weaker leg of that +three-legged stool um but + + align:start position:0% +three-legged stool um but + + + align:start position:0% +three-legged stool um but +so this is one of the reason this field + + align:start position:0% +so this is one of the reason this field + + + align:start position:0% +so this is one of the reason this field +is still very good um you should keep in + + align:start position:0% +is still very good um you should keep in + + + align:start position:0% +is still very good um you should keep in +to pound scaling which we've only sort + + align:start position:0% +to pound scaling which we've only sort + + + align:start position:0% +to pound scaling which we've only sort +of cursively said something about uh but + + align:start position:0% +of cursively said something about uh but + + + align:start position:0% +of cursively said something about uh but +here's some examples of why scaling can + + align:start position:0% +here's some examples of why scaling can + + + align:start position:0% +here's some examples of why scaling can +kill you um if you know I put out some + + align:start position:0% +kill you um if you know I put out some + + + align:start position:0% +kill you um if you know I put out some +hypothetical examples um of linear + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical examples um of linear + + + align:start position:0% +hypothetical examples um of linear +scaling examples uh cube scaling + + align:start position:0% +scaling examples uh cube scaling + + + align:start position:0% +scaling examples uh cube scaling +examples and and worse you know if you + + align:start position:0% +examples and and worse you know if you + + + align:start position:0% +examples and and worse you know if you +take an example of linear scaling I + + align:start position:0% +take an example of linear scaling I + + + align:start position:0% +take an example of linear scaling I +think molecular dynamics with real space + + align:start position:0% +think molecular dynamics with real space + + + align:start position:0% +think molecular dynamics with real space +potentials is probably pretty well up to + + align:start position:0% +potentials is probably pretty well up to + + + align:start position:0% +potentials is probably pretty well up to +linear scaling these days because you + + align:start position:0% +linear scaling these days because you + + + align:start position:0% +linear scaling these days because you +can partition space as soon as you start + + align:start position:0% +can partition space as soon as you start + + + align:start position:0% +can partition space as soon as you start +partitioning space with finite range + + align:start position:0% +partitioning space with finite range + + + align:start position:0% +partitioning space with finite range +potential you can get exact basically + + align:start position:0% +potential you can get exact basically + + + align:start position:0% +potential you can get exact basically +linear scaling so I figured out you know + + align:start position:0% +linear scaling so I figured out you know + + + align:start position:0% +linear scaling so I figured out you know +what can you do in 40 years assuming we + + align:start position:0% +what can you do in 40 years assuming we + + + align:start position:0% +what can you do in 40 years assuming we +get about a factor of 10 to the 6 that's + + align:start position:0% +get about a factor of 10 to the 6 that's + + + align:start position:0% +get about a factor of 10 to the 6 that's +what you would get from Mors' law 40 + + align:start position:0% +what you would get from Mors' law 40 + + + align:start position:0% +what you would get from Mors' law 40 +years is about when you retire so I'm I + + align:start position:0% +years is about when you retire so I'm I + + + align:start position:0% +years is about when you retire so I'm I +mean I'm long gone by then but you you + + align:start position:0% +mean I'm long gone by then but you you + + + align:start position:0% +mean I'm long gone by then but you you +guys are going to retire so where will + + align:start position:0% +guys are going to retire so where will + + + align:start position:0% +guys are going to retire so where will +you be well let's say we can do 10 to + + align:start position:0% +you be well let's say we can do 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +you be well let's say we can do 10 to +the 8 atoms what is that 100 million you + + align:start position:0% +the 8 atoms what is that 100 million you + + + align:start position:0% +the 8 atoms what is that 100 million you +know the record is stands more at a + + align:start position:0% +know the record is stands more at a + + + align:start position:0% +know the record is stands more at a +billion now But you know, nobody kind of + + align:start position:0% +billion now But you know, nobody kind of + + + align:start position:0% +billion now But you know, nobody kind of +performs at the record all the time. You + + align:start position:0% +performs at the record all the time. You + + + align:start position:0% +performs at the record all the time. You +have to essentially take what you can do + + align:start position:0% +have to essentially take what you can do + + + align:start position:0% +have to essentially take what you can do +on an almost daily basis. So if you do + + align:start position:0% +on an almost daily basis. So if you do + + + align:start position:0% +on an almost daily basis. So if you do +100 million atoms with potentials, + + align:start position:0% +100 million atoms with potentials, + + + align:start position:0% +100 million atoms with potentials, +you'll be able to do 10^ the 14 + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to do 10^ the 14 + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be able to do 10^ the 14 +atoms. What does that buy you? I'm not + + align:start position:0% +atoms. What does that buy you? I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +atoms. What does that buy you? I'm not +fully sure. You know, you have to ask + + align:start position:0% +fully sure. You know, you have to ask + + + align:start position:0% +fully sure. You know, you have to ask +yourself, what can you do with 10^ the + + align:start position:0% +yourself, what can you do with 10^ the + + + align:start position:0% +yourself, what can you do with 10^ the +14 atoms that you can't do with 10 to + + align:start position:0% +14 atoms that you can't do with 10 to + + + align:start position:0% +14 atoms that you can't do with 10 to +the 8? Because a lot of things don't + + align:start position:0% +the 8? Because a lot of things don't + + + align:start position:0% +the 8? Because a lot of things don't +depend on the number of atoms. They + + align:start position:0% +depend on the number of atoms. They + + + align:start position:0% +depend on the number of atoms. They +depend on the length scale. And so of + + align:start position:0% +depend on the length scale. And so of + + + align:start position:0% +depend on the length scale. And so of +course the length scale is the cube root + + align:start position:0% +course the length scale is the cube root + + + align:start position:0% +course the length scale is the cube root +of the number of atoms. So there you've + + align:start position:0% +of the number of atoms. So there you've + + + align:start position:0% +of the number of atoms. So there you've +only gained about well you've gained + + align:start position:0% +only gained about well you've gained + + + align:start position:0% +only gained about well you've gained +about a factor of 100 in length scale. + + align:start position:0% +about a factor of 100 in length scale. + + + align:start position:0% +about a factor of 100 in length scale. +But if you go to something that scales + + align:start position:0% +But if you go to something that scales + + + align:start position:0% +But if you go to something that scales +like you know the cube and I know this + + align:start position:0% +like you know the cube and I know this + + + align:start position:0% +like you know the cube and I know this +is a little overdoing it LDA scales in + + align:start position:0% +is a little overdoing it LDA scales in + + + align:start position:0% +is a little overdoing it LDA scales in +large problems much more like n squ n + + align:start position:0% +large problems much more like n squ n + + + align:start position:0% +large problems much more like n squ n +but let's say on small problems it's + + align:start position:0% +but let's say on small problems it's + + + align:start position:0% +but let's say on small problems it's +like the cube of n. So if you can do a + + align:start position:0% +like the cube of n. So if you can do a + + + align:start position:0% +like the cube of n. So if you can do a +thousand atoms now you know when you + + align:start position:0% +thousand atoms now you know when you + + + align:start position:0% +thousand atoms now you know when you +retire you'll be able to do a 100,000 + + align:start position:0% +retire you'll be able to do a 100,000 + + + align:start position:0% +retire you'll be able to do a 100,000 +atoms. So where is that going to take + + align:start position:0% +atoms. So where is that going to take + + + align:start position:0% +atoms. So where is that going to take +us? + + align:start position:0% +us? + + + align:start position:0% +us? +You know, I think it's going to allow us + + align:start position:0% +You know, I think it's going to allow us + + + align:start position:0% +You know, I think it's going to allow us +to do some things that we have a hard + + align:start position:0% +to do some things that we have a hard + + + align:start position:0% +to do some things that we have a hard +time with. You know, biological species, + + align:start position:0% +time with. You know, biological species, + + + align:start position:0% +time with. You know, biological species, +for example, where, you know, even this + + align:start position:0% +for example, where, you know, even this + + + align:start position:0% +for example, where, you know, even this +is really cutting it close. You know, + + align:start position:0% +is really cutting it close. You know, + + + align:start position:0% +is really cutting it close. You know, +you want to do proteins and DNA. Yeah, + + align:start position:0% +you want to do proteins and DNA. Yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +you want to do proteins and DNA. Yeah, +you know, people do dabble in it now and + + align:start position:0% +you know, people do dabble in it now and + + + align:start position:0% +you know, people do dabble in it now and +you can do it, but it's fighting against + + align:start position:0% +you can do it, but it's fighting against + + + align:start position:0% +you can do it, but it's fighting against +the frontier. You know, you got to do + + align:start position:0% +the frontier. You know, you got to do + + + align:start position:0% +the frontier. You know, you got to do +solvent and so people now make more ad + + align:start position:0% +solvent and so people now make more ad + + + align:start position:0% +solvent and so people now make more ad +hoc models for including the solvent. uh + + align:start position:0% +hoc models for including the solvent. uh + + + align:start position:0% +hoc models for including the solvent. uh +I think you know when you do a 100 + + align:start position:0% +I think you know when you do a 100 + + + align:start position:0% +I think you know when you do a 100 +thousand you are going to do biology + + align:start position:0% +thousand you are going to do biology + + + align:start position:0% +thousand you are going to do biology +much more are you going to do mechanical + + align:start position:0% +much more are you going to do mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +much more are you going to do mechanical +behavior I don't think so not in the + + align:start position:0% +behavior I don't think so not in the + + + align:start position:0% +behavior I don't think so not in the +direct abinition scale this is probably + + align:start position:0% +direct abinition scale this is probably + + + align:start position:0% +direct abinition scale this is probably +by no means enough to sort of span the + + align:start position:0% +by no means enough to sort of span the + + + align:start position:0% +by no means enough to sort of span the +length scale from atoms to microructure + + align:start position:0% +length scale from atoms to microructure + + + align:start position:0% +length scale from atoms to microructure +um of course if you believe that we're + + align:start position:0% +um of course if you believe that we're + + + align:start position:0% +um of course if you believe that we're +all going to be doing LD or the ren now + + align:start position:0% +all going to be doing LD or the ren now + + + align:start position:0% +all going to be doing LD or the ren now +you're up to what is this a billion + + align:start position:0% +you're up to what is this a billion + + + align:start position:0% +you're up to what is this a billion +atoms so starting to count you know of + + align:start position:0% +atoms so starting to count you know of + + + align:start position:0% +atoms so starting to count you know of +course when you have a billion atoms + + align:start position:0% +course when you have a billion atoms + + + align:start position:0% +course when you have a billion atoms +you're going to have to figure out how + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have to figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to have to figure out how +to look at them and like how to extract + + align:start position:0% +to look at them and like how to extract + + + align:start position:0% +to look at them and like how to extract +data from them which is non-trivial at + + align:start position:0% +data from them which is non-trivial at + + + align:start position:0% +data from them which is non-trivial at +these large simulations. you know the + + align:start position:0% +these large simulations. you know the + + + align:start position:0% +these large simulations. you know the +people who sort of broke these frontiers + + align:start position:0% +people who sort of broke these frontiers + + + align:start position:0% +people who sort of broke these frontiers +there was a group at Louisiana State + + align:start position:0% +there was a group at Louisiana State + + + align:start position:0% +there was a group at Louisiana State +that for the longest time drove this + + align:start position:0% +that for the longest time drove this + + + align:start position:0% +that for the longest time drove this +forward and I think may have done the + + align:start position:0% +forward and I think may have done the + + + align:start position:0% +forward and I think may have done the +first billion atom simulation um a lot + + align:start position:0% +first billion atom simulation um a lot + + + align:start position:0% +first billion atom simulation um a lot +of their research is in u data transfer + + align:start position:0% +of their research is in u data transfer + + + align:start position:0% +of their research is in u data transfer +data analysis visualization because + + align:start position:0% +data analysis visualization because + + + align:start position:0% +data analysis visualization because +think about it when you have a billion + + align:start position:0% +think about it when you have a billion + + + align:start position:0% +think about it when you have a billion +atoms how do you decide what's going on + + align:start position:0% +atoms how do you decide what's going on + + + align:start position:0% +atoms how do you decide what's going on +just look at it or like so that's + + align:start position:0% +just look at it or like so that's + + + align:start position:0% +just look at it or like so that's +actually a big chunk of that uh research + + align:start position:0% +actually a big chunk of that uh research + + + align:start position:0% +actually a big chunk of that uh research +and then I took one that's kind of + + align:start position:0% +and then I took one that's kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and then I took one that's kind of +excessive you know but let's say do you + + align:start position:0% +excessive you know but let's say do you + + + align:start position:0% +excessive you know but let's say do you +to heart with configuration + + align:start position:0% +to heart with configuration + + + align:start position:0% +to heart with configuration +interactions which is you know as close + + align:start position:0% +interactions which is you know as close + + + align:start position:0% +interactions which is you know as close +to essentially as close to the exact + + align:start position:0% +to essentially as close to the exact + + + align:start position:0% +to essentially as close to the exact +solution maybe that you could get for + + align:start position:0% +solution maybe that you could get for + + + align:start position:0% +solution maybe that you could get for +quantum mechanics except maybe quantum + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics except maybe quantum + + + align:start position:0% +quantum mechanics except maybe quantum +Monte Carlo now but um you know that + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo now but um you know that + + + align:start position:0% +Monte Carlo now but um you know that +scaling is depending on who you believe + + align:start position:0% +scaling is depending on who you believe + + + align:start position:0% +scaling is depending on who you believe +is somewhere from n to the 5th to n to + + align:start position:0% +is somewhere from n to the 5th to n to + + + align:start position:0% +is somewhere from n to the 5th to n to +the 7th + + align:start position:0% +the 7th + + + align:start position:0% +the 7th +um it's such small numbers that it's not + + align:start position:0% +um it's such small numbers that it's not + + + align:start position:0% +um it's such small numbers that it's not +even fully sure you can quite calibrate + + align:start position:0% +even fully sure you can quite calibrate + + + align:start position:0% +even fully sure you can quite calibrate +the scaling but so if you can do 10 + + align:start position:0% +the scaling but so if you can do 10 + + + align:start position:0% +the scaling but so if you can do 10 +atoms now you can only do a 100 by the + + align:start position:0% +atoms now you can only do a 100 by the + + + align:start position:0% +atoms now you can only do a 100 by the +time you retire. So, you know, these + + align:start position:0% +time you retire. So, you know, these + + + align:start position:0% +time you retire. So, you know, these +things are useful for calibration, but + + align:start position:0% +things are useful for calibration, but + + + align:start position:0% +things are useful for calibration, but +they're not going to allow us to say, + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to allow us to say, + + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to allow us to say, +you know, do DNA and do it uh more + + align:start position:0% +you know, do DNA and do it uh more + + + align:start position:0% +you know, do DNA and do it uh more +accurately. + + align:start position:0% +accurately. + + + align:start position:0% +accurately. +So, the only reason I'm saying is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um that you will still not be able to + + align:start position:0% +um that you will still not be able to + + + align:start position:0% +um that you will still not be able to +rely on Mors' law for all your problems. + + align:start position:0% +rely on Mors' law for all your problems. + + + align:start position:0% +rely on Mors' law for all your problems. +You'll still have to figure out ways to + + align:start position:0% +You'll still have to figure out ways to + + + align:start position:0% +You'll still have to figure out ways to +in a sort of smart way uh use + + align:start position:0% +in a sort of smart way uh use + + + align:start position:0% +in a sort of smart way uh use +computations. I always find it funny the + + align:start position:0% +computations. I always find it funny the + + + align:start position:0% +computations. I always find it funny the +proposals I read it's like you know we + + align:start position:0% +proposals I read it's like you know we + + + align:start position:0% +proposals I read it's like you know we +can't quite compute this but next year + + align:start position:0% +can't quite compute this but next year + + + align:start position:0% +can't quite compute this but next year +we can well most stuff you can't compute + + align:start position:0% +we can well most stuff you can't compute + + + align:start position:0% +we can well most stuff you can't compute +today you won't be able to compute next + + align:start position:0% +today you won't be able to compute next + + + align:start position:0% +today you won't be able to compute next +year either uh and so you'll still have + + align:start position:0% +year either uh and so you'll still have + + + align:start position:0% +year either uh and so you'll still have +to find shortcuts you know um if you + + align:start position:0% +to find shortcuts you know um if you + + + align:start position:0% +to find shortcuts you know um if you +count on being able to sort of put + + align:start position:0% +count on being able to sort of put + + + align:start position:0% +count on being able to sort of put +materials in a box and simulate the hell + + align:start position:0% +materials in a box and simulate the hell + + + align:start position:0% +materials in a box and simulate the hell +out of them and sort of you know figure + + align:start position:0% +out of them and sort of you know figure + + + align:start position:0% +out of them and sort of you know figure +out what comes out uh I think it's + + align:start position:0% +out what comes out uh I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +out what comes out uh I think it's +unlikely that that will happen in in in + + align:start position:0% +unlikely that that will happen in in in + + + align:start position:0% +unlikely that that will happen in in in +any reasonable time for all for a lot of + + align:start position:0% +any reasonable time for all for a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +any reasonable time for all for a lot of +properties there are properties you can + + align:start position:0% +properties there are properties you can + + + align:start position:0% +properties there are properties you can +do it for but for most things I don't + + align:start position:0% +do it for but for most things I don't + + + align:start position:0% +do it for but for most things I don't +think you can okay so it was a pleasure + + align:start position:0% +think you can okay so it was a pleasure + + + align:start position:0% +think you can okay so it was a pleasure +uh teaching you uh professor Marzar and + + align:start position:0% +uh teaching you uh professor Marzar and + + + align:start position:0% +uh teaching you uh professor Marzar and +I had a lot of fun we always have a lot + + align:start position:0% +I had a lot of fun we always have a lot + + + align:start position:0% +I had a lot of fun we always have a lot +of fun with this course um we're going + + align:start position:0% +of fun with this course um we're going + + + align:start position:0% +of fun with this course um we're going +to leave you with the course evaluations + + align:start position:0% +to leave you with the course evaluations + + + align:start position:0% +to leave you with the course evaluations +which have to be done and uh can I count + + align:start position:0% +which have to be done and uh can I count + + + align:start position:0% +which have to be done and uh can I count +on you we're not allowed to touch these + + align:start position:0% +on you we're not allowed to touch these + + + align:start position:0% +on you we're not allowed to touch these +so one of you has to return this to uh + + align:start position:0% +so one of you has to return this to uh + + + align:start position:0% +so one of you has to return this to uh +department headquarters or to Kathy + + align:start position:0% +department headquarters or to Kathy + + + align:start position:0% +department headquarters or to Kathy +Ferrell if can I count on one of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just to pick him up and + + align:start position:0% +just to pick him up and + + + align:start position:0% +just to pick him up and +like Okay, thanks. Okay, thank you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/r1-r1t5i58g.txt b/r1-r1t5i58g.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..884ac56dd94ef08ef8105526078608d4002b9df1 --- /dev/null +++ b/r1-r1t5i58g.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8019 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided by MIT + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided by MIT + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided by MIT +Open Courseware under a creative common + + align:start position:0% +Open Courseware under a creative common + + + align:start position:0% +Open Courseware under a creative common +license. Additional information about + + align:start position:0% +license. Additional information about + + + align:start position:0% +license. Additional information about +our license and MIT Open Courseware in + + align:start position:0% +our license and MIT Open Courseware in + + + align:start position:0% +our license and MIT Open Courseware in +general is available at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh finite difference methods for initial + + align:start position:0% +uh finite difference methods for initial + + + align:start position:0% +uh finite difference methods for initial +value problems that we're coming to the + + align:start position:0% +value problems that we're coming to the + + + align:start position:0% +value problems that we're coming to the +end of and the uh solving large systems + + align:start position:0% +end of and the uh solving large systems + + + align:start position:0% +end of and the uh solving large systems +that we're coming to the beginning of + + align:start position:0% +that we're coming to the beginning of + + + align:start position:0% +that we're coming to the beginning of +was to talk today about + + align:start position:0% +was to talk today about + + + align:start position:0% +was to talk today about +the about + + align:start position:0% +the about + + + align:start position:0% +the about +matrices because that language + + align:start position:0% +matrices because that language + + + align:start position:0% +matrices because that language +uh is just useful for everything and um + + align:start position:0% +uh is just useful for everything and um + + + align:start position:0% +uh is just useful for everything and um +so about the homeworks uh Mr. Cho put in + + align:start position:0% +so about the homeworks uh Mr. Cho put in + + + align:start position:0% +so about the homeworks uh Mr. Cho put in +a long weekend uh grading the homeworks + + align:start position:0% +a long weekend uh grading the homeworks + + + align:start position:0% +a long weekend uh grading the homeworks +that were turned in Friday and preparing + + align:start position:0% +that were turned in Friday and preparing + + + align:start position:0% +that were turned in Friday and preparing +uh code and output for to go up on the + + align:start position:0% +uh code and output for to go up on the + + + align:start position:0% +uh code and output for to go up on the +web page probably late tonight or + + align:start position:0% +web page probably late tonight or + + + align:start position:0% +web page probably late tonight or +tomorrow. So um have a look to see and I + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow. So um have a look to see and I + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow. So um have a look to see and I +hope that that uh those codes will be + + align:start position:0% +hope that that uh those codes will be + + + align:start position:0% +hope that that uh those codes will be +useful for the future too. Right. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +useful for the future too. Right. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +useful for the future too. Right. Okay. +So uh we'll maybe say more about the + + align:start position:0% +So uh we'll maybe say more about the + + + align:start position:0% +So uh we'll maybe say more about the +outputs and about the projects + + align:start position:0% +outputs and about the projects + + + align:start position:0% +outputs and about the projects +uh which by the way could grow out of + + align:start position:0% +uh which by the way could grow out of + + + align:start position:0% +uh which by the way could grow out of +that homework or could go in a totally + + align:start position:0% +that homework or could go in a totally + + + align:start position:0% +that homework or could go in a totally +different direction. I'm thinking that + + align:start position:0% +different direction. I'm thinking that + + + align:start position:0% +different direction. I'm thinking that +uh the right time to say projects due + + align:start position:0% +uh the right time to say projects due + + + align:start position:0% +uh the right time to say projects due +would be after spring break. So pretty + + align:start position:0% +would be after spring break. So pretty + + + align:start position:0% +would be after spring break. So pretty +much nearly immediately after the spring + + align:start position:0% +much nearly immediately after the spring + + + align:start position:0% +much nearly immediately after the spring +break would be and we'll talk about more + + align:start position:0% +break would be and we'll talk about more + + + align:start position:0% +break would be and we'll talk about more +but just so you have an idea of what's + + align:start position:0% +but just so you have an idea of what's + + + align:start position:0% +but just so you have an idea of what's +what time table I had in mind. Okay. So + + align:start position:0% +what time table I had in mind. Okay. So + + + align:start position:0% +what time table I had in mind. Okay. So +matrices then + + align:start position:0% +matrices then + + + align:start position:0% +matrices then +uh so and in particular finite + + align:start position:0% +uh so and in particular finite + + + align:start position:0% +uh so and in particular finite +difference matrices. So uh that's the + + align:start position:0% +difference matrices. So uh that's the + + + align:start position:0% +difference matrices. So uh that's the +second difference + + align:start position:0% +second difference + + + align:start position:0% +second difference +matrix K and I'll frequently use that + + align:start position:0% +matrix K and I'll frequently use that + + + align:start position:0% +matrix K and I'll frequently use that +letter K as I did in 18085 for that very + + align:start position:0% +letter K as I did in 18085 for that very + + + align:start position:0% +letter K as I did in 18085 for that very +very important and useful matrix. So + + align:start position:0% +very important and useful matrix. So + + + align:start position:0% +very important and useful matrix. So +what are its + + align:start position:0% +what are its + + + align:start position:0% +what are its +properties? It's trid diagonal. + + align:start position:0% +properties? It's trid diagonal. + + + align:start position:0% +properties? It's trid diagonal. +That's a very important property which + + align:start position:0% +That's a very important property which + + + align:start position:0% +That's a very important property which +we'll see because that means that uh + + align:start position:0% +we'll see because that means that uh + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see because that means that uh +computations solving linear systems was + + align:start position:0% +computations solving linear systems was + + + align:start position:0% +computations solving linear systems was +very fast with a with a triagonal matrix + + align:start position:0% +very fast with a with a triagonal matrix + + + align:start position:0% +very fast with a with a triagonal matrix +uh it's + + align:start position:0% +uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's +symmetric all its igen values are + + align:start position:0% +symmetric all its igen values are + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric all its igen values are +positive so I would say it's symmetric + + align:start position:0% +positive so I would say it's symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +positive so I would say it's symmetric +positive definite and those igen values + + align:start position:0% +positive definite and those igen values + + + align:start position:0% +positive definite and those igen values +and igen vectors so the igen vectors for + + align:start position:0% +and igen vectors so the igen vectors for + + + align:start position:0% +and igen vectors so the igen vectors for +this matrix turn out to be discrete + + align:start position:0% +this matrix turn out to be discrete + + + align:start position:0% +this matrix turn out to be discrete +not quite discrete exponentials, + + align:start position:0% +not quite discrete exponentials, + + + align:start position:0% +not quite discrete exponentials, +discrete signs, discrete sign functions. + + align:start position:0% +discrete signs, discrete sign functions. + + + align:start position:0% +discrete signs, discrete sign functions. +If I change the boundary conditions, I + + align:start position:0% +If I change the boundary conditions, I + + + align:start position:0% +If I change the boundary conditions, I +can get discrete cosiness as the igen + + align:start position:0% +can get discrete cosiness as the igen + + + align:start position:0% +can get discrete cosiness as the igen +vectors or I could get discrete + + align:start position:0% +vectors or I could get discrete + + + align:start position:0% +vectors or I could get discrete +exponentials as the igen vectors by + + align:start position:0% +exponentials as the igen vectors by + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials as the igen vectors by +making it periodic. I'll just maybe I'll + + align:start position:0% +making it periodic. I'll just maybe I'll + + + align:start position:0% +making it periodic. I'll just maybe I'll +mention how to make it periodic and then + + align:start position:0% +mention how to make it periodic and then + + + align:start position:0% +mention how to make it periodic and then +I'll erase it again. If I to make it + + align:start position:0% +I'll erase it again. If I to make it + + + align:start position:0% +I'll erase it again. If I to make it +periodic means that this second + + align:start position:0% +periodic means that this second + + + align:start position:0% +periodic means that this second +difference centered at 0.1 should look + + align:start position:0% +difference centered at 0.1 should look + + + align:start position:0% +difference centered at 0.1 should look +ahead to point 2 and look behind to + + align:start position:0% +ahead to point 2 and look behind to + + + align:start position:0% +ahead to point 2 and look behind to +point Z but that'll be the same as point + + align:start position:0% +point Z but that'll be the same as point + + + align:start position:0% +point Z but that'll be the same as point +N. So I would put a minus one in that + + align:start position:0% +N. So I would put a minus one in that + + + align:start position:0% +N. So I would put a minus one in that +corner and this one similarly it looks + + align:start position:0% +corner and this one similarly it looks + + + align:start position:0% +corner and this one similarly it looks +ahead and which really brings it around + + align:start position:0% +ahead and which really brings it around + + + align:start position:0% +ahead and which really brings it around +again since we're sort of on a circle + + align:start position:0% +again since we're sort of on a circle + + + align:start position:0% +again since we're sort of on a circle +brings us around again here. Okay. So + + align:start position:0% +brings us around again here. Okay. So + + + align:start position:0% +brings us around again here. Okay. So +that matrix now with minus1's added in + + align:start position:0% +that matrix now with minus1's added in + + + align:start position:0% +that matrix now with minus1's added in +the corner I would call C a + + align:start position:0% +the corner I would call C a + + + align:start position:0% +the corner I would call C a +circular. So I'm I'll leave it I'll + + align:start position:0% +circular. So I'm I'll leave it I'll + + + align:start position:0% +circular. So I'm I'll leave it I'll +leave the letter K there but the right + + align:start position:0% +leave the letter K there but the right + + + align:start position:0% +leave the letter K there but the right +letter is C while these minus1's are + + align:start position:0% +letter is C while these minus1's are + + + align:start position:0% +letter is C while these minus1's are +here to make it periodic. And by the way + + align:start position:0% +here to make it periodic. And by the way + + + align:start position:0% +here to make it periodic. And by the way +so they mess up the triagonal. It's no + + align:start position:0% +so they mess up the triagonal. It's no + + + align:start position:0% +so they mess up the triagonal. It's no +longer + + align:start position:0% +longer + + + align:start position:0% +longer +triagonal, although it's certainly got + + align:start position:0% +triagonal, although it's certainly got + + + align:start position:0% +triagonal, although it's certainly got +it's very + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sparse. And mentioning sparse reminds + + align:start position:0% +sparse. And mentioning sparse reminds + + + align:start position:0% +sparse. And mentioning sparse reminds +me if you're coding large matrices that + + align:start position:0% +me if you're coding large matrices that + + + align:start position:0% +me if you're coding large matrices that +are sparse, you should let mat lab know + + align:start position:0% +are sparse, you should let mat lab know + + + align:start position:0% +are sparse, you should let mat lab know +that they're sparse. So mat lab has a + + align:start position:0% +that they're sparse. So mat lab has a + + + align:start position:0% +that they're sparse. So mat lab has a +whole carries out operations. If you + + align:start position:0% +whole carries out operations. If you + + + align:start position:0% +whole carries out operations. If you +tell it it's a sparse + + align:start position:0% +tell it it's a sparse + + + align:start position:0% +tell it it's a sparse +matrix, then it only operates where the + + align:start position:0% +matrix, then it only operates where the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix, then it only operates where the +nonzeros are are located and it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +nonzeros are are located and it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +nonzeros are are located and it doesn't +waste its time looking at these zeros + + align:start position:0% +waste its time looking at these zeros + + + align:start position:0% +waste its time looking at these zeros +these zeros through all the matrix + + align:start position:0% +these zeros through all the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +these zeros through all the matrix +steps. + + align:start position:0% +steps. + + + align:start position:0% +steps. +So + + align:start position:0% +So + + + align:start position:0% +So +uh so using sparse mat lab is is + + align:start position:0% +uh so using sparse mat lab is is + + + align:start position:0% +uh so using sparse mat lab is is +important thing to know about and it + + align:start position:0% +important thing to know about and it + + + align:start position:0% +important thing to know about and it +just typically an s or an sp will appear + + align:start position:0% +just typically an s or an sp will appear + + + align:start position:0% +just typically an s or an sp will appear +in uh mat lab commands for example I'll + + align:start position:0% +in uh mat lab commands for example I'll + + + align:start position:0% +in uh mat lab commands for example I'll +just maybe fill it in here what's the + + align:start position:0% +just maybe fill it in here what's the + + + align:start position:0% +just maybe fill it in here what's the +sparse identity matrix the normal + + align:start position:0% +sparse identity matrix the normal + + + align:start position:0% +sparse identity matrix the normal +identity matrix would be I of + + align:start position:0% +identity matrix would be I of + + + align:start position:0% +identity matrix would be I of +n and the sparse identity matrix is spy + + align:start position:0% +n and the sparse identity matrix is spy + + + align:start position:0% +n and the sparse identity matrix is spy +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +Okay. And similarly, we would create + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And similarly, we would create + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. And similarly, we would create +K. Well, we could use 2 * P of N as the + + align:start position:0% +K. Well, we could use 2 * P of N as the + + + align:start position:0% +K. Well, we could use 2 * P of N as the +diagonal of K and and the two the upper + + align:start position:0% +diagonal of K and and the two the upper + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal of K and and the two the upper +and lower diagonals. Uh and and we could + + align:start position:0% +and lower diagonals. Uh and and we could + + + align:start position:0% +and lower diagonals. Uh and and we could +could tell it these two entries. Another + + align:start position:0% +could tell it these two entries. Another + + + align:start position:0% +could tell it these two entries. Another +thing to say, well, I'll what I said I + + align:start position:0% +thing to say, well, I'll what I said I + + + align:start position:0% +thing to say, well, I'll what I said I +wasn't going to do, I'll do because I + + align:start position:0% +wasn't going to do, I'll do because I + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't going to do, I'll do because I +hate to see a K up there while it's not + + align:start position:0% +hate to see a K up there while it's not + + + align:start position:0% +hate to see a K up there while it's not +right. And uh couple two more points + + align:start position:0% +right. And uh couple two more points + + + align:start position:0% +right. And uh couple two more points +about this + + align:start position:0% +about this + + + align:start position:0% +about this +matrix. It's singular. + + align:start position:0% +matrix. It's singular. + + + align:start position:0% +matrix. It's singular. +Now, the determinant is + + align:start position:0% +Now, the determinant is + + + align:start position:0% +Now, the determinant is +zero. Now, I'm never going to take the + + align:start position:0% +zero. Now, I'm never going to take the + + + align:start position:0% +zero. Now, I'm never going to take the +determinant of a giant matrix. That's a + + align:start position:0% +determinant of a giant matrix. That's a + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of a giant matrix. That's a +bad thing to do. Much better to + + align:start position:0% +bad thing to do. Much better to + + + align:start position:0% +bad thing to do. Much better to +recognize that there's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vector X, let's say, and it's a vector + + align:start position:0% +vector X, let's say, and it's a vector + + + align:start position:0% +vector X, let's say, and it's a vector +of all ones. It's the vector of n1's. If + + align:start position:0% +of all ones. It's the vector of n1's. If + + + align:start position:0% +of all ones. It's the vector of n1's. If +you imagine multiplying this matrix by + + align:start position:0% +you imagine multiplying this matrix by + + + align:start position:0% +you imagine multiplying this matrix by +the vector of n ones, what do you get? + + align:start position:0% +the vector of n ones, what do you get? + + + align:start position:0% +the vector of n ones, what do you get? +Zero. You get all + + align:start position:0% +Zero. You get all + + + align:start position:0% +Zero. You get all +zeros. So that vector of all ones is in + + align:start position:0% +zeros. So that vector of all ones is in + + + align:start position:0% +zeros. So that vector of all ones is in +the null space. I would say of a matrix + + align:start position:0% +the null space. I would say of a matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the null space. I would say of a matrix +null space is just the vectors that get + + align:start position:0% +null space is just the vectors that get + + + align:start position:0% +null space is just the vectors that get +wiped out by the matrix. CX is all + + align:start position:0% +wiped out by the matrix. CX is all + + + align:start position:0% +wiped out by the matrix. CX is all +zeros. So that vector that's this matrix + + align:start position:0% +zeros. So that vector that's this matrix + + + align:start position:0% +zeros. So that vector that's this matrix +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +a has some nonzero vectors in its null + + align:start position:0% +a has some nonzero vectors in its null + + + align:start position:0% +a has some nonzero vectors in its null +space. And I know right away then its + + align:start position:0% +space. And I know right away then its + + + align:start position:0% +space. And I know right away then its +determinant is zero. So the determinant + + align:start position:0% +determinant is zero. So the determinant + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is zero. So the determinant +of that is zero. And now that would tell + + align:start position:0% +of that is zero. And now that would tell + + + align:start position:0% +of that is zero. And now that would tell +me something about the igen values of + + align:start position:0% +me something about the igen values of + + + align:start position:0% +me something about the igen values of +the matrix. Well, it tells me about one + + align:start position:0% +the matrix. Well, it tells me about one + + + align:start position:0% +the matrix. Well, it tells me about one +value. It's it's zero. A a a + + align:start position:0% +value. It's it's zero. A a a + + + align:start position:0% +value. It's it's zero. A a a +matrix like C that has + + align:start position:0% +matrix like C that has + + + align:start position:0% +matrix like C that has +CX= 0. Well, I could also say that + + align:start position:0% +CX= 0. Well, I could also say that + + + align:start position:0% +CX= 0. Well, I could also say that +that's CX= + + align:start position:0% +that's CX= + + + align:start position:0% +that's CX= +0X. That would actually be better so + + align:start position:0% +0X. That would actually be better so + + + align:start position:0% +0X. That would actually be better so +that both sides are vectors. And so I'm + + align:start position:0% +that both sides are vectors. And so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +that both sides are vectors. And so I'm +realizing that that vector x in the null + + align:start position:0% +realizing that that vector x in the null + + + align:start position:0% +realizing that that vector x in the null +space is a is an igen vector and the + + align:start position:0% +space is a is an igen vector and the + + + align:start position:0% +space is a is an igen vector and the +corresponding igen value is + + align:start position:0% +corresponding igen value is + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding igen value is +zero. And + + align:start position:0% +zero. And + + + align:start position:0% +zero. And +um and so + + align:start position:0% +um and so + + + align:start position:0% +um and so +that's otherwise the igen values will + + align:start position:0% +that's otherwise the igen values will + + + align:start position:0% +that's otherwise the igen values will +all still be positive. So this would be + + align:start position:0% +all still be positive. So this would be + + + align:start position:0% +all still be positive. So this would be +a positive + + align:start position:0% +a positive + + + align:start position:0% +a positive +semidefinite this. So I would I would + + align:start position:0% +semidefinite this. So I would I would + + + align:start position:0% +semidefinite this. So I would I would +call that matrix + + align:start position:0% +call that matrix + + + align:start position:0% +call that matrix +positive + + align:start position:0% +positive + + + align:start position:0% +positive +semidefinite. The semi telling me that + + align:start position:0% +semidefinite. The semi telling me that + + + align:start position:0% +semidefinite. The semi telling me that +it isn't quite definite that it gets + + align:start position:0% +it isn't quite definite that it gets + + + align:start position:0% +it isn't quite definite that it gets +down and and hits has zero. So, uh + + align:start position:0% +down and and hits has zero. So, uh + + + align:start position:0% +down and and hits has zero. So, uh +and and the matrix is singular, but + + align:start position:0% +and and the matrix is singular, but + + + align:start position:0% +and and the matrix is singular, but +still it's good to know where all the + + align:start position:0% +still it's good to know where all the + + + align:start position:0% +still it's good to know where all the +other n minus one values are. They're + + align:start position:0% +other n minus one values are. They're + + + align:start position:0% +other n minus one values are. They're +all positive. + + align:start position:0% +all positive. + + + align:start position:0% +all positive. +Okay. Okay. about the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Okay. about the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Okay. about the +bandwidth. Let me go back to K now + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth. Let me go back to K now + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth. Let me go back to K now +because the bandwidth strictly speaking + + align:start position:0% +because the bandwidth strictly speaking + + + align:start position:0% +because the bandwidth strictly speaking +the bandwidth of C is is very large. The + + align:start position:0% +the bandwidth of C is is very large. The + + + align:start position:0% +the bandwidth of C is is very large. The +bandwidth + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth +is if I'm looking for only one number, + + align:start position:0% +is if I'm looking for only one number, + + + align:start position:0% +is if I'm looking for only one number, +that number tells me how many diagonals + + align:start position:0% +that number tells me how many diagonals + + + align:start position:0% +that number tells me how many diagonals +I have to grow until + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I reach the last + + align:start position:0% +I reach the last + + + align:start position:0% +I reach the last +nonzero. So the bandwidth here is is + + align:start position:0% +nonzero. So the bandwidth here is is + + + align:start position:0% +nonzero. So the bandwidth here is is +large. And + + align:start position:0% +large. And + + + align:start position:0% +large. And +um in general the the operation count + + align:start position:0% +um in general the the operation count + + + align:start position:0% +um in general the the operation count +the the uh the amount of work to do is + + align:start position:0% +the the uh the amount of work to do is + + + align:start position:0% +the the uh the amount of work to do is +going to grow with the bandwidth. Well, + + align:start position:0% +going to grow with the bandwidth. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +going to grow with the bandwidth. Well, +of course that having full bandwidth + + align:start position:0% +of course that having full bandwidth + + + align:start position:0% +of course that having full bandwidth +isn't quite the full story for this + + align:start position:0% +isn't quite the full story for this + + + align:start position:0% +isn't quite the full story for this +matrix because it's so sparse. I've got + + align:start position:0% +matrix because it's so sparse. I've got + + + align:start position:0% +matrix because it's so sparse. I've got +like hundreds of zero diagonals in + + align:start position:0% +like hundreds of zero diagonals in + + + align:start position:0% +like hundreds of zero diagonals in +between and just this one. Anyway, this + + align:start position:0% +between and just this one. Anyway, this + + + align:start position:0% +between and just this one. Anyway, this +is a matrix with a large + + align:start position:0% +is a matrix with a large + + + align:start position:0% +is a matrix with a large +bandwidth, but a little deceptive. Now, + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth, but a little deceptive. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth, but a little deceptive. Now, +here's a matrix with a back to K again. + + align:start position:0% +here's a matrix with a back to K again. + + + align:start position:0% +here's a matrix with a back to K again. +I call the bandwidth just one + + align:start position:0% +I call the bandwidth just one + + + align:start position:0% +I call the bandwidth just one +here. Really, maybe half bandwidth would + + align:start position:0% +here. Really, maybe half bandwidth would + + + align:start position:0% +here. Really, maybe half bandwidth would +be a better word. The bandwidth is the + + align:start position:0% +be a better word. The bandwidth is the + + + align:start position:0% +be a better word. The bandwidth is the +number of diagonals + + align:start position:0% +number of diagonals + + + align:start position:0% +number of diagonals +uh above or below + + align:start position:0% +uh above or below + + + align:start position:0% +uh above or below +take the maximum of of the count above + + align:start position:0% +take the maximum of of the count above + + + align:start position:0% +take the maximum of of the count above +and the count below and in this case + + align:start position:0% +and the count below and in this case + + + align:start position:0% +and the count below and in this case +both counts are one. One diagonal above, + + align:start position:0% +both counts are one. One diagonal above, + + + align:start position:0% +both counts are one. One diagonal above, +one diagonal below. So really half + + align:start position:0% +one diagonal below. So really half + + + align:start position:0% +one diagonal below. So really half +bandwidth I would I would say is one. + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth I would I would say is one. + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth I would I would say is one. +Okay, just some convention is needed. uh + + align:start position:0% +Okay, just some convention is needed. uh + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, just some convention is needed. uh +there the crucial point is that the + + align:start position:0% +there the crucial point is that the + + + align:start position:0% +there the crucial point is that the +bandwidth measures the the + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth measures the the + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth measures the the +the amount of work to do when you do + + align:start position:0% +the amount of work to do when you do + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of work to do when you do +elimination as as mat lab will do of + + align:start position:0% +elimination as as mat lab will do of + + + align:start position:0% +elimination as as mat lab will do of +course um oh one other m thing about mat + + align:start position:0% +course um oh one other m thing about mat + + + align:start position:0% +course um oh one other m thing about mat +lab so I'm + + align:start position:0% +lab so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +lab so I'm +I'm often referring to mat lab and I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm often referring to mat lab and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm often referring to mat lab and I'm +thinking of its backslash command the + + align:start position:0% +thinking of its backslash command the + + + align:start position:0% +thinking of its backslash command the +backslash which which solves + + align:start position:0% +backslash which which solves + + + align:start position:0% +backslash which which solves +ax= b by just a back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +slashb. So + + align:start position:0% +slashb. So + + + align:start position:0% +slashb. So +uh if it doesn't know these matrices are + + align:start position:0% +uh if it doesn't know these matrices are + + + align:start position:0% +uh if it doesn't know these matrices are +sparse, it will go through all the steps + + align:start position:0% +sparse, it will go through all the steps + + + align:start position:0% +sparse, it will go through all the steps +uh not taking advantage of the fact that + + align:start position:0% +uh not taking advantage of the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +uh not taking advantage of the fact that +we've got all these zeros here. If it + + align:start position:0% +we've got all these zeros here. If it + + + align:start position:0% +we've got all these zeros here. If it +does know that they're sparse, then it's + + align:start position:0% +does know that they're sparse, then it's + + + align:start position:0% +does know that they're sparse, then it's +tremendously fast. Let me come back to + + align:start position:0% +tremendously fast. Let me come back to + + + align:start position:0% +tremendously fast. Let me come back to +that point. Well, maybe actually + + align:start position:0% +that point. Well, maybe actually + + + align:start position:0% +that point. Well, maybe actually +backslash is smart + + align:start position:0% +backslash is smart + + + align:start position:0% +backslash is smart +enough to uh look to see + + align:start position:0% +enough to uh look to see + + + align:start position:0% +enough to uh look to see +um whether the matrix whether sparseness + + align:start position:0% +um whether the matrix whether sparseness + + + align:start position:0% +um whether the matrix whether sparseness +is available. So I I shouldn't have said + + align:start position:0% +is available. So I I shouldn't have said + + + align:start position:0% +is available. So I I shouldn't have said +I think maybe there's a lot engineered + + align:start position:0% +I think maybe there's a lot engineered + + + align:start position:0% +I think maybe there's a lot engineered +into + + align:start position:0% +into + + + align:start position:0% +into +backslash. Actually backslash also in + + align:start position:0% +backslash. Actually backslash also in + + + align:start position:0% +backslash. Actually backslash also in +engineered in there is this le square + + align:start position:0% +engineered in there is this le square + + + align:start position:0% +engineered in there is this le square +solution. If you give it a rectangular + + align:start position:0% +solution. If you give it a rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +solution. If you give it a rectangular +problem and uh say too many + + align:start position:0% +problem and uh say too many + + + align:start position:0% +problem and uh say too many +equations so that the uh the you can't + + align:start position:0% +equations so that the uh the you can't + + + align:start position:0% +equations so that the uh the you can't +expect to have an exact solution be uh + + align:start position:0% +expect to have an exact solution be uh + + + align:start position:0% +expect to have an exact solution be uh +backslash will pick the least square + + align:start position:0% +backslash will pick the least square + + + align:start position:0% +backslash will pick the least square +solution and and much more. It's that's + + align:start position:0% +solution and and much more. It's that's + + + align:start position:0% +solution and and much more. It's that's +probably the most most used operation. + + align:start position:0% +probably the most most used operation. + + + align:start position:0% +probably the most most used operation. +Okay. So I said something about the igen + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So I said something about the igen + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So I said something about the igen +values and the and everybody sees that + + align:start position:0% +values and the and everybody sees that + + + align:start position:0% +values and the and everybody sees that +if I multiply this matrix by the the uh + + align:start position:0% +if I multiply this matrix by the the uh + + + align:start position:0% +if I multiply this matrix by the the uh +values of u at successive mesh points + + align:start position:0% +values of u at successive mesh points + + + align:start position:0% +values of u at successive mesh points +I'll get the second difference that + + align:start position:0% +I'll get the second difference that + + + align:start position:0% +I'll get the second difference that +corresponds to uxx. Now this would cause + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to uxx. Now this would cause + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to uxx. Now this would cause +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +matrix dull. So that tells me I'm taking + + align:start position:0% +matrix dull. So that tells me I'm taking + + + align:start position:0% +matrix dull. So that tells me I'm taking +a finite difference. That plus tells me + + align:start position:0% +a finite difference. That plus tells me + + + align:start position:0% +a finite difference. That plus tells me +I'm going in the forward direction. So + + align:start position:0% +I'm going in the forward direction. So + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going in the forward direction. So +that's one at + + align:start position:0% +that's one at + + + align:start position:0% +that's one at +the mesh value to the right minus one of + + align:start position:0% +the mesh value to the right minus one of + + + align:start position:0% +the mesh value to the right minus one of +the mesh value at the center point. And + + align:start position:0% +the mesh value at the center point. And + + + align:start position:0% +the mesh value at the center point. And +of course this has to be divided by + + align:start position:0% +of course this has to be divided by + + + align:start position:0% +of course this has to be divided by +delta x and that by delta x^ squ. So uh + + align:start position:0% +delta x and that by delta x^ squ. So uh + + + align:start position:0% +delta x and that by delta x^ squ. So uh +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +are these are matrices along with the + + align:start position:0% +are these are matrices along with the + + + align:start position:0% +are these are matrices along with the +backward difference and the center + + align:start position:0% +backward difference and the center + + + align:start position:0% +backward difference and the center +difference out of which you build uh the + + align:start position:0% +difference out of which you build uh the + + + align:start position:0% +difference out of which you build uh the +basic um finite difference equations as + + align:start position:0% +basic um finite difference equations as + + + align:start position:0% +basic um finite difference equations as +you've done. I want to make a comment + + align:start position:0% +you've done. I want to make a comment + + + align:start position:0% +you've done. I want to make a comment +here though about now on this topic of + + align:start position:0% +here though about now on this topic of + + + align:start position:0% +here though about now on this topic of +igen values. + + align:start position:0% +igen values. + + + align:start position:0% +igen values. +Igen values for + + align:start position:0% +Igen values for + + + align:start position:0% +Igen values for +K really tell you the truth about the + + align:start position:0% +K really tell you the truth about the + + + align:start position:0% +K really tell you the truth about the +matrix K. The igen values of that matrix + + align:start position:0% +matrix K. The igen values of that matrix + + + align:start position:0% +matrix K. The igen values of that matrix +K start just a little above + + align:start position:0% +K start just a little above + + + align:start position:0% +K start just a little above +zero and they go + + align:start position:0% +zero and they go + + + align:start position:0% +zero and they go +to a little before. So the igen values + + align:start position:0% +to a little before. So the igen values + + + align:start position:0% +to a little before. So the igen values +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +K. So uh shall I put that here? The igen + + align:start position:0% +K. So uh shall I put that here? The igen + + + align:start position:0% +K. So uh shall I put that here? The igen +values of K are between zero and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four. Very they come very close to four + + align:start position:0% +four. Very they come very close to four + + + align:start position:0% +four. Very they come very close to four +and quite close to zero depending on the + + align:start position:0% +and quite close to zero depending on the + + + align:start position:0% +and quite close to zero depending on the +size of the + + align:start position:0% +size of the + + + align:start position:0% +size of the +matrix. Of course, let me just do if I + + align:start position:0% +matrix. Of course, let me just do if I + + + align:start position:0% +matrix. Of course, let me just do if I +took the one by one case, its igen value + + align:start position:0% +took the one by one case, its igen value + + + align:start position:0% +took the one by one case, its igen value +is two. If I took the 2x two case, its + + align:start position:0% +is two. If I took the 2x two case, its + + + align:start position:0% +is two. If I took the 2x two case, its +igen values are one and + + align:start position:0% +igen values are one and + + + align:start position:0% +igen values are one and +three. Notice uh nice properties there. + + align:start position:0% +three. Notice uh nice properties there. + + + align:start position:0% +three. Notice uh nice properties there. +the the igen values one and three are + + align:start position:0% +the the igen values one and three are + + + align:start position:0% +the the igen values one and three are +positive as we + + align:start position:0% +positive as we + + + align:start position:0% +positive as we +said mat the I this matrix K has + + align:start position:0% +said mat the I this matrix K has + + + align:start position:0% +said mat the I this matrix K has +positive values whatever size and what's + + align:start position:0% +positive values whatever size and what's + + + align:start position:0% +positive values whatever size and what's +more the one and three kind of interlace + + align:start position:0% +more the one and three kind of interlace + + + align:start position:0% +more the one and three kind of interlace +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +two the so what I'm saying is that the + + align:start position:0% +two the so what I'm saying is that the + + + align:start position:0% +two the so what I'm saying is that the +igen value for that is in between the + + align:start position:0% +igen value for that is in between the + + + align:start position:0% +igen value for that is in between the +the the + + align:start position:0% +the the + + + align:start position:0% +the the +the value for the 2x two and the two + + align:start position:0% +the value for the 2x two and the two + + + align:start position:0% +the value for the 2x two and the two +igen values one and three are in between + + align:start position:0% +igen values one and three are in between + + + align:start position:0% +igen values one and three are in between +the three values that I would get for + + align:start position:0% +the three values that I would get for + + + align:start position:0% +the three values that I would get for +the 3x3 + + align:start position:0% +the 3x3 + + + align:start position:0% +the 3x3 +k maybe I just write those down they're + + align:start position:0% +k maybe I just write those down they're + + + align:start position:0% +k maybe I just write those down they're +they're useful numbers so + + align:start position:0% +they're useful numbers so + + + align:start position:0% +they're useful numbers so +k2 as lambda = 1 and 3 k the 3x3 one I + + align:start position:0% +k2 as lambda = 1 and 3 k the 3x3 one I + + + align:start position:0% +k2 as lambda = 1 and 3 k the 3x3 one I +think the ien values are 2 minus + + align:start position:0% +think the ien values are 2 minus + + + align:start position:0% +think the ien values are 2 minus +<unk>2 which is smaller than 1 2 which + + align:start position:0% +<unk>2 which is smaller than 1 2 which + + + align:start position:0% +<unk>2 which is smaller than 1 2 which +is in between and 2 + <unk>2 which is + + align:start position:0% +is in between and 2 + <unk>2 which is + + + align:start position:0% +is in between and 2 + <unk>2 which is +larger than three. And of course, + + align:start position:0% +larger than three. And of course, + + + align:start position:0% +larger than three. And of course, +they're all between zero and four. Just + + align:start position:0% +they're all between zero and four. Just + + + align:start position:0% +they're all between zero and four. Just +a comment. How do I know they're between + + align:start position:0% +a comment. How do I know they're between + + + align:start position:0% +a comment. How do I know they're between +zero and four? + + align:start position:0% +zero and four? + + + align:start position:0% +zero and four? +Well, there's a somewhat handy little + + align:start position:0% +Well, there's a somewhat handy little + + + align:start position:0% +Well, there's a somewhat handy little +rule for for getting the location of + + align:start position:0% +rule for for getting the location of + + + align:start position:0% +rule for for getting the location of +values that that's just worth knowing as + + align:start position:0% +values that that's just worth knowing as + + + align:start position:0% +values that that's just worth knowing as +a sort of general principle, but of + + align:start position:0% +a sort of general principle, but of + + + align:start position:0% +a sort of general principle, but of +course, it can't tell you exactly where + + align:start position:0% +course, it can't tell you exactly where + + + align:start position:0% +course, it can't tell you exactly where +they are. Well, first of all, the fact + + align:start position:0% +they are. Well, first of all, the fact + + + align:start position:0% +they are. Well, first of all, the fact +that the matrix is symmetric tells us + + align:start position:0% +that the matrix is symmetric tells us + + + align:start position:0% +that the matrix is symmetric tells us +what about the igen values. So, we we + + align:start position:0% +what about the igen values. So, we we + + + align:start position:0% +what about the igen values. So, we we +learn a very very important fact about + + align:start position:0% +learn a very very important fact about + + + align:start position:0% +learn a very very important fact about +the igen values for the from from just + + align:start position:0% +the igen values for the from from just + + + align:start position:0% +the igen values for the from from just +looking at the matrix and observing that + + align:start position:0% +looking at the matrix and observing that + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the matrix and observing that +it's symmetric. That tells us the igen + + align:start position:0% +it's symmetric. That tells us the igen + + + align:start position:0% +it's symmetric. That tells us the igen +values are + + align:start position:0% +values are + + + align:start position:0% +values are +real. They're real + + align:start position:0% +real. They're real + + + align:start position:0% +real. They're real +numbers. And a and actually it tells us + + align:start position:0% +numbers. And a and actually it tells us + + + align:start position:0% +numbers. And a and actually it tells us +something equally important about the + + align:start position:0% +something equally important about the + + + align:start position:0% +something equally important about the +igen vectors. The igen vectors of the + + align:start position:0% +igen vectors. The igen vectors of the + + + align:start position:0% +igen vectors. The igen vectors of the +matrix are orthogonal. A symmetric + + align:start position:0% +matrix are orthogonal. A symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +matrix are orthogonal. A symmetric +matrix has real igen values, orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +matrix has real igen values, orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +matrix has real igen values, orthogonal +igen vectors. That's a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +igen vectors. That's a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +igen vectors. That's a little bit of +linear algebra to + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra to + + + align:start position:0% +linear algebra to +know. Now, um why between zero and four + + align:start position:0% +know. Now, um why between zero and four + + + align:start position:0% +know. Now, um why between zero and four +though? Well, there there's this + + align:start position:0% +though? Well, there there's this + + + align:start position:0% +though? Well, there there's this +uh what's his name? + + align:start position:0% +uh what's his name? + + + align:start position:0% +uh what's his name? +Gersin. Gersh + + align:start position:0% +Gersin. Gersh + + + align:start position:0% +Gersin. Gersh +Goran pointed out and it's a twoline + + align:start position:0% +Goran pointed out and it's a twoline + + + align:start position:0% +Goran pointed out and it's a twoline +proof that every value is in one of his + + align:start position:0% +proof that every value is in one of his + + + align:start position:0% +proof that every value is in one of his +one or more of his circles. So where + + align:start position:0% +one or more of his circles. So where + + + align:start position:0% +one or more of his circles. So where +where are the Gers Goran circles? Well, + + align:start position:0% +where are the Gers Goran circles? Well, + + + align:start position:0% +where are the Gers Goran circles? Well, +the a typical Gersan circle is centered + + align:start position:0% +the a typical Gersan circle is centered + + + align:start position:0% +the a typical Gersan circle is centered +at the number here two that's on the + + align:start position:0% +at the number here two that's on the + + + align:start position:0% +at the number here two that's on the +diagonal and its radius + + align:start position:0% +diagonal and its radius + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal and its radius +is the + + align:start position:0% +is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the +sum off the diagonal but you take + + align:start position:0% +sum off the diagonal but you take + + + align:start position:0% +sum off the diagonal but you take +absolute values. So Gersorn wasn't like + + align:start position:0% +absolute values. So Gersorn wasn't like + + + align:start position:0% +absolute values. So Gersorn wasn't like +doing any of the fine points that really + + align:start position:0% +doing any of the fine points that really + + + align:start position:0% +doing any of the fine points that really +locate the igen values. So in in this + + align:start position:0% +locate the igen values. So in in this + + + align:start position:0% +locate the igen values. So in in this +matrix all the centers are at two the + + align:start position:0% +matrix all the centers are at two the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix all the centers are at two the +diagonals and the radi are two also two + + align:start position:0% +diagonals and the radi are two also two + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals and the radi are two also two +because that and that in absolute value + + align:start position:0% +because that and that in absolute value + + + align:start position:0% +because that and that in absolute value +make two. + + align:start position:0% +make two. + + + align:start position:0% +make two. +uh this this first row makes a one and + + align:start position:0% +uh this this first row makes a one and + + + align:start position:0% +uh this this first row makes a one and +and actually that's what that that by a + + align:start position:0% +and actually that's what that that by a + + + align:start position:0% +and actually that's what that that by a +little careful argument is what gets the + + align:start position:0% +little careful argument is what gets the + + + align:start position:0% +little careful argument is what gets the +I gets the igen values not actually + + align:start position:0% +I gets the igen values not actually + + + align:start position:0% +I gets the igen values not actually +touching zero or touching four. Yeah, it + + align:start position:0% +touching zero or touching four. Yeah, it + + + align:start position:0% +touching zero or touching four. Yeah, it +takes a little patience. All you could + + align:start position:0% +takes a little patience. All you could + + + align:start position:0% +takes a little patience. All you could +say from + + align:start position:0% +say from + + + align:start position:0% +say from +here, all Gerskoran could say would be + + align:start position:0% +here, all Gerskoran could say would be + + + align:start position:0% +here, all Gerskoran could say would be +the igen values are in a circle centered + + align:start position:0% +the igen values are in a circle centered + + + align:start position:0% +the igen values are in a circle centered +at two. Its radius is two. So they're + + align:start position:0% +at two. Its radius is two. So they're + + + align:start position:0% +at two. Its radius is two. So they're +between zero and four. And uh then it's + + align:start position:0% +between zero and four. And uh then it's + + + align:start position:0% +between zero and four. And uh then it's +that first and last row or either the + + align:start position:0% +that first and last row or either the + + + align:start position:0% +that first and last row or either the +first or the last row would do to to + + align:start position:0% +first or the last row would do to to + + + align:start position:0% +first or the last row would do to to +u say that they're strictly positive. + + align:start position:0% +u say that they're strictly positive. + + + align:start position:0% +u say that they're strictly positive. +And uh of + + align:start position:0% +And uh of + + + align:start position:0% +And uh of +course the the true second difference I + + align:start position:0% +course the the true second difference I + + + align:start position:0% +course the the true second difference I +should divide k by delta + + align:start position:0% +should divide k by delta + + + align:start position:0% +should divide k by delta +x^2. So the igen values will be divided + + align:start position:0% +x^2. So the igen values will be divided + + + align:start position:0% +x^2. So the igen values will be divided +by delta x^2 divided by a small number. + + align:start position:0% +by delta x^2 divided by a small number. + + + align:start position:0% +by delta x^2 divided by a small number. +So they will really be much larger. But + + align:start position:0% +So they will really be much larger. But + + + align:start position:0% +So they will really be much larger. But +the the ratio of the biggest to the + + align:start position:0% +the the ratio of the biggest to the + + + align:start position:0% +the the ratio of the biggest to the +smallest isn't affected by the delta + + align:start position:0% +smallest isn't affected by the delta + + + align:start position:0% +smallest isn't affected by the delta +x^2. And that's the that's a key number. + + align:start position:0% +x^2. And that's the that's a key number. + + + align:start position:0% +x^2. And that's the that's a key number. +Let me put that maybe on the next board + + align:start position:0% +Let me put that maybe on the next board + + + align:start position:0% +Let me put that maybe on the next board +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +K. + + align:start position:0% +K. + + + align:start position:0% +K. +Okay. So, lambda + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, lambda + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, lambda +max is about four. Lambda min the + + align:start position:0% +max is about four. Lambda min the + + + align:start position:0% +max is about four. Lambda min the +smallest value + + align:start position:0% +smallest value + + + align:start position:0% +smallest value +is is close to + + align:start position:0% +is is close to + + + align:start position:0% +is is close to +zero. And how close? It's it's of the + + align:start position:0% +zero. And how close? It's it's of the + + + align:start position:0% +zero. And how close? It's it's of the +order of some constant over n^2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And now I use the word condition number + + align:start position:0% +And now I use the word condition number + + + align:start position:0% +And now I use the word condition number +and that so let me write that down. + + align:start position:0% +and that so let me write that down. + + + align:start position:0% +and that so let me write that down. +Condition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number say C of K for condition number + + align:start position:0% +number say C of K for condition number + + + align:start position:0% +number say C of K for condition number +is the ratio lambda max over lambda + + align:start position:0% +is the ratio lambda max over lambda + + + align:start position:0% +is the ratio lambda max over lambda +min. Of course I'm using here the fact + + align:start position:0% +min. Of course I'm using here the fact + + + align:start position:0% +min. Of course I'm using here the fact +that K is a symmetric matrix. Symmetric + + align:start position:0% +that K is a symmetric matrix. Symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +that K is a symmetric matrix. Symmetric +matrices are so beautiful that their + + align:start position:0% +matrices are so beautiful that their + + + align:start position:0% +matrices are so beautiful that their +igen values give you a + + align:start position:0% +igen values give you a + + + align:start position:0% +igen values give you a +reliable story here. So four divided by + + align:start position:0% +reliable story here. So four divided by + + + align:start position:0% +reliable story here. So four divided by +this. The main point is that it's O of + + align:start position:0% +this. The main point is that it's O of + + + align:start position:0% +this. The main point is that it's O of +it's of order one over n oh oh sorry + + align:start position:0% +it's of order one over n oh oh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +it's of order one over n oh oh sorry +when I divide by lambda min that puts + + align:start position:0% +when I divide by lambda min that puts + + + align:start position:0% +when I divide by lambda min that puts +the n squed up in the numerator and it's + + align:start position:0% +the n squed up in the numerator and it's + + + align:start position:0% +the n squed up in the numerator and it's +o of + + align:start position:0% +o of + + + align:start position:0% +o of +n^2 growing like n + + align:start position:0% +n^2 growing like n + + + align:start position:0% +n^2 growing like n +squ and that condition number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh somehow it measures how close the + + align:start position:0% +uh somehow it measures how close the + + + align:start position:0% +uh somehow it measures how close the +matrix is to being singular. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because it's it involves this lambda min + + align:start position:0% +because it's it involves this lambda min + + + align:start position:0% +because it's it involves this lambda min +which which is the smallest value and + + align:start position:0% +which which is the smallest value and + + + align:start position:0% +which which is the smallest value and +would be zero if it were singular and + + align:start position:0% +would be zero if it were singular and + + + align:start position:0% +would be zero if it were singular and +it's scaled by lambda max so that if I + + align:start position:0% +it's scaled by lambda max so that if I + + + align:start position:0% +it's scaled by lambda max so that if I +if I multiply the matrix by 100 what + + align:start position:0% +if I multiply the matrix by 100 what + + + align:start position:0% +if I multiply the matrix by 100 what +happens to the condition number no + + align:start position:0% +happens to the condition number no + + + align:start position:0% +happens to the condition number no +change no change because I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +change no change because I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +change no change because I'm doing +lambda max over lambda min both lambda + + align:start position:0% +lambda max over lambda min both lambda + + + align:start position:0% +lambda max over lambda min both lambda +max and lambda min would be multiplied + + align:start position:0% +max and lambda min would be multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +max and lambda min would be multiplied +by 100 but the ratio wouldn't be + + align:start position:0% +by 100 but the ratio wouldn't be + + + align:start position:0% +by 100 but the ratio wouldn't be +different. So it's this is a useful + + align:start position:0% +different. So it's this is a useful + + + align:start position:0% +different. So it's this is a useful +measure and O of N squared + + align:start position:0% +measure and O of N squared + + + align:start position:0% +measure and O of N squared +well it's + + align:start position:0% +well it's + + + align:start position:0% +well it's +a it's a big number if N is + + align:start position:0% +a it's a big number if N is + + + align:start position:0% +a it's a big number if N is +large a big number if N is large and + + align:start position:0% +large a big number if N is large and + + + align:start position:0% +large a big number if N is large and +that condition number where does it come + + align:start position:0% +that condition number where does it come + + + align:start position:0% +that condition number where does it come +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +elimination in elimination + + align:start position:0% +elimination in elimination + + + align:start position:0% +elimination in elimination +uh the roundoff error + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Well, + + align:start position:0% +Well, + + + align:start position:0% +Well, +roughly the the rule of thumb is that + + align:start position:0% +roughly the the rule of thumb is that + + + align:start position:0% +roughly the the rule of thumb is that +you + + align:start position:0% +you + + + align:start position:0% +you +would if if the condition number is 10 + + align:start position:0% +would if if the condition number is 10 + + + align:start position:0% +would if if the condition number is 10 +to the + + align:start position:0% +to the + + + align:start position:0% +to the +8th, you might lose eight + + align:start position:0% +8th, you might lose eight + + + align:start position:0% +8th, you might lose eight +significant bits in in the backslash. + + align:start position:0% +significant bits in in the backslash. + + + align:start position:0% +significant bits in in the backslash. +You could. + + align:start position:0% +You could. + + + align:start position:0% +You could. +So this condition number measures how + + align:start position:0% +So this condition number measures how + + + align:start position:0% +So this condition number measures how +sensitive + + align:start position:0% +sensitive + + + align:start position:0% +sensitive +uh your matrix is to roundoff. Okay. So + + align:start position:0% +uh your matrix is to roundoff. Okay. So + + + align:start position:0% +uh your matrix is to roundoff. Okay. So +that that's a few thoughts about + + align:start position:0% +that that's a few thoughts about + + + align:start position:0% +that that's a few thoughts about +matrices and that that matrix K in + + align:start position:0% +matrices and that that matrix K in + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and that that matrix K in +particular. Now what about the other + + align:start position:0% +particular. Now what about the other + + + align:start position:0% +particular. Now what about the other +matrix? + + align:start position:0% +matrix? + + + align:start position:0% +matrix? +The first + + align:start position:0% +The first + + + align:start position:0% +The first +difference the well the point I want to + + align:start position:0% +difference the well the point I want to + + + align:start position:0% +difference the well the point I want to +make about + + align:start position:0% +make about + + + align:start position:0% +make about +that matrix + + align:start position:0% +that matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that matrix +is what what about its igen values? What + + align:start position:0% +is what what about its igen values? What + + + align:start position:0% +is what what about its igen values? What +what are the igen values of that upper + + align:start position:0% +what are the igen values of that upper + + + align:start position:0% +what are the igen values of that upper +triangular + + align:start position:0% +triangular + + + align:start position:0% +triangular +matrix? They + + align:start position:0% +matrix? They + + + align:start position:0% +matrix? They +are if you remember linear algebra but I + + align:start position:0% +are if you remember linear algebra but I + + + align:start position:0% +are if you remember linear algebra but I +can just tell you quickly the main point + + align:start position:0% +can just tell you quickly the main point + + + align:start position:0% +can just tell you quickly the main point +for a for a triangular matrix the igen + + align:start position:0% +for a for a triangular matrix the igen + + + align:start position:0% +for a for a triangular matrix the igen +values are sitting on the + + align:start position:0% +values are sitting on the + + + align:start position:0% +values are sitting on the +diagonal. So this + + align:start position:0% +diagonal. So this + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal. So this +matrix has the igen value minus1 + + align:start position:0% +matrix has the igen value minus1 + + + align:start position:0% +matrix has the igen value minus1 +repeated n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +times. And that that true fact is + + align:start position:0% +times. And that that true fact is + + + align:start position:0% +times. And that that true fact is +totally + + align:start position:0% +totally + + + align:start position:0% +totally +misleading. Totally + + align:start position:0% +misleading. Totally + + + align:start position:0% +misleading. Totally +misleading. The the + + align:start position:0% +misleading. The the + + + align:start position:0% +misleading. The the +the values for this triangular matrix + + align:start position:0% +the values for this triangular matrix + + + align:start position:0% +the values for this triangular matrix +don't even notice what I've got above + + align:start position:0% +don't even notice what I've got above + + + align:start position:0% +don't even notice what I've got above +the diagonal. + + align:start position:0% +the diagonal. + + + align:start position:0% +the diagonal. +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +um somehow they can't give a reasonable + + align:start position:0% +um somehow they can't give a reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +um somehow they can't give a reasonable +picture of what the matrix is actually + + align:start position:0% +picture of what the matrix is actually + + + align:start position:0% +picture of what the matrix is actually +doing. So maybe that's my warning here + + align:start position:0% +doing. So maybe that's my warning here + + + align:start position:0% +doing. So maybe that's my warning here +that for a matrix which is absolutely + + align:start position:0% +that for a matrix which is absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +that for a matrix which is absolutely +not symmetric right I mean not at all + + align:start position:0% +not symmetric right I mean not at all + + + align:start position:0% +not symmetric right I mean not at all +symmetric for the sec for the center + + align:start position:0% +symmetric for the sec for the center + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric for the sec for the center +difference which + + align:start position:0% +difference which + + + align:start position:0% +difference which +is well okay what's the center + + align:start position:0% +is well okay what's the center + + + align:start position:0% +is well okay what's the center +difference I was going to say symmetric + + align:start position:0% +difference I was going to say symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +difference I was going to say symmetric +but it's the opposite center difference + + align:start position:0% +but it's the opposite center difference + + + align:start position:0% +but it's the opposite center difference +would + + align:start position:0% +would + + + align:start position:0% +would +be let's put delta centered down here + + align:start position:0% +be let's put delta centered down here + + + align:start position:0% +be let's put delta centered down here +center difference would I'd have a one + + align:start position:0% +center difference would I'd have a one + + + align:start position:0% +center difference would I'd have a one +zeros would go on the point that on the + + align:start position:0% +zeros would go on the point that on the + + + align:start position:0% +zeros would go on the point that on the +for the central value one would multiply + + align:start position:0% +for the central value one would multiply + + + align:start position:0% +for the central value one would multiply +the forward value and minus one would + + align:start position:0% +the forward value and minus one would + + + align:start position:0% +the forward value and minus one would +divi would multiply that and then I'd + + align:start position:0% +divi would multiply that and then I'd + + + align:start position:0% +divi would multiply that and then I'd +have a half and I probably have a delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x. But the main point + + align:start position:0% +x. But the main point + + + align:start position:0% +x. But the main point +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +my matrix would look something like + + align:start position:0% +my matrix would look something like + + + align:start position:0% +my matrix would look something like +this. Minus ones and ones on two + + align:start position:0% +this. Minus ones and ones on two + + + align:start position:0% +this. Minus ones and ones on two +diagonals. + + align:start position:0% +diagonals. + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals. +Now that we could find the igen values + + align:start position:0% +Now that we could find the igen values + + + align:start position:0% +Now that we could find the igen values +of that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matrix. Do you know anything about the + + align:start position:0% +matrix. Do you know anything about the + + + align:start position:0% +matrix. Do you know anything about the +igen values? This is like a chance for + + align:start position:0% +igen values? This is like a chance for + + + align:start position:0% +igen values? This is like a chance for +me just to speak for a few minutes about + + align:start position:0% +me just to speak for a few minutes about + + + align:start position:0% +me just to speak for a few minutes about +the about useful facts that you can tell + + align:start position:0% +the about useful facts that you can tell + + + align:start position:0% +the about useful facts that you can tell +about a matrix just by looking at it. So + + align:start position:0% +about a matrix just by looking at it. So + + + align:start position:0% +about a matrix just by looking at it. So +what do I see when I look at that + + align:start position:0% +what do I see when I look at that + + + align:start position:0% +what do I see when I look at that +matrix? Is it + + align:start position:0% +matrix? Is it + + + align:start position:0% +matrix? Is it +symmetric? It's the opposite of + + align:start position:0% +symmetric? It's the opposite of + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric? It's the opposite of +symmetric because the symmetric matrix + + align:start position:0% +symmetric because the symmetric matrix + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric because the symmetric matrix +up there if I transpose it it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +up there if I transpose it it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +up there if I transpose it it doesn't +change. + + align:start position:0% +change. + + + align:start position:0% +change. +If I transpose this + + align:start position:0% +If I transpose this + + + align:start position:0% +If I transpose this +one, I'll get some kind of a backward + + align:start position:0% +one, I'll get some kind of a backward + + + align:start position:0% +one, I'll get some kind of a backward +difference. If I transpose this + + align:start position:0% +difference. If I transpose this + + + align:start position:0% +difference. If I transpose this +one, then the ones and the minus ones + + align:start position:0% +one, then the ones and the minus ones + + + align:start position:0% +one, then the ones and the minus ones +will reverse. I'll get the negative. So + + align:start position:0% +will reverse. I'll get the negative. So + + + align:start position:0% +will reverse. I'll get the negative. So +the the rule for this center difference + + align:start position:0% +the the rule for this center difference + + + align:start position:0% +the the rule for this center difference +is so shall I how am I going to call + + align:start position:0% +is so shall I how am I going to call + + + align:start position:0% +is so shall I how am I going to call +center different dentered for the + + align:start position:0% +center different dentered for the + + + align:start position:0% +center different dentered for the +moment that transpose of + + align:start position:0% +moment that transpose of + + + align:start position:0% +moment that transpose of +that is minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +itself the the uh so what does that tell + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first that matrix is + + align:start position:0% +first that matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +first that matrix is +uh well it's it's the opposite of + + align:start position:0% +uh well it's it's the opposite of + + + align:start position:0% +uh well it's it's the opposite of +symmetric but it's actually + + align:start position:0% +symmetric but it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric but it's actually +okay what I mean by okay is it's vectors + + align:start position:0% +okay what I mean by okay is it's vectors + + + align:start position:0% +okay what I mean by okay is it's vectors +we're back to orthogonal igen vectors. I + + align:start position:0% +we're back to orthogonal igen vectors. I + + + align:start position:0% +we're back to orthogonal igen vectors. I +I didn't say anything about the igen + + align:start position:0% +I didn't say anything about the igen + + + align:start position:0% +I didn't say anything about the igen +vectors of of d plus but actually that + + align:start position:0% +vectors of of d plus but actually that + + + align:start position:0% +vectors of of d plus but actually that +was the biggest + + align:start position:0% +was the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +was the biggest +problem. This this matrix d plus has one + + align:start position:0% +problem. This this matrix d plus has one + + + align:start position:0% +problem. This this matrix d plus has one +value repeated n times and it has only + + align:start position:0% +value repeated n times and it has only + + + align:start position:0% +value repeated n times and it has only +one vector not uh it doesn't even have a + + align:start position:0% +one vector not uh it doesn't even have a + + + align:start position:0% +one vector not uh it doesn't even have a +full set of igen vectors much less + + align:start position:0% +full set of igen vectors much less + + + align:start position:0% +full set of igen vectors much less +orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal +ones. So that matrix is like + + align:start position:0% +ones. So that matrix is like + + + align:start position:0% +ones. So that matrix is like +You don't want to trust the igen value + + align:start position:0% +You don't want to trust the igen value + + + align:start position:0% +You don't want to trust the igen value +picture that you get for a matrix like + + align:start position:0% +picture that you get for a matrix like + + + align:start position:0% +picture that you get for a matrix like +that. Here, this anti-ymmetric matrix + + align:start position:0% +that. Here, this anti-ymmetric matrix + + + align:start position:0% +that. Here, this anti-ymmetric matrix +can be trusted. Its igen value picture + + align:start position:0% +can be trusted. Its igen value picture + + + align:start position:0% +can be trusted. Its igen value picture +is reliable. It does tell you what's + + align:start position:0% +is reliable. It does tell you what's + + + align:start position:0% +is reliable. It does tell you what's +going on. The igen vectors are + + align:start position:0% +going on. The igen vectors are + + + align:start position:0% +going on. The igen vectors are +orthogonal. They they're complex + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal. They they're complex + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal. They they're complex +actually. Actually, they'll look a lot + + align:start position:0% +actually. Actually, they'll look a lot + + + align:start position:0% +actually. Actually, they'll look a lot +like our e to the i + + align:start position:0% +like our e to the i + + + align:start position:0% +like our e to the i +kx's. So we don't we don't like panic + + align:start position:0% +kx's. So we don't we don't like panic + + + align:start position:0% +kx's. So we don't we don't like panic +when we see a complex igen vector and + + align:start position:0% +when we see a complex igen vector and + + + align:start position:0% +when we see a complex igen vector and +the igen values are do you know what the + + align:start position:0% +the igen values are do you know what the + + + align:start position:0% +the igen values are do you know what the +igen values look like for for an + + align:start position:0% +igen values look like for for an + + + align:start position:0% +igen values look like for for an +anti-ymmetric + + align:start position:0% +anti-ymmetric + + + align:start position:0% +anti-ymmetric +matrix + + align:start position:0% +matrix + + + align:start position:0% +matrix +they're pure + + align:start position:0% +they're pure + + + align:start position:0% +they're pure +imaginary just the way that when we took + + align:start position:0% +imaginary just the way that when we took + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary just the way that when we took +second differences I just I'm just + + align:start position:0% +second differences I just I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +second differences I just I'm just +uh maybe I'll just put here the the uh + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe I'll just put here the the uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe I'll just put here the the uh +the the center + + align:start position:0% +the the center + + + align:start position:0% +the the center +difference the centered first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +difference when we applied it to I want + + align:start position:0% +difference when we applied it to I want + + + align:start position:0% +difference when we applied it to I want +to apply + + align:start position:0% +to apply + + + align:start position:0% +to apply +to e to the i kx to find its what factor + + align:start position:0% +to e to the i kx to find its what factor + + + align:start position:0% +to e to the i kx to find its what factor +comes out so I get e to the i k + + + align:start position:0% +comes out so I get e to the i k + + + + align:start position:0% +comes out so I get e to the i k + +1 k + 1 delta + + align:start position:0% +1 k + 1 delta + + + align:start position:0% +1 k + 1 delta +x from the plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side. This is the matrix I'm doing with + + align:start position:0% +side. This is the matrix I'm doing with + + + align:start position:0% +side. This is the matrix I'm doing with +one and minus one. So the minus one will + + align:start position:0% +one and minus one. So the minus one will + + + align:start position:0% +one and minus one. So the minus one will +give me minus e to the i k -1 delta x. + + align:start position:0% +give me minus e to the i k -1 delta x. + + + align:start position:0% +give me minus e to the i k -1 delta x. +And of course I factor out of that the e + + align:start position:0% +And of course I factor out of that the e + + + align:start position:0% +And of course I factor out of that the e +to the i kx's. So it's so I'm left with + + align:start position:0% +to the i kx's. So it's so I'm left with + + + align:start position:0% +to the i kx's. So it's so I'm left with +e to the the the thing that factors out + + align:start position:0% +e to the the the thing that factors out + + + align:start position:0% +e to the the the thing that factors out +is e to the i delta x minus e to the + + align:start position:0% +is e to the i delta x minus e to the + + + align:start position:0% +is e to the i delta x minus e to the +minus i delta x and what's that? So that + + align:start position:0% +minus i delta x and what's that? So that + + + align:start position:0% +minus i delta x and what's that? So that +multiplies the e to the i kx the igen + + align:start position:0% +multiplies the e to the i kx the igen + + + align:start position:0% +multiplies the e to the i kx the igen +vector and this is like the igen value. + + align:start position:0% +vector and this is like the igen value. + + + align:start position:0% +vector and this is like the igen value. +And what do I see about that + + align:start position:0% +And what do I see about that + + + align:start position:0% +And what do I see about that +quantity? Of course, it's + + align:start position:0% +quantity? Of course, it's + + + align:start position:0% +quantity? Of course, it's +2 I sin delta + + align:start position:0% +2 I sin delta + + + align:start position:0% +2 I sin delta +x pure + + align:start position:0% +x pure + + + align:start position:0% +x pure +imaginary and I should have divided by + + align:start position:0% +imaginary and I should have divided by + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary and I should have divided by +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two which would take away that + + align:start position:0% +two which would take away that + + + align:start position:0% +two which would take away that +two. So it's pure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +imaginary in in reality and in this + + align:start position:0% +imaginary in in reality and in this + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary in in reality and in this +forier analysis both are are giving this + + align:start position:0% +forier analysis both are are giving this + + + align:start position:0% +forier analysis both are are giving this +this uh understanding of what I is. So + + align:start position:0% +this uh understanding of what I is. So + + + align:start position:0% +this uh understanding of what I is. So +that uh when we did this sort + + align:start position:0% +that uh when we did this sort + + + align:start position:0% +that uh when we did this sort +of operation venoyman's + + align:start position:0% +of operation venoyman's + + + align:start position:0% +of operation venoyman's +uh rule of following the + + align:start position:0% +uh rule of following the + + + align:start position:0% +uh rule of following the +exponentials we got something + + align:start position:0% +exponentials we got something + + + align:start position:0% +exponentials we got something +reasonable when we do it with this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one it's venoyman that's reliable and + + align:start position:0% +one it's venoyman that's reliable and + + + align:start position:0% +one it's venoyman that's reliable and +the igen values that are not reliable. + + align:start position:0% +the igen values that are not reliable. + + + align:start position:0% +the igen values that are not reliable. +So the igen values of this being all + + align:start position:0% +So the igen values of this being all + + + align:start position:0% +So the igen values of this being all +minus1's is is nonsense. Doesn't tell us + + align:start position:0% +minus1's is is nonsense. Doesn't tell us + + + align:start position:0% +minus1's is is nonsense. Doesn't tell us +what the what the forward difference + + align:start position:0% +what the what the forward difference + + + align:start position:0% +what the what the forward difference +operator is really doing. And but + + align:start position:0% +operator is really doing. And but + + + align:start position:0% +operator is really doing. And but +vanoyman tells us what is truly going + + align:start position:0% +vanoyman tells us what is truly going + + + align:start position:0% +vanoyman tells us what is truly going +on. Of course that would be the same + + align:start position:0% +on. Of course that would be the same + + + align:start position:0% +on. Of course that would be the same +thing in which this minus one wouldn't + + align:start position:0% +thing in which this minus one wouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +thing in which this minus one wouldn't +appear and the two wouldn't appear. So + + align:start position:0% +appear and the two wouldn't appear. So + + + align:start position:0% +appear and the two wouldn't appear. So +what would we get out of vanoyman? So + + align:start position:0% +what would we get out of vanoyman? So + + + align:start position:0% +what would we get out of vanoyman? So +this is for delta + + align:start position:0% +this is for delta + + + align:start position:0% +this is for delta +plus. I would factor out an e to the i + + align:start position:0% +plus. I would factor out an e to the i + + + align:start position:0% +plus. I would factor out an e to the i +delta x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +-1. That's what would multiply e to the + + align:start position:0% +-1. That's what would multiply e to the + + + align:start position:0% +-1. That's what would multiply e to the +i + + align:start position:0% +i + + + align:start position:0% +i +kx. Oh, e to the i. Sorry, there's like + + align:start position:0% +kx. Oh, e to the i. Sorry, there's like + + + align:start position:0% +kx. Oh, e to the i. Sorry, there's like +yes. No, that's e that would multiply e + + align:start position:0% +yes. No, that's e that would multiply e + + + align:start position:0% +yes. No, that's e that would multiply e +to the i k delta x. + + align:start position:0% +to the i k delta x. + + + align:start position:0% +to the i k delta x. +Sorry, I + + align:start position:0% +Sorry, I + + + align:start position:0% +Sorry, I +didn't should have had delta x there, + + align:start position:0% +didn't should have had delta x there, + + + align:start position:0% +didn't should have had delta x there, +but I wasn't paying attention to that. + + align:start position:0% +but I wasn't paying attention to that. + + + align:start position:0% +but I wasn't paying attention to that. +Here I was paying attention to this and + + align:start position:0% +Here I was paying attention to this and + + + align:start position:0% +Here I was paying attention to this and +it was pure + + align:start position:0% +it was pure + + + align:start position:0% +it was pure +imaginary. Here I'm paying attention + + align:start position:0% +imaginary. Here I'm paying attention + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary. Here I'm paying attention +here. Vanoyman at least is paying + + align:start position:0% +here. Vanoyman at least is paying + + + align:start position:0% +here. Vanoyman at least is paying +attention to this. And what's what's he + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +seeing? Not pure + + align:start position:0% +seeing? Not pure + + + align:start position:0% +seeing? Not pure +imaginary or purely real off in the + + align:start position:0% +imaginary or purely real off in the + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary or purely real off in the +complex plane. And uh that's really what + + align:start position:0% +complex plane. And uh that's really what + + + align:start position:0% +complex plane. And uh that's really what +the the the right the right uh uh uh + + align:start position:0% +the the the right the right uh uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +the the the right the right uh uh uh +growth factor or or or + + align:start position:0% +growth factor or or or + + + align:start position:0% +growth factor or or or +uh the the right number to associate + + align:start position:0% +uh the the right number to associate + + + align:start position:0% +uh the the right number to associate +with frequency k for this uh forward + + align:start position:0% +with frequency k for this uh forward + + + align:start position:0% +with frequency k for this uh forward +difference. Okay. So I I guess I'm + + align:start position:0% +difference. Okay. So I I guess I'm + + + align:start position:0% +difference. Okay. So I I guess I'm +saying that when does did the right + + align:start position:0% +saying that when does did the right + + + align:start position:0% +saying that when does did the right +thing to come up with these pictures for + + align:start position:0% +thing to come up with these pictures for + + + align:start position:0% +thing to come up with these pictures for +uh the growth + + align:start position:0% +uh the growth + + + align:start position:0% +uh the growth +factors values confirm that and and and + + align:start position:0% +factors values confirm that and and and + + + align:start position:0% +factors values confirm that and and and +really pin it down when they're reliable + + align:start position:0% +really pin it down when they're reliable + + + align:start position:0% +really pin it down when they're reliable +and I en vectors and I igen values are + + align:start position:0% +and I en vectors and I igen values are + + + align:start position:0% +and I en vectors and I igen values are +reliable when igen vectors are + + align:start position:0% +reliable when igen vectors are + + + align:start position:0% +reliable when igen vectors are +orthogonal and that's for matrices that + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal and that's for matrices that + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal and that's for matrices that +are symmetric or anti-ymmetric. + + align:start position:0% +are symmetric or anti-ymmetric. + + + align:start position:0% +are symmetric or anti-ymmetric. +or there there's a little bit larger + + align:start position:0% +or there there's a little bit larger + + + align:start position:0% +or there there's a little bit larger +class of matrices. It includes + + align:start position:0% +class of matrices. It includes + + + align:start position:0% +class of matrices. It includes +orthogonal matrices. But + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal matrices. But + + + align:start position:0% +orthogonal matrices. But +uh beyond that uh actually there's been + + align:start position:0% +uh beyond that uh actually there's been + + + align:start position:0% +uh beyond that uh actually there's been +a lot of discussion over many years of + + align:start position:0% +a lot of discussion over many years of + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of discussion over many years of +uh en + + align:start position:0% +uh en + + + align:start position:0% +uh en +values and + + align:start position:0% +values and + + + align:start position:0% +values and +um uh + + align:start position:0% +um uh + + + align:start position:0% +um uh +the for for problems that are not + + align:start position:0% +the for for problems that are not + + + align:start position:0% +the for for problems that are not +controlled by symmetric or anti-ymmetric + + align:start position:0% +controlled by symmetric or anti-ymmetric + + + align:start position:0% +controlled by symmetric or anti-ymmetric +matrices. And uh uh + + align:start position:0% +matrices. And uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +matrices. And uh uh +the the alternative the the more refined + + align:start position:0% +the the alternative the the more refined + + + align:start position:0% +the the alternative the the more refined +idea of pseudo ien values is uh is now + + align:start position:0% +idea of pseudo ien values is uh is now + + + align:start position:0% +idea of pseudo ien values is uh is now +uh appearing in uh important book by + + align:start position:0% +uh appearing in uh important book by + + + align:start position:0% +uh appearing in uh important book by +trafthan and embry and uh with many + + align:start position:0% +trafthan and embry and uh with many + + + align:start position:0% +trafthan and embry and uh with many +examples okay I won't pursue that right + + align:start position:0% +examples okay I won't pursue that right + + + align:start position:0% +examples okay I won't pursue that right +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's this is some basic fact about + + align:start position:0% +that's this is some basic fact about + + + align:start position:0% +that's this is some basic fact about +those matrices all of which are + + align:start position:0% +those matrices all of which are + + + align:start position:0% +those matrices all of which are +one-dimensional. Now I this board + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional. Now I this board + + + align:start position:0% +one-dimensional. Now I this board +prepares the way to get into 2D and 3D. + + align:start position:0% +prepares the way to get into 2D and 3D. + + + align:start position:0% +prepares the way to get into 2D and 3D. +So I just want to ask what does + + align:start position:0% +So I just want to ask what does + + + align:start position:0% +So I just want to ask what does +the and we didn't we didn't really do + + align:start position:0% +the and we didn't we didn't really do + + + align:start position:0% +the and we didn't we didn't really do +the heat equation or the wave equation + + align:start position:0% +the heat equation or the wave equation + + + align:start position:0% +the heat equation or the wave equation +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2D but we could have the the vanoyman + + align:start position:0% +2D but we could have the the vanoyman + + + align:start position:0% +2D but we could have the the vanoyman +test would be straightforward but now we + + align:start position:0% +test would be straightforward but now we + + + align:start position:0% +test would be straightforward but now we +are I want to think about the matrices + + align:start position:0% +are I want to think about the matrices + + + align:start position:0% +are I want to think about the matrices +what does the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two-dimensional second difference matrix + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional second difference matrix + + + align:start position:0% +two-dimensional second difference matrix +look like. + + align:start position:0% +look like. + + + align:start position:0% +look like. +Okay, what I'm going to do just to look + + align:start position:0% +Okay, what I'm going to do just to look + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, what I'm going to do just to look +ahead, I'm going to use mat lab's + + align:start position:0% +ahead, I'm going to use mat lab's + + + align:start position:0% +ahead, I'm going to use mat lab's +operation called cron short for + + align:start position:0% +operation called cron short for + + + align:start position:0% +operation called cron short for +chronicer to create a 2D matrix out of + + align:start position:0% +chronicer to create a 2D matrix out of + + + align:start position:0% +chronicer to create a 2D matrix out of +this 1D sec center difference matrix. So + + align:start position:0% +this 1D sec center difference matrix. So + + + align:start position:0% +this 1D sec center difference matrix. So +if I if I think now about center + + align:start position:0% +if I if I think now about center + + + align:start position:0% +if I if I think now about center +differences, second differences. So I'm + + align:start position:0% +differences, second differences. So I'm + + + align:start position:0% +differences, second differences. So I'm +approximating + + align:start position:0% +approximating + + + align:start position:0% +approximating +uxx plus u y + + align:start position:0% +uxx plus u y + + + align:start position:0% +uxx plus u y +y or really I'm approximating minus uxx + + align:start position:0% +y or really I'm approximating minus uxx + + + align:start position:0% +y or really I'm approximating minus uxx +minus u yy because that k approximates + + align:start position:0% +minus u yy because that k approximates + + + align:start position:0% +minus u yy because that k approximates +minus the second difference. What do + + align:start position:0% +minus the second difference. What do + + + align:start position:0% +minus the second difference. What do +I what what do my matrices look + + align:start position:0% +I what what do my matrices look + + + align:start position:0% +I what what do my matrices look +like? What's their bandwidth? + + align:start position:0% +like? What's their bandwidth? + + + align:start position:0% +like? What's their bandwidth? +How expensive is it to invert them? + + align:start position:0% +How expensive is it to invert them? + + + align:start position:0% +How expensive is it to invert them? +These are the key questions. What's the + + align:start position:0% +These are the key questions. What's the + + + align:start position:0% +These are the key questions. What's the +matrix + + align:start position:0% +matrix + + + align:start position:0% +matrix +K2D that corresponds + + align:start position:0% +K2D that corresponds + + + align:start position:0% +K2D that corresponds +to gives me second differences in the x + + align:start position:0% +to gives me second differences in the x + + + align:start position:0% +to gives me second differences in the x +direction plus second differences in the + + align:start position:0% +direction plus second differences in the + + + align:start position:0% +direction plus second differences in the +y direction. Okay. So I'll write k2d for + + align:start position:0% +y direction. Okay. So I'll write k2d for + + + align:start position:0% +y direction. Okay. So I'll write k2d for +that matrix. All right. Let's get some + + align:start position:0% +that matrix. All right. Let's get some + + + align:start position:0% +that matrix. All right. Let's get some +picture of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it first of all. So I'm I'm imagining + + align:start position:0% +it first of all. So I'm I'm imagining + + + align:start position:0% +it first of all. So I'm I'm imagining +let me imagine that I'm on a square with + + align:start position:0% +let me imagine that I'm on a square with + + + align:start position:0% +let me imagine that I'm on a square with +a with a square grid delta x in both + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +directions yeah square grid let's say + + align:start position:0% +directions yeah square grid let's say + + + align:start position:0% +directions yeah square grid let's say +let me say n mesh points each way so n I + + align:start position:0% +let me say n mesh points each way so n I + + + align:start position:0% +let me say n mesh points each way so n I +don't know whether I'm counting right + + align:start position:0% +don't know whether I'm counting right + + + align:start position:0% +don't know whether I'm counting right +now I won't worry whether I'm counting + + align:start position:0% +now I won't worry whether I'm counting + + + align:start position:0% +now I won't worry whether I'm counting +the boundary ones or not probably not. + + align:start position:0% +the boundary ones or not probably not. + + + align:start position:0% +the boundary ones or not probably not. +So n I'll say n it point n n n n n n n n + + align:start position:0% +So n I'll say n it point n n n n n n n n + + + align:start position:0% +So n I'll say n it point n n n n n n n n +n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n + + align:start position:0% +n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n + + + align:start position:0% +n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n +n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n + + align:start position:0% +n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n + + + align:start position:0% +n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n +n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n + + align:start position:0% +n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n + + + align:start position:0% +n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n +n n n n n n n n n n n n n points. So n + + align:start position:0% +n n n n n n n n n n n n n points. So n + + + align:start position:0% +n n n n n n n n n n n n n points. So n +delta x and in this direction n delta + + align:start position:0% +delta x and in this direction n delta + + + align:start position:0% +delta x and in this direction n delta +x. So my matrix is of order. It's of + + align:start position:0% +x. So my matrix is of order. It's of + + + align:start position:0% +x. So my matrix is of order. It's of +size n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squared. The number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +unknowns. Now I will be a little more + + align:start position:0% +unknowns. Now I will be a little more + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns. Now I will be a little more +careful here. Uh let me take the + + align:start position:0% +careful here. Uh let me take the + + + align:start position:0% +careful here. Uh let me take the +boundary values as given. They're not + + align:start position:0% +boundary values as given. They're not + + + align:start position:0% +boundary values as given. They're not +unknowns. So n in this picture is four. + + align:start position:0% +unknowns. So n in this picture is four. + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns. So n in this picture is four. +1 2 3 four unknowns there on a typical + + align:start position:0% +1 2 3 four unknowns there on a typical + + + align:start position:0% +1 2 3 four unknowns there on a typical +row. And now I have to give them a new + + align:start position:0% +row. And now I have to give them a new + + + align:start position:0% +row. And now I have to give them a new +number. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 + + align:start position:0% +number. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 + + + align:start position:0% +number. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 +12 13 14 15 16 n being 4. N2 is 16 for + + align:start position:0% +12 13 14 15 16 n being 4. N2 is 16 for + + + align:start position:0% +12 13 14 15 16 n being 4. N2 is 16 for +that particular square. Okay. So my + + align:start position:0% +that particular square. Okay. So my + + + align:start position:0% +that particular square. Okay. So my +matrix is 16 by 16. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +But somehow I want to be able to create + + align:start position:0% +But somehow I want to be able to create + + + align:start position:0% +But somehow I want to be able to create +it out of + + align:start position:0% +it out of + + + align:start position:0% +it out of +4x4 matrices like K. So K 1D which I'm + + align:start position:0% +4x4 matrices like K. So K 1D which I'm + + + align:start position:0% +4x4 matrices like K. So K 1D which I'm +just going to call + + align:start position:0% +just going to call + + + align:start position:0% +just going to call +K is well K N will be the 4x4 one. 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +-1. So that's the matrix that gives + + align:start position:0% +-1. So that's the matrix that gives + + + align:start position:0% +-1. So that's the matrix that gives +me second differences along a typical + + align:start position:0% +me second differences along a typical + + + align:start position:0% +me second differences along a typical +row or down a typical column. But now I + + align:start position:0% +row or down a typical column. But now I + + + align:start position:0% +row or down a typical column. But now I +what am I looking for? I'm looking to do + + align:start position:0% +what am I looking for? I'm looking to do + + + align:start position:0% +what am I looking for? I'm looking to do +both. Second difference is in a row and + + align:start position:0% +both. Second difference is in a row and + + + align:start position:0% +both. Second difference is in a row and +a column. So the if I pick a typical + + align:start position:0% +a column. So the if I pick a typical + + + align:start position:0% +a column. So the if I pick a typical +mesh point like number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +11, mesh point 11. Let me blow up this + + align:start position:0% +11, mesh point 11. Let me blow up this + + + align:start position:0% +11, mesh point 11. Let me blow up this +picture here. It's going to be + + align:start position:0% +picture here. It's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +picture here. It's going to be +influenced mesh point 11 by 10 and 12. + + align:start position:0% +influenced mesh point 11 by 10 and 12. + + + align:start position:0% +influenced mesh point 11 by 10 and 12. +The second difference is in the x + + align:start position:0% +The second difference is in the x + + + align:start position:0% +The second difference is in the x +direction. And by seven and 15, notice + + align:start position:0% +direction. And by seven and 15, notice + + + align:start position:0% +direction. And by seven and 15, notice +those are not close so close to 10 or + + align:start position:0% +those are not close so close to 10 or + + + align:start position:0% +those are not close so close to 10 or +11, the second difference is in the y + + align:start position:0% +11, the second difference is in the y + + + align:start position:0% +11, the second difference is in the y +direction. So let me blow that up. So + + align:start position:0% +direction. So let me blow that up. So + + + align:start position:0% +direction. So let me blow that up. So +here's mesh point number 11 + + align:start position:0% +here's mesh point number 11 + + + align:start position:0% +here's mesh point number 11 +corresponding to row + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to row + + + align:start position:0% +corresponding to row +11 of K2D. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So what is so I guess I'm asking what + + align:start position:0% +So what is so I guess I'm asking what + + + align:start position:0% +So what is so I guess I'm asking what +row 11 of K2D will look like. Okay. So + + align:start position:0% +row 11 of K2D will look like. Okay. So + + + align:start position:0% +row 11 of K2D will look like. Okay. So +here's mesh points 9 10 and 12. So we + + align:start position:0% +here's mesh points 9 10 and 12. So we + + + align:start position:0% +here's mesh points 9 10 and 12. So we +have a second difference in the x + + align:start position:0% +have a second difference in the x + + + align:start position:0% +have a second difference in the x +direction from + + align:start position:0% +direction from + + + align:start position:0% +direction from +uxx from minus uxx. That means I can put + + align:start position:0% +uxx from minus uxx. That means I can put + + + align:start position:0% +uxx from minus uxx. That means I can put +a minus1 there a two there and a minus + + align:start position:0% +a minus1 there a two there and a minus + + + align:start position:0% +a minus1 there a two there and a minus +one there. And now I have the same in + + align:start position:0% +one there. And now I have the same in + + + align:start position:0% +one there. And now I have the same in +the y direction. with 15 and + + align:start position:0% +the y direction. with 15 and + + + align:start position:0% +the y direction. with 15 and +seven. So I have a minus one + + align:start position:0% +seven. So I have a minus one + + + align:start position:0% +seven. So I have a minus one +on in column 15, a minus one in column + + align:start position:0% +on in column 15, a minus one in column + + + align:start position:0% +on in column 15, a minus one in column +7. So I have a min four minus one's and + + align:start position:0% +7. So I have a min four minus one's and + + + align:start position:0% +7. So I have a min four minus one's and +then another two more for the center + + align:start position:0% +then another two more for the center + + + align:start position:0% +then another two more for the center +gives me a four. So a typical + + align:start position:0% +gives me a four. So a typical + + + align:start position:0% +gives me a four. So a typical +row will have it'll be sparse of course + + align:start position:0% +row will have it'll be sparse of course + + + align:start position:0% +row will have it'll be sparse of course +it'll have a minus1 in position 7 a + + align:start position:0% +it'll have a minus1 in position 7 a + + + align:start position:0% +it'll have a minus1 in position 7 a +minus1 in position 10 a four a minus1 + + align:start position:0% +minus1 in position 10 a four a minus1 + + + align:start position:0% +minus1 in position 10 a four a minus1 +and a minus1 over there in position + + align:start position:0% +and a minus1 over there in position + + + align:start position:0% +and a minus1 over there in position +15 that's a typical row of + + align:start position:0% +15 that's a typical row of + + + align:start position:0% +15 that's a typical row of +k2 it adds to + + align:start position:0% +k2 it adds to + + + align:start position:0% +k2 it adds to +zero if I if if gersorin + + align:start position:0% +zero if I if if gersorin + + + align:start position:0% +zero if I if if gersorin +got his hands on this + + align:start position:0% +got his hands on this + + + align:start position:0% +got his hands on this +matrix, he would say that his since all + + align:start position:0% +matrix, he would say that his since all + + + align:start position:0% +matrix, he would say that his since all +the rows the four will be on Oh, will + + align:start position:0% +the rows the four will be on Oh, will + + + align:start position:0% +the rows the four will be on Oh, will +the four be on the diagonal? Yes, the + + align:start position:0% +the four be on the diagonal? Yes, the + + + align:start position:0% +the four be on the diagonal? Yes, the +four will be on the diagonal all the + + align:start position:0% +four will be on the diagonal all the + + + align:start position:0% +four will be on the diagonal all the +way. Yeah, I I guess let's let's see a + + align:start position:0% +way. Yeah, I I guess let's let's see a + + + align:start position:0% +way. Yeah, I I guess let's let's see a +little bit more clearly what the matrix + + align:start position:0% +little bit more clearly what the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more clearly what the matrix +K2D looks like. + + align:start position:0% +K2D looks like. + + + align:start position:0% +K2D looks like. +Yeah, this is probably the most studied + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, this is probably the most studied + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, this is probably the most studied +matrix in numerical analysis because + + align:start position:0% +matrix in numerical analysis because + + + align:start position:0% +matrix in numerical analysis because +it's a model of what stays nice and what + + align:start position:0% +it's a model of what stays nice and what + + + align:start position:0% +it's a model of what stays nice and what +gets more difficult as you move into two + + align:start position:0% +gets more difficult as you move into two + + + align:start position:0% +gets more difficult as you move into two +dimensions. So some things certainly + + align:start position:0% +dimensions. So some things certainly + + + align:start position:0% +dimensions. So some things certainly +stay nice + + align:start position:0% +stay nice + + + align:start position:0% +stay nice +symmetries. So properties of + + align:start position:0% +symmetries. So properties of + + + align:start position:0% +symmetries. So properties of +K2D K2D will + + align:start position:0% +K2D K2D will + + + align:start position:0% +K2D K2D will +be it'll be symmetric again. + + align:start position:0% +be it'll be symmetric again. + + + align:start position:0% +be it'll be symmetric again. +It'll be positive definite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again. And so what does K2D cont? It's + + align:start position:0% +again. And so what does K2D cont? It's + + + align:start position:0% +again. And so what does K2D cont? It's +six. It's a it's 16 by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +16. And a typical row looks like that. + + align:start position:0% +16. And a typical row looks like that. + + + align:start position:0% +16. And a typical row looks like that. +That's a typical interior row. What does + + align:start position:0% +That's a typical interior row. What does + + + align:start position:0% +That's a typical interior row. What does +maybe if I took the first row, what + + align:start position:0% +maybe if I took the first row, what + + + align:start position:0% +maybe if I took the first row, what +would the very first row look like? If I + + align:start position:0% +would the very first row look like? If I + + + align:start position:0% +would the very first row look like? If I +put row one above + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it, let me try draw row one. So what's + + align:start position:0% +it, let me try draw row one. So what's + + + align:start position:0% +it, let me try draw row one. So what's +the difference with row one? It's these + + align:start position:0% +the difference with row one? It's these + + + align:start position:0% +the difference with row one? It's these +are boundary values. These are + + align:start position:0% +are boundary values. These are + + + align:start position:0% +are boundary values. These are +not these are going to show up on the + + align:start position:0% +not these are going to show up on the + + + align:start position:0% +not these are going to show up on the +right hand side of the equation. They're + + align:start position:0% +right hand side of the equation. They're + + + align:start position:0% +right hand side of the equation. They're +known numbers. They're not they don't + + align:start position:0% +known numbers. They're not they don't + + + align:start position:0% +known numbers. They're not they don't +involve unknown things. So the only + + align:start position:0% +involve unknown things. So the only + + + align:start position:0% +involve unknown things. So the only +neighbors are two and five. So I'll + + align:start position:0% +neighbors are two and five. So I'll + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors are two and five. So I'll +still have the second difference -1 2 -1 + + align:start position:0% +still have the second difference -1 2 -1 + + + align:start position:0% +still have the second difference -1 2 -1 +and -1 2 -1 still this fivepoint + + align:start position:0% +and -1 2 -1 still this fivepoint + + + align:start position:0% +and -1 2 -1 still this fivepoint +molecule with four at the center but + + align:start position:0% +molecule with four at the center but + + + align:start position:0% +molecule with four at the center but +there won't be so many neighbors. + + align:start position:0% +there won't be so many neighbors. + + + align:start position:0% +there won't be so many neighbors. +There'll be the neighbor at the just to + + align:start position:0% +There'll be the neighbor at the just to + + + align:start position:0% +There'll be the neighbor at the just to +the right neighbor number two and + + align:start position:0% +the right neighbor number two and + + + align:start position:0% +the right neighbor number two and +there'll be neighbor number five a + + align:start position:0% +there'll be neighbor number five a + + + align:start position:0% +there'll be neighbor number five a +little further along and that's it. + + align:start position:0% +little further along and that's it. + + + align:start position:0% +little further along and that's it. +It's + + align:start position:0% +It's + + + align:start position:0% +It's +like the 2 minus one boundary row. It's + + align:start position:0% +like the 2 minus one boundary row. It's + + + align:start position:0% +like the 2 minus one boundary row. It's +a boundary + + align:start position:0% +a boundary + + + align:start position:0% +a boundary +row. And a boundary row hasn't got as + + align:start position:0% +row. And a boundary row hasn't got as + + + align:start position:0% +row. And a boundary row hasn't got as +many minus ones because it hasn't got as + + align:start position:0% +many minus ones because it hasn't got as + + + align:start position:0% +many minus ones because it hasn't got as +many neighboring + + align:start position:0% +many neighboring + + + align:start position:0% +many neighboring +unknowns. That boundary row would have + + align:start position:0% +unknowns. That boundary row would have + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns. That boundary row would have +three neighbors. Row two would have a + + align:start position:0% +three neighbors. Row two would have a + + + align:start position:0% +three neighbors. Row two would have a +four minus1's minus one, but not nobody + + align:start position:0% +four minus1's minus one, but not nobody + + + align:start position:0% +four minus1's minus one, but not nobody +there. So, uh, now I'm going to try to + + align:start position:0% +there. So, uh, now I'm going to try to + + + align:start position:0% +there. So, uh, now I'm going to try to +draw + + align:start position:0% +draw + + + align:start position:0% +draw +K2D or let me let me try to draw K2D. + + align:start position:0% +K2D or let me let me try to draw K2D. + + + align:start position:0% +K2D or let me let me try to draw K2D. +Yeah, I I can do it. + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, I I can do it. + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, I I can do it. +K2D will + + align:start position:0% +K2D will + + + align:start position:0% +K2D will +have from + + align:start position:0% +have from + + + align:start position:0% +have from +the from the UX the second differences + + align:start position:0% +the from the UX the second differences + + + align:start position:0% +the from the UX the second differences +along the rows. It will have I'll have a + + align:start position:0% +along the rows. It will have I'll have a + + + align:start position:0% +along the rows. It will have I'll have a +row + + align:start position:0% +row + + + align:start position:0% +row +row one. It'll have another K on row + + align:start position:0% +row one. It'll have another K on row + + + align:start position:0% +row one. It'll have another K on row +two. It'll have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K + + align:start position:0% +K + + + align:start position:0% +K +on a K for each row. These are blocks. + + align:start position:0% +on a K for each row. These are blocks. + + + align:start position:0% +on a K for each row. These are blocks. +Now that's of size N by N. So all of + + align:start position:0% +Now that's of size N by N. So all of + + + align:start position:0% +Now that's of size N by N. So all of +those are so the whole thing is N^2 by + + align:start position:0% +those are so the whole thing is N^2 by + + + align:start position:0% +those are so the whole thing is N^2 by +N^2. + + align:start position:0% +N^2. + + + align:start position:0% +N^2. +Actually I'll stop here. If I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +Actually I'll stop here. If I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +Actually I'll stop here. If I wanted to +create that + + align:start position:0% +create that + + + align:start position:0% +create that +matrix that with the same K on somehow + + align:start position:0% +matrix that with the same K on somehow + + + align:start position:0% +matrix that with the same K on somehow +it's it's somehow the identity is in + + align:start position:0% +it's it's somehow the identity is in + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's somehow the identity is in +there and the matrix K is in there and + + align:start position:0% +there and the matrix K is in there and + + + align:start position:0% +there and the matrix K is in there and +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +uh let's see it's one or the other of + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see it's one or the other of + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's see it's one or the other of +those. I guess it's the first + + align:start position:0% +those. I guess it's the first + + + align:start position:0% +those. I guess it's the first +one. So what's this chronicer product? + + align:start position:0% +one. So what's this chronicer product? + + + align:start position:0% +one. So what's this chronicer product? +Now + + align:start position:0% +Now + + + align:start position:0% +Now +I'm saying what this construction is is + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying what this construction is is + + + align:start position:0% +I'm saying what this construction is is +very valuable because it allows you to + + align:start position:0% +very valuable because it allows you to + + + align:start position:0% +very valuable because it allows you to +create + + align:start position:0% +create + + + align:start position:0% +create +matrices and if you created K as a + + align:start position:0% +matrices and if you created K as a + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and if you created K as a +sparse matrix and I as a sparse matrix + + align:start position:0% +sparse matrix and I as a sparse matrix + + + align:start position:0% +sparse matrix and I as a sparse matrix +then the chronical product would be + + align:start position:0% +then the chronical product would be + + + align:start position:0% +then the chronical product would be +automatically dealt with as a sparse + + align:start position:0% +automatically dealt with as a sparse + + + align:start position:0% +automatically dealt with as a sparse +matrix. Okay. So what's the rule for a + + align:start position:0% +matrix. Okay. So what's the rule for a + + + align:start position:0% +matrix. Okay. So what's the rule for a +chronicer product? You take the first + + align:start position:0% +chronicer product? You take the first + + + align:start position:0% +chronicer product? You take the first +matrix which is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identity and the rest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zeros. So that's the that's + + align:start position:0% +zeros. So that's the that's + + + align:start position:0% +zeros. So that's the that's +I and then so that's 1D and then you + + align:start position:0% +I and then so that's 1D and then you + + + align:start position:0% +I and then so that's 1D and then you +multiply each each entry in I becomes a + + align:start position:0% +multiply each each entry in I becomes a + + + align:start position:0% +multiply each each entry in I becomes a +block with entry AI J times this guy K. + + align:start position:0% +block with entry AI J times this guy K. + + + align:start position:0% +block with entry AI J times this guy K. +Well this will be the zero block. This + + align:start position:0% +Well this will be the zero block. This + + + align:start position:0% +Well this will be the zero block. This +will be the K block. This will be the K + + align:start position:0% +will be the K block. This will be the K + + + align:start position:0% +will be the K block. This will be the K +block. I take those ones and multiply + + align:start position:0% +block. I take those ones and multiply + + + align:start position:0% +block. I take those ones and multiply +and those zeros and multiply K and + + align:start position:0% +and those zeros and multiply K and + + + align:start position:0% +and those zeros and multiply K and +that's what I get. + + align:start position:0% +that's what I get. + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I get. +So you see it's now the chronogical + + align:start position:0% +So you see it's now the chronogical + + + align:start position:0% +So you see it's now the chronogical +product is a bigger guy. If if matrix A + + align:start position:0% +product is a bigger guy. If if matrix A + + + align:start position:0% +product is a bigger guy. If if matrix A +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +uh P by P and matrix B was Q by Q then + + align:start position:0% +uh P by P and matrix B was Q by Q then + + + align:start position:0% +uh P by P and matrix B was Q by Q then +the chronicer product would be P * Q by + + align:start position:0% +the chronicer product would be P * Q by + + + align:start position:0% +the chronicer product would be P * Q by +P * Q. It would be square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again. It would be symmetric if A and B + + align:start position:0% +again. It would be symmetric if A and B + + + align:start position:0% +again. It would be symmetric if A and B +are symmetric. Actually it would have + + align:start position:0% +are symmetric. Actually it would have + + + align:start position:0% +are symmetric. Actually it would have +various nice properties. Its igen values + + align:start position:0% +various nice properties. Its igen values + + + align:start position:0% +various nice properties. Its igen values +would be the products of the igen values + + align:start position:0% +would be the products of the igen values + + + align:start position:0% +would be the products of the igen values +of a times the igen values of + + align:start position:0% +of a times the igen values of + + + align:start position:0% +of a times the igen values of +b. It's a very handy construction. And + + align:start position:0% +b. It's a very handy construction. And + + + align:start position:0% +b. It's a very handy construction. And +here we saw it in a pretty easy case + + align:start position:0% +here we saw it in a pretty easy case + + + align:start position:0% +here we saw it in a pretty easy case +where a was only the identity. Well, let + + align:start position:0% +where a was only the identity. Well, let + + + align:start position:0% +where a was only the identity. Well, let +me do this case. What am I going to what + + align:start position:0% +me do this case. What am I going to what + + + align:start position:0% +me do this case. What am I going to what +does the chronicer rule produce here? + + align:start position:0% +does the chronicer rule produce here? + + + align:start position:0% +does the chronicer rule produce here? +Okay. So I take this first matrix and I + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So I take this first matrix and I + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So I take this first matrix and I +put it in + + align:start position:0% +put it in + + + align:start position:0% +put it in +here. 2 -1 -1 2 -1 + + align:start position:0% +here. 2 -1 -1 2 -1 + + + align:start position:0% +here. 2 -1 -1 2 -1 +-1 2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So that's the matrix K. And now + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So that's the matrix K. And now + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So that's the matrix K. And now +each of those numbers multiplies the + + align:start position:0% +each of those numbers multiplies the + + + align:start position:0% +each of those numbers multiplies the +second thing which here is I. So it's 2 + + align:start position:0% +second thing which here is I. So it's 2 + + + align:start position:0% +second thing which here is I. So it's 2 +I - I - I 2 I - I - I - I - I 2 I and 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I. Now that is the second difference + + align:start position:0% +I. Now that is the second difference + + + align:start position:0% +I. Now that is the second difference +matrix that does all the columns. + + align:start position:0% +matrix that does all the columns. + + + align:start position:0% +matrix that does all the columns. +And when I add those, so now I'm going + + align:start position:0% +And when I add those, so now I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +And when I add those, so now I'm going +to add that to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that. They're they're both size N + + align:start position:0% +that. They're they're both size N + + + align:start position:0% +that. They're they're both size N +squared. They give me K2D. So the the + + align:start position:0% +squared. They give me K2D. So the the + + + align:start position:0% +squared. They give me K2D. So the the +neat construction of K2D is chronicer + + align:start position:0% +neat construction of K2D is chronicer + + + align:start position:0% +neat construction of K2D is chronicer +product chron of ik plus chron of ki. + + align:start position:0% +product chron of ik plus chron of ki. + + + align:start position:0% +product chron of ik plus chron of ki. +That's the that's the matrix. And let's + + align:start position:0% +That's the that's the matrix. And let's + + + align:start position:0% +That's the that's the matrix. And let's +look at what it actually looks like. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +We're seeing it blockwise + + align:start position:0% +We're seeing it blockwise + + + align:start position:0% +We're seeing it blockwise +here. We saw it + + align:start position:0% +here. We saw it + + + align:start position:0% +here. We saw it +rowwise here. And maybe now we can take + + align:start position:0% +rowwise here. And maybe now we can take + + + align:start position:0% +rowwise here. And maybe now we can take +one more look at it. Assemble it. So + + align:start position:0% +one more look at it. Assemble it. So + + + align:start position:0% +one more look at it. Assemble it. So +K2D. Whoops. Wants to + + align:start position:0% +K2D. Whoops. Wants to + + + align:start position:0% +K2D. Whoops. Wants to +disappear. So I plan to add that matrix + + align:start position:0% +disappear. So I plan to add that matrix + + + align:start position:0% +disappear. So I plan to add that matrix +to that matrix to get + + align:start position:0% +to that matrix to get + + + align:start position:0% +to that matrix to get +K2D. Okay. So it will have since they + + align:start position:0% +K2D. Okay. So it will have since they + + + align:start position:0% +K2D. Okay. So it will have since they +both have twos on the diagonal, it'll + + align:start position:0% +both have twos on the diagonal, it'll + + + align:start position:0% +both have twos on the diagonal, it'll +have fours on the diagonal. So fours all + + align:start position:0% +have fours on the diagonal. So fours all + + + align:start position:0% +have fours on the diagonal. So fours all +the way, but it'll be + + align:start position:0% +the way, but it'll be + + + align:start position:0% +the way, but it'll be +blockwise. So what's the typical what's + + align:start position:0% +blockwise. So what's the typical what's + + + align:start position:0% +blockwise. So what's the typical what's +the up here? This block is K + 2 + + align:start position:0% +the up here? This block is K + 2 + + + align:start position:0% +the up here? This block is K + 2 +I. So that block is goes down to a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +four. Sorry. Yeah, four. Now the k + + align:start position:0% +four. Sorry. Yeah, four. Now the k + + + align:start position:0% +four. Sorry. Yeah, four. Now the k +contributed + + align:start position:0% +contributed + + + align:start position:0% +contributed +minus1's next to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagonal and I guess that's it right k + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal and I guess that's it right k + + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal and I guess that's it right k + +2 I + + align:start position:0% +2 I + + + align:start position:0% +2 I +has that block as that that's the one + + align:start position:0% +has that block as that that's the one + + + align:start position:0% +has that block as that that's the one +one block and why is it so so we're + + align:start position:0% +one block and why is it so so we're + + + align:start position:0% +one block and why is it so so we're +seeing have I got it + + align:start position:0% +seeing have I got it + + + align:start position:0% +seeing have I got it +right? Yes. So we're seeing uh the the + + align:start position:0% +right? Yes. So we're seeing uh the the + + + align:start position:0% +right? Yes. So we're seeing uh the the +neighbors to the right and left but + + align:start position:0% +neighbors to the right and left but + + + align:start position:0% +neighbors to the right and left but +uh uh now let me bring in only now come + + align:start position:0% +uh uh now let me bring in only now come + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh now let me bring in only now come +the neighbor above or below and that + + align:start position:0% +the neighbor above or below and that + + + align:start position:0% +the neighbor above or below and that +comes from this off diagonal block minus + + align:start position:0% +comes from this off diagonal block minus + + + align:start position:0% +comes from this off diagonal block minus +I which is then a minus1's to + + align:start position:0% +I which is then a minus1's to + + + align:start position:0% +I which is then a minus1's to +minus1's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and these are all zero blocks and + + align:start position:0% +okay and these are all zero blocks and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and these are all zero blocks and +here will + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh minus the identity + + align:start position:0% +uh minus the identity + + + align:start position:0% +uh minus the identity +block. Then another + + align:start position:0% +block. Then another + + + align:start position:0% +block. Then another +block the the diagonal blocks are all + + align:start position:0% +block the the diagonal blocks are all + + + align:start position:0% +block the the diagonal blocks are all +the same and another one another minus + + align:start position:0% +the same and another one another minus + + + align:start position:0% +the same and another one another minus +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identity. Now we're + + align:start position:0% +identity. Now we're + + + align:start position:0% +identity. Now we're +getting to interior mesh points where + + align:start position:0% +getting to interior mesh points where + + + align:start position:0% +getting to interior mesh points where +where where we see typical rows. So + + align:start position:0% +where where we see typical rows. So + + + align:start position:0% +where where we see typical rows. So +typical row has the fours on the + + align:start position:0% +typical row has the fours on the + + + align:start position:0% +typical row has the fours on the +diagonal, the minus1's left and right, + + align:start position:0% +diagonal, the minus1's left and right, + + + align:start position:0% +diagonal, the minus1's left and right, +and the minus1's far left and far right. + + align:start position:0% +and the minus1's far left and far right. + + + align:start position:0% +and the minus1's far left and far right. +And of course, what I'm going to ask you + + align:start position:0% +And of course, what I'm going to ask you + + + align:start position:0% +And of course, what I'm going to ask you +is what's the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bandwidth? Here we come to the key + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth? Here we come to the key + + + align:start position:0% +bandwidth? Here we come to the key +point. Now, what's the bandwidth of this + + align:start position:0% +point. Now, what's the bandwidth of this + + + align:start position:0% +point. Now, what's the bandwidth of this +matrix? how I I only have two + + align:start position:0% +matrix? how I I only have two + + + align:start position:0% +matrix? how I I only have two +nonzeros above the diagonal on a typical + + align:start position:0% +nonzeros above the diagonal on a typical + + + align:start position:0% +nonzeros above the diagonal on a typical +row, but I have to + + align:start position:0% +row, but I have to + + + align:start position:0% +row, but I have to +wait + + align:start position:0% +wait + + + align:start position:0% +wait +n diagonals before I get to the second + + align:start position:0% +n diagonals before I get to the second + + + align:start position:0% +n diagonals before I get to the second +one. So the bandwidth is n because I + + align:start position:0% +one. So the bandwidth is n because I + + + align:start position:0% +one. So the bandwidth is n because I +have to wait that long. And then the + + align:start position:0% +have to wait that long. And then the + + + align:start position:0% +have to wait that long. And then the +operation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +count by if I just do ordinary + + align:start position:0% +count by if I just do ordinary + + + align:start position:0% +count by if I just do ordinary +elimination on this matrix the operation + + align:start position:0% +elimination on this matrix the operation + + + align:start position:0% +elimination on this matrix the operation +will be the size of the + + align:start position:0% +will be the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +will be the size of the +matrix times the bandwidth + + align:start position:0% +matrix times the bandwidth + + + align:start position:0% +matrix times the bandwidth +squared. That's we can easily check that + + align:start position:0% +squared. That's we can easily check that + + + align:start position:0% +squared. That's we can easily check that +that's the right uh count of operations + + align:start position:0% +that's the right uh count of operations + + + align:start position:0% +that's the right uh count of operations +for a banded matrix. This is operations + + align:start position:0% +for a banded matrix. This is operations + + + align:start position:0% +for a banded matrix. This is operations +on a banded + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matrix. Okay. So what do we get? The + + align:start position:0% +matrix. Okay. So what do we get? The + + + align:start position:0% +matrix. Okay. So what do we get? The +size of the matrix is + + align:start position:0% +size of the matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +size of the matrix is +n^2. The bandwidth is + + align:start position:0% +n^2. The bandwidth is + + + align:start position:0% +n^2. The bandwidth is +n and we it gets squared. So we get n to + + align:start position:0% +n and we it gets squared. So we get n to + + + align:start position:0% +n and we it gets squared. So we get n to +the 4th. + + align:start position:0% +the 4th. + + + align:start position:0% +the 4th. +Okay. It's getting up + + align:start position:0% +Okay. It's getting up + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. It's getting up +there. If n is a th00and we've got a + + align:start position:0% +there. If n is a th00and we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +there. If n is a th00and we've got a +serious size matrix there. Still a very + + align:start position:0% +serious size matrix there. Still a very + + + align:start position:0% +serious size matrix there. Still a very +sparse matrix. So it's not like give + + align:start position:0% +sparse matrix. So it's not like give + + + align:start position:0% +sparse matrix. So it's not like give +up but uh the question is does the + + align:start position:0% +up but uh the question is does the + + + align:start position:0% +up but uh the question is does the +matrix stay sparse as we do elimination + + align:start position:0% +matrix stay sparse as we do elimination + + + align:start position:0% +matrix stay sparse as we do elimination +and that's the center of the next + + align:start position:0% +and that's the center of the next + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the center of the next +lecture. What can we organize + + align:start position:0% +lecture. What can we organize + + + align:start position:0% +lecture. What can we organize +elimination? How closely can we organize + + align:start position:0% +elimination? How closely can we organize + + + align:start position:0% +elimination? How closely can we organize +elimination to preserve all these + + align:start position:0% +elimination to preserve all these + + + align:start position:0% +elimination to preserve all these +zillions of zeros that are in between + + align:start position:0% +zillions of zeros that are in between + + + align:start position:0% +zillions of zeros that are in between +here? They're easy to preserve down + + align:start position:0% +here? They're easy to preserve down + + + align:start position:0% +here? They're easy to preserve down +here, way up there. But in this uh + + align:start position:0% +here, way up there. But in this uh + + + align:start position:0% +here, way up there. But in this uh +intermediate, those diagonals tend to + + align:start position:0% +intermediate, those diagonals tend to + + + align:start position:0% +intermediate, those diagonals tend to +fill + + align:start position:0% +fill + + + align:start position:0% +fill +in. And that's uh not a happy + + align:start position:0% +in. And that's uh not a happy + + + align:start position:0% +in. And that's uh not a happy +experience. And it's even less happy in + + align:start position:0% +experience. And it's even less happy in + + + align:start position:0% +experience. And it's even less happy in +3D. So let me just do this same + + align:start position:0% +3D. So let me just do this same + + + align:start position:0% +3D. So let me just do this same +calculation for 3D and then we're done + + align:start position:0% +calculation for 3D and then we're done + + + align:start position:0% +calculation for 3D and then we're done +for today. So + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K3D, you might like to think how K3D + + align:start position:0% +K3D, you might like to think how K3D + + + align:start position:0% +K3D, you might like to think how K3D +could be created by the cron operation. + + align:start position:0% +could be created by the cron operation. + + + align:start position:0% +could be created by the cron operation. +Let me just imagine it. So what's K3D + + align:start position:0% +Let me just imagine it. So what's K3D + + + align:start position:0% +Let me just imagine it. So what's K3D +looking like? I've + + align:start position:0% +looking like? I've + + + align:start position:0% +looking like? I've +got three directions. So I have a six in + + align:start position:0% +got three directions. So I have a six in + + + align:start position:0% +got three directions. So I have a six in +the center and six + + align:start position:0% +the center and six + + + align:start position:0% +the center and six +minus1's beside + + align:start position:0% +minus1's beside + + + align:start position:0% +minus1's beside +it. And so six goes on the diagonal of + + align:start position:0% +it. And so six goes on the diagonal of + + + align:start position:0% +it. And so six goes on the diagonal of +K3D. Six minus 1's go a typical row. And + + align:start position:0% +K3D. Six minus 1's go a typical row. And + + + align:start position:0% +K3D. Six minus 1's go a typical row. And +how long do I have to wait till I reach + + align:start position:0% +how long do I have to wait till I reach + + + align:start position:0% +how long do I have to wait till I reach +the last one? So the I'm again going to + + align:start position:0% +the last one? So the I'm again going to + + + align:start position:0% +the last one? So the I'm again going to +do the size which is the the matrix size + + align:start position:0% +do the size which is the the matrix size + + + align:start position:0% +do the size which is the the matrix size +is going to be like n cubed. And what's + + align:start position:0% +is going to be like n cubed. And what's + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be like n cubed. And what's +the bandwidth going to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like? Maybe I ask you now what do you + + align:start position:0% +like? Maybe I ask you now what do you + + + align:start position:0% +like? Maybe I ask you now what do you +think for the bandwidth? How long if I + + align:start position:0% +think for the bandwidth? How long if I + + + align:start position:0% +think for the bandwidth? How long if I +just number it in the in the simplest + + align:start position:0% +just number it in the in the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +just number it in the in the simplest +way and that'll be the key next time. Is + + align:start position:0% +way and that'll be the key next time. Is + + + align:start position:0% +way and that'll be the key next time. Is +there a better numbering? But if I just + + align:start position:0% +there a better numbering? But if I just + + + align:start position:0% +there a better numbering? But if I just +number a long long rows until the rows + + align:start position:0% +number a long long rows until the rows + + + align:start position:0% +number a long long rows until the rows +fill up a plane of rows and then I move + + align:start position:0% +fill up a plane of rows and then I move + + + align:start position:0% +fill up a plane of rows and then I move +up to the next to in the Z direction to + + align:start position:0% +up to the next to in the Z direction to + + + align:start position:0% +up to the next to in the Z direction to +the to the plane + + align:start position:0% +the to the plane + + + align:start position:0% +the to the plane +above, then I have to + + align:start position:0% +above, then I have to + + + align:start position:0% +above, then I have to +wait. Yeah, this this this was the X and + + align:start position:0% +wait. Yeah, this this this was the X and + + + align:start position:0% +wait. Yeah, this this this was the X and +Y. So this gave me a bandwidth of N. But + + align:start position:0% +Y. So this gave me a bandwidth of N. But + + + align:start position:0% +Y. So this gave me a bandwidth of N. But +that's not the bandwidth cuz I have to + + align:start position:0% +that's not the bandwidth cuz I have to + + + align:start position:0% +that's not the bandwidth cuz I have to +wait until I've finished the whole plane + + align:start position:0% +wait until I've finished the whole plane + + + align:start position:0% +wait until I've finished the whole plane +until I go up to the next plane and + + align:start position:0% +until I go up to the next plane and + + + align:start position:0% +until I go up to the next plane and +catch this check. So the bandwidth is n + + align:start position:0% +catch this check. So the bandwidth is n + + + align:start position:0% +catch this check. So the bandwidth is n +squared. And then the + + align:start position:0% +squared. And then the + + + align:start position:0% +squared. And then the +operations which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are size times bandwidth squared, we're + + align:start position:0% +are size times bandwidth squared, we're + + + align:start position:0% +are size times bandwidth squared, we're +up to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n7th. And that is a really horrifying + + align:start position:0% +n7th. And that is a really horrifying + + + align:start position:0% +n7th. And that is a really horrifying +exponent to see n to the seventh. That + + align:start position:0% +exponent to see n to the seventh. That + + + align:start position:0% +exponent to see n to the seventh. That +means that even for a moderate three mo + + align:start position:0% +means that even for a moderate three mo + + + align:start position:0% +means that even for a moderate three mo +a problem in 3D with a moderate number + + align:start position:0% +a problem in 3D with a moderate number + + + align:start position:0% +a problem in 3D with a moderate number +say a thousand unknowns in each + + align:start position:0% +say a thousand unknowns in each + + + align:start position:0% +say a thousand unknowns in each +direction we have + + align:start position:0% +direction we have + + + align:start position:0% +direction we have +a we're + + align:start position:0% +a we're + + + align:start position:0% +a we're +looking in theory at a at + + align:start position:0% +looking in theory at a at + + + align:start position:0% +looking in theory at a at +um at a cost that we can't afford. Of + + align:start position:0% +um at a cost that we can't afford. Of + + + align:start position:0% +um at a cost that we can't afford. Of +course, there's a lot to do + + align:start position:0% +course, there's a lot to do + + + align:start position:0% +course, there's a lot to do +here. One, I mean, so there's a lot to + + align:start position:0% +here. One, I mean, so there's a lot to + + + align:start position:0% +here. One, I mean, so there's a lot to +do if I stay with direct methods, and + + align:start position:0% +do if I stay with direct methods, and + + + align:start position:0% +do if I stay with direct methods, and +that's what I'll do for the next couple + + align:start position:0% +that's what I'll do for the next couple + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I'll do for the next couple +of lectures. And then it's in really in + + align:start position:0% +of lectures. And then it's in really in + + + align:start position:0% +of lectures. And then it's in really in +3D that iterative + + align:start position:0% +3D that iterative + + + align:start position:0% +3D that iterative +methods become essential. I mean this + + align:start position:0% +methods become essential. I mean this + + + align:start position:0% +methods become essential. I mean this +one I could I could do those by direct + + align:start position:0% +one I could I could do those by direct + + + align:start position:0% +one I could I could do those by direct +methods 2D by a smarter direct method + + align:start position:0% +methods 2D by a smarter direct method + + + align:start position:0% +methods 2D by a smarter direct method +than any + + align:start position:0% +than any + + + align:start position:0% +than any +I've tried here. But in 3D even smarter + + align:start position:0% +I've tried here. But in 3D even smarter + + + align:start position:0% +I've tried here. But in 3D even smarter +uh elimination is facing a serious + + align:start position:0% +uh elimination is facing a serious + + + align:start position:0% +uh elimination is facing a serious +exponent and + + align:start position:0% +exponent and + + + align:start position:0% +exponent and +uh loses to + + align:start position:0% +uh loses to + + + align:start position:0% +uh loses to +um iterative methods. So that that's + + align:start position:0% +um iterative methods. So that that's + + + align:start position:0% +um iterative methods. So that that's +what's coming actually. So today's + + align:start position:0% +what's coming actually. So today's + + + align:start position:0% +what's coming actually. So today's +lecture you see with the simplest + + align:start position:0% +lecture you see with the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +lecture you see with the simplest +possible matrices what the central + + align:start position:0% +possible matrices what the central + + + align:start position:0% +possible matrices what the central +questions are. Okay. Thanks. And uh I've + + align:start position:0% +questions are. Okay. Thanks. And uh I've + + + align:start position:0% +questions are. Okay. Thanks. And uh I've +got homeworks uh from coming back from + + align:start position:0% +got homeworks uh from coming back from + + + align:start position:0% +got homeworks uh from coming back from +uh Mr. Cho and I'll collect any that are + + align:start position:0% +uh Mr. Cho and I'll collect any that are + + + align:start position:0% +uh Mr. Cho and I'll collect any that are +ready to come in. Okay. And see you + + align:start position:0% +ready to come in. Okay. And see you + + + align:start position:0% +ready to come in. Okay. And see you +Wednesday. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +That's sufficient. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/r6OUO3an7-0.txt b/r6OUO3an7-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e237f9a37660acb1676f28c651da33eaf566766f --- /dev/null +++ b/r6OUO3an7-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13395 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, good afternoon. Let's have an ontime + + align:start position:0% +So, good afternoon. Let's have an ontime + + + align:start position:0% +So, good afternoon. Let's have an ontime +departure. + + align:start position:0% +departure. + + + align:start position:0% +departure. +Uh last + + align:start position:0% +Uh last + + + align:start position:0% +Uh last +week we talked about quantum states of + + align:start position:0% +week we talked about quantum states of + + + align:start position:0% +week we talked about quantum states of +light. So we're talking about the + + align:start position:0% +light. So we're talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +light. So we're talking about the +photon, the quantum description of the + + align:start position:0% +photon, the quantum description of the + + + align:start position:0% +photon, the quantum description of the +electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic +field. And I introduced for you the most + + align:start position:0% +field. And I introduced for you the most + + + align:start position:0% +field. And I introduced for you the most +classical quantum state of the + + align:start position:0% +classical quantum state of the + + + align:start position:0% +classical quantum state of the +electromagnetic field, namely the + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field, namely the + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field, namely the +coherent state. + + align:start position:0% +coherent state. + + + align:start position:0% +coherent state. +I don't go want to go through the + + align:start position:0% +I don't go want to go through the + + + align:start position:0% +I don't go want to go through the +formalism again but the coherent state + + align:start position:0% +formalism again but the coherent state + + + align:start position:0% +formalism again but the coherent state +is has a simple definition simple but + + align:start position:0% +is has a simple definition simple but + + + align:start position:0% +is has a simple definition simple but +subtle it's an igen state of the + + align:start position:0% +subtle it's an igen state of the + + + align:start position:0% +subtle it's an igen state of the +nihilation operator and it has a complex + + align:start position:0% +nihilation operator and it has a complex + + + align:start position:0% +nihilation operator and it has a complex +value alpha and from that you can pretty + + align:start position:0% +value alpha and from that you can pretty + + + align:start position:0% +value alpha and from that you can pretty +much derive everything you want to know + + align:start position:0% +much derive everything you want to know + + + align:start position:0% +much derive everything you want to know +about coherent states colin what was the + + align:start position:0% +about coherent states colin what was the + + + align:start position:0% +about coherent states colin what was the +purpose of whoever discovered coherent + + align:start position:0% +purpose of whoever discovered coherent + + + align:start position:0% +purpose of whoever discovered coherent +states what was the purpose of trying to + + align:start position:0% +states what was the purpose of trying to + + + align:start position:0% +states what was the purpose of trying to +find the value of the structure yeah + + align:start position:0% +find the value of the structure yeah + + + align:start position:0% +find the value of the structure yeah +isn't subtle. Isn't that weird? How does + + align:start position:0% +isn't subtle. Isn't that weird? How does + + + align:start position:0% +isn't subtle. Isn't that weird? How does +somebody want to find the iggon + + align:start position:0% +somebody want to find the iggon + + + align:start position:0% +somebody want to find the iggon +functions of an annihilation operator? + + align:start position:0% +functions of an annihilation operator? + + + align:start position:0% +functions of an annihilation operator? +Because the annihilation operator is + + align:start position:0% +Because the annihilation operator is + + + align:start position:0% +Because the annihilation operator is +nonhemian. And why the annihilation + + align:start position:0% +nonhemian. And why the annihilation + + + align:start position:0% +nonhemian. And why the annihilation +operator? Why not the creation operator? + + align:start position:0% +operator? Why not the creation operator? + + + align:start position:0% +operator? Why not the creation operator? +Well, if you try to find the states of + + align:start position:0% +Well, if you try to find the states of + + + align:start position:0% +Well, if you try to find the states of +the creation operator, you run into + + align:start position:0% +the creation operator, you run into + + + align:start position:0% +the creation operator, you run into +problems. The states are + + align:start position:0% +problems. The states are + + + align:start position:0% +problems. The states are +non-normalizable. It doesn't make any + + align:start position:0% +non-normalizable. It doesn't make any + + + align:start position:0% +non-normalizable. It doesn't make any +sense. So here creation and annihilation + + align:start position:0% +sense. So here creation and annihilation + + + align:start position:0% +sense. So here creation and annihilation +are not symmetric. You have to pick the + + align:start position:0% +are not symmetric. You have to pick the + + + align:start position:0% +are not symmetric. You have to pick the +annihilation operator. calling my gut + + align:start position:0% +annihilation operator. calling my gut + + + align:start position:0% +annihilation operator. calling my gut +feeling is that somebody found it in a + + align:start position:0% +feeling is that somebody found it in a + + + align:start position:0% +feeling is that somebody found it in a +different way. I mean the person who + + align:start position:0% +different way. I mean the person who + + + align:start position:0% +different way. I mean the person who +popularized those states was Roy Glower + + align:start position:0% +popularized those states was Roy Glower + + + align:start position:0% +popularized those states was Roy Glower +and he got amply rewarded for that. Uh + + align:start position:0% +and he got amply rewarded for that. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +and he got amply rewarded for that. Uh +and I think you define coherent state as + + align:start position:0% +and I think you define coherent state as + + + align:start position:0% +and I think you define coherent state as +some form of superposition state. Maybe + + align:start position:0% +some form of superposition state. Maybe + + + align:start position:0% +some form of superposition state. Maybe +people figured out if you take a + + align:start position:0% +people figured out if you take a + + + align:start position:0% +people figured out if you take a +superposition state of number states + + align:start position:0% +superposition state of number states + + + align:start position:0% +superposition state of number states +that this has special properties that + + align:start position:0% +that this has special properties that + + + align:start position:0% +that this has special properties that +this is a minimum uncertainty state uh + + align:start position:0% +this is a minimum uncertainty state uh + + + align:start position:0% +this is a minimum uncertainty state uh +which is as close as we can go in + + align:start position:0% +which is as close as we can go in + + + align:start position:0% +which is as close as we can go in +quantum physics to obtain a classical + + align:start position:0% +quantum physics to obtain a classical + + + align:start position:0% +quantum physics to obtain a classical +electric + + align:start position:0% +electric + + + align:start position:0% +electric +field. So I think maybe people found it + + align:start position:0% +field. So I think maybe people found it + + + align:start position:0% +field. So I think maybe people found it +like that and then they say hey but + + align:start position:0% +like that and then they say hey but + + + align:start position:0% +like that and then they say hey but +there is another operator definition + + align:start position:0% +there is another operator definition + + + align:start position:0% +there is another operator definition +state of the annihilation operator. I'm + + align:start position:0% +state of the annihilation operator. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +state of the annihilation operator. I'm +99% certain but maybe you can ask Roy + + align:start position:0% +99% certain but maybe you can ask Roy + + + align:start position:0% +99% certain but maybe you can ask Roy +Glower when he comes to a COA seminar if + + align:start position:0% +Glower when he comes to a COA seminar if + + + align:start position:0% +Glower when he comes to a COA seminar if +he discovered coherent state as states + + align:start position:0% +he discovered coherent state as states + + + align:start position:0% +he discovered coherent state as states +of the annihilation operator. I don't + + align:start position:0% +of the annihilation operator. I don't + + + align:start position:0% +of the annihilation operator. I don't +think + + align:start position:0% +think + + + align:start position:0% +think +so. Other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +so what I want to what sort of the theme + + align:start position:0% +so what I want to what sort of the theme + + + align:start position:0% +so what I want to what sort of the theme +of the end of last lecture and today is + + align:start position:0% +of the end of last lecture and today is + + + align:start position:0% +of the end of last lecture and today is +that the coherent state is a complex + + align:start position:0% +that the coherent state is a complex + + + align:start position:0% +that the coherent state is a complex +number. uh the coherent state has a time + + align:start position:0% +number. uh the coherent state has a time + + + align:start position:0% +number. uh the coherent state has a time +evolution. The coherent the it moves in + + align:start position:0% +evolution. The coherent the it moves in + + + align:start position:0% +evolution. The coherent the it moves in +a circle and this is like and this is + + align:start position:0% +a circle and this is like and this is + + + align:start position:0% +a circle and this is like and this is +really uh the phaser of the electric + + align:start position:0% +really uh the phaser of the electric + + + align:start position:0% +really uh the phaser of the electric +field associated with it. So coherent + + align:start position:0% +field associated with it. So coherent + + + align:start position:0% +field associated with it. So coherent +state the alpha value is directly + + align:start position:0% +state the alpha value is directly + + + align:start position:0% +state the alpha value is directly +related to to an electric field. That's + + align:start position:0% +related to to an electric field. That's + + + align:start position:0% +related to to an electric field. That's +why we + + align:start position:0% +why we + + + align:start position:0% +why we +can why this state is closely related to + + align:start position:0% +can why this state is closely related to + + + align:start position:0% +can why this state is closely related to +uh the classical limit of uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the classical limit of uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the classical limit of uh the +electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic +field. + + align:start position:0% +field. + + + align:start position:0% +field. +Um so we discussed some + + align:start position:0% +Um so we discussed some + + + align:start position:0% +Um so we discussed some +uh we discussed some properties of the + + align:start position:0% +uh we discussed some properties of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh we discussed some properties of the +coherent state. We looked at the + + align:start position:0% +coherent state. We looked at the + + + align:start position:0% +coherent state. We looked at the +fluctuations and showed that it's a + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and showed that it's a + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and showed that it's a +personian it's a prosonian + + align:start position:0% +personian it's a prosonian + + + align:start position:0% +personian it's a prosonian +statistic. Um and then we use now well + + align:start position:0% +statistic. Um and then we use now well + + + align:start position:0% +statistic. Um and then we use now well +once you define something you can use it + + align:start position:0% +once you define something you can use it + + + align:start position:0% +once you define something you can use it +as a tool. We are now using the coherent + + align:start position:0% +as a tool. We are now using the coherent + + + align:start position:0% +as a tool. We are now using the coherent +states to look at any other quantum + + align:start position:0% +states to look at any other quantum + + + align:start position:0% +states to look at any other quantum +state of the electromagnetic field, any + + align:start position:0% +state of the electromagnetic field, any + + + align:start position:0% +state of the electromagnetic field, any +statistical operator which describes + + align:start position:0% +statistical operator which describes + + + align:start position:0% +statistical operator which describes +photons by forming the diagonal matrix + + align:start position:0% +photons by forming the diagonal matrix + + + align:start position:0% +photons by forming the diagonal matrix +element of the statistical operator with + + align:start position:0% +element of the statistical operator with + + + align:start position:0% +element of the statistical operator with +alpha. If you just want to sort of think + + align:start position:0% +alpha. If you just want to sort of think + + + align:start position:0% +alpha. If you just want to sort of think +about it intuitively, alpha is like the + + align:start position:0% +about it intuitively, alpha is like the + + + align:start position:0% +about it intuitively, alpha is like the +best description of an electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +best description of an electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +best description of an electromagnetic +field. So if you write down this we ask + + align:start position:0% +field. So if you write down this we ask + + + align:start position:0% +field. So if you write down this we ask +what is the probability for an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +what is the probability for an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +what is the probability for an arbitrary +quantum state described by an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +quantum state described by an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +quantum state described by an arbitrary +statistical operator. What is the + + align:start position:0% +statistical operator. What is the + + + align:start position:0% +statistical operator. What is the +probability that the electric field is + + align:start position:0% +probability that the electric field is + + + align:start position:0% +probability that the electric field is +alpha in the complex + + align:start position:0% +alpha in the complex + + + align:start position:0% +alpha in the complex +description? So that's what those quasi + + align:start position:0% +description? So that's what those quasi + + + align:start position:0% +description? So that's what those quasi +probabilities are Q of + + align:start position:0% +probabilities are Q of + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities are Q of +alpha and + + align:start position:0% +alpha and + + + align:start position:0% +alpha and +we immediately looked at some examples + + align:start position:0% +we immediately looked at some examples + + + align:start position:0% +we immediately looked at some examples +of co probabilities. + + align:start position:0% +of co probabilities. + + + align:start position:0% +of co probabilities. +We showed that the vacuum state is sort + + align:start position:0% +We showed that the vacuum state is sort + + + align:start position:0% +We showed that the vacuum state is sort +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +an area a g it's a gausian and the area + + align:start position:0% +an area a g it's a gausian and the area + + + align:start position:0% +an area a g it's a gausian and the area +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh it's an area I I don't know forgot + + align:start position:0% +uh it's an area I I don't know forgot + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's an area I I don't know forgot +the preactor it's on the order of one or + + align:start position:0% +the preactor it's on the order of one or + + + align:start position:0% +the preactor it's on the order of one or +half we realize that thermal states are + + align:start position:0% +half we realize that thermal states are + + + align:start position:0% +half we realize that thermal states are +also a gausian centered at the origin + + align:start position:0% +also a gausian centered at the origin + + + align:start position:0% +also a gausian centered at the origin +but uh it is a much wider distribution. + + align:start position:0% +but uh it is a much wider distribution. + + + align:start position:0% +but uh it is a much wider distribution. +So thermal states have sort of much more + + align:start position:0% +So thermal states have sort of much more + + + align:start position:0% +So thermal states have sort of much more +uncertainty in the electric field than + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty in the electric field than + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty in the electric field than +the vacuum state. And then we looked at + + align:start position:0% +the vacuum state. And then we looked at + + + align:start position:0% +the vacuum state. And then we looked at +the coherent state. And now of course + + align:start position:0% +the coherent state. And now of course + + + align:start position:0% +the coherent state. And now of course +when we looked at the coherent state, we + + align:start position:0% +when we looked at the coherent state, we + + + align:start position:0% +when we looked at the coherent state, we +realized that coherent states have are + + align:start position:0% +realized that coherent states have are + + + align:start position:0% +realized that coherent states have are +maybe not as wonderful as I try to make + + align:start position:0% +maybe not as wonderful as I try to make + + + align:start position:0% +maybe not as wonderful as I try to make +you believe. They have some nasty + + align:start position:0% +you believe. They have some nasty + + + align:start position:0% +you believe. They have some nasty +properties. And that is when you ask + + align:start position:0% +properties. And that is when you ask + + + align:start position:0% +properties. And that is when you ask +what is the probability the cos + + align:start position:0% +what is the probability the cos + + + align:start position:0% +what is the probability the cos +probability of the coherent state to be + + align:start position:0% +probability of the coherent state to be + + + align:start position:0% +probability of the coherent state to be +beta na even you would expect a delta + + align:start position:0% +beta na even you would expect a delta + + + align:start position:0% +beta na even you would expect a delta +function because when you ask what is + + align:start position:0% +function because when you ask what is + + + align:start position:0% +function because when you ask what is +the probability of a momentum state to + + align:start position:0% +the probability of a momentum state to + + + align:start position:0% +the probability of a momentum state to +be p if you have a momentum state p it + + align:start position:0% +be p if you have a momentum state p it + + + align:start position:0% +be p if you have a momentum state p it +has a delta function at p but here it's + + align:start position:0% +has a delta function at p but here it's + + + align:start position:0% +has a delta function at p but here it's +not a delta function it's a gausian uh + + align:start position:0% +not a delta function it's a gausian uh + + + align:start position:0% +not a delta function it's a gausian uh +of uh standard deviation I think the + + align:start position:0% +of uh standard deviation I think the + + + align:start position:0% +of uh standard deviation I think the +standard deviation here is it what is it + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation here is it what is it + + + align:start position:0% +standard deviation here is it what is it +square root 1 over <unk>2 because The + + align:start position:0% +square root 1 over <unk>2 because The + + + align:start position:0% +square root 1 over <unk>2 because The +gausian is usually 2 * sigma squar and + + align:start position:0% +gausian is usually 2 * sigma squar and + + + align:start position:0% +gausian is usually 2 * sigma squar and +since this the denominator is unity so + + align:start position:0% +since this the denominator is unity so + + + align:start position:0% +since this the denominator is unity so +the standard deviation of 1 / <unk>2 and + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of 1 / <unk>2 and + + + align:start position:0% +the standard deviation of 1 / <unk>2 and +that showed us that the + + align:start position:0% +that showed us that the + + + align:start position:0% +that showed us that the +uh coherent states are not orthogonal + + align:start position:0% +uh coherent states are not orthogonal + + + align:start position:0% +uh coherent states are not orthogonal +you have to be a little bit careful it's + + align:start position:0% +you have to be a little bit careful it's + + + align:start position:0% +you have to be a little bit careful it's +not your standard basis set it's an + + align:start position:0% +not your standard basis set it's an + + + align:start position:0% +not your standard basis set it's an +overcomplete + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +basis so therefore the coherent state + + align:start position:0% +basis so therefore the coherent state + + + align:start position:0% +basis so therefore the coherent state +is not a delta function in the quasi + + align:start position:0% +is not a delta function in the quasi + + + align:start position:0% +is not a delta function in the quasi +probability it's a little bit blurred + + align:start position:0% +probability it's a little bit blurred + + + align:start position:0% +probability it's a little bit blurred +circle with an area on the order of + + align:start position:0% +circle with an area on the order of + + + align:start position:0% +circle with an area on the order of +unity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you have some homework assignment to + + align:start position:0% +and you have some homework assignment to + + + align:start position:0% +and you have some homework assignment to +look at it. So in some way how you + + align:start position:0% +look at it. So in some way how you + + + align:start position:0% +look at it. So in some way how you +should look at it is is that uh if you + + align:start position:0% +should look at it is is that uh if you + + + align:start position:0% +should look at it is is that uh if you +see some quasi probability distribution + + align:start position:0% +see some quasi probability distribution + + + align:start position:0% +see some quasi probability distribution +uh the distance from the origin this is + + align:start position:0% +uh the distance from the origin this is + + + align:start position:0% +uh the distance from the origin this is +the absolute value of the electric field + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of the electric field + + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of the electric field +the phase here is almost 45° but if you + + align:start position:0% +the phase here is almost 45° but if you + + + align:start position:0% +the phase here is almost 45° but if you +look at this uncertainty you would also + + align:start position:0% +look at this uncertainty you would also + + + align:start position:0% +look at this uncertainty you would also +say well the phase is uncertain to + + align:start position:0% +say well the phase is uncertain to + + + align:start position:0% +say well the phase is uncertain to +within this angle. So you can pretty + + align:start position:0% +within this angle. So you can pretty + + + align:start position:0% +within this angle. So you can pretty +much read the uncertainty in uh the + + align:start position:0% +much read the uncertainty in uh the + + + align:start position:0% +much read the uncertainty in uh the +total electric field, the uncertainty in + + align:start position:0% +total electric field, the uncertainty in + + + align:start position:0% +total electric field, the uncertainty in +the phase, you can read pretty much + + align:start position:0% +the phase, you can read pretty much + + + align:start position:0% +the phase, you can read pretty much +everything you want from that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +diagram. Now when we look at a number + + align:start position:0% +diagram. Now when we look at a number + + + align:start position:0% +diagram. Now when we look at a number +state, well you often know in quantum + + align:start position:0% +state, well you often know in quantum + + + align:start position:0% +state, well you often know in quantum +mechanics number and phase are + + align:start position:0% +mechanics number and phase are + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics number and phase are +complimementaryary. If the number of + + align:start position:0% +complimementaryary. If the number of + + + align:start position:0% +complimementaryary. If the number of +photons is fixed, you know nothing about + + align:start position:0% +photons is fixed, you know nothing about + + + align:start position:0% +photons is fixed, you know nothing about +the phase. And indeed the crosser + + align:start position:0% +the phase. And indeed the crosser + + + align:start position:0% +the phase. And indeed the crosser +probability of a number state is a ring. + + align:start position:0% +probability of a number state is a ring. + + + align:start position:0% +probability of a number state is a ring. +It has no phase. It has completely + + align:start position:0% +It has no phase. It has completely + + + align:start position:0% +It has no phase. It has completely +random phase over the two pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +circle. The energy is sharp of a number + + align:start position:0% +circle. The energy is sharp of a number + + + align:start position:0% +circle. The energy is sharp of a number +state. Since the energy is e squared, + + align:start position:0% +state. Since the energy is e squared, + + + align:start position:0% +state. Since the energy is e squared, +you may you may have expected sort of a + + align:start position:0% +you may you may have expected sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +you may you may have expected sort of a +delta function in the radial coordinate. + + align:start position:0% +delta function in the radial coordinate. + + + align:start position:0% +delta function in the radial coordinate. +But what you get is also something + + align:start position:0% +But what you get is also something + + + align:start position:0% +But what you get is also something +blurred on the order of unity here. And + + align:start position:0% +blurred on the order of unity here. And + + + align:start position:0% +blurred on the order of unity here. And +I want to say something about that in a + + align:start position:0% +I want to say something about that in a + + + align:start position:0% +I want to say something about that in a +second. + + align:start position:0% +second. + + + align:start position:0% +second. +Finally, we discussed the time + + align:start position:0% +Finally, we discussed the time + + + align:start position:0% +Finally, we discussed the time +dependence and the time dependence is + + align:start position:0% +dependence and the time dependence is + + + align:start position:0% +dependence and the time dependence is +very easy. After all, we're dealing with + + align:start position:0% +very easy. After all, we're dealing with + + + align:start position:0% +very easy. After all, we're dealing with +a harmonic oscillator. And in a harmonic + + align:start position:0% +a harmonic oscillator. And in a harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +a harmonic oscillator. And in a harmonic +oscillator, if you have a plane of x and + + align:start position:0% +oscillator, if you have a plane of x and + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator, if you have a plane of x and +p, + + align:start position:0% +p, + + + align:start position:0% +p, +a symmetric and anti-ymmetric + + align:start position:0% +a symmetric and anti-ymmetric + + + align:start position:0% +a symmetric and anti-ymmetric +combination of a and a dga, in this + + align:start position:0% +combination of a and a dga, in this + + + align:start position:0% +combination of a and a dga, in this +plane, in a harmonic oscillator, the + + align:start position:0% +plane, in a harmonic oscillator, the + + + align:start position:0% +plane, in a harmonic oscillator, the +quantum state is just rotating circular + + align:start position:0% +quantum state is just rotating circular + + + align:start position:0% +quantum state is just rotating circular +rotation with omega. And indeed we + + align:start position:0% +rotation with omega. And indeed we + + + align:start position:0% +rotation with omega. And indeed we +showed that when we apply the time + + align:start position:0% +showed that when we apply the time + + + align:start position:0% +showed that when we apply the time +evolution + + align:start position:0% +evolution + + + align:start position:0% +evolution +operator and some of you were right of + + align:start position:0% +operator and some of you were right of + + + align:start position:0% +operator and some of you were right of +course with a minus sign it moves with e + + align:start position:0% +course with a minus sign it moves with e + + + align:start position:0% +course with a minus sign it moves with e +to the minus i omega t and therefore + + align:start position:0% +to the minus i omega t and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +to the minus i omega t and therefore +everything rotates in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh in a clockwise + + align:start position:0% +uh in a clockwise + + + align:start position:0% +uh in a clockwise +way. + + align:start position:0% +way. + + + align:start position:0% +way. +Now we discussed + + align:start position:0% +Now we discussed + + + align:start position:0% +Now we discussed +uh the operator of + + align:start position:0% +uh the operator of + + + align:start position:0% +uh the operator of +the electric field and uh in in this + + align:start position:0% +the electric field and uh in in this + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field and uh in in this +quasi + + align:start position:0% +quasi + + + align:start position:0% +quasi +probability sorry we discussed the + + align:start position:0% +probability sorry we discussed the + + + align:start position:0% +probability sorry we discussed the +operator of the electric field and I + + align:start position:0% +operator of the electric field and I + + + align:start position:0% +operator of the electric field and I +hope you remember that in the analogy + + align:start position:0% +hope you remember that in the analogy + + + align:start position:0% +hope you remember that in the analogy +with the harmonic oscillator the + + align:start position:0% +with the harmonic oscillator the + + + align:start position:0% +with the harmonic oscillator the +electric field was a minus a dagger and + + align:start position:0% +electric field was a minus a dagger and + + + align:start position:0% +electric field was a minus a dagger and +this is the momentum operator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh in those quasi probabilities and we + + align:start position:0% +uh in those quasi probabilities and we + + + align:start position:0% +uh in those quasi probabilities and we +will see more about it uh something + + align:start position:0% +will see more about it uh something + + + align:start position:0% +will see more about it uh something +which is sharp in momentum is a sliver + + align:start position:0% +which is sharp in momentum is a sliver + + + align:start position:0% +which is sharp in momentum is a sliver +parallel to the x-axis. So therefore I + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the x-axis. So therefore I + + + align:start position:0% +parallel to the x-axis. So therefore I +can you can regard the vertical axis + + align:start position:0% +can you can regard the vertical axis + + + align:start position:0% +can you can regard the vertical axis +which is the imaginary part of alpha as + + align:start position:0% +which is the imaginary part of alpha as + + + align:start position:0% +which is the imaginary part of alpha as +the momentum axis and you can regard + + align:start position:0% +the momentum axis and you can regard + + + align:start position:0% +the momentum axis and you can regard +this as the horizontal axis as the + + align:start position:0% +this as the horizontal axis as the + + + align:start position:0% +this as the horizontal axis as the +x-axis. So therefore since momentum is + + align:start position:0% +x-axis. So therefore since momentum is + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis. So therefore since momentum is +electric field you always get the + + align:start position:0% +electric field you always get the + + + align:start position:0% +electric field you always get the +electric field by projecting onto the + + align:start position:0% +electric field by projecting onto the + + + align:start position:0% +electric field by projecting onto the +vertical axis. And if you project this + + align:start position:0% +vertical axis. And if you project this + + + align:start position:0% +vertical axis. And if you project this +fuzzy ball you get a value zero with + + align:start position:0% +fuzzy ball you get a value zero with + + + align:start position:0% +fuzzy ball you get a value zero with +some + + align:start position:0% +some + + + align:start position:0% +some +uncertainty. And if this coair + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty. And if this coair + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty. And if this coair +probability starts to rotate due to the + + align:start position:0% +probability starts to rotate due to the + + + align:start position:0% +probability starts to rotate due to the +time evolution we get an oscillating + + align:start position:0% +time evolution we get an oscillating + + + align:start position:0% +time evolution we get an oscillating +electromagnetic field almost classical + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field almost classical + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field almost classical +except for that fuzziness. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So that's where we want to continue. Uh + + align:start position:0% +So that's where we want to continue. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +So that's where we want to continue. Uh +any questions about that? Yes. Why is + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that? Yes. Why is + + + align:start position:0% +any questions about that? Yes. Why is +there no face fuzziness in the ET? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +No face + + align:start position:0% +No face + + + align:start position:0% +No face +fuzziness. There is a face fuzziness. + + align:start position:0% +fuzziness. There is a face fuzziness. + + + align:start position:0% +fuzziness. There is a face fuzziness. +For instance, if you would say uh the + + align:start position:0% +For instance, if you would say uh the + + + align:start position:0% +For instance, if you would say uh the +phase is determined by the zero + + align:start position:0% +phase is determined by the zero + + + align:start position:0% +phase is determined by the zero +crossing, you don't know exactly when + + align:start position:0% +crossing, you don't know exactly when + + + align:start position:0% +crossing, you don't know exactly when +the zero crossing happened and that + + align:start position:0% +the zero crossing happened and that + + + align:start position:0% +the zero crossing happened and that +corresponds to an uncertainty in the + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to an uncertainty in the + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to an uncertainty in the +phase. Trust me, everything is in this + + align:start position:0% +phase. Trust me, everything is in this + + + align:start position:0% +phase. Trust me, everything is in this +diagram. Uh now there are two things I + + align:start position:0% +diagram. Uh now there are two things I + + + align:start position:0% +diagram. Uh now there are two things I +want to we want to continue. One is I + + align:start position:0% +want to we want to continue. One is I + + + align:start position:0% +want to we want to continue. One is I +want to show you that + + align:start position:0% +want to show you that + + + align:start position:0% +want to show you that +uh the coherent state is a minimum + + align:start position:0% +uh the coherent state is a minimum + + + align:start position:0% +uh the coherent state is a minimum +uncertainty state. The product of delta + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty state. The product of delta + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty state. The product of delta +x delta p delta p is just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh is it h bar h bar over two one of the + + align:start position:0% +uh is it h bar h bar over two one of the + + + align:start position:0% +uh is it h bar h bar over two one of the +two. Uh so it's a minimum uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +two. Uh so it's a minimum uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +two. Uh so it's a minimum uncertainty +state and therefore you can never have a + + align:start position:0% +state and therefore you can never have a + + + align:start position:0% +state and therefore you can never have a +quantum state which is less fuzzy than + + align:start position:0% +quantum state which is less fuzzy than + + + align:start position:0% +quantum state which is less fuzzy than +the coherent state. So this fuzziness + + align:start position:0% +the coherent state. So this fuzziness + + + align:start position:0% +the coherent state. So this fuzziness +here is the intrinsic uncertainty of + + align:start position:0% +here is the intrinsic uncertainty of + + + align:start position:0% +here is the intrinsic uncertainty of +quantum physics. So that's what we want + + align:start position:0% +quantum physics. So that's what we want + + + align:start position:0% +quantum physics. So that's what we want +to discuss today. + + align:start position:0% +to discuss today. + + + align:start position:0% +to discuss today. +But then we will + + align:start position:0% +But then we will + + + align:start position:0% +But then we will +immediately start with non-class states + + align:start position:0% +immediately start with non-class states + + + align:start position:0% +immediately start with non-class states +and that is well if this area is + + align:start position:0% +and that is well if this area is + + + align:start position:0% +and that is well if this area is +determined by Heisenberg's uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +determined by Heisenberg's uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +determined by Heisenberg's uncertainty +relation what can we maybe deform the + + align:start position:0% +relation what can we maybe deform the + + + align:start position:0% +relation what can we maybe deform the +circle into an ellipse and these are + + align:start position:0% +circle into an ellipse and these are + + + align:start position:0% +circle into an ellipse and these are +squeeze states of light so that's an + + align:start position:0% +squeeze states of light so that's an + + + align:start position:0% +squeeze states of light so that's an +outlook that's what we want to do in the + + align:start position:0% +outlook that's what we want to do in the + + + align:start position:0% +outlook that's what we want to do in the +second half of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +class + + align:start position:0% +class + + + align:start position:0% +class +But before I do + + align:start position:0% +But before I do + + + align:start position:0% +But before I do +that, I want to be a little bit more + + align:start position:0% +that, I want to be a little bit more + + + align:start position:0% +that, I want to be a little bit more +accurate about quasi + + align:start position:0% +accurate about quasi + + + align:start position:0% +accurate about quasi +probabilities. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And this is almost + + align:start position:0% +And this is almost + + + align:start position:0% +And this is almost +like a disclaimer now. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Just to give you the bigger picture, uh + + align:start position:0% +Just to give you the bigger picture, uh + + + align:start position:0% +Just to give you the bigger picture, uh +what we want to achieve with those quite + + align:start position:0% +what we want to achieve with those quite + + + align:start position:0% +what we want to achieve with those quite +probabilities, we want to do what phase + + align:start position:0% +probabilities, we want to do what phase + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities, we want to do what phase +base density is in classical physics. We + + align:start position:0% +base density is in classical physics. We + + + align:start position:0% +base density is in classical physics. We +have a coordinate which is X, a + + align:start position:0% +have a coordinate which is X, a + + + align:start position:0% +have a coordinate which is X, a +coordinate which is P. And you can often + + align:start position:0% +coordinate which is P. And you can often + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate which is P. And you can often +describe a classical system if you know + + align:start position:0% +describe a classical system if you know + + + align:start position:0% +describe a classical system if you know +the phase space distribution. If you + + align:start position:0% +the phase space distribution. If you + + + align:start position:0% +the phase space distribution. If you +know the probability that a particle has + + align:start position:0% +know the probability that a particle has + + + align:start position:0% +know the probability that a particle has +position x and momentum p. So all this + + align:start position:0% +position x and momentum p. So all this + + + align:start position:0% +position x and momentum p. So all this +is about + + align:start position:0% +is about + + + align:start position:0% +is about +uh phase space densities + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh in a way let me just kind of + + align:start position:0% +uh in a way let me just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +uh in a way let me just kind of +probability of x and + + align:start position:0% +probability of x and + + + align:start position:0% +probability of x and +p. Of course, writing it down, you + + align:start position:0% +p. Of course, writing it down, you + + + align:start position:0% +p. Of course, writing it down, you +immediately see the problem. In quantum + + align:start position:0% +immediately see the problem. In quantum + + + align:start position:0% +immediately see the problem. In quantum +mechanics, you cannot measure X and P + + align:start position:0% +mechanics, you cannot measure X and P + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics, you cannot measure X and P +simultaneously. These are non-commuting + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously. These are non-commuting + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously. These are non-commuting +variables. So therefore, what happens is + + align:start position:0% +variables. So therefore, what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +variables. So therefore, what happens is +if you now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +define a phase base function which is + + align:start position:0% +define a phase base function which is + + + align:start position:0% +define a phase base function which is +done in quendom mechanics + + align:start position:0% +done in quendom mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +done in quendom mechanics +textbooks, you can actually do it in + + align:start position:0% +textbooks, you can actually do it in + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks, you can actually do it in +three different ways. And the three + + align:start position:0% +three different ways. And the three + + + align:start position:0% +three different ways. And the three +different ways are Q, P and + + align:start position:0% +different ways are Q, P and + + + align:start position:0% +different ways are Q, P and +W. Uh the definition I don't want to go + + align:start position:0% +W. Uh the definition I don't want to go + + + align:start position:0% +W. Uh the definition I don't want to go +through the mathematical subtleties. The + + align:start position:0% +through the mathematical subtleties. The + + + align:start position:0% +through the mathematical subtleties. The +definition of those functions involves + + align:start position:0% +definition of those functions involves + + + align:start position:0% +definition of those functions involves +the operator definition a and a dagger + + align:start position:0% +the operator definition a and a dagger + + + align:start position:0% +the operator definition a and a dagger +or which is equivalent the x and p + + align:start position:0% +or which is equivalent the x and p + + + align:start position:0% +or which is equivalent the x and p +operator. + + align:start position:0% +operator. + + + align:start position:0% +operator. +uh if you define something in units of x + + align:start position:0% +uh if you define something in units of x + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you define something in units of x +and p or a and a dga you can have a + + align:start position:0% +and p or a and a dga you can have a + + + align:start position:0% +and p or a and a dga you can have a +product which is fully symmetric in the + + align:start position:0% +product which is fully symmetric in the + + + align:start position:0% +product which is fully symmetric in the +ordering of xp + + align:start position:0% +ordering of xp + + + align:start position:0% +ordering of xp +uh which is anti-normal or normal. So in + + align:start position:0% +uh which is anti-normal or normal. So in + + + align:start position:0% +uh which is anti-normal or normal. So in +other word the order + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +matters and you have three choices in an + + align:start position:0% +matters and you have three choices in an + + + align:start position:0% +matters and you have three choices in an +operator product. You can have symmetric + + align:start position:0% +operator product. You can have symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +operator product. You can have symmetric +ordering which means not XP but XP plus + + align:start position:0% +ordering which means not XP but XP plus + + + align:start position:0% +ordering which means not XP but XP plus +PX then it's over two that's + + align:start position:0% +PX then it's over two that's + + + align:start position:0% +PX then it's over two that's +symmetric. You can have an ordering + + align:start position:0% +symmetric. You can have an ordering + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric. You can have an ordering +which is called normal and one which is + + align:start position:0% +which is called normal and one which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is called normal and one which is +called anti-normal. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ordering of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operators in + + align:start position:0% +operators in + + + align:start position:0% +operators in +the in the operator base + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +definition. Of course, if we have three + + align:start position:0% +definition. Of course, if we have three + + + align:start position:0% +definition. Of course, if we have three +choices, you would say which one is the + + align:start position:0% +choices, you would say which one is the + + + align:start position:0% +choices, you would say which one is the +best, which one is the winner? But the + + align:start position:0% +best, which one is the winner? But the + + + align:start position:0% +best, which one is the winner? But the +fact is all three have their advantages + + align:start position:0% +fact is all three have their advantages + + + align:start position:0% +fact is all three have their advantages +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +disadvantages. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, so they all have + + align:start position:0% +So, so they all have + + + align:start position:0% +So, so they all have +pluses and minuses. + + align:start position:0% +pluses and minuses. + + + align:start position:0% +pluses and minuses. +The reason why I picked for the cause Q + + align:start position:0% +The reason why I picked for the cause Q + + + align:start position:0% +The reason why I picked for the cause Q +of alpha is that it's a real + + align:start position:0% +of alpha is that it's a real + + + align:start position:0% +of alpha is that it's a real +probability. It's always + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +positive. It is a diagonal matrix + + align:start position:0% +positive. It is a diagonal matrix + + + align:start position:0% +positive. It is a diagonal matrix +element of a statistical operator and + + align:start position:0% +element of a statistical operator and + + + align:start position:0% +element of a statistical operator and +this has to be positive. So it's a real + + align:start position:0% +this has to be positive. So it's a real + + + align:start position:0% +this has to be positive. So it's a real +probability. The other guys P of alpha + + align:start position:0% +probability. The other guys P of alpha + + + align:start position:0% +probability. The other guys P of alpha +can be positive or negative and also W + + align:start position:0% +can be positive or negative and also W + + + align:start position:0% +can be positive or negative and also W +of alpha can be positive and + + align:start position:0% +of alpha can be positive and + + + align:start position:0% +of alpha can be positive and +negative. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh so if you use a P alpha distribution, + + align:start position:0% +Uh so if you use a P alpha distribution, + + + align:start position:0% +Uh so if you use a P alpha distribution, +statistical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operator can be written like + + align:start position:0% +operator can be written like + + + align:start position:0% +operator can be written like +this. And as a result + + align:start position:0% +this. And as a result + + + align:start position:0% +this. And as a result +uh the coherent + + align:start position:0% +uh the coherent + + + align:start position:0% +uh the coherent +state is now not this gausian doesn't + + align:start position:0% +state is now not this gausian doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +state is now not this gausian doesn't +have this gausian distribution as a + + align:start position:0% +have this gausian distribution as a + + + align:start position:0% +have this gausian distribution as a +cosai probability. It's what you want + + align:start position:0% +cosai probability. It's what you want + + + align:start position:0% +cosai probability. It's what you want +what maybe some of you wanted to see + + align:start position:0% +what maybe some of you wanted to see + + + align:start position:0% +what maybe some of you wanted to see +right away. It's a delta function. The + + align:start position:0% +right away. It's a delta function. The + + + align:start position:0% +right away. It's a delta function. The +probability of the coherent state alpha + + align:start position:0% +probability of the coherent state alpha + + + align:start position:0% +probability of the coherent state alpha +has a delta function peak at + + align:start position:0% +has a delta function peak at + + + align:start position:0% +has a delta function peak at +alpha which is sort of nice. + + align:start position:0% +alpha which is sort of nice. + + + align:start position:0% +alpha which is sort of nice. +And uh the number state is not sort of a + + align:start position:0% +And uh the number state is not sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +And uh the number state is not sort of a +ring of a finite radius. I just + + align:start position:0% +ring of a finite radius. I just + + + align:start position:0% +ring of a finite radius. I just +mentioned to you the number state. You + + align:start position:0% +mentioned to you the number state. You + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned to you the number state. You +would naively expect the energy is + + align:start position:0% +would naively expect the energy is + + + align:start position:0% +would naively expect the energy is +sharp. The square root of the energy is + + align:start position:0% +sharp. The square root of the energy is + + + align:start position:0% +sharp. The square root of the energy is +the electric field. Shouldn't it be char + + align:start position:0% +the electric field. Shouldn't it be char + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field. Shouldn't it be char +sharp? And indeed it is sharp. It's + + align:start position:0% +sharp? And indeed it is sharp. It's + + + align:start position:0% +sharp? And indeed it is sharp. It's +actually worse than a delta function. + + align:start position:0% +actually worse than a delta function. + + + align:start position:0% +actually worse than a delta function. +It's a derivative of a delta function. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +But at least here in the probability P + + align:start position:0% +But at least here in the probability P + + + align:start position:0% +But at least here in the probability P +which is also called the Cla Sudashan P + + align:start position:0% +which is also called the Cla Sudashan P + + + align:start position:0% +which is also called the Cla Sudashan P +representation you get sort of the delta + + align:start position:0% +representation you get sort of the delta + + + align:start position:0% +representation you get sort of the delta +function which may make which may which + + align:start position:0% +function which may make which may which + + + align:start position:0% +function which may make which may which +may be very natural for certain + + align:start position:0% +may be very natural for certain + + + align:start position:0% +may be very natural for certain +purposes since the parent states are all + + align:start position:0% +purposes since the parent states are all + + + align:start position:0% +purposes since the parent states are all +complete and you can express one in + + align:start position:0% +complete and you can express one in + + + align:start position:0% +complete and you can express one in +front of the other is that + + align:start position:0% +front of the other is that + + + align:start position:0% +front of the other is that +it is unique by by some symmetry choice + + align:start position:0% +it is unique by by some symmetry choice + + + align:start position:0% +it is unique by by some symmetry choice +here. Yeah, it's so that's the advantage + + align:start position:0% +here. Yeah, it's so that's the advantage + + + align:start position:0% +here. Yeah, it's so that's the advantage +of it that uh + + align:start position:0% +of it that uh + + + align:start position:0% +of it that uh +by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh I'm not going to get into the + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm not going to get into the + + + align:start position:0% +uh I'm not going to get into the +mathematics. I'm not giving you the + + align:start position:0% +mathematics. I'm not giving you the + + + align:start position:0% +mathematics. I'm not giving you the +definition but the way how it's defined + + align:start position:0% +definition but the way how it's defined + + + align:start position:0% +definition but the way how it's defined +it is unique. It can be written in such + + align:start position:0% +it is unique. It can be written in such + + + align:start position:0% +it is unique. It can be written in such +a way and the way how the quasi + + align:start position:0% +a way and the way how the quasi + + + align:start position:0% +a way and the way how the quasi +probabilities P uh the P representation + + align:start position:0% +probabilities P uh the P representation + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities P uh the P representation +is defined you get a delta function at + + align:start position:0% +is defined you get a delta function at + + + align:start position:0% +is defined you get a delta function at +the coherent + + align:start position:0% +the coherent + + + align:start position:0% +the coherent +state. Uh and finally W stands for vagna + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution and the vagna + + align:start position:0% +distribution and the vagna + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and the vagna +distribution is something you actually + + align:start position:0% +distribution is something you actually + + + align:start position:0% +distribution is something you actually +find in most quantum mechanics + + align:start position:0% +find in most quantum mechanics + + + align:start position:0% +find in most quantum mechanics +textbooks. The Q and P distribution are + + align:start position:0% +textbooks. The Q and P distribution are + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks. The Q and P distribution are +more common in quantum optics. But the + + align:start position:0% +more common in quantum optics. But the + + + align:start position:0% +more common in quantum optics. But the +weak distribution has the advantage that + + align:start position:0% +weak distribution has the advantage that + + + align:start position:0% +weak distribution has the advantage that +the projection on the x and y + + align:start position:0% +the projection on the x and y + + + align:start position:0% +the projection on the x and y +axis are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +indeed c of + + align:start position:0% +indeed c of + + + align:start position:0% +indeed c of +x² c of p square. So you get actually + + align:start position:0% +x² c of p square. So you get actually + + + align:start position:0% +x² c of p square. So you get actually +the xwave function and the pwave + + align:start position:0% +the xwave function and the pwave + + + align:start position:0% +the xwave function and the pwave +function. + + align:start position:0% +function. + + + align:start position:0% +function. +So now as a full disclaimer, if you want + + align:start position:0% +So now as a full disclaimer, if you want + + + align:start position:0% +So now as a full disclaimer, if you want +the electric field, which is the + + align:start position:0% +the electric field, which is the + + + align:start position:0% +the electric field, which is the +momentum of the harmonic oscillator, + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the harmonic oscillator, + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the harmonic oscillator, +which is the electromagnetic field, uh + + align:start position:0% +which is the electromagnetic field, uh + + + align:start position:0% +which is the electromagnetic field, uh +what you really want to project is the W + + align:start position:0% +what you really want to project is the W + + + align:start position:0% +what you really want to project is the W +function because for the W function, the + + align:start position:0% +function because for the W function, the + + + align:start position:0% +function because for the W function, the +VNA function, the projection is exactly + + align:start position:0% +VNA function, the projection is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +VNA function, the projection is exactly +the momentum distribution in the + + align:start position:0% +the momentum distribution in the + + + align:start position:0% +the momentum distribution in the +electric field. + + align:start position:0% +electric field. + + + align:start position:0% +electric field. +So the vagna distribution is + + align:start position:0% +So the vagna distribution is + + + align:start position:0% +So the vagna distribution is +closest + + align:start position:0% +closest + + + align:start position:0% +closest +to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +classical facebased + + align:start position:0% +classical facebased + + + align:start position:0% +classical facebased +distribution as close as you come uh + + align:start position:0% +distribution as close as you come uh + + + align:start position:0% +distribution as close as you come uh +without violating commutators. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh but of course it has the disadvantage + + align:start position:0% +uh but of course it has the disadvantage + + + align:start position:0% +uh but of course it has the disadvantage +that it has negative values and try to + + align:start position:0% +that it has negative values and try to + + + align:start position:0% +that it has negative values and try to +explain to your next neighbor what is a + + align:start position:0% +explain to your next neighbor what is a + + + align:start position:0% +explain to your next neighbor what is a +negative probability. + + align:start position:0% +negative probability. + + + align:start position:0% +negative probability. +Some people actually say + + align:start position:0% +Some people actually say + + + align:start position:0% +Some people actually say +uh negative probabilities bring out the + + align:start position:0% +uh negative probabilities bring out the + + + align:start position:0% +uh negative probabilities bring out the +non-class character. And I know in our + + align:start position:0% +non-class character. And I know in our + + + align:start position:0% +non-class character. And I know in our +field in amo physics a few years ago + + align:start position:0% +field in amo physics a few years ago + + + align:start position:0% +field in amo physics a few years ago +during my lifetime there were really + + align:start position:0% +during my lifetime there were really + + + align:start position:0% +during my lifetime there were really +attempts to use quantum state tomography + + align:start position:0% +attempts to use quantum state tomography + + + align:start position:0% +attempts to use quantum state tomography +and measure for the first time a + + align:start position:0% +and measure for the first time a + + + align:start position:0% +and measure for the first time a +negative weakner distribution and show + + align:start position:0% +negative weakner distribution and show + + + align:start position:0% +negative weakner distribution and show +that to the world. So that meant + + align:start position:0% +that to the world. So that meant + + + align:start position:0% +that to the world. So that meant +something to a lot of people. Anyway, + + align:start position:0% +something to a lot of people. Anyway, + + + align:start position:0% +something to a lot of people. Anyway, +uh you can read about it in in quandom + + align:start position:0% +uh you can read about it in in quandom + + + align:start position:0% +uh you can read about it in in quandom +physics textbooks. All I want you to + + align:start position:0% +physics textbooks. All I want you to + + + align:start position:0% +physics textbooks. All I want you to +know is to know about it. But then also + + align:start position:0% +know is to know about it. But then also + + + align:start position:0% +know is to know about it. But then also +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +relax the in the bigger picture all the + + align:start position:0% +relax the in the bigger picture all the + + + align:start position:0% +relax the in the bigger picture all the +three distributions are the same. It's + + align:start position:0% +three distributions are the same. It's + + + align:start position:0% +three distributions are the same. It's +more sort of on the level of whether + + align:start position:0% +more sort of on the level of whether + + + align:start position:0% +more sort of on the level of whether +something is a delta function or has + + align:start position:0% +something is a delta function or has + + + align:start position:0% +something is a delta function or has +width unity. So sort of on that small + + align:start position:0% +width unity. So sort of on that small + + + align:start position:0% +width unity. So sort of on that small +scale it matters. But if you map out + + align:start position:0% +scale it matters. But if you map out + + + align:start position:0% +scale it matters. But if you map out +something on a bigger scale, they are + + align:start position:0% +something on a bigger scale, they are + + + align:start position:0% +something on a bigger scale, they are +all related to each other. + + align:start position:0% +all related to each other. + + + align:start position:0% +all related to each other. +And for the rest of today and the next + + align:start position:0% +And for the rest of today and the next + + + align:start position:0% +And for the rest of today and the next +class when I show you those phase space + + align:start position:0% +class when I show you those phase space + + + align:start position:0% +class when I show you those phase space +distribution when I say I project uh + + align:start position:0% +distribution when I say I project uh + + + align:start position:0% +distribution when I say I project uh +onto the vertical axis to get the + + align:start position:0% +onto the vertical axis to get the + + + align:start position:0% +onto the vertical axis to get the +electric field I'm not completely + + align:start position:0% +electric field I'm not completely + + + align:start position:0% +electric field I'm not completely +rigorous which of the three functions I + + align:start position:0% +rigorous which of the three functions I + + + align:start position:0% +rigorous which of the three functions I +really + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +chosen. Any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions? Okay. + + align:start position:0% +questions? Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +questions? Okay. +Uh so I promised you and this is what we + + align:start position:0% +Uh so I promised you and this is what we + + + align:start position:0% +Uh so I promised you and this is what we +want to do now is we want to + + align:start position:0% +want to do now is we want to + + + align:start position:0% +want to do now is we want to +understand in more + + align:start position:0% +understand in more + + + align:start position:0% +understand in more +debts the fluctuations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And in + + align:start position:0% +And in + + + align:start position:0% +And in +particular, I want to show + + align:start position:0% +particular, I want to show + + + align:start position:0% +particular, I want to show +you that coherent states are minimum + + align:start position:0% +you that coherent states are minimum + + + align:start position:0% +you that coherent states are minimum +uncertainty states. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So by identifying the vertical axis with + + align:start position:0% +So by identifying the vertical axis with + + + align:start position:0% +So by identifying the vertical axis with +P, the horizontal axis with X, we + + align:start position:0% +P, the horizontal axis with X, we + + + align:start position:0% +P, the horizontal axis with X, we +immediately expect that we find a result + + align:start position:0% +immediately expect that we find a result + + + align:start position:0% +immediately expect that we find a result +related to the Heisenberg uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +related to the Heisenberg uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +related to the Heisenberg uncertainty +principle which says that the widths in + + align:start position:0% +principle which says that the widths in + + + align:start position:0% +principle which says that the widths in +P and the widths in Q has to be larger + + align:start position:0% +P and the widths in Q has to be larger + + + align:start position:0% +P and the widths in Q has to be larger +than H bar over + + align:start position:0% +than H bar over + + + align:start position:0% +than H bar over +two. And + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we are mainly talking with + + align:start position:0% +uh we are mainly talking with + + + align:start position:0% +uh we are mainly talking with +light about the photon creation and + + align:start position:0% +light about the photon creation and + + + align:start position:0% +light about the photon creation and +annihilation operator. + + align:start position:0% +annihilation operator. + + + align:start position:0% +annihilation operator. +But just as a + + align:start position:0% +But just as a + + + align:start position:0% +But just as a +reminder, the momentum and position + + align:start position:0% +reminder, the momentum and position + + + align:start position:0% +reminder, the momentum and position +operator + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh are symmetric and anti-ymmetric + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +combinations. So let me just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +call + + align:start position:0% +call + + + align:start position:0% +call +those pre + + align:start position:0% +those pre + + + align:start position:0% +those pre +factors Q + + align:start position:0% +factors Q + + + align:start position:0% +factors Q +not and this one P + + align:start position:0% +not and this one P + + + align:start position:0% +not and this one P +not. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um well + + align:start position:0% +Um well + + + align:start position:0% +Um well +um we can then + + align:start position:0% +um we can then + + + align:start position:0% +um we can then +immediately by just using elementary + + align:start position:0% +immediately by just using elementary + + + align:start position:0% +immediately by just using elementary +commutator + + align:start position:0% +commutator + + + align:start position:0% +commutator +calculate what are the expectation + + align:start position:0% +calculate what are the expectation + + + align:start position:0% +calculate what are the expectation +values in a coherent state for + + align:start position:0% +values in a coherent state for + + + align:start position:0% +values in a coherent state for +p² q and + + align:start position:0% +p² q and + + + align:start position:0% +p² q and +q². + + align:start position:0% +q². + + + align:start position:0% +q². +Uh for P it is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh the P operator is AGA minus A. If we + + align:start position:0% +uh the P operator is AGA minus A. If we + + + align:start position:0% +uh the P operator is AGA minus A. If we +act with A on alpha we get alpha because + + align:start position:0% +act with A on alpha we get alpha because + + + align:start position:0% +act with A on alpha we get alpha because +alpha the coherent state is an igen + + align:start position:0% +alpha the coherent state is an igen + + + align:start position:0% +alpha the coherent state is an igen +state of alpha. with a dagger. Well, + + align:start position:0% +state of alpha. with a dagger. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +state of alpha. with a dagger. Well, +with a dagger, we act on the left hand + + align:start position:0% +with a dagger, we act on the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +with a dagger, we act on the left hand +side and we got we get alpha + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +star. + + align:start position:0% +star. + + + align:start position:0% +star. +Uh well, with p square and q you have to + + align:start position:0% +Uh well, with p square and q you have to + + + align:start position:0% +Uh well, with p square and q you have to +use one or two more steps to get rid of + + align:start position:0% +use one or two more steps to get rid of + + + align:start position:0% +use one or two more steps to get rid of +the products, but ultimately you can + + align:start position:0% +the products, but ultimately you can + + + align:start position:0% +the products, but ultimately you can +express all that just in powers of + + align:start position:0% +express all that just in powers of + + + align:start position:0% +express all that just in powers of +alpha, alpha square, al alpha star and + + align:start position:0% +alpha, alpha square, al alpha star and + + + align:start position:0% +alpha, alpha square, al alpha star and +such. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So uh what we want is we want to find + + align:start position:0% +So uh what we want is we want to find + + + align:start position:0% +So uh what we want is we want to find +out what are the fluctuations delta Q + + align:start position:0% +out what are the fluctuations delta Q + + + align:start position:0% +out what are the fluctuations delta Q +delta + + align:start position:0% +delta + + + align:start position:0% +delta +P. Just as a + + align:start position:0% +P. Just as a + + + align:start position:0% +P. Just as a +reminder, delta Q² is of course + + align:start position:0% +reminder, delta Q² is of course + + + align:start position:0% +reminder, delta Q² is of course +Q² average minus Q average squared and Q + + align:start position:0% +Q² average minus Q average squared and Q + + + align:start position:0% +Q² average minus Q average squared and Q +square average and Q ^2 is what we have + + align:start position:0% +square average and Q ^2 is what we have + + + align:start position:0% +square average and Q ^2 is what we have +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +calculated. So + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh actually let me leave it in as a + + align:start position:0% +uh actually let me leave it in as a + + + align:start position:0% +uh actually let me leave it in as a +reminder for you. Q square minus Q + + align:start position:0% +reminder for you. Q square minus Q + + + align:start position:0% +reminder for you. Q square minus Q +average square the square root of it and + + align:start position:0% +average square the square root of it and + + + align:start position:0% +average square the square root of it and +what we find is + + align:start position:0% +what we find is + + + align:start position:0% +what we find is +uh is that it's square<unk> h bar over 2 + + align:start position:0% +uh is that it's square<unk> h bar over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +uh is that it's square<unk> h bar over 2 +omega and for delta p it is square<unk> + + align:start position:0% +omega and for delta p it is square<unk> + + + align:start position:0% +omega and for delta p it is square<unk> +h bar over omega 2 and what we here what + + align:start position:0% +h bar over omega 2 and what we here what + + + align:start position:0% +h bar over omega 2 and what we here what +what we verify that indeed for a + + align:start position:0% +what we verify that indeed for a + + + align:start position:0% +what we verify that indeed for a +coherent state the product of the two is + + align:start position:0% +coherent state the product of the two is + + + align:start position:0% +coherent state the product of the two is +heisenberg uncertainty limit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So + + align:start position:0% +So + + + align:start position:0% +So +therefore, coherent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +states are minimum uncertainty states. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And maybe Colin to address your + + align:start position:0% +And maybe Colin to address your + + + align:start position:0% +And maybe Colin to address your +question, I could imagine that coherent + + align:start position:0% +question, I could imagine that coherent + + + align:start position:0% +question, I could imagine that coherent +states were maybe invented by simply + + align:start position:0% +states were maybe invented by simply + + + align:start position:0% +states were maybe invented by simply +saying we have an harmonic oscillator. + + align:start position:0% +saying we have an harmonic oscillator. + + + align:start position:0% +saying we have an harmonic oscillator. +We want to find the minimum uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +We want to find the minimum uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +We want to find the minimum uncertainty +states. the minimum uncertainty states + + align:start position:0% +states. the minimum uncertainty states + + + align:start position:0% +states. the minimum uncertainty states +for which uh the uncertainty in X and P + + align:start position:0% +for which uh the uncertainty in X and P + + + align:start position:0% +for which uh the uncertainty in X and P +when expressed in natural units is the + + align:start position:0% +when expressed in natural units is the + + + align:start position:0% +when expressed in natural units is the +same. In other words, the coherent state + + align:start position:0% +same. In other words, the coherent state + + + align:start position:0% +same. In other words, the coherent state +is the solution to the following + + align:start position:0% +is the solution to the following + + + align:start position:0% +is the solution to the following +question. If you plot the + + align:start position:0% +question. If you plot the + + + align:start position:0% +question. If you plot the +quasi probability + + align:start position:0% +quasi probability + + + align:start position:0% +quasi probability +distribution, you give yourself an + + align:start position:0% +distribution, you give yourself an + + + align:start position:0% +distribution, you give yourself an +uncertain and you give yourself an + + align:start position:0% +uncertain and you give yourself an + + + align:start position:0% +uncertain and you give yourself an +uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty +area one. The horizontal uncertainty is + + align:start position:0% +area one. The horizontal uncertainty is + + + align:start position:0% +area one. The horizontal uncertainty is +delta + + align:start position:0% +delta + + + align:start position:0% +delta +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Q. The vertical uncertainty is delta P. + + align:start position:0% +Q. The vertical uncertainty is delta P. + + + align:start position:0% +Q. The vertical uncertainty is delta P. +And + + align:start position:0% +And + + + align:start position:0% +And +uh the minimum uncertainty state means + + align:start position:0% +uh the minimum uncertainty state means + + + align:start position:0% +uh the minimum uncertainty state means +that the area of the two uncertainties + + align:start position:0% +that the area of the two uncertainties + + + align:start position:0% +that the area of the two uncertainties +the area of the shaded region + + align:start position:0% +the area of the shaded region + + + align:start position:0% +the area of the shaded region +uh delta p * delta q + + align:start position:0% +uh delta p * delta q + + + align:start position:0% +uh delta p * delta q +is h bar / + + align:start position:0% +is h bar / + + + align:start position:0% +is h bar / +2 or if I want to rewrite that + + align:start position:0% +2 or if I want to rewrite that + + + align:start position:0% +2 or if I want to rewrite that +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in yes in uh the real + + align:start position:0% +in yes in uh the real + + + align:start position:0% +in yes in uh the real +part of alpha times the uncertainty in + + align:start position:0% +part of alpha times the uncertainty in + + + align:start position:0% +part of alpha times the uncertainty in +the imaginary part of alpha for the + + align:start position:0% +the imaginary part of alpha for the + + + align:start position:0% +the imaginary part of alpha for the +quasi probabilities then this is 14th + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay. So what we have learned is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh just one sec we have learned about + + align:start position:0% +uh just one sec we have learned about + + + align:start position:0% +uh just one sec we have learned about +one way to + + align:start position:0% +one way to + + + align:start position:0% +one way to +characterize + + align:start position:0% +characterize + + + align:start position:0% +characterize +uncertainties the quantumness of the + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties the quantumness of the + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties the quantumness of the +electromagnetic field by uh looking at + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field by uh looking at + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic field by uh looking at +the uncertainties in the x and p + + align:start position:0% +the uncertainties in the x and p + + + align:start position:0% +the uncertainties in the x and p +variable and that led us to minimum + + align:start position:0% +variable and that led us to minimum + + + align:start position:0% +variable and that led us to minimum +uncertainty states. Now I want to now + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty states. Now I want to now + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty states. Now I want to now +introduce to you two other ways of + + align:start position:0% +introduce to you two other ways of + + + align:start position:0% +introduce to you two other ways of +characterizing + + align:start position:0% +characterizing + + + align:start position:0% +characterizing +uh the uncertainty of quantum states of + + align:start position:0% +uh the uncertainty of quantum states of + + + align:start position:0% +uh the uncertainty of quantum states of +light. One is we can ask + + align:start position:0% +light. One is we can ask + + + align:start position:0% +light. One is we can ask +uh what are the fluctuations in the + + align:start position:0% +uh what are the fluctuations in the + + + align:start position:0% +uh what are the fluctuations in the +photon number. Right now we have asked + + align:start position:0% +photon number. Right now we have asked + + + align:start position:0% +photon number. Right now we have asked +what are the fluctuations in the + + align:start position:0% +what are the fluctuations in the + + + align:start position:0% +what are the fluctuations in the +electric field. But the next question is + + align:start position:0% +electric field. But the next question is + + + align:start position:0% +electric field. But the next question is +what are the fluctuation in the photon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +number or we can ask what are + + align:start position:0% +number or we can ask what are + + + align:start position:0% +number or we can ask what are +fluctuations in the intensity when we + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in the intensity when we + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations in the intensity when we +measure the intensity of the + + align:start position:0% +measure the intensity of the + + + align:start position:0% +measure the intensity of the +electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic +field. So let's do that. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fluctuations seems I've lost my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lines. Okay. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, so the fluctuations of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intensity are usually expressed by the + + align:start position:0% +intensity are usually expressed by the + + + align:start position:0% +intensity are usually expressed by the +second order temporal coherence function + + align:start position:0% +second order temporal coherence function + + + align:start position:0% +second order temporal coherence function +and that's what we want to introduce + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we want to introduce + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we want to introduce +now. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yes, this is the second + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +order + + align:start position:0% +order + + + align:start position:0% +order +temporal correlation or + + align:start position:0% +temporal correlation or + + + align:start position:0% +temporal correlation or +coherence function. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +What I'm always encountering in this + + align:start position:0% +What I'm always encountering in this + + + align:start position:0% +What I'm always encountering in this +course is I would just like to + + align:start position:0% +course is I would just like to + + + align:start position:0% +course is I would just like to +immediately tell you how it is defined + + align:start position:0% +immediately tell you how it is defined + + + align:start position:0% +immediately tell you how it is defined +in terms of a and a daggers. It's + + align:start position:0% +in terms of a and a daggers. It's + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of a and a daggers. It's +simple. It's quantum mechanical. It's + + align:start position:0% +simple. It's quantum mechanical. It's + + + align:start position:0% +simple. It's quantum mechanical. It's +exact. But I always feel that if you + + align:start position:0% +exact. But I always feel that if you + + + align:start position:0% +exact. But I always feel that if you +want to really appreciate the quantum + + align:start position:0% +want to really appreciate the quantum + + + align:start position:0% +want to really appreciate the quantum +character, you have to know the + + align:start position:0% +character, you have to know the + + + align:start position:0% +character, you have to know the +classical description first. So I want + + align:start position:0% +classical description first. So I want + + + align:start position:0% +classical description first. So I want +to first tell you what is the second + + align:start position:0% +to first tell you what is the second + + + align:start position:0% +to first tell you what is the second +order uh coherence function for + + align:start position:0% +order uh coherence function for + + + align:start position:0% +order uh coherence function for +classical light which has a classical + + align:start position:0% +classical light which has a classical + + + align:start position:0% +classical light which has a classical +description and then you see what is the + + align:start position:0% +description and then you see what is the + + + align:start position:0% +description and then you see what is the +difference uh for quantum states of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +light. So the classical description is + + align:start position:0% +light. So the classical description is + + + align:start position:0% +light. So the classical description is +you measure the intensity of light. Well + + align:start position:0% +you measure the intensity of light. Well + + + align:start position:0% +you measure the intensity of light. Well +you're just sitting here you receive + + align:start position:0% +you're just sitting here you receive + + + align:start position:0% +you're just sitting here you receive +light from a light bulb. You measure the + + align:start position:0% +light from a light bulb. You measure the + + + align:start position:0% +light from a light bulb. You measure the +intensity at time + + align:start position:0% +intensity at time + + + align:start position:0% +intensity at time +t. You measure the + + align:start position:0% +t. You measure the + + + align:start position:0% +t. You measure the +intensity time towel later and then you + + align:start position:0% +intensity time towel later and then you + + + align:start position:0% +intensity time towel later and then you +form the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +product and you normalize it by the + + align:start position:0% +product and you normalize it by the + + + align:start position:0% +product and you normalize it by the +average intensity squared. + + align:start position:0% +average intensity squared. + + + align:start position:0% +average intensity squared. +So if toao equals zero, it's nothing + + align:start position:0% +So if toao equals zero, it's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +So if toao equals zero, it's nothing +else than the intensity squared average + + align:start position:0% +else than the intensity squared average + + + align:start position:0% +else than the intensity squared average +divided by the average of the intensity + + align:start position:0% +divided by the average of the intensity + + + align:start position:0% +divided by the average of the intensity +squared. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So this is the classical + + align:start position:0% +So this is the classical + + + align:start position:0% +So this is the classical +definition g2 of + + align:start position:0% +definition g2 of + + + align:start position:0% +definition g2 of +toao and uh I've left the proof to the + + align:start position:0% +toao and uh I've left the proof to the + + + align:start position:0% +toao and uh I've left the proof to the +homework to show that + + align:start position:0% +homework to show that + + + align:start position:0% +homework to show that +uh the + + align:start position:0% +uh the + + + align:start position:0% +uh the +classical g2 of toao is always larger + + align:start position:0% +classical g2 of toao is always larger + + + align:start position:0% +classical g2 of toao is always larger +than one. + + align:start position:0% +than one. + + + align:start position:0% +than one. +Well, it's pretty much what you show is + + align:start position:0% +Well, it's pretty much what you show is + + + align:start position:0% +Well, it's pretty much what you show is +for TOAO equals zero, it means you know + + align:start position:0% +for TOAO equals zero, it means you know + + + align:start position:0% +for TOAO equals zero, it means you know +I square average is larger than I + + align:start position:0% +I square average is larger than I + + + align:start position:0% +I square average is larger than I +average square, which is of course + + align:start position:0% +average square, which is of course + + + align:start position:0% +average square, which is of course +always the case. But you can show that + + align:start position:0% +always the case. But you can show that + + + align:start position:0% +always the case. But you can show that +this is also the case for + + align:start position:0% +this is also the case for + + + align:start position:0% +this is also the case for +finite. + + align:start position:0% +finite. + + + align:start position:0% +finite. +So quantum mechanically we will see that + + align:start position:0% +So quantum mechanically we will see that + + + align:start position:0% +So quantum mechanically we will see that +the G2 function is not necessarily + + align:start position:0% +the G2 function is not necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +the G2 function is not necessarily +larger than one. It can be smaller than + + align:start position:0% +larger than one. It can be smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +larger than one. It can be smaller than +one. And that's actually an interesting + + align:start position:0% +one. And that's actually an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +one. And that's actually an interesting +you can say litmus test for the + + align:start position:0% +you can say litmus test for the + + + align:start position:0% +you can say litmus test for the +quantumness. If you if you + + align:start position:0% +quantumness. If you if you + + + align:start position:0% +quantumness. If you if you +generate states of the electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +generate states of the electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +generate states of the electromagnetic +field fox state photo number states we + + align:start position:0% +field fox state photo number states we + + + align:start position:0% +field fox state photo number states we +see that in a moment and they have a G2 + + align:start position:0% +see that in a moment and they have a G2 + + + align:start position:0% +see that in a moment and they have a G2 +of TOAO which is smaller than one. You + + align:start position:0% +of TOAO which is smaller than one. You + + + align:start position:0% +of TOAO which is smaller than one. You +know it is not possible in any way to + + align:start position:0% +know it is not possible in any way to + + + align:start position:0% +know it is not possible in any way to +associate an intensity an intensity of + + align:start position:0% +associate an intensity an intensity of + + + align:start position:0% +associate an intensity an intensity of +the electromagnetic field uh with that + + align:start position:0% +the electromagnetic field uh with that + + + align:start position:0% +the electromagnetic field uh with that +photon state because whenever you can + + align:start position:0% +photon state because whenever you can + + + align:start position:0% +photon state because whenever you can +associate a classical intensity with + + align:start position:0% +associate a classical intensity with + + + align:start position:0% +associate a classical intensity with +that and and use a classical intensity + + align:start position:0% +that and and use a classical intensity + + + align:start position:0% +that and and use a classical intensity +to calculate the second order + + align:start position:0% +to calculate the second order + + + align:start position:0% +to calculate the second order +correlation function you get something + + align:start position:0% +correlation function you get something + + + align:start position:0% +correlation function you get something +which is larger than one. So often + + align:start position:0% +which is larger than one. So often + + + align:start position:0% +which is larger than one. So often +therefore again when people want to show + + align:start position:0% +therefore again when people want to show + + + align:start position:0% +therefore again when people want to show +we really have now non-class photon + + align:start position:0% +we really have now non-class photon + + + align:start position:0% +we really have now non-class photon +states they show that G2 of TOAO is + + align:start position:0% +states they show that G2 of TOAO is + + + align:start position:0% +states they show that G2 of TOAO is +smaller than one. This is similar to + + align:start position:0% +smaller than one. This is similar to + + + align:start position:0% +smaller than one. This is similar to +what I said before when you want to show + + align:start position:0% +what I said before when you want to show + + + align:start position:0% +what I said before when you want to show +that uh you have non-class light you do + + align:start position:0% +that uh you have non-class light you do + + + align:start position:0% +that uh you have non-class light you do +quantum state tomography measure the + + align:start position:0% +quantum state tomography measure the + + + align:start position:0% +quantum state tomography measure the +weakener distribution and show that the + + align:start position:0% +weakener distribution and show that the + + + align:start position:0% +weakener distribution and show that the +weakener distribution has negative + + align:start position:0% +weakener distribution has negative + + + align:start position:0% +weakener distribution has negative +crossair probabilities. That's again + + align:start position:0% +crossair probabilities. That's again + + + align:start position:0% +crossair probabilities. That's again +something which is classically not + + align:start position:0% +something which is classically not + + + align:start position:0% +something which is classically not +possible. It's only possible if you have + + align:start position:0% +possible. It's only possible if you have + + + align:start position:0% +possible. It's only possible if you have +a true if you have a truly non-class + + align:start position:0% +a true if you have a truly non-class + + + align:start position:0% +a true if you have a truly non-class +state. Yeah. So in the definition of G2 + + align:start position:0% +state. Yeah. So in the definition of G2 + + + align:start position:0% +state. Yeah. So in the definition of G2 +classical the expectation values you + + align:start position:0% +classical the expectation values you + + + align:start position:0% +classical the expectation values you +mean averaging over time not over like + + align:start position:0% +mean averaging over time not over like + + + align:start position:0% +mean averaging over time not over like +ensembles of IoT. + + align:start position:0% +ensembles of IoT. + + + align:start position:0% +ensembles of IoT. +Uh + + align:start position:0% +Uh + + + align:start position:0% +Uh +okay that's yeah you can average over + + align:start position:0% +okay that's yeah you can average over + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's yeah you can average over +ensembles. So you can have you know + + align:start position:0% +ensembles. So you can have you know + + + align:start position:0% +ensembles. So you can have you know +1,000 light bulbs switch them all on and + + align:start position:0% +1,000 light bulbs switch them all on and + + + align:start position:0% +1,000 light bulbs switch them all on and +then measure at a certain time that. But + + align:start position:0% +then measure at a certain time that. But + + + align:start position:0% +then measure at a certain time that. But +what we assume here is that it's the + + align:start position:0% +what we assume here is that it's the + + + align:start position:0% +what we assume here is that it's the +light bulb is on continuously. So things + + align:start position:0% +light bulb is on continuously. So things + + + align:start position:0% +light bulb is on continuously. So things +don't really depend on + + align:start position:0% +don't really depend on + + + align:start position:0% +don't really depend on +T. So you can set so so I mean I've + + align:start position:0% +T. So you can set so so I mean I've + + + align:start position:0% +T. So you can set so so I mean I've +implicitly taken care of it by defining + + align:start position:0% +implicitly taken care of it by defining + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly taken care of it by defining +the G2 function only of TOAO and not of + + align:start position:0% +the G2 function only of TOAO and not of + + + align:start position:0% +the G2 function only of TOAO and not of +T and TOAO. You assume any time is the + + align:start position:0% +T and TOAO. You assume any time is the + + + align:start position:0% +T and TOAO. You assume any time is the +same because it's it's a distribution. + + align:start position:0% +same because it's it's a distribution. + + + align:start position:0% +same because it's it's a distribution. +It's ensemble in steady state. But I + + align:start position:0% +It's ensemble in steady state. But I + + + align:start position:0% +It's ensemble in steady state. But I +mean it's a sort of the same story again + + align:start position:0% +mean it's a sort of the same story again + + + align:start position:0% +mean it's a sort of the same story again +and again in classical physics. You can + + align:start position:0% +and again in classical physics. You can + + + align:start position:0% +and again in classical physics. You can +determine an ensemble average by taking + + align:start position:0% +determine an ensemble average by taking + + + align:start position:0% +determine an ensemble average by taking +an agotic system and observing it at + + align:start position:0% +an agotic system and observing it at + + + align:start position:0% +an agotic system and observing it at +many many times. And then the idea is + + align:start position:0% +many many times. And then the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +many many times. And then the idea is +that one system as time goes by will + + align:start position:0% +that one system as time goes by will + + + align:start position:0% +that one system as time goes by will +sample all possible states or you can + + align:start position:0% +sample all possible states or you can + + + align:start position:0% +sample all possible states or you can +prepare many many identical systems and + + align:start position:0% +prepare many many identical systems and + + + align:start position:0% +prepare many many identical systems and +do more what is an ensemble average. So + + align:start position:0% +do more what is an ensemble average. So + + + align:start position:0% +do more what is an ensemble average. So +in other words, you would actually think + + align:start position:0% +in other words, you would actually think + + + align:start position:0% +in other words, you would actually think +if you switch on a light bulb with a + + align:start position:0% +if you switch on a light bulb with a + + + align:start position:0% +if you switch on a light bulb with a +stable power supply that the light + + align:start position:0% +stable power supply that the light + + + align:start position:0% +stable power supply that the light +emitted by the light bulb will go + + align:start position:0% +emitted by the light bulb will go + + + align:start position:0% +emitted by the light bulb will go +through all possible quantum states as + + align:start position:0% +through all possible quantum states as + + + align:start position:0% +through all possible quantum states as +time evolves and therefore the temporal + + align:start position:0% +time evolves and therefore the temporal + + + align:start position:0% +time evolves and therefore the temporal +average is equal to the ensemble + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +average. Okay. So now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh so how do we + + align:start position:0% +uh so how do we + + + align:start position:0% +uh so how do we +generalize that to quentum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mechanics? + + align:start position:0% +mechanics? + + + align:start position:0% +mechanics? +Well, one possibility would + + align:start position:0% +Well, one possibility would + + + align:start position:0% +Well, one possibility would +be that okay, first of all, for quantum + + align:start position:0% +be that okay, first of all, for quantum + + + align:start position:0% +be that okay, first of all, for quantum +mechanics, we have to use + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +operators. And + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh you know one choice would be that + + align:start position:0% +uh you know one choice would be that + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know one choice would be that +well you say the intensity of the + + align:start position:0% +well you say the intensity of the + + + align:start position:0% +well you say the intensity of the +electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +electromagnetic +wave is proportional to the electric + + align:start position:0% +wave is proportional to the electric + + + align:start position:0% +wave is proportional to the electric +field squared and you want to use the + + align:start position:0% +field squared and you want to use the + + + align:start position:0% +field squared and you want to use the +operator for the electric field squared. + + align:start position:0% +operator for the electric field squared. + + + align:start position:0% +operator for the electric field squared. +Now there is a little bit of a problem + + align:start position:0% +Now there is a little bit of a problem + + + align:start position:0% +Now there is a little bit of a problem +because what we really mean quantum + + align:start position:0% +because what we really mean quantum + + + align:start position:0% +because what we really mean quantum +mechanically by G2 of TOAO is we measure + + align:start position:0% +mechanically by G2 of TOAO is we measure + + + align:start position:0% +mechanically by G2 of TOAO is we measure +the intensity now and a little bit + + align:start position:0% +the intensity now and a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +the intensity now and a little bit +later. But measuring the intensity + + align:start position:0% +later. But measuring the intensity + + + align:start position:0% +later. But measuring the intensity +really means absorbing photons because + + align:start position:0% +really means absorbing photons because + + + align:start position:0% +really means absorbing photons because +the only way how you can measure the + + align:start position:0% +the only way how you can measure the + + + align:start position:0% +the only way how you can measure the +intensity of light is with a photo + + align:start position:0% +intensity of light is with a photo + + + align:start position:0% +intensity of light is with a photo +multiplier. It makes click. The photon + + align:start position:0% +multiplier. It makes click. The photon + + + align:start position:0% +multiplier. It makes click. The photon +is absorbed. And this is not fully + + align:start position:0% +is absorbed. And this is not fully + + + align:start position:0% +is absorbed. And this is not fully +described by the electric field. Just + + align:start position:0% +described by the electric field. Just + + + align:start position:0% +described by the electric field. Just +assume you have no photon. You are in + + align:start position:0% +assume you have no photon. You are in + + + align:start position:0% +assume you have no photon. You are in +the zero point state of your harmonic + + align:start position:0% +the zero point state of your harmonic + + + align:start position:0% +the zero point state of your harmonic +oscillator and your E square is has zero + + align:start position:0% +oscillator and your E square is has zero + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator and your E square is has zero +point fluctuations. + + align:start position:0% +point fluctuations. + + + align:start position:0% +point fluctuations. +So what is more closely related to an + + align:start position:0% +So what is more closely related to an + + + align:start position:0% +So what is more closely related to an +experiment, how you measure the + + align:start position:0% +experiment, how you measure the + + + align:start position:0% +experiment, how you measure the +correlation function is uh you want to + + align:start position:0% +correlation function is uh you want to + + + align:start position:0% +correlation function is uh you want to +look + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at at something else namely at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +probability of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh absorb ing two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +photons. So you start with an initial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state, you annihilate two photons and + + align:start position:0% +state, you annihilate two photons and + + + align:start position:0% +state, you annihilate two photons and +then you have a final state. + + align:start position:0% +then you have a final state. + + + align:start position:0% +then you have a final state. +But if you are only interested in what + + align:start position:0% +But if you are only interested in what + + + align:start position:0% +But if you are only interested in what +is the probability you want to + + align:start position:0% +is the probability you want to + + + align:start position:0% +is the probability you want to +characterize your initial state, you may + + align:start position:0% +characterize your initial state, you may + + + align:start position:0% +characterize your initial state, you may +want to sum over all final state and + + align:start position:0% +want to sum over all final state and + + + align:start position:0% +want to sum over all final state and +this is your total probability that you + + align:start position:0% +this is your total probability that you + + + align:start position:0% +this is your total probability that you +can absorb two photons out of an initial + + align:start position:0% +can absorb two photons out of an initial + + + align:start position:0% +can absorb two photons out of an initial +state. But since you in sum now over all + + align:start position:0% +state. But since you in sum now over all + + + align:start position:0% +state. But since you in sum now over all +final state uh this turns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +into you know now I could put for you in + + align:start position:0% +into you know now I could put for you in + + + align:start position:0% +into you know now I could put for you in +as in you know the fi the final state as + + align:start position:0% +as in you know the fi the final state as + + + align:start position:0% +as in you know the fi the final state as +a complete basis but I can also take it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out. So this is what we + + align:start position:0% +out. So this is what we + + + align:start position:0% +out. So this is what we +get. + + align:start position:0% +get. + + + align:start position:0% +get. +So this suggests that experiments where + + align:start position:0% +So this suggests that experiments where + + + align:start position:0% +So this suggests that experiments where +we look + + align:start position:0% +we look + + + align:start position:0% +we look +at two subsequent clicks of a photo + + align:start position:0% +at two subsequent clicks of a photo + + + align:start position:0% +at two subsequent clicks of a photo +multiplier where we determine the photon + + align:start position:0% +multiplier where we determine the photon + + + align:start position:0% +multiplier where we determine the photon +correlation that this is measuring a + + align:start position:0% +correlation that this is measuring a + + + align:start position:0% +correlation that this is measuring a +correlation + + align:start position:0% +correlation + + + align:start position:0% +correlation +function which for quantum states of + + align:start position:0% +function which for quantum states of + + + align:start position:0% +function which for quantum states of +light should be defined as the + + align:start position:0% +light should be defined as the + + + align:start position:0% +light should be defined as the +expectation + + align:start position:0% +expectation + + + align:start position:0% +expectation +value of a da aga + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +E and now we have to normalize by uh the + + align:start position:0% +E and now we have to normalize by uh the + + + align:start position:0% +E and now we have to normalize by uh the +probability squared of absorbing one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +photon which is a dga a expectation + + align:start position:0% +photon which is a dga a expectation + + + align:start position:0% +photon which is a dga a expectation +value + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squared. I just try to be little bit + + align:start position:0% +squared. I just try to be little bit + + + align:start position:0% +squared. I just try to be little bit +sort of too motivated. In many many + + align:start position:0% +sort of too motivated. In many many + + + align:start position:0% +sort of too motivated. In many many +textbooks the discussion would start + + align:start position:0% +textbooks the discussion would start + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks the discussion would start +with this expression. and you ask where + + align:start position:0% +with this expression. and you ask where + + + align:start position:0% +with this expression. and you ask where +does it come from and you realize yes + + align:start position:0% +does it come from and you realize yes + + + align:start position:0% +does it come from and you realize yes +for some uh measurement with photo + + align:start position:0% +for some uh measurement with photo + + + align:start position:0% +for some uh measurement with photo +multipliers that's what you measure but + + align:start position:0% +multipliers that's what you measure but + + + align:start position:0% +multipliers that's what you measure but +I wanted to sort of show you how it is + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to sort of show you how it is + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to sort of show you how it is +related uh to the + + align:start position:0% +related uh to the + + + align:start position:0% +related uh to the +uh intensity correlation function + + align:start position:0% +uh intensity correlation function + + + align:start position:0% +uh intensity correlation function +defined classically Cody but this looks + + align:start position:0% +defined classically Cody but this looks + + + align:start position:0% +defined classically Cody but this looks +like it's constant in tal um which + + align:start position:0% +like it's constant in tal um which + + + align:start position:0% +like it's constant in tal um which +doesn't really make sense intuitively to + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really make sense intuitively to + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't really make sense intuitively to +me because at least classically it + + align:start position:0% +me because at least classically it + + + align:start position:0% +me because at least classically it +shouldn't be constant in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, that's the next thing I wanted to + + align:start position:0% +Okay, that's the next thing I wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, that's the next thing I wanted to +say is I've swept here. I mean, I just + + align:start position:0% +say is I've swept here. I mean, I just + + + align:start position:0% +say is I've swept here. I mean, I just +wanted to give you the the structure of + + align:start position:0% +wanted to give you the the structure of + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to give you the the structure of +the operators and not get sort of + + align:start position:0% +the operators and not get sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the operators and not get sort of +distracted by discussing time. I've + + align:start position:0% +distracted by discussing time. I've + + + align:start position:0% +distracted by discussing time. I've +dropped the time argument here. But the + + align:start position:0% +dropped the time argument here. But the + + + align:start position:0% +dropped the time argument here. But the +fact is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh that as long as + + align:start position:0% +uh that as long as + + + align:start position:0% +uh that as long as +we limit ourselves to a single mode of + + align:start position:0% +we limit ourselves to a single mode of + + + align:start position:0% +we limit ourselves to a single mode of +the electromagnetic field, a single + + align:start position:0% +the electromagnetic field, a single + + + align:start position:0% +the electromagnetic field, a single +harmonic oscillator, things are + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator, things are + + + align:start position:0% +harmonic oscillator, things are +independent of + + align:start position:0% +independent of + + + align:start position:0% +independent of +TOAO. In other words, uh G2 of TOAO + + align:start position:0% +TOAO. In other words, uh G2 of TOAO + + + align:start position:0% +TOAO. In other words, uh G2 of TOAO +equals G2 of zero. As long as we're + + align:start position:0% +equals G2 of zero. As long as we're + + + align:start position:0% +equals G2 of zero. As long as we're +dealing with single mode light, you can + + align:start position:0% +dealing with single mode light, you can + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with single mode light, you can +actually say and that sort of tells you + + align:start position:0% +actually say and that sort of tells you + + + align:start position:0% +actually say and that sort of tells you +where the fluctuations come. Uh if G2 of + + align:start position:0% +where the fluctuations come. Uh if G2 of + + + align:start position:0% +where the fluctuations come. Uh if G2 of +tow changes, it comes because you have + + align:start position:0% +tow changes, it comes because you have + + + align:start position:0% +tow changes, it comes because you have +several modes of the electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +several modes of the electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +several modes of the electromagnetic +field which as a function of time + + align:start position:0% +field which as a function of time + + + align:start position:0% +field which as a function of time +constructively and destructively + + align:start position:0% +constructively and destructively + + + align:start position:0% +constructively and destructively +interfere. But if you have a single mode + + align:start position:0% +interfere. But if you have a single mode + + + align:start position:0% +interfere. But if you have a single mode +in a single mode, I mean what is a + + align:start position:0% +in a single mode, I mean what is a + + + align:start position:0% +in a single mode, I mean what is a +single mode? It's just a sine wave and + + align:start position:0% +single mode? It's just a sine wave and + + + align:start position:0% +single mode? It's just a sine wave and +nothing happens as a function of time. + + align:start position:0% +nothing happens as a function of time. + + + align:start position:0% +nothing happens as a function of time. +It's constant. + + align:start position:0% +It's constant. + + + align:start position:0% +It's constant. +So those modes go inside + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know I'm squeezing a textbook of + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm squeezing a textbook of + + + align:start position:0% +you know I'm squeezing a textbook of +quantum optics into two classes and I + + align:start position:0% +quantum optics into two classes and I + + + align:start position:0% +quantum optics into two classes and I +want to give you sort of the ideas and + + align:start position:0% +want to give you sort of the ideas and + + + align:start position:0% +want to give you sort of the ideas and +the concepts. What I've what I've sort + + align:start position:0% +the concepts. What I've what I've sort + + + align:start position:0% +the concepts. What I've what I've sort +of mixed up here deliberately is I've + + align:start position:0% +of mixed up here deliberately is I've + + + align:start position:0% +of mixed up here deliberately is I've +given you the classical definition of an + + align:start position:0% +given you the classical definition of an + + + align:start position:0% +given you the classical definition of an +intensity correlation function which is + + align:start position:0% +intensity correlation function which is + + + align:start position:0% +intensity correlation function which is +you know the famous Henry Brown twist + + align:start position:0% +you know the famous Henry Brown twist + + + align:start position:0% +you know the famous Henry Brown twist +experiment and and and you have + + align:start position:0% +experiment and and and you have + + + align:start position:0% +experiment and and and you have +correlations as a function of time then + + align:start position:0% +correlations as a function of time then + + + align:start position:0% +correlations as a function of time then +I've motivated how this should be + + align:start position:0% +I've motivated how this should be + + + align:start position:0% +I've motivated how this should be +defined for quantum states of light but + + align:start position:0% +defined for quantum states of light but + + + align:start position:0% +defined for quantum states of light but +when I transitions to quantum states of + + align:start position:0% +when I transitions to quantum states of + + + align:start position:0% +when I transitions to quantum states of +light I decided to deal with only one + + align:start position:0% +light I decided to deal with only one + + + align:start position:0% +light I decided to deal with only one +mode of the Right? We should now sum + + align:start position:0% +mode of the Right? We should now sum + + + align:start position:0% +mode of the Right? We should now sum +over diff I should put you know double + + align:start position:0% +over diff I should put you know double + + + align:start position:0% +over diff I should put you know double +or triple indices on all the alphas for + + align:start position:0% +or triple indices on all the alphas for + + + align:start position:0% +or triple indices on all the alphas for +polarization for spatial modes for + + align:start position:0% +polarization for spatial modes for + + + align:start position:0% +polarization for spatial modes for +different frequencies and we sum over + + align:start position:0% +different frequencies and we sum over + + + align:start position:0% +different frequencies and we sum over +all of them. But instead what I did is I + + align:start position:0% +all of them. But instead what I did is I + + + align:start position:0% +all of them. But instead what I did is I +wanted to just show you the simple case + + align:start position:0% +wanted to just show you the simple case + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to just show you the simple case +and I think you will be thankful for + + align:start position:0% +and I think you will be thankful for + + + align:start position:0% +and I think you will be thankful for +that in your homework that you only have + + align:start position:0% +that in your homework that you only have + + + align:start position:0% +that in your homework that you only have +to deal with the simple case that you + + align:start position:0% +to deal with the simple case that you + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with the simple case that you +only have to look at a and a daggers and + + align:start position:0% +only have to look at a and a daggers and + + + align:start position:0% +only have to look at a and a daggers and +the operator algebra for single mode for + + align:start position:0% +the operator algebra for single mode for + + + align:start position:0% +the operator algebra for single mode for +single harmonic oscillator but what we + + align:start position:0% +single harmonic oscillator but what we + + + align:start position:0% +single harmonic oscillator but what we +lose so to speak here is there is + + align:start position:0% +lose so to speak here is there is + + + align:start position:0% +lose so to speak here is there is +nothing interesting going on in time + + align:start position:0% +nothing interesting going on in time + + + align:start position:0% +nothing interesting going on in time +I've already told you that for a single + + align:start position:0% +I've already told you that for a single + + + align:start position:0% +I've already told you that for a single +mode all these quarter probabilities + + align:start position:0% +mode all these quarter probabilities + + + align:start position:0% +mode all these quarter probabilities +they just rotate in a circle circle. So + + align:start position:0% +they just rotate in a circle circle. So + + + align:start position:0% +they just rotate in a circle circle. So +the time evolution of the system we are + + align:start position:0% +the time evolution of the system we are + + + align:start position:0% +the time evolution of the system we are +describing right now is completely + + align:start position:0% +describing right now is completely + + + align:start position:0% +describing right now is completely +boring. It's really a rotation and if + + align:start position:0% +boring. It's really a rotation and if + + + align:start position:0% +boring. It's really a rotation and if +you would rotate your head at omega, + + align:start position:0% +you would rotate your head at omega, + + + align:start position:0% +you would rotate your head at omega, +nothing will happen. And this is exactly + + align:start position:0% +nothing will happen. And this is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +nothing will happen. And this is exactly +what you see here. So you find + + align:start position:0% +what you see here. So you find + + + align:start position:0% +what you see here. So you find +everything you want for for co coherence + + align:start position:0% +everything you want for for co coherence + + + align:start position:0% +everything you want for for co coherence +time. Coherence time is the time for two + + align:start position:0% +time. Coherence time is the time for two + + + align:start position:0% +time. Coherence time is the time for two +modes to get out of phase. But if you + + align:start position:0% +modes to get out of phase. But if you + + + align:start position:0% +modes to get out of phase. But if you +have one mode, there is no coherence + + align:start position:0% +have one mode, there is no coherence + + + align:start position:0% +have one mode, there is no coherence +time. And when you find for classical + + align:start position:0% +time. And when you find for classical + + + align:start position:0% +time. And when you find for classical +light that the that G2 function has a + + align:start position:0% +light that the that G2 function has a + + + align:start position:0% +light that the that G2 function has a +peak which decays with a time, it is the + + align:start position:0% +peak which decays with a time, it is the + + + align:start position:0% +peak which decays with a time, it is the +time for for modes to get out of phase. + + align:start position:0% +time for for modes to get out of phase. + + + align:start position:0% +time for for modes to get out of phase. +But in a single mode picture, this is + + align:start position:0% +But in a single mode picture, this is + + + align:start position:0% +But in a single mode picture, this is +absent. Anyway, what is important now + + align:start position:0% +absent. Anyway, what is important now + + + align:start position:0% +absent. Anyway, what is important now +for the discussion of quantum character + + align:start position:0% +for the discussion of quantum character + + + align:start position:0% +for the discussion of quantum character +of light is really we find that in a + + align:start position:0% +of light is really we find that in a + + + align:start position:0% +of light is really we find that in a +single mode picture. So I want to show + + align:start position:0% +single mode picture. So I want to show + + + align:start position:0% +single mode picture. So I want to show +you now uh or at least give you the + + align:start position:0% +you now uh or at least give you the + + + align:start position:0% +you now uh or at least give you the +summary of the results which can be very + + align:start position:0% +summary of the results which can be very + + + align:start position:0% +summary of the results which can be very +easily derived because the math is very + + align:start position:0% +easily derived because the math is very + + + align:start position:0% +easily derived because the math is very +simple of those operator that we are now + + align:start position:0% +simple of those operator that we are now + + + align:start position:0% +simple of those operator that we are now +with that definition we have G2 + + align:start position:0% +with that definition we have G2 + + + align:start position:0% +with that definition we have G2 +functions which are no longer following + + align:start position:0% +functions which are no longer following + + + align:start position:0% +functions which are no longer following +the classical constraint that G2 has to + + align:start position:0% +the classical constraint that G2 has to + + + align:start position:0% +the classical constraint that G2 has to +be larger than one. We find now G2 + + align:start position:0% +be larger than one. We find now G2 + + + align:start position:0% +be larger than one. We find now G2 +functions which are smaller than one. + + align:start position:0% +functions which are smaller than one. + + + align:start position:0% +functions which are smaller than one. +And this sort of tells us now where do + + align:start position:0% +And this sort of tells us now where do + + + align:start position:0% +And this sort of tells us now where do +we find the most non-classical behavior + + align:start position:0% +we find the most non-classical behavior + + + align:start position:0% +we find the most non-classical behavior +namely when G G2 of TOAO is as small as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +possible. Okay. uh in your + + align:start position:0% +possible. Okay. uh in your + + + align:start position:0% +possible. Okay. uh in your +homework you will show immediately that + + align:start position:0% +homework you will show immediately that + + + align:start position:0% +homework you will show immediately that +the G2 function is related + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fluctuations and to it's related to uh n + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and to it's related to uh n + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations and to it's related to uh n +and n square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +average let me just write that down it's + + align:start position:0% +average let me just write that down it's + + + align:start position:0% +average let me just write that down it's +indep dependent of + + align:start position:0% +indep dependent of + + + align:start position:0% +indep dependent of +toao and the reason is we have now + + align:start position:0% +toao and the reason is we have now + + + align:start position:0% +toao and the reason is we have now +limited ourselves to just one mode of + + align:start position:0% +limited ourselves to just one mode of + + + align:start position:0% +limited ourselves to just one mode of +the electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +field factor + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Just give me + + align:start position:0% +Just give me + + + align:start position:0% +Just give me +one. + + align:start position:0% +one. + + + align:start position:0% +one. +Yeah. Okay. So we are back + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Okay. So we are back + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah. Okay. So we are back +to we started with intensity + + align:start position:0% +to we started with intensity + + + align:start position:0% +to we started with intensity +fluctuations but for a single mode of + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations but for a single mode of + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations but for a single mode of +the electromagnetic field we are back to + + align:start position:0% +the electromagnetic field we are back to + + + align:start position:0% +the electromagnetic field we are back to +photon numbers. So what we are now + + align:start position:0% +photon numbers. So what we are now + + + align:start position:0% +photon numbers. So what we are now +expressing with a G2 function are + + align:start position:0% +expressing with a G2 function are + + + align:start position:0% +expressing with a G2 function are +uh in other words just fluctuations of + + align:start position:0% +uh in other words just fluctuations of + + + align:start position:0% +uh in other words just fluctuations of +photo numbers. + + align:start position:0% +photo numbers. + + + align:start position:0% +photo numbers. +So before I want to now I want to in a + + align:start position:0% +So before I want to now I want to in a + + + align:start position:0% +So before I want to now I want to in a +minute draw you a little bit a table + + align:start position:0% +minute draw you a little bit a table + + + align:start position:0% +minute draw you a little bit a table +what are the fluctuations in the photo + + align:start position:0% +what are the fluctuations in the photo + + + align:start position:0% +what are the fluctuations in the photo +number for the states we have + + align:start position:0% +number for the states we have + + + align:start position:0% +number for the states we have +encountered the number state the fox + + align:start position:0% +encountered the number state the fox + + + align:start position:0% +encountered the number state the fox +state the coherent state and the thermal + + align:start position:0% +state the coherent state and the thermal + + + align:start position:0% +state the coherent state and the thermal +state and we want to characterize those + + align:start position:0% +state and we want to characterize those + + + align:start position:0% +state and we want to characterize those +quantum states of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +light by the G2 + + align:start position:0% +light by the G2 + + + align:start position:0% +light by the G2 +function and actually I can drop the + + align:start position:0% +function and actually I can drop the + + + align:start position:0% +function and actually I can drop the +time argument or set it to zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +But let me first make a reference that + + align:start position:0% +But let me first make a reference that + + + align:start position:0% +But let me first make a reference that +G2 can now be smaller than + + align:start position:0% +G2 can now be smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +G2 can now be smaller than +one. So G2 for a single mode light is + + align:start position:0% +one. So G2 for a single mode light is + + + align:start position:0% +one. So G2 for a single mode light is +nothing else than you know function when + + align:start position:0% +nothing else than you know function when + + + align:start position:0% +nothing else than you know function when +you know what is N average and N square + + align:start position:0% +you know what is N average and N square + + + align:start position:0% +you know what is N average and N square +you know your G2 + + align:start position:0% +you know your G2 + + + align:start position:0% +you know your G2 +function. There is another + + align:start position:0% +function. There is another + + + align:start position:0% +function. There is another +quantity which we often use to + + align:start position:0% +quantity which we often use to + + + align:start position:0% +quantity which we often use to +characterize the fluctuations + + align:start position:0% +characterize the fluctuations + + + align:start position:0% +characterize the fluctuations +uh in the photo number and this is + + align:start position:0% +uh in the photo number and this is + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the photo number and this is +called the faro factor. The faro factor + + align:start position:0% +called the faro factor. The faro factor + + + align:start position:0% +called the faro factor. The faro factor +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +uh wants to compare the + + align:start position:0% +uh wants to compare the + + + align:start position:0% +uh wants to compare the +fluctuations n² average minus n average + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations n² average minus n average + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations n² average minus n average +squared. These are the fluctuations. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The classical fluctuation well I say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +classical in the simplest case are + + align:start position:0% +classical in the simplest case are + + + align:start position:0% +classical in the simplest case are +psonian + + align:start position:0% +psonian + + + align:start position:0% +psonian +fluctuations. So maybe we want to + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations. So maybe we want to + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations. So maybe we want to +normalize the fluctuations by ponian + + align:start position:0% +normalize the fluctuations by ponian + + + align:start position:0% +normalize the fluctuations by ponian +fluctuation. So for psonian statistics + + align:start position:0% +fluctuation. So for psonian statistics + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuation. So for psonian statistics +what I just wrote + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +down would be one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And well if we + + align:start position:0% +And well if we + + + align:start position:0% +And well if we +now subtract one we have the situation + + align:start position:0% +now subtract one we have the situation + + + align:start position:0% +now subtract one we have the situation +that a faro factor which is positive is + + align:start position:0% +that a faro factor which is positive is + + + align:start position:0% +that a faro factor which is positive is +super porsonian more fluctuation than + + align:start position:0% +super porsonian more fluctuation than + + + align:start position:0% +super porsonian more fluctuation than +psonian and a negative faro factor is + + align:start position:0% +psonian and a negative faro factor is + + + align:start position:0% +psonian and a negative faro factor is +sub + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +porsonian. So with those definitions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we can now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compare the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different states of light we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +introduced. We started out with black + + align:start position:0% +introduced. We started out with black + + + align:start position:0% +introduced. We started out with black +body radiation thermal radiation. + + align:start position:0% +body radiation thermal radiation. + + + align:start position:0% +body radiation thermal radiation. +We defined coherent + + align:start position:0% +We defined coherent + + + align:start position:0% +We defined coherent +states and the harmonic oscillator + + align:start position:0% +states and the harmonic oscillator + + + align:start position:0% +states and the harmonic oscillator +description naturally gave us hemonic + + align:start position:0% +description naturally gave us hemonic + + + align:start position:0% +description naturally gave us hemonic +oscillator states, the number states or + + align:start position:0% +oscillator states, the number states or + + + align:start position:0% +oscillator states, the number states or +fox + + align:start position:0% +fox + + + align:start position:0% +fox +states. So there are three ways to + + align:start position:0% +states. So there are three ways to + + + align:start position:0% +states. So there are three ways to +characterize it. They are + + align:start position:0% +characterize it. They are + + + align:start position:0% +characterize it. They are +all + + align:start position:0% +all + + + align:start position:0% +all +useful. One is we can look at n square. + + align:start position:0% +useful. One is we can look at n square. + + + align:start position:0% +useful. One is we can look at n square. +We can calculate the faro factor or we + + align:start position:0% +We can calculate the faro factor or we + + + align:start position:0% +We can calculate the faro factor or we +can calculate G2 of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero for the coherent + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state. Remember the coherent state is as + + align:start position:0% +state. Remember the coherent state is as + + + align:start position:0% +state. Remember the coherent state is as +close as we can come quto mechanically + + align:start position:0% +close as we can come quto mechanically + + + align:start position:0% +close as we can come quto mechanically +to the ideal of a pure electromagnetic + + align:start position:0% +to the ideal of a pure electromagnetic + + + align:start position:0% +to the ideal of a pure electromagnetic +wave. It has a faro factor of zero. + + align:start position:0% +wave. It has a faro factor of zero. + + + align:start position:0% +wave. It has a faro factor of zero. +This + + align:start position:0% +This + + + align:start position:0% +This +means it's + + align:start position:0% +means it's + + + align:start position:0% +means it's +psonian the G2 the G2 function is simply + + align:start position:0% +psonian the G2 the G2 function is simply + + + align:start position:0% +psonian the G2 the G2 function is simply +one which is the lowest classical + + align:start position:0% +one which is the lowest classical + + + align:start position:0% +one which is the lowest classical +limit. Uh so those two tell you that a + + align:start position:0% +limit. Uh so those two tell you that a + + + align:start position:0% +limit. Uh so those two tell you that a +coherent state is sometimes what you + + align:start position:0% +coherent state is sometimes what you + + + align:start position:0% +coherent state is sometimes what you +think what comes out of a laser is an + + align:start position:0% +think what comes out of a laser is an + + + align:start position:0% +think what comes out of a laser is an +ideal electromagnetic wave which has no + + align:start position:0% +ideal electromagnetic wave which has no + + + align:start position:0% +ideal electromagnetic wave which has no +temporal fluctuations in the intensity. + + align:start position:0% +temporal fluctuations in the intensity. + + + align:start position:0% +temporal fluctuations in the intensity. +Therefore, G2 is one and the photo + + align:start position:0% +Therefore, G2 is one and the photo + + + align:start position:0% +Therefore, G2 is one and the photo +number is proonian + + align:start position:0% +number is proonian + + + align:start position:0% +number is proonian +distributed and that means that uh n² is + + align:start position:0% +distributed and that means that uh n² is + + + align:start position:0% +distributed and that means that uh n² is +n average * 1 + n average. We actually + + align:start position:0% +n average * 1 + n average. We actually + + + align:start position:0% +n average * 1 + n average. We actually +discussed that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +earlier. The thermal state is quite + + align:start position:0% +earlier. The thermal state is quite + + + align:start position:0% +earlier. The thermal state is quite +different if you use kind of plug + + align:start position:0% +different if you use kind of plug + + + align:start position:0% +different if you use kind of plug +together the results we have obtained. + + align:start position:0% +together the results we have obtained. + + + align:start position:0% +together the results we have obtained. +It has a faro factor of nb + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bar. So this is super + + align:start position:0% +bar. So this is super + + + align:start position:0% +bar. So this is super +poorian. If the occupation number n is + + align:start position:0% +poorian. If the occupation number n is + + + align:start position:0% +poorian. If the occupation number n is +large, you have fluctuations which are + + align:start position:0% +large, you have fluctuations which are + + + align:start position:0% +large, you have fluctuations which are +much much larger than ponian + + align:start position:0% +much much larger than ponian + + + align:start position:0% +much much larger than ponian +fluctuation. The G2 function is + + align:start position:0% +fluctuation. The G2 function is + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuation. The G2 function is +two. It's sometimes called thermal + + align:start position:0% +two. It's sometimes called thermal + + + align:start position:0% +two. It's sometimes called thermal +light. Chaotic light has a G2 function + + align:start position:0% +light. Chaotic light has a G2 function + + + align:start position:0% +light. Chaotic light has a G2 function +of two. laser light or coherent state + + align:start position:0% +of two. laser light or coherent state + + + align:start position:0% +of two. laser light or coherent state +has a G2 function of 1 and uh n square + + align:start position:0% +has a G2 function of 1 and uh n square + + + align:start position:0% +has a G2 function of 1 and uh n square +average is nar 1 + 2 n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bar. Okay. But now finally maybe the + + align:start position:0% +bar. Okay. But now finally maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +bar. Okay. But now finally maybe the +most interesting state from the + + align:start position:0% +most interesting state from the + + + align:start position:0% +most interesting state from the +perspective of non-class light of + + align:start position:0% +perspective of non-class light of + + + align:start position:0% +perspective of non-class light of +quantum light is the photon number + + align:start position:0% +quantum light is the photon number + + + align:start position:0% +quantum light is the photon number +state. + + align:start position:0% +state. + + + align:start position:0% +state. +Well for for the photon number state the + + align:start position:0% +Well for for the photon number state the + + + align:start position:0% +Well for for the photon number state the +number of photons is an + + align:start position:0% +number of photons is an + + + align:start position:0% +number of photons is an +iggon value. Therefore n square average + + align:start position:0% +iggon value. Therefore n square average + + + align:start position:0% +iggon value. Therefore n square average +is n average squared. + + align:start position:0% +is n average squared. + + + align:start position:0% +is n average squared. +The faro factor is minus + + align:start position:0% +The faro factor is minus + + + align:start position:0% +The faro factor is minus +one sub psonian + + align:start position:0% +one sub psonian + + + align:start position:0% +one sub psonian +distribution and the G2 function which + + align:start position:0% +distribution and the G2 function which + + + align:start position:0% +distribution and the G2 function which +classically cannot go below one is + + align:start position:0% +classically cannot go below one is + + + align:start position:0% +classically cannot go below one is +now n minus one / n. It is smaller than + + align:start position:0% +now n minus one / n. It is smaller than + + + align:start position:0% +now n minus one / n. It is smaller than +one. And you see immediately that the + + align:start position:0% +one. And you see immediately that the + + + align:start position:0% +one. And you see immediately that the +biggest violation for G2 is to go to + + align:start position:0% +biggest violation for G2 is to go to + + + align:start position:0% +biggest violation for G2 is to go to +minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one for the case of a single photon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state. Any questions? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the G2 function. No, if + + align:start position:0% +the G2 function. No, if + + + align:start position:0% +the G2 function. No, if +you if you put in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +Wait. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yes. + + align:start position:0% +Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. +Gosh. I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I double check. I'm a little bit + + align:start position:0% +I double check. I'm a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +I double check. I'm a little bit +confused, but yeah, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I at least it's consistent now. I'm not + + align:start position:0% +I at least it's consistent now. I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +I at least it's consistent now. I'm not +sure if it's right, but it's consistent. + + align:start position:0% +sure if it's right, but it's consistent. + + + align:start position:0% +sure if it's right, but it's consistent. +And + + align:start position:0% +And + + + align:start position:0% +And +uh by the way if there is a question I + + align:start position:0% +uh by the way if there is a question I + + + align:start position:0% +uh by the way if there is a question I +sometimes make a question mark in my + + align:start position:0% +sometimes make a question mark in my + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes make a question mark in my +notes and when I post the notes or when + + align:start position:0% +notes and when I post the notes or when + + + align:start position:0% +notes and when I post the notes or when +I when I post maybe not when I post the + + align:start position:0% +I when I post maybe not when I post the + + + align:start position:0% +I when I post maybe not when I post the +notes on the next day but a few days + + align:start position:0% +notes on the next day but a few days + + + align:start position:0% +notes on the next day but a few days +later the question marks are eliminated. + + align:start position:0% +later the question marks are eliminated. + + + align:start position:0% +later the question marks are eliminated. +Just as an example, last class there was + + align:start position:0% +Just as an example, last class there was + + + align:start position:0% +Just as an example, last class there was +some uh uh there was some uh relation + + align:start position:0% +some uh uh there was some uh relation + + + align:start position:0% +some uh uh there was some uh relation +for which I didn't remember how the + + align:start position:0% +for which I didn't remember how the + + + align:start position:0% +for which I didn't remember how the +derivation was done. Uh when I post + + align:start position:0% +derivation was done. Uh when I post + + + align:start position:0% +derivation was done. Uh when I post +those notes today, the derivation is now + + align:start position:0% +those notes today, the derivation is now + + + align:start position:0% +those notes today, the derivation is now +in the notes. So if you want to I'm not + + align:start position:0% +in the notes. So if you want to I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +in the notes. So if you want to I'm not +announcing it separately, but whenever I + + align:start position:0% +announcing it separately, but whenever I + + + align:start position:0% +announcing it separately, but whenever I +have a question mark in class and I + + align:start position:0% +have a question mark in class and I + + + align:start position:0% +have a question mark in class and I +don't think it's worth an extra + + align:start position:0% +don't think it's worth an extra + + + align:start position:0% +don't think it's worth an extra +announcement, it is fixed in the post-it + + align:start position:0% +announcement, it is fixed in the post-it + + + align:start position:0% +announcement, it is fixed in the post-it +notes and you find the information + + align:start position:0% +notes and you find the information + + + align:start position:0% +notes and you find the information +there. + + align:start position:0% +there. + + + align:start position:0% +there. +Okay. Uh so this is now drawing our + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Uh so this is now drawing our + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Uh so this is now drawing our +attention to the single + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +photon and this is our next subsection. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I mean this shouldn't come unexpected. + + align:start position:0% +I mean this shouldn't come unexpected. + + + align:start position:0% +I mean this shouldn't come unexpected. +If you want + + align:start position:0% +If you want + + + align:start position:0% +If you want +to you know emphasize if you want to uh + + align:start position:0% +to you know emphasize if you want to uh + + + align:start position:0% +to you know emphasize if you want to uh +you know uh if you want to emphasize the + + align:start position:0% +you know uh if you want to emphasize the + + + align:start position:0% +you know uh if you want to emphasize the +difference between quantum light and + + align:start position:0% +difference between quantum light and + + + align:start position:0% +difference between quantum light and +classical light. Where does it come + + align:start position:0% +classical light. Where does it come + + + align:start position:0% +classical light. Where does it come +from? Well it comes from the + + align:start position:0% +from? Well it comes from the + + + align:start position:0% +from? Well it comes from the +quantization of light. It comes from the + + align:start position:0% +quantization of light. It comes from the + + + align:start position:0% +quantization of light. It comes from the +photon character. It comes from the fact + + align:start position:0% +photon character. It comes from the fact + + + align:start position:0% +photon character. It comes from the fact +that light is not a continuous stream of + + align:start position:0% +that light is not a continuous stream of + + + align:start position:0% +that light is not a continuous stream of +energy. it comes quantized in photons. + + align:start position:0% +energy. it comes quantized in photons. + + + align:start position:0% +energy. it comes quantized in photons. +So the granularity of light due to the + + align:start position:0% +So the granularity of light due to the + + + align:start position:0% +So the granularity of light due to the +photon character is of course most + + align:start position:0% +photon character is of course most + + + align:start position:0% +photon character is of course most +pronounced for single + + align:start position:0% +pronounced for single + + + align:start position:0% +pronounced for single +photon. For instance, when we define the + + align:start position:0% +photon. For instance, when we define the + + + align:start position:0% +photon. For instance, when we define the +G2 function as a correlation of + + align:start position:0% +G2 function as a correlation of + + + align:start position:0% +G2 function as a correlation of +detecting a photon and detecting another + + align:start position:0% +detecting a photon and detecting another + + + align:start position:0% +detecting a photon and detecting another +photon. Well, if you have only one + + align:start position:0% +photon. Well, if you have only one + + + align:start position:0% +photon. Well, if you have only one +photon, you find one photon and the next + + align:start position:0% +photon, you find one photon and the next + + + align:start position:0% +photon, you find one photon and the next +photon there is no photon to be + + align:start position:0% +photon there is no photon to be + + + align:start position:0% +photon there is no photon to be +detected. So the probability of + + align:start position:0% +detected. So the probability of + + + align:start position:0% +detected. So the probability of +detecting two photons is zero. And that + + align:start position:0% +detecting two photons is zero. And that + + + align:start position:0% +detecting two photons is zero. And that +only happens when you go down to single + + align:start position:0% +only happens when you go down to single + + + align:start position:0% +only happens when you go down to single +photons. So this is when uh certain + + align:start position:0% +photons. So this is when uh certain + + + align:start position:0% +photons. So this is when uh certain +fluctuations are most pronounced + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations are most pronounced + + + align:start position:0% +fluctuations are most pronounced +because the energy sort of is dependent + + align:start position:0% +because the energy sort of is dependent + + + align:start position:0% +because the energy sort of is dependent +on a single + + align:start position:0% +on a single + + + align:start position:0% +on a single +photon. Um let me first address one + + align:start position:0% +photon. Um let me first address one + + + align:start position:0% +photon. Um let me first address one +misconception. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +You can say well let's just use a + + align:start position:0% +You can say well let's just use a + + + align:start position:0% +You can say well let's just use a +coherent + + align:start position:0% +coherent + + + align:start position:0% +coherent +state and uh we talk about uh the + + align:start position:0% +state and uh we talk about uh the + + + align:start position:0% +state and uh we talk about uh the +attenuator the quantum attenuator with + + align:start position:0% +attenuator the quantum attenuator with + + + align:start position:0% +attenuator the quantum attenuator with +all its operator + + align:start position:0% +all its operator + + + align:start position:0% +all its operator +beauty probably not today but in the + + align:start position:0% +beauty probably not today but in the + + + align:start position:0% +beauty probably not today but in the +next lecture but uh let me already sort + + align:start position:0% +next lecture but uh let me already sort + + + align:start position:0% +next lecture but uh let me already sort +of prepare you for that. When you have a + + align:start position:0% +of prepare you for that. When you have a + + + align:start position:0% +of prepare you for that. When you have a +coherent state, when you have a laser + + align:start position:0% +coherent state, when you have a laser + + + align:start position:0% +coherent state, when you have a laser +beam, you can put in attenuator and your + + align:start position:0% +beam, you can put in attenuator and your + + + align:start position:0% +beam, you can put in attenuator and your +laser beam gets weaker and weaker and + + align:start position:0% +laser beam gets weaker and weaker and + + + align:start position:0% +laser beam gets weaker and weaker and +weaker, but it stays a coherent state. + + align:start position:0% +weaker, but it stays a coherent state. + + + align:start position:0% +weaker, but it stays a coherent state. +And I will prove that to you very soon. + + align:start position:0% +And I will prove that to you very soon. + + + align:start position:0% +And I will prove that to you very soon. +So you can now say that you take your + + align:start position:0% +So you can now say that you take your + + + align:start position:0% +So you can now say that you take your +coherent state and you attenuate it down + + align:start position:0% +coherent state and you attenuate it down + + + align:start position:0% +coherent state and you attenuate it down +that there is only one photon left. Is + + align:start position:0% +that there is only one photon left. Is + + + align:start position:0% +that there is only one photon left. Is +that a single photon + + align:start position:0% +that a single photon + + + align:start position:0% +that a single photon +state? The answer is no. It is an + + align:start position:0% +state? The answer is no. It is an + + + align:start position:0% +state? The answer is no. It is an +attenuated coherent state. Coherent + + align:start position:0% +attenuated coherent state. Coherent + + + align:start position:0% +attenuated coherent state. Coherent +states as I've just shown you are very + + align:start position:0% +states as I've just shown you are very + + + align:start position:0% +states as I've just shown you are very +classical. They have always proonia + + align:start position:0% +classical. They have always proonia + + + align:start position:0% +classical. They have always proonia +distribution. They have always a G2 + + align:start position:0% +distribution. They have always a G2 + + + align:start position:0% +distribution. They have always a G2 +function of one and attenuation is not + + align:start position:0% +function of one and attenuation is not + + + align:start position:0% +function of one and attenuation is not +changing it. Attenuation is preserving + + align:start position:0% +changing it. Attenuation is preserving + + + align:start position:0% +changing it. Attenuation is preserving +that. So now I want + + align:start position:0% +that. So now I want + + + align:start position:0% +that. So now I want +to show you explicitly why an attenuated + + align:start position:0% +to show you explicitly why an attenuated + + + align:start position:0% +to show you explicitly why an attenuated +coherent state may have an average photo + + align:start position:0% +coherent state may have an average photo + + + align:start position:0% +coherent state may have an average photo +number of one but it shares nothing else + + align:start position:0% +number of one but it shares nothing else + + + align:start position:0% +number of one but it shares nothing else +with a quantum state of one photon of n + + align:start position:0% +with a quantum state of one photon of n + + + align:start position:0% +with a quantum state of one photon of n +equals 1 a fox + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 a fox + + + align:start position:0% +equals 1 a fox +state. So a coherent state with an + + align:start position:0% +state. So a coherent state with an + + + align:start position:0% +state. So a coherent state with an +expectation value of one + + align:start position:0% +expectation value of one + + + align:start position:0% +expectation value of one +photon is not a single photon. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And this can be for instance expressed + + align:start position:0% +And this can be for instance expressed + + + align:start position:0% +And this can be for instance expressed +by looking what is actually the + + align:start position:0% +by looking what is actually the + + + align:start position:0% +by looking what is actually the +probability if you have such a coherent + + align:start position:0% +probability if you have such a coherent + + + align:start position:0% +probability if you have such a coherent +state to + + align:start position:0% +state to + + + align:start position:0% +state to +find one two or three photons. + + align:start position:0% +find one two or three photons. + + + align:start position:0% +find one two or three photons. +Well, the probability to + + align:start position:0% +Well, the probability to + + + align:start position:0% +Well, the probability to +find zero photons, no photon at all, is + + align:start position:0% +find zero photons, no photon at all, is + + + align:start position:0% +find zero photons, no photon at all, is +actually a third. So the probability to + + align:start position:0% +actually a third. So the probability to + + + align:start position:0% +actually a third. So the probability to +find one + + align:start position:0% +find one + + + align:start position:0% +find one +photon or to find zero photons is the + + align:start position:0% +photon or to find zero photons is the + + + align:start position:0% +photon or to find zero photons is the +same. The probability to find two + + align:start position:0% +same. The probability to find two + + + align:start position:0% +same. The probability to find two +photons is8. So here you have a + + align:start position:0% +photons is8. So here you have a + + + align:start position:0% +photons is8. So here you have a +probability of finding a photon and + + align:start position:0% +probability of finding a photon and + + + align:start position:0% +probability of finding a photon and +correlating it with the next photon + + align:start position:0% +correlating it with the next photon + + + align:start position:0% +correlating it with the next photon +click. And you have even on first sight + + align:start position:0% +click. And you have even on first sight + + + align:start position:0% +click. And you have even on first sight +a surprisingly large + + align:start position:0% +a surprisingly large + + + align:start position:0% +a surprisingly large +probability to + + align:start position:0% +probability to + + + align:start position:0% +probability to +uh find three and four + + align:start position:0% +uh find three and four + + + align:start position:0% +uh find three and four +photons. So in 2% of the cases you will + + align:start position:0% +photons. So in 2% of the cases you will + + + align:start position:0% +photons. So in 2% of the cases you will +find four + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +photons. Whereas in + + align:start position:0% +photons. Whereas in + + + align:start position:0% +photons. Whereas in +contrast, the fox state with quantum + + align:start position:0% +contrast, the fox state with quantum + + + align:start position:0% +contrast, the fox state with quantum +number n equal n equals 1 is an igen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state of the number + + align:start position:0% +state of the number + + + align:start position:0% +state of the number +operator with value n equals 1. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So that tells you that if you want to + + align:start position:0% +So that tells you that if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +So that tells you that if you want to +get an n equals 1, if you want to get a + + align:start position:0% +get an n equals 1, if you want to get a + + + align:start position:0% +get an n equals 1, if you want to get a +single photon state, you cannot just + + align:start position:0% +single photon state, you cannot just + + + align:start position:0% +single photon state, you cannot just +use a + + align:start position:0% +use a + + + align:start position:0% +use a +strong laser beam or a strong light + + align:start position:0% +strong laser beam or a strong light + + + align:start position:0% +strong laser beam or a strong light +source and attenuate it. You have to + + align:start position:0% +source and attenuate it. You have to + + + align:start position:0% +source and attenuate it. You have to +work with something which genuinely + + align:start position:0% +work with something which genuinely + + + align:start position:0% +work with something which genuinely +creates only one + + align:start position:0% +creates only one + + + align:start position:0% +creates only one +photon without any ambiguity, without + + align:start position:0% +photon without any ambiguity, without + + + align:start position:0% +photon without any ambiguity, without +any fluctuations, without any + + align:start position:0% +any fluctuations, without any + + + align:start position:0% +any fluctuations, without any +possibility of creating two photons. And + + align:start position:0% +possibility of creating two photons. And + + + align:start position:0% +possibility of creating two photons. And +I would actually say over the last 10 or + + align:start position:0% +I would actually say over the last 10 or + + + align:start position:0% +I would actually say over the last 10 or +15 years uh the creation of single + + align:start position:0% +15 years uh the creation of single + + + align:start position:0% +15 years uh the creation of single +photons has been sort of an small + + align:start position:0% +photons has been sort of an small + + + align:start position:0% +photons has been sort of an small +cottage industry because single photons + + align:start position:0% +cottage industry because single photons + + + align:start position:0% +cottage industry because single photons +uh are often needed for protocols in + + align:start position:0% +uh are often needed for protocols in + + + align:start position:0% +uh are often needed for protocols in +quantum computation for uh yeah + + align:start position:0% +quantum computation for uh yeah + + + align:start position:0% +quantum computation for uh yeah +experiments which really require + + align:start position:0% +experiments which really require + + + align:start position:0% +experiments which really require +accurate quantum state preparation of + + align:start position:0% +accurate quantum state preparation of + + + align:start position:0% +accurate quantum state preparation of +light and in particular non-class light. + + align:start position:0% +light and in particular non-class light. + + + align:start position:0% +light and in particular non-class light. +But of course there are ways how you can + + align:start position:0% +But of course there are ways how you can + + + align:start position:0% +But of course there are ways how you can +get single + + align:start position:0% +get single + + + align:start position:0% +get single +photons and this is well you start with + + align:start position:0% +photons and this is well you start with + + + align:start position:0% +photons and this is well you start with +single + + align:start position:0% +single + + + align:start position:0% +single +atoms. If you have a single atom in the + + align:start position:0% +atoms. If you have a single atom in the + + + align:start position:0% +atoms. If you have a single atom in the +excited + + align:start position:0% +excited + + + align:start position:0% +excited +state it can emit only one photon. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So in other + + align:start position:0% +So in other + + + align:start position:0% +So in other +words, you + + align:start position:0% +words, you + + + align:start position:0% +words, you +cannot we often don't or usually we + + align:start position:0% +cannot we often don't or usually we + + + align:start position:0% +cannot we often don't or usually we +don't have the tools to prepare a single + + align:start position:0% +don't have the tools to prepare a single + + + align:start position:0% +don't have the tools to prepare a single +photon to take a single photon out of + + align:start position:0% +photon to take a single photon out of + + + align:start position:0% +photon to take a single photon out of +you know many many photons and store it + + align:start position:0% +you know many many photons and store it + + + align:start position:0% +you know many many photons and store it +separately. But what we can control is + + align:start position:0% +separately. But what we can control is + + + align:start position:0% +separately. But what we can control is +uh single atoms. we can prepare single + + align:start position:0% +uh single atoms. we can prepare single + + + align:start position:0% +uh single atoms. we can prepare single +atoms and and then we can make sure that + + align:start position:0% +atoms and and then we can make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +atoms and and then we can make sure that +single atoms create single photons. It's + + align:start position:0% +single atoms create single photons. It's + + + align:start position:0% +single atoms create single photons. It's +a little bit a way that you know we + + align:start position:0% +a little bit a way that you know we + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit a way that you know we +cannot control the bullets which are + + align:start position:0% +cannot control the bullets which are + + + align:start position:0% +cannot control the bullets which are +fired but we can control the guns and we + + align:start position:0% +fired but we can control the guns and we + + + align:start position:0% +fired but we can control the guns and we +make sure that each gun can emit exactly + + align:start position:0% +make sure that each gun can emit exactly + + + align:start position:0% +make sure that each gun can emit exactly +one bullet. So that's the way how we can + + align:start position:0% +one bullet. So that's the way how we can + + + align:start position:0% +one bullet. So that's the way how we can +create non-class states of + + align:start position:0% +create non-class states of + + + align:start position:0% +create non-class states of +light. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh yes. + + align:start position:0% +Uh yes. + + + align:start position:0% +Uh yes. +So let's now look for those single + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +photons at the quasi probability + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution. So we obtain the quasi + + align:start position:0% +distribution. So we obtain the quasi + + + align:start position:0% +distribution. So we obtain the quasi +probability distribution by taking the + + align:start position:0% +probability distribution by taking the + + + align:start position:0% +probability distribution by taking the +single photon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +state and projecting it on a coherent + + align:start position:0% +state and projecting it on a coherent + + + align:start position:0% +state and projecting it on a coherent +state. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you remember it's higher up in the notes + + align:start position:0% +you remember it's higher up in the notes + + + align:start position:0% +you remember it's higher up in the notes +what the coherent state alpha is in a + + align:start position:0% +what the coherent state alpha is in a + + + align:start position:0% +what the coherent state alpha is in a +fox state basis in a number basis and so + + align:start position:0% +fox state basis in a number basis and so + + + align:start position:0% +fox state basis in a number basis and so +we're just picking out n equals 1 and + + align:start position:0% +we're just picking out n equals 1 and + + + align:start position:0% +we're just picking out n equals 1 and +this was nothing else than alpha squar * + + align:start position:0% +this was nothing else than alpha squar * + + + align:start position:0% +this was nothing else than alpha squar * +e to the minus alpha + + align:start position:0% +e to the minus alpha + + + align:start position:0% +e to the minus alpha +2. So + + align:start position:0% +2. So + + + align:start position:0% +2. So +therefore in these diagrams with the + + align:start position:0% +therefore in these diagrams with the + + + align:start position:0% +therefore in these diagrams with the +real part and imaginary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +part imaginary part if I plot the co + + align:start position:0% +part imaginary part if I plot the co + + + align:start position:0% +part imaginary part if I plot the co +probability + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +distribution we get a + + align:start position:0% +distribution we get a + + + align:start position:0% +distribution we get a +ring. The ring immediately tells us that + + align:start position:0% +ring. The ring immediately tells us that + + + align:start position:0% +ring. The ring immediately tells us that +there is no phase defined. All phases + + align:start position:0% +there is no phase defined. All phases + + + align:start position:0% +there is no phase defined. All phases +are equally probable. + + align:start position:0% +are equally probable. + + + align:start position:0% +are equally probable. +And that also means if you don't have a + + align:start position:0% +And that also means if you don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +And that also means if you don't have a +phase the the average value of the + + align:start position:0% +phase the the average value of the + + + align:start position:0% +phase the the average value of the +electric field is zero. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +since the creation of single photons is + + align:start position:0% +since the creation of single photons is + + + align:start position:0% +since the creation of single photons is +essential for studying non-class light + + align:start position:0% +essential for studying non-class light + + + align:start position:0% +essential for studying non-class light +but also since uh it's a very active + + align:start position:0% +but also since uh it's a very active + + + align:start position:0% +but also since uh it's a very active +frontier of our field actually one of + + align:start position:0% +frontier of our field actually one of + + + align:start position:0% +frontier of our field actually one of +the leaders of this field is professor + + align:start position:0% +the leaders of this field is professor + + + align:start position:0% +the leaders of this field is professor +Vladen Wulich at MIT. Let me at least + + align:start position:0% +Vladen Wulich at MIT. Let me at least + + + align:start position:0% +Vladen Wulich at MIT. Let me at least +give you a taste how to + + align:start position:0% +give you a taste how to + + + align:start position:0% +give you a taste how to +create simil + + align:start position:0% +create simil + + + align:start position:0% +create simil +photons. I already gave + + align:start position:0% +photons. I already gave + + + align:start position:0% +photons. I already gave +you the major ingredient namely it's + + align:start position:0% +you the major ingredient namely it's + + + align:start position:0% +you the major ingredient namely it's +about uh it involves single atoms but + + align:start position:0% +about uh it involves single atoms but + + + align:start position:0% +about uh it involves single atoms but +it's a little bit more demanding like + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit more demanding like + + + align:start position:0% +it's a little bit more demanding like +that. So you want to take one atom or + + align:start position:0% +that. So you want to take one atom or + + + align:start position:0% +that. So you want to take one atom or +one ion. But the problem is if the atom + + align:start position:0% +one ion. But the problem is if the atom + + + align:start position:0% +one ion. But the problem is if the atom +or ion emits the light, it can emit the + + align:start position:0% +or ion emits the light, it can emit the + + + align:start position:0% +or ion emits the light, it can emit the +light into all directions. And therefore + + align:start position:0% +light into all directions. And therefore + + + align:start position:0% +light into all directions. And therefore +you have a single photon afterwards, but + + align:start position:0% +you have a single photon afterwards, but + + + align:start position:0% +you have a single photon afterwards, but +you have many many different spatial + + align:start position:0% +you have many many different spatial + + + align:start position:0% +you have many many different spatial +modes and in any given mode you do not + + align:start position:0% +modes and in any given mode you do not + + + align:start position:0% +modes and in any given mode you do not +have a single photon. So therefore + + align:start position:0% +have a single photon. So therefore + + + align:start position:0% +have a single photon. So therefore +uh what you have to add to the single + + align:start position:0% +uh what you have to add to the single + + + align:start position:0% +uh what you have to add to the single +atom or single ion is you have to put it + + align:start position:0% +atom or single ion is you have to put it + + + align:start position:0% +atom or single ion is you have to put it +in a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cavity and uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh and then in the limit of a very very + + align:start position:0% +uh and then in the limit of a very very + + + align:start position:0% +uh and then in the limit of a very very +high finess cavity the probability + + align:start position:0% +high finess cavity the probability + + + align:start position:0% +high finess cavity the probability +uh will be very very high that your + + align:start position:0% +uh will be very very high that your + + + align:start position:0% +uh will be very very high that your +photon is emitted into the mode of the + + align:start position:0% +photon is emitted into the mode of the + + + align:start position:0% +photon is emitted into the mode of the +cavity and it is not emitted + + align:start position:0% +cavity and it is not emitted + + + align:start position:0% +cavity and it is not emitted +perpendicular into other modes. But that + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular into other modes. But that + + + align:start position:0% +perpendicular into other modes. But that +itself is not yet sufficient because you + + align:start position:0% +itself is not yet sufficient because you + + + align:start position:0% +itself is not yet sufficient because you +have a single photon but you also want + + align:start position:0% +have a single photon but you also want + + + align:start position:0% +have a single photon but you also want +to know when does the single photon + + align:start position:0% +to know when does the single photon + + + align:start position:0% +to know when does the single photon +arrive. You want to do experiments. You + + align:start position:0% +arrive. You want to do experiments. You + + + align:start position:0% +arrive. You want to do experiments. You +want single photons on + + align:start position:0% +want single photons on + + + align:start position:0% +want single photons on +demand. + + align:start position:0% +demand. + + + align:start position:0% +demand. +Uh and + + align:start position:0% +Uh and + + + align:start position:0% +Uh and +uh so one option + + align:start position:0% +uh so one option + + + align:start position:0% +uh so one option +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +that you take you you prepare your + + align:start position:0% +that you take you you prepare your + + + align:start position:0% +that you take you you prepare your +atoms in the ground + + align:start position:0% +atoms in the ground + + + align:start position:0% +atoms in the ground +state. You take a pi pulse which with + + align:start position:0% +state. You take a pi pulse which with + + + align:start position:0% +state. You take a pi pulse which with +100% + + align:start position:0% +100% + + + align:start position:0% +100% +probability excites the atom to the + + align:start position:0% +probability excites the atom to the + + + align:start position:0% +probability excites the atom to the +excited state. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And then within a natural lifetime or + + align:start position:0% +And then within a natural lifetime or + + + align:start position:0% +And then within a natural lifetime or +maybe even in resonator enhanced uh + + align:start position:0% +maybe even in resonator enhanced uh + + + align:start position:0% +maybe even in resonator enhanced uh +natural inverse natural line widths uh + + align:start position:0% +natural inverse natural line widths uh + + + align:start position:0% +natural inverse natural line widths uh +the single photon is emitted. So + + align:start position:0% +the single photon is emitted. So + + + align:start position:0% +the single photon is emitted. So +therefore you pump the system and then + + align:start position:0% +therefore you pump the system and then + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you pump the system and then +you know within the next few nanoconds + + align:start position:0% +you know within the next few nanoconds + + + align:start position:0% +you know within the next few nanoconds +your cavity mode will have a single + + align:start position:0% +your cavity mode will have a single + + + align:start position:0% +your cavity mode will have a single +photon. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um the problem here is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh you're dealing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh you have to prepare single atoms + + align:start position:0% +uh you have to prepare single atoms + + + align:start position:0% +uh you have to prepare single atoms +which is + + align:start position:0% +which is + + + align:start position:0% +which is +uh difficult. you have to couple them to + + align:start position:0% +uh difficult. you have to couple them to + + + align:start position:0% +uh difficult. you have to couple them to +a high fine cavity. There is technically + + align:start position:0% +a high fine cavity. There is technically + + + align:start position:0% +a high fine cavity. There is technically +another approach where you use many + + align:start position:0% +another approach where you use many + + + align:start position:0% +another approach where you use many +atoms. So if you have many atoms, you no + + align:start position:0% +atoms. So if you have many atoms, you no + + + align:start position:0% +atoms. So if you have many atoms, you no +longer have you know a single gun. So + + align:start position:0% +longer have you know a single gun. So + + + align:start position:0% +longer have you know a single gun. So +therefore you can get several photons + + align:start position:0% +therefore you can get several photons + + + align:start position:0% +therefore you can get several photons +but the singleness in photons comes + + align:start position:0% +but the singleness in photons comes + + + align:start position:0% +but the singleness in photons comes +because the photons are now heralded. + + align:start position:0% +because the photons are now heralded. + + + align:start position:0% +because the photons are now heralded. +They are announced and the idea is the + + align:start position:0% +They are announced and the idea is the + + + align:start position:0% +They are announced and the idea is the +following. If you start with a state one + + align:start position:0% +following. If you start with a state one + + + align:start position:0% +following. If you start with a state one +and you have an excited state and you + + align:start position:0% +and you have an excited state and you + + + align:start position:0% +and you have an excited state and you +have a pump + + align:start position:0% +have a pump + + + align:start position:0% +have a pump +pulse, you are now if you have many + + align:start position:0% +pulse, you are now if you have many + + + align:start position:0% +pulse, you are now if you have many +atoms, you have a much higher efficiency + + align:start position:0% +atoms, you have a much higher efficiency + + + align:start position:0% +atoms, you have a much higher efficiency +of pumping atoms to the excited state + + align:start position:0% +of pumping atoms to the excited state + + + align:start position:0% +of pumping atoms to the excited state +because if you have any atoms, it's n + + align:start position:0% +because if you have any atoms, it's n + + + align:start position:0% +because if you have any atoms, it's n +times more efficient. But now you take + + align:start position:0% +times more efficient. But now you take + + + align:start position:0% +times more efficient. But now you take +the following situation. You wait until + + align:start position:0% +the following situation. You wait until + + + align:start position:0% +the following situation. You wait until +there is a ramen transition until you + + align:start position:0% +there is a ramen transition until you + + + align:start position:0% +there is a ramen transition until you +detect a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +photon for ramen transition where the + + align:start position:0% +photon for ramen transition where the + + + align:start position:0% +photon for ramen transition where the +excited + + align:start position:0% +excited + + + align:start position:0% +excited +state decays to the state + + align:start position:0% +state decays to the state + + + align:start position:0% +state decays to the state +two. At this moment you know I have now + + align:start position:0% +two. At this moment you know I have now + + + align:start position:0% +two. At this moment you know I have now +one atom in state two. + + align:start position:0% +one atom in state two. + + + align:start position:0% +one atom in state two. +So in other words, you're not starting + + align:start position:0% +So in other words, you're not starting + + + align:start position:0% +So in other words, you're not starting +with single atoms, which is sometimes + + align:start position:0% +with single atoms, which is sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +with single atoms, which is sometimes +more demanding. How can you prep to + + align:start position:0% +more demanding. How can you prep to + + + align:start position:0% +more demanding. How can you prep to +prepare the system? It has other + + align:start position:0% +prepare the system? It has other + + + align:start position:0% +prepare the system? It has other +disadvantages that n atoms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have I'm not sure if I should mention + + align:start position:0% +have I'm not sure if I should mention + + + align:start position:0% +have I'm not sure if I should mention +it, but with n atoms they have a super + + align:start position:0% +it, but with n atoms they have a super + + + align:start position:0% +it, but with n atoms they have a super +radiant factor n with n atoms you can + + align:start position:0% +radiant factor n with n atoms you can + + + align:start position:0% +radiant factor n with n atoms you can +get an n times enhancement of emission + + align:start position:0% +get an n times enhancement of emission + + + align:start position:0% +get an n times enhancement of emission +into a single mode. So there are real + + align:start position:0% +into a single mode. So there are real + + + align:start position:0% +into a single mode. So there are real +massive advantages in working with many + + align:start position:0% +massive advantages in working with many + + + align:start position:0% +massive advantages in working with many +atoms. But now you know that one atom is + + align:start position:0% +atoms. But now you know that one atom is + + + align:start position:0% +atoms. But now you know that one atom is +in state two when you detect the first + + align:start position:0% +in state two when you detect the first + + + align:start position:0% +in state two when you detect the first +photon. And then you have the same + + align:start position:0% +photon. And then you have the same + + + align:start position:0% +photon. And then you have the same +situation + + align:start position:0% +situation + + + align:start position:0% +situation +uh which we had above. You can now + + align:start position:0% +uh which we had above. You can now + + + align:start position:0% +uh which we had above. You can now +take your system. Let me just redraw the + + align:start position:0% +take your system. Let me just redraw the + + + align:start position:0% +take your system. Let me just redraw the +level diagram. Excited state one state + + align:start position:0% +level diagram. Excited state one state + + + align:start position:0% +level diagram. Excited state one state +two. You know now that you have one + + align:start position:0% +two. You know now that you have one + + + align:start position:0% +two. You know now that you have one +single atom here and by using a laser + + align:start position:0% +single atom here and by using a laser + + + align:start position:0% +single atom here and by using a laser +pulse you can excited to the excited + + align:start position:0% +pulse you can excited to the excited + + + align:start position:0% +pulse you can excited to the excited +state and + + align:start position:0% +state and + + + align:start position:0% +state and +then you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +observe the single photon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2. So in other words, your the + + align:start position:0% +2. So in other words, your the + + + align:start position:0% +2. So in other words, your the +observation of the first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +photon tells you that your system is + + align:start position:0% +photon tells you that your system is + + + align:start position:0% +photon tells you that your system is +prepared with one atom in state two and + + align:start position:0% +prepared with one atom in state two and + + + align:start position:0% +prepared with one atom in state two and +then you can get a single photon out of + + align:start position:0% +then you can get a single photon out of + + + align:start position:0% +then you can get a single photon out of +it which is the photon for the inverse + + align:start position:0% +it which is the photon for the inverse + + + align:start position:0% +it which is the photon for the inverse +ramen transition when you pump the + + align:start position:0% +ramen transition when you pump the + + + align:start position:0% +ramen transition when you pump the +system back to state one. + + align:start position:0% +system back to state one. + + + align:start position:0% +system back to state one. +Doesn't this rely on you being able to + + align:start position:0% +Doesn't this rely on you being able to + + + align:start position:0% +Doesn't this rely on you being able to +reliably compare a single atom in + + align:start position:0% +reliably compare a single atom in + + + align:start position:0% +reliably compare a single atom in +another state? + + align:start position:0% +another state? + + + align:start position:0% +another state? +Won't there always be some uncertainty + + align:start position:0% +Won't there always be some uncertainty + + + align:start position:0% +Won't there always be some uncertainty +as to how many + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +atoms? There are some uncertainties and + + align:start position:0% +atoms? There are some uncertainties and + + + align:start position:0% +atoms? There are some uncertainties and +what you are saying is is correct. We + + align:start position:0% +what you are saying is is correct. We + + + align:start position:0% +what you are saying is is correct. We +don't have perfect single photon sources + + align:start position:0% +don't have perfect single photon sources + + + align:start position:0% +don't have perfect single photon sources +and people characterize + + align:start position:0% +and people characterize + + + align:start position:0% +and people characterize +uh the fidelity of the single photon + + align:start position:0% +uh the fidelity of the single photon + + + align:start position:0% +uh the fidelity of the single photon +source. For instance, if uh if you + + align:start position:0% +source. For instance, if uh if you + + + align:start position:0% +source. For instance, if uh if you +detect if you detect the single photon, + + align:start position:0% +detect if you detect the single photon, + + + align:start position:0% +detect if you detect the single photon, +you would say now my system is ready to + + align:start position:0% +you would say now my system is ready to + + + align:start position:0% +you would say now my system is ready to +emit a single photon triggered by this + + align:start position:0% +emit a single photon triggered by this + + + align:start position:0% +emit a single photon triggered by this +pump pulse. And if you can get now a + + align:start position:0% +pump pulse. And if you can get now a + + + align:start position:0% +pump pulse. And if you can get now a +single photon in 90% of the cases, uh + + align:start position:0% +single photon in 90% of the cases, uh + + + align:start position:0% +single photon in 90% of the cases, uh +you publish a wonderful paper because + + align:start position:0% +you publish a wonderful paper because + + + align:start position:0% +you publish a wonderful paper because +you've set a new record for the fidelity + + align:start position:0% +you've set a new record for the fidelity + + + align:start position:0% +you've set a new record for the fidelity +of a single photon source. So people are + + align:start position:0% +of a single photon source. So people are + + + align:start position:0% +of a single photon source. So people are +really struggling with some of those + + align:start position:0% +really struggling with some of those + + + align:start position:0% +really struggling with some of those +uncertainties. But uh to involve for + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties. But uh to involve for + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainties. But uh to involve for +instance three levels is sort of an + + align:start position:0% +instance three levels is sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +instance three levels is sort of an +advantage because you're not limited by + + align:start position:0% +advantage because you're not limited by + + + align:start position:0% +advantage because you're not limited by +the preparation of a single atom for + + align:start position:0% +the preparation of a single atom for + + + align:start position:0% +the preparation of a single atom for +instance. You can have many atoms. the + + align:start position:0% +instance. You can have many atoms. the + + + align:start position:0% +instance. You can have many atoms. the +atoms are always there and the moment + + align:start position:0% +atoms are always there and the moment + + + align:start position:0% +atoms are always there and the moment +one atom is prepared in state two this + + align:start position:0% +one atom is prepared in state two this + + + align:start position:0% +one atom is prepared in state two this +atom announces itself with a photon so + + align:start position:0% +atom announces itself with a photon so + + + align:start position:0% +atom announces itself with a photon so +it's sort of you know it takes a lot of + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of you know it takes a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of you know it takes a lot of +uncertainty out that the system says + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty out that the system says + + + align:start position:0% +uncertainty out that the system says +with the first photon I'm ready now I + + align:start position:0% +with the first photon I'm ready now I + + + align:start position:0% +with the first photon I'm ready now I +can emit a single photon and then you + + align:start position:0% +can emit a single photon and then you + + + align:start position:0% +can emit a single photon and then you +get your single photon then you can gate + + align:start position:0% +get your single photon then you can gate + + + align:start position:0% +get your single photon then you can gate +your whole experiment to a time + + align:start position:0% +your whole experiment to a time + + + align:start position:0% +your whole experiment to a time +following the detection of the first + + align:start position:0% +following the detection of the first + + + align:start position:0% +following the detection of the first +photon and for your gate for your gated + + align:start position:0% +photon and for your gate for your gated + + + align:start position:0% +photon and for your gate for your gated +time afterwards you're very very high + + align:start position:0% +time afterwards you're very very high + + + align:start position:0% +time afterwards you're very very high +probability of finding this + + align:start position:0% +probability of finding this + + + align:start position:0% +probability of finding this +photon. Or if you want, you can now do + + align:start position:0% +photon. Or if you want, you can now do + + + align:start position:0% +photon. Or if you want, you can now do +experiments with two photons. If you + + align:start position:0% +experiments with two photons. If you + + + align:start position:0% +experiments with two photons. If you +keep this laser on and pump the atom + + align:start position:0% +keep this laser on and pump the atom + + + align:start position:0% +keep this laser on and pump the atom +immediately back, you have actually a + + align:start position:0% +immediately back, you have actually a + + + align:start position:0% +immediately back, you have actually a +single photon here followed by a single + + align:start position:0% +single photon here followed by a single + + + align:start position:0% +single photon here followed by a single +photon here. It's sort of click clack + + align:start position:0% +photon here. It's sort of click clack + + + align:start position:0% +photon here. It's sort of click clack +and now you can do correlations between + + align:start position:0% +and now you can do correlations between + + + align:start position:0% +and now you can do correlations between +two different single photon states and + + align:start position:0% +two different single photon states and + + + align:start position:0% +two different single photon states and +such. It's a very rich frontier of our + + align:start position:0% +such. It's a very rich frontier of our + + + align:start position:0% +such. It's a very rich frontier of our +field. You had another question. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +field. You had another question. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +field. You had another question. Yeah. +Um is this also within a cavity now like + + align:start position:0% +Um is this also within a cavity now like + + + align:start position:0% +Um is this also within a cavity now like +the single photon detection in the first + + align:start position:0% +the single photon detection in the first + + + align:start position:0% +the single photon detection in the first +step? Yes, actually all that I mean + + align:start position:0% +step? Yes, actually all that I mean + + + align:start position:0% +step? Yes, actually all that I mean +these photons the the wavy lines are + + align:start position:0% +these photons the the wavy lines are + + + align:start position:0% +these photons the the wavy lines are +emitted spontaneously spontaneous + + align:start position:0% +emitted spontaneously spontaneous + + + align:start position:0% +emitted spontaneously spontaneous +emission pretty much by definition goes + + align:start position:0% +emission pretty much by definition goes + + + align:start position:0% +emission pretty much by definition goes +into all possible spatial modes and the + + align:start position:0% +into all possible spatial modes and the + + + align:start position:0% +into all possible spatial modes and the +only way to control the spatial mode is + + align:start position:0% +only way to control the spatial mode is + + + align:start position:0% +only way to control the spatial mode is +with a cavity. + + align:start position:0% +with a cavity. + + + align:start position:0% +with a cavity. +What I'm not what I'm not what I don't + + align:start position:0% +What I'm not what I'm not what I don't + + + align:start position:0% +What I'm not what I'm not what I don't +want to go into details but those who + + align:start position:0% +want to go into details but those who + + + align:start position:0% +want to go into details but those who +have an understanding of that is the + + align:start position:0% +have an understanding of that is the + + + align:start position:0% +have an understanding of that is the +following. If you have n + + align:start position:0% +following. If you have n + + + align:start position:0% +following. If you have n +atoms and you prepare one atom here in + + align:start position:0% +atoms and you prepare one atom here in + + + align:start position:0% +atoms and you prepare one atom here in +state two you do not know which of your + + align:start position:0% +state two you do not know which of your + + + align:start position:0% +state two you do not know which of your +n atoms is prepared. So you have + + align:start position:0% +n atoms is prepared. So you have + + + align:start position:0% +n atoms is prepared. So you have +n indistinguishable possibilities and if + + align:start position:0% +n indistinguishable possibilities and if + + + align:start position:0% +n indistinguishable possibilities and if +you have n indistinguishable + + align:start position:0% +you have n indistinguishable + + + align:start position:0% +you have n indistinguishable +probabilities which atom you have + + align:start position:0% +probabilities which atom you have + + + align:start position:0% +probabilities which atom you have +prepared h the emission of the photon + + align:start position:0% +prepared h the emission of the photon + + + align:start position:0% +prepared h the emission of the photon +back is n times enhanced. So therefore + + align:start position:0% +back is n times enhanced. So therefore + + + align:start position:0% +back is n times enhanced. So therefore +you have actually a system which has an + + align:start position:0% +you have actually a system which has an + + + align:start position:0% +you have actually a system which has an +n times stronger coupling to the cavity. + + align:start position:0% +n times stronger coupling to the cavity. + + + align:start position:0% +n times stronger coupling to the cavity. +So having n + + align:start position:0% +So having n + + + align:start position:0% +So having n +atoms makes it much much easier to + + align:start position:0% +atoms makes it much much easier to + + + align:start position:0% +atoms makes it much much easier to +construct a high finesse cavity. You get + + align:start position:0% +construct a high finesse cavity. You get + + + align:start position:0% +construct a high finesse cavity. You get +sort of this super radiance increase of + + align:start position:0% +sort of this super radiance increase of + + + align:start position:0% +sort of this super radiance increase of +the strong coupling for free. And this + + align:start position:0% +the strong coupling for free. And this + + + align:start position:0% +the strong coupling for free. And this +is why there is uh there are many + + align:start position:0% +is why there is uh there are many + + + align:start position:0% +is why there is uh there are many +reasons why you do not want to work with + + align:start position:0% +reasons why you do not want to work with + + + align:start position:0% +reasons why you do not want to work with +a single ion or a single atom. It's + + align:start position:0% +a single ion or a single atom. It's + + + align:start position:0% +a single ion or a single atom. It's +possible for very fundamental + + align:start position:0% +possible for very fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +possible for very fundamental +experiments. People have shown that it + + align:start position:0% +experiments. People have shown that it + + + align:start position:0% +experiments. People have shown that it +can be done, but technologically it's + + align:start position:0% +can be done, but technologically it's + + + align:start position:0% +can be done, but technologically it's +much easier and much more robust to work + + align:start position:0% +much easier and much more robust to work + + + align:start position:0% +much easier and much more robust to work +with many atoms. But then you need sort + + align:start position:0% +with many atoms. But then you need sort + + + align:start position:0% +with many atoms. But then you need sort +of the many atoms have to tell you when + + align:start position:0% +of the many atoms have to tell you when + + + align:start position:0% +of the many atoms have to tell you when +one atom is prepared to emit now a + + align:start position:0% +one atom is prepared to emit now a + + + align:start position:0% +one atom is prepared to emit now a +single + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +photon. If you're interested in this + + align:start position:0% +photon. If you're interested in this + + + align:start position:0% +photon. If you're interested in this +subject, talk to the students in Wullet + + align:start position:0% +subject, talk to the students in Wullet + + + align:start position:0% +subject, talk to the students in Wullet +group. They're really the world experts + + align:start position:0% +group. They're really the world experts + + + align:start position:0% +group. They're really the world experts +in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that. Okay, + + align:start position:0% +that. Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +that. Okay, +finally we're not really getting to + + align:start position:0% +finally we're not really getting to + + + align:start position:0% +finally we're not really getting to +squeeze light. We start with squeezing + + align:start position:0% +squeeze light. We start with squeezing + + + align:start position:0% +squeeze light. We start with squeezing +the light tomorrow. + + align:start position:0% +the light tomorrow. + + + align:start position:0% +the light tomorrow. +Uh the last thing in this major section + + align:start position:0% +Uh the last thing in this major section + + + align:start position:0% +Uh the last thing in this major section +is the + + align:start position:0% +is the + + + align:start position:0% +is the +famous Henbury Brown + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +twist experiment. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +This was a landmark experiment done in + + align:start position:0% +This was a landmark experiment done in + + + align:start position:0% +This was a landmark experiment done in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +1950s and it was the first experiment + + align:start position:0% +1950s and it was the first experiment + + + align:start position:0% +1950s and it was the first experiment +which really looked at G2 functions + + align:start position:0% +which really looked at G2 functions + + + align:start position:0% +which really looked at G2 functions +correlations which one could say was the + + align:start position:0% +correlations which one could say was the + + + align:start position:0% +correlations which one could say was the +beginning of quantum optics and + + align:start position:0% +beginning of quantum optics and + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of quantum optics and +uh you know modern experiments with + + align:start position:0% +uh you know modern experiments with + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know modern experiments with +light. Probably until then light was + + align:start position:0% +light. Probably until then light was + + + align:start position:0% +light. Probably until then light was +just an electromagnetic wave. people + + align:start position:0% +just an electromagnetic wave. people + + + align:start position:0% +just an electromagnetic wave. people +regarded as boring but by measuring now + + align:start position:0% +regarded as boring but by measuring now + + + align:start position:0% +regarded as boring but by measuring now +correlations people realized that it's + + align:start position:0% +correlations people realized that it's + + + align:start position:0% +correlations people realized that it's +an interesting object to + + align:start position:0% +an interesting object to + + + align:start position:0% +an interesting object to +study. I want to just go over the basic + + align:start position:0% +study. I want to just go over the basic + + + align:start position:0% +study. I want to just go over the basic +uh scheme. Uh you will look at it a + + align:start position:0% +uh scheme. Uh you will look at it a + + + align:start position:0% +uh scheme. Uh you will look at it a +little bit more closely in your homework + + align:start position:0% +little bit more closely in your homework + + + align:start position:0% +little bit more closely in your homework +assignment. So the idea behind an Henry + + align:start position:0% +assignment. So the idea behind an Henry + + + align:start position:0% +assignment. So the idea behind an Henry +Brown twist experiment is that you have + + align:start position:0% +Brown twist experiment is that you have + + + align:start position:0% +Brown twist experiment is that you have +a light + + align:start position:0% +a light + + + align:start position:0% +a light +source and you want + + align:start position:0% +source and you want + + + align:start position:0% +source and you want +to characterize + + align:start position:0% +to characterize + + + align:start position:0% +to characterize +it. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um so the light + + align:start position:0% +Um so the light + + + align:start position:0% +Um so the light +source emits + + align:start position:0% +source emits + + + align:start position:0% +source emits +light. And now this is important. Uh + + align:start position:0% +light. And now this is important. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +light. And now this is important. Uh +whenever you want to detect two photons, + + align:start position:0% +whenever you want to detect two photons, + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you want to detect two photons, +you want to figure out is one photon + + align:start position:0% +you want to figure out is one photon + + + align:start position:0% +you want to figure out is one photon +followed by another + + align:start position:0% +followed by another + + + align:start position:0% +followed by another +photon. Technically, you cannot do it + + align:start position:0% +photon. Technically, you cannot do it + + + align:start position:0% +photon. Technically, you cannot do it +with a photo multiplier because when a + + align:start position:0% +with a photo multiplier because when a + + + align:start position:0% +with a photo multiplier because when a +photo multiplier clicks, it needs uh + + align:start position:0% +photo multiplier clicks, it needs uh + + + align:start position:0% +photo multiplier clicks, it needs uh +many many nanoseconds for the photo + + align:start position:0% +many many nanoseconds for the photo + + + align:start position:0% +many many nanoseconds for the photo +multiplier to read out the signal and + + align:start position:0% +multiplier to read out the signal and + + + align:start position:0% +multiplier to read out the signal and +recover to recharge up its electrodes + + align:start position:0% +recover to recharge up its electrodes + + + align:start position:0% +recover to recharge up its electrodes +and be ready to detect the next photon. + + align:start position:0% +and be ready to detect the next photon. + + + align:start position:0% +and be ready to detect the next photon. +So therefore when you want to find click + + align:start position:0% +So therefore when you want to find click + + + align:start position:0% +So therefore when you want to find click +click double clicks in the stream of + + align:start position:0% +click double clicks in the stream of + + + align:start position:0% +click double clicks in the stream of +light uh you have to involve a beam + + align:start position:0% +light uh you have to involve a beam + + + align:start position:0% +light uh you have to involve a beam +splitter and involve two photo + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +detectors. Sure, you now need an + + align:start position:0% +detectors. Sure, you now need an + + + align:start position:0% +detectors. Sure, you now need an +adequate description, but in principle, + + align:start position:0% +adequate description, but in principle, + + + align:start position:0% +adequate description, but in principle, +you can now find two photons which are + + align:start position:0% +you can now find two photons which are + + + align:start position:0% +you can now find two photons which are +only a few picos seconds apart because + + align:start position:0% +only a few picos seconds apart because + + + align:start position:0% +only a few picos seconds apart because +the first photon is observed by the + + align:start position:0% +the first photon is observed by the + + + align:start position:0% +the first photon is observed by the +first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +detector and the second photon is + + align:start position:0% +detector and the second photon is + + + align:start position:0% +detector and the second photon is +detected by the second + + align:start position:0% +detected by the second + + + align:start position:0% +detected by the second +detector. Sure, you would say what + + align:start position:0% +detector. Sure, you would say what + + + align:start position:0% +detector. Sure, you would say what +happens if in the beam splitter both + + align:start position:0% +happens if in the beam splitter both + + + align:start position:0% +happens if in the beam splitter both +photons go detector one. Well, that's + + align:start position:0% +photons go detector one. Well, that's + + + align:start position:0% +photons go detector one. Well, that's +tough luck. That's one you take one + + align:start position:0% +tough luck. That's one you take one + + + align:start position:0% +tough luck. That's one you take one +chance in two that the photons the two + + align:start position:0% +chance in two that the photons the two + + + align:start position:0% +chance in two that the photons the two +photonss go to the two different + + align:start position:0% +photonss go to the two different + + + align:start position:0% +photonss go to the two different +detectors but the beam splitter has to + + align:start position:0% +detectors but the beam splitter has to + + + align:start position:0% +detectors but the beam splitter has to +be part of your experiment has to become + + align:start position:0% +be part of your experiment has to become + + + align:start position:0% +be part of your experiment has to become +part of your description and this is + + align:start position:0% +part of your description and this is + + + align:start position:0% +part of your description and this is +what you do in homework number + + align:start position:0% +what you do in homework number + + + align:start position:0% +what you do in homework number +one so + + align:start position:0% +one so + + + align:start position:0% +one so +uh what we are asking here when we + + align:start position:0% +uh what we are asking here when we + + + align:start position:0% +uh what we are asking here when we +measure the g2 function let's assume at + + align:start position:0% +measure the g2 function let's assume at + + + align:start position:0% +measure the g2 function let's assume at +toao equals + + align:start position:0% +toao equals + + + align:start position:0% +toao equals +zero we are reading out + + align:start position:0% +zero we are reading out + + + align:start position:0% +zero we are reading out +a signal and what we are using is a + + align:start position:0% +a signal and what we are using is a + + + align:start position:0% +a signal and what we are using is a +coincidence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +detector. We are looking that in a very + + align:start position:0% +detector. We are looking that in a very + + + align:start position:0% +detector. We are looking that in a very +small temporal window two photons are + + align:start position:0% +small temporal window two photons are + + + align:start position:0% +small temporal window two photons are +detected + + align:start position:0% +detected + + + align:start position:0% +detected +simultaneously. Well, this is the + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously. Well, this is the + + + align:start position:0% +simultaneously. Well, this is the +quantum version. The classical version + + align:start position:0% +quantum version. The classical version + + + align:start position:0% +quantum version. The classical version +is the G2 function is the product of the + + align:start position:0% +is the G2 function is the product of the + + + align:start position:0% +is the G2 function is the product of the +intensity at times t times the product + + align:start position:0% +intensity at times t times the product + + + align:start position:0% +intensity at times t times the product +of the intensity at time t plus toao. So + + align:start position:0% +of the intensity at time t plus toao. So + + + align:start position:0% +of the intensity at time t plus toao. So +what you would do here in this circuit, + + align:start position:0% +what you would do here in this circuit, + + + align:start position:0% +what you would do here in this circuit, +you would take the signal from this + + align:start position:0% +you would take the signal from this + + + align:start position:0% +you would take the signal from this +detector, the signal from Z and multiply + + align:start position:0% +detector, the signal from Z and multiply + + + align:start position:0% +detector, the signal from Z and multiply +the two. This is how you determine I of + + align:start position:0% +the two. This is how you determine I of + + + align:start position:0% +the two. This is how you determine I of +T * I of T plus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tow. So whether you do it in the + + align:start position:0% +tow. So whether you do it in the + + + align:start position:0% +tow. So whether you do it in the +classical domain or whether you do it in + + align:start position:0% +classical domain or whether you do it in + + + align:start position:0% +classical domain or whether you do it in +the quantum domain, + + align:start position:0% +the quantum domain, + + + align:start position:0% +the quantum domain, +uh this is the way how you + + align:start position:0% +uh this is the way how you + + + align:start position:0% +uh this is the way how you +experimentally measure the second order + + align:start position:0% +experimentally measure the second order + + + align:start position:0% +experimentally measure the second order +uh correlation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +in in the classical + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limit. You don't have to worry about it. + + align:start position:0% +limit. You don't have to worry about it. + + + align:start position:0% +limit. You don't have to worry about it. +The classical limit is always the limit + + align:start position:0% +The classical limit is always the limit + + + align:start position:0% +The classical limit is always the limit +of high intensity. So at any given time + + align:start position:0% +of high intensity. So at any given time + + + align:start position:0% +of high intensity. So at any given time +you have a ton of photons and then at + + align:start position:0% +you have a ton of photons and then at + + + align:start position:0% +you have a ton of photons and then at +beam splitter half of the photons go + + align:start position:0% +beam splitter half of the photons go + + + align:start position:0% +beam splitter half of the photons go +left half of the photonss go right. You + + align:start position:0% +left half of the photonss go right. You + + + align:start position:0% +left half of the photonss go right. You +have an equal splitting. You have + + align:start position:0% +have an equal splitting. You have + + + align:start position:0% +have an equal splitting. You have +exactly half the intensity in the left + + align:start position:0% +exactly half the intensity in the left + + + align:start position:0% +exactly half the intensity in the left +arm and the right arm of after the beam + + align:start position:0% +arm and the right arm of after the beam + + + align:start position:0% +arm and the right arm of after the beam +splitter. So there is no problem at all + + align:start position:0% +splitter. So there is no problem at all + + + align:start position:0% +splitter. So there is no problem at all +with the quantization because this is + + align:start position:0% +with the quantization because this is + + + align:start position:0% +with the quantization because this is +the classical limit. So classically you + + align:start position:0% +the classical limit. So classically you + + + align:start position:0% +the classical limit. So classically you +can say I should actually I shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +can say I should actually I shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +can say I should actually I shouldn't +say photon I should actually say + + align:start position:0% +say photon I should actually say + + + align:start position:0% +say photon I should actually say +intensity the + + align:start position:0% +intensity the + + + align:start position:0% +intensity the +intensity splits + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equally and if you do the measurement + + align:start position:0% +equally and if you do the measurement + + + align:start position:0% +equally and if you do the measurement +with a coincidence detector you find the + + align:start position:0% +with a coincidence detector you find the + + + align:start position:0% +with a coincidence detector you find the +difference between the G2 function which + + align:start position:0% +difference between the G2 function which + + + align:start position:0% +difference between the G2 function which +I discussed earlier that the G2 function + + align:start position:0% +I discussed earlier that the G2 function + + + align:start position:0% +I discussed earlier that the G2 function +is one for coherent light or laser light + + align:start position:0% +is one for coherent light or laser light + + + align:start position:0% +is one for coherent light or laser light +and the TTG2 function is two for thermal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +light. That's actually the only way how + + align:start position:0% +light. That's actually the only way how + + + align:start position:0% +light. That's actually the only way how +you can distinguish a light bulb from a + + align:start position:0% +you can distinguish a light bulb from a + + + align:start position:0% +you can distinguish a light bulb from a +laser beam. If you put a light bulb into + + align:start position:0% +laser beam. If you put a light bulb into + + + align:start position:0% +laser beam. If you put a light bulb into +a cavity or couple the light from a + + align:start position:0% +a cavity or couple the light from a + + + align:start position:0% +a cavity or couple the light from a +light bulb into a fiber, the light + + align:start position:0% +light bulb into a fiber, the light + + + align:start position:0% +light bulb into a fiber, the light +becomes spatially a single mode. If you + + align:start position:0% +becomes spatially a single mode. If you + + + align:start position:0% +becomes spatially a single mode. If you +put a very narrow spectral filter or + + align:start position:0% +put a very narrow spectral filter or + + + align:start position:0% +put a very narrow spectral filter or +fabric perero cavity, the light becomes + + align:start position:0% +fabric perero cavity, the light becomes + + + align:start position:0% +fabric perero cavity, the light becomes +single mode in frequency domain. So when + + align:start position:0% +single mode in frequency domain. So when + + + align:start position:0% +single mode in frequency domain. So when +you take a light bulb and spatially and + + align:start position:0% +you take a light bulb and spatially and + + + align:start position:0% +you take a light bulb and spatially and +spectrally filter it that it is single + + align:start position:0% +spectrally filter it that it is single + + + align:start position:0% +spectrally filter it that it is single +mode in terms of the mode, it is single + + align:start position:0% +mode in terms of the mode, it is single + + + align:start position:0% +mode in terms of the mode, it is single +mode as a single mode laser. But it is a + + align:start position:0% +mode as a single mode laser. But it is a + + + align:start position:0% +mode as a single mode laser. But it is a +correlation experiment which shows you + + align:start position:0% +correlation experiment which shows you + + + align:start position:0% +correlation experiment which shows you +that you started with a thermal source. + + align:start position:0% +that you started with a thermal source. + + + align:start position:0% +that you started with a thermal source. +It has a G2 function of two and you can + + align:start position:0% +It has a G2 function of two and you can + + + align:start position:0% +It has a G2 function of two and you can +never get rid of it. whereas the laser + + align:start position:0% +never get rid of it. whereas the laser + + + align:start position:0% +never get rid of it. whereas the laser +beam has a G2 function of + + align:start position:0% +beam has a G2 function of + + + align:start position:0% +beam has a G2 function of +one. Okay, so this is a classical + + align:start position:0% +one. Okay, so this is a classical + + + align:start position:0% +one. Okay, so this is a classical +version. In the quantum version, + + align:start position:0% +version. In the quantum version, + + + align:start position:0% +version. In the quantum version, +especially when we have a single + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +photon, the photon can go to only one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +detector. And that means for this + + align:start position:0% +detector. And that means for this + + + align:start position:0% +detector. And that means for this +extreme case of a single photon the G2 + + align:start position:0% +extreme case of a single photon the G2 + + + align:start position:0% +extreme case of a single photon the G2 +function is + + align:start position:0% +function is + + + align:start position:0% +function is +zero. Anyway, you will look at those + + align:start position:0% +zero. Anyway, you will look at those + + + align:start position:0% +zero. Anyway, you will look at those +situation in more detail in your + + align:start position:0% +situation in more detail in your + + + align:start position:0% +situation in more detail in your +homework assignment. + + align:start position:0% +homework assignment. + + + align:start position:0% +homework assignment. +Yes. Uh so if you looked at different + + align:start position:0% +Yes. Uh so if you looked at different + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. Uh so if you looked at different +time around zero then even a single mode + + align:start position:0% +time around zero then even a single mode + + + align:start position:0% +time around zero then even a single mode +in a b state would have a finite + + align:start position:0% +in a b state would have a finite + + + align:start position:0% +in a b state would have a finite +energ because there would be some + + align:start position:0% +energ because there would be some + + + align:start position:0% +energ because there would be some +probability on at one at a later time + + align:start position:0% +probability on at one at a later time + + + align:start position:0% +probability on at one at a later time +or at the + + align:start position:0% +or at the + + + align:start position:0% +or at the +other seen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +No, we have to be now a little bit + + align:start position:0% +No, we have to be now a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +No, we have to be now a little bit +careful. If we have a single mode fox + + align:start position:0% +careful. If we have a single mode fox + + + align:start position:0% +careful. If we have a single mode fox +state, + + align:start position:0% +state, + + + align:start position:0% +state, +uh there's only one photon and once this + + align:start position:0% +uh there's only one photon and once this + + + align:start position:0% +uh there's only one photon and once this +photon is detected, we have vacuum. We + + align:start position:0% +photon is detected, we have vacuum. We + + + align:start position:0% +photon is detected, we have vacuum. We +have no photon left. + + align:start position:0% +have no photon left. + + + align:start position:0% +have no photon left. +So what you know what may be confusing + + align:start position:0% +So what you know what may be confusing + + + align:start position:0% +So what you know what may be confusing +here is on first site is that the way + + align:start position:0% +here is on first site is that the way + + + align:start position:0% +here is on first site is that the way +how the experiment is done and has been + + align:start position:0% +how the experiment is done and has been + + + align:start position:0% +how the experiment is done and has been +historically done it's not done with fox + + align:start position:0% +historically done it's not done with fox + + + align:start position:0% +historically done it's not done with fox +states it's done with a light source and + + align:start position:0% +states it's done with a light source and + + + align:start position:0% +states it's done with a light source and +the continuous stream of photons. So + + align:start position:0% +the continuous stream of photons. So + + + align:start position:0% +the continuous stream of photons. So +Henry found experiment he looked at uh + + align:start position:0% +Henry found experiment he looked at uh + + + align:start position:0% +Henry found experiment he looked at uh +you know light bulb or he looked at + + align:start position:0% +you know light bulb or he looked at + + + align:start position:0% +you know light bulb or he looked at +starlight and such and determined the + + align:start position:0% +starlight and such and determined the + + + align:start position:0% +starlight and such and determined the +intensity correlation. he couldn't do + + align:start position:0% +intensity correlation. he couldn't do + + + align:start position:0% +intensity correlation. he couldn't do +the experiment with lasers but now we do + + align:start position:0% +the experiment with lasers but now we do + + + align:start position:0% +the experiment with lasers but now we do +it with a laser beam and we find the G2 + + align:start position:0% +it with a laser beam and we find the G2 + + + align:start position:0% +it with a laser beam and we find the G2 +is one but in those situations we + + align:start position:0% +is one but in those situations we + + + align:start position:0% +is one but in those situations we +actually do not have the way we have + + align:start position:0% +actually do not have the way we have + + + align:start position:0% +actually do not have the way we have +actually we have a beam which is a + + align:start position:0% +actually we have a beam which is a + + + align:start position:0% +actually we have a beam which is a +stream of photons uh and it is requires + + align:start position:0% +stream of photons uh and it is requires + + + align:start position:0% +stream of photons uh and it is requires +a little bit different description in + + align:start position:0% +a little bit different description in + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit different description in +other words uh when I have a coherent + + align:start position:0% +other words uh when I have a coherent + + + align:start position:0% +other words uh when I have a coherent +state uh a laser beam is always + + align:start position:0% +state uh a laser beam is always + + + align:start position:0% +state uh a laser beam is always +replenishing the coherent state the + + align:start position:0% +replenishing the coherent state the + + + align:start position:0% +replenishing the coherent state the +laser beam preserves the electric field. + + align:start position:0% +laser beam preserves the electric field. + + + align:start position:0% +laser beam preserves the electric field. +Whereas strictly speaking, the way how I + + align:start position:0% +Whereas strictly speaking, the way how I + + + align:start position:0% +Whereas strictly speaking, the way how I +described it for pedagogical reasons is + + align:start position:0% +described it for pedagogical reasons is + + + align:start position:0% +described it for pedagogical reasons is +you have a cavity which is filled with a + + align:start position:0% +you have a cavity which is filled with a + + + align:start position:0% +you have a cavity which is filled with a +coherent state alpha and then you start + + align:start position:0% +coherent state alpha and then you start + + + align:start position:0% +coherent state alpha and then you start +analyzing that. But in other words, what + + align:start position:0% +analyzing that. But in other words, what + + + align:start position:0% +analyzing that. But in other words, what +we have focused in the simple + + align:start position:0% +we have focused in the simple + + + align:start position:0% +we have focused in the simple +description is that we have a quantum + + align:start position:0% +description is that we have a quantum + + + align:start position:0% +description is that we have a quantum +state which is prepared. It's a closed + + align:start position:0% +state which is prepared. It's a closed + + + align:start position:0% +state which is prepared. It's a closed +system and now we do our detection. + + align:start position:0% +system and now we do our detection. + + + align:start position:0% +system and now we do our detection. +The experiment how it is done is often + + align:start position:0% +The experiment how it is done is often + + + align:start position:0% +The experiment how it is done is often +done as in an open system where you + + align:start position:0% +done as in an open system where you + + + align:start position:0% +done as in an open system where you +couple the system to a light source + + align:start position:0% +couple the system to a light source + + + align:start position:0% +couple the system to a light source +which is com which is always + + align:start position:0% +which is com which is always + + + align:start position:0% +which is com which is always +replenishing your + + align:start position:0% +replenishing your + + + align:start position:0% +replenishing your +experiment. So you have to be careful + + align:start position:0% +experiment. So you have to be careful + + + align:start position:0% +experiment. So you have to be careful +especially with a single photon. I think + + align:start position:0% +especially with a single photon. I think + + + align:start position:0% +especially with a single photon. I think +in in in essence the experiment would be + + align:start position:0% +in in in essence the experiment would be + + + align:start position:0% +in in in essence the experiment would be +done with a single photon light source + + align:start position:0% +done with a single photon light source + + + align:start position:0% +done with a single photon light source +but the single photon light source has a + + align:start position:0% +but the single photon light source has a + + + align:start position:0% +but the single photon light source has a +high repetition rate. It's sort of I + + align:start position:0% +high repetition rate. It's sort of I + + + align:start position:0% +high repetition rate. It's sort of I +showed you how to can generate single + + align:start position:0% +showed you how to can generate single + + + align:start position:0% +showed you how to can generate single +photons. you have sort of an heralded + + align:start position:0% +photons. you have sort of an heralded + + + align:start position:0% +photons. you have sort of an heralded +single photon. You know the single + + align:start position:0% +single photon. You know the single + + + align:start position:0% +single photon. You know the single +photon comes now you do the experiment + + align:start position:0% +photon comes now you do the experiment + + + align:start position:0% +photon comes now you do the experiment +and then you repeat it again and and and + + align:start position:0% +and then you repeat it again and and and + + + align:start position:0% +and then you repeat it again and and and +and what you have is you only look at + + align:start position:0% +and what you have is you only look at + + + align:start position:0% +and what you have is you only look at +one for at one single photon bunch at a + + align:start position:0% +one for at one single photon bunch at a + + + align:start position:0% +one for at one single photon bunch at a +time and then you find indeed that + + align:start position:0% +time and then you find indeed that + + + align:start position:0% +time and then you find indeed that +during that temporal window you will + + align:start position:0% +during that temporal window you will + + + align:start position:0% +during that temporal window you will +never find a second photon. So this may + + align:start position:0% +never find a second photon. So this may + + + align:start position:0% +never find a second photon. So this may +happen in a few nanoconds then you wait + + align:start position:0% +happen in a few nanoconds then you wait + + + align:start position:0% +happen in a few nanoconds then you wait +a microscond and the next photon arrives + + align:start position:0% +a microscond and the next photon arrives + + + align:start position:0% +a microscond and the next photon arrives +and it doesn't of course if you would + + align:start position:0% +and it doesn't of course if you would + + + align:start position:0% +and it doesn't of course if you would +now uh describe the your light source + + align:start position:0% +now uh describe the your light source + + + align:start position:0% +now uh describe the your light source +what is the G2 of TOAO and TOAO is a + + align:start position:0% +what is the G2 of TOAO and TOAO is a + + + align:start position:0% +what is the G2 of TOAO and TOAO is a +microscond and a microscond is the time + + align:start position:0% +microscond and a microscond is the time + + + align:start position:0% +microscond and a microscond is the time +between the first single photon burst + + align:start position:0% +between the first single photon burst + + + align:start position:0% +between the first single photon burst +and the next single photon burst. Now + + align:start position:0% +and the next single photon burst. Now + + + align:start position:0% +and the next single photon burst. Now +you will find that your G2 function is + + align:start position:0% +you will find that your G2 function is + + + align:start position:0% +you will find that your G2 function is +not zero. But this is then related to + + align:start position:0% +not zero. But this is then related to + + + align:start position:0% +not zero. But this is then related to +the repetition rate of a signal photon + + align:start position:0% +the repetition rate of a signal photon + + + align:start position:0% +the repetition rate of a signal photon +and not to the signal photon itself. I + + align:start position:0% +and not to the signal photon itself. I + + + align:start position:0% +and not to the signal photon itself. I +think you got the taste. Your homework + + align:start position:0% +think you got the taste. Your homework + + + align:start position:0% +think you got the taste. Your homework +is really simple. You just deal with a + + align:start position:0% +is really simple. You just deal with a + + + align:start position:0% +is really simple. You just deal with a +closed system. You look at a quantum + + align:start position:0% +closed system. You look at a quantum + + + align:start position:0% +closed system. You look at a quantum +state at a time. But if you map it onto + + align:start position:0% +state at a time. But if you map it onto + + + align:start position:0% +state at a time. But if you map it onto +a beam experiment, you have to think + + align:start position:0% +a beam experiment, you have to think + + + align:start position:0% +a beam experiment, you have to think +about it. What does it mean to have a + + align:start position:0% +about it. What does it mean to have a + + + align:start position:0% +about it. What does it mean to have a +replenishment of the quantum state? + + align:start position:0% +replenishment of the quantum state? + + + align:start position:0% +replenishment of the quantum state? +Any other question? We have I know I + + align:start position:0% +Any other question? We have I know I + + + align:start position:0% +Any other question? We have I know I +have to stop but um we just uh in the + + align:start position:0% +have to stop but um we just uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +have to stop but um we just uh in the +beam splitter uh the other port of the + + align:start position:0% +beam splitter uh the other port of the + + + align:start position:0% +beam splitter uh the other port of the +beam splitter is should do some stuff + + align:start position:0% +beam splitter is should do some stuff + + + align:start position:0% +beam splitter is should do some stuff +right? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yes. Actually, this will keep us busy + + align:start position:0% +Yes. Actually, this will keep us busy + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. Actually, this will keep us busy +for a while that even if we do not put + + align:start position:0% +for a while that even if we do not put + + + align:start position:0% +for a while that even if we do not put +in any light, we put in the vacuum + + align:start position:0% +in any light, we put in the vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +in any light, we put in the vacuum +state. And you will find that the + + align:start position:0% +state. And you will find that the + + + align:start position:0% +state. And you will find that the +description of the beam splitter in the + + align:start position:0% +description of the beam splitter in the + + + align:start position:0% +description of the beam splitter in the +quantum picture is incomplete unless you + + align:start position:0% +quantum picture is incomplete unless you + + + align:start position:0% +quantum picture is incomplete unless you +specify that your beam splitter is + + align:start position:0% +specify that your beam splitter is + + + align:start position:0% +specify that your beam splitter is +coupling in from a different mode the + + align:start position:0% +coupling in from a different mode the + + + align:start position:0% +coupling in from a different mode the +vacuum state. Yes, this will be very + + align:start position:0% +vacuum state. Yes, this will be very + + + align:start position:0% +vacuum state. Yes, this will be very +important and we'll cover that in its + + align:start position:0% +important and we'll cover that in its + + + align:start position:0% +important and we'll cover that in its +full glory. keyboard. I just had a quick + + align:start position:0% +full glory. keyboard. I just had a quick + + + align:start position:0% +full glory. keyboard. I just had a quick +question. The way you can distinguish + + align:start position:0% +question. The way you can distinguish + + + align:start position:0% +question. The way you can distinguish +from a thermal uh state and a coherent + + align:start position:0% +from a thermal uh state and a coherent + + + align:start position:0% +from a thermal uh state and a coherent +state is through the G2. So from an + + align:start position:0% +state is through the G2. So from an + + + align:start position:0% +state is through the G2. So from an +experimental perspective, could we do + + align:start position:0% +experimental perspective, could we do + + + align:start position:0% +experimental perspective, could we do +most of our experiments if we just had + + align:start position:0% +most of our experiments if we just had + + + align:start position:0% +most of our experiments if we just had +like thermal sources that were very + + align:start position:0% +like thermal sources that were very + + + align:start position:0% +like thermal sources that were very +single mode, so to speak? Oh yes. I + + align:start position:0% +single mode, so to speak? Oh yes. I + + + align:start position:0% +single mode, so to speak? Oh yes. I +mean, all the laser cooling, all the + + align:start position:0% +mean, all the laser cooling, all the + + + align:start position:0% +mean, all the laser cooling, all the +molasses, all the absorption imaging, + + align:start position:0% +molasses, all the absorption imaging, + + + align:start position:0% +molasses, all the absorption imaging, +all that would work if you had a single + + align:start position:0% +all that would work if you had a single + + + align:start position:0% +all that would work if you had a single +mode thermal source. Let's face it, we + + align:start position:0% +mode thermal source. Let's face it, we + + + align:start position:0% +mode thermal source. Let's face it, we +say we use lasers for everything we are + + align:start position:0% +say we use lasers for everything we are + + + align:start position:0% +say we use lasers for everything we are +doing. But the only property which + + align:start position:0% +doing. But the only property which + + + align:start position:0% +doing. But the only property which +distinguishes a laser from a thermal + + align:start position:0% +distinguishes a laser from a thermal + + + align:start position:0% +distinguishes a laser from a thermal +light source, we're not taking advantage + + align:start position:0% +light source, we're not taking advantage + + + align:start position:0% +light source, we're not taking advantage +of it. Of course, practically you if you + + align:start position:0% +of it. Of course, practically you if you + + + align:start position:0% +of it. Of course, practically you if you +take a thermal source and filter it down + + align:start position:0% +take a thermal source and filter it down + + + align:start position:0% +take a thermal source and filter it down +to a single mode, you will be left with + + align:start position:0% +to a single mode, you will be left with + + + align:start position:0% +to a single mode, you will be left with +only a few photons. You cannot create an + + align:start position:0% +only a few photons. You cannot create an + + + align:start position:0% +only a few photons. You cannot create an +intense enough single mode light source + + align:start position:0% +intense enough single mode light source + + + align:start position:0% +intense enough single mode light source +unless you use stimulated emission into + + align:start position:0% +unless you use stimulated emission into + + + align:start position:0% +unless you use stimulated emission into +a single mode. And that's a laser. + + align:start position:0% +a single mode. And that's a laser. + + + align:start position:0% +a single mode. And that's a laser. +Colleen the um correlation function for + + align:start position:0% +Colleen the um correlation function for + + + align:start position:0% +Colleen the um correlation function for +for example an LED + + align:start position:0% +for example an LED + + + align:start position:0% +for example an LED +light that's not really a thermal source + + align:start position:0% +light that's not really a thermal source + + + align:start position:0% +light that's not really a thermal source +that's not described by max distribution + + align:start position:0% +that's not described by max distribution + + + align:start position:0% +that's not described by max distribution +that be closer to something for like a + + align:start position:0% +that be closer to something for like a + + + align:start position:0% +that be closer to something for like a +laser even though there is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well led in some limit are quantum + + align:start position:0% +well led in some limit are quantum + + + align:start position:0% +well led in some limit are quantum +objects so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh actually do Do you know what the G2 + + align:start position:0% +uh actually do Do you know what the G2 + + + align:start position:0% +uh actually do Do you know what the G2 +function of LED is? Does it become + + align:start position:0% +function of LED is? Does it become + + + align:start position:0% +function of LED is? Does it become +laser-like or does it become even + + align:start position:0% +laser-like or does it become even + + + align:start position:0% +laser-like or does it become even +anti-bunched? Because if it's a + + align:start position:0% +anti-bunched? Because if it's a + + + align:start position:0% +anti-bunched? Because if it's a +relaxation + + align:start position:0% +relaxation + + + align:start position:0% +relaxation +mechanism. So anyway, what Colleen says + + align:start position:0% +mechanism. So anyway, what Colleen says + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism. So anyway, what Colleen says +is there are + + align:start position:0% +is there are + + + align:start position:0% +is there are +actually more than you know more + + align:start position:0% +actually more than you know more + + + align:start position:0% +actually more than you know more +different light sources than just the + + align:start position:0% +different light sources than just the + + + align:start position:0% +different light sources than just the +laser and the thermal light source. Uh + + align:start position:0% +laser and the thermal light source. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +laser and the thermal light source. Uh +there are LEDs or semiconductor devices + + align:start position:0% +there are LEDs or semiconductor devices + + + align:start position:0% +there are LEDs or semiconductor devices +which provide uh photons with + + align:start position:0% +which provide uh photons with + + + align:start position:0% +which provide uh photons with +interesting statistical properties. I + + align:start position:0% +interesting statistical properties. I + + + align:start position:0% +interesting statistical properties. I +don't know exactly what I've heard about + + align:start position:0% +don't know exactly what I've heard about + + + align:start position:0% +don't know exactly what I've heard about +it that LED lights sources have some + + align:start position:0% +it that LED lights sources have some + + + align:start position:0% +it that LED lights sources have some +special properties but I don't remember + + align:start position:0% +special properties but I don't remember + + + align:start position:0% +special properties but I don't remember +which is the one. Okay, we have to stop. + + align:start position:0% +which is the one. Okay, we have to stop. + + + align:start position:0% +which is the one. Okay, we have to stop. +I see you on Wednesday. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rQdOSLjEWcA.txt b/rQdOSLjEWcA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ac68d2955e9ff77c0e8f5667bcd8dfb7b55d47c --- /dev/null +++ b/rQdOSLjEWcA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8101 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided by MIT + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided by MIT + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided by MIT +Open Courseware under a Creative Common + + align:start position:0% +Open Courseware under a Creative Common + + + align:start position:0% +Open Courseware under a Creative Common +License. Additional information about + + align:start position:0% +License. Additional information about + + + align:start position:0% +License. Additional information about +our license and MIT Open Courseware in + + align:start position:0% +our license and MIT Open Courseware in + + + align:start position:0% +our license and MIT Open Courseware in +general is available at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Last time we were talking about this + + align:start position:0% +Last time we were talking about this + + + align:start position:0% +Last time we were talking about this +veance bond model for describing the + + align:start position:0% +veance bond model for describing the + + + align:start position:0% +veance bond model for describing the +bonding in particular the + + align:start position:0% +bonding in particular the + + + align:start position:0% +bonding in particular the +bonding between atoms in a polyatomic + + align:start position:0% +bonding between atoms in a polyatomic + + + align:start position:0% +bonding between atoms in a polyatomic +molecule. + + align:start position:0% +molecule. + + + align:start position:0% +molecule. +And we saw that the key to this + + align:start position:0% +And we saw that the key to this + + + align:start position:0% +And we saw that the key to this +description was allowing the wave + + align:start position:0% +description was allowing the wave + + + align:start position:0% +description was allowing the wave +functions, the individual wave + + align:start position:0% +functions, the individual wave + + + align:start position:0% +functions, the individual wave +functions on an + + align:start position:0% +functions on an + + + align:start position:0% +functions on an +atom to constructively and destructively + + align:start position:0% +atom to constructively and destructively + + + align:start position:0% +atom to constructively and destructively +interfere + + align:start position:0% +interfere + + + align:start position:0% +interfere +themselves to form some hybrid wave + + align:start position:0% +themselves to form some hybrid wave + + + align:start position:0% +themselves to form some hybrid wave +functions to form some hybrid orbitals. + + align:start position:0% +functions to form some hybrid orbitals. + + + align:start position:0% +functions to form some hybrid orbitals. +And then it is those hybrid wave + + align:start position:0% +And then it is those hybrid wave + + + align:start position:0% +And then it is those hybrid wave +functions that overlap with the wave + + align:start position:0% +functions that overlap with the wave + + + align:start position:0% +functions that overlap with the wave +functions of another atom to form a + + align:start position:0% +functions of another atom to form a + + + align:start position:0% +functions of another atom to form a +chemical + + align:start position:0% +chemical + + + align:start position:0% +chemical +bond. And in particular, what we treated + + align:start position:0% +bond. And in particular, what we treated + + + align:start position:0% +bond. And in particular, what we treated +last + + align:start position:0% +last + + + align:start position:0% +last +time is this sp3 hybrid wave functions + + align:start position:0% +time is this sp3 hybrid wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +time is this sp3 hybrid wave functions +that were centered on carbon, that were + + align:start position:0% +that were centered on carbon, that were + + + align:start position:0% +that were centered on carbon, that were +centered on nitrogen, that were centered + + align:start position:0% +centered on nitrogen, that were centered + + + align:start position:0% +centered on nitrogen, that were centered +on oxygen. + + align:start position:0% +on oxygen. + + + align:start position:0% +on oxygen. +And we saw that these SP3 wave functions + + align:start position:0% +And we saw that these SP3 wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +And we saw that these SP3 wave functions +were this linear combination or this + + align:start position:0% +were this linear combination or this + + + align:start position:0% +were this linear combination or this +destructive and constructive + + align:start position:0% +destructive and constructive + + + align:start position:0% +destructive and constructive +interference between the S-wave + + align:start position:0% +interference between the S-wave + + + align:start position:0% +interference between the S-wave +function and the three 2P wave functions + + align:start position:0% +function and the three 2P wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +function and the three 2P wave functions +to form these sp3 wave functions and + + align:start position:0% +to form these sp3 wave functions and + + + align:start position:0% +to form these sp3 wave functions and +correspondingly these sp3 states. All + + align:start position:0% +correspondingly these sp3 states. All + + + align:start position:0% +correspondingly these sp3 states. All +right. And as I said we saw that on + + align:start position:0% +right. And as I said we saw that on + + + align:start position:0% +right. And as I said we saw that on +carbon, we saw that on nitrogen, we saw + + align:start position:0% +carbon, we saw that on nitrogen, we saw + + + align:start position:0% +carbon, we saw that on nitrogen, we saw +that on on oxygen. + + align:start position:0% +that on on oxygen. + + + align:start position:0% +that on on oxygen. +And those wave functions end up being + + align:start position:0% +And those wave functions end up being + + + align:start position:0% +And those wave functions end up being +pointed to the corner to the vertex of a + + align:start position:0% +pointed to the corner to the vertex of a + + + align:start position:0% +pointed to the corner to the vertex of a +tetrahedron where the atom in its was at + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedron where the atom in its was at + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedron where the atom in its was at +the center of that tetrahedron. So in + + align:start position:0% +the center of that tetrahedron. So in + + + align:start position:0% +the center of that tetrahedron. So in +the case of methane then if you bond a + + align:start position:0% +the case of methane then if you bond a + + + align:start position:0% +the case of methane then if you bond a +hydrogen to each one of those sp3 hybrid + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen to each one of those sp3 hybrid + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen to each one of those sp3 hybrid +wave functions what you get + + align:start position:0% +wave functions what you get + + + align:start position:0% +wave functions what you get +is a tetrahedral geometry around the + + align:start position:0% +is a tetrahedral geometry around the + + + align:start position:0% +is a tetrahedral geometry around the +carbon. If you had a nitrogen with those + + align:start position:0% +carbon. If you had a nitrogen with those + + + align:start position:0% +carbon. If you had a nitrogen with those +uh sp3 wave functions around it and you + + align:start position:0% +uh sp3 wave functions around it and you + + + align:start position:0% +uh sp3 wave functions around it and you +bonded to three hydrogens, then you got + + align:start position:0% +bonded to three hydrogens, then you got + + + align:start position:0% +bonded to three hydrogens, then you got +a trigonal pyramid as the geometry of + + align:start position:0% +a trigonal pyramid as the geometry of + + + align:start position:0% +a trigonal pyramid as the geometry of +the ammonia molecule with those two lone + + align:start position:0% +the ammonia molecule with those two lone + + + align:start position:0% +the ammonia molecule with those two lone +pairs sticking out there at the at + + align:start position:0% +pairs sticking out there at the at + + + align:start position:0% +pairs sticking out there at the at +another vert vertex of a tetrahedrron. + + align:start position:0% +another vert vertex of a tetrahedrron. + + + align:start position:0% +another vert vertex of a tetrahedrron. +Remember we talked about the shape of + + align:start position:0% +Remember we talked about the shape of + + + align:start position:0% +Remember we talked about the shape of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +molecule as being described by the + + align:start position:0% +molecule as being described by the + + + align:start position:0% +molecule as being described by the +positions of the atoms and not the + + align:start position:0% +positions of the atoms and not the + + + align:start position:0% +positions of the atoms and not the +positions of the electrons. And we + + align:start position:0% +positions of the electrons. And we + + + align:start position:0% +positions of the electrons. And we +talked about water. Water sp3 + + align:start position:0% +talked about water. Water sp3 + + + align:start position:0% +talked about water. Water sp3 +hybridized. We add two hydrogens to it. + + align:start position:0% +hybridized. We add two hydrogens to it. + + + align:start position:0% +hybridized. We add two hydrogens to it. +We form two bonds. It's planer bent. And + + align:start position:0% +We form two bonds. It's planer bent. And + + + align:start position:0% +We form two bonds. It's planer bent. And +then we have two lone pair electrons + + align:start position:0% +then we have two lone pair electrons + + + align:start position:0% +then we have two lone pair electrons +sticking out of the oxygen. Those are + + align:start position:0% +sticking out of the oxygen. Those are + + + align:start position:0% +sticking out of the oxygen. Those are +going to play a big role in some of the + + align:start position:0% +going to play a big role in some of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to play a big role in some of the +bonding we're going to look at at the + + align:start position:0% +bonding we're going to look at at the + + + align:start position:0% +bonding we're going to look at at the +end of the lecture today. All right. + + align:start position:0% +end of the lecture today. All right. + + + align:start position:0% +end of the lecture today. All right. +So, we've got to move on and we got to + + align:start position:0% +So, we've got to move on and we got to + + + align:start position:0% +So, we've got to move on and we got to +talk about another kind of hybridization + + align:start position:0% +talk about another kind of hybridization + + + align:start position:0% +talk about another kind of hybridization +which we started to talk about last time + + align:start position:0% +which we started to talk about last time + + + align:start position:0% +which we started to talk about last time +which is this SP2 hybridization. And we + + align:start position:0% +which is this SP2 hybridization. And we + + + align:start position:0% +which is this SP2 hybridization. And we +talked about it on boron and we saw that + + align:start position:0% +talked about it on boron and we saw that + + + align:start position:0% +talked about it on boron and we saw that +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +sp2 wave functions end up being in a + + align:start position:0% +sp2 wave functions end up being in a + + + align:start position:0% +sp2 wave functions end up being in a +plane which in the case of boron if we + + align:start position:0% +plane which in the case of boron if we + + + align:start position:0% +plane which in the case of boron if we +then bonded hydrogens to those sp2 wave + + align:start position:0% +then bonded hydrogens to those sp2 wave + + + align:start position:0% +then bonded hydrogens to those sp2 wave +functions we got a planer molecule for + + align:start position:0% +functions we got a planer molecule for + + + align:start position:0% +functions we got a planer molecule for +boron + + align:start position:0% +boron + + + align:start position:0% +boron +H3 but carbon can also undergo uh this + + align:start position:0% +H3 but carbon can also undergo uh this + + + align:start position:0% +H3 but carbon can also undergo uh this +sp2 + + align:start position:0% +sp2 + + + align:start position:0% +sp2 +hybridization and so let's take a look + + align:start position:0% +hybridization and so let's take a look + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization and so let's take a look +at that + + align:start position:0% +at that + + + align:start position:0% +at that +now all right so So um in the case of + + align:start position:0% +now all right so So um in the case of + + + align:start position:0% +now all right so So um in the case of +carbon we have to do this electron + + align:start position:0% +carbon we have to do this electron + + + align:start position:0% +carbon we have to do this electron +promotion that we talked about also in + + align:start position:0% +promotion that we talked about also in + + + align:start position:0% +promotion that we talked about also in +the case of the sp3 + + align:start position:0% +the case of the sp3 + + + align:start position:0% +the case of the sp3 +hybridization and then we let now one of + + align:start position:0% +hybridization and then we let now one of + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization and then we let now one of +the 2s wave functions and two of the two + + align:start position:0% +the 2s wave functions and two of the two + + + align:start position:0% +the 2s wave functions and two of the two +pwave functions hybridize constructively + + align:start position:0% +pwave functions hybridize constructively + + + align:start position:0% +pwave functions hybridize constructively +and destructively interfere and the + + align:start position:0% +and destructively interfere and the + + + align:start position:0% +and destructively interfere and the +result is three sp2 wave functions or + + align:start position:0% +result is three sp2 wave functions or + + + align:start position:0% +result is three sp2 wave functions or +three sp2 states with one electron in + + align:start position:0% +three sp2 states with one electron in + + + align:start position:0% +three sp2 states with one electron in +each one of them. And then one of those + + align:start position:0% +each one of them. And then one of those + + + align:start position:0% +each one of them. And then one of those +p orbitals or those pwave functions on + + align:start position:0% +p orbitals or those pwave functions on + + + align:start position:0% +p orbitals or those pwave functions on +the carbon is untouched. That's just the + + align:start position:0% +the carbon is untouched. That's just the + + + align:start position:0% +the carbon is untouched. That's just the +atomic uh wave function, the atomic + + align:start position:0% +atomic uh wave function, the atomic + + + align:start position:0% +atomic uh wave function, the atomic +orbital on that + + align:start position:0% +orbital on that + + + align:start position:0% +orbital on that +carbon. And if we actually if we look at + + align:start position:0% +carbon. And if we actually if we look at + + + align:start position:0% +carbon. And if we actually if we look at +the um the picture of all of those wave + + align:start position:0% +the um the picture of all of those wave + + + align:start position:0% +the um the picture of all of those wave +functions, here it is, right? This is + + align:start position:0% +functions, here it is, right? This is + + + align:start position:0% +functions, here it is, right? This is +the 2s on the carbon, 2pz, 2px, + + align:start position:0% +the 2s on the carbon, 2pz, 2px, + + + align:start position:0% +the 2s on the carbon, 2pz, 2px, +2py. And what we did is that we let + + align:start position:0% +2py. And what we did is that we let + + + align:start position:0% +2py. And what we did is that we let +these three for + + align:start position:0% +these three for + + + align:start position:0% +these three for +example, these three constructively and + + align:start position:0% +example, these three constructively and + + + align:start position:0% +example, these three constructively and +destructively interfere to form these + + align:start position:0% +destructively interfere to form these + + + align:start position:0% +destructively interfere to form these +three sp2 hybrid orbitals or hybrid wave + + align:start position:0% +three sp2 hybrid orbitals or hybrid wave + + + align:start position:0% +three sp2 hybrid orbitals or hybrid wave +functions. And the result is that they + + align:start position:0% +functions. And the result is that they + + + align:start position:0% +functions. And the result is that they +look like this, right? The result is + + align:start position:0% +look like this, right? The result is + + + align:start position:0% +look like this, right? The result is +they all have a large positive lobe on + + align:start position:0% +they all have a large positive lobe on + + + align:start position:0% +they all have a large positive lobe on +them due to the constructive + + align:start position:0% +them due to the constructive + + + align:start position:0% +them due to the constructive +interference and they all have a small + + align:start position:0% +interference and they all have a small + + + align:start position:0% +interference and they all have a small +negative lobe here. And in all of the + + align:start position:0% +negative lobe here. And in all of the + + + align:start position:0% +negative lobe here. And in all of the +rest of the pictures that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +rest of the pictures that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +rest of the pictures that we're going to +draw, we're not going to draw that small + + align:start position:0% +draw, we're not going to draw that small + + + align:start position:0% +draw, we're not going to draw that small +negative lobe because it just makes it + + align:start position:0% +negative lobe because it just makes it + + + align:start position:0% +negative lobe because it just makes it +hard to draw. + + align:start position:0% +hard to draw. + + + align:start position:0% +hard to draw. +Okay. Um but the bottom line is that + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um but the bottom line is that + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Um but the bottom line is that +these three loes lie in a plane. And + + align:start position:0% +these three loes lie in a plane. And + + + align:start position:0% +these three loes lie in a plane. And +then of course we still have that 2py + + align:start position:0% +then of course we still have that 2py + + + align:start position:0% +then of course we still have that 2py +atomic wave function centered on the + + align:start position:0% +atomic wave function centered on the + + + align:start position:0% +atomic wave function centered on the +carbon and that is is + + align:start position:0% +carbon and that is is + + + align:start position:0% +carbon and that is is +unperturbed. All right. So now what I'm + + align:start position:0% +unperturbed. All right. So now what I'm + + + align:start position:0% +unperturbed. All right. So now what I'm +going to do is since I'm going to put + + align:start position:0% +going to do is since I'm going to put + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is since I'm going to put +all of these three wave functions on the + + align:start position:0% +all of these three wave functions on the + + + align:start position:0% +all of these three wave functions on the +same plot, right? Since they all have + + align:start position:0% +same plot, right? Since they all have + + + align:start position:0% +same plot, right? Since they all have +the same + + align:start position:0% +the same + + + align:start position:0% +the same +origin. So uh that's what I'm doing + + align:start position:0% +origin. So uh that's what I'm doing + + + align:start position:0% +origin. So uh that's what I'm doing +right there. There it is for the carbon + + align:start position:0% +right there. There it is for the carbon + + + align:start position:0% +right there. There it is for the carbon +with the positive three positive loes of + + align:start position:0% +with the positive three positive loes of + + + align:start position:0% +with the positive three positive loes of +that sp2 wave function all in the same + + align:start position:0% +that sp2 wave function all in the same + + + align:start position:0% +that sp2 wave function all in the same +plane. And again, I didn't draw the + + align:start position:0% +plane. And again, I didn't draw the + + + align:start position:0% +plane. And again, I didn't draw the +little part of a negative wave function + + align:start position:0% +little part of a negative wave function + + + align:start position:0% +little part of a negative wave function +in this + + align:start position:0% +in this + + + align:start position:0% +in this +picture. All right. But now what we also + + align:start position:0% +picture. All right. But now what we also + + + align:start position:0% +picture. All right. But now what we also +have is that 2 py wave function, the 2p + + align:start position:0% +have is that 2 py wave function, the 2p + + + align:start position:0% +have is that 2 py wave function, the 2p +wave function on the carbon that hasn't + + align:start position:0% +wave function on the carbon that hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +wave function on the carbon that hasn't +hybridized. + + align:start position:0% +hybridized. + + + align:start position:0% +hybridized. +And um oh I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +And um oh I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +And um oh I'm sorry +uh what what that hasn't hybridized + + align:start position:0% +uh what what that hasn't hybridized + + + align:start position:0% +uh what what that hasn't hybridized +right and um it's sticking out of the + + align:start position:0% +right and um it's sticking out of the + + + align:start position:0% +right and um it's sticking out of the +plane of the board right that's the 2p + + align:start position:0% +plane of the board right that's the 2p + + + align:start position:0% +plane of the board right that's the 2p +orbital that you're used to seeing on + + align:start position:0% +orbital that you're used to seeing on + + + align:start position:0% +orbital that you're used to seeing on +the carbon and it is perpendicular here + + align:start position:0% +the carbon and it is perpendicular here + + + align:start position:0% +the carbon and it is perpendicular here +to the plane in which the sp2 wave + + align:start position:0% +to the plane in which the sp2 wave + + + align:start position:0% +to the plane in which the sp2 wave +functions are + + align:start position:0% +functions are + + + align:start position:0% +functions are +sitting. All + + align:start position:0% +sitting. All + + + align:start position:0% +sitting. All +right. Uh so now what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +right. Uh so now what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +right. Uh so now what we're going to do +is I'm going to take this sp2 hybridized + + align:start position:0% +is I'm going to take this sp2 hybridized + + + align:start position:0% +is I'm going to take this sp2 hybridized +carbon where the positive loes of these + + align:start position:0% +carbon where the positive loes of these + + + align:start position:0% +carbon where the positive loes of these +sp2 wave functions are all 120 degrees + + align:start position:0% +sp2 wave functions are all 120 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +sp2 wave functions are all 120 degrees +away from each other and where you would + + align:start position:0% +away from each other and where you would + + + align:start position:0% +away from each other and where you would +say these wave functions had a trigonal + + align:start position:0% +say these wave functions had a trigonal + + + align:start position:0% +say these wave functions had a trigonal +planer configuration. + + align:start position:0% +planer configuration. + + + align:start position:0% +planer configuration. +I'm going to take this SP2 wave function + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to take this SP2 wave function + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to take this SP2 wave function +and I'm just going to rotate it so that + + align:start position:0% +and I'm just going to rotate it so that + + + align:start position:0% +and I'm just going to rotate it so that +this lobe here is parallel to the floor. + + align:start position:0% +this lobe here is parallel to the floor. + + + align:start position:0% +this lobe here is parallel to the floor. +I'm going to do that for convenience as + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do that for convenience as + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to do that for convenience as +you're going to see why in a moment. And + + align:start position:0% +you're going to see why in a moment. And + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to see why in a moment. And +that's what happens here on the next + + align:start position:0% +that's what happens here on the next + + + align:start position:0% +that's what happens here on the next +slide. All right. I just rotated this by + + align:start position:0% +slide. All right. I just rotated this by + + + align:start position:0% +slide. All right. I just rotated this by + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +degrees in particular. So I could put + + align:start position:0% +degrees in particular. So I could put + + + align:start position:0% +degrees in particular. So I could put +the Z-axis here along a bond I'm going + + align:start position:0% +the Z-axis here along a bond I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +the Z-axis here along a bond I'm going +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +form. All right. So that's the top + + align:start position:0% +form. All right. So that's the top + + + align:start position:0% +form. All right. So that's the top +view. Now let's look at what this looks + + align:start position:0% +view. Now let's look at what this looks + + + align:start position:0% +view. Now let's look at what this looks +like from the side. All right. So from + + align:start position:0% +like from the side. All right. So from + + + align:start position:0% +like from the side. All right. So from +the side, what it would look like is + + align:start position:0% +the side, what it would look like is + + + align:start position:0% +the side, what it would look like is +something like that. The carbon is right + + align:start position:0% +something like that. The carbon is right + + + align:start position:0% +something like that. The carbon is right +here at the center. Then the positive + + align:start position:0% +here at the center. Then the positive + + + align:start position:0% +here at the center. Then the positive +lobe, this positive part of the wave + + align:start position:0% +lobe, this positive part of the wave + + + align:start position:0% +lobe, this positive part of the wave +function, that's what this is + + align:start position:0% +function, that's what this is + + + align:start position:0% +function, that's what this is +here. This uh 2py wave function. Well, + + align:start position:0% +here. This uh 2py wave function. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +here. This uh 2py wave function. Well, +here it is, right? It's perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +here it is, right? It's perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +here it is, right? It's perpendicular to +this plane that you're looking down on + + align:start position:0% +this plane that you're looking down on + + + align:start position:0% +this plane that you're looking down on +up here. It's perpendicular to this + + align:start position:0% +up here. It's perpendicular to this + + + align:start position:0% +up here. It's perpendicular to this +plane. That's that 2py wave function. + + align:start position:0% +plane. That's that 2py wave function. + + + align:start position:0% +plane. That's that 2py wave function. +Positive part of the P wave function, + + align:start position:0% +Positive part of the P wave function, + + + align:start position:0% +Positive part of the P wave function, +negative part of the Pwave function. And + + align:start position:0% +negative part of the Pwave function. And + + + align:start position:0% +negative part of the Pwave function. And +then this part of the wave function. + + align:start position:0% +then this part of the wave function. + + + align:start position:0% +then this part of the wave function. +Well, this is just a projection of these + + align:start position:0% +Well, this is just a projection of these + + + align:start position:0% +Well, this is just a projection of these +two big positive parts of the wave + + align:start position:0% +two big positive parts of the wave + + + align:start position:0% +two big positive parts of the wave +function. Right? This just projects this + + align:start position:0% +function. Right? This just projects this + + + align:start position:0% +function. Right? This just projects this +way and out that way. So that's what it + + align:start position:0% +way and out that way. So that's what it + + + align:start position:0% +way and out that way. So that's what it +looks like from the + + align:start position:0% +looks like from the + + + align:start position:0% +looks like from the +side. All right. So now what I'm going + + align:start position:0% +side. All right. So now what I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +side. All right. So now what I'm going +to do is I'm going to bring in another + + align:start position:0% +to do is I'm going to bring in another + + + align:start position:0% +to do is I'm going to bring in another +sp2 hybridized carbon up here. I'm going + + align:start position:0% +sp2 hybridized carbon up here. I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +sp2 hybridized carbon up here. I'm going +to bring it in. It's going to look just + + align:start position:0% +to bring it in. It's going to look just + + + align:start position:0% +to bring it in. It's going to look just +like that. And here it comes. And when I + + align:start position:0% +like that. And here it comes. And when I + + + align:start position:0% +like that. And here it comes. And when I +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +that, what's going to happen right here + + align:start position:0% +that, what's going to happen right here + + + align:start position:0% +that, what's going to happen right here +is that I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +is that I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +is that I'm going to +allow the 2 sp2 wave function from this + + align:start position:0% +allow the 2 sp2 wave function from this + + + align:start position:0% +allow the 2 sp2 wave function from this +carbon to overlap with the two p with + + align:start position:0% +carbon to overlap with the two p with + + + align:start position:0% +carbon to overlap with the two p with +the 2 sp2 wave function from this + + align:start position:0% +the 2 sp2 wave function from this + + + align:start position:0% +the 2 sp2 wave function from this +carbon. And I'm going to form a bond and + + align:start position:0% +carbon. And I'm going to form a bond and + + + align:start position:0% +carbon. And I'm going to form a bond and +that's going to be a sigma bond. sigma + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be a sigma bond. sigma + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be a sigma bond. sigma +because it's going to be cylindrically + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to be cylindrically + + + align:start position:0% +because it's going to be cylindrically +symmetric around this carbonarbon bond + + align:start position:0% +symmetric around this carbonarbon bond + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric around this carbonarbon bond +axis and it's a sigma bond formed by the + + align:start position:0% +axis and it's a sigma bond formed by the + + + align:start position:0% +axis and it's a sigma bond formed by the +carbon 2 sp2 hybrid wave function and + + align:start position:0% +carbon 2 sp2 hybrid wave function and + + + align:start position:0% +carbon 2 sp2 hybrid wave function and +the other carbon 2 sp2 hybrid wave + + align:start position:0% +the other carbon 2 sp2 hybrid wave + + + align:start position:0% +the other carbon 2 sp2 hybrid wave +function. All right. So, I formed a bond + + align:start position:0% +function. All right. So, I formed a bond + + + align:start position:0% +function. All right. So, I formed a bond +here. And now what I'm going to do is + + align:start position:0% +here. And now what I'm going to do is + + + align:start position:0% +here. And now what I'm going to do is +I'm going to uh bring this C2 or this + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to uh bring this C2 or this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to uh bring this C2 or this +carbon sp2 hybridized wave function or + + align:start position:0% +carbon sp2 hybridized wave function or + + + align:start position:0% +carbon sp2 hybridized wave function or +carbon in again, but I'm going to bring + + align:start position:0% +carbon in again, but I'm going to bring + + + align:start position:0% +carbon in again, but I'm going to bring +it in and we're going to watch this + + align:start position:0% +it in and we're going to watch this + + + align:start position:0% +it in and we're going to watch this +view. All right. So, I'm going to watch + + align:start position:0% +view. All right. So, I'm going to watch + + + align:start position:0% +view. All right. So, I'm going to watch +we're going to watch it from the side. + + align:start position:0% +we're going to watch it from the side. + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to watch it from the side. +And this time, what I want you to see is + + align:start position:0% +And this time, what I want you to see is + + + align:start position:0% +And this time, what I want you to see is +what's going to happen here to the + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen here to the + + + align:start position:0% +what's going to happen here to the +2pywave function. All right. So, here it + + align:start position:0% +2pywave function. All right. So, here it + + + align:start position:0% +2pywave function. All right. So, here it +goes. We're going to bring it in and + + align:start position:0% +goes. We're going to bring it in and + + + align:start position:0% +goes. We're going to bring it in and +then this 2sp2 is going to form a bond + + align:start position:0% +then this 2sp2 is going to form a bond + + + align:start position:0% +then this 2sp2 is going to form a bond +here between this carbon. But now, what + + align:start position:0% +here between this carbon. But now, what + + + align:start position:0% +here between this carbon. But now, what +happens is that those two py wave + + align:start position:0% +happens is that those two py wave + + + align:start position:0% +happens is that those two py wave +functions, they overlap. they + + align:start position:0% +functions, they overlap. they + + + align:start position:0% +functions, they overlap. they +constructively or destructively + + align:start position:0% +constructively or destructively + + + align:start position:0% +constructively or destructively +interfere. Right? If you want to watch + + align:start position:0% +interfere. Right? If you want to watch + + + align:start position:0% +interfere. Right? If you want to watch +it again, right here it comes + + align:start position:0% +it again, right here it comes + + + align:start position:0% +it again, right here it comes +in. We're going to make this sigma bond. + + align:start position:0% +in. We're going to make this sigma bond. + + + align:start position:0% +in. We're going to make this sigma bond. +But now this these two loes are going to + + align:start position:0% +But now this these two loes are going to + + + align:start position:0% +But now this these two loes are going to +interfere and these two loes are going + + align:start position:0% +interfere and these two loes are going + + + align:start position:0% +interfere and these two loes are going +to interfere and this is going to be + + align:start position:0% +to interfere and this is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +to interfere and this is going to be +constructive interference there because + + align:start position:0% +constructive interference there because + + + align:start position:0% +constructive interference there because +they both have positive sign or negative + + align:start position:0% +they both have positive sign or negative + + + align:start position:0% +they both have positive sign or negative +sign. Right? And so we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +sign. Right? And so we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +sign. Right? And so we're going to have +wave function up here and wave function + + align:start position:0% +wave function up here and wave function + + + align:start position:0% +wave function up here and wave function +down + + align:start position:0% +down + + + align:start position:0% +down +there. We've formed another bond right + + align:start position:0% +there. We've formed another bond right + + + align:start position:0% +there. We've formed another bond right +here. The bond that we formed here is + + align:start position:0% +here. The bond that we formed here is + + + align:start position:0% +here. The bond that we formed here is +going to be called the pi bond. It's pi + + align:start position:0% +going to be called the pi bond. It's pi + + + align:start position:0% +going to be called the pi bond. It's pi +because it's not cylindrically symmetric + + align:start position:0% +because it's not cylindrically symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +because it's not cylindrically symmetric +around this carbonarbon axis. Right? + + align:start position:0% +around this carbonarbon axis. Right? + + + align:start position:0% +around this carbonarbon axis. Right? +There's wave function or electron + + align:start position:0% +There's wave function or electron + + + align:start position:0% +There's wave function or electron +density if you square it up here and + + align:start position:0% +density if you square it up here and + + + align:start position:0% +density if you square it up here and +wave function or electron density if you + + align:start position:0% +wave function or electron density if you + + + align:start position:0% +wave function or electron density if you +square it down here. But right here + + align:start position:0% +square it down here. But right here + + + align:start position:0% +square it down here. But right here +along the plane there's a node in that + + align:start position:0% +along the plane there's a node in that + + + align:start position:0% +along the plane there's a node in that +pi wave function. All right. So this is + + align:start position:0% +pi wave function. All right. So this is + + + align:start position:0% +pi wave function. All right. So this is +a pi wave function. It's a car made out + + align:start position:0% +a pi wave function. It's a car made out + + + align:start position:0% +a pi wave function. It's a car made out +of the atomic wave functions on carbon. + + align:start position:0% +of the atomic wave functions on carbon. + + + align:start position:0% +of the atomic wave functions on carbon. +the the atomic wave functions, the ones + + align:start position:0% +the the atomic wave functions, the ones + + + align:start position:0% +the the atomic wave functions, the ones +that haven't participated in this + + align:start position:0% +that haven't participated in this + + + align:start position:0% +that haven't participated in this +hybridization. So, it's made out of + + align:start position:0% +hybridization. So, it's made out of + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization. So, it's made out of +carbon 2py and carbon + + align:start position:0% +carbon 2py and carbon + + + align:start position:0% +carbon 2py and carbon +2py. All right. So, what I've got here, + + align:start position:0% +2py. All right. So, what I've got here, + + + align:start position:0% +2py. All right. So, what I've got here, +hey, what I got here is a double bond, + + align:start position:0% +hey, what I got here is a double bond, + + + align:start position:0% +hey, what I got here is a double bond, +right? I've got two bonds between the + + align:start position:0% +right? I've got two bonds between the + + + align:start position:0% +right? I've got two bonds between the +two carbons. I got a sigma bond and I + + align:start position:0% +two carbons. I got a sigma bond and I + + + align:start position:0% +two carbons. I got a sigma bond and I +got a pi bond. Hey, that's great. Now, + + align:start position:0% +got a pi bond. Hey, that's great. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +got a pi bond. Hey, that's great. Now, +let's bring in some hydrogens. I just + + align:start position:0% +let's bring in some hydrogens. I just + + + align:start position:0% +let's bring in some hydrogens. I just +did. And when I brought in those + + align:start position:0% +did. And when I brought in those + + + align:start position:0% +did. And when I brought in those +hydrogens, well, you can recognize this + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens, well, you can recognize this + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens, well, you can recognize this +as ethylene, right? The hydrogens form a + + align:start position:0% +as ethylene, right? The hydrogens form a + + + align:start position:0% +as ethylene, right? The hydrogens form a +sigma bond between the carbon 2 sp2 + + align:start position:0% +sigma bond between the carbon 2 sp2 + + + align:start position:0% +sigma bond between the carbon 2 sp2 +hybrid wave function and the hydrogen 1s + + align:start position:0% +hybrid wave function and the hydrogen 1s + + + align:start position:0% +hybrid wave function and the hydrogen 1s +wave function. That's what forms the + + align:start position:0% +wave function. That's what forms the + + + align:start position:0% +wave function. That's what forms the +sigma bond. It's sigma because it's + + align:start position:0% +sigma bond. It's sigma because it's + + + align:start position:0% +sigma bond. It's sigma because it's +symmetric around that carbon hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +symmetric around that carbon hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric around that carbon hydrogen +bond axis. All right? And the molecule + + align:start position:0% +bond axis. All right? And the molecule + + + align:start position:0% +bond axis. All right? And the molecule +that we have here is + + align:start position:0% +that we have here is + + + align:start position:0% +that we have here is +ethylene. Now let's uh look at that + + align:start position:0% +ethylene. Now let's uh look at that + + + align:start position:0% +ethylene. Now let's uh look at that +again because this is really very + + align:start position:0% +again because this is really very + + + align:start position:0% +again because this is really very +important here. I show you just those + + align:start position:0% +important here. I show you just those + + + align:start position:0% +important here. I show you just those +two sp2 hybridized carbons forming that + + align:start position:0% +two sp2 hybridized carbons forming that + + + align:start position:0% +two sp2 hybridized carbons forming that +uh sigma + + align:start position:0% +uh sigma + + + align:start position:0% +uh sigma +bond. And this just represents here the + + align:start position:0% +bond. And this just represents here the + + + align:start position:0% +bond. And this just represents here the +energy levels as I bring them in. So in + + align:start position:0% +energy levels as I bring them in. So in + + + align:start position:0% +energy levels as I bring them in. So in +this case here we've got uh two + + align:start position:0% +this case here we've got uh two + + + align:start position:0% +this case here we've got uh two +electrons in this sp2 + + align:start position:0% +electrons in this sp2 + + + align:start position:0% +electrons in this sp2 +uh state and we have one electron in + + align:start position:0% +uh state and we have one electron in + + + align:start position:0% +uh state and we have one electron in +each one of the two py + + align:start position:0% +each one of the two py + + + align:start position:0% +each one of the two py +states and so this is this represents + + align:start position:0% +states and so this is this represents + + + align:start position:0% +states and so this is this represents +this sigma bond here right and then we + + align:start position:0% +this sigma bond here right and then we + + + align:start position:0% +this sigma bond here right and then we +made a pi bond and we'll watch it now + + align:start position:0% +made a pi bond and we'll watch it now + + + align:start position:0% +made a pi bond and we'll watch it now +from the top right the we made a pi bond + + align:start position:0% +from the top right the we made a pi bond + + + align:start position:0% +from the top right the we made a pi bond +we let these two 2py wave functions + + align:start position:0% +we let these two 2py wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +we let these two 2py wave functions +overlap + + align:start position:0% +overlap + + + align:start position:0% +overlap +app constructively interfere to form a + + align:start position:0% +app constructively interfere to form a + + + align:start position:0% +app constructively interfere to form a +pi bond which is the carbon 2py carbon + + align:start position:0% +pi bond which is the carbon 2py carbon + + + align:start position:0% +pi bond which is the carbon 2py carbon +2py all right + + align:start position:0% +2py all right + + + align:start position:0% +2py all right +so clue here every double bond has two + + align:start position:0% +so clue here every double bond has two + + + align:start position:0% +so clue here every double bond has two +bonds that's why it's double but every + + align:start position:0% +bonds that's why it's double but every + + + align:start position:0% +bonds that's why it's double but every +double bond is made up of one sigma bond + + align:start position:0% +double bond is made up of one sigma bond + + + align:start position:0% +double bond is made up of one sigma bond +and a sigma bond is always the overlap + + align:start position:0% +and a sigma bond is always the overlap + + + align:start position:0% +and a sigma bond is always the overlap +between + + align:start position:0% +between + + + align:start position:0% +between +two two sp2 hybrid wave + + align:start position:0% +two two sp2 hybrid wave + + + align:start position:0% +two two sp2 hybrid wave +functions. And the second bond that + + align:start position:0% +functions. And the second bond that + + + align:start position:0% +functions. And the second bond that +always makes up a double bond is a pi + + align:start position:0% +always makes up a double bond is a pi + + + align:start position:0% +always makes up a double bond is a pi +bond. The pi bond is always the overlap + + align:start position:0% +bond. The pi bond is always the overlap + + + align:start position:0% +bond. The pi bond is always the overlap +of two atomic wave functions. In the + + align:start position:0% +of two atomic wave functions. In the + + + align:start position:0% +of two atomic wave functions. In the +case here of carbon, it's two two p wave + + align:start position:0% +case here of carbon, it's two two p wave + + + align:start position:0% +case here of carbon, it's two two p wave +functions that have over overlapped. All + + align:start position:0% +functions that have over overlapped. All + + + align:start position:0% +functions that have over overlapped. All +right? That's what a double bond always + + align:start position:0% +right? That's what a double bond always + + + align:start position:0% +right? That's what a double bond always +is. It always is. So whether it's a + + align:start position:0% +is. It always is. So whether it's a + + + align:start position:0% +is. It always is. So whether it's a +carbon double bond or a nitrogen double + + align:start position:0% +carbon double bond or a nitrogen double + + + align:start position:0% +carbon double bond or a nitrogen double +bond or an oxygen double bond, it's + + align:start position:0% +bond or an oxygen double bond, it's + + + align:start position:0% +bond or an oxygen double bond, it's +always one sigma one pi. + + align:start position:0% +always one sigma one pi. + + + align:start position:0% +always one sigma one pi. +Okay. All right. And there are the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. All right. And there are the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. All right. And there are the +hydrogens. And as we said, those + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens. And as we said, those + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens. And as we said, those +hydrogens there uh that carbon hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens there uh that carbon hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogens there uh that carbon hydrogen +bond is this overlap between a carbon 2 + + align:start position:0% +bond is this overlap between a carbon 2 + + + align:start position:0% +bond is this overlap between a carbon 2 +sp2 wave function and that hydrogen 1s + + align:start position:0% +sp2 wave function and that hydrogen 1s + + + align:start position:0% +sp2 wave function and that hydrogen 1s +wave function. + + align:start position:0% +wave function. + + + align:start position:0% +wave function. +And now what's the geometry of ethylene? + + align:start position:0% +And now what's the geometry of ethylene? + + + align:start position:0% +And now what's the geometry of ethylene? +Well, the geometry here of ethylene is + + align:start position:0% +Well, the geometry here of ethylene is + + + align:start position:0% +Well, the geometry here of ethylene is +that the hydrogen carbon hydrogen bonds + + align:start position:0% +that the hydrogen carbon hydrogen bonds + + + align:start position:0% +that the hydrogen carbon hydrogen bonds +are 120 + + align:start position:0% +are 120 + + + align:start position:0% +are 120 +degrees, right? That's 120 degrees + + align:start position:0% +degrees, right? That's 120 degrees + + + align:start position:0% +degrees, right? That's 120 degrees +because that is the result of the + + align:start position:0% +because that is the result of the + + + align:start position:0% +because that is the result of the +hybridization that 2 sp2 + + align:start position:0% +hybridization that 2 sp2 + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization that 2 sp2 +hybridization of the uh wave functions + + align:start position:0% +hybridization of the uh wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization of the uh wave functions +around the carbon. + + align:start position:0% +around the carbon. + + + align:start position:0% +around the carbon. +this bond here is 120 degrees again + + align:start position:0% +this bond here is 120 degrees again + + + align:start position:0% +this bond here is 120 degrees again +because of the 2sp2 hybridization around + + align:start position:0% +because of the 2sp2 hybridization around + + + align:start position:0% +because of the 2sp2 hybridization around +that uh + + align:start position:0% +that uh + + + align:start position:0% +that uh +carbon. So the geometry of this molecule + + align:start position:0% +carbon. So the geometry of this molecule + + + align:start position:0% +carbon. So the geometry of this molecule +is planer right the all of these atoms + + align:start position:0% +is planer right the all of these atoms + + + align:start position:0% +is planer right the all of these atoms +are in a plane those six atoms are in a + + align:start position:0% +are in a plane those six atoms are in a + + + align:start position:0% +are in a plane those six atoms are in a +plane and the bond angles here are all + + align:start position:0% +plane and the bond angles here are all + + + align:start position:0% +plane and the bond angles here are all + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +degrees. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +degrees. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +degrees. Okay. +Now, if you see a carbon that's got a + + align:start position:0% +Now, if you see a carbon that's got a + + + align:start position:0% +Now, if you see a carbon that's got a +double bond, if you see a nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +double bond, if you see a nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +double bond, if you see a nitrogen +that's got a double bond, if you see an + + align:start position:0% +that's got a double bond, if you see an + + + align:start position:0% +that's got a double bond, if you see an +oxygen that's got a double bond, hey, + + align:start position:0% +oxygen that's got a double bond, hey, + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen that's got a double bond, hey, +that is always a clue that that carbon, + + align:start position:0% +that is always a clue that that carbon, + + + align:start position:0% +that is always a clue that that carbon, +that nitrogen, that oxygen has a + + align:start position:0% +that nitrogen, that oxygen has a + + + align:start position:0% +that nitrogen, that oxygen has a +hybridization of 2 + + align:start position:0% +hybridization of 2 + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization of 2 +sp2. All right? Double bonds have this + + align:start position:0% +sp2. All right? Double bonds have this + + + align:start position:0% +sp2. All right? Double bonds have this +hybridization always. Okay? Okay. So, if + + align:start position:0% +hybridization always. Okay? Okay. So, if + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization always. Okay? Okay. So, if +you're asked to tell what the + + align:start position:0% +you're asked to tell what the + + + align:start position:0% +you're asked to tell what the +hybridization is around some atom, it's + + align:start position:0% +hybridization is around some atom, it's + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization is around some atom, it's +got a double bond to it, it's a 2 sp2 + + align:start position:0% +got a double bond to it, it's a 2 sp2 + + + align:start position:0% +got a double bond to it, it's a 2 sp2 +hybrid. + + align:start position:0% +hybrid. + + + align:start position:0% +hybrid. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Now, what I want to do is I want to take + + align:start position:0% +Now, what I want to do is I want to take + + + align:start position:0% +Now, what I want to do is I want to take +this uh 2 sp2 hybrid and build a larger + + align:start position:0% +this uh 2 sp2 hybrid and build a larger + + + align:start position:0% +this uh 2 sp2 hybrid and build a larger +molecule. All right. So, I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +molecule. All right. So, I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +molecule. All right. So, I'm going to +take this carbon 2. I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +take this carbon 2. I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +take this carbon 2. I'm going to take +the two carbons here that are bonded + + align:start position:0% +the two carbons here that are bonded + + + align:start position:0% +the two carbons here that are bonded +um via this uh 2 sp2 hydrogen. So, here + + align:start position:0% +um via this uh 2 sp2 hydrogen. So, here + + + align:start position:0% +um via this uh 2 sp2 hydrogen. So, here +I here's two of them. And here's another + + align:start position:0% +I here's two of them. And here's another + + + align:start position:0% +I here's two of them. And here's another +two. And they're kind of strategically + + align:start position:0% +two. And they're kind of strategically + + + align:start position:0% +two. And they're kind of strategically +placed for what it is I want to do. And + + align:start position:0% +placed for what it is I want to do. And + + + align:start position:0% +placed for what it is I want to do. And +of course, this is the sigma bond + + align:start position:0% +of course, this is the sigma bond + + + align:start position:0% +of course, this is the sigma bond +between the two carbons, right? Carbon 2 + + align:start position:0% +between the two carbons, right? Carbon 2 + + + align:start position:0% +between the two carbons, right? Carbon 2 +sp2. Here's the carbon 2 sp2 sigma bond. + + align:start position:0% +sp2. Here's the carbon 2 sp2 sigma bond. + + + align:start position:0% +sp2. Here's the carbon 2 sp2 sigma bond. +Okay. All right. Now, what I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +Okay. All right. Now, what I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. All right. Now, what I'm going to +do is that I'm going to bring in another + + align:start position:0% +do is that I'm going to bring in another + + + align:start position:0% +do is that I'm going to bring in another +carbon that is sp2 + + align:start position:0% +carbon that is sp2 + + + align:start position:0% +carbon that is sp2 +hybridized. All right, here it comes. + + align:start position:0% +hybridized. All right, here it comes. + + + align:start position:0% +hybridized. All right, here it comes. +And again, it's strategically + + align:start position:0% +And again, it's strategically + + + align:start position:0% +And again, it's strategically +oriented. So that right here I have now + + align:start position:0% +oriented. So that right here I have now + + + align:start position:0% +oriented. So that right here I have now +formed another carbon bond another sigma + + align:start position:0% +formed another carbon bond another sigma + + + align:start position:0% +formed another carbon bond another sigma +bond between the carbon 2 sp2 wave + + align:start position:0% +bond between the carbon 2 sp2 wave + + + align:start position:0% +bond between the carbon 2 sp2 wave +function and the other carbon 2 sp2 wave + + align:start position:0% +function and the other carbon 2 sp2 wave + + + align:start position:0% +function and the other carbon 2 sp2 wave +function and same thing right here. + + align:start position:0% +function and same thing right here. + + + align:start position:0% +function and same thing right here. +Okay, I just formed two other sigma + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I just formed two other sigma + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, I just formed two other sigma +bonds. And now I'm going to bring in a + + align:start position:0% +bonds. And now I'm going to bring in a + + + align:start position:0% +bonds. And now I'm going to bring in a +sixth carbon sp2 hybridized. And it's + + align:start position:0% +sixth carbon sp2 hybridized. And it's + + + align:start position:0% +sixth carbon sp2 hybridized. And it's +going to come in from this side. And + + align:start position:0% +going to come in from this side. And + + + align:start position:0% +going to come in from this side. And +again, it's strategically + + align:start position:0% +again, it's strategically + + + align:start position:0% +again, it's strategically +oriented. So I've just formed here, + + align:start position:0% +oriented. So I've just formed here, + + + align:start position:0% +oriented. So I've just formed here, +right? Another sigma bond between these + + align:start position:0% +right? Another sigma bond between these + + + align:start position:0% +right? Another sigma bond between these +two carbons and another sigma bond + + align:start position:0% +two carbons and another sigma bond + + + align:start position:0% +two carbons and another sigma bond +between these two carbons. Hey, look at + + align:start position:0% +between these two carbons. Hey, look at + + + align:start position:0% +between these two carbons. Hey, look at +this. It's + + align:start position:0% +this. It's + + + align:start position:0% +this. It's +be to look a lot like + + align:start position:0% +be to look a lot like + + + align:start position:0% +be to look a lot like +benzene. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, that's my favorite part. + + align:start position:0% +Okay, that's my favorite part. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, that's my favorite part. +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +Here come the hydrogens. Hey, this is + + align:start position:0% +Here come the hydrogens. Hey, this is + + + align:start position:0% +Here come the hydrogens. Hey, this is +going to be + + align:start position:0% +going to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to be +benzene. All right. So, what did I do + + align:start position:0% +benzene. All right. So, what did I do + + + align:start position:0% +benzene. All right. So, what did I do +here? I made some sigma bonds. I made + + align:start position:0% +here? I made some sigma bonds. I made + + + align:start position:0% +here? I made some sigma bonds. I made +six sigma bonds, right, between the + + align:start position:0% +six sigma bonds, right, between the + + + align:start position:0% +six sigma bonds, right, between the +carbon 2s2 wave functions and the + + align:start position:0% +carbon 2s2 wave functions and the + + + align:start position:0% +carbon 2s2 wave functions and the +hydrogen 1s wave functions. Okay, so now + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen 1s wave functions. Okay, so now + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen 1s wave functions. Okay, so now +I got all of my atoms there and almost + + align:start position:0% +I got all of my atoms there and almost + + + align:start position:0% +I got all of my atoms there and almost +all of my bonds. However, we've got to + + align:start position:0% +all of my bonds. However, we've got to + + + align:start position:0% +all of my bonds. However, we've got to +do something here about these two p + + align:start position:0% +do something here about these two p + + + align:start position:0% +do something here about these two p +atomic wave functions that are centered + + align:start position:0% +atomic wave functions that are centered + + + align:start position:0% +atomic wave functions that are centered +on the uh carbon. All right, we're not + + align:start position:0% +on the uh carbon. All right, we're not + + + align:start position:0% +on the uh carbon. All right, we're not +done + + align:start position:0% +done + + + align:start position:0% +done +yet. All right, so what's going to + + align:start position:0% +yet. All right, so what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +yet. All right, so what's going to +happen to them? Well, they're going to + + align:start position:0% +happen to them? Well, they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +happen to them? Well, they're going to +overlap constructively and destructively + + align:start position:0% +overlap constructively and destructively + + + align:start position:0% +overlap constructively and destructively +interfere. And uh to see that, let's + + align:start position:0% +interfere. And uh to see that, let's + + + align:start position:0% +interfere. And uh to see that, let's +take this benzene molecule and rotate it + + align:start position:0% +take this benzene molecule and rotate it + + + align:start position:0% +take this benzene molecule and rotate it +90 degrees so that we're going to look + + align:start position:0% +90 degrees so that we're going to look + + + align:start position:0% +90 degrees so that we're going to look +at it from the side on view instead of + + align:start position:0% +at it from the side on view instead of + + + align:start position:0% +at it from the side on view instead of +the top view. So there it is. All right. + + align:start position:0% +the top view. So there it is. All right. + + + align:start position:0% +the top view. So there it is. All right. +Here are my carbon carbon sigma bonds. + + align:start position:0% +Here are my carbon carbon sigma bonds. + + + align:start position:0% +Here are my carbon carbon sigma bonds. +The 2 sp2 2 sp2 bonds. Here's my + + align:start position:0% +The 2 sp2 2 sp2 bonds. Here's my + + + align:start position:0% +The 2 sp2 2 sp2 bonds. Here's my +uh sigma bond between the hydrogen and + + align:start position:0% +uh sigma bond between the hydrogen and + + + align:start position:0% +uh sigma bond between the hydrogen and +the carbon 2 sp2 wave + + align:start position:0% +the carbon 2 sp2 wave + + + align:start position:0% +the carbon 2 sp2 wave +function. And now I'm going to let the + + align:start position:0% +function. And now I'm going to let the + + + align:start position:0% +function. And now I'm going to let the +2p the atomic wave functions not the + + align:start position:0% +2p the atomic wave functions not the + + + align:start position:0% +2p the atomic wave functions not the +hybrid wave functions the atomic wave + + align:start position:0% +hybrid wave functions the atomic wave + + + align:start position:0% +hybrid wave functions the atomic wave +functions on the carbon. I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +functions on the carbon. I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +functions on the carbon. I'm going to +let them constructively and + + align:start position:0% +let them constructively and + + + align:start position:0% +let them constructively and +destructively + + align:start position:0% +destructively + + + align:start position:0% +destructively +interfere. Okay. And here goes. Well, + + align:start position:0% +interfere. Okay. And here goes. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +interfere. Okay. And here goes. Well, +they're going to overlap. And tada, I + + align:start position:0% +they're going to overlap. And tada, I + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to overlap. And tada, I +got something that looks like a pi bond + + align:start position:0% +got something that looks like a pi bond + + + align:start position:0% +got something that looks like a pi bond +here. All right. I've got wave function + + align:start position:0% +here. All right. I've got wave function + + + align:start position:0% +here. All right. I've got wave function +above the plane of these atoms and I got + + align:start position:0% +above the plane of these atoms and I got + + + align:start position:0% +above the plane of these atoms and I got +wave function below the plane of these + + align:start position:0% +wave function below the plane of these + + + align:start position:0% +wave function below the plane of these +atoms. + + align:start position:0% +atoms. + + + align:start position:0% +atoms. +It is a pi bond that is formed by the + + align:start position:0% +It is a pi bond that is formed by the + + + align:start position:0% +It is a pi bond that is formed by the +overlap of the 2p wave functions, the + + align:start position:0% +overlap of the 2p wave functions, the + + + align:start position:0% +overlap of the 2p wave functions, the +atomic wave functions on carbon. All + + align:start position:0% +atomic wave functions on carbon. All + + + align:start position:0% +atomic wave functions on carbon. All +right, it's pi because it's not + + align:start position:0% +right, it's pi because it's not + + + align:start position:0% +right, it's pi because it's not +symmetric around the now uh the bond + + align:start position:0% +symmetric around the now uh the bond + + + align:start position:0% +symmetric around the now uh the bond +axis, right? There's density up here, + + align:start position:0% +axis, right? There's density up here, + + + align:start position:0% +axis, right? There's density up here, +density up there, but not in the plane. + + align:start position:0% +density up there, but not in the plane. + + + align:start position:0% +density up there, but not in the plane. +Okay. So, let's look at it again from + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, let's look at it again from + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, let's look at it again from +the top + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +view. All right. So, what did I do? + + align:start position:0% +view. All right. So, what did I do? + + + align:start position:0% +view. All right. So, what did I do? +Well, I let these two Pwave functions + + align:start position:0% +Well, I let these two Pwave functions + + + align:start position:0% +Well, I let these two Pwave functions +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +overlap. So, let's look at that a little + + align:start position:0% +overlap. So, let's look at that a little + + + align:start position:0% +overlap. So, let's look at that a little +more carefully. What exactly did I do + + align:start position:0% +more carefully. What exactly did I do + + + align:start position:0% +more carefully. What exactly did I do +here? Well, what I did is, for example, + + align:start position:0% +here? Well, what I did is, for example, + + + align:start position:0% +here? Well, what I did is, for example, +I let the two Pwave functions on these + + align:start position:0% +I let the two Pwave functions on these + + + align:start position:0% +I let the two Pwave functions on these +two carbons overlap to form a pi + + align:start position:0% +two carbons overlap to form a pi + + + align:start position:0% +two carbons overlap to form a pi +bond. I let the two Pwave functions on + + align:start position:0% +bond. I let the two Pwave functions on + + + align:start position:0% +bond. I let the two Pwave functions on +these two carbons overlap to form a pi + + align:start position:0% +these two carbons overlap to form a pi + + + align:start position:0% +these two carbons overlap to form a pi +bond. And I let these two two Pwave + + align:start position:0% +bond. And I let these two two Pwave + + + align:start position:0% +bond. And I let these two two Pwave +functions overlap to form a pi + + align:start position:0% +functions overlap to form a pi + + + align:start position:0% +functions overlap to form a pi +bond. Well, that's very nice. But hey, I + + align:start position:0% +bond. Well, that's very nice. But hey, I + + + align:start position:0% +bond. Well, that's very nice. But hey, I +could also have let the two Pway + + align:start position:0% +could also have let the two Pway + + + align:start position:0% +could also have let the two Pway +functions on these two carbons overlap + + align:start position:0% +functions on these two carbons overlap + + + align:start position:0% +functions on these two carbons overlap +or these two carbons, right? In other + + align:start position:0% +or these two carbons, right? In other + + + align:start position:0% +or these two carbons, right? In other +words, I could have made a pi bond + + align:start position:0% +words, I could have made a pi bond + + + align:start position:0% +words, I could have made a pi bond +between these two carbons or these two + + align:start position:0% +between these two carbons or these two + + + align:start position:0% +between these two carbons or these two +carbons. Whoops. Or these two carbons, + + align:start position:0% +carbons. Whoops. Or these two carbons, + + + align:start position:0% +carbons. Whoops. Or these two carbons, +right? So, which one do I choose? + + align:start position:0% +right? So, which one do I choose? + + + align:start position:0% +right? So, which one do I choose? +Well, in uh recitation the other day, + + align:start position:0% +Well, in uh recitation the other day, + + + align:start position:0% +Well, in uh recitation the other day, +you uh should have looked at the um + + align:start position:0% +you uh should have looked at the um + + + align:start position:0% +you uh should have looked at the um +Lewis structure of molecular benzene or + + align:start position:0% +Lewis structure of molecular benzene or + + + align:start position:0% +Lewis structure of molecular benzene or +benzene. And uh what you should have + + align:start position:0% +benzene. And uh what you should have + + + align:start position:0% +benzene. And uh what you should have +seen is that you would be able to write + + align:start position:0% +seen is that you would be able to write + + + align:start position:0% +seen is that you would be able to write +several different Lewis structures all + + align:start position:0% +several different Lewis structures all + + + align:start position:0% +several different Lewis structures all +which have the same set of formal + + align:start position:0% +which have the same set of formal + + + align:start position:0% +which have the same set of formal +charges and that you wouldn't be able to + + align:start position:0% +charges and that you wouldn't be able to + + + align:start position:0% +charges and that you wouldn't be able to +decide which structure you should have + + align:start position:0% +decide which structure you should have + + + align:start position:0% +decide which structure you should have +based on the formal + + align:start position:0% +based on the formal + + + align:start position:0% +based on the formal +charges that rather what you had is a + + align:start position:0% +charges that rather what you had is a + + + align:start position:0% +charges that rather what you had is a +resonance structure and that is exactly + + align:start position:0% +resonance structure and that is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +resonance structure and that is exactly +what you + + align:start position:0% +what you + + + align:start position:0% +what you +have instead + + align:start position:0% +have instead + + + align:start position:0% +have instead +of these six extra electrons which are + + align:start position:0% +of these six extra electrons which are + + + align:start position:0% +of these six extra electrons which are +centered on the carbon. Those two p + + align:start position:0% +centered on the carbon. Those two p + + + align:start position:0% +centered on the carbon. Those two p +electrons, right? There's one here, one + + align:start position:0% +electrons, right? There's one here, one + + + align:start position:0% +electrons, right? There's one here, one +there, one there, one there, one there, + + align:start position:0% +there, one there, one there, one there, + + + align:start position:0% +there, one there, one there, one there, +one there. + + align:start position:0% +one there. + + + align:start position:0% +one there. +Instead of those two each one of those + + align:start position:0% +Instead of those two each one of those + + + align:start position:0% +Instead of those two each one of those +electrons being shared between just one + + align:start position:0% +electrons being shared between just one + + + align:start position:0% +electrons being shared between just one +of the adjacent + + align:start position:0% +of the adjacent + + + align:start position:0% +of the adjacent +carbons, those six extra electrons are + + align:start position:0% +carbons, those six extra electrons are + + + align:start position:0% +carbons, those six extra electrons are +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +deoized around all of the + + align:start position:0% +deoized around all of the + + + align:start position:0% +deoized around all of the +carbons. And so what you're going to + + align:start position:0% +carbons. And so what you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +carbons. And so what you're going to +form here is + + align:start position:0% +form here is + + + align:start position:0% +form here is +not a clear double bond between this + + align:start position:0% +not a clear double bond between this + + + align:start position:0% +not a clear double bond between this +carbon and this one and this one. + + align:start position:0% +carbon and this one and this one. + + + align:start position:0% +carbon and this one and this one. +Instead, what you're going to form is a + + align:start position:0% +Instead, what you're going to form is a + + + align:start position:0% +Instead, what you're going to form is a +kind of a half of a pi bond. All right? + + align:start position:0% +kind of a half of a pi bond. All right? + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a half of a pi bond. All right? +That is, you're going to let those six + + align:start position:0% +That is, you're going to let those six + + + align:start position:0% +That is, you're going to let those six +electrons be equally distributed, so to + + align:start position:0% +electrons be equally distributed, so to + + + align:start position:0% +electrons be equally distributed, so to +speak, around all of the six carbons. + + align:start position:0% +speak, around all of the six carbons. + + + align:start position:0% +speak, around all of the six carbons. +And so, this pi bond here isn't quite a + + align:start position:0% +And so, this pi bond here isn't quite a + + + align:start position:0% +And so, this pi bond here isn't quite a +full pi bond. It's kind of a half of of + + align:start position:0% +full pi bond. It's kind of a half of of + + + align:start position:0% +full pi bond. It's kind of a half of of +a pi bond. All right? because this + + align:start position:0% +a pi bond. All right? because this + + + align:start position:0% +a pi bond. All right? because this +carbon is sharing its 2p electron with + + align:start position:0% +carbon is sharing its 2p electron with + + + align:start position:0% +carbon is sharing its 2p electron with +this carbon and with this carbon and + + align:start position:0% +this carbon and with this carbon and + + + align:start position:0% +this carbon and with this carbon and +vice versa, right? All the way around. + + align:start position:0% +vice versa, right? All the way around. + + + align:start position:0% +vice versa, right? All the way around. +And so we have this resonance structure. + + align:start position:0% +And so we have this resonance structure. + + + align:start position:0% +And so we have this resonance structure. +I drew this as kind of a fuzzy uh green + + align:start position:0% +I drew this as kind of a fuzzy uh green + + + align:start position:0% +I drew this as kind of a fuzzy uh green +line there. We have these six pi + + align:start position:0% +line there. We have these six pi + + + align:start position:0% +line there. We have these six pi +electrons that are + + align:start position:0% +electrons that are + + + align:start position:0% +electrons that are +deoized amongst the six atoms of this + + align:start position:0% +deoized amongst the six atoms of this + + + align:start position:0% +deoized amongst the six atoms of this +carbon ring. + + align:start position:0% +carbon ring. + + + align:start position:0% +carbon ring. +Okay, so these double bonds here are + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so these double bonds here are + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, so these double bonds here are +really a bond and a half, right? They + + align:start position:0% +really a bond and a half, right? They + + + align:start position:0% +really a bond and a half, right? They +are these bonds. This bond is more than + + align:start position:0% +are these bonds. This bond is more than + + + align:start position:0% +are these bonds. This bond is more than +a single bond in terms of its uh bond + + align:start position:0% +a single bond in terms of its uh bond + + + align:start position:0% +a single bond in terms of its uh bond +strength and in terms of its distance. + + align:start position:0% +strength and in terms of its distance. + + + align:start position:0% +strength and in terms of its distance. +It's closer than a single bond, but it + + align:start position:0% +It's closer than a single bond, but it + + + align:start position:0% +It's closer than a single bond, but it +isn't as strong as a double bond, nor is + + align:start position:0% +isn't as strong as a double bond, nor is + + + align:start position:0% +isn't as strong as a double bond, nor is +is is it as short as a double bond. It's + + align:start position:0% +is is it as short as a double bond. It's + + + align:start position:0% +is is it as short as a double bond. It's +somewhere in between. All right. That's + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in between. All right. That's + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere in between. All right. That's +the structure here of uh benzene. + + align:start position:0% +the structure here of uh benzene. + + + align:start position:0% +the structure here of uh benzene. +Okay. + + align:start position:0% +Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. +Okay. So, that takes care of sp2 + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, that takes care of sp2 + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, that takes care of sp2 +hybridization. Now, we've got one other + + align:start position:0% +hybridization. Now, we've got one other + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization. Now, we've got one other +kind of motif. + + align:start position:0% +kind of motif. + + + align:start position:0% +kind of motif. +And that's uh called sp + + align:start position:0% +And that's uh called sp + + + align:start position:0% +And that's uh called sp +hybridization. And we're going to use + + align:start position:0% +hybridization. And we're going to use + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization. And we're going to use +carbon again as the example of this sp + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hybridization. And again, since we're uh + + align:start position:0% +hybridization. And again, since we're uh + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization. And again, since we're uh +starting with carbon here, we're going + + align:start position:0% +starting with carbon here, we're going + + + align:start position:0% +starting with carbon here, we're going +to have to undergo this electron + + align:start position:0% +to have to undergo this electron + + + align:start position:0% +to have to undergo this electron +promotion process. We're going to take + + align:start position:0% +promotion process. We're going to take + + + align:start position:0% +promotion process. We're going to take +an s + + align:start position:0% +an s + + + align:start position:0% +an s +electron. Are there some questions here + + align:start position:0% +electron. Are there some questions here + + + align:start position:0% +electron. Are there some questions here +that I can help you + + align:start position:0% +that I can help you + + + align:start position:0% +that I can help you +with? No. Huh? Okay, we're going to take + + align:start position:0% +with? No. Huh? Okay, we're going to take + + + align:start position:0% +with? No. Huh? Okay, we're going to take +that s electron and promote it to the 2p + + align:start position:0% +that s electron and promote it to the 2p + + + align:start position:0% +that s electron and promote it to the 2p +state. And then we're going to do a + + align:start position:0% +state. And then we're going to do a + + + align:start position:0% +state. And then we're going to do a +hybridization. But this time, what we're + + align:start position:0% +hybridization. But this time, what we're + + + align:start position:0% +hybridization. But this time, what we're +going to do is we're going to let the 2s + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we're going to let the 2s + + + align:start position:0% +going to do is we're going to let the 2s +atomic wave function + + align:start position:0% +atomic wave function + + + align:start position:0% +atomic wave function +hybridize with one of the 2p wave + + align:start position:0% +hybridize with one of the 2p wave + + + align:start position:0% +hybridize with one of the 2p wave +functions. Okay? + + align:start position:0% +functions. Okay? + + + align:start position:0% +functions. Okay? +And the result then is that we're going + + align:start position:0% +And the result then is that we're going + + + align:start position:0% +And the result then is that we're going +to have a new wave function that we're + + align:start position:0% +to have a new wave function that we're + + + align:start position:0% +to have a new wave function that we're +going to call + + align:start position:0% +going to call + + + align:start position:0% +going to call +SP. And there's only going to be two of + + align:start position:0% +SP. And there's only going to be two of + + + align:start position:0% +SP. And there's only going to be two of +them because we only let one of the 2s + + align:start position:0% +them because we only let one of the 2s + + + align:start position:0% +them because we only let one of the 2s +and one of the two P's constructively + + align:start position:0% +and one of the two P's constructively + + + align:start position:0% +and one of the two P's constructively +destructively interfere. So we're going + + align:start position:0% +destructively interfere. So we're going + + + align:start position:0% +destructively interfere. So we're going +to get two SP states or two U SP wave + + align:start position:0% +to get two SP states or two U SP wave + + + align:start position:0% +to get two SP states or two U SP wave +functions. Each one has got an electron + + align:start position:0% +functions. Each one has got an electron + + + align:start position:0% +functions. Each one has got an electron +in it. Each state's got an electron in + + align:start position:0% +in it. Each state's got an electron in + + + align:start position:0% +in it. Each state's got an electron in +it. And then we've got left over two + + align:start position:0% +it. And then we've got left over two + + + align:start position:0% +it. And then we've got left over two +atomic states centered on the carbon. + + align:start position:0% +atomic states centered on the carbon. + + + align:start position:0% +atomic states centered on the carbon. +The py and the px. Each one has an + + align:start position:0% +The py and the px. Each one has an + + + align:start position:0% +The py and the px. Each one has an +electron in it. Okay. Yes. + + align:start position:0% +electron in it. Okay. Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +electron in it. Okay. Yes. +Py. + + align:start position:0% +Py. + + + align:start position:0% +Py. +Well, by convention here, yes. The p + + align:start position:0% +Well, by convention here, yes. The p + + + align:start position:0% +Well, by convention here, yes. The p +state we're going to hybridize is going + + align:start position:0% +state we're going to hybridize is going + + + align:start position:0% +state we're going to hybridize is going +to be 2 pz. Okay. And that's because + + align:start position:0% +to be 2 pz. Okay. And that's because + + + align:start position:0% +to be 2 pz. Okay. And that's because +that is the bond that I am going to make + + align:start position:0% +that is the bond that I am going to make + + + align:start position:0% +that is the bond that I am going to make +a another that is the wave function I'm + + align:start position:0% +a another that is the wave function I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a another that is the wave function I'm +going to make a bond to and I want that + + align:start position:0% +going to make a bond to and I want that + + + align:start position:0% +going to make a bond to and I want that +along the interuclear axis. But realist + + align:start position:0% +along the interuclear axis. But realist + + + align:start position:0% +along the interuclear axis. But realist +in real life you can't tell what's x y + + align:start position:0% +in real life you can't tell what's x y + + + align:start position:0% +in real life you can't tell what's x y +or z. Okay. But by convention we're + + align:start position:0% +or z. Okay. But by convention we're + + + align:start position:0% +or z. Okay. But by convention we're +always going to put the z axis right + + align:start position:0% +always going to put the z axis right + + + align:start position:0% +always going to put the z axis right +along the bond axis. Okay. And I might + + align:start position:0% +along the bond axis. Okay. And I might + + + align:start position:0% +along the bond axis. Okay. And I might +uh say something I'll say a little more + + align:start position:0% +uh say something I'll say a little more + + + align:start position:0% +uh say something I'll say a little more +about labeling PY and PZ in an example + + align:start position:0% +about labeling PY and PZ in an example + + + align:start position:0% +about labeling PY and PZ in an example +that I'm going to do in a few minutes. + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to do in a few minutes. + + + align:start position:0% +that I'm going to do in a few minutes. +All right. So I hope that will clear + + align:start position:0% +All right. So I hope that will clear + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So I hope that will clear +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +up. Okay. So in the picture form, here's + + align:start position:0% +up. Okay. So in the picture form, here's + + + align:start position:0% +up. Okay. So in the picture form, here's +our three atomic wave functions + + align:start position:0% +our three atomic wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +our three atomic wave functions +again. And I'm going to let these two + + align:start position:0% +again. And I'm going to let these two + + + align:start position:0% +again. And I'm going to let these two +constructively destructively interfere. + + align:start position:0% +constructively destructively interfere. + + + align:start position:0% +constructively destructively interfere. +And the result is then two new SP wave + + align:start position:0% +And the result is then two new SP wave + + + align:start position:0% +And the result is then two new SP wave +functions. Now given that I'm letting + + align:start position:0% +functions. Now given that I'm letting + + + align:start position:0% +functions. Now given that I'm letting +only two wave functions constructively + + align:start position:0% +only two wave functions constructively + + + align:start position:0% +only two wave functions constructively +and destructively interfere, it's a + + align:start position:0% +and destructively interfere, it's a + + + align:start position:0% +and destructively interfere, it's a +little bit easier to see how I get these + + align:start position:0% +little bit easier to see how I get these + + + align:start position:0% +little bit easier to see how I get these +shapes. All right, so here goes this 2s + + align:start position:0% +shapes. All right, so here goes this 2s + + + align:start position:0% +shapes. All right, so here goes this 2s +wave function. Remember the 2s wave + + align:start position:0% +wave function. Remember the 2s wave + + + align:start position:0% +wave function. Remember the 2s wave +function never always has one sign. Say + + align:start position:0% +function never always has one sign. Say + + + align:start position:0% +function never always has one sign. Say +it has a plus sign. It never crosses the + + align:start position:0% +it has a plus sign. It never crosses the + + + align:start position:0% +it has a plus sign. It never crosses the +axis. There are no nodes, right? No + + align:start position:0% +axis. There are no nodes, right? No + + + align:start position:0% +axis. There are no nodes, right? No +radial nodes. When you have a node, + + align:start position:0% +radial nodes. When you have a node, + + + align:start position:0% +radial nodes. When you have a node, +that's when the wave function changes + + align:start position:0% +that's when the wave function changes + + + align:start position:0% +that's when the wave function changes +sign. Okay? So, I'm going to put that 2S + + align:start position:0% +sign. Okay? So, I'm going to put that 2S + + + align:start position:0% +sign. Okay? So, I'm going to put that 2S +wave function in the same place in space + + align:start position:0% +wave function in the same place in space + + + align:start position:0% +wave function in the same place in space +as this 2pzwave function. When I do + + align:start position:0% +as this 2pzwave function. When I do + + + align:start position:0% +as this 2pzwave function. When I do +that, since this is a wave, it's going + + align:start position:0% +that, since this is a wave, it's going + + + align:start position:0% +that, since this is a wave, it's going +to constructively destructively + + align:start position:0% +to constructively destructively + + + align:start position:0% +to constructively destructively +interfere. So up here where I'm + + align:start position:0% +interfere. So up here where I'm + + + align:start position:0% +interfere. So up here where I'm +constructively interfering this positive + + align:start position:0% +constructively interfering this positive + + + align:start position:0% +constructively interfering this positive +uh wave function with the positive part + + align:start position:0% +uh wave function with the positive part + + + align:start position:0% +uh wave function with the positive part +of the 2pz wave function. Hey, I'm going + + align:start position:0% +of the 2pz wave function. Hey, I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +of the 2pz wave function. Hey, I'm going +to get a lot of positive wave function. + + align:start position:0% +to get a lot of positive wave function. + + + align:start position:0% +to get a lot of positive wave function. +That's what that's what this lobe that's + + align:start position:0% +That's what that's what this lobe that's + + + align:start position:0% +That's what that's what this lobe that's +where this lobe comes from. But down + + align:start position:0% +where this lobe comes from. But down + + + align:start position:0% +where this lobe comes from. But down +here where this is positive and this is + + align:start position:0% +here where this is positive and this is + + + align:start position:0% +here where this is positive and this is +negative. Well, that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +negative. Well, that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +negative. Well, that's going to be +destructive interference. And because + + align:start position:0% +destructive interference. And because + + + align:start position:0% +destructive interference. And because +this negative part of the 2pz lobe is + + align:start position:0% +this negative part of the 2pz lobe is + + + align:start position:0% +this negative part of the 2pz lobe is +actually larger than than the 2s is + + align:start position:0% +actually larger than than the 2s is + + + align:start position:0% +actually larger than than the 2s is +positive. Well, I'm going to have a + + align:start position:0% +positive. Well, I'm going to have a + + + align:start position:0% +positive. Well, I'm going to have a +little bit of leftover of a negative + + align:start position:0% +little bit of leftover of a negative + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of leftover of a negative +wave function. All right. So here it's + + align:start position:0% +wave function. All right. So here it's + + + align:start position:0% +wave function. All right. So here it's +easier to see how you get this shape by + + align:start position:0% +easier to see how you get this shape by + + + align:start position:0% +easier to see how you get this shape by +the interference of that wave function + + align:start position:0% +the interference of that wave function + + + align:start position:0% +the interference of that wave function +with that wave + + align:start position:0% +with that wave + + + align:start position:0% +with that wave +function. And then correspondingly I'm + + align:start position:0% +function. And then correspondingly I'm + + + align:start position:0% +function. And then correspondingly I'm +going to let this wave function and that + + align:start position:0% +going to let this wave function and that + + + align:start position:0% +going to let this wave function and that +wave function destructively interfere. + + align:start position:0% +wave function destructively interfere. + + + align:start position:0% +wave function destructively interfere. +So if this is still positive, positive + + align:start position:0% +So if this is still positive, positive + + + align:start position:0% +So if this is still positive, positive +minus a positive is going to give me + + align:start position:0% +minus a positive is going to give me + + + align:start position:0% +minus a positive is going to give me +little bit of a wave function and it's + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a wave function and it's + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of a wave function and it's +going to be negative. And then positive + + align:start position:0% +going to be negative. And then positive + + + align:start position:0% +going to be negative. And then positive +minus a negative. Hey, that's going to + + align:start position:0% +minus a negative. Hey, that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +minus a negative. Hey, that's going to +give me a positive. Here's my big + + align:start position:0% +give me a positive. Here's my big + + + align:start position:0% +give me a positive. Here's my big +positive wave part of the wave function. + + align:start position:0% +positive wave part of the wave function. + + + align:start position:0% +positive wave part of the wave function. +All right, that's a little bit easier to + + align:start position:0% +All right, that's a little bit easier to + + + align:start position:0% +All right, that's a little bit easier to +see now than in the sp3 case where it's + + align:start position:0% +see now than in the sp3 case where it's + + + align:start position:0% +see now than in the sp3 case where it's +not so easy to see. Okay. All right. So, + + align:start position:0% +not so easy to see. Okay. All right. So, + + + align:start position:0% +not so easy to see. Okay. All right. So, +these are now my two new 2P wave + + align:start position:0% +these are now my two new 2P wave + + + align:start position:0% +these are now my two new 2P wave +functions. And the atomic wave functions + + align:start position:0% +functions. And the atomic wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions. And the atomic wave functions +here haven't done anything to + + align:start position:0% +here haven't done anything to + + + align:start position:0% +here haven't done anything to +them. + + align:start position:0% +them. + + + align:start position:0% +them. +Okay. So, now I'm going to put these + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, now I'm going to put these + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, now I'm going to put these +wave functions all on one plot. Hey, + + align:start position:0% +wave functions all on one plot. Hey, + + + align:start position:0% +wave functions all on one plot. Hey, +they all have the same origin. It's the + + align:start position:0% +they all have the same origin. It's the + + + align:start position:0% +they all have the same origin. It's the +carbon right in the center. So, I'm + + align:start position:0% +carbon right in the center. So, I'm + + + align:start position:0% +carbon right in the center. So, I'm +going to put them all on one plot. Here + + align:start position:0% +going to put them all on one plot. Here + + + align:start position:0% +going to put them all on one plot. Here +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +are. And what I did is that I rotated + + align:start position:0% +are. And what I did is that I rotated + + + align:start position:0% +are. And what I did is that I rotated +the Z-axis was going up and down here. + + align:start position:0% +the Z-axis was going up and down here. + + + align:start position:0% +the Z-axis was going up and down here. +The Z-axis in this picture is coming + + align:start position:0% +The Z-axis in this picture is coming + + + align:start position:0% +The Z-axis in this picture is coming +this way. It's parallel to the floor. + + align:start position:0% +this way. It's parallel to the floor. + + + align:start position:0% +this way. It's parallel to the floor. +Again, strategically placed for the next + + align:start position:0% +Again, strategically placed for the next + + + align:start position:0% +Again, strategically placed for the next +bond formation. Okay. All right. But + + align:start position:0% +bond formation. Okay. All right. But + + + align:start position:0% +bond formation. Okay. All right. But +here you can see the 2px wave function, + + align:start position:0% +here you can see the 2px wave function, + + + align:start position:0% +here you can see the 2px wave function, +the atomic wave function + + align:start position:0% +the atomic wave function + + + align:start position:0% +the atomic wave function +untouched. And perpendicular to it, you + + align:start position:0% +untouched. And perpendicular to it, you + + + align:start position:0% +untouched. And perpendicular to it, you +can see the 2py wave function + + align:start position:0% +can see the 2py wave function + + + align:start position:0% +can see the 2py wave function +untouched. + + align:start position:0% +untouched. + + + align:start position:0% +untouched. +Okay. Okay. So now I'm going to take + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Okay. So now I'm going to take + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Okay. So now I'm going to take +another sparbon wave function and bring + + align:start position:0% +another sparbon wave function and bring + + + align:start position:0% +another sparbon wave function and bring +it in. And I'm going to let the sp wave + + align:start position:0% +it in. And I'm going to let the sp wave + + + align:start position:0% +it in. And I'm going to let the sp wave +functions on the two carbons overlap so + + align:start position:0% +functions on the two carbons overlap so + + + align:start position:0% +functions on the two carbons overlap so +that I form a sigma bond. Sigma formed + + align:start position:0% +that I form a sigma bond. Sigma formed + + + align:start position:0% +that I form a sigma bond. Sigma formed +by the carbon 2 sp carbon 2 sp. Hey, + + align:start position:0% +by the carbon 2 sp carbon 2 sp. Hey, + + + align:start position:0% +by the carbon 2 sp carbon 2 sp. Hey, +that's my sigma bond + + align:start position:0% +that's my sigma bond + + + align:start position:0% +that's my sigma bond +there. + + align:start position:0% +there. + + + align:start position:0% +there. +Okay, but now you know what's going to + + align:start position:0% +Okay, but now you know what's going to + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, but now you know what's going to +happen. We're going to let the atomic + + align:start position:0% +happen. We're going to let the atomic + + + align:start position:0% +happen. We're going to let the atomic +wave functions on the two carbons + + align:start position:0% +wave functions on the two carbons + + + align:start position:0% +wave functions on the two carbons +constructively destructively interfere. + + align:start position:0% +constructively destructively interfere. + + + align:start position:0% +constructively destructively interfere. +Oh, I'm going to bring in hydrogens's + + align:start position:0% +Oh, I'm going to bring in hydrogens's + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, I'm going to bring in hydrogens's +first. Sorry. We for brought in the + + align:start position:0% +first. Sorry. We for brought in the + + + align:start position:0% +first. Sorry. We for brought in the +hydrogen and form this carbon this sigma + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and form this carbon this sigma + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen and form this carbon this sigma +bond between the carbon 2sp wave + + align:start position:0% +bond between the carbon 2sp wave + + + align:start position:0% +bond between the carbon 2sp wave +function and the hydrogen 1s wave + + align:start position:0% +function and the hydrogen 1s wave + + + align:start position:0% +function and the hydrogen 1s wave +function. + + align:start position:0% +function. + + + align:start position:0% +function. +And we've got + + align:start position:0% +And we've got + + + align:start position:0% +And we've got +acetylene except now we've got to let + + align:start position:0% +acetylene except now we've got to let + + + align:start position:0% +acetylene except now we've got to let +the 2 P atomic wave functions interfere. + + align:start position:0% +the 2 P atomic wave functions interfere. + + + align:start position:0% +the 2 P atomic wave functions interfere. +The atomic wave functions on each carbon + + align:start position:0% +The atomic wave functions on each carbon + + + align:start position:0% +The atomic wave functions on each carbon +interfere except I wanted to point out + + align:start position:0% +interfere except I wanted to point out + + + align:start position:0% +interfere except I wanted to point out +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +geometry. I got this all wrong. Okay, + + align:start position:0% +geometry. I got this all wrong. Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +geometry. I got this all wrong. Okay, +this is 180 degrees, right? Because the + + align:start position:0% +this is 180 degrees, right? Because the + + + align:start position:0% +this is 180 degrees, right? Because the +SP wave functions lie in a line. So the + + align:start position:0% +SP wave functions lie in a line. So the + + + align:start position:0% +SP wave functions lie in a line. So the +hydrogen carbon carbon hydrogen here, + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen carbon carbon hydrogen here, + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen carbon carbon hydrogen here, +right? That bond angle is 180 degrees. + + align:start position:0% +right? That bond angle is 180 degrees. + + + align:start position:0% +right? That bond angle is 180 degrees. +We have a linear + + align:start position:0% +We have a linear + + + align:start position:0% +We have a linear +molecule. Okay? And now we're going to + + align:start position:0% +molecule. Okay? And now we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +molecule. Okay? And now we're going to +let the uh 2p wave functions + + align:start position:0% +let the uh 2p wave functions + + + align:start position:0% +let the uh 2p wave functions +interfere. When we did that, we're going + + align:start position:0% +interfere. When we did that, we're going + + + align:start position:0% +interfere. When we did that, we're going +to form a pi bond, right? The + + align:start position:0% +to form a pi bond, right? The + + + align:start position:0% +to form a pi bond, right? The +interference of this 2py and this 2py, + + align:start position:0% +interference of this 2py and this 2py, + + + align:start position:0% +interference of this 2py and this 2py, +this is going to be a pi bond. It's pi + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a pi bond. It's pi + + + align:start position:0% +this is going to be a pi bond. It's pi +because it's not cylindrically symmetric + + align:start position:0% +because it's not cylindrically symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +because it's not cylindrically symmetric +around this carbonarbon bond axis. + + align:start position:0% +around this carbonarbon bond axis. + + + align:start position:0% +around this carbonarbon bond axis. +There's electron density above the plane + + align:start position:0% +There's electron density above the plane + + + align:start position:0% +There's electron density above the plane +of the slide and below the plane of the + + align:start position:0% +of the slide and below the plane of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the slide and below the plane of the +slide. So we've got a pi bond here. And + + align:start position:0% +slide. So we've got a pi bond here. And + + + align:start position:0% +slide. So we've got a pi bond here. And +then finally we're going to let these + + align:start position:0% +then finally we're going to let these + + + align:start position:0% +then finally we're going to let these +two atomic wave functions constructively + + align:start position:0% +two atomic wave functions constructively + + + align:start position:0% +two atomic wave functions constructively +and destructively + + align:start position:0% +and destructively + + + align:start position:0% +and destructively +interfere. Right? the + + align:start position:0% +interfere. Right? the + + + align:start position:0% +interfere. Right? the +2px. Again, we're going to form a pi + + align:start position:0% +2px. Again, we're going to form a pi + + + align:start position:0% +2px. Again, we're going to form a pi +bond. It's pi because it's not + + align:start position:0% +bond. It's pi because it's not + + + align:start position:0% +bond. It's pi because it's not +cylindrically symmetric around the b + + align:start position:0% +cylindrically symmetric around the b + + + align:start position:0% +cylindrically symmetric around the b +bond axis. There's electron density up + + align:start position:0% +bond axis. There's electron density up + + + align:start position:0% +bond axis. There's electron density up +here and electron density up there. Hey, + + align:start position:0% +here and electron density up there. Hey, + + + align:start position:0% +here and electron density up there. Hey, +what we've got here is a triple + + align:start position:0% +what we've got here is a triple + + + align:start position:0% +what we've got here is a triple +bond. We have between the two carbons + + align:start position:0% +bond. We have between the two carbons + + + align:start position:0% +bond. We have between the two carbons +one sigma + + align:start position:0% +one sigma + + + align:start position:0% +one sigma +bond, one pi bond, and another pi bond. + + align:start position:0% +bond, one pi bond, and another pi bond. + + + align:start position:0% +bond, one pi bond, and another pi bond. +The two pi bonds are perpendicular to + + align:start position:0% +The two pi bonds are perpendicular to + + + align:start position:0% +The two pi bonds are perpendicular to +each other. That's + + align:start position:0% +each other. That's + + + align:start position:0% +each other. That's +important. So, a triple bond is + + align:start position:0% +important. So, a triple bond is + + + align:start position:0% +important. So, a triple bond is +always composed of one sigma bond and + + align:start position:0% +always composed of one sigma bond and + + + align:start position:0% +always composed of one sigma bond and +two pi bonds. If that's the case, + + align:start position:0% +two pi bonds. If that's the case, + + + align:start position:0% +two pi bonds. If that's the case, +whether you're looking at a triple bond + + align:start position:0% +whether you're looking at a triple bond + + + align:start position:0% +whether you're looking at a triple bond +on carbon or nitrogen or anything else + + align:start position:0% +on carbon or nitrogen or anything else + + + align:start position:0% +on carbon or nitrogen or anything else +that forms a well almost anything else + + align:start position:0% +that forms a well almost anything else + + + align:start position:0% +that forms a well almost anything else +that forms a triple bond. Okay? But for + + align:start position:0% +that forms a triple bond. Okay? But for + + + align:start position:0% +that forms a triple bond. Okay? But for +your intent of purposes, carbon nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +your intent of purposes, carbon nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +your intent of purposes, carbon nitrogen +going to form a triple bond. + + align:start position:0% +going to form a triple bond. + + + align:start position:0% +going to form a triple bond. +Okay. Okay. So that's important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here. + + align:start position:0% +here. + + + align:start position:0% +here. +Okay. So, uh those are our + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, uh those are our + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So, uh those are our +our hybridization schemes that we're + + align:start position:0% +our hybridization schemes that we're + + + align:start position:0% +our hybridization schemes that we're +going to look at. And it's going to + + align:start position:0% +going to look at. And it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +going to look at. And it's going to +allow us to um it's going to allow us to + + align:start position:0% +allow us to um it's going to allow us to + + + align:start position:0% +allow us to um it's going to allow us to +uh describe the bonding in lots and lots + + align:start position:0% +uh describe the bonding in lots and lots + + + align:start position:0% +uh describe the bonding in lots and lots +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +molecules. And one of the molecules that + + align:start position:0% +molecules. And one of the molecules that + + + align:start position:0% +molecules. And one of the molecules that +I want to describe the bonding of is + + align:start position:0% +I want to describe the bonding of is + + + align:start position:0% +I want to describe the bonding of is +this molecule. It's methyl + + align:start position:0% +this molecule. It's methyl + + + align:start position:0% +this molecule. It's methyl +nitrate. + + align:start position:0% +nitrate. + + + align:start position:0% +nitrate. +Okay? And this is going to help you out + + align:start position:0% +Okay? And this is going to help you out + + + align:start position:0% +Okay? And this is going to help you out +on the homework + + align:start position:0% +on the homework + + + align:start position:0% +on the homework +here. All right? So suppose you're asked + + align:start position:0% +here. All right? So suppose you're asked + + + align:start position:0% +here. All right? So suppose you're asked +to describe the bonding in methyl + + align:start position:0% +to describe the bonding in methyl + + + align:start position:0% +to describe the bonding in methyl +nitrate and you're given this + + align:start position:0% +nitrate and you're given this + + + align:start position:0% +nitrate and you're given this +structure. Well, you know the first + + align:start position:0% +structure. Well, you know the first + + + align:start position:0% +structure. Well, you know the first +thing you have to do is to write down a + + align:start position:0% +thing you have to do is to write down a + + + align:start position:0% +thing you have to do is to write down a +skeletal + + align:start position:0% +skeletal + + + align:start position:0% +skeletal +structure and to + + align:start position:0% +structure and to + + + align:start position:0% +structure and to +actually in your mind get down what the + + align:start position:0% +actually in your mind get down what the + + + align:start position:0% +actually in your mind get down what the +le structure is for methyl nitrate. All + + align:start position:0% +le structure is for methyl nitrate. All + + + align:start position:0% +le structure is for methyl nitrate. All +right. So, um, a couple of days ago I + + align:start position:0% +right. So, um, a couple of days ago I + + + align:start position:0% +right. So, um, a couple of days ago I +told you that when you see a + + align:start position:0% +told you that when you see a + + + align:start position:0% +told you that when you see a +CH3 species like that, that's a methyl + + align:start position:0% +CH3 species like that, that's a methyl + + + align:start position:0% +CH3 species like that, that's a methyl +group. Hey, that's always terminal. + + align:start position:0% +group. Hey, that's always terminal. + + + align:start position:0% +group. Hey, that's always terminal. +That's a carbon with three hydrogens + + align:start position:0% +That's a carbon with three hydrogens + + + align:start position:0% +That's a carbon with three hydrogens +bound to + + align:start position:0% +bound to + + + align:start position:0% +bound to +it. And so, that's what we're going to + + align:start position:0% +it. And so, that's what we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +it. And so, that's what we're going to +do. We're going to make this carbon + + align:start position:0% +do. We're going to make this carbon + + + align:start position:0% +do. We're going to make this carbon +there with the three hydrogens's bound + + align:start position:0% +there with the three hydrogens's bound + + + align:start position:0% +there with the three hydrogens's bound +to it. + + align:start position:0% +to it. + + + align:start position:0% +to it. +And then if you've got a long molecule + + align:start position:0% +And then if you've got a long molecule + + + align:start position:0% +And then if you've got a long molecule +like this, one place to start is to then + + align:start position:0% +like this, one place to start is to then + + + align:start position:0% +like this, one place to start is to then +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +bind the this atom to the next atom. So + + align:start position:0% +bind the this atom to the next atom. So + + + align:start position:0% +bind the this atom to the next atom. So +I did that. I put the carbon bound to + + align:start position:0% +I did that. I put the carbon bound to + + + align:start position:0% +I did that. I put the carbon bound to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +oxygen. And then following that rule, I + + align:start position:0% +oxygen. And then following that rule, I + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen. And then following that rule, I +took the oxygen, bound it to the + + align:start position:0% +took the oxygen, bound it to the + + + align:start position:0% +took the oxygen, bound it to the +nitrogen. And then following that rule, + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen. And then following that rule, + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen. And then following that rule, +I got two oxygens here. I put the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +I got two oxygens here. I put the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +I got two oxygens here. I put the oxygen +on this nitrogen and the oxygen on that + + align:start position:0% +on this nitrogen and the oxygen on that + + + align:start position:0% +on this nitrogen and the oxygen on that +oxygen. Okay? And then I drew the Lewis + + align:start position:0% +oxygen. Okay? And then I drew the Lewis + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen. Okay? And then I drew the Lewis +structure. I counted my electrons, drew + + align:start position:0% +structure. I counted my electrons, drew + + + align:start position:0% +structure. I counted my electrons, drew +it up. There it is. Or there's a Lewis + + align:start position:0% +it up. There it is. Or there's a Lewis + + + align:start position:0% +it up. There it is. Or there's a Lewis +structure. But now what I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +structure. But now what I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +structure. But now what I'm going to do +is I'm going to calculate the formal + + align:start position:0% +is I'm going to calculate the formal + + + align:start position:0% +is I'm going to calculate the formal +charge. So all of these atoms here, if I + + align:start position:0% +charge. So all of these atoms here, if I + + + align:start position:0% +charge. So all of these atoms here, if I +do it right, have a zero formal charge. + + align:start position:0% +do it right, have a zero formal charge. + + + align:start position:0% +do it right, have a zero formal charge. +I then find a formal charge of plus one + + align:start position:0% +I then find a formal charge of plus one + + + align:start position:0% +I then find a formal charge of plus one +on the oxygen and minus1 on the nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +on the oxygen and minus1 on the nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +on the oxygen and minus1 on the nitrogen +and I see that the sum of the formal + + align:start position:0% +and I see that the sum of the formal + + + align:start position:0% +and I see that the sum of the formal +charges is zero and the overall charge + + align:start position:0% +charges is zero and the overall charge + + + align:start position:0% +charges is zero and the overall charge +on that molecule is zero. So it looks + + align:start position:0% +on that molecule is zero. So it looks + + + align:start position:0% +on that molecule is zero. So it looks +like I did everything + + align:start position:0% +like I did everything + + + align:start position:0% +like I did everything +right. However, is this the correct + + align:start position:0% +right. However, is this the correct + + + align:start position:0% +right. However, is this the correct +Lewis structure for methyl nitrate? + + align:start position:0% +Lewis structure for methyl nitrate? + + + align:start position:0% +Lewis structure for methyl nitrate? +No, it is not the correct structure for + + align:start position:0% +No, it is not the correct structure for + + + align:start position:0% +No, it is not the correct structure for +methyl + + align:start position:0% +methyl + + + align:start position:0% +methyl +nitrate. And it isn't because we've got + + align:start position:0% +nitrate. And it isn't because we've got + + + align:start position:0% +nitrate. And it isn't because we've got +a negative formal charge on the nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +a negative formal charge on the nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +a negative formal charge on the nitrogen +and a positive on the oxygen and oxygen + + align:start position:0% +and a positive on the oxygen and oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +and a positive on the oxygen and oxygen +is more electrogative than nitrogen. So + + align:start position:0% +is more electrogative than nitrogen. So + + + align:start position:0% +is more electrogative than nitrogen. So +this is not a adequate structure for + + align:start position:0% +this is not a adequate structure for + + + align:start position:0% +this is not a adequate structure for +methyl nitrate. This does not describe + + align:start position:0% +methyl nitrate. This does not describe + + + align:start position:0% +methyl nitrate. This does not describe +the chemical bonding in methyl nitrate. + + align:start position:0% +the chemical bonding in methyl nitrate. + + + align:start position:0% +the chemical bonding in methyl nitrate. +So, what does Well, to do that, let's uh + + align:start position:0% +So, what does Well, to do that, let's uh + + + align:start position:0% +So, what does Well, to do that, let's uh +look at the let's look at the board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here. + + align:start position:0% +here. + + + align:start position:0% +here. +Whoops. I was going to raise the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +screen. Okay. So, let's look at the + + align:start position:0% +screen. Okay. So, let's look at the + + + align:start position:0% +screen. Okay. So, let's look at the +bonding here in methyl nitrate. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So, here's another Lewis structure that + + align:start position:0% +So, here's another Lewis structure that + + + align:start position:0% +So, here's another Lewis structure that +I could draw. All right, + + align:start position:0% +I could draw. All right, + + + align:start position:0% +I could draw. All right, +CH3 + + align:start position:0% +CH3 + + + align:start position:0% +CH3 +oxygen. And then I could have put the + + align:start position:0% +oxygen. And then I could have put the + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen. And then I could have put the +double bond here between the oxygen and + + align:start position:0% +double bond here between the oxygen and + + + align:start position:0% +double bond here between the oxygen and +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +nitrogen. And then I could have bonded + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen. And then I could have bonded + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen. And then I could have bonded +the two oxygens to that nitrogen. And + + align:start position:0% +the two oxygens to that nitrogen. And + + + align:start position:0% +the two oxygens to that nitrogen. And +there's a bunch of lone pairs here, + + align:start position:0% +there's a bunch of lone pairs here, + + + align:start position:0% +there's a bunch of lone pairs here, +right on the oxygen. That's all. + + align:start position:0% +right on the oxygen. That's all. + + + align:start position:0% +right on the oxygen. That's all. +Okay. But now, if I go and calculate the + + align:start position:0% +Okay. But now, if I go and calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. But now, if I go and calculate the +formal charges on that, well, I'm going + + align:start position:0% +formal charges on that, well, I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +formal charges on that, well, I'm going +to get a + one on this oxygen, right? + + align:start position:0% +to get a + one on this oxygen, right? + + + align:start position:0% +to get a + one on this oxygen, right? +I'm going to get a plus one on that + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get a plus one on that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to get a plus one on that +nitrogen and I'm going to get a minus + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen and I'm going to get a minus + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen and I'm going to get a minus +one on this oxygen and minus one on that + + align:start position:0% +one on this oxygen and minus one on that + + + align:start position:0% +one on this oxygen and minus one on that +oxygen. Hey, that's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +oxygen. Hey, that's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen. Hey, that's a lot of +distribution of charge here away from + + align:start position:0% +distribution of charge here away from + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of charge here away from +the distribution of charge in the + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of charge in the + + + align:start position:0% +the distribution of charge in the +isolated + + align:start position:0% +isolated + + + align:start position:0% +isolated +atom. So, let's see if we can do a + + align:start position:0% +atom. So, let's see if we can do a + + + align:start position:0% +atom. So, let's see if we can do a +little + + align:start position:0% +little + + + align:start position:0% +little +better. So, again, starting with the + + align:start position:0% +better. So, again, starting with the + + + align:start position:0% +better. So, again, starting with the +methyl group here at the + + align:start position:0% +methyl group here at the + + + align:start position:0% +methyl group here at the +end, let's do this. Let us bond the + + align:start position:0% +end, let's do this. Let us bond the + + + align:start position:0% +end, let's do this. Let us bond the +oxygen to the carbon and then singly + + align:start position:0% +oxygen to the carbon and then singly + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen to the carbon and then singly +bond that nitrogen to the + + align:start position:0% +bond that nitrogen to the + + + align:start position:0% +bond that nitrogen to the +oxygen and then doubly bond one + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and then doubly bond one + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and then doubly bond one +oxygen and then singly bond the other + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and then singly bond the other + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and then singly bond the other +oxygen. And there's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +oxygen. And there's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen. And there's going to be a +resonance structure to this, right? + + align:start position:0% +resonance structure to this, right? + + + align:start position:0% +resonance structure to this, right? +Because I could have switched where the + + align:start position:0% +Because I could have switched where the + + + align:start position:0% +Because I could have switched where the +double bonds were here. + + align:start position:0% +double bonds were here. + + + align:start position:0% +double bonds were here. +And if I go and I calculate the formal + + align:start position:0% +And if I go and I calculate the formal + + + align:start position:0% +And if I go and I calculate the formal +charges, I find now everything's got a + + align:start position:0% +charges, I find now everything's got a + + + align:start position:0% +charges, I find now everything's got a +zero except the nitrogen has a plus one. + + align:start position:0% +zero except the nitrogen has a plus one. + + + align:start position:0% +zero except the nitrogen has a plus one. +And this oxygen has a minus1. And that's + + align:start position:0% +And this oxygen has a minus1. And that's + + + align:start position:0% +And this oxygen has a minus1. And that's +a much better situation than a lower + + align:start position:0% +a much better situation than a lower + + + align:start position:0% +a much better situation than a lower +energy situation than a plus one on an + + align:start position:0% +energy situation than a plus one on an + + + align:start position:0% +energy situation than a plus one on an +oxygen and a minus1 on the nitrogen. All + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and a minus1 on the nitrogen. All + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen and a minus1 on the nitrogen. All +right. So there's the resonance + + align:start position:0% +right. So there's the resonance + + + align:start position:0% +right. So there's the resonance +structure. I won't draw it but that's + + align:start position:0% +structure. I won't draw it but that's + + + align:start position:0% +structure. I won't draw it but that's +the uh that is the le structure here for + + align:start position:0% +the uh that is the le structure here for + + + align:start position:0% +the uh that is the le structure here for +methyl + + align:start position:0% +methyl + + + align:start position:0% +methyl +nitrate. Now clue if you see an NO2 like + + align:start position:0% +nitrate. Now clue if you see an NO2 like + + + align:start position:0% +nitrate. Now clue if you see an NO2 like +that written like that hey that is + + align:start position:0% +that written like that hey that is + + + align:start position:0% +that written like that hey that is +always going to mean the o the two + + align:start position:0% +always going to mean the o the two + + + align:start position:0% +always going to mean the o the two +oxygens are bound to the + + align:start position:0% +oxygens are bound to the + + + align:start position:0% +oxygens are bound to the +nitrogen. And if you ever see the word + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen. And if you ever see the word + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen. And if you ever see the word +nitrate like in that expression, that + + align:start position:0% +nitrate like in that expression, that + + + align:start position:0% +nitrate like in that expression, that +means all of those oxygens are going to + + align:start position:0% +means all of those oxygens are going to + + + align:start position:0% +means all of those oxygens are going to +be bound to the um to the nitrogen in + + align:start position:0% +be bound to the um to the nitrogen in + + + align:start position:0% +be bound to the um to the nitrogen in +some way. Okay? So on an exam, if you + + align:start position:0% +some way. Okay? So on an exam, if you + + + align:start position:0% +some way. Okay? So on an exam, if you +see an NO2, those two oxygens are going + + align:start position:0% +see an NO2, those two oxygens are going + + + align:start position:0% +see an NO2, those two oxygens are going +to be bound to the nitrogen. If you see + + align:start position:0% +to be bound to the nitrogen. If you see + + + align:start position:0% +to be bound to the nitrogen. If you see +the word nitrate, the three oxygens are + + align:start position:0% +the word nitrate, the three oxygens are + + + align:start position:0% +the word nitrate, the three oxygens are +going to be bound to the nitrogen. Yes. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +If I do that, then I'm going to have + + align:start position:0% +If I do that, then I'm going to have + + + align:start position:0% +If I do that, then I'm going to have +these five bonds to the nitrogen. Okay? + + align:start position:0% +these five bonds to the nitrogen. Okay? + + + align:start position:0% +these five bonds to the nitrogen. Okay? +And uh that is going to give you a very + + align:start position:0% +And uh that is going to give you a very + + + align:start position:0% +And uh that is going to give you a very +high formal charge. It's not going to be + + align:start position:0% +high formal charge. It's not going to be + + + align:start position:0% +high formal charge. It's not going to be +the lowest energy structure. + + align:start position:0% +the lowest energy structure. + + + align:start position:0% +the lowest energy structure. +Okay? Okay. So that's our structure. But + + align:start position:0% +Okay? Okay. So that's our structure. But + + + align:start position:0% +Okay? Okay. So that's our structure. But +now the question is to + + align:start position:0% +now the question is to + + + align:start position:0% +now the question is to +describe the bonding in this + + align:start position:0% +describe the bonding in this + + + align:start position:0% +describe the bonding in this +molecule. So let's do + + align:start position:0% +molecule. So let's do + + + align:start position:0% +molecule. So let's do +that. Let's describe that bonding. And + + align:start position:0% +that. Let's describe that bonding. And + + + align:start position:0% +that. Let's describe that bonding. And +let me erase this structure here. Do + + align:start position:0% +let me erase this structure here. Do + + + align:start position:0% +let me erase this structure here. Do +that. + + align:start position:0% +that. + + + align:start position:0% +that. +Okay. So what do we have? We have three + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So what do we have? We have three + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So what do we have? We have three +carbon hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +carbon hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +carbon hydrogen +bonds. And this carbon here is bonded to + + align:start position:0% +bonds. And this carbon here is bonded to + + + align:start position:0% +bonds. And this carbon here is bonded to +four different atoms. That carbon has no + + align:start position:0% +four different atoms. That carbon has no + + + align:start position:0% +four different atoms. That carbon has no +double bond, has no triple bond. If it's + + align:start position:0% +double bond, has no triple bond. If it's + + + align:start position:0% +double bond, has no triple bond. If it's +bound to four different atoms and it + + align:start position:0% +bound to four different atoms and it + + + align:start position:0% +bound to four different atoms and it +does it has just single bonds, the + + align:start position:0% +does it has just single bonds, the + + + align:start position:0% +does it has just single bonds, the +carbon is always sp3 + + align:start position:0% +carbon is always sp3 + + + align:start position:0% +carbon is always sp3 +hybridized. All right, that's something + + align:start position:0% +hybridized. All right, that's something + + + align:start position:0% +hybridized. All right, that's something +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +know. So what that means is that these + + align:start position:0% +know. So what that means is that these + + + align:start position:0% +know. So what that means is that these +carbon hydrogen bonds are sigma bonds. + + align:start position:0% +carbon hydrogen bonds are sigma bonds. + + + align:start position:0% +carbon hydrogen bonds are sigma bonds. +There sigma bonds form between the + + align:start position:0% +There sigma bonds form between the + + + align:start position:0% +There sigma bonds form between the +carbon and the + + align:start position:0% +carbon and the + + + align:start position:0% +carbon and the +S2SP3 wave + + align:start position:0% +S2SP3 wave + + + align:start position:0% +S2SP3 wave +function and the hydrogen 1s wave + + align:start position:0% +function and the hydrogen 1s wave + + + align:start position:0% +function and the hydrogen 1s wave +function. All right, that describes the + + align:start position:0% +function. All right, that describes the + + + align:start position:0% +function. All right, that describes the +bonding in the carbon hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +bonding in the carbon hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +bonding in the carbon hydrogen +bonds. Okay, what about this bond the + + align:start position:0% +bonds. Okay, what about this bond the + + + align:start position:0% +bonds. Okay, what about this bond the +carbon oxygen bond here? How do we + + align:start position:0% +carbon oxygen bond here? How do we + + + align:start position:0% +carbon oxygen bond here? How do we +describe it? Well, we already said this + + align:start position:0% +describe it? Well, we already said this + + + align:start position:0% +describe it? Well, we already said this +carbon is sp3 + + align:start position:0% +carbon is sp3 + + + align:start position:0% +carbon is sp3 +hybridized and + + align:start position:0% +hybridized and + + + align:start position:0% +hybridized and +so we can write this carbon as + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sp3 and then this oxygen here. Well, + + align:start position:0% +sp3 and then this oxygen here. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +sp3 and then this oxygen here. Well, +this oxygen has got two bonds to it. It + + align:start position:0% +this oxygen has got two bonds to it. It + + + align:start position:0% +this oxygen has got two bonds to it. It +has no double bonds, no triple bonds. + + align:start position:0% +has no double bonds, no triple bonds. + + + align:start position:0% +has no double bonds, no triple bonds. +So, this oxygen is also sp3 hybridized. + + align:start position:0% +So, this oxygen is also sp3 hybridized. + + + align:start position:0% +So, this oxygen is also sp3 hybridized. +This oxygen looks like the oxygen in + + align:start position:0% +This oxygen looks like the oxygen in + + + align:start position:0% +This oxygen looks like the oxygen in +water, right? So, this is going to be a + + align:start position:0% +water, right? So, this is going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +water, right? So, this is going to be a +sigma bond. It's going to be symmetric + + align:start position:0% +sigma bond. It's going to be symmetric + + + align:start position:0% +sigma bond. It's going to be symmetric +around that axis between carbon 2 sp3 + + align:start position:0% +around that axis between carbon 2 sp3 + + + align:start position:0% +around that axis between carbon 2 sp3 +and oxygen 2 + + align:start position:0% +and oxygen 2 + + + align:start position:0% +and oxygen 2 +sp3. Hey, we got that + + align:start position:0% +sp3. Hey, we got that + + + align:start position:0% +sp3. Hey, we got that +bond. Okay. Next, we have an oxygen + + align:start position:0% +bond. Okay. Next, we have an oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +bond. Okay. Next, we have an oxygen +nitrogen bond. How do we describe the + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen bond. How do we describe the + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen bond. How do we describe the +oxygen nitrogen bond? Well, the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +oxygen nitrogen bond? Well, the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen nitrogen bond? Well, the oxygen +we already said was 2 sp3 + + align:start position:0% +we already said was 2 sp3 + + + align:start position:0% +we already said was 2 sp3 +hybridized. So, we know that. But this + + align:start position:0% +hybridized. So, we know that. But this + + + align:start position:0% +hybridized. So, we know that. But this +nitrogen, this nitrogen's got a double + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen, this nitrogen's got a double + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen, this nitrogen's got a double +bond to it. Is it? If it's got a double + + align:start position:0% +bond to it. Is it? If it's got a double + + + align:start position:0% +bond to it. Is it? If it's got a double +bond to it, well, that nitrogen is 2 sp2 + + align:start position:0% +bond to it, well, that nitrogen is 2 sp2 + + + align:start position:0% +bond to it, well, that nitrogen is 2 sp2 +hybridized, but this is still a single + + align:start position:0% +hybridized, but this is still a single + + + align:start position:0% +hybridized, but this is still a single +bond between the oxygen and the nitrogen + + align:start position:0% +bond between the oxygen and the nitrogen + + + align:start position:0% +bond between the oxygen and the nitrogen +there. It's symmetric. And so that bond + + align:start position:0% +there. It's symmetric. And so that bond + + + align:start position:0% +there. It's symmetric. And so that bond +is a sigma between the nitrogen 2SP2 + + align:start position:0% +is a sigma between the nitrogen 2SP2 + + + align:start position:0% +is a sigma between the nitrogen 2SP2 +wave function and the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +wave function and the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +wave function and the oxygen +2SP3. Okay. Next, the nitrogen oxygen + + align:start position:0% +2SP3. Okay. Next, the nitrogen oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +2SP3. Okay. Next, the nitrogen oxygen +double bond. How are we going to + + align:start position:0% +double bond. How are we going to + + + align:start position:0% +double bond. How are we going to +describe + + align:start position:0% +describe + + + align:start position:0% +describe +that? Well, uh the it's a double bond. + + align:start position:0% +that? Well, uh the it's a double bond. + + + align:start position:0% +that? Well, uh the it's a double bond. +It means we got two + + align:start position:0% +It means we got two + + + align:start position:0% +It means we got two +bonds. One of those bonds is a sigma + + align:start position:0% +bonds. One of those bonds is a sigma + + + align:start position:0% +bonds. One of those bonds is a sigma +bond. As I said, it's going to be a + + align:start position:0% +bond. As I said, it's going to be a + + + align:start position:0% +bond. As I said, it's going to be a +sigma + + align:start position:0% +sigma + + + align:start position:0% +sigma +bond between the nitrogen 2 sp2 wave + + align:start position:0% +bond between the nitrogen 2 sp2 wave + + + align:start position:0% +bond between the nitrogen 2 sp2 wave +function and the + + align:start position:0% +function and the + + + align:start position:0% +function and the +oxygen 2 sp2 wave function because hey + + align:start position:0% +oxygen 2 sp2 wave function because hey + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen 2 sp2 wave function because hey +oxygen here is also double bonded. If we + + align:start position:0% +oxygen here is also double bonded. If we + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen here is also double bonded. If we +use that rule, we'll consider the oxygen + + align:start position:0% +use that rule, we'll consider the oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +use that rule, we'll consider the oxygen +to be 2 + + align:start position:0% +to be 2 + + + align:start position:0% +to be 2 +sp2. It's a sigma bond. But now we got + + align:start position:0% +sp2. It's a sigma bond. But now we got + + + align:start position:0% +sp2. It's a sigma bond. But now we got +two bonds. So the second one has to be a + + align:start position:0% +two bonds. So the second one has to be a + + + align:start position:0% +two bonds. So the second one has to be a +double bond. What's that double bond + + align:start position:0% +double bond. What's that double bond + + + align:start position:0% +double bond. What's that double bond +going to be? Well, it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +going to be? Well, it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +going to be? Well, it's going to be +between the + + align:start position:0% +between the + + + align:start position:0% +between the +nitrogen 2 pwave function because the pi + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen 2 pwave function because the pi + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen 2 pwave function because the pi +bonds are always between the + + align:start position:0% +bonds are always between the + + + align:start position:0% +bonds are always between the +unhybridized wave functions. And notice + + align:start position:0% +unhybridized wave functions. And notice + + + align:start position:0% +unhybridized wave functions. And notice +I'm going to leave out the x or the y + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to leave out the x or the y + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to leave out the x or the y +here because I don't really + + align:start position:0% +here because I don't really + + + align:start position:0% +here because I don't really +know. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +know. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +know. Okay. +and between the oxygen 2p wave function. + + align:start position:0% +and between the oxygen 2p wave function. + + + align:start position:0% +and between the oxygen 2p wave function. +I left out the x and the y there. All + + align:start position:0% +I left out the x and the y there. All + + + align:start position:0% +I left out the x and the y there. All +right. And then finally, I have the + + align:start position:0% +right. And then finally, I have the + + + align:start position:0% +right. And then finally, I have the +nitrogen oxygen bond. That second + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen oxygen bond. That second + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen oxygen bond. That second +nitrogen oxygen + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen oxygen +bond. And what do I have there? Well, + + align:start position:0% +bond. And what do I have there? Well, + + + align:start position:0% +bond. And what do I have there? Well, +it's a single bond. It's going to be + + align:start position:0% +it's a single bond. It's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +it's a single bond. It's going to be +sigma. It's symmetric around the axis. + + align:start position:0% +sigma. It's symmetric around the axis. + + + align:start position:0% +sigma. It's symmetric around the axis. +is going to be between the + + align:start position:0% +is going to be between the + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be between the +nitrogen 2 sp2 wave function and the + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen 2 sp2 wave function and the + + + align:start position:0% +nitrogen 2 sp2 wave function and the +oxygen + + align:start position:0% +oxygen + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +2pz wave function. Okay, it's going to + + align:start position:0% +2pz wave function. Okay, it's going to + + + align:start position:0% +2pz wave function. Okay, it's going to +be 2pz in that case because uh we're + + align:start position:0% +be 2pz in that case because uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +be 2pz in that case because uh we're +here along the bond + + align:start position:0% +here along the bond + + + align:start position:0% +here along the bond +axis. Okay, it's a sigma bond. It's not + + align:start position:0% +axis. Okay, it's a sigma bond. It's not + + + align:start position:0% +axis. Okay, it's a sigma bond. It's not +a pi bond. The sigma bonds are along the + + align:start position:0% +a pi bond. The sigma bonds are along the + + + align:start position:0% +a pi bond. The sigma bonds are along the +bond + + align:start position:0% +bond + + + align:start position:0% +bond +axis. Okay. All right. So that's methyl + + align:start position:0% +axis. Okay. All right. So that's methyl + + + align:start position:0% +axis. Okay. All right. So that's methyl +nitrate. Now I'm a little bit rushing to + + align:start position:0% +nitrate. Now I'm a little bit rushing to + + + align:start position:0% +nitrate. Now I'm a little bit rushing to +do something here. Uh and that is I want + + align:start position:0% +do something here. Uh and that is I want + + + align:start position:0% +do something here. Uh and that is I want +to describe to you one + + align:start position:0% +to describe to you one + + + align:start position:0% +to describe to you one +other kind of bonding. But this is a + + align:start position:0% +other kind of bonding. But this is a + + + align:start position:0% +other kind of bonding. But this is a +bonding that is not a bonding within the + + align:start position:0% +bonding that is not a bonding within the + + + align:start position:0% +bonding that is not a bonding within the +molecule but it's um I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +molecule but it's um I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +molecule but it's um I'm going to do +this. It's actually + + align:start position:0% +this. It's actually + + + align:start position:0% +this. It's actually +bonding between molecules. + + align:start position:0% +bonding between molecules. + + + align:start position:0% +bonding between molecules. +And this is called hydrogen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +bonding. All right. In hydrogen bonding, + + align:start position:0% +bonding. All right. In hydrogen bonding, + + + align:start position:0% +bonding. All right. In hydrogen bonding, +what you have to have is a hydrogen and + + align:start position:0% +what you have to have is a hydrogen and + + + align:start position:0% +what you have to have is a hydrogen and +you have to have a hydrogen bond bond + + align:start position:0% +you have to have a hydrogen bond bond + + + align:start position:0% +you have to have a hydrogen bond bond +bonded to an electrogative element like + + align:start position:0% +bonded to an electrogative element like + + + align:start position:0% +bonded to an electrogative element like +oxygen. So a good example is water, + + align:start position:0% +oxygen. So a good example is water, + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen. So a good example is water, +right? Water is bound to an + + align:start position:0% +right? Water is bound to an + + + align:start position:0% +right? Water is bound to an +electrogative element. and we got two + + align:start position:0% +electrogative element. and we got two + + + align:start position:0% +electrogative element. and we got two +lone + + align:start position:0% +lone + + + align:start position:0% +lone +pairs. But in hydrogen bonding, you've + + align:start position:0% +pairs. But in hydrogen bonding, you've + + + align:start position:0% +pairs. But in hydrogen bonding, you've +got bonds between molecules. This is + + align:start position:0% +got bonds between molecules. This is + + + align:start position:0% +got bonds between molecules. This is +intermolecular + + align:start position:0% +intermolecular + + + align:start position:0% +intermolecular +bonding. And what happens is that + + align:start position:0% +bonding. And what happens is that + + + align:start position:0% +bonding. And what happens is that +the that this hydrogen here will + + align:start position:0% +the that this hydrogen here will + + + align:start position:0% +the that this hydrogen here will +interact very strongly with the lone + + align:start position:0% +interact very strongly with the lone + + + align:start position:0% +interact very strongly with the lone +pair electrons here on its neighboring + + align:start position:0% +pair electrons here on its neighboring + + + align:start position:0% +pair electrons here on its neighboring +oxygen forming a bond. + + align:start position:0% +oxygen forming a bond. + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen forming a bond. +It does so because this hydrogen is kind + + align:start position:0% +It does so because this hydrogen is kind + + + align:start position:0% +It does so because this hydrogen is kind +of desshielded. The oxygen being so + + align:start position:0% +of desshielded. The oxygen being so + + + align:start position:0% +of desshielded. The oxygen being so +electrogative is kind of pulled all the + + align:start position:0% +electrogative is kind of pulled all the + + + align:start position:0% +electrogative is kind of pulled all the +charge toward it. So this this hydrogen + + align:start position:0% +charge toward it. So this this hydrogen + + + align:start position:0% +charge toward it. So this this hydrogen +kind of looks like a little bit + + align:start position:0% +kind of looks like a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +kind of looks like a little bit +positively charged delta plus where this + + align:start position:0% +positively charged delta plus where this + + + align:start position:0% +positively charged delta plus where this +is kind of delta minus. And so this + + align:start position:0% +is kind of delta minus. And so this + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of delta minus. And so this +hydrogen being really small, hey, it can + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen being really small, hey, it can + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen being really small, hey, it can +get close to the oxygen lone pairs where + + align:start position:0% +get close to the oxygen lone pairs where + + + align:start position:0% +get close to the oxygen lone pairs where +there's a lot of electron density and + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of electron density and + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of electron density and +form a bond. And that bond ranges from + + align:start position:0% +form a bond. And that bond ranges from + + + align:start position:0% +form a bond. And that bond ranges from +20 to 60 k per mole certainly not as + + align:start position:0% +20 to 60 k per mole certainly not as + + + align:start position:0% +20 to 60 k per mole certainly not as +strong as a covealent bond. You know, CH + + align:start position:0% +strong as a covealent bond. You know, CH + + + align:start position:0% +strong as a covealent bond. You know, CH +bond, it's 400 K per mole, but about the + + align:start position:0% +bond, it's 400 K per mole, but about the + + + align:start position:0% +bond, it's 400 K per mole, but about the +tenth of that strength and it turns out + + align:start position:0% +tenth of that strength and it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +tenth of that strength and it turns out +to be very important. Hydrogen bonds + + align:start position:0% +to be very important. Hydrogen bonds + + + align:start position:0% +to be very important. Hydrogen bonds +determine the properties of water. They + + align:start position:0% +determine the properties of water. They + + + align:start position:0% +determine the properties of water. They +determine the structure of proteins. DNA + + align:start position:0% +determine the structure of proteins. DNA + + + align:start position:0% +determine the structure of proteins. DNA +owes its its helix helical structure to + + align:start position:0% +owes its its helix helical structure to + + + align:start position:0% +owes its its helix helical structure to +hydrogen bonding. Trees stand up + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonding. Trees stand up + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen bonding. Trees stand up +straight because of hydrogen bonding in + + align:start position:0% +straight because of hydrogen bonding in + + + align:start position:0% +straight because of hydrogen bonding in +the cellulose + + align:start position:0% +the cellulose + + + align:start position:0% +the cellulose +chains. The strength of nylon is + + align:start position:0% +chains. The strength of nylon is + + + align:start position:0% +chains. The strength of nylon is +determined by hydrogen bonding. And + + align:start position:0% +determined by hydrogen bonding. And + + + align:start position:0% +determined by hydrogen bonding. And +whether or not you have a bad hair day + + align:start position:0% +whether or not you have a bad hair day + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not you have a bad hair day +is determined by hydrogen bonding. For + + align:start position:0% +is determined by hydrogen bonding. For + + + align:start position:0% +is determined by hydrogen bonding. For +example, on the slides on the side, what + + align:start position:0% +example, on the slides on the side, what + + + align:start position:0% +example, on the slides on the side, what +you see is the protein of + + align:start position:0% +you see is the protein of + + + align:start position:0% +you see is the protein of +hair. This is a polyeptide. It's a + + align:start position:0% +hair. This is a polyeptide. It's a + + + align:start position:0% +hair. This is a polyeptide. It's a +repeating unit here of + + align:start position:0% +repeating unit here of + + + align:start position:0% +repeating unit here of +COH NH + + align:start position:0% +COH NH + + + align:start position:0% +COH NH +COH NH again and again and again. And + + align:start position:0% +COH NH again and again and again. And + + + align:start position:0% +COH NH again and again and again. And +here's another repeating uh here's + + align:start position:0% +here's another repeating uh here's + + + align:start position:0% +here's another repeating uh here's +another polyeptide or another peptide + + align:start position:0% +another polyeptide or another peptide + + + align:start position:0% +another polyeptide or another peptide +strain with this repeating unit. + + align:start position:0% +strain with this repeating unit. + + + align:start position:0% +strain with this repeating unit. +Well, what + + align:start position:0% +Well, what + + + align:start position:0% +Well, what +happens? Well, what happens when um your + + align:start position:0% +happens? Well, what happens when um your + + + align:start position:0% +happens? Well, what happens when um your +uh hair is actually wet, what happens is + + align:start position:0% +uh hair is actually wet, what happens is + + + align:start position:0% +uh hair is actually wet, what happens is +that the hydrogens on the uh nitrogen, + + align:start position:0% +that the hydrogens on the uh nitrogen, + + + align:start position:0% +that the hydrogens on the uh nitrogen, +you can see in that chain up there, what + + align:start position:0% +you can see in that chain up there, what + + + align:start position:0% +you can see in that chain up there, what +happens is that they are hydrogen bonded + + align:start position:0% +happens is that they are hydrogen bonded + + + align:start position:0% +happens is that they are hydrogen bonded +to water + + align:start position:0% +to water + + + align:start position:0% +to water +molecules. And you can also see in the + + align:start position:0% +molecules. And you can also see in the + + + align:start position:0% +molecules. And you can also see in the +second chain over that uh the oxygen on + + align:start position:0% +second chain over that uh the oxygen on + + + align:start position:0% +second chain over that uh the oxygen on +the carbon here is hydrogen bonded to a + + align:start position:0% +the carbon here is hydrogen bonded to a + + + align:start position:0% +the carbon here is hydrogen bonded to a +water molecule. So when your hair is + + align:start position:0% +water molecule. So when your hair is + + + align:start position:0% +water molecule. So when your hair is +wet, the actual polymers in your hair + + align:start position:0% +wet, the actual polymers in your hair + + + align:start position:0% +wet, the actual polymers in your hair +kind of slip by each other, right? + + align:start position:0% +kind of slip by each other, right? + + + align:start position:0% +kind of slip by each other, right? +However, if you then take your hair and + + align:start position:0% +However, if you then take your hair and + + + align:start position:0% +However, if you then take your hair and +you put it in some very strange + + align:start position:0% +you put it in some very strange + + + align:start position:0% +you put it in some very strange +configuration and you dry it, right? You + + align:start position:0% +configuration and you dry it, right? You + + + align:start position:0% +configuration and you dry it, right? You +you uh remove these water molecules that + + align:start position:0% +you uh remove these water molecules that + + + align:start position:0% +you uh remove these water molecules that +are hydrogen bonded to your hair. Well, + + align:start position:0% +are hydrogen bonded to your hair. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +are hydrogen bonded to your hair. Well, +what happens then is that these two + + align:start position:0% +what happens then is that these two + + + align:start position:0% +what happens then is that these two +chains now kind of lock into registry. + + align:start position:0% +chains now kind of lock into registry. + + + align:start position:0% +chains now kind of lock into registry. +They kind of bond together because these + + align:start position:0% +They kind of bond together because these + + + align:start position:0% +They kind of bond together because these +hydrogen these water molecules are gone + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen these water molecules are gone + + + align:start position:0% +hydrogen these water molecules are gone +here. And so now they hydrogen bond to + + align:start position:0% +here. And so now they hydrogen bond to + + + align:start position:0% +here. And so now they hydrogen bond to +each other. The hydrogen bonds to the + + align:start position:0% +each other. The hydrogen bonds to the + + + align:start position:0% +each other. The hydrogen bonds to the +oxygen on the CO and the two chains are + + align:start position:0% +oxygen on the CO and the two chains are + + + align:start position:0% +oxygen on the CO and the two chains are +in registry. And then when you let your + + align:start position:0% +in registry. And then when you let your + + + align:start position:0% +in registry. And then when you let your +form go, well then your your strands + + align:start position:0% +form go, well then your your strands + + + align:start position:0% +form go, well then your your strands +actually stay in that registry for a + + align:start position:0% +actually stay in that registry for a + + + align:start position:0% +actually stay in that registry for a +little bit until the + + align:start position:0% +little bit until the + + + align:start position:0% +little bit until the +humidity wipes that out. Okay, bad hair + + align:start position:0% +humidity wipes that out. Okay, bad hair + + + align:start position:0% +humidity wipes that out. Okay, bad hair +day. See you on Friday. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rbTLRBdEcqA.txt b/rbTLRBdEcqA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd4fc3cf1537a2962fc9933f32a6319efb313fc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/rbTLRBdEcqA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12307 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer highquality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer highquality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The next the next three classes deal + + align:start position:0% +The next the next three classes deal + + + align:start position:0% +The next the next three classes deal +with a discussion of three models which + + align:start position:0% +with a discussion of three models which + + + align:start position:0% +with a discussion of three models which +we developed in this class with Kevin + + align:start position:0% +we developed in this class with Kevin + + + align:start position:0% +we developed in this class with Kevin +Lynch and I have + + align:start position:0% +Lynch and I have + + + align:start position:0% +Lynch and I have +subsequently changed and added + + align:start position:0% +subsequently changed and added + + + align:start position:0% +subsequently changed and added +to the three models are not unique. They + + align:start position:0% +to the three models are not unique. They + + + align:start position:0% +to the three models are not unique. They +are examples of + + align:start position:0% +are examples of + + + align:start position:0% +are examples of +models which inform the form of a + + align:start position:0% +models which inform the form of a + + + align:start position:0% +models which inform the form of a +city, have instructions as to who should + + align:start position:0% +city, have instructions as to who should + + + align:start position:0% +city, have instructions as to who should +take + + align:start position:0% +take + + + align:start position:0% +take +part, have + + align:start position:0% +part, have + + + align:start position:0% +part, have +premises + + align:start position:0% +premises + + + align:start position:0% +premises +of materialism or theism associated with + + align:start position:0% +of materialism or theism associated with + + + align:start position:0% +of materialism or theism associated with +him. + + align:start position:0% +him. + + + align:start position:0% +him. +Um I'll go through the first one today. + + align:start position:0% +Um I'll go through the first one today. + + + align:start position:0% +Um I'll go through the first one today. +The co what we call the cosmic model. + + align:start position:0% +The co what we call the cosmic model. + + + align:start position:0% +The co what we call the cosmic model. +And uh you can see that the definitions + + align:start position:0% +And uh you can see that the definitions + + + align:start position:0% +And uh you can see that the definitions +of stasis, objective, + + align:start position:0% +of stasis, objective, + + + align:start position:0% +of stasis, objective, +control, + + align:start position:0% +control, + + + align:start position:0% +control, +science, + + align:start position:0% +science, + + + align:start position:0% +science, +nature, type and form + + align:start position:0% +nature, type and form + + + align:start position:0% +nature, type and form +tools will be what we will discuss in + + align:start position:0% +tools will be what we will discuss in + + + align:start position:0% +tools will be what we will discuss in +this class. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The + + align:start position:0% +The + + + align:start position:0% +The +most + + align:start position:0% +most + + + align:start position:0% +most +common theory associated with the + + align:start position:0% +common theory associated with the + + + align:start position:0% +common theory associated with the +beginning of cities has a materialist + + align:start position:0% +beginning of cities has a materialist + + + align:start position:0% +beginning of cities has a materialist +basis. This is of course wrong. + + align:start position:0% +basis. This is of course wrong. + + + align:start position:0% +basis. This is of course wrong. +The materialist + + align:start position:0% +The materialist + + + align:start position:0% +The materialist +basis is based + + align:start position:0% +basis is based + + + align:start position:0% +basis is based +on the notion that a surplus is produced + + align:start position:0% +on the notion that a surplus is produced + + + align:start position:0% +on the notion that a surplus is produced +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +agriculture and a surplus requires a + + align:start position:0% +agriculture and a surplus requires a + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture and a surplus requires a +system of + + align:start position:0% +system of + + + align:start position:0% +system of +bureaucracy, a literature or literally + + align:start position:0% +bureaucracy, a literature or literally + + + align:start position:0% +bureaucracy, a literature or literally +elite + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um a method for controlling irrigation + + align:start position:0% +um a method for controlling irrigation + + + align:start position:0% +um a method for controlling irrigation +systems and so on. and the primitive + + align:start position:0% +systems and so on. and the primitive + + + align:start position:0% +systems and so on. and the primitive +notions of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trade. Why don't I just read you a + + align:start position:0% +trade. Why don't I just read you a + + + align:start position:0% +trade. Why don't I just read you a +standard explanation of surplus because + + align:start position:0% +standard explanation of surplus because + + + align:start position:0% +standard explanation of surplus because +you should remember the + + align:start position:0% +you should remember the + + + align:start position:0% +you should remember the +word. It's an important word in the + + align:start position:0% +word. It's an important word in the + + + align:start position:0% +word. It's an important word in the +theory of city form the notion of the + + align:start position:0% +theory of city form the notion of the + + + align:start position:0% +theory of city form the notion of the +production of more than you need. It + + align:start position:0% +production of more than you need. It + + + align:start position:0% +production of more than you need. It +involves storage. involves the world of + + align:start position:0% +involves storage. involves the world of + + + align:start position:0% +involves storage. involves the world of +that's why I + + align:start position:0% +that's why I + + + align:start position:0% +that's why I +regard the invention of the potter's + + align:start position:0% +regard the invention of the potter's + + + align:start position:0% +regard the invention of the potter's +wheel as one of the more significant + + align:start position:0% +wheel as one of the more significant + + + align:start position:0% +wheel as one of the more significant +inventions of + + align:start position:0% +inventions of + + + align:start position:0% +inventions of +humankind. Uh how do you store + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +food if how do you what do you do with + + align:start position:0% +food if how do you what do you do with + + + align:start position:0% +food if how do you what do you do with +the surplus of food unless you have + + align:start position:0% +the surplus of food unless you have + + + align:start position:0% +the surplus of food unless you have +commodities or containers that can + + align:start position:0% +commodities or containers that can + + + align:start position:0% +commodities or containers that can +separate the food from the corrosion + + align:start position:0% +separate the food from the corrosion + + + align:start position:0% +separate the food from the corrosion +forces of + + align:start position:0% +forces of + + + align:start position:0% +forces of +nature. The + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +surplus surplus production beyond the + + align:start position:0% +surplus surplus production beyond the + + + align:start position:0% +surplus surplus production beyond the +immediate needs of the community made + + align:start position:0% +immediate needs of the community made + + + align:start position:0% +immediate needs of the community made +possible the emancipation of some people + + align:start position:0% +possible the emancipation of some people + + + align:start position:0% +possible the emancipation of some people +from the toils of the land. Here's an + + align:start position:0% +from the toils of the land. Here's an + + + align:start position:0% +from the toils of the land. Here's an +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +observation that if you produce + + align:start position:0% +observation that if you produce + + + align:start position:0% +observation that if you produce +excess, you relieve certain people of + + align:start position:0% +excess, you relieve certain people of + + + align:start position:0% +excess, you relieve certain people of +conventional + + align:start position:0% +conventional + + + align:start position:0% +conventional +duties. We have excess which relieves a + + align:start position:0% +duties. We have excess which relieves a + + + align:start position:0% +duties. We have excess which relieves a +man to become the conductor of the New + + align:start position:0% +man to become the conductor of the New + + + align:start position:0% +man to become the conductor of the New +York Filmonic Orchestra. + + align:start position:0% +York Filmonic Orchestra. + + + align:start position:0% +York Filmonic Orchestra. +It's only when you have a surplus + + align:start position:0% +It's only when you have a surplus + + + align:start position:0% +It's only when you have a surplus +which which is not taken into account in + + align:start position:0% +which which is not taken into account in + + + align:start position:0% +which which is not taken into account in +much of our modern + + align:start position:0% +much of our modern + + + align:start position:0% +much of our modern +economics. + + align:start position:0% +economics. + + + align:start position:0% +economics. +But this created the opportunity for + + align:start position:0% +But this created the opportunity for + + + align:start position:0% +But this created the opportunity for +specialized tasks and groups associated + + align:start position:0% +specialized tasks and groups associated + + + align:start position:0% +specialized tasks and groups associated +with namely scribes, craftsmen, priests, + + align:start position:0% +with namely scribes, craftsmen, priests, + + + align:start position:0% +with namely scribes, craftsmen, priests, +warriors. Compress production presumes + + align:start position:0% +warriors. Compress production presumes + + + align:start position:0% +warriors. Compress production presumes +irrigation. An efficient irrigation + + align:start position:0% +irrigation. An efficient irrigation + + + align:start position:0% +irrigation. An efficient irrigation +system presumes a complex bureaucracy + + align:start position:0% +system presumes a complex bureaucracy + + + align:start position:0% +system presumes a complex bureaucracy +and that means + + align:start position:0% +and that means + + + align:start position:0% +and that means +cities. This + + align:start position:0% +cities. This + + + align:start position:0% +cities. This +theory materialist + + align:start position:0% +theory materialist + + + align:start position:0% +theory materialist +theory is best written about in Gideon + + align:start position:0% +theory is best written about in Gideon + + + align:start position:0% +theory is best written about in Gideon +Schoberg's book the pre-industrial city + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s and in Gordon child an Australian + + align:start position:0% +s and in Gordon child an Australian + + + align:start position:0% +s and in Gordon child an Australian +writer who wrote a book called man Makes + + align:start position:0% +writer who wrote a book called man Makes + + + align:start position:0% +writer who wrote a book called man Makes +Himself. These are classic depictions of + + align:start position:0% +Himself. These are classic depictions of + + + align:start position:0% +Himself. These are classic depictions of +surplus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theory. There's a version of surplus + + align:start position:0% +theory. There's a version of surplus + + + align:start position:0% +theory. There's a version of surplus +subdivision of surplus theory into two + + align:start position:0% +subdivision of surplus theory into two + + + align:start position:0% +subdivision of surplus theory into two +kinds. + + align:start position:0% +kinds. + + + align:start position:0% +kinds. +one held by Jane Jacobs in her book, The + + align:start position:0% +one held by Jane Jacobs in her book, The + + + align:start position:0% +one held by Jane Jacobs in her book, The +Economy of + + align:start position:0% +Economy of + + + align:start position:0% +Economy of +Cities, which argues that in the town of + + align:start position:0% +Cities, which argues that in the town of + + + align:start position:0% +Cities, which argues that in the town of +Satala Yuyuk, C A T A L H U Y U K, was a + + align:start position:0% +Satala Yuyuk, C A T A L H U Y U K, was a + + + align:start position:0% +Satala Yuyuk, C A T A L H U Y U K, was a +center for industrial production of + + align:start position:0% +center for industrial production of + + + align:start position:0% +center for industrial production of +obsidian and agricultural served as it + + align:start position:0% +obsidian and agricultural served as it + + + align:start position:0% +obsidian and agricultural served as it +does conventionally in our societies as + + align:start position:0% +does conventionally in our societies as + + + align:start position:0% +does conventionally in our societies as +the product as the source of production + + align:start position:0% +the product as the source of production + + + align:start position:0% +the product as the source of production +for industrial of commodities such as + + align:start position:0% +for industrial of commodities such as + + + align:start position:0% +for industrial of commodities such as +obsidian. This is different from the + + align:start position:0% +obsidian. This is different from the + + + align:start position:0% +obsidian. This is different from the +agricultural surplus which regards + + align:start position:0% +agricultural surplus which regards + + + align:start position:0% +agricultural surplus which regards +agriculture as the primary function and + + align:start position:0% +agriculture as the primary function and + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture as the primary function and +pays no attention to material + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +production. The most the most students + + align:start position:0% +production. The most the most students + + + align:start position:0% +production. The most the most students +of the origin of cities now don't + + align:start position:0% +of the origin of cities now don't + + + align:start position:0% +of the origin of cities now don't +believe in either of these two + + align:start position:0% +believe in either of these two + + + align:start position:0% +believe in either of these two +propositions. So forget + + align:start position:0% +propositions. So forget + + + align:start position:0% +propositions. So forget +them. They're not + + align:start position:0% +them. They're not + + + align:start position:0% +them. They're not +important. + + align:start position:0% +important. + + + align:start position:0% +important. +The + + align:start position:0% +The + + + align:start position:0% +The +common version of this new + + align:start position:0% +common version of this new + + + align:start position:0% +common version of this new +theory suggests + + align:start position:0% +theory suggests + + + align:start position:0% +theory suggests +that original cities were ceremonial + + align:start position:0% +that original cities were ceremonial + + + align:start position:0% +that original cities were ceremonial +centers, places of holy ritual which + + align:start position:0% +centers, places of holy ritual which + + + align:start position:0% +centers, places of holy ritual which +explained the risky forces of nature and + + align:start position:0% +explained the risky forces of nature and + + + align:start position:0% +explained the risky forces of nature and +secured them for human benefit. + + align:start position:0% +secured them for human benefit. + + + align:start position:0% +secured them for human benefit. +Peasants supported them voluntarily + + align:start position:0% +Peasants supported them voluntarily + + + align:start position:0% +Peasants supported them voluntarily +attracted by their holy power. Thus + + align:start position:0% +attracted by their holy power. Thus + + + align:start position:0% +attracted by their holy power. Thus +arose a permanent pri priestly class + + align:start position:0% +arose a permanent pri priestly class + + + align:start position:0% +arose a permanent pri priestly class +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +seductive. Only later did the marks of + + align:start position:0% +seductive. Only later did the marks of + + + align:start position:0% +seductive. Only later did the marks of +urban civilization appear. War, trade, + + align:start position:0% +urban civilization appear. War, trade, + + + align:start position:0% +urban civilization appear. War, trade, +writing, extensive craft, specialization + + align:start position:0% +writing, extensive craft, specialization + + + align:start position:0% +writing, extensive craft, specialization +and so on. So that the first cities were + + align:start position:0% +and so on. So that the first cities were + + + align:start position:0% +and so on. So that the first cities were +mental weapons not physical forces. + + align:start position:0% +mental weapons not physical forces. + + + align:start position:0% +mental weapons not physical forces. +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% + +Now let's look at some of this a bit + + align:start position:0% +Now let's look at some of this a bit + + + align:start position:0% +Now let's look at some of this a bit +more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +carefully. Joseph Rickford in writing + + align:start position:0% +carefully. Joseph Rickford in writing + + + align:start position:0% +carefully. Joseph Rickford in writing +about in a book called the idea of a + + align:start position:0% +about in a book called the idea of a + + + align:start position:0% +about in a book called the idea of a +town writing about the definition of + + align:start position:0% +town writing about the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +town writing about the definition of +Roman + + align:start position:0% +Roman + + + align:start position:0% +Roman +cities. The Romans are considered to be + + align:start position:0% +cities. The Romans are considered to be + + + align:start position:0% +cities. The Romans are considered to be +the prime rationalists of of of ancient + + align:start position:0% +the prime rationalists of of of ancient + + + align:start position:0% +the prime rationalists of of of ancient +times. Uh and their towns are often seen + + align:start position:0% +times. Uh and their towns are often seen + + + align:start position:0% +times. Uh and their towns are often seen +as rational outcomes of surveying + + align:start position:0% +as rational outcomes of surveying + + + align:start position:0% +as rational outcomes of surveying +technique and military + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +fortification. I quote drift. He says + + align:start position:0% +fortification. I quote drift. He says + + + align:start position:0% +fortification. I quote drift. He says +the town is not really a natural + + align:start position:0% +the town is not really a natural + + + align:start position:0% +the town is not really a natural +phenomenon. You're setting up a + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon. You're setting up a + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon. You're setting up a +distinction + + align:start position:0% +distinction + + + align:start position:0% +distinction +between the desire the form of the town + + align:start position:0% +between the desire the form of the town + + + align:start position:0% +between the desire the form of the town +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +nature. We'll get into the fallacies of + + align:start position:0% +nature. We'll get into the fallacies of + + + align:start position:0% +nature. We'll get into the fallacies of +biomorphosis and so on as we go through + + align:start position:0% +biomorphosis and so on as we go through + + + align:start position:0% +biomorphosis and so on as we go through +this class. You will understand that I'm + + align:start position:0% +this class. You will understand that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +this class. You will understand that I'm +not a naturalist. + + align:start position:0% +not a naturalist. + + + align:start position:0% +not a naturalist. +Uh I understand that everything that + + align:start position:0% +Uh I understand that everything that + + + align:start position:0% +Uh I understand that everything that +happens around us is processed by this + + align:start position:0% +happens around us is processed by this + + + align:start position:0% +happens around us is processed by this +the amount of material the + + align:start position:0% +the amount of material the + + + align:start position:0% +the amount of material the +1250 cubic cm in the human + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +brain. It's interesting in talking about + + align:start position:0% +brain. It's interesting in talking about + + + align:start position:0% +brain. It's interesting in talking about +the cosmic model to notice the + + align:start position:0% +the cosmic model to notice the + + + align:start position:0% +the cosmic model to notice the +definition of in formal religion of the + + align:start position:0% +definition of in formal religion of the + + + align:start position:0% +definition of in formal religion of the +idea of heaven. + + align:start position:0% +idea of heaven. + + + align:start position:0% +idea of heaven. +Heaven is only a concept of + + align:start position:0% +Heaven is only a concept of + + + align:start position:0% +Heaven is only a concept of +humankind in them. We'll touch on that a + + align:start position:0% +humankind in them. We'll touch on that a + + + align:start position:0% +humankind in them. We'll touch on that a +bit + + align:start position:0% +bit + + + align:start position:0% +bit +later. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um Lewis Mford I just choosing + + align:start position:0% +Um Lewis Mford I just choosing + + + align:start position:0% +Um Lewis Mford I just choosing +little bits from these sources. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The original aspects of temporary + + align:start position:0% +The original aspects of temporary + + + align:start position:0% +The original aspects of temporary +settlements have to do with sacred + + align:start position:0% +settlements have to do with sacred + + + align:start position:0% +settlements have to do with sacred +things, not just with the physical + + align:start position:0% +things, not just with the physical + + + align:start position:0% +things, not just with the physical +environment. They relate to a more + + align:start position:0% +environment. They relate to a more + + + align:start position:0% +environment. They relate to a more +valuable and meaningful kind of life + + align:start position:0% +valuable and meaningful kind of life + + + align:start position:0% +valuable and meaningful kind of life +with a consciousness. Consciousness that + + align:start position:0% +with a consciousness. Consciousness that + + + align:start position:0% +with a consciousness. Consciousness that +entertains past and future apprehends + + align:start position:0% +entertains past and future apprehends + + + align:start position:0% +entertains past and future apprehends +the primal mysteries of sexual + + align:start position:0% +the primal mysteries of sexual + + + align:start position:0% +the primal mysteries of sexual +generation and the ultimate mystery of + + align:start position:0% +generation and the ultimate mystery of + + + align:start position:0% +generation and the ultimate mystery of +death and what may lie beyond death. + + align:start position:0% +death and what may lie beyond death. + + + align:start position:0% +death and what may lie beyond death. +These central concerns abide as the very + + align:start position:0% +These central concerns abide as the very + + + align:start position:0% +These central concerns abide as the very +reason for the city's existence + + align:start position:0% +reason for the city's existence + + + align:start position:0% +reason for the city's existence +inseparable from the economic substance + + align:start position:0% +inseparable from the economic substance + + + align:start position:0% +inseparable from the economic substance +that makes it possible. + + align:start position:0% +that makes it possible. + + + align:start position:0% +that makes it possible. +Another item + + align:start position:0% +Another item + + + align:start position:0% +Another item +from Mumford talking about + + align:start position:0% +from Mumford talking about + + + align:start position:0% +from Mumford talking about +the height exaggerated height and + + align:start position:0% +the height exaggerated height and + + + align:start position:0% +the height exaggerated height and +thickness of walls in the earliest + + align:start position:0% +thickness of walls in the earliest + + + align:start position:0% +thickness of walls in the earliest +cities 7. The wall of + + align:start position:0% +cities 7. The wall of + + + align:start position:0% +cities 7. The wall of +Corserabad which is a Syrian town the + + align:start position:0% +Corserabad which is a Syrian town the + + + align:start position:0% +Corserabad which is a Syrian town the +fourth capital city of the kingdom of + + align:start position:0% +fourth capital city of the kingdom of + + + align:start position:0% +fourth capital city of the kingdom of +Assyria built around 700 BC. + + align:start position:0% +Assyria built around 700 BC. + + + align:start position:0% +Assyria built around 700 BC. +The walls are 75 ft + + align:start position:0% +The walls are 75 ft + + + align:start position:0% +The walls are 75 ft +thick. There's no possibility that you + + align:start position:0% +thick. There's no possibility that you + + + align:start position:0% +thick. There's no possibility that you +build 75 ft thick walls for military + + align:start position:0% +build 75 ft thick walls for military + + + align:start position:0% +build 75 ft thick walls for military +purposes. In Mumford's term, it is only + + align:start position:0% +purposes. In Mumford's term, it is only + + + align:start position:0% +purposes. In Mumford's term, it is only +for the gods that men exert themselves + + align:start position:0% +for the gods that men exert themselves + + + align:start position:0% +for the gods that men exert themselves +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +extravagantly. It's a wonderful phrase. + + align:start position:0% +extravagantly. It's a wonderful phrase. + + + align:start position:0% +extravagantly. It's a wonderful phrase. +Remember it. Never forget it. It's only + + align:start position:0% +Remember it. Never forget it. It's only + + + align:start position:0% +Remember it. Never forget it. It's only +for the gods that + + align:start position:0% +for the gods that + + + align:start position:0% +for the gods that +men. If you wish to enlarge the notion + + align:start position:0% +men. If you wish to enlarge the notion + + + align:start position:0% +men. If you wish to enlarge the notion +of gods + + align:start position:0% +of gods + + + align:start position:0% +of gods +and I'll discuss the notion of a god + + align:start position:0% +and I'll discuss the notion of a god + + + align:start position:0% +and I'll discuss the notion of a god +gene uh a bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +later what we do is not only based on + + align:start position:0% +later what we do is not only based on + + + align:start position:0% +later what we do is not only based on +simple postulates of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function. It's central to architectural + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as a + + align:start position:0% +as a + + + align:start position:0% +as a +discipline that it's only for gods that + + align:start position:0% +discipline that it's only for gods that + + + align:start position:0% +discipline that it's only for gods that +you that man exerts themselves so + + align:start position:0% +you that man exerts themselves so + + + align:start position:0% +you that man exerts themselves so +extensively. Quoting from another + + align:start position:0% +extensively. Quoting from another + + + align:start position:0% +extensively. Quoting from another +source, every feature of the early city + + align:start position:0% +source, every feature of the early city + + + align:start position:0% +source, every feature of the early city +con reveals the belief that man was + + align:start position:0% +con reveals the belief that man was + + + align:start position:0% +con reveals the belief that man was +created for no other purpose than to + + align:start position:0% +created for no other purpose than to + + + align:start position:0% +created for no other purpose than to +magnify and serve his gods. That was the + + align:start position:0% +magnify and serve his gods. That was the + + + align:start position:0% +magnify and serve his gods. That was the +city's ultimate for reason, reason for + + align:start position:0% +city's ultimate for reason, reason for + + + align:start position:0% +city's ultimate for reason, reason for +being. + + align:start position:0% +being. + + + align:start position:0% +being. +Now here you have two + + align:start position:0% +Now here you have two + + + align:start position:0% +Now here you have two +postulates. You have to + + align:start position:0% +postulates. You have to + + + align:start position:0% +postulates. You have to +survive. You at the birth of an an + + align:start position:0% +survive. You at the birth of an an + + + align:start position:0% +survive. You at the birth of an an +instrument, a + + align:start position:0% +instrument, a + + + align:start position:0% +instrument, a +city which both has to deal with. So + + align:start position:0% +city which both has to deal with. So + + + align:start position:0% +city which both has to deal with. So +your survival + + align:start position:0% +your survival + + + align:start position:0% +your survival +possibility, you look to the + + align:start position:0% +possibility, you look to the + + + align:start position:0% +possibility, you look to the +stars. The stars are permanent. + + align:start position:0% +stars. The stars are permanent. + + + align:start position:0% +stars. The stars are permanent. +It's not very difficult to erect a + + align:start position:0% +It's not very difficult to erect a + + + align:start position:0% +It's not very difficult to erect a +vertical stick, a + + align:start position:0% +vertical stick, a + + + align:start position:0% +vertical stick, a +noman in + + align:start position:0% +noman in + + + align:start position:0% +noman in +Mesopotamia and the at noon the stick + + align:start position:0% +Mesopotamia and the at noon the stick + + + align:start position:0% +Mesopotamia and the at noon the stick +will cast a shadow to the north. You'll + + align:start position:0% +will cast a shadow to the north. You'll + + + align:start position:0% +will cast a shadow to the north. You'll +be able to build a compass around that. + + align:start position:0% +be able to build a compass around that. + + + align:start position:0% +be able to build a compass around that. +At the same time as doing that, you will + + align:start position:0% +At the same time as doing that, you will + + + align:start position:0% +At the same time as doing that, you will +wonder + + align:start position:0% +wonder + + + align:start position:0% +wonder +why the town of Shanghan in 190 BC in + + align:start position:0% +why the town of Shanghan in 190 BC in + + + align:start position:0% +why the town of Shanghan in 190 BC in +China is built according to the stars of + + align:start position:0% +China is built according to the stars of + + + align:start position:0% +China is built according to the stars of +the dipper. I'll show you a slide of + + align:start position:0% +the dipper. I'll show you a slide of + + + align:start position:0% +the dipper. I'll show you a slide of +that plan. It's one of the remarkable + + align:start position:0% +that plan. It's one of the remarkable + + + align:start position:0% +that plan. It's one of the remarkable +plans. + + align:start position:0% +plans. + + + align:start position:0% +plans. +So the stability and of + + align:start position:0% +So the stability and of + + + align:start position:0% +So the stability and of +astronomy in the earliest cycles of + + align:start position:0% +astronomy in the earliest cycles of + + + align:start position:0% +astronomy in the earliest cycles of +cities and the creation of a deity + + align:start position:0% +cities and the creation of a deity + + + align:start position:0% +cities and the creation of a deity +significance in relation to each of + + align:start position:0% +significance in relation to each of + + + align:start position:0% +significance in relation to each of +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +acts. It's one thing to know where north + + align:start position:0% +acts. It's one thing to know where north + + + align:start position:0% +acts. It's one thing to know where north +is. It's another thing to build your + + align:start position:0% +is. It's another thing to build your + + + align:start position:0% +is. It's another thing to build your +city according to the primary objectives + + align:start position:0% +city according to the primary objectives + + + align:start position:0% +city according to the primary objectives +of religion. + + align:start position:0% +of religion. + + + align:start position:0% +of religion. +We'll go on a little about picking up + + align:start position:0% +We'll go on a little about picking up + + + align:start position:0% +We'll go on a little about picking up +little aspects of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this. Most of the significant buildings + + align:start position:0% +this. Most of the significant buildings + + + align:start position:0% +this. Most of the significant buildings +built in archaic + + align:start position:0% +built in archaic + + + align:start position:0% +built in archaic +times in involve enormous amounts of + + align:start position:0% +times in involve enormous amounts of + + + align:start position:0% +times in involve enormous amounts of +human + + align:start position:0% +human + + + align:start position:0% +human +labor. for the pyramid of chops which + + align:start position:0% +labor. for the pyramid of chops which + + + align:start position:0% +labor. for the pyramid of chops which +has nothing to do with function + + align:start position:0% +has nothing to do with function + + + align:start position:0% +has nothing to do with function +whatsoever. It has nothing to do with + + align:start position:0% +whatsoever. It has nothing to do with + + + align:start position:0% +whatsoever. It has nothing to do with +materialism. It is in fact such an + + align:start position:0% +materialism. It is in fact such an + + + align:start position:0% +materialism. It is in fact such an +exhaustion of + + align:start position:0% +exhaustion of + + + align:start position:0% +exhaustion of +materialism. Uh it took the pyramid of + + align:start position:0% +materialism. Uh it took the pyramid of + + + align:start position:0% +materialism. Uh it took the pyramid of +chops took 100,000 men 20 years to + + align:start position:0% +chops took 100,000 men 20 years to + + + align:start position:0% +chops took 100,000 men 20 years to +build. The Great Pyramid of Chops was + + align:start position:0% +build. The Great Pyramid of Chops was + + + align:start position:0% +build. The Great Pyramid of Chops was +built with about + + align:start position:0% +built with about + + + align:start position:0% +built with about +2,300,000 blocks of stone totaling about + + align:start position:0% +2,300,000 blocks of stone totaling about + + + align:start position:0% +2,300,000 blocks of stone totaling about +six million tons in weight. They have + + align:start position:0% +six million tons in weight. They have + + + align:start position:0% +six million tons in weight. They have +blocks averaged two and a half tons but + + align:start position:0% +blocks averaged two and a half tons but + + + align:start position:0% +blocks averaged two and a half tons but +range up to 15 tons which have to be + + align:start position:0% +range up to 15 tons which have to be + + + align:start position:0% +range up to 15 tons which have to be +quarried, handled and + + align:start position:0% +quarried, handled and + + + align:start position:0% +quarried, handled and +transported up a river lifted 100 ft to + + align:start position:0% +transported up a river lifted 100 ft to + + + align:start position:0% +transported up a river lifted 100 ft to +the level of the site with sledges, + + align:start position:0% +the level of the site with sledges, + + + align:start position:0% +the level of the site with sledges, +rollers, sleepers, ropes and levers. You + + align:start position:0% +rollers, sleepers, ropes and levers. You + + + align:start position:0% +rollers, sleepers, ropes and levers. You +don't do that for anything other than + + align:start position:0% +don't do that for anything other than + + + align:start position:0% +don't do that for anything other than +the belief in the post + + align:start position:0% +the belief in the post + + + align:start position:0% +the belief in the post +eternal post uh secular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +life. Egypt didn't produce any large + + align:start position:0% +life. Egypt didn't produce any large + + + align:start position:0% +life. Egypt didn't produce any large +cities for various reasons which we'll + + align:start position:0% +cities for various reasons which we'll + + + align:start position:0% +cities for various reasons which we'll +talk about later in this class. + + align:start position:0% +talk about later in this class. + + + align:start position:0% +talk about later in this class. +But many argue that they much of the + + align:start position:0% +But many argue that they much of the + + + align:start position:0% +But many argue that they much of the +disposition + + align:start position:0% +disposition + + + align:start position:0% +disposition +of of resources + + align:start position:0% +of of resources + + + align:start position:0% +of of resources +uh consequently centered on the building + + align:start position:0% +uh consequently centered on the building + + + align:start position:0% +uh consequently centered on the building +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +post contemporary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +life. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um the most significant buildings in + + align:start position:0% +Um the most significant buildings in + + + align:start position:0% +Um the most significant buildings in +most of these early cities are religious + + align:start position:0% +most of these early cities are religious + + + align:start position:0% +most of these early cities are religious +buildings. They're generally built out + + align:start position:0% +buildings. They're generally built out + + + align:start position:0% +buildings. They're generally built out +of compression + + align:start position:0% +of compression + + + align:start position:0% +of compression +structures. Solomon's + + align:start position:0% +structures. Solomon's + + + align:start position:0% +structures. Solomon's +temple about a th00and BC in Jerusalem. + + align:start position:0% +temple about a th00and BC in Jerusalem. + + + align:start position:0% +temple about a th00and BC in Jerusalem. +Herod's temple 70 years before the birth + + align:start position:0% +Herod's temple 70 years before the birth + + + align:start position:0% +Herod's temple 70 years before the birth +of Christ. both enormous compression + + align:start position:0% +of Christ. both enormous compression + + + align:start position:0% +of Christ. both enormous compression +structures associated with these + + align:start position:0% +structures associated with these + + + align:start position:0% +structures associated with these +compression structures which generally + + align:start position:0% +compression structures which generally + + + align:start position:0% +compression structures which generally +can't go up to more than two to 300 ft + + align:start position:0% +can't go up to more than two to 300 ft + + + align:start position:0% +can't go up to more than two to 300 ft +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +height. The temples of Titanita in Meso + + align:start position:0% +height. The temples of Titanita in Meso + + + align:start position:0% +height. The temples of Titanita in Meso +America about 200 ft. The tower of Babel + + align:start position:0% +America about 200 ft. The tower of Babel + + + align:start position:0% +America about 200 ft. The tower of Babel +is about 200 ft in height. The tower of + + align:start position:0% +is about 200 ft in height. The tower of + + + align:start position:0% +is about 200 ft in height. The tower of +Babel has the temple of Marduk on the + + align:start position:0% +Babel has the temple of Marduk on the + + + align:start position:0% +Babel has the temple of Marduk on the +top of the tower of Babel. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All of this is synchronous with the fact + + align:start position:0% +All of this is synchronous with the fact + + + align:start position:0% +All of this is synchronous with the fact +that religion was interpreted not by + + align:start position:0% +that religion was interpreted not by + + + align:start position:0% +that religion was interpreted not by +every person but by gurus by priests + + align:start position:0% +every person but by gurus by priests + + + align:start position:0% +every person but by gurus by priests +people who achieved enormous power but + + align:start position:0% +people who achieved enormous power but + + + align:start position:0% +people who achieved enormous power but +didn't distribute the secrets of their + + align:start position:0% +didn't distribute the secrets of their + + + align:start position:0% +didn't distribute the secrets of their +power. + + align:start position:0% +power. + + + align:start position:0% +power. +The holy of holies in Solomon's temple + + align:start position:0% +The holy of holies in Solomon's temple + + + align:start position:0% +The holy of holies in Solomon's temple +is still being sought for by uh + + align:start position:0% +is still being sought for by uh + + + align:start position:0% +is still being sought for by uh +filmmakers and people who want to + + align:start position:0% +filmmakers and people who want to + + + align:start position:0% +filmmakers and people who want to +excavate under the holy mount in + + align:start position:0% +excavate under the holy mount in + + + align:start position:0% +excavate under the holy mount in +Jerusalem. Of course, something which is + + align:start position:0% +Jerusalem. Of course, something which is + + + align:start position:0% +Jerusalem. Of course, something which is +prohibited by political + + align:start position:0% +prohibited by political + + + align:start position:0% +prohibited by political +uh forces. + + align:start position:0% +uh forces. + + + align:start position:0% +uh forces. +Um the origin of the + + align:start position:0% +Um the origin of the + + + align:start position:0% +Um the origin of the +mosque, the church and the synagogue is + + align:start position:0% +mosque, the church and the synagogue is + + + align:start position:0% +mosque, the church and the synagogue is +later in my + + align:start position:0% +later in my + + + align:start position:0% +later in my +view. + + align:start position:0% +view. + + + align:start position:0% +view. +The democracy of religion which we all + + align:start position:0% +The democracy of religion which we all + + + align:start position:0% +The democracy of religion which we all +now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +utilize I think comes in a different + + align:start position:0% +utilize I think comes in a different + + + align:start position:0% +utilize I think comes in a different +pattern. The + + align:start position:0% +pattern. The + + + align:start position:0% +pattern. The +first action that I think in this + + align:start position:0% +first action that I think in this + + + align:start position:0% +first action that I think in this +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +comes from the Jewish exile in 700 + + align:start position:0% +comes from the Jewish exile in 700 + + + align:start position:0% +comes from the Jewish exile in 700 +BC. The Nebuchadnezzar and the + + align:start position:0% +BC. The Nebuchadnezzar and the + + + align:start position:0% +BC. The Nebuchadnezzar and the +Babylonian army destroys the first + + align:start position:0% +Babylonian army destroys the first + + + align:start position:0% +Babylonian army destroys the first +Solomon's temple. He takes the Jews in + + align:start position:0% +Solomon's temple. He takes the Jews in + + + align:start position:0% +Solomon's temple. He takes the Jews in +exile to Babylon. Babylon is the + + align:start position:0% +exile to Babylon. Babylon is the + + + align:start position:0% +exile to Babylon. Babylon is the +greatest city in the world at the time. + + align:start position:0% +greatest city in the world at the time. + + + align:start position:0% +greatest city in the world at the time. +The Jews don't abandon their religion + + align:start position:0% +The Jews don't abandon their religion + + + align:start position:0% +The Jews don't abandon their religion +despite the fact that they don't have a + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that they don't have a + + + align:start position:0% +despite the fact that they don't have a +temple and they don't have uh + + align:start position:0% +temple and they don't have uh + + + align:start position:0% +temple and they don't have uh +priests. They start praying in schools + + align:start position:0% +priests. They start praying in schools + + + align:start position:0% +priests. They start praying in schools +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +homes. Ezekiel appears as in as part of + + align:start position:0% +homes. Ezekiel appears as in as part of + + + align:start position:0% +homes. Ezekiel appears as in as part of +it. Ezekiel, how many chapters of + + align:start position:0% +it. Ezekiel, how many chapters of + + + align:start position:0% +it. Ezekiel, how many chapters of +Ezekiel are in the beginning of the Old + + align:start position:0% +Ezekiel are in the beginning of the Old + + + align:start position:0% +Ezekiel are in the beginning of the Old +Testament? A whole bunch of them. What + + align:start position:0% +Testament? A whole bunch of them. What + + + align:start position:0% +Testament? A whole bunch of them. What +are they about? They're all about + + align:start position:0% +are they about? They're all about + + + align:start position:0% +are they about? They're all about +measurements of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +temple. These measurements have been + + align:start position:0% +temple. These measurements have been + + + align:start position:0% +temple. These measurements have been +interpreted in all kinds of ways over + + align:start position:0% +interpreted in all kinds of ways over + + + align:start position:0% +interpreted in all kinds of ways over +time. The fact is that when the Jews + + align:start position:0% +time. The fact is that when the Jews + + + align:start position:0% +time. The fact is that when the Jews +were released from Babylon in exile, + + align:start position:0% +were released from Babylon in exile, + + + align:start position:0% +were released from Babylon in exile, +they returned to Jerusalem and Israel + + align:start position:0% +they returned to Jerusalem and Israel + + + align:start position:0% +they returned to Jerusalem and Israel +read the Bible to the people for the + + align:start position:0% +read the Bible to the people for the + + + align:start position:0% +read the Bible to the people for the +first time. + + align:start position:0% +first time. + + + align:start position:0% +first time. +later on. I think one of the conflicts + + align:start position:0% +later on. I think one of the conflicts + + + align:start position:0% +later on. I think one of the conflicts +about Jesus in my view and I will go + + align:start position:0% +about Jesus in my view and I will go + + + align:start position:0% +about Jesus in my view and I will go +into this in more detail in the story of + + align:start position:0% +into this in more detail in the story of + + + align:start position:0% +into this in more detail in the story of +Jerusalem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um is the fact that the synagogue and + + align:start position:0% +um is the fact that the synagogue and + + + align:start position:0% +um is the fact that the synagogue and +the democratic religion was growing in + + align:start position:0% +the democratic religion was growing in + + + align:start position:0% +the democratic religion was growing in +power under the Pharisees and that + + align:start position:0% +power under the Pharisees and that + + + align:start position:0% +power under the Pharisees and that +Herod's temple was the last resort of + + align:start position:0% +Herod's temple was the last resort of + + + align:start position:0% +Herod's temple was the last resort of +the power of the priests and Jesus This + + align:start position:0% +the power of the priests and Jesus This + + + align:start position:0% +the power of the priests and Jesus This +was a + + align:start position:0% +was a + + + align:start position:0% +was a +confrontation to the priests to the + + align:start position:0% +confrontation to the priests to the + + + align:start position:0% +confrontation to the priests to the +Jewish priests who were on the outward + + align:start position:0% +Jewish priests who were on the outward + + + align:start position:0% +Jewish priests who were on the outward +on the way out and his + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +death was a mark of the transition in + + align:start position:0% +death was a mark of the transition in + + + align:start position:0% +death was a mark of the transition in +Christianity from well the birth of + + align:start position:0% +Christianity from well the birth of + + + align:start position:0% +Christianity from well the birth of +Christianity to the church and later on + + align:start position:0% +Christianity to the church and later on + + + align:start position:0% +Christianity to the church and later on +700 years later to the + + align:start position:0% +700 years later to the + + + align:start position:0% +700 years later to the +mosque. So we have an image of the + + align:start position:0% +mosque. So we have an image of the + + + align:start position:0% +mosque. So we have an image of the +pre-democratic church environment as + + align:start position:0% +pre-democratic church environment as + + + align:start position:0% +pre-democratic church environment as +buildings of + + align:start position:0% +buildings of + + + align:start position:0% +buildings of +compression. No penetration of the + + align:start position:0% +compression. No penetration of the + + + align:start position:0% +compression. No penetration of the +building by the + + align:start position:0% +building by the + + + align:start position:0% +building by the +people. The slaughtering of + + align:start position:0% +people. The slaughtering of + + + align:start position:0% +people. The slaughtering of +animals at Solomon's temple. I think + + align:start position:0% +animals at Solomon's temple. I think + + + align:start position:0% +animals at Solomon's temple. I think +200,000 animals were slaughtered or + + align:start position:0% +200,000 animals were slaughtered or + + + align:start position:0% +200,000 animals were slaughtered or +20,000. It doesn't matter. It's just + + align:start position:0% +20,000. It doesn't matter. It's just + + + align:start position:0% +20,000. It doesn't matter. It's just +just a + + align:start position:0% +just a + + + align:start position:0% +just a +number. The giving of a gift at the + + align:start position:0% +number. The giving of a gift at the + + + align:start position:0% +number. The giving of a gift at the +birth of a of a ritual is also part of + + align:start position:0% +birth of a of a ritual is also part of + + + align:start position:0% +birth of a of a ritual is also part of +that same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +phenomenon. Many of these priestly + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon. Many of these priestly + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon. Many of these priestly +directions still occur in some ways in + + align:start position:0% +directions still occur in some ways in + + + align:start position:0% +directions still occur in some ways in +contemporary religion. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Anyway, so we have an image here of a + + align:start position:0% +Anyway, so we have an image here of a + + + align:start position:0% +Anyway, so we have an image here of a +satan as a pristine + + align:start position:0% +satan as a pristine + + + align:start position:0% +satan as a pristine +object with which changes very regularly + + align:start position:0% +object with which changes very regularly + + + align:start position:0% +object with which changes very regularly +and under control. It doesn't change + + align:start position:0% +and under control. It doesn't change + + + align:start position:0% +and under control. It doesn't change +sporadically. It stays the same. + + align:start position:0% +sporadically. It stays the same. + + + align:start position:0% +sporadically. It stays the same. +Population growth is very low. Death is + + align:start position:0% +Population growth is very low. Death is + + + align:start position:0% +Population growth is very low. Death is +rates are high. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +population rate growth rates in medieval + + align:start position:0% +population rate growth rates in medieval + + + align:start position:0% +population rate growth rates in medieval +Europe due to disease was something like + + align:start position:0% +Europe due to disease was something like + + + align:start position:0% +Europe due to disease was something like +6% + + align:start position:0% +6% + + + align:start position:0% +6% +peranom. So the idea that things change + + align:start position:0% +peranom. So the idea that things change + + + align:start position:0% +peranom. So the idea that things change +very radically and very rapidly is a + + align:start position:0% +very radically and very rapidly is a + + + align:start position:0% +very radically and very rapidly is a +very contemporary idea. You could build + + align:start position:0% +very contemporary idea. You could build + + + align:start position:0% +very contemporary idea. You could build +a city in which everything roughly was + + align:start position:0% +a city in which everything roughly was + + + align:start position:0% +a city in which everything roughly was +the same and the routines for + + align:start position:0% +the same and the routines for + + + align:start position:0% +the same and the routines for +understanding it and managing it are + + align:start position:0% +understanding it and managing it are + + + align:start position:0% +understanding it and managing it are +also more or less the same. This kind of + + align:start position:0% +also more or less the same. This kind of + + + align:start position:0% +also more or less the same. This kind of +city is a mental force in + + align:start position:0% +city is a mental force in + + + align:start position:0% +city is a mental force in +itself. It accumulates the understanding + + align:start position:0% +itself. It accumulates the understanding + + + align:start position:0% +itself. It accumulates the understanding +of it. It's perpetuated through + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rituals. + + align:start position:0% +rituals. + + + align:start position:0% +rituals. +Rituals according to Mercia Eliada E L I + + align:start position:0% +Rituals according to Mercia Eliada E L I + + + align:start position:0% +Rituals according to Mercia Eliada E L I +D E Romanian religious philosopher whom + + align:start position:0% +D E Romanian religious philosopher whom + + + align:start position:0% +D E Romanian religious philosopher whom +I will quote for in a few minutes. + + align:start position:0% +I will quote for in a few minutes. + + + align:start position:0% +I will quote for in a few minutes. +Um there's a distinct Oh, let's wait + + align:start position:0% +Um there's a distinct Oh, let's wait + + + align:start position:0% +Um there's a distinct Oh, let's wait +until we get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there. Human life is given is thereby + + align:start position:0% +there. Human life is given is thereby + + + align:start position:0% +there. Human life is given is thereby +given a secure and permanent + + align:start position:0% +given a secure and permanent + + + align:start position:0% +given a secure and permanent +place. The gods are upheld. Chaos is + + align:start position:0% +place. The gods are upheld. Chaos is + + + align:start position:0% +place. The gods are upheld. Chaos is +kept off and not incidentally the + + align:start position:0% +kept off and not incidentally the + + + align:start position:0% +kept off and not incidentally the +structure of human power of priests and + + align:start position:0% +structure of human power of priests and + + + align:start position:0% +structure of human power of priests and +kings and the abilities always is also + + align:start position:0% +kings and the abilities always is also + + + align:start position:0% +kings and the abilities always is also +maintained. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Let's listen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to Eliad's depiction of archaic + + align:start position:0% +to Eliad's depiction of archaic + + + align:start position:0% +to Eliad's depiction of archaic +man. If we observe the general behavior + + align:start position:0% +man. If we observe the general behavior + + + align:start position:0% +man. If we observe the general behavior +of archaic man, we are struck by the + + align:start position:0% +of archaic man, we are struck by the + + + align:start position:0% +of archaic man, we are struck by the +following fact. Neither the objects of + + align:start position:0% +following fact. Neither the objects of + + + align:start position:0% +following fact. Neither the objects of +the external world nor human acts + + align:start position:0% +the external world nor human acts + + + align:start position:0% +the external world nor human acts +properly speaking have any autonomous + + align:start position:0% +properly speaking have any autonomous + + + align:start position:0% +properly speaking have any autonomous +intrinsic value. Objects or acts acquire + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic value. Objects or acts acquire + + + align:start position:0% +intrinsic value. Objects or acts acquire +their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +significance and become real because + + align:start position:0% +significance and become real because + + + align:start position:0% +significance and become real because +they + + align:start position:0% +they + + + align:start position:0% +they +reenact after one fashion or another a + + align:start position:0% +reenact after one fashion or another a + + + align:start position:0% +reenact after one fashion or another a +reality that transcends them. This is + + align:start position:0% +reality that transcends them. This is + + + align:start position:0% +reality that transcends them. This is +difficult stuff to understand. Amongst + + align:start position:0% +difficult stuff to understand. Amongst + + + align:start position:0% +difficult stuff to understand. Amongst +countless stones, one stone becomes + + align:start position:0% +countless stones, one stone becomes + + + align:start position:0% +countless stones, one stone becomes +sacred and h instantly becomes saturated + + align:start position:0% +sacred and h instantly becomes saturated + + + align:start position:0% +sacred and h instantly becomes saturated +with being. It becomes a reality as + + align:start position:0% +with being. It becomes a reality as + + + align:start position:0% +with being. It becomes a reality as +opposed to an everyday reality. It + + align:start position:0% +opposed to an everyday reality. It + + + align:start position:0% +opposed to an everyday reality. It +constitutes a + + align:start position:0% +constitutes a + + + align:start position:0% +constitutes a +hierophony. H I E R O P H N E + + align:start position:0% +hierophony. H I E R O P H N E + + + align:start position:0% +hierophony. H I E R O P H N E +Y because it commemorates a mythical act + + align:start position:0% +Y because it commemorates a mythical act + + + align:start position:0% +Y because it commemorates a mythical act +and so on. The object appears at the + + align:start position:0% +and so on. The object appears at the + + + align:start position:0% +and so on. The object appears at the +receptacle of an external force to + + align:start position:0% +receptacle of an external force to + + + align:start position:0% +receptacle of an external force to +differentiate it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from the crude product of nature. The + + align:start position:0% +from the crude product of nature. The + + + align:start position:0% +from the crude product of nature. The +object fashioned by the industry of man + + align:start position:0% +object fashioned by the industry of man + + + align:start position:0% +object fashioned by the industry of man +acquire their reality, their identity + + align:start position:0% +acquire their reality, their identity + + + align:start position:0% +acquire their reality, their identity +only to the extent of their + + align:start position:0% +only to the extent of their + + + align:start position:0% +only to the extent of their +participation in a transcendent + + align:start position:0% +participation in a transcendent + + + align:start position:0% +participation in a transcendent +reality. In relation to the form of + + align:start position:0% +reality. In relation to the form of + + + align:start position:0% +reality. In relation to the form of +cities, Eliada talks about three + + align:start position:0% +cities, Eliada talks about three + + + align:start position:0% +cities, Eliada talks about three +things. Reality is a function of the + + align:start position:0% +things. Reality is a function of the + + + align:start position:0% +things. Reality is a function of the +imitation of a celestial + + align:start position:0% +imitation of a celestial + + + align:start position:0% +imitation of a celestial +archetype mentioned before. Number two, + + align:start position:0% +archetype mentioned before. Number two, + + + align:start position:0% +archetype mentioned before. Number two, +the symbol symbolism of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +center. The why a + + align:start position:0% +center. The why a + + + align:start position:0% +center. The why a +center. The word Babylon means + + align:start position:0% +center. The word Babylon means + + + align:start position:0% +center. The word Babylon means +the conjunction of the heaven and the + + align:start position:0% +the conjunction of the heaven and the + + + align:start position:0% +the conjunction of the heaven and the +earth and the + + align:start position:0% +earth and the + + + align:start position:0% +earth and the +subterranean. Jerusalem is known for its + + align:start position:0% +subterranean. Jerusalem is known for its + + + align:start position:0% +subterranean. Jerusalem is known for its +being a city on the ground. In Christ, + + align:start position:0% +being a city on the ground. In Christ, + + + align:start position:0% +being a city on the ground. In Christ, +Christianic terms, there's a city 15 + + align:start position:0% +Christianic terms, there's a city 15 + + + align:start position:0% +Christianic terms, there's a city 15 +miles above. Raphael + + align:start position:0% +miles above. Raphael + + + align:start position:0% +miles above. Raphael +paints a wonderful + + align:start position:0% +paints a wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +paints a wonderful +picture of the earthly city and the + + align:start position:0% +picture of the earthly city and the + + + align:start position:0% +picture of the earthly city and the +city. + + align:start position:0% +city. + + + align:start position:0% +city. +Pope Pope Urban II in 1080 in talking to + + align:start position:0% +Pope Pope Urban II in 1080 in talking to + + + align:start position:0% +Pope Pope Urban II in 1080 in talking to +the crusades in Europe before they set + + align:start position:0% +the crusades in Europe before they set + + + align:start position:0% +the crusades in Europe before they set +off for Jerusalem talks to them about + + align:start position:0% +off for Jerusalem talks to them about + + + align:start position:0% +off for Jerusalem talks to them about +taking the earthly city and the heavenly + + align:start position:0% +taking the earthly city and the heavenly + + + align:start position:0% +taking the earthly city and the heavenly +city. The invention of heaven is a human + + align:start position:0% +city. The invention of heaven is a human + + + align:start position:0% +city. The invention of heaven is a human +invention. + + align:start position:0% +invention. + + + align:start position:0% +invention. +The + + align:start position:0% +The + + + align:start position:0% +The +Hebrews, the Jews didn't in early accept + + align:start position:0% +Hebrews, the Jews didn't in early accept + + + align:start position:0% +Hebrews, the Jews didn't in early accept +the idea of + + align:start position:0% +the idea of + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of +uh uh the life beyond the + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the life beyond the + + + align:start position:0% +uh uh the life beyond the +normal daily experience of + + align:start position:0% +normal daily experience of + + + align:start position:0% +normal daily experience of +life. The + + align:start position:0% +life. The + + + align:start position:0% +life. The +center is not only the position of + + align:start position:0% +center is not only the position of + + + align:start position:0% +center is not only the position of +maximum concentration. It is the pos + + align:start position:0% +maximum concentration. It is the pos + + + align:start position:0% +maximum concentration. It is the pos +position of maximum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identification. It's described in many + + align:start position:0% +identification. It's described in many + + + align:start position:0% +identification. It's described in many +of these terms in cosmic terms not only + + align:start position:0% +of these terms in cosmic terms not only + + + align:start position:0% +of these terms in cosmic terms not only +as a functional economic center but as + + align:start position:0% +as a functional economic center but as + + + align:start position:0% +as a functional economic center but as +the central place which distinguishes + + align:start position:0% +the central place which distinguishes + + + align:start position:0% +the central place which distinguishes +itself from other + + align:start position:0% +itself from other + + + align:start position:0% +itself from other +place. + + align:start position:0% +place. + + + align:start position:0% +place. +In Eliad's terms, there's a difference + + align:start position:0% +In Eliad's terms, there's a difference + + + align:start position:0% +In Eliad's terms, there's a difference +between the sacred and the + + align:start position:0% +between the sacred and the + + + align:start position:0% +between the sacred and the +profane. The profane is the everyday + + align:start position:0% +profane. The profane is the everyday + + + align:start position:0% +profane. The profane is the everyday +world. Reverse it. Our secular world is + + align:start position:0% +world. Reverse it. Our secular world is + + + align:start position:0% +world. Reverse it. Our secular world is +not in our terms profane. But in ouric + + align:start position:0% +not in our terms profane. But in ouric + + + align:start position:0% +not in our terms profane. But in ouric +times, he argues the secular world is + + align:start position:0% +times, he argues the secular world is + + + align:start position:0% +times, he argues the secular world is +profane. The religious world, the only + + align:start position:0% +profane. The religious world, the only + + + align:start position:0% +profane. The religious world, the only +world purposely created through + + align:start position:0% +world purposely created through + + + align:start position:0% +world purposely created through +hierophony of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +significance. Eliadu argues that the + + align:start position:0% +significance. Eliadu argues that the + + + align:start position:0% +significance. Eliadu argues that the +third impact on the form of + + align:start position:0% +third impact on the form of + + + align:start position:0% +third impact on the form of +towns were + + align:start position:0% +towns were + + + align:start position:0% +towns were +rituals, significant gestures that + + align:start position:0% +rituals, significant gestures that + + + align:start position:0% +rituals, significant gestures that +require meaning attributed to them. I + + align:start position:0% +require meaning attributed to them. I + + + align:start position:0% +require meaning attributed to them. I +will have I might not have time to go + + align:start position:0% +will have I might not have time to go + + + align:start position:0% +will have I might not have time to go +into these examples in China, India and + + align:start position:0% +into these examples in China, India and + + + align:start position:0% +into these examples in China, India and +Meso America but in the town of + + align:start position:0% +Meso America but in the town of + + + align:start position:0% +Meso America but in the town of +Maduray in + + align:start position:0% +Maduray in + + + align:start position:0% +Maduray in +southern India. I will show you a slide + + align:start position:0% +southern India. I will show you a slide + + + align:start position:0% +southern India. I will show you a slide +of the rituals still practiced today of + + align:start position:0% +of the rituals still practiced today of + + + align:start position:0% +of the rituals still practiced today of +each cycle of time as time passes. + + align:start position:0% +each cycle of time as time passes. + + + align:start position:0% +each cycle of time as time passes. +According to Riad, progress was not seen + + align:start position:0% +According to Riad, progress was not seen + + + align:start position:0% +According to Riad, progress was not seen +in terms of time by archaic man. Time + + align:start position:0% +in terms of time by archaic man. Time + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of time by archaic man. Time +was not linear. Time was circular. + + align:start position:0% +was not linear. Time was circular. + + + align:start position:0% +was not linear. Time was circular. +There's no notion about the past. The + + align:start position:0% +There's no notion about the past. The + + + align:start position:0% +There's no notion about the past. The +present, the existence of important + + align:start position:0% +present, the existence of important + + + align:start position:0% +present, the existence of important +things is is very + + align:start position:0% +things is is very + + + align:start position:0% +things is is very +much in association with the security + + align:start position:0% +much in association with the security + + + align:start position:0% +much in association with the security +that you give to everything. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm just conscious of time. So, I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm just conscious of time. So, I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just conscious of time. So, I'm +going to go through skip some of the + + align:start position:0% +going to go through skip some of the + + + align:start position:0% +going to go through skip some of the +stuff and try to concentrate on a few of + + align:start position:0% +stuff and try to concentrate on a few of + + + align:start position:0% +stuff and try to concentrate on a few of +the items. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, what I'd like to do is in relation + + align:start position:0% +Um, what I'd like to do is in relation + + + align:start position:0% +Um, what I'd like to do is in relation +Oh, I didn't tell you what I handed out + + align:start position:0% +Oh, I didn't tell you what I handed out + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, I didn't tell you what I handed out +to you. I'm + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry. This is a This is a an image of a + + align:start position:0% +sorry. This is a This is a an image of a + + + align:start position:0% +sorry. This is a This is a an image of a +town. Where is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it? It's a rather famous city. + + align:start position:0% +it? It's a rather famous city. + + + align:start position:0% +it? It's a rather famous city. +It's a classical + + align:start position:0% +It's a classical + + + align:start position:0% +It's a classical +city. It's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Athens. The image shows Athens is being + + align:start position:0% +Athens. The image shows Athens is being + + + align:start position:0% +Athens. The image shows Athens is being +built largely around a + + align:start position:0% +built largely around a + + + align:start position:0% +built largely around a +an + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a an elevated system of + + align:start position:0% +a an elevated system of + + + align:start position:0% +a an elevated system of +space called the + + align:start position:0% +space called the + + + align:start position:0% +space called the +Acropolis, religion, religious God. + + align:start position:0% +Acropolis, religion, religious God. + + + align:start position:0% +Acropolis, religion, religious God. +and its extension to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +around the town of Pyus. The harbor of + + align:start position:0% +around the town of Pyus. The harbor of + + + align:start position:0% +around the town of Pyus. The harbor of +Pyus depicts the implication of it of + + align:start position:0% +Pyus depicts the implication of it of + + + align:start position:0% +Pyus depicts the implication of it of +building a town whose form is much more + + align:start position:0% +building a town whose form is much more + + + align:start position:0% +building a town whose form is much more +mechanical and much more of the kind + + align:start position:0% +mechanical and much more of the kind + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical and much more of the kind +that we will talk about next Tuesday. So + + align:start position:0% +that we will talk about next Tuesday. So + + + align:start position:0% +that we will talk about next Tuesday. So +you have two forms of the same same + + align:start position:0% +you have two forms of the same same + + + align:start position:0% +you have two forms of the same same +system. one dedicated. They + + align:start position:0% +system. one dedicated. They + + + align:start position:0% +system. one dedicated. They +know Pyreus is purely a term + + align:start position:0% +know Pyreus is purely a term + + + align:start position:0% +know Pyreus is purely a term +place in conjunction with an expanded + + align:start position:0% +place in conjunction with an expanded + + + align:start position:0% +place in conjunction with an expanded +view of the + + align:start position:0% +view of the + + + align:start position:0% +view of the +Mediterranean. the Acropolis of Athens + + align:start position:0% +Mediterranean. the Acropolis of Athens + + + align:start position:0% +Mediterranean. the Acropolis of Athens +plus the monuments of gods all over + + align:start position:0% +plus the monuments of gods all over + + + align:start position:0% +plus the monuments of gods all over +Athens + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um depicts a + + align:start position:0% +um depicts a + + + align:start position:0% +um depicts a +consciousness of what we might call the + + align:start position:0% +consciousness of what we might call the + + + align:start position:0% +consciousness of what we might call the +religious gene. + + align:start position:0% +religious gene. + + + align:start position:0% +religious gene. +The religious gene is a term taken from + + align:start position:0% +The religious gene is a term taken from + + + align:start position:0% +The religious gene is a term taken from +archaeology relatively + + align:start position:0% +archaeology relatively + + + align:start position:0% +archaeology relatively +recently and based on excavations in in + + align:start position:0% +recently and based on excavations in in + + + align:start position:0% +recently and based on excavations in in +in the Mayan world which argues that + + align:start position:0% +in the Mayan world which argues that + + + align:start position:0% +in the Mayan world which argues that +belonging to a religion was very very + + align:start position:0% +belonging to a religion was very very + + + align:start position:0% +belonging to a religion was very very +early phenomenon largely because of the + + align:start position:0% +early phenomenon largely because of the + + + align:start position:0% +early phenomenon largely because of the +security that community gave. belonging + + align:start position:0% +security that community gave. belonging + + + align:start position:0% +security that community gave. belonging +to the same thing provided fundamental + + align:start position:0% +to the same thing provided fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +to the same thing provided fundamental +security and the god gene in a Darwinian + + align:start position:0% +security and the god gene in a Darwinian + + + align:start position:0% +security and the god gene in a Darwinian +sense is built into all of us. Those of + + align:start position:0% +sense is built into all of us. Those of + + + align:start position:0% +sense is built into all of us. Those of +us who don't believe in + + align:start position:0% +us who don't believe in + + + align:start position:0% +us who don't believe in +God are not part of the Darwinian + + align:start position:0% +God are not part of the Darwinian + + + align:start position:0% +God are not part of the Darwinian +pattern. We are creatures of + + align:start position:0% +pattern. We are creatures of + + + align:start position:0% +pattern. We are creatures of +obstinence. Um, and since the + + align:start position:0% +obstinence. Um, and since the + + + align:start position:0% +obstinence. Um, and since the +enlightenment have been free to + + align:start position:0% +enlightenment have been free to + + + align:start position:0% +enlightenment have been free to +criticize whatever we want to based on + + align:start position:0% +criticize whatever we want to based on + + + align:start position:0% +criticize whatever we want to based on +fact or on mythology, I'm going to go + + align:start position:0% +fact or on mythology, I'm going to go + + + align:start position:0% +fact or on mythology, I'm going to go +through the components of a theory on + + align:start position:0% +through the components of a theory on + + + align:start position:0% +through the components of a theory on +the second page. Question. Yes. + + align:start position:0% +the second page. Question. Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +the second page. Question. Yes. +Regarding the layout of having both at + + align:start position:0% +Regarding the layout of having both at + + + align:start position:0% +Regarding the layout of having both at +the same time. Yeah. Was there any sort + + align:start position:0% +the same time. Yeah. Was there any sort + + + align:start position:0% +the same time. Yeah. Was there any sort +of social division between them? And if + + align:start position:0% +of social division between them? And if + + + align:start position:0% +of social division between them? And if +and if so, what were the different types + + align:start position:0% +and if so, what were the different types + + + align:start position:0% +and if so, what were the different types +of social groups that that live in one + + align:start position:0% +of social groups that that live in one + + + align:start position:0% +of social groups that that live in one +versus the other? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Athens during the fifth century and only + + align:start position:0% +Athens during the fifth century and only + + + align:start position:0% +Athens during the fifth century and only +for one century experimented with + + align:start position:0% +for one century experimented with + + + align:start position:0% +for one century experimented with +democracy. At that time all citizens + + align:start position:0% +democracy. At that time all citizens + + + align:start position:0% +democracy. At that time all citizens +were considered equal except for women + + align:start position:0% +were considered equal except for women + + + align:start position:0% +were considered equal except for women +or slaves. + + align:start position:0% +or slaves. + + + align:start position:0% +or slaves. +everybody. There's a machine in the + + align:start position:0% +everybody. There's a machine in the + + + align:start position:0% +everybody. There's a machine in the +museum in Athens which is almost like a + + align:start position:0% +museum in Athens which is almost like a + + + align:start position:0% +museum in Athens which is almost like a +machine in which you put in your + + align:start position:0% +machine in which you put in your + + + align:start position:0% +machine in which you put in your +fingerprint and it registers you for + + align:start position:0% +fingerprint and it registers you for + + + align:start position:0% +fingerprint and it registers you for +voting. + + align:start position:0% +voting. + + + align:start position:0% +voting. +Um so in democratic Athens uh as + + align:start position:0% +Um so in democratic Athens uh as + + + align:start position:0% +Um so in democratic Athens uh as +Socrates would explain + + align:start position:0% +Socrates would explain + + + align:start position:0% +Socrates would explain +uh all people were considered equal in + + align:start position:0% +uh all people were considered equal in + + + align:start position:0% +uh all people were considered equal in +the first notion of a crude democracy + + align:start position:0% +the first notion of a crude democracy + + + align:start position:0% +the first notion of a crude democracy +which didn't last very long. + + align:start position:0% +which didn't last very long. + + + align:start position:0% +which didn't last very long. +Athens is situated in rocky country very + + align:start position:0% +Athens is situated in rocky country very + + + align:start position:0% +Athens is situated in rocky country very +poor + + align:start position:0% +poor + + + align:start position:0% +poor +agriculture so it's depended on other + + align:start position:0% +agriculture so it's depended on other + + + align:start position:0% +agriculture so it's depended on other +sources of basic supply of food such as + + align:start position:0% +sources of basic supply of food such as + + + align:start position:0% +sources of basic supply of food such as +wheat. Uh in later years it was so + + align:start position:0% +wheat. Uh in later years it was so + + + align:start position:0% +wheat. Uh in later years it was so +desperate that it tried to it attacked + + align:start position:0% +desperate that it tried to it attacked + + + align:start position:0% +desperate that it tried to it attacked +Sicily which has always been a center of + + align:start position:0% +Sicily which has always been a center of + + + align:start position:0% +Sicily which has always been a center of +wheat production. + + align:start position:0% +wheat production. + + + align:start position:0% +wheat production. +Um so Pyus was part of the extension of + + align:start position:0% +Um so Pyus was part of the extension of + + + align:start position:0% +Um so Pyus was part of the extension of +Athens for food. It was purely a it was + + align:start position:0% +Athens for food. It was purely a it was + + + align:start position:0% +Athens for food. It was purely a it was +purely a machine-like enterprise. It + + align:start position:0% +purely a machine-like enterprise. It + + + align:start position:0% +purely a machine-like enterprise. It +only had to + + align:start position:0% +only had to + + + align:start position:0% +only had to +produce goods for the service of the + + align:start position:0% +produce goods for the service of the + + + align:start position:0% +produce goods for the service of the +democratic capital which was + + align:start position:0% +democratic capital which was + + + align:start position:0% +democratic capital which was +experimenting with all kinds of ways of + + align:start position:0% +experimenting with all kinds of ways of + + + align:start position:0% +experimenting with all kinds of ways of +life including the + + align:start position:0% +life including the + + + align:start position:0% +life including the +purposeful application of + + align:start position:0% +purposeful application of + + + align:start position:0% +purposeful application of +democracy within Athens democratic + + align:start position:0% +democracy within Athens democratic + + + align:start position:0% +democracy within Athens democratic +Athens itself. Yes, there were areas + + align:start position:0% +Athens itself. Yes, there were areas + + + align:start position:0% +Athens itself. Yes, there were areas +where the more powerful lived and there + + align:start position:0% +where the more powerful lived and there + + + align:start position:0% +where the more powerful lived and there +were areas where the less powerful. + + align:start position:0% +were areas where the less powerful. + + + align:start position:0% +were areas where the less powerful. +Socrates himself used to walk through + + align:start position:0% +Socrates himself used to walk through + + + align:start position:0% +Socrates himself used to walk through +Athens on a daily basis. It was small + + align:start position:0% +Athens on a daily basis. It was small + + + align:start position:0% +Athens on a daily basis. It was small +enough to do that and he would go + + align:start position:0% +enough to do that and he would go + + + align:start position:0% +enough to do that and he would go +through different neighborhoods + + align:start position:0% +through different neighborhoods + + + align:start position:0% +through different neighborhoods +according to his own descriptions. + + align:start position:0% +according to his own descriptions. + + + align:start position:0% +according to his own descriptions. +Socrates never wrote of course. So it's + + align:start position:0% +Socrates never wrote of course. So it's + + + align:start position:0% +Socrates never wrote of course. So it's +all told by Plato and other other + + align:start position:0% +all told by Plato and other other + + + align:start position:0% +all told by Plato and other other +people. But that's a short + + align:start position:0% +people. But that's a short + + + align:start position:0% +people. But that's a short +answer to a long question. + + align:start position:0% +answer to a long question. + + + align:start position:0% +answer to a long question. +uh the history + + align:start position:0% +uh the history + + + align:start position:0% +uh the history +of of Athens uh uh is an interesting + + align:start position:0% +of of Athens uh uh is an interesting + + + align:start position:0% +of of Athens uh uh is an interesting +story in itself and I hope we'll have + + align:start position:0% +story in itself and I hope we'll have + + + align:start position:0% +story in itself and I hope we'll have +some chance in this class to deal with + + align:start position:0% +some chance in this class to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +some chance in this class to deal with +it. I'm not sure that I'm going to but + + align:start position:0% +it. I'm not sure that I'm going to but + + + align:start position:0% +it. I'm not sure that I'm going to but +we'll try. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, the other + + align:start position:0% +Um, the other + + + align:start position:0% +Um, the other +sheet is a plan of Ankor + + align:start position:0% +sheet is a plan of Ankor + + + align:start position:0% +sheet is a plan of Ankor +Vat, a 14th, 13th, 14th century city in + + align:start position:0% +Vat, a 14th, 13th, 14th century city in + + + align:start position:0% +Vat, a 14th, 13th, 14th century city in +Cambodia, which I want to use as an + + align:start position:0% +Cambodia, which I want to use as an + + + align:start position:0% +Cambodia, which I want to use as an +illustration of a conjunction + + align:start position:0% +illustration of a conjunction + + + align:start position:0% +illustration of a conjunction +between built form associated with + + align:start position:0% +between built form associated with + + + align:start position:0% +between built form associated with +religion and built form. also at the + + align:start position:0% +religion and built form. also at the + + + align:start position:0% +religion and built form. also at the +same time serving practical + + align:start position:0% +same time serving practical + + + align:start position:0% +same time serving practical +purposes. The Fingshi in China faces + + align:start position:0% +purposes. The Fingshi in China faces + + + align:start position:0% +purposes. The Fingshi in China faces +houses to the + + align:start position:0% +houses to the + + + align:start position:0% +houses to the +south. You are the lady who knows more + + align:start position:0% +south. You are the lady who knows more + + + align:start position:0% +south. You are the lady who knows more +about China than I + + align:start position:0% +about China than I + + + align:start position:0% +about China than I +do. Again here is a mystical + + align:start position:0% +do. Again here is a mystical + + + align:start position:0% +do. Again here is a mystical +system of this for the selection of the + + align:start position:0% +system of this for the selection of the + + + align:start position:0% +system of this for the selection of the +site for the location of + + align:start position:0% +site for the location of + + + align:start position:0% +site for the location of +buildings + + align:start position:0% +buildings + + + align:start position:0% +buildings +which which could practically purpose + + align:start position:0% +which which could practically purpose + + + align:start position:0% +which which could practically purpose +speaking faces in the right + + align:start position:0% +speaking faces in the right + + + align:start position:0% +speaking faces in the right +direction. Fingsh would be hopeless if + + align:start position:0% +direction. Fingsh would be hopeless if + + + align:start position:0% +direction. Fingsh would be hopeless if +it faced houses towards the north in a + + align:start position:0% +it faced houses towards the north in a + + + align:start position:0% +it faced houses towards the north in a +climate in the northern hemisphere. + + align:start position:0% +climate in the northern hemisphere. + + + align:start position:0% +climate in the northern hemisphere. +The same with my description of the + + align:start position:0% +The same with my description of the + + + align:start position:0% +The same with my description of the +struct Hindu structure of Ankur of + + align:start position:0% +struct Hindu structure of Ankur of + + + align:start position:0% +struct Hindu structure of Ankur of +Ankora. Let's look at some of + + align:start position:0% +Ankora. Let's look at some of + + + align:start position:0% +Ankora. Let's look at some of +these components of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theory. First of all, the notion of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +returning. If there is this + + align:start position:0% +returning. If there is this + + + align:start position:0% +returning. If there is this +discrimination in + + align:start position:0% +discrimination in + + + align:start position:0% +discrimination in +places which have been struck by + + align:start position:0% +places which have been struck by + + + align:start position:0% +places which have been struck by +hierophony and therefore are more + + align:start position:0% +hierophony and therefore are more + + + align:start position:0% +hierophony and therefore are more +significant there would be relatively + + align:start position:0% +significant there would be relatively + + + align:start position:0% +significant there would be relatively +few of them and you would some would be + + align:start position:0% +few of them and you would some would be + + + align:start position:0% +few of them and you would some would be +given particular mythological + + align:start position:0% +given particular mythological + + + align:start position:0% +given particular mythological +significance and the idea of retaining + + align:start position:0% +significance and the idea of retaining + + + align:start position:0% +significance and the idea of retaining +would be significant. + + align:start position:0% +would be significant. + + + align:start position:0% +would be significant. +Mumford says the magnet in the history + + align:start position:0% +Mumford says the magnet in the history + + + align:start position:0% +Mumford says the magnet in the history +of cities the magnet comes before the + + align:start position:0% +of cities the magnet comes before the + + + align:start position:0% +of cities the magnet comes before the +container. It's an interesting sentence + + align:start position:0% +container. It's an interesting sentence + + + align:start position:0% +container. It's an interesting sentence +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +remember. Movement towards cities called + + align:start position:0% +remember. Movement towards cities called + + + align:start position:0% +remember. Movement towards cities called +urbanization in contemporary + + align:start position:0% +urbanization in contemporary + + + align:start position:0% +urbanization in contemporary +times is a reenactment of a ritual of + + align:start position:0% +times is a reenactment of a ritual of + + + align:start position:0% +times is a reenactment of a ritual of +movement to special places. in our cases + + align:start position:0% +movement to special places. in our cases + + + align:start position:0% +movement to special places. in our cases +now to secular capital cities or + + align:start position:0% +now to secular capital cities or + + + align:start position:0% +now to secular capital cities or +industrial cities or economic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cities. I will show you a slide of + + align:start position:0% +cities. I will show you a slide of + + + align:start position:0% +cities. I will show you a slide of +Olympia in Greece. The birth of the + + align:start position:0% +Olympia in Greece. The birth of the + + + align:start position:0% +Olympia in Greece. The birth of the +Olympic Games held every four years from + + align:start position:0% +Olympic Games held every four years from + + + align:start position:0% +Olympic Games held every four years from +776 BC. a place to which he returned + + align:start position:0% +776 BC. a place to which he returned + + + align:start position:0% +776 BC. a place to which he returned +only four + + align:start position:0% +only four + + + align:start position:0% +only four +years. The contemporary Olympic + + align:start position:0% +years. The contemporary Olympic + + + align:start position:0% +years. The contemporary Olympic +Games has also maintained the cycle of + + align:start position:0% +Games has also maintained the cycle of + + + align:start position:0% +Games has also maintained the cycle of +returning to a place every four years. + + align:start position:0% +returning to a place every four years. + + + align:start position:0% +returning to a place every four years. +Hitler wanted to the Olympic Games after + + align:start position:0% +Hitler wanted to the Olympic Games after + + + align:start position:0% +Hitler wanted to the Olympic Games after +36 to be in Berlin forever. In fact, Ian + + align:start position:0% +36 to be in Berlin forever. In fact, Ian + + + align:start position:0% +36 to be in Berlin forever. In fact, Ian +Shere designed a stadium which was so + + align:start position:0% +Shere designed a stadium which was so + + + align:start position:0% +Shere designed a stadium which was so +large that the Olympic rules would have + + align:start position:0% +large that the Olympic rules would have + + + align:start position:0% +large that the Olympic rules would have +had to be changed to fit the stadium. + + align:start position:0% +had to be changed to fit the stadium. + + + align:start position:0% +had to be changed to fit the stadium. +But that was Hitler's + + align:start position:0% +But that was Hitler's + + + align:start position:0% +But that was Hitler's +prominence. Hitler also invented the + + align:start position:0% +prominence. Hitler also invented the + + + align:start position:0% +prominence. Hitler also invented the +idea of carrying the Olympic flame which + + align:start position:0% +idea of carrying the Olympic flame which + + + align:start position:0% +idea of carrying the Olympic flame which +now becomes a popular + + align:start position:0% +now becomes a popular + + + align:start position:0% +now becomes a popular +economic popular feast of the Olympic + + align:start position:0% +economic popular feast of the Olympic + + + align:start position:0% +economic popular feast of the Olympic +Games. + + align:start position:0% +Games. + + + align:start position:0% +Games. +776 Olympia site was a religious site + + align:start position:0% +776 Olympia site was a religious site + + + align:start position:0% +776 Olympia site was a religious site +which priests walked + + align:start position:0% +which priests walked + + + align:start position:0% +which priests walked +around. Hitler in trying to manifest the + + align:start position:0% +around. Hitler in trying to manifest the + + + align:start position:0% +around. Hitler in trying to manifest the +assumption of the meritocracy of the + + align:start position:0% +assumption of the meritocracy of the + + + align:start position:0% +assumption of the meritocracy of the +Aryan + + align:start position:0% +Aryan + + + align:start position:0% +Aryan +race made special attempts to link + + align:start position:0% +race made special attempts to link + + + align:start position:0% +race made special attempts to link +Germany under Hitler with Greece with + + align:start position:0% +Germany under Hitler with Greece with + + + align:start position:0% +Germany under Hitler with Greece with +the Athenian culture. + + align:start position:0% +the Athenian culture. + + + align:start position:0% +the Athenian culture. +uh a lot of our archaeology was + + align:start position:0% +uh a lot of our archaeology was + + + align:start position:0% +uh a lot of our archaeology was +sponsored by German + + align:start position:0% +sponsored by German + + + align:start position:0% +sponsored by German +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +researchers. Hitler wished to combine + + align:start position:0% +researchers. Hitler wished to combine + + + align:start position:0% +researchers. Hitler wished to combine +the permanence and the predominance of + + align:start position:0% +the permanence and the predominance of + + + align:start position:0% +the permanence and the predominance of +the Aryan race. + + align:start position:0% +the Aryan race. + + + align:start position:0% +the Aryan race. +So he took the idea of taking the flame + + align:start position:0% +So he took the idea of taking the flame + + + align:start position:0% +So he took the idea of taking the flame +from + + align:start position:0% +from + + + align:start position:0% +from +776 the site of 776 BC and taking it to + + align:start position:0% +776 the site of 776 BC and taking it to + + + align:start position:0% +776 the site of 776 BC and taking it to +that p point point of the earth where + + align:start position:0% +that p point point of the earth where + + + align:start position:0% +that p point point of the earth where +the games would be held that four + + align:start position:0% +the games would be held that four + + + align:start position:0% +the games would be held that four +years. There's no other significance to + + align:start position:0% +years. There's no other significance to + + + align:start position:0% +years. There's no other significance to +the carrying of the flame. There was no + + align:start position:0% +the carrying of the flame. There was no + + + align:start position:0% +the carrying of the flame. There was no +flame carried in the original Olympic + + align:start position:0% +flame carried in the original Olympic + + + align:start position:0% +flame carried in the original Olympic +games. It's only a creation of a manic + + align:start position:0% +games. It's only a creation of a manic + + + align:start position:0% +games. It's only a creation of a manic +manifestation of racial + + align:start position:0% +manifestation of racial + + + align:start position:0% +manifestation of racial +supremacy. + + align:start position:0% +supremacy. + + + align:start position:0% +supremacy. +But there are places in the world which + + align:start position:0% +But there are places in the world which + + + align:start position:0% +But there are places in the world which +still venerate the idea of pilgrimage + + align:start position:0% +still venerate the idea of pilgrimage + + + align:start position:0% +still venerate the idea of pilgrimage +which is fundamental still a fundamental + + align:start position:0% +which is fundamental still a fundamental + + + align:start position:0% +which is fundamental still a fundamental +source in Islam for returning to uh + + align:start position:0% +source in Islam for returning to uh + + + align:start position:0% +source in Islam for returning to uh +Mecca each year. uh the places like + + align:start position:0% +Mecca each year. uh the places like + + + align:start position:0% +Mecca each year. uh the places like +Benaris and Fatima in Portugal places + + align:start position:0% +Benaris and Fatima in Portugal places + + + align:start position:0% +Benaris and Fatima in Portugal places +have been sanctified in some way or + + align:start position:0% +have been sanctified in some way or + + + align:start position:0% +have been sanctified in some way or +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +pilgrimage I'll deal with pilgrimage in + + align:start position:0% +pilgrimage I'll deal with pilgrimage in + + + align:start position:0% +pilgrimage I'll deal with pilgrimage in +another class but pilgrimage is very + + align:start position:0% +another class but pilgrimage is very + + + align:start position:0% +another class but pilgrimage is very +interesting function + + align:start position:0% +interesting function + + + align:start position:0% +interesting function +of lateral movement between cities prior + + align:start position:0% +of lateral movement between cities prior + + + align:start position:0% +of lateral movement between cities prior +to the economic significance of economic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +trade natural phenomena. Number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two, and + + align:start position:0% +two, and + + + align:start position:0% +two, and +Corvette had a population of some people + + align:start position:0% +Corvette had a population of some people + + + align:start position:0% +Corvette had a population of some people +argue as large as a million people in + + align:start position:0% +argue as large as a million people in + + + align:start position:0% +argue as large as a million people in +the 14th century. I don't believe it, + + align:start position:0% +the 14th century. I don't believe it, + + + align:start position:0% +the 14th century. I don't believe it, +but there's no way of + + align:start position:0% +but there's no way of + + + align:start position:0% +but there's no way of +knowing. Its significance in size was + + align:start position:0% +knowing. Its significance in size was + + + align:start position:0% +knowing. Its significance in size was +based on the fact that it it had enough + + align:start position:0% +based on the fact that it it had enough + + + align:start position:0% +based on the fact that it it had enough +water to produce more than one crop of + + align:start position:0% +water to produce more than one crop of + + + align:start position:0% +water to produce more than one crop of +rice per year. Sometimes with three you + + align:start position:0% +rice per year. Sometimes with three you + + + align:start position:0% +rice per year. Sometimes with three you +could with with with that amount of + + align:start position:0% +could with with with that amount of + + + align:start position:0% +could with with with that amount of +water you could produce three crops of + + align:start position:0% +water you could produce three crops of + + + align:start position:0% +water you could produce three crops of +rice per year. Therefore feed enormous + + align:start position:0% +rice per year. Therefore feed enormous + + + align:start position:0% +rice per year. Therefore feed enormous +population. The plan of + + align:start position:0% +population. The plan of + + + align:start position:0% +population. The plan of +anchor has two large water systems. two + + align:start position:0% +anchor has two large water systems. two + + + align:start position:0% +anchor has two large water systems. two +are called beret. B A R A Y. The west + + align:start position:0% +are called beret. B A R A Y. The west + + + align:start position:0% +are called beret. B A R A Y. The west +beret is about 7 kilometers in length. + + align:start position:0% +beret is about 7 kilometers in length. + + + align:start position:0% +beret is about 7 kilometers in length. +The east beret about + + align:start position:0% +The east beret about + + + align:start position:0% +The east beret about +five. These are large bodies of + + align:start position:0% +five. These are large bodies of + + + align:start position:0% +five. These are large bodies of +water. They are precisely enclosed. The + + align:start position:0% +water. They are precisely enclosed. The + + + align:start position:0% +water. They are precisely enclosed. The +deviation of the rectangular geometry is + + align:start position:0% +deviation of the rectangular geometry is + + + align:start position:0% +deviation of the rectangular geometry is +something like 01% + + align:start position:0% +something like 01% + + + align:start position:0% +something like 01% +error. They are perfectly constructed + + align:start position:0% +error. They are perfectly constructed + + + align:start position:0% +error. They are perfectly constructed +water + + align:start position:0% +water + + + align:start position:0% +water +bodies. Between the water are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +towers. In religious terms, in Hindu + + align:start position:0% +towers. In religious terms, in Hindu + + + align:start position:0% +towers. In religious terms, in Hindu +terms, the towers stand for the peaks of + + align:start position:0% +terms, the towers stand for the peaks of + + + align:start position:0% +terms, the towers stand for the peaks of +Mount + + align:start position:0% +Mount + + + align:start position:0% +Mount +Meu, between which are seven oceans and + + align:start position:0% +Meu, between which are seven oceans and + + + align:start position:0% +Meu, between which are seven oceans and +six continents with Meu in the center. + + align:start position:0% +six continents with Meu in the center. + + + align:start position:0% +six continents with Meu in the center. +The lakes are the depictions of + + align:start position:0% +The lakes are the depictions of + + + align:start position:0% +The lakes are the depictions of +oceans. When I + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +visited uncle for the first time, my + + align:start position:0% +visited uncle for the first time, my + + + align:start position:0% +visited uncle for the first time, my +guide said to me that there was no water + + align:start position:0% +guide said to me that there was no water + + + align:start position:0% +guide said to me that there was no water +outlet from these two beret water + + align:start position:0% +outlet from these two beret water + + + align:start position:0% +outlet from these two beret water +systems + + align:start position:0% +systems + + + align:start position:0% +systems +to an external water source. There's a + + align:start position:0% +to an external water source. There's a + + + align:start position:0% +to an external water source. There's a +large 87 kilometer lake. a number of + + align:start position:0% +large 87 kilometer lake. a number of + + + align:start position:0% +large 87 kilometer lake. a number of +kilometers away from Anchor. But he says + + align:start position:0% +kilometers away from Anchor. But he says + + + align:start position:0% +kilometers away from Anchor. But he says +these are religious items, these water + + align:start position:0% +these are religious items, these water + + + align:start position:0% +these are religious items, these water +bodies, but they have no practical + + align:start position:0% +bodies, but they have no practical + + + align:start position:0% +bodies, but they have no practical +significance. Recent archaeology has + + align:start position:0% +significance. Recent archaeology has + + + align:start position:0% +significance. Recent archaeology has +established that there's a big water + + align:start position:0% +established that there's a big water + + + align:start position:0% +established that there's a big water +supply system from Ankor to Lake Tons, I + + align:start position:0% +supply system from Ankor to Lake Tons, I + + + align:start position:0% +supply system from Ankor to Lake Tons, I +think it + + align:start position:0% +think it + + + align:start position:0% +think it +is. So here you have the ambivalence the + + align:start position:0% +is. So here you have the ambivalence the + + + align:start position:0% +is. So here you have the ambivalence the +city in creating an ambivalence of of of + + align:start position:0% +city in creating an ambivalence of of of + + + align:start position:0% +city in creating an ambivalence of of of +of symbolism. It works + + align:start position:0% +of symbolism. It works + + + align:start position:0% +of symbolism. It works +symbolically. It works also works + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +practically. Whoever you are, you can + + align:start position:0% +practically. Whoever you are, you can + + + align:start position:0% +practically. Whoever you are, you can +associate the significance with + + align:start position:0% +associate the significance with + + + align:start position:0% +associate the significance with +symbolism. It's a kind of curious + + align:start position:0% +symbolism. It's a kind of curious + + + align:start position:0% +symbolism. It's a kind of curious +democracy that you can choose which + + align:start position:0% +democracy that you can choose which + + + align:start position:0% +democracy that you can choose which +system you want to believe for the + + align:start position:0% +system you want to believe for the + + + align:start position:0% +system you want to believe for the +genuine authority for your town. + + align:start position:0% +genuine authority for your town. + + + align:start position:0% +genuine authority for your town. +We give everybody the chance if they + + align:start position:0% +We give everybody the chance if they + + + align:start position:0% +We give everybody the chance if they +have any kind + + align:start position:0% +have any kind + + + align:start position:0% +have any kind +of forget about contemporary analogies. + + align:start position:0% +of forget about contemporary analogies. + + + align:start position:0% +of forget about contemporary analogies. +I don't want to make contemporary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +analogy. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Another aspect of significance in anchor + + align:start position:0% +Another aspect of significance in anchor + + + align:start position:0% +Another aspect of significance in anchor +seeing we're talking about archaic times + + align:start position:0% +seeing we're talking about archaic times + + + align:start position:0% +seeing we're talking about archaic times +is that one of the reasons we don't know + + align:start position:0% +is that one of the reasons we don't know + + + align:start position:0% +is that one of the reasons we don't know +about the origin of language because + + align:start position:0% +about the origin of language because + + + align:start position:0% +about the origin of language because +there's nothing about language that is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fossilized. Much of our knowledge of + + align:start position:0% +fossilized. Much of our knowledge of + + + align:start position:0% +fossilized. Much of our knowledge of +what I'm talking about is based on + + align:start position:0% +what I'm talking about is based on + + + align:start position:0% +what I'm talking about is based on +fossilization and stone fossilizes much + + align:start position:0% +fossilization and stone fossilizes much + + + align:start position:0% +fossilization and stone fossilizes much +longer than + + align:start position:0% +longer than + + + align:start position:0% +longer than +wood. The empty space where the king of + + align:start position:0% +wood. The empty space where the king of + + + align:start position:0% +wood. The empty space where the king of +Ankorat or the emperor of + + align:start position:0% +Ankorat or the emperor of + + + align:start position:0% +Ankorat or the emperor of +Ankorvat sat is now a blank space + + align:start position:0% +Ankorvat sat is now a blank space + + + align:start position:0% +Ankorvat sat is now a blank space +because wood has deteriorated faster + + align:start position:0% +because wood has deteriorated faster + + + align:start position:0% +because wood has deteriorated faster +than stone. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um measuring the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +stars. All the Babylonian cities had the + + align:start position:0% +stars. All the Babylonian cities had the + + + align:start position:0% +stars. All the Babylonian cities had the +archive in + + align:start position:0% +archive in + + + align:start position:0% +archive in +the in theial + + align:start position:0% +the in theial + + + align:start position:0% +the in theial +system. The city of Sipara was marked + + align:start position:0% +system. The city of Sipara was marked + + + align:start position:0% +system. The city of Sipara was marked +after the cancer. + + align:start position:0% +after the cancer. + + + align:start position:0% +after the cancer. +The city of Nineve was marked after Ursa + + align:start position:0% +The city of Nineve was marked after Ursa + + + align:start position:0% +The city of Nineve was marked after Ursa +Major. The city of Assur after + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Arcturus. I've already mentioned the + + align:start position:0% +Arcturus. I've already mentioned the + + + align:start position:0% +Arcturus. I've already mentioned the +creation of the city is celestial + + align:start position:0% +creation of the city is celestial + + + align:start position:0% +creation of the city is celestial +Jerusalem was created by God before the + + align:start position:0% +Jerusalem was created by God before the + + + align:start position:0% +Jerusalem was created by God before the +city was built by the man of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +man. St. Augustine found three versions + + align:start position:0% +man. St. Augustine found three versions + + + align:start position:0% +man. St. Augustine found three versions +of Jerusalem. Sometimes referring to the + + align:start position:0% +of Jerusalem. Sometimes referring to the + + + align:start position:0% +of Jerusalem. Sometimes referring to the +earthly Jerusalem, sometimes to the + + align:start position:0% +earthly Jerusalem, sometimes to the + + + align:start position:0% +earthly Jerusalem, sometimes to the +heavenly, sometimes to both at + + align:start position:0% +heavenly, sometimes to both at + + + align:start position:0% +heavenly, sometimes to both at +once. St. John, + + align:start position:0% +once. St. John, + + + align:start position:0% +once. St. John, +uh, forget about St. John. He had an + + align:start position:0% +uh, forget about St. John. He had an + + + align:start position:0% +uh, forget about St. John. He had an +extraordinary size of Jerusalem was + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary size of Jerusalem was + + + align:start position:0% +extraordinary size of Jerusalem was +about 1,500 mi long, about half the area + + align:start position:0% +about 1,500 mi long, about half the area + + + align:start position:0% +about 1,500 mi long, about half the area +of the United States. So much for + + align:start position:0% +of the United States. So much for + + + align:start position:0% +of the United States. So much for +believing the + + align:start position:0% +believing the + + + align:start position:0% +believing the +disciples. + + align:start position:0% +disciples. + + + align:start position:0% +disciples. +Um there's a book called the history of + + align:start position:0% +Um there's a book called the history of + + + align:start position:0% +Um there's a book called the history of +heaven which is interesting little + + align:start position:0% +heaven which is interesting little + + + align:start position:0% +heaven which is interesting little +book. + + align:start position:0% +book. + + + align:start position:0% +book. +Um he discusses how contrived the notion + + align:start position:0% +Um he discusses how contrived the notion + + + align:start position:0% +Um he discusses how contrived the notion +actually is. Uh and + + align:start position:0% +actually is. Uh and + + + align:start position:0% +actually is. Uh and +how as as the monotheistic + + align:start position:0% +how as as the monotheistic + + + align:start position:0% +how as as the monotheistic +religions became stronger as + + align:start position:0% +religions became stronger as + + + align:start position:0% +religions became stronger as +Christianity took over from Judaism and + + align:start position:0% +Christianity took over from Judaism and + + + align:start position:0% +Christianity took over from Judaism and +Islam took over from Christianity. + + align:start position:0% +Islam took over from Christianity. + + + align:start position:0% +Islam took over from Christianity. +Islam + + align:start position:0% +Islam + + + align:start position:0% +Islam +occurs a millennium after 700 years + + align:start position:0% +occurs a millennium after 700 years + + + align:start position:0% +occurs a millennium after 700 years +after + + align:start position:0% +after + + + align:start position:0% +after +Christianity. The Quran has much more + + align:start position:0% +Christianity. The Quran has much more + + + align:start position:0% +Christianity. The Quran has much more +attention paid to it to + + align:start position:0% +attention paid to it to + + + align:start position:0% +attention paid to it to +ecclesiastical circumstance to + + align:start position:0% +ecclesiastical circumstance to + + + align:start position:0% +ecclesiastical circumstance to +postliving + + align:start position:0% +postliving + + + align:start position:0% +postliving +circumstances. You could almost + + align:start position:0% +circumstances. You could almost + + + align:start position:0% +circumstances. You could almost +understand in the Quran as when I read + + align:start position:0% +understand in the Quran as when I read + + + align:start position:0% +understand in the Quran as when I read +it how joyous it would be to be in + + align:start position:0% +it how joyous it would be to be in + + + align:start position:0% +it how joyous it would be to be in +afterlife than in secular life. + + align:start position:0% +afterlife than in secular life. + + + align:start position:0% +afterlife than in secular life. +uh this notion of privileging the + + align:start position:0% +uh this notion of privileging the + + + align:start position:0% +uh this notion of privileging the +afterlife is of course criticized by + + align:start position:0% +afterlife is of course criticized by + + + align:start position:0% +afterlife is of course criticized by +Marx as one of these many critiques of + + align:start position:0% +Marx as one of these many critiques of + + + align:start position:0% +Marx as one of these many critiques of +religion that it that there's nothing + + align:start position:0% +religion that it that there's nothing + + + align:start position:0% +religion that it that there's nothing +natural about making humankind suffer + + align:start position:0% +natural about making humankind suffer + + + align:start position:0% +natural about making humankind suffer +through the abuses of mankind in return + + align:start position:0% +through the abuses of mankind in return + + + align:start position:0% +through the abuses of mankind in return +for which you have promise of an + + align:start position:0% +for which you have promise of an + + + align:start position:0% +for which you have promise of an +ecclesiastical benefit + + align:start position:0% +ecclesiastical benefit + + + align:start position:0% +ecclesiastical benefit +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um, just want to rush through these so + + align:start position:0% +Um, just want to rush through these so + + + align:start position:0% +Um, just want to rush through these so +we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time, fixing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +places. In the Finy + + align:start position:0% +places. In the Finy + + + align:start position:0% +places. In the Finy +system, there are ways in which you can + + align:start position:0% +system, there are ways in which you can + + + align:start position:0% +system, there are ways in which you can +find a site for a town. The tradition of + + align:start position:0% +find a site for a town. The tradition of + + + align:start position:0% +find a site for a town. The tradition of +divining, dowsing, geommancy or + + align:start position:0% +divining, dowsing, geommancy or + + + align:start position:0% +divining, dowsing, geommancy or +astrobiology were all primitive methods. + + align:start position:0% +astrobiology were all primitive methods. + + + align:start position:0% +astrobiology were all primitive methods. +You want to call them + + align:start position:0% +You want to call them + + + align:start position:0% +You want to call them +pseudociences for determining a + + align:start position:0% +pseudociences for determining a + + + align:start position:0% +pseudociences for determining a +place. A place is not to be taken by a + + align:start position:0% +place. A place is not to be taken by a + + + align:start position:0% +place. A place is not to be taken by a +developer as a site for an old age + + align:start position:0% +developer as a site for an old age + + + align:start position:0% +developer as a site for an old age +community. A place is uh one which has + + align:start position:0% +community. A place is uh one which has + + + align:start position:0% +community. A place is uh one which has +sacred significance in this model. The + + align:start position:0% +sacred significance in this model. The + + + align:start position:0% +sacred significance in this model. The +center of the earth, the axis + + align:start position:0% +center of the earth, the axis + + + align:start position:0% +center of the earth, the axis +mundi + + align:start position:0% +mundi + + + align:start position:0% +mundi +is the center of all the centers. + + align:start position:0% +is the center of all the centers. + + + align:start position:0% +is the center of all the centers. +It + + align:start position:0% +It + + + align:start position:0% +It +is an accommodation of the cosmic + + align:start position:0% +is an accommodation of the cosmic + + + align:start position:0% +is an accommodation of the cosmic +model through a number + + align:start position:0% +model through a number + + + align:start position:0% +model through a number +of in the Jew in the Hebrew in the + + align:start position:0% +of in the Jew in the Hebrew in the + + + align:start position:0% +of in the Jew in the Hebrew in the +Jewish religion the temple mount in + + align:start position:0% +Jewish religion the temple mount in + + + align:start position:0% +Jewish religion the temple mount in +Jerusalem is the site of + + align:start position:0% +Jerusalem is the site of + + + align:start position:0% +Jerusalem is the site of +Adam then it is the site of Isaac Abram + + align:start position:0% +Adam then it is the site of Isaac Abram + + + align:start position:0% +Adam then it is the site of Isaac Abram +and Isaac's offering to God and the + + align:start position:0% +and Isaac's offering to God and the + + + align:start position:0% +and Isaac's offering to God and the +God's willingness to stop Isaac from + + align:start position:0% +God's willingness to stop Isaac from + + + align:start position:0% +God's willingness to stop Isaac from +sacri Abel from sacrificing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Isaac. All of this is sedimented into + + align:start position:0% +Isaac. All of this is sedimented into + + + align:start position:0% +Isaac. All of this is sedimented into +the Jewish religion. The temple + + align:start position:0% +the Jewish religion. The temple + + + align:start position:0% +the Jewish religion. The temple +mount both Solomon's temple and Herod's + + align:start position:0% +mount both Solomon's temple and Herod's + + + align:start position:0% +mount both Solomon's temple and Herod's +temple are built on the temple + + align:start position:0% +temple are built on the temple + + + align:start position:0% +temple are built on the temple +mount making this not the center not + + align:start position:0% +mount making this not the center not + + + align:start position:0% +mount making this not the center not +only of Judaism but of the world. And + + align:start position:0% +only of Judaism but of the world. And + + + align:start position:0% +only of Judaism but of the world. And +Judaism was arrogant enough that until + + align:start position:0% +Judaism was arrogant enough that until + + + align:start position:0% +Judaism was arrogant enough that until +the birth of Christ, it was the center + + align:start position:0% +the birth of Christ, it was the center + + + align:start position:0% +the birth of Christ, it was the center +of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +world. + + align:start position:0% +world. + + + align:start position:0% +world. +Christianity for reasons which I'll go + + align:start position:0% +Christianity for reasons which I'll go + + + align:start position:0% +Christianity for reasons which I'll go +into in the history of Jerusalem in the + + align:start position:0% +into in the history of Jerusalem in the + + + align:start position:0% +into in the history of Jerusalem in the +case study of Jerusalem didn't abide by + + align:start position:0% +case study of Jerusalem didn't abide by + + + align:start position:0% +case study of Jerusalem didn't abide by +that. For 500 years, the Temple Mount + + align:start position:0% +that. For 500 years, the Temple Mount + + + align:start position:0% +that. For 500 years, the Temple Mount +was a dump of Roman ruins. + + align:start position:0% +was a dump of Roman ruins. + + + align:start position:0% +was a dump of Roman ruins. +The church of the holy sephila was built + + align:start position:0% +The church of the holy sephila was built + + + align:start position:0% +The church of the holy sephila was built +to turn away from the temple mount. When + + align:start position:0% +to turn away from the temple mount. When + + + align:start position:0% +to turn away from the temple mount. When +the first + + align:start position:0% +the first + + + align:start position:0% +the first +Islam members of Islam came into + + align:start position:0% +Islam members of Islam came into + + + align:start position:0% +Islam members of Islam came into +Jerusalem and they they wanted to choose + + align:start position:0% +Jerusalem and they they wanted to choose + + + align:start position:0% +Jerusalem and they they wanted to choose +a site for their own religious place. + + align:start position:0% +a site for their own religious place. + + + align:start position:0% +a site for their own religious place. +They chose the temple mount not the + + align:start position:0% +They chose the temple mount not the + + + align:start position:0% +They chose the temple mount not the +Christian + + align:start position:0% +Christian + + + align:start position:0% +Christian +sites. the Christians finally + + align:start position:0% +sites. the Christians finally + + + align:start position:0% +sites. the Christians finally +turned the uh it's too much of a detail. + + align:start position:0% +turned the uh it's too much of a detail. + + + align:start position:0% +turned the uh it's too much of a detail. +I'd have to draw it to make it more + + align:start position:0% +I'd have to draw it to make it more + + + align:start position:0% +I'd have to draw it to make it more +sensible. Um why why did you choose a + + align:start position:0% +sensible. Um why why did you choose a + + + align:start position:0% +sensible. Um why why did you choose a +Jewish site versus because they + + align:start position:0% +Jewish site versus because they + + + align:start position:0% +Jewish site versus because they +Christianite- because they claim to have + + align:start position:0% +Christianite- because they claim to have + + + align:start position:0% +Christianite- because they claim to have +many of the same religious heritage, + + align:start position:0% +many of the same religious heritage, + + + align:start position:0% +many of the same religious heritage, +Abraham, many of the religious gods. + + align:start position:0% +Abraham, many of the religious gods. + + + align:start position:0% +Abraham, many of the religious gods. +Jerusalem was always considered the + + align:start position:0% +Jerusalem was always considered the + + + align:start position:0% +Jerusalem was always considered the +second or third largest most significant + + align:start position:0% +second or third largest most significant + + + align:start position:0% +second or third largest most significant +in the fade literature + + align:start position:0% +in the fade literature + + + align:start position:0% +in the fade literature +uh which celebrates cities. Uh Jerusalem + + align:start position:0% +uh which celebrates cities. Uh Jerusalem + + + align:start position:0% +uh which celebrates cities. Uh Jerusalem +after all the mythology + + align:start position:0% +after all the mythology + + + align:start position:0% +after all the mythology +of of the ascent from the Dome of the + + align:start position:0% +of of the ascent from the Dome of the + + + align:start position:0% +of of the ascent from the Dome of the +Rock to heaven is important mythology in + + align:start position:0% +Rock to heaven is important mythology in + + + align:start position:0% +Rock to heaven is important mythology in +Islam. The Dome of the Rock is one of + + align:start position:0% +Islam. The Dome of the Rock is one of + + + align:start position:0% +Islam. The Dome of the Rock is one of +the most significant buildings in Islam. + + align:start position:0% +the most significant buildings in Islam. + + + align:start position:0% +the most significant buildings in Islam. +It's on the temple mount. Thea mosque is + + align:start position:0% +It's on the temple mount. Thea mosque is + + + align:start position:0% +It's on the temple mount. Thea mosque is +on the temple mount. There's a + + align:start position:0% +on the temple mount. There's a + + + align:start position:0% +on the temple mount. There's a +continuity of even violently differing + + align:start position:0% +continuity of even violently differing + + + align:start position:0% +continuity of even violently differing +religious forms accepting an axis mundi. + + align:start position:0% +religious forms accepting an axis mundi. + + + align:start position:0% +religious forms accepting an axis mundi. +There's an economy of religious sites. + + align:start position:0% +There's an economy of religious sites. + + + align:start position:0% +There's an economy of religious sites. +You're not terribly you. If you're not + + align:start position:0% +You're not terribly you. If you're not + + + align:start position:0% +You're not terribly you. If you're not +sure about your god, maybe the fact that + + align:start position:0% +sure about your god, maybe the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +sure about your god, maybe the fact that +a previous + + align:start position:0% +a previous + + + align:start position:0% +a previous +god sanctified a place, it's like buying + + align:start position:0% +god sanctified a place, it's like buying + + + align:start position:0% +god sanctified a place, it's like buying +it to a firm. Let's have a good economic + + align:start position:0% +it to a firm. Let's have a good economic + + + align:start position:0% +it to a firm. Let's have a good economic +record even if you in competition with a + + align:start position:0% +record even if you in competition with a + + + align:start position:0% +record even if you in competition with a +the firm itself. You expecting a sort of + + align:start position:0% +the firm itself. You expecting a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the firm itself. You expecting a sort of +synretism by doing that? + + align:start position:0% +synretism by doing that? + + + align:start position:0% +synretism by doing that? +I don't know. We'd have to get into when + + align:start position:0% +I don't know. We'd have to get into when + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know. We'd have to get into when +we do the case study in Jerusalem and I + + align:start position:0% +we do the case study in Jerusalem and I + + + align:start position:0% +we do the case study in Jerusalem and I +can talk about it in more detail. We can + + align:start position:0% +can talk about it in more detail. We can + + + align:start position:0% +can talk about it in more detail. We can +talk + + align:start position:0% +talk + + + align:start position:0% +talk +about there's only one place in + + align:start position:0% +about there's only one place in + + + align:start position:0% +about there's only one place in +Jerusalem where all three religions are + + align:start position:0% +Jerusalem where all three religions are + + + align:start position:0% +Jerusalem where all three religions are +represented vertically. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +It's the Christian Islam Jewish, the + + align:start position:0% +It's the Christian Islam Jewish, the + + + align:start position:0% +It's the Christian Islam Jewish, the +tomb of David, the the Christian Last + + align:start position:0% +tomb of David, the the Christian Last + + + align:start position:0% +tomb of David, the the Christian Last +Supper, and the + + align:start position:0% +Supper, and the + + + align:start position:0% +Supper, and the +Islam + + align:start position:0% +Islam + + + align:start position:0% +Islam +Ottomanifestation above it. I'll go into + + align:start position:0% +Ottomanifestation above it. I'll go into + + + align:start position:0% +Ottomanifestation above it. I'll go into +that with diagrams and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +show how we doing. Okay, we've got a few + + align:start position:0% +show how we doing. Okay, we've got a few + + + align:start position:0% +show how we doing. Okay, we've got a few +moments. Another aspect of this kind of + + align:start position:0% +moments. Another aspect of this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +moments. Another aspect of this kind of +city is the definition of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +boundaries. Boundaries and ritual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +perulation. The celebration of the king + + align:start position:0% +perulation. The celebration of the king + + + align:start position:0% +perulation. The celebration of the king +of kingdom of plumpen involved people + + align:start position:0% +of kingdom of plumpen involved people + + + align:start position:0% +of kingdom of plumpen involved people +circulating around the + + align:start position:0% +circulating around the + + + align:start position:0% +circulating around the +town. Joshua and Jericho. the circuit of + + align:start position:0% +town. Joshua and Jericho. the circuit of + + + align:start position:0% +town. Joshua and Jericho. the circuit of +the white walls of Memphis for each new + + align:start position:0% +the white walls of Memphis for each new + + + align:start position:0% +the white walls of Memphis for each new +coronation of + + align:start position:0% +coronation of + + + align:start position:0% +coronation of +Pharaoh. The Jewish synagogue where you + + align:start position:0% +Pharaoh. The Jewish synagogue where you + + + align:start position:0% +Pharaoh. The Jewish synagogue where you +paramulate around the + + align:start position:0% +paramulate around the + + + align:start position:0% +paramulate around the +central, not the Torah, but the central + + align:start position:0% +central, not the Torah, but the central + + + align:start position:0% +central, not the Torah, but the central +locus from where the prayer is read is a + + align:start position:0% +locus from where the prayer is read is a + + + align:start position:0% +locus from where the prayer is read is a +paramulation. + + align:start position:0% +paramulation. + + + align:start position:0% +paramulation. +Romulus in the circular rampart traced + + align:start position:0% +Romulus in the circular rampart traced + + + align:start position:0% +Romulus in the circular rampart traced +by the plow to ensure the safety of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Rome. The Roman mundus the meeting of + + align:start position:0% +Rome. The Roman mundus the meeting of + + + align:start position:0% +Rome. The Roman mundus the meeting of +the earth in the low regions has + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a the laws of the + + align:start position:0% +a the laws of the + + + align:start position:0% +a the laws of the +Indies which built much of Central + + align:start position:0% +Indies which built much of Central + + + align:start position:0% +Indies which built much of Central +America and St. Augustine in Florida all + + align:start position:0% +America and St. Augustine in Florida all + + + align:start position:0% +America and St. Augustine in Florida all +the way to Los Angeles + + align:start position:0% +the way to Los Angeles + + + align:start position:0% +the way to Los Angeles +uh says that + + align:start position:0% +uh says that + + + align:start position:0% +uh says that +the the settlement should have a + + align:start position:0% +the the settlement should have a + + + align:start position:0% +the the settlement should have a +stockade even although there is no fear + + align:start position:0% +stockade even although there is no fear + + + align:start position:0% +stockade even although there is no fear +of military action from the residents + + align:start position:0% +of military action from the residents + + + align:start position:0% +of military action from the residents +the idea of mocking where your world + + align:start position:0% +the idea of mocking where your world + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of mocking where your world +begins and ends is significant. We have + + align:start position:0% +begins and ends is significant. We have + + + align:start position:0% +begins and ends is significant. We have +a problem about cities now which drill + + align:start position:0% +a problem about cities now which drill + + + align:start position:0% +a problem about cities now which drill +into some other form than what + + align:start position:0% +into some other form than what + + + align:start position:0% +into some other form than what +architects considered to be the central + + align:start position:0% +architects considered to be the central + + + align:start position:0% +architects considered to be the central +site of a city. uh the biodal or the b I + + align:start position:0% +site of a city. uh the biodal or the b I + + + align:start position:0% +site of a city. uh the biodal or the b I +if it's exactly biodal it's not biodal + + align:start position:0% +if it's exactly biodal it's not biodal + + + align:start position:0% +if it's exactly biodal it's not biodal +it's the + + align:start position:0% +it's the + + + align:start position:0% +it's the +by it's the concept of having more than + + align:start position:0% +by it's the concept of having more than + + + align:start position:0% +by it's the concept of having more than +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +allegiance which is baffling cities are + + align:start position:0% +allegiance which is baffling cities are + + + align:start position:0% +allegiance which is baffling cities are +always as I because I quoted + + align:start position:0% +always as I because I quoted + + + align:start position:0% +always as I because I quoted +marks + + align:start position:0% +marks + + + align:start position:0% +marks +last + + align:start position:0% +last + + + align:start position:0% +last +class cities presumed a difference + + align:start position:0% +class cities presumed a difference + + + align:start position:0% +class cities presumed a difference +between the country and the city city + + align:start position:0% +between the country and the city city + + + align:start position:0% +between the country and the city city +that as long as that mark was clear and + + align:start position:0% +that as long as that mark was clear and + + + align:start position:0% +that as long as that mark was clear and +understood through walls everybody was + + align:start position:0% +understood through walls everybody was + + + align:start position:0% +understood through walls everybody was +happy. Once the city expanded beyond the + + align:start position:0% +happy. Once the city expanded beyond the + + + align:start position:0% +happy. Once the city expanded beyond the +walls uh we have been left in doubt. + + align:start position:0% +walls uh we have been left in doubt. + + + align:start position:0% +walls uh we have been left in doubt. +This model made no place for doubt. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Axis mundi the + + align:start position:0% +Axis mundi the + + + align:start position:0% +Axis mundi the +center is + + align:start position:0% +center is + + + align:start position:0% +center is +circumvented by a form there's another + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pecurious example of this kind + + align:start position:0% +pecurious example of this kind + + + align:start position:0% +pecurious example of this kind +of in Dorset in England there are stone + + align:start position:0% +of in Dorset in England there are stone + + + align:start position:0% +of in Dorset in England there are stone +mounds which form you've seen from the + + align:start position:0% +mounds which form you've seen from the + + + align:start position:0% +mounds which form you've seen from the +air form giant forms in southern Peru + + align:start position:0% +air form giant forms in southern Peru + + + align:start position:0% +air form giant forms in southern Peru +the Nazcad and the Nazdak + + align:start position:0% +the Nazcad and the Nazdak + + + align:start position:0% +the Nazcad and the Nazdak +lines are + + align:start position:0% +lines are + + + align:start position:0% +lines are +huge conglomerates of huge spiders + + align:start position:0% +huge conglomerates of huge spiders + + + align:start position:0% +huge conglomerates of huge spiders +identical these sp these lines up to 900 + + align:start position:0% +identical these sp these lines up to 900 + + + align:start position:0% +identical these sp these lines up to 900 +ft + + align:start position:0% +ft + + + align:start position:0% +ft +long in Glastonbury in England there's a + + align:start position:0% +long in Glastonbury in England there's a + + + align:start position:0% +long in Glastonbury in England there's a +planospheric circle 10 miles in diameter + + align:start position:0% +planospheric circle 10 miles in diameter + + + align:start position:0% +planospheric circle 10 miles in diameter +to the Gemini figure made up of field + + align:start position:0% +to the Gemini figure made up of field + + + align:start position:0% +to the Gemini figure made up of field +forms these are unexplained natural + + align:start position:0% +forms these are unexplained natural + + + align:start position:0% +forms these are unexplained natural +devices which must have in some ways had + + align:start position:0% +devices which must have in some ways had + + + align:start position:0% +devices which must have in some ways had +to do with + + align:start position:0% +to do with + + + align:start position:0% +to do with +uh with a system of cosmic + + align:start position:0% +uh with a system of cosmic + + + align:start position:0% +uh with a system of cosmic +identity. The geometry of the + + align:start position:0% +identity. The geometry of the + + + align:start position:0% +identity. The geometry of the +land. The Romans despite their great + + align:start position:0% +land. The Romans despite their great + + + align:start position:0% +land. The Romans despite their great +rationality used a system of Augry to + + align:start position:0% +rationality used a system of Augry to + + + align:start position:0% +rationality used a system of Augry to +find the right place in the countryside + + align:start position:0% +find the right place in the countryside + + + align:start position:0% +find the right place in the countryside +from which to the survey could begin. + + align:start position:0% +from which to the survey could begin. + + + align:start position:0% +from which to the survey could begin. +They ended up with the damnus + + align:start position:0% +They ended up with the damnus + + + align:start position:0% +They ended up with the damnus +maximus being the east west and the dick + + align:start position:0% +maximus being the east west and the dick + + + align:start position:0% +maximus being the east west and the dick +and the cardom maximus being the north + + align:start position:0% +and the cardom maximus being the north + + + align:start position:0% +and the cardom maximus being the north +south axis of a town. This directional + + align:start position:0% +south axis of a town. This directional + + + align:start position:0% +south axis of a town. This directional +cardality occurs in number of places. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The cover has is depicted with four + + align:start position:0% +The cover has is depicted with four + + + align:start position:0% +The cover has is depicted with four +quarters and diagonal lines running to + + align:start position:0% +quarters and diagonal lines running to + + + align:start position:0% +quarters and diagonal lines running to +the corners, north, east, west, south. + + align:start position:0% +the corners, north, east, west, south. + + + align:start position:0% +the corners, north, east, west, south. +The Union Jack is a pl is a flag of the + + align:start position:0% +The Union Jack is a pl is a flag of the + + + align:start position:0% +The Union Jack is a pl is a flag of the +same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plan. Not only does it symbolize the + + align:start position:0% +plan. Not only does it symbolize the + + + align:start position:0% +plan. Not only does it symbolize the +center of the Axis Mundi, but it depicts + + align:start position:0% +center of the Axis Mundi, but it depicts + + + align:start position:0% +center of the Axis Mundi, but it depicts +things. You get the cartier in France as + + align:start position:0% +things. You get the cartier in France as + + + align:start position:0% +things. You get the cartier in France as +a part of the city. You get the notion + + align:start position:0% +a part of the city. You get the notion + + + align:start position:0% +a part of the city. You get the notion +of the headquarters. What is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +headquarters? It's an axis mundi in + + align:start position:0% +headquarters? It's an axis mundi in + + + align:start position:0% +headquarters? It's an axis mundi in +military + + align:start position:0% +military + + + align:start position:0% +military +terms. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um I'm tempted to this case just do a + + align:start position:0% +Um I'm tempted to this case just do a + + + align:start position:0% +Um I'm tempted to this case just do a +drawing. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +This is a early symbolic mech of Mexico + + align:start position:0% +This is a early symbolic mech of Mexico + + + align:start position:0% +This is a early symbolic mech of Mexico +City. The Aztec leader's name is Tenok. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +He's depicted as next to an eagle + + align:start position:0% +He's depicted as next to an eagle + + + align:start position:0% +He's depicted as next to an eagle +landing on the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +water with four + + align:start position:0% +water with four + + + align:start position:0% +water with four +streams. Of course, suggesting a + + align:start position:0% +streams. Of course, suggesting a + + + align:start position:0% +streams. Of course, suggesting a +connection + + align:start position:0% +connection + + + align:start position:0% +connection +outwards to the rest of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +world. I choose this as an example of + + align:start position:0% +world. I choose this as an example of + + + align:start position:0% +world. I choose this as an example of +this kind of figure. I choose it for + + align:start position:0% +this kind of figure. I choose it for + + + align:start position:0% +this kind of figure. I choose it for +another interesting silly + + align:start position:0% +another interesting silly + + + align:start position:0% +another interesting silly +reason. What is the name of the first + + align:start position:0% +reason. What is the name of the first + + + align:start position:0% +reason. What is the name of the first +city in the Bible? The Christian Jewish + + align:start position:0% +city in the Bible? The Christian Jewish + + + align:start position:0% +city in the Bible? The Christian Jewish +Bible. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Why do you know it? Uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's Kane's son. Yes. And then it's that + + align:start position:0% +it's Kane's son. Yes. And then it's that + + + align:start position:0% +it's Kane's son. Yes. And then it's that +name. + + align:start position:0% +name. + + + align:start position:0% +name. +Why do you think there's a conjunction + + align:start position:0% +Why do you think there's a conjunction + + + align:start position:0% +Why do you think there's a conjunction +in the name? + + align:start position:0% +in the name? + + + align:start position:0% +in the name? +I have no idea. I neither. I haven't the + + align:start position:0% +I have no idea. I neither. I haven't the + + + align:start position:0% +I have no idea. I neither. I haven't the +faintest idea either. + + align:start position:0% +faintest idea either. + + + align:start position:0% +faintest idea either. +Um, the first city in the Bible is + + align:start position:0% +Um, the first city in the Bible is + + + align:start position:0% +Um, the first city in the Bible is +curiously called + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Enoch. What is Enoch? It's the name of + + align:start position:0% +Enoch. What is Enoch? It's the name of + + + align:start position:0% +Enoch. What is Enoch? It's the name of +Cain's son. + + align:start position:0% +Cain's son. + + + align:start position:0% +Cain's son. +Adam's height in Adam's height in + + align:start position:0% +Adam's height in Adam's height in + + + align:start position:0% +Adam's height in Adam's height in +paradise. Joseph Rickford's book + + align:start position:0% +paradise. Joseph Rickford's book + + + align:start position:0% +paradise. Joseph Rickford's book +presumes that per paradise was + + align:start position:0% +presumes that per paradise was + + + align:start position:0% +presumes that per paradise was +perfection. There was no need for + + align:start position:0% +perfection. There was no need for + + + align:start position:0% +perfection. There was no need for +shelter. There's no need for + + align:start position:0% +shelter. There's no need for + + + align:start position:0% +shelter. There's no need for +architecture in + + align:start position:0% +architecture in + + + align:start position:0% +architecture in +paradise. We've changed that view. Of + + align:start position:0% +paradise. We've changed that view. Of + + + align:start position:0% +paradise. We've changed that view. Of +course, architecture is important for + + align:start position:0% +course, architecture is important for + + + align:start position:0% +course, architecture is important for +everything. + + align:start position:0% +everything. + + + align:start position:0% +everything. +Uh Cain is banished from + + align:start position:0% +Uh Cain is banished from + + + align:start position:0% +Uh Cain is banished from +paradise. He's a murderer. He murders + + align:start position:0% +paradise. He's a murderer. He murders + + + align:start position:0% +paradise. He's a murderer. He murders +his brother. He forms the first city. + + align:start position:0% +his brother. He forms the first city. + + + align:start position:0% +his brother. He forms the first city. +The first cities of crooks, murderers. + + align:start position:0% +The first cities of crooks, murderers. + + + align:start position:0% +The first cities of crooks, murderers. +The first community, urban community in + + align:start position:0% +The first community, urban community in + + + align:start position:0% +The first community, urban community in +the Bible is a community of + + align:start position:0% +the Bible is a community of + + + align:start position:0% +the Bible is a community of +retrogrades, people who've been expelled + + align:start position:0% +retrogrades, people who've been expelled + + + align:start position:0% +retrogrades, people who've been expelled +from paradise. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The Christian view of this is that there + + align:start position:0% +The Christian view of this is that there + + + align:start position:0% +The Christian view of this is that there +must be something extraordinary about + + align:start position:0% +must be something extraordinary about + + + align:start position:0% +must be something extraordinary about +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +city and goes into the question of + + align:start position:0% +city and goes into the question of + + + align:start position:0% +city and goes into the question of +salvation and so on and so on which I + + align:start position:0% +salvation and so on and so on which I + + + align:start position:0% +salvation and so on and so on which I +don't + + align:start position:0% +don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't +understand but Enoch is the name of the + + align:start position:0% +understand but Enoch is the name of the + + + align:start position:0% +understand but Enoch is the name of the +town. The old idea Kevin Lynch was + + align:start position:0% +town. The old idea Kevin Lynch was + + + align:start position:0% +town. The old idea Kevin Lynch was +always fascinated by the the idea of why + + align:start position:0% +always fascinated by the the idea of why + + + align:start position:0% +always fascinated by the the idea of why +people name towns after their children. + + align:start position:0% +people name towns after their children. + + + align:start position:0% +people name towns after their children. +and he had a kind of convoluted theory + + align:start position:0% +and he had a kind of convoluted theory + + + align:start position:0% +and he had a kind of convoluted theory +which I can't remember as to why that + + align:start position:0% +which I can't remember as to why that + + + align:start position:0% +which I can't remember as to why that +occurs. But + + align:start position:0% +occurs. But + + + align:start position:0% +occurs. But +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +Enoch is the first city in the + + align:start position:0% +Enoch is the first city in the + + + align:start position:0% +Enoch is the first city in the +Judeo-Christian + + align:start position:0% +Judeo-Christian + + + align:start position:0% +Judeo-Christian +enterprise, a city of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +evil, although it's been sanctified in + + align:start position:0% +evil, although it's been sanctified in + + + align:start position:0% +evil, although it's been sanctified in +other ways. This is ten of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +deadline. Heaven assuming a + + align:start position:0% +deadline. Heaven assuming a + + + align:start position:0% +deadline. Heaven assuming a +similar kind of reach out an Axis mundi + + align:start position:0% +similar kind of reach out an Axis mundi + + + align:start position:0% +similar kind of reach out an Axis mundi +where the most important thing takes + + align:start position:0% +where the most important thing takes + + + align:start position:0% +where the most important thing takes +place. The eagle is a symbol of some + + align:start position:0% +place. The eagle is a symbol of some + + + align:start position:0% +place. The eagle is a symbol of some +kind. In any case, the leader is next to + + align:start position:0% +kind. In any case, the leader is next to + + + align:start position:0% +kind. In any case, the leader is next to +the eagle. It It lands on the + + align:start position:0% +the eagle. It It lands on the + + + align:start position:0% +the eagle. It It lands on the +water. The site is a lake. The cactus, + + align:start position:0% +water. The site is a lake. The cactus, + + + align:start position:0% +water. The site is a lake. The cactus, +for some reason or other, is the + + align:start position:0% +for some reason or other, is the + + + align:start position:0% +for some reason or other, is the +permanent + + align:start position:0% +permanent + + + align:start position:0% +permanent +prodigious natural form. Do you know + + align:start position:0% +prodigious natural form. Do you know + + + align:start position:0% +prodigious natural form. Do you know +anything about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cactus? I've never been able to explain + + align:start position:0% +cactus? I've never been able to explain + + + align:start position:0% +cactus? I've never been able to explain +the cactus. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Anyway, the second last of these items + + align:start position:0% +Anyway, the second last of these items + + + align:start position:0% +Anyway, the second last of these items +is the consciousness of place. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Here I haven't got time to go into this + + align:start position:0% +Here I haven't got time to go into this + + + align:start position:0% +Here I haven't got time to go into this +phenomenon except to tell the story of + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon except to tell the story of + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon except to tell the story of +Levi Strauss is telling in + + align:start position:0% +Levi Strauss is telling in + + + align:start position:0% +Levi Strauss is telling in +Tristik. Levi Strauss studies the + + align:start position:0% +Tristik. Levi Strauss studies the + + + align:start position:0% +Tristik. Levi Strauss studies the +Buroro. The Boro are primitive group of + + align:start position:0% +Buroro. The Boro are primitive group of + + + align:start position:0% +Buroro. The Boro are primitive group of +people in the mroso in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Brazil. Much like the dogon in Africa, + + align:start position:0% +Brazil. Much like the dogon in Africa, + + + align:start position:0% +Brazil. Much like the dogon in Africa, +they are a kind + + align:start position:0% +they are a kind + + + align:start position:0% +they are a kind +of naive + + align:start position:0% +of naive + + + align:start position:0% +of naive +people. The dogon do wonderful sculpture + + align:start position:0% +people. The dogon do wonderful sculpture + + + align:start position:0% +people. The dogon do wonderful sculpture +and put their sculpture often in places + + align:start position:0% +and put their sculpture often in places + + + align:start position:0% +and put their sculpture often in places +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +the for posterity. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh + + align:start position:0% +Uh + + + align:start position:0% +Uh +Bora + + align:start position:0% +Bora + + + align:start position:0% +Bora +Boro is a system in which the town is or + + align:start position:0% +Boro is a system in which the town is or + + + align:start position:0% +Boro is a system in which the town is or +the village is circular. Each place has + + align:start position:0% +the village is circular. Each place has + + + align:start position:0% +the village is circular. Each place has +particular + + align:start position:0% +particular + + + align:start position:0% +particular +identity and what are called moes those + + align:start position:0% +identity and what are called moes those + + + align:start position:0% +identity and what are called moes those +belief systems are related to the place + + align:start position:0% +belief systems are related to the place + + + align:start position:0% +belief systems are related to the place +that you + + align:start position:0% +that you + + + align:start position:0% +that you +occupy. When the when the Slesian + + align:start position:0% +occupy. When the when the Slesian + + + align:start position:0% +occupy. When the when the Slesian +missionaries came to missionarize the + + align:start position:0% +missionaries came to missionarize the + + + align:start position:0% +missionaries came to missionarize the +buro, they replaced their circular + + align:start position:0% +buro, they replaced their circular + + + align:start position:0% +buro, they replaced their circular +locations with rectangular + + align:start position:0% +locations with rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +locations with rectangular +constructions. The the Burora lost their + + align:start position:0% +constructions. The the Burora lost their + + + align:start position:0% +constructions. The the Burora lost their +not only their sense of place but their + + align:start position:0% +not only their sense of place but their + + + align:start position:0% +not only their sense of place but their +sense of identity. + + align:start position:0% +sense of identity. + + + align:start position:0% +sense of identity. +so bound in to the existence, their + + align:start position:0% +so bound in to the existence, their + + + align:start position:0% +so bound in to the existence, their +psychic existence was their position in + + align:start position:0% +psychic existence was their position in + + + align:start position:0% +psychic existence was their position in +place, we have elements of it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +today in our religious life, those of + + align:start position:0% +today in our religious life, those of + + + align:start position:0% +today in our religious life, those of +you who have religious lives, uh the + + align:start position:0% +you who have religious lives, uh the + + + align:start position:0% +you who have religious lives, uh the +position of place in front of the altar, + + align:start position:0% +position of place in front of the altar, + + + align:start position:0% +position of place in front of the altar, +in relation in front of the cross, the + + align:start position:0% +in relation in front of the cross, the + + + align:start position:0% +in relation in front of the cross, the +carrying of the cross and so on + + align:start position:0% +carrying of the cross and so on + + + align:start position:0% +carrying of the cross and so on +all taken over from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this. There's a story in South African + + align:start position:0% +this. There's a story in South African + + + align:start position:0% +this. There's a story in South African +history of the famous battle between the + + align:start position:0% +history of the famous battle between the + + + align:start position:0% +history of the famous battle between the +Zulus and the Africanas in Nal in which + + align:start position:0% +Zulus and the Africanas in Nal in which + + + align:start position:0% +Zulus and the Africanas in Nal in which +the versions of history are very + + align:start position:0% +the versions of history are very + + + align:start position:0% +the versions of history are very +different. + + align:start position:0% +different. + + + align:start position:0% +different. +The Zulus claimed that the white + + align:start position:0% +The Zulus claimed that the white + + + align:start position:0% +The Zulus claimed that the white +settlers tried to get into the women's + + align:start position:0% +settlers tried to get into the women's + + + align:start position:0% +settlers tried to get into the women's +quarters which are highly separate + + align:start position:0% +quarters which are highly separate + + + align:start position:0% +quarters which are highly separate +identities in a circular + + align:start position:0% +identities in a circular + + + align:start position:0% +identities in a circular +system. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The the African claimed that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the white people were attracted to the + + align:start position:0% +the white people were attracted to the + + + align:start position:0% +the white people were attracted to the +center of this town and were then + + align:start position:0% +center of this town and were then + + + align:start position:0% +center of this town and were then +killed. + + align:start position:0% +killed. + + + align:start position:0% +killed. +uh leading to the famous battle of blood + + align:start position:0% +uh leading to the famous battle of blood + + + align:start position:0% +uh leading to the famous battle of blood +river and so on and so + + align:start position:0% +river and so on and so + + + align:start position:0% +river and so on and so +on numerology which I won't go into if + + align:start position:0% +on numerology which I won't go into if + + + align:start position:0% +on numerology which I won't go into if +you read the cosmology of Chinese cities + + align:start position:0% +you read the cosmology of Chinese cities + + + align:start position:0% +you read the cosmology of Chinese cities +um we should have + + align:start position:0% +um we should have + + + align:start position:0% +um we should have +enough the five the nine square + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +system figures adding up vertically and + + align:start position:0% +system figures adding up vertically and + + + align:start position:0% +system figures adding up vertically and +horizontally to the number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +15. I'm throwing out you at you a lot + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +of little stories, fragments. There's no + + align:start position:0% +of little stories, fragments. There's no + + + align:start position:0% +of little stories, fragments. There's no +coherent + + align:start position:0% +coherent + + + align:start position:0% +coherent +overall + + align:start position:0% +overall + + + align:start position:0% +overall +text on what we've try what I've tried + + align:start position:0% +text on what we've try what I've tried + + + align:start position:0% +text on what we've try what I've tried +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +describe. + + align:start position:0% +describe. + + + align:start position:0% +describe. +Uh, as for what it means today, it's up + + align:start position:0% +Uh, as for what it means today, it's up + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, as for what it means today, it's up +to you to or up to us to make sense of + + align:start position:0% +to you to or up to us to make sense of + + + align:start position:0% +to you to or up to us to make sense of +this. We still have people standing + + align:start position:0% +this. We still have people standing + + + align:start position:0% +this. We still have people standing +before judges. We still have a + + align:start position:0% +before judges. We still have a + + + align:start position:0% +before judges. We still have a +significance in height. Uh, why build a + + align:start position:0% +significance in height. Uh, why build a + + + align:start position:0% +significance in height. Uh, why build a +tower of Babel 300 ft high? Uh, why + + align:start position:0% +tower of Babel 300 ft high? Uh, why + + + align:start position:0% +tower of Babel 300 ft high? Uh, why +build it the the temple of + + align:start position:0% +build it the the temple of + + + align:start position:0% +build it the the temple of +the moon? It's the temple of the moon + + align:start position:0% +the moon? It's the temple of the moon + + + align:start position:0% +the moon? It's the temple of the moon +uh in + + align:start position:0% +uh in + + + align:start position:0% +uh in +Tokan on the street of the dead to the + + align:start position:0% +Tokan on the street of the dead to the + + + align:start position:0% +Tokan on the street of the dead to the +same height and put the priests on the + + align:start position:0% +same height and put the priests on the + + + align:start position:0% +same height and put the priests on the +top. + + align:start position:0% +top. + + + align:start position:0% +top. +Um there are many fragments of this + + align:start position:0% +Um there are many fragments of this + + + align:start position:0% +Um there are many fragments of this +which make up an idea of a kind of city + + align:start position:0% +which make up an idea of a kind of city + + + align:start position:0% +which make up an idea of a kind of city +which is no longer prevalent in our + + align:start position:0% +which is no longer prevalent in our + + + align:start position:0% +which is no longer prevalent in our +thing but still + + align:start position:0% +thing but still + + + align:start position:0% +thing but still +remains to the extent that I said when I + + align:start position:0% +remains to the extent that I said when I + + + align:start position:0% +remains to the extent that I said when I +said in the last class that we cannot + + align:start position:0% +said in the last class that we cannot + + + align:start position:0% +said in the last class that we cannot +under Darwinian science explain + + align:start position:0% +under Darwinian science explain + + + align:start position:0% +under Darwinian science explain +phenomenon such as consciousness + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon such as consciousness + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon such as consciousness +uh or + + align:start position:0% +uh or + + + align:start position:0% +uh or +mind uh + + align:start position:0% +mind uh + + + align:start position:0% +mind uh +quoting from a recent book called Cosmos + + align:start position:0% +quoting from a recent book called Cosmos + + + align:start position:0% +quoting from a recent book called Cosmos +of Mind which is a critique of Darwinian + + align:start position:0% +of Mind which is a critique of Darwinian + + + align:start position:0% +of Mind which is a critique of Darwinian +science. + + align:start position:0% +science. + + + align:start position:0% +science. +Uh architects more than planners by and + + align:start position:0% +Uh architects more than planners by and + + + align:start position:0% +Uh architects more than planners by and +large have a sense of the innate + + align:start position:0% +large have a sense of the innate + + + align:start position:0% +large have a sense of the innate +importance of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +experience and believe through working + + align:start position:0% +experience and believe through working + + + align:start position:0% +experience and believe through working +at it and everyday observation and + + align:start position:0% +at it and everyday observation and + + + align:start position:0% +at it and everyday observation and +studying + + align:start position:0% +studying + + + align:start position:0% +studying +things. you can approximate good + + align:start position:0% +things. you can approximate good + + + align:start position:0% +things. you can approximate good +solutions. Whether a street in Fifth + + align:start position:0% +solutions. Whether a street in Fifth + + + align:start position:0% +solutions. Whether a street in Fifth +Avenue in Manhattan has cosmic + + align:start position:0% +Avenue in Manhattan has cosmic + + + align:start position:0% +Avenue in Manhattan has cosmic +significance, I don't + + align:start position:0% +significance, I don't + + + align:start position:0% +significance, I don't +know. Whether the Macy parade adds to + + align:start position:0% +know. Whether the Macy parade adds to + + + align:start position:0% +know. Whether the Macy parade adds to +that significance, I don't + + align:start position:0% +that significance, I don't + + + align:start position:0% +that significance, I don't +know. I certainly know that the parade + + align:start position:0% +know. I certainly know that the parade + + + align:start position:0% +know. I certainly know that the parade +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +Maduray is different from the Macy's + + align:start position:0% +Maduray is different from the Macy's + + + align:start position:0% +Maduray is different from the Macy's +parade. + + align:start position:0% +parade. + + + align:start position:0% +parade. +This Macy's parade is not a godly + + align:start position:0% +This Macy's parade is not a godly + + + align:start position:0% +This Macy's parade is not a godly +phenomenon. It's an experience + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon. It's an experience + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon. It's an experience +phenomenon. As we go on with in this + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon. As we go on with in this + + + align:start position:0% +phenomenon. As we go on with in this +class, I'll + + align:start position:0% +class, I'll + + + align:start position:0% +class, I'll +be fussing around with this epis with + + align:start position:0% +be fussing around with this epis with + + + align:start position:0% +be fussing around with this epis with +this epistemological + + align:start position:0% +this epistemological + + + align:start position:0% +this epistemological +problem. How much is assumed in our + + align:start position:0% +problem. How much is assumed in our + + + align:start position:0% +problem. How much is assumed in our +construction of the form of cities in + + align:start position:0% +construction of the form of cities in + + + align:start position:0% +construction of the form of cities in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +rational system which we've learned in + + align:start position:0% +rational system which we've learned in + + + align:start position:0% +rational system which we've learned in +the since the enlightenment. To what + + align:start position:0% +the since the enlightenment. To what + + + align:start position:0% +the since the enlightenment. To what +extent do we + + align:start position:0% +extent do we + + + align:start position:0% +extent do we +consciously or + + align:start position:0% +consciously or + + + align:start position:0% +consciously or +how much do we + + align:start position:0% +how much do we + + + align:start position:0% +how much do we +attempt to maintain an interest an + + align:start position:0% +attempt to maintain an interest an + + + align:start position:0% +attempt to maintain an interest an +external or explicit interest in + + align:start position:0% +external or explicit interest in + + + align:start position:0% +external or explicit interest in +symbolic + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form? symbolic form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is is a powerful measure of the success + + align:start position:0% +is is a powerful measure of the success + + + align:start position:0% +is is a powerful measure of the success +of this generation of cities. There's no + + align:start position:0% +of this generation of cities. There's no + + + align:start position:0% +of this generation of cities. There's no +question but all the evidence suggests + + align:start position:0% +question but all the evidence suggests + + + align:start position:0% +question but all the evidence suggests +that our cities start with a + + align:start position:0% +that our cities start with a + + + align:start position:0% +that our cities start with a +consciousness and expression of + + align:start position:0% +consciousness and expression of + + + align:start position:0% +consciousness and expression of +religious + + align:start position:0% +religious + + + align:start position:0% +religious +form. The rest of + + align:start position:0% +form. The rest of + + + align:start position:0% +form. The rest of +stories you have to believe me no reason + + align:start position:0% +stories you have to believe me no reason + + + align:start position:0% +stories you have to believe me no reason +to. Let's look at some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pictures. This is Kevin Lynch's + + align:start position:0% +pictures. This is Kevin Lynch's + + + align:start position:0% +pictures. This is Kevin Lynch's +depiction of the sites of cities that + + align:start position:0% +depiction of the sites of cities that + + + align:start position:0% +depiction of the sites of cities that +we're talking about. Meso America around + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about. Meso America around + + + align:start position:0% +we're talking about. Meso America around +about 1,100 BC 700 BC Egypt + + align:start position:0% +about 1,100 BC 700 BC Egypt + + + align:start position:0% +about 1,100 BC 700 BC Egypt +3,5 well 3,500 BC + + align:start position:0% +3,5 well 3,500 BC + + + align:start position:0% +3,5 well 3,500 BC +uh Jericho 8,000 Suma 4,000 Indis + + align:start position:0% +uh Jericho 8,000 Suma 4,000 Indis + + + align:start position:0% +uh Jericho 8,000 Suma 4,000 Indis +25 Chang China about 1700 + + align:start position:0% +25 Chang China about 1700 + + + align:start position:0% +25 Chang China about 1700 +BC next. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, this is a a painting of the town + + align:start position:0% +Okay, this is a a painting of the town + + + align:start position:0% +Okay, this is a a painting of the town +of Satalu York which Jane Jacobs claims + + align:start position:0% +of Satalu York which Jane Jacobs claims + + + align:start position:0% +of Satalu York which Jane Jacobs claims +to have been a center for the production + + align:start position:0% +to have been a center for the production + + + align:start position:0% +to have been a center for the production +of obsidian and used the agricultural + + align:start position:0% +of obsidian and used the agricultural + + + align:start position:0% +of obsidian and used the agricultural +area around it as servicing the indust + + align:start position:0% +area around it as servicing the indust + + + align:start position:0% +area around it as servicing the indust +industrial function. The curious thing + + align:start position:0% +industrial function. The curious thing + + + align:start position:0% +industrial function. The curious thing +about another depiction which is on the + + align:start position:0% +about another depiction which is on the + + + align:start position:0% +about another depiction which is on the +other slide is that there's hardly any + + align:start position:0% +other slide is that there's hardly any + + + align:start position:0% +other slide is that there's hardly any +public space at all. These are obviously + + align:start position:0% +public space at all. These are obviously + + + align:start position:0% +public space at all. These are obviously +alleys from one said one group of houses + + align:start position:0% +alleys from one said one group of houses + + + align:start position:0% +alleys from one said one group of houses +to another. Any questions? What's the + + align:start position:0% +to another. Any questions? What's the + + + align:start position:0% +to another. Any questions? What's the +name? Satalyuk. A c a t a l hu y u + + align:start position:0% +name? Satalyuk. A c a t a l hu y u + + + align:start position:0% +name? Satalyuk. A c a t a l hu y u +k. It's in Anatolia. + + align:start position:0% +k. It's in Anatolia. + + + align:start position:0% +k. It's in Anatolia. +Um I don't know whether it's in Iraq or + + align:start position:0% +Um I don't know whether it's in Iraq or + + + align:start position:0% +Um I don't know whether it's in Iraq or +Turkey in it's in Turkey. It's in + + align:start position:0% +Turkey in it's in Turkey. It's in + + + align:start position:0% +Turkey in it's in Turkey. It's in +Turkey. Sataluyuk is Turkish, isn't it? + + align:start position:0% +Turkey. Sataluyuk is Turkish, isn't it? + + + align:start position:0% +Turkey. Sataluyuk is Turkish, isn't it? +There there is a book by Bill Bryson + + align:start position:0% +There there is a book by Bill Bryson + + + align:start position:0% +There there is a book by Bill Bryson +called At Home where he talks about this + + align:start position:0% +called At Home where he talks about this + + + align:start position:0% +called At Home where he talks about this +city and how peculiar are the entrances + + align:start position:0% +city and how peculiar are the entrances + + + align:start position:0% +city and how peculiar are the entrances +and exits between buildings. Yeah. H how + + align:start position:0% +and exits between buildings. Yeah. H how + + + align:start position:0% +and exits between buildings. Yeah. H how +is that reflected in the map? I'm trying + + align:start position:0% +is that reflected in the map? I'm trying + + + align:start position:0% +is that reflected in the map? I'm trying +to I don't know the map these maps like + + align:start position:0% +to I don't know the map these maps like + + + align:start position:0% +to I don't know the map these maps like +the first the map in + + align:start position:0% +the first the map in + + + align:start position:0% +the first the map in +uh just outside our mind the first map + + align:start position:0% +uh just outside our mind the first map + + + align:start position:0% +uh just outside our mind the first map +of Jerusalem + + align:start position:0% +of Jerusalem + + + align:start position:0% +of Jerusalem +uh are very abstract depictions. Uh this + + align:start position:0% +uh are very abstract depictions. Uh this + + + align:start position:0% +uh are very abstract depictions. Uh this +is a wall painting + + align:start position:0% +is a wall painting + + + align:start position:0% +is a wall painting +and uh the other one is an + + align:start position:0% +and uh the other one is an + + + align:start position:0% +and uh the other one is an +abstraction. I would place very little + + align:start position:0% +abstraction. I would place very little + + + align:start position:0% +abstraction. I would place very little +faith in the observations of these + + align:start position:0% +faith in the observations of these + + + align:start position:0% +faith in the observations of these +towns. + + align:start position:0% +towns. + + + align:start position:0% +towns. +Uh archaeology is safer and I don't know + + align:start position:0% +Uh archaeology is safer and I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +Uh archaeology is safer and I don't know +how much archaeological investigation + + align:start position:0% +how much archaeological investigation + + + align:start position:0% +how much archaeological investigation +has been done. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Yeah. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I've I don't think that it's Jane + + align:start position:0% +I've I don't think that it's Jane + + + align:start position:0% +I've I don't think that it's Jane +Jacobs, but somebody has spoken about + + align:start position:0% +Jacobs, but somebody has spoken about + + + align:start position:0% +Jacobs, but somebody has spoken about +the roofs as being planes. of utility. + + align:start position:0% +the roofs as being planes. of utility. + + + align:start position:0% +the roofs as being planes. of utility. +Yes. Uh I don't think there's much to be + + align:start position:0% +Yes. Uh I don't think there's much to be + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. Uh I don't think there's much to be +gained. It looks like contemporary + + align:start position:0% +gained. It looks like contemporary + + + align:start position:0% +gained. It looks like contemporary +drawing for squatter + + align:start position:0% +drawing for squatter + + + align:start position:0% +drawing for squatter +settlement. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next returning + + align:start position:0% +Next returning + + + align:start position:0% +Next returning +to particular place. Bare is on the + + align:start position:0% +to particular place. Bare is on the + + + align:start position:0% +to particular place. Bare is on the +left, Cava on the right. An annual + + align:start position:0% +left, Cava on the right. An annual + + + align:start position:0% +left, Cava on the right. An annual +pilgrimage. + + align:start position:0% +pilgrimage. + + + align:start position:0% +pilgrimage. +A everyday pilgrimage. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suyuk the notion + + align:start position:0% +suyuk the notion + + + align:start position:0% +suyuk the notion +that the water is a the replication of + + align:start position:0% +that the water is a the replication of + + + align:start position:0% +that the water is a the replication of +the ocean and + + align:start position:0% +the ocean and + + + align:start position:0% +the ocean and +the vertical building + + align:start position:0% +the vertical building + + + align:start position:0% +the vertical building +uh the uh depiction of a + + align:start position:0% +uh the uh depiction of a + + + align:start position:0% +uh the uh depiction of a +mountain often talks about mountains and + + align:start position:0% +mountain often talks about mountains and + + + align:start position:0% +mountain often talks about mountains and +cities as being similar in this kind of + + align:start position:0% +cities as being similar in this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +cities as being similar in this kind of +a cosmic model. Um, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next one of the reasons for the towers + + align:start position:0% +next one of the reasons for the towers + + + align:start position:0% +next one of the reasons for the towers +is because there's no cap + + align:start position:0% +is because there's no cap + + + align:start position:0% +is because there's no cap +the people had no capacity to span any + + align:start position:0% +the people had no capacity to span any + + + align:start position:0% +the people had no capacity to span any +large distance. So the distances are + + align:start position:0% +large distance. So the distances are + + + align:start position:0% +large distance. So the distances are +very small. Uh + + align:start position:0% +very small. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +very small. Uh +uh here is a parade of stone figures on + + align:start position:0% +uh here is a parade of stone figures on + + + align:start position:0% +uh here is a parade of stone figures on +a sports field where it's just behind + + align:start position:0% +a sports field where it's just behind + + + align:start position:0% +a sports field where it's just behind +this the royal palace doesn't exist + + align:start position:0% +this the royal palace doesn't exist + + + align:start position:0% +this the royal palace doesn't exist +anymore because it's built out of wood. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next the phenomenon and this is the this + + align:start position:0% +Next the phenomenon and this is the this + + + align:start position:0% +Next the phenomenon and this is the this +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +chitanita next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Chichinita Masada, one of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Herod's vacation homes built on the side + + align:start position:0% +Herod's vacation homes built on the side + + + align:start position:0% +Herod's vacation homes built on the side +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +hill. Uh, again, the notion of building + + align:start position:0% +hill. Uh, again, the notion of building + + + align:start position:0% +hill. Uh, again, the notion of building +on top of something. The Romans + + align:start position:0% +on top of something. The Romans + + + align:start position:0% +on top of something. The Romans +finally conquered Msada by building a a + + align:start position:0% +finally conquered Msada by building a a + + + align:start position:0% +finally conquered Msada by building a a +earth bridge to the top. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next, a depiction of the Babylon + + align:start position:0% +Next, a depiction of the Babylon + + + align:start position:0% +Next, a depiction of the Babylon +tower with a not a very good one. and + + align:start position:0% +tower with a not a very good one. and + + + align:start position:0% +tower with a not a very good one. and +the mixture of astronomy and + + align:start position:0% +the mixture of astronomy and + + + align:start position:0% +the mixture of astronomy and +religion in the case of the + + align:start position:0% +religion in the case of the + + + align:start position:0% +religion in the case of the +Tenitan Equinox sunrise over the temple + + align:start position:0% +Tenitan Equinox sunrise over the temple + + + align:start position:0% +Tenitan Equinox sunrise over the temple +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +Mayor. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next, here's the city of the dipper. The + + align:start position:0% +Next, here's the city of the dipper. The + + + align:start position:0% +Next, here's the city of the dipper. The +constellations also merged and also + + align:start position:0% +constellations also merged and also + + + align:start position:0% +constellations also merged and also +minor superimposed in the plan of + + align:start position:0% +minor superimposed in the plan of + + + align:start position:0% +minor superimposed in the plan of +Handonist Shanghan. The popular belief + + align:start position:0% +Handonist Shanghan. The popular belief + + + align:start position:0% +Handonist Shanghan. The popular belief +of subsequent generations that the city + + align:start position:0% +of subsequent generations that the city + + + align:start position:0% +of subsequent generations that the city +was constantly designed to this pattern + + align:start position:0% +was constantly designed to this pattern + + + align:start position:0% +was constantly designed to this pattern +is unsupported by any independent + + align:start position:0% +is unsupported by any independent + + + align:start position:0% +is unsupported by any independent +evidence. knew nor do the positions of + + align:start position:0% +evidence. knew nor do the positions of + + + align:start position:0% +evidence. knew nor do the positions of +the imperial palaces coincide with that + + align:start position:0% +the imperial palaces coincide with that + + + align:start position:0% +the imperial palaces coincide with that +of the pole star as + + align:start position:0% +of the pole star as + + + align:start position:0% +of the pole star as +so there's some doubt about this but + + align:start position:0% +so there's some doubt about this but + + + align:start position:0% +so there's some doubt about this but +it's nice + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +drawing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next the astronomical observatory in + + align:start position:0% +next the astronomical observatory in + + + align:start position:0% +next the astronomical observatory in +Titanita It's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +a a temple town in southern + + align:start position:0% +a a temple town in southern + + + align:start position:0% +a a temple town in southern +India. Now in each of these vertical + + align:start position:0% +India. Now in each of these vertical + + + align:start position:0% +India. Now in each of these vertical +constructions is not a + + align:start position:0% +constructions is not a + + + align:start position:0% +constructions is not a +astronomical + + align:start position:0% +astronomical + + + align:start position:0% +astronomical +tower but there's a regularity of the + + align:start position:0% +tower but there's a regularity of the + + + align:start position:0% +tower but there's a regularity of the +vertical phenomenon throughout the town + + align:start position:0% +vertical phenomenon throughout the town + + + align:start position:0% +vertical phenomenon throughout the town +depicting something or other. Next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh an a + + align:start position:0% +uh an a + + + align:start position:0% +uh an a +noman a tool used by the Romans for + + align:start position:0% +noman a tool used by the Romans for + + + align:start position:0% +noman a tool used by the Romans for +finding a propicious site and the + + align:start position:0% +finding a propicious site and the + + + align:start position:0% +finding a propicious site and the +geommancer's + + align:start position:0% +geommancer's + + + align:start position:0% +geommancer's +astrobiological instrument for choosing + + align:start position:0% +astrobiological instrument for choosing + + + align:start position:0% +astrobiological instrument for choosing +the right site. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next, Chintiri in + + align:start position:0% +Next, Chintiri in + + + align:start position:0% +Next, Chintiri in +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +Anatolia. Interesting. The first town + + align:start position:0% +Anatolia. Interesting. The first town + + + align:start position:0% +Anatolia. Interesting. The first town +settlement is fortified with a wall that + + align:start position:0% +settlement is fortified with a wall that + + + align:start position:0% +settlement is fortified with a wall that +is small that surrounds the town as + + align:start position:0% +is small that surrounds the town as + + + align:start position:0% +is small that surrounds the town as +intimately as possible. + + align:start position:0% +intimately as possible. + + + align:start position:0% +intimately as possible. +When the town is economically + + align:start position:0% +When the town is economically + + + align:start position:0% +When the town is economically +successful, it builds itself in the + + align:start position:0% +successful, it builds itself in the + + + align:start position:0% +successful, it builds itself in the +first century before Christ, a + + align:start position:0% +first century before Christ, a + + + align:start position:0% +first century before Christ, a +surrounding wall which is based on + + align:start position:0% +surrounding wall which is based on + + + align:start position:0% +surrounding wall which is based on +a superior + + align:start position:0% +a superior + + + align:start position:0% +a superior +geometry, a perfect geometry, a geometry + + align:start position:0% +geometry, a perfect geometry, a geometry + + + align:start position:0% +geometry, a perfect geometry, a geometry +which can be associated with + + align:start position:0% +which can be associated with + + + align:start position:0% +which can be associated with +centrality, with uh permanent symbolic + + align:start position:0% +centrality, with uh permanent symbolic + + + align:start position:0% +centrality, with uh permanent symbolic +enclosure of high order and so on. Here + + align:start position:0% +enclosure of high order and so on. Here + + + align:start position:0% +enclosure of high order and so on. Here +the town of Quartzim in the 1st century + + align:start position:0% +the town of Quartzim in the 1st century + + + align:start position:0% +the town of Quartzim in the 1st century +BC + + align:start position:0% +BC + + + align:start position:0% +BC +uh in + + align:start position:0% +uh in + + + align:start position:0% +uh in +southern it used to be in the south of + + align:start position:0% +southern it used to be in the south of + + + align:start position:0% +southern it used to be in the south of +the USSR. I don't know where it is now. + + align:start position:0% +the USSR. I don't know where it is now. + + + align:start position:0% +the USSR. I don't know where it is now. +uh which has an astronomical center uh + + align:start position:0% +uh which has an astronomical center uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh which has an astronomical center uh +an astronomical observation site in the + + align:start position:0% +an astronomical observation site in the + + + align:start position:0% +an astronomical observation site in the +center and the town follows the pattern + + align:start position:0% +center and the town follows the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +center and the town follows the pattern +as it ex as it moves outwards. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next, the town of + + align:start position:0% +Next, the town of + + + align:start position:0% +Next, the town of +Edfu on the + + align:start position:0% +Edfu on the + + + align:start position:0% +Edfu on the +Nile. Uh, + + align:start position:0% +Nile. Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +Nile. Uh, +Audia. Marvelous conjunction of light + + align:start position:0% +Audia. Marvelous conjunction of light + + + align:start position:0% +Audia. Marvelous conjunction of light +and shadow + + align:start position:0% +and shadow + + + align:start position:0% +and shadow +uh in the marking of a special + + align:start position:0% +uh in the marking of a special + + + align:start position:0% +uh in the marking of a special +place. Uh, + + align:start position:0% +place. Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +place. Uh, +Edfu is the town. It's a small town on + + align:start position:0% +Edfu is the town. It's a small town on + + + align:start position:0% +Edfu is the town. It's a small town on +the banks of the but you have + + align:start position:0% +the banks of the but you have + + + align:start position:0% +the banks of the but you have +replications of this in the in Luxor and + + align:start position:0% +replications of this in the in Luxor and + + + align:start position:0% +replications of this in the in Luxor and +in Cardack and so on. + + align:start position:0% +in Cardack and so on. + + + align:start position:0% +in Cardack and so on. +Um I chose chose that one because it's I + + align:start position:0% +Um I chose chose that one because it's I + + + align:start position:0% +Um I chose chose that one because it's I +happened to photograph it myself and I + + align:start position:0% +happened to photograph it myself and I + + + align:start position:0% +happened to photograph it myself and I +was still struck by + + align:start position:0% +was still struck by + + + align:start position:0% +was still struck by +the conjunction of the positive light + + align:start position:0% +the conjunction of the positive light + + + align:start position:0% +the conjunction of the positive light +and the form of the towers. + + align:start position:0% +and the form of the towers. + + + align:start position:0% +and the form of the towers. +Um, here's a + + align:start position:0% +Um, here's a + + + align:start position:0% +Um, here's a +typical perfect Chinese + + align:start position:0% +typical perfect Chinese + + + align:start position:0% +typical perfect Chinese +town. The head of the emperor is in + + align:start position:0% +town. The head of the emperor is in + + + align:start position:0% +town. The head of the emperor is in +position number one. There are + + align:start position:0% +position number one. There are + + + align:start position:0% +position number one. There are +subsequent positions in 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. + + align:start position:0% +subsequent positions in 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. + + + align:start position:0% +subsequent positions in 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. +Uh, but the town is symmetrically + + align:start position:0% +Uh, but the town is symmetrically + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, but the town is symmetrically +divided between right and left. There's + + align:start position:0% +divided between right and left. There's + + + align:start position:0% +divided between right and left. There's +a color for the right, there's a color + + align:start position:0% +a color for the right, there's a color + + + align:start position:0% +a color for the right, there's a color +for the left. Uh this is a town which is + + align:start position:0% +for the left. Uh this is a town which is + + + align:start position:0% +for the left. Uh this is a town which is +perfectly controlled and its form is a + + align:start position:0% +perfectly controlled and its form is a + + + align:start position:0% +perfectly controlled and its form is a +pristine object for depicting symbolic + + align:start position:0% +pristine object for depicting symbolic + + + align:start position:0% +pristine object for depicting symbolic +security and actual security. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next Jerusalem is the head of the three + + align:start position:0% +Next Jerusalem is the head of the three + + + align:start position:0% +Next Jerusalem is the head of the three +continents. the temple mount which I + + align:start position:0% +continents. the temple mount which I + + + align:start position:0% +continents. the temple mount which I +will describe in much greater detail as + + align:start position:0% +will describe in much greater detail as + + + align:start position:0% +will describe in much greater detail as +we go on in this class + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next. + + align:start position:0% +next. + + + align:start position:0% +next. +Oh, we gone out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again. Oh dear. Those are formations + + align:start position:0% +again. Oh dear. Those are formations + + + align:start position:0% +again. Oh dear. Those are formations +seen from the sky in Glastonbury in + + align:start position:0% +seen from the sky in Glastonbury in + + + align:start position:0% +seen from the sky in Glastonbury in +Dorset. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next, the map of Mexico City and the + + align:start position:0% +Next, the map of Mexico City and the + + + align:start position:0% +Next, the map of Mexico City and the +actual first settlement. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +fixed + + align:start position:0% +fixed + + + align:start position:0% +fixed +the the moati town of the + + align:start position:0% +the the moati town of the + + + align:start position:0% +the the moati town of the +buro the clan the position of the clan + + align:start position:0% +buro the clan the position of the clan + + + align:start position:0% +buro the clan the position of the clan +system and moati a and moi b specifying + + align:start position:0% +system and moati a and moi b specifying + + + align:start position:0% +system and moati a and moi b specifying +the significance of + + align:start position:0% +the significance of + + + align:start position:0% +the significance of +place is not + + align:start position:0% +place is not + + + align:start position:0% +place is not +arbitrary place is connected to + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary place is connected to + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary place is connected to +fundamental existence + + align:start position:0% +fundamental existence + + + align:start position:0% +fundamental existence +and here in + + align:start position:0% +and here in + + + align:start position:0% +and here in +In a town in Cameroon, you have a + + align:start position:0% +In a town in Cameroon, you have a + + + align:start position:0% +In a town in Cameroon, you have a +similar depict disposition of man, wife, + + align:start position:0% +similar depict disposition of man, wife, + + + align:start position:0% +similar depict disposition of man, wife, +man, man, man man man man man man man + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% +man man man man man man man man man man +man man man man man man man man man man + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% +man man man man man man man man man man +man man man man man man man man man man + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% +man man man man man man man man man man +man man man man wife wife wife wife wife + + align:start position:0% +man man man man wife wife wife wife wife + + + align:start position:0% +man man man man wife wife wife wife wife +wife wife wife wife wife wife wife wife + + align:start position:0% +wife wife wife wife wife wife wife wife + + + align:start position:0% +wife wife wife wife wife wife wife wife +wife wife and so on not to be mixed up + + align:start position:0% +wife wife and so on not to be mixed up + + + align:start position:0% +wife wife and so on not to be mixed up +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +cohabitation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next the depiction of place this is the + + align:start position:0% +next the depiction of place this is the + + + align:start position:0% +next the depiction of place this is the +gate of heavenly peace + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the marker of the distinction between + + align:start position:0% +the marker of the distinction between + + + align:start position:0% +the marker of the distinction between +the heavenly city and the secular city. + + align:start position:0% +the heavenly city and the secular city. + + + align:start position:0% +the heavenly city and the secular city. +Marked here + + align:start position:0% +Marked here + + + align:start position:0% +Marked here +by a + + align:start position:0% +by a + + + align:start position:0% +by a +recent more recent uh emperor. And here + + align:start position:0% +recent more recent uh emperor. And here + + + align:start position:0% +recent more recent uh emperor. And here +the location of the ma mausoleum to to + + align:start position:0% +the location of the ma mausoleum to to + + + align:start position:0% +the location of the ma mausoleum to to +ma on teneamman + + align:start position:0% +ma on teneamman + + + align:start position:0% +ma on teneamman +square bereft of any disposition of + + align:start position:0% +square bereft of any disposition of + + + align:start position:0% +square bereft of any disposition of +location which is fundamentally wed into + + align:start position:0% +location which is fundamentally wed into + + + align:start position:0% +location which is fundamentally wed into +the system of the + + align:start position:0% +the system of the + + + align:start position:0% +the system of the +town. It is anywhere. + + align:start position:0% +town. It is anywhere. + + + align:start position:0% +town. It is anywhere. +It looks as if it could be + + align:start position:0% +It looks as if it could be + + + align:start position:0% +It looks as if it could be +anywhere and it + + align:start position:0% +anywhere and it + + + align:start position:0% +anywhere and it +doesn't. The strength of that pattern on + + align:start position:0% +doesn't. The strength of that pattern on + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't. The strength of that pattern on +the left is infinitely larger than the + + align:start position:0% +the left is infinitely larger than the + + + align:start position:0% +the left is infinitely larger than the +strength of the p the the construction + + align:start position:0% +strength of the p the the construction + + + align:start position:0% +strength of the p the the construction +of the right is not wed is not bred into + + align:start position:0% +of the right is not wed is not bred into + + + align:start position:0% +of the right is not wed is not bred into +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +identity large identity of the city. + + align:start position:0% +identity large identity of the city. + + + align:start position:0% +identity large identity of the city. +Next, it could be anywhere, but it's + + align:start position:0% +Next, it could be anywhere, but it's + + + align:start position:0% +Next, it could be anywhere, but it's +just past this. This is the fuy problem. + + align:start position:0% +just past this. This is the fuy problem. + + + align:start position:0% +just past this. This is the fuy problem. +Next, depictions of the system of + + align:start position:0% +Next, depictions of the system of + + + align:start position:0% +Next, depictions of the system of +approach to the central imperial + + align:start position:0% +approach to the central imperial + + + align:start position:0% +approach to the central imperial +position in the city. Here the whole + + align:start position:0% +position in the city. Here the whole + + + align:start position:0% +position in the city. Here the whole +idea of a set of boxes revealing more as + + align:start position:0% +idea of a set of boxes revealing more as + + + align:start position:0% +idea of a set of boxes revealing more as +you go into the system. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Next, the + + align:start position:0% +Next, the + + + align:start position:0% +Next, the +Mandela, the central premise of the + + align:start position:0% +Mandela, the central premise of the + + + align:start position:0% +Mandela, the central premise of the +Indian system. + + align:start position:0% +Indian system. + + + align:start position:0% +Indian system. +Uh, + + align:start position:0% +Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, +a depiction of the body of the Brahma + + align:start position:0% +a depiction of the body of the Brahma + + + align:start position:0% +a depiction of the body of the Brahma +uh in a system of subdivision of + + align:start position:0% +uh in a system of subdivision of + + + align:start position:0% +uh in a system of subdivision of +land. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The Hindu religion has a number of texts + + align:start position:0% +The Hindu religion has a number of texts + + + align:start position:0% +The Hindu religion has a number of texts +about this the sighting of place the + + align:start position:0% +about this the sighting of place the + + + align:start position:0% +about this the sighting of place the +sala + + align:start position:0% +sala + + + align:start position:0% +sala +cyistra. Uh here you see + + align:start position:0% +cyistra. Uh here you see + + + align:start position:0% +cyistra. Uh here you see +some depictions of the way in which the + + align:start position:0% +some depictions of the way in which the + + + align:start position:0% +some depictions of the way in which the +basic mandar system can be demarcated. + + align:start position:0% +basic mandar system can be demarcated. + + + align:start position:0% +basic mandar system can be demarcated. +Next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Let's take one of + + align:start position:0% +Let's take one of + + + align:start position:0% +Let's take one of +it. The village Dandaka is appropriate + + align:start position:0% +it. The village Dandaka is appropriate + + + align:start position:0% +it. The village Dandaka is appropriate +for a tired life. The village has a one, + + align:start position:0% +for a tired life. The village has a one, + + + align:start position:0% +for a tired life. The village has a one, +two, five parallel streets from east to + + align:start position:0% +two, five parallel streets from east to + + + align:start position:0% +two, five parallel streets from east to +west. Can you imagine us living in a + + align:start position:0% +west. Can you imagine us living in a + + + align:start position:0% +west. Can you imagine us living in a +system where we controlled our + + align:start position:0% +system where we controlled our + + + align:start position:0% +system where we controlled our +environment so + + align:start position:0% +environment so + + + align:start position:0% +environment so +religiously that develop in Florida + + align:start position:0% +religiously that develop in Florida + + + align:start position:0% +religiously that develop in Florida +would be told to build a religious + + align:start position:0% +would be told to build a religious + + + align:start position:0% +would be told to build a religious +center on this basis of a mandela + + align:start position:0% +center on this basis of a mandela + + + align:start position:0% +center on this basis of a mandela +construction. It's beyond our belief + + align:start position:0% +construction. It's beyond our belief + + + align:start position:0% +construction. It's beyond our belief +system. Uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next, Jaipur + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Maduray. The rituals performed regularly + + align:start position:0% +Maduray. The rituals performed regularly + + + align:start position:0% +Maduray. The rituals performed regularly +throughout the year conforming to the + + align:start position:0% +throughout the year conforming to the + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the year conforming to the +town's + + align:start position:0% +town's + + + align:start position:0% +town's +structure. So that when you are + + align:start position:0% +structure. So that when you are + + + align:start position:0% +structure. So that when you are +performing a ritual, it is territorial. + + align:start position:0% +performing a ritual, it is territorial. + + + align:start position:0% +performing a ritual, it is territorial. +You're passing through territory. Number + + align:start position:0% +You're passing through territory. Number + + + align:start position:0% +You're passing through territory. Number +two, it is reinforcing your notion of + + align:start position:0% +two, it is reinforcing your notion of + + + align:start position:0% +two, it is reinforcing your notion of +the plan of the + + align:start position:0% +the plan of the + + + align:start position:0% +the plan of the +town. What do we do today to reinforce + + align:start position:0% +town. What do we do today to reinforce + + + align:start position:0% +town. What do we do today to reinforce +your understanding of the plan of + + align:start position:0% +your understanding of the plan of + + + align:start position:0% +your understanding of the plan of +Boston? It's + + align:start position:0% +Boston? It's + + + align:start position:0% +Boston? It's +unnecessary. Maybe if you're driving a + + align:start position:0% +unnecessary. Maybe if you're driving a + + + align:start position:0% +unnecessary. Maybe if you're driving a +car and you move along the river, + + align:start position:0% +car and you move along the river, + + + align:start position:0% +car and you move along the river, +there's some sensibility about the + + align:start position:0% +there's some sensibility about the + + + align:start position:0% +there's some sensibility about the +movement from the suburb to the center + + align:start position:0% +movement from the suburb to the center + + + align:start position:0% +movement from the suburb to the center +of the city. + + align:start position:0% +of the city. + + + align:start position:0% +of the city. +Next, the street of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dead. + + align:start position:0% +dead. + + + align:start position:0% +dead. +Here's the vacant geometry of the of a + + align:start position:0% +Here's the vacant geometry of the of a + + + align:start position:0% +Here's the vacant geometry of the of a +typical settlement in the Mayan world. + + align:start position:0% +typical settlement in the Mayan world. + + + align:start position:0% +typical settlement in the Mayan world. +uh apparent lack of axial + + align:start position:0% +uh apparent lack of axial + + + align:start position:0% +uh apparent lack of axial +relationships, the vac the so-called + + align:start position:0% +relationships, the vac the so-called + + + align:start position:0% +relationships, the vac the so-called +vacant city because these very little + + align:start position:0% +vacant city because these very little + + + align:start position:0% +vacant city because these very little +evidence of where people lived. Again, + + align:start position:0% +evidence of where people lived. Again, + + + align:start position:0% +evidence of where people lived. Again, +what is left are elements of stone + + align:start position:0% +what is left are elements of stone + + + align:start position:0% +what is left are elements of stone +construction, + + align:start position:0% +construction, + + + align:start position:0% +construction, +monuments. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh I think that's a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +lot. On + + align:start position:0% +lot. On + + + align:start position:0% +lot. On +Tuesday, we will look + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at examples of a highly + + align:start position:0% +at examples of a highly + + + align:start position:0% +at examples of a highly +comp completely + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different formal + + align:start position:0% +different formal + + + align:start position:0% +different formal +system, one which is open-ended, loose, + + align:start position:0% +system, one which is open-ended, loose, + + + align:start position:0% +system, one which is open-ended, loose, +not regulated by central + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +force. So, have a good weekend. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rhOpABGewYA.txt b/rhOpABGewYA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96d3f913b68e6e6c8fadc8d0507f7f2bdb5c9617 --- /dev/null +++ b/rhOpABGewYA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11099 @@ +align:start position:0% + +foreign + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +take a look at the reading list + + align:start position:0% +take a look at the reading list + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at the reading list +and you will see there's various things + + align:start position:0% +and you will see there's various things + + + align:start position:0% +and you will see there's various things +that are starred on there that are on + + align:start position:0% +that are starred on there that are on + + + align:start position:0% +that are starred on there that are on +today's lecture two there's Readings By + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture two there's Readings By + + + align:start position:0% +today's lecture two there's Readings By +kreps and By Nicholson and Schneider the + + align:start position:0% +kreps and By Nicholson and Schneider the + + + align:start position:0% +kreps and By Nicholson and Schneider the +lecture does not overlap entirely but it + + align:start position:0% +lecture does not overlap entirely but it + + + align:start position:0% +lecture does not overlap entirely but it +is close in many respects so + + align:start position:0% +is close in many respects so + + + align:start position:0% +is close in many respects so +um I urge you to take a look at there's + + align:start position:0% +um I urge you to take a look at there's + + + align:start position:0% +um I urge you to take a look at there's +one kreps and two Nicholas from + + align:start position:0% +one kreps and two Nicholas from + + + align:start position:0% +one kreps and two Nicholas from +Nicholson and Schneider + + align:start position:0% +Nicholson and Schneider + + + align:start position:0% +Nicholson and Schneider +I also mentioned last time that it might + + align:start position:0% +I also mentioned last time that it might + + + align:start position:0% +I also mentioned last time that it might +have been abstract + + align:start position:0% +have been abstract + + + align:start position:0% +have been abstract +the review sheets + + align:start position:0% +the review sheets + + + align:start position:0% +the review sheets +this is lecture one from last time it's + + align:start position:0% +this is lecture one from last time it's + + + align:start position:0% +this is lecture one from last time it's +a review sheet pretty comprehensive but + + align:start position:0% +a review sheet pretty comprehensive but + + + align:start position:0% +a review sheet pretty comprehensive but +also quite specific so you should be + + align:start position:0% +also quite specific so you should be + + + align:start position:0% +also quite specific so you should be +looking at these things after the before + + align:start position:0% +looking at these things after the before + + + align:start position:0% +looking at these things after the before +during or especially after the lecture + + align:start position:0% +during or especially after the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +during or especially after the lecture +even if you think you understand the + + align:start position:0% +even if you think you understand the + + + align:start position:0% +even if you think you understand the +material take a hand at this I certainly + + align:start position:0% +material take a hand at this I certainly + + + align:start position:0% +material take a hand at this I certainly +have included questions almost verbatim + + align:start position:0% +have included questions almost verbatim + + + align:start position:0% +have included questions almost verbatim +like this on the midterms so you might + + align:start position:0% +like this on the midterms so you might + + + align:start position:0% +like this on the midterms so you might +as well do it in advance and I'm going + + align:start position:0% +as well do it in advance and I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +as well do it in advance and I'm going +to read out just one or two of these + + align:start position:0% +to read out just one or two of these + + + align:start position:0% +to read out just one or two of these +obviously we don't have time to do too + + align:start position:0% +obviously we don't have time to do too + + + align:start position:0% +obviously we don't have time to do too +many of them I would say I'm almost + + align:start position:0% +many of them I would say I'm almost + + + align:start position:0% +many of them I would say I'm almost +picking at random but not quite so the + + align:start position:0% +picking at random but not quite so the + + + align:start position:0% +picking at random but not quite so the +fact that I pick some and not others + + align:start position:0% +fact that I pick some and not others + + + align:start position:0% +fact that I pick some and not others +does not mean that some are more + + align:start position:0% +does not mean that some are more + + + align:start position:0% +does not mean that some are more +important than others but only + + align:start position:0% +important than others but only + + + align:start position:0% +important than others but only +I want to practice with you so + + align:start position:0% +I want to practice with you so + + + align:start position:0% +I want to practice with you so +for example this one and Chris + + align:start position:0% +for example this one and Chris + + + align:start position:0% +for example this one and Chris +distinguishes randomized trials from + + align:start position:0% +distinguishes randomized trials from + + + align:start position:0% +distinguishes randomized trials from +quasi-experiments or natural experiments + + align:start position:0% +quasi-experiments or natural experiments + + + align:start position:0% +quasi-experiments or natural experiments +please explain what he means by this + + align:start position:0% +please explain what he means by this + + + align:start position:0% +please explain what he means by this +distinction and give one example from + + align:start position:0% +distinction and give one example from + + + align:start position:0% +distinction and give one example from +each of the two groups meaning from + + align:start position:0% +each of the two groups meaning from + + + align:start position:0% +each of the two groups meaning from +quasiak's randomized control trials + + align:start position:0% +quasiak's randomized control trials + + + align:start position:0% +quasiak's randomized control trials +and one from quasi-experiments + + align:start position:0% +and one from quasi-experiments + + + align:start position:0% +and one from quasi-experiments +I know you're new to this so I hesitate + + align:start position:0% +I know you're new to this so I hesitate + + + align:start position:0% +I know you're new to this so I hesitate +to call on you so it'd be wonderful if + + align:start position:0% +to call on you so it'd be wonderful if + + + align:start position:0% +to call on you so it'd be wonderful if +someone were to volunteer to answer this + + align:start position:0% +someone were to volunteer to answer this + + + align:start position:0% +someone were to volunteer to answer this +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +um I think I could make a go at it all + + align:start position:0% +um I think I could make a go at it all + + + align:start position:0% +um I think I could make a go at it all +right please + + align:start position:0% +right please + + + align:start position:0% +right please +oh yeah so in a actual experiment is a + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah so in a actual experiment is a + + + align:start position:0% +oh yeah so in a actual experiment is a +randomized controlled trials where you + + align:start position:0% +randomized controlled trials where you + + + align:start position:0% +randomized controlled trials where you +actually randomly take a group of people + + align:start position:0% +actually randomly take a group of people + + + align:start position:0% +actually randomly take a group of people +randomly select something to be + + align:start position:0% +randomly select something to be + + + align:start position:0% +randomly select something to be +controlled with some to be the it's + + align:start position:0% +controlled with some to be the it's + + + align:start position:0% +controlled with some to be the it's +remember the group and then you give + + align:start position:0% +remember the group and then you give + + + align:start position:0% +remember the group and then you give +apply to a change to uh one of them to + + align:start position:0% +apply to a change to uh one of them to + + + align:start position:0% +apply to a change to uh one of them to +the experimental group and subtract the + + align:start position:0% +the experimental group and subtract the + + + align:start position:0% +the experimental group and subtract the +outcomes + + align:start position:0% +outcomes + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes +um a sort of like + + align:start position:0% +um a sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +um a sort of like +um a natural sort of like quantity + + align:start position:0% +um a natural sort of like quantity + + + align:start position:0% +um a natural sort of like quantity +experiment would be uh more if something + + align:start position:0% +experiment would be uh more if something + + + align:start position:0% +experiment would be uh more if something +happens for example one state raises the + + align:start position:0% +happens for example one state raises the + + + align:start position:0% +happens for example one state raises the +minimum wage the another state doesn't + + align:start position:0% +minimum wage the another state doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +minimum wage the another state doesn't +and you can track a difference so it's + + align:start position:0% +and you can track a difference so it's + + + align:start position:0% +and you can track a difference so it's +not an act so it wasn't an actual + + align:start position:0% +not an act so it wasn't an actual + + + align:start position:0% +not an act so it wasn't an actual +experiment uh but you can still but it + + align:start position:0% +experiment uh but you can still but it + + + align:start position:0% +experiment uh but you can still but it +still sort of behaves a bit like + + align:start position:0% +still sort of behaves a bit like + + + align:start position:0% +still sort of behaves a bit like +experiments so you could try to teach + + align:start position:0% +experiments so you could try to teach + + + align:start position:0% +experiments so you could try to teach +the parts of the causality there and + + align:start position:0% +the parts of the causality there and + + + align:start position:0% +the parts of the causality there and +then uh can't remember the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +then uh can't remember the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +then uh can't remember the rest of the +questions sorry sorry do you remember an + + align:start position:0% +questions sorry sorry do you remember an + + + align:start position:0% +questions sorry sorry do you remember an +example from any of those the + + align:start position:0% +example from any of those the + + + align:start position:0% +example from any of those the +um I from a natural experiment that + + align:start position:0% +um I from a natural experiment that + + + align:start position:0% +um I from a natural experiment that +would be to make them moving to + + align:start position:0% +would be to make them moving to + + + align:start position:0% +would be to make them moving to +opportunity I remember I remember that + + align:start position:0% +opportunity I remember I remember that + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity I remember I remember that +being mentioned where like basic people + + align:start position:0% +being mentioned where like basic people + + + align:start position:0% +being mentioned where like basic people +were like effectively randomly chosen to + + align:start position:0% +were like effectively randomly chosen to + + + align:start position:0% +were like effectively randomly chosen to +be given housing opportunities to move + + align:start position:0% +be given housing opportunities to move + + + align:start position:0% +be given housing opportunities to move +yeah um and then there's that was + + align:start position:0% +yeah um and then there's that was + + + align:start position:0% +yeah um and then there's that was +tracked excellent okay + + align:start position:0% +tracked excellent okay + + + align:start position:0% +tracked excellent okay +yeah and the other RCT we did was the + + align:start position:0% +yeah and the other RCT we did was the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and the other RCT we did was the +paying bicycle Messengers temporarily + + align:start position:0% +paying bicycle Messengers temporarily + + + align:start position:0% +paying bicycle Messengers temporarily +higher wages + + align:start position:0% +higher wages + + + align:start position:0% +higher wages +um rcts are where we are with these + + align:start position:0% +um rcts are where we are with these + + + align:start position:0% +um rcts are where we are with these +vaccines just you know to have an + + align:start position:0% +vaccines just you know to have an + + + align:start position:0% +vaccines just you know to have an +obvious + + align:start position:0% +obvious + + + align:start position:0% +obvious +analog to the widely used rcts and + + align:start position:0% +analog to the widely used rcts and + + + align:start position:0% +analog to the widely used rcts and +medical trials but we like to frame + + align:start position:0% +medical trials but we like to frame + + + align:start position:0% +medical trials but we like to frame +questions that way and I can thank you + + align:start position:0% +questions that way and I can thank you + + + align:start position:0% +questions that way and I can thank you +Charles and I also went and read some of + + align:start position:0% +Charles and I also went and read some of + + + align:start position:0% +Charles and I also went and read some of +the things you recommended last time + + align:start position:0% +the things you recommended last time + + + align:start position:0% +the things you recommended last time +thank you + + align:start position:0% +thank you + + + align:start position:0% +thank you +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +let's see let me pick another one + + align:start position:0% +let's see let me pick another one + + + align:start position:0% +let's see let me pick another one +so Varian speaks of Big Data as + + align:start position:0% +so Varian speaks of Big Data as + + + align:start position:0% +so Varian speaks of Big Data as +consisting of machine learning and data + + align:start position:0% +consisting of machine learning and data + + + align:start position:0% +consisting of machine learning and data +science + + align:start position:0% +science + + + align:start position:0% +science +what do those techniques accomplish + + align:start position:0% +what do those techniques accomplish + + + align:start position:0% +what do those techniques accomplish +and what do they fail to accomplish and + + align:start position:0% +and what do they fail to accomplish and + + + align:start position:0% +and what do they fail to accomplish and +again let me ask for volunteers + + align:start position:0% +again let me ask for volunteers + + + align:start position:0% +again let me ask for volunteers +so I remember you talking about what + + align:start position:0% +so I remember you talking about what + + + align:start position:0% +so I remember you talking about what +they failed to accomplish where it's + + align:start position:0% +they failed to accomplish where it's + + + align:start position:0% +they failed to accomplish where it's +difficult to actually construct like + + align:start position:0% +difficult to actually construct like + + + align:start position:0% +difficult to actually construct like +um the explanation behind the phenomena + + align:start position:0% +um the explanation behind the phenomena + + + align:start position:0% +um the explanation behind the phenomena +That You observe instead it just gives + + align:start position:0% +That You observe instead it just gives + + + align:start position:0% +That You observe instead it just gives +you good predictive power where you can + + align:start position:0% +you good predictive power where you can + + + align:start position:0% +you good predictive power where you can +like construct accurate models but not + + align:start position:0% +like construct accurate models but not + + + align:start position:0% +like construct accurate models but not +necessarily explain + + align:start position:0% +necessarily explain + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily explain +excellent + + align:start position:0% +excellent + + + align:start position:0% +excellent +that's exactly right + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly right + + + align:start position:0% +that's exactly right +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the example was just because we see more + + align:start position:0% +the example was just because we see more + + + align:start position:0% +the example was just because we see more +police in a community that doesn't mean + + align:start position:0% +police in a community that doesn't mean + + + align:start position:0% +police in a community that doesn't mean +it causes crime and and I said something + + align:start position:0% +it causes crime and and I said something + + + align:start position:0% +it causes crime and and I said something +about the examples of a bit more + + align:start position:0% +about the examples of a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +about the examples of a bit more +problematic these days than it was when + + align:start position:0% +problematic these days than it was when + + + align:start position:0% +problematic these days than it was when +uh Varian used that as an example but + + align:start position:0% +uh Varian used that as an example but + + + align:start position:0% +uh Varian used that as an example but +it's still the case that we need to sort + + align:start position:0% +it's still the case that we need to sort + + + align:start position:0% +it's still the case that we need to sort +out the causality whether it runs from + + align:start position:0% +out the causality whether it runs from + + + align:start position:0% +out the causality whether it runs from +crime to police or police to crime all + + align:start position:0% +crime to police or police to crime all + + + align:start position:0% +crime to police or police to crime all +right so + + align:start position:0% +right so + + + align:start position:0% +right so +there are other important questions in + + align:start position:0% +there are other important questions in + + + align:start position:0% +there are other important questions in +here but I'm a little leery about taking + + align:start position:0% +here but I'm a little leery about taking + + + align:start position:0% +here but I'm a little leery about taking +too too much of the lecture time so + + align:start position:0% +too too much of the lecture time so + + + align:start position:0% +too too much of the lecture time so +these are called review sheets I will + + align:start position:0% +these are called review sheets I will + + + align:start position:0% +these are called review sheets I will +and I think you'll find it is + + align:start position:0% +and I think you'll find it is + + + align:start position:0% +and I think you'll find it is +not hard it really is just a matter of + + align:start position:0% +not hard it really is just a matter of + + + align:start position:0% +not hard it really is just a matter of +keeping up with the lecture and and + + align:start position:0% +keeping up with the lecture and and + + + align:start position:0% +keeping up with the lecture and and +thinking about this afterwards along + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this afterwards along + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about this afterwards along +with those star readings so today this + + align:start position:0% +with those star readings so today this + + + align:start position:0% +with those star readings so today this +is about consumer choice + + align:start position:0% +is about consumer choice + + + align:start position:0% +is about consumer choice +remember we're studying economies but we + + align:start position:0% +remember we're studying economies but we + + + align:start position:0% +remember we're studying economies but we +need to build and analyze the building + + align:start position:0% +need to build and analyze the building + + + align:start position:0% +need to build and analyze the building +blocks uh one of which is consumer + + align:start position:0% +blocks uh one of which is consumer + + + align:start position:0% +blocks uh one of which is consumer +Behavior so that's what that's what this + + align:start position:0% +Behavior so that's what that's what this + + + align:start position:0% +Behavior so that's what that's what this +lecture is about the whole economy + + align:start position:0% +lecture is about the whole economy + + + align:start position:0% +lecture is about the whole economy +consists of consumers with preferences + + align:start position:0% +consists of consumers with preferences + + + align:start position:0% +consists of consumers with preferences +and endowments and consumption sets and + + align:start position:0% +and endowments and consumption sets and + + + align:start position:0% +and endowments and consumption sets and +firms with technology we're going to + + align:start position:0% +firms with technology we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +firms with technology we're going to +focus on consumer Choice over possible + + align:start position:0% +focus on consumer Choice over possible + + + align:start position:0% +focus on consumer Choice over possible +bundles they might want to buy or eat + + align:start position:0% +bundles they might want to buy or eat + + + align:start position:0% +bundles they might want to buy or eat +we're going to describe some assumptions + + align:start position:0% +we're going to describe some assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to describe some assumptions +that characterize what's known as + + align:start position:0% +that characterize what's known as + + + align:start position:0% +that characterize what's known as +rational as opposed to irrational + + align:start position:0% +rational as opposed to irrational + + + align:start position:0% +rational as opposed to irrational +consumer choice + + align:start position:0% +consumer choice + + + align:start position:0% +consumer choice +and then we're going to go to this + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to go to this + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to go to this +application + + align:start position:0% +application + + + align:start position:0% +application +which is maximizing utility for a given + + align:start position:0% +which is maximizing utility for a given + + + align:start position:0% +which is maximizing utility for a given +budget let me just say now because I may + + align:start position:0% +budget let me just say now because I may + + + align:start position:0% +budget let me just say now because I may +not remember to do it later when we get + + align:start position:0% +not remember to do it later when we get + + + align:start position:0% +not remember to do it later when we get +to this application of maximizing + + align:start position:0% +to this application of maximizing + + + align:start position:0% +to this application of maximizing +utility subject to a budget it's what we + + align:start position:0% +utility subject to a budget it's what we + + + align:start position:0% +utility subject to a budget it's what we +call partial equilibrium we take as + + align:start position:0% +call partial equilibrium we take as + + + align:start position:0% +call partial equilibrium we take as +madskin would say some things as + + align:start position:0% +madskin would say some things as + + + align:start position:0% +madskin would say some things as +exogenous to the consumer Choice namely + + align:start position:0% +exogenous to the consumer Choice namely + + + align:start position:0% +exogenous to the consumer Choice namely +their income and the prices that they + + align:start position:0% +their income and the prices that they + + + align:start position:0% +their income and the prices that they +face those are like data or Givens and + + align:start position:0% +face those are like data or Givens and + + + align:start position:0% +face those are like data or Givens and +then we're looking at what they choose + + align:start position:0% +then we're looking at what they choose + + + align:start position:0% +then we're looking at what they choose +to buy or to eat it's partial + + align:start position:0% +to buy or to eat it's partial + + + align:start position:0% +to buy or to eat it's partial +equilibrium in the sense that we're not + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium in the sense that we're not + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium in the sense that we're not +trying to explain where the prices come + + align:start position:0% +trying to explain where the prices come + + + align:start position:0% +trying to explain where the prices come +from or where the income comes from + + align:start position:0% +from or where the income comes from + + + align:start position:0% +from or where the income comes from +but when we put this building block + + align:start position:0% +but when we put this building block + + + align:start position:0% +but when we put this building block +together with the other ones with other + + align:start position:0% +together with the other ones with other + + + align:start position:0% +together with the other ones with other +households or and or with firms then + + align:start position:0% +households or and or with firms then + + + align:start position:0% +households or and or with firms then +we'll have what's called General + + align:start position:0% +we'll have what's called General + + + align:start position:0% +we'll have what's called General +equilibrium which is the endogenous + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium which is the endogenous + + + align:start position:0% +equilibrium which is the endogenous +determination of Crisis and so on + + align:start position:0% +determination of Crisis and so on + + + align:start position:0% +determination of Crisis and so on +okay so let's call capital x here a + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's call capital x here a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's call capital x here a +consumer's consumption set to elements + + align:start position:0% +consumer's consumption set to elements + + + align:start position:0% +consumer's consumption set to elements +of the set called X and Y are a + + align:start position:0% +of the set called X and Y are a + + + align:start position:0% +of the set called X and Y are a +potential consumption bundles you should + + align:start position:0% +potential consumption bundles you should + + + align:start position:0% +potential consumption bundles you should +be aware and a bit leery that the + + align:start position:0% +be aware and a bit leery that the + + + align:start position:0% +be aware and a bit leery that the +notation changes from time to time + + align:start position:0% +notation changes from time to time + + + align:start position:0% +notation changes from time to time +sometimes in the slides that follow were + + align:start position:0% +sometimes in the slides that follow were + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes in the slides that follow were +about to say x is one bundle and Y is + + align:start position:0% +about to say x is one bundle and Y is + + + align:start position:0% +about to say x is one bundle and Y is +another one many times we'll go more + + align:start position:0% +another one many times we'll go more + + + align:start position:0% +another one many times we'll go more +abstract and talk about a vector X of + + align:start position:0% +abstract and talk about a vector X of + + + align:start position:0% +abstract and talk about a vector X of +Dimension n where they're all X's X1 + + align:start position:0% +Dimension n where they're all X's X1 + + + align:start position:0% +Dimension n where they're all X's X1 +through x n + + align:start position:0% +through x n + + + align:start position:0% +through x n +and indeed when we start to talk about + + align:start position:0% +and indeed when we start to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +and indeed when we start to talk about +more than one consumer like consumer I + + align:start position:0% +more than one consumer like consumer I + + + align:start position:0% +more than one consumer like consumer I +that's her name we can talk about the + + align:start position:0% +that's her name we can talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +that's her name we can talk about the +consumption set x sub I the bundle x i + + align:start position:0% +consumption set x sub I the bundle x i + + + align:start position:0% +consumption set x sub I the bundle x i +it's still a vector but it has a little + + align:start position:0% +it's still a vector but it has a little + + + align:start position:0% +it's still a vector but it has a little +I subscript in front of the one through + + align:start position:0% +I subscript in front of the one through + + + align:start position:0% +I subscript in front of the one through +n commodity labels + + align:start position:0% +n commodity labels + + + align:start position:0% +n commodity labels +but there's no point in being overly + + align:start position:0% +but there's no point in being overly + + + align:start position:0% +but there's no point in being overly +detailed when we don't need it so we'll + + align:start position:0% +detailed when we don't need it so we'll + + + align:start position:0% +detailed when we don't need it so we'll +drop the I mostly today I don't think it + + align:start position:0% +drop the I mostly today I don't think it + + + align:start position:0% +drop the I mostly today I don't think it +appears anywhere and and as I said for + + align:start position:0% +appears anywhere and and as I said for + + + align:start position:0% +appears anywhere and and as I said for +the graphs we're going to be using X and + + align:start position:0% +the graphs we're going to be using X and + + + align:start position:0% +the graphs we're going to be using X and +Y quite a bit + + align:start position:0% +Y quite a bit + + + align:start position:0% +Y quite a bit +now one warning should have something + + align:start position:0% +now one warning should have something + + + align:start position:0% +now one warning should have something +flashing on the screen stop pause which + + align:start position:0% +flashing on the screen stop pause which + + + align:start position:0% +flashing on the screen stop pause which +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +there's something mind-numbing about the + + align:start position:0% +there's something mind-numbing about the + + + align:start position:0% +there's something mind-numbing about the +notation it's useful we will build up + + align:start position:0% +notation it's useful we will build up + + + align:start position:0% +notation it's useful we will build up +all the tools with it but we'll lose + + align:start position:0% +all the tools with it but we'll lose + + + align:start position:0% +all the tools with it but we'll lose +sight of the applications so I will bend + + align:start position:0% +sight of the applications so I will bend + + + align:start position:0% +sight of the applications so I will bend +over backwards to pop in a slide here or + + align:start position:0% +over backwards to pop in a slide here or + + + align:start position:0% +over backwards to pop in a slide here or +there and say some words about how this + + align:start position:0% +there and say some words about how this + + + align:start position:0% +there and say some words about how this +can be used but uh the point although + + align:start position:0% +can be used but uh the point although + + + align:start position:0% +can be used but uh the point although +abstract now is that the artillery where + + align:start position:0% +abstract now is that the artillery where + + + align:start position:0% +abstract now is that the artillery where +you're going to create applies to wheat + + align:start position:0% +you're going to create applies to wheat + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to create applies to wheat +and rice but it also applies to + + align:start position:0% +and rice but it also applies to + + + align:start position:0% +and rice but it also applies to +locations it applies to dates and time + + align:start position:0% +locations it applies to dates and time + + + align:start position:0% +locations it applies to dates and time +it applies to shocks and states of the + + align:start position:0% +it applies to shocks and states of the + + + align:start position:0% +it applies to shocks and states of the +world so once we do it one way with this + + align:start position:0% +world so once we do it one way with this + + + align:start position:0% +world so once we do it one way with this +powerful but boring notation we can use + + align:start position:0% +powerful but boring notation we can use + + + align:start position:0% +powerful but boring notation we can use +it in in many actual applications and + + align:start position:0% +it in in many actual applications and + + + align:start position:0% +it in in many actual applications and +villages with the exception that here + + align:start position:0% +villages with the exception that here + + + align:start position:0% +villages with the exception that here +we're actually spelling out the + + align:start position:0% +we're actually spelling out the + + + align:start position:0% +we're actually spelling out the +consumption set so + + align:start position:0% +consumption set so + + + align:start position:0% +consumption set so +you can see that can you see it when I'm + + align:start position:0% +you can see that can you see it when I'm + + + align:start position:0% +you can see that can you see it when I'm +moving the cursor around + + align:start position:0% +moving the cursor around + + + align:start position:0% +moving the cursor around +all right I'll have to work on my + + align:start position:0% +all right I'll have to work on my + + + align:start position:0% +all right I'll have to work on my +toolkit but so there's two goods here + + align:start position:0% +toolkit but so there's two goods here + + + align:start position:0% +toolkit but so there's two goods here +bread and Leisure + + align:start position:0% +bread and Leisure + + + align:start position:0% +bread and Leisure +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +the consumption set is all of this it + + align:start position:0% +the consumption set is all of this it + + + align:start position:0% +the consumption set is all of this it +has an upper bound y because Leisure is + + align:start position:0% +has an upper bound y because Leisure is + + + align:start position:0% +has an upper bound y because Leisure is +measured in hours and you know there's + + align:start position:0% +measured in hours and you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +measured in hours and you know there's +no more than 24 hours a day so that's + + align:start position:0% +no more than 24 hours a day so that's + + + align:start position:0% +no more than 24 hours a day so that's +one example of a consumption set + + align:start position:0% +one example of a consumption set + + + align:start position:0% +one example of a consumption set +here's another there's two goods X1 and + + align:start position:0% +here's another there's two goods X1 and + + + align:start position:0% +here's another there's two goods X1 and +X2 X1 can take on any value integers + + align:start position:0% +X2 X1 can take on any value integers + + + align:start position:0% +X2 X1 can take on any value integers +rational or irrational numbers from 0 to + + align:start position:0% +rational or irrational numbers from 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +rational or irrational numbers from 0 to +Infinity but X2 takes on discrete values + + align:start position:0% +Infinity but X2 takes on discrete values + + + align:start position:0% +Infinity but X2 takes on discrete values +integers one two three so all these + + align:start position:0% +integers one two three so all these + + + align:start position:0% +integers one two three so all these +lines including the zero line represent + + align:start position:0% +lines including the zero line represent + + + align:start position:0% +lines including the zero line represent +elements in the consumption set here's + + align:start position:0% +elements in the consumption set here's + + + align:start position:0% +elements in the consumption set here's +an example with some limited time and + + align:start position:0% +an example with some limited time and + + + align:start position:0% +an example with some limited time and +geography you can consume a piece of + + align:start position:0% +geography you can consume a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +geography you can consume a piece of +bread or bread in general in Washington + + align:start position:0% +bread or bread in general in Washington + + + align:start position:0% +bread or bread in general in Washington +at noon or in New York at noon but you + + align:start position:0% +at noon or in New York at noon but you + + + align:start position:0% +at noon or in New York at noon but you +can't be in two places at the same time + + align:start position:0% +can't be in two places at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +can't be in two places at the same time +so in this case you have the X and Y + + align:start position:0% +so in this case you have the X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +so in this case you have the X and Y +axis being the consumption set and + + align:start position:0% +axis being the consumption set and + + + align:start position:0% +axis being the consumption set and +here's uh sort of a subsistence if you + + align:start position:0% +here's uh sort of a subsistence if you + + + align:start position:0% +here's uh sort of a subsistence if you +don't eat enough and we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +don't eat enough and we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +don't eat enough and we'll talk about +starvation in medieval Villages soon you + + align:start position:0% +starvation in medieval Villages soon you + + + align:start position:0% +starvation in medieval Villages soon you +die so you have to have either four + + align:start position:0% +die so you have to have either four + + + align:start position:0% +die so you have to have either four +slices of white bread or four slices of + + align:start position:0% +slices of white bread or four slices of + + + align:start position:0% +slices of white bread or four slices of +round bread or something in between but + + align:start position:0% +round bread or something in between but + + + align:start position:0% +round bread or something in between but +you can't go less than that those things + + align:start position:0% +you can't go less than that those things + + + align:start position:0% +you can't go less than that those things +are not in the consumption set + + align:start position:0% +are not in the consumption set + + + align:start position:0% +are not in the consumption set +okay so that's the set in which + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the set in which + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's the set in which +commodity bundles lie for the household + + align:start position:0% +commodity bundles lie for the household + + + align:start position:0% +commodity bundles lie for the household +what about their preferences we're going + + align:start position:0% +what about their preferences we're going + + + align:start position:0% +what about their preferences we're going +to be in with this primitive which looks + + align:start position:0% +to be in with this primitive which looks + + + align:start position:0% +to be in with this primitive which looks +like a weak inequality but it's it's + + align:start position:0% +like a weak inequality but it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +like a weak inequality but it's it's +actually script or squiggly to denote + + align:start position:0% +actually script or squiggly to denote + + + align:start position:0% +actually script or squiggly to denote +that it's a preference relation and + + align:start position:0% +that it's a preference relation and + + + align:start position:0% +that it's a preference relation and +which is an ordering so if you give me + + align:start position:0% +which is an ordering so if you give me + + + align:start position:0% +which is an ordering so if you give me +two elements of the consumption set X + + align:start position:0% +two elements of the consumption set X + + + align:start position:0% +two elements of the consumption set X +and Y + + align:start position:0% +and Y + + + align:start position:0% +and Y +this ordering will tell me whether X is + + align:start position:0% +this ordering will tell me whether X is + + + align:start position:0% +this ordering will tell me whether X is +weakly preferred or at least as good as + + align:start position:0% +weakly preferred or at least as good as + + + align:start position:0% +weakly preferred or at least as good as +y in the consumer's ordering from that + + align:start position:0% +y in the consumer's ordering from that + + + align:start position:0% +y in the consumer's ordering from that +primitive we can create strict + + align:start position:0% +primitive we can create strict + + + align:start position:0% +primitive we can create strict +preference for any two goods X and Y + + align:start position:0% +preference for any two goods X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +preference for any two goods X and Y +either X is if x is strictly preferred + + align:start position:0% +either X is if x is strictly preferred + + + align:start position:0% +either X is if x is strictly preferred +to Y that means that X is at least as + + align:start position:0% +to Y that means that X is at least as + + + align:start position:0% +to Y that means that X is at least as +good as y but Y is not at least as good + + align:start position:0% +good as y but Y is not at least as good + + + align:start position:0% +good as y but Y is not at least as good +as X + + align:start position:0% +as X + + + align:start position:0% +as X +indifference can also be constructed + + align:start position:0% +indifference can also be constructed + + + align:start position:0% +indifference can also be constructed +from this primitive namely if x is + + align:start position:0% +from this primitive namely if x is + + + align:start position:0% +from this primitive namely if x is +indifferent to Y then X is at least as + + align:start position:0% +indifferent to Y then X is at least as + + + align:start position:0% +indifferent to Y then X is at least as +good as Y and Y is at least as good as X + + align:start position:0% +good as Y and Y is at least as good as X + + + align:start position:0% +good as Y and Y is at least as good as X +this preference relation then represents + + align:start position:0% +this preference relation then represents + + + align:start position:0% +this preference relation then represents +the preferences of of each individual in + + align:start position:0% +the preferences of of each individual in + + + align:start position:0% +the preferences of of each individual in +this case as I said we've deleted + + align:start position:0% +this case as I said we've deleted + + + align:start position:0% +this case as I said we've deleted +individual I this would be true for all + + align:start position:0% +individual I this would be true for all + + + align:start position:0% +individual I this would be true for all +of them + + align:start position:0% +of them + + + align:start position:0% +of them +preference relations obviously can be + + align:start position:0% +preference relations obviously can be + + + align:start position:0% +preference relations obviously can be +different across different households + + align:start position:0% +different across different households + + + align:start position:0% +different across different households +what do we mean by rational rational + + align:start position:0% +what do we mean by rational rational + + + align:start position:0% +what do we mean by rational rational +Choice means that those preferences are + + align:start position:0% +Choice means that those preferences are + + + align:start position:0% +Choice means that those preferences are +complete transitive and continuous and + + align:start position:0% +complete transitive and continuous and + + + align:start position:0% +complete transitive and continuous and +let me just go over them briefly + + align:start position:0% +let me just go over them briefly + + + align:start position:0% +let me just go over them briefly +completeness means that any two bundles + + align:start position:0% +completeness means that any two bundles + + + align:start position:0% +completeness means that any two bundles +X and Y are ranked relative to each + + align:start position:0% +X and Y are ranked relative to each + + + align:start position:0% +X and Y are ranked relative to each +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +so given X and Y either X is strictly + + align:start position:0% +so given X and Y either X is strictly + + + align:start position:0% +so given X and Y either X is strictly +preferred to y y is strictly preferred + + align:start position:0% +preferred to y y is strictly preferred + + + align:start position:0% +preferred to y y is strictly preferred +to X are the household is indifferent + + align:start position:0% +to X are the household is indifferent + + + align:start position:0% +to X are the household is indifferent +between the two + + align:start position:0% +between the two + + + align:start position:0% +between the two +and the point here is that any two + + align:start position:0% +and the point here is that any two + + + align:start position:0% +and the point here is that any two +bundles X and Y can be ranked and + + align:start position:0% +bundles X and Y can be ranked and + + + align:start position:0% +bundles X and Y can be ranked and +compared to each other it's a complete + + align:start position:0% +compared to each other it's a complete + + + align:start position:0% +compared to each other it's a complete +ordering transitive if x is at least as + + align:start position:0% +ordering transitive if x is at least as + + + align:start position:0% +ordering transitive if x is at least as +good as y y is at least as good as Z + + align:start position:0% +good as y y is at least as good as Z + + + align:start position:0% +good as y y is at least as good as Z +then it must also be true that X is at + + align:start position:0% +then it must also be true that X is at + + + align:start position:0% +then it must also be true that X is at +least as good as Z + + align:start position:0% +least as good as Z + + + align:start position:0% +least as good as Z +so we will use this later it's like an + + align:start position:0% +so we will use this later it's like an + + + align:start position:0% +so we will use this later it's like an +internal consistency Criterion you may + + align:start position:0% +internal consistency Criterion you may + + + align:start position:0% +internal consistency Criterion you may +only see choices between X and Y and Y + + align:start position:0% +only see choices between X and Y and Y + + + align:start position:0% +only see choices between X and Y and Y +and Z but if the consumer is rational + + align:start position:0% +and Z but if the consumer is rational + + + align:start position:0% +and Z but if the consumer is rational +you can infer something about they the + + align:start position:0% +you can infer something about they the + + + align:start position:0% +you can infer something about they the +way they would behave when they're faced + + align:start position:0% +way they would behave when they're faced + + + align:start position:0% +way they would behave when they're faced +with a choice between x and z that we + + align:start position:0% +with a choice between x and z that we + + + align:start position:0% +with a choice between x and z that we +actually didn't see them make + + align:start position:0% +actually didn't see them make + + + align:start position:0% +actually didn't see them make +and finally we have continuity which + + align:start position:0% +and finally we have continuity which + + + align:start position:0% +and finally we have continuity which +intuitively means if we have extrically + + align:start position:0% +intuitively means if we have extrically + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively means if we have extrically +preferred to Y and we have other some + + align:start position:0% +preferred to Y and we have other some + + + align:start position:0% +preferred to Y and we have other some +other bundle X Prime which is close to X + + align:start position:0% +other bundle X Prime which is close to X + + + align:start position:0% +other bundle X Prime which is close to X +since x and x Prime are close to each + + align:start position:0% +since x and x Prime are close to each + + + align:start position:0% +since x and x Prime are close to each +other and X is preferred to Y then X + + align:start position:0% +other and X is preferred to Y then X + + + align:start position:0% +other and X is preferred to Y then X +Prime is also going to be preferred to Y + + align:start position:0% +Prime is also going to be preferred to Y + + + align:start position:0% +Prime is also going to be preferred to Y +in other words the preference ordering + + align:start position:0% +in other words the preference ordering + + + align:start position:0% +in other words the preference ordering +isn't jumping around hugely as we move + + align:start position:0% +isn't jumping around hugely as we move + + + align:start position:0% +isn't jumping around hugely as we move +around the commodity space so we start + + align:start position:0% +around the commodity space so we start + + + align:start position:0% +around the commodity space so we start +with this underlying preference ordering + + align:start position:0% +with this underlying preference ordering + + + align:start position:0% +with this underlying preference ordering +but we can do a representation as a + + align:start position:0% +but we can do a representation as a + + + align:start position:0% +but we can do a representation as a +utility function just by preserving the + + align:start position:0% +utility function just by preserving the + + + align:start position:0% +utility function just by preserving the +rank ordering so for example if x is at + + align:start position:0% +rank ordering so for example if x is at + + + align:start position:0% +rank ordering so for example if x is at +least as good as y then we come up with + + align:start position:0% +least as good as y then we come up with + + + align:start position:0% +least as good as y then we come up with +a utility function U which Maps the + + align:start position:0% +a utility function U which Maps the + + + align:start position:0% +a utility function U which Maps the +entire consumption set into real numbers + + align:start position:0% +entire consumption set into real numbers + + + align:start position:0% +entire consumption set into real numbers +in such a way that we give at least as + + align:start position:0% +in such a way that we give at least as + + + align:start position:0% +in such a way that we give at least as +high of a number to x as we assign under + + align:start position:0% +high of a number to x as we assign under + + + align:start position:0% +high of a number to x as we assign under +U to y + + align:start position:0% +U to y + + + align:start position:0% +U to y +one thing to note is that many utility + + align:start position:0% +one thing to note is that many utility + + + align:start position:0% +one thing to note is that many utility +functions would work if we start with + + align:start position:0% +functions would work if we start with + + + align:start position:0% +functions would work if we start with +this primitive + + align:start position:0% +this primitive + + + align:start position:0% +this primitive +we could have two times U or some + + align:start position:0% +we could have two times U or some + + + align:start position:0% +we could have two times U or some +multiplicative function of U it's going + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative function of U it's going + + + align:start position:0% +multiplicative function of U it's going +to preserve the rank utility numbers + + align:start position:0% +to preserve the rank utility numbers + + + align:start position:0% +to preserve the rank utility numbers +across the bundles so this is referred + + align:start position:0% +across the bundles so this is referred + + + align:start position:0% +across the bundles so this is referred +to as an ordinal rather than a cardinal + + align:start position:0% +to as an ordinal rather than a cardinal + + + align:start position:0% +to as an ordinal rather than a cardinal +utility function in the history of + + align:start position:0% +utility function in the history of + + + align:start position:0% +utility function in the history of +Economics utility functions were + + align:start position:0% +Economics utility functions were + + + align:start position:0% +Economics utility functions were +invented by Jeremy Bentham in England + + align:start position:0% +invented by Jeremy Bentham in England + + + align:start position:0% +invented by Jeremy Bentham in England +Jeremy left in his will that after he + + align:start position:0% +Jeremy left in his will that after he + + + align:start position:0% +Jeremy left in his will that after he +died he wanted to be embalmed and + + align:start position:0% +died he wanted to be embalmed and + + + align:start position:0% +died he wanted to be embalmed and +preserved and that once a year he should + + align:start position:0% +preserved and that once a year he should + + + align:start position:0% +preserved and that once a year he should +have tea with his friends so Jeremy + + align:start position:0% +have tea with his friends so Jeremy + + + align:start position:0% +have tea with his friends so Jeremy +still or at least when I was last there + + align:start position:0% +still or at least when I was last there + + + align:start position:0% +still or at least when I was last there +sitting in kind of a glass container in + + align:start position:0% +sitting in kind of a glass container in + + + align:start position:0% +sitting in kind of a glass container in +the lobby of one of the buildings on + + align:start position:0% +the lobby of one of the buildings on + + + align:start position:0% +the lobby of one of the buildings on +University of College of London there + + align:start position:0% +University of College of London there + + + align:start position:0% +University of College of London there +was some vandalism someone removed their + + align:start position:0% +was some vandalism someone removed their + + + align:start position:0% +was some vandalism someone removed their +head his head at one point but anyway I + + align:start position:0% +head his head at one point but anyway I + + + align:start position:0% +head his head at one point but anyway I +always think of Jeremy when I think of + + align:start position:0% +always think of Jeremy when I think of + + + align:start position:0% +always think of Jeremy when I think of +utility functions and forgive my morbid + + align:start position:0% +utility functions and forgive my morbid + + + align:start position:0% +utility functions and forgive my morbid +sense of humor here's the theorem any + + align:start position:0% +sense of humor here's the theorem any + + + align:start position:0% +sense of humor here's the theorem any +preference relation that could be + + align:start position:0% +preference relation that could be + + + align:start position:0% +preference relation that could be +represented by a continuous utility + + align:start position:0% +represented by a continuous utility + + + align:start position:0% +represented by a continuous utility +function is rational okay that's a lot + + align:start position:0% +function is rational okay that's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +function is rational okay that's a lot +to take in + + align:start position:0% +to take in + + + align:start position:0% +to take in +any preference relation that can be + + align:start position:0% +any preference relation that can be + + + align:start position:0% +any preference relation that can be +represented as a continuous utility + + align:start position:0% +represented as a continuous utility + + + align:start position:0% +represented as a continuous utility +function is rational well completeness + + align:start position:0% +function is rational well completeness + + + align:start position:0% +function is rational well completeness +means you know we're assigning utility + + align:start position:0% +means you know we're assigning utility + + + align:start position:0% +means you know we're assigning utility +numbers to any bundle and any pair of + + align:start position:0% +numbers to any bundle and any pair of + + + align:start position:0% +numbers to any bundle and any pair of +bundles so pick two look at their + + align:start position:0% +bundles so pick two look at their + + + align:start position:0% +bundles so pick two look at their +utility numbers and we have the ranking + + align:start position:0% +utility numbers and we have the ranking + + + align:start position:0% +utility numbers and we have the ranking +implied by the utility some utility + + align:start position:0% +implied by the utility some utility + + + align:start position:0% +implied by the utility some utility +numbers are higher than others so we can + + align:start position:0% +numbers are higher than others so we can + + + align:start position:0% +numbers are higher than others so we can +rank everything that's why when we have + + align:start position:0% +rank everything that's why when we have + + + align:start position:0% +rank everything that's why when we have +a utility function the ranking is + + align:start position:0% +a utility function the ranking is + + + align:start position:0% +a utility function the ranking is +complete the ranking is trans transitive + + align:start position:0% +complete the ranking is trans transitive + + + align:start position:0% +complete the ranking is trans transitive +because if uh utility number of a is + + align:start position:0% +because if uh utility number of a is + + + align:start position:0% +because if uh utility number of a is +greater than or equal to the utility + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to the utility + + + align:start position:0% +greater than or equal to the utility +number B and B is usually numbers higher + + align:start position:0% +number B and B is usually numbers higher + + + align:start position:0% +number B and B is usually numbers higher +than C then we have transitivity under + + align:start position:0% +than C then we have transitivity under + + + align:start position:0% +than C then we have transitivity under +the ordin ordinary weak inequality so so + + align:start position:0% +the ordin ordinary weak inequality so so + + + align:start position:0% +the ordin ordinary weak inequality so so +one implies the other essentially in + + align:start position:0% +one implies the other essentially in + + + align:start position:0% +one implies the other essentially in +this case we're going from the existence + + align:start position:0% +this case we're going from the existence + + + align:start position:0% +this case we're going from the existence +of O and we're given continuous which + + align:start position:0% +of O and we're given continuous which + + + align:start position:0% +of O and we're given continuous which +was the third property of a rational + + align:start position:0% +was the third property of a rational + + + align:start position:0% +was the third property of a rational +preference ordering so that's embedded + + align:start position:0% +preference ordering so that's embedded + + + align:start position:0% +preference ordering so that's embedded +in the utility so obviously two bundles + + align:start position:0% +in the utility so obviously two bundles + + + align:start position:0% +in the utility so obviously two bundles +which are close to each other are going + + align:start position:0% +which are close to each other are going + + + align:start position:0% +which are close to each other are going +to have very close utility values + + align:start position:0% +to have very close utility values + + + align:start position:0% +to have very close utility values +there's something very deceptive about + + align:start position:0% +there's something very deceptive about + + + align:start position:0% +there's something very deceptive about +this lecture + + align:start position:0% +this lecture + + + align:start position:0% +this lecture +because no slide is particularly hard + + align:start position:0% +because no slide is particularly hard + + + align:start position:0% +because no slide is particularly hard +I think of course you should alert me if + + align:start position:0% +I think of course you should alert me if + + + align:start position:0% +I think of course you should alert me if +otherwise but yet somehow when we go + + align:start position:0% +otherwise but yet somehow when we go + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise but yet somehow when we go +through all of them you'll be empowered + + align:start position:0% +through all of them you'll be empowered + + + align:start position:0% +through all of them you'll be empowered +with the tools of consumer Theory so it + + align:start position:0% +with the tools of consumer Theory so it + + + align:start position:0% +with the tools of consumer Theory so it +is definitely worth doing this well + + align:start position:0% +is definitely worth doing this well + + + align:start position:0% +is definitely worth doing this well +okay local non-satiation is another + + align:start position:0% +okay local non-satiation is another + + + align:start position:0% +okay local non-satiation is another +property it says that if you're given an + + align:start position:0% +property it says that if you're given an + + + align:start position:0% +property it says that if you're given an +X in the consumption set in an arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +X in the consumption set in an arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +X in the consumption set in an arbitrary +small number Epsilon there exists some + + align:start position:0% +small number Epsilon there exists some + + + align:start position:0% +small number Epsilon there exists some +other element y in the consumption set + + align:start position:0% +other element y in the consumption set + + + align:start position:0% +other element y in the consumption set +so that when we're within an Epsilon + + align:start position:0% +so that when we're within an Epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +so that when we're within an Epsilon +neighborhood of X we find this Y and Y + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood of X we find this Y and Y + + + align:start position:0% +neighborhood of X we find this Y and Y +is preferred to X in other words it's a + + align:start position:0% +is preferred to X in other words it's a + + + align:start position:0% +is preferred to X in other words it's a +little weaker than Global which is on + + align:start position:0% +little weaker than Global which is on + + + align:start position:0% +little weaker than Global which is on +the next slide local just means you + + align:start position:0% +the next slide local just means you + + + align:start position:0% +the next slide local just means you +start with X draw a circle around it in + + align:start position:0% +start with X draw a circle around it in + + + align:start position:0% +start with X draw a circle around it in +euclidean space two-dimensional or + + align:start position:0% +euclidean space two-dimensional or + + + align:start position:0% +euclidean space two-dimensional or +sphere or in higher dimensional objects + + align:start position:0% +sphere or in higher dimensional objects + + + align:start position:0% +sphere or in higher dimensional objects +and you can always find something in + + align:start position:0% +and you can always find something in + + + align:start position:0% +and you can always find something in +that area even however small that is + + align:start position:0% +that area even however small that is + + + align:start position:0% +that area even however small that is +strictly preferred strictly preferred to + + align:start position:0% +strictly preferred strictly preferred to + + + align:start position:0% +strictly preferred strictly preferred to +the starting point x + + align:start position:0% +the starting point x + + + align:start position:0% +the starting point x +eventually we'll get to competitive + + align:start position:0% +eventually we'll get to competitive + + + align:start position:0% +eventually we'll get to competitive +equilibria for entire economies you know + + align:start position:0% +equilibria for entire economies you know + + + align:start position:0% +equilibria for entire economies you know +or competitive equilibria optimal the + + align:start position:0% +or competitive equilibria optimal the + + + align:start position:0% +or competitive equilibria optimal the +answer may be no + + align:start position:0% +answer may be no + + + align:start position:0% +answer may be no +if we lose this local non-satiation so + + align:start position:0% +if we lose this local non-satiation so + + + align:start position:0% +if we lose this local non-satiation so +it'll sneak back up on us in other words + + align:start position:0% +it'll sneak back up on us in other words + + + align:start position:0% +it'll sneak back up on us in other words +there's no Bliss point this is the + + align:start position:0% +there's no Bliss point this is the + + + align:start position:0% +there's no Bliss point this is the +Dismal view of Economics I suppose that + + align:start position:0% +Dismal view of Economics I suppose that + + + align:start position:0% +Dismal view of Economics I suppose that +more is always preferred to lessen + + align:start position:0% +more is always preferred to lessen + + + align:start position:0% +more is always preferred to lessen +people just can't get enough + + align:start position:0% +people just can't get enough + + + align:start position:0% +people just can't get enough +here's a more global view of it which is + + align:start position:0% +here's a more global view of it which is + + + align:start position:0% +here's a more global view of it which is +with two goods + + align:start position:0% +with two goods + + + align:start position:0% +with two goods +we start with this bundle here + + align:start position:0% +we start with this bundle here + + + align:start position:0% +we start with this bundle here +this whole hatched in area has more of + + align:start position:0% +this whole hatched in area has more of + + + align:start position:0% +this whole hatched in area has more of +one or the other or both goods and it's + + align:start position:0% +one or the other or both goods and it's + + + align:start position:0% +one or the other or both goods and it's +the strictly weekly or strictly + + align:start position:0% +the strictly weekly or strictly + + + align:start position:0% +the strictly weekly or strictly +preferred set relative to that in fact + + align:start position:0% +preferred set relative to that in fact + + + align:start position:0% +preferred set relative to that in fact +if they value both goods and even if you + + align:start position:0% +if they value both goods and even if you + + + align:start position:0% +if they value both goods and even if you +keep one constant you're increasing the + + align:start position:0% +keep one constant you're increasing the + + + align:start position:0% +keep one constant you're increasing the +other so it's a strictly preferred set + + align:start position:0% +other so it's a strictly preferred set + + + align:start position:0% +other so it's a strictly preferred set +this which has less of one or the other + + align:start position:0% +this which has less of one or the other + + + align:start position:0% +this which has less of one or the other +of both relative to the starting point + + align:start position:0% +of both relative to the starting point + + + align:start position:0% +of both relative to the starting point +is the worst then set so back to rank + + align:start position:0% +is the worst then set so back to rank + + + align:start position:0% +is the worst then set so back to rank +ordering you know we start here and say + + align:start position:0% +ordering you know we start here and say + + + align:start position:0% +ordering you know we start here and say +what about a bundle here well that's + + align:start position:0% +what about a bundle here well that's + + + align:start position:0% +what about a bundle here well that's +strictly preferred start here what about + + align:start position:0% +strictly preferred start here what about + + + align:start position:0% +strictly preferred start here what about +going Southwest and the original bundle + + align:start position:0% +going Southwest and the original bundle + + + align:start position:0% +going Southwest and the original bundle +is strictly preferred but we leave some + + align:start position:0% +is strictly preferred but we leave some + + + align:start position:0% +is strictly preferred but we leave some +question marks in these off diagonal + + align:start position:0% +question marks in these off diagonal + + + align:start position:0% +question marks in these off diagonal +elements essentially because it has more + + align:start position:0% +elements essentially because it has more + + + align:start position:0% +elements essentially because it has more +of one good and less than another so + + align:start position:0% +of one good and less than another so + + + align:start position:0% +of one good and less than another so +apriori we're not able to say what the + + align:start position:0% +apriori we're not able to say what the + + + align:start position:0% +apriori we're not able to say what the +consumer would choose without providing + + align:start position:0% +consumer would choose without providing + + + align:start position:0% +consumer would choose without providing +more details but we can provide those + + align:start position:0% +more details but we can provide those + + + align:start position:0% +more details but we can provide those +details if we go back to + + align:start position:0% +details if we go back to + + + align:start position:0% +details if we go back to +say the representation of the utility + + align:start position:0% +say the representation of the utility + + + align:start position:0% +say the representation of the utility +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +so we pick a bundle and it's associated + + align:start position:0% +so we pick a bundle and it's associated + + + align:start position:0% +so we pick a bundle and it's associated +with a given level of utility + + align:start position:0% +with a given level of utility + + + align:start position:0% +with a given level of utility +remember Jeremy Bentham + + align:start position:0% +remember Jeremy Bentham + + + align:start position:0% +remember Jeremy Bentham +and then we ask what other values + + align:start position:0% +and then we ask what other values + + + align:start position:0% +and then we ask what other values +in this consumption set + + align:start position:0% +in this consumption set + + + align:start position:0% +in this consumption set +would generate the same utility level as + + align:start position:0% +would generate the same utility level as + + + align:start position:0% +would generate the same utility level as +the starting point + + align:start position:0% +the starting point + + + align:start position:0% +the starting point +and that's the entire set of bundles on + + align:start position:0% +and that's the entire set of bundles on + + + align:start position:0% +and that's the entire set of bundles on +this curve + + align:start position:0% +this curve + + + align:start position:0% +this curve +so this is called an indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +so this is called an indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +so this is called an indifference curve +in the sense that + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that + + + align:start position:0% +in the sense that +these two bundles X1 y1 and X2 Y2 under + + align:start position:0% +these two bundles X1 y1 and X2 Y2 under + + + align:start position:0% +these two bundles X1 y1 and X2 Y2 under +the consumers preferences are + + align:start position:0% +the consumers preferences are + + + align:start position:0% +the consumers preferences are +indifferent to each other it might have + + align:start position:0% +indifferent to each other it might have + + + align:start position:0% +indifferent to each other it might have +been better to call it an ISO utility + + align:start position:0% +been better to call it an ISO utility + + + align:start position:0% +been better to call it an ISO utility +curve + + align:start position:0% +curve + + + align:start position:0% +curve +because that language is even closer to + + align:start position:0% +because that language is even closer to + + + align:start position:0% +because that language is even closer to +what it is + + align:start position:0% +what it is + + + align:start position:0% +what it is +and later in the class when we get to + + align:start position:0% +and later in the class when we get to + + + align:start position:0% +and later in the class when we get to +production functions we can talk about + + align:start position:0% +production functions we can talk about + + + align:start position:0% +production functions we can talk about +isoquants and + + align:start position:0% +isoquants and + + + align:start position:0% +isoquants and +later we can talk about ISO costs and + + align:start position:0% +later we can talk about ISO costs and + + + align:start position:0% +later we can talk about ISO costs and +this is ISO utility same utility or + + align:start position:0% +this is ISO utility same utility or + + + align:start position:0% +this is ISO utility same utility or +traditionally it's called the + + align:start position:0% +traditionally it's called the + + + align:start position:0% +traditionally it's called the +indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve +now this is drawn with a certain + + align:start position:0% +now this is drawn with a certain + + + align:start position:0% +now this is drawn with a certain +diminishing slope and I'll come back to + + align:start position:0% +diminishing slope and I'll come back to + + + align:start position:0% +diminishing slope and I'll come back to +that momentarily well + + align:start position:0% +that momentarily well + + + align:start position:0% +that momentarily well +of course there's more than one curve + + align:start position:0% +of course there's more than one curve + + + align:start position:0% +of course there's more than one curve +because under a utility function it's + + align:start position:0% +because under a utility function it's + + + align:start position:0% +because under a utility function it's +complete so everything has a ranking + + align:start position:0% +complete so everything has a ranking + + + align:start position:0% +complete so everything has a ranking +let's jump up here + + align:start position:0% +let's jump up here + + + align:start position:0% +let's jump up here +utility levels are higher jump up here + + align:start position:0% +utility levels are higher jump up here + + + align:start position:0% +utility levels are higher jump up here +higher still + + align:start position:0% +higher still + + + align:start position:0% +higher still +so as we move Northeast we're moving in + + align:start position:0% +so as we move Northeast we're moving in + + + align:start position:0% +so as we move Northeast we're moving in +the direction of strictly increasing + + align:start position:0% +the direction of strictly increasing + + + align:start position:0% +the direction of strictly increasing +utility + + align:start position:0% +utility + + + align:start position:0% +utility +in fact + + align:start position:0% +in fact + + + align:start position:0% +in fact +you know stuff is going on between these + + align:start position:0% +you know stuff is going on between these + + + align:start position:0% +you know stuff is going on between these +curves too it's just utility levels that + + align:start position:0% +curves too it's just utility levels that + + + align:start position:0% +curves too it's just utility levels that +are between U1 and U2 + + align:start position:0% +are between U1 and U2 + + + align:start position:0% +are between U1 and U2 +but you typically graphically just draw + + align:start position:0% +but you typically graphically just draw + + + align:start position:0% +but you typically graphically just draw +one or a finite number we don't try to + + align:start position:0% +one or a finite number we don't try to + + + align:start position:0% +one or a finite number we don't try to +fill the whole thing out because then it + + align:start position:0% +fill the whole thing out because then it + + + align:start position:0% +fill the whole thing out because then it +would just go black + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's try this diagram + + align:start position:0% +let's try this diagram + + + align:start position:0% +let's try this diagram +this is indifference curves that are + + align:start position:0% +this is indifference curves that are + + + align:start position:0% +this is indifference curves that are +crossing + + align:start position:0% +crossing + + + align:start position:0% +crossing +note that a is Northeast of B + + align:start position:0% +note that a is Northeast of B + + + align:start position:0% +note that a is Northeast of B +has more of both Goods X and Y so a must + + align:start position:0% +has more of both Goods X and Y so a must + + + align:start position:0% +has more of both Goods X and Y so a must +be strictly preferred to be + + align:start position:0% +be strictly preferred to be + + + align:start position:0% +be strictly preferred to be +however + + align:start position:0% +however + + + align:start position:0% +however +a is on the same indifference curve as e + + align:start position:0% +a is on the same indifference curve as e + + + align:start position:0% +a is on the same indifference curve as e +the indifference curve labeled U1 + + align:start position:0% +the indifference curve labeled U1 + + + align:start position:0% +the indifference curve labeled U1 +and E is on the same indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +and E is on the same indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +and E is on the same indifference curve +as B + + align:start position:0% +as B + + + align:start position:0% +as B +the indifference curve U2 + + align:start position:0% +the indifference curve U2 + + + align:start position:0% +the indifference curve U2 +or under transitivity the consumer is + + align:start position:0% +or under transitivity the consumer is + + + align:start position:0% +or under transitivity the consumer is +different between A and E + + align:start position:0% +different between A and E + + + align:start position:0% +different between A and E +and indifference between e and B then by + + align:start position:0% +and indifference between e and B then by + + + align:start position:0% +and indifference between e and B then by +transitivity + + align:start position:0% +transitivity + + + align:start position:0% +transitivity +the consumer should be indifferent + + align:start position:0% +the consumer should be indifferent + + + align:start position:0% +the consumer should be indifferent +between A and B but we started out by + + align:start position:0% +between A and B but we started out by + + + align:start position:0% +between A and B but we started out by +saying that the consumer strictly + + align:start position:0% +saying that the consumer strictly + + + align:start position:0% +saying that the consumer strictly +prefers A to B + + align:start position:0% +prefers A to B + + + align:start position:0% +prefers A to B +so we end up with a contradiction hence + + align:start position:0% +so we end up with a contradiction hence + + + align:start position:0% +so we end up with a contradiction hence +indifference curves can never cross + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's come back to the slope + + align:start position:0% +so let's come back to the slope + + + align:start position:0% +so let's come back to the slope +let's define the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +let's define the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +let's define the marginal rate of +substitution the willingness to give up + + align:start position:0% +substitution the willingness to give up + + + align:start position:0% +substitution the willingness to give up +one good for another as the negative + + align:start position:0% +one good for another as the negative + + + align:start position:0% +one good for another as the negative +slope of the indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +slope of the indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +slope of the indifference curve +so that is the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +so that is the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +so that is the marginal rate of +substitution is how much of Y you have + + align:start position:0% +substitution is how much of Y you have + + + align:start position:0% +substitution is how much of Y you have +to get when you give up one unit of X + + align:start position:0% +to get when you give up one unit of X + + + align:start position:0% +to get when you give up one unit of X +while keeping utility constant at U1 so + + align:start position:0% +while keeping utility constant at U1 so + + + align:start position:0% +while keeping utility constant at U1 so +that curve and this number tell us + + align:start position:0% +that curve and this number tell us + + + align:start position:0% +that curve and this number tell us +something about trade-offs that a + + align:start position:0% +something about trade-offs that a + + + align:start position:0% +something about trade-offs that a +household would willingly do to be + + align:start position:0% +household would willingly do to be + + + align:start position:0% +household would willingly do to be +indifferent or potentially later to even + + align:start position:0% +indifferent or potentially later to even + + + align:start position:0% +indifferent or potentially later to even +gain + + align:start position:0% +gain + + + align:start position:0% +gain +um so if you go back + + align:start position:0% +um so if you go back + + + align:start position:0% +um so if you go back +to this slide this is a diminishing + + align:start position:0% +to this slide this is a diminishing + + + align:start position:0% +to this slide this is a diminishing +marginal rate of substitution the slope + + align:start position:0% +marginal rate of substitution the slope + + + align:start position:0% +marginal rate of substitution the slope +is getting less and less it's obviously + + align:start position:0% +is getting less and less it's obviously + + + align:start position:0% +is getting less and less it's obviously +negative because when you get more of + + align:start position:0% +negative because when you get more of + + + align:start position:0% +negative because when you get more of +one good you're willing to give up the + + align:start position:0% +one good you're willing to give up the + + + align:start position:0% +one good you're willing to give up the +other the issue is how much if you start + + align:start position:0% +other the issue is how much if you start + + + align:start position:0% +other the issue is how much if you start +off with a modest amount of X1 and a + + align:start position:0% +off with a modest amount of X1 and a + + + align:start position:0% +off with a modest amount of X1 and a +relatively large amount of y1 + + align:start position:0% +relatively large amount of y1 + + + align:start position:0% +relatively large amount of y1 +and you move down this curve + + align:start position:0% +and you move down this curve + + + align:start position:0% +and you move down this curve +the marginal rate of substitution would + + align:start position:0% +the marginal rate of substitution would + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal rate of substitution would +be this slope + + align:start position:0% +be this slope + + + align:start position:0% +be this slope +but if you gave the household + + align:start position:0% +but if you gave the household + + + align:start position:0% +but if you gave the household +more of X and less of Y + + align:start position:0% +more of X and less of Y + + + align:start position:0% +more of X and less of Y +their slope becomes less and less + + align:start position:0% +their slope becomes less and less + + + align:start position:0% +their slope becomes less and less +because here as you move Point wise down + + align:start position:0% +because here as you move Point wise down + + + align:start position:0% +because here as you move Point wise down +you have more and more X but X is less + + align:start position:0% +you have more and more X but X is less + + + align:start position:0% +you have more and more X but X is less +and less valued because you have more + + align:start position:0% +and less valued because you have more + + + align:start position:0% +and less valued because you have more +and more of it you have less and less y + + align:start position:0% +and more of it you have less and less y + + + align:start position:0% +and more of it you have less and less y +so Y is more and more valued as you give + + align:start position:0% +so Y is more and more valued as you give + + + align:start position:0% +so Y is more and more valued as you give +up more of it and so to make this + + align:start position:0% +up more of it and so to make this + + + align:start position:0% +up more of it and so to make this +movement excessively you require more + + align:start position:0% +movement excessively you require more + + + align:start position:0% +movement excessively you require more +and more X as you surrender a given unit + + align:start position:0% +and more X as you surrender a given unit + + + align:start position:0% +and more X as you surrender a given unit +of Y in order to maintain the + + align:start position:0% +of Y in order to maintain the + + + align:start position:0% +of Y in order to maintain the +indifference on the indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +indifference on the indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +indifference on the indifference curve +I mean down here it's almost flat + + align:start position:0% +I mean down here it's almost flat + + + align:start position:0% +I mean down here it's almost flat +you you just have so much of good X that + + align:start position:0% +you you just have so much of good X that + + + align:start position:0% +you you just have so much of good X that +variation of it doesn't change utility + + align:start position:0% +variation of it doesn't change utility + + + align:start position:0% +variation of it doesn't change utility +very much so you don't have to change + + align:start position:0% +very much so you don't have to change + + + align:start position:0% +very much so you don't have to change +why + + align:start position:0% +why + + + align:start position:0% +why +and like here it's almost vertical + + align:start position:0% +and like here it's almost vertical + + + align:start position:0% +and like here it's almost vertical +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so we normally assume the marginal rate + + align:start position:0% +so we normally assume the marginal rate + + + align:start position:0% +so we normally assume the marginal rate +of substitution is decreasing just as in + + align:start position:0% +of substitution is decreasing just as in + + + align:start position:0% +of substitution is decreasing just as in +that diagram and the intuition is they + + align:start position:0% +that diagram and the intuition is they + + + align:start position:0% +that diagram and the intuition is they +want things to be balanced and then + + align:start position:0% +want things to be balanced and then + + + align:start position:0% +want things to be balanced and then +we're going to about to get to Notions + + align:start position:0% +we're going to about to get to Notions + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to about to get to Notions +of convexity and concavity but I'll wait + + align:start position:0% +of convexity and concavity but I'll wait + + + align:start position:0% +of convexity and concavity but I'll wait +for that slide but one thing I want to + + align:start position:0% +for that slide but one thing I want to + + + align:start position:0% +for that slide but one thing I want to +say right away is that the margin rate + + align:start position:0% +say right away is that the margin rate + + + align:start position:0% +say right away is that the margin rate +of substitution doesn't have to be + + align:start position:0% +of substitution doesn't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +of substitution doesn't have to be +decreasing if indifference curves are + + align:start position:0% +decreasing if indifference curves are + + + align:start position:0% +decreasing if indifference curves are +linear as they are here then the slope + + align:start position:0% +linear as they are here then the slope + + + align:start position:0% +linear as they are here then the slope +is the same it's a line after all + + align:start position:0% +is the same it's a line after all + + + align:start position:0% +is the same it's a line after all +so the margin rate of substitution is + + align:start position:0% +so the margin rate of substitution is + + + align:start position:0% +so the margin rate of substitution is +not diminishing its constant + + align:start position:0% +not diminishing its constant + + + align:start position:0% +not diminishing its constant +and here + + align:start position:0% +and here + + + align:start position:0% +and here +we have our + + align:start position:0% +we have our + + + align:start position:0% +we have our +classic case which is the way they're + + align:start position:0% +classic case which is the way they're + + + align:start position:0% +classic case which is the way they're +typically drawn here it's the opposite + + align:start position:0% +typically drawn here it's the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +typically drawn here it's the opposite +which is if you start at this L point of + + align:start position:0% +which is if you start at this L point of + + + align:start position:0% +which is if you start at this L point of +the L + + align:start position:0% +the L + + + align:start position:0% +the L +and moved in the direction of having + + align:start position:0% +and moved in the direction of having + + + align:start position:0% +and moved in the direction of having +more of good X you would gain no extra + + align:start position:0% +more of good X you would gain no extra + + + align:start position:0% +more of good X you would gain no extra +utility + + align:start position:0% +utility + + + align:start position:0% +utility +likewise if you started at this point in + + align:start position:0% +likewise if you started at this point in + + + align:start position:0% +likewise if you started at this point in +gain more had more y you would gain no + + align:start position:0% +gain more had more y you would gain no + + + align:start position:0% +gain more had more y you would gain no +extra utility the only way to achieve + + align:start position:0% +extra utility the only way to achieve + + + align:start position:0% +extra utility the only way to achieve +higher levels of utility going from u0 + + align:start position:0% +higher levels of utility going from u0 + + + align:start position:0% +higher levels of utility going from u0 +to U1 Etc is to increase both and in the + + align:start position:0% +to U1 Etc is to increase both and in the + + + align:start position:0% +to U1 Etc is to increase both and in the +exact same proportions so these are + + align:start position:0% +exact same proportions so these are + + + align:start position:0% +exact same proportions so these are +sometimes called leonty of indifference + + align:start position:0% +sometimes called leonty of indifference + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes called leonty of indifference +curves although he really created them + + align:start position:0% +curves although he really created them + + + align:start position:0% +curves although he really created them +in production and we'll get to that in + + align:start position:0% +in production and we'll get to that in + + + align:start position:0% +in production and we'll get to that in +two lectures + + align:start position:0% +two lectures + + + align:start position:0% +two lectures +so the degree of substitutability you + + align:start position:0% +so the degree of substitutability you + + + align:start position:0% +so the degree of substitutability you +know these are very curved these are + + align:start position:0% +know these are very curved these are + + + align:start position:0% +know these are very curved these are +linear these are kinked + + align:start position:0% +linear these are kinked + + + align:start position:0% +linear these are kinked +um is something called the elasticity of + + align:start position:0% +um is something called the elasticity of + + + align:start position:0% +um is something called the elasticity of +substitution so these are constant + + align:start position:0% +substitution so these are constant + + + align:start position:0% +substitution so these are constant +elasticity of substitution curves that + + align:start position:0% +elasticity of substitution curves that + + + align:start position:0% +elasticity of substitution curves that +are parameterized by by the degree of + + align:start position:0% +are parameterized by by the degree of + + + align:start position:0% +are parameterized by by the degree of +curvature + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and here are some particular functions + + align:start position:0% +and here are some particular functions + + + align:start position:0% +and here are some particular functions +this one's called Cobb Douglas he was an + + align:start position:0% +this one's called Cobb Douglas he was an + + + align:start position:0% +this one's called Cobb Douglas he was an +economist at Illinois + + align:start position:0% +economist at Illinois + + + align:start position:0% +economist at Illinois +um or Douglas was Senator Douglas I + + align:start position:0% +um or Douglas was Senator Douglas I + + + align:start position:0% +um or Douglas was Senator Douglas I +think he was a senator + + align:start position:0% +think he was a senator + + + align:start position:0% +think he was a senator +from Illinois when it was an + + align:start position:0% +from Illinois when it was an + + + align:start position:0% +from Illinois when it was an +agricultural state + + align:start position:0% +agricultural state + + + align:start position:0% +agricultural state +to check that to be sure + + align:start position:0% +to check that to be sure + + + align:start position:0% +to check that to be sure +so x to the power alpha y to the power + + align:start position:0% +so x to the power alpha y to the power + + + align:start position:0% +so x to the power alpha y to the power +of beta perfect complements which is + + align:start position:0% +of beta perfect complements which is + + + align:start position:0% +of beta perfect complements which is +this one + + align:start position:0% +this one + + + align:start position:0% +this one +is here you can see the ratio I was + + align:start position:0% +is here you can see the ratio I was + + + align:start position:0% +is here you can see the ratio I was +referring to to maintain utility + + align:start position:0% +referring to to maintain utility + + + align:start position:0% +referring to to maintain utility +constant the ratio of Y to X has to be + + align:start position:0% +constant the ratio of Y to X has to be + + + align:start position:0% +constant the ratio of Y to X has to be +Alpha over beta perfect substitutes + + align:start position:0% +Alpha over beta perfect substitutes + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha over beta perfect substitutes +linear + + align:start position:0% +linear + + + align:start position:0% +linear +constant elasticity of substitution this + + align:start position:0% +constant elasticity of substitution this + + + align:start position:0% +constant elasticity of substitution this +function and we will use + + align:start position:0% +function and we will use + + + align:start position:0% +function and we will use +these for numerical examples and psets + + align:start position:0% +these for numerical examples and psets + + + align:start position:0% +these for numerical examples and psets +and so on from time to time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now we get to convexity and + + align:start position:0% +okay now we get to convexity and + + + align:start position:0% +okay now we get to convexity and +quasi-convexity and all of that stuff so + + align:start position:0% +quasi-convexity and all of that stuff so + + + align:start position:0% +quasi-convexity and all of that stuff so +a set X like a consumption set + + align:start position:0% +a set X like a consumption set + + + align:start position:0% +a set X like a consumption set +is convex + + align:start position:0% +is convex + + + align:start position:0% +is convex +if whenever you have two separate + + align:start position:0% +if whenever you have two separate + + + align:start position:0% +if whenever you have two separate +bundles x and x Prime in the set and you + + align:start position:0% +bundles x and x Prime in the set and you + + + align:start position:0% +bundles x and x Prime in the set and you +take a linear combination of those two + + align:start position:0% +take a linear combination of those two + + + align:start position:0% +take a linear combination of those two +points with weights Alpha + + align:start position:0% +points with weights Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +points with weights Alpha +say Alpha between 0 and 1. then this new + + align:start position:0% +say Alpha between 0 and 1. then this new + + + align:start position:0% +say Alpha between 0 and 1. then this new +point is also in the set so it's a + + align:start position:0% +point is also in the set so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +point is also in the set so it's a +standard definition of a convex set + + align:start position:0% +standard definition of a convex set + + + align:start position:0% +standard definition of a convex set +a function is said to be convex + + align:start position:0% +a function is said to be convex + + + align:start position:0% +a function is said to be convex +if whenever you have two points X Prime + + align:start position:0% +if whenever you have two points X Prime + + + align:start position:0% +if whenever you have two points X Prime +and Y Prime x and x Prime and you + + align:start position:0% +and Y Prime x and x Prime and you + + + align:start position:0% +and Y Prime x and x Prime and you +evaluate the function f + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the function f + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the function f +then the weighted average of those two + + align:start position:0% +then the weighted average of those two + + + align:start position:0% +then the weighted average of those two +points over here evaluating under f is + + align:start position:0% +points over here evaluating under f is + + + align:start position:0% +points over here evaluating under f is +less than the weighted average in the + + align:start position:0% +less than the weighted average in the + + + align:start position:0% +less than the weighted average in the +range of the function + + align:start position:0% +range of the function + + + align:start position:0% +range of the function +so that's a definition of a convex + + align:start position:0% +so that's a definition of a convex + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a definition of a convex +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the set of points on or above the graph + + align:start position:0% +the set of points on or above the graph + + + align:start position:0% +the set of points on or above the graph +of a convex function is convex so that's + + align:start position:0% +of a convex function is convex so that's + + + align:start position:0% +of a convex function is convex so that's +kind of linking these two definitions + + align:start position:0% +kind of linking these two definitions + + + align:start position:0% +kind of linking these two definitions +together I'll show you the picture + + align:start position:0% +together I'll show you the picture + + + align:start position:0% +together I'll show you the picture +momentarily a convex function a negative + + align:start position:0% +momentarily a convex function a negative + + + align:start position:0% +momentarily a convex function a negative +of a convex function is concave we + + align:start position:0% +of a convex function is concave we + + + align:start position:0% +of a convex function is concave we +Define quasi-convex + + align:start position:0% +Define quasi-convex + + + align:start position:0% +Define quasi-convex +a function f is not simply convex but + + align:start position:0% +a function f is not simply convex but + + + align:start position:0% +a function f is not simply convex but +weaker quasi-convex if whenever you + + align:start position:0% +weaker quasi-convex if whenever you + + + align:start position:0% +weaker quasi-convex if whenever you +evaluate the two endpoints and x and x + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the two endpoints and x and x + + + align:start position:0% +evaluate the two endpoints and x and x +Prime and take the max of the two it's + + align:start position:0% +Prime and take the max of the two it's + + + align:start position:0% +Prime and take the max of the two it's +no less than the function evaluated at + + align:start position:0% +no less than the function evaluated at + + + align:start position:0% +no less than the function evaluated at +the weighted average and likewise the + + align:start position:0% +the weighted average and likewise the + + + align:start position:0% +the weighted average and likewise the +negative of a quasi-convex function is + + align:start position:0% +negative of a quasi-convex function is + + + align:start position:0% +negative of a quasi-convex function is +said to be quasi-concave so what are we + + align:start position:0% +said to be quasi-concave so what are we + + + align:start position:0% +said to be quasi-concave so what are we +going to use here we're going to show + + align:start position:0% +going to use here we're going to show + + + align:start position:0% +going to use here we're going to show +you a picture where we'll display + + align:start position:0% +you a picture where we'll display + + + align:start position:0% +you a picture where we'll display +convexity of a set convexity of a + + align:start position:0% +convexity of a set convexity of a + + + align:start position:0% +convexity of a set convexity of a +function and the use of quasi-con cavity + + align:start position:0% +function and the use of quasi-con cavity + + + align:start position:0% +function and the use of quasi-con cavity +so this is the one that is consistent + + align:start position:0% +so this is the one that is consistent + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the one that is consistent +with the definitions this is the one + + align:start position:0% +with the definitions this is the one + + + align:start position:0% +with the definitions this is the one +that is not so this indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +that is not so this indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +that is not so this indifference curve +is a curve in the space of X and Y and + + align:start position:0% +is a curve in the space of X and Y and + + + align:start position:0% +is a curve in the space of X and Y and +its convex actually strictly convex + + align:start position:0% +its convex actually strictly convex + + + align:start position:0% +its convex actually strictly convex +the set of points with utility greater + + align:start position:0% +the set of points with utility greater + + + align:start position:0% +the set of points with utility greater +than or equal to the utility associated + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to the utility associated + + + align:start position:0% +than or equal to the utility associated +with this indifference curve are these + + align:start position:0% +with this indifference curve are these + + + align:start position:0% +with this indifference curve are these +as this hatched area and this is a + + align:start position:0% +as this hatched area and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +as this hatched area and this is a +convex set you pick any two points for + + align:start position:0% +convex set you pick any two points for + + + align:start position:0% +convex set you pick any two points for +example this one and this one and take a + + align:start position:0% +example this one and this one and take a + + + align:start position:0% +example this one and this one and take a +weighted average and you'll still have a + + align:start position:0% +weighted average and you'll still have a + + + align:start position:0% +weighted average and you'll still have a +utility level which is greater than the + + align:start position:0% +utility level which is greater than the + + + align:start position:0% +utility level which is greater than the +utility is associated with U1 if you + + align:start position:0% +utility is associated with U1 if you + + + align:start position:0% +utility is associated with U1 if you +looked at the definition of + + align:start position:0% +looked at the definition of + + + align:start position:0% +looked at the definition of +quasi-concave utility function we have + + align:start position:0% +quasi-concave utility function we have + + + align:start position:0% +quasi-concave utility function we have +we take the utility function which is + + align:start position:0% +we take the utility function which is + + + align:start position:0% +we take the utility function which is +generating these indifference curves and + + align:start position:0% +generating these indifference curves and + + + align:start position:0% +generating these indifference curves and +say what's the utility at this point + + align:start position:0% +say what's the utility at this point + + + align:start position:0% +say what's the utility at this point +under that utility function what's the + + align:start position:0% +under that utility function what's the + + + align:start position:0% +under that utility function what's the +utility at this point under that utility + + align:start position:0% +utility at this point under that utility + + + align:start position:0% +utility at this point under that utility +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +take the the max of those two and then + + align:start position:0% +take the the max of those two and then + + + align:start position:0% +take the the max of those two and then +show that the weighted average on the + + align:start position:0% +show that the weighted average on the + + + align:start position:0% +show that the weighted average on the +line gives a strictly higher utility + + align:start position:0% +line gives a strictly higher utility + + + align:start position:0% +line gives a strictly higher utility +level so + + align:start position:0% +level so + + + align:start position:0% +level so +quasi + + align:start position:0% +quasi + + + align:start position:0% +quasi +con cave function + + align:start position:0% +con cave function + + + align:start position:0% +con cave function +reverses the inequality here so the max + + align:start position:0% +reverses the inequality here so the max + + + align:start position:0% +reverses the inequality here so the max +of the utility at each of the endpoints + + align:start position:0% +of the utility at each of the endpoints + + + align:start position:0% +of the utility at each of the endpoints +is less than the utility at the weighted + + align:start position:0% +is less than the utility at the weighted + + + align:start position:0% +is less than the utility at the weighted +average okay so that is tedious and it's + + align:start position:0% +average okay so that is tedious and it's + + + align:start position:0% +average okay so that is tedious and it's +a bit hard to absorb especially if + + align:start position:0% +a bit hard to absorb especially if + + + align:start position:0% +a bit hard to absorb especially if +you're not used to using all of these + + align:start position:0% +you're not used to using all of these + + + align:start position:0% +you're not used to using all of these +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +but anyway this is the good looking + + align:start position:0% +but anyway this is the good looking + + + align:start position:0% +but anyway this is the good looking +picture and this one is ugly uh in the + + align:start position:0% +picture and this one is ugly uh in the + + + align:start position:0% +picture and this one is ugly uh in the +sense that it violates every single this + + align:start position:0% +sense that it violates every single this + + + align:start position:0% +sense that it violates every single this +property this utility uh indifference + + align:start position:0% +property this utility uh indifference + + + align:start position:0% +property this utility uh indifference +curve is not convex it has some concave + + align:start position:0% +curve is not convex it has some concave + + + align:start position:0% +curve is not convex it has some concave +portion uh the set of bundles on or + + align:start position:0% +portion uh the set of bundles on or + + + align:start position:0% +portion uh the set of bundles on or +above the indifference curve when you + + align:start position:0% +above the indifference curve when you + + + align:start position:0% +above the indifference curve when you +take weighted averages of them you would + + align:start position:0% +take weighted averages of them you would + + + align:start position:0% +take weighted averages of them you would +be below the indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +be below the indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +be below the indifference curve +violating the property and similarly if + + align:start position:0% +violating the property and similarly if + + + align:start position:0% +violating the property and similarly if +you take this coin in this point take + + align:start position:0% +you take this coin in this point take + + + align:start position:0% +you take this coin in this point take +the max of the two and take a weighted + + align:start position:0% +the max of the two and take a weighted + + + align:start position:0% +the max of the two and take a weighted +average the utility is actually now less + + align:start position:0% +average the utility is actually now less + + + align:start position:0% +average the utility is actually now less +than not greater + + align:start position:0% +than not greater + + + align:start position:0% +than not greater +that quasi-convexity or concavity of + + align:start position:0% +that quasi-convexity or concavity of + + + align:start position:0% +that quasi-convexity or concavity of +utility is a bit surprising it has to do + + align:start position:0% +utility is a bit surprising it has to do + + + align:start position:0% +utility is a bit surprising it has to do +with the ordinal nature of the utility + + align:start position:0% +with the ordinal nature of the utility + + + align:start position:0% +with the ordinal nature of the utility +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +we don't want to say a function is + + align:start position:0% +we don't want to say a function is + + + align:start position:0% +we don't want to say a function is +necessarily strictly concave although + + align:start position:0% +necessarily strictly concave although + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily strictly concave although +that would imply quasi-con cavity but we + + align:start position:0% +that would imply quasi-con cavity but we + + + align:start position:0% +that would imply quasi-con cavity but we +could take another transformation that + + align:start position:0% +could take another transformation that + + + align:start position:0% +could take another transformation that +removes the strict concavity and it + + align:start position:0% +removes the strict concavity and it + + + align:start position:0% +removes the strict concavity and it +could still be quasi-con cavity it's + + align:start position:0% +could still be quasi-con cavity it's + + + align:start position:0% +could still be quasi-con cavity it's +clear by plotting in the choice space in + + align:start position:0% +clear by plotting in the choice space in + + + align:start position:0% +clear by plotting in the choice space in +this way the quasi-concavity is what we + + align:start position:0% +this way the quasi-concavity is what we + + + align:start position:0% +this way the quasi-concavity is what we +want although we haven't really talked + + align:start position:0% +want although we haven't really talked + + + align:start position:0% +want although we haven't really talked +about choices we're just talking about + + align:start position:0% +about choices we're just talking about + + + align:start position:0% +about choices we're just talking about +rank ordering + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so marginal rate of substitution + + align:start position:0% +so marginal rate of substitution + + + align:start position:0% +so marginal rate of substitution +defined a bit more mathematically we + + align:start position:0% +defined a bit more mathematically we + + + align:start position:0% +defined a bit more mathematically we +have a utility function over X1 and X2 + + align:start position:0% +have a utility function over X1 and X2 + + + align:start position:0% +have a utility function over X1 and X2 +we can call the marginal utility the + + align:start position:0% +we can call the marginal utility the + + + align:start position:0% +we can call the marginal utility the +derivative of the utility with respect + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the utility with respect + + + align:start position:0% +derivative of the utility with respect +to X1 or utility of X1 likewise for X2 + + align:start position:0% +to X1 or utility of X1 likewise for X2 + + + align:start position:0% +to X1 or utility of X1 likewise for X2 +now if we're moving along an + + align:start position:0% +now if we're moving along an + + + align:start position:0% +now if we're moving along an +indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curve +we're changing the quantities of X and Y + + align:start position:0% +we're changing the quantities of X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +we're changing the quantities of X and Y +but we're keeping utility constant + + align:start position:0% +but we're keeping utility constant + + + align:start position:0% +but we're keeping utility constant +so D U or the total differential of + + align:start position:0% +so D U or the total differential of + + + align:start position:0% +so D U or the total differential of +utility does not change as we move along + + align:start position:0% +utility does not change as we move along + + + align:start position:0% +utility does not change as we move along +and indifference curve + + align:start position:0% +and indifference curve + + + align:start position:0% +and indifference curve +so d u here would be the derivative of + + align:start position:0% +so d u here would be the derivative of + + + align:start position:0% +so d u here would be the derivative of +utility with respect to X1 times dx1 + + align:start position:0% +utility with respect to X1 times dx1 + + + align:start position:0% +utility with respect to X1 times dx1 +plus the utility with respect to + + align:start position:0% +plus the utility with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +plus the utility with respect to +marginal utility with respect to X2 + + align:start position:0% +marginal utility with respect to X2 + + + align:start position:0% +marginal utility with respect to X2 +times dx2 that's this expression this is + + align:start position:0% +times dx2 that's this expression this is + + + align:start position:0% +times dx2 that's this expression this is +going to be 0 by definition of moving + + align:start position:0% +going to be 0 by definition of moving + + + align:start position:0% +going to be 0 by definition of moving +along and indifference curve since it's + + align:start position:0% +along and indifference curve since it's + + + align:start position:0% +along and indifference curve since it's +equal to zero we can solve for dx2 I + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero we can solve for dx2 I + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero we can solve for dx2 I +think you can visualize what happens + + align:start position:0% +think you can visualize what happens + + + align:start position:0% +think you can visualize what happens +here dx2 is divided by dx1 is equal to + + align:start position:0% +here dx2 is divided by dx1 is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +here dx2 is divided by dx1 is equal to +the ratio of these marginal utilities + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of these marginal utilities + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio of these marginal utilities +rather than derive this every time + + align:start position:0% +rather than derive this every time + + + align:start position:0% +rather than derive this every time +although it's a bit dangerous to + + align:start position:0% +although it's a bit dangerous to + + + align:start position:0% +although it's a bit dangerous to +memorize things basically in that + + align:start position:0% +memorize things basically in that + + + align:start position:0% +memorize things basically in that +diagram we have X1 on the x-axis and X2 + + align:start position:0% +diagram we have X1 on the x-axis and X2 + + + align:start position:0% +diagram we have X1 on the x-axis and X2 +on the y-axis and the margin rate of + + align:start position:0% +on the y-axis and the margin rate of + + + align:start position:0% +on the y-axis and the margin rate of +substitution is the negative of the + + align:start position:0% +substitution is the negative of the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution is the negative of the +marginal utility on the x-axis and + + align:start position:0% +marginal utility on the x-axis and + + + align:start position:0% +marginal utility on the x-axis and +marginal utility on the y-axis + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +another definition + + align:start position:0% +another definition + + + align:start position:0% +another definition +homothetic preferences + + align:start position:0% +homothetic preferences + + + align:start position:0% +homothetic preferences +so preferences are homothetic + + align:start position:0% +so preferences are homothetic + + + align:start position:0% +so preferences are homothetic +means that the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +means that the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +means that the marginal rate of +substitution depends only on the ratio + + align:start position:0% +substitution depends only on the ratio + + + align:start position:0% +substitution depends only on the ratio +of the goods and not on the total + + align:start position:0% +of the goods and not on the total + + + align:start position:0% +of the goods and not on the total +quantity so a picture is worth a + + align:start position:0% +quantity so a picture is worth a + + + align:start position:0% +quantity so a picture is worth a +thousand words here's an indifference + + align:start position:0% +thousand words here's an indifference + + + align:start position:0% +thousand words here's an indifference +curve here's a point + + align:start position:0% +curve here's a point + + + align:start position:0% +curve here's a point +what is the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +what is the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +what is the marginal rate of +substitution + + align:start position:0% +substitution + + + align:start position:0% +substitution +the slope of that point of the curve at + + align:start position:0% +the slope of that point of the curve at + + + align:start position:0% +the slope of that point of the curve at +that point + + align:start position:0% +that point + + + align:start position:0% +that point +here's the ratio of the goods + + align:start position:0% +here's the ratio of the goods + + + align:start position:0% +here's the ratio of the goods +X2 to X1 on this line As you move on + + align:start position:0% +X2 to X1 on this line As you move on + + + align:start position:0% +X2 to X1 on this line As you move on +this line that ratio stays constant we + + align:start position:0% +this line that ratio stays constant we + + + align:start position:0% +this line that ratio stays constant we +go up here to this higher level of + + align:start position:0% +go up here to this higher level of + + + align:start position:0% +go up here to this higher level of +indifference the slope is the same so + + align:start position:0% +indifference the slope is the same so + + + align:start position:0% +indifference the slope is the same so +essentially this indifference curve is a + + align:start position:0% +essentially this indifference curve is a + + + align:start position:0% +essentially this indifference curve is a +blow up of this one and you could draw + + align:start position:0% +blow up of this one and you could draw + + + align:start position:0% +blow up of this one and you could draw +one out here which is a radial blow up + + align:start position:0% +one out here which is a radial blow up + + + align:start position:0% +one out here which is a radial blow up +of these two + + align:start position:0% +of these two + + + align:start position:0% +of these two +so you can scale up and down and just + + align:start position:0% +so you can scale up and down and just + + + align:start position:0% +so you can scale up and down and just +keep the slopes the same as you move at + + align:start position:0% +keep the slopes the same as you move at + + + align:start position:0% +keep the slopes the same as you move at +for example along either one of these + + align:start position:0% +for example along either one of these + + + align:start position:0% +for example along either one of these +two lines + + align:start position:0% +two lines + + + align:start position:0% +two lines +so who cares well it's going to turn out + + align:start position:0% +so who cares well it's going to turn out + + + align:start position:0% +so who cares well it's going to turn out +that a household with these kinds of + + align:start position:0% +that a household with these kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +that a household with these kinds of +indifference curves is is going to + + align:start position:0% +indifference curves is is going to + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curves is is going to +respond in a certain way to income + + align:start position:0% +respond in a certain way to income + + + align:start position:0% +respond in a certain way to income +respond in a certain linear way that's + + align:start position:0% +respond in a certain linear way that's + + + align:start position:0% +respond in a certain linear way that's +going to allow us to for some purposes + + align:start position:0% +going to allow us to for some purposes + + + align:start position:0% +going to allow us to for some purposes +aggregate up over many diverse + + align:start position:0% +aggregate up over many diverse + + + align:start position:0% +aggregate up over many diverse +households and act like there's only one + + align:start position:0% +households and act like there's only one + + + align:start position:0% +households and act like there's only one +representative Robinson Crusoe macro + + align:start position:0% +representative Robinson Crusoe macro + + + align:start position:0% +representative Robinson Crusoe macro +household in the economy you probably + + align:start position:0% +household in the economy you probably + + + align:start position:0% +household in the economy you probably +don't remember but when I went through + + align:start position:0% +don't remember but when I went through + + + align:start position:0% +don't remember but when I went through +the great big long syllabus last time + + align:start position:0% +the great big long syllabus last time + + + align:start position:0% +the great big long syllabus last time +the next to last page talked about + + align:start position:0% +the next to last page talked about + + + align:start position:0% +the next to last page talked about +aggregation + + align:start position:0% +aggregation + + + align:start position:0% +aggregation +so and the lecture on Tuesday will be an + + align:start position:0% +so and the lecture on Tuesday will be an + + + align:start position:0% +so and the lecture on Tuesday will be an +example that violates this kind of + + align:start position:0% +example that violates this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +example that violates this kind of +homotheticity + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here's a violation + + align:start position:0% +here's a violation + + + align:start position:0% +here's a violation +we have a utility function which is + + align:start position:0% +we have a utility function which is + + + align:start position:0% +we have a utility function which is +linear in one good X1 + + align:start position:0% +linear in one good X1 + + + align:start position:0% +linear in one good X1 +which we'll call money + + align:start position:0% +which we'll call money + + + align:start position:0% +which we'll call money +and the log of X2 which is not linear + + align:start position:0% +and the log of X2 which is not linear + + + align:start position:0% +and the log of X2 which is not linear +but it is concave + + align:start position:0% +but it is concave + + + align:start position:0% +but it is concave +so we call this the money good because + + align:start position:0% +so we call this the money good because + + + align:start position:0% +so we call this the money good because +you know as you inject or take away good + + align:start position:0% +you know as you inject or take away good + + + align:start position:0% +you know as you inject or take away good +one utility goes up or down linearly + + align:start position:0% +one utility goes up or down linearly + + + align:start position:0% +one utility goes up or down linearly +and it is also true that if everyone in + + align:start position:0% +and it is also true that if everyone in + + + align:start position:0% +and it is also true that if everyone in +the economy has linear utility functions + + align:start position:0% +the economy has linear utility functions + + + align:start position:0% +the economy has linear utility functions +in X1 then the amount of utility goes + + align:start position:0% +in X1 then the amount of utility goes + + + align:start position:0% +in X1 then the amount of utility goes +down when you take when you tax somebody + + align:start position:0% +down when you take when you tax somebody + + + align:start position:0% +down when you take when you tax somebody +is exactly the same amount that utility + + align:start position:0% +is exactly the same amount that utility + + + align:start position:0% +is exactly the same amount that utility +goes up for somebody else who got the + + align:start position:0% +goes up for somebody else who got the + + + align:start position:0% +goes up for somebody else who got the +subsidy so again that's a useful + + align:start position:0% +subsidy so again that's a useful + + + align:start position:0% +subsidy so again that's a useful +property to have but it's very special + + align:start position:0% +property to have but it's very special + + + align:start position:0% +property to have but it's very special +anyway in this case the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +anyway in this case the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +anyway in this case the marginal rate of +substitution which is not constant on + + align:start position:0% +substitution which is not constant on + + + align:start position:0% +substitution which is not constant on +any Ray from The Origin the marginal + + align:start position:0% +any Ray from The Origin the marginal + + + align:start position:0% +any Ray from The Origin the marginal +rate of substitution is constant as we + + align:start position:0% +rate of substitution is constant as we + + + align:start position:0% +rate of substitution is constant as we +fix X2 and Vary X1 so going along + + align:start position:0% +fix X2 and Vary X1 so going along + + + align:start position:0% +fix X2 and Vary X1 so going along +horizontally and you can convince + + align:start position:0% +horizontally and you can convince + + + align:start position:0% +horizontally and you can convince +yourself that has to be true because if + + align:start position:0% +yourself that has to be true because if + + + align:start position:0% +yourself that has to be true because if +you took the definition which is the + + align:start position:0% +you took the definition which is the + + + align:start position:0% +you took the definition which is the +margin utility of X1 divided by the + + align:start position:0% +margin utility of X1 divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +margin utility of X1 divided by the +margin utility of X2 the margin utility + + align:start position:0% +margin utility of X2 the margin utility + + + align:start position:0% +margin utility of X2 the margin utility +X1 is constant because it's linear and + + align:start position:0% +X1 is constant because it's linear and + + + align:start position:0% +X1 is constant because it's linear and +this thing is varying with with X2 so if + + align:start position:0% +this thing is varying with with X2 so if + + + align:start position:0% +this thing is varying with with X2 so if +you fix Act 2 and very X1 you're not + + align:start position:0% +you fix Act 2 and very X1 you're not + + + align:start position:0% +you fix Act 2 and very X1 you're not +going to change the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +going to change the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +going to change the marginal rate of +substitution + + align:start position:0% +substitution + + + align:start position:0% +substitution +so we have now successfully reviewed + + align:start position:0% +so we have now successfully reviewed + + + align:start position:0% +so we have now successfully reviewed +basic properties of consumption sets + + align:start position:0% +basic properties of consumption sets + + + align:start position:0% +basic properties of consumption sets +consumer preferences and so on you might + + align:start position:0% +consumer preferences and so on you might + + + align:start position:0% +consumer preferences and so on you might +want to scroll away some of those + + align:start position:0% +want to scroll away some of those + + + align:start position:0% +want to scroll away some of those +properties because we'll come back to + + align:start position:0% +properties because we'll come back to + + + align:start position:0% +properties because we'll come back to +them later throughout the course in the + + align:start position:0% +them later throughout the course in the + + + align:start position:0% +them later throughout the course in the +subsequent lectures but here they are + + align:start position:0% +subsequent lectures but here they are + + + align:start position:0% +subsequent lectures but here they are +essentially all listed now it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +essentially all listed now it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +essentially all listed now it doesn't +mean they all have to be true some of + + align:start position:0% +mean they all have to be true some of + + + align:start position:0% +mean they all have to be true some of +them contradict each other theorems are + + align:start position:0% +them contradict each other theorems are + + + align:start position:0% +them contradict each other theorems are +if we have local non-satiation and a + + align:start position:0% +if we have local non-satiation and a + + + align:start position:0% +if we have local non-satiation and a +competitive equilibrium is optimal but + + align:start position:0% +competitive equilibrium is optimal but + + + align:start position:0% +competitive equilibrium is optimal but +we may not have it in which case + + align:start position:0% +we may not have it in which case + + + align:start position:0% +we may not have it in which case +competitive markets don't work and + + align:start position:0% +competitive markets don't work and + + + align:start position:0% +competitive markets don't work and +things like that so these are not + + align:start position:0% +things like that so these are not + + + align:start position:0% +things like that so these are not +requirements these are options + + align:start position:0% +requirements these are options + + + align:start position:0% +requirements these are options +all right but now we get to an + + align:start position:0% +all right but now we get to an + + + align:start position:0% +all right but now we get to an +application this partial equilibrium + + align:start position:0% +application this partial equilibrium + + + align:start position:0% +application this partial equilibrium +problem which is to maximize utility + + align:start position:0% +problem which is to maximize utility + + + align:start position:0% +problem which is to maximize utility +subject to a constraint for the first + + align:start position:0% +subject to a constraint for the first + + + align:start position:0% +subject to a constraint for the first +time so this is the budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +time so this is the budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +time so this is the budget constraint +income on the right hand side I for + + align:start position:0% +income on the right hand side I for + + + align:start position:0% +income on the right hand side I for +income is taken as given the prices are + + align:start position:0% +income is taken as given the prices are + + + align:start position:0% +income is taken as given the prices are +of each good there are n of them P1 for + + align:start position:0% +of each good there are n of them P1 for + + + align:start position:0% +of each good there are n of them P1 for +good one P2 for good two and so on + + align:start position:0% +good one P2 for good two and so on + + + align:start position:0% +good one P2 for good two and so on +so the sum of the expenditures at prices + + align:start position:0% +so the sum of the expenditures at prices + + + align:start position:0% +so the sum of the expenditures at prices +p over choices X cannot exceed the + + align:start position:0% +p over choices X cannot exceed the + + + align:start position:0% +p over choices X cannot exceed the +income I + + align:start position:0% +income I + + + align:start position:0% +income I +so this is your budget + + align:start position:0% +so this is your budget + + + align:start position:0% +so this is your budget +we all have budgets I sometimes wonder + + align:start position:0% +we all have budgets I sometimes wonder + + + align:start position:0% +we all have budgets I sometimes wonder +about the U.S treasury its budget + + align:start position:0% +about the U.S treasury its budget + + + align:start position:0% +about the U.S treasury its budget +deficit debt outstanding is now larger + + align:start position:0% +deficit debt outstanding is now larger + + + align:start position:0% +deficit debt outstanding is now larger +than any time since World War II but + + align:start position:0% +than any time since World War II but + + + align:start position:0% +than any time since World War II but +households have budgets and I'm worried + + align:start position:0% +households have budgets and I'm worried + + + align:start position:0% +households have budgets and I'm worried +about the government but we'll get to + + align:start position:0% +about the government but we'll get to + + + align:start position:0% +about the government but we'll get to +that later + + align:start position:0% +that later + + + align:start position:0% +that later +uh okay so suppose who were to double + + align:start position:0% +uh okay so suppose who were to double + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay so suppose who were to double +all the prices we start with this + + align:start position:0% +all the prices we start with this + + + align:start position:0% +all the prices we start with this +and we double income as well + + align:start position:0% +and we double income as well + + + align:start position:0% +and we double income as well +so we pre-multiply every term by T + + align:start position:0% +so we pre-multiply every term by T + + + align:start position:0% +so we pre-multiply every term by T +Little T both on the left and on the + + align:start position:0% +Little T both on the left and on the + + + align:start position:0% +Little T both on the left and on the +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +it's a constraint in the problem but it + + align:start position:0% +it's a constraint in the problem but it + + + align:start position:0% +it's a constraint in the problem but it +doesn't change the constraint by + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change the constraint by + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change the constraint by +multiplying through by T or if you + + align:start position:0% +multiplying through by T or if you + + + align:start position:0% +multiplying through by T or if you +started with t in there + + align:start position:0% +started with t in there + + + align:start position:0% +started with t in there +just divide everything by T and you take + + align:start position:0% +just divide everything by T and you take + + + align:start position:0% +just divide everything by T and you take +it out so it can change the math of + + align:start position:0% +it out so it can change the math of + + + align:start position:0% +it out so it can change the math of +anything + + align:start position:0% +anything + + + align:start position:0% +anything +so that's one way to look at I'll show + + align:start position:0% +so that's one way to look at I'll show + + + align:start position:0% +so that's one way to look at I'll show +you in the picture in a minute that no + + align:start position:0% +you in the picture in a minute that no + + + align:start position:0% +you in the picture in a minute that no +price illusion if price is double as in + + align:start position:0% +price illusion if price is double as in + + + align:start position:0% +price illusion if price is double as in +inflation but your nominal income also + + align:start position:0% +inflation but your nominal income also + + + align:start position:0% +inflation but your nominal income also +doubles no harm no foul + + align:start position:0% +doubles no harm no foul + + + align:start position:0% +doubles no harm no foul +at least not for this household now + + align:start position:0% +at least not for this household now + + + align:start position:0% +at least not for this household now +maybe consumers aren't rational and + + align:start position:0% +maybe consumers aren't rational and + + + align:start position:0% +maybe consumers aren't rational and +maybe you know they're sensitive to + + align:start position:0% +maybe you know they're sensitive to + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you know they're sensitive to +income movement and not price or vice + + align:start position:0% +income movement and not price or vice + + + align:start position:0% +income movement and not price or vice +versa but for the most part we're going + + align:start position:0% +versa but for the most part we're going + + + align:start position:0% +versa but for the most part we're going +to assume that these are equivalent + + align:start position:0% +to assume that these are equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +to assume that these are equivalent +constraints from the point of view of + + align:start position:0% +constraints from the point of view of + + + align:start position:0% +constraints from the point of view of +the household and this is a definition + + align:start position:0% +the household and this is a definition + + + align:start position:0% +the household and this is a definition +of homogeneity of degree zero of + + align:start position:0% +of homogeneity of degree zero of + + + align:start position:0% +of homogeneity of degree zero of +individual demand the demand can change + + align:start position:0% +individual demand the demand can change + + + align:start position:0% +individual demand the demand can change +because the constraint doesn't change + + align:start position:0% +because the constraint doesn't change + + + align:start position:0% +because the constraint doesn't change +and here's the picture so this is the + + align:start position:0% +and here's the picture so this is the + + + align:start position:0% +and here's the picture so this is the +set of points which completely exhaust + + align:start position:0% +set of points which completely exhaust + + + align:start position:0% +set of points which completely exhaust +income when there are two goods X and Y + + align:start position:0% +income when there are two goods X and Y + + + align:start position:0% +income when there are two goods X and Y +the x and t y you could move over to + + align:start position:0% +the x and t y you could move over to + + + align:start position:0% +the x and t y you could move over to +this extreme point take all of your + + align:start position:0% +this extreme point take all of your + + + align:start position:0% +this extreme point take all of your +income and buy good Y how many units can + + align:start position:0% +income and buy good Y how many units can + + + align:start position:0% +income and buy good Y how many units can +you get + + align:start position:0% +you get + + + align:start position:0% +you get +well it's ten dollars divided by five or + + align:start position:0% +well it's ten dollars divided by five or + + + align:start position:0% +well it's ten dollars divided by five or +two so we have a maximum amount that + + align:start position:0% +two so we have a maximum amount that + + + align:start position:0% +two so we have a maximum amount that +would be possible to purchase of good y + + align:start position:0% +would be possible to purchase of good y + + + align:start position:0% +would be possible to purchase of good y +a maximum amount you could purchase of + + align:start position:0% +a maximum amount you could purchase of + + + align:start position:0% +a maximum amount you could purchase of +good X we have exhaustion of the budget + + align:start position:0% +good X we have exhaustion of the budget + + + align:start position:0% +good X we have exhaustion of the budget +on this line we actually in the interior + + align:start position:0% +on this line we actually in the interior + + + align:start position:0% +on this line we actually in the interior +we're spending less than income consumer + + align:start position:0% +we're spending less than income consumer + + + align:start position:0% +we're spending less than income consumer +might not want to end up in the interior + + align:start position:0% +might not want to end up in the interior + + + align:start position:0% +might not want to end up in the interior +but that has to do with satiation + + align:start position:0% +but that has to do with satiation + + + align:start position:0% +but that has to do with satiation +what is the slope of this budget line + + align:start position:0% +what is the slope of this budget line + + + align:start position:0% +what is the slope of this budget line +well you can derive this the same way we + + align:start position:0% +well you can derive this the same way we + + + align:start position:0% +well you can derive this the same way we +kept utility constant keep income + + align:start position:0% +kept utility constant keep income + + + align:start position:0% +kept utility constant keep income +constant take di set it to zero and then + + align:start position:0% +constant take di set it to zero and then + + + align:start position:0% +constant take di set it to zero and then +take the derivative of PX times DX plus + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative of PX times DX plus + + + align:start position:0% +take the derivative of PX times DX plus +py times d y and you'll get d y d x is + + align:start position:0% +py times d y and you'll get d y d x is + + + align:start position:0% +py times d y and you'll get d y d x is +equal to p x over p y so the ratio of + + align:start position:0% +equal to p x over p y so the ratio of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to p x over p y so the ratio of +this line is exactly p x over p y + + align:start position:0% +this line is exactly p x over p y + + + align:start position:0% +this line is exactly p x over p y +now it is kind of interesting that only + + align:start position:0% +now it is kind of interesting that only + + + align:start position:0% +now it is kind of interesting that only +the ratio matters + + align:start position:0% +the ratio matters + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio matters +that is to say setting aside what's + + align:start position:0% +that is to say setting aside what's + + + align:start position:0% +that is to say setting aside what's +going to happen to income if you double + + align:start position:0% +going to happen to income if you double + + + align:start position:0% +going to happen to income if you double +all the prices of both Goods you don't + + align:start position:0% +all the prices of both Goods you don't + + + align:start position:0% +all the prices of both Goods you don't +change the slope of this line in fact + + align:start position:0% +change the slope of this line in fact + + + align:start position:0% +change the slope of this line in fact +more than that we could pick one of + + align:start position:0% +more than that we could pick one of + + + align:start position:0% +more than that we could pick one of +these Goods say why as a numerator + + align:start position:0% +these Goods say why as a numerator + + + align:start position:0% +these Goods say why as a numerator +said p y equal to one and then we'd only + + align:start position:0% +said p y equal to one and then we'd only + + + align:start position:0% +said p y equal to one and then we'd only +be fussing about the price of good X PX + + align:start position:0% +be fussing about the price of good X PX + + + align:start position:0% +be fussing about the price of good X PX +here it's more General everything's in + + align:start position:0% +here it's more General everything's in + + + align:start position:0% +here it's more General everything's in +dollars or some unit of account + + align:start position:0% +dollars or some unit of account + + + align:start position:0% +dollars or some unit of account +depending on what country you're in + + align:start position:0% +depending on what country you're in + + + align:start position:0% +depending on what country you're in +could be measured in wheat Goods price + + align:start position:0% +could be measured in wheat Goods price + + + align:start position:0% +could be measured in wheat Goods price +is measured in terms of how many bushels + + align:start position:0% +is measured in terms of how many bushels + + + align:start position:0% +is measured in terms of how many bushels +of wheat you can buy so it's arbitrary + + align:start position:0% +of wheat you can buy so it's arbitrary + + + align:start position:0% +of wheat you can buy so it's arbitrary +you have to specify what it is but only + + align:start position:0% +you have to specify what it is but only + + + align:start position:0% +you have to specify what it is but only +the ratio matters that thing about + + align:start position:0% +the ratio matters that thing about + + + align:start position:0% +the ratio matters that thing about +inflation you know is like doubling + + align:start position:0% +inflation you know is like doubling + + + align:start position:0% +inflation you know is like doubling +prices and doubling income doesn't + + align:start position:0% +prices and doubling income doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +prices and doubling income doesn't +change this line + + align:start position:0% +change this line + + + align:start position:0% +change this line +and where does the consumer choose to be + + align:start position:0% +and where does the consumer choose to be + + + align:start position:0% +and where does the consumer choose to be +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +C for Choice maybe so + + align:start position:0% +C for Choice maybe so + + + align:start position:0% +C for Choice maybe so +why + + align:start position:0% +why + + + align:start position:0% +why +well one way to view it + + align:start position:0% +well one way to view it + + + align:start position:0% +well one way to view it +the household wants maximal utility + + align:start position:0% +the household wants maximal utility + + + align:start position:0% +the household wants maximal utility +so in the set of choices + + align:start position:0% +so in the set of choices + + + align:start position:0% +so in the set of choices +inside or on the budget line what point + + align:start position:0% +inside or on the budget line what point + + + align:start position:0% +inside or on the budget line what point +has highest utility level it's Point C + + align:start position:0% +has highest utility level it's Point C + + + align:start position:0% +has highest utility level it's Point C +if you go this way it's less if you go + + align:start position:0% +if you go this way it's less if you go + + + align:start position:0% +if you go this way it's less if you go +this way it's less + + align:start position:0% +this way it's less + + + align:start position:0% +this way it's less +there's another somewhat interesting way + + align:start position:0% +there's another somewhat interesting way + + + align:start position:0% +there's another somewhat interesting way +to view this marginal analysis which is + + align:start position:0% +to view this marginal analysis which is + + + align:start position:0% +to view this marginal analysis which is +if you started up here + + align:start position:0% +if you started up here + + + align:start position:0% +if you started up here +the slope of this indifference curve U1 + + align:start position:0% +the slope of this indifference curve U1 + + + align:start position:0% +the slope of this indifference curve U1 +is pretty steep it's negative but I mean + + align:start position:0% +is pretty steep it's negative but I mean + + + align:start position:0% +is pretty steep it's negative but I mean +it's deep in absolute value + + align:start position:0% +it's deep in absolute value + + + align:start position:0% +it's deep in absolute value +and the slope of the budget line is less + + align:start position:0% +and the slope of the budget line is less + + + align:start position:0% +and the slope of the budget line is less +that means this household is willing to + + align:start position:0% +that means this household is willing to + + + align:start position:0% +that means this household is willing to +give up a substantial amount of good y + + align:start position:0% +give up a substantial amount of good y + + + align:start position:0% +give up a substantial amount of good y +to get one more unit of good X as he or + + align:start position:0% +to get one more unit of good X as he or + + + align:start position:0% +to get one more unit of good X as he or +she moves away from B but in fact given + + align:start position:0% +she moves away from B but in fact given + + + align:start position:0% +she moves away from B but in fact given +the prices in the market you don't have + + align:start position:0% +the prices in the market you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +the prices in the market you don't have +to give up that much to gain value in + + align:start position:0% +to give up that much to gain value in + + + align:start position:0% +to give up that much to gain value in +order to be able to purchase X you give + + align:start position:0% +order to be able to purchase X you give + + + align:start position:0% +order to be able to purchase X you give +up less y so this is what you're willing + + align:start position:0% +up less y so this is what you're willing + + + align:start position:0% +up less y so this is what you're willing +to give up and be indifferent but you + + align:start position:0% +to give up and be indifferent but you + + + align:start position:0% +to give up and be indifferent but you +are allowed to give up Less on the + + align:start position:0% +are allowed to give up Less on the + + + align:start position:0% +are allowed to give up Less on the +budget line so you're definitely moving + + align:start position:0% +budget line so you're definitely moving + + + align:start position:0% +budget line so you're definitely moving +in the direction here of higher and + + align:start position:0% +in the direction here of higher and + + + align:start position:0% +in the direction here of higher and +higher utility and you can conduct the + + align:start position:0% +higher utility and you can conduct the + + + align:start position:0% +higher utility and you can conduct the +same reverse experiment down here so + + align:start position:0% +same reverse experiment down here so + + + align:start position:0% +same reverse experiment down here so +next let's do a utility maximization + + align:start position:0% +next let's do a utility maximization + + + align:start position:0% +next let's do a utility maximization +problem and as I promised last time I'm + + align:start position:0% +problem and as I promised last time I'm + + + align:start position:0% +problem and as I promised last time I'm +going to introduce a cool tool and it's + + align:start position:0% +going to introduce a cool tool and it's + + + align:start position:0% +going to introduce a cool tool and it's +called the lagrangian + + align:start position:0% +called the lagrangian + + + align:start position:0% +called the lagrangian +so we want to maximize utilities subject + + align:start position:0% +so we want to maximize utilities subject + + + align:start position:0% +so we want to maximize utilities subject +to a budget + + align:start position:0% +to a budget + + + align:start position:0% +to a budget +set up the problem in this way + + align:start position:0% +set up the problem in this way + + + align:start position:0% +set up the problem in this way +lagrangian + + align:start position:0% +lagrangian + + + align:start position:0% +lagrangian +which is the French guy that figured all + + align:start position:0% +which is the French guy that figured all + + + align:start position:0% +which is the French guy that figured all +this out + + align:start position:0% +this out + + + align:start position:0% +this out +the gorons is to write down the utility + + align:start position:0% +the gorons is to write down the utility + + + align:start position:0% +the gorons is to write down the utility +function plus a shadow price Lambda + + align:start position:0% +function plus a shadow price Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +function plus a shadow price Lambda +times a repetition of the constraint + + align:start position:0% +times a repetition of the constraint + + + align:start position:0% +times a repetition of the constraint +so we turn the direct maximization + + align:start position:0% +so we turn the direct maximization + + + align:start position:0% +so we turn the direct maximization +problem which was this into a pseudo + + align:start position:0% +problem which was this into a pseudo + + + align:start position:0% +problem which was this into a pseudo +problem where the constraint is actually + + align:start position:0% +problem where the constraint is actually + + + align:start position:0% +problem where the constraint is actually +in the objective function + + align:start position:0% +in the objective function + + + align:start position:0% +in the objective function +anyway if you start taking derivatives + + align:start position:0% +anyway if you start taking derivatives + + + align:start position:0% +anyway if you start taking derivatives +of this looking for the first order + + align:start position:0% +of this looking for the first order + + + align:start position:0% +of this looking for the first order +conditions for a maximum the derivative + + align:start position:0% +conditions for a maximum the derivative + + + align:start position:0% +conditions for a maximum the derivative +of the entire expression with respect to + + align:start position:0% +of the entire expression with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +of the entire expression with respect to +x k is the way that K will enter and + + align:start position:0% +x k is the way that K will enter and + + + align:start position:0% +x k is the way that K will enter and +generate margin utility under U that's + + align:start position:0% +generate margin utility under U that's + + + align:start position:0% +generate margin utility under U that's +this term plus we'll pick up Lambda and + + align:start position:0% +this term plus we'll pick up Lambda and + + + align:start position:0% +this term plus we'll pick up Lambda and +where else says little x k enter over + + align:start position:0% +where else says little x k enter over + + + align:start position:0% +where else says little x k enter over +here somewhere PK it's linear in XK + + align:start position:0% +here somewhere PK it's linear in XK + + + align:start position:0% +here somewhere PK it's linear in XK +coefficient P so we K so we get this + + align:start position:0% +coefficient P so we K so we get this + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient P so we K so we get this +thing + + align:start position:0% +thing + + + align:start position:0% +thing +and again we're looking for an interior + + align:start position:0% +and again we're looking for an interior + + + align:start position:0% +and again we're looking for an interior +solution we set this thing equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +solution we set this thing equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +solution we set this thing equal to zero +as a necessary condition for an Optimum + + align:start position:0% +as a necessary condition for an Optimum + + + align:start position:0% +as a necessary condition for an Optimum +Lambda is actually a control variable + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is actually a control variable + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is actually a control variable +too + + align:start position:0% +too + + + align:start position:0% +too +the way the X's are just looks a little + + align:start position:0% +the way the X's are just looks a little + + + align:start position:0% +the way the X's are just looks a little +weird we take the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +weird we take the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +weird we take the derivative of the +lagrangian + + align:start position:0% +lagrangian + + + align:start position:0% +lagrangian +with respect to Lambda and obviously + + align:start position:0% +with respect to Lambda and obviously + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to Lambda and obviously +we're going to get the constraint right + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get the constraint right + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to get the constraint right +back again + + align:start position:0% +back again + + + align:start position:0% +back again +and we're going to set it to zero which + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to set it to zero which + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to set it to zero which +we assumed before that they wanted to + + align:start position:0% +we assumed before that they wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +we assumed before that they wanted to +spend all their income we were + + align:start position:0% +spend all their income we were + + + align:start position:0% +spend all their income we were +implicitly assuming before that the + + align:start position:0% +implicitly assuming before that the + + + align:start position:0% +implicitly assuming before that the +margin utility of income was positive or + + align:start position:0% +margin utility of income was positive or + + + align:start position:0% +margin utility of income was positive or +in this case that Lambda is positive so + + align:start position:0% +in this case that Lambda is positive so + + + align:start position:0% +in this case that Lambda is positive so +that's why we get the constraint right + + align:start position:0% +that's why we get the constraint right + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we get the constraint right +back + + align:start position:0% +back + + + align:start position:0% +back +I'm not sure if you've seen lagrangians + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure if you've seen lagrangians + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure if you've seen lagrangians +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +but it's just a version of multivariate + + align:start position:0% +but it's just a version of multivariate + + + align:start position:0% +but it's just a version of multivariate +calculus where you find the first order + + align:start position:0% +calculus where you find the first order + + + align:start position:0% +calculus where you find the first order +conditions to a maximum problem note + + align:start position:0% +conditions to a maximum problem note + + + align:start position:0% +conditions to a maximum problem note +that we can take any two pair of bundles + + align:start position:0% +that we can take any two pair of bundles + + + align:start position:0% +that we can take any two pair of bundles +K and J I and J or whatever when you + + align:start position:0% +K and J I and J or whatever when you + + + align:start position:0% +K and J I and J or whatever when you +take them pairwise we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +take them pairwise we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +take them pairwise we're going to have +the derivative with respect to good I + + align:start position:0% +the derivative with respect to good I + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative with respect to good I +here and the price of good I here and + + align:start position:0% +here and the price of good I here and + + + align:start position:0% +here and the price of good I here and +the Lambda that Lambda is the same when + + align:start position:0% +the Lambda that Lambda is the same when + + + align:start position:0% +the Lambda that Lambda is the same when +we go J J so we can just we can divide + + align:start position:0% +we go J J so we can just we can divide + + + align:start position:0% +we go J J so we can just we can divide +the left by the right and uh and the + + align:start position:0% +the left by the right and uh and the + + + align:start position:0% +the left by the right and uh and the +Lambda will disappear so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +Lambda will disappear so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda will disappear so we're going to +get these ratios of margin utilities + + align:start position:0% +get these ratios of margin utilities + + + align:start position:0% +get these ratios of margin utilities +which are of course the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +which are of course the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +which are of course the marginal rate of +substitution + + align:start position:0% +substitution + + + align:start position:0% +substitution +equal to the price ratio + + align:start position:0% +equal to the price ratio + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the price ratio +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and that's what we were saying maybe I + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we were saying maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +and that's what we were saying maybe I +didn't say it + + align:start position:0% +didn't say it + + + align:start position:0% +didn't say it +when we have this tangency over here the + + align:start position:0% +when we have this tangency over here the + + + align:start position:0% +when we have this tangency over here the +marginal rate of substitution and + + align:start position:0% +marginal rate of substitution and + + + align:start position:0% +marginal rate of substitution and +utility is the margin rate of + + align:start position:0% +utility is the margin rate of + + + align:start position:0% +utility is the margin rate of +substitution in the budget which is the + + align:start position:0% +substitution in the budget which is the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution in the budget which is the +price ratio so we're getting that result + + align:start position:0% +price ratio so we're getting that result + + + align:start position:0% +price ratio so we're getting that result +back now + + align:start position:0% +back now + + + align:start position:0% +back now +as a consequence of this optimization + + align:start position:0% +as a consequence of this optimization + + + align:start position:0% +as a consequence of this optimization +okay another danger I feel like I only + + align:start position:0% +okay another danger I feel like I only + + + align:start position:0% +okay another danger I feel like I only +have this slide that says stop pause do + + align:start position:0% +have this slide that says stop pause do + + + align:start position:0% +have this slide that says stop pause do +not memorize these diagrams + + align:start position:0% +not memorize these diagrams + + + align:start position:0% +not memorize these diagrams +just like the notation becomes mind + + align:start position:0% +just like the notation becomes mind + + + align:start position:0% +just like the notation becomes mind +numbing you get used to drawing a + + align:start position:0% +numbing you get used to drawing a + + + align:start position:0% +numbing you get used to drawing a +picture in a certain way + + align:start position:0% +picture in a certain way + + + align:start position:0% +picture in a certain way +and then when someone nasty + + align:start position:0% +and then when someone nasty + + + align:start position:0% +and then when someone nasty +puts uh another specification on the + + align:start position:0% +puts uh another specification on the + + + align:start position:0% +puts uh another specification on the +table you don't know what to do with it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so here rather than being nasty I'll + + align:start position:0% +so here rather than being nasty I'll + + + align:start position:0% +so here rather than being nasty I'll +show you and incorporate it into the + + align:start position:0% +show you and incorporate it into the + + + align:start position:0% +show you and incorporate it into the +LaGrange so this is a corner solution + + align:start position:0% +LaGrange so this is a corner solution + + + align:start position:0% +LaGrange so this is a corner solution +right where is the best utility level + + align:start position:0% +right where is the best utility level + + + align:start position:0% +right where is the best utility level +the highest level is here because as you + + align:start position:0% +the highest level is here because as you + + + align:start position:0% +the highest level is here because as you +move down this budget line on the line + + align:start position:0% +move down this budget line on the line + + + align:start position:0% +move down this budget line on the line +you get higher and higher levels of + + align:start position:0% +you get higher and higher levels of + + + align:start position:0% +you get higher and higher levels of +utility but if the consumption set is + + align:start position:0% +utility but if the consumption set is + + + align:start position:0% +utility but if the consumption set is +all of this non-negative orthon you + + align:start position:0% +all of this non-negative orthon you + + + align:start position:0% +all of this non-negative orthon you +can't go negative in y so you stop + + align:start position:0% +can't go negative in y so you stop + + + align:start position:0% +can't go negative in y so you stop +this is a corner Solution by the way you + + align:start position:0% +this is a corner Solution by the way you + + + align:start position:0% +this is a corner Solution by the way you +would get this as well if the utility + + align:start position:0% +would get this as well if the utility + + + align:start position:0% +would get this as well if the utility +functions were linear they're almost + + align:start position:0% +functions were linear they're almost + + + align:start position:0% +functions were linear they're almost +linear here and you would have a corner + + align:start position:0% +linear here and you would have a corner + + + align:start position:0% +linear here and you would have a corner +solution of course they could be linear + + align:start position:0% +solution of course they could be linear + + + align:start position:0% +solution of course they could be linear +and coincident with the budget in which + + align:start position:0% +and coincident with the budget in which + + + align:start position:0% +and coincident with the budget in which +case everything on the budget line is an + + align:start position:0% +case everything on the budget line is an + + + align:start position:0% +case everything on the budget line is an +Optimum for those linear indifference + + align:start position:0% +Optimum for those linear indifference + + + align:start position:0% +Optimum for those linear indifference +curves could be really flat in which + + align:start position:0% +curves could be really flat in which + + + align:start position:0% +curves could be really flat in which +case you'll go over here to a different + + align:start position:0% +case you'll go over here to a different + + + align:start position:0% +case you'll go over here to a different +Corner doesn't have to be linear to + + align:start position:0% +Corner doesn't have to be linear to + + + align:start position:0% +Corner doesn't have to be linear to +generate Corners this is an example + + align:start position:0% +generate Corners this is an example + + + align:start position:0% +generate Corners this is an example +but we need to incorporate it into our + + align:start position:0% +but we need to incorporate it into our + + + align:start position:0% +but we need to incorporate it into our +maximum techniques so what's the general + + align:start position:0% +maximum techniques so what's the general + + + align:start position:0% +maximum techniques so what's the general +recipe before we translate it into the + + align:start position:0% +recipe before we translate it into the + + + align:start position:0% +recipe before we translate it into the +consumer optimization problem we'll get + + align:start position:0% +consumer optimization problem we'll get + + + align:start position:0% +consumer optimization problem we'll get +the technique down as I promised you're + + align:start position:0% +the technique down as I promised you're + + + align:start position:0% +the technique down as I promised you're +being gifted with a powerful tool so we + + align:start position:0% +being gifted with a powerful tool so we + + + align:start position:0% +being gifted with a powerful tool so we +have a function f + + align:start position:0% +have a function f + + + align:start position:0% +have a function f +over a range X we want to maximize it + + align:start position:0% +over a range X we want to maximize it + + + align:start position:0% +over a range X we want to maximize it +and we have various constraints we have + + align:start position:0% +and we have various constraints we have + + + align:start position:0% +and we have various constraints we have +n of them + + align:start position:0% +n of them + + + align:start position:0% +n of them +GI of x g is a function + + align:start position:0% +GI of x g is a function + + + align:start position:0% +GI of x g is a function +their I functions Each of which when + + align:start position:0% +their I functions Each of which when + + + align:start position:0% +their I functions Each of which when +evaluated at X cannot be negative + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at X cannot be negative + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at X cannot be negative +properties F and GI are real valued + + align:start position:0% +properties F and GI are real valued + + + align:start position:0% +properties F and GI are real valued +continuously differential in other words + + align:start position:0% +continuously differential in other words + + + align:start position:0% +continuously differential in other words +they're very smooth + + align:start position:0% +they're very smooth + + + align:start position:0% +they're very smooth +not only continuous the derivatives are + + align:start position:0% +not only continuous the derivatives are + + + align:start position:0% +not only continuous the derivatives are +continuous how do we solve this problem + + align:start position:0% +continuous how do we solve this problem + + + align:start position:0% +continuous how do we solve this problem +look it up in the cookbook or memorize + + align:start position:0% +look it up in the cookbook or memorize + + + align:start position:0% +look it up in the cookbook or memorize +it even better there's a trick here I'll + + align:start position:0% +it even better there's a trick here I'll + + + align:start position:0% +it even better there's a trick here I'll +show you + + align:start position:0% +show you + + + align:start position:0% +show you +the lagrangian put the objective + + align:start position:0% +the lagrangian put the objective + + + align:start position:0% +the lagrangian put the objective +function just like we had U and now + + align:start position:0% +function just like we had U and now + + + align:start position:0% +function just like we had U and now +write down each and every one of these + + align:start position:0% +write down each and every one of these + + + align:start position:0% +write down each and every one of these +constraints with these LaGrange + + align:start position:0% +constraints with these LaGrange + + + align:start position:0% +constraints with these LaGrange +multipliers Lambda I for constraint I + + align:start position:0% +multipliers Lambda I for constraint I + + + align:start position:0% +multipliers Lambda I for constraint I +put the anamola what's the little trick + + align:start position:0% +put the anamola what's the little trick + + + align:start position:0% +put the anamola what's the little trick +the GI is non-negative we enter with a + + align:start position:0% +the GI is non-negative we enter with a + + + align:start position:0% +the GI is non-negative we enter with a +plus sign and then things are going to + + align:start position:0% +plus sign and then things are going to + + + align:start position:0% +plus sign and then things are going to +come out right with the math it's not + + align:start position:0% +come out right with the math it's not + + + align:start position:0% +come out right with the math it's not +necessary things work even if you write + + align:start position:0% +necessary things work even if you write + + + align:start position:0% +necessary things work even if you write +down the G's as less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +down the G's as less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +down the G's as less than or equal to +zero but you know then you have to + + align:start position:0% +zero but you know then you have to + + + align:start position:0% +zero but you know then you have to +struggle a little bit more to make sure + + align:start position:0% +struggle a little bit more to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +struggle a little bit more to make sure +you've got the math right in you didn't + + align:start position:0% +you've got the math right in you didn't + + + align:start position:0% +you've got the math right in you didn't +reverse the sign so anyway try to do it + + align:start position:0% +reverse the sign so anyway try to do it + + + align:start position:0% +reverse the sign so anyway try to do it +this way GI greater than zero Lambda GI + + align:start position:0% +this way GI greater than zero Lambda GI + + + align:start position:0% +this way GI greater than zero Lambda GI +write out the first order conditions + + align:start position:0% +write out the first order conditions + + + align:start position:0% +write out the first order conditions +that says the derivative so we're taking + + align:start position:0% +that says the derivative so we're taking + + + align:start position:0% +that says the derivative so we're taking +the derivative of the lagrangian with + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the lagrangian with + + + align:start position:0% +the derivative of the lagrangian with +respect to XK is the derivative of the + + align:start position:0% +respect to XK is the derivative of the + + + align:start position:0% +respect to XK is the derivative of the +function f with respect to K plus the + + align:start position:0% +function f with respect to K plus the + + + align:start position:0% +function f with respect to K plus the +way in which x k is entering + + align:start position:0% +way in which x k is entering + + + align:start position:0% +way in which x k is entering +in each of these constraints GI each + + align:start position:0% +in each of these constraints GI each + + + align:start position:0% +in each of these constraints GI each +pre-multiplier by Lambda I + + align:start position:0% +pre-multiplier by Lambda I + + + align:start position:0% +pre-multiplier by Lambda I +set it equal to zero and do that for + + align:start position:0% +set it equal to zero and do that for + + + align:start position:0% +set it equal to zero and do that for +every argument x k + + align:start position:0% +every argument x k + + + align:start position:0% +every argument x k +with me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so next write down each constraint again + + align:start position:0% +so next write down each constraint again + + + align:start position:0% +so next write down each constraint again +write down these multipliers which are + + align:start position:0% +write down these multipliers which are + + + align:start position:0% +write down these multipliers which are +non-negative + + align:start position:0% +non-negative + + + align:start position:0% +non-negative +and this is cool this is called a + + align:start position:0% +and this is cool this is called a + + + align:start position:0% +and this is cool this is called a +complementary slackness condition + + align:start position:0% +complementary slackness condition + + + align:start position:0% +complementary slackness condition +which is the multiplication oh + + align:start position:0% +which is the multiplication oh + + + align:start position:0% +which is the multiplication oh +it should be a Lambda I on that that's a + + align:start position:0% +it should be a Lambda I on that that's a + + + align:start position:0% +it should be a Lambda I on that that's a +typo Lambda I times GI equal to zero and + + align:start position:0% +typo Lambda I times GI equal to zero and + + + align:start position:0% +typo Lambda I times GI equal to zero and +then we're going to look for a solution + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to look for a solution + + + align:start position:0% +then we're going to look for a solution +to all these equations + + align:start position:0% +to all these equations + + + align:start position:0% +to all these equations +now if Lambda I were zero then it + + align:start position:0% +now if Lambda I were zero then it + + + align:start position:0% +now if Lambda I were zero then it +doesn't matter what G is evaluated at X + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter what G is evaluated at X + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't matter what G is evaluated at X +it's still zero well if Lambda is zero + + align:start position:0% +it's still zero well if Lambda is zero + + + align:start position:0% +it's still zero well if Lambda is zero +then effectively it's not entering into + + align:start position:0% +then effectively it's not entering into + + + align:start position:0% +then effectively it's not entering into +the problem and you can ignore it and + + align:start position:0% +the problem and you can ignore it and + + + align:start position:0% +the problem and you can ignore it and +drop it by setting it equal to zero if + + align:start position:0% +drop it by setting it equal to zero if + + + align:start position:0% +drop it by setting it equal to zero if +Lambda I were strictly positive though + + align:start position:0% +Lambda I were strictly positive though + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda I were strictly positive though +then the only way you can get this + + align:start position:0% +then the only way you can get this + + + align:start position:0% +then the only way you can get this +product to be zero is to have this GI b0 + + align:start position:0% +product to be zero is to have this GI b0 + + + align:start position:0% +product to be zero is to have this GI b0 +and that's here and this is what + + align:start position:0% +and that's here and this is what + + + align:start position:0% +and that's here and this is what +happened with the income maximization + + align:start position:0% +happened with the income maximization + + + align:start position:0% +happened with the income maximization +problem I asserted you can go back now + + align:start position:0% +problem I asserted you can go back now + + + align:start position:0% +problem I asserted you can go back now +and look that the margin utility of + + align:start position:0% +and look that the margin utility of + + + align:start position:0% +and look that the margin utility of +income Lambda on the budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +income Lambda on the budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +income Lambda on the budget constraint +was positive and if it's positive then + + align:start position:0% +was positive and if it's positive then + + + align:start position:0% +was positive and if it's positive then +we have to set the budget constraint + + align:start position:0% +we have to set the budget constraint + + + align:start position:0% +we have to set the budget constraint +equal to zero income equal to the sum of + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero income equal to the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to zero income equal to the sum of +expenditures which is the way we solve + + align:start position:0% +expenditures which is the way we solve + + + align:start position:0% +expenditures which is the way we solve +that simpler problem to begin with so + + align:start position:0% +that simpler problem to begin with so + + + align:start position:0% +that simpler problem to begin with so +what we did earlier generalizes to this + + align:start position:0% +what we did earlier generalizes to this + + + align:start position:0% +what we did earlier generalizes to this +more complex now why are we doing it + + align:start position:0% +more complex now why are we doing it + + + align:start position:0% +more complex now why are we doing it +well let's come back to this problem + + align:start position:0% +well let's come back to this problem + + + align:start position:0% +well let's come back to this problem +are they necessary they could also be + + align:start position:0% +are they necessary they could also be + + + align:start position:0% +are they necessary they could also be +sufficient if that function f is + + align:start position:0% +sufficient if that function f is + + + align:start position:0% +sufficient if that function f is +quasi-concave and the constraint sets + + align:start position:0% +quasi-concave and the constraint sets + + + align:start position:0% +quasi-concave and the constraint sets +these guys are convex then finding a + + align:start position:0% +these guys are convex then finding a + + + align:start position:0% +these guys are convex then finding a +solution to the first order conditions + + align:start position:0% +solution to the first order conditions + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the first order conditions +equivalent with finding a global + + align:start position:0% +equivalent with finding a global + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent with finding a global +maximizer very powerful and we will use + + align:start position:0% +maximizer very powerful and we will use + + + align:start position:0% +maximizer very powerful and we will use +it subsequently + + align:start position:0% +it subsequently + + + align:start position:0% +it subsequently +again to address the issue of whether + + align:start position:0% +again to address the issue of whether + + + align:start position:0% +again to address the issue of whether +competitive equilibria are are optimal + + align:start position:0% +competitive equilibria are are optimal + + + align:start position:0% +competitive equilibria are are optimal +okay so going back to the motivation + + align:start position:0% +okay so going back to the motivation + + + align:start position:0% +okay so going back to the motivation +which was this picture so we kind of + + align:start position:0% +which was this picture so we kind of + + + align:start position:0% +which was this picture so we kind of +know that we're going to hit a corner + + align:start position:0% +know that we're going to hit a corner + + + align:start position:0% +know that we're going to hit a corner +what comes up with a little if you if + + align:start position:0% +what comes up with a little if you if + + + align:start position:0% +what comes up with a little if you if +this if these were linear + + align:start position:0% +this if these were linear + + + align:start position:0% +this if these were linear +indifference curves and you have this + + align:start position:0% +indifference curves and you have this + + + align:start position:0% +indifference curves and you have this +linear budget set then when you take + + align:start position:0% +linear budget set then when you take + + + align:start position:0% +linear budget set then when you take +first order conditions you're going to + + align:start position:0% +first order conditions you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +first order conditions you're going to +be in trouble + + align:start position:0% +be in trouble + + + align:start position:0% +be in trouble +because everything in the first order + + align:start position:0% +because everything in the first order + + + align:start position:0% +because everything in the first order +condition is going to be parameters not + + align:start position:0% +condition is going to be parameters not + + + align:start position:0% +condition is going to be parameters not +control variables that you want to find + + align:start position:0% +control variables that you want to find + + + align:start position:0% +control variables that you want to find +so that's a version of being nasty + + align:start position:0% +so that's a version of being nasty + + + align:start position:0% +so that's a version of being nasty +okay but like I said we're working it + + align:start position:0% +okay but like I said we're working it + + + align:start position:0% +okay but like I said we're working it +all out so how do we deal with this + + align:start position:0% +all out so how do we deal with this + + + align:start position:0% +all out so how do we deal with this +hitting the corner what does what does + + align:start position:0% +hitting the corner what does what does + + + align:start position:0% +hitting the corner what does what does +the lagrangian find so we maximize + + align:start position:0% +the lagrangian find so we maximize + + + align:start position:0% +the lagrangian find so we maximize +utility subject to the budget subject to + + align:start position:0% +utility subject to the budget subject to + + + align:start position:0% +utility subject to the budget subject to +non-negativity constraints as in that + + align:start position:0% +non-negativity constraints as in that + + + align:start position:0% +non-negativity constraints as in that +picture consumption cannot go negative + + align:start position:0% +picture consumption cannot go negative + + + align:start position:0% +picture consumption cannot go negative +we form the lagrangian + + align:start position:0% +we form the lagrangian + + + align:start position:0% +we form the lagrangian +mechanically right the two uh which says + + align:start position:0% +mechanically right the two uh which says + + + align:start position:0% +mechanically right the two uh which says +write down the function write down each + + align:start position:0% +write down the function write down each + + + align:start position:0% +write down the function write down each +of the constraints Lambda on the budget + + align:start position:0% +of the constraints Lambda on the budget + + + align:start position:0% +of the constraints Lambda on the budget +constraint mu okay I change notation mu + + align:start position:0% +constraint mu okay I change notation mu + + + align:start position:0% +constraint mu okay I change notation mu +k for constraint uh this one the + + align:start position:0% +k for constraint uh this one the + + + align:start position:0% +k for constraint uh this one the +non-negative + + align:start position:0% +non-negative + + + align:start position:0% +non-negative +ity constraint on x k + + align:start position:0% +ity constraint on x k + + + align:start position:0% +ity constraint on x k +take the first order conditions and now + + align:start position:0% +take the first order conditions and now + + + align:start position:0% +take the first order conditions and now +we get something similar except that you + + align:start position:0% +we get something similar except that you + + + align:start position:0% +we get something similar except that you +pick up this Shadow price or LaGrange + + align:start position:0% +pick up this Shadow price or LaGrange + + + align:start position:0% +pick up this Shadow price or LaGrange +multiplier on the non-negativity + + align:start position:0% +multiplier on the non-negativity + + + align:start position:0% +multiplier on the non-negativity +constraint a good K whereas before that + + align:start position:0% +constraint a good K whereas before that + + + align:start position:0% +constraint a good K whereas before that +mu wasn't there so then applying the + + align:start position:0% +mu wasn't there so then applying the + + + align:start position:0% +mu wasn't there so then applying the +recipe we write down the constraints + + align:start position:0% +recipe we write down the constraints + + + align:start position:0% +recipe we write down the constraints +again we write down the non-negativity + + align:start position:0% +again we write down the non-negativity + + + align:start position:0% +again we write down the non-negativity +of the LaGrange multipliers we have this + + align:start position:0% +of the LaGrange multipliers we have this + + + align:start position:0% +of the LaGrange multipliers we have this +complementary slagness condition which + + align:start position:0% +complementary slagness condition which + + + align:start position:0% +complementary slagness condition which +is the product of the LaGrange + + align:start position:0% +is the product of the LaGrange + + + align:start position:0% +is the product of the LaGrange +multipliers with the budgets and we look + + align:start position:0% +multipliers with the budgets and we look + + + align:start position:0% +multipliers with the budgets and we look +for a solution + + align:start position:0% +for a solution + + + align:start position:0% +for a solution +if we were at a corner + + align:start position:0% +if we were at a corner + + + align:start position:0% +if we were at a corner +where good one or good X whatever was in + + align:start position:0% +where good one or good X whatever was in + + + align:start position:0% +where good one or good X whatever was in +that figure were zero + + align:start position:0% +that figure were zero + + + align:start position:0% +that figure were zero +then and if we go back + + align:start position:0% +then and if we go back + + + align:start position:0% +then and if we go back +here this this would be positive this mu + + align:start position:0% +here this this would be positive this mu + + + align:start position:0% +here this this would be positive this mu +K would be positive and we take it out + + align:start position:0% +K would be positive and we take it out + + + align:start position:0% +K would be positive and we take it out +this would then be less than zero + + align:start position:0% +this would then be less than zero + + + align:start position:0% +this would then be less than zero +something less than zero plus something + + align:start position:0% +something less than zero plus something + + + align:start position:0% +something less than zero plus something +positive makes it zero we leave the + + align:start position:0% +positive makes it zero we leave the + + + align:start position:0% +positive makes it zero we leave the +positive thing out and we get the thing + + align:start position:0% +positive thing out and we get the thing + + + align:start position:0% +positive thing out and we get the thing +that's less than zero looks like this + + align:start position:0% +that's less than zero looks like this + + + align:start position:0% +that's less than zero looks like this +and what this says essentially is + + align:start position:0% +and what this says essentially is + + + align:start position:0% +and what this says essentially is +there's a number of ways to read it when + + align:start position:0% +there's a number of ways to read it when + + + align:start position:0% +there's a number of ways to read it when +we do it this way put Lambda over here + + align:start position:0% +we do it this way put Lambda over here + + + align:start position:0% +we do it this way put Lambda over here +Lambda is the margin utility of income + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is the margin utility of income + + + align:start position:0% +Lambda is the margin utility of income +so how much income does it take to get + + align:start position:0% +so how much income does it take to get + + + align:start position:0% +so how much income does it take to get +good K and what are the utility + + align:start position:0% +good K and what are the utility + + + align:start position:0% +good K and what are the utility +consequences of that + + align:start position:0% +consequences of that + + + align:start position:0% +consequences of that +PK is the number of dollars you have to + + align:start position:0% +PK is the number of dollars you have to + + + align:start position:0% +PK is the number of dollars you have to +give up to get good k + + align:start position:0% +give up to get good k + + + align:start position:0% +give up to get good k +the utility of those dollars is Lambda + + align:start position:0% +the utility of those dollars is Lambda + + + align:start position:0% +the utility of those dollars is Lambda +so Lambda times PK is the cost + + align:start position:0% +so Lambda times PK is the cost + + + align:start position:0% +so Lambda times PK is the cost +the marginal cost of getting a unit of + + align:start position:0% +the marginal cost of getting a unit of + + + align:start position:0% +the marginal cost of getting a unit of +good k + + align:start position:0% +good k + + + align:start position:0% +good k +and what's the marginal benefit the + + align:start position:0% +and what's the marginal benefit the + + + align:start position:0% +and what's the marginal benefit the +margin utility is the benefit in this + + align:start position:0% +margin utility is the benefit in this + + + align:start position:0% +margin utility is the benefit in this +case the marginal cost exceeds the + + align:start position:0% +case the marginal cost exceeds the + + + align:start position:0% +case the marginal cost exceeds the +marginal benefit so you don't do it in + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit so you don't do it in + + + align:start position:0% +marginal benefit so you don't do it in +fact the solution obviously is to set x + + align:start position:0% +fact the solution obviously is to set x + + + align:start position:0% +fact the solution obviously is to set x +k equal to zero because at any positive + + align:start position:0% +k equal to zero because at any positive + + + align:start position:0% +k equal to zero because at any positive +level the cost marginal costs are higher + + align:start position:0% +level the cost marginal costs are higher + + + align:start position:0% +level the cost marginal costs are higher +than the marginal benefits the best you + + align:start position:0% +than the marginal benefits the best you + + + align:start position:0% +than the marginal benefits the best you +can do is to is to set it to zero + + align:start position:0% +can do is to is to set it to zero + + + align:start position:0% +can do is to is to set it to zero +all right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so Cobb Douglas utility + + align:start position:0% +so Cobb Douglas utility + + + align:start position:0% +so Cobb Douglas utility +this was an example we had before + + align:start position:0% +this was an example we had before + + + align:start position:0% +this was an example we had before +put X and Y to power Alpha and 1 minus + + align:start position:0% +put X and Y to power Alpha and 1 minus + + + align:start position:0% +put X and Y to power Alpha and 1 minus +Alpha subject to a budget you can solve + + align:start position:0% +Alpha subject to a budget you can solve + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha subject to a budget you can solve +this this is really not necessary to go + + align:start position:0% +this this is really not necessary to go + + + align:start position:0% +this this is really not necessary to go +through in class + + align:start position:0% +through in class + + + align:start position:0% +through in class +it's a good example you maximize using + + align:start position:0% +it's a good example you maximize using + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good example you maximize using +the lagrangian you get the first order + + align:start position:0% +the lagrangian you get the first order + + + align:start position:0% +the lagrangian you get the first order +conditions + + align:start position:0% +conditions + + + align:start position:0% +conditions +do some algebra with that first order + + align:start position:0% +do some algebra with that first order + + + align:start position:0% +do some algebra with that first order +condition comparing ratios + + align:start position:0% +condition comparing ratios + + + align:start position:0% +condition comparing ratios +this would be the marginal rate of + + align:start position:0% +this would be the marginal rate of + + + align:start position:0% +this would be the marginal rate of +substitution this is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +substitution this is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +substitution this is going to be the +price ratio they have to be equal for an + + align:start position:0% +price ratio they have to be equal for an + + + align:start position:0% +price ratio they have to be equal for an +interior solution and I need the + + align:start position:0% +interior solution and I need the + + + align:start position:0% +interior solution and I need the +solution has to be interior because the + + align:start position:0% +solution has to be interior because the + + + align:start position:0% +solution has to be interior because the +margin utility is going to Infinity when + + align:start position:0% +margin utility is going to Infinity when + + + align:start position:0% +margin utility is going to Infinity when +one or the other of these Goods goes to + + align:start position:0% +one or the other of these Goods goes to + + + align:start position:0% +one or the other of these Goods goes to +zero so you never want to go down that + + align:start position:0% +zero so you never want to go down that + + + align:start position:0% +zero so you never want to go down that +form + + align:start position:0% +form + + + align:start position:0% +form +we can rearrange these terms and the + + align:start position:0% +we can rearrange these terms and the + + + align:start position:0% +we can rearrange these terms and the +bottom line is p x times x is the + + align:start position:0% +bottom line is p x times x is the + + + align:start position:0% +bottom line is p x times x is the +expenditure on X and it's equal to Alpha + + align:start position:0% +expenditure on X and it's equal to Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure on X and it's equal to Alpha +times I if you go back to the utility + + align:start position:0% +times I if you go back to the utility + + + align:start position:0% +times I if you go back to the utility +function Alpha is the power on X so + + align:start position:0% +function Alpha is the power on X so + + + align:start position:0% +function Alpha is the power on X so +whenever you see this Cobb Douglas you + + align:start position:0% +whenever you see this Cobb Douglas you + + + align:start position:0% +whenever you see this Cobb Douglas you +can immediately jump to something you + + align:start position:0% +can immediately jump to something you + + + align:start position:0% +can immediately jump to something you +should know which is the expenditure + + align:start position:0% +should know which is the expenditure + + + align:start position:0% +should know which is the expenditure +shares have to do with these Powers the + + align:start position:0% +shares have to do with these Powers the + + + align:start position:0% +shares have to do with these Powers the +expenditure shares on X would be Alpha + + align:start position:0% +expenditure shares on X would be Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +expenditure shares on X would be Alpha +the expenditure share on y would be 1 + + align:start position:0% +the expenditure share on y would be 1 + + + align:start position:0% +the expenditure share on y would be 1 +minus Alpha we want to see that in + + align:start position:0% +minus Alpha we want to see that in + + + align:start position:0% +minus Alpha we want to see that in +notation + + align:start position:0% +notation + + + align:start position:0% +notation +PX times x is the expenditure of share + + align:start position:0% +PX times x is the expenditure of share + + + align:start position:0% +PX times x is the expenditure of share +on X at the optimum it's Alpha times I + + align:start position:0% +on X at the optimum it's Alpha times I + + + align:start position:0% +on X at the optimum it's Alpha times I +likewise py times Y is 1 minus Alpha + + align:start position:0% +likewise py times Y is 1 minus Alpha + + + align:start position:0% +likewise py times Y is 1 minus Alpha +times I so that you have your whole + + align:start position:0% +times I so that you have your whole + + + align:start position:0% +times I so that you have your whole +budget you spend the whole budget and + + align:start position:0% +budget you spend the whole budget and + + + align:start position:0% +budget you spend the whole budget and +the share of the budget you're spending + + align:start position:0% +the share of the budget you're spending + + + align:start position:0% +the share of the budget you're spending +is dictated by the alpha and one minus + + align:start position:0% +is dictated by the alpha and one minus + + + align:start position:0% +is dictated by the alpha and one minus +Alpha and the prices + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and the prices + + + align:start position:0% +Alpha and the prices +so that's constant expenditure shares + + align:start position:0% +so that's constant expenditure shares + + + align:start position:0% +so that's constant expenditure shares +and again when you go to data you go + + align:start position:0% +and again when you go to data you go + + + align:start position:0% +and again when you go to data you go +take a look and we'll do that in the + + align:start position:0% +take a look and we'll do that in the + + + align:start position:0% +take a look and we'll do that in the +lecture on next Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +lecture on next Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +lecture on next Tuesday +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now again we've gotten through all that + + align:start position:0% +now again we've gotten through all that + + + align:start position:0% +now again we've gotten through all that +stuff hopefully useful maybe even + + align:start position:0% +stuff hopefully useful maybe even + + + align:start position:0% +stuff hopefully useful maybe even +interesting to you and and now you've + + align:start position:0% +interesting to you and and now you've + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to you and and now you've +forgotten about geography you've + + align:start position:0% +forgotten about geography you've + + + align:start position:0% +forgotten about geography you've +forgotten about time you've forgotten + + align:start position:0% +forgotten about time you've forgotten + + + align:start position:0% +forgotten about time you've forgotten +about states of the world so let me end + + align:start position:0% +about states of the world so let me end + + + align:start position:0% +about states of the world so let me end +with two slides the lecture about + + align:start position:0% +with two slides the lecture about + + + align:start position:0% +with two slides the lecture about +consumer Choice when the consumer + + align:start position:0% +consumer Choice when the consumer + + + align:start position:0% +consumer Choice when the consumer +decides how much Leisure to provide or + + align:start position:0% +decides how much Leisure to provide or + + + align:start position:0% +decides how much Leisure to provide or +negatively how much to work and how much + + align:start position:0% +negatively how much to work and how much + + + align:start position:0% +negatively how much to work and how much +consumption to buy so it's going to be + + align:start position:0% +consumption to buy so it's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +consumption to buy so it's going to be +one thing to say right away Leisure is + + align:start position:0% +one thing to say right away Leisure is + + + align:start position:0% +one thing to say right away Leisure is +going to be a good thing consumption is + + align:start position:0% +going to be a good thing consumption is + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a good thing consumption is +a good thing so those axes that were + + align:start position:0% +a good thing so those axes that were + + + align:start position:0% +a good thing so those axes that were +labeled X and Y are now labeled C and L + + align:start position:0% +labeled X and Y are now labeled C and L + + + align:start position:0% +labeled X and Y are now labeled C and L +or C is consumption and L is leisure + + align:start position:0% +or C is consumption and L is leisure + + + align:start position:0% +or C is consumption and L is leisure +so it looks standard now but it's a much + + align:start position:0% +so it looks standard now but it's a much + + + align:start position:0% +so it looks standard now but it's a much +more interesting problem it's how much + + align:start position:0% +more interesting problem it's how much + + + align:start position:0% +more interesting problem it's how much +the work problem like the bicycle + + align:start position:0% +the work problem like the bicycle + + + align:start position:0% +the work problem like the bicycle +Messengers The other thing is maximize + + align:start position:0% +Messengers The other thing is maximize + + + align:start position:0% +Messengers The other thing is maximize +utility subject the budget well this is + + align:start position:0% +utility subject the budget well this is + + + align:start position:0% +utility subject the budget well this is +kind of a Twist because instead of + + align:start position:0% +kind of a Twist because instead of + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a Twist because instead of +having income over here we've got the + + align:start position:0% +having income over here we've got the + + + align:start position:0% +having income over here we've got the +wage W per unit time times the time + + align:start position:0% +wage W per unit time times the time + + + align:start position:0% +wage W per unit time times the time +endowment that the household is endowed + + align:start position:0% +endowment that the household is endowed + + + align:start position:0% +endowment that the household is endowed +with so this is as if you took your + + align:start position:0% +with so this is as if you took your + + + align:start position:0% +with so this is as if you took your +entire time endowment worked all of it + + align:start position:0% +entire time endowment worked all of it + + + align:start position:0% +entire time endowment worked all of it +and then went back and bought some + + align:start position:0% +and then went back and bought some + + + align:start position:0% +and then went back and bought some +Leisure and bought consumption probably + + align:start position:0% +Leisure and bought consumption probably + + + align:start position:0% +Leisure and bought consumption probably +more obvious way to put this is to take + + align:start position:0% +more obvious way to put this is to take + + + align:start position:0% +more obvious way to put this is to take +WL subtract it from both sides then you + + align:start position:0% +WL subtract it from both sides then you + + + align:start position:0% +WL subtract it from both sides then you +have T minus l so time minus Leisure is + + align:start position:0% +have T minus l so time minus Leisure is + + + align:start position:0% +have T minus l so time minus Leisure is +the amount spent working you surrendered + + align:start position:0% +the amount spent working you surrendered + + + align:start position:0% +the amount spent working you surrendered +it to the market you don't enjoy it but + + align:start position:0% +it to the market you don't enjoy it but + + + align:start position:0% +it to the market you don't enjoy it but +you do get the wage for it and then this + + align:start position:0% +you do get the wage for it and then this + + + align:start position:0% +you do get the wage for it and then this +becomes income and income is spent on + + align:start position:0% +becomes income and income is spent on + + + align:start position:0% +becomes income and income is spent on +consumption the other thing about this + + align:start position:0% +consumption the other thing about this + + + align:start position:0% +consumption the other thing about this +problem is like the choice of a new + + align:start position:0% +problem is like the choice of a new + + + align:start position:0% +problem is like the choice of a new +mirror everything is measured in terms + + align:start position:0% +mirror everything is measured in terms + + + align:start position:0% +mirror everything is measured in terms +of consumption there's no price you + + align:start position:0% +of consumption there's no price you + + + align:start position:0% +of consumption there's no price you +could have done it we could have price + + align:start position:0% +could have done it we could have price + + + align:start position:0% +could have done it we could have price +of consumption times consumption price + + align:start position:0% +of consumption times consumption price + + + align:start position:0% +of consumption times consumption price +of leisure the wage times the Leisure + + align:start position:0% +of leisure the wage times the Leisure + + + align:start position:0% +of leisure the wage times the Leisure +but we just normalized wages so this is + + align:start position:0% +but we just normalized wages so this is + + + align:start position:0% +but we just normalized wages so this is +what's called the real wage it's how + + align:start position:0% +what's called the real wage it's how + + + align:start position:0% +what's called the real wage it's how +much consumption bundle you can get for + + align:start position:0% +much consumption bundle you can get for + + + align:start position:0% +much consumption bundle you can get for +a given unit of Labor + + align:start position:0% +a given unit of Labor + + + align:start position:0% +a given unit of Labor +and here's the picture so to effectively + + align:start position:0% +and here's the picture so to effectively + + + align:start position:0% +and here's the picture so to effectively +starting here with 16 hours of a day of + + align:start position:0% +starting here with 16 hours of a day of + + + align:start position:0% +starting here with 16 hours of a day of +of leisure + + align:start position:0% +of leisure + + + align:start position:0% +of leisure +I don't know some sleep is allowed eight + + align:start position:0% +I don't know some sleep is allowed eight + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know some sleep is allowed eight +hour eight hour bedtime the remaining is + + align:start position:0% +hour eight hour bedtime the remaining is + + + align:start position:0% +hour eight hour bedtime the remaining is +16 hours but you you may want to earn + + align:start position:0% +16 hours but you you may want to earn + + + align:start position:0% +16 hours but you you may want to earn +some money so if you move in this + + align:start position:0% +some money so if you move in this + + + align:start position:0% +some money so if you move in this +direction you're giving up a unit of + + align:start position:0% +direction you're giving up a unit of + + + align:start position:0% +direction you're giving up a unit of +leisure working that unit and getting + + align:start position:0% +leisure working that unit and getting + + + align:start position:0% +leisure working that unit and getting +the wage for it which allows you to buy + + align:start position:0% +the wage for it which allows you to buy + + + align:start position:0% +the wage for it which allows you to buy +consumption so the slope of this line is + + align:start position:0% +consumption so the slope of this line is + + + align:start position:0% +consumption so the slope of this line is +the wage + + align:start position:0% +the wage + + + align:start position:0% +the wage +in this case the wage rate is 10. so + + align:start position:0% +in this case the wage rate is 10. so + + + align:start position:0% +in this case the wage rate is 10. so +every unit of work that you've Supply + + align:start position:0% +every unit of work that you've Supply + + + align:start position:0% +every unit of work that you've Supply +gives you 10 units worth of consumption + + align:start position:0% +gives you 10 units worth of consumption + + + align:start position:0% +gives you 10 units worth of consumption +and you could work your entire 16 hour + + align:start position:0% +and you could work your entire 16 hour + + + align:start position:0% +and you could work your entire 16 hour +day at a wage of 10 and have 160 units + + align:start position:0% +day at a wage of 10 and have 160 units + + + align:start position:0% +day at a wage of 10 and have 160 units +of consumption but this guy's stopping + + align:start position:0% +of consumption but this guy's stopping + + + align:start position:0% +of consumption but this guy's stopping +short of that where the indifference + + align:start position:0% +short of that where the indifference + + + align:start position:0% +short of that where the indifference +curve is tangent budget line so this is + + align:start position:0% +curve is tangent budget line so this is + + + align:start position:0% +curve is tangent budget line so this is +the choice of how hard to work and again + + align:start position:0% +the choice of how hard to work and again + + + align:start position:0% +the choice of how hard to work and again +I could have put in a dynamic Choice + + align:start position:0% +I could have put in a dynamic Choice + + + align:start position:0% +I could have put in a dynamic Choice +problem I could have with time + + align:start position:0% +problem I could have with time + + + align:start position:0% +problem I could have with time +consumption today versus consumption + + align:start position:0% +consumption today versus consumption + + + align:start position:0% +consumption today versus consumption +tomorrow we're going to have one of + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow we're going to have one of + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow we're going to have one of +those at the end of the lecture next + + align:start position:0% +those at the end of the lecture next + + + align:start position:0% +those at the end of the lecture next +time as a constant reminder we could + + align:start position:0% +time as a constant reminder we could + + + align:start position:0% +time as a constant reminder we could +have had choice about locations and + + align:start position:0% +have had choice about locations and + + + align:start position:0% +have had choice about locations and +we'll do some of that pretty shortly as + + align:start position:0% +we'll do some of that pretty shortly as + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do some of that pretty shortly as +well + + align:start position:0% +well + + + align:start position:0% +well +all right so that's the prepared slide + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's the prepared slide + + + align:start position:0% +all right so that's the prepared slide +and we have one or two minutes left for + + align:start position:0% +and we have one or two minutes left for + + + align:start position:0% +and we have one or two minutes left for +questions + + align:start position:0% +questions + + + align:start position:0% +questions +all right so you have all the slides + + align:start position:0% +all right so you have all the slides + + + align:start position:0% +all right so you have all the slides +take a look at them study them you also + + align:start position:0% +take a look at them study them you also + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at them study them you also +have the review sheet questions go back + + align:start position:0% +have the review sheet questions go back + + + align:start position:0% +have the review sheet questions go back +and take a look and make sure you're + + align:start position:0% +and take a look and make sure you're + + + align:start position:0% +and take a look and make sure you're +able to answer them we'll have a little + + align:start position:0% +able to answer them we'll have a little + + + align:start position:0% +able to answer them we'll have a little +review next time of what we did today + + align:start position:0% +review next time of what we did today + + + align:start position:0% +review next time of what we did today +and then we're going to go on to uh + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to go on to uh + + + align:start position:0% +and then we're going to go on to uh +explore these expenditure shares and + + align:start position:0% +explore these expenditure shares and + + + align:start position:0% +explore these expenditure shares and +income expansion paths and whether poor + + align:start position:0% +income expansion paths and whether poor + + + align:start position:0% +income expansion paths and whether poor +people consume luxury goods or the + + align:start position:0% +people consume luxury goods or the + + + align:start position:0% +people consume luxury goods or the +opposite Etc so that that's for next + + align:start position:0% +opposite Etc so that that's for next + + + align:start position:0% +opposite Etc so that that's for next +time I've already mentioned last time + + align:start position:0% +time I've already mentioned last time + + + align:start position:0% +time I've already mentioned last time +something drawing on a real application + + align:start position:0% +something drawing on a real application + + + align:start position:0% +something drawing on a real application +from the material we're going to do in + + align:start position:0% +from the material we're going to do in + + + align:start position:0% +from the material we're going to do in +the lecture next Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +the lecture next Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +the lecture next Tuesday +on China and uh and kind of varying + + align:start position:0% +on China and uh and kind of varying + + + align:start position:0% +on China and uh and kind of varying +these price ratios of these budget lines + + align:start position:0% +these price ratios of these budget lines + + + align:start position:0% +these price ratios of these budget lines +by subsidizing consumer purchases uh + + align:start position:0% +by subsidizing consumer purchases uh + + + align:start position:0% +by subsidizing consumer purchases uh +it's a it's a wonderful problem set + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a wonderful problem set + + + align:start position:0% +it's a it's a wonderful problem set +worked out by one of your former + + align:start position:0% +worked out by one of your former + + + align:start position:0% +worked out by one of your former +classmates actually who I hired in + + align:start position:0% +classmates actually who I hired in + + + align:start position:0% +classmates actually who I hired in +Europe + + align:start position:0% +Europe + + + align:start position:0% +Europe +um so they're almost in the position to + + align:start position:0% +um so they're almost in the position to + + + align:start position:0% +um so they're almost in the position to +start to take the look look at that + + align:start position:0% +start to take the look look at that + + + align:start position:0% +start to take the look look at that +especially after Friday and certainly + + align:start position:0% +especially after Friday and certainly + + + align:start position:0% +especially after Friday and certainly +after Tuesday so that's that's all I + + align:start position:0% +after Tuesday so that's that's all I + + + align:start position:0% +after Tuesday so that's that's all I +have for today \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rpWhvQc42qc.txt b/rpWhvQc42qc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36e583098370f83560e84575ebf79a2399f37100 --- /dev/null +++ b/rpWhvQc42qc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4123 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So, we're team M, I guess + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, we're team M, I guess + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So, we're team M, I guess +three. Um, our job was to optimize the + + align:start position:0% +three. Um, our job was to optimize the + + + align:start position:0% +three. Um, our job was to optimize the +roller assembly of the climber and make + + align:start position:0% +roller assembly of the climber and make + + + align:start position:0% +roller assembly of the climber and make +it basically the main the main part that + + align:start position:0% +it basically the main the main part that + + + align:start position:0% +it basically the main the main part that +we were optimizing was mass, but we were + + align:start position:0% +we were optimizing was mass, but we were + + + align:start position:0% +we were optimizing was mass, but we were +also optimizing the time to put it onto + + align:start position:0% +also optimizing the time to put it onto + + + align:start position:0% +also optimizing the time to put it onto +the ribbon and the cost of the climber. + + align:start position:0% +the ribbon and the cost of the climber. + + + align:start position:0% +the ribbon and the cost of the climber. +We decided to set the material as + + align:start position:0% +We decided to set the material as + + + align:start position:0% +We decided to set the material as +polycarbonate though. So, uh, we didn't + + align:start position:0% +polycarbonate though. So, uh, we didn't + + + align:start position:0% +polycarbonate though. So, uh, we didn't +do a case study for different + + align:start position:0% +do a case study for different + + + align:start position:0% +do a case study for different +materials. So, as I just said, the + + align:start position:0% +materials. So, as I just said, the + + + align:start position:0% +materials. So, as I just said, the +motivation for um, working on this this + + align:start position:0% +motivation for um, working on this this + + + align:start position:0% +motivation for um, working on this this +term was to + + align:start position:0% +term was to + + + align:start position:0% +term was to +motivation was to make it so that we + + align:start position:0% +motivation was to make it so that we + + + align:start position:0% +motivation was to make it so that we +needed less power in order to climb up + + align:start position:0% +needed less power in order to climb up + + + align:start position:0% +needed less power in order to climb up +the ribbon which would therefore + + align:start position:0% +the ribbon which would therefore + + + align:start position:0% +the ribbon which would therefore +increase the score. Scoring metric being + + align:start position:0% +increase the score. Scoring metric being + + + align:start position:0% +increase the score. Scoring metric being +the speed of the climber times the + + align:start position:0% +the speed of the climber times the + + + align:start position:0% +the speed of the climber times the +payload mass divided by the total total + + align:start position:0% +payload mass divided by the total total + + + align:start position:0% +payload mass divided by the total total +climber weight. So basically the roller + + align:start position:0% +climber weight. So basically the roller + + + align:start position:0% +climber weight. So basically the roller +assembly which you see right here is + + align:start position:0% +assembly which you see right here is + + + align:start position:0% +assembly which you see right here is +what rolls up which uh is what is used + + align:start position:0% +what rolls up which uh is what is used + + + align:start position:0% +what rolls up which uh is what is used +to climb up the ribbon and we put the + + align:start position:0% +to climb up the ribbon and we put the + + + align:start position:0% +to climb up the ribbon and we put the +power system which has yet to be + + align:start position:0% +power system which has yet to be + + + align:start position:0% +power system which has yet to be +completely defined just below it to get + + align:start position:0% +completely defined just below it to get + + + align:start position:0% +completely defined just below it to get +the power transfer to the motors. Um, so + + align:start position:0% +the power transfer to the motors. Um, so + + + align:start position:0% +the power transfer to the motors. Um, so +basically what we decided to do was that + + align:start position:0% +basically what we decided to do was that + + + align:start position:0% +basically what we decided to do was that +we were going to optimize for this AP + + align:start position:0% +we were going to optimize for this AP + + + align:start position:0% +we were going to optimize for this AP +the side plates that you see here or the + + align:start position:0% +the side plates that you see here or the + + + align:start position:0% +the side plates that you see here or the +side bars, the side plates and the + + align:start position:0% +side bars, the side plates and the + + + align:start position:0% +side bars, the side plates and the +rollers because as you can see + + align:start position:0% +rollers because as you can see + + + align:start position:0% +rollers because as you can see +especially on + + align:start position:0% +especially on + + + align:start position:0% +especially on +here that the side especially these + + align:start position:0% +here that the side especially these + + + align:start position:0% +here that the side especially these +rollers here have a lot of extra mass + + align:start position:0% +rollers here have a lot of extra mass + + + align:start position:0% +rollers here have a lot of extra mass +that is not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +necessary. So the requirements that we + + align:start position:0% +necessary. So the requirements that we + + + align:start position:0% +necessary. So the requirements that we +have for this are to minimize the + + align:start position:0% +have for this are to minimize the + + + align:start position:0% +have for this are to minimize the +climber weight, the cost, and minimize + + align:start position:0% +climber weight, the cost, and minimize + + + align:start position:0% +climber weight, the cost, and minimize +the time to attach the climber to the + + align:start position:0% +the time to attach the climber to the + + + align:start position:0% +the time to attach the climber to the +ribbon. Based upon the amount of time + + align:start position:0% +ribbon. Based upon the amount of time + + + align:start position:0% +ribbon. Based upon the amount of time +that we're given at the competition, we + + align:start position:0% +that we're given at the competition, we + + + align:start position:0% +that we're given at the competition, we +decided that a reasonable time would be + + align:start position:0% +decided that a reasonable time would be + + + align:start position:0% +decided that a reasonable time would be +about 4 minutes to basically take these + + align:start position:0% +about 4 minutes to basically take these + + + align:start position:0% +about 4 minutes to basically take these +two sides, put them onto the ribbon, and + + align:start position:0% +two sides, put them onto the ribbon, and + + + align:start position:0% +two sides, put them onto the ribbon, and +clamp + + align:start position:0% +clamp + + + align:start position:0% +clamp +them. And to maintain a vomis factor of + + align:start position:0% +them. And to maintain a vomis factor of + + + align:start position:0% +them. And to maintain a vomis factor of +safety of at least two, um, which we'll + + align:start position:0% +safety of at least two, um, which we'll + + + align:start position:0% +safety of at least two, um, which we'll +go into a little bit later once I show + + align:start position:0% +go into a little bit later once I show + + + align:start position:0% +go into a little bit later once I show +you the finite element analysis. + + align:start position:0% +you the finite element analysis. + + + align:start position:0% +you the finite element analysis. +Uh the constraints that we were left + + align:start position:0% +Uh the constraints that we were left + + + align:start position:0% +Uh the constraints that we were left +with in order to do this were to allow + + align:start position:0% +with in order to do this were to allow + + + align:start position:0% +with in order to do this were to allow +the climber to survive a 2 m drop test. + + align:start position:0% +the climber to survive a 2 m drop test. + + + align:start position:0% +the climber to survive a 2 m drop test. +Basically, this was something that was + + align:start position:0% +Basically, this was something that was + + + align:start position:0% +Basically, this was something that was +laid out in the competition rules that + + align:start position:0% +laid out in the competition rules that + + + align:start position:0% +laid out in the competition rules that +the climber must be able to withstain. + + align:start position:0% +the climber must be able to withstain. + + + align:start position:0% +the climber must be able to withstain. +Um also that the climber must lift its + + align:start position:0% +Um also that the climber must lift its + + + align:start position:0% +Um also that the climber must lift its +own weight. Obviously, if it cannot lift + + align:start position:0% +own weight. Obviously, if it cannot lift + + + align:start position:0% +own weight. Obviously, if it cannot lift +its own weight at at least 2 meters per + + align:start position:0% +its own weight at at least 2 meters per + + + align:start position:0% +its own weight at at least 2 meters per +second, then we're not going to meet the + + align:start position:0% +second, then we're not going to meet the + + + align:start position:0% +second, then we're not going to meet the +competition goals. and material must be + + align:start position:0% +competition goals. and material must be + + + align:start position:0% +competition goals. and material must be +unaffected by five gigahertz microwaves + + align:start position:0% +unaffected by five gigahertz microwaves + + + align:start position:0% +unaffected by five gigahertz microwaves +since that is our current idea of how + + align:start position:0% +since that is our current idea of how + + + align:start position:0% +since that is our current idea of how +we're going to bring power up to the + + align:start position:0% +we're going to bring power up to the + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to bring power up to the +climber. Um, also climb must be + + align:start position:0% +climber. Um, also climb must be + + + align:start position:0% +climber. Um, also climb must be +unaffected by water in case of rain or + + align:start position:0% +unaffected by water in case of rain or + + + align:start position:0% +unaffected by water in case of rain or +any other such things and be able to + + align:start position:0% +any other such things and be able to + + + align:start position:0% +any other such things and be able to +resist 11 12 mph winds which was a + + align:start position:0% +resist 11 12 mph winds which was a + + + align:start position:0% +resist 11 12 mph winds which was a +really big problem for people with + + align:start position:0% +really big problem for people with + + + align:start position:0% +really big problem for people with +competition last + + align:start position:0% +competition last + + + align:start position:0% +competition last +year. So to start out we came with some + + align:start position:0% +year. So to start out we came with some + + + align:start position:0% +year. So to start out we came with some +initial sketches of how we were going to + + align:start position:0% +initial sketches of how we were going to + + + align:start position:0% +initial sketches of how we were going to +take off weight. Basically, these were + + align:start position:0% +take off weight. Basically, these were + + + align:start position:0% +take off weight. Basically, these were +just a very first iteration guess as to + + align:start position:0% +just a very first iteration guess as to + + + align:start position:0% +just a very first iteration guess as to +what it was that where we thought we + + align:start position:0% +what it was that where we thought we + + + align:start position:0% +what it was that where we thought we +could take off mass and not for it to + + align:start position:0% +could take off mass and not for it to + + + align:start position:0% +could take off mass and not for it to +not matter. So, we just kind of where + + align:start position:0% +not matter. So, we just kind of where + + + align:start position:0% +not matter. So, we just kind of where +there were not what you see here are the + + align:start position:0% +there were not what you see here are the + + + align:start position:0% +there were not what you see here are the +holes where the axles go in. So, these + + align:start position:0% +holes where the axles go in. So, these + + + align:start position:0% +holes where the axles go in. So, these +were defined as where these are the + + align:start position:0% +were defined as where these are the + + + align:start position:0% +were defined as where these are the +locations of the side bars. So, those + + align:start position:0% +locations of the side bars. So, those + + + align:start position:0% +locations of the side bars. So, those +are all defined so we couldn't touch + + align:start position:0% +are all defined so we couldn't touch + + + align:start position:0% +are all defined so we couldn't touch +that. So, we basically just put in + + align:start position:0% +that. So, we basically just put in + + + align:start position:0% +that. So, we basically just put in +weight reduction holes and basically all + + align:start position:0% +weight reduction holes and basically all + + + align:start position:0% +weight reduction holes and basically all +the other places. Uh for the rollers, + + align:start position:0% +the other places. Uh for the rollers, + + + align:start position:0% +the other places. Uh for the rollers, +basically what we did was we took a + + align:start position:0% +basically what we did was we took a + + + align:start position:0% +basically what we did was we took a +design that we were using at our first + + align:start position:0% +design that we were using at our first + + + align:start position:0% +design that we were using at our first +iteration and had little caps on the + + align:start position:0% +iteration and had little caps on the + + + align:start position:0% +iteration and had little caps on the +rollers. And here's just a top down + + align:start position:0% +rollers. And here's just a top down + + + align:start position:0% +rollers. And here's just a top down +view. So the caps would go here and + + align:start position:0% +view. So the caps would go here and + + + align:start position:0% +view. So the caps would go here and +here. And then we have a tube in + + align:start position:0% +here. And then we have a tube in + + + align:start position:0% +here. And then we have a tube in +between. And you'll see that a little + + align:start position:0% +between. And you'll see that a little + + + align:start position:0% +between. And you'll see that a little +bit better later on when we show you the + + align:start position:0% +bit better later on when we show you the + + + align:start position:0% +bit better later on when we show you the +CAD models. And for the sidebars, we + + align:start position:0% +CAD models. And for the sidebars, we + + + align:start position:0% +CAD models. And for the sidebars, we +just made like a truss + + align:start position:0% +just made like a truss + + + align:start position:0% +just made like a truss +structure. So the design choice was + + align:start position:0% +structure. So the design choice was + + + align:start position:0% +structure. So the design choice was +basically that the initial design was + + align:start position:0% +basically that the initial design was + + + align:start position:0% +basically that the initial design was +given to us right here. And we were just + + align:start position:0% +given to us right here. And we were just + + + align:start position:0% +given to us right here. And we were just +going to take off weight where it was + + align:start position:0% +going to take off weight where it was + + + align:start position:0% +going to take off weight where it was +possible and place the post into + + align:start position:0% +possible and place the post into + + + align:start position:0% +possible and place the post into +strategic locations. and then we will + + align:start position:0% +strategic locations. and then we will + + + align:start position:0% +strategic locations. and then we will +refine it with bite element + + align:start position:0% +refine it with bite element + + + align:start position:0% +refine it with bite element +shortly. So, uh we're left with the site + + align:start position:0% +shortly. So, uh we're left with the site + + + align:start position:0% +shortly. So, uh we're left with the site +plates. Um here's the initial the final + + align:start position:0% +plates. Um here's the initial the final + + + align:start position:0% +plates. Um here's the initial the final +CAD models after we've optimized them. + + align:start position:0% +CAD models after we've optimized them. + + + align:start position:0% +CAD models after we've optimized them. +So, one thing to notice is that these + + align:start position:0% +So, one thing to notice is that these + + + align:start position:0% +So, one thing to notice is that these +look a lot different than that sketch + + align:start position:0% +look a lot different than that sketch + + + align:start position:0% +look a lot different than that sketch +beforehand. So, we notice that these are + + align:start position:0% +beforehand. So, we notice that these are + + + align:start position:0% +beforehand. So, we notice that these are +not good locations to put the holes. + + align:start position:0% +not good locations to put the holes. + + + align:start position:0% +not good locations to put the holes. +3 minutes of video missing due to + + align:start position:0% +3 minutes of video missing due to + + + align:start position:0% +3 minutes of video missing due to +technical difficulties. Here are slides + + align:start position:0% +technical difficulties. Here are slides + + + align:start position:0% +technical difficulties. Here are slides +from the missing video. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +We crunch the numbers in the solid works + + align:start position:0% +We crunch the numbers in the solid works + + + align:start position:0% +We crunch the numbers in the solid works +and choose the English metric. They're + + align:start position:0% +and choose the English metric. They're + + + align:start position:0% +and choose the English metric. They're +trying to convert it ourselves and maybe + + align:start position:0% +trying to convert it ourselves and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +trying to convert it ourselves and maybe +forgetting. So, and then we also have + + align:start position:0% +forgetting. So, and then we also have + + + align:start position:0% +forgetting. So, and then we also have +the axle force, basically just the force + + align:start position:0% +the axle force, basically just the force + + + align:start position:0% +the axle force, basically just the force +that the rollers are taking. And we + + align:start position:0% +that the rollers are taking. And we + + + align:start position:0% +that the rollers are taking. And we +calculated that force by taking the + + align:start position:0% +calculated that force by taking the + + + align:start position:0% +calculated that force by taking the +force that is necessary to pull the + + align:start position:0% +force that is necessary to pull the + + + align:start position:0% +force that is necessary to pull the +climber up, which is 123 newtons, the + + align:start position:0% +climber up, which is 123 newtons, the + + + align:start position:0% +climber up, which is 123 newtons, the +weight of the climber, and dividing it + + align:start position:0% +weight of the climber, and dividing it + + + align:start position:0% +weight of the climber, and dividing it +by two by assuming that + + align:start position:0% +by two by assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +by two by assuming that +each vertical position on the roller + + align:start position:0% +each vertical position on the roller + + + align:start position:0% +each vertical position on the roller +would need to take half of the force. + + align:start position:0% +would need to take half of the force. + + + align:start position:0% +would need to take half of the force. +And we restrained it at the sidebar + + align:start position:0% +And we restrained it at the sidebar + + + align:start position:0% +And we restrained it at the sidebar +locations and put an additional force at + + align:start position:0% +locations and put an additional force at + + + align:start position:0% +locations and put an additional force at +the bottom of the equivalent of 15 kg. + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of the equivalent of 15 kg. + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom of the equivalent of 15 kg. +except for weight. And here you can see + + align:start position:0% +except for weight. And here you can see + + + align:start position:0% +except for weight. And here you can see +the factor of safety diagram. Uh + + align:start position:0% +the factor of safety diagram. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +the factor of safety diagram. Uh +basically most of the problems here + + align:start position:0% +basically most of the problems here + + + align:start position:0% +basically most of the problems here +still have a bit of dead weight, but + + align:start position:0% +still have a bit of dead weight, but + + + align:start position:0% +still have a bit of dead weight, but +there's not much that we could really do + + align:start position:0% +there's not much that we could really do + + + align:start position:0% +there's not much that we could really do +about that because of the locations of + + align:start position:0% +about that because of the locations of + + + align:start position:0% +about that because of the locations of +these holes and the displacement uh the + + align:start position:0% +these holes and the displacement uh the + + + align:start position:0% +these holes and the displacement uh the +maximum + + align:start position:0% +maximum + + + align:start position:0% +maximum +displacement 5 or so meters. So even + + align:start position:0% +displacement 5 or so meters. So even + + + align:start position:0% +displacement 5 or so meters. So even +though this looks really constrained, + + align:start position:0% +though this looks really constrained, + + + align:start position:0% +though this looks really constrained, +it's very magnified. Um this is also + + align:start position:0% +it's very magnified. Um this is also + + + align:start position:0% +it's very magnified. Um this is also +towards the bottom. So that's why we + + align:start position:0% +towards the bottom. So that's why we + + + align:start position:0% +towards the bottom. So that's why we +have like this mass here. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So for the side bars a little bit + + align:start position:0% +So for the side bars a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +So for the side bars a little bit +clearer. We basically put the force + + align:start position:0% +clearer. We basically put the force + + + align:start position:0% +clearer. We basically put the force +outward force and downward force coming + + align:start position:0% +outward force and downward force coming + + + align:start position:0% +outward force and downward force coming +off of the motor and restraining it here + + align:start position:0% +off of the motor and restraining it here + + + align:start position:0% +off of the motor and restraining it here +and left with a factor of safety about + + align:start position:0% +and left with a factor of safety about + + + align:start position:0% +and left with a factor of safety about +2.2 which is just above what we center + + align:start position:0% +2.2 which is just above what we center + + + align:start position:0% +2.2 which is just above what we center +minimum to be which is just about right + + align:start position:0% +minimum to be which is just about right + + + align:start position:0% +minimum to be which is just about right +and displacement. This is perfectly + + align:start position:0% +and displacement. This is perfectly + + + align:start position:0% +and displacement. This is perfectly +reasonable for what we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +reasonable for what we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +reasonable for what we're talking about +right here. And you can also see that a + + align:start position:0% +right here. And you can also see that a + + + align:start position:0% +right here. And you can also see that a +lot clearer than in the side plates. + + align:start position:0% +lot clearer than in the side plates. + + + align:start position:0% +lot clearer than in the side plates. +this is much more optimized and that + + align:start position:0% +this is much more optimized and that + + + align:start position:0% +this is much more optimized and that +we're spreading the force uh much more + + align:start position:0% +we're spreading the force uh much more + + + align:start position:0% +we're spreading the force uh much more +evenly along these bars. And if we were + + align:start position:0% +evenly along these bars. And if we were + + + align:start position:0% +evenly along these bars. And if we were +to pump up the uh coloring a little bit + + align:start position:0% +to pump up the uh coloring a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +to pump up the uh coloring a little bit +more, you'd see this is actually much + + align:start position:0% +more, you'd see this is actually much + + + align:start position:0% +more, you'd see this is actually much +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +distributed. Um and same idea for the + + align:start position:0% +distributed. Um and same idea for the + + + align:start position:0% +distributed. Um and same idea for the +blay forces that we have this very + + align:start position:0% +blay forces that we have this very + + + align:start position:0% +blay forces that we have this very +evenly + + align:start position:0% +evenly + + + align:start position:0% +evenly +distributed and displacement + + align:start position:0% +distributed and displacement + + + align:start position:0% +distributed and displacement +again a little bit larger, but for the + + align:start position:0% +again a little bit larger, but for the + + + align:start position:0% +again a little bit larger, but for the +case of having to be pulled up in this + + align:start position:0% +case of having to be pulled up in this + + + align:start position:0% +case of having to be pulled up in this +direction, that's really nothing to + + align:start position:0% +direction, that's really nothing to + + + align:start position:0% +direction, that's really nothing to +worry about. + + align:start position:0% +worry about. + + + align:start position:0% +worry about. +And for the drive rollers, basically we + + align:start position:0% +And for the drive rollers, basically we + + + align:start position:0% +And for the drive rollers, basically we +took the force like I said before uh + + align:start position:0% +took the force like I said before uh + + + align:start position:0% +took the force like I said before uh +divided the force that was needed to + + align:start position:0% +divided the force that was needed to + + + align:start position:0% +divided the force that was needed to +pull the climber up divided by two and + + align:start position:0% +pull the climber up divided by two and + + + align:start position:0% +pull the climber up divided by two and +applied that in the form of torque to + + align:start position:0% +applied that in the form of torque to + + + align:start position:0% +applied that in the form of torque to +the rollers. Basically since there's no + + align:start position:0% +the rollers. Basically since there's no + + + align:start position:0% +the rollers. Basically since there's no +other way to easily apply forces along + + align:start position:0% +other way to easily apply forces along + + + align:start position:0% +other way to easily apply forces along +the whole surface of the rollers. So + + align:start position:0% +the whole surface of the rollers. So + + + align:start position:0% +the whole surface of the rollers. So +weided decided to use torque and that + + align:start position:0% +weided decided to use torque and that + + + align:start position:0% +weided decided to use torque and that +provided uh much better results. And + + align:start position:0% +provided uh much better results. And + + + align:start position:0% +provided uh much better results. And +what I was saying before about the width + + align:start position:0% +what I was saying before about the width + + + align:start position:0% +what I was saying before about the width +of the caps, that was determined by + + align:start position:0% +of the caps, that was determined by + + + align:start position:0% +of the caps, that was determined by +basically, as you can see the red down + + align:start position:0% +basically, as you can see the red down + + + align:start position:0% +basically, as you can see the red down +here. As soon as I got that to be about + + align:start position:0% +here. As soon as I got that to be about + + + align:start position:0% +here. As soon as I got that to be about +2.1, then I stopped increasing the cap + + align:start position:0% +2.1, then I stopped increasing the cap + + + align:start position:0% +2.1, then I stopped increasing the cap +width. Then once I realized that the + + align:start position:0% +width. Then once I realized that the + + + align:start position:0% +width. Then once I realized that the +caps were very thick, then I hauled them + + align:start position:0% +caps were very thick, then I hauled them + + + align:start position:0% +caps were very thick, then I hauled them +out and realized that made absolutely no + + align:start position:0% +out and realized that made absolutely no + + + align:start position:0% +out and realized that made absolutely no +difference in the factor of safety or + + align:start position:0% +difference in the factor of safety or + + + align:start position:0% +difference in the factor of safety or +the displacement for that + + align:start position:0% +the displacement for that + + + align:start position:0% +the displacement for that +matter. Same idea for the guide + + align:start position:0% +matter. Same idea for the guide + + + align:start position:0% +matter. Same idea for the guide +rollers. Really no difference. + + align:start position:0% +rollers. Really no difference. + + + align:start position:0% +rollers. Really no difference. +2.1 less displacement. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So for the parts that we actually + + align:start position:0% +So for the parts that we actually + + + align:start position:0% +So for the parts that we actually +machine, we put a few parts into the + + align:start position:0% +machine, we put a few parts into the + + + align:start position:0% +machine, we put a few parts into the +water jet and actually machine those. Um + + align:start position:0% +water jet and actually machine those. Um + + + align:start position:0% +water jet and actually machine those. Um +here you can see the blaze. Uh basically + + align:start position:0% +here you can see the blaze. Uh basically + + + align:start position:0% +here you can see the blaze. Uh basically +they showed before these ones that go in + + align:start position:0% +they showed before these ones that go in + + + align:start position:0% +they showed before these ones that go in +the top and we popped them in the + + align:start position:0% +the top and we popped them in the + + + align:start position:0% +the top and we popped them in the +climber, but for the initial test we did + + align:start position:0% +climber, but for the initial test we did + + + align:start position:0% +climber, but for the initial test we did +not want to use them just because they + + align:start position:0% +not want to use them just because they + + + align:start position:0% +not want to use them just because they +would potentially be accepting a little + + align:start position:0% +would potentially be accepting a little + + + align:start position:0% +would potentially be accepting a little +more stress. So I will pass these + + align:start position:0% +more stress. So I will pass these + + + align:start position:0% +more stress. So I will pass these +around. And those ones have already been + + align:start position:0% +around. And those ones have already been + + + align:start position:0% +around. And those ones have already been +milled out. All the holes are in, so + + align:start position:0% +milled out. All the holes are in, so + + + align:start position:0% +milled out. All the holes are in, so +they're basically good to go for being + + align:start position:0% +they're basically good to go for being + + + align:start position:0% +they're basically good to go for being +placed onto the primer. As for the + + align:start position:0% +placed onto the primer. As for the + + + align:start position:0% +placed onto the primer. As for the +sidebar, though, uh, this has not been + + align:start position:0% +sidebar, though, uh, this has not been + + + align:start position:0% +sidebar, though, uh, this has not been +milled out, as you can see, does not + + align:start position:0% +milled out, as you can see, does not + + + align:start position:0% +milled out, as you can see, does not +have the roller holes in it because we + + align:start position:0% +have the roller holes in it because we + + + align:start position:0% +have the roller holes in it because we +wanted to wait for the other plates to + + align:start position:0% +wanted to wait for the other plates to + + + align:start position:0% +wanted to wait for the other plates to +be able to be water jetted out before we + + align:start position:0% +be able to be water jetted out before we + + + align:start position:0% +be able to be water jetted out before we +could do that. + + align:start position:0% +could do that. + + + align:start position:0% +could do that. +So, that + + align:start position:0% +So, that + + + align:start position:0% +So, that +uh some of these edges look + + align:start position:0% +uh some of these edges look + + + align:start position:0% +uh some of these edges look +rough that is. So, + + align:start position:0% +rough that is. So, + + + align:start position:0% +rough that is. So, +basically, uh, on the side plates + + align:start position:0% +basically, uh, on the side plates + + + align:start position:0% +basically, uh, on the side plates +especially, we didn't really do all that + + align:start position:0% +especially, we didn't really do all that + + + align:start position:0% +especially, we didn't really do all that +much filing down. We used a quality of + + align:start position:0% +much filing down. We used a quality of + + + align:start position:0% +much filing down. We used a quality of +three on the water jet and we're also + + align:start position:0% +three on the water jet and we're also + + + align:start position:0% +three on the water jet and we're also +think we're probably going to use a + + align:start position:0% +think we're probably going to use a + + + align:start position:0% +think we're probably going to use a +higher quality next time. Um, with + + align:start position:0% +higher quality next time. Um, with + + + align:start position:0% +higher quality next time. Um, with +aluminum quality of three is fine, but + + align:start position:0% +aluminum quality of three is fine, but + + + align:start position:0% +aluminum quality of three is fine, but +with polycarbonate based on the way it + + align:start position:0% +with polycarbonate based on the way it + + + align:start position:0% +with polycarbonate based on the way it +interacts with the water, the jet of + + align:start position:0% +interacts with the water, the jet of + + + align:start position:0% +interacts with the water, the jet of +water, apparently it's not quite as + + align:start position:0% +water, apparently it's not quite as + + + align:start position:0% +water, apparently it's not quite as +happy with the quality of three. + + align:start position:0% +happy with the quality of three. + + + align:start position:0% +happy with the quality of three. +So pass on to Okay, + + align:start position:0% +So pass on to Okay, + + + align:start position:0% +So pass on to Okay, +so these are the final specifications + + align:start position:0% +so these are the final specifications + + + align:start position:0% +so these are the final specifications +that we uh figured out using solid work. + + align:start position:0% +that we uh figured out using solid work. + + + align:start position:0% +that we uh figured out using solid work. +So we had our four requirements + + align:start position:0% +So we had our four requirements + + + align:start position:0% +So we had our four requirements +essentially that we wanted to optimize + + align:start position:0% +essentially that we wanted to optimize + + + align:start position:0% +essentially that we wanted to optimize +as much as we could for our + + align:start position:0% +as much as we could for our + + + align:start position:0% +as much as we could for our +fiber. This is our final CAD drawing. As + + align:start position:0% +fiber. This is our final CAD drawing. As + + + align:start position:0% +fiber. This is our final CAD drawing. As +you can see there, the holes are + + align:start position:0% +you can see there, the holes are + + + align:start position:0% +you can see there, the holes are +located. These are the capped rollers + + align:start position:0% +located. These are the capped rollers + + + align:start position:0% +located. These are the capped rollers +and the new side bars and the lay side + + align:start position:0% +and the new side bars and the lay side + + + align:start position:0% +and the new side bars and the lay side +bars are in place. So this is hopefully + + align:start position:0% +bars are in place. So this is hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +bars are in place. So this is hopefully +what our assembly will look like once + + align:start position:0% +what our assembly will look like once + + + align:start position:0% +what our assembly will look like once +we're finished machining all the other + + align:start position:0% +we're finished machining all the other + + + align:start position:0% +we're finished machining all the other +parts. And our main requirement, our + + align:start position:0% +parts. And our main requirement, our + + + align:start position:0% +parts. And our main requirement, our +main focus in all of this was to + + align:start position:0% +main focus in all of this was to + + + align:start position:0% +main focus in all of this was to +minimize the weight as Ryan said, so + + align:start position:0% +minimize the weight as Ryan said, so + + + align:start position:0% +minimize the weight as Ryan said, so +that our climber will go faster and that + + align:start position:0% +that our climber will go faster and that + + + align:start position:0% +that our climber will go faster and that +we can maximize our score as much as + + align:start position:0% +we can maximize our score as much as + + + align:start position:0% +we can maximize our score as much as +possible. + + align:start position:0% +possible. + + + align:start position:0% +possible. +So originally the weight for the + + align:start position:0% +So originally the weight for the + + + align:start position:0% +So originally the weight for the +sidebars were 0.124 pounds which is not + + align:start position:0% +sidebars were 0.124 pounds which is not + + + align:start position:0% +sidebars were 0.124 pounds which is not +that much but we managed to decrease it + + align:start position:0% +that much but we managed to decrease it + + + align:start position:0% +that much but we managed to decrease it +to 0.051 lb. So that was a pretty + + align:start position:0% +to 0.051 lb. So that was a pretty + + + align:start position:0% +to 0.051 lb. So that was a pretty +significant difference of very nice drop + + align:start position:0% +significant difference of very nice drop + + + align:start position:0% +significant difference of very nice drop +there and especially since we have many + + align:start position:0% +there and especially since we have many + + + align:start position:0% +there and especially since we have many +sidebars it's nice to have that weight + + align:start position:0% +sidebars it's nice to have that weight + + + align:start position:0% +sidebars it's nice to have that weight +incrementally decreased. + + align:start position:0% +incrementally decreased. + + + align:start position:0% +incrementally decreased. +We also managed to drop the sidebar + + align:start position:0% +We also managed to drop the sidebar + + + align:start position:0% +We also managed to drop the sidebar +ballet weight by almost the same amount. + + align:start position:0% +ballet weight by almost the same amount. + + + align:start position:0% +ballet weight by almost the same amount. +Admittedly, there are only two of those, + + align:start position:0% +Admittedly, there are only two of those, + + + align:start position:0% +Admittedly, there are only two of those, +but once again, each little bit adds up. + + align:start position:0% +but once again, each little bit adds up. + + + align:start position:0% +but once again, each little bit adds up. +Uh, the side plates, the left side plate + + align:start position:0% +Uh, the side plates, the left side plate + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, the side plates, the left side plate +was the least amount of weight dropped + + align:start position:0% +was the least amount of weight dropped + + + align:start position:0% +was the least amount of weight dropped +simply because of the way the motors are + + align:start position:0% +simply because of the way the motors are + + + align:start position:0% +simply because of the way the motors are +interfaced with the side plate. There + + align:start position:0% +interfaced with the side plate. There + + + align:start position:0% +interfaced with the side plate. There +wasn't a lot of wiggle room that we + + align:start position:0% +wasn't a lot of wiggle room that we + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't a lot of wiggle room that we +could really do with the side plate. So, + + align:start position:0% +could really do with the side plate. So, + + + align:start position:0% +could really do with the side plate. So, +we only dropped approximately 02 lbs on + + align:start position:0% +we only dropped approximately 02 lbs on + + + align:start position:0% +we only dropped approximately 02 lbs on +that. Uh, the right side plate, we + + align:start position:0% +that. Uh, the right side plate, we + + + align:start position:0% +that. Uh, the right side plate, we +dropped more once again because of the + + align:start position:0% +dropped more once again because of the + + + align:start position:0% +dropped more once again because of the +interfacing with the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +interfacing with the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +interfacing with the rest of the +climber. So, that was.3 lb. The drive + + align:start position:0% +climber. So, that was.3 lb. The drive + + + align:start position:0% +climber. So, that was.3 lb. The drive +rollers, this is where the weight really + + align:start position:0% +rollers, this is where the weight really + + + align:start position:0% +rollers, this is where the weight really +comes off of the climber is + + align:start position:0% +comes off of the climber is + + + align:start position:0% +comes off of the climber is +because currently they're just solid + + align:start position:0% +because currently they're just solid + + + align:start position:0% +because currently they're just solid +pieces of polycarb and that makes them + + align:start position:0% +pieces of polycarb and that makes them + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of polycarb and that makes them +incredibly heavy. And by hollowing them + + align:start position:0% +incredibly heavy. And by hollowing them + + + align:start position:0% +incredibly heavy. And by hollowing them +out and especially since we have so many + + align:start position:0% +out and especially since we have so many + + + align:start position:0% +out and especially since we have so many +rollers, hollowing them out really drops + + align:start position:0% +rollers, hollowing them out really drops + + + align:start position:0% +rollers, hollowing them out really drops +the weight. So each of them is + + align:start position:0% +the weight. So each of them is + + + align:start position:0% +the weight. So each of them is +approximately.7 lbs lighter. Multiply + + align:start position:0% +approximately.7 lbs lighter. Multiply + + + align:start position:0% +approximately.7 lbs lighter. Multiply +that by four 2.8. But that's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +that by four 2.8. But that's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +that by four 2.8. But that's a lot of +weight that our climber doesn't have to + + align:start position:0% +weight that our climber doesn't have to + + + align:start position:0% +weight that our climber doesn't have to +worry about. So that we can really + + align:start position:0% +worry about. So that we can really + + + align:start position:0% +worry about. So that we can really +increase our speed without increasing + + align:start position:0% +increase our speed without increasing + + + align:start position:0% +increase our speed without increasing +our power. And the same with the guide + + align:start position:0% +our power. And the same with the guide + + + align:start position:0% +our power. And the same with the guide +roller. So, we've managed to drop 5.5 + + align:start position:0% +roller. So, we've managed to drop 5.5 + + + align:start position:0% +roller. So, we've managed to drop 5.5 +lb, which is a pretty significant + + align:start position:0% +lb, which is a pretty significant + + + align:start position:0% +lb, which is a pretty significant +amount. Since our climber itself is 33.7 + + align:start position:0% +amount. Since our climber itself is 33.7 + + + align:start position:0% +amount. Since our climber itself is 33.7 +lb, it's a pretty substantial chunk that + + align:start position:0% +lb, it's a pretty substantial chunk that + + + align:start position:0% +lb, it's a pretty substantial chunk that +we managed to cut off, especially since + + align:start position:0% +we managed to cut off, especially since + + + align:start position:0% +we managed to cut off, especially since +a large amount of that weight is in the + + align:start position:0% +a large amount of that weight is in the + + + align:start position:0% +a large amount of that weight is in the +motors and the brakes, right? So, we + + align:start position:0% +motors and the brakes, right? So, we + + + align:start position:0% +motors and the brakes, right? So, we +couldn't really do much with the with + + align:start position:0% +couldn't really do much with the with + + + align:start position:0% +couldn't really do much with the with +these two parts + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here. Uh, keep cost low. Uh we did this + + align:start position:0% +here. Uh, keep cost low. Uh we did this + + + align:start position:0% +here. Uh, keep cost low. Uh we did this +we charge all the materials that we and + + align:start position:0% +we charge all the materials that we and + + + align:start position:0% +we charge all the materials that we and +the manufacturing to the space elevator + + align:start position:0% +the manufacturing to the space elevator + + + align:start position:0% +the manufacturing to the space elevator +team budget. So we didn't really count + + align:start position:0% +team budget. So we didn't really count + + + align:start position:0% +team budget. So we didn't really count +this specifically uh to the labor cost + + align:start position:0% +this specifically uh to the labor cost + + + align:start position:0% +this specifically uh to the labor cost +that it would take me and Ryan to do. So + + align:start position:0% +that it would take me and Ryan to do. So + + + align:start position:0% +that it would take me and Ryan to do. So +the cost to the team this time was about + + align:start position:0% +the cost to the team this time was about + + + align:start position:0% +the cost to the team this time was about +$100 for the water jetting which was + + align:start position:0% +$100 for the water jetting which was + + + align:start position:0% +$100 for the water jetting which was +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +$45 and the polycarb which was about + + align:start position:0% +$45 and the polycarb which was about + + + align:start position:0% +$45 and the polycarb which was about +$60 somewhere around there. So it was + + align:start position:0% +$60 somewhere around there. So it was + + + align:start position:0% +$60 somewhere around there. So it was +approximately $100 for the team to + + align:start position:0% +approximately $100 for the team to + + + align:start position:0% +approximately $100 for the team to +manufacture these pieces. + + align:start position:0% +manufacture these pieces. + + + align:start position:0% +manufacture these pieces. +clamp time. We didn't have the ability + + align:start position:0% +clamp time. We didn't have the ability + + + align:start position:0% +clamp time. We didn't have the ability +to fully test this out simply because we + + align:start position:0% +to fully test this out simply because we + + + align:start position:0% +to fully test this out simply because we +didn't have time or the ability at the + + align:start position:0% +didn't have time or the ability at the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't have time or the ability at the +moment to manufacture the rest of the + + align:start position:0% +moment to manufacture the rest of the + + + align:start position:0% +moment to manufacture the rest of the +side plates. So, we couldn't create a + + align:start position:0% +side plates. So, we couldn't create a + + + align:start position:0% +side plates. So, we couldn't create a +final full assembly yet. So, we couldn't + + align:start position:0% +final full assembly yet. So, we couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +final full assembly yet. So, we couldn't +actually test the clamp, but we kept the + + align:start position:0% +actually test the clamp, but we kept the + + + align:start position:0% +actually test the clamp, but we kept the +clamp design from the previous climber. + + align:start position:0% +clamp design from the previous climber. + + + align:start position:0% +clamp design from the previous climber. +this one right here, which is simply + + align:start position:0% +this one right here, which is simply + + + align:start position:0% +this one right here, which is simply +pieces of polycarb that are bolted into + + align:start position:0% +pieces of polycarb that are bolted into + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of polycarb that are bolted into +the side plates and then the these + + align:start position:0% +the side plates and then the these + + + align:start position:0% +the side plates and then the these +pieces are then bolted together. So, + + align:start position:0% +pieces are then bolted together. So, + + + align:start position:0% +pieces are then bolted together. So, +it's very simple interface. You just + + align:start position:0% +it's very simple interface. You just + + + align:start position:0% +it's very simple interface. You just +need a screw and put them together with + + align:start position:0% +need a screw and put them together with + + + align:start position:0% +need a screw and put them together with +the and things like that. So it works + + align:start position:0% +the and things like that. So it works + + + align:start position:0% +the and things like that. So it works +pretty quickly with this recursion and + + align:start position:0% +pretty quickly with this recursion and + + + align:start position:0% +pretty quickly with this recursion and +it shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +it shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +it shouldn't +really increase in time with our current + + align:start position:0% +really increase in time with our current + + + align:start position:0% +really increase in time with our current +version. Uh the factor of safety as Ryan + + align:start position:0% +version. Uh the factor of safety as Ryan + + + align:start position:0% +version. Uh the factor of safety as Ryan +discussed beforehand we managed to keep + + align:start position:0% +discussed beforehand we managed to keep + + + align:start position:0% +discussed beforehand we managed to keep +the factor of safety in in our + + align:start position:0% +the factor of safety in in our + + + align:start position:0% +the factor of safety in in our +requirement levels for the blay sidebars + + align:start position:0% +requirement levels for the blay sidebars + + + align:start position:0% +requirement levels for the blay sidebars +2.3 the sidebars themselves 2.2 two both + + align:start position:0% +2.3 the sidebars themselves 2.2 two both + + + align:start position:0% +2.3 the sidebars themselves 2.2 two both +rollers types were 2.1 the side plates + + align:start position:0% +rollers types were 2.1 the side plates + + + align:start position:0% +rollers types were 2.1 the side plates +they have a much higher factor of safety + + align:start position:0% +they have a much higher factor of safety + + + align:start position:0% +they have a much higher factor of safety +simply + + align:start position:0% +simply + + + align:start position:0% +simply +because the we couldn't completely + + align:start position:0% +because the we couldn't completely + + + align:start position:0% +because the we couldn't completely +remove all the dead weight so the left + + align:start position:0% +remove all the dead weight so the left + + + align:start position:0% +remove all the dead weight so the left +eye plate has a foss of 20 and the right + + align:start position:0% +eye plate has a foss of 20 and the right + + + align:start position:0% +eye plate has a foss of 20 and the right +one has an foss of 17 + + align:start position:0% +one has an foss of 17 + + + align:start position:0% +one has an foss of 17 +okay uh the focus of this was of course + + align:start position:0% +okay uh the focus of this was of course + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh the focus of this was of course +to minimize the weight in order to speed + + align:start position:0% +to minimize the weight in order to speed + + + align:start position:0% +to minimize the weight in order to speed +it up cost really wasn't that important + + align:start position:0% +it up cost really wasn't that important + + + align:start position:0% +it up cost really wasn't that important +important to us because we'd rather have + + align:start position:0% +important to us because we'd rather have + + + align:start position:0% +important to us because we'd rather have +a working climber than we're we're + + align:start position:0% +a working climber than we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +a working climber than we're we're +willing to pay a little bit more money + + align:start position:0% +willing to pay a little bit more money + + + align:start position:0% +willing to pay a little bit more money +if it'll help our climber work better. + + align:start position:0% +if it'll help our climber work better. + + + align:start position:0% +if it'll help our climber work better. +And we wanted something simple because + + align:start position:0% +And we wanted something simple because + + + align:start position:0% +And we wanted something simple because +if you make it too complex, the + + align:start position:0% +if you make it too complex, the + + + align:start position:0% +if you make it too complex, the +possibility for errors just really + + align:start position:0% +possibility for errors just really + + + align:start position:0% +possibility for errors just really +compounds. The manufacturing as I said + + align:start position:0% +compounds. The manufacturing as I said + + + align:start position:0% +compounds. The manufacturing as I said +we water jetted all the pieces out. Um + + align:start position:0% +we water jetted all the pieces out. Um + + + align:start position:0% +we water jetted all the pieces out. Um +we milled the holes the same for the + + align:start position:0% +we milled the holes the same for the + + + align:start position:0% +we milled the holes the same for the +side plates. The rollers we had come + + align:start position:0% +side plates. The rollers we had come + + + align:start position:0% +side plates. The rollers we had come +from long tube. We cut those on bandsaw. + + align:start position:0% +from long tube. We cut those on bandsaw. + + + align:start position:0% +from long tube. We cut those on bandsaw. +Then we lay them out because that is the + + align:start position:0% +Then we lay them out because that is the + + + align:start position:0% +Then we lay them out because that is the +most effective way of our rulers. The + + align:start position:0% +most effective way of our rulers. The + + + align:start position:0% +most effective way of our rulers. The +caps uh they're essentially produced the + + align:start position:0% +caps uh they're essentially produced the + + + align:start position:0% +caps uh they're essentially produced the +same + + align:start position:0% +same + + + align:start position:0% +same +way. Assembly, everything is simply + + align:start position:0% +way. Assembly, everything is simply + + + align:start position:0% +way. Assembly, everything is simply +screwed together. + + align:start position:0% +screwed together. + + + align:start position:0% +screwed together. +There's not much complexity in how we do + + align:start position:0% +There's not much complexity in how we do + + + align:start position:0% +There's not much complexity in how we do +it. Since we mil the holes into it, we + + align:start position:0% +it. Since we mil the holes into it, we + + + align:start position:0% +it. Since we mil the holes into it, we +can just with a Allen key just Allen + + align:start position:0% +can just with a Allen key just Allen + + + align:start position:0% +can just with a Allen key just Allen +wrench just put everything + + align:start position:0% +wrench just put everything + + + align:start position:0% +wrench just put everything +in. Um this is our cost if we uh for + + align:start position:0% +in. Um this is our cost if we uh for + + + align:start position:0% +in. Um this is our cost if we uh for +like the labor rate for everything and + + align:start position:0% +like the labor rate for everything and + + + align:start position:0% +like the labor rate for everything and +that would be for this uh would be a + + align:start position:0% +that would be for this uh would be a + + + align:start position:0% +that would be for this uh would be a +total of 1343 which is a fair amount of + + align:start position:0% +total of 1343 which is a fair amount of + + + align:start position:0% +total of 1343 which is a fair amount of +money but for a prototype of this type + + align:start position:0% +money but for a prototype of this type + + + align:start position:0% +money but for a prototype of this type +and the hours we put into it I think is + + align:start position:0% +and the hours we put into it I think is + + + align:start position:0% +and the hours we put into it I think is +completely reasonable. Uh future work + + align:start position:0% +completely reasonable. Uh future work + + + align:start position:0% +completely reasonable. Uh future work +not everything was finished as you can + + align:start position:0% +not everything was finished as you can + + + align:start position:0% +not everything was finished as you can +see but we do plan on finishing this up + + align:start position:0% +see but we do plan on finishing this up + + + align:start position:0% +see but we do plan on finishing this up +so that we have a more efficient + + align:start position:0% +so that we have a more efficient + + + align:start position:0% +so that we have a more efficient +climber. + + align:start position:0% +climber. + + + align:start position:0% +climber. +Um after all this it'll just simply be + + align:start position:0% +Um after all this it'll just simply be + + + align:start position:0% +Um after all this it'll just simply be +assembled and then we'll test it out the + + align:start position:0% +assembled and then we'll test it out the + + + align:start position:0% +assembled and then we'll test it out the +same way we have with this + + align:start position:0% +same way we have with this + + + align:start position:0% +same way we have with this +model. Uh the weight drop is significant + + align:start position:0% +model. Uh the weight drop is significant + + + align:start position:0% +model. Uh the weight drop is significant +and will help us out a lot. Uh it will + + align:start position:0% +and will help us out a lot. Uh it will + + + align:start position:0% +and will help us out a lot. Uh it will +definitely improve the + + align:start position:0% +definitely improve the + + + align:start position:0% +definitely improve the +performance. We definitely kept the + + align:start position:0% +performance. We definitely kept the + + + align:start position:0% +performance. We definitely kept the +factor safety in a good level. + + align:start position:0% +factor safety in a good level. + + + align:start position:0% +factor safety in a good level. +Um we can continue this process by + + align:start position:0% +Um we can continue this process by + + + align:start position:0% +Um we can continue this process by +shaving off little bits here and there. + + align:start position:0% +shaving off little bits here and there. + + + align:start position:0% +shaving off little bits here and there. +It's we're not done. This is this + + align:start position:0% +It's we're not done. This is this + + + align:start position:0% +It's we're not done. This is this +process can definitely continue on and + + align:start position:0% +process can definitely continue on and + + + align:start position:0% +process can definitely continue on and +on so we get a more finely tuned machine + + align:start position:0% +on so we get a more finely tuned machine + + + align:start position:0% +on so we get a more finely tuned machine +every time. Um, lessons learned. Do not + + align:start position:0% +every time. Um, lessons learned. Do not + + + align:start position:0% +every time. Um, lessons learned. Do not +trust random unified students to help + + align:start position:0% +trust random unified students to help + + + align:start position:0% +trust random unified students to help +you. Um, we messed up our parts on the + + align:start position:0% +you. Um, we messed up our parts on the + + + align:start position:0% +you. Um, we messed up our parts on the +water jet because I we were putting it + + align:start position:0% +water jet because I we were putting it + + + align:start position:0% +water jet because I we were putting it +on there in a sheet of polycarb and it + + align:start position:0% +on there in a sheet of polycarb and it + + + align:start position:0% +on there in a sheet of polycarb and it +had the plastic still on top and we're + + align:start position:0% +had the plastic still on top and we're + + + align:start position:0% +had the plastic still on top and we're +like, "Oh, let's remove the plastic." + + align:start position:0% +like, "Oh, let's remove the plastic." + + + align:start position:0% +like, "Oh, let's remove the plastic." +a fellow unified student was like, "Oh, + + align:start position:0% +a fellow unified student was like, "Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +a fellow unified student was like, "Oh, +no, no, leave it on. That way it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +no, no, leave it on. That way it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +no, no, leave it on. That way it doesn't +splinter up and everything. I would + + align:start position:0% +splinter up and everything. I would + + + align:start position:0% +splinter up and everything. I would +leave it on." So, we left it on and it + + align:start position:0% +leave it on." So, we left it on and it + + + align:start position:0% +leave it on." So, we left it on and it +ruined our water jetting. So, that + + align:start position:0% +ruined our water jetting. So, that + + + align:start position:0% +ruined our water jetting. So, that +that's why we don't have a complete + + align:start position:0% +that's why we don't have a complete + + + align:start position:0% +that's why we don't have a complete +climber is because most of our pieces + + align:start position:0% +climber is because most of our pieces + + + align:start position:0% +climber is because most of our pieces +were destroyed in that. And if it can't + + align:start position:0% +were destroyed in that. And if it can't + + + align:start position:0% +were destroyed in that. And if it can't +go wrong, it will. We managed to ruin it + + align:start position:0% +go wrong, it will. We managed to ruin it + + + align:start position:0% +go wrong, it will. We managed to ruin it +about four times in one day. Um, as I + + align:start position:0% +about four times in one day. Um, as I + + + align:start position:0% +about four times in one day. Um, as I +said, we can keep on doing this. Also, + + align:start position:0% +said, we can keep on doing this. Also, + + + align:start position:0% +said, we can keep on doing this. Also, +double-checking all holes. That's how we + + align:start position:0% +double-checking all holes. That's how we + + + align:start position:0% +double-checking all holes. That's how we +messed up other parts of the climber is + + align:start position:0% +messed up other parts of the climber is + + + align:start position:0% +messed up other parts of the climber is +we realized it wasn't in the spot it was + + align:start position:0% +we realized it wasn't in the spot it was + + + align:start position:0% +we realized it wasn't in the spot it was +supposed to be. Um, as I said, peel the + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be. Um, as I said, peel the + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be. Um, as I said, peel the +plastic off before water + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +jet. And we should have actually paused + + align:start position:0% +jet. And we should have actually paused + + + align:start position:0% +jet. And we should have actually paused +and checked the water jet more often. I + + align:start position:0% +and checked the water jet more often. I + + + align:start position:0% +and checked the water jet more often. I +think we did maybe like once maybe + + align:start position:0% +think we did maybe like once maybe + + + align:start position:0% +think we did maybe like once maybe +glance at it, but not + + align:start position:0% +glance at it, but not + + + align:start position:0% +glance at it, but not +really. And with the sidebars, trust + + align:start position:0% +really. And with the sidebars, trust + + + align:start position:0% +really. And with the sidebars, trust +design was definitely not the way to go. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Thank + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you. Uh, any questions? Want some? + + align:start position:0% +you. Uh, any questions? Want some? + + + align:start position:0% +you. Uh, any questions? Want some? +Anyone have some water? + + align:start position:0% +Anyone have some water? + + + align:start position:0% +Anyone have some water? +Yes. Uh, any questions? + + align:start position:0% +Yes. Uh, any questions? + + + align:start position:0% +Yes. Uh, any questions? +What's the the bandit material in the + + align:start position:0% +What's the the bandit material in the + + + align:start position:0% +What's the the bandit material in the +rollers? So, we added this a couple days + + align:start position:0% +rollers? So, we added this a couple days + + + align:start position:0% +rollers? So, we added this a couple days +ago basically to increase the friction + + align:start position:0% +ago basically to increase the friction + + + align:start position:0% +ago basically to increase the friction +of the rollers on the climber. Uh we had + + align:start position:0% +of the rollers on the climber. Uh we had + + + align:start position:0% +of the rollers on the climber. Uh we had +nurled the rollers previously but as you + + align:start position:0% +nurled the rollers previously but as you + + + align:start position:0% +nurled the rollers previously but as you +can see on the polycarb we could not go + + align:start position:0% +can see on the polycarb we could not go + + + align:start position:0% +can see on the polycarb we could not go +in very far with the knurling. So like I + + align:start position:0% +in very far with the knurling. So like I + + + align:start position:0% +in very far with the knurling. So like I +mean if you come up to the it's a little + + align:start position:0% +mean if you come up to the it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +mean if you come up to the it's a little +bit heavy to pass around but there's not + + align:start position:0% +bit heavy to pass around but there's not + + + align:start position:0% +bit heavy to pass around but there's not +very much friction here. So we added the + + align:start position:0% +very much friction here. So we added the + + + align:start position:0% +very much friction here. So we added the +rubber bands to attempt to increase that + + align:start position:0% +rubber bands to attempt to increase that + + + align:start position:0% +rubber bands to attempt to increase that +friction. That hasn't been tested yet. + + align:start position:0% +friction. That hasn't been tested yet. + + + align:start position:0% +friction. That hasn't been tested yet. +Um we're waiting to squeeue one of the + + align:start position:0% +Um we're waiting to squeeue one of the + + + align:start position:0% +Um we're waiting to squeeue one of the +gears before we do that. and and I might + + align:start position:0% +gears before we do that. and and I might + + + align:start position:0% +gears before we do that. and and I might +have missed that in the presentation, + + align:start position:0% +have missed that in the presentation, + + + align:start position:0% +have missed that in the presentation, +but what what have you done to regulate + + align:start position:0% +but what what have you done to regulate + + + align:start position:0% +but what what have you done to regulate +the pressure between the rollers? + + align:start position:0% +the pressure between the rollers? + + + align:start position:0% +the pressure between the rollers? +So, we didn't address that in the + + align:start position:0% +So, we didn't address that in the + + + align:start position:0% +So, we didn't address that in the +presentation like you said. Um, + + align:start position:0% +presentation like you said. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +presentation like you said. Um, +basically the pressure between the + + align:start position:0% +basically the pressure between the + + + align:start position:0% +basically the pressure between the +rollers is regulated + + align:start position:0% +rollers is regulated + + + align:start position:0% +rollers is regulated +by uh we have a bolt that we put through + + align:start position:0% +by uh we have a bolt that we put through + + + align:start position:0% +by uh we have a bolt that we put through +this through hole and then screws into + + align:start position:0% +this through hole and then screws into + + + align:start position:0% +this through hole and then screws into +here. And we have this a small spring + + align:start position:0% +here. And we have this a small spring + + + align:start position:0% +here. And we have this a small spring +mechanism right up here with a few + + align:start position:0% +mechanism right up here with a few + + + align:start position:0% +mechanism right up here with a few +springy washers basically and we tight + + align:start position:0% +springy washers basically and we tight + + + align:start position:0% +springy washers basically and we tight +them down to some fixed amount that we + + align:start position:0% +them down to some fixed amount that we + + + align:start position:0% +them down to some fixed amount that we +haven't determined yet because we've got + + align:start position:0% +haven't determined yet because we've got + + + align:start position:0% +haven't determined yet because we've got +it to go up proven so far but uh we're + + align:start position:0% +it to go up proven so far but uh we're + + + align:start position:0% +it to go up proven so far but uh we're +waiting to get one more gear finished + + align:start position:0% +waiting to get one more gear finished + + + align:start position:0% +waiting to get one more gear finished +and then we can actually figure out what + + align:start position:0% +and then we can actually figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +and then we can actually figure out what +the optimal tightness is between when + + align:start position:0% +the optimal tightness is between when + + + align:start position:0% +the optimal tightness is between when +the team ran the thing off the ribbon + + align:start position:0% +the team ran the thing off the ribbon + + + align:start position:0% +the team ran the thing off the ribbon +there was a lot of slipping and one of + + align:start position:0% +there was a lot of slipping and one of + + + align:start position:0% +there was a lot of slipping and one of +the gears trains were improperly + + align:start position:0% +the gears trains were improperly + + + align:start position:0% +the gears trains were improperly +machined so we're remachineing the gear + + align:start position:0% +machined so we're remachineing the gear + + + align:start position:0% +machined so we're remachineing the gear +gear train today and then doing test + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I have a question. The uh so you focused + + align:start position:0% +I have a question. The uh so you focused + + + align:start position:0% +I have a question. The uh so you focused +on the structural containment. Uh what + + align:start position:0% +on the structural containment. Uh what + + + align:start position:0% +on the structural containment. Uh what +if you had to sort of take the next line + + align:start position:0% +if you had to sort of take the next line + + + align:start position:0% +if you had to sort of take the next line +of attack on weight reduction and + + align:start position:0% +of attack on weight reduction and + + + align:start position:0% +of attack on weight reduction and +efficiency? The motors, if I remember + + align:start position:0% +efficiency? The motors, if I remember + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency? The motors, if I remember +correctly, those motors were chosen + + align:start position:0% +correctly, those motors were chosen + + + align:start position:0% +correctly, those motors were chosen +fairly quickly. Um do you think they're + + align:start position:0% +fairly quickly. Um do you think they're + + + align:start position:0% +fairly quickly. Um do you think they're +going to be the right motors in the end? + + align:start position:0% +going to be the right motors in the end? + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the right motors in the end? +Are they how heavy are they? Are they a + + align:start position:0% +Are they how heavy are they? Are they a + + + align:start position:0% +Are they how heavy are they? Are they a +substantial portion? I would like to do + + align:start position:0% +substantial portion? I would like to do + + + align:start position:0% +substantial portion? I would like to do +a trade study on both the motors and the + + align:start position:0% +a trade study on both the motors and the + + + align:start position:0% +a trade study on both the motors and the +brakes. We chose the brakes largely, we + + align:start position:0% +brakes. We chose the brakes largely, we + + + align:start position:0% +brakes. We chose the brakes largely, we +did look around a little bit for the + + align:start position:0% +did look around a little bit for the + + + align:start position:0% +did look around a little bit for the +brakes, but they were largely chosen by + + align:start position:0% +brakes, but they were largely chosen by + + + align:start position:0% +brakes, but they were largely chosen by +cost rather than anything else. So, and + + align:start position:0% +cost rather than anything else. So, and + + + align:start position:0% +cost rather than anything else. So, and +actually when I was going through last + + align:start position:0% +actually when I was going through last + + + align:start position:0% +actually when I was going through last +night and calculating the cost or the + + align:start position:0% +night and calculating the cost or the + + + align:start position:0% +night and calculating the cost or the +weight um on the initial CAD model or on + + align:start position:0% +weight um on the initial CAD model or on + + + align:start position:0% +weight um on the initial CAD model or on +the model we're doing our finite element + + align:start position:0% +the model we're doing our finite element + + + align:start position:0% +the model we're doing our finite element +on, I went through to make sure to add + + align:start position:0% +on, I went through to make sure to add + + + align:start position:0% +on, I went through to make sure to add +all the materials on. But on the first + + align:start position:0% +all the materials on. But on the first + + + align:start position:0% +all the materials on. But on the first +one, I hadn't done that. So, I checked + + align:start position:0% +one, I hadn't done that. So, I checked + + + align:start position:0% +one, I hadn't done that. So, I checked +the weight on this new one. I checked on + + align:start position:0% +the weight on this new one. I checked on + + + align:start position:0% +the weight on this new one. I checked on +the other one was 23 lbs. Like, okay. + + align:start position:0% +the other one was 23 lbs. Like, okay. + + + align:start position:0% +the other one was 23 lbs. Like, okay. +And then I realized that these guys did + + align:start position:0% +And then I realized that these guys did + + + align:start position:0% +And then I realized that these guys did +not have a mass and part of the motor + + align:start position:0% +not have a mass and part of the motor + + + align:start position:0% +not have a mass and part of the motor +did not have a mass. So I'd say the + + align:start position:0% +did not have a mass. So I'd say the + + + align:start position:0% +did not have a mass. So I'd say the +brakes and motors together are probably + + align:start position:0% +brakes and motors together are probably + + + align:start position:0% +brakes and motors together are probably +about 15 pounds. So at least half of the + + align:start position:0% +about 15 pounds. So at least half of the + + + align:start position:0% +about 15 pounds. So at least half of the +weight. + + align:start position:0% +weight. + + + align:start position:0% +weight. +What's the motivation having the brakes + + align:start position:0% +What's the motivation having the brakes + + + align:start position:0% +What's the motivation having the brakes +on there? The purpose of the brakes is + + align:start position:0% +on there? The purpose of the brakes is + + + align:start position:0% +on there? The purpose of the brakes is +basically to be able to lock it in + + align:start position:0% +basically to be able to lock it in + + + align:start position:0% +basically to be able to lock it in +position on the ribbon. Also, we have to + + align:start position:0% +position on the ribbon. Also, we have to + + + align:start position:0% +position on the ribbon. Also, we have to +have a controlled descent. So we can't + + align:start position:0% +have a controlled descent. So we can't + + + align:start position:0% +have a controlled descent. So we can't +just have it free pull down the ribbon. + + align:start position:0% +just have it free pull down the ribbon. + + + align:start position:0% +just have it free pull down the ribbon. +Shortening on motors along with your + + align:start position:0% +Shortening on motors along with your + + + align:start position:0% +Shortening on motors along with your +ratio. + + align:start position:0% +ratio. + + + align:start position:0% +ratio. +You don't need to short. We're not + + align:start position:0% +You don't need to short. We're not + + + align:start position:0% +You don't need to short. We're not +allowed to apply power to the motors + + align:start position:0% +allowed to apply power to the motors + + + align:start position:0% +allowed to apply power to the motors +during No. If you just actually short + + align:start position:0% +during No. If you just actually short + + + align:start position:0% +during No. If you just actually short +the motor, it's going to create back EMF + + align:start position:0% +the motor, it's going to create back EMF + + + align:start position:0% +the motor, it's going to create back EMF +which will actually counteract movement + + align:start position:0% +which will actually counteract movement + + + align:start position:0% +which will actually counteract movement +and it will act as a break if you just + + align:start position:0% +and it will act as a break if you just + + + align:start position:0% +and it will act as a break if you just +put a wire between the two + + align:start position:0% +put a wire between the two + + + align:start position:0% +put a wire between the two +terminals that might work. It's a good + + align:start position:0% +terminals that might work. It's a good + + + align:start position:0% +terminals that might work. It's a good +idea. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Any other questions? We should test. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Sorry. Why did you + + align:start position:0% +Sorry. Why did you + + + align:start position:0% +Sorry. Why did you +choose that? + + align:start position:0% +choose that? + + + align:start position:0% +choose that? +Yeah, we were looking at that initially + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, we were looking at that initially + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, we were looking at that initially +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +uh we decided that for the sake of not + + align:start position:0% +uh we decided that for the sake of not + + + align:start position:0% +uh we decided that for the sake of not +having to worry about the curvatures + + align:start position:0% +having to worry about the curvatures + + + align:start position:0% +having to worry about the curvatures +that would be necessary and for the ease + + align:start position:0% +that would be necessary and for the ease + + + align:start position:0% +that would be necessary and for the ease +of clamping it on um be a lot easier + + align:start position:0% +of clamping it on um be a lot easier + + + align:start position:0% +of clamping it on um be a lot easier +just use linear than have it snake + + align:start position:0% +just use linear than have it snake + + + align:start position:0% +just use linear than have it snake +through the bowlers. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Okay, thank you. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rxDJlK7RgZA.txt b/rxDJlK7RgZA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71b3beadbe9ebeb6073b7637e2c0416ec6058a02 --- /dev/null +++ b/rxDJlK7RgZA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I think that when I will teach again the + + align:start position:0% +I think that when I will teach again the + + + align:start position:0% +I think that when I will teach again the +class I will keep the same um basic + + align:start position:0% +class I will keep the same um basic + + + align:start position:0% +class I will keep the same um basic +structure. Um I might change few dishes + + align:start position:0% +structure. Um I might change few dishes + + + align:start position:0% +structure. Um I might change few dishes +based on the outcome. Everything came + + align:start position:0% +based on the outcome. Everything came + + + align:start position:0% +based on the outcome. Everything came +out really really well but I think that + + align:start position:0% +out really really well but I think that + + + align:start position:0% +out really really well but I think that +um some dishes maybe took a little bit + + align:start position:0% +um some dishes maybe took a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +um some dishes maybe took a little bit +longer than originally planned when we + + align:start position:0% +longer than originally planned when we + + + align:start position:0% +longer than originally planned when we +made them in group and now that I know + + align:start position:0% +made them in group and now that I know + + + align:start position:0% +made them in group and now that I know +it I would avoid them and change them + + align:start position:0% +it I would avoid them and change them + + + align:start position:0% +it I would avoid them and change them +with something else. + + align:start position:0% +with something else. + + + align:start position:0% +with something else. +Um, I would probably keep the same uh um + + align:start position:0% +Um, I would probably keep the same uh um + + + align:start position:0% +Um, I would probably keep the same uh um +topics instead of vocabulary, + + align:start position:0% +topics instead of vocabulary, + + + align:start position:0% +topics instead of vocabulary, +grammar, maybe change them based on the + + align:start position:0% +grammar, maybe change them based on the + + + align:start position:0% +grammar, maybe change them based on the +students because well the nice idea the + + align:start position:0% +students because well the nice idea the + + + align:start position:0% +students because well the nice idea the +nice um one of the nice consequences of + + align:start position:0% +nice um one of the nice consequences of + + + align:start position:0% +nice um one of the nice consequences of +having a small class is that based on + + align:start position:0% +having a small class is that based on + + + align:start position:0% +having a small class is that based on +the students interests I can tailor a + + align:start position:0% +the students interests I can tailor a + + + align:start position:0% +the students interests I can tailor a +little bit the class and that's what I + + align:start position:0% +little bit the class and that's what I + + + align:start position:0% +little bit the class and that's what I +do also in physics. Um so I think based + + align:start position:0% +do also in physics. Um so I think based + + + align:start position:0% +do also in physics. Um so I think based +on the next generation of students who + + align:start position:0% +on the next generation of students who + + + align:start position:0% +on the next generation of students who +will try take the seminar I may decide + + align:start position:0% +will try take the seminar I may decide + + + align:start position:0% +will try take the seminar I may decide +to um change one dish or introduce a + + align:start position:0% +to um change one dish or introduce a + + + align:start position:0% +to um change one dish or introduce a +little bit um a different topic. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/s45Go2tlHmo.txt b/s45Go2tlHmo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf0d6ae7ec8d02d958830533443c1d914a7d3e2c --- /dev/null +++ b/s45Go2tlHmo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17136 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a creative common license. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a creative common license. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a creative common license. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Some content in this audio is not + + align:start position:0% +Some content in this audio is not + + + align:start position:0% +Some content in this audio is not +covered under our creative common + + align:start position:0% +covered under our creative common + + + align:start position:0% +covered under our creative common +license. For more information, see the + + align:start position:0% +license. For more information, see the + + + align:start position:0% +license. For more information, see the +course materials on the MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +course materials on the MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +course materials on the MIT Open +Courseware website. + + align:start position:0% +Courseware website. + + + align:start position:0% +Courseware website. +>> Okay. So, so today we've got uh a guest + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So, so today we've got uh a guest + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So, so today we've got uh a guest +panel uh of folks from uh the education + + align:start position:0% +panel uh of folks from uh the education + + + align:start position:0% +panel uh of folks from uh the education +arcade uh folks from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +news network uh which is actually very + + align:start position:0% +news network uh which is actually very + + + align:start position:0% +news network uh which is actually very +closely related. Um these are folks uh + + align:start position:0% +closely related. Um these are folks uh + + + align:start position:0% +closely related. Um these are folks uh +the the is the comparative media studies + + align:start position:0% +the the is the comparative media studies + + + align:start position:0% +the the is the comparative media studies +uh research group over based in the in + + align:start position:0% +uh research group over based in the in + + + align:start position:0% +uh research group over based in the in +the old media lab building where I'm + + align:start position:0% +the old media lab building where I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the old media lab building where I'm +working right now. Um and you work with + + align:start position:0% +working right now. Um and you work with + + + align:start position:0% +working right now. Um and you work with +the shadow uh teacher education program. + + align:start position:0% +the shadow uh teacher education program. + + + align:start position:0% +the shadow uh teacher education program. +Um for folks who are unaware of of this + + align:start position:0% +Um for folks who are unaware of of this + + + align:start position:0% +Um for folks who are unaware of of this +MIT actually has a teacher education + + align:start position:0% +MIT actually has a teacher education + + + align:start position:0% +MIT actually has a teacher education +program. If you want to be like a + + align:start position:0% +program. If you want to be like a + + + align:start position:0% +program. If you want to be like a +certified teacher uh to teach uh I guess + + align:start position:0% +certified teacher uh to teach uh I guess + + + align:start position:0% +certified teacher uh to teach uh I guess +>> middle school math and I not middle + + align:start position:0% +>> middle school math and I not middle + + + align:start position:0% +>> middle school math and I not middle +school, secondary math and science. + + align:start position:0% +school, secondary math and science. + + + align:start position:0% +school, secondary math and science. +>> Um then that you can take classes and + + align:start position:0% +>> Um then that you can take classes and + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um then that you can take classes and +basically get your certification or + + align:start position:0% +basically get your certification or + + + align:start position:0% +basically get your certification or +apply for your certification at the end + + align:start position:0% +apply for your certification at the end + + + align:start position:0% +apply for your certification at the end +of all those classes. Um but then they + + align:start position:0% +of all those classes. Um but then they + + + align:start position:0% +of all those classes. Um but then they +also make games. They uh they they make + + align:start position:0% +also make games. They uh they they make + + + align:start position:0% +also make games. They uh they they make +augmented reality games using uh + + align:start position:0% +augmented reality games using uh + + + align:start position:0% +augmented reality games using uh +portable devices like like iPhones and + + align:start position:0% +portable devices like like iPhones and + + + align:start position:0% +portable devices like like iPhones and +uh and PCs. uh games that run on flash + + align:start position:0% +uh and PCs. uh games that run on flash + + + align:start position:0% +uh and PCs. uh games that run on flash +um together with campus to prototype + + align:start position:0% +um together with campus to prototype + + + align:start position:0% +um together with campus to prototype +stuff before and uh focusing a lot on + + align:start position:0% +stuff before and uh focusing a lot on + + + align:start position:0% +stuff before and uh focusing a lot on +games for learning. So the education arc + + align:start position:0% +games for learning. So the education arc + + + align:start position:0% +games for learning. So the education arc +is the research group learning the + + align:start position:0% +is the research group learning the + + + align:start position:0% +is the research group learning the +learning games network is kind of like + + align:start position:0% +learning games network is kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +learning games network is kind of like +the spin-off company of the education + + align:start position:0% +the spin-off company of the education + + + align:start position:0% +the spin-off company of the education +arcade that basically sort of works on + + align:start position:0% +arcade that basically sort of works on + + + align:start position:0% +arcade that basically sort of works on +uh on projects that will be too + + align:start position:0% +uh on projects that will be too + + + align:start position:0% +uh on projects that will be too +expensive to do inside universities + + align:start position:0% +expensive to do inside universities + + + align:start position:0% +expensive to do inside universities +because universities are really + + align:start position:0% +because universities are really + + + align:start position:0% +because universities are really +inefficient. Um anyway um maybe some uh + + align:start position:0% +inefficient. Um anyway um maybe some uh + + + align:start position:0% +inefficient. Um anyway um maybe some uh +can you get start introducing yourself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm the latest in the group. So okay + + align:start position:0% +I'm the latest in the group. So okay + + + align:start position:0% +I'm the latest in the group. So okay +yeah hi I'm Constantine. I come from + + align:start position:0% +yeah hi I'm Constantine. I come from + + + align:start position:0% +yeah hi I'm Constantine. I come from +Austria. I'm at the moment researcher at + + align:start position:0% +Austria. I'm at the moment researcher at + + + align:start position:0% +Austria. I'm at the moment researcher at +the education and um so I come from an I + + align:start position:0% +the education and um so I come from an I + + + align:start position:0% +the education and um so I come from an I +I'd say I'd come from an I come from an + + align:start position:0% +I'd say I'd come from an I come from an + + + align:start position:0% +I'd say I'd come from an I come from an +educational background. So I did my PhD + + align:start position:0% +educational background. So I did my PhD + + + align:start position:0% +educational background. So I did my PhD +on on learning through failure, learning + + align:start position:0% +on on learning through failure, learning + + + align:start position:0% +on on learning through failure, learning +through mistakes. And I kind of like + + align:start position:0% +through mistakes. And I kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +through mistakes. And I kind of like +worked on on theories that explain why + + align:start position:0% +worked on on theories that explain why + + + align:start position:0% +worked on on theories that explain why +we why we learn through mistakes and why + + align:start position:0% +we why we learn through mistakes and why + + + align:start position:0% +we why we learn through mistakes and why +we most of the time don't want to learn + + align:start position:0% +we most of the time don't want to learn + + + align:start position:0% +we most of the time don't want to learn +through failure. But in games we think + + align:start position:0% +through failure. But in games we think + + + align:start position:0% +through failure. But in games we think +it's really funny or entertaining or or + + align:start position:0% +it's really funny or entertaining or or + + + align:start position:0% +it's really funny or entertaining or or +challenging. So I was really interested + + align:start position:0% +challenging. So I was really interested + + + align:start position:0% +challenging. So I was really interested +in how games um can be tools to um + + align:start position:0% +in how games um can be tools to um + + + align:start position:0% +in how games um can be tools to um +understand learning and also is it + + align:start position:0% +understand learning and also is it + + + align:start position:0% +understand learning and also is it +possible or this is like one of my + + align:start position:0% +possible or this is like one of my + + + align:start position:0% +possible or this is like one of my +research questions. Is it possible that + + align:start position:0% +research questions. Is it possible that + + + align:start position:0% +research questions. Is it possible that +people maybe learn who play games how to + + align:start position:0% +people maybe learn who play games how to + + + align:start position:0% +people maybe learn who play games how to +cope with failure better like even be + + align:start position:0% +cope with failure better like even be + + + align:start position:0% +cope with failure better like even be +more open to realize maybe sometimes in + + align:start position:0% +more open to realize maybe sometimes in + + + align:start position:0% +more open to realize maybe sometimes in +life we make failure and our + + align:start position:0% +life we make failure and our + + + align:start position:0% +life we make failure and our +expectations are not true or sometimes + + align:start position:0% +expectations are not true or sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +expectations are not true or sometimes +not maybe they're wrong so I do um + + align:start position:0% +not maybe they're wrong so I do um + + + align:start position:0% +not maybe they're wrong so I do um +research on a theoretical level with + + align:start position:0% +research on a theoretical level with + + + align:start position:0% +research on a theoretical level with +that and um do um interviews with + + align:start position:0% +that and um do um interviews with + + + align:start position:0% +that and um do um interviews with +players on learning demographies how um + + align:start position:0% +players on learning demographies how um + + + align:start position:0% +players on learning demographies how um +learning experiences through games were + + align:start position:0% +learning experiences through games were + + + align:start position:0% +learning experiences through games were +important in their lives and in in the + + align:start position:0% +important in their lives and in in the + + + align:start position:0% +important in their lives and in in the +summer um I was um happy to um for for + + align:start position:0% +summer um I was um happy to um for for + + + align:start position:0% +summer um I was um happy to um for for +and designing a game in the summer + + align:start position:0% +and designing a game in the summer + + + align:start position:0% +and designing a game in the summer +workshop. Maybe they heard about that + + align:start position:0% +workshop. Maybe they heard about that + + + align:start position:0% +workshop. Maybe they heard about that +anyway or not. + + align:start position:0% +anyway or not. + + + align:start position:0% +anyway or not. +>> Okay, so it's just like I had um eight + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, so it's just like I had um eight + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay, so it's just like I had um eight +weeks I was product owner on a team and + + align:start position:0% +weeks I was product owner on a team and + + + align:start position:0% +weeks I was product owner on a team and +kind of like my theory was was used as + + align:start position:0% +kind of like my theory was was used as + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like my theory was was used as +basis to develop a game a learning game + + align:start position:0% +basis to develop a game a learning game + + + align:start position:0% +basis to develop a game a learning game +um called Afterland. Um of course it's + + align:start position:0% +um called Afterland. Um of course it's + + + align:start position:0% +um called Afterland. Um of course it's +free online + + align:start position:0% +free online + + + align:start position:0% +free online +um and I think our students did a really + + align:start position:0% +um and I think our students did a really + + + align:start position:0% +um and I think our students did a really +good job on that game and it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +good job on that game and it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +good job on that game and it's it's a +platformer where um I will not tell you + + align:start position:0% +platformer where um I will not tell you + + + align:start position:0% +platformer where um I will not tell you +what's about because then I would ruin + + align:start position:0% +what's about because then I would ruin + + + align:start position:0% +what's about because then I would ruin +it. But there is twist. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Yes. And um and what I'm going to do now + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. And um and what I'm going to do now + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. And um and what I'm going to do now +in the next um year is um as it looks at + + align:start position:0% +in the next um year is um as it looks at + + + align:start position:0% +in the next um year is um as it looks at +I I join game for a few months and do + + align:start position:0% +I I join game for a few months and do + + + align:start position:0% +I I join game for a few months and do +research on how the game um is used by + + align:start position:0% +research on how the game um is used by + + + align:start position:0% +research on how the game um is used by +players, how they learn in the game, how + + align:start position:0% +players, how they learn in the game, how + + + align:start position:0% +players, how they learn in the game, how +they reflect on the game and I would use + + align:start position:0% +they reflect on the game and I would use + + + align:start position:0% +they reflect on the game and I would use +I would work and hopefully even elderly + + align:start position:0% +I would work and hopefully even elderly + + + align:start position:0% +I would work and hopefully even elderly +people on that. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Very good. + + align:start position:0% +Very good. + + + align:start position:0% +Very good. +Hi, I'm Dan Roy. I'm a CMS alum. I did a + + align:start position:0% +Hi, I'm Dan Roy. I'm a CMS alum. I did a + + + align:start position:0% +Hi, I'm Dan Roy. I'm a CMS alum. I did a +master's and finished in 07. + + align:start position:0% +master's and finished in 07. + + + align:start position:0% +master's and finished in 07. +Worked with Philip a little bit here and + + align:start position:0% +Worked with Philip a little bit here and + + + align:start position:0% +Worked with Philip a little bit here and +there. Um, mostly I worked with the + + align:start position:0% +there. Um, mostly I worked with the + + + align:start position:0% +there. Um, mostly I worked with the +education arcade during my time at CMS + + align:start position:0% +education arcade during my time at CMS + + + align:start position:0% +education arcade during my time at CMS +and with Scott + + align:start position:0% +and with Scott + + + align:start position:0% +and with Scott +and we worked on a project called lure + + align:start position:0% +and we worked on a project called lure + + + align:start position:0% +and we worked on a project called lure +of the labyrinth which you may have + + align:start position:0% +of the labyrinth which you may have + + + align:start position:0% +of the labyrinth which you may have +heard of. It teaches middle school math + + align:start position:0% +heard of. It teaches middle school math + + + align:start position:0% +heard of. It teaches middle school math +and literacy skills particularly to + + align:start position:0% +and literacy skills particularly to + + + align:start position:0% +and literacy skills particularly to +But I believe to anyone who's interested + + align:start position:0% +But I believe to anyone who's interested + + + align:start position:0% +But I believe to anyone who's interested +>> free online. + + align:start position:0% +>> free online. + + + align:start position:0% +>> free online. +>> Free and online. Yeah. So go play. + + align:start position:0% +>> Free and online. Yeah. So go play. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Free and online. Yeah. So go play. +Better than after. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Just trying to keep it interesting. + + align:start position:0% +>> Just trying to keep it interesting. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Just trying to keep it interesting. +>> Is there a twist? + + align:start position:0% +>> Is there a twist? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Is there a twist? +>> Is there a twist? + + align:start position:0% +>> Is there a twist? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Is there a twist? +>> Yes. Well, + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Well, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. Well, +>> not as good a twist as we originally + + align:start position:0% +>> not as good a twist as we originally + + + align:start position:0% +>> not as good a twist as we originally +wanted. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> There was a twist in the development + + align:start position:0% +>> There was a twist in the development + + + align:start position:0% +>> There was a twist in the development +process. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So that one was uh funded by the + + align:start position:0% +So that one was uh funded by the + + + align:start position:0% +So that one was uh funded by the +department of education and that's the + + align:start position:0% +department of education and that's the + + + align:start position:0% +department of education and that's the +it was a larger scale project but the + + align:start position:0% +it was a larger scale project but the + + + align:start position:0% +it was a larger scale project but the +grant didn't go to MIT it went to + + align:start position:0% +grant didn't go to MIT it went to + + + align:start position:0% +grant didn't go to MIT it went to +Maryland public television. So that was + + align:start position:0% +Maryland public television. So that was + + + align:start position:0% +Maryland public television. So that was +part of the I believe the impetus for + + align:start position:0% +part of the I believe the impetus for + + + align:start position:0% +part of the I believe the impetus for +the spin-off of the learning games + + align:start position:0% +the spin-off of the learning games + + + align:start position:0% +the spin-off of the learning games +network is to have a structure that can + + align:start position:0% +network is to have a structure that can + + + align:start position:0% +network is to have a structure that can +accommodate + + align:start position:0% +accommodate + + + align:start position:0% +accommodate +the sorts of larger scale projects and + + align:start position:0% +the sorts of larger scale projects and + + + align:start position:0% +the sorts of larger scale projects and +think about them in more sustainable + + align:start position:0% +think about them in more sustainable + + + align:start position:0% +think about them in more sustainable +ways. But I'll let Scott talk about + + align:start position:0% +ways. But I'll let Scott talk about + + + align:start position:0% +ways. But I'll let Scott talk about +that. Um + + align:start position:0% +that. Um + + + align:start position:0% +that. Um +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +how did I get into this? + + align:start position:0% +how did I get into this? + + + align:start position:0% +how did I get into this? +Um my interest in learning games is + + align:start position:0% +Um my interest in learning games is + + + align:start position:0% +Um my interest in learning games is +mostly around engagement. + + align:start position:0% +mostly around engagement. + + + align:start position:0% +mostly around engagement. +I feel like people who are extremely + + align:start position:0% +I feel like people who are extremely + + + align:start position:0% +I feel like people who are extremely +motivated and enthralled with a + + align:start position:0% +motivated and enthralled with a + + + align:start position:0% +motivated and enthralled with a +particular subject will find a way to + + align:start position:0% +particular subject will find a way to + + + align:start position:0% +particular subject will find a way to +learn it and that a game may or may not + + align:start position:0% +learn it and that a game may or may not + + + align:start position:0% +learn it and that a game may or may not +be the best way to learn anything in + + align:start position:0% +be the best way to learn anything in + + + align:start position:0% +be the best way to learn anything in +particular. + + align:start position:0% +particular. + + + align:start position:0% +particular. +but that there are many people out there + + align:start position:0% +but that there are many people out there + + + align:start position:0% +but that there are many people out there +who struggle to get interested in a + + align:start position:0% +who struggle to get interested in a + + + align:start position:0% +who struggle to get interested in a +topic if they're even trying and that a + + align:start position:0% +topic if they're even trying and that a + + + align:start position:0% +topic if they're even trying and that a +game can be useful there. So as a an + + align:start position:0% +game can be useful there. So as a an + + + align:start position:0% +game can be useful there. So as a an +exploratory tool say well I never really + + align:start position:0% +exploratory tool say well I never really + + + align:start position:0% +exploratory tool say well I never really +thought about history but I like this + + align:start position:0% +thought about history but I like this + + + align:start position:0% +thought about history but I like this +game and I want to spend some time with + + align:start position:0% +game and I want to spend some time with + + + align:start position:0% +game and I want to spend some time with +it and I want to be good at it and it's + + align:start position:0% +it and I want to be good at it and it's + + + align:start position:0% +it and I want to be good at it and it's +social + + align:start position:0% +social + + + align:start position:0% +social +now I'm finding myself asking the kinds + + align:start position:0% +now I'm finding myself asking the kinds + + + align:start position:0% +now I'm finding myself asking the kinds +of questions that other people are + + align:start position:0% +of questions that other people are + + + align:start position:0% +of questions that other people are +telling me ask and I don't know what + + align:start position:0% +telling me ask and I don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +telling me ask and I don't know what +label they want to put on it but I think + + align:start position:0% +label they want to put on it but I think + + + align:start position:0% +label they want to put on it but I think +it's interesting and just sort of having + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting and just sort of having + + + align:start position:0% +it's interesting and just sort of having +that kind of introduction to a topic + + align:start position:0% +that kind of introduction to a topic + + + align:start position:0% +that kind of introduction to a topic +also I think games are helpful for uh I + + align:start position:0% +also I think games are helpful for uh I + + + align:start position:0% +also I think games are helpful for uh I +guess I'd call it identity exploration + + align:start position:0% +guess I'd call it identity exploration + + + align:start position:0% +guess I'd call it identity exploration +so for people particularly learners who + + align:start position:0% +so for people particularly learners who + + + align:start position:0% +so for people particularly learners who +may not think of themselves as learners + + align:start position:0% +may not think of themselves as learners + + + align:start position:0% +may not think of themselves as learners +or as competent learners that they can + + align:start position:0% +or as competent learners that they can + + + align:start position:0% +or as competent learners that they can +sort of put that identity behind them + + align:start position:0% +sort of put that identity behind them + + + align:start position:0% +sort of put that identity behind them +when they enter the game because you + + align:start position:0% +when they enter the game because you + + + align:start position:0% +when they enter the game because you +know it's a game and anyone can play it + + align:start position:0% +know it's a game and anyone can play it + + + align:start position:0% +know it's a game and anyone can play it +or maybe I'm particularly good at games + + align:start position:0% +or maybe I'm particularly good at games + + + align:start position:0% +or maybe I'm particularly good at games +so I can play games and then I can + + align:start position:0% +so I can play games and then I can + + + align:start position:0% +so I can play games and then I can +suddenly realize that I might be good at + + align:start position:0% +suddenly realize that I might be good at + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly realize that I might be good at +other things as well or I might be + + align:start position:0% +other things as well or I might be + + + align:start position:0% +other things as well or I might be +interested in other things that I + + align:start position:0% +interested in other things that I + + + align:start position:0% +interested in other things that I +wouldn't allow myself to discover if + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't allow myself to discover if + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't allow myself to discover if +whether or not I was interested because + + align:start position:0% +whether or not I was interested because + + + align:start position:0% +whether or not I was interested because +it was a risky sphere to enter. + + align:start position:0% +it was a risky sphere to enter. + + + align:start position:0% +it was a risky sphere to enter. +So current projects, we're doing a + + align:start position:0% +So current projects, we're doing a + + + align:start position:0% +So current projects, we're doing a +language learning game. Uh it's a casual + + align:start position:0% +language learning game. Uh it's a casual + + + align:start position:0% +language learning game. Uh it's a casual +and massively multiplayer online game + + align:start position:0% +and massively multiplayer online game + + + align:start position:0% +and massively multiplayer online game +with a grant targeting a population of + + align:start position:0% +with a grant targeting a population of + + + align:start position:0% +with a grant targeting a population of +Spanish speaking high school students in + + align:start position:0% +Spanish speaking high school students in + + + align:start position:0% +Spanish speaking high school students in +the US. Um and that is from the Hila + + align:start position:0% +the US. Um and that is from the Hila + + + align:start position:0% +the US. Um and that is from the Hila +Foundation. And then we have a couple of + + align:start position:0% +Foundation. And then we have a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +Foundation. And then we have a couple of +other projects going on as well, science + + align:start position:0% +other projects going on as well, science + + + align:start position:0% +other projects going on as well, science +and some other stuff. So that's about + + align:start position:0% +and some other stuff. So that's about + + + align:start position:0% +and some other stuff. So that's about +it. + + align:start position:0% +it. + + + align:start position:0% +it. +So I'm Scottwell. I'm the research + + align:start position:0% +So I'm Scottwell. I'm the research + + + align:start position:0% +So I'm Scottwell. I'm the research +director of the education arcade. + + align:start position:0% +director of the education arcade. + + + align:start position:0% +director of the education arcade. +Research I share two titles, research + + align:start position:0% +Research I share two titles, research + + + align:start position:0% +Research I share two titles, research +director and creative director. Um the + + align:start position:0% +director and creative director. Um the + + + align:start position:0% +director and creative director. Um the +education arcade, but also one of the + + align:start position:0% +education arcade, but also one of the + + + align:start position:0% +education arcade, but also one of the +co-founders of learning games network. + + align:start position:0% +co-founders of learning games network. + + + align:start position:0% +co-founders of learning games network. +Um and I don't want to repeat too much + + align:start position:0% +Um and I don't want to repeat too much + + + align:start position:0% +Um and I don't want to repeat too much +of what's been said except that I I at + + align:start position:0% +of what's been said except that I I at + + + align:start position:0% +of what's been said except that I I at +the same time as as I do this for a + + align:start position:0% +the same time as as I do this for a + + + align:start position:0% +the same time as as I do this for a +living, I still struggle with the term + + align:start position:0% +living, I still struggle with the term + + + align:start position:0% +living, I still struggle with the term +educational game because it's not the + + align:start position:0% +educational game because it's not the + + + align:start position:0% +educational game because it's not the +way I think of what I do primarily. The + + align:start position:0% +way I think of what I do primarily. The + + + align:start position:0% +way I think of what I do primarily. The +first I before working in this set, the + + align:start position:0% +first I before working in this set, the + + + align:start position:0% +first I before working in this set, the +first game I did was a commercial game. + + align:start position:0% +first game I did was a commercial game. + + + align:start position:0% +first game I did was a commercial game. +It wasn't designed as an educational + + align:start position:0% +It wasn't designed as an educational + + + align:start position:0% +It wasn't designed as an educational +game. It was designed just as a puzzle + + align:start position:0% +game. It was designed just as a puzzle + + + align:start position:0% +game. It was designed just as a puzzle +adventure game. It happened to be about + + align:start position:0% +adventure game. It happened to be about + + + align:start position:0% +adventure game. It happened to be about +math and logic, but that was just + + align:start position:0% +math and logic, but that was just + + + align:start position:0% +math and logic, but that was just +because that's what we thought was + + align:start position:0% +because that's what we thought was + + + align:start position:0% +because that's what we thought was +interesting. Um, it got marketed because + + align:start position:0% +interesting. Um, it got marketed because + + + align:start position:0% +interesting. Um, it got marketed because +of changes in the marketplace as sort of + + align:start position:0% +of changes in the marketplace as sort of + + + align:start position:0% +of changes in the marketplace as sort of +enterainment. But when I started in the + + align:start position:0% +enterainment. But when I started in the + + + align:start position:0% +enterainment. But when I started in the +business, there was no such word as + + align:start position:0% +business, there was no such word as + + + align:start position:0% +business, there was no such word as +enterainment. Most most games, if you go + + align:start position:0% +enterainment. Most most games, if you go + + + align:start position:0% +enterainment. Most most games, if you go +back to the early 90s, were sort of + + align:start position:0% +back to the early 90s, were sort of + + + align:start position:0% +back to the early 90s, were sort of +exploratory environments. I mean they + + align:start position:0% +exploratory environments. I mean they + + + align:start position:0% +exploratory environments. I mean they +either either they were sort of twitch + + align:start position:0% +either either they were sort of twitch + + + align:start position:0% +either either they were sort of twitch +games or they were exploratory + + align:start position:0% +games or they were exploratory + + + align:start position:0% +games or they were exploratory +environments. I have nothing against + + align:start position:0% +environments. I have nothing against + + + align:start position:0% +environments. I have nothing against +Twitch games but the exploratory + + align:start position:0% +Twitch games but the exploratory + + + align:start position:0% +Twitch games but the exploratory +environments are all about thinking and + + align:start position:0% +environments are all about thinking and + + + align:start position:0% +environments are all about thinking and +problem solving. And to me that's what's + + align:start position:0% +problem solving. And to me that's what's + + + align:start position:0% +problem solving. And to me that's what's +interesting. No matter what domain + + align:start position:0% +interesting. No matter what domain + + + align:start position:0% +interesting. No matter what domain +you're working in, whether it's + + align:start position:0% +you're working in, whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +you're working in, whether it's +mathematical or whether it's historical, + + align:start position:0% +mathematical or whether it's historical, + + + align:start position:0% +mathematical or whether it's historical, +it's still the process are the same. And + + align:start position:0% +it's still the process are the same. And + + + align:start position:0% +it's still the process are the same. And +just to one slight twist I want to put + + align:start position:0% +just to one slight twist I want to put + + + align:start position:0% +just to one slight twist I want to put +on what Dan Dan said. I think we are on + + align:start position:0% +on what Dan Dan said. I think we are on + + + align:start position:0% +on what Dan Dan said. I think we are on +the same page. But because he led the + + align:start position:0% +the same page. But because he led the + + + align:start position:0% +the same page. But because he led the +idea of engagement, it's possible to + + align:start position:0% +idea of engagement, it's possible to + + + align:start position:0% +idea of engagement, it's possible to +think that I'm talking about games as + + align:start position:0% +think that I'm talking about games as + + + align:start position:0% +think that I'm talking about games as +sort of an inducement to do something we + + align:start position:0% +sort of an inducement to do something we + + + align:start position:0% +sort of an inducement to do something we +don't want to do. + + align:start position:0% +don't want to do. + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to do. +And I think it's games are an + + align:start position:0% +And I think it's games are an + + + align:start position:0% +And I think it's games are an +opportunity to discover how much fun + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to discover how much fun + + + align:start position:0% +opportunity to discover how much fun +something is which is very different + + align:start position:0% +something is which is very different + + + align:start position:0% +something is which is very different +from sort of we ah we tricked you just + + align:start position:0% +from sort of we ah we tricked you just + + + align:start position:0% +from sort of we ah we tricked you just +mad but rather + + align:start position:0% +mad but rather + + + align:start position:0% +mad but rather +this is really interesting. Don't you + + align:start position:0% +this is really interesting. Don't you + + + align:start position:0% +this is really interesting. Don't you +like doing this and um you can do more + + align:start position:0% +like doing this and um you can do more + + + align:start position:0% +like doing this and um you can do more +and then then maybe and that and that's + + align:start position:0% +and then then maybe and that and that's + + + align:start position:0% +and then then maybe and that and that's +all that you get out of it that's fine. + + align:start position:0% +all that you get out of it that's fine. + + + align:start position:0% +all that you get out of it that's fine. +If you later realize oh I like doing + + align:start position:0% +If you later realize oh I like doing + + + align:start position:0% +If you later realize oh I like doing +that and that's math and I'm going to do + + align:start position:0% +that and that's math and I'm going to do + + + align:start position:0% +that and that's math and I'm going to do +more of that. That's also that's even + + align:start position:0% +more of that. That's also that's even + + + align:start position:0% +more of that. That's also that's even +better. And then I think it's not so + + align:start position:0% +better. And then I think it's not so + + + align:start position:0% +better. And then I think it's not so +much because we just said it's fun. It's + + align:start position:0% +much because we just said it's fun. It's + + + align:start position:0% +much because we just said it's fun. It's +because I think + + align:start position:0% +because I think + + + align:start position:0% +because I think +the um very process I think the very + + align:start position:0% +the um very process I think the very + + + align:start position:0% +the um very process I think the very +process of thinking and problem solving + + align:start position:0% +process of thinking and problem solving + + + align:start position:0% +process of thinking and problem solving +is rewarding and I want people to + + align:start position:0% +is rewarding and I want people to + + + align:start position:0% +is rewarding and I want people to +understand that better + + align:start position:0% +understand that better + + + align:start position:0% +understand that better +and people do get that in games and I + + align:start position:0% +and people do get that in games and I + + + align:start position:0% +and people do get that in games and I +just think it's important to tell people + + align:start position:0% +just think it's important to tell people + + + align:start position:0% +just think it's important to tell people +realize if you enjoyed it in a game you + + align:start position:0% +realize if you enjoyed it in a game you + + + align:start position:0% +realize if you enjoyed it in a game you +can enjoy it in life and maybe this + + align:start position:0% +can enjoy it in life and maybe this + + + align:start position:0% +can enjoy it in life and maybe this +comes from my own realization but if + + align:start position:0% +comes from my own realization but if + + + align:start position:0% +comes from my own realization but if +anyone told me if when I was in sixth + + align:start position:0% +anyone told me if when I was in sixth + + + align:start position:0% +anyone told me if when I was in sixth +grade instead of them saying scientific + + align:start position:0% +grade instead of them saying scientific + + + align:start position:0% +grade instead of them saying scientific +method and writing this list of dull + + align:start position:0% +method and writing this list of dull + + + align:start position:0% +method and writing this list of dull +steps on the on the blackboard they had + + align:start position:0% +steps on the on the blackboard they had + + + align:start position:0% +steps on the on the blackboard they had +said play this puzzle and let's talk + + align:start position:0% +said play this puzzle and let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +said play this puzzle and let's talk +about how you solve the ple + + align:start position:0% +about how you solve the ple + + + align:start position:0% +about how you solve the ple +that science. Um I think I might have + + align:start position:0% +that science. Um I think I might have + + + align:start position:0% +that science. Um I think I might have +ended up working at MIT. + + align:start position:0% +ended up working at MIT. + + + align:start position:0% +ended up working at MIT. +>> So anyway, um that's so so so talking a + + align:start position:0% +>> So anyway, um that's so so so talking a + + + align:start position:0% +>> So anyway, um that's so so so talking a +little bit about finding about + + align:start position:0% +little bit about finding about + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about finding about +identifying how you're going to make + + align:start position:0% +identifying how you're going to make + + + align:start position:0% +identifying how you're going to make +how you're going to locate what's + + align:start position:0% +how you're going to locate what's + + + align:start position:0% +how you're going to locate what's +enjoyable about the thing that you + + align:start position:0% +enjoyable about the thing that you + + + align:start position:0% +enjoyable about the thing that you +wanted people to engage with. like how + + align:start position:0% +wanted people to engage with. like how + + + align:start position:0% +wanted people to engage with. like how +can you talk a little bit about maybe in + + align:start position:0% +can you talk a little bit about maybe in + + + align:start position:0% +can you talk a little bit about maybe in +a in a recent project or in past project + + align:start position:0% +a in a recent project or in past project + + + align:start position:0% +a in a recent project or in past project +uh how you went about that process? + + align:start position:0% +uh how you went about that process? + + + align:start position:0% +uh how you went about that process? +Let's let's let's talk about the the + + align:start position:0% +Let's let's let's talk about the the + + + align:start position:0% +Let's let's let's talk about the the +things that you worked on. Um and maybe + + align:start position:0% +things that you worked on. Um and maybe + + + align:start position:0% +things that you worked on. Um and maybe +sometimes it's more difficult than you + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's more difficult than you + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it's more difficult than you +have some challenges. Maybe sometimes it + + align:start position:0% +have some challenges. Maybe sometimes it + + + align:start position:0% +have some challenges. Maybe sometimes it +was just pretty obvious. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +I'll take it + + align:start position:0% +I'll take it + + + align:start position:0% +I'll take it +always. + + align:start position:0% +always. + + + align:start position:0% +always. +I'd like to congratulate Scott on this + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to congratulate Scott on this + + + align:start position:0% +I'd like to congratulate Scott on this +personal group. + + align:start position:0% +personal group. + + + align:start position:0% +personal group. +So, with the language learning game that + + align:start position:0% +So, with the language learning game that + + + align:start position:0% +So, with the language learning game that +we're working on at the moment, + + align:start position:0% +we're working on at the moment, + + + align:start position:0% +we're working on at the moment, +there are approaches to language + + align:start position:0% +there are approaches to language + + + align:start position:0% +there are approaches to language +learning out there in the world that + + align:start position:0% +learning out there in the world that + + + align:start position:0% +learning out there in the world that +emphasize + + align:start position:0% +emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +emphasize +vocabulary memorization or + + align:start position:0% +vocabulary memorization or + + + align:start position:0% +vocabulary memorization or +grammar. Grammar meaning memorizing + + align:start position:0% +grammar. Grammar meaning memorizing + + + align:start position:0% +grammar. Grammar meaning memorizing +tables of conjugations. + + align:start position:0% +tables of conjugations. + + + align:start position:0% +tables of conjugations. +Um, + + align:start position:0% +Um, + + + align:start position:0% +Um, +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +It's pretty much stripped of any sort of + + align:start position:0% +It's pretty much stripped of any sort of + + + align:start position:0% +It's pretty much stripped of any sort of +meaningful context. So, and a meaningful + + align:start position:0% +meaningful context. So, and a meaningful + + + align:start position:0% +meaningful context. So, and a meaningful +context could either be + + align:start position:0% +context could either be + + + align:start position:0% +context could either be +a text, and I use that word loosely, + + align:start position:0% +a text, and I use that word loosely, + + + align:start position:0% +a text, and I use that word loosely, +that is engaging. It could be a film + + align:start position:0% +that is engaging. It could be a film + + + align:start position:0% +that is engaging. It could be a film +that you want to see that happens to be + + align:start position:0% +that you want to see that happens to be + + + align:start position:0% +that you want to see that happens to be +in a language that you're trying to + + align:start position:0% +in a language that you're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +in a language that you're trying to +learn, or it could be uh a means of + + align:start position:0% +learn, or it could be uh a means of + + + align:start position:0% +learn, or it could be uh a means of +communication. After all, that's what + + align:start position:0% +communication. After all, that's what + + + align:start position:0% +communication. After all, that's what +language is. So if you're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +language is. So if you're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +language is. So if you're thinking about +using language as a means of + + align:start position:0% +using language as a means of + + + align:start position:0% +using language as a means of +communication, then of course you need + + align:start position:0% +communication, then of course you need + + + align:start position:0% +communication, then of course you need +to think about what are you + + align:start position:0% +to think about what are you + + + align:start position:0% +to think about what are you +communicating + + align:start position:0% +communicating + + + align:start position:0% +communicating +and fortunately games are full of + + align:start position:0% +and fortunately games are full of + + + align:start position:0% +and fortunately games are full of +communication between the game and the + + align:start position:0% +communication between the game and the + + + align:start position:0% +communication between the game and the +player and the player in the game. And + + align:start position:0% +player and the player in the game. And + + + align:start position:0% +player and the player in the game. And +if it's a multiplayer game between the + + align:start position:0% +if it's a multiplayer game between the + + + align:start position:0% +if it's a multiplayer game between the +players in the game. So it was almost + + align:start position:0% +players in the game. So it was almost + + + align:start position:0% +players in the game. So it was almost +like if you start from that philosophy, + + align:start position:0% +like if you start from that philosophy, + + + align:start position:0% +like if you start from that philosophy, +it's almost a trivial exercise to say, + + align:start position:0% +it's almost a trivial exercise to say, + + + align:start position:0% +it's almost a trivial exercise to say, +okay, well, what's something interesting + + align:start position:0% +okay, well, what's something interesting + + + align:start position:0% +okay, well, what's something interesting +for people to talk about in a game? And + + align:start position:0% +for people to talk about in a game? And + + + align:start position:0% +for people to talk about in a game? And +so you come up interesting game. And + + align:start position:0% +so you come up interesting game. And + + + align:start position:0% +so you come up interesting game. And +instead of having the mechanic be click + + align:start position:0% +instead of having the mechanic be click + + + align:start position:0% +instead of having the mechanic be click +this button to uh activate whatever the + + align:start position:0% +this button to uh activate whatever the + + + align:start position:0% +this button to uh activate whatever the +nuclear missile, you have to you build + + align:start position:0% +nuclear missile, you have to you build + + + align:start position:0% +nuclear missile, you have to you build +in collaboration. So I have part of the + + align:start position:0% +in collaboration. So I have part of the + + + align:start position:0% +in collaboration. So I have part of the +piece and you have part of the piece and + + align:start position:0% +piece and you have part of the piece and + + + align:start position:0% +piece and you have part of the piece and +we need to talk about uh when to use + + align:start position:0% +we need to talk about uh when to use + + + align:start position:0% +we need to talk about uh when to use +what and which contexts and + + align:start position:0% +what and which contexts and + + + align:start position:0% +what and which contexts and +on whom. And + + align:start position:0% +on whom. And + + + align:start position:0% +on whom. And +so suddenly we're talking and it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +so suddenly we're talking and it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +so suddenly we're talking and it doesn't +even feel like we're learning a + + align:start position:0% +even feel like we're learning a + + + align:start position:0% +even feel like we're learning a +language. It just feels like we're + + align:start position:0% +language. It just feels like we're + + + align:start position:0% +language. It just feels like we're +playing a game. Uh and then if you're + + align:start position:0% +playing a game. Uh and then if you're + + + align:start position:0% +playing a game. Uh and then if you're +doing it in a language that you're + + align:start position:0% +doing it in a language that you're + + + align:start position:0% +doing it in a language that you're +attempting to learn, then there there's + + align:start position:0% +attempting to learn, then there there's + + + align:start position:0% +attempting to learn, then there there's +the barrier there where you might want + + align:start position:0% +the barrier there where you might want + + + align:start position:0% +the barrier there where you might want +to say something that you just don't + + align:start position:0% +to say something that you just don't + + + align:start position:0% +to say something that you just don't +have the skill yet to say. So it's not + + align:start position:0% +have the skill yet to say. So it's not + + + align:start position:0% +have the skill yet to say. So it's not +quite as simple as just saying, "Hey, go + + align:start position:0% +quite as simple as just saying, "Hey, go + + + align:start position:0% +quite as simple as just saying, "Hey, go +talk." Um, but there's + + align:start position:0% +talk." Um, but there's + + + align:start position:0% +talk." Um, but there's +slightly innovative ways that you can + + align:start position:0% +slightly innovative ways that you can + + + align:start position:0% +slightly innovative ways that you can +give people tools to allow themselves to + + align:start position:0% +give people tools to allow themselves to + + + align:start position:0% +give people tools to allow themselves to +express themselves in a fairly + + align:start position:0% +express themselves in a fairly + + + align:start position:0% +express themselves in a fairly +constrained context. So, because you've + + align:start position:0% +constrained context. So, because you've + + + align:start position:0% +constrained context. So, because you've +designed the game, you sort of break the + + align:start position:0% +designed the game, you sort of break the + + + align:start position:0% +designed the game, you sort of break the +system, you know that people aren't + + align:start position:0% +system, you know that people aren't + + + align:start position:0% +system, you know that people aren't +going to talk about absolutely anything. + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about absolutely anything. + + + align:start position:0% +going to talk about absolutely anything. +Maybe they will in the chat, but + + align:start position:0% +Maybe they will in the chat, but + + + align:start position:0% +Maybe they will in the chat, but +primarily in the game, you're + + align:start position:0% +primarily in the game, you're + + + align:start position:0% +primarily in the game, you're +incentivizing their discussion around a + + align:start position:0% +incentivizing their discussion around a + + + align:start position:0% +incentivizing their discussion around a +particular topic. So if you give them + + align:start position:0% +particular topic. So if you give them + + + align:start position:0% +particular topic. So if you give them +tools to discuss that particular topic, + + align:start position:0% +tools to discuss that particular topic, + + + align:start position:0% +tools to discuss that particular topic, +uh not only does it make the game play + + align:start position:0% +uh not only does it make the game play + + + align:start position:0% +uh not only does it make the game play +more efficient, but that's also how the + + align:start position:0% +more efficient, but that's also how the + + + align:start position:0% +more efficient, but that's also how the +learning can happen because there can be + + align:start position:0% +learning can happen because there can be + + + align:start position:0% +learning can happen because there can be +some sort of selection mechanism whereby + + align:start position:0% +some sort of selection mechanism whereby + + + align:start position:0% +some sort of selection mechanism whereby +I am able to say something that I want + + align:start position:0% +I am able to say something that I want + + + align:start position:0% +I am able to say something that I want +to say but without needing to bring all + + align:start position:0% +to say but without needing to bring all + + + align:start position:0% +to say but without needing to bring all +of the knowledge of how to construct + + align:start position:0% +of the knowledge of how to construct + + + align:start position:0% +of the knowledge of how to construct +that on my own. You know, there's some + + align:start position:0% +that on my own. You know, there's some + + + align:start position:0% +that on my own. You know, there's some +amount of oh, I can just recognize that + + align:start position:0% +amount of oh, I can just recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +amount of oh, I can just recognize that +that's more or less what I want. + + align:start position:0% +that's more or less what I want. + + + align:start position:0% +that's more or less what I want. +Uh, and then by seeing it repeatedly and + + align:start position:0% +Uh, and then by seeing it repeatedly and + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, and then by seeing it repeatedly and +by seeing other players use the same + + align:start position:0% +by seeing other players use the same + + + align:start position:0% +by seeing other players use the same +tools to communicate and knowing that + + align:start position:0% +tools to communicate and knowing that + + + align:start position:0% +tools to communicate and knowing that +the communication in certain contexts is + + align:start position:0% +the communication in certain contexts is + + + align:start position:0% +the communication in certain contexts is +is valid that I can pay close attention + + align:start position:0% +is valid that I can pay close attention + + + align:start position:0% +is valid that I can pay close attention +to that and start to become familiar and + + align:start position:0% +to that and start to become familiar and + + + align:start position:0% +to that and start to become familiar and +learn. But it's it's not a I have to + + align:start position:0% +learn. But it's it's not a I have to + + + align:start position:0% +learn. But it's it's not a I have to +memorize it so that I can use it. It's + + align:start position:0% +memorize it so that I can use it. It's + + + align:start position:0% +memorize it so that I can use it. It's +I'm using it and I'm using it so much + + align:start position:0% +I'm using it and I'm using it so much + + + align:start position:0% +I'm using it and I'm using it so much +that I just naturally learn it. + + align:start position:0% +that I just naturally learn it. + + + align:start position:0% +that I just naturally learn it. +>> Question on that. + + align:start position:0% +>> Question on that. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Question on that. +>> So if you're trying to encourage me to + + align:start position:0% +>> So if you're trying to encourage me to + + + align:start position:0% +>> So if you're trying to encourage me to +talk Spanish and you talk Spanish. We're + + align:start position:0% +talk Spanish and you talk Spanish. We're + + + align:start position:0% +talk Spanish and you talk Spanish. We're +trying to work something out. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +trying to work something out. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +trying to work something out. Yeah. +>> What prevents you from just typing + + align:start position:0% +>> What prevents you from just typing + + + align:start position:0% +>> What prevents you from just typing +something in in English and having you + + align:start position:0% +something in in English and having you + + + align:start position:0% +something in in English and having you +read it in English? + + align:start position:0% +read it in English? + + + align:start position:0% +read it in English? +>> Right. So, it depends on the game. Uh, + + align:start position:0% +>> Right. So, it depends on the game. Uh, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Right. So, it depends on the game. Uh, +and in some games that's totally fine. + + align:start position:0% +and in some games that's totally fine. + + + align:start position:0% +and in some games that's totally fine. +In other games, we have uh teams + + align:start position:0% +In other games, we have uh teams + + + align:start position:0% +In other games, we have uh teams +moderate other teams. In other games, we + + align:start position:0% +moderate other teams. In other games, we + + + align:start position:0% +moderate other teams. In other games, we +have some sort of communication tool + + align:start position:0% +have some sort of communication tool + + + align:start position:0% +have some sort of communication tool +that's not free text entry. So it's uh + + align:start position:0% +that's not free text entry. So it's uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's not free text entry. So it's uh +not so one extreme is here's a list of + + align:start position:0% +not so one extreme is here's a list of + + + align:start position:0% +not so one extreme is here's a list of +10 sentences that you could say click + + align:start position:0% +10 sentences that you could say click + + + align:start position:0% +10 sentences that you could say click +one of them and that's not the direction + + align:start position:0% +one of them and that's not the direction + + + align:start position:0% +one of them and that's not the direction +we tend to go in but that's an example + + align:start position:0% +we tend to go in but that's an example + + + align:start position:0% +we tend to go in but that's an example +of how to communicate something without + + align:start position:0% +of how to communicate something without + + + align:start position:0% +of how to communicate something without +free text entry. So there could be some + + align:start position:0% +free text entry. So there could be some + + + align:start position:0% +free text entry. So there could be some +sort of sentence construction kit, let's + + align:start position:0% +sort of sentence construction kit, let's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of sentence construction kit, let's +say, uh where you have a pool of + + align:start position:0% +say, uh where you have a pool of + + + align:start position:0% +say, uh where you have a pool of +different words that you can assemble in + + align:start position:0% +different words that you can assemble in + + + align:start position:0% +different words that you can assemble in +a variety of orders to express a small + + align:start position:0% +a variety of orders to express a small + + + align:start position:0% +a variety of orders to express a small +set of meanings. + + align:start position:0% +set of meanings. + + + align:start position:0% +set of meanings. +And if you think about games like + + align:start position:0% +And if you think about games like + + + align:start position:0% +And if you think about games like +charades or pictionary, + + align:start position:0% +charades or pictionary, + + + align:start position:0% +charades or pictionary, +the need to communicate with constraints + + align:start position:0% +the need to communicate with constraints + + + align:start position:0% +the need to communicate with constraints +doesn't stop us from necessarily + + align:start position:0% +doesn't stop us from necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't stop us from necessarily +enjoying the game if we make it + + align:start position:0% +enjoying the game if we make it + + + align:start position:0% +enjoying the game if we make it +interesting. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +In fact, that's part of the game. Part + + align:start position:0% +In fact, that's part of the game. Part + + + align:start position:0% +In fact, that's part of the game. Part +of our insight was thinking about our + + align:start position:0% +of our insight was thinking about our + + + align:start position:0% +of our insight was thinking about our +own experiences learning languages and + + align:start position:0% +own experiences learning languages and + + + align:start position:0% +own experiences learning languages and +sort of the game of say and this gets at + + align:start position:0% +sort of the game of say and this gets at + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the game of say and this gets at +my sort of core idea which is to find + + align:start position:0% +my sort of core idea which is to find + + + align:start position:0% +my sort of core idea which is to find +the game that's already there. So a game + + align:start position:0% +the game that's already there. So a game + + + align:start position:0% +the game that's already there. So a game +that I always play when I'm travel + + align:start position:0% +that I always play when I'm travel + + + align:start position:0% +that I always play when I'm travel +particularly + + align:start position:0% +particularly + + + align:start position:0% +particularly +when I've traveled in France where I + + align:start position:0% +when I've traveled in France where I + + + align:start position:0% +when I've traveled in France where I +speak the language sort of is how far + + align:start position:0% +speak the language sort of is how far + + + align:start position:0% +speak the language sort of is how far +can I get into a conversation before + + align:start position:0% +can I get into a conversation before + + + align:start position:0% +can I get into a conversation before +they figure out I'm not American. + + align:start position:0% +they figure out I'm not American. + + + align:start position:0% +they figure out I'm not American. +So that becomes a game and sort of the + + align:start position:0% +So that becomes a game and sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +So that becomes a game and sort of the +whole and and then and how how can I + + align:start position:0% +whole and and then and how how can I + + + align:start position:0% +whole and and then and how how can I +have it or if I know someone uh who's + + align:start position:0% +have it or if I know someone uh who's + + + align:start position:0% +have it or if I know someone uh who's +friends how much of a conversation can + + align:start position:0% +friends how much of a conversation can + + + align:start position:0% +friends how much of a conversation can +we have in French that's again from at + + align:start position:0% +we have in French that's again from at + + + align:start position:0% +we have in French that's again from at +that point it becomes kind of fun. So I + + align:start position:0% +that point it becomes kind of fun. So I + + + align:start position:0% +that point it becomes kind of fun. So I +think we were just really trying to + + align:start position:0% +think we were just really trying to + + + align:start position:0% +think we were just really trying to +access that and I think that really gets + + align:start position:0% +access that and I think that really gets + + + align:start position:0% +access that and I think that really gets +back to your larger question when you + + align:start position:0% +back to your larger question when you + + + align:start position:0% +back to your larger question when you +take on something new I want to know + + align:start position:0% +take on something new I want to know + + + align:start position:0% +take on something new I want to know +where is the game already in this and I + + align:start position:0% +where is the game already in this and I + + + align:start position:0% +where is the game already in this and I +mentioned it to Raj from my the first + + align:start position:0% +mentioned it to Raj from my the first + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned it to Raj from my the first +game I did was math and colleague with + + align:start position:0% +game I did was math and colleague with + + + align:start position:0% +game I did was math and colleague with +my who designed the game we both spent a + + align:start position:0% +my who designed the game we both spent a + + + align:start position:0% +my who designed the game we both spent a +lot of time saying when we were kids how + + align:start position:0% +lot of time saying when we were kids how + + + align:start position:0% +lot of time saying when we were kids how +do we play with numbers what kind of + + align:start position:0% +do we play with numbers what kind of + + + align:start position:0% +do we play with numbers what kind of +things did we do what was interesting to + + align:start position:0% +things did we do what was interesting to + + + align:start position:0% +things did we do what was interesting to +us with numbers we really try to access + + align:start position:0% +us with numbers we really try to access + + + align:start position:0% +us with numbers we really try to access +our own our own play um and similarly + + align:start position:0% +our own our own play um and similarly + + + align:start position:0% +our own our own play um and similarly +now uh I try to if I can try to meet + + align:start position:0% +now uh I try to if I can try to meet + + + align:start position:0% +now uh I try to if I can try to meet +practitioners in the field and say you + + align:start position:0% +practitioners in the field and say you + + + align:start position:0% +practitioners in the field and say you +know what do you think about in the + + align:start position:0% +know what do you think about in the + + + align:start position:0% +know what do you think about in the +shower or when you run it where's the + + align:start position:0% +shower or when you run it where's the + + + align:start position:0% +shower or when you run it where's the +because that's where the play is + + align:start position:0% +because that's where the play is + + + align:start position:0% +because that's where the play is +actually happening um in the field and I + + align:start position:0% +actually happening um in the field and I + + + align:start position:0% +actually happening um in the field and I +think that's where that's where people + + align:start position:0% +think that's where that's where people + + + align:start position:0% +think that's where that's where people +who love their jobs it's the play in it + + align:start position:0% +who love their jobs it's the play in it + + + align:start position:0% +who love their jobs it's the play in it +that they love about it and that's what + + align:start position:0% +that they love about it and that's what + + + align:start position:0% +that they love about it and that's what +I think you try to access in any in any + + align:start position:0% +I think you try to access in any in any + + + align:start position:0% +I think you try to access in any in any +service um so Dan talking about the + + align:start position:0% +service um so Dan talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +service um so Dan talking about the +language one um we're doing a game with + + align:start position:0% +language one um we're doing a game with + + + align:start position:0% +language one um we're doing a game with +the Royal Shakespeare Company if we can + + align:start position:0% +the Royal Shakespeare Company if we can + + + align:start position:0% +the Royal Shakespeare Company if we can +get funding + + align:start position:0% +get funding + + + align:start position:0% +get funding +around the Tempest and trying to figure + + align:start position:0% +around the Tempest and trying to figure + + + align:start position:0% +around the Tempest and trying to figure +out how to make a game of it. And um I + + align:start position:0% +out how to make a game of it. And um I + + + align:start position:0% +out how to make a game of it. And um I +realized that that part of the challenge + + align:start position:0% +realized that that part of the challenge + + + align:start position:0% +realized that that part of the challenge +with Shakespeare is to some degree the + + align:start position:0% +with Shakespeare is to some degree the + + + align:start position:0% +with Shakespeare is to some degree the +language too is sort of making sense out + + align:start position:0% +language too is sort of making sense out + + + align:start position:0% +language too is sort of making sense out +of the language which is now somewhat + + align:start position:0% +of the language which is now somewhat + + + align:start position:0% +of the language which is now somewhat +archaic but really interesting. And so + + align:start position:0% +archaic but really interesting. And so + + + align:start position:0% +archaic but really interesting. And so +we try we made a game that's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +we try we made a game that's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +we try we made a game that's sort of a +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +puzzle that you assemble by finding + + align:start position:0% +puzzle that you assemble by finding + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle that you assemble by finding +pieces of the play and associating + + align:start position:0% +pieces of the play and associating + + + align:start position:0% +pieces of the play and associating +things. So you find a hedgehog and you + + align:start position:0% +things. So you find a hedgehog and you + + + align:start position:0% +things. So you find a hedgehog and you +find some text that makes a reference + + align:start position:0% +find some text that makes a reference + + + align:start position:0% +find some text that makes a reference +that somehow makes you think of the + + align:start position:0% +that somehow makes you think of the + + + align:start position:0% +that somehow makes you think of the +hedgehog and you put them together and + + align:start position:0% +hedgehog and you put them together and + + + align:start position:0% +hedgehog and you put them together and +you actually start building a visual + + align:start position:0% +you actually start building a visual + + + align:start position:0% +you actually start building a visual +puzzle. So it's really sort of a + + align:start position:0% +puzzle. So it's really sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle. So it's really sort of a +challenge of making sense of snippets of + + align:start position:0% +challenge of making sense of snippets of + + + align:start position:0% +challenge of making sense of snippets of +text that gradually grow out and the + + align:start position:0% +text that gradually grow out and the + + + align:start position:0% +text that gradually grow out and the +picture of the play starts to of the + + align:start position:0% +picture of the play starts to of the + + + align:start position:0% +picture of the play starts to of the +Shakespeare play tennis starts to emerge + + align:start position:0% +Shakespeare play tennis starts to emerge + + + align:start position:0% +Shakespeare play tennis starts to emerge +through the game play. So you a story + + align:start position:0% +through the game play. So you a story + + + align:start position:0% +through the game play. So you a story +sort of appears out of the way a picture + + align:start position:0% +sort of appears out of the way a picture + + + align:start position:0% +sort of appears out of the way a picture +appears in a jigsaw puzzle. So it's a + + align:start position:0% +appears in a jigsaw puzzle. So it's a + + + align:start position:0% +appears in a jigsaw puzzle. So it's a +game you can play without knowing + + align:start position:0% +game you can play without knowing + + + align:start position:0% +game you can play without knowing +without knowing without ever having seen + + align:start position:0% +without knowing without ever having seen + + + align:start position:0% +without knowing without ever having seen +it. Um but that is sort of part of the + + align:start position:0% +it. Um but that is sort of part of the + + + align:start position:0% +it. Um but that is sort of part of the +experience of theater is the way stories + + align:start position:0% +experience of theater is the way stories + + + align:start position:0% +experience of theater is the way stories +emerge from I mean they emerge from + + align:start position:0% +emerge from I mean they emerge from + + + align:start position:0% +emerge from I mean they emerge from +different pattern but still we're still + + align:start position:0% +different pattern but still we're still + + + align:start position:0% +different pattern but still we're still +trying to make a story through + + align:start position:0% +trying to make a story through + + + align:start position:0% +trying to make a story through +exploration + + align:start position:0% +exploration + + + align:start position:0% +exploration +that was + + align:start position:0% +that was + + + align:start position:0% +that was +maybe if if I if I talk about my + + align:start position:0% +maybe if if I if I talk about my + + + align:start position:0% +maybe if if I if I talk about my +experience coming I think I come from an + + align:start position:0% +experience coming I think I come from an + + + align:start position:0% +experience coming I think I come from an +area where we made really bad games like + + align:start position:0% +area where we made really bad games like + + + align:start position:0% +area where we made really bad games like +we made there's this saying like + + align:start position:0% +we made there's this saying like + + + align:start position:0% +we made there's this saying like +education games are like chocolate + + align:start position:0% +education games are like chocolate + + + align:start position:0% +education games are like chocolate +covered broccoli like not healthy not + + align:start position:0% +covered broccoli like not healthy not + + + align:start position:0% +covered broccoli like not healthy not +sweets you know and I think I come from + + align:start position:0% +sweets you know and I think I come from + + + align:start position:0% +sweets you know and I think I come from +a background where um teachers or + + align:start position:0% +a background where um teachers or + + + align:start position:0% +a background where um teachers or +educators were asked to build games for + + align:start position:0% +educators were asked to build games for + + + align:start position:0% +educators were asked to build games for +somebody and what you had is content and + + align:start position:0% +somebody and what you had is content and + + + align:start position:0% +somebody and what you had is content and +then it was like and I I I can say that + + align:start position:0% +then it was like and I I I can say that + + + align:start position:0% +then it was like and I I I can say that +because I think most of my colleagues + + align:start position:0% +because I think most of my colleagues + + + align:start position:0% +because I think most of my colleagues +didn't know better. They thought okay I + + align:start position:0% +didn't know better. They thought okay I + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know better. They thought okay I +have content that content is good and + + align:start position:0% +have content that content is good and + + + align:start position:0% +have content that content is good and +now I just make it a little fun and the + + align:start position:0% +now I just make it a little fun and the + + + align:start position:0% +now I just make it a little fun and the +kids going to love it. And I think we as + + align:start position:0% +kids going to love it. And I think we as + + + align:start position:0% +kids going to love it. And I think we as +you all sit here, we all know how um as + + align:start position:0% +you all sit here, we all know how um as + + + align:start position:0% +you all sit here, we all know how um as +how quick kids realize that this is not + + align:start position:0% +how quick kids realize that this is not + + + align:start position:0% +how quick kids realize that this is not +fun, you know, and um and I think um + + align:start position:0% +fun, you know, and um and I think um + + + align:start position:0% +fun, you know, and um and I think um +there there are tons of bad games out + + align:start position:0% +there there are tons of bad games out + + + align:start position:0% +there there are tons of bad games out +there um that that ruins the reputation + + align:start position:0% +there um that that ruins the reputation + + + align:start position:0% +there um that that ruins the reputation +of educational games in that sense. And + + align:start position:0% +of educational games in that sense. And + + + align:start position:0% +of educational games in that sense. And +coming here to MIT and working um with + + align:start position:0% +coming here to MIT and working um with + + + align:start position:0% +coming here to MIT and working um with +Scotland and people like Dan + + align:start position:0% +Scotland and people like Dan + + + align:start position:0% +Scotland and people like Dan +that I realized more the question is + + align:start position:0% +that I realized more the question is + + + align:start position:0% +that I realized more the question is +more what makes us curious about a + + align:start position:0% +more what makes us curious about a + + + align:start position:0% +more what makes us curious about a +problem about the learning content. Of + + align:start position:0% +problem about the learning content. Of + + + align:start position:0% +problem about the learning content. Of +course, we can have the content in the + + align:start position:0% +course, we can have the content in the + + + align:start position:0% +course, we can have the content in the +game. Sometimes we don't even have the + + align:start position:0% +game. Sometimes we don't even have the + + + align:start position:0% +game. Sometimes we don't even have the +content. It's more abstract. We we look + + align:start position:0% +content. It's more abstract. We we look + + + align:start position:0% +content. It's more abstract. We we look +for metaphors that kind of like, you + + align:start position:0% +for metaphors that kind of like, you + + + align:start position:0% +for metaphors that kind of like, you +know, you you can understand how to be + + align:start position:0% +know, you you can understand how to be + + + align:start position:0% +know, you you can understand how to be +interested in history without really + + align:start position:0% +interested in history without really + + + align:start position:0% +interested in history without really +learning all the the the the real data. + + align:start position:0% +learning all the the the the real data. + + + align:start position:0% +learning all the the the the real data. +Maybe you learn other history, but you + + align:start position:0% +Maybe you learn other history, but you + + + align:start position:0% +Maybe you learn other history, but you +get interested in how history works. And + + align:start position:0% +get interested in how history works. And + + + align:start position:0% +get interested in how history works. And +I think that's that's kind of like what + + align:start position:0% +I think that's that's kind of like what + + + align:start position:0% +I think that's that's kind of like what +I learned here. And and I I realize now + + align:start position:0% +I learned here. And and I I realize now + + + align:start position:0% +I learned here. And and I I realize now +that it's really useful that that um we + + align:start position:0% +that it's really useful that that um we + + + align:start position:0% +that it's really useful that that um we +don't we don't use the chocolate cow + + align:start position:0% +don't we don't use the chocolate cow + + + align:start position:0% +don't we don't use the chocolate cow +broccoli anymore. um we ask more about + + align:start position:0% +broccoli anymore. um we ask more about + + + align:start position:0% +broccoli anymore. um we ask more about +what do we really want? Um do we want to + + align:start position:0% +what do we really want? Um do we want to + + + align:start position:0% +what do we really want? Um do we want to +have something that is healthy or sweet + + align:start position:0% +have something that is healthy or sweet + + + align:start position:0% +have something that is healthy or sweet +or something different? Let's cook it, + + align:start position:0% +or something different? Let's cook it, + + + align:start position:0% +or something different? Let's cook it, +you know, let's not just combine two + + align:start position:0% +you know, let's not just combine two + + + align:start position:0% +you know, let's not just combine two +things. And um and I think that's + + align:start position:0% +things. And um and I think that's + + + align:start position:0% +things. And um and I think that's +something um that also like the good + + align:start position:0% +something um that also like the good + + + align:start position:0% +something um that also like the good +educational games that are out there are + + align:start position:0% +educational games that are out there are + + + align:start position:0% +educational games that are out there are +kind of heading in that direction. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> You have counter examples from your own + + align:start position:0% +>> You have counter examples from your own + + + align:start position:0% +>> You have counter examples from your own +work of like, you know, a something that + + align:start position:0% +work of like, you know, a something that + + + align:start position:0% +work of like, you know, a something that +seemed fruitful but then kind of turned + + align:start position:0% +seemed fruitful but then kind of turned + + + align:start position:0% +seemed fruitful but then kind of turned +out to be a dead end. uh + + align:start position:0% +out to be a dead end. uh + + + align:start position:0% +out to be a dead end. uh +some you know maybe you're trying trying + + align:start position:0% +some you know maybe you're trying trying + + + align:start position:0% +some you know maybe you're trying trying +to address some subject area and then + + align:start position:0% +to address some subject area and then + + + align:start position:0% +to address some subject area and then +you're trying to marry some some + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to marry some some + + + align:start position:0% +you're trying to marry some some +specific game mechanics you thought it + + align:start position:0% +specific game mechanics you thought it + + + align:start position:0% +specific game mechanics you thought it +might work but it didn't quite + + align:start position:0% +might work but it didn't quite + + + align:start position:0% +might work but it didn't quite +>> um I can talk about one that I'm it's + + align:start position:0% +>> um I can talk about one that I'm it's + + + align:start position:0% +>> um I can talk about one that I'm it's +not resolved yet I'm struggling + + align:start position:0% +not resolved yet I'm struggling + + + align:start position:0% +not resolved yet I'm struggling +I'm starting to work I'm doing a game + + align:start position:0% +I'm starting to work I'm doing a game + + + align:start position:0% +I'm starting to work I'm doing a game +with a um professor here in ocean and + + align:start position:0% +with a um professor here in ocean and + + + align:start position:0% +with a um professor here in ocean and +environmental engineering um about + + align:start position:0% +environmental engineering um about + + + align:start position:0% +environmental engineering um about +microbes he does all this work studying + + align:start position:0% +microbes he does all this work studying + + + align:start position:0% +microbes he does all this work studying +microbes in the which I I learned about + + align:start position:0% +microbes in the which I I learned about + + + align:start position:0% +microbes in the which I I learned about +I mean half the biomass of the ocean are + + align:start position:0% +I mean half the biomass of the ocean are + + + align:start position:0% +I mean half the biomass of the ocean are +microbes and we know almost nothing + + align:start position:0% +microbes and we know almost nothing + + + align:start position:0% +microbes and we know almost nothing +about them because until people like him + + align:start position:0% +about them because until people like him + + + align:start position:0% +about them because until people like him +which is one of the few built apparatus + + align:start position:0% +which is one of the few built apparatus + + + align:start position:0% +which is one of the few built apparatus +to study oceanlike conditions in the + + align:start position:0% +to study oceanlike conditions in the + + + align:start position:0% +to study oceanlike conditions in the +laboratory they had no way of knowing + + align:start position:0% +laboratory they had no way of knowing + + + align:start position:0% +laboratory they had no way of knowing +what was going on with them. So, I mean, + + align:start position:0% +what was going on with them. So, I mean, + + + align:start position:0% +what was going on with them. So, I mean, +that's interesting if if you get into + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting if if you get into + + + align:start position:0% +that's interesting if if you get into +it. It's not something that a middle + + align:start position:0% +it. It's not something that a middle + + + align:start position:0% +it. It's not something that a middle +school kid is dying to know about, + + align:start position:0% +school kid is dying to know about, + + + align:start position:0% +school kid is dying to know about, +right? Um, although it could be I, you + + align:start position:0% +right? Um, although it could be I, you + + + align:start position:0% +right? Um, although it could be I, you +know, so anyway, so we're doing a + + align:start position:0% +know, so anyway, so we're doing a + + + align:start position:0% +know, so anyway, so we're doing a +simulation where we try, well, where you + + align:start position:0% +simulation where we try, well, where you + + + align:start position:0% +simulation where we try, well, where you +the premise is that you've got a part of + + align:start position:0% +the premise is that you've got a part of + + + align:start position:0% +the premise is that you've got a part of +the ocean that's dead and you're trying + + align:start position:0% +the ocean that's dead and you're trying + + + align:start position:0% +the ocean that's dead and you're trying +to re-engineer it by putting plates by + + align:start position:0% +to re-engineer it by putting plates by + + + align:start position:0% +to re-engineer it by putting plates by +introducing nanobots which you can + + align:start position:0% +introducing nanobots which you can + + + align:start position:0% +introducing nanobots which you can +build. Um and these nanobots would + + align:start position:0% +build. Um and these nanobots would + + + align:start position:0% +build. Um and these nanobots would +simulate the functions what microbes do + + align:start position:0% +simulate the functions what microbes do + + + align:start position:0% +simulate the functions what microbes do +because microbes are doing at the + + align:start position:0% +because microbes are doing at the + + + align:start position:0% +because microbes are doing at the +microbial level what does too which is + + align:start position:0% +microbial level what does too which is + + + align:start position:0% +microbial level what does too which is +processing oxygen or rather plants and + + align:start position:0% +processing oxygen or rather plants and + + + align:start position:0% +processing oxygen or rather plants and +you know plants plants and processing + + align:start position:0% +you know plants plants and processing + + + align:start position:0% +you know plants plants and processing +either oxygen and producing CO2 and + + align:start position:0% +either oxygen and producing CO2 and + + + align:start position:0% +either oxygen and producing CO2 and +energy or the reverse taking CO2 and + + align:start position:0% +energy or the reverse taking CO2 and + + + align:start position:0% +energy or the reverse taking CO2 and +sunlight. Anyway, um so we so the + + align:start position:0% +sunlight. Anyway, um so we so the + + + align:start position:0% +sunlight. Anyway, um so we so the +challenge we made a sort of interesting + + align:start position:0% +challenge we made a sort of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +challenge we made a sort of interesting +playable simulation where you build this + + align:start position:0% +playable simulation where you build this + + + align:start position:0% +playable simulation where you build this +stuff. But I I haven't figured out yet. + + align:start position:0% +stuff. But I I haven't figured out yet. + + + align:start position:0% +stuff. But I I haven't figured out yet. +I'm struggling with + + align:start position:0% +I'm struggling with + + + align:start position:0% +I'm struggling with +uh is it is it sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +uh is it is it sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +uh is it is it sufficiently +does the have we found the way to entice + + align:start position:0% +does the have we found the way to entice + + + align:start position:0% +does the have we found the way to entice +you to do this stuff without having to + + align:start position:0% +you to do this stuff without having to + + + align:start position:0% +you to do this stuff without having to +give you too much information? I mean, + + align:start position:0% +give you too much information? I mean, + + + align:start position:0% +give you too much information? I mean, +I'm a big believer that a game this game + + align:start position:0% +I'm a big believer that a game this game + + + align:start position:0% +I'm a big believer that a game this game +does not start with instructions. I + + align:start position:0% +does not start with instructions. I + + + align:start position:0% +does not start with instructions. I +mean, because I don't believe games + + align:start position:0% +mean, because I don't believe games + + + align:start position:0% +mean, because I don't believe games +should ever start with instructions, but + + align:start position:0% +should ever start with instructions, but + + + align:start position:0% +should ever start with instructions, but +I'm still struggling with the + + align:start position:0% +I'm still struggling with the + + + align:start position:0% +I'm still struggling with the +information we're providing along the + + align:start position:0% +information we're providing along the + + + align:start position:0% +information we're providing along the +way. It's too much too much need this + + align:start position:0% +way. It's too much too much need this + + + align:start position:0% +way. It's too much too much need this +now as opposed to and and I think the + + align:start position:0% +now as opposed to and and I think the + + + align:start position:0% +now as opposed to and and I think the +problem is because simulations are very + + align:start position:0% +problem is because simulations are very + + + align:start position:0% +problem is because simulations are very +wide open environments and it's very + + align:start position:0% +wide open environments and it's very + + + align:start position:0% +wide open environments and it's very +hard to constrain a simulation enough + + align:start position:0% +hard to constrain a simulation enough + + + align:start position:0% +hard to constrain a simulation enough +that the brain says ah now I understand + + align:start position:0% +that the brain says ah now I understand + + + align:start position:0% +that the brain says ah now I understand +what variable I just used and and + + align:start position:0% +what variable I just used and and + + + align:start position:0% +what variable I just used and and +particular because kids has have a + + align:start position:0% +particular because kids has have a + + + align:start position:0% +particular because kids has have a +tendency to see simulations as black + + align:start position:0% +tendency to see simulations as black + + + align:start position:0% +tendency to see simulations as black +boxes. So they'll throw in they'll + + align:start position:0% +boxes. So they'll throw in they'll + + + align:start position:0% +boxes. So they'll throw in they'll +change three variables at once and not + + align:start position:0% +change three variables at once and not + + + align:start position:0% +change three variables at once and not +notice that they've changed three + + align:start position:0% +notice that they've changed three + + + align:start position:0% +notice that they've changed three +variables and not think about well which + + align:start position:0% +variables and not think about well which + + + align:start position:0% +variables and not think about well which +variable wasn't. they just don't have + + align:start position:0% +variable wasn't. they just don't have + + + align:start position:0% +variable wasn't. they just don't have +the they haven't got the habit of mind + + align:start position:0% +the they haven't got the habit of mind + + + align:start position:0% +the they haven't got the habit of mind +to practice changing you know really + + align:start position:0% +to practice changing you know really + + + align:start position:0% +to practice changing you know really +controlling the variables and if you + + align:start position:0% +controlling the variables and if you + + + align:start position:0% +controlling the variables and if you +don't do that simulations do become + + align:start position:0% +don't do that simulations do become + + + align:start position:0% +don't do that simulations do become +these black boxes and I'm still + + align:start position:0% +these black boxes and I'm still + + + align:start position:0% +these black boxes and I'm still +struggling with how to how to not sort + + align:start position:0% +struggling with how to how to not sort + + + align:start position:0% +struggling with how to how to not sort +of say mark down mark the kid down the + + align:start position:0% +of say mark down mark the kid down the + + + align:start position:0% +of say mark down mark the kid down the +road and say okay now make this choice + + align:start position:0% +road and say okay now make this choice + + + align:start position:0% +road and say okay now make this choice +now make that choice because that's + + align:start position:0% +now make that choice because that's + + + align:start position:0% +now make that choice because that's +too constrained and not fun I want to + + align:start position:0% +too constrained and not fun I want to + + + align:start position:0% +too constrained and not fun I want to +have have them have a lot of choices but + + align:start position:0% +have have them have a lot of choices but + + + align:start position:0% +have have them have a lot of choices but +also help them understand the the effect + + align:start position:0% +also help them understand the the effect + + + align:start position:0% +also help them understand the the effect +of the choices they made that's the best + + align:start position:0% +of the choices they made that's the best + + + align:start position:0% +of the choices they made that's the best +way so I had to have just processing + + align:start position:0% +way so I had to have just processing + + + align:start position:0% +way so I had to have just processing +I'm not speaking with a very clear way. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I can give you a bad example. So I was + + align:start position:0% +I can give you a bad example. So I was + + + align:start position:0% +I can give you a bad example. So I was +working on this game like I wasn't + + align:start position:0% +working on this game like I wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +working on this game like I wasn't +really working on that to my excuse. I + + align:start position:0% +really working on that to my excuse. I + + + align:start position:0% +really working on that to my excuse. I +was beginning to work with these people + + align:start position:0% +was beginning to work with these people + + + align:start position:0% +was beginning to work with these people +and then realized this is not the way + + align:start position:0% +and then realized this is not the way + + + align:start position:0% +and then realized this is not the way +it's it's I want to go and then I + + align:start position:0% +it's it's I want to go and then I + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's I want to go and then I +stepped out of it and I think it's u + + align:start position:0% +stepped out of it and I think it's u + + + align:start position:0% +stepped out of it and I think it's u +it's a good example what you shouldn't + + align:start position:0% +it's a good example what you shouldn't + + + align:start position:0% +it's a good example what you shouldn't +do. So this this um small town in + + align:start position:0% +do. So this this um small town in + + + align:start position:0% +do. So this this um small town in +Austria is is um using their waste to + + align:start position:0% +Austria is is um using their waste to + + + align:start position:0% +Austria is is um using their waste to +produce energy like renewable energy. + + align:start position:0% +produce energy like renewable energy. + + + align:start position:0% +produce energy like renewable energy. +It's it's really it's interesting the + + align:start position:0% +It's it's really it's interesting the + + + align:start position:0% +It's it's really it's interesting the +town is like somewhere in the + + align:start position:0% +town is like somewhere in the + + + align:start position:0% +town is like somewhere in the +countryside nobody was interested. They + + align:start position:0% +countryside nobody was interested. They + + + align:start position:0% +countryside nobody was interested. They +make so much power now that they can um + + align:start position:0% +make so much power now that they can um + + + align:start position:0% +make so much power now that they can um +give power for free in their um the town + + align:start position:0% +give power for free in their um the town + + + align:start position:0% +give power for free in their um the town +companies and the neighbor companies uh + + align:start position:0% +companies and the neighbor companies uh + + + align:start position:0% +companies and the neighbor companies uh +the yeah neighbor companies in neighbor + + align:start position:0% +the yeah neighbor companies in neighbor + + + align:start position:0% +the yeah neighbor companies in neighbor +towns. So a lot of people are interested + + align:start position:0% +towns. So a lot of people are interested + + + align:start position:0% +towns. So a lot of people are interested +in how they do that and they thought wow + + align:start position:0% +in how they do that and they thought wow + + + align:start position:0% +in how they do that and they thought wow +we want to be a cool town we make a game + + align:start position:0% +we want to be a cool town we make a game + + + align:start position:0% +we want to be a cool town we make a game +instead of was providing the content. + + align:start position:0% +instead of was providing the content. + + + align:start position:0% +instead of was providing the content. +But what they did they gave us all the + + align:start position:0% +But what they did they gave us all the + + + align:start position:0% +But what they did they gave us all the +content and said this is what what you + + align:start position:0% +content and said this is what what you + + + align:start position:0% +content and said this is what what you +should like teach to people and do it + + align:start position:0% +should like teach to people and do it + + + align:start position:0% +should like teach to people and do it +make it fun and and in the end you know + + align:start position:0% +make it fun and and in the end you know + + + align:start position:0% +make it fun and and in the end you know +like you know these people were sitting + + align:start position:0% +like you know these people were sitting + + + align:start position:0% +like you know these people were sitting +together like okay what do people like + + align:start position:0% +together like okay what do people like + + + align:start position:0% +together like okay what do people like +comics and you have to have a character + + align:start position:0% +comics and you have to have a character + + + align:start position:0% +comics and you have to have a character +that is moving around and then we make + + align:start position:0% +that is moving around and then we make + + + align:start position:0% +that is moving around and then we make +small multiple choice tests and + + align:start position:0% +small multiple choice tests and + + + align:start position:0% +small multiple choice tests and +afterwards you get a reward and you get + + align:start position:0% +afterwards you get a reward and you get + + + align:start position:0% +afterwards you get a reward and you get +the reward out and it says your name and + + align:start position:0% +the reward out and it says your name and + + + align:start position:0% +the reward out and it says your name and +it says you are trained in that + + align:start position:0% +it says you are trained in that + + + align:start position:0% +it says you are trained in that +discipline and what was interesting for + + align:start position:0% +discipline and what was interesting for + + + align:start position:0% +discipline and what was interesting for +me that they built the game and the the + + align:start position:0% +me that they built the game and the the + + + align:start position:0% +me that they built the game and the the +game's been bad and it's very sad and + + align:start position:0% +game's been bad and it's very sad and + + + align:start position:0% +game's been bad and it's very sad and +it's horrible. But the funniest thing + + align:start position:0% +it's horrible. But the funniest thing + + + align:start position:0% +it's horrible. But the funniest thing +for me was who was the target group like + + align:start position:0% +for me was who was the target group like + + + align:start position:0% +for me was who was the target group like +and and they never talked about that. + + align:start position:0% +and and they never talked about that. + + + align:start position:0% +and and they never talked about that. +They always thought who cares about + + align:start position:0% +They always thought who cares about + + + align:start position:0% +They always thought who cares about +target groups? We make this game, + + align:start position:0% +target groups? We make this game, + + + align:start position:0% +target groups? We make this game, +everybody's going to love it. + + align:start position:0% +everybody's going to love it. + + + align:start position:0% +everybody's going to love it. +Everybody's so interested. The idea was + + align:start position:0% +Everybody's so interested. The idea was + + + align:start position:0% +Everybody's so interested. The idea was +who decides if you can do that. It's the + + align:start position:0% +who decides if you can do that. It's the + + + align:start position:0% +who decides if you can do that. It's the +major of towns. They say, "Oh, we we + + align:start position:0% +major of towns. They say, "Oh, we we + + + align:start position:0% +major of towns. They say, "Oh, we we +want to have a company like that." And + + align:start position:0% +want to have a company like that." And + + + align:start position:0% +want to have a company like that." And +so now we're talking about Austrian + + align:start position:0% +so now we're talking about Austrian + + + align:start position:0% +so now we're talking about Austrian +European majors of towns and they are + + align:start position:0% +European majors of towns and they are + + + align:start position:0% +European majors of towns and they are +normally fat and like to drink wine. You + + align:start position:0% +normally fat and like to drink wine. You + + + align:start position:0% +normally fat and like to drink wine. You +know, normally they sit with another + + align:start position:0% +know, normally they sit with another + + + align:start position:0% +know, normally they sit with another +major and have lunch and then they say, + + align:start position:0% +major and have lunch and then they say, + + + align:start position:0% +major and have lunch and then they say, +"Wow, this works." And then they decide + + align:start position:0% +"Wow, this works." And then they decide + + + align:start position:0% +"Wow, this works." And then they decide +to do it or not. But now they were + + align:start position:0% +to do it or not. But now they were + + + align:start position:0% +to do it or not. But now they were +sending these games to the majors. They + + align:start position:0% +sending these games to the majors. They + + + align:start position:0% +sending these games to the majors. They +didn't know at all what to do with this. + + align:start position:0% +didn't know at all what to do with this. + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know at all what to do with this. +You know, they they they they couldn't + + align:start position:0% +You know, they they they they couldn't + + + align:start position:0% +You know, they they they they couldn't +get into the game. Um and so not that + + align:start position:0% +get into the game. Um and so not that + + + align:start position:0% +get into the game. Um and so not that +the game was bad, they didn't even think + + align:start position:0% +the game was bad, they didn't even think + + + align:start position:0% +the game was bad, they didn't even think +about their target group. And um I think + + align:start position:0% +about their target group. And um I think + + + align:start position:0% +about their target group. And um I think +that's one one um one aspect that + + align:start position:0% +that's one one um one aspect that + + + align:start position:0% +that's one one um one aspect that +interests me the most is you have to + + align:start position:0% +interests me the most is you have to + + + align:start position:0% +interests me the most is you have to +have the the context of the game and the + + align:start position:0% +have the the context of the game and the + + + align:start position:0% +have the the context of the game and the +learning experience has to be suitable. + + align:start position:0% +learning experience has to be suitable. + + + align:start position:0% +learning experience has to be suitable. +If this is not happening you know you + + align:start position:0% +If this is not happening you know you + + + align:start position:0% +If this is not happening you know you +can play the most interesting game um if + + align:start position:0% +can play the most interesting game um if + + + align:start position:0% +can play the most interesting game um if +somebody doesn't want to be like doesn't + + align:start position:0% +somebody doesn't want to be like doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +somebody doesn't want to be like doesn't +get the problem doesn't get engaged to + + align:start position:0% +get the problem doesn't get engaged to + + + align:start position:0% +get the problem doesn't get engaged to +the problem it's just you know it's just + + align:start position:0% +the problem it's just you know it's just + + + align:start position:0% +the problem it's just you know it's just +um something happening is not really + + align:start position:0% +um something happening is not really + + + align:start position:0% +um something happening is not really +interested in that. And um I think + + align:start position:0% +interested in that. And um I think + + + align:start position:0% +interested in that. And um I think +that's that's a major problem that this + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a major problem that this + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's a major problem that this +this example was totally addressing. So + + align:start position:0% +this example was totally addressing. So + + + align:start position:0% +this example was totally addressing. So +>> So know know who you're designing your + + align:start position:0% +>> So know know who you're designing your + + + align:start position:0% +>> So know know who you're designing your +game for and how and and how they tend + + align:start position:0% +game for and how and and how they tend + + + align:start position:0% +game for and how and and how they tend +to get engaged with things. + + align:start position:0% +to get engaged with things. + + + align:start position:0% +to get engaged with things. +>> Yes. I think um um + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. I think um um + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. I think um um +if I so I mean just to do a simplistic + + align:start position:0% +if I so I mean just to do a simplistic + + + align:start position:0% +if I so I mean just to do a simplistic +example but it's one that's just as + + align:start position:0% +example but it's one that's just as + + + align:start position:0% +example but it's one that's just as +applicable. If I wanted a game for my + + align:start position:0% +applicable. If I wanted a game for my + + + align:start position:0% +applicable. If I wanted a game for my +mother who occasionally would play a + + align:start position:0% +mother who occasionally would play a + + + align:start position:0% +mother who occasionally would play a +casual game, I wouldn't do a massively + + align:start position:0% +casual game, I wouldn't do a massively + + + align:start position:0% +casual game, I wouldn't do a massively +multiplayer game with lots of stuff + + align:start position:0% +multiplayer game with lots of stuff + + + align:start position:0% +multiplayer game with lots of stuff +going on. All these senior systems are + + align:start position:0% +going on. All these senior systems are + + + align:start position:0% +going on. All these senior systems are +going to get into this massively + + align:start position:0% +going to get into this massively + + + align:start position:0% +going to get into this massively +multiplayer game. I mean, in some ways, + + align:start position:0% +multiplayer game. I mean, in some ways, + + + align:start position:0% +multiplayer game. I mean, in some ways, +it would be really great to come with a + + align:start position:0% +it would be really great to come with a + + + align:start position:0% +it would be really great to come with a +massively multiplayer game for senior + + align:start position:0% +massively multiplayer game for senior + + + align:start position:0% +massively multiplayer game for senior +systems because they're isolated. But + + align:start position:0% +systems because they're isolated. But + + + align:start position:0% +systems because they're isolated. But +you also know that they're not they're + + align:start position:0% +you also know that they're not they're + + + align:start position:0% +you also know that they're not they're +they didn't grow up with computers and + + align:start position:0% +they didn't grow up with computers and + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't grow up with computers and +they're not going to be able to navigate + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to be able to navigate + + + align:start position:0% +they're not going to be able to navigate +a 3D space. So I mean that's a that's a + + align:start position:0% +a 3D space. So I mean that's a that's a + + + align:start position:0% +a 3D space. So I mean that's a that's a +simplified example of why it's + + align:start position:0% +simplified example of why it's + + + align:start position:0% +simplified example of why it's +important. + + align:start position:0% +important. + + + align:start position:0% +important. +>> What is really beautiful if if like a + + align:start position:0% +>> What is really beautiful if if like a + + + align:start position:0% +>> What is really beautiful if if like a +game like like Remish the the cancer + + align:start position:0% +game like like Remish the the cancer + + + align:start position:0% +game like like Remish the the cancer +game maybe some of you know that like a + + align:start position:0% +game maybe some of you know that like a + + + align:start position:0% +game maybe some of you know that like a +cancer game actually it was actually + + align:start position:0% +cancer game actually it was actually + + + align:start position:0% +cancer game actually it was actually +mentioned in + + align:start position:0% +mentioned in + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned in +>> but it's probably one of the best + + align:start position:0% +>> but it's probably one of the best + + + align:start position:0% +>> but it's probably one of the best +learning games out there. But the good + + align:start position:0% +learning games out there. But the good + + + align:start position:0% +learning games out there. But the good +thing for them is people that play that + + align:start position:0% +thing for them is people that play that + + + align:start position:0% +thing for them is people that play that +game have cancer and they you know so + + align:start position:0% +game have cancer and they you know so + + + align:start position:0% +game have cancer and they you know so +you have the problem to the game is so + + align:start position:0% +you have the problem to the game is so + + + align:start position:0% +you have the problem to the game is so +close that people will not play oh I + + align:start position:0% +close that people will not play oh I + + + align:start position:0% +close that people will not play oh I +don't care about cancer no like they + + align:start position:0% +don't care about cancer no like they + + + align:start position:0% +don't care about cancer no like they +care about cancer because they have + + align:start position:0% +care about cancer because they have + + + align:start position:0% +care about cancer because they have +cancer the game is about cancer and the + + align:start position:0% +cancer the game is about cancer and the + + + align:start position:0% +cancer the game is about cancer and the +way how chemotherapy works so the the + + align:start position:0% +way how chemotherapy works so the the + + + align:start position:0% +way how chemotherapy works so the the +context and the engagement is + + align:start position:0% +context and the engagement is + + + align:start position:0% +context and the engagement is +automatically um kind of like the + + align:start position:0% +automatically um kind of like the + + + align:start position:0% +automatically um kind of like the +problem is solved but what about as as + + align:start position:0% +problem is solved but what about as as + + + align:start position:0% +problem is solved but what about as as +Dan said what about a learning game + + align:start position:0% +Dan said what about a learning game + + + align:start position:0% +Dan said what about a learning game +where it's about language learning um + + align:start position:0% +where it's about language learning um + + + align:start position:0% +where it's about language learning um +are these people already interested to + + align:start position:0% +are these people already interested to + + + align:start position:0% +are these people already interested to +learn the language. Do they come there + + align:start position:0% +learn the language. Do they come there + + + align:start position:0% +learn the language. Do they come there +with a language problem or or do we want + + align:start position:0% +with a language problem or or do we want + + + align:start position:0% +with a language problem or or do we want +to to introduce them to the problem or + + align:start position:0% +to to introduce them to the problem or + + + align:start position:0% +to to introduce them to the problem or +or show that maybe they don't have to be + + align:start position:0% +or show that maybe they don't have to be + + + align:start position:0% +or show that maybe they don't have to be +afraid to learn language or whatever. + + align:start position:0% +afraid to learn language or whatever. + + + align:start position:0% +afraid to learn language or whatever. +this this question has to be addressed. + + align:start position:0% +this this question has to be addressed. + + + align:start position:0% +this this question has to be addressed. +It's a very very early stage otherwise + + align:start position:0% +It's a very very early stage otherwise + + + align:start position:0% +It's a very very early stage otherwise +you if if you'd stop design it and then + + align:start position:0% +you if if you'd stop design it and then + + + align:start position:0% +you if if you'd stop design it and then +address the question it's + + align:start position:0% +address the question it's + + + align:start position:0% +address the question it's +late + + align:start position:0% +late + + + align:start position:0% +late +I do think I mean it's the question is + + align:start position:0% +I do think I mean it's the question is + + + align:start position:0% +I do think I mean it's the question is +sort of about sort of the explicit + + align:start position:0% +sort of about sort of the explicit + + + align:start position:0% +sort of about sort of the explicit +versus the hidden so if you played the + + align:start position:0% +versus the hidden so if you played the + + + align:start position:0% +versus the hidden so if you played the +game Waker + + align:start position:0% +game Waker + + + align:start position:0% +game Waker +that was really designed to introduce + + align:start position:0% +that was really designed to introduce + + + align:start position:0% +that was really designed to introduce +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +what an idea that people have struggled + + align:start position:0% +what an idea that people have struggled + + + align:start position:0% +what an idea that people have struggled +with which are what position and + + align:start position:0% +with which are what position and + + + align:start position:0% +with which are what position and +velocity graphs actually mean um but the + + align:start position:0% +velocity graphs actually mean um but the + + + align:start position:0% +velocity graphs actually mean um but the +game doesn't mention velocity and it + + align:start position:0% +game doesn't mention velocity and it + + + align:start position:0% +game doesn't mention velocity and it +doesn't mention graphs. And in fact, in + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mention graphs. And in fact, in + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mention graphs. And in fact, in +the same reviews that got lots of good + + align:start position:0% +the same reviews that got lots of good + + + align:start position:0% +the same reviews that got lots of good +reviews when it came out, a lot of them + + align:start position:0% +reviews when it came out, a lot of them + + + align:start position:0% +reviews when it came out, a lot of them +said that I had no idea this was + + align:start position:0% +said that I had no idea this was + + + align:start position:0% +said that I had no idea this was +educational. Um + + align:start position:0% +educational. Um + + + align:start position:0% +educational. Um +I + + align:start position:0% +I + + + align:start position:0% +I +I would sort of I don't believe that + + align:start position:0% +I would sort of I don't believe that + + + align:start position:0% +I would sort of I don't believe that +that's fine that people don't + + align:start position:0% +that's fine that people don't + + + align:start position:0% +that's fine that people don't +necessarily know that as they play a + + align:start position:0% +necessarily know that as they play a + + + align:start position:0% +necessarily know that as they play a +game that that they you're still + + align:start position:0% +game that that they you're still + + + align:start position:0% +game that that they you're still +building up some conceptual knowledge. I + + align:start position:0% +building up some conceptual knowledge. I + + + align:start position:0% +building up some conceptual knowledge. I +don't think that I think that some large + + align:start position:0% +don't think that I think that some large + + + align:start position:0% +don't think that I think that some large +percentage of people who play a game at + + align:start position:0% +percentage of people who play a game at + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of people who play a game at +that setting will probably they walk + + align:start position:0% +that setting will probably they walk + + + align:start position:0% +that setting will probably they walk +away from the game and do nothing else + + align:start position:0% +away from the game and do nothing else + + + align:start position:0% +away from the game and do nothing else +but three months later it'll have gone. + + align:start position:0% +but three months later it'll have gone. + + + align:start position:0% +but three months later it'll have gone. +I mean that that experience for most + + align:start position:0% +I mean that that experience for most + + + align:start position:0% +I mean that that experience for most +people will not be resilient not because + + align:start position:0% +people will not be resilient not because + + + align:start position:0% +people will not be resilient not because +they didn't enjoy it but because they + + align:start position:0% +they didn't enjoy it but because they + + + align:start position:0% +they didn't enjoy it but because they +got lots of interesting resil lots of + + align:start position:0% +got lots of interesting resil lots of + + + align:start position:0% +got lots of interesting resil lots of +things going on in life and there's more + + align:start position:0% +things going on in life and there's more + + + align:start position:0% +things going on in life and there's more +information coming out of something on + + align:start position:0% +information coming out of something on + + + align:start position:0% +information coming out of something on +the other hand the kid plays that game + + align:start position:0% +the other hand the kid plays that game + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand the kid plays that game +and then you sit down and have a + + align:start position:0% +and then you sit down and have a + + + align:start position:0% +and then you sit down and have a +conversation about velocity and position + + align:start position:0% +conversation about velocity and position + + + align:start position:0% +conversation about velocity and position +grass there might be some real + + align:start position:0% +grass there might be some real + + + align:start position:0% +grass there might be some real +meaningful learning that occurs and so I + + align:start position:0% +meaningful learning that occurs and so I + + + align:start position:0% +meaningful learning that occurs and so I +think it's really important to not + + align:start position:0% +think it's really important to not + + + align:start position:0% +think it's really important to not +overreach in that sense um I try to + + align:start position:0% +overreach in that sense um I try to + + + align:start position:0% +overreach in that sense um I try to +avoid although we slip into saying it + + align:start position:0% +avoid although we slip into saying it + + + align:start position:0% +avoid although we slip into saying it +that our games teach anything because I + + align:start position:0% +that our games teach anything because I + + + align:start position:0% +that our games teach anything because I +think teaching is a much more active and + + align:start position:0% +think teaching is a much more active and + + + align:start position:0% +think teaching is a much more active and +explicit activities that our games do. I + + align:start position:0% +explicit activities that our games do. I + + + align:start position:0% +explicit activities that our games do. I +think our games let people play with + + align:start position:0% +think our games let people play with + + + align:start position:0% +think our games let people play with +things, let people learn things and then + + align:start position:0% +things, let people learn things and then + + + align:start position:0% +things, let people learn things and then +just like if you write a you write a + + align:start position:0% +just like if you write a you write a + + + align:start position:0% +just like if you write a you write a +book, the book doesn't teach anything. + + align:start position:0% +book, the book doesn't teach anything. + + + align:start position:0% +book, the book doesn't teach anything. +The books the information it's available + + align:start position:0% +The books the information it's available + + + align:start position:0% +The books the information it's available +and I think that's really sort of part + + align:start position:0% +and I think that's really sort of part + + + align:start position:0% +and I think that's really sort of part +of what I think we have to be modest and + + align:start position:0% +of what I think we have to be modest and + + + align:start position:0% +of what I think we have to be modest and +humble about as we do this stuff. + + align:start position:0% +humble about as we do this stuff. + + + align:start position:0% +humble about as we do this stuff. +So, but that also puts on us the + + align:start position:0% +So, but that also puts on us the + + + align:start position:0% +So, but that also puts on us the +challenge at an audience of thinking + + align:start position:0% +challenge at an audience of thinking + + + align:start position:0% +challenge at an audience of thinking +about if if you do want some learning to + + align:start position:0% +about if if you do want some learning to + + + align:start position:0% +about if if you do want some learning to +occur, where do you want the learning to + + align:start position:0% +occur, where do you want the learning to + + + align:start position:0% +occur, where do you want the learning to +occur? is for people's personal lives. + + align:start position:0% +occur? is for people's personal lives. + + + align:start position:0% +occur? is for people's personal lives. +Is it in a mediated setting like a + + align:start position:0% +Is it in a mediated setting like a + + + align:start position:0% +Is it in a mediated setting like a +hospital or is it in a school that it's + + align:start position:0% +hospital or is it in a school that it's + + + align:start position:0% +hospital or is it in a school that it's +really those are really critical + + align:start position:0% +really those are really critical + + + align:start position:0% +really those are really critical +questions? It's not it's not just the + + align:start position:0% +questions? It's not it's not just the + + + align:start position:0% +questions? It's not it's not just the +audience but the setting for the + + align:start position:0% +audience but the setting for the + + + align:start position:0% +audience but the setting for the +audience + + align:start position:0% +audience + + + align:start position:0% +audience +>> and who's introducing the game to them + + align:start position:0% +>> and who's introducing the game to them + + + align:start position:0% +>> and who's introducing the game to them +for instance to the teacher doctor + + align:start position:0% +for instance to the teacher doctor + + + align:start position:0% +for instance to the teacher doctor +>> right and while they play it like with + + align:start position:0% +>> right and while they play it like with + + + align:start position:0% +>> right and while they play it like with +Labyrinth which is this middle school + + align:start position:0% +Labyrinth which is this middle school + + + align:start position:0% +Labyrinth which is this middle school +math game that Dan and I worked on uh we + + align:start position:0% +math game that Dan and I worked on uh we + + + align:start position:0% +math game that Dan and I worked on uh we +knew that if we didn't if we didn't push + + align:start position:0% +knew that if we didn't if we didn't push + + + align:start position:0% +knew that if we didn't if we didn't push +in another direction the implementation + + align:start position:0% +in another direction the implementation + + + align:start position:0% +in another direction the implementation +was going to be well we'll create this + + align:start position:0% +was going to be well we'll create this + + + align:start position:0% +was going to be well we'll create this +game that gets played in classrooms. If + + align:start position:0% +game that gets played in classrooms. If + + + align:start position:0% +game that gets played in classrooms. If +you've ever seen your all, if you + + align:start position:0% +you've ever seen your all, if you + + + align:start position:0% +you've ever seen your all, if you +remember your own computer labs in + + align:start position:0% +remember your own computer labs in + + + align:start position:0% +remember your own computer labs in +school, if that was your edge, which is + + align:start position:0% +school, if that was your edge, which is + + + align:start position:0% +school, if that was your edge, which is +true, actually, + + align:start position:0% +true, actually, + + + align:start position:0% +true, actually, +it meant every now and then you went, + + align:start position:0% +it meant every now and then you went, + + + align:start position:0% +it meant every now and then you went, +you had to line up and walk down the + + align:start position:0% +you had to line up and walk down the + + + align:start position:0% +you had to line up and walk down the +hall to this other place. So, what you + + align:start position:0% +hall to this other place. So, what you + + + align:start position:0% +hall to this other place. So, what you +could only get to occasionally and it + + align:start position:0% +could only get to occasionally and it + + + align:start position:0% +could only get to occasionally and it +took by the time you settled in your + + align:start position:0% +took by the time you settled in your + + + align:start position:0% +took by the time you settled in your +chairs and booted up, you had maybe 20 + + align:start position:0% +chairs and booted up, you had maybe 20 + + + align:start position:0% +chairs and booted up, you had maybe 20 +minutes on a computer that it was time. + + align:start position:0% +minutes on a computer that it was time. + + + align:start position:0% +minutes on a computer that it was time. +So, that was all, you know, if you're + + align:start position:0% +So, that was all, you know, if you're + + + align:start position:0% +So, that was all, you know, if you're +designing for schools, you're talking + + align:start position:0% +designing for schools, you're talking + + + align:start position:0% +designing for schools, you're talking +about a 20 minute experience once every + + align:start position:0% +about a 20 minute experience once every + + + align:start position:0% +about a 20 minute experience once every +two or three weeks. + + align:start position:0% +two or three weeks. + + + align:start position:0% +two or three weeks. +I'm not sure that was was worth thinking + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure that was was worth thinking + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not sure that was was worth thinking +about anything for that sense. So we + + align:start position:0% +about anything for that sense. So we + + + align:start position:0% +about anything for that sense. So we +designed a game to be played online at + + align:start position:0% +designed a game to be played online at + + + align:start position:0% +designed a game to be played online at +home and encouraged teachers to let the + + align:start position:0% +home and encouraged teachers to let the + + + align:start position:0% +home and encouraged teachers to let the +kids just play it. And there was another + + align:start position:0% +kids just play it. And there was another + + + align:start position:0% +kids just play it. And there was another +advantage of that which was to go back + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that which was to go back + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that which was to go back +to who introduces it. If you're playing + + align:start position:0% +to who introduces it. If you're playing + + + align:start position:0% +to who introduces it. If you're playing +that even if we have a perfect 20-minute + + align:start position:0% +that even if we have a perfect 20-minute + + + align:start position:0% +that even if we have a perfect 20-minute +game for the computer lab, if the + + align:start position:0% +game for the computer lab, if the + + + align:start position:0% +game for the computer lab, if the +teacher's walking around, I mean there's + + align:start position:0% +teacher's walking around, I mean there's + + + align:start position:0% +teacher's walking around, I mean there's +some I shouldn't say I've seen good uses + + align:start position:0% +some I shouldn't say I've seen good uses + + + align:start position:0% +some I shouldn't say I've seen good uses +of that space, but there's some greater + + align:start position:0% +of that space, but there's some greater + + + align:start position:0% +of that space, but there's some greater +probability that you're going to feel + + align:start position:0% +probability that you're going to feel + + + align:start position:0% +probability that you're going to feel +like this is just a lesson. Whereas if + + align:start position:0% +like this is just a lesson. Whereas if + + + align:start position:0% +like this is just a lesson. Whereas if +the teacher said, "Go play this at + + align:start position:0% +the teacher said, "Go play this at + + + align:start position:0% +the teacher said, "Go play this at +home," there's some greater probability + + align:start position:0% +home," there's some greater probability + + + align:start position:0% +home," there's some greater probability +that you'll sort of forget about school + + align:start position:0% +that you'll sort of forget about school + + + align:start position:0% +that you'll sort of forget about school +and get playful. And it's not that + + align:start position:0% +and get playful. And it's not that + + + align:start position:0% +and get playful. And it's not that +again, it's not that we want to trick + + align:start position:0% +again, it's not that we want to trick + + + align:start position:0% +again, it's not that we want to trick +you when you're doing math. It's that we + + align:start position:0% +you when you're doing math. It's that we + + + align:start position:0% +you when you're doing math. It's that we +want you to engage with the math in the + + align:start position:0% +want you to engage with the math in the + + + align:start position:0% +want you to engage with the math in the +most playful spirit possible. And the + + align:start position:0% +most playful spirit possible. And the + + + align:start position:0% +most playful spirit possible. And the +few the less we make it give the rapper + + align:start position:0% +few the less we make it give the rapper + + + align:start position:0% +few the less we make it give the rapper +of scroll to it, the more playful you're + + align:start position:0% +of scroll to it, the more playful you're + + + align:start position:0% +of scroll to it, the more playful you're +likely to be, even if we're not denying + + align:start position:0% +likely to be, even if we're not denying + + + align:start position:0% +likely to be, even if we're not denying +that it's math or science. So that was + + align:start position:0% +that it's math or science. So that was + + + align:start position:0% +that it's math or science. So that was +the other that was part of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you had said um that the cancer game was + + align:start position:0% +you had said um that the cancer game was + + + align:start position:0% +you had said um that the cancer game was +really well evaluated. So, did any of + + align:start position:0% +really well evaluated. So, did any of + + + align:start position:0% +really well evaluated. So, did any of +you have like stories or experiences + + align:start position:0% +you have like stories or experiences + + + align:start position:0% +you have like stories or experiences +from seeing your games out in the world + + align:start position:0% +from seeing your games out in the world + + + align:start position:0% +from seeing your games out in the world +that like like have you gotten feedback + + align:start position:0% +that like like have you gotten feedback + + + align:start position:0% +that like like have you gotten feedback +from teachers who have tried this class? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> No. + + align:start position:0% +>> No. + + + align:start position:0% +>> No. +>> Yeah. No, no. Was it um Oh, um + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. No, no. Was it um Oh, um + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. No, no. Was it um Oh, um +yes. I from the from this this game I + + align:start position:0% +yes. I from the from this this game I + + + align:start position:0% +yes. I from the from this this game I +just talked about about um renewable + + align:start position:0% +just talked about about um renewable + + + align:start position:0% +just talked about about um renewable +energies. It totally failed. Like people + + align:start position:0% +energies. It totally failed. Like people + + + align:start position:0% +energies. It totally failed. Like people +played them and didn't understand it, + + align:start position:0% +played them and didn't understand it, + + + align:start position:0% +played them and didn't understand it, +hated it or or um before. So I think + + align:start position:0% +hated it or or um before. So I think + + + align:start position:0% +hated it or or um before. So I think +like total failure. Um and I think I + + align:start position:0% +like total failure. Um and I think I + + + align:start position:0% +like total failure. Um and I think I +think just to kind of like + + align:start position:0% +think just to kind of like + + + align:start position:0% +think just to kind of like +to start with this this conversation is + + align:start position:0% +to start with this this conversation is + + + align:start position:0% +to start with this this conversation is +this is a this is um problematic thing + + align:start position:0% +this is a this is um problematic thing + + + align:start position:0% +this is a this is um problematic thing +because we hardly have any um we there + + align:start position:0% +because we hardly have any um we there + + + align:start position:0% +because we hardly have any um we there +is very little um research going on on + + align:start position:0% +is very little um research going on on + + + align:start position:0% +is very little um research going on on +evaluation of games because it's it's + + align:start position:0% +evaluation of games because it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation of games because it's it's +also very hard takes a lot of effort and + + align:start position:0% +also very hard takes a lot of effort and + + + align:start position:0% +also very hard takes a lot of effort and +and it also would take a lot of money to + + align:start position:0% +and it also would take a lot of money to + + + align:start position:0% +and it also would take a lot of money to +re to evaluate the the research the + + align:start position:0% +re to evaluate the the research the + + + align:start position:0% +re to evaluate the the research the +success of the of the game for learning + + align:start position:0% +success of the of the game for learning + + + align:start position:0% +success of the of the game for learning +purposes. Um I I just know very little + + align:start position:0% +purposes. Um I I just know very little + + + align:start position:0% +purposes. Um I I just know very little +studies that do that in the end. And I + + align:start position:0% +studies that do that in the end. And I + + + align:start position:0% +studies that do that in the end. And I +think we just kind of like reach that + + align:start position:0% +think we just kind of like reach that + + + align:start position:0% +think we just kind of like reach that +moment where where people start to think + + align:start position:0% +moment where where people start to think + + + align:start position:0% +moment where where people start to think +that this is um an interesting way to do + + align:start position:0% +that this is um an interesting way to do + + + align:start position:0% +that this is um an interesting way to do +it. And remission as I said is is + + align:start position:0% +it. And remission as I said is is + + + align:start position:0% +it. And remission as I said is is +probably the only I I just like I hope + + align:start position:0% +probably the only I I just like I hope + + + align:start position:0% +probably the only I I just like I hope +maybe you're correct in a second, but I + + align:start position:0% +maybe you're correct in a second, but I + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you're correct in a second, but I +think that's the only game I would put + + align:start position:0% +think that's the only game I would put + + + align:start position:0% +think that's the only game I would put +my hand into the fire for it. But what + + align:start position:0% +my hand into the fire for it. But what + + + align:start position:0% +my hand into the fire for it. But what +but the question is what do they learn + + align:start position:0% +but the question is what do they learn + + + align:start position:0% +but the question is what do they learn +in the game? They learned about self + + align:start position:0% +in the game? They learned about self + + + align:start position:0% +in the game? They learned about self +agency. They learned that that they that + + align:start position:0% +agency. They learned that that they that + + + align:start position:0% +agency. They learned that that they that +there is something they can do and they + + align:start position:0% +there is something they can do and they + + + align:start position:0% +there is something they can do and they +they learned a more positive um + + align:start position:0% +they learned a more positive um + + + align:start position:0% +they learned a more positive um +perspective and positive um relation to + + align:start position:0% +perspective and positive um relation to + + + align:start position:0% +perspective and positive um relation to +medicine. They didn't learn anything + + align:start position:0% +medicine. They didn't learn anything + + + align:start position:0% +medicine. They didn't learn anything +else, you know. It's like they didn't + + align:start position:0% +else, you know. It's like they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +else, you know. It's like they didn't +learn like in the research because they + + align:start position:0% +learn like in the research because they + + + align:start position:0% +learn like in the research because they +didn't change their illness. + + align:start position:0% +didn't change their illness. + + + align:start position:0% +didn't change their illness. +>> Yes. And they and they didn't get + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. And they and they didn't get + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. And they and they didn't get +happier, you know. It's like not that + + align:start position:0% +happier, you know. It's like not that + + + align:start position:0% +happier, you know. It's like not that +they said, "Wow, now I can Yeah. I + + align:start position:0% +they said, "Wow, now I can Yeah. I + + + align:start position:0% +they said, "Wow, now I can Yeah. I +cannot they couldn't cope better with + + align:start position:0% +cannot they couldn't cope better with + + + align:start position:0% +cannot they couldn't cope better with +their with their illness. They just took + + align:start position:0% +their with their illness. They just took + + + align:start position:0% +their with their illness. They just took +their medicine." And so the doctors were + + align:start position:0% +their medicine." And so the doctors were + + + align:start position:0% +their medicine." And so the doctors were +really happy with that. But you know, + + align:start position:0% +really happy with that. But you know, + + + align:start position:0% +really happy with that. But you know, +And that's the stated goal of remission + + align:start position:0% +And that's the stated goal of remission + + + align:start position:0% +And that's the stated goal of remission +actually is is this this is a it's a 3D + + align:start position:0% +actually is is this this is a it's a 3D + + + align:start position:0% +actually is is this this is a it's a 3D +game where I think you play like a a + + align:start position:0% +game where I think you play like a a + + + align:start position:0% +game where I think you play like a a +woman in space suit something um going + + align:start position:0% +woman in space suit something um going + + + align:start position:0% +woman in space suit something um going +you know shock down and and and suddenly + + align:start position:0% +you know shock down and and and suddenly + + + align:start position:0% +you know shock down and and and suddenly +someone blood bloodstream u but but but + + align:start position:0% +someone blood bloodstream u but but but + + + align:start position:0% +someone blood bloodstream u but but but +say the goal of the game at least of the + + align:start position:0% +say the goal of the game at least of the + + + align:start position:0% +say the goal of the game at least of the +people who are making it was to try to + + align:start position:0% +people who are making it was to try to + + + align:start position:0% +people who are making it was to try to +encourage uh people who are suffering + + align:start position:0% +encourage uh people who are suffering + + + align:start position:0% +encourage uh people who are suffering +from cancer to keep up with their + + align:start position:0% +from cancer to keep up with their + + + align:start position:0% +from cancer to keep up with their +medication. uh you know just don't don't + + align:start position:0% +medication. uh you know just don't don't + + + align:start position:0% +medication. uh you know just don't don't +don't + + align:start position:0% +don't + + + align:start position:0% +don't +fall on your don't fail keeping up the + + align:start position:0% +fall on your don't fail keeping up the + + + align:start position:0% +fall on your don't fail keeping up the +schedule of taking your chemotherapy + + align:start position:0% +schedule of taking your chemotherapy + + + align:start position:0% +schedule of taking your chemotherapy +drugs basically and uh and again + + align:start position:0% +drugs basically and uh and again + + + align:start position:0% +drugs basically and uh and again +designed to sort of show what happens + + align:start position:0% +designed to sort of show what happens + + + align:start position:0% +designed to sort of show what happens +what what these drugs actually try to do + + align:start position:0% +what what these drugs actually try to do + + + align:start position:0% +what what these drugs actually try to do +and some sort of like fictional or + + align:start position:0% +and some sort of like fictional or + + + align:start position:0% +and some sort of like fictional or +fantastical I'm not going to say the + + align:start position:0% +fantastical I'm not going to say the + + + align:start position:0% +fantastical I'm not going to say the +fictional yet all based in science um so + + align:start position:0% +fictional yet all based in science um so + + + align:start position:0% +fictional yet all based in science um so +that's that's that's remission is this + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's remission is this + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's that's remission is this +famous + + align:start position:0% +famous + + + align:start position:0% +famous +>> yeah so you can Google So um on + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah so you can Google So um on + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah so you can Google So um on +labyrinth the the original grant + + align:start position:0% +labyrinth the the original grant + + + align:start position:0% +labyrinth the the original grant +included an extensive one-year + + align:start position:0% +included an extensive one-year + + + align:start position:0% +included an extensive one-year +evaluation um of the game abuse and then + + align:start position:0% +evaluation um of the game abuse and then + + + align:start position:0% +evaluation um of the game abuse and then +when Congress cut back the funding of + + align:start position:0% +when Congress cut back the funding of + + + align:start position:0% +when Congress cut back the funding of +the larger program which is just one + + align:start position:0% +the larger program which is just one + + + align:start position:0% +the larger program which is just one +small piece that got cut off and so the + + align:start position:0% +small piece that got cut off and so the + + + align:start position:0% +small piece that got cut off and so the +research didn't happen. We're now + + align:start position:0% +research didn't happen. We're now + + + align:start position:0% +research didn't happen. We're now +looking for a grant because it's being + + align:start position:0% +looking for a grant because it's being + + + align:start position:0% +looking for a grant because it's being +used aggressively in Maryland schools. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So we are going to look for money but + + align:start position:0% +So we are going to look for money but + + + align:start position:0% +So we are going to look for money but +generally there's less m as little money + + align:start position:0% +generally there's less m as little money + + + align:start position:0% +generally there's less m as little money +as there is for developing interesting + + align:start position:0% +as there is for developing interesting + + + align:start position:0% +as there is for developing interesting +engage is even less for researching them + + align:start position:0% +engage is even less for researching them + + + align:start position:0% +engage is even less for researching them +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +and I think some of what I think our + + align:start position:0% +and I think some of what I think our + + + align:start position:0% +and I think some of what I think our +work about is design research. We figure + + align:start position:0% +work about is design research. We figure + + + align:start position:0% +work about is design research. We figure +out what we can learn by making the + + align:start position:0% +out what we can learn by making the + + + align:start position:0% +out what we can learn by making the +games and we publish what we've learned + + align:start position:0% +games and we publish what we've learned + + + align:start position:0% +games and we publish what we've learned +in the hope that other people will pick + + align:start position:0% +in the hope that other people will pick + + + align:start position:0% +in the hope that other people will pick +up the ball. People who are have more of + + align:start position:0% +up the ball. People who are have more of + + + align:start position:0% +up the ball. People who are have more of +a researcher bent + + align:start position:0% +a researcher bent + + + align:start position:0% +a researcher bent +traditional sense we'll start doing the + + align:start position:0% +traditional sense we'll start doing the + + + align:start position:0% +traditional sense we'll start doing the +research about it. I think we're on the + + align:start position:0% +research about it. I think we're on the + + + align:start position:0% +research about it. I think we're on the +brink of that. I think with stuff like + + align:start position:0% +brink of that. I think with stuff like + + + align:start position:0% +brink of that. I think with stuff like +the quest to learn school. I think + + align:start position:0% +the quest to learn school. I think + + + align:start position:0% +the quest to learn school. I think +increasing numbers of educators are + + align:start position:0% +increasing numbers of educators are + + + align:start position:0% +increasing numbers of educators are +interested in asking those questions. Um + + align:start position:0% +interested in asking those questions. Um + + + align:start position:0% +interested in asking those questions. Um +I do have only anecdotal evidence but + + align:start position:0% +I do have only anecdotal evidence but + + + align:start position:0% +I do have only anecdotal evidence but +the very first game that I did which was + + align:start position:0% +the very first game that I did which was + + + align:start position:0% +the very first game that I did which was +this math and scienceoriented game a + + align:start position:0% +this math and scienceoriented game a + + + align:start position:0% +this math and scienceoriented game a +math and logic oriented game um ended up + + align:start position:0% +math and logic oriented game um ended up + + + align:start position:0% +math and logic oriented game um ended up +being not particularly well marketed um + + align:start position:0% +being not particularly well marketed um + + + align:start position:0% +being not particularly well marketed um +and nevertheless sold a million copies. + + align:start position:0% +and nevertheless sold a million copies. + + + align:start position:0% +and nevertheless sold a million copies. +And the anecdotal evidence I got was + + align:start position:0% +And the anecdotal evidence I got was + + + align:start position:0% +And the anecdotal evidence I got was +that it was one of those rare cases + + align:start position:0% +that it was one of those rare cases + + + align:start position:0% +that it was one of those rare cases +where parents would bring it in and + + align:start position:0% +where parents would bring it in and + + + align:start position:0% +where parents would bring it in and +recommend to teachers or teachers would + + align:start position:0% +recommend to teachers or teachers would + + + align:start position:0% +recommend to teachers or teachers would +recommend to parents or kids would come + + align:start position:0% +recommend to parents or kids would come + + + align:start position:0% +recommend to parents or kids would come +home from school and recommend and and + + align:start position:0% +home from school and recommend and and + + + align:start position:0% +home from school and recommend and and +there seemed to be this fairly broad + + align:start position:0% +there seemed to be this fairly broad + + + align:start position:0% +there seemed to be this fairly broad +acceptance by both parents and teachers + + align:start position:0% +acceptance by both parents and teachers + + + align:start position:0% +acceptance by both parents and teachers +and kids without without kids having the + + align:start position:0% +and kids without without kids having the + + + align:start position:0% +and kids without without kids having the +sense that oh my teachers make them do + + align:start position:0% +sense that oh my teachers make them do + + + align:start position:0% +sense that oh my teachers make them do +this and I hear that now that there's + + align:start position:0% +this and I hear that now that there's + + + align:start position:0% +this and I hear that now that there's +original players in their 20s I will + + align:start position:0% +original players in their 20s I will + + + align:start position:0% +original players in their 20s I will +hear from them and some of them say it's + + align:start position:0% +hear from them and some of them say it's + + + align:start position:0% +hear from them and some of them say it's +what interested them in math and stuff. + + align:start position:0% +what interested them in math and stuff. + + + align:start position:0% +what interested them in math and stuff. +So that's all anecdotal and maybe every + + align:start position:0% +So that's all anecdotal and maybe every + + + align:start position:0% +So that's all anecdotal and maybe every +that's + + align:start position:0% +that's + + + align:start position:0% +that's +but I think the million copies is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> sure I'll just add a little bit to that + + align:start position:0% +>> sure I'll just add a little bit to that + + + align:start position:0% +>> sure I'll just add a little bit to that +I also have some anecdotal stuff around + + align:start position:0% +I also have some anecdotal stuff around + + + align:start position:0% +I also have some anecdotal stuff around +some of the other games but + + align:start position:0% +some of the other games but + + + align:start position:0% +some of the other games but +the most interesting thing that I've + + align:start position:0% +the most interesting thing that I've + + + align:start position:0% +the most interesting thing that I've +discovered + + align:start position:0% +discovered + + + align:start position:0% +discovered +was with Labyrinth in a target audience + + align:start position:0% +was with Labyrinth in a target audience + + + align:start position:0% +was with Labyrinth in a target audience +that I've seen play it that it was not + + align:start position:0% +that I've seen play it that it was not + + + align:start position:0% +that I've seen play it that it was not +specifically designed for, which is uh + + align:start position:0% +specifically designed for, which is uh + + + align:start position:0% +specifically designed for, which is uh +kids with some sort of um attention + + align:start position:0% +kids with some sort of um attention + + + align:start position:0% +kids with some sort of um attention +disorder, whether it's ADD or autism or + + align:start position:0% +disorder, whether it's ADD or autism or + + + align:start position:0% +disorder, whether it's ADD or autism or +something. and + + align:start position:0% +something. and + + + align:start position:0% +something. and +seeing these kids engage with the game, + + align:start position:0% +seeing these kids engage with the game, + + + align:start position:0% +seeing these kids engage with the game, +even engage with the game in a social + + align:start position:0% +even engage with the game in a social + + + align:start position:0% +even engage with the game in a social +way. Uh, and be hyperfocused on the game + + align:start position:0% +way. Uh, and be hyperfocused on the game + + + align:start position:0% +way. Uh, and be hyperfocused on the game +and be highly confident with the game + + align:start position:0% +and be highly confident with the game + + + align:start position:0% +and be highly confident with the game +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +to really + + align:start position:0% +to really + + + align:start position:0% +to really +calm down and adopt pro-social behaviors + + align:start position:0% +calm down and adopt pro-social behaviors + + + align:start position:0% +calm down and adopt pro-social behaviors +that were not characteristic of them. + + align:start position:0% +that were not characteristic of them. + + + align:start position:0% +that were not characteristic of them. +or that their peers or families hadn't + + align:start position:0% +or that their peers or families hadn't + + + align:start position:0% +or that their peers or families hadn't +seen in them before. I think there's a + + align:start position:0% +seen in them before. I think there's a + + + align:start position:0% +seen in them before. I think there's a +lot of power there. + + align:start position:0% +lot of power there. + + + align:start position:0% +lot of power there. +>> The first two teachers I met who used + + align:start position:0% +>> The first two teachers I met who used + + + align:start position:0% +>> The first two teachers I met who used +Labyrinth um said that they were seeing + + align:start position:0% +Labyrinth um said that they were seeing + + + align:start position:0% +Labyrinth um said that they were seeing +performance from kids they didn't expect + + align:start position:0% +performance from kids they didn't expect + + + align:start position:0% +performance from kids they didn't expect +to see in the program which is exactly + + align:start position:0% +to see in the program which is exactly + + + align:start position:0% +to see in the program which is exactly +what I think we were hoping for because + + align:start position:0% +what I think we were hoping for because + + + align:start position:0% +what I think we were hoping for because +we our sense was that lots of kids have + + align:start position:0% +we our sense was that lots of kids have + + + align:start position:0% +we our sense was that lots of kids have +competencies and skills that they don't + + align:start position:0% +competencies and skills that they don't + + + align:start position:0% +competencies and skills that they don't +show off in the format of school. School + + align:start position:0% +show off in the format of school. School + + + align:start position:0% +show off in the format of school. School +being its own kind of game which only + + align:start position:0% +being its own kind of game which only + + + align:start position:0% +being its own kind of game which only +certain people are good at. Um and so + + align:start position:0% +certain people are good at. Um and so + + + align:start position:0% +certain people are good at. Um and so +having a be able to demonstrate + + align:start position:0% +having a be able to demonstrate + + + align:start position:0% +having a be able to demonstrate +competency at a different kind of game + + align:start position:0% +competency at a different kind of game + + + align:start position:0% +competency at a different kind of game +and let the teacher see it because part + + align:start position:0% +and let the teacher see it because part + + + align:start position:0% +and let the teacher see it because part +of the design lab is that teachers can + + align:start position:0% +of the design lab is that teachers can + + + align:start position:0% +of the design lab is that teachers can +track progress online. + + align:start position:0% +track progress online. + + + align:start position:0% +track progress online. +Um that was one of our goals that was + + align:start position:0% +Um that was one of our goals that was + + + align:start position:0% +Um that was one of our goals that was +that was + + align:start position:0% +that was + + + align:start position:0% +that was +>> Chris + + align:start position:0% +>> Chris + + + align:start position:0% +>> Chris +said it possible to look it up. + + align:start position:0% +said it possible to look it up. + + + align:start position:0% +said it possible to look it up. +>> Yeah, sure. We've been talking about it. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, sure. We've been talking about it. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, sure. We've been talking about it. +>> Yeah. Yeah. Absolutely. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Yeah. Absolutely. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Yeah. Absolutely. +>> Doesn't actually exist. + + align:start position:0% +>> Doesn't actually exist. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Doesn't actually exist. +It's just a notion that + + align:start position:0% +It's just a notion that + + + align:start position:0% +It's just a notion that +>> other people can keep a little bit + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +while while we're setting it up. Um I + + align:start position:0% +while while we're setting it up. Um I + + + align:start position:0% +while while we're setting it up. Um I +think talk ask a bit about prototyping. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So I mean in the process of um in the + + align:start position:0% +So I mean in the process of um in the + + + align:start position:0% +So I mean in the process of um in the +process of designing the these are + + align:start position:0% +process of designing the these are + + + align:start position:0% +process of designing the these are +mostly digital games that we've been + + align:start position:0% +mostly digital games that we've been + + + align:start position:0% +mostly digital games that we've been +talking about all this time but I'd like + + align:start position:0% +talking about all this time but I'd like + + + align:start position:0% +talking about all this time but I'd like +to talk about you know sort of the early + + align:start position:0% +to talk about you know sort of the early + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about you know sort of the early +stage when you're working with paper or + + align:start position:0% +stage when you're working with paper or + + + align:start position:0% +stage when you're working with paper or +um or simple digital prototypes. uh uh + + align:start position:0% +um or simple digital prototypes. uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +um or simple digital prototypes. uh uh +how + + align:start position:0% +how + + + align:start position:0% +how +maybe you can talk talk a little bit + + align:start position:0% +maybe you can talk talk a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +maybe you can talk talk a little bit +about how you how that might be similar + + align:start position:0% +about how you how that might be similar + + + align:start position:0% +about how you how that might be similar +or different from designing um uh other + + align:start position:0% +or different from designing um uh other + + + align:start position:0% +or different from designing um uh other +kinds of computer games or even board + + align:start position:0% +kinds of computer games or even board + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of computer games or even board +games? I mean do do you do do you test + + align:start position:0% +games? I mean do do you do do you test + + + align:start position:0% +games? I mean do do you do do you test +it differently because you're designing + + align:start position:0% +it differently because you're designing + + + align:start position:0% +it differently because you're designing +it explicitly for a specific audience? + + align:start position:0% +it explicitly for a specific audience? + + + align:start position:0% +it explicitly for a specific audience? +Do you test it with instructors as well + + align:start position:0% +Do you test it with instructors as well + + + align:start position:0% +Do you test it with instructors as well +as players or independent players? I + + align:start position:0% +as players or independent players? I + + + align:start position:0% +as players or independent players? I +think it's always best to try to test + + align:start position:0% +think it's always best to try to test + + + align:start position:0% +think it's always best to try to test +with your target audiences. The things + + align:start position:0% +with your target audiences. The things + + + align:start position:0% +with your target audiences. The things +you've learned from + + align:start position:0% +you've learned from + + + align:start position:0% +you've learned from +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um there's things you learn you can + + align:start position:0% +um there's things you learn you can + + + align:start position:0% +um there's things you learn you can +learn from any audience particularly + + align:start position:0% +learn from any audience particularly + + + align:start position:0% +learn from any audience particularly +usability which is important. Frequently + + align:start position:0% +usability which is important. Frequently + + + align:start position:0% +usability which is important. Frequently +the flaw in a game is not the core + + align:start position:0% +the flaw in a game is not the core + + + align:start position:0% +the flaw in a game is not the core +mechanic but the ease with which the + + align:start position:0% +mechanic but the ease with which the + + + align:start position:0% +mechanic but the ease with which the +player can understand what they're + + align:start position:0% +player can understand what they're + + + align:start position:0% +player can understand what they're +supposed to do. And you can test that + + align:start position:0% +supposed to do. And you can test that + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to do. And you can test that +with that with any wide range of people. + + align:start position:0% +with that with any wide range of people. + + + align:start position:0% +with that with any wide range of people. +anyone who you think is roughly as + + align:start position:0% +anyone who you think is roughly as + + + align:start position:0% +anyone who you think is roughly as +computer or game literate as your target + + align:start position:0% +computer or game literate as your target + + + align:start position:0% +computer or game literate as your target +audience. But I think if your goal is + + align:start position:0% +audience. But I think if your goal is + + + align:start position:0% +audience. But I think if your goal is +sort of to interest kids, for example, + + align:start position:0% +sort of to interest kids, for example, + + + align:start position:0% +sort of to interest kids, for example, +middle school kids like we were with + + align:start position:0% +middle school kids like we were with + + + align:start position:0% +middle school kids like we were with +this game, just turn this on. + + align:start position:0% +this game, just turn this on. + + + align:start position:0% +this game, just turn this on. +Um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um then you do want to because there are + + align:start position:0% +um then you do want to because there are + + + align:start position:0% +um then you do want to because there are +questions about age appropriateness. Um + + align:start position:0% +questions about age appropriateness. Um + + + align:start position:0% +questions about age appropriateness. Um +or uh sorry for let me mirror my screen. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. So we're about to get the + + align:start position:0% +All right. So we're about to get the + + + align:start position:0% +All right. So we're about to get the +screen here. So this is just a login + + align:start position:0% +screen here. So this is just a login + + + align:start position:0% +screen here. So this is just a login +screen. And this is not really this is + + align:start position:0% +screen. And this is not really this is + + + align:start position:0% +screen. And this is not really this is +not the first screen you would come to + + align:start position:0% +not the first screen you would come to + + + align:start position:0% +not the first screen you would come to +if you'd started again from scratch. But + + align:start position:0% +if you'd started again from scratch. But + + + align:start position:0% +if you'd started again from scratch. But +um you get some more information about + + align:start position:0% +um you get some more information about + + + align:start position:0% +um you get some more information about +but I've already logged in. So but + + align:start position:0% +but I've already logged in. So but + + + align:start position:0% +but I've already logged in. So but +you'll notice um + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice um + + + align:start position:0% +you'll notice um +oh let's just let me just log here. + + align:start position:0% +oh let's just let me just log here. + + + align:start position:0% +oh let's just let me just log here. +So it's online. You can play from any + + align:start position:0% +So it's online. You can play from any + + + align:start position:0% +So it's online. You can play from any +computer. That was important because we + + align:start position:0% +computer. That was important because we + + + align:start position:0% +computer. That was important because we +were concerned about underserved + + align:start position:0% +were concerned about underserved + + + align:start position:0% +were concerned about underserved +populations who either don't have + + align:start position:0% +populations who either don't have + + + align:start position:0% +populations who either don't have +computers at home or + + align:start position:0% +computers at home or + + + align:start position:0% +computers at home or +or who have less control over their + + align:start position:0% +or who have less control over their + + + align:start position:0% +or who have less control over their +time, don't have a computer in the room + + align:start position:0% +time, don't have a computer in the room + + + align:start position:0% +time, don't have a computer in the room +certainly or might do all their work in + + align:start position:0% +certainly or might do all their work in + + + align:start position:0% +certainly or might do all their work in +in an after school setting or in a + + align:start position:0% +in an after school setting or in a + + + align:start position:0% +in an after school setting or in a +library. So basically you can log in + + align:start position:0% +library. So basically you can log in + + + align:start position:0% +library. So basically you can log in +from any computer. Once you have an + + align:start position:0% +from any computer. Once you have an + + + align:start position:0% +from any computer. Once you have an +identity, you can log in from anywhere. + + align:start position:0% +identity, you can log in from anywhere. + + + align:start position:0% +identity, you can log in from anywhere. +I'm going to briefly enter the game + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to briefly enter the game + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to briefly enter the game +space, but then we're going to actually + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So here we're already in the middle of + + align:start position:0% +So here we're already in the middle of + + + align:start position:0% +So here we're already in the middle of +the game. This is a puzzle adventure + + align:start position:0% +the game. This is a puzzle adventure + + + align:start position:0% +the game. This is a puzzle adventure +game. And um the plot is someone stolen + + align:start position:0% +game. And um the plot is someone stolen + + + align:start position:0% +game. And um the plot is someone stolen +my pet. I've tracked it down to this + + align:start position:0% +my pet. I've tracked it down to this + + + align:start position:0% +my pet. I've tracked it down to this +underground factory that's being run by + + align:start position:0% +underground factory that's being run by + + + align:start position:0% +underground factory that's being run by +monsters with the help of remember + + align:start position:0% +monsters with the help of remember + + + align:start position:0% +monsters with the help of remember +there's middle schoolers with the help + + align:start position:0% +there's middle schoolers with the help + + + align:start position:0% +there's middle schoolers with the help +of um a mysterious woman with kind of + + align:start position:0% +of um a mysterious woman with kind of + + + align:start position:0% +of um a mysterious woman with kind of +bluish skin and wings um I've been given + + align:start position:0% +bluish skin and wings um I've been given + + + align:start position:0% +bluish skin and wings um I've been given +a monster costume. So in the guise of a + + align:start position:0% +a monster costume. So in the guise of a + + + align:start position:0% +a monster costume. So in the guise of a +monster myself + + align:start position:0% +monster myself + + + align:start position:0% +monster myself +I can go around and sort of do jobs at + + align:start position:0% +I can go around and sort of do jobs at + + + align:start position:0% +I can go around and sort of do jobs at +the factory find my pet figure out what + + align:start position:0% +the factory find my pet figure out what + + + align:start position:0% +the factory find my pet figure out what +what the monsters are up to which is + + align:start position:0% +what the monsters are up to which is + + + align:start position:0% +what the monsters are up to which is +indeed no good. Um, and uh, I'm in the + + align:start position:0% +indeed no good. Um, and uh, I'm in the + + + align:start position:0% +indeed no good. Um, and uh, I'm in the +middle of this game, so I've already ran + + align:start position:0% +middle of this game, so I've already ran + + + align:start position:0% +middle of this game, so I've already ran +some. There's a sequence of rooms, which + + align:start position:0% +some. There's a sequence of rooms, which + + + align:start position:0% +some. There's a sequence of rooms, which +part of the game is just finding the + + align:start position:0% +part of the game is just finding the + + + align:start position:0% +part of the game is just finding the +room where the puzzles are. So, for + + align:start position:0% +room where the puzzles are. So, for + + + align:start position:0% +room where the puzzles are. So, for +example, we're going here. + + align:start position:0% +example, we're going here. + + + align:start position:0% +example, we're going here. +Uh, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of the wings of the factory. + + align:start position:0% +one of the wings of the factory. + + + align:start position:0% +one of the wings of the factory. +There's 100 doors here, and I can click + + align:start position:0% +There's 100 doors here, and I can click + + + align:start position:0% +There's 100 doors here, and I can click +on every door if I have to, but I have I + + align:start position:0% +on every door if I have to, but I have I + + + align:start position:0% +on every door if I have to, but I have I +get map, which is itself a mathematical + + align:start position:0% +get map, which is itself a mathematical + + + align:start position:0% +get map, which is itself a mathematical +tool to find where I want to go. Um + + align:start position:0% +tool to find where I want to go. Um + + + align:start position:0% +tool to find where I want to go. Um +and uh and as I go through each each + + align:start position:0% +and uh and as I go through each each + + + align:start position:0% +and uh and as I go through each each +room represents a different puzzle. Um + + align:start position:0% +room represents a different puzzle. Um + + + align:start position:0% +room represents a different puzzle. Um +anyway, having said that, I want to + + align:start position:0% +anyway, having said that, I want to + + + align:start position:0% +anyway, having said that, I want to +actually go back and oh the other big + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the other big feature in an egg is that + + align:start position:0% +the other big feature in an egg is that + + + align:start position:0% +the other big feature in an egg is that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you play on teams and you can + + align:start position:0% +you play on teams and you can + + + align:start position:0% +you play on teams and you can +communicate with your teammates um + + align:start position:0% +communicate with your teammates um + + + align:start position:0% +communicate with your teammates um +through this communicator. + + align:start position:0% +through this communicator. + + + align:start position:0% +through this communicator. +Um, and the reason there is to actually + + align:start position:0% +Um, and the reason there is to actually + + + align:start position:0% +Um, and the reason there is to actually +get kids reading and writing about what + + align:start position:0% +get kids reading and writing about what + + + align:start position:0% +get kids reading and writing about what +they're doing with math because if you + + align:start position:0% +they're doing with math because if you + + + align:start position:0% +they're doing with math because if you +want to help your teammates, but you + + align:start position:0% +want to help your teammates, but you + + + align:start position:0% +want to help your teammates, but you +can't give each other the answers + + align:start position:0% +can't give each other the answers + + + align:start position:0% +can't give each other the answers +because you'll see we're about to play a + + align:start position:0% +because you'll see we're about to play a + + + align:start position:0% +because you'll see we're about to play a +puzzle. Um, every uh every puzzle is + + align:start position:0% +puzzle. Um, every uh every puzzle is + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle. Um, every uh every puzzle is +every time you play it's a different + + align:start position:0% +every time you play it's a different + + + align:start position:0% +every time you play it's a different +solution. So, you can't tell each other + + align:start position:0% +solution. So, you can't tell each other + + + align:start position:0% +solution. So, you can't tell each other +the answer. All you can do is talk about + + align:start position:0% +the answer. All you can do is talk about + + + align:start position:0% +the answer. All you can do is talk about +your strategies. So, + + align:start position:0% +your strategies. So, + + + align:start position:0% +your strategies. So, +you're going to leave your game and go + + align:start position:0% +you're going to leave your game and go + + + align:start position:0% +you're going to leave your game and go +to puzzle mode play. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +This is like a shortcut. + + align:start position:0% +This is like a shortcut. + + + align:start position:0% +This is like a shortcut. +>> Yeah. Shortcut to puzzles, right? You + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Shortcut to puzzles, right? You + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Shortcut to puzzles, right? You +don't have to play in the in the context + + align:start position:0% +don't have to play in the in the context + + + align:start position:0% +don't have to play in the in the context +of the game. You play any puzzle that + + align:start position:0% +of the game. You play any puzzle that + + + align:start position:0% +of the game. You play any puzzle that +you want. Um, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well, I'm going to try one. I don't I've + + align:start position:0% +well, I'm going to try one. I don't I've + + + align:start position:0% +well, I'm going to try one. I don't I've +never played this with a group before. + + align:start position:0% +never played this with a group before. + + + align:start position:0% +never played this with a group before. +So, usually uh usually I pick the same + + align:start position:0% +So, usually uh usually I pick the same + + + align:start position:0% +So, usually uh usually I pick the same +game play because I get used to playing + + align:start position:0% +game play because I get used to playing + + + align:start position:0% +game play because I get used to playing +with people. But let's just try this + + align:start position:0% +with people. But let's just try this + + + align:start position:0% +with people. But let's just try this +one. This will be a real + + align:start position:0% +one. This will be a real + + + align:start position:0% +one. This will be a real +I think I try level one. + + align:start position:0% +I think I try level one. + + + align:start position:0% +I think I try level one. +>> Okay. So, you So, I'm trying to remember + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So, you So, I'm trying to remember + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. So, you So, I'm trying to remember +what you know here. You have to + + align:start position:0% +what you know here. You have to + + + align:start position:0% +what you know here. You have to +basically you're in the fac the shipping + + align:start position:0% +basically you're in the fac the shipping + + + align:start position:0% +basically you're in the fac the shipping +area and you've got to come up with a + + align:start position:0% +area and you've got to come up with a + + + align:start position:0% +area and you've got to come up with a +manifest to um ship the number of + + align:start position:0% +manifest to um ship the number of + + + align:start position:0% +manifest to um ship the number of +objects that you've got. That's all you + + align:start position:0% +objects that you've got. That's all you + + + align:start position:0% +objects that you've got. That's all you +know. Okay. You got to give it the right + + align:start position:0% +know. Okay. You got to give it the right + + + align:start position:0% +know. Okay. You got to give it the right +you got to basically give them the right + + align:start position:0% +you got to basically give them the right + + + align:start position:0% +you got to basically give them the right +instructions to ship it. And so, now + + align:start position:0% +instructions to ship it. And so, now + + + align:start position:0% +instructions to ship it. And so, now +just tell me what to do here. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Quick. + + align:start position:0% +Quick. + + + align:start position:0% +Quick. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Okay. Of course. And that's what you + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. Of course. And that's what you + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. Of course. And that's what you +know kids + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up into the + + align:start position:0% +up into the + + + align:start position:0% +up into the +>> drag. Okay. + + align:start position:0% +>> drag. Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +>> drag. Okay. +>> Up into the slots up there as one zeros. + + align:start position:0% +>> Up into the slots up there as one zeros. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Up into the slots up there as one zeros. +>> Okay. + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. +>> Can we put that crazy fish head second + + align:start position:0% +>> Can we put that crazy fish head second + + + align:start position:0% +>> Can we put that crazy fish head second +to the right on everyone in the equal + + align:start position:0% +to the right on everyone in the equal + + + align:start position:0% +to the right on everyone in the equal +spot? + + align:start position:0% +spot? + + + align:start position:0% +spot? +>> Yes, you can. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, you can. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, you can. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> You want to try in the equal spot? Go + + align:start position:0% +>> You want to try in the equal spot? Go + + + align:start position:0% +>> You want to try in the equal spot? Go +equals on this one. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Just tell me what your thinking was. + + align:start position:0% +>> Just tell me what your thinking was. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Just tell me what your thinking was. +>> Well, it looks like we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it looks like we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it looks like we're trying to +build math equations and usually they + + align:start position:0% +build math equations and usually they + + + align:start position:0% +build math equations and usually they +end with equals something + + align:start position:0% +end with equals something + + + align:start position:0% +end with equals something +>> and you saw the Now, just so you know, + + align:start position:0% +>> and you saw the Now, just so you know, + + + align:start position:0% +>> and you saw the Now, just so you know, +the equation that we're going to build, + + align:start position:0% +the equation that we're going to build, + + + align:start position:0% +the equation that we're going to build, +you're right. And just as a short, this + + align:start position:0% +you're right. And just as a short, this + + + align:start position:0% +you're right. And just as a short, this +is not about arithmetic. The equations + + align:start position:0% +is not about arithmetic. The equations + + + align:start position:0% +is not about arithmetic. The equations +are simple. I'm not interested in + + align:start position:0% +are simple. I'm not interested in + + + align:start position:0% +are simple. I'm not interested in +drilling kids at arithmetic. This is + + align:start position:0% +drilling kids at arithmetic. This is + + + align:start position:0% +drilling kids at arithmetic. This is +really about the fact about uh number + + align:start position:0% +really about the fact about uh number + + + align:start position:0% +really about the fact about uh number +systems and + + align:start position:0% +systems and + + + align:start position:0% +systems and +that number systems are just symbol + + align:start position:0% +that number systems are just symbol + + + align:start position:0% +that number systems are just symbol +systems. But there's also some algebra + + align:start position:0% +systems. But there's also some algebra + + + align:start position:0% +systems. But there's also some algebra +that's going to go on as we start to do + + align:start position:0% +that's going to go on as we start to do + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to go on as we start to do +this too. And at higher levels of the + + align:start position:0% +this too. And at higher levels of the + + + align:start position:0% +this too. And at higher levels of the +puzzle, this gets into other basics. You + + align:start position:0% +puzzle, this gets into other basics. You + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle, this gets into other basics. You +start doing stuff in base two and base + + align:start position:0% +start doing stuff in base two and base + + + align:start position:0% +start doing stuff in base two and base +six which sort of dubtales with the + + align:start position:0% +six which sort of dubtales with the + + + align:start position:0% +six which sort of dubtales with the +notion that that number that our + + align:start position:0% +notion that that number that our + + + align:start position:0% +notion that that number that our +representation of numbers are + + align:start position:0% +representation of numbers are + + + align:start position:0% +representation of numbers are +disembodied. So zero a one a one zero + + align:start position:0% +disembodied. So zero a one a one zero + + + align:start position:0% +disembodied. So zero a one a one zero +doesn't have to always mean 10. It's + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to always mean 10. It's + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't have to always mean 10. It's +It's just a symbol. Anyway, so now what + + align:start position:0% +It's just a symbol. Anyway, so now what + + + align:start position:0% +It's just a symbol. Anyway, so now what +should we do? + + align:start position:0% +should we do? + + + align:start position:0% +should we do? +>> Pac-Man should be minus because the only + + align:start position:0% +>> Pac-Man should be minus because the only + + + align:start position:0% +>> Pac-Man should be minus because the only +ones with six digits have Pac-Man as the + + align:start position:0% +ones with six digits have Pac-Man as the + + + align:start position:0% +ones with six digits have Pac-Man as the +third digit. + + align:start position:0% +third digit. + + + align:start position:0% +third digit. +>> Sounds good. + + align:start position:0% +>> Sounds good. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Sounds good. +>> Okay. I'm not sure which one is + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. I'm not sure which one is + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. I'm not sure which one is +>> right. This guy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> thing is if you look at the top left + + align:start position:0% +>> thing is if you look at the top left + + + align:start position:0% +>> thing is if you look at the top left +then what is the twodigit number that + + align:start position:0% +then what is the twodigit number that + + + align:start position:0% +then what is the twodigit number that +minus the last digit gives a single + + align:start position:0% +minus the last digit gives a single + + + align:start position:0% +minus the last digit gives a single +digit number. So 24 + + align:start position:0% +digit number. So 24 + + + align:start position:0% +digit number. So 24 +>> so yeah + + align:start position:0% +>> so yeah + + + align:start position:0% +>> so yeah +>> oh that's a good point. Yeah, it has to + + align:start position:0% +>> oh that's a good point. Yeah, it has to + + + align:start position:0% +>> oh that's a good point. Yeah, it has to +be divided by + + align:start position:0% +be divided by + + + align:start position:0% +be divided by +>> Yeah. Yeah. See, but but now what you're + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Yeah. See, but but now what you're + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Yeah. See, but but now what you're +really doing is thinking about the + + align:start position:0% +really doing is thinking about the + + + align:start position:0% +really doing is thinking about the +structure of sort of math, which is + + align:start position:0% +structure of sort of math, which is + + + align:start position:0% +structure of sort of math, which is +exactly what we want. + + align:start position:0% +exactly what we want. + + + align:start position:0% +exactly what we want. +>> So, what you say that is divided? + + align:start position:0% +>> So, what you say that is divided? + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, what you say that is divided? +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> So, I'm going to guess the banana is + + align:start position:0% +>> So, I'm going to guess the banana is + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, I'm going to guess the banana is +four. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> And you want to say why? + + align:start position:0% +>> And you want to say why? + + + align:start position:0% +>> And you want to say why? +>> Four. Oh, because well, like using that + + align:start position:0% +>> Four. Oh, because well, like using that + + + align:start position:0% +>> Four. Oh, because well, like using that +same logic, that first equation, it's + + align:start position:0% +same logic, that first equation, it's + + + align:start position:0% +same logic, that first equation, it's +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +nxid x= some single number. + + align:start position:0% +nxid x= some single number. + + + align:start position:0% +nxid x= some single number. +>> I'm guessing X is four. + + align:start position:0% +>> I'm guessing X is four. + + + align:start position:0% +>> I'm guessing X is four. +>> By the way, I think by the way, you guys + + align:start position:0% +>> By the way, I think by the way, you guys + + + align:start position:0% +>> By the way, I think by the way, you guys +have have avoided have not noticed a + + align:start position:0% +have have avoided have not noticed a + + + align:start position:0% +have have avoided have not noticed a +piece of information which would make + + align:start position:0% +piece of information which would make + + + align:start position:0% +piece of information which would make +your work even more um + + align:start position:0% +your work even more um + + + align:start position:0% +your work even more um +>> what's that thing? + + align:start position:0% +>> what's that thing? + + + align:start position:0% +>> what's that thing? +>> The thing at the top. + + align:start position:0% +>> The thing at the top. + + + align:start position:0% +>> The thing at the top. +>> What's the thing at the top? + + align:start position:0% +>> What's the thing at the top? + + + align:start position:0% +>> What's the thing at the top? +>> The thing at the bottom. + + align:start position:0% +>> The thing at the bottom. + + + align:start position:0% +>> The thing at the bottom. +>> Oh, it could be two actually as well. + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, it could be two actually as well. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, it could be two actually as well. +>> What are all the green things? Can we + + align:start position:0% +>> What are all the green things? Can we + + + align:start position:0% +>> What are all the green things? Can we +click one? + + align:start position:0% +click one? + + + align:start position:0% +click one? +>> Those are the things you're shipping. + + align:start position:0% +>> Those are the things you're shipping. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Those are the things you're shipping. +Those are jars of stuff. Oh, pepper. Oh, + + align:start position:0% +Those are jars of stuff. Oh, pepper. Oh, + + + align:start position:0% +Those are jars of stuff. Oh, pepper. Oh, +that makes sense. + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense. + + + align:start position:0% +that makes sense. +>> Banana something banana + + align:start position:0% +>> Banana something banana + + + align:start position:0% +>> Banana something banana +>> banana + + align:start position:0% +>> banana + + + align:start position:0% +>> banana +>> equals + + align:start position:0% +>> equals + + + align:start position:0% +>> equals +>> something banana. + + align:start position:0% +>> something banana. + + + align:start position:0% +>> something banana. +>> So try banana. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Well, banana could actually be two cuz + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, banana could actually be two cuz + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, banana could actually be two cuz + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +doubles + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +36. + + align:start position:0% +36. + + + align:start position:0% +36. +>> 5 * 5 is 25. + + align:start position:0% +>> 5 * 5 is 25. + + + align:start position:0% +>> 5 * 5 is 25. +Oh, with in that respect that means the + + align:start position:0% +Oh, with in that respect that means the + + + align:start position:0% +Oh, with in that respect that means the +little um the four. + + align:start position:0% +little um the four. + + + align:start position:0% +little um the four. +>> Yeah, the four squares is times. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, the four squares is times. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, the four squares is times. +>> We try that. + + align:start position:0% +>> We try that. + + + align:start position:0% +>> We try that. +>> Has to be 01. + + align:start position:0% +>> Has to be 01. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Has to be 01. +>> By the way, every time you play the + + align:start position:0% +>> By the way, every time you play the + + + align:start position:0% +>> By the way, every time you play the +game, the symbols are different. I mean, + + align:start position:0% +game, the symbols are different. I mean, + + + align:start position:0% +game, the symbols are different. I mean, +the same symbols, but they're different. + + align:start position:0% +the same symbols, but they're different. + + + align:start position:0% +the same symbols, but they're different. +>> Triple dash has to be Oh, no. + + align:start position:0% +>> Triple dash has to be Oh, no. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Triple dash has to be Oh, no. +>> You're still missing a piece of + + align:start position:0% +>> You're still missing a piece of + + + align:start position:0% +>> You're still missing a piece of +information, but that's okay. That's + + align:start position:0% +information, but that's okay. That's + + + align:start position:0% +information, but that's okay. That's +what games are all about. + + align:start position:0% +what games are all about. + + + align:start position:0% +what games are all about. +>> So, what's this thing in the top left? + + align:start position:0% +>> So, what's this thing in the top left? + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, what's this thing in the top left? +Can we like put things in there and + + align:start position:0% +Can we like put things in there and + + + align:start position:0% +Can we like put things in there and +press enter? And will it evaluate them + + align:start position:0% +press enter? And will it evaluate them + + + align:start position:0% +press enter? And will it evaluate them +for us? Um, yeah, but right now you're + + align:start position:0% +for us? Um, yeah, but right now you're + + + align:start position:0% +for us? Um, yeah, but right now you're +not done yet until decid. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Oh, triple dash is one because one times + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, triple dash is one because one times + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, triple dash is one because one times +banana is bananas. + + align:start position:0% +banana is bananas. + + + align:start position:0% +banana is bananas. +>> Unless banana is zero. + + align:start position:0% +>> Unless banana is zero. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Unless banana is zero. +>> But I can't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +banana. + + align:start position:0% +banana. + + + align:start position:0% +banana. +>> That would be a banana. six. I think + + align:start position:0% +>> That would be a banana. six. I think + + + align:start position:0% +>> That would be a banana. six. I think +>> by the way, I've never done this game + + align:start position:0% +>> by the way, I've never done this game + + + align:start position:0% +>> by the way, I've never done this game +before. You know, the fact that you're + + align:start position:0% +before. You know, the fact that you're + + + align:start position:0% +before. You know, the fact that you're +naming all these symbols, which of + + align:start position:0% +naming all these symbols, which of + + + align:start position:0% +naming all these symbols, which of +course they were just symbols. + + align:start position:0% +course they were just symbols. + + + align:start position:0% +course they were just symbols. +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> What am I telling you? I can tell that + + align:start position:0% +>> What am I telling you? I can tell that + + + align:start position:0% +>> What am I telling you? I can tell that +you're wrong. + + align:start position:0% +you're wrong. + + + align:start position:0% +you're wrong. +>> I think banana because it's banana + + align:start position:0% +>> I think banana because it's banana + + + align:start position:0% +>> I think banana because it's banana +banana. + + align:start position:0% +banana. + + + align:start position:0% +banana. +>> So, banana squared is equal to something + + align:start position:0% +>> So, banana squared is equal to something + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, banana squared is equal to something +times banana. + + align:start position:0% +times banana. + + + align:start position:0% +times banana. +>> Not as many times. + + align:start position:0% +>> Not as many times. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Not as many times. +>> So, yeah, it could be 25. + + align:start position:0% +>> So, yeah, it could be 25. + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, yeah, it could be 25. +>> It could be five banana. Now remember, I + + align:start position:0% +>> It could be five banana. Now remember, I + + + align:start position:0% +>> It could be five banana. Now remember, I +didn't know the solution to this when it + + align:start position:0% +didn't know the solution to this when it + + + align:start position:0% +didn't know the solution to this when it +came in, but I actually have enough data + + align:start position:0% +came in, but I actually have enough data + + + align:start position:0% +came in, but I actually have enough data +to know that you're wrong. + + align:start position:0% +to know that you're wrong. + + + align:start position:0% +to know that you're wrong. +>> No, it's on the screen. + + align:start position:0% +>> No, it's on the screen. + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, it's on the screen. +>> Banana definitely is + + align:start position:0% +>> Banana definitely is + + + align:start position:0% +>> Banana definitely is +>> five. + + align:start position:0% +>> five. + + + align:start position:0% +>> five. +>> It's five because banana squared is uh + + align:start position:0% +>> It's five because banana squared is uh + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's five because banana squared is uh +>> something is like anchor banana but uh + + align:start position:0% +>> something is like anchor banana but uh + + + align:start position:0% +>> something is like anchor banana but uh +but flower banana divided by banana is + + align:start position:0% +but flower banana divided by banana is + + + align:start position:0% +but flower banana divided by banana is +also an integer. + + align:start position:0% +also an integer. + + + align:start position:0% +also an integer. +So if flower banana and anchor banana + + align:start position:0% +So if flower banana and anchor banana + + + align:start position:0% +So if flower banana and anchor banana +are a multiple of banana, then banana + + align:start position:0% +are a multiple of banana, then banana + + + align:start position:0% +are a multiple of banana, then banana +should be five and not six. + + align:start position:0% +should be five and not six. + + + align:start position:0% +should be five and not six. +>> Yes, + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, +>> because flower minus anchor time. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> I love your math. + + align:start position:0% +>> I love your math. + + + align:start position:0% +>> I love your math. +>> All right. No, that's good. So you're + + align:start position:0% +>> All right. No, that's good. So you're + + + align:start position:0% +>> All right. No, that's good. So you're +saying it's what? I think it's + + align:start position:0% +saying it's what? I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +saying it's what? I think it's +>> okay. + + align:start position:0% +>> okay. + + + align:start position:0% +>> okay. +>> Well, it could work, but you could have + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it could work, but you could have + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, it could work, but you could have +done it in a simpler way + + align:start position:0% +done it in a simpler way + + + align:start position:0% +done it in a simpler way +>> or you could have surmised it. Not known + + align:start position:0% +>> or you could have surmised it. Not known + + + align:start position:0% +>> or you could have surmised it. Not known +it, but surmise. Remember this wasn't + + align:start position:0% +it, but surmise. Remember this wasn't + + + align:start position:0% +it, but surmise. Remember this wasn't +the first thing like subsequent times + + align:start position:0% +the first thing like subsequent times + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing like subsequent times +you'd have other information you don't + + align:start position:0% +you'd have other information you don't + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have other information you don't +have. So, + + align:start position:0% +have. So, + + + align:start position:0% +have. So, +>> oh yeah, + + align:start position:0% +>> oh yeah, + + + align:start position:0% +>> oh yeah, +the number of blocks + + align:start position:0% +the number of blocks + + + align:start position:0% +the number of blocks +25. + + align:start position:0% +25. + + + align:start position:0% +25. +>> Oh, so the maximum number is 25. + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, so the maximum number is 25. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, so the maximum number is 25. +>> That's what you're actually + + align:start position:0% +>> That's what you're actually + + + align:start position:0% +>> That's what you're actually +sort of short. So, normally in the group + + align:start position:0% +sort of short. So, normally in the group + + + align:start position:0% +sort of short. So, normally in the group +I don't give away this much. So, give it + + align:start position:0% +I don't give away this much. So, give it + + + align:start position:0% +I don't give away this much. So, give it +away. But in fact, you're making a ship. + + align:start position:0% +away. But in fact, you're making a ship. + + + align:start position:0% +away. But in fact, you're making a ship. +That's sort of those that's the describe + + align:start position:0% +That's sort of those that's the describe + + + align:start position:0% +That's sort of those that's the describe +the thing on the pallet. + + align:start position:0% +the thing on the pallet. + + + align:start position:0% +the thing on the pallet. +>> So, anchor is 20. + + align:start position:0% +>> So, anchor is 20. + + + align:start position:0% +>> So, anchor is 20. +>> Anchor's two. + + align:start position:0% +>> Anchor's two. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Anchor's two. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Sorry. Two. + + align:start position:0% +>> Sorry. Two. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Sorry. Two. +>> You call this the anchor. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> You call this the anchor. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> You call this the anchor. Yeah. +>> Anchors anchors to claw. Claw zero. + + align:start position:0% +>> Anchors anchors to claw. Claw zero. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Anchors anchors to claw. Claw zero. +>> Wait, where's claw? + + align:start position:0% +>> Wait, where's claw? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Wait, where's claw? +>> Claw is the one on the top left + + align:start position:0% +>> Claw is the one on the top left + + + align:start position:0% +>> Claw is the one on the top left +>> of of the squares that are left. + + align:start position:0% +>> of of the squares that are left. + + + align:start position:0% +>> of of the squares that are left. +>> Oh, you mean press circles. That makes + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, you mean press circles. That makes + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, you mean press circles. That makes +sense. + + align:start position:0% +sense. + + + align:start position:0% +sense. +>> Yep. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yep. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yep. +>> Oh. Oh, that + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh. Oh, that + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh. Oh, that +>> that's zero. Has to be zero. + + align:start position:0% +>> that's zero. Has to be zero. + + + align:start position:0% +>> that's zero. Has to be zero. +>> Wait, why is it zero? + + align:start position:0% +>> Wait, why is it zero? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Wait, why is it zero? +>> Uh cuz if you look at the the equation + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh cuz if you look at the the equation + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh cuz if you look at the the equation +at the bottom, + + align:start position:0% +at the bottom, + + + align:start position:0% +at the bottom, +>> wrong one. I'm looking wrong. + + align:start position:0% +>> wrong one. I'm looking wrong. + + + align:start position:0% +>> wrong one. I'm looking wrong. +>> It's definitely + + align:start position:0% +>> It's definitely + + + align:start position:0% +>> It's definitely +zero. Ninja star is four. + + align:start position:0% +zero. Ninja star is four. + + + align:start position:0% +zero. Ninja star is four. +>> Ninja star is four + + align:start position:0% +>> Ninja star is four + + + align:start position:0% +>> Ninja star is four +>> which contains epsilon is five. + + align:start position:0% +>> which contains epsilon is five. + + + align:start position:0% +>> which contains epsilon is five. +>> Wait, dude. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Nine. No, I guess it is a sigma. + + align:start position:0% +>> Nine. No, I guess it is a sigma. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Nine. No, I guess it is a sigma. +>> Sigma is nine. Sigma is nine. + + align:start position:0% +>> Sigma is nine. Sigma is nine. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Sigma is nine. Sigma is nine. +>> Yeah, sigma is nine. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Uh, see + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh, see + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh, see +>> wait. + + align:start position:0% +>> wait. + + + align:start position:0% +>> wait. +>> Okay. It shows the other + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. It shows the other + + + align:start position:0% +>> Okay. It shows the other +>> like the scythe is scythe is a plus. + + align:start position:0% +>> like the scythe is scythe is a plus. + + + align:start position:0% +>> like the scythe is scythe is a plus. +Scythe is plus. + + align:start position:0% +Scythe is plus. + + + align:start position:0% +Scythe is plus. +>> No, it has to be minus. + + align:start position:0% +>> No, it has to be minus. + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, it has to be minus. +>> No, it has to be something. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> And then uh the crescent moon dot the + + align:start position:0% +>> And then uh the crescent moon dot the + + + align:start position:0% +>> And then uh the crescent moon dot the +banana banana is three. + + align:start position:0% +banana banana is three. + + + align:start position:0% +banana banana is three. +>> Oh, that's banana. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The sticks is + + align:start position:0% +The sticks is + + + align:start position:0% +The sticks is +>> No, I'm not talking about that one. + + align:start position:0% +>> No, I'm not talking about that one. + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, I'm not talking about that one. +>> Look at the bottom. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +No, I was talking about + + align:start position:0% +No, I was talking about + + + align:start position:0% +No, I was talking about +>> the backwards thing has to be triangles. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> That one the triangle + + align:start position:0% +>> That one the triangle + + + align:start position:0% +>> That one the triangle +that one that looks kind of like the + + align:start position:0% +that one that looks kind of like the + + + align:start position:0% +that one that looks kind of like the +last one. + + align:start position:0% +last one. + + + align:start position:0% +last one. +>> But I'm just curious anyone who who was + + align:start position:0% +>> But I'm just curious anyone who who was + + + align:start position:0% +>> But I'm just curious anyone who who was +having trouble and and this happens in + + align:start position:0% +having trouble and and this happens in + + + align:start position:0% +having trouble and and this happens in +the group and so please anyone have + + align:start position:0% +the group and so please anyone have + + + align:start position:0% +the group and so please anyone have +trouble following it as people were + + align:start position:0% +trouble following it as people were + + + align:start position:0% +trouble following it as people were +making stuff up finding stuff because if + + align:start position:0% +making stuff up finding stuff because if + + + align:start position:0% +making stuff up finding stuff because if +you did it's okay. In fact, sometimes + + align:start position:0% +you did it's okay. In fact, sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +you did it's okay. In fact, sometimes +you got to play the game yourself for it + + align:start position:0% +you got to play the game yourself for it + + + align:start position:0% +you got to play the game yourself for it +to make sense. So I didn't have said in + + align:start position:0% +to make sense. So I didn't have said in + + + align:start position:0% +to make sense. So I didn't have said in +front of the crowd. I could have told + + align:start position:0% +front of the crowd. I could have told + + + align:start position:0% +front of the crowd. I could have told +you. I actually think I could have told + + align:start position:0% +you. I actually think I could have told + + + align:start position:0% +you. I actually think I could have told +you a lot about the game going into it + + align:start position:0% +you a lot about the game going into it + + + align:start position:0% +you a lot about the game going into it +and there would still be a high + + align:start position:0% +and there would still be a high + + + align:start position:0% +and there would still be a high +probability that when you started + + align:start position:0% +probability that when you started + + + align:start position:0% +probability that when you started +playing it, you would have not absorbed + + align:start position:0% +playing it, you would have not absorbed + + + align:start position:0% +playing it, you would have not absorbed +anything I'd say. That's my experience. + + align:start position:0% +anything I'd say. That's my experience. + + + align:start position:0% +anything I'd say. That's my experience. +I can almost give it a wall away and + + align:start position:0% +I can almost give it a wall away and + + + align:start position:0% +I can almost give it a wall away and +people still don't get it until they + + align:start position:0% +people still don't get it until they + + + align:start position:0% +people still don't get it until they +play it. + + align:start position:0% +play it. + + + align:start position:0% +play it. +>> So theta talks about the value of play. + + align:start position:0% +>> So theta talks about the value of play. + + + align:start position:0% +>> So theta talks about the value of play. +>> Theta doubles upside down as eight. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +No, not really. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Quickly enter that now. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. + + align:start position:0% +All right. + + + align:start position:0% +All right. +>> Oh, so now you have to type in one times + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, so now you have to type in one times + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, so now you have to type in one times +whatever equals + + align:start position:0% +whatever equals + + + align:start position:0% +whatever equals +>> you have to type in what this is. So + + align:start position:0% +>> you have to type in what this is. So + + + align:start position:0% +>> you have to type in what this is. So +this actually is getting at an alternate + + align:start position:0% +this actually is getting at an alternate + + + align:start position:0% +this actually is getting at an alternate +another representation. + + align:start position:0% +another representation. + + + align:start position:0% +another representation. +>> So let's see + + align:start position:0% +>> So let's see + + + align:start position:0% +>> So let's see +>> 8 + 9 + + align:start position:0% +>> 8 + 9 + + + align:start position:0% +>> 8 + 9 +>> 8 + 9 is 17. + + align:start position:0% +>> 8 + 9 is 17. + + + align:start position:0% +>> 8 + 9 is 17. +>> All right, let's try that. And then here + + align:start position:0% +>> All right, let's try that. And then here + + + align:start position:0% +>> All right, let's try that. And then here +you don't actually have to remember + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just divide by six, right? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P + + align:start position:0% +P + + + align:start position:0% +P +is the top right time. It's puzzle mode. + + align:start position:0% +is the top right time. It's puzzle mode. + + + align:start position:0% +is the top right time. It's puzzle mode. +>> So 56. + + align:start position:0% +>> So 56. + + + align:start position:0% +>> So 56. +>> Yeah. And by the way, it can take it in + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And by the way, it can take it in + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And by the way, it can take it in +either order. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +library= + + align:start position:0% +library= + + + align:start position:0% +library= +52. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> I think there's only addition in this + + align:start position:0% +>> I think there's only addition in this + + + align:start position:0% +>> I think there's only addition in this +level. There's only addition. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> We actually come up with a way of + + align:start position:0% +>> We actually come up with a way of + + + align:start position:0% +>> We actually come up with a way of +representing subtraction division plus + + align:start position:0% +representing subtraction division plus + + + align:start position:0% +representing subtraction division plus +>> 2. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> 2. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> 2. Yeah. +>> Or we could do 10us 2. + + align:start position:0% +>> Or we could do 10us 2. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Or we could do 10us 2. +>> Anyway, I just point out that that when + + align:start position:0% +>> Anyway, I just point out that that when + + + align:start position:0% +>> Anyway, I just point out that that when +you were solving that, you were doing + + align:start position:0% +you were solving that, you were doing + + + align:start position:0% +you were solving that, you were doing +10us. when you were solving for those + + align:start position:0% +10us. when you were solving for those + + + align:start position:0% +10us. when you were solving for those +numbers, you were doing Algeb, you were + + align:start position:0% +numbers, you were doing Algeb, you were + + + align:start position:0% +numbers, you were doing Algeb, you were +really sort of thinking about X and the + + align:start position:0% +really sort of thinking about X and the + + + align:start position:0% +really sort of thinking about X and the +structure of the math and and the the + + align:start position:0% +structure of the math and and the the + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the math and and the the +numerical quality of it and and like I + + align:start position:0% +numerical quality of it and and like I + + + align:start position:0% +numerical quality of it and and like I +said, now this is simpler, but it's + + align:start position:0% +said, now this is simpler, but it's + + + align:start position:0% +said, now this is simpler, but it's +still getting at the fact that that + + align:start position:0% +still getting at the fact that that + + + align:start position:0% +still getting at the fact that that +there are multiple ways of representing + + align:start position:0% +there are multiple ways of representing + + + align:start position:0% +there are multiple ways of representing +numbers and quantities. + + align:start position:0% +numbers and quantities. + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and quantities. +>> Is there any mechanic to prevent like + + align:start position:0% +>> Is there any mechanic to prevent like + + + align:start position:0% +>> Is there any mechanic to prevent like +brute force, + + align:start position:0% +brute force, + + + align:start position:0% +brute force, +>> you run out of yes, those lights go out, + + align:start position:0% +>> you run out of yes, those lights go out, + + + align:start position:0% +>> you run out of yes, those lights go out, +you run out, + + align:start position:0% +you run out, + + + align:start position:0% +you run out, +>> but you do earn points along the way in + + align:start position:0% +>> but you do earn points along the way in + + + align:start position:0% +>> but you do earn points along the way in +the game if you make some progress. And + + align:start position:0% +the game if you make some progress. And + + + align:start position:0% +the game if you make some progress. And +so we we try not none of these puzzles + + align:start position:0% +so we we try not none of these puzzles + + + align:start position:0% +so we we try not none of these puzzles +are brick walls because you can always + + align:start position:0% +are brick walls because you can always + + + align:start position:0% +are brick walls because you can always +play multiple puzzles at once. You can + + align:start position:0% +play multiple puzzles at once. You can + + + align:start position:0% +play multiple puzzles at once. You can +leave this puzzle go to another puzzle. + + align:start position:0% +leave this puzzle go to another puzzle. + + + align:start position:0% +leave this puzzle go to another puzzle. +And if you do make any progress at all, + + align:start position:0% +And if you do make any progress at all, + + + align:start position:0% +And if you do make any progress at all, +you're accumulating points for the end + + align:start position:0% +you're accumulating points for the end + + + align:start position:0% +you're accumulating points for the end +of the game. You can actually get to the + + align:start position:0% +of the game. You can actually get to the + + + align:start position:0% +of the game. You can actually get to the +end of the game story without having to + + align:start position:0% +end of the game story without having to + + + align:start position:0% +end of the game story without having to +solve any puzzles. Takes a long time. + + align:start position:0% +solve any puzzles. Takes a long time. + + + align:start position:0% +solve any puzzles. Takes a long time. +The rewards are there for doing well. + + align:start position:0% +The rewards are there for doing well. + + + align:start position:0% +The rewards are there for doing well. +And there are rewards for doing well, + + align:start position:0% +And there are rewards for doing well, + + + align:start position:0% +And there are rewards for doing well, +but there isn't punishment for not doing + + align:start position:0% +but there isn't punishment for not doing + + + align:start position:0% +but there isn't punishment for not doing +well. There isn't sort of a we don't say + + align:start position:0% +well. There isn't sort of a we don't say + + + align:start position:0% +well. There isn't sort of a we don't say +you can't we don't we don't make you + + align:start position:0% +you can't we don't we don't make you + + + align:start position:0% +you can't we don't we don't make you +sort of stop in the tracks. + + align:start position:0% +sort of stop in the tracks. + + + align:start position:0% +sort of stop in the tracks. +You can do it again. + + align:start position:0% +You can do it again. + + + align:start position:0% +You can do it again. +>> Yes, that's right. You can do it again + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, that's right. You can do it again + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes, that's right. You can do it again +instantaneously. + + align:start position:0% +instantaneously. + + + align:start position:0% +instantaneously. +>> And there's no cost. There is no cost in + + align:start position:0% +>> And there's no cost. There is no cost in + + + align:start position:0% +>> And there's no cost. There is no cost in +the game to having failed + + align:start position:0% +the game to having failed + + + align:start position:0% +the game to having failed +repeatedly. It's not if you eventually + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly. It's not if you eventually + + + align:start position:0% +repeatedly. It's not if you eventually +solve it, you end up with the same score + + align:start position:0% +solve it, you end up with the same score + + + align:start position:0% +solve it, you end up with the same score +whether you solve it on the 20th time or + + align:start position:0% +whether you solve it on the 20th time or + + + align:start position:0% +whether you solve it on the 20th time or +the first time. This um that's what + + align:start position:0% +the first time. This um that's what + + + align:start position:0% +the first time. This um that's what +really problem solving about is not + + align:start position:0% +really problem solving about is not + + + align:start position:0% +really problem solving about is not +about being the fastest. It's just it's + + align:start position:0% +about being the fastest. It's just it's + + + align:start position:0% +about being the fastest. It's just it's +just about learning how to solve things. + + align:start position:0% +just about learning how to solve things. + + + align:start position:0% +just about learning how to solve things. +Speed speed is underrated. + + align:start position:0% +Speed speed is underrated. + + + align:start position:0% +Speed speed is underrated. +And in math it's much very you know big + + align:start position:0% +And in math it's much very you know big + + + align:start position:0% +And in math it's much very you know big +kids think they have to be able to do + + align:start position:0% +kids think they have to be able to do + + + align:start position:0% +kids think they have to be able to do +calculations in their heads. Anyway I + + align:start position:0% +calculations in their heads. Anyway I + + + align:start position:0% +calculations in their heads. Anyway I +don't want to go any I mean it's just + + align:start position:0% +don't want to go any I mean it's just + + + align:start position:0% +don't want to go any I mean it's just +more of this and higher levels we do + + align:start position:0% +more of this and higher levels we do + + + align:start position:0% +more of this and higher levels we do +have come up with we came up with + + align:start position:0% +have come up with we came up with + + + align:start position:0% +have come up with we came up with +representations of subtraction which is + + align:start position:0% +representations of subtraction which is + + + align:start position:0% +representations of subtraction which is +that you have like a large number like + + align:start position:0% +that you have like a large number like + + + align:start position:0% +that you have like a large number like +you have 10 jars and five of them are + + align:start position:0% +you have 10 jars and five of them are + + + align:start position:0% +you have 10 jars and five of them are +empty so it's 10us. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> How is division? + + align:start position:0% +>> How is division? + + + align:start position:0% +>> How is division? +>> Um are they 10 rows of jars? + + align:start position:0% +>> Um are they 10 rows of jars? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um are they 10 rows of jars? +rows are empty. + + align:start position:0% +rows are empty. + + + align:start position:0% +rows are empty. +>> Yeah, I think it's the same. I think + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, I think it's the same. I think + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, I think it's the same. I think +that's it. I think that's the same. Ah, + + align:start position:0% +that's it. I think that's the same. Ah, + + + align:start position:0% +that's it. I think that's the same. Ah, +it's in the it's in the it's in a grid + + align:start position:0% +it's in the it's in the it's in a grid + + + align:start position:0% +it's in the it's in the it's in a grid +pattern. Um + + align:start position:0% +pattern. Um + + + align:start position:0% +pattern. Um +so, + + align:start position:0% +so, + + + align:start position:0% +so, +>> and how would you do uh I guess uh + + align:start position:0% +>> and how would you do uh I guess uh + + + align:start position:0% +>> and how would you do uh I guess uh +there's algebra in there, but do you + + align:start position:0% +there's algebra in there, but do you + + + align:start position:0% +there's algebra in there, but do you +have any algebra such this like format? + + align:start position:0% +have any algebra such this like format? + + + align:start position:0% +have any algebra such this like format? +Uh no no but what so what we encourage + + align:start position:0% +Uh no no but what so what we encourage + + + align:start position:0% +Uh no no but what so what we encourage +is that so what comes with this is + + align:start position:0% +is that so what comes with this is + + + align:start position:0% +is that so what comes with this is +material for teachers to relate this to + + align:start position:0% +material for teachers to relate this to + + + align:start position:0% +material for teachers to relate this to +the curriculum and what we really want + + align:start position:0% +the curriculum and what we really want + + + align:start position:0% +the curriculum and what we really want +to happen is the kids have played the + + align:start position:0% +to happen is the kids have played the + + + align:start position:0% +to happen is the kids have played the +game before they get the subject where + + align:start position:0% +game before they get the subject where + + + align:start position:0% +game before they get the subject where +the teacher introduces symbol systems or + + align:start position:0% +the teacher introduces symbol systems or + + + align:start position:0% +the teacher introduces symbol systems or +base six or whatever it is that relates + + align:start position:0% +base six or whatever it is that relates + + + align:start position:0% +base six or whatever it is that relates +to this instead of saying all right you + + align:start position:0% +to this instead of saying all right you + + + align:start position:0% +to this instead of saying all right you +start up a new unit you are get you + + align:start position:0% +start up a new unit you are get you + + + align:start position:0% +start up a new unit you are get you +again know nothing we're start you're + + align:start position:0% +again know nothing we're start you're + + + align:start position:0% +again know nothing we're start you're +starting again at square one and have to + + align:start position:0% +starting again at square one and have to + + + align:start position:0% +starting again at square one and have to +start all over again with something new + + align:start position:0% +start all over again with something new + + + align:start position:0% +start all over again with something new +instead the teacher comes in and says I + + align:start position:0% +instead the teacher comes in and says I + + + align:start position:0% +instead the teacher comes in and says I +want to introduce a new concept but it's + + align:start position:0% +want to introduce a new concept but it's + + + align:start position:0% +want to introduce a new concept but it's +one that you've really already begun to + + align:start position:0% +one that you've really already begun to + + + align:start position:0% +one that you've really already begun to +master and uh it's called basis. It's + + align:start position:0% +master and uh it's called basis. It's + + + align:start position:0% +master and uh it's called basis. It's +called basis and it pulls up, you know, + + align:start position:0% +called basis and it pulls up, you know, + + + align:start position:0% +called basis and it pulls up, you know, +the higher level of this game. How did + + align:start position:0% +the higher level of this game. How did + + + align:start position:0% +the higher level of this game. How did +you solve this? What was going on in + + align:start position:0% +you solve this? What was going on in + + + align:start position:0% +you solve this? What was going on in +this game? Um and they have a + + align:start position:0% +this game? Um and they have a + + + align:start position:0% +this game? Um and they have a +conversation about what they already + + align:start position:0% +conversation about what they already + + + align:start position:0% +conversation about what they already +know as a way of leveraging into + + align:start position:0% +know as a way of leveraging into + + + align:start position:0% +know as a way of leveraging into +leveraging what I mean I arguably don't + + align:start position:0% +leveraging what I mean I arguably don't + + + align:start position:0% +leveraging what I mean I arguably don't +know. I mean I don't I again I would + + align:start position:0% +know. I mean I don't I again I would + + + align:start position:0% +know. I mean I don't I again I would +argue that the way we deal with bases by + + align:start position:0% +argue that the way we deal with bases by + + + align:start position:0% +argue that the way we deal with bases by +the way is you have boxes, you have + + align:start position:0% +the way is you have boxes, you have + + + align:start position:0% +the way is you have boxes, you have +things in cartons. So a carton of six + + align:start position:0% +things in cartons. So a carton of six + + + align:start position:0% +things in cartons. So a carton of six +jars plus some leftover would be a + + align:start position:0% +jars plus some leftover would be a + + + align:start position:0% +jars plus some leftover would be a +carton of six jars plus three left over + + align:start position:0% +carton of six jars plus three left over + + + align:start position:0% +carton of six jars plus three left over +would be one three in basics. + + align:start position:0% +would be one three in basics. + + + align:start position:0% +would be one three in basics. +So uh so anyway the point is that the + + align:start position:0% +So uh so anyway the point is that the + + + align:start position:0% +So uh so anyway the point is that the +kids begin to build up this sort of + + align:start position:0% +kids begin to build up this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +kids begin to build up this sort of +robust conceptual understanding and + + align:start position:0% +robust conceptual understanding and + + + align:start position:0% +robust conceptual understanding and +hopefully with a play a sense of + + align:start position:0% +hopefully with a play a sense of + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully with a play a sense of +playfulness about it so that when the + + align:start position:0% +playfulness about it so that when the + + + align:start position:0% +playfulness about it so that when the +teacher talks about it it's something + + align:start position:0% +teacher talks about it it's something + + + align:start position:0% +teacher talks about it it's something +they actually feel kind of good about + + align:start position:0% +they actually feel kind of good about + + + align:start position:0% +they actually feel kind of good about +instead of here's one more here's one + + align:start position:0% +instead of here's one more here's one + + + align:start position:0% +instead of here's one more here's one +more reason you'll ever be a + + align:start position:0% +more reason you'll ever be a + + + align:start position:0% +more reason you'll ever be a +mathematician which I think math + + align:start position:0% +mathematician which I think math + + + align:start position:0% +mathematician which I think math +education is largely designed to gate + + align:start position:0% +education is largely designed to gate + + + align:start position:0% +education is largely designed to gate +everybody so that at the end of the high + + align:start position:0% +everybody so that at the end of the high + + + align:start position:0% +everybody so that at the end of the high +school only 7% of the population thinks + + align:start position:0% +school only 7% of the population thinks + + + align:start position:0% +school only 7% of the population thinks +they're good at math which means that + + align:start position:0% +they're good at math which means that + + + align:start position:0% +they're good at math which means that +we've taken 12 years teaching 93% of the + + align:start position:0% +we've taken 12 years teaching 93% of the + + + align:start position:0% +we've taken 12 years teaching 93% of the +population no better than math and they + + align:start position:0% +population no better than math and they + + + align:start position:0% +population no better than math and they +should stop doing it and I don't know + + align:start position:0% +should stop doing it and I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +should stop doing it and I don't know +why we waste 12 years we could just tell + + align:start position:0% +why we waste 12 years we could just tell + + + align:start position:0% +why we waste 12 years we could just tell +everyone to kindergarten um but that's + + align:start position:0% +everyone to kindergarten um but that's + + + align:start position:0% +everyone to kindergarten um but that's +sort of what we end up doing anyway I + + align:start position:0% +sort of what we end up doing anyway I + + + align:start position:0% +sort of what we end up doing anyway I +think that's true with every subject + + align:start position:0% +think that's true with every subject + + + align:start position:0% +think that's true with every subject +that's how you know the number is so I'd + + align:start position:0% +that's how you know the number is so I'd + + + align:start position:0% +that's how you know the number is so I'd +like to turn it around where everyone + + align:start position:0% +like to turn it around where everyone + + + align:start position:0% +like to turn it around where everyone +says there's things about math I can do + + align:start position:0% +says there's things about math I can do + + + align:start position:0% +says there's things about math I can do +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> yeah can I talk a little bit maybe about + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah can I talk a little bit maybe about + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah can I talk a little bit maybe about +how that process + + align:start position:0% +how that process + + + align:start position:0% +how that process +>> sure I also wanted that provide a little + + align:start position:0% +>> sure I also wanted that provide a little + + + align:start position:0% +>> sure I also wanted that provide a little +extra nuance to one of the questions + + align:start position:0% +extra nuance to one of the questions + + + align:start position:0% +extra nuance to one of the questions +about what if you just brute force your + + align:start position:0% +about what if you just brute force your + + + align:start position:0% +about what if you just brute force your +way through it and the higher levels um + + align:start position:0% +way through it and the higher levels um + + + align:start position:0% +way through it and the higher levels um +it won't tell you when you put a symbol + + align:start position:0% +it won't tell you when you put a symbol + + + align:start position:0% +it won't tell you when you put a symbol +in a spot whether it's correct or not. + + align:start position:0% +in a spot whether it's correct or not. + + + align:start position:0% +in a spot whether it's correct or not. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> So which actually you can learn + + align:start position:0% +>> So which actually you can learn + + + align:start position:0% +>> So which actually you can learn +something kind of interesting because + + align:start position:0% +something kind of interesting because + + + align:start position:0% +something kind of interesting because +you can start doing something like + + align:start position:0% +you can start doing something like + + + align:start position:0% +you can start doing something like +suddenly you end up with something that + + align:start position:0% +suddenly you end up with something that + + + align:start position:0% +suddenly you end up with something that +doesn't add up. That's actually mean + + align:start position:0% +doesn't add up. That's actually mean + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't add up. That's actually mean +you're learning something. + + align:start position:0% +you're learning something. + + + align:start position:0% +you're learning something. +>> So + + align:start position:0% +>> So + + + align:start position:0% +>> So +there's 10 puzzles or how many nine + + align:start position:0% +there's 10 puzzles or how many nine + + + align:start position:0% +there's 10 puzzles or how many nine +puzzles and we came up with 9 plus x and + + align:start position:0% +puzzles and we came up with 9 plus x and + + + align:start position:0% +puzzles and we came up with 9 plus x and +some of that x was uh + + align:start position:0% +some of that x was uh + + + align:start position:0% +some of that x was uh +slated for implementation and we never + + align:start position:0% +slated for implementation and we never + + + align:start position:0% +slated for implementation and we never +got there and some of that x was uh + + align:start position:0% +got there and some of that x was uh + + + align:start position:0% +got there and some of that x was uh +puzzles or activities that we ended up + + align:start position:0% +puzzles or activities that we ended up + + + align:start position:0% +puzzles or activities that we ended up +deciding deciding were not as compelling + + align:start position:0% +deciding deciding were not as compelling + + + align:start position:0% +deciding deciding were not as compelling +as the others and our process for that + + align:start position:0% +as the others and our process for that + + + align:start position:0% +as the others and our process for that +uh we did a hybrid approach with paper + + align:start position:0% +uh we did a hybrid approach with paper + + + align:start position:0% +uh we did a hybrid approach with paper +and computer programing And in general, + + align:start position:0% +and computer programing And in general, + + + align:start position:0% +and computer programing And in general, +the rule is if it can be paper + + align:start position:0% +the rule is if it can be paper + + + align:start position:0% +the rule is if it can be paper +prototyped, paper prototype it. It's so + + align:start position:0% +prototyped, paper prototype it. It's so + + + align:start position:0% +prototyped, paper prototype it. It's so +much faster. Uh but there are certain + + align:start position:0% +much faster. Uh but there are certain + + + align:start position:0% +much faster. Uh but there are certain +kinds of activities that really can't. + + align:start position:0% +kinds of activities that really can't. + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of activities that really can't. +So for instance, this one is perfect for + + align:start position:0% +So for instance, this one is perfect for + + + align:start position:0% +So for instance, this one is perfect for +for paper prototyping. You just take out + + align:start position:0% +for paper prototyping. You just take out + + + align:start position:0% +for paper prototyping. You just take out +a piece of paper and a pen and you + + align:start position:0% +a piece of paper and a pen and you + + + align:start position:0% +a piece of paper and a pen and you +create uh I mean you have to create some + + align:start position:0% +create uh I mean you have to create some + + + align:start position:0% +create uh I mean you have to create some +of these uh equations so that you then + + align:start position:0% +of these uh equations so that you then + + + align:start position:0% +of these uh equations so that you then +have a system of equations to solve. But + + align:start position:0% +have a system of equations to solve. But + + + align:start position:0% +have a system of equations to solve. But +once you've created some of those data + + align:start position:0% +once you've created some of those data + + + align:start position:0% +once you've created some of those data +sets which would need to be done whether + + align:start position:0% +sets which would need to be done whether + + + align:start position:0% +sets which would need to be done whether +it's a paper or a computer prototype + + align:start position:0% +it's a paper or a computer prototype + + + align:start position:0% +it's a paper or a computer prototype +then it's trivial to put it in front of + + align:start position:0% +then it's trivial to put it in front of + + + align:start position:0% +then it's trivial to put it in front of +someone with paper. So this is an + + align:start position:0% +someone with paper. So this is an + + + align:start position:0% +someone with paper. So this is an +example of something where we would uh + + align:start position:0% +example of something where we would uh + + + align:start position:0% +example of something where we would uh +for the first round test internally with + + align:start position:0% +for the first round test internally with + + + align:start position:0% +for the first round test internally with +just symbols and numbers and then uh + + align:start position:0% +just symbols and numbers and then uh + + + align:start position:0% +just symbols and numbers and then uh +probably we would do we might even test + + align:start position:0% +probably we would do we might even test + + + align:start position:0% +probably we would do we might even test +that version with people in our target + + align:start position:0% +that version with people in our target + + + align:start position:0% +that version with people in our target +audience. But probably we would try to + + align:start position:0% +audience. But probably we would try to + + + align:start position:0% +audience. But probably we would try to +do some rudimentary art treatment + + align:start position:0% +do some rudimentary art treatment + + + align:start position:0% +do some rudimentary art treatment +>> uh before we put it in front of people + + align:start position:0% +>> uh before we put it in front of people + + + align:start position:0% +>> uh before we put it in front of people +just so there's a little bit of context + + align:start position:0% +just so there's a little bit of context + + + align:start position:0% +just so there's a little bit of context +and it looks a little bit more like a + + align:start position:0% +and it looks a little bit more like a + + + align:start position:0% +and it looks a little bit more like a +game. And then in general + + align:start position:0% +game. And then in general + + + align:start position:0% +game. And then in general +>> and sometimes we try to if there's story + + align:start position:0% +>> and sometimes we try to if there's story + + + align:start position:0% +>> and sometimes we try to if there's story +this one has less story about it but if + + align:start position:0% +this one has less story about it but if + + + align:start position:0% +this one has less story about it but if +there's story as you are in some places + + align:start position:0% +there's story as you are in some places + + + align:start position:0% +there's story as you are in some places +we actually try to act it out even I + + align:start position:0% +we actually try to act it out even I + + + align:start position:0% +we actually try to act it out even I +mean you have to sort of get over your + + align:start position:0% +mean you have to sort of get over your + + + align:start position:0% +mean you have to sort of get over your +resistance to doing that you sort of act + + align:start position:0% +resistance to doing that you sort of act + + + align:start position:0% +resistance to doing that you sort of act +out the character in even if it's you're + + align:start position:0% +out the character in even if it's you're + + + align:start position:0% +out the character in even if it's you're +the computer when you do and so even if + + align:start position:0% +the computer when you do and so even if + + + align:start position:0% +the computer when you do and so even if +it's just a character giving a response + + align:start position:0% +it's just a character giving a response + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a character giving a response +to something that the player does um you + + align:start position:0% +to something that the player does um you + + + align:start position:0% +to something that the player does um you +try to do it in character you try to get + + align:start position:0% +try to do it in character you try to get + + + align:start position:0% +try to do it in character you try to get +a sense of what because I think even + + align:start position:0% +a sense of what because I think even + + + align:start position:0% +a sense of what because I think even +even in that kind of rudimentary form + + align:start position:0% +even in that kind of rudimentary form + + + align:start position:0% +even in that kind of rudimentary form +you are engaging the player's + + align:start position:0% +you are engaging the player's + + + align:start position:0% +you are engaging the player's +imagination + + align:start position:0% +imagination + + + align:start position:0% +imagination +So you know whether or not they're + + align:start position:0% +So you know whether or not they're + + + align:start position:0% +So you know whether or not they're +interested in this character or the ide + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> and like a dungeon master you need to + + align:start position:0% +>> and like a dungeon master you need to + + + align:start position:0% +>> and like a dungeon master you need to +prepare because it's hard to be the + + align:start position:0% +prepare because it's hard to be the + + + align:start position:0% +prepare because it's hard to be the +computer without also being the + + align:start position:0% +computer without also being the + + + align:start position:0% +computer without also being the +bottleneck if you're a human. + + align:start position:0% +bottleneck if you're a human. + + + align:start position:0% +bottleneck if you're a human. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> So uh and in fact we've done some game + + align:start position:0% +>> So uh and in fact we've done some game + + + align:start position:0% +>> So uh and in fact we've done some game +not represented here. We've done some + + align:start position:0% +not represented here. We've done some + + + align:start position:0% +not represented here. We've done some +games uh that are real time that if you + + align:start position:0% +games uh that are real time that if you + + + align:start position:0% +games uh that are real time that if you +want to prototype with people and then + + align:start position:0% +want to prototype with people and then + + + align:start position:0% +want to prototype with people and then +especially on paper and you want to keep + + align:start position:0% +especially on paper and you want to keep + + + align:start position:0% +especially on paper and you want to keep +things moving then you need to have more + + align:start position:0% +things moving then you need to have more + + + align:start position:0% +things moving then you need to have more +than one person be the computer because + + align:start position:0% +than one person be the computer because + + + align:start position:0% +than one person be the computer because +there's just too much to track for one + + align:start position:0% +there's just too much to track for one + + + align:start position:0% +there's just too much to track for one +person do it all. Um or if you want to + + align:start position:0% +person do it all. Um or if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +person do it all. Um or if you want to +do sometimes we do hybrids where we'll + + align:start position:0% +do sometimes we do hybrids where we'll + + + align:start position:0% +do sometimes we do hybrids where we'll +do a computer prototype but there's + + align:start position:0% +do a computer prototype but there's + + + align:start position:0% +do a computer prototype but there's +aspects of the game that are not + + align:start position:0% +aspects of the game that are not + + + align:start position:0% +aspects of the game that are not +represented through the interface or + + align:start position:0% +represented through the interface or + + + align:start position:0% +represented through the interface or +that logically we haven't modeled and so + + align:start position:0% +that logically we haven't modeled and so + + + align:start position:0% +that logically we haven't modeled and so +we'll do you know players directing + + align:start position:0% +we'll do you know players directing + + + align:start position:0% +we'll do you know players directing +human interactions with the computer or + + align:start position:0% +human interactions with the computer or + + + align:start position:0% +human interactions with the computer or +uh I guess not players designers uh you + + align:start position:0% +uh I guess not players designers uh you + + + align:start position:0% +uh I guess not players designers uh you +know + + align:start position:0% +know + + + align:start position:0% +know +influencing + + align:start position:0% +influencing + + + align:start position:0% +influencing +those interactions. So anyway, this is a + + align:start position:0% +those interactions. So anyway, this is a + + + align:start position:0% +those interactions. So anyway, this is a +game that uh moved pretty much all the + + align:start position:0% +game that uh moved pretty much all the + + + align:start position:0% +game that uh moved pretty much all the +way to final design on paper and then + + align:start position:0% +way to final design on paper and then + + + align:start position:0% +way to final design on paper and then +went straight to implementation. Some of + + align:start position:0% +went straight to implementation. Some of + + + align:start position:0% +went straight to implementation. Some of +the other games, so for instance, + + align:start position:0% +the other games, so for instance, + + + align:start position:0% +the other games, so for instance, +there's a game um you want to show bats + + align:start position:0% +there's a game um you want to show bats + + + align:start position:0% +there's a game um you want to show bats +maybe. + + align:start position:0% +maybe. + + + align:start position:0% +maybe. +>> Bats. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Bats. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Bats. Yeah. +>> That's an example of a game that's a + + align:start position:0% +>> That's an example of a game that's a + + + align:start position:0% +>> That's an example of a game that's a +little bit harder to think about playing + + align:start position:0% +little bit harder to think about playing + + + align:start position:0% +little bit harder to think about playing +just on paper. + + align:start position:0% +just on paper. + + + align:start position:0% +just on paper. +>> I just want to think we implemented this + + align:start position:0% +>> I just want to think we implemented this + + + align:start position:0% +>> I just want to think we implemented this +early. + + align:start position:0% +early. + + + align:start position:0% +early. +>> Yeah, we did. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So this is a game um about + + align:start position:0% +So this is a game um about + + + align:start position:0% +So this is a game um about +modular arithmetic + + align:start position:0% +modular arithmetic + + + align:start position:0% +modular arithmetic +>> and common multiples and that sort of + + align:start position:0% +>> and common multiples and that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +>> and common multiples and that sort of +thing. So it's very hard to see on the + + align:start position:0% +thing. So it's very hard to see on the + + + align:start position:0% +thing. So it's very hard to see on the +screen. In the upper left there is an + + align:start position:0% +screen. In the upper left there is an + + + align:start position:0% +screen. In the upper left there is an +avatar. + + align:start position:0% +avatar. + + + align:start position:0% +avatar. +>> There's you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> and you know from the story that your + + align:start position:0% +>> and you know from the story that your + + + align:start position:0% +>> and you know from the story that your +goal is to get the golden eggs. + + align:start position:0% +goal is to get the golden eggs. + + + align:start position:0% +goal is to get the golden eggs. +and avoid this guy that that much you + + align:start position:0% +and avoid this guy that that much you + + + align:start position:0% +and avoid this guy that that much you +know and you're in a factory where they + + align:start position:0% +know and you're in a factory where they + + + align:start position:0% +know and you're in a factory where they +mix stuff. So + + align:start position:0% +mix stuff. So + + + align:start position:0% +mix stuff. So +>> let's put + + align:start position:0% +>> let's put + + + align:start position:0% +>> let's put +>> Do you move your avatar + + align:start position:0% +>> Do you move your avatar + + + align:start position:0% +>> Do you move your avatar +>> one and two? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +>> What? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Oh + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh +>> how about one in class? Oh, with 11. All + + align:start position:0% +>> how about one in class? Oh, with 11. All + + + align:start position:0% +>> how about one in class? Oh, with 11. All +right. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. +>> There is one flaw, by the way, in the in + + align:start position:0% +>> There is one flaw, by the way, in the in + + + align:start position:0% +>> There is one flaw, by the way, in the in +the fence in the um interface. People + + align:start position:0% +the fence in the um interface. People + + + align:start position:0% +the fence in the um interface. People +don't realize they're going to have to + + align:start position:0% +don't realize they're going to have to + + + align:start position:0% +don't realize they're going to have to +click to get their guy onto that + + align:start position:0% +click to get their guy onto that + + + align:start position:0% +click to get their guy onto that +>> thing. And it was supposed to start with + + align:start position:0% +>> thing. And it was supposed to start with + + + align:start position:0% +>> thing. And it was supposed to start with +with it up right where he was so that + + align:start position:0% +with it up right where he was so that + + + align:start position:0% +with it up right where he was so that +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +now. What should I try now? + + align:start position:0% +now. What should I try now? + + + align:start position:0% +now. What should I try now? +>> Four. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> What? + + align:start position:0% +>> What? + + + align:start position:0% +>> What? +>> Six. + + align:start position:0% +>> Six. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Six. +>> Or four. + + align:start position:0% +>> Or four. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Or four. +>> Why? Four. + + align:start position:0% +>> Why? Four. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Why? Four. +>> Six. Then you can move against. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Bam. + + align:start position:0% +Bam. + + + align:start position:0% +Bam. +>> Four is stuck at the top. + + align:start position:0% +>> Four is stuck at the top. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Four is stuck at the top. +>> Oh, can we move? + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, can we move? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, can we move? +>> But you'll notice that these bats all + + align:start position:0% +>> But you'll notice that these bats all + + + align:start position:0% +>> But you'll notice that these bats all +are different amounts. And so it's + + align:start position:0% +are different amounts. And so it's + + + align:start position:0% +are different amounts. And so it's +really about modular arithmetic. So + + align:start position:0% +really about modular arithmetic. So + + + align:start position:0% +really about modular arithmetic. So +what's 12 will take you once around on + + align:start position:0% +what's 12 will take you once around on + + + align:start position:0% +what's 12 will take you once around on +one of them, but it'll take one and + + align:start position:0% +one of them, but it'll take one and + + + align:start position:0% +one of them, but it'll take one and +third around on on another one. And and + + align:start position:0% +third around on on another one. And and + + + align:start position:0% +third around on on another one. And and +you start doing simultaneous equations + + align:start position:0% +you start doing simultaneous equations + + + align:start position:0% +you start doing simultaneous equations +to solve to solve this. This is this + + align:start position:0% +to solve to solve this. This is this + + + align:start position:0% +to solve to solve this. This is this +level is hard. I I think maybe the + + align:start position:0% +level is hard. I I think maybe the + + + align:start position:0% +level is hard. I I think maybe the +hardest puzzle we designed the whole + + align:start position:0% +hardest puzzle we designed the whole + + + align:start position:0% +hardest puzzle we designed the whole +game is level three of this where you've + + align:start position:0% +game is level three of this where you've + + + align:start position:0% +game is level three of this where you've +got to every step you've got to align + + align:start position:0% +got to every step you've got to align + + + align:start position:0% +got to every step you've got to align +two bridges. + + align:start position:0% +two bridges. + + + align:start position:0% +two bridges. +>> Oh, that's fun. + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, that's fun. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, that's fun. +>> And yeah, it's it's serious work. + + align:start position:0% +>> And yeah, it's it's serious work. + + + align:start position:0% +>> And yeah, it's it's serious work. +>> Oh, you're trying to avoid that monster. + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, you're trying to avoid that monster. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, you're trying to avoid that monster. +>> Yeah, you kind of avoid the monster. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, you kind of avoid the monster. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, you kind of avoid the monster. +>> Oh, okay. + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, okay. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, okay. +>> Which isn't always hard, but but you do + + align:start position:0% +>> Which isn't always hard, but but you do + + + align:start position:0% +>> Which isn't always hard, but but you do +have you have to sort of keep in mind + + align:start position:0% +have you have to sort of keep in mind + + + align:start position:0% +have you have to sort of keep in mind +sometimes it means instead of going + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it means instead of going + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes it means instead of going +around once like nine, you know, instead + + align:start position:0% +around once like nine, you know, instead + + + align:start position:0% +around once like nine, you know, instead +of going one on the nine thing, maybe + + align:start position:0% +of going one on the nine thing, maybe + + + align:start position:0% +of going one on the nine thing, maybe +you go um 10 and that'll c and he'll + + align:start position:0% +you go um 10 and that'll c and he'll + + + align:start position:0% +you go um 10 and that'll c and he'll +he'll always go on the grid that shows + + align:start position:0% +he'll always go on the grid that shows + + + align:start position:0% +he'll always go on the grid that shows +up. So maybe that'll cause another + + align:start position:0% +up. So maybe that'll cause another + + + align:start position:0% +up. So maybe that'll cause another +bridge to show up and get your way. So + + align:start position:0% +bridge to show up and get your way. So + + + align:start position:0% +bridge to show up and get your way. So +this is really Chinese. + + align:start position:0% +this is really Chinese. + + + align:start position:0% +this is really Chinese. +>> What? + + align:start position:0% +>> What? + + + align:start position:0% +>> What? +>> Yes. + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yes. +>> Anyway, again, + + align:start position:0% +>> Anyway, again, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Anyway, again, +you know, you can play a game without + + align:start position:0% +you know, you can play a game without + + + align:start position:0% +you know, you can play a game without +without think about math school math at + + align:start position:0% +without think about math school math at + + + align:start position:0% +without think about math school math at +all. There's no school math in this + + align:start position:0% +all. There's no school math in this + + + align:start position:0% +all. There's no school math in this +game. + + align:start position:0% +game. + + + align:start position:0% +game. +>> But I think there are really interesting + + align:start position:0% +>> But I think there are really interesting + + + align:start position:0% +>> But I think there are really interesting +things to think about. + + align:start position:0% +things to think about. + + + align:start position:0% +things to think about. +>> But I think I want to highlight what you + + align:start position:0% +>> But I think I want to highlight what you + + + align:start position:0% +>> But I think I want to highlight what you +just said with the character if he walks + + align:start position:0% +just said with the character if he walks + + + align:start position:0% +just said with the character if he walks +or not. Like I think if we far it's + + align:start position:0% +or not. Like I think if we far it's + + + align:start position:0% +or not. Like I think if we far it's +clear anyway, but You have to keep in + + align:start position:0% +clear anyway, but You have to keep in + + + align:start position:0% +clear anyway, but You have to keep in +mind there are two forms of learning. + + align:start position:0% +mind there are two forms of learning. + + + align:start position:0% +mind there are two forms of learning. +One one is learning the game, how to + + align:start position:0% +One one is learning the game, how to + + + align:start position:0% +One one is learning the game, how to +play the game. The other one is the + + align:start position:0% +play the game. The other one is the + + + align:start position:0% +play the game. The other one is the +learning like the the problem solving or + + align:start position:0% +learning like the the problem solving or + + + align:start position:0% +learning like the the problem solving or +the puzzle in the game. And I I think + + align:start position:0% +the puzzle in the game. And I I think + + + align:start position:0% +the puzzle in the game. And I I think +it's sometimes especially my experience + + align:start position:0% +it's sometimes especially my experience + + + align:start position:0% +it's sometimes especially my experience +in educational games. It's so easy to + + align:start position:0% +in educational games. It's so easy to + + + align:start position:0% +in educational games. It's so easy to +mix it. Yeah. + + align:start position:0% +mix it. Yeah. + + + align:start position:0% +mix it. Yeah. +>> You know, because sometimes you make it + + align:start position:0% +>> You know, because sometimes you make it + + + align:start position:0% +>> You know, because sometimes you make it +cool that it's educational game and it's + + align:start position:0% +cool that it's educational game and it's + + + align:start position:0% +cool that it's educational game and it's +really interesting but but you know like + + align:start position:0% +really interesting but but you know like + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting but but you know like +for inance the character wouldn't move + + align:start position:0% +for inance the character wouldn't move + + + align:start position:0% +for inance the character wouldn't move +if you don't press the mouse button. So + + align:start position:0% +if you don't press the mouse button. So + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't press the mouse button. So +he would always stand there in the + + align:start position:0% +he would always stand there in the + + + align:start position:0% +he would always stand there in the +beginning and he would get that effect + + align:start position:0% +beginning and he would get that effect + + + align:start position:0% +beginning and he would get that effect +you know. And I think the mixture of + + align:start position:0% +you know. And I think the mixture of + + + align:start position:0% +you know. And I think the mixture of +both forms of learning is quite + + align:start position:0% +both forms of learning is quite + + + align:start position:0% +both forms of learning is quite +interesting to keep in mind when you + + align:start position:0% +interesting to keep in mind when you + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to keep in mind when you +prototyping. + + align:start position:0% +prototyping. + + + align:start position:0% +prototyping. +>> Yeah. And it's actually there's two + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And it's actually there's two + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And it's actually there's two +there's two add that one is I never + + align:start position:0% +there's two add that one is I never + + + align:start position:0% +there's two add that one is I never +think just because you want people to + + align:start position:0% +think just because you want people to + + + align:start position:0% +think just because you want people to +think hard. I don't think the interface + + align:start position:0% +think hard. I don't think the interface + + + align:start position:0% +think hard. I don't think the interface +should be the thing they have to think + + align:start position:0% +should be the thing they have to think + + + align:start position:0% +should be the thing they have to think +hard about. It's always tempting to say + + align:start position:0% +hard about. It's always tempting to say + + + align:start position:0% +hard about. It's always tempting to say +oh that's really good and t that's a + + align:start position:0% +oh that's really good and t that's a + + + align:start position:0% +oh that's really good and t that's a +really hard thing to solve. How do I you + + align:start position:0% +really hard thing to solve. How do I you + + + align:start position:0% +really hard thing to solve. How do I you +know how do I make them jump? But no, I + + align:start position:0% +know how do I make them jump? But no, I + + + align:start position:0% +know how do I make them jump? But no, I +mean I think generally it should not be + + align:start position:0% +mean I think generally it should not be + + + align:start position:0% +mean I think generally it should not be +hard to figure out how to make him in + + align:start position:0% +hard to figure out how to make him in + + + align:start position:0% +hard to figure out how to make him in +trouble walk left or right or how to + + align:start position:0% +trouble walk left or right or how to + + + align:start position:0% +trouble walk left or right or how to +open a door or you know unless that's a + + align:start position:0% +open a door or you know unless that's a + + + align:start position:0% +open a door or you know unless that's a +puzzle and it's easy to delude yourself + + align:start position:0% +puzzle and it's easy to delude yourself + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle and it's easy to delude yourself +that by making the interface hard. On + + align:start position:0% +that by making the interface hard. On + + + align:start position:0% +that by making the interface hard. On +the other hand, there is this other + + align:start position:0% +the other hand, there is this other + + + align:start position:0% +the other hand, there is this other +challenge which is that kids do have + + align:start position:0% +challenge which is that kids do have + + + align:start position:0% +challenge which is that kids do have +different degrees of sort of literacy + + align:start position:0% +different degrees of sort of literacy + + + align:start position:0% +different degrees of sort of literacy +around games and it's hard to figure out + + align:start position:0% +around games and it's hard to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +around games and it's hard to figure out +the sweet spot of this. That's one I + + align:start position:0% +the sweet spot of this. That's one I + + + align:start position:0% +the sweet spot of this. That's one I +don't have an easy answer for because + + align:start position:0% +don't have an easy answer for because + + + align:start position:0% +don't have an easy answer for because +some large percentage of the audience + + align:start position:0% +some large percentage of the audience + + + align:start position:0% +some large percentage of the audience +naturally knows, you know, try to get to + + align:start position:0% +naturally knows, you know, try to get to + + + align:start position:0% +naturally knows, you know, try to get to +the edge, try to, you know, knows what + + align:start position:0% +the edge, try to, you know, knows what + + + align:start position:0% +the edge, try to, you know, knows what +winning means. But there's some kids who + + align:start position:0% +winning means. But there's some kids who + + + align:start position:0% +winning means. But there's some kids who +don't. And the question is, do you if + + align:start position:0% +don't. And the question is, do you if + + + align:start position:0% +don't. And the question is, do you if +you make the game, if you bend over it + + align:start position:0% +you make the game, if you bend over it + + + align:start position:0% +you make the game, if you bend over it +backwards, like if if tried to do I I + + align:start position:0% +backwards, like if if tried to do I I + + + align:start position:0% +backwards, like if if tried to do I I +watched my mother play this and it was + + align:start position:0% +watched my mother play this and it was + + + align:start position:0% +watched my mother play this and it was +horrible. Um because she just didn't she + + align:start position:0% +horrible. Um because she just didn't she + + + align:start position:0% +horrible. Um because she just didn't she +just was totally clueless about where to + + align:start position:0% +just was totally clueless about where to + + + align:start position:0% +just was totally clueless about where to +go with this. But I think if I tried to + + align:start position:0% +go with this. But I think if I tried to + + + align:start position:0% +go with this. But I think if I tried to +set up the game to work for my mother um + + align:start position:0% +set up the game to work for my mother um + + + align:start position:0% +set up the game to work for my mother um +you it would only work with all this + + align:start position:0% +you it would only work with all this + + + align:start position:0% +you it would only work with all this +explicit instruction that so so they + + align:start position:0% +explicit instruction that so so they + + + align:start position:0% +explicit instruction that so so they +hopefully with kids it's less of an + + align:start position:0% +hopefully with kids it's less of an + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully with kids it's less of an +issue that they there's more I think + + align:start position:0% +issue that they there's more I think + + + align:start position:0% +issue that they there's more I think +uniform game literacy but it's always a + + align:start position:0% +uniform game literacy but it's always a + + + align:start position:0% +uniform game literacy but it's always a +challenge. No game appeals to everybody + + align:start position:0% +challenge. No game appeals to everybody + + + align:start position:0% +challenge. No game appeals to everybody +and you do want I don't think we I don't + + align:start position:0% +and you do want I don't think we I don't + + + align:start position:0% +and you do want I don't think we I don't +think those of us who make learning + + align:start position:0% +think those of us who make learning + + + align:start position:0% +think those of us who make learning +games have a good answer to that. I + + align:start position:0% +games have a good answer to that. I + + + align:start position:0% +games have a good answer to that. I +don't think we can ever make a game that + + align:start position:0% +don't think we can ever make a game that + + + align:start position:0% +don't think we can ever make a game that +every kid will play with equal fervor + + align:start position:0% +every kid will play with equal fervor + + + align:start position:0% +every kid will play with equal fervor +and we should never claim that you know + + align:start position:0% +and we should never claim that you know + + + align:start position:0% +and we should never claim that you know +that we're going to get 100% on that. + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to get 100% on that. + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to get 100% on that. +>> Um, + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, + + + align:start position:0% +>> Um, +>> one thing that I know that uh you've + + align:start position:0% +>> one thing that I know that uh you've + + + align:start position:0% +>> one thing that I know that uh you've +you've noticed uh is the amount of + + align:start position:0% +you've noticed uh is the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +you've noticed uh is the amount of +tolerance that kids and adults have for + + align:start position:0% +tolerance that kids and adults have for + + + align:start position:0% +tolerance that kids and adults have for +frustration. You know, when when I seen + + align:start position:0% +frustration. You know, when when I seen + + + align:start position:0% +frustration. You know, when when I seen +kids say, "I hate this game. This game + + align:start position:0% +kids say, "I hate this game. This game + + + align:start position:0% +kids say, "I hate this game. This game +is too hard." And they will just keep + + align:start position:0% +is too hard." And they will just keep + + + align:start position:0% +is too hard." And they will just keep +keep going at it. + + align:start position:0% +keep going at it. + + + align:start position:0% +keep going at it. +You adults have this tendency to get + + align:start position:0% +You adults have this tendency to get + + + align:start position:0% +You adults have this tendency to get +really embarrassed if they console the + + align:start position:0% +really embarrassed if they console the + + + align:start position:0% +really embarrassed if they console the +first time. + + align:start position:0% +first time. + + + align:start position:0% +first time. +>> It happens when you're uh 26 + + align:start position:0% +>> It happens when you're uh 26 + + + align:start position:0% +>> It happens when you're uh 26 +and you suddenly sit down and say, + + align:start position:0% +and you suddenly sit down and say, + + + align:start position:0% +and you suddenly sit down and say, +"Well, I'm not very good at this." + + align:start position:0% +"Well, I'm not very good at this." + + + align:start position:0% +"Well, I'm not very good at this." +People who were you may you may have + + align:start position:0% +People who were you may you may have + + + align:start position:0% +People who were you may you may have +been a gamer all your life, but at some + + align:start position:0% +been a gamer all your life, but at some + + + align:start position:0% +been a gamer all your life, but at some +point it's it's what having another + + align:start position:0% +point it's it's what having another + + + align:start position:0% +point it's it's what having another +adult watching you. I don't know. You + + align:start position:0% +adult watching you. I don't know. You + + + align:start position:0% +adult watching you. I don't know. You +know, there's some point in life when + + align:start position:0% +know, there's some point in life when + + + align:start position:0% +know, there's some point in life when +you suddenly say, "Oh, I'm not good at + + align:start position:0% +you suddenly say, "Oh, I'm not good at + + + align:start position:0% +you suddenly say, "Oh, I'm not good at +this." + + align:start position:0% +this." + + + align:start position:0% +this." +I don't know why why it happens, but it + + align:start position:0% +I don't know why why it happens, but it + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know why why it happens, but it +doesn't it hasn't happened. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +useful. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> Can you negative numbers? + + align:start position:0% +>> Can you negative numbers? + + + align:start position:0% +>> Can you negative numbers? +>> Uh, not on this one. No, that's a good + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh, not on this one. No, that's a good + + + align:start position:0% +>> Uh, not on this one. No, that's a good +idea though. It's initially thought. + + align:start position:0% +idea though. It's initially thought. + + + align:start position:0% +idea though. It's initially thought. +Yeah, we didn't think about + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, we didn't think about + + + align:start position:0% +Yeah, we didn't think about +>> Well, you could in modular arithmetic. + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, you could in modular arithmetic. + + + align:start position:0% +>> Well, you could in modular arithmetic. +You could always do it as just put in a + + align:start position:0% +You could always do it as just put in a + + + align:start position:0% +You could always do it as just put in a +larger number. + + align:start position:0% +larger number. + + + align:start position:0% +larger number. +>> I I have a question for content because + + align:start position:0% +>> I I have a question for content because + + + align:start position:0% +>> I I have a question for content because +so far we've been hearing from you guys + + align:start position:0% +so far we've been hearing from you guys + + + align:start position:0% +so far we've been hearing from you guys +about coming more or less from a design + + align:start position:0% +about coming more or less from a design + + + align:start position:0% +about coming more or less from a design +from a game design angle into playing + + align:start position:0% +from a game design angle into playing + + + align:start position:0% +from a game design angle into playing +games for as a learning purpose and you + + align:start position:0% +games for as a learning purpose and you + + + align:start position:0% +games for as a learning purpose and you +kind of came the other way around. You + + align:start position:0% +kind of came the other way around. You + + + align:start position:0% +kind of came the other way around. You +came in from the education and pedagogy + + align:start position:0% +came in from the education and pedagogy + + + align:start position:0% +came in from the education and pedagogy +side. Are there things to keep in mind + + align:start position:0% +side. Are there things to keep in mind + + + align:start position:0% +side. Are there things to keep in mind +when you're working across disciplines + + align:start position:0% +when you're working across disciplines + + + align:start position:0% +when you're working across disciplines +that you might need to know? + + align:start position:0% +that you might need to know? + + + align:start position:0% +that you might need to know? +>> Yeah. Um, so I think I I think one one + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Um, so I think I I think one one + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. Um, so I think I I think one one +one difference that I still have um or + + align:start position:0% +one difference that I still have um or + + + align:start position:0% +one difference that I still have um or +see between the way I approach games and + + align:start position:0% +see between the way I approach games and + + + align:start position:0% +see between the way I approach games and +the way educational games approaching + + align:start position:0% +the way educational games approaching + + + align:start position:0% +the way educational games approaching +games is I'm I'm I'm more focusing on on + + align:start position:0% +games is I'm I'm I'm more focusing on on + + + align:start position:0% +games is I'm I'm I'm more focusing on on +learning as an experience like more in + + align:start position:0% +learning as an experience like more in + + + align:start position:0% +learning as an experience like more in +abstract form. It doesn't mean that I + + align:start position:0% +abstract form. It doesn't mean that I + + + align:start position:0% +abstract form. It doesn't mean that I +wouldn't be interested in that but + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be interested in that but + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't be interested in that but +that's not what I've been working on yet + + align:start position:0% +that's not what I've been working on yet + + + align:start position:0% +that's not what I've been working on yet +here. Um so for instance in in after it + + align:start position:0% +here. Um so for instance in in after it + + + align:start position:0% +here. Um so for instance in in after it +was so the re research question was how + + align:start position:0% +was so the re research question was how + + + align:start position:0% +was so the re research question was how +can players overcome expectations that + + align:start position:0% +can players overcome expectations that + + + align:start position:0% +can players overcome expectations that +are wrong and um and I didn't um so the + + align:start position:0% +are wrong and um and I didn't um so the + + + align:start position:0% +are wrong and um and I didn't um so the +idea was not to use um educational stuff + + align:start position:0% +idea was not to use um educational stuff + + + align:start position:0% +idea was not to use um educational stuff +like numbers or whatever but more can we + + align:start position:0% +like numbers or whatever but more can we + + + align:start position:0% +like numbers or whatever but more can we +develop patterns in games that players + + align:start position:0% +develop patterns in games that players + + + align:start position:0% +develop patterns in games that players +realize very quickly and are they ready + + align:start position:0% +realize very quickly and are they ready + + + align:start position:0% +realize very quickly and are they ready +to give them up if they realize that + + align:start position:0% +to give them up if they realize that + + + align:start position:0% +to give them up if they realize that +they that they think what they've seen + + align:start position:0% +they that they think what they've seen + + + align:start position:0% +they that they think what they've seen +is wrong. So um for me it was very + + align:start position:0% +is wrong. So um for me it was very + + + align:start position:0% +is wrong. So um for me it was very +interesting because I come with an + + align:start position:0% +interesting because I come with an + + + align:start position:0% +interesting because I come with an +abstract theory inside and then u so we + + align:start position:0% +abstract theory inside and then u so we + + + align:start position:0% +abstract theory inside and then u so we +were developing prototypes and it's very + + align:start position:0% +were developing prototypes and it's very + + + align:start position:0% +were developing prototypes and it's very +interesting when you come from the + + align:start position:0% +interesting when you come from the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting when you come from the +abstract idea to prototypes and I + + align:start position:0% +abstract idea to prototypes and I + + + align:start position:0% +abstract idea to prototypes and I +thought paper prototyping is perfect + + align:start position:0% +thought paper prototyping is perfect + + + align:start position:0% +thought paper prototyping is perfect +because it really you know like it made + + align:start position:0% +because it really you know like it made + + + align:start position:0% +because it really you know like it made +me as a scientist come to the grounds + + align:start position:0% +me as a scientist come to the grounds + + + align:start position:0% +me as a scientist come to the grounds +you know like because I can of course I + + align:start position:0% +you know like because I can of course I + + + align:start position:0% +you know like because I can of course I +can read and all these people and say + + align:start position:0% +can read and all these people and say + + + align:start position:0% +can read and all these people and say +wow um experiences this and that and + + align:start position:0% +wow um experiences this and that and + + + align:start position:0% +wow um experiences this and that and +then you suddenly have pen and paper and + + align:start position:0% +then you suddenly have pen and paper and + + + align:start position:0% +then you suddenly have pen and paper and +sit there and think about a game that + + align:start position:0% +sit there and think about a game that + + + align:start position:0% +sit there and think about a game that +kind of like is is a metaphor for your + + align:start position:0% +kind of like is is a metaphor for your + + + align:start position:0% +kind of like is is a metaphor for your +theory. And um so I think my so kind of + + align:start position:0% +theory. And um so I think my so kind of + + + align:start position:0% +theory. And um so I think my so kind of +like my takeaway was that paper + + align:start position:0% +like my takeaway was that paper + + + align:start position:0% +like my takeaway was that paper +prototyping was very healthy for me and + + align:start position:0% +prototyping was very healthy for me and + + + align:start position:0% +prototyping was very healthy for me and +with the team to come down to the fact + + align:start position:0% +with the team to come down to the fact + + + align:start position:0% +with the team to come down to the fact +what is really doable in the game. what + + align:start position:0% +what is really doable in the game. what + + + align:start position:0% +what is really doable in the game. what +can we really I think and in the + + align:start position:0% +can we really I think and in the + + + align:start position:0% +can we really I think and in the +beginning I was a bit like being not + + align:start position:0% +beginning I was a bit like being not + + + align:start position:0% +beginning I was a bit like being not +that experienced in prototyping like wow + + align:start position:0% +that experienced in prototyping like wow + + + align:start position:0% +that experienced in prototyping like wow +we can all do that later um we can do + + align:start position:0% +we can all do that later um we can do + + + align:start position:0% +we can all do that later um we can do +the cool stuff when when we get to + + align:start position:0% +the cool stuff when when we get to + + + align:start position:0% +the cool stuff when when we get to +programming but then I realized no we + + align:start position:0% +programming but then I realized no we + + + align:start position:0% +programming but then I realized no we +can't you know if we cannot do it as a + + align:start position:0% +can't you know if we cannot do it as a + + + align:start position:0% +can't you know if we cannot do it as a +paper prototype how should we do it you + + align:start position:0% +paper prototype how should we do it you + + + align:start position:0% +paper prototype how should we do it you +know like in programming what what what + + align:start position:0% +know like in programming what what what + + + align:start position:0% +know like in programming what what what +is changing you know and um and I think + + align:start position:0% +is changing you know and um and I think + + + align:start position:0% +is changing you know and um and I think +for us it was very interesting we had so + + align:start position:0% +for us it was very interesting we had so + + + align:start position:0% +for us it was very interesting we had so +I think one experience we had is we had + + align:start position:0% +I think one experience we had is we had + + + align:start position:0% +I think one experience we had is we had +them develop different prototypes and so + + align:start position:0% +them develop different prototypes and so + + + align:start position:0% +them develop different prototypes and so +I That was healthy for us not to make + + align:start position:0% +I That was healthy for us not to make + + + align:start position:0% +I That was healthy for us not to make +one paper prototype and then think how + + align:start position:0% +one paper prototype and then think how + + + align:start position:0% +one paper prototype and then think how +we can do it better. But that's what + + align:start position:0% +we can do it better. But that's what + + + align:start position:0% +we can do it better. But that's what +what what education kit anyway makes a + + align:start position:0% +what what education kit anyway makes a + + + align:start position:0% +what what education kit anyway makes a +lot of prototypes you know like and and + + align:start position:0% +lot of prototypes you know like and and + + + align:start position:0% +lot of prototypes you know like and and +and to stay open and even if you spend + + align:start position:0% +and to stay open and even if you spend + + + align:start position:0% +and to stay open and even if you spend +like three or four days on a prototype + + align:start position:0% +like three or four days on a prototype + + + align:start position:0% +like three or four days on a prototype +if it doesn't work with others the + + align:start position:0% +if it doesn't work with others the + + + align:start position:0% +if it doesn't work with others the +moment you show them and they go like + + align:start position:0% +moment you show them and they go like + + + align:start position:0% +moment you show them and they go like +what like these are the rules are you + + align:start position:0% +what like these are the rules are you + + + align:start position:0% +what like these are the rules are you +sure I don't get it you know and if you + + align:start position:0% +sure I don't get it you know and if you + + + align:start position:0% +sure I don't get it you know and if you +explain the 10th time maybe maybe you + + align:start position:0% +explain the 10th time maybe maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +explain the 10th time maybe maybe you +know it was a cool idea back home or + + align:start position:0% +know it was a cool idea back home or + + + align:start position:0% +know it was a cool idea back home or +with your friend maybe it just doesn't + + align:start position:0% +with your friend maybe it just doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +with your friend maybe it just doesn't +work you know and um so this kind of + + align:start position:0% +work you know and um so this kind of + + + align:start position:0% +work you know and um so this kind of +like experimenting with prototypes was + + align:start position:0% +like experimenting with prototypes was + + + align:start position:0% +like experimenting with prototypes was +very healthy for us and then coming to + + align:start position:0% +very healthy for us and then coming to + + + align:start position:0% +very healthy for us and then coming to +the point and I realized for me it was + + align:start position:0% +the point and I realized for me it was + + + align:start position:0% +the point and I realized for me it was +important that somebody coming in the + + align:start position:0% +important that somebody coming in the + + + align:start position:0% +important that somebody coming in the +room and playing the prototype for five + + align:start position:0% +room and playing the prototype for five + + + align:start position:0% +room and playing the prototype for five +minutes kind of like understands the + + align:start position:0% +minutes kind of like understands the + + + align:start position:0% +minutes kind of like understands the +core mechanic. If this is not happening, + + align:start position:0% +core mechanic. If this is not happening, + + + align:start position:0% +core mechanic. If this is not happening, +you know, like who takes the five + + align:start position:0% +you know, like who takes the five + + + align:start position:0% +you know, like who takes the five +minutes to understand the core mechanic, + + align:start position:0% +minutes to understand the core mechanic, + + + align:start position:0% +minutes to understand the core mechanic, +you know, nobody today. + + align:start position:0% +you know, nobody today. + + + align:start position:0% +you know, nobody today. +>> Be like in this game like walking onto a + + align:start position:0% +>> Be like in this game like walking onto a + + + align:start position:0% +>> Be like in this game like walking onto a +bridge. + + align:start position:0% +bridge. + + + align:start position:0% +bridge. +>> That's right. That's right. + + align:start position:0% +>> That's right. That's right. + + + align:start position:0% +>> That's right. That's right. +>> And um so yeah, I think coming from a + + align:start position:0% +>> And um so yeah, I think coming from a + + + align:start position:0% +>> And um so yeah, I think coming from a +different perspective again prototyping + + align:start position:0% +different perspective again prototyping + + + align:start position:0% +different perspective again prototyping +is kind of like the way to to to to get + + align:start position:0% +is kind of like the way to to to to get + + + align:start position:0% +is kind of like the way to to to to get +in the game, you know, even as the + + align:start position:0% +in the game, you know, even as the + + + align:start position:0% +in the game, you know, even as the +designer. Um because from then on, you + + align:start position:0% +designer. Um because from then on, you + + + align:start position:0% +designer. Um because from then on, you +know what you're talking about. And I + + align:start position:0% +know what you're talking about. And I + + + align:start position:0% +know what you're talking about. And I +had to lose a lot of my abstract + + align:start position:0% +had to lose a lot of my abstract + + + align:start position:0% +had to lose a lot of my abstract +thoughts in the process. and then the + + align:start position:0% +thoughts in the process. and then the + + + align:start position:0% +thoughts in the process. and then the +play testing you know so I so it was + + align:start position:0% +play testing you know so I so it was + + + align:start position:0% +play testing you know so I so it was +interesting sometimes to see even if the + + align:start position:0% +interesting sometimes to see even if the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting sometimes to see even if the +prototype is cool then you you have a + + align:start position:0% +prototype is cool then you you have a + + + align:start position:0% +prototype is cool then you you have a +prototype and then people come in and + + align:start position:0% +prototype and then people come in and + + + align:start position:0% +prototype and then people come in and +say I don't I don't get it again and you + + align:start position:0% +say I don't I don't get it again and you + + + align:start position:0% +say I don't I don't get it again and you +go that can't be true you know it's so + + align:start position:0% +go that can't be true you know it's so + + + align:start position:0% +go that can't be true you know it's so +easy but then you know you can start to + + align:start position:0% +easy but then you know you can start to + + + align:start position:0% +easy but then you know you can start to +stick with your idea or say no if if + + align:start position:0% +stick with your idea or say no if if + + + align:start position:0% +stick with your idea or say no if if +maybe I have to go down with the + + align:start position:0% +maybe I have to go down with the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe I have to go down with the +theoretical aspect and and really look + + align:start position:0% +theoretical aspect and and really look + + + align:start position:0% +theoretical aspect and and really look +what is suitable for the players so + + align:start position:0% +what is suitable for the players so + + + align:start position:0% +what is suitable for the players so +another thing about prototyping it's + + align:start position:0% +another thing about prototyping it's + + + align:start position:0% +another thing about prototyping it's +temp it's not focus groups So it it's + + align:start position:0% +temp it's not focus groups So it it's + + + align:start position:0% +temp it's not focus groups So it it's +not a case of it's sure you want to do + + align:start position:0% +not a case of it's sure you want to do + + + align:start position:0% +not a case of it's sure you want to do +as put it in front of as many people as + + align:start position:0% +as put it in front of as many people as + + + align:start position:0% +as put it in front of as many people as +possible but you really want to I think + + align:start position:0% +possible but you really want to I think + + + align:start position:0% +possible but you really want to I think +avoid stuff like what did you like what + + align:start position:0% +avoid stuff like what did you like what + + + align:start position:0% +avoid stuff like what did you like what +didn't you like those kind of questions + + align:start position:0% +didn't you like those kind of questions + + + align:start position:0% +didn't you like those kind of questions +because people want to be helpful and + + align:start position:0% +because people want to be helpful and + + + align:start position:0% +because people want to be helpful and +sometimes when what people say they + + align:start position:0% +sometimes when what people say they + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes when what people say they +didn't like is actually the part where + + align:start position:0% +didn't like is actually the part where + + + align:start position:0% +didn't like is actually the part where +they were working hardest you know so I + + align:start position:0% +they were working hardest you know so I + + + align:start position:0% +they were working hardest you know so I +didn't like that I had to jump over the + + align:start position:0% +didn't like that I had to jump over the + + + align:start position:0% +didn't like that I had to jump over the +wall well in fact you have to jump over + + align:start position:0% +wall well in fact you have to jump over + + + align:start position:0% +wall well in fact you have to jump over +the wall and and it may not really mean + + align:start position:0% +the wall and and it may not really mean + + + align:start position:0% +the wall and and it may not really mean +that that that if you took that out they + + align:start position:0% +that that that if you took that out they + + + align:start position:0% +that that that if you took that out they +would enjoy the game more in fact they + + align:start position:0% +would enjoy the game more in fact they + + + align:start position:0% +would enjoy the game more in fact they +might not enjoy it at all so you have to + + align:start position:0% +might not enjoy it at all so you have to + + + align:start position:0% +might not enjoy it at all so you have to +be really careful about and people want + + align:start position:0% +be really careful about and people want + + + align:start position:0% +be really careful about and people want +to please you and they'll say, "Oh, it's + + align:start position:0% +to please you and they'll say, "Oh, it's + + + align:start position:0% +to please you and they'll say, "Oh, it's +good." And some of that I think it's + + align:start position:0% +good." And some of that I think it's + + + align:start position:0% +good." And some of that I think it's +really important that what you do with + + align:start position:0% +really important that what you do with + + + align:start position:0% +really important that what you do with +prototyping is watch the player and then + + align:start position:0% +prototyping is watch the player and then + + + align:start position:0% +prototyping is watch the player and then +trust yourself as a designer rather than + + align:start position:0% +trust yourself as a designer rather than + + + align:start position:0% +trust yourself as a designer rather than +ask them what you should do because they + + align:start position:0% +ask them what you should do because they + + + align:start position:0% +ask them what you should do because they +won't they'll try and be helpful and + + align:start position:0% +won't they'll try and be helpful and + + + align:start position:0% +won't they'll try and be helpful and +they'll come up with wrong suggestions. + + align:start position:0% +they'll come up with wrong suggestions. + + + align:start position:0% +they'll come up with wrong suggestions. +watch them and try your use your best + + align:start position:0% +watch them and try your use your best + + + align:start position:0% +watch them and try your use your best +judgment as a designer as to what + + align:start position:0% +judgment as a designer as to what + + + align:start position:0% +judgment as a designer as to what +they're reacting to and why they're + + align:start position:0% +they're reacting to and why they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're reacting to and why they're +reacting the way they are and try to fix + + align:start position:0% +reacting the way they are and try to fix + + + align:start position:0% +reacting the way they are and try to fix +it and maybe ask them try to get some + + align:start position:0% +it and maybe ask them try to get some + + + align:start position:0% +it and maybe ask them try to get some +questions to try to maybe get some + + align:start position:0% +questions to try to maybe get some + + + align:start position:0% +questions to try to maybe get some +access to their thinking but don't think + + align:start position:0% +access to their thinking but don't think + + + align:start position:0% +access to their thinking but don't think +that they necessarily know what what was + + align:start position:0% +that they necessarily know what what was + + + align:start position:0% +that they necessarily know what what was +interesting to them or what how or how + + align:start position:0% +interesting to them or what how or how + + + align:start position:0% +interesting to them or what how or how +or what would make them happen. Don't + + align:start position:0% +or what would make them happen. Don't + + + align:start position:0% +or what would make them happen. Don't +ask those questions. Those are focus + + align:start position:0% +ask those questions. Those are focus + + + align:start position:0% +ask those questions. Those are focus +group questions and you shouldn't ask + + align:start position:0% +group questions and you shouldn't ask + + + align:start position:0% +group questions and you shouldn't ask +them because it's not going to give you + + align:start position:0% +them because it's not going to give you + + + align:start position:0% +them because it's not going to give you +the answers you want. You got to trust + + align:start position:0% +the answers you want. You got to trust + + + align:start position:0% +the answers you want. You got to trust +yourself at some level as well. And + + align:start position:0% +yourself at some level as well. And + + + align:start position:0% +yourself at some level as well. And +something that I also had to learn was + + align:start position:0% +something that I also had to learn was + + + align:start position:0% +something that I also had to learn was +if you have the focus chest or like or + + align:start position:0% +if you have the focus chest or like or + + + align:start position:0% +if you have the focus chest or like or +or the play test and and and then you + + align:start position:0% +or the play test and and and then you + + + align:start position:0% +or the play test and and and then you +you realize there are problems and it's + + align:start position:0% +you realize there are problems and it's + + + align:start position:0% +you realize there are problems and it's +really healthy to write down the + + align:start position:0% +really healthy to write down the + + + align:start position:0% +really healthy to write down the +problems and then brainstorm different + + align:start position:0% +problems and then brainstorm different + + + align:start position:0% +problems and then brainstorm different +solutions. Don't ever like when you + + align:start position:0% +solutions. Don't ever like when you + + + align:start position:0% +solutions. Don't ever like when you +discuss it, try to come up with a + + align:start position:0% +discuss it, try to come up with a + + + align:start position:0% +discuss it, try to come up with a +solution immediately because what + + align:start position:0% +solution immediately because what + + + align:start position:0% +solution immediately because what +happens is you quickly develop one + + align:start position:0% +happens is you quickly develop one + + + align:start position:0% +happens is you quickly develop one +solution and then you go in with another + + align:start position:0% +solution and then you go in with another + + + align:start position:0% +solution and then you go in with another +problem but you don't realize that + + align:start position:0% +problem but you don't realize that + + + align:start position:0% +problem but you don't realize that +sometimes you know like some problems + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you know like some problems + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes you know like some problems +stick together or sometimes you realize + + align:start position:0% +stick together or sometimes you realize + + + align:start position:0% +stick together or sometimes you realize +wow we have so many problems just + + align:start position:0% +wow we have so many problems just + + + align:start position:0% +wow we have so many problems just +because of this little aspect we have in + + align:start position:0% +because of this little aspect we have in + + + align:start position:0% +because of this little aspect we have in +the game why don't we just you know and + + align:start position:0% +the game why don't we just you know and + + + align:start position:0% +the game why don't we just you know and +if you don't do that you start to you + + align:start position:0% +if you don't do that you start to you + + + align:start position:0% +if you don't do that you start to you +spend two hours on solving a problem + + align:start position:0% +spend two hours on solving a problem + + + align:start position:0% +spend two hours on solving a problem +then realize it was wrong or you never + + align:start position:0% +then realize it was wrong or you never + + + align:start position:0% +then realize it was wrong or you never +realize it again. to kind of like seek + + align:start position:0% +realize it again. to kind of like seek + + + align:start position:0% +realize it again. to kind of like seek +more to the problems and quick solutions + + align:start position:0% +more to the problems and quick solutions + + + align:start position:0% +more to the problems and quick solutions +where you are still movable and not make + + align:start position:0% +where you are still movable and not make + + + align:start position:0% +where you are still movable and not make +solution solution solution and then have + + align:start position:0% +solution solution solution and then have + + + align:start position:0% +solution solution solution and then have +the same problem a few weeks later + + align:start position:0% +the same problem a few weeks later + + + align:start position:0% +the same problem a few weeks later +again. Yeah, I just want to clarify + + align:start position:0% +again. Yeah, I just want to clarify + + + align:start position:0% +again. Yeah, I just want to clarify +focus test and focus uh focus group two + + align:start position:0% +focus test and focus uh focus group two + + + align:start position:0% +focus test and focus uh focus group two +two very different things you know we're + + align:start position:0% +two very different things you know we're + + + align:start position:0% +two very different things you know we're +talking um the kinds of results you're + + align:start position:0% +talking um the kinds of results you're + + + align:start position:0% +talking um the kinds of results you're +talking about focus testing which is + + align:start position:0% +talking about focus testing which is + + + align:start position:0% +talking about focus testing which is +which is specifically identifying + + align:start position:0% +which is specifically identifying + + + align:start position:0% +which is specifically identifying +individual problems in your game + + align:start position:0% +individual problems in your game + + + align:start position:0% +individual problems in your game +>> and focus group is asking them what what + + align:start position:0% +>> and focus group is asking them what what + + + align:start position:0% +>> and focus group is asking them what what +they like which is actually very not + + align:start position:0% +they like which is actually very not + + + align:start position:0% +they like which is actually very not +useful for most product design in fact + + align:start position:0% +useful for most product design in fact + + + align:start position:0% +useful for most product design in fact +uh games + + align:start position:0% +uh games + + + align:start position:0% +uh games +>> one piece of advice because you're all + + align:start position:0% +>> one piece of advice because you're all + + + align:start position:0% +>> one piece of advice because you're all +that I think is really important if + + align:start position:0% +that I think is really important if + + + align:start position:0% +that I think is really important if +you're a smart college student like an + + align:start position:0% +you're a smart college student like an + + + align:start position:0% +you're a smart college student like an +MIT student is that you probably learned + + align:start position:0% +MIT student is that you probably learned + + + align:start position:0% +MIT student is that you probably learned +you probably learned in spite of your + + align:start position:0% +you probably learned in spite of your + + + align:start position:0% +you probably learned in spite of your +education. You learned by having someone + + align:start position:0% +education. You learned by having someone + + + align:start position:0% +education. You learned by having someone +sit in front of the class and tell you + + align:start position:0% +sit in front of the class and tell you + + + align:start position:0% +sit in front of the class and tell you +what was going on and you somehow you + + align:start position:0% +what was going on and you somehow you + + + align:start position:0% +what was going on and you somehow you +absorbed it. Um that's why you got here. + + align:start position:0% +absorbed it. Um that's why you got here. + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed it. Um that's why you got here. +But lots of people don't learn that. And + + align:start position:0% +But lots of people don't learn that. And + + + align:start position:0% +But lots of people don't learn that. And +it's really hard to avoid the tendency + + align:start position:0% +it's really hard to avoid the tendency + + + align:start position:0% +it's really hard to avoid the tendency +in the game to just tell people what + + align:start position:0% +in the game to just tell people what + + + align:start position:0% +in the game to just tell people what +they should know which is sort of for my + + align:start position:0% +they should know which is sort of for my + + + align:start position:0% +they should know which is sort of for my +money like when you meet up someone who + + align:start position:0% +money like when you meet up someone who + + + align:start position:0% +money like when you meet up someone who +speaks a foreign language and so you're + + align:start position:0% +speaks a foreign language and so you're + + + align:start position:0% +speaks a foreign language and so you're +not understanding each other. So you + + align:start position:0% +not understanding each other. So you + + + align:start position:0% +not understanding each other. So you +both start speaking slower and louder. + + align:start position:0% +both start speaking slower and louder. + + + align:start position:0% +both start speaking slower and louder. +to no effect and I think that's what a + + align:start position:0% +to no effect and I think that's what a + + + align:start position:0% +to no effect and I think that's what a +lot of education that's a lot of bad + + align:start position:0% +lot of education that's a lot of bad + + + align:start position:0% +lot of education that's a lot of bad +education in general does speak slowly + + align:start position:0% +education in general does speak slowly + + + align:start position:0% +education in general does speak slowly +aloud and certainly a lot of bad + + align:start position:0% +aloud and certainly a lot of bad + + + align:start position:0% +aloud and certainly a lot of bad +educational games so so and just + + align:start position:0% +educational games so so and just + + + align:start position:0% +educational games so so and just +remember that just because you got the + + align:start position:0% +remember that just because you got the + + + align:start position:0% +remember that just because you got the +first time and someone told you doesn't + + align:start position:0% +first time and someone told you doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +first time and someone told you doesn't +mean that everybody else it's not just + + align:start position:0% +mean that everybody else it's not just + + + align:start position:0% +mean that everybody else it's not just +about explaining it better giving you a + + align:start position:0% +about explaining it better giving you a + + + align:start position:0% +about explaining it better giving you a +different way of learning + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Just wanted to say something. You ever + + align:start position:0% +Just wanted to say something. You ever + + + align:start position:0% +Just wanted to say something. You ever +heard of Fire Hose Game? Post this on + + align:start position:0% +heard of Fire Hose Game? Post this on + + + align:start position:0% +heard of Fire Hose Game? Post this on +the forum. Uh so I told him I know a guy + + align:start position:0% +the forum. Uh so I told him I know a guy + + + align:start position:0% +the forum. Uh so I told him I know a guy +works there and he said we got focus + + align:start position:0% +works there and he said we got focus + + + align:start position:0% +works there and he said we got focus +group tomorrow night or PS3 central a + + align:start position:0% +group tomorrow night or PS3 central a + + + align:start position:0% +group tomorrow night or PS3 central a +few months and they didn't want to go + + align:start position:0% +few months and they didn't want to go + + + align:start position:0% +few months and they didn't want to go +tomorrow night 7 o'clock. for an hour + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow night 7 o'clock. for an hour + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow night 7 o'clock. for an hour +and a half. + + align:start position:0% +and a half. + + + align:start position:0% +and a half. +>> That's that includes NK alums part of + + align:start position:0% +>> That's that includes NK alums part of + + + align:start position:0% +>> That's that includes NK alums part of +people who haven't played the game + + align:start position:0% +people who haven't played the game + + + align:start position:0% +people who haven't played the game +before. + + align:start position:0% +before. + + + align:start position:0% +before. +>> Maybe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they're not. + + align:start position:0% +they're not. + + + align:start position:0% +they're not. +>> Can I ask a question? Can I ask + + align:start position:0% +>> Can I ask a question? Can I ask + + + align:start position:0% +>> Can I ask a question? Can I ask +questions? + + align:start position:0% +questions? + + + align:start position:0% +questions? +>> Let me know in the next. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> So the question I would have for you is + + align:start position:0% +>> So the question I would have for you is + + + align:start position:0% +>> So the question I would have for you is +is did anybody of you have his in this + + align:start position:0% +is did anybody of you have his in this + + + align:start position:0% +is did anybody of you have his in this +in this play biography educational game + + align:start position:0% +in this play biography educational game + + + align:start position:0% +in this play biography educational game +that you played that you would say was + + align:start position:0% +that you played that you would say was + + + align:start position:0% +that you played that you would say was +was kind of like an important experience + + align:start position:0% +was kind of like an important experience + + + align:start position:0% +was kind of like an important experience +to you that even you know like I know + + align:start position:0% +to you that even you know like I know + + + align:start position:0% +to you that even you know like I know +maybe it's embarrassing now with the + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's embarrassing now with the + + + align:start position:0% +maybe it's embarrassing now with the +other ones are listening but does + + align:start position:0% +other ones are listening but does + + + align:start position:0% +other ones are listening but does +anybody out there yeah like Sam Bon + + align:start position:0% +anybody out there yeah like Sam Bon + + + align:start position:0% +anybody out there yeah like Sam Bon +whatever that game was best game of all + + align:start position:0% +whatever that game was best game of all + + + align:start position:0% +whatever that game was best game of all +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +I mean it was it was similar in that you + + align:start position:0% +I mean it was it was similar in that you + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it was it was similar in that you +you had like an avatar they taken around + + align:start position:0% +you had like an avatar they taken around + + + align:start position:0% +you had like an avatar they taken around +and had to solve little puzzles that you + + align:start position:0% +and had to solve little puzzles that you + + + align:start position:0% +and had to solve little puzzles that you +know underlying them was math and like + + align:start position:0% +know underlying them was math and like + + + align:start position:0% +know underlying them was math and like +simple m equations, but like pizzas like + + align:start position:0% +simple m equations, but like pizzas like + + + align:start position:0% +simple m equations, but like pizzas like +just divide up pizzas. Cool. + + align:start position:0% +just divide up pizzas. Cool. + + + align:start position:0% +just divide up pizzas. Cool. +>> It was awesome. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> We can't let that that's got me. + + align:start position:0% +>> We can't let that that's got me. + + + align:start position:0% +>> We can't let that that's got me. +>> Oh, it is. I was going to ask you. I was + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, it is. I was going to ask you. I was + + + align:start position:0% +>> Oh, it is. I was going to ask you. I was +like I was like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> No, but + + align:start position:0% +>> No, but + + + align:start position:0% +>> No, but +but and I think it's interesting to + + align:start position:0% +but and I think it's interesting to + + + align:start position:0% +but and I think it's interesting to +think about if you had an experience + + align:start position:0% +think about if you had an experience + + + align:start position:0% +think about if you had an experience +like that, what was it that made you + + align:start position:0% +like that, what was it that made you + + + align:start position:0% +like that, what was it that made you +like the game? you know, like I think + + align:start position:0% +like the game? you know, like I think + + + align:start position:0% +like the game? you know, like I think +it's worth very rich because a lot of + + align:start position:0% +it's worth very rich because a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +it's worth very rich because a lot of +people have um have bad experience with + + align:start position:0% +people have um have bad experience with + + + align:start position:0% +people have um have bad experience with +educational games and then think about + + align:start position:0% +educational games and then think about + + + align:start position:0% +educational games and then think about +them when they design it. Think about + + align:start position:0% +them when they design it. Think about + + + align:start position:0% +them when they design it. Think about +the the cool ones that have um there's + + align:start position:0% +the the cool ones that have um there's + + + align:start position:0% +the the cool ones that have um there's +this series of games called thinking + + align:start position:0% +this series of games called thinking + + + align:start position:0% +this series of games called thinking +things and one of them had a mode that + + align:start position:0% +things and one of them had a mode that + + + align:start position:0% +things and one of them had a mode that +basically was kind of like programming + + align:start position:0% +basically was kind of like programming + + + align:start position:0% +basically was kind of like programming +in that you could place different types + + align:start position:0% +in that you could place different types + + + align:start position:0% +in that you could place different types +of units on a grid and then give them + + align:start position:0% +of units on a grid and then give them + + + align:start position:0% +of units on a grid and then give them +instructions in a loop. So say go + + align:start position:0% +instructions in a loop. So say go + + + align:start position:0% +instructions in a loop. So say go +forward then left and right and they + + align:start position:0% +forward then left and right and they + + + align:start position:0% +forward then left and right and they +could they could paint a square. And so + + align:start position:0% +could they could paint a square. And so + + + align:start position:0% +could they could paint a square. And so +what you could end up doing is with + + align:start position:0% +what you could end up doing is with + + + align:start position:0% +what you could end up doing is with +certain configuration a certain set of + + align:start position:0% +certain configuration a certain set of + + + align:start position:0% +certain configuration a certain set of +rules you could get them to draw + + align:start position:0% +rules you could get them to draw + + + align:start position:0% +rules you could get them to draw +patterns and stuff like that. And what + + align:start position:0% +patterns and stuff like that. And what + + + align:start position:0% +patterns and stuff like that. And what +used to happen is my dad would say can + + align:start position:0% +used to happen is my dad would say can + + + align:start position:0% +used to happen is my dad would say can +you get um you know two like inverted + + align:start position:0% +you get um you know two like inverted + + + align:start position:0% +you get um you know two like inverted +triangles drawn on the screen and then I + + align:start position:0% +triangles drawn on the screen and then I + + + align:start position:0% +triangles drawn on the screen and then I +would like sit there and try to like + + align:start position:0% +would like sit there and try to like + + + align:start position:0% +would like sit there and try to like +basically program without realizing that + + align:start position:0% +basically program without realizing that + + + align:start position:0% +basically program without realizing that +it was actually a programming game. So + + align:start position:0% +it was actually a programming game. So + + + align:start position:0% +it was actually a programming game. So +>> does that + + align:start position:0% +>> does that + + + align:start position:0% +>> does that +made a game which is there's a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +made a game which is there's a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +made a game which is there's a bunch of +games that have done that. Um, the last + + align:start position:0% +games that have done that. Um, the last + + + align:start position:0% +games that have done that. Um, the last +puzzles and beans actually did some of + + align:start position:0% +puzzles and beans actually did some of + + + align:start position:0% +puzzles and beans actually did some of +that stuff, too. Um, and there's a + + align:start position:0% +that stuff, too. Um, and there's a + + + align:start position:0% +that stuff, too. Um, and there's a +product out just now called that I'm + + align:start position:0% +product out just now called that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +product out just now called that I'm +hooked on right now called Trainard, + + align:start position:0% +hooked on right now called Trainard, + + + align:start position:0% +hooked on right now called Trainard, +which is on the iPad. The I + + align:start position:0% +which is on the iPad. The I + + + align:start position:0% +which is on the iPad. The I +>> Yeah, I thought that be + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, I thought that be + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah, I thought that be +>> what? I thought that would be your name. + + align:start position:0% +>> what? I thought that would be your name. + + + align:start position:0% +>> what? I thought that would be your name. +>> Yeah. And and it really is about um it + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And and it really is about um it + + + align:start position:0% +>> Yeah. And and it really is about um it +really is a programming game basically. + + align:start position:0% +really is a programming game basically. + + + align:start position:0% +really is a programming game basically. +It's kind of cool. + + align:start position:0% +It's kind of cool. + + + align:start position:0% +It's kind of cool. +>> The iPhone version. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I was just going to say that two games + + align:start position:0% +I was just going to say that two games + + + align:start position:0% +I was just going to say that two games +which are really informative for me like + + align:start position:0% +which are really informative for me like + + + align:start position:0% +which are really informative for me like +in the educational context were Dinosaur + + align:start position:0% +in the educational context were Dinosaur + + + align:start position:0% +in the educational context were Dinosaur +Discovery which is an ancient game + + align:start position:0% +Discovery which is an ancient game + + + align:start position:0% +Discovery which is an ancient game +>> and I would have played it when I was in + + align:start position:0% +>> and I would have played it when I was in + + + align:start position:0% +>> and I would have played it when I was in +kindergarten and I'm all most of the + + align:start position:0% +kindergarten and I'm all most of the + + + align:start position:0% +kindergarten and I'm all most of the +people here + + align:start position:0% +people here + + + align:start position:0% +people here +um and it was it was a an adventure text + + align:start position:0% +um and it was it was a an adventure text + + + align:start position:0% +um and it was it was a an adventure text +puzzle game which was which was the year + + align:start position:0% +puzzle game which was which was the year + + + align:start position:0% +puzzle game which was which was the year +and then where in the world is San + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> another classic game that I played back + + align:start position:0% +>> another classic game that I played back + + + align:start position:0% +>> another classic game that I played back +when I think it was back when about the + + align:start position:0% +when I think it was back when about the + + + align:start position:0% +when I think it was back when about the +time when the internet started getting + + align:start position:0% +time when the internet started getting + + + align:start position:0% +time when the internet started getting +popular because mid9s it was uh math + + align:start position:0% +popular because mid9s it was uh math + + + align:start position:0% +popular because mid9s it was uh math +blasters or something + + align:start position:0% +blasters or something + + + align:start position:0% +blasters or something +>> Mario teaches typing that's + + align:start position:0% +>> Mario teaches typing that's + + + align:start position:0% +>> Mario teaches typing that's +>> oh + + align:start position:0% +>> oh + + + align:start position:0% +>> oh +Mario teaches typing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> the incredible + + align:start position:0% +>> the incredible + + + align:start position:0% +>> the incredible +>> machine + + align:start position:0% +>> machine + + + align:start position:0% +>> machine +that's like thinking it's really + + align:start position:0% +that's like thinking it's really + + + align:start position:0% +that's like thinking it's really +I love + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +>> and I think this this is a even this + + align:start position:0% +>> and I think this this is a even this + + + align:start position:0% +>> and I think this this is a even this +romantized wow that back in the good + + align:start position:0% +romantized wow that back in the good + + + align:start position:0% +romantized wow that back in the good +days you know like I really enjoyed that + + align:start position:0% +days you know like I really enjoyed that + + + align:start position:0% +days you know like I really enjoyed that +game that's that's kind of like I think + + align:start position:0% +game that's that's kind of like I think + + + align:start position:0% +game that's that's kind of like I think +where we all want to have to with + + align:start position:0% +where we all want to have to with + + + align:start position:0% +where we all want to have to with +educational games it's not like oh my + + align:start position:0% +educational games it's not like oh my + + + align:start position:0% +educational games it's not like oh my +god you know I have to play an education + + align:start position:0% +god you know I have to play an education + + + align:start position:0% +god you know I have to play an education +game but more they can be really and I + + align:start position:0% +game but more they can be really and I + + + align:start position:0% +game but more they can be really and I +think the best convers was it came with + + align:start position:0% +think the best convers was it came with + + + align:start position:0% +think the best convers was it came with +an almanac they encouraged you + + align:start position:0% +an almanac they encouraged you + + + align:start position:0% +an almanac they encouraged you +>> yeah to look use research search of fact + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah to look use research search of fact + + + align:start position:0% +>> yeah to look use research search of fact +answers. In fact, it wasn't cheating to + + align:start position:0% +answers. In fact, it wasn't cheating to + + + align:start position:0% +answers. In fact, it wasn't cheating to +look up the answers. It was smart to + + align:start position:0% +look up the answers. It was smart to + + + align:start position:0% +look up the answers. It was smart to +look up the answers. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sF5_cyLyyw0.txt b/sF5_cyLyyw0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e04883e78fd048154e43ef3311a6f59849772a41 --- /dev/null +++ b/sF5_cyLyyw0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10530 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hello everybody can people hear me in + + align:start position:0% +hello everybody can people hear me in + + + align:start position:0% +hello everybody can people hear me in +the back is it working cool okay so um I + + align:start position:0% +the back is it working cool okay so um I + + + align:start position:0% +the back is it working cool okay so um I +believe that uh last time we started uh + + align:start position:0% +believe that uh last time we started uh + + + align:start position:0% +believe that uh last time we started uh +counting and you saw the uh the sumr in + + align:start position:0% +counting and you saw the uh the sumr in + + + align:start position:0% +counting and you saw the uh the sumr in +particular um so let's uh let's take a + + align:start position:0% +particular um so let's uh let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +particular um so let's uh let's take a +look at a quick example so I've got a a + + align:start position:0% +look at a quick example so I've got a a + + + align:start position:0% +look at a quick example so I've got a a +very standard deck of playing cards here + + align:start position:0% +very standard deck of playing cards here + + + align:start position:0% +very standard deck of playing cards here +as you can see uh how many kings and + + align:start position:0% +as you can see uh how many kings and + + + align:start position:0% +as you can see uh how many kings and +queens are + + align:start position:0% +queens are + + + align:start position:0% +queens are +there eight why is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that yeah so the the the answer was that + + align:start position:0% +that yeah so the the the answer was that + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah so the the the answer was that +there are four suits uh for for each + + align:start position:0% +there are four suits uh for for each + + + align:start position:0% +there are four suits uh for for each +rank we've got therefore Four Kings Four + + align:start position:0% +rank we've got therefore Four Kings Four + + + align:start position:0% +rank we've got therefore Four Kings Four +Queens nothing is both a king and a + + align:start position:0% +Queens nothing is both a king and a + + + align:start position:0% +Queens nothing is both a king and a +queen so you can kind of just add them + + align:start position:0% +queen so you can kind of just add them + + + align:start position:0% +queen so you can kind of just add them +together right you've got eight cards + + align:start position:0% +together right you've got eight cards + + + align:start position:0% +together right you've got eight cards +that are either Kings or Queens okay uh + + align:start position:0% +that are either Kings or Queens okay uh + + + align:start position:0% +that are either Kings or Queens okay uh +what if the sets are not disjoint so + + align:start position:0% +what if the sets are not disjoint so + + + align:start position:0% +what if the sets are not disjoint so +what if I instead wanted to count the + + align:start position:0% +what if I instead wanted to count the + + + align:start position:0% +what if I instead wanted to count the +number of cards that are either hearts + + align:start position:0% +number of cards that are either hearts + + + align:start position:0% +number of cards that are either hearts +or face + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cards so that then what do I + + align:start position:0% +cards so that then what do I + + + align:start position:0% +cards so that then what do I +do so I've got uh you know 12 face cards + + align:start position:0% +do so I've got uh you know 12 face cards + + + align:start position:0% +do so I've got uh you know 12 face cards +here my my hands are a little bit too + + align:start position:0% +here my my hands are a little bit too + + + align:start position:0% +here my my hands are a little bit too +small for playing cards but you know + + align:start position:0% +small for playing cards but you know + + + align:start position:0% +small for playing cards but you know +hopefully you can roughly see right how + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you can roughly see right how + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully you can roughly see right how +many hearts are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there yeah 13 Hearts so 13 hearts in one + + align:start position:0% +there yeah 13 Hearts so 13 hearts in one + + + align:start position:0% +there yeah 13 Hearts so 13 hearts in one +hand + + align:start position:0% +hand + + + align:start position:0% +hand +12 face cards in the other so uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +25 no what's gone + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wrong can anybody tell me what's gone + + align:start position:0% +wrong can anybody tell me what's gone + + + align:start position:0% +wrong can anybody tell me what's gone +wrong + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah I've got two kings of Hearts + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah I've got two kings of Hearts + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah I've got two kings of Hearts +here so I'm I'm cheating uh okay so what + + align:start position:0% +here so I'm I'm cheating uh okay so what + + + align:start position:0% +here so I'm I'm cheating uh okay so what +what do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah exactly so the answer was you know + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly so the answer was you know + + + align:start position:0% +yeah exactly so the answer was you know +I've got three cards that are both + + align:start position:0% +I've got three cards that are both + + + align:start position:0% +I've got three cards that are both +hearts and face cards right so these are + + align:start position:0% +hearts and face cards right so these are + + + align:start position:0% +hearts and face cards right so these are +the three cards that I've counted twice + + align:start position:0% +the three cards that I've counted twice + + + align:start position:0% +the three cards that I've counted twice +right I've got uh two each of these + + align:start position:0% +right I've got uh two each of these + + + align:start position:0% +right I've got uh two each of these +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +cards so if I just like discard one copy + + align:start position:0% +cards so if I just like discard one copy + + + align:start position:0% +cards so if I just like discard one copy +then I'll be fine right so I subtract + + align:start position:0% +then I'll be fine right so I subtract + + + align:start position:0% +then I'll be fine right so I subtract +off everything that's in the + + align:start position:0% +off everything that's in the + + + align:start position:0% +off everything that's in the +intersection uh so I had 25 before + + align:start position:0% +intersection uh so I had 25 before + + + align:start position:0% +intersection uh so I had 25 before +subtract off those three and I end up + + align:start position:0% +subtract off those three and I end up + + + align:start position:0% +subtract off those three and I end up +with 22 that are either hearts or uh + + align:start position:0% +with 22 that are either hearts or uh + + + align:start position:0% +with 22 that are either hearts or uh +well these cards are too big maybe I + + align:start position:0% +well these cards are too big maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +well these cards are too big maybe I +should have actually brought standard + + align:start position:0% +should have actually brought standard + + + align:start position:0% +should have actually brought standard +cards uh I've got 22 cards that are + + align:start position:0% +cards uh I've got 22 cards that are + + + align:start position:0% +cards uh I've got 22 cards that are +either hearts or or face cards okay does + + align:start position:0% +either hearts or or face cards okay does + + + align:start position:0% +either hearts or or face cards okay does +that make sense to + + align:start position:0% +that make sense to + + + align:start position:0% +that make sense to +people okay so this is what we call the + + align:start position:0% +people okay so this is what we call the + + + align:start position:0% +people okay so this is what we call the +uh inclusion exclusion role or the + + align:start position:0% +uh inclusion exclusion role or the + + + align:start position:0% +uh inclusion exclusion role or the +principle of inclusion and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exclusion so often abbreviated as uh Pi + + align:start position:0% +exclusion so often abbreviated as uh Pi + + + align:start position:0% +exclusion so often abbreviated as uh Pi +for principle of inclusion exclusion + + align:start position:0% +for principle of inclusion exclusion + + + align:start position:0% +for principle of inclusion exclusion +okay so if I have two two sets A and + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I have two two sets A and + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if I have two two sets A and +B and I want to compute their Union + + align:start position:0% +B and I want to compute their Union + + + align:start position:0% +B and I want to compute their Union +right uh the size of this Union oh well + + align:start position:0% +right uh the size of this Union oh well + + + align:start position:0% +right uh the size of this Union oh well +this chalk is terrible um + + align:start position:0% +this chalk is terrible um + + + align:start position:0% +this chalk is terrible um +sorry the size of their Union is going + + align:start position:0% +sorry the size of their Union is going + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the size of their Union is going +to be the sizes of the individual + + align:start position:0% +to be the sizes of the individual + + + align:start position:0% +to be the sizes of the individual +sets minus the size of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intersection + + align:start position:0% +intersection + + + align:start position:0% +intersection +okay does that make sense to everybody + + align:start position:0% +okay does that make sense to everybody + + + align:start position:0% +okay does that make sense to everybody +maybe a little bit easier to see if we + + align:start position:0% +maybe a little bit easier to see if we + + + align:start position:0% +maybe a little bit easier to see if we +uh draw a picture right + + align:start position:0% +uh draw a picture right + + + align:start position:0% +uh draw a picture right +so hopefully people REM remember uh ven + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully people REM remember uh ven + + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully people REM remember uh ven +diagrams from uh from grade school yeah + + align:start position:0% +diagrams from uh from grade school yeah + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams from uh from grade school yeah +maybe no well this is a ven diagram + + align:start position:0% +maybe no well this is a ven diagram + + + align:start position:0% +maybe no well this is a ven diagram +couple of overlapping circles so maybe + + align:start position:0% +couple of overlapping circles so maybe + + + align:start position:0% +couple of overlapping circles so maybe +we've got hearts on one side and we've + + align:start position:0% +we've got hearts on one side and we've + + + align:start position:0% +we've got hearts on one side and we've +got uh faces on the other right but then + + align:start position:0% +got uh faces on the other right but then + + + align:start position:0% +got uh faces on the other right but then +we've got some things that are in the + + align:start position:0% +we've got some things that are in the + + + align:start position:0% +we've got some things that are in the +middle so this can be our set a this can + + align:start position:0% +middle so this can be our set a this can + + + align:start position:0% +middle so this can be our set a this can +be our set B and here we've got King of + + align:start position:0% +be our set B and here we've got King of + + + align:start position:0% +be our set B and here we've got King of +Hearts + + align:start position:0% +Hearts + + + align:start position:0% +Hearts +Queen of Hearts and Jack of + + align:start position:0% +Queen of Hearts and Jack of + + + align:start position:0% +Queen of Hearts and Jack of +FS okay so if we want to compute the + + align:start position:0% +FS okay so if we want to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +FS okay so if we want to compute the +size of the Union right we're going to + + align:start position:0% +size of the Union right we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +size of the Union right we're going to +take the things that are like only on + + align:start position:0% +take the things that are like only on + + + align:start position:0% +take the things that are like only on +the heart side the things that are only + + align:start position:0% +the heart side the things that are only + + + align:start position:0% +the heart side the things that are only +on the face side and then the things + + align:start position:0% +on the face side and then the things + + + align:start position:0% +on the face side and then the things +that are in the intersection we only + + align:start position:0% +that are in the intersection we only + + + align:start position:0% +that are in the intersection we only +want to count them once right but that's + + align:start position:0% +want to count them once right but that's + + + align:start position:0% +want to count them once right but that's +counted in both of A and B right so + + align:start position:0% +counted in both of A and B right so + + + align:start position:0% +counted in both of A and B right so +we're going to add together the sizes of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to add together the sizes of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to add together the sizes of +A and B and then subtract out the middle + + align:start position:0% +A and B and then subtract out the middle + + + align:start position:0% +A and B and then subtract out the middle +okay does that make sense to + + align:start position:0% +okay does that make sense to + + + align:start position:0% +okay does that make sense to +everybody okay so what happens if we + + align:start position:0% +everybody okay so what happens if we + + + align:start position:0% +everybody okay so what happens if we +have three sets + + align:start position:0% +have three sets + + + align:start position:0% +have three sets +any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ideas well can we do something similar + + align:start position:0% +ideas well can we do something similar + + + align:start position:0% +ideas well can we do something similar +so let's draw a three-way vend diagram + + align:start position:0% +so let's draw a three-way vend diagram + + + align:start position:0% +so let's draw a three-way vend diagram +this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +time okay so we've got a here B here C + + align:start position:0% +time okay so we've got a here B here C + + + align:start position:0% +time okay so we've got a here B here C +here so is it true that whoops a union B + + align:start position:0% +here so is it true that whoops a union B + + + align:start position:0% +here so is it true that whoops a union B +Union C + + align:start position:0% +Union C + + + align:start position:0% +Union C +C is equal to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sum of the individual sets minus the + + align:start position:0% +sum of the individual sets minus the + + + align:start position:0% +sum of the individual sets minus the +parway + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intersections oops that should be a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +b is this + + align:start position:0% +b is this + + + align:start position:0% +b is this +true yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay so your classmates's + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so your classmates's + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so your classmates's +observation was that uh these + + align:start position:0% +observation was that uh these + + + align:start position:0% +observation was that uh these +intersections themselves overlap right + + align:start position:0% +intersections themselves overlap right + + + align:start position:0% +intersections themselves overlap right +so if we think about how many times + + align:start position:0% +so if we think about how many times + + + align:start position:0% +so if we think about how many times +we've counted each each item right + + align:start position:0% +we've counted each each item right + + + align:start position:0% +we've counted each each item right +everything here we've only counted once + + align:start position:0% +everything here we've only counted once + + + align:start position:0% +everything here we've only counted once +everything here we've only counted once + + align:start position:0% +everything here we've only counted once + + + align:start position:0% +everything here we've only counted once +everything here we've only counted once + + align:start position:0% +everything here we've only counted once + + + align:start position:0% +everything here we've only counted once +okay that's that's fairly + + align:start position:0% +okay that's that's fairly + + + align:start position:0% +okay that's that's fairly +easy uh what about the things in these + + align:start position:0% +easy uh what about the things in these + + + align:start position:0% +easy uh what about the things in these +uh kind of weirdly shaped segments right + + align:start position:0% +uh kind of weirdly shaped segments right + + + align:start position:0% +uh kind of weirdly shaped segments right +so those appear in you know two of the + + align:start position:0% +so those appear in you know two of the + + + align:start position:0% +so those appear in you know two of the +individual sets and in one of the par + + align:start position:0% +individual sets and in one of the par + + + align:start position:0% +individual sets and in one of the par +wise intersections so we've also counted + + align:start position:0% +wise intersections so we've also counted + + + align:start position:0% +wise intersections so we've also counted +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +ones okay but now we've got a problem in + + align:start position:0% +ones okay but now we've got a problem in + + + align:start position:0% +ones okay but now we've got a problem in +the middle right how many times have we + + align:start position:0% +the middle right how many times have we + + + align:start position:0% +the middle right how many times have we +counted this well we've counted it once + + align:start position:0% +counted this well we've counted it once + + + align:start position:0% +counted this well we've counted it once +for a once for B once for C and then + + align:start position:0% +for a once for B once for C and then + + + align:start position:0% +for a once for B once for C and then +we've subtracted it once each for a + + align:start position:0% +we've subtracted it once each for a + + + align:start position:0% +we've subtracted it once each for a +intersect B A intersect C and B + + align:start position:0% +intersect B A intersect C and B + + + align:start position:0% +intersect B A intersect C and B +intersect C Okay so we've counted this + + align:start position:0% +intersect C Okay so we've counted this + + + align:start position:0% +intersect C Okay so we've counted this +zero times in + + align:start position:0% +zero times in + + + align:start position:0% +zero times in +total okay so what we actually want is + + align:start position:0% +total okay so what we actually want is + + + align:start position:0% +total okay so what we actually want is +to add back in the three-way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intersection + + align:start position:0% +intersection + + + align:start position:0% +intersection +okay and that gives us the correct + + align:start position:0% +okay and that gives us the correct + + + align:start position:0% +okay and that gives us the correct +formula okay does does that make sense + + align:start position:0% +formula okay does does that make sense + + + align:start position:0% +formula okay does does that make sense +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +everybody + + align:start position:0% +everybody + + + align:start position:0% +everybody +yeah okay so let's take a look at an + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so let's take a look at an + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so let's take a look at an +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then uh how + + align:start position:0% +then uh how + + + align:start position:0% +then uh how +many uh numbers uh K in the range from 1 + + align:start position:0% +many uh numbers uh K in the range from 1 + + + align:start position:0% +many uh numbers uh K in the range from 1 +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +n are co-prime with n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how could we figure this + + align:start position:0% +how could we figure this + + + align:start position:0% +how could we figure this +out and those of you who already know + + align:start position:0% +out and those of you who already know + + + align:start position:0% +out and those of you who already know +the toen function don't invoke + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that how could we use uh the principle + + align:start position:0% +that how could we use uh the principle + + + align:start position:0% +that how could we use uh the principle +of inclusion exclusion to compute this + + align:start position:0% +of inclusion exclusion to compute this + + + align:start position:0% +of inclusion exclusion to compute this +any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ideas tentative hands + + align:start position:0% +ideas tentative hands + + + align:start position:0% +ideas tentative hands +maybe yeah see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the idea was look at uh you know + + align:start position:0% +okay so the idea was look at uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the idea was look at uh you know +which which numbers uh share prime + + align:start position:0% +which which numbers uh share prime + + + align:start position:0% +which which numbers uh share prime +factor with n okay so for Simplicity + + align:start position:0% +factor with n okay so for Simplicity + + + align:start position:0% +factor with n okay so for Simplicity +let's assume for now that n is the + + align:start position:0% +let's assume for now that n is the + + + align:start position:0% +let's assume for now that n is the +product of say three primes PQ and + + align:start position:0% +product of say three primes PQ and + + + align:start position:0% +product of say three primes PQ and +R + + align:start position:0% +R + + + align:start position:0% +R +okay so then how could we figure out how + + align:start position:0% +okay so then how could we figure out how + + + align:start position:0% +okay so then how could we figure out how +many things share a factor of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P + + align:start position:0% +P + + + align:start position:0% +P +yeah you div y right yeah so they're + + align:start position:0% +yeah you div y right yeah so they're + + + align:start position:0% +yeah you div y right yeah so they're +going to be uh n/ P that share a factor + + align:start position:0% +going to be uh n/ P that share a factor + + + align:start position:0% +going to be uh n/ P that share a factor +of of P so let's say that + + align:start position:0% +of of P so let's say that + + + align:start position:0% +of of P so let's say that +uh let's call the set a + + align:start position:0% +uh let's call the set a + + + align:start position:0% +uh let's call the set a +subp the uh set of numbers and the the + + align:start position:0% +subp the uh set of numbers and the the + + + align:start position:0% +subp the uh set of numbers and the the +subset of these numbers that that share + + align:start position:0% +subset of these numbers that that share + + + align:start position:0% +subset of these numbers that that share +a factor of P okay so they're going to + + align:start position:0% +a factor of P okay so they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +a factor of P okay so they're going to +be n/ P of those what about the things + + align:start position:0% +be n/ P of those what about the things + + + align:start position:0% +be n/ P of those what about the things +that share a factor of + + align:start position:0% +that share a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +that share a factor of +Q same thing right so similarly we can + + align:start position:0% +Q same thing right so similarly we can + + + align:start position:0% +Q same thing right so similarly we can +define a sub Q to be the the set of + + align:start position:0% +define a sub Q to be the the set of + + + align:start position:0% +define a sub Q to be the the set of +numbers that share a factor of + + align:start position:0% +numbers that share a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +numbers that share a factor of +Q and then we've got this and similarly + + align:start position:0% +Q and then we've got this and similarly + + + align:start position:0% +Q and then we've got this and similarly +a subr is going to be the set of things + + align:start position:0% +a subr is going to be the set of things + + + align:start position:0% +a subr is going to be the set of things +that share a factor of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now what exactly are we trying to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +compute what we really want is the + + align:start position:0% +compute what we really want is the + + + align:start position:0% +compute what we really want is the +complement of the Union of these three + + align:start position:0% +complement of the Union of these three + + + align:start position:0% +complement of the Union of these three +sets right so we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +sets right so we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +sets right so we're trying to +compute the size of n + + align:start position:0% +compute the size of n + + + align:start position:0% +compute the size of n +minus a union + + align:start position:0% +minus a union + + + align:start position:0% +minus a union +AQ Union a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +r okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now we can use inclusion + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we can use inclusion + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we can use inclusion +exclusion we're trying to compute the + + align:start position:0% +exclusion we're trying to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +exclusion we're trying to compute the +union of this set right that's going to + + align:start position:0% +union of this set right that's going to + + + align:start position:0% +union of this set right that's going to +be the sum of the sizes of the + + align:start position:0% +be the sum of the sizes of the + + + align:start position:0% +be the sum of the sizes of the +individual + + align:start position:0% +individual + + + align:start position:0% +individual +sets right minus the oh I did this the + + align:start position:0% +sets right minus the oh I did this the + + + align:start position:0% +sets right minus the oh I did this the +wrong way around didn't + + align:start position:0% +wrong way around didn't + + + align:start position:0% +wrong way around didn't +I uh oh no I didn't that was the right + + align:start position:0% +I uh oh no I didn't that was the right + + + align:start position:0% +I uh oh no I didn't that was the right +one so the the sum of the individual + + align:start position:0% +one so the the sum of the individual + + + align:start position:0% +one so the the sum of the individual +sizes minus the sum of the parse uh + + align:start position:0% +sizes minus the sum of the parse uh + + + align:start position:0% +sizes minus the sum of the parse uh +intersections plus the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +intersections plus the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +intersections plus the sum of the +three-way intersection okay so what are + + align:start position:0% +three-way intersection okay so what are + + + align:start position:0% +three-way intersection okay so what are +the sizes of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intersections what's the size of the + + align:start position:0% +intersections what's the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +intersections what's the size of the +intersection of AP and AQ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah so the answer was n/ + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so the answer was n/ + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so the answer was n/ +PQ right so p and Q are distinct primes + + align:start position:0% +PQ right so p and Q are distinct primes + + + align:start position:0% +PQ right so p and Q are distinct primes +if something shares both a factor of p + + align:start position:0% +if something shares both a factor of p + + + align:start position:0% +if something shares both a factor of p +and a factor of Q it has to be a + + align:start position:0% +and a factor of Q it has to be a + + + align:start position:0% +and a factor of Q it has to be a +multiple of + + align:start position:0% +multiple of + + + align:start position:0% +multiple of +PQ okay so they're n/ PQ of + + align:start position:0% +PQ okay so they're n/ PQ of + + + align:start position:0% +PQ okay so they're n/ PQ of +those similarly we have n / p + + align:start position:0% +those similarly we have n / p + + + align:start position:0% +those similarly we have n / p +r and N / + + align:start position:0% +r and N / + + + align:start position:0% +r and N / +QR what what about the three-way + + align:start position:0% +QR what what about the three-way + + + align:start position:0% +QR what what about the three-way +intersection how many things share a + + align:start position:0% +intersection how many things share a + + + align:start position:0% +intersection how many things share a +factor of PQ and + + align:start position:0% +factor of PQ and + + + align:start position:0% +factor of PQ and +R + + align:start position:0% +R + + + align:start position:0% +R +yeah yeah it's just n itself so minus + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah it's just n itself so minus + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah it's just n itself so minus +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and if you do some uh you know + + align:start position:0% +okay and if you do some uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +okay and if you do some uh you know +messy algebra this turns out to uh P + + align:start position:0% +messy algebra this turns out to uh P + + + align:start position:0% +messy algebra this turns out to uh P +minus one Q - one + + align:start position:0% +minus one Q - one + + + align:start position:0% +minus one Q - one +r - + + align:start position:0% +r - + + + align:start position:0% +r - +one which is also equal to n * 1 - 1 / + + align:start position:0% +one which is also equal to n * 1 - 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +one which is also equal to n * 1 - 1 / +p uh 1 - 1 / + + align:start position:0% +p uh 1 - 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +p uh 1 - 1 / +Q 1 - 1 / + + align:start position:0% +Q 1 - 1 / + + + align:start position:0% +Q 1 - 1 / +R + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so hopefully it's not too hard to + + align:start position:0% +okay so hopefully it's not too hard to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so hopefully it's not too hard to +see how this could generalize right uh + + align:start position:0% +see how this could generalize right uh + + + align:start position:0% +see how this could generalize right uh +to get you know the more general form of + + align:start position:0% +to get you know the more general form of + + + align:start position:0% +to get you know the more general form of +of oil + + align:start position:0% +of oil + + + align:start position:0% +of oil +totient okay does this application make + + align:start position:0% +totient okay does this application make + + + align:start position:0% +totient okay does this application make +sense to + + align:start position:0% +sense to + + + align:start position:0% +sense to +people any questions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah oh that's just the assumption that + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh that's just the assumption that + + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh that's just the assumption that +we made you for the sake of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so that's inclusion exclusion with + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's inclusion exclusion with + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's inclusion exclusion with +uh two or three sets but more generally + + align:start position:0% +uh two or three sets but more generally + + + align:start position:0% +uh two or three sets but more generally +you can kind of continue the pattern + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of continue the pattern + + + align:start position:0% +you can kind of continue the pattern +right so if you have say n sets uh A1 + + align:start position:0% +right so if you have say n sets uh A1 + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you have say n sets uh A1 +A2 all the way up to a + + align:start position:0% +A2 all the way up to a + + + align:start position:0% +A2 all the way up to a +subn and you want to figure out the + + align:start position:0% +subn and you want to figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +subn and you want to figure out the +union of all of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so as we did before we're going to + + align:start position:0% +right so as we did before we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +right so as we did before we're going to +add up the individual sizes of the uh uh + + align:start position:0% +add up the individual sizes of the uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +add up the individual sizes of the uh uh +of the individual + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sets + + align:start position:0% +sets + + + align:start position:0% +sets +Okay then we're going to subtract off + + align:start position:0% +Okay then we're going to subtract off + + + align:start position:0% +Okay then we're going to subtract off +the pawise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intersections + + align:start position:0% +intersections + + + align:start position:0% +intersections +okay then we're going to add in the + + align:start position:0% +okay then we're going to add in the + + + align:start position:0% +okay then we're going to add in the +three-way intersections + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right and we're just going to keep on + + align:start position:0% +right and we're just going to keep on + + + align:start position:0% +right and we're just going to keep on +going okay until eventually we get to + + align:start position:0% +going okay until eventually we get to + + + align:start position:0% +going okay until eventually we get to +you know plus or minus the size of the + + align:start position:0% +you know plus or minus the size of the + + + align:start position:0% +you know plus or minus the size of the +nway intersection so A1 cap A2 Cap all + + align:start position:0% +nway intersection so A1 cap A2 Cap all + + + align:start position:0% +nway intersection so A1 cap A2 Cap all +the way to a + + align:start position:0% +the way to a + + + align:start position:0% +the way to a +subn + + align:start position:0% +subn + + + align:start position:0% +subn +okay and the the sign on that last term + + align:start position:0% +okay and the the sign on that last term + + + align:start position:0% +okay and the the sign on that last term +will depend on you know the parody of n + + align:start position:0% +will depend on you know the parody of n + + + align:start position:0% +will depend on you know the parody of n +okay does that make sense to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people so perhaps a more formal way of + + align:start position:0% +people so perhaps a more formal way of + + + align:start position:0% +people so perhaps a more formal way of +expressing + + align:start position:0% +expressing + + + align:start position:0% +expressing +this is the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +following so suppose we have some set + + align:start position:0% +following so suppose we have some set + + + align:start position:0% +following so suppose we have some set +u uh which we're going to say is a union + + align:start position:0% +u uh which we're going to say is a union + + + align:start position:0% +u uh which we're going to say is a union +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +uh n + + align:start position:0% +uh n + + + align:start position:0% +uh n +sets Okay so this is going to be our + + align:start position:0% +sets Okay so this is going to be our + + + align:start position:0% +sets Okay so this is going to be our +universe of discourse okay uh and so + + align:start position:0% +universe of discourse okay uh and so + + + align:start position:0% +universe of discourse okay uh and so +this means that you know by + + align:start position:0% +this means that you know by + + + align:start position:0% +this means that you know by +convention if we intersect no sets right + + align:start position:0% +convention if we intersect no sets right + + + align:start position:0% +convention if we intersect no sets right +this is just going to be uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +U okay so just like if we Union no sets + + align:start position:0% +U okay so just like if we Union no sets + + + align:start position:0% +U okay so just like if we Union no sets +we start with nothing and then you know + + align:start position:0% +we start with nothing and then you know + + + align:start position:0% +we start with nothing and then you know +start unioning in more things and we + + align:start position:0% +start unioning in more things and we + + + align:start position:0% +start unioning in more things and we +should get a union of sets + + align:start position:0% +should get a union of sets + + + align:start position:0% +should get a union of sets +if we start with everything and then + + align:start position:0% +if we start with everything and then + + + align:start position:0% +if we start with everything and then +start intersecting we should get an + + align:start position:0% +start intersecting we should get an + + + align:start position:0% +start intersecting we should get an +intersection of sets so that's that's + + align:start position:0% +intersection of sets so that's that's + + + align:start position:0% +intersection of sets so that's that's +where this convention comes from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah oh uh this this notation this + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh uh this this notation this + + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh uh this this notation this +notation both oh okay so this is kind of + + align:start position:0% +notation both oh okay so this is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +notation both oh okay so this is kind of +like the uh the big Sigma right so uh + + align:start position:0% +like the uh the big Sigma right so uh + + + align:start position:0% +like the uh the big Sigma right so uh +just how this represents like an nway + + align:start position:0% +just how this represents like an nway + + + align:start position:0% +just how this represents like an nway +addition uh this represents an nway + + align:start position:0% +addition uh this represents an nway + + + align:start position:0% +addition uh this represents an nway +Union and this represents an nway + + align:start position:0% +Union and this represents an nway + + + align:start position:0% +Union and this represents an nway +intersection + + align:start position:0% +intersection + + + align:start position:0% +intersection +right uh so we've got this is saying + + align:start position:0% +right uh so we've got this is saying + + + align:start position:0% +right uh so we've got this is saying +we've got a union of n sets like A1 + + align:start position:0% +we've got a union of n sets like A1 + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a union of n sets like A1 +Union A2 Union A3 Union a n + + align:start position:0% +Union A2 Union A3 Union a n + + + align:start position:0% +Union A2 Union A3 Union a n +okay uh and this is saying you know + + align:start position:0% +okay uh and this is saying you know + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh and this is saying you know +we've got an intersection of n sets but + + align:start position:0% +we've got an intersection of n sets but + + + align:start position:0% +we've got an intersection of n sets but +n is zero so by convention we just take + + align:start position:0% +n is zero so by convention we just take + + + align:start position:0% +n is zero so by convention we just take +that to be the entire universe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sorry uh the the question is why are we + + align:start position:0% +sorry uh the the question is why are we + + + align:start position:0% +sorry uh the the question is why are we +setting both the union and the + + align:start position:0% +setting both the union and the + + + align:start position:0% +setting both the union and the +intersection to be U uh this is just how + + align:start position:0% +intersection to be U uh this is just how + + + align:start position:0% +intersection to be U uh this is just how +we're defining youu this is a + + align:start position:0% +we're defining youu this is a + + + align:start position:0% +we're defining youu this is a +convention right so if if you intersect + + align:start position:0% +convention right so if if you intersect + + + align:start position:0% +convention right so if if you intersect +no sets right you should get everything + + align:start position:0% +no sets right you should get everything + + + align:start position:0% +no sets right you should get everything +just like if you multiply no numbers you + + align:start position:0% +just like if you multiply no numbers you + + + align:start position:0% +just like if you multiply no numbers you +should get one it's kind of similar to + + align:start position:0% +should get one it's kind of similar to + + + align:start position:0% +should get one it's kind of similar to +that right like you know you start with + + align:start position:0% +that right like you know you start with + + + align:start position:0% +that right like you know you start with +everything and then you intersect one + + align:start position:0% +everything and then you intersect one + + + align:start position:0% +everything and then you intersect one +you should get the set that you that you + + align:start position:0% +you should get the set that you that you + + + align:start position:0% +you should get the set that you that you +intersected in + + align:start position:0% +intersected in + + + align:start position:0% +intersected in +right okay so this is just a convention + + align:start position:0% +right okay so this is just a convention + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so this is just a convention +uh if you prefer you can just write in U + + align:start position:0% +uh if you prefer you can just write in U + + + align:start position:0% +uh if you prefer you can just write in U +itself and and what I'm about to write + + align:start position:0% +itself and and what I'm about to write + + + align:start position:0% +itself and and what I'm about to write +that might make it easier to understand + + align:start position:0% +that might make it easier to understand + + + align:start position:0% +that might make it easier to understand +sorry about + + align:start position:0% +sorry about + + + align:start position:0% +sorry about +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the theorem is + + align:start position:0% +okay so the theorem is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the theorem is +that uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you look at all subsets of the + + align:start position:0% +if you look at all subsets of the + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at all subsets of the +numbers up to n right and you take uh + + align:start position:0% +numbers up to n right and you take uh + + + align:start position:0% +numbers up to n right and you take uh +the like ey way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intersection of these + + align:start position:0% +intersection of these + + + align:start position:0% +intersection of these +AIS right and then multiply it by minus + + align:start position:0% +AIS right and then multiply it by minus + + + align:start position:0% +AIS right and then multiply it by minus +one to the size of + + align:start position:0% +one to the size of + + + align:start position:0% +one to the size of +I this should give you zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now if you want to think about + + align:start position:0% +okay so now if you want to think about + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now if you want to think about +this in the case of the + + align:start position:0% +this in the case of the + + + align:start position:0% +this in the case of the +2way inclusion exclusion + + align:start position:0% +2way inclusion exclusion + + + align:start position:0% +2way inclusion exclusion +here right so this is saying uh you know + + align:start position:0% +here right so this is saying uh you know + + + align:start position:0% +here right so this is saying uh you know +zero equals like we move the the union + + align:start position:0% +zero equals like we move the the union + + + align:start position:0% +zero equals like we move the the union +over to the right hand side okay or I + + align:start position:0% +over to the right hand side okay or I + + + align:start position:0% +over to the right hand side okay or I +guess we're moving everything over to + + align:start position:0% +guess we're moving everything over to + + + align:start position:0% +guess we're moving everything over to +the left hand side based on what I've + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side based on what I've + + + align:start position:0% +the left hand side based on what I've +written okay yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay uh so this formula is basically + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so this formula is basically + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so this formula is basically +what we were doing here like we're we're + + align:start position:0% +what we were doing here like we're we're + + + align:start position:0% +what we were doing here like we're we're +kind of taking uh eyeway + + align:start position:0% +kind of taking uh eyeway + + + align:start position:0% +kind of taking uh eyeway +intersections and we're you know + + align:start position:0% +intersections and we're you know + + + align:start position:0% +intersections and we're you know +flipping the sign on on successive you + + align:start position:0% +flipping the sign on on successive you + + + align:start position:0% +flipping the sign on on successive you +know sizes of I right and we're just + + align:start position:0% +know sizes of I right and we're just + + + align:start position:0% +know sizes of I right and we're just +kind of moving this Union over to the + + align:start position:0% +kind of moving this Union over to the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of moving this Union over to the +other side right so we get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if that formula is is too much you + + align:start position:0% +so if that formula is is too much you + + + align:start position:0% +so if that formula is is too much you +can think about the previous formula but + + align:start position:0% +can think about the previous formula but + + + align:start position:0% +can think about the previous formula but +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay so the the question was the + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so the the question was the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so the the question was the +like what is the difference between big + + align:start position:0% +like what is the difference between big + + + align:start position:0% +like what is the difference between big +and little I so big I is a set of + + align:start position:0% +and little I so big I is a set of + + + align:start position:0% +and little I so big I is a set of +indices little I is an individual IND + + align:start position:0% +indices little I is an individual IND + + + align:start position:0% +indices little I is an individual IND +index in that + + align:start position:0% +index in that + + + align:start position:0% +index in that +set okay + + align:start position:0% +set okay + + + align:start position:0% +set okay +so we're summing over you know all + + align:start position:0% +so we're summing over you know all + + + align:start position:0% +so we're summing over you know all +subsets of the numbers up to n + + align:start position:0% +subsets of the numbers up to n + + + align:start position:0% +subsets of the numbers up to n +right and then for each of those subsets + + align:start position:0% +right and then for each of those subsets + + + align:start position:0% +right and then for each of those subsets +we're taking the intersection of the + + align:start position:0% +we're taking the intersection of the + + + align:start position:0% +we're taking the intersection of the +relevant + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +AIS right so over here we've got a is + + align:start position:0% +AIS right so over here we've got a is + + + align:start position:0% +AIS right so over here we've got a is +you know just it corresponds to the + + align:start position:0% +you know just it corresponds to the + + + align:start position:0% +you know just it corresponds to the +subset just + + align:start position:0% +subset just + + + align:start position:0% +subset just +one B corresponds to the subset 2 uh a + + align:start position:0% +one B corresponds to the subset 2 uh a + + + align:start position:0% +one B corresponds to the subset 2 uh a +intersect B corresponds to the subset + + align:start position:0% +intersect B corresponds to the subset + + + align:start position:0% +intersect B corresponds to the subset +you know 1 comma 2 and a union B + + align:start position:0% +you know 1 comma 2 and a union B + + + align:start position:0% +you know 1 comma 2 and a union B +corresponds to the empty subset okay so + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the empty subset okay so + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to the empty subset okay so +these are all of the subsets of uh the + + align:start position:0% +these are all of the subsets of uh the + + + align:start position:0% +these are all of the subsets of uh the +integers one and two does that make + + align:start position:0% +integers one and two does that make + + + align:start position:0% +integers one and two does that make +sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question uh size of I right because I is + + align:start position:0% +question uh size of I right because I is + + + align:start position:0% +question uh size of I right because I is +a set yeah so the question is why do we + + align:start position:0% +a set yeah so the question is why do we + + + align:start position:0% +a set yeah so the question is why do we +have absolute value here that's the the + + align:start position:0% +have absolute value here that's the the + + + align:start position:0% +have absolute value here that's the the +cardinality + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so how could we prove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this well let's look at some X okay so + + align:start position:0% +this well let's look at some X okay so + + + align:start position:0% +this well let's look at some X okay so +say that you know we've got some element + + align:start position:0% +say that you know we've got some element + + + align:start position:0% +say that you know we've got some element +X of our universe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how many times do we count X on this + + align:start position:0% +how many times do we count X on this + + + align:start position:0% +how many times do we count X on this +left hand + + align:start position:0% +left hand + + + align:start position:0% +left hand +side like how many of these terms does + + align:start position:0% +side like how many of these terms does + + + align:start position:0% +side like how many of these terms does +it appear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in well it's going to be in all of the + + align:start position:0% +in well it's going to be in all of the + + + align:start position:0% +in well it's going to be in all of the +terms where X is in you know all of + + align:start position:0% +terms where X is in you know all of + + + align:start position:0% +terms where X is in you know all of +these uh AIS okay so if we say like I + + align:start position:0% +these uh AIS okay so if we say like I + + + align:start position:0% +these uh AIS okay so if we say like I +subx + + align:start position:0% +subx + + + align:start position:0% +subx +is the set of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +indices with uh X and + + align:start position:0% +indices with uh X and + + + align:start position:0% +indices with uh X and +AI + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay right it's going to be in the uh I + + align:start position:0% +okay right it's going to be in the uh I + + + align:start position:0% +okay right it's going to be in the uh I +subx + + align:start position:0% +subx + + + align:start position:0% +subx +set it's also going to be in the in like + + align:start position:0% +set it's also going to be in the in like + + + align:start position:0% +set it's also going to be in the in like +every subset of I + + align:start position:0% +every subset of I + + + align:start position:0% +every subset of I +subx okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does that make sense do people see why + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense do people see why + + + align:start position:0% +does that make sense do people see why +right if x is in sets one and two right + + align:start position:0% +right if x is in sets one and two right + + + align:start position:0% +right if x is in sets one and two right +it's going to be in the uh in the in the + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be in the uh in the in the + + + align:start position:0% +it's going to be in the uh in the in the +intersection where we've got you know I + + align:start position:0% +intersection where we've got you know I + + + align:start position:0% +intersection where we've got you know I +is 1 two it's also going to be in the + + align:start position:0% +is 1 two it's also going to be in the + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 two it's also going to be in the +intersection where I is one or where I + + align:start position:0% +intersection where I is one or where I + + + align:start position:0% +intersection where I is one or where I +is two or where I is + + align:start position:0% +is two or where I is + + + align:start position:0% +is two or where I is +empty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay but now how much does it contribute + + align:start position:0% +okay but now how much does it contribute + + + align:start position:0% +okay but now how much does it contribute +to the left hand side for each of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well how many subsets of I subx have + + align:start position:0% +well how many subsets of I subx have + + + align:start position:0% +well how many subsets of I subx have +even size and how many have odd + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +size + + align:start position:0% +size + + + align:start position:0% +size +yeah yeah it's half each right so for + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah it's half each right so for + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah it's half each right so for +the ones of odd size we're contributing + + align:start position:0% +the ones of odd size we're contributing + + + align:start position:0% +the ones of odd size we're contributing +minus one to the left hand side for the + + align:start position:0% +minus one to the left hand side for the + + + align:start position:0% +minus one to the left hand side for the +ones of even size we're contributing + + align:start position:0% +ones of even size we're contributing + + + align:start position:0% +ones of even size we're contributing +positive one to the right hand side or + + align:start position:0% +positive one to the right hand side or + + + align:start position:0% +positive one to the right hand side or +to the left hand + + align:start position:0% +to the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +to the left hand +side right so because they're half and + + align:start position:0% +side right so because they're half and + + + align:start position:0% +side right so because they're half and +half those all cancel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +so X + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contributes + + + align:start position:0% +contributes + + + + align:start position:0% +contributes + +one to left hand + + align:start position:0% +one to left hand + + + align:start position:0% +one to left hand +side for each even + + align:start position:0% +side for each even + + + align:start position:0% +side for each even +size + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +subset of I subx + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and it contributes minus one to the left + + align:start position:0% +and it contributes minus one to the left + + + align:start position:0% +and it contributes minus one to the left +hand + + align:start position:0% +hand + + + align:start position:0% +hand +side for + + align:start position:0% +side for + + + align:start position:0% +side for +each odd siiz + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +subset okay so when we add when we add + + align:start position:0% +subset okay so when we add when we add + + + align:start position:0% +subset okay so when we add when we add +all of those together we get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero okay so every element of our + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so every element of our + + + align:start position:0% +zero okay so every element of our +universe contributes zero to the left + + align:start position:0% +universe contributes zero to the left + + + align:start position:0% +universe contributes zero to the left +hand side + + align:start position:0% +hand side + + + align:start position:0% +hand side +so we get + + align:start position:0% +so we get + + + align:start position:0% +so we get +zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay does that make sense to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah uh yes we're we're looking at the + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh yes we're we're looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh yes we're we're looking at the +uh sorry question was are those both + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry question was are those both + + + align:start position:0% +uh sorry question was are those both +supposed to be left hand side we're + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be left hand side we're + + + align:start position:0% +supposed to be left hand side we're +looking at what x contributes to this + + align:start position:0% +looking at what x contributes to this + + + align:start position:0% +looking at what x contributes to this +sum okay like how many of these terms + + align:start position:0% +sum okay like how many of these terms + + + align:start position:0% +sum okay like how many of these terms +does it contribute positively to how + + align:start position:0% +does it contribute positively to how + + + align:start position:0% +does it contribute positively to how +many does it contribute negatively to so + + align:start position:0% +many does it contribute negatively to so + + + align:start position:0% +many does it contribute negatively to so +whenever the uh size of I is even it's + + align:start position:0% +whenever the uh size of I is even it's + + + align:start position:0% +whenever the uh size of I is even it's +going to contribute positively if it's + + align:start position:0% +going to contribute positively if it's + + + align:start position:0% +going to contribute positively if it's +contained in that intersection whenever + + align:start position:0% +contained in that intersection whenever + + + align:start position:0% +contained in that intersection whenever +the size of I is odd it'll contribute + + align:start position:0% +the size of I is odd it'll contribute + + + align:start position:0% +the size of I is odd it'll contribute +negatively when it's in the intersection + + align:start position:0% +negatively when it's in the intersection + + + align:start position:0% +negatively when it's in the intersection +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah uh +sorry the the question was how do we + + align:start position:0% +sorry the the question was how do we + + + align:start position:0% +sorry the the question was how do we +construct a big I so that the + + align:start position:0% +construct a big I so that the + + + align:start position:0% +construct a big I so that the +intersection is the empty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Set + + align:start position:0% +Set + + + align:start position:0% +Set +uh okay let let me let me see if I'm + + align:start position:0% +uh okay let let me let me see if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +uh okay let let me let me see if I'm +understanding um you are trying to find + + align:start position:0% +understanding um you are trying to find + + + align:start position:0% +understanding um you are trying to find +an I such that uh this is empty or such + + align:start position:0% +an I such that uh this is empty or such + + + align:start position:0% +an I such that uh this is empty or such +that this is empty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this one okay so we don't care uh we are + + align:start position:0% +this one okay so we don't care uh we are + + + align:start position:0% +this one okay so we don't care uh we are +looking at the sets that contain X so + + align:start position:0% +looking at the sets that contain X so + + + align:start position:0% +looking at the sets that contain X so +they should never be + + align:start position:0% +they should never be + + + align:start position:0% +they should never be +empty + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay like we're we're kind of looking at + + align:start position:0% +okay like we're we're kind of looking at + + + align:start position:0% +okay like we're we're kind of looking at +uh you know what we had here like how + + align:start position:0% +uh you know what we had here like how + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know what we had here like how +many times have we counted + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +X + + align:start position:0% +X + + + align:start position:0% +X +okay so if this is still confusing uh + + align:start position:0% +okay so if this is still confusing uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if this is still confusing uh +please review the lecture notes or uh + + align:start position:0% +please review the lecture notes or uh + + + align:start position:0% +please review the lecture notes or uh +you know it's not important that the + + align:start position:0% +you know it's not important that the + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's not important that the +proof is not important the most + + align:start position:0% +proof is not important the most + + + align:start position:0% +proof is not important the most +important thing is you know knowing how + + align:start position:0% +important thing is you know knowing how + + + align:start position:0% +important thing is you know knowing how +to use it right so you want to add + + align:start position:0% +to use it right so you want to add + + + align:start position:0% +to use it right so you want to add +together the the uh the single sets + + align:start position:0% +together the the uh the single sets + + + align:start position:0% +together the the uh the single sets +subtract off the the parse intersections + + align:start position:0% +subtract off the the parse intersections + + + align:start position:0% +subtract off the the parse intersections +add together the three-way intersections + + align:start position:0% +add together the three-way intersections + + + align:start position:0% +add together the three-way intersections +Etc + + align:start position:0% +Etc + + + align:start position:0% +Etc +okay so let's move on to the second + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's move on to the second + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's move on to the second +topic for + + align:start position:0% +topic for + + + align:start position:0% +topic for +today Pidgey hole principle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay has anybody heard of this + + align:start position:0% +okay has anybody heard of this + + + align:start position:0% +okay has anybody heard of this +before yeah okay uh so the pidy hole + + align:start position:0% +before yeah okay uh so the pidy hole + + + align:start position:0% +before yeah okay uh so the pidy hole +principle it gets its name from you know + + align:start position:0% +principle it gets its name from you know + + + align:start position:0% +principle it gets its name from you know +Medieval Times you have uh a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +Medieval Times you have uh a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +Medieval Times you have uh a bunch of +you know Pidgey holes that are supposed + + align:start position:0% +you know Pidgey holes that are supposed + + + align:start position:0% +you know Pidgey holes that are supposed +to contain pidgeys uh but what if you + + align:start position:0% +to contain pidgeys uh but what if you + + + align:start position:0% +to contain pidgeys uh but what if you +have more pidgeys than Pidgey holes + + align:start position:0% +have more pidgeys than Pidgey holes + + + align:start position:0% +have more pidgeys than Pidgey holes +right what + + align:start position:0% +right what + + + align:start position:0% +right what +happens well two of them have to share + + align:start position:0% +happens well two of them have to share + + + align:start position:0% +happens well two of them have to share +right two of them get squished okay so + + align:start position:0% +right two of them get squished okay so + + + align:start position:0% +right two of them get squished okay so +that's basically what the uh what the + + align:start position:0% +that's basically what the uh what the + + + align:start position:0% +that's basically what the uh what the +pidal principle is saying if we have two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sets A and + + align:start position:0% +sets A and + + + align:start position:0% +sets A and +B where uh the size of a is greater than + + align:start position:0% +B where uh the size of a is greater than + + + align:start position:0% +B where uh the size of a is greater than +the size of + + align:start position:0% +the size of + + + align:start position:0% +the size of +B + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and F from A to + + align:start position:0% +and F from A to + + + align:start position:0% +and F from A to +B is total right then F cannot be + + align:start position:0% +B is total right then F cannot be + + + align:start position:0% +B is total right then F cannot be +injective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right so if a is our set of pigeons + + align:start position:0% +right so if a is our set of pigeons + + + align:start position:0% +right so if a is our set of pigeons +right B is our set of pigeon holes and F + + align:start position:0% +right B is our set of pigeon holes and F + + + align:start position:0% +right B is our set of pigeon holes and F +is saying you know pigeon a lives in + + align:start position:0% +is saying you know pigeon a lives in + + + align:start position:0% +is saying you know pigeon a lives in +pigeon hole B + + align:start position:0% +pigeon hole B + + + align:start position:0% +pigeon hole B +right uh this should be a total function + + align:start position:0% +right uh this should be a total function + + + align:start position:0% +right uh this should be a total function +right like every Pidgey should have a + + align:start position:0% +right like every Pidgey should have a + + + align:start position:0% +right like every Pidgey should have a +home right we don't want to have + + align:start position:0% +home right we don't want to have + + + align:start position:0% +home right we don't want to have +homeless + + align:start position:0% +homeless + + + align:start position:0% +homeless +pidgeys uh so it's a total + + align:start position:0% +pidgeys uh so it's a total + + + align:start position:0% +pidgeys uh so it's a total +function right but that means that it + + align:start position:0% +function right but that means that it + + + align:start position:0% +function right but that means that it +can't be injective meaning that there + + align:start position:0% +can't be injective meaning that there + + + align:start position:0% +can't be injective meaning that there +have to be two pigeons that share a + + align:start position:0% +have to be two pigeons that share a + + + align:start position:0% +have to be two pigeons that share a +pigeon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hole + + align:start position:0% +hole + + + align:start position:0% +hole +okay so let's look at a couple of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +examples do we still have 26 students in + + align:start position:0% +examples do we still have 26 students in + + + align:start position:0% +examples do we still have 26 students in +the room + + align:start position:0% +the room + + + align:start position:0% +the room +nice not too many students have dropped + + align:start position:0% +nice not too many students have dropped + + + align:start position:0% +nice not too many students have dropped +okay so there are more than 26 students + + align:start position:0% +okay so there are more than 26 students + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there are more than 26 students +in the room so at least two of you uh + + align:start position:0% +in the room so at least two of you uh + + + align:start position:0% +in the room so at least two of you uh +share the first letter of your first + + align:start position:0% +share the first letter of your first + + + align:start position:0% +share the first letter of your first +name right uh so we've got well at least + + align:start position:0% +name right uh so we've got well at least + + + align:start position:0% +name right uh so we've got well at least + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +students and 26 letters of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +alphabet so if we map every student + + align:start position:0% +alphabet so if we map every student + + + align:start position:0% +alphabet so if we map every student +right right to the first letter of their + + align:start position:0% +right right to the first letter of their + + + align:start position:0% +right right to the first letter of their +first name right that's a total function + + align:start position:0% +first name right that's a total function + + + align:start position:0% +first name right that's a total function +so it can't be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +injective okay so two students must + + align:start position:0% +injective okay so two students must + + + align:start position:0% +injective okay so two students must +share + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay does that example make + + align:start position:0% +okay does that example make + + + align:start position:0% +okay does that example make +sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right okay uh what if I've got n + + align:start position:0% +right okay uh what if I've got n + + + align:start position:0% +right okay uh what if I've got n +differently colored pairs of socks + + align:start position:0% +differently colored pairs of socks + + + align:start position:0% +differently colored pairs of socks +right don't worry about + + align:start position:0% +right don't worry about + + + align:start position:0% +right don't worry about +it how many socks do I need to pull out + + align:start position:0% +it how many socks do I need to pull out + + + align:start position:0% +it how many socks do I need to pull out +of my drawer to ensure that I get two of + + align:start position:0% +of my drawer to ensure that I get two of + + + align:start position:0% +of my drawer to ensure that I get two of +the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +color + + align:start position:0% +color + + + align:start position:0% +color +sorry yeah the answer was uh n plus one + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah the answer was uh n plus one + + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah the answer was uh n plus one +right so in my case + + align:start position:0% +right so in my case + + + align:start position:0% +right so in my case +two so if I've got n socks or sorry n + + align:start position:0% +two so if I've got n socks or sorry n + + + align:start position:0% +two so if I've got n socks or sorry n +colors of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +socks need n+ + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one to guarantee a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pair okay so I've been a little bit + + align:start position:0% +pair okay so I've been a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +pair okay so I've been a little bit +handwavy with this + + align:start position:0% +handwavy with this + + + align:start position:0% +handwavy with this +one when you're trying to prove + + align:start position:0% +one when you're trying to prove + + + align:start position:0% +one when you're trying to prove +something with the pigeon hole principle + + align:start position:0% +something with the pigeon hole principle + + + align:start position:0% +something with the pigeon hole principle +you generally need to be very careful + + align:start position:0% +you generally need to be very careful + + + align:start position:0% +you generally need to be very careful +about what your pigeons are what your + + align:start position:0% +about what your pigeons are what your + + + align:start position:0% +about what your pigeons are what your +pigeon holes are and what the map + + align:start position:0% +pigeon holes are and what the map + + + align:start position:0% +pigeon holes are and what the map +between them + + align:start position:0% +between them + + + align:start position:0% +between them +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so what are those three elements in + + align:start position:0% +okay so what are those three elements in + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what are those three elements in +this case + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe we could phrase it instead as you + + align:start position:0% +maybe we could phrase it instead as you + + + align:start position:0% +maybe we could phrase it instead as you +know if I have n plus one then it + + align:start position:0% +know if I have n plus one then it + + + align:start position:0% +know if I have n plus one then it +guarantees a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pair + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay so a is the set of socks + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and B is a set of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +colors and the map is going to map the + + align:start position:0% +colors and the map is going to map the + + + align:start position:0% +colors and the map is going to map the +sock to its + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +color okay does that make sense to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everybody + + align:start position:0% +everybody + + + align:start position:0% +everybody +okay uh does anybody know what the + + align:start position:0% +okay uh does anybody know what the + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh does anybody know what the +population of Boston + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is are you looking at the lecture + + align:start position:0% +is are you looking at the lecture + + + align:start position:0% +is are you looking at the lecture +notes oh + + align:start position:0% +notes oh + + + align:start position:0% +notes oh +okay yeah about 650,000 as of you know + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah about 650,000 as of you know + + + align:start position:0% +okay yeah about 650,000 as of you know +however many decades ago these lecture + + align:start position:0% +however many decades ago these lecture + + + align:start position:0% +however many decades ago these lecture +notes were written um I don't actually + + align:start position:0% +notes were written um I don't actually + + + align:start position:0% +notes were written um I don't actually +know that that was very long ago it + + align:start position:0% +know that that was very long ago it + + + align:start position:0% +know that that was very long ago it +could be current + + align:start position:0% +could be current + + + align:start position:0% +could be current +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is anybody a uh human biology nerd does + + align:start position:0% +is anybody a uh human biology nerd does + + + align:start position:0% +is anybody a uh human biology nerd does +anybody know how many hairs humans + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have so it turns out humans + + align:start position:0% +have so it turns out humans + + + align:start position:0% +have so it turns out humans +have less than about + + align:start position:0% +have less than about + + + align:start position:0% +have less than about +200,000 + + align:start position:0% +200,000 + + + align:start position:0% +200,000 +hairs okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what does the pitch and hole + + align:start position:0% +so what does the pitch and hole + + + align:start position:0% +so what does the pitch and hole +principle tell us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ideas getting some face Palms + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah oh good point so the answer was at + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh good point so the answer was at + + + align:start position:0% +yeah oh good point so the answer was at +least three uh humans in Boston have the + + align:start position:0% +least three uh humans in Boston have the + + + align:start position:0% +least three uh humans in Boston have the +same number of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pairis okay so as stated all we know is + + align:start position:0% +pairis okay so as stated all we know is + + + align:start position:0% +pairis okay so as stated all we know is +that you know at least two bostonians + + align:start position:0% +that you know at least two bostonians + + + align:start position:0% +that you know at least two bostonians +have the same number of hairs right so + + align:start position:0% +have the same number of hairs right so + + + align:start position:0% +have the same number of hairs right so +does that mean that there's somebody + + align:start position:0% +does that mean that there's somebody + + + align:start position:0% +does that mean that there's somebody +with the same number of hairs as me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not necessarily right uh so we know that + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily right uh so we know that + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily right uh so we know that +there exists two bostonians we don't + + align:start position:0% +there exists two bostonians we don't + + + align:start position:0% +there exists two bostonians we don't +know who they are right uh this this is + + align:start position:0% +know who they are right uh this this is + + + align:start position:0% +know who they are right uh this this is +non-constructive right it it only tells + + align:start position:0% +non-constructive right it it only tells + + + align:start position:0% +non-constructive right it it only tells +us of + + align:start position:0% +us of + + + align:start position:0% +us of +existence uh but your your colleague + + align:start position:0% +existence uh but your your colleague + + + align:start position:0% +existence uh but your your colleague +also brings up another good point uh + + align:start position:0% +also brings up another good point uh + + + align:start position:0% +also brings up another good point uh +because this 650,000 is so much larger + + align:start position:0% +because this 650,000 is so much larger + + + align:start position:0% +because this 650,000 is so much larger +than the 200,000 we can actually say + + align:start position:0% +than the 200,000 we can actually say + + + align:start position:0% +than the 200,000 we can actually say +something stronger right like all we + + align:start position:0% +something stronger right like all we + + + align:start position:0% +something stronger right like all we +need is is 200,000 plus 1 right that'll + + align:start position:0% +need is is 200,000 plus 1 right that'll + + + align:start position:0% +need is is 200,000 plus 1 right that'll +give us a a a of two + + align:start position:0% +give us a a a of two + + + align:start position:0% +give us a a a of two +bostonians right we've actually got more + + align:start position:0% +bostonians right we've actually got more + + + align:start position:0% +bostonians right we've actually got more +than three times that number right so + + align:start position:0% +than three times that number right so + + + align:start position:0% +than three times that number right so +there are more than three + + align:start position:0% +there are more than three + + + align:start position:0% +there are more than three +bostonians who have the same number of + + align:start position:0% +bostonians who have the same number of + + + align:start position:0% +bostonians who have the same number of +hairs so in fact we can conclude that + + align:start position:0% +hairs so in fact we can conclude that + + + align:start position:0% +hairs so in fact we can conclude that +there are at least four + + align:start position:0% +there are at least four + + + align:start position:0% +there are at least four +bostonians who all have the same number + + align:start position:0% +bostonians who all have the same number + + + align:start position:0% +bostonians who all have the same number +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +hairs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay does that make sense to everybody + + align:start position:0% +okay does that make sense to everybody + + + align:start position:0% +okay does that make sense to everybody +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +did ah so the the question was how did + + align:start position:0% +did ah so the the question was how did + + + align:start position:0% +did ah so the the question was how did +we get the four + + align:start position:0% +we get the four + + + align:start position:0% +we get the four +right so this is what we call the + + align:start position:0% +right so this is what we call the + + + align:start position:0% +right so this is what we call the +generalized pigeon hole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +principle okay so up here right we just + + align:start position:0% +principle okay so up here right we just + + + align:start position:0% +principle okay so up here right we just +said you know if a is is larger than + + align:start position:0% +said you know if a is is larger than + + + align:start position:0% +said you know if a is is larger than +b but if we have the stronger condition + + align:start position:0% +b but if we have the stronger condition + + + align:start position:0% +b but if we have the stronger condition +that if a is larger than K * + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B right right then we've got a K plus + + align:start position:0% +B right right then we've got a K plus + + + align:start position:0% +B right right then we've got a K plus +1way Collision not just a two-way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Collision + + align:start position:0% +Collision + + + align:start position:0% +Collision +okay so because you know we have 650,000 + + align:start position:0% +okay so because you know we have 650,000 + + + align:start position:0% +okay so because you know we have 650,000 +which is more than three times 200,000 + + align:start position:0% +which is more than three times 200,000 + + + align:start position:0% +which is more than three times 200,000 +we've got a 3 plus oneway Collision not + + align:start position:0% +we've got a 3 plus oneway Collision not + + + align:start position:0% +we've got a 3 plus oneway Collision not +just a three-way Collision does that + + align:start position:0% +just a three-way Collision does that + + + align:start position:0% +just a three-way Collision does that +make sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah uh I suppose we could include + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah uh I suppose we could include + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah uh I suppose we could include +zero but I guess there're everybody + + align:start position:0% +zero but I guess there're everybody + + + align:start position:0% +zero but I guess there're everybody +knows that there're are bald bostonians + + align:start position:0% +knows that there're are bald bostonians + + + align:start position:0% +knows that there're are bald bostonians +so maybe we exclude that um but yeah + + align:start position:0% +so maybe we exclude that um but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe we exclude that um but yeah +every natural number from uh from one up + + align:start position:0% +every natural number from uh from one up + + + align:start position:0% +every natural number from uh from one up +to 200,000 was is going to be our B and + + align:start position:0% +to 200,000 was is going to be our B and + + + align:start position:0% +to 200,000 was is going to be our B and +our a is going to be the set of all + + align:start position:0% +our a is going to be the set of all + + + align:start position:0% +our a is going to be the set of all +bostonians right and we are mapping a + + align:start position:0% +bostonians right and we are mapping a + + + align:start position:0% +bostonians right and we are mapping a +person to the number of pairs that they + + align:start position:0% +person to the number of pairs that they + + + align:start position:0% +person to the number of pairs that they +have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay okay so you can like you can + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so you can like you can + + + align:start position:0% +okay okay so you can like you can +basically always use the generalized uh + + align:start position:0% +basically always use the generalized uh + + + align:start position:0% +basically always use the generalized uh +pigeon hole principle if you would you + + align:start position:0% +pigeon hole principle if you would you + + + align:start position:0% +pigeon hole principle if you would you +know just like strong induction will + + align:start position:0% +know just like strong induction will + + + align:start position:0% +know just like strong induction will +always work whenever whenever weak + + align:start position:0% +always work whenever whenever weak + + + align:start position:0% +always work whenever whenever weak +induction + + align:start position:0% +induction + + + align:start position:0% +induction +does uh you could always set k equal 1 + + align:start position:0% +does uh you could always set k equal 1 + + + align:start position:0% +does uh you could always set k equal 1 +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +uh but like the the proof is basically + + align:start position:0% +uh but like the the proof is basically + + + align:start position:0% +uh but like the the proof is basically +the same um and if you use these to uh + + align:start position:0% +the same um and if you use these to uh + + + align:start position:0% +the same um and if you use these to uh +to to prove things about functions uh + + align:start position:0% +to to prove things about functions uh + + + align:start position:0% +to to prove things about functions uh +the proofs can often be you know very + + align:start position:0% +the proofs can often be you know very + + + align:start position:0% +the proofs can often be you know very +short very simple uh but they can Al + + align:start position:0% +short very simple uh but they can Al + + + align:start position:0% +short very simple uh but they can Al +they can also sometimes require some + + align:start position:0% +they can also sometimes require some + + + align:start position:0% +they can also sometimes require some +cleverness okay so it it may not always + + align:start position:0% +cleverness okay so it it may not always + + + align:start position:0% +cleverness okay so it it may not always +be obvious what a b and F should be okay + + align:start position:0% +be obvious what a b and F should be okay + + + align:start position:0% +be obvious what a b and F should be okay +so here here's a slightly more involved + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +example okay so we have an 8 by8 chest + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +board and 33 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Rooks does everybody know how uh how + + align:start position:0% +Rooks does everybody know how uh how + + + align:start position:0% +Rooks does everybody know how uh how +chess works you know + + align:start position:0% +chess works you know + + + align:start position:0% +chess works you know +vaguely okay so Rooks can move along you + + align:start position:0% +vaguely okay so Rooks can move along you + + + align:start position:0% +vaguely okay so Rooks can move along you +know ranks or files right ranks or files + + align:start position:0% +know ranks or files right ranks or files + + + align:start position:0% +know ranks or files right ranks or files +sorry um so we would like to place these + + align:start position:0% +sorry um so we would like to place these + + + align:start position:0% +sorry um so we would like to place these +these Rooks so that uh no five or so + + align:start position:0% +these Rooks so that uh no five or so + + + align:start position:0% +these Rooks so that uh no five or so +that any set of five right uh they don't + + align:start position:0% +that any set of five right uh they don't + + + align:start position:0% +that any set of five right uh they don't +all attack each + + align:start position:0% +all attack each + + + align:start position:0% +all attack each +other or no I I phrased that wrong uh so + + align:start position:0% +other or no I I phrased that wrong uh so + + + align:start position:0% +other or no I I phrased that wrong uh so +we want to find five of them where none + + align:start position:0% +we want to find five of them where none + + + align:start position:0% +we want to find five of them where none +of them attack each other right so + + align:start position:0% +of them attack each other right so + + + align:start position:0% +of them attack each other right so +basically we want them all to be in + + align:start position:0% +basically we want them all to be in + + + align:start position:0% +basically we want them all to be in +distinct uh rows and files so if we've + + align:start position:0% +distinct uh rows and files so if we've + + + align:start position:0% +distinct uh rows and files so if we've +got you know something like + + align:start position:0% +got you know something like + + + align:start position:0% +got you know something like +this right if we have a rook here a rook + + align:start position:0% +this right if we have a rook here a rook + + + align:start position:0% +this right if we have a rook here a rook +here and a rook here those three do not + + align:start position:0% +here and a rook here those three do not + + + align:start position:0% +here and a rook here those three do not +attack each other okay so we're trying + + align:start position:0% +attack each other okay so we're trying + + + align:start position:0% +attack each other okay so we're trying +to find a set of five like that right + + align:start position:0% +to find a set of five like that right + + + align:start position:0% +to find a set of five like that right +like no two of them share a column or a + + align:start position:0% +like no two of them share a column or a + + + align:start position:0% +like no two of them share a column or a +row does the uh does the setup make + + align:start position:0% +row does the uh does the setup make + + + align:start position:0% +row does the uh does the setup make +sense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay how could we do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that rather how could we prove the + + align:start position:0% +that rather how could we prove the + + + align:start position:0% +that rather how could we prove the +existence of such a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +set maybe it would help to draw out the + + align:start position:0% +set maybe it would help to draw out the + + + align:start position:0% +set maybe it would help to draw out the +chessboard let's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see one two + + align:start position:0% +see one two + + + align:start position:0% +see one two +three + + align:start position:0% +three + + + align:start position:0% +three +four five six + + align:start position:0% +four five six + + + align:start position:0% +four five six +7 one two three + + align:start position:0% +7 one two three + + + align:start position:0% +7 one two three +four five six seven + + align:start position:0% +four five six seven + + + align:start position:0% +four five six seven +okay there's our wonky chest board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so how could we do this any + + align:start position:0% +okay so how could we do this any + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how could we do this any +ideas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay so the answer is if we place + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so the answer is if we place + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so the answer is if we place +four Rooks they cover at most 2 to the + + align:start position:0% +four Rooks they cover at most 2 to the + + + align:start position:0% +four Rooks they cover at most 2 to the +five + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +squares + + align:start position:0% +squares + + + align:start position:0% +squares +uh is that + + align:start position:0% +uh is that + + + align:start position:0% +uh is that +true uh I don't think that's true right + + align:start position:0% +true uh I don't think that's true right + + + align:start position:0% +true uh I don't think that's true right +like if we place Rooks in these four uh + + align:start position:0% +like if we place Rooks in these four uh + + + align:start position:0% +like if we place Rooks in these four uh +squares right they're going to cover 3/4 + + align:start position:0% +squares right they're going to cover 3/4 + + + align:start position:0% +squares right they're going to cover 3/4 +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +chessboard okay uh yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh that's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pardon uh so what what is your solution + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then oh oh sorry I think you may have + + align:start position:0% +then oh oh sorry I think you may have + + + align:start position:0% +then oh oh sorry I think you may have +misunderstood the problem um you know we + + align:start position:0% +misunderstood the problem um you know we + + + align:start position:0% +misunderstood the problem um you know we +we have 33 Rooks right we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +we have 33 Rooks right we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +we have 33 Rooks right we're trying to +find a set of five that don't attack + + align:start position:0% +find a set of five that don't attack + + + align:start position:0% +find a set of five that don't attack +each other we're we're given the + + align:start position:0% +each other we're we're given the + + + align:start position:0% +each other we're we're given the +placement right we're not allowed to + + align:start position:0% +placement right we're not allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +placement right we're not allowed to +just Place five Rooks if we could place + + align:start position:0% +just Place five Rooks if we could place + + + align:start position:0% +just Place five Rooks if we could place +them then yeah we could we could you + + align:start position:0% +them then yeah we could we could you + + + align:start position:0% +them then yeah we could we could you +know place them along a diagonal and + + align:start position:0% +know place them along a diagonal and + + + align:start position:0% +know place them along a diagonal and +then we've got eight right so like you + + align:start position:0% +then we've got eight right so like you + + + align:start position:0% +then we've got eight right so like you +know some of these have have Rooks we + + align:start position:0% +know some of these have have Rooks we + + + align:start position:0% +know some of these have have Rooks we +don't get to control where + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right right and we're trying to find + + align:start position:0% +right right and we're trying to find + + + align:start position:0% +right right and we're trying to find +some subset of these uh some subset of + + align:start position:0% +some subset of these uh some subset of + + + align:start position:0% +some subset of these uh some subset of +five of these that don't attack each + + align:start position:0% +five of these that don't attack each + + + align:start position:0% +five of these that don't attack each +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +does the problem setup make + + align:start position:0% +does the problem setup make + + + align:start position:0% +does the problem setup make +sense maybe yes no + + align:start position:0% +sense maybe yes no + + + align:start position:0% +sense maybe yes no +yeah okay so how could we use the pigeon + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so how could we use the pigeon + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay so how could we use the pigeon +hole principle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here well perhaps let's start with the + + align:start position:0% +here well perhaps let's start with the + + + align:start position:0% +here well perhaps let's start with the +easiest element what should our pigeons + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +be what are we trying to make Collide + + align:start position:0% +be what are we trying to make Collide + + + align:start position:0% +be what are we trying to make Collide +yeah Rooks yeah so our pigeons are going + + align:start position:0% +yeah Rooks yeah so our pigeons are going + + + align:start position:0% +yeah Rooks yeah so our pigeons are going +to be the Rooks and I've lost my + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Eraser + + align:start position:0% +Eraser + + + align:start position:0% +Eraser +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +now what should our pigeon holes + + align:start position:0% +now what should our pigeon holes + + + align:start position:0% +now what should our pigeon holes +be right we want + + align:start position:0% +be right we want + + + align:start position:0% +be right we want +we want to set it up so that if we get a + + align:start position:0% +we want to set it up so that if we get a + + + align:start position:0% +we want to set it up so that if we get a +five-way + + align:start position:0% +five-way + + + align:start position:0% +five-way +collision right those five Rooks do not + + align:start position:0% +collision right those five Rooks do not + + + align:start position:0% +collision right those five Rooks do not +attack each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah so the answer was you know + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so the answer was you know + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so the answer was you know +we're placing these Rooks on the chest + + align:start position:0% +we're placing these Rooks on the chest + + + align:start position:0% +we're placing these Rooks on the chest +board so let's make the pigeon holes the + + align:start position:0% +board so let's make the pigeon holes the + + + align:start position:0% +board so let's make the pigeon holes the +uh the squares of the chest board + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so you are off to a good start + + align:start position:0% +okay so you are off to a good start + + + align:start position:0% +okay so you are off to a good start +that's a good idea uh the problem right + + align:start position:0% +that's a good idea uh the problem right + + + align:start position:0% +that's a good idea uh the problem right +now is that we've got uh fewer Rooks + + align:start position:0% +now is that we've got uh fewer Rooks + + + align:start position:0% +now is that we've got uh fewer Rooks +than squares on the + + align:start position:0% +than squares on the + + + align:start position:0% +than squares on the +chessboard okay so what we really want + + align:start position:0% +chessboard okay so what we really want + + + align:start position:0% +chessboard okay so what we really want +is a five-way collision right so we want + + align:start position:0% +is a five-way collision right so we want + + + align:start position:0% +is a five-way collision right so we want +to ensure that we have more than four + + align:start position:0% +to ensure that we have more than four + + + align:start position:0% +to ensure that we have more than four +times as many Brooks as pigeon + + align:start position:0% +times as many Brooks as pigeon + + + align:start position:0% +times as many Brooks as pigeon +holes okay so is there a way that we can + + align:start position:0% +holes okay so is there a way that we can + + + align:start position:0% +holes okay so is there a way that we can +modify your + + align:start position:0% +modify your + + + align:start position:0% +modify your +solution uh to make you know fewer + + align:start position:0% +solution uh to make you know fewer + + + align:start position:0% +solution uh to make you know fewer +things where Collision is still good for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +us so can we can we subdivide our + + align:start position:0% +us so can we can we subdivide our + + + align:start position:0% +us so can we can we subdivide our +squares so we have + + align:start position:0% +squares so we have + + + align:start position:0% +squares so we have +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +sorry okay the the answer was squares + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay the the answer was squares + + + align:start position:0% +sorry okay the the answer was squares +that don't have rope Rooks um that's not + + align:start position:0% +that don't have rope Rooks um that's not + + + align:start position:0% +that don't have rope Rooks um that's not +going to be very helpful right like + + align:start position:0% +going to be very helpful right like + + + align:start position:0% +going to be very helpful right like +we're we're assigning Rooks to Pigeon + + align:start position:0% +we're we're assigning Rooks to Pigeon + + + align:start position:0% +we're we're assigning Rooks to Pigeon +holes so the the you know the map should + + align:start position:0% +holes so the the you know the map should + + + align:start position:0% +holes so the the you know the map should +map Rooks to you know occupied squares + + align:start position:0% +map Rooks to you know occupied squares + + + align:start position:0% +map Rooks to you know occupied squares +of of some + + align:start position:0% +of of some + + + align:start position:0% +of of some +sort but how could we maybe split up the + + align:start position:0% +sort but how could we maybe split up the + + + align:start position:0% +sort but how could we maybe split up the +chessboard into eight pigeon holes right + + align:start position:0% +chessboard into eight pigeon holes right + + + align:start position:0% +chessboard into eight pigeon holes right +if we have eight pigeon holes 33 Rooks + + align:start position:0% +if we have eight pigeon holes 33 Rooks + + + align:start position:0% +if we have eight pigeon holes 33 Rooks +right that's more than four times as + + align:start position:0% +right that's more than four times as + + + align:start position:0% +right that's more than four times as +many so we get a five-way + + align:start position:0% +many so we get a five-way + + + align:start position:0% +many so we get a five-way +collision what could our eight sets of + + align:start position:0% +collision what could our eight sets of + + + align:start position:0% +collision what could our eight sets of +squares be + + align:start position:0% +squares be + + + align:start position:0% +squares be +yeah colums okay so if we have five + + align:start position:0% +yeah colums okay so if we have five + + + align:start position:0% +yeah colums okay so if we have five +Rooks in a column is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +helpful now all of those Works attack + + align:start position:0% +helpful now all of those Works attack + + + align:start position:0% +helpful now all of those Works attack +each other + + align:start position:0% +each other + + + align:start position:0% +each other +then you're getting close though + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah so the answer was you know + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so the answer was you know + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so the answer was you know +diagonals but then offset + + align:start position:0% +diagonals but then offset + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals but then offset +them okay so I'm going to number all of + + align:start position:0% +them okay so I'm going to number all of + + + align:start position:0% +them okay so I'm going to number all of +these squares so so everything numbered + + align:start position:0% +these squares so so everything numbered + + + align:start position:0% +these squares so so everything numbered +one is going to be our first pigeon hole + + align:start position:0% +one is going to be our first pigeon hole + + + align:start position:0% +one is going to be our first pigeon hole +okay so if we get five Rooks along the + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we get five Rooks along the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we get five Rooks along the +main diagonal like all of them are going + + align:start position:0% +main diagonal like all of them are going + + + align:start position:0% +main diagonal like all of them are going +to be in different rows and different + + align:start position:0% +to be in different rows and different + + + align:start position:0% +to be in different rows and different +columns so they won't attack each other + + align:start position:0% +columns so they won't attack each other + + + align:start position:0% +columns so they won't attack each other +okay so that's good right number two is + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's good right number two is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that's good right number two is +going to be offset by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one but then we're also going to wrap + + align:start position:0% +one but then we're also going to wrap + + + align:start position:0% +one but then we're also going to wrap +around down + + align:start position:0% +around down + + + align:start position:0% +around down +here okay so once again we've got eight + + align:start position:0% +here okay so once again we've got eight + + + align:start position:0% +here okay so once again we've got eight +squares that are all in different rows + + align:start position:0% +squares that are all in different rows + + + align:start position:0% +squares that are all in different rows +and different columns so if we get five + + align:start position:0% +and different columns so if we get five + + + align:start position:0% +and different columns so if we get five +on you know two squares they also don't + + align:start position:0% +on you know two squares they also don't + + + align:start position:0% +on you know two squares they also don't +attack each other okay and we can + + align:start position:0% +attack each other okay and we can + + + align:start position:0% +attack each other okay and we can +continue in this way right three goes + + align:start position:0% +continue in this way right three goes + + + align:start position:0% +continue in this way right three goes +along + + align:start position:0% +along + + + align:start position:0% +along +here and then these two squares + + align:start position:0% +here and then these two squares + + + align:start position:0% +here and then these two squares +Etc + + align:start position:0% +Etc + + + align:start position:0% +Etc +okay so now we have uh eight pigeon + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we have uh eight pigeon + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now we have uh eight pigeon +holes 33 Rooks so that's more than four + + align:start position:0% +holes 33 Rooks so that's more than four + + + align:start position:0% +holes 33 Rooks so that's more than four +times as many we get a five-way + + align:start position:0% +times as many we get a five-way + + + align:start position:0% +times as many we get a five-way +collision uh whichever you know number + + align:start position:0% +collision uh whichever you know number + + + align:start position:0% +collision uh whichever you know number +of square has that five-way Collision + + align:start position:0% +of square has that five-way Collision + + + align:start position:0% +of square has that five-way Collision +those are five Rooks that don't attack + + align:start position:0% +those are five Rooks that don't attack + + + align:start position:0% +those are five Rooks that don't attack +each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay does does that make sense to + + align:start position:0% +okay does does that make sense to + + + align:start position:0% +okay does does that make sense to +everybody so it took a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +everybody so it took a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +everybody so it took a little bit of +creativity to come up with the pigeon + + align:start position:0% +creativity to come up with the pigeon + + + align:start position:0% +creativity to come up with the pigeon +holes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here but once we have that the proof is + + align:start position:0% +here but once we have that the proof is + + + align:start position:0% +here but once we have that the proof is +fairly straightforward + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's change gears a little bit + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's change gears a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's change gears a little bit +and move on to uh the last counting + + align:start position:0% +and move on to uh the last counting + + + align:start position:0% +and move on to uh the last counting +technique for + + align:start position:0% +technique for + + + align:start position:0% +technique for +today which we call combinatorial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +proofs or double + + align:start position:0% +proofs or double + + + align:start position:0% +proofs or double +counting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oops okay okay so I like to think of + + align:start position:0% +oops okay okay so I like to think of + + + align:start position:0% +oops okay okay so I like to think of +this as somewhat similar to uh I believe + + align:start position:0% +this as somewhat similar to uh I believe + + + align:start position:0% +this as somewhat similar to uh I believe +you've seen the baction rule earlier + + align:start position:0% +you've seen the baction rule earlier + + + align:start position:0% +you've seen the baction rule earlier +right so if you have two sets and you + + align:start position:0% +right so if you have two sets and you + + + align:start position:0% +right so if you have two sets and you +can come up with a baction between them + + align:start position:0% +can come up with a baction between them + + + align:start position:0% +can come up with a baction between them +then those two sets have the same size + + align:start position:0% +then those two sets have the same size + + + align:start position:0% +then those two sets have the same size +right well similarly if you have two + + align:start position:0% +right well similarly if you have two + + + align:start position:0% +right well similarly if you have two +sizes and a single set that shares those + + align:start position:0% +sizes and a single set that shares those + + + align:start position:0% +sizes and a single set that shares those +sizes right those sizes must be equal + + align:start position:0% +sizes right those sizes must be equal + + + align:start position:0% +sizes right those sizes must be equal +okay so basically this is a proof + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically this is a proof + + + align:start position:0% +okay so basically this is a proof +technique where we take a set and kind + + align:start position:0% +technique where we take a set and kind + + + align:start position:0% +technique where we take a set and kind +of count it in two different ways okay + + align:start position:0% +of count it in two different ways okay + + + align:start position:0% +of count it in two different ways okay +and that can give us some nice + + align:start position:0% +and that can give us some nice + + + align:start position:0% +and that can give us some nice +combinatorial + + align:start position:0% +combinatorial + + + align:start position:0% +combinatorial +identities so for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +instance we have this identity have + + align:start position:0% +instance we have this identity have + + + align:start position:0% +instance we have this identity have +people seen this one + + align:start position:0% +people seen this one + + + align:start position:0% +people seen this one +before + + align:start position:0% +before + + + align:start position:0% +before +no okay so if you uh if you sum up and + + align:start position:0% +no okay so if you uh if you sum up and + + + align:start position:0% +no okay so if you uh if you sum up and +choose k for you know all K from 0 to n + + align:start position:0% +choose k for you know all K from 0 to n + + + align:start position:0% +choose k for you know all K from 0 to n +you just get 2 the + + align:start position:0% +you just get 2 the + + + align:start position:0% +you just get 2 the +N so if you haven't seen it before it's + + align:start position:0% +N so if you haven't seen it before it's + + + align:start position:0% +N so if you haven't seen it before it's +you know perhaps a little bit + + align:start position:0% +you know perhaps a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +you know perhaps a little bit +counterintuitive right like we've got a + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive right like we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +counterintuitive right like we've got a +summation of you know a bunch of things + + align:start position:0% +summation of you know a bunch of things + + + align:start position:0% +summation of you know a bunch of things +involving factorials but it turns out to + + align:start position:0% +involving factorials but it turns out to + + + align:start position:0% +involving factorials but it turns out to +be some nice uh + + align:start position:0% +be some nice uh + + + align:start position:0% +be some nice uh +exponential + + align:start position:0% +exponential + + + align:start position:0% +exponential +okay so how could we prove + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this how could we come up with a + + align:start position:0% +this how could we come up with a + + + align:start position:0% +this how could we come up with a +set that we can count you know both as + + align:start position:0% +set that we can count you know both as + + + align:start position:0% +set that we can count you know both as +this expression + + align:start position:0% +this expression + + + align:start position:0% +this expression +and as this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +expression any + + align:start position:0% +expression any + + + align:start position:0% +expression any +ideas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah so the solution was count length + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the solution was count length + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the solution was count length +and binary sequences + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so how does that give you each side + + align:start position:0% +okay so how does that give you each side + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how does that give you each side +of the uh of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equality + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay exactly + + align:start position:0% +okay exactly + + + align:start position:0% +okay exactly +yeah so the the right hand side is + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the the right hand side is + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the the right hand side is +fairly straightforward + + align:start position:0% +fairly straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +fairly straightforward +right right if we're counting length and + + align:start position:0% +right right if we're counting length and + + + align:start position:0% +right right if we're counting length and +binary sequences like every uh position + + align:start position:0% +binary sequences like every uh position + + + align:start position:0% +binary sequences like every uh position +you can either have zero or one right so + + align:start position:0% +you can either have zero or one right so + + + align:start position:0% +you can either have zero or one right so +product rule gives us to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n and for the left hand + + align:start position:0% +n and for the left hand + + + align:start position:0% +n and for the left hand +side we're going to partition based on + + align:start position:0% +side we're going to partition based on + + + align:start position:0% +side we're going to partition based on +how many ones there are in our + + align:start position:0% +how many ones there are in our + + + align:start position:0% +how many ones there are in our +sequence + + align:start position:0% +sequence + + + align:start position:0% +sequence +okay so our sequence could have any + + align:start position:0% +okay so our sequence could have any + + + align:start position:0% +okay so our sequence could have any +number of ones from0 up to n + + align:start position:0% +number of ones from0 up to n + + + align:start position:0% +number of ones from0 up to n +inclusive okay so and all of these are + + align:start position:0% +inclusive okay so and all of these are + + + align:start position:0% +inclusive okay so and all of these are +disjoint right if it has three ones it + + align:start position:0% +disjoint right if it has three ones it + + + align:start position:0% +disjoint right if it has three ones it +can't also have eight + + align:start position:0% +can't also have eight + + + align:start position:0% +can't also have eight +ones okay so by our sum rule we can just + + align:start position:0% +ones okay so by our sum rule we can just + + + align:start position:0% +ones okay so by our sum rule we can just +sum up all of the sizes of those + + align:start position:0% +sum up all of the sizes of those + + + align:start position:0% +sum up all of the sizes of those +sets what is the size of the set of + + align:start position:0% +sets what is the size of the set of + + + align:start position:0% +sets what is the size of the set of +sequences that has say three ones + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anybody how many binary sequences of + + align:start position:0% +anybody how many binary sequences of + + + align:start position:0% +anybody how many binary sequences of +length n have three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ones n choose three yeah or more + + align:start position:0% +ones n choose three yeah or more + + + align:start position:0% +ones n choose three yeah or more +generally you know they n choose k + + align:start position:0% +generally you know they n choose k + + + align:start position:0% +generally you know they n choose k +with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k1s and you know K from one through uh + + align:start position:0% +k1s and you know K from one through uh + + + align:start position:0% +k1s and you know K from one through uh +from zero through + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +n form a partition of our + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +set + + align:start position:0% +set + + + align:start position:0% +set +okay so if we sum up all of these + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we sum up all of these + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if we sum up all of these +binomial coefficients from 0 to + + align:start position:0% +binomial coefficients from 0 to + + + align:start position:0% +binomial coefficients from 0 to +n right + + align:start position:0% +n right + + + align:start position:0% +n right +we're also going to get the the number + + align:start position:0% +we're also going to get the the number + + + align:start position:0% +we're also going to get the the number +of length then binary + + align:start position:0% +of length then binary + + + align:start position:0% +of length then binary +sequences okay does that does that make + + align:start position:0% +sequences okay does that does that make + + + align:start position:0% +sequences okay does that does that make +sense to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everybody okay does the proof technique + + align:start position:0% +everybody okay does the proof technique + + + align:start position:0% +everybody okay does the proof technique +make sense to everybody right we're + + align:start position:0% +make sense to everybody right we're + + + align:start position:0% +make sense to everybody right we're +we're taking a single set and we're + + align:start position:0% +we're taking a single set and we're + + + align:start position:0% +we're taking a single set and we're +counting it in two different + + align:start position:0% +counting it in two different + + + align:start position:0% +counting it in two different +ways right and each way of counting + + align:start position:0% +ways right and each way of counting + + + align:start position:0% +ways right and each way of counting +gives us a different expression so those + + align:start position:0% +gives us a different expression so those + + + align:start position:0% +gives us a different expression so those +two expressions must be + + align:start position:0% +two expressions must be + + + align:start position:0% +two expressions must be +equal + + align:start position:0% +equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal +okay so the key here you know is + + align:start position:0% +okay so the key here you know is + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the key here you know is +choosing the right set to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +count so as it turns out that's actually + + align:start position:0% +count so as it turns out that's actually + + + align:start position:0% +count so as it turns out that's actually +a special case of a uh of a nice + + align:start position:0% +a special case of a uh of a nice + + + align:start position:0% +a special case of a uh of a nice +theorem uh so we we've been using + + align:start position:0% +theorem uh so we we've been using + + + align:start position:0% +theorem uh so we we've been using +binomial coefficients quite a lot right + + align:start position:0% +binomial coefficients quite a lot right + + + align:start position:0% +binomial coefficients quite a lot right +these uh n choose K uh terms does + + align:start position:0% +these uh n choose K uh terms does + + + align:start position:0% +these uh n choose K uh terms does +anybody know their + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +eponym any + + align:start position:0% +eponym any + + + align:start position:0% +eponym any +ideas has anybody encountered the + + align:start position:0% +ideas has anybody encountered the + + + align:start position:0% +ideas has anybody encountered the +binomial theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +before no okay well let's take a + + align:start position:0% +before no okay well let's take a + + + align:start position:0% +before no okay well let's take a +look Okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so this here is what we call a binomial + + align:start position:0% +so this here is what we call a binomial + + + align:start position:0% +so this here is what we call a binomial +right uh you know sum of two + + align:start position:0% +right uh you know sum of two + + + align:start position:0% +right uh you know sum of two +monomials uh and the binomial theorem + + align:start position:0% +monomials uh and the binomial theorem + + + align:start position:0% +monomials uh and the binomial theorem +says that if we take a binomial raise it + + align:start position:0% +says that if we take a binomial raise it + + + align:start position:0% +says that if we take a binomial raise it +to the N power right then we get you + + align:start position:0% +to the N power right then we get you + + + align:start position:0% +to the N power right then we get you +know basically the same thing as we had + + align:start position:0% +know basically the same thing as we had + + + align:start position:0% +know basically the same thing as we had +on the left hand side over there but you + + align:start position:0% +on the left hand side over there but you + + + align:start position:0% +on the left hand side over there but you +know we've got these uh powers of X and + + align:start position:0% +know we've got these uh powers of X and + + + align:start position:0% +know we've got these uh powers of X and +Y + + align:start position:0% +Y + + + align:start position:0% +Y +okay and you know by convention 0 to the + + align:start position:0% +okay and you know by convention 0 to the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and you know by convention 0 to the +0o we just say that that's equal to + + align:start position:0% +0o we just say that that's equal to + + + align:start position:0% +0o we just say that that's equal to +one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so the uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh the proof + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does anybody know how we might prove + + align:start position:0% +does anybody know how we might prove + + + align:start position:0% +does anybody know how we might prove +this it's fairly similar to what we just + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +did well what happens if we expand out + + align:start position:0% +did well what happens if we expand out + + + align:start position:0% +did well what happens if we expand out +the left hand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +side what do we get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah okay uh so the answer was we got + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay uh so the answer was we got + + + align:start position:0% +yeah okay uh so the answer was we got +the coefficients of Pascal's triangle uh + + align:start position:0% +the coefficients of Pascal's triangle uh + + + align:start position:0% +the coefficients of Pascal's triangle uh +you've skipped a couple of + + align:start position:0% +you've skipped a couple of + + + align:start position:0% +you've skipped a couple of +steps more immediately what do we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +get like say if n equals 2 what do we + + align:start position:0% +get like say if n equals 2 what do we + + + align:start position:0% +get like say if n equals 2 what do we +get + + align:start position:0% +get + + + align:start position:0% +get +we get XX plus X Y plus YX plus y y + + align:start position:0% +we get XX plus X Y plus YX plus y y + + + align:start position:0% +we get XX plus X Y plus YX plus y y +right like we've basically got a bunch + + align:start position:0% +right like we've basically got a bunch + + + align:start position:0% +right like we've basically got a bunch +of binary sequences of x's and + + align:start position:0% +of binary sequences of x's and + + + align:start position:0% +of binary sequences of x's and +y's + + align:start position:0% +y's + + + align:start position:0% +y's +okay so this gives us a + + align:start position:0% +okay so this gives us a + + + align:start position:0% +okay so this gives us a +sum of 2 to the N uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +terms of the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form uh and I'll call it you know B1 B2 + + align:start position:0% +form uh and I'll call it you know B1 B2 + + + align:start position:0% +form uh and I'll call it you know B1 B2 +up to + + align:start position:0% +up to + + + align:start position:0% +up to +BN where each + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +B is either X or + + align:start position:0% +B is either X or + + + align:start position:0% +B is either X or +Y + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now how do we get Pascal out of + + align:start position:0% +okay so now how do we get Pascal out of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now how do we get Pascal out of +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you're talking about coefficients + + align:start position:0% +so you're talking about coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +so you're talking about coefficients +what are these Coe like what are the + + align:start position:0% +what are these Coe like what are the + + + align:start position:0% +what are these Coe like what are the +coefficients of where are we getting the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coefficients not quite of X and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Y so we're going to want to group like + + align:start position:0% +Y so we're going to want to group like + + + align:start position:0% +Y so we're going to want to group like +terms right so both multiplication and + + align:start position:0% +terms right so both multiplication and + + + align:start position:0% +terms right so both multiplication and +addition are commutative so we can kind + + align:start position:0% +addition are commutative so we can kind + + + align:start position:0% +addition are commutative so we can kind +of fiddle around with uh each of those + + align:start position:0% +of fiddle around with uh each of those + + + align:start position:0% +of fiddle around with uh each of those +terms and you know put all the X's at + + align:start position:0% +terms and you know put all the X's at + + + align:start position:0% +terms and you know put all the X's at +the beginning and the Y's at the end and + + align:start position:0% +the beginning and the Y's at the end and + + + align:start position:0% +the beginning and the Y's at the end and +then we can also rearrange the terms so + + align:start position:0% +then we can also rearrange the terms so + + + align:start position:0% +then we can also rearrange the terms so +that you know we put like terms + + align:start position:0% +that you know we put like terms + + + align:start position:0% +that you know we put like terms +together okay so we can group them into + + align:start position:0% +together okay so we can group them into + + + align:start position:0% +together okay so we can group them into +a bunch of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh terms of the form at x k * y nus + + align:start position:0% +uh terms of the form at x k * y nus + + + align:start position:0% +uh terms of the form at x k * y nus +k uh and then multiplied by su + + align:start position:0% +k uh and then multiplied by su + + + align:start position:0% +k uh and then multiplied by su +coefficient C + + align:start position:0% +coefficient C + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient C +subk + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so now as your colleague was saying + + align:start position:0% +okay so now as your colleague was saying + + + align:start position:0% +okay so now as your colleague was saying +right those C subk are going to be you + + align:start position:0% +right those C subk are going to be you + + + align:start position:0% +right those C subk are going to be you +know the entries of Pascal's triangle + + align:start position:0% +know the entries of Pascal's triangle + + + align:start position:0% +know the entries of Pascal's triangle +they're going to be the uh binomial + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be the uh binomial + + + align:start position:0% +they're going to be the uh binomial +coefficients okay why is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well how many terms are there of this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form well it could come from putting the + + align:start position:0% +form well it could come from putting the + + + align:start position:0% +form well it could come from putting the +K x's in you know any K places from + + align:start position:0% +K x's in you know any K places from + + + align:start position:0% +K x's in you know any K places from +among the uh uh the N possible places + + align:start position:0% +among the uh uh the N possible places + + + align:start position:0% +among the uh uh the N possible places +right so you've got n choose K possible + + align:start position:0% +right so you've got n choose K possible + + + align:start position:0% +right so you've got n choose K possible +places or possible ways to place the X's + + align:start position:0% +places or possible ways to place the X's + + + align:start position:0% +places or possible ways to place the X's +the Y's will be the the remaining ones + + align:start position:0% +the Y's will be the the remaining ones + + + align:start position:0% +the Y's will be the the remaining ones +uh and each of those gives you a + + align:start position:0% +uh and each of those gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +uh and each of those gives you a +different term + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so C + + align:start position:0% +okay so C + + + align:start position:0% +okay so C +subk is going to be n k similar to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +above does that make sense to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everybody so if we specifically put in X + + align:start position:0% +everybody so if we specifically put in X + + + align:start position:0% +everybody so if we specifically put in X +and Y are both equal to one then we + + align:start position:0% +and Y are both equal to one then we + + + align:start position:0% +and Y are both equal to one then we +recover what we had uh originally + + align:start position:0% +recover what we had uh originally + + + align:start position:0% +recover what we had uh originally +you may also have uh encountered uh a + + align:start position:0% +you may also have uh encountered uh a + + + align:start position:0% +you may also have uh encountered uh a +form of this theorem where y equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +form of this theorem where y equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +form of this theorem where y equals 1 +have have people seen that before like 1 + + align:start position:0% +have have people seen that before like 1 + + + align:start position:0% +have have people seen that before like 1 +plus x to the uh to the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +N possibly maybe + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not okay well it is a useful theorem the + + align:start position:0% +not okay well it is a useful theorem the + + + align:start position:0% +not okay well it is a useful theorem the +coefficients on the terms are the uh you + + align:start position:0% +coefficients on the terms are the uh you + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients on the terms are the uh you +know n chose K the binomial coefficients + + align:start position:0% +know n chose K the binomial coefficients + + + align:start position:0% +know n chose K the binomial coefficients +and you know this is where their name + + align:start position:0% +and you know this is where their name + + + align:start position:0% +and you know this is where their name +comes + + align:start position:0% +comes + + + align:start position:0% +comes +from okay and uh more generally you can + + align:start position:0% +from okay and uh more generally you can + + + align:start position:0% +from okay and uh more generally you can +also get the uh multinomial theorem in + + align:start position:0% +also get the uh multinomial theorem in + + + align:start position:0% +also get the uh multinomial theorem in +the same way right if you have uh you + + align:start position:0% +the same way right if you have uh you + + + align:start position:0% +the same way right if you have uh you +know X Plus y+ Z for instance raise that + + align:start position:0% +know X Plus y+ Z for instance raise that + + + align:start position:0% +know X Plus y+ Z for instance raise that +to the nth power uh you start getting + + align:start position:0% +to the nth power uh you start getting + + + align:start position:0% +to the nth power uh you start getting +multinomial coefficients instead of + + align:start position:0% +multinomial coefficients instead of + + + align:start position:0% +multinomial coefficients instead of +binomial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coefficients okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah sorry I'm moving all the way over + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry I'm moving all the way over + + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry I'm moving all the way over +here I didn't plan this up very well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so for the multinomial theor right + + align:start position:0% +okay so for the multinomial theor right + + + align:start position:0% +okay so for the multinomial theor right +if we have a multinomial here like we've + + align:start position:0% +if we have a multinomial here like we've + + + align:start position:0% +if we have a multinomial here like we've +got mx's instead of just two right + + align:start position:0% +got mx's instead of just two right + + + align:start position:0% +got mx's instead of just two right +uh if we sum all those up and then raise + + align:start position:0% +uh if we sum all those up and then raise + + + align:start position:0% +uh if we sum all those up and then raise +it to the N power we can use essentially + + align:start position:0% +it to the N power we can use essentially + + + align:start position:0% +it to the N power we can use essentially +the same proof to show that this is + + align:start position:0% +the same proof to show that this is + + + align:start position:0% +the same proof to show that this is +going to be the sum over all uh + + align:start position:0% +going to be the sum over all uh + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the sum over all uh +sequences + + align:start position:0% +sequences + + + align:start position:0% +sequences +K1 + + align:start position:0% +K1 + + + align:start position:0% +K1 +K2 all the way up to K + + align:start position:0% +K2 all the way up to K + + + align:start position:0% +K2 all the way up to K +subm uh where these all sum up to + + align:start position:0% +subm uh where these all sum up to + + + align:start position:0% +subm uh where these all sum up to +n of the multinomial coefficient and + + align:start position:0% +n of the multinomial coefficient and + + + align:start position:0% +n of the multinomial coefficient and +choose K1 K2 + + align:start position:0% +choose K1 K2 + + + align:start position:0% +choose K1 K2 +up to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +km of you know similar to the uh x to + + align:start position:0% +km of you know similar to the uh x to + + + align:start position:0% +km of you know similar to the uh x to +the k y the N minus K term we had over + + align:start position:0% +the k y the N minus K term we had over + + + align:start position:0% +the k y the N minus K term we had over +there this time we've got a product of M + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +things + + align:start position:0% +things + + + align:start position:0% +things +okay so essentially the same proof right + + align:start position:0% +okay so essentially the same proof right + + + align:start position:0% +okay so essentially the same proof right +uh you know if we uh uh if we think of + + align:start position:0% +uh you know if we uh uh if we think of + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know if we uh uh if we think of +the uh the binom coefficients right as + + align:start position:0% +the uh the binom coefficients right as + + + align:start position:0% +the uh the binom coefficients right as +you know multinomial coefficients where + + align:start position:0% +you know multinomial coefficients where + + + align:start position:0% +you know multinomial coefficients where +we've only got two + + align:start position:0% +we've only got two + + + align:start position:0% +we've only got two +things right you can kind of see how it + + align:start position:0% +things right you can kind of see how it + + + align:start position:0% +things right you can kind of see how it +expands right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we're going to look at you know all + + align:start position:0% +uh we're going to look at you know all + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're going to look at you know all +possible ways that you could you know + + align:start position:0% +possible ways that you could you know + + + align:start position:0% +possible ways that you could you know +Place x1's x2s x3s + + align:start position:0% +Place x1's x2s x3s + + + align:start position:0% +Place x1's x2s x3s +Etc uh among the N different + + align:start position:0% +Etc uh among the N different + + + align:start position:0% +Etc uh among the N different +terms + + align:start position:0% +terms + + + align:start position:0% +terms +uh and each of those is going to give us + + align:start position:0% +uh and each of those is going to give us + + + align:start position:0% +uh and each of those is going to give us +a different term that we can then + + align:start position:0% +a different term that we can then + + + align:start position:0% +a different term that we can then +combine uh when we're grouping like + + align:start position:0% +combine uh when we're grouping like + + + align:start position:0% +combine uh when we're grouping like +terms does that make sense to + + align:start position:0% +terms does that make sense to + + + align:start position:0% +terms does that make sense to +people so the number of those the number + + align:start position:0% +people so the number of those the number + + + align:start position:0% +people so the number of those the number +of ways that you can you know permute + + align:start position:0% +of ways that you can you know permute + + + align:start position:0% +of ways that you can you know permute +those uh those nend + + align:start position:0% +those uh those nend + + + align:start position:0% +those uh those nend +things that's just going to be this + + align:start position:0% +things that's just going to be this + + + align:start position:0% +things that's just going to be this +multinomial coefficient here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay are people happy with the uh + + align:start position:0% +okay are people happy with the uh + + + align:start position:0% +okay are people happy with the uh +binomial multinomial + + align:start position:0% +binomial multinomial + + + align:start position:0% +binomial multinomial +coefficients and the binomial + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and the binomial + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients and the binomial +multinomial theorems yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so the the question is uh what what does + + align:start position:0% +so the the question is uh what what does + + + align:start position:0% +so the the question is uh what what does +this mean um is this the notation that + + align:start position:0% +this mean um is this the notation that + + + align:start position:0% +this mean um is this the notation that +you saw in the bookkeeper uh + + align:start position:0% +you saw in the bookkeeper uh + + + align:start position:0% +you saw in the bookkeeper uh +recitation uh perhaps not if if not this + + align:start position:0% +recitation uh perhaps not if if not this + + + align:start position:0% +recitation uh perhaps not if if not this +is uh equal to n factorial + + align:start position:0% +is uh equal to n factorial + + + align:start position:0% +is uh equal to n factorial +/ K1 factorial K2 + + align:start position:0% +/ K1 factorial K2 + + + align:start position:0% +/ K1 factorial K2 +factorial all the way up to km factorial + + align:start position:0% +factorial all the way up to km factorial + + + align:start position:0% +factorial all the way up to km factorial +okay so it's kind of an extension of the + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's kind of an extension of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it's kind of an extension of the +binomial coefficients right with the + + align:start position:0% +binomial coefficients right with the + + + align:start position:0% +binomial coefficients right with the +binomial coefficients you just have you + + align:start position:0% +binomial coefficients you just have you + + + align:start position:0% +binomial coefficients you just have you +know two k that sum to + + align:start position:0% +know two k that sum to + + + align:start position:0% +know two k that sum to +n uh and we also kind of simplify the + + align:start position:0% +n uh and we also kind of simplify the + + + align:start position:0% +n uh and we also kind of simplify the +notation by just you know dropping one + + align:start position:0% +notation by just you know dropping one + + + align:start position:0% +notation by just you know dropping one +of the uh dropping one of the ks because + + align:start position:0% +of the uh dropping one of the ks because + + + align:start position:0% +of the uh dropping one of the ks because +it's redundant in that + + align:start position:0% +it's redundant in that + + + align:start position:0% +it's redundant in that +case uh but you know for the multinomial + + align:start position:0% +case uh but you know for the multinomial + + + align:start position:0% +case uh but you know for the multinomial +coefficients we have you know a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +coefficients we have you know a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients we have you know a bunch of +KS that sum to n instead of just two uh + + align:start position:0% +KS that sum to n instead of just two uh + + + align:start position:0% +KS that sum to n instead of just two uh +we're going to divide n factorial by you + + align:start position:0% +we're going to divide n factorial by you + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to divide n factorial by you +know the product of all of them + + align:start position:0% +know the product of all of them + + + align:start position:0% +know the product of all of them +okay does that does that make sense does + + align:start position:0% +okay does that does that make sense does + + + align:start position:0% +okay does that does that make sense does +that answer your question + + align:start position:0% +that answer your question + + + align:start position:0% +that answer your question +okay any other questions about binomial + + align:start position:0% +okay any other questions about binomial + + + align:start position:0% +okay any other questions about binomial +multinomial + + align:start position:0% +multinomial + + + align:start position:0% +multinomial +theorems + + align:start position:0% +theorems + + + align:start position:0% +theorems +yeah sorry oh question what is the pi uh + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry oh question what is the pi uh + + + align:start position:0% +yeah sorry oh question what is the pi uh +so this is an analog of Sigma but for + + align:start position:0% +so this is an analog of Sigma but for + + + align:start position:0% +so this is an analog of Sigma but for +products instead of sums so we're saying + + align:start position:0% +products instead of sums so we're saying + + + align:start position:0% +products instead of sums so we're saying +you know x i to the Ki like multiplied + + align:start position:0% +you know x i to the Ki like multiplied + + + align:start position:0% +you know x i to the Ki like multiplied +over all possible I so X1 to the K1 * X2 + + align:start position:0% +over all possible I so X1 to the K1 * X2 + + + align:start position:0% +over all possible I so X1 to the K1 * X2 +to the k 2 time X3 to the K3 + + align:start position:0% +to the k 2 time X3 to the K3 + + + align:start position:0% +to the k 2 time X3 to the K3 +Etc + + align:start position:0% +Etc + + + align:start position:0% +Etc +okay so Pi for + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +product any other + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +questions okay so why don't we move on + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so why don't we move on + + + align:start position:0% +questions okay so why don't we move on +to another useful identity that we can + + align:start position:0% +to another useful identity that we can + + + align:start position:0% +to another useful identity that we can +prove using a uh a combinatorial + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +proof + + align:start position:0% +proof + + + align:start position:0% +proof +oops and choose k + + align:start position:0% +oops and choose k + + + align:start position:0% +oops and choose k +equals n -1 choose Kus + + align:start position:0% +equals n -1 choose Kus + + + align:start position:0% +equals n -1 choose Kus +one + + align:start position:0% +one + + + align:start position:0% +one +plus nus one choose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K okay who has seen this before I know + + align:start position:0% +K okay who has seen this before I know + + + align:start position:0% +K okay who has seen this before I know +that at least one of you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +has few hands + + align:start position:0% +has few hands + + + align:start position:0% +has few hands +okay uh so uh we could prove it you know + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so uh we could prove it you know + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so uh we could prove it you know +algebraically just you know writing them + + align:start position:0% +algebraically just you know writing them + + + align:start position:0% +algebraically just you know writing them +out with factorials and you know doing a + + align:start position:0% +out with factorials and you know doing a + + + align:start position:0% +out with factorials and you know doing a +bunch of fiddly garbage uh but that + + align:start position:0% +bunch of fiddly garbage uh but that + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of fiddly garbage uh but that +seems a bit difficult so let's use a + + align:start position:0% +seems a bit difficult so let's use a + + + align:start position:0% +seems a bit difficult so let's use a +double counting proof instead + + align:start position:0% +double counting proof instead + + + align:start position:0% +double counting proof instead +okay how might we use a double counting + + align:start position:0% +okay how might we use a double counting + + + align:start position:0% +okay how might we use a double counting +proof to prove this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +identity what set could we try and count + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ideas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah good answer okay so the the + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah good answer okay so the the + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah good answer okay so the the +answer was uh you know once again we can + + align:start position:0% +answer was uh you know once again we can + + + align:start position:0% +answer was uh you know once again we can +look at binary sequences of length n but + + align:start position:0% +look at binary sequences of length n but + + + align:start position:0% +look at binary sequences of length n but +this time we're going to restrict it to + + align:start position:0% +this time we're going to restrict it to + + + align:start position:0% +this time we're going to restrict it to +Binary sequences of length n that + + align:start position:0% +Binary sequences of length n that + + + align:start position:0% +Binary sequences of length n that +specifically have + + align:start position:0% +specifically have + + + align:start position:0% +specifically have +k1s okay so + + align:start position:0% +k1s okay so + + + align:start position:0% +k1s okay so +count uh binary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sequences of length + + align:start position:0% +sequences of length + + + align:start position:0% +sequences of length +n with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +k1s okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now how many of those are + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there does that give us one of our two + + align:start position:0% +there does that give us one of our two + + + align:start position:0% +there does that give us one of our two +expressions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +easily if so + + align:start position:0% +easily if so + + + align:start position:0% +easily if so +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +sorry yeah so essentially by definition + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah so essentially by definition + + + align:start position:0% +sorry yeah so essentially by definition +right like this is equal to the the size + + align:start position:0% +right like this is equal to the the size + + + align:start position:0% +right like this is equal to the the size +of this set is going to be and choose k + + align:start position:0% +of this set is going to be and choose k + + + align:start position:0% +of this set is going to be and choose k +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's call this set + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s okay how could we also make S equal to + + align:start position:0% +s okay how could we also make S equal to + + + align:start position:0% +s okay how could we also make S equal to +the right hand side + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does this give us any ideas + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +answer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah so the the answer was + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so the the answer was + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah so the the answer was +essentially we're going to par our set + + align:start position:0% +essentially we're going to par our set + + + align:start position:0% +essentially we're going to par our set +okay so what are we partitioning on well + + align:start position:0% +okay so what are we partitioning on well + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what are we partitioning on well +we're going to look at the last bit of + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at the last bit of + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to look at the last bit of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +sequence + + align:start position:0% +sequence + + + align:start position:0% +sequence +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so okay so so we've got two cases right + + align:start position:0% +so okay so so we've got two cases right + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so so we've got two cases right +the last bit can either be zero or one + + align:start position:0% +the last bit can either be zero or one + + + align:start position:0% +the last bit can either be zero or one +it can't be both right so we've got you + + align:start position:0% +it can't be both right so we've got you + + + align:start position:0% +it can't be both right so we've got you +know we've got a + + align:start position:0% +know we've got a + + + align:start position:0% +know we've got a +partition okay that means that we can + + align:start position:0% +partition okay that means that we can + + + align:start position:0% +partition okay that means that we can +use the sum + + align:start position:0% +use the sum + + + align:start position:0% +use the sum +rule we can count each of these sets + + align:start position:0% +rule we can count each of these sets + + + align:start position:0% +rule we can count each of these sets +individually and then add their sizes + + align:start position:0% +individually and then add their sizes + + + align:start position:0% +individually and then add their sizes +together that'll give us the size of our + + align:start position:0% +together that'll give us the size of our + + + align:start position:0% +together that'll give us the size of our +original + + align:start position:0% +original + + + align:start position:0% +original +set + + align:start position:0% +set + + + align:start position:0% +set +okay so how many length and sequence + + align:start position:0% +okay so how many length and sequence + + + align:start position:0% +okay so how many length and sequence +with k1s have a one at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +end + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +so the answer was n minus one choose K + + align:start position:0% +so the answer was n minus one choose K + + + align:start position:0% +so the answer was n minus one choose K +minus one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so let's partition this + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's partition this + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's partition this +s s0 Union S1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s0 or let's call it S Sub B is + + align:start position:0% +s0 or let's call it S Sub B is + + + align:start position:0% +s0 or let's call it S Sub B is +the set of binary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sequences with n1's uh + + align:start position:0% +sequences with n1's uh + + + align:start position:0% +sequences with n1's uh +sorry n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Bits + + align:start position:0% +Bits + + + align:start position:0% +Bits +k1s and B at the + + align:start position:0% +k1s and B at the + + + align:start position:0% +k1s and B at the +end okay + + align:start position:0% +end okay + + + align:start position:0% +end okay +so S Sub + + align:start position:0% +so S Sub + + + align:start position:0% +so S Sub +1 is going to have size n minus1 chose + + align:start position:0% +1 is going to have size n minus1 chose + + + align:start position:0% +1 is going to have size n minus1 chose +Kus one right if we know that we've got + + align:start position:0% +Kus one right if we know that we've got + + + align:start position:0% +Kus one right if we know that we've got +a one at the end right we've got K minus + + align:start position:0% +a one at the end right we've got K minus + + + align:start position:0% +a one at the end right we've got K minus +one additional ones that we need to + + align:start position:0% +one additional ones that we need to + + + align:start position:0% +one additional ones that we need to +place right where can they go into any + + align:start position:0% +place right where can they go into any + + + align:start position:0% +place right where can they go into any +of the first n minus one + + align:start position:0% +of the first n minus one + + + align:start position:0% +of the first n minus one +positions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so there are n minus one choose K + + align:start position:0% +okay so there are n minus one choose K + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there are n minus one choose K +minus one ways to choose those + + align:start position:0% +minus one ways to choose those + + + align:start position:0% +minus one ways to choose those +and what about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +s + + align:start position:0% +s + + + align:start position:0% +s +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +yeah this is going to be n minus one + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is going to be n minus one + + + align:start position:0% +yeah this is going to be n minus one +choose K and why is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that yeah if we've got a zero at the end + + align:start position:0% +that yeah if we've got a zero at the end + + + align:start position:0% +that yeah if we've got a zero at the end +right we still need to place those k1s + + align:start position:0% +right we still need to place those k1s + + + align:start position:0% +right we still need to place those k1s +somewhere right so now we've only got + + align:start position:0% +somewhere right so now we've only got + + + align:start position:0% +somewhere right so now we've only got +nus one places where we can put them but + + align:start position:0% +nus one places where we can put them but + + + align:start position:0% +nus one places where we can put them but +we still have k1s that we need to place + + align:start position:0% +we still have k1s that we need to place + + + align:start position:0% +we still have k1s that we need to place +okay so there n minus1 choose K ways to + + align:start position:0% +okay so there n minus1 choose K ways to + + + align:start position:0% +okay so there n minus1 choose K ways to +place + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so these two cases are exhaustive + + align:start position:0% +okay so these two cases are exhaustive + + + align:start position:0% +okay so these two cases are exhaustive +right you can't have uh like you can't + + align:start position:0% +right you can't have uh like you can't + + + align:start position:0% +right you can't have uh like you can't +have a sequence that ends with nether a + + align:start position:0% +have a sequence that ends with nether a + + + align:start position:0% +have a sequence that ends with nether a +zero or one it's a binary sequence right + + align:start position:0% +zero or one it's a binary sequence right + + + align:start position:0% +zero or one it's a binary sequence right +they're also disjoint you can't have + + align:start position:0% +they're also disjoint you can't have + + + align:start position:0% +they're also disjoint you can't have +both a zero and a one at the end so this + + align:start position:0% +both a zero and a one at the end so this + + + align:start position:0% +both a zero and a one at the end so this +forms a partition right so by the sum + + align:start position:0% +forms a partition right so by the sum + + + align:start position:0% +forms a partition right so by the sum +rule the size of s is going to be the + + align:start position:0% +rule the size of s is going to be the + + + align:start position:0% +rule the size of s is going to be the +size of s not plus the size of + + align:start position:0% +size of s not plus the size of + + + align:start position:0% +size of s not plus the size of +S1 which we just established is I guess + + align:start position:0% +S1 which we just established is I guess + + + align:start position:0% +S1 which we just established is I guess +I flip them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +around nus one choose K plus nus1 choose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kus1 + + align:start position:0% +kus1 + + + align:start position:0% +kus1 +okay and as we established at the + + align:start position:0% +okay and as we established at the + + + align:start position:0% +okay and as we established at the +beginning this is also equal + + align:start position:0% +beginning this is also equal + + + align:start position:0% +beginning this is also equal +to and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +K okay does that make sense to everybody + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do people have any questions about uh + + align:start position:0% +do people have any questions about uh + + + align:start position:0% +do people have any questions about uh +either this Identity or uh combinatorial + + align:start position:0% +either this Identity or uh combinatorial + + + align:start position:0% +either this Identity or uh combinatorial +proofs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah yeah the the question was is there + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah the the question was is there + + + align:start position:0% +yeah yeah the the question was is there +any reason we uh didn't you know write + + align:start position:0% +any reason we uh didn't you know write + + + align:start position:0% +any reason we uh didn't you know write +out the definition of n k using the + + align:start position:0% +out the definition of n k using the + + + align:start position:0% +out the definition of n k using the +factorials simplify things uh because + + align:start position:0% +factorials simplify things uh because + + + align:start position:0% +factorials simplify things uh because +I'm a lazy folk and I don't want to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um yeah so that that kind of depends on + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so that that kind of depends on + + + align:start position:0% +um yeah so that that kind of depends on +so the the the concern right was that + + align:start position:0% +so the the the concern right was that + + + align:start position:0% +so the the the concern right was that +this uh you know maybe this takes a lot + + align:start position:0% +this uh you know maybe this takes a lot + + + align:start position:0% +this uh you know maybe this takes a lot +longer than just uh you know putting + + align:start position:0% +longer than just uh you know putting + + + align:start position:0% +longer than just uh you know putting +your head down and going through all of + + align:start position:0% +your head down and going through all of + + + align:start position:0% +your head down and going through all of +the messy + + align:start position:0% +the messy + + + align:start position:0% +the messy +algebra um yeah at the beginning it it + + align:start position:0% +algebra um yeah at the beginning it it + + + align:start position:0% +algebra um yeah at the beginning it it +probably will right like uh if you are + + align:start position:0% +probably will right like uh if you are + + + align:start position:0% +probably will right like uh if you are +not familiar with this proof technique + + align:start position:0% +not familiar with this proof technique + + + align:start position:0% +not familiar with this proof technique +right it may not be obvious you know + + align:start position:0% +right it may not be obvious you know + + + align:start position:0% +right it may not be obvious you know +what set you should be counting or how + + align:start position:0% +what set you should be counting or how + + + align:start position:0% +what set you should be counting or how +you should be counting it uh but as you + + align:start position:0% +you should be counting it uh but as you + + + align:start position:0% +you should be counting it uh but as you +get practice right uh it could be much + + align:start position:0% +get practice right uh it could be much + + + align:start position:0% +get practice right uh it could be much +easier than you know just trying to to + + align:start position:0% +easier than you know just trying to to + + + align:start position:0% +easier than you know just trying to to +bruteforce it and uh I think in in uh uh + + align:start position:0% +bruteforce it and uh I think in in uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +bruteforce it and uh I think in in uh uh +possibly in recitation and homework you + + align:start position:0% +possibly in recitation and homework you + + + align:start position:0% +possibly in recitation and homework you +will see other + + align:start position:0% +will see other + + + align:start position:0% +will see other +identities where it may be less viable + + align:start position:0% +identities where it may be less viable + + + align:start position:0% +identities where it may be less viable +to you know actually you know go through + + align:start position:0% +to you know actually you know go through + + + align:start position:0% +to you know actually you know go through +the messy algeb + + align:start position:0% +the messy algeb + + + align:start position:0% +the messy algeb +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +um so you know yeah this is kind of a + + align:start position:0% +um so you know yeah this is kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +um so you know yeah this is kind of a +silly example and it's one where you + + align:start position:0% +silly example and it's one where you + + + align:start position:0% +silly example and it's one where you +could definitely solve it in in other + + align:start position:0% +could definitely solve it in in other + + + align:start position:0% +could definitely solve it in in other +ways uh and in fact you know those of + + align:start position:0% +ways uh and in fact you know those of + + + align:start position:0% +ways uh and in fact you know those of +you who have seen this identity before I + + align:start position:0% +you who have seen this identity before I + + + align:start position:0% +you who have seen this identity before I +imagine you probably did prove it in + + align:start position:0% +imagine you probably did prove it in + + + align:start position:0% +imagine you probably did prove it in +other ways right uh but it's just kind + + align:start position:0% +other ways right uh but it's just kind + + + align:start position:0% +other ways right uh but it's just kind +of illustrative of of this particular + + align:start position:0% +of illustrative of of this particular + + + align:start position:0% +of illustrative of of this particular +proof technique does that does that + + align:start position:0% +proof technique does that does that + + + align:start position:0% +proof technique does that does that +answer your + + align:start position:0% +answer your + + + align:start position:0% +answer your +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +okay uh any other questions comments + + align:start position:0% +okay uh any other questions comments + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh any other questions comments +concerns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so as your colleague was hinting at + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +earlier this kind of gives us the + + align:start position:0% +earlier this kind of gives us the + + + align:start position:0% +earlier this kind of gives us the +following + + align:start position:0% +following + + + align:start position:0% +following +so I imagine many of you have seen + + align:start position:0% +so I imagine many of you have seen + + + align:start position:0% +so I imagine many of you have seen +Pascal's triangle before but if you kind + + align:start position:0% +Pascal's triangle before but if you kind + + + align:start position:0% +Pascal's triangle before but if you kind +of just you know write out all of the + + align:start position:0% +of just you know write out all of the + + + align:start position:0% +of just you know write out all of the +binomial coefficients uh in like rows of + + align:start position:0% +binomial coefficients uh in like rows of + + + align:start position:0% +binomial coefficients uh in like rows of +a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +triangle so like this is uh n = 0 n = 1 + + align:start position:0% +triangle so like this is uh n = 0 n = 1 + + + align:start position:0% +triangle so like this is uh n = 0 n = 1 +Nal 2 Nal 3 and then you know successive + + align:start position:0% +Nal 2 Nal 3 and then you know successive + + + align:start position:0% +Nal 2 Nal 3 and then you know successive +uh entries in a row are going to be like + + align:start position:0% +uh entries in a row are going to be like + + + align:start position:0% +uh entries in a row are going to be like +n choose zero n choose one n choose 2 + + align:start position:0% +n choose zero n choose one n choose 2 + + + align:start position:0% +n choose zero n choose one n choose 2 +Etc okay so if you write all of these + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out right what we just proved is that + + align:start position:0% +out right what we just proved is that + + + align:start position:0% +out right what we just proved is that +every entry of this triangle right is + + align:start position:0% +every entry of this triangle right is + + + align:start position:0% +every entry of this triangle right is +the sum of the two entries above + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the two entries above + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the two entries above +it right so if we take this four and + + align:start position:0% +it right so if we take this four and + + + align:start position:0% +it right so if we take this four and +this six here they sum to 10 okay that + + align:start position:0% +this six here they sum to 10 okay that + + + align:start position:0% +this six here they sum to 10 okay that +is uh that is essentially what this what + + align:start position:0% +is uh that is essentially what this what + + + align:start position:0% +is uh that is essentially what this what +this identity is + + align:start position:0% +this identity is + + + align:start position:0% +this identity is +saying + + align:start position:0% +saying + + + align:start position:0% +saying +okay uh so this is what we call you know + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so this is what we call you know + + + align:start position:0% +okay uh so this is what we call you know +Pascal's + + align:start position:0% +Pascal's + + + align:start position:0% +Pascal's +triangle um we also showed that the sum + + align:start position:0% +triangle um we also showed that the sum + + + align:start position:0% +triangle um we also showed that the sum +of all of the numbers in a single row is + + align:start position:0% +of all of the numbers in a single row is + + + align:start position:0% +of all of the numbers in a single row is +going to be a power of two right it's + + align:start position:0% +going to be a power of two right it's + + + align:start position:0% +going to be a power of two right it's +going to be uh 2 to the n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +like if we sum everything in row five we + + align:start position:0% +like if we sum everything in row five we + + + align:start position:0% +like if we sum everything in row five we +get 1 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 = + + align:start position:0% +get 1 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 = + + + align:start position:0% +get 1 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 = +32 okay that was uh I think we proved it + + align:start position:0% +32 okay that was uh I think we proved it + + + align:start position:0% +32 okay that was uh I think we proved it +over there yeah top of the uh top of the + + align:start position:0% +over there yeah top of the uh top of the + + + align:start position:0% +over there yeah top of the uh top of the +rightmost + + align:start position:0% +rightmost + + + align:start position:0% +rightmost +board + + align:start position:0% +board + + + align:start position:0% +board +okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and +um you will see uh I believe in homework + + align:start position:0% +um you will see uh I believe in homework + + + align:start position:0% +um you will see uh I believe in homework +that that if you sum the diagonals you + + align:start position:0% +that that if you sum the diagonals you + + + align:start position:0% +that that if you sum the diagonals you +get the Fibonacci numbers right so if + + align:start position:0% +get the Fibonacci numbers right so if + + + align:start position:0% +get the Fibonacci numbers right so if +you kind of uh let's see so go like + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that right if you Sum along these + + align:start position:0% +that right if you Sum along these + + + align:start position:0% +that right if you Sum along these +diagonals you get the Fibonacci numbers + + align:start position:0% +diagonals you get the Fibonacci numbers + + + align:start position:0% +diagonals you get the Fibonacci numbers +uh is am I correct is that still a + + align:start position:0% +uh is am I correct is that still a + + + align:start position:0% +uh is am I correct is that still a +homework problem or + + align:start position:0% +homework problem or + + + align:start position:0% +homework problem or +uh maybe sorry I've not actually looked + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe sorry I've not actually looked + + + align:start position:0% +uh maybe sorry I've not actually looked +at your homework uh full disclosure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh it's a fun exercise if you want to + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a fun exercise if you want to + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's a fun exercise if you want to +try it + + align:start position:0% +try it + + + align:start position:0% +try it +um but I will leave you with one more + + align:start position:0% +um but I will leave you with one more + + + align:start position:0% +um but I will leave you with one more +fun + + align:start position:0% +fun + + + align:start position:0% +fun +exercise prove + + align:start position:0% +exercise prove + + + align:start position:0% +exercise prove +that uh the sum from k equals 0 to n and + + align:start position:0% +that uh the sum from k equals 0 to n and + + + align:start position:0% +that uh the sum from k equals 0 to n and +choose K + + align:start position:0% +choose K + + + align:start position:0% +choose K +squared is going to be 2 N choose + + align:start position:0% +squared is going to be 2 N choose + + + align:start position:0% +squared is going to be 2 N choose +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +okay so if you look at all of the + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you look at all of the + + + align:start position:0% +okay so if you look at all of the +entries of a row instead of just summing + + align:start position:0% +entries of a row instead of just summing + + + align:start position:0% +entries of a row instead of just summing +them up directly Square them and sum + + align:start position:0% +them up directly Square them and sum + + + align:start position:0% +them up directly Square them and sum +them up you get you know the entry + + align:start position:0% +them up you get you know the entry + + + align:start position:0% +them up you get you know the entry +that's kind of twice as far down in the + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of twice as far down in the + + + align:start position:0% +that's kind of twice as far down in the +middle okay so see if you can prove that + + align:start position:0% +middle okay so see if you can prove that + + + align:start position:0% +middle okay so see if you can prove that +using a uh a double counting + + align:start position:0% +using a uh a double counting + + + align:start position:0% +using a uh a double counting +proof uh so that's all we have time for + + align:start position:0% +proof uh so that's all we have time for + + + align:start position:0% +proof uh so that's all we have time for +today um if you have any questions + + align:start position:0% +today um if you have any questions + + + align:start position:0% +today um if you have any questions +comments concerns please feel free to + + align:start position:0% +comments concerns please feel free to + + + align:start position:0% +comments concerns please feel free to +come up um otherwise good luck on the + + align:start position:0% +come up um otherwise good luck on the + + + align:start position:0% +come up um otherwise good luck on the +exam um yeah \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sNE3_UXhV20.txt b/sNE3_UXhV20.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..706b6092b4ac9c4d97983d178930a870c1321931 --- /dev/null +++ b/sNE3_UXhV20.txt @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hey hold the red ball for a moment + + align:start position:0% +hey hold the red ball for a moment + + + align:start position:0% +hey hold the red ball for a moment +you're gonna start tossing it again but + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna start tossing it again but + + + align:start position:0% +you're gonna start tossing it again but +I'm going to add a blue ball in and I'm + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to add a blue ball in and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to add a blue ball in and I'm +just going to eat all the balls man + + align:start position:0% +just going to eat all the balls man + + + align:start position:0% +just going to eat all the balls man +all right so and then this would be kind + + align:start position:0% +all right so and then this would be kind + + + align:start position:0% +all right so and then this would be kind +of distinct from the red ball then when + + align:start position:0% +of distinct from the red ball then when + + + align:start position:0% +of distinct from the red ball then when +you're ready to pass the blue ball and + + align:start position:0% +you're ready to pass the blue ball and + + + align:start position:0% +you're ready to pass the blue ball and +when you're ready to pass the red ball + + align:start position:0% +when you're ready to pass the red ball + + + align:start position:0% +when you're ready to pass the red ball +let's see if we can keep both going + + align:start position:0% +let's see if we can keep both going + + + align:start position:0% +let's see if we can keep both going +[Music] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/smIcuRZybsA.txt b/smIcuRZybsA.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f7231564a0b71e89080c40ea760287322fcb2f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/smIcuRZybsA.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10808 @@ +align:start position:0% + +okay so let's continue our discussion of + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's continue our discussion of + + + align:start position:0% +okay so let's continue our discussion of +continuity + + align:start position:0% +continuity + + + align:start position:0% +continuity +which we began last time + + align:start position:0% +which we began last time + + + align:start position:0% +which we began last time +which is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which i defined last time and i wrote + + align:start position:0% +which i defined last time and i wrote + + + align:start position:0% +which i defined last time and i wrote +again here + + align:start position:0% +again here + + + align:start position:0% +again here +which intuitively says that if you want + + align:start position:0% +which intuitively says that if you want + + + align:start position:0% +which intuitively says that if you want +to be + + align:start position:0% +to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +if x is sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +if x is sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +if x is sufficiently +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +close to + + align:start position:0% +close to + + + align:start position:0% +close to +a number c + + align:start position:0% +a number c + + + align:start position:0% +a number c +then f of x will be very close to f of c + + align:start position:0% +then f of x will be very close to f of c + + + align:start position:0% +then f of x will be very close to f of c +okay so it connects + + align:start position:0% +okay so it connects + + + align:start position:0% +okay so it connects +how the function behaves near a point + + align:start position:0% +how the function behaves near a point + + + align:start position:0% +how the function behaves near a point +to how a function behaves at the point + + align:start position:0% +to how a function behaves at the point + + + align:start position:0% +to how a function behaves at the point +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +last time we gave an example of a + + align:start position:0% +last time we gave an example of a + + + align:start position:0% +last time we gave an example of a +function which is continuous everywhere + + align:start position:0% +function which is continuous everywhere + + + align:start position:0% +function which is continuous everywhere +namely um + + align:start position:0% +namely um + + + align:start position:0% +namely um +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +the function um f of x equals ax plus b + + align:start position:0% +the function um f of x equals ax plus b + + + align:start position:0% +the function um f of x equals ax plus b +and one that was not continuous at a + + align:start position:0% +and one that was not continuous at a + + + align:start position:0% +and one that was not continuous at a +point c and we ended with um + + align:start position:0% +point c and we ended with um + + + align:start position:0% +point c and we ended with um +let me just recall the question i asked + + align:start position:0% +let me just recall the question i asked + + + align:start position:0% +let me just recall the question i asked +last time + + align:start position:0% +last time + + + align:start position:0% +last time +if f + + align:start position:0% +if f + + + align:start position:0% +if f +is a function let's say that its whole + + align:start position:0% +is a function let's say that its whole + + + align:start position:0% +is a function let's say that its whole +domain is r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +does there exist + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a point where it's continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay now + + align:start position:0% +okay now + + + align:start position:0% +okay now +i could answer this question now just + + align:start position:0% +i could answer this question now just + + + align:start position:0% +i could answer this question now just +using the definition but i'll answer it + + align:start position:0% +using the definition but i'll answer it + + + align:start position:0% +using the definition but i'll answer it +in a minute after we prove um + + align:start position:0% +in a minute after we prove um + + + align:start position:0% +in a minute after we prove um +following theorem which + + align:start position:0% +following theorem which + + + align:start position:0% +following theorem which +is an analog of this theorem that we + + align:start position:0% +is an analog of this theorem that we + + + align:start position:0% +is an analog of this theorem that we +proved here for limits right we showed + + align:start position:0% +proved here for limits right we showed + + + align:start position:0% +proved here for limits right we showed +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you have a subset s + + align:start position:0% +if you have a subset s + + + align:start position:0% +if you have a subset s +of r a cluster point of s so this is + + align:start position:0% +of r a cluster point of s so this is + + + align:start position:0% +of r a cluster point of s so this is +where you take limits and + + align:start position:0% +where you take limits and + + + align:start position:0% +where you take limits and +then the limit as x goes to c of f of x + + align:start position:0% +then the limit as x goes to c of f of x + + + align:start position:0% +then the limit as x goes to c of f of x +equals l if and only if + + align:start position:0% +equals l if and only if + + + align:start position:0% +equals l if and only if +for every sequence converging to c we + + align:start position:0% +for every sequence converging to c we + + + align:start position:0% +for every sequence converging to c we +have f of x n which is a new sequence + + align:start position:0% +have f of x n which is a new sequence + + + align:start position:0% +have f of x n which is a new sequence +converges to l so this connects + + align:start position:0% +converges to l so this connects + + + align:start position:0% +converges to l so this connects +limits of functions + + align:start position:0% +limits of functions + + + align:start position:0% +limits of functions +uh to limits of + + align:start position:0% +uh to limits of + + + align:start position:0% +uh to limits of +sequences limits along sequences if you + + align:start position:0% +sequences limits along sequences if you + + + align:start position:0% +sequences limits along sequences if you +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +we're going to prove an analog of this + + align:start position:0% +we're going to prove an analog of this + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to prove an analog of this +theorem now for the notion of continuity + + align:start position:0% +theorem now for the notion of continuity + + + align:start position:0% +theorem now for the notion of continuity +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but uh you know there's kind of a and + + align:start position:0% +but uh you know there's kind of a and + + + align:start position:0% +but uh you know there's kind of a and +these two definitions + + align:start position:0% +these two definitions + + + align:start position:0% +these two definitions +certainly look + + align:start position:0% +certainly look + + + align:start position:0% +certainly look +if you look at the definition of limit + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the definition of limit + + + align:start position:0% +if you look at the definition of limit +and the definition of continuity they + + align:start position:0% +and the definition of continuity they + + + align:start position:0% +and the definition of continuity they +certainly this one certainly looks like + + align:start position:0% +certainly this one certainly looks like + + + align:start position:0% +certainly this one certainly looks like +the definition of limit where now the + + align:start position:0% +the definition of limit where now the + + + align:start position:0% +the definition of limit where now the +limit has to be f c the function + + align:start position:0% +limit has to be f c the function + + + align:start position:0% +limit has to be f c the function +evaluated at that point and um + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at that point and um + + + align:start position:0% +evaluated at that point and um +you know it essentially is but we do + + align:start position:0% +you know it essentially is but we do + + + align:start position:0% +you know it essentially is but we do +have a kind of + + align:start position:0% +have a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +have a kind of +degenerate case where c here is not + + align:start position:0% +degenerate case where c here is not + + + align:start position:0% +degenerate case where c here is not +required to be a cluster point of s it's + + align:start position:0% +required to be a cluster point of s it's + + + align:start position:0% +required to be a cluster point of s it's +just any point of s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you know we'll have two cases c is a + + align:start position:0% +you know we'll have two cases c is a + + + align:start position:0% +you know we'll have two cases c is a +cluster point of s and c is not a + + align:start position:0% +cluster point of s and c is not a + + + align:start position:0% +cluster point of s and c is not a +cluster point of s + + align:start position:0% +cluster point of s + + + align:start position:0% +cluster point of s +and you'll see that when c is not a + + align:start position:0% +and you'll see that when c is not a + + + align:start position:0% +and you'll see that when c is not a +cluster point of s will have + + align:start position:0% +cluster point of s will have + + + align:start position:0% +cluster point of s will have +kind of a silly situation for talking + + align:start position:0% +kind of a silly situation for talking + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a silly situation for talking +about continuity so this is the the + + align:start position:0% +about continuity so this is the the + + + align:start position:0% +about continuity so this is the the +following + + align:start position:0% +following + + + align:start position:0% +following +theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which has three parts so suppose + + align:start position:0% +which has three parts so suppose + + + align:start position:0% +which has three parts so suppose +s is the subset of r + + align:start position:0% +s is the subset of r + + + align:start position:0% +s is the subset of r +c is an element of s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f is a function from s to r + + align:start position:0% +f is a function from s to r + + + align:start position:0% +f is a function from s to r +so the first part is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if c is not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a cluster point + + align:start position:0% +a cluster point + + + align:start position:0% +a cluster point +of s + + align:start position:0% +of s + + + align:start position:0% +of s +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f is + + align:start position:0% +f is + + + align:start position:0% +f is +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +at c so if we're looking at continuity + + align:start position:0% +at c so if we're looking at continuity + + + align:start position:0% +at c so if we're looking at continuity +at a point kind of the only interesting + + align:start position:0% +at a point kind of the only interesting + + + align:start position:0% +at a point kind of the only interesting +points to look at are cluster points of + + align:start position:0% +points to look at are cluster points of + + + align:start position:0% +points to look at are cluster points of +the set s otherwise no matter what + + align:start position:0% +the set s otherwise no matter what + + + align:start position:0% +the set s otherwise no matter what +function it is it will be continuous at + + align:start position:0% +function it is it will be continuous at + + + align:start position:0% +function it is it will be continuous at +such a point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the second is that now let's suppose + + align:start position:0% +the second is that now let's suppose + + + align:start position:0% +the second is that now let's suppose +we're in the more interesting case + + align:start position:0% +we're in the more interesting case + + + align:start position:0% +we're in the more interesting case +that c is a cluster point of s suppose c + + align:start position:0% +that c is a cluster point of s suppose c + + + align:start position:0% +that c is a cluster point of s suppose c +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +cluster point of s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is you know essentially the only + + align:start position:0% +which is you know essentially the only + + + align:start position:0% +which is you know essentially the only +thing that doesn't that's missing from + + align:start position:0% +thing that doesn't that's missing from + + + align:start position:0% +thing that doesn't that's missing from +this definition and the definition for + + align:start position:0% +this definition and the definition for + + + align:start position:0% +this definition and the definition for +limit + + align:start position:0% +limit + + + align:start position:0% +limit +then f is continuous + + align:start position:0% +then f is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +then f is continuous +at c + + align:start position:0% +at c + + + align:start position:0% +at c +and this is worn out in this theorem if + + align:start position:0% +and this is worn out in this theorem if + + + align:start position:0% +and this is worn out in this theorem if +and only if + + align:start position:0% +and only if + + + align:start position:0% +and only if +the limit as x goes to c of f of x + + align:start position:0% +the limit as x goes to c of f of x + + + align:start position:0% +the limit as x goes to c of f of x +equals f of c + + align:start position:0% +equals f of c + + + align:start position:0% +equals f of c +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the third part of this theorem which + + align:start position:0% +and the third part of this theorem which + + + align:start position:0% +and the third part of this theorem which +is now the analog of this theorem we + + align:start position:0% +is now the analog of this theorem we + + + align:start position:0% +is now the analog of this theorem we +proved here for + + align:start position:0% +proved here for + + + align:start position:0% +proved here for +limits + + align:start position:0% +limits + + + align:start position:0% +limits +is the following + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continuous at c + + align:start position:0% +continuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +continuous at c +if and only if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for every sequence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +xn + + align:start position:0% +xn + + + align:start position:0% +xn +of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +elements of s + + align:start position:0% +elements of s + + + align:start position:0% +elements of s +such that + + align:start position:0% +such that + + + align:start position:0% +such that +x sub n converges to c + + align:start position:0% +x sub n converges to c + + + align:start position:0% +x sub n converges to c +we have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f of x sub n converges to + + align:start position:0% +f of x sub n converges to + + + align:start position:0% +f of x sub n converges to +f c + + align:start position:0% +f c + + + align:start position:0% +f c +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so again if c is not a cluster point of + + align:start position:0% +so again if c is not a cluster point of + + + align:start position:0% +so again if c is not a cluster point of +the set then every function is going to + + align:start position:0% +the set then every function is going to + + + align:start position:0% +the set then every function is going to +be continuous at that point so this is + + align:start position:0% +be continuous at that point so this is + + + align:start position:0% +be continuous at that point so this is +kind of a + + align:start position:0% +kind of a + + + align:start position:0% +kind of a +so if c is not a cluster point of s this + + align:start position:0% +so if c is not a cluster point of s this + + + align:start position:0% +so if c is not a cluster point of s this +is kind of a silly case to look at okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so let's prove uh the first + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's prove uh the first + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's prove uh the first +theorem + + align:start position:0% +theorem + + + align:start position:0% +theorem +i mean the first part of this theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +what's the intuition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +remember continuity is a connection + + align:start position:0% +remember continuity is a connection + + + align:start position:0% +remember continuity is a connection +between f near a point + + align:start position:0% +between f near a point + + + align:start position:0% +between f near a point +and the function at the point now if the + + align:start position:0% +and the function at the point now if the + + + align:start position:0% +and the function at the point now if the +only points near c is c + + align:start position:0% +only points near c is c + + + align:start position:0% +only points near c is c +then f of x equals f of c for x near c + + align:start position:0% +then f of x equals f of c for x near c + + + align:start position:0% +then f of x equals f of c for x near c +because x can only be c + + align:start position:0% +because x can only be c + + + align:start position:0% +because x can only be c +and therefore that will be less than + + align:start position:0% +and therefore that will be less than + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore that will be less than +epsilon + + align:start position:0% +epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +you know when we're at a point that's + + align:start position:0% +you know when we're at a point that's + + + align:start position:0% +you know when we're at a point that's +not a cluster point it kind of removes + + align:start position:0% +not a cluster point it kind of removes + + + align:start position:0% +not a cluster point it kind of removes +the near part and we're just looking at + + align:start position:0% +the near part and we're just looking at + + + align:start position:0% +the near part and we're just looking at +f at c and comparing f to itself at c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +let's suppose f is not a cluster point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we want to prove continuity so that's + + align:start position:0% +so we want to prove continuity so that's + + + align:start position:0% +so we want to prove continuity so that's +it for all epsilon delta arguments so + + align:start position:0% +it for all epsilon delta arguments so + + + align:start position:0% +it for all epsilon delta arguments so +let epsilon + + align:start position:0% +let epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +let epsilon +be positive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +since c is not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a cluster point of s + + align:start position:0% +a cluster point of s + + + align:start position:0% +a cluster point of s +what does this mean so remember to be a + + align:start position:0% +what does this mean so remember to be a + + + align:start position:0% +what does this mean so remember to be a +cluster point of a set s means for all + + align:start position:0% +cluster point of a set s means for all + + + align:start position:0% +cluster point of a set s means for all +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +delta positive there exists + + align:start position:0% +delta positive there exists + + + align:start position:0% +delta positive there exists +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so let me + + align:start position:0% +so let me + + + align:start position:0% +so let me +recall what it means to be a cluster + + align:start position:0% +recall what it means to be a cluster + + + align:start position:0% +recall what it means to be a cluster +point + + align:start position:0% +point + + + align:start position:0% +point +over here on the side + + align:start position:0% +over here on the side + + + align:start position:0% +over here on the side +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +c is a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cluster point of s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +means for all delta positive + + align:start position:0% +means for all delta positive + + + align:start position:0% +means for all delta positive +the set + + align:start position:0% +the set + + + align:start position:0% +the set +x minus delta x plus delta + + align:start position:0% +x minus delta x plus delta + + + align:start position:0% +x minus delta x plus delta +intersect + + align:start position:0% +intersect + + + align:start position:0% +intersect +so c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +intersect s take away c + + align:start position:0% +intersect s take away c + + + align:start position:0% +intersect s take away c +is non-empty + + align:start position:0% +is non-empty + + + align:start position:0% +is non-empty +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so since c is not a cluster point that + + align:start position:0% +so since c is not a cluster point that + + + align:start position:0% +so since c is not a cluster point that +means + + align:start position:0% +means + + + align:start position:0% +means +there exists some delta zero so that + + align:start position:0% +there exists some delta zero so that + + + align:start position:0% +there exists some delta zero so that +this interval is disjoint from s take + + align:start position:0% +this interval is disjoint from s take + + + align:start position:0% +this interval is disjoint from s take +away c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that + + align:start position:0% +such that + + + align:start position:0% +such that +c minus delta 0 c plus delta 0 + + align:start position:0% +c minus delta 0 c plus delta 0 + + + align:start position:0% +c minus delta 0 c plus delta 0 +intersect s take away + + align:start position:0% +intersect s take away + + + align:start position:0% +intersect s take away +c + + align:start position:0% +c + + + align:start position:0% +c +equals the empty set + + align:start position:0% +equals the empty set + + + align:start position:0% +equals the empty set +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +if i include c in this intersection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so another way of stating this is that + + align:start position:0% +so another way of stating this is that + + + align:start position:0% +so another way of stating this is that +the only thing + + align:start position:0% +the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +the only thing +since c is an element of s + + align:start position:0% +since c is an element of s + + + align:start position:0% +since c is an element of s +the only thing that's in this + + align:start position:0% +the only thing that's in this + + + align:start position:0% +the only thing that's in this +intersection + + align:start position:0% +intersection + + + align:start position:0% +intersection +is c + + align:start position:0% +is c + + + align:start position:0% +is c +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +the rigorous way of saying there's + + align:start position:0% +the rigorous way of saying there's + + + align:start position:0% +the rigorous way of saying there's +nothing in s near c except for c itself + + align:start position:0% +nothing in s near c except for c itself + + + align:start position:0% +nothing in s near c except for c itself +and therefore there's nothing to compare + + align:start position:0% +and therefore there's nothing to compare + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore there's nothing to compare +to f of c + + align:start position:0% +to f of c + + + align:start position:0% +to f of c +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so we'll choose delta to be this one + + align:start position:0% +so we'll choose delta to be this one + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll choose delta to be this one +because then there's nothing there's no + + align:start position:0% +because then there's nothing there's no + + + align:start position:0% +because then there's nothing there's no +x in s in this interval other than c + + align:start position:0% +x in s in this interval other than c + + + align:start position:0% +x in s in this interval other than c +and then f of + + align:start position:0% +and then f of + + + align:start position:0% +and then f of +c minus f of c is zero so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +choose delta to be delta 0. + + align:start position:0% +choose delta to be delta 0. + + + align:start position:0% +choose delta to be delta 0. +then if + + align:start position:0% +then if + + + align:start position:0% +then if +x minus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so now we want to + + align:start position:0% +so now we want to + + + align:start position:0% +so now we want to +say that this delta works + + align:start position:0% +say that this delta works + + + align:start position:0% +say that this delta works +so if x is an s + + align:start position:0% +so if x is an s + + + align:start position:0% +so if x is an s +and x minus c is less than delta that + + align:start position:0% +and x minus c is less than delta that + + + align:start position:0% +and x minus c is less than delta that +implies x equals c + + align:start position:0% +implies x equals c + + + align:start position:0% +implies x equals c +because the only thing + + align:start position:0% +because the only thing + + + align:start position:0% +because the only thing +in this interval + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's coming from s is c + + align:start position:0% +that's coming from s is c + + + align:start position:0% +that's coming from s is c +and therefore f of x + + align:start position:0% +and therefore f of x + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore f of x +minus f of c this is equal to + + align:start position:0% +minus f of c this is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +minus f of c this is equal to +f of c minus f of c + + align:start position:0% +f of c minus f of c + + + align:start position:0% +f of c minus f of c +equals zero which is less than epsilon + + align:start position:0% +equals zero which is less than epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +equals zero which is less than epsilon +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is a really you know degenerate + + align:start position:0% +so this is a really you know degenerate + + + align:start position:0% +so this is a really you know degenerate +case of + + align:start position:0% +case of + + + align:start position:0% +case of +when you're trying to see if a + + align:start position:0% +when you're trying to see if a + + + align:start position:0% +when you're trying to see if a +function's continuous at a certain point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so let's now move to the more + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's now move to the more + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's now move to the more +uh interesting part that c is a cluster + + align:start position:0% +uh interesting part that c is a cluster + + + align:start position:0% +uh interesting part that c is a cluster +point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so suppose c is a cluster point + + align:start position:0% +so suppose c is a cluster point + + + align:start position:0% +so suppose c is a cluster point +of s + + align:start position:0% +of s + + + align:start position:0% +of s +and we want to show f is continuous at c + + align:start position:0% +and we want to show f is continuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to show f is continuous at c +if and only if the limit of f as x goes + + align:start position:0% +if and only if the limit of f as x goes + + + align:start position:0% +if and only if the limit of f as x goes +to c of f of x equals f c + + align:start position:0% +to c of f of x equals f c + + + align:start position:0% +to c of f of x equals f c +going this direction is really quite + + align:start position:0% +going this direction is really quite + + + align:start position:0% +going this direction is really quite +easy so we're going to go this direction + + align:start position:0% +easy so we're going to go this direction + + + align:start position:0% +easy so we're going to go this direction +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you should be able to prove this + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to prove this + + + align:start position:0% +you should be able to prove this +direction just from you know what i + + align:start position:0% +direction just from you know what i + + + align:start position:0% +direction just from you know what i +write down here so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suppose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limit as x goes to c of f of x equals f + + align:start position:0% +limit as x goes to c of f of x equals f + + + align:start position:0% +limit as x goes to c of f of x equals f +of c i mean this whole argument is kind + + align:start position:0% +of c i mean this whole argument is kind + + + align:start position:0% +of c i mean this whole argument is kind +of silly um because the definitions are + + align:start position:0% +of silly um because the definitions are + + + align:start position:0% +of silly um because the definitions are +just so close except for the + + align:start position:0% +just so close except for the + + + align:start position:0% +just so close except for the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +now c is a cluster point so that's not + + align:start position:0% +now c is a cluster point so that's not + + + align:start position:0% +now c is a cluster point so that's not +missing from either definition + + align:start position:0% +missing from either definition + + + align:start position:0% +missing from either definition +but the only difference is this guy you + + align:start position:0% +but the only difference is this guy you + + + align:start position:0% +but the only difference is this guy you +only look at x near c + + align:start position:0% +only look at x near c + + + align:start position:0% +only look at x near c +uh but not at c + + align:start position:0% +uh but not at c + + + align:start position:0% +uh but not at c +um so suppose the limit as x goes to c + + align:start position:0% +um so suppose the limit as x goes to c + + + align:start position:0% +um so suppose the limit as x goes to c +of f of x equals f of c now we want to + + align:start position:0% +of f of x equals f of c now we want to + + + align:start position:0% +of f of x equals f of c now we want to +show that f x is cont that f is + + align:start position:0% +show that f x is cont that f is + + + align:start position:0% +show that f x is cont that f is +continuous at c + + align:start position:0% +continuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +continuous at c +so let epsilon be positive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +since + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there exists a delta positive such that + + align:start position:0% +there exists a delta positive such that + + + align:start position:0% +there exists a delta positive such that +if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x is an s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +the absolute value of x minus c is + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of x minus c is + + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of x minus c is +bigger than 0 + + align:start position:0% +bigger than 0 + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than 0 +is less than delta 0 + + align:start position:0% +is less than delta 0 + + + align:start position:0% +is less than delta 0 +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +f of x minus f c is less than epsilon + + align:start position:0% +f of x minus f c is less than epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +f of x minus f c is less than epsilon +okay and we'll just choose delta to be + + align:start position:0% +okay and we'll just choose delta to be + + + align:start position:0% +okay and we'll just choose delta to be +this delta zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if x minus c is less than delta 0 + + align:start position:0% +if x minus c is less than delta 0 + + + align:start position:0% +if x minus c is less than delta 0 +then there are two cases either x is + + align:start position:0% +then there are two cases either x is + + + align:start position:0% +then there are two cases either x is +equal to c or x is not equal to z + + align:start position:0% +equal to c or x is not equal to z + + + align:start position:0% +equal to c or x is not equal to z +see + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's write it this way + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if x equals c then clearly + + align:start position:0% +if x equals c then clearly + + + align:start position:0% +if x equals c then clearly +f of x minus f of c + + align:start position:0% +f of x minus f of c + + + align:start position:0% +f of x minus f of c +equals f of c + + align:start position:0% +equals f of c + + + align:start position:0% +equals f of c +minus f of c + + align:start position:0% +minus f of c + + + align:start position:0% +minus f of c +equals 0 is less than epsilon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +x not equals c + + align:start position:0% +x not equals c + + + align:start position:0% +x not equals c +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that's certainly bigger than 0 but we're + + align:start position:0% +that's certainly bigger than 0 but we're + + + align:start position:0% +that's certainly bigger than 0 but we're +still assuming it's less than delta + + align:start position:0% +still assuming it's less than delta + + + align:start position:0% +still assuming it's less than delta +which remember is this delta 0 + + align:start position:0% +which remember is this delta 0 + + + align:start position:0% +which remember is this delta 0 +coming from the fact that the limit as x + + align:start position:0% +coming from the fact that the limit as x + + + align:start position:0% +coming from the fact that the limit as x +goes to c of f of x + + align:start position:0% +goes to c of f of x + + + align:start position:0% +goes to c of f of x +i kind of missed that there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +tells me + + align:start position:0% +tells me + + + align:start position:0% +tells me +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is less than epsilon okay + + align:start position:0% +this is less than epsilon okay + + + align:start position:0% +this is less than epsilon okay +so it's it's just follows from follows + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's just follows from follows + + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's just follows from follows +immediately isn't like from the + + align:start position:0% +immediately isn't like from the + + + align:start position:0% +immediately isn't like from the +definitions okay + + align:start position:0% +definitions okay + + + align:start position:0% +definitions okay +there's not much to it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% +okay so + + + align:start position:0% +okay so +now let's prove + + align:start position:0% +now let's prove + + + align:start position:0% +now let's prove +the third part of this theorem which is + + align:start position:0% +the third part of this theorem which is + + + align:start position:0% +the third part of this theorem which is +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know an analog of that theorem we + + align:start position:0% +you know an analog of that theorem we + + + align:start position:0% +you know an analog of that theorem we +have over there for limits + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so let's prove this direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's suppose + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose + + + align:start position:0% +let's suppose +f is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continuous at c and now we want to prove + + align:start position:0% +continuous at c and now we want to prove + + + align:start position:0% +continuous at c and now we want to prove +this statement about sequences so let me + + align:start position:0% +this statement about sequences so let me + + + align:start position:0% +this statement about sequences so let me +also + + align:start position:0% +also + + + align:start position:0% +also +when i prove the opposite direction not + + align:start position:0% +when i prove the opposite direction not + + + align:start position:0% +when i prove the opposite direction not +have to label it so let me put a star + + align:start position:0% +have to label it so let me put a star + + + align:start position:0% +have to label it so let me put a star +this star is going to be + + align:start position:0% +this star is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +this star is going to be +the right-hand side of this statement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x sub n + + align:start position:0% +x sub n + + + align:start position:0% +x sub n +be a sequence + + align:start position:0% +be a sequence + + + align:start position:0% +be a sequence +in s so of elements of s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that x n converges to c + + align:start position:0% +such that x n converges to c + + + align:start position:0% +such that x n converges to c +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +drew this picture for limits and it's + + align:start position:0% +drew this picture for limits and it's + + + align:start position:0% +drew this picture for limits and it's +the same picture now for this guy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we're wanting to show + + align:start position:0% +and we're wanting to show + + + align:start position:0% +and we're wanting to show +now that + + align:start position:0% +now that + + + align:start position:0% +now that +limit as n goes to infinity of f of x + + align:start position:0% +limit as n goes to infinity of f of x + + + align:start position:0% +limit as n goes to infinity of f of x +sub n + + align:start position:0% +sub n + + + align:start position:0% +sub n +equals f of c + + align:start position:0% +equals f of c + + + align:start position:0% +equals f of c +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so here's uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's epsilon m argument so let epsilon + + align:start position:0% +it's epsilon m argument so let epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +it's epsilon m argument so let epsilon +be positive so now i'll go to the + + align:start position:0% +be positive so now i'll go to the + + + align:start position:0% +be positive so now i'll go to the +picture here's f of c + + align:start position:0% +picture here's f of c + + + align:start position:0% +picture here's f of c +here's f of c + + align:start position:0% +here's f of c + + + align:start position:0% +here's f of c +plus epsilon + + align:start position:0% +plus epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +plus epsilon +f of c minus epsilon so what do we know + + align:start position:0% +f of c minus epsilon so what do we know + + + align:start position:0% +f of c minus epsilon so what do we know +we know the function is continuous at c + + align:start position:0% +we know the function is continuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +we know the function is continuous at c +so that means that if i take + + align:start position:0% +so that means that if i take + + + align:start position:0% +so that means that if i take +if i look at c then there exists a delta + + align:start position:0% +if i look at c then there exists a delta + + + align:start position:0% +if i look at c then there exists a delta +so that if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm in + + align:start position:0% +i'm in + + + align:start position:0% +i'm in +this interval here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +everything in this interval gets mapped + + align:start position:0% +everything in this interval gets mapped + + + align:start position:0% +everything in this interval gets mapped +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +inside of this interval okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +what else do i know or what else am i + + align:start position:0% +what else do i know or what else am i + + + align:start position:0% +what else do i know or what else am i +assuming x sub n is a sequence + + align:start position:0% +assuming x sub n is a sequence + + + align:start position:0% +assuming x sub n is a sequence +converging to s so for large n for n big + + align:start position:0% +converging to s so for large n for n big + + + align:start position:0% +converging to s so for large n for n big +enough + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for some capital m 0 + + align:start position:0% +for some capital m 0 + + + align:start position:0% +for some capital m 0 +x sub n is going to lie inside this + + align:start position:0% +x sub n is going to lie inside this + + + align:start position:0% +x sub n is going to lie inside this +interval if you like in the definition + + align:start position:0% +interval if you like in the definition + + + align:start position:0% +interval if you like in the definition +of convergence of a sequence + + align:start position:0% +of convergence of a sequence + + + align:start position:0% +of convergence of a sequence +epsilon is equal to delta in that + + align:start position:0% +epsilon is equal to delta in that + + + align:start position:0% +epsilon is equal to delta in that +definition but + + align:start position:0% +definition but + + + align:start position:0% +definition but +don't mind that + + align:start position:0% +don't mind that + + + align:start position:0% +don't mind that +so for all n big enough x sub n lies in + + align:start position:0% +so for all n big enough x sub n lies in + + + align:start position:0% +so for all n big enough x sub n lies in +this interval + + align:start position:0% +this interval + + + align:start position:0% +this interval +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +since this interval gets mapped inside + + align:start position:0% +since this interval gets mapped inside + + + align:start position:0% +since this interval gets mapped inside +this interval by f this f of x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sub n will end up in this interval + + align:start position:0% +sub n will end up in this interval + + + align:start position:0% +sub n will end up in this interval +within epsilon to f c as long as n is + + align:start position:0% +within epsilon to f c as long as n is + + + align:start position:0% +within epsilon to f c as long as n is +bigger than big enough + + align:start position:0% +bigger than big enough + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than big enough +all right and uh so this picture i just + + align:start position:0% +all right and uh so this picture i just + + + align:start position:0% +all right and uh so this picture i just +went through this is the proof and now + + align:start position:0% +went through this is the proof and now + + + align:start position:0% +went through this is the proof and now +we just need to write it out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so since + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +since f is + + align:start position:0% +since f is + + + align:start position:0% +since f is +continuous at c there exists a delta + + align:start position:0% +continuous at c there exists a delta + + + align:start position:0% +continuous at c there exists a delta +positive + + align:start position:0% +positive + + + align:start position:0% +positive +such that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if x + + align:start position:0% +if x + + + align:start position:0% +if x +minus c is less than delta + + align:start position:0% +minus c is less than delta + + + align:start position:0% +minus c is less than delta +this tells me + + align:start position:0% +this tells me + + + align:start position:0% +this tells me +f of x minus f of c + + align:start position:0% +f of x minus f of c + + + align:start position:0% +f of x minus f of c +is less than epsilon + + align:start position:0% +is less than epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +is less than epsilon +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +since + + align:start position:0% +since + + + align:start position:0% +since +the sequence x of n converges to c there + + align:start position:0% +the sequence x of n converges to c there + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence x of n converges to c there +exists + + align:start position:0% +exists + + + align:start position:0% +exists +some integer capital m0 such that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for all n bigger than or equal to m0 + + align:start position:0% +for all n bigger than or equal to m0 + + + align:start position:0% +for all n bigger than or equal to m0 +x sub n minus c is less than delta + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and therefore for all n bigger than or + + align:start position:0% +and therefore for all n bigger than or + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore for all n bigger than or +equal to m sub zero f of x n will be + + align:start position:0% +equal to m sub zero f of x n will be + + + align:start position:0% +equal to m sub zero f of x n will be +uh within epsilon of f of c + + align:start position:0% +uh within epsilon of f of c + + + align:start position:0% +uh within epsilon of f of c +so this will be the + + align:start position:0% +so this will be the + + + align:start position:0% +so this will be the +m we choose + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +if n is bigger than or equal to m + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we get that + + align:start position:0% +we get that + + + align:start position:0% +we get that +x of n minus x minus c + + align:start position:0% +x of n minus x minus c + + + align:start position:0% +x of n minus x minus c +is less than delta + + align:start position:0% +is less than delta + + + align:start position:0% +is less than delta +which implies by + + align:start position:0% +which implies by + + + align:start position:0% +which implies by +how delta's defined right delta if x + + align:start position:0% +how delta's defined right delta if x + + + align:start position:0% +how delta's defined right delta if x +minus c is within distance delta f of x + + align:start position:0% +minus c is within distance delta f of x + + + align:start position:0% +minus c is within distance delta f of x +minus f of c is within distance epsilon + + align:start position:0% +minus f of c is within distance epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +minus f of c is within distance epsilon +we get f of + + align:start position:0% +we get f of + + + align:start position:0% +we get f of +x of n + + align:start position:0% +x of n + + + align:start position:0% +x of n +minus f of c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is less than epsilon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so that gives us one direction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so now we'll prove the + + align:start position:0% +all right so now we'll prove the + + + align:start position:0% +all right so now we'll prove the +opposite direction + + align:start position:0% +opposite direction + + + align:start position:0% +opposite direction +so we're assuming + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +statement star holds namely for all + + align:start position:0% +statement star holds namely for all + + + align:start position:0% +statement star holds namely for all +sequence x sub n converging to c we have + + align:start position:0% +sequence x sub n converging to c we have + + + align:start position:0% +sequence x sub n converging to c we have +f of x sub n converging to f of c + + align:start position:0% +f of x sub n converging to f of c + + + align:start position:0% +f of x sub n converging to f of c +and we want to prove that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that the limit or that f is continuous + + align:start position:0% +that the limit or that f is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +that the limit or that f is continuous +at c + + align:start position:0% +at c + + + align:start position:0% +at c +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and we're going to do this by + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to do this by + + + align:start position:0% +and we're going to do this by +contradiction which is kind of which is + + align:start position:0% +contradiction which is kind of which is + + + align:start position:0% +contradiction which is kind of which is +the same way we proved uh the opposite + + align:start position:0% +the same way we proved uh the opposite + + + align:start position:0% +the same way we proved uh the opposite +direction for the theorem about limits + + align:start position:0% +direction for the theorem about limits + + + align:start position:0% +direction for the theorem about limits +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +the proof is by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +contradiction namely + + align:start position:0% +contradiction namely + + + align:start position:0% +contradiction namely +suppose the conclusion we want does not + + align:start position:0% +suppose the conclusion we want does not + + + align:start position:0% +suppose the conclusion we want does not +hold so suppose + + align:start position:0% +hold so suppose + + + align:start position:0% +hold so suppose +f is + + align:start position:0% +f is + + + align:start position:0% +f is +not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continuous at c + + align:start position:0% +continuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +continuous at c +so let me recall we negated that + + align:start position:0% +so let me recall we negated that + + + align:start position:0% +so let me recall we negated that +definition in the last lecture but we'll + + align:start position:0% +definition in the last lecture but we'll + + + align:start position:0% +definition in the last lecture but we'll +negate it again + + align:start position:0% +negate it again + + + align:start position:0% +negate it again +for for this this means that there + + align:start position:0% +for for this this means that there + + + align:start position:0% +for for this this means that there +exists + + align:start position:0% +exists + + + align:start position:0% +exists +a bad epsilon + + align:start position:0% +a bad epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +a bad epsilon +so that + + align:start position:0% +so that + + + align:start position:0% +so that +for all delta positive + + align:start position:0% +for all delta positive + + + align:start position:0% +for all delta positive +uh there exists an x and s satisfying x + + align:start position:0% +uh there exists an x and s satisfying x + + + align:start position:0% +uh there exists an x and s satisfying x +minus c is less than delta + + align:start position:0% +minus c is less than delta + + + align:start position:0% +minus c is less than delta +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f of x minus f of c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is bigger than or equal to epsilon 0. + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than or equal to epsilon 0. + + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than or equal to epsilon 0. +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so + + align:start position:0% +all right so + + + align:start position:0% +all right so +we apply + + align:start position:0% +we apply + + + align:start position:0% +we apply +so since we're assuming f is not + + align:start position:0% +so since we're assuming f is not + + + align:start position:0% +so since we're assuming f is not +continuous there exists epsilon zero so + + align:start position:0% +continuous there exists epsilon zero so + + + align:start position:0% +continuous there exists epsilon zero so +we have all this + + align:start position:0% +we have all this + + + align:start position:0% +we have all this +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +which holds for every delta + + align:start position:0% +which holds for every delta + + + align:start position:0% +which holds for every delta +and now we'll choose delta to be one + + align:start position:0% +and now we'll choose delta to be one + + + align:start position:0% +and now we'll choose delta to be one +one-half one-third and so on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then there exists x of 1 + + align:start position:0% +then there exists x of 1 + + + align:start position:0% +then there exists x of 1 +and s + + align:start position:0% +and s + + + align:start position:0% +and s +such that x sub 1 minus c is less than 1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +f of x sub 1 minus f of c + + align:start position:0% +f of x sub 1 minus f of c + + + align:start position:0% +f of x sub 1 minus f of c +is bigger than or equal to epsilon zero + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than or equal to epsilon zero + + + align:start position:0% +is bigger than or equal to epsilon zero +that's just delta if you like delta + + align:start position:0% +that's just delta if you like delta + + + align:start position:0% +that's just delta if you like delta +equals one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now we continue + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +exists x of 2 and s + + align:start position:0% +exists x of 2 and s + + + align:start position:0% +exists x of 2 and s +such that + + align:start position:0% +such that + + + align:start position:0% +such that +x sub 2 minus c is less than a half + + align:start position:0% +x sub 2 minus c is less than a half + + + align:start position:0% +x sub 2 minus c is less than a half +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so here this is delta equals a half + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so this is delta equals a half and so on + + align:start position:0% +so this is delta equals a half and so on + + + align:start position:0% +so this is delta equals a half and so on +okay so then we conclude + + align:start position:0% +okay so then we conclude + + + align:start position:0% +okay so then we conclude +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +you know if you like omit this from the + + align:start position:0% +you know if you like omit this from the + + + align:start position:0% +you know if you like omit this from the +proof and this is really what's + + align:start position:0% +proof and this is really what's + + + align:start position:0% +proof and this is really what's +behind the next statement i'm about to + + align:start position:0% +behind the next statement i'm about to + + + align:start position:0% +behind the next statement i'm about to +make + + align:start position:0% +make + + + align:start position:0% +make +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +for all natural numbers n + + align:start position:0% +for all natural numbers n + + + align:start position:0% +for all natural numbers n +there exists + + align:start position:0% +there exists + + + align:start position:0% +there exists +an x of n and + + align:start position:0% +an x of n and + + + align:start position:0% +an x of n and +s such that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x sub n minus c is less than one over n + + align:start position:0% +x sub n minus c is less than one over n + + + align:start position:0% +x sub n minus c is less than one over n +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +f of x sub n + + align:start position:0% +f of x sub n + + + align:start position:0% +f of x sub n +minus f of c + + align:start position:0% +minus f of c + + + align:start position:0% +minus f of c +is bigger than or equal to epsilon zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now let's take a look at this sequence + + align:start position:0% +now let's take a look at this sequence + + + align:start position:0% +now let's take a look at this sequence +all right we're trying to break + + align:start position:0% +all right we're trying to break + + + align:start position:0% +all right we're trying to break +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +and we'll end up breaking the assumption + + align:start position:0% +and we'll end up breaking the assumption + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll end up breaking the assumption +the star assumption right so now we have + + align:start position:0% +the star assumption right so now we have + + + align:start position:0% +the star assumption right so now we have +this sequence x of n's of s which are + + align:start position:0% +this sequence x of n's of s which are + + + align:start position:0% +this sequence x of n's of s which are +getting closer and closer to c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we have 0 is bigger than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +so we have 0 is bigger than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +so we have 0 is bigger than or equal to +x sub n minus c is bigger less than one + + align:start position:0% +x sub n minus c is bigger less than one + + + align:start position:0% +x sub n minus c is bigger less than one +over n so this converges to zero this + + align:start position:0% +over n so this converges to zero this + + + align:start position:0% +over n so this converges to zero this +converges to zero + + align:start position:0% +converges to zero + + + align:start position:0% +converges to zero +so by the squeeze theorem the absolute + + align:start position:0% +so by the squeeze theorem the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +so by the squeeze theorem the absolute +value of x sub n minus c converges to + + align:start position:0% +value of x sub n minus c converges to + + + align:start position:0% +value of x sub n minus c converges to +zero + + align:start position:0% +zero + + + align:start position:0% +zero +and therefore x sub n converges to c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +by squeeze theorem + + align:start position:0% +by squeeze theorem + + + align:start position:0% +by squeeze theorem +we get that + + align:start position:0% +we get that + + + align:start position:0% +we get that +x n converges to c + + align:start position:0% +x n converges to c + + + align:start position:0% +x n converges to c +now since we're assuming star holds + + align:start position:0% +now since we're assuming star holds + + + align:start position:0% +now since we're assuming star holds +that's the + + align:start position:0% +that's the + + + align:start position:0% +that's the +right side of + + align:start position:0% +right side of + + + align:start position:0% +right side of +three of the if and only if + + align:start position:0% +three of the if and only if + + + align:start position:0% +three of the if and only if +it must be the case that f of x n + + align:start position:0% +it must be the case that f of x n + + + align:start position:0% +it must be the case that f of x n +converges to f c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +right that's what star tells me that if + + align:start position:0% +right that's what star tells me that if + + + align:start position:0% +right that's what star tells me that if +i take a sequence converging to c f of x + + align:start position:0% +i take a sequence converging to c f of x + + + align:start position:0% +i take a sequence converging to c f of x +n converges to f of c + + align:start position:0% +n converges to f of c + + + align:start position:0% +n converges to f of c +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +each one of these remember is bigger + + align:start position:0% +each one of these remember is bigger + + + align:start position:0% +each one of these remember is bigger +than or equal to epsilon zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is a contradiction epsilon zero is + + align:start position:0% +which is a contradiction epsilon zero is + + + align:start position:0% +which is a contradiction epsilon zero is +a positive number + + align:start position:0% +a positive number + + + align:start position:0% +a positive number +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and uh that concludes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the proof of + + align:start position:0% +the proof of + + + align:start position:0% +the proof of +this theorem + + align:start position:0% +this theorem + + + align:start position:0% +this theorem +that gives us an equivalent way of + + align:start position:0% +that gives us an equivalent way of + + + align:start position:0% +that gives us an equivalent way of +stating continuity in terms of sequences + + align:start position:0% +stating continuity in terms of sequences + + + align:start position:0% +stating continuity in terms of sequences +and you know just like + + align:start position:0% +and you know just like + + + align:start position:0% +and you know just like +for limits + + align:start position:0% +for limits + + + align:start position:0% +for limits +this will allow us to use what we know + + align:start position:0% +this will allow us to use what we know + + + align:start position:0% +this will allow us to use what we know +about sequences + + align:start position:0% +about sequences + + + align:start position:0% +about sequences +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +conclude analogous facts for continuous + + align:start position:0% +conclude analogous facts for continuous + + + align:start position:0% +conclude analogous facts for continuous +functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +all right so + + align:start position:0% +all right so + + + align:start position:0% +all right so +let's look at a non-trivial example of a + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a non-trivial example of a + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at a non-trivial example of a +continuous function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and also put this theorem to use this + + align:start position:0% +and also put this theorem to use this + + + align:start position:0% +and also put this theorem to use this +previous theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f of x equals sine x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +g of x equals + + align:start position:0% +g of x equals + + + align:start position:0% +g of x equals +cosine x these are continuous functions + + align:start position:0% +cosine x these are continuous functions + + + align:start position:0% +cosine x these are continuous functions +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +meaning + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +their domain is a set of real numbers + + align:start position:0% +their domain is a set of real numbers + + + align:start position:0% +their domain is a set of real numbers +so they're continuous at every real + + align:start position:0% +so they're continuous at every real + + + align:start position:0% +so they're continuous at every real +number okay they're continuous at c for + + align:start position:0% +number okay they're continuous at c for + + + align:start position:0% +number okay they're continuous at c for +every c a real number + + align:start position:0% +every c a real number + + + align:start position:0% +every c a real number +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we're going to use this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well we're not going to use this theorem + + align:start position:0% +well we're not going to use this theorem + + + align:start position:0% +well we're not going to use this theorem +just yet on this part we're actually + + align:start position:0% +just yet on this part we're actually + + + align:start position:0% +just yet on this part we're actually +going to prove sine is continuous + + align:start position:0% +going to prove sine is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +going to prove sine is continuous +directly from + + align:start position:0% +directly from + + + align:start position:0% +directly from +the epsilon delta definition + + align:start position:0% +the epsilon delta definition + + + align:start position:0% +the epsilon delta definition +which is always good so so first we + + align:start position:0% +which is always good so so first we + + + align:start position:0% +which is always good so so first we +claim + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sine x + + align:start position:0% +sine x + + + align:start position:0% +sine x +so before i state what we're going to do + + align:start position:0% +so before i state what we're going to do + + + align:start position:0% +so before i state what we're going to do +let me just give you a quick refresher + + align:start position:0% +let me just give you a quick refresher + + + align:start position:0% +let me just give you a quick refresher +on what you can prove just from the + + align:start position:0% +on what you can prove just from the + + + align:start position:0% +on what you can prove just from the +definition of sine and cosine remember + + align:start position:0% +definition of sine and cosine remember + + + align:start position:0% +definition of sine and cosine remember +you know i'm not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i would usually put this to the class + + align:start position:0% +i would usually put this to the class + + + align:start position:0% +i would usually put this to the class +and see + + align:start position:0% +and see + + + align:start position:0% +and see +uh who remembers and who doesn't but so + + align:start position:0% +uh who remembers and who doesn't but so + + + align:start position:0% +uh who remembers and who doesn't but so +this is also supposed to be a unit + + align:start position:0% +this is also supposed to be a unit + + + align:start position:0% +this is also supposed to be a unit +circle although it doesn't quite look + + align:start position:0% +circle although it doesn't quite look + + + align:start position:0% +circle although it doesn't quite look +like that + + align:start position:0% +like that + + + align:start position:0% +like that +remember that sine and cosine are + + align:start position:0% +remember that sine and cosine are + + + align:start position:0% +remember that sine and cosine are +defined as + + align:start position:0% +defined as + + + align:start position:0% +defined as +you travel along + + align:start position:0% +you travel along + + + align:start position:0% +you travel along +signed distance x along the circle + + align:start position:0% +signed distance x along the circle + + + align:start position:0% +signed distance x along the circle +and you arrive at a point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +on the unit circle which you + + align:start position:0% +on the unit circle which you + + + align:start position:0% +on the unit circle which you +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +so it's an ordered pair the first + + align:start position:0% +so it's an ordered pair the first + + + align:start position:0% +so it's an ordered pair the first +element you call cosine x the second + + align:start position:0% +element you call cosine x the second + + + align:start position:0% +element you call cosine x the second +element you call sine x okay so that's + + align:start position:0% +element you call sine x okay so that's + + + align:start position:0% +element you call sine x okay so that's +how sine of x is defined so + + align:start position:0% +how sine of x is defined so + + + align:start position:0% +how sine of x is defined so +now simply i'm not going to do these + + align:start position:0% +now simply i'm not going to do these + + + align:start position:0% +now simply i'm not going to do these +because this is trig + + align:start position:0% +because this is trig + + + align:start position:0% +because this is trig +not analysis but + + align:start position:0% +not analysis but + + + align:start position:0% +not analysis but +from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the definition of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +sine and cosine from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the unit circle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have that + + align:start position:0% +we have that + + + align:start position:0% +we have that +of course + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all x and r + + align:start position:0% +all x and r + + + align:start position:0% +all x and r +sine x plus cosine + + align:start position:0% +sine x plus cosine + + + align:start position:0% +sine x plus cosine +squared x is equal to one + + align:start position:0% +squared x is equal to one + + + align:start position:0% +squared x is equal to one +and therefore + + align:start position:0% +and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore +each of these individual things has to + + align:start position:0% +each of these individual things has to + + + align:start position:0% +each of these individual things has to +be less than or equal to one which upon + + align:start position:0% +be less than or equal to one which upon + + + align:start position:0% +be less than or equal to one which upon +taking square roots means + + align:start position:0% +taking square roots means + + + align:start position:0% +taking square roots means +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you have these + + align:start position:0% +so you have these + + + align:start position:0% +so you have these +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +you can also make a better estimate for + + align:start position:0% +you can also make a better estimate for + + + align:start position:0% +you can also make a better estimate for +sine x when x is close to zero + + align:start position:0% +sine x when x is close to zero + + + align:start position:0% +sine x when x is close to zero +which is only useful for x close to 0 + + align:start position:0% +which is only useful for x close to 0 + + + align:start position:0% +which is only useful for x close to 0 +but which is the following that for all + + align:start position:0% +but which is the following that for all + + + align:start position:0% +but which is the following that for all +x + + align:start position:0% +x + + + align:start position:0% +x +sine x + + align:start position:0% +sine x + + + align:start position:0% +sine x +is less than or equal to the absolute + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +is less than or equal to the absolute +value of x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +just obtained by + + align:start position:0% +just obtained by + + + align:start position:0% +just obtained by +you know + + align:start position:0% +you know + + + align:start position:0% +you know +comparing the the length of one side of + + align:start position:0% +comparing the the length of one side of + + + align:start position:0% +comparing the the length of one side of +a triangle + + align:start position:0% +a triangle + + + align:start position:0% +a triangle +from this picture with the length of the + + align:start position:0% +from this picture with the length of the + + + align:start position:0% +from this picture with the length of the +arc + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you have this and then you also have + + align:start position:0% +so you have this and then you also have + + + align:start position:0% +so you have this and then you also have +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +angle sum + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formula + + align:start position:0% +formula + + + align:start position:0% +formula +which says that sine + + align:start position:0% +which says that sine + + + align:start position:0% +which says that sine +of a plus b + + align:start position:0% +of a plus b + + + align:start position:0% +of a plus b +equals sine a cosine b + + align:start position:0% +equals sine a cosine b + + + align:start position:0% +equals sine a cosine b +plus + + align:start position:0% +plus + + + align:start position:0% +plus +cosine a + + align:start position:0% +cosine a + + + align:start position:0% +cosine a +sine b + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you also have the + + align:start position:0% +you also have the + + + align:start position:0% +you also have the +i can't remember the name of the exact + + align:start position:0% +i can't remember the name of the exact + + + align:start position:0% +i can't remember the name of the exact +exact formula i think it's + + align:start position:0% +exact formula i think it's + + + align:start position:0% +exact formula i think it's +difference to product or something of + + align:start position:0% +difference to product or something of + + + align:start position:0% +difference to product or something of +that nature but which says + + align:start position:0% +that nature but which says + + + align:start position:0% +that nature but which says +sine of a + + align:start position:0% +sine of a + + + align:start position:0% +sine of a +minus sine of b + + align:start position:0% +minus sine of b + + + align:start position:0% +minus sine of b +you can write so this is using the + + align:start position:0% +you can write so this is using the + + + align:start position:0% +you can write so this is using the +previous formula + + align:start position:0% +previous formula + + + align:start position:0% +previous formula +twice + + align:start position:0% +twice + + + align:start position:0% +twice +sine of a minus b over 2 + + align:start position:0% +sine of a minus b over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +sine of a minus b over 2 +cosine of a + + align:start position:0% +cosine of a + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of a +plus b over 2. + + align:start position:0% +plus b over 2. + + + align:start position:0% +plus b over 2. +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so using these elementary + + align:start position:0% +so using these elementary + + + align:start position:0% +so using these elementary +properties of sine and cosine will now + + align:start position:0% +properties of sine and cosine will now + + + align:start position:0% +properties of sine and cosine will now +show that f is or that sine of x is + + align:start position:0% +show that f is or that sine of x is + + + align:start position:0% +show that f is or that sine of x is +continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +first thing we want to show + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that sine x is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a continuous function + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so let's see in r we're going to show + + align:start position:0% +so let's see in r we're going to show + + + align:start position:0% +so let's see in r we're going to show +sine is continuous at c + + align:start position:0% +sine is continuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +sine is continuous at c +let epsilon + + align:start position:0% +let epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +let epsilon +be positive and now we have to say how + + align:start position:0% +be positive and now we have to say how + + + align:start position:0% +be positive and now we have to say how +to choose delta depending on this + + align:start position:0% +to choose delta depending on this + + + align:start position:0% +to choose delta depending on this +epsilon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +choose delta to be epsilon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right now we'll use these elementary + + align:start position:0% +all right now we'll use these elementary + + + align:start position:0% +all right now we'll use these elementary +properties to show that this delta works + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if + + align:start position:0% +if + + + align:start position:0% +if +x minus c is less than delta + + align:start position:0% +x minus c is less than delta + + + align:start position:0% +x minus c is less than delta +we now want to show that f of x minus f + + align:start position:0% +we now want to show that f of x minus f + + + align:start position:0% +we now want to show that f of x minus f +of c sine of x sine x minus sine c is + + align:start position:0% +of c sine of x sine x minus sine c is + + + align:start position:0% +of c sine of x sine x minus sine c is +less than epsilon + + align:start position:0% +less than epsilon + + + align:start position:0% +less than epsilon +so sine x minus sine c this is equal to + + align:start position:0% +so sine x minus sine c this is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +so sine x minus sine c this is equal to +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +this last formula we have on the board + + align:start position:0% +this last formula we have on the board + + + align:start position:0% +this last formula we have on the board +over here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is equal to + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to +twice + + align:start position:0% +twice + + + align:start position:0% +twice +sine + + align:start position:0% +sine + + + align:start position:0% +sine +x minus c over 2 + + align:start position:0% +x minus c over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +x minus c over 2 +cosine x plus c over 2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and now this is the product of 2 times + + align:start position:0% +and now this is the product of 2 times + + + align:start position:0% +and now this is the product of 2 times +absolute value of sine times absolute + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of sine times absolute + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of sine times absolute +value of cosine by this second property + + align:start position:0% +value of cosine by this second property + + + align:start position:0% +value of cosine by this second property +over here cosine is always bounded by 1. + + align:start position:0% +over here cosine is always bounded by 1. + + + align:start position:0% +over here cosine is always bounded by 1. +so this is less than or equal to 2 times + + align:start position:0% +so this is less than or equal to 2 times + + + align:start position:0% +so this is less than or equal to 2 times +the absolute value of sine + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of sine + + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of sine +x minus + + align:start position:0% +x minus + + + align:start position:0% +x minus +c over 2. + + align:start position:0% +c over 2. + + + align:start position:0% +c over 2. +and now we use this third property here + + align:start position:0% +and now we use this third property here + + + align:start position:0% +and now we use this third property here +that sine x is less than or equal to + + align:start position:0% +that sine x is less than or equal to + + + align:start position:0% +that sine x is less than or equal to +the absolute value of that thing you're + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of that thing you're + + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of that thing you're +sticking in so this is less than or + + align:start position:0% +sticking in so this is less than or + + + align:start position:0% +sticking in so this is less than or +equal to + + align:start position:0% +equal to + + + align:start position:0% +equal to +2 times x minus c + + align:start position:0% +2 times x minus c + + + align:start position:0% +2 times x minus c +over 2 which equals x minus c + + align:start position:0% +over 2 which equals x minus c + + + align:start position:0% +over 2 which equals x minus c +so now we're in business we've connected + + align:start position:0% +so now we're in business we've connected + + + align:start position:0% +so now we're in business we've connected +f of x to x minus c so this is less than + + align:start position:0% +f of x to x minus c so this is less than + + + align:start position:0% +f of x to x minus c so this is less than +or equal to so this is less than delta + + align:start position:0% +or equal to so this is less than delta + + + align:start position:0% +or equal to so this is less than delta +which equals epsilon by our choice of + + align:start position:0% +which equals epsilon by our choice of + + + align:start position:0% +which equals epsilon by our choice of +delta + + align:start position:0% +delta + + + align:start position:0% +delta +okay and therefore sine x minus sine c + + align:start position:0% +okay and therefore sine x minus sine c + + + align:start position:0% +okay and therefore sine x minus sine c +is less than epsilon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i e sine x minus sine c + + align:start position:0% +i e sine x minus sine c + + + align:start position:0% +i e sine x minus sine c +is less than epsilon so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +thus + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +function sine x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is continuous at c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +we'll use this and + + align:start position:0% +we'll use this and + + + align:start position:0% +we'll use this and +the theorem we showed a minute ago + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +have i erased it yes i have now + + align:start position:0% +have i erased it yes i have now + + + align:start position:0% +have i erased it yes i have now +officially erased it anyways we use the + + align:start position:0% +officially erased it anyways we use the + + + align:start position:0% +officially erased it anyways we use the +previous theorem that we proved for + + align:start position:0% +previous theorem that we proved for + + + align:start position:0% +previous theorem that we proved for +the equivalence of continuity and + + align:start position:0% +the equivalence of continuity and + + + align:start position:0% +the equivalence of continuity and +convergence of sequences + + align:start position:0% +convergence of sequences + + + align:start position:0% +convergence of sequences +to show that cosine is continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +let's see be + + align:start position:0% +let's see be + + + align:start position:0% +let's see be +an element of r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let x n be a sequence + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +converging to c + + align:start position:0% +converging to c + + + align:start position:0% +converging to c +and we now want to show + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +cosine of x sub n converges to + + align:start position:0% +cosine of x sub n converges to + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of x sub n converges to +cosine of c + + align:start position:0% +cosine of c + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of c +okay once we've done that then by the + + align:start position:0% +okay once we've done that then by the + + + align:start position:0% +okay once we've done that then by the +theorem we proved + + align:start position:0% +theorem we proved + + + align:start position:0% +theorem we proved +previously + + align:start position:0% +previously + + + align:start position:0% +previously +we can conclude that cosine is + + align:start position:0% +we can conclude that cosine is + + + align:start position:0% +we can conclude that cosine is +continuous at c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now here's the thing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for all + + align:start position:0% +for all + + + align:start position:0% +for all +x and r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have + + align:start position:0% +we have + + + align:start position:0% +we have +cosine of x is equal to + + align:start position:0% +cosine of x is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of x is equal to +sine of x plus + + align:start position:0% +sine of x plus + + + align:start position:0% +sine of x plus +pi over 2 right we can deduce that + + align:start position:0% +pi over 2 right we can deduce that + + + align:start position:0% +pi over 2 right we can deduce that +simply from this angle sum formula + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +take a equals x b equals pi over 2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right and using that cosine of pi + + align:start position:0% +all right and using that cosine of pi + + + align:start position:0% +all right and using that cosine of pi +over 2 is 0. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right and this is what we'll use + + align:start position:0% +all right and this is what we'll use + + + align:start position:0% +all right and this is what we'll use +and the fact that we know sine is + + align:start position:0% +and the fact that we know sine is + + + align:start position:0% +and the fact that we know sine is +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +since the sequence xn converges to c + + align:start position:0% +since the sequence xn converges to c + + + align:start position:0% +since the sequence xn converges to c +this implies + + align:start position:0% +this implies + + + align:start position:0% +this implies +the sequence x sub n plus pi over 2 + + align:start position:0% +the sequence x sub n plus pi over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence x sub n plus pi over 2 +converges to c plus pi over 2. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +this sequence converges this sequence x + + align:start position:0% +this sequence converges this sequence x + + + align:start position:0% +this sequence converges this sequence x +sub n plus pi over 2 converges to this + + align:start position:0% +sub n plus pi over 2 converges to this + + + align:start position:0% +sub n plus pi over 2 converges to this +number and since sine is continuous + + align:start position:0% +number and since sine is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +number and since sine is continuous +we have by the previous theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +sine of this converges to this and + + align:start position:0% +sine of this converges to this and + + + align:start position:0% +sine of this converges to this and +therefore + + align:start position:0% +therefore + + + align:start position:0% +therefore +cosine of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cosine of x sub n + + align:start position:0% +cosine of x sub n + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of x sub n +which is equal to sine of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x sub n plus pi over 2 + + align:start position:0% +x sub n plus pi over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +x sub n plus pi over 2 +converges to + + align:start position:0% +converges to + + + align:start position:0% +converges to +sine of c plus pi over 2 + + align:start position:0% +sine of c plus pi over 2 + + + align:start position:0% +sine of c plus pi over 2 +which equals + + align:start position:0% +which equals + + + align:start position:0% +which equals +cosine of c + + align:start position:0% +cosine of c + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of c +i e + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cosine of x sub n converges to cosine of + + align:start position:0% +cosine of x sub n converges to cosine of + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of x sub n converges to cosine of +c and therefore + + align:start position:0% +c and therefore + + + align:start position:0% +c and therefore +we've now shown that cosine is also + + align:start position:0% +we've now shown that cosine is also + + + align:start position:0% +we've now shown that cosine is also +continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right so let's answer this question + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's answer this question + + + align:start position:0% +all right so let's answer this question +real quick so i'm gonna so the answer is + + align:start position:0% +real quick so i'm gonna so the answer is + + + align:start position:0% +real quick so i'm gonna so the answer is +no + + align:start position:0% +no + + + align:start position:0% +no +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you can find a function which is + + align:start position:0% +you can find a function which is + + + align:start position:0% +you can find a function which is +discontinuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at every point every real number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so maybe this is an example rather than + + align:start position:0% +so maybe this is an example rather than + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe this is an example rather than +a theorem but i'll state it as a theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let f of x be the function which takes + + align:start position:0% +let f of x be the function which takes + + + align:start position:0% +let f of x be the function which takes +the value one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if x is a rational zero + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if x is + + align:start position:0% +if x is + + + align:start position:0% +if x is +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +not a rational + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at every + + align:start position:0% +at every + + + align:start position:0% +at every +cnr + + align:start position:0% +cnr + + + align:start position:0% +cnr +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so first off don't try to + + align:start position:0% +so first off don't try to + + + align:start position:0% +so first off don't try to +don't try to plot this using like matlab + + align:start position:0% +don't try to plot this using like matlab + + + align:start position:0% +don't try to plot this using like matlab +or mathematica or anything because first + + align:start position:0% +or mathematica or anything because first + + + align:start position:0% +or mathematica or anything because first +off computers + + align:start position:0% +off computers + + + align:start position:0% +off computers +can't deal with irrational numbers + + align:start position:0% +can't deal with irrational numbers + + + align:start position:0% +can't deal with irrational numbers +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +you will just get one no matter what you + + align:start position:0% +you will just get one no matter what you + + + align:start position:0% +you will just get one no matter what you +stick into f + + align:start position:0% +stick into f + + + align:start position:0% +stick into f +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +but okay so you have this function which + + align:start position:0% +but okay so you have this function which + + + align:start position:0% +but okay so you have this function which +is 1 if x is a rational 0 if x is not a + + align:start position:0% +is 1 if x is a rational 0 if x is not a + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 if x is a rational 0 if x is not a +rational number if it's irrational + + align:start position:0% +rational number if it's irrational + + + align:start position:0% +rational number if it's irrational +let's show it's discontinuous at every c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a different way if you like + + align:start position:0% +a different way if you like + + + align:start position:0% +a different way if you like +to state + + align:start position:0% +to state + + + align:start position:0% +to state +the theorem which i've already erased so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but let me just state it slightly + + align:start position:0% +but let me just state it slightly + + + align:start position:0% +but let me just state it slightly +differently + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f is not + + align:start position:0% +f is not + + + align:start position:0% +f is not +continuous at c + + align:start position:0% +continuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +continuous at c +so remember the + + align:start position:0% +so remember the + + + align:start position:0% +so remember the +two statements are equivalent if and + + align:start position:0% +two statements are equivalent if and + + + align:start position:0% +two statements are equivalent if and +only if their negations are equivalent + + align:start position:0% +only if their negations are equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +only if their negations are equivalent +so f is not continuous at c + + align:start position:0% +so f is not continuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +so f is not continuous at c +if and only if there exists + + align:start position:0% +if and only if there exists + + + align:start position:0% +if and only if there exists +a sequence + + align:start position:0% +a sequence + + + align:start position:0% +a sequence +x sub n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that x ends converge to c + + align:start position:0% +such that x ends converge to c + + + align:start position:0% +such that x ends converge to c +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f of x n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the sequence f of x n does not + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +converge to + + align:start position:0% +converge to + + + align:start position:0% +converge to +f c so maybe it just doesn't converge at + + align:start position:0% +f c so maybe it just doesn't converge at + + + align:start position:0% +f c so maybe it just doesn't converge at +all or maybe it converges to something + + align:start position:0% +all or maybe it converges to something + + + align:start position:0% +all or maybe it converges to something +other than f c okay + + align:start position:0% +other than f c okay + + + align:start position:0% +other than f c okay +so this is just a restatement of the + + align:start position:0% +so this is just a restatement of the + + + align:start position:0% +so this is just a restatement of the +theorem we've already proven but + + align:start position:0% +theorem we've already proven but + + + align:start position:0% +theorem we've already proven but +now using negations of the statements + + align:start position:0% +now using negations of the statements + + + align:start position:0% +now using negations of the statements +that appeared on the if and only if + + align:start position:0% +that appeared on the if and only if + + + align:start position:0% +that appeared on the if and only if +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so there's two cases so + + align:start position:0% +so there's two cases so + + + align:start position:0% +so there's two cases so +to consider for this uh so now we're + + align:start position:0% +to consider for this uh so now we're + + + align:start position:0% +to consider for this uh so now we're +going so this is a + + align:start position:0% +going so this is a + + + align:start position:0% +going so this is a +statement of the theorem + + align:start position:0% +statement of the theorem + + + align:start position:0% +statement of the theorem +that we're u a restatement of the + + align:start position:0% +that we're u a restatement of the + + + align:start position:0% +that we're u a restatement of the +theorem we're using and now we're going + + align:start position:0% +theorem we're using and now we're going + + + align:start position:0% +theorem we're using and now we're going +to prove the theorem that i've stated + + align:start position:0% +to prove the theorem that i've stated + + + align:start position:0% +to prove the theorem that i've stated +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +so let + + align:start position:0% +so let + + + align:start position:0% +so let +c be an element of r we're going to show + + align:start position:0% +c be an element of r we're going to show + + + align:start position:0% +c be an element of r we're going to show +that this function is discontinuous at c + + align:start position:0% +that this function is discontinuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +that this function is discontinuous at c +there are two cases to consider + + align:start position:0% +there are two cases to consider + + + align:start position:0% +there are two cases to consider +c is a rational number or c is an + + align:start position:0% +c is a rational number or c is an + + + align:start position:0% +c is a rational number or c is an +irrational number + + align:start position:0% +irrational number + + + align:start position:0% +irrational number +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +case one + + align:start position:0% +case one + + + align:start position:0% +case one +c is a rational number + + align:start position:0% +c is a rational number + + + align:start position:0% +c is a rational number +let's show f is not continuous at c + + align:start position:0% +let's show f is not continuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +let's show f is not continuous at c +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now we know that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for every natural number in + + align:start position:0% +for every natural number in + + + align:start position:0% +for every natural number in +there exists + + align:start position:0% +there exists + + + align:start position:0% +there exists +an element + + align:start position:0% +an element + + + align:start position:0% +an element +x of n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +a complement of q so an irrational + + align:start position:0% +a complement of q so an irrational + + + align:start position:0% +a complement of q so an irrational +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +such that c is less than x of n is less + + align:start position:0% +such that c is less than x of n is less + + + align:start position:0% +such that c is less than x of n is less +than c plus one over n + + align:start position:0% +than c plus one over n + + + align:start position:0% +than c plus one over n +right so we proved this in an assignment + + align:start position:0% +right so we proved this in an assignment + + + align:start position:0% +right so we proved this in an assignment +yeah between any two real numbers i can + + align:start position:0% +yeah between any two real numbers i can + + + align:start position:0% +yeah between any two real numbers i can +find a rational number an irrational + + align:start position:0% +find a rational number an irrational + + + align:start position:0% +find a rational number an irrational +number in between them + + align:start position:0% +number in between them + + + align:start position:0% +number in between them +yeah so that's what this statement says + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's what this statement says + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so that's what this statement says +is for each + + align:start position:0% +is for each + + + align:start position:0% +is for each +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +i can find an irrational number between + + align:start position:0% +i can find an irrational number between + + + align:start position:0% +i can find an irrational number between +the number c and the number c plus one + + align:start position:0% +the number c and the number c plus one + + + align:start position:0% +the number c and the number c plus one +over n + + align:start position:0% +over n + + + align:start position:0% +over n +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now by the squeeze theorem + + align:start position:0% +now by the squeeze theorem + + + align:start position:0% +now by the squeeze theorem +this is just a constant sequence if you + + align:start position:0% +this is just a constant sequence if you + + + align:start position:0% +this is just a constant sequence if you +like converging to c + + align:start position:0% +like converging to c + + + align:start position:0% +like converging to c +this converges to c and as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +this converges to c and as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +this converges to c and as n goes to +infinity this converges to c so i get + + align:start position:0% +infinity this converges to c so i get + + + align:start position:0% +infinity this converges to c so i get +that the sequence x sub n + + align:start position:0% +that the sequence x sub n + + + align:start position:0% +that the sequence x sub n +converges to c + + align:start position:0% +converges to c + + + align:start position:0% +converges to c +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +this will be my bad sequence + + align:start position:0% +this will be my bad sequence + + + align:start position:0% +this will be my bad sequence +to satisfy this + + align:start position:0% +to satisfy this + + + align:start position:0% +to satisfy this +conclusion because + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so xn converges to c + + align:start position:0% +so xn converges to c + + + align:start position:0% +so xn converges to c +but + + align:start position:0% +but + + + align:start position:0% +but +if i look at + + align:start position:0% +if i look at + + + align:start position:0% +if i look at +f of x in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if i take the limit as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +if i take the limit as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +if i take the limit as n goes to +infinity of f of x n + + align:start position:0% +infinity of f of x n + + + align:start position:0% +infinity of f of x n +since all the x ends are not rational + + align:start position:0% +since all the x ends are not rational + + + align:start position:0% +since all the x ends are not rational +they're irrational numbers + + align:start position:0% +they're irrational numbers + + + align:start position:0% +they're irrational numbers +and i stick them into f i get 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equals 0 + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 + + + align:start position:0% +equals 0 +and this does not equal 1 which equals f + + align:start position:0% +and this does not equal 1 which equals f + + + align:start position:0% +and this does not equal 1 which equals f +of c because we're in the case that c is + + align:start position:0% +of c because we're in the case that c is + + + align:start position:0% +of c because we're in the case that c is +a rational number + + align:start position:0% +a rational number + + + align:start position:0% +a rational number +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so here we use the density of the + + align:start position:0% +so here we use the density of the + + + align:start position:0% +so here we use the density of the +irrationals to show that this function + + align:start position:0% +irrationals to show that this function + + + align:start position:0% +irrationals to show that this function +is not continuous at a rational number + + align:start position:0% +is not continuous at a rational number + + + align:start position:0% +is not continuous at a rational number +and we'll do the same thing for the case + + align:start position:0% +and we'll do the same thing for the case + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll do the same thing for the case +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +c is + + align:start position:0% +c is + + + align:start position:0% +c is +an irrational number + + align:start position:0% +an irrational number + + + align:start position:0% +an irrational number +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +i mean it's the same proof except now we + + align:start position:0% +i mean it's the same proof except now we + + + align:start position:0% +i mean it's the same proof except now we +essentially take compliments + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we proved this theorem right after the + + align:start position:0% +we proved this theorem right after the + + + align:start position:0% +we proved this theorem right after the +archimedean property of r that for any + + align:start position:0% +archimedean property of r that for any + + + align:start position:0% +archimedean property of r that for any +two real numbers i can find a rational + + align:start position:0% +two real numbers i can find a rational + + + align:start position:0% +two real numbers i can find a rational +number in between them so for every + + align:start position:0% +number in between them so for every + + + align:start position:0% +number in between them so for every +n + + align:start position:0% +n + + + align:start position:0% +n +there exists a rational number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +such that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +c + + align:start position:0% +c + + + align:start position:0% +c +is less than x of n is less than c plus + + align:start position:0% +is less than x of n is less than c plus + + + align:start position:0% +is less than x of n is less than c plus +one over n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and again by the squeeze theorem + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it follows that x n converges to c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +if we look at the limit as n goes to + + align:start position:0% +if we look at the limit as n goes to + + + align:start position:0% +if we look at the limit as n goes to +infinity of f of x + + align:start position:0% +infinity of f of x + + + align:start position:0% +infinity of f of x +sub n + + align:start position:0% +sub n + + + align:start position:0% +sub n +this is equal to all of these is + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to all of these is + + + align:start position:0% +this is equal to all of these is +all of these values are 1 + + align:start position:0% +all of these values are 1 + + + align:start position:0% +all of these values are 1 +which does not equal 0 which equals f of + + align:start position:0% +which does not equal 0 which equals f of + + + align:start position:0% +which does not equal 0 which equals f of +c since c is assumed to be an irrational + + align:start position:0% +c since c is assumed to be an irrational + + + align:start position:0% +c since c is assumed to be an irrational +number + + align:start position:0% +number + + + align:start position:0% +number +so this function is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not continuous at every real number + + align:start position:0% +not continuous at every real number + + + align:start position:0% +not continuous at every real number +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +just terminology here if you hear me say + + align:start position:0% +just terminology here if you hear me say + + + align:start position:0% +just terminology here if you hear me say +this when i say something is not + + align:start position:0% +this when i say something is not + + + align:start position:0% +this when i say something is not +continuous i'll often say + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +discontinuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay we're going to use this theorem + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to use this theorem + + + align:start position:0% +okay we're going to use this theorem +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +i keep saying this theorem although i + + align:start position:0% +i keep saying this theorem although i + + + align:start position:0% +i keep saying this theorem although i +already erased it but the theorem that + + align:start position:0% +already erased it but the theorem that + + + align:start position:0% +already erased it but the theorem that +equates + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continuity at a point in the fact that + + align:start position:0% +continuity at a point in the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +continuity at a point in the fact that +every sequence converges + + align:start position:0% +every sequence converges + + + align:start position:0% +every sequence converges +every sequence converging to c implies f + + align:start position:0% +every sequence converging to c implies f + + + align:start position:0% +every sequence converging to c implies f +of x n converges to f c we're going to + + align:start position:0% +of x n converges to f c we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +of x n converges to f c we're going to +use that theorem + + align:start position:0% +use that theorem + + + align:start position:0% +use that theorem +to get + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kind of corresponding + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +theorems about continuity that that look + + align:start position:0% +theorems about continuity that that look + + + align:start position:0% +theorems about continuity that that look +kind of analogous to statements we made + + align:start position:0% +kind of analogous to statements we made + + + align:start position:0% +kind of analogous to statements we made +about sequences + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and then we'll consider a case which is + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll consider a case which is + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll consider a case which is +not covered + + align:start position:0% +not covered + + + align:start position:0% +not covered +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +which has no analog + + align:start position:0% +which has no analog + + + align:start position:0% +which has no analog +for sequences + + align:start position:0% +for sequences + + + align:start position:0% +for sequences +so let me state the following theorem so + + align:start position:0% +so let me state the following theorem so + + + align:start position:0% +so let me state the following theorem so +suppose + + align:start position:0% +suppose + + + align:start position:0% +suppose +s is a subset of r c is an element of s + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and i have two functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from s to r + + align:start position:0% +from s to r + + + align:start position:0% +from s to r +then + + align:start position:0% +then + + + align:start position:0% +then +if f + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and g + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are continuous at c + + align:start position:0% +are continuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +are continuous at c +then the conclusion is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f plus g + + align:start position:0% +f plus g + + + align:start position:0% +f plus g +the function f plus g is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continuous at c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f times g + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is continuous at c + + align:start position:0% +is continuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +is continuous at c +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +g of x does not equal 0 + + align:start position:0% +g of x does not equal 0 + + + align:start position:0% +g of x does not equal 0 +for all x and s so i can divide by it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f over g + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is continuous at + + align:start position:0% +is continuous at + + + align:start position:0% +is continuous at +c + + align:start position:0% +c + + + align:start position:0% +c +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +so for example i'll prove the first + + align:start position:0% +so for example i'll prove the first + + + align:start position:0% +so for example i'll prove the first +statement the other two you can prove + + align:start position:0% +statement the other two you can prove + + + align:start position:0% +statement the other two you can prove +for yourself + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and again this just follows from this + + align:start position:0% +and again this just follows from this + + + align:start position:0% +and again this just follows from this +characterization we have of a function + + align:start position:0% +characterization we have of a function + + + align:start position:0% +characterization we have of a function +being continuous at a point in terms of + + align:start position:0% +being continuous at a point in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +being continuous at a point in terms of +limits of sequences and limits of + + align:start position:0% +limits of sequences and limits of + + + align:start position:0% +limits of sequences and limits of +sequences we we know well we've proven + + align:start position:0% +sequences we we know well we've proven + + + align:start position:0% +sequences we we know well we've proven +all these properties about them + + align:start position:0% +all these properties about them + + + align:start position:0% +all these properties about them +if you like that's where we did all the + + align:start position:0% +if you like that's where we did all the + + + align:start position:0% +if you like that's where we did all the +hard work + + align:start position:0% +hard work + + + align:start position:0% +hard work +and now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +getting some payoff in that we get + + align:start position:0% +getting some payoff in that we get + + + align:start position:0% +getting some payoff in that we get +interesting + + align:start position:0% +interesting + + + align:start position:0% +interesting +statements without a whole lot of work + + align:start position:0% +statements without a whole lot of work + + + align:start position:0% +statements without a whole lot of work +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +we're assuming f and g are continuous at + + align:start position:0% +we're assuming f and g are continuous at + + + align:start position:0% +we're assuming f and g are continuous at +c so so let's + + align:start position:0% +c so so let's + + + align:start position:0% +c so so let's +prove f g is continuous said c via this + + align:start position:0% +prove f g is continuous said c via this + + + align:start position:0% +prove f g is continuous said c via this +sequential characterization + + align:start position:0% +sequential characterization + + + align:start position:0% +sequential characterization +suppose xn is a sequence converging to c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +since f + + align:start position:0% +since f + + + align:start position:0% +since f +and g + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are continuous at c this implies that + + align:start position:0% +are continuous at c this implies that + + + align:start position:0% +are continuous at c this implies that +the sequence is + + align:start position:0% +the sequence is + + + align:start position:0% +the sequence is +f of x sub n converges to f of c + + align:start position:0% +f of x sub n converges to f of c + + + align:start position:0% +f of x sub n converges to f of c +and g of x sub n + + align:start position:0% +and g of x sub n + + + align:start position:0% +and g of x sub n +converges to g of c + + align:start position:0% +converges to g of c + + + align:start position:0% +converges to g of c +and therefore by the theorem we proved + + align:start position:0% +and therefore by the theorem we proved + + + align:start position:0% +and therefore by the theorem we proved +um several lectures ago that the sum of + + align:start position:0% +um several lectures ago that the sum of + + + align:start position:0% +um several lectures ago that the sum of +two convergent sequences converges to + + align:start position:0% +two convergent sequences converges to + + + align:start position:0% +two convergent sequences converges to +the sum of the limits + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the limits + + + align:start position:0% +the sum of the limits +you get that f + + align:start position:0% +you get that f + + + align:start position:0% +you get that f +plus g of + + align:start position:0% +plus g of + + + align:start position:0% +plus g of +x sub n which is + + align:start position:0% +x sub n which is + + + align:start position:0% +x sub n which is +f of x of n plus g of x of n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +converges to + + align:start position:0% +converges to + + + align:start position:0% +converges to +f of c + + align:start position:0% +f of c + + + align:start position:0% +f of c +plus g of c + + align:start position:0% +plus g of c + + + align:start position:0% +plus g of c +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +function f plus g evaluated at c + + align:start position:0% +function f plus g evaluated at c + + + align:start position:0% +function f plus g evaluated at c +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +that's it right we've now shown that + + align:start position:0% +that's it right we've now shown that + + + align:start position:0% +that's it right we've now shown that +every sequence converging to c f plus g + + align:start position:0% +every sequence converging to c f plus g + + + align:start position:0% +every sequence converging to c f plus g +of x sub n converges to f plus g of c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay and similarly for the others + + align:start position:0% +okay and similarly for the others + + + align:start position:0% +okay and similarly for the others +although there's maybe a little bit of + + align:start position:0% +although there's maybe a little bit of + + + align:start position:0% +although there's maybe a little bit of +a small hiccup here and that you want to + + align:start position:0% +a small hiccup here and that you want to + + + align:start position:0% +a small hiccup here and that you want to +well no i mean + + align:start position:0% +well no i mean + + + align:start position:0% +well no i mean +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +right so this follows uh i was thinking + + align:start position:0% +right so this follows uh i was thinking + + + align:start position:0% +right so this follows uh i was thinking +of something else don't worry about that + + align:start position:0% +of something else don't worry about that + + + align:start position:0% +of something else don't worry about that +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +but they two and three also follow + + align:start position:0% +but they two and three also follow + + + align:start position:0% +but they two and three also follow +similarly using the sequential + + align:start position:0% +similarly using the sequential + + + align:start position:0% +similarly using the sequential +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the analogous sequential + + align:start position:0% +the analogous sequential + + + align:start position:0% +the analogous sequential +theorems + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +however + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we do have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so these are kind of three natural + + align:start position:0% +so these are kind of three natural + + + align:start position:0% +so these are kind of three natural +operations we can do with two functions + + align:start position:0% +operations we can do with two functions + + + align:start position:0% +operations we can do with two functions +we can add them we can multiply them we + + align:start position:0% +we can add them we can multiply them we + + + align:start position:0% +we can add them we can multiply them we +can divide them just like what we had + + align:start position:0% +can divide them just like what we had + + + align:start position:0% +can divide them just like what we had +for sequences there is one operation we + + align:start position:0% +for sequences there is one operation we + + + align:start position:0% +for sequences there is one operation we +can do with functions that you don't do + + align:start position:0% +can do with functions that you don't do + + + align:start position:0% +can do with functions that you don't do +with sequences or can't do with + + align:start position:0% +with sequences or can't do with + + + align:start position:0% +with sequences or can't do with +sequences and that's compose them right + + align:start position:0% +sequences and that's compose them right + + + align:start position:0% +sequences and that's compose them right +so the natural question is + + align:start position:0% +so the natural question is + + + align:start position:0% +so the natural question is +is the composition of two continuous + + align:start position:0% +is the composition of two continuous + + + align:start position:0% +is the composition of two continuous +functions continuous + + align:start position:0% +functions continuous + + + align:start position:0% +functions continuous +and the answer to that is yes + + align:start position:0% +and the answer to that is yes + + + align:start position:0% +and the answer to that is yes +we have to state this carefully + + align:start position:0% +we have to state this carefully + + + align:start position:0% +we have to state this carefully +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a and b are a subset of r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and c is an element of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +let's write this + + align:start position:0% +let's write this + + + align:start position:0% +let's write this +a little bit differently + + align:start position:0% +a little bit differently + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit differently +a and b be a subset of r c is an element + + align:start position:0% +a and b be a subset of r c is an element + + + align:start position:0% +a and b be a subset of r c is an element +of a + + align:start position:0% +of a + + + align:start position:0% +of a +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +f will be a function from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let me get this right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f will be a function from a to r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and g is a function from a set + + align:start position:0% +and g is a function from a set + + + align:start position:0% +and g is a function from a set +b to a and okay so i'm getting this + + align:start position:0% +b to a and okay so i'm getting this + + + align:start position:0% +b to a and okay so i'm getting this +backwards + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so when i compose these two when i take + + align:start position:0% +so when i compose these two when i take + + + align:start position:0% +so when i compose these two when i take +f of g + + align:start position:0% +f of g + + + align:start position:0% +f of g +f of g will be a function now from b to + + align:start position:0% +f of g will be a function now from b to + + + align:start position:0% +f of g will be a function now from b to +r okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if + + align:start position:0% +so if + + + align:start position:0% +so if +g is + + align:start position:0% +g is + + + align:start position:0% +g is +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +at c + + align:start position:0% +at c + + + align:start position:0% +at c +and f + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is continuous at the point + + align:start position:0% +is continuous at the point + + + align:start position:0% +is continuous at the point +g of c which is remember an element of a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then the + + align:start position:0% +then the + + + align:start position:0% +then the +composition f of g + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +at c + + align:start position:0% +at c + + + align:start position:0% +at c +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we'll use again this characterization + + align:start position:0% +so we'll use again this characterization + + + align:start position:0% +so we'll use again this characterization +in terms of sequences okay + + align:start position:0% +in terms of sequences okay + + + align:start position:0% +in terms of sequences okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know we don't necessarily have to we + + align:start position:0% +you know we don't necessarily have to we + + + align:start position:0% +you know we don't necessarily have to we +could have done it uh + + align:start position:0% +could have done it uh + + + align:start position:0% +could have done it uh +strictly speaking from + + align:start position:0% +strictly speaking from + + + align:start position:0% +strictly speaking from +the definition but + + align:start position:0% +the definition but + + + align:start position:0% +the definition but +this is a nice short way of + + align:start position:0% +this is a nice short way of + + + align:start position:0% +this is a nice short way of +proving this statement so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let x in + + align:start position:0% +let x in + + + align:start position:0% +let x in +be a sequence + + align:start position:0% +be a sequence + + + align:start position:0% +be a sequence +in b + + align:start position:0% +in b + + + align:start position:0% +in b +so of elements of b such that x sub n + + align:start position:0% +so of elements of b such that x sub n + + + align:start position:0% +so of elements of b such that x sub n +converges to c + + align:start position:0% +converges to c + + + align:start position:0% +converges to c +and what we want to show is that f of g + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +limit as n goes to infinity of f of g + + align:start position:0% +limit as n goes to infinity of f of g + + + align:start position:0% +limit as n goes to infinity of f of g +of x sub n + + align:start position:0% +of x sub n + + + align:start position:0% +of x sub n +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +f of g + + align:start position:0% +f of g + + + align:start position:0% +f of g +of c + + align:start position:0% +of c + + + align:start position:0% +of c +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +let's put this + + align:start position:0% +let's put this + + + align:start position:0% +let's put this +off to the side + + align:start position:0% +off to the side + + + align:start position:0% +off to the side +okay so since + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x n converges c + + align:start position:0% +x n converges c + + + align:start position:0% +x n converges c +and g is continuous at c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this implies that the sequence g of x in + + align:start position:0% +this implies that the sequence g of x in + + + align:start position:0% +this implies that the sequence g of x in +converges to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +g of c + + align:start position:0% +g of c + + + align:start position:0% +g of c +okay now g of x sub n + + align:start position:0% +okay now g of x sub n + + + align:start position:0% +okay now g of x sub n +this is a sequence now in a + + align:start position:0% +this is a sequence now in a + + + align:start position:0% +this is a sequence now in a +converging to an element of a + + align:start position:0% +converging to an element of a + + + align:start position:0% +converging to an element of a +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +since this sequence g of x of n + + align:start position:0% +since this sequence g of x of n + + + align:start position:0% +since this sequence g of x of n +converges to g of c + + align:start position:0% +converges to g of c + + + align:start position:0% +converges to g of c +and g + + align:start position:0% +and g + + + align:start position:0% +and g +now f + + align:start position:0% +now f + + + align:start position:0% +now f +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +continuous at + + align:start position:0% +continuous at + + + align:start position:0% +continuous at +g of c + + align:start position:0% +g of c + + + align:start position:0% +g of c +this implies + + align:start position:0% +this implies + + + align:start position:0% +this implies +that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f of g of x of n + + align:start position:0% +f of g of x of n + + + align:start position:0% +f of g of x of n +converges to + + align:start position:0% +converges to + + + align:start position:0% +converges to +f of g of c + + align:start position:0% +f of g of c + + + align:start position:0% +f of g of c +i e + + align:start position:0% +i e + + + align:start position:0% +i e +this is by definition the same as saying + + align:start position:0% +this is by definition the same as saying + + + align:start position:0% +this is by definition the same as saying +f of g + + align:start position:0% +f of g + + + align:start position:0% +f of g +of x of n + + align:start position:0% +of x of n + + + align:start position:0% +of x of n +equals + + align:start position:0% +equals + + + align:start position:0% +equals +f of g + + align:start position:0% +f of g + + + align:start position:0% +f of g +of c + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so we have a new we have an operation + + align:start position:0% +so we have a new we have an operation + + + align:start position:0% +so we have a new we have an operation +that we can't do with sequences but this + + align:start position:0% +that we can't do with sequences but this + + + align:start position:0% +that we can't do with sequences but this +operation still preserves continuity so + + align:start position:0% +operation still preserves continuity so + + + align:start position:0% +operation still preserves continuity so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know taking sums of continuous + + align:start position:0% +you know taking sums of continuous + + + align:start position:0% +you know taking sums of continuous +functions + + align:start position:0% +functions + + + align:start position:0% +functions +maintains a continu + + align:start position:0% +maintains a continu + + + align:start position:0% +maintains a continu +stays in the class of continuous + + align:start position:0% +stays in the class of continuous + + + align:start position:0% +stays in the class of continuous +functions product of two continuous + + align:start position:0% +functions product of two continuous + + + align:start position:0% +functions product of two continuous +functions is continuous quotient is + + align:start position:0% +functions is continuous quotient is + + + align:start position:0% +functions is continuous quotient is +continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +now also the composition of two + + align:start position:0% +now also the composition of two + + + align:start position:0% +now also the composition of two +continuous functions um is continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +now so you know as a consequence of this + + align:start position:0% +now so you know as a consequence of this + + + align:start position:0% +now so you know as a consequence of this +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +you know we can use this to prove some + + align:start position:0% +you know we can use this to prove some + + + align:start position:0% +you know we can use this to prove some +some + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know give more examples of functions + + align:start position:0% +you know give more examples of functions + + + align:start position:0% +you know give more examples of functions +which are continuous so for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're all in natural number + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +f of x equals x to the n + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continuous as a function of for x and r + + align:start position:0% +continuous as a function of for x and r + + + align:start position:0% +continuous as a function of for x and r +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so what's the proof + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we can do this by induction okay so for + + align:start position:0% +we can do this by induction okay so for + + + align:start position:0% +we can do this by induction okay so for +n equals 1 + + align:start position:0% +n equals 1 + + + align:start position:0% +n equals 1 +f of x equals x + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we've already done + + align:start position:0% +we've already done + + + align:start position:0% +we've already done +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +right that was one of the first examples + + align:start position:0% +right that was one of the first examples + + + align:start position:0% +right that was one of the first examples +of continuous functions we did was ax + + align:start position:0% +of continuous functions we did was ax + + + align:start position:0% +of continuous functions we did was ax +plus b + + align:start position:0% +plus b + + + align:start position:0% +plus b +so a equals 1 b equals 0 gives me this + + align:start position:0% +so a equals 1 b equals 0 gives me this + + + align:start position:0% +so a equals 1 b equals 0 gives me this +case + + align:start position:0% +case + + + align:start position:0% +case +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +so this is the base case let's now do + + align:start position:0% +so this is the base case let's now do + + + align:start position:0% +so this is the base case let's now do +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +inductive step + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +suppose that the function + + align:start position:0% +suppose that the function + + + align:start position:0% +suppose that the function +x to the m + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is continuous and now we want to show x + + align:start position:0% +is continuous and now we want to show x + + + align:start position:0% +is continuous and now we want to show x +to the m plus one is continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +x to the n plus 1 this is equal to + + align:start position:0% +x to the n plus 1 this is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +x to the n plus 1 this is equal to +x times x to the m + + align:start position:0% +x times x to the m + + + align:start position:0% +x times x to the m +and since x to the m is continuous + + align:start position:0% +and since x to the m is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +and since x to the m is continuous +and the function x f of x equals x is + + align:start position:0% +and the function x f of x equals x is + + + align:start position:0% +and the function x f of x equals x is +continuous the product of two continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous the product of two continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous the product of two continuous +functions is continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's the product of two continuous + + align:start position:0% +it's the product of two continuous + + + align:start position:0% +it's the product of two continuous +functions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which by + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the theorem we proved + + align:start position:0% +the theorem we proved + + + align:start position:0% +the theorem we proved +uh implies that uh x to the n plus one + + align:start position:0% +uh implies that uh x to the n plus one + + + align:start position:0% +uh implies that uh x to the n plus one +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so i keep saying continuous but you know + + align:start position:0% +so i keep saying continuous but you know + + + align:start position:0% +so i keep saying continuous but you know +for all what i'm saying is for all c and + + align:start position:0% +for all what i'm saying is for all c and + + + align:start position:0% +for all what i'm saying is for all c and +r + + align:start position:0% +r + + + align:start position:0% +r +x to the m is continuous at c + + align:start position:0% +x to the m is continuous at c + + + align:start position:0% +x to the m is continuous at c +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +so maybe i should have written that down + + align:start position:0% +so maybe i should have written that down + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe i should have written that down +but i think that meaning should be clear + + align:start position:0% +but i think that meaning should be clear + + + align:start position:0% +but i think that meaning should be clear +enough + + align:start position:0% +enough + + + align:start position:0% +enough +okay and by the same you know + + align:start position:0% +okay and by the same you know + + + align:start position:0% +okay and by the same you know +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +inductive reasoning you could also prove + + align:start position:0% +inductive reasoning you could also prove + + + align:start position:0% +inductive reasoning you could also prove +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're all in a natural number + + align:start position:0% +we're all in a natural number + + + align:start position:0% +we're all in a natural number +polynomials are continuous f of x e + + align:start position:0% +polynomials are continuous f of x e + + + align:start position:0% +polynomials are continuous f of x e +for all in a natural number a + + align:start position:0% +for all in a natural number a + + + align:start position:0% +for all in a natural number a + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +a and r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +the function + + align:start position:0% +the function + + + align:start position:0% +the function +given by a polynomial a a sub n + + align:start position:0% +given by a polynomial a a sub n + + + align:start position:0% +given by a polynomial a a sub n +x to the n plus a sub n minus 1 + + align:start position:0% +x to the n plus a sub n minus 1 + + + align:start position:0% +x to the n plus a sub n minus 1 +x to the minus 1 plus + + align:start position:0% +x to the minus 1 plus + + + align:start position:0% +x to the minus 1 plus +a sub 0 + + align:start position:0% +a sub 0 + + + align:start position:0% +a sub 0 +is continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so rather than write down the actual + + align:start position:0% +so rather than write down the actual + + + align:start position:0% +so rather than write down the actual +proof by induction let's talk our way + + align:start position:0% +proof by induction let's talk our way + + + align:start position:0% +proof by induction let's talk our way +through it + + align:start position:0% +through it + + + align:start position:0% +through it +so again for n equals 1 this is just + + align:start position:0% +so again for n equals 1 this is just + + + align:start position:0% +so again for n equals 1 this is just +going to be some number times x which + + align:start position:0% +going to be some number times x which + + + align:start position:0% +going to be some number times x which +we've already dealt with in a previous + + align:start position:0% +we've already dealt with in a previous + + + align:start position:0% +we've already dealt with in a previous +example so we know that's continuous so + + align:start position:0% +example so we know that's continuous so + + + align:start position:0% +example so we know that's continuous so +that settles the base case + + align:start position:0% +that settles the base case + + + align:start position:0% +that settles the base case +now + + align:start position:0% +now + + + align:start position:0% +now +let's assume that we've proved this for + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that we've proved this for + + + align:start position:0% +let's assume that we've proved this for +n equals m or let's assume this for n + + align:start position:0% +n equals m or let's assume this for n + + + align:start position:0% +n equals m or let's assume this for n +equals m and look at a function with n + + align:start position:0% +equals m and look at a function with n + + + align:start position:0% +equals m and look at a function with n +equals n plus one + + align:start position:0% +equals n plus one + + + align:start position:0% +equals n plus one +that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be +a to the a sub n plus one times x to the + + align:start position:0% +a to the a sub n plus one times x to the + + + align:start position:0% +a to the a sub n plus one times x to the +n plus one plus a lower order polynomial + + align:start position:0% +n plus one plus a lower order polynomial + + + align:start position:0% +n plus one plus a lower order polynomial +which we already know is continuous + + align:start position:0% +which we already know is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +which we already know is continuous +and a sub m + + align:start position:0% +and a sub m + + + align:start position:0% +and a sub m +plus 1 times x to the n plus 1 that's + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 times x to the n plus 1 that's + + + align:start position:0% +plus 1 times x to the n plus 1 that's +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +because it's the product of a constant + + align:start position:0% +because it's the product of a constant + + + align:start position:0% +because it's the product of a constant +and a continuous function by the + + align:start position:0% +and a continuous function by the + + + align:start position:0% +and a continuous function by the +previous example + + align:start position:0% +previous example + + + align:start position:0% +previous example +so that would be continuous plus the + + align:start position:0% +so that would be continuous plus the + + + align:start position:0% +so that would be continuous plus the +lower order polynomial which is + + align:start position:0% +lower order polynomial which is + + + align:start position:0% +lower order polynomial which is +continuous by assumption + + align:start position:0% +continuous by assumption + + + align:start position:0% +continuous by assumption +that will be continuous by the theorem + + align:start position:0% +that will be continuous by the theorem + + + align:start position:0% +that will be continuous by the theorem +that we proved + + align:start position:0% +that we proved + + + align:start position:0% +that we proved +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but you know you don't have to just look + + align:start position:0% +but you know you don't have to just look + + + align:start position:0% +but you know you don't have to just look +at polynomials + + align:start position:0% +at polynomials + + + align:start position:0% +at polynomials +for example + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so for example + + align:start position:0% +so for example + + + align:start position:0% +so for example +the function f of x equals + + align:start position:0% +the function f of x equals + + + align:start position:0% +the function f of x equals +1 over + + align:start position:0% +1 over + + + align:start position:0% +1 over +3 plus + + align:start position:0% +3 plus + + + align:start position:0% +3 plus +sine x to the fourth this is also + + align:start position:0% +sine x to the fourth this is also + + + align:start position:0% +sine x to the fourth this is also +continuous + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a + + align:start position:0% +is a + + + align:start position:0% +is a +continuous function why because for all + + align:start position:0% +continuous function why because for all + + + align:start position:0% +continuous function why because for all +x first off three plus sine x to the + + align:start position:0% +x first off three plus sine x to the + + + align:start position:0% +x first off three plus sine x to the +four this is never zero okay so this + + align:start position:0% +four this is never zero okay so this + + + align:start position:0% +four this is never zero okay so this +function makes perfectly good sense + + align:start position:0% +function makes perfectly good sense + + + align:start position:0% +function makes perfectly good sense +so the bottom is always non-zero + + align:start position:0% +so the bottom is always non-zero + + + align:start position:0% +so the bottom is always non-zero +sine x is continuous so sine x to the 4 + + align:start position:0% +sine x is continuous so sine x to the 4 + + + align:start position:0% +sine x is continuous so sine x to the 4 +is continuous + + align:start position:0% +is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +is continuous +3 is a continuous function it's just a + + align:start position:0% +3 is a continuous function it's just a + + + align:start position:0% +3 is a continuous function it's just a +constant so + + align:start position:0% +constant so + + + align:start position:0% +constant so +the bottom as a function on its own is + + align:start position:0% +the bottom as a function on its own is + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom as a function on its own is +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +and 1 over that function is continuous + + align:start position:0% +and 1 over that function is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +and 1 over that function is continuous +as long as the bottom is never zero + + align:start position:0% +as long as the bottom is never zero + + + align:start position:0% +as long as the bottom is never zero +which it it's never zero uh so again by + + align:start position:0% +which it it's never zero uh so again by + + + align:start position:0% +which it it's never zero uh so again by +this uh theorem here + + align:start position:0% +this uh theorem here + + + align:start position:0% +this uh theorem here +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +so we used the composition one to say + + align:start position:0% +so we used the composition one to say + + + align:start position:0% +so we used the composition one to say +that sine x to the four is continuous + + align:start position:0% +that sine x to the four is continuous + + + align:start position:0% +that sine x to the four is continuous +and we use that one the pre theorem + + align:start position:0% +and we use that one the pre theorem + + + align:start position:0% +and we use that one the pre theorem +before that to show that 1 over 3 plus + + align:start position:0% +before that to show that 1 over 3 plus + + + align:start position:0% +before that to show that 1 over 3 plus +sine x 4 is continuous okay so just let + + align:start position:0% +sine x 4 is continuous okay so just let + + + align:start position:0% +sine x 4 is continuous okay so just let +me write this out real quick + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i will say by composition theorem + + align:start position:0% +i will say by composition theorem + + + align:start position:0% +i will say by composition theorem +the function + + align:start position:0% +the function + + + align:start position:0% +the function +sine x + + align:start position:0% +sine x + + + align:start position:0% +sine x +before is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +continuous which implies by i'll say + + align:start position:0% +continuous which implies by i'll say + + + align:start position:0% +continuous which implies by i'll say +algebraic theorem + + align:start position:0% +algebraic theorem + + + align:start position:0% +algebraic theorem +meaning the theorem that involves + + align:start position:0% +meaning the theorem that involves + + + align:start position:0% +meaning the theorem that involves +algebraic operations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3 plus + + align:start position:0% +3 plus + + + align:start position:0% +3 plus +sine x sub 4 + + align:start position:0% +sine x sub 4 + + + align:start position:0% +sine x sub 4 +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +continuous + + align:start position:0% +continuous + + + align:start position:0% +continuous +and by the algebraic theorem again + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +since 3 plus sine x to the 4 is never 0 + + align:start position:0% +since 3 plus sine x to the 4 is never 0 + + + align:start position:0% +since 3 plus sine x to the 4 is never 0 +for all x and r + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +discontinuous + + align:start position:0% +discontinuous + + + align:start position:0% +discontinuous +okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all right + + align:start position:0% +all right + + + align:start position:0% +all right +so next time we'll look at some + + align:start position:0% +so next time we'll look at some + + + align:start position:0% +so next time we'll look at some +properties of continuous functions + + align:start position:0% +properties of continuous functions + + + align:start position:0% +properties of continuous functions +namely + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +namely uh we're called the min and max + + align:start position:0% +namely uh we're called the min and max + + + align:start position:0% +namely uh we're called the min and max +theorems for continuous functions so the + + align:start position:0% +theorems for continuous functions so the + + + align:start position:0% +theorems for continuous functions so the +great thing about continuous functions + + align:start position:0% +great thing about continuous functions + + + align:start position:0% +great thing about continuous functions +is if you look at them on closed and + + align:start position:0% +is if you look at them on closed and + + + align:start position:0% +is if you look at them on closed and +bounded intervals they always attain a + + align:start position:0% +bounded intervals they always attain a + + + align:start position:0% +bounded intervals they always attain a +maximum minimum + + align:start position:0% +maximum minimum + + + align:start position:0% +maximum minimum +at some point okay not just + + align:start position:0% +at some point okay not just + + + align:start position:0% +at some point okay not just +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +you know not just that the + + align:start position:0% +you know not just that the + + + align:start position:0% +you know not just that the +graph is bounded above or below but + + align:start position:0% +graph is bounded above or below but + + + align:start position:0% +graph is bounded above or below but +there's actual point that where f + + align:start position:0% +there's actual point that where f + + + align:start position:0% +there's actual point that where f +reaches that min and reaches that max + + align:start position:0% +reaches that min and reaches that max + + + align:start position:0% +reaches that min and reaches that max +and then we'll also use + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll also use + + + align:start position:0% +and then we'll also use +also prove the intermediate value + + align:start position:0% +also prove the intermediate value + + + align:start position:0% +also prove the intermediate value +theorem which says between any two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if i look if i have a continuous + + align:start position:0% +if i look if i have a continuous + + + align:start position:0% +if i look if i have a continuous +function on an interval a b + + align:start position:0% +function on an interval a b + + + align:start position:0% +function on an interval a b +and i look at f of a and f of b and i + + align:start position:0% +and i look at f of a and f of b and i + + + align:start position:0% +and i look at f of a and f of b and i +take a number in between those two + + align:start position:0% +take a number in between those two + + + align:start position:0% +take a number in between those two +values f of a and f of b there exists a + + align:start position:0% +values f of a and f of b there exists a + + + align:start position:0% +values f of a and f of b there exists a +point in between them so that + + align:start position:0% +point in between them so that + + + align:start position:0% +point in between them so that +f + + align:start position:0% +f + + + align:start position:0% +f +attains that value + + align:start position:0% +attains that value + + + align:start position:0% +attains that value +and this is + + align:start position:0% +and this is + + + align:start position:0% +and this is +extremely important + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +we'll definitely see why later once we + + align:start position:0% +we'll definitely see why later once we + + + align:start position:0% +we'll definitely see why later once we +get to + + align:start position:0% +get to + + + align:start position:0% +get to +differentiability and continuity \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sn3orkHWqUQ.txt b/sn3orkHWqUQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00437f96cadaeeebd70c6325d95bdb7fad19df9d --- /dev/null +++ b/sn3orkHWqUQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1712 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Hi, today we will explore the complex + + align:start position:0% +Hi, today we will explore the complex + + + align:start position:0% +Hi, today we will explore the complex +numbers and ear formula. So the first + + align:start position:0% +numbers and ear formula. So the first + + + align:start position:0% +numbers and ear formula. So the first +part of the problem is to write this + + align:start position:0% +part of the problem is to write this + + + align:start position:0% +part of the problem is to write this +complex number min - 2 + 3 3 I in polar + + align:start position:0% +complex number min - 2 + 3 3 I in polar + + + align:start position:0% +complex number min - 2 + 3 3 I in polar +form which and at this point it's + + align:start position:0% +form which and at this point it's + + + align:start position:0% +form which and at this point it's +written in rectangular coordinate form. + + align:start position:0% +written in rectangular coordinate form. + + + align:start position:0% +written in rectangular coordinate form. +The second question asks you to do the + + align:start position:0% +The second question asks you to do the + + + align:start position:0% +The second question asks you to do the +reverse to write 3 exponential to the i + + align:start position:0% +reverse to write 3 exponential to the i + + + align:start position:0% +reverse to write 3 exponential to the i +pi over 6 in rectangular coordinate + + align:start position:0% +pi over 6 in rectangular coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +pi over 6 in rectangular coordinate +form. Question C asks you to draw and + + align:start position:0% +form. Question C asks you to draw and + + + align:start position:0% +form. Question C asks you to draw and +label the triangle relating the + + align:start position:0% +label the triangle relating the + + + align:start position:0% +label the triangle relating the +rectangular coordinates to the polar + + align:start position:0% +rectangular coordinates to the polar + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular coordinates to the polar +coordinate form. D asks you to compute + + align:start position:0% +coordinate form. D asks you to compute + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate form. D asks you to compute +one over this reverse complex number + + align:start position:0% +one over this reverse complex number + + + align:start position:0% +one over this reverse complex number +that we already saw in question + + align:start position:0% +that we already saw in question + + + align:start position:0% +that we already saw in question +A. And E ask you to find the cube root + + align:start position:0% +A. And E ask you to find the cube root + + + align:start position:0% +A. And E ask you to find the cube root +of one. And in all these questions + + align:start position:0% +of one. And in all these questions + + + align:start position:0% +of one. And in all these questions +you'll be using earlier formula. So why + + align:start position:0% +you'll be using earlier formula. So why + + + align:start position:0% +you'll be using earlier formula. So why +don't you pause the video, take a few + + align:start position:0% +don't you pause the video, take a few + + + align:start position:0% +don't you pause the video, take a few +minutes to work out the problem and + + align:start position:0% +minutes to work out the problem and + + + align:start position:0% +minutes to work out the problem and +we'll come back. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Welcome back. So, we're asked to + + align:start position:0% +Welcome back. So, we're asked to + + + align:start position:0% +Welcome back. So, we're asked to +throughout the problem to go back and + + align:start position:0% +throughout the problem to go back and + + + align:start position:0% +throughout the problem to go back and +forth between coordinates in polar form + + align:start position:0% +forth between coordinates in polar form + + + align:start position:0% +forth between coordinates in polar form +and in rectangular form. So, key thing + + align:start position:0% +and in rectangular form. So, key thing + + + align:start position:0% +and in rectangular form. So, key thing +to remember + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is earlier + + align:start position:0% +is earlier + + + align:start position:0% +is earlier +formula from the start. So, we're just + + align:start position:0% +formula from the start. So, we're just + + + align:start position:0% +formula from the start. So, we're just +going to write it up here. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +allow us to express a complex + + align:start position:0% +allow us to express a complex + + + align:start position:0% +allow us to express a complex +exponential into the sum of its cosine + + align:start position:0% +exponential into the sum of its cosine + + + align:start position:0% +exponential into the sum of its cosine +plus i sin theta. So how do we tackle + + align:start position:0% +plus i sin theta. So how do we tackle + + + align:start position:0% +plus i sin theta. So how do we tackle +question + + align:start position:0% +question + + + align:start position:0% +question +a? Question a gives us a complex + + align:start position:0% +a? Question a gives us a complex + + + align:start position:0% +a? Question a gives us a complex +number in rectangular form. So in this + + align:start position:0% +number in rectangular form. So in this + + + align:start position:0% +number in rectangular form. So in this +form a + i and we are asked to write it + + align:start position:0% +form a + i and we are asked to write it + + + align:start position:0% +form a + i and we are asked to write it +in polar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form which is which imp introduces the + + align:start position:0% +form which is which imp introduces the + + + align:start position:0% +form which is which imp introduces the +modulus of the complex number r and its + + align:start position:0% +modulus of the complex number r and its + + + align:start position:0% +modulus of the complex number r and its +phase theta. So + + align:start position:0% +phase theta. So + + + align:start position:0% +phase theta. So +r is the modulus of the complex number + + align:start position:0% +r is the modulus of the complex number + + + align:start position:0% +r is the modulus of the complex number +that we can + + align:start position:0% +that we can + + + align:start position:0% +that we can +compute when we know its rectangular + + align:start position:0% +compute when we know its rectangular + + + align:start position:0% +compute when we know its rectangular +form with its real form square plus + + align:start position:0% +form with its real form square plus + + + align:start position:0% +form with its real form square plus +imaginary uh part square. the whole + + align:start position:0% +imaginary uh part square. the whole + + + align:start position:0% +imaginary uh part square. the whole +thing under the root. So in this case we + + align:start position:0% +thing under the root. So in this case we + + + align:start position:0% +thing under the root. So in this case we +have four + + + align:start position:0% +have four + + + + align:start position:0% +have four + +9. So we end up with root of 13 for the + + align:start position:0% +9. So we end up with root of 13 for the + + + align:start position:0% +9. So we end up with root of 13 for the +modus of of the complex number z. So now + + align:start position:0% +modus of of the complex number z. So now + + + align:start position:0% +modus of of the complex number z. So now +for the + + align:start position:0% +for the + + + align:start position:0% +for the +phase using formula we can see that we + + align:start position:0% +phase using formula we can see that we + + + align:start position:0% +phase using formula we can see that we +can relate the rectangular form to the + + align:start position:0% +can relate the rectangular form to the + + + align:start position:0% +can relate the rectangular form to the +polar + + align:start position:0% +polar + + + align:start position:0% +polar +form by just introducing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I'm going to keep + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +R. And you can see now that we can + + align:start position:0% +R. And you can see now that we can + + + align:start position:0% +R. And you can see now that we can +extract the sign and the cosine of the + + align:start position:0% +extract the sign and the cosine of the + + + align:start position:0% +extract the sign and the cosine of the +angle theta and relate that to a ratio + + align:start position:0% +angle theta and relate that to a ratio + + + align:start position:0% +angle theta and relate that to a ratio +of A and the modulus R that we just + + align:start position:0% +of A and the modulus R that we just + + + align:start position:0% +of A and the modulus R that we just +found. B modulus R that we just found or + + align:start position:0% +found. B modulus R that we just found or + + + align:start position:0% +found. B modulus R that we just found or +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +one move just express it as the tangent + + align:start position:0% +one move just express it as the tangent + + + align:start position:0% +one move just express it as the tangent +of the angle theta is just s + + align:start position:0% +of the angle theta is just s + + + align:start position:0% +of the angle theta is just s +cosine just becomes basically uh B / + + align:start position:0% +cosine just becomes basically uh B / + + + align:start position:0% +cosine just becomes basically uh B / +A which we have here. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So we have the + + align:start position:0% +So we have the + + + align:start position:0% +So we have the +modulus r which is now root of 13 and + + align:start position:0% +modulus r which is now root of 13 and + + + align:start position:0% +modulus r which is now root of 13 and +the angle theta that we can now + + align:start position:0% +the angle theta that we can now + + + align:start position:0% +the angle theta that we can now +extract by using the + + align:start position:0% +extract by using the + + + align:start position:0% +extract by using the +reverse of the function theta uh + + align:start position:0% +reverse of the function theta uh + + + align:start position:0% +reverse of the function theta uh +10. So just to before we move to the + + align:start position:0% +10. So just to before we move to the + + + align:start position:0% +10. So just to before we move to the +next question this is not one of the + + align:start position:0% +next question this is not one of the + + + align:start position:0% +next question this is not one of the +classical angles that you learned. So + + align:start position:0% +classical angles that you learned. So + + + align:start position:0% +classical angles that you learned. So +just to have an idea of where this angle + + align:start position:0% +just to have an idea of where this angle + + + align:start position:0% +just to have an idea of where this angle +lies on the + + align:start position:0% +lies on the + + + align:start position:0% +lies on the +trigonometric unit circle just re recall + + align:start position:0% +trigonometric unit circle just re recall + + + align:start position:0% +trigonometric unit circle just re recall +here that the sign is positive and the + + align:start position:0% +here that the sign is positive and the + + + align:start position:0% +here that the sign is positive and the +cosine of this angle is negative. So we + + align:start position:0% +cosine of this angle is negative. So we + + + align:start position:0% +cosine of this angle is negative. So we +are bound to be in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +region where basically + + align:start position:0% +region where basically + + + align:start position:0% +region where basically +theta is between + + align:start position:0% +theta is between + + + align:start position:0% +theta is between +pi and pi / 2. And that ends the rep the + + align:start position:0% +pi and pi / 2. And that ends the rep the + + + align:start position:0% +pi and pi / 2. And that ends the rep the +answer to question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +A. So now for question B, we're asked to + + align:start position:0% +A. So now for question B, we're asked to + + + align:start position:0% +A. So now for question B, we're asked to +do the + + align:start position:0% +do the + + + align:start position:0% +do the +reverse expressing the polar number 3 + + align:start position:0% +reverse expressing the polar number 3 + + + align:start position:0% +reverse expressing the polar number 3 +I pi / 6 in rectangular coordinates. So + + align:start position:0% +I pi / 6 in rectangular coordinates. So + + + align:start position:0% +I pi / 6 in rectangular coordinates. So +now this is just a straightforward + + align:start position:0% +now this is just a straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +now this is just a straightforward +application of the other formula that we + + align:start position:0% +application of the other formula that we + + + align:start position:0% +application of the other formula that we +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +saw by just expanding the exponential as + + align:start position:0% +saw by just expanding the exponential as + + + align:start position:0% +saw by just expanding the exponential as +I already wrote there. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + ++ i + + align:start position:0% ++ i + + + align:start position:0% ++ i + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +sin pi / + + align:start position:0% +sin pi / + + + align:start position:0% +sin pi / +6. And on the same trigonometric circle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here, that's roughly where pi / 6 lie. + + align:start position:0% +here, that's roughly where pi / 6 lie. + + + align:start position:0% +here, that's roughly where pi / 6 lie. +And you can just reexpress + + align:start position:0% +And you can just reexpress + + + align:start position:0% +And you can just reexpress +this as 3 roo<unk> of 3 / 2 + + align:start position:0% +this as 3 roo<unk> of 3 / 2 + + + align:start position:0% +this as 3 roo<unk> of 3 / 2 ++ + + align:start position:0% ++ + + + align:start position:0% ++ +i 3 over2. So that ends the solution for + + align:start position:0% +i 3 over2. So that ends the solution for + + + align:start position:0% +i 3 over2. So that ends the solution for +question B. So now question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +C. Let me just add a line + + align:start position:0% +C. Let me just add a line + + + align:start position:0% +C. Let me just add a line +here. Question C, we're asked to draw + + align:start position:0% +here. Question C, we're asked to draw + + + align:start position:0% +here. Question C, we're asked to draw +and label the triangle relating + + align:start position:0% +and label the triangle relating + + + align:start position:0% +and label the triangle relating +rectangular to polar coordinates. So + + align:start position:0% +rectangular to polar coordinates. So + + + align:start position:0% +rectangular to polar coordinates. So +that's what we already had a sense with + + align:start position:0% +that's what we already had a sense with + + + align:start position:0% +that's what we already had a sense with +when we wrote this formula going from a + + align:start position:0% +when we wrote this formula going from a + + + align:start position:0% +when we wrote this formula going from a +plus i to r exponential of i theta. So + + align:start position:0% +plus i to r exponential of i theta. So + + + align:start position:0% +plus i to r exponential of i theta. So +in the complex + + align:start position:0% +in the complex + + + align:start position:0% +in the complex +plane we have the real + + align:start position:0% +plane we have the real + + + align:start position:0% +plane we have the real +axis imaginary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +axis and a complex number lying on this + + align:start position:0% +axis and a complex number lying on this + + + align:start position:0% +axis and a complex number lying on this +plane written + + align:start position:0% +plane written + + + align:start position:0% +plane written +in this form in a rectangular + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +coordinate would + + align:start position:0% +coordinate would + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate would +have a projection of a on the real axis + + align:start position:0% +have a projection of a on the real axis + + + align:start position:0% +have a projection of a on the real axis +projection of value B on the imaginary + + align:start position:0% +projection of value B on the imaginary + + + align:start position:0% +projection of value B on the imaginary +axis and in polar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form this would be its modulus or + + align:start position:0% +form this would be its modulus or + + + align:start position:0% +form this would be its modulus or +distance from the + + align:start position:0% +distance from the + + + align:start position:0% +distance from the +origin and + + align:start position:0% +origin and + + + align:start position:0% +origin and +its phase theta that would come in the + + align:start position:0% +its phase theta that would come in the + + + align:start position:0% +its phase theta that would come in the +polar + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form. So that's roughly that's the the + + align:start position:0% +form. So that's roughly that's the the + + + align:start position:0% +form. So that's roughly that's the the +the triangle that allow us to go back + + align:start position:0% +the triangle that allow us to go back + + + align:start position:0% +the triangle that allow us to go back +and forth between the rectangular and + + align:start position:0% +and forth between the rectangular and + + + align:start position:0% +and forth between the rectangular and +polar + + align:start position:0% +polar + + + align:start position:0% +polar +coordinates. So to finish or almost + + align:start position:0% +coordinates. So to finish or almost + + + align:start position:0% +coordinates. So to finish or almost +finish question D now asked us to + + align:start position:0% +finish question D now asked us to + + + align:start position:0% +finish question D now asked us to +compute the reverse of the original + + align:start position:0% +compute the reverse of the original + + + align:start position:0% +compute the reverse of the original +complex number that we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +used. So 1 over + + align:start position:0% +used. So 1 over + + + align:start position:0% +used. So 1 over +-2 + 3 I. So to do this we can stay in + + align:start position:0% +-2 + 3 I. So to do this we can stay in + + + align:start position:0% +-2 + 3 I. So to do this we can stay in +complex in a in rectangular form and + + align:start position:0% +complex in a in rectangular form and + + + align:start position:0% +complex in a in rectangular form and +basically multiply the numerator and the + + align:start position:0% +basically multiply the numerator and the + + + align:start position:0% +basically multiply the numerator and the +denominator by the complex conjugate of + + align:start position:0% +denominator by the complex conjugate of + + + align:start position:0% +denominator by the complex conjugate of +the number. But clearly now that we + + align:start position:0% +the number. But clearly now that we + + + align:start position:0% +the number. But clearly now that we +learned how to use polar numbers, polar + + align:start position:0% +learned how to use polar numbers, polar + + + align:start position:0% +learned how to use polar numbers, polar +uh coordinate expressions of this + + align:start position:0% +uh coordinate expressions of this + + + align:start position:0% +uh coordinate expressions of this +number, it's much easier to just write + + align:start position:0% +number, it's much easier to just write + + + align:start position:0% +number, it's much easier to just write +it directly in this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form. And + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in in one step, we basically arrived to + + align:start position:0% +in in one step, we basically arrived to + + + align:start position:0% +in in one step, we basically arrived to +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +results where we expressed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that the angle was the reverse tan of - + + align:start position:0% +that the angle was the reverse tan of - + + + align:start position:0% +that the angle was the reverse tan of - +3 /2 and that's + + align:start position:0% +3 /2 and that's + + + align:start position:0% +3 /2 and that's +done. So now for the last + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +question we are asked to compute the 1/3 + + align:start position:0% +question we are asked to compute the 1/3 + + + align:start position:0% +question we are asked to compute the 1/3 +root of + + align:start position:0% +root of + + + align:start position:0% +root of +one. So basically one to the 1/3. So + + align:start position:0% +one. So basically one to the 1/3. So + + + align:start position:0% +one. So basically one to the 1/3. So +here obviously we're treating one as the + + align:start position:0% +here obviously we're treating one as the + + + align:start position:0% +here obviously we're treating one as the +complex number and + + align:start position:0% +complex number and + + + align:start position:0% +complex number and +if we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +go the complex plane and I just + + align:start position:0% +go the complex plane and I just + + + align:start position:0% +go the complex plane and I just +introduce here the number one we see + + align:start position:0% +introduce here the number one we see + + + align:start position:0% +introduce here the number one we see +that in polar form one is just basically + + align:start position:0% +that in polar form one is just basically + + + align:start position:0% +that in polar form one is just basically +complex number with modulus one and + + align:start position:0% +complex number with modulus one and + + + align:start position:0% +complex number with modulus one and +angle 0 modul modulus 2 pi right so we + + align:start position:0% +angle 0 modul modulus 2 pi right so we + + + align:start position:0% +angle 0 modul modulus 2 pi right so we +can write one as + + align:start position:0% +can write one as + + + align:start position:0% +can write one as +exponential 2 n pi + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Oops. Because it's basically angle 0 + + align:start position:0% +Oops. Because it's basically angle 0 + + + align:start position:0% +Oops. Because it's basically angle 0 +modulus 2 + + align:start position:0% +modulus 2 + + + align:start position:0% +modulus 2 +pi. And from here we know that we're + + align:start position:0% +pi. And from here we know that we're + + + align:start position:0% +pi. And from here we know that we're +looking + + align:start position:0% +looking + + + align:start position:0% +looking +at third roots. So we're going to have + + align:start position:0% +at third roots. So we're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +at third roots. So we're going to have +three roots. And these roots are going + + align:start position:0% +three roots. And these roots are going + + + align:start position:0% +three roots. And these roots are going +to be expressed by changing the value of + + align:start position:0% +to be expressed by changing the value of + + + align:start position:0% +to be expressed by changing the value of +n. First one is n equals to zero is just + + align:start position:0% +n. First one is n equals to zero is just + + + align:start position:0% +n. First one is n equals to zero is just +going to give us + + align:start position:0% +going to give us + + + align:start position:0% +going to give us +back root of one because we're going to + + align:start position:0% +back root of one because we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +back root of one because we're going to +have exponential to 0 is just one power + + align:start position:0% +have exponential to 0 is just one power + + + align:start position:0% +have exponential to 0 is just one power +1/3 is just one. + + align:start position:0% +1/3 is just one. + + + align:start position:0% +1/3 is just one. +n= + + align:start position:0% +n= + + + align:start position:0% +n= +21. We're going to have exponential of 2 + + align:start position:0% +21. We're going to have exponential of 2 + + + align:start position:0% +21. We're going to have exponential of 2 +pi over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3, which we + + align:start position:0% +3, which we + + + align:start position:0% +3, which we +can express again using the ear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formula also in coordinate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form and then just write down the + + align:start position:0% +form and then just write down the + + + align:start position:0% +form and then just write down the +values. And for + + align:start position:0% +values. And for + + + align:start position:0% +values. And for +the third + + align:start position:0% +the third + + + align:start position:0% +the third +root we take the value n equals to 2. So + + align:start position:0% +root we take the value n equals to 2. So + + + align:start position:0% +root we take the value n equals to 2. So +we have i 4 pi over + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +3 which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +again we can express as the cosine plus + + align:start position:0% +again we can express as the cosine plus + + + align:start position:0% +again we can express as the cosine plus +the s of 4 pi over 3. So where do where + + align:start position:0% +the s of 4 pi over 3. So where do where + + + align:start position:0% +the s of 4 pi over 3. So where do where +do these roots lie? So we have root one + + align:start position:0% +do these roots lie? So we have root one + + + align:start position:0% +do these roots lie? So we have root one +for n equals to zero. The second root + + align:start position:0% +for n equals to zero. The second root + + + align:start position:0% +for n equals to zero. The second root +exponential 2 pi over 3 basically in + + align:start position:0% +exponential 2 pi over 3 basically in + + + align:start position:0% +exponential 2 pi over 3 basically in +polar + + align:start position:0% +polar + + + align:start position:0% +polar +form would be here where we would have + + align:start position:0% +form would be here where we would have + + + align:start position:0% +form would be here where we would have +the angle 2 pi over 3 and here. Okay. So + + align:start position:0% +the angle 2 pi over 3 and here. Okay. So + + + align:start position:0% +the angle 2 pi over 3 and here. Okay. So +1 pi over 3 would be here. 2 pi over 3 + + align:start position:0% +1 pi over 3 would be here. 2 pi over 3 + + + align:start position:0% +1 pi over 3 would be here. 2 pi over 3 +would be here. 3 pi over 3 would be + + align:start position:0% +would be here. 3 pi over 3 would be + + + align:start position:0% +would be here. 3 pi over 3 would be +here. And 4 pi over 3 is our third root + + align:start position:0% +here. And 4 pi over 3 is our third root + + + align:start position:0% +here. And 4 pi over 3 is our third root +would be here. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So this completes so then we can just + + align:start position:0% +So this completes so then we can just + + + align:start position:0% +So this completes so then we can just +write down the values and you can do + + align:start position:0% +write down the values and you can do + + + align:start position:0% +write down the values and you can do +that when you know the the angles or + + align:start position:0% +that when you know the the angles or + + + align:start position:0% +that when you know the the angles or +just keep it in either form when you + + align:start position:0% +just keep it in either form when you + + + align:start position:0% +just keep it in either form when you +don't know the the directly the + + align:start position:0% +don't know the the directly the + + + align:start position:0% +don't know the the directly the +expression for the angles. So this + + align:start position:0% +expression for the angles. So this + + + align:start position:0% +expression for the angles. So this +completes the problems in overall in all + + align:start position:0% +completes the problems in overall in all + + + align:start position:0% +completes the problems in overall in all +of these problems what we kept using is + + align:start position:0% +of these problems what we kept using is + + + align:start position:0% +of these problems what we kept using is +earlier formula to go back and forth + + align:start position:0% +earlier formula to go back and forth + + + align:start position:0% +earlier formula to go back and forth +between coordinate in rectangular form + + align:start position:0% +between coordinate in rectangular form + + + align:start position:0% +between coordinate in rectangular form +to coordinate to expression of complex + + align:start position:0% +to coordinate to expression of complex + + + align:start position:0% +to coordinate to expression of complex +number in polar form and that's the key + + align:start position:0% +number in polar form and that's the key + + + align:start position:0% +number in polar form and that's the key +formula that we kept using and you will + + align:start position:0% +formula that we kept using and you will + + + align:start position:0% +formula that we kept using and you will +be using this uh repeatedly when we will + + align:start position:0% +be using this uh repeatedly when we will + + + align:start position:0% +be using this uh repeatedly when we will +be solving other odes for which we can + + align:start position:0% +be solving other odes for which we can + + + align:start position:0% +be solving other odes for which we can +use complex number as a trick for + + align:start position:0% +use complex number as a trick for + + + align:start position:0% +use complex number as a trick for +solutions and this end this session \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tY2gczObpfU.txt b/tY2gczObpfU.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f789599301b24a2ff4bb28d9729af8a6176333f --- /dev/null +++ b/tY2gczObpfU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14083 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so uh welcome to Machine Vision 6801 + + align:start position:0% +so uh welcome to Machine Vision 6801 + + + align:start position:0% +so uh welcome to Machine Vision 6801 +6866 and I'm not sure how we got so + + align:start position:0% +6866 and I'm not sure how we got so + + + align:start position:0% +6866 and I'm not sure how we got so +lucky but we have the classroom that's + + align:start position:0% +lucky but we have the classroom that's + + + align:start position:0% +lucky but we have the classroom that's +the first from my office so I guess I'm + + align:start position:0% +the first from my office so I guess I'm + + + align:start position:0% +the first from my office so I guess I'm +going to get a lot of exercise and I + + align:start position:0% +going to get a lot of exercise and I + + + align:start position:0% +going to get a lot of exercise and I +think we're going to have a lot of + + align:start position:0% +think we're going to have a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +think we're going to have a lot of +stragglers uh coming + + align:start position:0% +stragglers uh coming + + + align:start position:0% +stragglers uh coming +in uh what's there to know uh just about + + align:start position:0% +in uh what's there to know uh just about + + + align:start position:0% +in uh what's there to know uh just about +everything's on the website so I can + + align:start position:0% +everything's on the website so I can + + + align:start position:0% +everything's on the website so I can +probably eliminate a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +probably eliminate a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +probably eliminate a lot of the +administrivia please uh make sure that + + align:start position:0% +administrivia please uh make sure that + + + align:start position:0% +administrivia please uh make sure that +uh you're actually registered for the + + align:start position:0% +uh you're actually registered for the + + + align:start position:0% +uh you're actually registered for the +course on the website and uh take a look + + align:start position:0% +course on the website and uh take a look + + + align:start position:0% +course on the website and uh take a look +at the assignments and uh hopefully + + align:start position:0% +at the assignments and uh hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +at the assignments and uh hopefully +you've either had a chance to look that + + align:start position:0% +you've either had a chance to look that + + + align:start position:0% +you've either had a chance to look that +up one and two or you're about to uh + + align:start position:0% +up one and two or you're about to uh + + + align:start position:0% +up one and two or you're about to uh +that's the assignment for this week and + + align:start position:0% +that's the assignment for this week and + + + align:start position:0% +that's the assignment for this week and +there's a homework problem and you're + + align:start position:0% +there's a homework problem and you're + + + align:start position:0% +there's a homework problem and you're +probably saying you know God I just + + align:start position:0% +probably saying you know God I just + + + align:start position:0% +probably saying you know God I just +arrived here how can there be a homework + + align:start position:0% +arrived here how can there be a homework + + + align:start position:0% +arrived here how can there be a homework +problem well I'm sorry but you know um + + align:start position:0% +problem well I'm sorry but you know um + + + align:start position:0% +problem well I'm sorry but you know um +the term is getting shorter and shorter + + align:start position:0% +the term is getting shorter and shorter + + + align:start position:0% +the term is getting shorter and shorter +and if I work backwards from when the + + align:start position:0% +and if I work backwards from when the + + + align:start position:0% +and if I work backwards from when the +faculty rules say the last assignment + + align:start position:0% +faculty rules say the last assignment + + + align:start position:0% +faculty rules say the last assignment +can be due um we have to start now now + + align:start position:0% +can be due um we have to start now now + + + align:start position:0% +can be due um we have to start now now +the good news uh in return is this + + align:start position:0% +the good news uh in return is this + + + align:start position:0% +the good news uh in return is this +there's no final so yes there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's no final so yes there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's no final so yes there's a +homework problem starting right away but + + align:start position:0% +homework problem starting right away but + + + align:start position:0% +homework problem starting right away but +there's no final and uh there's a + + align:start position:0% +there's no final and uh there's a + + + align:start position:0% +there's no final and uh there's a +homework problem only every second week + + align:start position:0% +homework problem only every second week + + + align:start position:0% +homework problem only every second week +so it's not a huge burden and um there + + align:start position:0% +so it's not a huge burden and um there + + + align:start position:0% +so it's not a huge burden and um there +are some take-home quizzes so uh two of + + align:start position:0% +are some take-home quizzes so uh two of + + + align:start position:0% +are some take-home quizzes so uh two of +the times where you'd normally have a + + align:start position:0% +the times where you'd normally have a + + + align:start position:0% +the times where you'd normally have a +homework are going to be sort of + + align:start position:0% +homework are going to be sort of + + + align:start position:0% +homework are going to be sort of +glorified homeworks that count more than + + align:start position:0% +glorified homeworks that count more than + + + align:start position:0% +glorified homeworks that count more than +the others and uh they'll called be + + align:start position:0% +the others and uh they'll called be + + + align:start position:0% +the others and uh they'll called be +called quizzes so total the I think + + align:start position:0% +called quizzes so total the I think + + + align:start position:0% +called quizzes so total the I think +they're five homework problems and two + + align:start position:0% +they're five homework problems and two + + + align:start position:0% +they're five homework problems and two +quizzes uh + + align:start position:0% +quizzes uh + + + align:start position:0% +quizzes uh +collaboration um collaboration okay on + + align:start position:0% +collaboration um collaboration okay on + + + align:start position:0% +collaboration um collaboration okay on +the homework problems but please make a + + align:start position:0% +the homework problems but please make a + + + align:start position:0% +the homework problems but please make a +note of who you worked with it's not + + align:start position:0% +note of who you worked with it's not + + + align:start position:0% +note of who you worked with it's not +okay on on the take-home + + align:start position:0% +okay on on the take-home + + + align:start position:0% +okay on on the take-home +quizzes uh 6866 so those of you in 6866 + + align:start position:0% +quizzes uh 6866 so those of you in 6866 + + + align:start position:0% +quizzes uh 6866 so those of you in 6866 +the um difference is that uh there's a + + align:start position:0% +the um difference is that uh there's a + + + align:start position:0% +the um difference is that uh there's a +term project so you'll be implementing + + align:start position:0% +term project so you'll be implementing + + + align:start position:0% +term project so you'll be implementing +some Machine Vision uh method uh + + align:start position:0% +some Machine Vision uh method uh + + + align:start position:0% +some Machine Vision uh method uh +preferably one that we cover in the + + align:start position:0% +preferably one that we cover in the + + + align:start position:0% +preferably one that we cover in the +course um and there'll be a proposal Due + + align:start position:0% +course um and there'll be a proposal Due + + + align:start position:0% +course um and there'll be a proposal Due +about a month from now I'll let you know + + align:start position:0% +about a month from now I'll let you know + + + align:start position:0% +about a month from now I'll let you know +as we go along uh telling me what you're + + align:start position:0% +as we go along uh telling me what you're + + + align:start position:0% +as we go along uh telling me what you're +planning to do and you know preference + + align:start position:0% +planning to do and you know preference + + + align:start position:0% +planning to do and you know preference +is going to be given to sort of dynamic + + align:start position:0% +is going to be given to sort of dynamic + + + align:start position:0% +is going to be given to sort of dynamic +problems rather than single image static + + align:start position:0% +problems rather than single image static + + + align:start position:0% +problems rather than single image static +analysis uh image motion that that kind + + align:start position:0% +analysis uh image motion that that kind + + + align:start position:0% +analysis uh image motion that that kind +of thing and um if there's enough + + align:start position:0% +of thing and um if there's enough + + + align:start position:0% +of thing and um if there's enough +interest we'll um have a session on how + + align:start position:0% +interest we'll um have a session on how + + + align:start position:0% +interest we'll um have a session on how +to do this on an Android phone and I'm a + + align:start position:0% +to do this on an Android phone and I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +to do this on an Android phone and I'm a +little reluctant to do that because some + + align:start position:0% +little reluctant to do that because some + + + align:start position:0% +little reluctant to do that because some +of you don't have an Android phone and + + align:start position:0% +of you don't have an Android phone and + + + align:start position:0% +of you don't have an Android phone and +um I have some loners but you know what + + align:start position:0% +um I have some loners but you know what + + + align:start position:0% +um I have some loners but you know what +it's like uh these da things go out of + + align:start position:0% +it's like uh these da things go out of + + + align:start position:0% +it's like uh these da things go out of +fashion in in two years and so um all of + + align:start position:0% +fashion in in two years and so um all of + + + align:start position:0% +fashion in in two years and so um all of +the interesting new stuff having to do + + align:start position:0% +the interesting new stuff having to do + + + align:start position:0% +the interesting new stuff having to do +with a camera on Android is not in some + + align:start position:0% +with a camera on Android is not in some + + + align:start position:0% +with a camera on Android is not in some +of the box full of old smartphones I + + align:start position:0% +of the box full of old smartphones I + + + align:start position:0% +of the box full of old smartphones I +have but um that is an option so one of + + align:start position:0% +have but um that is an option so one of + + + align:start position:0% +have but um that is an option so one of +the ways of doing your term project is + + align:start position:0% +the ways of doing your term project is + + + align:start position:0% +the ways of doing your term project is +to do an Android studio uh project and + + align:start position:0% +to do an Android studio uh project and + + + align:start position:0% +to do an Android studio uh project and +and to help you with that we have like a + + align:start position:0% +and to help you with that we have like a + + + align:start position:0% +and to help you with that we have like a +canned readymade project that you can + + align:start position:0% +canned readymade project that you can + + + align:start position:0% +canned readymade project that you can +modify rather than starting from from + + align:start position:0% +modify rather than starting from from + + + align:start position:0% +modify rather than starting from from +scratch okay what else um grades so for + + align:start position:0% +scratch okay what else um grades so for + + + align:start position:0% +scratch okay what else um grades so for +6801 it's a split half for your homework + + align:start position:0% +6801 it's a split half for your homework + + + align:start position:0% +6801 it's a split half for your homework +problems and half for your take-home + + align:start position:0% +problems and half for your take-home + + + align:start position:0% +problems and half for your take-home +quizzes so clearly the take-home quizzes + + align:start position:0% +quizzes so clearly the take-home quizzes + + + align:start position:0% +quizzes so clearly the take-home quizzes +count more for 6866 it split three ways + + align:start position:0% +count more for 6866 it split three ways + + + align:start position:0% +count more for 6866 it split three ways +a third for take home uh homework + + align:start position:0% +a third for take home uh homework + + + align:start position:0% +a third for take home uh homework +problems a third for quizzes and a third + + align:start position:0% +problems a third for quizzes and a third + + + align:start position:0% +problems a third for quizzes and a third +for the + + align:start position:0% +for the + + + align:start position:0% +for the +project um and again collaboration on + + align:start position:0% +project um and again collaboration on + + + align:start position:0% +project um and again collaboration on +the projects um I actually favor it + + align:start position:0% +the projects um I actually favor it + + + align:start position:0% +the projects um I actually favor it +because you know there's just a finite + + align:start position:0% +because you know there's just a finite + + + align:start position:0% +because you know there's just a finite +length of time in the term youve got + + align:start position:0% +length of time in the term youve got + + + align:start position:0% +length of time in the term youve got +other courses to deal with often times + + align:start position:0% +other courses to deal with often times + + + align:start position:0% +other courses to deal with often times +people end up postponing it near the end + + align:start position:0% +people end up postponing it near the end + + + align:start position:0% +people end up postponing it near the end +so if you're working with someone else + + align:start position:0% +so if you're working with someone else + + + align:start position:0% +so if you're working with someone else +that can often um encourage you to start + + align:start position:0% +that can often um encourage you to start + + + align:start position:0% +that can often um encourage you to start +early and also make sure that you're + + align:start position:0% +early and also make sure that you're + + + align:start position:0% +early and also make sure that you're +making some + + align:start position:0% +making some + + + align:start position:0% +making some +progress uh textbook uh there's no + + align:start position:0% +progress uh textbook uh there's no + + + align:start position:0% +progress uh textbook uh there's no +textbook as you saw uh if you have robot + + align:start position:0% +textbook as you saw uh if you have robot + + + align:start position:0% +textbook as you saw uh if you have robot +Vision that that could be useful um + + align:start position:0% +Vision that that could be useful um + + + align:start position:0% +Vision that that could be useful um +we're not going to cover um all of robot + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to cover um all of robot + + + align:start position:0% +we're not going to cover um all of robot +Vision we cover maybe a third to a half + + align:start position:0% +Vision we cover maybe a third to a half + + + align:start position:0% +Vision we cover maybe a third to a half +and quite a lot of the material uh we + + align:start position:0% +and quite a lot of the material uh we + + + align:start position:0% +and quite a lot of the material uh we +cover is reference through papers which + + align:start position:0% +cover is reference through papers which + + + align:start position:0% +cover is reference through papers which +we will put up on the Stellar we side so + + align:start position:0% +we will put up on the Stellar we side so + + + align:start position:0% +we will put up on the Stellar we side so +in fact if you look at the website + + align:start position:0% +in fact if you look at the website + + + align:start position:0% +in fact if you look at the website +you'll see there's a lot of + + align:start position:0% +you'll see there's a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +you'll see there's a lot of +material and don't don't be scared I + + align:start position:0% +material and don't don't be scared I + + + align:start position:0% +material and don't don't be scared I +mean a lot of that is just for your + + align:start position:0% +mean a lot of that is just for your + + + align:start position:0% +mean a lot of that is just for your +reference like if you're working on your + + align:start position:0% +reference like if you're working on your + + + align:start position:0% +reference like if you're working on your +project and you need to know how to do I + + align:start position:0% +project and you need to know how to do I + + + align:start position:0% +project and you need to know how to do I +don't know sift uh then it's there so + + align:start position:0% +don't know sift uh then it's there so + + + align:start position:0% +don't know sift uh then it's there so +you're not expected to read all of that + + align:start position:0% +you're not expected to read all of that + + + align:start position:0% +you're not expected to read all of that +so it's the robot Vision book uh it + + align:start position:0% +so it's the robot Vision book uh it + + + align:start position:0% +so it's the robot Vision book uh it +should be on the website if it is not + + align:start position:0% +should be on the website if it is not + + + align:start position:0% +should be on the website if it is not +the under materials so when you get to + + align:start position:0% +the under materials so when you get to + + + align:start position:0% +the under materials so when you get to +the seller website there's a tab at + + align:start position:0% +the seller website there's a tab at + + + align:start position:0% +the seller website there's a tab at +there two tabs and the second one is I + + align:start position:0% +there two tabs and the second one is I + + + align:start position:0% +there two tabs and the second one is I +forget what but that's the one where all + + align:start position:0% +forget what but that's the one where all + + + align:start position:0% +forget what but that's the one where all +the good stuff is and then when you get + + align:start position:0% +the good stuff is and then when you get + + + align:start position:0% +the good stuff is and then when you get +to that page one of the windows says uh + + align:start position:0% +to that page one of the windows says uh + + + align:start position:0% +to that page one of the windows says uh +material and unfortunately it only shows + + align:start position:0% +material and unfortunately it only shows + + + align:start position:0% +material and unfortunately it only shows +you a little bit of it you have to click + + align:start position:0% +you a little bit of it you have to click + + + align:start position:0% +you a little bit of it you have to click +on it to see all the materials so it + + align:start position:0% +on it to see all the materials so it + + + align:start position:0% +on it to see all the materials so it +should be there and uh we'll be doing + + align:start position:0% +should be there and uh we'll be doing + + + align:start position:0% +should be there and uh we'll be doing +this with some of the other chapters and + + align:start position:0% +this with some of the other chapters and + + + align:start position:0% +this with some of the other chapters and +some of the papers uh as I + + align:start position:0% +some of the papers uh as I + + + align:start position:0% +some of the papers uh as I +mentioned okay uh also of course there + + align:start position:0% +mentioned okay uh also of course there + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned okay uh also of course there +are errors in the textbook and so uh the + + align:start position:0% +are errors in the textbook and so uh the + + + align:start position:0% +are errors in the textbook and so uh the +Arata for the textbook online so if you + + align:start position:0% +Arata for the textbook online so if you + + + align:start position:0% +Arata for the textbook online so if you +had the book you could go through and + + align:start position:0% +had the book you could go through and + + + align:start position:0% +had the book you could go through and +red mark all of the bad spots uh so + + align:start position:0% +red mark all of the bad spots uh so + + + align:start position:0% +red mark all of the bad spots uh so +reading read chapters one and two uh + + align:start position:0% +reading read chapters one and two uh + + + align:start position:0% +reading read chapters one and two uh +don't worry about all the reference + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about all the reference + + + align:start position:0% +don't worry about all the reference +material you won't be reading all of it + + align:start position:0% +material you won't be reading all of it + + + align:start position:0% +material you won't be reading all of it +so what are we doing today um well uh + + align:start position:0% +so what are we doing today um well uh + + + align:start position:0% +so what are we doing today um well uh +mostly I need to tell you enough so you + + align:start position:0% +mostly I need to tell you enough so you + + + align:start position:0% +mostly I need to tell you enough so you +can do the homework problem that's one + + align:start position:0% +can do the homework problem that's one + + + align:start position:0% +can do the homework problem that's one +function and the other one is to give + + align:start position:0% +function and the other one is to give + + + align:start position:0% +function and the other one is to give +you an idea of what the coures about and + + align:start position:0% +you an idea of what the coures about and + + + align:start position:0% +you an idea of what the coures about and +these two things kind of uh conflict so + + align:start position:0% +these two things kind of uh conflict so + + + align:start position:0% +these two things kind of uh conflict so +I'll try and I'll try and do both in + + align:start position:0% +I'll try and I'll try and do both in + + + align:start position:0% +I'll try and I'll try and do both in +terms of uh the course I am supposed to + + align:start position:0% +terms of uh the course I am supposed to + + + align:start position:0% +terms of uh the course I am supposed to +tell you what the objectives are so I'll + + align:start position:0% +tell you what the objectives are so I'll + + + align:start position:0% +tell you what the objectives are so I'll +I made up something uh learn how to + + align:start position:0% +I made up something uh learn how to + + + align:start position:0% +I made up something uh learn how to +recover information about environment + + align:start position:0% +recover information about environment + + + align:start position:0% +recover information about environment +from the images and so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +from the images and so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +from the images and so we're going to +take this sort of inverse Graphics view + + align:start position:0% +take this sort of inverse Graphics view + + + align:start position:0% +take this sort of inverse Graphics view +where there's a 3D world out there we + + align:start position:0% +where there's a 3D world out there we + + + align:start position:0% +where there's a 3D world out there we +get 2D images and we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +get 2D images and we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +get 2D images and we're trying to +interpret what's happening in the world + + align:start position:0% +interpret what's happening in the world + + + align:start position:0% +interpret what's happening in the world +you know vision is an amazing + + align:start position:0% +you know vision is an amazing + + + align:start position:0% +you know vision is an amazing +uh sense because it's non- contct and it + + align:start position:0% +uh sense because it's non- contct and it + + + align:start position:0% +uh sense because it's non- contct and it +provides so much information but it's in + + align:start position:0% +provides so much information but it's in + + + align:start position:0% +provides so much information but it's in +a kind of coded form because we're not + + align:start position:0% +a kind of coded form because we're not + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of coded form because we're not +getting all the information that's + + align:start position:0% +getting all the information that's + + + align:start position:0% +getting all the information that's +possible we don't get 3D for example so + + align:start position:0% +possible we don't get 3D for example so + + + align:start position:0% +possible we don't get 3D for example so +that's uh the topic that we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that's uh the topic that we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that's uh the topic that we're going to +discuss and hopefully you will uh then + + align:start position:0% +discuss and hopefully you will uh then + + + align:start position:0% +discuss and hopefully you will uh then +understand image formation and + + align:start position:0% +understand image formation and + + + align:start position:0% +understand image formation and +understand how to uh reverse that to try + + align:start position:0% +understand how to uh reverse that to try + + + align:start position:0% +understand how to uh reverse that to try +and um get a description of the + + align:start position:0% +and um get a description of the + + + align:start position:0% +and um get a description of the +environment from from the images + + align:start position:0% +environment from from the images + + + align:start position:0% +environment from from the images +outcomes um well uh you understand + + align:start position:0% +outcomes um well uh you understand + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes um well uh you understand +what's now called physics-based Machine + + align:start position:0% +what's now called physics-based Machine + + + align:start position:0% +what's now called physics-based Machine +Vision so the approach we're going to + + align:start position:0% +Vision so the approach we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +Vision so the approach we're going to +take is pretty much you know they light + + align:start position:0% +take is pretty much you know they light + + + align:start position:0% +take is pretty much you know they light +rays they bounce off surfaces they form + + align:start position:0% +rays they bounce off surfaces they form + + + align:start position:0% +rays they bounce off surfaces they form +an image and that's physics you know + + align:start position:0% +an image and that's physics you know + + + align:start position:0% +an image and that's physics you know +Rays lenses uh Power per unit area that + + align:start position:0% +Rays lenses uh Power per unit area that + + + align:start position:0% +Rays lenses uh Power per unit area that +kind of stuff and from that we can write + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff and from that we can write + + + align:start position:0% +kind of stuff and from that we can write +down equations we can see you know how + + align:start position:0% +down equations we can see you know how + + + align:start position:0% +down equations we can see you know how +how much energy gets into this pixel in + + align:start position:0% +how much energy gets into this pixel in + + + align:start position:0% +how much energy gets into this pixel in +the camera based on uh the object out + + align:start position:0% +the camera based on uh the object out + + + align:start position:0% +the camera based on uh the object out +there how it's illuminated how it + + align:start position:0% +there how it's illuminated how it + + + align:start position:0% +there how it's illuminated how it +reflects light and so on and from the + + align:start position:0% +reflects light and so on and from the + + + align:start position:0% +reflects light and so on and from the +equations we then try to invert this so + + align:start position:0% +equations we then try to invert this so + + + align:start position:0% +equations we then try to invert this so +the equations depend on parameters we're + + align:start position:0% +the equations depend on parameters we're + + + align:start position:0% +the equations depend on parameters we're +interested in like speed uh time until + + align:start position:0% +interested in like speed uh time until + + + align:start position:0% +interested in like speed uh time until +we run into a wall uh the type of + + align:start position:0% +we run into a wall uh the type of + + + align:start position:0% +we run into a wall uh the type of +surface cover and so on so uh that's + + align:start position:0% +surface cover and so on so uh that's + + + align:start position:0% +surface cover and so on so uh that's +physics based Machine Vision and it's a + + align:start position:0% +physics based Machine Vision and it's a + + + align:start position:0% +physics based Machine Vision and it's a +preparation for more advanced Machine + + align:start position:0% +preparation for more advanced Machine + + + align:start position:0% +preparation for more advanced Machine +Vision courses so there's some basic + + align:start position:0% +Vision courses so there's some basic + + + align:start position:0% +Vision courses so there's some basic +material that everyone should know about + + align:start position:0% +material that everyone should know about + + + align:start position:0% +material that everyone should know about +how images are formed that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +how images are formed that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +how images are formed that's going to be +useful for other + + align:start position:0% +useful for other + + + align:start position:0% +useful for other +courses and if you're going into uh + + align:start position:0% +courses and if you're going into uh + + + align:start position:0% +courses and if you're going into uh +learning approaches one of the + + align:start position:0% +learning approaches one of the + + + align:start position:0% +learning approaches one of the +advantages of taking this course is + + align:start position:0% +advantages of taking this course is + + + align:start position:0% +advantages of taking this course is +it'll teach you how to extract useful + + align:start position:0% +it'll teach you how to extract useful + + + align:start position:0% +it'll teach you how to extract useful +features so you know you can learn with + + align:start position:0% +features so you know you can learn with + + + align:start position:0% +features so you know you can learn with +raw data like just the gray levels at + + align:start position:0% +raw data like just the gray levels at + + + align:start position:0% +raw data like just the gray levels at +every pixel and uh that's not a + + align:start position:0% +every pixel and uh that's not a + + + align:start position:0% +every pixel and uh that's not a +particularly good approach it's much + + align:start position:0% +particularly good approach it's much + + + align:start position:0% +particularly good approach it's much +better if you can already extract + + align:start position:0% +better if you can already extract + + + align:start position:0% +better if you can already extract +information like texture distance shape + + align:start position:0% +information like texture distance shape + + + align:start position:0% +information like texture distance shape +size and so on and do the more advanced + + align:start position:0% +size and so on and do the more advanced + + + align:start position:0% +size and so on and do the more advanced +work on + + align:start position:0% +work on + + + align:start position:0% +work on +that and um well also uh one of the + + align:start position:0% +that and um well also uh one of the + + + align:start position:0% +that and um well also uh one of the +things some people enjoy is to see uh + + align:start position:0% +things some people enjoy is to see uh + + + align:start position:0% +things some people enjoy is to see uh +real applications of some interesting + + align:start position:0% +real applications of some interesting + + + align:start position:0% +real applications of some interesting +but relatively simple math and physics + + align:start position:0% +but relatively simple math and physics + + + align:start position:0% +but relatively simple math and physics +you know it's like um sometimes we + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like um sometimes we + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's like um sometimes we +forget about this when we're so immersed + + align:start position:0% +forget about this when we're so immersed + + + align:start position:0% +forget about this when we're so immersed +in programming in Java or something but + + align:start position:0% +in programming in Java or something but + + + align:start position:0% +in programming in Java or something but +there's a a lot of math we learned and + + align:start position:0% +there's a a lot of math we learned and + + + align:start position:0% +there's a a lot of math we learned and +sometimes + + align:start position:0% +sometimes + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes +um resented learning because like why am + + align:start position:0% +um resented learning because like why am + + + align:start position:0% +um resented learning because like why am +I learning this well it's neat to find + + align:start position:0% +I learning this well it's neat to find + + + align:start position:0% +I learning this well it's neat to find +out that it's actually really useful and + + align:start position:0% +out that it's actually really useful and + + + align:start position:0% +out that it's actually really useful and +so uh that brings me to the next topic + + align:start position:0% +so uh that brings me to the next topic + + + align:start position:0% +so uh that brings me to the next topic +which is that yes there will be math and + + align:start position:0% +which is that yes there will be math and + + + align:start position:0% +which is that yes there will be math and +but nothing sophisticated this you know + + align:start position:0% +but nothing sophisticated this you know + + + align:start position:0% +but nothing sophisticated this you know +engineering math + + align:start position:0% +engineering math + + + align:start position:0% +engineering math +calculus um that kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +calculus um that kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +calculus um that kind of thing +derivatives uh vectors matricies maybe a + + align:start position:0% +derivatives uh vectors matricies maybe a + + + align:start position:0% +derivatives uh vectors matricies maybe a +little bit of linear algebra um maybe + + align:start position:0% +little bit of linear algebra um maybe + + + align:start position:0% +little bit of linear algebra um maybe +some ordinary differential equation you + + align:start position:0% +some ordinary differential equation you + + + align:start position:0% +some ordinary differential equation you +know that that kind of stuff nothing too + + align:start position:0% +know that that kind of stuff nothing too + + + align:start position:0% +know that that kind of stuff nothing too +advanced no number Theory or anything + + align:start position:0% +advanced no number Theory or anything + + + align:start position:0% +advanced no number Theory or anything +like that and there'll be some + + align:start position:0% +like that and there'll be some + + + align:start position:0% +like that and there'll be some +geometry and a little bit of linear + + align:start position:0% +geometry and a little bit of linear + + + align:start position:0% +geometry and a little bit of linear +system so you saw the prerequisite with + + align:start position:0% +system so you saw the prerequisite with + + + align:start position:0% +system so you saw the prerequisite with +63 and uh that's because we'll talk a + + align:start position:0% +63 and uh that's because we'll talk a + + + align:start position:0% +63 and uh that's because we'll talk a +little bit about convolution when we + + align:start position:0% +little bit about convolution when we + + + align:start position:0% +little bit about convolution when we +talk about image formation but we're not + + align:start position:0% +talk about image formation but we're not + + + align:start position:0% +talk about image formation but we're not +going to go uh very deep into any of + + align:start position:0% +going to go uh very deep into any of + + + align:start position:0% +going to go uh very deep into any of +that first of all of course it's covered + + align:start position:0% +that first of all of course it's covered + + + align:start position:0% +that first of all of course it's covered +in 63 now uh since they changed the + + align:start position:0% +in 63 now uh since they changed the + + + align:start position:0% +in 63 now uh since they changed the +material to include + + align:start position:0% +material to include + + + align:start position:0% +material to include +images and then we have other things to + + align:start position:0% +images and then we have other things to + + + align:start position:0% +images and then we have other things to +worry about so so that's what the course + + align:start position:0% +worry about so so that's what the course + + + align:start position:0% +worry about so so that's what the course +is about I should also tell you uh what + + align:start position:0% +is about I should also tell you uh what + + + align:start position:0% +is about I should also tell you uh what +it's not so it's not image processing so + + align:start position:0% +it's not so it's not image processing so + + + align:start position:0% +it's not so it's not image processing so +what's the difference well image + + align:start position:0% +what's the difference well image + + + align:start position:0% +what's the difference well image +processing is where you you take an + + align:start position:0% +processing is where you you take an + + + align:start position:0% +processing is where you you take an +image you do something to it and you + + align:start position:0% +image you do something to it and you + + + align:start position:0% +image you do something to it and you +have a new image perhaps improved in + + align:start position:0% +have a new image perhaps improved in + + + align:start position:0% +have a new image perhaps improved in +some way enhanced edges uh reduce the + + align:start position:0% +some way enhanced edges uh reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +some way enhanced edges uh reduce the +noise smooth things out or whatever and + + align:start position:0% +noise smooth things out or whatever and + + + align:start position:0% +noise smooth things out or whatever and +that that's um that provides useful + + align:start position:0% +that that's um that provides useful + + + align:start position:0% +that that's um that provides useful +tools for some of the things we're doing + + align:start position:0% +tools for some of the things we're doing + + + align:start position:0% +tools for some of the things we're doing +but that's not the focus of the course + + align:start position:0% +but that's not the focus of the course + + + align:start position:0% +but that's not the focus of the course +there are uh courses that do that I mean + + align:start position:0% +there are uh courses that do that I mean + + + align:start position:0% +there are uh courses that do that I mean +63 does some of it already uh 6344 + + align:start position:0% +63 does some of it already uh 6344 + + + align:start position:0% +63 does some of it already uh 6344 +6341 there used to be 6342 so there's a + + align:start position:0% +6341 there used to be 6342 so there's a + + + align:start position:0% +6341 there used to be 6342 so there's a +slew of image processing courses uh that + + align:start position:0% +slew of image processing courses uh that + + + align:start position:0% +slew of image processing courses uh that +tell you how to program your DSP to do + + align:start position:0% +tell you how to program your DSP to do + + + align:start position:0% +tell you how to program your DSP to do +some transformation on an image and + + align:start position:0% +some transformation on an image and + + + align:start position:0% +some transformation on an image and +that's not what we're doing uh this is + + align:start position:0% +that's not what we're doing uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +that's not what we're doing uh this is +not about pattern recognition so I think + + align:start position:0% +not about pattern recognition so I think + + + align:start position:0% +not about pattern recognition so I think +of P recognition as you know you give me + + align:start position:0% +of P recognition as you know you give me + + + align:start position:0% +of P recognition as you know you give me +an image and I'll tell you whether it's + + align:start position:0% +an image and I'll tell you whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +an image and I'll tell you whether it's +a poodle or a cat 're we're not going to + + align:start position:0% +a poodle or a cat 're we're not going to + + + align:start position:0% +a poodle or a cat 're we're not going to +be doing that and there of course uh uh + + align:start position:0% +be doing that and there of course uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +be doing that and there of course uh uh +there's some courses on that that touch + + align:start position:0% +there's some courses on that that touch + + + align:start position:0% +there's some courses on that that touch +on that in course nine uh particularly + + align:start position:0% +on that in course nine uh particularly + + + align:start position:0% +on that in course nine uh particularly +with with respect to human vision and + + align:start position:0% +with with respect to human vision and + + + align:start position:0% +with with respect to human vision and +how you might Implement those + + align:start position:0% +how you might Implement those + + + align:start position:0% +how you might Implement those +capabilities in hardware and of course + + align:start position:0% +capabilities in hardware and of course + + + align:start position:0% +capabilities in hardware and of course +machine learning is into that and that + + align:start position:0% +machine learning is into that and that + + + align:start position:0% +machine learning is into that and that +brings me to machine learning this is + + align:start position:0% +brings me to machine learning this is + + + align:start position:0% +brings me to machine learning this is +not a machine learning course and and + + align:start position:0% +not a machine learning course and and + + + align:start position:0% +not a machine learning course and and +there are 6036 6869 6862 6867 etc etc so + + align:start position:0% +there are 6036 6869 6862 6867 etc etc so + + + align:start position:0% +there are 6036 6869 6862 6867 etc etc so +there plenty of machine learning courses + + align:start position:0% +there plenty of machine learning courses + + + align:start position:0% +there plenty of machine learning courses +and we don't have to uh touch on that + + align:start position:0% +and we don't have to uh touch on that + + + align:start position:0% +and we don't have to uh touch on that +here and also I want to kind of show how + + align:start position:0% +here and also I want to kind of show how + + + align:start position:0% +here and also I want to kind of show how +uh far you can get uh just understanding + + align:start position:0% +uh far you can get uh just understanding + + + align:start position:0% +uh far you can get uh just understanding +the physics of the situation and + + align:start position:0% +the physics of the situation and + + + align:start position:0% +the physics of the situation and +modeling it uh without any black box + + align:start position:0% +modeling it uh without any black box + + + align:start position:0% +modeling it uh without any black box +that you feed examples into in other + + align:start position:0% +that you feed examples into in other + + + align:start position:0% +that you feed examples into in other +words we're going to be very interested + + align:start position:0% +words we're going to be very interested + + + align:start position:0% +words we're going to be very interested +in so-called direct computations where + + align:start position:0% +in so-called direct computations where + + + align:start position:0% +in so-called direct computations where +there's some simple computation that you + + align:start position:0% +there's some simple computation that you + + + align:start position:0% +there's some simple computation that you +perform all over the image and it gives + + align:start position:0% +perform all over the image and it gives + + + align:start position:0% +perform all over the image and it gives +you some result like okay my Optical + + align:start position:0% +you some result like okay my Optical + + + align:start position:0% +you some result like okay my Optical +Mouse is moving to the right by 0.1 U CM + + align:start position:0% +Mouse is moving to the right by 0.1 U CM + + + align:start position:0% +Mouse is moving to the right by 0.1 U CM +or something like that uh it's also not + + align:start position:0% +or something like that uh it's also not + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that uh it's also not +about computational Imaging and that + + align:start position:0% +about computational Imaging and that + + + align:start position:0% +about computational Imaging and that +what is that about so computational + + align:start position:0% +what is that about so computational + + + align:start position:0% +what is that about so computational +Imaging is where image formation is uh + + align:start position:0% +Imaging is where image formation is uh + + + align:start position:0% +Imaging is where image formation is uh +not through a physical apparatus but + + align:start position:0% +not through a physical apparatus but + + + align:start position:0% +not through a physical apparatus but +through Computing that sounds obvious uh + + align:start position:0% +through Computing that sounds obvious uh + + + align:start position:0% +through Computing that sounds obvious uh +well we have lenses lenses are + + align:start position:0% +well we have lenses lenses are + + + align:start position:0% +well we have lenses lenses are +incredible lenses are analog computers + + align:start position:0% +incredible lenses are analog computers + + + align:start position:0% +incredible lenses are analog computers +that take light rays that come in and + + align:start position:0% +that take light rays that come in and + + + align:start position:0% +that take light rays that come in and +reprogram them to go in different + + align:start position:0% +reprogram them to go in different + + + align:start position:0% +reprogram them to go in different +directions to form an image and they've + + align:start position:0% +directions to form an image and they've + + + align:start position:0% +directions to form an image and they've +been around a few hundred years and we + + align:start position:0% +been around a few hundred years and we + + + align:start position:0% +been around a few hundred years and we +don't we don't really appreciate them + + align:start position:0% +don't we don't really appreciate them + + + align:start position:0% +don't we don't really appreciate them +because they do it at the speed of light + + align:start position:0% +because they do it at the speed of light + + + align:start position:0% +because they do it at the speed of light +I mean it's you know if you try to do + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's you know if you try to do + + + align:start position:0% +I mean it's you know if you try to do +that in a digital computer it would be + + align:start position:0% +that in a digital computer it would be + + + align:start position:0% +that in a digital computer it would be +very very hard and we've perfected them + + align:start position:0% +very very hard and we've perfected them + + + align:start position:0% +very very hard and we've perfected them +to where you know I just saw an ad for a + + align:start position:0% +to where you know I just saw an ad for a + + + align:start position:0% +to where you know I just saw an ad for a +camera that had a 125 to1 Zoom ratio I + + align:start position:0% +camera that had a 125 to1 Zoom ratio I + + + align:start position:0% +camera that had a 125 to1 Zoom ratio I +mean if the people that started using + + align:start position:0% +mean if the people that started using + + + align:start position:0% +mean if the people that started using +lenses like + + align:start position:0% +lenses like + + + align:start position:0% +lenses like +Galileo and uh people in uh the + + align:start position:0% +Galileo and uh people in uh the + + + align:start position:0% +Galileo and uh people in uh the +Netherlands you know they'd be just amaz + + align:start position:0% +Netherlands you know they'd be just amaz + + + align:start position:0% +Netherlands you know they'd be just amaz +that what we can do with lenses so + + align:start position:0% +that what we can do with lenses so + + + align:start position:0% +that what we can do with lenses so +um so we have this physical apparatus + + align:start position:0% +um so we have this physical apparatus + + + align:start position:0% +um so we have this physical apparatus +that will do this kind of computation + + align:start position:0% +that will do this kind of computation + + + align:start position:0% +that will do this kind of computation +but there are certain cases where we + + align:start position:0% +but there are certain cases where we + + + align:start position:0% +but there are certain cases where we +can't uh use that so for example in + + align:start position:0% +can't uh use that so for example in + + + align:start position:0% +can't uh use that so for example in +computed computed tomography we're + + align:start position:0% +computed computed tomography we're + + + align:start position:0% +computed computed tomography we're +shooting x-ray through a body we get an + + align:start position:0% +shooting x-ray through a body we get an + + + align:start position:0% +shooting x-ray through a body we get an +image but it's hard to interpret I mean + + align:start position:0% +image but it's hard to interpret I mean + + + align:start position:0% +image but it's hard to interpret I mean +you can sometimes see uh tissue of very + + align:start position:0% +you can sometimes see uh tissue of very + + + align:start position:0% +you can sometimes see uh tissue of very +high contrast like bones will stand out + + align:start position:0% +high contrast like bones will stand out + + + align:start position:0% +high contrast like bones will stand out +but if you want a 3D picture of what's + + align:start position:0% +but if you want a 3D picture of what's + + + align:start position:0% +but if you want a 3D picture of what's +inside you have to take lots of these + + align:start position:0% +inside you have to take lots of these + + + align:start position:0% +inside you have to take lots of these +pictures and combine them + + align:start position:0% +pictures and combine them + + + align:start position:0% +pictures and combine them +computationally we don't have a physical + + align:start position:0% +computationally we don't have a physical + + + align:start position:0% +computationally we don't have a physical +apparatus like an x-ray lens mirror + + align:start position:0% +apparatus like an x-ray lens mirror + + + align:start position:0% +apparatus like an x-ray lens mirror +Gadget interferometer that will you know + + align:start position:0% +Gadget interferometer that will you know + + + align:start position:0% +Gadget interferometer that will you know +the final result is the image here the + + align:start position:0% +the final result is the image here the + + + align:start position:0% +the final result is the image here the +final result is computed even more so in + + align:start position:0% +final result is computed even more so in + + + align:start position:0% +final result is computed even more so in +MRI you know we have a big magnet with a + + align:start position:0% +MRI you know we have a big magnet with a + + + align:start position:0% +MRI you know we have a big magnet with a +gradient field we have little magnets + + align:start position:0% +gradient field we have little magnets + + + align:start position:0% +gradient field we have little magnets +that modulate it we have RF some signal + + align:start position:0% +that modulate it we have RF some signal + + + align:start position:0% +that modulate it we have RF some signal +comes out it gets processed and taada we + + align:start position:0% +comes out it gets processed and taada we + + + align:start position:0% +comes out it gets processed and taada we +have a image of a cross-section of the + + align:start position:0% +have a image of a cross-section of the + + + align:start position:0% +have a image of a cross-section of the +body so that's computational Imaging and + + align:start position:0% +body so that's computational Imaging and + + + align:start position:0% +body so that's computational Imaging and +we won't be doing that uh there is a + + align:start position:0% +we won't be doing that uh there is a + + + align:start position:0% +we won't be doing that uh there is a +course + + align:start position:0% +course + + + align:start position:0% +course +6870 which is not offered this term but + + align:start position:0% +6870 which is not offered this term but + + + align:start position:0% +6870 which is not offered this term but +it um goes into that and we're also not + + align:start position:0% +it um goes into that and we're also not + + + align:start position:0% +it um goes into that and we're also not +going to say much about human Vision + + align:start position:0% +going to say much about human Vision + + + align:start position:0% +going to say much about human Vision +again course nine will do that now I was + + align:start position:0% +again course nine will do that now I was + + + align:start position:0% +again course nine will do that now I was +in the interest of getting far enough to + + align:start position:0% +in the interest of getting far enough to + + + align:start position:0% +in the interest of getting far enough to +do the homework problem I was going to + + align:start position:0% +do the homework problem I was going to + + + align:start position:0% +do the homework problem I was going to +not do a slideshow but I think it's just + + align:start position:0% +not do a slideshow but I think it's just + + + align:start position:0% +not do a slideshow but I think it's just +just traditional to um do a slid show + + align:start position:0% +just traditional to um do a slid show + + + align:start position:0% +just traditional to um do a slid show +show so I will try and get this uh to + + align:start position:0% +show so I will try and get this uh to + + + align:start position:0% +show so I will try and get this uh to +work it's not always + + align:start position:0% +work it's not always + + + align:start position:0% +work it's not always +successful uh because um my computer has + + align:start position:0% +successful uh because um my computer has + + + align:start position:0% +successful uh because um my computer has +some uh interface problems but let's see + + align:start position:0% +some uh interface problems but let's see + + + align:start position:0% +some uh interface problems but let's see +what we can do okay so um let's talk + + align:start position:0% +what we can do okay so um let's talk + + + align:start position:0% +what we can do okay so um let's talk +about uh Machine Vision and some of the + + align:start position:0% +about uh Machine Vision and some of the + + + align:start position:0% +about uh Machine Vision and some of the +examples you'll see in this uh set of + + align:start position:0% +examples you'll see in this uh set of + + + align:start position:0% +examples you'll see in this uh set of +slides uh not all of it will be clear + + align:start position:0% +slides uh not all of it will be clear + + + align:start position:0% +slides uh not all of it will be clear +with my brief introduction but we'll go + + align:start position:0% +with my brief introduction but we'll go + + + align:start position:0% +with my brief introduction but we'll go +back to this later on in the term so + + align:start position:0% +back to this later on in the term so + + + align:start position:0% +back to this later on in the term so +what are the sorts of things we might be + + align:start position:0% +what are the sorts of things we might be + + + align:start position:0% +what are the sorts of things we might be +interested uh in doing well one is to + + align:start position:0% +interested uh in doing well one is to + + + align:start position:0% +interested uh in doing well one is to +recovering uh recover image motion and + + align:start position:0% +recovering uh recover image motion and + + + align:start position:0% +recovering uh recover image motion and +you could imagine uh various + + align:start position:0% +you could imagine uh various + + + align:start position:0% +you could imagine uh various +applications in say autonomous vehicles + + align:start position:0% +applications in say autonomous vehicles + + + align:start position:0% +applications in say autonomous vehicles +and what have you another thing we might + + align:start position:0% +and what have you another thing we might + + + align:start position:0% +and what have you another thing we might +want to do is estimate surface shape as + + align:start position:0% +want to do is estimate surface shape as + + + align:start position:0% +want to do is estimate surface shape as +we said the we um we don't get 3D from + + align:start position:0% +we said the we um we don't get 3D from + + + align:start position:0% +we said the we um we don't get 3D from +our cameras well not most cameras and if + + align:start position:0% +our cameras well not most cameras and if + + + align:start position:0% +our cameras well not most cameras and if +we do get 3D then it's usually not very + + align:start position:0% +we do get 3D then it's usually not very + + + align:start position:0% +we do get 3D then it's usually not very +great qu + + align:start position:0% +great qu + + + align:start position:0% +great qu +but we know that uh humans find it + + align:start position:0% +but we know that uh humans find it + + + align:start position:0% +but we know that uh humans find it +pretty straightforward to see + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward to see + + + align:start position:0% +pretty straightforward to see +three-dimensional shapes that are + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional shapes that are + + + align:start position:0% +three-dimensional shapes that are +depicted in in photos and photos are + + align:start position:0% +depicted in in photos and photos are + + + align:start position:0% +depicted in in photos and photos are +flat so where's the 3D come from so + + align:start position:0% +flat so where's the 3D come from so + + + align:start position:0% +flat so where's the 3D come from so +that's something we'll look at uh then + + align:start position:0% +that's something we'll look at uh then + + + align:start position:0% +that's something we'll look at uh then +there are really simple questions like + + align:start position:0% +there are really simple questions like + + + align:start position:0% +there are really simple questions like +uh oh forgot my Optical Mouse how do + + align:start position:0% +uh oh forgot my Optical Mouse how do + + + align:start position:0% +uh oh forgot my Optical Mouse how do +Optical mice work well it's a motion + + align:start position:0% +Optical mice work well it's a motion + + + align:start position:0% +Optical mice work well it's a motion +vision problem it's a very simple motion + + align:start position:0% +vision problem it's a very simple motion + + + align:start position:0% +vision problem it's a very simple motion +vision problem but it's a good place to + + align:start position:0% +vision problem but it's a good place to + + + align:start position:0% +vision problem but it's a good place to +start talking about motion vision + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so uh as I mentioned we will take a + + align:start position:0% +so uh as I mentioned we will take a + + + align:start position:0% +so uh as I mentioned we will take a +physics based approach uh to the problem + + align:start position:0% +physics based approach uh to the problem + + + align:start position:0% +physics based approach uh to the problem +and we'll do things like uh recover uh + + align:start position:0% +and we'll do things like uh recover uh + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll do things like uh recover uh +Observer motion from time varying images + + align:start position:0% +Observer motion from time varying images + + + align:start position:0% +Observer motion from time varying images +again we can think of autonomous + + align:start position:0% +again we can think of autonomous + + + align:start position:0% +again we can think of autonomous +cars uh we can recover the time to + + align:start position:0% +cars uh we can recover the time to + + + align:start position:0% +cars uh we can recover the time to +Collision from a monocular image + + align:start position:0% +Collision from a monocular image + + + align:start position:0% +Collision from a monocular image +sequence um that's sort of interesting + + align:start position:0% +sequence um that's sort of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +sequence um that's sort of interesting +because you think that to get depth we + + align:start position:0% +because you think that to get depth we + + + align:start position:0% +because you think that to get depth we +might use two cameras and binocular + + align:start position:0% +might use two cameras and binocular + + + align:start position:0% +might use two cameras and binocular +vision + + align:start position:0% +vision + + + align:start position:0% +vision +we have two eyes and a certain Baseline + + align:start position:0% +we have two eyes and a certain Baseline + + + align:start position:0% +we have two eyes and a certain Baseline +and we can triangulate and figure out + + align:start position:0% +and we can triangulate and figure out + + + align:start position:0% +and we can triangulate and figure out +how far things are away and so uh it's + + align:start position:0% +how far things are away and so uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +how far things are away and so uh it's +kind of uh surprising that it's + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh surprising that it's + + + align:start position:0% +kind of uh surprising that it's +relatively straightforward to figure out + + align:start position:0% +relatively straightforward to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +relatively straightforward to figure out +um the time to contact which is the uh + + align:start position:0% +um the time to contact which is the uh + + + align:start position:0% +um the time to contact which is the uh +ratio of the um speed to the distance + + align:start position:0% +ratio of the um speed to the distance + + + align:start position:0% +ratio of the um speed to the distance +right so if I've got you know 10 m to + + align:start position:0% +right so if I've got you know 10 m to + + + align:start position:0% +right so if I've got you know 10 m to +that wall and I'm going 10 m/ second + + align:start position:0% +that wall and I'm going 10 m/ second + + + align:start position:0% +that wall and I'm going 10 m/ second +I'll hit it in a second so I need to do + + align:start position:0% +I'll hit it in a second so I need to do + + + align:start position:0% +I'll hit it in a second so I need to do +two things I need to estimate the + + align:start position:0% +two things I need to estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +two things I need to estimate the +distance and I need to estimate the + + align:start position:0% +distance and I need to estimate the + + + align:start position:0% +distance and I need to estimate the +speed both of these are machine vision + + align:start position:0% +speed both of these are machine vision + + + align:start position:0% +speed both of these are machine vision +problems that we can attack um and uh it + + align:start position:0% +problems that we can attack um and uh it + + + align:start position:0% +problems that we can attack um and uh it +turns out that there's a very uh direct + + align:start position:0% +turns out that there's a very uh direct + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that there's a very uh direct +method that doesn't involve any higher + + align:start position:0% +method that doesn't involve any higher + + + align:start position:0% +method that doesn't involve any higher +level reasoning that gives us that ratio + + align:start position:0% +level reasoning that gives us that ratio + + + align:start position:0% +level reasoning that gives us that ratio +and it's very useful and it's also um + + align:start position:0% +and it's very useful and it's also um + + + align:start position:0% +and it's very useful and it's also um +suggestive of biological mechanisms + + align:start position:0% +suggestive of biological mechanisms + + + align:start position:0% +suggestive of biological mechanisms +course um animals use time to contact + + align:start position:0% +course um animals use time to contact + + + align:start position:0% +course um animals use time to contact +for various purposes like not running + + align:start position:0% +for various purposes like not running + + + align:start position:0% +for various purposes like not running +into each other + + align:start position:0% +into each other + + + align:start position:0% +into each other +and they use them for you know flies + + align:start position:0% +and they use them for you know flies + + + align:start position:0% +and they use them for you know flies +pretty small nervous system use time to + + align:start position:0% +pretty small nervous system use time to + + + align:start position:0% +pretty small nervous system use time to +contact to land so they know what what + + align:start position:0% +contact to land so they know what what + + + align:start position:0% +contact to land so they know what what +to do when they get close enough to the + + align:start position:0% +to do when they get close enough to the + + + align:start position:0% +to do when they get close enough to the +surface and so um you know it's + + align:start position:0% +surface and so um you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +surface and so um you know it's +interesting that we can um have some + + align:start position:0% +interesting that we can um have some + + + align:start position:0% +interesting that we can um have some +idea about how biological system might + + align:start position:0% +idea about how biological system might + + + align:start position:0% +idea about how biological system might +do + + align:start position:0% +do + + + align:start position:0% +do +that uh contour maps from aerial + + align:start position:0% +that uh contour maps from aerial + + + align:start position:0% +that uh contour maps from aerial +photographs you know that's how all maps + + align:start position:0% +photographs you know that's how all maps + + + align:start position:0% +photographs you know that's how all maps +are made these days and we'll talk about + + align:start position:0% +are made these days and we'll talk about + + + align:start position:0% +are made these days and we'll talk about +um some industrial Machine Vision uh + + align:start position:0% +um some industrial Machine Vision uh + + + align:start position:0% +um some industrial Machine Vision uh +work and that's partly because + + align:start position:0% +work and that's partly because + + + align:start position:0% +work and that's partly because +actually those Mach those systems really + + align:start position:0% +actually those Mach those systems really + + + align:start position:0% +actually those Mach those systems really +have to work very very well not like you + + align:start position:0% +have to work very very well not like you + + + align:start position:0% +have to work very very well not like you +know 99% of the time uh and so they + + align:start position:0% +know 99% of the time uh and so they + + + align:start position:0% +know 99% of the time uh and so they +actually poo poo some of the things as + + align:start position:0% +actually poo poo some of the things as + + + align:start position:0% +actually poo poo some of the things as +academics talk about because they're + + align:start position:0% +academics talk about because they're + + + align:start position:0% +academics talk about because they're +just not ready for that kind of uh + + align:start position:0% +just not ready for that kind of uh + + + align:start position:0% +just not ready for that kind of uh +environment and they've come up with uh + + align:start position:0% +environment and they've come up with uh + + + align:start position:0% +environment and they've come up with uh +some very good methods of their own and + + align:start position:0% +some very good methods of their own and + + + align:start position:0% +some very good methods of their own and +so uh it'll be interesting to talk about + + align:start position:0% +so uh it'll be interesting to talk about + + + align:start position:0% +so uh it'll be interesting to talk about +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +so at a higher level uh we want to + + align:start position:0% +so at a higher level uh we want to + + + align:start position:0% +so at a higher level uh we want to +develop a description of the environment + + align:start position:0% +develop a description of the environment + + + align:start position:0% +develop a description of the environment +just based on on images uh one of the + + align:start position:0% +just based on on images uh one of the + + + align:start position:0% +just based on on images uh one of the +after we've done some preliminary work + + align:start position:0% +after we've done some preliminary work + + + align:start position:0% +after we've done some preliminary work +and put together some methods uh we'll + + align:start position:0% +and put together some methods uh we'll + + + align:start position:0% +and put together some methods uh we'll +uh use them to solve what was at one + + align:start position:0% +uh use them to solve what was at one + + + align:start position:0% +uh use them to solve what was at one +point thought to be a important problem + + align:start position:0% +point thought to be a important problem + + + align:start position:0% +point thought to be a important problem +which is picking an object out of a pile + + align:start position:0% +which is picking an object out of a pile + + + align:start position:0% +which is picking an object out of a pile +of objects so in manufacturing often uh + + align:start position:0% +of objects so in manufacturing often uh + + + align:start position:0% +of objects so in manufacturing often uh +parts are palletized or you know + + align:start position:0% +parts are palletized or you know + + + align:start position:0% +parts are palletized or you know +arranged uh resistors come on a tape and + + align:start position:0% +arranged uh resistors come on a tape and + + + align:start position:0% +arranged uh resistors come on a tape and +so by the time they get to the machine + + align:start position:0% +so by the time they get to the machine + + + align:start position:0% +so by the time they get to the machine +that's supposed to insert them in the + + align:start position:0% +that's supposed to insert them in the + + + align:start position:0% +that's supposed to insert them in the +circuit board we you know it's + + align:start position:0% +circuit board we you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +circuit board we you know it's +orientation and so that's uh very makes + + align:start position:0% +orientation and so that's uh very makes + + + align:start position:0% +orientation and so that's uh very makes +it very simple to build uh Advanced + + align:start position:0% +it very simple to build uh Advanced + + + align:start position:0% +it very simple to build uh Advanced +automation systems but uh when you look + + align:start position:0% +automation systems but uh when you look + + + align:start position:0% +automation systems but uh when you look +at uh humans building things you know + + align:start position:0% +at uh humans building things you know + + + align:start position:0% +at uh humans building things you know +there's a box of this and there's a box + + align:start position:0% +there's a box of this and there's a box + + + align:start position:0% +there's a box of this and there's a box +of that and there's a box of these other + + align:start position:0% +of that and there's a box of these other + + + align:start position:0% +of that and there's a box of these other +types of parts and they're all jumbled + + align:start position:0% +types of parts and they're all jumbled + + + align:start position:0% +types of parts and they're all jumbled +and they don't lie in a fixed + + align:start position:0% +and they don't lie in a fixed + + + align:start position:0% +and they don't lie in a fixed +orientation so that you can just grab + + align:start position:0% +orientation so that you can just grab + + + align:start position:0% +orientation so that you can just grab +them using fixed uh robotic motions and + + align:start position:0% +them using fixed uh robotic motions and + + + align:start position:0% +them using fixed uh robotic motions and +so uh we will put together some Machine + + align:start position:0% +so uh we will put together some Machine + + + align:start position:0% +so uh we will put together some Machine +Vision methods that allow us to find out + + align:start position:0% +Vision methods that allow us to find out + + + align:start position:0% +Vision methods that allow us to find out +uh where a part is and how to control + + align:start position:0% +uh where a part is and how to control + + + align:start position:0% +uh where a part is and how to control +the manipulator to pick it up uh we'll + + align:start position:0% +the manipulator to pick it up uh we'll + + + align:start position:0% +the manipulator to pick it up uh we'll +talk a lot about uh ill po problems so + + align:start position:0% +talk a lot about uh ill po problems so + + + align:start position:0% +talk a lot about uh ill po problems so +according to Hadar ill po problems are + + align:start position:0% +according to Hadar ill po problems are + + + align:start position:0% +according to Hadar ill po problems are +problems that either do not have a + + align:start position:0% +problems that either do not have a + + + align:start position:0% +problems that either do not have a +solution uh have an infinite number of + + align:start position:0% +solution uh have an infinite number of + + + align:start position:0% +solution uh have an infinite number of +solutions or or from our point of view + + align:start position:0% +solutions or or from our point of view + + + align:start position:0% +solutions or or from our point of view +most importantly have solutions that + + align:start position:0% +most importantly have solutions that + + + align:start position:0% +most importantly have solutions that +depend sensitively on the initial + + align:start position:0% +depend sensitively on the initial + + + align:start position:0% +depend sensitively on the initial +conditions so if you have a Machine + + align:start position:0% +conditions so if you have a Machine + + + align:start position:0% +conditions so if you have a Machine +Vision method that say determines the + + align:start position:0% +Vision method that say determines the + + + align:start position:0% +Vision method that say determines the +position and orientation of your camera + + align:start position:0% +position and orientation of your camera + + + align:start position:0% +position and orientation of your camera +and it works with perfect measurements + + align:start position:0% +and it works with perfect measurements + + + align:start position:0% +and it works with perfect measurements +uh that's great but in the real world + + align:start position:0% +uh that's great but in the real world + + + align:start position:0% +uh that's great but in the real world +there always small errors in + + align:start position:0% +there always small errors in + + + align:start position:0% +there always small errors in +measurements uh sometimes you're lucky + + align:start position:0% +measurements uh sometimes you're lucky + + + align:start position:0% +measurements uh sometimes you're lucky +to get things accurately within a pixel + + align:start position:0% +to get things accurately within a pixel + + + align:start position:0% +to get things accurately within a pixel +and what you want is not to have a + + align:start position:0% +and what you want is not to have a + + + align:start position:0% +and what you want is not to have a +method where a small change in the + + align:start position:0% +method where a small change in the + + + align:start position:0% +method where a small change in the +measurements is going to produce a huge + + align:start position:0% +measurements is going to produce a huge + + + align:start position:0% +measurements is going to produce a huge +error in the result and unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +error in the result and unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +error in the result and unfortunately +you know the field has quite a few of + + align:start position:0% +you know the field has quite a few of + + + align:start position:0% +you know the field has quite a few of +those and we'll discuss some of them uh + + align:start position:0% +those and we'll discuss some of them uh + + + align:start position:0% +those and we'll discuss some of them uh +very famous one is a so-called eighto + + align:start position:0% +very famous one is a so-called eighto + + + align:start position:0% +very famous one is a so-called eighto +algorithm which uh Works beautifully on + + align:start position:0% +algorithm which uh Works beautifully on + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm which uh Works beautifully on +perfect data like you know your double + + align:start position:0% +perfect data like you know your double + + + align:start position:0% +perfect data like you know your double +Precision numbers and even if you put in + + align:start position:0% +Precision numbers and even if you put in + + + align:start position:0% +Precision numbers and even if you put in +a small uh amount of error it gives you + + align:start position:0% +a small uh amount of error it gives you + + + align:start position:0% +a small uh amount of error it gives you +absurd results and yet you know many + + align:start position:0% +absurd results and yet you know many + + + align:start position:0% +absurd results and yet you know many +papers have been published on it + + align:start position:0% +papers have been published on it + + + align:start position:0% +papers have been published on it +so okay uh we can recover surface shape + + align:start position:0% +so okay uh we can recover surface shape + + + align:start position:0% +so okay uh we can recover surface shape +from monocular images uh let's look at + + align:start position:0% +from monocular images uh let's look at + + + align:start position:0% +from monocular images uh let's look at +that a little bit so what do you see + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit so what do you see + + + align:start position:0% +that a little bit so what do you see +there think think about what that could + + align:start position:0% +there think think about what that could + + + align:start position:0% +there think think about what that could +be okay so if you don't know what it is + + align:start position:0% +be okay so if you don't know what it is + + + align:start position:0% +be okay so if you don't know what it is +uh do you see it as a flat surface let's + + align:start position:0% +uh do you see it as a flat surface let's + + + align:start position:0% +uh do you see it as a flat surface let's +start + + align:start position:0% +start + + + align:start position:0% +start +there okay so no you don't see a flat + + align:start position:0% +there okay so no you don't see a flat + + + align:start position:0% +there okay so no you don't see a flat +surface so that's where I was really + + align:start position:0% +surface so that's where I was really + + + align:start position:0% +surface so that's where I was really +going with this I I promise you this + + align:start position:0% +going with this I I promise you this + + + align:start position:0% +going with this I I promise you this +screen is perfectly flat there's no + + align:start position:0% +screen is perfectly flat there's no + + + align:start position:0% +screen is perfectly flat there's no +trickery here but you are able to + + align:start position:0% +trickery here but you are able to + + + align:start position:0% +trickery here but you are able to +perceive some three-dimensional shape + + align:start position:0% +perceive some three-dimensional shape + + + align:start position:0% +perceive some three-dimensional shape +even though you're unfamiliar with this + + align:start position:0% +even though you're unfamiliar with this + + + align:start position:0% +even though you're unfamiliar with this +uh surface uh with this picture it + + align:start position:0% +uh surface uh with this picture it + + + align:start position:0% +uh surface uh with this picture it +happens to be um uh gravel braids in a + + align:start position:0% +happens to be um uh gravel braids in a + + + align:start position:0% +happens to be um uh gravel braids in a +river north of Denali in Alaska uh in + + align:start position:0% +river north of Denali in Alaska uh in + + + align:start position:0% +river north of Denali in Alaska uh in +Winter covered in snow and so on but the + + align:start position:0% +Winter covered in snow and so on but the + + + align:start position:0% +Winter covered in snow and so on but the +important thing is that we can all agree + + align:start position:0% +important thing is that we can all agree + + + align:start position:0% +important thing is that we can all agree +that there's some sort of GrooVe here + + align:start position:0% +that there's some sort of GrooVe here + + + align:start position:0% +that there's some sort of GrooVe here +and you know there's a downward slope on + + align:start position:0% +and you know there's a downward slope on + + + align:start position:0% +and you know there's a downward slope on +this side and so on so that shows that + + align:start position:0% +this side and so on so that shows that + + + align:start position:0% +this side and so on so that shows that +even though images provide only two + + align:start position:0% +even though images provide only two + + + align:start position:0% +even though images provide only two +dimensional information directly we can + + align:start position:0% +dimensional information directly we can + + + align:start position:0% +dimensional information directly we can +infer three-dimensional information and + + align:start position:0% +infer three-dimensional information and + + + align:start position:0% +infer three-dimensional information and +that's one of the things we're going to + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the things we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +that's one of the things we're going to +explore so uh you know how is it that + + align:start position:0% +explore so uh you know how is it that + + + align:start position:0% +explore so uh you know how is it that +even though the image is flat uh we see + + align:start position:0% +even though the image is flat uh we see + + + align:start position:0% +even though the image is flat uh we see +a three-dimensional shape and of course + + align:start position:0% +a three-dimensional shape and of course + + + align:start position:0% +a three-dimensional shape and of course +it's very common and very important you + + align:start position:0% +it's very common and very important you + + + align:start position:0% +it's very common and very important you +know you look at a picture of some + + align:start position:0% +know you look at a picture of some + + + align:start position:0% +know you look at a picture of some +politician and newspaper uh well the + + align:start position:0% +politician and newspaper uh well the + + + align:start position:0% +politician and newspaper uh well the +paper's flat but you can see that face + + align:start position:0% +paper's flat but you can see that face + + + align:start position:0% +paper's flat but you can see that face +as some sort of shape in 3D probably not + + align:start position:0% +as some sort of shape in 3D probably not + + + align:start position:0% +as some sort of shape in 3D probably not +with you know very precise metric + + align:start position:0% +with you know very precise metric + + + align:start position:0% +with you know very precise metric +Precision but you can recognize that + + align:start position:0% +Precision but you can recognize that + + + align:start position:0% +Precision but you can recognize that +person based not just on you know + + align:start position:0% +person based not just on you know + + + align:start position:0% +person based not just on you know +whether they have a mustache or they're + + align:start position:0% +whether they have a mustache or they're + + + align:start position:0% +whether they have a mustache or they're +wearing earrings or something but you + + align:start position:0% +wearing earrings or something but you + + + align:start position:0% +wearing earrings or something but you +have some idea of what the shape of + + align:start position:0% +have some idea of what the shape of + + + align:start position:0% +have some idea of what the shape of +their nose is and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so so here for example is Richard + + align:start position:0% +so so here for example is Richard + + + align:start position:0% +so so here for example is Richard +Fatman's nose and on the right is an + + align:start position:0% +Fatman's nose and on the right is an + + + align:start position:0% +Fatman's nose and on the right is an +algorithm exploring it to determine its + + align:start position:0% +algorithm exploring it to determine its + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm exploring it to determine its +shape so you can see that even though + + align:start position:0% +shape so you can see that even though + + + align:start position:0% +shape so you can see that even though +presumably you know he washed his face + + align:start position:0% +presumably you know he washed his face + + + align:start position:0% +presumably you know he washed his face +and it's pretty much uniform and + + align:start position:0% +and it's pretty much uniform and + + + align:start position:0% +and it's pretty much uniform and +properties all over uh where it's curved + + align:start position:0% +properties all over uh where it's curved + + + align:start position:0% +properties all over uh where it's curved +down it's darker where it's facing the + + align:start position:0% +down it's darker where it's facing the + + + align:start position:0% +down it's darker where it's facing the +light source which in this case is near + + align:start position:0% +light source which in this case is near + + + align:start position:0% +light source which in this case is near +the camera uh it's bright and so you you + + align:start position:0% +the camera uh it's bright and so you you + + + align:start position:0% +the camera uh it's bright and so you you +you have some idea of slope that the + + align:start position:0% +you have some idea of slope that the + + + align:start position:0% +you have some idea of slope that the +brightness is somehow related to slope + + align:start position:0% +brightness is somehow related to slope + + + align:start position:0% +brightness is somehow related to slope +what makes it interesting is that well + + align:start position:0% +what makes it interesting is that well + + + align:start position:0% +what makes it interesting is that well +slope uh is not a simple thing it's not + + align:start position:0% +slope uh is not a simple thing it's not + + + align:start position:0% +slope uh is not a simple thing it's not +uh one number it's two right because we + + align:start position:0% +uh one number it's two right because we + + + align:start position:0% +uh one number it's two right because we +can have a slope in X and we can have a + + align:start position:0% +can have a slope in X and we can have a + + + align:start position:0% +can have a slope in X and we can have a +slope in y but we only get one + + align:start position:0% +slope in y but we only get one + + + align:start position:0% +slope in y but we only get one +constraint we only get one brightness + + align:start position:0% +constraint we only get one brightness + + + align:start position:0% +constraint we only get one brightness +measurement so that's the kind of + + align:start position:0% +measurement so that's the kind of + + + align:start position:0% +measurement so that's the kind of +problem we're going to be faced with all + + align:start position:0% +problem we're going to be faced with all + + + align:start position:0% +problem we're going to be faced with all +the time where we're sort of counting + + align:start position:0% +the time where we're sort of counting + + + align:start position:0% +the time where we're sort of counting +constraints versus unknowns you know how + + align:start position:0% +constraints versus unknowns you know how + + + align:start position:0% +constraints versus unknowns you know how +much information do we need to solve for + + align:start position:0% +much information do we need to solve for + + + align:start position:0% +much information do we need to solve for +these variables and um how sensitive is + + align:start position:0% +these variables and um how sensitive is + + + align:start position:0% +these variables and um how sensitive is +it going to be to errors in those + + align:start position:0% +it going to be to errors in those + + + align:start position:0% +it going to be to errors in those +measurements as we + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mentioned and you know there's a contour + + align:start position:0% +mentioned and you know there's a contour + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned and you know there's a contour +map of his nose and you once you got the + + align:start position:0% +map of his nose and you once you got the + + + align:start position:0% +map of his nose and you once you got the +3D Shape you can do all sorts of things + + align:start position:0% +3D Shape you can do all sorts of things + + + align:start position:0% +3D Shape you can do all sorts of things +you can put it in a 3D printer and give + + align:start position:0% +you can put it in a 3D printer and give + + + align:start position:0% +you can put it in a 3D printer and give +it to him as a birthday present and + + align:start position:0% +it to him as a birthday present and + + + align:start position:0% +it to him as a birthday present and +whatnot and here's a somewhat later + + align:start position:0% +whatnot and here's a somewhat later + + + align:start position:0% +whatnot and here's a somewhat later +result where um we're looking at an + + align:start position:0% +result where um we're looking at an + + + align:start position:0% +result where um we're looking at an +image of a + + align:start position:0% +image of a + + + align:start position:0% +image of a +hemisphere uh well actually an oblate + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere uh well actually an oblate + + + align:start position:0% +hemisphere uh well actually an oblate +ellipsoid uh and uh we're asked to + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid uh and uh we're asked to + + + align:start position:0% +ellipsoid uh and uh we're asked to +recover its shape and these are + + align:start position:0% +recover its shape and these are + + + align:start position:0% +recover its shape and these are +iterations of algorithm that works on a + + align:start position:0% +iterations of algorithm that works on a + + + align:start position:0% +iterations of algorithm that works on a +grid and finally achieves uh the correct + + align:start position:0% +grid and finally achieves uh the correct + + + align:start position:0% +grid and finally achieves uh the correct +shape and we'll talk about the + + align:start position:0% +shape and we'll talk about the + + + align:start position:0% +shape and we'll talk about the +interesting intermediate cases where + + align:start position:0% +interesting intermediate cases where + + + align:start position:0% +interesting intermediate cases where +there sort of + + align:start position:0% +there sort of + + + align:start position:0% +there sort of +ridges uh where the solution is not not + + align:start position:0% +ridges uh where the solution is not not + + + align:start position:0% +ridges uh where the solution is not not +satisfied and they isolated points that + + align:start position:0% +satisfied and they isolated points that + + + align:start position:0% +satisfied and they isolated points that +are sort of conical and uh it's + + align:start position:0% +are sort of conical and uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +are sort of conical and uh it's +interesting in this case to look at just + + align:start position:0% +interesting in this case to look at just + + + align:start position:0% +interesting in this case to look at just +how the Evolution how the solution + + align:start position:0% +how the Evolution how the solution + + + align:start position:0% +how the Evolution how the solution +evolves um so here's + + align:start position:0% +evolves um so here's + + + align:start position:0% +evolves um so here's +a overall picture of uh Machine Vision + + align:start position:0% +a overall picture of uh Machine Vision + + + align:start position:0% +a overall picture of uh Machine Vision +in context so first we have a scene + + align:start position:0% +in context so first we have a scene + + + align:start position:0% +in context so first we have a scene +where world out there and the + + align:start position:0% +where world out there and the + + + align:start position:0% +where world out there and the +illumination of that scene is important + + align:start position:0% +illumination of that scene is important + + + align:start position:0% +illumination of that scene is important +that's why that's shown although it's + + align:start position:0% +that's why that's shown although it's + + + align:start position:0% +that's why that's shown although it's +shown with dotted marks because we're + + align:start position:0% +shown with dotted marks because we're + + + align:start position:0% +shown with dotted marks because we're +not putting that that much emphasis on + + align:start position:0% +not putting that that much emphasis on + + + align:start position:0% +not putting that that much emphasis on +it there's an Imaging device uh + + align:start position:0% +it there's an Imaging device uh + + + align:start position:0% +it there's an Imaging device uh +typically with a lens or mirrors or + + align:start position:0% +typically with a lens or mirrors or + + + align:start position:0% +typically with a lens or mirrors or +something and uh we get an image and + + align:start position:0% +something and uh we get an image and + + + align:start position:0% +something and uh we get an image and +then our job of the Machine Vision + + align:start position:0% +then our job of the Machine Vision + + + align:start position:0% +then our job of the Machine Vision +system is to build a + + align:start position:0% +system is to build a + + + align:start position:0% +system is to build a +description and when it becomes + + align:start position:0% +description and when it becomes + + + align:start position:0% +description and when it becomes +interesting is when you then use that + + align:start position:0% +interesting is when you then use that + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is when you then use that +description to go back and do something + + align:start position:0% +description to go back and do something + + + align:start position:0% +description to go back and do something +in that world and so in in my view some + + align:start position:0% +in that world and so in in my view some + + + align:start position:0% +in that world and so in in my view some +of the more interesting things are + + align:start position:0% +of the more interesting things are + + + align:start position:0% +of the more interesting things are +robotics applications where you know the + + align:start position:0% +robotics applications where you know the + + + align:start position:0% +robotics applications where you know the +the uh proof of the pudding is when you + + align:start position:0% +the uh proof of the pudding is when you + + + align:start position:0% +the uh proof of the pudding is when you +go out and the robot grabs something and + + align:start position:0% +go out and the robot grabs something and + + + align:start position:0% +go out and the robot grabs something and +it's grabbing it the correct way uh + + align:start position:0% +it's grabbing it the correct way uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's grabbing it the correct way uh +that's one way you can know that's one + + align:start position:0% +that's one way you can know that's one + + + align:start position:0% +that's one way you can know that's one +constraint on your Machine Vision + + align:start position:0% +constraint on your Machine Vision + + + align:start position:0% +constraint on your Machine Vision +program if your Machine Vision program + + align:start position:0% +program if your Machine Vision program + + + align:start position:0% +program if your Machine Vision program +is not working that probably won't + + align:start position:0% +is not working that probably won't + + + align:start position:0% +is not working that probably won't +happen uh so in many other cases you + + align:start position:0% +happen uh so in many other cases you + + + align:start position:0% +happen uh so in many other cases you +know if the final output is a + + align:start position:0% +know if the final output is a + + + align:start position:0% +know if the final output is a +description of the environment um who's + + align:start position:0% +description of the environment um who's + + + align:start position:0% +description of the environment um who's +to say whether it's correct you know may + + align:start position:0% +to say whether it's correct you know may + + + align:start position:0% +to say whether it's correct you know may +it depends on the application I mean if + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the application I mean if + + + align:start position:0% +it depends on the application I mean if +it's there for purposes of writing a + + align:start position:0% +it's there for purposes of writing a + + + align:start position:0% +it's there for purposes of writing a +poem about the environment that's one + + align:start position:0% +poem about the environment that's one + + + align:start position:0% +poem about the environment that's one +thing uh if there purpose is to um + + align:start position:0% +thing uh if there purpose is to um + + + align:start position:0% +thing uh if there purpose is to um +assemble an engine U then it's uh this + + align:start position:0% +assemble an engine U then it's uh this + + + align:start position:0% +assemble an engine U then it's uh this +type of situation where we have some + + align:start position:0% +type of situation where we have some + + + align:start position:0% +type of situation where we have some +feedback if if it works then probably + + align:start position:0% +feedback if if it works then probably + + + align:start position:0% +feedback if if it works then probably +the Machine Vision part worked + + align:start position:0% +the Machine Vision part worked + + + align:start position:0% +the Machine Vision part worked +correctly here's the time to contact + + align:start position:0% +correctly here's the time to contact + + + align:start position:0% +correctly here's the time to contact +problem that I was talking about and as + + align:start position:0% +problem that I was talking about and as + + + align:start position:0% +problem that I was talking about and as +you can imagine of course as you move + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine of course as you move + + + align:start position:0% +you can imagine of course as you move +towards the surface um the image seems + + align:start position:0% +towards the surface um the image seems + + + align:start position:0% +towards the surface um the image seems +to expand and that's the that's the cue + + align:start position:0% +to expand and that's the that's the cue + + + align:start position:0% +to expand and that's the that's the cue +uh but you know how do you measure that + + align:start position:0% +uh but you know how do you measure that + + + align:start position:0% +uh but you know how do you measure that +expans mention because all you've got + + align:start position:0% +expans mention because all you've got + + + align:start position:0% +expans mention because all you've got +are these gray levels the this array of + + align:start position:0% +are these gray levels the this array of + + + align:start position:0% +are these gray levels the this array of +numbers how do you measure that and how + + align:start position:0% +numbers how do you measure that and how + + + align:start position:0% +numbers how do you measure that and how +do you do it accurately and fast and + + align:start position:0% +do you do it accurately and fast and + + + align:start position:0% +do you do it accurately and fast and +um and also we noted that you know + + align:start position:0% +um and also we noted that you know + + + align:start position:0% +um and also we noted that you know +somehow um there are interesting aspects + + align:start position:0% +somehow um there are interesting aspects + + + align:start position:0% +somehow um there are interesting aspects +like one camera don't need two the other + + align:start position:0% +like one camera don't need two the other + + + align:start position:0% +like one camera don't need two the other +one is that for many of the things we do + + align:start position:0% +one is that for many of the things we do + + + align:start position:0% +one is that for many of the things we do +we need to know things about the camera + + align:start position:0% +we need to know things about the camera + + + align:start position:0% +we need to know things about the camera +like the focal length and we need to + + align:start position:0% +like the focal length and we need to + + + align:start position:0% +like the focal length and we need to +know where the optical axis strikes the + + align:start position:0% +know where the optical axis strikes the + + + align:start position:0% +know where the optical axis strikes the +image plane so we've got this array of + + align:start position:0% +image plane so we've got this array of + + + align:start position:0% +image plane so we've got this array of +pixels but you know where's the center + + align:start position:0% +pixels but you know where's the center + + + align:start position:0% +pixels but you know where's the center +well you can just divide the number of + + align:start position:0% +well you can just divide the number of + + + align:start position:0% +well you can just divide the number of +columns and the number of rows by two + + align:start position:0% +columns and the number of rows by two + + + align:start position:0% +columns and the number of rows by two +but uh that's totally arbitrary you what + + align:start position:0% +but uh that's totally arbitrary you what + + + align:start position:0% +but uh that's totally arbitrary you what +you really want to know is if you put + + align:start position:0% +you really want to know is if you put + + + align:start position:0% +you really want to know is if you put +the axis through the lens where does it + + align:start position:0% +the axis through the lens where does it + + + align:start position:0% +the axis through the lens where does it +hit that image plane and of course the + + align:start position:0% +hit that image plane and of course the + + + align:start position:0% +hit that image plane and of course the +manufacturer typically tries to make + + align:start position:0% +manufacturer typically tries to make + + + align:start position:0% +manufacturer typically tries to make +that be exactly the center of your image + + align:start position:0% +that be exactly the center of your image + + + align:start position:0% +that be exactly the center of your image +sensor but it's all you know uh it's + + align:start position:0% +sensor but it's all you know uh it's + + + align:start position:0% +sensor but it's all you know uh it's +always going to be a little bit off and + + align:start position:0% +always going to be a little bit off and + + + align:start position:0% +always going to be a little bit off and +in fact in many cases they don't + + align:start position:0% +in fact in many cases they don't + + + align:start position:0% +in fact in many cases they don't +particularly care because if if my + + align:start position:0% +particularly care because if if my + + + align:start position:0% +particularly care because if if my +camera uh puts the center of the image + + align:start position:0% +camera uh puts the center of the image + + + align:start position:0% +camera uh puts the center of the image +100 pixels to the right I probably won't + + align:start position:0% +100 pixels to the right I probably won't + + + align:start position:0% +100 pixels to the right I probably won't +notice you know in normal use if I'm + + align:start position:0% +notice you know in normal use if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +notice you know in normal use if I'm +going to post on Facebook it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +going to post on Facebook it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +going to post on Facebook it doesn't +really make any difference if I'm going + + align:start position:0% +really make any difference if I'm going + + + align:start position:0% +really make any difference if I'm going +to use it in industrial Machine Vision + + align:start position:0% +to use it in industrial Machine Vision + + + align:start position:0% +to use it in industrial Machine Vision +it does make a difference and so that + + align:start position:0% +it does make a difference and so that + + + align:start position:0% +it does make a difference and so that +kind of calibration is something we'll + + align:start position:0% +kind of calibration is something we'll + + + align:start position:0% +kind of calibration is something we'll +talk about as well and what's + + align:start position:0% +talk about as well and what's + + + align:start position:0% +talk about as well and what's +interesting is that in this particular + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that in this particular + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that in this particular +case we don't even need that we don't + + align:start position:0% +case we don't even need that we don't + + + align:start position:0% +case we don't even need that we don't +even need to know the focal length which + + align:start position:0% +even need to know the focal length which + + + align:start position:0% +even need to know the focal length which +seems really strange because you know + + align:start position:0% +seems really strange because you know + + + align:start position:0% +seems really strange because you know +the if you have a longer focal length + + align:start position:0% +the if you have a longer focal length + + + align:start position:0% +the if you have a longer focal length +that means the image is going to be + + align:start position:0% +that means the image is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +that means the image is going to be +expanded so it would seem that that + + align:start position:0% +expanded so it would seem that that + + + align:start position:0% +expanded so it would seem that that +would affect this process but what's + + align:start position:0% +would affect this process but what's + + + align:start position:0% +would affect this process but what's +interesting is that at the same time as + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that at the same time as + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that at the same time as +the image is expanded the image motion + + align:start position:0% +the image is expanded the image motion + + + align:start position:0% +the image is expanded the image motion +is expanded and so the ratio of the two + + align:start position:0% +is expanded and so the ratio of the two + + + align:start position:0% +is expanded and so the ratio of the two +is maintained so so it's you know from + + align:start position:0% +is maintained so so it's you know from + + + align:start position:0% +is maintained so so it's you know from +that point of view it's a a very + + align:start position:0% +that point of view it's a a very + + + align:start position:0% +that point of view it's a a very +interesting problem because unlike many + + align:start position:0% +interesting problem because unlike many + + + align:start position:0% +interesting problem because unlike many +others we don't need that information so + + align:start position:0% +others we don't need that information so + + + align:start position:0% +others we don't need that information so +here's an example of you know we're + + align:start position:0% +here's an example of you know we're + + + align:start position:0% +here's an example of you know we're +approaching this truck and over here's a + + align:start position:0% +approaching this truck and over here's a + + + align:start position:0% +approaching this truck and over here's a +plot time horizontal + + align:start position:0% +plot time horizontal + + + align:start position:0% +plot time horizontal +and vertical is the computed uh time to + + align:start position:0% +and vertical is the computed uh time to + + + align:start position:0% +and vertical is the computed uh time to +contact the the red curve is the + + align:start position:0% +contact the the red curve is the + + + align:start position:0% +contact the the red curve is the +computed and the barely visible green + + align:start position:0% +computed and the barely visible green + + + align:start position:0% +computed and the barely visible green +dotted line is is the true + + align:start position:0% +dotted line is is the true + + + align:start position:0% +dotted line is is the true +value in the process by the way we + + align:start position:0% +value in the process by the way we + + + align:start position:0% +value in the process by the way we +expose another concept which is the + + align:start position:0% +expose another concept which is the + + + align:start position:0% +expose another concept which is the +focus of expansion so as we approach + + align:start position:0% +focus of expansion so as we approach + + + align:start position:0% +focus of expansion so as we approach +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +truck uh you'll notice that we end end + + align:start position:0% +truck uh you'll notice that we end end + + + align:start position:0% +truck uh you'll notice that we end end +up on the door which is not the center + + align:start position:0% +up on the door which is not the center + + + align:start position:0% +up on the door which is not the center +of the first image so we're actually + + align:start position:0% +of the first image so we're actually + + + align:start position:0% +of the first image so we're actually +moving at an angle we're not moving + + align:start position:0% +moving at an angle we're not moving + + + align:start position:0% +moving at an angle we're not moving +straight along the optical axis of the + + align:start position:0% +straight along the optical axis of the + + + align:start position:0% +straight along the optical axis of the +camera but we're moving at an angle and + + align:start position:0% +camera but we're moving at an angle and + + + align:start position:0% +camera but we're moving at an angle and +um the focus of expansion is very + + align:start position:0% +um the focus of expansion is very + + + align:start position:0% +um the focus of expansion is very +important because it tells us the in 3D + + align:start position:0% +important because it tells us the in 3D + + + align:start position:0% +important because it tells us the in 3D +what the motion Vector is so in addition + + align:start position:0% +what the motion Vector is so in addition + + + align:start position:0% +what the motion Vector is so in addition +to finding the time to contact we want + + align:start position:0% +to finding the time to contact we want + + + align:start position:0% +to finding the time to contact we want +to find the U focus of + + align:start position:0% +to find the U focus of + + + align:start position:0% +to find the U focus of +expansion and there's another one this + + align:start position:0% +expansion and there's another one this + + + align:start position:0% +expansion and there's another one this +one was done using a time lapse uh you + + align:start position:0% +one was done using a time lapse uh you + + + align:start position:0% +one was done using a time lapse uh you +know moving the car a little bit every + + align:start position:0% +know moving the car a little bit every + + + align:start position:0% +know moving the car a little bit every +time and uh well I'm not very good at + + align:start position:0% +time and uh well I'm not very good at + + + align:start position:0% +time and uh well I'm not very good at +moving things exactly 10 mm so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +moving things exactly 10 mm so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +moving things exactly 10 mm so it's it's +a bit more noisy than the previous + + align:start position:0% +a bit more noisy than the previous + + + align:start position:0% +a bit more noisy than the previous +one uh so yeah we'll be talking a little + + align:start position:0% +one uh so yeah we'll be talking a little + + + align:start position:0% +one uh so yeah we'll be talking a little +bit about coordinate systems and + + align:start position:0% +bit about coordinate systems and + + + align:start position:0% +bit about coordinate systems and +Transformations between coordinate + + align:start position:0% +Transformations between coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +Transformations between coordinate +systems for example in the case of the + + align:start position:0% +systems for example in the case of the + + + align:start position:0% +systems for example in the case of the +robot applications we want to have a + + align:start position:0% +robot applications we want to have a + + + align:start position:0% +robot applications we want to have a +transformation between uh coordinate + + align:start position:0% +transformation between uh coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +transformation between uh coordinate +system that's native to the camera to a + + align:start position:0% +system that's native to the camera to a + + + align:start position:0% +system that's native to the camera to a +coordinate system that you know when you + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system that you know when you + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system that you know when you +get the robot it has kinematics + + align:start position:0% +get the robot it has kinematics + + + align:start position:0% +get the robot it has kinematics +programmed into it so that you can tell + + align:start position:0% +programmed into it so that you can tell + + + align:start position:0% +programmed into it so that you can tell +it in XYZ where to go and in angle how + + align:start position:0% +it in XYZ where to go and in angle how + + + align:start position:0% +it in XYZ where to go and in angle how +to orient the gripper but that's in + + align:start position:0% +to orient the gripper but that's in + + + align:start position:0% +to orient the gripper but that's in +terms of its defined coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +terms of its defined coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +terms of its defined coordinate system +which is probably you know the origins + + align:start position:0% +which is probably you know the origins + + + align:start position:0% +which is probably you know the origins +in the base where it's bolted in the in + + align:start position:0% +in the base where it's bolted in the in + + + align:start position:0% +in the base where it's bolted in the in +the ground whereas your camera up here + + align:start position:0% +the ground whereas your camera up here + + + align:start position:0% +the ground whereas your camera up here +it probably likes a coordinate system + + align:start position:0% +it probably likes a coordinate system + + + align:start position:0% +it probably likes a coordinate system +where its Center of um projection is the + + align:start position:0% +where its Center of um projection is the + + + align:start position:0% +where its Center of um projection is the +origin so we'll have to talk about those + + align:start position:0% +origin so we'll have to talk about those + + + align:start position:0% +origin so we'll have to talk about those +kinds of things and I won't go into that + + align:start position:0% +kinds of things and I won't go into that + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of things and I won't go into that +well talk about this later so I + + align:start position:0% +well talk about this later so I + + + align:start position:0% +well talk about this later so I +mentioned analog + + align:start position:0% +mentioned analog + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned analog +Computing and um you know now we just + + align:start position:0% +Computing and um you know now we just + + + align:start position:0% +Computing and um you know now we just +automatically everything is digital but + + align:start position:0% +automatically everything is digital but + + + align:start position:0% +automatically everything is digital but +uh there are some things that are kind + + align:start position:0% +uh there are some things that are kind + + + align:start position:0% +uh there are some things that are kind +of tedious you know if you have to + + align:start position:0% +of tedious you know if you have to + + + align:start position:0% +of tedious you know if you have to +process uh 10 million pixels and do + + align:start position:0% +process uh 10 million pixels and do + + + align:start position:0% +process uh 10 million pixels and do +complicated things with them uh that can + + align:start position:0% +complicated things with them uh that can + + + align:start position:0% +complicated things with them uh that can +since digital Computing isn't getting + + align:start position:0% +since digital Computing isn't getting + + + align:start position:0% +since digital Computing isn't getting +any faster uh that can be a problem okay + + align:start position:0% +any faster uh that can be a problem okay + + + align:start position:0% +any faster uh that can be a problem okay +so you can use parallelism and you know + + align:start position:0% +so you can use parallelism and you know + + + align:start position:0% +so you can use parallelism and you know +so so there's still an interest in + + align:start position:0% +so so there's still an interest in + + + align:start position:0% +so so there's still an interest in +analog and and so here this this is the + + align:start position:0% +analog and and so here this this is the + + + align:start position:0% +analog and and so here this this is the +output of a chip that we built to find + + align:start position:0% +output of a chip that we built to find + + + align:start position:0% +output of a chip that we built to find +the focus of expansion so uh and it's + + align:start position:0% +the focus of expansion so uh and it's + + + align:start position:0% +the focus of expansion so uh and it's +basically instantaneous unlike the + + align:start position:0% +basically instantaneous unlike the + + + align:start position:0% +basically instantaneous unlike the +digital calculation and the plot is a + + align:start position:0% +digital calculation and the plot is a + + + align:start position:0% +digital calculation and the plot is a +little hard to see but uh let's see the + + align:start position:0% +little hard to see but uh let's see the + + + align:start position:0% +little hard to see but uh let's see the +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +circles the circle um they're determined + + align:start position:0% +circles the circle um they're determined + + + align:start position:0% +circles the circle um they're determined +by two different algorithms uh and you + + align:start position:0% +by two different algorithms uh and you + + + align:start position:0% +by two different algorithms uh and you +can see that you know there's some error + + align:start position:0% +can see that you know there's some error + + + align:start position:0% +can see that you know there's some error +but overall the uh the cross the uh X + + align:start position:0% +but overall the uh the cross the uh X + + + align:start position:0% +but overall the uh the cross the uh X +and the O are sort of on top of each + + align:start position:0% +and the O are sort of on top of each + + + align:start position:0% +and the O are sort of on top of each +other and so on this was a fun project + + align:start position:0% +other and so on this was a fun project + + + align:start position:0% +other and so on this was a fun project +because um you know to um have a chip + + align:start position:0% +because um you know to um have a chip + + + align:start position:0% +because um you know to um have a chip +fabricated is expensive and so you can't + + align:start position:0% +fabricated is expensive and so you can't + + + align:start position:0% +fabricated is expensive and so you can't +afford to screw up too many times and of + + align:start position:0% +afford to screw up too many times and of + + + align:start position:0% +afford to screw up too many times and of +course with an algorithm this + + align:start position:0% +course with an algorithm this + + + align:start position:0% +course with an algorithm this +complicated you know what's the chance + + align:start position:0% +complicated you know what's the chance + + + align:start position:0% +complicated you know what's the chance +you'll get it right the first time so uh + + align:start position:0% +you'll get it right the first time so uh + + + align:start position:0% +you'll get it right the first time so uh +the student um finally reached a point + + align:start position:0% +the student um finally reached a point + + + align:start position:0% +the student um finally reached a point +where Opera wouldn't pay for any more + + align:start position:0% +where Opera wouldn't pay for any more + + + align:start position:0% +where Opera wouldn't pay for any more +Fabs and the last problem was there was + + align:start position:0% +Fabs and the last problem was there was + + + align:start position:0% +Fabs and the last problem was there was +a u large current to the substrate which + + align:start position:0% +a u large current to the substrate which + + + align:start position:0% +a u large current to the substrate which +caused uh it to get warm and of course + + align:start position:0% +caused uh it to get warm and of course + + + align:start position:0% +caused uh it to get warm and of course +once it gets hot it doesn't work anymore + + align:start position:0% +once it gets hot it doesn't work anymore + + + align:start position:0% +once it gets hot it doesn't work anymore +so he'd come in every morning with + + align:start position:0% +so he'd come in every morning with + + + align:start position:0% +so he'd come in every morning with +a a cooler full of ice cubes and a + + align:start position:0% +a a cooler full of ice cubes and a + + + align:start position:0% +a a cooler full of ice cubes and a +little aquarium pump and cool his focus + + align:start position:0% +little aquarium pump and cool his focus + + + align:start position:0% +little aquarium pump and cool his focus +of expansion ship to make sure that it + + align:start position:0% +of expansion ship to make sure that it + + + align:start position:0% +of expansion ship to make sure that it +wouldn't overheat + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't overheat + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't overheat +so okay so we talked a little bit about + + align:start position:0% +so okay so we talked a little bit about + + + align:start position:0% +so okay so we talked a little bit about +uh projection and uh motion uh let's + + align:start position:0% +uh projection and uh motion uh let's + + + align:start position:0% +uh projection and uh motion uh let's +talk about brightness so as you'll see + + align:start position:0% +talk about brightness so as you'll see + + + align:start position:0% +talk about brightness so as you'll see +um you can kind of split down the middle + + align:start position:0% +um you can kind of split down the middle + + + align:start position:0% +um you can kind of split down the middle +uh what we'll have to say about image + + align:start position:0% +uh what we'll have to say about image + + + align:start position:0% +uh what we'll have to say about image +formation so the first half is the one + + align:start position:0% +formation so the first half is the one + + + align:start position:0% +formation so the first half is the one +that's you know covered in physics uh + + align:start position:0% +that's you know covered in physics uh + + + align:start position:0% +that's you know covered in physics uh +projection uh it answers the question + + align:start position:0% +projection uh it answers the question + + + align:start position:0% +projection uh it answers the question +where so what is the relationship + + align:start position:0% +where so what is the relationship + + + align:start position:0% +where so what is the relationship +between points in the environment and + + align:start position:0% +between points in the environment and + + + align:start position:0% +between points in the environment and +points in the image and well Rays you + + align:start position:0% +points in the image and well Rays you + + + align:start position:0% +points in the image and well Rays you +know you connect it with a straight line + + align:start position:0% +know you connect it with a straight line + + + align:start position:0% +know you connect it with a straight line +through the center of projection and + + align:start position:0% +through the center of projection and + + + align:start position:0% +through the center of projection and +you're pretty much done that's called + + align:start position:0% +you're pretty much done that's called + + + align:start position:0% +you're pretty much done that's called +perspective projection and we'll talk + + align:start position:0% +perspective projection and we'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +perspective projection and we'll talk +about that but then the other part of + + align:start position:0% +about that but then the other part of + + + align:start position:0% +about that but then the other part of +half of the question is how bright you + + align:start position:0% +half of the question is how bright you + + + align:start position:0% +half of the question is how bright you +know what is the gray level at a point + + align:start position:0% +know what is the gray level at a point + + + align:start position:0% +know what is the gray level at a point +or in color terms RGB values at a point + + align:start position:0% +or in color terms RGB values at a point + + + align:start position:0% +or in color terms RGB values at a point +and so that's uh less often addressed in + + align:start position:0% +and so that's uh less often addressed in + + + align:start position:0% +and so that's uh less often addressed in +some other courses and we'll spend some + + align:start position:0% +some other courses and we'll spend some + + + align:start position:0% +some other courses and we'll spend some +time on that and obviously we'll need to + + align:start position:0% +time on that and obviously we'll need to + + + align:start position:0% +time on that and obviously we'll need to +do that if we're going to solve that + + align:start position:0% +do that if we're going to solve that + + + align:start position:0% +do that if we're going to solve that +shape from shading problem for example + + align:start position:0% +shape from shading problem for example + + + align:start position:0% +shape from shading problem for example +so this is uh what is this so we got + + align:start position:0% +so this is uh what is this so we got + + + align:start position:0% +so this is uh what is this so we got +three pictures here taken from pretty + + align:start position:0% +three pictures here taken from pretty + + + align:start position:0% +three pictures here taken from pretty +much the same camera orientation and + + align:start position:0% +much the same camera orientation and + + + align:start position:0% +much the same camera orientation and +position of down Montreal and obviously + + align:start position:0% +position of down Montreal and obviously + + + align:start position:0% +position of down Montreal and obviously +if you go to a particular pixel in the + + align:start position:0% +if you go to a particular pixel in the + + + align:start position:0% +if you go to a particular pixel in the +three images they're going to have + + align:start position:0% +three images they're going to have + + + align:start position:0% +three images they're going to have +different values right because the + + align:start position:0% +different values right because the + + + align:start position:0% +different values right because the +lighting's changed so what this + + align:start position:0% +lighting's changed so what this + + + align:start position:0% +lighting's changed so what this +illustrates right away is that + + align:start position:0% +illustrates right away is that + + + align:start position:0% +illustrates right away is that +illumination plays an important role and + + align:start position:0% +illumination plays an important role and + + + align:start position:0% +illumination plays an important role and +obviously we'd like to be insensitive to + + align:start position:0% +obviously we'd like to be insensitive to + + + align:start position:0% +obviously we'd like to be insensitive to +that in fact you know if you showed + + align:start position:0% +that in fact you know if you showed + + + align:start position:0% +that in fact you know if you showed +anyone anyone of these three pictures + + align:start position:0% +anyone anyone of these three pictures + + + align:start position:0% +anyone anyone of these three pictures +separately they say oh yeah okay that's + + align:start position:0% +separately they say oh yeah okay that's + + + align:start position:0% +separately they say oh yeah okay that's +plus svil Marie and you know they + + align:start position:0% +plus svil Marie and you know they + + + align:start position:0% +plus svil Marie and you know they +wouldn't even think about the fact that + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't even think about the fact that + + + align:start position:0% +wouldn't even think about the fact that +the gray levels are totally different + + align:start position:0% +the gray levels are totally different + + + align:start position:0% +the gray levels are totally different +because we automatically accommodate + + align:start position:0% +because we automatically accommodate + + + align:start position:0% +because we automatically accommodate +that that + + align:start position:0% +that that + + + align:start position:0% +that that +difference so we'll be looking at + + align:start position:0% +difference so we'll be looking at + + + align:start position:0% +difference so we'll be looking at +diagrams like this where we have a light + + align:start position:0% +diagrams like this where we have a light + + + align:start position:0% +diagrams like this where we have a light +source shown as the sun and an image + + align:start position:0% +source shown as the sun and an image + + + align:start position:0% +source shown as the sun and an image +device shown as an eye and a a tiny + + align:start position:0% +device shown as an eye and a a tiny + + + align:start position:0% +device shown as an eye and a a tiny +piece of the surface uh and the three + + align:start position:0% +piece of the surface uh and the three + + + align:start position:0% +piece of the surface uh and the three +angles that control reflection and so + + align:start position:0% +angles that control reflection and so + + + align:start position:0% +angles that control reflection and so +what we see from that uh direction is + + align:start position:0% +what we see from that uh direction is + + + align:start position:0% +what we see from that uh direction is +the function of where that light comes + + align:start position:0% +the function of where that light comes + + + align:start position:0% +the function of where that light comes +from what type of a material it is and + + align:start position:0% +from what type of a material it is and + + + align:start position:0% +from what type of a material it is and +how it's oriented and we we'll + + align:start position:0% +how it's oriented and we we'll + + + align:start position:0% +how it's oriented and we we'll +particularly focus on that orientation + + align:start position:0% +particularly focus on that orientation + + + align:start position:0% +particularly focus on that orientation +question because if we can figure out + + align:start position:0% +question because if we can figure out + + + align:start position:0% +question because if we can figure out +what the surface orientation is at lots + + align:start position:0% +what the surface orientation is at lots + + + align:start position:0% +what the surface orientation is at lots +of points we can kind of try and + + align:start position:0% +of points we can kind of try and + + + align:start position:0% +of points we can kind of try and +reconstruct the surface uh and you know + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the surface uh and you know + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruct the surface uh and you know +there's that business of counting + + align:start position:0% +there's that business of counting + + + align:start position:0% +there's that business of counting +constraints again because the uh what's + + align:start position:0% +constraints again because the uh what's + + + align:start position:0% +constraints again because the uh what's +the surface orientation it's two + + align:start position:0% +the surface orientation it's two + + + align:start position:0% +the surface orientation it's two +variables right because you can tilt it + + align:start position:0% +variables right because you can tilt it + + + align:start position:0% +variables right because you can tilt it +in X and you can tilt it in y That's + + align:start position:0% +in X and you can tilt it in y That's + + + align:start position:0% +in X and you can tilt it in y That's +sort of the crude way to see why that is + + align:start position:0% +sort of the crude way to see why that is + + + align:start position:0% +sort of the crude way to see why that is +and what are we getting we're getting + + align:start position:0% +and what are we getting we're getting + + + align:start position:0% +and what are we getting we're getting +one brightness measurement so we're kind + + align:start position:0% +one brightness measurement so we're kind + + + align:start position:0% +one brightness measurement so we're kind +of it's not clear you can do it it might + + align:start position:0% +of it's not clear you can do it it might + + + align:start position:0% +of it's not clear you can do it it might +be under constraint + + align:start position:0% +be under constraint + + + align:start position:0% +be under constraint +so and the um image you get of an object + + align:start position:0% +so and the um image you get of an object + + + align:start position:0% +so and the um image you get of an object +depends on its orientation and the way + + align:start position:0% +depends on its orientation and the way + + + align:start position:0% +depends on its orientation and the way +I've shown it here is to show the same + + align:start position:0% +I've shown it here is to show the same + + + align:start position:0% +I've shown it here is to show the same +object basically in many different + + align:start position:0% +object basically in many different + + + align:start position:0% +object basically in many different +orientations and not only does it + + align:start position:0% +orientations and not only does it + + + align:start position:0% +orientations and not only does it +outline change but you can see the uh + + align:start position:0% +outline change but you can see the uh + + + align:start position:0% +outline change but you can see the uh +brightness within the outline depends a + + align:start position:0% +brightness within the outline depends a + + + align:start position:0% +brightness within the outline depends a +lot on that as + + align:start position:0% +lot on that as + + + align:start position:0% +lot on that as +well and things depend a lot on the + + align:start position:0% +well and things depend a lot on the + + + align:start position:0% +well and things depend a lot on the +surface reflecting properties so on the + + align:start position:0% +surface reflecting properties so on the + + + align:start position:0% +surface reflecting properties so on the +left we have a a matte surface uh you + + align:start position:0% +left we have a a matte surface uh you + + + align:start position:0% +left we have a a matte surface uh you +know white matte paint out of a spray + + align:start position:0% +know white matte paint out of a spray + + + align:start position:0% +know white matte paint out of a spray +can and on the right we have a metallic + + align:start position:0% +can and on the right we have a metallic + + + align:start position:0% +can and on the right we have a metallic +surface and so even though it's the same + + align:start position:0% +surface and so even though it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +surface and so even though it's the same +shape we have a very different + + align:start position:0% +shape we have a very different + + + align:start position:0% +shape we have a very different +appearance and so we'll have to take + + align:start position:0% +appearance and so we'll have to take + + + align:start position:0% +appearance and so we'll have to take +that into account and try and understand + + align:start position:0% +that into account and try and understand + + + align:start position:0% +that into account and try and understand +um how do you describe that you know + + align:start position:0% +um how do you describe that you know + + + align:start position:0% +um how do you describe that you know +what what um equation or what um + + align:start position:0% +what what um equation or what um + + + align:start position:0% +what what um equation or what um +terminology shall we use for that so + + align:start position:0% +terminology shall we use for that so + + + align:start position:0% +terminology shall we use for that so +we'll sort of Jump Ahead here to one + + align:start position:0% +we'll sort of Jump Ahead here to one + + + align:start position:0% +we'll sort of Jump Ahead here to one +approach to this question which is you + + align:start position:0% +approach to this question which is you + + + align:start position:0% +approach to this question which is you +know suppose we had suppose we lived in + + align:start position:0% +know suppose we had suppose we lived in + + + align:start position:0% +know suppose we had suppose we lived in +a solar system with three Suns that have + + align:start position:0% +a solar system with three Suns that have + + + align:start position:0% +a solar system with three Suns that have +different colors no uh this is what we + + align:start position:0% +different colors no uh this is what we + + + align:start position:0% +different colors no uh this is what we +get there's a cube and uh it would make + + align:start position:0% +get there's a cube and uh it would make + + + align:start position:0% +get there's a cube and uh it would make +things very easy right because there's a + + align:start position:0% +things very easy right because there's a + + + align:start position:0% +things very easy right because there's a +relationship between the color and the + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the color and the + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the color and the +orientation so if I have that particular + + align:start position:0% +orientation so if I have that particular + + + align:start position:0% +orientation so if I have that particular +type of blue up there I know that the + + align:start position:0% +type of blue up there I know that the + + + align:start position:0% +type of blue up there I know that the +surface is oriented in that particular + + align:start position:0% +surface is oriented in that particular + + + align:start position:0% +surface is oriented in that particular +way so that would make the problem very + + align:start position:0% +way so that would make the problem very + + + align:start position:0% +way so that would make the problem very +easy and so uh that leads us to an idea + + align:start position:0% +easy and so uh that leads us to an idea + + + align:start position:0% +easy and so uh that leads us to an idea +of how to solve this problem so um as I + + align:start position:0% +of how to solve this problem so um as I + + + align:start position:0% +of how to solve this problem so um as I +mentioned there's this so-called bin of + + align:start position:0% +mentioned there's this so-called bin of + + + align:start position:0% +mentioned there's this so-called bin of +Parts problems which we were foolishly + + align:start position:0% +Parts problems which we were foolishly + + + align:start position:0% +Parts problems which we were foolishly +enough to believe uh what the mechanical + + align:start position:0% +enough to believe uh what the mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +enough to believe uh what the mechanical +engineers wrote uh in the annual report + + align:start position:0% +engineers wrote uh in the annual report + + + align:start position:0% +engineers wrote uh in the annual report +so what they said was here are the 10 + + align:start position:0% +so what they said was here are the 10 + + + align:start position:0% +so what they said was here are the 10 +most important problem to solve in + + align:start position:0% +most important problem to solve in + + + align:start position:0% +most important problem to solve in +mechanical engineering and this this was + + align:start position:0% +mechanical engineering and this this was + + + align:start position:0% +mechanical engineering and this this was +I forget number two you know how to pick + + align:start position:0% +I forget number two you know how to pick + + + align:start position:0% +I forget number two you know how to pick +Parts when they're not palletized when + + align:start position:0% +Parts when they're not palletized when + + + align:start position:0% +Parts when they're not palletized when +they're not perfectly arranged and so + + align:start position:0% +they're not perfectly arranged and so + + + align:start position:0% +they're not perfectly arranged and so +here the task is to take one after + + align:start position:0% +here the task is to take one after + + + align:start position:0% +here the task is to take one after +another of these rings off the pile of + + align:start position:0% +another of these rings off the pile of + + + align:start position:0% +another of these rings off the pile of +rings and of course because they're + + align:start position:0% +rings and of course because they're + + + align:start position:0% +rings and of course because they're +lying if they were just lying on the + + align:start position:0% +lying if they were just lying on the + + + align:start position:0% +lying if they were just lying on the +surface it would be easy because there + + align:start position:0% +surface it would be easy because there + + + align:start position:0% +surface it would be easy because there +are only that many stable positions well + + align:start position:0% +are only that many stable positions well + + + align:start position:0% +are only that many stable positions well +for this object there are only two and + + align:start position:0% +for this object there are only two and + + + align:start position:0% +for this object there are only two and +so it would be pretty straightforward + + align:start position:0% +so it would be pretty straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +so it would be pretty straightforward +but since they can lie on top of each + + align:start position:0% +but since they can lie on top of each + + + align:start position:0% +but since they can lie on top of each +other they can take on any orientation + + align:start position:0% +other they can take on any orientation + + + align:start position:0% +other they can take on any orientation +in space + + align:start position:0% +in space + + + align:start position:0% +in space +and also they obscure each other and + + align:start position:0% +and also they obscure each other and + + + align:start position:0% +and also they obscure each other and +also Shadows of one fall on the other so + + align:start position:0% +also Shadows of one fall on the other so + + + align:start position:0% +also Shadows of one fall on the other so +it gets more + + align:start position:0% +it gets more + + + align:start position:0% +it gets more +interesting and you can see that it took + + align:start position:0% +interesting and you can see that it took + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and you can see that it took +many experiments to get this right so + + align:start position:0% +many experiments to get this right so + + + align:start position:0% +many experiments to get this right so +these uh objects got a little bit + + align:start position:0% +these uh objects got a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +these uh objects got a little bit +hammered so you have to be insensitive + + align:start position:0% +hammered so you have to be insensitive + + + align:start position:0% +hammered so you have to be insensitive +to the noise due to + + align:start position:0% +to the noise due to + + + align:start position:0% +to the noise due to +that um and we need a calibration so we + + align:start position:0% +that um and we need a calibration so we + + + align:start position:0% +that um and we need a calibration so we +need to know the relationship between + + align:start position:0% +need to know the relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +need to know the relationship between +surface orientation and what we get in + + align:start position:0% +surface orientation and what we get in + + + align:start position:0% +surface orientation and what we get in +the image and so how best to calibrate + + align:start position:0% +the image and so how best to calibrate + + + align:start position:0% +the image and so how best to calibrate +well you want an object of known shape + + align:start position:0% +well you want an object of known shape + + + align:start position:0% +well you want an object of known shape +and you know nothing better than a + + align:start position:0% +and you know nothing better than a + + + align:start position:0% +and you know nothing better than a +sphere for that um you don't it's very + + align:start position:0% +sphere for that um you don't it's very + + + align:start position:0% +sphere for that um you don't it's very +cheap you just go to the store and buy + + align:start position:0% +cheap you just go to the store and buy + + + align:start position:0% +cheap you just go to the store and buy +one don't have to manufacture a + + align:start position:0% +one don't have to manufacture a + + + align:start position:0% +one don't have to manufacture a +paraboloid you know or something and + + align:start position:0% +paraboloid you know or something and + + + align:start position:0% +paraboloid you know or something and +this may be a little odd picture but now + + align:start position:0% +this may be a little odd picture but now + + + align:start position:0% +this may be a little odd picture but now +this is looking up into the ceiling so + + align:start position:0% +this is looking up into the ceiling so + + + align:start position:0% +this is looking up into the ceiling so +in the ceiling there are three sets of + + align:start position:0% +in the ceiling there are three sets of + + + align:start position:0% +in the ceiling there are three sets of +fluorescent lights and in this case + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent lights and in this case + + + align:start position:0% +fluorescent lights and in this case +they're all three turned on but in the + + align:start position:0% +they're all three turned on but in the + + + align:start position:0% +they're all three turned on but in the +experiment they're used one at a time so + + align:start position:0% +experiment they're used one at a time so + + + align:start position:0% +experiment they're used one at a time so +you have three different Illuminating + + align:start position:0% +you have three different Illuminating + + + align:start position:0% +you have three different Illuminating +conditions and we get a constraint uh at + + align:start position:0% +conditions and we get a constraint uh at + + + align:start position:0% +conditions and we get a constraint uh at +each pixel out of each one so Tada we + + align:start position:0% +each pixel out of each one so Tada we + + + align:start position:0% +each pixel out of each one so Tada we +have enough constraints right we've got + + align:start position:0% +have enough constraints right we've got + + + align:start position:0% +have enough constraints right we've got +the three constraints at every pixel we + + align:start position:0% +the three constraints at every pixel we + + + align:start position:0% +the three constraints at every pixel we +need two for surface orientation and we + + align:start position:0% +need two for surface orientation and we + + + align:start position:0% +need two for surface orientation and we +have an extra one well the extra one + + align:start position:0% +have an extra one well the extra one + + + align:start position:0% +have an extra one well the extra one +allows us to cope with uh albo changes + + align:start position:0% +allows us to cope with uh albo changes + + + align:start position:0% +allows us to cope with uh albo changes +in reflectance so we can actually + + align:start position:0% +in reflectance so we can actually + + + align:start position:0% +in reflectance so we can actually +recover both the surface orientation and + + align:start position:0% +recover both the surface orientation and + + + align:start position:0% +recover both the surface orientation and +the reflectance of the surface if we do + + align:start position:0% +the reflectance of the surface if we do + + + align:start position:0% +the reflectance of the surface if we do +this with three uh lights so here's our + + align:start position:0% +this with three uh lights so here's our + + + align:start position:0% +this with three uh lights so here's our +vibration object illuminated by one of + + align:start position:0% +vibration object illuminated by one of + + + align:start position:0% +vibration object illuminated by one of +those lights and now we repeat it with + + align:start position:0% +those lights and now we repeat it with + + + align:start position:0% +those lights and now we repeat it with +the other two and just for human + + align:start position:0% +the other two and just for human + + + align:start position:0% +the other two and just for human +consumption we can combine the results + + align:start position:0% +consumption we can combine the results + + + align:start position:0% +consumption we can combine the results +into an RGB picture so this is actually + + align:start position:0% +into an RGB picture so this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +into an RGB picture so this is actually +three separate pictures and we've used + + align:start position:0% +three separate pictures and we've used + + + align:start position:0% +three separate pictures and we've used +them as the red green and blue uh planes + + align:start position:0% +them as the red green and blue uh planes + + + align:start position:0% +them as the red green and blue uh planes +of a color picture and you can see that + + align:start position:0% +of a color picture and you can see that + + + align:start position:0% +of a color picture and you can see that +um different surface orientation produce + + align:start position:0% +um different surface orientation produce + + + align:start position:0% +um different surface orientation produce +different colors meaning different + + align:start position:0% +different colors meaning different + + + align:start position:0% +different colors meaning different +results under the three Illuminating + + align:start position:0% +results under the three Illuminating + + + align:start position:0% +results under the three Illuminating +conditions and so conversely if I have + + align:start position:0% +conditions and so conversely if I have + + + align:start position:0% +conditions and so conversely if I have +the three images I can go to a pixel + + align:start position:0% +the three images I can go to a pixel + + + align:start position:0% +the three images I can go to a pixel +read off the three values and figure out + + align:start position:0% +read off the three values and figure out + + + align:start position:0% +read off the three values and figure out +what the orientation is and you know you + + align:start position:0% +what the orientation is and you know you + + + align:start position:0% +what the orientation is and you know you +might see a few things one of them is + + align:start position:0% +might see a few things one of them is + + + align:start position:0% +might see a few things one of them is +that there's certain areas where the + + align:start position:0% +that there's certain areas where the + + + align:start position:0% +that there's certain areas where the +color is not changing very rapidly well + + align:start position:0% +color is not changing very rapidly well + + + align:start position:0% +color is not changing very rapidly well +that's bad right because that means that + + align:start position:0% +that's bad right because that means that + + + align:start position:0% +that's bad right because that means that +if there's some small error in your + + align:start position:0% +if there's some small error in your + + + align:start position:0% +if there's some small error in your +measurement you can't be sure exactly + + align:start position:0% +measurement you can't be sure exactly + + + align:start position:0% +measurement you can't be sure exactly +where you are and the other areas where + + align:start position:0% +where you are and the other areas where + + + align:start position:0% +where you are and the other areas where +the color is changing pretty + + align:start position:0% +the color is changing pretty + + + align:start position:0% +the color is changing pretty +dramatically and that's great because + + align:start position:0% +dramatically and that's great because + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically and that's great because +any tiny change in surface orientation + + align:start position:0% +any tiny change in surface orientation + + + align:start position:0% +any tiny change in surface orientation +will have an effect and so so one of the + + align:start position:0% +will have an effect and so so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +will have an effect and so so one of the +things we'll talk about is that kind of + + align:start position:0% +things we'll talk about is that kind of + + + align:start position:0% +things we'll talk about is that kind of +noise gain that sensitivity to + + align:start position:0% +noise gain that sensitivity to + + + align:start position:0% +noise gain that sensitivity to +measurement error why worry about it + + align:start position:0% +measurement error why worry about it + + + align:start position:0% +measurement error why worry about it +well images are noisy so first of all um + + align:start position:0% +well images are noisy so first of all um + + + align:start position:0% +well images are noisy so first of all um +lot of the images you're looking at the + + align:start position:0% +lot of the images you're looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +lot of the images you're looking at the +8bit images that's one part in 256 you + + align:start position:0% +8bit images that's one part in 256 you + + + align:start position:0% +8bit images that's one part in 256 you +know that's really crude quantization + + align:start position:0% +know that's really crude quantization + + + align:start position:0% +know that's really crude quantization +and you can't even trust the bottom one + + align:start position:0% +and you can't even trust the bottom one + + + align:start position:0% +and you can't even trust the bottom one +or two bits of those um if you're lucky + + align:start position:0% +or two bits of those um if you're lucky + + + align:start position:0% +or two bits of those um if you're lucky +and you get raw images out of a fancy + + align:start position:0% +and you get raw images out of a fancy + + + align:start position:0% +and you get raw images out of a fancy +dsrr uh you might have 10 bits or + + align:start position:0% +dsrr uh you might have 10 bits or + + + align:start position:0% +dsrr uh you might have 10 bits or +12 uh another way to look at it is that + + align:start position:0% +12 uh another way to look at it is that + + + align:start position:0% +12 uh another way to look at it is that +a pixel is small how big is a pixel in a + + align:start position:0% +a pixel is small how big is a pixel in a + + + align:start position:0% +a pixel is small how big is a pixel in a +typical uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +camera so we can sort of figure it out + + align:start position:0% +camera so we can sort of figure it out + + + align:start position:0% +camera so we can sort of figure it out +so the chip is you know a few + + align:start position:0% +so the chip is you know a few + + + align:start position:0% +so the chip is you know a few +millimeters by a few millimeters and we + + align:start position:0% +millimeters by a few millimeters and we + + + align:start position:0% +millimeters by a few millimeters and we +got uh a few thousand by a few thousand + + align:start position:0% +got uh a few thousand by a few thousand + + + align:start position:0% +got uh a few thousand by a few thousand +um uh columns and rows so it's sort of a + + align:start position:0% +um uh columns and rows so it's sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +um uh columns and rows so it's sort of a +few microns and you know they're huge + + align:start position:0% +few microns and you know they're huge + + + align:start position:0% +few microns and you know they're huge +tra like the one in your in your phone + + align:start position:0% +tra like the one in your in your phone + + + align:start position:0% +tra like the one in your in your phone +has smaller pixels the one in the DS + + align:start position:0% +has smaller pixels the one in the DS + + + align:start position:0% +has smaller pixels the one in the DS +DSLR has larger pixels but in any case + + align:start position:0% +DSLR has larger pixels but in any case + + + align:start position:0% +DSLR has larger pixels but in any case +they're tiny now imagine that there's + + align:start position:0% +they're tiny now imagine that there's + + + align:start position:0% +they're tiny now imagine that there's +you know light bouncing around the room + + align:start position:0% +you know light bouncing around the room + + + align:start position:0% +you know light bouncing around the room +a little bit of that light goes through + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of that light goes through + + + align:start position:0% +a little bit of that light goes through +the lens and a tiny tiny part of that + + align:start position:0% +the lens and a tiny tiny part of that + + + align:start position:0% +the lens and a tiny tiny part of that +gets onto that one pixel so the number + + align:start position:0% +gets onto that one pixel so the number + + + align:start position:0% +gets onto that one pixel so the number +of photons that actually hit a pixel is + + align:start position:0% +of photons that actually hit a pixel is + + + align:start position:0% +of photons that actually hit a pixel is +relatively small it's like a million or + + align:start position:0% +relatively small it's like a million or + + + align:start position:0% +relatively small it's like a million or +less and so that means that now we have + + align:start position:0% +less and so that means that now we have + + + align:start position:0% +less and so that means that now we have +to worry about statistics of counting + + align:start position:0% +to worry about statistics of counting + + + align:start position:0% +to worry about statistics of counting +you know as you as you can imagine if + + align:start position:0% +you know as you as you can imagine if + + + align:start position:0% +you know as you as you can imagine if +you if you have 10 photons is it nine is + + align:start position:0% +you if you have 10 photons is it nine is + + + align:start position:0% +you if you have 10 photons is it nine is +it 10 is it 11 you know that's a huge + + align:start position:0% +it 10 is it 11 you know that's a huge + + + align:start position:0% +it 10 is it 11 you know that's a huge +error so if you're a million it's + + align:start position:0% +error so if you're a million it's + + + align:start position:0% +error so if you're a million it's +already better it's like one in a + + align:start position:0% +already better it's like one in a + + + align:start position:0% +already better it's like one in a +thousand but so the number of um photons + + align:start position:0% +thousand but so the number of um photons + + + align:start position:0% +thousand but so the number of um photons +that can uh go into a single Pixel is + + align:start position:0% +that can uh go into a single Pixel is + + + align:start position:0% +that can uh go into a single Pixel is +small but not only is there little light + + align:start position:0% +small but not only is there little light + + + align:start position:0% +small but not only is there little light +coming in but actually the pixel itself + + align:start position:0% +coming in but actually the pixel itself + + + align:start position:0% +coming in but actually the pixel itself +can't store that much the phons are + + align:start position:0% +can't store that much the phons are + + + align:start position:0% +can't store that much the phons are +converted to electrons each pixel is + + align:start position:0% +converted to electrons each pixel is + + + align:start position:0% +converted to electrons each pixel is +like a tiny capacitor that can take a + + align:start position:0% +like a tiny capacitor that can take a + + + align:start position:0% +like a tiny capacitor that can take a +certain charge before it's full so + + align:start position:0% +certain charge before it's full so + + + align:start position:0% +certain charge before it's full so +anyway images are noisy so we have to be + + align:start position:0% +anyway images are noisy so we have to be + + + align:start position:0% +anyway images are noisy so we have to be +uh cognizant of that so that was the + + align:start position:0% +uh cognizant of that so that was the + + + align:start position:0% +uh cognizant of that so that was the +calibration now we go to the real object + + align:start position:0% +calibration now we go to the real object + + + align:start position:0% +calibration now we go to the real object +and again different surface orientations + + align:start position:0% +and again different surface orientations + + + align:start position:0% +and again different surface orientations +produce different colors from that we + + align:start position:0% +produce different colors from that we + + + align:start position:0% +produce different colors from that we +can construct this uh so-called needle + + align:start position:0% +can construct this uh so-called needle + + + align:start position:0% +can construct this uh so-called needle +diagram so imagine that we divide the + + align:start position:0% +diagram so imagine that we divide the + + + align:start position:0% +diagram so imagine that we divide the +surface up into little patches and at + + align:start position:0% +surface up into little patches and at + + + align:start position:0% +surface up into little patches and at +each point we uh erect the surface + + align:start position:0% +each point we uh erect the surface + + + align:start position:0% +each point we uh erect the surface +normal and then these tiny little maybe + + align:start position:0% +normal and then these tiny little maybe + + + align:start position:0% +normal and then these tiny little maybe +hard to see but the tiny little bluish + + align:start position:0% +hard to see but the tiny little bluish + + + align:start position:0% +hard to see but the tiny little bluish +spikes that are the projections of those + + align:start position:0% +spikes that are the projections of those + + + align:start position:0% +spikes that are the projections of those +surface normals so in some areas like + + align:start position:0% +surface normals so in some areas like + + + align:start position:0% +surface normals so in some areas like +here they're pretty much pointing + + align:start position:0% +here they're pretty much pointing + + + align:start position:0% +here they're pretty much pointing +straight out at you so here you're + + align:start position:0% +straight out at you so here you're + + + align:start position:0% +straight out at you so here you're +looking perpendicular onto the surface + + align:start position:0% +looking perpendicular onto the surface + + + align:start position:0% +looking perpendicular onto the surface +whereas over here the surface is curving + + align:start position:0% +whereas over here the surface is curving + + + align:start position:0% +whereas over here the surface is curving +down and you're looking sideways so + + align:start position:0% +down and you're looking sideways so + + + align:start position:0% +down and you're looking sideways so +that's a description of the surface and + + align:start position:0% +that's a description of the surface and + + + align:start position:0% +that's a description of the surface and +we could use that to reconstruct the + + align:start position:0% +we could use that to reconstruct the + + + align:start position:0% +we could use that to reconstruct the +shape but if we're doing recognition and + + align:start position:0% +shape but if we're doing recognition and + + + align:start position:0% +shape but if we're doing recognition and +finding out orientation we we might do + + align:start position:0% +finding out orientation we we might do + + + align:start position:0% +finding out orientation we we might do +something else uh so here you see it's + + align:start position:0% +something else uh so here you see it's + + + align:start position:0% +something else uh so here you see it's +actually slightly more complicated + + align:start position:0% +actually slightly more complicated + + + align:start position:0% +actually slightly more complicated +because you've got shadows and it's + + align:start position:0% +because you've got shadows and it's + + + align:start position:0% +because you've got shadows and it's +harder to see but there's also in interf + + align:start position:0% +harder to see but there's also in interf + + + align:start position:0% +harder to see but there's also in interf +flection that is with these white + + align:start position:0% +flection that is with these white + + + align:start position:0% +flection that is with these white +objects uh light bounces off each of + + align:start position:0% +objects uh light bounces off each of + + + align:start position:0% +objects uh light bounces off each of +them in a matte way goes everywhere and + + align:start position:0% +them in a matte way goes everywhere and + + + align:start position:0% +them in a matte way goes everywhere and +it spills on to the other surfaces so + + align:start position:0% +it spills on to the other surfaces so + + + align:start position:0% +it spills on to the other surfaces so +it's not quite as simple as I explained + + align:start position:0% +it's not quite as simple as I explained + + + align:start position:0% +it's not quite as simple as I explained +so what do we do with our surface + + align:start position:0% +so what do we do with our surface + + + align:start position:0% +so what do we do with our surface +normals well what we want a compact + + align:start position:0% +normals well what we want a compact + + + align:start position:0% +normals well what we want a compact +convenient description of shape and for + + align:start position:0% +convenient description of shape and for + + + align:start position:0% +convenient description of shape and for +this purpose one such description is + + align:start position:0% +this purpose one such description is + + + align:start position:0% +this purpose one such description is +something called an extended Gan image + + align:start position:0% +something called an extended Gan image + + + align:start position:0% +something called an extended Gan image +which we'll discuss in class where you + + align:start position:0% +which we'll discuss in class where you + + + align:start position:0% +which we'll discuss in class where you +take all of those needles and you throw + + align:start position:0% +take all of those needles and you throw + + + align:start position:0% +take all of those needles and you throw +them out uh onto a sphere and so for + + align:start position:0% +them out uh onto a sphere and so for + + + align:start position:0% +them out uh onto a sphere and so for +example for this object uh we have a + + align:start position:0% +example for this object uh we have a + + + align:start position:0% +example for this object uh we have a +flat surface at the top all of those + + align:start position:0% +flat surface at the top all of those + + + align:start position:0% +flat surface at the top all of those +patches of that surface have the same + + align:start position:0% +patches of that surface have the same + + + align:start position:0% +patches of that surface have the same +orientation so they're going to + + align:start position:0% +orientation so they're going to + + + align:start position:0% +orientation so they're going to +contribute that big pile of dots at the + + align:start position:0% +contribute that big pile of dots at the + + + align:start position:0% +contribute that big pile of dots at the +North Pole so just uh cut that short + + align:start position:0% +North Pole so just uh cut that short + + + align:start position:0% +North Pole so just uh cut that short +it's a representation in 3D that's very + + align:start position:0% +it's a representation in 3D that's very + + + align:start position:0% +it's a representation in 3D that's very +convenient if the object if we need to + + align:start position:0% +convenient if the object if we need to + + + align:start position:0% +convenient if the object if we need to +know the orientation of the object if + + align:start position:0% +know the orientation of the object if + + + align:start position:0% +know the orientation of the object if +because if we rotate this object that + + align:start position:0% +because if we rotate this object that + + + align:start position:0% +because if we rotate this object that +representation just rotates you can + + align:start position:0% +representation just rotates you can + + + align:start position:0% +representation just rotates you can +think of many other representations that + + align:start position:0% +think of many other representations that + + + align:start position:0% +think of many other representations that +don't have that + + align:start position:0% +don't have that + + + align:start position:0% +don't have that +property okay so here it is um you could + + align:start position:0% +property okay so here it is um you could + + + align:start position:0% +property okay so here it is um you could +imagine that it wasn't easy to get the + + align:start position:0% +imagine that it wasn't easy to get the + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that it wasn't easy to get the +sponsor of the project to pay for these + + align:start position:0% +sponsor of the project to pay for these + + + align:start position:0% +sponsor of the project to pay for these +parts + + align:start position:0% +parts + + + align:start position:0% +parts +here I I think they were concerned they + + align:start position:0% +here I I think they were concerned they + + + align:start position:0% +here I I think they were concerned they +were not for experimental purposes so um + + align:start position:0% +were not for experimental purposes so um + + + align:start position:0% +were not for experimental purposes so um +this is a single C camera system so + + align:start position:0% +this is a single C camera system so + + + align:start position:0% +this is a single C camera system so +there's no depth so uh the way this + + align:start position:0% +there's no depth so uh the way this + + + align:start position:0% +there's no depth so uh the way this +works is that you do all this image + + align:start position:0% +works is that you do all this image + + + align:start position:0% +works is that you do all this image +processing you figure out which object + + align:start position:0% +processing you figure out which object + + + align:start position:0% +processing you figure out which object +to pick up and how it's oriented and + + align:start position:0% +to pick up and how it's oriented and + + + align:start position:0% +to pick up and how it's oriented and +then you uh reach down with a hand until + + align:start position:0% +then you uh reach down with a hand until + + + align:start position:0% +then you uh reach down with a hand until +a beam is + + align:start position:0% +a beam is + + + align:start position:0% +a beam is +interrupted then you know the depth so + + align:start position:0% +interrupted then you know the depth so + + + align:start position:0% +interrupted then you know the depth so +here the beam is interrupted and now the + + align:start position:0% +here the beam is interrupted and now the + + + align:start position:0% +here the beam is interrupted and now the +robot backs up and reorients the hand + + align:start position:0% +robot backs up and reorients the hand + + + align:start position:0% +robot backs up and reorients the hand +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +grasping and then it comes back and + + align:start position:0% +grasping and then it comes back and + + + align:start position:0% +grasping and then it comes back and +grasp that object + + align:start position:0% +grasp that object + + + align:start position:0% +grasp that object +and and so on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and I showed this because uh another + + align:start position:0% +and I showed this because uh another + + + align:start position:0% +and I showed this because uh another +thing another calibration I left out was + + align:start position:0% +thing another calibration I left out was + + + align:start position:0% +thing another calibration I left out was +uh what I previously mentioned the + + align:start position:0% +uh what I previously mentioned the + + + align:start position:0% +uh what I previously mentioned the +relationship between the uh robot + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the uh robot + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the uh robot +coordinate system and the vision system + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and the vision system + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and the vision system +coordinate system and uh one way of + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and uh one way of + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and uh one way of +dealing with that is to have the robot + + align:start position:0% +dealing with that is to have the robot + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with that is to have the robot +carry around something that's easy to + + align:start position:0% +carry around something that's easy to + + + align:start position:0% +carry around something that's easy to +see and accurate locatable this is + + align:start position:0% +see and accurate locatable this is + + + align:start position:0% +see and accurate locatable this is +something called a surveyor mark because + + align:start position:0% +something called a surveyor mark because + + + align:start position:0% +something called a surveyor mark because +surveyors have used that trick for a + + align:start position:0% +surveyors have used that trick for a + + + align:start position:0% +surveyors have used that trick for a +very long time um it's easy to process + + align:start position:0% +very long time um it's easy to process + + + align:start position:0% +very long time um it's easy to process +the image and you can find the location + + align:start position:0% +the image and you can find the location + + + align:start position:0% +the image and you can find the location +or the intersection of these two lines + + align:start position:0% +or the intersection of these two lines + + + align:start position:0% +or the intersection of these two lines +very accurately with sub pixel accuracy + + align:start position:0% +very accurately with sub pixel accuracy + + + align:start position:0% +very accurately with sub pixel accuracy +so you move that around in the workspace + + align:start position:0% +so you move that around in the workspace + + + align:start position:0% +so you move that around in the workspace +and then find the uh you know fit the + + align:start position:0% +and then find the uh you know fit the + + + align:start position:0% +and then find the uh you know fit the +transformation to it and then you can + + align:start position:0% +transformation to it and then you can + + + align:start position:0% +transformation to it and then you can +use that to + + align:start position:0% +use that to + + + align:start position:0% +use that to +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +uh okay uh back to more serious stuff + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um so that should give you a sort of + + align:start position:0% +um so that should give you a sort of + + + align:start position:0% +um so that should give you a sort of +taste of um the kind of thing that uh + + align:start position:0% +taste of um the kind of thing that uh + + + align:start position:0% +taste of um the kind of thing that uh +we'll be + + align:start position:0% +we'll be + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be +doing and what I'm going to do now + + align:start position:0% +doing and what I'm going to do now + + + align:start position:0% +doing and what I'm going to do now +is um work towards + + align:start position:0% +is um work towards + + + align:start position:0% +is um work towards +um what you need for the homework + + align:start position:0% +um what you need for the homework + + + align:start position:0% +um what you need for the homework +problem so so first um are there any + + align:start position:0% +problem so so first um are there any + + + align:start position:0% +problem so so first um are there any +questions about what you saw I mean a + + align:start position:0% +questions about what you saw I mean a + + + align:start position:0% +questions about what you saw I mean a +lot of that's going to get filled in as + + align:start position:0% +lot of that's going to get filled in as + + + align:start position:0% +lot of that's going to get filled in as +we go through the + + align:start position:0% +we go through the + + + align:start position:0% +we go through the +term okay so um I mentioned this idea of + + align:start position:0% +term okay so um I mentioned this idea of + + + align:start position:0% +term okay so um I mentioned this idea of +um inverse Graphics so if we + + align:start position:0% +um inverse Graphics so if we + + + align:start position:0% +um inverse Graphics so if we +have a world + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model we can make an image + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and you know uh people who into Graphics + + align:start position:0% +and you know uh people who into Graphics + + + align:start position:0% +and you know uh people who into Graphics +will hate me saying that but that's the + + align:start position:0% +will hate me saying that but that's the + + + align:start position:0% +will hate me saying that but that's the +easy part that's the forward problem + + align:start position:0% +easy part that's the forward problem + + + align:start position:0% +easy part that's the forward problem +right it's well defined and and the + + align:start position:0% +right it's well defined and and the + + + align:start position:0% +right it's well defined and and the +interesting part is how do you do it + + align:start position:0% +interesting part is how do you do it + + + align:start position:0% +interesting part is how do you do it +well how do you do it fast how how do + + align:start position:0% +well how do you do it fast how how do + + + align:start position:0% +well how do you do it fast how how do +you do it when the scene has only + + align:start position:0% +you do it when the scene has only + + + align:start position:0% +you do it when the scene has only +changed slightly and you don't want to + + align:start position:0% +changed slightly and you don't want to + + + align:start position:0% +changed slightly and you don't want to +have to recompute everything and so on + + align:start position:0% +have to recompute everything and so on + + + align:start position:0% +have to recompute everything and so on +but what we're trying to do is kind of + + align:start position:0% +but what we're trying to do is kind of + + + align:start position:0% +but what we're trying to do is kind of +invert that Pro process + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so we take the image and we're trying to + + align:start position:0% +so we take the image and we're trying to + + + align:start position:0% +so we take the image and we're trying to +learn something about the world now we + + align:start position:0% +learn something about the world now we + + + align:start position:0% +learn something about the world now we +can't actually you know reconstruct the + + align:start position:0% +can't actually you know reconstruct the + + + align:start position:0% +can't actually you know reconstruct the +world we typically don't end up with a + + align:start position:0% +world we typically don't end up with a + + + align:start position:0% +world we typically don't end up with a +3D printer you know doing that um + + align:start position:0% +3D printer you know doing that um + + + align:start position:0% +3D printer you know doing that um +usually this is this ends at a kind of + + align:start position:0% +usually this is this ends at a kind of + + + align:start position:0% +usually this is this ends at a kind of +description it may be a shape or a + + align:start position:0% +description it may be a shape or a + + + align:start position:0% +description it may be a shape or a +identity of some object or its + + align:start position:0% +identity of some object or its + + + align:start position:0% +identity of some object or its +orientation in space um uh whatever is + + align:start position:0% +orientation in space um uh whatever is + + + align:start position:0% +orientation in space um uh whatever is +required for the tasks that we have it + + align:start position:0% +required for the tasks that we have it + + + align:start position:0% +required for the tasks that we have it +might be some Industrial Assembly task + + align:start position:0% +might be some Industrial Assembly task + + + align:start position:0% +might be some Industrial Assembly task +or it might be you know reading the + + align:start position:0% +or it might be you know reading the + + + align:start position:0% +or it might be you know reading the +print on a pharmaceutical bottle to make + + align:start position:0% +print on a pharmaceutical bottle to make + + + align:start position:0% +print on a pharmaceutical bottle to make +sure that it's readable and so on so but + + align:start position:0% +sure that it's readable and so on so but + + + align:start position:0% +sure that it's readable and so on so but +but that's the kind of loop and that's + + align:start position:0% +but that's the kind of loop and that's + + + align:start position:0% +but that's the kind of loop and that's +why uh we like to talk about it as as + + align:start position:0% +why uh we like to talk about it as as + + + align:start position:0% +why uh we like to talk about it as as +inverse + + align:start position:0% +inverse + + + align:start position:0% +inverse +Graphics now to uh to do that we need to + + align:start position:0% +Graphics now to uh to do that we need to + + + align:start position:0% +Graphics now to uh to do that we need to +understand the uh image + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +formation and that you know sounds + + align:start position:0% +formation and that you know sounds + + + align:start position:0% +formation and that you know sounds +pretty straightforward but it has uh two + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +parts both of which will you know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +explore uh in detail as as we go + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +along then um with inverse problem s + + align:start position:0% +along then um with inverse problem s + + + align:start position:0% +along then um with inverse problem s +like here we're trying to invert that uh + + align:start position:0% +like here we're trying to invert that uh + + + align:start position:0% +like here we're trying to invert that uh +we often find that they're ill + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +posed and as I mentioned um that means + + align:start position:0% +posed and as I mentioned um that means + + + align:start position:0% +posed and as I mentioned um that means +that they you know don't have a solution + + align:start position:0% +that they you know don't have a solution + + + align:start position:0% +that they you know don't have a solution +have an infinite number of solutions or + + align:start position:0% +have an infinite number of solutions or + + + align:start position:0% +have an infinite number of solutions or +have solutions that depend sensitively + + align:start position:0% +have solutions that depend sensitively + + + align:start position:0% +have solutions that depend sensitively +on the data and uh that doesn't mean + + align:start position:0% +on the data and uh that doesn't mean + + + align:start position:0% +on the data and uh that doesn't mean +it's hopeless but it does mean that we + + align:start position:0% +it's hopeless but it does mean that we + + + align:start position:0% +it's hopeless but it does mean that we +need methods that can deal with that and + + align:start position:0% +need methods that can deal with that and + + + align:start position:0% +need methods that can deal with that and +often we end up with some sort of + + align:start position:0% +often we end up with some sort of + + + align:start position:0% +often we end up with some sort of +optimization + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +method and in this + + align:start position:0% +method and in this + + + align:start position:0% +method and in this +course the optimization method of choice + + align:start position:0% +course the optimization method of choice + + + align:start position:0% +course the optimization method of choice +is uh these squares uh why is that well + + align:start position:0% +is uh these squares uh why is that well + + + align:start position:0% +is uh these squares uh why is that well +you know the fancy uh probability people + + align:start position:0% +you know the fancy uh probability people + + + align:start position:0% +you know the fancy uh probability people +will tell you that this is not a robust + + align:start position:0% +will tell you that this is not a robust + + + align:start position:0% +will tell you that this is not a robust +method if you have outliers it won't + + align:start position:0% +method if you have outliers it won't + + + align:start position:0% +method if you have outliers it won't +work very well and that's that's great + + align:start position:0% +work very well and that's that's great + + + align:start position:0% +work very well and that's that's great +but in in many practical cases Le + + align:start position:0% +but in in many practical cases Le + + + align:start position:0% +but in in many practical cases Le +squares is easy to implement and leads + + align:start position:0% +squares is easy to implement and leads + + + align:start position:0% +squares is easy to implement and leads +to a close form solution uh wherever we + + align:start position:0% +to a close form solution uh wherever we + + + align:start position:0% +to a close form solution uh wherever we +can get a close form solution we're + + align:start position:0% +can get a close form solution we're + + + align:start position:0% +can get a close form solution we're +happy because we don't have iteration we + + align:start position:0% +happy because we don't have iteration we + + + align:start position:0% +happy because we don't have iteration we +don't have the chance of getting stuck + + align:start position:0% +don't have the chance of getting stuck + + + align:start position:0% +don't have the chance of getting stuck +in a local minimum or something so so + + align:start position:0% +in a local minimum or something so so + + + align:start position:0% +in a local minimum or something so so +we'll be doing a lot of leas squares but + + align:start position:0% +we'll be doing a lot of leas squares but + + + align:start position:0% +we'll be doing a lot of leas squares but +we have to be aware of I already + + align:start position:0% +we have to be aware of I already + + + align:start position:0% +we have to be aware of I already +mentioned uh noise + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +gain so um not only do we want to have a + + align:start position:0% +gain so um not only do we want to have a + + + align:start position:0% +gain so um not only do we want to have a +method for solving the problem but we'd + + align:start position:0% +method for solving the problem but we'd + + + align:start position:0% +method for solving the problem but we'd +like to be able to say how how robust it + + align:start position:0% +like to be able to say how how robust it + + + align:start position:0% +like to be able to say how how robust it +is you know if my image measurements are + + align:start position:0% +is you know if my image measurements are + + + align:start position:0% +is you know if my image measurements are +off by 1% does that mean that the + + align:start position:0% +off by 1% does that mean that the + + + align:start position:0% +off by 1% does that mean that the +answers are completely meaningless or + + align:start position:0% +answers are completely meaningless or + + + align:start position:0% +answers are completely meaningless or +does it mean that they're just off by 1% + + align:start position:0% +does it mean that they're just off by 1% + + + align:start position:0% +does it mean that they're just off by 1% +so that kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +so that kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +so that kind of thing +okay diving right + + align:start position:0% +okay diving right + + + align:start position:0% +okay diving right +in uh we're going to address this + + align:start position:0% +in uh we're going to address this + + + align:start position:0% +in uh we're going to address this +problem and it's kind of straightforward + + align:start position:0% +problem and it's kind of straightforward + + + align:start position:0% +problem and it's kind of straightforward +and we'll start off with something + + align:start position:0% +and we'll start off with something + + + align:start position:0% +and we'll start off with something +called the pinhole + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +model now we know that you know real + + align:start position:0% +model now we know that you know real + + + align:start position:0% +model now we know that you know real +cameras use uh lenses or in some cases + + align:start position:0% +cameras use uh lenses or in some cases + + + align:start position:0% +cameras use uh lenses or in some cases +mirrors um why pin holes well that's + + align:start position:0% +mirrors um why pin holes well that's + + + align:start position:0% +mirrors um why pin holes well that's +because the projection uh in a camera + + align:start position:0% +because the projection uh in a camera + + + align:start position:0% +because the projection uh in a camera +with a lens is the same as it's trying + + align:start position:0% +with a lens is the same as it's trying + + + align:start position:0% +with a lens is the same as it's trying +to be exactly the same as a pinhole + + align:start position:0% +to be exactly the same as a pinhole + + + align:start position:0% +to be exactly the same as a pinhole +camera U by the way there's a great + + align:start position:0% +camera U by the way there's a great + + + align:start position:0% +camera U by the way there's a great +example of a pinhole camera uh in Santa + + align:start position:0% +example of a pinhole camera uh in Santa + + + align:start position:0% +example of a pinhole camera uh in Santa +Monica uh it's a camera obscura uh you + + align:start position:0% +Monica uh it's a camera obscura uh you + + + align:start position:0% +Monica uh it's a camera obscura uh you +walk into this U small building that's + + align:start position:0% +walk into this U small building that's + + + align:start position:0% +walk into this U small building that's +completely windowless it's it's dark + + align:start position:0% +completely windowless it's it's dark + + + align:start position:0% +completely windowless it's it's dark +inside and there's a single hole in the + + align:start position:0% +inside and there's a single hole in the + + + align:start position:0% +inside and there's a single hole in the +wall and on the other other side on on + + align:start position:0% +wall and on the other other side on on + + + align:start position:0% +wall and on the other other side on on +the other wall painted white you see an + + align:start position:0% +the other wall painted white you see an + + + align:start position:0% +the other wall painted white you see an +inverted image of the world and you see + + align:start position:0% +inverted image of the world and you see + + + align:start position:0% +inverted image of the world and you see +people walking by and so on so that's a + + align:start position:0% +people walking by and so on so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +people walking by and so on so that's a +nice example of a pinhole camera so + + align:start position:0% +nice example of a pinhole camera so + + + align:start position:0% +nice example of a pinhole camera so +here's a box to keep the light + + align:start position:0% +here's a box to keep the light + + + align:start position:0% +here's a box to keep the light +out and then we have a hole in it and on + + align:start position:0% +out and then we have a hole in it and on + + + align:start position:0% +out and then we have a hole in it and on +the opposite side of the Box uh we see + + align:start position:0% +the opposite side of the Box uh we see + + + align:start position:0% +the opposite side of the Box uh we see +projected a world a view of the world so + + align:start position:0% +projected a world a view of the world so + + + align:start position:0% +projected a world a view of the world so +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +let's just try and figure out uh what + + align:start position:0% +let's just try and figure out uh what + + + align:start position:0% +let's just try and figure out uh what +that projection is so we've + + align:start position:0% +that projection is so we've + + + align:start position:0% +that projection is so we've +got so there's a point in the world + + align:start position:0% +got so there's a point in the world + + + align:start position:0% +got so there's a point in the world +uppercase p and there's a little po + + align:start position:0% +uppercase p and there's a little po + + + align:start position:0% +uppercase p and there's a little po +Little P point in the image plane so the + + align:start position:0% +Little P point in the image plane so the + + + align:start position:0% +Little P point in the image plane so the +back of the box is going to be our image + + align:start position:0% +back of the box is going to be our image + + + align:start position:0% +back of the box is going to be our image +plane and you know our retina is not + + align:start position:0% +plane and you know our retina is not + + + align:start position:0% +plane and you know our retina is not +flat we we're just going to deal with + + align:start position:0% +flat we we're just going to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +flat we we're just going to deal with +flat image sensors because you know all + + align:start position:0% +flat image sensors because you know all + + + align:start position:0% +flat image sensors because you know all +the semiconductor sensors are flat and + + align:start position:0% +the semiconductor sensors are flat and + + + align:start position:0% +the semiconductor sensors are flat and +if it's not flat we can uh transform so + + align:start position:0% +if it's not flat we can uh transform so + + + align:start position:0% +if it's not flat we can uh transform so +but we we'll just work with that okay so + + align:start position:0% +but we we'll just work with that okay so + + + align:start position:0% +but we we'll just work with that okay so +what we want to know is what's the + + align:start position:0% +what we want to know is what's the + + + align:start position:0% +what we want to know is what's the +relationship uh between these two and so + + align:start position:0% +relationship uh between these two and so + + + align:start position:0% +relationship uh between these two and so +this is a 3D picture and now let me draw + + align:start position:0% +this is a 3D picture and now let me draw + + + align:start position:0% +this is a 3D picture and now let me draw +a 2d + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +picture Okay so we're going to call this + + align:start position:0% +picture Okay so we're going to call this + + + align:start position:0% +picture Okay so we're going to call this +F uh and F is alluding to focal length + + align:start position:0% +F uh and F is alluding to focal length + + + align:start position:0% +F uh and F is alluding to focal length +although in this case there's no lens + + align:start position:0% +although in this case there's no lens + + + align:start position:0% +although in this case there's no lens +there's no focal length but we'll just + + align:start position:0% +there's no focal length but we'll just + + + align:start position:0% +there's no focal length but we'll just +call that distance F and we call this + + align:start position:0% +call that distance F and we call this + + + align:start position:0% +call that distance F and we call this +distance Little + + align:start position:0% +distance Little + + + align:start position:0% +distance Little +X and we call this distance big X and + + align:start position:0% +X and we call this distance big X and + + + align:start position:0% +X and we call this distance big X and +this distance big Z so um in the real + + align:start position:0% +this distance big Z so um in the real + + + align:start position:0% +this distance big Z so um in the real +world we have big X Big Y big Z and in + + align:start position:0% +world we have big X Big Y big Z and in + + + align:start position:0% +world we have big X Big Y big Z and in +the image plane we have Little X and + + align:start position:0% +the image plane we have Little X and + + + align:start position:0% +the image plane we have Little X and +we're going to have little Y and and if + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have little Y and and if + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to have little Y and and if +and well they're similar triangles + + align:start position:0% +and well they're similar triangles + + + align:start position:0% +and well they're similar triangles +so we can immediately + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +write okay and now um you know although + + align:start position:0% +write okay and now um you know although + + + align:start position:0% +write okay and now um you know although +this isn't completely kosher I can do + + align:start position:0% +this isn't completely kosher I can do + + + align:start position:0% +this isn't completely kosher I can do +the same thing in the Y plane so I can + + align:start position:0% +the same thing in the Y plane so I can + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing in the Y plane so I can +draw the same diagram just slice the + + align:start position:0% +draw the same diagram just slice the + + + align:start position:0% +draw the same diagram just slice the +world in a different way and I get the + + align:start position:0% +world in a different way and I get the + + + align:start position:0% +world in a different way and I get the +companion + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equation and that's it that's uh + + align:start position:0% +equation and that's it that's uh + + + align:start position:0% +equation and that's it that's uh +respective + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +projection now why is it so simple well + + align:start position:0% +projection now why is it so simple well + + + align:start position:0% +projection now why is it so simple well +it's because we uh + + align:start position:0% +it's because we uh + + + align:start position:0% +it's because we uh +picked a particular coordinate system so + + align:start position:0% +picked a particular coordinate system so + + + align:start position:0% +picked a particular coordinate system so +we didn't just you know um have an + + align:start position:0% +we didn't just you know um have an + + + align:start position:0% +we didn't just you know um have an +arbitrary coordinate system in the world + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary coordinate system in the world + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary coordinate system in the world +we picked a camera Centric coordinate + + align:start position:0% +we picked a camera Centric coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +we picked a camera Centric coordinate +system and that's made the equations + + align:start position:0% +system and that's made the equations + + + align:start position:0% +system and that's made the equations +just about trivial so what what did we + + align:start position:0% +just about trivial so what what did we + + + align:start position:0% +just about trivial so what what did we +do well uh this point here is called the + + align:start position:0% +do well uh this point here is called the + + + align:start position:0% +do well uh this point here is called the +center of projection + + align:start position:0% +center of projection + + + align:start position:0% +center of projection +and we put that at the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +origin we just made that 0 0 0 in the + + align:start position:0% +origin we just made that 0 0 0 in the + + + align:start position:0% +origin we just made that 0 0 0 in the +coordinate system and so this is also uh + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and so this is also uh + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate system and so this is also uh +cop and then here's the image plane IP + + align:start position:0% +cop and then here's the image plane IP + + + align:start position:0% +cop and then here's the image plane IP +image PL okay so we did two things the + + align:start position:0% +image PL okay so we did two things the + + + align:start position:0% +image PL okay so we did two things the +one was we put the origin at the center + + align:start position:0% +one was we put the origin at the center + + + align:start position:0% +one was we put the origin at the center +of projection and the other one is we + + align:start position:0% +of projection and the other one is we + + + align:start position:0% +of projection and the other one is we +lined up the Axis with the optical axis + + align:start position:0% +lined up the Axis with the optical axis + + + align:start position:0% +lined up the Axis with the optical axis +so what's the optical axis well in a + + align:start position:0% +so what's the optical axis well in a + + + align:start position:0% +so what's the optical axis well in a +lens you know a lens has a cylindrical + + align:start position:0% +lens you know a lens has a cylindrical + + + align:start position:0% +lens you know a lens has a cylindrical +symmetry so it has an the cylinder has + + align:start position:0% +symmetry so it has an the cylinder has + + + align:start position:0% +symmetry so it has an the cylinder has +an axis but there's no lens here but + + align:start position:0% +an axis but there's no lens here but + + + align:start position:0% +an axis but there's no lens here but +what we can do is we can look at uh + + align:start position:0% +what we can do is we can look at uh + + + align:start position:0% +what we can do is we can look at uh +where a perpendicular dropped from the + + align:start position:0% +where a perpendicular dropped from the + + + align:start position:0% +where a perpendicular dropped from the +center of projection onto the image + + align:start position:0% +center of projection onto the image + + + align:start position:0% +center of projection onto the image +plane uh strikes the the image + + align:start position:0% +plane uh strikes the the image + + + align:start position:0% +plane uh strikes the the image +plane so we'll use that um as a + + align:start position:0% +plane so we'll use that um as a + + + align:start position:0% +plane so we'll use that um as a +reference and so that's our going to be + + align:start position:0% +reference and so that's our going to be + + + align:start position:0% +reference and so that's our going to be +our Optical axis it's a perpendicular + + align:start position:0% +our Optical axis it's a perpendicular + + + align:start position:0% +our Optical axis it's a perpendicular +from the center of projection onto the + + align:start position:0% +from the center of projection onto the + + + align:start position:0% +from the center of projection onto the +image plane + + align:start position:0% +image plane + + + align:start position:0% +image plane +and we line up the z-axis with that + + align:start position:0% +and we line up the z-axis with that + + + align:start position:0% +and we line up the z-axis with that +that's going to be our z-axis so it's a + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be our z-axis so it's a + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be our z-axis so it's a +very special coordinate system but it + + align:start position:0% +very special coordinate system but it + + + align:start position:0% +very special coordinate system but it +makes the whole thing very easy and then + + align:start position:0% +makes the whole thing very easy and then + + + align:start position:0% +makes the whole thing very easy and then +if we do have a different coordinate + + align:start position:0% +if we do have a different coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +if we do have a different coordinate +system on our robot or whatever uh we + + align:start position:0% +system on our robot or whatever uh we + + + align:start position:0% +system on our robot or whatever uh we +just need to deal with the + + align:start position:0% +just need to deal with the + + + align:start position:0% +just need to deal with the +transformation between this special + + align:start position:0% +transformation between this special + + + align:start position:0% +transformation between this special +camera Sentry coordinate system and uh + + align:start position:0% +camera Sentry coordinate system and uh + + + align:start position:0% +camera Sentry coordinate system and uh +that coordinate system now one of the + + align:start position:0% +that coordinate system now one of the + + + align:start position:0% +that coordinate system now one of the +things that's uh very + + align:start position:0% +things that's uh very + + + align:start position:0% +things that's uh very +convenient well not only are they going + + align:start position:0% +convenient well not only are they going + + + align:start position:0% +convenient well not only are they going +to make me walk all across campus + + align:start position:0% +to make me walk all across campus + + + align:start position:0% +to make me walk all across campus +but I'm going to get upper body strength + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to get upper body strength + + + align:start position:0% +but I'm going to get upper body strength +as well this is great okay so what we do + + align:start position:0% +as well this is great okay so what we do + + + align:start position:0% +as well this is great okay so what we do +is um we flip the image plane forward so + + align:start position:0% +is um we flip the image plane forward so + + + align:start position:0% +is um we flip the image plane forward so +you know the image on your retina is + + align:start position:0% +you know the image on your retina is + + + align:start position:0% +you know the image on your retina is +upside down and and in many case that's + + align:start position:0% +upside down and and in many case that's + + + align:start position:0% +upside down and and in many case that's +sort of inconvenient so what we can do + + align:start position:0% +sort of inconvenient so what we can do + + + align:start position:0% +sort of inconvenient so what we can do +is we can just uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pretend that the world actually looks + + align:start position:0% +pretend that the world actually looks + + + align:start position:0% +pretend that the world actually looks +like + + align:start position:0% +like + + + align:start position:0% +like +this right that's pretty much the same + + align:start position:0% +this right that's pretty much the same + + + align:start position:0% +this right that's pretty much the same +diagram we've just flipped 180° what was + + align:start position:0% +diagram we've just flipped 180° what was + + + align:start position:0% +diagram we've just flipped 180° what was +behind the camera and in front and it + + align:start position:0% +behind the camera and in front and it + + + align:start position:0% +behind the camera and in front and it +makes the equations even more obvious + + align:start position:0% +makes the equations even more obvious + + + align:start position:0% +makes the equations even more obvious +right the ratio of this to that is the + + align:start position:0% +right the ratio of this to that is the + + + align:start position:0% +right the ratio of this to that is the +ratio of this to + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that now that's you know sounds kind of + + align:start position:0% +that now that's you know sounds kind of + + + align:start position:0% +that now that's you know sounds kind of +straightforward and somewhat boring but + + align:start position:0% +straightforward and somewhat boring but + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward and somewhat boring but +it has a number of implications the + + align:start position:0% +it has a number of implications the + + + align:start position:0% +it has a number of implications the +first one is it's nonlinear right so you + + align:start position:0% +first one is it's nonlinear right so you + + + align:start position:0% +first one is it's nonlinear right so you +know we know that if things are linear + + align:start position:0% +know we know that if things are linear + + + align:start position:0% +know we know that if things are linear +our math becomes easier and so but here + + align:start position:0% +our math becomes easier and so but here + + + align:start position:0% +our math becomes easier and so but here +we're dividing by Z so on the one hand U + + align:start position:0% +we're dividing by Z so on the one hand U + + + align:start position:0% +we're dividing by Z so on the one hand U +that's an + + align:start position:0% +that's an + + + align:start position:0% +that's an +inconvenience because you know like you + + align:start position:0% +inconvenience because you know like you + + + align:start position:0% +inconvenience because you know like you +take derivatives and stuff of a ratio + + align:start position:0% +take derivatives and stuff of a ratio + + + align:start position:0% +take derivatives and stuff of a ratio +that's not so nice uh but on the other + + align:start position:0% +that's not so nice uh but on the other + + + align:start position:0% +that's not so nice uh but on the other +hand it gives us some hope because if it + + align:start position:0% +hand it gives us some hope because if it + + + align:start position:0% +hand it gives us some hope because if it +if the result depends on Z we can turn + + align:start position:0% +if the result depends on Z we can turn + + + align:start position:0% +if the result depends on Z we can turn +that on its head and say oh maybe then + + align:start position:0% +that on its head and say oh maybe then + + + align:start position:0% +that on its head and say oh maybe then +we can find Z right so we can make uh + + align:start position:0% +we can find Z right so we can make uh + + + align:start position:0% +we can find Z right so we can make uh +take get an advantage out of what seems + + align:start position:0% +take get an advantage out of what seems + + + align:start position:0% +take get an advantage out of what seems +like a disadvantage + + align:start position:0% +like a disadvantage + + + align:start position:0% +like a disadvantage +and then + + align:start position:0% +and then + + + align:start position:0% +and then +um the next thing is what we won't do it + + align:start position:0% +um the next thing is what we won't do it + + + align:start position:0% +um the next thing is what we won't do it +today but uh we'll be doing it soon is + + align:start position:0% +today but uh we'll be doing it soon is + + + align:start position:0% +today but uh we'll be doing it soon is +to talk about motion so what happens + + align:start position:0% +to talk about motion so what happens + + + align:start position:0% +to talk about motion so what happens +well we just differentiate that equation + + align:start position:0% +well we just differentiate that equation + + + align:start position:0% +well we just differentiate that equation +with respect to time right and what will + + align:start position:0% +with respect to time right and what will + + + align:start position:0% +with respect to time right and what will +that give us right now we have a + + align:start position:0% +that give us right now we have a + + + align:start position:0% +that give us right now we have a +relationship between points in 3D and + + align:start position:0% +relationship between points in 3D and + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between points in 3D and +points in the image and when we + + align:start position:0% +points in the image and when we + + + align:start position:0% +points in the image and when we +differentiate we can get a relationship + + align:start position:0% +differentiate we can get a relationship + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate we can get a relationship +between Motion in 3D and motion in the + + align:start position:0% +between Motion in 3D and motion in the + + + align:start position:0% +between Motion in 3D and motion in the +image and um why is that interesting + + align:start position:0% +image and um why is that interesting + + + align:start position:0% +image and um why is that interesting +well it means that if I can measure + + align:start position:0% +well it means that if I can measure + + + align:start position:0% +well it means that if I can measure +Motion in the image which I can I can + + align:start position:0% +Motion in the image which I can I can + + + align:start position:0% +Motion in the image which I can I can +try and guess what the motion is in + + align:start position:0% +try and guess what the motion is in + + + align:start position:0% +try and guess what the motion is in +3D um now the relationship is not that + + align:start position:0% +3D um now the relationship is not that + + + align:start position:0% +3D um now the relationship is not that +simple for example if the motion in 3D + + align:start position:0% +simple for example if the motion in 3D + + + align:start position:0% +simple for example if the motion in 3D +is is straight towards me you know the + + align:start position:0% +is is straight towards me you know the + + + align:start position:0% +is is straight towards me you know the +baseball bat's going to hit me in the + + align:start position:0% +baseball bat's going to hit me in the + + + align:start position:0% +baseball bat's going to hit me in the +head then the motion in the image is + + align:start position:0% +head then the motion in the image is + + + align:start position:0% +head then the motion in the image is +very very small it so you know I have to + + align:start position:0% +very very small it so you know I have to + + + align:start position:0% +very very small it so you know I have to +take into account that transformation + + align:start position:0% +take into account that transformation + + + align:start position:0% +take into account that transformation +but um I do want to know that + + align:start position:0% +but um I do want to know that + + + align:start position:0% +but um I do want to know that +relationship between Motion in 3D and + + align:start position:0% +relationship between Motion in 3D and + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between Motion in 3D and +motion in 2D and I get it just by + + align:start position:0% +motion in 2D and I get it just by + + + align:start position:0% +motion in 2D and I get it just by +differentiating + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that then um I want to sort of introduce + + align:start position:0% +that then um I want to sort of introduce + + + align:start position:0% +that then um I want to sort of introduce +several things that we use a lot in the + + align:start position:0% +several things that we use a lot in the + + + align:start position:0% +several things that we use a lot in the +course the next one is uh + + align:start position:0% +course the next one is uh + + + align:start position:0% +course the next one is uh +vectors so we're in 3D why am I talking + + align:start position:0% +vectors so we're in 3D why am I talking + + + align:start position:0% +vectors so we're in 3D why am I talking +about components I should be just using + + align:start position:0% +about components I should be just using + + + align:start position:0% +about components I should be just using +vectors so first of all notation uh in + + align:start position:0% +vectors so first of all notation uh in + + + align:start position:0% +vectors so first of all notation uh in +um you know in + + align:start position:0% +um you know in + + + align:start position:0% +um you know in +Publications uh in engineering + + align:start position:0% +Publications uh in engineering + + + align:start position:0% +Publications uh in engineering +publication not math publication um + + align:start position:0% +publication not math publication um + + + align:start position:0% +publication not math publication um +vectors are usually denoted with with + + align:start position:0% +vectors are usually denoted with with + + + align:start position:0% +vectors are usually denoted with with +bold letters uh and so if you look at + + align:start position:0% +bold letters uh and so if you look at + + + align:start position:0% +bold letters uh and so if you look at +robot Vision or some paper on the + + align:start position:0% +robot Vision or some paper on the + + + align:start position:0% +robot Vision or some paper on the +subject uh you'll see vectors involved + + align:start position:0% +subject uh you'll see vectors involved + + + align:start position:0% +subject uh you'll see vectors involved +now I can't do bold on the Blackboard + + align:start position:0% +now I can't do bold on the Blackboard + + + align:start position:0% +now I can't do bold on the Blackboard +and so uh we use + + align:start position:0% +and so uh we use + + + align:start position:0% +and so uh we use +underline and actually you know there + + align:start position:0% +underline and actually you know there + + + align:start position:0% +underline and actually you know there +was a time where you didn't typ set your + + align:start position:0% +was a time where you didn't typ set your + + + align:start position:0% +was a time where you didn't typ set your +own papers just a second uh but you + + align:start position:0% +own papers just a second uh but you + + + align:start position:0% +own papers just a second uh but you +somebody at the Publishers types set + + align:start position:0% +somebody at the Publishers types set + + + align:start position:0% +somebody at the Publishers types set +your papers so how did you tell them to + + align:start position:0% +your papers so how did you tell them to + + + align:start position:0% +your papers so how did you tell them to +types set inv Bol you underlined it so + + align:start position:0% +types set inv Bol you underlined it so + + + align:start position:0% +types set inv Bol you underlined it so +the I mean the camera actually works the + + align:start position:0% +the I mean the camera actually works the + + + align:start position:0% +the I mean the camera actually works the +way that works up there in most cases + + align:start position:0% +way that works up there in most cases + + + align:start position:0% +way that works up there in most cases +some of them will have mirrors to fold + + align:start position:0% +some of them will have mirrors to fold + + + align:start position:0% +some of them will have mirrors to fold +the optical path this is like a + + align:start position:0% +the optical path this is like a + + + align:start position:0% +the optical path this is like a +conceptual convenience just to uh make + + align:start position:0% +conceptual convenience just to uh make + + + align:start position:0% +conceptual convenience just to uh make +it easier not to have to I mean maybe + + align:start position:0% +it easier not to have to I mean maybe + + + align:start position:0% +it easier not to have to I mean maybe +some people don't have a problem with + + align:start position:0% +some people don't have a problem with + + + align:start position:0% +some people don't have a problem with +minus signs but to me it's confusing + + align:start position:0% +minus signs but to me it's confusing + + + align:start position:0% +minus signs but to me it's confusing +having that one upside down so so I + + align:start position:0% +having that one upside down so so I + + + align:start position:0% +having that one upside down so so I +prefer to do it this way but the actual + + align:start position:0% +prefer to do it this way but the actual + + + align:start position:0% +prefer to do it this way but the actual +apparatus works that + + align:start position:0% +apparatus works that + + + align:start position:0% +apparatus works that +way okay so the other bit of notation we + + align:start position:0% +way okay so the other bit of notation we + + + align:start position:0% +way okay so the other bit of notation we +need is is a hat for unit vector + + align:start position:0% +need is is a hat for unit vector + + + align:start position:0% +need is is a hat for unit vector +because well we'll be dealing with unit + + align:start position:0% +because well we'll be dealing with unit + + + align:start position:0% +because well we'll be dealing with unit +vectors quite a bit for example you saw + + align:start position:0% +vectors quite a bit for example you saw + + + align:start position:0% +vectors quite a bit for example you saw +that we talked about the surface + + align:start position:0% +that we talked about the surface + + + align:start position:0% +that we talked about the surface +orientation on that donut in terms of + + align:start position:0% +orientation on that donut in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +orientation on that donut in terms of +unit vectors it's it's a Direction so we + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors it's it's a Direction so we + + + align:start position:0% +unit vectors it's it's a Direction so we +use a hat on top of a + + align:start position:0% +use a hat on top of a + + + align:start position:0% +use a hat on top of a +vector and okay so let's turn that into + + align:start position:0% +vector and okay so let's turn that into + + + align:start position:0% +vector and okay so let's turn that into +uh Vector notation well + + align:start position:0% +uh Vector notation well + + + align:start position:0% +uh Vector notation well +um how about this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so I claim that um this is basically the + + align:start position:0% +so I claim that um this is basically the + + + align:start position:0% +so I claim that um this is basically the +same as that up there right because if + + align:start position:0% +same as that up there right because if + + + align:start position:0% +same as that up there right because if +you go component by component the first + + align:start position:0% +you go component by component the first + + + align:start position:0% +you go component by component the first +component is Little X over f is Big X + + align:start position:0% +component is Little X over f is Big X + + + align:start position:0% +component is Little X over f is Big X +over big z uh the second component is + + align:start position:0% +over big z uh the second component is + + + align:start position:0% +over big z uh the second component is +little y over f is Big Y over big Z and + + align:start position:0% +little y over f is Big Y over big Z and + + + align:start position:0% +little y over f is Big Y over big Z and +the third component is f over f is Z + + align:start position:0% +the third component is f over f is Z + + + align:start position:0% +the third component is f over f is Z +over Z so that that doesn't do anything + + align:start position:0% +over Z so that that doesn't do anything + + + align:start position:0% +over Z so that that doesn't do anything +for us that so that's the um equivalent + + align:start position:0% +for us that so that's the um equivalent + + + align:start position:0% +for us that so that's the um equivalent +and uh now now I can + + align:start position:0% +and uh now now I can + + + align:start position:0% +and uh now now I can +just you know Define a vector R so this + + align:start position:0% +just you know Define a vector R so this + + + align:start position:0% +just you know Define a vector R so this +is R little + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +r + + align:start position:0% +r + + + align:start position:0% +r +okay and + + align:start position:0% +okay and + + + align:start position:0% +okay and +um now I've got sort of a mixed notation + + align:start position:0% +um now I've got sort of a mixed notation + + + align:start position:0% +um now I've got sort of a mixed notation +right because I got a big Z in here well + + align:start position:0% +right because I got a big Z in here well + + + align:start position:0% +right because I got a big Z in here well +that's the third component of Big R + + align:start position:0% +that's the third component of Big R + + + align:start position:0% +that's the third component of Big R +Vector so I just dot product with uh + + align:start position:0% +Vector so I just dot product with uh + + + align:start position:0% +Vector so I just dot product with uh +unit Vector + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Z right so let me write that out in full + + align:start position:0% +Z right so let me write that out in full + + + align:start position:0% +Z right so let me write that out in full +so that's XY Z trans + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +dot right so the unit Vector in the Z + + align:start position:0% +dot right so the unit Vector in the Z + + + align:start position:0% +dot right so the unit Vector in the Z +Direction along the optical axis is just + + align:start position:0% +Direction along the optical axis is just + + + align:start position:0% +Direction along the optical axis is just +0 01 right and + + align:start position:0% +0 01 right and + + + align:start position:0% +0 01 right and +so so I finally have the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +equivalent of of the equations up there + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of of the equations up there + + + align:start position:0% +equivalent of of the equations up there +in component form I have it here in uh + + align:start position:0% +in component form I have it here in uh + + + align:start position:0% +in component form I have it here in uh +Vector form so that's perspective + + align:start position:0% +Vector form so that's perspective + + + align:start position:0% +Vector form so that's perspective +projection in Vector form now uh usually + + align:start position:0% +projection in Vector form now uh usually + + + align:start position:0% +projection in Vector form now uh usually +at this point you say look how easy it + + align:start position:0% +at this point you say look how easy it + + + align:start position:0% +at this point you say look how easy it +got by using Vector notation well you + + align:start position:0% +got by using Vector notation well you + + + align:start position:0% +got by using Vector notation well you +know it isn't really any easier looking + + align:start position:0% +know it isn't really any easier looking + + + align:start position:0% +know it isn't really any easier looking +this is one of those rare cases where it + + align:start position:0% +this is one of those rare cases where it + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of those rare cases where it +it didn't buy you a whole lot in terms + + align:start position:0% +it didn't buy you a whole lot in terms + + + align:start position:0% +it didn't buy you a whole lot in terms +of number of symbols you have to write + + align:start position:0% +of number of symbols you have to write + + + align:start position:0% +of number of symbols you have to write +down and so on nevertheless um the + + align:start position:0% +down and so on nevertheless um the + + + align:start position:0% +down and so on nevertheless um the +compactness of that notation comes out + + align:start position:0% +compactness of that notation comes out + + + align:start position:0% +compactness of that notation comes out +when we start manipulating it you know + + align:start position:0% +when we start manipulating it you know + + + align:start position:0% +when we start manipulating it you know +if you have to carry around all these + + align:start position:0% +if you have to carry around all these + + + align:start position:0% +if you have to carry around all these +individual components all the time that + + align:start position:0% +individual components all the time that + + + align:start position:0% +individual components all the time that +can get pretty tedious whereas if you + + align:start position:0% +can get pretty tedious whereas if you + + + align:start position:0% +can get pretty tedious whereas if you +use the vector it's um uh more + + align:start position:0% +use the vector it's um uh more + + + align:start position:0% +use the vector it's um uh more +interesting and as I've mentioned one of + + align:start position:0% +interesting and as I've mentioned one of + + + align:start position:0% +interesting and as I've mentioned one of +the things we're going to do soon is + + align:start position:0% +the things we're going to do soon is + + + align:start position:0% +the things we're going to do soon is +differentiate that with respect to time + + align:start position:0% +differentiate that with respect to time + + + align:start position:0% +differentiate that with respect to time +and then on the left we'll have image + + align:start position:0% +and then on the left we'll have image + + + align:start position:0% +and then on the left we'll have image +motion and on the right we'll have real + + align:start position:0% +motion and on the right we'll have real + + + align:start position:0% +motion and on the right we'll have real +world motion and the equation we get + + align:start position:0% +world motion and the equation we get + + + align:start position:0% +world motion and the equation we get +will give the relationship between the + + align:start position:0% +will give the relationship between the + + + align:start position:0% +will give the relationship between the +two um okay + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so uh this may sound you know a little + + align:start position:0% +so uh this may sound you know a little + + + align:start position:0% +so uh this may sound you know a little +bit uh halfhazard and chopped up the + + align:start position:0% +bit uh halfhazard and chopped up the + + + align:start position:0% +bit uh halfhazard and chopped up the +what we're doing today and that's only + + align:start position:0% +what we're doing today and that's only + + + align:start position:0% +what we're doing today and that's only +because I want to + + align:start position:0% +because I want to + + + align:start position:0% +because I want to +cover you know stuff in chapter one and + + align:start position:0% +cover you know stuff in chapter one and + + + align:start position:0% +cover you know stuff in chapter one and +two and um material you need for uh the + + align:start position:0% +two and um material you need for uh the + + + align:start position:0% +two and um material you need for uh the +homework problem so we're going to + + align:start position:0% +homework problem so we're going to + + + align:start position:0% +homework problem so we're going to +rather than pursue perspective + + align:start position:0% +rather than pursue perspective + + + align:start position:0% +rather than pursue perspective +projection more we're going to jump to + + align:start position:0% +projection more we're going to jump to + + + align:start position:0% +projection more we're going to jump to +brightness uh in a second but first let + + align:start position:0% +brightness uh in a second but first let + + + align:start position:0% +brightness uh in a second but first let +me say something else uh which is is + + align:start position:0% +me say something else uh which is is + + + align:start position:0% +me say something else uh which is is +that um uh I'm thinking of these vectors + + align:start position:0% +that um uh I'm thinking of these vectors + + + align:start position:0% +that um uh I'm thinking of these vectors +as column + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vectors you know and that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +vectors you know and that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +vectors you know and that's sort of +arbitrary because we can establish a + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary because we can establish a + + + align:start position:0% +arbitrary because we can establish a +relationship between skinny matrices and + + align:start position:0% +relationship between skinny matrices and + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between skinny matrices and +vectors either way right I can think of + + align:start position:0% +vectors either way right I can think of + + + align:start position:0% +vectors either way right I can think of +you know X Y and Z stacked up vertically + + align:start position:0% +you know X Y and Z stacked up vertically + + + align:start position:0% +you know X Y and Z stacked up vertically +above each other as a 3X one Matrix or I + + align:start position:0% +above each other as a 3X one Matrix or I + + + align:start position:0% +above each other as a 3X one Matrix or I +can write them horizontally XYZ and it's + + align:start position:0% +can write them horizontally XYZ and it's + + + align:start position:0% +can write them horizontally XYZ and it's +a 1x3 matrix and just uh for consistency + + align:start position:0% +a 1x3 matrix and just uh for consistency + + + align:start position:0% +a 1x3 matrix and just uh for consistency +I'm always going to think of them as + + align:start position:0% +I'm always going to think of them as + + + align:start position:0% +I'm always going to think of them as +column + + align:start position:0% +column + + + align:start position:0% +column +vectors and that's why sometimes I need + + align:start position:0% +vectors and that's why sometimes I need + + + align:start position:0% +vectors and that's why sometimes I need +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +transpose and that's what the symbol T + + align:start position:0% +transpose and that's what the symbol T + + + align:start position:0% +transpose and that's what the symbol T +is for so I didn't say it here but we + + align:start position:0% +is for so I didn't say it here but we + + + align:start position:0% +is for so I didn't say it here but we +can now go back to this so if I write it + + align:start position:0% +can now go back to this so if I write it + + + align:start position:0% +can now go back to this so if I write it +this way it's a row Vector but actually + + align:start position:0% +this way it's a row Vector but actually + + + align:start position:0% +this way it's a row Vector but actually +all my vectors are supposed to be column + + align:start position:0% +all my vectors are supposed to be column + + + align:start position:0% +all my vectors are supposed to be column +vectors so I stuck in the transpose so + + align:start position:0% +vectors so I stuck in the transpose so + + + align:start position:0% +vectors so I stuck in the transpose so +so another bit of notation it's all all + + align:start position:0% +so another bit of notation it's all all + + + align:start position:0% +so another bit of notation it's all all +pretty + + align:start position:0% +pretty + + + align:start position:0% +pretty +straightforward okay let's talk about + + align:start position:0% +straightforward okay let's talk about + + + align:start position:0% +straightforward okay let's talk about +the brightness + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so brightness depends on a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +so brightness depends on a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +so brightness depends on a bunch of +different things uh it depends on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +illumination and in a linear way uh in + + align:start position:0% +illumination and in a linear way uh in + + + align:start position:0% +illumination and in a linear way uh in +that if you throw more illumination on + + align:start position:0% +that if you throw more illumination on + + + align:start position:0% +that if you throw more illumination on +an object uh it's going to be brighter + + align:start position:0% +an object uh it's going to be brighter + + + align:start position:0% +an object uh it's going to be brighter +uh and you know the there are few laws + + align:start position:0% +uh and you know the there are few laws + + + align:start position:0% +uh and you know the there are few laws +that are really really linear this is + + align:start position:0% +that are really really linear this is + + + align:start position:0% +that are really really linear this is +linear over many many many orders of + + align:start position:0% +linear over many many many orders of + + + align:start position:0% +linear over many many many orders of +magnitude + + align:start position:0% +magnitude + + + align:start position:0% +magnitude +I mean when does it stop being linear + + align:start position:0% +I mean when does it stop being linear + + + align:start position:0% +I mean when does it stop being linear +well when you put so much energy on the + + align:start position:0% +well when you put so much energy on the + + + align:start position:0% +well when you put so much energy on the +surface that you're melting it you know + + align:start position:0% +surface that you're melting it you know + + + align:start position:0% +surface that you're melting it you know +you have to actually have enough energy + + align:start position:0% +you have to actually have enough energy + + + align:start position:0% +you have to actually have enough energy +to fry it uh and it's a little bit like + + align:start position:0% +to fry it uh and it's a little bit like + + + align:start position:0% +to fry it uh and it's a little bit like +'s law which is also one of those + + align:start position:0% +'s law which is also one of those + + + align:start position:0% +'s law which is also one of those +remarkable things that for some + + align:start position:0% +remarkable things that for some + + + align:start position:0% +remarkable things that for some +materials is linear over many many + + align:start position:0% +materials is linear over many many + + + align:start position:0% +materials is linear over many many +orders of magnitude anyway so brightness + + align:start position:0% +orders of magnitude anyway so brightness + + + align:start position:0% +orders of magnitude anyway so brightness +depends on the illumination and then it + + align:start position:0% +depends on the illumination and then it + + + align:start position:0% +depends on the illumination and then it +depends on how the surface reflects + + align:start position:0% +depends on how the surface reflects + + + align:start position:0% +depends on how the surface reflects +light um and + + align:start position:0% +light um and + + + align:start position:0% +light um and +um so we'll have to talk about that now + + align:start position:0% +um so we'll have to talk about that now + + + align:start position:0% +um so we'll have to talk about that now +obviously there's a difference in terms + + align:start position:0% +obviously there's a difference in terms + + + align:start position:0% +obviously there's a difference in terms +of amount so like you know my my laptop + + align:start position:0% +of amount so like you know my my laptop + + + align:start position:0% +of amount so like you know my my laptop +reflects relatively little light whereas + + align:start position:0% +reflects relatively little light whereas + + + align:start position:0% +reflects relatively little light whereas +uh you know my shirt reflects more light + + align:start position:0% +uh you know my shirt reflects more light + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know my shirt reflects more light +um anyone want to guess uh what the + + align:start position:0% +um anyone want to guess uh what the + + + align:start position:0% +um anyone want to guess uh what the +percentage of incident solar + + align:start position:0% +percentage of incident solar + + + align:start position:0% +percentage of incident solar +radiation that the moon + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +reflects it's a trick question + + align:start position:0% +reflects it's a trick question + + + align:start position:0% +reflects it's a trick question +you happen to know but it sort of looks + + align:start position:0% +you happen to know but it sort of looks + + + align:start position:0% +you happen to know but it sort of looks +white in the sky so it's got to be 90% + + align:start position:0% +white in the sky so it's got to be 90% + + + align:start position:0% +white in the sky so it's got to be 90% +or something it's 11 it's as black as + + align:start position:0% +or something it's 11 it's as black as + + + align:start position:0% +or something it's 11 it's as black as +coal and so why don't you know that well + + align:start position:0% +coal and so why don't you know that well + + + align:start position:0% +coal and so why don't you know that well +because you have no comparison now if if + + align:start position:0% +because you have no comparison now if if + + + align:start position:0% +because you have no comparison now if if +I went up there with a sheet of white + + align:start position:0% +I went up there with a sheet of white + + + align:start position:0% +I went up there with a sheet of white +paper and I held it next to the Moon + + align:start position:0% +paper and I held it next to the Moon + + + align:start position:0% +paper and I held it next to the Moon +you'd say oh yeah God it's really dark + + align:start position:0% +you'd say oh yeah God it's really dark + + + align:start position:0% +you'd say oh yeah God it's really dark +but no one does that it just hangs up + + align:start position:0% +but no one does that it just hangs up + + + align:start position:0% +but no one does that it just hangs up +there and you have no reference so this + + align:start position:0% +there and you have no reference so this + + + align:start position:0% +there and you have no reference so this +business about brightness is tricky you + + align:start position:0% +business about brightness is tricky you + + + align:start position:0% +business about brightness is tricky you +know you got to be careful about that uh + + align:start position:0% +know you got to be careful about that uh + + + align:start position:0% +know you got to be careful about that uh +and why by the way why is it as dark as + + align:start position:0% +and why by the way why is it as dark as + + + align:start position:0% +and why by the way why is it as dark as +cold it's because of solar rad solar + + align:start position:0% +cold it's because of solar rad solar + + + align:start position:0% +cold it's because of solar rad solar +wind um impinging on the surface and you + + align:start position:0% +wind um impinging on the surface and you + + + align:start position:0% +wind um impinging on the surface and you +also probably know that where there were + + align:start position:0% +also probably know that where there were + + + align:start position:0% +also probably know that where there were +a quote recent craters like only in the + + align:start position:0% +a quote recent craters like only in the + + + align:start position:0% +a quote recent craters like only in the +last few million years uh there Bright + + align:start position:0% +last few million years uh there Bright + + + align:start position:0% +last few million years uh there Bright +streaks that's because where the + + align:start position:0% +streaks that's because where the + + + align:start position:0% +streaks that's because where the +underlying material is exposed and the + + align:start position:0% +underlying material is exposed and the + + + align:start position:0% +underlying material is exposed and the +sun hasn't yet uh done its work on them + + align:start position:0% +sun hasn't yet uh done its work on them + + + align:start position:0% +sun hasn't yet uh done its work on them +so anyway so brightness depends on + + align:start position:0% +so anyway so brightness depends on + + + align:start position:0% +so anyway so brightness depends on +reflectance how about distance right if + + align:start position:0% +reflectance how about distance right if + + + align:start position:0% +reflectance how about distance right if +I have a light + + align:start position:0% +I have a light + + + align:start position:0% +I have a light +bulb it gets you know it's less intense + + align:start position:0% +bulb it gets you know it's less intense + + + align:start position:0% +bulb it gets you know it's less intense +when I go further away right so there's + + align:start position:0% +when I go further away right so there's + + + align:start position:0% +when I go further away right so there's +a inverse Square + + align:start position:0% +a inverse Square + + + align:start position:0% +a inverse Square +LW so does that apply to uh image + + align:start position:0% +LW so does that apply to uh image + + + align:start position:0% +LW so does that apply to uh image +formation in in a more normal sense like + + align:start position:0% +formation in in a more normal sense like + + + align:start position:0% +formation in in a more normal sense like +you know if I walk away from that wall + + align:start position:0% +you know if I walk away from that wall + + + align:start position:0% +you know if I walk away from that wall +if I stand on this side of the room uh + + align:start position:0% +if I stand on this side of the room uh + + + align:start position:0% +if I stand on this side of the room uh +that wall is only a quarter as bright as + + align:start position:0% +that wall is only a quarter as bright as + + + align:start position:0% +that wall is only a quarter as bright as +when I stand over here + + align:start position:0% +when I stand over here + + + align:start position:0% +when I stand over here +right right do you believe + + align:start position:0% +right right do you believe + + + align:start position:0% +right right do you believe +that okay I can sell you a bridge in + + align:start position:0% +that okay I can sell you a bridge in + + + align:start position:0% +that okay I can sell you a bridge in +Brooklyn then no of course it's the same + + align:start position:0% +Brooklyn then no of course it's the same + + + align:start position:0% +Brooklyn then no of course it's the same +brightness and and you know that so + + align:start position:0% +brightness and and you know that so + + + align:start position:0% +brightness and and you know that so +what's going on why is it not uh go + + align:start position:0% +what's going on why is it not uh go + + + align:start position:0% +what's going on why is it not uh go +follow the inverse Square law well the + + align:start position:0% +follow the inverse Square law well the + + + align:start position:0% +follow the inverse Square law well the +reason is that um at the same time as + + align:start position:0% +reason is that um at the same time as + + + align:start position:0% +reason is that um at the same time as +I'm getting closer the area that's + + align:start position:0% +I'm getting closer the area that's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm getting closer the area that's +imaged on one of my receptors is larger + + align:start position:0% +imaged on one of my receptors is larger + + + align:start position:0% +imaged on one of my receptors is larger +on the wall or if you want to think of + + align:start position:0% +on the wall or if you want to think of + + + align:start position:0% +on the wall or if you want to think of +it in terms of the little light bulbs so + + align:start position:0% +it in terms of the little light bulbs so + + + align:start position:0% +it in terms of the little light bulbs so +the little + + align:start position:0% +the little + + + align:start position:0% +the little +LED imagine now the wall is covered with + + align:start position:0% +LED imagine now the wall is covered with + + + align:start position:0% +LED imagine now the wall is covered with +lots of + + align:start position:0% +lots of + + + align:start position:0% +lots of +LEDs and each of them does in fact + + align:start position:0% +LEDs and each of them does in fact + + + align:start position:0% +LEDs and each of them does in fact +follow the one over r s law but if you + + align:start position:0% +follow the one over r s law but if you + + + align:start position:0% +follow the one over r s law but if you +think about how many LEDs are imaged on + + align:start position:0% +think about how many LEDs are imaged on + + + align:start position:0% +think about how many LEDs are imaged on +one of my pixels uh that goes as a + + align:start position:0% +one of my pixels uh that goes as a + + + align:start position:0% +one of my pixels uh that goes as a +square of the distance so the two + + align:start position:0% +square of the distance so the two + + + align:start position:0% +square of the distance so the two +exactly cancel out and so in fact + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh we can X that one out + + align:start position:0% +uh we can X that one out + + + align:start position:0% +uh we can X that one out +so and + + align:start position:0% +so and + + + align:start position:0% +so and +um so uh what else does it depend on + + align:start position:0% +um so uh what else does it depend on + + + align:start position:0% +um so uh what else does it depend on +well it doesn't depend on the distance + + align:start position:0% +well it doesn't depend on the distance + + + align:start position:0% +well it doesn't depend on the distance +itself but it depends on the rate of + + align:start position:0% +itself but it depends on the rate of + + + align:start position:0% +itself but it depends on the rate of +change of distance or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +orientation and and you know not not in + + align:start position:0% +orientation and and you know not not in + + + align:start position:0% +orientation and and you know not not in +a terribly simple way but we can take + + align:start position:0% +a terribly simple way but we can take + + + align:start position:0% +a terribly simple way but we can take +start with a simple example so here's a + + align:start position:0% +start with a simple example so here's a + + + align:start position:0% +start with a simple example so here's a +surface element some little patch of the + + align:start position:0% +surface element some little patch of the + + + align:start position:0% +surface element some little patch of the +surface and here's a light + + align:start position:0% +surface and here's a light + + + align:start position:0% +surface and here's a light +source and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +uh what we find is that + + align:start position:0% +uh what we find is that + + + align:start position:0% +uh what we find is that +um there's for shortening that is the uh + + align:start position:0% +um there's for shortening that is the uh + + + align:start position:0% +um there's for shortening that is the uh +Power that hits the surface per unit + + align:start position:0% +Power that hits the surface per unit + + + align:start position:0% +Power that hits the surface per unit +area is less so I can measure the power + + align:start position:0% +area is less so I can measure the power + + + align:start position:0% +area is less so I can measure the power +in this plane you know so many watts per + + align:start position:0% +in this plane you know so many watts per + + + align:start position:0% +in this plane you know so many watts per +square + + align:start position:0% +square + + + align:start position:0% +square +meter uh which in the case of the sun is + + align:start position:0% +meter uh which in the case of the sun is + + + align:start position:0% +meter uh which in the case of the sun is +about a kilowatt per square meter but + + align:start position:0% +about a kilowatt per square meter but + + + align:start position:0% +about a kilowatt per square meter but +obvious L that same energy is spread out + + align:start position:0% +obvious L that same energy is spread out + + + align:start position:0% +obvious L that same energy is spread out +over a larger area right this this + + align:start position:0% +over a larger area right this this + + + align:start position:0% +over a larger area right this this +length is bigger than than that length + + align:start position:0% +length is bigger than than that length + + + align:start position:0% +length is bigger than than that length +and so the uh illumination of this + + align:start position:0% +and so the uh illumination of this + + + align:start position:0% +and so the uh illumination of this +surface is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +less and how + + align:start position:0% +less and how + + + align:start position:0% +less and how +much well we can express it in terms of + + align:start position:0% +much well we can express it in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +much well we can express it in terms of +this angle which is the incident angle + + align:start position:0% +this angle which is the incident angle + + + align:start position:0% +this angle which is the incident angle +Theta of I and that is the same angle as + + align:start position:0% +Theta of I and that is the same angle as + + + align:start position:0% +Theta of I and that is the same angle as +that angle + + align:start position:0% +that angle + + + align:start position:0% +that angle +I think and + + align:start position:0% +I think and + + + align:start position:0% +I think and +um there's a coine relationship right + + align:start position:0% +um there's a coine relationship right + + + align:start position:0% +um there's a coine relationship right +between uh this red length and this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +length so we find out that in this case + + align:start position:0% +length so we find out that in this case + + + align:start position:0% +length so we find out that in this case +um the illumination on the surface + + align:start position:0% +um the illumination on the surface + + + align:start position:0% +um the illumination on the surface +varies as the cosine of the angle and + + align:start position:0% +varies as the cosine of the angle and + + + align:start position:0% +varies as the cosine of the angle and +this is something that we'll see again + + align:start position:0% +this is something that we'll see again + + + align:start position:0% +this is something that we'll see again +and again now it doesn't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +and again now it doesn't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +and again now it doesn't necessarily +mean that its brightness the amount of + + align:start position:0% +mean that its brightness the amount of + + + align:start position:0% +mean that its brightness the amount of +light it reflects goes as the cosine of + + align:start position:0% +light it reflects goes as the cosine of + + + align:start position:0% +light it reflects goes as the cosine of +the incident angle that is the simplest + + align:start position:0% +the incident angle that is the simplest + + + align:start position:0% +the incident angle that is the simplest +case and so here's an example where um + + align:start position:0% +case and so here's an example where um + + + align:start position:0% +case and so here's an example where um +we could use an image brightness + + align:start position:0% +we could use an image brightness + + + align:start position:0% +we could use an image brightness +measurement to learn something about the + + align:start position:0% +measurement to learn something about the + + + align:start position:0% +measurement to learn something about the +surface right um because we can look at + + align:start position:0% +surface right um because we can look at + + + align:start position:0% +surface right um because we can look at +different parts of the surface and + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the surface and + + + align:start position:0% +different parts of the surface and +they'll have different brightnesses + + align:start position:0% +they'll have different brightnesses + + + align:start position:0% +they'll have different brightnesses +depending on this Angle now does it tell + + align:start position:0% +depending on this Angle now does it tell + + + align:start position:0% +depending on this Angle now does it tell +us the orientation of every little facet + + align:start position:0% +us the orientation of every little facet + + + align:start position:0% +us the orientation of every little facet +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +object uh okay some people shaking their + + align:start position:0% +object uh okay some people shaking their + + + align:start position:0% +object uh okay some people shaking their +heads uh no right because again it's one + + align:start position:0% +heads uh no right because again it's one + + + align:start position:0% +heads uh no right because again it's one +measurement two + + align:start position:0% +measurement two + + + align:start position:0% +measurement two +unknowns why are there two unknowns well + + align:start position:0% +unknowns why are there two unknowns well + + + align:start position:0% +unknowns why are there two unknowns well +one way to see + + align:start position:0% +one way to see + + + align:start position:0% +one way to see +it is + + align:start position:0% +it is + + + align:start position:0% +it is +to think of a surface normal a vector + + align:start position:0% +to think of a surface normal a vector + + + align:start position:0% +to think of a surface normal a vector +that's perpendicular to the surface and + + align:start position:0% +that's perpendicular to the surface and + + + align:start position:0% +that's perpendicular to the surface and +the way I can talk about the orientation + + align:start position:0% +the way I can talk about the orientation + + + align:start position:0% +the way I can talk about the orientation +of the surface is just to tell you what + + align:start position:0% +of the surface is just to tell you what + + + align:start position:0% +of the surface is just to tell you what +that unit normal is right so how many + + align:start position:0% +that unit normal is right so how many + + + align:start position:0% +that unit normal is right so how many +degrees of freedom are there how many + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom are there how many + + + align:start position:0% +degrees of freedom are there how many +numbers do I well I need three numbers + + align:start position:0% +numbers do I well I need three numbers + + + align:start position:0% +numbers do I well I need three numbers +to define a vector so it sounds like + + align:start position:0% +to define a vector so it sounds like + + + align:start position:0% +to define a vector so it sounds like +three except uh I have a constraint + + align:start position:0% +three except uh I have a constraint + + + align:start position:0% +three except uh I have a constraint +right three + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +components like this isn't just any old + + align:start position:0% +components like this isn't just any old + + + align:start position:0% +components like this isn't just any old +Vector this is a unit Vector so X2 + y s + + align:start position:0% +Vector this is a unit Vector so X2 + y s + + + align:start position:0% +Vector this is a unit Vector so X2 + y s ++ c² equal to 1 so I have one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +constraint so actually surface + + align:start position:0% +constraint so actually surface + + + align:start position:0% +constraint so actually surface +orientation has two degrees of + + align:start position:0% +orientation has two degrees of + + + align:start position:0% +orientation has two degrees of +freedom and and since this is such an + + align:start position:0% +freedom and and since this is such an + + + align:start position:0% +freedom and and since this is such an +important Point let's look at it another + + align:start position:0% +important Point let's look at it another + + + align:start position:0% +important Point let's look at it another +way so another way of um specifying + + align:start position:0% +way so another way of um specifying + + + align:start position:0% +way so another way of um specifying +surface orientation is to take this a + + align:start position:0% +surface orientation is to take this a + + + align:start position:0% +surface orientation is to take this a +unit normal and put it its tail at the + + align:start position:0% +unit normal and put it its tail at the + + + align:start position:0% +unit normal and put it its tail at the +center of a unit sphere and see where it + + align:start position:0% +center of a unit sphere and see where it + + + align:start position:0% +center of a unit sphere and see where it +hits the sphere and so every surface + + align:start position:0% +hits the sphere and so every surface + + + align:start position:0% +hits the sphere and so every surface +orientation then uh corresponds to a + + align:start position:0% +orientation then uh corresponds to a + + + align:start position:0% +orientation then uh corresponds to a +point on the sphere and I can talk about + + align:start position:0% +point on the sphere and I can talk about + + + align:start position:0% +point on the sphere and I can talk about +points on the sphere using various ways + + align:start position:0% +points on the sphere using various ways + + + align:start position:0% +points on the sphere using various ways +but one is uh latitude and longitude + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ude and that's uh two variables so that + + align:start position:0% +ude and that's uh two variables so that + + + align:start position:0% +ude and that's uh two variables so that +tells us again in another way that a + + align:start position:0% +tells us again in another way that a + + + align:start position:0% +tells us again in another way that a +unit normal has two degrees of freedom + + align:start position:0% +unit normal has two degrees of freedom + + + align:start position:0% +unit normal has two degrees of freedom +and if I want to pin it down I better + + align:start position:0% +and if I want to pin it down I better + + + align:start position:0% +and if I want to pin it down I better +have two constraints so that's the where + + align:start position:0% +have two constraints so that's the where + + + align:start position:0% +have two constraints so that's the where +that was + + align:start position:0% +that was + + + align:start position:0% +that was +going and that that makes it interesting + + align:start position:0% +going and that that makes it interesting + + + align:start position:0% +going and that that makes it interesting +I mean if if if we could just say okay I + + align:start position:0% +I mean if if if we could just say okay I + + + align:start position:0% +I mean if if if we could just say okay I +measure the brightness and it's you know + + align:start position:0% +measure the brightness and it's you know + + + align:start position:0% +measure the brightness and it's you know +6 and the orientation is such and such + + align:start position:0% +6 and the orientation is such and such + + + align:start position:0% +6 and the orientation is such and such +uh the course would be over it'd be + + align:start position:0% +uh the course would be over it'd be + + + align:start position:0% +uh the course would be over it'd be +pretty boring but it isn't it's it's not + + align:start position:0% +pretty boring but it isn't it's it's not + + + align:start position:0% +pretty boring but it isn't it's it's not +easy we need more constraint and uh + + align:start position:0% +easy we need more constraint and uh + + + align:start position:0% +easy we need more constraint and uh +we'll see the different ways of solving + + align:start position:0% +we'll see the different ways of solving + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see the different ways of solving +this problem one of them you saw in the + + align:start position:0% +this problem one of them you saw in the + + + align:start position:0% +this problem one of them you saw in the +slides was a kind of Brute Force One + + align:start position:0% +slides was a kind of Brute Force One + + + align:start position:0% +slides was a kind of Brute Force One +saying well we just get more constraint + + align:start position:0% +saying well we just get more constraint + + + align:start position:0% +saying well we just get more constraint +we illuminate it with a different light + + align:start position:0% +we illuminate it with a different light + + + align:start position:0% +we illuminate it with a different light +source we get a different constraint + + align:start position:0% +source we get a different constraint + + + align:start position:0% +source we get a different constraint +because the other light source will have + + align:start position:0% +because the other light source will have + + + align:start position:0% +because the other light source will have +a different angle and then I can solve + + align:start position:0% +a different angle and then I can solve + + + align:start position:0% +a different angle and then I can solve +at every point so that's um you know + + align:start position:0% +at every point so that's um you know + + + align:start position:0% +at every point so that's um you know +from an industrial implementation point + + align:start position:0% +from an industrial implementation point + + + align:start position:0% +from an industrial implementation point +of view that's great you can do that you + + align:start position:0% +of view that's great you can do that you + + + align:start position:0% +of view that's great you can do that you +can either use multiple light + + align:start position:0% +can either use multiple light + + + align:start position:0% +can either use multiple light +sources uh put on at different times or + + align:start position:0% +sources uh put on at different times or + + + align:start position:0% +sources uh put on at different times or +you can use colored light sources and so + + align:start position:0% +you can use colored light sources and so + + + align:start position:0% +you can use colored light sources and so +on but you know suppose you were + + align:start position:0% +on but you know suppose you were + + + align:start position:0% +on but you know suppose you were +interested in how come people can do + + align:start position:0% +interested in how come people can do + + + align:start position:0% +interested in how come people can do +this they don't play tricks with light + + align:start position:0% +this they don't play tricks with light + + + align:start position:0% +this they don't play tricks with light +sources and they don't live in a world + + align:start position:0% +sources and they don't live in a world + + + align:start position:0% +sources and they don't live in a world +with three Suns of different colors uh + + align:start position:0% +with three Suns of different colors uh + + + align:start position:0% +with three Suns of different colors uh +then you know we'll have to do something + + align:start position:0% +then you know we'll have to do something + + + align:start position:0% +then you know we'll have to do something +more sophisticated and we'll we'll study + + align:start position:0% +more sophisticated and we'll we'll study + + + align:start position:0% +more sophisticated and we'll we'll study +that okay how are we doing oh we're + + align:start position:0% +that okay how are we doing oh we're + + + align:start position:0% +that okay how are we doing oh we're +getting there okay so um the for + + align:start position:0% +getting there okay so um the for + + + align:start position:0% +getting there okay so um the for +shortening comes up in two places the + + align:start position:0% +shortening comes up in two places the + + + align:start position:0% +shortening comes up in two places the +one is here where we're talking about + + align:start position:0% +one is here where we're talking about + + + align:start position:0% +one is here where we're talking about +incident uh light but actually for + + align:start position:0% +incident uh light but actually for + + + align:start position:0% +incident uh light but actually for +shortening also plays a + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Applause] + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] + + + align:start position:0% +[Applause] +role in the in the other direction W + + align:start position:0% +role in the in the other direction W + + + align:start position:0% +role in the in the other direction W +High friction + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Blackboard also hard to erase okay so um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it's really the same + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +geometry except now the rays are going + + align:start position:0% +geometry except now the rays are going + + + align:start position:0% +geometry except now the rays are going +in the other + + align:start position:0% +in the other + + + align:start position:0% +in the other +direction + + align:start position:0% +direction + + + align:start position:0% +direction +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so and I have a foreshortening on the + + align:start position:0% +so and I have a foreshortening on the + + + align:start position:0% +so and I have a foreshortening on the +receiving end as well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so in a real Imaging situation in 3D + + align:start position:0% +so in a real Imaging situation in 3D + + + align:start position:0% +so in a real Imaging situation in 3D +we'll see both of these phenomena + + align:start position:0% +we'll see both of these phenomena + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see both of these phenomena +there's the foreshortening uh that + + align:start position:0% +there's the foreshortening uh that + + + align:start position:0% +there's the foreshortening uh that +affects the incident illumination as up + + align:start position:0% +affects the incident illumination as up + + + align:start position:0% +affects the incident illumination as up +there and then there's this effect and + + align:start position:0% +there and then there's this effect and + + + align:start position:0% +there and then there's this effect and +uh for example I can illustrate to you + + align:start position:0% +uh for example I can illustrate to you + + + align:start position:0% +uh for example I can illustrate to you +right away the stupidity of some + + align:start position:0% +right away the stupidity of some + + + align:start position:0% +right away the stupidity of some +textbooks so some textbooks say that + + align:start position:0% +textbooks so some textbooks say that + + + align:start position:0% +textbooks so some textbooks say that +there's a type of surface called ersion + + align:start position:0% +there's a type of surface called ersion + + + align:start position:0% +there's a type of surface called ersion +which emits energy equally in all + + align:start position:0% +which emits energy equally in all + + + align:start position:0% +which emits energy equally in all +directions that's what they literally + + align:start position:0% +directions that's what they literally + + + align:start position:0% +directions that's what they literally +say well if that's + + align:start position:0% +say well if that's + + + align:start position:0% +say well if that's +true then that + + align:start position:0% +true then that + + + align:start position:0% +true then that +energy is U imaged in a certain area + + align:start position:0% +energy is U imaged in a certain area + + + align:start position:0% +energy is U imaged in a certain area +that changes as I change the tilt of the + + align:start position:0% +that changes as I change the tilt of the + + + align:start position:0% +that changes as I change the tilt of the +surface and as I tilt the surface more + + align:start position:0% +surface and as I tilt the surface more + + + align:start position:0% +surface and as I tilt the surface more +and more and more that image area + + align:start position:0% +and more and more that image area + + + align:start position:0% +and more and more that image area +becomes smaller and smaller but it's + + align:start position:0% +becomes smaller and smaller but it's + + + align:start position:0% +becomes smaller and smaller but it's +receiving the same power supposedly + + align:start position:0% +receiving the same power supposedly + + + align:start position:0% +receiving the same power supposedly +according to these guys and what does + + align:start position:0% +according to these guys and what does + + + align:start position:0% +according to these guys and what does +that mean that means you're going to fry + + align:start position:0% +that mean that means you're going to fry + + + align:start position:0% +that mean that means you're going to fry +your retina right at the occluding + + align:start position:0% +your retina right at the occluding + + + align:start position:0% +your retina right at the occluding +boundary because all that energy is now + + align:start position:0% +boundary because all that energy is now + + + align:start position:0% +boundary because all that energy is now +you know focused in the tiny tiny area + + align:start position:0% +you know focused in the tiny tiny area + + + align:start position:0% +you know focused in the tiny tiny area +so this is an important idea and it + + align:start position:0% +so this is an important idea and it + + + align:start position:0% +so this is an important idea and it +comes in when we talk about the frence + + align:start position:0% +comes in when we talk about the frence + + + align:start position:0% +comes in when we talk about the frence +of surfaces and we need to be aware of + + align:start position:0% +of surfaces and we need to be aware of + + + align:start position:0% +of surfaces and we need to be aware of +it so + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um now something I want to end up on + + align:start position:0% +um now something I want to end up on + + + align:start position:0% +um now something I want to end up on +is we're solving a tough problem we with + + align:start position:0% +is we're solving a tough problem we with + + + align:start position:0% +is we're solving a tough problem we with +you know 3D we only got 2D images okay + + align:start position:0% +you know 3D we only got 2D images okay + + + align:start position:0% +you know 3D we only got 2D images okay +so maybe we're lucky and we have several + + align:start position:0% +so maybe we're lucky and we have several + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe we're lucky and we have several +but it's it's you know you've got a + + align:start position:0% +but it's it's you know you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +but it's it's you know you've got a +function of three variables that's got + + align:start position:0% +function of three variables that's got + + + align:start position:0% +function of three variables that's got +so much more flexibility than a few + + align:start position:0% +so much more flexibility than a few + + + align:start position:0% +so much more flexibility than a few +functions of two variables so why does + + align:start position:0% +functions of two variables so why does + + + align:start position:0% +functions of two variables so why does +this work at all well the reason it + + align:start position:0% +this work at all well the reason it + + + align:start position:0% +this work at all well the reason it +works is that we're not living in a + + align:start position:0% +works is that we're not living in a + + + align:start position:0% +works is that we're not living in a +World of Color Jello so we're living in + + align:start position:0% +World of Color Jello so we're living in + + + align:start position:0% +World of Color Jello so we're living in +a very special visual world so if I'm + + align:start position:0% +a very special visual world so if I'm + + + align:start position:0% +a very special visual world so if I'm +looking at you know some person back + + align:start position:0% +looking at you know some person back + + + align:start position:0% +looking at you know some person back +there um the ray coming from the surface + + align:start position:0% +there um the ray coming from the surface + + + align:start position:0% +there um the ray coming from the surface +of his skin to my pupil is not + + align:start position:0% +of his skin to my pupil is not + + + align:start position:0% +of his skin to my pupil is not +interrupted and it's a straight line + + align:start position:0% +interrupted and it's a straight line + + + align:start position:0% +interrupted and it's a straight line +why well because we're going through air + + align:start position:0% +why well because we're going through air + + + align:start position:0% +why well because we're going through air +and air is uh refractive index almost + + align:start position:0% +and air is uh refractive index almost + + + align:start position:0% +and air is uh refractive index almost +exactly one and at least it doesn't vary + + align:start position:0% +exactly one and at least it doesn't vary + + + align:start position:0% +exactly one and at least it doesn't vary +from that position to here and there's + + align:start position:0% +from that position to here and there's + + + align:start position:0% +from that position to here and there's +nothing in between there's no smoking + + align:start position:0% +nothing in between there's no smoking + + + align:start position:0% +nothing in between there's no smoking +allowed in this room so it can't be + + align:start position:0% +allowed in this room so it can't be + + + align:start position:0% +allowed in this room so it can't be +absorbed and and that's very + + align:start position:0% +absorbed and and that's very + + + align:start position:0% +absorbed and and that's very +unusual uh now and and the other thing + + align:start position:0% +unusual uh now and and the other thing + + + align:start position:0% +unusual uh now and and the other thing +is that that person has a solid surface + + align:start position:0% +is that that person has a solid surface + + + align:start position:0% +is that that person has a solid surface +I'm not looking into some sort of um + + align:start position:0% +I'm not looking into some sort of um + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not looking into some sort of um +semi-translucent complicated thing uh so + + align:start position:0% +semi-translucent complicated thing uh so + + + align:start position:0% +semi-translucent complicated thing uh so +there are straight line rays and there's + + align:start position:0% +there are straight line rays and there's + + + align:start position:0% +there are straight line rays and there's +a solid surface therefore there's a 2d + + align:start position:0% +a solid surface therefore there's a 2d + + + align:start position:0% +a solid surface therefore there's a 2d +to 2D correspondence the surface of that + + align:start position:0% +to 2D correspondence the surface of that + + + align:start position:0% +to 2D correspondence the surface of that +person sorry I keep on looking at the + + align:start position:0% +person sorry I keep on looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +person sorry I keep on looking at the +same person he's getting embarrassed but + + align:start position:0% +same person he's getting embarrassed but + + + align:start position:0% +same person he's getting embarrassed but +2D uh we can talk about points on the + + align:start position:0% +2D uh we can talk about points on the + + + align:start position:0% +2D uh we can talk about points on the +cheek of this person using U two vectors + + align:start position:0% +cheek of this person using U two vectors + + + align:start position:0% +cheek of this person using U two vectors +u and v and that's mapped in some curvy + + align:start position:0% +u and v and that's mapped in some curvy + + + align:start position:0% +u and v and that's mapped in some curvy +linear way into the 2D in my image and + + align:start position:0% +linear way into the 2D in my image and + + + align:start position:0% +linear way into the 2D in my image and +that's why that's one reason why this + + align:start position:0% +that's why that's one reason why this + + + align:start position:0% +that's why that's one reason why this +works right it's not really 3D to 2D + + align:start position:0% +works right it's not really 3D to 2D + + + align:start position:0% +works right it's not really 3D to 2D +it's sort of a curvy linear 2D to 2D and + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of a curvy linear 2D to 2D and + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of a curvy linear 2D to 2D and +what's the contrast well uh suppose I + + align:start position:0% +what's the contrast well uh suppose I + + + align:start position:0% +what's the contrast well uh suppose I +fill the room up with Jello and then + + align:start position:0% +fill the room up with Jello and then + + + align:start position:0% +fill the room up with Jello and then +somebody goes in and with the + + align:start position:0% +somebody goes in and with the + + + align:start position:0% +somebody goes in and with the +hypothermic injects colored dye all over + + align:start position:0% +hypothermic injects colored dye all over + + + align:start position:0% +hypothermic injects colored dye all over +the show and then I come in the door and + + align:start position:0% +the show and then I come in the door and + + + align:start position:0% +the show and then I come in the door and +I'm not allowed to move around I can + + align:start position:0% +I'm not allowed to move around I can + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not allowed to move around I can +just stand at the door and I can look in + + align:start position:0% +just stand at the door and I can look in + + + align:start position:0% +just stand at the door and I can look in +the room can I figure out the + + align:start position:0% +the room can I figure out the + + + align:start position:0% +the room can I figure out the +distribution of color diee no because in + + align:start position:0% +distribution of color diee no because in + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of color diee no because in +every direction everything is + + align:start position:0% +every direction everything is + + + align:start position:0% +every direction everything is +superimposed from the back of the room + + align:start position:0% +superimposed from the back of the room + + + align:start position:0% +superimposed from the back of the room +to the front and so + + align:start position:0% +to the front and so + + + align:start position:0% +to the front and so +you can't disentangle it from one view + + align:start position:0% +you can't disentangle it from one view + + + align:start position:0% +you can't disentangle it from one view +uh can you do it yeah if you have lots + + align:start position:0% +uh can you do it yeah if you have lots + + + align:start position:0% +uh can you do it yeah if you have lots +of views and that's tomography so um + + align:start position:0% +of views and that's tomography so um + + + align:start position:0% +of views and that's tomography so um +we're sort of in an interesting world + + align:start position:0% +we're sort of in an interesting world + + + align:start position:0% +we're sort of in an interesting world +you know tomography in a way is more + + align:start position:0% +you know tomography in a way is more + + + align:start position:0% +you know tomography in a way is more +complicated but it's also in a way much + + align:start position:0% +complicated but it's also in a way much + + + align:start position:0% +complicated but it's also in a way much +simpler uh the math is very simple and + + align:start position:0% +simpler uh the math is very simple and + + + align:start position:0% +simpler uh the math is very simple and +we have a world where there's a match of + + align:start position:0% +we have a world where there's a match of + + + align:start position:0% +we have a world where there's a match of +Dimensions but the equations are + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions but the equations are + + + align:start position:0% +Dimensions but the equations are +complicated so it's not so easy to do + + align:start position:0% +complicated so it's not so easy to do + + + align:start position:0% +complicated so it's not so easy to do +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +inversion um see we need I think we need + + align:start position:0% +inversion um see we need I think we need + + + align:start position:0% +inversion um see we need I think we need +to stop okay any uh + + align:start position:0% +to stop okay any uh + + + align:start position:0% +to stop okay any uh +questions so about the homework problem + + align:start position:0% +questions so about the homework problem + + + align:start position:0% +questions so about the homework problem +uh you should be able to do uh at least + + align:start position:0% +uh you should be able to do uh at least + + + align:start position:0% +uh you should be able to do uh at least +the first three or five questions + + align:start position:0% +the first three or five questions + + + align:start position:0% +the first three or five questions +probably the fourth and then on Tuesday + + align:start position:0% +probably the fourth and then on Tuesday + + + align:start position:0% +probably the fourth and then on Tuesday +we'll cover what you need to do the last + + align:start position:0% +we'll cover what you need to do the last + + + align:start position:0% +we'll cover what you need to do the last +one so \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tccVVUnLdbc.txt b/tccVVUnLdbc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc3a331232c7ed8f77ecc95e0efc536cb56f9467 --- /dev/null +++ b/tccVVUnLdbc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1939 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Hi, welcome to recitation. Today's + + align:start position:0% +Hi, welcome to recitation. Today's + + + align:start position:0% +Hi, welcome to recitation. Today's +problem is about positive definite + + align:start position:0% +problem is about positive definite + + + align:start position:0% +problem is about positive definite +matrices and it's asking us for which + + align:start position:0% +matrices and it's asking us for which + + + align:start position:0% +matrices and it's asking us for which +values of the parameter C which is + + align:start position:0% +values of the parameter C which is + + + align:start position:0% +values of the parameter C which is +sitting here in a matrix. Is the matrix + + align:start position:0% +sitting here in a matrix. Is the matrix + + + align:start position:0% +sitting here in a matrix. Is the matrix +B 2 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 -1 -1 2 + C positive + + align:start position:0% +B 2 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 -1 -1 2 + C positive + + + align:start position:0% +B 2 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 -1 -1 2 + C positive +definite and for which values of C is it + + align:start position:0% +definite and for which values of C is it + + + align:start position:0% +definite and for which values of C is it +positive semidefinite? I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +positive semidefinite? I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +positive semidefinite? I'm going to +leave you alone with the problem. You + + align:start position:0% +leave you alone with the problem. You + + + align:start position:0% +leave you alone with the problem. You +should pause the video and then come + + align:start position:0% +should pause the video and then come + + + align:start position:0% +should pause the video and then come +back and compare your solution with + + align:start position:0% +back and compare your solution with + + + align:start position:0% +back and compare your solution with +mine. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And we're back. As you remember from the + + align:start position:0% +And we're back. As you remember from the + + + align:start position:0% +And we're back. As you remember from the +lectures, there's several tests that you + + align:start position:0% +lectures, there's several tests that you + + + align:start position:0% +lectures, there's several tests that you +can do on matrices to find out if + + align:start position:0% +can do on matrices to find out if + + + align:start position:0% +can do on matrices to find out if +they're positive definite and if they're + + align:start position:0% +they're positive definite and if they're + + + align:start position:0% +they're positive definite and if they're +positive, semidefinite. And I'm going to + + align:start position:0% +positive, semidefinite. And I'm going to + + + align:start position:0% +positive, semidefinite. And I'm going to +demonstrate three to you. First, I'm + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate three to you. First, I'm + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate three to you. First, I'm +going to do the one that you should do + + align:start position:0% +going to do the one that you should do + + + align:start position:0% +going to do the one that you should do +in case you have very little time and + + align:start position:0% +in case you have very little time and + + + align:start position:0% +in case you have very little time and +you're asked to do a problem like this + + align:start position:0% +you're asked to do a problem like this + + + align:start position:0% +you're asked to do a problem like this +on the + + align:start position:0% +on the + + + align:start position:0% +on the +test, which is of course the determinant + + align:start position:0% +test, which is of course the determinant + + + align:start position:0% +test, which is of course the determinant +test. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The determinance test asks us to compute + + align:start position:0% +The determinance test asks us to compute + + + align:start position:0% +The determinance test asks us to compute +determinants of the upper triang of of + + align:start position:0% +determinants of the upper triang of of + + + align:start position:0% +determinants of the upper triang of of +the matrices in the upper left corner of + + align:start position:0% +the matrices in the upper left corner of + + + align:start position:0% +the matrices in the upper left corner of +all sizes. And it says that it's going + + align:start position:0% +all sizes. And it says that it's going + + + align:start position:0% +all sizes. And it says that it's going +to be positive definite if they're all + + align:start position:0% +to be positive definite if they're all + + + align:start position:0% +to be positive definite if they're all +greater than zero and positive + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero and positive + + + align:start position:0% +greater than zero and positive +semidefinite if some some zeros sneak + + align:start position:0% +semidefinite if some some zeros sneak + + + align:start position:0% +semidefinite if some some zeros sneak +into into that sequence. So let's + + align:start position:0% +into into that sequence. So let's + + + align:start position:0% +into into that sequence. So let's +calculate the determinants. The first + + align:start position:0% +calculate the determinants. The first + + + align:start position:0% +calculate the determinants. The first +determinant is the determinant of this + + align:start position:0% +determinant is the determinant of this + + + align:start position:0% +determinant is the determinant of this +tiny matrix here. So it's just + + align:start position:0% +tiny matrix here. So it's just + + + align:start position:0% +tiny matrix here. So it's just +two. The next one is the + + align:start position:0% +two. The next one is the + + + align:start position:0% +two. The next one is the +determinant of this 2x2 submatrix 2 -1 + + align:start position:0% +determinant of this 2x2 submatrix 2 -1 + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of this 2x2 submatrix 2 -1 +-1 + + align:start position:0% +-1 + + + align:start position:0% +-1 +2 which is equal to 4 - 1 which is + + align:start position:0% +2 which is equal to 4 - 1 which is + + + align:start position:0% +2 which is equal to 4 - 1 which is +three. + + align:start position:0% +three. + + + align:start position:0% +three. +And + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +finally we have determinant of + + align:start position:0% +finally we have determinant of + + + align:start position:0% +finally we have determinant of +B which I'm going to calculate for you. + + align:start position:0% +B which I'm going to calculate for you. + + + align:start position:0% +B which I'm going to calculate for you. +Um I'm going to calculate it. Um I'm + + align:start position:0% +Um I'm going to calculate it. Um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Um I'm going to calculate it. Um I'm +going to decompose it along the first + + align:start position:0% +going to decompose it along the first + + + align:start position:0% +going to decompose it along the first +line first row. So it's two times the + + align:start position:0% +line first row. So it's two times the + + + align:start position:0% +line first row. So it's two times the +determinant of this + + align:start position:0% +determinant of this + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of this +submatrix 2 1 + uh sorry + + align:start position:0% +submatrix 2 1 + uh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +submatrix 2 1 + uh sorry +-1 + + align:start position:0% +-1 + + + align:start position:0% +-1 +-1 2 + c minus - -1 this one here times + + align:start position:0% +-1 2 + c minus - -1 this one here times + + + align:start position:0% +-1 2 + c minus - -1 this one here times +this determinant which + + align:start position:0% +this determinant which + + + align:start position:0% +this determinant which +is -1 + + align:start position:0% +is -1 + + + align:start position:0% +is -1 +-1 + + align:start position:0% +-1 + + + align:start position:0% +-1 +-1 2 + c and then + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +plus min - one this one here times this + + align:start position:0% +plus min - one this one here times this + + + align:start position:0% +plus min - one this one here times this +determinant which is -1 2 -1 + + align:start position:0% +determinant which is -1 2 -1 + + + align:start position:0% +determinant which is -1 2 -1 +-1 and in total + + align:start position:0% +-1 and in total + + + align:start position:0% +-1 and in total +that's 2 + + align:start position:0% +that's 2 + + + align:start position:0% +that's 2 +* 4 + 2 C + + align:start position:0% +* 4 + 2 C + + + align:start position:0% +* 4 + 2 C +-1 + + align:start position:0% +-1 + + + align:start position:0% +-1 ++ - 2 - c + + align:start position:0% ++ - 2 - c + + + align:start position:0% ++ - 2 - c +-1 and plus uh sorry + + align:start position:0% +-1 and plus uh sorry + + + align:start position:0% +-1 and plus uh sorry +minus + + align:start position:0% +minus + + + align:start position:0% +minus +1 + + + align:start position:0% +1 + + + + align:start position:0% +1 + +2 and in total this should give + + align:start position:0% +2 and in total this should give + + + align:start position:0% +2 and in total this should give +us 6 + 4 c - 3 - c - 3 which + + align:start position:0% +us 6 + 4 c - 3 - c - 3 which + + + align:start position:0% +us 6 + 4 c - 3 - c - 3 which +is 3 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So let's look at the determinants. 2 is + + align:start position:0% +So let's look at the determinants. 2 is + + + align:start position:0% +So let's look at the determinants. 2 is +positive, 3 is positive, 3 C is + + align:start position:0% +positive, 3 is positive, 3 C is + + + align:start position:0% +positive, 3 is positive, 3 C is +positive. So the answer is the matrix is + + align:start position:0% +positive. So the answer is the matrix is + + + align:start position:0% +positive. So the answer is the matrix is +positive definite + + align:start position:0% +positive definite + + + align:start position:0% +positive definite +if C is bigger than zero and it's + + align:start position:0% +if C is bigger than zero and it's + + + align:start position:0% +if C is bigger than zero and it's +positive + + align:start position:0% +positive + + + align:start position:0% +positive +semidefinite if it's either strictly + + align:start position:0% +semidefinite if it's either strictly + + + align:start position:0% +semidefinite if it's either strictly +bigger than zero or equal to zero. And + + align:start position:0% +bigger than zero or equal to zero. And + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than zero or equal to zero. And +that's all. If you're on the test, this + + align:start position:0% +that's all. If you're on the test, this + + + align:start position:0% +that's all. If you're on the test, this +is everything that you should do. Now, + + align:start position:0% +is everything that you should do. Now, + + + align:start position:0% +is everything that you should do. Now, +let me show you two more tests to + + align:start position:0% +let me show you two more tests to + + + align:start position:0% +let me show you two more tests to +demonstrate that first they take longer + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate that first they take longer + + + align:start position:0% +demonstrate that first they take longer +and second to see these numbers and + + align:start position:0% +and second to see these numbers and + + + align:start position:0% +and second to see these numbers and +their quotients show up in other tests + + align:start position:0% +their quotients show up in other tests + + + align:start position:0% +their quotients show up in other tests +and to try to convince you that these + + align:start position:0% +and to try to convince you that these + + + align:start position:0% +and to try to convince you that these +tests really are equivalent. Let me do + + align:start position:0% +tests really are equivalent. Let me do + + + align:start position:0% +tests really are equivalent. Let me do +the pivots test for you. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So we take our matrix B 2 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 + + align:start position:0% +So we take our matrix B 2 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 + + + align:start position:0% +So we take our matrix B 2 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 +-1 -1 2 + + + align:start position:0% +-1 -1 2 + + + + align:start position:0% +-1 -1 2 + +C and let's pretend we're solving a + + align:start position:0% +C and let's pretend we're solving a + + + align:start position:0% +C and let's pretend we're solving a +system of which this this one this that + + align:start position:0% +system of which this this one this that + + + align:start position:0% +system of which this this one this that +has this as a matrix. So we multiply the + + align:start position:0% +has this as a matrix. So we multiply the + + + align:start position:0% +has this as a matrix. So we multiply the +first row by 1/2 and we add it to the + + align:start position:0% +first row by 1/2 and we add it to the + + + align:start position:0% +first row by 1/2 and we add it to the +second and to the third + + align:start position:0% +second and to the third + + + align:start position:0% +second and to the third +row. We get 2 - one - one + + align:start position:0% +row. We get 2 - one - one + + + align:start position:0% +row. We get 2 - one - one +0 three half - three halves 0 - three + + align:start position:0% +0 three half - three halves 0 - three + + + align:start position:0% +0 three half - three halves 0 - three +halves three halves plus + + align:start position:0% +halves three halves plus + + + align:start position:0% +halves three halves plus +C. So the first column is good and then + + align:start position:0% +C. So the first column is good and then + + + align:start position:0% +C. So the first column is good and then +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +just replace the the third column with + + align:start position:0% +just replace the the third column with + + + align:start position:0% +just replace the the third column with +the third column plus the second column + + align:start position:0% +the third column plus the second column + + + align:start position:0% +the third column plus the second column +and we get 2 - one - one 0 three halves + + align:start position:0% +and we get 2 - one - one 0 three halves + + + align:start position:0% +and we get 2 - one - one 0 three halves +- three + + align:start position:0% +- three + + + align:start position:0% +- three +halves + + align:start position:0% +halves + + + align:start position:0% +halves +0 and + + align:start position:0% +0 and + + + align:start position:0% +0 and +c. And so the pivots are + + align:start position:0% +c. And so the pivots are + + + align:start position:0% +c. And so the pivots are +two, three over two and + + align:start position:0% +two, three over two and + + + align:start position:0% +two, three over two and +C. And again the answer is as before. + + align:start position:0% +C. And again the answer is as before. + + + align:start position:0% +C. And again the answer is as before. +It's positive definite if C is strictly + + align:start position:0% +It's positive definite if C is strictly + + + align:start position:0% +It's positive definite if C is strictly +bigger than zero. And it's positive + + align:start position:0% +bigger than zero. And it's positive + + + align:start position:0% +bigger than zero. And it's positive +semidefinite if C is greater or equal + + align:start position:0% +semidefinite if C is greater or equal + + + align:start position:0% +semidefinite if C is greater or equal +than zero. But I want you to notice + + align:start position:0% +than zero. But I want you to notice + + + align:start position:0% +than zero. But I want you to notice +something else here. So before we had + + align:start position:0% +something else here. So before we had + + + align:start position:0% +something else here. So before we had +two, three and 3 C. And now for + + align:start position:0% +two, three and 3 C. And now for + + + align:start position:0% +two, three and 3 C. And now for +determinants as a spillets we have + + align:start position:0% +determinants as a spillets we have + + + align:start position:0% +determinants as a spillets we have +two 3 over two which is the second + + align:start position:0% +two 3 over two which is the second + + + align:start position:0% +two 3 over two which is the second +determinant over the the uh the first + + align:start position:0% +determinant over the the uh the first + + + align:start position:0% +determinant over the the uh the first +determinant and C which can be thought + + align:start position:0% +determinant and C which can be thought + + + align:start position:0% +determinant and C which can be thought +of as 3 C over three. So the third + + align:start position:0% +of as 3 C over three. So the third + + + align:start position:0% +of as 3 C over three. So the third +determinant over the second determinant + + align:start position:0% +determinant over the second determinant + + + align:start position:0% +determinant over the second determinant +and something like this is always going + + align:start position:0% +and something like this is always going + + + align:start position:0% +and something like this is always going +to happen. And + + align:start position:0% +to happen. And + + + align:start position:0% +to happen. And +finally let me do + + align:start position:0% +finally let me do + + + align:start position:0% +finally let me do +the energy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +test or completing the square. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +So one of the definitions of positive + + align:start position:0% +So one of the definitions of positive + + + align:start position:0% +So one of the definitions of positive +definite one could say the definition + + align:start position:0% +definite one could say the definition + + + align:start position:0% +definite one could say the definition +because of which we're really interested + + align:start position:0% +because of which we're really interested + + + align:start position:0% +because of which we're really interested +in such + + align:start position:0% +in such + + + align:start position:0% +in such +matrices is the following it's positive + + align:start position:0% +matrices is the following it's positive + + + align:start position:0% +matrices is the following it's positive +definite if when we consider I'm sorry + + align:start position:0% +definite if when we consider I'm sorry + + + align:start position:0% +definite if when we consider I'm sorry +when we consider this quadratic form so + + align:start position:0% +when we consider this quadratic form so + + + align:start position:0% +when we consider this quadratic form so +a form that maps x y and z to this + + align:start position:0% +a form that maps x y and z to this + + + align:start position:0% +a form that maps x y and z to this +expression here that's going to be + + align:start position:0% +expression here that's going to be + + + align:start position:0% +expression here that's going to be +quadratic in x y and z if it's positive + + align:start position:0% +quadratic in x y and z if it's positive + + + align:start position:0% +quadratic in x y and z if it's positive +definite if this is is it's positive + + align:start position:0% +definite if this is is it's positive + + + align:start position:0% +definite if this is is it's positive +semidefinite if this is always greater + + align:start position:0% +semidefinite if this is always greater + + + align:start position:0% +semidefinite if this is always greater +or equal than zero and it's positive + + align:start position:0% +or equal than zero and it's positive + + + align:start position:0% +or equal than zero and it's positive +definite if when we have an expression + + align:start position:0% +definite if when we have an expression + + + align:start position:0% +definite if when we have an expression +like this and try to solve this equals + + align:start position:0% +like this and try to solve this equals + + + align:start position:0% +like this and try to solve this equals +zero the only solution is that x y and z + + align:start position:0% +zero the only solution is that x y and z + + + align:start position:0% +zero the only solution is that x y and z +all have to be + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +zero so let's try calculating this form + + align:start position:0% +zero so let's try calculating this form + + + align:start position:0% +zero so let's try calculating this form +completing the squares on it and seeing + + align:start position:0% +completing the squares on it and seeing + + + align:start position:0% +completing the squares on it and seeing +these numbers show up + + align:start position:0% +these numbers show up + + + align:start position:0% +these numbers show up +again so when I multiply this like this. + + align:start position:0% +again so when I multiply this like this. + + + align:start position:0% +again so when I multiply this like this. +Put put in a b do the multiplication. We + + align:start position:0% +Put put in a b do the multiplication. We + + + align:start position:0% +Put put in a b do the multiplication. We +get something like this. + + align:start position:0% +get something like this. + + + align:start position:0% +get something like this. +2x^2 + 2 y^ 2 + + align:start position:0% +2x^2 + 2 y^ 2 + + + align:start position:0% +2x^2 + 2 y^ 2 ++ 2 + c z^ 2 - 2xy - 2x z - + + align:start position:0% ++ 2 + c z^ 2 - 2xy - 2x z - + + + align:start position:0% ++ 2 + c z^ 2 - 2xy - 2x z - +2 y + + align:start position:0% +2 y + + + align:start position:0% +2 y +z. And now let's try completing the + + align:start position:0% +z. And now let's try completing the + + + align:start position:0% +z. And now let's try completing the +squares using the formulas that I + + align:start position:0% +squares using the formulas that I + + + align:start position:0% +squares using the formulas that I +prepared for you up here in this popup + + align:start position:0% +prepared for you up here in this popup + + + align:start position:0% +prepared for you up here in this popup +window in the corner. So let's try + + align:start position:0% +window in the corner. So let's try + + + align:start position:0% +window in the corner. So let's try +completing. We have a formula for the + + align:start position:0% +completing. We have a formula for the + + + align:start position:0% +completing. We have a formula for the +square of a + b + c and the square of a + + align:start position:0% +square of a + b + c and the square of a + + + align:start position:0% +square of a + b + c and the square of a ++ + + align:start position:0% ++ + + + align:start position:0% ++ +b. + + align:start position:0% +b. + + + align:start position:0% +b. +So first we try to get something squared + + align:start position:0% +So first we try to get something squared + + + align:start position:0% +So first we try to get something squared +so that this something has all the x's + + align:start position:0% +so that this something has all the x's + + + align:start position:0% +so that this something has all the x's +that appear here. so that we get + + align:start position:0% +that appear here. so that we get + + + align:start position:0% +that appear here. so that we get +something squared plus some expression + + align:start position:0% +something squared plus some expression + + + align:start position:0% +something squared plus some expression +that only takes y's and + + align:start position:0% +that only takes y's and + + + align:start position:0% +that only takes y's and +z's. I'm not going to do the calculation + + align:start position:0% +z's. I'm not going to do the calculation + + + align:start position:0% +z's. I'm not going to do the calculation +in front of you further embarrass myself + + align:start position:0% +in front of you further embarrass myself + + + align:start position:0% +in front of you further embarrass myself +with it. But let me tell you that what + + align:start position:0% +with it. But let me tell you that what + + + align:start position:0% +with it. But let me tell you that what +you get is 2 * x - 12 y minus 12 + + align:start position:0% +you get is 2 * x - 12 y minus 12 + + + align:start position:0% +you get is 2 * x - 12 y minus 12 +z^ + + align:start position:0% +z^ + + + align:start position:0% +z^ +squared. And this ate all the x's that + + align:start position:0% +squared. And this ate all the x's that + + + align:start position:0% +squared. And this ate all the x's that +showed up here. The remainder only has + + align:start position:0% +showed up here. The remainder only has + + + align:start position:0% +showed up here. The remainder only has +y's and z's. When you use the second of + + align:start position:0% +y's and z's. When you use the second of + + + align:start position:0% +y's and z's. When you use the second of +those formulas in a pop-up window to + + align:start position:0% +those formulas in a pop-up window to + + + align:start position:0% +those formulas in a pop-up window to +complete the square of y's and z's, you + + align:start position:0% +complete the square of y's and z's, you + + + align:start position:0% +complete the square of y's and z's, you +get three + + align:start position:0% +get three + + + align:start position:0% +get three +halves + + align:start position:0% +halves + + + align:start position:0% +halves +times y - z squared. So this took up all + + align:start position:0% +times y - z squared. So this took up all + + + align:start position:0% +times y - z squared. So this took up all +the y's and we're left just with a + + align:start position:0% +the y's and we're left just with a + + + align:start position:0% +the y's and we're left just with a +z that comes as c * z ^ + + align:start position:0% +z that comes as c * z ^ + + + align:start position:0% +z that comes as c * z ^ +2. And now let's look at the following. + + align:start position:0% +2. And now let's look at the following. + + + align:start position:0% +2. And now let's look at the following. +This is a + + align:start position:0% +This is a + + + align:start position:0% +This is a +square of some real number, so that's + + align:start position:0% +square of some real number, so that's + + + align:start position:0% +square of some real number, so that's +positive. This is a square of some real + + align:start position:0% +positive. This is a square of some real + + + align:start position:0% +positive. This is a square of some real +number, so that's positive. And this is + + align:start position:0% +number, so that's positive. And this is + + + align:start position:0% +number, so that's positive. And this is +a square of some real number, so that's + + align:start position:0% +a square of some real number, so that's + + + align:start position:0% +a square of some real number, so that's +positive. They're all multiplied by + + align:start position:0% +positive. They're all multiplied by + + + align:start position:0% +positive. They're all multiplied by +positive numbers, two, three halves, and + + align:start position:0% +positive numbers, two, three halves, and + + + align:start position:0% +positive numbers, two, three halves, and +C, which we've already seen + + align:start position:0% +C, which we've already seen + + + align:start position:0% +C, which we've already seen +here. And so if C is bigger or equal + + align:start position:0% +here. And so if C is bigger or equal + + + align:start position:0% +here. And so if C is bigger or equal +than + + align:start position:0% +than + + + align:start position:0% +than +zero, this is certainly always bigger or + + align:start position:0% +zero, this is certainly always bigger or + + + align:start position:0% +zero, this is certainly always bigger or +equal than zero. Now to the question of + + align:start position:0% +equal than zero. Now to the question of + + + align:start position:0% +equal than zero. Now to the question of +if this can be equal to zero for without + + align:start position:0% +if this can be equal to zero for without + + + align:start position:0% +if this can be equal to zero for without +X, Y and Z all being + + align:start position:0% +X, Y and Z all being + + + align:start position:0% +X, Y and Z all being +zero. Well, let's look at two + + align:start position:0% +zero. Well, let's look at two + + + align:start position:0% +zero. Well, let's look at two +cases. If C is strictly bigger than + + align:start position:0% +cases. If C is strictly bigger than + + + align:start position:0% +cases. If C is strictly bigger than +zero, then let me write this matrix + + align:start position:0% +zero, then let me write this matrix + + + align:start position:0% +zero, then let me write this matrix +here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +as 2 three halves and C times 1 - 1/2 - + + align:start position:0% +as 2 three halves and C times 1 - 1/2 - + + + align:start position:0% +as 2 three halves and C times 1 - 1/2 - +1/2 0 1 - 1 and 0 0 + + align:start position:0% +1/2 0 1 - 1 and 0 0 + + + align:start position:0% +1/2 0 1 - 1 and 0 0 +1. Let's imagine C is strictly bigger + + align:start position:0% +1. Let's imagine C is strictly bigger + + + align:start position:0% +1. Let's imagine C is strictly bigger +than zero. And let's see when can this + + align:start position:0% +than zero. And let's see when can this + + + align:start position:0% +than zero. And let's see when can this +expression be equal to zero. Well, as we + + align:start position:0% +expression be equal to zero. Well, as we + + + align:start position:0% +expression be equal to zero. Well, as we +said, it's sum of certain squares. + + align:start position:0% +said, it's sum of certain squares. + + + align:start position:0% +said, it's sum of certain squares. +They're all greater or equal than zero. + + align:start position:0% +They're all greater or equal than zero. + + + align:start position:0% +They're all greater or equal than zero. +So, they all have to be equal to zero + + align:start position:0% +So, they all have to be equal to zero + + + align:start position:0% +So, they all have to be equal to zero +for this expression to be zero. In other + + align:start position:0% +for this expression to be zero. In other + + + align:start position:0% +for this expression to be zero. In other +words, z needs to be equal to zero. y - + + align:start position:0% +words, z needs to be equal to zero. y - + + + align:start position:0% +words, z needs to be equal to zero. y - +z needs to be equal to zero. And x - 12 + + align:start position:0% +z needs to be equal to zero. And x - 12 + + + align:start position:0% +z needs to be equal to zero. And x - 12 +y - 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +y - 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +y - 1/2 +z also needs to be equal to zero. And + + align:start position:0% +z also needs to be equal to zero. And + + + align:start position:0% +z also needs to be equal to zero. And +since this matrix has all the + + align:start position:0% +since this matrix has all the + + + align:start position:0% +since this matrix has all the +pivots, this can only happen if X, Y, + + align:start position:0% +pivots, this can only happen if X, Y, + + + align:start position:0% +pivots, this can only happen if X, Y, +and Z are all equal to zero. On the + + align:start position:0% +and Z are all equal to zero. On the + + + align:start position:0% +and Z are all equal to zero. On the +other hand, if C is equal to + + align:start position:0% +other hand, if C is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +other hand, if C is equal to +zero, then let me write this matrix here + + align:start position:0% +zero, then let me write this matrix here + + + align:start position:0% +zero, then let me write this matrix here +again. Take two out here. Take three + + align:start position:0% +again. Take two out here. Take three + + + align:start position:0% +again. Take two out here. Take three +halves out here. And write again one + + align:start position:0% +halves out here. And write again one + + + align:start position:0% +halves out here. And write again one +minus one half minus one half 0 1 - one + + align:start position:0% +minus one half minus one half 0 1 - one + + + align:start position:0% +minus one half minus one half 0 1 - one +and 0 0 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +0. And so imagining that C is zero, when + + align:start position:0% +0. And so imagining that C is zero, when + + + align:start position:0% +0. And so imagining that C is zero, when +can this whole expression be equal to + + align:start position:0% +can this whole expression be equal to + + + align:start position:0% +can this whole expression be equal to +zero? Well, last bit is already zero. We + + align:start position:0% +zero? Well, last bit is already zero. We + + + align:start position:0% +zero? Well, last bit is already zero. We +need to have Y minus Z equal to zero. + + align:start position:0% +need to have Y minus Z equal to zero. + + + align:start position:0% +need to have Y minus Z equal to zero. +And we need to have 1 - 1 uh 1 * x - 1/2 + + align:start position:0% +And we need to have 1 - 1 uh 1 * x - 1/2 + + + align:start position:0% +And we need to have 1 - 1 uh 1 * x - 1/2 +* y - 1/2 * z also equal to zero. So we + + align:start position:0% +* y - 1/2 * z also equal to zero. So we + + + align:start position:0% +* y - 1/2 * z also equal to zero. So we +need to have xyz in the kernel of this + + align:start position:0% +need to have xyz in the kernel of this + + + align:start position:0% +need to have xyz in the kernel of this +matrix. But this matrix only has two + + align:start position:0% +matrix. But this matrix only has two + + + align:start position:0% +matrix. But this matrix only has two +pivots. It has one free variable. So we + + align:start position:0% +pivots. It has one free variable. So we + + + align:start position:0% +pivots. It has one free variable. So we +can find the solution to this * xyz = 0. + + align:start position:0% +can find the solution to this * xyz = 0. + + + align:start position:0% +can find the solution to this * xyz = 0. +That's not zero itself. Namely, if you + + align:start position:0% +That's not zero itself. Namely, if you + + + align:start position:0% +That's not zero itself. Namely, if you +remember how to solve systems like this, + + align:start position:0% +remember how to solve systems like this, + + + align:start position:0% +remember how to solve systems like this, +we set z equal to one. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +From this we calculate that y has to be + + align:start position:0% +From this we calculate that y has to be + + + align:start position:0% +From this we calculate that y has to be +one and then from this we calculate that + + align:start position:0% +one and then from this we calculate that + + + align:start position:0% +one and then from this we calculate that +x has to be one. And you can check that + + align:start position:0% +x has to be one. And you can check that + + + align:start position:0% +x has to be one. And you can check that +for in case c is + + align:start position:0% +for in case c is + + + align:start position:0% +for in case c is +zero. This thing here really + + align:start position:0% +zero. This thing here really + + + align:start position:0% +zero. This thing here really +is well when you plug it in here you + + align:start position:0% +is well when you plug it in here you + + + align:start position:0% +is well when you plug it in here you +really get zero. In fact this thing here + + align:start position:0% +really get zero. In fact this thing here + + + align:start position:0% +really get zero. In fact this thing here +is in the kernel of the matrix B. In + + align:start position:0% +is in the kernel of the matrix B. In + + + align:start position:0% +is in the kernel of the matrix B. In +fact, the columns of matri in case C is + + align:start position:0% +fact, the columns of matri in case C is + + + align:start position:0% +fact, the columns of matri in case C is +zero, the columns of matrix B sum up to + + align:start position:0% +zero, the columns of matrix B sum up to + + + align:start position:0% +zero, the columns of matrix B sum up to +zero because of this + + align:start position:0% +zero because of this + + + align:start position:0% +zero because of this +here. And that's all I wanted to say for + + align:start position:0% +here. And that's all I wanted to say for + + + align:start position:0% +here. And that's all I wanted to say for +today. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/u9J5-LcYYeg.txt b/u9J5-LcYYeg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..707cc0b2324a9fc1fecfcf4eabb898cc4ad3c0e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/u9J5-LcYYeg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1980 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Hello, welcome back to recitation. I'm + + align:start position:0% +Hello, welcome back to recitation. I'm + + + align:start position:0% +Hello, welcome back to recitation. I'm +sure you're becoming more and more + + align:start position:0% +sure you're becoming more and more + + + align:start position:0% +sure you're becoming more and more +familiar with the determinant of + + align:start position:0% +familiar with the determinant of + + + align:start position:0% +familiar with the determinant of +matrices. In the lecture, we also + + align:start position:0% +matrices. In the lecture, we also + + + align:start position:0% +matrices. In the lecture, we also +learned the geometric interpretation of + + align:start position:0% +learned the geometric interpretation of + + + align:start position:0% +learned the geometric interpretation of +the determinant. + + align:start position:0% +the determinant. + + + align:start position:0% +the determinant. +the absolute value of the determinant of + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of the determinant of + + + align:start position:0% +the absolute value of the determinant of +a of a matrix is simply equal to the + + align:start position:0% +a of a matrix is simply equal to the + + + align:start position:0% +a of a matrix is simply equal to the +volume of the parallel pipet spent by + + align:start position:0% +volume of the parallel pipet spent by + + + align:start position:0% +volume of the parallel pipet spent by +the row vectors of that + + align:start position:0% +the row vectors of that + + + align:start position:0% +the row vectors of that +matrix. So today we're going to apply + + align:start position:0% +matrix. So today we're going to apply + + + align:start position:0% +matrix. So today we're going to apply +this fact to solve the following + + align:start position:0% +this fact to solve the following + + + align:start position:0% +this fact to solve the following +problem. I have a tetrahedrin T in this + + align:start position:0% +problem. I have a tetrahedrin T in this + + + align:start position:0% +problem. I have a tetrahedrin T in this +3D space and the vertices of T are given + + align:start position:0% +3D space and the vertices of T are given + + + align:start position:0% +3D space and the vertices of T are given +by O which is the origin + + align:start position:0% +by O which is the origin + + + align:start position:0% +by O which is the origin +A1 A2 and + + align:start position:0% +A1 A2 and + + + align:start position:0% +A1 A2 and +A3. So I have highlighted this + + align:start position:0% +A3. So I have highlighted this + + + align:start position:0% +A3. So I have highlighted this +tetrahedrin using the blue chalk. So + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin using the blue chalk. So + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin using the blue chalk. So +this is + + align:start position:0% +this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is +t and our first goal is to compute the + + align:start position:0% +t and our first goal is to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +t and our first goal is to compute the +volume of t using the + + align:start position:0% +volume of t using the + + + align:start position:0% +volume of t using the +determinant. And the second part is if I + + align:start position:0% +determinant. And the second part is if I + + + align:start position:0% +determinant. And the second part is if I +fix a1 and a2 but moving a3 to another + + align:start position:0% +fix a1 and a2 but moving a3 to another + + + align:start position:0% +fix a1 and a2 but moving a3 to another +point a3 prime which is given by this + + align:start position:0% +point a3 prime which is given by this + + + align:start position:0% +point a3 prime which is given by this +coordinate. I ask you to compute the + + align:start position:0% +coordinate. I ask you to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate. I ask you to compute the +volume + + align:start position:0% +volume + + + align:start position:0% +volume +again. Okay. So since we want to use um + + align:start position:0% +again. Okay. So since we want to use um + + + align:start position:0% +again. Okay. So since we want to use um +the fact that the determinant is related + + align:start position:0% +the fact that the determinant is related + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that the determinant is related +to the volume, we have to figure out + + align:start position:0% +to the volume, we have to figure out + + + align:start position:0% +to the volume, we have to figure out +that which volume we should be looking + + align:start position:0% +that which volume we should be looking + + + align:start position:0% +that which volume we should be looking +at. We know that the determinant is + + align:start position:0% +at. We know that the determinant is + + + align:start position:0% +at. We know that the determinant is +related to the volume of a parallel + + align:start position:0% +related to the volume of a parallel + + + align:start position:0% +related to the volume of a parallel +pipet. But here we only have a + + align:start position:0% +pipet. But here we only have a + + + align:start position:0% +pipet. But here we only have a +tetrahedrin. So the first goal should be + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin. So the first goal should be + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin. So the first goal should be +to find out which parallel pipet you + + align:start position:0% +to find out which parallel pipet you + + + align:start position:0% +to find out which parallel pipet you +should be working with. Okay, why don't + + align:start position:0% +should be working with. Okay, why don't + + + align:start position:0% +should be working with. Okay, why don't +you hit the pause? Try to work it out + + align:start position:0% +you hit the pause? Try to work it out + + + align:start position:0% +you hit the pause? Try to work it out +yourself. You can sketch the parallel + + align:start position:0% +yourself. You can sketch the parallel + + + align:start position:0% +yourself. You can sketch the parallel +pipet on this picture and I will return + + align:start position:0% +pipet on this picture and I will return + + + align:start position:0% +pipet on this picture and I will return +in a while and continue working with + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you. All right, how did your computation + + align:start position:0% +you. All right, how did your computation + + + align:start position:0% +you. All right, how did your computation +go? Now let's comp complete this picture + + align:start position:0% +go? Now let's comp complete this picture + + + align:start position:0% +go? Now let's comp complete this picture +together. As we were saying, we need a + + align:start position:0% +together. As we were saying, we need a + + + align:start position:0% +together. As we were saying, we need a +parallel pipet so that we can use the + + align:start position:0% +parallel pipet so that we can use the + + + align:start position:0% +parallel pipet so that we can use the +fact that the determinant is related to + + align:start position:0% +fact that the determinant is related to + + + align:start position:0% +fact that the determinant is related to +the volume. Here I have a + + align:start position:0% +the volume. Here I have a + + + align:start position:0% +the volume. Here I have a +tetrahedrin and let's look at these + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin and let's look at these + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin and let's look at these +three edges OA1, OA2 and + + align:start position:0% +three edges OA1, OA2 and + + + align:start position:0% +three edges OA1, OA2 and +OA3. All of them meet at the origin. + + align:start position:0% +OA3. All of them meet at the origin. + + + align:start position:0% +OA3. All of them meet at the origin. +So why don't we just consider the + + align:start position:0% +So why don't we just consider the + + + align:start position:0% +So why don't we just consider the +parallel pipet span by the same three + + align:start position:0% +parallel pipet span by the same three + + + align:start position:0% +parallel pipet span by the same three +edges? It's a natural choice because at + + align:start position:0% +edges? It's a natural choice because at + + + align:start position:0% +edges? It's a natural choice because at +least it shares three edges with T. + + align:start position:0% +least it shares three edges with T. + + + align:start position:0% +least it shares three edges with T. +Okay. Now let's move on to this picture + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now let's move on to this picture + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. Now let's move on to this picture +here. As you can see I have drawn this + + align:start position:0% +here. As you can see I have drawn this + + + align:start position:0% +here. As you can see I have drawn this +par piped + + align:start position:0% +par piped + + + align:start position:0% +par piped +in red chalk. So the blue part is my + + align:start position:0% +in red chalk. So the blue part is my + + + align:start position:0% +in red chalk. So the blue part is my +original + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +T and the red part, let me call it + + align:start position:0% +T and the red part, let me call it + + + align:start position:0% +T and the red part, let me call it +P, is the parallel pipet spent by H O + + align:start position:0% +P, is the parallel pipet spent by H O + + + align:start position:0% +P, is the parallel pipet spent by H O +A1, OA2 and + + align:start position:0% +A1, OA2 and + + + align:start position:0% +A1, OA2 and +OA3. So that's the parallel pipet that + + align:start position:0% +OA3. So that's the parallel pipet that + + + align:start position:0% +OA3. So that's the parallel pipet that +I'm going to work with. Now the next + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to work with. Now the next + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to work with. Now the next +step is to relate the volume of T to the + + align:start position:0% +step is to relate the volume of T to the + + + align:start position:0% +step is to relate the volume of T to the +volume of P. Okay, let's recall together + + align:start position:0% +volume of P. Okay, let's recall together + + + align:start position:0% +volume of P. Okay, let's recall together +what is the volume of a + + align:start position:0% +what is the volume of a + + + align:start position:0% +what is the volume of a +tetrahedrin. We know + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that the volume of a tetrahedrin is + + align:start position:0% +that the volume of a tetrahedrin is + + + align:start position:0% +that the volume of a tetrahedrin is +going to be equal to 1/3 of the area of + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal to 1/3 of the area of + + + align:start position:0% +going to be equal to 1/3 of the area of +the base times the height. Right? Of + + align:start position:0% +the base times the height. Right? Of + + + align:start position:0% +the base times the height. Right? Of +course, you can + + align:start position:0% +course, you can + + + align:start position:0% +course, you can +choose any side, any face to be the + + align:start position:0% +choose any side, any face to be the + + + align:start position:0% +choose any side, any face to be the +base, but for convenience, we're going + + align:start position:0% +base, but for convenience, we're going + + + align:start position:0% +base, but for convenience, we're going +to choose the triangle O A1 A2 to be the + + align:start position:0% +to choose the triangle O A1 A2 to be the + + + align:start position:0% +to choose the triangle O A1 A2 to be the +base of T. So volume of T is going to be + + align:start position:0% +base of T. So volume of T is going to be + + + align:start position:0% +base of T. So volume of T is going to be +equal to 1/3 times the area of triangle + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1/3 times the area of triangle + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 1/3 times the area of triangle +O A1 A2. So I use this A to indicate the + + align:start position:0% +O A1 A2. So I use this A to indicate the + + + align:start position:0% +O A1 A2. So I use this A to indicate the +area. then times the height. Well, if I + + align:start position:0% +area. then times the height. Well, if I + + + align:start position:0% +area. then times the height. Well, if I +choose this to be my base, then this A3 + + align:start position:0% +choose this to be my base, then this A3 + + + align:start position:0% +choose this to be my base, then this A3 +becomes the apex, then the height is + + align:start position:0% +becomes the apex, then the height is + + + align:start position:0% +becomes the apex, then the height is +simply equal to the distance from A3 to + + align:start position:0% +simply equal to the distance from A3 to + + + align:start position:0% +simply equal to the distance from A3 to +the triangle O A1 A2. Let me use letter + + align:start position:0% +the triangle O A1 A2. Let me use letter + + + align:start position:0% +the triangle O A1 A2. Let me use letter +H to denote this quantity. So that's the + + align:start position:0% +H to denote this quantity. So that's the + + + align:start position:0% +H to denote this quantity. So that's the +height and the volume of T is equal to a + + align:start position:0% +height and the volume of T is equal to a + + + align:start position:0% +height and the volume of T is equal to a +third of the product of the area of the + + align:start position:0% +third of the product of the area of the + + + align:start position:0% +third of the product of the area of the +base times the height. Okay, this is the + + align:start position:0% +base times the height. Okay, this is the + + + align:start position:0% +base times the height. Okay, this is the +volume of T. Now let's see what the + + align:start position:0% +volume of T. Now let's see what the + + + align:start position:0% +volume of T. Now let's see what the +volume of uh what the volume of P is. So + + align:start position:0% +volume of uh what the volume of P is. So + + + align:start position:0% +volume of uh what the volume of P is. So +P is a parallel pipet. The volume of a + + align:start position:0% +P is a parallel pipet. The volume of a + + + align:start position:0% +P is a parallel pipet. The volume of a +par pipet is simply equal to the area of + + align:start position:0% +par pipet is simply equal to the area of + + + align:start position:0% +par pipet is simply equal to the area of +the base times its height. + + align:start position:0% +the base times its height. + + + align:start position:0% +the base times its height. +This time which face would you choose to + + align:start position:0% +This time which face would you choose to + + + align:start position:0% +This time which face would you choose to +be the + + align:start position:0% +be the + + + align:start position:0% +be the +base? Well, of course you would like to + + align:start position:0% +base? Well, of course you would like to + + + align:start position:0% +base? Well, of course you would like to +choose this par parallelogram to be the + + align:start position:0% +choose this par parallelogram to be the + + + align:start position:0% +choose this par parallelogram to be the +base because it contains the base of t. + + align:start position:0% +base because it contains the base of t. + + + align:start position:0% +base because it contains the base of t. +If we do so, so we want to choose this + + align:start position:0% +If we do so, so we want to choose this + + + align:start position:0% +If we do so, so we want to choose this +parallelogram to be the + + align:start position:0% +parallelogram to be the + + + align:start position:0% +parallelogram to be the +base. Then what is the area of this? + + align:start position:0% +base. Then what is the area of this? + + + align:start position:0% +base. Then what is the area of this? +Well, it clearly contains two copies of + + align:start position:0% +Well, it clearly contains two copies of + + + align:start position:0% +Well, it clearly contains two copies of +the triangle O A1 + + align:start position:0% +the triangle O A1 + + + align:start position:0% +the triangle O A1 +A2. So the area of the parallelogram is + + align:start position:0% +A2. So the area of the parallelogram is + + + align:start position:0% +A2. So the area of the parallelogram is +simply equal to twice the area of the + + align:start position:0% +simply equal to twice the area of the + + + align:start position:0% +simply equal to twice the area of the +triangle O A1 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +A2. Then what is the height of of P? + + align:start position:0% +A2. Then what is the height of of P? + + + align:start position:0% +A2. Then what is the height of of P? +Again, if you choose this face to be the + + align:start position:0% +Again, if you choose this face to be the + + + align:start position:0% +Again, if you choose this face to be the +base, then A3 becomes the apex again, + + align:start position:0% +base, then A3 becomes the apex again, + + + align:start position:0% +base, then A3 becomes the apex again, +then the height of the parallel pipet is + + align:start position:0% +then the height of the parallel pipet is + + + align:start position:0% +then the height of the parallel pipet is +equal to the distance from A3 to the + + align:start position:0% +equal to the distance from A3 to the + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the distance from A3 to the +base, which is the same as the distance + + align:start position:0% +base, which is the same as the distance + + + align:start position:0% +base, which is the same as the distance +from A3 to triangle O A1 A2. So here the + + align:start position:0% +from A3 to triangle O A1 A2. So here the + + + align:start position:0% +from A3 to triangle O A1 A2. So here the +height is also equal to H. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now you can compare these two formula. + + align:start position:0% +Now you can compare these two formula. + + + align:start position:0% +Now you can compare these two formula. +You see that volume of + + align:start position:0% +You see that volume of + + + align:start position:0% +You see that volume of +T is simply equal + + align:start position:0% +T is simply equal + + + align:start position:0% +T is simply equal +to 16 of volume of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +P. That's the connection between the + + align:start position:0% +P. That's the connection between the + + + align:start position:0% +P. That's the connection between the +volume of the tetrahedrin with the + + align:start position:0% +volume of the tetrahedrin with the + + + align:start position:0% +volume of the tetrahedrin with the +volume of the proto pipet. In order to + + align:start position:0% +volume of the proto pipet. In order to + + + align:start position:0% +volume of the proto pipet. In order to +compute volume of T, we only need to + + align:start position:0% +compute volume of T, we only need to + + + align:start position:0% +compute volume of T, we only need to +compute the volume of P. Now let's + + align:start position:0% +compute the volume of P. Now let's + + + align:start position:0% +compute the volume of P. Now let's +compute the volume of this parallel + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +pipet. We know that it's related to um + + align:start position:0% +pipet. We know that it's related to um + + + align:start position:0% +pipet. We know that it's related to um +the determinant of a matrix and the row + + align:start position:0% +the determinant of a matrix and the row + + + align:start position:0% +the determinant of a matrix and the row +vectors of that matrix are given by + + align:start position:0% +vectors of that matrix are given by + + + align:start position:0% +vectors of that matrix are given by +these three edges. So because all of + + align:start position:0% +these three edges. So because all of + + + align:start position:0% +these three edges. So because all of +them start from zero, we only need the + + align:start position:0% +them start from zero, we only need the + + + align:start position:0% +them start from zero, we only need the +coordinate of a1, a2 and a3. So here + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of a1, a2 and a3. So here + + + align:start position:0% +coordinate of a1, a2 and a3. So here +volume of p is equal to the absolute + + align:start position:0% +volume of p is equal to the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +volume of p is equal to the absolute +value. So don't forget the absolute + + align:start position:0% +value. So don't forget the absolute + + + align:start position:0% +value. So don't forget the absolute +value sign. Absolute value of the + + align:start position:0% +value sign. Absolute value of the + + + align:start position:0% +value sign. Absolute value of the +determinant of a 3x3 matrix. So we just + + align:start position:0% +determinant of a 3x3 matrix. So we just + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of a 3x3 matrix. So we just +need to copy the coordinates of the + + align:start position:0% +need to copy the coordinates of the + + + align:start position:0% +need to copy the coordinates of the +vertices down here. The first one is 2 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +21. These two are too + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +close. 1 and a2 + + align:start position:0% +close. 1 and a2 + + + align:start position:0% +close. 1 and a2 +is 1 3 0. A3 is -1 1 + + align:start position:0% +is 1 3 0. A3 is -1 1 + + + align:start position:0% +is 1 3 0. A3 is -1 1 +4. The absolute value of this + + align:start position:0% +4. The absolute value of this + + + align:start position:0% +4. The absolute value of this +determinant. + + align:start position:0% +determinant. + + + align:start position:0% +determinant. +And if you compute this, this is a 3x3 + + align:start position:0% +And if you compute this, this is a 3x3 + + + align:start position:0% +And if you compute this, this is a 3x3 +matrix. The determinant should be easy + + align:start position:0% +matrix. The determinant should be easy + + + align:start position:0% +matrix. The determinant should be easy +to compute and the result should + + align:start position:0% +to compute and the result should + + + align:start position:0% +to compute and the result should +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +12. So that's the volume of P which + + align:start position:0% +12. So that's the volume of P which + + + align:start position:0% +12. So that's the volume of P which +means the volume of the tetrahedrin T is + + align:start position:0% +means the volume of the tetrahedrin T is + + + align:start position:0% +means the volume of the tetrahedrin T is +equal to 12 / 6 which is + + align:start position:0% +equal to 12 / 6 which is + + + align:start position:0% +equal to 12 / 6 which is +two. Did you get the correct answer? + + align:start position:0% +two. Did you get the correct answer? + + + align:start position:0% +two. Did you get the correct answer? +Okay. So in order to compute the volume + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So in order to compute the volume + + + align:start position:0% +Okay. So in order to compute the volume +of T, we have related to a tetra a + + align:start position:0% +of T, we have related to a tetra a + + + align:start position:0% +of T, we have related to a tetra a +parallel pipet P which contains T. All + + align:start position:0% +parallel pipet P which contains T. All + + + align:start position:0% +parallel pipet P which contains T. All +right. Now let's look at the second + + align:start position:0% +right. Now let's look at the second + + + align:start position:0% +right. Now let's look at the second +part. The second part says that if I + + align:start position:0% +part. The second part says that if I + + + align:start position:0% +part. The second part says that if I +keep A1 and A2 unchanged but I move A3 + + align:start position:0% +keep A1 and A2 unchanged but I move A3 + + + align:start position:0% +keep A1 and A2 unchanged but I move A3 +to a new point. So + + align:start position:0% +to a new point. So + + + align:start position:0% +to a new point. So +A3 is going to be moved to a point given + + align:start position:0% +A3 is going to be moved to a point given + + + align:start position:0% +A3 is going to be moved to a point given +by A3 prime. And the coordinate + + align:start position:0% +by A3 prime. And the coordinate + + + align:start position:0% +by A3 prime. And the coordinate +is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +1999 and + + align:start position:0% +1999 and + + + align:start position:0% +1999 and +104. And I'm asking you to compute the + + align:start position:0% +104. And I'm asking you to compute the + + + align:start position:0% +104. And I'm asking you to compute the +volume of the new + + align:start position:0% +volume of the new + + + align:start position:0% +volume of the new +tetrahedrin. Well, as you can see, this + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin. Well, as you can see, this + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin. Well, as you can see, this +point seems to be far away from the + + align:start position:0% +point seems to be far away from the + + + align:start position:0% +point seems to be far away from the +origin. + + align:start position:0% +origin. + + + align:start position:0% +origin. +I'm not even um able to draw this point + + align:start position:0% +I'm not even um able to draw this point + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not even um able to draw this point +here, but you can imagine as this point + + align:start position:0% +here, but you can imagine as this point + + + align:start position:0% +here, but you can imagine as this point +goes far away from the origin, this + + align:start position:0% +goes far away from the origin, this + + + align:start position:0% +goes far away from the origin, this +spike is going to become more and more + + align:start position:0% +spike is going to become more and more + + + align:start position:0% +spike is going to become more and more +pointy. In other words, the entire + + align:start position:0% +pointy. In other words, the entire + + + align:start position:0% +pointy. In other words, the entire +tetrahedrin looks more and more like a + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin looks more and more like a + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin looks more and more like a +needle. But nonetheless, we can use the + + align:start position:0% +needle. But nonetheless, we can use the + + + align:start position:0% +needle. But nonetheless, we can use the +same method to compute the the volume. + + align:start position:0% +same method to compute the the volume. + + + align:start position:0% +same method to compute the the volume. +So we follow the same idea. The volume + + align:start position:0% +So we follow the same idea. The volume + + + align:start position:0% +So we follow the same idea. The volume +of T is going to be equal to 16 of the + + align:start position:0% +of T is going to be equal to 16 of the + + + align:start position:0% +of T is going to be equal to 16 of the +volume of P. And in this case, that's + + align:start position:0% +volume of P. And in this case, that's + + + align:start position:0% +volume of P. And in this case, that's +going to become the absolute value of + + align:start position:0% +going to become the absolute value of + + + align:start position:0% +going to become the absolute value of +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +determinant of a 3x3 + + align:start position:0% +determinant of a 3x3 + + + align:start position:0% +determinant of a 3x3 +matrix whose row vectors are given by + + align:start position:0% +matrix whose row vectors are given by + + + align:start position:0% +matrix whose row vectors are given by +these three edges. So in this case, we + + align:start position:0% +these three edges. So in this case, we + + + align:start position:0% +these three edges. So in this case, we +again copy down the coordinates of three + + align:start position:0% +again copy down the coordinates of three + + + align:start position:0% +again copy down the coordinates of three +vertices. The first one is two + + align:start position:0% +vertices. The first one is two + + + align:start position:0% +vertices. The first one is two +21. Second one is 13 0. The third one + + align:start position:0% +21. Second one is 13 0. The third one + + + align:start position:0% +21. Second one is 13 0. The third one +should become this. So + + align:start position:0% +should become this. So + + + align:start position:0% +should become this. So + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +104. Okay, that should give me the + + align:start position:0% +104. Okay, that should give me the + + + align:start position:0% +104. Okay, that should give me the +volume of the new tetrahedrin. Let me + + align:start position:0% +volume of the new tetrahedrin. Let me + + + align:start position:0% +volume of the new tetrahedrin. Let me +call it t prime just to differentiate it + + align:start position:0% +call it t prime just to differentiate it + + + align:start position:0% +call it t prime just to differentiate it +from the previous + + align:start position:0% +from the previous + + + align:start position:0% +from the previous +tetrahedrin. And of course you can + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin. And of course you can + + + align:start position:0% +tetrahedrin. And of course you can +compute this determinant explicitly. If + + align:start position:0% +compute this determinant explicitly. If + + + align:start position:0% +compute this determinant explicitly. If +you do so you will see the answer should + + align:start position:0% +you do so you will see the answer should + + + align:start position:0% +you do so you will see the answer should +be two + + align:start position:0% +be two + + + align:start position:0% +be two +again. But in fact there's a way that + + align:start position:0% +again. But in fact there's a way that + + + align:start position:0% +again. But in fact there's a way that +you can just read out the answer + + align:start position:0% +you can just read out the answer + + + align:start position:0% +you can just read out the answer +directly without any um real + + align:start position:0% +directly without any um real + + + align:start position:0% +directly without any um real +computation. + + align:start position:0% +computation. + + + align:start position:0% +computation. +Let's pay attention to the last row. In + + align:start position:0% +Let's pay attention to the last row. In + + + align:start position:0% +Let's pay attention to the last row. In +other words, let's pay attention to this + + align:start position:0% +other words, let's pay attention to this + + + align:start position:0% +other words, let's pay attention to this +new A3. Well, A3 + + align:start position:0% +new A3. Well, A3 + + + align:start position:0% +new A3. Well, A3 +prime. What do you observe here? A3 + + align:start position:0% +prime. What do you observe here? A3 + + + align:start position:0% +prime. What do you observe here? A3 +prime. If you consider the difference + + align:start position:0% +prime. If you consider the difference + + + align:start position:0% +prime. If you consider the difference +between A3 and A3 prime, in other words, + + align:start position:0% +between A3 and A3 prime, in other words, + + + align:start position:0% +between A3 and A3 prime, in other words, +if you consider how much you have moved + + align:start position:0% +if you consider how much you have moved + + + align:start position:0% +if you consider how much you have moved +your apex, you will see that's equal + + align:start position:0% +your apex, you will see that's equal + + + align:start position:0% +your apex, you will see that's equal +to 100 A1. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Right. So a3 is + + align:start position:0% +Right. So a3 is + + + align:start position:0% +Right. So a3 is +-114. a3 prime is this. That's exactly + + align:start position:0% +-114. a3 prime is this. That's exactly + + + align:start position:0% +-114. a3 prime is this. That's exactly +equal + + align:start position:0% +equal + + + align:start position:0% +equal +to 100 * + + align:start position:0% +to 100 * + + + align:start position:0% +to 100 * +a1. What does that mean? Well, from the + + align:start position:0% +a1. What does that mean? Well, from the + + + align:start position:0% +a1. What does that mean? Well, from the +point of view of + + align:start position:0% +point of view of + + + align:start position:0% +point of view of +matrix, you are + + align:start position:0% +matrix, you are + + + align:start position:0% +matrix, you are +subtracting from the original third row + + align:start position:0% +subtracting from the original third row + + + align:start position:0% +subtracting from the original third row +100 times the first row. But this is + + align:start position:0% +100 times the first row. But this is + + + align:start position:0% +100 times the first row. But this is +this row operation does not change the + + align:start position:0% +this row operation does not change the + + + align:start position:0% +this row operation does not change the +determinant. In other words, you know + + align:start position:0% +determinant. In other words, you know + + + align:start position:0% +determinant. In other words, you know +that this determinant should be the same + + align:start position:0% +that this determinant should be the same + + + align:start position:0% +that this determinant should be the same +as the previous one. So you can write + + align:start position:0% +as the previous one. So you can write + + + align:start position:0% +as the previous one. So you can write +out two + + align:start position:0% +out two + + + align:start position:0% +out two +directly from this picture. We can also + + align:start position:0% +directly from this picture. We can also + + + align:start position:0% +directly from this picture. We can also +see that + + align:start position:0% +see that + + + align:start position:0% +see that +fact. So from this picture we know that + + align:start position:0% +fact. So from this picture we know that + + + align:start position:0% +fact. So from this picture we know that +this section is saying that I need to + + align:start position:0% +this section is saying that I need to + + + align:start position:0% +this section is saying that I need to +move + + align:start position:0% +move + + + align:start position:0% +move +A3 in the inverse direction of A1 by 100 + + align:start position:0% +A3 in the inverse direction of A1 by 100 + + + align:start position:0% +A3 in the inverse direction of A1 by 100 +times A1. So you're moving A3 parallel + + align:start position:0% +times A1. So you're moving A3 parallel + + + align:start position:0% +times A1. So you're moving A3 parallel +to A1. But it doesn't matter how far + + align:start position:0% +to A1. But it doesn't matter how far + + + align:start position:0% +to A1. But it doesn't matter how far +you've moved your + + align:start position:0% +you've moved your + + + align:start position:0% +you've moved your +apex, you're moving in a way that + + align:start position:0% +apex, you're moving in a way that + + + align:start position:0% +apex, you're moving in a way that +remains parallel to the base. which is + + align:start position:0% +remains parallel to the base. which is + + + align:start position:0% +remains parallel to the base. which is +saying that this movement does not + + align:start position:0% +saying that this movement does not + + + align:start position:0% +saying that this movement does not +change the height. Since A1 A2 are + + align:start position:0% +change the height. Since A1 A2 are + + + align:start position:0% +change the height. Since A1 A2 are +fixed, your base is fixed is fixed and + + align:start position:0% +fixed, your base is fixed is fixed and + + + align:start position:0% +fixed, your base is fixed is fixed and +you're not changing the height. So, of + + align:start position:0% +you're not changing the height. So, of + + + align:start position:0% +you're not changing the height. So, of +course, the volume is not changing. + + align:start position:0% +course, the volume is not changing. + + + align:start position:0% +course, the volume is not changing. +That's also a reason another way to see + + align:start position:0% +That's also a reason another way to see + + + align:start position:0% +That's also a reason another way to see +that the volume of T prime is simply + + align:start position:0% +that the volume of T prime is simply + + + align:start position:0% +that the volume of T prime is simply +equal to the volume of + + align:start position:0% +equal to the volume of + + + align:start position:0% +equal to the volume of +T. Okay, this completes this problem. I + + align:start position:0% +T. Okay, this completes this problem. I + + + align:start position:0% +T. Okay, this completes this problem. I +hope this example is helpful to you. And + + align:start position:0% +hope this example is helpful to you. And + + + align:start position:0% +hope this example is helpful to you. And +we should keep in mind that the fact + + align:start position:0% +we should keep in mind that the fact + + + align:start position:0% +we should keep in mind that the fact +that the determinant is related to + + align:start position:0% +that the determinant is related to + + + align:start position:0% +that the determinant is related to +volume sometimes can become very handy + + align:start position:0% +volume sometimes can become very handy + + + align:start position:0% +volume sometimes can become very handy +in computing the volume of certain + + align:start position:0% +in computing the volume of certain + + + align:start position:0% +in computing the volume of certain +geometric objects. Thank you for + + align:start position:0% +geometric objects. Thank you for + + + align:start position:0% +geometric objects. Thank you for +watching and I'm looking forward to + + align:start position:0% +watching and I'm looking forward to + + + align:start position:0% +watching and I'm looking forward to +seeing you soon. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/uYFs17Sh2As.txt b/uYFs17Sh2As.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af82043d9e0d4257cafe5a392e4c562db9db6d33 --- /dev/null +++ b/uYFs17Sh2As.txt @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +align:start position:0% + +I wanted to give the opportunity to the + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to give the opportunity to the + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to give the opportunity to the +students to learn some basic Italian. So + + align:start position:0% +students to learn some basic Italian. So + + + align:start position:0% +students to learn some basic Italian. So +for example to organize a trip to Italy + + align:start position:0% +for example to organize a trip to Italy + + + align:start position:0% +for example to organize a trip to Italy +and don't be scared when scared when + + align:start position:0% +and don't be scared when scared when + + + align:start position:0% +and don't be scared when scared when +people talk to them or when they look at + + align:start position:0% +people talk to them or when they look at + + + align:start position:0% +people talk to them or when they look at +the menu. And uh also to I noticed that + + align:start position:0% +the menu. And uh also to I noticed that + + + align:start position:0% +the menu. And uh also to I noticed that +typically the students don't have a very + + align:start position:0% +typically the students don't have a very + + + align:start position:0% +typically the students don't have a very +well balanced diet. And I thought that + + align:start position:0% +well balanced diet. And I thought that + + + align:start position:0% +well balanced diet. And I thought that +this could help them to learn how to + + align:start position:0% +this could help them to learn how to + + + align:start position:0% +this could help them to learn how to +cook and how to recognize what's healthy + + align:start position:0% +cook and how to recognize what's healthy + + + align:start position:0% +cook and how to recognize what's healthy +from what's not so healthy. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/w-8_fMtNZiQ.txt b/w-8_fMtNZiQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..585598dad1169dadbbea976f07641f274ffcdb97 --- /dev/null +++ b/w-8_fMtNZiQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1051 @@ +align:start position:0% + +Welcome to lab five, quantum mechanical + + align:start position:0% +Welcome to lab five, quantum mechanical + + + align:start position:0% +Welcome to lab five, quantum mechanical +tunneling. In this lab, you will be + + align:start position:0% +tunneling. In this lab, you will be + + + align:start position:0% +tunneling. In this lab, you will be +characterizing a rubber nickel compound + + align:start position:0% +characterizing a rubber nickel compound + + + align:start position:0% +characterizing a rubber nickel compound +called quantum tunneling composite or + + align:start position:0% +called quantum tunneling composite or + + + align:start position:0% +called quantum tunneling composite or +QTC. You will be using it to make a + + align:start position:0% +QTC. You will be using it to make a + + + align:start position:0% +QTC. You will be using it to make a +touch pad. + + align:start position:0% +touch pad. + + + align:start position:0% +touch pad. +This lab requires the use of a 5V high + + align:start position:0% +This lab requires the use of a 5V high + + + align:start position:0% +This lab requires the use of a 5V high +current power supply. Let's go over the + + align:start position:0% +current power supply. Let's go over the + + + align:start position:0% +current power supply. Let's go over the +additional components for this lab. You + + align:start position:0% +additional components for this lab. You + + + align:start position:0% +additional components for this lab. You +will need copper tape, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +double-sided tape, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three glass slides, and one glass slide + + align:start position:0% +three glass slides, and one glass slide + + + align:start position:0% +three glass slides, and one glass slide +coated with ITO. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +about five pieces of the QTC material, + + align:start position:0% +about five pieces of the QTC material, + + + align:start position:0% +about five pieces of the QTC material, +some ball bearings, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +rubber strips which act as spacers, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +binder clips, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some tweezers, + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +two pieces of glass coated with copper. + + align:start position:0% +two pieces of glass coated with copper. + + + align:start position:0% +two pieces of glass coated with copper. +These act as electrodes. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a sensitive displacement gauge. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Finally, some adator clips + + align:start position:0% +Finally, some adator clips + + + align:start position:0% +Finally, some adator clips +and a multimeter. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +For part one of the lab, you will be + + align:start position:0% +For part one of the lab, you will be + + + align:start position:0% +For part one of the lab, you will be +measuring the displacement versus + + align:start position:0% +measuring the displacement versus + + + align:start position:0% +measuring the displacement versus +resistance curve of the QTC pill. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Begin by placing a copper electrode on + + align:start position:0% +Begin by placing a copper electrode on + + + align:start position:0% +Begin by placing a copper electrode on +the table and attaching it with + + align:start position:0% +the table and attaching it with + + + align:start position:0% +the table and attaching it with +double-sided tape. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Place a QTC pill between the two copper + + align:start position:0% +Place a QTC pill between the two copper + + + align:start position:0% +Place a QTC pill between the two copper +electrodes and hold it in place. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Set your multimeter to measure + + align:start position:0% +Set your multimeter to measure + + + align:start position:0% +Set your multimeter to measure +resistance and connect it to the top and + + align:start position:0% +resistance and connect it to the top and + + + align:start position:0% +resistance and connect it to the top and +bottom electrodes. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now, position the displacement gauge on + + align:start position:0% +Now, position the displacement gauge on + + + align:start position:0% +Now, position the displacement gauge on +top of the QTC pill, which is sandwiched + + align:start position:0% +top of the QTC pill, which is sandwiched + + + align:start position:0% +top of the QTC pill, which is sandwiched +between the electrodes. + + align:start position:0% +between the electrodes. + + + align:start position:0% +between the electrodes. +You can now measure the resistance of + + align:start position:0% +You can now measure the resistance of + + + align:start position:0% +You can now measure the resistance of +the QTC pill as you press down on the + + align:start position:0% +the QTC pill as you press down on the + + + align:start position:0% +the QTC pill as you press down on the +displacement gauge. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Here's the same setup from the side + + align:start position:0% +Here's the same setup from the side + + + align:start position:0% +Here's the same setup from the side +view. As displacement or compression + + align:start position:0% +view. As displacement or compression + + + align:start position:0% +view. As displacement or compression +increases, resistance should decrease + + align:start position:0% +increases, resistance should decrease + + + align:start position:0% +increases, resistance should decrease +nonlinearly. + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearly. + + + align:start position:0% +nonlinearly. +This should make a straight line on the + + align:start position:0% +This should make a straight line on the + + + align:start position:0% +This should make a straight line on the +log log scale. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Part two of the lab, we'll be measuring + + align:start position:0% +Part two of the lab, we'll be measuring + + + align:start position:0% +Part two of the lab, we'll be measuring +the IV characteristics of a QTC pill. + + align:start position:0% +the IV characteristics of a QTC pill. + + + align:start position:0% +the IV characteristics of a QTC pill. +We will use two glass slides to make a + + align:start position:0% +We will use two glass slides to make a + + + align:start position:0% +We will use two glass slides to make a +more advanced pair of electrodes. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Begin by covering one glass slide + + align:start position:0% +Begin by covering one glass slide + + + align:start position:0% +Begin by covering one glass slide +entirely with copper tape. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Attach + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a third piece of copper tape as shown in + + align:start position:0% +a third piece of copper tape as shown in + + + align:start position:0% +a third piece of copper tape as shown in +the lab handout. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +With the second piece of glass, attach a + + align:start position:0% +With the second piece of glass, attach a + + + align:start position:0% +With the second piece of glass, attach a +single piece of copper tape + + align:start position:0% +single piece of copper tape + + + align:start position:0% +single piece of copper tape +orthogonally. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Place a QTC pill near the center of the + + align:start position:0% +Place a QTC pill near the center of the + + + align:start position:0% +Place a QTC pill near the center of the +glass slide so it makes good contact + + align:start position:0% +glass slide so it makes good contact + + + align:start position:0% +glass slide so it makes good contact +with both pieces of copper. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Add rubber strips for spacers. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Finally, finish your setup by adding + + align:start position:0% +Finally, finish your setup by adding + + + align:start position:0% +Finally, finish your setup by adding +binder clips. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Here's a closeup of the finished + + align:start position:0% +Here's a closeup of the finished + + + align:start position:0% +Here's a closeup of the finished +assembly. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Connect the power supply. + + align:start position:0% +Connect the power supply. + + + align:start position:0% +Connect the power supply. +Connect the multimeter in series so that + + align:start position:0% +Connect the multimeter in series so that + + + align:start position:0% +Connect the multimeter in series so that +it can be used to measure current as you + + align:start position:0% +it can be used to measure current as you + + + align:start position:0% +it can be used to measure current as you +apply different voltages across the QTC + + align:start position:0% +apply different voltages across the QTC + + + align:start position:0% +apply different voltages across the QTC +pill. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Here's the same setup from the side. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The power supply is connected to the + + align:start position:0% +The power supply is connected to the + + + align:start position:0% +The power supply is connected to the +input of the multimeter + + align:start position:0% +input of the multimeter + + + align:start position:0% +input of the multimeter +right now acting as an ampmeter. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The output from the multimeter is + + align:start position:0% +The output from the multimeter is + + + align:start position:0% +The output from the multimeter is +connected to the input of the QTC + + align:start position:0% +connected to the input of the QTC + + + align:start position:0% +connected to the input of the QTC +assembly. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Finally, the QTC assembly is grounded to + + align:start position:0% +Finally, the QTC assembly is grounded to + + + align:start position:0% +Finally, the QTC assembly is grounded to +the ground of the power supply. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Because we do not want to keep current + + align:start position:0% +Because we do not want to keep current + + + align:start position:0% +Because we do not want to keep current +across the QTC for long periods of time, + + align:start position:0% +across the QTC for long periods of time, + + + align:start position:0% +across the QTC for long periods of time, +we will begin by opening the circuit. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +To make an IV measurement, first set the + + align:start position:0% +To make an IV measurement, first set the + + + align:start position:0% +To make an IV measurement, first set the +power supply to the desired voltage. + + align:start position:0% +power supply to the desired voltage. + + + align:start position:0% +power supply to the desired voltage. +Connect the circuit briefly and take the + + align:start position:0% +Connect the circuit briefly and take the + + + align:start position:0% +Connect the circuit briefly and take the +reading from the multimeter. + + align:start position:0% +reading from the multimeter. + + + align:start position:0% +reading from the multimeter. +Repeat this for each voltage documented + + align:start position:0% +Repeat this for each voltage documented + + + align:start position:0% +Repeat this for each voltage documented +in your lab handout. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Take IV curves for different biases by + + align:start position:0% +Take IV curves for different biases by + + + align:start position:0% +Take IV curves for different biases by +adjusting the positions of the binder + + align:start position:0% +adjusting the positions of the binder + + + align:start position:0% +adjusting the positions of the binder +clips. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now you will make your very own + + align:start position:0% +Now you will make your very own + + + align:start position:0% +Now you will make your very own +touchpad. + + align:start position:0% +touchpad. + + + align:start position:0% +touchpad. +The bottom half of the assembly has an + + align:start position:0% +The bottom half of the assembly has an + + + align:start position:0% +The bottom half of the assembly has an +electrode that's identical to what is + + align:start position:0% +electrode that's identical to what is + + + align:start position:0% +electrode that's identical to what is +made in part two. + + align:start position:0% +made in part two. + + + align:start position:0% +made in part two. +Place copper tape on one of the glass + + align:start position:0% +Place copper tape on one of the glass + + + align:start position:0% +Place copper tape on one of the glass +slides. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Add a third piece of tape to make it + + align:start position:0% +Add a third piece of tape to make it + + + align:start position:0% +Add a third piece of tape to make it +easy to attach the alligator clips. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The top half of the assembly will be + + align:start position:0% +The top half of the assembly will be + + + align:start position:0% +The top half of the assembly will be +made using a piece of it coated glass. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The side of the glass with ITO should be + + align:start position:0% +The side of the glass with ITO should be + + + align:start position:0% +The side of the glass with ITO should be +marked, but if you're unsure, you can + + align:start position:0% +marked, but if you're unsure, you can + + + align:start position:0% +marked, but if you're unsure, you can +always test this with the meter. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Place two pieces of copper tape as + + align:start position:0% +Place two pieces of copper tape as + + + align:start position:0% +Place two pieces of copper tape as +detailed in the lab handout. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now put four rubber strips to act as + + align:start position:0% +Now put four rubber strips to act as + + + align:start position:0% +Now put four rubber strips to act as +spacers. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Then place four pieces of QTC pills in + + align:start position:0% +Then place four pieces of QTC pills in + + + align:start position:0% +Then place four pieces of QTC pills in +the four quadrants of the slide. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +You will put ball bearings on these QTC + + align:start position:0% +You will put ball bearings on these QTC + + + align:start position:0% +You will put ball bearings on these QTC +pills later on. So, use a pen to make + + align:start position:0% +pills later on. So, use a pen to make + + + align:start position:0% +pills later on. So, use a pen to make +indents on each of the pills to hold the + + align:start position:0% +indents on each of the pills to hold the + + + align:start position:0% +indents on each of the pills to hold the +ball bearings in place. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The tricky part is the placement of the + + align:start position:0% +The tricky part is the placement of the + + + align:start position:0% +The tricky part is the placement of the +ball bearings, but after a few tries, + + align:start position:0% +ball bearings, but after a few tries, + + + align:start position:0% +ball bearings, but after a few tries, +you will get the hang of this. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Flip over the top glass slide so the ITO + + align:start position:0% +Flip over the top glass slide so the ITO + + + align:start position:0% +Flip over the top glass slide so the ITO +makes contact with a ball bearings. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Secure the assembly using alligator + + align:start position:0% +Secure the assembly using alligator + + + align:start position:0% +Secure the assembly using alligator +clips. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Here is a closeup of the finished + + align:start position:0% +Here is a closeup of the finished + + + align:start position:0% +Here is a closeup of the finished +touchpad. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Finally, characterize your touchpad by + + align:start position:0% +Finally, characterize your touchpad by + + + align:start position:0% +Finally, characterize your touchpad by +connecting it to the multimeter. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Use the multimeter to measure the + + align:start position:0% +Use the multimeter to measure the + + + align:start position:0% +Use the multimeter to measure the +resistance as you compress the touchpad + + align:start position:0% +resistance as you compress the touchpad + + + align:start position:0% +resistance as you compress the touchpad +near and far away from each pair of + + align:start position:0% +near and far away from each pair of + + + align:start position:0% +near and far away from each pair of +terminals. Do this in both the vertical + + align:start position:0% +terminals. Do this in both the vertical + + + align:start position:0% +terminals. Do this in both the vertical +and horizontal directions. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/wXWbdiOBW5w.txt b/wXWbdiOBW5w.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0c28e7088a9d19f6592ecd8f8974d914bfe5375 --- /dev/null +++ b/wXWbdiOBW5w.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15019 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a Creative Commons license your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Commons license your support +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to +offer high quality educational resources + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources + + + align:start position:0% +offer high quality educational resources +for free + + align:start position:0% +for free + + + align:start position:0% +for free +to make a donation or to view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or to view additional +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of MIT courses +visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay so today I will talk about mostly + + align:start position:0% +okay so today I will talk about mostly + + + align:start position:0% +okay so today I will talk about mostly +fees which is an interesting and + + align:start position:0% +fees which is an interesting and + + + align:start position:0% +fees which is an interesting and +somewhat contentious issue in Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +somewhat contentious issue in Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +somewhat contentious issue in Bitcoin +and all these other systems so scheduled + + align:start position:0% +and all these other systems so scheduled + + + align:start position:0% +and all these other systems so scheduled +for today problem set three description + + align:start position:0% +for today problem set three description + + + align:start position:0% +for today problem set three description +we'll talk about fees these unknowable + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about fees these unknowable + + + align:start position:0% +we'll talk about fees these unknowable +acronyms child pays for parent and + + align:start position:0% +acronyms child pays for parent and + + + align:start position:0% +acronyms child pays for parent and +replaced by fee and then talk a little + + align:start position:0% +replaced by fee and then talk a little + + + align:start position:0% +replaced by fee and then talk a little +bit about long term incentives in + + align:start position:0% +bit about long term incentives in + + + align:start position:0% +bit about long term incentives in +Bitcoin and how that relates to fees + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin and how that relates to fees + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin and how that relates to fees +okay so the problem set three is to grab + + align:start position:0% +okay so the problem set three is to grab + + + align:start position:0% +okay so the problem set three is to grab +UT exos hopefully it's fun you're gonna + + align:start position:0% +UT exos hopefully it's fun you're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +UT exos hopefully it's fun you're gonna +be making transactions on the real + + align:start position:0% +be making transactions on the real + + + align:start position:0% +be making transactions on the real +bitcoin test network so one of the parts + + align:start position:0% +bitcoin test network so one of the parts + + + align:start position:0% +bitcoin test network so one of the parts +of it that hopefully it's not too hard + + align:start position:0% +of it that hopefully it's not too hard + + + align:start position:0% +of it that hopefully it's not too hard +is you know download and install Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +is you know download and install Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +is you know download and install Bitcoin +D so put a link the current most + + align:start position:0% +D so put a link the current most + + + align:start position:0% +D so put a link the current most +up-to-date version is 0.16 point zero I + + align:start position:0% +up-to-date version is 0.16 point zero I + + + align:start position:0% +up-to-date version is 0.16 point zero I +believe the next version will just be + + align:start position:0% +believe the next version will just be + + + align:start position:0% +believe the next version will just be +called 17 because a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +called 17 because a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +called 17 because a lot of the +developers are like this is annoying + + align:start position:0% +developers are like this is annoying + + + align:start position:0% +developers are like this is annoying +it's always starting with a zero because + + align:start position:0% +it's always starting with a zero because + + + align:start position:0% +it's always starting with a zero because +like 0.1 0.2 0.3 and they're like well + + align:start position:0% +like 0.1 0.2 0.3 and they're like well + + + align:start position:0% +like 0.1 0.2 0.3 and they're like well +at some point should we get to version 1 + + align:start position:0% +at some point should we get to version 1 + + + align:start position:0% +at some point should we get to version 1 +and they're like well everyone's gonna + + align:start position:0% +and they're like well everyone's gonna + + + align:start position:0% +and they're like well everyone's gonna +think version 1 means it's like better + + align:start position:0% +think version 1 means it's like better + + + align:start position:0% +think version 1 means it's like better +let's just call the next version 17 + + align:start position:0% +let's just call the next version 17 + + + align:start position:0% +let's just call the next version 17 +instead of 0.17 so download that and + + align:start position:0% +instead of 0.17 so download that and + + + align:start position:0% +instead of 0.17 so download that and +then sync up to test net if you just run + + align:start position:0% +then sync up to test net if you just run + + + align:start position:0% +then sync up to test net if you just run +it by default it will sync up to the + + align:start position:0% +it by default it will sync up to the + + + align:start position:0% +it by default it will sync up to the +main network which will download + + align:start position:0% +main network which will download + + + align:start position:0% +main network which will download +something like 170 gigabytes you you + + align:start position:0% +something like 170 gigabytes you you + + + align:start position:0% +something like 170 gigabytes you you +don't want that and the homework + + align:start position:0% +don't want that and the homework + + + align:start position:0% +don't want that and the homework +assignment cannot be completed on the + + align:start position:0% +assignment cannot be completed on the + + + align:start position:0% +assignment cannot be completed on the +main network or yeah there's no free + + align:start position:0% +main network or yeah there's no free + + + align:start position:0% +main network or yeah there's no free +money I haven't put any free money on + + align:start position:0% +money I haven't put any free money on + + + align:start position:0% +money I haven't put any free money on +the main network however on the test + + align:start position:0% +the main network however on the test + + + align:start position:0% +the main network however on the test +network it'll work + + align:start position:0% +network it'll work + + + align:start position:0% +network it'll work +and it's about 11 gigabytes of download + + align:start position:0% +and it's about 11 gigabytes of download + + + align:start position:0% +and it's about 11 gigabytes of download +so I think most people on your laptop + + align:start position:0% +so I think most people on your laptop + + + align:start position:0% +so I think most people on your laptop +probably have 11 gigs free it's doable + + align:start position:0% +probably have 11 gigs free it's doable + + + align:start position:0% +probably have 11 gigs free it's doable +and it's kind of fun to see how it works + + align:start position:0% +and it's kind of fun to see how it works + + + align:start position:0% +and it's kind of fun to see how it works +so if you don't have access to 11 gigs I + + align:start position:0% +so if you don't have access to 11 gigs I + + + align:start position:0% +so if you don't have access to 11 gigs I +mean you can probably get an Athena node + + align:start position:0% +mean you can probably get an Athena node + + + align:start position:0% +mean you can probably get an Athena node +to do it it's it's not too big you can + + align:start position:0% +to do it it's it's not too big you can + + + align:start position:0% +to do it it's it's not too big you can +run like a tiny little node with not + + align:start position:0% +run like a tiny little node with not + + + align:start position:0% +run like a tiny little node with not +much RAM not much space and it'll work + + align:start position:0% +much RAM not much space and it'll work + + + align:start position:0% +much RAM not much space and it'll work +you can also sync up on a Raspberry Pi + + align:start position:0% +you can also sync up on a Raspberry Pi + + + align:start position:0% +you can also sync up on a Raspberry Pi +it just takes a little longer so I don't + + align:start position:0% +it just takes a little longer so I don't + + + align:start position:0% +it just takes a little longer so I don't +think it'll be too hard to do you can + + align:start position:0% +think it'll be too hard to do you can + + + align:start position:0% +think it'll be too hard to do you can +probably get around like sort of the + + align:start position:0% +probably get around like sort of the + + + align:start position:0% +probably get around like sort of the +goal of the assignment is to check out + + align:start position:0% +goal of the assignment is to check out + + + align:start position:0% +goal of the assignment is to check out +the you know actual Bitcoin D and + + align:start position:0% +the you know actual Bitcoin D and + + + align:start position:0% +the you know actual Bitcoin D and +Bitcoin CLI you can use a block Explorer + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin CLI you can use a block Explorer + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin CLI you can use a block Explorer +if you want I'm not gonna say that's + + align:start position:0% +if you want I'm not gonna say that's + + + align:start position:0% +if you want I'm not gonna say that's +cheating but it's also not as fun so the + + align:start position:0% +cheating but it's also not as fun so the + + + align:start position:0% +cheating but it's also not as fun so the +block explorers websites will help you + + align:start position:0% +block explorers websites will help you + + + align:start position:0% +block explorers websites will help you +find a lot of things because they have + + align:start position:0% +find a lot of things because they have + + + align:start position:0% +find a lot of things because they have +different databases and different + + align:start position:0% +different databases and different + + + align:start position:0% +different databases and different +indexes so you can sort of search + + align:start position:0% +indexes so you can sort of search + + + align:start position:0% +indexes so you can sort of search +through things it's more fun if you + + align:start position:0% +through things it's more fun if you + + + align:start position:0% +through things it's more fun if you +write it yourself but if you try this + + align:start position:0% +write it yourself but if you try this + + + align:start position:0% +write it yourself but if you try this +okay that works too yeah so hopefully + + align:start position:0% +okay that works too yeah so hopefully + + + align:start position:0% +okay that works too yeah so hopefully +you get familiar with the bitcoin CLI if + + align:start position:0% +you get familiar with the bitcoin CLI if + + + align:start position:0% +you get familiar with the bitcoin CLI if +you want to do your own scripting with + + align:start position:0% +you want to do your own scripting with + + + align:start position:0% +you want to do your own scripting with +Bitcoin you can use anything you want + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin you can use anything you want + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin you can use anything you want +so Bitcoin CLI is a command-line utility + + align:start position:0% +so Bitcoin CLI is a command-line utility + + + align:start position:0% +so Bitcoin CLI is a command-line utility +that will you know let you interact with + + align:start position:0% +that will you know let you interact with + + + align:start position:0% +that will you know let you interact with +the Bitcoin node so for example that's + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin node so for example that's + + + align:start position:0% +the Bitcoin node so for example that's +readable right so if I want to get peer + + align:start position:0% +readable right so if I want to get peer + + + align:start position:0% +readable right so if I want to get peer +info I want to see this is a computer + + align:start position:0% +info I want to see this is a computer + + + align:start position:0% +info I want to see this is a computer +down on the first floor running Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +down on the first floor running Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +down on the first floor running Bitcoin +main net I want to see ok who's + + align:start position:0% +main net I want to see ok who's + + + align:start position:0% +main net I want to see ok who's +connected to me and then it'll tell me + + align:start position:0% +connected to me and then it'll tell me + + + align:start position:0% +connected to me and then it'll tell me +you know it returns JSON and it tells me + + align:start position:0% +you know it returns JSON and it tells me + + + align:start position:0% +you know it returns JSON and it tells me +all about the people I'm connected to if + + align:start position:0% +all about the people I'm connected to if + + + align:start position:0% +all about the people I'm connected to if +I want to say get wallet info it'll tell + + align:start position:0% +I want to say get wallet info it'll tell + + + align:start position:0% +I want to say get wallet info it'll tell +me I don't have any money + + align:start position:0% +me I don't have any money + + + align:start position:0% +me I don't have any money +things like that so you can you can and + + align:start position:0% +things like that so you can you can and + + + align:start position:0% +things like that so you can you can and +then there's like help it's it's weird + + align:start position:0% +then there's like help it's it's weird + + + align:start position:0% +then there's like help it's it's weird +and it's not super well documented it's + + align:start position:0% +and it's not super well documented it's + + + align:start position:0% +and it's not super well documented it's +fairly well documented in this stuff + + align:start position:0% +fairly well documented in this stuff + + + align:start position:0% +fairly well documented in this stuff +there's also like tons of undocumented + + align:start position:0% +there's also like tons of undocumented + + + align:start position:0% +there's also like tons of undocumented +hidden RPC calls that are like + + align:start position:0% +hidden RPC calls that are like + + + align:start position:0% +hidden RPC calls that are like +deprecated or new or programmers put in + + align:start position:0% +deprecated or new or programmers put in + + + align:start position:0% +deprecated or new or programmers put in +they don't want people to use them they + + align:start position:0% +they don't want people to use them they + + + align:start position:0% +they don't want people to use them they +only want to use them for themselves so + + align:start position:0% +only want to use them for themselves so + + + align:start position:0% +only want to use them for themselves so +it's it's kind of a mess but it's fun to + + align:start position:0% +it's it's kind of a mess but it's fun to + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's kind of a mess but it's fun to +see like exactly how this software works + + align:start position:0% +see like exactly how this software works + + + align:start position:0% +see like exactly how this software works +so hopefully you can try that out yeah + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully you can try that out yeah + + + align:start position:0% +so hopefully you can try that out yeah +and I will add more UTX OS to grab in + + align:start position:0% +and I will add more UTX OS to grab in + + + align:start position:0% +and I will add more UTX OS to grab in +the next few days so that won't be fine + + align:start position:0% +the next few days so that won't be fine + + + align:start position:0% +the next few days so that won't be fine +you could if you wanted to be a jerk + + align:start position:0% +you could if you wanted to be a jerk + + + align:start position:0% +you could if you wanted to be a jerk +just steal all the money and then no-one + + align:start position:0% +just steal all the money and then no-one + + + align:start position:0% +just steal all the money and then no-one +else can do it but like please don't do + + align:start position:0% +else can do it but like please don't do + + + align:start position:0% +else can do it but like please don't do +that I mean this is not as adversarial a + + align:start position:0% +that I mean this is not as adversarial a + + + align:start position:0% +that I mean this is not as adversarial a +setting has actual Bitcoin if someone + + align:start position:0% +setting has actual Bitcoin if someone + + + align:start position:0% +setting has actual Bitcoin if someone +does it I'll be like ok fine and I'll + + align:start position:0% +does it I'll be like ok fine and I'll + + + align:start position:0% +does it I'll be like ok fine and I'll +just like reseed the place but so + + align:start position:0% +just like reseed the place but so + + + align:start position:0% +just like reseed the place but so +hopefully we don't have too many trolls + + align:start position:0% +hopefully we don't have too many trolls + + + align:start position:0% +hopefully we don't have too many trolls +trying to prevent everyone from having + + align:start position:0% +trying to prevent everyone from having + + + align:start position:0% +trying to prevent everyone from having +fun with this Assange that said there is + + align:start position:0% +fun with this Assange that said there is + + + align:start position:0% +fun with this Assange that said there is +an aspect some of them are you know the + + align:start position:0% +an aspect some of them are you know the + + + align:start position:0% +an aspect some of them are you know the +one I put in the assignment last night + + align:start position:0% +one I put in the assignment last night + + + align:start position:0% +one I put in the assignment last night +there's five outputs that you can grab + + align:start position:0% +there's five outputs that you can grab + + + align:start position:0% +there's five outputs that you can grab +you know one of the one of the like sort + + align:start position:0% +you know one of the one of the like sort + + + align:start position:0% +you know one of the one of the like sort +of hints there's only five output so the + + align:start position:0% +of hints there's only five output so the + + + align:start position:0% +of hints there's only five output so the +first five people to grab it get the + + align:start position:0% +first five people to grab it get the + + + align:start position:0% +first five people to grab it get the +coins so there is a little bit of like + + align:start position:0% +coins so there is a little bit of like + + + align:start position:0% +coins so there is a little bit of like +timing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +any questions cool okay yeah so if you + + align:start position:0% +any questions cool okay yeah so if you + + + align:start position:0% +any questions cool okay yeah so if you +have questions about it office hours + + align:start position:0% +have questions about it office hours + + + align:start position:0% +have questions about it office hours +tomorrow also IRC okay so today's main + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow also IRC okay so today's main + + + align:start position:0% +tomorrow also IRC okay so today's main +topic transaction fees so we described + + align:start position:0% +topic transaction fees so we described + + + align:start position:0% +topic transaction fees so we described +earlier that the transaction fee is just + + align:start position:0% +earlier that the transaction fee is just + + + align:start position:0% +earlier that the transaction fee is just +the difference between the sum of the + + align:start position:0% +the difference between the sum of the + + + align:start position:0% +the difference between the sum of the +input amounts and output amounts what's + + align:start position:0% +input amounts and output amounts what's + + + align:start position:0% +input amounts and output amounts what's +interesting is it's implicit so if you + + align:start position:0% +interesting is it's implicit so if you + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is it's implicit so if you +actually look at a transaction you can't + + align:start position:0% +actually look at a transaction you can't + + + align:start position:0% +actually look at a transaction you can't +tell what the fees are you have to look + + align:start position:0% +tell what the fees are you have to look + + + align:start position:0% +tell what the fees are you have to look +at its ancestors to tell what the fees + + align:start position:0% +at its ancestors to tell what the fees + + + align:start position:0% +at its ancestors to tell what the fees +are so for example if you want to go + + align:start position:0% +are so for example if you want to go + + + align:start position:0% +are so for example if you want to go +through here and how am I gonna do this + + align:start position:0% +through here and how am I gonna do this + + + align:start position:0% +through here and how am I gonna do this +geez if I want to say okay what's the + + align:start position:0% +geez if I want to say okay what's the + + + align:start position:0% +geez if I want to say okay what's the +most what's the most current block okay + + align:start position:0% +most what's the most current block okay + + + align:start position:0% +most what's the most current block okay +yep block chain info okay so the most + + align:start position:0% +yep block chain info okay so the most + + + align:start position:0% +yep block chain info okay so the most +current block is this and then I can say + + align:start position:0% +current block is this and then I can say + + + align:start position:0% +current block is this and then I can say +okay get block I just say get block yep + + align:start position:0% +okay get block I just say get block yep + + + align:start position:0% +okay get block I just say get block yep +I want to get that block okay there's + + align:start position:0% +I want to get that block okay there's + + + align:start position:0% +I want to get that block okay there's +all the transactions in this block I can + + align:start position:0% +all the transactions in this block I can + + + align:start position:0% +all the transactions in this block I can +do get block verbose true and it'll give + + align:start position:0% +do get block verbose true and it'll give + + + align:start position:0% +do get block verbose true and it'll give +me all the transaction data but instead + + align:start position:0% +me all the transaction data but instead + + + align:start position:0% +me all the transaction data but instead +I can just pick one of these + + align:start position:0% +I can just pick one of these + + + align:start position:0% +I can just pick one of these +transactions and say get raw transaction + + align:start position:0% +transactions and say get raw transaction + + + align:start position:0% +transactions and say get raw transaction +get that thing oh here's another weird + + align:start position:0% +get that thing oh here's another weird + + + align:start position:0% +get that thing oh here's another weird +thing you have to push so it'll just + + align:start position:0% +thing you have to push so it'll just + + + align:start position:0% +thing you have to push so it'll just +give you hacks which is not very useful + + align:start position:0% +give you hacks which is not very useful + + + align:start position:0% +give you hacks which is not very useful +unless you somehow can read hexadecimal + + align:start position:0% +unless you somehow can read hexadecimal + + + align:start position:0% +unless you somehow can read hexadecimal +and then in the actual thing it says + + align:start position:0% +and then in the actual thing it says + + + align:start position:0% +and then in the actual thing it says +like examples true did they change it + + align:start position:0% +like examples true did they change it + + + align:start position:0% +like examples true did they change it +you used to have to do one at the end + + align:start position:0% +you used to have to do one at the end + + + align:start position:0% +you used to have to do one at the end +yeah but true works to know true you + + align:start position:0% +yeah but true works to know true you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but true works to know true you +used to not work if you said true and + + align:start position:0% +used to not work if you said true and + + + align:start position:0% +used to not work if you said true and +you had to put the number one instead of + + align:start position:0% +you had to put the number one instead of + + + align:start position:0% +you had to put the number one instead of +true there's a lot of weird bugs in + + align:start position:0% +true there's a lot of weird bugs in + + + align:start position:0% +true there's a lot of weird bugs in +Bitcoin that have been there for years + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin that have been there for years + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin that have been there for years +and I guess they fix that one the most + + align:start position:0% +and I guess they fix that one the most + + + align:start position:0% +and I guess they fix that one the most +egregious is probably the multi-sig bug + + align:start position:0% +egregious is probably the multi-sig bug + + + align:start position:0% +egregious is probably the multi-sig bug +where when you're spending from a + + align:start position:0% +where when you're spending from a + + + align:start position:0% +where when you're spending from a +multi-sig output you have to push a zero + + align:start position:0% +multi-sig output you have to push a zero + + + align:start position:0% +multi-sig output you have to push a zero +byte on to the stack first or else it + + align:start position:0% +byte on to the stack first or else it + + + align:start position:0% +byte on to the stack first or else it +doesn't work it was just a bug Satoshi + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work it was just a bug Satoshi + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't work it was just a bug Satoshi +had and now it's consensus critical and + + align:start position:0% +had and now it's consensus critical and + + + align:start position:0% +had and now it's consensus critical and +like people joke about like oh we also + + align:start position:0% +like people joke about like oh we also + + + align:start position:0% +like people joke about like oh we also +have to put a zero byte in whatever new + + align:start position:0% +have to put a zero byte in whatever new + + + align:start position:0% +have to put a zero byte in whatever new +RPC we create because there's just like + + align:start position:0% +RPC we create because there's just like + + + align:start position:0% +RPC we create because there's just like +bugs anyway so for example this + + align:start position:0% +bugs anyway so for example this + + + align:start position:0% +bugs anyway so for example this +transaction that I just + + align:start position:0% +transaction that I just + + + align:start position:0% +transaction that I just +brought up its got and this is how they + + align:start position:0% +brought up its got and this is how they + + + align:start position:0% +brought up its got and this is how they +look uh here's the TX ID its 370 bytes + + align:start position:0% +look uh here's the TX ID its 370 bytes + + + align:start position:0% +look uh here's the TX ID its 370 bytes +it's got this lock time which you I + + align:start position:0% +it's got this lock time which you I + + + align:start position:0% +it's got this lock time which you I +should mention that I'm guessing this + + align:start position:0% +should mention that I'm guessing this + + + align:start position:0% +should mention that I'm guessing this +community section was created by a + + align:start position:0% +community section was created by a + + + align:start position:0% +community section was created by a +Bitcoin core wallet not a different + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin core wallet not a different + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin core wallet not a different +wallet because that's a hint it's got + + align:start position:0% +wallet because that's a hint it's got + + + align:start position:0% +wallet because that's a hint it's got +one input no two inputs ok so there's + + align:start position:0% +one input no two inputs ok so there's + + + align:start position:0% +one input no two inputs ok so there's +you know inputs are specified this TX ID + + align:start position:0% +you know inputs are specified this TX ID + + + align:start position:0% +you know inputs are specified this TX ID +input this TX ID input two inputs and + + align:start position:0% +input this TX ID input two inputs and + + + align:start position:0% +input this TX ID input two inputs and +one output of value zero zero zero four + + align:start position:0% +one output of value zero zero zero four + + + align:start position:0% +one output of value zero zero zero four +five zero zero we can't tell what the + + align:start position:0% +five zero zero we can't tell what the + + + align:start position:0% +five zero zero we can't tell what the +fee is from this no no sorry two outputs + + align:start position:0% +fee is from this no no sorry two outputs + + + align:start position:0% +fee is from this no no sorry two outputs +here the two of us so we can tell these + + align:start position:0% +here the two of us so we can tell these + + + align:start position:0% +here the two of us so we can tell these +two outputs however we don't know what + + align:start position:0% +two outputs however we don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +two outputs however we don't know what +the fees are we know the total outputs + + align:start position:0% +the fees are we know the total outputs + + + align:start position:0% +the fees are we know the total outputs +amounts but the inputs amount input + + align:start position:0% +amounts but the inputs amount input + + + align:start position:0% +amounts but the inputs amount input +amounts are not encoded in the + + align:start position:0% +amounts are not encoded in the + + + align:start position:0% +amounts are not encoded in the +transaction itself in order to figure + + align:start position:0% +transaction itself in order to figure + + + align:start position:0% +transaction itself in order to figure +that out we'd have to go to this + + align:start position:0% +that out we'd have to go to this + + + align:start position:0% +that out we'd have to go to this +transaction and see what the out zeroes + + align:start position:0% +transaction and see what the out zeroes + + + align:start position:0% +transaction and see what the out zeroes +output amount is which we can do and + + align:start position:0% +output amount is which we can do and + + + align:start position:0% +output amount is which we can do and +it's oh oh five - you know so we can add + + align:start position:0% +it's oh oh five - you know so we can add + + + align:start position:0% +it's oh oh five - you know so we can add +it up that way but it's it's not written + + align:start position:0% +it up that way but it's it's not written + + + align:start position:0% +it up that way but it's it's not written +directly which is a little weird and the + + align:start position:0% +directly which is a little weird and the + + + align:start position:0% +directly which is a little weird and the +idea of the fee is whoever minds that + + align:start position:0% +idea of the fee is whoever minds that + + + align:start position:0% +idea of the fee is whoever minds that +block that includes that transaction + + align:start position:0% +block that includes that transaction + + + align:start position:0% +block that includes that transaction +gets the fee right so the sum of all the + + align:start position:0% +gets the fee right so the sum of all the + + + align:start position:0% +gets the fee right so the sum of all the +inputs and outputs within a block do add + + align:start position:0% +inputs and outputs within a block do add + + + align:start position:0% +inputs and outputs within a block do add +up like modulo the new coins that are + + align:start position:0% +up like modulo the new coins that are + + + align:start position:0% +up like modulo the new coins that are +created but you know what long term when + + align:start position:0% +created but you know what long term when + + + align:start position:0% +created but you know what long term when +there's no coins being created when + + align:start position:0% +there's no coins being created when + + + align:start position:0% +there's no coins being created when +they've all been created you can say + + align:start position:0% +they've all been created you can say + + + align:start position:0% +they've all been created you can say +okay we can look at a block add up all + + align:start position:0% +okay we can look at a block add up all + + + align:start position:0% +okay we can look at a block add up all +the inputs spent in this in all the + + align:start position:0% +the inputs spent in this in all the + + + align:start position:0% +the inputs spent in this in all the +transactions in the block add up all the + + align:start position:0% +transactions in the block add up all the + + + align:start position:0% +transactions in the block add up all the +outputs created in all the transactions + + align:start position:0% +outputs created in all the transactions + + + align:start position:0% +outputs created in all the transactions +in the block and those should equal + + align:start position:0% +in the block and those should equal + + + align:start position:0% +in the block and those should equal +otherwise it's invalid well they don't + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's invalid well they don't + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise it's invalid well they don't +have to equal you're always allowed to + + align:start position:0% +have to equal you're always allowed to + + + align:start position:0% +have to equal you're always allowed to +destroy coins right so if you if the + + align:start position:0% +destroy coins right so if you if the + + + align:start position:0% +destroy coins right so if you if the +miner says hey there's all these fees + + align:start position:0% +miner says hey there's all these fees + + + align:start position:0% +miner says hey there's all these fees +that can be paid to me and I just don't + + align:start position:0% +that can be paid to me and I just don't + + + align:start position:0% +that can be paid to me and I just don't +grab them you can do that so it's you + + align:start position:0% +grab them you can do that so it's you + + + align:start position:0% +grab them you can do that so it's you +know it less than or equals operator + + align:start position:0% +know it less than or equals operator + + + align:start position:0% +know it less than or equals operator +that it's the check and people have + + align:start position:0% +that it's the check and people have + + + align:start position:0% +that it's the check and people have +destroyed coins usually inadvertently + + align:start position:0% +destroyed coins usually inadvertently + + + align:start position:0% +destroyed coins usually inadvertently +there was one in January where there was + + align:start position:0% +there was one in January where there was + + + align:start position:0% +there was one in January where there was +a block that just had a zero output for + + align:start position:0% +a block that just had a zero output for + + + align:start position:0% +a block that just had a zero output for +minor reward so all whatever 1314 coins + + align:start position:0% +minor reward so all whatever 1314 coins + + + align:start position:0% +minor reward so all whatever 1314 coins +were just destroyed yet it seems like a + + align:start position:0% +were just destroyed yet it seems like a + + + align:start position:0% +were just destroyed yet it seems like a +bug + + align:start position:0% +bug + + + align:start position:0% +bug +so you can so that's how you know fees + + align:start position:0% +so you can so that's how you know fees + + + align:start position:0% +so you can so that's how you know fees +work what's interesting is you don't + + align:start position:0% +work what's interesting is you don't + + + align:start position:0% +work what's interesting is you don't +know who you're paying when you create + + align:start position:0% +know who you're paying when you create + + + align:start position:0% +know who you're paying when you create +the fee right you you signed sort of + + align:start position:0% +the fee right you you signed sort of + + + align:start position:0% +the fee right you you signed sort of +okay here's my transaction I sign it off + + align:start position:0% +okay here's my transaction I sign it off + + + align:start position:0% +okay here's my transaction I sign it off +whoever confirms this transaction gets + + align:start position:0% +whoever confirms this transaction gets + + + align:start position:0% +whoever confirms this transaction gets +five bucks or whatever and you throw it + + align:start position:0% +five bucks or whatever and you throw it + + + align:start position:0% +five bucks or whatever and you throw it +out there so it's kind of interesting + + align:start position:0% +out there so it's kind of interesting + + + align:start position:0% +out there so it's kind of interesting +there could be legal I've heard there's + + align:start position:0% +there could be legal I've heard there's + + + align:start position:0% +there could be legal I've heard there's +like legal questions like well what if + + align:start position:0% +like legal questions like well what if + + + align:start position:0% +like legal questions like well what if +one of the minors is in Iran now you're + + align:start position:0% +one of the minors is in Iran now you're + + + align:start position:0% +one of the minors is in Iran now you're +paying someone in Iran are you in + + align:start position:0% +paying someone in Iran are you in + + + align:start position:0% +paying someone in Iran are you in +trouble for that you know you can't tell + + align:start position:0% +trouble for that you know you can't tell + + + align:start position:0% +trouble for that you know you can't tell +who's gonna mine it beforehand okay + + align:start position:0% +who's gonna mine it beforehand okay + + + align:start position:0% +who's gonna mine it beforehand okay +yeah and generally we talk about fee + + align:start position:0% +yeah and generally we talk about fee + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and generally we talk about fee +rates or sort of a specific you know fee + + align:start position:0% +rates or sort of a specific you know fee + + + align:start position:0% +rates or sort of a specific you know fee +per byte and it's expressed in satoshis + + align:start position:0% +per byte and it's expressed in satoshis + + + align:start position:0% +per byte and it's expressed in satoshis +per byte and once the Toshi being the + + align:start position:0% +per byte and once the Toshi being the + + + align:start position:0% +per byte and once the Toshi being the +minimum possible bitcoin amount which is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +three zeros yeah so seven zero so + + align:start position:0% +three zeros yeah so seven zero so + + + align:start position:0% +three zeros yeah so seven zero so +there's eight digits in bitcoins so and + + align:start position:0% +there's eight digits in bitcoins so and + + + align:start position:0% +there's eight digits in bitcoins so and +you usually keep that so like yeah you + + align:start position:0% +you usually keep that so like yeah you + + + align:start position:0% +you usually keep that so like yeah you +Pat it out right so even even in + + align:start position:0% +Pat it out right so even even in + + + align:start position:0% +Pat it out right so even even in +something where it's zero point zero one + + align:start position:0% +something where it's zero point zero one + + + align:start position:0% +something where it's zero point zero one +three four they put the extra four + + align:start position:0% +three four they put the extra four + + + align:start position:0% +three four they put the extra four +zeroes in the actual code + + align:start position:0% +zeroes in the actual code + + + align:start position:0% +zeroes in the actual code +this is just a 64-bit signed integer and + + align:start position:0% +this is just a 64-bit signed integer and + + + align:start position:0% +this is just a 64-bit signed integer and +there is no decimal point right so so + + align:start position:0% +there is no decimal point right so so + + + align:start position:0% +there is no decimal point right so so +it's sort of a UI thing to put a decimal + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of a UI thing to put a decimal + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of a UI thing to put a decimal +point in so that people can think of + + align:start position:0% +point in so that people can think of + + + align:start position:0% +point in so that people can think of +like oh that's two bitcoins or that's + + align:start position:0% +like oh that's two bitcoins or that's + + + align:start position:0% +like oh that's two bitcoins or that's +half a Bitcoin but really the code only + + align:start position:0% +half a Bitcoin but really the code only + + + align:start position:0% +half a Bitcoin but really the code only +deals with the satoshis and the decimal + + align:start position:0% +deals with the satoshis and the decimal + + + align:start position:0% +deals with the satoshis and the decimal +point is purely UI layer which can be + + align:start position:0% +point is purely UI layer which can be + + + align:start position:0% +point is purely UI layer which can be +confusing and sometimes when you're + + align:start position:0% +confusing and sometimes when you're + + + align:start position:0% +confusing and sometimes when you're +dealing with JSON and when you're + + align:start position:0% +dealing with JSON and when you're + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with JSON and when you're +dealing with like different programs + + align:start position:0% +dealing with like different programs + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with like different programs +tossing numbers around you can get a + + align:start position:0% +tossing numbers around you can get a + + + align:start position:0% +tossing numbers around you can get a +factor of 100 million off sometimes it's + + align:start position:0% +factor of 100 million off sometimes it's + + + align:start position:0% +factor of 100 million off sometimes it's +a big enough factor that usually it's + + align:start position:0% +a big enough factor that usually it's + + + align:start position:0% +a big enough factor that usually it's +pretty obvious so from a miners point of + + align:start position:0% +pretty obvious so from a miners point of + + + align:start position:0% +pretty obvious so from a miners point of +view they want to prioritize based on + + align:start position:0% +view they want to prioritize based on + + + align:start position:0% +view they want to prioritize based on +the TX size and the fee rate because + + align:start position:0% +the TX size and the fee rate because + + + align:start position:0% +the TX size and the fee rate because +space is limited right so one of the + + align:start position:0% +space is limited right so one of the + + + align:start position:0% +space is limited right so one of the +other rules that's probably one of the + + align:start position:0% +other rules that's probably one of the + + + align:start position:0% +other rules that's probably one of the +most controversial and like argued about + + align:start position:0% +most controversial and like argued about + + + align:start position:0% +most controversial and like argued about +rules in Bitcoin was 1 megabyte block + + align:start position:0% +rules in Bitcoin was 1 megabyte block + + + align:start position:0% +rules in Bitcoin was 1 megabyte block +size limit so the idea is okay you can + + align:start position:0% +size limit so the idea is okay you can + + + align:start position:0% +size limit so the idea is okay you can +put all these transactions and block + + align:start position:0% +put all these transactions and block + + + align:start position:0% +put all these transactions and block +but the total block when serialized + + align:start position:0% +but the total block when serialized + + + align:start position:0% +but the total block when serialized +including the headers and everything + + align:start position:0% +including the headers and everything + + + align:start position:0% +including the headers and everything +needs to be 1 million bytes or less + + align:start position:0% +needs to be 1 million bytes or less + + + align:start position:0% +needs to be 1 million bytes or less +which is now not quite true because + + align:start position:0% +which is now not quite true because + + + align:start position:0% +which is now not quite true because +there's ways around that but there's + + align:start position:0% +there's ways around that but there's + + + align:start position:0% +there's ways around that but there's +still a hard limit of 4 megabytes today + + align:start position:0% +still a hard limit of 4 megabytes today + + + align:start position:0% +still a hard limit of 4 megabytes today +what's also interesting is it's totally + + align:start position:0% +what's also interesting is it's totally + + + align:start position:0% +what's also interesting is it's totally +unrelated to the amount of coins being + + align:start position:0% +unrelated to the amount of coins being + + + align:start position:0% +unrelated to the amount of coins being +transferred right so in that sense the + + align:start position:0% +transferred right so in that sense the + + + align:start position:0% +transferred right so in that sense the +fee is flat right whether you're sending + + align:start position:0% +fee is flat right whether you're sending + + + align:start position:0% +fee is flat right whether you're sending +a hundred bitcoins or one Bitcoin or a + + align:start position:0% +a hundred bitcoins or one Bitcoin or a + + + align:start position:0% +a hundred bitcoins or one Bitcoin or a +millionth of a Bitcoin the miner doesn't + + align:start position:0% +millionth of a Bitcoin the miner doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +millionth of a Bitcoin the miner doesn't +really care it's just how you know it's + + align:start position:0% +really care it's just how you know it's + + + align:start position:0% +really care it's just how you know it's +just based on space you're paying for + + align:start position:0% +just based on space you're paying for + + + align:start position:0% +just based on space you're paying for +your data usage of the network and your + + align:start position:0% +your data usage of the network and your + + + align:start position:0% +your data usage of the network and your +actual sort of monetary value + + align:start position:0% +actual sort of monetary value + + + align:start position:0% +actual sort of monetary value +transferring is unrelated to that to + + align:start position:0% +transferring is unrelated to that to + + + align:start position:0% +transferring is unrelated to that to +some extent you've later on you might + + align:start position:0% +some extent you've later on you might + + + align:start position:0% +some extent you've later on you might +think well miners might try to charge + + align:start position:0% +think well miners might try to charge + + + align:start position:0% +think well miners might try to charge +people sending more money more because + + align:start position:0% +people sending more money more because + + + align:start position:0% +people sending more money more because +you know there it more able to pay but + + align:start position:0% +you know there it more able to pay but + + + align:start position:0% +you know there it more able to pay but +so far we haven't seen anything like + + align:start position:0% +so far we haven't seen anything like + + + align:start position:0% +so far we haven't seen anything like +that it's mostly just the miners looking + + align:start position:0% +that it's mostly just the miners looking + + + align:start position:0% +that it's mostly just the miners looking +at you know I've got a megabyte of size + + align:start position:0% +at you know I've got a megabyte of size + + + align:start position:0% +at you know I've got a megabyte of size +to parcel out to people I'm gonna try to + + align:start position:0% +to parcel out to people I'm gonna try to + + + align:start position:0% +to parcel out to people I'm gonna try to +you know pack that in is at higher rate + + align:start position:0% +you know pack that in is at higher rate + + + align:start position:0% +you know pack that in is at higher rate +as I can and whether someone's paying a + + align:start position:0% +as I can and whether someone's paying a + + + align:start position:0% +as I can and whether someone's paying a +little bit or a lot you know whenever + + align:start position:0% +little bit or a lot you know whenever + + + align:start position:0% +little bit or a lot you know whenever +someone's moving a little bit or a lot + + align:start position:0% +someone's moving a little bit or a lot + + + align:start position:0% +someone's moving a little bit or a lot +the miners don't care any questions + + align:start position:0% +the miners don't care any questions + + + align:start position:0% +the miners don't care any questions +about these things I'm gonna do this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +well and if you assume that the block is + + align:start position:0% +well and if you assume that the block is + + + align:start position:0% +well and if you assume that the block is +valid right so so okay the first the + + align:start position:0% +valid right so so okay the first the + + + align:start position:0% +valid right so so okay the first the +first transaction is always the coinbase + + align:start position:0% +first transaction is always the coinbase + + + align:start position:0% +first transaction is always the coinbase +transaction that's little so I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +transaction that's little so I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +transaction that's little so I'm gonna +do get raw transaction get this one and + + align:start position:0% +do get raw transaction get this one and + + + align:start position:0% +do get raw transaction get this one and +yeah sighs coinbase + + align:start position:0% +yeah sighs coinbase + + + align:start position:0% +yeah sighs coinbase +right so coinbase is arbitrary data + + align:start position:0% +right so coinbase is arbitrary data + + + align:start position:0% +right so coinbase is arbitrary data +you've got a sequence number there is no + + align:start position:0% +you've got a sequence number there is no + + + align:start position:0% +you've got a sequence number there is no +witness here okay anyway oh yeah there + + align:start position:0% +witness here okay anyway oh yeah there + + + align:start position:0% +witness here okay anyway oh yeah there +is witness okay so this block is well + + align:start position:0% +is witness okay so this block is well + + + align:start position:0% +is witness okay so this block is well +two blocks have come out since I first + + align:start position:0% +two blocks have come out since I first + + + align:start position:0% +two blocks have come out since I first +looked in it because there's no two + + align:start position:0% +looked in it because there's no two + + + align:start position:0% +looked in it because there's no two +confirmations + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is segment related which I think + + align:start position:0% +this is segment related which I think + + + align:start position:0% +this is segment related which I think +I'm going to talk about Monday so that's + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to talk about Monday so that's + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to talk about Monday so that's +sort of this weird opportune thing this + + align:start position:0% +sort of this weird opportune thing this + + + align:start position:0% +sort of this weird opportune thing this +is the the actual coin based payout that + + align:start position:0% +is the the actual coin based payout that + + + align:start position:0% +is the the actual coin based payout that +the minor is getting and it's 12 + + align:start position:0% +the minor is getting and it's 12 + + + align:start position:0% +the minor is getting and it's 12 +sorry twelve point seven nine you know + + align:start position:0% +sorry twelve point seven nine you know + + + align:start position:0% +sorry twelve point seven nine you know +so it's so he got you know almost point + + align:start position:0% +so it's so he got you know almost point + + + align:start position:0% +so it's so he got you know almost point +four extra coins in fees which is what + + align:start position:0% +four extra coins in fees which is what + + + align:start position:0% +four extra coins in fees which is what +like four thousand dollars you know + + align:start position:0% +like four thousand dollars you know + + + align:start position:0% +like four thousand dollars you know +pretty good + + align:start position:0% +pretty good + + + align:start position:0% +pretty good +it was super high a few months ago but + + align:start position:0% +it was super high a few months ago but + + + align:start position:0% +it was super high a few months ago but +um so so it all gets aggregated right + + align:start position:0% +um so so it all gets aggregated right + + + align:start position:0% +um so so it all gets aggregated right +this is this is 12.5 comes out of + + align:start position:0% +this is this is 12.5 comes out of + + + align:start position:0% +this is this is 12.5 comes out of +nowhere 12.5 is the new coins being + + align:start position:0% +nowhere 12.5 is the new coins being + + + align:start position:0% +nowhere 12.5 is the new coins being +generated and then the you know 0.39 + + align:start position:0% +generated and then the you know 0.39 + + + align:start position:0% +generated and then the you know 0.39 +eight is the sum of all the fees in that + + align:start position:0% +eight is the sum of all the fees in that + + + align:start position:0% +eight is the sum of all the fees in that +block well you can look you have to look + + align:start position:0% +block well you can look you have to look + + + align:start position:0% +block well you can look you have to look +at all the transactions right so if you + + align:start position:0% +at all the transactions right so if you + + + align:start position:0% +at all the transactions right so if you +look at a transaction it doesn't say in + + align:start position:0% +look at a transaction it doesn't say in + + + align:start position:0% +look at a transaction it doesn't say in +the transaction itself you'd have to + + align:start position:0% +the transaction itself you'd have to + + + align:start position:0% +the transaction itself you'd have to +look at a transaction look up its inputs + + align:start position:0% +look at a transaction look up its inputs + + + align:start position:0% +look at a transaction look up its inputs +see what you know the sum of all the + + align:start position:0% +see what you know the sum of all the + + + align:start position:0% +see what you know the sum of all the +inputs and then you know subtract and + + align:start position:0% +inputs and then you know subtract and + + + align:start position:0% +inputs and then you know subtract and +say okay I can calculate the fee for + + align:start position:0% +say okay I can calculate the fee for + + + align:start position:0% +say okay I can calculate the fee for +this transaction calculate the fee for + + align:start position:0% +this transaction calculate the fee for + + + align:start position:0% +this transaction calculate the fee for +all these different transactions add it + + align:start position:0% +all these different transactions add it + + + align:start position:0% +all these different transactions add it +all up it should equal and it does + + align:start position:0% +all up it should equal and it does + + + align:start position:0% +all up it should equal and it does +exactly equal you know 0.39 eight put it + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal you know 0.39 eight put it + + + align:start position:0% +exactly equal you know 0.39 eight put it +up so it's for the computer it's pretty + + align:start position:0% +up so it's for the computer it's pretty + + + align:start position:0% +up so it's for the computer it's pretty +quick right but yeah it is a little bit + + align:start position:0% +quick right but yeah it is a little bit + + + align:start position:0% +quick right but yeah it is a little bit +weird accounting to try to add it all up + + align:start position:0% +weird accounting to try to add it all up + + + align:start position:0% +weird accounting to try to add it all up +yourself okay any other questions about + + align:start position:0% +yourself okay any other questions about + + + align:start position:0% +yourself okay any other questions about +fee stuff about this yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yes but I'm not sure I put it that way + + align:start position:0% +yes but I'm not sure I put it that way + + + align:start position:0% +yes but I'm not sure I put it that way +it's the miners construct the block to + + align:start position:0% +it's the miners construct the block to + + + align:start position:0% +it's the miners construct the block to +mine right so so in the case of your get + + align:start position:0% +mine right so so in the case of your get + + + align:start position:0% +mine right so so in the case of your get +block head - 30 I don't want to show all + + align:start position:0% +block head - 30 I don't want to show all + + + align:start position:0% +block head - 30 I don't want to show all +of the but you know this is okay the + + align:start position:0% +of the but you know this is okay the + + + align:start position:0% +of the but you know this is okay the +miner mind this block here's the size + + align:start position:0% +miner mind this block here's the size + + + align:start position:0% +miner mind this block here's the size +weight height version Merkel route all + + align:start position:0% +weight height version Merkel route all + + + align:start position:0% +weight height version Merkel route all +these transactions that get included are + + align:start position:0% +these transactions that get included are + + + align:start position:0% +these transactions that get included are +produced by the miner so the miner sort + + align:start position:0% +produced by the miner so the miner sort + + + align:start position:0% +produced by the miner so the miner sort +of aggregates the transactions + + align:start position:0% +of aggregates the transactions + + + align:start position:0% +of aggregates the transactions +themselves and then decides to mind so I + + align:start position:0% +themselves and then decides to mind so I + + + align:start position:0% +themselves and then decides to mind so I +think I talked about that in the next + + align:start position:0% +think I talked about that in the next + + + align:start position:0% +think I talked about that in the next +yeah + + align:start position:0% +yeah + + + align:start position:0% +yeah +so that yeah okay I'll just I'll talk + + align:start position:0% +so that yeah okay I'll just I'll talk + + + align:start position:0% +so that yeah okay I'll just I'll talk +about that in the next life so basically + + align:start position:0% +about that in the next life so basically + + + align:start position:0% +about that in the next life so basically +the fee rate is set by the transaction + + align:start position:0% +the fee rate is set by the transaction + + + align:start position:0% +the fee rate is set by the transaction +signer right when you're creating a + + align:start position:0% +signer right when you're creating a + + + align:start position:0% +signer right when you're creating a +transaction okay I want to send one + + align:start position:0% +transaction okay I want to send one + + + align:start position:0% +transaction okay I want to send one +Bitcoin I will spend you know 500 + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin I will spend you know 500 + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin I will spend you know 500 +Satoshi's my transactions about 250 + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi's my transactions about 250 + + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi's my transactions about 250 +bytes okay that's a to satoshis per byte + + align:start position:0% +bytes okay that's a to satoshis per byte + + + align:start position:0% +bytes okay that's a to satoshis per byte +fee right you create you know you choose + + align:start position:0% +fee right you create you know you choose + + + align:start position:0% +fee right you create you know you choose +your fee right sign the way you + + align:start position:0% +your fee right sign the way you + + + align:start position:0% +your fee right sign the way you +increment and decrement your fee rate is + + align:start position:0% +increment and decrement your fee rate is + + + align:start position:0% +increment and decrement your fee rate is +to say okay I've got some change output + + align:start position:0% +to say okay I've got some change output + + + align:start position:0% +to say okay I've got some change output +I'm going to increase or decrease that + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to increase or decrease that + + + align:start position:0% +I'm going to increase or decrease that +change output him out if someone's + + align:start position:0% +change output him out if someone's + + + align:start position:0% +change output him out if someone's +saying hey pay me one coin I can't + + align:start position:0% +saying hey pay me one coin I can't + + + align:start position:0% +saying hey pay me one coin I can't +really change their amount and say like + + align:start position:0% +really change their amount and say like + + + align:start position:0% +really change their amount and say like +oh sorry man there was a high fee he + + align:start position:0% +oh sorry man there was a high fee he + + + align:start position:0% +oh sorry man there was a high fee he +didn't get a bit Bitcoin it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +didn't get a bit Bitcoin it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +didn't get a bit Bitcoin it's sort of +the and that's sort of a cultural that's + + align:start position:0% +the and that's sort of a cultural that's + + + align:start position:0% +the and that's sort of a cultural that's +not a software thing that's just a if + + align:start position:0% +not a software thing that's just a if + + + align:start position:0% +not a software thing that's just a if +someone says pay me a coin you need to + + align:start position:0% +someone says pay me a coin you need to + + + align:start position:0% +someone says pay me a coin you need to +pay the coin it's generally the sender + + align:start position:0% +pay the coin it's generally the sender + + + align:start position:0% +pay the coin it's generally the sender +who's covering the fee which is + + align:start position:0% +who's covering the fee which is + + + align:start position:0% +who's covering the fee which is +different than in credit cards right in + + align:start position:0% +different than in credit cards right in + + + align:start position:0% +different than in credit cards right in +credit cards it says ten bucks I swipe + + align:start position:0% +credit cards it says ten bucks I swipe + + + align:start position:0% +credit cards it says ten bucks I swipe +my card I get charged ten bucks and the + + align:start position:0% +my card I get charged ten bucks and the + + + align:start position:0% +my card I get charged ten bucks and the +merchant is the one absorbing the fee + + align:start position:0% +merchant is the one absorbing the fee + + + align:start position:0% +merchant is the one absorbing the fee +and I don't even know what the fee is + + align:start position:0% +and I don't even know what the fee is + + + align:start position:0% +and I don't even know what the fee is +there's there's actually contractual law + + align:start position:0% +there's there's actually contractual law + + + align:start position:0% +there's there's actually contractual law +that I not allowed to hear what the fee + + align:start position:0% +that I not allowed to hear what the fee + + + align:start position:0% +that I not allowed to hear what the fee +is you know the merchant can't tell me + + align:start position:0% +is you know the merchant can't tell me + + + align:start position:0% +is you know the merchant can't tell me +it's things like that but in general in + + align:start position:0% +it's things like that but in general in + + + align:start position:0% +it's things like that but in general in +Bitcoin that this fee is set by the + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin that this fee is set by the + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin that this fee is set by the +sender the transactions however chosen + + align:start position:0% +sender the transactions however chosen + + + align:start position:0% +sender the transactions however chosen +by the miners so the idea is you you + + align:start position:0% +by the miners so the idea is you you + + + align:start position:0% +by the miners so the idea is you you +create your transaction set your feet + + align:start position:0% +create your transaction set your feet + + + align:start position:0% +create your transaction set your feet +throw it out there everyone sort of + + align:start position:0% +throw it out there everyone sort of + + + align:start position:0% +throw it out there everyone sort of +broadcasts it to everyone else and the + + align:start position:0% +broadcasts it to everyone else and the + + + align:start position:0% +broadcasts it to everyone else and the +miner then looks at all these fees you + + align:start position:0% +miner then looks at all these fees you + + + align:start position:0% +miner then looks at all these fees you +know looks at all these transactions and + + align:start position:0% +know looks at all these transactions and + + + align:start position:0% +know looks at all these transactions and +chooses the best ones right it's + + align:start position:0% +chooses the best ones right it's + + + align:start position:0% +chooses the best ones right it's +essentially an auction + + align:start position:0% +essentially an auction + + + align:start position:0% +essentially an auction +where you're bidding for a space in a + + align:start position:0% +where you're bidding for a space in a + + + align:start position:0% +where you're bidding for a space in a +future block that has not yet been + + align:start position:0% +future block that has not yet been + + + align:start position:0% +future block that has not yet been +created so the simplest minor side + + align:start position:0% +created so the simplest minor side + + + align:start position:0% +created so the simplest minor side +algorithm is take the mempool sort the + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is take the mempool sort the + + + align:start position:0% +algorithm is take the mempool sort the +mental transactions by their fee rate + + align:start position:0% +mental transactions by their fee rate + + + align:start position:0% +mental transactions by their fee rate +choose the top megabyte put them all in + + align:start position:0% +choose the top megabyte put them all in + + + align:start position:0% +choose the top megabyte put them all in +order compute a merkel root from that + + align:start position:0% +order compute a merkel root from that + + + align:start position:0% +order compute a merkel root from that +you know all those transaction IDs and + + align:start position:0% +you know all those transaction IDs and + + + align:start position:0% +you know all those transaction IDs and +then mine it right so the the yeah I + + align:start position:0% +then mine it right so the the yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +then mine it right so the the yeah I +explained the merkel root stuff right so + + align:start position:0% +explained the merkel root stuff right so + + + align:start position:0% +explained the merkel root stuff right so +you know pick your gonna pick a couple + + align:start position:0% +you know pick your gonna pick a couple + + + align:start position:0% +you know pick your gonna pick a couple +thousand five thousand maybe + + align:start position:0% +thousand five thousand maybe + + + align:start position:0% +thousand five thousand maybe +transactions sort of by fee right put + + align:start position:0% +transactions sort of by fee right put + + + align:start position:0% +transactions sort of by fee right put +them all in a row you know hash it a + + align:start position:0% +them all in a row you know hash it a + + + align:start position:0% +them all in a row you know hash it a +bunch of times and then just that eighty + + align:start position:0% +bunch of times and then just that eighty + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of times and then just that eighty +byte header you keep mining however this + + align:start position:0% +byte header you keep mining however this + + + align:start position:0% +byte header you keep mining however this +keeps changing this member will changes + + align:start position:0% +keeps changing this member will changes + + + align:start position:0% +keeps changing this member will changes +every second right there's new + + align:start position:0% +every second right there's new + + + align:start position:0% +every second right there's new +transactions coming up multiple times a + + align:start position:0% +transactions coming up multiple times a + + + align:start position:0% +transactions coming up multiple times a +second and so you're gonna recompute + + align:start position:0% +second and so you're gonna recompute + + + align:start position:0% +second and so you're gonna recompute +that every second probably and say oh + + align:start position:0% +that every second probably and say oh + + + align:start position:0% +that every second probably and say oh +this new this new transaction came out + + align:start position:0% +this new this new transaction came out + + + align:start position:0% +this new this new transaction came out +oh the fees really low ignore it right + + align:start position:0% +oh the fees really low ignore it right + + + align:start position:0% +oh the fees really low ignore it right +that's that that doesn't meet my my + + align:start position:0% +that's that that doesn't meet my my + + + align:start position:0% +that's that that doesn't meet my my +threshold versus new transaction comes + + align:start position:0% +threshold versus new transaction comes + + + align:start position:0% +threshold versus new transaction comes +out oh it's got a really high fever + + align:start position:0% +out oh it's got a really high fever + + + align:start position:0% +out oh it's got a really high fever +eight okay sort of re you know put it in + + align:start position:0% +eight okay sort of re you know put it in + + + align:start position:0% +eight okay sort of re you know put it in +near the top and push out one or two + + align:start position:0% +near the top and push out one or two + + + align:start position:0% +near the top and push out one or two +transactions at the bottom and now I'm + + align:start position:0% +transactions at the bottom and now I'm + + + align:start position:0% +transactions at the bottom and now I'm +mining a block that it'll have slightly + + align:start position:0% +mining a block that it'll have slightly + + + align:start position:0% +mining a block that it'll have slightly +higher fees so this is sort of a + + align:start position:0% +higher fees so this is sort of a + + + align:start position:0% +higher fees so this is sort of a +real-time process where this is + + align:start position:0% +real-time process where this is + + + align:start position:0% +real-time process where this is +constantly changing the mining is even + + align:start position:0% +constantly changing the mining is even + + + align:start position:0% +constantly changing the mining is even +faster so you're going to mine trillions + + align:start position:0% +faster so you're going to mine trillions + + + align:start position:0% +faster so you're going to mine trillions +and trillions of attempts for each + + align:start position:0% +and trillions of attempts for each + + + align:start position:0% +and trillions of attempts for each +specific merkel route but the merkel + + align:start position:0% +specific merkel route but the merkel + + + align:start position:0% +specific merkel route but the merkel +routes are also going to change multiple + + align:start position:0% +routes are also going to change multiple + + + align:start position:0% +routes are also going to change multiple +times a second just the nuts is gonna + + align:start position:0% +times a second just the nuts is gonna + + + align:start position:0% +times a second just the nuts is gonna +change yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so you know it's in the memo you know it + + align:start position:0% +so you know it's in the memo you know it + + + align:start position:0% +so you know it's in the memo you know it +hasn't been configured + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that it has not been confirmed in a + + align:start position:0% +that it has not been confirmed in a + + + align:start position:0% +that it has not been confirmed in a +block already right but it may be the + + align:start position:0% +block already right but it may be the + + + align:start position:0% +block already right but it may be the +case that someone just came out over the + + align:start position:0% +case that someone just came out over the + + + align:start position:0% +case that someone just came out over the +block a few seconds ago and you haven't + + align:start position:0% +block a few seconds ago and you haven't + + + align:start position:0% +block a few seconds ago and you haven't +seen it and then you are mining a sale + + align:start position:0% +seen it and then you are mining a sale + + + align:start position:0% +seen it and then you are mining a sale +transaction the thing is whether the + + align:start position:0% +transaction the thing is whether the + + + align:start position:0% +transaction the thing is whether the +transactions tale or not even if you + + align:start position:0% +transactions tale or not even if you + + + align:start position:0% +transactions tale or not even if you +mine if you mine a block and it's got a + + align:start position:0% +mine if you mine a block and it's got a + + + align:start position:0% +mine if you mine a block and it's got a +completely different set of transactions + + align:start position:0% +completely different set of transactions + + + align:start position:0% +completely different set of transactions +than the block you were unaware of you + + align:start position:0% +than the block you were unaware of you + + + align:start position:0% +than the block you were unaware of you +still lose out right because you're + + align:start position:0% +still lose out right because you're + + + align:start position:0% +still lose out right because you're +you're pointing so okay this comes out + + align:start position:0% +you're pointing so okay this comes out + + + align:start position:0% +you're pointing so okay this comes out +but you're not aware of it yet and you + + align:start position:0% +but you're not aware of it yet and you + + + align:start position:0% +but you're not aware of it yet and you +mind this even if even if they have a + + align:start position:0% +mind this even if even if they have a + + + align:start position:0% +mind this even if even if they have a +completely disjoint set of transactions + + align:start position:0% +completely disjoint set of transactions + + + align:start position:0% +completely disjoint set of transactions +it doesn't matter because you're still + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter because you're still + + + align:start position:0% +it doesn't matter because you're still +pointing me the same parent block + + align:start position:0% +pointing me the same parent block + + + align:start position:0% +pointing me the same parent block +so you're still now have a you know two + + align:start position:0% +so you're still now have a you know two + + + align:start position:0% +so you're still now have a you know two +blocks at the same height + + align:start position:0% +blocks at the same height + + + align:start position:0% +blocks at the same height +you might win right if you if this + + align:start position:0% +you might win right if you if this + + + align:start position:0% +you might win right if you if this +happens hey maybe this one gets built + + align:start position:0% +happens hey maybe this one gets built + + + align:start position:0% +happens hey maybe this one gets built +upon generally miners pick the first + + align:start position:0% +upon generally miners pick the first + + + align:start position:0% +upon generally miners pick the first +seen block to build off of but that's + + align:start position:0% +seen block to build off of but that's + + + align:start position:0% +seen block to build off of but that's +you know you could change that you you + + align:start position:0% +you know you could change that you you + + + align:start position:0% +you know you could change that you you +could and you can't really verify that + + align:start position:0% +could and you can't really verify that + + + align:start position:0% +could and you can't really verify that +that's the case so yeah it is possible + + align:start position:0% +that's the case so yeah it is possible + + + align:start position:0% +that's the case so yeah it is possible +you're mining transactions that have + + align:start position:0% +you're mining transactions that have + + + align:start position:0% +you're mining transactions that have +already been included in the block that + + align:start position:0% +already been included in the block that + + + align:start position:0% +already been included in the block that +you're not aware of yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +different mining you could so so in + + align:start position:0% +different mining you could so so in + + + align:start position:0% +different mining you could so so in +practice probably yes but on a very + + align:start position:0% +practice probably yes but on a very + + + align:start position:0% +practice probably yes but on a very +small time scale right so what what + + align:start position:0% +small time scale right so what what + + + align:start position:0% +small time scale right so what what +you'll have is will get block template + + align:start position:0% +you'll have is will get block template + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have is will get block template +you'll have it's may sit like will + + align:start position:0% +you'll have it's may sit like will + + + align:start position:0% +you'll have it's may sit like will +network latency so you'll have let's say + + align:start position:0% +network latency so you'll have let's say + + + align:start position:0% +network latency so you'll have let's say +a bunch of different warehouses that all + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of different warehouses that all + + + align:start position:0% +a bunch of different warehouses that all +have a you know thousands and thousands + + align:start position:0% +have a you know thousands and thousands + + + align:start position:0% +have a you know thousands and thousands +of these mining chips and they will + + align:start position:0% +of these mining chips and they will + + + align:start position:0% +of these mining chips and they will +connect in you know and they'll pull + + align:start position:0% +connect in you know and they'll pull + + + align:start position:0% +connect in you know and they'll pull +every second or so and get the current + + align:start position:0% +every second or so and get the current + + + align:start position:0% +every second or so and get the current +transaction list of mine and that will + + align:start position:0% +transaction list of mine and that will + + + align:start position:0% +transaction list of mine and that will +get updated every second and so there + + align:start position:0% +get updated every second and so there + + + align:start position:0% +get updated every second and so there +may be sort of lags and like between + + align:start position:0% +may be sort of lags and like between + + + align:start position:0% +may be sort of lags and like between +different warehouses between different + + align:start position:0% +different warehouses between different + + + align:start position:0% +different warehouses between different +machines that are mining slightly + + align:start position:0% +machines that are mining slightly + + + align:start position:0% +machines that are mining slightly +different sets of transactions but + + align:start position:0% +different sets of transactions but + + + align:start position:0% +different sets of transactions but +generally they're gonna be synchronous + + align:start position:0% +generally they're gonna be synchronous + + + align:start position:0% +generally they're gonna be synchronous +over the skate time scale of a few + + align:start position:0% +over the skate time scale of a few + + + align:start position:0% +over the skate time scale of a few +seconds they're all going to be + + align:start position:0% +seconds they're all going to be + + + align:start position:0% +seconds they're all going to be +synchronized but and and yeah they're + + align:start position:0% +synchronized but and and yeah they're + + + align:start position:0% +synchronized but and and yeah they're +gonna be updated pretty quickly because + + align:start position:0% +gonna be updated pretty quickly because + + + align:start position:0% +gonna be updated pretty quickly because +every time a new transaction comes in + + align:start position:0% +every time a new transaction comes in + + + align:start position:0% +every time a new transaction comes in +that's potentially more fees that you + + align:start position:0% +that's potentially more fees that you + + + align:start position:0% +that's potentially more fees that you +can get so you want to push that out and + + align:start position:0% +can get so you want to push that out and + + + align:start position:0% +can get so you want to push that out and +update it if you you know let's say a + + align:start position:0% +update it if you you know let's say a + + + align:start position:0% +update it if you you know let's say a +transaction comes in that's got a nice + + align:start position:0% +transaction comes in that's got a nice + + + align:start position:0% +transaction comes in that's got a nice +five-dollar fee and you can push out + + align:start position:0% +five-dollar fee and you can push out + + + align:start position:0% +five-dollar fee and you can push out +some four dollar fee transactions that's + + align:start position:0% +some four dollar fee transactions that's + + + align:start position:0% +some four dollar fee transactions that's +an extra book and if you don't get it in + + align:start position:0% +an extra book and if you don't get it in + + + align:start position:0% +an extra book and if you don't get it in +time and mine a block anyway hey you + + align:start position:0% +time and mine a block anyway hey you + + + align:start position:0% +time and mine a block anyway hey you +still mind a block but that five dollar + + align:start position:0% +still mind a block but that five dollar + + + align:start position:0% +still mind a block but that five dollar +fee transaction now goes to the next + + align:start position:0% +fee transaction now goes to the next + + + align:start position:0% +fee transaction now goes to the next +person Mining on the block so you you + + align:start position:0% +person Mining on the block so you you + + + align:start position:0% +person Mining on the block so you you +want to you know pretty you want to + + align:start position:0% +want to you know pretty you want to + + + align:start position:0% +want to you know pretty you want to +minimize your latency so that you get + + align:start position:0% +minimize your latency so that you get + + + align:start position:0% +minimize your latency so that you get +things as quickly as possible but there + + align:start position:0% +things as quickly as possible but there + + + align:start position:0% +things as quickly as possible but there +will be some skew if you have if you + + align:start position:0% +will be some skew if you have if you + + + align:start position:0% +will be some skew if you have if you +have a wait wait stay okay wait + + align:start position:0% +have a wait wait stay okay wait + + + align:start position:0% +have a wait wait stay okay wait +still transactions you know a + + align:start position:0% +still transactions you know a + + + align:start position:0% +still transactions you know a +transaction that's already been in a + + align:start position:0% +transaction that's already been in a + + + align:start position:0% +transaction that's already been in a +block it just invalidates the whole + + align:start position:0% +block it just invalidates the whole + + + align:start position:0% +block it just invalidates the whole +thing if you have if you have a + + align:start position:0% +thing if you have if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +thing if you have if you have a +transaction here that was already + + align:start position:0% +transaction here that was already + + + align:start position:0% +transaction here that was already +confirmed here this blocks invalid and + + align:start position:0% +confirmed here this blocks invalid and + + + align:start position:0% +confirmed here this blocks invalid and +no one will you know they'll just drop + + align:start position:0% +no one will you know they'll just drop + + + align:start position:0% +no one will you know they'll just drop +it so it's not yeah stale transaction + + align:start position:0% +it so it's not yeah stale transaction + + + align:start position:0% +it so it's not yeah stale transaction +isn't really a term it's still block is + + align:start position:0% +isn't really a term it's still block is + + + align:start position:0% +isn't really a term it's still block is +if you know this is a stale block is + + align:start position:0% +if you know this is a stale block is + + + align:start position:0% +if you know this is a stale block is +like well someone made it but it got + + align:start position:0% +like well someone made it but it got + + + align:start position:0% +like well someone made it but it got +orphaned out and no one's using it okay + + align:start position:0% +orphaned out and no one's using it okay + + + align:start position:0% +orphaned out and no one's using it okay +yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +worse you lose all you know you lose + + align:start position:0% +worse you lose all you know you lose + + + align:start position:0% +worse you lose all you know you lose +everything + + align:start position:0% +everything + + + align:start position:0% +everything +if you include so if you know there's + + align:start position:0% +if you include so if you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +if you include so if you know there's +transaction a in here and you try to + + align:start position:0% +transaction a in here and you try to + + + align:start position:0% +transaction a in here and you try to +include transaction a in here the block + + align:start position:0% +include transaction a in here the block + + + align:start position:0% +include transaction a in here the block +itself is invalid even if it has valid + + align:start position:0% +itself is invalid even if it has valid + + + align:start position:0% +itself is invalid even if it has valid +proof of work so you lose everything + + align:start position:0% +proof of work so you lose everything + + + align:start position:0% +proof of work so you lose everything +so don't the thing is + + align:start position:0% +so don't the thing is + + + align:start position:0% +so don't the thing is +in practice it's not a problem because + + align:start position:0% +in practice it's not a problem because + + + align:start position:0% +in practice it's not a problem because +if you're you know you're pointing to + + align:start position:0% +if you're you know you're pointing to + + + align:start position:0% +if you're you know you're pointing to +this block right so you must you must + + align:start position:0% +this block right so you must you must + + + align:start position:0% +this block right so you must you must +have already seen it so it's really easy + + align:start position:0% +have already seen it so it's really easy + + + align:start position:0% +have already seen it so it's really easy +to just say well don't include any of + + align:start position:0% +to just say well don't include any of + + + align:start position:0% +to just say well don't include any of +the transactions in here + + align:start position:0% +the transactions in here + + + align:start position:0% +the transactions in here +okay wait sometimes it's a little + + align:start position:0% +okay wait sometimes it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +okay wait sometimes it's a little +complicated sometimes you see this block + + align:start position:0% +complicated sometimes you see this block + + + align:start position:0% +complicated sometimes you see this block +and then you immediately want to start + + align:start position:0% +and then you immediately want to start + + + align:start position:0% +and then you immediately want to start +mining the block on top of it but it's + + align:start position:0% +mining the block on top of it but it's + + + align:start position:0% +mining the block on top of it but it's +you know a fraction of a second and you + + align:start position:0% +you know a fraction of a second and you + + + align:start position:0% +you know a fraction of a second and you +haven't actually validated it and you + + align:start position:0% +haven't actually validated it and you + + + align:start position:0% +haven't actually validated it and you +don't even know what's in it maybe you + + align:start position:0% +don't even know what's in it maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +don't even know what's in it maybe you +only have the head the 80 byte header so + + align:start position:0% +only have the head the 80 byte header so + + + align:start position:0% +only have the head the 80 byte header so +one optimization which is sort of bad in + + align:start position:0% +one optimization which is sort of bad in + + + align:start position:0% +one optimization which is sort of bad in +a way but optimal for the miners is + + align:start position:0% +a way but optimal for the miners is + + + align:start position:0% +a way but optimal for the miners is +build a block that's empty on top of it + + align:start position:0% +build a block that's empty on top of it + + + align:start position:0% +build a block that's empty on top of it +you have you haven't even seen what + + align:start position:0% +you have you haven't even seen what + + + align:start position:0% +you have you haven't even seen what +transactions are in this block you don't + + align:start position:0% +transactions are in this block you don't + + + align:start position:0% +transactions are in this block you don't +even know if it's valid but it's + + align:start position:0% +even know if it's valid but it's + + + align:start position:0% +even know if it's valid but it's +probably valid because most blocks are + + align:start position:0% +probably valid because most blocks are + + + align:start position:0% +probably valid because most blocks are +and so what you do is he build on top of + + align:start position:0% +and so what you do is he build on top of + + + align:start position:0% +and so what you do is he build on top of +it you point to it but since you don't + + align:start position:0% +it you point to it but since you don't + + + align:start position:0% +it you point to it but since you don't +know what transactions are in it the + + align:start position:0% +know what transactions are in it the + + + align:start position:0% +know what transactions are in it the +safest thing is just include no + + align:start position:0% +safest thing is just include no + + + align:start position:0% +safest thing is just include no +transactions in your so there's no + + align:start position:0% +transactions in your so there's no + + + align:start position:0% +transactions in your so there's no +overlap and if you know you what you + + align:start position:0% +overlap and if you know you what you + + + align:start position:0% +overlap and if you know you what you +only do this for a fraction of a second + + align:start position:0% +only do this for a fraction of a second + + + align:start position:0% +only do this for a fraction of a second +until you've figured out the transaction + + align:start position:0% +until you've figured out the transaction + + + align:start position:0% +until you've figured out the transaction +list here and like subtracted although + + align:start position:0% +list here and like subtracted although + + + align:start position:0% +list here and like subtracted although +you know removed all those from your set + + align:start position:0% +you know removed all those from your set + + + align:start position:0% +you know removed all those from your set +that way but it saves you maybe you know + + align:start position:0% +that way but it saves you maybe you know + + + align:start position:0% +that way but it saves you maybe you know +tenth of a second xx you know whatever + + align:start position:0% +tenth of a second xx you know whatever + + + align:start position:0% +tenth of a second xx you know whatever +it is which over time statistically you + + align:start position:0% +it is which over time statistically you + + + align:start position:0% +it is which over time statistically you +could be mining in that tenth of a + + align:start position:0% +could be mining in that tenth of a + + + align:start position:0% +could be mining in that tenth of a +second right you don't want to you don't + + align:start position:0% +second right you don't want to you don't + + + align:start position:0% +second right you don't want to you don't +want your chips to not be doing anything + + align:start position:0% +want your chips to not be doing anything + + + align:start position:0% +want your chips to not be doing anything +productive for those fractions of a + + align:start position:0% +productive for those fractions of a + + + align:start position:0% +productive for those fractions of a +second so that that does happen that is + + align:start position:0% +second so that that does happen that is + + + align:start position:0% +second so that that does happen that is +not software that's in the normal + + align:start position:0% +not software that's in the normal + + + align:start position:0% +not software that's in the normal +Bitcoin D but miners have have written + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin D but miners have have written + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin D but miners have have written +their own software to do that and so you + + align:start position:0% +their own software to do that and so you + + + align:start position:0% +their own software to do that and so you +will occasionally see completely empty + + align:start position:0% +will occasionally see completely empty + + + align:start position:0% +will occasionally see completely empty +blocks with just a coinbase transaction + + align:start position:0% +blocks with just a coinbase transaction + + + align:start position:0% +blocks with just a coinbase transaction +and they're almost always very soon + + align:start position:0% +and they're almost always very soon + + + align:start position:0% +and they're almost always very soon +after the previous block right well you + + align:start position:0% +after the previous block right well you + + + align:start position:0% +after the previous block right well you +see one that comes out at you know 10 30 + + align:start position:0% +see one that comes out at you know 10 30 + + + align:start position:0% +see one that comes out at you know 10 30 +and 27 seconds 10 30 and 29 seconds and + + align:start position:0% +and 27 seconds 10 30 and 29 seconds and + + + align:start position:0% +and 27 seconds 10 30 and 29 seconds and +it's empty so that is that does happen + + align:start position:0% +it's empty so that is that does happen + + + align:start position:0% +it's empty so that is that does happen +and that can that could work although + + align:start position:0% +and that can that could work although + + + align:start position:0% +and that can that could work although +what was it to you + + align:start position:0% +what was it to you + + + align:start position:0% +what was it to you +ago that happened where minor mind a + + align:start position:0% +ago that happened where minor mind a + + + align:start position:0% +ago that happened where minor mind a +block that was invalid another minor + + align:start position:0% +block that was invalid another minor + + + align:start position:0% +block that was invalid another minor +mind a block here very quickly that was + + align:start position:0% +mind a block here very quickly that was + + + align:start position:0% +mind a block here very quickly that was +empty + + align:start position:0% +empty + + + align:start position:0% +empty +and then everyone started a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +and then everyone started a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +and then everyone started a bunch of +minor started building off of it because + + align:start position:0% +minor started building off of it because + + + align:start position:0% +minor started building off of it because +they're like well this one looks valid + + align:start position:0% +they're like well this one looks valid + + + align:start position:0% +they're like well this one looks valid +there's no transactions in it and they + + align:start position:0% +there's no transactions in it and they + + + align:start position:0% +there's no transactions in it and they +mind like six or seven blocks in a row + + align:start position:0% +mind like six or seven blocks in a row + + + align:start position:0% +mind like six or seven blocks in a row +and the whole thing was just invalid so + + align:start position:0% +and the whole thing was just invalid so + + + align:start position:0% +and the whole thing was just invalid so +because they figured you know well the + + align:start position:0% +because they figured you know well the + + + align:start position:0% +because they figured you know well the +stuff I'm building off of must be okay + + align:start position:0% +stuff I'm building off of must be okay + + + align:start position:0% +stuff I'm building off of must be okay +so they lost some money there this makes + + align:start position:0% +so they lost some money there this makes + + + align:start position:0% +so they lost some money there this makes +sense right so yeah sort the men pole by + + align:start position:0% +sense right so yeah sort the men pole by + + + align:start position:0% +sense right so yeah sort the men pole by +fear a choose the top megabyte computer + + align:start position:0% +fear a choose the top megabyte computer + + + align:start position:0% +fear a choose the top megabyte computer +Merkel wrote mine why is it not this + + align:start position:0% +Merkel wrote mine why is it not this + + + align:start position:0% +Merkel wrote mine why is it not this +simple and I mean like on an algorithmic + + align:start position:0% +simple and I mean like on an algorithmic + + + align:start position:0% +simple and I mean like on an algorithmic +way if you're just like yeah sort you + + align:start position:0% +way if you're just like yeah sort you + + + align:start position:0% +way if you're just like yeah sort you +know choose fee rate sort you know quick + + align:start position:0% +know choose fee rate sort you know quick + + + align:start position:0% +know choose fee rate sort you know quick +sort or whatever that's super quick and + + align:start position:0% +sort or whatever that's super quick and + + + align:start position:0% +sort or whatever that's super quick and +then mine why is it actually complexity + + align:start position:0% +then mine why is it actually complexity + + + align:start position:0% +then mine why is it actually complexity +wise not what is it and login for + + align:start position:0% +wise not what is it and login for + + + align:start position:0% +wise not what is it and login for +quicksort it's definitely not any log n + + align:start position:0% +quicksort it's definitely not any log n + + + align:start position:0% +quicksort it's definitely not any log n +for the optimal although a quicksort is + + align:start position:0% +for the optimal although a quicksort is + + + align:start position:0% +for the optimal although a quicksort is +worst-case scenario and squared it right + + align:start position:0% +worst-case scenario and squared it right + + + align:start position:0% +worst-case scenario and squared it right +so no it's way worse than N squared + + align:start position:0% +so no it's way worse than N squared + + + align:start position:0% +so no it's way worse than N squared +anyway + + align:start position:0% +anyway + + + align:start position:0% +anyway +any guesses on to why the algorithmic + + align:start position:0% +any guesses on to why the algorithmic + + + align:start position:0% +any guesses on to why the algorithmic +complexity is this is actually quite a + + align:start position:0% +complexity is this is actually quite a + + + align:start position:0% +complexity is this is actually quite a +bit worse no I'm saying even at any yeah + + align:start position:0% +bit worse no I'm saying even at any yeah + + + align:start position:0% +bit worse no I'm saying even at any yeah +that that shouldn't changes it over time + + align:start position:0% +that that shouldn't changes it over time + + + align:start position:0% +that that shouldn't changes it over time +but at any one state and say here's a + + align:start position:0% +but at any one state and say here's a + + + align:start position:0% +but at any one state and say here's a +mempool find the optimal you know + + align:start position:0% +mempool find the optimal you know + + + align:start position:0% +mempool find the optimal you know +finally transaction set to put into your + + align:start position:0% +finally transaction set to put into your + + + align:start position:0% +finally transaction set to put into your +block + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah that's that's still and squirt you + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's that's still and squirt you + + + align:start position:0% +yeah that's that's still and squirt you +know and login right yeah just because + + align:start position:0% +know and login right yeah just because + + + align:start position:0% +know and login right yeah just because +the lookup is slower that just that + + align:start position:0% +the lookup is slower that just that + + + align:start position:0% +the lookup is slower that just that +doesn't change the oh yeah yeah so + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change the oh yeah yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't change the oh yeah yeah so +there's dependencies right so the thing + + align:start position:0% +there's dependencies right so the thing + + + align:start position:0% +there's dependencies right so the thing +is there may be a transaction you can't + + align:start position:0% +is there may be a transaction you can't + + + align:start position:0% +is there may be a transaction you can't +just take all these transactions + + align:start position:0% +just take all these transactions + + + align:start position:0% +just take all these transactions +independently and sort though there may + + align:start position:0% +independently and sort though there may + + + align:start position:0% +independently and sort though there may +be a transaction with a very high fee + + align:start position:0% +be a transaction with a very high fee + + + align:start position:0% +be a transaction with a very high fee +rate which depends on a transaction with + + align:start position:0% +rate which depends on a transaction with + + + align:start position:0% +rate which depends on a transaction with +a very low fee rate right and so you + + align:start position:0% +a very low fee rate right and so you + + + align:start position:0% +a very low fee rate right and so you +know it's spending an output that hasn't + + align:start position:0% +know it's spending an output that hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +know it's spending an output that hasn't +yet been created so now it becomes it's + + align:start position:0% +yet been created so now it becomes it's + + + align:start position:0% +yet been created so now it becomes it's +you know it's np-hard in practice the + + align:start position:0% +you know it's np-hard in practice the + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's np-hard in practice the +heuristics are fine but it is like + + align:start position:0% +heuristics are fine but it is like + + + align:start position:0% +heuristics are fine but it is like +pretty ugly in that you're like well + + align:start position:0% +pretty ugly in that you're like well + + + align:start position:0% +pretty ugly in that you're like well +there's this this transaction has a very + + align:start position:0% +there's this this transaction has a very + + + align:start position:0% +there's this this transaction has a very +low fee I'm not going to include it this + + align:start position:0% +low fee I'm not going to include it this + + + align:start position:0% +low fee I'm not going to include it this +transaction that depends on it has a + + align:start position:0% +transaction that depends on it has a + + + align:start position:0% +transaction that depends on it has a +high fee right now I have to take the + + align:start position:0% +high fee right now I have to take the + + + align:start position:0% +high fee right now I have to take the +sort of mean of the two fee rates and + + align:start position:0% +sort of mean of the two fee rates and + + + align:start position:0% +sort of mean of the two fee rates and +keep computing those things so it can + + align:start position:0% +keep computing those things so it can + + + align:start position:0% +keep computing those things so it can +get quite complex in practice it's + + align:start position:0% +get quite complex in practice it's + + + align:start position:0% +get quite complex in practice it's +usually okay you have some heuristics in + + align:start position:0% +usually okay you have some heuristics in + + + align:start position:0% +usually okay you have some heuristics in +the code that sort of don't deal with + + align:start position:0% +the code that sort of don't deal with + + + align:start position:0% +the code that sort of don't deal with +that also I think you have max there's + + align:start position:0% +that also I think you have max there's + + + align:start position:0% +that also I think you have max there's +no hard rule but the algorithms that + + align:start position:0% +no hard rule but the algorithms that + + + align:start position:0% +no hard rule but the algorithms that +mine usually have like a max depth of + + align:start position:0% +mine usually have like a max depth of + + + align:start position:0% +mine usually have like a max depth of +like three or four transactions where + + align:start position:0% +like three or four transactions where + + + align:start position:0% +like three or four transactions where +they say look if there's a chain of like + + align:start position:0% +they say look if there's a chain of like + + + align:start position:0% +they say look if there's a chain of like +four dependent transactions I'm not + + align:start position:0% +four dependent transactions I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +four dependent transactions I'm not +gonna I'm not gonna keep going down that + + align:start position:0% +gonna I'm not gonna keep going down that + + + align:start position:0% +gonna I'm not gonna keep going down that +path right because you could potentially + + align:start position:0% +path right because you could potentially + + + align:start position:0% +path right because you could potentially +have like enormous chains where you have + + align:start position:0% +have like enormous chains where you have + + + align:start position:0% +have like enormous chains where you have +a hundred transactions each depending on + + align:start position:0% +a hundred transactions each depending on + + + align:start position:0% +a hundred transactions each depending on +another and then the one at the very end + + align:start position:0% +another and then the one at the very end + + + align:start position:0% +another and then the one at the very end +has a very high fee rate and you're + + align:start position:0% +has a very high fee rate and you're + + + align:start position:0% +has a very high fee rate and you're +gonna have to like go through all this + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to like go through all this + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to like go through all this +so they limit their search to like four + + align:start position:0% +so they limit their search to like four + + + align:start position:0% +so they limit their search to like four +or something like that oh sorry this + + align:start position:0% +or something like that oh sorry this + + + align:start position:0% +or something like that oh sorry this +yeah so the TX dependencies make it kind + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the TX dependencies make it kind + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so the TX dependencies make it kind +of hard + + align:start position:0% +of hard + + + align:start position:0% +of hard +cheap transaction which allows an + + align:start position:0% +cheap transaction which allows an + + + align:start position:0% +cheap transaction which allows an +expensive transaction to be confirmed we + + align:start position:0% +expensive transaction to be confirmed we + + + align:start position:0% +expensive transaction to be confirmed we +call this child pays for parent right in + + align:start position:0% +call this child pays for parent right in + + + align:start position:0% +call this child pays for parent right in +that you've got this sort of you know in + + align:start position:0% +that you've got this sort of you know in + + + align:start position:0% +that you've got this sort of you know in +a graph you've got a child transaction + + align:start position:0% +a graph you've got a child transaction + + + align:start position:0% +a graph you've got a child transaction +and it's essentially paying for the + + align:start position:0% +and it's essentially paying for the + + + align:start position:0% +and it's essentially paying for the +parent transaction by having a higher + + align:start position:0% +parent transaction by having a higher + + + align:start position:0% +parent transaction by having a higher +fee there is no there is no parent pays + + align:start position:0% +fee there is no there is no parent pays + + + align:start position:0% +fee there is no there is no parent pays +for child right in that if you've got a + + align:start position:0% +for child right in that if you've got a + + + align:start position:0% +for child right in that if you've got a +transaction with a high fee rate and + + align:start position:0% +transaction with a high fee rate and + + + align:start position:0% +transaction with a high fee rate and +then a descendant transaction with the + + align:start position:0% +then a descendant transaction with the + + + align:start position:0% +then a descendant transaction with the +low fee rate well you just take the + + align:start position:0% +low fee rate well you just take the + + + align:start position:0% +low fee rate well you just take the +parent and you ignore the child right + + align:start position:0% +parent and you ignore the child right + + + align:start position:0% +parent and you ignore the child right +and someone else in a later block can + + align:start position:0% +and someone else in a later block can + + + align:start position:0% +and someone else in a later block can +grab that child transaction however you + + align:start position:0% +grab that child transaction however you + + + align:start position:0% +grab that child transaction however you +know the dependency graph islem know if + + align:start position:0% +know the dependency graph islem know if + + + align:start position:0% +know the dependency graph islem know if +you want in this child the parent has to + + align:start position:0% +you want in this child the parent has to + + + align:start position:0% +you want in this child the parent has to +be + + align:start position:0% +be + + + align:start position:0% +be +confirm first it actually has to be + + align:start position:0% +confirm first it actually has to be + + + align:start position:0% +confirm first it actually has to be +confirmed earlier in the list of TX IDs + + align:start position:0% +confirmed earlier in the list of TX IDs + + + align:start position:0% +confirmed earlier in the list of TX IDs +in the block right so it's not yeah so + + align:start position:0% +in the block right so it's not yeah so + + + align:start position:0% +in the block right so it's not yeah so +like in this you know when you look at a + + align:start position:0% +like in this you know when you look at a + + + align:start position:0% +like in this you know when you look at a +block the transactions are sequenced and + + align:start position:0% +block the transactions are sequenced and + + + align:start position:0% +block the transactions are sequenced and +you know if this transaction can spend + + align:start position:0% +you know if this transaction can spend + + + align:start position:0% +you know if this transaction can spend +that transaction but you you need to be + + align:start position:0% +that transaction but you you need to be + + + align:start position:0% +that transaction but you you need to be +able to go in through linearly you know + + align:start position:0% +able to go in through linearly you know + + + align:start position:0% +able to go in through linearly you know +update your UT Exocet at every row here + + align:start position:0% +update your UT Exocet at every row here + + + align:start position:0% +update your UT Exocet at every row here +and it should be consistent yes oh okay + + align:start position:0% +and it should be consistent yes oh okay + + + align:start position:0% +and it should be consistent yes oh okay +so in the there isn't really a threshold + + align:start position:0% +so in the there isn't really a threshold + + + align:start position:0% +so in the there isn't really a threshold +it's just at any point you're like + + align:start position:0% +it's just at any point you're like + + + align:start position:0% +it's just at any point you're like +looking and you're like well my minimum + + align:start position:0% +looking and you're like well my minimum + + + align:start position:0% +looking and you're like well my minimum +fee here is thirty satoshis per byte you + + align:start position:0% +fee here is thirty satoshis per byte you + + + align:start position:0% +fee here is thirty satoshis per byte you +know given the block I'm trying to mine + + align:start position:0% +know given the block I'm trying to mine + + + align:start position:0% +know given the block I'm trying to mine +what's my lowest fee okay thirty + + align:start position:0% +what's my lowest fee okay thirty + + + align:start position:0% +what's my lowest fee okay thirty +satoshis provide so if I see one with + + align:start position:0% +satoshis provide so if I see one with + + + align:start position:0% +satoshis provide so if I see one with +less than that I know right away I can + + align:start position:0% +less than that I know right away I can + + + align:start position:0% +less than that I know right away I can +ignore it but yeah it keeps changing + + align:start position:0% +ignore it but yeah it keeps changing + + + align:start position:0% +ignore it but yeah it keeps changing +every time a new transaction comes in + + align:start position:0% +every time a new transaction comes in + + + align:start position:0% +every time a new transaction comes in +that displaces an old one + + align:start position:0% +that displaces an old one + + + align:start position:0% +that displaces an old one +you're now your minimum fee changes so + + align:start position:0% +you're now your minimum fee changes so + + + align:start position:0% +you're now your minimum fee changes so +that's just sort of an easy way to look + + align:start position:0% +that's just sort of an easy way to look + + + align:start position:0% +that's just sort of an easy way to look +there is also a real a threshold which I + + align:start position:0% +there is also a real a threshold which I + + + align:start position:0% +there is also a real a threshold which I +believe most nodes now have it one + + align:start position:0% +believe most nodes now have it one + + + align:start position:0% +believe most nodes now have it one +Satoshi per byte where if you're not + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi per byte where if you're not + + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi per byte where if you're not +mining and someone gives you a + + align:start position:0% +mining and someone gives you a + + + align:start position:0% +mining and someone gives you a +transaction which is less than one + + align:start position:0% +transaction which is less than one + + + align:start position:0% +transaction which is less than one +Satoshi per byte fee rate you will + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi per byte fee rate you will + + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi per byte fee rate you will +ignore it and not pass it on to your + + align:start position:0% +ignore it and not pass it on to your + + + align:start position:0% +ignore it and not pass it on to your +peers that's sort of an anti-spam kind + + align:start position:0% +peers that's sort of an anti-spam kind + + + align:start position:0% +peers that's sort of an anti-spam kind +of thing and it may be too high like + + align:start position:0% +of thing and it may be too high like + + + align:start position:0% +of thing and it may be too high like +it's it's also not a consensus rule and + + align:start position:0% +it's it's also not a consensus rule and + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's also not a consensus rule and +you can set it to whatever you want in + + align:start position:0% +you can set it to whatever you want in + + + align:start position:0% +you can set it to whatever you want in +your config file and and nodes won't get + + align:start position:0% +your config file and and nodes won't get + + + align:start position:0% +your config file and and nodes won't get +mad at you they won't ban you if you + + align:start position:0% +mad at you they won't ban you if you + + + align:start position:0% +mad at you they won't ban you if you +send something low but so that's sort of + + align:start position:0% +send something low but so that's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +send something low but so that's sort of +from the minor side from the miners + + align:start position:0% +from the minor side from the miners + + + align:start position:0% +from the minor side from the miners +point of view you keep seeing all these + + align:start position:0% +point of view you keep seeing all these + + + align:start position:0% +point of view you keep seeing all these +transactions you sort them you have to + + align:start position:0% +transactions you sort them you have to + + + align:start position:0% +transactions you sort them you have to +deal with the sort of descendant + + align:start position:0% +deal with the sort of descendant + + + align:start position:0% +deal with the sort of descendant +transactions but you try to get a good + + align:start position:0% +transactions but you try to get a good + + + align:start position:0% +transactions but you try to get a good +block try to mine it and you don't + + align:start position:0% +block try to mine it and you don't + + + align:start position:0% +block try to mine it and you don't +really care what people are doing you + + align:start position:0% +really care what people are doing you + + + align:start position:0% +really care what people are doing you +just want to make a lot of money right + + align:start position:0% +just want to make a lot of money right + + + align:start position:0% +just want to make a lot of money right +you just want to maximize for fees from + + align:start position:0% +you just want to maximize for fees from + + + align:start position:0% +you just want to maximize for fees from +the person transacting on their side you + + align:start position:0% +the person transacting on their side you + + + align:start position:0% +the person transacting on their side you +want to minimize fees right you don't to + + align:start position:0% +want to minimize fees right you don't to + + + align:start position:0% +want to minimize fees right you don't to +pay these miners they already make + + align:start position:0% +pay these miners they already make + + + align:start position:0% +pay these miners they already make +gazillions of dollars anyway from all + + align:start position:0% +gazillions of dollars anyway from all + + + align:start position:0% +gazillions of dollars anyway from all +the new bitcoins they're generating + + align:start position:0% +the new bitcoins they're generating + + + align:start position:0% +the new bitcoins they're generating +bunch of jerks so you set your fee to + + align:start position:0% +bunch of jerks so you set your fee to + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of jerks so you set your fee to +one Satoshi per byte so you know it'll + + align:start position:0% +one Satoshi per byte so you know it'll + + + align:start position:0% +one Satoshi per byte so you know it'll +be relayed you sign it you broadcast + + align:start position:0% +be relayed you sign it you broadcast + + + align:start position:0% +be relayed you sign it you broadcast +easy right so what's the problem here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +doesn't confirmed all the miners ignore + + align:start position:0% +doesn't confirmed all the miners ignore + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't confirmed all the miners ignore +it this is actually a huge I would well + + align:start position:0% +it this is actually a huge I would well + + + align:start position:0% +it this is actually a huge I would well +okay no probably the biggest sort of UI + + align:start position:0% +okay no probably the biggest sort of UI + + + align:start position:0% +okay no probably the biggest sort of UI +problem in Bitcoin is that people have + + align:start position:0% +problem in Bitcoin is that people have + + + align:start position:0% +problem in Bitcoin is that people have +for years and years lost all of their + + align:start position:0% +for years and years lost all of their + + + align:start position:0% +for years and years lost all of their +coins due to theft or loss or whatever + + align:start position:0% +coins due to theft or loss or whatever + + + align:start position:0% +coins due to theft or loss or whatever +that's that's the big one + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the big one + + + align:start position:0% +that's that's the big one +but other than that this is the biggest + + align:start position:0% +but other than that this is the biggest + + + align:start position:0% +but other than that this is the biggest +UI problem this is the biggest problem + + align:start position:0% +UI problem this is the biggest problem + + + align:start position:0% +UI problem this is the biggest problem +it make point for users I made a + + align:start position:0% +it make point for users I made a + + + align:start position:0% +it make point for users I made a +transaction it hasn't confirmed what the + + align:start position:0% +transaction it hasn't confirmed what the + + + align:start position:0% +transaction it hasn't confirmed what the +heck and I sort of had on reddit you + + align:start position:0% +heck and I sort of had on reddit you + + + align:start position:0% +heck and I sort of had on reddit you +know BTC fees WTF like why are BTC fees + + align:start position:0% +know BTC fees WTF like why are BTC fees + + + align:start position:0% +know BTC fees WTF like why are BTC fees +so high you know there's constant people + + align:start position:0% +so high you know there's constant people + + + align:start position:0% +so high you know there's constant people +complaining like what the heck why are + + align:start position:0% +complaining like what the heck why are + + + align:start position:0% +complaining like what the heck why are +you kidding me treasurer says fifteen + + align:start position:0% +you kidding me treasurer says fifteen + + + align:start position:0% +you kidding me treasurer says fifteen +fees I am I missing something you know + + align:start position:0% +fees I am I missing something you know + + + align:start position:0% +fees I am I missing something you know +people get mad and then there's also I + + align:start position:0% +people get mad and then there's also I + + + align:start position:0% +people get mad and then there's also I +made a transaction last week it hasn't + + align:start position:0% +made a transaction last week it hasn't + + + align:start position:0% +made a transaction last week it hasn't +confirmed Bitcoin doesn't work the coin + + align:start position:0% +confirmed Bitcoin doesn't work the coin + + + align:start position:0% +confirmed Bitcoin doesn't work the coin +sucks you know I hate this thing + + align:start position:0% +sucks you know I hate this thing + + + align:start position:0% +sucks you know I hate this thing +so huge UI problem really poor user + + align:start position:0% +so huge UI problem really poor user + + + align:start position:0% +so huge UI problem really poor user +experience a lot of it is also the + + align:start position:0% +experience a lot of it is also the + + + align:start position:0% +experience a lot of it is also the +software is bad wallets + + align:start position:0% +software is bad wallets + + + align:start position:0% +software is bad wallets +okay couple years ago wallets who would + + align:start position:0% +okay couple years ago wallets who would + + + align:start position:0% +okay couple years ago wallets who would +always just set a zero fee + + align:start position:0% +always just set a zero fee + + + align:start position:0% +always just set a zero fee +there weren't fees in 2012 + + align:start position:0% +there weren't fees in 2012 + + + align:start position:0% +there weren't fees in 2012 +you just didn't pay any 2013 right I + + align:start position:0% +you just didn't pay any 2013 right I + + + align:start position:0% +you just didn't pay any 2013 right I +didn't I never paid fees it was awesome + + align:start position:0% +didn't I never paid fees it was awesome + + + align:start position:0% +didn't I never paid fees it was awesome +because the there was this block size + + align:start position:0% +because the there was this block size + + + align:start position:0% +because the there was this block size +limit of one megabyte but no one was + + align:start position:0% +limit of one megabyte but no one was + + + align:start position:0% +limit of one megabyte but no one was +ever running up against that limit right + + align:start position:0% +ever running up against that limit right + + + align:start position:0% +ever running up against that limit right +the miners would just say look I'm not + + align:start position:0% +the miners would just say look I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +the miners would just say look I'm not +even gonna sort anything because there's + + align:start position:0% +even gonna sort anything because there's + + + align:start position:0% +even gonna sort anything because there's +two hundred you know two hundred + + align:start position:0% +two hundred you know two hundred + + + align:start position:0% +two hundred you know two hundred +kilobytes worth of transactions in the + + align:start position:0% +kilobytes worth of transactions in the + + + align:start position:0% +kilobytes worth of transactions in the +mempool i just mined all of them right + + align:start position:0% +mempool i just mined all of them right + + + align:start position:0% +mempool i just mined all of them right +whether the fees are zero whether these + + align:start position:0% +whether the fees are zero whether these + + + align:start position:0% +whether the fees are zero whether these +are one Satoshi whatever whatever I can + + align:start position:0% +are one Satoshi whatever whatever I can + + + align:start position:0% +are one Satoshi whatever whatever I can +get just mine at all now you've got this + + align:start position:0% +get just mine at all now you've got this + + + align:start position:0% +get just mine at all now you've got this +constrained space and so you're + + align:start position:0% +constrained space and so you're + + + align:start position:0% +constrained space and so you're +optimizing for you know the minor is but + + align:start position:0% +optimizing for you know the minor is but + + + align:start position:0% +optimizing for you know the minor is but +years ago you weren't and so the wall + + align:start position:0% +years ago you weren't and so the wall + + + align:start position:0% +years ago you weren't and so the wall +it's a lot of times they would either + + align:start position:0% +it's a lot of times they would either + + + align:start position:0% +it's a lot of times they would either +you know have zero fee completely a + + align:start position:0% +you know have zero fee completely a + + + align:start position:0% +you know have zero fee completely a +fixed fee per transaction which is also + + align:start position:0% +fixed fee per transaction which is also + + + align:start position:0% +fixed fee per transaction which is also +really sub-optimally they just say okay + + align:start position:0% +really sub-optimally they just say okay + + + align:start position:0% +really sub-optimally they just say okay +I'll pay 100 Satoshi's per transaction + + align:start position:0% +I'll pay 100 Satoshi's per transaction + + + align:start position:0% +I'll pay 100 Satoshi's per transaction +some transactions have a lot of inputs + + align:start position:0% +some transactions have a lot of inputs + + + align:start position:0% +some transactions have a lot of inputs +are much bigger so that's a highly + + align:start position:0% +are much bigger so that's a highly + + + align:start position:0% +are much bigger so that's a highly +variable fee rate which the user can't + + align:start position:0% +variable fee rate which the user can't + + + align:start position:0% +variable fee rate which the user can't +control or they'd have a fixed fee rate + + align:start position:0% +control or they'd have a fixed fee rate + + + align:start position:0% +control or they'd have a fixed fee rate +where they just say I'm gonna set five + + align:start position:0% +where they just say I'm gonna set five + + + align:start position:0% +where they just say I'm gonna set five +Satoshi's for a byte and that's the fee + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi's for a byte and that's the fee + + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi's for a byte and that's the fee +rate in this wallet and you don't allow + + align:start position:0% +rate in this wallet and you don't allow + + + align:start position:0% +rate in this wallet and you don't allow +the user to change it at all + + align:start position:0% +the user to change it at all + + + align:start position:0% +the user to change it at all +that's also really suboptimal once the + + align:start position:0% +that's also really suboptimal once the + + + align:start position:0% +that's also really suboptimal once the +fee you know once the fee market starts + + align:start position:0% +fee you know once the fee market starts + + + align:start position:0% +fee you know once the fee market starts +changing and people start paying more + + align:start position:0% +changing and people start paying more + + + align:start position:0% +changing and people start paying more +these these Wallet software will not + + align:start position:0% +these these Wallet software will not + + + align:start position:0% +these these Wallet software will not +work or you can have the user to the fee + + align:start position:0% +work or you can have the user to the fee + + + align:start position:0% +work or you can have the user to the fee +rate which seems great but users like I + + align:start position:0% +rate which seems great but users like I + + + align:start position:0% +rate which seems great but users like I +don't know what you know you're using + + align:start position:0% +don't know what you know you're using + + + align:start position:0% +don't know what you know you're using +Bitcoin do you what fee rate do you want + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin do you what fee rate do you want + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin do you what fee rate do you want +10 Satoshi to provide 20 40 70 + + align:start position:0% +10 Satoshi to provide 20 40 70 + + + align:start position:0% +10 Satoshi to provide 20 40 70 +what's the Satoshi what's a byte like I + + align:start position:0% +what's the Satoshi what's a byte like I + + + align:start position:0% +what's the Satoshi what's a byte like I +don't you know this is not a great + + align:start position:0% +don't you know this is not a great + + + align:start position:0% +don't you know this is not a great +problem to hand off to the user how do I + + align:start position:0% +problem to hand off to the user how do I + + + align:start position:0% +problem to hand off to the user how do I +even determine this there are sites and + + align:start position:0% +even determine this there are sites and + + + align:start position:0% +even determine this there are sites and +the sites aren't very good either + + align:start position:0% +the sites aren't very good either + + + align:start position:0% +the sites aren't very good either +where was it yeah here is what used to + + align:start position:0% +where was it yeah here is what used to + + + align:start position:0% +where was it yeah here is what used to +be 21 KO with all the Raspberry Pi guys + + align:start position:0% +be 21 KO with all the Raspberry Pi guys + + + align:start position:0% +be 21 KO with all the Raspberry Pi guys +and then this is their fear a thing + + align:start position:0% +and then this is their fear a thing + + + align:start position:0% +and then this is their fear a thing +which sort of it's really hard to + + align:start position:0% +which sort of it's really hard to + + + align:start position:0% +which sort of it's really hard to +understand chart wait what does this + + align:start position:0% +understand chart wait what does this + + + align:start position:0% +understand chart wait what does this +mean + + align:start position:0% +mean + + + align:start position:0% +mean +unconfirmed transactions transaction + + align:start position:0% +unconfirmed transactions transaction + + + align:start position:0% +unconfirmed transactions transaction +today what are these numbers I I still + + align:start position:0% +today what are these numbers I I still + + + align:start position:0% +today what are these numbers I I still +don't really understand this site and at + + align:start position:0% +don't really understand this site and at + + + align:start position:0% +don't really understand this site and at +the bottom it says fastest and cheapest + + align:start position:0% +the bottom it says fastest and cheapest + + + align:start position:0% +the bottom it says fastest and cheapest +transaction fee is 50 Satoshi's per byte + + align:start position:0% +transaction fee is 50 Satoshi's per byte + + + align:start position:0% +transaction fee is 50 Satoshi's per byte +shown in green at the top so I guess + + align:start position:0% +shown in green at the top so I guess + + + align:start position:0% +shown in green at the top so I guess +this for this thing is huge over + + align:start position:0% +this for this thing is huge over + + + align:start position:0% +this for this thing is huge over +estimate i think one Satoshi per byte is + + align:start position:0% +estimate i think one Satoshi per byte is + + + align:start position:0% +estimate i think one Satoshi per byte is +probably okay today maybe five this is a + + align:start position:0% +probably okay today maybe five this is a + + + align:start position:0% +probably okay today maybe five this is a +better site also complex where you can + + align:start position:0% +better site also complex where you can + + + align:start position:0% +better site also complex where you can +say okay well here's the mempool size in + + align:start position:0% +say okay well here's the mempool size in + + + align:start position:0% +say okay well here's the mempool size in +megabytes sorted by fee rate and you can + + align:start position:0% +megabytes sorted by fee rate and you can + + + align:start position:0% +megabytes sorted by fee rate and you can +see that well at 8 o'clock mempool is + + align:start position:0% +see that well at 8 o'clock mempool is + + + align:start position:0% +see that well at 8 o'clock mempool is +basically empty right at 8 o'clock you + + align:start position:0% +basically empty right at 8 o'clock you + + + align:start position:0% +basically empty right at 8 o'clock you +can append 0 and it would have gotten + + align:start position:0% +can append 0 and it would have gotten + + + align:start position:0% +can append 0 and it would have gotten +through but people are paying more now + + align:start position:0% +through but people are paying more now + + + align:start position:0% +through but people are paying more now +and it's also kind of crazy to see that + + align:start position:0% +and it's also kind of crazy to see that + + + align:start position:0% +and it's also kind of crazy to see that +some people are paying 200 Satoshi's per + + align:start position:0% +some people are paying 200 Satoshi's per + + + align:start position:0% +some people are paying 200 Satoshi's per +byte even though generally over the + + align:start position:0% +byte even though generally over the + + + align:start position:0% +byte even though generally over the +course of a few hours 0 satoshis per + + align:start position:0% +course of a few hours 0 satoshis per + + + align:start position:0% +course of a few hours 0 satoshis per +byte will also confirm are they really + + align:start position:0% +byte will also confirm are they really + + + align:start position:0% +byte will also confirm are they really +time sensitive probably not probably + + align:start position:0% +time sensitive probably not probably + + + align:start position:0% +time sensitive probably not probably +their software is crummy + + align:start position:0% +their software is crummy + + + align:start position:0% +their software is crummy +and their software just estimates 200 so + + align:start position:0% +and their software just estimates 200 so + + + align:start position:0% +and their software just estimates 200 so +it's it's yeah it's it's like it's easy + + align:start position:0% +it's it's yeah it's it's like it's easy + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's yeah it's it's like it's easy +ok it's easy to make fun of people be + + align:start position:0% +ok it's easy to make fun of people be + + + align:start position:0% +ok it's easy to make fun of people be +like these guys are idiots it's actually + + align:start position:0% +like these guys are idiots it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +like these guys are idiots it's actually +not that easy to estimate what fee you + + align:start position:0% +not that easy to estimate what fee you + + + align:start position:0% +not that easy to estimate what fee you +should have issue a transaction with + + align:start position:0% +should have issue a transaction with + + + align:start position:0% +should have issue a transaction with +it's also it's also sort of asymmetric + + align:start position:0% +it's also it's also sort of asymmetric + + + align:start position:0% +it's also it's also sort of asymmetric +in a lot of exchanges someone says I + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of exchanges someone says I + + + align:start position:0% +in a lot of exchanges someone says I +want to withdraw my 10 bitcoins right + + align:start position:0% +want to withdraw my 10 bitcoins right + + + align:start position:0% +want to withdraw my 10 bitcoins right +I've you know I traded either + + align:start position:0% +I've you know I traded either + + + align:start position:0% +I've you know I traded either +a lot of money withdraw click it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +a lot of money withdraw click it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of money withdraw click it doesn't +confirm for six hours the customer gets + + align:start position:0% +confirm for six hours the customer gets + + + align:start position:0% +confirm for six hours the customer gets +super mad and starts calling you know + + align:start position:0% +super mad and starts calling you know + + + align:start position:0% +super mad and starts calling you know +calling um + + align:start position:0% +calling um + + + align:start position:0% +calling um +customer support whereas if the exchange + + align:start position:0% +customer support whereas if the exchange + + + align:start position:0% +customer support whereas if the exchange +is like look we're just gonna issue all + + align:start position:0% +is like look we're just gonna issue all + + + align:start position:0% +is like look we're just gonna issue all +our transactions with two hundred + + align:start position:0% +our transactions with two hundred + + + align:start position:0% +our transactions with two hundred +Satoshi's per byte they always go + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi's per byte they always go + + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi's per byte they always go +through the next block yeah we lose + + align:start position:0% +through the next block yeah we lose + + + align:start position:0% +through the next block yeah we lose +money but like maybe we get the customer + + align:start position:0% +money but like maybe we get the customer + + + align:start position:0% +money but like maybe we get the customer +to pay for big so I don't know of any + + align:start position:0% +to pay for big so I don't know of any + + + align:start position:0% +to pay for big so I don't know of any +soft I've never seen any software that + + align:start position:0% +soft I've never seen any software that + + + align:start position:0% +soft I've never seen any software that +does that I've seen some software that + + align:start position:0% +does that I've seen some software that + + + align:start position:0% +does that I've seen some software that +does really dumb stuff with regard to + + align:start position:0% +does really dumb stuff with regard to + + + align:start position:0% +does really dumb stuff with regard to +fees I haven't seen that that would be a + + align:start position:0% +fees I haven't seen that that would be a + + + align:start position:0% +fees I haven't seen that that would be a +new thing so I don't think so what the + + align:start position:0% +new thing so I don't think so what the + + + align:start position:0% +new thing so I don't think so what the +current Bitcoin D algorithm does even + + align:start position:0% +current Bitcoin D algorithm does even + + + align:start position:0% +current Bitcoin D algorithm does even +that can get me off sometimes and it + + align:start position:0% +that can get me off sometimes and it + + + align:start position:0% +that can get me off sometimes and it +allows sort of a estimate okay how how + + align:start position:0% +allows sort of a estimate okay how how + + + align:start position:0% +allows sort of a estimate okay how how +quickly do you need this do you need + + align:start position:0% +quickly do you need this do you need + + + align:start position:0% +quickly do you need this do you need +this in the next hour do you need in the + + align:start position:0% +this in the next hour do you need in the + + + align:start position:0% +this in the next hour do you need in the +next six hours the next half hour + + align:start position:0% +next six hours the next half hour + + + align:start position:0% +next six hours the next half hour +so yeah the one in Bitcoin D is better + + align:start position:0% +so yeah the one in Bitcoin D is better + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah the one in Bitcoin D is better +but it's it's it's not it's like it's + + align:start position:0% +but it's it's it's not it's like it's + + + align:start position:0% +but it's it's it's not it's like it's +easy to say oh this should be easy + + align:start position:0% +easy to say oh this should be easy + + + align:start position:0% +easy to say oh this should be easy +the thing is it's a weird market you + + align:start position:0% +the thing is it's a weird market you + + + align:start position:0% +the thing is it's a weird market you +you're bidding for something that you + + align:start position:0% +you're bidding for something that you + + + align:start position:0% +you're bidding for something that you +don't quite know and you don't know what + + align:start position:0% +don't quite know and you don't know what + + + align:start position:0% +don't quite know and you don't know what +other participants are gonna pile it + + align:start position:0% +other participants are gonna pile it + + + align:start position:0% +other participants are gonna pile it +sometimes so you know something like + + align:start position:0% +sometimes so you know something like + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes so you know something like +this Oh a block didn't come out for half + + align:start position:0% +this Oh a block didn't come out for half + + + align:start position:0% +this Oh a block didn't come out for half +an hour and a bunch of other people came + + align:start position:0% +an hour and a bunch of other people came + + + align:start position:0% +an hour and a bunch of other people came +and submitted higher bids after you and + + align:start position:0% +and submitted higher bids after you and + + + align:start position:0% +and submitted higher bids after you and +so now you got out in practice you well + + align:start position:0% +so now you got out in practice you well + + + align:start position:0% +so now you got out in practice you well +yeah someone who submitted a bid here + + align:start position:0% +yeah someone who submitted a bid here + + + align:start position:0% +yeah someone who submitted a bid here +you know transaction here a block came + + align:start position:0% +you know transaction here a block came + + + align:start position:0% +you know transaction here a block came +out there and zoom in for example it's + + align:start position:0% +out there and zoom in for example it's + + + align:start position:0% +out there and zoom in for example it's +too low but you know I I submitted + + align:start position:0% +too low but you know I I submitted + + + align:start position:0% +too low but you know I I submitted +something here I think it'll get in but + + align:start position:0% +something here I think it'll get in but + + + align:start position:0% +something here I think it'll get in but +then all these other people came after + + align:start position:0% +then all these other people came after + + + align:start position:0% +then all these other people came after +me and then the block didn't confirm + + align:start position:0% +me and then the block didn't confirm + + + align:start position:0% +me and then the block didn't confirm +mine it did later right another few + + align:start position:0% +mine it did later right another few + + + align:start position:0% +mine it did later right another few +minutes later but it's hard you know + + align:start position:0% +minutes later but it's hard you know + + + align:start position:0% +minutes later but it's hard you know +there's never any determinism and how + + align:start position:0% +there's never any determinism and how + + + align:start position:0% +there's never any determinism and how +it's gonna work right because it's all + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna work right because it's all + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna work right because it's all +over the world they are they do tend to + + align:start position:0% +over the world they are they do tend to + + + align:start position:0% +over the world they are they do tend to +be lower on the weekends people don't + + align:start position:0% +be lower on the weekends people don't + + + align:start position:0% +be lower on the weekends people don't +make as many transactions on the + + align:start position:0% +make as many transactions on the + + + align:start position:0% +make as many transactions on the +weekends and so yeah sometimes people + + align:start position:0% +weekends and so yeah sometimes people + + + align:start position:0% +weekends and so yeah sometimes people +sometimes people will say hey I've got + + align:start position:0% +sometimes people will say hey I've got + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes people will say hey I've got +these transactions in practice if you + + align:start position:0% +these transactions in practice if you + + + align:start position:0% +these transactions in practice if you +say I don't care how long it takes just + + align:start position:0% +say I don't care how long it takes just + + + align:start position:0% +say I don't care how long it takes just +set a low fee and wait + + align:start position:0% +set a low fee and wait + + + align:start position:0% +set a low fee and wait +and and it'll stay in the mempool for + + align:start position:0% +and and it'll stay in the mempool for + + + align:start position:0% +and and it'll stay in the mempool for +weeks and then can be you know so there + + align:start position:0% +weeks and then can be you know so there + + + align:start position:0% +weeks and then can be you know so there +have been people who said I made a + + align:start position:0% +have been people who said I made a + + + align:start position:0% +have been people who said I made a +transaction I put a super low fee it + + align:start position:0% +transaction I put a super low fee it + + + align:start position:0% +transaction I put a super low fee it +confirmed a month later the thing is if + + align:start position:0% +confirmed a month later the thing is if + + + align:start position:0% +confirmed a month later the thing is if +you should go yeah this is something of + + align:start position:0% +you should go yeah this is something of + + + align:start position:0% +you should go yeah this is something of +a transient but if you look over six + + align:start position:0% +a transient but if you look over six + + + align:start position:0% +a transient but if you look over six +months it's really highly variable like + + align:start position:0% +months it's really highly variable like + + + align:start position:0% +months it's really highly variable like +it used to be sort of nothing and then I + + align:start position:0% +it used to be sort of nothing and then I + + + align:start position:0% +it used to be sort of nothing and then I +it's part of it is the it looks it looks + + align:start position:0% +it's part of it is the it looks it looks + + + align:start position:0% +it's part of it is the it looks it looks +most dramatic here because you're + + align:start position:0% +most dramatic here because you're + + + align:start position:0% +most dramatic here because you're +sorting life yeah let's Joseph you right + + align:start position:0% +sorting life yeah let's Joseph you right + + + align:start position:0% +sorting life yeah let's Joseph you right +it's like nothing deal with it and then + + align:start position:0% +it's like nothing deal with it and then + + + align:start position:0% +it's like nothing deal with it and then +like whoa okay and this people were + + align:start position:0% +like whoa okay and this people were + + + align:start position:0% +like whoa okay and this people were +complaining hey it's days where nothing + + align:start position:0% +complaining hey it's days where nothing + + + align:start position:0% +complaining hey it's days where nothing +confirmed here was weeks months like all + + align:start position:0% +confirmed here was weeks months like all + + + align:start position:0% +confirmed here was weeks months like all +of December and January and that was it + + align:start position:0% +of December and January and that was it + + + align:start position:0% +of December and January and that was it +was too correlated with everyone in the + + align:start position:0% +was too correlated with everyone in the + + + align:start position:0% +was too correlated with everyone in the +media everyone wanting to buy bitcoins + + align:start position:0% +media everyone wanting to buy bitcoins + + + align:start position:0% +media everyone wanting to buy bitcoins +the price skyrocketed so it's very sort + + align:start position:0% +the price skyrocketed so it's very sort + + + align:start position:0% +the price skyrocketed so it's very sort +of peaky and then I think interest has + + align:start position:0% +of peaky and then I think interest has + + + align:start position:0% +of peaky and then I think interest has +died down a bit and the fees have gone + + align:start position:0% +died down a bit and the fees have gone + + + align:start position:0% +died down a bit and the fees have gone +down with it so this is a hard market to + + align:start position:0% +down with it so this is a hard market to + + + align:start position:0% +down with it so this is a hard market to +deal with this is this is a hard problem + + align:start position:0% +deal with this is this is a hard problem + + + align:start position:0% +deal with this is this is a hard problem +to deal with and it wasn't something + + align:start position:0% +to deal with and it wasn't something + + + align:start position:0% +to deal with and it wasn't something +people were dealing with until a few + + align:start position:0% +people were dealing with until a few + + + align:start position:0% +people were dealing with until a few +months ago most of the time you can get + + align:start position:0% +months ago most of the time you can get + + + align:start position:0% +months ago most of the time you can get +by with just setting a low you know + + align:start position:0% +by with just setting a low you know + + + align:start position:0% +by with just setting a low you know +fixed fee or something and it would work + + align:start position:0% +fixed fee or something and it would work + + + align:start position:0% +fixed fee or something and it would work +but now we're really seeing the free + + align:start position:0% +but now we're really seeing the free + + + align:start position:0% +but now we're really seeing the free +market develop also people disagreed + + align:start position:0% +market develop also people disagreed + + + align:start position:0% +market develop also people disagreed +that this should even be a thing so if + + align:start position:0% +that this should even be a thing so if + + + align:start position:0% +that this should even be a thing so if +you're you know there's Bitcoin cash + + align:start position:0% +you're you know there's Bitcoin cash + + + align:start position:0% +you're you know there's Bitcoin cash +there's all these Forks you know the + + align:start position:0% +there's all these Forks you know the + + + align:start position:0% +there's all these Forks you know the +idea of if you start hitting the block + + align:start position:0% +idea of if you start hitting the block + + + align:start position:0% +idea of if you start hitting the block +size limit increase the limit why should + + align:start position:0% +size limit increase the limit why should + + + align:start position:0% +size limit increase the limit why should +we have to pay fees the miners are + + align:start position:0% +we have to pay fees the miners are + + + align:start position:0% +we have to pay fees the miners are +already getting plenty of money to mind + + align:start position:0% +already getting plenty of money to mind + + + align:start position:0% +already getting plenty of money to mind +with we should just have as much + + align:start position:0% +with we should just have as much + + + align:start position:0% +with we should just have as much +transactions than we want so there's + + align:start position:0% +transactions than we want so there's + + + align:start position:0% +transactions than we want so there's +people to say that okay yes + + align:start position:0% +people to say that okay yes + + + align:start position:0% +people to say that okay yes +if you're not getting huge issue fees + + align:start position:0% +if you're not getting huge issue fees + + + align:start position:0% +if you're not getting huge issue fees +that's what I'm gonna get to next yeah + + align:start position:0% +that's what I'm gonna get to next yeah + + + align:start position:0% +that's what I'm gonna get to next yeah +so not always like so one your software + + align:start position:0% +so not always like so one your software + + + align:start position:0% +so not always like so one your software +might not do that most software it you + + align:start position:0% +might not do that most software it you + + + align:start position:0% +might not do that most software it you +know in the last few years just said + + align:start position:0% +know in the last few years just said + + + align:start position:0% +know in the last few years just said +look once once the transactions sent + + align:start position:0% +look once once the transactions sent + + + align:start position:0% +look once once the transactions sent +it's stuck + + align:start position:0% +it's stuck + + + align:start position:0% +it's stuck +right just like yeah I sent it waiting + + align:start position:0% +right just like yeah I sent it waiting + + + align:start position:0% +right just like yeah I sent it waiting +for it to confirm and you have to + + align:start position:0% +for it to confirm and you have to + + + align:start position:0% +for it to confirm and you have to +actually code something to deal with + + align:start position:0% +actually code something to deal with + + + align:start position:0% +actually code something to deal with +changing the transaction ID invalidating + + align:start position:0% +changing the transaction ID invalidating + + + align:start position:0% +changing the transaction ID invalidating +old one you know that's some software so + + align:start position:0% +old one you know that's some software so + + + align:start position:0% +old one you know that's some software so +one way I saw one way a wallet could + + align:start position:0% +one way I saw one way a wallet could + + + align:start position:0% +one way I saw one way a wallet could +deal with this and say okay well I'll do + + align:start position:0% +deal with this and say okay well I'll do + + + align:start position:0% +deal with this and say okay well I'll do +child pays for parent this is actually a + + align:start position:0% +child pays for parent this is actually a + + + align:start position:0% +child pays for parent this is actually a +little bit easier software wise you know + + align:start position:0% +little bit easier software wise you know + + + align:start position:0% +little bit easier software wise you know +to invalidate anything you say I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +to invalidate anything you say I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +to invalidate anything you say I'm gonna +send a transaction spending one of those + + align:start position:0% +send a transaction spending one of those + + + align:start position:0% +send a transaction spending one of those +new outputs that's not confirmed with a + + align:start position:0% +new outputs that's not confirmed with a + + + align:start position:0% +new outputs that's not confirmed with a +very high fee now the average of the two + + align:start position:0% +very high fee now the average of the two + + + align:start position:0% +very high fee now the average of the two +will be high enough maybe it'll get in + + align:start position:0% +will be high enough maybe it'll get in + + + align:start position:0% +will be high enough maybe it'll get in +you can also do this when you're on the + + align:start position:0% +you can also do this when you're on the + + + align:start position:0% +you can also do this when you're on the +receiving end right so someone sent you + + align:start position:0% +receiving end right so someone sent you + + + align:start position:0% +receiving end right so someone sent you +a coin but they sent a low it was sent + + align:start position:0% +a coin but they sent a low it was sent + + + align:start position:0% +a coin but they sent a low it was sent +that transaction below fee and maybe you + + align:start position:0% +that transaction below fee and maybe you + + + align:start position:0% +that transaction below fee and maybe you +can't contact them anymore maybe they're + + align:start position:0% +can't contact them anymore maybe they're + + + align:start position:0% +can't contact them anymore maybe they're +unresponsive or they don't care and + + align:start position:0% +unresponsive or they don't care and + + + align:start position:0% +unresponsive or they don't care and +you're like well I really need to you + + align:start position:0% +you're like well I really need to you + + + align:start position:0% +you're like well I really need to you +know I need this money + + align:start position:0% +know I need this money + + + align:start position:0% +know I need this money +I want it confirmed I can then re spend + + align:start position:0% +I want it confirmed I can then re spend + + + align:start position:0% +I want it confirmed I can then re spend +that output with a high fee to convert + + align:start position:0% +that output with a high fee to convert + + + align:start position:0% +that output with a high fee to convert +both of them it's kind of annoying but + + align:start position:0% +both of them it's kind of annoying but + + + align:start position:0% +both of them it's kind of annoying but +possible downsides of this child pays + + align:start position:0% +possible downsides of this child pays + + + align:start position:0% +possible downsides of this child pays +for parent is very inefficient right + + align:start position:0% +for parent is very inefficient right + + + align:start position:0% +for parent is very inefficient right +you're making an extra transaction and + + align:start position:0% +you're making an extra transaction and + + + align:start position:0% +you're making an extra transaction and +it's exacerbating the problem you're + + align:start position:0% +it's exacerbating the problem you're + + + align:start position:0% +it's exacerbating the problem you're +trying to solve right the whole problem + + align:start position:0% +trying to solve right the whole problem + + + align:start position:0% +trying to solve right the whole problem +is there's too many transactions there's + + align:start position:0% +is there's too many transactions there's + + + align:start position:0% +is there's too many transactions there's +not enough space and you're you know + + align:start position:0% +not enough space and you're you know + + + align:start position:0% +not enough space and you're you know +increasing your priority in the queue by + + align:start position:0% +increasing your priority in the queue by + + + align:start position:0% +increasing your priority in the queue by +wasting even more space so if everyone + + align:start position:0% +wasting even more space so if everyone + + + align:start position:0% +wasting even more space so if everyone +does child phase for parent it's it's + + align:start position:0% +does child phase for parent it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +does child phase for parent it's it's +sort of really bad now every transaction + + align:start position:0% +sort of really bad now every transaction + + + align:start position:0% +sort of really bad now every transaction +is gonna take two or three transactions + + align:start position:0% +is gonna take two or three transactions + + + align:start position:0% +is gonna take two or three transactions +and the dependency graphs are kind of + + align:start position:0% +and the dependency graphs are kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and the dependency graphs are kind of +complex you can have I don't want to I + + align:start position:0% +complex you can have I don't want to I + + + align:start position:0% +complex you can have I don't want to I +don't remember exactly how there are + + align:start position:0% +don't remember exactly how there are + + + align:start position:0% +don't remember exactly how there are +certain cases where child pays for + + align:start position:0% +certain cases where child pays for + + + align:start position:0% +certain cases where child pays for +parent lowers the priority of a + + align:start position:0% +parent lowers the priority of a + + + align:start position:0% +parent lowers the priority of a +transaction I didn't understand how but + + align:start position:0% +transaction I didn't understand how but + + + align:start position:0% +transaction I didn't understand how but +there was someone explained it to me and + + align:start position:0% +there was someone explained it to me and + + + align:start position:0% +there was someone explained it to me and +I'm like oh shoot that's bad where + + align:start position:0% +I'm like oh shoot that's bad where + + + align:start position:0% +I'm like oh shoot that's bad where +someone else spending an output can that + + align:start position:0% +someone else spending an output can that + + + align:start position:0% +someone else spending an output can that +like if there's like a whole branch of + + align:start position:0% +like if there's like a whole branch of + + + align:start position:0% +like if there's like a whole branch of +tons of different outputs and tons of + + align:start position:0% +tons of different outputs and tons of + + + align:start position:0% +tons of different outputs and tons of +different tile child papers when there + + align:start position:0% +different tile child papers when there + + + align:start position:0% +different tile child papers when there +are certain clerks where okay if someone + + align:start position:0% +are certain clerks where okay if someone + + + align:start position:0% +are certain clerks where okay if someone +makes a low fee transaction that can + + align:start position:0% +makes a low fee transaction that can + + + align:start position:0% +makes a low fee transaction that can +actually + + align:start position:0% +actually + + + align:start position:0% +actually +lower the priority of the parents I + + align:start position:0% +lower the priority of the parents I + + + align:start position:0% +lower the priority of the parents I +don't remember how anyway so it's kind + + align:start position:0% +don't remember how anyway so it's kind + + + align:start position:0% +don't remember how anyway so it's kind +of a mess it's complex and it's also + + align:start position:0% +of a mess it's complex and it's also + + + align:start position:0% +of a mess it's complex and it's also +just very inefficient okay so another + + align:start position:0% +just very inefficient okay so another + + + align:start position:0% +just very inefficient okay so another +way which seems obvious why don't I just + + align:start position:0% +way which seems obvious why don't I just + + + align:start position:0% +way which seems obvious why don't I just +double spend it I made a transaction + + align:start position:0% +double spend it I made a transaction + + + align:start position:0% +double spend it I made a transaction +with the low fee why doesn't my wallet + + align:start position:0% +with the low fee why doesn't my wallet + + + align:start position:0% +with the low fee why doesn't my wallet +just say look I'm gonna replace that + + align:start position:0% +just say look I'm gonna replace that + + + align:start position:0% +just say look I'm gonna replace that +transaction with one with a higher fee + + align:start position:0% +transaction with one with a higher fee + + + align:start position:0% +transaction with one with a higher fee +and I just decorate you know I decrease + + align:start position:0% +and I just decorate you know I decrease + + + align:start position:0% +and I just decorate you know I decrease +the change output amount that's simple + + align:start position:0% +the change output amount that's simple + + + align:start position:0% +the change output amount that's simple +right no problem + + align:start position:0% +right no problem + + + align:start position:0% +right no problem +the default relay behavior is to ignore + + align:start position:0% +the default relay behavior is to ignore + + + align:start position:0% +the default relay behavior is to ignore +double spends and this is not just a + + align:start position:0% +double spends and this is not just a + + + align:start position:0% +double spends and this is not just a +default that's for fun this is actually + + align:start position:0% +default that's for fun this is actually + + + align:start position:0% +default that's for fun this is actually +there's good reasons for it so if you + + align:start position:0% +there's good reasons for it so if you + + + align:start position:0% +there's good reasons for it so if you +see a transaction spending output a + + align:start position:0% +see a transaction spending output a + + + align:start position:0% +see a transaction spending output a +output B and then you see another + + align:start position:0% +output B and then you see another + + + align:start position:0% +output B and then you see another +transaction over the wire spending one + + align:start position:0% +transaction over the wire spending one + + + align:start position:0% +transaction over the wire spending one +of those outputs that you've already + + align:start position:0% +of those outputs that you've already + + + align:start position:0% +of those outputs that you've already +seen you will ignore it + + align:start position:0% +seen you will ignore it + + + align:start position:0% +seen you will ignore it +you won't ban that you won't get mad at + + align:start position:0% +you won't ban that you won't get mad at + + + align:start position:0% +you won't ban that you won't get mad at +the person who sent it to you but you'll + + align:start position:0% +the person who sent it to you but you'll + + + align:start position:0% +the person who sent it to you but you'll +just ignore it if you like no I already + + align:start position:0% +just ignore it if you like no I already + + + align:start position:0% +just ignore it if you like no I already +saw a conflicting transaction so the + + align:start position:0% +saw a conflicting transaction so the + + + align:start position:0% +saw a conflicting transaction so the +default is first thing you see is the + + align:start position:0% +default is first thing you see is the + + + align:start position:0% +default is first thing you see is the +thing you go with this is not a + + align:start position:0% +thing you go with this is not a + + + align:start position:0% +thing you go with this is not a +consensus rule right because we're not + + align:start position:0% +consensus rule right because we're not + + + align:start position:0% +consensus rule right because we're not +dealing with anything that's in the + + align:start position:0% +dealing with anything that's in the + + + align:start position:0% +dealing with anything that's in the +blocks yet but any ideas of why this is + + align:start position:0% +blocks yet but any ideas of why this is + + + align:start position:0% +blocks yet but any ideas of why this is +an important rule to have what are some + + align:start position:0% +an important rule to have what are some + + + align:start position:0% +an important rule to have what are some +attacks that you could perform if you + + align:start position:0% +attacks that you could perform if you + + + align:start position:0% +attacks that you could perform if you +just said yeah anything you know I'm not + + align:start position:0% +just said yeah anything you know I'm not + + + align:start position:0% +just said yeah anything you know I'm not +gonna stick with the first seen + + align:start position:0% +gonna stick with the first seen + + + align:start position:0% +gonna stick with the first seen +transaction I will update anytime I see + + align:start position:0% +transaction I will update anytime I see + + + align:start position:0% +transaction I will update anytime I see +a new one I'll just go with the elbow + + align:start position:0% +a new one I'll just go with the elbow + + + align:start position:0% +a new one I'll just go with the elbow +with the last seen transaction instead + + align:start position:0% +with the last seen transaction instead + + + align:start position:0% +with the last seen transaction instead +of first seen transaction what would be + + align:start position:0% +of first seen transaction what would be + + + align:start position:0% +of first seen transaction what would be +an attack that would be enabled by that + + align:start position:0% +an attack that would be enabled by that + + + align:start position:0% +an attack that would be enabled by that +the ID is you gotta think adversarially + + align:start position:0% +the ID is you gotta think adversarially + + + align:start position:0% +the ID is you gotta think adversarially +I'm trying to bring down Bitcoin if you + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to bring down Bitcoin if you + + + align:start position:0% +I'm trying to bring down Bitcoin if you +change your code to you know last scene + + align:start position:0% +change your code to you know last scene + + + align:start position:0% +change your code to you know last scene +instead of first scene how do I bring + + align:start position:0% +instead of first scene how do I bring + + + align:start position:0% +instead of first scene how do I bring +down the network yeah I just keep + + align:start position:0% +down the network yeah I just keep + + + align:start position:0% +down the network yeah I just keep +spending the same outputs a hundred + + align:start position:0% +spending the same outputs a hundred + + + align:start position:0% +spending the same outputs a hundred +times a second and you know they all + + align:start position:0% +times a second and you know they all + + + align:start position:0% +times a second and you know they all +have the same fee rate I can just keep + + align:start position:0% +have the same fee rate I can just keep + + + align:start position:0% +have the same fee rate I can just keep +doing that indefinitely and I just keep + + align:start position:0% +doing that indefinitely and I just keep + + + align:start position:0% +doing that indefinitely and I just keep +flooding the network and everyone's like + + align:start position:0% +flooding the network and everyone's like + + + align:start position:0% +flooding the network and everyone's like +oh here's the student oh here's this uh + + align:start position:0% +oh here's the student oh here's this uh + + + align:start position:0% +oh here's the student oh here's this uh +uh you know total mess however there is + + align:start position:0% +uh you know total mess however there is + + + align:start position:0% +uh you know total mess however there is +a way to prevent that kind of flooding + + align:start position:0% +a way to prevent that kind of flooding + + + align:start position:0% +a way to prevent that kind of flooding +attack or at least you know + + align:start position:0% +attack or at least you know + + + align:start position:0% +attack or at least you know +significantly mitigate it which is + + align:start position:0% +significantly mitigate it which is + + + align:start position:0% +significantly mitigate it which is +okay we'll relay conflicting + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll relay conflicting + + + align:start position:0% +okay we'll relay conflicting +transactions but we require an increase + + align:start position:0% +transactions but we require an increase + + + align:start position:0% +transactions but we require an increase +in the fee and the required increase is + + align:start position:0% +in the fee and the required increase is + + + align:start position:0% +in the fee and the required increase is +equal to our minimum relay fee of one + + align:start position:0% +equal to our minimum relay fee of one + + + align:start position:0% +equal to our minimum relay fee of one +Satoshi per bite right so every time I + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi per bite right so every time I + + + align:start position:0% +Satoshi per bite right so every time I +could say okay I'm going to replace it + + align:start position:0% +could say okay I'm going to replace it + + + align:start position:0% +could say okay I'm going to replace it +because it has higher fee so now it's + + align:start position:0% +because it has higher fee so now it's + + + align:start position:0% +because it has higher fee so now it's +sort of constantly incrementing you + + align:start position:0% +sort of constantly incrementing you + + + align:start position:0% +sort of constantly incrementing you +can't keep doing that indefinitely every + + align:start position:0% +can't keep doing that indefinitely every + + + align:start position:0% +can't keep doing that indefinitely every +time you want to you want to send a + + align:start position:0% +time you want to you want to send a + + + align:start position:0% +time you want to you want to send a +transaction out to the network and use + + align:start position:0% +transaction out to the network and use + + + align:start position:0% +transaction out to the network and use +everyone's network resources you are + + align:start position:0% +everyone's network resources you are + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's network resources you are +sort of potentially paying something for + + align:start position:0% +sort of potentially paying something for + + + align:start position:0% +sort of potentially paying something for +ya you will you will continue to ignore + + align:start position:0% +ya you will you will continue to ignore + + + align:start position:0% +ya you will you will continue to ignore +transactions with same or lower fee oh I + + align:start position:0% +transactions with same or lower fee oh I + + + align:start position:0% +transactions with same or lower fee oh I +did the why yeah the why happened better + + align:start position:0% +did the why yeah the why happened better + + + align:start position:0% +did the why yeah the why happened better +anyway yeah the DOS attack is make lakhs + + align:start position:0% +anyway yeah the DOS attack is make lakhs + + + align:start position:0% +anyway yeah the DOS attack is make lakhs +of transactions the same thing okay so + + align:start position:0% +of transactions the same thing okay so + + + align:start position:0% +of transactions the same thing okay so +this seems simple right + + align:start position:0% +this seems simple right + + + align:start position:0% +this seems simple right +we have replaced by fee if you have a + + align:start position:0% +we have replaced by fee if you have a + + + align:start position:0% +we have replaced by fee if you have a +higher transaction fee you replace the + + align:start position:0% +higher transaction fee you replace the + + + align:start position:0% +higher transaction fee you replace the +transactions waltz implement it no + + align:start position:0% +transactions waltz implement it no + + + align:start position:0% +transactions waltz implement it no +problem no well people don't like it + + align:start position:0% +problem no well people don't like it + + + align:start position:0% +problem no well people don't like it +people said no we don't like for place + + align:start position:0% +people said no we don't like for place + + + align:start position:0% +people said no we don't like for place +by fee this was a controversy around + + align:start position:0% +by fee this was a controversy around + + + align:start position:0% +by fee this was a controversy around +2015 when a bunch of the developers were + + align:start position:0% +2015 when a bunch of the developers were + + + align:start position:0% +2015 when a bunch of the developers were +like you know this seems reasonable + + align:start position:0% +like you know this seems reasonable + + + align:start position:0% +like you know this seems reasonable +let's put it in people said no this + + align:start position:0% +let's put it in people said no this + + + align:start position:0% +let's put it in people said no this +hurts the security of unconfirmed + + align:start position:0% +hurts the security of unconfirmed + + + align:start position:0% +hurts the security of unconfirmed +transactions and to some extent they do + + align:start position:0% +transactions and to some extent they do + + + align:start position:0% +transactions and to some extent they do +have a point right if if every note on + + align:start position:0% +have a point right if if every note on + + + align:start position:0% +have a point right if if every note on +the network says I'm going with my first + + align:start position:0% +the network says I'm going with my first + + + align:start position:0% +the network says I'm going with my first +seen transaction right if there's a + + align:start position:0% +seen transaction right if there's a + + + align:start position:0% +seen transaction right if there's a +conflicting transaction later I ignore + + align:start position:0% +conflicting transaction later I ignore + + + align:start position:0% +conflicting transaction later I ignore +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +that means it's hard to double spend + + align:start position:0% +that means it's hard to double spend + + + align:start position:0% +that means it's hard to double spend +even before it gets into a block right + + align:start position:0% +even before it gets into a block right + + + align:start position:0% +even before it gets into a block right +you you you spend you say okay I'm gonna + + align:start position:0% +you you you spend you say okay I'm gonna + + + align:start position:0% +you you you spend you say okay I'm gonna +send money to Alice and here's my change + + align:start position:0% +send money to Alice and here's my change + + + align:start position:0% +send money to Alice and here's my change +output and then you replace it with I'm + + align:start position:0% +output and then you replace it with I'm + + + align:start position:0% +output and then you replace it with I'm +gonna send money to Bob instead it might + + align:start position:0% +gonna send money to Bob instead it might + + + align:start position:0% +gonna send money to Bob instead it might +change output you can potentially make + + align:start position:0% +change output you can potentially make + + + align:start position:0% +change output you can potentially make +it appear that someone's going to get + + align:start position:0% +it appear that someone's going to get + + + align:start position:0% +it appear that someone's going to get +paid it still says unconfirmed but they + + align:start position:0% +paid it still says unconfirmed but they + + + align:start position:0% +paid it still says unconfirmed but they +say yeah yeah you're you sent me a + + align:start position:0% +say yeah yeah you're you sent me a + + + align:start position:0% +say yeah yeah you're you sent me a +transaction it'll get confirmed soon and + + align:start position:0% +transaction it'll get confirmed soon and + + + align:start position:0% +transaction it'll get confirmed soon and +then switch it out and try to you know + + align:start position:0% +then switch it out and try to you know + + + align:start position:0% +then switch it out and try to you know +make it so that you pay back to yourself + + align:start position:0% +make it so that you pay back to yourself + + + align:start position:0% +make it so that you pay back to yourself +instead when everyone on the network + + align:start position:0% +instead when everyone on the network + + + align:start position:0% +instead when everyone on the network +ignores those new transactions it gets + + align:start position:0% +ignores those new transactions it gets + + + align:start position:0% +ignores those new transactions it gets +harder you'd have to contact contact a + + align:start position:0% +harder you'd have to contact contact a + + + align:start position:0% +harder you'd have to contact contact a +minor directly and say hey I have this + + align:start position:0% +minor directly and say hey I have this + + + align:start position:0% +minor directly and say hey I have this +transaction on the network here's a + + align:start position:0% +transaction on the network here's a + + + align:start position:0% +transaction on the network here's a +conflicting one please include it in + + align:start position:0% +conflicting one please include it in + + + align:start position:0% +conflicting one please include it in +your next block and then you know to + + align:start position:0% +your next block and then you know to + + + align:start position:0% +your next block and then you know to +double spend to defraud this person the + + align:start position:0% +double spend to defraud this person the + + + align:start position:0% +double spend to defraud this person the +thing is in practice it's not that hard + + align:start position:0% +thing is in practice it's not that hard + + + align:start position:0% +thing is in practice it's not that hard +to do this and so a lot of the + + align:start position:0% +to do this and so a lot of the + + + align:start position:0% +to do this and so a lot of the +developers look + + align:start position:0% +developers look + + + align:start position:0% +developers look +confirmed transactions really have no + + align:start position:0% +confirmed transactions really have no + + + align:start position:0% +confirmed transactions really have no +security with them and and yeah it might + + align:start position:0% +security with them and and yeah it might + + + align:start position:0% +security with them and and yeah it might +seem like we're reducing the security + + align:start position:0% +seem like we're reducing the security + + + align:start position:0% +seem like we're reducing the security +here but you really should not depend on + + align:start position:0% +here but you really should not depend on + + + align:start position:0% +here but you really should not depend on +unconfirmed at all it's not in the + + align:start position:0% +unconfirmed at all it's not in the + + + align:start position:0% +unconfirmed at all it's not in the +blockchain there's no proof of work the + + align:start position:0% +blockchain there's no proof of work the + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain there's no proof of work the +whole point of this system is to put the + + align:start position:0% +whole point of this system is to put the + + + align:start position:0% +whole point of this system is to put the +proof of work to really get consensus + + align:start position:0% +proof of work to really get consensus + + + align:start position:0% +proof of work to really get consensus +and you cannot rely on network level + + align:start position:0% +and you cannot rely on network level + + + align:start position:0% +and you cannot rely on network level +consensus because there isn't any and + + align:start position:0% +consensus because there isn't any and + + + align:start position:0% +consensus because there isn't any and +yeah so to some extent it does replace + + align:start position:0% +yeah so to some extent it does replace + + + align:start position:0% +yeah so to some extent it does replace +by feet does make the double spins + + align:start position:0% +by feet does make the double spins + + + align:start position:0% +by feet does make the double spins +easier to do that's the point but the + + align:start position:0% +easier to do that's the point but the + + + align:start position:0% +easier to do that's the point but the +thing is it's it's not secure anyway so + + align:start position:0% +thing is it's it's not secure anyway so + + + align:start position:0% +thing is it's it's not secure anyway so +anyway it's also you I issued should you + + align:start position:0% +anyway it's also you I issued should you + + + align:start position:0% +anyway it's also you I issued should you +even show unconfirmed transactions + + align:start position:0% +even show unconfirmed transactions + + + align:start position:0% +even show unconfirmed transactions +almost all of the wallets do even the + + align:start position:0% +almost all of the wallets do even the + + + align:start position:0% +almost all of the wallets do even the +SPV once and the SPV ones have no idea + + align:start position:0% +SPV once and the SPV ones have no idea + + + align:start position:0% +SPV once and the SPV ones have no idea +if it's even valid or has a valid + + align:start position:0% +if it's even valid or has a valid + + + align:start position:0% +if it's even valid or has a valid +signature since they can't even check + + align:start position:0% +signature since they can't even check + + + align:start position:0% +signature since they can't even check +signatures right unconfirmed + + align:start position:0% +signatures right unconfirmed + + + align:start position:0% +signatures right unconfirmed +transactions don't are not meaningless + + align:start position:0% +transactions don't are not meaningless + + + align:start position:0% +transactions don't are not meaningless +if you see it on the network and you're + + align:start position:0% +if you see it on the network and you're + + + align:start position:0% +if you see it on the network and you're +running a full node you see yes this is + + align:start position:0% +running a full node you see yes this is + + + align:start position:0% +running a full node you see yes this is +a transaction that could be confirmed + + align:start position:0% +a transaction that could be confirmed + + + align:start position:0% +a transaction that could be confirmed +right they've provided a valid signature + + align:start position:0% +right they've provided a valid signature + + + align:start position:0% +right they've provided a valid signature +any miner can put this in there's no + + align:start position:0% +any miner can put this in there's no + + + align:start position:0% +any miner can put this in there's no +conflicts you know this can work if your + + align:start position:0% +conflicts you know this can work if your + + + align:start position:0% +conflicts you know this can work if your +SPV and you see an unconfirmed + + align:start position:0% +SPV and you see an unconfirmed + + + align:start position:0% +SPV and you see an unconfirmed +transaction you have no idea right + + align:start position:0% +transaction you have no idea right + + + align:start position:0% +transaction you have no idea right +because you can't you don't even know if + + align:start position:0% +because you can't you don't even know if + + + align:start position:0% +because you can't you don't even know if +it's pending outputs that exists because + + align:start position:0% +it's pending outputs that exists because + + + align:start position:0% +it's pending outputs that exists because +you don't have a you TXO set you can't + + align:start position:0% +you don't have a you TXO set you can't + + + align:start position:0% +you don't have a you TXO set you can't +verify the signatures you don't even + + align:start position:0% +verify the signatures you don't even + + + align:start position:0% +verify the signatures you don't even +know what the keys are supposed to be + + align:start position:0% +know what the keys are supposed to be + + + align:start position:0% +know what the keys are supposed to be +but most SPV wallets still show + + align:start position:0% +but most SPV wallets still show + + + align:start position:0% +but most SPV wallets still show +unconfirmed transactions because users + + align:start position:0% +unconfirmed transactions because users + + + align:start position:0% +unconfirmed transactions because users +want it they want to know and it's like + + align:start position:0% +want it they want to know and it's like + + + align:start position:0% +want it they want to know and it's like +sometimes they'll put it in like red + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they'll put it in like red + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes they'll put it in like red +text like hey it's unconfirmed or put a + + align:start position:0% +text like hey it's unconfirmed or put a + + + align:start position:0% +text like hey it's unconfirmed or put a +little question mark next to it I would + + align:start position:0% +little question mark next to it I would + + + align:start position:0% +little question mark next to it I would +rather just not show it at all I think + + align:start position:0% +rather just not show it at all I think + + + align:start position:0% +rather just not show it at all I think +it's you know gives a misleading sense + + align:start position:0% +it's you know gives a misleading sense + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know gives a misleading sense +to users but this is this is an issue + + align:start position:0% +to users but this is this is an issue + + + align:start position:0% +to users but this is this is an issue +right users like oh I want to know if + + align:start position:0% +right users like oh I want to know if + + + align:start position:0% +right users like oh I want to know if +it's you know if the person if the + + align:start position:0% +it's you know if the person if the + + + align:start position:0% +it's you know if the person if the +sender has actually signed and sent and + + align:start position:0% +sender has actually signed and sent and + + + align:start position:0% +sender has actually signed and sent and +then you know afterwards it gets in the + + align:start position:0% +then you know afterwards it gets in the + + + align:start position:0% +then you know afterwards it gets in the +block yeah now it's confirmed now it's + + align:start position:0% +block yeah now it's confirmed now it's + + + align:start position:0% +block yeah now it's confirmed now it's +safe but I want to know so I guess we + + align:start position:0% +safe but I want to know so I guess we + + + align:start position:0% +safe but I want to know so I guess we +can sometimes connect to multiple no + + align:start position:0% +can sometimes connect to multiple no + + + align:start position:0% +can sometimes connect to multiple no +it's an ask but this is this is a + + align:start position:0% +it's an ask but this is this is a + + + align:start position:0% +it's an ask but this is this is a +controversial thing that people have + + align:start position:0% +controversial thing that people have + + + align:start position:0% +controversial thing that people have +argued about my personal opinion is that + + align:start position:0% +argued about my personal opinion is that + + + align:start position:0% +argued about my personal opinion is that +like you know security sort of is more + + align:start position:0% +like you know security sort of is more + + + align:start position:0% +like you know security sort of is more +important than you UI and usability in + + align:start position:0% +important than you UI and usability in + + + align:start position:0% +important than you UI and usability in +this case and you really should not rely + + align:start position:0% +this case and you really should not rely + + + align:start position:0% +this case and you really should not rely +on anything that has unconfirmed + + align:start position:0% +on anything that has unconfirmed + + + align:start position:0% +on anything that has unconfirmed +transactions and also the RBF the + + align:start position:0% +transactions and also the RBF the + + + align:start position:0% +transactions and also the RBF the +replaced by feed policy is not a network + + align:start position:0% +replaced by feed policy is not a network + + + align:start position:0% +replaced by feed policy is not a network +you know consensus level rule + + align:start position:0% +you know consensus level rule + + + align:start position:0% +you know consensus level rule +you don't know what policy people have + + align:start position:0% +you don't know what policy people have + + + align:start position:0% +you don't know what policy people have +if Paula if people are running you know + + align:start position:0% +if Paula if people are running you know + + + align:start position:0% +if Paula if people are running you know +if nodes are running I just stick with + + align:start position:0% +if nodes are running I just stick with + + + align:start position:0% +if nodes are running I just stick with +the first scene transaction or I replace + + align:start position:0% +the first scene transaction or I replace + + + align:start position:0% +the first scene transaction or I replace +with incrementing fees or I replace no + + align:start position:0% +with incrementing fees or I replace no + + + align:start position:0% +with incrementing fees or I replace no +matter what or who know I'll you know + + align:start position:0% +matter what or who know I'll you know + + + align:start position:0% +matter what or who know I'll you know +I'll go with three or four updates and + + align:start position:0% +I'll go with three or four updates and + + + align:start position:0% +I'll go with three or four updates and +then I'll stop email then I'll ignore + + align:start position:0% +then I'll stop email then I'll ignore + + + align:start position:0% +then I'll stop email then I'll ignore +you just don't know what people are + + align:start position:0% +you just don't know what people are + + + align:start position:0% +you just don't know what people are +doing so the compromise that's currently + + align:start position:0% +doing so the compromise that's currently + + + align:start position:0% +doing so the compromise that's currently +in the the default the Bitcoin software + + align:start position:0% +in the the default the Bitcoin software + + + align:start position:0% +in the the default the Bitcoin software +is called opt in replaced by fee you + + align:start position:0% +is called opt in replaced by fee you + + + align:start position:0% +is called opt in replaced by fee you +flag a transaction by changing the the + + align:start position:0% +flag a transaction by changing the the + + + align:start position:0% +flag a transaction by changing the the +sequence number in the input to not be + + align:start position:0% +sequence number in the input to not be + + + align:start position:0% +sequence number in the input to not be +ffffff + + align:start position:0% +ffffff + + + align:start position:0% +ffffff +and then you indicate hey I'm I'm + + align:start position:0% +and then you indicate hey I'm I'm + + + align:start position:0% +and then you indicate hey I'm I'm +flagging my transaction as this can be + + align:start position:0% +flagging my transaction as this can be + + + align:start position:0% +flagging my transaction as this can be +replaced with an increase increasing fee + + align:start position:0% +replaced with an increase increasing fee + + + align:start position:0% +replaced with an increase increasing fee +it's kind of ugly in my opinion it's + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of ugly in my opinion it's + + + align:start position:0% +it's kind of ugly in my opinion it's +like wow it's not really opt-in you + + align:start position:0% +like wow it's not really opt-in you + + + align:start position:0% +like wow it's not really opt-in you +can't even opt out it's it's weird to + + align:start position:0% +can't even opt out it's it's weird to + + + align:start position:0% +can't even opt out it's it's weird to +say to people like oh yeah you opt into + + align:start position:0% +say to people like oh yeah you opt into + + + align:start position:0% +say to people like oh yeah you opt into +RBF because there's no way to prevent it + + align:start position:0% +RBF because there's no way to prevent it + + + align:start position:0% +RBF because there's no way to prevent it +you can always contact the miners or + + align:start position:0% +you can always contact the miners or + + + align:start position:0% +you can always contact the miners or +anyone can just run it and there's + + align:start position:0% +anyone can just run it and there's + + + align:start position:0% +anyone can just run it and there's +there's code out there that's a couple + + align:start position:0% +there's code out there that's a couple + + + align:start position:0% +there's code out there that's a couple +lines different that's like here's the + + align:start position:0% +lines different that's like here's the + + + align:start position:0% +lines different that's like here's the +full RBF version of Bitcoin where it'll + + align:start position:0% +full RBF version of Bitcoin where it'll + + + align:start position:0% +full RBF version of Bitcoin where it'll +just you know ignore this flag and treat + + align:start position:0% +just you know ignore this flag and treat + + + align:start position:0% +just you know ignore this flag and treat +everything the same but we do now have + + align:start position:0% +everything the same but we do now have + + + align:start position:0% +everything the same but we do now have +the option so if you if you're on a + + align:start position:0% +the option so if you if you're on a + + + align:start position:0% +the option so if you if you're on a +wallet and I believe that the Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +wallet and I believe that the Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +wallet and I believe that the Bitcoin +core wallet it with a new version last + + align:start position:0% +core wallet it with a new version last + + + align:start position:0% +core wallet it with a new version last +week or last month now by default Flags + + align:start position:0% +week or last month now by default Flags + + + align:start position:0% +week or last month now by default Flags +every transaction as replaced by fee so + + align:start position:0% +every transaction as replaced by fee so + + + align:start position:0% +every transaction as replaced by fee so +that you can then bump the fee later on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah and this is a much better way to + + align:start position:0% +yeah and this is a much better way to + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and this is a much better way to +deal with fees because then you're not + + align:start position:0% +deal with fees because then you're not + + + align:start position:0% +deal with fees because then you're not +stuck and then to some extent you don't + + align:start position:0% +stuck and then to some extent you don't + + + align:start position:0% +stuck and then to some extent you don't +even need to look at the mem pool and + + align:start position:0% +even need to look at the mem pool and + + + align:start position:0% +even need to look at the mem pool and +what these other everyone else is paying + + align:start position:0% +what these other everyone else is paying + + + align:start position:0% +what these other everyone else is paying +you can just say well I I can also time + + align:start position:0% +you can just say well I I can also time + + + align:start position:0% +you can just say well I I can also time +lock transactions and I can say okay + + align:start position:0% +lock transactions and I can say okay + + + align:start position:0% +lock transactions and I can say okay +well at the current block + + align:start position:0% +well at the current block + + + align:start position:0% +well at the current block +I'll pay one Satoshi per byte I'll also + + align:start position:0% +I'll pay one Satoshi per byte I'll also + + + align:start position:0% +I'll pay one Satoshi per byte I'll also +send out a transaction where it's not + + align:start position:0% +send out a transaction where it's not + + + align:start position:0% +send out a transaction where it's not +valid until the next block and I paid + + align:start position:0% +valid until the next block and I paid + + + align:start position:0% +valid until the next block and I paid +two Satoshi she's provide and then the + + align:start position:0% +two Satoshi she's provide and then the + + + align:start position:0% +two Satoshi she's provide and then the +block after that I'll pay for and then + + align:start position:0% +block after that I'll pay for and then + + + align:start position:0% +block after that I'll pay for and then +block after that I'll pay eight or + + align:start position:0% +block after that I'll pay eight or + + + align:start position:0% +block after that I'll pay eight or +whatever sort of schedule you know fee + + align:start position:0% +whatever sort of schedule you know fee + + + align:start position:0% +whatever sort of schedule you know fee +schedule you want and then the miners + + align:start position:0% +schedule you want and then the miners + + + align:start position:0% +schedule you want and then the miners +now have the option to look and say well + + align:start position:0% +now have the option to look and say well + + + align:start position:0% +now have the option to look and say well +two situations per byte is too little + + align:start position:0% +two situations per byte is too little + + + align:start position:0% +two situations per byte is too little +I'm not going to take it but and then + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to take it but and then + + + align:start position:0% +I'm not going to take it but and then +the block comes out okay now it's four + + align:start position:0% +the block comes out okay now it's four + + + align:start position:0% +the block comes out okay now it's four +okay I'll take that one and so that's a + + align:start position:0% +okay I'll take that one and so that's a + + + align:start position:0% +okay I'll take that one and so that's a +really nice sort of fire-and-forget + + align:start position:0% +really nice sort of fire-and-forget + + + align:start position:0% +really nice sort of fire-and-forget +from the users wallet where I don't know + + align:start position:0% +from the users wallet where I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +from the users wallet where I don't know +I don't even know what fee I should pay + + align:start position:0% +I don't even know what fee I should pay + + + align:start position:0% +I don't even know what fee I should pay +well look I'll just keep incrementing it + + align:start position:0% +well look I'll just keep incrementing it + + + align:start position:0% +well look I'll just keep incrementing it +and hopefully it confirms soon it'll owe + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully it confirms soon it'll owe + + + align:start position:0% +and hopefully it confirms soon it'll owe +rate as it takes longer and longer the + + align:start position:0% +rate as it takes longer and longer the + + + align:start position:0% +rate as it takes longer and longer the +my rate goes up and eventually I'll get + + align:start position:0% +my rate goes up and eventually I'll get + + + align:start position:0% +my rate goes up and eventually I'll get +it in yeah not really okay so one limit + + align:start position:0% +it in yeah not really okay so one limit + + + align:start position:0% +it in yeah not really okay so one limit +is you cannot actually broadcast the + + align:start position:0% +is you cannot actually broadcast the + + + align:start position:0% +is you cannot actually broadcast the +transaction that is valid in a future + + align:start position:0% +transaction that is valid in a future + + + align:start position:0% +transaction that is valid in a future +block people ignore you know the network + + align:start position:0% +block people ignore you know the network + + + align:start position:0% +block people ignore you know the network +will ignore it similar reason you know + + align:start position:0% +will ignore it similar reason you know + + + align:start position:0% +will ignore it similar reason you know +denial of service thing where hey here's + + align:start position:0% +denial of service thing where hey here's + + + align:start position:0% +denial of service thing where hey here's +the transactions that's valid next week + + align:start position:0% +the transactions that's valid next week + + + align:start position:0% +the transactions that's valid next week +well why'd you tell it to me today so + + align:start position:0% +well why'd you tell it to me today so + + + align:start position:0% +well why'd you tell it to me today so +you'd have to be online to do that but + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to be online to do that but + + + align:start position:0% +you'd have to be online to do that but +your your wallet can do it automatically + + align:start position:0% +your your wallet can do it automatically + + + align:start position:0% +your your wallet can do it automatically +right you can just do in the background + + align:start position:0% +right you can just do in the background + + + align:start position:0% +right you can just do in the background +and in practice I don't know any wallets + + align:start position:0% +and in practice I don't know any wallets + + + align:start position:0% +and in practice I don't know any wallets +that do that right now the core wallet + + align:start position:0% +that do that right now the core wallet + + + align:start position:0% +that do that right now the core wallet +will allow you to in the UI you sort of + + align:start position:0% +will allow you to in the UI you sort of + + + align:start position:0% +will allow you to in the UI you sort of +right-click and you say you know bump + + align:start position:0% +right-click and you say you know bump + + + align:start position:0% +right-click and you say you know bump +increase fee and then it'll you know + + align:start position:0% +increase fee and then it'll you know + + + align:start position:0% +increase fee and then it'll you know +rebroadcast with an increased fee okay + + align:start position:0% +rebroadcast with an increased fee okay + + + align:start position:0% +rebroadcast with an increased fee okay +so yeah it's it's a kind of a mess but + + align:start position:0% +so yeah it's it's a kind of a mess but + + + align:start position:0% +so yeah it's it's a kind of a mess but +it's getting there we're getting better + + align:start position:0% +it's getting there we're getting better + + + align:start position:0% +it's getting there we're getting better +at this any questions before we have a + + align:start position:0% +at this any questions before we have a + + + align:start position:0% +at this any questions before we have a +break will they eventually with a + + align:start position:0% +break will they eventually with a + + + align:start position:0% +break will they eventually with a +complete well yeah so some some you know + + align:start position:0% +complete well yeah so some some you know + + + align:start position:0% +complete well yeah so some some you know +some sites will accept zero calm without + + align:start position:0% +some sites will accept zero calm without + + + align:start position:0% +some sites will accept zero calm without +RBF but not with my thinking is they + + align:start position:0% +RBF but not with my thinking is they + + + align:start position:0% +RBF but not with my thinking is they +shouldn't be accepting zero confirmation + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be accepting zero confirmation + + + align:start position:0% +shouldn't be accepting zero confirmation +transactions regardless so whatever but + + align:start position:0% +transactions regardless so whatever but + + + align:start position:0% +transactions regardless so whatever but +yeah and people there was a thing what + + align:start position:0% +yeah and people there was a thing what + + + align:start position:0% +yeah and people there was a thing what +Peter Todd like stole $10 from coinbase + + align:start position:0% +Peter Todd like stole $10 from coinbase + + + align:start position:0% +Peter Todd like stole $10 from coinbase +like a couple years ago because he was + + align:start position:0% +like a couple years ago because he was + + + align:start position:0% +like a couple years ago because he was +sort of trying to prove a point and it's + + align:start position:0% +sort of trying to prove a point and it's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of trying to prove a point and it's +so easy to double spend before it's in a + + align:start position:0% +so easy to double spend before it's in a + + + align:start position:0% +so easy to double spend before it's in a +block and all these different sites are + + align:start position:0% +block and all these different sites are + + + align:start position:0% +block and all these different sites are +saying oh yeah here's the transaction + + align:start position:0% +saying oh yeah here's the transaction + + + align:start position:0% +saying oh yeah here's the transaction +it's not confirmed yet but it will be + + align:start position:0% +it's not confirmed yet but it will be + + + align:start position:0% +it's not confirmed yet but it will be +soon + + align:start position:0% +soon + + + align:start position:0% +soon +and then they dispense with the product + + align:start position:0% +and then they dispense with the product + + + align:start position:0% +and then they dispense with the product +and then I remember Peter Todd was like + + align:start position:0% +and then I remember Peter Todd was like + + + align:start position:0% +and then I remember Peter Todd was like +look I just got 10 bucks from you on + + align:start position:0% +look I just got 10 bucks from you on + + + align:start position:0% +look I just got 10 bucks from you on +like Steam or whatever do you want it + + align:start position:0% +like Steam or whatever do you want it + + + align:start position:0% +like Steam or whatever do you want it +back and they didn't + + align:start position:0% +back and they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +back and they didn't +why because it's really not that hard to + + align:start position:0% +why because it's really not that hard to + + + align:start position:0% +why because it's really not that hard to +double spend before it's Anna block the + + align:start position:0% +double spend before it's Anna block the + + + align:start position:0% +double spend before it's Anna block the +whole point of the blockchain all the + + align:start position:0% +whole point of the blockchain all the + + + align:start position:0% +whole point of the blockchain all the +mining is to prevent the double span + + align:start position:0% +mining is to prevent the double span + + + align:start position:0% +mining is to prevent the double span +right okay so the last part is gonna be + + align:start position:0% +right okay so the last part is gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +right okay so the last part is gonna be +about oh yeah I already said this yeah + + align:start position:0% +about oh yeah I already said this yeah + + + align:start position:0% +about oh yeah I already said this yeah +one thing though is further research is + + align:start position:0% +one thing though is further research is + + + align:start position:0% +one thing though is further research is +needed this has all been changing in the + + align:start position:0% +needed this has all been changing in the + + + align:start position:0% +needed this has all been changing in the +last year if you had this talk a year + + align:start position:0% +last year if you had this talk a year + + + align:start position:0% +last year if you had this talk a year +ago it would sort of be like yeah I + + align:start position:0% +ago it would sort of be like yeah I + + + align:start position:0% +ago it would sort of be like yeah I +guess you can do replace wifey I guess + + align:start position:0% +guess you can do replace wifey I guess + + + align:start position:0% +guess you can do replace wifey I guess +fees could work this way but we had + + align:start position:0% +fees could work this way but we had + + + align:start position:0% +fees could work this way but we had +never really had this sustained long fee + + align:start position:0% +never really had this sustained long fee + + + align:start position:0% +never really had this sustained long fee +ramped up like you know we had this + + align:start position:0% +ramped up like you know we had this + + + align:start position:0% +ramped up like you know we had this +hadn't happened right this it never + + align:start position:0% +hadn't happened right this it never + + + align:start position:0% +hadn't happened right this it never +happened there had been cases where like + + align:start position:0% +happened there had been cases where like + + + align:start position:0% +happened there had been cases where like +sometimes walks had been full but you + + align:start position:0% +sometimes walks had been full but you + + + align:start position:0% +sometimes walks had been full but you +never seen this ramped up it's also + + align:start position:0% +never seen this ramped up it's also + + + align:start position:0% +never seen this ramped up it's also +really interesting how inelastic it was + + align:start position:0% +really interesting how inelastic it was + + + align:start position:0% +really interesting how inelastic it was +in that people started paying you know + + align:start position:0% +in that people started paying you know + + + align:start position:0% +in that people started paying you know +six you know thousands of satoshis per + + align:start position:0% +six you know thousands of satoshis per + + + align:start position:0% +six you know thousands of satoshis per +byte $20 $30 a transaction and people + + align:start position:0% +byte $20 $30 a transaction and people + + + align:start position:0% +byte $20 $30 a transaction and people +got mad about it but what was + + align:start position:0% +got mad about it but what was + + + align:start position:0% +got mad about it but what was +interesting is people were paying right + + align:start position:0% +interesting is people were paying right + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is people were paying right +if everyone if everyone refuses to pay + + align:start position:0% +if everyone if everyone refuses to pay + + + align:start position:0% +if everyone if everyone refuses to pay +these rates the rates go down but + + align:start position:0% +these rates the rates go down but + + + align:start position:0% +these rates the rates go down but +someone's paying that much but a lot of + + align:start position:0% +someone's paying that much but a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +someone's paying that much but a lot of +it is exchanges and stuff so okay yeah + + align:start position:0% +it is exchanges and stuff so okay yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it is exchanges and stuff so okay yeah +problems exchange is over pay Bitcoin to + + align:start position:0% +problems exchange is over pay Bitcoin to + + + align:start position:0% +problems exchange is over pay Bitcoin to +you wallets over pace nobody hear it for + + align:start position:0% +you wallets over pace nobody hear it for + + + align:start position:0% +you wallets over pace nobody hear it for +seven years it's sort of like it's also + + align:start position:0% +seven years it's sort of like it's also + + + align:start position:0% +seven years it's sort of like it's also +efficiency wise in terms of your + + align:start position:0% +efficiency wise in terms of your + + + align:start position:0% +efficiency wise in terms of your +transaction size kinda reminds me of + + align:start position:0% +transaction size kinda reminds me of + + + align:start position:0% +transaction size kinda reminds me of +like 2008 when like everyone's driving + + align:start position:0% +like 2008 when like everyone's driving + + + align:start position:0% +like 2008 when like everyone's driving +Hummers and then gas goes to like four + + align:start position:0% +Hummers and then gas goes to like four + + + align:start position:0% +Hummers and then gas goes to like four +bucks and then everyone gets the price + + align:start position:0% +bucks and then everyone gets the price + + + align:start position:0% +bucks and then everyone gets the price +that's happening now where it's like + + align:start position:0% +that's happening now where it's like + + + align:start position:0% +that's happening now where it's like +okay let's batch our transactions let's + + align:start position:0% +okay let's batch our transactions let's + + + align:start position:0% +okay let's batch our transactions let's +use compressed pub keys you know there's + + align:start position:0% +use compressed pub keys you know there's + + + align:start position:0% +use compressed pub keys you know there's +all sorts of techniques to reduce the + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of techniques to reduce the + + + align:start position:0% +all sorts of techniques to reduce the +size of your transactions some more can + + align:start position:0% +size of your transactions some more can + + + align:start position:0% +size of your transactions some more can +fit in the block + + align:start position:0% +fit in the block + + + align:start position:0% +fit in the block +which are now still being implemented + + align:start position:0% +which are now still being implemented + + + align:start position:0% +which are now still being implemented +it's sort of after the fact you know it + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of after the fact you know it + + + align:start position:0% +it's sort of after the fact you know it +takes it takes this hey your loot you + + align:start position:0% +takes it takes this hey your loot you + + + align:start position:0% +takes it takes this hey your loot you +know you're spending thousands of + + align:start position:0% +know you're spending thousands of + + + align:start position:0% +know you're spending thousands of +dollars a day on this to you know really + + align:start position:0% +dollars a day on this to you know really + + + align:start position:0% +dollars a day on this to you know really +kick people into actions it to write it + + align:start position:0% +kick people into actions it to write it + + + align:start position:0% +kick people into actions it to write it +I remember looking into the December + + align:start position:0% +I remember looking into the December + + + align:start position:0% +I remember looking into the December +though at clean bases transactions and + + align:start position:0% +though at clean bases transactions and + + + align:start position:0% +though at clean bases transactions and +being like you should hire you you guys + + align:start position:0% +being like you should hire you you guys + + + align:start position:0% +being like you should hire you you guys +are probably losing a million dollars a + + align:start position:0% +are probably losing a million dollars a + + + align:start position:0% +are probably losing a million dollars a +day I could fix this for you you should + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but it's sort of frustrating to see and + + align:start position:0% +but it's sort of frustrating to see and + + + align:start position:0% +but it's sort of frustrating to see and +probably their systems like a huge mess + + align:start position:0% +probably their systems like a huge mess + + + align:start position:0% +probably their systems like a huge mess +from like so many different layers and + + align:start position:0% +from like so many different layers and + + + align:start position:0% +from like so many different layers and +things on top of each other that it's + + align:start position:0% +things on top of each other that it's + + + align:start position:0% +things on top of each other that it's +hard to fix but looking at you know + + align:start position:0% +hard to fix but looking at you know + + + align:start position:0% +hard to fix but looking at you know +Gemini also is an exchange they use + + align:start position:0% +Gemini also is an exchange they use + + + align:start position:0% +Gemini also is an exchange they use +uncompressed pub keys so the pub keys + + align:start position:0% +uncompressed pub keys so the pub keys + + + align:start position:0% +uncompressed pub keys so the pub keys +are 65 bytes instead of 33 there's no + + align:start position:0% +are 65 bytes instead of 33 there's no + + + align:start position:0% +are 65 bytes instead of 33 there's no +advantage there it's just an extra 32 + + align:start position:0% +advantage there it's just an extra 32 + + + align:start position:0% +advantage there it's just an extra 32 +bytes which they've probably spent I + + align:start position:0% +bytes which they've probably spent I + + + align:start position:0% +bytes which they've probably spent I +don't know a couple hundred K on just + + align:start position:0% +don't know a couple hundred K on just + + + align:start position:0% +don't know a couple hundred K on just +that weird aspect of their software I + + align:start position:0% +that weird aspect of their software I + + + align:start position:0% +that weird aspect of their software I +don't know if they're aware of this even + + align:start position:0% +don't know if they're aware of this even + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if they're aware of this even +might want to be like hey guys you're + + align:start position:0% +might want to be like hey guys you're + + + align:start position:0% +might want to be like hey guys you're +spending too much money because look + + align:start position:0% +spending too much money because look + + + align:start position:0% +spending too much money because look +your transactions are an extra 32 bytes + + align:start position:0% +your transactions are an extra 32 bytes + + + align:start position:0% +your transactions are an extra 32 bytes +per input and because of this but yeah + + align:start position:0% +per input and because of this but yeah + + + align:start position:0% +per input and because of this but yeah +it's it's fairly it's it's interesting + + align:start position:0% +it's it's fairly it's it's interesting + + + align:start position:0% +it's it's fairly it's it's interesting +to see I've also paid you know I used to + + align:start position:0% +to see I've also paid you know I used to + + + align:start position:0% +to see I've also paid you know I used to +not pay oh one thing that used to be the + + align:start position:0% +not pay oh one thing that used to be the + + + align:start position:0% +not pay oh one thing that used to be the +case transactions had priority which was + + align:start position:0% +case transactions had priority which was + + + align:start position:0% +case transactions had priority which was +based on the age of the outputs + + align:start position:0% +based on the age of the outputs + + + align:start position:0% +based on the age of the outputs +multiplied by the amount of the outputs + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the amount of the outputs + + + align:start position:0% +multiplied by the amount of the outputs +that was a thing until two years ago and + + align:start position:0% +that was a thing until two years ago and + + + align:start position:0% +that was a thing until two years ago and +was great because it meant if you were + + align:start position:0% +was great because it meant if you were + + + align:start position:0% +was great because it meant if you were +rich you didn't pay fees so if you had a + + align:start position:0% +rich you didn't pay fees so if you had a + + + align:start position:0% +rich you didn't pay fees so if you had a +bunch of Bitcoin it was you know kind of + + align:start position:0% +bunch of Bitcoin it was you know kind of + + + align:start position:0% +bunch of Bitcoin it was you know kind of +a maybe not so great social idea that + + align:start position:0% +a maybe not so great social idea that + + + align:start position:0% +a maybe not so great social idea that +like hey if you have an output that's + + align:start position:0% +like hey if you have an output that's + + + align:start position:0% +like hey if you have an output that's +got 100 coins in it you can make a fee + + align:start position:0% +got 100 coins in it you can make a fee + + + align:start position:0% +got 100 coins in it you can make a fee +with no transaction you know you can + + align:start position:0% +with no transaction you know you can + + + align:start position:0% +with no transaction you know you can +make it zero fee transaction it actually + + align:start position:0% +make it zero fee transaction it actually + + + align:start position:0% +make it zero fee transaction it actually +worked from a theoretical perspective + + align:start position:0% +worked from a theoretical perspective + + + align:start position:0% +worked from a theoretical perspective +because it prevented spam because the + + align:start position:0% +because it prevented spam because the + + + align:start position:0% +because it prevented spam because the +idea is if you have a hundred coins okay + + align:start position:0% +idea is if you have a hundred coins okay + + + align:start position:0% +idea is if you have a hundred coins okay +you can you can spend that you know + + align:start position:0% +you can you can spend that you know + + + align:start position:0% +you can you can spend that you know +every day or something with no fee if + + align:start position:0% +every day or something with no fee if + + + align:start position:0% +every day or something with no fee if +you have only one coin maybe you have to + + align:start position:0% +you have only one coin maybe you have to + + + align:start position:0% +you have only one coin maybe you have to +wait a hundred days to be able to spend + + align:start position:0% +wait a hundred days to be able to spend + + + align:start position:0% +wait a hundred days to be able to spend +it with no fee so there's this sort of + + align:start position:0% +it with no fee so there's this sort of + + + align:start position:0% +it with no fee so there's this sort of +priority age based - you know limit the + + align:start position:0% +priority age based - you know limit the + + + align:start position:0% +priority age based - you know limit the +the you know velocity of these payments + + align:start position:0% +the you know velocity of these payments + + + align:start position:0% +the you know velocity of these payments +based on how big their they got rid of + + align:start position:0% +based on how big their they got rid of + + + align:start position:0% +based on how big their they got rid of +that because it made sense from a + + align:start position:0% +that because it made sense from a + + + align:start position:0% +that because it made sense from a +network level let's protect the network + + align:start position:0% +network level let's protect the network + + + align:start position:0% +network level let's protect the network +from spam idea it did not make any sense + + align:start position:0% +from spam idea it did not make any sense + + + align:start position:0% +from spam idea it did not make any sense +for the miners to prioritize these + + align:start position:0% +for the miners to prioritize these + + + align:start position:0% +for the miners to prioritize these +transactions right why you know I'm a + + align:start position:0% +transactions right why you know I'm a + + + align:start position:0% +transactions right why you know I'm a +miner who cares if you have a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +miner who cares if you have a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +miner who cares if you have a bunch of +old outputs that you haven't spent in a + + align:start position:0% +old outputs that you haven't spent in a + + + align:start position:0% +old outputs that you haven't spent in a +long time does nothing for me + + align:start position:0% +long time does nothing for me + + + align:start position:0% +long time does nothing for me +right it does help the network in + + align:start position:0% +right it does help the network in + + + align:start position:0% +right it does help the network in +general but so I was a little + + align:start position:0% +general but so I was a little + + + align:start position:0% +general but so I was a little +disappointed because I don't have a ton + + align:start position:0% +disappointed because I don't have a ton + + + align:start position:0% +disappointed because I don't have a ton +of coins but they're all really old so I + + align:start position:0% +of coins but they're all really old so I + + + align:start position:0% +of coins but they're all really old so I +could get away with not paying fees ok + + align:start position:0% +could get away with not paying fees ok + + + align:start position:0% +could get away with not paying fees ok +yeah long term though this is sort of an + + align:start position:0% +yeah long term though this is sort of an + + + align:start position:0% +yeah long term though this is sort of an +inch + + align:start position:0% +inch + + + align:start position:0% +inch +take a look at I'm not sure that's I + + align:start position:0% +take a look at I'm not sure that's I + + + align:start position:0% +take a look at I'm not sure that's I +I'll shoot is that number right wait + + align:start position:0% +I'll shoot is that number right wait + + + align:start position:0% +I'll shoot is that number right wait +James do you know is it two hundred ten + + align:start position:0% +James do you know is it two hundred ten + + + align:start position:0% +James do you know is it two hundred ten +thousand I think it is that one we're + + align:start position:0% +thousand I think it is that one we're + + + align:start position:0% +thousand I think it is that one we're +number arrived you might be wrong I've + + align:start position:0% +number arrived you might be wrong I've + + + align:start position:0% +number arrived you might be wrong I've +made a mental note to confirm it but I + + align:start position:0% +made a mental note to confirm it but I + + + align:start position:0% +made a mental note to confirm it but I +think it's right anyway + + align:start position:0% +think it's right anyway + + + align:start position:0% +think it's right anyway +the mining reward drops in half every + + align:start position:0% +the mining reward drops in half every + + + align:start position:0% +the mining reward drops in half every +four years approximately and eventually + + align:start position:0% +four years approximately and eventually + + + align:start position:0% +four years approximately and eventually +all the coins are mined so it's it's + + align:start position:0% +all the coins are mined so it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +all the coins are mined so it's it's +dropped in half twice right first it was + + align:start position:0% +dropped in half twice right first it was + + + align:start position:0% +dropped in half twice right first it was +50 coins a block then 25 and I was 12 + + align:start position:0% +50 coins a block then 25 and I was 12 + + + align:start position:0% +50 coins a block then 25 and I was 12 +and a half in a two years it's gonna be + + align:start position:0% +and a half in a two years it's gonna be + + + align:start position:0% +and a half in a two years it's gonna be +six point two five or something so + + align:start position:0% +six point two five or something so + + + align:start position:0% +six point two five or something so +eventually all the coins are gone you + + align:start position:0% +eventually all the coins are gone you + + + align:start position:0% +eventually all the coins are gone you +mind them all that takes a hundred years + + align:start position:0% +mind them all that takes a hundred years + + + align:start position:0% +mind them all that takes a hundred years +so everyone's like yeah I'll be dead you + + align:start position:0% +so everyone's like yeah I'll be dead you + + + align:start position:0% +so everyone's like yeah I'll be dead you +know I'll be gone you'll be gone but + + align:start position:0% +know I'll be gone you'll be gone but + + + align:start position:0% +know I'll be gone you'll be gone but +actually the rewards become negligible a + + align:start position:0% +actually the rewards become negligible a + + + align:start position:0% +actually the rewards become negligible a +lot sooner than you think in twenty + + align:start position:0% +lot sooner than you think in twenty + + + align:start position:0% +lot sooner than you think in twenty +years there's you know way less than a + + align:start position:0% +years there's you know way less than a + + + align:start position:0% +years there's you know way less than a +coin in rewards right because it keeps + + align:start position:0% +coin in rewards right because it keeps + + + align:start position:0% +coin in rewards right because it keeps +you know keeps getting chopped in half + + align:start position:0% +you know keeps getting chopped in half + + + align:start position:0% +you know keeps getting chopped in half +every four years so yeah there's this + + align:start position:0% +every four years so yeah there's this + + + align:start position:0% +every four years so yeah there's this +sort of long tail where we've got like + + align:start position:0% +sort of long tail where we've got like + + + align:start position:0% +sort of long tail where we've got like +fifty years of like a couple satoshis + + align:start position:0% +fifty years of like a couple satoshis + + + align:start position:0% +fifty years of like a couple satoshis +per block but it's it's negligible right + + align:start position:0% +per block but it's it's negligible right + + + align:start position:0% +per block but it's it's negligible right +so the rewards be you know going to near + + align:start position:0% +so the rewards be you know going to near + + + align:start position:0% +so the rewards be you know going to near +zero actually happens you know + + align:start position:0% +zero actually happens you know + + + align:start position:0% +zero actually happens you know +definitely within our lifetimes pretty + + align:start position:0% +definitely within our lifetimes pretty + + + align:start position:0% +definitely within our lifetimes pretty +soon and a lot of people looking at + + align:start position:0% +soon and a lot of people looking at + + + align:start position:0% +soon and a lot of people looking at +Bitcoin are sort of thinking of it long + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin are sort of thinking of it long + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin are sort of thinking of it long +term it only makes sense bitcoins only + + align:start position:0% +term it only makes sense bitcoins only + + + align:start position:0% +term it only makes sense bitcoins only +worth a lot of money now because people + + align:start position:0% +worth a lot of money now because people + + + align:start position:0% +worth a lot of money now because people +think it's gonna be worth a lot of money + + align:start position:0% +think it's gonna be worth a lot of money + + + align:start position:0% +think it's gonna be worth a lot of money +in twenty years right if everyone knew + + align:start position:0% +in twenty years right if everyone knew + + + align:start position:0% +in twenty years right if everyone knew +it was gonna collapse in ten years I + + align:start position:0% +it was gonna collapse in ten years I + + + align:start position:0% +it was gonna collapse in ten years I +think people would lose interest so what + + align:start position:0% +think people would lose interest so what + + + align:start position:0% +think people would lose interest so what +are some weird long-term problems okay + + align:start position:0% +are some weird long-term problems okay + + + align:start position:0% +are some weird long-term problems okay +well if there's no new coins to mine why + + align:start position:0% +well if there's no new coins to mine why + + + align:start position:0% +well if there's no new coins to mine why +do you mind well the title of this okay + + align:start position:0% +do you mind well the title of this okay + + + align:start position:0% +do you mind well the title of this okay +these yeah however it's not that simple + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a lot of problems with the fees + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of problems with the fees + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of problems with the fees +only being the only incentive in that TX + + align:start position:0% +only being the only incentive in that TX + + + align:start position:0% +only being the only incentive in that TX +fees are very variable without a backlog + + align:start position:0% +fees are very variable without a backlog + + + align:start position:0% +fees are very variable without a backlog +the fees tend to go to pretty close to + + align:start position:0% +the fees tend to go to pretty close to + + + align:start position:0% +the fees tend to go to pretty close to +zero and if the fees are zero there's no + + align:start position:0% +zero and if the fees are zero there's no + + + align:start position:0% +zero and if the fees are zero there's no +reason to mind right all the new coins + + align:start position:0% +reason to mind right all the new coins + + + align:start position:0% +reason to mind right all the new coins +have been generated there's no fees in + + align:start position:0% +have been generated there's no fees in + + + align:start position:0% +have been generated there's no fees in +the mempool why am i running my you know + + align:start position:0% +the mempool why am i running my you know + + + align:start position:0% +the mempool why am i running my you know +if you've got if maybe I have a megabyte + + align:start position:0% +if you've got if maybe I have a megabyte + + + align:start position:0% +if you've got if maybe I have a megabyte +worth of zero feed transactions in the + + align:start position:0% +worth of zero feed transactions in the + + + align:start position:0% +worth of zero feed transactions in the +mempool but as a miner why am i spending + + align:start position:0% +mempool but as a miner why am i spending + + + align:start position:0% +mempool but as a miner why am i spending +electricity to mine this I get nothing + + align:start position:0% +electricity to mine this I get nothing + + + align:start position:0% +electricity to mine this I get nothing +so the miners just turned off right that + + align:start position:0% +so the miners just turned off right that + + + align:start position:0% +so the miners just turned off right that +would be what they should do and you can + + align:start position:0% +would be what they should do and you can + + + align:start position:0% +would be what they should do and you can +see yeah it's super variable + + align:start position:0% +see yeah it's super variable + + + align:start position:0% +see yeah it's super variable +maybe miners are like oh this is great + + align:start position:0% +maybe miners are like oh this is great + + + align:start position:0% +maybe miners are like oh this is great +we're making ton of money and then here + + align:start position:0% +we're making ton of money and then here + + + align:start position:0% +we're making ton of money and then here +they're like oh yes you know wrap it up + + align:start position:0% +they're like oh yes you know wrap it up + + + align:start position:0% +they're like oh yes you know wrap it up +close down the mining facility and that + + align:start position:0% +close down the mining facility and that + + + align:start position:0% +close down the mining facility and that +can be a problem even on much shorter + + align:start position:0% +can be a problem even on much shorter + + + align:start position:0% +can be a problem even on much shorter +time skills such as the timescale of a + + align:start position:0% +time skills such as the timescale of a + + + align:start position:0% +time skills such as the timescale of a +single block so for example here's what + + align:start position:0% +single block so for example here's what + + + align:start position:0% +single block so for example here's what +you do your miner there's no fees in the + + align:start position:0% +you do your miner there's no fees in the + + + align:start position:0% +you do your miner there's no fees in the +mempool there's no reward there's no + + align:start position:0% +mempool there's no reward there's no + + + align:start position:0% +mempool there's no reward there's no +reason to mine right turn off your chips + + align:start position:0% +reason to mine right turn off your chips + + + align:start position:0% +reason to mine right turn off your chips +and then turn them back on once the + + align:start position:0% +and then turn them back on once the + + + align:start position:0% +and then turn them back on once the +mempool starts flowing filling up + + align:start position:0% +mempool starts flowing filling up + + + align:start position:0% +mempool starts flowing filling up +because it will eventually the idea is + + align:start position:0% +because it will eventually the idea is + + + align:start position:0% +because it will eventually the idea is +okay for the next couple minutes I'm + + align:start position:0% +okay for the next couple minutes I'm + + + align:start position:0% +okay for the next couple minutes I'm +just idling you could do that or you + + align:start position:0% +just idling you could do that or you + + + align:start position:0% +just idling you could do that or you +could be clever and say well I've got + + align:start position:0% +could be clever and say well I've got + + + align:start position:0% +could be clever and say well I've got +all these chips you know the opportunity + + align:start position:0% +all these chips you know the opportunity + + + align:start position:0% +all these chips you know the opportunity +cost you know a lot of it is capex a lot + + align:start position:0% +cost you know a lot of it is capex a lot + + + align:start position:0% +cost you know a lot of it is capex a lot +of is the capital expense of the chips + + align:start position:0% +of is the capital expense of the chips + + + align:start position:0% +of is the capital expense of the chips +and not the electricity so if I'm just + + align:start position:0% +and not the electricity so if I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +and not the electricity so if I'm just +turning off my chips that's a huge loss + + align:start position:0% +turning off my chips that's a huge loss + + + align:start position:0% +turning off my chips that's a huge loss +for me I want to run I don't want to run + + align:start position:0% +for me I want to run I don't want to run + + + align:start position:0% +for me I want to run I don't want to run +with an empty mmm pool because I get + + align:start position:0% +with an empty mmm pool because I get + + + align:start position:0% +with an empty mmm pool because I get +nothing what should I do + + align:start position:0% +nothing what should I do + + + align:start position:0% +nothing what should I do +what's a fun attack yeah very good idea + + align:start position:0% +what's a fun attack yeah very good idea + + + align:start position:0% +what's a fun attack yeah very good idea +I'm pretty sure binders are doing this + + align:start position:0% +I'm pretty sure binders are doing this + + + align:start position:0% +I'm pretty sure binders are doing this +or were in November that doesn't help + + align:start position:0% +or were in November that doesn't help + + + align:start position:0% +or were in November that doesn't help +you that that helps you sort of medium + + align:start position:0% +you that that helps you sort of medium + + + align:start position:0% +you that that helps you sort of medium +term right in the very short term where + + align:start position:0% +term right in the very short term where + + + align:start position:0% +term right in the very short term where +there's no empty mempool what do I do + + align:start position:0% +there's no empty mempool what do I do + + + align:start position:0% +there's no empty mempool what do I do +there is another attack you can do yeah + + align:start position:0% +there is another attack you can do yeah + + + align:start position:0% +there is another attack you can do yeah +I don't get any money so you could but + + align:start position:0% +I don't get any money so you could but + + + align:start position:0% +I don't get any money so you could but +that's not a fun attack yeah + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +yeah but I want to get money I want like + + align:start position:0% +yeah but I want to get money I want like + + + align:start position:0% +yeah but I want to get money I want like +I want to get paid there's nothing in + + align:start position:0% +I want to get paid there's nothing in + + + align:start position:0% +I want to get paid there's nothing in +the Med pool where do I go okay so yes + + align:start position:0% +the Med pool where do I go okay so yes + + + align:start position:0% +the Med pool where do I go okay so yes +so so in bitcoins case the algorithm + + align:start position:0% +so so in bitcoins case the algorithm + + + align:start position:0% +so so in bitcoins case the algorithm +well now there's pickle in cash and so + + align:start position:0% +well now there's pickle in cash and so + + + align:start position:0% +well now there's pickle in cash and so +there's sort of two chains that that + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of two chains that that + + + align:start position:0% +there's sort of two chains that that +share a single algorithm and in many alt + + align:start position:0% +share a single algorithm and in many alt + + + align:start position:0% +share a single algorithm and in many alt +coins they share either algorithms or + + align:start position:0% +coins they share either algorithms or + + + align:start position:0% +coins they share either algorithms or +they're using a GPU which can be you + + align:start position:0% +they're using a GPU which can be you + + + align:start position:0% +they're using a GPU which can be you +know quickly switched between different + + align:start position:0% +know quickly switched between different + + + align:start position:0% +know quickly switched between different +mining algorithms in bitcoins case + + align:start position:0% +mining algorithms in bitcoins case + + + align:start position:0% +mining algorithms in bitcoins case +though you're sort of stuck right it's a + + align:start position:0% +though you're sort of stuck right it's a + + + align:start position:0% +though you're sort of stuck right it's a +it's a big one and you're using shot to + + align:start position:0% +it's a big one and you're using shot to + + + align:start position:0% +it's a big one and you're using shot to +v6 so eh okay yeah yeah you go back to + + align:start position:0% +v6 so eh okay yeah yeah you go back to + + + align:start position:0% +v6 so eh okay yeah yeah you go back to +the past you mind the past transactions + + align:start position:0% +the past you mind the past transactions + + + align:start position:0% +the past you mind the past transactions +right okay someone mind a bunch of + + align:start position:0% +right okay someone mind a bunch of + + + align:start position:0% +right okay someone mind a bunch of +transactions here and they got two + + align:start position:0% +transactions here and they got two + + + align:start position:0% +transactions here and they got two +bitcoins those are two bitcoins I could + + align:start position:0% +bitcoins those are two bitcoins I could + + + align:start position:0% +bitcoins those are two bitcoins I could +have mined right so that last block had + + align:start position:0% +have mined right so that last block had + + + align:start position:0% +have mined right so that last block had +a couple coins in fees I'm gonna remind + + align:start position:0% +a couple coins in fees I'm gonna remind + + + align:start position:0% +a couple coins in fees I'm gonna remind +it I'm not getting anything if I mind if + + align:start position:0% +it I'm not getting anything if I mind if + + + align:start position:0% +it I'm not getting anything if I mind if +I if I continue the chain and make + + align:start position:0% +I if I continue the chain and make + + + align:start position:0% +I if I continue the chain and make +progress I get no money but if I try to + + align:start position:0% +progress I get no money but if I try to + + + align:start position:0% +progress I get no money but if I try to +snipe the last guys mining stuff I might + + align:start position:0% +snipe the last guys mining stuff I might + + + align:start position:0% +snipe the last guys mining stuff I might +be able to take take his money + + align:start position:0% +be able to take take his money + + + align:start position:0% +be able to take take his money +if you find two blocks in a row which + + align:start position:0% +if you find two blocks in a row which + + + align:start position:0% +if you find two blocks in a row which +happens you get all the fees so that's + + align:start position:0% +happens you get all the fees so that's + + + align:start position:0% +happens you get all the fees so that's +sort of an optimal thing to do like I've + + align:start position:0% +sort of an optimal thing to do like I've + + + align:start position:0% +sort of an optimal thing to do like I've +got all this mining power yeah maybe I + + align:start position:0% +got all this mining power yeah maybe I + + + align:start position:0% +got all this mining power yeah maybe I +turn it off because I'm mostly op X + + align:start position:0% +turn it off because I'm mostly op X + + + align:start position:0% +turn it off because I'm mostly op X +instead of capex but if I've got all + + align:start position:0% +instead of capex but if I've got all + + + align:start position:0% +instead of capex but if I've got all +this mining power I mean you use it no + + align:start position:0% +this mining power I mean you use it no + + + align:start position:0% +this mining power I mean you use it no +matter what + + align:start position:0% +matter what + + + align:start position:0% +matter what +well the the optimal thing to do is try + + align:start position:0% +well the the optimal thing to do is try + + + align:start position:0% +well the the optimal thing to do is try +to take you know reorg the blockchain + + align:start position:0% +to take you know reorg the blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +to take you know reorg the blockchain +and take the last person's fees so for + + align:start position:0% +and take the last person's fees so for + + + align:start position:0% +and take the last person's fees so for +example so yeah instead of sequentially + + align:start position:0% +example so yeah instead of sequentially + + + align:start position:0% +example so yeah instead of sequentially +building you fight over it so here's + + align:start position:0% +building you fight over it so here's + + + align:start position:0% +building you fight over it so here's +this blockchain okay Alice got to I've + + align:start position:0% +this blockchain okay Alice got to I've + + + align:start position:0% +this blockchain okay Alice got to I've +got three Carol got two Dave got one + + align:start position:0% +got three Carol got two Dave got one + + + align:start position:0% +got three Carol got two Dave got one +these are fees within the block right + + align:start position:0% +these are fees within the block right + + + align:start position:0% +these are fees within the block right +and now the current man pool it's zero + + align:start position:0% +and now the current man pool it's zero + + + align:start position:0% +and now the current man pool it's zero +they've got it they've swept it you know + + align:start position:0% +they've got it they've swept it you know + + + align:start position:0% +they've got it they've swept it you know +there was it was sort of declining sort + + align:start position:0% +there was it was sort of declining sort + + + align:start position:0% +there was it was sort of declining sort +of going up Dave you know completely + + align:start position:0% +of going up Dave you know completely + + + align:start position:0% +of going up Dave you know completely +emptied the men pool there's nothing in + + align:start position:0% +emptied the men pool there's nothing in + + + align:start position:0% +emptied the men pool there's nothing in +there and there's no new coins coming + + align:start position:0% +there and there's no new coins coming + + + align:start position:0% +there and there's no new coins coming +out so I'm what Eve I'm the attacker he + + align:start position:0% +out so I'm what Eve I'm the attacker he + + + align:start position:0% +out so I'm what Eve I'm the attacker he +was always the bad person right so I + + align:start position:0% +was always the bad person right so I + + + align:start position:0% +was always the bad person right so I +what's also even better I say okay I'm + + align:start position:0% +what's also even better I say okay I'm + + + align:start position:0% +what's also even better I say okay I'm +gonna I'm gonna build I'm gonna try to + + align:start position:0% +gonna I'm gonna build I'm gonna try to + + + align:start position:0% +gonna I'm gonna build I'm gonna try to +reorder I can take all the fees here I + + align:start position:0% +reorder I can take all the fees here I + + + align:start position:0% +reorder I can take all the fees here I +can take the two bitcoins here and the + + align:start position:0% +can take the two bitcoins here and the + + + align:start position:0% +can take the two bitcoins here and the +one bit + + align:start position:0% +one bit + + + align:start position:0% +one bit +here and I can mine it into this block + + align:start position:0% +here and I can mine it into this block + + + align:start position:0% +here and I can mine it into this block +this block is not valid yet right this + + align:start position:0% +this block is not valid yet right this + + + align:start position:0% +this block is not valid yet right this +is higher but I might build another + + align:start position:0% +is higher but I might build another + + + align:start position:0% +is higher but I might build another +block here and I might build another + + align:start position:0% +block here and I might build another + + + align:start position:0% +block here and I might build another +block here and by now there might be + + align:start position:0% +block here and by now there might be + + + align:start position:0% +block here and by now there might be +some coins so now I get four coins + + align:start position:0% +some coins so now I get four coins + + + align:start position:0% +some coins so now I get four coins +I could have mined here and got nothing + + align:start position:0% +I could have mined here and got nothing + + + align:start position:0% +I could have mined here and got nothing +if this happens and I pull it off - okay + + align:start position:0% +if this happens and I pull it off - okay + + + align:start position:0% +if this happens and I pull it off - okay +Carol and Dave's coins are now mine so + + align:start position:0% +Carol and Dave's coins are now mine so + + + align:start position:0% +Carol and Dave's coins are now mine so +this is a and to some extent you might + + align:start position:0% +this is a and to some extent you might + + + align:start position:0% +this is a and to some extent you might +think well whatever it's a little messy + + align:start position:0% +think well whatever it's a little messy + + + align:start position:0% +think well whatever it's a little messy +but this is not the worst thing in the + + align:start position:0% +but this is not the worst thing in the + + + align:start position:0% +but this is not the worst thing in the +world + + align:start position:0% +world + + + align:start position:0% +world +you still make progress it's actually + + align:start position:0% +you still make progress it's actually + + + align:start position:0% +you still make progress it's actually +really bad because you're now trading + + align:start position:0% +really bad because you're now trading + + + align:start position:0% +really bad because you're now trading +this sort of memoryless process where + + align:start position:0% +this sort of memoryless process where + + + align:start position:0% +this sort of memoryless process where +everyone's competing on a level playing + + align:start position:0% +everyone's competing on a level playing + + + align:start position:0% +everyone's competing on a level playing +ground for whoever can mine fastest is + + align:start position:0% +ground for whoever can mine fastest is + + + align:start position:0% +ground for whoever can mine fastest is +always going to win here right so you + + align:start position:0% +always going to win here right so you + + + align:start position:0% +always going to win here right so you +know you're you know if you're a miner + + align:start position:0% +know you're you know if you're a miner + + + align:start position:0% +know you're you know if you're a miner +that's twice as big as the next guy + + align:start position:0% +that's twice as big as the next guy + + + align:start position:0% +that's twice as big as the next guy +you're always gonna be able to do this + + align:start position:0% +you're always gonna be able to do this + + + align:start position:0% +you're always gonna be able to do this +not always right there's there's still + + align:start position:0% +not always right there's there's still + + + align:start position:0% +not always right there's there's still +some but but as this this really reduces + + align:start position:0% +some but but as this this really reduces + + + align:start position:0% +some but but as this this really reduces +the variance and really incentivizes the + + align:start position:0% +the variance and really incentivizes the + + + align:start position:0% +the variance and really incentivizes the +miners to consolidate and you're going + + align:start position:0% +miners to consolidate and you're going + + + align:start position:0% +miners to consolidate and you're going +to end up with a monopoly in this kind + + align:start position:0% +to end up with a monopoly in this kind + + + align:start position:0% +to end up with a monopoly in this kind +of a scenario because small players will + + align:start position:0% +of a scenario because small players will + + + align:start position:0% +of a scenario because small players will +just always get reorg down yeah so the + + align:start position:0% +just always get reorg down yeah so the + + + align:start position:0% +just always get reorg down yeah so the +question is this an attack seems like + + align:start position:0% +question is this an attack seems like + + + align:start position:0% +question is this an attack seems like +they're just trying to get paid right + + align:start position:0% +they're just trying to get paid right + + + align:start position:0% +they're just trying to get paid right +like you you're not you're not trusting + + align:start position:0% +like you you're not you're not trusting + + + align:start position:0% +like you you're not you're not trusting +the money the whole idea is you're not + + align:start position:0% +the money the whole idea is you're not + + + align:start position:0% +the money the whole idea is you're not +trusting the miners you're just assuming + + align:start position:0% +trusting the miners you're just assuming + + + align:start position:0% +trusting the miners you're just assuming +that they're acting in their economic + + align:start position:0% +that they're acting in their economic + + + align:start position:0% +that they're acting in their economic +interests to some extent you could say + + align:start position:0% +interests to some extent you could say + + + align:start position:0% +interests to some extent you could say +well if they keep doing this they've + + align:start position:0% +well if they keep doing this they've + + + align:start position:0% +well if they keep doing this they've +reduced the utility of Bitcoin and so + + align:start position:0% +reduced the utility of Bitcoin and so + + + align:start position:0% +reduced the utility of Bitcoin and so +it's bad for their holdings yeah maybe + + align:start position:0% +it's bad for their holdings yeah maybe + + + align:start position:0% +it's bad for their holdings yeah maybe +but it's it's it looks dangerous right + + align:start position:0% +but it's it's it looks dangerous right + + + align:start position:0% +but it's it's it looks dangerous right +however this isn't a problem we don't + + align:start position:0% +however this isn't a problem we don't + + + align:start position:0% +however this isn't a problem we don't +see this problem today there's there + + align:start position:0% +see this problem today there's there + + + align:start position:0% +see this problem today there's there +have actually been several cases where + + align:start position:0% +have actually been several cases where + + + align:start position:0% +have actually been several cases where +we should have where it would have been + + align:start position:0% +we should have where it would have been + + + align:start position:0% +we should have where it would have been +optimal for the miners so someone made a + + align:start position:0% +optimal for the miners so someone made a + + + align:start position:0% +optimal for the miners so someone made a +fee that was like thousand big you know + + align:start position:0% +fee that was like thousand big you know + + + align:start position:0% +fee that was like thousand big you know +was like four hundred bitcoins or + + align:start position:0% +was like four hundred bitcoins or + + + align:start position:0% +was like four hundred bitcoins or +something they were just like screwed up + + align:start position:0% +something they were just like screwed up + + + align:start position:0% +something they were just like screwed up +they made a transaction and the you know + + align:start position:0% +they made a transaction and the you know + + + align:start position:0% +they made a transaction and the you know +they were spending like a thousand + + align:start position:0% +they were spending like a thousand + + + align:start position:0% +they were spending like a thousand +bitcoins and they only sent like six + + align:start position:0% +bitcoins and they only sent like six + + + align:start position:0% +bitcoins and they only sent like six +hundred out or something + + align:start position:0% +hundred out or something + + + align:start position:0% +hundred out or something +so the feat was four hundred bitcoins + + align:start position:0% +so the feat was four hundred bitcoins + + + align:start position:0% +so the feat was four hundred bitcoins +which is like hey that's way more than a + + align:start position:0% +which is like hey that's way more than a + + + align:start position:0% +which is like hey that's way more than a +block that's millions of dollar it + + align:start position:0% +block that's millions of dollar it + + + align:start position:0% +block that's millions of dollar it +wasn't when it was millions of dollars + + align:start position:0% +wasn't when it was millions of dollars + + + align:start position:0% +wasn't when it was millions of dollars +but it's still a ton of money and the + + align:start position:0% +but it's still a ton of money and the + + + align:start position:0% +but it's still a ton of money and the +miners if they were rational they should + + align:start position:0% +miners if they were rational they should + + + align:start position:0% +miners if they were rational they should +have all just stopped and all tried to + + align:start position:0% +have all just stopped and all tried to + + + align:start position:0% +have all just stopped and all tried to +fight each other over that one block + + align:start position:0% +fight each other over that one block + + + align:start position:0% +fight each other over that one block +right in that one transaction because + + align:start position:0% +right in that one transaction because + + + align:start position:0% +right in that one transaction because +it's so much more valuable than like + + align:start position:0% +it's so much more valuable than like + + + align:start position:0% +it's so much more valuable than like +progressing the chain + + align:start position:0% +progressing the chain + + + align:start position:0% +progressing the chain +however they didn't because they were + + align:start position:0% +however they didn't because they were + + + align:start position:0% +however they didn't because they were +just running their software they didn't + + align:start position:0% +just running their software they didn't + + + align:start position:0% +just running their software they didn't +you know they didn't they weren't + + align:start position:0% +you know they didn't they weren't + + + align:start position:0% +you know they didn't they weren't +anticipating this kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +anticipating this kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +anticipating this kind of thing +however this becomes if this becomes + + align:start position:0% +however this becomes if this becomes + + + align:start position:0% +however this becomes if this becomes +long term the the general state of the + + align:start position:0% +long term the the general state of the + + + align:start position:0% +long term the the general state of the +network they'll definitely anticipate it + + align:start position:0% +network they'll definitely anticipate it + + + align:start position:0% +network they'll definitely anticipate it +and they'll write the software to do + + align:start position:0% +and they'll write the software to do + + + align:start position:0% +and they'll write the software to do +this so it's not a problem when there's + + align:start position:0% +this so it's not a problem when there's + + + align:start position:0% +this so it's not a problem when there's +low reward variants from block to block + + align:start position:0% +low reward variants from block to block + + + align:start position:0% +low reward variants from block to block +if every block you know if you're the + + align:start position:0% +if every block you know if you're the + + + align:start position:0% +if every block you know if you're the +next block coming out has about the same + + align:start position:0% +next block coming out has about the same + + + align:start position:0% +next block coming out has about the same +fees as the last one then you just keep + + align:start position:0% +fees as the last one then you just keep + + + align:start position:0% +fees as the last one then you just keep +building on it and you're not trying to + + align:start position:0% +building on it and you're not trying to + + + align:start position:0% +building on it and you're not trying to +like snipe other people in the past but + + align:start position:0% +like snipe other people in the past but + + + align:start position:0% +like snipe other people in the past but +that means there's gonna be a backlog + + align:start position:0% +that means there's gonna be a backlog + + + align:start position:0% +that means there's gonna be a backlog +right you need this really big mempool + + align:start position:0% +right you need this really big mempool + + + align:start position:0% +right you need this really big mempool +with a large backlog of transactions to + + align:start position:0% +with a large backlog of transactions to + + + align:start position:0% +with a large backlog of transactions to +ensure that you have low variance in the + + align:start position:0% +ensure that you have low variance in the + + + align:start position:0% +ensure that you have low variance in the +rewards and to ensure that long term + + align:start position:0% +rewards and to ensure that long term + + + align:start position:0% +rewards and to ensure that long term +you've got a stable system so this is + + align:start position:0% +you've got a stable system so this is + + + align:start position:0% +you've got a stable system so this is +tricky this is a hard problem because + + align:start position:0% +tricky this is a hard problem because + + + align:start position:0% +tricky this is a hard problem because +you've already got these sort of + + align:start position:0% +you've already got these sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you've already got these sort of +scalability balances in Bitcoin one of + + align:start position:0% +scalability balances in Bitcoin one of + + + align:start position:0% +scalability balances in Bitcoin one of +them is related to your hardware right + + align:start position:0% +them is related to your hardware right + + + align:start position:0% +them is related to your hardware right +so if you say ok we'll gonna we're gonna + + align:start position:0% +so if you say ok we'll gonna we're gonna + + + align:start position:0% +so if you say ok we'll gonna we're gonna +make the block size really small we're + + align:start position:0% +make the block size really small we're + + + align:start position:0% +make the block size really small we're +gonna make the block size 10 kilobytes + + align:start position:0% +gonna make the block size 10 kilobytes + + + align:start position:0% +gonna make the block size 10 kilobytes +so you can only have a few transactions + + align:start position:0% +so you can only have a few transactions + + + align:start position:0% +so you can only have a few transactions +every 10 minutes if it's too small then + + align:start position:0% +every 10 minutes if it's too small then + + + align:start position:0% +every 10 minutes if it's too small then +very few people can actually use Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +very few people can actually use Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +very few people can actually use Bitcoin +right but there's just not that many + + align:start position:0% +right but there's just not that many + + + align:start position:0% +right but there's just not that many +transactions a second most people will + + align:start position:0% +transactions a second most people will + + + align:start position:0% +transactions a second most people will +have something like coinbase where + + align:start position:0% +have something like coinbase where + + + align:start position:0% +have something like coinbase where +someone else holds the coins for them + + align:start position:0% +someone else holds the coins for them + + + align:start position:0% +someone else holds the coins for them +that's no fun the point is to have your + + align:start position:0% +that's no fun the point is to have your + + + align:start position:0% +that's no fun the point is to have your +own UTX OS and really be in control of + + align:start position:0% +own UTX OS and really be in control of + + + align:start position:0% +own UTX OS and really be in control of +your own money and have your own private + + align:start position:0% +your own money and have your own private + + + align:start position:0% +your own money and have your own private +keys right however if the blocks are too + + align:start position:0% +keys right however if the blocks are too + + + align:start position:0% +keys right however if the blocks are too +large then not many people can run it if + + align:start position:0% +large then not many people can run it if + + + align:start position:0% +large then not many people can run it if +the blocks are a gigabyte each and + + align:start position:0% +the blocks are a gigabyte each and + + + align:start position:0% +the blocks are a gigabyte each and +you've got these you know petabyte sized + + align:start position:0% +you've got these you know petabyte sized + + + align:start position:0% +you've got these you know petabyte sized +block chains I can't run that I need a + + align:start position:0% +block chains I can't run that I need a + + + align:start position:0% +block chains I can't run that I need a +data center and then you can't really + + align:start position:0% +data center and then you can't really + + + align:start position:0% +data center and then you can't really +verify and validate that the system is + + align:start position:0% +verify and validate that the system is + + + align:start position:0% +verify and validate that the system is +operating the way you think it will + + align:start position:0% +operating the way you think it will + + + align:start position:0% +operating the way you think it will +you're just gonna have to trust again + + align:start position:0% +you're just gonna have to trust again + + + align:start position:0% +you're just gonna have to trust again +some kind of big institution to do it + + align:start position:0% +some kind of big institution to do it + + + align:start position:0% +some kind of big institution to do it +for you + + align:start position:0% +for you + + + align:start position:0% +for you +so they both sort of turn into the same + + align:start position:0% +so they both sort of turn into the same + + + align:start position:0% +so they both sort of turn into the same +thing when you're at the extremes right + + align:start position:0% +thing when you're at the extremes right + + + align:start position:0% +thing when you're at the extremes right +if it's too small well I can't really + + align:start position:0% +if it's too small well I can't really + + + align:start position:0% +if it's too small well I can't really +own my own coins I gotta have someone + + align:start position:0% +own my own coins I gotta have someone + + + align:start position:0% +own my own coins I gotta have someone +else do it for me if it's too large I + + align:start position:0% +else do it for me if it's too large I + + + align:start position:0% +else do it for me if it's too large I +guess I can own my own private keys but + + align:start position:0% +guess I can own my own private keys but + + + align:start position:0% +guess I can own my own private keys but +I have no idea if they're actually you + + align:start position:0% +I have no idea if they're actually you + + + align:start position:0% +I have no idea if they're actually you +know if there's an actual transaction in + + align:start position:0% +know if there's an actual transaction in + + + align:start position:0% +know if there's an actual transaction in +the blockchain because I can't download + + align:start position:0% +the blockchain because I can't download + + + align:start position:0% +the blockchain because I can't download +it so these are sort of balances based + + align:start position:0% +it so these are sort of balances based + + + align:start position:0% +it so these are sort of balances based +on hardware and we're thinking well as + + align:start position:0% +on hardware and we're thinking well as + + + align:start position:0% +on hardware and we're thinking well as +computer gets as computers get more + + align:start position:0% +computer gets as computers get more + + + align:start position:0% +computer gets as computers get more +powerful and networks get more powerful + + align:start position:0% +powerful and networks get more powerful + + + align:start position:0% +powerful and networks get more powerful +we can sort of + + align:start position:0% +we can sort of + + + align:start position:0% +we can sort of +into the larger side and people will + + align:start position:0% +into the larger side and people will + + + align:start position:0% +into the larger side and people will +still be able to run it and and we have + + align:start position:0% +still be able to run it and and we have + + + align:start position:0% +still be able to run it and and we have +seen that so like with a seg wit the + + align:start position:0% +seen that so like with a seg wit the + + + align:start position:0% +seen that so like with a seg wit the +block size has been increased through a + + align:start position:0% +block size has been increased through a + + + align:start position:0% +block size has been increased through a +soft work so it now takes a bit more + + align:start position:0% +soft work so it now takes a bit more + + + align:start position:0% +soft work so it now takes a bit more +space and more network traffic to use + + align:start position:0% +space and more network traffic to use + + + align:start position:0% +space and more network traffic to use +however the long term fee sniping thing + + align:start position:0% +however the long term fee sniping thing + + + align:start position:0% +however the long term fee sniping thing +it's not Hardware related right even if + + align:start position:0% +it's not Hardware related right even if + + + align:start position:0% +it's not Hardware related right even if +you had perfect computers that we're + + align:start position:0% +you had perfect computers that we're + + + align:start position:0% +you had perfect computers that we're +sort of like oh this network can send + + align:start position:0% +sort of like oh this network can send + + + align:start position:0% +sort of like oh this network can send +any amount of data instantly + + align:start position:0% +any amount of data instantly + + + align:start position:0% +any amount of data instantly +we've got unlimited harddrive space you + + align:start position:0% +we've got unlimited harddrive space you + + + align:start position:0% +we've got unlimited harddrive space you +know these are you know computronium + + align:start position:0% +know these are you know computronium + + + align:start position:0% +know these are you know computronium +that's a thing right theoretical maximum + + align:start position:0% +that's a thing right theoretical maximum + + + align:start position:0% +that's a thing right theoretical maximum +computer so even if you have like this + + align:start position:0% +computer so even if you have like this + + + align:start position:0% +computer so even if you have like this +amazing computer and the hardware limits + + align:start position:0% +amazing computer and the hardware limits + + + align:start position:0% +amazing computer and the hardware limits +are not a limit at all you still have to + + align:start position:0% +are not a limit at all you still have to + + + align:start position:0% +are not a limit at all you still have to +balance the block size because if you + + align:start position:0% +balance the block size because if you + + + align:start position:0% +balance the block size because if you +make your block size too large you're + + align:start position:0% +make your block size too large you're + + + align:start position:0% +make your block size too large you're +going to have that problem on term where + + align:start position:0% +going to have that problem on term where + + + align:start position:0% +going to have that problem on term where +there's no real fee market because + + align:start position:0% +there's no real fee market because + + + align:start position:0% +there's no real fee market because +there's no competition to get into the + + align:start position:0% +there's no competition to get into the + + + align:start position:0% +there's no competition to get into the +blocks and so the whole system's kinds + + align:start position:0% +blocks and so the whole system's kinds + + + align:start position:0% +blocks and so the whole system's kinds +of halts and then you've got the largest + + align:start position:0% +of halts and then you've got the largest + + + align:start position:0% +of halts and then you've got the largest +miners keep winning so this is visible + + align:start position:0% +miners keep winning so this is visible + + + align:start position:0% +miners keep winning so this is visible +there's a paper what's it called Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +there's a paper what's it called Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +there's a paper what's it called Bitcoin +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +like Bitcoin is not stable without a fee + + align:start position:0% +like Bitcoin is not stable without a fee + + + align:start position:0% +like Bitcoin is not stable without a fee +or something I mean I can it's a + + align:start position:0% +or something I mean I can it's a + + + align:start position:0% +or something I mean I can it's a +Princeton guys right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Bitcoin on the instability of Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin on the instability of Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin on the instability of Bitcoin +without the block reward and like to be + + align:start position:0% +without the block reward and like to be + + + align:start position:0% +without the block reward and like to be +fair yeah these are Princeton guys yeah + + align:start position:0% +fair yeah these are Princeton guys yeah + + + align:start position:0% +fair yeah these are Princeton guys yeah +the to be fair they write about how they + + align:start position:0% +the to be fair they write about how they + + + align:start position:0% +the to be fair they write about how they +write about this issue but it's a little + + align:start position:0% +write about this issue but it's a little + + + align:start position:0% +write about this issue but it's a little +weird because one of their assumptions + + align:start position:0% +weird because one of their assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +weird because one of their assumptions +is that mining strategy simulator anyway + + align:start position:0% +is that mining strategy simulator anyway + + + align:start position:0% +is that mining strategy simulator anyway +one of their assumptions is that every + + align:start position:0% +one of their assumptions is that every + + + align:start position:0% +one of their assumptions is that every +miner completely wipes out the mempool + + align:start position:0% +miner completely wipes out the mempool + + + align:start position:0% +miner completely wipes out the mempool +at every block and it's like wait that + + align:start position:0% +at every block and it's like wait that + + + align:start position:0% +at every block and it's like wait that +that assumption given that assumption + + align:start position:0% +that assumption given that assumption + + + align:start position:0% +that assumption given that assumption +yes you can show that it's unstable and + + align:start position:0% +yes you can show that it's unstable and + + + align:start position:0% +yes you can show that it's unstable and +there's all these problems like I was + + align:start position:0% +there's all these problems like I was + + + align:start position:0% +there's all these problems like I was +showing but that assumption is a huge + + align:start position:0% +showing but that assumption is a huge + + + align:start position:0% +showing but that assumption is a huge +assumption and we a lot of the people + + align:start position:0% +assumption and we a lot of the people + + + align:start position:0% +assumption and we a lot of the people +working on Bitcoin you're like no you + + align:start position:0% +working on Bitcoin you're like no you + + + align:start position:0% +working on Bitcoin you're like no you +can't make that assumption we because + + align:start position:0% +can't make that assumption we because + + + align:start position:0% +can't make that assumption we because +we're aware that there's these + + align:start position:0% +we're aware that there's these + + + align:start position:0% +we're aware that there's these +instability problems and the solution so + + align:start position:0% +instability problems and the solution so + + + align:start position:0% +instability problems and the solution so +the extent that it's the solution is + + align:start position:0% +the extent that it's the solution is + + + align:start position:0% +the extent that it's the solution is +always have a backlog always have you + + align:start position:0% +always have a backlog always have you + + + align:start position:0% +always have a backlog always have you +know there's there's a really big demand + + align:start position:0% +know there's there's a really big demand + + + align:start position:0% +know there's there's a really big demand +for transactions and there's not enough + + align:start position:0% +for transactions and there's not enough + + + align:start position:0% +for transactions and there's not enough +space and so people have to compete + + align:start position:0% +space and so people have to compete + + + align:start position:0% +space and so people have to compete +based on their fees in that case you can + + align:start position:0% +based on their fees in that case you can + + + align:start position:0% +based on their fees in that case you can +have a stable system long term where the + + align:start position:0% +have a stable system long term where the + + + align:start position:0% +have a stable system long term where the +miners get paid but without it these + + align:start position:0% +miners get paid but without it these + + + align:start position:0% +miners get paid but without it these +guys show it and so yeah they're there + + align:start position:0% +guys show it and so yeah they're there + + + align:start position:0% +guys show it and so yeah they're there +you know it's true but it's sort of + + align:start position:0% +you know it's true but it's sort of + + + align:start position:0% +you know it's true but it's sort of +weird because one of their assumptions + + align:start position:0% +weird because one of their assumptions + + + align:start position:0% +weird because one of their assumptions +is that there are no fees long term + + align:start position:0% +is that there are no fees long term + + + align:start position:0% +is that there are no fees long term +essentially so yeah so this is this is a + + align:start position:0% +essentially so yeah so this is this is a + + + align:start position:0% +essentially so yeah so this is this is a +weird issue and it's also sort of how + + align:start position:0% +weird issue and it's also sort of how + + + align:start position:0% +weird issue and it's also sort of how +timing wise do we need to worry about + + align:start position:0% +timing wise do we need to worry about + + + align:start position:0% +timing wise do we need to worry about +this now maybe we can just punt the + + align:start position:0% +this now maybe we can just punt the + + + align:start position:0% +this now maybe we can just punt the +problem for a decade and try to get lots + + align:start position:0% +problem for a decade and try to get lots + + + align:start position:0% +problem for a decade and try to get lots +of adoption and lots of people using + + align:start position:0% +of adoption and lots of people using + + + align:start position:0% +of adoption and lots of people using +Bitcoin and we'll figure it out once + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin and we'll figure it out once + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin and we'll figure it out once +it's really well-established I don't + + align:start position:0% +it's really well-established I don't + + + align:start position:0% +it's really well-established I don't +think that works I think it's harder and + + align:start position:0% +think that works I think it's harder and + + + align:start position:0% +think that works I think it's harder and +harder to change these systems as more + + align:start position:0% +harder to change these systems as more + + + align:start position:0% +harder to change these systems as more +people use it so maybe we're stuck and + + align:start position:0% +people use it so maybe we're stuck and + + + align:start position:0% +people use it so maybe we're stuck and +it's almost certain that like one + + align:start position:0% +it's almost certain that like one + + + align:start position:0% +it's almost certain that like one +megabyte or four megabytes is not the + + align:start position:0% +megabyte or four megabytes is not the + + + align:start position:0% +megabyte or four megabytes is not the +optimal size we have no idea what the + + align:start position:0% +optimal size we have no idea what the + + + align:start position:0% +optimal size we have no idea what the +optimal size is right the long term + + align:start position:0% +optimal size is right the long term + + + align:start position:0% +optimal size is right the long term +because it's also long term how many + + align:start position:0% +because it's also long term how many + + + align:start position:0% +because it's also long term how many +people are gonna be using this and for + + align:start position:0% +people are gonna be using this and for + + + align:start position:0% +people are gonna be using this and for +what and for what kind of transactions + + align:start position:0% +what and for what kind of transactions + + + align:start position:0% +what and for what kind of transactions +so it's it's a definitely an open + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's a definitely an open + + + align:start position:0% +so it's it's a definitely an open +problem yeah so we're sort of at the + + align:start position:0% +problem yeah so we're sort of at the + + + align:start position:0% +problem yeah so we're sort of at the +dawn of the fees we're you know a year + + align:start position:0% +dawn of the fees we're you know a year + + + align:start position:0% +dawn of the fees we're you know a year +ago we didn't have all these things + + align:start position:0% +ago we didn't have all these things + + + align:start position:0% +ago we didn't have all these things +we're starting to understand the fee + + align:start position:0% +we're starting to understand the fee + + + align:start position:0% +we're starting to understand the fee +markets and see how it works what's + + align:start position:0% +markets and see how it works what's + + + align:start position:0% +markets and see how it works what's +interesting is that the elasticity seems + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that the elasticity seems + + + align:start position:0% +interesting is that the elasticity seems +like people really want their + + align:start position:0% +like people really want their + + + align:start position:0% +like people really want their +transactions in when they want them in + + align:start position:0% +transactions in when they want them in + + + align:start position:0% +transactions in when they want them in +which I guess can make sense if you're + + align:start position:0% +which I guess can make sense if you're + + + align:start position:0% +which I guess can make sense if you're +you know the price of Bitcoin spikes to + + align:start position:0% +you know the price of Bitcoin spikes to + + + align:start position:0% +you know the price of Bitcoin spikes to +$18,000 you're like I want to sell one + + align:start position:0% +$18,000 you're like I want to sell one + + + align:start position:0% +$18,000 you're like I want to sell one +it's gonna crash and you're like yeah + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna crash and you're like yeah + + + align:start position:0% +it's gonna crash and you're like yeah +I'll pay 50 bucks to move it to sell to + + align:start position:0% +I'll pay 50 bucks to move it to sell to + + + align:start position:0% +I'll pay 50 bucks to move it to sell to +someone because I'm selling millions of + + align:start position:0% +someone because I'm selling millions of + + + align:start position:0% +someone because I'm selling millions of +dollars worth and so there's it seems + + align:start position:0% +dollars worth and so there's it seems + + + align:start position:0% +dollars worth and so there's it seems +really inelastic you also have people + + align:start position:0% +really inelastic you also have people + + + align:start position:0% +really inelastic you also have people +companies wasting millions of dollars on + + align:start position:0% +companies wasting millions of dollars on + + + align:start position:0% +companies wasting millions of dollars on +fees that you can just be like why why + + align:start position:0% +fees that you can just be like why why + + + align:start position:0% +fees that you can just be like why why +did you do okay you know you're what + + align:start position:0% +did you do okay you know you're what + + + align:start position:0% +did you do okay you know you're what +you're wasting on space wasting on fees + + align:start position:0% +you're wasting on space wasting on fees + + + align:start position:0% +you're wasting on space wasting on fees +it is a fun research area and it's + + align:start position:0% +it is a fun research area and it's + + + align:start position:0% +it is a fun research area and it's +definitely research and so I'm like yeah + + align:start position:0% +definitely research and so I'm like yeah + + + align:start position:0% +definitely research and so I'm like yeah +I hope this works like we don't really + + align:start position:0% +I hope this works like we don't really + + + align:start position:0% +I hope this works like we don't really +know a long term if this whole system is + + align:start position:0% +know a long term if this whole system is + + + align:start position:0% +know a long term if this whole system is +stable and works I think you can but you + + align:start position:0% +stable and works I think you can but you + + + align:start position:0% +stable and works I think you can but you +know it's not it's not like something to + + align:start position:0% +know it's not it's not like something to + + + align:start position:0% +know it's not it's not like something to +base the global economy on just yet + + align:start position:0% +base the global economy on just yet + + + align:start position:0% +base the global economy on just yet +because we're not quite sure it all + + align:start position:0% +because we're not quite sure it all + + + align:start position:0% +because we're not quite sure it all +really works long term but we think it + + align:start position:0% +really works long term but we think it + + + align:start position:0% +really works long term but we think it +does okay any questions about this sort + + align:start position:0% +does okay any questions about this sort + + + align:start position:0% +does okay any questions about this sort +of long-range attack stuff don't have + + align:start position:0% +of long-range attack stuff don't have + + + align:start position:0% +of long-range attack stuff don't have +fees or the fees are enforced you can + + align:start position:0% +fees or the fees are enforced you can + + + align:start position:0% +fees or the fees are enforced you can +enforce a fee you can say hey the + + align:start position:0% +enforce a fee you can say hey the + + + align:start position:0% +enforce a fee you can say hey the +consensus rule of this system is that + + align:start position:0% +consensus rule of this system is that + + + align:start position:0% +consensus rule of this system is that +every transaction has to have a 50 + + align:start position:0% +every transaction has to have a 50 + + + align:start position:0% +every transaction has to have a 50 +satoshis per bite fee there's problems + + align:start position:0% +satoshis per bite fee there's problems + + + align:start position:0% +satoshis per bite fee there's problems +with that because then you can have + + align:start position:0% +with that because then you can have + + + align:start position:0% +with that because then you can have +out-of-band fees where if you try to + + align:start position:0% +out-of-band fees where if you try to + + + align:start position:0% +out-of-band fees where if you try to +make it a consensus rule it doesn't + + align:start position:0% +make it a consensus rule it doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +make it a consensus rule it doesn't +really work because it's sort of like + + align:start position:0% +really work because it's sort of like + + + align:start position:0% +really work because it's sort of like +price controls where you can say hey you + + align:start position:0% +price controls where you can say hey you + + + align:start position:0% +price controls where you can say hey you +have to sell you know milk for two + + align:start position:0% +have to sell you know milk for two + + + align:start position:0% +have to sell you know milk for two +dollars a gallon and it's like well + + align:start position:0% +dollars a gallon and it's like well + + + align:start position:0% +dollars a gallon and it's like well +that's not what the market says so + + align:start position:0% +that's not what the market says so + + + align:start position:0% +that's not what the market says so +people can go out of band and then + + align:start position:0% +people can go out of band and then + + + align:start position:0% +people can go out of band and then +they're saying okay the consensus rule + + align:start position:0% +they're saying okay the consensus rule + + + align:start position:0% +they're saying okay the consensus rule +is I have to pay this fee but really how + + align:start position:0% +is I have to pay this fee but really how + + + align:start position:0% +is I have to pay this fee but really how +about you give me some of it back or so + + align:start position:0% +about you give me some of it back or so + + + align:start position:0% +about you give me some of it back or so +so generally the rules they put in an + + align:start position:0% +so generally the rules they put in an + + + align:start position:0% +so generally the rules they put in an +hour minimum fees which you can try to + + align:start position:0% +hour minimum fees which you can try to + + + align:start position:0% +hour minimum fees which you can try to +work around that way but in general most + + align:start position:0% +work around that way but in general most + + + align:start position:0% +work around that way but in general most +of the other altcoins + + align:start position:0% +of the other altcoins + + + align:start position:0% +of the other altcoins +with the exception of aetherium the + + align:start position:0% +with the exception of aetherium the + + + align:start position:0% +with the exception of aetherium the +theorem definitely has similar issues + + align:start position:0% +theorem definitely has similar issues + + + align:start position:0% +theorem definitely has similar issues +but most of the all coins have a block + + align:start position:0% +but most of the all coins have a block + + + align:start position:0% +but most of the all coins have a block +size or a network capacity that exceeds + + align:start position:0% +size or a network capacity that exceeds + + + align:start position:0% +size or a network capacity that exceeds +their uses so there aren't really there + + align:start position:0% +their uses so there aren't really there + + + align:start position:0% +their uses so there aren't really there +isn't really competition to get into the + + align:start position:0% +isn't really competition to get into the + + + align:start position:0% +isn't really competition to get into the +next block aetherium though similar to + + align:start position:0% +next block aetherium though similar to + + + align:start position:0% +next block aetherium though similar to +Bitcoin + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin + + + align:start position:0% +Bitcoin +has well I don't yeah + + align:start position:0% +has well I don't yeah + + + align:start position:0% +has well I don't yeah +where did it go this kind of thing I + + align:start position:0% +where did it go this kind of thing I + + + align:start position:0% +where did it go this kind of thing I +don't know if you graphed aetherium + + align:start position:0% +don't know if you graphed aetherium + + + align:start position:0% +don't know if you graphed aetherium +probably wouldn't look quite the same + + align:start position:0% +probably wouldn't look quite the same + + + align:start position:0% +probably wouldn't look quite the same +but there there are also times in + + align:start position:0% +but there there are also times in + + + align:start position:0% +but there there are also times in +aetherium where the fees skyrocket a lot + + align:start position:0% +aetherium where the fees skyrocket a lot + + + align:start position:0% +aetherium where the fees skyrocket a lot +of times with like I cos everyone wants + + align:start position:0% +of times with like I cos everyone wants + + + align:start position:0% +of times with like I cos everyone wants +to get in their bids really quick and so + + align:start position:0% +to get in their bids really quick and so + + + align:start position:0% +to get in their bids really quick and so +they'll you know the network will get + + align:start position:0% +they'll you know the network will get + + + align:start position:0% +they'll you know the network will get +super congested for a day and no one can + + align:start position:0% +super congested for a day and no one can + + + align:start position:0% +super congested for a day and no one can +use it for anything for normal uses so + + align:start position:0% +use it for anything for normal uses so + + + align:start position:0% +use it for anything for normal uses so +aetherium also has this problem it's not + + align:start position:0% +aetherium also has this problem it's not + + + align:start position:0% +aetherium also has this problem it's not +quite the same in that it's not a block + + align:start position:0% +quite the same in that it's not a block + + + align:start position:0% +quite the same in that it's not a block +size it's a gas per block kind of thing + + align:start position:0% +size it's a gas per block kind of thing + + + align:start position:0% +size it's a gas per block kind of thing +so how much computation or storage it's + + align:start position:0% +so how much computation or storage it's + + + align:start position:0% +so how much computation or storage it's +using but in practice it's it's a + + align:start position:0% +using but in practice it's it's a + + + align:start position:0% +using but in practice it's it's a +similar thing so yeah those are sort of + + align:start position:0% +similar thing so yeah those are sort of + + + align:start position:0% +similar thing so yeah those are sort of +the only two that I'm aware of that + + align:start position:0% +the only two that I'm aware of that + + + align:start position:0% +the only two that I'm aware of that +really have hit this issue so far any + + align:start position:0% +really have hit this issue so far any + + + align:start position:0% +really have hit this issue so far any +other questions about this yes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +should I take advice from counsel before + + align:start position:0% +should I take advice from counsel before + + + align:start position:0% +should I take advice from counsel before +commenting on this yeah so you you could + + align:start position:0% +commenting on this yeah so you you could + + + align:start position:0% +commenting on this yeah so you you could +Google there's one I don't know if + + align:start position:0% +Google there's one I don't know if + + + align:start position:0% +Google there's one I don't know if +you're talking about specifically + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about specifically + + + align:start position:0% +you're talking about specifically +there's one called iota that we looked + + align:start position:0% +there's one called iota that we looked + + + align:start position:0% +there's one called iota that we looked +at last summer I don't have you know my + + align:start position:0% +at last summer I don't have you know my + + + align:start position:0% +at last summer I don't have you know my +mom tells me when if you don't have + + align:start position:0% +mom tells me when if you don't have + + + align:start position:0% +mom tells me when if you don't have +anything nice to say don't say anything + + align:start position:0% +anything nice to say don't say anything + + + align:start position:0% +anything nice to say don't say anything +but we did say it's quite a bit in our + + align:start position:0% +but we did say it's quite a bit in our + + + align:start position:0% +but we did say it's quite a bit in our +in our you know report I I don't that + + align:start position:0% +in our you know report I I don't that + + + align:start position:0% +in our you know report I I don't that +one specifically I don't think it really + + align:start position:0% +one specifically I don't think it really + + + align:start position:0% +one specifically I don't think it really +works that well actually they have a fee + + align:start position:0% +works that well actually they have a fee + + + align:start position:0% +works that well actually they have a fee +they they just pretend they don't but + + align:start position:0% +they they just pretend they don't but + + + align:start position:0% +they they just pretend they don't but +they very much have a fee so in the an + + align:start position:0% +they very much have a fee so in the an + + + align:start position:0% +they very much have a fee so in the an +iris case they say you have to do work + + align:start position:0% +iris case they say you have to do work + + + align:start position:0% +iris case they say you have to do work +on your transaction right you have to + + align:start position:0% +on your transaction right you have to + + + align:start position:0% +on your transaction right you have to +mine your transaction and they say + + align:start position:0% +mine your transaction and they say + + + align:start position:0% +mine your transaction and they say +that's not a fee well okay it's not a + + align:start position:0% +that's not a fee well okay it's not a + + + align:start position:0% +that's not a fee well okay it's not a +fee or paying to some other minor but + + align:start position:0% +fee or paying to some other minor but + + + align:start position:0% +fee or paying to some other minor but +you're still doing work right that has a + + align:start position:0% +you're still doing work right that has a + + + align:start position:0% +you're still doing work right that has a +cost you could say it's a cost not a fee + + align:start position:0% +cost you could say it's a cost not a fee + + + align:start position:0% +cost you could say it's a cost not a fee +I don't know + + align:start position:0% +I don't know + + + align:start position:0% +I don't know +but it's sort it feels like saying hey + + align:start position:0% +but it's sort it feels like saying hey + + + align:start position:0% +but it's sort it feels like saying hey +this this refrigerator doesn't need + + align:start position:0% +this this refrigerator doesn't need + + + align:start position:0% +this this refrigerator doesn't need +electricity to run it's got a hand crank + + align:start position:0% +electricity to run it's got a hand crank + + + align:start position:0% +electricity to run it's got a hand crank +in the bank back that you have to you + + align:start position:0% +in the bank back that you have to you + + + align:start position:0% +in the bank back that you have to you +know yeah okay I don't to plug it in but + + align:start position:0% +know yeah okay I don't to plug it in but + + + align:start position:0% +know yeah okay I don't to plug it in but +I have to do that like I still have to + + align:start position:0% +I have to do that like I still have to + + + align:start position:0% +I have to do that like I still have to +do all the work so so it's it's an + + align:start position:0% +do all the work so so it's it's an + + + align:start position:0% +do all the work so so it's it's an +anti-spam measure which is you know you + + align:start position:0% +anti-spam measure which is you know you + + + align:start position:0% +anti-spam measure which is you know you +have to do work on so same you think + + align:start position:0% +have to do work on so same you think + + + align:start position:0% +have to do work on so same you think +thing but there are some that you know + + align:start position:0% +thing but there are some that you know + + + align:start position:0% +thing but there are some that you know +have no fee whatsoever and they're very + + align:start position:0% +have no fee whatsoever and they're very + + + align:start position:0% +have no fee whatsoever and they're very +susceptible to spamming right if there's + + align:start position:0% +susceptible to spamming right if there's + + + align:start position:0% +susceptible to spamming right if there's +no fee what stops me from just sending + + align:start position:0% +no fee what stops me from just sending + + + align:start position:0% +no fee what stops me from just sending +out a bazillion transactions and having + + align:start position:0% +out a bazillion transactions and having + + + align:start position:0% +out a bazillion transactions and having +everyone else store them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you don't need global consensus and so + + align:start position:0% +you don't need global consensus and so + + + align:start position:0% +you don't need global consensus and so +you do need global consensus from state + + align:start position:0% +you do need global consensus from state + + + align:start position:0% +you do need global consensus from state +anyway but since there are movies yeah + + align:start position:0% +anyway but since there are movies yeah + + + align:start position:0% +anyway but since there are movies yeah +there's a lot of I I'm I'm there's a lot + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of I I'm I'm there's a lot + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of I I'm I'm there's a lot +of really smart people you know way + + align:start position:0% +of really smart people you know way + + + align:start position:0% +of really smart people you know way +smarter than me working on these things + + align:start position:0% +smarter than me working on these things + + + align:start position:0% +smarter than me working on these things +and and it's a hard problem and they + + align:start position:0% +and and it's a hard problem and they + + + align:start position:0% +and and it's a hard problem and they +seem to think it's a hard problem so I'm + + align:start position:0% +seem to think it's a hard problem so I'm + + + align:start position:0% +seem to think it's a hard problem so I'm +very skeptical when someone especially + + align:start position:0% +very skeptical when someone especially + + + align:start position:0% +very skeptical when someone especially +with a financial interest in getting me + + align:start position:0% +with a financial interest in getting me + + + align:start position:0% +with a financial interest in getting me +to believe that they've solved this + + align:start position:0% +to believe that they've solved this + + + align:start position:0% +to believe that they've solved this +problem says hey I've solved the problem + + align:start position:0% +problem says hey I've solved the problem + + + align:start position:0% +problem says hey I've solved the problem +zero fees infinite scalability I'm just + + align:start position:0% +zero fees infinite scalability I'm just + + + align:start position:0% +zero fees infinite scalability I'm just +very skeptical when I see that because + + align:start position:0% +very skeptical when I see that because + + + align:start position:0% +very skeptical when I see that because +ok what you do like we've been looking + + align:start position:0% +ok what you do like we've been looking + + + align:start position:0% +ok what you do like we've been looking +at this maybe maybe there's you know + + align:start position:0% +at this maybe maybe there's you know + + + align:start position:0% +at this maybe maybe there's you know +maybe there's something there + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's something there + + + align:start position:0% +maybe there's something there +but um I haven't seen any really great + + align:start position:0% +but um I haven't seen any really great + + + align:start position:0% +but um I haven't seen any really great +stuff you know there's Lightning Network + + align:start position:0% +stuff you know there's Lightning Network + + + align:start position:0% +stuff you know there's Lightning Network +which I'll talk about in a few weeks and + + align:start position:0% +which I'll talk about in a few weeks and + + + align:start position:0% +which I'll talk about in a few weeks and +I think that's pretty cool and I sort of + + align:start position:0% +I think that's pretty cool and I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +I think that's pretty cool and I sort of +work on that there's other different you + + align:start position:0% +work on that there's other different you + + + align:start position:0% +work on that there's other different you +know ways to do this but the you know + + align:start position:0% +know ways to do this but the you know + + + align:start position:0% +know ways to do this but the you know +the in general there's got to be a cost + + align:start position:0% +the in general there's got to be a cost + + + align:start position:0% +the in general there's got to be a cost +right there's no free lunch and you're + + align:start position:0% +right there's no free lunch and you're + + + align:start position:0% +right there's no free lunch and you're +gonna have to if you're requiring other + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to if you're requiring other + + + align:start position:0% +gonna have to if you're requiring other +people to store a lot of data and + + align:start position:0% +people to store a lot of data and + + + align:start position:0% +people to store a lot of data and +process it there's got to be some kind + + align:start position:0% +process it there's got to be some kind + + + align:start position:0% +process it there's got to be some kind +of limit there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/xB8eS-96q3I.txt b/xB8eS-96q3I.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8fc5ad3795582f228cb63c0cc3b32e0b410c3419 --- /dev/null +++ b/xB8eS-96q3I.txt @@ -0,0 +1,419 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +In this case study, we go back to the + + align:start position:0% +In this case study, we go back to the + + + align:start position:0% +In this case study, we go back to the +question. We continue asking, "What do + + align:start position:0% +question. We continue asking, "What do + + + align:start position:0% +question. We continue asking, "What do +you want me to see?" So, sometimes when + + align:start position:0% +you want me to see?" So, sometimes when + + + align:start position:0% +you want me to see?" So, sometimes when +I'm asked to help out with an image, I + + align:start position:0% +I'm asked to help out with an image, I + + + align:start position:0% +I'm asked to help out with an image, I +have no idea what's in store for me. For + + align:start position:0% +have no idea what's in store for me. For + + + align:start position:0% +have no idea what's in store for me. For +example, the first time I walked through + + align:start position:0% +example, the first time I walked through + + + align:start position:0% +example, the first time I walked through +this particular lab, I had no clue what + + align:start position:0% +this particular lab, I had no clue what + + + align:start position:0% +this particular lab, I had no clue what +to look for. The researchers suggested + + align:start position:0% +to look for. The researchers suggested + + + align:start position:0% +to look for. The researchers suggested +starting with this setup showing part of + + align:start position:0% +starting with this setup showing part of + + + align:start position:0% +starting with this setup showing part of +their system which developed a more + + align:start position:0% +their system which developed a more + + + align:start position:0% +their system which developed a more +efficient way of capturing and storing + + align:start position:0% +efficient way of capturing and storing + + + align:start position:0% +efficient way of capturing and storing +energy. For me that setup just didn't + + align:start position:0% +energy. For me that setup just didn't + + + align:start position:0% +energy. For me that setup just didn't +convey the excitement of the science. + + align:start position:0% +convey the excitement of the science. + + + align:start position:0% +convey the excitement of the science. +But then as I turned towards the chamber + + align:start position:0% +But then as I turned towards the chamber + + + align:start position:0% +But then as I turned towards the chamber +I saw where the solar thermo + + align:start position:0% +I saw where the solar thermo + + + align:start position:0% +I saw where the solar thermo +photovoltaic device or STPV + + align:start position:0% +photovoltaic device or STPV + + + align:start position:0% +photovoltaic device or STPV +device was doing its thing. The chamber + + align:start position:0% +device was doing its thing. The chamber + + + align:start position:0% +device was doing its thing. The chamber +was covered with aluminum foil, as many + + align:start position:0% +was covered with aluminum foil, as many + + + align:start position:0% +was covered with aluminum foil, as many +chambers are in labs, I've noticed, but + + align:start position:0% +chambers are in labs, I've noticed, but + + + align:start position:0% +chambers are in labs, I've noticed, but +I was able to focus my eye on the window + + align:start position:0% +I was able to focus my eye on the window + + + align:start position:0% +I was able to focus my eye on the window +of the chamber. It looked really + + align:start position:0% +of the chamber. It looked really + + + align:start position:0% +of the chamber. It looked really +beautiful to me. My initial image was a + + align:start position:0% +beautiful to me. My initial image was a + + + align:start position:0% +beautiful to me. My initial image was a +mess at first. A little too much going + + align:start position:0% +mess at first. A little too much going + + + align:start position:0% +mess at first. A little too much going +on, so I decided to simplify the idea. + + align:start position:0% +on, so I decided to simplify the idea. + + + align:start position:0% +on, so I decided to simplify the idea. +As we continued talking about, I deleted + + align:start position:0% +As we continued talking about, I deleted + + + align:start position:0% +As we continued talking about, I deleted +all that foil and just concentrated on + + align:start position:0% +all that foil and just concentrated on + + + align:start position:0% +all that foil and just concentrated on +the circular window showing the device. + + align:start position:0% +the circular window showing the device. + + + align:start position:0% +the circular window showing the device. +I then digitally added a background for + + align:start position:0% +I then digitally added a background for + + + align:start position:0% +I then digitally added a background for +a potential submission. + + align:start position:0% +a potential submission. + + + align:start position:0% +a potential submission. +When I returned to the lab a few days + + align:start position:0% +When I returned to the lab a few days + + + align:start position:0% +When I returned to the lab a few days +later with a different device in the + + align:start position:0% +later with a different device in the + + + align:start position:0% +later with a different device in the +chamber, I decided to add some color by + + align:start position:0% +chamber, I decided to add some color by + + + align:start position:0% +chamber, I decided to add some color by +reflecting an orange cloth I saw hiding + + align:start position:0% +reflecting an orange cloth I saw hiding + + + align:start position:0% +reflecting an orange cloth I saw hiding +in the corner somewhere in front of the + + align:start position:0% +in the corner somewhere in front of the + + + align:start position:0% +in the corner somewhere in front of the +glass. and this time focusing in on just + + align:start position:0% +glass. and this time focusing in on just + + + align:start position:0% +glass. and this time focusing in on just +the device in the chamber. I move the + + align:start position:0% +the device in the chamber. I move the + + + align:start position:0% +the device in the chamber. I move the +camera closer. Shooting at around f-32, + + align:start position:0% +camera closer. Shooting at around f-32, + + + align:start position:0% +camera closer. Shooting at around f-32, +notice how the depth of field is narrow + + align:start position:0% +notice how the depth of field is narrow + + + align:start position:0% +notice how the depth of field is narrow +since I am quite close to the window. I + + align:start position:0% +since I am quite close to the window. I + + + align:start position:0% +since I am quite close to the window. I +imagined what I was going to do with a + + align:start position:0% +imagined what I was going to do with a + + + align:start position:0% +imagined what I was going to do with a +cropped focused section. First, I + + align:start position:0% +cropped focused section. First, I + + + align:start position:0% +cropped focused section. First, I +overlaid it on an image of the vacuum + + align:start position:0% +overlaid it on an image of the vacuum + + + align:start position:0% +overlaid it on an image of the vacuum +chamber from before. As I shot before, + + align:start position:0% +chamber from before. As I shot before, + + + align:start position:0% +chamber from before. As I shot before, +then I decided to try something else. + + align:start position:0% +then I decided to try something else. + + + align:start position:0% +then I decided to try something else. +Using the single image of the device + + align:start position:0% +Using the single image of the device + + + align:start position:0% +Using the single image of the device +again, I digitally stretched part of the + + align:start position:0% +again, I digitally stretched part of the + + + align:start position:0% +again, I digitally stretched part of the +image to make it more vertical and then + + align:start position:0% +image to make it more vertical and then + + + align:start position:0% +image to make it more vertical and then +overlaid the original image on the + + align:start position:0% +overlaid the original image on the + + + align:start position:0% +overlaid the original image on the +vertical image so that the device became + + align:start position:0% +vertical image so that the device became + + + align:start position:0% +vertical image so that the device became +proportionately right. + + align:start position:0% +proportionately right. + + + align:start position:0% +proportionately right. +Happily got the MIT homepage highlight. + + align:start position:0% +Happily got the MIT homepage highlight. + + + align:start position:0% +Happily got the MIT homepage highlight. +So that was nice. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/xUsGRYtpLDc.txt b/xUsGRYtpLDc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff0f30604e60faebcfc2371d820f37d0d5b8c552 --- /dev/null +++ b/xUsGRYtpLDc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1523 @@ +align:start position:0% + +hello my name is Bassam Alma tone I am a + + align:start position:0% +hello my name is Bassam Alma tone I am a + + + align:start position:0% +hello my name is Bassam Alma tone I am a +visiting scholar in the MIT UT and + + align:start position:0% +visiting scholar in the MIT UT and + + + align:start position:0% +visiting scholar in the MIT UT and +Malaysia sustainable cities program and + + align:start position:0% +Malaysia sustainable cities program and + + + align:start position:0% +Malaysia sustainable cities program and +assistant professor at the Islamic + + align:start position:0% +assistant professor at the Islamic + + + align:start position:0% +assistant professor at the Islamic +University of Gaza Palestine in this + + align:start position:0% +University of Gaza Palestine in this + + + align:start position:0% +University of Gaza Palestine in this +video I'll be describing ways in which + + align:start position:0% +video I'll be describing ways in which + + + align:start position:0% +video I'll be describing ways in which +Penang a city in Malaysia is trying to + + align:start position:0% +Penang a city in Malaysia is trying to + + + align:start position:0% +Penang a city in Malaysia is trying to +reduce vehicle emissions traffic related + + align:start position:0% +reduce vehicle emissions traffic related + + + align:start position:0% +reduce vehicle emissions traffic related +air pollution has an adverse impact on + + align:start position:0% +air pollution has an adverse impact on + + + align:start position:0% +air pollution has an adverse impact on +the environment and human health + + align:start position:0% +the environment and human health + + + align:start position:0% +the environment and human health +exposure to traffic emissions create + + align:start position:0% +exposure to traffic emissions create + + + align:start position:0% +exposure to traffic emissions create +health problems such as higher rates of + + align:start position:0% +health problems such as higher rates of + + + align:start position:0% +health problems such as higher rates of +asthma + + align:start position:0% +asthma + + + align:start position:0% +asthma +cardiovascular disease embed line + + align:start position:0% +cardiovascular disease embed line + + + align:start position:0% +cardiovascular disease embed line +development in children preterm and low + + align:start position:0% +development in children preterm and low + + + align:start position:0% +development in children preterm and low +birth weight infants childhood leukemia + + align:start position:0% +birth weight infants childhood leukemia + + + align:start position:0% +birth weight infants childhood leukemia +and premature death + + align:start position:0% +and premature death + + + align:start position:0% +and premature death +traffic emissions also contain a large + + align:start position:0% +traffic emissions also contain a large + + + align:start position:0% +traffic emissions also contain a large +amount of carbon dioxide a primary + + align:start position:0% +amount of carbon dioxide a primary + + + align:start position:0% +amount of carbon dioxide a primary +greenhouse gas that contributes to + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gas that contributes to + + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gas that contributes to +global warming people are burning a huge + + align:start position:0% +global warming people are burning a huge + + + align:start position:0% +global warming people are burning a huge +amount of oil a natural gas to generate + + align:start position:0% +amount of oil a natural gas to generate + + + align:start position:0% +amount of oil a natural gas to generate +electricity this releases harmful + + align:start position:0% +electricity this releases harmful + + + align:start position:0% +electricity this releases harmful +greenhouse gases which trap heat in the + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gases which trap heat in the + + + align:start position:0% +greenhouse gases which trap heat in the +atmosphere no wonder I have been feeling + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere no wonder I have been feeling + + + align:start position:0% +atmosphere no wonder I have been feeling +really warm as more fossil fuels are + + align:start position:0% +really warm as more fossil fuels are + + + align:start position:0% +really warm as more fossil fuels are +burned + + align:start position:0% +burned + + + align:start position:0% +burned +the greenhouse gasses will trap more + + align:start position:0% +the greenhouse gasses will trap more + + + align:start position:0% +the greenhouse gasses will trap more +heat causing you temperature to rise + + align:start position:0% +heat causing you temperature to rise + + + align:start position:0% +heat causing you temperature to rise +cities can reduce vehicle emissions by + + align:start position:0% +cities can reduce vehicle emissions by + + + align:start position:0% +cities can reduce vehicle emissions by +reducing private vehicle ownership by + + align:start position:0% +reducing private vehicle ownership by + + + align:start position:0% +reducing private vehicle ownership by +increasing the cost of owning a vehicle + + align:start position:0% +increasing the cost of owning a vehicle + + + align:start position:0% +increasing the cost of owning a vehicle +such as increasing cost of registration + + align:start position:0% +such as increasing cost of registration + + + align:start position:0% +such as increasing cost of registration +increasing cost of parking etc + + align:start position:0% +increasing cost of parking etc + + + align:start position:0% +increasing cost of parking etc +regularly enforcing emission standards + + align:start position:0% +regularly enforcing emission standards + + + align:start position:0% +regularly enforcing emission standards +inspection of all vehicles to eliminate + + align:start position:0% +inspection of all vehicles to eliminate + + + align:start position:0% +inspection of all vehicles to eliminate +bad cars improving the efficiency of + + align:start position:0% +bad cars improving the efficiency of + + + align:start position:0% +bad cars improving the efficiency of +road networks providing safe efficient + + align:start position:0% +road networks providing safe efficient + + + align:start position:0% +road networks providing safe efficient +and affordable public transport and + + align:start position:0% +and affordable public transport and + + + align:start position:0% +and affordable public transport and +integrating land use and transportation + + align:start position:0% +integrating land use and transportation + + + align:start position:0% +integrating land use and transportation +planning but not all of these strategies + + align:start position:0% +planning but not all of these strategies + + + align:start position:0% +planning but not all of these strategies +are visible in every context I will + + align:start position:0% +are visible in every context I will + + + align:start position:0% +are visible in every context I will +therefore focus on the case of penang a + + align:start position:0% +therefore focus on the case of penang a + + + align:start position:0% +therefore focus on the case of penang a +state within malaysia to illustrate how + + align:start position:0% +state within malaysia to illustrate how + + + align:start position:0% +state within malaysia to illustrate how +the context effects these strategies why + + align:start position:0% +the context effects these strategies why + + + align:start position:0% +the context effects these strategies why +malaysia the rapid growth of the + + align:start position:0% +malaysia the rapid growth of the + + + align:start position:0% +malaysia the rapid growth of the +malaysian economy in recent decades has + + align:start position:0% +malaysian economy in recent decades has + + + align:start position:0% +malaysian economy in recent decades has +resulted in the deterioration of the + + align:start position:0% +resulted in the deterioration of the + + + align:start position:0% +resulted in the deterioration of the +environment + + align:start position:0% +environment + + + align:start position:0% +environment +malaysia is ranked as the fourth most + + align:start position:0% +malaysia is ranked as the fourth most + + + align:start position:0% +malaysia is ranked as the fourth most +polluted of 14 asian countries in + + align:start position:0% +polluted of 14 asian countries in + + + align:start position:0% +polluted of 14 asian countries in +particular air pollution and degradation + + align:start position:0% +particular air pollution and degradation + + + align:start position:0% +particular air pollution and degradation +of air quality is a problem World Health + + align:start position:0% +of air quality is a problem World Health + + + align:start position:0% +of air quality is a problem World Health +Organization reports show that + + align:start position:0% +Organization reports show that + + + align:start position:0% +Organization reports show that +approximately 1,900 Malaysians died due + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1,900 Malaysians died due + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1,900 Malaysians died due +to outdoor air pollution in 2012 + + align:start position:0% +to outdoor air pollution in 2012 + + + align:start position:0% +to outdoor air pollution in 2012 +according to the Malaysia Ministry of + + align:start position:0% +according to the Malaysia Ministry of + + + align:start position:0% +according to the Malaysia Ministry of +Health diseases of respiratory system + + align:start position:0% +Health diseases of respiratory system + + + align:start position:0% +Health diseases of respiratory system +the second greatest reason for + + align:start position:0% +the second greatest reason for + + + align:start position:0% +the second greatest reason for +hospitalization and death + + align:start position:0% +hospitalization and death + + + align:start position:0% +hospitalization and death +respiratory diseases are responsible for + + align:start position:0% +respiratory diseases are responsible for + + + align:start position:0% +respiratory diseases are responsible for +approximately 1 out of 10 + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1 out of 10 + + + align:start position:0% +approximately 1 out of 10 +hospitalization and 1 out of 5 deface + + align:start position:0% +hospitalization and 1 out of 5 deface + + + align:start position:0% +hospitalization and 1 out of 5 deface +vehicle emissions are the single largest + + align:start position:0% +vehicle emissions are the single largest + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle emissions are the single largest +cause of air pollution in Malaysia + + align:start position:0% +cause of air pollution in Malaysia + + + align:start position:0% +cause of air pollution in Malaysia +accounting for 82 percent of total air + + align:start position:0% +accounting for 82 percent of total air + + + align:start position:0% +accounting for 82 percent of total air +pollutants his from first forest fires + + align:start position:0% +pollutants his from first forest fires + + + align:start position:0% +pollutants his from first forest fires +further degrades air quality in Malaysia + + align:start position:0% +further degrades air quality in Malaysia + + + align:start position:0% +further degrades air quality in Malaysia +Penang is an example of rapidly + + align:start position:0% +Penang is an example of rapidly + + + align:start position:0% +Penang is an example of rapidly +developing state in Malaysia with a + + align:start position:0% +developing state in Malaysia with a + + + align:start position:0% +developing state in Malaysia with a +problem of air degradation the private + + align:start position:0% +problem of air degradation the private + + + align:start position:0% +problem of air degradation the private +vehicle ownership in Penang is higher + + align:start position:0% +vehicle ownership in Penang is higher + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle ownership in Penang is higher +than the national average but they are + + align:start position:0% +than the national average but they are + + + align:start position:0% +than the national average but they are +trying to do something about it Penang + + align:start position:0% +trying to do something about it Penang + + + align:start position:0% +trying to do something about it Penang +has the third largest economy of + + align:start position:0% +has the third largest economy of + + + align:start position:0% +has the third largest economy of +Malaysian states and has a population of + + align:start position:0% +Malaysian states and has a population of + + + align:start position:0% +Malaysian states and has a population of +1.6 million it is on the northwest coast + + align:start position:0% +1.6 million it is on the northwest coast + + + align:start position:0% +1.6 million it is on the northwest coast +of Peninsular Malaysia by the Straits of + + align:start position:0% +of Peninsular Malaysia by the Straits of + + + align:start position:0% +of Peninsular Malaysia by the Straits of +Malacca it is composed of two parts + + align:start position:0% +Malacca it is composed of two parts + + + align:start position:0% +Malacca it is composed of two parts +Penang Island where the seats of the + + align:start position:0% +Penang Island where the seats of the + + + align:start position:0% +Penang Island where the seats of the +government is and sopran braai the + + align:start position:0% +government is and sopran braai the + + + align:start position:0% +government is and sopran braai the +mainland part Penang has a higher number + + align:start position:0% +mainland part Penang has a higher number + + + align:start position:0% +mainland part Penang has a higher number +of registered motor vehicles per person + + align:start position:0% +of registered motor vehicles per person + + + align:start position:0% +of registered motor vehicles per person +than other Malaysian state there are two + + align:start position:0% +than other Malaysian state there are two + + + align:start position:0% +than other Malaysian state there are two +point five two million registered motor + + align:start position:0% +point five two million registered motor + + + align:start position:0% +point five two million registered motor +vehicles an average of 1.25 cars per + + align:start position:0% +vehicles an average of 1.25 cars per + + + align:start position:0% +vehicles an average of 1.25 cars per +person be named in the island service in + + align:start position:0% +person be named in the island service in + + + align:start position:0% +person be named in the island service in +the mainland have delayed the + + align:start position:0% +the mainland have delayed the + + + align:start position:0% +the mainland have delayed the +main spine for the public transport so + + align:start position:0% +main spine for the public transport so + + + align:start position:0% +main spine for the public transport so +because of that more and more people + + align:start position:0% +because of that more and more people + + + align:start position:0% +because of that more and more people +goes to its private forms of transport I + + align:start position:0% +goes to its private forms of transport I + + + align:start position:0% +goes to its private forms of transport I +had a motorcycle of cars and that of + + align:start position:0% +had a motorcycle of cars and that of + + + align:start position:0% +had a motorcycle of cars and that of +course adds to the congestion problem + + align:start position:0% +course adds to the congestion problem + + + align:start position:0% +course adds to the congestion problem +and when there's congestion and this + + align:start position:0% +and when there's congestion and this + + + align:start position:0% +and when there's congestion and this +high volume of cars with low speed we + + align:start position:0% +high volume of cars with low speed we + + + align:start position:0% +high volume of cars with low speed we +know that it affects the pollution like + + align:start position:0% +know that it affects the pollution like + + + align:start position:0% +know that it affects the pollution like +many places around the world Penang is + + align:start position:0% +many places around the world Penang is + + + align:start position:0% +many places around the world Penang is +trying to improve air quality by taking + + align:start position:0% +trying to improve air quality by taking + + + align:start position:0% +trying to improve air quality by taking +measures to reduce vehicle emissions + + align:start position:0% +measures to reduce vehicle emissions + + + align:start position:0% +measures to reduce vehicle emissions +what has been hanged and so far + + align:start position:0% +what has been hanged and so far + + + align:start position:0% +what has been hanged and so far +directed traffic flow in one or two + + align:start position:0% +directed traffic flow in one or two + + + align:start position:0% +directed traffic flow in one or two +lanes based on intensity to reduce + + align:start position:0% +lanes based on intensity to reduce + + + align:start position:0% +lanes based on intensity to reduce +congestion on busy streets improved + + align:start position:0% +congestion on busy streets improved + + + align:start position:0% +congestion on busy streets improved +traffic management control through + + align:start position:0% +traffic management control through + + + align:start position:0% +traffic management control through +adjusting the timing of traffic signals + + align:start position:0% +adjusting the timing of traffic signals + + + align:start position:0% +adjusting the timing of traffic signals +and by constructing roundabouts to + + align:start position:0% +and by constructing roundabouts to + + + align:start position:0% +and by constructing roundabouts to +reduce congestion + + align:start position:0% +reduce congestion + + + align:start position:0% +reduce congestion +providing free shuttle buses from the + + align:start position:0% +providing free shuttle buses from the + + + align:start position:0% +providing free shuttle buses from the +mainland to the island these buses are + + align:start position:0% +mainland to the island these buses are + + + align:start position:0% +mainland to the island these buses are +meant to transport of civil servant who + + align:start position:0% +meant to transport of civil servant who + + + align:start position:0% +meant to transport of civil servant who +are working at the island government + + align:start position:0% +are working at the island government + + + align:start position:0% +are working at the island government +compound and executives who are working + + align:start position:0% +compound and executives who are working + + + align:start position:0% +compound and executives who are working +at the Bayon là-bas industrial area + + align:start position:0% +at the Bayon là-bas industrial area + + + align:start position:0% +at the Bayon là-bas industrial area +a dedicated bike lane for parts of + + align:start position:0% +a dedicated bike lane for parts of + + + align:start position:0% +a dedicated bike lane for parts of +Georgetown the main city of Penang + + align:start position:0% +Georgetown the main city of Penang + + + align:start position:0% +Georgetown the main city of Penang +Island increased enforcement of emission + + align:start position:0% +Island increased enforcement of emission + + + align:start position:0% +Island increased enforcement of emission +standard inspection during car + + align:start position:0% +standard inspection during car + + + align:start position:0% +standard inspection during car +registration and changing of car + + align:start position:0% +registration and changing of car + + + align:start position:0% +registration and changing of car +ownership and + + align:start position:0% +ownership and + + + align:start position:0% +ownership and +introduced car free day at certain parts + + align:start position:0% +introduced car free day at certain parts + + + align:start position:0% +introduced car free day at certain parts +of Georgetown these strategies have + + align:start position:0% +of Georgetown these strategies have + + + align:start position:0% +of Georgetown these strategies have +reduced emission levels and consequently + + align:start position:0% +reduced emission levels and consequently + + + align:start position:0% +reduced emission levels and consequently +improved the air quality in the state + + align:start position:0% +improved the air quality in the state + + + align:start position:0% +improved the air quality in the state +the state also plans to reduce private + + align:start position:0% +the state also plans to reduce private + + + align:start position:0% +the state also plans to reduce private +vehicle ownership by providing an + + align:start position:0% +vehicle ownership by providing an + + + align:start position:0% +vehicle ownership by providing an +efficient public transportation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in 2015 the state of Penang hired an + + align:start position:0% +in 2015 the state of Penang hired an + + + align:start position:0% +in 2015 the state of Penang hired an +independent consultant to develop a + + align:start position:0% +independent consultant to develop a + + + align:start position:0% +independent consultant to develop a +public transportation master plan but + + align:start position:0% +public transportation master plan but + + + align:start position:0% +public transportation master plan but +they face major challenges which are + + align:start position:0% +they face major challenges which are + + + align:start position:0% +they face major challenges which are +transportation decisions are made at the + + align:start position:0% +transportation decisions are made at the + + + align:start position:0% +transportation decisions are made at the +federal level even a change in the bus + + align:start position:0% +federal level even a change in the bus + + + align:start position:0% +federal level even a change in the bus +line running through the town of + + align:start position:0% +line running through the town of + + + align:start position:0% +line running through the town of +Georgetown needs to be approved by the + + align:start position:0% +Georgetown needs to be approved by the + + + align:start position:0% +Georgetown needs to be approved by the +federal government this makes it very + + align:start position:0% +federal government this makes it very + + + align:start position:0% +federal government this makes it very +challenging for the state government to + + align:start position:0% +challenging for the state government to + + + align:start position:0% +challenging for the state government to +make changes limited budget for a + + align:start position:0% +make changes limited budget for a + + + align:start position:0% +make changes limited budget for a +transportation planning because revenues + + align:start position:0% +transportation planning because revenues + + + align:start position:0% +transportation planning because revenues +powers lies within the federal + + align:start position:0% +powers lies within the federal + + + align:start position:0% +powers lies within the federal +government the state government has a + + align:start position:0% +government the state government has a + + + align:start position:0% +government the state government has a +very limited budget for making + + align:start position:0% +very limited budget for making + + + align:start position:0% +very limited budget for making +improvement to its transportation + + align:start position:0% +improvement to its transportation + + + align:start position:0% +improvement to its transportation +network so this all adds up to non + + align:start position:0% +network so this all adds up to non + + + align:start position:0% +network so this all adds up to non +certain sustainable practices and I + + align:start position:0% +certain sustainable practices and I + + + align:start position:0% +certain sustainable practices and I +think the state government is trying + + align:start position:0% +think the state government is trying + + + align:start position:0% +think the state government is trying +very hard to + + align:start position:0% +very hard to + + + align:start position:0% +very hard to +solve this and they have come up with + + align:start position:0% +solve this and they have come up with + + + align:start position:0% +solve this and they have come up with +several strategies and they reintroduce + + align:start position:0% +several strategies and they reintroduce + + + align:start position:0% +several strategies and they reintroduce +transport master plan and part of the + + align:start position:0% +transport master plan and part of the + + + align:start position:0% +transport master plan and part of the +transfer master plan is an extensive + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and unfortunately they are not able to + + align:start position:0% +and unfortunately they are not able to + + + align:start position:0% +and unfortunately they are not able to +secure any + + align:start position:0% +secure any + + + align:start position:0% +secure any +funding from the federal government so + + align:start position:0% +funding from the federal government so + + + align:start position:0% +funding from the federal government so +they had to be creative and perhaps this + + align:start position:0% +they had to be creative and perhaps this + + + align:start position:0% +they had to be creative and perhaps this +is another challenge for sustainability + + align:start position:0% +is another challenge for sustainability + + + align:start position:0% +is another challenge for sustainability +financing and I think the name is trying + + align:start position:0% +financing and I think the name is trying + + + align:start position:0% +financing and I think the name is trying +an initiative that is self-sustaining + + align:start position:0% +an initiative that is self-sustaining + + + align:start position:0% +an initiative that is self-sustaining +through public property friendship with + + align:start position:0% +through public property friendship with + + + align:start position:0% +through public property friendship with +the public-private partnership between + + align:start position:0% +the public-private partnership between + + + align:start position:0% +the public-private partnership between +the model Penang authorities plan to + + align:start position:0% +the model Penang authorities plan to + + + align:start position:0% +the model Penang authorities plan to +finance the transport master plan by + + align:start position:0% +finance the transport master plan by + + + align:start position:0% +finance the transport master plan by +selling reclaimed land but they have yet + + align:start position:0% +selling reclaimed land but they have yet + + + align:start position:0% +selling reclaimed land but they have yet +to do an environmental impact assessment + + align:start position:0% +to do an environmental impact assessment + + + align:start position:0% +to do an environmental impact assessment +therefore while public transportation is + + align:start position:0% +therefore while public transportation is + + + align:start position:0% +therefore while public transportation is +a critical to reducing vehicle emissions + + align:start position:0% +a critical to reducing vehicle emissions + + + align:start position:0% +a critical to reducing vehicle emissions +reducing negative environmental impacts + + align:start position:0% +reducing negative environmental impacts + + + align:start position:0% +reducing negative environmental impacts +requires thoughtful finance and + + align:start position:0% +requires thoughtful finance and + + + align:start position:0% +requires thoughtful finance and +implementation mechanisms to conclude + + align:start position:0% +implementation mechanisms to conclude + + + align:start position:0% +implementation mechanisms to conclude +banana decision makers might adopt + + align:start position:0% +banana decision makers might adopt + + + align:start position:0% +banana decision makers might adopt +sustainable transportation policies that + + align:start position:0% +sustainable transportation policies that + + + align:start position:0% +sustainable transportation policies that +have been implemented by five major + + align:start position:0% +have been implemented by five major + + + align:start position:0% +have been implemented by five major +Asian cities like Hong Kong Tokyo + + align:start position:0% +Asian cities like Hong Kong Tokyo + + + align:start position:0% +Asian cities like Hong Kong Tokyo +Singapore Seoul and Shanghai these + + align:start position:0% +Singapore Seoul and Shanghai these + + + align:start position:0% +Singapore Seoul and Shanghai these +include promoting public transportation + + align:start position:0% +include promoting public transportation + + + align:start position:0% +include promoting public transportation +integrating land use and transport + + align:start position:0% +integrating land use and transport + + + align:start position:0% +integrating land use and transport +planning and instituting travel demand + + align:start position:0% +planning and instituting travel demand + + + align:start position:0% +planning and instituting travel demand +management to bring about sustainable + + align:start position:0% +management to bring about sustainable + + + align:start position:0% +management to bring about sustainable +transportation system adding to that + + align:start position:0% +transportation system adding to that + + + align:start position:0% +transportation system adding to that +more stringent car emissions inspection + + align:start position:0% +more stringent car emissions inspection + + + align:start position:0% +more stringent car emissions inspection +and expanding the free car they can + + align:start position:0% +and expanding the free car they can + + + align:start position:0% +and expanding the free car they can +further reduce traffic emissions + + align:start position:0% +further reduce traffic emissions + + + align:start position:0% +further reduce traffic emissions +transport planning and implementation in + + align:start position:0% +transport planning and implementation in + + + align:start position:0% +transport planning and implementation in +Penang still faces several challenges + + align:start position:0% +Penang still faces several challenges + + + align:start position:0% +Penang still faces several challenges +that need to be handled wisely in order + + align:start position:0% +that need to be handled wisely in order + + + align:start position:0% +that need to be handled wisely in order +to be more sustainable at the same time + + align:start position:0% +to be more sustainable at the same time + + + align:start position:0% +to be more sustainable at the same time +positive element of Penang's implemented + + align:start position:0% +positive element of Penang's implemented + + + align:start position:0% +positive element of Penang's implemented +strategies are a promising example for + + align:start position:0% +strategies are a promising example for + + + align:start position:0% +strategies are a promising example for +less developed cities + + align:start position:0% +less developed cities + + + align:start position:0% +less developed cities +[Music] + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/xxGA-7soXiw.txt b/xxGA-7soXiw.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9084fb012b91607a9c8538a73380823a3e7af24 --- /dev/null +++ b/xxGA-7soXiw.txt @@ -0,0 +1,579 @@ +align:start position:0% + +we'd like to consider a system of + + align:start position:0% +we'd like to consider a system of + + + align:start position:0% +we'd like to consider a system of +particles say we have object one we'll + + align:start position:0% +particles say we have object one we'll + + + align:start position:0% +particles say we have object one we'll +call this the J table ject object and + + align:start position:0% +call this the J table ject object and + + + align:start position:0% +call this the J table ject object and +and somewhere in the system of particles + + align:start position:0% +and somewhere in the system of particles + + + align:start position:0% +and somewhere in the system of particles +is a center of mass now we know that the + + align:start position:0% +is a center of mass now we know that the + + + align:start position:0% +is a center of mass now we know that the +external force is causing the momentum + + align:start position:0% +external force is causing the momentum + + + align:start position:0% +external force is causing the momentum +of the system to change and what we now + + align:start position:0% +of the system to change and what we now + + + align:start position:0% +of the system to change and what we now +like to show is that we can reduce this + + align:start position:0% +like to show is that we can reduce this + + + align:start position:0% +like to show is that we can reduce this +system to an effective single particle + + align:start position:0% +system to an effective single particle + + + align:start position:0% +system to an effective single particle +the way we'll do that is recall that the + + align:start position:0% +the way we'll do that is recall that the + + + align:start position:0% +the way we'll do that is recall that the +momentum of the system is given by the + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the system is given by the + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the system is given by the +sum of the individual Momentum's we'll + + align:start position:0% +sum of the individual Momentum's we'll + + + align:start position:0% +sum of the individual Momentum's we'll +call that the J the particle where we're + + align:start position:0% +call that the J the particle where we're + + + align:start position:0% +call that the J the particle where we're +summing J from 1 to N and that's the sum + + align:start position:0% +summing J from 1 to N and that's the sum + + + align:start position:0% +summing J from 1 to N and that's the sum +of the Momentum's of the various + + align:start position:0% +of the Momentum's of the various + + + align:start position:0% +of the Momentum's of the various +particles now when you differentiate the + + align:start position:0% +particles now when you differentiate the + + + align:start position:0% +particles now when you differentiate the +momentum of the system with respect to + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the system with respect to + + + align:start position:0% +momentum of the system with respect to +time we're just differentiating the + + align:start position:0% +time we're just differentiating the + + + align:start position:0% +time we're just differentiating the +velocity and so that becomes the + + align:start position:0% +velocity and so that becomes the + + + align:start position:0% +velocity and so that becomes the +acceleration of the J the particle now + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the J the particle now + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the J the particle now +we saw when we define the center of mass + + align:start position:0% +we saw when we define the center of mass + + + align:start position:0% +we saw when we define the center of mass +that the acceleration of the center of + + align:start position:0% +that the acceleration of the center of + + + align:start position:0% +that the acceleration of the center of +mass times the total mass of the system + + align:start position:0% +mass times the total mass of the system + + + align:start position:0% +mass times the total mass of the system +was equal to this sum of m j aj j goes + + align:start position:0% +was equal to this sum of m j aj j goes + + + align:start position:0% +was equal to this sum of m j aj j goes +from 1 to n so we see that another way + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to n so we see that another way + + + align:start position:0% +from 1 to n so we see that another way +to think about how the momentum the + + align:start position:0% +to think about how the momentum the + + + align:start position:0% +to think about how the momentum the +system of particles is changing is + + align:start position:0% +system of particles is changing is + + + align:start position:0% +system of particles is changing is +simply the total mass times the + + align:start position:0% +simply the total mass times the + + + align:start position:0% +simply the total mass times the +acceleration of the center of mass and + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the center of mass and + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the center of mass and +our combination of newton's second and + + align:start position:0% +our combination of newton's second and + + + align:start position:0% +our combination of newton's second and +third law now becomes that only the + + align:start position:0% +third law now becomes that only the + + + align:start position:0% +third law now becomes that only the +external forces cause the momentum of + + align:start position:0% +external forces cause the momentum of + + + align:start position:0% +external forces cause the momentum of +the system to change so that's equal to + + align:start position:0% +the system to change so that's equal to + + + align:start position:0% +the system to change so that's equal to +the total mass times the acceleration of + + align:start position:0% +the total mass times the acceleration of + + + align:start position:0% +the total mass times the acceleration of +the center of mass now what does this + + align:start position:0% +the center of mass now what does this + + + align:start position:0% +the center of mass now what does this +equation really mean so let's draw our + + align:start position:0% +equation really mean so let's draw our + + + align:start position:0% +equation really mean so let's draw our +pictures again here's our system we have + + align:start position:0% +pictures again here's our system we have + + + align:start position:0% +pictures again here's our system we have +particles 1 etc that's the jave particle + + align:start position:0% +particles 1 etc that's the jave particle + + + align:start position:0% +particles 1 etc that's the jave particle +and particles and in here is the center + + align:start position:0% +and particles and in here is the center + + + align:start position:0% +and particles and in here is the center +of mass now I'm going to outline my + + align:start position:0% +of mass now I'm going to outline my + + + align:start position:0% +of mass now I'm going to outline my +system like this + + align:start position:0% +system like this + + + align:start position:0% +system like this +and what this equation is telling us is + + align:start position:0% +and what this equation is telling us is + + + align:start position:0% +and what this equation is telling us is +that we can just focus by putting all of + + align:start position:0% +that we can just focus by putting all of + + + align:start position:0% +that we can just focus by putting all of +the mass and total at the center of mass + + align:start position:0% +the mass and total at the center of mass + + + align:start position:0% +the mass and total at the center of mass +and that center of mass is going to move + + align:start position:0% +and that center of mass is going to move + + + align:start position:0% +and that center of mass is going to move +according to some trajectory and all we + + align:start position:0% +according to some trajectory and all we + + + align:start position:0% +according to some trajectory and all we +have to think about is this is now a + + align:start position:0% +have to think about is this is now a + + + align:start position:0% +have to think about is this is now a +simple this is a point particle of total + + align:start position:0% +simple this is a point particle of total + + + align:start position:0% +simple this is a point particle of total +mass M M total so what we've done is + + align:start position:0% +mass M M total so what we've done is + + + align:start position:0% +mass M M total so what we've done is +we've done in very important reduction + + align:start position:0% +we've done in very important reduction + + + align:start position:0% +we've done in very important reduction +we've taken a complicated system of + + align:start position:0% +we've taken a complicated system of + + + align:start position:0% +we've taken a complicated system of +particles and reduced it to a single + + align:start position:0% +particles and reduced it to a single + + + align:start position:0% +particles and reduced it to a single +point particle of total mass M located + + align:start position:0% +point particle of total mass M located + + + align:start position:0% +point particle of total mass M located +at C m and the dynamics of that total + + align:start position:0% +at C m and the dynamics of that total + + + align:start position:0% +at C m and the dynamics of that total +particle is if there is an external + + align:start position:0% +particle is if there is an external + + + align:start position:0% +particle is if there is an external +force acting on this system we place + + align:start position:0% +force acting on this system we place + + + align:start position:0% +force acting on this system we place +this external force at the center of + + align:start position:0% +this external force at the center of + + + align:start position:0% +this external force at the center of +mass and now we can calculate the + + align:start position:0% +mass and now we can calculate the + + + align:start position:0% +mass and now we can calculate the +acceleration of the center of mass is + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the center of mass is + + + align:start position:0% +acceleration of the center of mass is +just that external force divided by the + + align:start position:0% +just that external force divided by the + + + align:start position:0% +just that external force divided by the +total mass and that's how we can reduce + + align:start position:0% +total mass and that's how we can reduce + + + align:start position:0% +total mass and that's how we can reduce +this complicated system of particles to + + align:start position:0% +this complicated system of particles to + + + align:start position:0% +this complicated system of particles to +a translational motion of the center of + + align:start position:0% +a translational motion of the center of + + + align:start position:0% +a translational motion of the center of +mass now we still cannot describe the + + align:start position:0% +mass now we still cannot describe the + + + align:start position:0% +mass now we still cannot describe the +individual interactions in the system + + align:start position:0% +individual interactions in the system + + + align:start position:0% +individual interactions in the system +but we're not trying to do that anymore + + align:start position:0% +but we're not trying to do that anymore + + + align:start position:0% +but we're not trying to do that anymore +we're not trying to trace how each + + align:start position:0% +we're not trying to trace how each + + + align:start position:0% +we're not trying to trace how each +particle moves we're just looking at as + + align:start position:0% +particle moves we're just looking at as + + + align:start position:0% +particle moves we're just looking at as +our system as a point particle and + + align:start position:0% +our system as a point particle and + + + align:start position:0% +our system as a point particle and +talking about how that point like object + + align:start position:0% +talking about how that point like object + + + align:start position:0% +talking about how that point like object +is translating in space and this is a + + align:start position:0% +is translating in space and this is a + + + align:start position:0% +is translating in space and this is a +powerful tool that we'll use again and + + align:start position:0% +powerful tool that we'll use again and + + + align:start position:0% +powerful tool that we'll use again and +again and again \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/xxjhXhhcg74.txt b/xxjhXhhcg74.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f8de703a3e581ce40ad89b64ae9e3be57b8b1ad --- /dev/null +++ b/xxjhXhhcg74.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2035 @@ +align:start position:0% + +in the previous video we created linear + + align:start position:0% +in the previous video we created linear + + + align:start position:0% +in the previous video we created linear +regression models in our using the + + align:start position:0% +regression models in our using the + + + align:start position:0% +regression models in our using the +summary function we were able to see the + + align:start position:0% +summary function we were able to see the + + + align:start position:0% +summary function we were able to see the +coefficients as well as some other + + align:start position:0% +coefficients as well as some other + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients as well as some other +information the ALPA of the coefficient + + align:start position:0% +information the ALPA of the coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +information the ALPA of the coefficient +section of the summary function is shown + + align:start position:0% +section of the summary function is shown + + + align:start position:0% +section of the summary function is shown +here the independent variables are + + align:start position:0% +here the independent variables are + + + align:start position:0% +here the independent variables are +listed on the left the estimate column + + align:start position:0% +listed on the left the estimate column + + + align:start position:0% +listed on the left the estimate column +gives the coefficients for the intercept + + align:start position:0% +gives the coefficients for the intercept + + + align:start position:0% +gives the coefficients for the intercept +and for each of the independent + + align:start position:0% +and for each of the independent + + + align:start position:0% +and for each of the independent +variables in our model the remaining + + align:start position:0% +variables in our model the remaining + + + align:start position:0% +variables in our model the remaining +columns help us determine if a variable + + align:start position:0% +columns help us determine if a variable + + + align:start position:0% +columns help us determine if a variable +should be included in the model or if + + align:start position:0% +should be included in the model or if + + + align:start position:0% +should be included in the model or if +its coefficient is significantly + + align:start position:0% +its coefficient is significantly + + + align:start position:0% +its coefficient is significantly +different from 0 a coefficient of 0 + + align:start position:0% +different from 0 a coefficient of 0 + + + align:start position:0% +different from 0 a coefficient of 0 +means that the value of the independent + + align:start position:0% +means that the value of the independent + + + align:start position:0% +means that the value of the independent +variable does not change our prediction + + align:start position:0% +variable does not change our prediction + + + align:start position:0% +variable does not change our prediction +for the dependent variable if a + + align:start position:0% +for the dependent variable if a + + + align:start position:0% +for the dependent variable if a +coefficient is not significantly + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is not significantly + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is not significantly +different from 0 then we should probably + + align:start position:0% +different from 0 then we should probably + + + align:start position:0% +different from 0 then we should probably +remove the variable from our model since + + align:start position:0% +remove the variable from our model since + + + align:start position:0% +remove the variable from our model since +it's not helping to predict the + + align:start position:0% +it's not helping to predict the + + + align:start position:0% +it's not helping to predict the +dependent variable the standard error + + align:start position:0% +dependent variable the standard error + + + align:start position:0% +dependent variable the standard error +gives a measure of how much the + + align:start position:0% +gives a measure of how much the + + + align:start position:0% +gives a measure of how much the +coefficient is likely to vary from the + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is likely to vary from the + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is likely to vary from the +estimate value the key value is the + + align:start position:0% +estimate value the key value is the + + + align:start position:0% +estimate value the key value is the +estimate divided by the standard error + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it will be negative if the estimate is + + align:start position:0% +it will be negative if the estimate is + + + align:start position:0% +it will be negative if the estimate is +negative and positive if the estimate is + + align:start position:0% +negative and positive if the estimate is + + + align:start position:0% +negative and positive if the estimate is +positive the larger the absolute value + + align:start position:0% +positive the larger the absolute value + + + align:start position:0% +positive the larger the absolute value +of the T statistic the more likely the + + align:start position:0% +of the T statistic the more likely the + + + align:start position:0% +of the T statistic the more likely the +coefficient is to be significant so we + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is to be significant so we + + + align:start position:0% +coefficient is to be significant so we +want variables with a large absolute + + align:start position:0% +want variables with a large absolute + + + align:start position:0% +want variables with a large absolute +value in this column the last column + + align:start position:0% +value in this column the last column + + + align:start position:0% +value in this column the last column +gives the probability that a coefficient + + align:start position:0% +gives the probability that a coefficient + + + align:start position:0% +gives the probability that a coefficient +is actually 0 it will be large if the + + align:start position:0% +is actually 0 it will be large if the + + + align:start position:0% +is actually 0 it will be large if the +absolute value of the T statistic is + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of the T statistic is + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of the T statistic is +small and it will be small if the + + align:start position:0% +small and it will be small if the + + + align:start position:0% +small and it will be small if the +absolute value of the T statistic is + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of the T statistic is + + + align:start position:0% +absolute value of the T statistic is +large we want variables with small + + align:start position:0% +large we want variables with small + + + align:start position:0% +large we want variables with small +values in this column this is a lot of + + align:start position:0% +values in this column this is a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +values in this column this is a lot of +information but the easiest way in are + + align:start position:0% +information but the easiest way in are + + + align:start position:0% +information but the easiest way in are +to determine if a variable is + + align:start position:0% +to determine if a variable is + + + align:start position:0% +to determine if a variable is +significant is to look at the stars at + + align:start position:0% +significant is to look at the stars at + + + align:start position:0% +significant is to look at the stars at +the end of each row + + align:start position:0% +the end of each row + + + align:start position:0% +the end of each row +three stars is the highest level of + + align:start position:0% +three stars is the highest level of + + + align:start position:0% +three stars is the highest level of +significance and corresponds to a + + align:start position:0% +significance and corresponds to a + + + align:start position:0% +significance and corresponds to a +probability less than point zero zero + + align:start position:0% +probability less than point zero zero + + + align:start position:0% +probability less than point zero zero +one the star coding scheme is explained + + align:start position:0% +one the star coding scheme is explained + + + align:start position:0% +one the star coding scheme is explained +at the bottom of the coefficient output + + align:start position:0% +at the bottom of the coefficient output + + + align:start position:0% +at the bottom of the coefficient output +three stars + + align:start position:0% +three stars + + + align:start position:0% +three stars +corresponds to probability values + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to probability values + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to probability values +between zero and point zero zero one or + + align:start position:0% +between zero and point zero zero one or + + + align:start position:0% +between zero and point zero zero one or +the smallest possible probabilities two + + align:start position:0% +the smallest possible probabilities two + + + align:start position:0% +the smallest possible probabilities two +stars is also very significant and + + align:start position:0% +stars is also very significant and + + + align:start position:0% +stars is also very significant and +corresponds to a probability between + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a probability between + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a probability between +0.01 and point zero one one star is also + + align:start position:0% +0.01 and point zero one one star is also + + + align:start position:0% +0.01 and point zero one one star is also +significant and corresponds to a + + align:start position:0% +significant and corresponds to a + + + align:start position:0% +significant and corresponds to a +probability between point zero one and + + align:start position:0% +probability between point zero one and + + + align:start position:0% +probability between point zero one and +point zero five a period or dot means + + align:start position:0% +point zero five a period or dot means + + + align:start position:0% +point zero five a period or dot means +that the variable is almost significant + + align:start position:0% +that the variable is almost significant + + + align:start position:0% +that the variable is almost significant +and corresponds to a probability between + + align:start position:0% +and corresponds to a probability between + + + align:start position:0% +and corresponds to a probability between +point zero five and point one when we + + align:start position:0% +point zero five and point one when we + + + align:start position:0% +point zero five and point one when we +ask you to list the significant + + align:start position:0% +ask you to list the significant + + + align:start position:0% +ask you to list the significant +variables in the model we will usually + + align:start position:0% +variables in the model we will usually + + + align:start position:0% +variables in the model we will usually +not include these nothing at the end of + + align:start position:0% +not include these nothing at the end of + + + align:start position:0% +not include these nothing at the end of +the row means that the variable is not + + align:start position:0% +the row means that the variable is not + + + align:start position:0% +the row means that the variable is not +significant in the model age and France + + align:start position:0% +significant in the model age and France + + + align:start position:0% +significant in the model age and France +population are both insignificant in our + + align:start position:0% +population are both insignificant in our + + + align:start position:0% +population are both insignificant in our +model let's switch to our and see if we + + align:start position:0% +model let's switch to our and see if we + + + align:start position:0% +model let's switch to our and see if we +can improve our model in the previous + + align:start position:0% +can improve our model in the previous + + + align:start position:0% +can improve our model in the previous +video we built a linear regression model + + align:start position:0% +video we built a linear regression model + + + align:start position:0% +video we built a linear regression model +called model three that used all of our + + align:start position:0% +called model three that used all of our + + + align:start position:0% +called model three that used all of our +independent variables to predict the + + align:start position:0% +independent variables to predict the + + + align:start position:0% +independent variables to predict the +dependent variable price in our our + + align:start position:0% +dependent variable price in our our + + + align:start position:0% +dependent variable price in our our +console we can see the summary output + + align:start position:0% +console we can see the summary output + + + align:start position:0% +console we can see the summary output +for this model by looking at the + + align:start position:0% +for this model by looking at the + + + align:start position:0% +for this model by looking at the +coefficients section we can see that + + align:start position:0% +coefficients section we can see that + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients section we can see that +both age and France population are + + align:start position:0% +both age and France population are + + + align:start position:0% +both age and France population are +insignificant in our model because of + + align:start position:0% +insignificant in our model because of + + + align:start position:0% +insignificant in our model because of +this we should consider removing these + + align:start position:0% +this we should consider removing these + + + align:start position:0% +this we should consider removing these +variables from our model let's start by + + align:start position:0% +variables from our model let's start by + + + align:start position:0% +variables from our model let's start by +just removing France population which we + + align:start position:0% +just removing France population which we + + + align:start position:0% +just removing France population which we +intuitively don't expect to be + + align:start position:0% +intuitively don't expect to be + + + align:start position:0% +intuitively don't expect to be +predictive of wine price anyway let's + + align:start position:0% +predictive of wine price anyway let's + + + align:start position:0% +predictive of wine price anyway let's +create a new model called model for + + align:start position:0% +create a new model called model for + + + align:start position:0% +create a new model called model for +which again uses the LM function to + + align:start position:0% +which again uses the LM function to + + + align:start position:0% +which again uses the LM function to +predict price using the independent + + align:start position:0% +predict price using the independent + + + align:start position:0% +predict price using the independent +variables average growing season + + align:start position:0% +variables average growing season + + + align:start position:0% +variables average growing season +temperature harvest rain winter rain + + align:start position:0% +temperature harvest rain winter rain + + + align:start position:0% +temperature harvest rain winter rain +and age here we're not using France + + align:start position:0% +and age here we're not using France + + + align:start position:0% +and age here we're not using France +population our data set again is wine + + align:start position:0% +population our data set again is wine + + + align:start position:0% +population our data set again is wine +which will be the data used to create + + align:start position:0% +which will be the data used to create + + + align:start position:0% +which will be the data used to create +our model let's look at the summary of + + align:start position:0% +our model let's look at the summary of + + + align:start position:0% +our model let's look at the summary of +model for we can see that our r-squared + + align:start position:0% +model for we can see that our r-squared + + + align:start position:0% +model for we can see that our r-squared +in this model is point eight two eight + + align:start position:0% +in this model is point eight two eight + + + align:start position:0% +in this model is point eight two eight +six and our adjusted r-squared is point + + align:start position:0% +six and our adjusted r-squared is point + + + align:start position:0% +six and our adjusted r-squared is point +seven nine if we scroll back up to our + + align:start position:0% +seven nine if we scroll back up to our + + + align:start position:0% +seven nine if we scroll back up to our +previous model our r-squared was point + + align:start position:0% +previous model our r-squared was point + + + align:start position:0% +previous model our r-squared was point +eight two nine four and our adjusted + + align:start position:0% +eight two nine four and our adjusted + + + align:start position:0% +eight two nine four and our adjusted +r-squared was point seven eight four so + + align:start position:0% +r-squared was point seven eight four so + + + align:start position:0% +r-squared was point seven eight four so +this model is just as strong if not + + align:start position:0% +this model is just as strong if not + + + align:start position:0% +this model is just as strong if not +stronger than before because our + + align:start position:0% +stronger than before because our + + + align:start position:0% +stronger than before because our +adjusted r-squared actually increased by + + align:start position:0% +adjusted r-squared actually increased by + + + align:start position:0% +adjusted r-squared actually increased by +removing France population if we look at + + align:start position:0% +removing France population if we look at + + + align:start position:0% +removing France population if we look at +each of our variables and the stars we + + align:start position:0% +each of our variables and the stars we + + + align:start position:0% +each of our variables and the stars we +now see that something a little strange + + align:start position:0% +now see that something a little strange + + + align:start position:0% +now see that something a little strange +happened before age was not significant + + align:start position:0% +happened before age was not significant + + + align:start position:0% +happened before age was not significant +at all in our model but now the variable + + align:start position:0% +at all in our model but now the variable + + + align:start position:0% +at all in our model but now the variable +age has two stars meaning that it's very + + align:start position:0% +age has two stars meaning that it's very + + + align:start position:0% +age has two stars meaning that it's very +significant in this new model why did + + align:start position:0% +significant in this new model why did + + + align:start position:0% +significant in this new model why did +this happen this is due to something + + align:start position:0% +this happen this is due to something + + + align:start position:0% +this happen this is due to something +called multicollinearity age and france + + align:start position:0% +called multicollinearity age and france + + + align:start position:0% +called multicollinearity age and france +population are what we call highly + + align:start position:0% +population are what we call highly + + + align:start position:0% +population are what we call highly +correlated let's learn a bit more about + + align:start position:0% +correlated let's learn a bit more about + + + align:start position:0% +correlated let's learn a bit more about +correlation correlation measures the + + align:start position:0% +correlation correlation measures the + + + align:start position:0% +correlation correlation measures the +linear relationship between two + + align:start position:0% +linear relationship between two + + + align:start position:0% +linear relationship between two +variables and is a number between + + align:start position:0% +variables and is a number between + + + align:start position:0% +variables and is a number between +negative 1 and positive 1 the highest + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 and positive 1 the highest + + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 and positive 1 the highest +correlation can be is positive 1 which + + align:start position:0% +correlation can be is positive 1 which + + + align:start position:0% +correlation can be is positive 1 which +corresponds to a perfect positive linear + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a perfect positive linear + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to a perfect positive linear +relationship between the two variables + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the two variables + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the two variables +the smallest correlation can be is + + align:start position:0% +the smallest correlation can be is + + + align:start position:0% +the smallest correlation can be is +negative 1 which corresponds to a + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 which corresponds to a + + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 which corresponds to a +perfect negative linear relationship + + align:start position:0% +perfect negative linear relationship + + + align:start position:0% +perfect negative linear relationship +between the two variables in the middle + + align:start position:0% +between the two variables in the middle + + + align:start position:0% +between the two variables in the middle +of these two extremes is a correlation + + align:start position:0% +of these two extremes is a correlation + + + align:start position:0% +of these two extremes is a correlation +of 0 which corresponds to no linear + + align:start position:0% +of 0 which corresponds to no linear + + + align:start position:0% +of 0 which corresponds to no linear +relationship between the two variables + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the two variables + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between the two variables +let's look at some examples + + align:start position:0% +let's look at some examples + + + align:start position:0% +let's look at some examples +this plot graphs winter ring on the + + align:start position:0% +this plot graphs winter ring on the + + + align:start position:0% +this plot graphs winter ring on the +x-axis and wine price on the y-axis by + + align:start position:0% +x-axis and wine price on the y-axis by + + + align:start position:0% +x-axis and wine price on the y-axis by +visually inspecting this plot we can see + + align:start position:0% +visually inspecting this plot we can see + + + align:start position:0% +visually inspecting this plot we can see +that it looks like there's a slight + + align:start position:0% +that it looks like there's a slight + + + align:start position:0% +that it looks like there's a slight +positive + + align:start position:0% +positive + + + align:start position:0% +positive +linear relationship between these two + + align:start position:0% +linear relationship between these two + + + align:start position:0% +linear relationship between these two +variables it turns out that the + + align:start position:0% +variables it turns out that the + + + align:start position:0% +variables it turns out that the +correlation between winter rain and wine + + align:start position:0% +correlation between winter rain and wine + + + align:start position:0% +correlation between winter rain and wine +price is 0.14 which corresponds to a + + align:start position:0% +price is 0.14 which corresponds to a + + + align:start position:0% +price is 0.14 which corresponds to a +slightly positive linear relationship as + + align:start position:0% +slightly positive linear relationship as + + + align:start position:0% +slightly positive linear relationship as +we saw visually this plot graphs harvest + + align:start position:0% +we saw visually this plot graphs harvest + + + align:start position:0% +we saw visually this plot graphs harvest +rain on the x-axis an average growing + + align:start position:0% +rain on the x-axis an average growing + + + align:start position:0% +rain on the x-axis an average growing +season temperature on the y-axis it's + + align:start position:0% +season temperature on the y-axis it's + + + align:start position:0% +season temperature on the y-axis it's +hard to visually see a positive or + + align:start position:0% +hard to visually see a positive or + + + align:start position:0% +hard to visually see a positive or +negative linear trend in this data it + + align:start position:0% +negative linear trend in this data it + + + align:start position:0% +negative linear trend in this data it +turns out that the correlation is equal + + align:start position:0% +turns out that the correlation is equal + + + align:start position:0% +turns out that the correlation is equal +to negative 0.06 + + align:start position:0% +to negative 0.06 + + + align:start position:0% +to negative 0.06 +which is very close to zero and + + align:start position:0% +which is very close to zero and + + + align:start position:0% +which is very close to zero and +corresponds to very little linear + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to very little linear + + + align:start position:0% +corresponds to very little linear +relationship this plot shows the age of + + align:start position:0% +relationship this plot shows the age of + + + align:start position:0% +relationship this plot shows the age of +wine compared to the population of + + align:start position:0% +wine compared to the population of + + + align:start position:0% +wine compared to the population of +France it looks like there's a very + + align:start position:0% +France it looks like there's a very + + + align:start position:0% +France it looks like there's a very +strong negative linear relationship + + align:start position:0% +strong negative linear relationship + + + align:start position:0% +strong negative linear relationship +between these two variables it turns out + + align:start position:0% +between these two variables it turns out + + + align:start position:0% +between these two variables it turns out +that the correlation is equal to + + align:start position:0% +that the correlation is equal to + + + align:start position:0% +that the correlation is equal to +negative 0.99 which is very close to + + align:start position:0% +negative 0.99 which is very close to + + + align:start position:0% +negative 0.99 which is very close to +negative 1 the smallest correlation + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 the smallest correlation + + + align:start position:0% +negative 1 the smallest correlation +could be let's compute some correlations + + align:start position:0% +could be let's compute some correlations + + + align:start position:0% +could be let's compute some correlations +in R we can compute the correlation + + align:start position:0% +in R we can compute the correlation + + + align:start position:0% +in R we can compute the correlation +between a pair of variables by using the + + align:start position:0% +between a pair of variables by using the + + + align:start position:0% +between a pair of variables by using the +COR function let's compute the + + align:start position:0% +COR function let's compute the + + + align:start position:0% +COR function let's compute the +correlation between winter rain and + + align:start position:0% +correlation between winter rain and + + + align:start position:0% +correlation between winter rain and +price we start by typing the name of the + + align:start position:0% +price we start by typing the name of the + + + align:start position:0% +price we start by typing the name of the +function + + align:start position:0% +function + + + align:start position:0% +function +cor then the name of the first variable + + align:start position:0% +cor then the name of the first variable + + + align:start position:0% +cor then the name of the first variable +wine dollar sign winter rain followed by + + align:start position:0% +wine dollar sign winter rain followed by + + + align:start position:0% +wine dollar sign winter rain followed by +a comma and then the name of the second + + align:start position:0% +a comma and then the name of the second + + + align:start position:0% +a comma and then the name of the second +variable if we hit enter we see that the + + align:start position:0% +variable if we hit enter we see that the + + + align:start position:0% +variable if we hit enter we see that the +correlation here between winter rain and + + align:start position:0% +correlation here between winter rain and + + + align:start position:0% +correlation here between winter rain and +price is 0.136 6505 we can also compute + + align:start position:0% +price is 0.136 6505 we can also compute + + + align:start position:0% +price is 0.136 6505 we can also compute +the correlation between two different + + align:start position:0% +the correlation between two different + + + align:start position:0% +the correlation between two different +variables let's say age and France + + align:start position:0% +variables let's say age and France + + + align:start position:0% +variables let's say age and France +population again we use the function cor + + align:start position:0% +population again we use the function cor + + + align:start position:0% +population again we use the function cor +and then type the names of the two + + align:start position:0% +and then type the names of the two + + + align:start position:0% +and then type the names of the two +variables if we add ENTER we see that + + align:start position:0% +variables if we add ENTER we see that + + + align:start position:0% +variables if we add ENTER we see that +the correlation between age and France + + align:start position:0% +the correlation between age and France + + + align:start position:0% +the correlation between age and France +population is about negative 0.99 we can + + align:start position:0% +population is about negative 0.99 we can + + + align:start position:0% +population is about negative 0.99 we can +also compute the correlation between all + + align:start position:0% +also compute the correlation between all + + + align:start position:0% +also compute the correlation between all +variables in our dataset + + align:start position:0% +variables in our dataset + + + align:start position:0% +variables in our dataset +by using the same function cor and + + align:start position:0% +by using the same function cor and + + + align:start position:0% +by using the same function cor and +typing the name of the dataset wine here + + align:start position:0% +typing the name of the dataset wine here + + + align:start position:0% +typing the name of the dataset wine here +our output shows us a lot of numbers and + + align:start position:0% +our output shows us a lot of numbers and + + + align:start position:0% +our output shows us a lot of numbers and +the rows are labeled by the variable + + align:start position:0% +the rows are labeled by the variable + + + align:start position:0% +the rows are labeled by the variable +names as well as the columns to find the + + align:start position:0% +names as well as the columns to find the + + + align:start position:0% +names as well as the columns to find the +correlation between two variables we + + align:start position:0% +correlation between two variables we + + + align:start position:0% +correlation between two variables we +find one variable name on the row and + + align:start position:0% +find one variable name on the row and + + + align:start position:0% +find one variable name on the row and +then go to the column labeled by the + + align:start position:0% +then go to the column labeled by the + + + align:start position:0% +then go to the column labeled by the +other variable name so for example if we + + align:start position:0% +other variable name so for example if we + + + align:start position:0% +other variable name so for example if we +want to find the correlation between + + align:start position:0% +want to find the correlation between + + + align:start position:0% +want to find the correlation between +average growing season temperature and + + align:start position:0% +average growing season temperature and + + + align:start position:0% +average growing season temperature and +price we can go down to the row labeled + + align:start position:0% +price we can go down to the row labeled + + + align:start position:0% +price we can go down to the row labeled +price and then through that row across + + align:start position:0% +price and then through that row across + + + align:start position:0% +price and then through that row across +to the column labeled average growing + + align:start position:0% +to the column labeled average growing + + + align:start position:0% +to the column labeled average growing +season temperature here we find that the + + align:start position:0% +season temperature here we find that the + + + align:start position:0% +season temperature here we find that the +correlation is about 0.65 9 5 so we have + + align:start position:0% +correlation is about 0.65 9 5 so we have + + + align:start position:0% +correlation is about 0.65 9 5 so we have +confirmed that the correlation between H + + align:start position:0% +confirmed that the correlation between H + + + align:start position:0% +confirmed that the correlation between H +and France population is very high so we + + align:start position:0% +and France population is very high so we + + + align:start position:0% +and France population is very high so we +do have multicollinearity in our model + + align:start position:0% +do have multicollinearity in our model + + + align:start position:0% +do have multicollinearity in our model +note that multicollinearity refers to + + align:start position:0% +note that multicollinearity refers to + + + align:start position:0% +note that multicollinearity refers to +the situation where two independent + + align:start position:0% +the situation where two independent + + + align:start position:0% +the situation where two independent +variables are highly correlated a high + + align:start position:0% +variables are highly correlated a high + + + align:start position:0% +variables are highly correlated a high +correlation between an independent + + align:start position:0% +correlation between an independent + + + align:start position:0% +correlation between an independent +variable and the dependent variable like + + align:start position:0% +variable and the dependent variable like + + + align:start position:0% +variable and the dependent variable like +the correlation between average growing + + align:start position:0% +the correlation between average growing + + + align:start position:0% +the correlation between average growing +season temperature and price is a good + + align:start position:0% +season temperature and price is a good + + + align:start position:0% +season temperature and price is a good +thing since we're trying to predict the + + align:start position:0% +thing since we're trying to predict the + + + align:start position:0% +thing since we're trying to predict the +dependent variable using the independent + + align:start position:0% +dependent variable using the independent + + + align:start position:0% +dependent variable using the independent +variable multicollinearity only applies + + align:start position:0% +variable multicollinearity only applies + + + align:start position:0% +variable multicollinearity only applies +to the case where two independent + + align:start position:0% +to the case where two independent + + + align:start position:0% +to the case where two independent +variables are highly positive or + + align:start position:0% +variables are highly positive or + + + align:start position:0% +variables are highly positive or +negatively correlated because of + + align:start position:0% +negatively correlated because of + + + align:start position:0% +negatively correlated because of +multicollinearity you always want to + + align:start position:0% +multicollinearity you always want to + + + align:start position:0% +multicollinearity you always want to +remove the insignificant variables one + + align:start position:0% +remove the insignificant variables one + + + align:start position:0% +remove the insignificant variables one +at a time let's see what would have + + align:start position:0% +at a time let's see what would have + + + align:start position:0% +at a time let's see what would have +happened if we had removed both age and + + align:start position:0% +happened if we had removed both age and + + + align:start position:0% +happened if we had removed both age and +france population at the same time we'll + + align:start position:0% +france population at the same time we'll + + + align:start position:0% +france population at the same time we'll +call this model model 5 and use the LM + + align:start position:0% +call this model model 5 and use the LM + + + align:start position:0% +call this model model 5 and use the LM +function to predict price using only + + align:start position:0% +function to predict price using only + + + align:start position:0% +function to predict price using only +average growing season temperature + + align:start position:0% +average growing season temperature + + + align:start position:0% +average growing season temperature +harvest rain and winter rain again we'll + + align:start position:0% +harvest rain and winter rain again we'll + + + align:start position:0% +harvest rain and winter rain again we'll +use the data set wine if we look at the + + align:start position:0% +use the data set wine if we look at the + + + align:start position:0% +use the data set wine if we look at the +summary of our model model 5 we can see + + align:start position:0% +summary of our model model 5 we can see + + + align:start position:0% +summary of our model model 5 we can see +that average growing season temperature + + align:start position:0% +that average growing season temperature + + + align:start position:0% +that average growing season temperature +harvest rain and winter + + align:start position:0% +harvest rain and winter + + + align:start position:0% +harvest rain and winter +rain are all fairly significant but our + + align:start position:0% +rain are all fairly significant but our + + + align:start position:0% +rain are all fairly significant but our +multiple R squared dropped to 0.75 in + + align:start position:0% +multiple R squared dropped to 0.75 in + + + align:start position:0% +multiple R squared dropped to 0.75 in +our previous model model for our R + + align:start position:0% +our previous model model for our R + + + align:start position:0% +our previous model model for our R +squared was about 0.8 3 so if we had + + align:start position:0% +squared was about 0.8 3 so if we had + + + align:start position:0% +squared was about 0.8 3 so if we had +removed both age and France population + + align:start position:0% +removed both age and France population + + + align:start position:0% +removed both age and France population +at the same time we would have lost a + + align:start position:0% +at the same time we would have lost a + + + align:start position:0% +at the same time we would have lost a +significant variable age and the + + align:start position:0% +significant variable age and the + + + align:start position:0% +significant variable age and the +r-squared of our model would have been + + align:start position:0% +r-squared of our model would have been + + + align:start position:0% +r-squared of our model would have been +lower + + align:start position:0% +lower + + + align:start position:0% +lower +why didn't we keep France population and + + align:start position:0% +why didn't we keep France population and + + + align:start position:0% +why didn't we keep France population and +remove age instead well we expect age to + + align:start position:0% +remove age instead well we expect age to + + + align:start position:0% +remove age instead well we expect age to +be significant older wines are typically + + align:start position:0% +be significant older wines are typically + + + align:start position:0% +be significant older wines are typically +more expensive since the population of + + align:start position:0% +more expensive since the population of + + + align:start position:0% +more expensive since the population of +France steadily increases with the year + + align:start position:0% +France steadily increases with the year + + + align:start position:0% +France steadily increases with the year +this captures the same effect as age but + + align:start position:0% +this captures the same effect as age but + + + align:start position:0% +this captures the same effect as age but +is less interprete Belen our model + + align:start position:0% +is less interprete Belen our model + + + align:start position:0% +is less interprete Belen our model +multicollinearity reminds us that + + align:start position:0% +multicollinearity reminds us that + + + align:start position:0% +multicollinearity reminds us that +coefficients are only interpretable in + + align:start position:0% +coefficients are only interpretable in + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients are only interpretable in +the presence of other variables being + + align:start position:0% +the presence of other variables being + + + align:start position:0% +the presence of other variables being +used high correlations can even cause + + align:start position:0% +used high correlations can even cause + + + align:start position:0% +used high correlations can even cause +coefficients to have the wrong sign + + align:start position:0% +coefficients to have the wrong sign + + + align:start position:0% +coefficients to have the wrong sign +we'll see this in the next lecture so we + + align:start position:0% +we'll see this in the next lecture so we + + + align:start position:0% +we'll see this in the next lecture so we +fixed the multicollinearity problem + + align:start position:0% +fixed the multicollinearity problem + + + align:start position:0% +fixed the multicollinearity problem +between age and France population do we + + align:start position:0% +between age and France population do we + + + align:start position:0% +between age and France population do we +have any other highly correlated + + align:start position:0% +have any other highly correlated + + + align:start position:0% +have any other highly correlated +independent variables if you look back + + align:start position:0% +independent variables if you look back + + + align:start position:0% +independent variables if you look back +at our correlation matrix you can see + + align:start position:0% +at our correlation matrix you can see + + + align:start position:0% +at our correlation matrix you can see +that we don't since all of our other + + align:start position:0% +that we don't since all of our other + + + align:start position:0% +that we don't since all of our other +remaining variables are also significant + + align:start position:0% +remaining variables are also significant + + + align:start position:0% +remaining variables are also significant +we'll stick with model 4 as our model + + align:start position:0% +we'll stick with model 4 as our model + + + align:start position:0% +we'll stick with model 4 as our model +for the rest of this lecture \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/yExu8MFD4dc.txt b/yExu8MFD4dc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..174c045793c95349ccf2785dacf9863d6e179a87 --- /dev/null +++ b/yExu8MFD4dc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8579 @@ +align:start position:0% + +The following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +The following content is provided under +a Creative Common License. Your support + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support + + + align:start position:0% +a Creative Common License. Your support +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue + + + align:start position:0% +will help MIT Open Courseware continue +to offer high-quality educational + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational + + + align:start position:0% +to offer high-quality educational +resources for free. To make a donation + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation + + + align:start position:0% +resources for free. To make a donation +or view additional materials from + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from + + + align:start position:0% +or view additional materials from +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open +Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +All right. In the last class, we looked + + align:start position:0% +All right. In the last class, we looked + + + align:start position:0% +All right. In the last class, we looked +at the architecture and urbanism of the + + align:start position:0% +at the architecture and urbanism of the + + + align:start position:0% +at the architecture and urbanism of the +world as it was known to the Mongolians. + + align:start position:0% +world as it was known to the Mongolians. + + + align:start position:0% +world as it was known to the Mongolians. +And during that class, I had introduced + + align:start position:0% +And during that class, I had introduced + + + align:start position:0% +And during that class, I had introduced +uh Janet Abu Lugod's idea that a + + align:start position:0% +uh Janet Abu Lugod's idea that a + + + align:start position:0% +uh Janet Abu Lugod's idea that a +preodern world system existed circa + + align:start position:0% +preodern world system existed circa + + + align:start position:0% +preodern world system existed circa +1300. And just to refresh your memory, I + + align:start position:0% +1300. And just to refresh your memory, I + + + align:start position:0% +1300. And just to refresh your memory, I +thought I'd put up the excerpt that I + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd put up the excerpt that I + + + align:start position:0% +thought I'd put up the excerpt that I +showed the last time as well. And uh I + + align:start position:0% +showed the last time as well. And uh I + + + align:start position:0% +showed the last time as well. And uh I +think in our continuing effort to + + align:start position:0% +think in our continuing effort to + + + align:start position:0% +think in our continuing effort to +understand uh the architectural and + + align:start position:0% +understand uh the architectural and + + + align:start position:0% +understand uh the architectural and +geographic dimensions of uh Abu Lugo's + + align:start position:0% +geographic dimensions of uh Abu Lugo's + + + align:start position:0% +geographic dimensions of uh Abu Lugo's +assertion that I'm showing here on the + + align:start position:0% +assertion that I'm showing here on the + + + align:start position:0% +assertion that I'm showing here on the +slide number two uh that circa 1300 the + + align:start position:0% +slide number two uh that circa 1300 the + + + align:start position:0% +slide number two uh that circa 1300 the +globe was integrated through exchange in + + align:start position:0% +globe was integrated through exchange in + + + align:start position:0% +globe was integrated through exchange in +unprecedented ways. We want to today + + align:start position:0% +unprecedented ways. We want to today + + + align:start position:0% +unprecedented ways. We want to today +examine port cities and specifically we + + align:start position:0% +examine port cities and specifically we + + + align:start position:0% +examine port cities and specifically we +will look at ports on the Indian Ocean + + align:start position:0% +will look at ports on the Indian Ocean + + + align:start position:0% +will look at ports on the Indian Ocean +that facilitated global exchange and + + align:start position:0% +that facilitated global exchange and + + + align:start position:0% +that facilitated global exchange and +this is sort of important for today and + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of important for today and + + + align:start position:0% +this is sort of important for today and +nurtured new tastes for luxuries and + + align:start position:0% +nurtured new tastes for luxuries and + + + align:start position:0% +nurtured new tastes for luxuries and +ornaments like silk and porcelain. + + align:start position:0% +ornaments like silk and porcelain. + + + align:start position:0% +ornaments like silk and porcelain. +Now + + align:start position:0% +Now + + + align:start position:0% +Now +on slide number three, I've added to uh + + align:start position:0% +on slide number three, I've added to uh + + + align:start position:0% +on slide number three, I've added to uh +the slide that we began with cities in + + align:start position:0% +the slide that we began with cities in + + + align:start position:0% +the slide that we began with cities in +yellow that constitute the major uh + + align:start position:0% +yellow that constitute the major uh + + + align:start position:0% +yellow that constitute the major uh +global ports circa 1300 across uh the + + align:start position:0% +global ports circa 1300 across uh the + + + align:start position:0% +global ports circa 1300 across uh the +Indian Ocean region, which is to say not + + align:start position:0% +Indian Ocean region, which is to say not + + + align:start position:0% +Indian Ocean region, which is to say not +just ports that were necessarily on the + + align:start position:0% +just ports that were necessarily on the + + + align:start position:0% +just ports that were necessarily on the +Indian Ocean, but certainly also um + + align:start position:0% +Indian Ocean, but certainly also um + + + align:start position:0% +Indian Ocean, but certainly also um +ports like Alexandria and Guanghou + + align:start position:0% +ports like Alexandria and Guanghou + + + align:start position:0% +ports like Alexandria and Guanghou +referred to um in subsequent European + + align:start position:0% +referred to um in subsequent European + + + align:start position:0% +referred to um in subsequent European +accounts as Canton uh that certainly + + align:start position:0% +accounts as Canton uh that certainly + + + align:start position:0% +accounts as Canton uh that certainly +were connected in the network of uh + + align:start position:0% +were connected in the network of uh + + + align:start position:0% +were connected in the network of uh +Indian Ocean area trade. Now besides + + align:start position:0% +Indian Ocean area trade. Now besides + + + align:start position:0% +Indian Ocean area trade. Now besides +thinking about the architectural + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the architectural + + + align:start position:0% +thinking about the architectural +connections and social relationships + + align:start position:0% +connections and social relationships + + + align:start position:0% +connections and social relationships +across these ports, it is important to + + align:start position:0% +across these ports, it is important to + + + align:start position:0% +across these ports, it is important to +analyze the relationship between ports + + align:start position:0% +analyze the relationship between ports + + + align:start position:0% +analyze the relationship between ports +and non-coastal centers of power, + + align:start position:0% +and non-coastal centers of power, + + + align:start position:0% +and non-coastal centers of power, +commerce and production. that I'm + + align:start position:0% +commerce and production. that I'm + + + align:start position:0% +commerce and production. that I'm +thinking here of uh specifically the + + align:start position:0% +thinking here of uh specifically the + + + align:start position:0% +thinking here of uh specifically the +relationship that uh emerges around uh + + align:start position:0% +relationship that uh emerges around uh + + + align:start position:0% +relationship that uh emerges around uh +the the early part of the 1200s between + + align:start position:0% +the the early part of the 1200s between + + + align:start position:0% +the the early part of the 1200s between +Kish Pas and Shiraz which at that time + + align:start position:0% +Kish Pas and Shiraz which at that time + + + align:start position:0% +Kish Pas and Shiraz which at that time +was newly emerging as a center of + + align:start position:0% +was newly emerging as a center of + + + align:start position:0% +was newly emerging as a center of +political and commercial power. Um, I + + align:start position:0% +political and commercial power. Um, I + + + align:start position:0% +political and commercial power. Um, I +also just want to say that what I've + + align:start position:0% +also just want to say that what I've + + + align:start position:0% +also just want to say that what I've +tried to do with this map is indicate + + align:start position:0% +tried to do with this map is indicate + + + align:start position:0% +tried to do with this map is indicate +that most cities in the Indian Ocean + + align:start position:0% +that most cities in the Indian Ocean + + + align:start position:0% +that most cities in the Indian Ocean +region on the coast were in fact + + align:start position:0% +region on the coast were in fact + + + align:start position:0% +region on the coast were in fact +spatially rather small and it's really + + align:start position:0% +spatially rather small and it's really + + + align:start position:0% +spatially rather small and it's really +only a few places like Alexandria that + + align:start position:0% +only a few places like Alexandria that + + + align:start position:0% +only a few places like Alexandria that +we get uh that are significantly + + align:start position:0% +we get uh that are significantly + + + align:start position:0% +we get uh that are significantly +different in scale. Uh, I think no less + + align:start position:0% +different in scale. Uh, I think no less + + + align:start position:0% +different in scale. Uh, I think no less +important are the connections between + + align:start position:0% +important are the connections between + + + align:start position:0% +important are the connections between +ports and places of pilgrimage. And + + align:start position:0% +ports and places of pilgrimage. And + + + align:start position:0% +ports and places of pilgrimage. And +while the map on slide number four is + + align:start position:0% +while the map on slide number four is + + + align:start position:0% +while the map on slide number four is +not intended as an exhaustive list of + + align:start position:0% +not intended as an exhaustive list of + + + align:start position:0% +not intended as an exhaustive list of +major religious sites in the 14th + + align:start position:0% +major religious sites in the 14th + + + align:start position:0% +major religious sites in the 14th +century, it does list places that we + + align:start position:0% +century, it does list places that we + + + align:start position:0% +century, it does list places that we +know uh influential traders visited in + + align:start position:0% +know uh influential traders visited in + + + align:start position:0% +know uh influential traders visited in +some cases routinely. Uh Mecca for + + align:start position:0% +some cases routinely. Uh Mecca for + + + align:start position:0% +some cases routinely. Uh Mecca for +example was the site of a large market + + align:start position:0% +example was the site of a large market + + + align:start position:0% +example was the site of a large market +in the mid-4th century and numerous + + align:start position:0% +in the mid-4th century and numerous + + + align:start position:0% +in the mid-4th century and numerous +traders uh journeyied from uh Cairo or + + align:start position:0% +traders uh journeyied from uh Cairo or + + + align:start position:0% +traders uh journeyied from uh Cairo or +Fustat as it was known then uh via Suez + + align:start position:0% +Fustat as it was known then uh via Suez + + + align:start position:0% +Fustat as it was known then uh via Suez +to Jidda and then overland to Mecca for + + align:start position:0% +to Jidda and then overland to Mecca for + + + align:start position:0% +to Jidda and then overland to Mecca for +religious and commercial purposes. + + align:start position:0% +religious and commercial purposes. + + + align:start position:0% +religious and commercial purposes. +So what uh preliminary inferences can we + + align:start position:0% +So what uh preliminary inferences can we + + + align:start position:0% +So what uh preliminary inferences can we +draw from this specific example of + + align:start position:0% +draw from this specific example of + + + align:start position:0% +draw from this specific example of +Makkah? So let us begin our work today + + align:start position:0% +Makkah? So let us begin our work today + + + align:start position:0% +Makkah? So let us begin our work today +by trying to define port cities as um + + align:start position:0% +by trying to define port cities as um + + + align:start position:0% +by trying to define port cities as um +hubs that connect to non- coastal + + align:start position:0% +hubs that connect to non- coastal + + + align:start position:0% +hubs that connect to non- coastal +markets, landmarks and production + + align:start position:0% +markets, landmarks and production + + + align:start position:0% +markets, landmarks and production +centers as zones of commerce that are + + align:start position:0% +centers as zones of commerce that are + + + align:start position:0% +centers as zones of commerce that are +linked to one another. And what I mean + + align:start position:0% +linked to one another. And what I mean + + + align:start position:0% +linked to one another. And what I mean +by zones of commerce is that it's not + + align:start position:0% +by zones of commerce is that it's not + + + align:start position:0% +by zones of commerce is that it's not +always just the jetty on the water that + + align:start position:0% +always just the jetty on the water that + + + align:start position:0% +always just the jetty on the water that +makes a port a port. It's also the + + align:start position:0% +makes a port a port. It's also the + + + align:start position:0% +makes a port a port. It's also the +relationships that exist in the + + align:start position:0% +relationships that exist in the + + + align:start position:0% +relationships that exist in the +immediate region surrounding that uh + + align:start position:0% +immediate region surrounding that uh + + + align:start position:0% +immediate region surrounding that uh +coastal settlement that allows for + + align:start position:0% +coastal settlement that allows for + + + align:start position:0% +coastal settlement that allows for +certain places we find to emerge as uh a + + align:start position:0% +certain places we find to emerge as uh a + + + align:start position:0% +certain places we find to emerge as uh a +port city of of global consequence. And + + align:start position:0% +port city of of global consequence. And + + + align:start position:0% +port city of of global consequence. And +finally the third point or the third + + align:start position:0% +finally the third point or the third + + + align:start position:0% +finally the third point or the third +third defining characteristic might seem + + align:start position:0% +third defining characteristic might seem + + + align:start position:0% +third defining characteristic might seem +a little abstract uh but but I'll try + + align:start position:0% +a little abstract uh but but I'll try + + + align:start position:0% +a little abstract uh but but I'll try +and give as concrete an example as I can + + align:start position:0% +and give as concrete an example as I can + + + align:start position:0% +and give as concrete an example as I can +uh is that politically port cities are + + align:start position:0% +uh is that politically port cities are + + + align:start position:0% +uh is that politically port cities are +not just any other town or village in a + + align:start position:0% +not just any other town or village in a + + + align:start position:0% +not just any other town or village in a +kingdom. uh they seem to have a very + + align:start position:0% +kingdom. uh they seem to have a very + + + align:start position:0% +kingdom. uh they seem to have a very +special relationship to say the capital + + align:start position:0% +special relationship to say the capital + + + align:start position:0% +special relationship to say the capital +of a kingdom or even other cities or + + align:start position:0% +of a kingdom or even other cities or + + + align:start position:0% +of a kingdom or even other cities or +other places in a given place or state. + + align:start position:0% +other places in a given place or state. + + + align:start position:0% +other places in a given place or state. +Um for example, we know that in many + + align:start position:0% +Um for example, we know that in many + + + align:start position:0% +Um for example, we know that in many +cases in the Indian Ocean region, ports + + align:start position:0% +cases in the Indian Ocean region, ports + + + align:start position:0% +cases in the Indian Ocean region, ports +were often autonomous uh but in all + + align:start position:0% +were often autonomous uh but in all + + + align:start position:0% +were often autonomous uh but in all +kinds of tributary relationships with uh + + align:start position:0% +kinds of tributary relationships with uh + + + align:start position:0% +kinds of tributary relationships with uh +certain centers of power. Uh the main + + align:start position:0% +certain centers of power. Uh the main + + + align:start position:0% +certain centers of power. Uh the main +point that I want to however emphasize + + align:start position:0% +point that I want to however emphasize + + + align:start position:0% +point that I want to however emphasize +in in this effort to define a global + + align:start position:0% +in in this effort to define a global + + + align:start position:0% +in in this effort to define a global +port city is that it's not just a city + + align:start position:0% +port city is that it's not just a city + + + align:start position:0% +port city is that it's not just a city +on the water. We do not want to indulge + + align:start position:0% +on the water. We do not want to indulge + + + align:start position:0% +on the water. We do not want to indulge +in the myth of geographic determinism. + + align:start position:0% +in the myth of geographic determinism. + + + align:start position:0% +in the myth of geographic determinism. +If that were true then the entire + + align:start position:0% +If that were true then the entire + + + align:start position:0% +If that were true then the entire +coastline of East Africa, the Arabian + + align:start position:0% +coastline of East Africa, the Arabian + + + align:start position:0% +coastline of East Africa, the Arabian +Peninsula, the Dean and Southeast Asia + + align:start position:0% +Peninsula, the Dean and Southeast Asia + + + align:start position:0% +Peninsula, the Dean and Southeast Asia +would have been littered with port + + align:start position:0% +would have been littered with port + + + align:start position:0% +would have been littered with port +cities. And yet we know this is not the + + align:start position:0% +cities. And yet we know this is not the + + + align:start position:0% +cities. And yet we know this is not the +case. Circa 1300. And if we look + + align:start position:0% +case. Circa 1300. And if we look + + + align:start position:0% +case. Circa 1300. And if we look +specifically at a mid- 20th century uh + + align:start position:0% +specifically at a mid- 20th century uh + + + align:start position:0% +specifically at a mid- 20th century uh +archaeological uh mapping of settlements + + align:start position:0% +archaeological uh mapping of settlements + + + align:start position:0% +archaeological uh mapping of settlements +on the East African coast on slide + + align:start position:0% +on the East African coast on slide + + + align:start position:0% +on the East African coast on slide +number six on the left hand side we see + + align:start position:0% +number six on the left hand side we see + + + align:start position:0% +number six on the left hand side we see +that in fact there were settlements all + + align:start position:0% +that in fact there were settlements all + + + align:start position:0% +that in fact there were settlements all +throughout uh the coast region uh and + + align:start position:0% +throughout uh the coast region uh and + + + align:start position:0% +throughout uh the coast region uh and +that's really an enlargement just of + + align:start position:0% +that's really an enlargement just of + + + align:start position:0% +that's really an enlargement just of +this area and yet we find no evidence of + + align:start position:0% +this area and yet we find no evidence of + + + align:start position:0% +this area and yet we find no evidence of +a major urban settlement devoted to + + align:start position:0% +a major urban settlement devoted to + + + align:start position:0% +a major urban settlement devoted to +global trade uh except for a place like + + align:start position:0% +global trade uh except for a place like + + + align:start position:0% +global trade uh except for a place like +Kilwa which is one of our case studies + + align:start position:0% +Kilwa which is one of our case studies + + + align:start position:0% +Kilwa which is one of our case studies +for today. Um, + + align:start position:0% +for today. Um, + + + align:start position:0% +for today. Um, +moreover, we find that not all port + + align:start position:0% +moreover, we find that not all port + + + align:start position:0% +moreover, we find that not all port +cities were equal. Some were more + + align:start position:0% +cities were equal. Some were more + + + align:start position:0% +cities were equal. Some were more +important than others, even though the + + align:start position:0% +important than others, even though the + + + align:start position:0% +important than others, even though the +same sailors and merchants visited both + + align:start position:0% +same sailors and merchants visited both + + + align:start position:0% +same sailors and merchants visited both +major and minor ports. Throughout this + + align:start position:0% +major and minor ports. Throughout this + + + align:start position:0% +major and minor ports. Throughout this +class, we will want to return to this + + align:start position:0% +class, we will want to return to this + + + align:start position:0% +class, we will want to return to this +question then. Why were some port cities + + align:start position:0% +question then. Why were some port cities + + + align:start position:0% +question then. Why were some port cities +architecturally grander or more + + align:start position:0% +architecturally grander or more + + + align:start position:0% +architecturally grander or more +commercially important than others? And + + align:start position:0% +commercially important than others? And + + + align:start position:0% +commercially important than others? And +uh the best I could do to in some senses + + align:start position:0% +uh the best I could do to in some senses + + + align:start position:0% +uh the best I could do to in some senses +uh suggest the hierarchy between major + + align:start position:0% +uh suggest the hierarchy between major + + + align:start position:0% +uh suggest the hierarchy between major +and minor global ports was on slide + + align:start position:0% +and minor global ports was on slide + + + align:start position:0% +and minor global ports was on slide +number seven to provide these dashed + + align:start position:0% +number seven to provide these dashed + + + align:start position:0% +number seven to provide these dashed +circles around uh the cities that we + + align:start position:0% +circles around uh the cities that we + + + align:start position:0% +circles around uh the cities that we +know from uh travel accounts and and + + align:start position:0% +know from uh travel accounts and and + + + align:start position:0% +know from uh travel accounts and and +from records pertaining to merchants uh + + align:start position:0% +from records pertaining to merchants uh + + + align:start position:0% +from records pertaining to merchants uh +from the 12th and 13th century that + + align:start position:0% +from the 12th and 13th century that + + + align:start position:0% +from the 12th and 13th century that +these in fact seem to have been the + + align:start position:0% +these in fact seem to have been the + + + align:start position:0% +these in fact seem to have been the +major zones of of international + + align:start position:0% +major zones of of international + + + align:start position:0% +major zones of of international +exchange. + + align:start position:0% +exchange. + + + align:start position:0% +exchange. +Now + + align:start position:0% +Now + + + align:start position:0% +Now +a lot of what we know about this part of + + align:start position:0% +a lot of what we know about this part of + + + align:start position:0% +a lot of what we know about this part of +the world and from this time period + + align:start position:0% +the world and from this time period + + + align:start position:0% +the world and from this time period +comes to us from economic and social + + align:start position:0% +comes to us from economic and social + + + align:start position:0% +comes to us from economic and social +histories of the Indian Ocean. That + + align:start position:0% +histories of the Indian Ocean. That + + + align:start position:0% +histories of the Indian Ocean. That +branch of history refers to this trade + + align:start position:0% +branch of history refers to this trade + + + align:start position:0% +branch of history refers to this trade +as the Dhao trade. A dhao being the + + align:start position:0% +as the Dhao trade. A dhao being the + + + align:start position:0% +as the Dhao trade. A dhao being the +particular kind of sailboat used by Arab + + align:start position:0% +particular kind of sailboat used by Arab + + + align:start position:0% +particular kind of sailboat used by Arab +merchants and sailors at this time to + + align:start position:0% +merchants and sailors at this time to + + + align:start position:0% +merchants and sailors at this time to +navigate the Indian Ocean and the South + + align:start position:0% +navigate the Indian Ocean and the South + + + align:start position:0% +navigate the Indian Ocean and the South +China Sea. And here on slide number + + align:start position:0% +China Sea. And here on slide number + + + align:start position:0% +China Sea. And here on slide number +eight on the left hand side we have a + + align:start position:0% +eight on the left hand side we have a + + + align:start position:0% +eight on the left hand side we have a +13th century uh illustration from + + align:start position:0% +13th century uh illustration from + + + align:start position:0% +13th century uh illustration from +manuscript al-hiri's makamat and I'm + + align:start position:0% +manuscript al-hiri's makamat and I'm + + + align:start position:0% +manuscript al-hiri's makamat and I'm +grateful to analen for uh helping me + + align:start position:0% +grateful to analen for uh helping me + + + align:start position:0% +grateful to analen for uh helping me +decipher this particular manuscript. + + align:start position:0% +decipher this particular manuscript. + + + align:start position:0% +decipher this particular manuscript. +It's believed to have been illustrated + + align:start position:0% +It's believed to have been illustrated + + + align:start position:0% +It's believed to have been illustrated +by somebody from the town of Wasit and + + align:start position:0% +by somebody from the town of Wasit and + + + align:start position:0% +by somebody from the town of Wasit and +that's why it says by Alwastiti and and + + align:start position:0% +that's why it says by Alwastiti and and + + + align:start position:0% +that's why it says by Alwastiti and and +Wasit itself was a minor um trading post + + align:start position:0% +Wasit itself was a minor um trading post + + + align:start position:0% +Wasit itself was a minor um trading post +inland in between um uh well just sort + + align:start position:0% +inland in between um uh well just sort + + + align:start position:0% +inland in between um uh well just sort +of off Basra to on the route to Baghdad. + + align:start position:0% +of off Basra to on the route to Baghdad. + + + align:start position:0% +of off Basra to on the route to Baghdad. +Uh so in all likelihood uh al-wastiti + + align:start position:0% +Uh so in all likelihood uh al-wastiti + + + align:start position:0% +Uh so in all likelihood uh al-wastiti +whoever he may have been may have been + + align:start position:0% +whoever he may have been may have been + + + align:start position:0% +whoever he may have been may have been +deeply familiar with what a dhao was + + align:start position:0% +deeply familiar with what a dhao was + + + align:start position:0% +deeply familiar with what a dhao was +although uh some later historians have + + align:start position:0% +although uh some later historians have + + + align:start position:0% +although uh some later historians have +pointed to certain inaccuracies in this + + align:start position:0% +pointed to certain inaccuracies in this + + + align:start position:0% +pointed to certain inaccuracies in this +particular illustration. The only thing + + align:start position:0% +particular illustration. The only thing + + + align:start position:0% +particular illustration. The only thing +I wanted to point to was the presence of + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to point to was the presence of + + + align:start position:0% +I wanted to point to was the presence of +uh the merchant figures in this + + align:start position:0% +uh the merchant figures in this + + + align:start position:0% +uh the merchant figures in this +illustration itself. + + align:start position:0% +illustration itself. + + + align:start position:0% +illustration itself. +Um and on the right hand side on the + + align:start position:0% +Um and on the right hand side on the + + + align:start position:0% +Um and on the right hand side on the +same slide we have a contemporary sort + + align:start position:0% +same slide we have a contemporary sort + + + align:start position:0% +same slide we have a contemporary sort +of 20th century photograph of a dhao + + align:start position:0% +of 20th century photograph of a dhao + + + align:start position:0% +of 20th century photograph of a dhao +docked in Kuwait. + + align:start position:0% +docked in Kuwait. + + + align:start position:0% +docked in Kuwait. +Now, how did these boats get across? For + + align:start position:0% +Now, how did these boats get across? For + + + align:start position:0% +Now, how did these boats get across? For +this, some attention to geography + + align:start position:0% +this, some attention to geography + + + align:start position:0% +this, some attention to geography +actually would be helpful. The monsoons, + + align:start position:0% +actually would be helpful. The monsoons, + + + align:start position:0% +actually would be helpful. The monsoons, +the word itself derived from the Arabic + + align:start position:0% +the word itself derived from the Arabic + + + align:start position:0% +the word itself derived from the Arabic +Mossim meaning weather, are periodic + + align:start position:0% +Mossim meaning weather, are periodic + + + align:start position:0% +Mossim meaning weather, are periodic +winds. And on slide number nine, uh, + + align:start position:0% +winds. And on slide number nine, uh, + + + align:start position:0% +winds. And on slide number nine, uh, +this taken from Janet Abu Lugod's book, + + align:start position:0% +this taken from Janet Abu Lugod's book, + + + align:start position:0% +this taken from Janet Abu Lugod's book, +um, I show how or she shows how, uh, in + + align:start position:0% +um, I show how or she shows how, uh, in + + + align:start position:0% +um, I show how or she shows how, uh, in +fact the winds move in the summer from + + align:start position:0% +fact the winds move in the summer from + + + align:start position:0% +fact the winds move in the summer from +the high-pressure area of the Indian + + align:start position:0% +the high-pressure area of the Indian + + + align:start position:0% +the high-pressure area of the Indian +Ocean, um, onto the land mass, which is + + align:start position:0% +Ocean, um, onto the land mass, which is + + + align:start position:0% +Ocean, um, onto the land mass, which is +a low pressure area, and then reverse in + + align:start position:0% +a low pressure area, and then reverse in + + + align:start position:0% +a low pressure area, and then reverse in +the winter. + + align:start position:0% +the winter. + + + align:start position:0% +the winter. +Uh now the implication of all of these + + align:start position:0% +Uh now the implication of all of these + + + align:start position:0% +Uh now the implication of all of these +uh patterns appears to be that the trade + + align:start position:0% +uh patterns appears to be that the trade + + + align:start position:0% +uh patterns appears to be that the trade +routes followed by uh merchants and and + + align:start position:0% +routes followed by uh merchants and and + + + align:start position:0% +routes followed by uh merchants and and +sailors at this time tended to stick + + align:start position:0% +sailors at this time tended to stick + + + align:start position:0% +sailors at this time tended to stick +fairly close to the coastline and uh + + align:start position:0% +fairly close to the coastline and uh + + + align:start position:0% +fairly close to the coastline and uh +there's some backup of our semise of + + align:start position:0% +there's some backup of our semise of + + + align:start position:0% +there's some backup of our semise of +this in the form of uh travel accounts + + align:start position:0% +this in the form of uh travel accounts + + + align:start position:0% +this in the form of uh travel accounts +from the 13th and 14th centuries. + + align:start position:0% +from the 13th and 14th centuries. + + + align:start position:0% +from the 13th and 14th centuries. +Now, drawing on translations of these + + align:start position:0% +Now, drawing on translations of these + + + align:start position:0% +Now, drawing on translations of these +travel accounts as well as later studies + + align:start position:0% +travel accounts as well as later studies + + + align:start position:0% +travel accounts as well as later studies +of standing buildings, we will look in + + align:start position:0% +of standing buildings, we will look in + + + align:start position:0% +of standing buildings, we will look in +depth at four ports. Each case is + + align:start position:0% +depth at four ports. Each case is + + + align:start position:0% +depth at four ports. Each case is +architecturally and historically + + align:start position:0% +architecturally and historically + + + align:start position:0% +architecturally and historically +distinct, although all four were visited + + align:start position:0% +distinct, although all four were visited + + + align:start position:0% +distinct, although all four were visited +by the same merchants, clerics, and + + align:start position:0% +by the same merchants, clerics, and + + + align:start position:0% +by the same merchants, clerics, and +sailors during this time period. And our + + align:start position:0% +sailors during this time period. And our + + + align:start position:0% +sailors during this time period. And our +four principal case studies are um I'm + + align:start position:0% +four principal case studies are um I'm + + + align:start position:0% +four principal case studies are um I'm +on slide number 11 now. Um uh Kilva in + + align:start position:0% +on slide number 11 now. Um uh Kilva in + + + align:start position:0% +on slide number 11 now. Um uh Kilva in +East Africa. Uh Cambe situated really at + + align:start position:0% +East Africa. Uh Cambe situated really at + + + align:start position:0% +East Africa. Uh Cambe situated really at +the head of the Gulf of Cambi. Uh + + align:start position:0% +the head of the Gulf of Cambi. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +the head of the Gulf of Cambi. Uh +Mangalore situated in the in the Dean + + align:start position:0% +Mangalore situated in the in the Dean + + + align:start position:0% +Mangalore situated in the in the Dean +Peninsula and Majapahit in uh Southeast + + align:start position:0% +Peninsula and Majapahit in uh Southeast + + + align:start position:0% +Peninsula and Majapahit in uh Southeast +Asia, the island based out of a centered + + align:start position:0% +Asia, the island based out of a centered + + + align:start position:0% +Asia, the island based out of a centered +on the island of Java. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Starting then with um Kilwa which and + + align:start position:0% +Starting then with um Kilwa which and + + + align:start position:0% +Starting then with um Kilwa which and +I've sort of held on to the map with all + + align:start position:0% +I've sort of held on to the map with all + + + align:start position:0% +I've sort of held on to the map with all +the cities over here. So we have some + + align:start position:0% +the cities over here. So we have some + + + align:start position:0% +the cities over here. So we have some +thumbnail guide Kilwa located here uh + + align:start position:0% +thumbnail guide Kilwa located here uh + + + align:start position:0% +thumbnail guide Kilwa located here uh +off uh the coast of modern day Tanzania. + + align:start position:0% +off uh the coast of modern day Tanzania. + + + align:start position:0% +off uh the coast of modern day Tanzania. +Uh Kila in fact is a remarkably small + + align:start position:0% +Uh Kila in fact is a remarkably small + + + align:start position:0% +Uh Kila in fact is a remarkably small +island as you can see. Um and and what + + align:start position:0% +island as you can see. Um and and what + + + align:start position:0% +island as you can see. Um and and what +we have with it is a powerful entreport + + align:start position:0% +we have with it is a powerful entreport + + + align:start position:0% +we have with it is a powerful entreport +or trading post where merchandise was + + align:start position:0% +or trading post where merchandise was + + + align:start position:0% +or trading post where merchandise was +imported and reexported. each such + + align:start position:0% +imported and reexported. each such + + + align:start position:0% +imported and reexported. each such +transaction profiting Kilwa's small + + align:start position:0% +transaction profiting Kilwa's small + + + align:start position:0% +transaction profiting Kilwa's small +trading and ruling community. It's also + + align:start position:0% +trading and ruling community. It's also + + + align:start position:0% +trading and ruling community. It's also +thought that Kilwa uh on account of its + + align:start position:0% +thought that Kilwa uh on account of its + + + align:start position:0% +thought that Kilwa uh on account of its +military might was able to preserve its + + align:start position:0% +military might was able to preserve its + + + align:start position:0% +military might was able to preserve its +position as the key point on the trade + + align:start position:0% +position as the key point on the trade + + + align:start position:0% +position as the key point on the trade +route of southern African gold coming + + align:start position:0% +route of southern African gold coming + + + align:start position:0% +route of southern African gold coming +from Sufala and heading up towards uh + + align:start position:0% +from Sufala and heading up towards uh + + + align:start position:0% +from Sufala and heading up towards uh +Hadrami uh Hyderamat the the Razulid + + align:start position:0% +Hadrami uh Hyderamat the the Razulid + + + align:start position:0% +Hadrami uh Hyderamat the the Razulid +kingdom of Hyderabad here in in present + + align:start position:0% +kingdom of Hyderabad here in in present + + + align:start position:0% +kingdom of Hyderabad here in in present +day Aiden. but certainly also to Mamluk + + align:start position:0% +day Aiden. but certainly also to Mamluk + + + align:start position:0% +day Aiden. but certainly also to Mamluk +Egypt. Both of which had a tremendous + + align:start position:0% +Egypt. Both of which had a tremendous + + + align:start position:0% +Egypt. Both of which had a tremendous +taste uh for gold. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now, as I suggested, it's a rather small + + align:start position:0% +Now, as I suggested, it's a rather small + + + align:start position:0% +Now, as I suggested, it's a rather small +island and even more interestingly than + + align:start position:0% +island and even more interestingly than + + + align:start position:0% +island and even more interestingly than +that for me was that uh it's really less + + align:start position:0% +that for me was that uh it's really less + + + align:start position:0% +that for me was that uh it's really less +than about four square kilometers of + + align:start position:0% +than about four square kilometers of + + + align:start position:0% +than about four square kilometers of +this island that appeared to have been + + align:start position:0% +this island that appeared to have been + + + align:start position:0% +this island that appeared to have been +settled as an anthroport uh in the 13th + + align:start position:0% +settled as an anthroport uh in the 13th + + + align:start position:0% +settled as an anthroport uh in the 13th +century. Although there is some evidence + + align:start position:0% +century. Although there is some evidence + + + align:start position:0% +century. Although there is some evidence +that there was outlying agrarian and + + align:start position:0% +that there was outlying agrarian and + + + align:start position:0% +that there was outlying agrarian and +fishing settlements as well on the same + + align:start position:0% +fishing settlements as well on the same + + + align:start position:0% +fishing settlements as well on the same +island. And uh our main interest for + + align:start position:0% +island. And uh our main interest for + + + align:start position:0% +island. And uh our main interest for +today in terms of uh 12th and 13th + + align:start position:0% +today in terms of uh 12th and 13th + + + align:start position:0% +today in terms of uh 12th and 13th +century or even 14th century structures + + align:start position:0% +century or even 14th century structures + + + align:start position:0% +century or even 14th century structures +is the great mosque of Kilwa uh shown + + align:start position:0% +is the great mosque of Kilwa uh shown + + + align:start position:0% +is the great mosque of Kilwa uh shown +here on uh slide 13 with with the red + + align:start position:0% +here on uh slide 13 with with the red + + + align:start position:0% +here on uh slide 13 with with the red +outline. Uh but certainly there are + + align:start position:0% +outline. Uh but certainly there are + + + align:start position:0% +outline. Uh but certainly there are +other structures here of historical note + + align:start position:0% +other structures here of historical note + + + align:start position:0% +other structures here of historical note +from later periods that people have paid + + align:start position:0% +from later periods that people have paid + + + align:start position:0% +from later periods that people have paid +considerable attention to the fort and + + align:start position:0% +considerable attention to the fort and + + + align:start position:0% +considerable attention to the fort and +the macuni complex there. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now the oldest sections of the great + + align:start position:0% +Now the oldest sections of the great + + + align:start position:0% +Now the oldest sections of the great +mosque of Kilwa date back to the 11th + + align:start position:0% +mosque of Kilwa date back to the 11th + + + align:start position:0% +mosque of Kilwa date back to the 11th +century to when the ruling uh elite of + + align:start position:0% +century to when the ruling uh elite of + + + align:start position:0% +century to when the ruling uh elite of +Kilwa may have been Shia rather than + + align:start position:0% +Kilwa may have been Shia rather than + + + align:start position:0% +Kilwa may have been Shia rather than +Sunni. And the oldest sections, if + + align:start position:0% +Sunni. And the oldest sections, if + + + align:start position:0% +Sunni. And the oldest sections, if +you're uh with me on slide 14, is really + + align:start position:0% +you're uh with me on slide 14, is really + + + align:start position:0% +you're uh with me on slide 14, is really +this part here. It's rather narrow, + + align:start position:0% +this part here. It's rather narrow, + + + align:start position:0% +this part here. It's rather narrow, +subsequently enlarged um around the 14th + + align:start position:0% +subsequently enlarged um around the 14th + + + align:start position:0% +subsequently enlarged um around the 14th +century. These are the original paving + + align:start position:0% +century. These are the original paving + + + align:start position:0% +century. These are the original paving +stones that seem to date back to the + + align:start position:0% +stones that seem to date back to the + + + align:start position:0% +stones that seem to date back to the +very early 11th century, possibly even + + align:start position:0% +very early 11th century, possibly even + + + align:start position:0% +very early 11th century, possibly even +some dispute, but possibly even the late + + align:start position:0% +some dispute, but possibly even the late + + + align:start position:0% +some dispute, but possibly even the late +10th century. Uh + + align:start position:0% +10th century. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +10th century. Uh +and here we have a a plan for the great + + align:start position:0% +and here we have a a plan for the great + + + align:start position:0% +and here we have a a plan for the great +mosque that allows us to understand uh + + align:start position:0% +mosque that allows us to understand uh + + + align:start position:0% +mosque that allows us to understand uh +the different phases of building + + align:start position:0% +the different phases of building + + + align:start position:0% +the different phases of building +activity. The darkest lines representing + + align:start position:0% +activity. The darkest lines representing + + + align:start position:0% +activity. The darkest lines representing +uh the work that was first commenced in + + align:start position:0% +uh the work that was first commenced in + + + align:start position:0% +uh the work that was first commenced in +the 11th century. Uh this larger uh + + align:start position:0% +the 11th century. Uh this larger uh + + + align:start position:0% +the 11th century. Uh this larger uh +southern extension so labeled the larger + + align:start position:0% +southern extension so labeled the larger + + + align:start position:0% +southern extension so labeled the larger +prayer hall actually comes from the 14th + + align:start position:0% +prayer hall actually comes from the 14th + + + align:start position:0% +prayer hall actually comes from the 14th +century although in the form that we + + align:start position:0% +century although in the form that we + + + align:start position:0% +century although in the form that we +find the ruin today. Kilwa was + + align:start position:0% +find the ruin today. Kilwa was + + + align:start position:0% +find the ruin today. Kilwa was +discovered in 1955 by British + + align:start position:0% +discovered in 1955 by British + + + align:start position:0% +discovered in 1955 by British +archaeologists. And what they in fact + + align:start position:0% +archaeologists. And what they in fact + + + align:start position:0% +archaeologists. And what they in fact +found was a 15th century reconstruction + + align:start position:0% +found was a 15th century reconstruction + + + align:start position:0% +found was a 15th century reconstruction +uh where stone pillars had replaced the + + align:start position:0% +uh where stone pillars had replaced the + + + align:start position:0% +uh where stone pillars had replaced the +coral block that had been used uh + + align:start position:0% +coral block that had been used uh + + + align:start position:0% +coral block that had been used uh +originally to to build um the the + + align:start position:0% +originally to to build um the the + + + align:start position:0% +originally to to build um the the +columns or pillars that we see here in + + align:start position:0% +columns or pillars that we see here in + + + align:start position:0% +columns or pillars that we see here in +plan. Uh what's interesting about coral + + align:start position:0% +plan. Uh what's interesting about coral + + + align:start position:0% +plan. Uh what's interesting about coral +construction and here is a photograph on + + align:start position:0% +construction and here is a photograph on + + + align:start position:0% +construction and here is a photograph on +the left of slide 16 of um the great + + align:start position:0% +the left of slide 16 of um the great + + + align:start position:0% +the left of slide 16 of um the great +mask itself with the coral box is that + + align:start position:0% +mask itself with the coral box is that + + + align:start position:0% +mask itself with the coral box is that +um this particular construction style or + + align:start position:0% +um this particular construction style or + + + align:start position:0% +um this particular construction style or +method is more generally associated with + + align:start position:0% +method is more generally associated with + + + align:start position:0% +method is more generally associated with +an architectural surveys to the red uh + + align:start position:0% +an architectural surveys to the red uh + + + align:start position:0% +an architectural surveys to the red uh +seapport town of Swakin + + align:start position:0% +seapport town of Swakin + + + align:start position:0% +seapport town of Swakin +present day Sudan. + + align:start position:0% +present day Sudan. + + + align:start position:0% +present day Sudan. +Uh, right immediately adjacent to the + + align:start position:0% +Uh, right immediately adjacent to the + + + align:start position:0% +Uh, right immediately adjacent to the +immediate south of the great mosque is + + align:start position:0% +immediate south of the great mosque is + + + align:start position:0% +immediate south of the great mosque is +the great house. And I'm not really + + align:start position:0% +the great house. And I'm not really + + + align:start position:0% +the great house. And I'm not really +going to spend any amount of time + + align:start position:0% +going to spend any amount of time + + + align:start position:0% +going to spend any amount of time +describing the great house, but um I + + align:start position:0% +describing the great house, but um I + + + align:start position:0% +describing the great house, but um I +just want to say that from its footprint + + align:start position:0% +just want to say that from its footprint + + + align:start position:0% +just want to say that from its footprint +and from the archaeological remnants + + align:start position:0% +and from the archaeological remnants + + + align:start position:0% +and from the archaeological remnants +that were found on the site um scholars + + align:start position:0% +that were found on the site um scholars + + + align:start position:0% +that were found on the site um scholars +have come to believe that this structure + + align:start position:0% +have come to believe that this structure + + + align:start position:0% +have come to believe that this structure +was probably home to a powerful merchant + + align:start position:0% +was probably home to a powerful merchant + + + align:start position:0% +was probably home to a powerful merchant +family and uh that in fact the oldest + + align:start position:0% +family and uh that in fact the oldest + + + align:start position:0% +family and uh that in fact the oldest +parts of the structure date back to the + + align:start position:0% +parts of the structure date back to the + + + align:start position:0% +parts of the structure date back to the +14th century and that it was in + + align:start position:0% +14th century and that it was in + + + align:start position:0% +14th century and that it was in +continuous use. that would appear up + + align:start position:0% +continuous use. that would appear up + + + align:start position:0% +continuous use. that would appear up +until the 16th century. Um, I'm + + align:start position:0% +until the 16th century. Um, I'm + + + align:start position:0% +until the 16th century. Um, I'm +certainly intrigued but was unable to + + align:start position:0% +certainly intrigued but was unable to + + + align:start position:0% +certainly intrigued but was unable to +find any definitive evidence to suggest + + align:start position:0% +find any definitive evidence to suggest + + + align:start position:0% +find any definitive evidence to suggest +that the presence of a merchant family + + align:start position:0% +that the presence of a merchant family + + + align:start position:0% +that the presence of a merchant family +so close uh to the main congregational + + align:start position:0% +so close uh to the main congregational + + + align:start position:0% +so close uh to the main congregational +mosque in fact might suggest that the + + align:start position:0% +mosque in fact might suggest that the + + + align:start position:0% +mosque in fact might suggest that the +mosque itself was somehow + + align:start position:0% +mosque itself was somehow + + + align:start position:0% +mosque itself was somehow +institutionally connected to mercantile + + align:start position:0% +institutionally connected to mercantile + + + align:start position:0% +institutionally connected to mercantile +activity. But um there's no uh real + + align:start position:0% +activity. But um there's no uh real + + + align:start position:0% +activity. But um there's no uh real +backup evidence uh for that. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um I just want to briefly turn. So all + + align:start position:0% +Um I just want to briefly turn. So all + + + align:start position:0% +Um I just want to briefly turn. So all +that we looked at, if you're with me on + + align:start position:0% +that we looked at, if you're with me on + + + align:start position:0% +that we looked at, if you're with me on +slide 18, all we had looked at was sort + + align:start position:0% +slide 18, all we had looked at was sort + + + align:start position:0% +slide 18, all we had looked at was sort +of just in this area, this sort of um + + align:start position:0% +of just in this area, this sort of um + + + align:start position:0% +of just in this area, this sort of um +western most tip of the island of Kilwa. + + align:start position:0% +western most tip of the island of Kilwa. + + + align:start position:0% +western most tip of the island of Kilwa. +What I want to do now is briefly turn to + + align:start position:0% +What I want to do now is briefly turn to + + + align:start position:0% +What I want to do now is briefly turn to +structures that are here in this part of + + align:start position:0% +structures that are here in this part of + + + align:start position:0% +structures that are here in this part of +the island. + + align:start position:0% +the island. + + + align:start position:0% +the island. +um and and specifically to the Husini + + align:start position:0% +um and and specifically to the Husini + + + align:start position:0% +um and and specifically to the Husini +Kubwa uh complex u although it should be + + align:start position:0% +Kubwa uh complex u although it should be + + + align:start position:0% +Kubwa uh complex u although it should be +noted that there's an other older 12th + + align:start position:0% +noted that there's an other older 12th + + + align:start position:0% +noted that there's an other older 12th +century structure here + + align:start position:0% +century structure here + + + align:start position:0% +century structure here +which I just find remarkable not at + + align:start position:0% +which I just find remarkable not at + + + align:start position:0% +which I just find remarkable not at +least of all because of its planned + + align:start position:0% +least of all because of its planned + + + align:start position:0% +least of all because of its planned +condition but again we we know so little + + align:start position:0% +condition but again we we know so little + + + align:start position:0% +condition but again we we know so little +about it that it's hard to really make a + + align:start position:0% +about it that it's hard to really make a + + + align:start position:0% +about it that it's hard to really make a +sensible story out of it on the other + + align:start position:0% +sensible story out of it on the other + + + align:start position:0% +sensible story out of it on the other +hand Kuba is a truly remarkable strange + + align:start position:0% +hand Kuba is a truly remarkable strange + + + align:start position:0% +hand Kuba is a truly remarkable strange +but certainly at the very least + + align:start position:0% +but certainly at the very least + + + align:start position:0% +but certainly at the very least +wonderful story. Uh the collective best + + align:start position:0% +wonderful story. Uh the collective best + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful story. Uh the collective best +guess on Husnik Kuba was that it + + align:start position:0% +guess on Husnik Kuba was that it + + + align:start position:0% +guess on Husnik Kuba was that it +accommodated a complex mix of public, + + align:start position:0% +accommodated a complex mix of public, + + + align:start position:0% +accommodated a complex mix of public, +private and commercial programs. Uh this + + align:start position:0% +private and commercial programs. Uh this + + + align:start position:0% +private and commercial programs. Uh this +may for example have very well been + + align:start position:0% +may for example have very well been + + + align:start position:0% +may for example have very well been +where Iben Batuta stayed when he visited + + align:start position:0% +where Iben Batuta stayed when he visited + + + align:start position:0% +where Iben Batuta stayed when he visited +Kilwa in 1331. + + align:start position:0% +Kilwa in 1331. + + + align:start position:0% +Kilwa in 1331. +Uh in stark contrast to the other + + align:start position:0% +Uh in stark contrast to the other + + + align:start position:0% +Uh in stark contrast to the other +landmarks at uh uh in Kilwa on this + + align:start position:0% +landmarks at uh uh in Kilwa on this + + + align:start position:0% +landmarks at uh uh in Kilwa on this +island, the Husniki Kubwa has no + + align:start position:0% +island, the Husniki Kubwa has no + + + align:start position:0% +island, the Husniki Kubwa has no +columns. Uh the roofing structure is + + align:start position:0% +columns. Uh the roofing structure is + + + align:start position:0% +columns. Uh the roofing structure is +supported instead by loadbearing walls. + + align:start position:0% +supported instead by loadbearing walls. + + + align:start position:0% +supported instead by loadbearing walls. +Um which I think is is quite interesting + + align:start position:0% +Um which I think is is quite interesting + + + align:start position:0% +Um which I think is is quite interesting +and uh unprecedented. You don't find any + + align:start position:0% +and uh unprecedented. You don't find any + + + align:start position:0% +and uh unprecedented. You don't find any +other structure that survives at least + + align:start position:0% +other structure that survives at least + + + align:start position:0% +other structure that survives at least +on the island that that uses that + + align:start position:0% +on the island that that uses that + + + align:start position:0% +on the island that that uses that +tectonic system. + + align:start position:0% +tectonic system. + + + align:start position:0% +tectonic system. +Uh it's possible that work on the + + align:start position:0% +Uh it's possible that work on the + + + align:start position:0% +Uh it's possible that work on the +complex was never completed and that in + + align:start position:0% +complex was never completed and that in + + + align:start position:0% +complex was never completed and that in +all likelihood the site was altogether + + align:start position:0% +all likelihood the site was altogether + + + align:start position:0% +all likelihood the site was altogether +abandoned sometime after 1335 when the + + align:start position:0% +abandoned sometime after 1335 when the + + + align:start position:0% +abandoned sometime after 1335 when the +sultan who was the building's patron + + align:start position:0% +sultan who was the building's patron + + + align:start position:0% +sultan who was the building's patron +died. Um and + + align:start position:0% +died. Um and + + + align:start position:0% +died. Um and +what's interesting I described this sort + + align:start position:0% +what's interesting I described this sort + + + align:start position:0% +what's interesting I described this sort +of mix of of commercial public and + + align:start position:0% +of mix of of commercial public and + + + align:start position:0% +of mix of of commercial public and +private uh programs within the complex. + + align:start position:0% +private uh programs within the complex. + + + align:start position:0% +private uh programs within the complex. +Uh here you have these two different + + align:start position:0% +Uh here you have these two different + + + align:start position:0% +Uh here you have these two different +courts that are used in a variety of + + align:start position:0% +courts that are used in a variety of + + + align:start position:0% +courts that are used in a variety of +ways uh for political as well as for + + align:start position:0% +ways uh for political as well as for + + + align:start position:0% +ways uh for political as well as for +trading purposes. Uh a palace court used + + align:start position:0% +trading purposes. Uh a palace court used + + + align:start position:0% +trading purposes. Uh a palace court used +much more privately and then a south + + align:start position:0% +much more privately and then a south + + + align:start position:0% +much more privately and then a south +court which uh was more connected with + + align:start position:0% +court which uh was more connected with + + + align:start position:0% +court which uh was more connected with +the storage facilities uh that form a + + align:start position:0% +the storage facilities uh that form a + + + align:start position:0% +the storage facilities uh that form a +part of um Husini Kubwa. And uh the word + + align:start position:0% +part of um Husini Kubwa. And uh the word + + + align:start position:0% +part of um Husini Kubwa. And uh the word +Hassen or its root the the root Hassen + + align:start position:0% +Hassen or its root the the root Hassen + + + align:start position:0% +Hassen or its root the the root Hassen +in in the word hus probably referred to + + align:start position:0% +in in the word hus probably referred to + + + align:start position:0% +in in the word hus probably referred to +the strength of its fortification. And I + + align:start position:0% +the strength of its fortification. And I + + + align:start position:0% +the strength of its fortification. And I +particularly like this uh reconstruction + + align:start position:0% +particularly like this uh reconstruction + + + align:start position:0% +particularly like this uh reconstruction +and model because you can just sort of + + align:start position:0% +and model because you can just sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and model because you can just sort of +imagine pulling up in one of those small + + align:start position:0% +imagine pulling up in one of those small + + + align:start position:0% +imagine pulling up in one of those small +dowels and sort of seeing this immense + + align:start position:0% +dowels and sort of seeing this immense + + + align:start position:0% +dowels and sort of seeing this immense +uh structure strung along uh this this + + align:start position:0% +uh structure strung along uh this this + + + align:start position:0% +uh structure strung along uh this this +raised uh embankment as it were. uh it + + align:start position:0% +raised uh embankment as it were. uh it + + + align:start position:0% +raised uh embankment as it were. uh it +must have been quite a sight if not + + align:start position:0% +must have been quite a sight if not + + + align:start position:0% +must have been quite a sight if not +formidable and daunting in some ways. + + align:start position:0% +formidable and daunting in some ways. + + + align:start position:0% +formidable and daunting in some ways. +Um now this is an exonometric + + align:start position:0% +Um now this is an exonometric + + + align:start position:0% +Um now this is an exonometric +reconstruction done um a few decades ago + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction done um a few decades ago + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction done um a few decades ago +uh by archaeologists + + align:start position:0% +uh by archaeologists + + + align:start position:0% +uh by archaeologists +of um the Husnik Kubua complex based + + align:start position:0% +of um the Husnik Kubua complex based + + + align:start position:0% +of um the Husnik Kubua complex based +mostly on uh ruins particularly the + + align:start position:0% +mostly on uh ruins particularly the + + + align:start position:0% +mostly on uh ruins particularly the +roofing system which is really an + + align:start position:0% +roofing system which is really an + + + align:start position:0% +roofing system which is really an +interesting hodgepodge of of different + + align:start position:0% +interesting hodgepodge of of different + + + align:start position:0% +interesting hodgepodge of of different +schemes had collapsed and sort of where + + align:start position:0% +schemes had collapsed and sort of where + + + align:start position:0% +schemes had collapsed and sort of where +it's collapsed and they've sort of + + align:start position:0% +it's collapsed and they've sort of + + + align:start position:0% +it's collapsed and they've sort of +extrapolated out and drawn up uh the + + align:start position:0% +extrapolated out and drawn up uh the + + + align:start position:0% +extrapolated out and drawn up uh the +exonometric that we see on slide type + + align:start position:0% +exonometric that we see on slide type + + + align:start position:0% +exonometric that we see on slide type +21. Um, the palace's ornamental pool, + + align:start position:0% +21. Um, the palace's ornamental pool, + + + align:start position:0% +21. Um, the palace's ornamental pool, +this one here, has been likened to a + + align:start position:0% +this one here, has been likened to a + + + align:start position:0% +this one here, has been likened to a +form found in Mamluk, Egypt. Uh, the + + align:start position:0% +form found in Mamluk, Egypt. Uh, the + + + align:start position:0% +form found in Mamluk, Egypt. Uh, the +conical domes have been likened to + + align:start position:0% +conical domes have been likened to + + + align:start position:0% +conical domes have been likened to +10-shaped ones found in Persia and + + align:start position:0% +10-shaped ones found in Persia and + + + align:start position:0% +10-shaped ones found in Persia and +Saljuk, Turkey. + + align:start position:0% +Saljuk, Turkey. + + + align:start position:0% +Saljuk, Turkey. +And I bring all this up just to say that + + align:start position:0% +And I bring all this up just to say that + + + align:start position:0% +And I bring all this up just to say that +if any of these connections bear out, + + align:start position:0% +if any of these connections bear out, + + + align:start position:0% +if any of these connections bear out, +how should we think about them? Should + + align:start position:0% +how should we think about them? Should + + + align:start position:0% +how should we think about them? Should +it be inter interpreted as evidence of + + align:start position:0% +it be inter interpreted as evidence of + + + align:start position:0% +it be inter interpreted as evidence of +globe trotting architects? Or does it + + align:start position:0% +globe trotting architects? Or does it + + + align:start position:0% +globe trotting architects? Or does it +prove that Kilwa's elite through trade + + align:start position:0% +prove that Kilwa's elite through trade + + + align:start position:0% +prove that Kilwa's elite through trade +and travel were aware of architectural + + align:start position:0% +and travel were aware of architectural + + + align:start position:0% +and travel were aware of architectural +wonders in distant metropolises? + + align:start position:0% +wonders in distant metropolises? + + + align:start position:0% +wonders in distant metropolises? +Or was it a 14th century architectural + + align:start position:0% +Or was it a 14th century architectural + + + align:start position:0% +Or was it a 14th century architectural +attempt by Kilwise elite to claim + + align:start position:0% +attempt by Kilwise elite to claim + + + align:start position:0% +attempt by Kilwise elite to claim +Persian ancestry? + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Ultimately, we can be much shorter about + + align:start position:0% +Ultimately, we can be much shorter about + + + align:start position:0% +Ultimately, we can be much shorter about +the import and deployment of luxury + + align:start position:0% +the import and deployment of luxury + + + align:start position:0% +the import and deployment of luxury +ornaments like the yuan vo and porcelain + + align:start position:0% +ornaments like the yuan vo and porcelain + + + align:start position:0% +ornaments like the yuan vo and porcelain +found amongst Kilwad's remnants than we + + align:start position:0% +found amongst Kilwad's remnants than we + + + align:start position:0% +found amongst Kilwad's remnants than we +can be about any of the questions that + + align:start position:0% +can be about any of the questions that + + + align:start position:0% +can be about any of the questions that +might explain uh the particular + + align:start position:0% +might explain uh the particular + + + align:start position:0% +might explain uh the particular +fashioning of the Husni Kuba complex. Um + + align:start position:0% +fashioning of the Husni Kuba complex. Um + + + align:start position:0% +fashioning of the Husni Kuba complex. Um +what I suggest is that new tastes uh + + align:start position:0% +what I suggest is that new tastes uh + + + align:start position:0% +what I suggest is that new tastes uh +like the rasole and mamluk taste for + + align:start position:0% +like the rasole and mamluk taste for + + + align:start position:0% +like the rasole and mamluk taste for +gold or the taste for porcelain and uh + + align:start position:0% +gold or the taste for porcelain and uh + + + align:start position:0% +gold or the taste for porcelain and uh +this here is blue and white pottery from + + align:start position:0% +this here is blue and white pottery from + + + align:start position:0% +this here is blue and white pottery from +Iran uh yuan vase that the taste for + + align:start position:0% +Iran uh yuan vase that the taste for + + + align:start position:0% +Iran uh yuan vase that the taste for +these items in fact is what drives sea + + align:start position:0% +these items in fact is what drives sea + + + align:start position:0% +these items in fact is what drives sea +trade. My point is distinct from the + + align:start position:0% +trade. My point is distinct from the + + + align:start position:0% +trade. My point is distinct from the +idea that increased in increased + + align:start position:0% +idea that increased in increased + + + align:start position:0% +idea that increased in increased +exchange or the globalization of trade + + align:start position:0% +exchange or the globalization of trade + + + align:start position:0% +exchange or the globalization of trade +created surpluses that were converted + + align:start position:0% +created surpluses that were converted + + + align:start position:0% +created surpluses that were converted +into domestic luxuries. Rather in Kilwa + + align:start position:0% +into domestic luxuries. Rather in Kilwa + + + align:start position:0% +into domestic luxuries. Rather in Kilwa +and in the other cities we will visit uh + + align:start position:0% +and in the other cities we will visit uh + + + align:start position:0% +and in the other cities we will visit uh +today textiles facilitated trade. To + + align:start position:0% +today textiles facilitated trade. To + + + align:start position:0% +today textiles facilitated trade. To +paraphrase one of my favorite + + align:start position:0% +paraphrase one of my favorite + + + align:start position:0% +paraphrase one of my favorite +characters, an ugly berry in the + + align:start position:0% +characters, an ugly berry in the + + + align:start position:0% +characters, an ugly berry in the +medieval + + align:start position:0% +medieval + + + align:start position:0% +medieval +uh fashion was currency. Uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so + + align:start position:0% +so + + + align:start position:0% +so +I'm just thinking of the original scene. + + align:start position:0% +I'm just thinking of the original scene. + + + align:start position:0% +I'm just thinking of the original scene. +Uh + + align:start position:0% +Uh + + + align:start position:0% +Uh +sort of continuing with our uh survey + + align:start position:0% +sort of continuing with our uh survey + + + align:start position:0% +sort of continuing with our uh survey +done. I want to now move in fact to + + align:start position:0% +done. I want to now move in fact to + + + align:start position:0% +done. I want to now move in fact to +Cambe and uh here we have uh a satellite + + align:start position:0% +Cambe and uh here we have uh a satellite + + + align:start position:0% +Cambe and uh here we have uh a satellite +image of the Gulf of Cam with the modern + + align:start position:0% +image of the Gulf of Cam with the modern + + + align:start position:0% +image of the Gulf of Cam with the modern +city of Kat or Cambe located here. And I + + align:start position:0% +city of Kat or Cambe located here. And I + + + align:start position:0% +city of Kat or Cambe located here. And I +think part of what this uh satellite + + align:start position:0% +think part of what this uh satellite + + + align:start position:0% +think part of what this uh satellite +image composes it is in fact of + + align:start position:0% +image composes it is in fact of + + + align:start position:0% +image composes it is in fact of +different sheets uh helps us understand + + align:start position:0% +different sheets uh helps us understand + + + align:start position:0% +different sheets uh helps us understand +is that + + align:start position:0% +is that + + + align:start position:0% +is that +this area has now largely silted and + + align:start position:0% +this area has now largely silted and + + + align:start position:0% +this area has now largely silted and +that all that we see here particularly + + align:start position:0% +that all that we see here particularly + + + align:start position:0% +that all that we see here particularly +in fact was water in um the 13th and + + align:start position:0% +in fact was water in um the 13th and + + + align:start position:0% +in fact was water in um the 13th and +14th and even up to the 15th century. + + align:start position:0% +14th and even up to the 15th century. + + + align:start position:0% +14th and even up to the 15th century. +And this is in fact what made Cumber in + + align:start position:0% +And this is in fact what made Cumber in + + + align:start position:0% +And this is in fact what made Cumber in +Marco Polo's words one of the largest + + align:start position:0% +Marco Polo's words one of the largest + + + align:start position:0% +Marco Polo's words one of the largest +and most magnific magnificent ports that + + align:start position:0% +and most magnific magnificent ports that + + + align:start position:0% +and most magnific magnificent ports that +he'd ever been to. And and uh writing a + + align:start position:0% +he'd ever been to. And and uh writing a + + + align:start position:0% +he'd ever been to. And and uh writing a +few decades later Iben Batuta said much + + align:start position:0% +few decades later Iben Batuta said much + + + align:start position:0% +few decades later Iben Batuta said much +the same thing. It's actually still a + + align:start position:0% +the same thing. It's actually still a + + + align:start position:0% +the same thing. It's actually still a +very small town. I mean its footprint is + + align:start position:0% +very small town. I mean its footprint is + + + align:start position:0% +very small town. I mean its footprint is +not even covered uh by the generic icon + + align:start position:0% +not even covered uh by the generic icon + + + align:start position:0% +not even covered uh by the generic icon +thrown on by uh Google Earth. Um and one + + align:start position:0% +thrown on by uh Google Earth. Um and one + + + align:start position:0% +thrown on by uh Google Earth. Um and one +can only imagine that the um 13th + + align:start position:0% +can only imagine that the um 13th + + + align:start position:0% +can only imagine that the um 13th +century town was uh smaller. Now what's + + align:start position:0% +century town was uh smaller. Now what's + + + align:start position:0% +century town was uh smaller. Now what's +interesting about Cambe is that it was + + align:start position:0% +interesting about Cambe is that it was + + + align:start position:0% +interesting about Cambe is that it was +certainly connected to the Dilly Sultan + + align:start position:0% +certainly connected to the Dilly Sultan + + + align:start position:0% +certainly connected to the Dilly Sultan +uh but it's not clear that it was + + align:start position:0% +uh but it's not clear that it was + + + align:start position:0% +uh but it's not clear that it was +directly ruled by it in the 13th century + + align:start position:0% +directly ruled by it in the 13th century + + + align:start position:0% +directly ruled by it in the 13th century +and we want to return to this theme a + + align:start position:0% +and we want to return to this theme a + + + align:start position:0% +and we want to return to this theme a +couple of times. The principal building + + align:start position:0% +couple of times. The principal building + + + align:start position:0% +couple of times. The principal building +that I want to talk about here is the + + align:start position:0% +that I want to talk about here is the + + + align:start position:0% +that I want to talk about here is the +Jam Mazjid, the Friday congregational + + align:start position:0% +Jam Mazjid, the Friday congregational + + + align:start position:0% +Jam Mazjid, the Friday congregational +mosque. And again, just sort of look at + + align:start position:0% +mosque. And again, just sort of look at + + + align:start position:0% +mosque. And again, just sort of look at +the topographical geographical detail + + align:start position:0% +the topographical geographical detail + + + align:start position:0% +the topographical geographical detail +here, we can be quite sure that the + + align:start position:0% +here, we can be quite sure that the + + + align:start position:0% +here, we can be quite sure that the +waterfront was actually quite close to + + align:start position:0% +waterfront was actually quite close to + + + align:start position:0% +waterfront was actually quite close to +where uh the Jam Masjid had been built + + align:start position:0% +where uh the Jam Masjid had been built + + + align:start position:0% +where uh the Jam Masjid had been built +in 1325. If you look at your slide list, + + align:start position:0% +in 1325. If you look at your slide list, + + + align:start position:0% +in 1325. If you look at your slide list, +uh we're on slide number 24. + + align:start position:0% +uh we're on slide number 24. + + + align:start position:0% +uh we're on slide number 24. +This is by far the most widely + + align:start position:0% +This is by far the most widely + + + align:start position:0% +This is by far the most widely +documented landmark in Cambe and uh + + align:start position:0% +documented landmark in Cambe and uh + + + align:start position:0% +documented landmark in Cambe and uh +although built uh or the one that we + + align:start position:0% +although built uh or the one that we + + + align:start position:0% +although built uh or the one that we +look at is built in 1325, it was + + align:start position:0% +look at is built in 1325, it was + + + align:start position:0% +look at is built in 1325, it was +probably not the first Jami or Friday + + align:start position:0% +probably not the first Jami or Friday + + + align:start position:0% +probably not the first Jami or Friday +mosque in the city. Um it's I think most + + align:start position:0% +mosque in the city. Um it's I think most + + + align:start position:0% +mosque in the city. Um it's I think most +uh prominent features might be uh this + + align:start position:0% +uh prominent features might be uh this + + + align:start position:0% +uh prominent features might be uh this +central courtyard and the roofing system + + align:start position:0% +central courtyard and the roofing system + + + align:start position:0% +central courtyard and the roofing system +which consists of 21 domes uh supported + + align:start position:0% +which consists of 21 domes uh supported + + + align:start position:0% +which consists of 21 domes uh supported +by uh 156 columns and 70 pilasters all + + align:start position:0% +by uh 156 columns and 70 pilasters all + + + align:start position:0% +by uh 156 columns and 70 pilasters all +of which rise to 15 ft. and we'll see um + + align:start position:0% +of which rise to 15 ft. and we'll see um + + + align:start position:0% +of which rise to 15 ft. and we'll see um +some photographs and plans of this. Um + + align:start position:0% +some photographs and plans of this. Um + + + align:start position:0% +some photographs and plans of this. Um +this are eligibly recent photographs + + align:start position:0% +this are eligibly recent photographs + + + align:start position:0% +this are eligibly recent photographs +taken by an architectural historian who + + align:start position:0% +taken by an architectural historian who + + + align:start position:0% +taken by an architectural historian who +completed her dissertation at Harvard a + + align:start position:0% +completed her dissertation at Harvard a + + + align:start position:0% +completed her dissertation at Harvard a +few years ago. Um and so here you get a + + align:start position:0% +few years ago. Um and so here you get a + + + align:start position:0% +few years ago. Um and so here you get a +sense of the extent to which uh light + + align:start position:0% +sense of the extent to which uh light + + + align:start position:0% +sense of the extent to which uh light +and air comes in uh to these colonated + + align:start position:0% +and air comes in uh to these colonated + + + align:start position:0% +and air comes in uh to these colonated +walkway spaces precisely because in fact + + align:start position:0% +walkway spaces precisely because in fact + + + align:start position:0% +walkway spaces precisely because in fact +they rise uh to to 15 ft. + + align:start position:0% +they rise uh to to 15 ft. + + + align:start position:0% +they rise uh to to 15 ft. +And here on slide number 26 we have uh a + + align:start position:0% +And here on slide number 26 we have uh a + + + align:start position:0% +And here on slide number 26 we have uh a +plan and + + align:start position:0% +plan and + + + align:start position:0% +plan and +here we have the columns and this is + + align:start position:0% +here we have the columns and this is + + + align:start position:0% +here we have the columns and this is +what I say totals up to 156 and the + + align:start position:0% +what I say totals up to 156 and the + + + align:start position:0% +what I say totals up to 156 and the +pilasters back wall like so. Um the area + + align:start position:0% +pilasters back wall like so. Um the area + + + align:start position:0% +pilasters back wall like so. Um the area +on this slide uh denoted by the red + + align:start position:0% +on this slide uh denoted by the red + + + align:start position:0% +on this slide uh denoted by the red +dashed line is the enclosure for the Al + + align:start position:0% +dashed line is the enclosure for the Al + + + align:start position:0% +dashed line is the enclosure for the Al +Kazeruni tomb and uh this in fact in the + + align:start position:0% +Kazeruni tomb and uh this in fact in the + + + align:start position:0% +Kazeruni tomb and uh this in fact in the +center is his tomb from 1333 and the one + + align:start position:0% +center is his tomb from 1333 and the one + + + align:start position:0% +center is his tomb from 1333 and the one +adjacent to it is uh his daughters from + + align:start position:0% +adjacent to it is uh his daughters from + + + align:start position:0% +adjacent to it is uh his daughters from +1381. + + align:start position:0% +1381. + + + align:start position:0% +1381. +Uh + + align:start position:0% +Uh + + + align:start position:0% +Uh +give you a sense of the courtyard. The + + align:start position:0% +give you a sense of the courtyard. The + + + align:start position:0% +give you a sense of the courtyard. The +photograph on slide number 27 on the + + align:start position:0% +photograph on slide number 27 on the + + + align:start position:0% +photograph on slide number 27 on the +left is an archival photograph taken by + + align:start position:0% +left is an archival photograph taken by + + + align:start position:0% +left is an archival photograph taken by +the great or notorious depending on your + + align:start position:0% +the great or notorious depending on your + + + align:start position:0% +the great or notorious depending on your +perspective uh archaeologist Henry + + align:start position:0% +perspective uh archaeologist Henry + + + align:start position:0% +perspective uh archaeologist Henry +Cousins. And um I think it sort of + + align:start position:0% +Cousins. And um I think it sort of + + + align:start position:0% +Cousins. And um I think it sort of +luckily gives us a very good sense of + + align:start position:0% +luckily gives us a very good sense of + + + align:start position:0% +luckily gives us a very good sense of +what we see in plant this structure + + align:start position:0% +what we see in plant this structure + + + align:start position:0% +what we see in plant this structure +being what we see here. That's that. And + + align:start position:0% +being what we see here. That's that. And + + + align:start position:0% +being what we see here. That's that. And +uh that previous photograph that I had + + align:start position:0% +uh that previous photograph that I had + + + align:start position:0% +uh that previous photograph that I had +shown you of the colonade was sort of + + align:start position:0% +shown you of the colonade was sort of + + + align:start position:0% +shown you of the colonade was sort of +taken looking that way. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Uh just one last architectural feature + + align:start position:0% +Uh just one last architectural feature + + + align:start position:0% +Uh just one last architectural feature +to point out is this portico. This sort + + align:start position:0% +to point out is this portico. This sort + + + align:start position:0% +to point out is this portico. This sort +of becomes important for our + + align:start position:0% +of becomes important for our + + + align:start position:0% +of becomes important for our +understanding not just of the building + + align:start position:0% +understanding not just of the building + + + align:start position:0% +understanding not just of the building +um but of uh architectural and + + align:start position:0% +um but of uh architectural and + + + align:start position:0% +um but of uh architectural and +commercial culture in uh Cambe circa + + align:start position:0% +commercial culture in uh Cambe circa + + + align:start position:0% +commercial culture in uh Cambe circa +1300. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Um now architectural historians drawing + + align:start position:0% +Um now architectural historians drawing + + + align:start position:0% +Um now architectural historians drawing +partly on in Arabic inscriptions and + + align:start position:0% +partly on in Arabic inscriptions and + + + align:start position:0% +partly on in Arabic inscriptions and +partly on formal analysis of the + + align:start position:0% +partly on formal analysis of the + + + align:start position:0% +partly on formal analysis of the +building + + align:start position:0% +building + + + align:start position:0% +building +including the portico and ceilings have + + align:start position:0% +including the portico and ceilings have + + + align:start position:0% +including the portico and ceilings have +suggested that this mosque was in part a + + align:start position:0% +suggested that this mosque was in part a + + + align:start position:0% +suggested that this mosque was in part a +reconstruction of a 12th century mosque + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction of a 12th century mosque + + + align:start position:0% +reconstruction of a 12th century mosque +on the same site. And here you actually + + align:start position:0% +on the same site. And here you actually + + + align:start position:0% +on the same site. And here you actually +have um ceiling fragments uh dating not + + align:start position:0% +have um ceiling fragments uh dating not + + + align:start position:0% +have um ceiling fragments uh dating not +as far back as the 12th century but uh + + align:start position:0% +as far back as the 12th century but uh + + + align:start position:0% +as far back as the 12th century but uh +according to Alapatel who was the former + + align:start position:0% +according to Alapatel who was the former + + + align:start position:0% +according to Alapatel who was the former +doctoral student at Harvard that I + + align:start position:0% +doctoral student at Harvard that I + + + align:start position:0% +doctoral student at Harvard that I +referenced earlier uh quite definitively + + align:start position:0% +referenced earlier uh quite definitively + + + align:start position:0% +referenced earlier uh quite definitively +dates it to 13th century. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +I pulled up uh translations of two + + align:start position:0% +I pulled up uh translations of two + + + align:start position:0% +I pulled up uh translations of two +inscriptions from two different mosques + + align:start position:0% +inscriptions from two different mosques + + + align:start position:0% +inscriptions from two different mosques +uh found in Cambe. Um mostly because I + + align:start position:0% +uh found in Cambe. Um mostly because I + + + align:start position:0% +uh found in Cambe. Um mostly because I +think it gives us a tremendous way to + + align:start position:0% +think it gives us a tremendous way to + + + align:start position:0% +think it gives us a tremendous way to +understand the nature of patronage in a + + align:start position:0% +understand the nature of patronage in a + + + align:start position:0% +understand the nature of patronage in a +port city like Campbe with its + + align:start position:0% +port city like Campbe with its + + + align:start position:0% +port city like Campbe with its +particular kind of links to the Delhi + + align:start position:0% +particular kind of links to the Delhi + + + align:start position:0% +particular kind of links to the Delhi +Sultanit but also to global trade and to + + align:start position:0% +Sultanit but also to global trade and to + + + align:start position:0% +Sultanit but also to global trade and to +uh places like Hmaz in the Persian Gulf. + + align:start position:0% +uh places like Hmaz in the Persian Gulf. + + + align:start position:0% +uh places like Hmaz in the Persian Gulf. +Uh some of the key things I think to pay + + align:start position:0% +Uh some of the key things I think to pay + + + align:start position:0% +Uh some of the key things I think to pay +attention to is that it is a bequest of + + align:start position:0% +attention to is that it is a bequest of + + + align:start position:0% +attention to is that it is a bequest of +personal or or one might translate it as + + align:start position:0% +personal or or one might translate it as + + + align:start position:0% +personal or or one might translate it as +private property. Um and that a certain + + align:start position:0% +private property. Um and that a certain + + + align:start position:0% +private property. Um and that a certain +kind of relationship between uh the + + align:start position:0% +kind of relationship between uh the + + + align:start position:0% +kind of relationship between uh the +merchant and the sultan is is expressed + + align:start position:0% +merchant and the sultan is is expressed + + + align:start position:0% +merchant and the sultan is is expressed +um in uh these passages. I also just + + align:start position:0% +um in uh these passages. I also just + + + align:start position:0% +um in uh these passages. I also just +absolutely love the second in + + align:start position:0% +absolutely love the second in + + + align:start position:0% +absolutely love the second in +inscription which sort of ends with the + + align:start position:0% +inscription which sort of ends with the + + + align:start position:0% +inscription which sort of ends with the +prayer for the architect and and I + + align:start position:0% +prayer for the architect and and I + + + align:start position:0% +prayer for the architect and and I +imagine that that Frank Gary would just + + align:start position:0% +imagine that that Frank Gary would just + + + align:start position:0% +imagine that that Frank Gary would just +love it if Susan Hawkfield would pray + + align:start position:0% +love it if Susan Hawkfield would pray + + + align:start position:0% +love it if Susan Hawkfield would pray +for him occasionally. Um I I think that + + align:start position:0% +for him occasionally. Um I I think that + + + align:start position:0% +for him occasionally. Um I I think that +these inscriptions prove that it was + + align:start position:0% +these inscriptions prove that it was + + + align:start position:0% +these inscriptions prove that it was +merchants rather than sultans who were + + align:start position:0% +merchants rather than sultans who were + + + align:start position:0% +merchants rather than sultans who were +the patrons uh for at least the major + + align:start position:0% +the patrons uh for at least the major + + + align:start position:0% +the patrons uh for at least the major +mosques that we have in the 14th century + + align:start position:0% +mosques that we have in the 14th century + + + align:start position:0% +mosques that we have in the 14th century +uh in in Camay specifically. + + align:start position:0% +uh in in Camay specifically. + + + align:start position:0% +uh in in Camay specifically. +uh I think they also like I said express + + align:start position:0% +uh I think they also like I said express + + + align:start position:0% +uh I think they also like I said express +this relationship of benefactor and + + align:start position:0% +this relationship of benefactor and + + + align:start position:0% +this relationship of benefactor and +beneficiary that existed between the + + align:start position:0% +beneficiary that existed between the + + + align:start position:0% +beneficiary that existed between the +sultan and the merchant and u I sort of + + align:start position:0% +sultan and the merchant and u I sort of + + + align:start position:0% +sultan and the merchant and u I sort of +bring all this up because unfortunately + + align:start position:0% +bring all this up because unfortunately + + + align:start position:0% +bring all this up because unfortunately +within standard south Asian + + align:start position:0% +within standard south Asian + + + align:start position:0% +within standard south Asian +architectural history kambe is portrayed + + align:start position:0% +architectural history kambe is portrayed + + + align:start position:0% +architectural history kambe is portrayed +as a Muslim town and so thus you know + + align:start position:0% +as a Muslim town and so thus you know + + + align:start position:0% +as a Muslim town and so thus you know +despite the significant presence of + + align:start position:0% +despite the significant presence of + + + align:start position:0% +despite the significant presence of +non-Muslim merchant groups in uh the + + align:start position:0% +non-Muslim merchant groups in uh the + + + align:start position:0% +non-Muslim merchant groups in uh the +14th century or the fact that Muslim + + align:start position:0% +14th century or the fact that Muslim + + + align:start position:0% +14th century or the fact that Muslim +merchant groups other than the state are + + align:start position:0% +merchant groups other than the state are + + + align:start position:0% +merchant groups other than the state are +patronizing architecture + + align:start position:0% +patronizing architecture + + + align:start position:0% +patronizing architecture +Uh despite both these things, all + + align:start position:0% +Uh despite both these things, all + + + align:start position:0% +Uh despite both these things, all +architectural surveys tend to focus + + align:start position:0% +architectural surveys tend to focus + + + align:start position:0% +architectural surveys tend to focus +exclusively on the city's masks and and + + align:start position:0% +exclusively on the city's masks and and + + + align:start position:0% +exclusively on the city's masks and and +sort of exclusively trying to attribute + + align:start position:0% +sort of exclusively trying to attribute + + + align:start position:0% +sort of exclusively trying to attribute +them um to the state even when the + + align:start position:0% +them um to the state even when the + + + align:start position:0% +them um to the state even when the +epigraphic evidence so clearly points to + + align:start position:0% +epigraphic evidence so clearly points to + + + align:start position:0% +epigraphic evidence so clearly points to +the fact that they were built by + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they were built by + + + align:start position:0% +the fact that they were built by +merchants. + + align:start position:0% +merchants. + + + align:start position:0% +merchants. +um to just sort of reinforce this point + + align:start position:0% +um to just sort of reinforce this point + + + align:start position:0% +um to just sort of reinforce this point +of that in fact continuing in the 13th + + align:start position:0% +of that in fact continuing in the 13th + + + align:start position:0% +of that in fact continuing in the 13th +and 14th centuries to exist a + + align:start position:0% +and 14th centuries to exist a + + + align:start position:0% +and 14th centuries to exist a +tremendously vibrant uh iconographic and + + align:start position:0% +tremendously vibrant uh iconographic and + + + align:start position:0% +tremendously vibrant uh iconographic and +architectural practice associated with + + align:start position:0% +architectural practice associated with + + + align:start position:0% +architectural practice associated with +non-Muslim merchant groups Hindu and + + align:start position:0% +non-Muslim merchant groups Hindu and + + + align:start position:0% +non-Muslim merchant groups Hindu and +Jane merchants specifically I want to + + align:start position:0% +Jane merchants specifically I want to + + + align:start position:0% +Jane merchants specifically I want to +show this early 13th century portrait + + align:start position:0% +show this early 13th century portrait + + + align:start position:0% +show this early 13th century portrait +depicting a family of merchants uh and + + align:start position:0% +depicting a family of merchants uh and + + + align:start position:0% +depicting a family of merchants uh and +this portrait was installed at a shrine + + align:start position:0% +this portrait was installed at a shrine + + + align:start position:0% +this portrait was installed at a shrine +that they supported in Kambe and sadly + + align:start position:0% +that they supported in Kambe and sadly + + + align:start position:0% +that they supported in Kambe and sadly +the shrine has not been documented at + + align:start position:0% +the shrine has not been documented at + + + align:start position:0% +the shrine has not been documented at +all. We have nothing by way of an + + align:start position:0% +all. We have nothing by way of an + + + align:start position:0% +all. We have nothing by way of an +architectural drawing to to make any + + align:start position:0% +architectural drawing to to make any + + + align:start position:0% +architectural drawing to to make any +sense of it. And I was particularly + + align:start position:0% +sense of it. And I was particularly + + + align:start position:0% +sense of it. And I was particularly +disheartened when I discovered that I + + align:start position:0% +disheartened when I discovered that I + + + align:start position:0% +disheartened when I discovered that I +simply uh could not even locate using + + align:start position:0% +simply uh could not even locate using + + + align:start position:0% +simply uh could not even locate using +Google Earth the city Shantina temple uh + + align:start position:0% +Google Earth the city Shantina temple uh + + + align:start position:0% +Google Earth the city Shantina temple uh +which housed one of the earliest giant + + align:start position:0% +which housed one of the earliest giant + + + align:start position:0% +which housed one of the earliest giant +grant bundars or scripture store rooms + + align:start position:0% +grant bundars or scripture store rooms + + + align:start position:0% +grant bundars or scripture store rooms +that was ever built. + + align:start position:0% +that was ever built. + + + align:start position:0% +that was ever built. +The best I was able to do and we're on + + align:start position:0% +The best I was able to do and we're on + + + align:start position:0% +The best I was able to do and we're on +slide 31 uh was to locate copies of the + + align:start position:0% +slide 31 uh was to locate copies of the + + + align:start position:0% +slide 31 uh was to locate copies of the +only illustrations found amongst the + + align:start position:0% +only illustrations found amongst the + + + align:start position:0% +only illustrations found amongst the +grantabar scriptural and literary texts. + + align:start position:0% +grantabar scriptural and literary texts. + + + align:start position:0% +grantabar scriptural and literary texts. +Now a grunt bundar is a bit like our + + align:start position:0% +Now a grunt bundar is a bit like our + + + align:start position:0% +Now a grunt bundar is a bit like our +very own library storage annex at MIT. + + align:start position:0% +very own library storage annex at MIT. + + + align:start position:0% +very own library storage annex at MIT. +Uh it was it's it's it's a it's a + + align:start position:0% +Uh it was it's it's it's a it's a + + + align:start position:0% +Uh it was it's it's it's a it's a +storage room that nobody really sees but + + align:start position:0% +storage room that nobody really sees but + + + align:start position:0% +storage room that nobody really sees but +if you wanted to consult if you were an + + align:start position:0% +if you wanted to consult if you were an + + + align:start position:0% +if you wanted to consult if you were an +aesthetic or a monk and you wanted to + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic or a monk and you wanted to + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetic or a monk and you wanted to +consult a rare manuscript there was a + + align:start position:0% +consult a rare manuscript there was a + + + align:start position:0% +consult a rare manuscript there was a +way in which you could page it. Um this + + align:start position:0% +way in which you could page it. Um this + + + align:start position:0% +way in which you could page it. Um this +is an entirely new program in the late + + align:start position:0% +is an entirely new program in the late + + + align:start position:0% +is an entirely new program in the late +12th century. There's no evidence of + + align:start position:0% +12th century. There's no evidence of + + + align:start position:0% +12th century. There's no evidence of +Jens or really anybody else uh in this + + align:start position:0% +Jens or really anybody else uh in this + + + align:start position:0% +Jens or really anybody else uh in this +region having previously stored so many + + align:start position:0% +region having previously stored so many + + + align:start position:0% +region having previously stored so many +manuscripts in a single place. And in + + align:start position:0% +manuscripts in a single place. And in + + + align:start position:0% +manuscripts in a single place. And in +fact there is no extent giant manuscript + + align:start position:0% +fact there is no extent giant manuscript + + + align:start position:0% +fact there is no extent giant manuscript +dating to before the 11th century at + + align:start position:0% +dating to before the 11th century at + + + align:start position:0% +dating to before the 11th century at +all. + + align:start position:0% +all. + + + align:start position:0% +all. +Now although the Yazbeck and Pash + + align:start position:0% +Now although the Yazbeck and Pash + + + align:start position:0% +Now although the Yazbeck and Pash +textbook + + align:start position:0% +textbook + + + align:start position:0% +textbook +does not exclusively uh deal with + + align:start position:0% +does not exclusively uh deal with + + + align:start position:0% +does not exclusively uh deal with +medieval port cities, its year 1 chapter + + align:start position:0% +medieval port cities, its year 1 chapter + + + align:start position:0% +medieval port cities, its year 1 chapter +introduces us to Janism and describes + + align:start position:0% +introduces us to Janism and describes + + + align:start position:0% +introduces us to Janism and describes +Jens as an important mercantile + + align:start position:0% +Jens as an important mercantile + + + align:start position:0% +Jens as an important mercantile +community. I found this section uh a + + align:start position:0% +community. I found this section uh a + + + align:start position:0% +community. I found this section uh a +little troubling. Um, for one, there's a + + align:start position:0% +little troubling. Um, for one, there's a + + + align:start position:0% +little troubling. Um, for one, there's a +large body of Jane iconography and + + align:start position:0% +large body of Jane iconography and + + + align:start position:0% +large body of Jane iconography and +architecture from preceding periods, + + align:start position:0% +architecture from preceding periods, + + + align:start position:0% +architecture from preceding periods, +notably at Allora. So, in other words, + + align:start position:0% +notably at Allora. So, in other words, + + + align:start position:0% +notably at Allora. So, in other words, +if there were to be some kind of + + align:start position:0% +if there were to be some kind of + + + align:start position:0% +if there were to be some kind of +introduction of Janisms or Jans, the + + align:start position:0% +introduction of Janisms or Jans, the + + + align:start position:0% +introduction of Janisms or Jans, the +year 1000 doesn't necessarily feel like + + align:start position:0% +year 1000 doesn't necessarily feel like + + + align:start position:0% +year 1000 doesn't necessarily feel like +the best place to have done it. Um, but + + align:start position:0% +the best place to have done it. Um, but + + + align:start position:0% +the best place to have done it. Um, but +moreover, I would suggest that a global + + align:start position:0% +moreover, I would suggest that a global + + + align:start position:0% +moreover, I would suggest that a global +history of architecture should avoid + + align:start position:0% +history of architecture should avoid + + + align:start position:0% +history of architecture should avoid +organizing information into + + align:start position:0% +organizing information into + + + align:start position:0% +organizing information into +civilizational categories in the first + + align:start position:0% +civilizational categories in the first + + + align:start position:0% +civilizational categories in the first +place. Nonetheless, I want to make sure + + align:start position:0% +place. Nonetheless, I want to make sure + + + align:start position:0% +place. Nonetheless, I want to make sure +that we do cover a few giant sites that + + align:start position:0% +that we do cover a few giant sites that + + + align:start position:0% +that we do cover a few giant sites that +bear on our understanding of global port + + align:start position:0% +bear on our understanding of global port + + + align:start position:0% +bear on our understanding of global port +cities. And for that, we move to the + + align:start position:0% +cities. And for that, we move to the + + + align:start position:0% +cities. And for that, we move to the +Dean and specifically to the area that + + align:start position:0% +Dean and specifically to the area that + + + align:start position:0% +Dean and specifically to the area that +constitutes um uh what we now + + align:start position:0% +constitutes um uh what we now + + + align:start position:0% +constitutes um uh what we now +politically refer to uh as Karnataka. + + align:start position:0% +politically refer to uh as Karnataka. + + + align:start position:0% +politically refer to uh as Karnataka. +And uh while it's not a coastal town and + + align:start position:0% +And uh while it's not a coastal town and + + + align:start position:0% +And uh while it's not a coastal town and +while it was never a hub in global + + align:start position:0% +while it was never a hub in global + + + align:start position:0% +while it was never a hub in global +trade, the giant complex at Shraban + + align:start position:0% +trade, the giant complex at Shraban + + + align:start position:0% +trade, the giant complex at Shraban +Belgola is important to coastal + + align:start position:0% +Belgola is important to coastal + + + align:start position:0% +Belgola is important to coastal +Karnataka and I will describe how so and + + align:start position:0% +Karnataka and I will describe how so and + + + align:start position:0% +Karnataka and I will describe how so and +it is featured uh quite prominently in + + align:start position:0% +it is featured uh quite prominently in + + + align:start position:0% +it is featured uh quite prominently in +the Azbeck and Praash textbook that we + + align:start position:0% +the Azbeck and Praash textbook that we + + + align:start position:0% +the Azbeck and Praash textbook that we +use. + + align:start position:0% +use. + + + align:start position:0% +use. +Now we're at slide 34 and uh by far the + + align:start position:0% +Now we're at slide 34 and uh by far the + + + align:start position:0% +Now we're at slide 34 and uh by far the +most well-known and some might say + + align:start position:0% +most well-known and some might say + + + align:start position:0% +most well-known and some might say +significant + + align:start position:0% +significant + + + align:start position:0% +significant +um element within the complex of giant + + align:start position:0% +um element within the complex of giant + + + align:start position:0% +um element within the complex of giant +shrines at Shahan Belgola is the statue + + align:start position:0% +shrines at Shahan Belgola is the statue + + + align:start position:0% +shrines at Shahan Belgola is the statue +of Bahubali carved out of single stone + + align:start position:0% +of Bahubali carved out of single stone + + + align:start position:0% +of Bahubali carved out of single stone +around 981 AD at 57 ft. It's probably + + align:start position:0% +around 981 AD at 57 ft. It's probably + + + align:start position:0% +around 981 AD at 57 ft. It's probably +the most widely known Bahubali statue + + align:start position:0% +the most widely known Bahubali statue + + + align:start position:0% +the most widely known Bahubali statue +there is in the world. Now the statue + + align:start position:0% +there is in the world. Now the statue + + + align:start position:0% +there is in the world. Now the statue +shows Bahubali in a meditative pose, his + + align:start position:0% +shows Bahubali in a meditative pose, his + + + align:start position:0% +shows Bahubali in a meditative pose, his +clothes having withered away and + + align:start position:0% +clothes having withered away and + + + align:start position:0% +clothes having withered away and +creepers beginning to climb up his + + align:start position:0% +creepers beginning to climb up his + + + align:start position:0% +creepers beginning to climb up his +limbs. In giant epic literature, + + align:start position:0% +limbs. In giant epic literature, + + + align:start position:0% +limbs. In giant epic literature, +Bahubali's renunciation followed a + + align:start position:0% +Bahubali's renunciation followed a + + + align:start position:0% +Bahubali's renunciation followed a +battle between him and his elder brother + + align:start position:0% +battle between him and his elder brother + + + align:start position:0% +battle between him and his elder brother +over their kingdom and wealth. While + + align:start position:0% +over their kingdom and wealth. While + + + align:start position:0% +over their kingdom and wealth. While +fighting, as Bahubali raised his arm to + + align:start position:0% +fighting, as Bahubali raised his arm to + + + align:start position:0% +fighting, as Bahubali raised his arm to +strike his brother, he realized the + + align:start position:0% +strike his brother, he realized the + + + align:start position:0% +strike his brother, he realized the +folly of his of fighting his own brother + + align:start position:0% +folly of his of fighting his own brother + + + align:start position:0% +folly of his of fighting his own brother +over land, wealth, and power. And so + + align:start position:0% +over land, wealth, and power. And so + + + align:start position:0% +over land, wealth, and power. And so +instead of striking him and killing him + + align:start position:0% +instead of striking him and killing him + + + align:start position:0% +instead of striking him and killing him +essentially he raised his arm and + + align:start position:0% +essentially he raised his arm and + + + align:start position:0% +essentially he raised his arm and +removed his hair. + + align:start position:0% +removed his hair. + + + align:start position:0% +removed his hair. +Now renunciation during or immediately + + align:start position:0% +Now renunciation during or immediately + + + align:start position:0% +Now renunciation during or immediately +after a battle and in the Bahubali epic + + align:start position:0% +after a battle and in the Bahubali epic + + + align:start position:0% +after a battle and in the Bahubali epic +um renunciation is sort of inaugurated + + align:start position:0% +um renunciation is sort of inaugurated + + + align:start position:0% +um renunciation is sort of inaugurated +by this ad hoc tansia ceremony uh that + + align:start position:0% +by this ad hoc tansia ceremony uh that + + + align:start position:0% +by this ad hoc tansia ceremony uh that +he conducts is a key trope in um Jan + + align:start position:0% +he conducts is a key trope in um Jan + + + align:start position:0% +he conducts is a key trope in um Jan +heroic literature. And I think that in + + align:start position:0% +heroic literature. And I think that in + + + align:start position:0% +heroic literature. And I think that in +sculpture what we have is Bahubali + + align:start position:0% +sculpture what we have is Bahubali + + + align:start position:0% +sculpture what we have is Bahubali +presented naked that is victorious over + + align:start position:0% +presented naked that is victorious over + + + align:start position:0% +presented naked that is victorious over +his desire for wealth and power and thus + + align:start position:0% +his desire for wealth and power and thus + + + align:start position:0% +his desire for wealth and power and thus +appears to us as the paragmatic hero. + + align:start position:0% +appears to us as the paragmatic hero. + + + align:start position:0% +appears to us as the paragmatic hero. +Uh as I suggested the shavean belgola + + align:start position:0% +Uh as I suggested the shavean belgola + + + align:start position:0% +Uh as I suggested the shavean belgola +complex uh is much more than just the + + align:start position:0% +complex uh is much more than just the + + + align:start position:0% +complex uh is much more than just the +statue and sort of very overcast shot + + align:start position:0% +statue and sort of very overcast shot + + + align:start position:0% +statue and sort of very overcast shot +but uh that's sort of it. It actually + + align:start position:0% +but uh that's sort of it. It actually + + + align:start position:0% +but uh that's sort of it. It actually +the complex consists of three different + + align:start position:0% +the complex consists of three different + + + align:start position:0% +the complex consists of three different +hills that have a variety of shrines. Um + + align:start position:0% +hills that have a variety of shrines. Um + + + align:start position:0% +hills that have a variety of shrines. Um +and uh also sort of this for example + + align:start position:0% +and uh also sort of this for example + + + align:start position:0% +and uh also sort of this for example +here on on slide 35 on the lower right + + align:start position:0% +here on on slide 35 on the lower right + + + align:start position:0% +here on on slide 35 on the lower right +corner is a wall painting uh that + + align:start position:0% +corner is a wall painting uh that + + + align:start position:0% +corner is a wall painting uh that +depicts the gen uh cosmology. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +The site is perhaps best known in + + align:start position:0% +The site is perhaps best known in + + + align:start position:0% +The site is perhaps best known in +popular imagination for the Mahamastak + + align:start position:0% +popular imagination for the Mahamastak + + + align:start position:0% +popular imagination for the Mahamastak +Abhisheka ceremony which is when + + align:start position:0% +Abhisheka ceremony which is when + + + align:start position:0% +Abhisheka ceremony which is when +devotees bathe and anoint the statue + + align:start position:0% +devotees bathe and anoint the statue + + + align:start position:0% +devotees bathe and anoint the statue +with milk, water, sugarcane, juice, + + align:start position:0% +with milk, water, sugarcane, juice, + + + align:start position:0% +with milk, water, sugarcane, juice, +turmeric, saffron, vermilion and + + align:start position:0% +turmeric, saffron, vermilion and + + + align:start position:0% +turmeric, saffron, vermilion and +sandalwood. Offerings of gold and silver + + align:start position:0% +sandalwood. Offerings of gold and silver + + + align:start position:0% +sandalwood. Offerings of gold and silver +coins are also made at this point and + + align:start position:0% +coins are also made at this point and + + + align:start position:0% +coins are also made at this point and +more recently a helicopter will sort of + + align:start position:0% +more recently a helicopter will sort of + + + align:start position:0% +more recently a helicopter will sort of +shower petals over it. Uh that sort of + + align:start position:0% +shower petals over it. Uh that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +shower petals over it. Uh that sort of +all adds to the contemporary spectacle. + + align:start position:0% +all adds to the contemporary spectacle. + + + align:start position:0% +all adds to the contemporary spectacle. +Now, the ceremony is held every 12 years + + align:start position:0% +Now, the ceremony is held every 12 years + + + align:start position:0% +Now, the ceremony is held every 12 years +with the first one dating back to the + + align:start position:0% +with the first one dating back to the + + + align:start position:0% +with the first one dating back to the +11th century and the most recent one was + + align:start position:0% +11th century and the most recent one was + + + align:start position:0% +11th century and the most recent one was +held in 2006. Uh, I actually just love + + align:start position:0% +held in 2006. Uh, I actually just love + + + align:start position:0% +held in 2006. Uh, I actually just love +these photographs just because of the of + + align:start position:0% +these photographs just because of the of + + + align:start position:0% +these photographs just because of the of +the color, you know, sort of working + + align:start position:0% +the color, you know, sort of working + + + align:start position:0% +the color, you know, sort of working +with plans that were drawn in the 1950s + + align:start position:0% +with plans that were drawn in the 1950s + + + align:start position:0% +with plans that were drawn in the 1950s +and60s. They tend to have yellowed and + + align:start position:0% +and60s. They tend to have yellowed and + + + align:start position:0% +and60s. They tend to have yellowed and +that's the only color you see. But, you + + align:start position:0% +that's the only color you see. But, you + + + align:start position:0% +that's the only color you see. But, you +know, here with the vermilion and and + + align:start position:0% +know, here with the vermilion and and + + + align:start position:0% +know, here with the vermilion and and +turmeric, these colors are quite + + align:start position:0% +turmeric, these colors are quite + + + align:start position:0% +turmeric, these colors are quite +something to look at. Uh this woman here + + align:start position:0% +something to look at. Uh this woman here + + + align:start position:0% +something to look at. Uh this woman here +is performing uh her last right as uh in + + align:start position:0% +is performing uh her last right as uh in + + + align:start position:0% +is performing uh her last right as uh in +her secular life uh she will become a + + align:start position:0% +her secular life uh she will become a + + + align:start position:0% +her secular life uh she will become a +nun when she completes the ceremony. And + + align:start position:0% +nun when she completes the ceremony. And + + + align:start position:0% +nun when she completes the ceremony. And +this is not the same woman but this is + + align:start position:0% +this is not the same woman but this is + + + align:start position:0% +this is not the same woman but this is +in fact uh a jen monk or nun uh praying + + align:start position:0% +in fact uh a jen monk or nun uh praying + + + align:start position:0% +in fact uh a jen monk or nun uh praying +at the feet of the bahubali statue just + + align:start position:0% +at the feet of the bahubali statue just + + + align:start position:0% +at the feet of the bahubali statue just +days before the last uh mahamasteka + + align:start position:0% +days before the last uh mahamasteka + + + align:start position:0% +days before the last uh mahamasteka +ceremony. + + align:start position:0% +ceremony. + + + align:start position:0% +ceremony. +The other thing about these photographs + + align:start position:0% +The other thing about these photographs + + + align:start position:0% +The other thing about these photographs +that I really like and I'll have another + + align:start position:0% +that I really like and I'll have another + + + align:start position:0% +that I really like and I'll have another +one that's going to help us even more is + + align:start position:0% +one that's going to help us even more is + + + align:start position:0% +one that's going to help us even more is +um it it shows us quite clearly the + + align:start position:0% +um it it shows us quite clearly the + + + align:start position:0% +um it it shows us quite clearly the +prominence of these inscriptions and uh + + align:start position:0% +prominence of these inscriptions and uh + + + align:start position:0% +prominence of these inscriptions and uh +in fact there are more than 800 + + align:start position:0% +in fact there are more than 800 + + + align:start position:0% +in fact there are more than 800 +inscriptions uh from across the 10th to + + align:start position:0% +inscriptions uh from across the 10th to + + + align:start position:0% +inscriptions uh from across the 10th to +about the 14th century 15th century in + + align:start position:0% +about the 14th century 15th century in + + + align:start position:0% +about the 14th century 15th century in +uh at Sha and Belgola and I think what + + align:start position:0% +uh at Sha and Belgola and I think what + + + align:start position:0% +uh at Sha and Belgola and I think what +makes uh the ones at the at the bahubali + + align:start position:0% +makes uh the ones at the at the bahubali + + + align:start position:0% +makes uh the ones at the at the bahubali +feat particularly important uh not just + + align:start position:0% +feat particularly important uh not just + + + align:start position:0% +feat particularly important uh not just +for literary and cultural history but + + align:start position:0% +for literary and cultural history but + + + align:start position:0% +for literary and cultural history but +also for our purposes in our attempt to + + align:start position:0% +also for our purposes in our attempt to + + + align:start position:0% +also for our purposes in our attempt to +do a global uh survey of what a port + + align:start position:0% +do a global uh survey of what a port + + + align:start position:0% +do a global uh survey of what a port +city was at this time period uh is less + + align:start position:0% +city was at this time period uh is less + + + align:start position:0% +city was at this time period uh is less +the content of the inscription which + + align:start position:0% +the content of the inscription which + + + align:start position:0% +the content of the inscription which +just translates to Chamundaya made this + + align:start position:0% +just translates to Chamundaya made this + + + align:start position:0% +just translates to Chamundaya made this +and Chamundaya was a minister in in the + + align:start position:0% +and Chamundaya was a minister in in the + + + align:start position:0% +and Chamundaya was a minister in in the +kingdom that patronized uh the + + align:start position:0% +kingdom that patronized uh the + + + align:start position:0% +kingdom that patronized uh the +construction of of the statue but really + + align:start position:0% +construction of of the statue but really + + + align:start position:0% +construction of of the statue but really +that it was inscribed in three different + + align:start position:0% +that it was inscribed in three different + + + align:start position:0% +that it was inscribed in three different +language languages uh using four + + align:start position:0% +language languages uh using four + + + align:start position:0% +language languages uh using four +different scripts and that this act of + + align:start position:0% +different scripts and that this act of + + + align:start position:0% +different scripts and that this act of +inscription marked the inauguration of a + + align:start position:0% +inscription marked the inauguration of a + + + align:start position:0% +inscription marked the inauguration of a +very new political and social + + align:start position:0% +very new political and social + + + align:start position:0% +very new political and social +imagination. Uh whereas for the previous + + align:start position:0% +imagination. Uh whereas for the previous + + + align:start position:0% +imagination. Uh whereas for the previous +10th centuries courts like the one + + align:start position:0% +10th centuries courts like the one + + + align:start position:0% +10th centuries courts like the one +Chamundaraya had belonged to had used + + align:start position:0% +Chamundaraya had belonged to had used + + + align:start position:0% +Chamundaraya had belonged to had used +and patronized Sanskrit literature + + align:start position:0% +and patronized Sanskrit literature + + + align:start position:0% +and patronized Sanskrit literature +exclusively. + + align:start position:0% +exclusively. + + + align:start position:0% +exclusively. +Starting somewhere around the 10th + + align:start position:0% +Starting somewhere around the 10th + + + align:start position:0% +Starting somewhere around the 10th +century uh multiple des bhashas or + + align:start position:0% +century uh multiple des bhashas or + + + align:start position:0% +century uh multiple des bhashas or +languages of place began to be used in + + align:start position:0% +languages of place began to be used in + + + align:start position:0% +languages of place began to be used in +place of Sanskrit and uh while it's + + align:start position:0% +place of Sanskrit and uh while it's + + + align:start position:0% +place of Sanskrit and uh while it's +impossible to give a singular account of + + align:start position:0% +impossible to give a singular account of + + + align:start position:0% +impossible to give a singular account of +the shift in this practice the so-called + + align:start position:0% +the shift in this practice the so-called + + + align:start position:0% +the shift in this practice the so-called +vernacularization + + align:start position:0% +vernacularization + + + align:start position:0% +vernacularization +uh that incidentally is taking place at + + align:start position:0% +uh that incidentally is taking place at + + + align:start position:0% +uh that incidentally is taking place at +about the same time the + + align:start position:0% +about the same time the + + + align:start position:0% +about the same time the +vernacularization of Europe is taking + + align:start position:0% +vernacularization of Europe is taking + + + align:start position:0% +vernacularization of Europe is taking +place which itself might be worth uh + + align:start position:0% +place which itself might be worth uh + + + align:start position:0% +place which itself might be worth uh +another kind of global study. Uh so + + align:start position:0% +another kind of global study. Uh so + + + align:start position:0% +another kind of global study. Uh so +while it's impossible to really provide + + align:start position:0% +while it's impossible to really provide + + + align:start position:0% +while it's impossible to really provide +a singular account of vernacularization, + + align:start position:0% +a singular account of vernacularization, + + + align:start position:0% +a singular account of vernacularization, +we know for sure that global trade and + + align:start position:0% +we know for sure that global trade and + + + align:start position:0% +we know for sure that global trade and +the emergence of highly localized + + align:start position:0% +the emergence of highly localized + + + align:start position:0% +the emergence of highly localized +centers of power in this period are a + + align:start position:0% +centers of power in this period are a + + + align:start position:0% +centers of power in this period are a +part of the story are a part of why uh + + align:start position:0% +part of the story are a part of why uh + + + align:start position:0% +part of the story are a part of why uh +not one as it is in the sort of 19th + + align:start position:0% +not one as it is in the sort of 19th + + + align:start position:0% +not one as it is in the sort of 19th +century embrace of of vernaculars for + + align:start position:0% +century embrace of of vernaculars for + + + align:start position:0% +century embrace of of vernaculars for +the purposes of modern nationalism. But + + align:start position:0% +the purposes of modern nationalism. But + + + align:start position:0% +the purposes of modern nationalism. But +in fact multiple languages of place come + + align:start position:0% +in fact multiple languages of place come + + + align:start position:0% +in fact multiple languages of place come +to be used in in court which had + + align:start position:0% +to be used in in court which had + + + align:start position:0% +to be used in in court which had +otherwise up until then been singly + + align:start position:0% +otherwise up until then been singly + + + align:start position:0% +otherwise up until then been singly +using Sanskrit. + + align:start position:0% +using Sanskrit. + + + align:start position:0% +using Sanskrit. +And it is within the architectural story + + align:start position:0% +And it is within the architectural story + + + align:start position:0% +And it is within the architectural story +of the emergence of localized centers of + + align:start position:0% +of the emergence of localized centers of + + + align:start position:0% +of the emergence of localized centers of +power within a global system that we + + align:start position:0% +power within a global system that we + + + align:start position:0% +power within a global system that we +find ourselves visiting Kal and Mud + + align:start position:0% +find ourselves visiting Kal and Mud + + + align:start position:0% +find ourselves visiting Kal and Mud +Mudbadri still within the Dean area in + + align:start position:0% +Mudbadri still within the Dean area in + + + align:start position:0% +Mudbadri still within the Dean area in +the sort of area just immediately + + align:start position:0% +the sort of area just immediately + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of area just immediately +adjacent to the Mangalore port. You + + align:start position:0% +adjacent to the Mangalore port. You + + + align:start position:0% +adjacent to the Mangalore port. You +remember that I said that Mangalore was + + align:start position:0% +remember that I said that Mangalore was + + + align:start position:0% +remember that I said that Mangalore was +sort of our a third case study and it's + + align:start position:0% +sort of our a third case study and it's + + + align:start position:0% +sort of our a third case study and it's +really a a case of what I call a zone of + + align:start position:0% +really a a case of what I call a zone of + + + align:start position:0% +really a a case of what I call a zone of +commerce and I'll I'll do a better job + + align:start position:0% +commerce and I'll I'll do a better job + + + align:start position:0% +commerce and I'll I'll do a better job +of defining that. So it was in the + + align:start position:0% +of defining that. So it was in the + + + align:start position:0% +of defining that. So it was in the +agricultural lands that surround Kal and + + align:start position:0% +agricultural lands that surround Kal and + + + align:start position:0% +agricultural lands that surround Kal and +Mudbadri that native Tulu speaking + + align:start position:0% +Mudbadri that native Tulu speaking + + + align:start position:0% +Mudbadri that native Tulu speaking +merchants would buy produce to then sell + + align:start position:0% +merchants would buy produce to then sell + + + align:start position:0% +merchants would buy produce to then sell +to Arabic speaking merchants based in + + align:start position:0% +to Arabic speaking merchants based in + + + align:start position:0% +to Arabic speaking merchants based in +Mangalore. + + align:start position:0% +Mangalore. + + + align:start position:0% +Mangalore. +uh Turunad the literally meaning the + + align:start position:0% +uh Turunad the literally meaning the + + + align:start position:0% +uh Turunad the literally meaning the +land of Tulu speaking people and the + + align:start position:0% +land of Tulu speaking people and the + + + align:start position:0% +land of Tulu speaking people and the +term generally applied to the Mangalore + + align:start position:0% +term generally applied to the Mangalore + + + align:start position:0% +term generally applied to the Mangalore +area is a good example of a globally + + align:start position:0% +area is a good example of a globally + + + align:start position:0% +area is a good example of a globally +linked zone of commerce. + + align:start position:0% +linked zone of commerce. + + + align:start position:0% +linked zone of commerce. +When we looked at the Jam Mazjid in + + align:start position:0% +When we looked at the Jam Mazjid in + + + align:start position:0% +When we looked at the Jam Mazjid in +Cambe I had pointed to the patronal role + + align:start position:0% +Cambe I had pointed to the patronal role + + + align:start position:0% +Cambe I had pointed to the patronal role +of merchants in the 14th century in that + + align:start position:0% +of merchants in the 14th century in that + + + align:start position:0% +of merchants in the 14th century in that +particular city. I want to now focus on + + align:start position:0% +particular city. I want to now focus on + + + align:start position:0% +particular city. I want to now focus on +other ways in which different religious + + align:start position:0% +other ways in which different religious + + + align:start position:0% +other ways in which different religious +institutions intersected with the + + align:start position:0% +institutions intersected with the + + + align:start position:0% +institutions intersected with the +crisscross of global trade. We know for + + align:start position:0% +crisscross of global trade. We know for + + + align:start position:0% +crisscross of global trade. We know for +sure that mosques con constituted a + + align:start position:0% +sure that mosques con constituted a + + + align:start position:0% +sure that mosques con constituted a +network of credit and social + + align:start position:0% +network of credit and social + + + align:start position:0% +network of credit and social +infrastructure that nurtured seafaring + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure that nurtured seafaring + + + align:start position:0% +infrastructure that nurtured seafaring +and overland trade and I suspect + + align:start position:0% +and overland trade and I suspect + + + align:start position:0% +and overland trade and I suspect +something similar can be said of the + + align:start position:0% +something similar can be said of the + + + align:start position:0% +something similar can be said of the +sites the giant shrines at Kal and + + align:start position:0% +sites the giant shrines at Kal and + + + align:start position:0% +sites the giant shrines at Kal and +Mudbadri. + + align:start position:0% +Mudbadri. + + + align:start position:0% +Mudbadri. +And now basically from uh slides 39 to + + align:start position:0% +And now basically from uh slides 39 to + + + align:start position:0% +And now basically from uh slides 39 to +45 we're going to watch television. + + align:start position:0% +45 we're going to watch television. + + + align:start position:0% +45 we're going to watch television. +We're just going to sail through this + + align:start position:0% +We're just going to sail through this + + + align:start position:0% +We're just going to sail through this +really quickly. These are mostly in fact + + align:start position:0% +really quickly. These are mostly in fact + + + align:start position:0% +really quickly. These are mostly in fact +sites that um are from the 15th and 16th + + align:start position:0% +sites that um are from the 15th and 16th + + + align:start position:0% +sites that um are from the 15th and 16th +century. These the most interesting ones + + align:start position:0% +century. These the most interesting ones + + + align:start position:0% +century. These the most interesting ones +are uh but there were certainly + + align:start position:0% +are uh but there were certainly + + + align:start position:0% +are uh but there were certainly +significant + + align:start position:0% +significant + + + align:start position:0% +significant +uh sites now more or less ruined from + + align:start position:0% +uh sites now more or less ruined from + + + align:start position:0% +uh sites now more or less ruined from +the 11th through 14th centuries. Um they + + align:start position:0% +the 11th through 14th centuries. Um they + + + align:start position:0% +the 11th through 14th centuries. Um they +were built by Jane merchants. They were + + align:start position:0% +were built by Jane merchants. They were + + + align:start position:0% +were built by Jane merchants. They were +built on land owned and donated by giant + + align:start position:0% +built on land owned and donated by giant + + + align:start position:0% +built on land owned and donated by giant +merchants. And it is in the um + + align:start position:0% +merchants. And it is in the um + + + align:start position:0% +merchants. And it is in the um +repositories of uh these places that we + + align:start position:0% +repositories of uh these places that we + + + align:start position:0% +repositories of uh these places that we +find documents related to trade that + + align:start position:0% +find documents related to trade that + + + align:start position:0% +find documents related to trade that +begin to suggest that temples but + + align:start position:0% +begin to suggest that temples but + + + align:start position:0% +begin to suggest that temples but +certainly also religious schools all + + align:start position:0% +certainly also religious schools all + + + align:start position:0% +certainly also religious schools all +supported trade in a variety of ways + + align:start position:0% +supported trade in a variety of ways + + + align:start position:0% +supported trade in a variety of ways +perhaps even serving as vehicles of + + align:start position:0% +perhaps even serving as vehicles of + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps even serving as vehicles of +credit and investment. Um this is in + + align:start position:0% +credit and investment. Um this is in + + + align:start position:0% +credit and investment. Um this is in +fact a second Bahubali statue and this + + align:start position:0% +fact a second Bahubali statue and this + + + align:start position:0% +fact a second Bahubali statue and this +is sort of it from the Google sat image + + align:start position:0% +is sort of it from the Google sat image + + + align:start position:0% +is sort of it from the Google sat image +and and it's not as tall as the one in + + align:start position:0% +and and it's not as tall as the one in + + + align:start position:0% +and and it's not as tall as the one in +Shabban Belgola but is built in the late + + align:start position:0% +Shabban Belgola but is built in the late + + + align:start position:0% +Shabban Belgola but is built in the late +14th century uh by a local merchant who + + align:start position:0% +14th century uh by a local merchant who + + + align:start position:0% +14th century uh by a local merchant who +owned the land to rival that other place + + align:start position:0% +owned the land to rival that other place + + + align:start position:0% +owned the land to rival that other place +of pilgrimage. Um and subsequently um in + + align:start position:0% +of pilgrimage. Um and subsequently um in + + + align:start position:0% +of pilgrimage. Um and subsequently um in +the sort of mid to late 15th century we + + align:start position:0% +the sort of mid to late 15th century we + + + align:start position:0% +the sort of mid to late 15th century we +have this rather interesting uh + + align:start position:0% +have this rather interesting uh + + + align:start position:0% +have this rather interesting uh +structure of the Chhaturmuk Basadi + + align:start position:0% +structure of the Chhaturmuk Basadi + + + align:start position:0% +structure of the Chhaturmuk Basadi +unprecedented at its time in in um the + + align:start position:0% +unprecedented at its time in in um the + + + align:start position:0% +unprecedented at its time in in um the +region. Um I wanted to show you uh one + + align:start position:0% +region. Um I wanted to show you uh one + + + align:start position:0% +region. Um I wanted to show you uh one +again religious complex but this time + + align:start position:0% +again religious complex but this time + + + align:start position:0% +again religious complex but this time +not giant but rather vishnav on uh + + align:start position:0% +not giant but rather vishnav on uh + + + align:start position:0% +not giant but rather vishnav on uh +closer to the coastline in the area + + align:start position:0% +closer to the coastline in the area + + + align:start position:0% +closer to the coastline in the area +around UPI and um again I'll just watch + + align:start position:0% +around UPI and um again I'll just watch + + + align:start position:0% +around UPI and um again I'll just watch +this I think as television or this is + + align:start position:0% +this I think as television or this is + + + align:start position:0% +this I think as television or this is +Mudbid sorry shown you these images + + align:start position:0% +Mudbid sorry shown you these images + + + align:start position:0% +Mudbid sorry shown you these images +earlier uh all of these roof structures + + align:start position:0% +earlier uh all of these roof structures + + + align:start position:0% +earlier uh all of these roof structures +over here are in fact uh giant sites + + align:start position:0% +over here are in fact uh giant sites + + + align:start position:0% +over here are in fact uh giant sites +many of them dating back to the 12th + + align:start position:0% +many of them dating back to the 12th + + + align:start position:0% +many of them dating back to the 12th +13th century. Mudbid's thousandpillar + + align:start position:0% +13th century. Mudbid's thousandpillar + + + align:start position:0% +13th century. Mudbid's thousandpillar +temple is later um but really + + align:start position:0% +temple is later um but really + + + align:start position:0% +temple is later um but really +interesting architecturally and these + + align:start position:0% +interesting architecturally and these + + + align:start position:0% +interesting architecturally and these +are taken from the grand pandar or + + align:start position:0% +are taken from the grand pandar or + + + align:start position:0% +are taken from the grand pandar or +storoom um from that thousand pillar + + align:start position:0% +storoom um from that thousand pillar + + + align:start position:0% +storoom um from that thousand pillar +temple and I want to call sort of + + align:start position:0% +temple and I want to call sort of + + + align:start position:0% +temple and I want to call sort of +particular attention to uh this palm + + align:start position:0% +particular attention to uh this palm + + + align:start position:0% +particular attention to uh this palm +leaf manuscript which illustration which + + align:start position:0% +leaf manuscript which illustration which + + + align:start position:0% +leaf manuscript which illustration which +depicts Bahubali and you can already see + + align:start position:0% +depicts Bahubali and you can already see + + + align:start position:0% +depicts Bahubali and you can already see +the creepers sort of coming up and uh + + align:start position:0% +the creepers sort of coming up and uh + + + align:start position:0% +the creepers sort of coming up and uh +that illustration would have been done + + align:start position:0% +that illustration would have been done + + + align:start position:0% +that illustration would have been done +about the same time as the statue maybe + + align:start position:0% +about the same time as the statue maybe + + + align:start position:0% +about the same time as the statue maybe +about a hundred years later. + + align:start position:0% +about a hundred years later. + + + align:start position:0% +about a hundred years later. +Um so this is the complex in uh UPI uh + + align:start position:0% +Um so this is the complex in uh UPI uh + + + align:start position:0% +Um so this is the complex in uh UPI uh +has again a variety of programs that are + + align:start position:0% +has again a variety of programs that are + + + align:start position:0% +has again a variety of programs that are +situated within the complex. Uh, one of + + align:start position:0% +situated within the complex. Uh, one of + + + align:start position:0% +situated within the complex. Uh, one of +the more interesting things I think to + + align:start position:0% +the more interesting things I think to + + + align:start position:0% +the more interesting things I think to +talk about for our purposes is the + + align:start position:0% +talk about for our purposes is the + + + align:start position:0% +talk about for our purposes is the +history attributed to the central + + align:start position:0% +history attributed to the central + + + align:start position:0% +history attributed to the central +Krishna icon in the Aneshwar temple + + align:start position:0% +Krishna icon in the Aneshwar temple + + + align:start position:0% +Krishna icon in the Aneshwar temple +within the complex is that it was found + + align:start position:0% +within the complex is that it was found + + + align:start position:0% +within the complex is that it was found +on a beach uh by the founder of the + + align:start position:0% +on a beach uh by the founder of the + + + align:start position:0% +on a beach uh by the founder of the +particular sect that um that this + + align:start position:0% +particular sect that um that this + + + align:start position:0% +particular sect that um that this +complex forms the sort of architectural + + align:start position:0% +complex forms the sort of architectural + + + align:start position:0% +complex forms the sort of architectural +center of. And uh the the legend is that + + align:start position:0% +center of. And uh the the legend is that + + + align:start position:0% +center of. And uh the the legend is that +it was rescued from a shipwreck and that + + align:start position:0% +it was rescued from a shipwreck and that + + + align:start position:0% +it was rescued from a shipwreck and that +the icon originated from Gujarat uh from + + align:start position:0% +the icon originated from Gujarat uh from + + + align:start position:0% +the icon originated from Gujarat uh from +the Gulf of Cam in fact and uh this is + + align:start position:0% +the Gulf of Cam in fact and uh this is + + + align:start position:0% +the Gulf of Cam in fact and uh this is +very much the nature of trade that in + + align:start position:0% +very much the nature of trade that in + + + align:start position:0% +very much the nature of trade that in +fact does not occur overland at this + + align:start position:0% +fact does not occur overland at this + + + align:start position:0% +fact does not occur overland at this +point in time precisely for artifacts + + align:start position:0% +point in time precisely for artifacts + + + align:start position:0% +point in time precisely for artifacts +like religious idols in fact comes by a + + align:start position:0% +like religious idols in fact comes by a + + + align:start position:0% +like religious idols in fact comes by a +sea route even when it's just coming + + align:start position:0% +sea route even when it's just coming + + + align:start position:0% +sea route even when it's just coming +from the Gulf of Cam to the Declan. The + + align:start position:0% +from the Gulf of Cam to the Declan. The + + + align:start position:0% +from the Gulf of Cam to the Declan. The +other thing to say about this complex is + + align:start position:0% +other thing to say about this complex is + + + align:start position:0% +other thing to say about this complex is +that unlike uh all the other buildings + + align:start position:0% +that unlike uh all the other buildings + + + align:start position:0% +that unlike uh all the other buildings +that we've looked at so far, uh this one + + align:start position:0% +that we've looked at so far, uh this one + + + align:start position:0% +that we've looked at so far, uh this one +is principally a timber structure and + + align:start position:0% +is principally a timber structure and + + + align:start position:0% +is principally a timber structure and +sadly one that has not been adequately + + align:start position:0% +sadly one that has not been adequately + + + align:start position:0% +sadly one that has not been adequately +studied architecturally. Uh this complex + + align:start position:0% +studied architecturally. Uh this complex + + + align:start position:0% +studied architecturally. Uh this complex +is probably best known at least within + + align:start position:0% +is probably best known at least within + + + align:start position:0% +is probably best known at least within +the region if not more globally + + align:start position:0% +the region if not more globally + + + align:start position:0% +the region if not more globally +the blonde heck and events that um that + + align:start position:0% +the blonde heck and events that um that + + + align:start position:0% +the blonde heck and events that um that +uh by uh a particular festival that + + align:start position:0% +uh by uh a particular festival that + + + align:start position:0% +uh by uh a particular festival that +takes place in in the middle of January + + align:start position:0% +takes place in in the middle of January + + + align:start position:0% +takes place in in the middle of January +every year in which these uh uh + + align:start position:0% +every year in which these uh uh + + + align:start position:0% +every year in which these uh uh +chariots, this one dating back to the + + align:start position:0% +chariots, this one dating back to the + + + align:start position:0% +chariots, this one dating back to the +15th century, are actually pulled around + + align:start position:0% +15th century, are actually pulled around + + + align:start position:0% +15th century, are actually pulled around +the complex on a street appropriately + + align:start position:0% +the complex on a street appropriately + + + align:start position:0% +the complex on a street appropriately +named Carr Street And you know part of + + align:start position:0% +named Carr Street And you know part of + + + align:start position:0% +named Carr Street And you know part of +my interest in even bringing up uh any + + align:start position:0% +my interest in even bringing up uh any + + + align:start position:0% +my interest in even bringing up uh any +of these uh sites the the Jane ones as + + align:start position:0% +of these uh sites the the Jane ones as + + + align:start position:0% +of these uh sites the the Jane ones as +well as the Vishnav ones is there's an + + align:start position:0% +well as the Vishnav ones is there's an + + + align:start position:0% +well as the Vishnav ones is there's an +active theorizing of beauty that is + + align:start position:0% +active theorizing of beauty that is + + + align:start position:0% +active theorizing of beauty that is +taking place at this time uh in these uh + + align:start position:0% +taking place at this time uh in these uh + + + align:start position:0% +taking place at this time uh in these uh +religious context rather than courtly + + align:start position:0% +religious context rather than courtly + + + align:start position:0% +religious context rather than courtly +contexts and it's it's being act beauty + + align:start position:0% +contexts and it's it's being act beauty + + + align:start position:0% +contexts and it's it's being act beauty +is being actively theorized by + + align:start position:0% +is being actively theorized by + + + align:start position:0% +is being actively theorized by +aesthetics and monks and I think that + + align:start position:0% +aesthetics and monks and I think that + + + align:start position:0% +aesthetics and monks and I think that +there's a rich set of studies that uh + + align:start position:0% +there's a rich set of studies that uh + + + align:start position:0% +there's a rich set of studies that uh +could be done on uh the relation + + align:start position:0% +could be done on uh the relation + + + align:start position:0% +could be done on uh the relation +ationship between uh that sort of + + align:start position:0% +ationship between uh that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +ationship between uh that sort of +theorizing of the aesthetic and uh in + + align:start position:0% +theorizing of the aesthetic and uh in + + + align:start position:0% +theorizing of the aesthetic and uh in +fact the material culture that we find + + align:start position:0% +fact the material culture that we find + + + align:start position:0% +fact the material culture that we find +in the Mangalore port um around this + + align:start position:0% +in the Mangalore port um around this + + + align:start position:0% +in the Mangalore port um around this +time particularly it's the the sort of + + align:start position:0% +time particularly it's the the sort of + + + align:start position:0% +time particularly it's the the sort of +vast uh or wide uh prevalence of things + + align:start position:0% +vast uh or wide uh prevalence of things + + + align:start position:0% +vast uh or wide uh prevalence of things +like Chinese silk and and other fabrics + + align:start position:0% +like Chinese silk and and other fabrics + + + align:start position:0% +like Chinese silk and and other fabrics +uh and other luxury items uh at the just + + align:start position:0% +uh and other luxury items uh at the just + + + align:start position:0% +uh and other luxury items uh at the just +domestic level itself. + + align:start position:0% +domestic level itself. + + + align:start position:0% +domestic level itself. +And so our final case study today comes + + align:start position:0% +And so our final case study today comes + + + align:start position:0% +And so our final case study today comes +from Sumatra and Java and is perhaps + + align:start position:0% +from Sumatra and Java and is perhaps + + + align:start position:0% +from Sumatra and Java and is perhaps +going to be the least satisfying and I + + align:start position:0% +going to be the least satisfying and I + + + align:start position:0% +going to be the least satisfying and I +know that's not the best note to end on. + + align:start position:0% +know that's not the best note to end on. + + + align:start position:0% +know that's not the best note to end on. +Um in the beginning of the class I + + align:start position:0% +Um in the beginning of the class I + + + align:start position:0% +Um in the beginning of the class I +suggested that port cities were a + + align:start position:0% +suggested that port cities were a + + + align:start position:0% +suggested that port cities were a +distinct political type. Uh Kilwa was + + align:start position:0% +distinct political type. Uh Kilwa was + + + align:start position:0% +distinct political type. Uh Kilwa was +probably a single island state. Kambi + + align:start position:0% +probably a single island state. Kambi + + + align:start position:0% +probably a single island state. Kambi +and the many towns of Tulunad were + + align:start position:0% +and the many towns of Tulunad were + + + align:start position:0% +and the many towns of Tulunad were +certainly related uh to the Delhi + + align:start position:0% +certainly related uh to the Delhi + + + align:start position:0% +certainly related uh to the Delhi +Sultanat and the Vijayagar Empire + + align:start position:0% +Sultanat and the Vijayagar Empire + + + align:start position:0% +Sultanat and the Vijayagar Empire +respectively but seemed to have retained + + align:start position:0% +respectively but seemed to have retained + + + align:start position:0% +respectively but seemed to have retained +a fair measure of autonomy. + + align:start position:0% +a fair measure of autonomy. + + + align:start position:0% +a fair measure of autonomy. +However, it does not seem that 14th + + align:start position:0% +However, it does not seem that 14th + + + align:start position:0% +However, it does not seem that 14th +century Cambe had substantial military + + align:start position:0% +century Cambe had substantial military + + + align:start position:0% +century Cambe had substantial military +resources of its own unlike Kilwa and by + + align:start position:0% +resources of its own unlike Kilwa and by + + + align:start position:0% +resources of its own unlike Kilwa and by +contrast also boats approaching the + + align:start position:0% +contrast also boats approaching the + + + align:start position:0% +contrast also boats approaching the +Mangalore port uh appear to have been + + align:start position:0% +Mangalore port uh appear to have been + + + align:start position:0% +Mangalore port uh appear to have been +regularly attacked by pirates and + + align:start position:0% +regularly attacked by pirates and + + + align:start position:0% +regularly attacked by pirates and +travel accounts from the period provide + + align:start position:0% +travel accounts from the period provide + + + align:start position:0% +travel accounts from the period provide +some sense that local chieftains were + + align:start position:0% +some sense that local chieftains were + + + align:start position:0% +some sense that local chieftains were +only able to provide sporadic protection + + align:start position:0% +only able to provide sporadic protection + + + align:start position:0% +only able to provide sporadic protection +from something like p u piracy. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +Now the Shri Vijaya kingdom of early + + align:start position:0% +Now the Shri Vijaya kingdom of early + + + align:start position:0% +Now the Shri Vijaya kingdom of early +medieval Sumatra on the other hand + + align:start position:0% +medieval Sumatra on the other hand + + + align:start position:0% +medieval Sumatra on the other hand +offers an interesting comparative story. + + align:start position:0% +offers an interesting comparative story. + + + align:start position:0% +offers an interesting comparative story. +Uh the kingdom included a network of + + align:start position:0% +Uh the kingdom included a network of + + + align:start position:0% +Uh the kingdom included a network of +small ports uh along the east coast of + + align:start position:0% +small ports uh along the east coast of + + + align:start position:0% +small ports uh along the east coast of +Somatra from Pasai to Jambi which is + + align:start position:0% +Somatra from Pasai to Jambi which is + + + align:start position:0% +Somatra from Pasai to Jambi which is +here which were it would seem all + + align:start position:0% +here which were it would seem all + + + align:start position:0% +here which were it would seem all +controlled independently of each other + + align:start position:0% +controlled independently of each other + + + align:start position:0% +controlled independently of each other +and from Palimalang Palang sorry which + + align:start position:0% +and from Palimalang Palang sorry which + + + align:start position:0% +and from Palimalang Palang sorry which +was a an inland uh center of political + + align:start position:0% +was a an inland uh center of political + + + align:start position:0% +was a an inland uh center of political +power and the capital of Shijaya up + + align:start position:0% +power and the capital of Shijaya up + + + align:start position:0% +power and the capital of Shijaya up +until the 11th century. Um what we seem + + align:start position:0% +until the 11th century. Um what we seem + + + align:start position:0% +until the 11th century. Um what we seem +to know from or our best guess using + + align:start position:0% +to know from or our best guess using + + + align:start position:0% +to know from or our best guess using +epigraphic evidence is that each port + + align:start position:0% +epigraphic evidence is that each port + + + align:start position:0% +epigraphic evidence is that each port +was controlled by a local military + + align:start position:0% +was controlled by a local military + + + align:start position:0% +was controlled by a local military +functionary of the of the Shiva kingdom + + align:start position:0% +functionary of the of the Shiva kingdom + + + align:start position:0% +functionary of the of the Shiva kingdom +who may or may not have also been a + + align:start position:0% +who may or may not have also been a + + + align:start position:0% +who may or may not have also been a +landowner or a merchant. You have some + + align:start position:0% +landowner or a merchant. You have some + + + align:start position:0% +landowner or a merchant. You have some +cases in which their title very clearly + + align:start position:0% +cases in which their title very clearly + + + align:start position:0% +cases in which their title very clearly +refers to the fact that they were + + align:start position:0% +refers to the fact that they were + + + align:start position:0% +refers to the fact that they were +occupying two stations military chief + + align:start position:0% +occupying two stations military chief + + + align:start position:0% +occupying two stations military chief +and merchant or military chief and + + align:start position:0% +and merchant or military chief and + + + align:start position:0% +and merchant or military chief and +landowner. + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +And so coming to our last couple of + + align:start position:0% +And so coming to our last couple of + + + align:start position:0% +And so coming to our last couple of +slides 54 and 55 + + align:start position:0% +slides 54 and 55 + + + align:start position:0% +slides 54 and 55 +um we see that this sort of relationship + + align:start position:0% +um we see that this sort of relationship + + + align:start position:0% +um we see that this sort of relationship +between the political center and trading + + align:start position:0% +between the political center and trading + + + align:start position:0% +between the political center and trading +periphery was maintained by the later + + align:start position:0% +periphery was maintained by the later + + + align:start position:0% +periphery was maintained by the later +Majapahit kingdom of Java. Uh in fact + + align:start position:0% +Majapahit kingdom of Java. Uh in fact + + + align:start position:0% +Majapahit kingdom of Java. Uh in fact +the Javanese poem Desaana more commonly + + align:start position:0% +the Javanese poem Desaana more commonly + + + align:start position:0% +the Javanese poem Desaana more commonly +known as Nagar Kagama uh written in 1365 + + align:start position:0% +known as Nagar Kagama uh written in 1365 + + + align:start position:0% +known as Nagar Kagama uh written in 1365 +lists Tamask which is modern Singapore + + align:start position:0% +lists Tamask which is modern Singapore + + + align:start position:0% +lists Tamask which is modern Singapore +uh as one of the dependencies of + + align:start position:0% +uh as one of the dependencies of + + + align:start position:0% +uh as one of the dependencies of +Majapahit. Now sadly uh only a few + + align:start position:0% +Majapahit. Now sadly uh only a few + + + align:start position:0% +Majapahit. Now sadly uh only a few +buildings from the Majapahit kingdoms + + align:start position:0% +buildings from the Majapahit kingdoms + + + align:start position:0% +buildings from the Majapahit kingdoms +remain and most of them in the village + + align:start position:0% +remain and most of them in the village + + + align:start position:0% +remain and most of them in the village +really of Trolan in Java, Eastern Java. + + align:start position:0% +really of Trolan in Java, Eastern Java. + + + align:start position:0% +really of Trolan in Java, Eastern Java. +Uh what's interesting about these + + align:start position:0% +Uh what's interesting about these + + + align:start position:0% +Uh what's interesting about these +buildings is they represent an almost + + align:start position:0% +buildings is they represent an almost + + + align:start position:0% +buildings is they represent an almost +complete abandonment of stone as a + + align:start position:0% +complete abandonment of stone as a + + + align:start position:0% +complete abandonment of stone as a +building material in favor of brick. Uh + + align:start position:0% +building material in favor of brick. Uh + + + align:start position:0% +building material in favor of brick. Uh +we have no explanation for the shift in + + align:start position:0% +we have no explanation for the shift in + + + align:start position:0% +we have no explanation for the shift in +this practice. Uh but it is worth uh + + align:start position:0% +this practice. Uh but it is worth uh + + + align:start position:0% +this practice. Uh but it is worth uh +saying however that in other parts of + + align:start position:0% +saying however that in other parts of + + + align:start position:0% +saying however that in other parts of +Jaba in the 14th century brick continued + + align:start position:0% +Jaba in the 14th century brick continued + + + align:start position:0% +Jaba in the 14th century brick continued +to be used sorry stone continued to be + + align:start position:0% +to be used sorry stone continued to be + + + align:start position:0% +to be used sorry stone continued to be +used and amongst the Majapahit ruins + + align:start position:0% +used and amongst the Majapahit ruins + + + align:start position:0% +used and amongst the Majapahit ruins +we still find um stone uh icons and and + + align:start position:0% +we still find um stone uh icons and and + + + align:start position:0% +we still find um stone uh icons and and +some statuery. Um we also know + + align:start position:0% +some statuery. Um we also know + + + align:start position:0% +some statuery. Um we also know +incidentally from travel accounts that + + align:start position:0% +incidentally from travel accounts that + + + align:start position:0% +incidentally from travel accounts that +buildings in coastal Java and Majapahit + + align:start position:0% +buildings in coastal Java and Majapahit + + + align:start position:0% +buildings in coastal Java and Majapahit +and Trolan are still uh located further + + align:start position:0% +and Trolan are still uh located further + + + align:start position:0% +and Trolan are still uh located further +inland uh were built almost exclusively + + align:start position:0% +inland uh were built almost exclusively + + + align:start position:0% +inland uh were built almost exclusively +of wood which might explain why there + + align:start position:0% +of wood which might explain why there + + + align:start position:0% +of wood which might explain why there +are no standing structures from this + + align:start position:0% +are no standing structures from this + + + align:start position:0% +are no standing structures from this +period. U now this particular image that + + align:start position:0% +period. U now this particular image that + + + align:start position:0% +period. U now this particular image that +we have here on slide 54 of the Bajangu + + align:start position:0% +we have here on slide 54 of the Bajangu + + + align:start position:0% +we have here on slide 54 of the Bajangu +gate um is I have very little to say for + + align:start position:0% +gate um is I have very little to say for + + + align:start position:0% +gate um is I have very little to say for +it because so little has been studied of + + align:start position:0% +it because so little has been studied of + + + align:start position:0% +it because so little has been studied of +it. Uh it's about 50 ft high. Um an + + align:start position:0% +it. Uh it's about 50 ft high. Um an + + + align:start position:0% +it. Uh it's about 50 ft high. Um an +analysis of its iconographic program has + + align:start position:0% +analysis of its iconographic program has + + + align:start position:0% +analysis of its iconographic program has +led scholars to think that the gate was + + align:start position:0% +led scholars to think that the gate was + + + align:start position:0% +led scholars to think that the gate was +used to enter a holy building + + align:start position:0% +used to enter a holy building + + + align:start position:0% +used to enter a holy building +commemorating the death of King Jay + + align:start position:0% +commemorating the death of King Jay + + + align:start position:0% +commemorating the death of King Jay +Nagara in 1328. + + align:start position:0% +Nagara in 1328. + + + align:start position:0% +Nagara in 1328. +And it's believed that he was reborn as + + align:start position:0% +And it's believed that he was reborn as + + + align:start position:0% +And it's believed that he was reborn as +Vishnu or at least that is the tale that + + align:start position:0% +Vishnu or at least that is the tale that + + + align:start position:0% +Vishnu or at least that is the tale that +the iconographic program suggests. Um + + align:start position:0% +the iconographic program suggests. Um + + + align:start position:0% +the iconographic program suggests. Um +oops. Uh slide 55. The uh other + + align:start position:0% +oops. Uh slide 55. The uh other + + + align:start position:0% +oops. Uh slide 55. The uh other +structures uh that are found in + + align:start position:0% +structures uh that are found in + + + align:start position:0% +structures uh that are found in +Majapahit and this is literally it um + + align:start position:0% +Majapahit and this is literally it um + + + align:start position:0% +Majapahit and this is literally it um +are uh I've labeled them. So it's it's + + align:start position:0% +are uh I've labeled them. So it's it's + + + align:start position:0% +are uh I've labeled them. So it's it's +Chandi Brahu and and Chandi Tinkush + + align:start position:0% +Chandi Brahu and and Chandi Tinkush + + + align:start position:0% +Chandi Brahu and and Chandi Tinkush +which I don't know why they still call + + align:start position:0% +which I don't know why they still call + + + align:start position:0% +which I don't know why they still call +it that because it means the rat + + align:start position:0% +it that because it means the rat + + + align:start position:0% +it that because it means the rat +breathing tank uh in Bahasa. Um which is + + align:start position:0% +breathing tank uh in Bahasa. Um which is + + + align:start position:0% +breathing tank uh in Bahasa. Um which is +obviously not what it was used for. It + + align:start position:0% +obviously not what it was used for. It + + + align:start position:0% +obviously not what it was used for. It +was a ritual bathing place. Um but but I + + align:start position:0% +was a ritual bathing place. Um but but I + + + align:start position:0% +was a ritual bathing place. Um but but I +guess we just don't know what the old + + align:start position:0% +guess we just don't know what the old + + + align:start position:0% +guess we just don't know what the old +Javanese uh name for it was. Um there + + align:start position:0% +Javanese uh name for it was. Um there + + + align:start position:0% +Javanese uh name for it was. Um there +are possibly other structures for uh + + align:start position:0% +are possibly other structures for uh + + + align:start position:0% +are possibly other structures for uh +Majapahit in the Trolan area but also + + align:start position:0% +Majapahit in the Trolan area but also + + + align:start position:0% +Majapahit in the Trolan area but also +elsewhere. Uh evidence from a surface + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere. Uh evidence from a surface + + + align:start position:0% +elsewhere. Uh evidence from a surface +survey conducted in the early 90s points + + align:start position:0% +survey conducted in the early 90s points + + + align:start position:0% +survey conducted in the early 90s points +to the existence of manufacturing and + + align:start position:0% +to the existence of manufacturing and + + + align:start position:0% +to the existence of manufacturing and +long-distance trading activities uh + + align:start position:0% +long-distance trading activities uh + + + align:start position:0% +long-distance trading activities uh +within Trollan itself. So again we see + + align:start position:0% +within Trollan itself. So again we see + + + align:start position:0% +within Trollan itself. So again we see +this relationship between a highly um uh + + align:start position:0% +this relationship between a highly um uh + + + align:start position:0% +this relationship between a highly um uh +well- definfined here brick structure a + + align:start position:0% +well- definfined here brick structure a + + + align:start position:0% +well- definfined here brick structure a +capital complex + + align:start position:0% +capital complex + + + align:start position:0% +capital complex +um but accommodating programs associated + + align:start position:0% +um but accommodating programs associated + + + align:start position:0% +um but accommodating programs associated +with with trade that was coming long + + align:start position:0% +with with trade that was coming long + + + align:start position:0% +with with trade that was coming long +distance being from the coast into uh + + align:start position:0% +distance being from the coast into uh + + + align:start position:0% +distance being from the coast into uh +this more inland settlement. Uh so like + + align:start position:0% +this more inland settlement. Uh so like + + + align:start position:0% +this more inland settlement. Uh so like +I said perhaps not the most satisfying + + align:start position:0% +I said perhaps not the most satisfying + + + align:start position:0% +I said perhaps not the most satisfying +note to end on but end we do and in the + + align:start position:0% +note to end on but end we do and in the + + + align:start position:0% +note to end on but end we do and in the +next class we'll look at the Iberian + + align:start position:0% +next class we'll look at the Iberian + + + align:start position:0% +next class we'll look at the Iberian +world and the world system it creates in + + align:start position:0% +world and the world system it creates in + + + align:start position:0% +world and the world system it creates in +the 16th century and thereabouts. + + align:start position:0% +the 16th century and thereabouts. + + + align:start position:0% +the 16th century and thereabouts. +Thanks. + + align:start position:0% +Thanks. + + + align:start position:0% +Thanks. +[Applause] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/yIpzVIt1Iuo.txt b/yIpzVIt1Iuo.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35495ee25c945d0913ead3a9eea81789c17bf0a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/yIpzVIt1Iuo.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3451 @@ +align:start position:0% + +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +we can use + + align:start position:0% +we can use + + + align:start position:0% +we can use +technology to make finance more + + align:start position:0% +technology to make finance more + + + align:start position:0% +technology to make finance more +inclusive and more accessible + + align:start position:0% +inclusive and more accessible + + + align:start position:0% +inclusive and more accessible +to many more millions of people in our + + align:start position:0% +to many more millions of people in our + + + align:start position:0% +to many more millions of people in our +country and many more hundreds of + + align:start position:0% +country and many more hundreds of + + + align:start position:0% +country and many more hundreds of +millions of people around the globe + + align:start position:0% +millions of people around the globe + + + align:start position:0% +millions of people around the globe +today on chalk radio modern money + + align:start position:0% +today on chalk radio modern money + + + align:start position:0% +today on chalk radio modern money +in this episode we're taking a look at + + align:start position:0% +in this episode we're taking a look at + + + align:start position:0% +in this episode we're taking a look at +15 soa + + align:start position:0% +15 soa + + + align:start position:0% +15 soa +fintech shaping the financial world this + + align:start position:0% +fintech shaping the financial world this + + + align:start position:0% +fintech shaping the financial world this +is a course about money + + align:start position:0% +is a course about money + + + align:start position:0% +is a course about money +and how it works in a constantly + + align:start position:0% +and how it works in a constantly + + + align:start position:0% +and how it works in a constantly +changing digital environment + + align:start position:0% +changing digital environment + + + align:start position:0% +changing digital environment +my research and teaching is all about + + align:start position:0% +my research and teaching is all about + + + align:start position:0% +my research and teaching is all about +the intersection between + + align:start position:0% +the intersection between + + + align:start position:0% +the intersection between +finance and technology and what better + + align:start position:0% +finance and technology and what better + + + align:start position:0% +finance and technology and what better +place to do it but at mit + + align:start position:0% +place to do it but at mit + + + align:start position:0% +place to do it but at mit +our guest today is professor gary + + align:start position:0% +our guest today is professor gary + + + align:start position:0% +our guest today is professor gary +gensler he co-directs mit's fintech at + + align:start position:0% +gensler he co-directs mit's fintech at + + + align:start position:0% +gensler he co-directs mit's fintech at +csail + + align:start position:0% +csail + + + align:start position:0% +csail +which stands for computer science and ai + + align:start position:0% +which stands for computer science and ai + + + align:start position:0% +which stands for computer science and ai +lab + + align:start position:0% +lab + + + align:start position:0% +lab +professor gensler has a unique + + align:start position:0% +professor gensler has a unique + + + align:start position:0% +professor gensler has a unique +perspective + + align:start position:0% +perspective + + + align:start position:0% +perspective +in that he's teaching a subject that's + + align:start position:0% +in that he's teaching a subject that's + + + align:start position:0% +in that he's teaching a subject that's +continuously evolving + + align:start position:0% +continuously evolving + + + align:start position:0% +continuously evolving +so how does an educator teach something + + align:start position:0% +so how does an educator teach something + + + align:start position:0% +so how does an educator teach something +that changes so much + + align:start position:0% +that changes so much + + + align:start position:0% +that changes so much +and so rapidly how do you prepare + + align:start position:0% +and so rapidly how do you prepare + + + align:start position:0% +and so rapidly how do you prepare +students to work in a new + + align:start position:0% +students to work in a new + + + align:start position:0% +students to work in a new +and oftentimes vastly different context + + align:start position:0% +and oftentimes vastly different context + + + align:start position:0% +and oftentimes vastly different context +one that literally + + align:start position:0% +one that literally + + + align:start position:0% +one that literally +might not even exist yet but before we + + align:start position:0% +might not even exist yet but before we + + + align:start position:0% +might not even exist yet but before we +dive into all of that + + align:start position:0% +dive into all of that + + + align:start position:0% +dive into all of that +we first have to understand what is + + align:start position:0% +we first have to understand what is + + + align:start position:0% +we first have to understand what is +fintech + + align:start position:0% +fintech + + + align:start position:0% +fintech +this term fintech which came about in + + align:start position:0% +this term fintech which came about in + + + align:start position:0% +this term fintech which came about in +the last + + align:start position:0% +the last + + + align:start position:0% +the last +20 or so years can mean different things + + align:start position:0% +20 or so years can mean different things + + + align:start position:0% +20 or so years can mean different things +to different + + align:start position:0% +to different + + + align:start position:0% +to different +folks for me i think of it if + + align:start position:0% +folks for me i think of it if + + + align:start position:0% +folks for me i think of it if +how's finance changing due to new + + align:start position:0% +how's finance changing due to new + + + align:start position:0% +how's finance changing due to new +technologies and the original fintech + + align:start position:0% +technologies and the original fintech + + + align:start position:0% +technologies and the original fintech +was + + align:start position:0% +was + + + align:start position:0% +was +money itself invented thousands of years + + align:start position:0% +money itself invented thousands of years + + + align:start position:0% +money itself invented thousands of years +ago by humans + + align:start position:0% +ago by humans + + + align:start position:0% +ago by humans +but usually a lot of folks these days + + align:start position:0% +but usually a lot of folks these days + + + align:start position:0% +but usually a lot of folks these days +will call + + align:start position:0% +will call + + + align:start position:0% +will call +fintech the companies that are + + align:start position:0% +fintech the companies that are + + + align:start position:0% +fintech the companies that are +disrupting the world of finance using + + align:start position:0% +disrupting the world of finance using + + + align:start position:0% +disrupting the world of finance using +machine + + align:start position:0% +machine + + + align:start position:0% +machine +learning or using something called + + align:start position:0% +learning or using something called + + + align:start position:0% +learning or using something called +blockchain technology + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology + + + align:start position:0% +blockchain technology +but 20 years ago it would be correct to + + align:start position:0% +but 20 years ago it would be correct to + + + align:start position:0% +but 20 years ago it would be correct to +say that + + align:start position:0% +say that + + + align:start position:0% +say that +what technology was disrupting finance + + align:start position:0% +what technology was disrupting finance + + + align:start position:0% +what technology was disrupting finance +more than anything else was the internet + + align:start position:0% +more than anything else was the internet + + + align:start position:0% +more than anything else was the internet +and 10 or 15 years ago the technology + + align:start position:0% +and 10 or 15 years ago the technology + + + align:start position:0% +and 10 or 15 years ago the technology +that was disrupting + + align:start position:0% +that was disrupting + + + align:start position:0% +that was disrupting +finance the most was mobile phones and + + align:start position:0% +finance the most was mobile phones and + + + align:start position:0% +finance the most was mobile phones and +cloud + + align:start position:0% +cloud + + + align:start position:0% +cloud +and so i teach it from a broader view + + align:start position:0% +and so i teach it from a broader view + + + align:start position:0% +and so i teach it from a broader view +and try to prepare students with this + + align:start position:0% +and try to prepare students with this + + + align:start position:0% +and try to prepare students with this +concept so they're ready for the 2030s + + align:start position:0% +concept so they're ready for the 2030s + + + align:start position:0% +concept so they're ready for the 2030s +and the 2040s what + + align:start position:0% +and the 2040s what + + + align:start position:0% +and the 2040s what +technologies then will be highly + + align:start position:0% +technologies then will be highly + + + align:start position:0% +technologies then will be highly +disruptive in finance + + align:start position:0% +disruptive in finance + + + align:start position:0% +disruptive in finance +it's really about how technology is + + align:start position:0% +it's really about how technology is + + + align:start position:0% +it's really about how technology is +changing the world of finance and + + align:start position:0% +changing the world of finance and + + + align:start position:0% +changing the world of finance and +has for centuries and will for centuries + + align:start position:0% +has for centuries and will for centuries + + + align:start position:0% +has for centuries and will for centuries +to come + + align:start position:0% +to come + + + align:start position:0% +to come +and right now we're living through this + + align:start position:0% +and right now we're living through this + + + align:start position:0% +and right now we're living through this +transitional period + + align:start position:0% +transitional period + + + align:start position:0% +transitional period +of machine learning artificial + + align:start position:0% +of machine learning artificial + + + align:start position:0% +of machine learning artificial +intelligence + + align:start position:0% +intelligence + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence +internet of things blockchain technology + + align:start position:0% +internet of things blockchain technology + + + align:start position:0% +internet of things blockchain technology +and a decade from now it will be some + + align:start position:0% +and a decade from now it will be some + + + align:start position:0% +and a decade from now it will be some +other transition + + align:start position:0% +other transition + + + align:start position:0% +other transition +and so i really try to engage the + + align:start position:0% +and so i really try to engage the + + + align:start position:0% +and so i really try to engage the +students on what that means what those + + align:start position:0% +students on what that means what those + + + align:start position:0% +students on what that means what those +big technology movements mean + + align:start position:0% +big technology movements mean + + + align:start position:0% +big technology movements mean +as they come into the technology stack + + align:start position:0% +as they come into the technology stack + + + align:start position:0% +as they come into the technology stack +and then they just become accepted + + align:start position:0% +and then they just become accepted + + + align:start position:0% +and then they just become accepted +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +in helping me understand what fintech + + align:start position:0% +in helping me understand what fintech + + + align:start position:0% +in helping me understand what fintech +actually is + + align:start position:0% +actually is + + + align:start position:0% +actually is +professor gensler made some really + + align:start position:0% +professor gensler made some really + + + align:start position:0% +professor gensler made some really +interesting observations about the way + + align:start position:0% +interesting observations about the way + + + align:start position:0% +interesting observations about the way +we use money now + + align:start position:0% +we use money now + + + align:start position:0% +we use money now +versus even just 10 years ago and what + + align:start position:0% +versus even just 10 years ago and what + + + align:start position:0% +versus even just 10 years ago and what +that implies about where we're headed + + align:start position:0% +that implies about where we're headed + + + align:start position:0% +that implies about where we're headed +that which we call money that which + + align:start position:0% +that which we call money that which + + + align:start position:0% +that which we call money that which +plato and aristotle called money was + + align:start position:0% +plato and aristotle called money was + + + align:start position:0% +plato and aristotle called money was +just + + align:start position:0% +just + + + align:start position:0% +just +a society's representation of something + + align:start position:0% +a society's representation of something + + + align:start position:0% +a society's representation of something +of value + + align:start position:0% +of value + + + align:start position:0% +of value +but boy in the 21st century aren't we + + align:start position:0% +but boy in the 21st century aren't we + + + align:start position:0% +but boy in the 21st century aren't we +there + + align:start position:0% +there + + + align:start position:0% +there +that you can just wave your mobile phone + + align:start position:0% +that you can just wave your mobile phone + + + align:start position:0% +that you can just wave your mobile phone +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +you move value what we call money the + + align:start position:0% +you move value what we call money the + + + align:start position:0% +you move value what we call money the +greatest changes of the early 2020s + + align:start position:0% +greatest changes of the early 2020s + + + align:start position:0% +greatest changes of the early 2020s +is about two forms of artificial + + align:start position:0% +is about two forms of artificial + + + align:start position:0% +is about two forms of artificial +intelligence + + align:start position:0% +intelligence + + + align:start position:0% +intelligence +one is machine learning machine learning + + align:start position:0% +one is machine learning machine learning + + + align:start position:0% +one is machine learning machine learning +has a remarkable ability to + + align:start position:0% +has a remarkable ability to + + + align:start position:0% +has a remarkable ability to +to extract correlations and data where + + align:start position:0% +to extract correlations and data where + + + align:start position:0% +to extract correlations and data where +we couldn't find it earlier + + align:start position:0% +we couldn't find it earlier + + + align:start position:0% +we couldn't find it earlier +with earlier forms of math linear + + align:start position:0% +with earlier forms of math linear + + + align:start position:0% +with earlier forms of math linear +algebra + + align:start position:0% +algebra + + + align:start position:0% +algebra +and so forth and the second form of + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and the second form of + + + align:start position:0% +and so forth and the second form of +artificial intelligence that's + + align:start position:0% +artificial intelligence that's + + + align:start position:0% +artificial intelligence that's +dramatically changing finance + + align:start position:0% +dramatically changing finance + + + align:start position:0% +dramatically changing finance +is natural language processing what do + + align:start position:0% +is natural language processing what do + + + align:start position:0% +is natural language processing what do +these words mean they're just kind of + + align:start position:0% +these words mean they're just kind of + + + align:start position:0% +these words mean they're just kind of +fancy words to say + + align:start position:0% +fancy words to say + + + align:start position:0% +fancy words to say +can you move human language to computer + + align:start position:0% +can you move human language to computer + + + align:start position:0% +can you move human language to computer +language + + align:start position:0% +language + + + align:start position:0% +language +and guess what all day long that's + + align:start position:0% +and guess what all day long that's + + + align:start position:0% +and guess what all day long that's +happening and we're starting to get robo + + align:start position:0% +happening and we're starting to get robo + + + align:start position:0% +happening and we're starting to get robo +advice + + align:start position:0% +advice + + + align:start position:0% +advice +and robo advisory platforms + + align:start position:0% +and robo advisory platforms + + + align:start position:0% +and robo advisory platforms +can deliver finance far more broadly + + align:start position:0% +can deliver finance far more broadly + + + align:start position:0% +can deliver finance far more broadly +to four more people so bank of america + + align:start position:0% +to four more people so bank of america + + + align:start position:0% +to four more people so bank of america +has + + align:start position:0% +has + + + align:start position:0% +has +its voice assistant erica but millions + + align:start position:0% +its voice assistant erica but millions + + + align:start position:0% +its voice assistant erica but millions +of their customers are now using + + align:start position:0% +of their customers are now using + + + align:start position:0% +of their customers are now using +erica to do modest transactions move + + align:start position:0% +erica to do modest transactions move + + + align:start position:0% +erica to do modest transactions move +bank balances around things like that so + + align:start position:0% +bank balances around things like that so + + + align:start position:0% +bank balances around things like that so +we + + align:start position:0% +we + + + align:start position:0% +we +try in the classroom to think about this + + align:start position:0% +try in the classroom to think about this + + + align:start position:0% +try in the classroom to think about this +with students + + align:start position:0% +with students + + + align:start position:0% +with students +and sort of prepare them what are the + + align:start position:0% +and sort of prepare them what are the + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of prepare them what are the +next technologies not just the + + align:start position:0% +next technologies not just the + + + align:start position:0% +next technologies not just the +technologies like machine learning and + + align:start position:0% +technologies like machine learning and + + + align:start position:0% +technologies like machine learning and +natural language processing + + align:start position:0% +natural language processing + + + align:start position:0% +natural language processing +but what are the next technologies and + + align:start position:0% +but what are the next technologies and + + + align:start position:0% +but what are the next technologies and +how do we think of + + align:start position:0% +how do we think of + + + align:start position:0% +how do we think of +entrepreneurial strategy how to think of + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurial strategy how to think of + + + align:start position:0% +entrepreneurial strategy how to think of +the strategy + + align:start position:0% +the strategy + + + align:start position:0% +the strategy +to use new technologies to provide + + align:start position:0% +to use new technologies to provide + + + align:start position:0% +to use new technologies to provide +services + + align:start position:0% +services + + + align:start position:0% +services +and in the classic way that you always + + align:start position:0% +and in the classic way that you always + + + align:start position:0% +and in the classic way that you always +have to think about + + align:start position:0% +have to think about + + + align:start position:0% +have to think about +as an entrepreneur how can you do + + align:start position:0% +as an entrepreneur how can you do + + + align:start position:0% +as an entrepreneur how can you do +something better quicker cheaper + + align:start position:0% +something better quicker cheaper + + + align:start position:0% +something better quicker cheaper +that's not been done today during my + + align:start position:0% +that's not been done today during my + + + align:start position:0% +that's not been done today during my +conversation with professor genzler + + align:start position:0% +conversation with professor genzler + + + align:start position:0% +conversation with professor genzler +i began to realize how far-reaching the + + align:start position:0% +i began to realize how far-reaching the + + + align:start position:0% +i began to realize how far-reaching the +implications of fintech can be + + align:start position:0% +implications of fintech can be + + + align:start position:0% +implications of fintech can be +expanding access to financial literacy + + align:start position:0% +expanding access to financial literacy + + + align:start position:0% +expanding access to financial literacy +is a really important outcome + + align:start position:0% +is a really important outcome + + + align:start position:0% +is a really important outcome +that drives his teaching and his passion + + align:start position:0% +that drives his teaching and his passion + + + align:start position:0% +that drives his teaching and his passion +for the work + + align:start position:0% +for the work + + + align:start position:0% +for the work +what i was drawn to mit about was this + + align:start position:0% +what i was drawn to mit about was this + + + align:start position:0% +what i was drawn to mit about was this +sense that maybe we could democratize + + align:start position:0% +sense that maybe we could democratize + + + align:start position:0% +sense that maybe we could democratize +capitalism a bit more that + + align:start position:0% +capitalism a bit more that + + + align:start position:0% +capitalism a bit more that +we can use technology to make + + align:start position:0% +we can use technology to make + + + align:start position:0% +we can use technology to make +finance more inclusive and more + + align:start position:0% +finance more inclusive and more + + + align:start position:0% +finance more inclusive and more +accessible to many more millions of + + align:start position:0% +accessible to many more millions of + + + align:start position:0% +accessible to many more millions of +people in our country and many more + + align:start position:0% +people in our country and many more + + + align:start position:0% +people in our country and many more +hundreds of millions of people around + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of millions of people around + + + align:start position:0% +hundreds of millions of people around +the globe + + align:start position:0% +the globe + + + align:start position:0% +the globe +new technologies come along every decade + + align:start position:0% +new technologies come along every decade + + + align:start position:0% +new technologies come along every decade +or so + + align:start position:0% +or so + + + align:start position:0% +or so +and then they disrupt this status quo + + align:start position:0% +and then they disrupt this status quo + + + align:start position:0% +and then they disrupt this status quo +and what's really exciting is at mit + + align:start position:0% +and what's really exciting is at mit + + + align:start position:0% +and what's really exciting is at mit +we're at the forefront of those new + + align:start position:0% +we're at the forefront of those new + + + align:start position:0% +we're at the forefront of those new +technologies + + align:start position:0% +technologies + + + align:start position:0% +technologies +and we can bring those practices those + + align:start position:0% +and we can bring those practices those + + + align:start position:0% +and we can bring those practices those +new practices into the classroom and say + + align:start position:0% +new practices into the classroom and say + + + align:start position:0% +new practices into the classroom and say +well now what's this doing + + align:start position:0% +well now what's this doing + + + align:start position:0% +well now what's this doing +to finance what does it mean that a big + + align:start position:0% +to finance what does it mean that a big + + + align:start position:0% +to finance what does it mean that a big +technology company + + align:start position:0% +technology company + + + align:start position:0% +technology company +is starting to have a credit card maybe + + align:start position:0% +is starting to have a credit card maybe + + + align:start position:0% +is starting to have a credit card maybe +what does it mean that apple credit card + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean that apple credit card + + + align:start position:0% +what does it mean that apple credit card +exists or + + align:start position:0% +exists or + + + align:start position:0% +exists or +facebook wants to have a worldwide + + align:start position:0% +facebook wants to have a worldwide + + + align:start position:0% +facebook wants to have a worldwide +currency called libra + + align:start position:0% +currency called libra + + + align:start position:0% +currency called libra +or that we might provide insurance + + align:start position:0% +or that we might provide insurance + + + align:start position:0% +or that we might provide insurance +that's going to be measuring + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be measuring + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to be measuring +our fitbits or watches or our mobile + + align:start position:0% +our fitbits or watches or our mobile + + + align:start position:0% +our fitbits or watches or our mobile +devices + + align:start position:0% +devices + + + align:start position:0% +devices +as to whether we're healthy or not + + align:start position:0% +as to whether we're healthy or not + + + align:start position:0% +as to whether we're healthy or not +students from all areas of mit sloan + + align:start position:0% +students from all areas of mit sloan + + + align:start position:0% +students from all areas of mit sloan +school of management + + align:start position:0% +school of management + + + align:start position:0% +school of management +and even students registered from other + + align:start position:0% +and even students registered from other + + + align:start position:0% +and even students registered from other +schools flocked professor genzler's + + align:start position:0% +schools flocked professor genzler's + + + align:start position:0% +schools flocked professor genzler's +class to learn more about what the + + align:start position:0% +class to learn more about what the + + + align:start position:0% +class to learn more about what the +future of finance looks like + + align:start position:0% +future of finance looks like + + + align:start position:0% +future of finance looks like +and how they might help shape it + + align:start position:0% +and how they might help shape it + + + align:start position:0% +and how they might help shape it +students come into this class + + align:start position:0% +students come into this class + + + align:start position:0% +students come into this class +for multiple purposes but i'd say the + + align:start position:0% +for multiple purposes but i'd say the + + + align:start position:0% +for multiple purposes but i'd say the +majority + + align:start position:0% +majority + + + align:start position:0% +majority +are really interested how + + align:start position:0% +are really interested how + + + align:start position:0% +are really interested how +these new technologies might be + + align:start position:0% +these new technologies might be + + + align:start position:0% +these new technologies might be +disrupting + + align:start position:0% +disrupting + + + align:start position:0% +disrupting +a big part of an economy and the + + align:start position:0% +a big part of an economy and the + + + align:start position:0% +a big part of an economy and the +students are from + + align:start position:0% +students are from + + + align:start position:0% +students are from +all over the globe and dominantly + + align:start position:0% +all over the globe and dominantly + + + align:start position:0% +all over the globe and dominantly +they're thinking about + + align:start position:0% +they're thinking about + + + align:start position:0% +they're thinking about +i want to understand how this technology + + align:start position:0% +i want to understand how this technology + + + align:start position:0% +i want to understand how this technology +is disrupting finance + + align:start position:0% +is disrupting finance + + + align:start position:0% +is disrupting finance +so i asked all the students to write a + + align:start position:0% +so i asked all the students to write a + + + align:start position:0% +so i asked all the students to write a +memo + + align:start position:0% +memo + + + align:start position:0% +memo +a clearly worded recommendation memo + + align:start position:0% +a clearly worded recommendation memo + + + align:start position:0% +a clearly worded recommendation memo +but their recommendation they can pick + + align:start position:0% +but their recommendation they can pick + + + align:start position:0% +but their recommendation they can pick +one of three ceos + + align:start position:0% +one of three ceos + + + align:start position:0% +one of three ceos +jeff bezos of amazon brian moynihan who + + align:start position:0% +jeff bezos of amazon brian moynihan who + + + align:start position:0% +jeff bezos of amazon brian moynihan who +runs bank of america + + align:start position:0% +runs bank of america + + + align:start position:0% +runs bank of america +or mark andreessen who runs a big + + align:start position:0% +or mark andreessen who runs a big + + + align:start position:0% +or mark andreessen who runs a big +venture capital firm + + align:start position:0% +venture capital firm + + + align:start position:0% +venture capital firm +andreessen horowitz and i said you + + align:start position:0% +andreessen horowitz and i said you + + + align:start position:0% +andreessen horowitz and i said you +picked whether you want to write about + + align:start position:0% +picked whether you want to write about + + + align:start position:0% +picked whether you want to write about +the provision of credit the provision of + + align:start position:0% +the provision of credit the provision of + + + align:start position:0% +the provision of credit the provision of +credit cards provision of automobile + + align:start position:0% +credit cards provision of automobile + + + align:start position:0% +credit cards provision of automobile +insurance the provision of mortgages you + + align:start position:0% +insurance the provision of mortgages you + + + align:start position:0% +insurance the provision of mortgages you +pick whatever you want to pick + + align:start position:0% +pick whatever you want to pick + + + align:start position:0% +pick whatever you want to pick +in finance but you have to write a ceo + + align:start position:0% +in finance but you have to write a ceo + + + align:start position:0% +in finance but you have to write a ceo +recommendation member with a clearly + + align:start position:0% +recommendation member with a clearly + + + align:start position:0% +recommendation member with a clearly +stated recommendation + + align:start position:0% +stated recommendation + + + align:start position:0% +stated recommendation +to amazon bank of america or andreessen + + align:start position:0% +to amazon bank of america or andreessen + + + align:start position:0% +to amazon bank of america or andreessen +horowitz + + align:start position:0% +horowitz + + + align:start position:0% +horowitz +and a little over half the students pick + + align:start position:0% +and a little over half the students pick + + + align:start position:0% +and a little over half the students pick +amazon they're all really + + align:start position:0% +amazon they're all really + + + align:start position:0% +amazon they're all really +interesting memos to read and the + + align:start position:0% +interesting memos to read and the + + + align:start position:0% +interesting memos to read and the +students engage + + align:start position:0% +students engage + + + align:start position:0% +students engage +they engage because there there's + + align:start position:0% +they engage because there there's + + + align:start position:0% +they engage because there there's +tremendous benefit + + align:start position:0% +tremendous benefit + + + align:start position:0% +tremendous benefit +to giving students a real live thing to + + align:start position:0% +to giving students a real live thing to + + + align:start position:0% +to giving students a real live thing to +address that it's a real live + + align:start position:0% +address that it's a real live + + + align:start position:0% +address that it's a real live +thing where i say listen if this is a + + align:start position:0% +thing where i say listen if this is a + + + align:start position:0% +thing where i say listen if this is a +great memo + + align:start position:0% +great memo + + + align:start position:0% +great memo +i'll figure out the way to get it to + + align:start position:0% +i'll figure out the way to get it to + + + align:start position:0% +i'll figure out the way to get it to +jeff bezos i'll figure out the way to + + align:start position:0% +jeff bezos i'll figure out the way to + + + align:start position:0% +jeff bezos i'll figure out the way to +get it to brian moynihan and the + + align:start position:0% +get it to brian moynihan and the + + + align:start position:0% +get it to brian moynihan and the +students believe me because + + align:start position:0% +students believe me because + + + align:start position:0% +students believe me because +i i could get a really great memo to + + align:start position:0% +i i could get a really great memo to + + + align:start position:0% +i i could get a really great memo to +them + + align:start position:0% +them + + + align:start position:0% +them +some students will say can i write it to + + align:start position:0% +some students will say can i write it to + + + align:start position:0% +some students will say can i write it to +somebody in brazil instead and i always + + align:start position:0% +somebody in brazil instead and i always + + + align:start position:0% +somebody in brazil instead and i always +say yes + + align:start position:0% +say yes + + + align:start position:0% +say yes +you know had a great memo to the + + align:start position:0% +you know had a great memo to the + + + align:start position:0% +you know had a great memo to the +ceo of tension the big technology + + align:start position:0% +ceo of tension the big technology + + + align:start position:0% +ceo of tension the big technology +network in china + + align:start position:0% +network in china + + + align:start position:0% +network in china +and it was one of the best memos this + + align:start position:0% +and it was one of the best memos this + + + align:start position:0% +and it was one of the best memos this +group of students put together + + align:start position:0% +group of students put together + + + align:start position:0% +group of students put together +i would say to elder educators trust the + + align:start position:0% +i would say to elder educators trust the + + + align:start position:0% +i would say to elder educators trust the +students + + align:start position:0% +students + + + align:start position:0% +students +if you give them a little bit of an open + + align:start position:0% +if you give them a little bit of an open + + + align:start position:0% +if you give them a little bit of an open +ended + + align:start position:0% +ended + + + align:start position:0% +ended +prompt like this a big majority will + + align:start position:0% +prompt like this a big majority will + + + align:start position:0% +prompt like this a big majority will +rise to the occasion + + align:start position:0% +rise to the occasion + + + align:start position:0% +rise to the occasion +as is the case with most things nowadays + + align:start position:0% +as is the case with most things nowadays + + + align:start position:0% +as is the case with most things nowadays +professor gentzler's course is formatted + + align:start position:0% +professor gentzler's course is formatted + + + align:start position:0% +professor gentzler's course is formatted +a little differently in the time of + + align:start position:0% +a little differently in the time of + + + align:start position:0% +a little differently in the time of +cobit 19 + + align:start position:0% +cobit 19 + + + align:start position:0% +cobit 19 +but he's seen some pretty remarkable + + align:start position:0% +but he's seen some pretty remarkable + + + align:start position:0% +but he's seen some pretty remarkable +results at achieving + + align:start position:0% +results at achieving + + + align:start position:0% +results at achieving +some semblance of normalcy in his new + + align:start position:0% +some semblance of normalcy in his new + + + align:start position:0% +some semblance of normalcy in his new +class format + + align:start position:0% +class format + + + align:start position:0% +class format +we're in very unusual times that those + + align:start position:0% +we're in very unusual times that those + + + align:start position:0% +we're in very unusual times that those +of us who + + align:start position:0% +of us who + + + align:start position:0% +of us who +learned our teaching skills in the + + align:start position:0% +learned our teaching skills in the + + + align:start position:0% +learned our teaching skills in the +classroom with + + align:start position:0% +classroom with + + + align:start position:0% +classroom with +with anywhere from you know 15 to 100 + + align:start position:0% +with anywhere from you know 15 to 100 + + + align:start position:0% +with anywhere from you know 15 to 100 +students in the class that you were all + + align:start position:0% +students in the class that you were all + + + align:start position:0% +students in the class that you were all +having a shared experience + + align:start position:0% +having a shared experience + + + align:start position:0% +having a shared experience +all of a sudden with a snap of a finger + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden with a snap of a finger + + + align:start position:0% +all of a sudden with a snap of a finger +were online + + align:start position:0% +were online + + + align:start position:0% +were online +most of us at sloan felt it was really + + align:start position:0% +most of us at sloan felt it was really + + + align:start position:0% +most of us at sloan felt it was really +important to keep + + align:start position:0% +important to keep + + + align:start position:0% +important to keep +some sense of community and so when + + align:start position:0% +some sense of community and so when + + + align:start position:0% +some sense of community and so when +i started the first class online + + align:start position:0% +i started the first class online + + + align:start position:0% +i started the first class online +i asked all the students + + align:start position:0% +i asked all the students + + + align:start position:0% +i asked all the students +those that could to listen + + align:start position:0% +those that could to listen + + + align:start position:0% +those that could to listen +together synchronously and so + + align:start position:0% +together synchronously and so + + + align:start position:0% +together synchronously and so +this class was taught at 8 30 to 10 a.m + + align:start position:0% +this class was taught at 8 30 to 10 a.m + + + align:start position:0% +this class was taught at 8 30 to 10 a.m +on monday and wednesday + + align:start position:0% +on monday and wednesday + + + align:start position:0% +on monday and wednesday +and so for many time zones at work but + + align:start position:0% +and so for many time zones at work but + + + align:start position:0% +and so for many time zones at work but +did it really work for somebody sitting + + align:start position:0% +did it really work for somebody sitting + + + align:start position:0% +did it really work for somebody sitting +in europe who might be + + align:start position:0% +in europe who might be + + + align:start position:0% +in europe who might be +had flown back so we did record it + + align:start position:0% +had flown back so we did record it + + + align:start position:0% +had flown back so we did record it +but we got about 85 to 90 of the + + align:start position:0% +but we got about 85 to 90 of the + + + align:start position:0% +but we got about 85 to 90 of the +students + + align:start position:0% +students + + + align:start position:0% +students +tying in synchronously and i felt it was + + align:start position:0% +tying in synchronously and i felt it was + + + align:start position:0% +tying in synchronously and i felt it was +not only important that it was + + align:start position:0% +not only important that it was + + + align:start position:0% +not only important that it was +synchronous but + + align:start position:0% +synchronous but + + + align:start position:0% +synchronous but +secondly that everyone had their video + + align:start position:0% +secondly that everyone had their video + + + align:start position:0% +secondly that everyone had their video +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +and i would tell the students i said i + + align:start position:0% +and i would tell the students i said i + + + align:start position:0% +and i would tell the students i said i +know that you might have a + + align:start position:0% +know that you might have a + + + align:start position:0% +know that you might have a +friend a spouse a lover a child + + align:start position:0% +friend a spouse a lover a child + + + align:start position:0% +friend a spouse a lover a child +walk through the camera you might have a + + align:start position:0% +walk through the camera you might have a + + + align:start position:0% +walk through the camera you might have a +delivery which + + align:start position:0% +delivery which + + + align:start position:0% +delivery which +one day i was teaching and i had a + + align:start position:0% +one day i was teaching and i had a + + + align:start position:0% +one day i was teaching and i had a +delivery and there was a pounding on the + + align:start position:0% +delivery and there was a pounding on the + + + align:start position:0% +delivery and there was a pounding on the +door + + align:start position:0% +door + + + align:start position:0% +door +i had to say to the students excuse me i + + align:start position:0% +i had to say to the students excuse me i + + + align:start position:0% +i had to say to the students excuse me i +have to go to the door + + align:start position:0% +have to go to the door + + + align:start position:0% +have to go to the door +but i said that's life we just we're + + align:start position:0% +but i said that's life we just we're + + + align:start position:0% +but i said that's life we just we're +going to relax about all of this + + align:start position:0% +going to relax about all of this + + + align:start position:0% +going to relax about all of this +but i felt it formed a better sense of + + align:start position:0% +but i felt it formed a better sense of + + + align:start position:0% +but i felt it formed a better sense of +community + + align:start position:0% +community + + + align:start position:0% +community +[Music] + + align:start position:0% +[Music] + + + align:start position:0% +[Music] +before teaching at mit professor gensler + + align:start position:0% +before teaching at mit professor gensler + + + align:start position:0% +before teaching at mit professor gensler +cut his teeth in the professional and + + align:start position:0% +cut his teeth in the professional and + + + align:start position:0% +cut his teeth in the professional and +political world + + align:start position:0% +political world + + + align:start position:0% +political world +working for goldman sachs the us + + align:start position:0% +working for goldman sachs the us + + + align:start position:0% +working for goldman sachs the us +department of treasury + + align:start position:0% +department of treasury + + + align:start position:0% +department of treasury +hillary clinton's campaign paul sarbanes + + align:start position:0% +hillary clinton's campaign paul sarbanes + + + align:start position:0% +hillary clinton's campaign paul sarbanes +in the u.s senate + + align:start position:0% +in the u.s senate + + + align:start position:0% +in the u.s senate +and with barack obama's administration + + align:start position:0% +and with barack obama's administration + + + align:start position:0% +and with barack obama's administration +chairing something called the commodity + + align:start position:0% +chairing something called the commodity + + + align:start position:0% +chairing something called the commodity +futures trading commission + + align:start position:0% +futures trading commission + + + align:start position:0% +futures trading commission +his understanding of what makes a + + align:start position:0% +his understanding of what makes a + + + align:start position:0% +his understanding of what makes a +successful well-equipped professional + + align:start position:0% +successful well-equipped professional + + + align:start position:0% +successful well-equipped professional +shines through in his classes kenzler + + align:start position:0% +shines through in his classes kenzler + + + align:start position:0% +shines through in his classes kenzler +isn't just developing domain knowledge + + align:start position:0% +isn't just developing domain knowledge + + + align:start position:0% +isn't just developing domain knowledge +but cultivating humans and professionals + + align:start position:0% +but cultivating humans and professionals + + + align:start position:0% +but cultivating humans and professionals +i want to read something to you that + + align:start position:0% +i want to read something to you that + + + align:start position:0% +i want to read something to you that +you've written oh my god here's the + + align:start position:0% +you've written oh my god here's the + + + align:start position:0% +you've written oh my god here's the +embarrassing moment + + align:start position:0% +embarrassing moment + + + align:start position:0% +embarrassing moment +no it's good um it says respect and + + align:start position:0% +no it's good um it says respect and + + + align:start position:0% +no it's good um it says respect and +courtesy + + align:start position:0% +courtesy + + + align:start position:0% +courtesy +build reputations networks and trust + + align:start position:0% +build reputations networks and trust + + + align:start position:0% +build reputations networks and trust +that seems important in your teaching so + + align:start position:0% +that seems important in your teaching so + + + align:start position:0% +that seems important in your teaching so +i'm wondering how your focus + + align:start position:0% +i'm wondering how your focus + + + align:start position:0% +i'm wondering how your focus +on helping students cultivate + + align:start position:0% +on helping students cultivate + + + align:start position:0% +on helping students cultivate +professionalism + + align:start position:0% +professionalism + + + align:start position:0% +professionalism +kind of plays out in the course how do + + align:start position:0% +kind of plays out in the course how do + + + align:start position:0% +kind of plays out in the course how do +you teach + + align:start position:0% +you teach + + + align:start position:0% +you teach +that so i think that each of us that + + align:start position:0% +that so i think that each of us that + + + align:start position:0% +that so i think that each of us that +walk into a classroom + + align:start position:0% +walk into a classroom + + + align:start position:0% +walk into a classroom +have a big responsibility it's such a + + align:start position:0% +have a big responsibility it's such a + + + align:start position:0% +have a big responsibility it's such a +privilege to be at mit with this + + align:start position:0% +privilege to be at mit with this + + + align:start position:0% +privilege to be at mit with this +incredible student body + + align:start position:0% +incredible student body + + + align:start position:0% +incredible student body +and faculty and staff but i feel that we + + align:start position:0% +and faculty and staff but i feel that we + + + align:start position:0% +and faculty and staff but i feel that we +have this responsibility that goes + + align:start position:0% +have this responsibility that goes + + + align:start position:0% +have this responsibility that goes +beyond + + align:start position:0% +beyond + + + align:start position:0% +beyond +our domain knowledge of course i'm in + + align:start position:0% +our domain knowledge of course i'm in + + + align:start position:0% +our domain knowledge of course i'm in +the classroom teaching + + align:start position:0% +the classroom teaching + + + align:start position:0% +the classroom teaching +finance and technology in this + + align:start position:0% +finance and technology in this + + + align:start position:0% +finance and technology in this +intersection of how + + align:start position:0% +intersection of how + + + align:start position:0% +intersection of how +machine learning and blockchain + + align:start position:0% +machine learning and blockchain + + + align:start position:0% +machine learning and blockchain +technology + + align:start position:0% +technology + + + align:start position:0% +technology +and internet of things is changing the + + align:start position:0% +and internet of things is changing the + + + align:start position:0% +and internet of things is changing the +world of finance + + align:start position:0% +world of finance + + + align:start position:0% +world of finance +but i also think that when i look back + + align:start position:0% +but i also think that when i look back + + + align:start position:0% +but i also think that when i look back +at the faculty members i learned the + + align:start position:0% +at the faculty members i learned the + + + align:start position:0% +at the faculty members i learned the +most from + + align:start position:0% +most from + + + align:start position:0% +most from +when i went i went to wharton it was not + + align:start position:0% +when i went i went to wharton it was not + + + align:start position:0% +when i went i went to wharton it was not +about the domain knowledge of accounting + + align:start position:0% +about the domain knowledge of accounting + + + align:start position:0% +about the domain knowledge of accounting +or finance or linear algebra or biology + + align:start position:0% +or finance or linear algebra or biology + + + align:start position:0% +or finance or linear algebra or biology +it was more about values it was more + + align:start position:0% +it was more about values it was more + + + align:start position:0% +it was more about values it was more +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +professionalism and i've been honored to + + align:start position:0% +professionalism and i've been honored to + + + align:start position:0% +professionalism and i've been honored to +work at very high levels of + + align:start position:0% +work at very high levels of + + + align:start position:0% +work at very high levels of +professionalism + + align:start position:0% +professionalism + + + align:start position:0% +professionalism +often the race goes to the person who's + + align:start position:0% +often the race goes to the person who's + + + align:start position:0% +often the race goes to the person who's +prepped the most + + align:start position:0% +prepped the most + + + align:start position:0% +prepped the most +who's been courteous who listens as much + + align:start position:0% +who's been courteous who listens as much + + + align:start position:0% +who's been courteous who listens as much +as they talk + + align:start position:0% +as they talk + + + align:start position:0% +as they talk +who ask questions that are relevant + + align:start position:0% +who ask questions that are relevant + + + align:start position:0% +who ask questions that are relevant +and i come back to that not just in the + + align:start position:0% +and i come back to that not just in the + + + align:start position:0% +and i come back to that not just in the +classroom + + align:start position:0% +classroom + + + align:start position:0% +classroom +but i offer lunches to the students and + + align:start position:0% +but i offer lunches to the students and + + + align:start position:0% +but i offer lunches to the students and +i + + align:start position:0% +i + + + align:start position:0% +i +they sign up an open sign up forum where + + align:start position:0% +they sign up an open sign up forum where + + + align:start position:0% +they sign up an open sign up forum where +up to eight students can sign + + align:start position:0% +up to eight students can sign + + + align:start position:0% +up to eight students can sign +up and i usually do this in person + + align:start position:0% +up and i usually do this in person + + + align:start position:0% +up and i usually do this in person +but what i found in this covered + + align:start position:0% +but what i found in this covered + + + align:start position:0% +but what i found in this covered +time there was such a demand that i set + + align:start position:0% +time there was such a demand that i set + + + align:start position:0% +time there was such a demand that i set +up lunches twice a week + + align:start position:0% +up lunches twice a week + + + align:start position:0% +up lunches twice a week +all through the six weeks and they were + + align:start position:0% +all through the six weeks and they were + + + align:start position:0% +all through the six weeks and they were +nearly always booked with eight students + + align:start position:0% +nearly always booked with eight students + + + align:start position:0% +nearly always booked with eight students +and and we would just have no agenda + + align:start position:0% +and and we would just have no agenda + + + align:start position:0% +and and we would just have no agenda +other than we would talk about + + align:start position:0% +other than we would talk about + + + align:start position:0% +other than we would talk about +careers and professionalism and the like + + align:start position:0% +careers and professionalism and the like + + + align:start position:0% +careers and professionalism and the like +so maybe for some small percentage of + + align:start position:0% +so maybe for some small percentage of + + + align:start position:0% +so maybe for some small percentage of +the students + + align:start position:0% +the students + + + align:start position:0% +the students +it will stick and then i usually end my + + align:start position:0% +it will stick and then i usually end my + + + align:start position:0% +it will stick and then i usually end my +last lecture in every one of my classes + + align:start position:0% +last lecture in every one of my classes + + + align:start position:0% +last lecture in every one of my classes +and i + + align:start position:0% +and i + + + align:start position:0% +and i +i do a quote from benjamin franklin + + align:start position:0% +i do a quote from benjamin franklin + + + align:start position:0% +i do a quote from benjamin franklin +and benjamin franklin believe it or not + + align:start position:0% +and benjamin franklin believe it or not + + + align:start position:0% +and benjamin franklin believe it or not +spoke about money + + align:start position:0% +spoke about money + + + align:start position:0% +spoke about money +so i figure it's i get i get a little + + align:start position:0% +so i figure it's i get i get a little + + + align:start position:0% +so i figure it's i get i get a little +bit of a + + align:start position:0% +bit of a + + + align:start position:0% +bit of a +pass if i get hokey on the last day + + align:start position:0% +pass if i get hokey on the last day + + + align:start position:0% +pass if i get hokey on the last day +and i bring benjamin franklin in this + + align:start position:0% +and i bring benjamin franklin in this + + + align:start position:0% +and i bring benjamin franklin in this +wonderful + + align:start position:0% +wonderful + + + align:start position:0% +wonderful +warm quote that you can look up about + + align:start position:0% +warm quote that you can look up about + + + align:start position:0% +warm quote that you can look up about +benjamin franklin and money but what he + + align:start position:0% +benjamin franklin and money but what he + + + align:start position:0% +benjamin franklin and money but what he +really is talking about is paying it + + align:start position:0% +really is talking about is paying it + + + align:start position:0% +really is talking about is paying it +forward he talks about if you + + align:start position:0% +forward he talks about if you + + + align:start position:0% +forward he talks about if you +should should uh somebody does you a + + align:start position:0% +should should uh somebody does you a + + + align:start position:0% +should should uh somebody does you a +favor + + align:start position:0% +favor + + + align:start position:0% +favor +the way that you repay the favor is + + align:start position:0% +the way that you repay the favor is + + + align:start position:0% +the way that you repay the favor is +doing the favor to others + + align:start position:0% +doing the favor to others + + + align:start position:0% +doing the favor to others +and he says this is the best form of + + align:start position:0% +and he says this is the best form of + + + align:start position:0% +and he says this is the best form of +money he knows + + align:start position:0% +money he knows + + + align:start position:0% +money he knows +to re do a favor by paying it back to + + align:start position:0% +to re do a favor by paying it back to + + + align:start position:0% +to re do a favor by paying it back to +others + + align:start position:0% +others + + + align:start position:0% +others +i feel that those of us who are + + align:start position:0% +i feel that those of us who are + + + align:start position:0% +i feel that those of us who are +privileged to be in these positions + + align:start position:0% +privileged to be in these positions + + + align:start position:0% +privileged to be in these positions +if we can share that and it sticks with + + align:start position:0% +if we can share that and it sticks with + + + align:start position:0% +if we can share that and it sticks with +some percentage of the students + + align:start position:0% +some percentage of the students + + + align:start position:0% +some percentage of the students +that's as important maybe more important + + align:start position:0% +that's as important maybe more important + + + align:start position:0% +that's as important maybe more important +than the domain + + align:start position:0% +than the domain + + + align:start position:0% +than the domain +knowledge and the domain analysis + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and the domain analysis + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge and the domain analysis +i mean i like to think we teach a lot + + align:start position:0% +i mean i like to think we teach a lot + + + align:start position:0% +i mean i like to think we teach a lot +more than knowledge that we teach a way + + align:start position:0% +more than knowledge that we teach a way + + + align:start position:0% +more than knowledge that we teach a way +of thinking + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you're ready to learn more about + + align:start position:0% +if you're ready to learn more about + + + align:start position:0% +if you're ready to learn more about +fintech you can visit professor + + align:start position:0% +fintech you can visit professor + + + align:start position:0% +fintech you can visit professor +gensler's course materials on our mit + + align:start position:0% +gensler's course materials on our mit + + + align:start position:0% +gensler's course materials on our mit +open courseware website and if you're an + + align:start position:0% +open courseware website and if you're an + + + align:start position:0% +open courseware website and if you're an +educator who reuses the materials in + + align:start position:0% +educator who reuses the materials in + + + align:start position:0% +educator who reuses the materials in +your own teaching + + align:start position:0% +your own teaching + + + align:start position:0% +your own teaching +call or write to us to share your story + + align:start position:0% +call or write to us to share your story + + + align:start position:0% +call or write to us to share your story +you'll help inspire others + + align:start position:0% +you'll help inspire others + + + align:start position:0% +you'll help inspire others +thank you so much for listening and if + + align:start position:0% +thank you so much for listening and if + + + align:start position:0% +thank you so much for listening and if +you like what you've heard so far + + align:start position:0% +you like what you've heard so far + + + align:start position:0% +you like what you've heard so far +please consider leaving us a review + + align:start position:0% +please consider leaving us a review + + + align:start position:0% +please consider leaving us a review +wherever you're listening to this + + align:start position:0% +wherever you're listening to this + + + align:start position:0% +wherever you're listening to this +podcast today + + align:start position:0% +podcast today + + + align:start position:0% +podcast today +signing off from cambridge massachusetts + + align:start position:0% +signing off from cambridge massachusetts + + + align:start position:0% +signing off from cambridge massachusetts +i'm sarah hansen + + align:start position:0% +i'm sarah hansen + + + align:start position:0% +i'm sarah hansen +from mit courseware + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +mom pass the car \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ysEeFyNjnkQ.txt b/ysEeFyNjnkQ.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b57e20b80a0bfc8591d6a0f706a295cea9800391 --- /dev/null +++ b/ysEeFyNjnkQ.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3819 @@ +align:start position:0% + +so let's talk about the transfer + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk about the transfer + + + align:start position:0% +so let's talk about the transfer +of respiratory pathogens in particular + + align:start position:0% +of respiratory pathogens in particular + + + align:start position:0% +of respiratory pathogens in particular +contagious pathogens such as viruses and + + align:start position:0% +contagious pathogens such as viruses and + + + align:start position:0% +contagious pathogens such as viruses and +bacteria + + align:start position:0% +bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria +that infect the respiratory system the + + align:start position:0% +that infect the respiratory system the + + + align:start position:0% +that infect the respiratory system the +way that such + + align:start position:0% +way that such + + + align:start position:0% +way that such +pathogens are normally transferred is + + align:start position:0% +pathogens are normally transferred is + + + align:start position:0% +pathogens are normally transferred is +through + + align:start position:0% +through + + + align:start position:0% +through +droplets which are emitted by + + align:start position:0% +droplets which are emitted by + + + align:start position:0% +droplets which are emitted by +respiration which could be by just + + align:start position:0% +respiration which could be by just + + + align:start position:0% +respiration which could be by just +normal breathing + + align:start position:0% +normal breathing + + + align:start position:0% +normal breathing +coughing sneezing etc + + align:start position:0% +coughing sneezing etc + + + align:start position:0% +coughing sneezing etc +and so here is a sketch of an affected + + align:start position:0% +and so here is a sketch of an affected + + + align:start position:0% +and so here is a sketch of an affected +person who is + + align:start position:0% +person who is + + + align:start position:0% +person who is +undergoing respiration and is emitting + + align:start position:0% +undergoing respiration and is emitting + + + align:start position:0% +undergoing respiration and is emitting +droplets + + align:start position:0% +droplets + + + align:start position:0% +droplets +into the air and so let's think about + + align:start position:0% +into the air and so let's think about + + + align:start position:0% +into the air and so let's think about +what is the fate of those droplets what + + align:start position:0% +what is the fate of those droplets what + + + align:start position:0% +what is the fate of those droplets what +it could be + + align:start position:0% +it could be + + + align:start position:0% +it could be +so one possibility is the droplets are + + align:start position:0% +so one possibility is the droplets are + + + align:start position:0% +so one possibility is the droplets are +very heavy they're just going to settle + + align:start position:0% +very heavy they're just going to settle + + + align:start position:0% +very heavy they're just going to settle +to the ground + + align:start position:0% +to the ground + + + align:start position:0% +to the ground +and then they may collect on the ground + + align:start position:0% +and then they may collect on the ground + + + align:start position:0% +and then they may collect on the ground +or on some other surface and then + + align:start position:0% +or on some other surface and then + + + align:start position:0% +or on some other surface and then +somebody else could + + align:start position:0% +somebody else could + + + align:start position:0% +somebody else could +touch that surface and transmit it + + align:start position:0% +touch that surface and transmit it + + + align:start position:0% +touch that surface and transmit it +perhaps by touching their eyes or some + + align:start position:0% +perhaps by touching their eyes or some + + + align:start position:0% +perhaps by touching their eyes or some +other + + align:start position:0% +other + + + align:start position:0% +other +uh or their nose or some bodily uh um + + align:start position:0% +uh or their nose or some bodily uh um + + + align:start position:0% +uh or their nose or some bodily uh um +entrance point and that sort of + + align:start position:0% +entrance point and that sort of + + + align:start position:0% +entrance point and that sort of +transmission + + align:start position:0% +transmission + + + align:start position:0% +transmission +is called fomite transmission + + align:start position:0% +is called fomite transmission + + + align:start position:0% +is called fomite transmission +so these uh sort of dried up bits of + + align:start position:0% +so these uh sort of dried up bits of + + + align:start position:0% +so these uh sort of dried up bits of +droplets on the surface are called + + align:start position:0% +droplets on the surface are called + + + align:start position:0% +droplets on the surface are called +fomites and + + align:start position:0% +fomites and + + + align:start position:0% +fomites and +this uh mode of transfer would involve + + align:start position:0% +this uh mode of transfer would involve + + + align:start position:0% +this uh mode of transfer would involve +settling of those droplets to the + + align:start position:0% +settling of those droplets to the + + + align:start position:0% +settling of those droplets to the +surface to a surface + + align:start position:0% +surface to a surface + + + align:start position:0% +surface to a surface +okay now another possibility + + align:start position:0% +okay now another possibility + + + align:start position:0% +okay now another possibility +is that the droplets kind of float + + align:start position:0% +is that the droplets kind of float + + + align:start position:0% +is that the droplets kind of float +around and if they're small enough + + align:start position:0% +around and if they're small enough + + + align:start position:0% +around and if they're small enough +they might actually evaporate and they + + align:start position:0% +they might actually evaporate and they + + + align:start position:0% +they might actually evaporate and they +might sort of disappear + + align:start position:0% +might sort of disappear + + + align:start position:0% +might sort of disappear +so they might evaporate + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and at that point if there's a pathogen + + align:start position:0% +and at that point if there's a pathogen + + + align:start position:0% +and at that point if there's a pathogen +in them that pathogen may still be + + align:start position:0% +in them that pathogen may still be + + + align:start position:0% +in them that pathogen may still be +around but perhaps if it loses enough + + align:start position:0% +around but perhaps if it loses enough + + + align:start position:0% +around but perhaps if it loses enough +fluid it's going to lose its viability + + align:start position:0% +fluid it's going to lose its viability + + + align:start position:0% +fluid it's going to lose its viability +and so perhaps those droplets would be + + align:start position:0% +and so perhaps those droplets would be + + + align:start position:0% +and so perhaps those droplets would be +would be eliminated + + align:start position:0% +would be eliminated + + + align:start position:0% +would be eliminated +and then finally there are droplets + + align:start position:0% +and then finally there are droplets + + + align:start position:0% +and then finally there are droplets +which undergo neither of these + + align:start position:0% +which undergo neither of these + + + align:start position:0% +which undergo neither of these +and sort of remain floating indefinitely + + align:start position:0% +and sort of remain floating indefinitely + + + align:start position:0% +and sort of remain floating indefinitely +or at least for long periods of time + + align:start position:0% +or at least for long periods of time + + + align:start position:0% +or at least for long periods of time +let's say for hours + + align:start position:0% +let's say for hours + + + align:start position:0% +let's say for hours +in the space and these are called + + align:start position:0% +in the space and these are called + + + align:start position:0% +in the space and these are called +aerosol droplets + + align:start position:0% +aerosol droplets + + + align:start position:0% +aerosol droplets +so these are droplets that are very + + align:start position:0% +so these are droplets that are very + + + align:start position:0% +so these are droplets that are very +small they don't really settle in + + align:start position:0% +small they don't really settle in + + + align:start position:0% +small they don't really settle in +a reasonable amount of time but they're + + align:start position:0% +a reasonable amount of time but they're + + + align:start position:0% +a reasonable amount of time but they're +not necessarily evaporating either + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily evaporating either + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily evaporating either +and so they are present and if another + + align:start position:0% +and so they are present and if another + + + align:start position:0% +and so they are present and if another +person is here they can very easily + + align:start position:0% +person is here they can very easily + + + align:start position:0% +person is here they can very easily +breathe in those droplets + + align:start position:0% +breathe in those droplets + + + align:start position:0% +breathe in those droplets +okay now how do we know you know which + + align:start position:0% +okay now how do we know you know which + + + align:start position:0% +okay now how do we know you know which +of these + + align:start position:0% +of these + + + align:start position:0% +of these +outcomes is possible for droplets that + + align:start position:0% +outcomes is possible for droplets that + + + align:start position:0% +outcomes is possible for droplets that +are that are emitted uh from + + align:start position:0% +are that are emitted uh from + + + align:start position:0% +are that are emitted uh from +from from respiration so + + align:start position:0% +from from respiration so + + + align:start position:0% +from from respiration so +what it really depends on at the + + align:start position:0% +what it really depends on at the + + + align:start position:0% +what it really depends on at the +simplest level + + align:start position:0% +simplest level + + + align:start position:0% +simplest level +is the size of the droplet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the droplet fate depends on + + align:start position:0% +so the droplet fate depends on + + + align:start position:0% +so the droplet fate depends on +its size okay + + align:start position:0% +its size okay + + + align:start position:0% +its size okay +so why don't we do some simple estimates + + align:start position:0% +so why don't we do some simple estimates + + + align:start position:0% +so why don't we do some simple estimates +of these different + + align:start position:0% +of these different + + + align:start position:0% +of these different +processes so the first + + align:start position:0% +processes so the first + + + align:start position:0% +processes so the first +would be looking at settling + + align:start position:0% +would be looking at settling + + + align:start position:0% +would be looking at settling +so the settling time + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +from a height l which might be the + + align:start position:0% +from a height l which might be the + + + align:start position:0% +from a height l which might be the +height of a person + + align:start position:0% +height of a person + + + align:start position:0% +height of a person +a typical number that's taken as two + + align:start position:0% +a typical number that's taken as two + + + align:start position:0% +a typical number that's taken as two +meters for a sort of a settling + + align:start position:0% +meters for a sort of a settling + + + align:start position:0% +meters for a sort of a settling +problem like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's given by the following formula + + align:start position:0% +it's given by the following formula + + + align:start position:0% +it's given by the following formula +assuming we have a + + align:start position:0% +assuming we have a + + + align:start position:0% +assuming we have a +so-called stokes law of settling is + + align:start position:0% +so-called stokes law of settling is + + + align:start position:0% +so-called stokes law of settling is +valid + + align:start position:0% +valid + + + align:start position:0% +valid +which it usually is for small droplets + + align:start position:0% +which it usually is for small droplets + + + align:start position:0% +which it usually is for small droplets +and that would be + + align:start position:0% +and that would be + + + align:start position:0% +and that would be +that um i'll just write the formula + + align:start position:0% +that um i'll just write the formula + + + align:start position:0% +that um i'll just write the formula +first + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +2 g r squared so basically there's a 9 + + align:start position:0% +2 g r squared so basically there's a 9 + + + align:start position:0% +2 g r squared so basically there's a 9 +halves + + align:start position:0% +halves + + + align:start position:0% +halves +l is the height which you're going to + + align:start position:0% +l is the height which you're going to + + + align:start position:0% +l is the height which you're going to +fall so basically + + align:start position:0% +fall so basically + + + align:start position:0% +fall so basically +this is l and mu + + align:start position:0% +this is l and mu + + + align:start position:0% +this is l and mu +a is the viscosity of the air rho + + align:start position:0% +a is the viscosity of the air rho + + + align:start position:0% +a is the viscosity of the air rho +is the density of the air or density of + + align:start position:0% +is the density of the air or density of + + + align:start position:0% +is the density of the air or density of +the droplet excuse me of the liquid + + align:start position:0% +the droplet excuse me of the liquid + + + align:start position:0% +the droplet excuse me of the liquid +and g is the gravitational acceleration + + align:start position:0% +and g is the gravitational acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +and g is the gravitational acceleration +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +r is the size of the droplet so the size + + align:start position:0% +r is the size of the droplet so the size + + + align:start position:0% +r is the size of the droplet so the size +of the droplet + + align:start position:0% +of the droplet + + + align:start position:0% +of the droplet +is r or that's the radius + + align:start position:0% +is r or that's the radius + + + align:start position:0% +is r or that's the radius +okay so what you see here is that when + + align:start position:0% +okay so what you see here is that when + + + align:start position:0% +okay so what you see here is that when +the radius gets bigger + + align:start position:0% +the radius gets bigger + + + align:start position:0% +the radius gets bigger +the drops fall faster and hence the time + + align:start position:0% +the drops fall faster and hence the time + + + align:start position:0% +the drops fall faster and hence the time +goes down + + align:start position:0% +goes down + + + align:start position:0% +goes down +so very large droplets will very quickly + + align:start position:0% +so very large droplets will very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +so very large droplets will very quickly +settle out + + align:start position:0% +settle out + + + align:start position:0% +settle out +others as r goes to be smaller and + + align:start position:0% +others as r goes to be smaller and + + + align:start position:0% +others as r goes to be smaller and +smaller they might be suspended and + + align:start position:0% +smaller they might be suspended and + + + align:start position:0% +smaller they might be suspended and +become aerosols + + align:start position:0% +become aerosols + + + align:start position:0% +become aerosols +we also might worry about evaporation + + align:start position:0% +we also might worry about evaporation + + + align:start position:0% +we also might worry about evaporation +for the smaller droplets especially and + + align:start position:0% +for the smaller droplets especially and + + + align:start position:0% +for the smaller droplets especially and +the evaporation time + + align:start position:0% +the evaporation time + + + align:start position:0% +the evaporation time +uh again with a fairly simple + + align:start position:0% +uh again with a fairly simple + + + align:start position:0% +uh again with a fairly simple +approximation of pure liquid which is + + align:start position:0% +approximation of pure liquid which is + + + align:start position:0% +approximation of pure liquid which is +evaporating + + align:start position:0% +evaporating + + + align:start position:0% +evaporating +basically just as it's getting more + + align:start position:0% +basically just as it's getting more + + + align:start position:0% +basically just as it's getting more +highly curved the molecules will have a + + align:start position:0% +highly curved the molecules will have a + + + align:start position:0% +highly curved the molecules will have a +bigger driving force to be removed + + align:start position:0% +bigger driving force to be removed + + + align:start position:0% +bigger driving force to be removed +and if it's a diffusion limited process + + align:start position:0% +and if it's a diffusion limited process + + + align:start position:0% +and if it's a diffusion limited process +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +which is basically water vapor has to + + align:start position:0% +which is basically water vapor has to + + + align:start position:0% +which is basically water vapor has to +diffuse away into the environment + + align:start position:0% +diffuse away into the environment + + + align:start position:0% +diffuse away into the environment +then you can show the evaporation time + + align:start position:0% +then you can show the evaporation time + + + align:start position:0% +then you can show the evaporation time +is the initial + + align:start position:0% +is the initial + + + align:start position:0% +is the initial +size of the droplet r0 so let's just say + + align:start position:0% +size of the droplet r0 so let's just say + + + align:start position:0% +size of the droplet r0 so let's just say +r0 is the initial size and maybe here + + align:start position:0% +r0 is the initial size and maybe here + + + align:start position:0% +r0 is the initial size and maybe here +when it's settling it could still be + + align:start position:0% +when it's settling it could still be + + + align:start position:0% +when it's settling it could still be +evaporating so r could be varying but + + align:start position:0% +evaporating so r could be varying but + + + align:start position:0% +evaporating so r could be varying but +why don't we just + + align:start position:0% +why don't we just + + + align:start position:0% +why don't we just +neglect that for droplets settling + + align:start position:0% +neglect that for droplets settling + + + align:start position:0% +neglect that for droplets settling +quickly maybe that's roughly + + align:start position:0% +quickly maybe that's roughly + + + align:start position:0% +quickly maybe that's roughly +the initial size and here for + + align:start position:0% +the initial size and here for + + + align:start position:0% +the initial size and here for +evaporation + + align:start position:0% +evaporation + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation +there is a constant which i'll call d + + align:start position:0% +there is a constant which i'll call d + + + align:start position:0% +there is a constant which i'll call d +bar which is just something has units of + + align:start position:0% +bar which is just something has units of + + + align:start position:0% +bar which is just something has units of +diffusivity so length squared per time + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity so length squared per time + + + align:start position:0% +diffusivity so length squared per time +and then 1 minus rh where rh is the + + align:start position:0% +and then 1 minus rh where rh is the + + + align:start position:0% +and then 1 minus rh where rh is the +relative humidity + + align:start position:0% +relative humidity + + + align:start position:0% +relative humidity +so basically the tendency for the water + + align:start position:0% +so basically the tendency for the water + + + align:start position:0% +so basically the tendency for the water +droplets to be removed from an + + align:start position:0% +droplets to be removed from an + + + align:start position:0% +droplets to be removed from an +uh from a liquid droplet and end up in + + align:start position:0% +uh from a liquid droplet and end up in + + + align:start position:0% +uh from a liquid droplet and end up in +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +end up in the air has to do with the + + align:start position:0% +end up in the air has to do with the + + + align:start position:0% +end up in the air has to do with the +relative humidity of the air so that's + + align:start position:0% +relative humidity of the air so that's + + + align:start position:0% +relative humidity of the air so that's +another factor + + align:start position:0% +another factor + + + align:start position:0% +another factor +that comes in here so + + align:start position:0% +that comes in here so + + + align:start position:0% +that comes in here so +if we plot these two results we arrive + + align:start position:0% +if we plot these two results we arrive + + + align:start position:0% +if we plot these two results we arrive +at the so-called + + align:start position:0% +at the so-called + + + align:start position:0% +at the so-called +wells curve which was first formulated + + align:start position:0% +wells curve which was first formulated + + + align:start position:0% +wells curve which was first formulated +by + + align:start position:0% +by + + + align:start position:0% +by +epidemiologist wells in 1934 + + align:start position:0% +epidemiologist wells in 1934 + + + align:start position:0% +epidemiologist wells in 1934 +and i'll draw that over here + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the wells curve is sketched sort of + + align:start position:0% +and the wells curve is sketched sort of + + + align:start position:0% +and the wells curve is sketched sort of +like this + + align:start position:0% +like this + + + align:start position:0% +like this +it says that if we have + + align:start position:0% +it says that if we have + + + align:start position:0% +it says that if we have +the drop size are zero + + align:start position:0% +the drop size are zero + + + align:start position:0% +the drop size are zero +on one axis and on the other axis we + + align:start position:0% +on one axis and on the other axis we + + + align:start position:0% +on one axis and on the other axis we +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +um the time of settler the the the the + + align:start position:0% +um the time of settler the the the the + + + align:start position:0% +um the time of settler the the the the +time that the droplet is has + + align:start position:0% +time that the droplet is has + + + align:start position:0% +time that the droplet is has +has left has left the mouth then you + + align:start position:0% +has left has left the mouth then you + + + align:start position:0% +has left has left the mouth then you +have basically + + align:start position:0% +have basically + + + align:start position:0% +have basically +two expressions here so the uh + + align:start position:0% +two expressions here so the uh + + + align:start position:0% +two expressions here so the uh +settling is something like this + + align:start position:0% +settling is something like this + + + align:start position:0% +settling is something like this +where it's a function that goes to zero + + align:start position:0% +where it's a function that goes to zero + + + align:start position:0% +where it's a function that goes to zero +like one over r squared okay + + align:start position:0% +like one over r squared okay + + + align:start position:0% +like one over r squared okay +on the other hand evaporation is the + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand evaporation is the + + + align:start position:0% +on the other hand evaporation is the +fastest for the smallest droplets you + + align:start position:0% +fastest for the smallest droplets you + + + align:start position:0% +fastest for the smallest droplets you +see that it goes like r0 squared so it + + align:start position:0% +see that it goes like r0 squared so it + + + align:start position:0% +see that it goes like r0 squared so it +has a dependence + + align:start position:0% +has a dependence + + + align:start position:0% +has a dependence +more like this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so basically these curves kind of + + align:start position:0% +and so basically these curves kind of + + + align:start position:0% +and so basically these curves kind of +intersect + + align:start position:0% +intersect + + + align:start position:0% +intersect +at a certain point here and if you ask + + align:start position:0% +at a certain point here and if you ask + + + align:start position:0% +at a certain point here and if you ask +yourself + + align:start position:0% +yourself + + + align:start position:0% +yourself +if i have an i'm a droplet of let's say + + align:start position:0% +if i have an i'm a droplet of let's say + + + align:start position:0% +if i have an i'm a droplet of let's say +this size here + + align:start position:0% +this size here + + + align:start position:0% +this size here +then as time goes on i hit this point + + align:start position:0% +then as time goes on i hit this point + + + align:start position:0% +then as time goes on i hit this point +and this is where i evaporate + + align:start position:0% +and this is where i evaporate + + + align:start position:0% +and this is where i evaporate +so for just a pure liquid droplet at + + align:start position:0% +so for just a pure liquid droplet at + + + align:start position:0% +so for just a pure liquid droplet at +that time + + align:start position:0% +that time + + + align:start position:0% +that time +that droplet would disappear on the + + align:start position:0% +that droplet would disappear on the + + + align:start position:0% +that droplet would disappear on the +other hand + + align:start position:0% +other hand + + + align:start position:0% +other hand +if i have a larger droplet + + align:start position:0% +if i have a larger droplet + + + align:start position:0% +if i have a larger droplet +that's going to hit this other curve + + align:start position:0% +that's going to hit this other curve + + + align:start position:0% +that's going to hit this other curve +first then + + align:start position:0% +first then + + + align:start position:0% +first then +these droplets will settle because + + align:start position:0% +these droplets will settle because + + + align:start position:0% +these droplets will settle because +before they have time to evaporate which + + align:start position:0% +before they have time to evaporate which + + + align:start position:0% +before they have time to evaporate which +would require all the weight going to + + align:start position:0% +would require all the weight going to + + + align:start position:0% +would require all the weight going to +here they've already fallen to the + + align:start position:0% +here they've already fallen to the + + + align:start position:0% +here they've already fallen to the +ground they may continue evaporating + + align:start position:0% +ground they may continue evaporating + + + align:start position:0% +ground they may continue evaporating +on the ground and you're eventually left + + align:start position:0% +on the ground and you're eventually left + + + align:start position:0% +on the ground and you're eventually left +with kind of a dried up residue + + align:start position:0% +with kind of a dried up residue + + + align:start position:0% +with kind of a dried up residue +of of some of the material that may have + + align:start position:0% +of of some of the material that may have + + + align:start position:0% +of of some of the material that may have +been contained in the droplet + + align:start position:0% +been contained in the droplet + + + align:start position:0% +been contained in the droplet +okay and then there's a crossover + + align:start position:0% +okay and then there's a crossover + + + align:start position:0% +okay and then there's a crossover +and so generically you expect this kind + + align:start position:0% +and so generically you expect this kind + + + align:start position:0% +and so generically you expect this kind +of behavior + + align:start position:0% +of behavior + + + align:start position:0% +of behavior +for droplets that are evaporating and + + align:start position:0% +for droplets that are evaporating and + + + align:start position:0% +for droplets that are evaporating and +settling + + align:start position:0% +settling + + + align:start position:0% +settling +now so the wells curve was first + + align:start position:0% +now so the wells curve was first + + + align:start position:0% +now so the wells curve was first +formulated in 1934 + + align:start position:0% +formulated in 1934 + + + align:start position:0% +formulated in 1934 +and if we just want to put some numbers + + align:start position:0% +and if we just want to put some numbers + + + align:start position:0% +and if we just want to put some numbers +on here if we're talking about pure + + align:start position:0% +on here if we're talking about pure + + + align:start position:0% +on here if we're talking about pure +water + + align:start position:0% +water + + + align:start position:0% +water +then this crossover happens around 70 + + align:start position:0% +then this crossover happens around 70 + + + align:start position:0% +then this crossover happens around 70 +microns + + align:start position:0% +microns + + + align:start position:0% +microns +and the time is around + + align:start position:0% +and the time is around + + + align:start position:0% +and the time is around +three seconds + + align:start position:0% +three seconds + + + align:start position:0% +three seconds +okay so that gives you a sense basically + + align:start position:0% +okay so that gives you a sense basically + + + align:start position:0% +okay so that gives you a sense basically +of how quickly the larger droplets are + + align:start position:0% +of how quickly the larger droplets are + + + align:start position:0% +of how quickly the larger droplets are +settling faster than three seconds + + align:start position:0% +settling faster than three seconds + + + align:start position:0% +settling faster than three seconds +and then the small droplets are set are + + align:start position:0% +and then the small droplets are set are + + + align:start position:0% +and then the small droplets are set are +evaporating a lot faster and by the way + + align:start position:0% +evaporating a lot faster and by the way + + + align:start position:0% +evaporating a lot faster and by the way +to get a sense of how fast they are + + align:start position:0% +to get a sense of how fast they are + + + align:start position:0% +to get a sense of how fast they are +if we look at the dependence each of + + align:start position:0% +if we look at the dependence each of + + + align:start position:0% +if we look at the dependence each of +these is squared so + + align:start position:0% +these is squared so + + + align:start position:0% +these is squared so +if we want to go by a factor of 100 if + + align:start position:0% +if we want to go by a factor of 100 if + + + align:start position:0% +if we want to go by a factor of 100 if +you go to let's say + + align:start position:0% +you go to let's say + + + align:start position:0% +you go to let's say +0.7 microns which is 700 nanometers + + align:start position:0% +0.7 microns which is 700 nanometers + + + align:start position:0% +0.7 microns which is 700 nanometers +it's a factor of 100 but the time comes + + align:start position:0% +it's a factor of 100 but the time comes + + + align:start position:0% +it's a factor of 100 but the time comes +in squared + + align:start position:0% +in squared + + + align:start position:0% +in squared +so it's three times ten to the minus + + align:start position:0% +so it's three times ten to the minus + + + align:start position:0% +so it's three times ten to the minus +four + + align:start position:0% +four + + + align:start position:0% +four +seconds okay so we're talking 0.3 + + align:start position:0% +seconds okay so we're talking 0.3 + + + align:start position:0% +seconds okay so we're talking 0.3 +milliseconds + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds + + + align:start position:0% +milliseconds +so basically droplets that are in the + + align:start position:0% +so basically droplets that are in the + + + align:start position:0% +so basically droplets that are in the +one micron or below + + align:start position:0% +one micron or below + + + align:start position:0% +one micron or below +range if they're pure liquid they'll + + align:start position:0% +range if they're pure liquid they'll + + + align:start position:0% +range if they're pure liquid they'll +evaporate extremely quickly + + align:start position:0% +evaporate extremely quickly + + + align:start position:0% +evaporate extremely quickly +and conversely if we consider much + + align:start position:0% +and conversely if we consider much + + + align:start position:0% +and conversely if we consider much +larger droplets let's say that are + + align:start position:0% +larger droplets let's say that are + + + align:start position:0% +larger droplets let's say that are +bigger by a factor of 10 or 100 + + align:start position:0% +bigger by a factor of 10 or 100 + + + align:start position:0% +bigger by a factor of 10 or 100 +that also comes in squared in terms of + + align:start position:0% +that also comes in squared in terms of + + + align:start position:0% +that also comes in squared in terms of +the settling time being reduced + + align:start position:0% +the settling time being reduced + + + align:start position:0% +the settling time being reduced +and so we would then end up with 100 or + + align:start position:0% +and so we would then end up with 100 or + + + align:start position:0% +and so we would then end up with 100 or +up to even 10 000 times smaller settling + + align:start position:0% +up to even 10 000 times smaller settling + + + align:start position:0% +up to even 10 000 times smaller settling +time although it won't be quite as small + + align:start position:0% +time although it won't be quite as small + + + align:start position:0% +time although it won't be quite as small +because also the particles need to + + align:start position:0% +because also the particles need to + + + align:start position:0% +because also the particles need to +accelerate to that speed + + align:start position:0% +accelerate to that speed + + + align:start position:0% +accelerate to that speed +this settling speed here is the terminal + + align:start position:0% +this settling speed here is the terminal + + + align:start position:0% +this settling speed here is the terminal +velocity of a drop + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and there is a short acceleration time + + align:start position:0% +and there is a short acceleration time + + + align:start position:0% +and there is a short acceleration time +for very small particles + + align:start position:0% +for very small particles + + + align:start position:0% +for very small particles +and for very long particles you may + + align:start position:0% +and for very long particles you may + + + align:start position:0% +and for very long particles you may +still be actually in that acceleration + + align:start position:0% +still be actually in that acceleration + + + align:start position:0% +still be actually in that acceleration +time when you hit the ground so + + align:start position:0% +time when you hit the ground so + + + align:start position:0% +time when you hit the ground so +basically might not be that long but + + align:start position:0% +basically might not be that long but + + + align:start position:0% +basically might not be that long but +basically + + align:start position:0% +basically + + + align:start position:0% +basically +the time sort of at large times is also + + align:start position:0% +the time sort of at large times is also + + + align:start position:0% +the time sort of at large times is also +quite a bit reduced for large particles + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit reduced for large particles + + + align:start position:0% +quite a bit reduced for large particles +now there's also the humidity effect + + align:start position:0% +now there's also the humidity effect + + + align:start position:0% +now there's also the humidity effect +which can be seen + + align:start position:0% +which can be seen + + + align:start position:0% +which can be seen +here so for example if we're at 90 + + align:start position:0% +here so for example if we're at 90 + + + align:start position:0% +here so for example if we're at 90 +percent you know radial humidity the + + align:start position:0% +percent you know radial humidity the + + + align:start position:0% +percent you know radial humidity the +humidity this factor here is a factor of + + align:start position:0% +humidity this factor here is a factor of + + + align:start position:0% +humidity this factor here is a factor of +10. + + align:start position:0% +10. + + + align:start position:0% +10. +so what was on the order of a few + + align:start position:0% +so what was on the order of a few + + + align:start position:0% +so what was on the order of a few +seconds if we're at higher humidity + + align:start position:0% +seconds if we're at higher humidity + + + align:start position:0% +seconds if we're at higher humidity +then you know this curve kind of ends up + + align:start position:0% +then you know this curve kind of ends up + + + align:start position:0% +then you know this curve kind of ends up +looking more like this and we may follow + + align:start position:0% +looking more like this and we may follow + + + align:start position:0% +looking more like this and we may follow +this curve a little bit further + + align:start position:0% +this curve a little bit further + + + align:start position:0% +this curve a little bit further +and end up with something like this + + align:start position:0% +and end up with something like this + + + align:start position:0% +and end up with something like this +this would be high humidity + + align:start position:0% +this would be high humidity + + + align:start position:0% +this would be high humidity +i'll say higher cause i haven't gone + + align:start position:0% +i'll say higher cause i haven't gone + + + align:start position:0% +i'll say higher cause i haven't gone +that far there's another curve that i + + align:start position:0% +that far there's another curve that i + + + align:start position:0% +that far there's another curve that i +could draw where you know this even goes + + align:start position:0% +could draw where you know this even goes + + + align:start position:0% +could draw where you know this even goes +further this way + + align:start position:0% +further this way + + + align:start position:0% +further this way +and where this could start turning into + + align:start position:0% +and where this could start turning into + + + align:start position:0% +and where this could start turning into +say you know 30 seconds + + align:start position:0% +say you know 30 seconds + + + align:start position:0% +say you know 30 seconds +where that crossover occurs but in any + + align:start position:0% +where that crossover occurs but in any + + + align:start position:0% +where that crossover occurs but in any +case there is a + + align:start position:0% +case there is a + + + align:start position:0% +case there is a +crossover at some point and at high + + align:start position:0% +crossover at some point and at high + + + align:start position:0% +crossover at some point and at high +relative humidity the evaporation is + + align:start position:0% +relative humidity the evaporation is + + + align:start position:0% +relative humidity the evaporation is +slower and so we are more sort of + + align:start position:0% +slower and so we are more sort of + + + align:start position:0% +slower and so we are more sort of +following the settling droplets + + align:start position:0% +following the settling droplets + + + align:start position:0% +following the settling droplets +and so this is an important set of + + align:start position:0% +and so this is an important set of + + + align:start position:0% +and so this is an important set of +concepts in the field of + + align:start position:0% +concepts in the field of + + + align:start position:0% +concepts in the field of +aerosol science involving droplets and + + align:start position:0% +aerosol science involving droplets and + + + align:start position:0% +aerosol science involving droplets and +especially for + + align:start position:0% +especially for + + + align:start position:0% +especially for +respiratory diseases but it's still + + align:start position:0% +respiratory diseases but it's still + + + align:start position:0% +respiratory diseases but it's still +oversimplified + + align:start position:0% +oversimplified + + + align:start position:0% +oversimplified +so recent research has showed that in + + align:start position:0% +so recent research has showed that in + + + align:start position:0% +so recent research has showed that in +fact + + align:start position:0% +fact + + + align:start position:0% +fact +many droplets that are present from + + align:start position:0% +many droplets that are present from + + + align:start position:0% +many droplets that are present from +respiration do not evaporate + + align:start position:0% +respiration do not evaporate + + + align:start position:0% +respiration do not evaporate +on these kind of fast time scales and in + + align:start position:0% +on these kind of fast time scales and in + + + align:start position:0% +on these kind of fast time scales and in +fact they can + + align:start position:0% +fact they can + + + align:start position:0% +fact they can +linger and can be way into this small + + align:start position:0% +linger and can be way into this small + + + align:start position:0% +linger and can be way into this small +size range of aerosols + + align:start position:0% +size range of aerosols + + + align:start position:0% +size range of aerosols +and not disappear and it's possible then + + align:start position:0% +and not disappear and it's possible then + + + align:start position:0% +and not disappear and it's possible then +to breathe them in and transmit disease + + align:start position:0% +to breathe them in and transmit disease + + + align:start position:0% +to breathe them in and transmit disease +with them + + align:start position:0% +with them + + + align:start position:0% +with them +so what's kind of missing here is that + + align:start position:0% +so what's kind of missing here is that + + + align:start position:0% +so what's kind of missing here is that +the droplet phase depends not only on + + align:start position:0% +the droplet phase depends not only on + + + align:start position:0% +the droplet phase depends not only on +the size of the droplet + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but also on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +solutes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so what i mean by that is that of course + + align:start position:0% +so what i mean by that is that of course + + + align:start position:0% +so what i mean by that is that of course +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +droplet coming out of your lungs and + + align:start position:0% +droplet coming out of your lungs and + + + align:start position:0% +droplet coming out of your lungs and +passing through your pharynx + + align:start position:0% +passing through your pharynx + + + align:start position:0% +passing through your pharynx +your vocal cords is not just pure water + + align:start position:0% +your vocal cords is not just pure water + + + align:start position:0% +your vocal cords is not just pure water +it's even not pure saliva in fact it + + align:start position:0% +it's even not pure saliva in fact it + + + align:start position:0% +it's even not pure saliva in fact it +contains many other molecules so of + + align:start position:0% +contains many other molecules so of + + + align:start position:0% +contains many other molecules so of +course it contains + + align:start position:0% +course it contains + + + align:start position:0% +course it contains +the pathogens themselves which are + + align:start position:0% +the pathogens themselves which are + + + align:start position:0% +the pathogens themselves which are +solids and they don't evaporate so + + align:start position:0% +solids and they don't evaporate so + + + align:start position:0% +solids and they don't evaporate so +whether it's bacteria + + align:start position:0% +whether it's bacteria + + + align:start position:0% +whether it's bacteria +or virus some of that material has to + + align:start position:0% +or virus some of that material has to + + + align:start position:0% +or virus some of that material has to +stay behind + + align:start position:0% +stay behind + + + align:start position:0% +stay behind +there's all kinds of organic molecules + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +because in fact this is the the mucus + + align:start position:0% +because in fact this is the the mucus + + + align:start position:0% +because in fact this is the the mucus +that comes out of your lungs is a + + align:start position:0% +that comes out of your lungs is a + + + align:start position:0% +that comes out of your lungs is a +non-newtonian fluid that's full of + + align:start position:0% +non-newtonian fluid that's full of + + + align:start position:0% +non-newtonian fluid that's full of +macromolecules of different types those + + align:start position:0% +macromolecules of different types those + + + align:start position:0% +macromolecules of different types those +molecules are usually charged as are in + + align:start position:0% +molecules are usually charged as are in + + + align:start position:0% +molecules are usually charged as are in +fact + + align:start position:0% +fact + + + align:start position:0% +fact +the viruses and other other other + + align:start position:0% +the viruses and other other other + + + align:start position:0% +the viruses and other other other +pathogens as well + + align:start position:0% +pathogens as well + + + align:start position:0% +pathogens as well +and so there could also be hydration + + align:start position:0% +and so there could also be hydration + + + align:start position:0% +and so there could also be hydration +uh water so that those sort of water + + align:start position:0% +uh water so that those sort of water + + + align:start position:0% +uh water so that those sort of water +molecules which are not + + align:start position:0% +molecules which are not + + + align:start position:0% +molecules which are not +freely in solution but we're strongly + + align:start position:0% +freely in solution but we're strongly + + + align:start position:0% +freely in solution but we're strongly +interacting with charged surfaces or + + align:start position:0% +interacting with charged surfaces or + + + align:start position:0% +interacting with charged surfaces or +charged molecules and form sort of + + align:start position:0% +charged molecules and form sort of + + + align:start position:0% +charged molecules and form sort of +so-called hydration shells around those + + align:start position:0% +so-called hydration shells around those + + + align:start position:0% +so-called hydration shells around those +molecules + + align:start position:0% +molecules + + + align:start position:0% +molecules +and finally there could also be salts + + align:start position:0% +and finally there could also be salts + + + align:start position:0% +and finally there could also be salts +because we all know that our body is + + align:start position:0% +because we all know that our body is + + + align:start position:0% +because we all know that our body is +in many cases similar to sea water and + + align:start position:0% +in many cases similar to sea water and + + + align:start position:0% +in many cases similar to sea water and +has fluids which contain a large number + + align:start position:0% +has fluids which contain a large number + + + align:start position:0% +has fluids which contain a large number +of salts + + align:start position:0% +of salts + + + align:start position:0% +of salts +for example sodium chloride or calcium + + align:start position:0% +for example sodium chloride or calcium + + + align:start position:0% +for example sodium chloride or calcium +and salts love water so in fact it's + + align:start position:0% +and salts love water so in fact it's + + + align:start position:0% +and salts love water so in fact it's +been shown that some respiratory + + align:start position:0% +been shown that some respiratory + + + align:start position:0% +been shown that some respiratory +aerosols + + align:start position:0% +aerosols + + + align:start position:0% +aerosols +actually are observed to be growing + + align:start position:0% +actually are observed to be growing + + + align:start position:0% +actually are observed to be growing +after they're emitted from the body + + align:start position:0% +after they're emitted from the body + + + align:start position:0% +after they're emitted from the body +in a human environment water may + + align:start position:0% +in a human environment water may + + + align:start position:0% +in a human environment water may +actually be condensing onto those + + align:start position:0% +actually be condensing onto those + + + align:start position:0% +actually be condensing onto those +particles and causing them to grow + + align:start position:0% +particles and causing them to grow + + + align:start position:0% +particles and causing them to grow +because it has molecules that love water + + align:start position:0% +because it has molecules that love water + + + align:start position:0% +because it has molecules that love water +and in fact + + align:start position:0% +and in fact + + + align:start position:0% +and in fact +these kinds of uh molecules or + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of uh molecules or + + + align:start position:0% +these kinds of uh molecules or +particles that attract and hold water + + align:start position:0% +particles that attract and hold water + + + align:start position:0% +particles that attract and hold water +are so-called hydroscopic + + align:start position:0% +are so-called hydroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +are so-called hydroscopic +materials and many respiratory + + align:start position:0% +materials and many respiratory + + + align:start position:0% +materials and many respiratory +significant number respiratory droplets + + align:start position:0% +significant number respiratory droplets + + + align:start position:0% +significant number respiratory droplets +are in fact hygroscopic + + align:start position:0% +are in fact hygroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +are in fact hygroscopic +so this whole picture of evaporation and + + align:start position:0% +so this whole picture of evaporation and + + + align:start position:0% +so this whole picture of evaporation and +settling really needs to be modified the + + align:start position:0% +settling really needs to be modified the + + + align:start position:0% +settling really needs to be modified the +settling part + + align:start position:0% +settling part + + + align:start position:0% +settling part +is going to always be there even a solid + + align:start position:0% +is going to always be there even a solid + + + align:start position:0% +is going to always be there even a solid +particle which is settling in air is + + align:start position:0% +particle which is settling in air is + + + align:start position:0% +particle which is settling in air is +going to obey this + + align:start position:0% +going to obey this + + + align:start position:0% +going to obey this +stoke settling velocity but the + + align:start position:0% +stoke settling velocity but the + + + align:start position:0% +stoke settling velocity but the +evaporation part of it + + align:start position:0% +evaporation part of it + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation part of it +is certainly true for pure water but is + + align:start position:0% +is certainly true for pure water but is + + + align:start position:0% +is certainly true for pure water but is +not necessarily the right way to think + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily the right way to think + + + align:start position:0% +not necessarily the right way to think +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +respiratory aerosols so um + + align:start position:0% +respiratory aerosols so um + + + align:start position:0% +respiratory aerosols so um +so finally then i'll just uh + + align:start position:0% +so finally then i'll just uh + + + align:start position:0% +so finally then i'll just uh +sketch what happens when people have + + align:start position:0% +sketch what happens when people have + + + align:start position:0% +sketch what happens when people have +measured + + align:start position:0% +measured + + + align:start position:0% +measured +respiratory error distributions of + + align:start position:0% +respiratory error distributions of + + + align:start position:0% +respiratory error distributions of +particles + + align:start position:0% +particles + + + align:start position:0% +particles +in focusing on the aerosol range of the + + align:start position:0% +in focusing on the aerosol range of the + + + align:start position:0% +in focusing on the aerosol range of the +really small particles that might remain + + align:start position:0% +really small particles that might remain + + + align:start position:0% +really small particles that might remain +suspended + + align:start position:0% +suspended + + + align:start position:0% +suspended +so these are particles like this guy + + align:start position:0% +so these are particles like this guy + + + align:start position:0% +so these are particles like this guy +right here which + + align:start position:0% +right here which + + + align:start position:0% +right here which +are around one micron and will have + + align:start position:0% +are around one micron and will have + + + align:start position:0% +are around one micron and will have +settling times that are on the order + + align:start position:0% +settling times that are on the order + + + align:start position:0% +settling times that are on the order +of hours so those are particles that can + + align:start position:0% +of hours so those are particles that can + + + align:start position:0% +of hours so those are particles that can +linger in the air for + + align:start position:0% +linger in the air for + + + align:start position:0% +linger in the air for +you know long periods of time and so if + + align:start position:0% +you know long periods of time and so if + + + align:start position:0% +you know long periods of time and so if +we look at sort of the number of + + align:start position:0% +we look at sort of the number of + + + align:start position:0% +we look at sort of the number of +droplets that we have at different sizes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and this is for different kinds of + + align:start position:0% +and this is for different kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +and this is for different kinds of +respiration and i'll draw this uh to + + align:start position:0% +respiration and i'll draw this uh to + + + align:start position:0% +respiration and i'll draw this uh to +sketch what it would look like on a log + + align:start position:0% +sketch what it would look like on a log + + + align:start position:0% +sketch what it would look like on a log +scale + + align:start position:0% +scale + + + align:start position:0% +scale +so here i'll put 0.1 microns which is + + align:start position:0% +so here i'll put 0.1 microns which is + + + align:start position:0% +so here i'll put 0.1 microns which is +100 nanometers and then i'll put + + align:start position:0% +100 nanometers and then i'll put + + + align:start position:0% +100 nanometers and then i'll put +1 micron and then 10 microns + + align:start position:0% +1 micron and then 10 microns + + + align:start position:0% +1 micron and then 10 microns +and then 100 microns + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when you breathe + + align:start position:0% +so when you breathe + + + align:start position:0% +so when you breathe +speak cough sneeze you're letting out a + + align:start position:0% +speak cough sneeze you're letting out a + + + align:start position:0% +speak cough sneeze you're letting out a +distribution of particles of all these + + align:start position:0% +distribution of particles of all these + + + align:start position:0% +distribution of particles of all these +different types of droplets + + align:start position:0% +different types of droplets + + + align:start position:0% +different types of droplets +and those droplets will typically + + align:start position:0% +and those droplets will typically + + + align:start position:0% +and those droplets will typically +contain pathogens such as + + align:start position:0% +contain pathogens such as + + + align:start position:0% +contain pathogens such as +bacteria or virus and the way these + + align:start position:0% +bacteria or virus and the way these + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria or virus and the way these +things look + + align:start position:0% +things look + + + align:start position:0% +things look +is because of these hydro hydroscopic + + align:start position:0% +is because of these hydro hydroscopic + + + align:start position:0% +is because of these hydro hydroscopic +solutes + + align:start position:0% +solutes + + + align:start position:0% +solutes +in fact we don't see that all the little + + align:start position:0% +in fact we don't see that all the little + + + align:start position:0% +in fact we don't see that all the little +ones are evaporating it away + + align:start position:0% +ones are evaporating it away + + + align:start position:0% +ones are evaporating it away +in a tiny time scale like milliseconds + + align:start position:0% +in a tiny time scale like milliseconds + + + align:start position:0% +in a tiny time scale like milliseconds +but in fact they do linger and you do + + align:start position:0% +but in fact they do linger and you do + + + align:start position:0% +but in fact they do linger and you do +have respiratory aerosols that can be + + align:start position:0% +have respiratory aerosols that can be + + + align:start position:0% +have respiratory aerosols that can be +observed + + align:start position:0% +observed + + + align:start position:0% +observed +and so what these distributions actually + + align:start position:0% +and so what these distributions actually + + + align:start position:0% +and so what these distributions actually +look like they tend to have a peak + + align:start position:0% +look like they tend to have a peak + + + align:start position:0% +look like they tend to have a peak +around half a micron in diameter or a + + align:start position:0% +around half a micron in diameter or a + + + align:start position:0% +around half a micron in diameter or a +radius even smaller than that it would + + align:start position:0% +radius even smaller than that it would + + + align:start position:0% +radius even smaller than that it would +be quarter micron + + align:start position:0% +be quarter micron + + + align:start position:0% +be quarter micron +and so they look kind of something you + + align:start position:0% +and so they look kind of something you + + + align:start position:0% +and so they look kind of something you +know like this + + align:start position:0% +know like this + + + align:start position:0% +know like this +and if you're breathing at rest it might + + align:start position:0% +and if you're breathing at rest it might + + + align:start position:0% +and if you're breathing at rest it might +look something + + align:start position:0% +look something + + + align:start position:0% +look something +like that and actually the volume + + align:start position:0% +like that and actually the volume + + + align:start position:0% +like that and actually the volume +fraction + + align:start position:0% +fraction + + + align:start position:0% +fraction +if we were to convert this to a volume + + align:start position:0% +if we were to convert this to a volume + + + align:start position:0% +if we were to convert this to a volume +fraction ends up being around 10 to the + + align:start position:0% +fraction ends up being around 10 to the + + + align:start position:0% +fraction ends up being around 10 to the +minus 16 + + align:start position:0% +minus 16 + + + align:start position:0% +minus 16 +parts of liquid per volume of air + + align:start position:0% +parts of liquid per volume of air + + + align:start position:0% +parts of liquid per volume of air +so it's very these are very small + + align:start position:0% +so it's very these are very small + + + align:start position:0% +so it's very these are very small +droplets + + align:start position:0% +droplets + + + align:start position:0% +droplets +and you can't see them but they're there + + align:start position:0% +and you can't see them but they're there + + + align:start position:0% +and you can't see them but they're there +if you're resting breathing you might + + align:start position:0% +if you're resting breathing you might + + + align:start position:0% +if you're resting breathing you might +have something like that there's also an + + align:start position:0% +have something like that there's also an + + + align:start position:0% +have something like that there's also an +important effect + + align:start position:0% +important effect + + + align:start position:0% +important effect +of the type of respiration so if i start + + align:start position:0% +of the type of respiration so if i start + + + align:start position:0% +of the type of respiration so if i start +talking + + align:start position:0% +talking + + + align:start position:0% +talking +then it turns out i'm still releasing + + align:start position:0% +then it turns out i'm still releasing + + + align:start position:0% +then it turns out i'm still releasing +quite a few of these aerosols but i'm + + align:start position:0% +quite a few of these aerosols but i'm + + + align:start position:0% +quite a few of these aerosols but i'm +also + + align:start position:0% +also + + + align:start position:0% +also +releasing some much larger droplets i + + align:start position:0% +releasing some much larger droplets i + + + align:start position:0% +releasing some much larger droplets i +might even be having if depending how + + align:start position:0% +might even be having if depending how + + + align:start position:0% +might even be having if depending how +i'm speaking and + + align:start position:0% +i'm speaking and + + + align:start position:0% +i'm speaking and +in fact my personal physiology might + + align:start position:0% +in fact my personal physiology might + + + align:start position:0% +in fact my personal physiology might +vary from person to person + + align:start position:0% +vary from person to person + + + align:start position:0% +vary from person to person +i might be emitting even more of these + + align:start position:0% +i might be emitting even more of these + + + align:start position:0% +i might be emitting even more of these +larger droplets or also the + + align:start position:0% +larger droplets or also the + + + align:start position:0% +larger droplets or also the +aerosol droplets as well and then there + + align:start position:0% +aerosol droplets as well and then there + + + align:start position:0% +aerosol droplets as well and then there +are other activities such as singing + + align:start position:0% +are other activities such as singing + + + align:start position:0% +are other activities such as singing +or exercise + + align:start position:0% +or exercise + + + align:start position:0% +or exercise +where you're breathing very heavily + + align:start position:0% +where you're breathing very heavily + + + align:start position:0% +where you're breathing very heavily +where you emit even more droplets + + align:start position:0% +where you emit even more droplets + + + align:start position:0% +where you emit even more droplets +and you can see vocalization singing and + + align:start position:0% +and you can see vocalization singing and + + + align:start position:0% +and you can see vocalization singing and +this could be for example + + align:start position:0% +this could be for example + + + align:start position:0% +this could be for example +talking uh that those lead to more + + align:start position:0% +talking uh that those lead to more + + + align:start position:0% +talking uh that those lead to more +emissions but the important + + align:start position:0% +emissions but the important + + + align:start position:0% +emissions but the important +thing is that there is a big uh + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +population particles in fact that the + + align:start position:0% +population particles in fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +population particles in fact that the +majority of population particles by + + align:start position:0% +majority of population particles by + + + align:start position:0% +majority of population particles by +number or even by volume + + align:start position:0% +number or even by volume + + + align:start position:0% +number or even by volume +is over here in the aerosol range + + align:start position:0% +is over here in the aerosol range + + + align:start position:0% +is over here in the aerosol range +so these are particles that do hang + + align:start position:0% +so these are particles that do hang + + + align:start position:0% +so these are particles that do hang +around and they float around the room + + align:start position:0% +around and they float around the room + + + align:start position:0% +around and they float around the room +and they can do so for minutes or even + + align:start position:0% +and they can do so for minutes or even + + + align:start position:0% +and they can do so for minutes or even +hours depending on their size + + align:start position:0% +hours depending on their size + + + align:start position:0% +hours depending on their size +and the conditions of the room these + + align:start position:0% +and the conditions of the room these + + + align:start position:0% +and the conditions of the room these +here + + align:start position:0% +here + + + align:start position:0% +here +are the large drops + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which will sediment out according to + + align:start position:0% +which will sediment out according to + + + align:start position:0% +which will sediment out according to +this formula here so the stokes formula + + align:start position:0% +this formula here so the stokes formula + + + align:start position:0% +this formula here so the stokes formula +is still going to be valid regardless of + + align:start position:0% +is still going to be valid regardless of + + + align:start position:0% +is still going to be valid regardless of +evaporation if we know the size we have + + align:start position:0% +evaporation if we know the size we have + + + align:start position:0% +evaporation if we know the size we have +a sense of how quickly the droplets are + + align:start position:0% +a sense of how quickly the droplets are + + + align:start position:0% +a sense of how quickly the droplets are +falling + + align:start position:0% +falling + + + align:start position:0% +falling +but the ones we're really going to want + + align:start position:0% +but the ones we're really going to want + + + align:start position:0% +but the ones we're really going to want +to focus on are these aerosols + + align:start position:0% +to focus on are these aerosols + + + align:start position:0% +to focus on are these aerosols +for viruses because viruses are small + + align:start position:0% +for viruses because viruses are small + + + align:start position:0% +for viruses because viruses are small +whereas + + align:start position:0% +whereas + + + align:start position:0% +whereas +bacteria are big and they might have to + + align:start position:0% +bacteria are big and they might have to + + + align:start position:0% +bacteria are big and they might have to +be transmitting more via large crops + + align:start position:0% +be transmitting more via large crops + + + align:start position:0% +be transmitting more via large crops +so now let's talk a bit about the + + align:start position:0% +so now let's talk a bit about the + + + align:start position:0% +so now let's talk a bit about the +biology of viruses and bacteria and see + + align:start position:0% +biology of viruses and bacteria and see + + + align:start position:0% +biology of viruses and bacteria and see +how that might connect + + align:start position:0% +how that might connect + + + align:start position:0% +how that might connect +to the physics of droplet transmission \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/yv3PIJF1Uqc.txt b/yv3PIJF1Uqc.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb44942c2f0bdb4a278c5baa106cc3b364bb1630 --- /dev/null +++ b/yv3PIJF1Uqc.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14044 @@ +align:start position:0% + +the following content is provided under + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under + + + align:start position:0% +the following content is provided under +a creative commons license + + align:start position:0% +a creative commons license + + + align:start position:0% +a creative commons license +your support will help mit + + align:start position:0% +your support will help mit + + + align:start position:0% +your support will help mit +opencourseware continue to offer high + + align:start position:0% +opencourseware continue to offer high + + + align:start position:0% +opencourseware continue to offer high +quality educational resources for free + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free + + + align:start position:0% +quality educational resources for free +to make a donation or view additional + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional + + + align:start position:0% +to make a donation or view additional +materials from hundreds of mit courses + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of mit courses + + + align:start position:0% +materials from hundreds of mit courses +visit mit open courseware at ocw.mit.edu + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're going to deal with three + + align:start position:0% +we're going to deal with three + + + align:start position:0% +we're going to deal with three +major topics + + align:start position:0% +major topics + + + align:start position:0% +major topics +between now and the end of the semester + + align:start position:0% +between now and the end of the semester + + + align:start position:0% +between now and the end of the semester +the first one is today's + + align:start position:0% +the first one is today's + + + align:start position:0% +the first one is today's +and that is is what is the relationship + + align:start position:0% +and that is is what is the relationship + + + align:start position:0% +and that is is what is the relationship +between the way a city is made + + align:start position:0% +between the way a city is made + + + align:start position:0% +between the way a city is made +and its form + + align:start position:0% +and its form + + + align:start position:0% +and its form +is there a relationship between the way + + align:start position:0% +is there a relationship between the way + + + align:start position:0% +is there a relationship between the way +a city is made + + align:start position:0% +a city is made + + + align:start position:0% +a city is made +in the form that it takes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next week + + align:start position:0% +next week + + + align:start position:0% +next week +we will start with an examination of the + + align:start position:0% +we will start with an examination of the + + + align:start position:0% +we will start with an examination of the +relationship between + + align:start position:0% +relationship between + + + align:start position:0% +relationship between +social social structure and spatial + + align:start position:0% +social social structure and spatial + + + align:start position:0% +social social structure and spatial +structure + + align:start position:0% +structure + + + align:start position:0% +structure +i'll do case studies of a number of + + align:start position:0% +i'll do case studies of a number of + + + align:start position:0% +i'll do case studies of a number of +cities next week + + align:start position:0% +cities next week + + + align:start position:0% +cities next week +probably jerusalem and johannesburg + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +after that we will look at contemporary + + align:start position:0% +after that we will look at contemporary + + + align:start position:0% +after that we will look at contemporary +four models selectively + + align:start position:0% +four models selectively + + + align:start position:0% +four models selectively +until the end of the semester + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what would be nice + + align:start position:0% +what would be nice + + + align:start position:0% +what would be nice +would be if you could + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +use the material that we've done + + align:start position:0% +use the material that we've done + + + align:start position:0% +use the material that we've done +which i suppose is a kind of a history + + align:start position:0% +which i suppose is a kind of a history + + + align:start position:0% +which i suppose is a kind of a history +as a reference to some of the questions + + align:start position:0% +as a reference to some of the questions + + + align:start position:0% +as a reference to some of the questions +that we're going to be asking of current + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to be asking of current + + + align:start position:0% +that we're going to be asking of current +events + + align:start position:0% +events + + + align:start position:0% +events +today i'm going to spend a bit of time + + align:start position:0% +today i'm going to spend a bit of time + + + align:start position:0% +today i'm going to spend a bit of time +talking about the + + align:start position:0% +talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +talking about the +process by which the world trade center + + align:start position:0% +process by which the world trade center + + + align:start position:0% +process by which the world trade center +in new york was replaced by the freedom + + align:start position:0% +in new york was replaced by the freedom + + + align:start position:0% +in new york was replaced by the freedom +tower + + align:start position:0% +tower + + + align:start position:0% +tower +i don't know if any of you know this + + align:start position:0% +i don't know if any of you know this + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know if any of you know this +story + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in broad terms perhaps not in detail + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in one of the pieces of reading you will + + align:start position:0% +in one of the pieces of reading you will + + + align:start position:0% +in one of the pieces of reading you will +find a comment + + align:start position:0% +find a comment + + + align:start position:0% +find a comment +by margaret crawford who used to teach + + align:start position:0% +by margaret crawford who used to teach + + + align:start position:0% +by margaret crawford who used to teach +urban design at harvard + + align:start position:0% +urban design at harvard + + + align:start position:0% +urban design at harvard +when + + align:start position:0% +when + + + align:start position:0% +when +the article questions + + align:start position:0% +the article questions + + + align:start position:0% +the article questions +with uh + + align:start position:0% +with uh + + + align:start position:0% +with uh +after robert moses + + align:start position:0% +after robert moses + + + align:start position:0% +after robert moses +there's a process by which new york is + + align:start position:0% +there's a process by which new york is + + + align:start position:0% +there's a process by which new york is +still going to produce + + align:start position:0% +still going to produce + + + align:start position:0% +still going to produce +great things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +she says + + align:start position:0% +she says + + + align:start position:0% +she says +the story of democracy is one of + + align:start position:0% +the story of democracy is one of + + + align:start position:0% +the story of democracy is one of +constant + + align:start position:0% +constant + + + align:start position:0% +constant +improvement + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to look for perfect + + align:start position:0% +to look for perfect + + + align:start position:0% +to look for perfect +answers + + align:start position:0% +answers + + + align:start position:0% +answers +is the wrong way of looking at it + + align:start position:0% +is the wrong way of looking at it + + + align:start position:0% +is the wrong way of looking at it +so if she's correct + + align:start position:0% +so if she's correct + + + align:start position:0% +so if she's correct +the important thing is that + + align:start position:0% +the important thing is that + + + align:start position:0% +the important thing is that +the result of a struggle + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to produce a certain form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is contingent + + align:start position:0% +is contingent + + + align:start position:0% +is contingent +and most importantly + + align:start position:0% +and most importantly + + + align:start position:0% +and most importantly +to be uh to be oriented towards the + + align:start position:0% +to be uh to be oriented towards the + + + align:start position:0% +to be uh to be oriented towards the +conditions of the struggle + + align:start position:0% +conditions of the struggle + + + align:start position:0% +conditions of the struggle +and the education and learning that + + align:start position:0% +and the education and learning that + + + align:start position:0% +and the education and learning that +takes place + + align:start position:0% +takes place + + + align:start position:0% +takes place +even if the product isn't perfect + + align:start position:0% +even if the product isn't perfect + + + align:start position:0% +even if the product isn't perfect +that argument would mean that the + + align:start position:0% +that argument would mean that the + + + align:start position:0% +that argument would mean that the +the societies constantly in a state of + + align:start position:0% +the societies constantly in a state of + + + align:start position:0% +the societies constantly in a state of +change + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and is much more likely to be + + align:start position:0% +and is much more likely to be + + + align:start position:0% +and is much more likely to be +associated with a model of buildings + + align:start position:0% +associated with a model of buildings + + + align:start position:0% +associated with a model of buildings +which can change at the same rate as + + align:start position:0% +which can change at the same rate as + + + align:start position:0% +which can change at the same rate as +society wishes to change + + align:start position:0% +society wishes to change + + + align:start position:0% +society wishes to change +the russians being very intrigued by + + align:start position:0% +the russians being very intrigued by + + + align:start position:0% +the russians being very intrigued by +this relationship + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and am i being far-fetched to imagine + + align:start position:0% +and am i being far-fetched to imagine + + + align:start position:0% +and am i being far-fetched to imagine +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +melnikov's project for the pravda + + align:start position:0% +melnikov's project for the pravda + + + align:start position:0% +melnikov's project for the pravda +building which has three rotating cores + + align:start position:0% +building which has three rotating cores + + + align:start position:0% +building which has three rotating cores +has something to do with the speed in + + align:start position:0% +has something to do with the speed in + + + align:start position:0% +has something to do with the speed in +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +decisions are made + + align:start position:0% +decisions are made + + + align:start position:0% +decisions are made +and communicated to the public + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's a bit far-fetched + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we don't perhaps engage in + + align:start position:0% +we don't perhaps engage in + + + align:start position:0% +we don't perhaps engage in +the relationship between social + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between social + + + align:start position:0% +the relationship between social +process and form-making in as direct + + align:start position:0% +process and form-making in as direct + + + align:start position:0% +process and form-making in as direct +relationship as that + + align:start position:0% +relationship as that + + + align:start position:0% +relationship as that +but some people looking at skin wounds + + align:start position:0% +but some people looking at skin wounds + + + align:start position:0% +but some people looking at skin wounds +and meryl's + + align:start position:0% +and meryl's + + + align:start position:0% +and meryl's +freedom tower + + align:start position:0% +freedom tower + + + align:start position:0% +freedom tower +which by the way is 1776 + + align:start position:0% +which by the way is 1776 + + + align:start position:0% +which by the way is 1776 +feet high + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +1776 being an important date in american + + align:start position:0% +1776 being an important date in american + + + align:start position:0% +1776 being an important date in american +history + + align:start position:0% +history + + + align:start position:0% +history +tries to connect the imperial quality of + + align:start position:0% +tries to connect the imperial quality of + + + align:start position:0% +tries to connect the imperial quality of +a building + + align:start position:0% +a building + + + align:start position:0% +a building +by its height + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the vasa khalifa in + + align:start position:0% +the vasa khalifa in + + + align:start position:0% +the vasa khalifa in +in dubai is taller it's over 2000 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and i don't think there's any attempt in + + align:start position:0% +and i don't think there's any attempt in + + + align:start position:0% +and i don't think there's any attempt in +that society to link its height + + align:start position:0% +that society to link its height + + + align:start position:0% +that society to link its height +to a particular event in islam + + align:start position:0% +to a particular event in islam + + + align:start position:0% +to a particular event in islam +but we play games + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i've listed + + align:start position:0% +i've listed + + + align:start position:0% +i've listed +nine + + align:start position:0% +nine + + + align:start position:0% +nine +ideas about the relationship between + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +form and social process + + align:start position:0% +form and social process + + + align:start position:0% +form and social process +and i'm only going to + + align:start position:0% +and i'm only going to + + + align:start position:0% +and i'm only going to +spend our time on a few of them + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i want to + + align:start position:0% +i want to + + + align:start position:0% +i want to +talk about + + align:start position:0% +talk about + + + align:start position:0% +talk about +the concept of + + align:start position:0% +the concept of + + + align:start position:0% +the concept of +relying on a super figure + + align:start position:0% +relying on a super figure + + + align:start position:0% +relying on a super figure +and using the case of robert moses in + + align:start position:0% +and using the case of robert moses in + + + align:start position:0% +and using the case of robert moses in +new york + + align:start position:0% +new york + + + align:start position:0% +new york +has anybody read robert carro's book + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay well so we use ignorance as all of + + align:start position:0% +okay well so we use ignorance as all of + + + align:start position:0% +okay well so we use ignorance as all of +us + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the case of making decisions + + align:start position:0% +in the case of making decisions + + + align:start position:0% +in the case of making decisions +i will + + align:start position:0% +i will + + + align:start position:0% +i will +use the example of the + + align:start position:0% +use the example of the + + + align:start position:0% +use the example of the +process by which the world trade center + + align:start position:0% +process by which the world trade center + + + align:start position:0% +process by which the world trade center +was replaced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in some detail the various five stages + + align:start position:0% +in some detail the various five stages + + + align:start position:0% +in some detail the various five stages +of its procedure + + align:start position:0% +of its procedure + + + align:start position:0% +of its procedure +you are free to take part in this + + align:start position:0% +you are free to take part in this + + + align:start position:0% +you are free to take part in this +discussion + + align:start position:0% +discussion + + + align:start position:0% +discussion +i'd like to hear your opinion as to some + + align:start position:0% +i'd like to hear your opinion as to some + + + align:start position:0% +i'd like to hear your opinion as to some +of the + + align:start position:0% +of the + + + align:start position:0% +of the +assertions i'm going to make + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +briefly i'm going to deal also with the + + align:start position:0% +briefly i'm going to deal also with the + + + align:start position:0% +briefly i'm going to deal also with the +concept of educating citizens + + align:start position:0% +concept of educating citizens + + + align:start position:0% +concept of educating citizens +if you see foreman people as two + + align:start position:0% +if you see foreman people as two + + + align:start position:0% +if you see foreman people as two +items + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can + + align:start position:0% +you can + + + align:start position:0% +you can +argue that if you change people + + align:start position:0% +argue that if you change people + + + align:start position:0% +argue that if you change people +you change their way of understanding + + align:start position:0% +you change their way of understanding + + + align:start position:0% +you change their way of understanding +the form of places + + align:start position:0% +the form of places + + + align:start position:0% +the form of places +and the number of + + align:start position:0% +and the number of + + + align:start position:0% +and the number of +projects that i want to look at very + + align:start position:0% +projects that i want to look at very + + + align:start position:0% +projects that i want to look at very +briefly with you which focus on changing + + align:start position:0% +briefly with you which focus on changing + + + align:start position:0% +briefly with you which focus on changing +the nature of people + + align:start position:0% +the nature of people + + + align:start position:0% +the nature of people +rather than + + align:start position:0% +rather than + + + align:start position:0% +rather than +you again look look + + align:start position:0% +you again look look + + + align:start position:0% +you again look look +look back to last to tuesday's class + + align:start position:0% +look back to last to tuesday's class + + + align:start position:0% +look back to last to tuesday's class +one of the great + + align:start position:0% +one of the great + + + align:start position:0% +one of the great +concepts of the + + align:start position:0% +concepts of the + + + align:start position:0% +concepts of the +young soviet urbanists + + align:start position:0% +young soviet urbanists + + + align:start position:0% +young soviet urbanists +after 1918 + + align:start position:0% +after 1918 + + + align:start position:0% +after 1918 +was that they had a new clientele + + align:start position:0% +was that they had a new clientele + + + align:start position:0% +was that they had a new clientele +who could be + + align:start position:0% +who could be + + + align:start position:0% +who could be +shaped + + align:start position:0% +shaped + + + align:start position:0% +shaped +to live up to the + + align:start position:0% +to live up to the + + + align:start position:0% +to live up to the +qualities of the soviet society which + + align:start position:0% +qualities of the soviet society which + + + align:start position:0% +qualities of the soviet society which +was new newly being formed + + align:start position:0% +was new newly being formed + + + align:start position:0% +was new newly being formed +that one of the problems of the + + align:start position:0% +that one of the problems of the + + + align:start position:0% +that one of the problems of the +industrial city was the fact that the + + align:start position:0% +industrial city was the fact that the + + + align:start position:0% +industrial city was the fact that the +client structure was so fossilized + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there have been a number of attempts to + + align:start position:0% +there have been a number of attempts to + + + align:start position:0% +there have been a number of attempts to +use + + align:start position:0% +use + + + align:start position:0% +use +urbanism to try to educate people + + align:start position:0% +urbanism to try to educate people + + + align:start position:0% +urbanism to try to educate people +and to change this quotient + + align:start position:0% +and to change this quotient + + + align:start position:0% +and to change this quotient +this relationship + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm not going to spend a lot of time on + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to spend a lot of time on + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not going to spend a lot of time on +on + + align:start position:0% +on + + + align:start position:0% +on +redressing social imbalance i'll just + + align:start position:0% +redressing social imbalance i'll just + + + align:start position:0% +redressing social imbalance i'll just +mention it and give an example of it + + align:start position:0% +mention it and give an example of it + + + align:start position:0% +mention it and give an example of it +from boston + + align:start position:0% +from boston + + + align:start position:0% +from boston +and spend less time on confronting the + + align:start position:0% +and spend less time on confronting the + + + align:start position:0% +and spend less time on confronting the +system as a way of changing the society + + align:start position:0% +system as a way of changing the society + + + align:start position:0% +system as a way of changing the society +and its form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kevin lynch + + align:start position:0% +kevin lynch + + + align:start position:0% +kevin lynch +argues that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the real + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +issue + + align:start position:0% +issue + + + align:start position:0% +issue +in the contemporary city and he's really + + align:start position:0% +in the contemporary city and he's really + + + align:start position:0% +in the contemporary city and he's really +talking about the american city + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is that there are a host of + + align:start position:0% +is that there are a host of + + + align:start position:0% +is that there are a host of +agents + + align:start position:0% +agents + + + align:start position:0% +agents +families industrial firms city agencies + + align:start position:0% +families industrial firms city agencies + + + align:start position:0% +families industrial firms city agencies +developers investors regulatory and + + align:start position:0% +developers investors regulatory and + + + align:start position:0% +developers investors regulatory and +subsidizing agencies and so on and so on + + align:start position:0% +subsidizing agencies and so on and so on + + + align:start position:0% +subsidizing agencies and so on and so on +and so on + + align:start position:0% +and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and so on +who produce a process which is best is + + align:start position:0% +who produce a process which is best is + + + align:start position:0% +who produce a process which is best is +fragmented plural and bargaining + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the public in this case has a number of + + align:start position:0% +the public in this case has a number of + + + align:start position:0% +the public in this case has a number of +ways of acting + + align:start position:0% +ways of acting + + + align:start position:0% +ways of acting +typically + + align:start position:0% +typically + + + align:start position:0% +typically +first of all there are public works + + align:start position:0% +first of all there are public works + + + align:start position:0% +first of all there are public works +the public may build infrastructure and + + align:start position:0% +the public may build infrastructure and + + + align:start position:0% +the public may build infrastructure and +buildings at will + + align:start position:0% +buildings at will + + + align:start position:0% +buildings at will +it can do so in an uncontested manner it + + align:start position:0% +it can do so in an uncontested manner it + + + align:start position:0% +it can do so in an uncontested manner it +doesn't have to deal with the market + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +in some societies + + align:start position:0% +in some societies + + + align:start position:0% +in some societies +as in great + + align:start position:0% +as in great + + + align:start position:0% +as in great +well not in great britain in some + + align:start position:0% +well not in great britain in some + + + align:start position:0% +well not in great britain in some +societies certainly in soviet russia + + align:start position:0% +societies certainly in soviet russia + + + align:start position:0% +societies certainly in soviet russia +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +all land was + + align:start position:0% +all land was + + + align:start position:0% +all land was +belong to the state + + align:start position:0% +belong to the state + + + align:start position:0% +belong to the state +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +private + + align:start position:0% +private + + + align:start position:0% +private +ownership of land only became + + align:start position:0% +ownership of land only became + + + align:start position:0% +ownership of land only became +a slower + + align:start position:0% +a slower + + + align:start position:0% +a slower +i think it's now about 50 percent of + + align:start position:0% +i think it's now about 50 percent of + + + align:start position:0% +i think it's now about 50 percent of +total land urban land + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the public + + align:start position:0% +the public + + + align:start position:0% +the public +can engage + + align:start position:0% +can engage + + + align:start position:0% +can engage +with the private sector + + align:start position:0% +with the private sector + + + align:start position:0% +with the private sector +in + + align:start position:0% +in + + + align:start position:0% +in +many kinds of relationships + + align:start position:0% +many kinds of relationships + + + align:start position:0% +many kinds of relationships +these relationships + + align:start position:0% +these relationships + + + align:start position:0% +these relationships +have + + align:start position:0% +have + + + align:start position:0% +have +modified and + + align:start position:0% +modified and + + + align:start position:0% +modified and +been exhausted almost in the + + align:start position:0% +been exhausted almost in the + + + align:start position:0% +been exhausted almost in the +range + + align:start position:0% +range + + + align:start position:0% +range +they range from + + align:start position:0% +they range from + + + align:start position:0% +they range from +the classic sigrums building in new york + + align:start position:0% +the classic sigrums building in new york + + + align:start position:0% +the classic sigrums building in new york +which traded off which the public seated + + align:start position:0% +which traded off which the public seated + + + align:start position:0% +which traded off which the public seated +floor area ratio increases in return for + + align:start position:0% +floor area ratio increases in return for + + + align:start position:0% +floor area ratio increases in return for +setting back the building to provide + + align:start position:0% +setting back the building to provide + + + align:start position:0% +setting back the building to provide +public space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there are many more + + align:start position:0% +there are many more + + + align:start position:0% +there are many more +current trade-off situations there's one + + align:start position:0% +current trade-off situations there's one + + + align:start position:0% +current trade-off situations there's one +there are many in boston the one that + + align:start position:0% +there are many in boston the one that + + + align:start position:0% +there are many in boston the one that +i'm thinking of is on the new hotel on + + align:start position:0% +i'm thinking of is on the new hotel on + + + align:start position:0% +i'm thinking of is on the new hotel on +the waterfront + + align:start position:0% +the waterfront + + + align:start position:0% +the waterfront +i forget its name + + align:start position:0% +i forget its name + + + align:start position:0% +i forget its name +which + + align:start position:0% +which + + + align:start position:0% +which +has a terrace which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +runs up against the public garden + + align:start position:0% +runs up against the public garden + + + align:start position:0% +runs up against the public garden +the trade-off is that the city has + + align:start position:0% +the trade-off is that the city has + + + align:start position:0% +the trade-off is that the city has +allowed the + + align:start position:0% +allowed the + + + align:start position:0% +allowed the +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +hotel + + align:start position:0% +hotel + + + align:start position:0% +hotel +to use the terrace for the service of + + align:start position:0% +to use the terrace for the service of + + + align:start position:0% +to use the terrace for the service of +alcohol and so on in return of which the + + align:start position:0% +alcohol and so on in return of which the + + + align:start position:0% +alcohol and so on in return of which the +private firm + + align:start position:0% +private firm + + + align:start position:0% +private firm +maintains the garden + + align:start position:0% +maintains the garden + + + align:start position:0% +maintains the garden +there's a lot of maintenance + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of maintenance + + + align:start position:0% +there's a lot of maintenance +switches + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if you look after my house while i'm + + align:start position:0% +if you look after my house while i'm + + + align:start position:0% +if you look after my house while i'm +going on holiday + + align:start position:0% +going on holiday + + + align:start position:0% +going on holiday +i will pick up your mail + + align:start position:0% +i will pick up your mail + + + align:start position:0% +i will pick up your mail +when you come back + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this really operates + + align:start position:0% +this really operates + + + align:start position:0% +this really operates +more extensively on a smaller scale as + + align:start position:0% +more extensively on a smaller scale as + + + align:start position:0% +more extensively on a smaller scale as +do most + + align:start position:0% +do most + + + align:start position:0% +do most +urban design decisions + + align:start position:0% +urban design decisions + + + align:start position:0% +urban design decisions +in current + + align:start position:0% +in current + + + align:start position:0% +in current +urbanism + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the third thing that the public sector + + align:start position:0% +the third thing that the public sector + + + align:start position:0% +the third thing that the public sector +can do + + align:start position:0% +can do + + + align:start position:0% +can do +is + + align:start position:0% +is + + + align:start position:0% +is +create incentives + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the building of most of downtown + + align:start position:0% +the building of most of downtown + + + align:start position:0% +the building of most of downtown +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +building office building in boston was + + align:start position:0% +building office building in boston was + + + align:start position:0% +building office building in boston was +created by 121d + + align:start position:0% +created by 121d + + + align:start position:0% +created by 121d +legislation which gave tax breaks for + + align:start position:0% +legislation which gave tax breaks for + + + align:start position:0% +legislation which gave tax breaks for +the building of new office buildings + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +no no no this is + + align:start position:0% +no no no this is + + + align:start position:0% +no no no this is +there was no + + align:start position:0% +there was no + + + align:start position:0% +there was no +building of a new office buildings in + + align:start position:0% +building of a new office buildings in + + + align:start position:0% +building of a new office buildings in +boston + + align:start position:0% +boston + + + align:start position:0% +boston +during the 50s and 60s and this comes + + align:start position:0% +during the 50s and 60s and this comes + + + align:start position:0% +during the 50s and 60s and this comes +late + + align:start position:0% +late + + + align:start position:0% +late +uh + + align:start position:0% +uh + + + align:start position:0% +uh +john hancock building the old first john + + align:start position:0% +john hancock building the old first john + + + align:start position:0% +john hancock building the old first john +hancock building + + align:start position:0% +hancock building + + + align:start position:0% +hancock building +probably dates from about 1960 or so + + align:start position:0% +probably dates from about 1960 or so + + + align:start position:0% +probably dates from about 1960 or so +the older buildings but the spate of new + + align:start position:0% +the older buildings but the spate of new + + + align:start position:0% +the older buildings but the spate of new +office development was promoted largely + + align:start position:0% +office development was promoted largely + + + align:start position:0% +office development was promoted largely +by this + + align:start position:0% +by this + + + align:start position:0% +by this +public sector + + align:start position:0% +public sector + + + align:start position:0% +public sector +deciding that one of the ways to + + align:start position:0% +deciding that one of the ways to + + + align:start position:0% +deciding that one of the ways to +incentivize private market activity + + align:start position:0% +incentivize private market activity + + + align:start position:0% +incentivize private market activity +was to give use the tax system + + align:start position:0% +was to give use the tax system + + + align:start position:0% +was to give use the tax system +prior the public sector has enormous + + align:start position:0% +prior the public sector has enormous + + + align:start position:0% +prior the public sector has enormous +power + + align:start position:0% +power + + + align:start position:0% +power +in playing around with the tax system it + + align:start position:0% +in playing around with the tax system it + + + align:start position:0% +in playing around with the tax system it +costs it's a negative system of cost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you lose what + + align:start position:0% +you lose what + + + align:start position:0% +you lose what +i i don't want to go into the economic + + align:start position:0% +i i don't want to go into the economic + + + align:start position:0% +i i don't want to go into the economic +detail it's complicated but and there + + align:start position:0% +detail it's complicated but and there + + + align:start position:0% +detail it's complicated but and there +are a lot of theories about whether it's + + align:start position:0% +are a lot of theories about whether it's + + + align:start position:0% +are a lot of theories about whether it's +good or bad but this is just an example + + align:start position:0% +good or bad but this is just an example + + + align:start position:0% +good or bad but this is just an example +of where it was used to build a skyline + + align:start position:0% +of where it was used to build a skyline + + + align:start position:0% +of where it was used to build a skyline +for a city which had no particular + + align:start position:0% +for a city which had no particular + + + align:start position:0% +for a city which had no particular +attraction to office development + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at times the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +syria and i'm using boston because there + + align:start position:0% +syria and i'm using boston because there + + + align:start position:0% +syria and i'm using boston because there +are a lot of local examples + + align:start position:0% +are a lot of local examples + + + align:start position:0% +are a lot of local examples +rather than san francisco which has used + + align:start position:0% +rather than san francisco which has used + + + align:start position:0% +rather than san francisco which has used +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +trade-off of public private + + align:start position:0% +trade-off of public private + + + align:start position:0% +trade-off of public private +relationships quite remarkably + + align:start position:0% +relationships quite remarkably + + + align:start position:0% +relationships quite remarkably +in rebuilding the waterfront and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a building + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +on the war on the river + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +houses factories for making pills + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's between + + align:start position:0% +it's between + + + align:start position:0% +it's between +i don't know what the bridge is called + + align:start position:0% +i don't know what the bridge is called + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know what the bridge is called +and the other bridge + + align:start position:0% +and the other bridge + + + align:start position:0% +and the other bridge +it's next to it's where you come off the + + align:start position:0% +it's next to it's where you come off the + + + align:start position:0% +it's next to it's where you come off the +freeway + + align:start position:0% +freeway + + + align:start position:0% +freeway +uh it's next to where harvard's business + + align:start position:0% +uh it's next to where harvard's business + + + align:start position:0% +uh it's next to where harvard's business +school + + align:start position:0% +school + + + align:start position:0% +school +starts + + align:start position:0% +starts + + + align:start position:0% +starts +you know the building + + align:start position:0% +you know the building + + + align:start position:0% +you know the building +it looks like + + align:start position:0% +it looks like + + + align:start position:0% +it looks like +i don't know what i mean i can't + + align:start position:0% +i don't know what i mean i can't + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know what i mean i can't +describe it + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you could say that + + align:start position:0% +you could say that + + + align:start position:0% +you could say that +this could be the argument + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the public sector + + align:start position:0% +the public sector + + + align:start position:0% +the public sector +says it we cannot afford to lose jobs + + align:start position:0% +says it we cannot afford to lose jobs + + + align:start position:0% +says it we cannot afford to lose jobs +this property is within the municipality + + align:start position:0% +this property is within the municipality + + + align:start position:0% +this property is within the municipality +of boston + + align:start position:0% +of boston + + + align:start position:0% +of boston +not of cambridge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it pays us to yield a site + + align:start position:0% +it pays us to yield a site + + + align:start position:0% +it pays us to yield a site +to a corporation + + align:start position:0% +to a corporation + + + align:start position:0% +to a corporation +a site which it prefers because of the + + align:start position:0% +a site which it prefers because of the + + + align:start position:0% +a site which it prefers because of the +publicity that it gets + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in order + + align:start position:0% +in order + + + align:start position:0% +in order +to stop it from leaving boston and going + + align:start position:0% +to stop it from leaving boston and going + + + align:start position:0% +to stop it from leaving boston and going +to another city + + align:start position:0% +to another city + + + align:start position:0% +to another city +where it may equally prosper + + align:start position:0% +where it may equally prosper + + + align:start position:0% +where it may equally prosper +or prosper even more + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so if the policy is that the river is a + + align:start position:0% +so if the policy is that the river is a + + + align:start position:0% +so if the policy is that the river is a +sacrosanct public entity + + align:start position:0% +sacrosanct public entity + + + align:start position:0% +sacrosanct public entity +which provides enormous benefits to the + + align:start position:0% +which provides enormous benefits to the + + + align:start position:0% +which provides enormous benefits to the +city hidden and real + + align:start position:0% +city hidden and real + + + align:start position:0% +city hidden and real +it should not sacrifice its land + + align:start position:0% +it should not sacrifice its land + + + align:start position:0% +it should not sacrifice its land +on the river for purposes which are not + + align:start position:0% +on the river for purposes which are not + + + align:start position:0% +on the river for purposes which are not +closely associated with human activity + + align:start position:0% +closely associated with human activity + + + align:start position:0% +closely associated with human activity +not factories you don't put factories on + + align:start position:0% +not factories you don't put factories on + + + align:start position:0% +not factories you don't put factories on +a modern + + align:start position:0% +a modern + + + align:start position:0% +a modern +river + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but you'll put factories on the modern + + align:start position:0% +but you'll put factories on the modern + + + align:start position:0% +but you'll put factories on the modern +river in order to keep those jobs + + align:start position:0% +river in order to keep those jobs + + + align:start position:0% +river in order to keep those jobs +this is the kind of complicated way in + + align:start position:0% +this is the kind of complicated way in + + + align:start position:0% +this is the kind of complicated way in +which the city is made i think it's this + + align:start position:0% +which the city is made i think it's this + + + align:start position:0% +which the city is made i think it's this +very silly stupid decision + + align:start position:0% +very silly stupid decision + + + align:start position:0% +very silly stupid decision +of short term + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's no + + align:start position:0% +there's no + + + align:start position:0% +there's no +body + + align:start position:0% +body + + + align:start position:0% +body +authority + + align:start position:0% +authority + + + align:start position:0% +authority +which maintains the rights of the rover + + align:start position:0% +which maintains the rights of the rover + + + align:start position:0% +which maintains the rights of the rover +they are grassroot organizations which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are friends of the river and try to + + align:start position:0% +are friends of the river and try to + + + align:start position:0% +are friends of the river and try to +protect the river from pollution and so + + align:start position:0% +protect the river from pollution and so + + + align:start position:0% +protect the river from pollution and so +on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but the river + + align:start position:0% +but the river + + + align:start position:0% +but the river +is not taken up by the city and then + + align:start position:0% +is not taken up by the city and then + + + align:start position:0% +is not taken up by the city and then +used as a sacrosanct commodity even + + align:start position:0% +used as a sacrosanct commodity even + + + align:start position:0% +used as a sacrosanct commodity even +economic commodity + + align:start position:0% +economic commodity + + + align:start position:0% +economic commodity +it's willing to trade off all kind of + + align:start position:0% +it's willing to trade off all kind of + + + align:start position:0% +it's willing to trade off all kind of +short-term + + align:start position:0% +short-term + + + align:start position:0% +short-term +benefits + + align:start position:0% +benefits + + + align:start position:0% +benefits +keeping biotenants i don't know if it's + + align:start position:0% +keeping biotenants i don't know if it's + + + align:start position:0% +keeping biotenants i don't know if it's +biogen i don't know what the company is + + align:start position:0% +biogen i don't know what the company is + + + align:start position:0% +biogen i don't know what the company is +the drug company that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anyway + + align:start position:0% +anyway + + + align:start position:0% +anyway +let's move on + + align:start position:0% +let's move on + + + align:start position:0% +let's move on +the public has two other + + align:start position:0% +the public has two other + + + align:start position:0% +the public has two other +propositions in its power + + align:start position:0% +propositions in its power + + + align:start position:0% +propositions in its power +it can regulate activity + + align:start position:0% +it can regulate activity + + + align:start position:0% +it can regulate activity +you can write by laws + + align:start position:0% +you can write by laws + + + align:start position:0% +you can write by laws +they're both for protection + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and for + + align:start position:0% +and for + + + align:start position:0% +and for +the possibility of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +incremental change for instance + + align:start position:0% +incremental change for instance + + + align:start position:0% +incremental change for instance +it could tax + + align:start position:0% +it could tax + + + align:start position:0% +it could tax +land + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which was + + align:start position:0% +which was + + + align:start position:0% +which was +at the moment parking lots in the + + align:start position:0% +at the moment parking lots in the + + + align:start position:0% +at the moment parking lots in the +downtown + + align:start position:0% +downtown + + + align:start position:0% +downtown +are used as + + align:start position:0% +are used as + + + align:start position:0% +are used as +investment in investment centers + + align:start position:0% +investment in investment centers + + + align:start position:0% +investment in investment centers +waiting for the market to reach a point + + align:start position:0% +waiting for the market to reach a point + + + align:start position:0% +waiting for the market to reach a point +where + + align:start position:0% +where + + + align:start position:0% +where +you could capitalize on the land fully + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in johannesburg you tax + + align:start position:0% +in johannesburg you tax + + + align:start position:0% +in johannesburg you tax +the value of land + + align:start position:0% +the value of land + + + align:start position:0% +the value of land +at a higher rate than only land itself + + align:start position:0% +at a higher rate than only land itself + + + align:start position:0% +at a higher rate than only land itself +you assume the potential of building as + + align:start position:0% +you assume the potential of building as + + + align:start position:0% +you assume the potential of building as +a function of the cost of the land + + align:start position:0% +a function of the cost of the land + + + align:start position:0% +a function of the cost of the land +or the value of the land not the cost of + + align:start position:0% +or the value of the land not the cost of + + + align:start position:0% +or the value of the land not the cost of +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +and so the public year intervenes by + + align:start position:0% +and so the public year intervenes by + + + align:start position:0% +and so the public year intervenes by +making sure that land doesn't lie fallow + + align:start position:0% +making sure that land doesn't lie fallow + + + align:start position:0% +making sure that land doesn't lie fallow +for too long + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the public can + + align:start position:0% +so the public can + + + align:start position:0% +so the public can +speed up development or slower down + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +kevin lynch in the in the place utopia + + align:start position:0% +kevin lynch in the in the place utopia + + + align:start position:0% +kevin lynch in the in the place utopia +talks about different speeds of + + align:start position:0% +talks about different speeds of + + + align:start position:0% +talks about different speeds of +development this would be one of the + + align:start position:0% +development this would be one of the + + + align:start position:0% +development this would be one of the +tools + + align:start position:0% +tools + + + align:start position:0% +tools +a an interesting thesis which looked at + + align:start position:0% +a an interesting thesis which looked at + + + align:start position:0% +a an interesting thesis which looked at +agricult urban agriculture in brooklyn + + align:start position:0% +agricult urban agriculture in brooklyn + + + align:start position:0% +agricult urban agriculture in brooklyn +argued that urban agriculture was one of + + align:start position:0% +argued that urban agriculture was one of + + + align:start position:0% +argued that urban agriculture was one of +the modalities of land use + + align:start position:0% +the modalities of land use + + + align:start position:0% +the modalities of land use +which could easily which was very + + align:start position:0% +which could easily which was very + + + align:start position:0% +which could easily which was very +flexible it could either + + align:start position:0% +flexible it could either + + + align:start position:0% +flexible it could either +remain agriculture and produce goods + + align:start position:0% +remain agriculture and produce goods + + + align:start position:0% +remain agriculture and produce goods +or it could + + align:start position:0% +or it could + + + align:start position:0% +or it could +give way to more dense development + + align:start position:0% +give way to more dense development + + + align:start position:0% +give way to more dense development +without having to replace buildings + + align:start position:0% +without having to replace buildings + + + align:start position:0% +without having to replace buildings +i want to go on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the last function that the public has in + + align:start position:0% +the last function that the public has in + + + align:start position:0% +the last function that the public has in +this game + + align:start position:0% +this game + + + align:start position:0% +this game +is education and marketing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in italian towns in the early + + align:start position:0% +in italian towns in the early + + + align:start position:0% +in italian towns in the early +renaissance + + align:start position:0% +renaissance + + + align:start position:0% +renaissance +towns produced + + align:start position:0% +towns produced + + + align:start position:0% +towns produced +books which are called praise books + + align:start position:0% +books which are called praise books + + + align:start position:0% +books which are called praise books +which set out to advertise their town + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a nice little book written by an + + align:start position:0% +there's a nice little book written by an + + + align:start position:0% +there's a nice little book written by an +italian woman on these books + + align:start position:0% +italian woman on these books + + + align:start position:0% +italian woman on these books +and there's a parallel literal chinese + + align:start position:0% +and there's a parallel literal chinese + + + align:start position:0% +and there's a parallel literal chinese +in islam called the fadail books + + align:start position:0% +in islam called the fadail books + + + align:start position:0% +in islam called the fadail books +i think the three fadail books about + + align:start position:0% +i think the three fadail books about + + + align:start position:0% +i think the three fadail books about +jerusalem + + align:start position:0% +jerusalem + + + align:start position:0% +jerusalem +which set out + + align:start position:0% +which set out + + + align:start position:0% +which set out +systematically what the attractions are + + align:start position:0% +systematically what the attractions are + + + align:start position:0% +systematically what the attractions are +of the city it's like i love new york + + align:start position:0% +of the city it's like i love new york + + + align:start position:0% +of the city it's like i love new york +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +a version of + + align:start position:0% +a version of + + + align:start position:0% +a version of +making + + align:start position:0% +making + + + align:start position:0% +making +the public + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +possibility that the city has + + align:start position:0% +possibility that the city has + + + align:start position:0% +possibility that the city has +into a marketing device + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the public has + + align:start position:0% +so the public has + + + align:start position:0% +so the public has +an enormous + + align:start position:0% +an enormous + + + align:start position:0% +an enormous +number of powers + + align:start position:0% +number of powers + + + align:start position:0% +number of powers +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm assuming the society is a market + + align:start position:0% +i'm assuming the society is a market + + + align:start position:0% +i'm assuming the society is a market +society as i'm assuming that + + align:start position:0% +society as i'm assuming that + + + align:start position:0% +society as i'm assuming that +most of the propositions which i'm going + + align:start position:0% +most of the propositions which i'm going + + + align:start position:0% +most of the propositions which i'm going +to be examining + + align:start position:0% +to be examining + + + align:start position:0% +to be examining +will be propositions in a democracy + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +power will be distributed + + align:start position:0% +power will be distributed + + + align:start position:0% +power will be distributed +through systematically + + align:start position:0% +through systematically + + + align:start position:0% +through systematically +and people will be able to take part in + + align:start position:0% +and people will be able to take part in + + + align:start position:0% +and people will be able to take part in +various processes + + align:start position:0% +various processes + + + align:start position:0% +various processes +to influence the way the public and the + + align:start position:0% +to influence the way the public and the + + + align:start position:0% +to influence the way the public and the +market acts + + align:start position:0% +market acts + + + align:start position:0% +market acts +we'll examine this in the world trade + + align:start position:0% +we'll examine this in the world trade + + + align:start position:0% +we'll examine this in the world trade +center + + align:start position:0% +center + + + align:start position:0% +center +story + + align:start position:0% +story + + + align:start position:0% +story +we look at it we'll + + align:start position:0% +we look at it we'll + + + align:start position:0% +we look at it we'll +wow what the new york times + + align:start position:0% +wow what the new york times + + + align:start position:0% +wow what the new york times +the new york times played + + align:start position:0% +the new york times played + + + align:start position:0% +the new york times played +what role the cnn played + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but we'll get to that in a minute + + align:start position:0% +but we'll get to that in a minute + + + align:start position:0% +but we'll get to that in a minute +i'm not going to talk about the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the planning technology of + + align:start position:0% +the planning technology of + + + align:start position:0% +the planning technology of +decision making it's + + align:start position:0% +decision making it's + + + align:start position:0% +decision making it's +arcane and complicated and doesn't deal + + align:start position:0% +arcane and complicated and doesn't deal + + + align:start position:0% +arcane and complicated and doesn't deal +with physical form + + align:start position:0% +with physical form + + + align:start position:0% +with physical form +it idealizes certain techniques of + + align:start position:0% +it idealizes certain techniques of + + + align:start position:0% +it idealizes certain techniques of +decision making and + + align:start position:0% +decision making and + + + align:start position:0% +decision making and +thank you very much it's not + + align:start position:0% +thank you very much it's not + + + align:start position:0% +thank you very much it's not +of great interest to me + + align:start position:0% +of great interest to me + + + align:start position:0% +of great interest to me +what we've come to realize and i think + + align:start position:0% +what we've come to realize and i think + + + align:start position:0% +what we've come to realize and i think +kevin lynch puts it well + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we have a + + align:start position:0% +we have a + + + align:start position:0% +we have a +city building process which is complex + + align:start position:0% +city building process which is complex + + + align:start position:0% +city building process which is complex +and plural marked by conflict + + align:start position:0% +and plural marked by conflict + + + align:start position:0% +and plural marked by conflict +cross-purpose and bargaining + + align:start position:0% +cross-purpose and bargaining + + + align:start position:0% +cross-purpose and bargaining +and whose outcome while often + + align:start position:0% +and whose outcome while often + + + align:start position:0% +and whose outcome while often +inequitable or wanted + + align:start position:0% +inequitable or wanted + + + align:start position:0% +inequitable or wanted +seems as uncontrollable as a glacier + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he argues this contentious argument a + + align:start position:0% +he argues this contentious argument a + + + align:start position:0% +he argues this contentious argument a +highly decentralized decision process in + + align:start position:0% +highly decentralized decision process in + + + align:start position:0% +highly decentralized decision process in +which the immediate users of a place + + align:start position:0% +which the immediate users of a place + + + align:start position:0% +which the immediate users of a place +make the decisions about its form + + align:start position:0% +make the decisions about its form + + + align:start position:0% +make the decisions about its form +is an accepted ideal + + align:start position:0% +is an accepted ideal + + + align:start position:0% +is an accepted ideal +both because it reinforces the user's + + align:start position:0% +both because it reinforces the user's + + + align:start position:0% +both because it reinforces the user's +sense of competence + + align:start position:0% +sense of competence + + + align:start position:0% +sense of competence +and because it is more likely to result + + align:start position:0% +and because it is more likely to result + + + align:start position:0% +and because it is more likely to result +in a well fitted environment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is probably true + + align:start position:0% +this is probably true + + + align:start position:0% +this is probably true +of us from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this is probably true when the scale of + + align:start position:0% +this is probably true when the scale of + + + align:start position:0% +this is probably true when the scale of +the proposition is small + + align:start position:0% +the proposition is small + + + align:start position:0% +the proposition is small +and diminishes in + + align:start position:0% +and diminishes in + + + align:start position:0% +and diminishes in +utility as the proposition gets bigger + + align:start position:0% +utility as the proposition gets bigger + + + align:start position:0% +utility as the proposition gets bigger +who do you ask + + align:start position:0% +who do you ask + + + align:start position:0% +who do you ask +to just to make a decision + + align:start position:0% +to just to make a decision + + + align:start position:0% +to just to make a decision +to influence a decision on whether route + + align:start position:0% +to influence a decision on whether route + + + align:start position:0% +to influence a decision on whether route + + align:start position:0% + + + align:start position:0% +should be widened + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +do you do a pearl + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you can do a pole + + align:start position:0% +you can do a pole + + + align:start position:0% +you can do a pole +what utility how what what + + align:start position:0% +what utility how what what + + + align:start position:0% +what utility how what what +what what would you base your results on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there are + + align:start position:0% +there are + + + align:start position:0% +there are +young users who are not capable of + + align:start position:0% +young users who are not capable of + + + align:start position:0% +young users who are not capable of +taking part in a poll + + align:start position:0% +taking part in a poll + + + align:start position:0% +taking part in a poll +they're users who are too young and are + + align:start position:0% +they're users who are too young and are + + + align:start position:0% +they're users who are too young and are +growing to only be of age once the + + align:start position:0% +growing to only be of age once the + + + align:start position:0% +growing to only be of age once the +proposition is completed + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +they are handicapped people and so on + + align:start position:0% +they are handicapped people and so on + + + align:start position:0% +they are handicapped people and so on +and so on + + align:start position:0% +and so on + + + align:start position:0% +and so on +the utility of user participation in + + align:start position:0% +the utility of user participation in + + + align:start position:0% +the utility of user participation in +general then is spatially conditioned + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +if we have one street in cambridge which + + align:start position:0% +if we have one street in cambridge which + + + align:start position:0% +if we have one street in cambridge which +needs repair + + align:start position:0% +needs repair + + + align:start position:0% +needs repair +i think it'd be a good idea to talk to + + align:start position:0% +i think it'd be a good idea to talk to + + + align:start position:0% +i think it'd be a good idea to talk to +the people who live on that street + + align:start position:0% +the people who live on that street + + + align:start position:0% +the people who live on that street +and ask them what needs what priorities + + align:start position:0% +and ask them what needs what priorities + + + align:start position:0% +and ask them what needs what priorities +what what problems do they have + + align:start position:0% +what what problems do they have + + + align:start position:0% +what what problems do they have +are there too many dogs on the street + + align:start position:0% +are there too many dogs on the street + + + align:start position:0% +are there too many dogs on the street +are they too many holes which are not + + align:start position:0% +are they too many holes which are not + + + align:start position:0% +are they too many holes which are not +repaired on the street + + align:start position:0% +repaired on the street + + + align:start position:0% +repaired on the street +it makes an assumption about the unique + + align:start position:0% +it makes an assumption about the unique + + + align:start position:0% +it makes an assumption about the unique +knowledge that people have + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that people have + + + align:start position:0% +knowledge that people have +about their own situation + + align:start position:0% +about their own situation + + + align:start position:0% +about their own situation +which professionals don't have + + align:start position:0% +which professionals don't have + + + align:start position:0% +which professionals don't have +who only have to a limited extent + + align:start position:0% +who only have to a limited extent + + + align:start position:0% +who only have to a limited extent +and so buying into this unique knowledge + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is an enormous asset + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i mentioned that in the new towns + + align:start position:0% +i mentioned that in the new towns + + + align:start position:0% +i mentioned that in the new towns +committee in london did a broadcast in + + align:start position:0% +committee in london did a broadcast in + + + align:start position:0% +committee in london did a broadcast in +1946 asking people what a good size for + + align:start position:0% +1946 asking people what a good size for + + + align:start position:0% +1946 asking people what a good size for +a town would be + + align:start position:0% +a town would be + + + align:start position:0% +a town would be +that is this sort of nonsense use of + + align:start position:0% +that is this sort of nonsense use of + + + align:start position:0% +that is this sort of nonsense use of +participation + + align:start position:0% +participation + + + align:start position:0% +participation +but active participation on a small + + align:start position:0% +but active participation on a small + + + align:start position:0% +but active participation on a small +scale has become + + align:start position:0% +scale has become + + + align:start position:0% +scale has become +almost + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +professionally mandated in the change of + + align:start position:0% +professionally mandated in the change of + + + align:start position:0% +professionally mandated in the change of +an american city + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +some people would argue that it + + align:start position:0% +some people would argue that it + + + align:start position:0% +some people would argue that it +frustrates development i think + + align:start position:0% +frustrates development i think + + + align:start position:0% +frustrates development i think +development has + + align:start position:0% +development has + + + align:start position:0% +development has +built itself + + align:start position:0% +built itself + + + align:start position:0% +built itself +into a position to take account of it + + align:start position:0% +into a position to take account of it + + + align:start position:0% +into a position to take account of it +the fees for user participation + + align:start position:0% +the fees for user participation + + + align:start position:0% +the fees for user participation +in the big dig + + align:start position:0% +in the big dig + + + align:start position:0% +in the big dig +project equal the fees for + + align:start position:0% +project equal the fees for + + + align:start position:0% +project equal the fees for +urban design + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so the shape of the road and what it + + align:start position:0% +so the shape of the road and what it + + + align:start position:0% +so the shape of the road and what it +which is largely mandated by engineering + + align:start position:0% +which is largely mandated by engineering + + + align:start position:0% +which is largely mandated by engineering +concerns + + align:start position:0% +concerns + + + align:start position:0% +concerns +you can't say it should be painted red + + align:start position:0% +you can't say it should be painted red + + + align:start position:0% +you can't say it should be painted red +or green or yellow the real + + align:start position:0% +or green or yellow the real + + + align:start position:0% +or green or yellow the real +crude rules about which you will + + align:start position:0% +crude rules about which you will + + + align:start position:0% +crude rules about which you will +understand + + align:start position:0% +understand + + + align:start position:0% +understand +about + + align:start position:0% +about + + + align:start position:0% +about +maintaining the perceptual perceptual + + align:start position:0% +maintaining the perceptual perceptual + + + align:start position:0% +maintaining the perceptual perceptual +quality of autumn wheels at 50 miles per + + align:start position:0% +quality of autumn wheels at 50 miles per + + + align:start position:0% +quality of autumn wheels at 50 miles per +hour + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the right to + + align:start position:0% +the right to + + + align:start position:0% +the right to +terminate to exit + + align:start position:0% +terminate to exit + + + align:start position:0% +terminate to exit +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +expressway + + align:start position:0% +expressway + + + align:start position:0% +expressway +into watertown or no it doesn't go + + align:start position:0% +into watertown or no it doesn't go + + + align:start position:0% +into watertown or no it doesn't go +towards + + align:start position:0% +towards + + + align:start position:0% +towards +into chelsea + + align:start position:0% +into chelsea + + + align:start position:0% +into chelsea +requires the + + align:start position:0% +requires the + + + align:start position:0% +requires the +probably a bargaining arrangement + + align:start position:0% +probably a bargaining arrangement + + + align:start position:0% +probably a bargaining arrangement +whereby chelsea is given a new library + + align:start position:0% +whereby chelsea is given a new library + + + align:start position:0% +whereby chelsea is given a new library +by the federal funds that come in to pay + + align:start position:0% +by the federal funds that come in to pay + + + align:start position:0% +by the federal funds that come in to pay +for the project in order to buy the + + align:start position:0% +for the project in order to buy the + + + align:start position:0% +for the project in order to buy the +right + + align:start position:0% +right + + + align:start position:0% +right +for the road to connect + + align:start position:0% +for the road to connect + + + align:start position:0% +for the road to connect +at that point + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so public participation which we'll see + + align:start position:0% +so public participation which we'll see + + + align:start position:0% +so public participation which we'll see +a number of examples of in the slides i + + align:start position:0% +a number of examples of in the slides i + + + align:start position:0% +a number of examples of in the slides i +will show you + + align:start position:0% +will show you + + + align:start position:0% +will show you +probably as a summary + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +is a fundamental aspect of democracy + + align:start position:0% +is a fundamental aspect of democracy + + + align:start position:0% +is a fundamental aspect of democracy +it requires an educated + + align:start position:0% +it requires an educated + + + align:start position:0% +it requires an educated +not educated but transparent population + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +people are educated in different ways + + align:start position:0% +people are educated in different ways + + + align:start position:0% +people are educated in different ways +formal education doesn't necessarily + + align:start position:0% +formal education doesn't necessarily + + + align:start position:0% +formal education doesn't necessarily +mean that you're much more that you're + + align:start position:0% +mean that you're much more that you're + + + align:start position:0% +mean that you're much more that you're +sensitive to your own environment + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you're probably so overlaid by + + align:start position:0% +you're probably so overlaid by + + + align:start position:0% +you're probably so overlaid by +questions as to how much your property + + align:start position:0% +questions as to how much your property + + + align:start position:0% +questions as to how much your property +is worth and whether if a black person + + align:start position:0% +is worth and whether if a black person + + + align:start position:0% +is worth and whether if a black person +buys a property on the same street + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +your property is going to be devalued + + align:start position:0% +your property is going to be devalued + + + align:start position:0% +your property is going to be devalued +these important questions + + align:start position:0% +these important questions + + + align:start position:0% +these important questions +the major model + + align:start position:0% +the major model + + + align:start position:0% +the major model +by which urbanism has been transacted + + align:start position:0% +by which urbanism has been transacted + + + align:start position:0% +by which urbanism has been transacted +and taught + + align:start position:0% +and taught + + + align:start position:0% +and taught +has been + + align:start position:0% +has been + + + align:start position:0% +has been +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +the great improvements in cities have + + align:start position:0% +the great improvements in cities have + + + align:start position:0% +the great improvements in cities have +come about when great + + align:start position:0% +come about when great + + + align:start position:0% +come about when great +powerful figures + + align:start position:0% +powerful figures + + + align:start position:0% +powerful figures +superfigures + + align:start position:0% +superfigures + + + align:start position:0% +superfigures +are in control + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +robert moses is the great american + + align:start position:0% +robert moses is the great american + + + align:start position:0% +robert moses is the great american +example + + align:start position:0% +example + + + align:start position:0% +example +in 40 over 40 years he built 28 billion + + align:start position:0% +in 40 over 40 years he built 28 billion + + + align:start position:0% +in 40 over 40 years he built 28 billion +dollars worth of + + align:start position:0% +dollars worth of + + + align:start position:0% +dollars worth of +projects + + align:start position:0% +projects + + + align:start position:0% +projects +the largest city builder in america's + + align:start position:0% +the largest city builder in america's + + + align:start position:0% +the largest city builder in america's +history + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i handed out to you a couple of things + + align:start position:0% +i handed out to you a couple of things + + + align:start position:0% +i handed out to you a couple of things +the first page is some notes i made + + align:start position:0% +the first page is some notes i made + + + align:start position:0% +the first page is some notes i made +from ramparts in march 1975 + + align:start position:0% +from ramparts in march 1975 + + + align:start position:0% +from ramparts in march 1975 +when robert carroll's book on moses was + + align:start position:0% +when robert carroll's book on moses was + + + align:start position:0% +when robert carroll's book on moses was +just published + + align:start position:0% +just published + + + align:start position:0% +just published +ramparts was a + + align:start position:0% +ramparts was a + + + align:start position:0% +ramparts was a +left-wing radical + + align:start position:0% +left-wing radical + + + align:start position:0% +left-wing radical +journal + + align:start position:0% +journal + + + align:start position:0% +journal +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +it asked + + align:start position:0% +it asked + + + align:start position:0% +it asked +these + + align:start position:0% +these + + + align:start position:0% +these +six people on the news names on the left + + align:start position:0% +six people on the news names on the left + + + align:start position:0% +six people on the news names on the left +what they thought of what they thought + + align:start position:0% +what they thought of what they thought + + + align:start position:0% +what they thought of what they thought +most of the problem of moses was + + align:start position:0% +most of the problem of moses was + + + align:start position:0% +most of the problem of moses was +and i've tried to list on in my own + + align:start position:0% +and i've tried to list on in my own + + + align:start position:0% +and i've tried to list on in my own +handwriting what + + align:start position:0% +handwriting what + + + align:start position:0% +handwriting what +i think + + align:start position:0% +i think + + + align:start position:0% +i think +one of the interesting ones is that + + align:start position:0% +one of the interesting ones is that + + + align:start position:0% +one of the interesting ones is that +is the last one + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the second last man temco says that + + align:start position:0% +the second last man temco says that + + + align:start position:0% +the second last man temco says that +moses didn't understand architecture + + align:start position:0% +moses didn't understand architecture + + + align:start position:0% +moses didn't understand architecture +therefore he made bad decisions + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +vermin + + align:start position:0% +vermin + + + align:start position:0% +vermin +follows up by saying + + align:start position:0% +follows up by saying + + + align:start position:0% +follows up by saying +moses actually did understand + + align:start position:0% +moses actually did understand + + + align:start position:0% +moses actually did understand +architecture + + align:start position:0% +architecture + + + align:start position:0% +architecture +look at sigrid gideon's book space time + + align:start position:0% +look at sigrid gideon's book space time + + + align:start position:0% +look at sigrid gideon's book space time +and architecture + + align:start position:0% +and architecture + + + align:start position:0% +and architecture +the fly leaf has one of moses's + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +elevated highway intersections on its + + align:start position:0% +elevated highway intersections on its + + + align:start position:0% +elevated highway intersections on its +cover + + align:start position:0% +cover + + + align:start position:0% +cover +gideon + + align:start position:0% +gideon + + + align:start position:0% +gideon +talks about + + align:start position:0% +talks about + + + align:start position:0% +talks about +the similarities between baroque form + + align:start position:0% +the similarities between baroque form + + + align:start position:0% +the similarities between baroque form +and highway + + align:start position:0% +and highway + + + align:start position:0% +and highway +curvatures + + align:start position:0% +curvatures + + + align:start position:0% +curvatures +he talks about + + align:start position:0% +he talks about + + + align:start position:0% +he talks about +the great boromini buildings in rome the + + align:start position:0% +the great boromini buildings in rome the + + + align:start position:0% +the great boromini buildings in rome the +two churches + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +which is not san carlo la cuatro fontane + + align:start position:0% +which is not san carlo la cuatro fontane + + + align:start position:0% +which is not san carlo la cuatro fontane +the other one + + align:start position:0% +the other one + + + align:start position:0% +the other one +sun + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's near the pantheon + + align:start position:0% +it's near the pantheon + + + align:start position:0% +it's near the pantheon +forgive me i can't remember + + align:start position:0% +forgive me i can't remember + + + align:start position:0% +forgive me i can't remember +my memory is gone + + align:start position:0% +my memory is gone + + + align:start position:0% +my memory is gone +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +gideon makes a claim that + + align:start position:0% +gideon makes a claim that + + + align:start position:0% +gideon makes a claim that +that we should and you can well + + align:start position:0% +that we should and you can well + + + align:start position:0% +that we should and you can well +understand moses reaction to that claim + + align:start position:0% +understand moses reaction to that claim + + + align:start position:0% +understand moses reaction to that claim +that he was actually doing things which + + align:start position:0% +that he was actually doing things which + + + align:start position:0% +that he was actually doing things which +were being appreciated by one of the + + align:start position:0% +were being appreciated by one of the + + + align:start position:0% +were being appreciated by one of the +great philosophers of modern + + align:start position:0% +great philosophers of modern + + + align:start position:0% +great philosophers of modern +architecture + + align:start position:0% +architecture + + + align:start position:0% +architecture +but these are tendentious comments + + align:start position:0% +but these are tendentious comments + + + align:start position:0% +but these are tendentious comments +let's look at moses record + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the argument is that + + align:start position:0% +the argument is that + + + align:start position:0% +the argument is that +good city is a city of grand design + + align:start position:0% +good city is a city of grand design + + + align:start position:0% +good city is a city of grand design +large public works + + align:start position:0% +large public works + + + align:start position:0% +large public works +it's important to have a large figure + + align:start position:0% +it's important to have a large figure + + + align:start position:0% +it's important to have a large figure +who can superintend over all the + + align:start position:0% +who can superintend over all the + + + align:start position:0% +who can superintend over all the +bureaucratic complexities and barriers + + align:start position:0% +bureaucratic complexities and barriers + + + align:start position:0% +bureaucratic complexities and barriers +of city form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moses + + align:start position:0% +moses + + + align:start position:0% +moses +the masses are incapable or unwilling to + + align:start position:0% +the masses are incapable or unwilling to + + + align:start position:0% +the masses are incapable or unwilling to +act + + align:start position:0% +act + + + align:start position:0% +act +if allowed to intervene no single + + align:start position:0% +if allowed to intervene no single + + + align:start position:0% +if allowed to intervene no single +product could ever be delivered + + align:start position:0% +product could ever be delivered + + + align:start position:0% +product could ever be delivered +you cannot have the changes you need in + + align:start position:0% +you cannot have the changes you need in + + + align:start position:0% +you cannot have the changes you need in +cities without conflict + + align:start position:0% +cities without conflict + + + align:start position:0% +cities without conflict +hurting some people + + align:start position:0% +hurting some people + + + align:start position:0% +hurting some people +moses escorted saying you can't make an + + align:start position:0% +moses escorted saying you can't make an + + + align:start position:0% +moses escorted saying you can't make an +omelet without breaking eggs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +that moses moved over a hundred thousand + + align:start position:0% +that moses moved over a hundred thousand + + + align:start position:0% +that moses moved over a hundred thousand +people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +out of their houses + + align:start position:0% +out of their houses + + + align:start position:0% +out of their houses +in east tremont in the east germany + + align:start position:0% +in east tremont in the east germany + + + align:start position:0% +in east tremont in the east germany +five hundred thousand people were + + align:start position:0% +five hundred thousand people were + + + align:start position:0% +five hundred thousand people were +displaced + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this was a neighborhood of + + align:start position:0% +this was a neighborhood of + + + align:start position:0% +this was a neighborhood of +blacks irish jews + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he wished to build a cross bronx + + align:start position:0% +he wished to build a cross bronx + + + align:start position:0% +he wished to build a cross bronx +expressway + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he used private company to relocate + + align:start position:0% +he used private company to relocate + + + align:start position:0% +he used private company to relocate +people + + align:start position:0% +people + + + align:start position:0% +people +the company had four offices far away + + align:start position:0% +the company had four offices far away + + + align:start position:0% +the company had four offices far away +from the neighborhood and never had + + align:start position:0% +from the neighborhood and never had + + + align:start position:0% +from the neighborhood and never had +regular hours + + align:start position:0% +regular hours + + + align:start position:0% +regular hours +when an + + align:start position:0% +when an + + + align:start position:0% +when an +available a new apartment was + + align:start position:0% +available a new apartment was + + + align:start position:0% +available a new apartment was +to be looked at there were four floors + + align:start position:0% +to be looked at there were four floors + + + align:start position:0% +to be looked at there were four floors +of people already on the staircase + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +comparable price was never achieved + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +demolition even when people didn't wish + + align:start position:0% +demolition even when people didn't wish + + + align:start position:0% +demolition even when people didn't wish +to move out demolition started + + align:start position:0% +to move out demolition started + + + align:start position:0% +to move out demolition started +and subsequent vandalism was used to + + align:start position:0% +and subsequent vandalism was used to + + + align:start position:0% +and subsequent vandalism was used to +increase the working the moving out of + + align:start position:0% +increase the working the moving out of + + + align:start position:0% +increase the working the moving out of +the speed by which people moved out + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +okay + + align:start position:0% +okay + + + align:start position:0% +okay +this is the sordid side of + + align:start position:0% +this is the sordid side of + + + align:start position:0% +this is the sordid side of +the grand master + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moses + + align:start position:0% +moses + + + align:start position:0% +moses +had charisma + + align:start position:0% +had charisma + + + align:start position:0% +had charisma +the book starts with him + + align:start position:0% +the book starts with him + + + align:start position:0% +the book starts with him +at yale + + align:start position:0% +at yale + + + align:start position:0% +at yale +as a brilliant student + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +ideal + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +wanting to dedicate his life to public + + align:start position:0% +wanting to dedicate his life to public + + + align:start position:0% +wanting to dedicate his life to public +service to helping the lower classes + + align:start position:0% +service to helping the lower classes + + + align:start position:0% +service to helping the lower classes +but he was strong he was a very good + + align:start position:0% +but he was strong he was a very good + + + align:start position:0% +but he was strong he was a very good +swimmer + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but he was a nasty man + + align:start position:0% +but he was a nasty man + + + align:start position:0% +but he was a nasty man +in the book he gets he doesn't help his + + align:start position:0% +in the book he gets he doesn't help his + + + align:start position:0% +in the book he gets he doesn't help his +brother who needs help + + align:start position:0% +brother who needs help + + + align:start position:0% +brother who needs help +all of these things paint a picture of + + align:start position:0% +all of these things paint a picture of + + + align:start position:0% +all of these things paint a picture of +him of a flawed + + align:start position:0% +him of a flawed + + + align:start position:0% +him of a flawed +master + + align:start position:0% +master + + + align:start position:0% +master +a kind of a beethoven who + + align:start position:0% +a kind of a beethoven who + + + align:start position:0% +a kind of a beethoven who +if you look too carefully doesn't + + align:start position:0% +if you look too carefully doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +if you look too carefully doesn't +ever wash his clothes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +one of the interesting things about + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +moses + + align:start position:0% +moses + + + align:start position:0% +moses +was this not only the scope of his work + + align:start position:0% +was this not only the scope of his work + + + align:start position:0% +was this not only the scope of his work +he built 600 miles of highway + + align:start position:0% +he built 600 miles of highway + + + align:start position:0% +he built 600 miles of highway +he built in the verrazano bridge he + + align:start position:0% +he built in the verrazano bridge he + + + align:start position:0% +he built in the verrazano bridge he +built a number of bridges + + align:start position:0% +built a number of bridges + + + align:start position:0% +built a number of bridges +they built a number of centers in + + align:start position:0% +they built a number of centers in + + + align:start position:0% +they built a number of centers in +manhattan the united nations the + + align:start position:0% +manhattan the united nations the + + + align:start position:0% +manhattan the united nations the +coliseum + + align:start position:0% +coliseum + + + align:start position:0% +coliseum +lincoln center + + align:start position:0% +lincoln center + + + align:start position:0% +lincoln center +all the products of ease rain + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for reasons which i don't quite + + align:start position:0% +for reasons which i don't quite + + + align:start position:0% +for reasons which i don't quite +understand + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +convinced that automobile transportation + + align:start position:0% +convinced that automobile transportation + + + align:start position:0% +convinced that automobile transportation +was index in inexorably the solution to + + align:start position:0% +was index in inexorably the solution to + + + align:start position:0% +was index in inexorably the solution to +the american city + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +for instance + + align:start position:0% +for instance + + + align:start position:0% +for instance +the long island expresso cost 500 + + align:start position:0% +the long island expresso cost 500 + + + align:start position:0% +the long island expresso cost 500 +million + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +or 500 billion 500 million i think + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +500 million + + align:start position:0% +500 million + + + align:start position:0% +500 million +at the time + + align:start position:0% +at the time + + + align:start position:0% +at the time +it could have added four feet for mass + + align:start position:0% +it could have added four feet for mass + + + align:start position:0% +it could have added four feet for mass +transfer this would have cost 20 percent + + align:start position:0% +transfer this would have cost 20 percent + + + align:start position:0% +transfer this would have cost 20 percent +more + + align:start position:0% +more + + + align:start position:0% +more +it didn't + + align:start position:0% +it didn't + + + align:start position:0% +it didn't +or it could have purchased landf and + + align:start position:0% +or it could have purchased landf and + + + align:start position:0% +or it could have purchased landf and +kept it in escrow for further transit + + align:start position:0% +kept it in escrow for further transit + + + align:start position:0% +kept it in escrow for further transit +for + + align:start position:0% +for + + + align:start position:0% +for +something like 20 + + align:start position:0% +something like 20 + + + align:start position:0% +something like 20 +million more + + align:start position:0% +million more + + + align:start position:0% +million more +but he didn't + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how did he achieve this power in a + + align:start position:0% +how did he achieve this power in a + + + align:start position:0% +how did he achieve this power in a +democracy is perhaps one of the more + + align:start position:0% +democracy is perhaps one of the more + + + align:start position:0% +democracy is perhaps one of the more +interesting things + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how do you achieve such power + + align:start position:0% +how do you achieve such power + + + align:start position:0% +how do you achieve such power +how do you achieve such power in a city + + align:start position:0% +how do you achieve such power in a city + + + align:start position:0% +how do you achieve such power in a city +that portrays itself to be + + align:start position:0% +that portrays itself to be + + + align:start position:0% +that portrays itself to be +very + + align:start position:0% +very + + + align:start position:0% +very +sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +sophisticated +well sophisticated it is sophisticated + + align:start position:0% +well sophisticated it is sophisticated + + + align:start position:0% +well sophisticated it is sophisticated +in many respects this is some of the + + align:start position:0% +in many respects this is some of the + + + align:start position:0% +in many respects this is some of the +most wonderful restaurants in the world + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +great offer companies and so on + + align:start position:0% +great offer companies and so on + + + align:start position:0% +great offer companies and so on +now i think the interesting thing that + + align:start position:0% +now i think the interesting thing that + + + align:start position:0% +now i think the interesting thing that +uh that one learns from looking at this + + align:start position:0% +uh that one learns from looking at this + + + align:start position:0% +uh that one learns from looking at this +case carefully is that + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he used the public authority system to + + align:start position:0% +he used the public authority system to + + + align:start position:0% +he used the public authority system to +build power + + align:start position:0% +build power + + + align:start position:0% +build power +moses was never elected to office in the + + align:start position:0% +moses was never elected to office in the + + + align:start position:0% +moses was never elected to office in the +40 years + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +at his peak he wasn't challenged + + align:start position:0% +at his peak he wasn't challenged + + + align:start position:0% +at his peak he wasn't challenged +seriously by any governor of the new + + align:start position:0% +seriously by any governor of the new + + + align:start position:0% +seriously by any governor of the new +york state + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he was + + align:start position:0% +he was + + + align:start position:0% +he was +new york times + + align:start position:0% +new york times + + + align:start position:0% +new york times +in its private memorandum claims + + align:start position:0% +in its private memorandum claims + + + align:start position:0% +in its private memorandum claims +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +he could not be criticized in newspaper + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +without special documentation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +but he gained his power from + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +he + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +taking over and gaining power in the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +public authority which possesses not + + align:start position:0% +public authority which possesses not + + + align:start position:0% +public authority which possesses not +only the powers of a large corporation + + align:start position:0% +only the powers of a large corporation + + + align:start position:0% +only the powers of a large corporation +but some of the powers of a sovereign + + align:start position:0% +but some of the powers of a sovereign + + + align:start position:0% +but some of the powers of a sovereign +state + + align:start position:0% +state + + + align:start position:0% +state +it has the power of imminent domain that + + align:start position:0% +it has the power of imminent domain that + + + align:start position:0% +it has the power of imminent domain that +permits the seizure of private property + + align:start position:0% +permits the seizure of private property + + + align:start position:0% +permits the seizure of private property +in their power to establish and reinf + + align:start position:0% +in their power to establish and reinf + + + align:start position:0% +in their power to establish and reinf +force rules and regulations + + align:start position:0% +force rules and regulations + + + align:start position:0% +force rules and regulations +public authority has two other vital + + align:start position:0% +public authority has two other vital + + + align:start position:0% +public authority has two other vital +characteristics controlled by a board of + + align:start position:0% +characteristics controlled by a board of + + + align:start position:0% +characteristics controlled by a board of +directors which can be as small as one + + align:start position:0% +directors which can be as small as one + + + align:start position:0% +directors which can be as small as one +member + + align:start position:0% +member + + + align:start position:0% +member +and they can issue bonds + + align:start position:0% +and they can issue bonds + + + align:start position:0% +and they can issue bonds +hussman understood this + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +hussman in + + align:start position:0% +hussman in + + + align:start position:0% +hussman in +used + + align:start position:0% +used + + + align:start position:0% +used +his understanding of + + align:start position:0% +his understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +his understanding of +fiscal economics + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in order to + + align:start position:0% +in order to + + + align:start position:0% +in order to +transform paris + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in 1960 he was the cell member of the + + align:start position:0% +in 1960 he was the cell member of the + + + align:start position:0% +in 1960 he was the cell member of the +henry hudson parkway authority one of + + align:start position:0% +henry hudson parkway authority one of + + + align:start position:0% +henry hudson parkway authority one of +three members of the tribal bridge and + + align:start position:0% +three members of the tribal bridge and + + + align:start position:0% +three members of the tribal bridge and +tunnel authority commission of new york + + align:start position:0% +tunnel authority commission of new york + + + align:start position:0% +tunnel authority commission of new york +city parks department city construction + + align:start position:0% +city parks department city construction + + + align:start position:0% +city parks department city construction +coordinator a member of the city + + align:start position:0% +coordinator a member of the city + + + align:start position:0% +coordinator a member of the city +planning commission chairman of this + + align:start position:0% +planning commission chairman of this + + + align:start position:0% +planning commission chairman of this +mayor's slum clearance committee head of + + align:start position:0% +mayor's slum clearance committee head of + + + align:start position:0% +mayor's slum clearance committee head of +the city office of civil defence + + align:start position:0% +the city office of civil defence + + + align:start position:0% +the city office of civil defence +member of this new york city youth board + + align:start position:0% +member of this new york city youth board + + + align:start position:0% +member of this new york city youth board +president of long island + + align:start position:0% +president of long island + + + align:start position:0% +president of long island +state + + align:start position:0% +state + + + align:start position:0% +state +oh god who just goes on president of the + + align:start position:0% +oh god who just goes on president of the + + + align:start position:0% +oh god who just goes on president of the +jones speech state parkway authority + + align:start position:0% +jones speech state parkway authority + + + align:start position:0% +jones speech state parkway authority +the long island parkway authority + + align:start position:0% +the long island parkway authority + + + align:start position:0% +the long island parkway authority +chairman of the new york state power + + align:start position:0% +chairman of the new york state power + + + align:start position:0% +chairman of the new york state power +authority + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +having power in so many domains which + + align:start position:0% +having power in so many domains which + + + align:start position:0% +having power in so many domains which +allows you to reticulate decisions + + align:start position:0% +allows you to reticulate decisions 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+connected power system + + + align:start position:0% +connected power system +or the contiguous power system + + align:start position:0% +or the contiguous power system + + + align:start position:0% +or the contiguous power system +he also used + + align:start position:0% +he also used + + + align:start position:0% +he also used +to yourself the great + + align:start position:0% +to yourself the great + + + align:start position:0% +to yourself the great +and with power comes the capacity in + + align:start position:0% +and with power comes the capacity in + + + align:start position:0% +and with power comes the capacity in +this country and probably anywhere in + + align:start position:0% +this country and probably anywhere in + + + align:start position:0% +this country and probably anywhere in +the world + + align:start position:0% +the world + + + align:start position:0% +the world +to assume wealth + + align:start position:0% +to assume wealth + + + align:start position:0% +to assume wealth +he got big gifts from the rockefellers + + align:start position:0% +he got big gifts from the rockefellers + + + align:start position:0% +he got big gifts from the rockefellers +for the you know building of the united + + align:start position:0% +for the you know building of the united + + + align:start position:0% +for the you know building of the united +nations property + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and so on and so on + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the question is + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what kind of city did he + + align:start position:0% +what kind of city did he + + + align:start position:0% +what kind of city did he +leave new york in + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +would we have been worse off + + align:start position:0% +would we have been worse off + + + align:start position:0% +would we have been worse off +had there be no figure like moses + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in our field we should be able to answer + + align:start position:0% +in our field we should be able to answer + + + align:start position:0% +in our field we should be able to answer +these questions + + align:start position:0% +these questions + + + align:start position:0% +these questions +but there's so many variables nobody in + + align:start position:0% +but there's so many variables nobody in + + + align:start position:0% +but there's so many variables nobody in +probably will ever be able to seem + + align:start position:0% +probably will ever be able to seem + + + align:start position:0% +probably will ever be able to seem +assume the power through the public + + align:start position:0% +assume the power through the public + + + align:start position:0% +assume the power through the public +corporation system + + align:start position:0% +corporation system + + + align:start position:0% +corporation system +as moses did + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we are a completely different + + align:start position:0% +we are a completely different + + + align:start position:0% +we are a completely different +set of + + align:start position:0% +set of + + + align:start position:0% +set of +environmental issues + + align:start position:0% +environmental issues + + + align:start position:0% +environmental issues +where all kinds of different + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +public groups + + align:start position:0% +public groups + + + align:start position:0% +public groups +issues of youth issues of gender issues + + align:start position:0% +issues of youth issues of gender issues + + + align:start position:0% +issues of youth issues of gender issues +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +race + + align:start position:0% +race + + + align:start position:0% +race +all transcend + + align:start position:0% +all transcend + + + align:start position:0% +all transcend +the importance of a super figure right + + align:start position:0% +the importance of a super figure right + + + align:start position:0% +the importance of a super figure right +now + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +look at what mayor bloomberg is spending + + align:start position:0% +look at what mayor bloomberg is spending + + + align:start position:0% +look at what mayor bloomberg is spending +his time doing + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's no federal highway construction + + align:start position:0% +there's no federal highway construction + + + align:start position:0% +there's no federal highway construction +program + + align:start position:0% +program + + + align:start position:0% +program +so he's not building any highways + + align:start position:0% +so he's not building any highways + + + align:start position:0% +so he's not building any highways +at least none that i'm there + + align:start position:0% +at least none that i'm there + + + align:start position:0% +at least none that i'm there +manhattan is it's impossible to move + + align:start position:0% +manhattan is it's impossible to move + + + align:start position:0% +manhattan is it's impossible to move +through manhattan because they're + + align:start position:0% +through manhattan because they're + + + align:start position:0% +through manhattan because they're +building subway + + align:start position:0% +building subway + + + align:start position:0% +building subway +maintenance + + align:start position:0% +maintenance + + + align:start position:0% +maintenance +renewing the + + align:start position:0% +renewing the + + + align:start position:0% +renewing the +gas system + + align:start position:0% +gas system + + + align:start position:0% +gas system +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +building the second avenue subway + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +um + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so when + + align:start position:0% +so when + + + align:start position:0% +so when +when in the history of a town do you + + align:start position:0% +when in the history of a town do you + + + align:start position:0% +when in the history of a town do you +need somebody who can assume total power + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to be able to answer this question + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +in the democracy you do so when the + + align:start position:0% +in the democracy you do so when the + + + align:start position:0% +in the democracy you do so when the +society is threatened absolutely + + align:start position:0% +society is threatened absolutely + + + align:start position:0% +society is threatened absolutely +remember foucault's rules for what + + align:start position:0% +remember foucault's rules for what + + + align:start position:0% +remember foucault's rules for what +happened during the when the plague + + align:start position:0% +happened during the when the plague + + + align:start position:0% +happened during the when the plague +occurs + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the prob the one of the problems of the + + align:start position:0% +the prob the one of the problems of the + + + align:start position:0% +the prob the one of the problems of the +project + + align:start position:0% +project + + + align:start position:0% +project +of environmentalism + + align:start position:0% +of environmentalism + + + align:start position:0% +of environmentalism +is that the actual + + align:start position:0% +is that the actual + + + align:start position:0% +is that the actual +symbols + + align:start position:0% +symbols + + + align:start position:0% +symbols +of environmental degradation + + align:start position:0% +of environmental degradation + + + align:start position:0% +of environmental degradation +are not impacting people sufficiently + + align:start position:0% +are not impacting people sufficiently + + + align:start position:0% +are not impacting people sufficiently +not in this country not in new york + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and in a democracy + + align:start position:0% +and in a democracy + + + align:start position:0% +and in a democracy +people will tend to + + align:start position:0% +people will tend to + + + align:start position:0% +people will tend to +be lazy about a great deal of + + align:start position:0% +be lazy about a great deal of + + + align:start position:0% +be lazy about a great deal of +things which + + align:start position:0% +things which + + + align:start position:0% +things which +they will suspend + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +until some + + 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align:start position:0% +what do you think + + + align:start position:0% +what do you think +have you thought about robin moses ever + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +what do you what did you think of him + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you must have some thoughts + + align:start position:0% +you must have some thoughts + + + align:start position:0% +you must have some thoughts +you must know something about the man + + align:start position:0% +you must know something about the man + + + align:start position:0% +you must know something about the man +the greatest urban builder in this + + align:start position:0% +the greatest urban builder in this + + + align:start position:0% +the greatest urban builder in this +country is history + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +not a trivial figure + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +are we likely to have people like that + + 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align:start position:0% +train at the health club twice a week + + + align:start position:0% +train at the health club twice a week +immediately makes me feel + + align:start position:0% +immediately makes me feel + + + align:start position:0% +immediately makes me feel +makes them feel good about me + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +anyway that's a bit of an aside + + align:start position:0% +anyway that's a bit of an aside + + + align:start position:0% +anyway that's a bit of an aside +um the interesting thing is not to i + + align:start position:0% +um the interesting thing is not to i + + + align:start position:0% +um the interesting thing is not to i +think focus on these extremes + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to imagine cities is taking building + + align:start position:0% +to imagine cities is taking building + + + align:start position:0% +to imagine cities is taking building +themselves over a long period of time + + align:start position:0% +themselves over a long period of time + + + align:start position:0% +themselves over a long period of time +and being much more engaged in the + + align:start position:0% +and being much more engaged in the + + + align:start position:0% +and being much more engaged in the +proper process + + align:start position:0% +proper process + + + align:start position:0% +proper process +by which things happen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you know moses his work is + + align:start position:0% +you know moses his work is + + + align:start position:0% +you know moses his work is +monumental + + align:start position:0% +monumental + + + align:start position:0% +monumental +so is napoleons for the chance elizae + + align:start position:0% +so is napoleons for the chance elizae + + + align:start position:0% +so is napoleons for the chance elizae +and hersmann for the boulevard + + align:start position:0% +and hersmann for the boulevard + + + align:start position:0% +and hersmann for the boulevard +opera + + align:start position:0% +opera + + + align:start position:0% +opera +in paris + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +over a period of time another generation + + align:start position:0% +over a period of time another generation + + + align:start position:0% +over a period of time another generation +has grown up + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +monuments + + align:start position:0% +monuments + + + align:start position:0% +monuments +when we deal with memory and monuments + + align:start position:0% +when we deal with memory and monuments + + + align:start position:0% +when we deal with memory and monuments +one of the + + align:start position:0% +one of the + + + align:start position:0% +one of the +name robert moosel the french critic + + align:start position:0% +name robert moosel the french critic + + + align:start position:0% +name robert moosel the french critic +says + + align:start position:0% +says + + + align:start position:0% +says +monuments amongst the most forgettable + + align:start position:0% +monuments amongst the most forgettable + + + align:start position:0% +monuments amongst the most forgettable +of items we produce + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you drive through france and you stop + + align:start position:0% +you drive through france and you stop + + + align:start position:0% +you drive through france and you stop +for coffee in the afternoon in a small + + align:start position:0% +for coffee in the afternoon in a small + + + align:start position:0% +for coffee in the afternoon in a small +town and you sit in the square + + align:start position:0% +town and you sit in the square + + + align:start position:0% +town and you sit in the square +and you look at a monument to a man on a + + align:start position:0% +and you look at a monument to a man on a + + + align:start position:0% +and you look at a monument to a man on a +bronze horse + + align:start position:0% +bronze horse + + + align:start position:0% +bronze horse +he fought in the battle of algiers + + align:start position:0% +he fought in the battle of algiers + + + align:start position:0% +he fought in the battle of algiers +in god learners when + + align:start position:0% +in god learners when + + + align:start position:0% +in god learners when +no small child in the town pays any + + align:start position:0% +no small child in the town pays any + + + align:start position:0% +no small child in the town pays any +notion to him except that there's a + + align:start position:0% +notion to him except that there's a + + + align:start position:0% +notion to him except that there's a +monument there + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so it is often with cities + + align:start position:0% +so it is often with cities + + + align:start position:0% +so it is often with cities +we ingest + + align:start position:0% +we ingest + + + align:start position:0% +we ingest +the new very quickly + + align:start position:0% +the new very quickly + + + align:start position:0% +the new very quickly +we assign it to + + align:start position:0% +we assign it to + + + align:start position:0% +we assign it to +a category of + + align:start position:0% +a category of + + + align:start position:0% +a category of +the past + + align:start position:0% +the past + + + align:start position:0% +the past +it + + align:start position:0% +it + + + align:start position:0% +it +certain aspects of the past gained great + + align:start position:0% +certain aspects of the past gained great + + + align:start position:0% +certain aspects of the past gained great +value by being so + + align:start position:0% +value by being so + + + align:start position:0% +value by being so +much of the past + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +how much balloon + + align:start position:0% +how much balloon + + + align:start position:0% +how much balloon +process is there how much are they + + align:start position:0% +process is there how much are they + + + align:start position:0% +process is there how much are they +momentarily + + align:start position:0% +momentarily + + + align:start position:0% +momentarily +lost if you wanted in the social memory + + align:start position:0% +lost if you wanted in the social memory + + + align:start position:0% +lost if you wanted in the social memory +and people you know forget about + + align:start position:0% +and people you know forget about + + + align:start position:0% +and people you know forget about +the guy whose monument + + align:start position:0% +the guy whose monument + + + align:start position:0% +the guy whose monument +was dedicated to but how much in the end + + align:start position:0% +was dedicated to but how much in the end + + + align:start position:0% +was dedicated to but how much in the end +those monuments become fixtures in the + + align:start position:0% +those monuments become fixtures in the + + + align:start position:0% +those monuments become fixtures in the +city + + align:start position:0% +city + + + align:start position:0% +city +and + + align:start position:0% +and + + + align:start position:0% +and +yes the one in the central square in + + align:start position:0% +yes the one in the central square in + + + align:start position:0% +yes the one in the central square in +this little italian + + align:start position:0% +this little italian + + + align:start position:0% +this little italian +french city that i'm talking about + + align:start position:0% +french city that i'm talking about + + + align:start position:0% +french city that i'm talking about +will never + + align:start position:0% +will never + + + align:start position:0% +will never +we will never gain much + + align:start position:0% +we will never gain much + + + align:start position:0% +we will never gain much +leverage in in that town or anywhere + + align:start position:0% +leverage in in that town or anywhere + + + align:start position:0% +leverage in in that town or anywhere +it's just a gift to + + align:start position:0% +it's just a gift to + + + align:start position:0% +it's just a gift to +because this man was born there and so + + align:start position:0% +because this man was born there and so + + + align:start position:0% +because this man was born there and so +on and so on + + align:start position:0% +on and so on + + + align:start position:0% +on and so on +let's delay talking about memory + + align:start position:0% +let's delay talking about memory + + + align:start position:0% +let's delay talking about memory +seriously when we + + align:start position:0% +seriously when we + + + align:start position:0% +seriously when we +in a few weeks time deal with + + align:start position:0% +in a few weeks time deal with + + + align:start position:0% +in a few weeks time deal with +maurice alvarez's book the collective + + align:start position:0% +maurice alvarez's book the collective + + + align:start position:0% +maurice alvarez's book the collective +memory and + + align:start position:0% +memory and + + + align:start position:0% +memory and +the whole idea of monuments and + + align:start position:0% +the whole idea of monuments and + + + align:start position:0% +the whole idea of monuments and +temporary monuments and + + align:start position:0% +temporary monuments and + + + align:start position:0% +temporary monuments and +permanence and temporariness and so on + + align:start position:0% +permanence and temporariness and so on + + + align:start position:0% +permanence and temporariness and so on +um let's just talk briefly about the + + align:start position:0% +um let's just talk briefly about the + + + align:start position:0% +um let's just talk briefly about the +world trade center + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there are a number of actors which + + align:start position:0% +there are a number of actors which + + + align:start position:0% +there are a number of actors which +started the game there's the governor + + align:start position:0% +started the game there's the governor + + + align:start position:0% +started the game there's the governor +who control mr pataki who controls the + + align:start position:0% +who control mr pataki who controls the + + + align:start position:0% +who control mr pataki who controls the +lease + + align:start position:0% +lease + + + align:start position:0% +lease +that the + + align:start position:0% +that the + + + align:start position:0% +that the +the seaport authority + + align:start position:0% +the seaport authority + + + align:start position:0% +the seaport authority +lee gave to mr silverstein + + align:start position:0% +lee gave to mr silverstein + + + align:start position:0% +lee gave to mr silverstein +the developer + + align:start position:0% +the developer + + + align:start position:0% +the developer +whose towers were destroyed by + + align:start position:0% +whose towers were destroyed by + + + align:start position:0% +whose towers were destroyed by +some nasty airplanes + + align:start position:0% +some nasty airplanes + + + align:start position:0% +some nasty airplanes +is the mayor of the city + + align:start position:0% +is the mayor of the city + + + align:start position:0% +is the mayor of the city +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +victims families + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +see if we put them on a + + align:start position:0% +see if we put them on a + + + align:start position:0% +see if we put them on a +diagram together they all + + align:start position:0% +diagram together they all + + + align:start position:0% +diagram together they all +wish to interact in the creation of + + align:start position:0% +wish to interact in the creation of + + + align:start position:0% +wish to interact in the creation of +something + + align:start position:0% +something + + + align:start position:0% +something +which + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +both as utility as a real estate + + align:start position:0% +both as utility as a real estate + + + align:start position:0% +both as utility as a real estate +but has + + align:start position:0% +but has + + + align:start position:0% +but has +nourishment for + + align:start position:0% +nourishment for + + + align:start position:0% +nourishment for +loss + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's tough combination + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the mayor and the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the governor get together and form a + + align:start position:0% +the governor get together and form a + + + align:start position:0% +the governor get together and form a +lower + + align:start position:0% +lower + + + align:start position:0% +lower +manhattan development corporation + + align:start position:0% +manhattan development corporation + + + align:start position:0% +manhattan development corporation +which has + + align:start position:0% +which has + + + align:start position:0% +which has +another public corporation + + align:start position:0% +another public corporation + + + align:start position:0% +another public corporation +it seems to me that in new york + + align:start position:0% +it seems to me that in new york + + + align:start position:0% +it seems to me that in new york +particularly things are so + + align:start position:0% +particularly things are so + + + align:start position:0% +particularly things are so +divided + + align:start position:0% +divided + + + align:start position:0% +divided +that public corporations for almost + + align:start position:0% +that public corporations for almost + + + align:start position:0% +that public corporations for almost +every single item + + align:start position:0% +every single item + + + align:start position:0% +every single item +can be + + align:start position:0% +can be + + + align:start position:0% +can be +created and moses took a lot of + + align:start position:0% +created and moses took a lot of + + + align:start position:0% +created and moses took a lot of +advantage of that + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that + + + align:start position:0% +advantage of that +the first thing this the + + align:start position:0% +the first thing this the + + + align:start position:0% +the first thing this the +lmdc does + + align:start position:0% +lmdc does + + + align:start position:0% +lmdc does +is it hires + + align:start position:0% +is it hires + + + align:start position:0% +is it hires +a firm of planners and architects + + align:start position:0% +a firm of planners and architects + + + align:start position:0% +a firm of planners and architects +to do + + 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align:start position:0% +the response to this is very negative + + + align:start position:0% +the response to this is very negative +people say this is completely classless + + align:start position:0% +people say this is completely classless + + + align:start position:0% +people say this is completely classless +it's unemotional it's got no guts it + + align:start position:0% +it's unemotional it's got no guts it + + + align:start position:0% +it's unemotional it's got no guts it +doesn't mean anything it's just the vein + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean anything it's just the vein + + + align:start position:0% +doesn't mean anything it's just the vein +or + + align:start position:0% +or + + + align:start position:0% +or +disposition of space + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the lmdc the new york times attacks this + + align:start position:0% +the lmdc the new york times attacks this + + + align:start position:0% +the lmdc the new york times attacks this +procedure and + + align:start position:0% +procedure and + + + align:start position:0% +procedure and +publishes + + align:start position:0% +publishes + + + align:start position:0% +publishes +you can see in the piece i gave you a + + align:start position:0% +you can see in the piece i gave you a + + + align:start position:0% +you can see in the piece i gave you a +little extras from his publication + + align:start position:0% +little extras from his publication + + + align:start position:0% +little extras from his publication +don't rebuild + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +re-imagine it proposes a new high + + align:start position:0% +re-imagine it proposes a new high + + + align:start position:0% +re-imagine it proposes a new high +road on the west side which links down + + align:start position:0% +road on the west side which links down + + + align:start position:0% +road on the west side which links down +to battery park + + align:start position:0% +to battery park + + + align:start position:0% +to battery park +it gets zahad + + align:start position:0% +it gets zahad + + + align:start position:0% +it gets zahad +and peter eisenmann to design houses + + align:start position:0% +and peter eisenmann to design houses + + + align:start position:0% +and peter eisenmann to design houses +funny shaped housing on the road + + align:start position:0% +funny shaped housing on the road + + + align:start position:0% +funny shaped housing on the road +it has rafa lignoli + + align:start position:0% +it has rafa lignoli + + + align:start position:0% +it has rafa lignoli +doing the new subway station + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the lmdc have got to do something + + align:start position:0% +the lmdc have got to do something + + + align:start position:0% +the lmdc have got to do something +so decide + + align:start position:0% +so decide + + + align:start position:0% +so decide +to + + align:start 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hundred + + align:start position:0% +place each paid about five hundred + + + align:start position:0% +place each paid about five hundred +thousand dollars out of their own + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars out of their own + + + align:start position:0% +thousand dollars out of their own +pockets just to take part + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there were very few limitations or rules + + align:start position:0% +there were very few limitations or rules + + + align:start position:0% +there were very few limitations or rules +that are for the competition + + align:start position:0% +that are for the competition + + + align:start position:0% +that are for the competition +on december the 18th 2002 + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the seven teams were asked to make a + + align:start position:0% +the seven teams were asked to make a + + + align:start position:0% +the seven teams were asked to make a +public 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+ + align:start position:0% +cnn the new york post did polls + + + align:start position:0% +cnn the new york post did polls +showing a strong preference for + + align:start position:0% +showing a strong preference for + + + align:start position:0% +showing a strong preference for +lord foster + + align:start position:0% +lord foster + + + align:start position:0% +lord foster +lieberskind and the think teams projects + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so much for + + align:start position:0% +so much for + + + align:start position:0% +so much for +public participation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i haven't got time to go into the three + + align:start position:0% +i haven't got time to go into the three + + + align:start position:0% +i haven't got time to go into the three +projects foster + + align:start position:0% +projects foster + + + align:start position:0% +projects foster +proposed two enormously tall towers + + 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got a phone call at breakfast the +next morning to say that the governor + + align:start position:0% +next morning to say that the governor + + + align:start position:0% +next morning to say that the governor +had preferred liver skin scheme + + align:start position:0% +had preferred liver skin scheme + + + align:start position:0% +had preferred liver skin scheme +and the governor had greater power than + + align:start position:0% +and the governor had greater power than + + + align:start position:0% +and the governor had greater power than +the mayor + + align:start position:0% +the mayor + + + align:start position:0% +the mayor +and so leave his kin was chosen + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +before the catastrophe + + align:start position:0% +before the catastrophe + + + align:start position:0% +before the catastrophe +silverstein the real estate developer + + align:start position:0% +silverstein the real estate developer + + + align:start position:0% +silverstein the real estate developer +had already hired s.o.m + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to build a new building for him + + align:start position:0% +to build a new building for him + + + align:start position:0% +to build a new building for him +s.o.m coyly didn't take part in the + + align:start position:0% +s.o.m coyly didn't take part in the + + + align:start position:0% +s.o.m coyly didn't take part in the +competition + + align:start position:0% +competition + + + align:start position:0% +competition +he merged + + align:start position:0% +he merged + + + align:start position:0% +he merged +politically as the great force + + align:start position:0% +politically as the great force + + + align:start position:0% +politically as the great force +david charles of som + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +produced what he called the freedom + + align:start position:0% +produced what he called the freedom + + + align:start position:0% +produced what he called the freedom +tower + + align:start position:0% +tower + + + align:start position:0% +tower +they asked that leaver skin devaskin was + + align:start position:0% +they asked that leaver skin devaskin was + + + align:start position:0% +they asked that leaver skin devaskin was +given 49 of the commission + + align:start position:0% +given 49 of the commission + + + align:start position:0% +given 49 of the commission +they pushed him out + + align:start position:0% +they pushed him out + + + align:start position:0% +they pushed him out +and we now have + + align:start position:0% +and we now have + + + align:start position:0% +and we now have +the + + align:start position:0% +the + + + align:start position:0% +the +1776 foot high freedom tower + + align:start position:0% +1776 foot high freedom tower + + + align:start position:0% +1776 foot high freedom tower +as a result of this complex interaction + + align:start position:0% +as a result of this 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+station +and that's where it stands at the moment + + align:start position:0% +and that's where it stands at the moment + + + align:start position:0% +and that's where it stands at the moment +what's it going to matter to in 25 years + + align:start position:0% +what's it going to matter to in 25 years + + + align:start position:0% +what's it going to matter to in 25 years +time + + align:start position:0% +time + + + align:start position:0% +time +nobody will know the story + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +we're only rehearsing the story to put + + align:start position:0% +we're only rehearsing the story to put + + + align:start position:0% +we're only rehearsing the story to put +you in a position of criticism + + align:start position:0% +you in a position of criticism + + + align:start position:0% +you in a position of criticism +of being critical + + align:start position:0% +of being critical + + + align:start position:0% +of being critical +of ways in which it could be done better + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +this isn't completely bungled amateurish + + align:start position:0% +this isn't completely bungled amateurish + + + align:start position:0% +this isn't completely bungled amateurish +kind of claptrap operation + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the problem of + + align:start position:0% +the problem of + + + align:start position:0% +the problem of +choosing + + align:start position:0% +choosing + + + align:start position:0% +choosing +major + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +monuments + + align:start position:0% +monuments + + + align:start position:0% +monuments +the eiffel tower + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +occurred through the genius of an + + align:start position:0% +occurred through the genius of an + + + align:start position:0% +occurred through the genius of an +undistinguished + + align:start 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chicago + + align:start position:0% +the ferris wheel for chicago + + + align:start position:0% +the ferris wheel for chicago +the statue of liberty was a donation by + + align:start position:0% +the statue of liberty was a donation by + + + align:start position:0% +the statue of liberty was a donation by +the french government to the america + + align:start position:0% +the french government to the america + + + align:start position:0% +the french government to the america +not even american product + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and every baseball game starts with the + + align:start position:0% +and every baseball game starts with the + + + align:start position:0% +and every baseball game starts with the +singing of the national anthem + + align:start position:0% +singing of the national anthem + + + align:start position:0% +singing of the national anthem +god learners why + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and the foreign-born + + align:start position:0% +and the foreign-born + + + align:start position:0% +and the foreign-born +statue of liberty is still the single + + align:start position:0% +statue of liberty is still the single + + + align:start position:0% +statue of liberty is still the single +evidence of american democracy in + + align:start position:0% +evidence of american democracy in + + + align:start position:0% +evidence of american democracy in +physical form + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +where does it leave us theorists + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you work on the stochastic + + align:start position:0% +you work on the stochastic + + + align:start position:0% +you work on the stochastic +opportunity that competitions have + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the young asian immigrant to the united + + align:start position:0% +the young asian immigrant to the united + + + align:start position:0% +the young asian immigrant to the united +states will come up with a brilliant + + align:start position:0% +states will come up with a brilliant + + + align:start position:0% +states will come up with a brilliant +solution to the vietnam war + + align:start position:0% +solution to the vietnam war + + + align:start position:0% +solution to the vietnam war +competition + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +putting the names of all the people who + + align:start position:0% +putting the names of all the people who + + + align:start position:0% +putting the names of all the people who +died on the facade so that + + align:start position:0% +died on the facade so that + + + align:start position:0% +died on the facade so that +generations of children will be able to + + align:start position:0% +generations of children will be able to + + + align:start position:0% +generations of children will be able to +recognize their family name + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +against this simple embodiment of a + + align:start position:0% +against this simple embodiment of a + + + align:start position:0% +against this simple embodiment of a +single monument + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +maybe that's what the human species is + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's what the human species is + + + align:start position:0% +maybe that's what the human species is +all about all we can do + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i don't know + + align:start position:0% +i don't know + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know +i'm not empowered by the story that i've + + align:start position:0% +i'm not empowered by the story that i've + + + align:start position:0% +i'm not empowered by the story that i've +just told you + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it seems to me to + + align:start position:0% +it seems to me to + + + align:start position:0% +it seems to me to +have all kinds of + + align:start position:0% +have all kinds of + + + align:start position:0% +have all kinds of +i don't know if robert moses would have + + align:start position:0% +i don't know if robert moses would have + + + align:start position:0% +i don't know if robert moses would have +done better had he been in power + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +after all perhaps the form doesn't + + align:start position:0% +after all perhaps the form doesn't + + + align:start position:0% +after all perhaps the form doesn't +matter that much + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i keep on remembering what khrushchev + + align:start position:0% +i keep on remembering what khrushchev + + + align:start position:0% +i keep on remembering what khrushchev +said + + align:start position:0% +said + + + align:start position:0% +said +looking back on stalin's + + align:start position:0% +looking back on stalin's + + + align:start position:0% +looking back on stalin's +attempt to build the amaranth well not + + align:start position:0% +attempt to build the amaranth well not + + + align:start position:0% +attempt to build the amaranth well not +attempt his building of yarmouth + + align:start position:0% +attempt his building of yarmouth + + + align:start position:0% +attempt his building of yarmouth +university + + align:start position:0% +university + + + align:start position:0% +university +decorated to hell and + + align:start position:0% +decorated to hell and + + + align:start position:0% +decorated to hell and +looking like a + + align:start position:0% +looking like a + + + align:start position:0% +looking like a +large cathedral set of buildings and so + + align:start position:0% +large cathedral set of buildings and so + + + align:start position:0% +large cathedral set of buildings and so +on with me or + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +filled with decorative systems + + align:start position:0% +filled with decorative systems + + + align:start position:0% +filled with decorative systems +crucified if we'd have built + + align:start position:0% +crucified if we'd have built + + + align:start position:0% +crucified if we'd have built +simple buildings we could have employed + + align:start position:0% +simple buildings we could have employed + + + align:start position:0% +simple buildings we could have employed +we could have housed 300 000 more + + align:start position:0% +we could have housed 300 000 more + + + align:start position:0% +we could have housed 300 000 more +students + + align:start position:0% +students + + + align:start position:0% +students +let's forget about all of this + + align:start position:0% +let's forget about all of this + + + align:start position:0% +let's forget about all of this +monumental nonsense + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm asking questions which are very 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+this is in student dormitory like any +student dormitory in the world + + align:start position:0% +student dormitory in the world + + + align:start position:0% +student dormitory in the world +that's a town that's built up by a + + align:start position:0% +that's a town that's built up by a + + + align:start position:0% +that's a town that's built up by a +process of + + align:start position:0% +process of + + + align:start position:0% +process of +adjustment and change over time next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +robin moses and three presidents + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +major figures are always large + + align:start position:0% +major figures are always large + + + align:start position:0% +major figures are always large +and they always photographed + + align:start position:0% +and they always photographed + + + align:start position:0% +and they always photographed +to make them seem larger + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i wonder who's a small dictator + + align:start position:0% +i wonder who's a small dictator + + + align:start position:0% +i wonder who's a small dictator +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +these are from cairo's book + + align:start position:0% +these are from cairo's book + + + align:start position:0% +these are from cairo's book +this is a proposition showing a dotted + + align:start position:0% +this is a proposition showing a dotted + + + align:start position:0% +this is a proposition showing a dotted +line for the long island expressway an + + align:start position:0% +line for the long island expressway an + + + align:start position:0% +line for the long island expressway an +actual route that's chosen + + align:start position:0% +actual route that's chosen + + + align:start position:0% +actual route that's chosen +is contoured by + + align:start position:0% +is contoured by + + + align:start position:0% +is contoured by +it missing all of the property + + align:start position:0% +it missing all of the property + + + align:start position:0% +it missing all of the property +almost all of the property + + align:start position:0% +almost all of the property + + + align:start position:0% +almost all of the property +in large holdings by wealthy people + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i haven't got time to go into detail + + align:start position:0% +i haven't got time to go into detail + + + align:start position:0% +i haven't got time to go into detail +that + + align:start position:0% +that + + + align:start position:0% +that +moses proposal to build a bridge + + align:start position:0% +moses proposal to build a bridge + + + align:start position:0% +moses proposal to build a bridge +and uh + + align:start position:0% +and uh + + + align:start position:0% +and uh +his depiction of the bridge + + align:start position:0% +his depiction of the bridge + + + align:start position:0% +his depiction of the bridge +in public + + align:start position:0% +in public + + + align:start position:0% +in public +in the upper two diagrams whereas the + + align:start position:0% +in the upper two diagrams whereas the + + + align:start position:0% +in the upper two diagrams whereas the +lower diagram in + + align:start position:0% +lower diagram in + + + align:start position:0% +lower diagram in +in fact impacts shows its impact on the + + align:start position:0% +in fact impacts shows its impact on the + + + align:start position:0% +in fact impacts shows its impact on the +city more dramatically next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +it's an mit this we're talking about the + + align:start position:0% +it's an mit this we're talking about the + + + align:start position:0% +it's an mit this we're talking about the +educational this is an mit project + + align:start position:0% +educational this is an mit project + + + align:start position:0% +educational this is an mit project +called signs and lights + + align:start position:0% +called signs and lights + + + align:start position:0% +called signs and lights +which says one of the things we can do + + align:start position:0% +which says one of the things we can do + + + align:start position:0% +which says one of the things we can do +is create much more intelligence in + + align:start position:0% +is create much more intelligence in + + + align:start position:0% +is create much more intelligence in +in the built form of the environment + + align:start position:0% +in the built form of the environment + + + align:start position:0% +in the built form of the environment +number one on the the project on the + + align:start position:0% +number one on the the project on the + + + align:start position:0% +number one on the the project on the +right argus for the coloring of the road + + align:start position:0% +right argus for the coloring of the road + + + align:start position:0% +right argus for the coloring of the road +surface + + align:start position:0% +surface + + + align:start position:0% +surface +to provide to indicate that you can + + align:start position:0% +to provide to indicate that you can + + + align:start position:0% +to provide to indicate that you can +travel at different speeds + + align:start position:0% +travel at different speeds + + + align:start position:0% +travel at different speeds +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +a project in general in italy + + align:start position:0% +a project in general in italy + + + align:start position:0% +a project in general in italy +in which a neighborhood + + align:start position:0% +in which a neighborhood + + + align:start position:0% +in which a neighborhood +is cleared + + align:start position:0% +is cleared + + + align:start position:0% +is cleared +and only the fossils the essential + + align:start position:0% +and only the fossils the essential + + + align:start position:0% +and only the fossils the essential +elements of the neighborhood are + + align:start position:0% +elements of the neighborhood are + + + align:start position:0% +elements of the neighborhood are +maintained + + align:start position:0% +maintained + + + align:start position:0% +maintained +giving the people an understanding of + + align:start position:0% +giving the people an understanding of + + + align:start position:0% +giving the people an understanding of +what they've got to work with + + align:start position:0% +what they've got to work with + + + align:start position:0% +what they've got to work with +on the basis of that understanding + + align:start position:0% +on the basis of that understanding + + + align:start position:0% +on the basis of that understanding +their participatory actions create + + align:start position:0% +their participatory actions create + + + align:start position:0% +their participatory actions create +changes produce changes which are on the + + align:start position:0% +changes produce changes which are on the + + + align:start position:0% +changes produce changes which are on the +right + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +cedric prices work in england + + align:start position:0% +cedric prices work in england + + + align:start position:0% +cedric prices work in england +the idea of building places where people + + align:start position:0% +the idea of building places where people + + + align:start position:0% +the idea of building places where people +can + + align:start position:0% +can + + + align:start position:0% +can +this is prior to social media + + align:start position:0% +this is prior to social media + + + align:start position:0% +this is prior to social media +this is where actually making places in + + align:start position:0% +this is where actually making places in + + + align:start position:0% +this is where actually making places in +the city + + align:start position:0% +the city + + + align:start position:0% +the city +the one on the right is called the fun + + align:start position:0% +the one on the right is called the fun + + + align:start position:0% +the one on the right is called the fun +palace + + align:start position:0% +palace + + + align:start position:0% +palace +and the one + + align:start position:0% +and the one + + + align:start position:0% +and the one +on the left is called the interaction + + align:start position:0% +on the left is called the interaction + + + align:start position:0% +on the left is called the interaction +center where people who randomly could + + align:start position:0% +center where people who randomly could + + + align:start position:0% +center where people who randomly could +meet each other and partake of + + align:start position:0% +meet each other and partake of + + + align:start position:0% +meet each other and partake of +of + + align:start position:0% +of + + + align:start position:0% +of +joyous activity + + align:start position:0% +joyous activity + + + align:start position:0% +joyous activity +next + + align:start position:0% +next + + + align:start position:0% +next +this is a bedford stuyvesant new york + + align:start position:0% +this is a bedford stuyvesant new york + + + align:start position:0% +this is a bedford stuyvesant new york +project + + align:start position:0% +project + + + align:start position:0% +project +a ford foundation + + align:start position:0% +a ford foundation + + + align:start position:0% +a ford foundation +study + + align:start position:0% +study + + + align:start position:0% +study +which is interesting + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the project is to insert a new community + + align:start position:0% +the project is to insert a new community + + + align:start position:0% +the project is to insert a new community +college in a very poor area + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +and instead of building a new campus + + align:start position:0% +and instead of building a new campus + + + align:start position:0% +and instead of building a new campus +with glass buildings and + + align:start position:0% +with glass buildings and + + + align:start position:0% +with glass buildings and +the form of the + + align:start position:0% +the form of the + + + align:start position:0% +the form of the +building the inserted buildings + + align:start position:0% +building the inserted buildings + + + align:start position:0% +building the inserted buildings +are within the existing framework of the + + align:start position:0% +are within the existing framework of the + + + align:start position:0% +are within the existing framework of the +town + + align:start position:0% +town + + + align:start position:0% +town +um + + align:start position:0% +um + + + align:start position:0% +um +the + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +all the facilities that are built for + + align:start position:0% +all the facilities that are built for + + + align:start position:0% +all the facilities that are built for +the community college are shared by the + + align:start position:0% +the community college are shared by the + + + align:start position:0% +the community college are shared by the +community in fact the curriculum for + + align:start position:0% +community in fact the curriculum for + + + align:start position:0% +community in fact the curriculum for +the community college is set by the + + align:start position:0% +the community college is set by the + + + align:start position:0% +the community college is set by the +needs + + align:start position:0% +needs + + + align:start position:0% +needs +of the community the sports facilities + + align:start position:0% +of the community the sports facilities + + + align:start position:0% +of the community the sports facilities +up on the top and the left all + + align:start position:0% +up on the top and the left all + + + align:start position:0% +up on the top and the left all +parted + + align:start position:0% +parted + + + align:start position:0% +parted +party for the community party for the + + align:start position:0% +party for the community party for the + + + align:start position:0% +party for the community party for the +students + + align:start position:0% +students + + + align:start position:0% +students +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the park + + align:start position:0% +the park + + + align:start position:0% +the park +philadelphia on the left + + align:start position:0% +philadelphia on the left + + + align:start position:0% +philadelphia on the left +the city + + align:start position:0% +the city + + + align:start position:0% +the city +the school without walls the universe + + align:start position:0% +the school without walls the universe + + + align:start position:0% +the school without walls the universe +this + + align:start position:0% +this + + + align:start position:0% +this +the city is got enough input education + + align:start position:0% +the city is got enough input education + + + align:start position:0% +the city is got enough input education +input in it to service + + align:start position:0% +input in it to service + + + align:start position:0% +input in it to service +as a school + + align:start position:0% +as a school + + + align:start position:0% +as a school +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +metro education project in + + align:start position:0% +metro education project in + + + align:start position:0% +metro education project in +montreal + + align:start position:0% +montreal + + + align:start position:0% +montreal +which argues that + + align:start position:0% +which argues that + + + align:start position:0% +which argues that +you can stop building schools + + align:start position:0% +you can stop building schools + + + align:start position:0% +you can stop building schools +and utilize + + align:start position:0% +and utilize + + + align:start position:0% +and utilize +meetings and connections with people in + + align:start position:0% +meetings and connections with people in + + + align:start position:0% +meetings and connections with people in +the city itself for instance up there in + + align:start position:0% +the city itself for instance up there in + + + align:start position:0% +the city itself for instance up there in +a meeting with a professor + + align:start position:0% +a meeting with a professor + + + align:start position:0% +a meeting with a professor +who's a big businessman + + align:start position:0% +who's a big businessman + + + align:start position:0% +who's a big businessman +and so the subway system becomes + + align:start position:0% +and so the subway system becomes + + + align:start position:0% +and so the subway system becomes +a + + align:start position:0% +a + + + align:start position:0% +a +method of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +utilizing all of the + + align:start position:0% +utilizing all of the + + + align:start position:0% +utilizing all of the +available space which can serve dual + + align:start position:0% +available space which can serve dual + + + align:start position:0% +available space which can serve dual +mode + + align:start position:0% +mode + + + align:start position:0% +mode +uses next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +oh well we can leave mit + + align:start position:0% +oh well we can leave mit + + + align:start position:0% +oh well we can leave mit +the extraordinary thing is that this was + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +20 years ago probably + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +i'm trying to read what it says at the + + align:start position:0% +i'm trying to read what it says at the + + + align:start position:0% +i'm trying to read what it says at the +top + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +to leave the white walls grey or paint + + align:start position:0% +to leave the white walls grey or paint + + + align:start position:0% +to leave the white walls grey or paint +them white is vandalism + + align:start position:0% +them white is vandalism + + + align:start position:0% +them white is vandalism +your environment is changing + + align:start position:0% +your environment is changing + + + align:start position:0% +your environment is changing +get yourself get together with it no one + + align:start position:0% +get yourself get together with it no one + + + align:start position:0% +get yourself get together with it no one +knows better how to create your + + align:start position:0% +knows better how to create your + + + align:start position:0% +knows better how to create your +environment than you do does your + + align:start position:0% +environment than you do does your + + + align:start position:0% +environment than you do does your +environment respond to your needs + + align:start position:0% +environment respond to your needs + + + align:start position:0% +environment respond to your needs +what a + + align:start position:0% +what a + + + align:start position:0% +what a +statement anarchic invitation + + align:start position:0% +statement anarchic invitation + + + align:start position:0% +statement anarchic invitation +this is one of the posters which i + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the posters which i + + + align:start position:0% +this is one of the posters which i +photographed at the time + + align:start position:0% +photographed at the time + + + align:start position:0% +photographed at the time +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +up against the wall street journal and + + align:start position:0% +up against the wall street journal and + + + align:start position:0% +up against the wall street journal and +urban imperialist + + align:start position:0% +urban imperialist + + + align:start position:0% +urban imperialist +this is a time when + + align:start position:0% +this is a time when + + + align:start position:0% +this is a time when +the form of the city was politically + + align:start position:0% +the form of the city was politically + + + align:start position:0% +the form of the city was politically +significant + + align:start position:0% +significant + + + align:start position:0% +significant +to the students in the two universities + + align:start position:0% +to the students in the two universities + + + align:start position:0% +to the students in the two universities +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +here he was + + align:start position:0% +here he was + + + align:start position:0% +here he was +mit's real estate + + align:start position:0% +mit's real estate + + + align:start position:0% +mit's real estate +boss + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +the university is response the + + align:start position:0% +the university is response the + + + align:start position:0% +the university is response the +university in the city + + align:start position:0% +university in the city + + + align:start position:0% +university in the city +harvard's university in the city these + + align:start position:0% +harvard's university in the city these + + + align:start position:0% +harvard's university in the city these +are all university reports saying how + + align:start position:0% +are all university reports saying how + + + align:start position:0% +are all university reports saying how +great things are + + align:start position:0% +great things are + + + align:start position:0% +great things are +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +there's a thesis done by monica unger + + align:start position:0% +there's a thesis done by monica unger + + + align:start position:0% +there's a thesis done by monica unger +called the politics of vanity + + align:start position:0% +called the politics of vanity + + + align:start position:0% +called the politics of vanity +on this history of + + align:start position:0% +on this history of + + + align:start position:0% +on this history of +the attempts in brussels after the + + align:start position:0% +the attempts in brussels after the + + + align:start position:0% +the attempts in brussels after the +manhattan plan + + align:start position:0% +manhattan plan + + + align:start position:0% +manhattan plan +to respond + + align:start position:0% +to respond + + + align:start position:0% +to respond +vigorously to + + align:start position:0% +vigorously to + + + align:start position:0% +vigorously to +the plan the plan was + + align:start position:0% +the plan the plan was + + + align:start position:0% +the plan the plan was +to + + align:start position:0% +to + + + align:start position:0% +to +internationalize brussels + + align:start position:0% +internationalize brussels + + + align:start position:0% +internationalize brussels +with tall buildings + + align:start position:0% +with tall buildings + + + align:start position:0% +with tall buildings +as the center of the european market + + align:start position:0% +as the center of the european market + + + align:start position:0% +as the center of the european market +and here are posters + + align:start position:0% +and here are posters + + + align:start position:0% +and here are posters +emanating from this society itself + + align:start position:0% +emanating from this society itself + + + align:start position:0% +emanating from this society itself +saying + + align:start position:0% +saying + + + align:start position:0% +saying +no to clear + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +posters which set out the way in which + + align:start position:0% +posters which set out the way in which + + + align:start position:0% +posters which set out the way in which +local neighborhoods should be fixed + + align:start position:0% +local neighborhoods should be fixed + + + align:start position:0% +local neighborhoods should be fixed +a whole set of + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +items like this monthly magazine for the + + align:start position:0% +items like this monthly magazine for the + + + align:start position:0% +items like this monthly magazine for the +urban struggle the information or the + + align:start position:0% +urban struggle the information or the + + + align:start position:0% +urban struggle the information or the +development projects in brussels the + + align:start position:0% +development projects in brussels the + + + align:start position:0% +development projects in brussels the +work of inhabitants committees theater + + align:start position:0% +work of inhabitants committees theater + + + align:start position:0% +work of inhabitants committees theater +schools of architecture + + align:start position:0% +schools of architecture + + + align:start position:0% +schools of architecture +cinema + + align:start position:0% +cinema + + + align:start position:0% +cinema +arts museums all taking + + align:start position:0% +arts museums all taking + + + align:start position:0% +arts museums all taking +being formed together to form a protest + + align:start position:0% +being formed together to form a protest + + + align:start position:0% +being formed together to form a protest +environment + + align:start position:0% +environment + + + align:start position:0% +environment +with educational material in the form of + + align:start position:0% +with educational material in the form of + + + align:start position:0% +with educational material in the form of +daily posters + + align:start position:0% +daily posters + + + align:start position:0% +daily posters +on the left next + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +so all of this last stuff + + align:start position:0% +so all of this last stuff + + + align:start position:0% +so all of this last stuff +is an attempt to + + align:start position:0% +is an attempt to + + + align:start position:0% +is an attempt to +influence the form of the city often + + align:start position:0% +influence the form of the city often + + + align:start position:0% +influence the form of the city often +stopping negative things from happening + + align:start position:0% + + + + align:start position:0% + +you \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/z3DEmSG8kPk.txt b/z3DEmSG8kPk.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a813e1b65b6e60b6dde5161a1ea7698b92a410c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/z3DEmSG8kPk.txt @@ -0,0 +1,384 @@ +In the last lecture we learned how to build +combinational logic circuits given a functional + +specification that told us how output values +were related to the current values of the + +inputs. + +But here's a simple device we can't build +with combinational logic. + +The device has a light that serves as the +output and push button that serves as the + +input. + +If the light is off and we push the button, +the light turns on. + +If the light is on and we push the button, +the light turns off. + +What makes this circuit different from the +combinational circuits we've discussed so + +far? + +The biggest difference is that the device's +output is not function of the device's *current* + +input value. + +The behavior when the button is pushed depends +on what has happened in the past: + +odd numbered pushes turn the light on, even +numbered pushes turn the light off. + +The device is "remembering" whether the last +push was an odd push or an even push so it + +will behave according to the specification +when the next button push comes along. + +Devices that remember something about the +history of their inputs are said to have state. + +The second difference is more subtle. + +The push of the button marks an event in time: +we speak of the state before the push ("the + +light is on") and state after the push ("the +light is off"). + +It's the transition of the button from un-pushed +to pushed that we're interested in, not the + +whether the button is currently pushed or +not. + +The device's internal state is what allows +it to produce different outputs even though + +it receives the same input. + +A combinational device can't exhibit this +behavior since its outputs depends only on + +the current values of the input. + +Let's see how we'll incorporate the notion +of device state into our circuitry. + +We'll introduce a new abstraction of a memory +component that will store the current state + +of the digital system we want to build. + +The memory component stores one or more bits +that encode the current state of the system. + +These bits are available as digital values +on the memory component's outputs, shown here + +as the wire marked "Current State". + +The current state, along with the current +input values, are the inputs to a block of + +combinational logic that produces two sets +of outputs. + +One set of outputs is the next state of the +device, encoded using the same number of bits + +as the current state. + +The other set of outputs are the signals that +serve as the outputs of the digital system. + +The functional specification for the combinational +logic (perhaps a truth table, or maybe a set + +of Boolean equations) +specifies how the next state and system outputs + +are related to the current state and current +inputs. + +The memory component has two inputs: a LOAD +control signal that indicates when to replace + +the current state with the next state, +and a data input that specifies what the next + +state should be. + +Our plan is to periodically trigger the LOAD +control, which will produce a sequence of + +values for the current state. + +Each state in the sequence is determined from +the previous state and the inputs at the time + +the LOAD was triggered. + +Circuits that include both combinational logic +and memory components are called sequential + +logic. + +The memory component has a specific capacity +measured in bits. + +If the memory component stores K bits, that +puts an upper bound of 2^K on the number of + +possible states since the state of the device +is encoded using the K bits of memory. + +So, we'll need to figure out how to build +a memory component that can loaded with new + +values now and then. + +That's the subject of this chapter. + +We'll also need a systematic way of designing +sequential logic to achieve the desired sequence + +of actions. + +That's the subject of the next chapter. + +We've been representing bits as voltages, +so we might consider using a capacitor to + +store a particular voltage. + +The capacitor is passive two-terminal device. + +The terminals are connected to parallel conducting +plates separated by insulator. + +Adding charge Q to one plate of the capacitor +generates a voltage difference V between the + +two plate terminals. + +Q and V are related by the capacitance C of +the capacitor: Q = CV. + +When we add charge to a capacitor by hooking +a plate terminal to higher voltage, that's + +called "charging the capacitor". + +And when we take away charge by connecting +the plate terminal to a lower voltage, that's + +called "discharging the capacitor". + +So here's how a capacitor-based memory device +might work. + +One terminal of the capacitor is hooked to +some stable reference voltage. + +We'll use an NFET switch to connect the other +plate of the capacitor to a wire called the + +bit line. + +The gate of the NFET switch is connected to +a wire called the word line. + +To write a bit of information into our memory +device, drive the bit line to the desired + +voltage (i.e., a digital 0 or a digital 1). + +Then set the word line HIGH, turning on the +NFET switch. + +The capacitor will then charge or discharge +until it has the same voltage as the bit line. + +At this point, set the word line LOW, turning +off the NFET switch and isolating the capacitor's + +charge on the internal plate. + +In a perfect world, the charge would remain +on the capacitor's plate indefinitely. + +At some later time, to access the stored information, +we first charge the bit line to some intermediate + +voltage. + +Then set the word line HIGH, turning on the +NFET switch, which connects the charge on + +the bit line to the charge on the capacitor. + +The charge sharing between the bit line and +capacitor will have some small effect on the + +charge on the bit line and hence its voltage. + +If the capacitor was storing a digital 1 and +hence was at a higher voltage, + +charge will flow from the capacitor into the +bit line, raising the voltage of the bit line. + +If the capacitor was storing a digital 0 and +was at lower voltage, charge will flow from + +the bit line into the capacitor, lowering +the voltage of the bit line. + +The change in the bit line's voltage depends +on the ratio of the bit line capacitance to + +C, the storage capacitor's capacitance, but +is usually quite small. + +A very sensitive amplifier, called a sense +amp, is used to detect that small change and + +produce a legal digital voltage as the value +read from the memory cell. + +Whew! + +Reading and writing require a whole sequence +of operations, along with carefully designed + +analog electronics. + +The good news is that the individual storage +capacitors are quite small. + +In modern integrated circuits we can fit billions +of bits of storage on relatively inexpensive + +chips called dynamic random-access memories, +or DRAMs for short. + +DRAMs have a very low cost per bit of storage. + +The bad news is that the complex sequence +of operations required for reading and writing + +takes a while, so access times are relatively +slow. + +And we have to worry about carefully maintaining +the charge on the storage capacitor in the + +face of external electrical noise. + +The really bad news is that the NFET switch +isn't perfect and there's a tiny amount leakage + +current across the switch even when it's officially +off. + +Over time that leakage current can have a +noticeable impact on the stored charge, so + +we have to periodically refresh the memory +by reading and re-writing the stored value + +before the leakage has corrupted the stored +information. + +In current technologies, this has to be done +every 10ms or so. + +Hmm. + +Maybe we can get around the drawbacks of capacitive +storage by designing a circuit that uses feedback + +to provide a continual refresh of the stored +information… + +Here's a circuit using combinational inverters +hooked in a positive feedback loop. + +If we set the input of one of the inverters +to a digital 0, it will produce a digital + +1 on its output. + +The second inverter will then a produce a +digital 0 on its output, which is connected + +back around to the original input. + +This is a stable system and these digital +values will be maintained, even in the presence + +of noise, as long as this circuitry is connected +to power and ground. + +And, of course, it's also stable if we flip +the digital values on the two wires. + +The result is a system that has two stable +configurations, called a bi-stable storage + +element. + +Here's the voltage transfer characteristic +showing how V_OUT and V_IN of the two-inverter + +system are related. + +The effect of connecting the system's output +to its input is shown by the added constraint + +that V_IN equal V_OUT. + +We can then graphically solve for values of +V_IN and V_OUT that satisfy both constraints. + +There are three possible solutions where the +two curves intersect. + +The two points of intersection at either end +of the VTC are stable in the sense that small + +changes in V_IN (due, say, to electrical noise), +have no effect on V_OUT. + +So the system will return to its stable state +despite small perturbations. + +The middle point of intersection is what we +call metastable. + +In theory the system could balance at this +particular V_IN/V_OUT voltage forever, + +but the smallest perturbation will cause the +voltages to quickly transition to one of the + +stable solutions. + +Since we're planing to use this bi-stable +storage element as our memory component, we'll + +need to figure out how to avoid getting the +system into this metastable state. + +More on this in the next chapter. + +Now let's figure out how to load new values +into our bi-stable storage element. \ No newline at end of file